■ 
 
U N I V E R.S ITY 
 Of I LLI N O I 5 
 Received by bequest from 
 Albert H. Lybyer 
 Professor of History 
 University of Illinois 
 1916-1949 
 
 1 C33 
 
 19 i4a 
 
 v* to 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2016 
 
 https://archive.org/details/centurydictionar06whit_1 
 
THE CENTURY 
 (YCLOPEDIAOF NAMES 
 
THE CENTURY 
 CYCLOPEDIA OF NAMES 
 
 A PRONOUNCING AND ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY 
 OF NAMES IN GEOGRAPHY, BIOGRAPHY 
 MYTHOLOGY, HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY, ART 
 ARCH/EOLOGY, FICTION, ETC., ETC., ETC. 
 
 t 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 BENJAMIN E. SMITH, A.M., L.H.D. 
 
 MANAGING EDITOR OF THE FIRST EDITION OF THE CENTURY 
 DICTIONARY, AND EDITOR OF THE CENTURY ATLAS 
 AND THE CENTURY DICTIONARY SUPPLEMENT 
 
 ASSISTED BY A NUMBER OF SPECIALISTS 
 
 *7 Revised and Enlarged 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 CIjc Century Co. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
Copyright, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1895, 
 
 1896, 1897, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 
 The Century Co. All Righis Reserved. 
 
 1904, 1906, 1911, 1913, 1914; by 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 HI Cyclopedia of Names is an outgrowth of The Century Dictionary. It was part of the 
 j»n of that work to include in its final volume a somewhat fuller appendix of names 
 o >ersons and places than had before been given in general dictionaries ; but as the size 
 c he book increased, it became obvious that this could not be done in the available space, 
 e it was decided to place the appendix in a separate volume. The result, with many 
 modifications of e original scheme, is the present work. It is entirely independent in subject and use, 
 yet serves as a oplement to the dictionary by extending the name-list into regions which the dictionary 
 could not occup and by enlarging its encyclopedic field. In character it is primarily a dictionary of 
 proper names, ging their orthography and pronunciation and such explanation of them as is necessary 
 for their identifition; and, secondarily, a condensed encyclopedia in its somewhat fuller treatment of 
 several thousand of the more important articles. 
 
 The range cpames to be included was practically unrestricted, since the object sought was not the 
 presentation of ay special class, as in a gazetteer or biographical dictionary, but a general account of all the 
 names excluded, y their nature, from the larger work, so far as this was possible within the prescribed lim- 
 its. The entrie: hus comprise not only names in biography and geography, but also names of races and 
 tribes, mythofig al and legendary persons and places, characters and objects in fiction, stars and constella- 
 tions, notable 1 ldings and archaeological monuments, works of art, institutions (academies, universities, 
 societies, legish ve bodies, orders, clubs, etc.), historical events (wars, battles, treaties, conventions, etc.), 
 sects, parties, n ed streets and squares, books, plays, operas, and even celebrated gems, vessels (war-ships, 
 yachts, etc.), an horses. Pseudonyms, also, which have literary importance are included. The only condi- 
 tion of insertioi las been that the name should be one about which information would be likely to be sought. 
 
 All these irious groups could not, of course, be presented with equal fullness. The space given to 
 persons and phis is relatively much greater than that devoted to any other class, and the others follow in 
 what appeared be the order of their usefulness to the general reader, whose needs have everywhere been 
 considered in tb selection of the names to be defined. Thus, both ancient geography and modern are repre- 
 sented, and thejnformation given in the brief space allowed to the separate articles is historical rather than 
 statistical. Th list of geographical names, also, includes, besides towns which are notable from their size, 
 smaller places ad localities which are important historically, or as visited by tourists, or for other reasons ; 
 the various pl^sical and political divisions of the earth; rivers, lakes, seas, etc.; natural curiosities; and 
 various imagery places of legend and fiction. The list of personal names, for the same reason, is selected 
 from all timesand not only from actual biography, but also from mythology, legend, and fiction (the last 
 chiefly Englisfy. In the matter of dates the usual difficulties, due to different styles of reckoning and to 
 the actual diff fences (which are very numerous) among the best authorities, have been met and, it is hoped, 
 to a considers )le degree overcome. In English biography the dates given in the “Dictionary of National 
 Biography” h ve, as a rule, been adopted so far as its volumes were available (A to N); and full acknow- 
 ledgment is lure given of the aid received in this and in other ways from that great work. In the brief 
 bibliographies with few exceptions, only the most important works are given, and these often, for economy 
 of space, wit 1 abbreviated titles. 
 
VI 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The orthography has, in general, been determined by the established usage in tlanguage from which 
 the name is taken. The correct and, as a rule, the only current spelling of a placame is the local one, 
 and, within certain limits, of a personal name that which its bearer gives it. Th are, however, large 
 groups to which these considerations do not apply. English usage, in many cases coreign names which 
 were introduced before the present period of greater exactness, has established formvhich differ more or 
 less from the present or original native form. Familiar instances of this, in place-nan, are Munich for the 
 German Munchen , Flushing for the Dutch VI issingen, Hanover for the German Hannover, in personal names 
 Horace , Livy , Pliny, Augustine , for the Latin Horatius, Livius, Plinius , Augustinus , and t commonly accepted 
 Latinized forms of Greek names, as Hercules for Heracles , Plato for Platon, etc. In ±se cases the desire 
 has been to return to the native form when its difference from the Anglicized spelling comparatively slight 
 (as in Hannover) ; but in other cases the conventional English spelling has, as a rule, hi accepted. In the 
 case of Greek names, in particular, both geographical and personal, it has seemed beso retain the famil- 
 iar forms which have come to us through the Latin, and to transliterate other Greek ames, not recorded 
 in classical Latin, according to the same system. No transliteration of the Greek cane acceptable which 
 is not complete and consistent : such consistency, however, would produce many fornwhich are not only 
 without support in English usage, but are also open to the charge of pedantry. There e also many names 
 in regard to which usage differs (there being in fact, as a rule, no proper local usage), ovhere accepted use 
 may properly be corrected in accordance with a general rule : as, for example, Hudsc Bay for Hudson's 
 Bay. Here choice has been made of the simpler or the corrected spelling. Lastly, the; is the large group 
 of names taken from languages which do not employ the Roman alphabet, or are witlut any, and whose 
 sounds have to be represented by some method of transliteration. Here established ai familiar translit- 
 erations have, as a rule, been adopted ; and in other cases the simplest available torn, according to the 
 system, for the languages concerned, used in The Century Dictionary. So far as was rssible the use of 
 “accented” letters in transliteration has been avoided, the employment of such markstn the absence of 
 a generally accepted scientific system, appearing to be distinctly undesirable, especiall from a practical 
 point of view. 
 
 In the pronunciation the system of notation employed by Professor Whitney in The kntury Dictionary 
 has, with slight modifications, been adopted. The marking of the sounds of foreign naies might in some 
 cases have been simplified by the use of a notation based upon a different principle; bt, since this work 
 was designed to be a companion to the dictionary, it was desirable to avoid, especially in iris particular, dif- 
 ference of method. Moreover, the “English” notation is that to which most are accustomd, and which best 
 enables the English consul ter of a dictionary to reproduce with a fair degree of accurac the sounds indi- 
 cated. In any case, only by the ear can one know the exact sounds of a foreign speech, ail only the trained 
 tongue can utter them with precision. This is particularly true of personal and place nmes, which often 
 have a special character that can not exactly be inferred from the general rules or usage of the languages 
 concerned. The values of the signs used are given in the key: it is necessary only to remar that the natural 
 tendency of an English-speaker to shorten or slur the long vowels of many foreign names las led to the use 
 of the long- vowel signs, to insure the right vowel quality, even in cases where the actual sound is shorter 
 than that indicated by the notation. 
 
 No attempt has been made systematically to etymologize all the names in the list: rut etymological 
 notes have been inserted under many of the historical names of prime interest, especially those of ancient 
 English origin, and in many other cases where they seemed to be useful. These have beer contributed by 
 Dr. Charles P. G. Scott, with additions by some of the other specialists in their several departments 
 Sanskrit, Semitic, American Indian, etc. Dr. Scott has also aided in the work on the pronuiciation, and has 
 criticized the proofs. 
 
 The geographical articles have been prepared by Professor Edmund K. Alden, whose work has been 
 supplemented in Mexican and Central and South American geography by Mr. Herbert H. Smith, in African 
 geography by Mr. Heli Chatelain, and in ancient Oriental geography by Dr. Cyrus Adler. Professor A\ . R. 
 Martin has contributed the articles on Indian and Persian biography, mythology, and literature; Colonel 
 Garrick Mallery, those on North American Indian tribes; Professor Charles A. Young, those on the stars; 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 vii 
 
 Professor William 1 Carpenter, thoson Teutonic mythology, ethnology, and legend ; and 
 B. Wood, those on iglish literatures! characters in fiction. Professor Carpenter has also w tten bm- 
 graphical articles oi he bestdmown lines in German and Scandinavian liteiatuie. le accouu 
 of art, noted buildi, , (generally und place-names), and the articles on classical archaeology 
 by the late Mr. Thcas W. Ludlow, liographical notices of the more important 1011 c 1 ™ 
 contributed by Dr. D. Woodward. Dr. Adler has also written numerous articles on Seim le ■ 7 • 
 
 antiquities ; Mr. H 1. Smith has hacharge of the Mexican and South American biography and eulogy 
 and Mr. Chatelain ,s written on Alcan ethnology, and has read the proofs especially for the 
 of the pronunciati . Many valuab notes on the ethnology and geography of the s0U ^ WeS ‘ e "' “A 
 and northern Hex were received Pm Mr. Adolph Bandolier. General assist, nice u > the b og aphmal 
 and historical worms been given 1: Dr. M. A. Mikkelsen, and valuab e ale m e cn 1C “““ ^ 
 
 and proofs by Re George M‘Arthr. Whatever degree of typographical accuracy and cons . y 
 been attained is fgely due to theproof-readers of The De Vinne Press. 
 
 BENJAMIN E. SMITH. 
 
 September Is 1894. 
 
 THE REMSED AND ENLARGED EDITION. 
 
 Since the fi:; edition of the Cyclopedia of Names was issued in 1894 many other editions and im- 
 pressions have leared, in all of ihich changes, more or less numerous, have been made as the result of 
 careful revision, id. some of whic have comprised considerable additions. Of the earlier editions le 
 most notable wathe second, issud in 1895, in the preparation of which much assistance was receive 
 from Mr. Louis eilprin, the late Irofessor Angelo Heilprin of the Academy of Sciences in Philadelphia, 
 Dr. Samuel A. Ion, Mr. F. W. Bilge of the Bureau of American Ethnology, and many otheis le 
 present edition, Thick has been elarged by the incorporation of a supplement containing about 3,000 
 names and addional items of inormation, also embodies the results of a new and extensive revision 
 covering all pan-and in particuar the statistical part (populations, dates, etc.)-of the material. 
 “Chronological able of the Princbal Events in the History of the World,” prepared by Charles Henry 
 Smith, professoBmeritus of Amerlan history in Yale University, has been added, and also a Ghrono og- 
 ical Outline of European Literatire” prepared by Harry Morgan Ayres, assistant professor ot English 
 Literature in Clumbia University Especial mention should also he made of the assistance receded 
 from Dr. A. FJandelier, Dr. Cyra Adler, and Mr. F„ S. Dellenbaugh. 
 
 BENJAMIN E. SMITH. 
 
 July 1, 19 
 
 K~Y TO PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 a as In 
 a as in 
 a as in 
 & as in 
 a as in 
 a as in 
 e as in 
 e as in 
 t as in 
 i as in 
 i as in 
 o as in 
 6 as in 
 6 as in 
 A as in 
 a as in 
 u as in 
 & as in 
 
 fat, man, pang, 
 fate, mane, dab 
 far, father, gu 
 fall, talk, 
 ask, fast, ant. 
 fare. 
 
 met, pen, bless, 
 mete, meet, 
 her, fern, 
 pin, it. 
 pine, fight, fill 
 not, on frog, 
 note, poke, flo 
 move, Bpoon, 
 nor song, off. 
 tub. 
 
 mute, acute, 
 pull. 
 
 ii German ii, Frflich u. 
 oi as in oil, joint boy. 
 ou as in pound, proud. 
 
 A single dot un(er a vowel in an un- 
 accented syllable! indicates its abbre- 
 viation and lightening, without abso- 
 lute loss of its distinctive quality. 
 Thus: 
 
 ft as in prelate, courage. 
 i; as in ablegate, episcopal. 
 
 9 as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat, 
 u as in singular, education. 
 
 A double dot under a vowel in an 
 unaccented syllable indicates that, 
 even in the mouths of the best speak- 
 ers, its sound is variable to, and in or- 
 dinary utterance actually becomes, 
 
 This star wherever used refers 
 
 the short resound (of but, pun, etc.). 
 Thus : 
 
 a as in errant, republican, 
 g as in prudent, difference. 
 
 as in chanty, density, 
 o as in valor, actor, idiot, 
 ft as in Persia, peninsula, 
 ft as in the book, 
 ft as in nature, feature. 
 
 A mark (~) under the consonants 
 t, d, s, z indicates that they in like 
 manner are variable to ch , j, sh, zh. 
 Thus : 
 
 $ as in nature, adventure, 
 ft as in arduous, education. 
 
 § as in pressure. 
 
 ■i as in seizure. 
 
 y as in yet. 
 
 B Spanish b (medial). 
 
 6h as in German ach, Scotch loch. 
 
 G as in German Abensberg, Ham- 
 burg. 
 
 H Spanish g before e and i; Spanish 
 j ; etc. (a guttural h). 
 ft French nasalizing n, as in ton, en. 
 8 final s in Portuguese (soft), 
 th as in thin. 
 
 Tu as in then. 
 
 D = TH. 
 
 • denotes a primary, " a secondary 
 accent. (A secondary accent is not 
 marked if at its regular interval of 
 two syllables from the primary, or 
 from another secondary.) 
 
 to material that will he found in the supplement. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Names (pages 1-1085) 
 
 Supplement 
 
 A Chronological Table of the Chief Events of Histry 
 Lists of Rulers 
 
 G EN E ALOGICAL C HARTS 
 
 A Chronological Outline of European jsh i> AmericanLiterature 
 
teaSBt&TlIll C.FNTl IRYHilgaa 
 
 CYCLOPEDIA OF NAMES 
 
 a (a)! [Lit. ‘(the) water,’ 
 i. j ‘the river’; one of 
 th< forms, surviving in 
 rh ’-names, of a com- 
 md Teut. word, Goth. 
 all i, OHG. aha, AS. ed, 
 et = L. aqua, water: 
 se aqua and ewe 2 , C. D.] 
 A river in northern 
 Ftnce which flows into 
 the North Sea between Calais and Dunkirk. 
 
 Aa. A river in the provice of North Brabant, 
 Netherlands, which unfes with the Dommel 
 near Herzogenbusch. - 
 
 Aa. A river in the ppvince of Groningen, 
 Netherlands, which flop into the Dollart. 
 
 Aa. A river in the cstons of Lucerne and 
 Aargau, Switzerland, i tributary of the Aare. 
 
 Aa. A river in the c iton of Unterwalden, 
 Switzerland, which fo: is the outlet of Lake 
 Sarnen into the Lake < Lucerne. 
 
 Aa. A river in the cpton of Unterwalden, 
 Switzerland, which flo s into the Lake of Lu- 
 cerne near Buochs. 
 
 Aa. A river in Courlnd, emptying by one 
 mouth into the Gulf c Riga, and by another 
 into the Diina. 
 
 Aa. A river in Livoni) about 175 miles long, 
 which flows into the Gif of Riga. 
 
 Aa (a), Peter van df. A Dutch publisher 
 and engraver who, wit. his brothers, formed a 
 publishing-house at l)yden about 1682. They 
 edited several collections o travels in Dutch and French. 
 
 Aach (ach). A smalljowu in Baden, about 20 
 miles northwest of Costance, the scene of an 
 engagement betweenihe French and the Aus- 
 trians, March 25, 1791 
 
 Aachen (a'chen). Tfe German name of Aix- 
 la-Chapelle. 
 
 Aageson (a'ge-son), oiAagesen (-sen), Svend. 
 A Scandinavian wriflr of the 12th century. 
 His “Compendiosa his to; 1 regum L)ani:e,” from King 
 Skjold to Knud VI., is th< irst connected history of Den- 
 ‘ is life. 
 
 [Egypt., ‘delight of 
 ] An Egyptian queen, 
 ing of the 17th dynasty, 
 33 , first king of the 18th 
 
 mark. Little is known of 
 
 Aah-hotep (a-ho'tep 
 the moon’ (Brugsch 
 wife of Karnes, last 
 and mother of Aah 
 
 dynasty. Her coffin us found at Thebes in 1860, in 
 the ancient necropolis of |o, and was placed in the Bulak 
 Museum (removed to Gizji, and in 1902 to Cairo). 
 
 Aahmes (a'mes) I. L. Ainasis (a-ma'sis). 
 [Egypt., ‘child of tl moon’ (Brugscli).] An 
 Egyptian king, the f inder of the 18th dynasty 
 and the conqueror of he Hyksos. He lived about 
 1700 B. C. An inscriptio on two rock- tablets at Tilran 
 and Massaarah, commemrating the 22d year of his reign, 
 has been deciphered. 
 
 Aahmes II., L. Anksis. An Egyptian king 
 (572-528 b. c. [Bruglh], 570-526 [Sayce]), the 
 fifth of the 26th dyiisty. He maintained friendly 
 relations with the Greeletates, sending gifts (548 B. c.) 
 for the rebuilding of thamrnt temple at D Iphi, and es- 
 tablishing at Naucratis (reek commerce and settlement. 
 
 Mr. Petrie’s excavatids show them [Creeksl to have 
 been in possession of tl city [Naucratisl from a much 
 earlier period — earlier] perhaps, than the dynasty to 
 which Amasis belonged] What Amasis actually did for 
 the Greeks of Xaucratis hust, therefore, have been to con- 
 firm them in their occroation of that site, and to grant 
 them an exclusive charer whereby they should he en- 
 titled to hold it in permuity. 
 
 A. B. Edwans, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 180. 
 
 Aahmes. An Egwtian captain who fought 
 against the Hyksosnbout 1700 B. c An impor- 
 tant inscription iff his tomb at El-Kab, near 
 ancient Thebes, h® been deciphered. 
 
 Aahmes -N efertari. See Nefertari. 
 
 Aalborg (al'borG). A seaport in the amt of 
 Aalborg, Denmark, situated on the Lijmfjord 
 about lat. 57° 3' N., long. 9° 55' E. It has an 
 important foreign commerce and fisheries. 
 Population, 31,509. 
 
 Aalborg. A stift and amt of Jutland, Denmark. 
 
 Aaleu (a'len). A town in the Jagst circle, 
 Wiirtemberg, situated on the Kocher about 
 42 miles east of Stuttgart: an ancient free im- 
 perial city. Population, 10,442. 
 
 Aalesund (a'le-sond). A seaport in the amt 
 of Romsdal, Norway, on islands of the western 
 coast, about lat. 62° 28' N. Population, 
 13.848. 
 
 Aali. See Ali. 
 
 Aalst. See Alost. 
 
 Aalten (al'ten). A small town in the province 
 of Gelderland, Netherlands, about 30 miles 
 east of Arnhem. 
 
 Aar. See Aare. 
 
 Aarau (ar'ou). The capital of the canton of 
 Aargau, Switzerland, situated on the Aare 24 
 miles southeast of Basel. It has manufactures 
 of silk, cotton, instruments, etc. Population, 
 7,831. 
 
 Aarburg (ar'borG). A small manufacturing 
 town in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland, 
 situated on the Aare about 22 miles southeast 
 of Basel. 
 
 Aare (a're), or Aar (ar). A river in Switzer- 
 land, rising in the Bernese Oberland near the 
 Grimsel Pass. It traverses the Hash Thai and forms 
 the Handeck Fall, traverses the lakes of Brienz and Thun, 
 flows through Bern, Solothurn, and Aargau, and joins the 
 Rhine opposite Waldshut. Upon it are Bern, Solothurn, 
 Aarau, and Brugg. Its length is about 170 miles, and it 
 is navigable from Unterseen for small craft. 
 
 Aared (a'red). A group of mountains in Nejd, 
 central Arabia. Also Ared, Arid, Aroudh. 
 
 Aarestrup (a're -strop), Carl Ludwig Emil. 
 Bom at Copenhagen, Dec. 4, 1800 : died 1856. 
 A Danish lyric poet, author of “Digte” (1838) 
 and “Efterladte Digte” (1863). 
 
 Aargau (ar'gou), F. Argovie (ar-go-ve'). A 
 canton of Switzerland, capital Aarau. bounded 
 by Baden on the north (separated by the Rhine), 
 Zurich and Zug on the east, Lucerne on the 
 south, and Basel, Solothurn, and Bern on the 
 west. The language is German, and about lialf the 
 population is Roman Catholic. It is one of the most fer- 
 tile of the cantons, has an important trade and large 
 manufactures, especially of cotton, and sends ten mem- 
 bers to the National Council. Its area is 642 square miles, 
 and its population 229,890, (1910). In the 13th century it 
 came under the influence of the Hapshurgs, was annexed 
 in part by the Swiss confederates in 1415, became a canton 
 in 1798, and assumed its present form in 1803. 
 
 Aarhus, or Aarhuus (ar'hos). The capital of 
 the amt of Aarhus, Jutland, Denmark, on the 
 Cattegat. It is the largest town in Jutland, and has 
 important commerce, manufactures, and a cathedral. 
 The bishopric was founded by Otto I. in the 10th century. 
 Population, 55,103. 
 
 Aarhus. An amt and stift in Jutland, Den- 
 mark. 
 
 Aaro (ar'e). A small island of Schleswig, 
 Prussia, in the Little Belt. 
 
 Aaron (ar'on or ar'on). [Gr. ’A ap&v, Heb. 
 ’Aharon.'] The first high priest of the Israel- 
 ites, eldest son of Amram and Jochebed, of the 
 tribe of Levi, and brother of Moses and Mir- 
 iam. He died on Mount Hor at the age of 123 
 years. 
 
 Aaron, Saint. A British martyr who was put 
 to death at Newport, Wales, in the reign of 
 Diocletian. 
 
 Aaron. A character in Shakspere’s (?) “ Titus 
 Andronicus,” a Moor of unnatural wickedness. 
 
 Aaron’s confessions of his villanies (in “ Titus Androni- 
 cus, ” v. 1) will recall to every reader the conversation be- 
 tween Barabas and Ithamore in the third scene of the 
 second act of the “Jew of Malta” [of Marlowe], The 
 character of Aaron was either drawn by Marlowe or in 
 close imitation of him ; and it seems to me more reasona- 
 ble to suppose that “ Titus Andronicus ” is in the main a 
 crude early work of Marlowe’s than that any imitator 
 could have written with such marked power. 
 
 Bullen, Introd. to Marlowe’s Works, p. lxxviL 
 
 Aaron ben Asher (ar'on ben ash'er). Lived 
 at Tiberias in the first quarter of the 10th cen- 
 tury. A Jewish scholar, probably belonging 
 to the Karaite sect. He completed the Massorah, i. e. 
 the vowels and accents which make up the traditional 
 text of the Hebrew Bible. His contemporary and oppo- 
 nent was a certain Ben Naftali. When these authorities 
 differ, both readings are given in the rabbinical Bibles. 
 
 Aarssens (ar'sens), Frans van. Born 1572 : 
 died 1641. A Dutch diplomatist, one of the 
 foremost politicians of his age, guilty of pro- 
 moting the condemnation of Barneveldt in 
 1619. His memoirs are important. 
 
 Aasen ( a'sen ), Ivar Andreas. Born at Orsten, 
 in Norway, Aug. 5, 1813 : died Sept. 23, 1896. A 
 Norwegian philologist, botanist, and poet: au- 
 thor of “Det norske Folkesprogs Grammatik” 
 (1848), “Ordbog over det norske Folkesprog” 
 (1850), later enlarged and issued under the title 
 “ Norsk Ordbog” (1873), and other works. 
 
 Aasvasr (as'var). A group of small islands on 
 the coast of Norway, nearly on the arctic cir- 
 cle, the seat, of important herring-fisheries. 
 
 Ab (ab). The fifth month of the Hebrew eccle- 
 siastical and the eleventh of the civil year ; J uly- 
 August. It was a Babylonian name, adopted by the 
 Jews with the names of the rest of the months after the 
 Babylonian exile. Its etymology is uncertain. 
 
 Ababdeh, or Ababde (a-biib'de). An African 
 tribe, of Hamitie (Beja) race, living in Upper 
 Egypt and northern Nubia, east of the Nile, 
 about lat. 20°-22° N. Their number is estimated 
 to be about 100,000. 
 
 Ababde (a-biib'de). A village in Egypt, on the 
 Nile, about lat. 27° 50' N. It is near the site 
 of the Roman city Antinoe. 
 
 Abaco (a'bii-ko), Great, or Lucaya (lo-ka'ya). 
 One of the principal islands of the Bahama 
 group, West Indies, east of Great Bahama. 
 It is about 80 miles long and 20 wide. 
 
 Abaco, Little. An island of the Bahamas, 
 northwest of Great Abaco. 
 
 Abaddon (a-bad'on). [Heb., ‘destruction’: 
 synonym of Sheol in the Old Testament (Job 
 xxvi. 6 and xxviii. 22, Ps. lxxxviii. 12).] 1. The 
 destroyer or angel of the bottomless pit ; Apol- 
 lyon. Rev. ix. 11. — 2. The place of destruction; 
 the depth of hell. Talmud; Milton, P. R., iv. 
 624. 
 
 Abadites. See Ahhadides. 
 
 Abad y Queypeo (a'biiTH e ka-pa'o), Manuel. 
 Born in the Asturias about 1770 : died in 1824. 
 A Spanish ecclesiastic. Most of his life was spent 
 in Mexico, and in 1809 he was made bishop of Micloacan. 
 Driven out soon after by the revolutionists, he returned 
 in 1813. In 1820 he was deposed and sent a prisoner to 
 Spain for opposition to the Inquisition. Released soon 
 after, he became a member of the government junta and 
 bishop of Tortosa. In 1823 he was again imprisoned by 
 the Inquisition, and died in confinement. 
 
 Abse (a'be), or Abai (a'bi). [Gr. ’IV/foo] In 
 ancient geography, a city of I’hocis, Greece, 
 noted for its temple and oracle of Apollo. 
 
 Abafi (o'bo-fe), or Apafi, Michael. Bom 
 Sept. 25, 1632: (lied April 15, 1690. A prince 
 of Transylvania, under the protection of the 
 
Abaffy 
 
 Abot, Robert 
 
 Porte until 1686 when he made a treaty with 
 the emperor. He was succeeded by his sou 
 Michael (born Aug. 14, 1682: diedFeb.il, 
 1713). 
 
 Abailard. See Abelard. 
 
 Abakansk (ab-a-kansk'). A small town in 
 the government of Yeniseisk, Siberia, near 
 the Yenisei, north of Minusinsk, noted for the 
 tumuli and hieroglyphic statues in its neigh- 
 borhood. 
 
 Abaliget (ob'o-le-get). A village near Fiinf- 
 kirchen, county of Baranya, Hungary, noted 
 for its large stalactite cave (about 3,000 feet in 
 length). 
 
 Abalus (ab'a-lus). An island abounding with 
 amber, said (by Pytheas) to be in the Northern 
 Ocean, and variously identified: probably a 
 part of the Prussian Baltic coast. 
 
 Abamonti (a-ba-mon'te), or Albamonte (al- 
 ba-mon'te), Giuseppe. Born about 1759: died 
 Aug. 8, 1818. A Neapolitan statesman, sec- 
 retary-general under the Cisalpine Republic, 
 1798, and member of the executive committee 
 at Naples. On the restoration of the monarchy in 
 1799 he was arrested and condemned to be hung, but 
 was amnestied and returned to Milan, where he again 
 acted as secretary-general until 1805 when he returned to 
 Naples. 
 
 Abana (ab'a-na). In ancient geography, a 
 small river, the modern Barada, which flows 
 through the plain and city of Damascus and is 
 lost in the desert. Also Amana. 
 
 Abancay (a-Ban-ki'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Apurimae, Peru, about 110 miles south- 
 west of Cuzco, noted for its sugar-refineries. 
 Population, 3,000. 
 
 Abancay River. A small river of Peru, an 
 affluent of the Apurimae, west of Cuzco, and 
 crossed by the road to Lima, it was a military 
 point of great importance in the civil wars of the 16th 
 century. Here Alonso de Alvarado was defeated by the 
 elder Almagro, and with his whole array captured, July 
 12, 1537. Near the same place Giron defeated Alonso de 
 Alvarado, May 21, 1564. 
 
 Abano (a'ba-no). A town in the province of 
 Padua, Italy, about 6 miles southwest of Padua, 
 noted for its hot springs (the ancient Aquee 
 Patavinse or Aponus ( Aponi ) fons). It is the re- 
 puted birthplace of the historian Livy. Popu- 
 lation, about 3,000. 
 
 Abano, Pietro d’ (Petrus Aponus or de Apo- 
 no). Born at Abano, Italy, 1250 (1246?): died 
 at Padua, 1316 (1320?). An Italian physician 
 and philosopher, denounced by the Inquisition 
 as a magician. He wrote “Conciliator differentiarum 
 quee inter pliilosophos et medicos versantur” (printed 
 1472), “ De venenis eorumque remediis” (printed 1472), etc. 
 
 Abarbanel. See Abrabanel. 
 
 Abarim (ab'a-rim). A mountainous region or 
 lofty table-land in Palestine, east of the Dead 
 Sea, containing Pisgah and Nebo. 
 
 Abaris (ab'a-ris). [Gr. "Afiapit;.'] A mythical 
 Greek sage, surnamed “ The Hyperborean,” as- 
 signed to the 6th or 7th century b. c. 
 
 [Abaris] was said to have received from Apollo, whose 
 priest he had been in his own country, a magic arrow, 
 upon which he could cross streams, lakes, swamps, and 
 mountains. This arrow he gave to Pythagoras, who in 
 return taught him his philosophy. Oracles and charms 
 under his name appear to have passed current among the 
 Greeks. According to Pindar he came into Greece in the 
 reign of Crmsus. Eusebius places him a little earlier. 
 Probably he was, like Anacharsis, a Scythian who wished 
 to make himself acquainted with Greek customs. [It has 
 been conjectured that the arrow of Abaris is a mythical 
 tradition of the magnet, but it is hardly possible that if 
 the polarity of the needle had been known it should not 
 have been more distinctly noticed. — II. C. K.l 
 
 Rawlinsun, Herod., III. 29, note. 
 
 Abasalo (a-ba-sa'lo), Mariano. Born in Do- 
 lores, Mexico, 1783: died at Cadiz, Spain, 1819. 
 A soldier in the Spanish army who joined the 
 revolutionary movement of Hidalgo in 1810, 
 and was named lieutenant-general of the in- 
 surgents. He was captured and sent a pris- 
 oner to Spain, where he died in confinement. 
 Abascal y Sousa (a-Bas-kal' e so'sii), Jos6 
 Fernando. Born in Oviedo, Asturias, June 
 3, 1743: died in Madrid, June 30, 1821. A Span- 
 ish general and statesman, viceroy of Peru 
 1806-16. He was created Marquis de la Concordia 
 Espanola del Peru (decree of May 20, 1812), and on bis re- 
 turn to Spain was made captain-general. 
 
 Abasgi (a-bas'ji), or Abasci (a-bas'i), or 
 Abasges (a-bas'jez). [Gr. ’Afiaayoi, 'AfiaaKoi.' ) 
 A Scythian people anciently inhabiting a small 
 region in the Caucasus, on the shore of the 
 Black Sea, north of Colchis. 
 
 Abasgia (a-bas'ji-ii). The region occupied by 
 the Abasgi; the modern Abkhasia. 
 
 Abassides. See Abbassidcs. 
 
 Abate. See Abbate. 
 
 Abauzit (a-bo-ze'), Firmin. Bom at Uz&s, 
 Gard, France, Nov. 11, 1679: died at Geneva, 
 March 20, 1767. A French philosopher and 
 mathematician, a friend of Newton, Rousseau, 
 and Voltaire. His name was used as a pseudo- 
 nym by Voltaire. 
 
 Abayi (a-ba-ye')- [Heb., ‘my father.’] Bom 
 about 280 a. d. : died 339. A distinguished 
 Hebrew scholar, surnamed “Nachmani.” He was 
 director of a celebrated Jewish academy at Pumbeditha 
 in Babylonia, 333-338, and was held in high esteem for 
 his learning and upright character. 
 
 Abb (ab). A town 80 miles east of Mocha. 
 Abbadides(ab'a-didz),orAbadites(ab'a-dits). 
 A Moorish dynasty of Seville. It was founded 
 in 1023 by Abul-Kasim, cadi of Seville, and 
 lasted till the capture of the city by the Alrno- 
 ravides in 1091. 
 
 Abbadie (a-ba-de'), Antoine Thomson d\ 
 
 Born at Dublin, Ireland, Jan. 3, 1810: died at 
 Paris, March 20, 1897. A French traveler (in 
 company with his brother) in Abyssinia and 
 the Galla country (1837^8). He published “Gto- 
 
 dcsie d’une partie dela Haute-Ethiopie " (1860-73), “liic- 
 tionnaire de la laugue amarinna ” (1881), etc. 
 
 Abbadie, Arnaud Michel d’. Born at Dub- 
 lin, July 24, 1815: died 1823. A French traveler 
 in Abyssinia and the Galla country, brother and 
 companion of A. T . Abbadie ; author of “ Douze 
 ans dans la Haute-Ethiopie” (1868), etc. 
 Abbadie, James (Jacques). Born at Nay, 
 Basses-Pyrenees, probably in 1654 (1657 and 
 1658 are also given): died at London, Sept. 25, 
 1727. A noted French Protestant theologian. 
 He went to Berlin about 1680 as minister of the French 
 church there, and thence to England and Ireland ; was 
 for a time minister of the French church in the Savoy ; 
 and settled in Ireland as dean of Killaloe in 1699. His 
 chief work is the “Traito de la vdritd de la religion 
 chrdtienne " (1684), with its continuation, “ Traito de la di- 
 vinity de notre Seigneur Jdsus-Christ ” (1689). 
 
 Abba Jared (ab'bii ya'red). A mountain in 
 northern Abyssinia, northeast of Gondar, 14,714 
 feet in height. 
 
 Abbas (ab'bas). Bora about 566: died 652. 
 Abul Fadl al Hasinii, uncle of Mohammed, 
 and founder of the family of the Abbassides. 
 Abbas I., “The Great.” Born 1557: died at 
 Kaswin, Persia, Jan. 27, 1628. A famous shah 
 of Persia, who reigned 1586-1628. He defeated 
 the Turks at Basra in 1605, conquered Khorasan, Kan- 
 dahar, etc., and consolidated the Persian monarchy. 
 
 Abbas II. Hilmi. Born July 16, 1874. Khe- 
 dive of Egypt, eldest son of Tewfik Pasha. 
 He succeeded his father Jan. 8, 1892. 
 
 Abbas Pasha. Born at Jiddah, Arabia, 1813: 
 died July 13, 1854. A grandson of Mehemet 
 Ali, viceroy of Egypt 1848-54. 
 
 Abbas Mirza (ab'bas mer'za). Born about 
 1783: died at Mashhad, Persia, Dec., 1833. 
 A prince of Persia, younger son of the shah 
 Feth-Ali (Path-' Ali), noted as a commander 
 in the wars against Russia, 1811-13 and 1826-28. 
 
 By the first war Persia lost its remaining possessions 
 in the Caucasus, and was compelled to acknowledge the 
 flag of [Russia on the Caspian, and by the second it lost 
 Armenia. The succession of Abbas to the throne was 
 guaranteed in the treaty of 1828. 
 
 Abbassides (a-bas'idz or ab'a-sidz). The califs 
 of Bagdad, 750-1258. They claimed descent from 
 Abbas, the uncle of Mohammed, and succeeded the Om- 
 miad califs of Damascus upon the defeat of the calif Mar- 
 wan by Abul Abbas near the Zab in 750. Almansur suc- 
 ceeded Abul Abbas and made Bagdad the capital of the 
 califate. The most famous calif of this family was Barun- 
 al-Rashid, 786-809. From 1258 to 1517 the Abbassides 
 were nominal califs of Egypt The last Abbasside, Muta- 
 wakkal III., died in Cairo in 1538. Also Abbassids. 
 
 Abbate, or Abate (a-bii'te), Niccolo dell’. 
 
 Born at Modena, Italy, 1512: died in France, 
 1571. An Italian painter. He assisted in dec- 
 orating the palace at Fontainebleau. His best 
 works are at Modena and Bologna. 
 
 Abbatucci (a-ba-tii'se ; It. a-ba-to'che), 
 Charles. Born 1771: killed in battle, Dec. 2, 
 1796. A French general, son of J. P. Abbatucci, 
 distinguished in the campaigns of the Army of 
 the Rhine, 1794-96. 
 
 Abbatucci, Jacques Pierre. Born 1726: died 
 1812. A Corsican partizan commander, an an- 
 tagonist of Paoli and later a division general 
 in the French service in Italy. 
 
 Abbatucci, Jacques Pierre Charles. Born 
 1791 : died 1857. A French jurist and politi- 
 cian, grandson of J. P. Abbatucci, and minis- 
 ter of justice under Napoleon III. 
 
 Abbaye (ii-ba'), 1’. A French military prison 
 at St.-Germain-des-Pres, Paris, built in 1522 
 and destroyed in 1854. It was the scene of the mur- 
 der of 164 prisoners by the revolutionists under MaiUard 
 in September, 1792. See September massacre. 
 
 Abbe (ab'i), Cleveland. Born at New York. 
 Dec. 3, 1838. An American astronomer and 
 
 meteorologist, apointed director of the Cincin- 
 nati Observatorjn 1868, and meteorologist of 
 the Weather Buau in 1871. 
 
 Abbeokuta. S eAbeokuta. 
 
 Abberville (ab'<-vil), Lord. The principal 
 character in Cu berland’s play “ The Fash- 
 ionable Lover.” 
 
 Abbeville (ab-vf). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Sommi France, situated on the 
 Somme 25 milesnorthwest of Amiens: the 
 ancient capital < Ponthieu, and a place of 
 gathering in the 1st and second Cmsades. It 
 has important manultures of cloth, etc., and a consid- 
 erable trade. Its moi interesting building is the church 
 of St. Wulfram, beguin 1488, one of the richest existing 
 examples of the flamlyant style. The gravels of Abbe- 
 ville have yielded foil remains of the mammoth and 
 rhinoceros associated ith implements of prehistoric man 
 dating from atime whi the Somme flowed 300 feet above 
 its present level. Foliation, 20,704. 
 
 Abbeville, Claudel*. See Claude d’ Abbeville. 
 
 Abbeville, Treat; of. A treaty concluded 
 in 1259 by whichSenry III. of England re- 
 nounced his clain to Anjou, Poitou, Nor- 
 mandy, Touraine,and Maine, in favor of 
 Louis IX. of Fraie, and held Guienne as a 
 
 +fief of France. 
 
 Abbey (ab'i), Edwi Austin. Bom at Phila- 
 delphia, April 1, 182. An American painter 
 and illustrator. Hexecuted a series of mural paint- 
 ings (the Holy Grail) for le Boston Public Library. 
 
 Abbiategrasso (ab)e-a-te-gras[so). A town 
 in the province ofdilan, 15 miles southwest 
 of Milan. Populatm, 8,009. 
 
 Abbitibbe (ab-i-tib'), Lake. A lake in Can- 
 ada, south of Jam* Bay, about lat. 49° N. 
 Also Abbitibbi. 
 
 Abbitibbe River, he outlet of Lake Abbi- 
 tibbe, flowing into Jmes Bay, in Hudson Bay. 
 
 Abbon (a-boh'), L. Abbo (ab'o), surnamed 
 Cernuus (‘The Crooed'). Died923. Arnonk 
 of St.-Germain-des-’r6s, author of a Latin 
 poem upon the siegeif Paris by the Normans. 
 Abbon of Fleury, L. Abbo* Floriacensis. 
 Born near Orleans, Fance, 945: died Nov. 13, 
 1004. A French thelogian and diplomatist, 
 author of an “Epitcne de vitis Romanorum 
 Pontificum, desinensin Gregorio I.” (printed 
 1602), and other work. 
 
 Abbot (ab'ot), Chares. Bom at Abingdon, 
 Berkshire, Oct. 14, 177 : died May 7, 1829. An 
 English politician, spaker of the House of 
 Commons 1802-16, CBated Baron Colchester 
 in 1816. He was chie:secretary and privy seal 
 for Ireland in the Adcngton ministry (1801). 
 
 Abbot, Ezra. Born a Jackson, Maine, April 
 28, 1819: died at Camridge, Mass., March 21, 
 1884. An American iblical scholar. He was 
 professor of New Testamen criticism and interpretation 
 at Harvard University, 187984, one of the editors of the 
 American edition of Smith “Bible Dictionary," and a 
 member of the American emmittee for New Testament 
 revision. He published “ Iterature of the Doctrine of a 
 Future Life " (1864), “ Thi Authorship of the Fourth 
 Gospel ’’ (1880), and other wcks. 
 
 Abbot, Francis Ellingwood. Born at Boston, 
 Mass., 1836: died 1903. An American writer, 
 editor of “The Indei” (a journal of free 
 thought) 1870-80, and author of “Scientific 
 Theism” (1886), “ The Way out of Agnosti- 
 cism” (1890), etc. 
 
 Abbot, George. Bom at Guildford, Surrey, 
 Oct. 29, 1562: died at >oydon, Aug. 4, 1633. 
 An English prelate, appointed archbishop of 
 Canterbury in Feb., 1(11. He was graduated at 
 Oxford (Balliol College), whre he was tutor until 1593, 
 and became master of Univesity College in 1597, dean of 
 Winchester in 1600, vice-chaicellor of Oxford University 
 in 1600 (and again in 1603 aid 1605), bishop of Coventry 
 and Lichfield in May, 1609, aid bishop of London in Feb., 
 1610. He was a firm Protesant, and was influential in 
 state affairs during the reignof James I. He was one of 
 the translators of the New T stament in the King James 
 version. , 
 
 Abbot, George. Born at Easington, xork- 
 shire, England, 1603 : dbd Feb. 2, 1648. An 
 English religious write: and member of the 
 Long Parliament, surnamed “The Puritan”: 
 author of the “Whole Book of Job Para- 
 phrased” (1640), and ‘ Vindiciffi Sabbathi ” 
 (1641). 
 
 Abbot, Sir Maurice o- Morris. Born at 
 
 Guildford, Surrey, 1565: died at London, Jan. 
 10, 1642. A merchant and lord mayor of Lon- 
 don, knighted on the ac:ession of Charles I., 
 1625. lie was one of the oripinnl directors of the East 
 India Company and i's governcr (1624), rendering it most 
 important services, lie was ele ted to Parliament in 1621, 
 and in 1624 became a member d the council for establisti- 
 ing the colony of Virginia. 
 
 Abbot, Robert. Born a; Guildford, Surrey, 
 about 1560: died March 2. 1618. An Eng- 
 lish prelate, bishop of Salisbury (1615), elder 
 
Abbot, Rert 
 
 brother of George Abbotprchbishop of Can- 
 terbury: author of Mini of Popish Subtle- 
 ties” (1594), and other wts. 
 
 Abbot, Robert. Born ant 1588 : died about 
 1660. An English Puritj divine, author of 
 “ Triall of our Church-Tpakers ” (1639), and 
 other works. 
 
 Abbot, Samuel. Borni Andover, Mass., 
 Feb. 25, 1732: died Aprip, 1812. A Boston 
 merchant and philanthropt ; one of the foun- 
 ders of the Andover Thejgical Seminary. 
 Abbot, The. A novel Sir Walter Scott, 
 published in 1820, found upon incidents in 
 the history of Mary Que of Scots, from her 
 imprisonment in Lochle i to her flight into 
 England after the battkf Langside : sequel 
 to “ The Monastery.” 
 
 Abbotsford (ab'ots-ford' The residence of 
 Sir Walter Scott, on thefweed about 3 miles 
 above Melrose. The pldwas acquired by him in 
 1811, and he removed there i812. It was originally a 
 farm in front of which was aind from which the place 
 had received the name of City (‘filthy') Hole. Scott 
 renamed it from the adjoinioford. The land had be- 
 longed to the Abbey of Melil. Upon it Scott built a 
 small villa, to which in 1817 (began to add, producing 
 in the end a large castellatj and gabled mansion of 
 which the interior is finishedllate medieval style. 
 Abbott (ab'ot), AustinjBorn at Boston, Dec. 
 18, 1831: died April l!1896. An American 
 lawyer and legal writeion of Jacob Abbott. 
 He was appointed dean of tl faculty of law of the Uni- 
 versity of the City of New Y( in 1891, and is the author 
 of “New Cases, Mainly Nev’ork Decisions” (1877-86), 
 “Legal Remembrancer" (18S a series of digests of New 
 York statutes and reports of aited States courts, etc. 
 
 Abbott, Benjamin Vaghan. Born at Bos- 
 ton, June 4, 1830: diecn Brooklyn, Feb. 17, 
 1890. An American la per and legal writer, 
 eldest son of Jacob Abitt. He was the author of 
 a digest of New York statu t«md reports (1863), a digest 
 of United States court reporand acts of Congress (1867- 
 1875), “A Treatise on the Cdts of the United States and 
 their Practice ” (1877), “ A Itionary of Terms in Amer- 
 ican and English Jurisprudce ” (1879), etc. 
 
 Abbott, Charles. Boi at Canterbury, Eng- 
 land, Oct. 7, 1762: diecNov. 4, 1832. A noted 
 English jurist, the son f a Canterbury barber, 
 appointed chief justice iov. 4, 1818, and created 
 Baron Tenterden of Endon, April, 1827. He 
 was the author of a treatison the “ Law Relative to 
 Merchant Ships and Seamai (1802(, still an authority on 
 mercantile law. 
 
 Abbott, Edwin Abb(t. Born at London, 
 1838. An English clejyman and educator, a 
 graduate and fellow ofit. John’s College, Cam- 
 bridge, head-master f the City of London 
 School 1865—89. He i the author of “A Shake- 
 spearean Grammar” (1869)/ Francis Bacon" (1885), and 
 various educational and relious works. 
 
 Abbott, Emma. Borfat Chicago about 1850: 
 died at Salt Lake CityUtah, Jan. 5, 1891. An 
 American soprano, stcessful both in Europe 
 and America as an opiatic singer. She mar- 
 ried Eugene Wetherel 
 
 Abbott, Evelyn. Boa 1843: died 1901. An 
 English scholar, a grguate and fellow of Bal- 
 liol College, Oxford, md classical tutor and 
 librarian, the author < various works on clas- 
 sical philology and oft history of Greece. 
 Abbott, Jacob. Bor at Hallowell, Maine, 
 Nov. 14,1803: died ati’armington, Maine, Oct. 
 31, 1879. An America Congregational clergy- 
 man, and a volumipus writer of juvenile 
 works. He was graduatl at Bowdoin College in 1820, 
 studied at Andover Theofeical Seminary, and was pro- 
 fessor of mathematics and^tural philosophy at Amherst 
 College 1825-29. His bestnown works are “The Rollo 
 Books," “Young Christian series, “ Lucy Books,” “Sci- 
 ence for the Young,” etc. 
 
 Abbott, John Steven Cabot. Born at Bruns- 
 wick, Maine, Sept. 1 8,805 : died at Fair Haven, 
 Conn., June 17, 1877. An American Congrega- 
 tional clergyman (pator successively at Wor- 
 cester, Roxbury, an/ Nantucket, Mass.) and 
 historical writer, broiler of Jacob Abbott, ne 
 was the author of a “Hi»ry of Napoleon Bonaparte,” a 
 “History of the Civil Wr in America,” a “History of 
 Frederick the Second,” ‘The Mother at Home,” “The 
 Child at nome,” etc. 
 
 Abbott, Josiah Garder, Born at Chelmsford, 
 Mass., Nov. 1, 1815 Idied at Wellesley Hills, 
 Mass., June 2, 1891. A jurist and politician. 
 He was judge of the Supdor Court of Massachusetts for 
 Suffolk County 1855-59, emocratio member of Congress 
 from that State 1876-77, an member of the Electoral Com- 
 mission in 1877. ne waslvice (1875, 1877) the unsuccess- 
 ful Democratic candidatsor U. S. senator, and once (l878) 
 for governor. 
 
 Abbott, Lyman. B< n at Roxbury, Mass., Dec. 
 18, 1835. A Congreg tional clergyman, author, 
 and journalist, a so of Jacob Abbott. He has 
 been the editor-in-chief c he “ Christian Union”(changed 
 to “The Outlook’ in 18 ) since 1881, and was pastor of 
 Plymouth Church, Broo: yn, from 1888 to 1899. He ori- 
 
 3 
 
 ginally studied law, hut abandoned that profession for 
 the ministry in 1860. 
 
 A. B. C., An. A poem by Chaucer, a prayer 
 to the Virgin Mary. It is a loose translation from a 
 work of Guillaume de Deguileville, a Cistercian monk who 
 died about 1360. Each stanza begins with a different let- 
 ter of the alphabet, arranged in order from A to Z. 
 
 Abda (ab'da), or Abdas (ab-das'). Said by 
 Theopkanes (Chronogr. sub an. 405) to have 
 been bishop of Susa, and called by Socrates 
 bishop of Persia. He is said to have aided Maruthas 
 in driving a demon out of Yezdigerd, king of Persia. 
 Theodoret relates that his zeal led him to destroy a fire- 
 temple, which roused a persecution against the Chris- 
 tians to which he fell a victim. 
 
 Abdalla (ab-dal'a). The Mufti, a character in 
 Dryden’s tragedy “Don Sebastian.” 
 
 Abdallah (abd-fil'ah), or Abdullah (ab-dol'- 
 lah). [Ar., ‘servant of God.’] Born at Mecca 
 about 545: died at Medina, 570. The father of 
 Mohammed. 
 
 Abdallah hen (or ibn) Yasim (ab-dal'ah ben 
 (or ’b’n) ya-sem'). Died 1058. Alearned Ara- 
 bian Mussulman, appointed by a sheik of Lam- 
 touna to instruct a tribe of Berbers in the Atlas 
 mountains in the faith of Islam. His enthusiasm 
 gave rise to the sect of Al-Morabethun (“dedicated to the 
 service of God ”) or Almoravides, which under his leader- 
 ship conquered the country lying between the Sahara 
 and the ancient Gsetulia forthe new religion. He died in 
 battle ; but his conquests were continued in Africa by his 
 successors, and in 1086 Yussuf ibn Tashfyn extended his 
 victories to Spain. 
 
 Abdallatif (abd-al-la-tef'), or Abd-ul-Lateef 
 
 (abd-61-la-tef'). Born at Bagdad, 1162 : died 
 at Bagdad, Nov. 8, 1231. An Arabian physician, 
 philosopher, and traveler. He was the author of a 
 historical work on Egypt published in Latin by Professor 
 Joseph White of Oxford as “AbdaUatiphi historic TEgypti 
 compendium,” in 1800. A manuscript of it, brought from 
 the East by Pococke, is in the Bodleian Library. 
 
 Abdalmalek, or Abd-el-Malek, or -Malik 
 
 (abd-al- (or -el-) ma'lek, -lik). The fifth calif 
 of the Ommiads, 685-705. 
 
 Abdalmalek. Born at Basra about 740. A 
 Mohammedan doctor, instructor of Harun-al- 
 Rashid, noted for his extraordinary memory. 
 He is the reputed author of the romance of 
 Antar. 
 
 Abdalmalek. Born at Cordova, 801: died 853. 
 A Mohammedan historian and theologian. 
 
 Abd-al-Rahman, or Abdalrahman. See Aid- 
 er- Rah man. 
 
 Abdara. See Abdera. 
 
 Abdelazar (ab-del-a'zar). A tragedy made by 
 Mrs. Aphra Belm from the play “Lust’s Do- 
 minion,” acted in 1676 and published the next 
 year. It contains the song “ Love in fantastic 
 triumph sat.” 
 
 Abd-el-Kader, or -Kadir (abd-el-ka'der). Born 
 near Mascara, Algeria, 1807 : died at Damas- 
 cus, May 26, 1883. A celebrated Arab chief, 
 the heroic leader of the Arabs in the wars in 
 Algiers against the French 1832-47, and pris- 
 oner of the French 1847-52. He lived in later 
 years principally at Damascus as a pensioner 
 of the French government. 
 
 Abd-el-Malek, or -Malik. See Abdalmalek. 
 
 Abd-el-Mottalib. See Abdul-Muttalib. 
 
 Abdemon (ab'de-mon). See the extract. 
 
 The “ wisdom ” of Solomon is said to have provoked the 
 Tyrians to match them wits against his. Solomon had 
 sent Hiram certain riddles to test his sagacity, and had 
 asked for a return in kind, wagering a good round sum 
 upon the result. The contest terminated in Solomon’s 
 favour, and Hiram had to make a heavy payment in con- 
 sequence. Hereupon, a Tyrian named Abdemon (Abdes- 
 mun?) came to the rescue, and vindicated the honour of 
 his country by correctly solving all King Solomon’s rid- 
 dles, and proposing to him others, of which the Israelitish 
 monarch, with all his intelligence, was quite unable to 
 discover the solution. He was thus compelled to refund 
 all the money that Hiram had paid him, and to forfeit a 
 considerable amount in addition. 
 
 Rawlinson, Phoenicia, p. 103. 
 
 Abdera (ab-de'ra). [Gr. ra ’’Afich/pa, or ’AfAr/pov.] 
 In ancient geography, a maritime city of Thrace, 
 founded by the Teians, belonging to the Athe- 
 nian Confederation. Its inhabitants were no- 
 torious among the Greeks for dullness. The 
 exact ancient site has not been identified. 
 
 Abdera (ab-de'ra). [Gr. ra ’A/3 dr/pa, Audr/pa, 
 A/3<5 apa, "Afidr/pov.] In ancient geography, a 
 town, the modern Adra (or AJmeria ?), on the 
 southern coast of Spain, about 45 miles south- 
 east of Granada. Also Abdara. 
 
 Abd-er-Rahman (abd-er-riih'man) I. [Ar., 
 ‘servant of the merciful one,’i. e. God.] Born at 
 Damascus, 731 : died 788. The founder (756) of 
 the independent Ommiad power in Spain, with 
 Cordova as capital. He survived the massacre of the 
 Ommiads by the Abbassides, took refuge in Mauretania, 
 and was invited by a party of tile Arabs in Spain to come 
 to them as their sovereign. He quickly established his 
 power, overcame his chief antagonist in battle (755), sup- 
 
 A Becket, Gilbert Abbott 
 
 pressed formidable rebellions (758-763), and repelled the 
 invasion of Charlemagne (778). The famous mosque at Cor- 
 dova was constructed by him. Also Abd-al-Rahman, Ab- 
 durrahman, Abdurrahman. 
 
 Abd-er-Rahman III. Born 891: died 961. 
 Calif of Cordova from 912 to 961. During his 
 reign the Saracen power in Spain rose to its 
 greatest height. 
 
 Abd-er-Rahman. Died 732. A Saracen chief- 
 tain, governor of Narbonne. He invaded 
 France with a large army, and was defeated 
 by Charles Martel, and slain, near Tours in 732. 
 
 Abd-er-Rahman. Born Nov. 28, 1778: died 
 Aug., 1859. Sultan of Fez and Morocco 1823- 
 1859. The piratical habits of his subjects involved him 
 in several conflicts with European powers, and in 1844 he 
 supported Abd-el-Kader against France. 
 
 Abdiel (ab'di-el). [Heb., ‘ servant of God.’] 
 A seraph in Milton’s “Paradise Lost” (v. 896), 
 the only seraph who remained loyal when 
 Satan stirred up the angels to revolt. He is 
 mentioned by the Jewish cabalists. 
 
 Abdi-Milkut (ab'de-mil-kot'). A king of 
 Sidon, a contemporary of Esarhaddon, king of 
 Assyria (680-668 b. c.). He made an alliance with 
 King Sanduarri, and revolted from his allegiance to As- 
 syria ; was attacked, and, after a prolonged resistance, fled, 
 probably to Cyprus ; and was caught and decapitated in C76. 
 
 Abdol-Motalleb. See Abdul-Muttalib. 
 
 Abdool-. See Abdul-. 
 
 Abdul- Aziz (ab'dol-a-zez' ) . Born Feb. 9, 1830 : 
 assassinated (?) June 4, 1876. Sultan of Turkey 
 1861-76, second son of Mahmud II. and brother 
 of Abdul-Medjid whom he succeeded. Aided by 
 his grand vizirs, Ali Pasha and Fuad Pasha, he attempted 
 to introduce Western civilization into Turkey. In 1867 he 
 visited the Paris Exhibition, and journeyed through Eng- 
 land, Austria, and Germany. Dissatisfaction with his re- 
 form polii y and the depletion of his treasury brought about 
 his deposition, May 30, 1876. 
 
 Abdul-Hamid (ab'dol-ha-med') I. Born May 
 30, 1725 : died April 7, 1789. Sultan of Turkey 
 from Jan. 21, 1774. till April 7, 1789. He inherited 
 a disastrous war with Russia, which was ended in July, 
 1774, by the treaty of Kainardji, and which resulted in the 
 loss of Crimea and adjacent regions. He was also engaged 
 in war with Russia and Austria from 1787. 
 
 Abdul-Hamid II. Born Sept. 22, 1842. Sultan 
 of Turkey Aug. 31, 1876, -(dethroned) April 
 27, 1909, second son of Abdul-Medjid and 
 brother of the insane Murad V. whom ho suc- 
 ceeded. He carried on a war with Russia from April 
 24, 1877, to 1878. By the treaty of San Stefano, which 
 followed (March 3, 1878), modified by the Berlin Treaty 
 of July 13, 1878, Turkey lost large possessions in Europe 
 and Asia. 
 
 Abdul-Kerim (ab'dol-ke-rem') Pasha. Born 
 1811: died 1885. A Turkish general, distin- 
 guished by bis services in the Crimean war, 
 and against the Servians in 1876, hut banished 
 for failure in the Russian war of 1877. 
 
 Abdul-Latif. See Abdallatif. 
 
 Abdul-Medjid, or Mejid (ab'dol-me-jed'). 
 Born April 23, 1823 : died June 25, 1861. The 
 eldest son of Mahmud II. whom he succeeded, 
 July 1, 1839. He was conquered by Mehemet Ali, the 
 rebellious viceroy of Egypt, at Nisib, June 24, 1839, but 
 was protected by the intervention of the Great Powers in 
 1840. November 3, 1839, he promulgated the Hatti-sherif 
 of Giilhanfe (the imperial palace where it was first pro- 
 claimed), an organic statute for the government of the 
 empire, guaranteeing the security of life and property to 
 subjects and introducing fiscal and military reforms. He 
 was engaged in the Crimean war from 1853 to 1856. In 
 1856 was promulgated the Hatti-y-humayun, which pro- 
 fessed to secure the rights of the Hatti-sherif of Gulhanh 
 to all classes, without distinction of rank or religion. 
 
 Abdul-Mumen (ab'dol-mo'inen). Bom in 
 northwestern Africa, 1101: died 1163. The 
 founder of the dynasty of the Almohados, 
 calif from 1130 till 1163. 
 
 Abdul-Muttalib (ab'dol-m8t-ta'lib). Died 578. 
 The grandfather of Mohammed and his guar- 
 dian for two years. 
 
 Abdurrahman. See Abd-cr-Rahman. 
 
 Abdurrahman Kban (ab-dor-rfth'man khan). 
 Bom about 1830 : died Oct. 3, 1901. The ameer 
 of Afghanistan, proclaimed such in 1880. 
 
 Abecedarians (a/'be-se-da'ri-anz). A German 
 Anabaptist sect of the 16th century, led by 
 Nicholas Stork, a weaver of Zwickau, which 
 rejected all learning (even the learning of 
 “A-B-C”) as a hindrance to religion, professed 
 a special inspiration superseding the Bible, and 
 predicted (and was disposed to promote) the 
 overthrow of existing governments. 
 
 A Becket (a-bek'et), Gilbert Arthur. Born 
 at London, 1837 : died at London, Oct. 15, 
 1891. An English journalist, dramatist, and 
 miscellaneous writer, son of G. A. A Becket. 
 
 A Becket, Gilbert Abbott. Born at London, 
 Jan. 9, 1811: died at Boulogne, France, Aug. 
 30, 1856. An English lawyer, journalist, and 
 writer, noted chiefly for his contributions to 
 
A Becket, Gilbert Abbott 
 
 “Punch”: author of the “Comic History of 
 England,” the “Comic History of Borne,” the 
 “ Comic Blaekstone,” etc. 
 
 A Becket, Thomas. See Thomas of London. 
 Abed-nego (a-bed'ue-go). [Probably an error 
 in the text for Abed Nebo, servant of the god 
 Nebo.] One of the three Hebrews east by 
 Nebuchadnezzar into the fiery furnace. His 
 Hebrew name was Azariah, Abed-nego being substituted 
 for it by the prince of the eunuchs of the king of Baby- 
 lon. Dan. i. 7. 
 
 Abegg (a/ beg), Julius Friedrich Heinrich. 
 
 Born at Erlaugen, Bavaria, March 27, 1796 : 
 died at Breslau, Prussia, May 29, 1868. A Ger- 
 man jurist, author of “ Versuch einer Geschiehte 
 der preussischen Civilprozessgesetzgebung ” 
 (1848), etc. 
 
 Abel (a'bel). [Hob. Hebei, formerly derived 
 from Heb. hebel, transitoriness; more prob- 
 ably to be connected with Assyro-Babylonian 
 ablu, son.] The second son of Adam, slain 
 by liis brother Cain, according to the account 
 in Genesis. 
 
 Abel (a'bel), Carl. Born at Berlin, Nov. 25, 
 1837. A German comparative philologist, au- 
 thor of “Linguistic Essays” (1880), etc. He 
 has acted as Ilchester lecturer "on comparative lexicog- 
 raphy at Oxford, and as Berlin correspondent of the 
 “ rimes" and “Standard." 
 
 Abel (a'bel), Sir Frederick Augustus. Born at 
 London, July 17, 1827 : died there. Sept. 6, 1902. 
 An English chemist, president of the Institute 
 of Chemistry and other learned societies, and 
 author of “Guncotton,” “Modern History of 
 Gunpowder,” “On Explosive Agents,” etc., and 
 with Bloxarn of a “Handbook of Chemistry.” 
 Abel (a'bel), Heinrich Friedrich Otto. Born 
 at Reichenbach, Wurtemberg, Jan. 22, 1824: 
 died at Leonberg, Wurtemberg, Oct. 28, 1854. 
 A German historian, collaborator on the “ Monu- 
 menta Germanise historica,” and author of 
 “Konig Philipp der Hohenstaufe” (1852), etc. 
 Abel (a'bel), Joseph. Born at Aschach, in 
 Austria, 1768: died at Vienna, Oct. 4, 1818. An 
 Austrian historical and portrait painter. 
 
 Abel (a'bel), Karl Friedrich. Born at Kothen, 
 Germany, 1725: died at London, June 20, 1787. 
 A German composer, and noted performer on 
 the viol da gamba. 
 
 Abel (a'bel), Niels Henrik. Born at Findoe, 
 Norway, August 5, 1802: died near Arendal, 
 Norway, April 6, 1829. A distinguished Nor- 
 wegian mathematician, noted especially for 
 his researches on elliptic functions. His com- 
 plete works were published in 1839. 
 
 Abelard (ab'e-liird), Peter, F. Abelard 
 (a-ba-lar '), ML. Abelardus (ab-e-lar'dus). 
 Born at Pallet (Palais), near Nantes, France, 
 in 1079 : died April 21, 1142. A French scholar, 
 one of the most .notable of the founders of 
 scholastic theology, a pupil of Boscellin of 
 Compiegne and of William of Champeaux. 
 
 He taught with great success at Melun, at Corbeil, and at 
 Paris. In 1121 he was cited before the Synod of Soissons, 
 on the charge of disseminating Sabellianism, and was 
 compelled to burn his “Introductio ad Theologiam.” He 
 Boon after retired to a solitary place near Nogent-sur- 
 Seine, but was sought out by students, who built for him 
 the Oratory of the Paraclete. From 1125 till about 1134 
 he was abbot of St. Gildas in Bretagne. In 1140, at the 
 Council of Sens, he was accused of heresy by Bernard of 
 Clairvaux and was condemned by the council and the 
 Pope, but was afterward reconciled to Bernard. He repre- 
 sent id the spirit of free inquiry in theology, and contrib- 
 uted largely to fix the scholastic manner of philosophizing. 
 For his relation to Hcloise, see Ucloise. 
 
 Abel de Pujol (ii-bel' depii-zliol' ), Alexandre 
 Denis. Born at Valenciennes, France, Jan. 
 30, 1785 : died at Paris, Sept. 28, 1861. A French 
 historical painter. 
 
 Abelin (a' be-len ), Johann Philipp : pseudonym 
 Johann Ludwig Gottfried (Gothofredus). 
 
 Died about 1635. A German historian, founder 
 of the “Theatrum Europroum,” a serial work 
 on contemporaneous history, carried forward 
 by Schieder, Oraus, and others into the 18th cen- 
 tury, and author of a history of tho West Indies, 
 “Historia Antipodum,” and other works. 
 Abelites (a'bel-its), or Abelonites (ab'e-lon- 
 Its), or Abelonians (a-bel-6'ni-anz). An Afri- 
 can sect, mentioned by Augustine (“ Do Hsere- 
 sibus”) as coming to an end in his day, which 
 observed the custom of marrying without pro- 
 creating, in order not to perpetuate inherited 
 sin and in imitation of the traditional examplo 
 of Abel, tho son of Adam. They adopted the 
 children of others. 
 
 Abell (a'bel), Thomas. Executed at Smith- 
 field. London, July 30, 1540. A Roman Catho- 
 lic clergyman, rector of Bradwcll in Essex, and 
 chaplain to Queen Catherine, wife of Henry 
 
 4 
 
 VHI. of England, unjustly condemned on the 
 charge of concealing the treasonable practices 
 of Elizabeth Barton, the “Nun of Kent.” He 
 was an active supporter of the queen in her endeavor to 
 prevent the divorce sought by Henry. 
 Abencerrages(a-ben'se-raj-ez; Sp.pron.a-Ben- 
 tha-ra'Hes). A Moorish family in Granada, fa- 
 mous in Spanish romance. Their struggle with the 
 family of the Zegris and tragical destruction in the Al- 
 hambra by King Abu Hassan, near the end of the Moorish 
 dominion in Granada, are told in Perez de Hita’s (unhis- 
 torical) “ Historia de las guerras civiles de Granada ” (1595), 
 the groundwork of a romance by Chateaubriand (1826), 
 and of an opera by Cherubini (1813). 
 
 Abenezra (a-ben-ez'ra), or Ibn Ezra (’b’n-ez'- 
 ra). See Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra. 
 Abensberg (ii'bens-bero). A small town in 
 Lower Bavaria, on the Abens 18 miles south- 
 west of Ratisbon, the scene of a victory by Na- 
 poleon over the Austrian army of Archduke 
 Louis, April 20, 1809. The attack was on the center 
 of the Austrian line, which was cut in halves: the 
 left was driven across the Isar at Landshut, which was 
 captured, and the right was overcome at Eckmiihl on 
 April 22. In this series of operations the Austrians lost 
 60,000 men. 
 
 Abeokuta (ab-e-o-ko'ta). The principal town 
 of Yoruba or Yariba, in Southern Nigeria, 
 western Africa. It was founded in 1830 by fugitive 
 slaves, who were subsequently joined by numerous free- 
 men, mostly of the Egba tribe. Excepting a few native 
 Christian churches, the mass of the people isstill heathen. 
 Population (estimated), 60,000. Also Abiieolcata. 
 
 Aber (ab'er). [Gael, abar = W. aber, a con- 
 fluence of waters, the mouth of a river. Cf. 
 Gael, inbhir, with same senses, = W. ynfer, in- 
 flux, = Sc. inver-.] An element appearing in 
 many place-names in Great Britain, and sig- 
 nifying ‘a confluence of waters,’ either of 
 two rivers or of a river with the sea : as, Aber- 
 deen, Aberdour, Abergavenny, Aberystwith. 
 Aberavon (ab-er-a'von). A seaport in Glamor- 
 ganshire, South Wales, situated on Bristol 
 Channel 7 miles east of Swansea. It has large 
 manufacturing works, and there are mines of coal and 
 iron in its vicinity. Population, 7,553. 
 
 Aberbrothock. See Arbroath. 
 
 Aberconway. See Conway. 
 
 Abercorn (ab'er-korn). A hamlet in Linlith- 
 gowshire, Scotland, about 10 miles west of 
 Edinburgh. It was the seat of a bishopric from 
 681 to 685. 
 
 Abercrombie (ab'er-krum-bi), James. Born at 
 Glasshaugh, in Scotland, 1706: died at Stirling, 
 Scotland, April 28, 1781. A British general, 
 commander of an expedition against Canada 
 in 1758. He was defeated by Montcalm at 
 Ticonderoga, July 8, 1758. 
 
 Abercrombie, John. Born at Aberdeen, Scot- 
 land, Oct. 10, 1780: died at Edinburgh, Nov. 
 14, 1844. A Scottish physician and philo- 
 sophical writer. He wrote “Pathological and Prac- 
 tical Researches on Diseases of the Brain and Spinal 
 Cord "(1828), “Pathological and Practical P.esearches on 
 Diseases of the Stomach, the Intestinal Canal, etc." (1828), 
 “ Enquiries Concerning the Intellectual Powers and the 
 Investigation of Truth ” (1830), “ Philosophy of the Moral 
 Feelings ” (1833), etc. 
 
 Abercrombie, John Joseph. Bom in Tennes- 
 see in 1802: died at Roslyn, N. Y., Jan. 3, 
 1877. An American soldier. He was graduated at 
 West Point in 1822, and served in the Florida war (hre- 
 vetted major), in the Mexican war (hrevetted lieutenant- 
 colonel), and in the Union army in the Civil War (hrevetted 
 brigadier-general). 
 
 Abercromby (ab'er-krum-bi), David. Died 
 about 1702. A Scottish physician and philo- 
 sophical writer. His chief work is entitled “A Discourse 
 of Wit” (London, 1685). “It antedates the (so-called) 
 ‘Scottish School of Philosophy’ a century nearly: for in 
 it Dr. Thomas Reid’s philosophy of common sense . . . 
 is distinctly taught.” A. B. Grosart, in Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Abercromby, James. Born Nov. 7, 1776: died 
 at Colinton House, Midlothian, April 17, 1858. 
 An English politician, third son of Sir Ralph 
 Abercromby, created Baron Dunfermline in 
 1839. He became a member of Parliament in 1807, 
 judge-advocate-general in 1827, chief baron of the ex- 
 chequer of Scotland in 1830, master of the mint in 1834, 
 and speaker in 1835. 
 
 Abercromby, Sir John. Born 1772: died at 
 Marseilles, Feb. 14, 1817. An English soldier, 
 second son of Sir Ralph Abercromby. He 
 served in Flanders 1793-94, was arrested by Napoleon and 
 imprisoned at Verdun in 1S03, was exchanged in 1S08, 
 and was appointed commander-in-chief at Bombay in 
 1809. He captured Mauritius in 1S10. 
 
 Abercromby, Patrick. Bom at Forfar, Scot- 
 land. 1656: died 1716 (various dates are as- 
 signed). A Scottish physician, antiquary, and 
 historian, author of “Martial Achievements of 
 the Scots Nation” (1711-16). 
 
 Abercromby, Sir Ralph. Born at Mens try, 
 Clackmannan. Scotland, Oct., 1734: died near 
 Alexandria, Egypt, March 28, 1801. A distin- 
 
 ibersychan 
 
 guished British neral. commander-in-chief in 
 the West Indies'95-97 (where he took Grena- 
 da, Demerara, d Trinidad, and relieved St. 
 Vincent), in Irerdin 1798, and in the Nether- 
 lands in 1799. was mortally wounded near Alex- 
 andria, Egypt, Marcil, 1801. He “ shar es with Sir John 
 Moore the credit ofnewing the ancient discipline and 
 military reputation the British soldier" (H. M. Ste- 
 phens, in Diet. Nat. og.). 
 
 Abercromby, Siuobert. Born at Tullibody, 
 Clackmannan, btland, 1740: died at Air- 
 threy, near Stirlg, Scotland, Nov., 1827. A 
 British general, linger brother of Sir Ralph 
 Abercromby. Hervedin the French and Indian and 
 Pievolutionary wars ( the battles of Brooklyn. Brandy- 
 wine, and German tow and at Charleston and Yorktown), 
 and later commandeer India. 
 
 Aberdare (ab-er-e'). A mining and manufac- 
 turing town in Gmorganshire, South Wales, 
 about 5 miles schwest of Merthyr-Tydvil. 
 There are coal- ai iron-mines in its vicinity. 
 Population, 43,36 
 
 Aberdare, Baron See Bruce Pryce, Henry 
 Austin. 
 
 Aberdeen (ab-er-d/), or New Aberdeen. A 
 seaport, capital otlie county of Aberdeen, 
 Scotland, on the Nth Sea between the mouths 
 of the Don and Deen lat. 57° 8' 33" N., long. 2° 
 4' 6" W. (lighthou). It is the principal city of 
 northern Scotland, anlias an important foreign and 
 coasting commerce ana variety of manufactures. It 
 received a charter frora'illiam the Lion in 1178. Popu- 
 lation, 181,918. 
 
 Aberdeen, Old. Aown at the mouth of the 
 Don, one mile non of Aberdeen, Scotland. 
 It contains the Cathedi of St. Macliar, and King's Col- 
 lege in the University ovberdeen. The old cathedral is 
 now a parish church, coistingof the spacious nave only 
 of the original building It was begun in 1366. There 
 are two castle-like toweat the west end, surmounted by 
 heavy pyramidal spires, id a fine projecting porch on the 
 south side. The materi is granite throughout. 
 
 Aberdeen. A cityn Brown County, South 
 Dakota, about 120 cles northeast of Pierre: a 
 railroad and tradig center. Population, 
 10,753, (1910). 
 
 Aberdeen. A city, ipital of Monroe County. 
 Mississippi, on the ombigbee, in lat. 33° 51' 
 N., long. 88° 35' W. Population, 3,708, (1910). 
 
 Aberdeen, Earl of. See Gordon. 
 
 Aberdeen, Universe of. An institution of 
 
 learning at Aberdet, incorporated 1860, by 
 the union of King’ College and university 
 (founded by Bishop Iphinstone. 1494) at Old 
 Aberdeen and the Mrischal College and uni- 
 versity (founded by ie Earl Marischal, 1593) 
 at New Aberdeen. , has about 80 teachers and 
 1,300 students. It sendsvith Glasgow University one 
 member to Parliament. 
 
 Aberdeenshire (ab-eden'shir). A county of 
 Scotland, capital Abrdeen, bounded by the 
 North Sea on the noli and east, by Kincar- 
 dine, Forfar, and Peih on the south, and by 
 Inverness and Banff q the west. Its ancient di- 
 visions were Mar, Formarti Buchan, Garioch, and Strath- 
 bogie. Its leading industrs are agriculture, stock-rais- 
 ing, granite-cutting, fcnd fiang. Area, 1,972 square miles. 
 Population, 304 a* " . 
 
 Aberdour (ab-er-dor') A small place in Fife- 
 shire, Scotland, on th Firth of Forth about 8 
 miles north of Edinbvgh, resorted to for sea- 
 bathing. 
 
 Aberfoyle (ab-er-foil'. A small village in 
 Perthshire, Scotland, tear Loch Katrine. It 
 figures in Scott’s nove“ Rob Roy.” 
 
 Abergavenny (ab-fer-a'ni or ab"er-ga-ven'i . 
 A town in Monmoutshire, England, at th< 
 junction of the Gavany and Usk, built on 
 the site of the Roma Gobannio. There are 
 coal-mines and iron-wcks in its vicinity. Pop- 
 ulation, 7,795. 
 
 Abernethy (ab'6r-ne-ii). A small town in 
 Perthshire, Scotland, bout 7 miles southeast 
 of Perth. It was ancintly a seat of Culdee 
 worship and a Pictish oyal residence. 
 
 Abernethy, John. Bon at Coleraine, Ireland. 
 Oct. 19, 1680: died Dec 1740. A clergyman of 
 the Irish Presbyterian (lurch, appointed by the 
 synod to tho church iiDublin, 1717. His re- 
 fusal to obey caused i schism in the Irish 
 Church. 
 
 Abernethy, John. Ben at London April 3, 
 1764: died at Enfield, lear London, April 28, 
 1831. An English surpon, lecturer on anat- 
 omy and physiology in tie College of Surgeons 
 1814-17, and surgeon to It. Bartholomew’s Hos- 
 pital 1815-27. His medial works were collected in 
 five volumes in 1S30. He pofessed great influence in his 
 profession, due less to his lerning than to his powerful, 
 attractive, and somewhat eccntric personality. 
 
 Abersycban (ab-6r-suk'in). A mining town 
 in Monmouthshire, Enjand, about 16 miles 
 
Abersychm 
 
 southwest of the town of lonmouth. Popu- 
 lation, 17,768. 
 
 Abert (a'bert), John Jar ;S. Born at Shep- 
 herdstown, Va., Sept. 17, ’88: died at Wash- 
 ington, D. C., Jan. 27, 1)3. An American 
 military (topographical) ngineer, brevetted 
 major in 1814, and made cJonel of engineers in 
 1838. He was given thetharge of the topo- 
 graphical bureau in 1829. 
 
 Abert (a'bert), Johann oseph. Born Sept. 
 21, 1832, at Kochowitz in )hemia. A German 
 musician, author of tht operas “Anna von 
 Landskron” (1859), “Enig Enzio” (1862), 
 “Astorga” (1866), “Ekliard” (1878), etc. 
 Aberystwith (ab-er-ist“ th). A seaport and 
 watering-place in Cardig ishiro, Wales, at the 
 junction of tho Ystwith ; d Rlieidol, in lat. 52° 
 25' N., long. 4° 5' W. It < [tains the University Col- 
 lege of Wales, which wa3 op ed in 1872. Population, 
 8,014. 
 
 Abeshr (a-besh'r). Th capital of Wadai, in 
 Sudan, about lat. 14° 5' ., long. 21° 5' E. 
 Abessa (a-bes'a). A fenle character in Spen- 
 ser’s “Faerie Queene,” epresenting the cor- 
 ruption of the abbeys a: convents. 
 
 Abgar (ab'gar), L. Abgrus (ab'ga-rus). An 
 appellation of the kin of Edessa, used as 
 tv as ‘Ctesar’ among tl Romans, ‘Pharaoh’ 
 and ‘Ptolemy’ in Egy] and ‘ Antiochus’ in 
 Syria. The dynasty laste from 99 B. c. to 217 A. D. 
 According to Eusebius, Abg XV. (Ucomo, ‘the black,' 
 18 to 50) wrote to Christ ask; ; him to take up his abode 
 with him and relievo him off incurable disease. Christ 
 promised to send him one olis disciples after his ascen- 
 siod, and accordingly Thomasent Tliaddeus. In Cedre- 
 nus is the following story. Jianias, who carried Ahgar's 
 letter to Christ, was also a sinter and tried to take his 
 portrait, but was dazzled bthe splendor of his counte- 
 nance. Washing his face, Cist dried it on a linen cloth, 
 on which his features were lraculously impressed. This 
 cloth was taken to Edessa bjAnanias. 
 Abhidhanachintamai (a -bhi- dha ' na - c-hin- 
 ta'ma-ni). [Skt., ‘ thi jewel that gives every 
 word wished.’] A synoymic lexicon in Sanskrit 
 by Hemachandra who ye d in the 12th century. 
 AbhidhanaratnamaL: (a-bhi-dha'na-rat-n'a- 
 ma'la). [Skt., ‘the pkrl necklace of words.’] 
 A Sanskrit vocabularjby Halayudha, belong- 
 ing to. about the end (the 11th century. 
 Abhidharmapitaka l-bhi-dhar'ma-pit'a-ka). 
 [Skt., ‘basket of mtaphysics.’] That sec- 
 tion of the Buddhist sriptures which treats of 
 Abhidharma or the sureme truth, philosophy 
 or metaphysics. It iniides the Dhammasanganl, on 
 conditions of life in differs worlds ; the Vibhanga, eigh- 
 teen treatises of various intents ; the Kathavatthu, on 
 one thousand controvertepoints ; the Puggalapannatti, 
 explanations of common ersonal qualities ; the Dhatu- 
 katha, on the elements ; thYamaka, on pairs, or apparent 
 contradictions or contrast and the Patthana, or “Book of 
 Origins,” on the causes oixistence. 
 
 Abhimanyu (a-bhi-ran'yu). In Hindu legend, 
 the son of Arjuna. He killed Lakshmana, son of 
 Duryodhana, on the secol day of the great battle of the 
 Mahal .harata, but on tluhirteenth himself fell fighting 
 heroically. 
 
 Abhiramamani (a-tu-ra'ma-man'i). [Skt., 
 ‘the jewel (book or earn a) relating to Rama.’] 
 A Sanskrit drama (which the hero is Rama, 
 written by Sundaralishra in 1599 a. d. 
 Abhiras (ab-he'raz), A people inhabiting the 
 coast east of the mflth of the Indus (Lassen), 
 the region identifieihy Lassen and Ritter with 
 the Ophir (ophir) olhe Old Testament. 
 Abhorson (ab-hor'm). An executioner in 
 Shakspere’s “ Mease for Measure.” 
 
 Abia (a-bi'a). Seejb/jah. 
 
 Abiad (a'be-ad). 'Je Whito Nilo. See Bahr- 
 ein Abiad. 
 
 Abiah (a-bi'a). Sc Abijah . 
 
 Abiathar (a-bl'a-tlr). [Heb., ‘father of ex- 
 cellence’ or ‘abunance’ (Gesenius), or ‘my 
 father excels’ (Olsiusen).] A high priest of 
 Israel in the 11th entury B. C., a partizau and 
 companion of Davimiring his exile, appointed 
 for his services Igh priest conjointly with 
 Zadok, tho appointo of Saul. 
 
 Abich (ii'bich), Whelm Hermann. Born at 
 Berlin, Dec. 11, J)6: died at Gratz, July 1, 
 1886. A German aineralogist and geologist, 
 and traveler in Rujia and elsewhere, appointed 
 professor of minejlogy in Dorpat in 1842. 
 Abidharma. Beclbhidharmapitaka. 
 
 Abiezer (a-bi-e'ze. [Heb., ‘ father of help.’] 
 
 1. A grandson qMar.asscli and nephew of 
 Gilead, founder f an important family to 
 which also, collecvely, the name was applied. 
 Also Abiesar. 
 
 A family of ManaSh, consequently of Joseph, that of 
 Abieznr, which resiij at Ophra, to the west of Sichem, 
 near the lower slop' of Ephraim, assumed in this sad 
 state of affairs a greimportance, and nearly gave Israel 
 
 that dynasty which would have realised its unity. These 
 Abiezrites were very fine men, heroes, like unto the sons 
 of a king. 
 
 Renan, Hist, of the People of Israel (trails.), I. 260. 
 
 2. One of David’s chief warriors, an inhabitant 
 of Anathoth, in the tribe of Benjamin. 
 
 Abigail (ab'i-gal). [Heb., ‘father (source) of 
 joy,’ or ‘my father is joy.’] 1. The mother 
 of Amasa and sister of David. — 2. The wife of 
 Nabal and, after his death, of David. By has- 
 tening to meet David with a supply of provisions when 
 he was marching to take vengeance upon Nabal she suc- 
 ceeded in arresting his anger. 
 
 3. A character in Marlowe’s tragedy “The 
 Jew of Malta,” the daughter of Barabas the 
 Jew. The passages between her and her father strongly 
 resemble those between Shylock and Jessica in the “Mer- 
 chant of Venice.” 
 
 4. A lady’s-maid or waiting gentlewoman in 
 Beaumont and Fletcher’s “Scornful Lady,” 
 and in other plays : presumably from Abigail 
 who called herself the handmaid of David in 
 1 Sam. xxv. 3. The name is now a popular 
 synonym for a lady’s-maid. 
 
 Abigor (ab'i-gor). In medieval demonology, 
 a demon of high degree, grand duke in the 
 infernal realms. He has sixty legions at his com- 
 mand, and is an authority on all subjects pertaining to 
 war. He is represented as a knight carrying a lance, 
 standard, or scepter. 
 
 Abihu (a-bl'hu). [Heb., ‘ father (worshiper) 
 of Him’ (God).] The second of the sons of 
 Aaron by Elisheba. For neglecting to burn incense 
 with fire taken from the great altar and using strange or 
 common fire, he was slain with his elder brother Nadab 
 by fire from heaven. 
 
 Abijah (a-bi'ja). [Heb., ‘father (worshiper) 
 of Jehovah,’ or ‘my father is Jehovah.’] 1. 
 The name of various persons mentioned in the 
 Old Testament: a son of Becher, one of the 
 sons of Benjamin (1 Chron. vii. 8) ; the wife of 
 Hezron and mother of Ashur (1 Chron. ii. 24); 
 the second son of Samuel, one of the judges 
 whose injustice led to the establishment of the 
 kingdom (1 Sam. viii. 2, 1 Chron. vi. 28); a 
 priest, a descendant of Eleazar, the chief of 
 the eighth of the twenty-four courses into 
 which the priesthood was divided by David (1 
 Chron. xxiv. 10) ; a son of Jeroboam the son of 
 Nebat (1 Ki. xiv. 1); the mother of Hezekiah 
 (2 Chron. xxix. 1) ; a priest mentioned in Ne- 
 hemiah (x. 7). — 2. The second king of Judah, 
 son of Rehoboam and grandson of Solomon. 
 He reigned 932-929 B. C. (Duncker). A victory over Jero- 
 boam in which 400,000 men are said to have fought for 
 Abijah and 800,000 for Jeroboam, leaving 500,000 dead 
 (obviously erroneous numbers), was the notable event of 
 his reign. Also Abijam, Abiah, Abia. 
 
 Abika. See Creek. 
 
 Abila (ab'i-la). In ancient geography, a city 
 of Syria, capital of the tetrarehy of Abilene, 
 northwest of Damascus. 
 
 Abildgaard (a-bil'gard), Nikolai Abraham. 
 Born at Copenhagen, Denmark, Sept. 4, 1744 : 
 died at Fredericksdal, June 4, 1809. A Danish 
 painter of Norwegian parentage, professor 
 (1786) at the academy of Copenhagen, and later 
 its director. 
 
 Abilene (ab-i-le'ne). In ancient geography, a 
 district and tetrarehy of Syria, lying east of 
 Antilibanus. 
 
 Abilene (ab'i-len). The capital of Dickinson 
 County, Kansas, situated on Smoky Hill River 
 about 85 miles west of Topeka. Population, 
 4,118, (1910). 
 
 Abilene. The capital of Taylor County, Texas, 
 about 200 miles northwest of Austin. Popula- 
 tion, 9,204, ,(1910). 
 
 Abimelech (a-bim'e-lek). [Heb.; Assyrian 
 Abi-milki, father of counsel.] 1. A name 
 used in the Old Testament apparently as a 
 general title (like the Egyptian ‘Pharaoh’) of 
 the Philistine kings. Specifically— (a) A king of 
 Gerar in the time of Abraham (Gen. xx.). Supposing Sarah 
 to be Abraham's sister, as Abraham asserted, he took her 
 into his harem, but dismissed her when lie found she 
 was Abraham’s wife. (5) A second king of Gerar, in the 
 time of Isaac (Gen. xxvi.), with whom Isaac found refuge 
 during afamine, and to whom he made the same statement 
 about Kebekah that Abraham had made about Sarah. 
 
 2. A son of Gideon by a concubine, a native 
 of Shechem, made king of Israel by the She- 
 chemites (Judges ix.). His reign, which lasted 
 three years, is assigned by Duncker to the sec- 
 ond half of the 12th century B. C. 
 
 Abingdon (ab'ing-don). A town in Berkshire, 
 England, 7 miles south of Oxford. It contains 
 the ruins of a noted abbey. Population, 
 6,480. 
 
 Abingdon, Earl of. See Bertie, Willoughby. 
 Abinger, Baron. See Scarlett, James. 
 Abington (ab'ing-ton). A town in Plymouth 
 
 Abomey 
 
 County, Massachusetts, about 20 miles south 
 of Boston. Population, 5,455, (1910). 
 Abington, Mrs. (Frances or Fanny Barton). 
 
 Born at London, 1737: died at London, March 
 4, 1815. An English actress, daughter of a 
 private soldier in the King’s Guards. From the 
 position of a flower-girl, known by the name of “Nosegay 
 Fan,’ in St. James’s Park, and street-singer, she rose to 
 eminence on the stage, and enjoyed a successful career 
 of forty-three years. “ She was the original representa- 
 
 lotte Rusport, in the ‘West Indian;’ Boxalana, in the 
 ‘Sultan;’ Miss Hoyden, in the ‘Trip to Scarborough;’ 
 and her crowning triumph, Lady Teazle.” (Doran, Annals 
 of the Eng. Stage, II. 211.) She married her music-mas- 
 ter, one of the royal trumpeters, from whom she soon 
 separated. 
 
 Abipones (ab-i-po'nez). A tribe of Indians who 
 in the 16th century occupied both sides of the 
 river Paraguay about 600 miles above the 
 Parana. Later they removed to the Chaco region, and 
 were driven southward by the Spaniards. They 
 were savage and intractable, wandering in their habits, 
 and lived by hunting and fishing. After tire in- 
 troduction of horses by the Spaniards, this tribe acquired 
 large numbers of them by theft or by taming those which 
 had run wild, and became skilful equestrians. 
 
 Abisbal, Count. See O’Donnell, Henry. 
 
 Abishag (a-bish'ag). [Heb., ‘father (author) 
 of error.’] A Shunammite woman taken by 
 David to comfort him in his old age. 1 Ki. i. 1-4. 
 
 A’okhasia (ab-kha'si-a). A region, not an ad- 
 ministrative division, on the southern slope of 
 the Caucasus, having an area of about 3,000 
 square miles. It was permanently subjugated 
 by Russia in 1864. Population, about 80,000. 
 
 Abnaki (ab-nak'e). [‘The whitening sky at 
 daybreak,’ i. e. eastern people.] A confed- 
 eracy of North American Indians, formerly oc- 
 cupying all Maine and the valley of the St. 
 John’s River, and ranging northwest to the St. 
 Lawrence. They were called Tarrateens by the New 
 England tribes and colonial writers. The component 
 tribes were the Penobscot, the Passamaouoddy, and the 
 Amalicite (Malecite) — all allies of the French. After 
 the fall of the French in North America, many of the 
 Abnaki withdrew to Canada. They number now over 
 2,000. Also Abenaki. See Algonquian. 
 
 Abner (ab'ner). [Heb., ‘father of light.’] The 
 uncle of Saul, and the commander-in-chief of 
 his army. After Saul’s death he maintained the in- 
 terests of the royal house, supporting Ishbosheth against 
 David. In his flight, after the defeat at Gibeon, he slew 
 Joab s brother, Asahe], who was pursuing him. Later, 
 when lie was about to effect a compromise with David 
 prejudicial to Joab’s interest, Joab treacherously slew him. 
 
 Abney (ab'ni), Sir Thomas. Born at Willes- 
 ley, Derbyshire, Jan., 1640: died at Theobalds, 
 H ertf ordshire, Feb. 6, 1722. A London merchant 
 (originally a fishmonger), sheriff of London and 
 Middlesex 1693-94, one of the original directors 
 of the Bank of England, and Lord Mayor of 
 London, 1700-01. He was a friend and patron of Dr. 
 Watts, who for the last 36 years of his life made his home 
 with the Abneys. 
 
 Abnoba (ab'no-ba). In ancient geography, a 
 mountainous region in Germany, containing 
 the sources of the Danube : the modern Black 
 Forest. Also called Silva Marciana and Montes 
 Rauraci. 
 
 Abo ( a'bo; Sw. a'bo). A seaport, capital of 
 Abo-Bjorneborg, Finland, in lat. 60° 26' 57" N., 
 long. 22° 17' 3" E. : the capital of Finland be- 
 fore 1819. It was founded by Eric the Saint in the 12th 
 century, is the see of an archbishop, and was the seat of 
 a university which was removed to Helsingfors in 1827. 
 Population, 43,680. 
 
 Abo, Peace (Treaty) of. A treaty between 
 Russia and Sweden, signed Aug. 18, 1743, by 
 which Russia acquired the southern part of 
 Finland as far as the river Kyrnen and secured 
 the election of an ally as Prince Roj’al of 
 Sweden. 
 
 Aboab (a-bo'ab), Isaac. A Hebrew scholar who 
 flourished at Toledo about 1300. He was the author 
 of “Shulchan hapanim ” (table of showbread), which is 
 lost, and of “ Menorath hamaor ” (the light), a collection 
 of legends made from an ethical and religious point of 
 view, composed in seven parts to correspond witli the 
 seven branches of the temple candlestick (menorah). 
 This work became very popular among the Jews every- 
 where, and was translated into Spanisli and German. 
 
 Aboan (a-bo'an). A slave in Southern’s play 
 “Oronooko”: a fine though secondary char- 
 acter. 
 
 Abo-Bjorneborg (ft'bo-byer'ne-borg). A gov- 
 ernment of Finland, Russia, O bordering on the 
 Gulf of Bothnia. Capital, Abo. Area, 9,335 
 square miles. Population, 475,068. 
 
 Abomey (ab-6'mi; native a-bo-ma'). The 
 capital of Dahomey, in lat. 7° 5' N., long. 
 2° 4' E. It was captured by the French in 
 November, 1892. Population, about 10,700. 
 
Abominations 
 
 Abominations, Tariff of. See Tariff. 
 Abongo. See Obongo. 
 
 Abony (ob'ony). A town in the county of 
 Pest, Hungary, 50 miles southeast of Budapest. 
 Population, 13,529. Also Nagy- Abony. 
 
 Aboo. See Abu. 
 
 Aboo-Bekr. See Abu-Bekr. 
 
 Abookeer. See Abukir. 
 
 Abou. See Abu. 
 
 Abou-Bekr. See Abu-Bekr. 
 
 Abou ben Adhem (a'bo ben a/dem). The title 
 of a short poem by Leigh Hunt. 
 Abou-Hassan. See Abu-Hassan. 
 
 Abou-Klea. See Abu-Klca. 
 
 About (a-bo'), Edmond Francois Valentin. 
 Born at Dieuze, France, Feb. 14, 1828 : died 
 at Paris, Jan. 17, 1885. A French novelist, 
 journalist, and dramatist. He studied archaeology 
 at the French school in Athens, and after returning to 
 France in 1853 wrote for the “Moniteur,” “Soir,” etc. 
 Napoleon III. made use of his pen in political work for 
 many years. In 1872 he was arrested by the Germans for 
 shooting a German sentry, but was released. With Sarcey 
 he founded the “ XlXme Siecle." In 1884 he was elected 
 an academician. Among his works are “La Grece con- 
 temporaine,” a satire on the manners and morals of the 
 Greeks (1855), “La question romaine/’an attack on the 
 papacy (I860), “Alsace ” (1872), “Les manages de Paris” 
 (1856), “Le roi des montagnes’’(1856), “ Germaine ”(1857), 
 “Trente et quarante ”(1858),“ L'homme a l'oreille cassCe ” 
 (“The Man with the broken Ear”: 1861), “Le nez dun 
 notaire ” (“ The Nose of a Notary " : 1862), “ Le cas de M. 
 Gudrin ” (1863), “Madelon ” (1863), “ Le roman d’un brave 
 homme " ( 18801 , etc. 
 
 Abra (ab'ra). 1. A character in the romance 
 of “ Amadis of Greece,” the sister of Zario, the 
 sultan of Babylon. She succeeds to the throne of 
 Babylon, after her brother has been killed by Lisuarte 
 whom she loves and finally marries. 
 
 2. The favorite concubine of Solomon, a char- 
 acter (of remarkable docility) in Prior’s poem 
 “Solomon on the Vanity of the World.” 
 
 Abra was ready ere I called her name ; 
 
 And, though I called another, Abra came. 
 
 ii. 364. 
 
 Abrabanel (a-bra-ba-nel'), Isaac. Born at 
 Lisbon, 1437 : died at Venice, 1508. A Jewish 
 scholar and statesman. His family claimed descent 
 from the royal house of David. He was treasurer of Al- 
 fonso V., king of Portugal. On the death of this king he 
 was deprived of his fortune, and being obliged to quit 
 Portugal (1481), went to Madrid, where he remained eight 
 years in the service of Queen Isabella. Forced to quit 
 Spain after the expulsion of the Jews (1492), he proceeded 
 to Naples and entered the service of King Ferdinand, and 
 thence to Sicily and Corfu. He was a writer of distinction 
 in the fields of philosophy and biblical exegesis. Also 
 Abarbanel, Abravenel, Barbanella. 
 
 Abradatas (ab-ra-da'tas). A king of Susa, 
 first an enemy, then an ally, of the Persians 
 under Cyrus. In the “ Cyropaedia ” of Xenophon is 
 told as an episode (our earliest sentimental romance) the 
 story of the loves of Abradatas and his wife Pantheia, 
 which ends with the death of Abradatas in battle and the 
 suicide of Pantheia and her eunuchs. 
 
 Abraham (a'bra-ham). [Biblical etymology 
 ‘father of multitudes’ (Gen. xvii. 5): also called 
 Abram, exalted father; possibly abu-rdm, my 
 father is the Exalted One. According to some 
 Abraham is an ancient Aramaic dialectic form 
 for Abram.] Flourished 2000 (If) B. c. The first 
 of the patriarchs and the founderof theHebrew 
 race. Many critical scholars do not consider Abraham 
 a historical figure. The narrative in the 14th chapter of 
 Genesis is especially considered historical and ancient. 
 The date of the events there narrated is fixed by Hommel 
 at 2150 B. c.; according to the usual chronology, 1918 B. c. 
 Abraham is equally revered by Jews, Christians, and Mo- 
 hammedans. He was buried in the cave of Machpelah 
 (the double cave) at Hebron, now said to be inclosed by 
 the Great Mosque (Haram) of that place. 
 
 Abu-ramu or Abram , Abraham’s original name, occurs 
 on early Babylonian contract-tablets. 
 
 Sayce, Anc. Monuments, p. 53. 
 
 Abraham, Plains of, or Heights of. An ele- 
 vated plain just beyond Quebec to the south- 
 west, along the river, the scene of the battle 
 of Quebec. See under Quebec. 
 
 Abraham a Sancta-Clara (a'bra-ham ii sank'- 
 ta kla'rii). Born at Kriihenheimstetten, near 
 Messkirch, Baden, July 2, 1044: died at Vienna, 
 Dec. 1, 1709. Ulrich Megerle (or Megerlm), 
 an Augustinian monk, court preacher at 
 Vienna and satirical writer, lie wrote “Judas the 
 Arch-rascal ’* (“Judas der Erzschelm "), a eatirico-reli- 
 gious romance (1686-95) ; “ (Jack, (Jack, Gack a (Ja of a mar- 
 vellous hen in the duchy of Bavaria, or a detailed account 
 of the famous pilgrimage of Maria Stern in Taxa” (1687), 
 etc. His collected works fill 21 volumes. 
 
 Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra (a'bra-ham 
 ben ma-er' ’b’n ez'rii). Born at Toledo, 1092: 
 died 1167. A celebrated scholar of the Jewish- 
 Arabic period in Spain, a philologist, poet, 
 mathematician, astronomer, and Bible com- 
 mentator. He had a good knowledge of Hebrew and 
 Arabic grammar, and wrote a treatise on Hebrew gram- 
 mar, “Sefer moznaim ” (book of weights) ; also 150 poems, 
 
 6 
 
 which are largely used in the Jewish liturgy. He com- 
 mented on the entire Bible except the earlier prophets ; 
 drew the distinction between faith and reason, tradition 
 and criticism ; was the first biblical critic ; wrote a work 
 on Jewish philosophy and a metrical treatise on the game 
 of chess ; and traveled extensively in France, Italy, Spain, 
 Greece, Africa, and England. He was known to medieval 
 scholars as Avenare, said to be a corruption of Abraham 
 Judaeus. 
 
 Abraham Cupid. See Adam Cupid. 
 
 Abrahamites (a'bra-ham-its). 1. A branch 
 of the Paulicians, named from Abraham (Ibra- 
 him) of Antioch, its founder. — 2. A small 
 sect of Bohemian deists living in the neighbor- 
 hood of Pardubitz. They rejected nearly all the 
 doctrines of the church, and professed to adopt the reli- 
 gion of Abraham before his circumcision. 
 
 Abraham-man (a'bra-ham-man). Originally, 
 a mendicant lunatic from Bethlehem Hospital, 
 London . The wards in the ancient Bedlam (Bethlehem) 
 bore distinctive names, as of some saint or patriarch. 
 That named after Abraham was devoted to a class of 
 lunatics who on certain days were permitted to go out 
 begging. They bore a badge, and were known as Abra- 
 ham-men. Many, however, assumed the badge with- 
 out right, and begged, feigning lunacy. Hence the more 
 common meaning came to be an impostor who wandered 
 about the country seeking alms, under pretense of lunacy. 
 From this came the phrase to sham Abraham, to feign 
 sickness. 
 
 Abraham Newland. See Newland. 
 
 Abraham’s Oak. An ancient oak or terebinth 
 which long stood on the plain of Mamre, near 
 Hebron in Syria, and was believed to be that 
 under which the patriarch pitched his tent. 
 Wheeler, Familiar Allusions. 
 
 Abraham the Jew and the Merchant Theo- 
 dore. A medieval story, invented in support 
 of the worship of images. “Theodore, ruined by a 
 shipwreck and repulsed by his friends, borrows money 
 from Abraham, invoking, as his only security, the great 
 Christ set up by Constantine in the copper-market before 
 the palace at Byzantium. Again Theodore loses all, and 
 again the Jew trusts him. Theodore sails westward, and 
 this time prospers. Wishing to repay Abraham, but find- 
 ing no messenger, he puts the money in a box, and com- 
 mits it, in the name of Christ, to the waves. It is washed 
 to the feet of the Jew on the shore of the Sea of Marmora. 
 But, when Theodore returns, Abraham, to try him, feigns 
 that he has not received it. Theodore requires him to 
 make oath before the Christ. And as Theodore, standing 
 before the image, passionately prays, the heart of his 
 benefactor is turned to faith in the surety of the friend- 
 less.” Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 155. 
 
 Abrahen (ab'ra-hen). A character in Chap- 
 man’s tragedy “Revenge for Honour”: the 
 second son of the calif. 
 
 Abram (a'bram). 1. See Abraham. — 2. In 
 Shakspere’s “Romeo and Juliet,” a servant to 
 Montague. 
 
 Abrantes (a-bran'tes). A town in the district 
 of Santarem, province of Estremadura, Portu- 
 gal, situated on the Tagus at the head of navi- 
 gation, about 75 miles northeast of Lisbon. It 
 was the starting-point of Junot in his march on 
 Lisbon. Population, 7,245. 
 
 Abrantes (a-bron-tas'), Due d’. See Junot, 
 Andoche. 
 
 Abrantfcs, Duchesse d’. See Junot, Madame. 
 Abrantes, Viscount and Marquis of. See 
 
 Calrnon du Pin e Almeida, Miguel. 
 
 Abravanel. See Abrabanel. 
 
 Abreu (a-bra'o), Joao Capistrano de. Born in 
 Gear:!, Brazil, 1852. A Brazilian historian. For 
 many years he has resided at Rio de Janeiro, where he has 
 been assistant in the National Library, and professor in 
 the Pedro Segundo College, and has been connected with 
 various journals. 
 
 Abreu, Jose de. Born at Porto Novo, Rio 
 Grande do Sul, about 1775: killed at the battle 
 of Ituzaingd, Feb. 20, 1827. A Brazilian general. 
 He was of obscure parentage and enlisted as a common 
 soldier, but rapidly rose in rank and was one of the most 
 distinguished Brazilian leaders in the campaigns against 
 Artigas, 1816 to 1820. In the latter year he became field- 
 marshal, and in 1826 was created Baron of Serro Largo, 
 taking part in the Uruguayan campaign under the Mar- 
 quis of Barbacena. 
 
 Abrocomas, or Habrocomas, and Antbia 
 
 (a- (or ha-) brok'o-mas and an'thi-a). An old 
 Greek romance by Xenophon of Ephesus, it 
 recounts the adventures of the two lovers so named before 
 and subsequent to their marriage. 
 
 Abrolhos (a-brol'yos). A group of islets off 
 the coast of West Australia, about lat. 28°-29° S. 
 
 Abrolhos Rocks. A group of islets and reefs off 
 the coast of Brazil, about lat. 18° S. 
 
 Abrudbdnya (ob'rud-Mnflyo). A town in 
 the county of Unterweissonburg, Transylva- 
 nia, Austria-Hungary, about 28 miles north- 
 west of Karlsburg: the chief point in the 
 Transylvanian gold region. Population, 
 3,341. 
 
 Abrutum. Abricium in Moesia. See Decius. 
 
 Abruzzi and Molise (ii-brot'se and mo-le'ze). 
 A compartimento in the modern kingdom of 
 Italy, containing the provinces Chieti, Teramo, 
 
 Abt 
 
 Aquila, and Camobasso. Area, 6,380 square 
 miles. Populatiu, 1,487,865. 
 
 Abruzzo (a-brot's). A former division of Italy, 
 comprising the pmnees of Chieti, Teramo, 
 and Aquila : a pa; of the former kingdom of 
 Naples. Within iare the highest and wildest 
 portions of the Apnuines. 
 
 Abruzzo Citerioi (a-brot'so che-ta-ri-6're). 
 The old name of te province of Chieti, Italy. 
 
 Abruzzo Ulterior (a-brot'so 61-ta-ri-d're) I. 
 An old name of th province of Teramo, Italy. 
 
 Abruzzo Ulterior! II. An old name of the 
 province of Aquilaltaly. 
 
 Absalom (ab'sa-un). [Heb., ‘father of 
 peace.’] 1. The tird son of David, king of 
 Israel. He rebelled ajinst his father, and was defeated 
 and slain in the forest cEphraim. 
 
 2. A character inlryden’s satire “Absalom 
 and Achitophel” : a undutiful son, intended 
 to represent the- Due of Monmouth. 
 
 Absalom, Tomb of. A tomb so named, in Je- 
 rusalem. It consists! a rock-cut basement 19 feet 
 square and 20 high, surnunted by a Phenician concave 
 cornice of Egyptian typiabove which is an attic of ma- 
 sonry supporting a cylimr capped by a tall concave cone. 
 At the corners of the basnent are cut pilasters with Ionic 
 columns as antu\ and the are two Ionic semi-columns on 
 every face. Above theuchitrave is a Doric triglyph- 
 frieze of late type. 
 
 Absalom and Achiophel (ab'sa-lom and a- 
 kit'o-fel). A poeticl satire by John Dryden 
 (published 1681), diicted against the political 
 faction led by the Ed of Shaftesbury. The sec- 
 ond part was written by ’te and revised by Dryden, and 
 was intended to show up le minor characters of the con- 
 tending factions. The suess of this attack upon Shaftes- 
 bury was unprecedented, nd the satire has been said to 
 be “the first in the langua; for masculine insight and for 
 vigour of expression.” 
 
 Absalon (ab'sa-lon). Born 1128: died at So- 
 roe, Zealand, Denmar, 1201. A Danish prelate, 
 statesman, and warnr, archbishop of Lund 
 and primate. Also Ael. 
 
 Absaroka (ab-sa'ro-k). [Named from a spe- 
 cies of hawk, but com;only styled ‘the Crow.’] 
 A tribe of the Hidatsalivision of North Ameri- 
 can Indians. They umber about 1,800, and 
 are on the Crow resention in Montana. 
 
 Abschatz (ap'shats), [ans Assmann, Baron 
 von. Born at Wiirbil, Silesia, Feb. 4, 1646 : 
 died April 22, 1699. . German poet, transla- 
 tor of “ Pastor Fido” 'om the Italian of Gua- 
 rini, and author of saejd hymns still in use in 
 Protestant churches, selection of his poems was 
 given by W. Muller in “ Bitothek deutscher Dichter des 
 17. Jahih." (1824). 
 
 Absecon (ab-se'kon). ’he name of a bay and 
 an inlet on the coast olNew Jersey, northeast 
 of Atlantic City. Alscwritten Absecum. 
 
 Absentee (ab-sen-te'), he. One of the tales 
 in the series “ Tales fim Fashionable Life,” 
 by Miss Edgeworth, pulislied in 1812. 
 
 Absolon (ab'so-lon). i Chaucer’s “ Miller’s 
 Tale,” an amorous parti clerk who comes to 
 grief in his wooing of tb carpenter’s wife. 
 
 Absolon, John. Born aLondon, May 6, 1815: 
 died there, June 26, 1891 An English painter, 
 best known from his wser-colors. 
 
 Absolute (ab'so-lut), SiAnthony. A famous 
 character in Sheridan’s uftedy “The Rivals,” 
 an obstinate, passional self-willed, but gen- 
 erous old man. The follving passage exhibits his 
 temper: “SirAnth. So you wi fly out! Can’t you be cool 
 like me? What thedevil goocan passiondo"! ' Passion is 
 of no service, you impudent, feolent, over bearing repro- 
 bate ! There you sneer again ! on’t provoke me ! but you 
 rely upon the mildness of myemper — you do, you dog! 
 you play upon the meekness ony disposition ! Vet take 
 care, the patience of a saint nr be overcome at last ! but 
 mark ! I give you six hours ai a half to consider of this ; 
 if you then agree, without anymdition, to do everything 
 on earth that I choose, why, etfound you ! I may in time 
 forgive you." Sheridan, Rival ii. 1. 
 
 Absolute, Captain. In heridan’s “Rivals,” 
 the son of Sir Anthony, spirited soldier and 
 persistent lover who appirs as the impecuni- 
 ous Ensign Beverley (ands thus his own rival) 
 to win the affections of he romantic Lydia 
 Languish who scorns a nxeli with one so suit- 
 able as the son of Sir Amonv Absolute. 
 
 Absyrtus (ab-ser'tus). [G A^prof.] In Greek 
 legend, the brother of Mfea, who cut him in 
 pieces and threw the fragrntq one by one into 
 the sea to delay her fatherwho stopped to pick 
 them up) in his pursuit of er and Jason. Ac- 
 cording to another legei he was slain by 
 Jason. See Jason. 
 
 Abt (apt). Franz. Born aEilenbtirg, Prussian 
 Saxony, Dec. 22, 1819: died Wiesbaden. March 
 31, 1885. A German compeer, noted chiefly for 
 his popular songs (“ Whenhe Swallows home- 
 ward fly,” etc.). 
 
Abu 
 
 Abu (a'bo). A mountain, 5,650 feet high, in 
 Rajputana, India, about lat. 24° 36' N., long. 
 72° 43' E., the chief seat of the Jain worship. 
 There are several villages on the mountain 
 and five Delwara temples. 
 
 Abu-Arish (a'bo-a'rish or -a'resh). A town in 
 southwestern Arabia, 24 miles from the Red 
 Sea, about lat. 16° 55' N., long. 42° 40' E. Popu- 
 lation, about 8,000. 
 
 Abu-Bekr (a'bo-bek'r). [Ar. ; said to mean 
 ‘father of the virgin,’ i. e. Ayesha, Moham- 
 med’s wife.] Born at Mecca, 573: died at Me- 
 dina, Arabia, Aug. 22 (?), 634. . The father-in- 
 law and one of the first followers and chief 
 supporters of Mohammed, and the first calif or 
 successor of the prophet (632-634). His original 
 name was Abd-el-Kaaba. Also Aboo-Bekr, Abou- 
 Bekr, Abu-Bakr. 
 
 Abu-Habba (a'bo-hab'a). An Arab village 
 about 16 miles southeast of Bagdad. Excavations 
 were made there in 1881, and the site of an ancient Baby- 
 lonian city discovered, probably Sippar, the biblical Se- 
 pharvaim (which see). 
 
 Abudah (a-bo'da). A character in the Rev. 
 James Ridley’s u Tales of the Genii”: a rich 
 merchant who in seeking, in a dream, the talis- 
 man of Oromanes, which insures perfect hap- 
 piness, finds it in love of God and submission 
 to his will. 
 
 Abu-Hanifah (a'bo-ha-ne'fa). Born at Al- 
 Kufah, 700: died at Bagdad, 770. A noted Mo- 
 hammedan imam and jurisconsult, the founder 
 of the Hanifi sect. 
 
 Abu-fiassan (a'bo-has'an). In the story of 
 “The Sleeper Awakened” In “The Arabian 
 Nights’ Entertainments,” a- citizen of Bagdad 
 who while entertaining the disguised calif ex- 
 presses a wish to “be calif for one day.” The 
 wish is granted in such a way that Abu-Hassan is entirely 
 deceived, to the great amusement of the calif, who in the 
 end makes him his companion and favorite. Shakspere 
 has adopted this idea, from an older play, in the decep- 
 tion practised on Sly the tinker, in the induction to the 
 “ Taming of the Shrew." 
 
 Abukir (a-bo-ker'). A small village in north- 
 ern Egypt, on the bay of Abukir 13 miles north- 
 east of Alexandria. It is near the site of the ancient 
 Canopus, probably a little to the west. Here, July 25, 
 1799, Napoleon with 5,000 French defeated 15,000 Turks. 
 March 8, 1801, the English under Sir Ralph Ahercromby 
 captured the town from the French. Also Abookeer, 
 Aboukir. 
 
 Abukir, Bay of. A bay north of Egypt, be- 
 tween Abukir and the Rosetta mouth of the 
 Nile, the scene of the battle of the Nile, Aug. 
 1 and 2, 1798, in which Nelson defeated the 
 French fleet under Brueys, who lost 13 out of 
 17 vessels and 9,000 men. 
 
 Abu-Klea (a'bo-kla'a). Wells in the Nubian 
 desert in the bend of the Nile on the route be- 
 tween Korti and Shendy, where, Jan. 17, 1885, 
 the Mahdists attacked the British under Stew- 
 art, and were repulsed with severe loss on both 
 sides. Also Abou-Klea. 
 
 Abul Casim. See A bid Kasim. 
 
 Abulfaraj (a'bol-fa-raj'), or Abulfaragius 
 (ab'ul-fa-ra/ ji-us), surnamed Bar-Hebraeus 
 (‘Son of the Hebrew’). Born at Malatia (Ma- 
 latiya), Armenia, 1226: died at Maragha, Persia, 
 1286. Gregory Abulfivrayitm al Harun, a Syriac 
 and Arabic author, the son of a baptized Jew. 
 At twenty he was made bishop of Gula and afterward of 
 Aleppo, and became maphrian, the dignity among the 
 Jacobite Christians next to that of patriarch. Of his many 
 Syriac and Arabic writings the best-known are an auto- 
 biography and a chronicle in Syriac, a universal history 
 from Adam down to his own time. 
 
 Abulfazl (a'bol-fa' zl). Assassinated 1602. 
 Vizir and historiographer of the Mogul em- 
 peror Akbar, author of the “Akbar Nameh,” 
 or “Book of Akbar,” comprising a history of 
 Akbar’s reign, and an account of the religious 
 and political constitution and the administra- 
 tion of the empire. 
 
 Abulfeda (a-bol-fa'da, or a-bol'fa-da), Ismael 
 ben-Ali Emad-eddin. Born at Damascus, 
 1273 : died in Syria, Oct. 26, 1331. A noted Ara- 
 bian geographer and historian, prince of Hamah 
 in Syria : author of a geography and an ‘ ‘Abridg- 
 ment of the History of the Human Race.” 
 
 Abulghazi Bahadur (a-bol-ghii/ze ba-ha-dor'). 
 Born 1605: died about 1665. A khan of Khiva, 
 author (after his -abdication) of a history of the 
 Mongols and Tatars, translated into various 
 European languages. 
 
 Abul-Hassan Ali ebn Bekar (a'bol-has'an 
 a'le eb'n be'kar). A character in “ The Ara- 
 bian Nights’ Entertainments,” the lover of the 
 calif’s favorite, Schemselnihar. Fleeing from 
 Bagdad for fear of the califs anger, he dies at the same 
 hour aa Schemaelnihar. 
 
 7 
 
 Abul Kasim Mansur (a'bol ka-sem' mjin-sor'). 
 Born at Shadab, uear Tus, in Khorasan, about 
 940 : died 1020 at Tus. The great epic poet 
 of Persia, called Firdusi (more correctly Fir- 
 dausi the Paradisiac, from Firdaus, Paradise). 
 
 He was the author of the “Shahnamah," an epic of about 
 60,000 distichs, that sings the deeds of Iranian and Per- 
 sian sovereigns and heroes from the oldest time to the 
 fall of the Sassanidse (641 A. ».), and contains many of the 
 ancient epic traditions of the Iranians. He lived long 
 at the court of Mahmud of Ghazni. 
 
 Abu-Nuvas (a'bo-no'vas). Died 810. An 
 Arabic lyric poet who lived at the court of the 
 califs of Bagdad. His songs of love and wine are 
 among the most notable in Arabian poetry. 
 
 Aburi (a-bo're). A town 15 miles back of Akri, 
 West Africa. Owing to its altitude, it is used as a 
 sanatorium by British officials and residents, as also by 
 the Basel Mission, which has there an excellent industrial 
 school. Population, 10,393. 
 
 Abu Shahrein. See Eridu. 
 
 Abushehr. See Bushire. 
 
 Abu-Simbel (a'bo-sim'bel), or Ipsambul (ip- 
 sam'bol). The ancient Abuncis or Aboccis, 
 a place in Upper Egypt situated on the Nile 
 about lat. 22° 25' N., famous for its two rock- 
 temples, one large and the other smaller, built in 
 the steep face of a cliff by Rameses II. For the 
 great temple the rock has been cut away to form a smooth 
 facade about 100 feet wide and high, with a cornice of 
 seated cynocephali. Before the facade are four enthroned 
 colossi of Rameses, about 66 feet high, and comparatively 
 perfect except for the split ting away of the head and arms 
 of one. Over the central portal, in a rectangular niche, 
 is a figure of Ra the sun-god. The first chamber of the 
 interior is a large hall with 8 Osiride piers, and mural 
 sculptures portraying the military deeds of Rameses. 
 Beyond is a smaller pillared hall, then a vestibule before 
 the sanctuary, which contains seated figures of Amen, 
 Ptah, Horus, and Rameses himself. From the outer hall 
 8 lateral chambers, irregularly placed, are reached. The 
 total depth in the rock of this temple is over 200 feet. 
 The facade of the smaller temple displays six rectangular 
 niches containing colossal figures in high relief. Between 
 the two central niches is the portal, which leads to a hall 
 supported by 6 square piers with Hathor capitals. From 
 the hall extends a corridor with two small chambers and 
 a sanctuary. The whole interior is sculptured. On the 
 left leg of the injured colossus of the great temple is a 
 Greek inscription, one of the most ancient 'specimens of 
 Greek writing, recording that when Psammetichus came 
 to Elephantine, the writers, whose names are given, came 
 to the spot by way of Kerkis. It dates from 592 B. 0. 
 
 Abusir (a-bo-ser'). A small town in the Delta 
 of Egypt, south-southwest of Cairo, the ancient 
 Busiris, containing pyramids erected by kings 
 of the 5th dynasty. 
 
 Abu-Teman (a'bo-te-man'). Born in Syria 
 about 807 : died about 845. An Arabian court 
 poet at Bagdad, and collector of Oriental poetry. 
 
 Abydos (a-bl'dos). [Gr. // ’A/fiJor.] In ancient 
 geography, a town in Upper Egypt on the west 
 bank of the Nile, near the modern Arabat-el- 
 Madfuneh, about lat. 26° 13' N., long. 31° 
 52' E., famous for a temple of Osiris built by 
 Seti I. , and also for a temple built by Rameses II. 
 The former is described by Strabo as the - “Memnonion.” 
 The plan is a square facing the northeast, with a large 
 rectangular projection from the back of the southeast 
 side. From the outer court is entered the long first hall, 
 with two ranges of columns, and from it the second hall, 
 with three ranges. Both these great halls are ornamented 
 with reliefs. From the second hall there is access to an 
 extensive series of chambers, corridors, and smaller halls, 
 all decorated with colored reliefs. In one of the corridors 
 is the chronologically important Tablet of Abydos. (See 
 below.) A number of the chambers are covered with false 
 vaults, cut to shape from flat lintels. The temple of 
 Rameses is also dedicated to Osiris. It was a rectangle, 
 preceded by a great inclosed court surrounded by Osiride 
 figures. From the court two spacious central hypostyle 
 halls are entered in succession, and from these open a 
 number of chambers. The gateways were of red and 
 black granite, and one chamber was wholly lined with 
 alabaster. This temple, which was considerably smaller 
 than that of Seti, is in a very ruinous state. See Abydos, 
 Tablet of. 
 
 Abydos, or Abydus. In ancient geography, a 
 town in Mysia, Asia Minor, on the Hellespont 
 about lat. 40° 11/ N., long. 26° 25' E., noted 
 in the legend of Hero and Leander, and as the 
 location of the Bridge of Xerxes. 
 
 Abydos, Bride of. A poem by Lord Byron, 
 published in 1813. 
 
 Abydos, Tablet of. An inscription in a corri- 
 dor of the temple of Seti I. at Abydos, giving 
 a succession of 65 kings beginning with Menes, 
 covering a period of about 2,200 years. A simi- 
 lar tablet containing 18 names, found in the temple of 
 Rameses in 1818, was removed by the French consul-gen- 
 eral, sent to Paris, and finally purchased for the British 
 Museum. 
 
 Abyla (ab'i-la). [Gr. AjlvTiy or ’A P'tfo].] In an- 
 cient geography, a promontory in Africa, the 
 modern Jobel Musa or Apes’ Hill, opposite 
 Calpe (Gibraltar): the two constitute the fa- 
 mous “Pillars of Hercules.” Also Abyla Mons 
 (‘mountain’) and Abyla Columna (‘pillar’). 
 
 Abyssinia (ab-i-sin'i-il). [Arabic Ilabash, 
 
 Academy of France at Rome 
 
 ‘mixed ’: referring to the character of the popu- 
 lation.] A country of Africa, part of the an- 
 cient Ethiopia, bounded by Eritrea on the 
 north, the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan on the 
 west, British East Africa on the south, 
 the Italian Somaliland on the east, and the 
 British Somali Coast Protectorate on the north- 
 east: area, over 200,000 square miles; popu- 
 lation, 9-11 millions. Its inhabitants are Ethio- 
 pians, Falasha (the Abyssinian Jews), Gallas, etc. ; the 
 prevailing language is Amharic ; the prevailing religion 
 that of the Ethiopian (Coptic) Church (founded in the 4th 
 century by Frumentius, bishop of Axum) ; and the gov- 
 ernment a feudal monarchy under .a Negus or emperor 
 (Negus Negust, ‘king of kings’). The present sovereign 
 Is Lidj Jeassu (born 1896), who succeeded to the throne in 
 1911, his grandfather Menelek II. having resigned through 
 ill health. The surface of the country consists mainly of 
 table-lands with mountain-ranges reaching an elevation of 
 about 15,0JOfeet. The climate is temperate and salubrious. 
 The principal exports (through Massowah) are skins, ivory, 
 butter, gums, and mules. The empire is divided into the 
 kingdoms of Tigrd in the north, Amhara, with Gujam, in 
 the west and center, and Shoa in the south ; and there are 
 many outlying territories and dependencies. The chief 
 cities are Ankober, Gondar, Adowa, and the capital, Adis 
 Abeba. Abyssinia was visited by the Portuguese in the 
 15th and 16th centuries in the search for the kingdom of 
 Prester John. It was broken up into small monarchies 
 down to the time of the adventurer Theodore who consoli- 
 dated the kingdom, but was overthrown by the British 
 expedition under Napier in 1868. Difficulties with Italy in 
 1887 and 1888 were followed by a treaty of “mutual pro- 
 tection ” in 1889. This protectorate was abrogated by 
 Menelek in 1893. Italy renewed hostilities, but after her 
 defeat in the battle of Adowa (March 1, 1896) recognized 
 the independence of Abyssinia in the treaty of Adis Abeba, 
 Oct. 26, 1896. Among the explorers of Abyssinia are Bruce, 
 Gobatj Beke, Parkyns, Stern, and Markham. 
 
 Acacians. A branch of the Arians, named 
 from Acacius, bishop of Ctesarea (died 363). 
 
 Academic Legion. An armed corps of students, 
 especially in the revolutionary troubles of 1848 ; 
 specifically, an insurrectionary corps of the 
 kind which was conspicuous at Vienna in 1848. 
 
 Academy (a-kad'e-mi), The. [Gr. ’AmdS/yeta.] 
 A public pleasure-ground on the Cephissus, 
 about one mile northwest of ancient Athens, on 
 land said to have belonged, in the time of the 
 Trojan war, to the hero Academus. it was sur- 
 rounded with a wall by Hipparchus and further adorned 
 by Cimon, the son of Miltiades, who bequeathed it to the 
 citizens of Athens. It was the resort of Plato, who taught 
 in its groves for nearly fifty years, till his death in 348 B. 0. 
 
 Academy, The. The Platonic school of philos- 
 ophy down to the time of Cicero : so called from 
 the pleasure-ground above described, it is com- 
 monly divided into the Old, the Middle, and the New 
 Academy. The chief representatives of the first were 
 Speusippus, Xenocrates of Chalcedon, Polemo, Crates, 
 and Crantor. The Middle Academy was founded by Ar- 
 cesilaus about 244 B. c., and the New Academy by Car- 
 neades about 160 B. C. Sometimes the academies of Philo 
 and Antioclius are spoken of as the fourth Academy and 
 the fifth Academy, respectively. 
 
 Academy, French. [F. Academie franyaise .] 
 An association originating about 1629 m the 
 informal weekly meetings of a few (8) men of 
 letters in Paris, and formally established Jan. 
 2, 1635, by Cardinal Richelieu, for the purpose 
 of controlling the French language and regu- 
 lating literary taste. It consisted of forty mem- 
 bers, the “forty immortals,” the officers being a director 
 and a chancellor, both chosen by lot, and a permanent 
 secretary, chosen by votes. Among the objects provided 
 for in the constitution was the preparation of a diction- 
 ary, a grammar, a treatise on rhetoric and one on poetry. 
 In 1694 the first edition of the celebrated “ Dictionnaire 
 de 1’Academie ” appeared, while the seventh appeared in 
 1S78. The Academy was suppressed by the Convention 
 in 1793, hut was reconstructed in 1795, under the name 
 of the “Class of French Language and Literature,” as 
 part of the National Institute. Its original organization 
 was restored by Louis XVIII. in 1816. 
 
 Academy, Royal Spanish. [Sp. Real Aca- 
 demia Espailola .] An academy founded at 
 Madrid in 1713 by the Duke of Escalona , and 
 established by royal confirmation in 1714. Its 
 object is to cultivate and improve the national 
 language. 
 
 Academy of Arts and Sciences, American. 
 
 A society for the encouragement of art and 
 science, founded in Boston in 1780. It has pub- 
 lished “Memoirs” from 1785, and “Proceed- 
 ings” from 1846. 
 
 Academy of Fine Arts, The. [F. V Academic 
 des beaux arts .] An institution originating in 
 a private association of painters in the 14th cen- 
 tury, recognized by royal authority in 1648 under 
 the name of Academy of Paintingand Sculpture, 
 and definitively constructed in 1655 by Cardinal 
 Mazarin. At the creation of the National Institute in 
 1795 it was united with the Academy of Architecture, 
 founded by Colbert in 1671, to form the fourth class of the 
 institute; and since 1819 this class has borne the name of 
 Academy of Fine Arts. It consists of 40 members and a 
 secretary, 10 honorary academicians, 10 foreign associates, 
 and 60 correspondents. It publishes its memoirs and 
 transactions and the“ Dictionnaire general deB beaux-arts.” 
 
 Academy of France at Rome. [F. Academie 
 
Academy of France at Rome 
 
 de France d Borne.] A school of fine arts 
 founded at Rome by Louis XIV., where those 
 artists are sent, at the public expense, who ob- 
 tain the great annual prizes of the Academy 
 of Fine Arts at Paris. See Villa Medici. 
 Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres. 
 [F. V Academic dcs inscriptions et belles- 
 lettres.'] An association composed originally of 
 four members, chosen by Colbert from among 
 the members of the French Academy to draw 
 up inscriptions for the monuments erected by 
 Louis XIV. and the medals struck in his honor. 
 
 It received a separate organization in 1701, which was con- 
 firmed by the letters patent of Louis XIV. iu 1712, and was 
 suppressed by the Convention in 1793; but at the creation 
 of the National Inst itute in 1795 its members were incorpo- 
 rated in that body. In 1816 the title was restored by Louis 
 XVIII. for the second class of the Institute. The pres- 
 ent Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres consists of 
 40 members, 10 honorary academicians, and 8 foreign as- 
 sociates, with 70 corresponding members at home and 
 abroad. 
 
 Academy of Medicine. [F. V Academe de 
 medecine.] A French academy founded in 1820 
 to preserve vaccine matter and act as a bureau 
 of information to the government on sanitation 
 and the public health. It is divided into three sec- 
 tions: medicine, surgery, and pharmacy. It publishes 
 memoirs, and carries on an extensive correspondence. 
 
 Academy of Moral and Political Science, 
 
 The. [F. V Academie dcs sciences morales ct po- 
 litiqucs.] The fifth class of the French Na- 
 tional Institute, founded iu 1795, suppressed 
 by Napoleon in 1803, and reestablished by 
 Louis Philippe in 1832. It has 40 members, 
 10 honorary academicians, 8 foreign associates, 
 and GO corresponding members. 
 
 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- 
 phia, The. A scientific institution organized 
 in 1812, and incorporated in 1817, possessing 
 a valuable library relating chiefly to natural 
 history, and an extensive collection of speci- 
 mens in natural history. Its publications consist 
 of a series of “Journals ” from 1817 to date, and of “ Pro- 
 ceedings "from 1841, besides “The American Journal of 
 Conchology ” and “ Entomological News.” 
 
 Academy of Sciences, The. [F. V Academic 
 des sciences.] An institution founded at Paris 
 iu 16G6 by Colbert, approved by Louis XIV. in 
 1699, suppressed by the Convention in 1793, and 
 reconstituted in 1795 as a class of the National 
 Institute. It numbers 68 members, 10 honor- 
 ary academicians, 8 foreigu associates, and 100 
 corresponding members. 
 
 Academy of Sciences at Berlin, The Royal. 
 [G. Die konigliche Akademie der Wissenschaf- 
 ten.] An institution founded in 1700 by Fred- 
 eric I. after plans submitted by Leibnitz, and 
 opeued in 1711. Its present constitution dates from 
 1812. It is divided into four sections : physical, mathe- 
 matical, philosophical, and historical. The regular mem- 
 bers are paid, and hold general meetings every Thursday 
 and sectional meetings every Monday. Besides, there are 
 foreign members, not to exceed 24, and honorary members 
 and correspondents. It publishes “ Abhandlungen ” (till 
 1803 "M^moires” and “is'ouveaux Mcmoires ”) and “ Mo- 
 natsberichte. ” 
 
 Academy of Sciences at Copenhagen, The 
 Royal. [Dan. Det kongelige danske Videnska- 
 .bernes Selskab.] An academy established as a 
 private society in 1742, and received under the 
 royal protection in 1743. since 1742 it has published 
 a series of transactions under the name of “Skrifter,” 
 and since 1823 i each of its two classes has also published 
 independent memoirs under the name of “Afhandlinger." 
 
 Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg, The 
 Imperial. An academy projected by Peter 
 the Great with the assistance of Wolf and Leib- 
 nitz, and established by Catherine I., Dec. 21, 
 1725. It is composed of 15 professors, a president, and 
 a director, with four adjuncts, who attend the meetings 
 of the society, and succeed to vacancies. It has published 
 “Commentarii Academia? Scientiarum Imperialis Petro- 
 politana?” (14 volumes from 1728 to 1747); “Novi Com- 
 mentarii Academia*, “ etc. (30 volumes down to 1777); 
 “Acta Academia?,” etc., of which two volumes appear an- 
 nually. 
 
 Academy of Sciences at Stockholm, The, or 
 The Royal Swedish Academy. A society, 
 originally private, founded June 2, 1739, and 
 incorporated March 31, 1741, as the Royal Swe- 
 dish Academy. Its quarterly publications are 
 issued in annual volumes, of which the first 40 
 (to 1779) form a series known as the “Old 
 Transactions.” 
 
 Academy, or Society, of Arcadians. A society 
 founded in 1690 in Italy by Giovan Mario Cres- 
 cimbeni and Gian Vincenzo Gravina. Its chief 
 aim was to establish in literature the simplicity of the 
 shepherds of the fabled golden age of Arcadia. 
 
 Acadia (a-ka'di-a), Acadie (a-kii-de'). [Ori- 
 ginally Larcadia : Acadie is said to have 
 been first used in 1603.] A former French 
 colony in America, bounded by the Atlantic, 
 
 8 
 
 the Gulf and River of St. Lawrence, and west- 
 ward by a line running north from the mouth 
 of the Penobscot. It was colonized by France in 
 1604, on the Bay of Fundy, and ceded to Great Britain by 
 the treaty of Utrecht, 1713 (except Cape Breton). The 
 French settlers in Nova Scotia were deported by the Brit- 
 ish in 1755. 
 
 Acadian Mountains (a-ka'di-an moun'tanz). 
 An occasional name of the elevated region in- 
 cluded between the Hudson, the lower St. Law- 
 rence, and the Atlantic, and comprising the 
 mountains of Canada, Maine, and the White and 
 Green Mountains. 
 
 Acajutla (ii-kii-Hot'la). A small seaport in 
 Salvador, Central America, about 40 miles west 
 of San Salvador. 
 
 Acampichtli, or Acampistli (a-kam-pesh'tle). 
 [Aztec, ‘handful of reeds.’] A chief, or so- 
 called king, of the Aztecs of Mexico, who, ac- 
 cording to the most probable chronology, was 
 elected in 1375 and died in 1403. He led the In- 
 dians of Tenochtitlan in their wars with Tecpan, and ca- 
 nals and stone houses were first made in his time. His 
 power was very limited. 
 
 Acapulco (a-kii-pol'ko). A seaport in Guer- 
 rero, Mexico, on the Pacific in lat. 16° 50' 56 // 
 N., long. 99° 55' 28 # W. It has one of the best har- 
 bors in the country, and had a large commerce during 
 the 17th and 18th centuries. Population, 4,932. 
 
 Acarnania, or Akarnania (ak-ar-na'ni-a). 
 [Gr. ’A mpvavia.] In ancient geography, a divi- 
 sion of Greece, bounded by the Ambracian Gulf 
 on the north, by Amphilochia on the northeast, 
 by iEtolia on the east (partly separated by the 
 Achelous), and by the Ionian sea on the west. 
 
 Its ancient inhabitants were the Leleges and Curetes. 
 They were rude mountaineers, but were regarded as 
 Greeks, and as such were allowed to participate in the 
 Pan-Hellenic games. 
 
 Acarnania and iStoiia (e-toTi-a). Anomarchy 
 of modern Greece, havingan areaof 2,036 square 
 miles. Its capital is Missolonghi. Population, 
 141,405. 
 
 Acaste (a-kast'). A character in Moliere’s 
 play “Le Misanthrope,” a gay and brilliant 
 marquis, a lover of Celimene. 
 
 Acasto (a-kas'to). A character in Otway’s play 
 “ The Orphan,” a nobleman, the father of Poly- 
 dore ami Castalio, retired from the court and 
 living on his estates. 
 
 Acastus (a-kas'tus), or Akastos (-tos). [Gr. 
 ’Axacrroc.] In Greek legend, a son of King 
 Pelias of Iolcos, an Argonaut, and one of the 
 hunters of the Calydonian hoar. He was the 
 father of Laodamia. 
 
 Acawais. See Accawais. 
 
 Acaxees (a-kaks'ez). A native tribe (now ex- 
 tinct as such) in the state of Durango in north- 
 ern Mexico. Traces of their language may yet be 
 detected. They were described, in the last years of the 
 10th century and in the 17th, when first met with, as rather 
 peaceably inclined, of sedentary habits, and as sorely 
 pressed by their ferocious neighbors the Tepehuanes. 
 
 Acca. See Acre. 
 
 Accad. See Akkad. 
 
 Aceademia della Crusca(ak-ka-da'me-adelTa 
 kros'lia). [It., ‘academy of the bran,’ a fanci- 
 ful name alluding to its professed object of sift- 
 ing or purifying the Italian language.] An 
 academy founded at Florence in 1582 by the 
 poet Grazzini, with the object of purifying the 
 Italian language and literature. It published in 
 1013 the first edition of the “Vocabolario degli Accade- 
 miei della Crusca,’’ long the standard dictionary of the 
 Italian language. 
 
 Accadians. See under Akkad. 
 
 Acca Larentia (ak'a la-ren'shi-a). A mythical 
 female personage in the early history of Rome, 
 sometimes represented as a public woman who 
 bequeathed her wealth to the citizens of Rome, 
 sometimes as the wife of Faustulus and the nurse 
 of Romulus and Remus. She seems to be of Etruscan 
 origin and connected with the worship of the Lares. Also, 
 improperly, Acca Laurcntia. 
 
 Accawais (a-ka-wii-ez'). An Indian tribe of 
 British Guiana, the small remnants of which in- 
 habit the river-banks near the coast. They are 
 allied in language to the Carihs, but are more savage and 
 wandering in their habits, and are very treacherous. They 
 often attack villages of the more civilized Indians. Also 
 written Accaways, Accowaios, Alcavais. 
 
 Accho (ak'o). An old name of Acre. 
 
 Acciajuoli (a-cha-yo-o'le), or Acciajoli (a-chii- 
 yo'le), Nerio. A member of the Florentine 
 family of that name, created Duke of Athens 
 in 1394. The title was retained by his successors till 
 1456, when the Turks put an end to the domination of 
 the Latins in Attica. 
 
 Acciajuoli, or Acciajoli, Niccolo. Died 1365. A 
 wealthy Florentine banker and statesman, lie 
 served for many years ns the chief adviser of Joanna, 
 Queen of Naples, and was invested in 1358 with the harony 
 and hereditary governorship of the fortress of Corinth. 
 
 Aecorso, Francesco 
 
 Acciajuoli, or Acciajoli, Donato. Bom at Flor- 
 ence, 1428: died at Milan, Aug. 28, 1478. An 
 Italian scholar and statesman, gonfalonier of 
 Florence in 14/ 3. He was the author of lives of Han- 
 nibal, Scipio, and Charlemagne, of a translation of some 
 of Plutarch’s “ Lives,” and of commentaries on Aristotle’s 
 “Ethics” and “Politics." 
 
 Accioli de Cerqueirae Silva (Sk-se-oTe da ser- 
 ka'ra e sel'va), Ignacio. Born in Coimbra, 
 Portugal, in 1808: died at Rio de Janeiro, Aug. 
 1, 1865. A Brazilian geographer. When very 
 young he emigrated with his father to Brazil. In 1833 he 
 began the publication of a series of geographical works 
 on the empire, of which he was made official chronicler. 
 
 Accius (ak'shi-us), Lucius. Born about 170 
 B. c. : died at an advanced age. A Roman 
 tragic poet and prose writer, especially notable 
 for his imitations from the Greek, though he 
 dealt also with Roman subjects. Fragments of 
 his tragedies have been preserved. Also Attius. [“The 
 forms Accius and Attius probably differ dialectically. In 
 the MSS. that with cc greatly preponderates ; on the other 
 hand, in inscriptions the spelling of this name with tt is 
 far the more frequent." Teuffel and Schwabe, Hist, of 
 Rom. Lit. /trans.), I. 191.] 
 
 Acco. See Acre. 
 
 Accolon (ak'o-lon). A character in the “ Morte 
 d’Arthur,” a knight of Gaul, celebrated for his 
 combat with King Arthur, in which the latter 
 sought to regain his enchanted sword and scab- 
 bard of which Accolon had gained possession 
 through the aid of Morgan le Fay. 
 
 Accolti (ak-kol'te), Benedetto. Born at Arez- 
 zo, Italy, 1415: died at Florence, 1466. An 
 Italian jurist and winter, chancellor of the re- 
 public of Florence 1459—66. He was the author 
 of a history of the first crusade, “ De Bello a Christiania 
 contra Barbaros,” etc. (1532), which served as the foun- 
 dation of Tasso’s “Gerusalemme liberata.” 
 
 Accolti, Benedetto. Born at Florence, 1497 : 
 died 1549. An Italian cardinal (and legate in 
 Ravenna) and poet, author of Latin poems col- 
 lected in “Carmina illustrium Poetarum Ital- 
 orum.” 
 
 Accolti, Bernardo. Born about 1465: died 
 about 1535. An Italian poet, son of Benedetto 
 Accolti the elder. See the extract. 
 
 The same age gave the name of Ilnico to Bernardo Ac- 
 colti, of Arezzo, born before 1466, and who died after the 
 year 1534. Whenever this celebrated poet announced his 
 intention of reciting his verses, the shops were shut up, 
 and the people flocked in crowds to hear him. He was 
 surrounded by prelates of the first eminence ; a body of 
 Swiss, troops accompanied him ; and the court was lighted 
 by torches. But, as 51 r. Roscoe has justly remarked, there 
 wanted one circumstance to crown his glory — that his 
 works had perished with himself. Their style is hard and 
 poor ; his images are forced, and his taste is perverted by 
 affectation. He has left us a comedy, La Virginia ; some 
 octaves and terza rima ; some lyric poetry ; and some 
 strambotti, or epigrams. 
 
 Sismondi, Lit. of the South of Europe, I. 428. 
 
 Accolti, Francesco. Born at Arezzo, 1418 
 died at Siena, 1483. An Italian jurist, profes 
 sor of law at Bologna and Ferrara, and secretary 
 to the Duke of Milan : brother of Benedetto 
 Accolti the elder. He was one of the most 
 notable jurists of his age. 
 
 Accolti, Pietro. Born at Florence, 1455: died 
 at Florence, 1532 (1549?). An Italian cardinal 
 and legate in Ancona (commonly called “ Car- 
 dinal of Ancona”), brother of Bernardo Ac- 
 colti. As abbreviator under Leo X. he drew 
 up the bull against Luther, 1520. He was made 
 archbishop of Ravenna in 1524 by Clement VII. 
 
 Accomplished Fools, The. See The Tender 
 Husband. 
 
 Accoramboni (ak-ko-ram-bo'ne), Virginia 
 or Vittoria. Died at Padua, Dee. 22, 1585. 
 The Duchess of Bracciano, an Italian lady of 
 great beauty and wit. Her first husband, Francesco 
 Peretti, whom she married in 1573 , was murdered in 1581 
 at the instigation, it was said, of Paolo Giordano Orsini, 
 Duke of Bracciano, whom she married. On his death, Nov. 
 13, 1585, she became involved In litigation with Lodovie 
 Orsini concerning the inheritance, ami was murdered by 
 him. These events were altered and adapted by Webster 
 in his tragedy “The White Devil, or Vittoria Corombona" 
 (1612). Her history has been written by Gnoli (1870), ami 
 she was made the subject of a novel by L. Tieck, “ Vit- 
 toria Accoramboni" (1840). 
 
 Accorso (ak-kor'so), Latinized Accursius 
 (a-kOr'si-us), Buono. Born at Pisa about the 
 middle of the 15th century. A classical scholar 
 and rhetorician, commentator on Cffisar and 
 other Latin authors. Also Buon accorso. 
 
 Accorso, Latinized Accursius, Francesco. 
 Born at Florence about 1180: died about 1260. 
 An Italian jurist, for a time teacher of law at 
 Bologna, nis most celebrated work was a body of ex- 
 planatory glosses on the Roman law, called “The Great 
 Gloss." 
 
 Accorso, Latinized Accursius, Francesco. 
 
 Born at Bologna, 1225: died at Bologna, 1293. 
 An Italian jurist, son of the preceding, profes- 
 
Accorso, Francesco 
 
 sor of law at Bologna. He entered the service 
 of Edward I. of England and lectured on law at 
 Oxford about 1275. 
 
 Accorso, Latinized Accursius, Mariangelo. 
 
 Lived in the first half of the 16th century. An 
 Italian literary critic, author of “Diatrib® in 
 Ausonium, Jul. Solin Polyhistora, et in Ovidii 
 Metamorphoses'’ (1524), etc. 
 
 Accra, or Acra (ak-ra'). See Alcra , the better 
 spelling of the name. 
 
 Accrington (ak'ring-ton). A town in Lanca- 
 shire, England, about 34 miles northeast of 
 Liverpool. Its industries include calico-print- 
 ing, dyeing, iron-founding, coal-mining, etc. 
 Population, 43,122. 
 
 Accum (a'koin), Friedrich Christian. Bom 
 
 at Biickeburg, Germany, 1769 : died at Berlin, 
 June 28, 1838. A German chemist, long resi- 
 dent in London, known chiefly by his “Prac- 
 tical Treatise on Gas-light” (1815), and his 
 efforts to promote the use of gas for purposes 
 of illumination. 
 
 Accursius. See Accorso. 
 
 Aceldama (a-sel'da-ma). [Aramaic, ‘field of 
 blood.’] A field said to have been situated 
 south of Jerusalem, the potter’s field, purchased 
 with the bribe which Judas took for betraying 
 his Master (whence the name). It was appro- 
 priated to the interment of strangers. 
 
 Acephali (a-sef 'a-11). [Gr. d/cr^a/iof, without 
 a head.] A name given to various parties of 
 Christians, in the 5th and 6th centuries, who 
 rebelled against their bishops or other heads of 
 the church. The most notable among them were cer- 
 tain Monophysites who rejected (on doctrinal grounds) 
 the authority of Peter Mongus, bishop of Alexandria (482). 
 
 Acerbas (a-ser'bas), or Akerbas (a-ker'bas), 
 or Sicharbas (si-kar'bas). [Said to be a cor- 
 ruption of Sichar-Baal .] In classical legend, 
 the uncle and husband of Elissa, a wealthy 
 and powerful Tyrian noble, high priest of the 
 Tyrian god Melkarth: the “Sick® us” of Ver- 
 gil. See Elissa. 
 
 Acerbi (a-eher'be), Giuseppe. Born at Castel- 
 Goffredo, near Mantua, Italy, May 3, 1773: 
 died Aug. 26, 1846. An Italian traveler and 
 naturalist, author of “Travels through Sweden, 
 Finland, and Lapland” (1802). 
 
 Acernus, Sebastian. See Klonowicz. 
 
 Acerra (a-cber'ra). A town in the province of 
 Caserta, Italy, the Roman Acerrse (Gr. ’Axeppai), 
 10 miles northeast ofNanles Population. 15, 829. 
 
 Acestes (a-ses'tez). [Gr. ’Aiceorric.'] In Greek 
 legend, a son of the Sicilian river-god Crimisus 
 and Egesta (Segesta), a Trojan woman. He 
 figured in the Trojan war, and was introduced 
 by Vergil in the “iEneid.” 
 
 Ach (ach). See Aa. 
 
 Acha (a-eha/), Jose Maria. Born about 1805: 
 died at Cochabamba, 1868. A Bolivian revolu- 
 tionist. He served under Santa Cruz, 1829-39, and under 
 Ballivian in the war against Peru, 1841. In 1858 he was 
 made by President Linares minister of war, but revolted, 
 and in May, 1861, was proclaimed president of Bolivia. 
 He held his post during a period of great disorder until 
 1865, when he was deposed by another revolution. 
 
 Acbsea. See Achaia. 
 
 Achaean League (a-ke' an leg). 1. A religious 
 confederation in Achaia, consisting at the time 
 of Herodotus of twelve cities : Pellene, iEgeira, 
 zEgie, Bura, Helike, iEgion, Rhypes, Patr®, 
 Phar®, Olenos, Dyme, and Tritsea. Later Khypes 
 and M g® fell into decay, and their placesin the confederacy 
 were taken by Leontion and Keryneia. In 373 B. c. the 
 number of cities was reduced to ten by the destruction of 
 Helike and Bura by an earthquake. A common sacrifice 
 to Poseidon was held at Helike until that town was de- 
 stroyed, when 2Egion became the center of the confedera- 
 tion, and the common sacrifices were held in honor of 
 Zeus Homagyrios and Demeter Panach®a, the chief divini- 
 ties of .®gion. The confederacy was dissolved by An- 
 tigonus Gbnatus about 288 B. c. 
 
 2. A political confederation of Achaean and 
 other Greek cities extending over the period 
 from 281 B. C. to 146 B. C. After the death of Ly- 
 simachus in 280 is. c. , the Achaean cities Dyme, Patrae, Tri- 
 taea, and Phar® formed a confederation to resist the 
 Macedonian domination, and were afterward joined by 
 the other Achaean cities, except Olenos and Helike. In 
 251 B. c. the confederation acquired new strength by the 
 accession of Sikyon, under the leadership of Aratus. In 
 245 B. c. Aratus was elected strategus of the league, 
 which under his guidance rapidly rose to national im- 
 portance. In a short time it embraced Athens, iEgina, 
 Salamis, and the whole of Peloponnesus, with the excep- 
 tion of Sparta, Tegea, Orchomenos, Mantineia, and Elis. 
 It was destroyed by the ltomans in 146 B. C., and with it 
 fell the last stronghold of freedom in Greece. The Achaean 
 League is remarkable as the most perfect type of fed- 
 eral government which has been handed down from an- 
 tiquity. The confederation was inseparable, every city 
 having equal rights with the others ; in foreign affairs the 
 federal government was supreme Common affairs were 
 regulated at general meetings held twice a year by the 
 VI. 2 
 
 9 
 
 citizens of all the towns. The principal officers were : 
 two strategi (after 255 B. c. only one), who, in conjunction 
 with the hipparchus or commander of the cavalry, and an 
 under-strategus, commanded the federal army, and were 
 intrusted with the conduct of war; a state secretary; 
 and an apparently permanent council of ten demiurgi, 
 who appear to have presided at the great assemblies. 
 Acb.sei (a-ke'i). [Gr. AxaioL.~\ The Achaaans, 
 one of the four principal races of the Greeks. 
 Their chief places of abode were southern Thessaly and 
 eastern Peloponnesus. The name is sometimes extended 
 poetically to all the Greeks. In Homeric times they had 
 a certain preponderance of influence over the other Hel- 
 lenes. 
 
 Achasmenes (a-kem'e-nez). [Gr. ’Axaipevijc, 
 OPers. Hakliamani, the friendly (Sayce).] The 
 eponymous founder of the ancient Persian 
 royal family of the Ach®meuid® : the name was 
 later used as a family name, as by one of the 
 sons of Darius Hystaspis. See Aclisemenidse. 
 AchsemenidaB (ak-e-men'i-de). An ancient 
 royal family of Persia, founded about 600 b. o. 
 The following are the names of its leading members : 
 Achsemenes, Cyrus the Great, Cambyses (Gomates, the 
 Magian usurper), Darius Hystaspis, Xerxes I., Artaxerxes 
 I., Xerxes II., Sogdianos, Darius Ochus, Artaxerxes Mne- 
 mon, Ochus, Arses, Darius Codomannus. Also Achsemen- 
 ides, Achemenides, Achemenids. 
 
 Achseus (a-ke'us), or Achaios (a-kl'os). [Gr. 
 , Axa-idg.~\ A Greek poet of Eretria in Eubcea, 
 who flourished from about 484 b. c. to 448. 
 He was the author of forty-four dramas, only fragments 
 of which remain. The titles of seventeen are known. 
 He contended with Sophocles and Euripides. 
 
 Achaia (a-ka'ya). [Gr. ’Ax a ' a -] 1. In ancient 
 geography: (aj A small region in southern 
 Thessaly, containing Phthia, hence called 
 Achaia Phthiotis. It was probably the original home 
 of the Achrean race, and it retained its name as late as 
 the time of Herodotus. See the extract. 
 
 Ach®a Phthiotis was the tract about Mount Othrys. Its 
 sea-board reached from the middle of the Pagas®an gulf 
 to the mouth of the Spercheius. Inland it one e extended 
 beyond Pharsalus, called anciently Phthia (Leake, iv. pp. 
 484, 485) ; but at this lime its northern boundary seems to 
 have been the line of hills stretching from Lake Xyn- 
 ias ( Taukli ) across to the gulf of Pagasee, and terminating 
 in the promontory of Pyrrha (Cape Anglcistri). Westward 
 it was bounded by the Dolopians and Enianians. 
 
 liawlinson, Herod., IV. 108, note. 
 (&) A mountainous district in tho Peloponne- 
 sus, bordering on the Corinthian Gulf, north of 
 Elis and Arcadia : originally named iEgialus or 
 ACgialeia, that is, “The Coast.” (c) The states 
 forming the restored Achaean League, about 
 280-146 b. c. See Achaean, 2. (d) A Roman prov- 
 ince, of uncertain limits, but nearly correspond- 
 ing to modern Greece, formed probably in the 
 1st century B. C. Its northern boundary was proba- 
 bly drawn south of Thessaly and Epirus. The province 
 was abolished by Nero, but was reestablished by Vespasian. 
 2. A medieval Prankislj principality in Greece, 
 corresponding generally to the Peloponnesus. 
 Achaia. A nomarehy of modern Greece. 
 Area, 1,252 square miles. Population, 
 150,918. 
 
 Achalm (ack'alm). A summit of the Ra.uhe 
 Alb, near Reutlingen, in Wurtemberg, 2,300 
 feet high. 
 
 Achamoth (ak'a-moth). The name given by 
 the Gnostic Valentine to a lower or imperfect 
 Wisdom, the weakest ®on, the form under 
 which spirit surrenders itself completely to 
 matter and becomes the foundation of the real 
 world. 
 
 Achan (a'kan). An Israelite of the tribe of 
 Judah, stoned to death, with his family, for 
 plundering during the sack of Jericho. Josh, 
 vii. Also called Acliar. 1 Chron. ii. 7. 
 Achard (ach'iirt), Frans Karl. Born at Ber- 
 lin, April 28, 1753 : died at Cunern, Silesia, April 
 20, 1821. A German chemist, the founder of 
 the beet-root sugar manufacture. 
 
 Achard (ask -fir'), Louis Amedee Eug&ne. 
 Born at Marseilles, April 23, 1814 : died at Paris, 
 March 25, 1875. A French novelist and dram- 
 atist, author of “La Belle Rose” (1847), “La 
 Chasse Royale ” (1849-50), etc. 
 
 Acharius (a-ka'ri-'os), Erik. Born at Gefle, 
 Sweden, Oct. 10, 1757 : died at Wadstena, Swe- 
 den, Aug. 14, 1819. A Swedish physician and 
 botanist, a pupil of Linnaeus: author of “Lich- 
 enographia universalis,” etc. 
 
 Acharnians (a-kar'ni-anz), The. [Gr. : 'Axapval , 
 Acharn®, the principal deme of Attica, 60 sta- 
 dia north of Athens, near the foot of Mount 
 Pames.] A comedy of Aristophanes, brought 
 out, under tho name of Callistratus, at llio Le- 
 n®a, or country Dionysia, 425 B. C. It was an 
 
 attempt to support the aristocratic peace party against 
 the intrigues and intimidations of the democratic war party 
 represented by the chorus of Acharnians. In form it ia an 
 extravagant farce rather than a comedy. 
 
 Achasta. See Rumscn. 
 
 Achastlian. See Rumsen. 
 
 Achillini 
 
 Achates (a-ka'tez). The faithful companion, 
 “ fidus Achates,” of iEneas. 
 
 Acheezi. See Achin. 
 
 Achelous (ak-e-16'us), or Acheloos (-os). [Gr. 
 ’•t^tViuor.] In ancient geography, a river in 
 Greece (the modern Aspropotamo), which rises 
 in Epirus, forms part of the boundary between 
 ancient iEtolia and Acarnania, and flows into 
 the Ionian sea. Its length is about 130 miles. 
 Achenbach (aeh'en-bach), Andreas. Bora 
 Sept. 29, 1815: died March 31, 1910. A noted 
 German landscape and marine painter. 
 Achenbach, Oswald. Born at Dusseldorf, 
 Feb. 2, 1827 : died there, Feb. 1, 1905. A Ger- 
 man landscape-painter, brother of Andi’eas. 
 The subjects of his works are chiefly Italian. 
 Achenwall (ach'en-val), Gottfried. Bom at 
 Elbing, Prussia, Oct. 20, 1719: died at Gottin- 
 gen, May], 1772. A German scholar, professor 
 of philosophy (1748) and of law (1761) at the 
 University of Gottingen. He is regarded as 
 the founder of the science of statistics. 
 Achern (ach'ern). A town in Baden, situated 
 on the Acher about 31 miles southwest of 
 Carlsruhe. Population, 3,000. 
 
 Achernar (a-kcr'nar). [Ar. Ahher-nalir, the 
 latter part.] The first-magnitude star a Eri- 
 dani, situated in the southern hemisphere at 
 the southern extremity of the constellation, 
 about 32-£ degrees from the south pole. 
 Acheron (ak'e-ron). [Gr. ’Axepuv: probably 
 derived from Heb. ah’rdn, the west, i. e. 
 the direction of the setting sun, darkness ; 
 hence its connection with Hades.] 1. In an- 
 cient geography, the name of several small 
 rivers, of which the chief, the modern Gurla, 
 was in Thesprotia in Epirus. It flowed through 
 the lake Acherusia, received the waters of the Coeytus 
 (the modern Vuvosj, and emptied into the Ionian sea. 
 
 2. In classical mythology, a river in Hades, 
 and later the Lower World in general. 
 Acherusia Pains (ak-e-ro'gi-a pa'lus). [L., 
 ‘Aeherusian bog,’ Gr. ’Axe povoia Xi/xvi/.'} In an- 
 cient geography, the name of several small lakes 
 supposed to be connected with the lower 
 world. The most important were the lake through 
 which the Acheron flowed, and one 11 miles west of Na- 
 ples, the modern Lago del Fusaro. Like Aciteron, the name 
 was transferred to the lower world. 
 
 Achill, or Achil (ak'il), or Eagle Island. An 
 island in the county of Mayo, Ireland, off the 
 western coast in lat. 54° N., long. 10° W. Area, 
 80 square miles. 
 
 Achilleis (ak-i-le'is), or Achilleid (ak-i-le'id). 
 1. An unfinished epic poem by P. Papinius 
 Statius. — 2. A part of the Iliad, comprising 
 Books I, VIII, XI -XXII, regarded by some crit- 
 ics as constituting a poem of which the theme 
 is the “wrath of Achilles,” and which is dis- 
 tinct from, and older than, the rest of the Iliad. 
 See Iliad. The name “Achilleis” was first ap- 
 plied to these books by Grote. — 3. A poem by 
 Goethe. 
 
 Achilles (a-kil'ez). [Gr. ’AqyiUHf.] A Greek 
 legendary warrior, son of Peleus and Thetis 
 and grandson of Abacus, and chief of the Myr- 
 midons, a Thessalian tribe. He is the central hero 
 of the Iliad, which is largely occupied with hi3 quarrel 
 with Agamemnon, leader of the Greek host, and his 
 martial exploits. He was the slayer of Hector, and was 
 himself slain by Paris. 
 
 In Achilles, Homer summed up and fixed forever the 
 ideal of the Greek character. He presented an imperish- 
 able picture of their national youthfulness, and of their 
 ardent genius, to the Greeks. The “ beautiful human hero- 
 ism "of Achilles, his strong personality, his fierce passions 
 controlled and tempered by divine wisdom, his intense 
 friendship and love that passed the love of women, above 
 all, the splendor of his youthful life in death made per- 
 fect, hovered like a dream above the imagination of the 
 Greeks, and insensibly determined their subsequent de- 
 velopment. At a later age, this ideal was destined to be 
 realized in Alexander. 
 
 Symonds, Studies of the Greek Poets, I. 20. 
 
 Achilles. An opera by Gay produced at Covent 
 Garden in 1733. Colman the elder brought out 
 “Achilles in Petticoats,” altered from Gay, in 
 the same year. 
 
 Achilles of Germany. A surname of Albert, 
 Elector of Brandenburg. 
 
 Achilles Tatius (a-kil'ez ta'shi-us). Lived 
 probably about 500 A. D. An Alexandrine rhet- 
 orician, author of a Greek romance, “Leucippe 
 and Cleitophon.” 
 
 Achilleum (ak-i-le'um). A place on the promon- 
 tory of Sigeum, in the Troad, containing, ac- 
 cording to tradition, the tomb of Achilles. 
 Achillini (ii-kil-le'ne), Alessandro. Born at 
 Bologna, Italy, Oct. 29, 1463: died Aug., 1512(?). 
 An Italian physician and philosopher, surnamed 
 “the second Aristotle.” 
 
AckLn 
 
 Achin, or Aclieen, or Atcheen (a-ehen'), or 
 Atjeh. A former Malay sultanate, now a Dutch 
 dependency, in northern Sumatra. A war with 
 the Dutch, which began in 1873, resulted in the virtual 
 subjugation of the country. Population, about 583,000. 
 
 Achin. Tho capital of Aehin, on the river Achin 
 about lat. 5° 40' N., long. 95° 20' E. 
 
 Achines, Ricardo. The name commonly given 
 by old Spanish-American historians to Richard 
 Hawkins. 
 
 Achish (a'kish). 1. A Philistine king of Gath 
 with whom David sought refuge when fleeing 
 from Saul. 1 Sam. xxi. 10-15; xxix. — 2. An- 
 other king of Gath who reigned in the time of 
 Solomon. 1 Ki. ii. 39-40. 
 
 Achitophel. See Ahitliophel. 
 
 Achmed. See Achmet. 
 
 Achmet (ach'met) I., or Ahmed (ah'med). 
 Born 1589: died Nov. 22, 1617. A sultan of 
 Turkey, son of Mohammed III. whom he suc- 
 ceeded in 1603. He concluded, Hov. 11, 1606, the 
 peace of Sitvatorok with Austria, when for the first time 
 the Turks observed the principles of an international law 
 in their diplomatic relations with Christian nations. In 
 1612 he concluded an unsuccessful war with Persia. 
 
 Achmet II., or Ahmed. Bom 1642: died Feb. 
 6, 1695. A sultan of Turkey, brother of Soly- 
 man II. whom he succeeded July 13, 1691. His 
 forces were expelled from Hungary by the battle of Salan- 
 keman, Aug. 19, 1091, in which the grand vizir Kiuprili 
 the Virtuous was defeated and slain by the Austrians 
 under Louis of Baden. 
 
 Achmet III., or Ahmed. Born 1673: assassi- 
 nated 1736. A sultan of Turkey 1703-30, brother 
 of Mustapha II. whom he succeeded. He was in- 
 volved by Charles XII. (who, after the battle of Pultowa 
 in 1709, took refuge first in Otchakoff , then in Bender) in a 
 war with Russia, which was ended by the Peace of the 
 Pruth, 1711 (see Pruth ) ; took Morea and the Ionian Islands 
 from Venice, 1715 ; was defeated at Peterwardein in 1716 
 and at Belgrad in 1717 by the Austrians under Prince 
 Eugene; and signed the treaty of Passarowitz in 1718 (see 
 Passarowitz). He was compelled by the janizaries to re- 
 sign, and died of poison in prison. 
 
 Achmet, or Ahmed, Bey. Died July 16, 1822. 
 A Turkish commander in the Greek war of in- 
 dependence. He was repulsed by the Greeks, May 27, 
 1821, in an attack on the fortified post at Valtetzi. 
 
 Achmet, or Ahmed, Kiuprili. Born 1635 : died 
 1676. Grand vizir of the Ottoman empire from 
 1661 to 1676. He added Candia, Neuhausel in 
 Hungary, and Kamieniec in Poland to the 
 empire. 
 
 Achmetha. See Ecbatana. 
 
 Achomawi (li-cho-ma'wi). An almost extinct 
 tribe of North American Indiaus. See Pa- 
 laihnihan. 
 
 Achray (ak'ra), Loch. A lake about 2 miles 
 long, in western Perthshire, Scotland, 17 miles 
 northwest of Stirling. 
 
 Acidalius (at-si-da'li-os), Valens. Born at 
 Wittstock, Prussia, May 25, 1567 : died at 
 Neisse, Prussia, May 25, 1595. A German phi- 
 lologist and man of letters, author of commen- 
 taries on Latin classics. 
 
 Acilia gens (a-sil'i-a jenz). In ancient Rome, 
 a clan or house whose family names were Avi- 
 ola, Balhus, and Glabrio. Members of the last 
 two families were frequently tribunes of the 
 debs. 
 
 cireale, or Aci Reale (a'che-re-a'le). A city 
 in the province of Catania, Sicily, situated on 
 the eastern coast 9 miles north-northeast of 
 Catania. Near it are the grotto of Galatea, the cave of 
 Polyphemus, and the Rocks of the Cyclops. Population, 
 commune, 35,418. 
 
 Acis (a'sis). [Gr. ”Atac.~] In classical mythology, 
 a beautiful Sicilian, son of Faunus and Symae- 
 this, beloved by Galatea, and slain by Polyphe- 
 mus the Cyclops, his unsuccessful rival. He was 
 crushed under a rock, and his blood as it flowed forth was 
 changed into the river Acis. 
 
 Acis and Galatea. A pastoral opera by Han- 
 del composed in 1720 or 1721. The words are by 
 Gay, with additions from Pope, Hughes, and Dryden. 
 “Aci, Galatea e Polifemo" is another work by Handel 
 composed in Italy in 1708-09. Grove. 
 
 Acis et Galatee (ii-sez' a ga-lii-ta,'). An opera by 
 Lulli (words by Campistron) produced in 1686. 
 
 Ackermann (ak'er-man), Johann Christian 
 Gottlieb. Born Feb. 17, 1756: died at Altorf, 
 Bavaria, March 9, 1801. A German medical 
 writer, author of “ Institutiones historiro medi- 
 cinal” (1792), and live3 of Hippocrates, Theo- 
 phrastus, Dioscorides, Aretseus, Rufus Ephe- 
 sius, and Galen. 
 
 Ackermann, Konrad Ernst. Born in Schwe- 
 rin, Germany, Feb. 1, 1712 : died at Hamburg, 
 Nov. 13, 1771. A noted German actor. He ap- 
 peared on the stage first in Liineburg (Jan., 1740), trav- 
 eled with various companies for several years, and erected 
 and conducted a theater in Hamburg (1764-67). He is re- 
 garded as the founder of the German school of acting. 
 
 10 
 
 Ackermann, Rudolph. Bom at Schneeberg, 
 Saxony, April 20, 1764 : died March 30, 1834. A 
 German art-publisher and bookseller in Lon- 
 don, son of a coach-builder and harness-ma- 
 ker, whose trade he, for a time, followed. The 
 establishment of lithography as a fine art in 
 England is credited to him. 
 
 Acklin Island (ak'lin i'land). A long island 
 in the group of the southern Bahamas. 
 
 Acla (a'kla). A town on the Caribbean side 
 of the Isthmus of Panama, probably near the 
 bay of San Bias. It was founded by Pedrarias in 
 1515, and was the place where Balboa built his ships to be 
 transported across the isthmus in 1517, and where he was 
 executed. The settlement, for a time important, was 
 abandoned before 1580. 
 
 Acland (ak'land), Lady Christian Henrietta 
 Caroline (commonly known as Lady Har- 
 riet). Born Jan. 3, 1750 : died at Tetton, near 
 Taunton, England, July 21, 1815. A daughter 
 of the first earl of Ilchester, and wife of Major 
 John Dyke Acland whom she accompanied 
 through Burgoyne’s campaign in 1777. Her ad- 
 ventures formed a noteworthy incident of the 
 Revolutionary War. 
 
 Acland, Sir Henry Wentworth. Bom Aug. 23, 
 1815: died Oct. 16, 1900. An English physi- 
 cian, regius professor of medicine in Oxford 
 1857-94. He accompanied the Prince of Wales 
 to America in 1860. 
 
 Acland, John Dyke. Died at Pixton Park, 
 near Dulverton, England, Oct. 31, 1778. An 
 English soldier and politician. As member of Par- 
 liament he was a vigorous opponent of the demands of 
 the American colonies, and, as major of the 20th Foot, 
 joined Burgoyne’s expedition during the Revolutionary 
 War. He was wounded in the second battle of Saratoga 
 and taken prisoner. During the campaign he was accom- 
 panied by his wife. See Acland, Lady. 
 
 Acland, Sir Thomas Dyke. Born at Killerton, 
 Devonshire, May 25, 1809: died there, May 29, 
 1898. An English politician and educational 
 reformer. He entered Parliament in 1837. He was in- 
 fiuential in the establishment of the Oxford local examina- 
 tions system (1857-58), in the improvement of English 
 agriculture, and in the volunteer movement. 
 
 Acoemetae (as-e-me'te). [L. ; Gr. aaot/iTjTcu , ‘the 
 sleepless ones’ or watchers.] A monastic or- 
 der founded by Alexander, a Syrian monk, 
 about 430. The day was divided into three parts during 
 each of which one third of the monks carried on their devo- 
 tions so that the worship in the monastery was unceasing. 
 
 Acolastus (ak-o-las'tus). A Latin comedy com- 
 posed by Gulielmus Fullonius (Willem de Voi- 
 der), a schoolmaster of The Hague, and trans- 
 lated into English prose and published in 1540 
 by John Palsgrave with the Latin version: first 
 acted in 1529. It was designed for use in schools, and 
 there were forty different issues of it during the lifetime 
 of the author. 
 
 Acolhuas (a-ko-16'az). A branch of the Na- 
 huatl tribe of central Mexico, reported by tra- 
 dition to have preceded the Aztecas in the oc- 
 cupation of the valley of Mexico, and to have 
 been the founders of the Indian settlement at 
 Tezcuco. Also Acolhuans. 
 
 Acoma (a'ko-ma). [Properly Ako, hut, with 
 the affix -ma, indicative of tribe or people, cor- 
 rupted into Acoma or Akorna.'] An Indian vil- 
 lage of western New Mexico, situated ou a rock 
 about 14 miles south of the station of Cubero 
 on the Santa F6 Railroad in Valencia Coun- 
 ty. Acoma was first visited by the Spaniards under Al- 
 varado in Sept., 1540, and appears in the chronicles of 
 that time as Acuco (a corruption of Ha-ku-kia). 
 
 Acoma. A tribe of North American Indians, 
 about 550 in number, inhabiting the pueblo of 
 the same name in western New Mexico. This 
 and, possibly, Isleta are the only pueblos occupying the 
 same site since the Spanish invasion in the 16th century. 
 It includes the summer villages of Acomita and Pue- 
 blito. See Keresan. 
 
 Acomat(a-k6-ma/). In Racine’s tragedy “Baja- 
 zet,” an ambitious vizir. 
 
 Aconcagua (a-kon-ka'gwii). A province in 
 central Chile, hounded by Coquimbo on the 
 north, and by Santiago and Valparaiso on the 
 south. Capita], San Felipe. Area, 5,485 square 
 miles. Population, 128,486. 
 
 Aconcagua. Mount. One of the highest peaks of 
 the Andes, situated in the provinces of San Juan 
 and Mendoza, Argentina, about lat. 32° 31' S., 
 long. 69° 50' W. Height, 23,091 feet. 
 
 Aconcio (a-kon'cho), Giacomo. Bom at 
 Trent, Tyrol, about 1500 : died at London, about 
 1566. An Italian theologian and engineer, a 
 refugee in England in the time of Queen Eliza- 
 beth, to whom he dedicated his “ Stratagemata 
 Satana? ” (1565), Also Aconzio, Concio, and 
 Latinized Acontius (Jacobus). 
 
 Acontius (a-kon'shi-us). The principal char- 
 
 Acre 
 
 acter in the tale of Acontius and Cydippe, told 
 by Aristsenetus and by Ovid. “Acontius gathered 
 an orange in the garden of Venus, and having written on 
 the rind the words, ‘ By Artemis, I will marry Acontius,’ 
 threw it in Cydippe’s way. She took it in her hand, read 
 out the inscription, and threw it from her. But Artemis 
 heard the vow, and brought about the marriage.” Wil- 
 liam Morris lias taken the legend for the subject of one 
 of his poems in “The Earthly Paradise.” 
 
 Acontius, Jacobus. See Aconcio. 
 
 Acordad (a-kor-THaTH'). A court established 
 at Queretaro, New Spain (Mexico), for the sum- 
 mary trial of brigands and other criminals. 
 It originated in an old Spanish institution, the Santa 
 Hermandad, which was originally a kind of vigilance 
 committee, was subsequently converted into a regular 
 police force and tribunal, and after 1631 had courts in 
 Spanish America. In 1719 the Querdtaro court, or acor- 
 dad, was given independent powers, and it was ordered 
 that there should be no appeal from it; its officers had 
 jurisdiction throughout New Spain. The court was sup- 
 pressed in 1813, but its methods are still in vogue in 
 Mexico. 
 
 Azores. Same as Azores. 
 
 Acosta (a-kos'ta), Christovao de. Died 1580. 
 A Portuguese traveler and naturalist, author 
 of “Tratado de las drogas y medecinas de las 
 Indias orientales” (1578). 
 
 Acosta, Gabriel (later Uriel) de. Born at 
 Oporto, Portugal, about 1591: committed sui- 
 cide, 1647 (1640?). A Portuguese philosopher 
 and Jewish proselyte from Catholicism. He was 
 excommunicated by the synagogue at Amsterdam on ac- 
 count of rationalism. His autobiography was published 
 under the title “Exemplar vitae human® ” (1687). 
 
 Acosta, Joaquin. Born in Guaduas, Colombia, 
 about 1795: died at Bogota, 1852. A Colom- 
 bian soldier and historian. He entered Bolivar’s 
 army in 1819, and before his death had attained the rank 
 of general. He was also a member of congress and held 
 Important diplomatic posts. Besides traveling and con- 
 ducting extensive investigations in Colombia, he visited 
 Spain in 1845 to search the archives there, and spent 
 several years in Paris where he published his “ Compendio 
 histdrico del descubrimiento y colonizacion de la Nueva 
 Granada ” (1848). 
 
 Acosta, Jose de. Bom at Medina del Campo, 
 Old Castile, 1540 : died at Salamanca, Feb. 15, 
 1600. A Spanish Jesuit historian and archaeolo- 
 gist. He went to Peru in 1571, was historiographer of 
 the council of bishops at Lima 1582-83, in 1586 resided 
 for some time in Mexico, returned to Spain in 1587, vis- 
 ited Rome in 1590, was subsequently at the head of the 
 Jesuits’ College at Valladolid, was visitor in Aragon and 
 Andalusia, and finally had charge of the College at Sala- 
 manca. The first two books of his “Natural and Moral 
 History of the Indies," in Latin, appeared at Salamanca 
 in 1588 and 1589 ; the entire work in Spanish at Seville in 
 1590. There are many editions in Spanish, Latin, Italian, 
 French, Dutch, German, and English. He also published 
 the “Concilium Limense ” (Rome, 1589), “Depromulga- 
 tione evangelii apud harbaros ” (1589), and various theo- 
 logical treatises in Latin. 
 
 Acqua (a'kwa), Cesare dell’. Born at Pirano, 
 July 22, 1821: died at Brussels, Feb., 1905. A 
 painter of portraits and historical subjects. 
 
 Acquapendente (a'kwa-pen-den'te). A small 
 town in the province of Rome, Italy, 67 miles 
 northwest of Rome. 
 
 Acquaviva (a-kwa-ve' va). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Bari, Italy, 18 miles south by west of 
 Bari. Population, 10,994. 
 
 Acqui (a'kwe). A town in the province of Ales- 
 sandria, Italy, the ancient Aquee Statiellm, sit- 
 uated on the Bormida 29 miles northwest of 
 Genoa, noted for hot sulphur baths. It has a 
 cathedral and a silkworm industry. Popula- 
 tion, 9,309. 
 
 Acrse (a'kre) [Gr. "Aspai.’] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a city of Sicily, a colony of Syracuse, 
 on the site of tho modern Palazzolo Aereide 
 (which see). 
 
 Acragas, or Akragas (ak'ra-gas). [Gr. ’.Wpu- 
 yaf.] The Greek name of Agrigentum. 
 
 Acrasia (a-kra'zi-a). [Gr. aspaala, intemper- 
 ance, immoderateness.] In Spenser’s “Faerie 
 Queene,”a beautiful woman, the personification 
 of intemperance in all things, living in the 
 “Bower of Bliss,” in which is everything to de- 
 light the senses. She was suggested by Circe 
 and, more directly, by the Alcina of Ariosto. 
 
 Aerates (ak-ra'tez). [Gr. dxparyf, intemperate..] 
 A male character in the “ Faerie Queene,” by 
 Spenser, personifying the intemperate love of 
 pleasure. 
 
 Acre (a'kir or ii'ker), or Saint-Jean d’Acre. 
 A seaport in Palestine, Asiatic Turkey', on the 
 bay of Acre about lat. 32° 56' N., long. 35° 4' 
 E.: the ancient Aeca, Acco ("Do?, ’Akxu), tho 
 scriptural Accho, and the later Ptolemais. It is 
 on3 of the chief ports for the Palestine coast It was in 
 the territory assigned to the tribe of Asher (Judges i. 31), 
 but was never conquered by the Israelites. Its kings 
 were reckoned next to those of Tyre and Sidon. It was 
 conquered by the Assyrian king Sennacherib and captured 
 and ruined by his grandson Assurhanipal. It was captured 
 by the Arabs in 638, by the Crusaders in 1104, by Saladin 
 
Acre 
 
 in 1187, and by the Crusaders in 1191; and was held by 
 the Knights of St. John until 1291, being the last strong- 
 hold in Palestine to hold out for the Christians. Sir 
 Sidney Smith defended it successfully against Napoleon 
 in 1799. In 1832 it was taken by Ibrahim Pasha, and in 
 1840 by the Anglo-Austrian-Turkish forces. It was named 
 Saint- Jean d'Acre by the Knights of St. John. Population, 
 about 10,000. 
 
 As Ptolemais, Akko played a most important part in the 
 Graeco-Roman age ; as Acre, it has been famous in his- 
 tory from the period of the Crusades to times within our 
 own memory. It occupied the north-western extremity 
 of the great bay which indents the Syrian coast north of 
 Carmel, a bay eight miles across and about four miles 
 deep. Its own haven was small and exposed ; but on the 
 opposite side of the bay, under Carmel, was the sheltered 
 roadstead of Haifa ; and either at Akko or at Haifa vessels 
 could ride securely in almost all sorts of weather. The 
 great importance of Akko was that it commanded the en- 
 trance to the broad plain of Esdraelon, conducting to the 
 rich valley of the Jordan, and so was, in a certain sense, 
 as it was often called, “the key of Palestine.’’ Its kings 
 were reckoned next in rank to those of Tyre and Sidon 
 during the Assyrian period ; and we find them taking part 
 in the wars which were carried on by Shalmaneser IV. 
 and Sennacherib. Rawlinson , Phoenicia, p. 53. 
 
 Acre, Bay of. An indentation on tlie western 
 coast of Palestine, north of Mount Carmel. 
 
 Acrelius (a-kra'li-os), Israel. Born at Oster- 
 aker, Sweden, Dec. 25, 1714 : died at Fellings- 
 bro, Sweden, April 25, 1800. A Swedish clergy- 
 man, author of a history of the Swedish colonies 
 in America (1759, Eng. trans. 1874). 
 
 Acres (a'kerz), Bob. A character in Sheridan’s 
 comedy “ The Rivals,” an awkward and simple 
 country gentleman changed into a boasting 
 coward by the sudden excitement of the gaie- 
 ties of Bath society. His brag and his ludicrous van- 
 ity and assurance are combined with a comic trepidation 
 and an uneasy gaiety. The part has been modified by the 
 actors. 
 
 Acri (a'kre). A small town in the province of 
 Cosenza, southern Italy, situated on the Mu- 
 cone about 13 miles north-northeast of Co- 
 senza. 
 
 AcrisiUS (a-kris'i-us). [Gr. ’Anpiaiog.] In Greek 
 mythology, a king of Argos, father of Danae. 
 
 Acroceraunia ( ak "rd-se-ra 'ni-a), or Akroke- 
 raunia (ak-ro-ke-ra'ni-a). [Gr. ra an pa nepavvia, 
 the thunder-smitten peaks.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a promontory which projects from the 
 northwestern part of Epirus into the Ionian 
 sea, about lat. 40° 27' N., long. 19° 20' E. : the 
 modem Greek Glossa and Italian Linguetta. 
 The name is sometimes incorrectly extended to the whole 
 range of Ceraunian Mountains (which see). 
 
 Acro-Corinthus (ak // ro-ko-rin'thus). A height 
 (over 1,800 feet) cohered with ruins, under the 
 northern slope of which lies the city of Corinth, 
 Greece : celebrated for its extensive view. The 
 medieval fortifications form a triple line, II miles in cir- 
 cuit, below the summit. Of the ancient fortifications, 
 the celebrated temple of Aphrodite, and other religious 
 foundations, the remains are very scanty. The most inter- 
 esting relic of antiquity is the vaulted subterranean well- 
 house of the famed fountain Pirene. The view from the 
 summit is of remarkable grandeur, and embraces many 
 of the storied sites and mountains of Greece. 
 
 Acropolis (a-krop'o-lis). [Gr. anpdnoAiC, the up- 
 per city, from an pot;, highest, upper, and ndXig, 
 city.] A general name for the citadel of an 
 ancient Greek city, but especially appropriated 
 to that of Athens, famous for the placing on 
 its summit in the 5th century b. c. of the high- 
 est achievements of Greek art, the Parthe- 
 non and the Ereehtheum, with the sculptures 
 which adorned them without and within, and 
 the Propylsea, or monumental gate, inside of 
 the walls at the west end. The Acropolis is a pre- 
 cipitous rock which rises about 260 feet above the city, 
 and extends 1,000 feet from east to west, and 400 in its 
 greatest width. It was the site of the earliest Athens 
 known to history, was strongly fortified, and contained 
 the palace of the king until the expulsion of the Pisistra- 
 tids. Prom this time it ceased to be inhabited, and was 
 reserved as sacred ground and as a last reiuge in time of 
 danger. It was taken and sacked by the Persians in 480 
 B. c. ; shortly afterward its fortifications were strength- 
 ened and completed and its area increased by retaining- 
 walls and filling, especially by Cimon, who had much to 
 do with devising the plans for monumental embellish- 
 ment which were carr ied out under Pericles. The ancient 
 entrance to the Acropolis was on the southwest, by a 
 narrow, winding path commanded by the battlements 
 above. Among the other monuments of the Acropolis 
 are the pre-Persian temple of Athena, correctly identified 
 and studied by Dorpfeld in 1885, the colossal bronze statue 
 by Phidias of Athena Promachos, and the temple of 
 Wingless Victory. The slopes of the Acropolis were occu- 
 pied by important foundations, particularly on the south, 
 where lie the Odeum of Herodes, the sanctuary of iEscu- 
 lapius, and the Dionysiac theater. Under the medieval 
 Pranks and Turks the Acropolis was the citadel and abode 
 of the dukes and pashas. The Parthenon was in turn 
 cathedral and mosque; the Propyl a: a became the palace 
 and government offices; and the Ereehtheum, after being 
 a church, was fitted as the pasha’s harem. These great 
 monuments remained comparatively unharmed until a 
 late date in the Turkish domination. The Propylata were 
 shattered by an explosion of gunpowder induced by 
 
 11 
 
 lightning, the Ereehtheum was destroyed by the over- 
 weighting of the roofs in the effort to make them bomb- 
 proof, and the Parthenon was cut in two in 1687, during 
 the Venetian siege of Athens under Konigsmark, by a 
 bomb purposely shot into the powder stored in it. 
 
 Acropolita (ak^ro-po-lEta), George. Born at 
 Constantinople in 1220: died Dec., 1282. A By- 
 zantine historian and diplomat, employed by 
 the emperor Michael Palseologus in the nego- 
 tiations with Popes Clement IV., Gregory X., 
 John XXI., Nicholas III., and Martin IV., to re- 
 unite the Greek and Latin churches. He wrote 
 a history of the Byzantine empire from 1204 
 A to 1261. 
 
 Acs (ach). A village in the county of Komorn, 
 Hungary, situated on the Danube west of 
 Komorn : the scene of several contests between 
 the Austrians and Hungarians in 1849. 
 
 Acta Apostolorum (ak'ta a-pQS-to-lo'rum). 
 See Acts of the Apostles. 
 
 Acta Diurna (ak'tadl-er'na). [L.,‘ events of the 
 day.’] A Roman “ official daily chronicle, which, 
 in addition to official reports of events in the 
 imperial family, and state and city affairs, con- 
 tained regulations by the magistrates, transac- 
 tions and decrees of the senate, accidents, and 
 family news communicated to the editors. The 
 Acta were publicly exhibited on a whitened board (album), 
 which any one might read and copy ; and there were men 
 who made a business of multiplying and transmitting 
 such news to the provinces. After a time the originals 
 were placed among the state archives for the benefit of 
 those who wished to consult them ” ( Seyffert , Diet, of 
 Class. Antiq. Ed. by Nettleship and Sandys). The publi- 
 cation of such news was made official by Csesar : it ceased, 
 apparently, on the transfer of the capital to Constanti- 
 nople. The eleven fragments of “Acta (diurna) populi’’ 
 first published in 1615 (called “fragmenta Dodwelliana,” 
 from Dodwell the chief defender of their genuineness) 
 are now regarded as spurious. 
 
 Actajon (ak-te'on). [Gr. ’Anraiuv.] In Greek 
 mythology, a hunter, son of Aristseus and Au- 
 tonoe, daughter of Cadmus, who, having seen 
 Artemis (Diana) bathing, was changed by her 
 into a stag and torn in pieces by his own dogs. 
 Other accounts of his death are given. 
 
 Acta Eruditorum (ak'ta e-ro-di-to'rum). [L., 
 ‘acts of the learned’: with reference to the 
 Roman ‘acta,’ or official records. See Acta 
 Diurna.'] The first German literary periodical, 
 founded by Otto Mencke at Leipsic, 1682, and 
 discontinued 1782. After his death his son J. B. 
 Mencke became editor. In 1732 the title was changed to 
 “Nova Acta Eruditorum a new series edited by another 
 son, F. O. Mencke. 
 
 Acta Martyrum (ak'ta mar'ti-rum). See Acta 
 Sanctorum. 
 
 Acta Pilati (ak'ta pi-la'tl). A spurious report 
 said to have been sent by Pilate to Tiberius on 
 the trial and death of Christ. 
 
 Acta Sanctorum (ak'ta sangk-to'rum). [L., 
 ‘the deeds of the saints’: with reference to 
 the Roman ‘ acta,’ or official records.] A name 
 applied generally to all collections of accounts 
 of saints and martyrs, both of the Roman and 
 Greek churches ; specifically, the name of a 
 work begun by the Bollandists, a society of 
 Jesuits, in 1643. It now consists of over sixty 
 folio volumes, including an index published in 
 1875. 
 
 Actium (ak'shi-um). [Gr. ’A/mor.] In ancient 
 geography, a promontory on the northwestern 
 coast of Acarnania, Greece, about lat. 38° 56' 
 N., long. 20° 46' E. The ancient peribolos or sacred 
 inclosure, rectangular in plan and built in opus reticula- 
 tum, the seat of the famous Actian games of Augustus, 
 still remains. Recent excavations have laid bare extensive 
 ruins of several successive temples, the latest of which is 
 that dedicated by Augustus after the victory of B. o. 31. 
 A famous naval battle was fought near Actium between 
 Octavius and Mark Antony and Cleopatra Sept. 2, 31 B. c. 
 It was decided by the flight of Cleopatra. Antony’s land 
 forces surrendered to Octavius. The victory secured for 
 the latter supreme rule over the Roman dominion. 
 Actius Syncerus. The academical name of 
 Sanazzaro. 
 
 Acton, (ak'ton). A suburb of London in the 
 county of Middlesex, 8 miles west of St. Paul’s. 
 Population, 37,744. 
 
 Acton, Charles Januarius Edward. Born at 
 Naples, March 6, 1803: died there, June 23, 1847. 
 The second son of Sir John Francis Edward 
 Acton. He entered the service of the Pope, was made 
 cardinal in 1842, and played an important part in papal 
 politics, especially in matters relating to England. 
 
 Acton, Eliza. Bom at Battle, England, April 
 17, 1799: died at Hampstead, Feb. 13, 1859. 
 An English poet and prose writer, best known 
 as the author of “Modern Cookery” (1845). 
 Acton, Sir John Francis Edward. Born at 
 Besan^on, France, 1736: died at Palermo, Aug. 
 12, 1811. An officer in the naval service of 
 France and afterward (1799) of Tuscany, gen- 
 eralissimo and prime minister at Naples during 
 
 Adalbert 
 
 the French revolutionary epoch- In December, 
 1798, after the successes of the French in northern Italy, 
 Acton fled (with the king and queen) to Palermo, but 
 was soon restored to Naples where he established a reign 
 of terror, committing to prison and executing many citi- 
 zens on the authority of the Junta. In 1806 he again fled 
 to Sicily. 
 
 Acton, Thomas C. Born 1823: died May 1, 
 1898. An American banker and public official, 
 president of the board of New York police 
 during the draft riots in 1863. 
 
 Actors’ Vindication, The. See Apology for 
 Actors. 
 
 Acts of the Apostles. A book of the New 
 
 Testament, a continuation of the third gospel 
 (Luke), and, according to a uniform tradition, 
 by the same author. It is a history of the early 
 progress of Christianity after (and including) the ascen- 
 sion of Christ. 
 
 Acuco. See Acoma. 
 
 Acuna (a-kon'ya), Cristoval de. Born at Bur- 
 gos, Spain, 1597 : died at Lima, Peru, probably 
 about 1676. A Jesuit missionary and author. 
 He was rector of the College of Cuenca, near Quito. In 
 1639 he accompanied Pedro Teixeira on his voyage down 
 the Amazon, and in 1641 published at Madrid his “Nuevo 
 descubrimiento del gran rio de las Amazonas,” which is the 
 first clear account of that river. The original edition of 
 this work is very rare, but there are later ones in various 
 languages. Acuna visited Rome before returning to 
 Quito, and in 1659 returned to Peru. 
 
 Acuna y Bejarano (a-kon'ya e ba-Ha-ra'no), 
 Juan de, Marquis of Casa Fuerte. Born at 
 Lima, Peru, 1657 : died at Mexico, 1734. A 
 Spanish-American soldier and administrator. 
 He was governor of Messina, viceroy of Aragon and Mal- 
 lorca, member of the supreme council of war, and vice- 
 roy of New Spain from 1722 until his death. 
 
 Acuna, Hernando de. Died 1580. A Spanish 
 
 poet and soldier. He served in the expedition of 
 Charles V. against Tunis. At the request of the emperor 
 he translated Olivier de la Marche’s “ I.e chevalier deli- 
 bdrd.,” His poems were published after his death, under 
 the title “ Varias Poesias” (1591). 
 
 Acusilaus (a-ku-si-la'us). [Gr. Anovnilaor.] An 
 ancient Greek commentator on, or prose para- 
 phrast of, the Theogony of Hesiod. He was bom 
 at Argos probably about the middle of the 6th centm-y 
 B. C., and was by some regarded as one of the seven wise 
 men. 
 
 Ada (a'da). [The Greek form of the Hebrew 
 name.] See Adah. 
 
 Adad. See Hadad. 
 
 Adafudia, or Adafoodia (a-da-fo'di-a). A town 
 in the western part of Sudan, Africa, in lat. 
 13° 6' N., long. 1° 3' E. Population, about 
 25,000 (?). 
 
 Adah (a'da). [Heb., ‘ornament,’ ‘beauty’; 
 Gr. ’Ada, Ada.] 1. In the Old Testament: (a) 
 The first of the two wives of Lamech. Gen. iv. 
 19-23. (b) One of the wives of Esau and the 
 
 mother of Eliphaz. Gen. xxxvi. — 2. The wife 
 of Cain, a character in “Cain,” by Lord Byron. 
 Adair (a-dar'), James. An English trader resi- 
 dent among the North American (Chickasaw 
 and Cherokee) Indians from 1735 to 1775, He 
 wrote a “History of the American Indians ” (1775), in which 
 he maintains that the Indians are descendants of the Jews. 
 
 Adair, John. Born in Chester County, S. C., 
 1759: died in Harrodsburg, Ky., May 19, 1840. 
 An American politician and soldier. He served 
 in the Revolutionary War, was an officer in the Kentucky 
 State militia (ultimately brigadier-general), served in the 
 Indian wars, and commanded the Kentucky troops at the 
 battle of New Orleans. He was United States senator 
 from Kentucky 1805-06, governor of Kentucky 1820-24, 
 and member of Congress 1831-33. 
 
 Adair, Sir Robert. Born at London, May 24, 
 1763: died there, Oct. 3, 1855. An English dip- 
 lomat and writer of historical memoirs. He was 
 sent on diplomatic missions to Vienna 1806-07, to Constan- 
 tinople 1808-09, where he concluded the treaty of the Dar- 
 danelles, and to the Low Countries 1831-35. He published 
 “Historical Memoirs of a Mission to the Court of Vienna 
 in 1806” (1844), and “The Negotiations for the Peace of 
 the Dardanelles in 1808-1809 ’’ (1845). 
 
 Adair, Robin. See Robin Adair. 
 
 Adaize. See Hadai. 
 
 Adal (a-dal'), or Adel (a-dal'). A region in 
 eastern Africa, bordering on the Red Sea and 
 mainly included in the Italian colony of Eri- 
 trea. Its southern end lies in French Somali- 
 land. Its inhabitants are the Danakil. Also 
 Adaiel, Adajcl. 
 
 Adalberon (a-dal'be-ron), or Adalbero (a-dal'- 
 be-ro). Died 988. Bishop of Rheims and chan- 
 cellor of France under Lothaire and Louis V. 
 In 963 he was made archbishop, and in 987 he officiated 
 at the coronation of Hugh Capet, by whom ho was elevated 
 to the position of lord high chancellor. 
 
 Adalbert (ad'al-b&rt), Saint. Flourished about 
 700. An early English saint, perhaps a grand- 
 son of Oswald, king of Deira. He devoted him- 
 self to missionary work among the Friesians, and is said to 
 have been the first archdeacon of Utrecht. 
 
Adalbert 
 
 Adalbert, Saint ( originally CzechVojtecli (voi'- 
 teeh). Born near Prague, Bohemia, about 955: 
 martyred in West Prussia, April 23, 997. A 
 Bohemian prelate, bishop of Prague, called the 
 “Apostle of the Prussians.” In 988 he abandoned 
 his diocese and retired to the monastery of Sant’ Alessio 
 in Home, but was constrained in 993 to return. Be then 
 devoted himself to missionary work among the Prussians. 
 
 Adalbert. Died 981. A German missionary, 
 archbishop of Magdeburg, ealled the “Apostle 
 of the Slavs.” 
 
 Adalbert. Died at Goslar, Prussia, March 16, 
 1072. A German prelate, archbishop of Bre- 
 men and Hamburg. He attempted the forma- 
 tion of a northern patriarchate. 
 
 Adalbert (a'dal-bert), Heinrich Wilhelm. 
 Born at Berlin, Oct. 29, 1811: died at Karlsbad, 
 June 6, 1873. A prince of Prussia, son of 
 Prince Wilhelm, the youngest brother of King 
 Frederick Will iam III. He entered the army as an 
 artillery officer in 1832. In 1842 he visited southern Brazil 
 and the Amazon and Xingii. A description of this voyage 
 was published for private circulation, and republished in 
 English (2 vols., London, 1849). After the revolution of 
 184S he was employed in the organization of the German 
 marine. 
 
 Adalia (a-dii'le-a), or Antaiiyeh (an-ta'_le-ye), 
 or Satali (sa-ta'le), or Sataliah (sa-ta'le-a). A 
 town in the vilayet of Konieh, Asiatic Turkey, 
 situated on the Gulf of Adalia about lat. 36° 
 52' N., long. 30° 45' E., built by Attalus II. of 
 Pergamum, and a leading city of ancient Pam- 
 phylia: the ancient Attalcia. Population (es- 
 timated), 13,000. 
 
 Adalia, Golf of, or Pamphylian Gulf. An 
 
 arm of the Mediterranean on the southern coast 
 of Asia Minor: the ancient Pamphylicus Sinus. 
 
 Adam (ad'am). [Heb. ’Adhtim.] 1. The first 
 man; the father of the human race, according 
 to the account of the creation in Genesis. 
 
 Like cherub, Adam also was a Babylonian word. It has 
 the general sense of “man,” and is used in this sense both 
 in Hebrew and in Assyrian. But as in Hebrew it has come 
 to be the proper name of the first man, so, too, in the old 
 Babylonian legends, the “Adamites” were “the white 
 race ” of Semitic descent, who stood in marked contrast 
 to “the black heads ” or Accadians of primitive Babylonia. 
 
 Sayce, Anc. Monuments, p. 31. 
 
 2. A character in Shakspere’s “As you Like 
 it,” an old and faithful servant of Oliver, but 
 following the fortunes of Orlando. There is a 
 tradition that Shakspere himself acted this 
 part. 
 
 Adam, Master or Maitre. See Billaut, Adam. 
 
 Adam.' A city of Palestine mentioned in the 
 3d chapter of Joshua. 
 
 Adam of Bremen. Died at Bremen about 
 1076. A German ecclesiastical historian, au- 
 thor of a history of the diocese of Hamburg 
 and Bremen for the period 788-1072 (Copen- 
 hagen, 1579) : the chief authority for Scandi- 
 navian church history during this period. 
 
 Adam of Murimutb. Born about 1286: died 
 1370. An English chronicler, ambassador to 
 Rome 1323, canon of Hereford, and vice-gen- 
 eral to the archbishop of Canterbury 1325. 
 “ His chronicle extends as an original record over the 
 forty years from 1306 to 1346. The continuation extends 
 to the year 1380.” Morley, Eng. Writers, IV. 251. 
 
 Adam of Orlton. Born at Hereford, England: 
 died at Farnham, England, July 18, 1345. An 
 English prelate, made bishop of Hereford in 
 1317, of Worcester in 1327, and of Winchester in 
 1333. He took the part of the barons against Edward 
 II. , was tried by Parliament for treason as an adherent of 
 Mortimer (the first English bishop, it is said, ever tried 
 before a lay court), and was iniluential in political affairs 
 during the reign of Edward III. 
 
 Adam (a-doh'), Adolphe Charles. Born at 
 Paris, July 24, 1803 : died at Paris, May 3, 1856. 
 A French composer of comic opera. His best- 
 known work is “Le Postilion de Longjumeau” 
 (1831). 
 
 Adam (a'dam), Albrecht. Born at Nordlingen, 
 April 16, 1786: died at Munich, Aug. 28, 1862. 
 A German painter noted especially for his bat- 
 tle-pieces and paintings of horses. 
 
 Adam (ad'am), Alexander. Born near Forres, 
 Scotland, June 24, 1741: died at Edinburgh, 
 Dec. 18, 1809. A Scottish educator, rector of 
 the High School of Edinburgh 1768-1809. Ho 
 published “Roman Antiquities” (1791), and 
 
 ★other works. 
 
 Adam (a-don'), Mmo, Edmond (Juliette 
 Lamber). Born at Verberie, Oise, Oct. 4, 1836. 
 A French writer, founder (in 1879) and editor 
 of the “Nouvelle Revue” (-1899). Among her 
 
 works are “ Garibaldi ” (1859), “Recits d’une paysanne" 
 (1862), “ Voyage autour d un grand pin ” (1863), “ bans lea 
 Alpes” (1867), “Laide” (1878), "La Patrie Hongroise : 
 Souvenirs personnels ” (1884), etc. She has been twice mar- 
 ried, first to M. La Measure. M. Adam, prefect of police in 
 
 12 
 
 the Franco-German war, and later life senator, died in 
 1877. She has written under the names of J. La Messine, 
 Juliette Lamber, and Comte Paul Vasili. 
 
 A.dam (ii'dam), Franz. Born May 4, 1815: died 
 Sept. 30, 1886. A German painter, chiefly of 
 military scenes, son of Jlbreeht Adam. 
 
 Adam (a-doh'), Louis. Born at Miettershelz, 
 Alsace, 1758: died at Paris, 1848. A noted 
 French pianist, father of Adolphe Charles 
 Adam. 
 
 Adam (a'dam), Melchior. Born at Grottkau, 
 Silesia, 1551 : died 1622. A German Protestant 
 divine and biographer, author of “Vitse Ger- 
 manorum Philosophorum,” etc. 
 
 Adam (a-doh'), Quinn Francois Lucien. 
 Born at Nancy, May 31, 1833. A French magis- 
 trate and philologist, noted for researches on 
 American and other languages. 
 
 Adam (ad'am), Robert. Born at Kirkcaldy, 
 Scotland, 1728: died at London, March 3, 1792. 
 A noted Scottish architect and landscape-pain- 
 ter. See Adelphi. 
 
 Adam, William. Born at Maryburgh, Kinross, 
 Scotland, Aug. 2, 1751: died at Edinburgh, Feb. 
 17, 1839. A British lawyer and politician, one 
 of the managers of the impeachment of Warren 
 Hastings, 1788, and chancellor of the Dueliy of 
 Cornwall, 1806. 
 
 Adam, William Patrick. Born Sept. 14, 1823 : 
 died at Ootacamund, India, May 24, 1881. A 
 British politician, whip of the Liberal party 
 from 1874 to 1880, and governor of Madras from 
 1880 till his death. 
 
 Adam Bede (ad'am bed). A novel by George 
 Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) published in 1859. 
 See Bede, Adam. 
 
 Adam Bell, Clym of the Cloughe, and Wyl- 
 lyam of Cloudeslee. An old ballad printed by 
 William Copland about 1550, and in the collec- 
 tions of Percy and Ritson. Child repeats it from 
 Ritson with some variations from an edition older than 
 Copland’s recovered by Payne Collier. See Bell, Adam. 
 
 Adam Cupid. A nickname of Cupid in Shak- 
 spere’s “Romeo and Juliet” (ii. 1). Some com- 
 mentators contend that the name should be “Abram ” (the 
 quartos (2-5) and folios have “Abraham ”). a corruption 
 of “auburn,” as Cupid is frequently represented with au- 
 burn or yellowish hair. Others agree with Upton in the 
 following extract. 
 
 Shakespere wrote "Young Adam Cupid,” &c. The 
 printer or transcriber gave us this “Abram,” mistaking 
 the d for br, and thus made a passage direct nonsense 
 which was understood in Sh.’s time by all his audience ; 
 for this Adam was a most notable archer, named Adam 
 Bell, who for his skill became a proverb. In Much Ado, 
 I, i: “And he that hits me, let him be clapped on the 
 shoulder, and called Adam.” 
 
 Upton, quoted in Furness, Var. 
 
 Adam da la Halle. See La Halle. 
 
 Adana Kadnion (ad'am kad'mon). [Heb., ‘the 
 first man.’] In cabalistic doctrine, the first 
 man, emanating from the infinite and repre- 
 senting the ten Sephiroth (which see). 
 
 Adamastor (ad-am-as'tor). The phantom of 
 the Cape of Good Hope in the “Lusiad”: a 
 terrible spirit described by Camoens as appear- 
 ing to Vasco da Gama and prophesying the mis- 
 fortunes which should fall upon other expedi- 
 tions to India. 
 
 Adana wa (a-da-ma' wii). A region in Northern 
 Nigeria and German Kameruu, Africa, inter- 
 sected by lat. 8° N., long. 13° E., having an 
 area of about 70,000 square miles: the ancient 
 kingdom of Fumbina. The ruling class is Fulnh ; 
 but the population consists of several negro tribes with 
 Bantu admixtures. Such are the Batt.a, Hama, Mbnna, 
 Mbuma, Kotofo, Zani, and Kali. To denote the respective 
 tribal dialects, the suffix nr hi is appended, e. g. , Batta- 
 nchi, Dama-nchi, Mbana-nchi. All these dialects seem to 
 form one linguistic cluster. 
 
 Adamello Alps (a-dii-mel'o alps). A group of 
 the Alps on the border between Italy and Tyrol, 
 south of the Ortler group. The highest point 
 is about 11,500 feet. 
 
 Adamites (ad'am-Its). A sect which originated 
 in the north of Africa in the 2d century, and 
 pretended to have attained to the primitive in- 
 nocence of Adam, rejecting marriage and (in 
 their assemblies or “paradises”) clothing. This 
 heresy reappeared in the 14th century, in Savoy, and again 
 in the 16th century among the Brethren and Sisters of 
 the Free Spirit, in Germany, Bohemia, and Moravia It 
 was suppressed in 1421 on account of the crimes and im- 
 moralities of its votaries. When toleration was proclaimed 
 by Joseph II., in 1781, the sect revived, but was promptly 
 proscribed. Its latest appearance was during the insur- 
 rection of 1S48-49. 
 
 Adamnan (ad'am-nan), or Adomnan, Saint. 
 Born in Ulster, Ireland, about 625: died at 
 Iona, Scotland, 704. A Celtic ecclesiastic, ab- 
 bot of Iona; author of “ Vita Columbse ” and 
 “De Locis Sanctis,” an account of Palestine 
 and other countries. 
 
 Adams, Henry 
 
 Adampi (a-dam'pe). See Ahrd. 
 
 Adams (ad'amz). A town in Berkshire County, 
 Massachusetts, 47 miles northwest of Spring- 
 field. Population, 13,026, (1910). 
 
 Adams. A town in Jefferson County, New 
 York, 40 miles northeast of Oswego. Popula- 
 tion, 3, 128, (1910). 
 
 Adams, Abraham (“Parson”). In Fielding’s 
 novel “Joseph Andrews,” a poor curate whose 
 adventures (chiefly ludicrous) in the company 
 of Joseph Andrews and his betrothed, Fanny, 
 constitute .a large part of the book. He is a por- 
 trait of Fielding’s friend Young. His characteristics are 
 given in the following passage." 
 
 Mr. Abraham Adams was an excellent scholar. He was 
 a perfect master of the Greek and Latin languages : to 
 which he added a great share of knowledge in the Oriental 
 tongues and could read and translate French, Italian, and 
 Spanish. He had applied many years to the most severe 
 study, and had treasured up a fund of learning rarely to 
 be met with in a university : he was, besides, a man of 
 good sense, good parts, and good nature ; but was, at the 
 same time, as entirely ignorant of the ways of this world 
 as an infant just entered into it could possibly be. As he 
 had never any intention to deceive, so he never suspected 
 such a design in others. He was generous, friendly, and 
 brave, to an excess ; but simplicity was his characteristic : 
 he did, no more than Mr. Colley Cibber, apprehend any 
 such passions as malice and envy to exist in mankind ; 
 which was indeed less remarkable in a country parson, than 
 in a gentleman who has passed his life behind the scenes ; — 
 a place which has been seldom thought the school of in- 
 nocence ; and where a very little observation would have 
 convinced the great apologist that those passions have a 
 real existence in the human mind. 
 
 Fielding, Joseph Andrews, p. 4. 
 
 Adams, Charles Baker. Born at Dorchester, 
 Mass., Jan. 11, 1814: died at St. Thomas, West 
 Indies, Jan. 19, 1853. An American naturalist 
 and geologist. He became professor of chemistry and 
 natural history at Middlebury College, Vermont, in 1838; 
 was State geologist of Vermont from 1845 to 1848; and 
 became professor of astronomy and zoology in Amherst 
 College, 1847. He was associated with Professor Edward 
 Hitchcock in a geological survey of New York. Between 
 1844 and 1851 he made scientific journeys to Panama and 
 the West Indies. 
 
 Adams, Charles Pollen. Born at Dorchester, 
 Mass., April 21, 1842. An American writer of 
 German dialect poems, etc. He served in the 13th 
 Massachusetts regiment of infantry in the Civil War, and 
 was wounded and taken prisoner at Gettysburg. In 1877 
 he published “Leedle Yawcoob Strauss and other Poems.” 
 
 Adams, Charles Francis. Born at Boston, 
 Aug. 18, 1807: died at Boston, Nov. 21, 1886. 
 An American statesman and diplomatist, son 
 of J. Q. Adams. He was graduated at Harvard in 
 1825, was admitted to the bar in 1829, became a Whig 
 member of the Massachusetts le§jslatur<> in 1840. srad was 
 made candidate of the Free-soil party for Vice-President 
 in 1848. He was member of Congress from Massachusetts 
 1859-61, United States minister to England 1861-68, and 
 United States arbitrator at the Geneva tribunal 1S71-72. 
 He published “Life and Works of John Adams ” (10 vols., 
 1850-56), and edited “ Diary of John Quincy Adams " (12 
 vols., 1874-77). 
 
 Adams, Charles Francis. Born at Boston, 
 May 27, 1835. An American lawyer and writer, 
 second son of C. F. Adams (1807-86). lie served 
 in the Civil War (mustered out as brevet brigadier-general 
 of volunteers), was a member of the board of Massachu- 
 setts railroad commissioners 1869-79, and was president 
 of the Union Pacific Railroad from 1884 to 1890. He pub- 
 lished “Studies Military and Diplomatic” (1911), etc. 
 
 Adams, Charles Kendall. Bom at Derby, Yt., 
 Jan. 24, 1835: died July 26, 1902. An Ameri- 
 can educator and historical writer. He was pro- 
 fessor of history at the University of Michigan 1863-35, 
 president of Cornell University 1885-92, ami president of 
 the University of Wisconsin 1892-1901. ile \\ as the author 
 of “Democracy and Monarchy in France ” (1374), “Man- 
 ual of Historical Literature” (1882), etc. 
 
 Adams, Clement. Born at Buekington, War- 
 wickshire, about 1519: died Jan. 9, 1587. An 
 English teacher and author, schoolmaster to 
 the royal “henchmen” (pages) at Greenwich. 
 He wrote down Chancellor’s oral narrative of his journey 
 to Moscow in 1553, the first written account of the earliest 
 English intercourse with Russia (published by Hakluyt 
 in his “ Collections ” of 1589). 
 
 Adams, Edwin. Born at Medford, Mass., Feb. 
 3, 1834: died at Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 25, 1877. 
 An American actor, particularly successful in 
 the romantic drama, though much admired m 
 pure comedy and tragedy. He made his ddbut 
 in 1853 at Boston. 
 
 Adams, Hannah. Born at Medfield, Mass., 
 1755: died at Brookline, Mass., Nov. 15, 1832. 
 An American writer, author of “View of Re- 
 ligious Opinions” (1784: later entitled “Dic- 
 tionary' of Religions”), a “History of New Eng- 
 land” (1799), a “History of the Jews” (1812), 
 etc. 
 
 Adams, Henry. Born at Boston, Mass., Feb. 
 16, 1838. An American historian, third son of 
 C. F. Adams (1807-86); author of “Essays in 
 Anglo-Saxon Law” (1876), a life of Gallatin 
 (1S79), a life of John Randolph (1882), etc. 
 
Adams, Henry 
 
 His chief work is a “History of the United States " under 
 the administrations of Jefferson and Madison (9 vols.). 
 
 Adams, John. Born at Braintree (in present 
 Quincy), Mass., Oct. 30, 1735: died at Quincy, 
 Mass., July 4, 1826. The second President of 
 the United States, 1797-1801. He was graduated 
 at Harvard in 1755, studied law, look a leading part in 
 opposing the Stamp Act, was counsel for the soldiers 
 charged with murder in connection with the “Boston 
 massacre” of 1770, and became a leader of the patriot 
 party. In 1774 he was chosen a member of the revolu- 
 tionary congress of Massachusetts. He was a delegate 
 to the first and second Continental Congresses, proposed 
 Washington as commander-in-chief, signed the Declara- 
 tion of Independence, was appointed commissioner to 
 France in 1777 (arriving at Paris in 1778), negotiated a 
 treaty with the Netherlands in 1782. was one of the nego- 
 tiators of the treaties wi. h Great Britain, 1782-83, nego- 
 tiated a treaty with Prussia, was appointed minister to 
 London in 1785, and was recalled in 17S8. He was Fed- 
 eral Vice-President 1789-97, and was elected as Federal 
 candidate for President in 1796. In 1800 he was the un- 
 successful Federal candidate for President, and retired to 
 Quincy in 1801. “ Life and Works,” edited by C. F. Adams 
 (10 vols., 1850-56); life by J. Q. and C. F. Adams (1871), by 
 J. T. Morse (1885). 
 
 Adams, John. Born in England about 1760 (?) : 
 died at Pitcairn Island, 1829. A leading mu- 
 tineer of the Bounty (under the name of Alex- 
 ander Smith) and governor of Pitcairn Island. 
 See Bounty. 
 
 Adams, John. Born in Tennessee in 1825: 
 died Nov. 30, 1864. A Confederate general in 
 the Civil War. He was graduated at W est Point in 1846, 
 brevefted first lieutenant for gallantry at Santa Cruz de 
 Rosales, and promoted captain of dragoons Nov. 3J, 1866 : 
 he resigned May 31, 1861, to become a Confederate major- 
 general. He was killed at the battle of Franklin, Team 
 Adams, John Couch. Born at Lidcot, Corn- 
 wall, England, June 5, 1819 : died at Cambridge, 
 England, Jan. 21, 1892. An English astrono- 
 mer, professor of astronomy at Cambridge and 
 director of the observatory. He shares with 
 Leverrier the honor of the discovery of the 
 planet Neptune (1846). See Neptune. 
 
 Adams, John Quincy. Born at Braintree, 
 Mass., July 11, 1767: died at Washington, D. C., 
 Feb. 23, 1848. The sixth President of the United 
 States, 1825-29, son of President John Adams. 
 He was graduated at Harvard in 1787, and was admitted 
 to the bar in 1791. He was United States minister to the 
 Netherlands 1794-1797, and to Prussia 1797-1801 ; United 
 States senator from Massachusetts 1803-08 ; professor of 
 rhetoric and belles-lettres at. Harvard 1806-09; United 
 States minister to Russia 1809-14 ; one of the negotiators 
 of the treaty of Ghent, 1814; United States minister to 
 England 1815-17 ; secretary of state 1817-25 ; candidate 
 for President, 1824, and, there being no choice by electors, 
 chosen by the House of Representatives. In 1828 Jackson 
 defeated him for the Presidency. He was member of Con- 
 gress from Massachusetts (Anti-Masonic and Whig) 1831- 
 1848, and unsuccessful candidate for governorof Massachu- 
 setts 1834. His diary was edited by C. F. Adams (1874-77). 
 
 Adams, John Quincy. Born Sept. 22, 1833 : died 
 Aug. 14, 1894. An American politician, eldest 
 son of C. F. Adams (1807-86). He was the un- 
 successful Democratic candidate for governor of Massa- 
 chusetts in 1867 and 1871. 
 
 Adams, Mount. 1. The second highest (5,805 
 feet) summit of the White Mountains, near 
 Mount Washington. — 2. Apeak of the Cascade 
 Mountains in Washington, 12,307 feet high. 
 Adams, Nehemiah. Born at Salem, Mass., 
 Feb. 19, 1806: died at Boston, Mass., Oct. 6, 
 1878. An American Congregational clergy- 
 man, pastor in Boston, and author of devotional 
 and other works. 
 
 Adams, Parson. See Adams ^ Abraham. 
 Adams, Point. The northwestemmost head- 
 land of Oregon, at the mouth of the Columbia 
 river. 
 
 Adams, Samuel. Born at Boston, Mass., Sept. 
 27, 1722: died at Boston, Oct. 2, 1803. An 
 American patriot and statesman, one of the 
 leaders of the Revolution. He was a delegate to the 
 first Continental Congress, an influential member of the 
 second Continental Congress, a signer of the Declaration of 
 Independence, a member of the Massachusetts ratifying 
 convention 1788, lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts 
 1789-94, and governor of Massachusetts 1794-97. 
 
 Adams, Mrs. Sarah Flower, Born at Great 
 Harlow, Essex, Feb. 22, 1805: died Aug., 1848. 
 An English poet, wife of William Bridges Ad- 
 ams, inventor and pamphleteer, and the daugh- 
 ter of Benjamin Flower. She was the author of 
 “ Vivia Perpetua" (1841), a dramatic poem, and of other 
 poems and hymns, of which the best-known is “Nearer, 
 my God, to Thee.” 
 
 Adams, Thomas. Flourished in the first half 
 of the 17th century. An English Puritan divine 
 and writer, one of the greatest of English 
 preachers. He was preacher at Willington in Bedford- 
 shire, 1612; vicar of Wingrave, Bucks, 1614-15: preacher 
 of St. Gregory’s under St. Paul’s Cathedral, 1618-23; and 
 chaplain to Sir Henry Montague, lord chief justice of 
 England. He published “ The Happiness of the Church ” 
 (1018: a collection of sermons), a collection of occasional 
 sermons (1629), and a commentary on the second epistle 
 of St. Peter (1633). 
 
 13 
 
 Adams, William. Born at Gillingham, near 
 Chatham, England: died in Japan, 1620. An 
 English navigator. He joined, as pilot major, in 1598, 
 a Dutch fleet of five ships fitted out by Rotterdam mer- 
 chants for the India trade, and after an unfortunate voy- 
 age, in which all the ships except the Charity, in which 
 he sailed, returned to Holland or were lost, he arrived at 
 the island of Kiushiu, Japan, April 19, 1600. There he 
 remained, under compulsion, rose into favor at court, and 
 received from the shogun Iybyasu a considerable estate 
 at Hemi near Yokosuka. In 1613 he obtained for the 
 English the privilege of establishing a trading-station at 
 Firando, and was employed in the service of the factory 
 at Firando from Nov. 24, 1613, to Dec. 24, 1616. 
 
 Adams, William. Born at Colchester, Conn., 
 Jan. 25, 1807 : died at Orange Mountain, N. J., 
 Aug. 31, 1880. An American Presbyterian 
 clergyman, pastor in New York city, and presi- 
 dent of Union Theological Seminary, New 
 York, 1873-80. 
 
 Adams, William. Born 1814: died 1848. An 
 English clergyman and writer, vicar of St. 
 Peter’s, Oxford (1840) : author of “ The Shadow 
 of the Cross” (1842), “Distant Hills” (1844), 
 and other sacred allegories. 
 
 Adams, William Taylor: pseudonym “ Oliver 
 Optic.” Born at Medway, Mass., July 30, 
 1822 : died at Boston, March 27, 1897. An Amer- 
 ican teacher (in the public schools of Boston) 
 and writer of fiction, chiefly juvenile, including 
 the series entitled the “Boat Club,” “Young 
 America Abroad,” “Starry Flag,” “Riverdale 
 Series,” “Onward and Upward,” etc. He also 
 founded and edited “Oliver Optic’s Magazine.” 
 Adam’s Bridge, or Kama’s Bridge. A dan- 
 gerous shoal, about 17 miles long, northwest of 
 Ceylon, about lat. 9° 5' N., long. 79° 34' E. 
 Adams Island. A name of Roa-Poua, one of 
 the Marquesas Islands. 
 
 Adam’s Peak. A conical mountain, 7,379 feet 
 high, in Ceylon, about lat. 6° 50' N., long. 80° 
 30' E., the seat of Singhalese worship. There 
 is a Buddhist temple on the summit. 
 
 Adam’s Run. A township in Colleton County, 
 South Carolina, about 25 miles west-southwest 
 of Charleston. Population (1900), 4,966. 
 Adamson, J olm. Born at Gateshead, England, 
 Sept. 13, 1787 : died at Newcastle, Sept. 27, 
 1855. An English archaeologist and Portu- 
 guese scholar. 
 
 Adamson (ad 'am- son), Patrick (originally 
 Conston, Constant, "Oonsteane, or Constan- 
 tine). Born at Perth, Scotland, March 15, 1537 : 
 died at St. Andrew’s, Scotland, Feb. 19, 1592. 
 A Scottish prelate, made archbishop of St. 
 Andrew’s, 1576, and excommunicated on vari- 
 ous charges in 1588. 
 
 Adamson, Robert. Born 1852 : died 1902. A 
 Scottish philosophical writer, professor of phi- 
 losophy at Owens College, Manchester, and of 
 logic and rhetoric at Glasgow University 1895- 
 1902. He was the author of “Roger Bacon : the Philosophy 
 of Science in the Middle Ages ” (187G), “ On the Philosophy 
 of Kant ”(1879), “Urhte” (1881), etc. 
 
 Adamsthal (a'dams-tal). A village 9 miles 
 north of Briinn, Moravia. There are noted 
 caves in the vicinity. 
 
 Ad ana (a-da'na). A vilayet in Asia Minor, 
 Turkey, corresponding nearly to the ancient 
 Cilicia Campestris. It was ceded by the sultan to 
 Ibrahim Pasha in 1833 (Peace of Kutaya, May of that year). 
 Population, about 422,400. 
 
 Adana. The capital of the vilayet of Adana, 
 situated on the Sihun about lat. 37° 1' N., long. 
 35° 18' E. It was colonized by Pompey with pirates 
 about 63 B. c., and was refounded in the time of Harun- 
 al-Rashid. It formed the northwestern outpost of Ibra- 
 him Pasha. Population (estimated), 45,000. 
 
 Adangbe (a-dang'be). A town of German To- 
 go-laud, western Africa. It has about 7,000 inhabi- 
 tants, whose ancestors were driven from Elmina by the 
 Ashanti, in the latter part of the last century. 
 
 Adans le Roi. See Adenet. 
 
 Adanson (a-doh-son'), Michel. Born at Aix, 
 France, April 7, 1727 : died at Paris, Aug. 3, 
 1806. A French naturalist and traveler in Sene- 
 gambia: author of ' ‘ Histone naturelle du Se- 
 negal” (1757), “Families des plantes” (1763), 
 etc. 
 
 Adar (a'dar). [Assyro-Baby Ionian addaru, 1 the 
 dark.’] The name of the 12th month (Febru- 
 ary-March) of the Babylonian calendar from 
 which it was adopted by the Jews, along with 
 the rest of the names of the months, after the 
 Exile. The intercalated month necessary in a lunar 
 calendar was added both by the Babylonians and Jews 
 after Adar, and was called by the latter the second Adar. 
 In the Jewish calendar it occurs 7 times in a cycle of 19 
 years. 
 
 Adar (a'dar). The probable reading of the 
 name of an Assyrian deity, the warrior god, 
 
 Adela 
 
 usually called the warrior of Bel. His consort 
 was Gula. See Adrammelech. 
 
 Adara (a-da'ra). [Ar., ‘the virgins,’ a name 
 for four stars, of which Adara is the brightest, 
 in the southern part of Canis Major.] The bright 
 second-magnitude star e Canis Majoris, in the 
 animal’s thigh. 
 
 Adbeel (ad'be-el). The name of the third son 
 of Ishmael. Gen. xxv. 13, 1 Chron. i. 29. An 
 Arabian tribe, Idiba’ it , is mentioned in the cuneiform in- 
 scriptions. It was probably located on the Egyptian bor- 
 der. The name has also been found in a Minsean in- 
 scription. 
 
 Adda (a'da). A river in Italy, the ancient 
 Addua. It rises in the Alps west of the Ortler Ppitze, 
 traverses the Valtelline and the Lake of Como, and joins 
 the Po 8 miles west of Cremona. Its length is about 150 
 miles, and it is navigable about 75 miles. 
 
 Addington (ad'ing-ton), Henry. Born at 
 Reading, England, May 30, 1757 : died Feb. 15, 
 1844. An English politician, created first Vis- 
 count Sidmouth in 1805. He entered Parliament in 
 1783; became speaker 1789-1801, and premier and chan- 
 cellor of the exchequer 1801-04 ; negotiated the treaty of 
 Amiens in 1802 ; and was president of the council 1 805, lord 
 privy seal 1806, and again president of the council 1806-07 
 and 1S12. As home secretary, 1812-22, he was noted for 
 his repressive measures. He left the cabinet in 1824. 
 
 Addiscombe (ad'is-kum). A place about 10 
 miles south of London, formerly the seat of a 
 college for the cadets of the East India Com- 
 pany. 
 
 Addison, (ad'i-son). A town and village in 
 Steuben County, New York, on the Canisteo 
 river 22 miles west of Elmira. Population, 
 town, 2,509; village; 2,004, (1910). 
 
 Addison, Joseph. Born at Milston, Wilts, May 
 1, 1672: died at Holland House, London, June 
 17, 1719. A famous English essayist, poet, and 
 statesman, son of Lancelot Addison, ne was 
 educated at the Charterhouse and at Queen’s College, Ox- 
 ford, where he took his M. A. degree in 1693, and in 1698 
 obtained a fellowship which he held until 1711. A Latin 
 poem which he published in 1697 011 the “Peace of Bys- 
 wick” brought him a pension of £300, and he proceeded to 
 qualify himself for the diplomatic service of the govern- 
 ment by travel and study on the Continent 1699-1703, visit- 
 ing France, Italy, Austria, Germany, and Holland. He was 
 under-secretary of state 1706-08; secretary to the lord 
 lieutenant of Ireland (Wharton) 1709-10 ; secretary to the 
 lords justices on the death of Queen Anne in 1714 ; secre- 
 tary for Ireland under the Earl of Sunderland in 1715 ; a 
 commissioner for trade and ihe colonies 1716 ; and secre- 
 taiy of state, April, 1717, to March, 1718. On Aug. 3, 1716, 
 he married the Countess of Warwick. His principal works 
 are his “Letter from Italy,” a poem written as lie was cross- 
 ing the Alps in 1701, printed in 1703; “ The Campaign,” a 
 poem published in 1704 ; “Remarks on Several Tarts of 
 Italy, "published in 1705 ; “Fair Rosamond,” an opera, pub- 
 lished anonymously in 1707 ; “ Cato,” a tragedy, produced 
 at Drury Lane April 14, 1713 ; “The Drummer," a play, pub- 
 lished anonymously in 1716 (acted in 1715) ; contributions 
 to the “Whig Examiner” in 1710 (five papers) ; contribu- 
 tions to the “ Tatler ” from 17C9 till 1711 (41 papers were by 
 Addison alone, 34 by Addison and Steele together) : and 274 
 “Spectators” 1711-12: these last were all signed by one 
 of the letters of the word C. L. I. O. (Clio). His most fa- 
 mous character is that of Sir Roger de Coverley, originally 
 sketched by Steele. He contributed to the “Guardian ” 
 51 papers in 1713, and also others to a new “ Spectator ” in 
 1714. From Dec., 1715, to June, 1716, he contributed 55 pa- 
 pers to “The Freeholder.” The principal editions of Ms 
 works are Tickell’s edition (1721), the Baskerville (1761), 
 an edition by Bishop Hurd (1811), and one by G. W. 
 Greene, New York (1856). 
 
 Addison, Lancelot. Born in the parish of 
 Crosby Ravensworth, Westmoreland, 1632 : died 
 at Lichfield, April 20, 1703. An English clergy- 
 man and writer, father of Joseph Addison. He 
 was educated at Queen’s College, Oxford, where he was 
 graduated (A. B.) in 1655. He was a zealous royalist and 
 Episcopalian, and at the Restoration was appointed Eng- 
 lish chaplain at Dunkirk. On the sale of Dunkirk to the 
 French in 1662 he was transferred to Tangier. About 
 1670 he became a royal chaplain, in 1683 dean of Lichfield, 
 and in 1684 archdeacon of Coventry. His principal works 
 are “West Barbary, or a Short Narrative of the Revolu- 
 tions of the Kingdoms of Fez and Morocco" (1671), and 
 “The Present State of the Jews (moreparticularlyreiating 
 to those of Barbary),” 1675. 
 
 Addison of the North. An epithet applied to 
 Henry Mackenzie. 
 
 Addison’s Walk. A walk in the grounds of 
 Magdalen College, Oxford, said to have been a 
 favorite promenade of the essayist, who in 1689 
 held a demyship in that college. 
 
 Addled Parliament. A nickname of the sec- 
 ond Parliament of James I. (April-June, 1614), 
 which was dissolved without having passed 
 any acts, on its refusal to grant supplies until 
 the king’s imposition of customs and the res- 
 toration of the nonconforming clergy ejected 
 in 1604 had been considered. 
 
 Addna (ad'u-a). The ancient name of the Adda. 
 
 Adel. See Actal. 
 
 Adela (ad'e-lii,). Born about 1062 (?) . died 1137. 
 The fourth daughter of William the Conqueror, 
 wife of Stephen, earl of Blois and Chartres, 
 and mother of Stephen, king of England. 
 
Adelaer 
 
 Adelaer (a'de-lar) (Curt Sivertsen). Born at 
 Brevig, Norway, Dec. 16, 1622: died at Copen- 
 hagen, Nov. 5, 1675. A naval commander, in 
 the service of the Netherlands (1637), of Venice 
 (1642), and of Denmark (1663). He defeated 
 the Turks at the Dardanelles, May 13, 1654. 
 Adelaide (ad'e-lad). The capital of South 
 Australia, founded in 1836 on the Torrens 7 
 miles southeast of Port Adelaide. The University 
 of Adelaide was founded in 1874. Population, including 
 suburbs, 178,300. 
 
 Adelaide (Amelia Adelaide Louise Theresa 
 Caroline). Born Aug. 13, 1792: died Dec. 2, 
 1849. A princess of Saxe-Coburg-Meiningen, 
 and queen of England, wife of the Duke of Clar- 
 ence (later William IV.), whom she married 
 July 18, 1818. 
 
 Adelaide (a-da-la-ed'), Eugene Louisa. Born 
 at Paris, Aug. 25, 1777 : died Dec. 31, 1847. A 
 princess of Orleans, sister of Louis Philippe, 
 king of the French. Returning in 1792 from a jour- 
 ney to England, she found herself inscribed among the 
 Cmigrds, but succeeded in making her escape, and re- 
 mained in exile till 1814. She is said to have persuaded 
 her brother to accept the crown in 1830. 
 
 Adelaide (ad'e-lad), or Adelheid, Saint. Born 
 about 931: died at Selz in Alsace, Dec. 16, 999. 
 A daughter of Rudolf II. of Burgundy, and wife 
 of Lothar of Italy and afterward of Otho I. 
 She founded a Benedictine cloister in Selz, 
 Alsace. 
 
 Adelaide, Port. See Port Adelaide. 
 
 Adelard (ad'e-lard), or AStbelhard (ath'el- 
 hard), of Bath. An English philosophical writer 
 who flourished in the early part of the 12th cen- 
 tury. He studied at Tours and Laon, also teaching at 
 the latter place, and traveled in Greece, Asia Minor, and 
 Africa, returning to England in the reign of Henry I. He 
 wrote “ lie eodern et diverso ” (before 1116), an allegory, in 
 which philosophy and love of worldly enjoyment (Philo- 
 cosmia) are represented as contending for the soul of 
 man ; “ PerdifficilesQufestiones Naturales ” (printed toward 
 the end of the 15th century); a translation of Euclid 
 (printed 1482) which long remained a text-book ; etc. 
 
 Adelheid (a'del-hid). 1. See Adelaide, Saint . — 
 2. A character in Goethe’s “Goetz von Ber- 
 lichingen ” (which see). 
 
 Adeliza (ad-e-li'za), Queen. Died March 23, 
 1151 (?). The second queen of Henry I. of 
 England, daughter of Godfrey (Barbatus) of 
 Louvain, duke of Brabant or Lower Lotharin- 
 gia, and a descendant in the male line from 
 Charlemagne. She was married to Henry I., .Tan. 24, 
 1120-21, and after his death married William de Albini. 
 Adeinau (a'del-nou). A small town in the 
 province of Posen, Prussia, about 44 miles 
 northeast of Breslau : the scene of a battle be- 
 tween the Prussians and Polish insurgents, 
 April 22, 1848. 
 
 Adelon (ad-lon'), Nicolas Philibert. Born 
 at Dijon, Aug. 20, 1782 : died July 19, 1862. A 
 French medical writer. 
 
 Adelphi. See Adelphce. 
 
 Adelphi (a-del'fl), The. A region of London 
 comprising several streets on the south side of 
 the Strand and the Adelphi Terrace, facing the 
 river. The name was given from the Greek aSe\t/>oi 
 (‘brothers’) from the fact that the terrace was built about 
 1768 by four brothers named Adam, whose names were 
 given to the streets John street, Robert street, James 
 street, and William street. Dickens's Dictionary. 
 
 Adelphi Theater. A theater on the Strand, 
 London, first built in 1806, and rebuilt and en- 
 larged in 1858. “The old Adelphi was the home of 
 melodrama and screaming farce, and these traditions are 
 to a degree kept up in the plays at the modern house." 
 Dickens’s Dictionary. 
 
 Adelphians (a-del'fi-anz). A branch of the 
 Euchites, named from a certain Adelphius, a 
 Galatian. See Euchites. 
 
 Adelphce (a-del'fe), or Adelphi (a-del'fi). 
 [Gr. adeXfioi, brothers.] A comedy by Ter- 
 ence, adapted from Menander’s Greek ’kSr/poi, 
 with the addition of a scene from a play of 
 Diphilos. It suggested Molihre’s “Boole des 
 Maris” and Baron’s “L’Bcole des P6res.” 
 Adelsberg (a'dels-berG). A town in Carniola, 
 Austria-Hungary, about 22 miles east-north- 
 east of Trieste. TheAdelsberg grotto, over five miles 
 long, is one of the most noted stalactite caverns in the 
 world. Population, 3,863, (1910). 
 
 Adelung (ii'de-long), Friedrich von. Born at 
 Stettin, Prussia, Feb. 25, 1768 : died at St. Peters- 
 burg, Jan. 30, 1843. A German philologist, 
 nephew of J. C. Adelung. He wrote “Rapport entre 
 la langue sanscrite et la langue russe" (1811), “Versuche 
 einer I.iteratur der Sanskritsprache " (1830), “Ubersicht 
 der Reisenden in Russland bis 1700,” etc. 
 
 Adelung, Johann Christoph. Born at Spauto- 
 kow, Prussia, Aug. 8, 1732: died at Dresden, 
 Sept. 10, 1806. A German philologist, librarian 
 at Dresden (1787-1806). He wrote “ Grammatisch- 
 
 14 
 
 kritisches Worterbuch der hochdeutschen Mundart " 
 (1774-86), “ Umstandliches Lehrgebaude der deutschen 
 Sprache” (1781-82), “ tiber den deutschen Stil,” “Mith- 
 ridates," and other works, especially on German language 
 and literature. 
 
 Aden (a'den or a'den). A seaport in Arabia, 
 the ancient Adana, Attante, or Arabia Felix, 
 on the Gulf of Aden, lat. 12° 46' N., long. 44° 
 58' E., situated on a rocky peninsula connected 
 with the mainland by a narrow isthmus, it is 
 an important coaling-station, and a port of call of the 
 Peninsular and Oriental steamships. It was captured 
 by the British in 1839 and annexed. Aden and the settle- 
 ments adjoining, with the island of Perim, in all 80 square 
 miles, are administered by a political resident, subject 
 to the Bombay government. Population, 43,974. See 
 Arabia. 
 
 Aden, Gulf of. An arm of the Arabian sea, 
 lying between Arabia on the north and the 
 Somali Land on the south, and connected with 
 the Red Sea by the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb. 
 Adenfes. See Adenet. 
 
 Adenet (ad-na'). A French trouvero of the 
 13th century, surnamed “ le Roi.” Also Adenez, 
 Adenes, Adans. See the extract. 
 
 Adenfes or Adans le Roi derived his imposing surname 
 from the function of king of the minstrels, which he per- 
 formed at the court of Henry III., duke of Brabant. He 
 must have been born about the middle of the thirteenth 
 century, and the last probable allusion to him which we 
 have occurs in the year 1297. The events of his life are only 
 known from his own poems, and consist chiefly of travels 
 in company with different princesses and princes of Flan- 
 ders and Brabant. His literary work is however of great 
 importance. It consists partly of refashionings of three 
 Chansons deGestes, “LesenfancesOgier," “Berteaus grans 
 Ties," and “BuevesdeCommarchis.” In these three poems 
 Adenes works up the old epics into the form fashionable 
 in his time, and as we possess the older versions of the 
 first and last, the comparison of the two forms affords a 
 literary study of the highest interest. His last, longest, 
 and most important work is the roman d’aventures of 
 Cldomadbs, a poem extending to 20,000 verses, and not less 
 valuable for its intrinsic merit than as a type of its class. 
 
 Saintsbury, Er. Lit., p. 93. 
 
 Adenez. See Adenet. 
 
 Aderbaijan. See Azerbaijan. 
 
 Aderer (a-de-rar'), or Aderar (-rar'), or Adrar 
 (a-drar'). A mountainous region in the Sahara, 
 within the Spanish protectorate and new 
 French “ sphere of influence,” about lat. 20° N. 
 The chief place in it is Wadan. 
 
 Aderno (a-dar-no'). A town in the province of 
 Catania, Sicily, the ancient Hadranum, about 
 17 miles northwest of Catania. It contains 
 Sikelian antiquities and a Norman castle. 
 Population, commune, 25,859. . 
 
 Adersbach (a'derz-bach). A village in east- 
 ern Bohemia, near the Riesengebirge and the 
 Silesian frontier, about 12 miles northwest of 
 Braunau. 
 
 Adersbach Rocks. A labyrinth of fantastic 
 rocks, about 5 miles long, near the village of 
 Adersbach. 
 
 Adherbal (ad-her'bal). Died 112 B. c. A son 
 of Micipsa and king of Numidia, in conjunction 
 with his brothers Hiempsal and Jugurtha, in 
 118 B. C. Hiempsal was slain by Jugurtha and Adher- 
 bal fled to the protection of the Romans who restored him 
 in 117. He was again ousted by Jugurtha and slain by 
 him in Cirta. 
 
 Adiabene (adri-a-be'ne). [Gr. ’A<5 A 
 small Assyrian district on the Tigris not far 
 from Nisibis. It was a vassal of Parthia, and suc- 
 cumbed to Rome under Trajan. Its queen, Helen, and 
 her sons Izates and Monabaz, embraced Judaism about 
 the year 18 A. D. 
 
 Adi-Buddha (a'de-bud'hii). [Skt., ‘ the primor- 
 dial Buddha.’] A creation of Buddhism as- 
 cribed to the 10th century A. D. He is represented 
 as a being infinite, self-existent, and omniscient, who 
 evolved out of himself by the exercise of the five medita- 
 tions the five Dhyanibuddhas, while each of these evolved 
 out of himself by wisdom and contemplation the corre- 
 sponding Bodhisattvas, and each of them again evolved out 
 of his immaterial essence a material world, 't hese ema- 
 nations bear a resemblance to the Eons or Emanations of 
 the Gnostics. It is hence believed possible that they owe 
 their existence to the influence of Persian Christianity. 
 See Dhyani-Buddha, Bodhisattva. 
 
 Adicia (a-dis'i-a). [Gr. aSuda, wrong, injustice.] 
 In Spenser’s “Faerie Queene,” the wife of the 
 soldan, an unrighteous woman, transformed 
 into a raging tiger. 
 
 Adige (a'de-je), G. Etsch (ech). A river of 
 Tyrol and northern Italy, the Roman Athesis. 
 It rises in the Col de Resca in western Tyrol near the fron- 
 tier of Orisons, traverses the Yintschgau, flows south 
 through Tyrol into Italy, Bends arms to the Po. and flows 
 into the Adriatic nortli of the mouths of the latter. Its 
 length is about 220 miles, and it is navigable for about 
 180 miles. On it are Trent and Verona It has formed 
 an important strategic line in the Italian campaigns. 
 Near the Adige and Lago di Garda victories were gained 
 by the Austrians over the French under Scherer in the 
 spring of 1799. The most notable battle was that of Ma- 
 gtiano, April 5. 
 
 Adigetto (a-de-jet'to). A canal or arm of the 
 Adige, which separates from it near Badia, and 
 
 Admetus 
 
 flows past Rovigo into the Adriatic north of 
 the Po. 
 
 Adighe (a-de'ghe). A collective name for 
 various disconnected and hostile tribes in the 
 Caucasus. Some are Christian and some Mo- 
 hammedan. 
 
 Adi-Granth (a'de-granth). [‘ The fundamental 
 book.’] The Bible of the Sikhs, compiled by 
 the fifth successor of Nanak, Guru Arjun (1584- 
 1606). He collected in it the poetical pieces of the 
 founder and the three following gurus, and added his own 
 compositions as well as sentences and fragments by Ra- 
 manauda, Kabir, Namdev, and others. Additions were 
 made by Govind (1675-1708), the tenth and last guru, who 
 composed, besides a second Granth, “The Granth of the 
 Tenth Reign." These books are written in an antiquated 
 Panjabi, called Gurmukhi, ‘that which comes from the 
 mouth of the guru.’ These, with biographies of the gu- 
 rus and the saints, and a number of directions as to ritual 
 and discipline, make up the sacred literature of the sect. 
 Adin (a'din). [Heb., ‘delicate.’] The head 
 of a Hebrew family which returned from 
 Babylon with Zerubbabel. Ezra ii. 15, Neh. 
 vii. 20. 
 
 Adirondack Mountains (ad-i-ron'dak moun'- 
 tanz). A range of mountains in northeastern 
 New York, the highest in the State. The main 
 group is in Hamilton, Essex, Franklin, and Clinton 
 counties, but the name is extended to the whole north- 
 eastern region of New York. The highest peak is Mount 
 Marcy (5,344 feet). Other prominent summits are Mount 
 Dix, Mount McIntyre, Mount Seward, Mount Whiteface, 
 Haystack, etc. 
 
 Adirondack Park. A park established by act 
 of the New York legislature in 1892 within the 
 counties of Hamilton, Essex, Franklin, War- 
 ren, St. Lawrence, and Herkimer, for the use 
 of the public. Further provision for the park 
 was made by act of 1893. 
 
 Adites (ad'its). Early Arabian (Cushite) rulers. 
 Aditi (ad'i-ti). [Skt., appar. from a- priv. and 
 *diti, bond (y/ da, bind).] Used in the Vedas 
 as an adjective to mean ‘unbound,’ ‘free,’ ‘lim- 
 itless,’ ‘infinite,’ ‘exhaustless,’ and, as a noun, 
 to mean ‘ freedom,’ ‘ security,’ and then ‘ infin- 
 ity,’ in particular that of the heaven in contrast 
 with the finitude of the earth and its spaces. 
 The last conception personified is the goddess Aditi, the 
 mother of the Adityas. In the post-Yedic literature 
 Aditi is the mother of the gods, daughter of Daksha and 
 wife of Kasyapa, mother of the thirty-three gods, mother 
 of the Tushitas or of the twelve Adityas and the sun, and 
 sister of Agastya. In Aditi the confused and imposing 
 notion of a substratum of all existence seems to have 
 found one of its earliest expressions. 
 
 Adityas (a'dit-yaz). [‘ Sons of Aditi.’] In the 
 Vedic literature, seven gods of the heavenly 
 light, at whose head stands Varuna, who is the 
 Aditya par excellence. They are Yaruna, Mitra, ‘the 
 friend,’ Aryaman, ‘the bosom friend,’ Bhaga, ‘the lib- 
 eral,’ Daksha, ‘the capable,’ Ansa, ‘the apportioner,’ and 
 an uncertain seventh. M itra and the rest are only a split- 
 ting up and reflection of Varuna, the god of the vast 
 luminous heavens, viewed as embracing all things and as 
 the primary source of all life and every blessing. In the 
 Brahmanas and later the Adityas are twelve in number, 
 with manifest reference to the number of the months. 
 The term Aditya is also used from the earliest times as a 
 designation for the sun. See Amesha Spcntas. 
 
 Adler (ad'ler), Nathan Marcus. Born at Han- 
 over, Germany, 1803: died at Brighton, Eng- 
 land, Jan. 21, 1890. Chief rabbi of the United 
 Congregations of Jews of the British Empire, 
 and author of various theological works. 
 Adlerberg (ad'ler-bero), Count Vladimir 
 (Woldemar). Born at St. Petersburg, Nov. 
 10, 1790 : died there, March 20, 1884. A Russian 
 general and minister in the service of Nicholas 
 and Alexander II. 
 
 Adlerbeth (ad'ler-bet), Gudmund Goran. 
 
 Born 1751 : died 1818. A Swedish poet, dram- 
 atist, translator (of old Norse poetry, Vergil, 
 Horace, Ovid, etc.), and historical writer. 
 Adlercreutz (ad'ler-kroits), Count Karl Jo- 
 ban. Born near Borgd, Finland, April 27, 1757 : 
 died Aug. 21, 1815. A Swedish general, defeated 
 in Finland by the Russians in 1808. He took part 
 iu deposing Giistavus IV. in March, 1809, and served in 
 Germany iu 1813, and iu Norway in 1814. 
 
 Adlersparre (ad'16rs-pa're), Count_ Georg. 
 Born in Jemtland, Sweden, March 28, 1760 : died 
 in Wermland, Sweden, Sept. 23, 1835. A Swe- 
 dish author, editor, statesman, and general. 
 He contributed to the overthrow of Gustavus 
 IV. in 1809. Later he was appointed major- 
 general and was ennobled. 
 
 Adlersparre, Karl August. Born June 7, 1810: 
 died May 5, 1862. A Swedish poet and histo- 
 rian, son of Count Georg Adlersparre. 
 
 Admah (ad'ma). One of the cities destroyed 
 with Sodom. Gen. xiv. 2. 
 
 Admetus (ad-me'tus), or Admetos (-tos). [Gr. 
 IVi/u/rof.] In Greek mythology, a Thessalian 
 king, son of Plieres, king of Plierse, delivered 
 
Admetus 
 
 from death by the voluntary sacrifice of his 
 wife Alcestis. See Alcestis. He took part in the 
 expedition of the Argonauts and in the chase of the Caly- 
 donian hoar. 
 
 Admirable Crichton. See Crichton. 
 Admirable Doctor, L. Doctor Mirabilis. A 
 
 surname given to Eoger Bacon. 
 
 Admiralty Inlet (ad'mi-ral-ti in'let). An arm 
 of the sea, on the western coast of the State 
 of Washington, connecting Puget Sound with 
 the Strait of Juan de Fuca. 
 
 Admiralty Island. An island west of Alaska, 
 belonging to the United States, lat. 57° 30' N., 
 long. 134° 30' W. 
 
 Admiralty Islands. An archipelago in the 
 Pacific, northeast of Papua, about lat. 2° S., 
 long. 147° E., discovered by the Dutch in 1616, 
 and annexed by Germany in 1885. 
 
 Admiralty Sound. An arm of the Strait of 
 Magellan, on the western coast of King 
 Charles’s South Land,, Tierra del Fuego. 
 Admonitionists (ad-mo-nish'on-ists). A name 
 given to the followers of Thomas Cartwright, 
 two of whom in 1572 published “An Admoni- 
 tion to Parliament,” followed by a second one 
 by himself, strongly advocating church govern- 
 ment by presbyters as opposed to bishops, and 
 the supremacy of the church over the state. 
 Admont (ad'mont). A small town in Styria, 
 Austria-Hungary, situated on the Enns about 
 50 miles south of Linz : noted for its scenery 
 and Benedictine abbey. 
 
 Ado (a'do), Saint. Born about 800: died 874. 
 An archbishop of Vienne (appointed 859), noted 
 for his zeal in reforming the morals of the peo- 
 ple and in enforcing church discipline. His 
 memory is celebrated by the Roman Catholic 
 Church on Dec. 16. 
 
 Adod. See Hadad. 
 
 Adolph. See Atawidf. 
 
 Adolphe (a-dolf'). A romance (“Adolphe: anec- 
 dote trouvee dans les papiers d’un inconnu”) by 
 Benjamin Constant (first published 1816), which 
 ranks as a masterpiece of French literature. 
 Adolphus (a-dol'fus), William Augustus, G. 
 Wilhelm August Karl Friedrich Adolf. 
 Born at Weilburg, July 24, 1817: died at Ho- 
 henberg, Nov. 17, 1905. The last duke of 
 Nassau. He succeeded to the duchy in 1839. In 1866 
 he sided with Austria, and Nassau was annexed to Prussia 
 in the same year. He became grand duke of Luxemburg 
 in Nov., 1890. 
 
 Adolphus, John. Born at London, Aug. 7, 
 1768: died there, July 16, 1845. An English 
 barrister and historian, author of a “History 
 of England from the Accession of George in. 
 to the Conclusion of Peace in 1783” (1802), etc. 
 Adolphus, John Leycester. Bom May 11, 
 1795 : died Dec. 24, 1862. An English barrister 
 and man of letters, a son of John Adolphus: 
 author of “ Letters to Richard Heber, Esq.,” on 
 the authorship of the Waverley novels (1821). 
 Adolphus, Frederick, G. Friedrich Adolf. 
 Bom May 14, 1710: died Feb. 12, 1771. Duke 
 of Holstein-Eutin, chosen as crown-follower of 
 Sweden 1743. He reigned 1751-71. 
 
 Adolphus of Nassau. Born about 1252: killed 
 at Gollheim, Rhine Palatinate, July 2, 1298. A 
 king of Germany, elected 1292 and deposed 
 1298. He was defeated by his successor Al- 
 bert I. at Gollheim, 1298. 
 
 Adonai (ad-o-na'i or a-do-ni'). [Heb. ’Adonai, 
 plural of ’adon, lord.] The name used by the 
 Hebrews in place of the ineffable name Yah- 
 veh (Jehovah) wherever it occurs in the Scrip- 
 tures. See the extract. 
 
 It is in accordance with this Masoretic mode of pronun- 
 ciation that Hebrew is now taught. But there was one 
 word which the Masoretes of Tiberias either could not or 
 would not pronounce. This was the national name of the 
 God of Israel. Though used so freely in the Old Testa- 
 ment, it had come to be regarded with superstitious rev- 
 erence before the time when the Greek translation of the 
 Septuagint was made, and in this translation, accordingly, 
 the word Kyrios, “Lord,” is substituted for it wherever it 
 occurs. The New Testament writers naturally followed 
 the custom of the Septuagint and of their age, and so also 
 did the Masoretes of Tiberias. Wherever the holy name 
 was met with, they read in place of it AdOnai, “Lord,” 
 and hence, when supplying vowel-symbols to the text of 
 the Old Testament, they wrote the vowels of Adftnai under 
 the four consonants, YHVH, which composed it. This 
 simply meant that Adbnai was to be read wherever the 
 Bacred name was found. In ignorance of this fact, how- 
 ever, the scholars who first revived the study of Hebrew 
 in modem Europe imagined that the vowels of Ad/mai (il 
 or 6, o, and a) were intended to he read along with the 
 consonants below which they stood. The result was the 
 hybrid monster Yfihovkh [Jehovah]. In passing into Eng- 
 land the word became even more deformed. In German 
 the sound of y is denoted by the symbol j, and the German 
 symbol, but with the utterly different English pronuncia- 
 
 15 
 
 tion attached to it, found its way into the English trans- 
 lations of the Old Testament Scriptures. 
 
 Sayce, Anc. Monuments, p. 74. 
 
 Adonais (ad-o-na'is). An elegiac poem by 
 Shelley, commemorating the death of Keats, 
 published in 1821. 
 
 Adonbec. See Saladin. 
 
 Adonijah (ad-o-ni'ja). [Heb., ‘my Lord is Je- 
 hovah’; Gr. ’Aduu/aV.] 1 . The fourth son of 
 David. He plotted to obtain the throne in place of Solo- 
 mon near the close of David's reign. 
 
 2. A Levite mentioned in 2 Chron. xvii. 8. 
 Adonis (a-do'nis). In ancient geography, a 
 small river in Syria, the modern Nahr-Ibranim, 
 rising in the Lebanon, and flowing into the 
 Mediterranean about 13 miles north of Beirut. 
 Adonis (a-do'nis). [Gr. ’'Aduvig ; Heb. and Phen. 
 ’adon, lord.] In Greek mythology, a youth, a 
 model of beauty, beloved of Aphrodite. He died 
 from the wound of a boar’s tusk, received while hunting. 
 Acceding to the entreaties of Aphrodite, Zeus decreed that 
 he should pass half the year in the upper and half in the 
 lower world. Adonis is an oriental deity of nature, typi- 
 fying the withering of nature in winter, and its resuscita- 
 tion in summer. By way of Asia Minor his cult came to 
 Greece, then under the Ptolemies to Egypt, and, at the 
 time of the Empire, to Rome. The yearly festival of 
 Adonis in the spring was a special favorite with women. 
 In the Old Testament reference is made to the weeping of 
 the women over Tammuz, the Babylonian equivalent of 
 Adonis (Ezek. viii. 14). In the Babylonian Nimrod epic 
 he is mentioned as the beloved of Ishtar (Astarte, the Se- 
 mitic goddess, corresponding to Aphrodite), being repre- 
 sented there as slain by the goddess herself. See Tammuz. 
 Adony (od'ony). A small town in the county 
 of Stuhlweissenburg, Hungary, on the Danube 
 about 28 miles south of Budapest. 
 
 Adoptive Emperors, The. The Roman em- 
 perors Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus 
 Pius, and Marcus Aurelius : so called because 
 after Nerva, who was elected by the senate on 
 the death of Domitian, each was the adopted 
 son of his predecessor. They constitute the greatest 
 and noblest group of Roman emperors, and the period of 
 their reigns is the happiest in Roman history — according 
 to Gibbon the happiest in the history of the world. 
 
 Adoration of the Lamb. A painting by Jan 
 and Hubert van Eyck, in the cathedral of 
 Ghent, Belgium. It is the capital work of the 
 Flemish school. 
 
 Adoration of the Magi. Of the paintings with 
 this subject the following are among the most 
 notable : (1) An altarpiece (1528) by Sodoma (Bazzi), in 
 San Agostino at Siena, Italy. It is the painter's master- 
 piece, admirable in drawing and color. (2) A painting in 
 tempera by Sandro Botticelli, in the Uffizi, Florence. The 
 three kings are portraits of Cosimo, Giuliano, and Gio- 
 vanni dei Medici. The Virgin occupies a hut among rocks 
 and old ruins. (3) A painting by Tintoret, in the Scuola 
 di San Rocco at Venice. The entire scene is lighted by 
 the radiance emanating from the body of the Child. (4) 
 A noted painting by Rembrandt, in Buckingham Palace, 
 London. The Virgin and Child are seated at the right ; 
 before them kneel the Magi. Behind are kings and old 
 men, and in the distance a caravan of camels. (5) A pic- 
 ture by Albert Diirer, in the Uffizi, Florence. There is a 
 very delicate landscape background. (6) A painting by 
 Rubens, in the Musde de Peinture at Brussels, Belgium. 
 The Virgin stands in the middle holding the Child erect, 
 with St. Joseph behind her ; before them the kings stand 
 and kneel, while their guards and attendants observe the 
 scene from a staircase behind. (7) A painting by Rubens 
 (1624), in the Museum at Antwerp, Belgium. The Virgin 
 appears at the left, holding the Child on a pillow ; behind 
 her stands St. Joseph, and in front the kings and their 
 train. The figures are over life-size. (8) A splendid 
 painting by Paolo Veronese, a companion piece to the 
 Marriage at Cana, in the Museum at Dresden. The Vir- 
 gin is seated, with the Child on her knee; the kings, at- 
 tended by a numerous train with camels and horses, offer 
 their gifts. (9) The noted “Dombild” of the Cathedral 
 of Cologne, a large triptych by Meister Stephan (died 
 1451), considered the finest work of the early German 
 school intermediate between purely medieval and Renais- 
 sance painting. The side panels bear St. Gereon and St. 
 Ursula, and on the outside is painted an Annunciation. 
 Adorf (a'dorf). A small town in the district 
 of Zwickau, Saxony, on the Elster about 30 
 miles southwest of Zwickau. 
 
 Adour (ad-or'). A river in southwestern France, 
 the ancient Aturus, which rises in the Pyrenees 
 and flows into the Bay of Biscay about 5 miles 
 west of Bayonne. Its length is about 180 miles, 
 and it is navigable for about 70 miles. 
 
 Adowa (a'do-wa), or Adua (a'do-a). The capi- 
 tal of Tigrd, Abyssinia, about lat. 14° 8' N., 
 long. 38° 54' E. Population, 3,000. 
 
 Ad Pirum (ad pi'rum). [L., ‘ at the pear-tree.’] 
 An ancient Roman station in the Birnbaumer 
 Wald (northeast of Trieste), on the road across 
 the Alps into Italy, celebrated in connection 
 with Theodosius’s victory of the Frigidus, 394. 
 Adra (a'drii). A seaport, the ancient Abdera, 
 in the province of Almeria, Spain, on the Medi- 
 terranean about 50 miles southeast of Granada. 
 There are numerous lead-mines in its vicinity. 
 Population, 11,188. 
 
 Adrain (ad'ran), Robert. Born at Carriekfer- 
 
 Adrian VI. 
 
 gus, Ireland, Sept. 30, 1775: died at New Bruns- 
 wick, New Jersey, Aug. 10, 1843. An Irish- 
 American mathematician, a participant in the 
 Irish rebellion of 1798. He escaped to America, 
 taught school in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and was 
 professor of mathematics at Rutgers College from 1810 to 
 1813, at Columbia College from 1813 to 1825, and at the 
 University of Pennsylvania from 1827 to 1834. He edited 
 Hutton’s “Mathematics,” and was editor of the “Mathe- 
 matical Diary ” from 1825 to 1829. 
 
 Adrammelech, or Adramelecli (a-dram'e-lek). 
 [Babylonian Adar-maKk, Adar is councilor 
 (ruler, prince).] 1. An idol worshiped, with 
 the sacrifice of children, by the inhabitants 
 of Sepharvaim with whom Sargon, king of As- 
 syria, colonized Samaria. (2 Ki. xvii. 31.) See 
 Adar . — 2. A son of Sennacherib, king of As- 
 syria. With the help of his brother Sharezer he slew 
 his father in the so-called temple of Nisroch, on his return 
 from his expedition against Hezekiah. (2 Ki. xix. 37, Isa. 
 xxxvii. 38.) This event is mentioned in the Babylonian 
 chronicle (cuneiform). 
 
 3. In angelology, one of the fallen angels. 
 Adramyttium (ad-ra-mit'i-um). [Gr. ’Adpa/ibr- 
 ruov, ’ASpa/LtvTTiov.'] In ancient geography, a 
 town in Mysia, Asia Minor, on the Gulf of Adra- 
 myttium about lat. 39° 35' N., long. 26° 55' E. 
 The modern town Adramyti or Edremid lies 
 about 3 miles inland (population, 8,000). 
 Adramyttium, Gulf of. An arm of the Aegean 
 Sea, on the western coast of Asia Minor, north 
 of Mytilene. 
 
 Adrar. See Aderer. 
 
 Adraste (a-drast'). The principal character of 
 Moliere’s play “Le Sicilien,” a young French 
 gentleman who succeeds in carrying off Isidore, 
 the beautiful Greek slave of Don Pedre, by 
 disguising himself as a portrait-painter : hence 
 the second title of the play, ‘ ‘ L’Amour peintre.” 
 Adrasteia (ad-ras-ti'a). [Gr. ’ASpaareia.'] 1. 
 A name of Nemesis and of Rhea-Cybele. — 2. 
 A Cretan nymph, daughter of Melisseus, to 
 whom Rhea intrusted the infant Zeus to be 
 reared in the Dicttean grotto. Smith, Diet. Gr. 
 and Rom. Biog. 
 
 Adrastus (a-dras'tus), or Adrastos (a-dras'- 
 tos). [Gr. ’'ASpaoTOQ.'] In Greek legend, a king 
 of Argos, leader in the expedition of the 
 “Seven against Thebes.” He was worshiped 
 as a hero in several places, among themMegara. 
 Adria (a'dri-a). In ancient geography (about 
 the 1st century a. d.), that part of the Medi- 
 terranean which lies between Crete and Sicily. 
 Adria (in ancient Picenum). See Atri. 
 
 Adria (a'dre-a), or Adria Veneta (a'dre-a va- 
 na'ta). A town in the province of Rovigo, 
 Italy, the ancient Adria, Atria, Hadria, or 
 Hatria, situated near the sea about 16 miles 
 southwest of Venice. It has a cathedral and many 
 antiquities, and has been successively an Etruscan, a 
 Greek, and a Roman town. Population, commune, 15,678. 
 Adrian (a'dri-an), or Hadrian (ha'dri-an), I. 
 Pope from 772 to 795. He summoned Charles the 
 Great to resist the encroachments of the Lombard king 
 Desiderius, who had occupied Pentapolis and was threat- 
 ening Rome ; and Charles, after the destruction of the 
 Lombard kingdom, granted anew to him the territories 
 originally bestowed by Pepin, with the addition of Ancona 
 and Benevento. Adrian adopted the view of the Eastern 
 Church with regard to the veneration of images, anathe- 
 matizing all who refused to venerate the images of Christ, 
 the Virgin, or the saints. He was the son of a Roman 
 noble. 
 
 Adrian, or Hadrian, II. Pope from 867 to 872. 
 
 He passed a sentence of deposition on Photius, patriarch 
 of Constantinople, which was confirmed at a council of 
 the Eastern Church in 869-870. 
 
 Adrian, or Hadrian, III. Pope from 884 to 885. 
 Adrian, or Hadrian, IV. (Nicholas Break- 
 spear). Born before 1100 at Langley, near St. 
 Albans, in Hertfordshire : died at Anagni, Italy, 
 1159. Pope from Dec. 4, 1154, to Sept. 1, 1159: 
 the only Englishman who has occupied the 
 papal chair. He was successively a clerk and abbot of 
 the monastery of St. Rufus, in Provence, and in 1146 was 
 created cardinal-bishop of Albano by Pope Eugenius III. 
 From 1152 to 1154 he was legate to .Denmark and Nor- 
 way. As Pope he bestowed the sovereignty of Ireland 
 on Henry II. of England. He quelled the democratic 
 rising of the Roman people under Arnold of Brescia, and 
 procured the execution of the latter in 1155. He com- 
 pelled William, king of the Two Sicilies, to acknowledge 
 the feudal suzerainty of the Pope. With Adrian IV. be- 
 gan the great conflict between the papal power and the 
 house of Hohenstaufen. He died while preparing to 
 place himself at the head of the forces of the Italian 
 party against the emperor Frederick I. 
 
 Adrian, or Hadrian, V. (Ottoboni Fiesco). 
 
 Pope in 1276. He lived only five weeks after 
 his accession to the chair. 
 
 Adrian, or Hadrian, VI. Born at Utrecht in 
 1459: died Sept. 14, 1523. Pope from 1522 to 
 1 523. He studied at the University of Louvain, of which 
 he became vice-chancellor, and was chosen by the em- 
 peror Maximilian to be the tutor of his grandson, Arch- 
 
Adrian VI. 
 
 duke Charles, the later emperor Charles V. In 1516 he 
 became bishop of Tortosaand grand inquisitor of Aragon ; 
 in 1517 he was created a cardinal by Leo X.; and after 
 the death of Ferdinand he acted for a time as regent of 
 Spain. On his accession to the papal chair Jan. 9, 1522, 
 he corrected various external abuses in the church, but 
 failed in his efforts to check the Reformation. 
 
 Adrian. A lord ill Shakspere’s ‘ ‘ Tempest.” 
 
 Adrian de Gastello, or de Corneto. Born at 
 Corneto, Tuscany, Italy, 1460 (?) : died 1521 (?). 
 An Italian ecclesiastic and scholar, nuncio of 
 Innocent VIII. in Scotland in 1488, agent at 
 Rome of Henry VII. of England, collector of 
 Peter’s pence in England, and papal prothon- 
 otary. He obtained in 11-92 the prebend of Ealdland in 
 St. Paul’s Cathedral, and the rectory of St. Dunstan-in-the- 
 East, but returned to Rome on the death of Innocent 
 VIII. He was made bishop of Hereford in 1502, bishop 
 of Bath and Weils in 1501, and cardinal in 1503. In 1517 
 he was implicated in the conspiracy of Cardinals Petrucci, 
 De Sauli, and Riario to poison Leo X., and was deprived of 
 his cardinalate (1518) and of his dignities in England. He 
 was probably assassinated. He wrote “ Venatio,” a poem 
 (1505), “De Vera Philosophia” (1507), “DeSermone Latino 
 et modo Latine Loquendi’’ (1513), etc. 
 
 Adrian (a'dri-an). The capital of Lenawee 
 County, Michigan, a manufacturing city situ- 
 ated on the river Raisin about 55 miles south- 
 west of Detroit : sometimes called the “ Maple 
 City” Population, 10,763, (1910). 
 
 Adriana (S-dri-a'nii). A character in Shak- 
 spere’s “Comedy of Errors”: the wife of An- 
 tipholus of Ephesus. 
 
 Adriana, Villa. See Hadrian’s Villa. 
 
 Adrianople (ad // ri-an-o , pl). [Turk. Edirneh, or 
 Edreneh .] The capital of the vilayet of Adri- 
 anople, on the Maritza in lat. *41° 41' N., 
 long. 26° 35' E., a place of great strategic and 
 commercial importance, founded by the em- 
 peror Hadrian about 125 A. D., on the site of 
 the ancient Uscudama: the residence of the 
 sultans 1361-1453. it was besieged by the Avars in 
 586, stormed by the Bulgarians in 922, entered by the 
 Crusaders in 1189, taken by the Turks in 1361, taken by the 
 Russians under Diebitsch in 1829, occupied by the Rus- 
 sians Jan., 1878, and besieged by the Bulgars in 1912. The 
 emperor Baldwin I. was taken prisoner in Adrianople by 
 the Bulgars in 1205. Its most notable building is the 16th- 
 century mosque of Sultan Selim II. It is preceded by a 
 tine portico of monolithic columns, and flanked by four 
 slender fluted minarets about 200 feet high. The span of 
 the dome (106 feet) is greater than that of Santa Sophia : 
 it rests on four' colossal porphyry columns. 
 
 Adrianople. A vilayet in European Turkey. 
 Population, 1,028,200. 
 
 Adrianople, Battle of. 1. A victory of the 
 Goths over the emperor Valons, 378 a. d. — 2. 
 A victory of the Slavs over the Byzantines, 
 551. 
 
 Adrianople, Peace or Treaty of. A treaty 
 between Russia and Turkey, signed at Adrian- 
 ople, Sept. 14, 1829. Turkey ceded to Russia im- 
 portant fortresses and districts on the northeastern coast 
 of the Black Sea ; granted to Russian subjects freedom of 
 trade in Turkey, and freedom of navigation in- the Black 
 Sea, Danube, and Dardanelles ; confirmed and extended 
 the protectorate exercised by the czar over the Danubian 
 principalities ; gave Russia control of a part of the left, 
 hank of the lower Danube, and of the Sulina mouth of 
 that river; and recognized the independence of Greece. 
 
 Adrian! (a-dre-a'no), Giovanni Battista. 
 
 Born at Florence 1513 : died 1579. A Florentine 
 statesman and historian, author of a history of 
 his time, for the period 1536-74. 
 
 Adrianns, Publius iElius. See Hadrian. 
 
 Adriatic Sea (a-dri-at'ik, or ad-ri-at'ik,se). [Gr. 
 6 Adpiag, L. Mare Adriaticum, or Mare Super um, 
 It. Marc Adriatico, F. Mer Adriatiqae, G. Adria- 
 tisches Mecr .] That part of the Mediterranean 
 which lies between Italy on the west and north- 
 west, and Austria, Montenegro, and Albania on 
 the east, and is connected with the Ionian Sea 
 by the Strait of Otranl O. Its chief arms are the Gulfs 
 of Manfredonia, Venice, Trieste, and Quamero, and its lar- 
 gest tributaries are the Po and Adige. Its length is about 
 450 miles, and its average width about 100 miles. 
 
 Adrienne Lecouvreur (a-dri-en' le-ko-vrer'). 
 A prose drama in 5 acts, by Scribe and Le- 
 gouvb, first presented April 14, 1849. See Lc- 
 couvreur, Adrienne. 
 
 Adaatici (ad-u-at'i-si), or Aduatuci (ad-u- 
 at'u-sl). A German tribe of Belgie Gaul, de- 
 scendants of the Cimbri and Teutones, living 
 west of the Meuse, dispersed by Caesar 57 b. c. 
 
 Adula (a-do'la), or Rheinwaldgebirge (rin- 
 viild-ge-ber'ge). A group of tho Alps in the 
 western part of the canton of Orisons, Switzer- 
 land, the source of the Hinter-Rhein. The 
 highest point is the Rheinwaldhom, 11, 150 feet. 
 
 Adule, Adulis. See Zulla. 
 
 Adulis Bay. See Annesley Bay. 
 
 Adullam ( a-dul'am ) . [Heb., possibly ‘retreat.’] 
 A city and “cave” (error for “ stronghold”) in 
 the territory of Judah in the low country : origi- 
 nally a Canaanite city. it was used by David 
 
 16 
 
 as a hiding-place. It has been identified with the modern 
 Aid-el-m5, 10 miles northeast of Hebron ; falsely identi- 
 fied by tradition with Khareitun near Bethlehem. 
 
 Adullam, Gave of. The stronghold to which 
 David withdrew from Gath. 1 Sam. xxii. 
 See above. 
 
 Adullamites. In English history, the group 
 of Liberals who seceded from the Whig party 
 and voted with the Conservatives when Earl 
 Russell and Mr. Gladstone introduced a measure 
 for the extension of tho elective franchise in 
 1866. They received the name of Adullamites from their 
 being likened by Mr. Bright to the discontented persons 
 who took refuge with David in the Cave of Adullam. 
 The party was also known collectively as “The Cave” 
 and “ The Cave of Adullam.” 
 
 Advance (ad-vans' ), Tile. The vessel in which 
 Elisha Kane explored the arctic regions in 
 search of Sir John Franklin. See Kane. 
 
 Adventure (ad-ven'tur), The. 1. The ship of 
 the pirate Captain Kidd. — 2. The ship in which 
 Captain Kin g ( associated wi th Fitzroy ) explored 
 the coasts of South America, 1826-30. 
 
 Adventures of Five Hours, The. A play by 
 Sir Samuel Tuke, an adaptation of Calderon’s 
 “Los Empeiios de Seis Horas,” made by the 
 advice of Charles II., and printed in 1662. 
 
 Adventures of an Atom, The. A political 
 satire by Smollett, published in 1769. 
 
 Adversity Hume. A nickname of Joseph 
 Hume (1777-1855), given to him about 1825 on 
 account of bis predictions of national disaster. 
 See Prosperity Robinson. 
 
 Adventures of Philip. A novel by Thackeray, 
 published in 1862. 
 
 Adye (a/di), Sir John Miller. Born Nov. 1, 
 1819: died Aug. 26, 1900. An English general 
 and military writer: author of “Defence of 
 Cawnpore,” etc. 
 
 iEacides (e-as'i-dez). A descendant, of Alacus, 
 especially Achilles. 
 
 •(Sadis (e'a-kus). [Gr. Ala/cof.] In Greek 
 mythology, the son of Zeus and Aigina, re- 
 nowned for his justice, and made a judge in 
 the lower world. Ho was the grandfather of 
 Achilles. 
 
 JEdhan. See Aidan. 
 
 Aedon (a-e'don). [Gr. Ayduv.'] In Greek my- 
 thology, a daughter of Pandareus of Ephesus. 
 According to Homer she was the wife of Zethus. king of 
 Thebes, ami the mother of Itylus. Inspired by envy 
 of -Niobe, the wife of her brother Amphion, who had six 
 sons and six daughters, she formed the design of killing 
 Niobe’s eldest son, but by mistake destroyed her own son 
 Itylus. To relieve her grief sue was changed by Zeus 
 into a nightingale. 
 
 iSdui (ed'ii-i). A Celtic people living in cen- 
 tral Gaul, west of the Sequani between the 
 Sadne and the Loire. Their capital was Bibracte 
 (Augustodunum, Autun). They were allies of the Romans, 
 but joined in the revolt of 52 B. C. Also lledui. 
 
 The iEdui, friends and brothers, as they delighted to he 
 called, of the Roman people, held Ihe highest place among 
 the nations of central Gaul. Their friendship and brother- 
 hood was acknowledged by ihe P-omans themselves. It 
 was a special badge of distinction. Rome had many al- 
 lies; the 2Edui were her only brothers. The brothers of 
 Rome were naturally the first among the nations of Gaul 
 to find their way into ihe Roman Senate. 
 
 Freeman , Hist. Essays, 4th ser., p. 98. 
 
 iEgadian Islands (5-ga'di-an i'landz). See 
 JEgates. 
 
 JEgseon (e-je'on). [Gr. Aiyaiuv.'] Seo Briareus. 
 
 iEgaieos (e-ga'lo-os). [Gr. AxyaXeugQ In an- 
 cient geography, a mountain-range in Attica 
 separating the Athenian and Eleusinian plains. 
 It ended in a promontory (Amphiale) opposite Saiami3. 
 From it Xerxes witnessed the buttle of Salamis. 
 
 iEgates (e-ga'tez). [L.] In ancient geography, 
 a group of small islands west of Sicily: the 
 modern iEgadian Islands. They comprise Favi- 
 gnana, Maritimo, Levanzo, and Formica, and belong to the 
 province of Trapani, Sicily. Near them was gained the 
 Roman naval victoiy over the Carthaginians, 241 B. c. 
 
 iSgean Sea (c-jo'an so). [L. Mare JEgaeum, 
 Gr. 6 A lyaioc tt6vtoi ~, or to A'tyaiovTrclayo f, so called, 
 according to Strabo, from Alyci, Algro, a town 
 in Euboea; according toothers (erroneously) 
 from A iyd'C, Algeus.j That part of tho Medi- 
 terranean which lies between Greece on tho 
 west, European Turkey on tho north, and 
 Asia Minor on the east, and communicates 
 with the Sea of Marmora and thence with tho 
 Black Sea by the Strait of Dardanelles, it con- 
 tains many islands, as Euboea, the Cyclades, tho Sporades, 
 Samos, Chios, Mytilene, Samothrace, Thasos, etc. Its 
 chief arms are the Gulf of Nauplia, the Saronic Gulf, the 
 Channels of Egripo and Talanta, and the Gulfs of Lamia, 
 Volo, Salonild, Cassandra, Monte Santo, Contessa, Saros, 
 Adramyti, Smyrna, Scala Nova, Mendelia, and Kos. Its 
 chief tributaries are the Salembria, Vardar, Struma, Ma- 
 ritza, Sarabat, and Mendere. Its length is about 400 miles, 
 and its greatest width over 200 miles. See .Bp cue. 
 
 iEgeon (o-je'on). A character in Shakspere’s 
 “ Comedy of Errors”: a merchant of Syracuse. 
 
 iEglamour 
 
 Algeus (e'jus). [Gr. Alyebc.]] In Greek legend, 
 the father of Theseus, and king of Athens. 
 He threw himself into the iEgean Sea (whence, according 
 to tradition, the name) through grief at the supposed 
 loss of his son. 
 
 iSgidi (a-ge'de), Ludwig Karl. Born at Tilsit, 
 April 10, 1825 : died at Berlin, Nov. 19, 1901. 
 A German jurist, publicist, and politician, pro- 
 fessor of jurisprudence in the University of 
 Bonn (1838), and professor of jurisprudence in 
 the University of Berlin (1877 ). 
 iEgidiuS (e-jid'i-us). 1. A Roman commander 
 in Gaul under Majorianus (457-461). After the 
 death of the emperor he maintained an independent sov- 
 ereignty, possibly with the title of king, at Soissons. He 
 was voluntarily chosen king of the 1 ranks during the 
 temporary exile of the unpopular Childeric. 
 
 2. See Giles, Saint. 
 
 iEgidius a Colunmis (e-jid'i-us a ko-lum'nis). 
 Born at Rome about 1247 : died 1316. A scho- 
 lastic philosopher, general of the Augustine 
 order, sumamed “Doctor Fundatissimus.” 
 iEgina (e-jl'na), or Aigina (I'gi-na). [Gr. 
 A iyiva.'] In Greek mythology, the daughter of 
 Asopus, the river-god, beloved by Zeus, and 
 carried by him to the island of Aigina (whence, 
 according to tradition, its name). 
 iEgina, or Aigina. An island of Greece, in the 
 Saronic Gulf of the iEgean, lat. 37° 45' N., long. 
 23° 26' E. It was colonized by Dorians, and was an im- 
 portant commercial state and center of art in the 6th and 
 5tli centuries B. c. In 156 b. c. it was subjugated byAthens, 
 and now belongs to the nomarchy of Attica and Bceotia. 
 Its length is 9 miles. Population, 8,600. 
 
 iEgina, or Aigina. The capital of the island of 
 Aigina, situated on the western coast: popula- 
 tion, 5,412. The temple of Athena at A5gina was 
 a monument famous for boih architecture and sculpture. 
 It was a Doric p ripteros of 6 by 12 columns, the cella 
 having pronaos and opisthodomos with 2 columns in antis. 
 Twenty-two columns, with their entablature, are standing. 
 Each pediment was filled with a group of sculpture rep- 
 resenting a combat between Greeks and Trojans under 
 the presidency of Athena, who is the central figure. The 
 major part of these sculptures has been recovered, and 
 is included in the collection of the JEginetan Marbles 
 (which see) at Munich. Though appearing older, the 
 temple is ascribed to the early part of the 5th century B. c. 
 Of the temple of Aphrodite but one of the great Doric 
 columns, very similar to those of the temple of Athena, 
 but larger, is standing, hut the plan has been in part re- 
 covered. The temple was liexastyle. 
 
 iEgina, Gulf of. See Saronic Gulf. 
 ifigineta, Paulus. See Fauhis JEgineta. 
 /Eginetan Marbles (cj-i-ne'tan mar'blz). An 
 important collection of sculpture from tbe tem- 
 ple of Athena in Aigina, now in the Glyptothek 
 at Munich. These sculptures were discovered in 1811, 
 and consist for themost part of the remains of the series of 
 statues from both pediments of the temple. Five figures 
 survive from the eastern pediment, and 10 from the west- 
 ern, which is probably complete. Both groups represent 
 the exploits of Greek heroes in the Trojan war, with 
 Athena as the central figure. They belong to an artistic 
 period immediately before (he time of full mastery, and 
 thus, while in many particulars admirable, preserve some 
 archaic features, as the rigid smile on the expressionless 
 faces, and the stiffness of attitude of some of the figures. 
 The date generally accepted is about 475 B. C.; but this 
 is not definitely established. These sculptures were re- 
 stored by Thorwaldsen. 
 
 iEgipan (e'ji-pan). [Gr. A lyhav, the goat Pan.] 
 In Greek mythology, the goat Pan, in some 
 forms of the myth identical with Pan, and in 
 others different from him. He is called the 
 son of Zeus and Alga, Pan’s wife, and also the 
 father of Pan. 
 
 •Sgir (i'gir). [ON. segir, AS. edaor, the sea.] 
 In Old Norse mythology, the god of the ocean, 
 lie was tho principal water-demon and by race a giant, 
 but personifies tho more propitious characteristics of the 
 sea. He is also called liter (ON. HUr) and Gymir. His 
 wife is Ran. 
 
 iEgis (e'jis). [L. aegis, < Gr. aiytc, the egis, also 
 a rushing storm, hurricane.] In Greek mythol- 
 ogy, originally the storm-cloud enveloping the 
 thunderbolt, the especial weapon of Zeus. It 
 afterward came to be regarded as: (a) The skin of the 
 goat Amalthea, the foster-mother of Zeus, which the latter 
 took for defensive armor in his war with the Titans. (6) 
 A terrible weapon wrought by Hephaestus after the fash- 
 ion of a thunder-cloud fringed with lightning, intrusted 
 by Zens to Apollo and to Athena, and a characteristic at- 
 tribute of the latter. In ait tho iEgis is represented as 
 a sort of mantle fringed with serpents, generally worn 
 over (he breast, but sometimes held extended over the 
 left arm, or thrown over (he arm to serve as a shield. The 
 .Egis of Athena, except in tho most primitive representa- 
 tions, bears in the midst (ho head of the Gorgon Medusa, 
 and is usually covered with scales like those of a serpent. 
 iEgistliUS(c-jis'thus). [Gr. AiyioCoc.] Iu Greek 
 legend, a son of Thyestes and cousin of Aga- 
 memnon: be seduced CTytemnestra, and pro- 
 cured tbe murder of Agamemnon. In the “Aga- 
 memnon” of -Eschylus CTytemnestra, incited to the act 
 by .Egisthus, commits the murder. 
 iEglamour (e'gla-mor). The Sad Shepherd in 
 Jonson’s play of that name. He grieves at the 
 reported drowning of the shepherdess Earine. 
 
iEgle 
 
 iEgle (eg'le). [Gr. Aiyib?.] In Greek mythol- 
 ogy! (a) A naiad, mother of the Graces, (b) 
 One of the Hesperides. 
 
 iEgOSpotami (e-gos-pot'a-mi). [Gr. A'rydg no- 
 ra/io!, “goat’s rivers.’] In ancient geography, a 
 small river and a town of the Thracian Cher- 
 sonesus, about lat. 40° 20' N., long. 26° 33' E., 
 noted as the place of a naval victory of the 
 Spartans under Lysander over the Athenians, 
 405 b. c., which led to the close of the Pelopon- 
 nesian war. 
 
 JEgyptus (e-jip'tus). [Gr. Aijw-oc.] In Greek 
 mythology, a son of Belus and twin brother of 
 Danaus. Hereceivedfrom Belus the sovereignty 
 of Arabia and conquered Egypt. See Egypt.. 
 iElfheah (alf'hean), or Saint Alphege (al'fej). 
 Born 954 : died April 19, 1012. An Anglo-Saxon 
 prelate, made bishop of Winchester in 984 and 
 archbishop of Canterbury in 1006. He was captured 
 by the Danes in 1011, and held for ransom. This he at 
 first agreed to pay, but afterward refused, and iu conse- 
 quence was slain. 
 
 Alfred. See Alfred. 
 
 .Slfric (alf'rik). Born about 955: died about 
 1020 A. D. An English (Anglo-Saxon) abbot, 
 surnamed “Grammaticus,” author of homilies 
 (edited by Thorpe 1844-46), a Latin grammar 
 and glossary, a treatise on the Old and New 
 Testaments, “ Heptateuchus,” etc. There has 
 been much discussion with regard to his identity, and it 
 is still in dispute. 
 
 jffilfthryth (alf'thrith), L. Elfrida (el-fn'd8). 
 Born about 945: died about 1000. An Anglo- 
 Saxon queen, daughter of Ordgar, ealdorman of 
 Devon, wife first of iEthelwald, ealdorman of 
 the East Anglians, and, after his death, of King 
 Eadgar by whom she was the mother of HCthel- 
 red II. She is said to have caused the murder of her 
 stepson Eadward at Corfe, in order to secure the election 
 of dithelred. 
 
 .#;iia Capitolina (e'li-a kapH-to-lTna). In au- 
 cient geography, a Roman colony established 
 by Hadrian, 131 A. d., on the site of Jerusalem. 
 Ailia was the family name of Hadrian : a temple was 
 dedicated to Jupiter Capitolinus in the place (hence the 
 name). 
 
 iElia gens (e'li-a jenz). In ancient Rome, a 
 plebeian clan or house whose family names and 
 surnames were Bala, Catus, Gallus, Gracilis, 
 Lamia, Ligur, Psetus, Sejanus, Staienus, Stilo, 
 and Tubero. To this gens belonged the em- 
 peror Hadrian and the Antonines, whom he 
 adopted. 
 
 iElian (e'li-an). See JElianus , Claudius. 
 .£Ilianus (e-li-a'nus), Claudius. A Roman 
 rhetorician of the 2d century a. d., said to have 
 been boru at Prieneste, Italy. His extant works 
 are noociAij’Io-Topia, commonly called “ Varia Historia,” 
 “a collection of ‘ana' containing anecdotes of every 
 kind, historical, biographical, antiquarian, put together 
 without any method or connection, and, perhaps, not in- 
 tended f or publication” (K. 0. Muller); and ilepl Zuu ov 
 ISiotijto?’ (De Animalium Natura), “On the Peculiarities of 
 Animals,” a worksim lar in form to the preceding. 
 
 JElianus Tacticus (e-li-a'nus tak'ti-kus). 
 Lived about 100 A. D. A writer, probably a 
 Greek residing at Rome, author of a work in 
 Greek on the military tactics of the Greeks and 
 the constitution of a Roman army. 
 iElia (al'a), or Ella (el'a). Died 588. King 
 of the Deirans from 559 to 588, the son of Iffa, 
 ealdorman of the Deirans. He cast off the su- 
 premacy of the Bernicians at the death of Ida. 
 Aello (a-el'o). [Gr. Ar/Uw.] In Greek mythol- 
 ogy, one of the Harpies. 
 
 Aeisfc. See A lost. 
 
 Aelst (alst), Willem van. Born at Delft, Neth- 
 erlands, 1020: died at Amsterdam, 1G79. A 
 Dutch painter of flowers and fruit. 
 iEmilia (e-mil'i-a). [Fem. of JEmilius.'] 1. In 
 the fourth book of Spenser’s “Faerie Queene,” 
 a lovely lady “rapt by greedie lust” into the 
 power of a cannibal giant who held Amoret 
 also captive. She was saved by Belpkoebe. — 2. 
 In Shakspere’s “Comedy of Errors,” the wife 
 of Adgeon, acting as the abbess of Ephesus. 
 Emilia gens (e-mil'i-a jenz). One of the most 
 ancient patrician houses at Rome, probably of 
 Sabine origin, which regarded as its ancestor 
 Mamercus, called /Emilius on account of Lis 
 persuasive language, who was variously repre- 
 sented as the son of Pythagoras, or of Numa, 
 or as the descendant of Ascanius. The first 
 member of the gens who obtained the consulship was L. 
 ACmilius Mamercus (in 484 B. 0 .). Its family names are 
 Barbula, Buca, Lepidus, Mamercus or Mamercinus, 1‘apus, 
 Paulus, Regillus, and Scaurus. 
 iEmilius (e-mil'i-us). [A Roman name said to 
 be from Gr. aipvfao f, flattering. See /Emilia 
 gem. ] In Shakspere’s (?) “ Titus Andronicus,” 
 a noble Roman, 
 c.— » 
 
 17 
 
 xEmilius, Paulus (Paolo Emilio). Bom at 
 
 Verona, Italy: died at Paris, May 5, 1529. An 
 Italian historian, summoned to France in the 
 reign of Charles VIII. to write a French history, 
 “De rebus gestis Francorum.” 
 iEmiiius Paulus. See Paulus. 
 iEneas (e-ne'as). [Gr. Aim'af.] In classical 
 legend, a Trojan prince, son of Anckises, king 
 otDardanus, and Aphrodite. The traditions about 
 him vary. According to Homer, being robbed of his cat- 
 tle by Achilles, he took sides, with his Dardanians, against 
 the Greeks, played an important part in the war, and after 
 the sack of Troy, and the extinction of the house of Priam, 
 reigned (as did also his descendants) in the Troad. In 
 post-Homeric traditions he is sometimes r presented as 
 absent from the sack of Troy, sometimes as seeking refuge, 
 on the admonition of Aphrodite, in Mount Ida, and carry- 
 ing his father thither on his shoulders (with other varia- 
 tions), and as settling in the peninsula of Pallene, or in 
 the Arcadian Orchomenos. Most of the traditions, how- 
 ever, represent him as landing in Italy, and becomingthe 
 ancestral hero of the Romans. See /Eneid. 
 
 iSneas Sylvius. See Pius II. 
 iEneid (e-ne'id), or.ZBneis (-is). An epic poem, 
 in twelve books, by Vergil, recounting the ad- 
 ventures of iEneas after the fall of Troy, founded 
 on the Roman tradition that Alneas settled in 
 Latium and became the ancestral hero of the 
 Roman people. The hero, driven by a storm on the 
 coast of Africa, is hospitably received by Dido, queen of 
 Carthage, to whom lie relates the fall of Troy and his wan- 
 derings. An attachment between them is broken by the 
 departure of Aineas, in obedience to the will of the gods, 
 and the suicide of Dido follows. After a visit to Sicily, 
 ASneas lands at Cumse in Italy. In a descent to (he in- 
 fernal regions he sees his father, Anchises, and has a pro- 
 phetic vision of the glorious destiny of his race as well as 
 of the future heroes of Pvome. He marries Lavinia, daugh- 
 ter of Latinus, king of the Latini, and a contest with Tur- 
 nus, king of the Rutuli, the rejected suitor, follows, in 
 which Turnus is slain. The poem is a glorific ation of Rome 
 and of the emperor Augustus, who, as a member of the 
 Julian gens, traced his descent from Julus (sometimes 
 identified with Ascanius), the grandson of A5neas. The 
 poem was completed, but not finally corrected, at the death 
 of the author in 19 B. o. 
 
 iEnesidemus (en-e-si-de'mus). [Gr. Alvyaid?]- 
 goc.'] A celebrated Greek skeptical philoso- 
 pher of Cnossus (or AUgse) in Crete, a younger 
 contemporary of Cicero. 
 
 JEolia (e-o'li-ii). See /Eolis. 
 iEolian Islands (e-5'li-an i'landz). The an- 
 cient name of the Lipari Islands. 
 
 .Sicilians (e-o'li-anz). The Azoles or ASolii, one 
 of the four great divisions of the Greek race. 
 They occupied from an early period a large part of north- 
 ern Greece and the western part of Peloponnesus, and 
 also migrated to Asia Minor, settling in the region named 
 for them ASolis, and in Lesbos. 
 
 ^lolis (e'o-lis), or iEolia (e-o'li-a). [Gr. Alo/iic, 
 Aio/h'a.] In ancient geography, originally the 
 western coast of Asia Minor between the river 
 Hermus and Lectum. Later it extended along 
 Troas. 
 
 ■^Bolus (e'o-lus). [Gr. AloZof.] 1. In Greek my- 
 thology, the god of the winds, which he con- 
 fined in a cavern. — 2. The son of Hellen, and 
 the eponymic founder of the iEolian race. 
 iEpinus (a-pe'nos) (Franz Maria Ulrich Theo- 
 dor Hoch). [G. Hock, high ; Gr. aim g, high, 
 steep, whence IEpinus.'] Born at Rostock. Ger- 
 many, 1724: died at Dorpat, 1802. A German- 
 Russian physicist, author of “ Tentamen theo- 
 rite eleetricitatis et magnetismi” (1759), etc. 
 iEpinus, Johann (originally Hoch). Born at 
 Ziesar, Prussia, 1499 : died at Hamburg, May 
 13, 1553. A German Protestant theologian, an 
 opponent of Melanchthon, and author of a work 
 “De Purgatorio.” 
 
 iEqui (e'kwi). In ancient geography, a tribe 
 living in Latium, east of Romo and north of the 
 Hernici, often allied with the Volseians and at 
 war with the Romans. They were finally sub- 
 dued about 300 B. c. 
 
 Aerians (a-e'ri-anz). A reforming, Arian, sect 
 of the 4th century: so called from their leader 
 Aerius. They maintained that a presbyter or elder does 
 not differ from a bishop in authority, repudiated prayers 
 for the dead, and rejected church tasts. This sect was 
 the forerunner of modern Presbyterianism. 
 
 Aerius (a-e'ri-us). A presbyter of Sebastia, 
 in Pontus, Asia Minor, who lived in the middle 
 of the 4t.h century a. d., and was the founder 
 of the Aerians. 
 
 .<T!r6 (a're), or Arroe (ar're-e). An island of 
 Denmark, in the Little Belt, south of Fti- 
 nen. Length, 15 miles. Area, 33 square miles. 
 Population, about 11,000. Its chief town is 
 Alroeskjobing. 
 
 Aerschot, orArschot (ar'skot). A town in the 
 province of Brabant, Belgium, on the Demer 
 about 23 miles northeast of Brussels. Popula- 
 tion, 7,709. 
 
 Aertszen (iirt'sen), Pieter. Born at Amster- 
 
 AJstii 
 
 dam about 1507 : died 1573. A Dutch histori- 
 cal painter. Among his works is a Crucifixion, 
 in Antwerp. 
 
 iEscanes (es'ka-nez). A character in Shak- 
 spere’s “ Pericies” : a lord of Tyre. 
 
 iEsclunes (es'ki-nez). [Gr. Aiaxivt]c.\ An Athe- 
 nian philosopher, a contemporary and disciple 
 of Socrates. The three extant dialogues as- 
 cribed to him are spurious. 
 
 iBsdiines. Born 389 B. c. : died in Samos 314 
 B. c. A famous Athenian orator, the political 
 antagonist of Demosthenes, son of Atrometus 
 (Trornes), of the deme of the Cothocidac, and 
 Glaucothea. He served in the campaigns at Nemea in 
 368, at Mantineia in 362, and at Tamynse in 349 ; was a 
 tragic actor and a clerk to the assembly before lie ap- 
 peared about 348 as a public speaker ; was twice an envoy 
 to Philip of Macedon, 347-346 ; was accused (once (343) by 
 Demosthenes) of having accepted bribes from the king, 
 box saved himself ; and was defeated (330) in a trial which 
 he brought against Ctesiphon for having proposed that 
 Demosthenes should be rewarded for his public services 
 with a golden crown, and, as a consequence, went into 
 exile. He finally settled in P„hodes, where he is said to 
 have established a school of eloquence. His extant ora- 
 tions are “ Against Timarchus" (345), “On the Embassy " 
 (343), and “ Against Ctesiphon ” (330). 
 
 iEscMnes the Orator. A Greek statue from 
 Herculaneum, in the Museo Nazionale, Naples, 
 of high rank among works of its class. The orator 
 stands quietly, his arm wrapped in his mantle; the ex- 
 pression is preoccupied, but full of dignity. 
 
 Aeschylus (es'ki-lus). [Gr. Aia qvZor.] Born 
 at Eleusis, Attica, in 525 b. c. : died at Gela. 
 Sicily, in 456 b. c. The greatest of the Greek 
 tragic poets. He was the son of a certain Enphorion, 
 and fought in the great battles of the Persian war, being 
 wounded, it is said, at Marathon in 490 B. c. In 484 B. c. 
 he gained his first tragic victory : in allhe gained thirteen. 
 In 468 he was defeated by Sophocles. In the same year 
 he quitted Athens, according to Plutarch, in mortification 
 at his defeat, and went to the court of Hiero at Syracuse, 
 at whose invitation he had already once before visited 
 Sicily and written a local piece called the “ TEtnseans. ” 
 ASsehylus was the father of the Greek tragic drama. Ac- 
 cording to Suidas he wrote ninety plays, and over seventy 
 titles remain, but only 7 plays are extant : the “Supplices,” 
 the “Persae/’the “Seven against Thebes,” the “Prome- 
 theus Vinctus,” and the Orestean trilogy, consisting of 
 the “Agamemnon,” “ Choephori,” and “Eumenides.” 
 
 iEsculapius (es-ku-la'pi-us), or Asklepios (as- 
 kle'pi-os). [Gr. ’Aok/j/tuSc.} In Greek mythology, 
 the god of medicine, son of Apollo and Coronis. 
 He was killed with a thunderbolt by Zeus, because Pluto 
 complained that Hades was being depopulated. At the 
 request of Apollo, he was, after death, placed among the 
 stars. He is commonly represented as an old man with 
 a heard, his usual attribute being a staff with a serpent 
 coiled around it. The common offering to him was a 
 cock. 
 
 Aeslima Daeva (a-esh'ma da-a'va). The de- 
 mon of anger in Avestan mythology, identified 
 with the Asmodeus of the Book of Tobit. 
 
 iSsir (I'sir). The collective name for the gods 
 of Scandinavian mythology. There were 12 
 gods and 26 goddesses, dwellers in Asgard. 
 
 iEson (e'son). [Gr. Aioov.] In Greek legend, 
 the father of Jason, and stepbrother of Pelias, 
 who excluded him from his share of the king- 
 dom of Thessaly. When Pelias, on the reported re- 
 turn of the Argonauts, attempted to kill him, he com- 
 mitted suicide. According to Ovid, he was rejuvenated 
 by Medea after the return of the Argonauts. 
 
 iEsop, or Esop (e'sop). [Gr. Aioonogfj.IEsopus.'] 
 
 1 . According to tradition, a Greek fabulist of 
 the 6th century b. c., represented as a dwarf 
 and originally a slave. Samos and other places 
 claimed the honor of being his birthplace. After obtaining 
 his freedom he visited Lydia and Greece. Of the so-called 
 fables of iEsop there have been several editions ; but they 
 are all spurious. Indeed, heisprobahlynotahistorical per- 
 sonage. “Some of the fables attributed to him are drawn 
 from Egyptian sources older by eight hundred years than 
 the famous dwarf who is supposed to have invented 
 them. The fable of ‘The Lion and the Mouse’ was dis- 
 covered by Dr. Brugsch in an Egyptian papyrus a few 
 years ago. ‘ The Dispute of the Stomach and the Mem- 
 bers ’ has yet more recently been identified by Pro- 
 fessor Maspero with an ancient Egyptian original." 
 ( Edwards , Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 223.) He was repre- 
 sented in later art as deformed, “perhaps to indicate 
 his nearer approach to the lower animals and his pecu- 
 liar sympathy for their habits. Such is the conception 
 of the famous statue now in the Villa Albani at Rome.” 
 
 2. A Greek historian of the 7th or 8th century 
 A. D., author of a life of Alexander the Great. 
 
 xEsop, Clodius. A Roman tragic actor, a con- 
 temporary and intimate friend of Cicero, re- 
 garded by Horace and others as the equal of 
 the great actor Roscius. 
 
 .Sistii (es'ti-i). See the extract. 
 
 North of the Slavs, and intimately connected with them, 
 the Prusso-Lettish branch of languages was situated ; 
 these tribes are first mentioned as the ASstii of Taci- 
 tus (c. 46) on the amber coast, then as the Galindse and 
 Sudini of Ptolemy, the neighbours of the Venedse. Mid- 
 lenhoff makes it probable that “the stock collectively 
 spread from the south or soutli-cast, so that the swampy 
 
iEstii 
 
 district of the Pripet was once its natural boundary to 
 the south, and the original basis of its diffusion.” 
 
 Schrader, Aryan Peoples (tr. by Jevons), p. 428. 
 ■/Ethelbald(atli'el-bald), or Ethelbald (eth'el- 
 baid). Died 757. King of the Mercians from 
 716 (718 ?) to 757, son of Alweo, grandnephew of 
 Penda, and successor of Ceolred. He was acknow- 
 ledged overlord of the English as far as the Humber, 731 ; 
 took the West-Saxon town of Somerton, 73 i ; ravaged 
 Northumbria, 740 ; was defeated by his West-Saxon under- 
 king, Cuthred, at the battle of Burford, 754 ; and was killed 
 by his ealdormen, 757. 
 
 -^thelbald, or Ethelbald. King of the West 
 Saxons 858-860, son of iEthelwulf. ne married 
 his father’s widow, Judith of France, who on his death re- 
 turned to France and married Baldwin, afterward count 
 of Flanders. From this last union was descended Matilda, 
 wife of William the Conqueror. 
 
 .Ethelberht (ath'el-bemt), orEtbelbert (eth'- 
 el-bert), Saint. Born 552 (?): died Feb. 24, 
 616. King of Kent from 560 to 616, son of 
 Eormenric, and great-grandson of Hengist. He 
 was defeated by the West Saxons under Ceawlin and Cu- 
 tha at the battle of Wimbledon, 568 ; married Bertha or 
 Bercia, a Christian princess, daughter of Charibert, king 
 of the Franks; gradually established ids overlordship 
 over the English south of the Humber after the death of 
 Ceawlin, 593 ; received St. Augustine at the Isle of Thanet, 
 597; and was converted and vigorously supported Augus- 
 tine. He issued the first of the Anglo-Saxon codes, 600. 
 
 iEtbelberht, or Ethelbert. King of the West 
 Saxons 860-866, son of .ZEthelwulf. 
 
 .Ethelburb (atli'el-born), L. Efchelburga (eth- 
 el-ber'ga), Saint. Died 676(f). Abbess of Bark- 
 ing, Essex. She is commemorated on Oct. 11. 
 .Etbelilsed (ath'el-llad), or Ethelfleda (etk'el- 
 fle-da). Died in 918 (?j. The eldest daughter 
 of King Alfred. She married Ethelred, ealdorman of 
 the Mercians. During his life they had equal rule, and 
 after his death, in 911 or 912, she was sole ruler. She is 
 known as “the Lady of the Mercians.” 
 
 iEthelfrith (ath'el-frith), or Ethelfrid (eth'- 
 el-frid), or iEdilfrid. Died 617. King of the 
 Northumbrians from 593 to 617, son of JEthel- 
 ric, whom he succeeded. He defeated Aidan < .Ed- 
 han) at the battle of Dsegsastan (probal)ly Dawstone), 603; 
 defeated the Welsh at the battle of Chester, 613, massa- 
 cring about twelve hundred of the two thousand monks 
 from Bangor Yscoed, who were praying for the success of 
 the Welsh ; and was defeated and killed by Rsedwald at 
 the battle of the Idle, 617. 
 
 ethelred (ath' el-rad), or Ethelred (eth'el- 
 red), or Ethered (etk'e-red), I. King of the 
 West Saxons from 866 to 878, son of /Etkel- 
 wulf. 
 
 ethelred, or Ethelred, II. Born 968 : died at 
 London, April 23, 1016. King of England, sur- 
 named “TheUnready” (‘lackingcounsel’), son 
 of Edgar and Elfrida. He succeeded to the throne 
 978, instituted the payment of “dauegeld" 991, ordered 
 a general massacre of the Danes 1002, was deposed 1013, 
 and was restored 1014. 
 
 ■SSthelstan. See Athelstan. 
 
 -ffifchelwulf (ath'el-wulf), or Ethelwulf (etk'- 
 el-wulf), or Athulf. Died Jan. 13 (June 13?), 
 858. An Anglo-Saxon king, son of Ecgberlit 
 (king of Wessex, ruler of Sussex, Kent, and 
 Essex, and overlord of Mercia, East Anglia, 
 Northumbria, Wales, and Strathclyde), whom 
 he succeeded in 839. In 842 he was defeated by the 
 Danes at Charmouth, but in 851 repulsed them with great 
 slaughter at Ockley in Surrey. In 856 he married a sec- 
 ond wife, Judith, the daughter of Charles the Bald. The 
 West Saxons revolted under his son iEthelbald to whom 
 he surrendered the government of Wessex, retaining only 
 his overlordship. 
 
 Anther (e'ther). [Gr. Ald/jp.\ In Greek mythol- 
 ogy, the son of Chaos and Darkness, and the 
 brother of Night, Day, and Erebus; or, accord- 
 ing to Hesiod, the son of Erebus and Night, 
 and the brother of Day. By Day he was the father 
 of Land, Heaven, and Sea; by Earth, of the Giants and 
 Titans and the vices which destroy the human race. Ac- 
 cording to the Orphic hymns, he is the soul of the 
 world from which all life springs. In later times he was 
 regarded as the broad expanse of heaven, the abode of 
 the gods. 
 
 ^Ethiopia. See Ethiopia. 
 
 AL-thiopica. See Theagenes and Chariclea. 
 iEthiopis (e-thi'o-pis), or Lay of .Ethiopia. A 
 Greek epic poem of the Trojan cycle, by Arctinus 
 of Miletus, the oldest certainly known epic poet 
 (about 776 B. C. ) ; so named from one of its heroes, 
 Memnon the Ethiopian. It was a continuation of 
 the Iliad, reaching “from the death of Hector to that of 
 Achilles, and telling of the arrival of the Amazons and 
 the /Ethiopians to aid Troy.” 
 
 Aetians. See Aetius and Anomceans. ■ 
 
 Aetion (a-e'shi-on). [Gr . ’Aeriuv.'] A noted 
 Greek painter, probably a contemporary of 
 Apelles. His picture of the “Marriage of 
 Alexander and Roxana ” was famous in an- 
 tiquity. 
 
 Aetius (a-e'shi-us), or Aetios (-os). [Gr. Amof.] 
 Born at Antioch, in Coelo-Syria : died at Con- 
 stantinople, 367 a. d. A Syrian theologian, sur- 
 
 18 
 
 Africa 
 
 named “The Atheist,” the founder of a sect of 
 extreme Allans, called Aetians from him, Euno- 
 mians from his disciple Eunomius, and Ano- 
 moeans. The Aetians “were the first to carry out the 
 doctrines of Arius to their legitimate issue, and in oppo- 
 sition both toHomoousians and Homoiousians maintained 
 that the Son was unlike , dio/xoios, the Father” (whence 
 the name Anomceans). 
 
 Aetius. Born at Durostorus (Silistria) about 
 396 ; killed at Rome, 454. A Roman general, 
 commander-in-chief under Valentinian III. 
 He gained many victories over the West Goths, Franks, 
 Burgundians, and other northern invaders, and is famous 
 for his victory over Attila, near Ch&lons-sur-Marne, 451. 
 He was put to death by the emperor. 
 
 Aetius. Born at Amida, Mesopotamia : flour- 
 ished about 500 a. d. A Greek winter, author 
 of a medical work in sixteen books (Latin 
 translation 1542). Though essentially a compilation, 
 it is one of the most valuable books of antiquity on 
 medicine. 
 
 Etna (et'na). A Latin didactic poem errone- 
 ously attributed to Vergil. It combats the 
 popular mythical theory of the causes of vol- 
 canic action. 
 
 /Etna, Mount. See Etna. 
 
 Etolia (e-to'li-a), or Aitolia (i-to'li-a). [Gr. 
 A iTcjXia.] In ancient geography, a district of 
 Greece, bounded by Epirus and Thessaly on the 
 north, Doris on the northeast, Locris on the 
 east and southeast, the Corinthian Gulf on 
 the south, and Acarnania on the west. It now 
 forms part of the nomarehy of Acarnania and 
 Etolia. 
 
 natives of Afghanistan, and called by them 
 Pushtu or Pukhtu. 
 
 Afinger (af'ing-er), Bernhard. Born at Nu- 
 remberg, Bavaria, May 6, 1813 : died at Berlin, 
 Dec. 25, 1882. A noted German sculptor. 
 
 Afium-Karahissar (a-fe-om'ka-ra'his-sar'), or 
 Karahissar. [Turk., ‘black castle of opium.’] 
 A town in the vilayet of Khodowendikyar, Asi- 
 atic Turkey, about lat. 38° 38' N., long. 30° 28' 
 E.: the native city of Othman, founder of the 
 Turkish empire. Near it is the site of the an- 
 cient Synnada. Population, 20,000 (?). 
 
 Afranius (a - fra/ni - us), Lucius. A Roman 
 comic poet, an imitator of Menander, living 
 about 100 B. c. Fragments of his works are 
 extant. 
 
 Afranius Nepos, Lucius. ARoman general, 
 an adherent of Pompey. He was consul 60 b. c., 
 was opposed to Csesar in Spain 49 B. c., and died in Africa 
 46 B. c. 
 
 Afrasiab (a-fra-si-ab'). In the Shahnamah, 
 son of the Turaman king Pesheng and a de- 
 scendant of Tur, the son of Feridun. The obliga- 
 tion to blood-revenge for the death of Eraj, who had been 
 killed by Tur and his brother Salm, was the ground of the 
 long struggle between Iran and Turan. A great part of 
 the Shahnamah is taken up with the account of the wars 
 waged by A frasiab with Iranian sovereigns until he at last 
 escapes from Horn, who had bound him, into the lake of 
 Urumiah. As Afrasiab is induced to raise his head above 
 tlie waters, he is caught with a lasso by Horn, who gives 
 him over to Kaikhosrav, who beheads him. Afrasiab is 
 the Franrasyan of the Avesta. 
 
 Etolian League (e-to'li-an leg). A confeder- 
 acy of Greek tribes whose constitution was 
 copiedfrom that of the Achfean League, it waged 
 war against Macedon 323 B. c., against the Gauls 279, and 
 against the Achaean League 220, and was allied with Home 
 211-192. It was dissolved in 107 B. c. 
 
 Afanasieff (a-fa-na'si-ef), Aleksandr. Born 
 1826 : died 1871. A Russian archaeologist, 
 author of “Russian Popular Stories,” “Poeti- 
 cal Views of the Old Slavonians about Na- 
 ture,” etc. 
 
 Afar and Afar country. See Danakil and 
 Danakil country. 
 
 Afer (a'fer), Domitius. Born at Nimes, France : 
 died 60 a. d. A Roman orator, a teacher of 
 Quintilian. In a. d. 26 he conducted the accusation 
 for the government against Claudia Pulchra, the cousin 
 of Agrippina, and in A. i>. 27 appeared against Varus 
 Quintilius, her son. 
 
 Affenthal (af'fen-tal). A village near Baden, 
 in Baden, noted for its red wine. 
 
 Affre (af'r), Denis Auguste. Born at St. 
 Rome, Tarn, France, Sept. 27, 1793: died at 
 Paris, June 27, 1848. A French ecclesiastic, 
 appointed archbishop of Paris in 1840. He was 
 mortally wounded in the insurrection of 184S, at the barri- 
 cades, June 26, while attempting to admonish the in- 
 surgents. 
 
 Afghanistan (af-gan-is-tiin'). A country of 
 Asia, bounded by Asiatic Russia and Bokhara 
 north, India east, Baluchistan south, and 
 Persia west, and extending from about lat. 29° 
 to 38° 31' N., and long. 60° to 72° E. The chief 
 divisions are Kabul, nerat, Kandahar, Afghan Turkestan, 
 Badakshan, and Farrah. The government is a monarchy 
 under a hereditary sovereign. The prevailing religion is 
 Mohammedanism. Afghanistan became independent of 
 Persia under the Durani dynasty in 1747. Under its ruler, 
 Dost Mohammed, war broke out with the British in 1838. 
 The latter captured Kandahar, Ghazni, and Kabul (1839), 
 establishing a new ameer; but in 1841 the British agent 
 was massacred, and the British army was annihilated 
 in 1842 in retreating in the Kurd-Kabul Pass. Gen- 
 eral Pollock ended the war in 1842. In 1878, under the 
 ameer Shere Ali, war again broke out with the British, 
 who captured Jelalabad and Kandahar. Shere Ali fled, 
 and Yakub Khan was proclaimed in 1879. A massacre of 
 the British resident at Kabul was followed by an invasion 
 under General Roberts, and Yakub Khan abdicated. The 
 latter's brother Ayub Khan in 1880 defeated the British 
 forces, but under General Roberts they relieved Kandahar 
 in 1880, defeated Ayub Khan, and recognized Abdurrah- 
 man Khan as ameer. Various disputes arose regarding 
 the boundary between Afghanistan and the Russian pos- 
 sessions. The Russians seized Penjdeh in 1885; and war 
 was narrowly averted. An Anglo-Russian commission 
 arranged the delimitation of the northern frontier in 
 1886-87, and the Pamir Commission of 1895 defined the 
 northeastern border. Area (estimated), 250,000 square 
 miles. Population, 4i-5 millions, including the Afghans 
 proper, Pathans, Hindkis, Hazaras, Kataghans, etc. 
 Afghan Turkestan. The territories in the 
 basin of the Oxus, subject to the Ameer of 
 Afghanistan. 
 
 Afghan wars. Wars between Great Britain 
 and Afghanistan during the years 1838-42 and 
 1878-80. See Afghanistan. 
 
 Afghan (af'gan). 1. One of an Iranian race 
 forming a large part (about 3,000,000) of the 
 inhabitants of Afghanistan. The native name 
 is Pushtanah (pi.). — 2. One of the languages 
 of the Aryan family, spoken by the Afghans or 
 
 Africa (af'ri-ka). [F. Afrique, G. Afrika, Sp. 
 It. Pg. Africa, L. Africa (whence Gr. ’AQpudj, 
 the prop. Gr. term being Aq3w/, Libya), prop. adj. 
 (sc. terra), from Afer (pi. Afri), an inhabitant 
 of Africa, orig. with reference to the country 
 of the Carthaginians, from whom the term was 
 received.] 1. A continent of the eastern 
 hemisphere, next to Asia the largest grand 
 division of the world, bounded by the Medi- 
 terranean on the north (which separates it 
 from Europe), the Isthmus of Suez (which con- 
 nects it with Asia), the Red Sea (which sepa- 
 rates it from Asia), and the Indian Ocean on 
 the east, the Southern Ocean on the south, and 
 the Atlantic on the west. It extends from lat. 37” 
 20' N. to lat. 34° 50' S., and from long. 17° 31' W. to long. 
 51° 22' E Its principal political divisions are Morocco, 
 Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli, Barca (Bengazi), Fezzan, Egypt, 
 the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Abyssinia, the Italian pos- 
 sessions (Eritrea and Somaliland), British Somaliland, 
 British East Africa, British protectorates in the interior, 
 Portuguese East and West Africa (Angola), Portuguese 
 Guinea, Madagascar (a French protectorate), British South 
 Africa (Cape of Good Hope, Natal, the Orange Free State, 
 the Transvaal, Rhodesia, etc.), the German possessions 
 (Kamerun, Togo-land, German Southwest and German 
 East Africa), Belgian Kongo, the French Kongo, the Brit- 
 ish possessions in west Africa (Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, 
 Nigeria, etc.), the French sphere of influence in western 
 Africa (including the western Sahara and Senegal), Li- 
 beria, the Spanish coast, etc. The more distinctive 
 physiographic features of the continent are to be found 
 in the Atlas Mountains, the Sahara, the great equa- 
 torial forests, the lake region (Albert Nyanza, Victoria 
 Nyanza, Tanganyika, etc.), and in the south-central pla- 
 teau. Principal rivers: Nile, Kongo, Niger, and Zambesi 
 (with the Victoria Falls, the “African Niagara”). Africa 
 lias few high mountains ; the highest are the glacier-cov- 
 ered Kilimanjaro (19,780) in German East Africa and Ke- 
 nia (18,620) in British East Africa. Its inhabitants are 
 chiefly of the negro race, with Kafirs, Hottentots, Copts, 
 Arabs, Moors, Berbers, and some Europeans. The prevail- 
 ing religions are Mohammedanism, various forms of pa- 
 ganism, the Coptic Church, and the Abyssinian Church. 
 The name “Dark Continent ” has been given to it as the 
 least-known of the earth’s grand divisions. Its northern 
 portions were early seats of civilization, and partof the Ro- 
 man Empire ; but much of its interior is still unexplored. 
 It was circumnavigated by the Phenicians as early as the 
 7 th century B. c. Coast-line exploration was undertaken by 
 the Portuguese in the middle of the 15th century, and the 
 Cape of Good Hope was doubled by Da Gama (1497). Explo- 
 rations (interior) have been made since the last part of the 
 18th century by Bruce, Mungo Park, Hornemann, Burck- 
 liardt, Denham, Clapperton, Lander, Oudney, Rebmann, 
 Barth, Richardson, Overweg, Vogel, Livingstone, Burton, 
 Speke, Grant, Baker, Stanley, Schweinfurth, Mauch, Nach- 
 tigal, De Brazza, Holub, Wissmann, Serpa Pinto, Cameron, 
 Rohlfs, Lenz, Du Chaillu, Emin Pasha, and others. Recent 
 events are the founding of the Union of South Africa (see 
 supplement), and the partitioning among various powers 
 (Great Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, Italy, Spain, 
 etc.) of immense districts especially in the interior and 
 along the eastern and western coasts : this so-called 
 “ scramble for Africa” began about 1884. (See Spheres of 
 Influence.) The length of Africa is 4,970miles, its breadth 
 about4,700 miles, its area (estimated, Petermann), 11,608, 793 
 square miles, and its population about 127,000,000. 
 [African names. In most purely African languages 
 the names of tribes, languages, and countries, as first 
 heard and written by travelers, colonists, authors, and 
 cartographers, appear not in their naked form, but adorned 
 with prefixes or suflixes, which distinguish the name of 
 one member of the tribe from many, the tribe from the 
 language, and the country from both tribe and language. 
 Strictly speaking, the only correct way would be to use 
 the prefixes and suffixes as the natives do. This, however, 
 is impossible, because the languages are not yet suffi- 
 
Africa 
 
 ciently known, and because a specialist alone could mas- 
 ter the great variety of prefixes and suffixes. Therefore 
 Dr. Lepsius and Dr. B. N. Oust, and many after them, 
 prefer to use the stem of the word, as it may be ascer- 
 tained, and add to irrespectively, “man,’’ “men,’’ “tribe,” 
 “language," "country.” Thus, Ganda man (instead of 
 U ganda), Ganda tribe or people (instead of Ba-ganda), 
 Ganda language (instead of Lu-ganda), and Ganda-land 
 (instead of Bu-ganda). Uganda, as generally written, is 
 the Suahili form of Bu-ganda. In this dictionary the 
 tribe and the dialect will generally be found under one 
 name, the word-stem. In the case of suffixes, which are 
 used in a few Nigritic and in the Hottentot and Hamitic 
 languages, there is no difficulty ; for the initial syllables 
 are not affected, and can be readily found in the diction- 
 ary. Thus in Mandi-ngo, of the Nigritic branch, the stem 
 is Mandi or Mande, and -ngo is a suffix. In the Hottentot 
 name Nama-qua, the suffix -qua signifies people or tribe ; 
 and it is better to say Nama tribe or people. The great- 
 est difficulty is met with in the Bantu languages, where 
 every noun has a prefix for the singular and another 'for 
 the plural. The following rules will be found useful : In 
 a general way, and in cases of doubt, the prefix Mu- may 
 be considered to signify ‘person ’ (man, woman, or child), 
 Ba- or Wa- to signify people, U - to signify country, and 
 Ki- to signify language. Thus, Mu-gogo, a Gogo man ; 
 Wa-gogo, Gogo people ; U-gogo, Gogo-land ; Ki-gogo, Gogo 
 language. Generally speaking, too, the plural prefix 
 Ama- (for tribe) is used among the Kafirs in South Africa, 
 Ova- in West Africa, between Benguella and Walfisch Bay, 
 A- or Alma- from Loanda to the lunda country, Eshi- 
 ( Exi -), Bashi -, and Bena- from the Kongo district of An- 
 gola due east to Nyangwe, Ba- in the Kongo basin and 
 central Africa generally, Wa- in East Africa. The pre- 
 fixes of most frequent occurrence, in proper names, are : 
 Man : Mu-, Um-, Mo-, M- ; seldom Ki-, Tshi-, Ka-, Mushi-, 
 Mukua-. People : Ba-, Wa-, Ova-, A-, Ma-, Ama- ; seldom 
 Tu-, Eshi- or Bashi-, Akua-. Language : Ki-, Tshi-, 
 Shi-, Si-, Se- ; seldom U -, Vo-, Di-. Land : Bu-, IT - ; sel- 
 dom Le-. 
 
 Examples : 
 
 Man. People. Language. Land. 
 
 Ganda: M-ganda, Ba-ganda, Lu-ganda, Bu-ganda. 
 
 Lnba: Mu-luba, Ra-Iuba, Ki-lnba, U-luba. 
 
 Gogo: Mu-gogo, Wa-gogo, Ki-gogo, U-gogo. 
 
 Gwamba: Mo-gwamba, Ma-gwamba, Shi-gwamba. 
 
 Suto: Mo-suto, Ba-suto, Se-suto, Le-suto. 
 
 Mbangala: Ki-mbangala, I-mbangala, U-mbangala. 
 
 Mbimdu: O-tshi-mbundu, Ovi-mbundu, TJ-mbundu. 
 
 Lange: Mushi-lange, Bashi-lange, Kishi-lange. 
 
 Ngola : Mukua-ngola, Akua-ngola, Di-ngola. 
 
 African languages. Our knowledge of African lan- 
 guages is not yet sufficient to warrant a final, or even 
 a generaUy acceptable, classification. Specialists contra- 
 dict each other as soon as they begin to classify. The 
 English-speaking public still holds to the temporary clas- 
 sification of Dr. B. N. Oust in his “Modern Languages of 
 Africa,” which is simply that of Fr. MtiUerin his “Grund- 
 ri8s der Sprachwissenschaft." German Africanists show, 
 of late, a preference for that of Dr. Lepsius in the intro- 
 duction to his “Grammar of Nuba.” Somewhat modi- 
 fied, this will probably be that of the future. Our classi- 
 fication tries to combine the nomenclature of Dr. Oust, 
 generally followed in English books, with the facts, which 
 give more support to the system of Lepsius. The main 
 question is about the relation of Bantu and Negro. 
 
 I. Purely African languages. 
 
 (1) Negro languages : 
 
 (a) Bantu languages (pure). 
 
 (b) Nigritic or Sudan-negro languages (mixed). 
 
 (c) Nuba-Fulah or Pul languages (mixed). 
 
 (2) Hottentot, Bushmen, or Batua languages : 
 
 (а) Hottentot languages, 1 . „ ,. ... 
 
 (б) Bushmen languages, j 0 nCa ' 
 
 (c) Pygmy languages, in central Africa. 
 
 (3) Hamitic languages : 
 
 (a) Egyptian. 
 
 ( b ) Libyan or Berber languages. 
 
 (c) Ethiopian or Kushitic languages. 
 
 II. Extra-African languages. 
 
 (1) Semitic languages : 
 
 (a) Pure Arabic (Egyptian, Maghreb, Sudani, and Mus- 
 
 cat dialects). 
 
 ( b ) Mixed (Amharic, Tigre, etc.). 
 
 (2) Malay languages (Madagascar). 
 
 (3) Aryan languages. 
 
 (a) English, in South Africa and Liberia. \ p 
 
 French, in Algeria. j rure. 
 
 (4) Creole dialects. 
 
 Mediterranean Lingua Franca. 
 
 English Creole (in West Africa, Kru-English). 
 
 Portuguese Creole (Cape Verde Islands ; S. Thomd 
 and Principe Islands). 
 
 Dutch Creole (Boers and Hottentots). 
 
 In the English, Portuguese, and Dutch Creoles, the word- 
 store is European ; much of the phonology, morphology, 
 and syntax is African. For the Semitic and Malay lan- 
 guages, see Arabic, Malay-Polynesian. For the purely 
 African languages, see Bantu, Nigritic, Hamitic, Nuba- 
 Fulah, Hottentot .— African ethnography. Owing to the 
 scantiness of ethnographic data, the linguistic division of 
 Africa is also generally applied to the ethnographic classi- 
 fication. It should, however, he remembered that the two 
 do not cover each other exactly either within a family or 
 group, or from class to clas3. Thus the Hottentots of Cape 
 Colony have lost their original dialect, and adopted Dutch. 
 The Ba-Botse, on the Zambesi, have lost their language 
 and adopted the Se-chuana dialect of the Ma-Kololo. The 
 Nuba of Egypt, while retaining many characteristics of 
 their language, have lost nearly all their racial traits, 
 while, on the contrary, the Hausa have given up almost 
 every trace of their first mother-tongue, but arc still, ra- 
 cially, pure negroes. As a rule, the names of African 
 tribes and languages or dialects, if stripped of prefixes 
 and suffixes, coincide, and will be found under one title 
 in this dictionary. See Bantu, Nigritic, Hottentot, Hamitic, 
 Nuba-Fulah ; also African names and A frican languages .] 
 2. In ancient geography, a part of northern Af- 
 rica which corresponded nearly to the modern 
 Tunis. It comprised the immediate dominions 
 of Carthage. Later it was a Roman province. 
 
 19 
 
 North Africa— the only Africa known to the ancients — 
 had seen many rulers come and go since the Arabs under 
 Okba first overran its plains and valleys. Dynasty had 
 succeeded dynasty ; the Arab governors under the K lia- 
 lifs of Damascus and Baghdad had made room for the 
 Houses of Idris (A. D. 788) and Aghlab (800); these in 
 turn had given way to the Fatimi Khalifs (909); and when 
 these schismatics removed their seat of power from their 
 newly founded capital of Mahdiya to their final metropo- 
 lis of Cairo (968), their western empire speedily split up 
 into the several princedoms of the Zeyris of Tunis, the 
 Beni Hammad of Tilimsan, and other minor governments. 
 At the close of the eleventh century, the Murabits or Al- 
 moravides, a Berber dynasty, imposed their authority over 
 the greater part of North Africa and Spain, but gave place 
 in the middle of the twelfth to the Muwahhids or Alrno- 
 hades, whose rule extended from the Atlantic to Tunis, 
 and endured for over a hundred years. On the ruins of 
 their vast empire three separate and long-lived dynasties 
 sprang up : the Beni-Hafs in Tunis (1228-1531), the Beni 
 Ziyan in Central Maghrib (1235-1400), and the Beni Merin 
 in Morocco (1200-1550). To complete the chronology it 
 may be added that these were succeeded in the sixteenth 
 century by the Corsair Pashas (afterwards Deys) of Algiers, 
 the Turkish Pashas or Beys of Tunis, and the Sherifs or 
 Emperors of Morocco. The last still continue to reign ; 
 but the Deys of Algiers have given place to the French, 
 and the Bey of Tunis is under French tutelage. 
 
 Poole, Story of the Barbary Corsairs, p. 21. 
 
 3. A diocese of the later Roman prefecture of 
 Italy. It comprised the Boman provinces of Africa, Nu- 
 midia, and a part of Mauritania, and corresponded to 
 modern Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli. 
 
 4. See the extract. 
 
 Africa meant to the Arabs the province of Carthage 
 or Tunis and its capital, which was not at first Tunis but 
 successively Kayrawan and Mahdiya. Throughout the 
 later middle ages the name Africa is applied by Chris- 
 tian writers to the latter city. Here it was that in 1390 
 a “ grand and noble enterprise ” came to an untimely end. 
 “The Genoese,” says Froissart, “ bore great enmity to this 
 town ; for its Corsairs frequently watched them at sea, and 
 when strongest fell on and plundered their ships, carrying 
 their spoils to this town of Africa.” 
 
 Poole, Story of the Barbary Corsairs, p. 13L 
 
 Africaine (af-ri-kan'), L’. Ad opera by Mey- 
 erbeer, produced at the Acadfimie in Paris, 
 April 28, 1865, after his death. 
 
 African International Association. See 
 
 Kongo Free State. 
 
 African War, The. The war between Julius 
 Caesar and the followers of Pompey, who had 
 collected in the province of Africa after the 
 defeat of Pharsalia 48 B. C., and were over- 
 thrown at Thapsus 46 b. c. 
 
 Africans, The. A pastoral by Colman the 
 younger, produced in 1808. 
 
 Africanus (af-ri-ka'nus), Sextus Julius. A 
 Christian historian of the first half of the 3d 
 century a. d., author of a treatise on chro- 
 nology, fragments of which are extant (chiefly 
 in Eusebius). 
 
 Afridis (a-fre'diz). A warlike tribe of Afghans 
 dwelling south of Peshawar. 
 
 Afrikander (af-re-kan'der). The Dutch word 
 for “African a name given to whites born in 
 South Africa, particularly to those of Dutch 
 descent. 
 
 Afrikander Bund (af-re-kan'der bont), or 
 Bond (bond). A South African association 
 founded in 1879 (and under the present name 
 in 1880), which aims not only at the furtherance 
 of Afrikanderinfluenc.e,but at the ultimate com- 
 plete independence of South Africa in the form 
 of a United States of South Africa. 
 
 Afzelius (af-ze'li-us ; Sw. pron. af-tsa'li-os), 
 Adam. Born at Larf, Sweden, Oct. 7, 1750 : 
 died J an. 30, 1837. A Swedish naturalist, demon- 
 strator of botany at Upsala (1785), scientific 
 explorer in Sierra Leone (1792), secretary of 
 legation in London (1796), and professor of 
 materia medica at Upsala (1812). 
 
 Afzelius, Arvid August. Born Oct. 8, 1785 : 
 died at Enkoping, Sept. 25, 1871. A Swedish 
 writer and scholar, noted as a collector of 
 Swedish folk-songs. He was pastor at Enko- 
 ping after 1828. 
 
 Agabus (ag'a-bus). [Gr. ’Ayaiioq. J A prophet 
 and martyr - of the early Christian church, sup- 
 posed to have been one of the seventy disciples 
 of Christ. In 43 A. D., while Paul and Barnabas were 
 in Antioch, he came from Judea to Antioch, where he 
 predicted the approach of a famine. (Acts xi. 27, 2S.) He 
 is said to have suffered martyrdom at Antioch, and is 
 commemorated as a saint in the Byzantine Church on 
 March 8. 
 
 Agada (ag'a-da). [Aramean form of Hebrew 
 liagada, narrative.] The name given to one 
 of the two great divisions of post-biblical 
 Hebrew literature it denotes that portion of the 
 Talmudic literature not devoted to religious law : thus 
 the exegetical and homiletical portions, fables, proverbs, 
 the ethics, as well as everything relating to natural 
 science and history, are included under the term Agada, 
 which is opposed to Halacha, the legal portions. 
 
 Agade (a-ga'de). See Akkad. 
 
 Agassiz, J. L. R. 
 
 Agades (a'ga-dez). The capital of the sultan- 
 ate of Asben (or Air), in Africa, about lat. 17° 
 N., long. 7° 45' E. Population, about 7,000. 
 Agag (a'gag). [Heb. ; of uncertain meaning.] 
 1. An Amalekiteking, spared by Saul, contrary 
 to his vow, and slain by order of Samuel. 1 
 Sam. xv. — 2. A character in Dryden’s “Absa- 
 lom and Achitophel,” a satire of Sir Edmund 
 Berry Godfrey, a magistrate who received the 
 declaration of Titus Oates. He was afterward 
 found in a ditch dead and mutilated, hence the 
 allusion (see def. 1). 
 
 Agamemnon (ag-a-mem'non). [Gr. ’Ayape/ivuv.'] 
 
 1. In Greek legendary history, the son of 
 Atreus, king of Mycenae, and the most power- 
 ful ruler in Greece. He led the Greek expedition 
 against Troy, and on his return was slain, according to 
 Homer, by ASgisthus, according to ,'Eschylus, by his wife 
 Clytemnestra, who was incited to the deed partly by 
 jealousy of Cassandra, and partly through fear on account 
 of her adultery with iEgisthus. 
 
 2. The greatest of the tragedies of Aeschylus. 
 The scene is laid in Argos, in the palace of Agamemnon, 
 at the time of the king’s return from the capture of Troy ; 
 the catastrophe is the murder (behind the scenes) of 
 Agamemnon and Cassandra (whom he has brought captive 
 with him) by the queen Clytemnestra urged on by her 
 paramour .'Egisthu s. Tragedies with this subject have 
 been written also by Seneca, Alfieri, and Lemercier. 
 
 Agamenticus (ag-a-men'ti-kus), Mount. A 
 hill, 673 feet high, in York County, near the 
 southwestern extremity of the State of Maine. 
 The locality was the site of one of the earliest English 
 colonies in Maine, led by Gorges and others, in 1631. 
 Agana (a-ga'nya). The principal place in the 
 Ladrones, Pacific Ocean, situated on the island 
 of Guahan. 
 
 Aganippe (ag-a-nip'e). [Gr. ’AyaviTnrtj.'] In an- 
 cient geography, a fountain near Mount Heli- 
 con, in Boeotia, Greece, sacred to the Muses. 
 It was believed to inspire those who drank of it, and it 
 gave the name “ Aganippides ’’ to the Muses. See Helicon. 
 Agape (ag'a-pe). [Gr. aydny, love.] In Spen- 
 ser’s “Faerie Queene,” a fay, the mother of 
 three knights born at a birth, for whom she 
 obtained the gift that if one were killed his 
 strength should pass into the remaining bro- 
 thers or brother. 
 
 Agapetus (ag-a-pe'tus) I. [Gr. ’Ayan^rdc, be- 
 loved.] Pope from June, 535, to April, 536, 
 son of Gordianus, a Roman priest. He went to 
 Constantinople in 536, and there deposed Anthimus the 
 Eutychian, patriarch of Constantinople. The Boman 
 Church celebrates his festival Sept. 20. 
 
 Agapetus II. Pope from 946 to 955, a Roman 
 by birth. 
 
 Agapida (a-ga-pe'THa), Fray Antonio. The 
 fictitious writer to whom Washington Irving 
 originally attributed the authorship of the 
 “Conquest of Granada.” 
 
 Agard, or Agarde (a-gard'), Arthur. Bom 
 at Foston, Derbyshire, 1540: died at London, 
 Aug. 22, 1615. An English antiquary, clerk in 
 the Exchequer, and (1603) deputy chamberlain. 
 He prepared catalogues of state papers, compiled a list of 
 all the leagues, treaties of peace, “ intercourses,” and mar- 
 riages arranged between England and other countries 
 down to the end of the 16th century, and wrote a Latin 
 treatise on the Doomsday Book. He bequeathed his nu- 
 merous MSS. partly to the Exchequer and partly to his 
 friend Bobert Cotton. Most of them are now in the 
 British Museum. 
 
 Agardh (a'gard), Jakob Georg. Born at Lund, 
 Sweden, 1813: died there 1901. A Swedish 
 naturalist, son of K. A. Agardh, professor of 
 botany at Lund : author of ‘ 1 Species, Genera, 
 et Ordines Algarum,” “ Theoria Systematis 
 Naturalis Plantarum” (1858), etc. 
 
 Agardh, Karl Adolf. Born at Bastad, Sweden, 
 Jan. 23, 1785: died at Carlstad, Sweden, Jan. 
 28, 1859. A noted Swedish naturalist and 
 political economist, professor of botany and 
 economics at the University of Lund 1812, and 
 bishop of Carlstad 1834. His most important 
 scientific works are “ Systema Algarum ’* (1824), “leones 
 Algarum Europsearum ’’ (1828-35), “Larobok i Botanik” 
 (1830-32). 
 
 Agasias (a-gas'i-as). [Gr. ’Ayaoiac. ] Asculptor 
 of Ephesus. According to the inscription on the statue 
 he was the sculptor of the so-called Borghese Gladiator 
 (which see) in the Louvre. This inscription is in late 
 Greek characters which place the work at about the last 
 century of the Boman republic. 
 
 Agassiz (ag'a-si ; F. pron. a-ga-se'), Alexander. 
 Born at Neucliatel, Switzerland, Dee. 17, 1835 : 
 died at sea, March 27, 1910. An American 
 zoologist and geologist, son of J. L. R. Agassiz. 
 He was curator of the Museum of Comparative Zoology of 
 Harvard University 1874-85, and director from 1902. 
 
 Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe. Born at Mo- 
 tier, canton of Fribourg, Switzerland, May 28, 
 1807 : died at Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 14, 
 1873. A celebrated Swiss- American naturalist, 
 especially noted as a geologist (researches on 
 
Agassiz, J. L. R. 
 
 glaciers) and ichthyologist. He was made pro- 
 fessor of natural history at Neuchatel in 1832; studied 
 glaciers 1830-40; came to the United States in 1846; 
 became professor of zoology and geology at Harvard 
 in 1847 ; traveled in the United States, in Brazil 
 (1865-66), and around Cape Horn (1871-72), and became 
 curator of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cam- 
 bridge in 1859. He published “Recherches sur les pois- 
 Bons fossiles” (1833-43), “Natural History of the Fresh- 
 water Fishes of Europe" (1839-42), “Etudes sur les 
 glaciers" (1840), “Systeme glaciaire" (1847), “Contribu- 
 tions to the Natural History of the United States” 
 (1857-62), etc. 
 
 Agasti (a-gas'ti), or Agastya (a-gast'ya). A 
 Rishi, reputed author of a number of Vedic 
 hymns. He is said to have been the son of both Mitra 
 and Varuna by Urvasi, to have been born in a water-jar, 
 to have been of short stature, to have swallowed the 
 ocean and compelled the Vindhya mountains to prostrate 
 themselves before him (whence they lost their primeval 
 height), to have conquered and civilized the south, and 
 to have been made regent of the star Canopus. He is most 
 prominent in the Ramayana, where he dwells in a her- 
 mitage on Mount Kunjara and is chief of the hermits of 
 the south. In Tamil literature he is venerated as the first 
 teacher of science and literature to the primitive Dravidian 
 tribes. 
 
 AgathaxcMdes (ag-a-thar'ki-dez). [Gr. 'AyaOap- 
 ,£«%■.] Born at Guidos, Asia Minor : flourished 
 during the latter half of the 2d century B. c. 
 A Greek grammarian, author of several geo- 
 graphical works. Of a part of one, “On the 
 Erythraean Sea,” an extract is given by Pho- 
 tius. Also Agatharcus. 
 
 Agatharchus (ag-a-thar'kus). [Gr. ’AyaOapxoc.] 
 See Agalharchides. 
 
 Agatharchus. An Athenian painter of the 5th 
 century b. c., said by Vitruvius to have painted 
 a scene for a tragedy of ZEschylus, and thus 
 to have been the inventor of scene-painting. 
 Agatha (ag'a-thii), Saint. A Sicilian virgin 
 martyr (born at Palermo) put to death by Quin- 
 tianus, the governor of Sicily, Feb. 5, 251, be- 
 cause she rejected his illicit advances. The Roman 
 and Anglican churches celebrate her festival on that day. 
 She is sai 1 to have been scourged, burnt with hot irons, 
 torn with hooks, and then placed on a bed of live coals 
 and glass. 
 
 Agathias (a-ga'thi-as). [Gr. ’Aya6iaq.\ Born 
 at Myrina, Asia Minor, about 536 : died about 
 582. A Byzantine poet and historian, author 
 of a history of the period 552-558 (ed. by Nie- 
 buhr, 1828). 
 
 Agatho (ag'a-tho), Saint, surnamed Thauma- 
 turgUS. Pope from June 27, 678, to Jan. 10, 
 682; a native of Palermo, Sicily. He brought 
 
 about the sixth Ecumenical Council of Constantinople 
 in 6rf0, in which the Monothelite heresy was condemned. 
 
 Agathocles (a-gath'o-klez), or Agatliokles. 
 [Gr. AyadoK.) l?/?.] Born at Thermte, Sicily, 361 (?) 
 B. C. : died 289 B. C. A Sicilian despot, tyrant 
 of Syracuse 317-289 B. c. He invaded Africa 
 in 310. 
 
 Agathon (ag'a-thon). [Gr. ’Ayafltw.] Born about 
 477 b. c. A Greek (Athenian) tragic poet. He 
 figures in the “Symposium” of Plato, the 
 scene of which is laid in his house. 
 
 Agathon. A philosophical romance by Wie- 
 land, published in 1766 : so named from its chief 
 character in which the author depicted himself. 
 Agathon. An unknown author referred to by 
 Chaucer in the prologue to the “Legend of 
 Good Women.” 
 
 Agave (a-ga've). [Gr. Ayavg.'] In Greek legend, 
 the daughter of Cadmus, wife of the Spartan 
 Echion, and mother of Pentheus, king of Thebes, 
 whom she destroyed in a frenzy. 
 
 Agawam (ag'a-wom). A town in Hampden 
 County, Massachusetts, situated on the Con- 
 necticut nearly opposite Springfield. Popula- 
 tion, 3,501, (1910). 
 
 Agawam. See Pennacook. 
 
 Agbatana. Same as Ecbatana. 
 
 Agde (agd). A town in the department of 
 Herault, France, the ancient Agatha, on the 
 Herault near the Mediterranean , 29 miles south- 
 west of Montpellier. It was a colony of Massilia. 
 A council was called here by Alaric II. in 606, and it has 
 often been sacked in the religious wars. It was held for 
 some years by the Huguenots. Population, 8,435. 
 
 Aged P. See Wemmick. 
 
 Ageladas (a-jel'a-das). [Gr. ’AytZadaf.] Flour- 
 ished 520-460 b. c. A Greek sculptor, a native 
 of Argos, known chiefly as the instructor of 
 the three great sculptors of the 5th century B. c. , 
 Myron, Phidias, and Polycleitus. He probably 
 represented more especially the severe formulae of the 
 Doric. Peloponnesian, or Argive school which devoted itself 
 to the structure and proportions of the perfected athlete, 
 in distinction from the more graceful and sympathetic 
 Ionic school already far advanced in Asia Minor and north- 
 ern Greece. Nothing now remains which can be traced 
 to his hand An inscription with his name has been dis- 
 covered at Olympia. 
 
 Agelaus (aj-e-la'us). [Gr. Ay/Zaor.] In Greek 
 
 20 
 
 mythology: 1. A son of Heracles, and ances- 
 tor of Croesus. — 2. A servant of Priam, who 
 exposed Paris on Mount Ida. — 3. The bravest 
 of the suitors of Penelope. He was one of the 
 last to he slain by Ulysses. 
 
 Agen (a-zhon'). The capital of the department 
 of Lot-et-Garonne, France, the ancient Agin- 
 num, on the Garonne about lat. 44- 13' N., 
 long. 0° 39' E. It has a cathedral. It was the capi- 
 tal of the Nitiobriges, and later of the Agenois, and was 
 the scene of executions in the Albieensian and Hueruenot 
 wars. It is also notable as the birthplace of Scaliger and 
 Lacepede. Population, commune, 23,141. 
 
 Agendicum (a-jen'di-kum). The ancient name 
 of Sens, France. 
 
 Agenois (a-zha-nwa/), or Agenais (a-zha-na'). 
 A former district of France, comprised in the 
 modern department of Lot-et-Garonne. 
 Agenor (a-je'nor). [Gr. A yr/vap.'] 1. In Greek 
 legend: (a) A king of Phoenicia, son of Posei- 
 don and Libya, and father of Cadmus and Eu- 
 ropa. ( b ) A son of Phegeus, king of Psophis 
 in Arcadia, one of the slayers of Alemteon, slain, 
 in turn, by Alcmteon’s son. (c) A brave Trojan 
 warrior, son of Antenor, who appears in the Il- 
 iad as a leader in the attack on the fortifications 
 of the Greeks. He fought with and wounded Achilles, 
 and Apollo assumed his form in order to lead Achilles 
 away from his pursuit of the retreating Trojans. 
 
 2. The Greek name for Baal-Samen. 
 
 Age of Innocence. A noted painting by Sir 
 Joshua Reynolds, in the National Gallery, Lon- 
 don. It represents a little girl seated on the 
 ground in a wooded landscape. 
 
 Ager (a'ger), Captain. A character in Middle- 
 ton and Rowley’s play “A Fair Quarrel,” a 
 soldier of delicate and noble nature who makes, 
 in his consideration of a point of family honor, 
 a fine distinction between moral and physical 
 ..courage. 
 
 Ageri (a'ger-i), or Egeri (a'ger-i). A small 
 valley in the eastern part of the canton of 
 .Zug, Switzerland. 
 
 Ageri, or Egeri, Lake of. A lake, about 
 miles long, in the canton of Zug, Switzerland. 
 Its outlet is by the Lorze into the Lake of Zug. 
 Agesander (aj-e_-san'der), or Agesandros 
 (-dros). [Gr.' , A;'/;eranJpof.] Flourished 42-21 
 B. c. A Greek sculptor, a native of Rhodes. 
 With Athenodorus and Polydorus of Rhodes 
 he carved the Laocoon (which see). 
 
 Agesilail of Colchos. The principal character 
 in the romance of that name in the eleventh 
 and twelfth hooks of “Amadis of Gaul.” 
 Agesilas (a-zha-se-las'). A tragedy by Cor- 
 neille, produced in 1666. 
 
 Agesilaus ( a-je-si-la'us) II., or Agesilaos (-os). 
 [Gr. ’Ayr/auao f.] Died in Egypt in the winter 
 of 361-360 B. C. King of Sparta from 399 to 
 361 B. c., a son of Archidamus II. of the Eu- 
 rypontid line, by his second wife Eupolia, and 
 half-brother of Agis II. whom he succeeded. 
 In 396 he came to the relief of the Asiatic Greeks against 
 Persia, and in the following year defeated the satraps 
 Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus. In 394, as he was prepar- 
 ing to enter the heart of the empire, he was called home 
 by the ephors to take part in the Corinthian war, stirred 
 up against Sparta by Pers an gold. In 394 he defeated 
 the troops of the allies at the battle of Coronea in Boeotia. 
 In 393 he ravaged Argolis, in 392 the Corinthian territory, 
 and in 391 reduced (he Acarnanians. In 369 he main- 
 tained the unwalled Sparta against the attacks of four 
 armies. He was present at the battle of Mantineia in 
 362, and in 361 he crossed with a Lacedaemonian army of 
 mercenaries into Egypt. 
 
 Agger of Servius Tullius. [L. agger, mound, 
 rampart.] An especially important stretch of 
 the Servian Wall of Rome, extending from the 
 Colline Gate, on the site of the present Ministry 
 of Finance, across the low ground to the Es- 
 quilme Gate, adjoining the existing Arch of 
 Gallienus, at the foot of the Esquiline. in the 
 middle of the Agger there was a third gate, the Porta 
 Viminalis. The Agger consisted of a great mound of 
 earth, hi front of which there was a ditch 30 feet deep 
 and 100 wide. The mound had a very massive retaining- 
 wall in front, rising 30 feet above the top of the ditch, and 
 a lighter wall at the back. An impressive length of the 
 front wall is standing, close to tile railway-station. 
 
 Aggershus (ag'gers-hos), or Akershus ( a'kers- 
 hos). An amt or province of southeastern 
 Norway. Area, 2,01/ square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 116,896. 
 
 Aggtelek. See Agtclck. 
 
 Aghasura (a-gha'so-ra). [‘The Asura or de- 
 mon Agha.’] In Hindu mythology, an asura 
 who was general of Kansa, king of Mathura, 
 and second cousin of Krishna. He took the form 
 of a huge serpent, and Krishna's companions the cowherds 
 entered into its mouth, mistaking it for a cavern, Krishna 
 rescuing them. 
 
 Aghlabides. See Aglabites. 
 
 Aghrerath (agh're-rath). In the Shahnamah, 
 
 Agnes 
 
 the third son of the Turanian king Pesheng. He 
 fruitlessly tried to dissuade Pesheng from attacking Iran, 
 and Afrasiab from executing Naudar. He freed Naudar’s 
 captive nobles, who had been spared on his entreaty and 
 were imprisoned at Sari. For this he was killed by 
 Afrasiab. 
 
 Aghrim, or Aughrim (ag'rim). A village in 
 County Galway, Ireland, about 31 miles east of 
 Galway. Here, July 12, 1691, the English under Ginkel 
 defeated the Irish and French under Saint-Ruth. 
 
 Agias (a'ji-as). [Gr. Ayeaf.] An ancient Greek 
 “cyclic” poet of Trcezen (about 740 b. c.), 
 author of the “Nostoi,” or “Homeward Voy- 
 ages” of the Ac h to a II heroes from the siege of 
 Troy. 
 
 Agib (a/ gib). 1. The third Calendar in the 
 story of “The Three Calendars” in the “Ara- 
 bian Nights’ Entertainments.” — 2. In the story 
 of Noureddin Ali and Bedredden Hassan in 
 “The Arabian Nights,” a son of Bedredden 
 Hassan and the Queen of Beauty. 
 Agilolfinger (a-gi-lol'fing-er). The family of 
 the earliest dukes of Bavaria. The line began 
 about 590 (530 ?) and ended in 788. 
 
 Agilulf (a'gi-lulf). Died 616. A duke of Turin 
 and king of Lombardy. 
 
 Agincourt (aj'in-kort; F. pron. azh-an-kor'). 
 A village in the department of Pas-de-Calais, 
 Prance, about 29 miles southeast of Boulogne, 
 noted for the victory gained there Oct. 25, 1415, 
 by the English (about 15,000) under Henry V. 
 over the French (50,000-60,000) under the Con- 
 stable d’Albret. The loss of the English was 
 about 1,600 ; that of the French over 10,000. 
 Agincourt. See Seroux d’ Agincourt. 
 Agincourt, Ballad of. A poem by Drayton 
 which appeared in “Poems Lyrick and Pasto- 
 ral” about 1605. (Not to be confused with “The 
 Battle of Agincourt," also by Drayton, which he pub- 
 lished in 1627.) 
 
 Aginnum. See Agen. 
 
 Agira (a-je'ra), or San Filippo d’Argiro. A 
 
 town, the ancient Agyrium, in the province 
 of Catania, Sicily, about 31 miles northwest of 
 Catania. Population, 10,836; commune, 17,738. 
 Agis (a'jis) I. [Gr. ’Aytf.] King of Sparta 
 about 1032 (?) b. c. 
 
 Agis II. King of Sparta from about 426 to 399 
 B. c. He was victorious at Mantineia 418. 
 Agis III. King of Sparta 338-330 B. c. He was 
 allied with Persia against Macedon, and was 
 defeated and killed in 330. 
 
 Agis IV. Died b. c. 240. King of Sparta from 
 B. c. 244: son of Eudamidas II. of theEurypontid 
 line. He proposed to recruit the ranks of the Spartans 
 from among the Fericeci, and advocated a redistribution 
 of tlie landed property. In these measures of reform he 
 was opposed by his colleague, Leonidas II.. of the Agid 
 line, and was, after seme transient successes, captured and 
 sentenced to death by the ephors. Alfieri produced a 
 remarkable tragedy on this subject. 
 
 Aglabites (ag'la-blts), or Aghlabites, or Agla- 
 bides (ag'la-bidz). An Arab dynasty which 
 reigned in northern Africa (capital at Kairwan) 
 from the beginning of the 9th century to 909. 
 It was succeeded by the Fatimites. 
 
 Aglaia (ag-la'ya). [Gr. AyXaia.'] 1. In Greek 
 mythology, one of the three Graces. — 2. An 
 asteroid (No. 47) discovered by Luther at Bilk, 
 Sept. 15, 1857. 
 
 Aglaura (ag-la'ra). A tragedy by Sir John 
 Suckling, acted in 1637-38 and printed in 1646. 
 
 Aglaura enjoys the eccentric possession of two fifth 
 acts, so that it c n be made a tragedy or a tragi-comedy 
 at pleasure. Saintsbury. 
 
 Aglauros (ag-la'ros), or Agraulos (ag-ra'los), 
 or Agraule (-le). [Gr. ’’Ay'/avpoc, "AypavAoc, Ay- 
 pav?7/.] In Greek mythology, the wife of Ce- 
 c-rops; also, the daughter of Cecrops, noted in 
 legends of Attica. 
 
 Aglemut (ag'le-mot). [Singular Aglemu.] A 
 tribe of Alaskan Eskimo inhabiting the shores of 
 Bristol Bay and the northern shore of the Alas- 
 kan peninsula. Also Jglemvit, Aglegmut. 
 Agnadello (a-nya-dc l'lo). A village in the prov- 
 ince of Cremona, northern Italy, near Lodi. 
 
 Here, May 14, 15C9, the French, under Louis XII., de- 
 feated the Venetians. For the battle of 1705, see Lassano. 
 Agnano, Lago d’ (13/ go u’ a-nya'nd). Formerly 
 a small lake, now an open crater, 5 miles west 
 of Naples, noted for the Grotta del Cane (which 
 see). It was drained in 1870. 
 
 Agnes (ag'nes or ag'nez), Saint. [Formerly 
 Annes, Annis, Annire, etc., F. Agnes, L. Agnes; 
 from Gr. ayv of, lamb.] A Roman virgin and 
 martyr, 12 or 13 years of age, beheaded during 
 the reign of Diocletian. She is said to have been 
 slain after having been exposed to the vilest outrage 
 in a brothel. Her festival is celebrated on Jan. 21 by the 
 Greek, Roman, and Anglican churches. 
 
Agnes 
 
 Agnes. 1. A character in Moliere’s “ L’Ecolo 
 des Femmes,” an ingenue. She contrives to make 
 extremely suggestive allusions while speaking with the 
 utmost simplicity of mind. Wycherley took his “Coun- 
 try Wife ’’ from this character. The name has become 
 proverbial for a person of this kind. 
 
 2. In “Fatal Curiosity,” a tragedy by George 
 Lillo, the wife of Wilmot and mother of Young 
 Wilmot. She kills her son. — 3. See Wickfield. 
 Agnes’s Eve, Saint. Celebrated on the night 
 of Jan. 20. It was especially a holiday for women. 
 It was supposed possible by various forms of divination for 
 a girl on this night to see the form of her future husband. 
 
 Agnes’ Eve, Saint. A poem by Tennyson, pub- 
 lished in 1842. 
 
 Agnes, The Eve of Saint. A poem by Keats, 
 written in 1818. 
 
 Agnes Grey. A novel by Anne Bronte, pub- 
 lished under the signature of ‘ ‘ Acton Bell ” in 
 1847. 
 
 Agnes of Austria. Born 1281: died 1364. 
 Daughter of the German king Albert I., and 
 wife of Andrew III. of Hungary, notorious for 
 her vengeance on all connected with the mur- 
 derers of her father. 
 
 Agnes of Meran. Died at Poissy, 1201. Wife 
 of Philip II. of France, and daughter of Duke 
 Berthold of Meran. Philip’s divorce of his previous 
 >. fe, Ingeborg of Denmark, \va3 held to lie invalid by the 
 I ope, and he was forced by an interdict to reinstate her. 
 
 Agnes of Poitou. Died Dec. 14, 1077. Second 
 consort of the emperor Henry IH., and 
 daughter of William V., duke of Aquitaine. 
 At the death of Henry III., Oct. 5, 1056, she 
 became guardian of her son, Henry IV. A con- 
 spiracy of the nobility deprived her of the regency in 
 May, 1062, when the young king was abducted from 
 Kaiserswerth to Cologne by Anno, archbishop of Cologne. 
 
 Agnes Sorel. See Sorel, Agnes. 
 
 Agnesi (a-nya'ze), Maria, Gaetana. Born at 
 Milan, May 16, 1718: died at Milan, Aug. 4, 
 1799. An Italian lady, appointed professor of 
 mathematics at Bologna in 1750, noted for her 
 acquirements in languages and science : author 
 of “Iustituzioni Analitiche” (1745), etc. 
 Agnesi, Maria Theresa. Born at Milan, 1724: 
 died about 1780. An Italian composer and 
 pianist, sister of M. G. Agnesi : author of the 
 operas “Sofonisbe,” “Ciro in Armenia,” “Ni- 
 tocri,” and “ Insubria Consolato.” 
 
 Agnethlen (ag'net-len). A town in Transyl- 
 vania, about 25 miles northeast of Hermann- 
 stadt. Population, about 3,000. 
 
 Agnew (ag'nu), Cornelius Rea. Bom at New 
 York, Aug. 8, 1830: died there, April 18, 1888. 
 A noted American physician and surgeon, 
 clinical professor of diseases of the ear and eye 
 in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New 
 York city (1869). 
 
 Agliew, David Hayes. Born in Lancaster 
 County, Pennsylvania, Nov. 24, 1818: died at 
 Philadelphia, March 22, 1892. An eminent Am- 
 erican surgeon, appointed in 1870 professor of 
 operative surgery, and in 1871 of the principles 
 and practice of surgery, iu the University of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Agnew, Patrick. Bom 1822: died at Multan, 
 India, April 21, 1848. An English Indian civil 
 servant, murdered witli his companion, Lieu- 
 tenant W. A. Anderson, by the retainers of 
 Mulraj, dewan or governor of Multhn. This 
 incident led to the second Sikh war. 
 Agni(ag'ni), [Skt.,=:L. ignis, fire.] In Hindu 
 mythology, the god of fire.'' in the Veda he is the 
 conveyer of the sacrifice, messenger and priest of men, 
 their protector against the horrors of the darkness, the 
 defender of the home. As one of the chief divinities of 
 the Vedas great numbers of hymns are addressed to him, 
 more than to any other god. He is one of the three great 
 deities Agni, Vayu (or Indra), and Surya, who preside re- 
 spectively over earth, air, and sky. 
 
 Agni Purana (ag'ni po-ra'nii). APuraua (so 
 named as supposed to have been communicated 
 by Agni to Vasishtha) devoted to the glorifica- 
 tion of Siva, hut of very various contents, ritual, 
 cosmical, ethical, military, legal, medical, rhe- 
 torical, grammatical, taken largely from earlier 
 works. It is quite modern, and has no legiti- 
 mate claim to be regarded as a Purana. 
 
 Agnie. See Mohawk. 
 
 Agniehronnon. See Mohawk. 
 
 Agnoetae (ag-no-e'te). [Gr. ’Ayvor/ra'i, the igno- 
 rant ones.] 1. A Christian sect of the 4th cen- 
 tury, which denied the omniscience of the Su- 
 premo Being, maintaining that God knows the 
 past only by memory, and the future only by 
 inference from the present. — 2. A sect of the 
 6th century, followers of Themistius, deacon 
 of Alexandria, who, on the authority of Mark 
 xiii. 32 (“But of that day and that hour know- 
 eth no man, . . . neither the Son, but the 
 
 21 
 
 Father”), held that Christ, as man, was igno- 
 rant of many things, and specifically of the 
 time of the day of judgment. Also Agnoitce, 
 Agnoites. 
 
 Agnolo (a'nyo-lo), Baccio d’. Born at Florence 
 about 1461 : died 1543. A Florentine architect. 
 Agobard (F. pron. ag-6-biir'). Boru 779: died 
 J une 6, 840. A Frankish theologian, archbishop 
 of Lyons 816. 
 
 Agora (ag'o-ra), The. [Gr. ayopa, assembly, 
 market-place.] Alarge irregular area in Athens, 
 entered beneath the northeast angle of the Colo- 
 nus Ago rams hill, on which stands the so-called 
 * Theseum, by the broad portico-bordered Dromos 
 street running to the Dipylon Gate, thence pass- 
 ing along the base of the “ Theseum” hill, and 
 extending one branch north of the Areopagus, 
 and another around the western endof the Areo- 
 pagus, and between the Pnyx and the Acropolis. 
 Tliis last portion was especially the political agora, while 
 the portion north of the Areopagus was more particularly 
 the original commercial agora or market-place, embra- 
 cingaswell anumberof religious foundations, thefamous 
 porticos, the Basil , ios, Hleutherios, and l'oikile, and the 
 Bonleuterion or senate-house. The position of the new 
 agora or oil-market is i xed by its existing Gate of Athena 
 Archegetis : much of its inclosure also remains, south of 
 the Stoa of Hadrian, and further east than the old agora. 
 The great Stoa of Attalus If. undoubtedly faced on part 
 of the commercial agora, and the so-called Stoa of the 
 giants is within the area of the agora. 
 
 Agoracritus (ag-o-rak'ri-tus), or Agorakritos 
 (-tos). [Gr. ’Ayopanoirot;.'] A Greek sculptor, 
 a native of Paros, the favorite pupil of Phi- 
 dias and the rival of Alcameues. His most 
 famous statue was a Nemesis, probably repre- 
 sented by a little statue in the Lateran. 
 Agordo (a-gor'do). A small town in tbo prov- 
 ince of Belluno, northern Italy, situated on 
 the Cordevole 14 miles northwest of Belluno. 
 There are important mines of copper and other 
 minerals in the vicinity. 
 
 Agosta (a-gos'tii), L. Augusta (a-gus'ta). A 
 seaport in the province of Syracuse, Sicily, 
 about 13 miles north of Syracuse, it was over- 
 thrown by an earthquake in 1693. Near here, April 22, 
 1676, the French fleet defeated the Spanish and Dutch. 
 Population, 15,317 • commune, 16,102. 
 
 Agostini (ii-gos-te'ne), Leonardo. Born at 
 Siena, Italy : lived in the 17th century. An 
 Italian antiquary, appointed inspector of an- 
 tiquities by Pope Alexander VII. : editor of 
 a new edition of Paruta’s “ Sicilian Medals,” 
 etc. 
 
 Agostini, Paolo. Born at Vallerano, Campagna 
 Eomana, Italy, 1593 : died at Borne, 1629. A 
 noted Italian composer, chiefly of sacred music, 
 maestro at the Vatican Chapel (1629). 
 Agostino de Duccio (a-gos-te'no de do'ehid). 
 Born at Florence, .1418: died at Perugia, 1498. 
 An Italian sculptor, noted for his reliefs in 
 glazed terra-cotta. In 1442 he made the reliefs on 
 the facade of the Duomo at Modena. From 1446 to 1454 
 he lived In Bimini. From Bimini he went to Perugia, 
 where his beautiful facade of the church of San Bernar- 
 dino, with its terra-cottas and party-colored marbles, forms 
 one of the most charming examples of polychromatic 
 architecture in Italy. 
 
 Agoult (fi-go' ), Comtessed’ (Marie Catherine 
 Sophie de Flavigny): pseudonym Daniel 
 Stern. Born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Dec. 
 31, 1805 : died at Paris, March 5, 1876. A French 
 writer. Her works include “Esquisses morales et poli- 
 tiques" (184 J), “Histoire de la revolution de 1848” (1851), 
 “ Neiida,” etc. She lived for atime with T.iszt, and of her 
 two daughters by him one married Von Billow and after- 
 ward Wagner. 
 
 AgOVJ(a-gou'). Abranchof theEthiopian family 
 constituting a large part of the population of 
 Abyssinia. They inhabit parts of Amhara and 
 Tigr6. 
 
 Agra (a'gra). 1. A division of the United 
 Provinces of British India. Area, 10,078 
 square miles. Population, 5,249,542. — 2. A 
 district of the division of Agra, intersected by 
 lat. 27° N., long. 78° E. Area, 1,845 square 
 miles. Population, 1,060,528. — 3. The capital 
 of the division and district of Agra, situated 
 on the Jumna about lat. 27° 10' N., long. 
 78° E. It is a military, railway, and commercial center, 
 and exports cotton, BUgar, and worked marble. It was the 
 capital of the Mogul empire during the last part of the 10th 
 and the first part of the 17th century, and was captured 
 by the British in 1893. The English in Agra were besieged 
 in the fort by the mutineers, July-Oct., 1857. Popu- 
 lation, including cantonment, 188,022. Among the 
 noted buildings of Agra are : (1) The palace of Akbar, 
 massively built of red sandstone, richly sculptured, and 
 exhibiting in its lintel-construction the marks of Hindu 
 influence on the Indian-Saracenic style. (2) Adjoining 
 lies the palace of Shah Jehan, half a century later in date, 
 and forming a strong contrast, in its white marble archi- 
 tecture, its dentellated arcades, and its inlaid work of 
 arabesques and flowers in colored stone. (3) The Pearl 
 Mosque, another notable foundation of Shah Jehan. The 
 
 Agricola, Johann Friedrich 
 
 entire size, including the cloistered court, is only 187 by 
 234 feet, but the building is a gem of Mogul artistic de- 
 sign and execution. (4) The tomb of ltimad ud-Daulah, 
 built under Jahangir, in the early 17th century. By its 
 inlaid work in stone, possibly of Italian derivation, it 
 marks an epoch in the Indian-Saracenic style. The ex- 
 terior forms a single story with octagonal towers at the 
 angles, and is surmounted by a square central pavilion 
 with three arcades to a side, widely projecting bracketed 
 cornice, and a domical roof. All the openings of the 
 monument except the central portal are closed by marble 
 slabs pierced in geometrical patterns of marvelous deli- 
 cacy. (5) The Taj-Mahal (which see). 
 
 AgYcS (a'gre). [Gr. al ’Aypa.i.\ A suburb of an- 
 cient Athens extending eastward from opposite 
 the temple of Olympian Zeus over the hills on 
 the south bank of the Ilissus. In it lies the 
 Panathenaic Stadium. 
 
 Agram (a/gram), Slav. Zagrab (zag'rab). 1. 
 A county in the northwestern part of Croa- 
 tia and Slavonia. Population, 541,242. — 2. A 
 royal free city, capital of the crownland of 
 Croatia and Slavonia, Austria-Hungary, situ- 
 ated near the Save about lat. 45° 49' N., long. 
 15° 58' E. It has a trade in wine and grain, and some, 
 manufactures, and is the seat of aBornan Catholic arch- 
 bishopric and cathedral, and of a university. The latter 
 was opened in 1874, and has about 70 instructors and 1,300 
 students. It was devastated by earthquakes in 1880-81. 
 Population, 79,000, (1910). 
 
 Agramant (ii'gra-mant). In Boiardo’s “Or- 
 lando Innamorato” and Ariosto’s “Orlando 
 Furioso,” the young king of Africa. 
 Agramonte y Lomaz (a-gra-mon'te e lo-e- 
 naz'), Ignacio. Born at Puerto Principe, 1841 : 
 killed at the encounter of Jimaguayu, July 1, 
 1873. A Cuban revolutionist, one of the leaders 
 of the revolts cf 18C7 and 1868, commissioned 
 major-general by Cespedes. He commanded the 
 insurgents in Camagiiey, and subsequently their entire 
 force. 
 
 Agraulos. See Aglauros. 
 
 Agravaine (ag'ra-van), Sir. In the romances 
 of chivalry, a knight of the Bound Table, sur- 
 named L’Orgueilleux (‘ The Proud’). 
 Agraviados (a-gra-ve-a'THds). [Sp., ‘the dis- 
 contented.’] In Spanish history, the adherents 
 of the Hapsburgs in Spain in the 18th century, 
 who opposed recognition of the Bourbons; also, 
 the partizans of an unsuccessful absolutist out- 
 break in 1826-28. 
 
 Agreda (a-gra'THa). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of Soria, Spain, about 60 miles northwest 
 of Saragossa. 
 
 Agreda, Maria de. Bom at Agreda, Spain, 
 1602: died at Agreda, May 24, 1665. A Spanish 
 mystic, abbess of the convent of the Immacu- 
 late Conception at Agreda. She wrote a life of the 
 Virgin Mary, the contents of which she asserted had 
 been revealed to her. It was characterized by Bossuet 
 as indecent, and was censured by the Sorbonne. 
 
 Agreeable Surprise, The. A farce by O’Keefe, 
 produced in 1781. It contains some peculiarly 
 felicitous blunders in situation and character. 
 A-Green. See George-a-Green. 
 
 Agrib (a'greb), or Jebel Ghareb (jeb'el gha'- 
 reb). A mountain in middle Egypt, lat. 28° 
 12' N., long. 32° 42' E., about 5,300 feet high. 
 Also Agreeb, Agarrib, Jebel Khareeb, etc. 
 Agricane (a-gre-ka'ne). In Boiardo’s “Orlando 
 Innamorato,” a king of Tatary who is in com- 
 mand of an enormous army, but is killed by 
 Orlando in single combat. 
 
 Agricola (a-grik'o-lji), Christoph Ludwig. 
 Born at Batisbon, Nov. 5, 1667: died there, 1719. 
 A German landscape- and portrait-painter. 
 Agricola, Cnasus Julius. Born at Forum Julii 
 (Fr6jus), June 13, a. D. 37 : died at Borne, Aug. 
 23, a. d. 93. A Boman soldier and statesman, son 
 of the senator Julius Grascinas, and the father- 
 in-law of Tacitus. He served'first under Suetonius 
 Paulinus in Britain ; in C3 was appointed qusestor in Asia 
 under the proconsul Salvius Titianus; in 70 was raised by 
 Vespasian to the command of the 20th legion in Britain ; 
 and from 74 to 73 was governor of the province of A qui- 
 tania. On his recall he was elected consul and assigned 
 the province of Southern Britain. In seven campaigns 
 from 78 to 84 he pacified the rest of Britain as far as the 
 northern boundary of berth and Argyll. He was recalled 
 to Borne in 84. 
 
 Agricola (originally Bauer), Georg. Born at 
 Glauchau, Saxony , March 24, 1490 : died at Chem- 
 nitz, Saxony, Nov. 21, 1555. A German min- 
 eralogist, an tii or of a treatise on metallurgy, 
 “De re metallica” (1530), etc. 
 
 Agricola (originally Schnitter), Johann. Born 
 at Eislehen, Germany, Aoril 20, 1492 : died at 
 Berlin, Sept. 22, 1566. A German Protestant 
 theologian and reformer, preacher in Eislehen, 
 professor in Wittenberg, and later court preach- 
 er in Berlin. He was a leader of the Antinomians. He 
 published various theological works, and a collection of 
 German proverbs (1529-48). 
 
 Agricola, Johann Friedrich. Born at Dobit- 
 
Agricola, Johann Friedrich 
 
 echen, Saxe-Altenburg, Jan. 4, 1720: died at 
 Berlin, Nov. 12, 1774. A German organist and 
 composer, director of the Royal Chapel at Ber- 
 lin 1759-74. 
 
 Agricola (originally Sohr or Sore), Martin. 
 
 Born at Sorau, Brandenburg, about 1486: 
 died at Magdeburg, June 10, 1556. A German 
 musician and writer on music, musical director 
 at Magdeburg, notable for his attempt to im- 
 prove musical notation : author of “Ein Kurtz 
 deutsche Musica” (1528), “Musiea instrumen- 
 talis deudsch ” (1529), etc. 
 
 Agricola, Rodolphus (Roelof Huysmann). 
 Born at Baflo, near Groningen, in 1443: died 
 at Heidelberg in 1485. A Dutch scholar, 
 painter, and musician, lecturer on Greek and 
 Roman literature at Worms and Heidelberg 
 after 1482. He was an influential promotor of classi- 
 cal studies. His principal work is a treatise “ De Inven- 
 tione Dialectica." 
 
 Agri Decumates. See Decumates Agri. 
 Agrigentum (ag-ri-jen'tum). The ancient 
 name of Girgenti : the Greek Akragas CAnpayag). 
 
 It was founded by colonists from Gela about 582 B. C.. In 
 the middle of the 6th century B. c. it was ruled by the tyrant 
 Phalaris: afterward its government was in turn oligarchic 
 and republican. It was most flourishing in the 5th cen- 
 tury B. c., when it was a great commercial center, with 
 nearly 1,000,000 (?) inhabitants. In 406 B. c. it was plun- 
 dered by Carthage, and was rebuilt and received a Syra- 
 cusan colony. In the Punic wars it sided with Carthage, 
 and was eventually annexed by Rome, and became of little 
 importance. For its later history and ruins, see Girgenti. 
 
 Agrippa (a-grip'a), Cornelius Heinrich (called 
 Agrippa of Nettesheira). Born at Cologne, 
 Prussia, Sept. 14, 1486: died at Grenoble, 
 France, Feb. 18, 1535. A German philosopher 
 and student of alchemy and magic, author of 
 “ De incertitudine et vanitate scientiarum” 
 (1527), “De occulta philosophia” (1510), etc. 
 Agrippa I., Herod. Bom about 11 b. c.: died 
 at Catsarea, Palestine, 44 A. D. A grandson 
 of Herod the Great, appointed king over the 
 tetrarchies of northeastern Palestine, 37 A. d., 
 and in 41 A. D. over Judea also. He persecuted 
 the Christians, 44 A. I>. (Acts xii.), and is said to have 
 died in a horrible manner. Acts xii. 23. 
 
 Agrippa II., Herod. Born about 27 a. d.: 
 died at Rome, 100. Son of Herod Agrippa I., 
 
 made prince of Chalcis 48 A. D., and king over 
 northern Palestine in 52. He sided with the Romans 
 in the conquest of Jerusalem. It was before him that 
 Paul was brought. 
 
 Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius. Born at Rome, 
 63 B. c. : died in Campania, 12 B. C. A Roman 
 commander, of obscure origin, the leading 
 statesman of the reign of Augustus. He served 
 under Octavius in the Perusinian war, and in Gaul and 
 Germany ; defeated Sextus Pompey atMylfeandNaulochus 
 36 b. C.; was consul 37, and sedile 33 ; served at Actium 
 31 ; dedicated the Pantheon 27 ; was governor of Syria 17 ; 
 and was tribune with Augustus 18-13 B. c. He was tho 
 father of Vipsania, first wife of Tiberius and mother of 
 lirusus. His third wife was Julia, the daughter of Au- 
 gustus and widow of Marcellus. 
 
 Agrippa, Menenius. A character in Shak- 
 spere’s “ Coriolanus.” 
 
 Agrippa Postumus. Born 12 b. c. : died 14 
 A. D. A posthumous son of Marcus Vipsanius 
 Agrippa by Julia, the daughter of Augustus, 
 adopted by Augustus in 4 B. c., and murdered in 
 prison on the accession of Tiberius, probably by 
 the order of Livia. 
 
 Agrippina (ag-ri-pi'na). Born about 13 b. c. : 
 died at Pandataria, near Naples, 33 a. d. The 
 youngest daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa 
 and Julia, the daughter of Augustus: wife of 
 Germanicus and mother of Caligula, she in- 
 curred the hatred of Tiberius and Sejanus, and by them 
 was banished to Pandataria, where she died of voluntary 
 starvation. She was a woman of lofty character. 
 Agrippina, Julia. Born at Oppidum Ubiorum 
 (named for her Colonia Agrippina, the modern 
 Cologne), about 15 a. d. : put to death at the 
 Lucrine Lake, near Baiae, 60 or 59. A daughter 
 of Germanicus and Agrippina, and wife of 
 Domitius Ahenobarbus by whom she was 
 mother of Nero. Later she married CrispusPassienus, 
 and, 49 a. D., Claudius whom she poisoned 54 a.d. She was 
 a woman of scandalous life (according to ancient authori- 
 ties) and unbounded ambition and had great influence in 
 the early part of Nero’s reign : but she was murdered by 
 his order. There is a portrait-statue of her in Naples. 
 Agtelek (og'te-lek). A village in the county 
 of Gomor, Hungary, noted for its cavern (or 
 Baradla), which is, after the Adelsberg, the 
 largest stalactite grotto in Europe. 
 
 Agu (a-go'), or Aku (a-ko'). An old Chaldean 
 name of the moon-god ; in later Babylonian and 
 Assyrian, Sin (which see). 
 
 Agua (a'gwa), or Volcan de Agua. [Sp., ‘ vol- 
 cano of water.’] A conical mountain 25 miles 
 southwest of Guatemala, 12,197 feet high. It 
 
 22 
 
 discharges water, and destroyed old Guatemala 
 
 ★ by floods, Sept. 8, 1541. 
 
 Aguadilla (a-gwa-THel'ya). A seaport at the 
 northwestern extremity of Porto Rico. Popu- 
 lation, 6,135, (1910). 
 
 Aguado (a-gwa'THo), Juan de. A Spaniard who 
 accompanied Columbus on his second voyage 
 to America (1493), returned to Spain next year 
 and was made royal commissioner to investi- 
 gate the affairs of Hispaniola, He arrived there 
 in Oct., 1495, and returned to Spain 1496. Nothing is 
 known of his previous or subsequent history. 
 
 Agua Fria (a'gwa fre'a) Creek. A tributary 
 of the Gila River in Arizona. 
 
 Aguas Calientes (a'gwas ka-le-an'tes). [Sp., 
 
 ‘ hot springs.’] A state of Mexico, bounded by 
 Zacatecas on the west, north, and east, and by 
 Jalisco on the south and southeast. Area, 
 2,951 square miles. Population, 118,978, (1910). 
 
 Aguas Calientes. The capital of the state of 
 the same name, about lat. 21° 53' N., long. 
 102° 17' W. There are hot springs in the vicinity 
 (whence the name). Population, about 40,000. 
 
 Ague-Cheek (a'gu-chek), Sir Andrew. A 
 
 character in Shakspere’s comedy “Twelfth 
 Night,” a timid, silly but amusing country 
 squire. 
 
 Agiiero (a-go-a'ro), Cristobal. Born in San 
 Luis de la Paz, Michoacan, 1600 : date of death 
 not recorded. A Mexican Dominican mission- 
 ary, who spent the greater part of his life labor- 
 ing among the Zapotec-an Indians. He left 
 several works on their language. 
 
 Agiiero, Joaquin de. Born at Puerto Principe, 
 Nov. 15, 1816: died there, Aug. 12, 1851. A 
 Cuban revolutionist. He was a planter of moderate 
 fortune and exalted ideas. In 1843 he freed his slaves and 
 took measures to have them educated. Later he endea- 
 vored to bring white immigrants to Cuba. After engaging 
 in the insurrection of 1851, he was captured and shot. 
 
 Agiiero, Jose Riva. See Riva Agiiero , Jos6. 
 
 Aguesseau (a-ge-so'), Henri Francois d’, 
 or Daguesseau. Born at Limoges, France, 
 Nov. 27, 1668: died at Paris, Feb. 9, 1751. A 
 French jurist, chancellor of France 1717-22 and 
 1737-50. His complete works were published 
 1759-89. 
 
 Aguilar (a-ge-lar'), Grace. Born at London, 
 June, 1816: died at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
 Sept. 16, 1847. An English novelist and writer 
 on Jewish history. She was the daughter of 
 Jewish parents. 
 
 Aguilar, Manuel. Born in Costa Rica about 
 1800 : died at Guatemala, June 6, 1846. A Cen- 
 tral American statesman. He occupied various 
 public posts in Costa Rica, represented that state in the 
 Assembly of 1828, and was elected president April 7, 1837. 
 He was deposed by Carrillo, May, 1838. 
 
 Aguilar de la. Frontera (a-ge-lar' da la fron- 
 
 ta'ra). A town in the province of Cordova, 
 Spain. 26 miles southeast of Cordova. Popu- 
 lation, 13,236. 
 
 Aguilas (ii'ge-las), or San Juan de las Agui- 
 
 las (san Hwan da las a'ge-las). A seaport in 
 the province of Murcia, Spain, 48 miles south- 
 west of Murcia. It exports lead, esparto-grass, 
 and soda. Population, 15,868. 
 
 Aguilera (a-ge-la'ra), Francisco Xavier. Born 
 at Santa Cruz de la Sierra about 1775 : died at 
 Valle Grande, Nov. 23, 1828. A royalist guer- 
 rilla chief of Chareas (Bolivia), notorious for 
 his cruelty. He received a commission as brigadier- 
 general, and for a time was military commandant of Santa 
 Cruz. In 1828, with a small force* he captured a Spanish 
 post, and proclaimed Ferdinand VII. as king. He was 
 soon captured and shot. 
 
 Aguinaldo (a-ge-nal'do), Emilio. Born about 
 1868. A Filipino leader of mixed European 
 and native descent. He took a leading part in the 
 rebellion against Spain 1896-98. In January of the latter 
 year he left the Philippines, agreeing not to return. After 
 the battle of Manila, May I, 1898, he returned with the 
 consent of the American authorities and established a 
 native government, of which he became the head, and 
 collected an army. On Feb. 4, 1899, he began hostilities 
 against the American forces occupying Manila. He was 
 captured in March, 1901. 
 
 Aguirre (a-ger'ra), Josef Saenz de. Born at 
 Logrono, Spain, March 24, 1630: died at Rome, 
 Aug. 19, 1699. A Spanish cardinal and theo- 
 logian, author of “Defensio cathedra; S. Pe- 
 tri,” etc. (1682), “Collectio maxima Concilio- 
 rum” (1693), “ Theologia S. Anselmi,” etc. 
 
 Aguirre, Lope de. Born at Onate, Asturias, 
 about 1508: shot Oct. 27, 1561. A Spanish ad- 
 venturer who early in life drifted to America, 
 and for twenty years led such a scandalous life 
 in Peru that he was known as “Aguirre the 
 madman.” He was engaged in several rebellions, was 
 outlawed, and joined the expedition of Pedro de Ursua in 
 search of El Dorado and the kingdom of the Omaguas on 
 the upper Amazon (1559). Ursua and his lieutenant Var- 
 
 Ahava 
 
 gas were murdered by Aguirre and others at Machiparo, 
 near the present site of Tabatinga on the upper Amazon, 
 Jan. 1, 1561, and Fernando de Guzman (whom Aguirre 
 afterward murdered) was made general with Aguirre as 
 his lieutenant. From this time the expedition became a 
 piratical cruise so wild that it bordered on insanity. The 
 band declared themselves rebels, or maranones, and pro- 
 ceeded down the Amazon, plundering Indian villages, 
 fighting with one another, and committing every horrible 
 crime, reaching the island of Margarita July 20, 1561. 
 There Aguirre murdered the governor and others, robbed 
 the royal treasury, and then made a descent on the main- 
 land of Venezuela. He was captured at Barquisimeto, 
 and shot by his own maranones. 
 
 Agulhas (a-go'lyas), Cape. The southern- 
 most point of Africa, in lat. 34° 50' S., long. 20° 
 1' E., 100 miles southeast of the Cape of Good 
 Hope. 
 
 Agustfn (a-gos-ten') I. The title of Iturbide, 
 emperor of Mexico. See Iturbide. 
 
 Agustina (a-gos-te'na). Died at Cueta, Spain, 
 June, 1857. The “ Maid of Saragossa,” noted 
 for her bravery in the defense of that citv, 
 1808-09. 
 
 Agyia (a-ji'yii). A town in Thessaly, Greece, 
 at the foot of Mount Ossa. Population, 
 2,806. 
 
 Ahab (a'hab). [Heb. Achab (Gr. Aj-ad/3), fa- 
 ther’s brother.] King of Israel, according to 
 the traditional reckoning, 918-896 b. c., but 
 according to some scholars 876-854 B. c. : the 
 son and successor of Omri. He married Jezebel, 
 daughter of Ethbaal, king of Tyre, and permitted the wor- 
 ship of Baal and Astarte in Samaria, alongside of that of 
 Yahveh. By this, as well as by his luxury and wicked- 
 ness in the matter of Naboth’s vineyard, he provoked 
 the anger of the prophets, more especially of Elijah. He 
 engaged in a war with Benhadad of Damascus, whom he 
 defeated in liis second campaign, hut whose life he spared. 
 No reason for this is given in the Old Testament, and the 
 act was denounced by the prophets. The reason of this 
 act is found in the cuneiform inscriptions where we find 
 that Shalmanezer II. in 854 B. c. fought with the kings of 
 Damascus, Hamath, and with Ahabbu Sirlaa who i3 
 identified by most scholars with Ahab of Israel. The 
 presence of the common enemy Assyria no doubt induced 
 Ahab to make peace with Benhadad of Damascus. After 
 the disappearance of danger from Assyria he made an 
 alliance with Jehosaphat, king of Judah, and carried on 
 another campaign against Damascus, but was killed in a 
 battle at Ramoth Gilead. The Old Testament contains 
 considerable information concerning this period, which 
 is supplemented by the cuneiform inscriptions and the 
 Moabite stone. Ahab continued Samaria as the capital of 
 Israel, but dwelt in Jezreel, which he greatly beautified. 
 
 Ahaggar (a -hag 'gar). A large plateau and 
 mountainous region in Sahara, intersected by 
 lat. 23°-24° N., long. 5°-6° E. The chief place 
 in it is Ideles. 
 
 Ahala (a-ha'la), Cneius Servilius Structus. 
 
 A Roman patrician, master of the horse 439 
 B. C. (according to the common chronology), 
 and slayer of the popular leader Spurius Maslius. 
 
 Ahalya (a-hal'ya). In Hindu legend, the wife 
 of the Rishi Gautama, and very beautiful : ac- 
 cording to the Ramayana the first woman 
 made by Brahma and given by him to Gautama. 
 She was seduced by India. Gautama expelled Ahalya 
 from his hermitage and deprived her of her preeminent 
 beauty or, as others state, made her invisible. Rama re- 
 stored her to her natural state and reconciled her to her 
 husband. Kumarila Bhatta explains this seduction as In- 
 dra’s (the sun’s) carrying away the shade of night. 
 
 Ahanta (a-han'ta). A district on the Gold 
 Coast of Africa, about long. 2°-3° W. 
 
 Ahantchuyuk (a-hant'cho-yok). A division 
 of the Kalapooian stock of North American In- 
 dians, on and about Pudding River, Ore- 
 gon. The name was applied to them by the Calapooya. 
 See Kalapooian. Also called Fra.ch Prairie Indians, 
 and Pudding Paver Indians. 
 
 Ahasuerus (a-liaz-u-e'rus). [Heb. Aliashve- 
 rosb, Pers. Khschjdrsha (‘mighty’ and ‘eye’?).] 
 Xerxes, who ruled 486-465 B. C., mentioned in 
 Ezra iv. 6 and throughout the book of Esther. 
 The Ahasuerus of the book of Daniel (ix. 1), who is called 
 the father of Darius the Mede, cannot have been Xerxes; 
 he has been variously identified with Astyages and Cy- 
 axeres. See Xerxes. 
 
 Ahasuerus. 1 . A name given to the legendary 
 “Wandering Jew” (which see). — 2. A prose 
 drama by Edgar Quinet, published in 1833, 
 founded on the legend of the Wandering Jew. 
 
 Ahaus (a'hous). A small town in the province 
 of Westphalia, Prussia, about 28 miles north- 
 west of Munster. 
 
 Ahausen (ii'hou-zen), or Auhausen (ou'hou- 
 zen). A village in Bavaria, 12 miles northeast 
 of Nordlingen. Here the Protestant Union was 
 formed under the lead of the elector Frederick 
 IV. of the Palatinate in 1608. 
 
 Ahausaht (a'hou-siit), or Ahowsaht. A tribe 
 of North American Indians, on Clayoquaht 
 Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, 
 numberiner 273. See Alit. 
 
 Ahava (aTia-va). The name of a place and 
 river or canal in Babylon at which the Jews 
 
Ahava 
 
 who formed the second expedition which re- 
 turned to Jerusalem with Ezra assembled. Its 
 exact location is unknown. Ezra viii. 15. 
 Ahaz (a'haz). [Iieb., “possessor.’] King of 
 Judah, according to some 735-715 b. c., accord- 
 ing to others 734-728 or 742-727 B. C. The last date 
 
 seems most probable. He was a contemporary of the 
 prophet Isaiah. On his accession to the throne, which 
 took place in his youth, Rezin, king of Syria, and Pekali, 
 king of Israel, formed a conspiracy against him. Contrary 
 to the advice of Isaiah he sought the assistance of the 
 Assyrian king, to whom he paid homage and tribute. 
 This latter fact is mentioned both in the Bible and the 
 cuneiform inscriptions. In the latter he is called lauhazi , 
 which would indicate that his name is shortened from 
 Joahaz. His tribute to Assyria had the desired result, 
 Tiglath Pileser attacking Rezin and Pekah. This policy 
 culminated in the entire destruction of the kingdom of 
 Israel. Ahaz was succeeded by his son Hezekiah. 
 Ahaziah (a-ha-zi'a). [Heb., ‘sustained by 
 Yahveh.’] Son of "Ahab and king of Israel 
 853-851 B. C. (896-894?). 
 
 Ahaziah. Son of Jehoram and Athaliah, and 
 king of Judah 844-843 b. c. (885-884?). 
 Ahenobarbus (a-he-no-bar'bus). A plebeian 
 family of Rome, gens Domitia, to which the 
 emperor Nero belonged. 
 
 Ahijah (a-hi'ja), or Ahiah (a-hi'a). [Heb., 
 ‘brother of Yahveh.’] In Old Testament his- 
 tory, the name of several persons, of whom the 
 most notable was a son of Ahitub and high 
 priest in the reign of Saul (1 Sam. xiv. 3, 18) : 
 probably the same as Ahimelech, who was 
 high priest at Nob, and was killed by Saul for 
 assisting David. 
 
 Ahimaaz (a-him'a-az). [Heb., ‘brother of 
 anger.’] 1. The father of Ahinoam, wife of 
 Saul. 1 Sam. xiv. 50. — 2. A high pi-iest, the son 
 and successor of Zadok. He distinguished himself 
 by his services to King David during the revolt of Ab- 
 salom. 2 Sam. xv. xviii. 
 
 Ahimelech (a-him'e-lek). [Heb., ‘brother of 
 the king.’ Compare Assyrian Ahi-milki, ‘bro- 
 ther of counsel.’] 1. Priest of Nob, father of 
 Abiathar, the friend of David. He gave to David, 
 who was fleeing from Saul, the sacred bread and the sword 
 of Goliath from the tabernacle. For this Saul slew him. 
 2. Son of Abiathar, a priest in David’s time: 
 grandson of the priest of Nob. Called Abim- 
 elech, 1 Chr. xviii. 16. 
 
 Ahithophel (a-hith'o-fel). [Heb. ‘brother of 
 folly,’ that is, ‘foolish.’] 1. A Hebrew poli- 
 tician, counselor of King David and, later, of 
 Absalom in his revolt against his father. He 
 was famous for his political wisdom, and his defection 
 caused David great apprehension. His advice, however, 
 was rejected by Absalom, and he thereupon retired to 
 his home, set his affairs in order, and hanged himself. 
 Thought to be the grandfather of Bathsheba. 
 
 2. A character in Dryden’s poem “Absalom 
 and Achitophel,” intended to represent the 
 Earl of Shaftesbury who was called by this 
 name by his contemporaries: a treacherous 
 friend and adviser. Also Acliitopliel. 
 
 Ahlden (al'den). A small town 27 miles north 
 of Hanover. Princess Sophia Dorothea, wife 
 of George I. of England, was kept here as 
 prisoner, 1694-1726. 
 
 Ahlefeld (a'le-felt), Frau von (Charlotte 
 Sophie Luise Wilhelmine von Seebach): 
 pseudonym Elisa Selbig. Born at Stedten, 
 near Erfurt, Germany, Dec. 6, 1781 : died at 
 Teplitz, Bohemia, July 27, 1849. A German 
 writer of sentimental novels. 
 
 Ahlefeldt (a'le-felt), Countess Eliza Davidia 
 Margaretha von. Born in Langeland, Den- 
 mark, Nov. 17, 1790: died at Berlin, March 20, 
 1855. A German woman, wife of Major von Liit- 
 zow (1810), from whom she was separated (1824), 
 living then, for a time, with the author Immer- 
 mann. She was noted for her patriotism (she accom- 
 panied her husband to the field and cared for the wounded, 
 1813-14) and her love of literature. 
 
 Ahlheide (al'hi-de). A sterile plain in the 
 central part of Jutland, Denmark. 
 
 Ahlquist (al'kvist), August Engelbert. Born 
 at Kuopio, Finland, Aug. 7, 1826 : died Nov. 20, 
 1889. A Finnish philologist, poet, and traveler 
 in Russia and Siberia, appointed in 1862 pro- 
 fessor of the Finnish language and literature at 
 Helsingfors. 
 
 Ahlwardt (al'vart), Christian Wilhelm. Bom 
 
 at Greifswald, Prussia, Nov. 23, 1760: died 
 there, April 12, 1830. A German philologist, 
 rector successively of several public schools, 
 and later professor of ancient literature at the 
 University of Greifswald. His work was chiefly 
 upon the Greek poets (edited Pindar, 1820). 
 Ahlwardt, Theodor Wilhelm. Born July 4, 
 1828 : died Nov. 1, 1909. A German orien- 
 talist, son of Christian Wilhelm Ahlwardt, pro- 
 
 23 
 
 fessor of oriental languages at the University 
 of Greifswald. His chief work is the “Verzeichnis 
 der arabischen Handschriften der koniglichen Bibliothek 
 zu Berlin " (1887-99 : 10 vols./. 
 
 Ahmed. See Achmet. 
 
 Ahmedabad (a-med-ii-bad'), or Ahmadabad 
 
 (a-mad-a-bad'). A district in Bombay, British 
 India, intersected by lat. 23° N., long. 72° E. 
 Its area is 3,816 square miles. Population, 
 795,967. 
 
 Ahmedabad. The capital of the district of 
 Ahmedabad, situated on the Sabarmati in lat. 
 23° N., long. 72° 35' E., formerly one of the 
 largest and most important cities of India, it 
 was captured by the British in 1780, and was ceded to 
 them in 1818. The Jumma Musjid of Ahmedabad, built by 
 Ahmed Shah in the early 15th century, is one of the most 
 beautiful of mosques. The gross dimensions are 382 by 258 
 feet, three sides of the court being surrounded by a colon- 
 naded gallery, and the sanctuary, 95 feet deep, occupying 
 one end. The sanctuary contains 200 columns, which 
 support three rows each of five domes, the central one of 
 which is the largest and highest, and is flanked by two 
 which are higher than the other twelve. The front toward 
 the court is formed by a fine screen, with three noble 
 pointed arches, flanked on each side by a lower arcade. 
 Population, including cantonment, 185,889. 
 
 Ahmednagar, or Ahmednuggur (ii-med-nug'- 
 er). A district in Bombay, British India, about 
 lat. 18° 20'-19° 59' N., long. 73°37'-75° 41' E. 
 Ahmednagar, or Ahmednuggur. The capital 
 of the district of Ahmednagar, about lat. 19° 
 5' N., long. 74° 55' E., formerly an important 
 city of Aurangabad. It surrendered to the British 
 under Wellington in 1803. Population, 42,032. 
 
 Ahmedpur (a-med-por'), East. A town in the 
 state of Bahawalpur, India. Population, 9,928. 
 Ahmes. See Aahmes. 
 
 Ahn (an), Johann Franz. Born at Aix-la- 
 Chapelle, Prussia, Dec. 15, 1796: died at Neuss, 
 Prussia, Aug. 21, 1865. A German teacher (at 
 Aix-la-Chapelle and later (1843-63) at Neuss) 
 and grammarian, noted for his methods of 
 teaching the modern languages. He published 
 “The Poetry of Germany" (1859), and English, French, 
 German, Dutch, and Italian grammars. 
 
 Ahnen (a'nen), Die. [G.,‘the ancestors.’] A 
 series of historical romances by Gustav Frey- 
 tag, illustrating German history (published 
 1870-80). it comprises “Ingo und Ingraban,” “Das 
 Nest der Zaunkonige,” “Die Briider voni deutschen 
 Hause,” “Markus Konig,” “Die Geschwister,” and “Aus 
 einer kleinen Stadt.” 
 
 Ahnfeld (an'felt), Arvid Wolfgang Nathan- 
 ael. Born Aug. 16, 1845 : died Feb. 17, 1890. A 
 Swedish journalist, author of a “History of 
 the Literature of the World” (1874-76), and 
 other encyclopedic works. 
 
 Aholibamah (a-liol-i-ba'ma). [Heb., ‘tent of 
 the high place.’] 1. One of the wives of 
 Esau ; also, the name of an Edomite tribe. — 2. 
 A character in Byron’s “ Heaven and Earth,” 
 the proud, ambitious granddaughter of Cain. 
 Ahome (ii-ho'ma). An Indian tribe of the Piman 
 stock in Sinaloa. They have been almost completely 
 Mexicanized, but the language still is occasionally heard. 
 
 Ahowsaht. See Ahausaht. 
 
 Ahr (ar). A river in the Rhine Province, Prus- 
 sia, about 55 miles long, which joins the Rhine 
 at Sinzig (above Bonn). On its banks are pro- 
 duced the noted Ahr wines. 
 
 Ahrens (a'rens), Heinrich. Born at Knie- 
 stedt, near Salzgitter, Prussia, 1808: died at 
 Salzgitter, Aug. 2, 1874. A German philosoph- 
 ical writer and jurist, professor at Brussels 
 1834-50, at Gratz 1850-59, and at Leipsic 1859. 
 He wrote “Cours de psychologie ” (1837-38), “Cours de 
 droit naturel” (1838), “Die Rechtsphilosophie ” (1851), 
 “Die organische Staatslehre ’’ (1850), “Naturrecht” (1870— 
 1871), “ Juristische Encyklopadie ” (1855-57), etc. 
 Ahrens, Heinrich Ludolph. Born at Helm- 
 stedt, June 6, 1809 : died at Hanover, Sept. 24, 
 1881. A German philologist, noted as a student 
 of the Greek dialects. 
 
 Ahriman (a'ri-man). See Angra Mainyu. 
 Ahrweiler (ar'vi-ler). A small town in the 
 Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the Ahr 
 20 miles south by east of Cologne. Its chief 
 industry is the making of wine. 
 
 Aht (at). A division of the Wakashan stock of 
 North American Indians, comprising 22 tribes, 
 dwelling chiefly on the west coast of Vancou- 
 ver Island, British Columbia, one tribe being 
 near Cape Flattery, Washington. The principal 
 tribes of this division are Nitinaht, Tlaasaht or Makah, 
 Tlaokwiaht or Olahoquaht, Ahausaht, Moatcaht or Nootka 
 proper, and Ehatishaht. They number about 3,000. See 
 W alcashan. 
 
 Ahtena (a'te-nii), or Atna (iit'nii). A tribe of 
 the northern division of the Athapascan stock 
 of North American Indians, sometimes called 
 Copper Indians, from their habitat on the Atna 
 or Copper River, Alaska. See Athapascan. 
 
 Aidin 
 
 Ahuizotl, or Ahuitzotl (a-ho'i-tsotl). The 
 chief or ‘king’ of Tenochtitlan (Mexico) from 
 1486 until his death in 1502. He made war on the 
 Zapotecas, subdued rebels in Tlacopan, and sacrificed an 
 immense number of captives to celebrate his completion 
 of the great Aztec temple. He also built an aqueduct 
 from Chapultepec to the lake of Tezcuco, with the object 
 of raising the waters, but the result was a disastrous Hood. 
 He was succeeded by Montezuma II. 
 
 Ahumada (a-o-ma'THa), Duke of (Pedro Gi- 
 ron, Marques de las Amarillas). Born at San 
 Sebastian, 1788: died at Madrid, May 17, 1842. 
 A Spanish politician and general, chief of the 
 general staff of the Spanish army in the war of 
 independence, minister of war for a short time 
 in 1820, member of the regency during the 
 minority of Isabella, and again minister of war 
 in 1835. 
 
 Ahumada y Villalon (a-o-ma'THa e vel-ya- 
 lon'), Agustin de, Marques de las Amarillas. 
 Bom about 1700: died in Mdxico City, Feb. 6, 
 1760. A Spanish general and administrator. 
 He distinguished himself in the Italian and Peninsular 
 wars, and from Nov. 10, 1755, was viceroy of Mexico. 
 
 Ahura Mazda (a-ho'ra maz'da). [‘The Wise 
 Lord’: the modern Persian Ormazd .] The 
 Good Spirit in the dual system of Zoroaster. 
 Angra Mainyu, ‘the Spiritual Enemy’ (Persian Ahriman), 
 also called Druj, ‘deceit,’ is in eternal conflict with him. 
 Both have existed from the beginning of the world. Ahura 
 Mazda will, however, ultimately triumph and the good 
 kingdom, vohukhshathra, be established. 
 
 Ahwaste (a-was'te). A tribe of North Ameri- 
 can Indians formerly dwelling on San Fran- 
 cisco bay, California. See Costanoan. 
 
 Akwaz (ah-waz'). A village in the province of 
 Khuzistan, Persia, situated on the Karim about 
 lat. 31° 12' N., long. 48° 45' E., an ancient resi- 
 dence of the Persian kings, and a flourishing 
 town under the Arabs in the early middle ages. 
 
 Ai (a'i). [Heb., ‘ruin.’] In biblical geogra- 
 phy, a city of the Canaanites, in the territory 
 of Benjamin, about 10 miles north of Jerusalem, 
 conquered by Joshua. 
 
 Aias (i'as). The Greek name of Ajax. 
 
 Aiblinger (ib'ling-er), Joseph Kaspar. Born 
 at Wasserburg, Bavaria, Feb. 23, 1779 : died at 
 Munich, May 6, 1867. A German composer, the 
 founder, with Gregorio Trentino, of a musical 
 conservatory (Odeon) in Venice, and kapell- 
 meister (1826) to the king of Bavaria. His 
 works comprise masses, requiems, etc., and an 
 opera “Rodrigo e Ximene.” 
 
 Aicard (a-kar'), Jean. Born at Toulon, Feb. 
 4, 1848. A French poet and prose-writer. 
 He was made a member of the French Acad- 
 emy in 1909, succeeding Francois Copp6e. 
 Among his works are “ Lea jeunes croyances ” (1867), “ Les 
 rebellions et lea apaisements " (1871), “ Poemes de Pro- 
 vence ’’ (1874), “Lachanson de l’enfant’’(1876), “Mietteet 
 Nore” (1880), “Eloge de Lamartine” (1883), “Emilio," a 
 prose drama (1884), “Le Pere Lebonnard," a drama in 
 verse (1889), “Le manteau du roi ” (1907), etc. 
 
 Aichach (ich'ach). A small town in Upper 
 BaVaria, on the Paar about 13 miles northeast 
 of Augsburg. A French victory was gained 
 here over the Austrians, 1805. 
 
 Alda (a-e'da). An opera by Verdi, first given 
 at Cairo, Egypt, Dec. 27, 1871. 
 
 Aidan (i'dan), or iEdhan. Died 606. A king 
 of Scottish Dalriada, son of Gabran, a former 
 king of Dalriada, and successor, according to 
 the law of tanistry. to his relative Conall. He 
 was crowned by St. Columba in the island of Iona in 674. 
 In 575, at the council at Drumceat, he declared the inde- 
 pendence of his kingdom, which had been formed in the 
 5th century by emigrants from Irish Dalriada, and which 
 had hitherto been treated as an Irish dependency. In 603 
 he led a force of Britons and Scots against .Kthelfritti, 
 king of Bernicia, but was defeated. 
 
 Aidan, Saint. Died Aug. 31, 651. First bishop 
 of Lindisfarne, and founder of the Northum- 
 brian Church . He was sent by the monks of Hii or Iona, 
 in answer to the request of King Oswald, to convert his 
 heathen subjects. On the defeat of Oswald by Penda642, 
 Aidau joined Oswiu, king of the Deirans. 
 
 Aide (a-e-da'), Hamilton. Bom in Paris, 
 France, in 1829: died Dee. 13, 1906. A novelist 
 and poet, son of an Armenian and an English 
 lady, and for a time an officer in the British 
 army. Among Ilia works are “Eleanore and Other 
 Poems ” (185(3), “Rita: an Autobiography” (1859), “Carr 
 of Carlyon ” (1862), “The Romance of the Scarlet Leaf, 
 and Other Poems” (1865), “Songs Without Music” (1882), 
 “ Passages in the Life of a Lady ” (1887), etc. 
 
 Aidenn (a 'den). [Ar. Adn, Eden.] Para- 
 dise : an “Anglicized” form of the Arabic for 
 Eden, used, for the rime’s sake, by Edgar Allan 
 Poe in “The Raven.” 
 
 Aidin (i-den'). A city in Asiatic Turkey, situ- 
 ated near the Mendere, about 55 miles south- 
 east of Smyrna, near the ruins of ancient 
 Tralles. It has trade in figs, cotton, etc. Popu- 
 lation, about 36,250. 
 
Aienai 
 
 Aienai (l-a-ni'), or Ioni (i-6-ni'). A tribe of 
 the Caddo Confederacy of North American In- 
 dians. See Caddo. 
 
 Aigai (Tgi). [Gr. Ai yah] A town in -Folia, 
 Asia Minor, the modern Nimrud-Kalessi. On 
 its site are the ruins of various ancient struc- 
 tures. 
 
 Aigina. See JEgina. 
 
 Aigle (a'gl), G. Aelen (a'len). A small town 
 in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, on the 
 Grande Eau, near the Rhone, about 22 miles 
 southeast of Lausanne. 
 
 Aigle. A town in the department of Orne. 
 
 See Laigle. 
 
 Aignadel. See Agnadello. 
 
 Aignan. See Saint-Aignan. 
 
 Aiguebelle (ag-bel'). A small town in the de- 
 partment of Savoy, France, about 17 miles east 
 of Chambery. hi ere, in 1742, the French and 
 
 Spaniards defeated the Sardinians. 
 
 Aiguebelle, Paul Alexandre Neveue d’. 
 Born Jan. 7, 1831: died at Paris, Feb. 21, 1875. 
 A French naval officer, in the Chinese service 
 during the Taiping rebellion, 1862-64. 
 
 Aigueperse (ag-pers'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Puy-de-Dome, France, 19 miles 
 northeast of Clermont-Ferrand. Population, 
 2,115. 
 
 Aigues-Mortes, or Aiguesmortes (ag-raort'). 
 A town in the department of Card, France, 
 near the Mediterranean, 22 miles southwest of 
 Nimes, founded by St. Louis 1246. From here 
 
 he embarked on the Crusades, 1248 and 1270. It lias 
 salt-works and fisheries. Its fortifications (constructed 
 by Philip III. 1270-85; are from an archaeological point of 
 view among the most remarkable in France. Population, 
 3,890. 
 
 Aiguille d’Argentiere (a-giiey' dar-zhoh'te- 
 ar'). [F. aiguille , needle: in this special use, 
 ‘needle-like peak.’] An Alpine peak, 12,832 
 feet high, northeast of Mont Blanc. 
 
 Aiguille de la Grande-Sassiere (a-giiey' dels 
 grohd'sas-se-ar'). One of the chief peaks of 
 the Tarentaise Alps, France, on the Italian 
 border. Height, 12,325 feet. 
 
 Aiguille du Midi ( a-giiey ' dii me-de'). 1. An 
 Alpine peak, 12,605 feet high, northeast of 
 Mont Blanc. — 2. A peak in the Alps of Oisans, 
 Isere, France, about 11,025 feet high. ■ 
 
 Aiguille Verte (a-giiey' vert). An Alpine peak, 
 13,540 feet high, northeast of Mont Blanc. 
 
 Aiguillon (a-giie-yoh'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Lot-et-Garonne, France, oh the Lot 
 near its junction with the Garonne, 16 miles 
 northwest of Agen : tno Roman Acilio. Pop- 
 ulation, 2,886. 
 
 Aiguillon, Due d’ (Armand Vignerot Du- 
 plessis Richelieu). Born 1720: died 1782. 
 A French politician, minister of foreign affairs 
 under Louis XV. 1771-74. 
 
 Aiguillon, Due d’ (Armand de Vignerot Bu- 
 piessis Richelieu). Born 1750: died at Ham- 
 burg, May 4, 1800. A son of the preceding, 
 noted during the early days of the French 
 Revolution for his republican tendencies. He 
 was one of the first to renounce the privileges of his 
 rank. In 1792, however, lie fell under suspicion and es- 
 
 *-caped to England. 
 
 Aigun (l'gon). A town in Manchuria, Chinese 
 Empire, on the Amur about lat. 50° 5' N., 
 long. 127° 28' E. It is a naval station. Pop- 
 ulation, about 15,000. 
 
 Aiken (a'ken). The capital of Aiken County, 
 South Carolina, about lat. 33° 34' N., long. 81° 
 40' W., noted as a winter health-resort. Pop- 
 ulation, 3,911, (19K 1 ). 
 
 Aiken, William. Born at Charleston, South 
 Carolina, 1806: died at Flat Rock, North Caro- 
 lina, Sept. 7, 1887. An American politician, 
 member of the South Carolina legislature 
 1838-43, governor 1844, and representative in 
 Congress 1851-57. He opposed nullification and se- 
 cession. In 1866 he was reelected to Congress, but was 
 not admitted to a seat. 
 
 Aikin (a' kin), Arthur. Born at Warrington, 
 Lancashire, Eugland, May 19, 1773: died at 
 London, April 15, 1854. An English chemist 
 and mineralogist, son of John Aikin. lie pub- 
 lished a “Dictionary of Chemistry and Mineralogy” 
 (1807-11), a “ Manual of Mineralogy ” (1811), etc. 
 
 Aikin, John. Born at Kibwortk, England, Jan. 
 15, 1747 : died at Stoke Newington, England, 
 Dec. 7, 1822. An English physician, iiewasthe 
 author of a translation of the “ Germania ’’and “Agricola” 
 of Tacitus, “Biographical Memoirs of Medicine in Great 
 Britain,” “Biographical Dictionary ” (1799-1815), “Even- 
 ings at Home ” (1792-95, written in conjunction with his 
 sister Mrs. Barbauld), etc. 
 
 Aikin, Lucy. Born at Warrington, Lancashire, 
 England, Nov. 6, 1781: died at Hampstead, 
 
 24 
 
 Eugland, Jan. 29, 1864. An English writer, 
 daughter of John Aikin. She wrote “Lorimer, a 
 Tale ” (1814), “ Memoirs of the Court of Queen Elizabeth ” 
 (1818), “ Memoirs of the Court of James I.” (1822), “Me- 
 moirs of the Court of Charles I.” (1833), ‘‘Life of Addison " 
 (1813), etc. 
 
 Aikman (ak'man), William. Born at Caerney, 
 Forfarshire, Oct. 24, 1682 : died at London, 
 June 7, 1731. A Scottish portrait-painter. 
 
 Aillon, Lucas Vasques de. See Ay lion. 
 
 Ailly (I-e'), or Ailli, Pierre d’. Born 1350 : 
 died at Avignon, France, 1420 (?). A French 
 cardinal and theologian, surnamed the “ Ham- 
 mer of Heretics” and the “Eagle of the Doc- 
 tors.” 
 
 Ailred of Rievaulx. See Ethelred. 
 
 Ailsa Craig (al'sa krag). A rocky island of 
 Ayrshire, Scotland, near the mouth of the Firth 
 of Clyde. It is conical in shape, and rises to a 
 height of 1,114 feet. 
 
 Aimard (a-miir'), Gustave. Bom at Paris, 
 Sept. 13, 1818: died there, June 20, 1883. A 
 French novelist and traveler in the United 
 States, Mexico, Spain, Turkey, and the Cauca- 
 sus: author of “Les Trappeurs de l’Arkansas” 
 (1858) and numerous other works in the style of 
 Cooper. He died insane. 
 
 Aimbn. See Aymon. 
 
 Aimon, Jacques. A pseudonym of Voltaire. 
 
 Aimores (i-mo-res'), or Aymores, or Aimures. 
 An Indian tribe of eastern Brazil, now known 
 as Botoeudos. 
 
 Aimores, Serra dos. See Sierra dos Aimores. 
 
 Aimweil (am'wel). 1. In Farquhar’s comedy 
 “The Beaux’ Stratagem,” a young gentleman 
 of a romantic temperament, who has dissipated 
 his fortune and who, with his cooler-headed 
 friend Archer disguised as his servant, person- 
 ates a rich lord, with a view to retrieving their 
 losses by a rich marriage for either or both, 
 making a journey from one town to another, 
 and taking turns in being master and man — a 
 stratagem which is successful. — 2. In Shirley’s 
 play “The Witty Fair One,” a gentleman, the 
 lover of Violetta. 
 
 Ain (an). A river of eastern France, about 100 
 miles long, which joins the Rhone 17 miles east 
 of Lyons. It is narrow in its lower course. 
 
 Aill. A department of France, bounded by 
 Saone-et-Loire and Jura on the north, Haute- 
 Savoie and Savoie (froln both of which it is 
 separated by the Rhone), with Switzerland, on 
 the east, Isere (separated by the Rhone) on the 
 south, and Rhone and Saone-et-Loire (from 
 both of which it is separated by the Saone) on 
 the west. It 19 mountainous (Jura) in the east and a 
 table-land in the west, and is rich in iron, asphalt, and 
 building and lithographic stones. Its caDital is liourg, 
 its area 2.248 square miles, and its population 345,856. 
 It was formed from the ancient Bresse, Bugey, Dombes, 
 Valromey, and the “Pays de Gex.” 
 
 Ainad (l-nad' ). A trading town in Hadramaut, 
 Arabia, about lat. 16° N., long. 48° E. 
 
 Ain Hersha (In her'sha). A village in Syria. 
 It contains a Roman temple in antis, practically complete 
 except the roof. The cella is surrounded on the interior 
 by a cornice, and has four engaged Ionic columns at the 
 west end. The exterior west wall bears in relief a female 
 bust with small horns, and I he door is richly sculptured. 
 The plan measures 26 by 39 feet. 
 
 Ainmiller (In'mil-er), Max Emanuel. Born 
 at Munich, Feb. 14, 1807 : died at Munich, Dec. 
 8, 1870. A German painter of architectural 
 subjects and on glass. 
 
 Ainos (I'noz), or Aino (i'no), or Ainu (I'no). 
 A small tribe (about 50,000 in number) of non- 
 Japanese (perhaps Mongolian) race and lan- 
 guage, representing the primitive population of 
 Japan, living in Yesso ; parts of Saghalin, the 
 Kuriles, and on the adjacent coast. The type is 
 somewhat European as compared with other Asiatics. 
 The abundance of hair on the head and body is especially 
 notable, and gave the Ainos the early name of “hairy 
 Kuriles.” 
 
 Ainslie (anz'li), Hew. Born in the parish of 
 Dailly, Ayrshire, Scotland, April 5, 1792: died 
 at Louisville, Kv., March 11, 1878. A Scottish- 
 American poet, author of a “Pilgrimage to the 
 Land of Burns” (1820), etc. He emigrated to 
 
 America in 1822, and resided for a short time in Robert 
 Owen’s community at New Harmony, Indiana. The rest 
 of his life was devoted to the business of brewing. 
 
 Ainsworth (ans'werth), Henry. Born at Pleas- 
 ington, Lancashire, England, 1571 : died at 
 Amsterdam about 1622. An English separa- 
 tist clergyman, controversialist, and rabbinical 
 scholar. He was driven from England by the persecu- 
 tion of the Brownists (Independents), with whom he was 
 connected, became porter to a bookseller in Amsterdam 
 about 1693, teacher of Francis Johnson’s church there, 
 1596, and 1610-22 pastor of a new congregation. 
 
 Ainsworth, Robert. Born at Woodyale, near 
 
 Aisne 
 
 Manchester, England, Sept., 1660: died at Lon- 
 don, April 4, 1743. An English teacher and 
 lexicographer, author of a Latin-English dic- 
 tionary (1736). 
 
 Ainsworth, William Francis. Born at Exe- 
 ter, England, Nov. 9, 1807 : died at Hammer- 
 smith, London, Nov. 27, 1896. An English geol- 
 ogist and traveler. He has published “Researches 
 in Assyria, Babylonia, etc.” (183b), “Travels and Re- 
 searches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, etc." (1842), “Trav- 
 els ill (he Track of the 10,060 Greeks" (1844), “A Personal 
 Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition” (1888), etc. 
 
 Ainsworth, William Harrison. Born at Man- 
 chester, England, Feb. 4, 1805 : died at Reigate, 
 England, Jan. 3. 1882. An English novelist. 
 His works include “ Rookvvood” (1834), “Crichton ” (1837), 
 “Jack Sheppard" (1839). “ Tower of London ” (1840), “The 
 Flitch of Bacon, or the Custom of Dunmow"(1854), “Tower 
 Hill” (1871), “Beau Nash” (1880), etc. 
 
 Aintah (In-tab'). A town in the vilayet of 
 Aleppo, Asiatic Turkey, on the Sajur about 
 lat. 37° 4' N., long. 37° 25' E. It has some trade 
 and manufactures, and is a missionary center. Popula- 
 tion (estimated), 43,150. 
 
 Air (a-er'), or Asben (as-ben'). A mountain- 
 ous oasis in the Sahara, Africa, lat. 16°-20° N., 
 long. 6°-10° E., having an area of about 20,000 
 square miles, and a population estimated at 
 60,000. Its capital is Agades, and chief town 
 Tintellust. Also Ahir. 
 
 Airavata (i-ra'va-ta). In Hindu mythology, 
 the prototype of the elephant, produced at the 
 churning of the ocean: the world-elephant of 
 the East, and Indra’s beast of burden. 
 
 Airay (ar'a), Henry. Born at Kentmere, 
 Westmoreland, about 1560: died Oct. 6, 1616. 
 An English Puritan divine, vice-chancellor of 
 Oxford, 1606, and author of a “ Commentary on 
 Philippians” (1618). 
 
 Aircastle (ar'kas'T). A character in Foote’s 
 comedy “The Cozeners,” played in an amus- 
 ingly prolix and digressive manner by Foote 
 himself, burlesquing Gahagan, a highly edu- 
 cated young Irish gentleman who was bung in 
 1749 for “filing or diminishing the current coin 
 of the realm.” 
 
 Aird (ard), Thomas. Born at Bowden, Rox- 
 burghshire, Scotland, Aug. 28, 1802: died at 
 Dumfries, April 25, 1876. A Scottish poet and 
 journalist. He was editor of the “ Edinburgh Weekly 
 Journal" (1833), and (he “Dumfriesshire and Galloway 
 Herald” (1835-63), and author of “The Old Bachelor in 
 the Scottish Village” (1846), “Poetical Works” (1848), etc. 
 
 Airdrie (ar'dre). A town in Lanarkshire, Scot- 
 land, 10 miles east of Glasgow. Population of 
 municipal burgh, 22,288. 
 
 Aire (ar). A river in Yorkshire, England, 
 which joins the Ouse 18 miles southeast of 
 York. Its length is about 75 miles, and it is 
 navigable from Leeds. 
 
 Aire. A small river in eastern France, which 
 joins the Aisne in the department of Ardennes. 
 
 Aire-sur-l’Adour (ar' stir 'la-dor'). A town 
 in the department of Landes, France, on the 
 Adour about lat. 43° 14' N., long. 0° 14' W. 
 It is an old town, the seat of a bishopric. 
 Population, 4,303. 
 
 Aire-sur-la-Lys (ar'siir'la-les'). A fortified 
 town in the department of Pas-de-Calais, 
 France, situated on the Lys 30 miles southeast 
 of Calais. Population, 7,999. 
 
 Airlie Castle (ar'li kas'l). A residence of the 
 Earl of Aii-lie, near Meigle, Scotland, it was 
 plundered and destroyed by the eighth Earl of Argyle 
 1639-40 as a result of Airlie’s attachment to the cause of 
 Charles I. This raid forms the subject of the old ballad 
 of “The Bonnie House of Airlie.” Allan Cunningham 
 has transferred it to the 18th century. 
 
 Airola (I-ro'la). A small town in the province of 
 Beneveuto, Italy, 23 miles northeast of Naples. 
 
 Airolo (i-ro'lo), G. Eriels (er'i-elz). A small 
 town in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland, at 
 the southern entrance of the St. Gotthard rail- 
 way tunnel, on the Ticino about 38 miles south- 
 east of Lucerne. 
 
 Airy (ar'i), Sir George. The successful lover 
 of Miranda in Mrs. Centlivre’s comedy “The 
 Busybody.” 
 
 Airy, Sir George Biddell. Born at Alnwick, 
 Northumberland, July 27, 1801: died at Green- 
 wich. Jan. 2, 1892. A noted English astronomer. 
 He was appointed Lucasian professor at Cambridge in 
 1826, Plumian professor and director of tile Cambridge 
 Observatory in 1828, director of the Greenwich Observa- 
 tory and astronomer royal in 1835, and president of the 
 Royal Society 1871-73. He resigned his position as astron- 
 omer royal in 1881. 
 
 Aisne (an). A department of France, capital 
 Laon, boimded by Nord and Belgium on the 
 north, by Ardennes and Marne on the east, by 
 Seine-et-Marne on the south, and by Oise and 
 
Aisne 
 
 Somme on the west : formed from parts of an- 
 cient Picardy, Brie, and Ile-de-France. Its 
 area is 2,866 square miles, and its population 
 534,495. 
 
 Aisne. A river in northern France, about 150 
 miles long and navigable for 75 miles, it rises in 
 the department of Meuse, flows through the departments 
 of Maine, Ardennes, Aisne, and Oise, and joins the Oise 
 near Compifcgne. On it are Rethel and Soissons. Its 
 chief affluents are the Aire and Vesle, and it communicates 
 by canals with the Meuse and Marne. 
 
 Al3Se (a-e-sa'), Mile. Born 1694: died at Paris, 
 1733. A daughter of a Circassian chief, carried 
 off when a child by Turkish rovers and sold at 
 Constantinople to the French ambassador, M. 
 de Ferriol, who took her to Paris and educated 
 her. She gained celebrity at court for her beauty and 
 accomplishments. Her letters to her lover Chevalier 
 d’Aydie have been published. 
 
 Aistulf (is'tulf), or Astolf (as'tolf). King of 
 the Lombards, 749-756. His conquest of the 
 exarchate of Ravenna (752) was wrested from 
 him by Pepin the Short in 755. 
 
 Aitareya (I-ta-ra'ya). [Skt., ‘descendant of 
 Itara.’J To him a Brahmana, an Aranyaka, 
 and an Upanishad, which bear his name, 
 were supposed to have been revealed. 
 
 Aitken (at'ken), Robert. Born at Crailing, 
 near Jedburgh, Jan. 22, 1800: died suddenly 
 in the railway-station at Paddington, July 11, 
 1873. A clergyman of the Church of England 
 (from which he temporarily withdrew 1824- 
 1840), leader of the Aitkenites. 
 
 Aitkenites (at'ken-Its). A party in the Church 
 of England, led by Robert Aitken, a Wesleyan 
 minister who became a High-churchman (vicar 
 of Pendeen 1849-73). Its object was to in- 
 graft certain Methodist practices and views 
 upon the Anglican Church. 
 
 Aitolia. See JEtolia. 
 
 Aiton (a'ton), William. Born near Hamilton, 
 Scotland, 1731 : died at Kew, near London, Feb. 
 2, 1793. A Scottish botanist and gardener, ap- 
 pointed director of the Royal Botanical Garden 
 at Kew 1759. He published “Hortus Ke wen- 
 sis” (1789). 
 
 Aitutaki (I-to-ta'ke),or Aitutake (i-to-ta'ke). 
 One of the chief islands of the group called 
 “ Cook’s Islands,” in the Pacific Ocean. 
 Aivalik (i'va-lek), or Aivali (I'va-le). A 
 seaport in the vilayet of Khodovendikyar, Asi- 
 atic Turkey, situated on the Gulf of Adramyt- 
 tium 66 miles northwest of Smyrna. 
 Aivazovski (I-va-zof'ske), Gabriel. Born at 
 Feodosia, Crimea, Russia, May 22, 1812. An 
 Armenian historian. 
 
 Aivazovski, Ivan. Born at Feodosia in the 
 Crimea, July 7, 1817 : died there, May 2, 1900. 
 An Armenian painter, brother of the preceding, 
 professor in the Imperial Academy of the Fine 
 Arts at St. Petersburg. 
 
 Aix (a). A small island off the western coast 
 of France, 11 miles south of La Rochelle, the 
 scene of several encounters between the French 
 and British. 
 
 Aix (as). [L. Aquas Sextise, Springs of Sextius 
 
 (C. Sextius Cal vi nus, a Roman proconsul, its 
 founder).] A city in the department of Bou- 
 ches-du-Rhone, France, about lat. 43 3 33' N., 
 long. 5° 25' E. It is the seat of an archbishopric, 
 and has a cathedral, a museum, an academy, and baths. It 
 was colonized by the proconsul C. Sextius Calvinus 123 
 B. c., and became renowned for i’ s baths. In its vicinity 
 Marius defeated the Teutones and their allies wi h great 
 slaughter 1J2 B. c. It became the capital of Provence, 
 and a famous literary center, and was the temporary resi- 
 dence of the emperor Charles V. in 1.130. Prior to the 
 Revolution it had oae of thechief provincial parliaments. 
 It has an extensive trade in olive-oil and fruits, and manu- 
 factures of silks, etc. Ait contains a cathedral, of very 
 early foundation, with Romanesque nave and later aisles 
 and choir. The curious porch has antique columns, and 
 cedar-wood doors of 1504, very delicately sculptured. A 
 baptis* ery of the 6th century opens on the south aislo : it 
 has eight Roman columns. Population, 21'. 829. 
 
 Aix, or Aix-les-Bains (as-la-ban'). A town 
 in the department of Savoie, France, the an- 
 cient Aquas Gratian® or Aquas Allobrogum, 
 situated near Lake Bourget, 8 miles north of 
 Chambdry, renowned since Roman times for 
 its hot sulphur springs. It has an arch of 
 Campanus. Population, 8,079. 
 Aix-la-Chapelle (as- (aks-) la-sha-pel'), G. 
 Aachen (ii/chen). [From its mineral springs 
 (L. aquae), known from the time of Charle- 
 magne, and the chapel (F. chapelle) of the 
 palace.] A city in the Rhine Province, 
 Prussia, about lat. 50° 46' N., long. 6° 5' E., 
 an important commercial and railway center. 
 It has large manufactures of cloth, needles, cigars, ma- 
 chinery, etc., and a noted cathedral, a Rathhaus. famous 
 hot sulphur springs, and a museum (the Suermondt). 
 
 25 
 
 It was founded by the Romans as a watering-place, was 
 a favorite residence and the northern capital of Charles 
 the Great (who died here), and became a tree imperial 
 city. From Louis the Pious to Ferdinand I. it was the 
 crowning-place of the German emperors (hence called 
 the “seat of royalty,” etc.), and it was also the seat 
 of numerous diets and councils. It was captured by 
 the French in the revolutionary period, and was granted 
 to Prussia in 1815. The Cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle con- 
 sists of the famous polygonal monument founded by 
 Charlemagne in 796, and a beautiful Pointed choir of the 
 14th century. Charlemagne's structure was inspired by 
 San Vitale at Jtavenna and similar Italian buildings. It 
 is 16-sided, about 105 feet in exterior diameter, with 
 a dome 104 feet high and 48 in diameter over the central 
 portion. The eight gables around the dome are 13th- 
 century additions. The dome is supported by eight mas- 
 sive piers, and the surrounding ambulatory is two-storied. 
 The marble throne of Charlemagne, in which his body 
 sat for over 350 years, is now in the upper gallery. The 
 mosaic on gold ground in the dome ismodern. The choir 
 is of light and elegant proportions ; it is ornamented with 
 medieval statues of Charlemagne, the Virgin, and the 
 apostles, and with good modern glass. The chapels are 
 interesting, and there is a fine late-Pointed cloister. The 
 bronze doors of the west portal, which opens between two 
 low cylindrical towers, date from 804. The Rathhaus, or 
 town hall, is a structure of the 14th century, interesting 
 as incorporating what remains of the palace of Charle- 
 magne, including the lower part of the west tower. The 
 Kaisersaal, a great vaulted hall extending the entire 
 length of the upper story, contains eight historical fres- 
 cos designed by Rethel, which rank among the finest 
 examples of their cF-s. The council-chamber is adorned 
 with imperial portraits. Population, commune, 156,008, 
 (1910). 
 
 AiX-la-Chapel!e. A governmental district of 
 the Rhine Province, Prussia. Population, 
 G30,504. 
 
 Aix-la-CIiapelle, Congress of. A congress of 
 the sovereigns of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, 
 assisted by the ministers Castlereagh and Wel- 
 lington from Great Britain, Richelieu from 
 France, Metternich from Austria, Nesselrode 
 and Kapodistrias from Russia, and Harden- 
 berg and Bernstorff from Prussia. The conven- 
 tion signed Oet. 9, 1818, provided for the immediate with- 
 drawal of the army of occupation from France. The con- 
 gress expressed the reactionary purposes of the Holy 
 Alliance, and received France into the European concert. 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of. 1 . A treaty (May 
 2, 1668), between the Triple Alliance (England, 
 the Netherlands, and Sweden) on one side, and 
 France on the other, acceded to by Spain, by 
 which France returned Franche-Comte to Spain 
 and received twelve fortified towns on the bor- 
 der of the Spanish Netherlands, among them 
 Lille, Tournay, and Oudenarde. — 2. A treaty 
 (Oct. , 1748) which ended the war of the Austrian 
 succession. The basis of peace was the mutual restitu- 
 tion of conquests, except in ihe case of Austria, which 
 ceded Parmn, Piacenza, and Guastalla to the Spanish in- 
 fant Don Philip and confirmed Prussia in the possession of 
 Silesia. The pragmatic sanction was confirmed in Austria. 
 Aizani. See Azaui. 
 
 Aja (aj'a). In Hindu mythology, a prince of 
 the solar race, the son of Raglru or of Dilipa, 
 son of Raghu. 
 
 Ajaccio (a-ya'eho). A seaport, the capital of 
 the department of Corsica, France, situated on 
 the western coast of Corsica on the Gulf of 
 Ajaccio, lat. 41° 55' N., long. 8° 44' E., cele- 
 brated as the birthplace of Napoleon Bona- 
 parte. It has a considerable trade, and a ca- 
 thedral. Population, 22,2u4. 
 
 Ajalon (aj'a-lon), or Aijalon (aj'a-lon). In 
 biblical geography, a town of Palestine, the 
 modern Yalo, 14 miles northwest of Jerusalem. 
 Ajan (a'jan), or Ajam (a/jam). A district in 
 Somali Land, eastern Africa, on the coast south 
 of Cape Guardafui. 
 
 Ajatasatru (a-ja-ta-sat'ro). A king of Kasi 
 (Benares), mentioned in the Upanishads, who 
 was very learned and, though a Kshatriya, 
 taught the Brahman Gargyabalaki. 
 
 Ajax (a'jaks). [Gr. Ai’raf.] In Greek legend: 
 (a) The son of Telamon and half-brother of 
 Teucer, and one of the leading Greek heroes in 
 the Trojan war, famous for his size and physi- 
 cal strength and beauty. According to Homer he 
 was, next to Achilles, the bravest of the Grecian host. 
 He several times engaged in single combat with Hector 
 and gained the advantage over him, and was always a ter- 
 ror to the Trojans. There are various accounts of his ex- 
 ploits after the war and of his dea’h. According to the 
 common poetical tradition, lie died by his own hand. 
 The decision of Agamemnon (on the advice of Athena) to 
 award the arms of Achilles to Odysseus drove Ajax mad, 
 and in his insanity he furiously attacked and slew the 
 sheep of the Greeks, imagining them to be his enemies. 
 Shame for this conduct drove him to suicide. According 
 to other accounts he was murdered. From his Wood was 
 said to have sprung up a purple flower bearing on its 
 leaves the letters at, the first letters of liis name and also 
 an exclamation of woe. His story was dramatized by 
 Sophocles, (b) A Locrian legendary king, son 
 of O'ileus, and one of the heroes in the Trojan 
 war: often called the Lesser Ajax. 
 
 Ajax, Sir. See the extract. 
 
 Akbar 
 
 Sir Ajax seems to have been a title imposed on Sir John 
 Harrington, for a very meritorious attempt to introduce 
 cleanliness into our dwellings. ... In 1596, he pub- 
 lished, under the name of Misacmos, a little treatise 
 called, “A new discourse of a stale subject, or the Meta- 
 morphosis of Ajax," of which the object v/as to point out 
 the propriety of adopting something like the water-closets 
 of the present day. As the nature of his subject led him 
 to lay open the interior of our palaces and great houses, 
 offence was taken at his freedom : he lost, at least for a 
 time, the favour of Elizabeth (his godmother), and was 
 banished from court. His gains, from his well-timed la- 
 bours, were apparently confined to the honour of contrib- 
 uting to the merriment of the wits, Shakspeare, Jonson, 
 Nabbes, and many others, who took advantage of his own 
 pun (a-jakes), and dubbed him a knight of the stool; 
 under which title he frequently appears in their pages. 
 
 Gifford, Note to Jonson’s “The Silent Woman,” I. 447. 
 
 Ajigarta (a-je-gar'ta). Tbe poor Brahman 
 Riski who sold his son Sunahsepa to Robita 
 to be a substitute for Robita, King Harischan- 
 dra having vowed that if he obtained a son 
 he would /sacrifice him to Varuna, and Rohita 
 having been the son given. 
 
 Ajmir- or Ajmere- (aj-mer') Merwara. A 
 chief-commission ership in Rajputaua, British 
 India, intersected by lat. 26° N. it consists of 
 two districts, Ajmir and Merwara, united in 1871. Ajmir 
 district was ceded to the British in 1818. Area, 2,711 
 square miles. Population, 501,395. Also Ajmeer. 
 
 Ajmir, or Ajmere. The capital of Ajmir- 
 Merwara, about lat. 26° 27' N., long. 74° 37' E. 
 The Mosque of A j mir was foun ded in the early 13th century, 
 and is one of the first established in India. It occupies the 
 spacious square court of a Jain temple, whose old colon- 
 nades of graceful and well-carved columns remain in place 
 around the walls and support a series of low domes, 't he 
 great beauty of the monument lies in the screen of seven 
 keel-shaped Mohammedan arches carried across the west 
 side of (he court in front of the colonnade. This screen 
 is covered with bands of Cuficand Togra inscriptions sepa- 
 rated by diaper-work, admirable in decorative motive, and 
 cut with great delicacy. Population, 73,839. Also 
 A jmeer. 
 
 Ajodhya (a-jodh'ya). A town in Faizabad 
 district, United Provinces, British India, on 
 the site of an important ancient city. Popu- 
 lation, 21,584. 
 
 Ajunta (a-jun'ta), or Adjunta. A small place 
 in Hyderabad, India, celebrated for its cave- 
 temples. The Buddhist vihara, or monastery, is known 
 as Cave No. 16. It is rock-cut, in plan a rectan- 
 gular hall about 65 feet square, with a hexastyle por- 
 tico preceding the poital. At the back is a rectangu- 
 lar pillared shrine, in which is an enthroned figure of 
 Buddha. The sides are bordered by 16 small cells for the 
 recluses. The hall has an interior peristyle of 20 fine col- 
 umns, with cubical corbeled c pitals. The columns and 
 flat ceiling are carved with rich arabesques, and (he walls 
 are covered with interesting paintings of Buduhist scenes. 
 The monument dates from the 6th century A. D., and is 
 typical of a large class of similar viharas. Sometimes, as 
 in the Great Vihara at Bagh, a shala or school, in form a 
 pillared hail separate from the main foundation, is at- 
 tached to the vihara. 
 
 Akabah (a-ka-ba'). A haven in Arabia Petr®a, 
 at tbe bead of the Gulf of Akabah, about lat. 
 29° 33' N., long. 35° 24' E. Near it were the 
 ancient Elath (JElano,) and Ezion Geber. 
 Akabah, Gulf of. The northeastern arm of 
 tho Red Sea, the ancient Sinus iElaniticus, 
 about 100 miles long. 
 
 Akakia (a-ka-ke-a') (Martin Sans-Malice). 
 
 [Alcakia ( ana/cia ) is a Greek translation of tbe 
 French name sans-maMce .] Bornat Ckalons-sur- 
 Marne: died 1551. A French physician, lec- 
 turer at the College de France, founded by 
 Francis I. He published several medical works. 
 Akakia, Le dccteur. A pseudonym of Vol- 
 taire, borrowed from the preceding, it was used 
 by Voltaire in his “Diatribe du Docteur Akakia,” a lam- 
 poon on Slaupertuis, published about 1752. A supple- 
 ment appeared later. The book was burned by the pub- 
 lic executioner on ihe Place Gendarmes, Dec. 24, 1762, 
 but a copy was saved by Voltaire, who republished it. 
 
 Akansa. See Kwapa. 
 
 Akarnania. See Acarnania. 
 
 Akassa (a-kas'sii). Tbe seaport of the Niger, 
 West Africa. See Iclzo. 
 
 Akbar, or Akber (ak'bor; Hindu pron. uk'- 
 ber), or Abhbar, originally Jel-al-eddin Mo- 
 hammed (je-lal'ed-den' mo-bam'ed). [Ar., 
 
 ‘ very great.’] Born at Amarkote, Sind, India, 
 Oct. 14, 1542: died at Agra, India, Oct. 15, 1605. 
 A great Mogul emperor in India, 1556-1605. 
 He was born during the .exile of his father Humayun. 
 After twelve years Humayun recovered the throne of 
 Delhi, but died within a year, when in 1556 Akbar succeeded 
 him, ruling at first under the regency of Eairam Khan. 
 In his eighteenth year he threw off this yoke. By war 
 and policy he consolidated his power over the greater 
 part of India. He put an end to the conflict between 
 Afghan and Mogul, and sought to reconcile Hindu and 
 Mohammedan. He interested himself in various religions, 
 Brahmanism, Buddhism, Mazdaism, and Christianity, and 
 even sought to establish a religion of his own. He 
 sought to better his subjects by measures of tolera- 
 tion and improved social laws. lie permitted the use 
 of wine, but punished intoxication; tried to stop widow- 
 burning ; permitted the marriage of Hindu widows ; for- 
 bade the marriage of boys before sixteen and of girls 
 
Akbar 
 
 before fourteen ; to gratify his Hindu subjects prohibited 
 the slaughter of cows ; had his lands accurately surveyed 
 and statistics taken ; constructed roads ; established a uni- 
 form system of weights and measures ; and introduced a 
 vigorous police. He was sometimes harsh and cruel, and 
 is charged with poisoning his enemies. The rebellion of 
 his son Selim, later known as Jahangir, was a Mohamme- 
 dan uprising against Akbar's apostasy. The rebellion was 
 suppressed, and Akbar returned to the faith. He was 
 probably poisoned at the instigation of Jahangir. 
 
 Akbar, Tomb of. See Secundra. 
 
 Ake (a'ke). 1. See Acre. — 2. One of the princi- 
 pal ruined cities of Yucatan, situated about 30 
 miles east of Merida, noted for its pyramid. 
 Akeman street (ak'man stret). [So called from 
 AS. Acemannes burh, sick man’s town, a name 
 of Bath: AS. sece, ece, ake (now spelled ache), 
 pain.] An ancient Roman road in England 
 connecting Bath, through Speen and-Walling- 
 ford. with London. 
 
 Aken, or Acken (a'ken). A town iu Prussian 
 Saxony, on the Elbe 25 miles southeast of 
 Magdeburg. Population, 8,224. 
 
 Akenside (a'ken-sid), Mark. Born at New- 
 castle-on-Tyne, Nov. 9, 1721: died at London, 
 June 23, 1770. An English poet and physician, 
 author of ‘ ‘ Pleasures of the Imagination” ( 1744). 
 He was the son of a butcher. He studied theology and 
 then medicine at Edinburgh; went to London in 1743 
 and to Leyden in 1744, where he completed his medical 
 studies; and returned to England in 1744, beginning the 
 practice of his profession in Northampton, and removing 
 in 1745 to London. In 1701 he became physician to the 
 queen. The best edition of his poetical works (with a 
 biography) is that published by Dyce in 1834. 
 
 Akerbas. See Acerbas. 
 
 Akerblad (a'ker-blad), Johan David. Born 
 in Sweden, 1760 : died at Rome, Feb. 8, 1819. 
 A Swedish Orientalist and diplomatist, author 
 of works on oriental inscriptions. 
 
 Akerman (a'ker-man), or Akyerman, or Ak- 
 kerman. A seaport in the government of Bes- 
 sarabia, Russia, situated on the estuary of the 
 Dniester about lat. 46° 15' N., long. 30° 15' E. 
 It is probably on the site of the ancient Milesian colony 
 Tyras, and was occupied by the Venetians and Genoese in 
 the later middle ages. Population, 32,470. 
 
 Akerman, Convention of. A treaty concluded 
 between Russia and Turkey, Oct. 6, 1826, by 
 which Russia secured the navigation of the 
 Black Sea, and various agreements were en- 
 tered into concerning Moldavia, Waliaehia, and 
 Servia. The non-fulfilment of the treaty by 
 Turkey led to the war of 1828-29. 
 
 Akerman (ak'er-man), Amos Tappan. Born in 
 New Hampshire, 1823: died at Cartersville, Ga., 
 Dec. 21, 1880. An American lawyer, a graduate 
 of Dartmouth College, 1842. He settled in Elberton, 
 Georgia, 1850, followed his adopted State in secession, 
 1861, became a Eepublican and reconstructionist after the 
 war, and was attorney-general under Grant, 1870-72. 
 
 Akerman, John Yonge. Born at London, 
 June 12, 1806: died at Abingdon, England, 
 Nov. 18, 1873. An English numismatist. 
 
 Akers (a'kerz), Benjamin Paul. Born at Sac- 
 carappa, Maine, July 10, 1825: died at Phila- 
 delphia, May 21, 1861. An American sculptor. 
 
 Among his best works are “Una and the Lion,” “St. 
 Elizabeth of Hungary,” “The Dead Pearl-Diver,” etc. See 
 Allen, Elizabeth Chase. 
 
 Akershem, Miss Sophronia. See Lammle, 
 Mrs. Alfred. 
 
 Akershus. See Aggershus. 
 
 Akhal Tekke (a' khal tek'ke). An oasis in 
 central Asia, north of Persia, inhabited by 
 Turkomans, annexed by Russia in 1881. It 
 is traversed by the Transcaspian railway. 
 Akhalzikh (a-khal-tzekh'). A town in the gov- 
 ernment of Tiflis, Caucasus, Russia, about lat. 
 41° 40' N., long. 43° 1' E. It, is the ancient capital of 
 Turkish Georgia, and was captured by the Russians under 
 Paskevitch, Aug. 27, 1828. A Turkish attack upon it was 
 repulsed in March, 1829, and near it a Russian victory 
 was gained Nov. 26, 1853. Population, 15,357. 
 
 Akhi ssar (a-khis-sar'). A town in Asiatic Tur- 
 key, the ancient Thyatira, about 58 miles north- 
 east of Smyrna. Population (estimated), 10, 000. 
 Akhissar (in Albania). See Kroia. 
 
 Akhlat (akh-lat'). A town in the vilayet of 
 Erzrum, Asiatic Turkey, on Lake Yan about 
 lat. 38° 45' N., long. 42° 13' E. Near it are the 
 ruins of the ancient Khelat. 
 
 Akhmim (akh-mem'),or Ekhmim (ekh-mem'). 
 A town in Egypt, the ancient Khemmis or Pan- 
 opolis, on the east bank of the Nile between 
 Assiut and Tbebes. It was the seat of the cult of 
 Ammon Khem, and its ancient necropolis was discovered 
 by Maspero in 1884. Population, 23,795. 
 
 Akhtub a (akh'to-ba). An arm of the Volga, 
 which branches from the main stream near 
 Tsaritsyn, and flows parallel with it to the 
 Caspian Sea. 
 
 Akhtyrka (akh-ter'ka). A town in the gov- 
 ernment of Kharkoff, Russia, about lat. 50° 18' 
 
 26 
 
 N., long. 34° 59' E. It has a cathedral. Popu- 
 lation, 28,100. 
 
 Akib, Le rabbin. A pseudonym used by Vol- 
 taire in 1761. 
 
 Akiba (a-ke'ba) ben Joseph (‘Akiba son of 
 Joseph’), or simply Rabbi Akiba. Executed 
 132(f) a. d. The most distinguished Jewish 
 personage in the 2d century. There are many 
 tegeuds about him. He introduced a new method of in- 
 terpreting the oral law (Halacha) and reduced it to a 
 system (Mishna). He took an active part in the rebellion 
 which broke out against Hadrian under the leadership of 
 Bar-Cochba (132 A. D.) and suffered death by torture for 
 his share in this unsuccessful uprising. 
 
 Akita Ken (a-ke'ta ken). A ken in the north- 
 western part of the main island (Hondo) of 
 Japan. Its chief town is Akita. The population 
 of the town is 36,294. 
 
 Akka (ak'ka). A tribe of pygmies discovered 
 by Miani and Schweinfurth in central Africa, 
 between the Nepoko and Aruwimi rivers. Their 
 average height is 1.33 meters, complexion light brown, hair 
 scanty and woolly, head large, nose flat, arms long, legs 
 short, and hands well formed, but not the feet. They are 
 expert hunters, live in temporary grass huts of beehive 
 shape, and keep no domestic animals, save chickens. Also 
 caUed Tikke-Tikke, or, in Bantu speech, Wambuti. 
 
 It seems possible, therefore, that at an epoch when the 
 Sahara was stiil a fertile land, and the Delta of Egypt air 
 arm of the sea, a race of men allied to the Bushmen 
 ranged along the southern slopes of the Atlas mountains, 
 and extended from the shores of the Atlantic on the one 
 side to the banks of the Nile on the other. Of this race 
 the brachycephalic Akkas and other dwarf tribes of Cen- 
 tral Africa would be surviving relics. They were driven 
 from their primitive haunts by the negro invasion, and 
 finally forced into the extreme south of the continent by 
 the pressure of the Ban-tu or Kaffir tribes. 
 
 Sayce, Races of the O. T., p. 148. 
 
 Akkad, or Accad (ak'kad or ak'ad). One of 
 the four cities of Nimrod’s empire (Gen. x. 10) 
 in Shinar or Babylonia: in the cuneiform in- 
 scriptions it is usually the name of a region. 
 The kings of Babylonia and those of Assyria who conquered 
 Babylonia call themselves “king of Sumer and Akkad," 
 whence it is usually assumed that Sumer denominated 
 southern Babylonia and Akkad northern Babylonia. The 
 boundaries of this district are not certain, but it seems 
 to have lain between the Tigris and the Elamitic and Me- 
 dian mountains, its northern limit being the upper Zab. 
 The name of a city, Agade, was discovered in an inscrip- 
 tion of Nebuchadnezzar, which is held by some to be 
 identical with the city of Akkad. Agade was the resi- 
 dence of the earliest-known Babylonian king, Sargon I. 
 (about 3800 B. c.). Cyrus mentions this city as still exist- 
 ing in his time. Friedrich Delitzsch considers it part of 
 the city of Sepharvaim ; other scholars, however, doubt 
 the identification. Akkadian is the name given to the 
 people and dialect of Akkad. The people were supposed 
 to be a non-Semitic tribe and their language agglutina- 
 tive ; the literature in this dialect consisted chiefly of 
 magical incantations. This theory has been strongly de- 
 fended by Oppert and Haupt. Joseph Hr, levy and others 
 hold that this non-Semitic people and language never ex- 
 isted and that the writing is simply a cryptography or 
 secret writing invented by the priests to lend a greater 
 mystery to their sacred writings. The most recent theory 
 is that the so-called Akkadian dialect is simply an older 
 form of Sumerian and should be called Old Sumerian. 
 (See Surneria.) Alckadist is the name given to a person 
 who believes in the real existence of the Akkadian dialect 
 and people : the opponents of this school are called anti- 
 Akkadists. 
 
 Akko. See Acre. 
 
 Akmolinsk, or Akmollinsk (afe-mo-linsk'). A 
 Russian province in the government of the 
 Steppes, Russian central Asia, organized in 
 1868. It is level in the north, hilly in the center, and a 
 desert steppe in the south. Area, 225,074 square miles. 
 Bopulatiou, 809,700. 
 
 Akmolinsk. The capital of the government 
 of Akmolinsk, situated on the Ishim about lat. 
 51° 30' N., long. 71° 30' E. It is a caravan 
 center. Population, 9,557. 
 
 Akoklak. See Kitunahan. 
 
 Akola (a-ko'la). A district in the province of 
 Berar, British India, intersected by lat. 21° 
 N., long. 77° E. Area, 2,678 square miles. 
 Population, 582,540. 
 
 Akola. The capital of the district of Akola, 
 British India, about lat. 20° 42' N., long. 77° 
 E. Population, 29,289. 
 
 Akpotto (ak-pot'to). See Igbira. 
 
 Akra (ak-ra/ ), formerly Accra. A Nigritic tribe 
 of the Gold Coast, West Africa, subject to Eng- 
 land. It occupies the triangular area between the sea- 
 coast, the Volta River, and the Ashanti Mountains. The 
 Akra language has monosyllabic roots and makes a great 
 use of musical tones. Ga, (Gau) and Adampi are its two 
 principal dialects. 
 
 Akra, formerly Accra. A town on the Gold 
 Coast, West Africa, about 80 miles west of the 
 Volta river. It has about 18,000 inhabitants, a few 
 only being white. It became English in 1850, and, after 
 Cape Coast Castle, is the largest town of the Gold 
 Coast. 
 
 Akrabbim (a-krab'im). [Heb., ‘ scorpions.’] 
 In biblical geography, a group of hills south of 
 the Dead Sea, variously identified. 
 
 Alabama, The 
 
 Akragas. See Agrigentum. 
 
 Akr on ( ak 'ron ) . T he capital of Summit County, 
 Ohio, 36 miles south of Cleveland, it has consid- 
 erable manufactures of flour, woolen goods, matches, agri- 
 cultural implements, etc. Population, 69,067, (1910). 
 Akrura (a-kro'ra). In Hindu mythology, a 
 Yadava and uncle of Krishna, chiefly noted as 
 the holder of the Syamantaka gem. " See Sya- 
 mantaka. 
 
 Aksakoff (iik-sa'kof), or Aksakov (ak-sa'kof), 
 Constantine. Born at Moscow, April 10, 1817 : 
 died in the island of Zante, Greece, Dec., 1860. 
 A Russian poet and prose-writer, son of Sergei 
 Aksakoff. 
 
 Aksakoff, or Aksakov, Ivan. Bom Oct. 8, 
 
 1823: died Feb. 8, 1886. A Russian Panslavist, 
 son of Sergei Aksakoff. 
 
 Aksakoff, or Aksakov, Sergei. Bom at Ufa, 
 
 Russia, Oct. 1, 1791: died at Moscow, May 12, 
 1859. A Russian writer, author of “Family 
 Chronicles” (1856), etc. 
 
 Akserai (ak-se-ri'). A town in the vilayet of 
 Konieh, Asiatic Turkey: the ancient Archelais. 
 Population (estimated), 10,000. 
 
 Aksha (ak'sha). In Hindu mythology, the 
 eldest son of Ravana, slain by Hanuman. 
 Akshehr (ak'shenr). A smalltown in the vila- 
 yet of Konieh, Asiatic Turkey, about lat. 38° 
 22' N., long. 31° 17' E., on the site of the ancient 
 Thymbrium or, more probably, of Philomelion, 
 the scene of the victory of Frederick Barba- 
 rossa over the Seljuks, May 18, 1190. Bajazet 
 I. died here 1403. Also Ak- Shell er. 
 
 Aksu (ak-so'), or Ak-sai (ak-sU). A northern 
 tributary of the Tarim in eastern Turkestan, 
 about 300 miles long. It rises in the Tian-Shan. 
 Aksil (ak-so'). A city in eastern Turkestan, 
 about lat. 41° 7' N., long. 80° 30' E., important 
 as a commercial center and strategical point. 
 It has manufactures of cotton goods. Popula- 
 tion (estimated!, 40,000. 
 
 Akupara (ak-o-pa/ra). In Hindu mythology, 
 the tortoise which upholds the world. 
 Akurakura (a-ko-ra'ko-ra). A small African 
 tribe, settled on the bend of Cross River, West 
 Africa, in the region where the Bantu and Ni- 
 gritic languages meet and blend. 
 
 Akureyri (a-ko-ra'ri). A small seaport on the 
 northern coast of Iceland, the second largest 
 place on the island. 
 
 Akwapim (ak-wa-pem'). See Ashanti. 
 
 Akyab (ak-yab'). A district in the division of 
 Arakan, Lower Burma, intersected by lat. 21° 
 N. and long. 93° E. Area, 5,136 square miles. 
 Population, 481,666. 
 
 Akyab. A seaport, capital of the district of 
 Akyab, and chief port of the Arakan division 
 of Lower Burma, lat. 20° 8' N., long. 92° 55' 
 E. Population, 35,680. 
 
 Ala (a'la). A town in Tyrol, Austria-Hun- 
 gary, on the Adige 23 miles southwest of 
 Trent. Population, 5,300, (1910). 
 
 Ala. See Igara. 
 
 Alabama (al-a-ba'ma). [See Alibamu."] A 
 river in the State of Alabama, which is 
 formed by the Coosa and Tallapoosa, above 
 Montgomery, and unites with the Tombigbee 
 to form the Mobile, about 32 miles north of 
 Mobile. Its chief tributary is the Cahawba. Its total 
 length is 312 miles, and it is navigable to Mont- 
 gomery. 
 
 Alabama. One of the Southern States of the 
 United States, capital Montgomery, bounded 
 by Tennessee on the north, Georgia (partly 
 separated by the Chattahoochee) and Florida 
 (separated by the Perdido) on the east, Florida 
 and the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and Missis- 
 sippi on the west, and extending from lat. 30° 
 13' to lat. 35° N., and from long. 84° 53' to long. 
 88° 35' W. : one of the Gulf States, it is moun- 
 tainous in the north, hilly and rolling in the center, and 
 low in the south ; and is traversed by the Tennessee 
 river in the north, and by the Alabama and Tombigbee 
 systems from north to south. It is rich in coal and iron 
 in the mountainous region, and was the fourth State in 
 the quantity of pig-iron produced in 1911. It has 66 coun- 
 ties, 10 representatives in Congress, and 12 electoral votes. 
 It was settled by the French in 1702. The territory north 
 of lat. 31° N. was ceded to Great Britain in 1763, and to 
 the United States in 1783; and the remaining territory 
 was ceded by Spain to the United States in 1819. It was 
 admitted to the Union in 1819, seceded Jan. 11, 1861, and 
 was readmitted July, 1868. Area, 52,250 square miles. 
 Population, 2,138,093, (1910). 
 
 Alabama, The. A wooden steam-sloop of 1,040 
 tons built for the Confederate States at Birken- 
 head, England. Her commander was Captain Semmes 
 of the Confederate navy. (See Semmes.) Her crew and 
 equipments were English. She cruised 1862-64, destroy- 
 ing American shipping, and was sunk by the Kearsarga 
 off Cherbourg, June 19, 1864. 
 
Alabama claims 
 
 Alabama claims. Claims for damages pre- 
 ferred by the United States against Great 
 Britain for losses caused during the Civil War 
 by the depredations on American commerce of 
 vessels — the chief of which was the Ala- 
 bama — fitted out or supplied in British ports 
 under the direction of the Confederate gov- 
 ernment. The adjustment of these claims was provided 
 for by the treaty of Washington, concluded May 8, 1871, 
 which referred them to a tribunal of arbitration to be 
 composed of five members, named respectively by the 
 governments of the United States, Great Britain, Italy, 
 Switzerland, and Brazil. The tribunal assembled in Ge- 
 neva, Switzerland, Dec. 15, 1871, and was composed of the 
 following arbitrators : Count 1'edcrigo Sclopis, of Italy ; 
 Baron Itajuba, of Brazil ; Jacques Staemptii, of Switzer- 
 land; Charles Francis Adams, of the United States; and 
 Lord Chief Justice Sir Alexander Cockburn, of Great 
 Britain. The agent for Great Britain was Lord Tenter- 
 den, the counsel Sir Roundell Palmer ; the agent for the 
 United States, J. C. Bancroft Davis, the counsel William 
 M. Evarts, Caleb Cushing, and Morrison B. Waite. Count 
 Sclopis was elected president, and Alexandre Favrot, of 
 Switzerland, secretary. After having received the cases 
 of the contending parties, the tribunal adjourned till 
 June 15, 1872. The United States claimed, in addition to 
 direct damages, consequential or indirect damages ; while 
 Great Britain contended against any liability whatever, 
 and especially against any liability for indirect damages. 
 Sept. 14, 1872, the decision of the tribunal was announced, 
 a gross sum of $15,500,000 in gold being awarded the 
 United States in satisfaction for all claims. The Geneva 
 tribunal is of importance in the history of international 
 law on account of the rules relating to neutrals which it 
 adopted to guide its action. 
 
 Alabama Claims Commission. A commission 
 of representatives of Great Britain and the 
 United States, for the settlement of the Ala- 
 bama claims. Its members were Earl de Grey and 
 Ripon, Sir Stafford Northcote, Sir Edward Thornton, 
 Sir John Macdonald, and Professor Montague Bernard, for 
 Great Britain ; and Hamilton Fish, Robert C. Schenck, 
 Samuel Nelson, Ebenezer R. Hoar, and George H. Wil- 
 liams, for the United States. They concluded the treaty 
 of Washington, May 8, 1871. See treaty of Washington, and 
 Alabama claims (above). 
 
 Alabanda (al-a-ban'da). An ancient city of 
 Caria, Asia Minor, on the site of the modern 
 Hissar. 
 
 Alabaster (al'a-bas-ter), William. Born at 
 Hadleigh, Suffolk, England, 1567 : died in April, 
 1640. An English poet and divine, a gradu- 
 ate and fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 author of a Latin tragedy, “Roxana” (acted 
 at Cambridge University about 1592, printed 
 1632), and of various learned works. He began 
 an epic poem, in Latin, in praise of Elizabeth, the first 
 book of which remains in manuscript in the library of 
 Emmanuel College, Cambridge. In 1596 he went to Cadiz 
 as chaplain to the Earl of Essex. 
 
 Alacoque (a-la-kok'), Marguerite Marie. Born 
 at Lauthecour, Saone-et-Loire, France, July 
 22, 1647 : died at Paray-le-Monial, France, Oct. 
 17, 1690. A French nun, founder of the wor- 
 ship of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. 
 
 Alaeranes (a-la-kra'nes). A group of coral 
 islets in the Gulf of Mexico, in lat. 22° 30' N., 
 long. 89° 40' W. 
 
 AlaHJagh (a'la-daG'). A range of the Taurus 
 in the southeastern part of Asia Minor, north 
 of Adana, a continuation of the Bulgar-Dagh. 
 Ala-Dagh, or Allah Dagh. A mountain-range 
 in the northern part of Asia Minor, intersected 
 by long. 32° E. 
 
 Ala-Dagh. A mountain-range in Turkish Ar- 
 menia, north of Lake Van, about 11,000 feet 
 high, the source of the eastern Euphrates. 
 Aladdin (a-lad'in). In the story of “Aladdin 
 or the Wonderful Lamp,” in the “Arabian 
 Nights’ Entertainments,” the son of a poor wid- 
 ow in China, who becomes possessed of a magic 
 lamp and ring which command the services 
 of two terrific jinns. Learning the magic power of 
 the lamp, by accidentally rubbing it, Aladdin becomes 
 rich and marries the Princess of Cathay through the 
 agency of the “slave of the lamp" who also builds in a 
 night a palace for her reception. One window of this 
 palace was left unfinished, and no one could complete it 
 to match the others. Aladdin therefore directs the jinns 
 to finish it, which is done in the twinkling of an eye (hence 
 the phrase “to finish Aladdin’s window”; that is, to at- 
 tempt to finish something begun by a greater man). After 
 many years the original owner of the lamp, a magician, 
 in order to recover it, goes through the city offering new 
 lamps for old. The wife of Aladdin, tempted by this 
 idea, exchanges the old rusty magic lamp for a brand-new 
 useless one (hence the phrase “ to exchange old lamps for 
 new ’’), and the magician transports both palace and prin- 
 cess to Africa, but the ring helps Aladdin to find them. He 
 kills the magician, and, possessing himself of the lamp, 
 transports the palace to Cathay, and at the sultan’s death 
 succeeds to the throne. 
 
 Aladfar (al-ad-far'). [Ar.] A name, not much 
 used, for the star ?/ Lyrse. 
 
 Aladja-Dagh (a-la'ja-daa'). A mountain near 
 Kars, Russian Armenia, the scene of a vic- 
 tory of the Russians under Grand Duke Michael 
 over the Turks under Mukhtar Pasha, Oct. 13- 
 15, 1877. 
 
 ' 27 
 
 Ala-ed-Din (a-la'ed-den'), or Ala-eddin, or 
 
 Aladdin. An Ottoman statesman, son of 
 Othman the founder of the Ottoman empire. 
 On the death of Othman, Orchan, Ala-ed-Din’s elder 
 brother, offered to share the empire with him, but he 
 would accept only the revenues from a single village and 
 the post of vizir. He organized the corps of janizaries, 
 at the head of which he gained a victory over the em- 
 peror Andronicus in 1330, and took Nicasa, the chief de- 
 fense of the Greek empire in Asia. 
 
 Alaghez (a-la-gez'). An extinct volcano 30 
 miles northwest of Erivan, Transcaucasia, 
 Russia, 13,436 feet high. Also Ali-Ghez. 
 Alagoas (a-la-go ' as). A state of eastern 
 Brazil, capital Maceio, bounded by Pernam- 
 buco on the north and northwest, the Atlantic 
 on the southeast, and Sergipe on the southwest. 
 Its chief products are cotton, sugar, and to- 
 bacco. Area, 22,583 square miles. Population, 
 649,273. 
 
 Alagoas. A town in the state of Alagdas, 
 situated near the coast in lat. 9° 45' S., long. 
 35° 50' W. : formerly the capital of the province. 
 Population, about 15,300. 
 
 Alai, or Alay, Mountains. See Trans-Alai. 
 Alain de Lille (a-lan' de lei). Latinized Ala- 
 nus ab Insulis (a-la'nus ab in'su-lis). Born 
 1114: died at Citeaux, France, i203 (?). A 
 monk and celebrated scholar, surnamed “Doc- 
 tor Universalis,” author of an encyclopedic 
 poem, treating of morals, the sciences, and the 
 arts, entitled “ Amtielaudianus” (published in 
 1536), etc. 
 
 Alais (a-la'). A town in the department of 
 Gard, France, situated on the Gardon 25 miles 
 northwest of Nimes. It has a fort built by Louis 
 XIV. to intimidate the Huguenots. Population, 
 27,435. 
 
 Alais, Peace of. A peace (1629) which termi- 
 nated the last of the religious wars in France, 
 in which (1628) La Rochelle, the stronghold of 
 the Huguenots, was taken by Richelieu, and 
 the Huguenots were compelled to disband as a 
 political party. 
 
 Alajuela (a-la-Hwa'la). A town of Costa Rica, 
 about lat. 9° 55' N., long. 84° 20' W. Popula- 
 tion, 5,861. 
 
 Alaka (a'la-ka). In Hindu mythology, the 
 capital of Kuvera and the abode of the gan- 
 dharvas on Mount Meru. 
 
 Ala-kul (a-la-koF). A lake in Asiatic Russia, 
 about lat. 46° N., near the Chinese frontier, 
 without outlet. 
 
 Alaman (a-la-man'), Lucas. Born at Guana- 
 juato, Oct. 18, 1792: died in Mexico, June 2, 
 1853. A Mexican historian and statesman. 
 
 He traveled extensively in Europe, 1814-22, and was dep- 
 uty in the Spanish Cortes for his native province. Re- 
 turning to Mexico, he held various important offices, being 
 secretary of the interior for the provisional government 
 1823-25, foreign minister under Bustamente, and again 
 under Santa Anna until his death. Many important public 
 works are due to him, including the Mexican museum. 
 He is best known for his “ Historia de Mdjico ” and “ Dis- 
 ertaciones sobre la historia de la Repfibliea Mejicana,’’ 
 works published during the ten years before his death. 
 Alamanni (al-a-man'I), less correctly Ale- 
 manni (al-e-man'i). [‘All men,’ that is, 
 
 ‘ men of all nations.’] A German race of Sue- 
 vic origin, which occupied the region from the 
 Main to the Danube in the first part of the 3d 
 century A. D. Their territory extended later across 
 the Rhine, including Alsace and part of eastern Switzer- 
 land. They were defeated by Clovis 496. (See Swabia.) 
 The Alamannic is the German dialect in old Alamannic 
 territory in the region of the upper Rhine, approximately 
 coincident with modem Alsace, the southern half of 
 Baden and of Wiirtemberg, Swabia, and Switzerland. 
 With Bavarian itforms the group specifically called High 
 German. It is the typical form of Old High German, 
 which exists in literature from the 8th to the end of the 
 11th century. 
 
 Alamanni (a-la-man'ne), or Alemanni (fi-le- 
 man'ne), Luigi. Born at Florence, 1495: died 
 at Amboise, France, 1556. Am Italian poet, au- 
 thor of eclogues, hymns, satires, elegies, a di- 
 dactic poem “La Coltivazione ” (1546), an epic 
 poem “ Girone il cortese” (1548), etc. He con- 
 spired against Giulio de’ Medici and escaped to Venice: 
 thence he went to Genoa, and in 1523 to the court of 
 Francis I. where, after returning to Florence for a short 
 time (1527-30), he spent most of his after life. Through 
 Wyatt, who imitated him, he exerted considerable in- 
 fluence upon English poetry. 
 
 Alamannia (al-a-man'i-a), or Alemannia 
 
 (al-e-man'i-a). A. division of ancient Ger- 
 many, which first appears about the end of the 
 3d century. It lay in the southwestern part of Ger- 
 many and adjoining parts of Switzerland and Tyrol, the 
 region settled largely by the Alamanni (ancestors of the 
 Swabians, German Swiss, etc.). For the duchy of Ala- 
 mannia, see Swabia. 
 
 Alamannic (al-a-man'ik), or Alemannic (al-e- 
 man'ik), Federation. A federation of several 
 
 A1 Araf 
 
 German tribes, chiefly Suevi ( Alamanni — all 
 men, i. e., men of all nations), which appeared 
 on the Main the 3d century after Christ. Caracalla 
 engaged in war with them in 214. Under Aurelian they 
 invaded the empire, but were defeated in three battles in 
 271. In 356 and 357 they were defeated by Julian ; in 366 
 by Jovinus; and in 496 they were completely subjugated 
 by Clovis. 
 
 Alamans. See Alamanni. 
 
 Alambagh (a-lam'baa), or Alumbagh (a-lum'- 
 bao). An inclosure near Lucknow, India. It 
 was held by Outram against the Sepoys from 
 Nov., 1857, until March, 1858. 
 
 Alameda (a-la-ma'da). [Sp., ‘a grove or row 
 of poplar-trees.’ The name is now applied very 
 generally in Spanish America to any large 
 pleasure-ground or park.} A town in Spain, 
 about 50 miles northwest of Malaga. Popu- 
 lation, 4,235. 
 
 Alameda. A city in Alameda County, Califor- 
 nia, situated on San Francisco bay 9 miles 
 east of San Francisco. Population, 23,383, 
 (1910). 
 
 Alameda. Up to 1681, a pueblo of the Tigua 
 Indians, 9 miles north of Albuquerque on the 
 Rio Grande in central New Mexico. In 1681 
 the Indian pueblo was burnt by Governor Oter- 
 min on bis expedition into New Mexico. 
 Alamillo (a-la-mel'yo). [Sp.] A small settle- 
 ment on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa F6 
 Railroad, in New Mexico, south of Albuquer- 
 que and on the Rio Grande. Up to 1680 it was the 
 site of a considerable village of the Biros Indians. The 
 ruins of the village are still visible. 
 
 Alaminos (a-la-me'nos), Anton or Antonio. 
 
 A Spanish navigator whose name is associated 
 with many early expeditions in the Gulf of 
 Mexico. It appears that he was with Columbus in 
 1499 and 1502, and he was chief pilot of the successive ex- 
 peditions of Cordova, Grijalva, and Cortds to Mexico, 1517 
 to 1520. He discovered the Bahama channel in 1520. 
 Alamo (a'la-mo). A mission building at San 
 Antonio, Texas, begun in 1744. it was used as a 
 parish church until 1793, when the mission was secu- 
 larized. In Feb., 1836, it was occupied by Colonel W. 
 B. Travis with about 150 men in revolt against the 
 government of Mexico. After withstanding a terrible 
 siege, it was taken by assault on March 6, and the garri- 
 son (including David Crockett and Colonel Bowie) killed. 
 .One man had previously made his escape. 
 
 Alamos (a'la-mos), Los. A town in the state 
 of Sonora, Mexico, about lat. 27° 25' N., long. 
 109° W. Population, 6,180. 
 
 Alamos de Barrientos (a/la-mos de bar-re-en'- 
 tos), Balthazar. Born at Medina del Campo, 
 Spain, 1550 : died about 1635. A Spanish phi- 
 lologist. 
 
 Alan, William. See Allen. 
 
 Aland Islands (a'land i'landz). An archi- 
 pelago at the entrance of the Gulf of Bothnia, 
 in the government of Abo-Bjorneborg, Finland, 
 conquered by Russia from Sweden in 1809. 
 The chief island is Aland (population, 9,000). 
 It was occupied by the Allies in 1854. 
 
 Alani (a-la'nl). A people of Scythian origin, 
 dwelling originally in the Caucasus. With the 
 Huns they defeated the East Goths about 375 A. D. , and 
 they invaded Gaul with the Suevi and Vandals in 406, and 
 Spain in 409. They were defeated by the W est Goths about 
 418, and disappeared as a nation in the 5th century. 
 
 The Alani are a puzzling race, our accounts of whom 
 are somewhat contradictory, but who may perhaps be 
 most safely set down as a non-Aryan, or, at any rate, a 
 non-Teutonic people, who had been largely brought under 
 Gothic influences. But early in the fifth century they 
 possessed a dominion in central Spain which stretched 
 from sea to sea. Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 89. 
 
 Alans. See Alani. 
 
 Alantika (a-lan'ti-ka). A mountain-range of 
 Adamawa, central Africa, from 7,000 to 9,000 
 feet bigb. 
 
 Alanus ab Insulis. See Alain de Lille. 
 Alaotra (a-la-d'tra), Lake. The largest lake of 
 Madagascar, north of Tamatave, 30 miles long 
 and 5 wide. 
 
 Alapalli, or Allajialli (a-la-pal'le), or Alleppi 
 
 (a-lep'i). A seaport in Travancore, India, in 
 lat. 9° 30' N„ long. 76° 20' E. Population, 24,918. 
 Alapayevsk (a-la-pa-yevsk'). A town in the 
 government of Perm, Russia, situated on the 
 Neiva about 70 miles northeast of Yekaterin- 
 burg. It has largo iron-foundries. Population, 
 8,384. 
 
 A1 Araf (al a'raf). [Ar., from 'araf a (?), to dis- 
 tinguish.] In Mohammedan theology, a par- 
 tition between heaven and hell (described in 
 the Koran, Surah vii. 44) on which are those 
 who have not yet entered into heaven but 
 desire to do SO. It is regarded by some as a limbo for 
 the patriarchs and prophets, or other holy persons, and 
 by others as a place of abode for those whose good and 
 evil works are about equally balanced. Hughes, Diet, of 
 Islam. 
 
Alarbus 
 
 28 
 
 Albanian 
 
 Alarbus (a-lar'bus). In Shakspere’s (?) “Titus 
 Andronicus,” a sou of Tamora, queen of the 
 Goths. 
 
 Alarcon (a-lar-kon'), A small town in the 
 province of Cuenca, Spain, situated on a rock 
 in the Jucar, 43 miles south of Cuenca, it was 
 an important medieval fortress, and was the scene of a 
 Moorish victory over the Castilians in 1195. 
 
 Alarcon (a-lar'kon). In Tasso’s “Jerusalem 
 Delivered,” the King of Barca who fought 
 against the Crusaders with the Egyptians. 
 Alarcon (a-lar-kon'), Hernando de. Lived 
 about 1540. A Spanish navigator, sent by the 
 viceroy of New Spain to support by sea the 
 expedition of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado 
 to the mythical Seven Cities in the interior of 
 (what was then) Mexico. He set sail May 9, 1540, 
 and by penetrating the Gulf of California proved that 
 California was not an island. lie made two attempts to 
 ascend the Colorado in boats, and planted a cross at the 
 highest point he reached, burying a writing at its foot, 
 subsequently found by Melchor Diaz. His report is printed 
 in Hakluyt's “Voyages.” See Century Atlas, Map 4. 
 
 Alarcon, Pedro Antonio de. Born at Guadix, 
 Spain, March 10, 1833: died at Madrid, July 
 20, 1891. A Spanish poet, novelist, journalist, 
 and politician. He accompanied the Spanish army to 
 Morocco as a newspaper correspondent in 1859, and in 
 1864 was elected a member of the Cortes f ora Cadiz. In 
 1868 he fought on the side of the revolutionists in the 
 battle of Alcolea. He published “ Diario de un testigo de la 
 guerra de Africa" (1869), “ Poeslas serias y humoristicas" 
 (18,01, “LI sombrero de tres picos” (L574), “El Hijo 
 Prddigo” (18' 7), etc. 
 
 Alarcon y Mendoza (a-lar-kon' e raan-do'tha), 
 Juan Ruiz de. Bora in Tasco, Mexico, about 
 1588 : died in Cordova, Spain, Aug. 4, 1G39. A 
 Spanish dramatic poet. lie was graduated doctor of 
 laws in Mexico in 1606. Afterward he went to Spain, had 
 a subordinate position under the Council of the Indies, 
 and began to publish his comedies iu 1628. They are re- 
 garded by some judges as the finest in the Spanish lan- 
 guage. Perhaps the best-known is “La Verdad sospe- 
 chosa,” which was imitated by Corneille in “ Le Menteur.” 
 
 Alarcos. Soe Alarcon. 
 
 Alardo (a-liir'do). The younger brother of 
 Bradamant in Ariosto’s “Orlando Furioso.” 
 Alaric (al'a-rik). [Goth. *Alareiks , from al, 
 all, and reiks , ruler. Cf. Gensertc, Theodo?-tc, 
 etc.] Born on the island of Peuce, in the 
 Danube, 376 (?) a. d. : died at Cosentia, Italy, 
 410. A celebrated king of the West Goths, 
 395(?)-410, a member of the princely family 
 of Baltha. He served under Theodosius as commander 
 of the Gothic auxiliaries in the war agai.ist Lugenius 
 and Arbogastes in 194 ; left the Roman service on the 
 death of Theodosius, being elected king of the West 
 Goths about the same time ; invaded Greece in 3)6, and 
 was compelled by Stilicho to reti e to Epirus in 397; 
 was appointed prefect of eastern Illyri ;um by Arcadius ; 
 invaded Italy in 400, and fought a drawn battle at Pol- 
 lentia in 401 or 4u3 with Stilicho, who allowed him to 
 escape to Illyricum ; was made prefect of western Illyri- 
 cum by Honorius; invaded Italy a second time in 408; 
 and after twice besieging Rome captured and sacked it 
 Aug. 24, 410. He died while preparing to invade L icily 
 and Africa, and was buried, with a vast treasure, in the 
 bed of the river Busento. 
 
 Alaric II. Died near Poitiers, France, 507 a. d. 
 A king of the West Goths, 435-507, defeated 
 and slain by Clovis. He ordered the compilation of 
 the code “Breviarum Alaricianum’ or “Corpus Theodo- 
 sii ” (so named from the six books of the Theodosian code 
 which it contains). 
 
 Alaric Cottin. See Cottin. 
 
 Alarodians (al-a-ro'di-anz). See the extract. 
 
 In Tubal and Meshech we must see representatives of 
 the so-called Alarodiau race, to which the modern Geor- 
 gians belong. This race was once in exclusive possession 
 of the highlands of Armenia, and the cuneiform inscrip- 
 tions found there were the work of Alarodian princes who 
 established a kingdom on the shores of Lake Van. /.bout 
 B. c. 600 Aryans from Phrygia entered Armenia, overthrew 
 the old monarchy, and imposed (heir rule upon the in- 
 digenous population. The bulk of the Armenians, how- 
 ever, still belong to the older race, though the language 
 they have adopted was that of their invaders. The Ala- 
 rodian is a family of inflectional languages, of which the 
 Georgian in the Caucasus is the chief 1 iving representative. 
 
 Sayce, Races of the O. T., p. 50. 
 
 Alarum for London, or The Siege of Ant- 
 werp. An anonymous play acted about 1599 
 (published in 1600), attributed to Lodge. 
 Alascans (a-las'kanz). A name given to the 
 foreign Protestants in London during the reign 
 of Edward VI., from the superintendent of the 
 foreign (German, French, etc.) churches in 
 London, John Laski, a Polish refugee and fol- 
 lower of Zwingli. See Laski. 
 
 Alasco (a-las'ko). An old astrologer in Scott’s 
 novel “Kenilworth,” secretly in the employ of 
 Richard Varney. Also called Dr. Demetrius 
 Doboobic. 
 
 Alasco, John. See Laski. 
 
 Alashehr (a-la-shcHr'). A town in Asiatic Tur- 
 key, the Philadelphia of Scripture, situated on 
 the slope of Tmolus about 80 miles east of 
 
 Smyrna, on the railway from Smyrna. It has 
 considerable trade, and is the seat of a Greek archbishopric. 
 Population (estimated), 8 , 000 . 
 
 Alaska (a-las'ka), formerly Prussian America. 
 A territory of the United States, capital Juneau, 
 bounded by the Arctic Ocean on the north, 
 British America on the east, the Pacific Ocean 
 on the south, and the Pacific and Arctic oceans, 
 Bering Strait, and Bering; Sea on the west, it 
 includes many islands. The nighest point is Mount 
 McKinley (20,300 feet : U. S. Gcal, tsurv.). Chief river, 
 the Yukon. It has valuable fisheries, fur-trade, and ex- 
 tensive forests, and large mineral deposits. By act of 
 Congress, 1884, it constituted a civil and judicial district, 
 with a governor, judge, attorney, and marshal. An act 
 of Congress, approved August 24, 1912, created a legisla- 
 tive assembly consisting of a Senate of 8 members and a 
 House of Representatives of 16 members. It was discov- 
 ered by the Russians in 1741. It was purchased by the 
 United States from Russia for $7,200,000, by treaty of 
 March 30, 1867. Ar ea, 590,884 square miles. Population, 
 64,366, (1910). 
 
 Alaska Peninsula. A peninsula in the terri- 
 tory of Alaska, partly inclosing Bering Sea. 
 
 Alaska Strait. A sea passage between the 
 mainland of Alaska and Kodiak Island. 
 
 Alasnam (a-las'nam). In the “Arabian 
 Nights’ Entertainments,” a man who became 
 possessed of eight magnificent golden statues, 
 and on searching for the ninth, which was more 
 singular and precious still, discovered it in the 
 person of a beautiful woman, whom he married. 
 
 Alassio (a-liis'se-o). A small seaport in the 
 province of Genoa, Italy, situated on the Gulf 
 of Genoa about 48 miles southwest of Genoa. 
 It is a bathing-place and winter health-resort. 
 
 Alastor (a-las'tor). 1. In Greek mythology, 
 a surname of Zeus as the avenger: also applied 
 to any avenging deity or demon. — 2. In medi- 
 eval demonology, a spirit of evil, the executor 
 of the sentences of the king of hell. — 3. A 
 poem by Shelley, published in 1816, named 
 from its chief character, “Alastor or the Spirit 
 of Solitude.” 
 
 The poet’s self-centred seclusion was avenged by the 
 Furies of au irresistible passion pursuing him to speedy 
 ruin. Preface to the Poem, Dec. 14, 1815. 
 
 Alatau (ii-lii-tou'), or Sungariaa (sung-gar'- 
 i-an) Alatau. A mountain-range in Semi- 
 ryetchensk, Asiatic Russia, on the Boundary be- 
 tween that government and the Chinese prov- 
 ince of Hi, about lat. 44° 46' N. It reaches 
 a height of about 13,000 feet. 
 
 Alatau, or Kusnetzky (koz-net'ske) Alatau. 
 A range of mountains in the governments of 
 Tomsk and Yeniseisk, Siberia, extending about 
 northeast and southwest. 
 
 Alatau, or Trans-Hi (tranz-e'le) Alatau. A 
 mountain system in Semiryetchensk, Asiatic 
 Russia, south of the river Ili. It reaches a 
 height of over 15,000 feet. 
 
 Alatheus (a-la'the-us), or Odotlieus (o-do'the- 
 us). Died 386 a. d. An Ostrogothic general. 
 On the death of Vithimir, 376, he became with Saphrax 
 the guardian of Vithericus. king of the Greuthungi, the 
 chief tribe of the Ostrogoths. Alatheus and Saphrax 
 fought under the Visigoth Fridigern at (he battle of 
 Adrianople in 378. 
 
 Alatri (a-la'tre). A town in the province of 
 Rome, Italy, about 45 miles east by south of 
 Rome : the ancient Alatrium. There is an ancient 
 temple beyond the Porta San Tietro, prostyle, with two 
 Tuscan columns before the ants;, in plan 26 by 47 feet. At 
 some time subsequent to its construction, aposticum was 
 added, of similar disposition to the pronaos. Population, 
 6,523; commune, 15,322. 
 
 America and the East Indies, and added largely to geo- 
 graphical knowledge. He commanded a squadron at 'Tra- 
 falgar, and in 1816 was made grand admiral and chief of 
 marine. 
 
 Alazan (a-la'zan). A river in Transcaucasia, 
 about 150 miles long, a northern tributary of 
 the Kur. 
 
 Alb, or Alp. See Swabian Jura. 
 
 Alba (al'ba). Ancient Scotland north of the 
 Forth and Clyde. 
 
 Alba (al'ba). A town in the province of Cuneo, 
 Italy, on the Tanaro about 31 miles southeast 
 of Turin: the ancient Alba Pompeja. It has a 
 cathedral. Population, 6,858 ; commune, 13,900. 
 
 Alba, Duke of. See Alva. 
 
 Alba de Liste, Count of. See JLenriquez de 
 Guzman, Luis. 
 
 Albacete (al-bii-tha'ta). A province in the tit- 
 ular kingdom of Murcia, Spain, bounded by 
 Cuenca on the north, Valencia and Alicante on 
 the east, Murcia and Granada on the south, 
 and Jaen and Ciudad Real on the west, it is 
 mountainous in the west, and elsewhere a table-land. 
 Area, 5,737 square miles. Population, est., 250,282. 
 
 Albacete. The capital of the province of Al- 
 bacete, about lat. 38° 58' N., long. 1° 55' W. 
 It manufactures and exports cutlery. Popu- 
 lation, 22,484. 
 
 Alba de Torraes (al'ba da tor'mas). A small 
 town in the province of Salamanca, Spain, sit- 
 uated on the Tormes 17 miles south of Sala- 
 manca. Here, 1809, the French defeated the 
 Spaniards. 
 
 Alba Longa (al'ba long'ga). In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a town in Latium, Italy, 15 miles south- 
 east of Rome, the ancient center of the Latin 
 League. Its foundation is traditionally ascribed to 
 Ascanius and its destruction to Tullus Hostilius. 
 
 Alban (al'ban, or al'ban) Saint. Protomartyr 
 of Britain, 303. He is said to have been a native of 
 Verulamium where he was put to death with the sword. 
 The famous monastery of St. Alban was founded in his 
 honor by King Ofla. about 795. His festival is celebrated 
 in the Roman Church June 22, and in the Anglican Church 
 on June 17. 
 
 Alban Lake. See Albano. 
 
 Alban Mountains (al'ban moun'tanz), It. 
 Monti Laziali. A mountain group southeast 
 of Rome, near Albano. Its highest point is 
 Monte Cavo. 
 
 Albanenses (al-ba-nen'sez). A small medieval 
 sect, named from the city of Alba in Piedmont, 
 which professed Manichtean doctrines. They 
 were closely allied to the Albigenses. 
 
 Albani (al-ba'ne), or Albano (-no), Francesco. 
 Born at Bologna, Italy, March 17, 1578 : died 
 there, Oct. 4, 1660. A noted Italian painter. 
 
 Albani (al-ba'ne), Mme. (Marie Louise Ge- 
 ci:e Emma Lajeunesse). Born at Chambly, 
 (Quebec, 1850 (Grove). A distinguished soprano 
 singer, of French-Canadian parentage. Her fam- 
 ily removed to Albany, New York (from which she took 
 her assumed name), in 1864. She studied in Paris under 
 Duprez, and in Milan under Lnmperti, and made her d£- 
 but as an opera-singer in Messina in 1870. She married 
 Ernest Gye in 1878. 
 
 Albani, Villa. A palace in the northern part 
 of Rome, celebrated for its art collections. 
 
 Albania (al-ba'ni-ji). [Gr. kZ/lawa.] In an- 
 cient geography, a country of Asia, lying west 
 of the Caspian, north of Armenia, and east of 
 Iberia, and corresponding nearly to the modern 
 Baku and southern Daghestan in Russia. It was 
 part of the Assyrian empire, and the theater of some of 
 the wars of Saigon and Sennacherib. 
 
 Alatyr (a-liUter'). A town in tho government 
 of Simbirsk, Russia, on the Sura about lnt. 54° 
 53' N., long. 46° SO' E. Population, 14,100. 
 Also Alatecr. 
 
 Ala^a (a'la-vii). One of the Basque provinces 
 in Spain, capital Vitoria, bounded by Biscay 
 and Guipiizcoa on the north, Navarre on tho 
 east, Logroho on the south, and Burgos on the 
 west. Area, 1,175 squaro miles. Population, 
 101,183. 
 
 Alava, Miguel Ricardo de. Born at Vitoria, 
 Spain, 1771: died at Bareges, France, 1843. A 
 Spanish politician and general. He fought under 
 Wellington in the Peninsular campaign, at the close of 
 which he had obtained the rank of brigadier general ; was 
 president of the Cortes May, 1822 ; lought in tile same year 
 under Ballast e-os and Murillo in support of the Cortes 
 against the rebels ; went into exile 1823, on the restoration 
 of Ferdinand by French intervention ; espoused the cause 
 of Maria Christina against Don Carlos on the deal h of F erdi- 
 nand ; was ambassador to London 1S34, and to Paris 1835 ; 
 nnd retired to France after the insurrection of La Granja. 
 
 Alava y Navarete(a'la-va e na-va-ra'ta), Ig- 
 nacio Maria de. Born at Vitoria, Spain, about 
 1750 : died at Chiclana, near Cadiz, May 26, 1817. 
 A Spanish admiral and explorer. He is best known 
 for his voyage of circumnavigation of the globe, com- 
 menced in 1794, in which he explored the coasts of South 
 
 Albania. [NL. Albania , Alb. Slikyperi, Turk. 
 Arnautlik, F. Albanie, G. Albanien.\ A region in 
 the western part of European Turkey, bounded 
 by Montenegro and Novi-Bazar on the north, 
 Macedonia (with a vague frontier) and Thessaly 
 on the east, Greece and the Gulf of Arta on the 
 south, and the Ionian Sea, the Strait of Otranto, 
 and the Adriatic on the west, corresponding in 
 general to the vilayets Skutari, Janina, and 
 part of Monastir, and largely to the ancient 
 Illyria and Epirus. It was occupied by the Turks in 
 the' first part of the 15th century, levelled under Scan- 
 derheg 1443-67, and was subdued by the Turks in 1478. 
 Several rebellions against the Turks occurred about the 
 beginning of the 19th century. Albania resisted the 
 treaty of Berlin (1878) and t lie cession of territory to 
 Montenegro in 1L8D. Population, about 1,000,000, prin- 
 cipally Arnauts. 
 
 Albania, or Albany. An ancient name of the 
 Scottish Highlands, fancifully derived from the 
 mythical Albanaet, son of Brute. 
 
 Albanian (al-ba'ni-an). The language of the 
 Albanians. It is now commonly regarded as a member 
 of the Aryan family. It exists only in modern dialects, 
 but is supposed to be the descendant of the ancient Illy- 
 rian of which no records are extant. Also called Sldpetar , 
 from the native name of the people ( Shkypetdr , 'high- 
 landers ’X 
 
Albanian Gates 
 
 Albanian Gates. The defile of Derbend be- 
 tween the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea. 
 Albano (al-ba'no). A town in the province of 
 Rome, Italy, situated on the slope of the Alban 
 Mountains, 14 miles southeast of Rome, on the 
 site of Pompey’s Villa: the Roman Albanum. 
 It passed to the Papal States in 1697. It contains the ruins 
 of a pretorian camp built by Domitian, a large fortified 
 inclosure, auadrilateral in plan. The walls are built of 
 huge but rather thin blocks of stone. One of the gates 
 remains. Population, 8,461. 
 
 Albano, Lake of, or Lago di Gastello, or Al- 
 ban Lake. A small lake near Albano, Italy, 
 noted for its picturesque scenery, occupying 
 the crater of an extinct volcano. 
 
 Albano, Mount. See Monte Cavo. 
 
 Albany (al'ba-ni). Same as Breadalbane. 
 Albany. The capital of the State of New York 
 and of Albany County, situated on the west 
 bank of the Hudson in lat. 42° 39' 50 7/ N., long. 
 73° 44' 56 7/ W. (Dudley Observatory), near the 
 head of navigation. It is an important commercial 
 city, the terminus of lines of steamers to New York and 
 other river-ports, and of the Erie and Champlain canals, 
 and a center of extensive systems of railroads. Besides 
 the State Capitol, it contains the law and medical depart- 
 ments and the (Dudley) Observatory of Union University. 
 It was settled by the Dutch in 1614, fortified (Fort Orange) 
 in 1624, obtained a city charter in 1686, was the seat of a 
 convention (under the lead of Franklin) to form a colonial 
 union in 1754, and became the permanent capital in 1797. 
 On March 29, 1911, the capitol was injured by a fire which 
 destroyed the State library. Population, 100,253, (1910). 
 
 Albany. The capital of Dougherty County, 
 Georgia, situated on Flint River, at the head 
 of navigation, 90 miles southwest of Macon. 
 Population, 8,190, (1910). 
 
 Albany. The capital of Linn County, Oregon, 
 situated on the Willamette 63 miles southwest 
 of Portland. Population, 4,275, (1910). 
 Albany. A small seaport in western Australia, 
 situated on King George Sound about lat. 
 35° S. 
 
 Albany, Countess of (Louise Marie Karo- 
 line von Stolberg-Gedern). Born 1753 : died 
 at Florence, Jan. 29, 1824. A German princess, 
 daughter of Gustavus Adolphus, prince of Stol- 
 berg-Gedern, and wife (married March 28, 1772) 
 of the “Young Pretender” (Duke of Albany), 
 and later the mistress of Alfieri. 
 
 Albany, Duke of. See Leopold George Dun- 
 can Albert. 
 
 Albany, Duke of. A character in Shakspere’s 
 “King Lear,” the husband of Goneril, Lear’s 
 eldest daughter. 
 
 Albany Regency. A name given to a clique 
 of New York politicians who controlled the 
 machinery of the Democratic party in the State 
 of New York from about 1820 to about 1854. 
 Among its members were Van Buren, Marcy, 
 Wright, and Dix. 
 
 Albany River. A river in Canada, about 500 
 miles m length, flowing into James Bay. 
 
 Alb a sin (al'ba-sen), or Yaksa (yak'sa). A 
 former fortified town in the Amur Territory, 
 Siberia, on the northern bend of the Amur : a 
 center of Russian colonization in the 17th cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Albategnius (al-ba-teg'ni-us), Mohammed 
 ben Jabir. Bom in Mesopotamia about 850: 
 died 929. A noted Arabian astronomer. He 
 
 discovered the motion of the sun, and introduced into 
 mathematical calculation the use of the sine, in place of 
 the entire chord of the arc which had previously been em- 
 ployed. Among his works are commentaries on Ptolemy’s 
 “Almagest,” a treatise on astronomy and geography, etc. 
 One of his astronomical works was translated into Latin, 
 under the title “De Scientia Stellarum " (Nuremberg, 1537). 
 Albay (al-bi'). A town of Luzon, one of the 
 Philippine Islands. Population, 14,049. 
 
 Albe (al'be). The ancient Alba Fucentia, now 
 a small village near Avezzano, in central Italy. 
 It contains an ancient amphitheater of the usual Homan 
 elliptical plan, 114 by 305 feet, estimated to have stated 
 20,000 people. The arena measures 63 by 159 feet. 
 
 Al-Beladori (al-bel' / a-do'ri), Abul Hassan Ah- 
 med. Died at Bagdad about 895. An Arabian 
 historian, author of a history of the conquest 
 of Syria, the island of Cyprus, Mesopotamia, 
 Armenia, Egvpt, Africa, Spain, Nubia, and the 
 islands of the Mediterranean by the Arabs. 
 He describes the condition of the conquered 
 countries and various towns founded by the 
 Moslems, among them Bagdad. Also Albeladory. 
 Albemarle (al-be-marl'). See Aurnale. 
 Albemarle. See Albemarle Inland. 
 Albemarle, Duke of. See Monk. 
 
 Albemarle, Earl of. See Keppel. 
 
 Albemarle Club. A London club, established 
 in 1874, composed of ladies and gentlemen. 
 Headquarters, 37 Dover Street, W. Member- 
 ship, 1,100. 
 
 29 
 
 Albemarle Island. The largest of the Gala- 
 pagos Islands, in the Pacific. Area, 1,650 square 
 miles. 
 
 Albemarle Point. The early name of Charles- 
 ton, South Carolina. 
 
 Albemarle Sound. A shallow body of water, 
 about 55 mijes long, in the northeastern part 
 of North Carolina, separated from the Atlantic 
 by sand beaches, and communicating with Pam- 
 lico Sound on the south through Croatan and 
 Roanoke Sounds. It receives the Roanoke River, and 
 is connected with Chesapeake Bay by the Chesapeake 
 and Albemarle Canal and the Dismal Swamp Canal. 
 Albemarle, The. A Confederate iron-clad ram, 
 built on the Roanoke River about 30 miles 
 below Weldon, North Carolina, during 1863. 
 She did much damage to Union steamers during the 
 spring of 1864, but was destroyed by Lieutenant VV. B. 
 Cushing during the night of Oct. 27 of that year. He 
 attacked her in a small launch carrying a torpedo. For- 
 cing his way within the chain of logs which formed part 
 of her defense, he exploded the torpedo under the ram’s 
 overhang. She was afterward raised, towed to Norfolk, 
 and in 1867 stripped and sold. 
 
 Albendorf (al'ben-dorf). A village and fre- 
 quented place of pilgrimage (to the sanctuary 
 of the New Jerusalem), in the province of 
 Silesia, Prussia, on the Glatzer Neisse, north- 
 west of Glatz. 
 
 Albenga (al-beng'ga). A seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Genoa, Italy, the Roman Albingauuum, 
 situated on the Gulf of Genoa 44 miles south- 
 west of Genoa. It contains a cathedral, an early 
 Pointed church with sculpture of Runic type about the 
 doorways. The baptistery is octangular, of the 10th cen- 
 tury, with Corinthian columns, some early mosaics, and 
 a curious tomb. The bridge over the Centa, the Ponte 
 Lungo, between the railway-station and the town, is Ro- 
 man. All the piers of its ten arches, and much of theupper 
 work, are antique. There are also medieval walls. The 
 town contains a gymnasium and an episcopal seminary. 
 Alberes (al-bar'). The eastern ramification of 
 the Pyrenees, between Spain and the depart- 
 ment of Pyren^es-Orientales, France. 
 
 Alberic (al'ber-ik) I. Slain by the Romans 
 about 925 at Orta, Italy. A Lombard noble- 
 man, patrician (also called senator, consul, 
 and prince) of the Romans and duke of Spoleto, 
 expelled from Rome by Pope John X. He 
 married Marozia, daughter of Theodora. 
 Alberic II. Died 954. A patrician and senator 
 of the Romans, son of Alberic I. and Marozia. 
 Alberoni (al-ba-ro'ne), Giulio. Born near 
 Piacenza, Italy, May 31, 1664: died June 16, 
 1752. A statesman and cardinal, resident of 
 the Duke of Parma at the Spanish court, nego- 
 tiator of the marriage of Philip V. and Eliza- 
 beth Farnese, and prime minister of Spain, 
 1714 (or 1715) to 1719. His foreign policy led 
 to the Quadruple Alliance and a war disastrous 
 to Spain. 
 
 Albers (al'berz), Johann Friedrich Hermann. 
 
 Born at Dorsten, Westphalia, Nov. 14, 1805: 
 died at Bonn, May 12, 1867. A German physi- 
 cian and professor at Bonn, author of “Atlas 
 der pathologischen Anatomie” (1832-62), etc. 
 Albert (al'bert), G. Albrecht (al'breeht), sur- 
 named “The Bear,” from his heraldic emblem. 
 Born at Ballenstadt, Germany, about 1100 
 (1106?): died at Ballenstadt, Nov. 18, 1170. Mar- 
 grave of Brandenburg, son of Otto the Rich, 
 count of Ballenstadt. He received a grant of Lusatia 
 1125 (retaining it, however, but a few years), and of the 
 Nordmark 1134 ; obtained the duchy of Saxony 1138, which 
 he soon lost; attacked the Wends 1136-37 and later, and 
 conquered a large part of their territory ; and assumed the 
 title of margrave of Brandenburg 1150. 
 
 Albert, G. Albrecht, sumamed “The Proud.” 
 Born 1158: died June 25, 1195. Margrave of 
 Meissen from 1190 to 1195. In attempting to oppress 
 his younger brother Dietrich, who had inherited Weissen- 
 fels, he incurred the enmity of the emperor Henry VI., 
 and died by poison, administered, it is said, by an agent 
 of the emperor. 
 
 Albert, G. Albrecht, surnamed “The Tall.” 
 Born 1236: died Aug. 15, 1279. DukeofBruns- 
 wick-Luneburg, son of the first duke, Otto the 
 Child . He wascaptured by the sonsof the margravenenry, 
 Oct. 27, 1263, in the war of the ! huringian succession, and 
 was released in 1264, on the payment of 8.060 marks in 
 silver and the cession of the Guelph cities and castles on 
 the Werra. 
 
 Albert, G. Albrecht, surnamed “Tho Bad.” 
 Died 1314. Landgrave of Thuringia after 1265, 
 and margrave of Meissen from 1288 to 1293. By 
 his second wife, Cunegonde of Eisenberg, he was per- 
 suaded to exclude his sons by his first marriage from the 
 succession in Thuringia in favor of Apitz, liisson by Cune- 
 gonde. A war followed, in which he was taken captive hy 
 his son Frederick, and forced to sign a disadvantageous 
 treaty at Rochlitz, Jan. 1, 1289. 
 
 Albert I., G. Albrecht. Born about 1250: 
 slain by a conspiracy at Windisch on the Reuss, 
 Switzerland, May 1, 1308. The eldest sou of 
 
 Albert 
 
 Rudolf I. of Hapsburg, duke of Austria 1282, 
 and German king 1298-1308. He overthrew and 
 killed his rival, Adolf of Nassau, at the battle of Goll- 
 heim, July 2, 1298. 
 
 Albert II., G. Albrecht. Born 1298: died 1358. 
 Duke of Austria and son of Albert I. of Ger- 
 many. He ruled the Austrian lands in common with 
 his brother Otto from 1330, and after 1339 alone. 
 
 Albert III., G. Albrecht. Died 1395. Son of 
 Albert II. of Austria. He ruled alone as duke 
 of Austria from 1379. 
 
 Albert I., G. Albrecht. Bom about 1317: 
 died Feb. 18, 1379. The founder of the reign- 
 ing bouse of Mecklenburg, created duke of 
 Mecklenburg by the emperor Charles IV. in 
 1348. h e came into possession of the duchy of Schwe- 
 rin in 1358 by the extinction of the ducal house, and se- 
 cured the election of his second son Albert, by his first 
 wife Euphemia of Sweden, as king of Sweden in 1363. 
 
 Albert II., G. Albrecht. Died 1412. Son 
 of Albert I. of Mecklenburg, elected king of 
 Sweden in 1363. He was defeated by Queen Margaret 
 of Denmark and Norway (widow of Hakon) at the battle 
 of Falkoping, Sept, 21, 1„89, and taken piisoner. In 13D5 
 he was released and renounced the throne of Sweden. 
 
 Albert, G. Albrecht, sumamed Achilles, and 
 also Ulysses, from bis valor and sagacity. Bom 
 at Tange rmiinde, Prussia, Nov. 9, 1414: died at 
 Frankfort-on-the-Main, March 11, 1486. An 
 elector of Brandenburg, third son of Frederick 
 I. on whose death (1440) he succeeded to the 
 principality of Ansbach. He inherited the princi- 
 pality of Baireuth in 1464 from his brother John, and re- 
 ceived the electorate of Brandenburg in 14. 0 fiom his bro- 
 ther Frederick II., whose hearing had been destroyed by 
 the discharge of a cannon. He carried on successful wars 
 with Mecklenburg and romerania, and resisted the at- 
 tempt of the Teutonic Knights to repossess themselves of 
 Neumaik. He was the aulhor of the “Dispositio Achil- 
 lea,” a family ordinance providing for the separation of 
 Brandenburg and Ansbach- Baireuth, and establishing 
 primogeniture in each, according to Hallam the first in- 
 stance of the legal establishment of the custom of primo- 
 geniture. 
 
 Albert, G. Albrecht. Bom at Ansbach, May 
 16, 1490 : died March 20, 1568. Margrave of 
 Brandenburg-Ansbach, last grand master of 
 the Teutonic Knights, and first duke of Prussia : 
 younger son of Frederick of Ansbach, who was 
 the second son of Albert Achilles, elector of 
 Brandenburg. He was elected grand master Feb. 13, 
 1511; made his entry into Konigsberg Nov. 22. 1512; 
 carried on war with his suzerain, the king of Poland, 1519- 
 1525, in a futile att empt to regain theindependence of Prus- 
 sia, the Ordensland of the Teutonic Knights ; secured by 
 the treaty of Cracow, A pril S, 1825, the conversion of Prussia 
 into a secular duchy, hereditary in his family ; and for- 
 mally introduced the Reformation July 6, 1515. He was 
 aided in his political and ecclesiastical reforms by the ad- 
 vice of Luther. He was the founder of the University of 
 Konigsberg (1544), the third Protestant university. 
 
 Albert, G. Albrecht, surnamed “The Bold.” 
 Bom July 17, 1443 : died at Emden, Prussia, 
 Sept. 12, 1500. Duke of Saxony, younger son 
 of Frederick the Gentle, and founder of the 
 Albertine Saxon line. In the division of the 
 Saxon dominions in 1485 he received Meissen. 
 Albert IV., G. Albrecht, surnamed “The 
 Wise.” Born Dec. 15, 1447 : died March 18, 1508. 
 Duke of Bavaria, third son of Albert III. After 
 the death of his oldest brother John he became (1465) co- 
 regent with the second brother Sigismund, and later (1467) 
 sole ruler. 
 
 Albert, G. Albrecht. Born June 28, 1490 : died 
 at Aschaffenburg, Sept. 24, 1545. The youngest 
 son of the elector Johannes Cicero of Bran- 
 denburg, archbishop of Magdeburg 1513, arch- 
 bishop and elector of Mainz 1514, and cardinal 
 1518. To him was intrusted the sale of indulgences in 
 one district of Germany, and Tetzel acted as his commis- 
 sioner. See Tetzel , Luther. 
 
 Albert, G. Albrecht, surnamed Alcibiades. 
 
 Born at Ansbach, March 28, 1522 : died at Pforz- 
 heim, Jan. 8, 1577. A margrave of Branden- 
 burg, partizan and later opponent of the em- 
 peror Charles V. He was defeated by Maurice 
 of Saxony at Sievershausen, in Lime burg, July 
 9, 1553. 
 
 Albert, G. Albrecht or Albert. Born Nov. 13, 
 1559 : died July, 1621. An archduke of Austria, 
 sixth son of the emperor Maximilian II. He 
 was educated for the church, and became a cardinal 1677, 
 and archbishop of Toledo 1584. From 15; 4 to 1596 he 
 was viceroy of Portugal, and was appointed governor ot the 
 Spanish Netherlands in 1596. In 1600 he was defeated by 
 Maurice of Nassau at Nieupoort, and concluded an ar- 
 mistice of 12 years with the Netherlands in 1609. 
 
 Albert, Count of Geierstein. A character in 
 Sir Walter Scott’s novel “Anne of Geierstein, ”a 
 restless intriguer and head of the Vehmgericht. 
 Pursued by Charles of Burgundy, he takes refuge in a 
 monastery and is known as the “Black Priest of St. 
 Paul’s.” By order of the Vehmgericht ho kills Charles 
 of Burgundy in battle. 
 
 Albert. In Goethe’s “Sorrows of Werther,” a 
 young farmer who marries Charlotte, with 
 
Albert 
 
 whom Werther is in love. He represents Kest- 
 ner, one of Goethe’s friends. See Werther. 
 Albert (al-bar') (original name, Alexandre 
 Martin). Born April 27, 1815: died May, 1895. 
 A French mechanic, noted as a revolutionist 
 and follower of Louis Blanc. He was a member of 
 the provisional government Feb., 1848, and of the Con- 
 stituent Assembly (convened May 4); was sentenced to 
 deportation for complicity in the riot of May 15, 1848 ; 
 and recovered his liberty by the amnesty of 1859. In 1870 
 he took a prominent part in the defense of n-uis. 
 
 Albert (al'bert). In Sheridan Knowles’s play 
 “ The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green,” the real 
 Lord Wilfrid, appearing as the Blind Beggar. 
 Albert (al-bar'), formerly Ancre (ankr). A 
 town in the department of Somme, France, on 
 the Ancre 28 miles northeast of Amiens. Pop- 
 ulation, 7,046. 
 
 Albert (al'bert), G. Albrecht (al'breeht), 
 Friedrich Heinrich. Born Oct. 4, 1809: died 
 Oct. 14, 1872. Prince of Prussia, fourth son of 
 Frederick William in. He commanded in the fourth 
 cavalry division in the Franco- Prussian war, and partici- 
 pated in the battles of Sedan, Artenay, and Orleans. 
 
 Albert, G. Albrecht, Friedrich Rudolf. Born 
 at Vienna, Aug. 3, 1817 : died at Arco, Tyrol, Feb. 
 18, 1895. Archduke of Austria, eldest sou of 
 Archduke Charles, noted as a soldier and mili- 
 tary writer. He served in Italy 1848-49, and as com- 
 mander of the army of the south gained the victory of Cus- 
 tozza June 24, 1866. (See Custozza.) The same year he 
 was made commander-in-chief of the Austrian army. 
 
 Albert Francis Augustus Charles Emman- 
 uel. Born at the Rosenau, near Coburg, Ger- 
 many, Aug. 26, 1819 : died at Windsor Castle, 
 England, Dec. 14, 1861. Prince Consort of Eng- 
 land, second son of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg- 
 Gotha. He married Queen Victoria Feb. 10, 1840, and 
 was made prince consort June 25, 1857. 
 
 Albert, G. Albrecht, Kasimir. Born at Mor- 
 itzburg, near Dresden, July 11, 1738: died at 
 Vienna, Feb. 11, 1822. Duke of Saxe-Teschen, 
 an Austrian general, son of Augustus III. of 
 Poland. He was defeated by Dumouriez 1792. 
 Albert, G. Albrecht, Friedrich August. 
 Born at Dresden, April 23, 1828: died at the 
 Castle of Sibyllenort, Silesia, June 19, 1902. 
 King of Saxony, son of King John of Saxony, 
 whom he succeeded Oct. 29, 1873. As crown prince 
 he commanded in the Franco-German war an army corps, 
 and later the Army of the Meuse. 
 
 Albert Edward (al'bert ed'ward). Born at 
 London, Nov. 9, 1841: died there, May 6, 1910. 
 King of Great Britain and Ireland and of the 
 dominions beyond the sea, and emperor of India, 
 eldest son of Queen Victoria. He married PrincesB 
 Alexandra of Denmark March 10, 1863. In 1860 he made 
 a tour of the United States and Canada, in 1862 of Egypt 
 and Palestine, and in 1875-76 of British India. He as- 
 cended the throne as Edward VII. Jan. 22, 1901. 
 
 Albert Victor Christian Edward. Born Jan. 
 8, 1864: died Jan. 14, 1892. Eldest son of 
 Edward VII. He was created Duke of Clarence 
 and Avondale in 1890. 
 
 Albert the Great. See Albertus Magnus. 
 Albert Savarus (al-bar' sa-va-riis'). A tale 
 by Balzac, published 1844, one of the “ Scenes 
 from Private Life.” Savarus is said to be a 
 portrait of the author. The book contains 
 many details of bis life and work. 
 
 Albert (al'bert), Joseph. Born at Munich, 
 March 5, 1825: died there, May 5, 1886. A Ger- 
 man photographer, inventor of the Albertype. 
 Albert (al-bar'), Paul. Born at Thionville, 
 Dec. 14, 1827: died at Paris, June 21,1880. A 
 French literary historian, professor at Poitiers, 
 and later (1878) at the College de France. 
 Albert Edward Nyanza (nyan'za). A lake in 
 central Africa, south of Lake Albert Nyanza, 
 and connected with the latter by the Semliki, 
 virtually discovered by Stanley in 1875 and 
 revisited by him 1888-89. Its native name is 
 MutaNzige. Renamed as Lake Edward in 1909. 
 Albert Chapel. See Windsor. 
 
 Albert Embankment. See Thames Embank- 
 ments. 
 
 Albert Hall. A covered amphitheater in Lon- 
 don, finished in 1871. its axes are 270 and 240 feet, 
 those of the arena 100 and 70, and it can seat 8,000 persons. 
 The exterior is of brick, with ornament of colored tiles 
 and terra-cotta including a frieze representing the various 
 peoples of the earth. 
 
 Albert Lea (al'bert le). The capital of Free- 
 born County, Minnesota, 92 miles south of St. 
 Paul. Population, 6,192, (1910). 
 
 Albert Memorial. A monument, in London, 
 erected to the memory of the Prince Consort, 
 Albert of Saxe-Gotha, on the south side of 
 Kensington Gardens, built from the designs of 
 Sir Gilbert Scott. It consists of a colossal bronze 
 statue of the prince, seated, beneath an ornate spired 
 canopy in the Pointed style, which rises to a height of 175 
 
 30 
 
 feet. Statue and canopy rest on a basement bearing re- 
 liefs of artists of all countries and times. At the angles 
 four pedestals project with groups of statuary represent- 
 ing Agriculture, Commerce, Engineering, and Manufac- 
 ture. Steps descend on all sides in pyramidal form, and 
 at the lower angles are placed sculptures personifying 
 Europe, America, Asia, and Africa. 
 
 Albert Nyanza (al'bert nyan'za). A lake in 
 central Africa, intersected by lat. 2° N., long. 
 31° E., one of the main sources of the Nile, dis- 
 covered by Sir Samuel Baker, March 14, 1864. 
 Length, 97 miles. Area, 1,700 square miles. 
 
 Alberta (al-ber'ta). Formerly a provisional 
 district formed in 1882 in the Northwest Ter- 
 ritories, Canada, bounded by Athabasca, Sas- 
 katchewan and Assiniboia, the United States, 
 and British Columbia. A province of Alberta, capital 
 Edmonton, was proclaimed Sept. 1, 1905. It includes the 
 former district of Alberta, the western half of Athabasca, 
 and a strip of Assiniboia and Saskatchewan. It is repre- 
 sented in the Dominion Parliament by 4 senators and 7 
 representatives, and has a legislative assembly of 41 mem- 
 bers. Area, land, 255,285 sq. m. Pop., 374,663, (1911). 
 
 Alberti (al-bar'te), Leone Battista. Bom at 
 
 Florence, Feb. 18, 1404: died at Rome, 1472. 
 A noted Italian poet, musician, painter, sculp- 
 tor, and architect, author of “ De re zEdifi- 
 catoria” (1485), etc. 
 
 Albertine Line (al'ber-tin lin). The younger 
 and royal branch of the Saxon house which de- 
 scended from Albert (G. Albrecht), duke of 
 Saxony (1443-1500) . He ruled jointly with his bro- 
 
 ther Ernst (see Ernestine) from 1464 to 1485, when they 
 came into possession of Thuringia by inheritance, and 
 agreed upon a division, Albrecht taking an eastern and 
 a western portion, with the Ernestine lands intervening 
 between them. 
 
 Albertinelli (al-bar-ti-nel'le), Mariotto. Born 
 at Florence, Oct. 13, 1474: died at Florence, 
 Nov. 5, 1515. A Florentine painter, an asso- 
 ciate and imitator of Fra Bartolommeo. 
 
 Albertrandy(al-ber-tran'di), John (Jan) Bap- 
 tist. Born at Warsaw, Dec. 7, 1731: died at 
 Warsaw, Aug. 10, 1808. A Polish Jesuit and 
 historian, of Italian parentage, librarian to 
 Bishop Zaluski in Warsaw, and later to Stanis- 
 laus Augustus, and a notable collector of manu- 
 scripts relating to Polish history. He was 
 appointed by Stanislaus bishop of Zenopolis. 
 
 Albertus Magnus (al-ber'tus mag'nus). [L., 
 ‘Albert the Great.’] Born at Lauingen, Swabia. 
 1193 (according to some authorities 1205) : died 
 at Cologne, Nov. 15, 1280. A famous scholastic 
 philosopher and member of the Dominican 
 order. He studied in Padua and Bologna, taught philoso- 
 phy and theology at Cologne (1229), taught at Paris (1245), 
 and finally returned to Cologne. He was made bishop of 
 Ratisbon in 1260, but soon resigned and retired to a con- 
 vent where he died. Among his numerous pupils was 
 Thomas Aquinas. He was famous for his extensive learn- 
 ing which gained for him his surnames “The Great” and 
 “Doctor Universalis,” and was even reputed to be a magi- 
 cian ; but his modern critics differ greatly in their- esti- 
 mates of his attainments and ability. “He was the first 
 scholastic who reproduced the philosophy of Aristotle 
 systematically, with thoroughgoing consideration of the 
 Arabian commentators, and transformed it in accordance 
 with the dogmas of the church ” — to the practical exclu- 
 sion of Platonic influences. His works fill twenty-one 
 volumes, and relate chiefly to physical science : they in- 
 clude a sort of encyclopedia of the learning of his times. 
 
 Albertville (al-bar- vel'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Savoie, France, near the Arly, 
 23 miles northeast of Chamb^ry. Population. 
 6,364. 
 
 Albi, or Alby (al-be'). The capital of the de- 
 partment of Tarn, France, situated on the 
 Tarn: the ancient Albiga. It has a cathedral (of 
 St. Cecilia) and an archiepiscopal palace, and is the seat 
 of a bishopric. It was a stronghold of the Albigenses, to 
 whom it gave their name. The cathedral is a unique 
 monument, massively built of brick, with the base of its 
 walls sloped outward, the openings all high above the 
 ground, and otherwise fitted to serve not only as a church 
 but as a citadel. It was built 1277-1512. It has a massive 
 and lofty western tower, and a beautiful florid triple 
 porch on the south side, lavishly carved in stone. The 
 interior, without aisles or transepts, is 262 feet long, 62 
 wide, and 98 high, surrounded between the buttresses by 
 2 tiers of chapels. The celebrated 15th-century rood-loft 
 and choir-screen are rich with delicate tracery and ex- 
 cellent figure and foliage sculpture. The roof and walls 
 are covered with Italian frescos dating from about 1505. 
 Population, commune, 23,303. 
 
 Albigenses (al-bi-jen'sez). A collective name 
 for the members of several anti-sacerdotal sects 
 in the south of France in the 12th and 13th 
 centuries: so called from Albi, in Languedoc, 
 where they were dominant. They revolted from 
 the Church of Rome, were charged with Manichman errors, 
 and were so vigorously persecuted that, as sects, they had 
 in great part disappeared by the end of the 13th century. 
 A crusade against them was preached by Pope Innocent 
 III. in 1208, and was led by Arnold of Citeaux and Simon 
 de Montfort. The war of extermination, which lasted for 
 several years, was one of the bloodiest in history. Their 
 doctrines are known chiefly from the writings of their 
 orthodox enemies. Also called Cathari, and by many 
 other names. 
 
 Albitte, Antoine Louis 
 
 Albigeois (al-be-zhwa/). A former district of 
 Languedoc, France, comprised in the modern 
 department of Tam. 
 
 Albin, or Albyn (al'bin). Another form of 
 Albion. 
 
 Albina (al-bl'nii). A former city in Multno- 
 mah County, Oregon, on the Willamette, now 
 a part of Portland. 
 
 Albingians (al-bin'ji-anz). [Properly North 
 Albingians ; LL. Nordalbingi (cf. L. Albis, the 
 Elbe), G. Nordalbingisch .] A Saxon tribe liv- 
 ing north of the Elbe (whence the name) in 
 the present Holstein. They were first made known 
 to Europe by the campaigns of Charlemagne in the 8th 
 century. Their language was the Low German dialect of 
 Holstein. With the other closely related dialects, West- 
 phalian, Middle Saxon, and East Saxon, it forms the group 
 specifically called Saxon. 
 
 Albini (al-be'ne), Franz Joseph, Baron von. 
 Born at St. Goar, May 14, 1748: died at Die- 
 burg, Jan. 8, 1816. A German statesman, head 
 of the government of the electorate of Mainz 
 during the French revolutionary period. 
 Albinovanus Pedo. See Pedo. 
 
 Albinus (al-bi'nus; G. pron. al-be 'nos), or 
 Weiss (vis), Bernhard Siegfried. Born at 
 Frankfort-on-the-Oder, Feb. 24, 1697 : died at 
 Leyden, Sept. 9, 1770. A German anatomist, 
 professor of medicine and anatomy in the Uni- 
 versity of Leyden : author of “ Tabulae Seeleti 
 et Musculorum Corporis Humani” (1747), etc. 
 Albinus ( al-bi 'n us ), Clodius ( Decimus Clodius 
 Ceionius Septimius A.). Died after the battle 
 of Lyons, 197 A. D. A Roman commander, pro- 
 claimed emperor by the armies in Gaul and Brit- 
 ain in 193 A. D., and probably recognized as 
 Caesar by Severus in 194 : said to have been called 
 “Albinus” from the fairness of his body. He 
 was defeated by Severus in 197. 
 
 Albinus, Spurius Postumius. Roman consul 
 334 and 321 B. c., and commander at the defeat 
 of the Caudine Forks. 
 
 Albion (al'bi-on), or Alebion (a-le'bi-on). [Gr. 
 A/./3 z 6.«’ or ’A'Aefllov.] In classical mythology, a 
 son of Poseidon and brother of Dercynus or 
 Bergion. He and his brother lost their lives in an attack 
 on Heracles as the latter passed through their country 
 (Liguria) with the oxen of Geryon. 
 
 Albion (al'bi-on). [L. Albion, Gr. ’AX/h'uv, 
 A/ovtuv. from Old Celtic * Albion, Ir. Alba, Alpa, 
 Elba (gen. Alban, dat. ace. Albain), W. Alban 
 (see Albin), lit. ‘white land,’ with reference 
 to the chalk cliffs of the southern coast. Cf. 
 Alps."] The ancient name of Britain : restricted 
 in later poetic use to England. Alban and Albin 
 were ancient names for the Highlands of Scotland. 
 
 Albion. The capital of Orleans County, New 
 York, 43 miles northeast of Buffalo. Popula- 
 tion, village, 5,016, (1910). 
 
 Albion. A city in Calhoun County, southern 
 Michigan, 38 miles south-southwest of Lan- 
 sing. Population, 5,833, (1910). 
 
 Albion and Albanius (al-ba'ni-us). An op- 
 eratic entertainment by Dryden, produced in 
 1685, allegorically representing the chief events 
 of King Charles II. ’s reign. Albion was Charles 
 himself and Albanius was James, duke of York. 
 It was not printed till 1691. 
 
 Albion’s England. A rimed chronicle of Eng- 
 lish history, by William Warner, published in 
 1586. It was seized as contraband by the order of the 
 archbishop of Canterbury, for no reason that is now as- 
 signable. 
 
 Albion Knight. A comedy morality published 
 in 1565. It turns on the want of concord be- 
 tween the lords temporal and the lords spiritual. 
 Albireo (al-bir'e-o). [Origin doubtful, but con- 
 jectured to be a corruption of ab ireo in the 
 Latin version of the “Almagest.”] The usual 
 name for the yellow third-magnitude star /3 
 Cygni, in the beak of the swan. It is coarsely 
 double with a fine contrast of color between 
 the two components. 
 
 Albis (al'bis). The Latin name of the Elbe. 
 Albis (al'bes). A low mountain-range in the 
 canton of Zurich, Switzerland, west of Lake 
 Zurich. Its best-known summit is the Utliberg. 
 A.lbistan (al-bi-stan ' ) , or E lbistan ( el-bi-stan ' ) . 
 A town in the vilayet of Aleppo, Asiatic Tur- 
 key, on the Jikun 40 miles northeast of Marash. 
 The sultan Bibars defeated here the Turks 
 and Mongols in 1277. Population, 8,000 (?). 
 Albitte (iil-bet'), Antoine Louis. Died 1812. 
 A French radical revolutionist, member of 
 the Legislative Assembly, 1791. He was con- 
 demned to death for participation in the revolt of May 20, 
 1795, against the Convention, hut succeeded in avoiding 
 capture. Under the Directory he was appointed mayor of 
 Dieppe, after the 18th Brumaire was engaged in military 
 affairs, and finally perished in the retreat from Moscow. 
 
Albizzi 
 
 Albizzi (al-bet'se). A noted Italian family, 
 originally of Arezzo, which played a conspic- 
 uous part in Florentine affairs during the 14th 
 and 15th centuries. They belonged to the 
 democratic Guelph party. 
 
 Albizzi, Bartolommeo, L. Bartholomaeus 
 Albicius Pisanus ( ‘ of Pisa ’) . Born at Rivano 
 in Tuscany: died at Pisa, Dec. 10, 1401. A 
 noted Franciscan monk and religious writer : au- 
 thor of “Liber conformitatum sancti Francisci 
 cum Christo ” (first ed. folio, Venice, undated). 
 
 Albo, Joseph (al'bd). Born at Soria in Spain: 
 died there, 1444. A Jewish physician, theolo- 
 gian, and philosopher. He wrote a work entitled 
 “ Ikkarim ” (“ fundaments”) which comprises a complete 
 system of the Jewish religion. 
 
 Alboin (al'boin). Died at Verona in 573. King 
 of the Lombards from about 561 to 572, 
 son of Alduin, whom he succeeded. He destroyed 
 the kingdom of the Gepidse (566), and married Rosa- 
 munda, daughter of the slain king Cunimuud. In 668 he 
 conquered Italy as far south as the Tiber, and established 
 the kingdom of the Lombards with Pavia as its capital. 
 He was murdered at the instigation of Rosamunda, whom, 
 at a carousal, he had ordered to drink from her father's 
 skull. She is said to have employed for this purpose a 
 common soldier (Helmichis, Alboin’s shield-bearer) whom 
 she first allowed to become her paramour, and to whom 
 she then offered the choice of perishing through the jeal- 
 ousy of Alboin or of becoming his murderer. This story 
 is probably unhistorical. 
 
 Albona (al-bo'nii). A town in Istria, Austria- 
 Hungary, 42 miles southeast of Trieste. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 11,991, (1910). 
 
 Alboni (al-bo'ne), Marietta. Born at Cesena, 
 Italy, March 10, 1823: died at Ville d’Avray, 
 June 23, 1894. A celebrated contralto singer. 
 She studied under Madame Bertoletti and later under Ros- 
 sini (Grove), and made her df-but at the Communal Thea- 
 ter in Bologna with great success, appearing immediately 
 afterward at La Scala in Milan. She sang in all the Con- 
 tinental and English cities and in America until 1866, 
 when her husband, Count Pepoli, a Bolognese, died. In 
 1872 she reappeared in “ II Matrimonio Segreto ” at the 
 Italiens. In 1877 she married again an officer of the Garde 
 R6publicaine, M. Zieger. 
 
 A1 Borak (al bo'rak). [Ar., ‘lightning.’] A 
 legendary animal, white in color, in size be- 
 tween a mule and an ass, with two wings, and 
 of great swiftness, on which Mohammed is said 
 to have made a nocturnal journey to the seventh 
 heaven, conducted by the angel Gabriel. 
 Albornoz (al-bor 'noth), Gil Alvarez de. 
 Born at Cuenca, Spain, about 1300: died at 
 Viterbo, Italy, Aug. 24, 1367. A Spanish prel- 
 ate (archbishop of Toledo) and soldier, a 
 supporter of the papal authority in Italy. 
 Albovine (al'bo-vin), King of the Lombards. 
 A tragedy by Davenant, printed in 1629. The 
 scene and the names of characters are the same 
 as in his later poem “ Gondibert.” 
 
 Albracca (al-brak'ka). InBoiardo’s “Orlando 
 Innamorato,” a castle of Cathay in which An- 
 gelica was besieged by Agricane. 
 
 Albrecht. See Albert. 
 
 Albrecht (al'brecht). Lived about 1270. A 
 German poet, author of the later “ Titurel,” a 
 continuation of the “ Titurel” of Wolfram von 
 Eschenbach : generally, but probably wrongly, 
 named Albrecht von Scharfenberg. 
 
 Albrecht, Wilhelm Eduard. Born at Elbing, 
 Prussia, March 4, 1800 : died at Leipsic, May 22, 
 1876. A German jurist, one of the seven Got 
 tingen professors removed on account of liber- 
 alism in 1837. 
 
 Albrechtsberger (iil-brechts-ber'ger), Johann 
 Georg. Born at Kloster-Neuburg, near Vien- 
 na, Feb. 3, 1736: died at Vienna, March 7, 1809. 
 An Austrian musician, distinguished especially 
 as a contrapuntist : author of “ Grundliche An- 
 weisung zur Komposition” (1790), etc. 
 
 Albrechtsburg (al'brechts-boro). Anextensive 
 castle at Meissen, Saxony, founded in 1471 by 
 the princes Ernst and Albert. It is a picturesque 
 pile, dominated by towers and lofty roofs, and by the open- 
 work spire of its Johanniskapelle. The large banqueting- 
 hall is an imposing room, with wooden figures of Saxon 
 princes. There is much excellent vaulting. Since 1863 the 
 whole has been restored and decorated with historical 
 frescos. Tor 150 years from 1710 the famous royal porce- 
 lain manufactory was conducted here. 
 
 Albreda (al-bra'da). A seaport in Senegambia, 
 situated bn the Gambia River 20 miles above 
 Bathurst. Population, 7,000 (?). 
 
 Albret (al-bra/), House of. A Gascon family 
 which arose in the 11th century, and derived 
 its name from the Chateau d’ Albret. its best- 
 known members are Charles d'Albret, count of Dreux, 
 who was killed in the battle of Agincourt in 1416; Louis 
 d’Albret (died 1465), cardinal bishop of Cahors ; Jean 
 d'Albret, who became king of Navarre by his marriage 
 with Catherine of Foix in 1484 ; Jeanne d'Albret (see be- 
 low); and Cdsar-Bh^bus d'Albret, marshal of France and 
 the last descendant of the house in the male line. 
 
 31 
 
 Albret, Jeanne d’. Born at Pau, France, Jan. 
 7, 1528 : died at Paris, June 9, 1572. A queen 
 of Navarre, daughter of Henry, king of Na- 
 varre, and Margaret of Valois, wife of Antony 
 of Bourbon, and mother of Henry IV. of France, 
 noted as a supporter of the Huguenots. 
 
 Albright (al'brit), Jacob. Bom near Potts- 
 town, Pa., May 1, 1759: died 1808. An Ameri- 
 can Methodist clergyman, founder of the de- 
 nomination named the “Evangelical Associa- 
 tion.” 
 
 Albrizzi (al-bret'se), Isabella Teotochi, Coun- 
 tess d’. Born in Corfu, 1763: died at Venice, 
 Sept. 27, 1836. A Venetian patroness of liter- 
 ature and art, called by Byron “the Madame 
 de Stael of Venice”: author of “Descrizione 
 delle opere di Canova” (1809-25), etc. 
 
 Albucasis (al-bu-ka' sis), or Abul-Casim ( a-bol- 
 ka-sem'), or Abul-Kasim el Zahrawi. Born at 
 Zahra al Tasrif, near Cordova, Spain: died at 
 Cordova about 1106. An Arabian physician, 
 author of “Al-Tasrif,” a famous resume of 
 Arabian medical science. According to some he 
 lived a century earlier. His work was partially translated 
 into Latin and twice into Hebrew. 
 
 Albuera (al-bo-a'ra). A village in the prov- 
 ince of Badajoz, Spain, 12 miles southeast of 
 Badajoz. Here, May 16, 1811, the Anglo-Spanish- Portu- 
 guese army (30,000) under Beresford defeated the French 
 (20,000) under Soult. The losses were nearly even. 
 
 Albufeira (al-bo-fa/e-ra). A small fishing port 
 in the province of Algarve, Portugal, 21 miles 
 west of Faro. 
 
 Albufera de Valencia (al-bo-fa'rfi, da va-lan'- 
 the-a). A lagoon, about 10 miles long, 7 miles 
 south of Valencia, in Spain. Its revenues belonged 
 to Godoy, later to Suehet (Duke of Albufera), and after 
 him to the Duke of Wellington. 
 
 Albula (al'bo-la). A pass in the canton of 
 Grisons, Switzerland, about 25 miles southeast 
 of Coire, connecting the valleys of the Albula 
 and Hinter-Rhein with that of the Inn. Its 
 height is 7,595 feet. 
 
 Albumazar (al-bo-ma'zar). Born at Balkh, 
 Turkestan, 805 (?): died at Wasid, central 
 Asia, 885. A celebrated Arabian astronomer, 
 author of numerous works, including an intro- 
 duction to astronomy, a “Book of Conjunction,” 
 and a treatise on astrology, a Latin translation of 
 the first (“ Introductorium in Astronomiam ”) appeared 
 at Venice in 1506, and of the second (“ De Magnis Con- 
 junctionibus") at Augsburg in 1489. The work on astrol- 
 ogy was printed at Augsburg under the title “ Flores As- 
 trologici ” in 1488. His name is given to the leading 
 character, a knavish astrologer, in a university play (in 
 English), named for him, by John Tomkis (or Tomkins), 
 acted by the gentlemen of Trinity College, Cambridge, be- 
 fore King James I. in 1614. It is founded on “ L’Astrologo ” 
 of Gian Battista del Porta, 1606. Dryden revived it in 
 1748. In 1734 a comedy called “The Astrologer” (pro- 
 duced in 1744) was founded on it by Ralph. 
 
 Albuquerque (al-bo-kar'ke). A town in the 
 province of Badajoz, Spain, 24 miles north of 
 Badajoz. Population, 9,030. 
 
 Albuquerque. The capital of Bernalillo 
 County, New Mexico, situated on the Rio 
 Grande 58 miles southwest of Santa Fe: an 
 important railroad center, it consists of two set- 
 tlements, the old town and the new town. The latter 
 was founded in 1880. The old town was founded in 1706. 
 Population, new city, 11,020, (1910). 
 
 Albuquerque, Affonso de, surnamed “The 
 Great” and “The Portuguese Mars.” Born at 
 Alhandra, near Lisbon, 1452 (1453 ?) : died at 
 sea near Goa, India, Dec. 16, 1515. A cele- 
 brated Portuguese navigator and conqueror, 
 the founder of the Portuguese empire in the 
 East. He set out on his first expedition to India in 
 1503 ; returned home in 1504 ; went to India again in 
 1506 ; conquered Goa and afterward the whole of Malabar, 
 Ceylon, the Sunda Islands, the peninsula of Malacca, and 
 the island of Ormuz. King Emmanuel appointed a per- 
 sonal enemy of Albuquerque to supersede him. On his 
 return, he died at sea. He made the Portuguese name 
 profoundly respected in the East. 
 
 Albuquerque, Duarte Coeiho de. See Coelho 
 de Albuquerque, Duarte. 
 
 Albuquerque, Francisco Fernandez de la 
 Cueva, Duke of. See Fernandes de la Cueva. 
 
 Albuquerque, Francisco Fernandez de la 
 Cueva Henriquez, Duke of. See Fernandes de 
 la Cueva Henriques. 
 
 Albuquerque, Jeronymo de. Born about 1514 : 
 died at Olinda, near Pernambuco, about Feb. 
 25, 1594. A Portuguese soldier, leader in various 
 wars against the Indians in Brazil, whither he 
 went in 1535. In 1548 he was captured by the Oahetes 
 tribe, hut gained their good will and married the daughter 
 of a chief. 
 
 Albuquerque Maranhao, Jeronymo de. Born 
 at Pernambuco, 1548: died at Maranhao, Feb. 
 11, 1618. A Brazilian soldier, son of Jeronymo 
 de Albuquerque and an Indian mother. He con- 
 
 Alcantara 
 
 quered Rio Grande do Norte from the Indians 1598-99 and 
 Ceari in 1613. In Nov., 1615, he took Maranhao from the 
 French, and was made captain-general of that colony. 
 
 Albuquerque, Mathias de. Said to have been 
 born in Brazil: died at Lisbon, June 9, 1647. 
 A Portuguese general, governor of Pernambuco 
 in 1624, and, after the Dutch had taken Bahia 
 (May, 1624), acting governor-general of north- 
 ern Brazil. He recovered Bahia in 1625. After vis- 
 iting Madrid he returned to Pernambuco, in Oct., 1629, as 
 governor, and in Feb., 1630, abandoned Olinda and Recife 
 (Pernambuco) to the Dutch. In Dec., 1635, he was ordered 
 back to Madrid, whence he was sent to Portugal in dis- 
 grace. In 1640 Portugal threw of! the Spanish yoke, aud 
 Albuquerque took a principal part in the war which fol- 
 lowed. His decisive victory of Montijo or Campo Mayor 
 (May, 1644) won for him the titles of Count of Allegrete 
 and grandee of Portugal 
 
 Albuquerque, Pedro d’. Bom at Pernambuco 
 about 1575 : died at Para, Feb. 6, 1644. A son 
 of Jeronymo de Albuquerque Maranhao, ap- 
 pointed governor of Maranhao and Para in 1642. 
 Albuquerque Coelho, Jorge d’. See Coelho , 
 Jorge d’ Albuquerque. 
 
 Alby. See Albi. 
 
 Albyn. See Albion. 
 
 Alcacer-do-Sal (al-ka'ser-do-sal'). A trading 
 town in the province of Estremadura, Portugal, 
 situated on the Sado 50 miles southeast of Lis- 
 bon : the Roman Salacia. It has been the scene 
 of various battles, particularly between Moors and Chris- 
 tians. Population, about 2,000. 
 
 Alcseus (al-se'us). [Gr. A/wziof.] 1. A famous 
 poet of Mytilene in Lesbos (about 611-580 
 B. C.), by some regarded as the first in rank of 
 the lyric poets of Greece. He supported the nobles 
 in their struggles with the tyrants of his native town, 
 was banished, and led an eventful and wandering life. 
 He was ■“the perfect picture of an unprincipled, violent, 
 lawless Greek aristocrat, who sacrificed all and everything 
 to the demands of pleasure and power" (Mahaffy). Frag- 
 ments pi his works remain. 
 
 2. In Greek legend, a son of Perseus and An- 
 dromeda. He was an ancestor of Hercules. 
 Alcaforado (al-ka-fo-ra/do), Francisco. A 
 Portuguese navigator who took part in the ex- 
 pedition (of which he wrote an account) of Joao 
 Gonzales Zareo to the island of Madeira in 1420. 
 
 Alcala de Chisbert (al-ka-la' da ches-bart'). 
 [Alcala : Ar. ‘ castle.’] A town in the province 
 of Castellon, Spain, situated near the Mediter- 
 ranean 65 miles northeast of Valencia. Popu- 
 lation, 6,293. 
 
 Alcala de Guadaira (al-ka-la/ dagwa-THl'ra). 
 A town in the province of Seville, Spain, situ- 
 ated near the Guadaira 7 miles east of Seville. 
 It contains a Moorish castle, an unusually fine example, 
 older than 1246, when the town was taken by the Chris- 
 tians. Population, 8,198. 
 
 Alcala de Henares (al-ka-la/ da a-na'ras). A 
 town in the province of Madrid, Spain, near 
 the site of the Roman Complutum, situated on 
 the Henares 17 miles east by north of Madrid: 
 the birthplace of Cervantes, it was formerly famous 
 for its university, founded by Cardinal Ximenes, which 
 was removed to Madrid in 1836. Population, 11,206. 
 
 Alcald deles Gazules (al-ka-la' da los ga-tho'- 
 las). A town in the province of Cadiz, Spain, 
 30 miles east of Cadiz. Population, 8,877. 
 
 Alcala la Real (al-ka-la' la, ra-al'). A town 
 in the province of Jaen, Spain, 27 miles north- 
 west of Granada. Population, 15,973. 
 
 Alcald y Herrera, Alonso de. A Portuguese 
 writer of Spanish origin, who published in 1641 
 five Spanish tales in each of which one of the 
 five vowels is omitted. Ticknor. 
 
 Alcamenes, or Alkamenes (al-kam'e-nez). 
 [Gr. ’k/.Kafitvrjc.] Born at Lemnos, of Attic de- 
 scent, or at Athens : flourished about 448-404 
 b.c. A Greek sculptor, according to Pausanias 
 the most skilful pupil of Phidias. The same au- 
 thor ascribes to him the centaur conflict on the western 
 pediment of the temple of Zeus recently recovered at 
 Olympia. This must have been a very early work of the 
 master. His recorded works were statues of gods and 
 heroes mainly. His Aphrodite “of the gardens" was one 
 of the great statues of antiquity. His statue of ivory and 
 gold of .Fsculapiiis may be represented in the beautiful 
 head in the British Museum, found at Melos. 
 
 Alcamo (al'ka-mo). A town in the province of 
 Trapani, Sicily, 24 miles west-southwest of Pa- 
 lermo. Near it are the ruins of the ancient 
 Segesta. Population, commune, 51,809. 
 
 Alcandre (al-kon'dr). A character in Made- 
 moiselle de Scuddry’s romance “C161ie”: a 
 flattering portrait of Louis XIV., then only 
 about eighteen years of age. 
 
 Alcaniz (al-kan-yeth'). A town in the province 
 of Teruel, Spain, on the Guadalope 64 miles 
 southeast of Saragossa. Population, 7,806. 
 
 Alcantara (al-kan'ta-rii). A western quarter, 
 formerly a suburb, of Lisbon, noted for the 
 victory gained there in 1580 by the Duke of 
 Alva over tho Portuguese. 
 
Alcantara 
 
 Alcantara. [Ar., ‘the bridge.’] A small town 
 in the province of Caceres, Spain, the ancient 
 Norba Csesarea, situated on the Tagus 31 miles 
 northwest of Caceres. The famous bridge of Trajan, 
 over the Tagus, built in 105 A. D., exists to-day practically 
 as the Romans left it. It is built without cement, and is 
 one of the most imposing of masonry bridges. It is about 
 616 feet long, and about 190 feet high from the river-bed, 
 with six arches. The two central arches each have a spanof 
 110 feet. A plain triumphal arch rises over the middle 
 pier. Another notable structure is the monasteiy of the 
 Knights of Alcantara, begun in 1506, and now in ruins. 
 The florid Pointed church is divided by slender piers into 
 lofty, gracefully vaulted aisLs. The cloisters are fine, and 
 the buildings, both for residence and for defense, of great 
 extent and massiveness. Population, 3,248. 
 
 Alcantara. A seaport in the province of Ma- 
 rankao, Brazil, in lat. 2° 25' S., long. 44° 25' V/. 
 Alcantara, Francisco Martin. Born in the 
 province of Estremadura, probably about 1480: 
 killed at Lima, Peru, June 26, 1541. A Span- 
 ish soldier, half-brother of Francisco Pizarro on 
 the mother’s side. lie left Spain with Pizarro i:i 1529, 
 and was with him during part of the conquest of Peru. 
 He received a large inheritance which was un ustly taken 
 from the younger Almagro. Alcantara was killed with 
 Pizarro. 
 
 Alcantara, Doctor of. An operetta by Julius 
 Eickberg produced in Boston in 1862. 
 Alcantara, Knights of. A religious and mili- 
 tary order in Spain, created about 1156 by the 
 brothers Don Suarez and Don Gomez de Bar- 
 rientos to combat the Moors. In 1177 it was con- 
 firmed by Pope Alexander III. a3 a religious order of 
 knighthood under Benedictine rule. It took its name 
 from the fortified town of Alcantara, with whose defense 
 it was intrusted about 1213, having hitherto been known 
 as the order of the Knights of San Julian del Pereyro. In 
 1494-95 the grand mastership was vested in the crown, 
 and in 1540 the knights received permission to marry. In 
 1835 the order ceased to exist as a spiritual body, though 
 it still remains in its civil capacity. 
 
 Alcantara, Pedro ole. See Pedro I. and II. of 
 Brazil. 
 
 Alcatraz (al-ka-traz'), or Pelican Island. A 
 small island north of San Francisco, the seat 
 of a military prison, a torpedo station, and a 
 lighthouse. 
 
 Alcaudete (al-kou-da'ta). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Jaen, Spain, situated on a tributary of 
 the Guadalquivir 23 miles southwest of Ja6n. 
 Population, 9,907. 
 
 Alcazar (al-ka'thar). [Ar. al qaer, the castle.] 
 
 1. The palace of the Moorish kings and later 
 of Spanish royalty at Seville. A large part is cf 
 the original Alhambresque architecture, and extremely 
 beautiful, though restored and too highly colored. Other 
 portions have been added by successive t punish sover- 
 eigns, from Pedro the Cruel. The gardens were laid out 
 by the emperor Charles V. 
 
 2. A palace in Segovia, Spain, originally Moor- 
 ish, occupied by the sovereigns of Castile from 
 the 14th century. It was a large and strong medieval 
 castle, with picturesque towers and turrets, and con- 
 tained rooms of much his'orical interest. It was burned 
 in 1802 , and has been restored. 
 
 Alcazar, Battle of. See Batfe of Alcazar. 
 Alcazar de San Juan (al-ka'thar da san kwan). 
 A town in the province of Ciudad Real, Spain, 
 a railway and manufacturing center. Popula- 
 tion, 11,499. 
 
 Alcazar-Quivir. See Kassr-cl-Kebtr. 
 Alcazava Sotomaycr, Simao de. Born about 
 1490 : died on the east coast of Patagonia early 
 in 1536. A Portuguese explorer, from 1522 in 
 the service of Spain as a naval officer, in 1534 
 
 he fitted out, at his own expense, two vessels and 240 men, 
 with the object of reaching Peru by the Straits of Magel- 
 lan. Leaving san Luear Sept. 21, lie touched atlheAbrol- 
 hos Islands, .Brazil, and arrived at the Straits in Jan., 1C.35 ; 
 attempting to pass, he was driven back by a storm, and 
 wintered at Puerto de los Lobos (probably St. Joseph’s or 
 St. Matthew’s Bay). Thence he led a land expedition 
 which crossed the country to the Andes and was the first 
 to explore the Patagonian plateau. Alcazava hims If was 
 obliged by sickness to return to the ship, where he was 
 shortly after murdered in a mutiny. Also Alcazaba, Al- 
 cazo'ci, Alca;oba. 
 
 Alcedo(al-tka'THo), Antoniode. Born at Quito, 
 1735: date of death not recorded. A Spanish 
 brigadier-general (1792) and geographer, son of 
 Don Dionisio de Alcedo y Herrera, best known 
 for his “Diccionario geogrdfico-histdrico de 
 las Indias occidentales 6 America” (Madrid, 
 1786-89, 5 vols.). There is an English translation by 
 Thomson, London, 1812-15. He served during part of his 
 life in America. 
 
 Alcedo y Herrera (al-tha'THd e er-ra'ra), Dio- 
 nisio de. Born at Madrid, 1690: died there, 
 1777. A Spanish administrator. From 1706 to 
 1752 he was almost constantly in Spanish America in va- 
 rious civil capacities. As president and captain-general 
 of Quito (1728-37) he received the French commission 
 sent to measure an arc of the meridian. From 1743 to 
 1749 he was captain-general of Tierra Firme and president 
 of Panama. Hepublished some works of considerable im- 
 portance on the geography and history of South America. 
 
 Alceste. See Alcentis. 
 
 32 
 
 Alceste (al-sest'). The principal character in 
 Moliere’s comedy “The Misanthrope”: a dis- 
 agreeable but upright man who scorns the 
 civilities of life and the shams of society. 
 Wycherley has taken him as the model of his 
 rude and brutal Manly in “The Plain Dealer.” 
 
 Alceste. A pseudonym of several modern 
 French writers, among them Alfred Assolant, 
 Hippolyte de Castille, Louis Belmontet, and 
 Edouard Laboulaye. 
 
 Alceste. A tragic opera by Gluck, first pre- 
 sented at Vienna. Dec. 16. 1767. 
 
 Alcester (al'ster or as'ter). A town in War- 
 wickshire, England, 19 miles south of Bir- 
 mingham: the site of an ancient Roman en- 
 campment. Population, 2,303. 
 
 Alcester, Baron. See Seymour , Sir Frederick. 
 
 Aicestis (al-ses'tis), or Alceste (al-ses'te). 
 [Gr. ’ 'AAKr/anc , or AX/ceot^.] In Greek legend, 
 the daughter of Pelias and wife of Admetus, 
 king of Pherte in Thessaly. When her husband was 
 stricken with a mortal sickness she sacrificed her li.e for 
 him, iu accordance with the promise of Apollo that by 
 this means he should be saved. According to one form 
 of the legend she was allowed to return to the upper world 
 by Persephone : according to another she was rescued by 
 Hercules. She is the subject of a play by Euripides. 
 
 The Aicestis is a curious and almost unique example of 
 a great novelty attempted by Euripides — a novelty which 
 Shakspeare h s sanctioned by his genius — I mean the 
 mixture of comic and vulgar elements with real tragic 
 pathos, by way of contrast. The play is not strictly a 
 tragedy, but a melodrama, with a happy conclusion, and 
 was noted as such by the old critics, who called the play 
 rather comic, that is to say, like the new comedies in this 
 respect. The intention of the poet seems to have been to 
 calm the minds of the audience agitated by great sorrows, 
 and to tone them by an afterpiece of a higher and more 
 refined character than the satyric dramas, which were 
 coarse and generally obscene. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., 1. 325. 
 
 Aldiemb (al-kemb'). [Ar.] A rarely used 
 name for the second-magnitude star a Pcrsei, 
 usually called Mirfalc, and sometimes Algenib. 
 
 Alchemist, The. A comedy by Ben Jonson 
 acted by the King’s Servants in 1010 : a satire 
 on the reigning folly of the time, the search 
 for the philosopher’s stone, it observes strictly 
 the unities of time and place, and, i.i point of inteUec- 
 tual power, is regarded as the first of Jonson’s plays. 
 “The Empiric," a droll, was founded on it in 1676, and 
 “The Tobacconist," a farce, in 1771. It was entered in 
 the Stationers’ Register in 1610, but was not published 
 till 1012. 
 
 Alchfrith (alck'frith), or Alchfrid (-frid). 
 A son of Oswiu, king of the Northumbrians, 
 aud Eanfked, daughter of Eadwino. ne was cre- 
 ated under-king of the Deirans by his father; married 
 Cyneburh, daughter of Penda, king of the Mercians ; and 
 joined his father in the defeat of Penda, 655, near the 
 river Wiawaed. lie made unsuccessful war against his fa- 
 ther, and probably fled to Mercia. 
 
 A’.chiba, or Alkhiba (al-ke-ba'). [Ar., ‘the 
 tent,’ a name given by some of the Arabians 
 to the constellation Corvus.] The seldom 
 used name of the fourth-magnitude star a 
 Corvi, which, kowover, is not the brightest in 
 the constellation. 
 
 Alchymist (al-che-mest'), Der. An opera by 
 Spohr, composed about the end of 1829, and 
 first performed at Cassel July 28, 1830. The 
 libretto by Pfeiffer is based ou a story by 
 Washington Irviug. 
 
 Alcibiades (al-si-bi'a-dez). [Gr. AXki/3«zi%.] 
 Bora at Athens, about 450 b. c. : killed at Me- 
 lissa, Phrygia, 404 B. C. A celebrated Athenian 
 politician and general, the son of Cleiuias and 
 Deinomache, and a pupil and friend of Socrates. 
 After his father’s death at the battle of Coronea lie was 
 brought up in the house of Pericles, who was his kinsman, 
 lie became leader of the radical party about 421 ; com- 
 manded the Athenian League 420-418 ; was appointed a 
 commander of the e pedi.ion against Sicily in 415 ; and 
 was accused of profanation in Athens, and Led to Sparta, 
 in the same year, becoming an open enemy of Athens. 
 In 42, having becomean object of suspicion at Sparta (his 
 death hod been resolved upon), he went over to the Per- 
 sians. He was soon recalled by the Athenian army, audeom- 
 manded the Athenians in the victory over the Pelopon- 
 nesians and Persians at Cyzicus 410, and iu other success- 
 ful battles. His failure at Andros and the defeat of his 
 general at Notion in 407 cause ! him to be deposed from 
 iiis command. After the battle of /Egospotami he sought 
 refuge with Pharnabazus in Phrygia where he was treach- 
 erously put to death. He was celebrated for his great 
 beauty and talents, and also for his self-will and unbri- 
 dled insolence and capriciousness. 
 
 Alcibiades. A tragedy by Thomas Otway pro- 
 duced in 1675. 
 
 Alcibiades. A pseudonym used by Alfred 
 Tennyson in “ Punch.” 
 
 Alcida: Greene’s Metamorphoses. A pam- 
 phlet by Robert Greene, licensed in 1588, prob- 
 ably published in 1589. It consists of stories 
 exposing the evils of women’s pride and vanity. 
 
 Alcidamas (al-sid'a-mas). [Gr. ’A'AmAduar .] A 
 
 Alcock 
 
 Greek rhetorician, a native of Elaaa in Asia 
 Minor. He was a pupil of Gorgias, and between 432 
 and 411 B. c. resided at Athens where he gave instruc- 
 tion in eloquence, being the last of the purely sophistical 
 school of rhetoricians. Two extant declamations and 
 fragments of other works are ascribed to him. 
 
 Alcide (al-sed'), Baron de M . . . A pseudo- 
 nym used 1833-35 and in 1864 by Alfred de 
 Musset. 
 
 Alcides (al'si-dez). A patronymic of Heracles, 
 who was a descendant of Alcseus. 
 
 Alcilia (al-olie'na). A fairy, the embodiment 
 of carnal delights, in Boiardo’s “Orlando In- 
 namorato” and Ariosto’s “Orlando Furioso”: 
 the sister of Logistilla (reason) and Morgana 
 (lasciviousness). When tired of her lovers she changed 
 them into trees, beasts, etc., and was finally, by means of 
 a magic ring, displayed in her real senility and ugliness. 
 Compare Acrasia, Armida, and Circe. 
 
 Alcinous (al-sin'o-us). [Gr. AXtaVoof.] In 
 Greek legend, a king of the Phteacians, in the 
 island of Scheria, mentioned in the Odyssey. 
 A considerable part of the poem (Books VI. -XIII.) is de- 
 voted to the events of Odysseus’s stay in his dominions. 
 
 Alciphron (al'si-fron). [Gr. AX/d^por.] Lived 
 probably in the last part of the 2d century a. d. 
 A Greek epistolographer whose identity is un- 
 certain, Alciphron being, perhaps, an assumed 
 name. The letters atti ibuted to him “are about 100 in 
 number, and are divided into three books. They repre- 
 sent classes of the older Greek community, and are val- 
 uable from the glimpses which they give of social life, 
 the materials being mostly derived from the remains of 
 the middle and new comedy, ’the most lively are those 
 supposed to be written by celebrated het®r®, especially 
 those from Glvcera to Menanaer. The style is a careful 
 imitation of the best Attic” (K. 0. Muller, List, of the 
 Lit. of Anc. Greece, III.). (Donaldmi.) 
 
 Alciphron. A character in Thomas Moore’s 
 romance “The Epicurean,” published in 1827. 
 Moore also wrote a poem with this title, pub- 
 lished in 1839. 
 
 Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher. A 
 
 philosophical dialogue by Bishop Berkeley, 
 written to expose the weakness of infidelity. 
 It was composed while Berkeley was at New- 
 port, R. I., and was published in 1732. 
 
 Alcira (iil-the'ra). A town in the province of 
 Valencia, Spain, on an island of the Jucar 20 
 miles south of Valencia. Population, 
 20,572. 
 
 Alcmajon (alk-me'on). [Gr. AX/c/ra/wr.] In 
 Greek legend, the son of Amphiaraus and 
 Eriphyle and the leader of the Epigoni in the 
 expedition against Thebes. In accordance with the 
 command of his father, given when he joined the first 
 expedition against Thebes, and the advice of the oracle, 
 he slew his mother, and was driven mad aud pursued by 
 the Furi s in consequence. Having, under f.,lse pretenses, 
 obtained from Ihegeus the Aicadian the necklace and 
 robe of Harmonia (see Uarmonia) for his wife Callirrhoe, 
 lie was waylaid and slain by lliegeus’s order. 
 
 Alcmaeon. A Greek natural philosopher, horn 
 at Crotona, Italy, in the 6th century B. c., es- 
 pecially noted for his discoveries in anatomy. 
 
 Alcma 20 nid.se (alk-me-on'i-de). A noble family 
 of Athens, a branch of the family of the Neleidse 
 which came from Pylos in Messenia to Athens 
 about 1100 B. C. Among the more notable members 
 of the family are Alcmajon, an Athenian general in the 
 Cirrhaean war; Megacles, a son of Alcmseon, and a rival 
 of Fisistratus; Clistheues, the legislator, son of Megacles; 
 Pericles, t,.e celebrated Athenian statesman, great-grand- 
 son of Menat les ; and the scarcely less famous Alcibiades, 
 cousin of Pericles. The family was banished for sacri- 
 lege about 596 B. c., on account of the ac ion of the Alc- 
 ma-onid archon Megacles v. ho 612 b. C. put to death the 
 participants in the insurrection of Cylon while they clung 
 for protection to the altars. They returned through an 
 alliance with T y< u-gus, carried on with varying fortunes 
 a struggle with Pisistrutus and the Pisistratid®, and were 
 finally restored in 510 B. c. 
 
 Aleman, or Aikman (alk'man), or Alcmason. 
 [Gr. AX/c/zdr, or AX/t^aiW.] The greatest lyric 
 poet of Sparta. Heflouri hed about the middle of the 
 7th century B. c., and was probably brought to Greece as 
 a slave, in youth, from Sardis. “Lis six books contained 
 all kinds of melos, hymns, paeans, prosodia, partlienia, and 
 erotic songs. His metres are easy and various, and not 
 like the complicated systems of later lyrists. Cn the 
 other hand, his proverbial wisdom, and the form of his 
 personal allusions, sometimes remind one of Pindar. But 
 the general character of the poet is that of an easy, 
 simple, pleasure-loving man. He boasts to have imitated 
 the song of birds (fr. 17, 67) — iu other words, to have been 
 a self-taught and original poet.” ( Mahaffy , Hist. Greek 
 Lit., 1. 170.) Fragments of his writings are extant. 
 
 Alcmene (alk-me'ne), or Alkmene. [Gr. A Xx- 
 [ir/vTi.~] In Greek mythology, the wife of Am- 
 phitryon and mother, by Zeus, of Heracles. 
 
 Alcobapa (al-ko-ba'sii). A small town in the 
 province of Estremadura, Portugal, 50 miles 
 north of Lisbon. It contains a Cistercian monastery, 
 founded in 114S, and believed to have been the largest of 
 the order. The buildings now serve as barracks. 
 
 Alcock, or Alcocke (al'kok), John. Born at 
 Beverley, Yorkshire, England, 1430; died at 
 Wisbeach, England, Oct. 1, 1500. An English 
 
Alcock 
 
 prelate and scholar, successively bishop of Ro- 
 chester, Worcester, and Ely, and founder of 
 Jesus College, Cambridge, 1496. 
 
 Alcofribas Nasier (al-ko-fre-ba'na-sya'). An 
 anagrammatic pseudonym of Francois Rabelais, 
 once or twice shortened to the first word only. 
 
 Alcolea (al-ko-la'a). A locality in the province 
 of Cordova, Spain, on the Guadalquivir 8 miles 
 northeast of Cordova, where, Sept. 28, 1868, the 
 Spanish revolutionists, under Serrano, defeated 
 the royalists. The battle resulted in the over- 
 throw of Queen Isabella. 
 
 Alcor (al'kor). [Ar. , but uncertain ; said to sig- 
 nify ‘ the rider.’] A small' fifth-magnitude star 
 very near to Mizar (f Ursse Majoris). It is easily 
 seen with the naked eye if the eye is normal, but not 
 otherwise: hence sometimes used as a test of vision. _It 
 is called Aliore in the Latin version of the “ Almagest. 
 
 Alcoran. See Koran. 
 
 Alcorn (al'korn), James Lusk. Born Nov. 4, 
 1816: died Dec. 20, 1894. An American poli- 
 tician, founder of the levee system of the State 
 of Mississippi, Republican governor of Missis- 
 sippi 1870-71, United States senator 1871-77, and 
 unsuccessful candidate for governor in 1873. 
 
 Alcott (al'kot), Amos Bronson. Born at Wol- 
 cott, Conn., Nov. 29, 1799 : died at Boston, March 
 4, 1888. An American philosophical writer and 
 educator, one of the founders of the school of 
 transcendentalistsinNewEngland. Hewasson of 
 Joseph Chatfield Alcox, a small farmer and mechanic, and 
 Anna Bronson : the family name was originally spelled 
 Alcoclce. His youth was spent in peddling books and 
 other wares, interrupted by school-teaching, chiefly in Vir- 
 ginia and North and South Carolina. He returned to New 
 England in 1823, and soon after opened an infant-school 
 in Boston where he later (1831-37) conducted a well-known 
 school in which the instruction was based upon the prin- 
 ciples of self-analysis and self-education, the efforts of the 
 teacher being directed to the development of the indi- 
 viduality of the pupil. He retired to Concord 1810, where 
 he was intimately associated with Emerson, Hawthorne, 
 Xhoieau, and Channing, and became dean of the Concord 
 School of Philosophy! His chief works are “Orphic 
 Sayings” contributed to the “l)ial” (1810), “Tablets” 
 (1868), “Concord Days”(1872), “Table-Talk” (1877), “Son- 
 nets and Canzonets ” (1832). 
 
 Alcott, Louisa May. Born at Germantown, 
 Pa., Nov. 29, 1832 : died at Boston, Mass. , March 
 6, 1888. An American author, daughter of A. 
 B. Alcott. She was a tea: her in early life and an army 
 nurse in the Civil War. Among her works are “Little 
 Women” (1868), “Old-Fashioned Girl” (1869), “Little 
 Men” (IS71), “Aunt Jo’s Scrap-Bag” (1872-82), “Rose in 
 Bloom,” etc. 
 
 Alcoy (al-koi'). A city in the province of Ali- 
 cante, Spain, lat. 38° 42' N., long. 0° 27' W. : 
 an important manufacturing center (paper, 
 etc.). It was the scene of a bloody insurrection of the 
 Internationale in July, 1873. Population, 32,063. 
 
 Alcudia (al-ko'THe-ii). A seaport on the north- 
 ern coast of Majorca, Balearic Islands, for- 
 merly the chief fortress of the island. Popula- 
 tion, 2,703. 
 
 Alcudia, Duke of. See Godoy, Manuel de. 
 
 Alcuin (al'kwin), AS. Ealkwine (ealch'wi-ne). 
 Born at York, England, 735: died at Tours, 
 May 19, 804. An English prelate and scholar, 
 abbot of Tours : also known as Albinus, Flaceus, 
 and Albinus Flaccus. He was educated at York, 
 and settled on the Continent in 782, on the invitation 
 and under the protection of Charlemagne. He was mas- 
 ter of the school of the palace and served as general su- 
 perintendent of Charlemagne’s schemes of ecclesiastical 
 and educational reform. At the council of Frankfort in 
 794 he led the opposition to adoptionism, which the coun- 
 cil condemned ; and at the synod of Aachen (Aix-la- 
 Chapelle) in 799 he persuaded Felix, the leader of (he 
 adoptionists, to recant (his second recantation). Alcuin 
 wrote on a great variety of subjects, including theology, 
 history, grammar, rhetoric, orthography, dialectics, etc. 
 About 802 he revised the Vulgate. He was also a poet. 
 
 Alcyone (al-si'o-ne). [Gr. ’A'limovy.'] 1. In 
 classical mythology: (a) The daughter of Aldus 
 and wife of Ceyx. After the loss of her husband 
 she cast herself into the sea and was changed 
 into a kingfisher. (6) A Pleiad, daughter of 
 Atlas and Pleione. — 2. A greenish star of 
 magnitude 3.0, the brightest of the Pleiades. 
 Alcyonius (al-si-6'ni-us), or Alcionius, Pe- 
 trus. Born at Venice, 1487: died at Rome, 
 1527. An Italian scholar, corrector of the press 
 of Aldus Manutius, and professor of Greek at 
 Florence : author of “Medicis legatus, sive do 
 Exilio” (1522), etc. 
 
 Aldabella (al-dii-bel'lii). 1. The wife of Or- 
 lando in Ariosto’s poems, the sister of Oliviero 
 and Brandimarte and daughter of Monodantes : 
 in the oldFrench and Spanish poems called Alda 
 and Auda. — 2. A character in Milman’s play 
 “Fazio”: a handsome shameless woman who 
 beguiles Fazio when he becomes rich, and after 
 his execution is condemned to imprisonment in 
 a nunnery for life through the interposition of 
 Bianca, the wife of Fazio, 
 o.— 3 
 
 33 
 
 AMabra (ai-da'bra) Islands. Small islands 
 in the Indian Ocean , belonging to Great Britain, 
 in lat. 9° 23' S., long. 46° 15' E. 
 
 Aldan (til-dan'). A river in the government of 
 Yakutsk, Siberia, which rises near the Yablo- 
 noi Mountains, and joins the Lena about lat. 
 63° N., long. 130° E. Its length is about 1,300 
 miles. 
 
 Aldan Mountains. A spur, of the Stanovoi 
 Mountains, in eastern Siberia, near the river 
 Aldan. 
 
 Aldana (al-da'na), Lorenzo de. Born in Es- 
 tremadura about 1500: died at Arequipa, Peru, 
 probably in 1556. A Spanish soldier who served 
 with Alvarado in Guatemala and Peru, and in 
 1536 went with Juan de Rada to reinforce Al- 
 magro in Chile. In 1554 he was with Alonzo de Alva- 
 rado in the campaign against Giron, and shared in the 
 defeat at the Abaneay (May 21, 1554). Authorities are not 
 in accord as to the date of his death, Calaucha placing it 
 iu 1571. 
 
 Aldborough (ald'bur // 6, locally a/bro). A small 
 town in Yorkshire, England, the ancient Isu- 
 rium, 16 miles northwest of York, noted for its 
 Roman antiquities (the pavements, founda- 
 tions, etc., of the ancient city). 
 
 Aldborough, or Aldetourgh." A watering-place 
 in Suffolk, England, 21 miles northeast of 
 Ipswich. Population, 2,405. 
 
 Aldea Gallega do Ribatejo (al-da'a gal-la'ga 
 do re-ba-ta'zho). A town in the district of 
 Lisbon, Portugal, near the Tagus 8 miles east 
 of Lisbon. 
 
 Aldebaran (al-de-ba-ran' or al-deb'a-ran). 
 [Ar. al-dabardn, the follower or the hindmost, 
 because in rising it follows the Pleiades.] 
 The standard first-magnitude red star a Tauri. 
 It is in the eye of the animal, and is the most conspicuous 
 member of the group known as the Hyades. Also often 
 called Palilidum (which see). 
 
 Aldegonde. See Sainte-Aldegonde. 
 
 Aldegrever (al'de-gra-fer), or Aldegraf (al'de- 
 graf), Heinrich. Born at Paderborn, Prussia, 
 1502 : died at Soest, Prussia, 1562. A German 
 engraver and painter. 
 
 Aiden (al'den), James. Born at Portland, 
 Maine, March 31, 1810 : died at San Francisco, 
 Cal., Feb. 6, 1877. An American naval officer, 
 appointed captain Jan. 2, 1863, commodore July 
 25, 1866, and rear-admiral June 19, 1871, and re- 
 tired March 31, 1872. He served in the Mexican war, 
 and commanded the Richmond in the New Orleans cam- 
 paign of 1862, and the Brooklyn in Mobile Bay, 1864, 
 and in the attacks on Fort 1 isher. 
 
 Aiden, John. Born in England, 1599: died at 
 Duxbury, Mass., Sept. 12, 1G87. One of the “Pil- 
 grim Fathers,” a cooper of Southampton, who 
 was engaged in repairing the Mayflower and 
 became one of the party which sailed in her. 
 He is said to have been the first tostep on Plymouth Rock, 
 though this honor is also assigned to Mary Chilton. Be 
 settled at Duxbury and in 1623 married Priscilla Mullens. 
 •The incidents of their courtship form the theme of Long- 
 fellow’s “Courtship of Miles Standish.” He was a magis- 
 trate in the colony for more than 5(1 years, and outlived 
 all the other signers of the Mayflower compact. 
 
 Aiden, Joseph. Born at Cairo, N. Y., Jan. 4, 
 1807 : died at New York, Ang. 30, 1885. An 
 American educator. He was professor of Latin (later 
 of rhetoric and political economy) in Williams College 
 1835-53, professor of mental and moral philosophy at La- 
 fayette College 1853-57, president of Jefferson College, 
 Cannonsburg, Pennsylvania, 1857-62, and principal of the 
 Albany, New York, Normal School 1867-72. He was also 
 for a time editor of “The New York Observer,” and was a 
 prolific writer, chiefly of juvenile literature. 
 
 Aldenhoven (til'den-ho-fen). A town in the 
 Rhine Province, Prussia, 12 miles northeast of 
 Aix-la-Chapelle. Here, March 1, 1793, the Austrians 
 under the Prince of Coburg and Archduke Charles de- 
 feated the French, and Oct, 2, 1794, the French (about 
 85,000) under Jourdan defeated the Austrians (about 70,000) 
 under Clairfayt. Population, about 2,000. 
 
 Alderamin (al-der-am'in). [Ar. al-dord' l-ya- 
 min, the right arm.] The usual name of the 
 214 -magnitude star a Cephei. 
 
 Alderney (al'der-ni), F. Aurigny (o-ren-ye'). 
 One of the Channel Islands, the ancient Au- 
 rinia or Riduna, situated northeast of Guern- 
 sey, and 7 miles west of Cape La Hague, in lat. 
 49° 43' N., long. 2° 12' W. (Braye Harbor): 
 length, 3l4 miles; area, 4 square miles: noted 
 for its breed of cattle, it contains the town of St. 
 Anne. The government is vested' in a judge, 6 jurats, and 
 12 representatives. Population, 2,062. 
 
 Alderney, Race of, F. Ras d’Aurigny. A 
 
 channel between Alderney and the French 
 coast, dangerous from its currents. 
 
 Aldersgate (al'ders-gat). A gate in old Lon- 
 don wall which stood in the reentering angle 
 of the old city between Newgate and Cripple- 
 gate and at the junction of Aldersgate street 
 
 Aldred 
 
 and St. Martin’s lane. It is called Ealdred’s 
 gate ( Ealdredesgate ) in the (Latin) laws of 
 Ethelred. 
 
 Aldershot (al'der-shot). A town on the border 
 of Surrey and Hampshire, England, 34 miles 
 southwest of London, noted for its military 
 camn (established 1855). Population, 
 30,974. 
 
 Aldfrith (ald'frith), Ealdfrith (eald'frith), or 
 Eallfrith (eah'frith). Died 705. KiDg of the 
 Northumbrians, an illegitimate son of Oswiu, 
 and brother of Ecgfrith, whom he succeeded 
 in 685. 
 
 Aldgate (ald'gat). [Originally Alegate : mean- 
 ing probably ‘a gate open to all,’ or ‘free gate.’] 
 The eastern gate of old London wall, situated 
 near the junction of Leadenhall street, Hounds- 
 diteh, Whitehall, and the Minories. it must have 
 been one of the 7 double gates mentioned by Fitz Stephens 
 (who died 1191), not one of the Roman gates. The great 
 road to Essex by which provisions were brought to the 
 R,oman ciiy crossed the Lea at Old-ford and entered the 
 city with the Eormine (Ermine) street, not at Aldgate but 
 at Bishopsgate. Aldgate may have been opened in the 
 reign of King Eadgar, or that of Edward the Confessor, 
 but probably dates from the first years of Henry I., at 
 which time Bow Bridge across the Lea at Stratford is 
 supposed to have been built by his queen Matilda. 
 
 Aldhelrn (iild'helm), Saint. Born 640 (?) : died 
 at Doulting, near Wells, England, May, 709. 
 An English scholar and prelate, made bishop of 
 Sherborne in 705. His best-known works are “De 
 laude virginitatis,” in prose, and a poem “De laudibus 
 virginum.” 
 
 Aldiboronteplioscopliormo (al // di-bo-ron // te- 
 fos // ko-f6r 'ni-o). A character in Henry 
 Carey’s burlesque “ Chrononbotonthologos.” it 
 was given as a nickname to James Ballantyne the printer, 
 on account of the solemn pomposity of his manner, by Sir 
 Walter Scott. See Rigdumfunrddos. 
 
 Aldiger (al'di-ger). In Ariosto’s “Orlando 
 Furioso,” a Christian knight and the brother 
 of the enchanter Malagigi. 
 
 Aldine (al'din) Press. The press established at 
 Venice by Alius Manutius. See Manutius. 
 
 Aldingar (al'ding-giir), Sir. A ballad concern- 
 ing a false steward who sought to take away 
 the honor of his queen, in the ballad with this title 
 from the Percy MS. the queen’s name is Llinore, the wife 
 of Henry II., but the story occurs repeatedly in connec- 
 tion with historical personages of nearly ail the European 
 nations. 
 
 Our conclusion would therefore be, with Crundtvig, 
 that the ballads of Sir Aldingar, Ravengaard, arid Mem- 
 ering, and the rest, are of common derivation with the 
 legends of St. Cunigtind, G undeberg, &c., and that all these 
 are offshoots of a story which, “beginning far back in the 
 infancy of the Gothic race and their poetry, is continually 
 turning up, now here and now there, without having a 
 proper home in any definite time or assignable place.” 
 
 Child , Eng. and Scottish Ballads, III. 241. 
 
 Aldingar. The prior of St. Cuthbert’s Abbey 
 in Sir Walter Scott’s poem “Harold the 
 Dauntless.” 
 
 Aldini (al-de'ne), Count Antonio. Born at, 
 Bologna, Italy, 1756 : died at Pavia, Italy, Oct. 
 5, 1826. An Italian statesman, minister of the 
 Italian republic and kingdom under the Na- 
 poleonic r4gime. 
 
 Aldini, Giovanni. Born at Bologna, Italy, 
 April 10, 1762 : died at Milan, Jan. 17, 1834. An 
 Italian physicist, professor of physics at Bo- 
 logna, brother of Antonio Aldini and nephew 
 of Galvani. 
 
 Aldo Manuzio. See Manutius. 
 
 Aldo (al'do), Father. In Dryden’s play “Lim- 
 berham, or the Kind Keeper,” an abandoned 
 but kind-hearted old debauchee. 
 
 Aldobrandini (al-do-bran-de'ne). A celebrated 
 Florentine family, originally from the village of 
 Laseiano, near Pistoja, established in Florence 
 since the 12th century. Among its more important 
 members are Giovanni A. (1525 : died at Rome, 1573), an 
 Italian cardinal, son of Silvestro A. ; Giovanni Francesco A. 
 (1546-1601), a papal general, n eph e w of Pope Clement V II I. ; 
 Pietro A. (1571-1621), an Italian cardinal, grandson of Sil- 
 vestro A.; Silvestro A. (born at Florence, Nov. 23, 1499: died 
 at Rome, Jan. 6, 1558), an Italian jurist; and Tommaso 
 A. (15407-72), an Italian man of letters, son of Silvestro 
 A., author of a Latin translation of Diogenes Laertius. 
 
 Aldobrandini, Ippolito. See Clement VII I, 
 rope. 
 
 Aldred (al'dred), or Ealdred (e-al'dred), or Ai- 
 red (al'red). Died at York, England, Sept. 
 11, 1069. An English ecclesiastic, made bishop 
 of Worcester in 1044 and archbishop of York 
 in 1060. About 1050 he was sent on a mission to Rome 
 by Edward the Confessor, and in 1054 to the court of the 
 emperor Henry III. to negotiate for the return of 
 Edward the TEtheliiig from Hungary. He was the first 
 English bishop to make the pilgrimage to Jerusalem (1058). 
 According to one account (Florence of Worcester) he 
 crowned Harold in 1066, hut the ceremony was probably 
 performed by Stigand. He submitted to William I., whom 
 he crowned 1066 and over whom he is said to have exer 
 cised considerable influence. 
 
Aldrich, Henry 
 
 Aldrich (al'drich or al'drij), Henry. Born at 
 Westminster, England, 1647 : died at Oxford, 
 England, Dec. 14, 1710. An English divine, 
 writer, musician, and architect, dean of Christ 
 Church, Oxford, from 1689: author of a logical 
 compendium (1691) which long remained a pop- 
 ular text-book (ed. bv Mansel). 
 
 Aldrich, Nelson WilmartL. Born at Foster, 
 R.I.,Nov. 6,1841. An American politician, mem- 
 ber of Congress from Rhode Island 1879-81, and 
 Rep. senator from Rhode Island 1881-1911. 
 Aldrich, Thomas Bailey. Born at Ports- 
 mouth, N. H., Nov. 11, 1836: died at Boston, 
 March 19, 1907. An American poet, nov- 
 elist, and journalist, editor of the “Atlan- 
 tic Monthly” 1881-90. Hia works Include “Bells" 
 (1855), “Ballad of Bable Bell" (1856), “Pampinea, and 
 other Poems” (1861), “Poems" (1863, 1865), “Cloth of 
 Gold, and other Poems ” (1874), “Flower and Thom” (1876), 
 “Story of a Bad Boy” (1870), “Marjorie Daw, and other 
 People" (1873), “Prudence Palfrey” (1874), “Flower and 
 Thorn : Later Poems " (1876), “ The Queen of Sheba ” (1877), 
 “ Rivermouth Romance ” (1877), “The Still water Tragedy ” 
 (1880), “ From Ponkapog to Pesth ” (1883), “ Mercedes, and 
 Later Lyrics" (1883), “Wyndham Towers” (1889), “The 
 Sisters’ Tragedy (1891), “Two Bites at a Cherry ” (1894), 
 “Judith and Holofernes” (1896), “A Sea Turn” (1902), 
 “Ponkapog Papers” (1903), “Judith of Bethulia” (1904), 
 "Pauline Paulovna” (1907), "Songs and Sonnets” (1907). 
 Aldridge (hl'drij), Ira. Born at Bellair, near 
 Baltimore, about 1810(?): died at Lodz, Po- 
 land, Aug. 7, 1866. A negro tragedian, sur- 
 named the “African Roscius,” in early life 
 valet of Edmund Kean. 
 
 Aldringer (alt'ring-er), or Aldringen (filt'- 
 ring-en), or Altringer (alt'ring-er). Count 
 Johann. Born at Tliionville (Diedenhofen), 
 Lorraine, Dec. 10, 1588: killed at Landshut, 
 Bavaria, July, 1634. An Imperialist general in 
 the Thirty Years’ War. He succeeded Tilly as com- 
 mander of the army of the League in 1632, and distin- 
 guished himself under Wallenstein at Nuremberg. 
 Aldrovand (al'dro-vand), Father. A Domini- 
 can, the warlike chaplain of Lady Eveline Be- 
 renger in Scott’s novel “The Betrothed.” 
 Aldrovandi (al-dro-van'de), L. Aldrovandus 
 (al-dro-van'dus), Ulisse. Born at Bologna, 
 Italy, Sept. 11, 1522: died at Bologna, May 10, 
 1605. A celebrated Italian naturalist, appointed 
 professor of natural history at Bologna in 1560. 
 At his instance the senate of Bologna established in 1568 
 a botanical garden, of which he was appointed director. 
 He also served as inspector of drugs, in which capacity he 
 published “ Antidotarii Bononiensis Epitome ” (1574). His 
 chief work is a “Natural History” in 13 volumes, espe- 
 cially notable on account of the profusion and excellence 
 of its illustrations. The last 7 volumes were published 
 after his death. 
 
 Aldstone (ald'stun), or Aldstone Moor, or 
 Alston Moor. A town in Cumberland, Eng- 
 land, 20 miles southeast of Carlisle. Popula- 
 tion, 3,134. 
 
 Aldus Manutius. See Manutius. 
 
 Aleandro (iil-a-an'dro), Girolamo, L. Alean- 
 der, Hieronymus. Born at Motta, near Ven- 
 ice, Feb. 13, 1480 : died at Rome, Jan. 31, 1542. 
 An Italian ecclesiastic (cardinal) and scholar, 
 author of a “Lexicon grasco-latinum” (1512), 
 etc. He was several times papal legate or nuncio to 
 Germany, and was an ardent opponent of the Reforma- 
 tion. 
 
 Aleardi (a-la-ar'de), Aleardo (originally Gae- 
 tano). Born at Verona, Italy, Nov. 4, 1812: 
 died there, July 17, 1878. An Italian poet and 
 patriot, an active partizan of the insurrection 
 in Venetia 1848-49, imprisoned by the Austri- 
 ans in 1852 and 1859. Best edition of his 
 poems, Florence, 1862 (5th ed. 1878). 
 Alecsandri (al-ek-san 'dre), or Alexandri, 
 Basil, or Vassile. Born in Moldavia, July, 
 1821: died atMircesti, Moldavia, Aug. 26, 1890. 
 A Rumanian poet, politician, and journalist, 
 active in politics after 1848, and for a short 
 time (1859) foreign minister: author of lyric 
 and dramatic poems in Rumanian, and of 
 translations of Rumanian songs into French. 
 Alecto (a-lek'to). [Gr. ’AAt/ktu, she who rests 
 not.] In Greek mythology, one of the three 
 Erinyes. See Erinyes. 
 
 Aleksin, or Alexin (a-lek'sen). A town in 
 the government of Tula, Russia, situated on 
 the Oka 85 miles south by west of Moscow. 
 Population, 3,600. 
 
 Alem&n (a-la-man'), Mateo. Born near Se- 
 ville in the middle of the 16th century : died in 
 Mexico about 1610 (?). A Spanish novelist, for 
 many years controller of the finances to Philip 
 II. : author of the famous “ La vida y hechos 
 del picaro Guzman de Alfarache” (1599), etc. 
 See Gusman de Alfarache. 
 
 Alemanni, Alemannic. See Alamanni, Ala- 
 mannie. 
 
 34 
 
 Alemanni, Luigi. See Alamanni, Luigi. 
 Alemannia. See Alamannia. 
 
 Alembert (a-loh-bar'), Jean le Rond d’. 
 
 Born at Paris i n November, 1717 : died at Paris, 
 Oct. 29, 1783. A noted French mathematician, 
 philosopher, and author. He was an editor of the 
 “Encyclop^die,” for which he wrote the introduction, the 
 mathematical articles, and part of the biographies. In 
 1772 he became perpetual secretary of the French Acad- 
 emy, and in that capacity was the spokesman of the parti 
 des philosophes of which Voltaire was the head. His prin- 
 cipal works are “Traitd de dynamique” (1743), “Traitd 
 de l’6quilibre et du mouvement des fluides ” (1744), “Re- 
 cherches sur la precession des equinoxes et sur la nuta- 
 tion del’axe dela terre” (1749),“ Recherches sur diffdrents 
 points importants du system e du monde” (1754), “Me- 
 langes de philosophie et de litterature," “Elements de 
 philosophie,” “Opuscules mathdmatiques ” (1761-80), etc. 
 Alemquer, or Alenquer (a-lan-kar'). A small 
 town in the province of Estremadura, Portugal, 
 29 miles northeast of Lisbon. Pop., 6,541. 
 Alemquer, or Alenquer. A town in Brazil, on 
 the Amazon opposite the mouth of the Tapajds. 
 Population, 9,445. 
 
 Alemtejo (a-lan-ta'zho). A province of Portu- 
 gal, bounded by Beira on the north, by Spain 
 on the east, by Algarve on the south, and by 
 Estremadura and the Atlantic on the west, it 
 comprises 3 districts, Evora, Portalegre, and Beja. Area, 
 9,219 square miles. Population, 416,105. 
 
 Alencar (a-lan-kar'), Jose Martiniano de. 
 
 Bom in Ceard, May 1, 1829: died at Rio de Ja- 
 neiro, Dec. 12, 1877. A Brazilian jurist and 
 novelist, best known from his stories of Indian 
 and colonial life, among which are “O Guar- 
 any,” “Iracema,” and “O Sertanejo.” 
 Alengon (a-lon-son'). A former countship and 
 duchy of France, whose counts and dukes were 
 prominent in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. 
 The duchy was an appanage of the house of Va- 
 lois. See below. 
 
 Alengon. The capital of the department of 
 Orne, France, situated at the junction of the 
 Briante and Sarthe in lat. 48° 25' N., long. 0° 
 5' E. It has an important trade and manufactures of lace 
 (the celebrated “point d’Alenton”), linen, and woolen 
 goods. The town was often taken and retaken in the Eng- 
 lish and League wars. Captured by the Germans Jan. 16, 
 1871. Population, 17,843. 
 
 Alengon, Due d’ (Charles de Valois). Died 
 1346. A brother of Philip VI. of France, killed 
 in the battle of Crecy. 
 
 Alengon, Due d’ (Charles IV.). Born 1489: 
 died April 11, 1525. A prince of the blood and 
 constable of France, husband of Margaret of 
 Valois, sister of Francis I. His cowardice caused 
 the loss of the battle of Pavia in 1525 and the capture of 
 Francis I. 
 
 Alengon, Due d’ (Jean II.). Died 1476. He sup- 
 ported the Dauphin against his father Charles VII., and 
 was condemned to death in 1456, the sentence being, how- 
 ever, commuted to life imprisonment, followed by a par- 
 don. 
 
 Alenio (a-la'ne-o), Giulio. Born at Brescia, 
 Italy, about 1582: died 1649. An Italian Jes- 
 uit, a missionary in China. 
 
 Aleppo (a-lep'o). [Ar. Haleb or Haleb-es-Shah- 
 ba.\ The capital of the vilayet of Aleppo, sit- 
 uated on the Kuweik in lat. 36° 11' 32 # N., 
 long. 37° 9' E.: the ancient Beroea. it, has an ex- 
 tensive commerce, and manufactures of silk, etc. In 
 638 it was conquered by the Saracens ; was the seat of a 
 Seljuk sultanate 11th and 12th centuries ; was captured by 
 the Crusaders under Baldwin in 1170 ; was plundered by 
 the Mongols and by Timur ; was conquered and annexed 
 by the Turks in 1517 ; suffered severely from plagues, and 
 in 1170 and 1822 from earthquakes ; and was the scene 
 of an outbreak againBt the Christians in 1850. Popula- 
 tion, about 200,000. 
 
 Aleppo. A vilayet in Asiatic Turkey. Popu- 
 lation, 1,500,000. 
 
 Aleppy. See Alapalli. 
 
 Aler (a'ler), Paul. Born at Saint-Guy in Lux- 
 emburg, Nov. 9, 1656: died at Dfiren, Germany, 
 May 2, 1727. A German Jesuit, author of the 
 school treatise “Gradus ad Parnassum” (1702), 
 etc. 
 
 Aleshki (a-lesh'ke). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Taurida, Russia, near the Dnieper, 
 opposite Kherson. Population, 12,300. 
 
 Alesia (a-le'shi-a). [Gr. ’Afecta . J In ancient 
 geography, the capital of the Mandubii in cen- 
 tral Gaul, usually identified with Alise, famous 
 for its defense by Vercingetorix (of whom Na- 
 poleon III. erected a colossal statue here) and 
 capture by Julius Caesar 52 b. C. See Alise. 
 Alesius (a-le'shi-us) (properly Aless), Alex- 
 ander. Born at Edinburgh, April 23, 1500: 
 died at Leipsic, March 17, 1565. A Scottish 
 Lutheran controversialist and exegete, early 
 made a canon of St. Andrew’s where he was 
 educated. He was imprisoned several times as a result 
 of his reforming tendencies, and finally escaped to Ger- 
 many in 1632, where he became the friend of Luther and 
 
 Alexander 
 
 Melanchthon and declared his adherence to the Augs- 
 burg Confession. In August, 1535, he returned to England, 
 and was intimately associated with Cranmer and other 
 English reformers. He returned to Germany in 1539, was 
 appointed in the same year professor of theology at Frank- 
 fort-on-the-Oder, and played an important part in the 
 German Reformation. Also Alesse. 
 
 Alessandri (a-les-san'dre), Alessandro. Born 
 at Naples, about 1461 : died 1523. An Italian 
 jurist and antiquarian, author of “Dies geni- 
 ales” (1522), etc. 
 
 Alessandri, Basil. See Alecsandri. 
 
 Alessandria (al-es-san'dre-a). [Named for 
 Pope Alexander III.] The capital of the prov- 
 ince of Alessandria, situated at the junction of 
 the Bormida with the Tanaro, lat. 44° 55' N., 
 long. 8° 38' E. It is an important railway center and 
 a strong fortress, and has flourishing trade and manufac- 
 tures of woolen goods, linen, silk, etc. The town was built by 
 the Lombard League against Frederick Barharossa in 1168 ; 
 was conquered by Sforza in 1522 ; was unsuccessfully be- 
 sieged by the French in 1657 ; was taken by the Imperial- 
 ists in 1707 ; was ceded to Savoy in 1713 ; was the capital 
 of the French department of Marengo in the revolutionary 
 period ; was taken by Suvaroff in 1799 ; was occupied by the 
 Austrians in 1821 ; became a Piedmontese military center 
 1848-49 ; and was occupied by the Austrians in 1849. 
 Population, commune, 71,298. 
 
 Alessandria. A province in Piedmont, Italy. 
 Area, 1,964 square miles. Population, 
 849,037. 
 
 Alessandria. A small town in the province of 
 Girgenti, Sicily, 20 miles northwest of Gir- 
 genti. 
 
 Alessandria, Armistice of. An armistice 
 agreed upon between Napoleon and the Aus- 
 trian general Melas, June 16, 1800, after the 
 battle of Marengo. The Austrians retired behind 
 the Mincio, abandoning to the French every fortress in 
 northern Italy west of that river. “It was an armistice 
 more fatal [to the Austrians] than an unconditional sur- 
 render.” Fyffe, Hist, of Mod. Europe. 
 
 Alessi (a-les'se), Galeazzo. Born at Perugia, 
 Italy, 1500(1512?): died 1572. An Italian archi- 
 tect, builder of the church of Sta. Maria di 
 Carignano (in Genoa), and of palaces and 
 churches in Genoa, Milan, etc. 
 
 Alessio (a-les'se-o). A town in the vilayet of 
 Skutari, European Turkey, situated on the Drin 
 20 miles southeast of Skutari : the ancient Lis- 
 sus, founded by Dionysius. Scanderbeg died 
 here. Population, about 3,000. 
 
 Alet (a-la/). A town in the department of 
 Aude, France, on the Aude 15 miles southwest 
 of Carcassonne. It contains a ruined cathe- 
 dral. 
 
 Aletsch (a'lech) Glacier. The largest glacier 
 in Switzerland, 13 miles in length, situated in 
 the canton of Valais, north of Brieg and south 
 of the Jungfrau. 
 
 Aletschhorn (a'lech-horn), A peak of the Ber- 
 nese Alps, 13,773 feet high, near the Aletsch 
 Glacier. 
 
 Aleut (al'e-ot). See Unungun. 
 
 Aleutian Islands (al-e-6'shi-an i'landz), or 
 Catharine Archipelago (kath'a-rin ar-ki- 
 pel'a-go). A chain of about 150 islands belong- 
 ing principally to Alaska. It extends westward 
 from the peninsula of Alaska, and separates Bering Sea 
 from the Pacific Ocean. The islands were discovered by 
 the Russians in the middle of the 18th century. Popu- 
 lation (Aleuts), about 2,000. 
 
 Alexander (al-eg-zan'der). [Gr. A/f^avSpor.] 
 See Paris. 
 
 Alexander III., surnamed “The Great.” Born 
 at Pella, Macedonia, in the summer or autumn 
 of 356 B. c. : died at Babylon, May or June, 323 
 B. C. A famous king of Macedon and con- 
 queror, son of Philip and a pupil of Aristotle. 
 He fought at the battle of Chaeronea in 338 ; succeeded 
 to the throne in 336 ; subjugated Thrace and Illyr ia in 335 ; 
 and conquered and destroyed Thebes and subdued oppo- 
 sition in Greece in 335. In 334 he started on his eastern 
 expedition ; gained the victory of Granicus in 334 and of 
 Issus in 333 ; captured Tyre and Gaza, occupied Egypt, 
 and founded Alexandria in 332 ; overthrew the Persian 
 Empire at Arbela in 331 ; conquered the eastern provinces 
 of Persia 330-327 ; and invaded India in 326. He returned 
 from India to Persia 325-324. He became a hero of 
 various cycles of romance, especially in the middle ages. 
 See Alexander, Romance of. See Century Atlas, Map IX. 
 
 Alexander. A Greek, or native of Lyncestis 
 in Macedonia (whence his surname “Lynces- 
 tes”), implicated with his brothers in the mur- 
 der of Philip, 336 B. C. Because he was the first to 
 do homage to Alexander the Great, the latter pardoned 
 him and raised him to a high position in the army, but 
 afterward put him to death for a treasonable correspon- 
 dence with Darius. 
 
 Alexander. A celebrated commentator on Aris“- 
 totle of the end of the 2d and beginning of the 
 3d century a. d., a native of Aphrodisias in 
 Caria, whence his surname “ Aphrodisiensis.” 
 He was also called “the Exegete." More than half of 
 his numerous works are extant. The most notable is a 
 treatise on Aristotle’s views concerning fate and freewiU. 
 
Alexander 
 
 Alexander, surnamed Balas (the Semitic 
 ba'al perhaps signifies ‘ lord ’). Killed in 
 Arabia, 146 b. c. A person of low origin who 
 usurped the Syrian throne in 150 B. c. He was 
 overthrown in battle by Ptolemy Philometor and was 
 murdered by an Arabian emir with whom he had taken 
 refuge. 
 
 Alexander I. Died 326 b. c. King of Epirus, 
 son of Neoptolemus and brother of Olympias, 
 the mother of Alexander the Great. His youth 
 was spent at the court of Philip of Macedonia, who made 
 
 ' him king of Epirus. On her repudiation by Philip, Olym- 
 pias sought refuge with Alexander, and it was at his 
 marriage with Philip’s daughter Cleopatra in 336 B. c. 
 that Philip was assassinated by Pausanias. In 332 B. o. 
 Alexander crossed over into Italy to aid the Tarentines 
 against the Lucanians and Bruttii. He was treacherously 
 killed by some Lucanian exiles at the battle of Pandosia. 
 
 Alexander II. King of Epirus, son of Pyrrhus 
 and Lanassa, the daughter of Agathocles, ty- 
 rant of Syracuse. He succeeded his father in 272 
 B. c. He was dispossessed of Epirus and Macedonia by 
 Demetrius, whose father, Antigonus Gonatas, he had de- 
 prived of Macedonia : but Epirus was recovered by the 
 aid chiefly of the Acarnanians. 
 
 Alexander, surnamed Jannsus (Heb. Yannai, 
 an abbreviation of Jonathan). Born 128 or 129 
 b. c. : died 78 B. c. King of the Jews from 104 
 till 78 b. c., a younger son of John Hyrcanus. 
 
 Alexander, surnamed “The Paphlagonian.” 
 An impostor, a native of Abonoteiehos (Ionop- 
 olis in Paphlagonia), who flourished about the 
 beginning of the 2d century. He posed as an 
 oracle and wonder-worker, and attained great influence. 
 His tricks were exposed by Lucian. 
 
 Alexander, Saint. Died at Alexandria, April 
 17, 326. The patriarch, of Alexandria from 312. 
 He condemned the heresy of Arius in his dispute with 
 Alexander Baucalis, and attended the Council of Nicaea 
 in 325 with his deacon St. Athauasius. 
 
 Alexander. A Greek medical writer born at 
 Tralles in Lydia, in the 6th century. 
 
 Alexander I. Bishop of Rome, successor of 
 Evaristus. Eusebius in his history gives as the date of 
 his accession the year 109 A. D.; in his chronicle, the year 
 111 A. D. In both works he is assigned a reign of ten years. 
 
 Alexander II. (Anselmo Baggio, ML. Ansel- 
 mus Badajus). Born at Milan : died April 20, 
 1073. Pope from 1061 to 1073, successor of Nich- 
 olas II. He strove to enforce the celibacy of the clergy 
 and the extravagant pretensions of the papacy. His elec- 
 tion did not receive the imperial sanction, and an antipope, 
 Honorius II. (Cadolaus, bishop of Parma), was chosen by 
 a council at Basel, but was later deposed by a council 
 held at Mantua. Alexander was succeeded by Hilde- 
 brand under the name of Gregory VII. 
 
 Alexander III. (Rolando Ranuci of the house 
 of Bandinelli). Born at Siena, Italy: died 
 Aug. 30, 1181. Pope from 1159 to 1181. He 
 carried out successfully the policy of Hildebrand in oppo- 
 sition to Frederick Barbarossa and Henry II. of England. 
 Three antipopes, Victor IV., Pascal III., and Calixtus 
 III , elected in 1159, 1164, and 1168, respectively, were 
 confirmed by the emperor and disputed the authority of 
 Alexander, who was compelled to seek refuge in France 
 from 1162 to 1165. The contest between the pope and the 
 emperor ended in the decisive defeat of the latter at the 
 battle of Legnano, May 29, 1176. In 1177 a reconciliation 
 took place at Venice, and in 1178 the antipope Calixtus 
 III. abdicated. The contest with Henry II. of England 
 ended in the humiliation of the king and the canonization 
 of Thomas a Becket, who represented the papal claims of 
 supremacy. 
 
 Alexander IV. (Count Rinaldo di Segni). 
 
 Died at Viterbo, Italy, May 25, 1261. Pope 
 from 1254 to 1261. He attempted to unite the Greek 
 and Latin churches, established the Inquisition in France 
 in 1255, and encouraged the orders of mendicant friars. 
 The last years of his pontificate were spent at Viterbo, 
 whither he had been driven by the factional struggles in 
 Borne. 
 
 Alexander V. (Pietro Philarghi). Born at 
 Candia: died at Bologna, May 3, 1410. Pope 
 from June 26, 1409, to May 3, 1410. He was 
 elected by the Council of Pisa, after the deposition of 
 Benedict XIII. and Gregory XII., with the understanding 
 that he should reform the abuses of the church. He was, 
 according to the general belief, poisoned by Balthasar 
 Cossa, his successor under the name of John XXIII. 
 
 Alexander VI. (Rodrigo Borgia). Born at 
 Xativa in Valencia, Jan. 1, 1431: died Aug. 18, 
 1503. Pope from Aug. 11, 1492, to Aug. 18, 1503. 
 He was made cardinal and vice-chancellor in 1456 by his 
 uncle Calixtus III., whom healso succeeded as archbishop 
 of Valencia. His election to the pontificate is ascribed to 
 bribery. His efforts were directed toward the aggran- 
 dizement of the temporal power of the papacy at the ex- 
 pense of the feudal vassals of the church, and toward the 
 foundation for his family of a great hereditary dominion 
 in Italy. In the furtherance of these plans two of his five 
 illegitimate children by Rosa Vanozza(Ctesar and Lucretia 
 Borgia) played important parts. May 4, 1493, Alexander 
 issued hi3 bull dividing the New World between Spain and 
 Portugal. In 1494 he unsuccessfully opposed the entrance 
 of Charles VIII. into Naples, but in 1495 he joined the 
 league between the emperor, Milan, Venice, ami Spain, 
 which drove Charles from Italy. May 23, 1498, the exe- 
 cution of Savonarola took place by his order, and in 1501 
 he instituted the censorship of books. He was poisoned, 
 it is said, by a cup of wine intended for Cardinal Corneto. 
 
 Alexander VII. (Fabio Chigi). Born at Si- 
 
 35 
 
 ena, Feb. 13, 1599 : died May 22, 1667. Pope 
 from April 7, 1655, to May 22, 1667. He was a 
 patron of learning and art, and a poet. He promulgated 
 a bull against the Jansenists, and, in 1662, in a conflict 
 with Louis XIV., was deprived of Avignon. During his 
 pontificate occurred .the conversion to the Catholic faith 
 of Christina, queen of Sweden, after her abdication (1654) 
 of the Swedish crown. 
 
 Alexander VIII. (Pietro Ottoboni). Bom at 
 
 Venice, 1610: died Feb., 1691. Pope from 1689 
 till 1691. He condemned the doctrine of “philosophi- 
 cal sin,” as taught by theJesuit Bongotof Dijon ; assisted 
 Venice against the Turks; and enriched the Vatican li- 
 brary by the purchase of Queen Christina’s coUection of 
 books and manuscripts. 
 
 Alexander of Hales. Born at Hales, Glouces- 
 tershire, England : died 1245. A noted Eng- 
 lish theologian and philosopher, surnamed 
 “Doctor Irrefragabilis.” He lectured at Paris and 
 was a member of the order of Franciscans. His chief work 
 is “Summa Theologue " (printed 1475). 
 
 Alexander has acquired a place in the roll of mediaeval 
 writers mainly by the accidents of his historic position. 
 He was among the first to approach the labour of ex- 
 pounding the Christian system with the knowledge not 
 only of the whole Aristotelian corpus, but also of the Arab 
 commentators. He thus initiated the long and thorny de- 
 bates which grew out of the attempt to amalgamate the 
 Christian faith with a radically divergent metaphysical 
 view. Leslie Stephen, Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Alexander I. Born 1078 (?) : died at Stirling, 
 Scotland, April 27, 1124. A king of Scotland, the 
 fourth son of Malcolm Canmore and Margaret, 
 sister of Eadgar the /Et holing, and brother of 
 Edgar whom he succeeded in 1107. He mar- 
 ried Sibylla, a natural daughter of Henry I. of 
 England. 
 
 Alexander II. Bom at Haddington, Scotland, 
 Aug. 24, 1198 : died in Kerrera, Scotland, July 
 8, 1249. A king of Scotland, son of William 
 the Lion whom he succeeded in 1214: sur- 
 named “The Peaceful.” He joined the Eng- 
 lish barons against John. 
 
 Alexander III. Born at Roxburgh, Scotland, 
 Sept. 4, 1241: died near Kinghorn, Fife, Scot- 
 land, March 16, 1285. A king of Scotland, son of 
 Alexander II. whom he succeeded in 1249. His 
 army defeated the Norwegians in 1263, and 
 aided Henry III. of England in 1264. 
 
 Alexander I. Born at St. Petersburg, Dec. 23, 
 1777 : died at Taganrog, Russia, Dec. 1, 1825. 
 Emperor of Russia, son of Paul whom he suc- 
 ceeded in 1801. He encouraged education and science, 
 and the introduction of Western civilization ; carried out 
 many reforms, including the abolition of serfdom in the 
 Baltic provinces ; and promoted trade and manufactures. 
 In 1805 he joined the coalition against Napoleon ; was 
 present at the battle of Austerlitz ; joined Prussia against 
 Napoleon in 1806 ; signed the Peace of Tilsit in 1807 ; and 
 conquered Finland in 1808. A successful war was waged 
 with Turkey 1806-12. In 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia 
 (see Napoleon). Alexander was a leader in the coalition 
 against France 1813-14 ; was present at the battles of Dres- 
 den and Leipsic in 1813 ; entered Paris in 1814 ; took part 
 in the Congress of Vienna; became king of Poland in 1815; 
 again entered Paris in 1815; formed the Holy Alliance in 
 1815, and took partin the conferences of Aix-la-Chapelle in 
 1818, Troppau in 1820, Laibach in 1821, and Verona in 1822. 
 He married a princess of Baden. 
 
 Alexander II. Born April 29, 1818 : died at St. 
 Petersburg, March 13, 1881. Emperor of Rus- 
 sia, son of Nicholas I. whom he succeeded in 
 1855. He concluded the treaty of Paris 1856 ; proclaimed 
 the emancipation of the serfs 1861 ; reorganized the army 
 and the departments of administration and justice; and 
 developed commerce and manufactures. He suppressed 
 the Polish insurrection 1863-64, and carried on war with 
 Turkey 1877-78. During the latter part of his reign he 
 was closely allied with G ermany and Austria. The attacks 
 of the Nihilists led him to enter upon a reactionary pol- 
 icy in 1879, and he was finally assassinated by them. He 
 married a princess of Hesse. 
 
 Alexander III. Born March 10, 1845: died at 
 Livadia, Crimea, Nov. 1, 1894. Emperor of Rus- 
 sia, son of Alexander II. whom he succeeded 
 March 13, 1881. He continued the reactionary policy 
 of his father’s reign. A meeting of the emperors of Rus- 
 sia, Germany, and Austria, at Skierniewice in Poland, 
 Sept., 1884, cemented the personal union of these rulers for 
 the time, but since the formation of the Triple Alliance 
 (which see) in 1883, Russia has become a virtual ally of 
 France. Alexander opposed Prince Alexander of Bulgaria 
 at the time of his overthrow in 1886, and refused to rec- 
 ognize his successor Prince Ferdinand. (For the chief 
 events in his reign, see Russia.) He married Princess 
 Dagmar of Denmark in 1866. 
 
 Alexander I. Bom April 5, 1857 : died Nov. 
 17, 1893. Titular prince of Battenberg, the 
 second son of Prince Alexander of Hesse. He 
 served in the Hessian army, and in the Russo-Turkish 
 warof 1877-78 in the Russian army. He was elected prince 
 of Bulgaria April 29, 1879 ; suspended constitutional gov- 
 ernment there 1881-83 ; became by the revolution at Philip- 
 popolis, Sept., 1885, prince of Eastern Rumelia also ; com- 
 manded in the repulse of the Servian invasion, Nov., 1885, 
 at the battles of Slivnitza, Dragoman Pass, Tsaribrod, and 
 Pirot ; became governor-general of Eastern Rumelia April, 
 1886; and was overthrown by a conspiracy at Sofia Aug. 
 21, 1886, and abducted to Reni on the Danube. He was 
 restored at the end of August by a counter-revolution, but 
 abdicated in the beginning of Sept., 1886. 
 
 Alexander, Romance of 
 
 Alexander Bey. See Scanderbeg. 
 
 Alexander, Archibald. Born in Virginia, 
 April 17, 1772: died at Princeton, N. J., Oct. 
 22, 1851. An American Presbyterian divine, 
 president of Hampden Sydney College (Va.) 
 1796-1806, and professor at Princeton Theolog- 
 ical Seminary 1812-51. He wrote “Evidences of 
 Christianity” (1823), “Treatise on the Canon of the Old 
 and New Testament” (1826), “Outlines of Moral Science” 
 (1852), etc. 
 
 Alexander, Barton Stone. Bom in Kentucky, 
 1819: died at San Francisco, Cal., Dec. 15, 
 1878. An American military engineer and offi- 
 cer in the Civil War, brevetted colonel and 
 brigadier-general March 13, 1865. 
 
 Alexander, Edmund B. Bom at Haymarket, 
 Va., Oct. 6, 1802: died at Washington, D. C., 
 Jan. 3, 1888. An American officer. He served 
 in the Mexican war, commanded the Utah expedition 
 1857-58, and was brevetted brigadier-general Oct. 18, 1865. 
 
 Alexander, Sir James Edward. Born in 
 Scotland, 1803: died April 2, 1885. A British 
 soldier (general) and explorer, author of 
 “Travels through Russia and the Crimea” 
 (1830), “Expedition of Discovery into the In- 
 terior of Africa” (1838), etc. He served in India 
 and at the Cape of Good Hope, and in the Burmese, Kafir, 
 Crimean, and other wars. In 1836-37 he conducted an 
 expedition into Namaqualand and Damaraland. 
 
 Alexander, James Waddel. Bom in Louisa 
 County, Va., March 13, 1804: died at Red Sweet 
 Springs, Va., July 31, 1859. An American 
 Presbyterian clergyman, son of Archibald Alex- 
 ander. He was professor of rhetoric and belles-lettres 
 at Princeton College 1833—44, and of ecclesiastical history 
 and church government in Princeton Theological Semi- 
 nary 1844-51, and pastor of the Fifth Avenue Presbyte- 
 rian Church, New York, 1851-59. 
 
 Alexander, John. A pseudonym of Jeremy 
 Taylor, used in 1642. 
 
 Alexander John (Alexander John Cuza or 
 Cusa). Born at Hush, Moldavia, March 20, 
 1820: died at Heidelberg, Baden, May 15, 1873. 
 Prince of Moldavia and Wallachia 1859, and of 
 ★Rumania 1861: dethroned 1866. 
 
 Alexander, John W. Born at Pittsburg, Pa., 
 Oct. 7, 1856. An American portrait-painter. 
 He studied at Munich, at Paris, and in Italy, and 
 is societaire of the Beaux Arts at Paris. 
 Alexander, Joseph Addison. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, April 24, 1809: died at Princeton, 
 N. J., Jan. 28, 1860. An American biblical 
 scholar, son of Archibald Alexander, and pro- 
 fessor in Princeton Theological Seminary. He 
 wrote commentaries on Isaiah (1846-47), on the Psalms 
 (1850), and on several books of the New Testament. 
 
 Alexander (a - lek - san ' der), Ludwig Georg 
 Friedrich Emil. Born July 15, 1823 : died Dec. 
 15, 1888. Prince of Hesse, younger son of the 
 grand duke Ludwig II. of Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 He distinguished himself in the Russian military service, 
 and later in the Austrian, commanding a South-German 
 contingent against Prussia in 1866. 
 
 Alexander (al-eg-zan'der), Sir William. Bom 
 1567 (?) : died at London, Sept. 12, 1640. A 
 Scottish poet and statesman, created earl of 
 Stirling in 1633. Author of “Monarchicke Tragedies" 
 (1603-07); “Paraenesis to the Prince” (1604); “Doomes- 
 day, etc.” (first part 1614), etc. He received Sept. 21, 1621, 
 the grant of New Scotland (i. e., Nova Scotia and New 
 Brunswick), which he transferred to De la Tour in 1630. 
 In 1626 he was appointed secretaiy of state for Scotland. 
 
 Alexander, William. Born at New York, 
 1726: died at Albany, N. Y., Jan. 15, 1783. An 
 American major-general in the Revolutionary 
 War, known as Lord Stirling, though his claim 
 to the Stirling title and estate was pronounced 
 invalid by the lords’ committee on privileges 
 in March, 1762. He entered the service as colonel of a 
 militia regiment in 1775, commanded a brigade at the 
 battle of Long Island in 1776, where he was taken pris- 
 oner, and also served at Trenton, Brandywine, German- 
 _town, and Monmouth. 
 
 Alexander, William Lindsay. Born at Leith, 
 Aug. 24, 1808: died at Pinkieburn, near 
 
 Edinburgh, Dec. 21, 1884. A Scottish Congre- 
 gational clergyman and religious writer, a 
 member of the Old Testament revision com- 
 mittee in 1870. 
 
 Alexander, Mrs. See Hector, Annie. 
 Alexander, Campaspe, and Diogenes. A 
 comedy by John Lyly, printed in 1584, and re- 
 printed as “Campaspe” in that year and in 
 1591. It is usually known by the latter title. 
 Alexander, Romance of. One of the most fa- 
 mous romances of the middle ages. Callisthfenes, 
 a companion of Alexander, wrote an account of the Asi- 
 atic expedition of Alexander, but it is lost. Ilis name, 
 however, is attached to a fabulous account which is sup- 
 posed to have been written in Alexandria in the early 
 part of the 3d century. There are three Latin translations 
 of this pseudo-Oallisthcnes : one by Julius Valerius, be- 
 fore 340; the “Itinerarium Alexandri”; and the "flis- 
 toria do preliis,” by Archpresbyter Leo; and on these 
 
Alexander, Romance of 
 
 the later ones are based. It was translated into Syriac 
 and Armenian in the 5th century. The Persians and 
 Arabs made use of the myth, and in the nth century 
 Simeon Seth, keeper of the imperial wardrobe at the By- 
 zantine court, translated it back from the Persian into 
 the Greek. 
 
 [This] was translated into Latin, and from Latin even into 
 Hebrew, by one who wrote under the adopted name of 
 Jos. Gorionides, had very wide popularity, and became 
 the groundwork of many French, and English poems. Ger- 
 ald de Barri mentions the Latin version which professed 
 to be by an JEsopus or a Julius Valerius, and had a ficti- 
 tious dedication to Constantine the Great. In the year 
 1200 Gaultier de Chatillon turned it into an Alexandreis, 
 which was one of the best Latin poems of the Middle 
 Ages ; and, again, in 1236 Aretinus Qualichiuus turned it 
 into Latin elegiac verse. ... A score of French poets 
 worked upon the subject, and by translation and expan- 
 sion produced that, romance of Alexander of which the 
 great French exemplar was composed in or near the year 
 1184 by the trouv. re Lambert ii Oort, or le Court, of Cha- 
 teaudun, and Alexandre de Paris, named usually from 
 Paris where he dwelt, and sometimes from Bernay where 
 lie was born. There are only fragments of the earliest 
 French poem upon this subject, written in the eleventh 
 century in octosyllabic verse by Alberic [Aubry] of Besan- 
 gon. The larger and later romance orChanson d’Alixandre 
 is of 22,606 lines in nine books, and the twelve-syllabled 
 lines are of the sort now called, as is generally supposed 
 from their use in this poem, Alexandrines. . . . There is 
 a German Alexandreis, written in six books, by Rudolph 
 of liohenems, a Suabian, between the years 1220 and 1254. 
 Ulricli von iischenbach translated the Alexandreis of Gaul- 
 tier de Chatillon. The Alexander romance was adopted in 
 Spain, Italy, and even in Scandinavia. An admirable free 
 translation into English metre was made in the thirteenth 
 century by an unknown author, who has been called 
 Adam Davie. . . . But few mistakes can be more obvious. 
 
 Morley, English Writers, III. 286. 
 
 [Lamprecht, a priest, translated the French of Aubry, or 
 Alberic, of Besan .on. into German, and called it the Alex- 
 anderlied, in the 12th century (about 1130). The Alexan- 
 dreis of the Austrian Siegfried was written about 1350. In 
 the luth century he again appeared as the hero of prose 
 romances in Germany. Alexander myths are to be found 
 in many other of the old French poems, and he becomes a 
 knightly conqueror surrounded by twelve paladins. The 
 poems do not properly form a cycle, as they are quite in- 
 dependent of one another.] 
 
 Alexander Column. A column erected at St. 
 Petersburg in 1832 in honor of Alexander I. 
 
 The polished shaft of red granite, 84 feet high and 14 in 
 diameter, is remarkable as the greatest modern monolith. 
 It supports a Roman-Doric capital of bronze, on which is 
 a die bearing a figure of an angel with the cross. The 
 pededal is adorned with reliefs in bronze. The total 
 height is 154) feet. 
 
 Alexander Cornelius (kor-ne'lius). A Greek 
 writer of the 1st century B. C., a native either 
 of Ephesus or of Cotiteum in Lesser Phrygia : 
 surnamed ‘ ‘ Polyhistor ” from his great learning. 
 During the war of Sulla in Greece lie was made prisoner 
 and sold as a slave to Cornelius Lentul us, who brought 
 him to Rome to become pedagogue of his children. He 
 received the Roman franchise and his gentile name either 
 from Cornelius Lentulus or from L. < ornelius Sulla. He 
 died at Laurentum in a fire which destroyed his house, 
 lie wrote a geographico-historical account in 42 books of 
 nearly all the countries of the ancient world, and many 
 other works, of which only the titles and fragments have 
 been preserved. 
 
 Alexander Jagellon (ja-gel'lon). Born in 
 1461 : died in 1506. King of Poland and grand 
 duke of Lithuania, second son of Casimir IV. 
 of Poland. He succeeded to the grand duchy at (he 
 death oi his father in 1492, and was elected king of Boland 
 at the death of his brother John Albert in 1501. He mar- 
 ried Helena, daughter of Ivan III. of Russia, but was al- 
 most incessantly at war with his father-in-law. In his 
 reign the laws of Boland were codified by John Laski. 
 
 Alexander Karageorgeviich (ka-ra-ga-or'ge- 
 vieh). \Karageorgevitch, son of Black George. 
 See Czerny.'] Born at Topola, Servia, Oct. 11, 
 1806: died at Temesvar, Hungary, May 2, 
 1885. A son of Czerny George, elected prince 
 of Servia in 1842 and deposed in 1858. He was 
 succeeded by Prince Milosch Obrenovitch, who was in 
 turn succeeded by his son Michael in 18i.0. Alexander 
 made repeated attempts to regain the throne, and was 
 accused of complicity in the murder of Prince Michael in 
 1868 and imprisoned, but was soon pardoned. 
 
 Alexander Nevski (nef'ski), Saint. Born at 
 Vladimir, Russia, 1219: died Nov. 14, 1263. A 
 Russian national hero and patron of St. Peters- 
 burg, prince of Novgorod and grand duke of 
 Vladimir. He defeated the Swedes in 1240 on the Izhora, 
 a southern affluent of the Neva (whence his surname 
 Nevski), and the Livonian Knights on the ice of Lake 
 Peipus, 1242. lie is commemorated in the Russian Church 
 Nov. 23. 
 
 Alexander Nevski, Cloister or Monastery 
 
 of. A famous foundation of Peter the Great 
 at St. Petersburg. The larce church, though by a 
 Russian architect, Is basilican in plan, with transepts and 
 an Italian dome at the crossing. The exterior is sober 
 in design and ornament ; the interior is of lavish richness 
 in marbles, jewels, and paintings. The shrine of the 
 saint, in massive silver, is 15 feet high without the angel- 
 supported canopy. 
 
 Alexander of the North. An epithet of Charles 
 XII. of Sweden. 
 
 Alexander Severus (se-ve'rus), Marcus Aure- 
 lius. Born at Area Caisarea in Phcenicia, Oct. 
 1, 208 A. D. : died in 235 A. D. Roman emperor 
 
 36 
 
 from 222 to 235, son of Gessius Marcianus and 
 Julia Mamaea, and a cousin of Elagabalus by 
 whom he was adopted in 221. He was killed by 
 his mutinous soldiers in a campaign against the Germans 
 on the Rhine. See Mamsea. 
 
 Alexander the Corrector. A pseudonym of 
 Alexander Cruden. 
 
 Alexander and the Family of Darius. An 
 
 important painting by Paolo Veronese, in the 
 National Gallery, London. 
 
 Alexander’s Feast. An ode by Dryden writ- 
 ten in 1697, in honor of St. Ceeilia’s day. 
 
 Alexanderbad (al-ek-san'der-bad), or Alex- 
 andersbad (al-ek-san'ders-bad). A watering- 
 place in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, in the 
 Fichtelgebirge 21 miles northeast of Baireuth. 
 
 Alexander Archipelago. A group of islands 
 on the coast of Alaska which includes Sitka 
 and Prince of Wales islands. 
 
 Alexander I. Land. A region in the South 
 Polar lands, about lat. 70° S., long. 75° W. 
 
 Alexandra (al-eg-zan'dra). Died in 69 b. c. 
 (jueen of Judea from 78 B. C. to 69 B. C., con- 
 sort of Alexander Jan me us whom she suc- 
 ceeded. 
 
 Alexandra ( Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise 
 Julie). Born at Copenhagen, Dec. 1, 1844. 
 Daughter of Christian IX. of Denmark and 
 wife of Edward VII., king of England, whom 
 she married March 10, 1863. 
 
 Alexandra. The queen of the Amazons in 
 Ariosto’s “Orlando Furioso.” 
 
 Alexandra. The 54th asteroid, discovered by 
 Goldschmidt at Paris, Sept. 10, 1858. 
 
 Alexandra Land. A vast region of Australia 
 under the administration of South Australia, 
 regarded as the same as the Northern Territory, 
 or as that part of it which is included between 
 lat. 16°-26° S. and long. 129°-138° E. 
 
 Alexandre (al-ek-soh'dr), Aaron. Born at 
 Hohenfeld, Bavaria, about 1766: died at Lon- 
 don, Nov. 16, 1850. A German chess-player, 
 author of “Encyclopddie des 6checs” (1837). 
 
 Alexandre le Grand (al-ek-soh'dr le groh). 
 A tragedy by Racine, produced in 1665. it was 
 the cause of a serious quarrel between Moliu reand Racine, 
 who both loved the same woman, an actress who played 
 the part of Axiane. 
 
 Alezandretta (al-eg-zan-dret'a), Turk. Skan- 
 derun, or Iskanderun (from Arab. Iskan- 
 der, Alexander (the Great)). A seaport in 
 the vilayet of Adana, Asiatic Turkey, on the 
 Gulf of Iskandeinn in lat. 36° 35' N., long. 
 36° 10' E., founded by Alexander the Great in 
 333 b. c. 
 
 Alexandria (al-eg-zan'dri-a), Arab. Iskan- 
 deriyeh. A famous seaport of Egypt, founded 
 by Alexander the Great in 332 B. C. (whence its 
 name). It is situated at the northwestern extremity of 
 the Delta on the strip of land which lies between the 
 Mediterranean and Lake Mareotis. The modern city oc- 
 cupies what was anciently the island of Pharos, together 
 with the isthmus now connecting it with the mainland 
 where the ancient city stood. Alexandria was the capital 
 of Egypt during the Ptolemaic period, and became an im- 
 portant seat of Greek culture and learning. In 30 B. c. 
 it was annexed by Rome. It ranked as tile second city of 
 the Roman Empire, and continued to be the chief com- 
 mercial city under the Byzantine empire. It was an 
 important center of Christianity, and the seat of a patri- 
 archate. In 641 it was taken by the Saracens under Amru, 
 and was entered by the French in 1798, who were defeated 
 near here by the British in 1801. (See A bukir.y The pres- 
 ent city was largely rebuilt under Mehemet Ali. It was 
 bombarded by a British fleet of eight ironclads under Sir 
 Frederick Seymour, July 11, 18S2, and defended by the in- 
 surgents, and was taken by the British July 12. Popu- 
 lation, 332,246. 
 
 After the time of Alexander, Grecian literature flour- 
 ished nowhere so conspicuously as at Alexandria in 
 Egypt, under the auspices of the Ptolemies. Here all the 
 sects of philosophy had established themselves ; numer- 
 ous schools wei e opened ; and, for the advancement of 
 learning, a library was collected, which w :s supposed, at 
 one time, to have contained 700,000 volumes, in all lan- 
 guages. Connected with the library there were extensive 
 offices, in which the business of transcribing books was 
 carried on very largely, and with every possible advan- 
 tage which royal munificence on the one hand, and 
 learned assiduity on the other, could insure. Kor did 
 the literary fame of Alexandria decline under the Roman 
 emperors. Domitian, as Suetonius reports, sent scribes 
 to Alexandria to copy books for the restoration of those 
 libraries that had been destroyed by fire. And it seems 
 to have been for some centuries afterwards a common 
 practice for those who wished to form a library, to main- 
 tain copyists at Alexandria. The conquest of Egypt by 
 the Saracens, A. D. 640, who burned the Alexandrian 
 Library, banished learning for a time from that, as from 
 other countries, which they occupied. 
 
 Taylor , Hist. Anc. Books, p. 69. 
 [This library (according to many writers who discredit 
 its sacking by the Arabs) was entirely destroyed under 
 Theophilus, A. D. 391.) 
 
 Alexandria. A small town on the coast of 
 Asia Minor, near the island of Tenedos. It con- 
 tains important ruins of Roman therma;. The structure 
 
 Alexis 
 
 measured 270 by 404 feet in plan, and had on three sides 
 long halls, with columns, inside of which were smaller sub- 
 divisions. The walls of the interior were incrusted with 
 ornamental marbles, and the vaults ornamented with 
 glass mosaics. It is believed to date from the reign of 
 Hadrian. 
 
 Alexandria. A town in southern Rumania. 
 50 miles southwest of Bukliarest. Population, 
 14,669. 
 
 Alexandria. A small manufacturing town in 
 Dumbartonshire, Scotland, situated on the 
 Leven 15 miles northwest of Glasgow. 
 Alexandria. The capital of Rapides parish, 
 Louisiana, situated on Red River 100 miles 
 northwest of Baton Rouge, a Federal squadron in 
 Banks’s expedition passed the rapids here. May, 1864, by 
 means of a dam built by Lieutenant-Colonel Bailey. Pop- 
 ulation, 11,213, (1910). 
 
 Alexandria. A town in Jefferson County, 
 New York, situated on the St. Lawrence 32 
 miles southwest of Ogdensburgh. Population, 
 4,259, (1910). 
 
 Alexandria. The capital of Douglas County, 
 Minnesota, 125 miles northwest of St. Paul. 
 Population, 3,001, (1910). 
 
 Alexandria. A city and port of entry in Vir- 
 ginia, formerly in Alexandria County, now in- 
 dependent, situated on the Potomac 7 miles 
 south of Washington. It was entered by Federal 
 troops May 24, 1861. Population, 15,329, (1910). 
 
 Alexandrian Codex, L. Codex Alexandrians. 
 
 An important manuscript of the Scriptures 
 now in the British Museum, sent to Charles I. 
 of England by the Patriarch of Constantinople. 
 It is written in Greek uncials on parchment, and con- 
 tains the Septuagint version of the Old Testament com- 
 plete, except parts of the Psalms, and almost all the X ew 
 Testament. It is assigned to the 5tli century. 
 
 Alexandrian Saga. See A lexander, Romance of. 
 Alexandrina (al-eg-zan-drl'na), Lake. See 
 
 Victoria, Lake. 
 
 Alexandrine War. A war (48-47 b. c.) be- 
 tween Julius Ctesar and the guardians of Ptol- 
 emy (elder brother of Cleopatra), in Egypt. 
 It resulted in favor of Caesar, who placed Cleopatra" and 
 her younger brother (the elder having died) on the Egyp- 
 tian throne. 
 
 Alexandroff. See Alexandrov. 
 
 Alexandrcpol (al-ek-san-dro'pol), or Alexan- 
 dra, pci (al-ek-siin-dra'pol), formerly Gumri. 
 A town in the government of Erivau, Trans- 
 caucasia, Russia, situated on the Arpa 35 miles 
 northeast of Kars. It is an important military post. 
 Here, 1853, the Russians defeated the Turks. Population, 
 30,616. 
 
 Alexandrov, or Alexandroff (ii-lek-.«an'drof). 
 A town in the government of Vladimir, Russia, 
 60 miles northeast of Moscow. Population, 
 7,600. 
 
 Alexandrovsk (al-ek-san'drofsk). A town in 
 the government of Yekaterinoslaff, Russia, sit- 
 uated near the Dnieper in lat. 47° 47' N., long. 
 35° 20' E. Population, 25,400. 
 Alexandrovsky (al-ek-san-drof'ske) Moun- 
 tains. A mountain-range running east and 
 west in the governments of Semiryetchensk 
 and Syr-Daria,, Asiatic Russia. Its greatest 
 height is about 12,000 to 13,000 feet. 
 
 Alexas (a-lek'sas). A minor character in 
 Shakspere’s “Antony and Cleopatra,” an at- 
 tendant of Cleopatra. 
 
 Alexei. See Alexis. 
 
 Alexiad (a-lek'si-ad), The. See the extract. 
 
 By the command of the Empress Irene, Nicephorus 
 Byrennius, who had married her daughter the celebrated 
 Anna Comnena, undertook a history of the house of 
 Comneni, which has come down to us with the title 
 “Materials of History.” Anna herself continued her 
 husband’s work when she retired after his death to the 
 leisure of a convent. The imperial authoress entitled her 
 hook “The Alexiad.” As its epic name denotes, it is 
 mainly a prolix biography of her father Alexis I. It is in 
 fifteen hooks, and includes the period from 1069 to 1118. 
 The work is interesting in itself to the student of history, 
 but it is most generally known as having supplied Sir 
 Walter Scott with the subject and some of the materials 
 for tile last and feeblest of his romances. 
 
 K. 0. Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 399. 
 
 [(Donaldson.) 
 
 Alexin. See Aleksin. 
 
 Alexinatz (a-lek'si-nats). A town in Servia. 
 situated near the Morava in lat. 43° 31' N., 
 long. 21° 41' E., the scene of several contests 
 between the Turks and Servians in 1876. 
 Population, 5,199. 
 
 Alexios. See Alexius. 
 
 Alexis (a-lek'sis). [Gr. AAejif.] Born at Thurii, 
 Magna Grsecia, Italy, about 390 b. c. : diedabout 
 288 B. c. A Greek dramatist, a master of the 
 “ middle comedy.” He was a prolific writer, the 
 author of 245 plays. Fragments of these, amounting to 
 1,600 lines, are extant. He was brought as a youth to 
 Athens, and was a citizen of that city. 
 
 Alexis, or Alexei. Born in 1629: died in 1676. 
 Czar of Russia, son of Michael F6odorovitch, 
 
Alexis 
 
 the son of Czar Michael Romanoff, whom he 
 succeeded in 1645. He waged a war with Poland from 
 1654 to 1667, acquiring possession of Smolensk and eastern 
 Ukraine. In a war with Sweden from 1655 to 1658 he con- 
 quered a part of Livoniaand Ingermanland, but was forced 
 by domestic troubles to relinquish this territory at the 
 treaty of Cardis, June 21,1661. He extended bis conquests 
 to eastern Siberia, codified the laws of the various prov- 
 inces of Russia, and, by beginning to introduce European 
 civilization, prepared the way for his son Peter the Great. 
 Alexis, or Alexei. Born at Moscow, Feb. 18, 
 1690: died in prison at St. Petersburg, July 7, 
 1718. The eldest son of Peter the Great and 
 father of Peter II. He was condemned for 
 high treason and imprisoned. 
 
 Alexis. An amorous shepherd in Fletcher’s 
 pastoral “The Faithful Shepherdess.” 
 
 Alexis I.-V. See Alexius. 
 
 Alexisbad (a-lek'ses-bad). A health-resort in 
 the Harz, Anhalt, Germany, 18 miles south of 
 Halberstadt, noted for mineral springs. 
 Alexius (a-lek'si-us), Saint. A saint (probably 
 mythical) said to have been born at Rome about 
 350 A. D. According to the legend, he fled from his bride, 
 a lady of high rank, on the wedding evening to the porch 
 of the Church of Our Lady of Edessa, where he lived in 
 chastity for seventeen years. He afterward returned to 
 Rome and lived unrecognized in his father's house. He is 
 commemorated in the Roman Church on July 17, and in 
 the Greek on March 17. 
 
 Alexius, Saint. A Roman saint of the 5th century, 
 said to have been a senator. He was the founder 
 of the Alexians or Cellites. 
 
 Alexius I. Comnenus (kom-ne'nus), Gr. Alex- 
 ios Komnenos. Born at Constantinople in 
 1048: died in 1118. Byzantine emperor from 
 1081 to 1118, nephew of Isaac Comnenus. He 
 supplanted, by the aid of the soldiery, the emperor Ni- 
 cephorus, who retired to a monastery, and defended the 
 empire against the Petchenegs, the Turks, and the Nor- 
 mans. In his reign occurred the first Crus .de. Hislifehas 
 been written by his daughter Anna! 'omnena. See A lexiad. 
 
 Alexius II. Comnenus, Gr. Alexios Kom- 
 nenos. Born in 1168 (f) : di,ed in 1183. By- 
 zantine emperor from 1180 to 1183, son of 
 Manuel whom he succeeded. He was deposed 
 and strangled by Andronicus. 
 
 Alexius III. Angelus (an'je-lus), Gr. Alexios 
 Angelos. Died in 1210. Byzantine emperor 
 from 1195 to 1203. He usurped the throne of his 
 brother Isaac II., but was deposed by an army of Crusaders 
 who besieged Constantinople and reinstated Isaac II. with 
 his son Alexius IV. as colleague. Alexius III. died in exile. 
 
 Alexius IV. Angelus, Gr. Alexios Angelos. 
 
 Died in 1204. Byzantine emperor in 1203 and 
 1204, son of Isaac II. Angelus. He was put to 
 death after a reign of six months by Alexius V. 
 Alexius V., or Alexios, surnamed Dukas Murt- 
 zuphlos. Died in 1204. A Byzantine emperor. 
 He usurped the throne of Alexius IV. in 1204, but was 
 driven from Constantinople by the Crusaders who had re- 
 solved on toe partition of the empire. He was arrested 
 in Morea, tried for the muiderof AlexiusI V., and executed. 
 
 Alexius I. Comnenus, Gr. Alexios Komnenos. 
 
 Died in 1222. Emperor of Trebizond from 1204 
 to 1222, grandson of the Byzantine emperor 
 Andronicus I. At. the capture of Constantinople by 
 the Crusaders in 1204 he made himself master of Trebizond, 
 which he raised from the position of a province of the 
 Byzantine empire to that of an independent empire. 
 
 Alexius II. Comnenus, Gr. Alexios Kom- 
 nenos. Died in 1330. Emperor of Trebizond 
 from 1297 to 1330, son of Joannes II. whom he 
 succeeded. 
 
 Alexius III. Comnenus, Gr. Alexios Kom- 
 nenos. Died in 1390. Emperor of Trebizond 
 from 1349 to 1390, son of Basilius by Dene of 
 Trebizond. 
 
 Alexius IV. Comnenus, Gr. Alexios Kom- 
 nenos. Died in 1446. Emperor of Trebizond 
 from 1417 to 1446, son of Manuel IH. and Eu- 
 docia of Georgia. 
 
 Aleyn, or Alain. [ME. : the mod. Allen.'] See 
 the extract. 
 
 The good-livers go to service and are fed by the Holy 
 Graal. The sinners, on the contrary, not being thus fed, 
 beg Josephes, Joseph's son, to pray for them ; and he or- 
 ders Bron’s twelfth son, Aleyn or Alain le Gros, to take 
 the net from the Graal table, and fish with it. He catches 
 one fish, which the sinners say will not suffice. But Aleyn 
 having prayed satisfies them all with it, and is thence- 
 forward called the Rich Fisher. Joseph dies and his 
 body is buried at “Olay," while his son transmits the 
 Graal to Aleyn. By Aleyn’s instrumentality the leper king 
 Galafres, of the land of Foreygne, is converted and chris- 
 tened Alphasan. He is healed by looking upon the Graal, 
 and builds Castle Corbenic, which is to be the repository 
 and shrine of the Holy Cup, as Vespasian was healed by 
 looking on the Veronica 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 167. 
 Aleyn. One of the Cambridge students or clerks 
 of Cantebregge in Chaucer’s “ Reeve’s Tale.” 
 Alfadir (al-fa/dir). [Icel. Alfadhir, All-father.] 
 In Old Norse mythology, one of the many 
 appellations of Odin as the supreme god of all 
 mankind. 
 
 37 
 
 Alfana (al-fa/na). The horse of Gradasso in 
 “Orlando Furipso.” 
 
 Al-Farabi (al-fa-ra'bi), Abu Nasr Mohammed 
 Ibn Tarkhan. Born at Farab, Turkestan, 
 about 870: died, at Damascus about 950. An 
 Arabian philosopher of the school of Bagdad, 
 famous for his great learning. He wrote an encyclo- 
 pedia of the sciences and numerous treatises on the work3 
 of Plato and Aristotle. 
 
 Alfarache, Guzman de. See Guzman. 
 
 Alfaro (al-fa'ro). A town in the province of 
 Logrono, Spain, situated near the Ebro 60 
 miles northwest of Saragossa. Population, 
 5,938. 
 
 Alfaro, Francisco de. Born at Seville about 
 1565 : died at Madrid about 1650. A Spanish 
 lawyer. He was successively fiscal of the Audience of 
 Panama (1594), member of the Audience of Lima (about 
 1601), president of the Audience of Charcas (1632), and 
 member of the Council of the Indies for some years before 
 his death. The viceroy Montesclaros commissioned him to 
 inquire into the condition of the Indians of Peru, and the re- 
 sult was a set of laws called the Ordinances of Alfaro, pro- 
 mulgated in 1612 and intended to prevent Indian slavery. 
 
 Alfasi (al-fa/si), Isaac ben Jacob. [Ar. Al- 
 fasi, Fez.] Born in Kala Hamad, near Fez, 
 1013 : died at Tucena, 1103. A celebrated 
 Jewish scholar and authority on the Talmud. 
 He composed a sort of abbreviated Talmud which was 
 much used by the Spanish Jews in pla<e of the Talmud 
 itself. Also called, after the initials of his name, Rif. 
 Alfeld (al'felt). A small town in the province 
 of Hanover, Prussia, situated on the Leine 28 
 miles south of Hanover. 
 
 Alfeta (al'fe-ta). The name given in the “Al- 
 magest” and Alphonsine tables to the second- 
 magnitude star a Coronse Borealis. The star is 
 more generally known as Alphecca or Gemma. 
 Alfheim(alf' him). [ON .Alfheimr: d[/r, elf, and 
 heimr, world.] InOldNorse mythology, the abode 
 of the light Elves. It was conceived to be near the 
 sacred well of the Noras, at the foot of the ash Yggdrasil. 
 
 Alfieri (al-fe-a're), Cesare, Marquis di Sos- 
 tegno. Born at Turin, Aug. 13, 1796: died 
 at Florence, April 17, 1869. A Piedmontese 
 statesman and political reformer, for a short 
 time premier in 1848. 
 
 Alfieri, Count Vittorio. Born, of noble pa- 
 rents, at Asti in Piedmont, Jan. 17, 1749: died 
 at Florence, Oct. 8, 1803. A celebrated Italian 
 dramatist. At nine years of age he wa3 placed in the A cad- 
 emy at Turin, at thirteen began the study of civil and ca- 
 nonical law, which he soon abandoned, ami at fourteen 
 came into possession of large wealth. From 1767 to 1773 he 
 roamed adventurously over Europe, returning to Turin in 
 the latteryear. In 1775 his play “ Cleopatra" was success- 
 fully produced. He then went to Tuscany to complete 
 “Philip II.’’ and “Polynices,” two tragedies originally 
 written in French prose, which he now versified. While 
 in Florence he formed a connection with the Countess of 
 Albany, which endured for twenty years. He resided for 
 a time in Rome, leaving it in 1783 for a period of travel: 
 on his return he joined the countess in Alsace, living with 
 her there and in Paris, where he went in 1787 to oversee a 
 complete edition of iris works. In 1792, at the outbreak 
 of the Revolution, they returned to Florence where he 
 passed the last eleven years of his life. He left 21 tragedies 
 and 6 comedies, besides 6 odes on American Independence, 
 various sonnets, and a number of prose works, among 
 which are a “Panegyric on Trajan,” “Essays on Litera- 
 ture and Government,” and a “Defense of Louis XVI.,” 
 which includes a satirical account of the French Revolu- 
 tion. His tragedies are “ Philip II.” “Polynices,” “An- 
 tigone ” (the sequel of “Polynices”), “Virginia,” “Aga- 
 memnon," “Orestes,” “The Conspiracy of the Pazzi,” 
 “Don Garcia,” “ Rosamunda,” “Mary Stuart,” “ Timo- 
 leon,” “Octavia,” “Merope,” “Saul,” “Agis,” “Sopho- 
 nisba,” “ Myrrha,” two tragedies on the elder and y ounger 
 Brutus, and two on the subject of Alcestes. “Abel,” 
 which he called a “tramelogedia,” is a sort of mixture of 
 lyric and tragic poetry. He wrote six comedies which he 
 attempted to make a vehicle for his political sentiments. 
 They are satirical, not dramatic. They are “One,” “Few,” 
 “Too Many,” “The Antidote,” “La Finestrina,” and 
 “The Divorce.” They were never played. He also wrote 
 an autobiography. He was a strict observer of dramatic 
 unities, and left out all secondary characters. His bold, 
 vigorous, lofty, and almost naked style founded a new 
 school in Italian drama. His works were first collected 
 and published after his death by the Countess of Albany. 
 The edition is in 35 volumes, published at Pisa 1805-15. 
 Thirteen volumes contain his posthumous works. 
 
 Alfinger (iil'fing-er), Ambrosio de. Died 1532. 
 A German soldier, appointed in 1528 agent of 
 the mercantile house of the Welsers (of Augs- 
 burg), which held Venezuela as a hereditary 
 fief on condition of completing the conquest of 
 the country for Castile and colonizing it. After 
 ravaging the vicinity of Lake Maracaybo, he marched 
 into the highlands of New Granada, and had nearly 
 reached the rich country of the Chibchas when he died 
 from a wound by an Indian arrow. His inroads were 
 marked by horrible cruelties. 
 
 Alfold (ol'feld). [Hung., ‘lowland.’] The 
 great central plain of Hungary. 
 
 Alfonso (al-fon'so) I., or Alpbionso, or Alonzo 
 (a-lon'zo). Born 693: died at Cangas, 757. 
 King of Asturias 739-757, surnamed “ TheCath- 
 olic ” on account of his zeal in erecting and en- 
 
 Alfonso XIII. 
 
 dowing monasteries and churches. He was a son 
 of Pedro, duke of Biscay, a descendant of the Visigothic 
 kings, and son-in-law of Pelayo, king of Asturias, whose 
 son Favila he succeeded. He is said to have wrested 
 Leon, Galicia, and Castile from the Moors. 
 
 Alfonso II., or Alphonso. Died in Oviedo, 842. 
 King of Asturias 791-842, surnamed “The 
 Chaste.” He defeated Mohammed, the Moorish 
 governor of Merida, in 830. 
 idfonso III., or Alpbonso. Born 848: died 
 912. King of Asturias and Leon 866-910, sur 
 named “The Great,” eldest son of Ordono I. 
 His reign was filled with internal struggles and external 
 conflicts, especially with the Moors, over whom he was 
 almost uniformly victorious. His successes extended 
 his dominions from the Duero to the Guadiana. In 910 
 he abdicated in favor of his son Garcia on account of civil 
 wars raised by his sons. 
 
 Alfonso IV., or Alpbonso. Died 933(f). King 
 of Leon 924-927 (?), surnamed “ The Monk,” 
 eldest son of Ordoiio II. He abdicated, on the death 
 of his wife, in favor of his brother Ramiro, and retired to 
 a cloister, was taken prisoner at Leon in an attempt to 
 regain the throne, was blinded, and was confined till his 
 death in the monastery of St. Julian. 
 
 Alfonso V., or Alpbonso. Born 994 : died 1027. 
 King of Leon and Castile 999-1027, son of 
 Bermudo II. whom he succeeded. He recaptured 
 Leon, which had been lost during his minority, and was 
 killed at the siege of Viseo. 
 
 Alfonso VI., or Alphonso. Born 1030: died 
 1109. King of Leon and, as Alfonso I., of Cas- 
 tile, surnamed “The Valiant,” son of Ferdi- 
 nand the Great whom he succeeded in Leon in. 
 1065. He succeeded his brother Sancho in Castile in 
 1072. From 1068 until 1072, when Sancho died, the 
 brothers were at war, and in 1071 Alfonso was defeated 
 and taken prisoner at Valpellage (Golpeliera). In 1085 he 
 captured Toledo from the Moors and was himself de- 
 feated near Zalaca by Yussuf ibn Tashfyn in 1086. His 
 reign witnessed the exploits of the Cid. 
 
 Alfonso VII., King of Leon and Castile. See 
 Alfonso I. (of Aragon). 
 
 Alfonso VIII., or Alphonso (Alfonso Ray- 
 mond). Born 1106: died at Tremada, Aug., 
 1157. King of Leon and, as Alfonso II. (or 
 
 III. ), king of Castile, 1126-57, son of Urraca, 
 daughter of Alfonso VI. (and wife of Alfonso 
 
 VII. ), and Raymond of Burgundy, her first 
 husband. He extended the frontiers of Castile from 
 the Tagus to the Sierra Morena Mountains, and proclaimed 
 himself emperor of Spain in 1135. 
 
 Alfonso IX., or Alphonso. King of Leon 
 1188-1230, son of Ferdinand II. He gained a bril- 
 liant victory over Mohammed ibn Hud at Merida 1230. 
 He was married first to Theresa, daughter of Sancho I. 
 of Portugal, and later to Berengaria, daughter of the king 
 of Castile: both marriages were dissolved by the Pops 
 as being within the degree of affinity prescribed by the 
 canon law. 
 
 Alfonso IX., or Alphonso (also reckoned as 
 
 VIII. and as III.). Bern 1155: died 1214. 
 King of Castile 1158-1214, surnamed “The 
 Noble” or “The Good,” son of Sancho HI. 
 He was defeated by the Moors at Alarcos in 1195, and in 
 alliance with Aragon and Navarre defeated the Moors at 
 Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. 
 
 Alfonso X., or Alphonso. Born 1221: died at 
 Seville, April 4, 1284. A celebrated king of 
 Leon and Castile, 1252-82, surnamed “The 
 Wise ’’and “The Astronomer,” son of Ferdi- 
 nand III. He laid claim to the duchy of Swabia, and 
 twice unsuccessfully attempted to secure the imperial 
 crown : the first time he was defeated by Richard of 
 Cornwall, and the second by B-udolf of Hapsburg. From 
 1261 to 1266 he waged war with the Moors with varying 
 fortune. He was dethroned by his son Sancho in 1282. 
 Alfonso is celebrated as the authorof the code “ LasSiete 
 Partidas,” the basis of Spanish jurisprudence, and for 
 the Alphonsine tables, a set of astronomical observations 
 compiled at his command. 
 
 [Alfonso] first maje the Castilian a national language by 
 causing the Bible to be translated into it, and by requir- 
 ing it to be used in all legal proceedings ; and he first, by 
 his great Code and other works, gave specimens of prose 
 composition which left a free and disencumbered course 
 for all that has been done since, — a service, perhaps, 
 greater than it has been permitted any other Spaniard to 
 render the prose literature of his country. 
 
 Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 41. 
 
 Alfonso XI., or Alplionso. Died March 26. 
 1350. King of Leon and Castile 1312-50, sur- 
 named “The Avenger” from his severity in 
 repressing internal disorder: son of Ferdinand 
 
 IV. He defeated the Moors of Morocco and Granada at 
 Rio Salado, Oct. 29, 1340. 
 
 Alfonso XII., or Alphonso. Born at Madrid, 
 Nov. 28, 1857 : died at El Pardo, Nov. 25, 1885. 
 The son of Isabella II., proclaimed king of 
 Spain Dec. , 1874. He landed in Spain Jan., 1875, and 
 suppressed the Carlist rebellion in 1876. 
 
 Alfonso XIII., or Alphonso. Born at Madrid, 
 May 17, 1886. The son of Alfonso XII., pro- 
 claimed king under the regency of his mother 
 (Maria Christina of Austria) on the day of his 
 birth. The regency ended May 17, 1902. Ho 
 was married to* Princess Ena (Victoria) of 
 Batter.berg May 31, 1906. 
 
38 
 
 Alfonso I. 
 
 Alfonso I., King of Naples. See Alfonso I'. 
 of Aragon. 
 
 Alfonso II., or AlphonSO. Born 1448: died Nov. 
 19, 1495. King of Naples 1494-95, eldest son of 
 Ferdinand I. and Isabella. He defeated the Flor- 
 entines at Poggio 1479, and the Turks at Otranto 1481. 
 Having rendered himself obnoxious to his subjects, he 
 abdicated (Jan. 23, 1495) in favor of his son Ferdinand II., 
 when Charles Vni. of France threatened his capital. 
 Alfonso I., or Alfonso (af-fon 'so), or Alphonso. 
 Born about 1110: died Dec. 6, 1185. The first 
 king of Portugal, son of Henry of Burgundy, 
 count of Portugal, and Teresa of Castile. On 
 
 his father’s death in 1112 he became, under his mother's 
 tutelage, count of Portugal, and was declared sole ruler 
 in 1128. In that year he made successful war upon his 
 mother, who refused to yield up the government, and 
 upon her ally, Alfonso VIII., from whom he wrested 
 the independence of Portugal. He was proclaimed king 
 by his soldiers, probably after the victory over the Moors 
 at Ourique, July 26, 1139; took Santarem from the Moors 
 in 1146 ; captured Lisbon in 1147 ; and was taken captive 
 near Badajoz in 1167 by the Leonese and made to pay a 
 heavy ransom (the surrender of all his conquests in Galicia). 
 
 Alfonso II., or Alfonso, or Alphonso. Born 
 April 23, 1185 : died March 25, 1223. King of 
 Portugal 1211-23, surnamed “The Fat.” He 
 defeated the Moors at Alcacer do Sal in 1217. 
 Alfonso III., or Alfonso, or Alphonso. Born 
 May 5, 1210 : died Feb. 16, 1279. King of Por- 
 tugal 1248-79. During his reign Algarve was 
 incorporated in Portugal. 
 
 Alfonso IV., or Affonso, or Alphonso. Born at 
 Coimbra, Feb. 8, 1290: died May 28, 1357. King 
 of Portugal 1325-57, surnamed “ The Brave” 
 and “ The Fierce.” He consented to the murder of 
 Ines de Castro, secretly married to his son Pedro, who, 
 in consequence, headed a revolt against his father. See 
 Caxtro, Ines de. 
 
 Alfonso V., or Alfonso, or Alphonso. Born 
 1432: died at Cintra, Aug. 28, 1481. King of 
 Portugal 1438-81, surnamed “The African” 
 from his conquests in Africa: son of King 
 Duarte (Edward). He defeated the Moors in 
 Africa in 1458 and 1471, and was defeated at 
 Toro in 1476 by Ferdinand the Catholic. 
 Alfonso VI., or Affonso, or Alphonso. Born 
 1643 : died Sept. 12, 1683. King of Portugal, 
 second son of John IV. He succeeded to the 
 throne in 1656 and was deposed in 1667. 
 Alfonso I., or Alphonso. King of Aragon and 
 Navarre 1104-34, and, as Alfonso VII., king of 
 Leon and Castile. He married Urraca, daughter and 
 heiress of Alfonso VI. of Leon and Castile, in 1109. In 
 1118 he conquered Saragossa from the Moors. 
 
 Alfonso II., or Alphonso. Born 1152: died 
 1196. King of Aragon 1163-96, son of Ray- 
 mondo V., count of Barcelona, and Petronilla, 
 daughter of Ramiro II. of Aragon : especially 
 noted as a patron of Proven§al poetry. 
 Alfonso III., or Alphonso. Born 1265: died 
 June 18, 1291. King of Aragon 1285-91, sur- 
 named “ The Magnificent,” son of Pedro III. 
 He granted in 1287 the “ Privilege of Union ” by which his 
 subjects were permitted to bear arms and the right was 
 given of citing the king himself before the Cortes. 
 
 ■Alfonso IV., or Alphonso. Born 1299: died 
 1336. King of Aragon 1327-36, surnamed “ The 
 Good. ’ His entire reign was occupied by a war with 
 the Genoese about the possession of Corsica and Sardinia. 
 
 Alfonso V., or Alphonso. Born 1385 : died at 
 Naples, June 27, 1458. King of Aragon and, as 
 Alfonso I., king of Sicily and Sardinia and of 
 Naples : surnamed ‘ ‘ The Magnanimous.” He was 
 the son of Ferdinand the Just, whom he succeeded in 1416 
 as king of Aragon and of Sicily and Sardinia. In 1420 he 
 was adopted as heir and prospective successor by Joanna 
 I. of Naples, but was disinherited in 1423 in favor of Louis 
 of Anjou. He captured Naples in 1442, seven years after 
 the death of Joanna, and enforced his claim to the succes- 
 sion. He was a patron of learning and a model of ehivalric 
 virtues. 
 
 Alfonso I., or Alphonso, of Este. Born 1476 : 
 died Oct. 31, 1534. Duke of Ferrara 1505-34. 
 He commanded the papal troops in the war of 
 the League of Cambrai in 1509, and fought 
 against Pope Julius II. at Ravenna in 1512. 
 He married Lucretia Borgia in 1501. 
 
 Alfonso, Count of Poitou. Died 1271. Brother 
 of Louis IX. of France, and ruler of Poitou and 
 Toulouse. 
 
 Alfonso de Cartagena. See Alphonsus a Sancta 
 Maria. 
 
 Alford (al'ford), Henry. Born at London, Oct. 
 10, 1810 : died at Canterbury, England, Jan. 7, 
 1871. An English divine, biblical scnolar, poet, 
 and general writer, a graduate and fellow of 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, and dean of Can- 
 terbury 1857-71. Hewas theauthorof a noted edition 
 of the Greek Testament (1849-61), “New Testament for 
 English Headers ” (1867), "Poems,” “The Queen’s English” 
 (1866), etc. 
 
 Alford (originally Griffiths), Michael. Born 
 
 at London, 1587 : died at St. Omer, Aug. 11, 
 
 1652. An English Jesuit, author of various 
 works on ecclesiastical history. 
 
 Alfortville (al-fort-vel'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Seine, France, on the Marne south- 
 east of Paris, the seat of a national veterinary 
 school established 1766. 
 
 Alfred (al'fred), or Alfred (alf'rad), surnamed 
 “The Great.” Born at Wantage, Berkshire, 
 849 : died Oct. 28, 901. King of the West Saxons 
 871-901, fifth and youngest son of iEthelwulf, 
 king of the West Saxons, and his wife Osburh 
 (daughter of Oslac his cup-bearer), and brother 
 of iEthelred whom he succeeded. He fought 
 against the Danes in the defensive campaign of 871, serv- 
 ing under his brother JEthelred at Ashdown, Basing, and 
 Merton, and commanded as king at Wilton. In 878 he re- 
 ceded before the Danes to Athelney, but later obtained a 
 decisive victoiy over them at Ethandun. By the treaty of 
 Wedmore, which followed, Guthrum consented to receive 
 baptism and to retire north of Watling Street. Alfred forti- 
 fied London in 886, and carried on a defensive war with the 
 Danes 894-897, which ended in the withdrawal of the in- 
 vaders, and in which, by the aid of ships of improved 
 model, the English for the first time gained a decided 
 naval advantage over the vikings. His success against 
 the Danes was due largely to his reform of the national 
 fyrd or militia, by which half the force of each shire 
 was always ready for military service. His adminis- 
 tration was also marked by judicial and educational re- 
 forms. He compiled a code of laws, rebuilt the schools 
 and monasteries, and invited scholars to his court He 
 was himself a man of learning, and translated into 
 Saxon the “Ecclesiastical History ” of the Venerable Bede, 
 the “Epitome of Universal History’’of Paulus Orosius, 
 and the “ Consolations of Philosophy ’’ by Boethius, and 
 corrected a translation of the “ Dialogues ” of Gregory the 
 Great. The popular accounts of his life abound in legends 
 which are devoid of historical foundation. 
 
 It is not surprising that the great services of Alfred 
 to his people in peace and in war should have led poster- 
 ity to ascribe every institution, of which the beginning 
 was obscure [such as the law of frank-pledge, the distri- 
 bution of hundreds and ty things, and trial by jury], to his 
 contrivance, till his fame has become almost as fabulous 
 in legislation as that of Arthur in arms. Hallam. 
 
 Alfred the Great. A historical play by J. 
 Sheridan Knowles, produced in 1831. 
 
 Alfred, or Alredus (al-re'dus), or Aluredus 
 (al-o-re'dus), of Beverley. Lived about 1143. 
 An English chronicler, author of “ Annales sive 
 Historia de gestis regum Britannia? libris ix. ad 
 annum 1129,” a work occupied chiefly with the 
 fabulous history of the country. 
 
 Alfred, Prince (Duke of Edinburgh). Born 
 Aug. 6, 1844 : died July 30, 1900. The second 
 son of Queen Victoria: duke of Saxe-Coburg 
 and Gotha (1893). He was elected king of 
 Greece in 1862, but declined the offer. 
 
 Alfred Club. A club instituted in 1808 in Al- 
 bemarle street, London. 
 
 Alfreton (al'fer-ton). A town in Derbyshire, 
 England, 13 miles northeast of Derby. Popu- 
 lation, 17,505. 
 
 Alfric. See JElfric. 
 
 Alfures (al-fo'res), or Alfuros (al-fo'ros), or 
 Alfura (al-fo'ra). A descriptive name, signi- 
 fying ‘wild,’ ‘uncivilized,’ given to certain 
 native tribes of the north of Celebes, the Mo- 
 luccas, Mindanao, and adjacent islands. They 
 are generally classed with the Malays. Also 
 Haraforas. 
 
 Algardi (al-gar'de), Alessandro. Born at Bo- 
 logna, Italy, 1602 (1598 ?): died at Rome, June 
 10, 1654. A noted Italian sculptor. His chief 
 
 works are the monument of Leo XI. and a marble relief 
 of Leo I. and Attila, both in St. Peter’s, Pome. 
 
 Algarotti (al-ga-rot'te), Count Francesco. 
 Born at Venice, Dec. 11, 1712: died at Pisa, 
 Italy, May 3, 1764. A noted Italian littera- 
 teur and art connoisseur. 
 
 Algarve (al-gar'va). The southernmost prov- 
 ince of Portugal, bounded by Alemtejo on the 
 north, by Spain (from which it is separated by 
 the Guadiana) on the east, and by the Atlantic 
 on the south and west. It forms the district Faro, 
 with the town of Faro as capital. It was partly conquered 
 from the Moors by Sancho I., and was united with Portu- 
 gal as a kingdom by Alfonso III. about 1250. Area, 1,937 
 square miles. Population, 255,191. 
 
 Algau, or Allgau (al'gou). A popular name 
 for the southwestern part of Bavaria with the 
 neighboring portions of Wiirtemberg andTyrol; 
 in an extended sense, the region between the 
 Danube on the north, the Lech on the east, 
 the Inn on the south, and the 111 and Lake 
 Constance on the west. 
 
 Algauer Alps. A mountain group in Algau 
 (northern Tyrol and southwestern Bavaria). 
 Its highest point is the Parseyer Spitz, which 
 is about 9,960 feet high. Among other points is 
 the Griinten. 
 
 Al-Gazali (al-ga-za'le), or Algazel (al-ga'zel), 
 Abu Hamid Mohammed. Born at Tus, Per- 
 sia, 1058 (1059?): died 1111. An Arabian phi- 
 
 Algiers 
 
 losopher and theologian, for a time professor 
 of theology and director of the school at Bag- 
 dad . He wrote “ The Destruction of the Philosophers ” 
 and other works in defense of Moslem orthodoxy against 
 the followers of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers. 
 
 Algebar (al'je-bar). [Said to he from Ar. al, the, 
 and jabbdr (Syr. gaboro), giant.] 1. An Arabic 
 and poetical name of the constellation Orion. — 
 2. Occasionally used to designate Rigel (p 
 Orionis), the brightest star in the constellation. 
 Algeciras, or Algeziras (al-Ha-the 'ras). 
 [Ar. al-jazira, the island or peninsula.] A 
 seaport in the province of Cadiz, Spain, 6 miles 
 west of Gibraltar: the ancient Portus Alhus. 
 It has a considerable coasting-trade. It was the landing- 
 place of the Arabs under Tank in 711 ; was retaken from 
 the Moors by Alfonso XI. of Castile in 1344 (?); and was 
 the scene of engagements, July, 1801, between the British 
 and Franco-Spanish fleets. It contains a notable aqueduct 
 built by the Moors. The arches are pointed, and of con- 
 siderable height and span. An international conference 
 on affairs relating mainly to Morocco was held January 
 16-April 7, 1906. Population, 13,302. 
 
 Algeiba, or Algieba (al-je'ba). [Ar., said to 
 represent aljeb-bah, the forehead; hut if so a 
 misnomer, as it is in the shoulder of the con- 
 stellation.] The second-magnitude double star 
 y Leonis. By Ulugh Beigh the name Algeiba 
 was applied to three stars, //, y, and f Leonis. 
 
 Algenib (al'je-nib). [Ar. al-jdnib al-faras, the 
 flank of the horse.] The third-magnitude 
 star y Pegasi, at the extremity of the wing. 
 The same name is also often given to a Persei, 
 better known as Mirfak. See also Alchemb. 
 
 Algenubi (al-je-no'bi). [Ar. ra’s al-’asad ’al- 
 janubbi, the head of the lion, the southern : op- 
 posed to ul-samdli, the northern.] A name 
 of the third-magnitude star e Leonis. 
 
 Alger (al'jer), Russell Alexander. Born in La- 
 fayette township, Medina Co., Ohio, Feb. 27, 
 1836: died at Washington, D. C., Jan. 24, 1907. 
 An American politician and general. He served 
 in the Union army during the Civil War and was brevetted 
 major-general of volunteers in June, 1865; waB governor 
 of Michigan 1885-87 ; was a candidate for the presidential 
 nomination at the Republican National Convention of 
 1888 ; was secretary of war 1897- August, 1899 ; and United 
 States senator from Michigan 1902-07. 
 
 Alger, William Rounseville. Born Dec. 30, 
 1822: died Feb. 7, 1905. A Unitarian clergy- 
 man and author. Among liis works are “Introduction 
 to the Poetry of the Orient," “Metrical Specimens of 
 the Thought, Sentiment and Fancy of the East” (1856), 
 “Friendships of Women ” (1867), etc. 
 
 Algeria (al-je'ri-a). [Ar. al-jazira, the island 
 or peninsula; F. Algerie, G. Algerien. ] A 
 
 country in northern Africa, the ancient Nii- 
 midia and eastern Mauritania, organized as 
 a colonial possession of France in 1834 (con- 
 quest begun in 1830). It is bounded by the Mediter- 
 ranean on the north, by Tunis on the east, by Sahara on 
 the south, and by Morocco on the west, and is traversed 
 by the Atlas range. It comprises three distinct regions : 
 the Tell, or mountainous and cultivated region, in the 
 north ; the steppe region, with various shotts, or brackish 
 lakes, in the center ; and the Sahara, which extends in- 
 definitely southward. The leading industry is agriculture, 
 but the country also contains considerable mineral wealth 
 (especially iron and copper), and exports wheat, barley, 
 oats, wine, olive-oil, esparto grass, wool, fruits, and live 
 stock. It is organized in 2 divisions, Northern Algeria (in- 
 cluding Algiers, Oran, and Constantine) and Southern Al- 
 geria (including Ain Sefra, Ghardaia, Touggart, and the Sa- 
 haran Oases). The capital is Algiers. The government is 
 vested in a governor-general appointed from France, in the 
 French Corps L6gislatif, and in a Superior Council. Each 
 of the three departments sends 1 senator and 2 deputies to 
 the French Assembly. The prevailing religion is Moham- 
 medanism, and the inhabitants are chiefly Berbers, Arabs, 
 Europeans (largely French and Spaniards), Jews, Moors, 
 and descendants of Turks. The country was annexed 
 by Rome in the 1st century B. c. ; was conquered by 
 the Vandals in the 5th century, and by the Saracens 
 in the 7th ; passed into the possession of the Turks in 
 1519 ; and was a piratical power from the 16th to the 19th 
 century, becoming independent of Turkey in 1710. The 
 office of dey was established in 1600. Defeated by the 
 United States in 1815. Conquest by France, begun in 1830 
 with the taking of Algiers, was continued by the taking of 
 Constantine in 1837, tile subdual of the Kabyles, and the 
 capture of Abd-el-Kader in 1847. Area (including the 
 Algerian Sahara), 343,500 square miles. Population, 
 5,231,850. See Corsairs. 
 
 Algesiras. See Algeciras. 
 
 Alghero (al-ga'ro), or Algheri (-re). A sea- 
 port in the province of Sassari, Sardinia, in lat. 
 40° 34' N., long. 8° 19' E. It has a cathedral. 
 Population, about 9,000. 
 
 Algiers (al-jerz'). [F. Alger, Sp. Pg. Argel, It. 
 Algieri, G . Algier. See Algeria. 1 A seaport, the 
 capital of Algeria, situated on the Bay of Algiers 
 in lat. 36° 47' N., long. 3° 3' E., founded by the 
 Arabs about 935. It consists of a lower or European 
 and an upper or Moorish quarter, and contains the Kasbab, 
 or ancient fortress of the deys, situated about 500 feet 
 above the sea, numerous mosques, a Catholic cathedral, 
 and several Protestant churches. The harbor is spacious, 
 safe, and well fortified. Algiers is a favorite winter 
 health-resort. It was unsuccessfully attacked by Charles 
 
Algiers 
 
 V. in 1541 ; bombarded by the British in 1816 ; and occu- 
 pied by the French in 1830. Population, 138,240. See 
 
 Corsairs. 
 
 ‘Algiers ’is in Arabic ‘Al-Gezair’ ("the islands"), said 
 to be so called from that in its bay ; or, more probably, 
 ‘Al-Gezair’ is a grammarian’s explanation of the name 
 ‘Tzeyr’ or ‘Tzier,’ by which the Algerians commonly 
 called their city, and which is, I suspect, a corruption of 
 the [name of the] Roman city Caesarea (Augusta), which 
 occupied almost the same site. It should be remarked 
 that the Algerians pronounce the gim hard: not *A1- 
 Jezair.’ Europeans spelt the name in all sorts of ways: 
 Arger, Argel, Argeir, Algel, Ac., down to the French Alger 
 and our Algiers. 
 
 Poole, Story of the Barbary Corsairs, p. 13. 
 Algiers. The middle province or department 
 of Algeria. Population, 1,619,842. 
 
 Algiers. A manufacturing suburb of New Or- 
 leans, situated on the Mississippi opposite New 
 Orleans. 
 
 Algoa Bay (al-go'a ba). A bay on the southern 
 coast of Cape Colony, Africa. 
 
 Algol (al'gol). [Ar. al-ghul, the ghoul or de- 
 mon.] The remarkable second-magnitude va- 
 riable star /? Persei, in the head of Medusa, 
 who is the monster referred to in the name. 
 Algonquian (al-gon 'ki-an). [Algonqu(in) and 
 -ian.] A linguistic stock of North American 
 Indians, which formerly occupied an area larger 
 than that of any other stock in North America, 
 reaching from Labrador to the Eocky Mountains 
 and from Churchill Eiver of Hudson Bay at least 
 as far south as Pamlico Sound in N orth Carolina. 
 There were breaks in the continuity of its territory in and 
 near the State of New York where an area was occupied 
 by Iroquoian tribes, and one in Newfoundland where the 
 Beothukan family dwelt. An advance to the south be- 
 yond the contiguous tribal territories was made by the 
 Shawano or Shawnee tribe which had early separated 
 from the main body. The Cheyenne and Arapaho, two 
 allied tribes of this stock, also separated from their kin- 
 dred on the north and forced their way west through 
 hostile tribes across the Missouri River to the Black Hills 
 country of South Dakota, and more recently into Wyoming 
 and Colorado, thus forming the advance of the Algonquian 
 stock in that direction, leaving the Siouan tribes in their 
 rear and confronting those of the Shoshonean stock. In 
 the immense area occupied by this stock the number of 
 tribes which sometimes have been called villages, and 
 sometimes were composed of several neighboring villages, 
 was very large. Hundreds of names of these subordinate 
 divisions with their situations are known, and also several 
 confederacies which are more frequently mentioned by a 
 collective name than by the names of the tribes compos- 
 ing them. Among these confederacies are the Abnaki, 
 Illinois, Pennacook, Powhatan, and Siksika. The Cheyenne 
 and Arapaho and the Sac and Fox, though essentially 
 confederacies, are not designated as such under a special 
 title. Excluding the five confederacies Just mentioned, 
 the principal tribes are Algonquin, Arapaho, Cheyenne, 
 Conoy, Cree, Delaware, Fox, Kickapoo, Mahican, Massa- 
 chuset, Menominee, Miami, Micmac, Misisaga, Mohegan, 
 Montagnais, Montauk, Munsee, Nanticoke, Narraganset, 
 Nauset, Nipmuc, Ojibwa, Ottawa, Pamlico, Pequot, Pian- 
 kishaw, Pottawotomi, Sac, Shawano, Wampanoag, and 
 Wappinger. The Algonquian stock numbers now about 
 90,000, of whom about 60,000 are in Canada and the rest 
 in the United States. As its tribes were met by the first 
 French, English, and Dutch immigrants and for genera- 
 tions were closely connected with the colonial and revo- 
 lutionary history of North America, the literature relating 
 to them fills many volumes. Brief allusions to prominent 
 historic events appear under some of the tribal names. 
 
 Algonquin, or Algonkin (al-gon 'kin). [A 
 French contraction of Micmac algoomeaking , 
 or algoomaking, ‘at the place of spearing fish 
 and eels.’ Hewitt.'] A collective term for a 
 group of tribes of North American Indians of 
 the valleys of the Ottawa Eiver and of the 
 northern tributaries of the St. Lawrence, to 
 near Quebec. They were early allies of the French in 
 fighting the Iroquois by whom many were driven west 
 where they became known as Ottawa. Some returned 
 to Three Rivers, Quebec. There are about 1,500 in the 
 provinces of Quebec and Ontario. 
 
 Algorab (al-go-rab'), or Algores (al'go-res). 
 [Ar. al-ghurdb, the raven.] The third-magni- 
 tude star 6 Corvi. See Alchiba. In this constel- 
 lation the lettering of the stars does not at all correspond 
 to their present brightness. 
 
 Algrind (al'grind). An anagram of Grindal, in 
 Spenser’s “Shepherd’s Calendar.” 
 
 Al-Hakim ibn Otta (al-ha'kem ib'n ot'ta). 
 Died about 780. An impostor who appeared 
 as a prophet in Mero, the capital of Khorasan, 
 in 774, sumamed Al-Mokenna (Mocanna, or 
 Mukanna), “ The Veiled One.” He destroyed 
 himself about 780 to avoid capture by an army which had 
 been sent against him by the calif Mahdi. He has been 
 made the subject of a poem by Moore, “Mokanna, or the 
 Veiled Prophet of Khorassan." 
 
 Al-Hakim (al-ha'kem) II. Born about thebe- 
 ginning of the 10th century : died Sept. 30, 976. 
 Calif of Cordova 961-976, famous as a patron 
 of literature and learning. He collected a large 
 library (said to have contained 600,000 volumes), which 
 formed the nucleus of the celebrated academy of Cordova, 
 and founded colleges, mosques, and hospitals. 
 
 Albama de los Banos (ii-lfi'ma da los bau'yos). 
 A town and watering-place, containing hot 
 
 39 
 
 sulphur springs, in the province of Granada, 
 Spain, 26 miles southwest of Granada. It was 
 taken from the Moors in 1482. Population, 
 7,679. 
 
 Albama de Murcia (a-la'ma da mor'the-a). A 
 town in the province of Murcia, Spain, 17 miles 
 southwest of Murcia, noted for its sulphur 
 springs. Population, 8,466. 
 
 Alhamarides (a-la-mar'idz). The last Moor- 
 ish dynasty in Spain. It ruled in Granada 
 from the middle of the 13th century until 1492. 
 Alhambra (al-ham'bra). [Ar. al-hamra’u, red.] 
 A great citadel and palace founded in the 13th 
 century above the city of Granada, Spain, by 
 the Moorish kings. The hill inclosed by this once 
 formidable fortress is 2,430 feet long and 674 wide ; the 
 high and thick walls are strengthened by great square 
 towers, and there is a strong inner citadel. The palace, a 
 large part of which was destroyed by Charles V. to make 
 room for a P^enaissance structure, is the finest example 
 of Moorish art, and gives its name to the Alhambraic 
 style. It consists of galleries and rather small rooms sur- 
 rounding arcaded courts beautiful with fountains, flowers, 
 and subtropical vegetation. The key-note of the style is 
 the delicacy and elaboration of detail of its interior dec- 
 oration, which is formed especially of endlessly varied 
 arabesque patterns and Moslem inscriptions impressed 
 on plaster or executed in wood, and delicately yet bril- 
 liantly colored. All is on a rather small scale ; but the 
 little marble columns are very finely cut, the coupled 
 Ajimez windows are lovely in proportions and ornament, 
 and the research of artistic effects of perspective is note- 
 worthy. 
 
 Alhazen (al-ha'zen). Born at Bassora: died 
 at Cairo, 1038. An Arabian mathematician, 
 author of commentaries on the “Almagest” of 
 Ptolemy, a treatise “On Twilight,” a “ Thesau- 
 rus Optieee,” etc. 
 
 Alhena (al-hen'a). [Ar. al-hen’ali, a ring or 
 circlet.] The third-magnitude star y Gemi- 
 norum, in the foot or ankle of Pollux. It is 
 sometimes called Almeisam. 
 
 Ali (a'le). Born at Mecca about 600: killed at 
 Kufa, 661. A cousin german and adopted son of 
 Mohammed, and the fourth calif, 656-661: sur- 
 named “ The Lion of God.” He was the son of Abu 
 Talib, uncle of Mohammed, and he married Fatima, daugh- 
 ter of the Prophet. He was defeated by Moavya, the 
 founder of the Ommiad dynasty, and assassinated. His 
 sons Hassan and Hussein, who tried to regain the cal- 
 ifate, were killed in 669 and 680 respectively. Their fol- 
 lowers brought about the great schism which divides the 
 Moslem world into two sects, the Sunnites and the 
 Shiites. The latter, which include Persians and most of 
 the Mohammedans of India, regard Ali as the first right- 
 ful calif, and venerate his sons as martyrs. He wrote 
 lyric poems (“Diwan ”), and a collection of proverbs is at- 
 tributed to him. 
 
 Ali. Brother of the prince in the story of 
 “Prince Ahmed and the Fairy Pari-Banou,” 
 in “The Arabian Nights’ Entertainments.” 
 He marries the Princess Nourounnihar. 
 
 Ali Bey. Born in Abkhasia about 1728 : died 
 1773. A Mameluke bey, ruler of Egypt, who 
 declared himself independent of the Porte in 
 1768. He made many conquests in Arabia, Syria, etc., 
 and was taken prisoner in battle in 1773. 
 
 Ali Bey. See Badia y Leblich. 
 
 Ali Pasha. Born at Tepeleni, Albania, 1741: 
 beheaded at Janina, Feb. 5, 1822. An Alba- 
 nian who became pasha of Janina in 1788. He 
 subdued the Suliotes in 1803 and was made governor of 
 Rumelia. He intrigued with France, Russia, and Great 
 Britain against Turkey, and was compelled by the Turks 
 to surrender at Janina, and assassinated. 
 
 Ali Pasha. Born at Constantinople, 1815: died 
 Sept. 6, 1871. A Turkish statesman and diplo- 
 matist, several times grand vizir since 1855. 
 He was especially distinguished as the promoter of vari- 
 ous reforms in the Turkish government. 
 
 Aliaska. See Alaska. 
 
 Aliata. See Comanche. 
 
 Ali Baba (a'le ba'ba). A character in “The 
 Arabian Nights’ Entertainments,” in the story 
 “Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves”: a poor 
 wood-cutter who, concealed in a tree, sees a 
 band of robbers enter a secret cavern, and 
 overhears the magic words “open sesame” 
 which open its door. After their departure he repeats 
 the spell and the door opens, disclosing a room full of 
 treasures with which he loads his asses and returns home. 
 His brother Cassim, who discovers his secret, enters the 
 cave alone, forgets the word “sesame,” and is found and 
 cut in pieces by the robbers. The thieves, discovering 
 that Ali Baba knows their secret, resolve to kill him, but 
 are outwitted by Morgiana, a slave. 
 
 Ali Baba. An opera by Cherubini, founded on 
 his “Koukourgi,” produced at Paris 1833. 
 Alibamah, or Alibami, or Alibamo. See 
 AUbamu. 
 
 Alibamu (ii-le-ba/mo). [In the form Alabama, 
 as the name of one of the United States, com- 
 monly but incorrectly translated ‘here we rest’ : 
 the name is first mentioned as that of a chief 
 met by De Soto.] A tribe of the Creek Con- 
 
 Alinda 
 
 federacy of North American Indians. The French 
 came into conflict with them in 1702. There is now an 
 Alibamu town on Deep Creek, Indian Territory, and some 
 of the tribe live near Alexandria, Louisiana ; over 100 are 
 in Polk County, Texas. (See Creek and Miiskhogean.) 
 Also Alibamo, Alibamah, Alibami. 
 
 Alibaud (a-le-bo'), Louis. Born at Nimes 
 France, May 2, 1810: guillotined at Paris, July 
 11, 1836. A Frenchman who attempted to as- 
 sassinate Louis Philippe, June 25, 1836. 
 
 Alibert (a-le-bar'), Jean Louis, Baron. Born 
 at Villefranche, Aveyron, France, May 12, 
 1766: died at Paris, Nov. 6, 1837. A French 
 medical writer, author of “ Traite complet des 
 maladies de la peau” (1806-27), etc. 
 
 Alibunar Marsh. A large morass in the neigh- 
 borhood of Alibunar in Croatia. 
 
 Alicante (a-le-kiin'ta). A province in the titu- 
 lar kingdom of Valencia, Spain, bounded by 
 Valencia on the north, the Mediterranean on 
 the east, Murcia on the south, and Albacete 
 and Murcia on the west. Area, 2,185 square 
 miles. Population, est., 494,094. 
 
 Alicante. A seaport and the capital of the 
 province of Alicante, situated on the Mediter- 
 ranean in lat. 38° 21' N., long. 0° 29' W. : the 
 ancient Lucentum. It is one of the best harbors in 
 the Mediterranean, and has an important export trade 
 in wine and other products of eastern Spain. It was re- 
 covered from the Moors by Ferdinand III. of Castile, 
 ceded to Aragon in 1304, besieged and taken by the French 
 1709, besieged by the French 1812, and bombarded by the 
 insurgents of Cartagena 1873. Population, 54,417. 
 
 Alicata. See Licata. 
 
 Alice (al'is). 1. The wife of Bath in Chaucer’s 
 tale of that name. Her “ gossib,” to whom she 
 alludes, has the same name. — 2. A lady in at- 
 tendance on the Princess Katharine, daughter 
 of the King of France, in Shakspere’s “Henry 
 V.” — 3. The principal female character in 
 “Arden of Feversham.” — 4. A little girl 
 through whose dream pass the scenes of ‘ ‘ Alice’s 
 Adventures in Wonderland ” and “ Through the 
 Looking-glass,” two popular stories for children 
 by Lewis Carroll (Charles Dodgson). 
 
 Alice, or The Mysteries. A novel by Bulwer, 
 published in 1838: a sequel to “Ernest Mal- 
 travers.” 
 
 Alicia (a-lisk'i&). 1. One of the principal 
 female characters in Eowe’s tragedy “Jane 
 Shore,” a woman of strong passions who by her 
 jealousy ruins her former friend Jane Shore. — 
 
 2. The name given by Lillo in his “Arden of 
 Feversham” to the Alice of the earlier version. 
 
 Alicudi (a-le-ko'de), or Alicuri (a-le-ko're). 
 The westernmost of the Lipari Islands, north of 
 Sicily, in lat. 38° 35' N., long. 14° 15' E. It is 
 4 miles long. 
 
 Alides (al'idz). The descendants of Ali the 
 fourth calif. 
 
 Aliena (a-li-e'na). The name assumed by Celia 
 in Shakspere’s “As you Like it” when she 
 followed Eosalind disguised as a shepherdess. 
 See Alinda. 
 
 Alifanfaron (a-le-fan'fa-ron). The emperor 
 of the Island of Trapoban, mentioned by Don 
 Quixote. When he sees two flocks of sheep coming 
 toward him he says : “ Know, friend Sancho, that yonder 
 army before us is commanded by the Emperor Alifanfaron, 
 sovereign of the Island of Trapoban, and the other . . . 
 by . . . Pentapolin. ’’ See Pentapolin. 
 
 Aligarh (a-li-gur'). A district in the Meerut 
 division, United Provinces, British India, 
 intersected by lat. 28° N., long. 78° E. 
 Area, 1,946 square miles. Population, 
 1,200,822. 
 
 Aligarh, Fort. A fort in the district of Aligarh, 
 defended by the Mahrattas and stormed by the 
 British under Lake 1803. 
 
 Alighieri. See Dante. 
 
 AlijOS (a-le'Hos). A group of small islands in 
 the Pacific, west of Lower California. 
 
 Alikhanoff (a-le-cha'nof), originally Ali 
 Khan (a'le chan). Born in the Caucasus, 
 1846: assassinated July 16, 1907. A Eussian 
 governor of the Merv oasis, noted for his share 
 in gaining Merv for the Eussians in 1884. 
 
 Alima (a-le'ma). A right affluent of the 
 Kongo Eiver, having its head waters near those 
 of the Ogowe, in French Kongo. It was dis- 
 covered by Brazza in 1878, and is navigable as 
 far as Leketi. 
 
 Alinda (a-lin'da). 1. A character in Lodge’s 
 romance “Eosalynde,” the story transformed 
 by Shakspere into “As you Like it.” Alinda is 
 the Celia of Shakspere’s play. — 2. The daugh- 
 ter of Alphonso in Fletcher’s “Pilgrim.” — 
 
 3. The name assumed by young Arclias when 
 disguised as a woman, in Fletcher’s “Loyal 
 Subject.” 
 
Alioth 
 
 Aliotll (al'i-oth). [Ar., but of disputed deriva- 
 tion.] The name in the Alphonsine tables, 
 and still in ordinary use, of the bright second- 
 magnitude star e Ursse Majoris. The name is also 
 sometimes (rarely) given to a Serpentis, and even to 0 Ser- 
 pentis. 
 
 Aliris. See Feramorz. 
 
 Aliscans (a-les-kon'). [Also Aleschans ; frornL. 
 Elysii Campi, Elysian Fields, referring to an 
 ancient cemetery near Arles.] A chanson of 
 the 12th century, dealing with the contest be- 
 tween William of Orange, the great Christian 
 hero of the south of France, and the Saracens. 
 It forms, according to custom, the center of a whole group 
 of chansons dealing with the earlier and later adventures 
 of the hero, his ancestors and descendants. Such are 
 “Le couronnement Loys,” “La prise d’Orange,” “ I.e 
 charroi de Nimes," “Le moniage Guillaume.” The series 
 formed by these and others is among the most interesting 
 of these groups. Saintsbury, Fr. Lit., p. 19. 
 
 Alise (a-lez'). A small town in the department 
 of Cote-d’Gr, France, 30 miles northwest of 
 Dijon. It is usually identified with Alesia. 
 
 Aliso (al'i-so). A fortress near the river Lippe, 
 built by the Romans under Drusus, 11 b. c., as 
 a military center against the German tribes : 
 variously identified with Elsen (near Pader- 
 born), localities near Hamm, Dortmund, etc. 
 
 Alison, Alisoun. Old forms of Alice. 
 
 Alison (al'i-son), Archibald. Born at Edin- 
 burgh, Nov. 13, 1757: died at Colinton, near 
 Edinburgh, May 17, 1839. A Scottish clergy- 
 man, author of “Essays,” of which the most 
 noted is that on “The Nature and Principles 
 of Taste ” (1790). 
 
 Alison, Sir Archibald. Born at Kenley, Shrop- 
 shire, Dec. 29, 1792 . died at Glasgow, May 23, 
 1867. A British lawyer and historian, son of 
 Archibald Alison (1757-1839). He settled near 
 Glasgow as sheriff of Lanarkshire in 1835, and was made 
 a baronet in 1842. Ilia principal works are a “ History of 
 Europe” (10 vols. 1833-42), “Criminal Law of Scotland," 
 a life of Castlereagh, etc. 
 
 Alison, Sir Archibald. Born at Edinburgh, 
 Jan. 21, 1826: died Feb. 5, 1907. A British 
 general, son of Sir Archibald Alison ( 1792-1867) . 
 
 He served in the Crimea at the siege of Sebastopol, in 
 India during the mutiny, on the Gold Coast in the Ashanti 
 expedition 1873-74, and in the military expedition to 
 Egypt in 1882. He was the author of the treatise “ On 
 Army Organization " (1809). 
 
 Alisos (a-le'sos), Los. A dry torrent in north- 
 western Chihuahua, where, in 1881, in a bloody 
 encounter between the Mexican forces com- 
 manded by Colonel Garcia, and the Apaches 
 led by Geronimo, the latter were defeated. 
 
 Alithea (al-i-the'a). One of the principal 
 characters in Wycherley’s comedy “The 
 Country Wife,” a woman of the world, bril- 
 liant and cool. She also appears in Garrick’s 
 “Country Girl.” 
 
 Aiiwal (al-e-wal'). A village in the Panjab, 
 British India, near the Sutlej, in lat. 30° 56' 
 N., long. 75° 38' E. Here, Jan. 28, 1846, the 
 British under Smith defeated the Sikhs. 
 
 Aljubarrota (al-zho-ba-ro'tii). A small place 
 in Portugal, about 63 miles north of Lisbon. 
 Here, Aug. 14, 1385, John I. of Caslile was defeated by 
 John I. of Portugal. The battle established the inde- 
 pendence of Portugal. 
 
 Alkaid (al-kad'). [Ar. al-qddi al-bandt al-na’sli, 
 the governor of the mourners : by the Arabians 
 the four stars which form the bowl of the 
 “ dipper” were called “the bier.”] The bright 
 second-magnitude star y Ursse Majoris, at the 
 extremity of the bear’s tail, or “ dipper-handle.” 
 It is .more usually called Benetnasch. 
 
 Alkalurops .al-ka-lu'rops). [Ar. al-lcalurops, a 
 transliteration of the Gr. Ka?uivpoip, a herds- 
 man’s staff.] A seldom used name of the 
 fourth-magnitude star y Bootis, situated in the 
 staff which Bootes carries in his right hand. It 
 is a chrome star. 
 
 Alkes (al'kes). [Ar. al-lcds, the cup.] The 4lo- 
 raagnitude star a Crateris. 
 
 Alkmaar (silk-mar'). A town in the province 
 of North Holland, Netherlands, situated on the 
 North Holland Canal 18 miles north of Am- 
 sterdam: noted as a cheese-market, it was un- 
 successfully besieged by the Spaniards in 1573, and was 
 the scene of several indecisive actions between the French 
 under Brune and the Anglo-Itussian army under the Luke 
 of York in the autumn of 1799. Population, 18,275. 
 
 Alkmaar, Convention of. A convention con- 
 cluded at Alkmaar, Oct., 1799, by which the 
 Anglo-Russian army under the Duke of York 
 evacuated the Netherlands. 
 
 The result of a series of mischances, everyone of which 
 would have been foreseen by an average midshipman in 
 Nelson's fleet, or an average . crgeant in Massena’s army, 
 was that York had to purchase a retreat for the allied 
 forces at a price equivalent to an unconditional surrender. 
 He was allowed to re-embark on consideration that Great 
 
 40 
 
 Britain restored to the French 8,000 French and Dutch 
 prisoners, and handed over in perfect repair all the mili- 
 tary works which our own soldiers had erected at the 
 Helder. Fyffe, Hist. Mod. Europe, I. 196. 
 
 Alkmaar, Heinrik von. Lived in the second 
 half of the 15th century. A German translator 
 of the poem “Reineke de Vos,” published in 
 Low German at Bremen 1498. 
 
 Alkoran. See Koran. 
 
 Alkoremmi (al-ko-rem'me). The palace of 
 Vathek, in the story of that name by Beckford. 
 
 He [Vathek) surpassed in magnificence all his prede- 
 cessors. The palace of Alkoremmi, which his father Mo- 
 tassem had erected on the hill of Pied Horses, and which 
 commanded the whole city of Samarah, was in his idea 
 far too scanty : he added, therefore, five wings, or rather 
 other palaces, which he destined for the particular grati- 
 fication of each of his senses. BecJc/ord , Vathek, p. 20. 
 
 Alla (al'la), or Ella (el'la). The king in “ The 
 Man of Law’s Tale,” one of Chaucer’s “ Canter- 
 bury Tales.” He marries the unjustly accused 
 Constance. 
 
 Allah (al'a). [Ar. ’ alldh , for ’ aVildli , the God.] 
 God. 
 
 Allahabad (al-a- ha-bad'). [Hind., ‘city of 
 God.’] The capital of the United' Provinces 
 of British India and of the district and divi- 
 sion of Allahabad, situated at the junction 
 of the Jumna with the Ganges, in lat. 25° 26' 
 N., long. 81° 50' E. It is the emporium for central 
 Hindustan, a celebrated place of Hindu pilgrimage, the 
 seat of an annual fair, and an important railway center. 
 Among tile chief buildings are the citadel built by Akbar 
 and one of the chief British strongholds in India, the J uma 
 Masjid (mosque), and the serai of Kliosru. Allahabad 
 was taken by the British in 1765 and by them granted to 
 the Emperor of Delhi and later to the Nawab of Gudh ; it 
 was ceded to the British in 1801. Population, including 
 cantonment, 172,032. 
 
 Allahabad. A district of the Allahabad divi- 
 sion, intersected by lat. 25° N., long. 82° E. 
 .Area, 2,811 square miles. Pop., 1,489,358. 
 Allahabad. A division of the United Prov- 
 inces, British India. Area, 17,270 square 
 miles Population, 5,540,702. 
 
 Allain-Targe (a-lan'tilr-zha' ), Franqois Henri 
 Rene. Born at Angers, May 7, 1832 : died at 
 the Chateau de Targd (Maine-et-Loire), July 16, 
 1902. A French advocate, politician, and jour- 
 nalist, a friend of Gambetta and minister under 
 him 1881-8 1. He was also minister of the in- 
 terior in the Brisson ministry 1885. 
 
 AllamaM (a-la-mon'), Jean Meolas Sebas- 
 tien. Bom at Lausanne, Switzerland, 1713: 
 died at Leyden, March 2, 1787. A Swiss scholar, 
 professor of philosophy (1749) and later of 
 natural history in the University of Leyden. 
 He was the first to explain the phenomena of 
 the Leyden jar. 
 
 Allan (al'an), David. Born at Alloa, Scotland, 
 Feb. 13, 1744 : died at Edinburgh, Aug. 6, 1796. 
 A Scottish historical and portrait painter. 
 Allan, Sir Hugh. Born at Saltcoats, Ayrshire, 
 Scotland, Sept. 29, 1810: died at Edinburgh, 
 Dec. 9, 1882. A Scottish merchant, identified 
 with Canadian mercantile interests, and foun- 
 der of the Allan Line of steamships in 1853. 
 Allan, Sir William. Born at Edinburgh, 1782 : 
 died there, Feb. 23, 1850. A Scottish painter, 
 best known from his pictures of Russian life and 
 Scottish history. He was elected president of 
 the Royal Scottish Academy in 1838. 
 Allan-a-Bale (al'an-a-dal'). In the Robin 
 Hood ballads, a brave, gaily dressed, and musi- 
 cal youth whom Robin Hood assisted to elope 
 with his bride who was to be married against 
 her Will to an old knight. He i3 usually introduced 
 as “chaunting a round-de-lay." He appears as Robin 
 Hood's minstrel in Scott’s “lvanhoe.” 
 
 Allapaha (a-lap'a-ha). A river in southern 
 Georgia and northern Florida, a tributary of 
 the Suwannee. 
 
 Allar&ice (al'ar-dis), Robert Barclay. Born 
 1779: died 1854. A British officer and pedes- 
 trian, known as “Captain Barclay.” 
 
 His [Captain Barclay’s] most noted feat was walking ono 
 mile in each of 1,000 successive hours. This feat was per- 
 formed at Newmarket from 1 June to 12 July, 1809. His 
 average time of walking the mile varied from 14 m. 64 sec. 
 in the first week to 21 min. 4 sec. in the last, and his 
 weight was reduced from 13 st. 4 lb. to 11 stone. 
 
 Diet. Fat. Biog. 
 
 Allatoona (al-a-to'na). a place in northern 
 Georgia, about 35 miles northwest of Atlanta. 
 Here, Oct. 5, 1864, the Federals under Corse defeated the 
 Confederates under French. Loss of the Federals, 706 ; 
 of the Confederates, 1,142. 
 
 Alls (al'le). A river about 130 miles long, in 
 the province of East Prussia, which joins the 
 Pi’egel at Wehlau. 
 
 Alleber (ill-bar'), Henri d’. A pseudonym of 
 Henri de Lapommeraye. 
 
 Allen, Carl Ferdinand 
 
 Allectus (a-lek'tus). The prime minister of 
 Carausius, “emperor” of Britain, and his mur- 
 derer (293 A. D.). Allectus usurped the throne of 
 Carausius and retained it for three years, but was de- 
 feated and slain by the Homans under a lieutenant of Con- 
 stantius near London. 
 
 Allee Blanche (al -la' blonsh). [F., ‘White 
 Walk.’] Ah Alpine valley south of Mont Blanc. 
 Allee Verte (ill-la' vert). [F., ‘Green Walk.’] 
 A double avenue of limes beginning at the 
 western end of the Boulevard d’Anvers in Brus- 
 sels and extending along the bank of the Wille- 
 broeck Canal. It was formerly a fashionable 
 promenade. 
 
 Alleghany (al'e-ga-ni) Mountains. A name 
 given sometimes to the Appalachian Mountains 
 (see Appalachian), and sometimes to that part 
 of this system which lies west and south of the 
 Hudson; but usually applied, in a restricted 
 sense, to the chain which in Pennsylvania lies 
 east of the Laurel Hill range. This chain crosses 
 the western extremity of Maryland, traverses West Vir- 
 ginia, and forms part of the boundary between Virginia 
 and West Virginia. Also the Aileghanies. 
 
 Alleghany River. See Allegheny. 
 
 Allegheny ( al' e-gen ■ -i), or Allegheny City. 
 A city in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, situ- 
 ated on the Allegheny River opposite Pittsburg. 
 It is an important railroad center and has extensive 
 manufactures. It was incorporated with Pittsburg in 
 1907. 
 
 Allegheny, or Alleghany, River. The chief 
 head stream of the Ohio River, it rises in Potter 
 County, Pennsylvania, flows through Cattaraugus County, 
 New York, reenters Pennsylvania, flows southwest, and 
 unites with the Monongahela at Pittsburg to form the 
 Ohio. Its chief tributaries are French Creek, the Clarion, 
 and the Conemaugh. Its length is about 300 miles, and it 
 is navigable about 200 miles. 
 
 Allegheny College. An institution of learn- 
 ing at Meadville, Pennsylvania, incorporated 
 in 1817. It is under the control of the Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church. 
 
 Allegri, Antonio. See Correggio. 
 
 Allegri (al-la'gre), Gregorio. Born at Rome 
 about 1580: died at Rome, Feb. 18, 1652. An 
 Italian composer. 
 
 His name is most commonly associated with a “Mise- 
 rere ’’for nine voices in two choirs, which is, or was till 
 lately, sung annually in the Pontifical Chapel during the 
 Holy Week, and is held to be one of the most beautiful 
 compositions which have ever been dedicated to the ser- 
 vice of the Homan Church. There was a time when it 
 was so much treasured that to copy it was a crime visited 
 with excommunicalion. Notthat its possession was even 
 thus confined to the Sistine Chapel. Dr. Eurney got a 
 copy of it. Mozart took down the notes while the choir 
 were singing it, and Choron, the Frenchman, managed to 
 insert it in his “Collection ” of pieces used in Rome dur- 
 ing the Holy Week. Leopold I., a great lover of music, 
 sent his ambassador to the Pope with a formal request for 
 a copy of it, which was granted to him. 
 
 Grove, Diet, of Music. 
 Alleguash (al'e-gwosh), or Allegash. A river 
 in northern Maine, a branch of the St. John. 
 Alleine, Edward. See Alleyne. 
 
 Alleine (al'en), Joseph. Born at Devizes, 
 England, 1634: died Nov. 17, 1668. An Eng- 
 lish Puritan clergyman, ejected under the Uni- 
 formity Act of 1662: author of “An Alarm to 
 the Unconverted” (1672), etc. 
 
 Alleine, Richard. Born at Ditcheat, Somer- 
 set, England, 1011: died Dee. 22, 1681. An 
 English Puritan clergyman, ejected under the 
 Uniformity Act of 1662: author of “Vindiciae 
 Pietatis” (1663), etc. 
 
 Alleine, William. Born at Ditcheat, Somerset- 
 shire, in 1614: died at Yeovil, Somersetshire, 
 Oct., 1677. An English Puritan clergyman, 
 brother of Richard Alleine. He was ejected under 
 the Act of Uniformity of 1662 ; author of two books on 
 the millennium, etc. 
 
 Allemame (al-man'). An obsolete name of 
 Germany. 
 
 Allemand (al-mon'), Comte Zacharie Jacques 
 Theodore. Born at Port Louis, Mauritius, 
 1762 : died at Toulon, March 2, 1826. A French 
 naval commander. 
 
 Allen (al'en). Atownshipin Michigan, 60 miles 
 southwest of Lansing. Population, 1,253, (1910). 
 Allen, Arabella, in Charles Dickens’s “Pick- 
 wick Papers,” a young lady, afterward Mrs. 
 Nathaniel Winkle. 
 
 Allen, Barbara. See Barbara Allen’s Cruelty. 
 Allen, Benjamin. In Charles Dickens’s “Pick- 
 wick Papers,” “a coarse, stout, thick-set” 
 young surgeon, “with black hair cut rather 
 short and a white face cut rather long.” 
 
 Allen, Bog of. A group of peat morasses 
 in Eildare, King’s County, Queen’s County, 
 and Westmeath, Ireland. 
 
 Allen, Carl Ferdinand. Born at Copenhagen, 
 April 23, 1811: died at Copenhagen, Dec. 27, 
 1871. A Danish historian, author of hand- 
 
Allen, Carl Ferdinand 
 
 books of Danish history, of a “History of the 
 Three Northern Kingdoms ” (1864-72), etc. 
 Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie : pseudo- 
 nyms Cecil Power, J. Arbuthnot Wilson. 
 
 Born at Kingston, Canada, Feb. 24, 1848 : died 
 at Haslemere, Surrey, Oct. 25, 1899. A British 
 naturalist and novelist. 
 
 Allen, Elisha Hunt. Born at New Salem, 
 Mass., Jan. 28, 1804 : died at Washington, D. C., 
 Jan. 1, 1883. A politician and diplomatist. He 
 
 was a Whig member of Congress from Maine 1841-43, and 
 Hawaiian chief justice and minister to the United States. 
 
 Allen, Mrs. (Elizabeth Chase): pseudonym 
 Florence Percy. Born Oct. 9, 1832 : died Aug. 
 7, 1911. An American poet and general writer. 
 She was also known as Mrs. Akers Allen (from Paul Akers, 
 the sculptor, her first, husband). Among her poems she 
 wrote “Rock Me to Sleep, Mother.” 
 
 Allen, Ethan. Born at Litchfield, Conn., Jan. 
 10, 1737 : died atBurlington, Vt., Feb. 21 (N. S.), 
 1789. A noted American Revolutionary com- 
 mander, colonel of the “Green Mountain Boys.” 
 He captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British May 10, 
 1775 ; was a prisoner 1775-78 ; and was later commander 
 of Vermont militia. He wrote “Reason the only Oracle 
 of Man " (1784). 
 
 Allen, Harrison. Born at Philadelphia, Pa., 
 April 17, 1841 : died there, Nov. 14, 1897. An 
 American anatomist and naturalist. He was 
 assistant surgeon in the United States army 1862-65, and 
 professor (of comparative anatomy and later of physiology) 
 in the University of Pennsylvania from 1865. 
 
 Allen, Henry. Born at Northampton, N. H., 
 Feb. 2, 1748: died at Newport, R. I., June 14, 
 17 84. The founder of a short-lived religious sect 
 in Nova Scotia, named from him “Allenites.” 
 His peculiar doctrine related chiefly to the fall, and to the 
 creation of the material world, which he regarded as a 
 consequence of the fall. 
 
 Allen, Ira. Born at Cornwall, Conn., April 21, 
 1751: died at Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 7, 1814. 
 An American Revolutionary soldier and poli- 
 tician, brother of Ethan Allen. He took part in 
 the battle of Bennington in 1777, was a member of the 
 Vermont legislature 1776-77, secretary of state, trea- 
 surer, and surveyor-general ; and was sent as a delegate to 
 the convention which ratified the Federal Constitution in 
 1792. Having been appointed major-general, he went in 
 1795 to Europe to purchase arms. On the return voyage 
 he was captured by the English, and brought to England 
 on a charge of supplying the Irish rebels with arms, and 
 was acquitted only after a suit of eight years in the Court 
 of Admiralty. He wrote “ The Natural and Political His- 
 tory of Vermont “ (1798), etc. 
 
 Allen, Joel Asaph. Born at Springfield, Mass. , 
 July 19, 1838. An American naturalist, noted 
 as a mammalogist. He was assistant in ornithology 
 at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge 
 1871-85, and curator of the department of Mammalia and 
 birds in the American Museum of Natural History, New 
 York, 1885-. He accompanied Agassiz in his expedition 
 to Brazil in 1865. 
 
 Allen, John. Born at Colinton, near Edin- 
 burgh, Feb. 3, 1771: died at Dulwich, England, 
 April 10, 1843. A British political and histori- 
 cal writer, secretary to Lord Holland: author 
 of “ Growth of the Royal Prerogative in Eng- 
 land” (1830), etc. 
 
 Allen, Philip. Bom at Providence, R. I., Sept. 
 1, 1785 : died at Providence, Dec. 16, 1865. An 
 American politician, Democratic governor of 
 Rhode Island 1851-53, and United States sena- 
 tor 1853-59. 
 
 Allen, Ralph. Bom 1694 : died at Bath, Eng- 
 land, June 29, 1764. An English philanthropist, 
 known chiefly as the friend of Fielding, Pope, 
 and Pitt. He was of obscure birth, but acquired a for- 
 tune by devising (1720) a system of cross-posts for Eng- 
 land and Wales, and made a liberal use of his wealth. 
 He was the original of Allworthy in Fielding’s “Tom 
 Jones,” and i3 well known from Pope's lines in the “Epi- 
 logue to the Satires of Horace”: 
 
 “Let humble Allen with an awkward shame 
 Do good by stealth, and blush to find it fame.” 
 
 Allen, Robert. Born in Ohio about 1815 • died 
 at Geneva, Switzerland, Aug. 6, 1886. An 
 American soldier. He was a graduate of the United 
 States Militaiy Academy (1836), and was brevetted major 
 April 18, 1847, for gallant conduct in the battle of Cerro 
 Gordo, and major-general March 13, 1865. He became assis- 
 tant quartermaster-general with the rank of colonel, July 
 28, 1866, and retired March 21, 1878. 
 
 Allen, Samuel. Born in England, about 1636 : 
 died at Newcastle, N. H., May 5, 1705. An 
 English merchant, proprietor and governor in 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Allen, Thomas. Born at Uttoxeter, Stafford- 
 shire, England, Dec. 21, 1542 : died at Oxford, 
 England, Sept. 30, 1632. An English mathe- 
 matician and antiquary, of great eminence in 
 his day. He is best known from his collection of MSS. 
 of astronomy, astrology, etc., copies of some of which are 
 preserved. 
 
 Allen, or Alan, William. Bom at Rossall, 
 Lancashire, England, 1532: died at Rome, Oct. 
 16, 1594. An English cardinal and controver- 
 VI. 3 
 
 41 
 
 sialist, a graduate of Oxford, appointed prin- 
 cipal of St. Mary’s Hall in 1556. He fled to Lou- 
 vain in 1561, and founded the Catholic seminary at Douay, 
 Sept. 29, 1568. In 1587 he was created cardinal by Sixtus 
 V., and commissioned to reorganize ecclesiastical affairs 
 in England after the kingdom should have been conquered 
 by Philip II. He was implicated in various conspiracies 
 against Elizabeth, and became the leader of the Spanish 
 party among English Catholics. 
 
 Allen, William. Born at Pittsfield, Mass., 
 Jan. 2, 1784: died at Northampton, Mass., July 
 16, 1868. An American Congregational clergy- 
 man and author, president of Bowdoin College 
 1820-39. 
 
 Allen, William. Bom at Edenton, N. C., 1806 : 
 died July 11, 1879. A lawyer and politician, 
 Democratic member of Congress from Ohio 
 1833-35, United States senator 1837-49, gover- 
 nor of Ohio 1874-76. He was the leading ex- 
 pounder of the “Ohio Idea” (which see). 
 Allen, William Francis. Born at Northbor- 
 ough, Mass., Sept. 5, 1830: died Dec., 1889. An 
 American classical scholar. He was a graduate of 
 Harvard (1851), and was appointed professor of Latin in 
 the University of Wisconsin in 1867. He was the author of 
 a series of Latin text-books, etc. 
 
 Allen, William Henry. Bom at Providence, 
 R. I., Oct. 21, 1784 . died at Plymouth, England, 
 Aug. 15, 1813. An American naval comman- 
 der. He served with distinction in the war of 1812, and 
 was mortally wounded while in command of the Argus. 
 
 Allen, William Henry. Born at Manchester, 
 Maine, March 27, 1808: died at Philadelphia, 
 Aug. 29, 1882. An American educator. He was a 
 graduate of Bowdoin College (1833), professor of natural 
 philosophy and afterward of philosophy and English lit- 
 erature at Dickinson College, president of the Pennsylva- 
 nia College at Gettysburg 1865-66, and president of Girard 
 College 1850-62 and 1867-82. 
 
 Allen, Zachariah. Born at Providence, R. I., 
 in 1795 : died in 1882. An American scientist 
 and inventor. He was graduated at Brown University 
 in 1813, studied law, aud was admitted to the bar in 
 1815. Later he became a manufacturer. He is credited 
 with the first construction (1821) of a hot-air furnace for 
 the heating of dwelling-houses. In 1833 he patented his 
 invention of the automatic cut-off valve for Bteam-en- 
 gines. He was president of the Rhode Island Historical 
 Society 1880-82. He published “The Science of Me- 
 chanics ”(1829), “ Philosophy of the Mechanics of Nature,” 
 “The Rhode Island System of Treatment of the Indians, 
 and of establishing Civil and Religious Liberty ”(1876), “So- 
 lar Light aud Heat, the Source and Supply ” (1879), etc. 
 
 Allenburg (al'len-borG). A small town in the 
 province of East Prussia, situated on the Alle 
 30 miles southeast of Konigsberg. 
 
 Allendale (al'en-dal). A town in Northum- 
 berland, England, 27 miles west of Newcastle. 
 Allendale. A township and town in Barnwell' 
 County, South Carolina, 67 miles southwest of 
 Columbia. Population, town, 1,453, (1910). 
 Allende (al-yan'da), Ignacio. Born in San 
 Miguel el Grande (since named San Miguel de 
 Allende, in his honor), Jan. 27, 1779: exe- 
 cuted in Chihuahua, June 26, 1811. A Mexi- 
 can patriot, son of a Spaniard, Narciso Allende, 
 and a captain in the Spanish army, with his 
 regiment he declared for Mexican independence Sept., 
 1810, and joined the insurrection of Hidalgo. He was 
 betrayed into the hands of the Spaniards May 21, 1811, 
 and shot. 
 
 Allende. A hamlet and hacienda in southern 
 Chihuahua, formerly called Sau Bartolome, and 
 the first Spanish establishment in Chihuahua 
 (1570). 
 
 Allende, or Allende San Miguel. See San 
 
 Miguel de Allende. 
 
 Allendorf (al'len-dorf). A small town in the 
 province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated on 
 the Werra 17 miles east of Cassel. 
 
 Allenstein (alTen-stin). A town in the prov- 
 ince of East Prussia, situated on the Alle 63 
 miles south of Konigsberg. Near here, Feb., 1807, 
 the French under Soult defeated the Russians and Prus- 
 Bians. Population, 27,422. 
 
 Allentown (al'en-toun). A borough in Mon- 
 mouth County, New Jersey, 11 miles southeast 
 of Trenton. Population, 634, (1910). 
 Allentown. A city, the capital of Lehigh 
 County, Pennsylvania, situated on the Lehigh 
 50 miles northwest of Philadelphia. It has ex- 
 
 tensive iron manufactures and a large trade in coal and 
 iron, and is the seat of Allentown College for Women and 
 Muhlenberg College. Population, 51,913, (1910). 
 
 Aller (al'ler). A river in northern Germany 
 which joins the Woser 18 miles southeast of 
 Bremen. Its length is about 100 miles and it is 
 navigable from Celle. 
 
 Allerheiiigen (iil-lor-hi'li-gen). [G., ‘All 
 Saints.’] A ruined Premonstrant abbey in the 
 Black Forest, Baden, near Oherkirch. 
 Allerheim (al'ler-him) on the Ries, or Allers- 
 heim (al'lers-him). A village 6 miles south- 
 east of Nordlingen, Bavaria. Here, Aug. 3, 1646, 
 
 All is True 
 
 the French under Condd defeated the Imperialists under 
 Mercy (who fell). It is sometimes called the second battle 
 of Nordlingen. 
 
 Allerton (al'er-ton), Isaac. Born about 1583: 
 died at New Haven, Conn., 1659. One of the 
 “Pilgrim Fathers,” a colonist at Plymouth, 
 Massachusetts, 1620, and agent of the Plymouth 
 Colony in Europe. 
 
 Allestree (als'tre), or Allestry, Richard. 
 
 Born at Uppington, Shropshire, England, March, 
 1619 (1621?): died at London, Jan. 28, 1681. 
 An English royalist divine and scholar. He 
 was appointed chaplain in ordinary to the king and regius 
 professor of divinity at Oxford in 1663, and provosi of 
 Eton College in 1665. Author of “Privileges of the Uni- 
 versity of Oxford,” etc. (1647), and of several collectious 
 of sermons. 
 
 Allevard (al-var'). A town in the department 
 of Isere, France, situated on the Breda 23 
 miles northeast of Grenoble. Population, 
 2,560. 
 
 Alley, The. See Change Alley. 
 
 Alleyne (al'en), Edward. Born in the parish 
 of St. Botolph, London, Sept. 1, 1566: died 
 Nov. 25, 1626. A celebrated actor, and the 
 founderof Dulwich College (incorporatedl619). 
 He served with the Earl of Worcester’s players, the Earl 
 of Nottingham's, or the Lord Admiral's, company, and 
 Lord Strange’s players, and also engaged in various enter- 
 prises with Philip Henslowe. He is frequently mentioned 
 with praise by contemporary writers. His name first 
 appears as an actor in a list of the Earl of Worcester’s 
 players in 1586, and he was said by Nash in “ Pierce Peni- 
 lesse” in 1592 to be one of the four greatest English 
 actors. His last known appearance was in 1603-04 when 
 he delivered a reception address to James I. He is said 
 to have excelled in tragedy. He built, with Henslowe, 
 the “Fortune” Theater in 1600, in which he played at the 
 head of the Lord Admiral's company. He began to build 
 Dulwich College in 1613, and personally managed its 
 affairs after its completion. Also Alleyn. 
 
 All Fools, or All Fools hut the Fool. A 
 
 tragi-comedy by Chapman, printed in 1605. it 
 was first called “The World on Wheels ” and registered 
 in 1599. It is considered the best of his comedies. 
 
 All for Love, or The World Well Lost. A 
 
 tragedy by Dryden produced in 1678. it is based 
 on Shakspere’s “ Antony and Cleopatra.'’ In this play he 
 abandoned rime. 
 
 Allia (al'i-a), or Alia (a'li-a). In ancient 
 geography, a small river in Latium, Italy, the 
 modem Aga, which joins the Tiber about 10 
 miles north of Rome. On its hanks in 390 (388 ? 387 1) 
 B. c., the Gauls under Brennus defeated the Romans. The 
 battle was followed by the capture and sack of Rome. 
 
 Alliance, The. See Farmers' Alliance. 
 Alliance (a-li'ans). A city in Stark County, 
 Ohio, situated on the Mahoning River 48 miles 
 southeast of Cleveland. Population, 15,083, 
 (1910). 
 
 Allibone (al'i-bon), Samuel Austin. Born at 
 Philadelphia, April 17, 1816: died at Lucerne. 
 Switzerland, Sept. 2, 1889. An American bibli- 
 ographer, at one time librarian of the Lenox 
 Library in New York city. He was the authorof a 
 “Dictionary of English Literature and British and Ameri- 
 can Authors” (3 vols. 1854-71 ; Supplement, by Dr. John 
 Foster Kirk, 2 vols. 1891), and of various other works, in- 
 cluding “Poetical Quotations” and “Prose Quotations." 
 Allier (al-ya'). A department of France, capi- 
 tal Moulins, bounded by Cher on the north- 
 west, Nievre on the north, Saone-et-Loire oa 
 the east, Loire on the southeast, Puy-de-Dome 
 on the south, and Creuse on the west, it was 
 
 formed chiefly from part of the ancient Bourbonnais. 
 Area, 2,848 square miles. Population, 417,961. 
 
 Allier. A river in central France, the ancient 
 Elaver, which rises in the mountains of Lozere, 
 flows north, and joins the Loire 5 miles west 
 of Nevers. Its length is about 220 miles, and 
 it is navigable from Fontanes. 
 
 Alligator Swamp (al'i-ga-tor swomp). A large 
 swamp in North Carolina, between Pamlico 
 and Albemarle Sounds. 
 
 Allingham (al'ing-ham), William. Born at 
 Ballyshannon, Ireland, 1828: died 1889. An 
 Irish poet. He published “Poems” (1850), “Day and 
 Night ” (1854), “Lawrence Bloomfield in Ireland" (1864), 
 etc. 
 
 Allison (al'i-son), William B. Born at Perry, 
 Ohio, March 21, 1829: died Aug. 4, 1908. An 
 American politician. He was Republican member 
 of Congress from Iowa 1863-71, United States senator 1873- 
 1908, and candidate for the Republican nomination for 
 President in 1888. 
 
 All is True. A play, probably by Shakspere, 
 an earlier form of “Henry VIII.,” which is 
 chiefly by Fletcher and Massinger, Shakspere’s 
 share in the latter not being large, it is founded 
 on Holinshed’s “Chronicle ” and Fox’s “Martyrs." Wot- 
 ton describes it as “ the play of Henry VIII ,” but Lorkin 
 says “it was a new play called All is True, representing 
 some principal pieces of Henry VIII.” Portions of it are 
 now embedded in “Henry VIII.," as we have it. The 
 Globe Theater caught lire during its performance, March 
 29, 1613, and the manuscript perished. 
 
Allix 
 
 42 
 
 Almeida 
 
 Allix (a-leks'), Jacques Alexandre Fran- 
 cois. Born Sept. 21, 1776. died Jan. 26, 1836. 
 A French general and military writer. He served 
 as a colonel at Marengo in 1800, and later in the service of 
 Jerome Bonaparte, king of Westphalia; was exiled from 
 France July 24, 1815, and recalled in 1819. Author of 
 “Systfeme d’artUlerie de campagne ” (1827). 
 
 Allix, Pierre. Born at Alen<jon, France, 1641: 
 died at London, March 3, 1717. A French Prot- 
 estant divine and controversialist, an exile in 
 London after 1685. 
 
 Allman (al'man), George James. Bom at 
 Cork, 1812: died Nov. 24, 1898. A British 
 zoologist, regius professor of natural history 
 and regius keeper of the Natural History Mu- 
 seum in the University of Edinburgh, 1855-70. 
 Alloa (al'6-a). A seaport in Clackmannanshire, 
 Scotland, situated on the Firth of Forth 6 miles 
 east of Stirling. Population, 11,417. 
 Allobroges (a-lob'ro-jez). In ancient history, 
 a Celtic people of southeastern Gaul, dwelling 
 between the Rhone and the Isere, northward 
 to Lake Geneva. They occupied also a tract on the 
 western bank of the Rhone. The chief town of the tribe 
 was Vienne. They were subjected to Rome 121 B. C. 
 
 The Allobroges were Celts, though their name means 
 ‘those of another march or district’ : they were so called 
 doubtless by some of their Celtic neighbours, but the 
 name which they gave themselves is unknown. 
 
 Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 5. 
 
 Alien (al'on), Henry. Bom at Welton, York- 
 shire, England, Oct. 13, 1818 : died at London, 
 April 16, 1892. An English Congregational 
 clergyman and author, editor after 1865 of the 
 “ British Quarterly Review.” 
 
 Allouez (a-16-a'), Claude Jean. Bom in 
 France, 1620 : died in Indiana, 1690. A French 
 Jesuit in America. He explored the regions of Lake 
 Superior and parts of the Mississippi valley, established a 
 mission at Chemorniegon on Lake Superior in 1665, ami 
 rebuilt Marquette’s abandoned mission at Kaskaskia, Il- 
 linois, in 1676. 
 
 Alloway Kirk (al'o-wa kerk). A ruined church 
 in the parish of Ayr, Scotland, near the Doon, 
 rendered famous by Burns in “ Tam o’ Shanter.” 
 All Saints’ Bay. A harbor on the coast of 
 the state of Bahia, Brazil, in lat. 13° S., long. 
 38° 30' W. 
 
 Allsop (al'sop), Thomas. Born near Wirks- 
 worth, Derbyshire, April 10, 1795: died at Ex- 
 mouth in 1880. An English stock-broker and 
 author. He was the intimate friend of Coleridge, and was 
 known as his “favorite disciple.” He shared the theories 
 and was also the friend of such men as Cobbett, Mazzini, etc. 
 All Souls College. A college of Oxford Uni- 
 versity, founded in 1437, by Archbishop Chi- 
 chele, to provide masses for the souls of the de- 
 parted, especially those killed in the Hundred 
 Years’ War. The first quadrangle, with its fine gate, 
 remains as when first built ; the chapel possesses beautiful 
 fan-tracery and reredos. The second quadrangle, with its 
 two towers, was built 1720. The statutes of the college 
 were formally issued April 2, 1443. 
 
 Allstedt (al'stet). A town in Saxe-Weimar, 
 Germany situated on the Rhone 32 miles north 
 of Weimar. It is, with its territory, an enclave sur- 
 rounded by Prussia, and is situated in the Goldene Aue. 
 Population, about 3,000. 
 
 Allston (al'ston), Washington. Born at Wac- 
 camaw, S. C., Nov. 5, 1779 : died at Cambridge, 
 Mass., July 9, 1843. An American painter. He 
 was graduated at Harvard College (1800), studied at the 
 Royal Academy and at Rome, and returned to the United 
 States in 1809. His work covers a wide range, including 
 portraits, genre, landscapes, marines, historical paintings, 
 etc. 
 
 All’s Well that ends Well. A comedy by 
 Shakspere, played in 1601. Portions of this play 
 were written not later than 1593, but the play as we have 
 it was written after 1600, probably just before its produc- 
 tion. It was first printed in the folio of 1623. The plot 
 is from “Giletta of Narbonne” in Painter’s “Palace of 
 Pleasure,” who took it in 1566 from the Decameron of 
 Boccaccio. The story is followed closely, but the coun- 
 tess, the clown, Lafeu, and Parolles are 8hakspere’s own. 
 
 All-the-Talents Administration. A name 
 given ironically to the English ministry of 
 1806-07. Among the leading members were Grenville 
 (premier), Fox (foreign secretary), Erskine, and Lords 
 Fitzwilliam, Sidmouth, and Ellenborough. 
 
 Allwit (al'wit). A character in Middleton’s 
 “Chaste Maid in Cheapside,” contented to he 
 made a fool of. 
 
 Allworth (al'werth), Lady. A rich widow in 
 Massinger’s play “A New Way to pay Old 
 Debts.” 
 
 Allworth, Tom. In Massinger’s play “A New 
 Way to pay Old Debts,” a young gentleman, 
 page to Lord Lovell. 
 
 Allworthy (al'wer"THi), Thomas. In Field- 
 ing’s novel “Tom Jones,” a squire of large 
 fortune, the foster-father of the foundling Tom 
 J ones. He is depicted as a man of the most upright and 
 attractive character — a sharp contrast to Squire Western. 
 He Is a portrait of Fielding's friend Ralph Allen. 
 
 Allyn (al'in), Ellen. A pseudonym of Chris- 
 tina Georgina Rossetti. 
 
 Alma (al'ma). In Spenser’s “Faerie Queene,” 
 the Queen of Body Castle : the soul dwelling in 
 the body (the House of Temperance). 
 
 Alma. A pseudonym used by Miss C. M. Yonge 
 in some of her novels. 
 
 Alma, or the Progress of the Mind. A poem 
 by Prior. 
 
 Alma (al'ma). A river in the Crimea, Russia, 
 which flows into the Black Sea about 20 miles 
 north of Sebastopol. Near its mouth, Sept. 20, 1854, 
 the Allies (about 27,000 British under Lord Raglan, about 
 22,000 French under St. Arnaud, and 5,000-7,000 Turks) 
 defeated the Russians (35,000-45,000) under Menshikoff. 
 The loss of the Allies was about 3,400 ; that of the Rus- 
 sians about 6,000. 
 
 Almaach, or Aimak (al'mak). [Ar., probably 
 ‘ the hoot.’] The fine second-magnitude triple 
 star y Andromeda?, in the foot of the constel- 
 lation. 
 
 Almack’s (al'maks). 1. A gaming-club estab- 
 lished by William Almack in Pall Mall, London, 
 before 1763, afterward the Whig club known 
 as “Brook’s.” "Among the twenty-seven original 
 members of Almack’s Club were the Duke of Portland and 
 Charles James Fox, and it was subsequently joined by 
 Gibbon, William Pitt, and very many noblemen.” S. L. 
 Lee, in Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 2. Famous assembly-rooms built by Almack in 
 1764, and opened Feb. 20, 1765, in King street, 
 St. James. “At the beginning of this century admis- 
 sion to Almack’s was described as ‘the seventh heaven 
 of the fashionable world,’ and its high reputation did not 
 decline before 1840." (S. L. Lee, in Diet. Nat. Biog.) These 
 rooms are commonly called “Willis’s," after the next 
 proprietor. 
 
 Alma Dagh. See Amanus. 
 
 Alma Island (al'ma i'land). An island in the 
 Saguenay River, Canada, at the outlet of Lake 
 St. John. 
 
 Almada (al-ma'da). A port in the province of 
 Estremadura, Portugal, on the Tagus opposite 
 Lisbon. Population, 7,890. 
 
 Almaden ( al - ma - den ' ), or Almad6n de 
 Azogue (iil-ma-den' da a-tho'ga). A town 
 in the province of Ciudad Real, Spain, in iat. 
 38° 44' N., long. 4° 52' W. : the ancient Sisa- 
 pon. It is celebrated fur its quicksilver-mines, which 
 were worked by the Romans and Moors and are now 
 crown property. Population, 7,375. 
 
 Almagest (al'ma-jest), The. See the extract. 
 
 The best known of the works of Ptolemy is his “ Great 
 Construction Of Astronomy ” (ueyaA r) (rvi'Tagu; aerrporo- 
 
 ju.ia. 5 ) in thirteen books. To distinguish this from the work 
 on astrology in four books only, or the “four-book con- 
 struction" (rerpa3i/3Aos criirTafis), the lengthened trea- 
 tise on spherical astronomy was called >} fityurr^ avv to£ i? 
 (“the greatest construction”) or simply the /veyicrTi), 
 from which the Arabs, by prefixing their article, framed 
 the title Tabrir al Magisthi, under wiiich the book was 
 published in A. ». 827, and from this is derived the name 
 Almagest by which Ptolemy’s great work is familiarly 
 known. . . . The first book lays down the mathematical 
 principles of his system. . . . The second book deals with 
 the problems connected with the determination of the 
 obliquity of the sphere. In the third book he fixes the 
 length of the year at 365| days and explains his cele- 
 brated theory of excentrics and epicycles. The fourth 
 book treats of the moon, criticising the results obtained 
 by Hipparchus. In the fifth he describes the astrolabe of 
 Hipparchus with which that astronomer discovered the 
 moon’s second inequality, called by Bullialdus the erec- 
 tion. The sixth book treats of eclipses. The seventh treats 
 of the stars, with reference to their movement from west 
 to east, which Hipparchus had established ; but by redu- 
 cing this motion from 48" to 36" in a year Ptolemy increases 
 the error of his predecessor. In the eighth book he gives, 
 with slight variations, the celebrated catalogue of tire stars 
 drawn up, as we have seen, by Hipparchus, and introduces 
 also a description of the Milky Way. The ninth book treats 
 of the planets in general ; the tenth of Venus; the eleventh 
 of Jupiter and Saturn. In the twelfth he gives us the pro- 
 gressions and retrogradations of the planets, and in the 
 thirteenth lie discusses their movements in latitude, and 
 the inclinations of their orbits. 
 
 E. O. Muller , Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 264. 
 
 [( Donaldson . ) 
 
 Almagro (al-ma'gro). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Ciudad Real, Spain, 14 miles southeast 
 of Ciudad Real. It. has noted lace manufactures and 
 is tlie center of a district producing the wine of Valde- 
 penas. Population, 7,974. 
 
 Almagro, Diego de. Born probably at Aldea 
 del Rey, about 1475, but according to some ac- 
 counts a foundling in Almagro, 1464: executed 
 July 10 (12?), 1538. A Spanish soldier, one of the 
 conquerors of Peru. He went to Panama with Pedrarias 
 in 1514, and in 1525 joined Pizarro and Luque in an enter- 
 prise for conquest toward the south. He went down 
 the coast with Pizarro as early as 1526; and when, 
 after his return from Spain, Pizarro sailed for Peru (Jan., 
 1531), Almagro followed, late in the same year, with three 
 vessels and 150 men, and joined him at Cajamarca about 
 tlie middle of February, 1533, before the death of Ata- 
 liualpa. Here a violent quarrel (the second) between them 
 took place; but areconciliation was effected and Almagro 
 took an active part in the march on Cuzco. In 1535 he 
 was sent to conquer Chile, of which he was made governor. 
 He went as far south as Coquiinbo. hut finding nothing of 
 the coveted riches, turned back, laid claim to Cuzco as 
 
 the territory assigned to him, and seized the city by sur- 
 prise (April 8, 1537), capturing Hernando and Gonzalo 
 Pizarro. He was attacked by Alonzo Alvarado, who was 
 captured with his whole army July 12, 1537. Almagro was 
 finally defeated by Hernando Pizarro at Las Salinas, near 
 Cuzco, April 26, 1538, and he was soon after captured, 
 tried, and beheaded. 
 
 Almagro, Diego de, surnamed “The Youth ” or 
 “Lad.” Born at Panama, 1520: executed at 
 Cuzco about Sept. 25, 1542. Son of Diego de 
 Almagro and of an Indian mother. He accom- 
 panied his father to Chile (1535-36) and after his death 
 lived in poverty at Lima. The conspirators who killed 
 Francisco Pizarro (June 26, 1541) had met at his house, 
 but it does not appear that he was actively engaged with 
 them. They, however, proclaimed him governor of Peru, 
 and part of the country submitted to him ; but the royal- 
 ists under Vaca de Castro defeated him at Chupas, Sept. 
 16, 1542. He was arrested next day and soon after be- 
 headed. 
 
 Almahide (al-ma-ed'). A romance by Made- 
 leine de Seuderv, founded on the dissensions 
 of the Zegris and Abencerrages. 
 
 Almahyde (al'nia-kid). The Queen of Granada 
 in Dryden’s “Almanzor and Almahyde, or The 
 Conquest of Granada.” The name was taken from 
 Madeleine de Scud^ry’s novel “ Almaliide." 
 
 Almain (al-man'). [Early mod. E. also Al- 
 maijn, Almaigne , etc., OF. Aleman, F. Alleniand, 
 German, L. Alamanni, Alemanni: see Alaman- 
 ni. ] An old name for Germany. 
 
 Almali. See Elmalu. 
 
 Al-Mamun (al-ma-mon'). Born 786 : died 833. 
 The seventh Abbasside calif of Bagdad, 813-833, 
 a younger son of Harun-al-Rashid : ‘ ‘ the father 
 of letters and the Augustus of Bagdad” (Sis- 
 mondi). Also Al-Mamoun, Al-Mamon, Mamun. 
 
 Almansa (al-man'sa), or Almanza (al-miin'- 
 tha.). A town in the province of Albacete, 
 Spain, 59 miles southwest of Valencia. Popu- 
 lation, 11,180. 
 
 Almansa, or Almanza, Battle of. A victory 
 gained by the French and Spanish under the 
 Duke of Berwick over the allied British, Dutch, 
 and Portuguese under Galway, April 25, 1707. 
 It established Philip V. on the Spanish throne. 
 
 Al-Mansur (al-man-sor'), or Almansor (al- 
 man'sor) (Abu Jaffar Abdallah). [Ar. Al- 
 Mansur, the Victorious.] Born about 712: died 
 near Mecca, Oct. 18, 775. The second Abbasside 
 calif, successor of his brother Abul-Abbas Al- 
 Saffah in 754. His reign was marked by numerous 
 revolts which were suppressed with great cruelty. He 
 transferred the seat of government to Bagdad, which lie 
 built with great splendor. He was a patron of learning, 
 and under his inspiration many Greek and Latin works, 
 including Plato, Herodotus, Homer, and Xenophon, were 
 translated into Arabic and other Oriental tongues. 
 
 Almansur, or Almansor. Born near Alge- 
 ciras, Andalusia, 939: died 1002. The regent 
 of Cordova under the sultan Hisham II. He 
 reconquered from the Christians the territory south of 
 the Douro and Ebro, extended his sway over a consider- 
 able portion of western Africa, and restored the waning 
 power of the califate of Cordova. He is said to have 
 starved himself to death, broken-hearted over the defeat, 
 after fifty actions, of Calatanazar by the kings of Leon and 
 Navarre and the Count of Castile. 
 
 Almanzor (al-man'zor). The calif of Arabia 
 in Chapman’s “ Revenge for Honor.” 
 Almanzor and Almahyde, or The Conquest 
 of Granada by the Spaniards. A heroic tra- 
 gedy in two parts, by Dryden, produced in 1670. 
 It was partly taken from Mademoiselle de Scuddry’s “ Al- 
 mahide.” It is usually known as “The Conquest of Gra- 
 nada.” The character of Almanzor, a knight errant of ex- 
 travagant egotism, is caricatured as Drawcansir in “The 
 Rehearsal.” 
 
 Almaraz (al-ma-rath'). A small town in west- 
 ern Spain, on the Tagus 40 miles northeast of 
 Caceres. The bridge over the Tagus was built in 1552. 
 It is 580 feet long and 25 feet wide, and rises 134 feet 
 above the water. It has only two arches, and resembles 
 the great Roman works. 
 
 Almarie. See Amalric of Bene. 
 
 Alma-Tadema (al'ma-ta'de-mii,), Sir Lau- 
 rence. Born at. Dronryp, Friesland, Jan. 8, 
 1836: died at Wiesbaden, June 25, 1912. A paint- 
 er noted especially for his representations of 
 Egyptian, Greek, and Roman life. Knighted in 
 1899. He settled in London in 1870 and was naturalized 
 1873. Among his works are “The Vintage,” “Catullus,” 
 “The Siesta,” “Entrance to a Roman Theatre,' 1 “ Tarqui- 
 nius Superbus,” “ Phidias,” “An Audience at Agrippas. 
 
 Almaviva (al-ma-ve 7 va), Count. A brilliant 
 and too attractive nobleman in Beaumarchais’s 
 comedy “ Le Barbier de S4ville.” He is the lover 
 of Rosine, and succeeds, with the aid of Figaro the barber, 
 his former valet, in rescuing her from old Bartholo and 
 marrying her himself. He appears in the “ Manage de 
 Figaro,” already tired of Rosine his wife, and in “La Mere 
 Coupable ” as an old and faded beau. He also appears in 
 the operas by Paisiello and Rossini founded on “ Le Bar- 
 bier.” 
 
 Al-Megnum. See Bahalul. 
 
 Almeida (al-ma'e-dii). A town in the province 
 
Almeida 
 
 of Beira, Portugal, in lat. 40° 46' N., long. 6° 
 50' W. It was captured by the French in 1810, 
 and retaken by Wellington in 1811. 
 
 Almeida, Francisco d’. Born at Lisbon about 
 the middle of the 15th century : killed at Sal- 
 danha Bay, South Africa, March 1, 1510. A 
 Portuguese commander, first viceroy of Portu- 
 guese India 1505-09. He conquered Kilwa, 
 Cannanore, Cochin, Kalikut, Malacca, etc., and 
 defeated the Egyptian fleet in 1509. 
 
 Almeida, Nicolao Tolentino. Born at Lisbon, 
 1745 : died at Lisbon, 1811. A Portuguese 
 poet and satirist. He published a collection 
 of poems in 1802. 
 
 Almeida-Garrett (al-ma'da-gar-ret' or -gar'- 
 ret), Joao Baptista d’. Born at Oporto, Por- 
 tugal, Feb. 4, 1799: died at Lisbon, Dec. 10, 
 1854. A Portuguese poet, dramatist, and poli- 
 tician. He was the author of the poetical works “Ca- 
 moes ” (1825), “ Dona Branca ” (1826), “ Adozinda ” (1828), 
 “Romanceiro" (1851-53), and of “Auto de Gil-Vicente” 
 (1838), and other dramas. 
 
 Almeisam (al-me-i-sam'). [Ar. al meisdn, the 
 proud marcher.] A seldom used name for 
 Geminorum. See Alliena. 
 melo (al-ma-lo'). A town iu the province 
 of Overyssel, Netherlands. Population, com- 
 mune, 10,018. 
 
 Alrnenara (al-ma-na'ra). A small town in the 
 province of Lerida, Spain, 15 miles northeast 
 of Lerida. Here, July 27, 1710, the Allies un- 
 der Starhemberg and Stanhope defeated the 
 Spanish. 
 
 Almerla (al-ma-re'a). A mountainous prov- 
 ince in Andalusia, Spain, bounded by Murcia 
 on the northeast, the Mediterranean on the 
 southeast, oast, and south, and Granada on the 
 west and northwest. It contains important 
 lead-mines. Area, 3,360 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 378,188. 
 
 Almerla. A seaport and the capital of the 
 province of Almeria, situated on the Gulf of 
 Almeria iu lat. 36° 50' N., long. 2° 32' W.: the 
 Goman Portus Magnus. It exports lead, esparto, 
 etc., has a cathedral, and is well fortified It was an 
 important emporium under the Moors. Population, 
 51,358. 
 
 Almeria (al-me'ri-a). In Congreve’s play “ The 
 Mourning Bride,” the (supposed) widowed bride 
 of Alphonso, prince of Valentia. It is she who 
 utters the familiar words : 
 
 “ Music hath charms to soothe a savage breast, 
 
 To soften rocks, or bend a knotted oak.” 
 
 Congreve, Mourning Bride, i. 1 (ed. 1710). 
 
 Almodovar, or Almodovar del Campo (al- 
 mo-do'var del kam'po). A town in the province 
 of Ciudad Real, Spain, 21 miles southwest of 
 Ciudad Real. Population, 12,525. 
 
 Almodovar (al-md-do'var), Count of (Ilde- 
 fonso Diaz de Ribera). Bom at Granada, 
 1777 : died at Valencia, 1846. A Spanish states- 
 man. He was imprisoned and exiled in the reign of 
 Ferdinand VII., was afterward minister of war and presi- 
 dent of the Cortes, and was minister of foreign affairs 
 1842-43. ^ 
 
 Almodovar del Rio (al-mo-do'var del re'o). A 
 small town in the province of Cordova, Spain, 
 situated on the Guadalquivir 13 miles south- 
 west of Cordova. Population, 4,034. 
 
 Almogia (al-mo-He'a). A town in the province 
 of Malaga, Spain, 12miles northwest of Malaga. 
 Population, 6,511. 
 
 Almohades (al'mo-hadz). A Mohammedan 
 dynasty in northern Africa and Spain, which 
 superseded the Almoravides about the middle 
 of the 12th century : so called from the sect 
 of the Muwahhidun (worshipers of one god), 
 founded by Mohammed ibn Tumart. The family 
 established itself in the provinces of Fez, Morocco, Tlem- 
 cen, Oran, and Tunis, and extended its conquests to Anda- 
 lusia, Valencia, and a part of Aragon and Portugal. It 
 sustained a decisive repulse at Las Navas de Tolosa, July 
 16, 1212, at the hands of Alfonso of Castile, aided by the 
 kings of Aragon and Navarre, and became extinct in 
 Spain in 1257 and in Africa in 1269. 
 
 Almon (al'mon), John. Bom at Liverpool, Dec. 
 17, 1737 : died at Boxmoor, Dec. 12, 1805. An 
 English publisher and political pamphleteer, 
 a friend of John Wilkes. 
 
 Almonacid (al-mo-na-theTH'). A small town 
 situated on the Guazelate 13 miles southeast 
 of Toledo, Spain. Here, Aug. 11, 1809, the 
 French under Sebastiani defeated the Spanish 
 under Venegas. 
 
 Almoudbury(ii'mqnd-ber // i, locally am'bri). A 
 town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 
 on the Calder, adjoining Huddersfield. Popu- 
 lation, 14,436. 
 
 Almonde (al-mon'da), Philippus van. Bom 
 at Briel, Netherlands, 1646: died near Leyden, 
 
 43 
 
 Jan. 6, 1711. A Dutch naval officer, made 
 commander of the fleet on the death of De 
 Ruyter in 1676. He accompanied William of Orange 
 to England in 1688; commanded the Dutch fleet at La 
 Hogue in 1692 : and commanded, with Sir George Rooke, 
 the allies at the destruction of the Spanish fleet in the 
 Bay of Vigo 1702. 
 
 Almonte (al-mon'ta), Juan Nepomuceno. 
 
 Born in Guerrero, 1812: died at Mexico, 1869. 
 A Mexican general, of mixed Indian blood, 
 said to have been an illegitimate son of the 
 revolutionist Morelos. He served under Santa Anna 
 in Texas, and was taken prisoner at the battle of San 
 Jacinto. After his release he became secretary of state, 
 and in 1841 was appointed minister to Washington. He 
 entered a formal protest (1845) against the annexation of 
 Texas, and demanded his passport. In 1845 he was a can- 
 didate for the presidency, and claimed to have been elected ; 
 he afterward contributed to the elevation of Paredes, and 
 was his minister of war. In the war with the United 
 States he fought at Buenavista, Cerro Gordo, and Churu- 
 buseo. Under Santa Anna Almonte was a second time 
 made minister to Washington, a position which he re- 
 tained until 1860. Later he was minister to France, ac- 
 companied the French expedition to Mexico in 1862, and 
 was a member of the regency appointed after the city of 
 Mexico was taken. Maximilian made him grand marshal. 
 He was the author of an excellent treatise on the geog- 
 raphy of Mexico. 
 
 Almora (al-mo'ra). A district in Kumaun di- 
 vision, United Provinces, British India, inter- 
 sected by lat. 29° 35' N., long. 79° 40' E. 
 Almora. The capital of Almora district and 
 Kumaun division, British India, in lat. 29° 36' 
 N., long. 79° 40' E. Population, 8,596. 
 Almoravides (al-mo'ra-vidz). A Mohammedan 
 dynasty in northwestern Africa and Spain, 
 founded by Abdallah hen Yasirn (died 1058). 
 His successor founded Morocco in 1062. The Almoravides 
 under Yussuf defeated Alfonso VI. of Castile at Zalaca in 
 1086 and the dynasty was established in Spain. It was 
 overthrown by the Almohades 1146-47. 
 
 A new Berber revolution had taken place in North 
 Africa, and a sect of fanatics, called the marabouts or 
 saints (Almoravides, as the Spaniards named them), had 
 conquered the whole country from Algiers to Senegal. 
 
 Poole, Story of the Moors, p. 178. 
 
 Almqvist (aim ' kvist), Karl Jonas Love. 
 
 Born at Stockholm, Nov. 28, 1793: died at 
 Bremen, Sept. 26, 1866. A Swedish novelist 
 and general writer. He was the author of “ Tornro- 
 eens Bok ” (“ Book of the Thom-Rose ”), “ Gabriele Mi- 
 manso," “Amalie Hillner,’’ “Araminta May,” “Kolum- 
 bine,” “Marjam,” etc. 
 
 Almunecar (iil-mon-ya'kar). A seaport in the 
 province of Granada, Spain, 38 miles east of 
 Malaga. Population, 8,022. 
 
 Almy (al'mi), John J. Born April 25, 1815: 
 died May 16, 1895. An American naval officer. 
 He was appointed commodore Dec. 21, 1869, and rear-ad- 
 miral Aug. 24, 1873, retired April 24, 1877. He had charge 
 successively of the Union gunboats South Carolina, Con- 
 necticut, and Juniata during the Civil War. 
 Alnaschar (al-nash'ar or -nas'kar). The “ Bar- 
 ber’s Fifth Brother” in “The Arabian Nights’ 
 Entertainments.” He invests his inheritance in glass- 
 ware. While awaiting customers he fancies himself already 
 a millionaire, and an incautious movement upsets his 
 basket, breaking its contents and destroying all his pros- 
 pects (hence the phrase “visions of Alnaschar,” i. e. , count- 
 ing one’s chickens before they are hatched ; day-dreams). 
 Alnilam (al-ni-lam'). [Ar. al-nizdm, the string 
 of pearls.] The bright second-magnitude star 
 e Orionis, in the middle of the giant’s belt. 
 Alnitak (al-ni-tak'). [Ar. al-nitdlc , the girdle.] 
 The fine triple second-magnitude star f Orionis, 
 at the southeastern end of the belt. 
 
 Alnwick (an'ik). A market town of Northum- 
 berland, England, situated on the Alne. It is 
 famous for its castle (held by the Percys since 1309), the 
 seat of the Duke of Northumberland. Here, 1174, the Eng- 
 glish under Glanville defeated the Scots. Near Alnwick 
 are the ruins of Hulne Abbey (1240). Population, 6,716. 
 
 A. L. O. E. A pseudonym (standing for ‘A 
 Lady of England’) of Charlotte Maria Tucker. 
 Alogians (a-16'ji-anz), or Alogi (al'o-ji). A 
 heretical sect which existed in Asia Minor 
 toward the end of the 2d century A. D. Lit- 
 tle is known of them. They were called Alogi by Epipha- 
 nius because they rejected the doctrine of the Logos and 
 the Gospel of John (which they ascribed to the Gnostic 
 Cerinthus). They also rejected the Apocalypse. 
 
 Aloidse (a-lo-i'de), or Aloiadse (a-16-l'a-de), 
 or Aloadse (a-16'a-de). [Gr. ’A?Mel6at, A'/oud- 
 6ai, ’A Xuadai, sons of Aloeus.] In Greek mythol- 
 ogy, two' giants, Otus and Epbialtes, sons of 
 Poseidon by Iphimedea, wife of Aloeus. Each 
 of the brothers measured 9 cubits in breadth and 27 in 
 height at the age of nine years, when, according to the Odys- 
 sey, they threatened the Olympian gods with war, and at- 
 tempted to pile Mount Ossa on Olympus and Pelionon Ossa, 
 but were destroyed by the arrows of Apollo. According 
 to Homer they kept Ares imprisoned for thirteen months, 
 until he was secretly liberated by Hermes. By some writers 
 they are represented as having survived the attempt on 
 Olympus, and as having fallen victims to their presump- 
 tion in suing Ephialtes for the hand of Hera, and Otus 
 for that of Artemis. In the island of Naxos, Artemis, in 
 the form of a stag, ran between the brothers, who, aiming 
 
 Alpheratz 
 
 simultaneously at the animal, slew each other. In Hades, 
 as a further punishment, they were tied to a pillar with 
 serpents, and perpetually tormented by the screeching of 
 an owl. 
 
 Alompra, or Aloung P’houra. Born 1711 : died 
 1760. The founder of the last dynasty of 
 Burma (named from him). He reigned 1754-60. 
 Alonzo (a-lon'zo). 1. The King of Naples in 
 Shakspere’s “ Tempest.” He appears as Duke of 
 Savoy and Usurper of the Kingdom of Mantua in the ver- 
 sion of Dryden and Davenant. 
 
 2. In Beaumont and Fletcher’s “Custom of the 
 Country,” a young Portuguese gentleman, the 
 enemy of Duarte. — 3. In Sheridan’s transla- 
 tion of Kotzebue’s “Pizarro,” the commander 
 of the army of Ataliba, king of Quito. 
 
 Alonzo. See Borax. 
 
 Alonzo of Aguilar. A brave Spanish knight 
 who lost his life in trying to plant King Ferdi- 
 nand’s banner on the heights of Granada, in 
 1501. There are several Spanish ballads on the 
 subject. 
 
 Alonzo the Brave and the Fair Imogene. A 
 
 ballad by “Monk” Lewis (M. G. Lewis). 
 Alopeus (a-lo'pe-us), Maximilian. Bom at 
 Viborg, Finland, Jan. 21, 1748: died at Frank - 
 fort-on-the-Main, May 16, 1822. A Russian 
 diplomatist, accredited minister plenipoten- 
 tiary to the court of Prussia in 1790 by Cathe- 
 rine II. 
 
 Alora (a'lo-ra). A town in the province of 
 Malaga, Spain, situated on the Guadalhorce 
 9 miles northwest of Malaga. Population, 
 10,326. 
 
 Aloros (a-lo'ros). The first of the ten mythical 
 kings who reigned over Babylonia before the 
 deluge. 
 
 Alost (a/lost), or Aelst, or Aalst (alst). A city 
 in the province of East Flanders, Belgium, 
 situated on the Dender 16 miles northwest of 
 Brussels. It has a trade in grain and hops, and manu- 
 factures lace, cotton, etc. It was taken by Turenne 1667. 
 Population, 33,496. 
 
 Aloysius (al-6-is'i-us), Saint (Louis Gonzaga). 
 Died 1591. He is commemorated in the Roman 
 Church June 21. 
 
 Alp (alp). The principal character in Byron’s 
 poem “The Siege of Corinth,” a renegade shot 
 in the siege. 
 
 Alp. The local name of the elevated and little 
 inhabited meadow and pasture tracts of Swit- 
 zerland and Tyrol. Also Aim. 
 
 Alp, or Alb, Rauhe. See Bauhe Alp and Swa- 
 bian Jura. 
 
 Alp Arslan (alp ars-lan'). Born 1029: died 
 1072. A surname of Mohammed hen Daud, 
 sultan of the Seljuk Turks, who reigned in Kho- 
 rasan from 1059 to 1072. He succeeded his uncle 
 Toghrul Beg as chief ruler of the empire in 1063, subdued 
 Georgia and Armenia about 1064, and conquered Aleppo 
 and defeated and took prisoner the Byzantine emperor 
 Romanus Diogenes near the Araxes in 1071, a victory which 
 led to the establishment of the Seljuk empire of Rhm. 
 
 Alpena (al-pe'na). The capital of Alpena 
 County, Michigan, situated on Thunder Bay, 
 Lake Huron, in lat. 45° 4' N., long. 83° 26' W. 
 It is a center of the lumber trade. Popula- 
 tion, 12,706, (1910). 
 
 Alpes, Basses. See Basses- A Ipes. 
 
 Alpes, Hautes. See Hautes-Alpes. 
 Alpes-Maritimes (alp mar-e-tem'). A depart- 
 ment of France, capital Nice, bounded by Italy 
 on the north and east, by the Mediterranean on 
 the south, and by Var and Basses-Alpes on the 
 west : noted for its mild climate and the health- 
 resorts on its coast. It was formed from the terri- 
 tory of Nice (ceded by Italy in 1860) and from part of Var. 
 Area, 1,443 square miles. Population, 334,007. 
 
 Alph ( alf). A sacred underground river in 
 Xanadu, in Coleridge’s poem “Kubla Khan.” 
 Alphard (al-fard'). [Ar. al-fard, the solitary, 
 because there is no other conspicuous star very 
 near it.] The second-magnitude star a Hydros, 
 or Cor Hydras. 
 
 Alphecca (al-fek'ka), or Alphacca (al-fak'ka). 
 [Ar. alfekkah, the (broken) cup or platter of a 
 dervish: in allusion to the shape of the constel- 
 lation.] A usual name of the second-magnitude 
 star a Coronas Borealis, more co mm only known 
 as Gemma, hut also as Alfeta. 
 
 Alphege, Saint. See JElfheali. 
 
 Alphen (al'fen), Hieronymus van. Born at 
 Gouda, Netherlands, Aug. 8, 1746: died at The 
 Hague, April 2, 1803. A Dutch poet and jurist. 
 Alpheratz (al-fe-rats'). [Ar. Surrat-al-fards, 
 the navel of the horse : the star having been 
 reckoned as belonging to Pegasus.] The usual 
 name of the second-magnitude star a Andro- 
 meda?, in the head of the constellation . It is also 
 often called Sirrah. 
 
Alpheus 
 
 Alpheus (al-fe'us), Alpheius (al-fi'us). [Gr. 
 AA^etdf.] In Greek mythology, a river-god, 
 son of Oceanus and Tethvs. He is represented as 
 originally a hunter who tell in love with the nymph Are- 
 thusa. She fled from him and transformed herself into a 
 well, and upon this he became the river Alpheus. The 
 details of the myth vary. 
 
 Alpheus. The principal river of the Pelopon- 
 nesus, Greece, the modern Rufia, Ruphia, or 
 Rouphia, emptying into the Ionian Sea. it flows 
 in part of its course underground, and was for this reason 
 fabled to flow under the sea to Sicily. Olympia was on 
 its banks. Its northern and southern head streams, both 
 known as Ruphia (the northern also as Ladori), unite on 
 the borders of the nomarchies of Messenia, Arcadia, 
 Achaia, and Elis. 
 
 Alphirk (al-ferk'). [Ar. kawdlcib-al-firq, stars 
 of the flock.] The third-magnitude double star 
 B Cephei. 
 
 Alphonso. See Alfonso. 
 
 Alphonsus a Sancta Maria (iil-fon'sds a 
 sangk'ta ma-re'a), or Alfonso de Cartagena 
 (al-fon'so da kar-ta-Ha'na). Born at Carta- 
 gena, Spain, 1396: died July 12, 1456. A 
 Spanish prelate and historian. He succeeded 
 his father, Paulus, as bishop of Burgos ; was deputed in 
 1431 by John II. of Castile to attend the Council of Basel ; 
 and succeeded in reconciling Albert V. of Austria with 
 Ladislaus, king of Poland. Ilis principal work is a history 
 of Spain from the earliest times down to 14'J6 (printed 
 1545). 
 
 Alphonsus of Lincoln (al-fon'sus ov ling'kon). 
 A story resembling that of Hugh of Lincoln and 
 Chaucer’s “ Tale of the Prioress,” purporting to 
 be composed in 1459, reprinted by the Chaucer 
 Society in 1875. It is attributed by Hain and 
 others to Alphonsus a Spina. 
 
 Alphonsus (al-fon'sus), Emperor of Germany. 
 A tragedy attributed to Chapman, printed in 
 1654, after his death. It was played at Black- 
 friars in 1636, and was then a revival. 
 Alphonsus, King of Arragon, The Comical 
 History of. A play by Robert Greene, written 
 as early as 1592, and printed in 1599. It was 
 called ‘‘comical” only because its end is not 
 tragical. 
 
 Alpiew (al'pu). In Mrs. Centlivre’s comedy 
 “ The Basset-Table,” Lady Reveller’s waiting- 
 woman, a pert, adroit soubrette. The name is 
 taken from alpieu, a term in the game of basset imply- 
 ing the continuance of the bet on a card that has already 
 won. 
 
 Alpine Club. A club established in London in 
 1857 for those who are interested in the subject 
 of mountains, as explorers, or artists, or for 
 scientific purposes. 
 
 Alpini ( al-pe'ne ) , L. Alpinus, Prospero. Born 
 at Marostiea, Yenetia, Nov. 23, 1553: died at 
 Padua, Italy, Feb. 6, 1617. An Italian bota- 
 nist and physician, author of works on the 
 natural history of Egypt, etc. 
 
 Alpnach (alp'nach), or Alpnacht (alp'naoht). 
 A commune in the canton of Unterwalden, 
 Switzerland, 8 miles southwest of Lucerne. 
 Alpnach, Lake. The southwestern arm of the 
 Lake of Lucerne. 
 
 Alps (alps). [F. Alpes, It. Alpi, G. Alpen, etc., 
 L. Alpes, Gr. ’'AArreig, "A'Amia, "A'Afte/a, a Celtic 
 name, ‘the white (mountains).’ Cf. Albion.'] 
 The most extensive moimtain system in Eu- 
 rope, comprising a part of southeastern France, 
 most of Switzerland, a part of northern Italy, 
 a part of southern Germany, and the western 
 part of Austria-Hungary. It, was anciently di- 
 vided into the Maritime, Cottian, Graian, Pennine, Rhse- 
 tian, Noric, Carnic, Venetian, and Julian Alps. The modern 
 division is into the Western, Central, and Eastern Alps. 
 The Western Alps include the Ligurian Alps, Maritime 
 Alps, Cottian Alps, Graian Alps, Montagues des Maures and 
 Esterel Mountains, Mountains of Provence (or of Vaucluse, 
 Ventoux group), Alps of Dauphind, Limestone Alps of 
 Savoy, and the Mountains of Chablais and Faucigny. The 
 Central Alps include the Pennine Alps, Lepontine Alps, 
 Khsetian Alps, Otzthaler Alps, Bernese Alps, Fribourg 
 Alps, Emmenthal Alps, Urner and Engelberg Alps, Todi 
 range, Schwyzer Alps, St. Gall and Appenzell Alps, Vo- 
 rarlberg and Allgau Alps, North Tyrolese and Bavarian 
 Alps, Luganer Alps, Bergamasker Alps, Ortler Alps, Nons- 
 berg Alps, Adamello Mountains, and Tridentine Alps. 
 The Eastern Alps include the Zillerthal Alps, Hohe Tau- 
 ern, Niedere Tauern, Carinthianand Styrian Alps, Styrian 
 Nieder Alps, Kitzbuhler Alps, Salzburg Alps, Upper Aus- 
 trian Alps, North Styrian Alps, Lower Austrian Alps, 
 Lessinian Alps, Cadoric Alps (Dolomite Alps), Venetian 
 Alps, Carnic Alps, Karawanken, Bacher, and Santhaler 
 Alps, and Julian Alps. There are also various outliers of 
 the system in Hungary and Croatia, etc. (Bakony Forest, 
 Mountains of Cilli, etc.). The length of the range from 
 the Pass of Giovi (north of Genoa) to Semmering Pass is 
 over 600 miles ; and its width is from 90 to 180 miles. Its 
 highest peak is Mont Blanc, 15,781 feet (on the borders 
 of France and Italy; highest in Switzerland, the Monte 
 Rosa); and its average height about 7,700 feet. Its 
 largest glacier is the Aletsch, about 13 miles long. See, 
 further, the special articles Pennine, Maritime, Lepontine 
 Alps, etc. 
 
 Alps, Eastern. A division of the Alps which 
 
 44 
 
 extends from the Brenner Pass eastward to 
 the Semmering Pass. Oftentimes made to include 
 all the Alps lying east of a line connecting Lake Constance 
 with Lago Maggiore. See Alps. 
 
 Alps, Western. A division of the Alps which 
 is separated from the Apennines by the Pass 
 of Giovi (north of Genoa) and extends to the 
 Pass of Great St. Bernard. Oftentimes made to in- 
 clude all the Alps lying west of a line connecting Lake 
 Constance with Lago Maggiore. See Alps. 
 
 Alpujarras(al-p6-Har'riis),or Alpuxaras, The. 
 
 A mountainous region in the provinces of Gra- 
 nada and Almerfa, Spain. It contains many romantic 
 valleys. After the fall of the Moorish kingdom of Granada 
 in 1492 it was the refuge of the Moriscos in Spaiu. 
 
 A1 Rakim (al ra-kem'). A fabulous dog that 
 accompanied and guarded the Seven Sleepers. 
 The name occurs in the Koran (in reference to the Sleepers) 
 and has been variously interpreted as a brass plate, a stone 
 table, the name of the dog, and the name of the valley in 
 which the Sleepers’ cave was situated. 
 
 Alredus, or Aluredus. See A If red of Beverley. 
 
 Alright Island (al-rit' I'land). One of the 
 Magdalen Islands, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Alroy. See Wondrous Tale of Alroy. 
 
 Alsace (al-zas'), L. Alsatia, G. Elsass. A for- 
 mer government of eastern France, it formed' 
 after the Revolutionthe departments of Iiaut-RhinandBas- 
 Rhin, and is now par t (see Alsace-Lorraine) of the German 
 Empire, comprising the districts (Bezirke) of Upper Alsace 
 and Lower Alsace. It is bounded by the Rhine Palatinate 
 on the north, by Baden (from which it is separated by the 
 Rhine) on the east, by Switzerland on the south, and by 
 France and German Lorraine on the west. The Vosge3 are 
 on its western frontier. Its soil is fertile, and it has impor- 
 tant iron- and coal-mines, and considerable manufactures. 
 Its chief city is Strasburg. German is the language of the 
 largest numberof the inhabitants. It was a part of ancient 
 Gaul and afterward of the Frankish kingdom. In the 9th 
 and 10th centuries it was a part of Lotharingia, and later of 
 the duchy of Swabia, and gradually came to be divided be- 
 tween imperial cities, bishops, and other spiritual rulers, 
 etc. Part of it was conquered by France in the Thirty 
 Years’ War, and ceded to her in 1648. Strasburg was seized 
 by Louis XIV. in 1681, and the remainder of Alsace was 
 annexed to France in 1791. It was ceded to Germany in 
 1871 as a result of the Franco-German war. 
 
 Alsace, Lower, G. Unter-Elsass. A district 
 of Alsace-Lorraine, occupying the northern 
 portion of Alsace. The chief city is Stras- 
 burg. Area, 1,848 square miles. Population, 
 683,551. 
 
 Alsace, Upper, G. Ober-Elsass. A district of 
 Alsace-Lorraine, occupying the southern por- 
 tion of Alsaco. Its chief town is Miilhausen. 
 Area, 1,354 square miles. Population, 
 511,459. 
 
 Alsace-Lorraine (al-zas'lor-ran'), G. Elsass- 
 Lotliringen. An imperial territory (Reichs- 
 land) of the German Empire, capital Strasburg, 
 bounded by Luxemburg, Prussia, and the Rhine 
 Palatinate on the north, by Baden (from which 
 it is separated by the Rhine) on the east, by 
 Switzerland and France on the south, and by 
 France on the west. It is traversed by the Vosges; 
 soil generally fertile, producing grain, wine, tobacco, etc., 
 and it has important iron- and coal-mines, and large manu- 
 factures of iron, cotton, etc. It is divided into 3 districts. 
 Upper Alsace, Lower Alsace, and Lorraine. By the con- 
 stitution granted May, 1911, it is ruled by a governor and 
 a Diet of two chambers, and sends 3 members to the Bun- 
 desrath aud 15 deputies to the Reichstag. The prevailing 
 religion (78 per cent, of the population) is Roman Catholic. 
 The prevailing language is German, except in Lorraine, 
 where French is chiefly spoken. It was ceded by France 
 to Germany in 1871, as a result of the Franco-German war. 
 Area, 5,604 square miles. Population, 1,871,702. 
 
 Alsatia. The Latin name of Alsace. 
 
 Alsatia (al-sa'skia). Formerly a cant name 
 (Alsace being a debatable ground or scene of 
 frequent contests) for Whitefriars, a district in 
 London between the Thames and Fleet street, 
 and adjoining the Temple, which possessed cer- 
 tain privileges of sanctuary derived from the 
 convent of the Carmelites, or White Friars, 
 founded there in 1241. The locality became the 
 resort of libertines and rascals of every description, whose 
 abuses and outrages, and especially the riot in the reign 
 of Charles II., led in 1097 to the abolition of the privilege 
 and the dispersion of the Alsatians. The term Alsatia has 
 in recent times been applied offensively to the English 
 stock-exchange, because of the supposed questionable 
 character of some of its proceedings. The name first oc- 
 curs in Shad well’s plays “ The Woman Captain ” (1680) and 
 “The Squire of Alsatia" (168S). See Whitefriars. 
 
 Alsatia, The Squire of. See Squire. 
 
 Alsea (al-se'). [From Alsi, their name for 
 themselves.] A tribe of North American In- 
 dians, which formerly occupied 20 villages on 
 both sides of Alsea River, Oregon, and is now 
 on the Siletz reservation, Oregon. One of these 
 villages was Yahats. See TaJconan. 
 
 Alsen (al'sen), Dan. Als. An island 20 miles 
 long, in the Little Belt, lat. 55° N., long. 9° 
 50' E., belonging to the province of Schleswig- 
 Holstein, Prussia. Its chief town is Sonderburg. The 
 inhabitants are chiefly Danish. It was a strategic point 
 for the Danes in 1848-49, and was conquered by the Prus- 
 
 Altamura 
 
 sians under Herwarth von Bittenfeld, June 29, 1864. 
 Area, 106 square miles. Population, about 26,000. 
 Alsfeld (als'felt). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of Upper Hesse, grand duchy of Efesse, 
 situated on the Schwalm 41 miles southwest 
 of Cassel. 
 
 Alshain (al-shan'). A seldom used name for 
 the fourth-magnitude star /I Aquilie. 
 Alshemali (al-she-ma'li). [Ar. al-semdli, the 
 northern. See AhjenuU.] The fourth-magni- 
 tude star p Leonis, in the head of the animal. 
 Alsi. See Alsea. 
 
 Al Sirat (al si-rat'). [Ar., ‘the road or way’; 
 probably borrowed in Arabic from Latin strata 
 via.] The bridge' over which all must pass who 
 enter the Mohammedan paradise, it is of incou- 
 ceivable narrowness, finer than the edge of a razor ; hence 
 those burdened by sins are sure to fall off and are dashed 
 into hell, which it crosses. The same idea appears in 
 Zoroastrianism and among the Jews. 
 
 Alsleben (als'la-ben). A small town in the 
 province of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the 
 Saale 30 miles south of Magdeburg. 
 
 Alsop (al'sop), Rickard. Born at Middletown, 
 Conn., Jan. 23, 1761: died at Flatbush, L. I., 
 Aug. 20, 1815. An American author, one of 
 the “Hartford Wits” and chief writer on the 
 “Echo.” He published “ Monody on the Death 
 of Washington,” and other poems. 
 
 Alsop, Vincent. Died May 8, 1703. An Eng- 
 lish nonconformist divine and controversialist. 
 He wrote “Antisozzo” (1675), “Mischief of Impositions ” 
 (1680), “Melius Inquirendum ” (1679), etc. 
 
 Alsted (al'stet), Johann Heinrich. Bom at 
 
 Ballersbach, near Iierborn, Prussia, 1588: died 
 at Weissenburg, Transylvania, Nov. 8, 1638. A 
 German Protestant theologian and voluminous 
 writer, professorof philosophy (1615) and(1619) 
 of theology at Herborn. 
 
 Alster (al'ster). A small tributary of the Elbe 
 which traverses Hamburg, forming two basins, 
 one (the larger) outside the town (Aussen 
 Alster), and one within it (Binnen Alster). The 
 latter is surrounded with fine buildings and is 
 a favorite pleasure-resort, 
 
 Alston, or Alston Moor. See Aldstone. 
 Alstroemer (al'stre-mer), Jonas. Born at 
 Alingsses, West Gothland, Sweden, Jan. 7, 
 1685: died June 2, 1761. A Swedish merchant, 
 distinguished as a promoter of industrial re- 
 form in Sweden. 
 
 Alt. See Aluta. 
 
 Altahmo (al-ta'md). A tribe of North Ameri- 
 can Indians which formerly lived on San Fran- 
 cisco bay, California. See Costanoan. 
 
 Altai (al-tl'). A mountain system which lies 
 partly in the government of Tomsk, Siberia, 
 and is continued eastward into Mongolia. The 
 highest elevation, the Bjelueha (White Moun- 
 tain), is about 14,800 feet. The main range is 
 also known as the Ektag Altai. 
 
 Altaic (al-ta'ik). A term applied to various 
 “ Turanian” or unclassified languages in north- 
 ern Asia : usually in the compound Ural-Altaic. 
 See Turanian. 
 
 Altai Mining District. A territory in the 
 southern part of the government of Tomsk, Si- 
 beria, noted for mineral wealth. Its capital is 
 Barnaul. 
 
 Altair (al-tar'), or Atair (a-tar'). [Ar. al-nasr 
 al-tair, the flying eagle.] The standard first- 
 magnitude star a Aquilse. 
 
 Altamaha (aP'ta-ma-ha'). A river in Georgia 
 which is formed by the junction of the Oconefe 
 and Ocmulgee, and flows into the Atlantic 55 
 miles southwest of Savannah. Its length is 
 about 130 miles. 
 
 Altamirano (al-ta-me-ra'no), Ignacio Manuel. 
 Born in Guerrero about 1835: died Feb. 14, 
 1893. A Mexican poet, orator, and journalist, 
 of pure Indian blood, said to have been a de- 
 scendant of the Aztec monarchs. He was a mem- 
 ber of the Constituent Congress of 1861, and joined the 
 army during the French invasion, attaining the rank of 
 colonel. He published “ Clemencia,” “Julia," etc. He 
 died in Italy. 
 
 Altamont (al'ta-mont). 1. In Rowe’s play 
 “The Fair Penitent,” the much-wronged but 
 forgiving husband of Calista (the 1 air Peni- 
 tent). He kills “that haughty gallant, gay 
 Lothario” who has wronged him. — 2. In Thack- 
 eray’s novel “Pendennis,” the name assumed 
 by the returned convict Amory. He is the first 
 husband of Lady Clavering and father of the 
 emotional Blanche Amory. 
 
 Altamont, Frederick. See Bunce, John. 
 Altamura (al-ta-mo'ra). A city in the prov- 
 ince of Bari, Italy, 28 miles southwest of Bari. 
 
 It contains a cathedral, founded by the emperor Freder- 
 
Altamura 
 
 Ick n. It ia a 3-aisled church of basilican plan, with cy- 
 lindrical pillars and round arches in the nave and pointed 
 vaulting in the aisles. The west front is Romanesque in 
 character, with a great rose and imposing lion-porch and 
 much sculpture, especially scenes from the life of Christ. 
 
 Altar (ill-tar'), or Altar de Collanes (al-tar' 
 dakol-ya'nes), or Capac-Urcu (kii'pak or'ko). 
 A volcano in the eastern range of the Andes 
 of Ecuador, east of Riobamba, 17,730 feet high 
 (Reiss and Stiibel). 
 
 Altar, The. See Ara. 
 
 Altaroche (al-ta-rosh'), Marie Michel. Born 
 at Issoire, Puy-de-Dome, France, April 18, 
 1811 : died at Vaux, May 14, 1884. A French 
 journalist, poet, and dramatist : early editor 
 of “Charivari.” 
 
 Altas Torres (al'tas tor'res). [Sp., ‘high tow- 
 ers.’] See Madrigal. 
 
 Alt-Breisach. See Breisack. 
 
 Altdorf (Switzerland). See Altorf. 
 
 Altdorf (alt'dorf), or Altorf (al'torf). A small 
 town in Middle Franconia, Bavaria, situated 
 on the Schwarzach 13 miles southeast of Nu- 
 remberg. It was the seat of a university from 1023 to 
 
 1809, which was united in the latter year with that of 
 Erlangen. 
 
 Altdorfer (alt'dor-fer), or Altorfer (al'tor-fer), 
 Albrecht. Born at Altdorf, Bavaria, 1488: 
 died at Ratisbon, Bavaria, 1538. A German 
 painter and engraver. His chief work, “ The 
 Battle of Arbela,” is at Munich. 
 
 Altea (al-ta'a). A seaport in the province of 
 Alicante, Spain, 25 miles northeast of Alicante. 
 Population, 5,977. 
 
 Altemira (al-te-ml'ra). A tragedy by Lord 
 Orrery, produced in 1702, after his death. 
 
 It is a roar of passion, love (or what passed for it), jeal- 
 ousy, despair, and murder. In the concluding scene the 
 slaughter is terrific. It all takes place iu presence of an 
 unobtrusive individual, who carries the doctrine of non- 
 intervention to its extreme limit. When the persons of 
 the drama have made an end of one another, the quietly 
 delighted gentleman steps forward, and blandly remarks, 
 that there was so much virtue, love, and honor in it all, 
 that he could not find it in his heart to interfere though 
 his own son was one of the victims. 
 
 Doran, Eng. Stage, I. 133. 
 
 Alten (al'ten), Count Karl August von. Born 
 at Burgwedel, near Hanover, Oct. 20, 1764: 
 died at Bozen, Tyrol, April 20, 1840. A Hano- 
 verian general, commander of the “German 
 Legion ” in British service. He served in the Penin- 
 sular and Waterloo campaigns, and was Hanoverian min- 
 ister of war and foreign affairs. 
 
 Alten Fiord (al'ten fyord). A fiord on the 
 northern coast of Norway, in lat. 70° N. 
 Altena (al'te-na). A town in the province of 
 Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the Lenne 
 40 miles northeast of Cologne. It is noted for 
 iron and steel manufactures, and for its castle. 
 Population, 13,591. 
 
 Altenahr (al'ten-ar). A village in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, situated on the Ahr 30 miles 
 south of Cologne. Near it is the ruined castle 
 of Altenahr or Are, destroyed early in the 18th 
 century. 
 
 Altenberg (al'ten-bero). A town in the king- 
 dom of Saxony, situated in the Erzgebirge 21 
 miles south of Dresden: noted for its tin-mines. 
 Altenburg (duchy). See Saxe- Altenburg. 
 Altenburg (al'ten-borG). The capital (since 
 1826) of Saxe-Altenburg, Germany, near the 
 Pleisse 25 miles south of Leipsic. it contains a 
 castle (founded in the 11th century), famous from the 
 “Robbery of the Princes" in 1455. Ancient Saxon resi- 
 dence. Population, 38,818. 
 
 Altendorf (al'ten-dorf). A town near and 
 now incorporated with Essen, Rhine Province, 
 Prussia. 
 
 Altenesch (al'ten-esh). A village in Olden- 
 burg, Germany, near the mouth of the Ochtum 
 9 miles northwest of Bremen. Here in 1234 
 the Stedinger were nearly exterminated by 
 the Crusaders. 
 
 Altenessen (al-ten-es'sen). A coal-mining 
 town near Essen, Rhine Province, Prussia. 
 Population, 33,416. 
 
 Altenkirchen (iil-ten-ker'chen). A small town 
 in the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the 
 Wied 34 miles southeast of Cologne. 
 Altenkirchen. An ancient countship in the 
 neighborhood of Altenkirchen. 
 
 Alten-Otting. See Allotting. 
 
 Altenstein (al'ten-stin), Karl (Baron von 
 Stein zum Altenstein). Bom at Anspach, Ba- 
 varia, Oct. 7, 1770: died at Berlin, May 14, 1840. 
 A Prussian statesman, minister of finance 1808- 
 
 1810, and minister of public worship 1817-38. 
 Altenstein. A summer castle of the dukes of 
 
 Saxe-Meiningen, in the Thuringian forest 10 
 
 45 
 
 miles south of Eisenach, noted in the history 
 of Boniface and of Luther (1521). 
 
 Altenzelle (al-ten-tsel'le). A former Cistercian 
 monastery near Nossen, in Saxony, secularized 
 in 1544. 
 
 Alterati (It. pron. al-te-ra'te), The. A private 
 musical academy, founded in 1568 at Florence 
 by seven Florentine noblemen, it devoted it- 
 self to the cultivation of the musical drama, and under 
 its auspices the first Italian opera was produced. See 
 Daphne. 
 
 Alterf (al-terf'). [Ar.] The seldom used name 
 of the fourth-magnitude star /l Leonis, in the 
 mouth of the animal. 
 
 Alter Fritz (al'ter frits). [G., ‘Old Fritz.’] A 
 nickname of Frederick the Great. 
 
 Althsea (al-the'a), or Althea. [Gr. ’A/l data.'] In 
 Greek legend, a daughter of Thestius, wife of 
 CEneus, king of Calydon, and mother of Tydeus, 
 Meleager, and Deianeira. 
 
 Althea. The name under which RichardLove- 
 lace poetically addressed a woman, supposed 
 to be Lucy Sacheverell, who was also celebrated 
 under the name of Lucasta. 
 
 Althen (F.pron.al-ton'), Jehan or Jean. Born 
 in Persia: died in France, 1774. A Persian, 
 the son of a governor of a Persian province, 
 who introduced the cultivation of madder into 
 France. He was sold as a slave at Smyrna, but made 
 his escape to France, bringing with him some seeds of 
 madder, the exportation of which was forbidden under 
 penalty of death. 
 
 Althing. See Thing. 
 
 Althorp, Viscount. See Spencer, third Earl. 
 
 Altilia (al-te'li-a). A small place in central 
 Italy about 20 miles north of Benevento. The 
 Roman walls of the ancient town (the Samnite Ssepinum), 
 about two miles from the modern site, remain practically 
 perfect. The plan is a square with rounded angles and a 
 gate strengthened by massive square towers in the middle 
 of each side, oriented toward the cardinal points. The 
 masonry is reticulated, except that of the gate-arclies. An 
 inscription ascribes the construction to Nero. 
 
 Altin (al-tin'), or Teletskoi (ta-let-skoi'). A 
 lake, 75 miles long and about 20 broad, in west- 
 ern Siberia, in lat. 51° 30' N., long. 87° 30' E., 
 which empties into a tributary of the Obi. 
 
 Alting (al'ting), Johann Heinrich. Born at 
 Emden, Prussia, Feb. 17, 1583: died at Gron- 
 ingen, Aug. 25, 1644. A German Protestant 
 theologian, professor of dogmatics at Heidel- 
 berg (1613), and later (1627) of theology at 
 Groningen. He opposed the Remonstrants in 
 the synod of Dordrecht. 
 
 Alting, Jakob. Born at Heidelberg, Sept. 27, 
 1618: died at Groningen, Aug. 20, 1676. A son 
 of J. H. Alting, professor of Oriental languages 
 (1643) and of theology (1667) at Groningen. 
 His works on Hebrew are notable. 
 
 Altis (al'tis). [Gr. ’A Hnf.] The sacred pre- 
 cinct and nucleus of the ancient Olympia, in 
 Greece. 
 
 Altisidora (al'tis-i-do'rii). A character in the 
 “Curious Impertinent,” an episode in “Don 
 Quixote ” : an attendant of the duchess. She 
 torments Don Quixote by pretending to be in 
 love with him. 
 
 Altkirch (alt'kercli). A small town in Upper 
 Alsace, Alsace-Lorraine, situated on the 111 18 
 miles northwest of Basel: capital of theSund- 
 gau. 
 
 Altmark (alt'miirk). The nucleus of Branden- 
 burg and the Prussian monarchy: known first 
 as the Nordmark, now in the province of Sax- 
 ony, Prussia. See Nordmark and Brandenburg . 
 
 Altmeyer (alt'mi-er), Jean Jacques. Born at 
 Luxemburg, Jan. 24, 1804 : died at Brussels, 
 Sept. 15, 1877. A Belgian historian. Among his 
 works are “Histoiredes relations commerciales et poli- 
 tiques des Pays-Bas,” etc., “Rdsumd de l’histoire mo- 
 derne”(1842), and various works on Dutch and Belgian his- 
 tory, etc. 
 
 Altmiihl (alt'miil). A river in Bavaria, the 
 ancient Alcimona or Alcmona, which joins the 
 Danube at Kelhcim 14 miles southwest of Ra- 
 tisbon. It crosses the Franconian .Tura. Its length is 
 about 125 miles, and it is connected with the Main system 
 by the Ludwigs-Canal at Dietfurt. 
 
 Alto-Douro (al'to-do'ro). A region in the 
 southern part of Traz-os-Montes and the north- 
 ern part of Beira, Portugal, near the Douro, 
 noted for its (port) wine. 
 
 Altofronto, Giovanni. See Malevole. 
 
 Alton (al'ton), Johann Samuel Eduard d’. 
 Born at St. Goar, Prussia, July 17, 1803 : died 
 at Halle, July 25, 1854. A German anatomist, 
 son of J. W. E. d’Alton, author of “Handbuch 
 der menschlichen Anatomie” (1848-50), etc. 
 Alton (al'ton), Johann Wilhelm Eduard d’. 
 Born at Aquileia, Austria-Hungary, Aug. 11, 
 1772: died at Bonn, Prussia, May 11, 1840. A 
 
 Alva 
 
 German naturalist and engraver, author of 
 “ Naturgeschichte des Pferdes” (1810), “Ver- 
 gleichende Osteologie” (1821-31). 
 
 Alton (al'ton). A town in Hampshire, Eng- 
 land, 25 miles north by east of Portsmouth. 
 Population, 5,479. 
 
 Alton. A city in Madison County, Illinois, situ- 
 ated on the Mississippi 21 miles north of St. 
 Louis. It has important manufactures and trade, and is 
 the seat of Shurtlett College. Population, 17,628, (1910). 
 
 Altona (al'to-na). A seaport in the province 
 of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, situated on the 
 right bank of the Elbe below Hamburg and ad- 
 joining it, in lat. 53° 33' N., long. 9° 57' E. 
 It is the largest city in the province, and has extensive 
 foreign and domestic trade and important manufactures. 
 It was formerly the seat of an observatory which was re- 
 moved to Kiel in 1874. It received the privileges of a 
 city in 1664, and was burned by the Swedes 1713. Popu- 
 lation, 172,411, (1910). 
 
 Alton Locke (al'ton lok), Tailor and Poet. 
 
 A story by Charles Kingsley, published in 1850. 
 
 Altoona (al-to'na). A city in Blair County, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 
 at the base of the Alleghany Mountains, in 
 lat. 40° 31' N., long. 78° 25' W., noted for the 
 manufacture of locomotives and railway-cars. 
 Population, 52,127, (1910). 
 
 Altorf (al'torf), or Altdorf (alt'dorf). The 
 capital of the canton of Uri, Switzerland, situ- 
 ated near the Reuss and near the southeastern 
 extremity of the Lake of Lucerne, on the St. 
 Gotthard route, 20 miles southeast of Lucerne. 
 It is celebrated in the legends of William Tell, to whom a 
 statue was erected here in 1861. Population (1S88), 2,551. 
 See Tell, William. 
 
 Altorf (in Bavaria). See Altdorf. 
 
 Altorfer. See Altdorfer. 
 
 Altotting (alt-et'ting), or Alten-Otting (al'- 
 ten-et'ting). A small town in Upper Bavaria, 
 Bavaria, on the Morn 51 miles northeast of 
 Munich. It is a famous pilgrim resort, on account of a 
 miraculous image of the Virgin, which, it is said, was 
 brought from the East in the 7th century. 
 
 Altranstadt (alt'ran-stat). A village of Prus- 
 sian Saxony 9 miles southeast of Merseburg, 
 where a treaty was concluded, 1706, between 
 Charles XII. of Sweden and Augustus H. of 
 Saxony, by which the latter lost Poland, a 
 treaty was also made here in 1707, between Charles XII. 
 of Sweden and the emperor Joseph I., by which re- 
 ligious toleration was secured to the Protestants in 
 Silesia. 
 
 Altrincham, or Altringkam (al'tring-am). A 
 town in Cheshire, England, 8 miles southwest, 
 of Manchester. Population, 16,831. 
 
 Altringer. See Aldringer. 
 
 Altstadten (alt.'stad-ten), or Altstetten (alt'- 
 stet-ten). A town in the canton of St. Gall, 
 Switzerland, in lat. 47° 23' N., long. 9° 32' E. 
 It has cotton manufactures. Population, 
 8,724. 
 
 Altstrelitz (alt'stra-lits). The former capi- 
 tal of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, situated south of 
 Neustrelitz. 
 
 Altvater Mountains (alt'fa-ter moun'tanz), 
 or Moravian Snow Mountains. A group of 
 mountains in the Sudetic system, situated in 
 northern Moravia on the frontier of Austrian 
 Silesia. The highest point, Gross Altvater, is 
 about 4,850 feet high. 
 
 Altwasser (iilt'vas-ser). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Silesia, Prussia, on the Polsnitz 41 
 miles southwest of Breslau, it has mines of brown 
 coal, and was formerly a watering-place. Population, 
 15,259. 
 
 Aludra (al- 6 'dra). [Ar. al-adra, the singular 
 of al-addra, the virgins, four stars near each 
 other in Canis Major.] The third-magnitude 
 star 77 Canis Majoris. 
 
 Alula (al'u-la) Borealis and Australis. [L., 
 ‘northern’ and ‘southern wing.’] The two 
 fourth-magnitude stars v and f Ursa* Majoris, 
 which mark the southern hind foot of the beast. 
 Xi, which is a fine binary star with a period of only 6t 
 years, is also known as El Acola. 
 
 Alumbagh. See Alambagh. 
 
 Aluredus. See Alfred of Beverley. 
 
 Aluta (a-lo'ta), or Alt (alt), or Olt (olt). A 
 river which rises in eastern Transylvania, flows 
 south and west, and breaks through the Car- 
 pathians at the Rotherthurm Pass, and then 
 flows south through Wallachia, and joins, the 
 Danube opposite Nicopolis. Its chief tributary 
 is the Oltetz. The length of the Aluta is about 
 300 miles. 
 
 Alva (al'vii; Sp. al'va),or Alba (al'bii), Duke of 
 (Fernando Alvarez de Toledo). Born Oct. 
 29, 1507 : died at Lisbon, Dec. II, 1582. A fa- 
 mous Spanish general. Ho fought in the various 
 campaigns of the emperor Charles V. and of Philip II.; de- 
 
Alva 
 
 cided the victory of Muhlberg, 1547 ; was commander 
 against Metz in 1552 and later in Italy ; was sent as gov- 
 ernor to the Netherlands in 1567, and there became noto- 
 rious for his cruelty ; established the “Council of Blood” 
 (which see); put to death Egmont, Hoorn, and many 
 others; and was generally successful against William of 
 Orange down to 1572. He returned to Spain in 1573 and 
 conquered Portugal in 1580. 
 
 Alva de Liste, or Alva de Aliste, Count of. 
 
 Same as Alba de Liste. See Henriquez de Gas- 
 man, Luis. 
 
 Alvarado (al-va-ra'THo), Alonso de. Born at 
 Burgos about 1490 : died in Peru, 1556. A Span- 
 ish cavalier who in 1518 joined Cortes and 
 served in the conquest of Mexico, of his early 
 life nothing is known. In 1534 he went to Peru with Pedro 
 de Alvarado (who was not related to him), remained with 
 Pizarro, and was sent to conquer Chachapoyas, a region 
 on the upper Maranon. Called back by the revolt of Inca 
 Manco, he was detached with 400 men to relieve Cuzco. 
 Almagro, meanwhile, had seized that city, and Alvarado’s 
 refusal to acknowledge him led to a battle at the river 
 Abancay, July 12, 1537, where Alvarado was defeated and 
 captured with his whole force. He escaped from Cuzco 
 at the end of the year, joined Pizarro, and commanded his 
 cavalry at the battle of Las Salinas, April 26, 1538, captur- 
 ing Almagro next day. He then returned to Chachapoyas 
 and carried his conquests eastward to the Huallaga. He 
 joined Vaca de Castro in 1541, took part in the campaign 
 against the younger Almagro, and was at the battle of 
 Chupas, Sept. 16, l >42. Soon after he went to Spain, re- 
 ceived the title of marshal, and returned with Casca in 
 1546. He was a judge in the military court which con- 
 demned Gonzalo Pizarro and Carbajal to death. Gasca 
 made him governor of Cuzco, and in 1553 he was sent to 
 govern Charcas, where he put down a rebellion. On the 
 rebellion of Giron, Alvarado marched against him with 
 1,000 men (Nov., 1553), but was defeated at Chuquingua, 
 near the river Abancay, May 21, 1554. It is said that the 
 mortilieation of this defeat caused his death. 
 
 Alvarado, Diego de. Died in Spain, 1540. A 
 Spanish soldier, either brother or uncle of 
 Pedro de Alvarado, who went with him to Peru 
 in 1534. 
 
 Alvarado, Pedro de. Born in Badajoz, 1485: 
 died at Guadalajara, Mexico, June 4, 1541. A 
 Spanish cavalier, famous as a companion of 
 Cortes in the conquest of Mexico. He went to 
 the West Indies in 1510, and in 1511 joined the expedition 
 of Velasquez to Cuba, where he received a grant of land. 
 In 1518 he commanded a vessel in the expedition of Gri- 
 jalva to Yucatan, and in the following year followed 
 Cortes in the Mexican conquest. He was present at the 
 seizure of Montezuma, and when Cortes went to meet 
 Narvaez, Alvarado was left in command of the force at 
 Mexico. During Cortds’s absence the Mexicans rose and 
 besieged the Spaniards. In the disastrous nocturnal re- 
 treat (the noche triste , July 1, 1520), Alvarado commanded 
 the rear-guard and escaped with difficulty, saving his life, 
 according to the tradition, by leaping a great gap in the 
 causeway, at a spot still called “Alvarado's Leap.” In 
 the subsequent operations and the siege of Mexico he took 
 a prominent part. In Dec., 1523, he was sent with 420 
 Spaniards and a large force of Indians to conquer Guate- 
 mala ; after a desperate battle with the Quiche Indians 
 near Quezaltenango, he marched to Utitlan, burned that 
 town after conquering the inhabitants (April, 1524), de- 
 feated another army near Lake Atitlan, and founded the 
 old city of Guatemala, July 25, 1524. He returned to 
 Spain to meet charges of defrauding the royal treasury 
 and was acquitted, and returned to Guatemala in 1530 
 as governor, with a large number of colonists. In 1531 
 he headed an expedition of 400 men against Quito, claim- 
 ing that that region was not included in the grant made 
 to Pizarro, and was thus open to conquest. Landing 
 on the coast, he led liis men over the mountains in a 
 terrible march, during which large numbers perished. 
 Near Riobamba lie met the forces of Almagro and Benal- 
 cazar, and was induced to retire, receiving, it is said, a 
 large sum of gold from Pizarro : most of his men re- 
 mained. Returning to Guatemala, he took part in the 
 conquest of Honduras, which was added to his govern- 
 ment. In 1540 he went to Mexico, was engaged in sub- 
 duing a revolt in Jalisco, and died there from a fall with 
 his horse. See Century Atlas, Map 4. 
 
 Alvarenga (iil-va-reng'ga), Manuel Ignacio 
 da Silva. Born in Sao Joao, (Pel Rei, Minas 
 Geraes, 1758: died at Rio de Janeiro, Nov. 1, 
 1812. A Brazilian poet. His songs and odes 
 are among the finestin the Portuguese language. 
 Alvarenga Peixoto, Ignacio Jose de. Born 
 in Rio de Janeiro about the end of 1748: died 
 in Angola early in 1793. A Brazilian poet and 
 revolutionist. For taking part in the revolutionary 
 conspiracy of 1789 he was condemned to death (1792), but 
 the sentence was commuted to deportation to Angola. 
 
 Alvares (al'va-res), or Alvares Correa (ko- 
 ra'yii), Diogo. Died near Bahia, Oct. 5, 1557. 
 A Portuguese (generally known by his Indian 
 name Caramuru) who in 1510 was shipwrecked 
 on the coast of Brazil near Bahia. He succeeded 
 in gaining the friendship of the TupinamM Indians, and 
 subsequently brought about friendly relations between 
 them and the first Portuguese colonists. 
 
 Alvarez (al'va-res), Francisco. Born at 
 Coimbra, Portugal : died after 1540. A Portu- 
 guese travelerin Abyssinia, author of “Verda- 
 deira Informacam do Preste Joao das Indias” 
 (1540, “True Information about Prester John 
 of the Indies”). 
 
 Alvarez (al'va-reth), Juan. Born at Concepcion 
 de Atoyae (now Ciudad Alvarez), Jan. 27, 1780: 
 
 46 
 
 died Aug. 21, 1867. A Mexican general. He 
 joined the revolt of Morelos in Nov., 1810, and was prom- 
 inent in the civil wars and in the war with the United 
 States. In Feb., 1854, he began the revolt at Acapulco 
 which spread until Santa Anna fled from the country in 
 Aug., 1865. Alvarez was made acting president at Cuer- 
 navaca, Oct. 4, 1855 ; but unable to reconcile the conflict- 
 ing cabals, he transferred the office to Comonfort, Dec. 8, 
 1855, and returned to his home at Acapulco. He aided 
 Juarez against the French, and was commander of the 
 5th army division when he died. 
 
 Alvarez, Don. In Dryden’s tragedy “Don Se- 
 bastian,” a former counselor to Don Sebastian, 
 at the period of the play a slave. 
 
 Alvary (al-va'ri) (Achenbacli), Max. A tenor 
 singer, son of the painter Andreas Achenbach, 
 born at Diisseldorf in 1858: died 1898. He first 
 appearedin Weimar, removing to New York in 1884. After 
 several successful seasons, lie returned to Hamburgin 1889. 
 
 Alvear (al-ve-iir'), Carlos Maria. Born in 
 Buenos Ayres about 1785: died in Montevideo 
 about 1850. He received a military education 
 in Spain, and in 1812 became a member of the 
 constitutional assembly of the Platine states. 
 He joined the party of Posadas ; was sent to command the 
 besieging army at Montevideo, which capitulated in June, 
 1814 ; was worsted in a struggle with Artigas, and in Jan., 
 1815, succeeded Posadas as supreme director, but was soon 
 deposed by a mutiny of the troops. He commanded the 
 Argentine forces against the Brazilians in Uruguay, 1826, 
 and won the indecisive victory of Ituzaingd, Feb. 20, 1827. 
 He was minister to the United States in 1823. During the 
 dictatorship of Rosas he was banished. 
 
 Alvensleben (Si' vens-la-ben), Albrecht, Count 
 von. Born at Halberstadt, Prussian Saxony, 
 March 23, 1794 : died at Berlin, May 2, 1858. A 
 Prussian politician and diplomatist. As min- 
 ister of finance, 1836-42, he developed the 
 Zollverein (which see). 
 
 Alvensleben, Gustav von. Born in Eicken- 
 barleben, Prussian Saxony, Sept. 30, 1803 : 
 died at Gernrode in the Harz, June 30, 1881. 
 A Prussian general of infantry, chief of staff 
 in the military department of the Rhine prov- 
 inces and Westphalia. He served in the staff 1866, 
 and commanded an army corps 1870-71, distinguishing 
 himself at Sedan and elsewhere. 
 
 Alvensleben, Gustav Hermann von. Born 
 at Rathenow, Brandenburg, Jan. 17, 1827 : died 
 at Mockmiihl, Feb. 1, 1905. A Prussian lieu- 
 tenant-general. He participated in the wars against 
 Denmark and Austria, and commanded an Uhlan regiment 
 in the Franco-Prussian war. 
 
 Alvensleben, Konstantin von. Bora at Eich- 
 enbarleben, Prussian Saxony, Aug. 26, 1809 : 
 died at Berlin, March 28, 1892. A Prussian 
 general, brother of Gustav von Alvensleben, 
 commander of the 3d army corps in the war of 
 1870-71, at Vionville, Mars-la-Tour, Gravelotte, 
 the investment of Metz, on the Loire, and 
 elsewhere. 
 
 Alves Branco (al'ves brang'ko), Manoel. 
 Bom at Bahia, Juno 7, 1797 : died at Nictheroy, 
 Rio de Janeiro, July 13, 1855. A Brazilian law- 
 yer and statesman. He entered political life as dep- 
 uty in 1830, and soon became a leader of the liberal party. 
 He was chosen senator in 1837, was five times minister 
 (1835, 1837, 1840, 1844, and 1846), and was premier May, 
 1847, to Jan., 1849. In Dec., 1854, he wa3 created Visconde 
 de Caravellas. 
 
 Alvinczy (al'vin-tse), or Alvinzi, Joseph, 
 Baron von Barberek. Bom at Alvincz, Tran- 
 sylvania, Feb. 1, 1735: died at Budapest, Nov. 
 25, 1810. An Austrian field-marshal. He served 
 in the Seven Years' War, attaining the rank of colonel; 
 unsuccessfully attempted to storm Belgrad in 1789; dis- 
 tinguished himself at Neerwinden in 1793 ; was defeated at 
 Hondschooten 1793 ; commanded on the upper Rhine ; be- 
 came commander in Italy in 1796; and was defeated by 
 Bonaparte at Arcole 1796, and at Rivoli 1797. 
 
 Alvord (al 7 vord), Benjamin. Born at Rutland, 
 Vt., Aug. 18, 1813: died Oct. 16, 1884. An Amer- 
 ican general and military writer. He served in 
 the Mexican war, attaining the rank of brevet major (Aug. 
 15, 1847), and in the Civil War. He became brevet briga- 
 dier-general April 9, 1865, and brigadier-general and pay- 
 master-general Aug. 4, 1876. 
 
 Alwaid (al-wid'). [Ar. al ’ awdid , the sucking 
 camel-colts (this star, with three others near 
 it, being so called by the Arabs).] The second- 
 magnitude star /3 Draconis, in the monster’s eye. 
 It is called Bastaban on some star-maps. 
 
 Alwar (ul'wur), or Ulwar (ul'wur). A state 
 of Rajputana, India, intersected by lat. 27° 30' 
 N., long. 76° 30' E. It is under British 
 control. Area, 3,141 square miles. Population, 
 828,487. 
 
 Alwar. The capital of the state of Alwar, in 
 lat. 27° 34' N., long. 76° 36' E. Population, 
 56,771. 
 
 Alxinger (alk'sing-er), Jobann Baptist von. 
 
 Born at Vienna, Jan. 24, 1755: died at Vienna, 
 May 1. 1797. An Austrian poet, secretary of 
 the imperial court theater (1794). He published 
 “Gedichte"(1780, 1784), “Doolin von Mainz" (1787), “Bli- 
 
 Amadis of Gaul 
 
 omberis ” (1791). His writings were collected in ten vol- 
 umes in 1812. 
 
 Alyattes (a-li-at'ez). [Gr. AAt>drr?/r.] A king 
 of Lydia who reigned about 617-560 B. C., the 
 father of Croesus. He made various conquests in Asia 
 Minor, and carried on war against Cyaxares of Media. His 
 tomb north of Sardis, near Lake Gygsea, was one of the 
 most notable monuments of antiquity. 
 
 If the measurements of Herodotus are accurate, and 
 modern travellers appear to think that they do not greatly 
 overstep the truth, the tomb of Alyattes cannot have fallen 
 far short of the grandest of the Egyptian monuments. Its 
 deficiency as respects size must have been in height, for 
 the area of the base, which alone our author’s statements 
 determine, is above one-third greater than that of the 
 Pyramid of Cheops. As, however, the construction was 
 of earth and not of stone, a barrow and not a pyramid, it 
 would undoubtedly have required a less amount of servile 
 labour than the great works of Egypt, and would indicate 
 a less degraded condition of the people wli -> raised it than 
 that of the Egyptians in the time of the pyramid-builders. 
 
 Iiawlinson, Herod., I. 363. 
 
 Alypius (a-lip'i-us). The (unidentified) author 
 of a Greek treatise on the elements of music. 
 “ The woi’k consists wholly, with the exception of a short 
 introduction, of lists of the symbols used (both for voice 
 and instrument) to denote all the sounds in the forty-five 
 scales produced by taking each of the fifteen modes in the 
 three genera (diatonic, chromatic, enharmonic).” Smith, 
 Diet. Gr. and Rom. Biog. 
 
 Alz (tilts). A tributary of the Inn, in Upper 
 Bavaria, the outlet of the Chiemsee. 
 
 Alzei, or Alzey (alt'sl). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Rhine Hesse, Hesse, situated on the 
 Selz 19 miles southwest of Mainz, it is an old 
 Roman town, and is noted in the Nibelungen cycle. It 
 was sacked by Bpinola in 1620, and by the French 1688-89. 
 Population, 7,488. 
 
 Alzirdo (alt-ser'do). In “ Orlando Furioso,” 
 the king of Tremizen, defeated by Orlando. 
 
 Alzire (al-zer'). A tragedy by Voltaire, pro- 
 duced Jan. 27, 1736, in which he contrasted the 
 virtues of the noble natural man and those of 
 Chri stianized and civilized man . The he roine, 
 Alzire, is a noble Peruvian captive. 
 
 Alzog (alt'soG), Johann Baptist. Born at 
 Ohlau, Silesia, June 29, 1808 : died at Freiburg, 
 Baden, Feb. 28, 1878. A German Roman Cath- 
 olic historian, professor at Posen, Hildes- 
 heim, and Freiburg. He was the author of “Lehr- 
 buch der Universalkirchengeschichte" (1840, “Manual of 
 General Church History ’’), “Grundriss derPatrologie,” etc. 
 
 Alzubra (al'zu-bra). [Ar. ] The rarely used 
 name of a little star of the fifth magnitude, 72 
 Leonis, in the animal’s hind quarters. 
 
 Amadab (a-ma'da). A place in Nubia on the 
 bend of the Nile near Derr, noted for the tem- 
 ple of Thothmes III. 
 
 Amadeo (a-ma-da'o), Giovanni Antonio. 
 
 Born near Pavia about 1447 : died Aug. 27, 1522. 
 The most rem arkable of the Lombard sculptors. 
 He was associated early with the Mantegazze in the works 
 of the facade of the Certosa. With his brother Protasius 
 he also made the tomb of San Lanfranco in the church of 
 that saint near Pavia. He made the monument to Medea 
 Colleone (or Coleoni) at Basella near Bergamo, and the 
 chapel and tomb of Colleone himself at Bergamo, 1509. 
 In 1490 he was appointed chief architect of the Certosa at 
 Pavia, and made a new design for the facade which was 
 subsequently carried out by his successors. He constructed 
 the cupola of the cathedral at Milan, and two important 
 monuments of the chapel of the Borromei at Isola Bella. 
 
 Amadeus (am-a-de'us), It. Amadeo (a-ma- 
 da'o). Born May 30, 1845 : died at Turin, Jan. 
 18, 1890. Duke of Aosta, the second son of 
 Victor Emmanuel II., elected king of Spain 
 Nov., 1870. He entered Madrid Jan. 2, 1871, 
 and abdicated Feb. 11, 1873. 
 
 Amadeus V. Born at Bourget, Savoy, 1249: 
 died 1323. A count of Savoy, surnamed “ The 
 Great,” who reigned from 1285 to 1323, and 
 was the ancestor of the house of Savoy (later 
 Italian dynasty). He increased the possessions 
 of Savoy by marriage and conquest, and was 
 made prince of the empire 1313. 
 
 Amadeus VI. Born 1334 : died 1383. A count 
 of Savoy, surnamed “The Green Count,” a 
 grandson of Amadeus V. He reigned 1343-83, 
 and acquired various territories in Piedmont 
 and elsewhere. 
 
 Amadeus VII. A count of Savoy, surnamed 
 “The Red.” a son of Amadeus VI. He reigned 
 1383-91, and acquired Nice. 
 
 Amadeus VIII. Born at Chambdry, Savoy, 
 Sept. 4, 1383 : died at Geneva, Jan. 7, 1451. A 
 count (later duke) of Savoy, son of Amadeus 
 VII. He succeeded as count in 1391, was created duke 
 in 1416, and abdicated in 1434. He was elected pope in 
 1439, and reigned as Felix V. 1440-49. 
 
 Amadeus, Lake. A salt lake, about 150 miles 
 long, on the boundary of South Australia and 
 western Australia, about lat. 24° S. 
 
 Amadis of Gaul (am'a-dis ov gal). The legen- 
 dary hero of a famous medieval romance of chiv- 
 alry, the center of a cycle of romances : the 
 
Amadis of Gaul 
 
 oldest of the heroes of chivalry. He is represen ted 
 as the illegitimate son of Perion, king of Gaul, and Eli- 
 eena, princess of Brittany. He was exposed soon after 
 birth, by his mother, to the sea in a cradle ; was picked up 
 by a Scottish knight; was educated at the court of the 
 king of Scotland ; and fell in love with Oriana, daughter 
 of Lisuarte, king of England, whom he eventually married. 
 After being knighted he returned to Gaul, and during the 
 rest of his life performed there and elsewhere a number 
 of wonderful exploits. 
 
 It is to Herberay that the famous romance of Amadis 
 of Gaul owes most of its fame. According to the most 
 probable story, the Amadis was originally translated by 
 the Spaniard Montalvo from a lost Portuguese original of 
 the fourteenth century. There is absolutely no trace of a 
 French original, the existence of which has been assumed 
 by French critics. In form the Amadis is a long prose 
 roman d’aventures, distinguished only from its French 
 companions and predecessors by a somewhat higher strain 
 of romantic sentiment, and by a greater abundance of 
 giants, dwarfs, witches, and other condiments, which, 
 even in its most luxuriant day, the simpler and more aca- 
 demic French taste had known how to do without. It 
 had been continued in the Spanish by more than one au- 
 thor, and was a very voluminous work when, in 1540, Her- 
 beray undertook to give a French version of it. He, in 
 his turn, had continuators, but none who equalled his 
 popularity or power. . . . The book became immensely 
 popular. It is said that it was the usual reading book for 
 foreign students of F'rench for a considerable period, and 
 it was highly thought of by the best critics (such as Pas- 
 quier) of its own and the next generation. It had more- 
 over a great influence on what came after it. To no single 
 book can be so clearly traced the heroic romances of the 
 early seventeenth century. Saintsbury, Fr. Lit., p. 236. 
 
 Amadis of Greece. A continuation of the 
 seveuth book of “ Amadis of Gaul,” though it 
 is the ninth, not the eighth book of the series. 
 It was in Spanish, and said to be by Feliciano de Silva. It 
 relates the exploits of the son of Lisuarte of Greece who 
 was the son of Esplandian, the son of Amadis (of Gaul). 
 
 [Mr. Southey] has mentioned that in Amadis of Greece 
 may be found the original of the Zelmane of Sidney’s 
 “ Arcadia," the Florizel of Shakespeare’s “ Winter's Tale," 
 and Masque of Cupid in the “Faery Queene.” 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of l’rose Fiction, I. 378. 
 
 Amadis de Gr^ce. An opera by Lamotte, pro- 
 duced in 1704. 
 
 Amadu, Sultan. See Bambara. 
 
 Amager (a/ma-ger), or Ainak (a'mak). An 
 island of Denmark, in the sound, opposite Co- 
 penhagen. Area, 29 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 57,989. 
 
 Amaimon (a-mi'mon), or Amaymon (a-ml'- 
 mon), or Amnymnn (a-inoi'mon). In medieval 
 demonology, one of the four kings of hell, of 
 which he governed the eastern portion. Asmo- 
 deus is his lieutenant and first prince of hisrealm. Shak- 
 spere alludes to him in the “Merry Wives of Windsor,” 
 ii. 2, and “ 1 Hen. IV.,’’ ii. 4. 
 
 Amalarius (am-a-la'ri-us). Died 837. A deacon 
 and priest in Metz, who became abbot of Horn- 
 bach, and was head of the church at Lyons 
 during the deposition of Ago bard, 833-837. His 
 
 work "De ecclesiasticis officiis” describes the order of 
 service observed in the Roman Church in the 9th century. 
 
 Amalasontha (am // a-la-son'tha), or Amala- 
 suentha, or Amalasuntha, or Amalaswin- 
 
 tha. Born 498: killed 535 (534?). Daughter of 
 Theodoric, king of the East Goths, and regent 
 of the East-Gothic kingdom 526-535 (534?). 
 Amalecite (a-mal'e-sit). A tribe of North 
 American Indians, chiefly of New Brunswick. 
 See Abnaki. 
 
 Amalek (am'a-lek). A grandson of Esau, 
 eponymic of an Arab tribe mentioned in the 
 early history of the Hebrews, in biblical history 
 the Amalekites are represented as a nomadic tribe. In 
 the time of Abraham they are mentioned as inhabiting 
 the district southwest of the Dead Sea (Gen. xiv. 7) ; in 
 the Mosaic period they are spread out over the entire 
 desert of et-Tih as far as the Egyptian boundary and the 
 Sinaitic peninsula (Ex. xvii. 8-16; Num. xiii. 29); later 
 they extended their settlements into the territory of the 
 tribe of Ephraim (Judges xii. 15). They attacked the 
 Israelites when wandering through the desert, were driven 
 oil by Joshua, and were doomed to extermination (Ex. 
 xviL 8-16; Deut. xxv. 17-19). Saul and David defeated 
 them but did not annihilate them (1 Sam. xxx.), and the 
 last of them were killed by 600 Simeonites on the moun- 
 tain of Seir (1 Chron. iv. 43). 
 
 Amalekites (am'a-lek-its). See Amalelc. 
 Amalfi (a-miil'fc). A seaport in tko province 
 of Salerno, Italy, on the Gulf of Salerno 22 
 miles southeast of Naples, it has manufactures of 
 paper, macaroni, ete., and contains a cathedral (see be- 
 low) and a Capuchin monastery (now a hotel). It was 
 founded, according to tradition, in the 4th century, had 
 at first a republican constitution under elective princes, 
 and became an important commercial center in the middle 
 ages. It was said to have contained the oldest MS. of the 
 Pandects (which see). The cathedral is a picturesque 
 church in the Norman-Saracenic style, in masonry of al- 
 ternate dark and light courses. It was built originally in 
 the loth century and remodeled in the 13th. There 
 is a three-aisled vestibule of two bays; the nave has 
 mosaics, antique columns, and a richly carved and gilded 
 roof. The crypt contains the relics of St. Andrew. The 
 bronze doors of the chief portal were cast at Constanti- 
 nople before 1066. Population, 6,165. 
 
 Am alfi ta n Code or Tables. [ML. tabula Amal- 
 
 47 
 
 fitana.~\ The oldest existing code of maritime 
 law, compiled about the time of the first Cru- 
 sade by the authorities of Amalfi, which then 
 possessed considerable commerce and maritime 
 power. 
 
 Amalia (a-ma'le-a), Anna. Born at Wolfen- 
 biittel, Germany, Oct. 24, 1739: died at Wei- 
 mar, April 10, 1807. Duchess of Saxe-Weimar- 
 Eisenacli, wife of Duke Ernest, and mother of 
 Duke Karl August. She was regent 1759-75, and is 
 celebrated as a patroness of literature and art, especially 
 as the friend of Wieland, Herder, and Goethe. 
 
 Amalie (a-ma'le-e), or Amalia, Marie Fried- 
 
 erike. Born Dec. 21, 1818 : died May 20, 1875. 
 Princess of Oldenburg, eldest daughter of 
 Grand Duke Augustus, and wife of Oth o, King 
 of Greece (married Nov. 22, 1836). 
 
 Amalie (a-ma'le-e), Marie Friederike Au- 
 guste. Duchess in Saxony : pseudonym Ama- 
 lie Heiter. Born Aug. 10, 1794 : died Sept. 18, 
 1870. A German dramatist, sister of King 
 John of Saxony: author of “Der Oheim,” 
 “Die Fiirstenbraut,” “ Vetter Heinrich,” etc. 
 Amalings (am'a-lingz). A royal Gothic family 
 said to have ruled over the Goths till the divi- 
 sion of the nation into Ostrogoths and Visi- 
 goths, when they ruled over the Ostrogoths till 
 the extinction of the male line in Theodoric the 
 Great, 526. Also Amals. 
 
 The kings [of the Goths] were chosen by the voice of 
 the assembled people from certain great families, two of 
 which, the Amalings and the Balthings, are known to us 
 by name. The Amalings were said to be descended from 
 a hero [the fourth in descent from Gaut, the eponymous 
 ancestor of the Goths] whose deeds had earned for him 
 the title of Amala, “the mighty”; the name of the Balth- 
 ings is derived from the same root as our English word 
 “bold.” . . . The Amalings became the royal line of the 
 Ostrogoths, while the Visigoths chose their kings from the 
 Balthings. Bradley, Story of the Goths, p. 13. 
 
 Amalric of Bene (a-mal-rek'ov ban), or Amau- 
 ry of Chartres (a-mo-re'ov shart'r). Born at 
 Bene, near Chartres, France : died about 1206. 
 A French theologian and mystical philosopher, 
 accused by the ecclesiastical authorities of pan- 
 theism. See Amalricians. 
 
 Amalricians (am-al-rish'ianz). The followers 
 of Amalric (Amaury) of Bene (in the diocese 
 of Chartres), a pantheist who was condemned 
 by the University of Paris (in which he was a 
 professor of logic and exegesis), by the Pope, 
 and by a synod of Paris. Ten of them were 
 burned as heretics. 
 
 Amals. See Amalings. 
 
 Amalthsea (am-al-the'a), or Amalthea. [Gr. 
 A/iaAOeia.] In Greek mythology, the nurse of 
 Zeus, probably a goat. In Roman legend, the 
 Sibyl who sold to Tarquin the Sibylline books. 
 Amambara (a-mam-ba'ra). A tributary of the 
 Niger, south of the Binue. 
 
 Amana (a-ma/na), or Abana (ab'a-na). [Heb., 
 '‘faithful, steady.’] A river which rises in the 
 Anti -Lebanon and flows through Damascus (2 
 Ki. v. 12): the modern NahrBarada. The name 
 is also applied to the district of the Anti-Leb- 
 anon (Cant. iv. 81). 
 
 Amanda (a-man'da). In Cibber’s comedy 
 “Love’s Last Shift,” and in its continuation 
 by Vanbrugh “The Relapse,” a virtuous and 
 charming woman, deserted by Loveless, to 
 whom she was married very young, but whose 
 love she regains. 
 
 Amandola (a-man'do-la). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Ascoli, Italy, 45 miles south of Ancona. 
 Amants magnifiques (a-mon' man-ye-fek'), 
 Les. A sort of dramatic potpourri by Moliere, 
 written at the order of the king in 1670. 
 Amanus (a-ma'nus). [Gr. ’A/tav6c.~] In ancient 
 geography, a mountain group, the modern Alma 
 Dagh, a branch of Mount Taurus, on the borders 
 of Cilicia and Syria. 
 
 Amanvillers (a-moit-ve-yar'). A village north- 
 west of Metz of which the name is sometimes 
 given to what is commonly called the battle of 
 Gravelotte. 
 
 Amapala (a-ma'pa-la). A seaport on the 
 island of Tigre, in the Gulf of Fonseca, on the 
 Pacific coast of Honduras. It exports Central 
 American products. 
 
 Amarakantaka (am , ' / a-ra-kan , ta-ka). [Skt., 
 ‘ peak of the immortals.’] A place of pilgrimage 
 in India in the table-land east of the Vindhyas. 
 Amarakosha (am // a-ra-ko , sha). [Skt., ‘the 
 immortal vocabulary, or the vocabulary of 
 Amara.’] A celebrated vocabulary of the clas- 
 sical Sanskrit, ascribed to Amarasinha. 
 Amarant (am'a-rant). A giant killed in the 
 Holy Land by Guy of Warwick. 
 
 Amaranta (am-a-ran'tS). In Beaumont and 
 
 Amathus 
 
 Fletcher’s “ Spanish Curate,” the wife of Bar- 
 tolus, “as cunning as she ’s sweet.” 
 
 Amarante (a-ma-ran'ta). A small town in 
 northern Portugal, north of Oporto. 
 Amaranth (am'a-ranth), Lady. A character 
 in O’Keefe’s farce “Wild Oats.” 
 
 Amarapura (am'a-ra-po'ra). A decayed town 
 of Burma, near the Irawadi 6 miles northeast 
 of Ava. It contains the former royal palace. It was 
 built in 1783, and was for many years capital of Burma. 
 
 Amarasinha (am'a-ra-sin'ha). The author of 
 the Amarakosha. His date is uncertain, but it is 
 probable that he flourished about 400 a. d. 
 
 Amara,vati (a-ma-ra'va-te). In Hindu mythol- 
 ogy, the capital of Indra’s heaven, in the vicin- 
 ity of Meru. 
 
 Amargoza (a-mar-go'za) River. A small 
 river in eastern California, which flows into 
 Death Valley. 
 
 Amari (a-ma're), Emerico. Born at Palermo, 
 May 9, 1810: died there, Sept. 20, 1870. An 
 Italian publicist. He was appointed professor of 
 criminal law in the University of Palermo in 1841. Author 
 of “Critica di una scienza delle legislazioni comparate" 
 (1857). 
 
 Amari, Michele. Born at Palermo, July 7, 
 1806 : died at Florence, July 16, 1889. An Italian 
 historian, statesman, and Oriental] st, member of 
 the Italian senate. His chief works are “ La guerra 
 del Vespro Siciliano” (1841), "Storia dei Alusulmanui in 
 Sicilia” (1853-73). 
 
 Amarillas (a-ma-rel'yas). See Ahumada. 
 Amarinna (a-ma-rin'na). See Amharic. 
 Amar-Sin (a -mar'sin). [‘ Sin (i. e. the moon- 
 god) sees.’] A Babylonian king of the old- 
 Babylonian period, residing in Ur. His name 
 is found on several archaic cuneiform inscriptions which, 
 however, do not give much information concerning his 
 person or reign. 
 
 Amaru, Tupac. See Tupac Amaru. 
 Amarushataka (a-ma-ro-sha'ta-ka). An erotic 
 poem in Sanskrit, mystically interpreted, in 
 a hundred stanzas, written by a king named 
 Amaru, but by some attributed to the philoso- 
 pher Sankara, who assumed the dead form of 
 that king in order to converse with his widow. 
 Amar yBorbon (a-mar' e bor-bon'), Antonio. 
 A Spanish general who, from 1803 to 1810, was 
 viceroy of New Granada. He was imprisoned at 
 Bogotd, July 20, 1810, and in August was sent out of the 
 country by the revolutionary junta. 
 
 Amaryllis, Amarillis (am-a-ril'is). [L. Ama- 
 ryllis, Gr. ’Ap.apvXMi;.'] 1. A shepherdess or 
 country maiden in the “Idyls” of Theocritus 
 and “Eclogues” of Vergil. — 2. In Spenser’s 
 ‘ ‘ Colin Clout ’s Come H orne Again,” a personage 
 described with adulation, intended for Alice 
 Spenser, Countess of Derby, with whose family 
 Spenser claimed an alliance. It was for her that 
 Milton wrote his “Arcades.” — 3. In Fletcher’s 
 pastoral “The Faithfu'l Shepherdess,” a shep- 
 herdess who is in love with Perigot, and uses 
 foul means to part him from Amoret. — 4. Iu 
 Buckingham’s “Rehearsal,” a female character 
 intended to cast ridicule on Dryden. The part 
 was taken by Ann Reeve, whose intrigue with 
 Dryden was noticed in the play. 
 
 Amasa (am'a-sa). [Heb., ‘burden.’] A son 
 of Abigail, sister of David, and Jether, an Ish- 
 maelite. He joined Absalom in his rebellion, and was 
 made commander of his forces. After his defeat he was 
 pardoned by David and offered the command of the army 
 in place of Joab. Later Joab treacherously slew him. 
 Amasia (a-ma'se-a). A city in the vilayet of 
 Sivas, Asiatic Turkey, in lat. 40° 40' N., long. 
 35° 50' E., on the Yeshil-Irmak : the later resi- 
 dence of the kings of Pontus, and the birthplace 
 of Strabo. Population, about 30,000. 
 
 Amasis, Amosis. See Aahmes. 
 
 Amat (ii-mat'), Felix. Born at Sabadell, near 
 Barcelona, Spain, Aug. 10, 1750: died near Sa- 
 leut, Sept. 28, 1824. A Spanish ecclesiastic 
 and writer, archbishop of Palmyra in partibus 
 infidelium. He became confessor to Charles IV. in 1S06, 
 and is the author of an ecclesiastical history, “Tiatado 
 de la Iglesia de Jesu Cristo” (1793-1803). 
 
 Amat, Manuel de. Born in Catalonia about 
 1705 : died at Barcelona about 1780. A Spanish 
 general and administrator. He served with dis- 
 tinction in Africa, Italy, and the Peninsula ; was captain- 
 general of Chile 1755-61, and viceroy of Peru 1761-76. In 
 1767 he carried out the decree for the expulsion of the 
 Jesuits. 
 
 Amateur Casual, The, or Amateur Lambeth 
 Casual. The pseudonym of James Green- 
 wood, an English reporter on the “Pall Mall 
 Gazette,” who, under this name, recounted his 
 adventures in the casual ward in a London 
 workhouse. 
 
 Amathus (am'a-thus). [Gr. ’'A/iaOor.'] In an- 
 cient geography, a city of Phenician origin on 
 
Amathiis 
 
 the southern coast of Cyprus, near the site of 
 the modern Limasol. It contained a sanctuary 
 of Aphrodite. 
 
 Amati (a-ma'te). A celebrated Italian family 
 of violin-makers which flourished at Cremona 
 in the 16th and 17th centuries. Its most noted 
 members were Andrea, his sons Antonio and Geronimo, 
 and Nicolo, son of Geronimo. 
 
 Amatitl&n (a-ma-te-tlan'). A town in Guate- 
 mala, Central America, south of Guatemala. 
 Population, 3,471. 
 
 Amatitlan Lake. A lake. 9 miles long, in 
 
 southern Guatemala, near Amatitlan. 
 Amatongaland. See Tongaland. 
 
 Amatus Lusitanus (a-ma'tus lu-si-ta'nus). 
 Born 1511 : died 1568. A Portuguese physician, 
 of Hebrew descent. He is said to have been the 
 second author to describe the valves in the veins. He 
 wrote an account of seven hundred remarkable cases in 
 medicine and surgery (1551-66). 
 
 Amaury of Chartres. See Amalric of Bene. 
 Amaury (a-ma'ri or a-mo-re') I., or Amalric 
 (am-al'rik). Born 1135: died 1173. King of 
 Jerusalem (Count of Joppa), a younger son 
 of Pule of Jerusalem, and the successor of his 
 brother Baldwin III., 1162. He invaded Egypt in 
 1168, marching as far as Cairo, but was driven out by Sala- 
 • din, by whom he was put upon the defensive in 1170. 
 
 Amaury II., or Amalric (of Lusignan). Died 
 1205. King of Cyprus 1194, and titular king of 
 Jerusalem 1197 (through his marriage with Isa- 
 bella, widow of Henry, count of Champagne). 
 He was unable to maintain himself against the Moslems, 
 and died at Ptolemais. 
 
 Amaury, Giles. The grand master of the 
 Templars in Scott’s tale “The Talisman.” He 
 conspired against King Richard and was killed 
 by Saladin. 
 
 Ainaxiki, Amaxicbi. See Levkas. 
 
 Amaziah (am-a-zi'a). [Heb.] The son of Joash, 
 king of Judah"797-792 B. c. (840? 811? b. c.). 
 Amazirghs (a'ma-zergz). The Berbers of 
 northei’n Morocco. 
 
 Amazon (am'a-zon). [Pg. Bio Amazonas, Sp. 
 Bio de las Amazonas, F. Fleuve des Amazones, 
 G. Amazonenstrom / formerly Orellana; in its 
 upper course Maranon or Tunguragua, in its 
 middle course Solitudes.'] The principal river 
 of South America, and the largest in the world. 
 It has two chief head streams. One is the Marabou 
 (Tunguragua) which rises in Peru about lat. 10° 30' S. ; 
 the other is the Ucayale (which has for its southern- 
 most head stream the Apurimac). The Ucayale rises in 
 Peru about lat. 15° S. The MaraSon (Amazon) flows 
 northwest between ranges of the Andes, turns east near 
 lat. 5° S., enters Brazil about long. 70° W., and after dis- 
 charging water through several narrow channels into the 
 Lower Tocantins or ParA Paver, thus cutting off the island 
 of Marajd, flows into the Atlantic near the equator. It is 
 connected on the north with the Orinoco by the Cassi- 
 quiare and Negro. The basin of the Amazon comprises 
 about 2,500,000 square miles. Its leading tributaries are, 
 on the north, the Napo, Iga, .Japura, and Negro; on the 
 south the Huallaga, Javary, Jutahy, JuruA, Purus, Ma- 
 deira, Tapajds, and Xingd. Its length, to the source of 
 the Apurimac, is probably about 3,300 miles, though often 
 given as 4,000. It is navigalde about 2,300, for steamships 
 about 2,200 miles. The width of the main mouth is 50 
 miles; and at the Peruvian frontier the river is 1 mile 
 wide. The mouth was discovered by Pinzon in 1500, and 
 Orellana descended it in 1541. Steamers first plied on it 
 in 1853. In 1867 it was made a free highway to all na- 
 tions. 
 
 Amazonas (a-ma-zo'niis). The largest state of 
 Brazil, capital Manaos, occupying the north- 
 western part of the country and bordering on Ve- 
 nezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. 
 It is largely occupied by forests. Area (claimed), 
 732,439 square miles. Population, 249,756. 
 Amazonas. A department of northern Peru, 
 west of Loreto. Area, 13,943 square miles. 
 Population, about 70,676. 
 
 Amazonas. Aterritoryin southern Venezuela, 
 bordering on Brazil. Area (claimed, including 
 a vast area of disputed territory), 90,928 square 
 miles. Population, with Alto Orinoco, 45,197 
 (a mere estimate, as there are hardly any civ- 
 ilized inhabitants). 
 
 Amazonia (am-a-zo'ni-a). A name sometimes 
 iven to the valley of the Amazon, 
 mazons (am'a-zonz). [L. Amazon, Gr. Aga- 
 Zuv, a foreign name of unknown meaning; ac- 
 cording to Greek writers, from a- priv., without, 
 and/m(of, abreast: apopularetymology, accom- 
 panied by, and doubtless originating, the state- 
 ment that the right breast was removed in order 
 that it might not interfere with the use of the 
 how and javelin.] 1. In Greek legend, a race of 
 women supposed to have dwelt on the coast of 
 the Black Sea and in the Caucasus Mountains. 
 The Amazons and their contests were a favorite theme in 
 Grecian art and story. They were represented as forming 
 a state from which men were excluded, as devoting them- 
 selves to war and hunting, and as being often in conflict 
 with the Greeks in the heroic age. 
 
 48 
 
 But it is in the famous legend of the Amazons that we 
 must look for the chief evidence preserved to us by classi- 
 cal antiquity of the influence exercised by the Hittites in 
 Asia Minor. The Amazons were imagined to be a nation 
 of female warriors, whose primitive home lay in Kappa- 
 dokia, on the banks of the Thermodon, not far from the 
 ruins of Boghaz Keui. From hence they had issued forth 
 to conquer the people of Asia Minor and to found an em- 
 pire which reached to the zEgean Sea. The building of 
 many of the most famous cities on the riSgean coast 
 was ascribed to them, — Myrina and Kyme, Smyrna and 
 Ephesos, where the worship of the great Asiatic goddess 
 was carried on with barbaric ceremonies into the later age 
 of civilised Greece. Now these Amazons are nothing 
 more than the priestesses of the Asiatic goddess, whose 
 cult spread from Carchemish along with the advance of 
 the Hittite armies. She was served by a multitude of 
 armed priestesses and eunuch priests ; under her name 
 of Ma, for instance, no less than six thousand of them 
 waited on her at Komana in Kappadokia. Certain cities, 
 in fact, like Komana and Ephesos, were dedicated to her 
 service, and a large part of the population accordingly 
 became the armed ministers of the mighty goddess. Gen- 
 erally these were women, as at Ephesos in early days, 
 where they obeyed a liigh-priestess, who called herself 
 the queen-bee. When Ephesos passed into Greek hands, 
 the goddess worshipped there was identified with the 
 Greek Artemis, and a high-priest took thp place of the 
 high-priestess. Sayce, Hittites, p. 78. 
 
 2. A fabled tribe of female warriors said to 
 have existed in South America. The report origi- 
 nated in an Indian myth which was found from the West 
 Indies to Paraguay, and still exists among tiie Caribs and 
 others : it is interesting from its relation to the Old World 
 myth. 
 
 Amazons, The. An earlier English form of the 
 Portuguese name of the Amazon River, still in 
 occasional use. 
 
 Amazons, Battle of. See Batt’c of Amazons. 
 
 Ambala (um-ba'la), or Umballa (um-bal'a). 
 The name of a former division of the Pan- 
 jab, British India. Area, about 4,014 square 
 miles. 
 
 Ambala. A district in the division of Delhi, 
 intersected by lat. 30° 30' N., long. 77° E. 
 Area, 1,851 square miles. Population, 
 815,880. 
 
 Ambala. The capital of the district of Am- 
 bala, situated in lat. 30° 23' N., long. 76° 46' 
 E., an important station on the North-Western 
 Railway. Population, including cantonment, 
 78,638. 
 
 Ambalerna (am-ba-la'ma). A town in Co- 
 lombia, situated on the Magdalena 55 miles 
 west of Bogota. It is the center of an exten- 
 sive tobacco district. Population, about 
 
 9.000. 
 
 Ambassadors, The. A painting by Holbein 
 the younger, in the National Gallery, London. 
 It is believed to represent Dinteville, French ambassador 
 at St. James s in 1533, and Nicolas Bourbon, a poet. It 
 was formerly thought to portray Sir Thomas Wyatt with 
 Leland. 
 
 Ambassi, or Ambasse. See Suo Salvador. 
 
 Ambato (am-bii'to). A town of Ecuador, 65 
 miles south of Quito. Population, about 
 
 10 . 000 . 
 
 Ambelakia (am-be-la'ke-a). A small town in 
 the vale of Tempe, Thessaly, 18 miles north- 
 east of Larissa. / 
 
 Amber (am'ber). A decayed town near Jey- 
 pore, India, the capital of the state of Jey- 
 pore. Population, 4,956. 
 
 Amberg (am'berG). A town in the Upper Pa- 
 latinate, Bavaria, situated on the Vils 32 miles 
 northwest of Ratisbon: the former capital of 
 the Upper Palatinate. It has manufactures of iron, 
 arms, beer, etc. A victory was gained here by the Aus- 
 trians under the archduke Charles over the French under 
 Jourdan, Aug. 24, 1796. Population, 24,303. 
 
 Amber Islands, or Electrides (e-lek'tri-dez). 
 [Gr. al ’IlXeKTpidet;.] A name given by the Greeks 
 in later times to the islands in the North Sea 
 off Denmark, Germany, and Holland. Elton, 
 Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 41. 
 
 Amber Witch, The. An opera by W. V. Wal- 
 lace, words by Chorley, first produced in Lon- 
 don Feb. 28, 1861. It was founded on a popular Ger- 
 man romance of the same name by Meinhold, published 
 in 1843. 
 
 Ambert (on-bar'). A town in the department 
 of Puy-de-Dome, France, situated near the 
 Dore 37 miles southeast of Clermont-Ferrand. 
 It has manufactures of cheese and paper. 
 Population, 7,581. 
 
 Ambiorix (am-bi'o-riks). A chief of the Ebu- 
 rones in Gaul, famous iu the campaigns against 
 the Romans 54-53 b. c. 
 
 Ambitious Statesman, The, or The Loyal 
 Favorite. A tragedy by Crowne, acted in 1679. 
 
 Ambitious Stepmother, The. A tragedy by 
 Nicholas Rowe, printed in 1700. 
 
 Ambleside (am'bl-sid). A town in the Lake 
 District, Westmoreland, England, 1 mile north 
 of Lake Windermere, noted for its picturesque 
 
 Ambrones 
 
 Scenery. Near it are Rydal Mount, Fox How, Grasmere, 
 etc. It contains Roman antiquities. Population, 
 
 2.536. 
 
 Ambleteuse (oh-bl-tez'). A decayed seaport 
 in the department of Pas-de-Calais, France, 
 7 miles north of Boulogne. 
 
 Amhoella (am-bwa'la). A Bantu people living 
 in the interior of Africa, near the head streams 
 of the Zambesi, about lat. 15° S., long. 19° E. 
 Amboim (am-bwing'). See Mbuiyi. 
 
 Ambois (on-bwa'), Bussy d’. The principal 
 character in Chapman’s play of that name : a 
 self-confident and arrogant adventurer, with 
 some real loftiness of character. 
 
 Ambois, Clermont d’. The brother of Bussy 
 d’ Ambois, a scholar and philosopher. He is the 
 central figure in Chapman’s play “The Revenge of Bussy 
 d’Ambois." He commits suicide after the death of his 
 patron Guise. 
 
 Amboise (on-bwaz'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Indre-et-Loire, France, situated on 
 the Loire 14 miles east of Tours, it is famous 
 for its castle, a favorite residence of the Valois kings, oc- 
 cupying a high rock- platform from which rise its 3 cylin- 
 drical, cone-roofed towers. Two towers built at the base 
 of the rock, 42 feet in diameter and over 100 feet high, con- 
 tain spiral passages by which horses and vehicles can mount 
 to the platform above. In the gardens is the Chapel of St. 
 Hubert, one of the richest existing examples of thfe florid 
 Pointed. Here Leonardo da Vinci is buried. It was the 
 scene of the Conspiracy of Amboise in 1560. Later it be- 
 came a political m i on. Abd-el-Kader was confined in it 
 1848-52. It is now the property of the Orleans family. 
 Population, commune, 4,731. 
 
 Amboise, Conspiracy of. An unsuccessful 
 conspiracy of Huguenots under La Renaudie 
 to seize the king (Francis II.), first at Blois 
 and afterward at Amboise in 1560, and remove 
 him from the influence of the Guises. Cond6 
 was the real chief of the conspirators. 
 Amboise, Edict of. An edict of pacification 
 between the French Catholics and Huguenots, 
 authorizing (1563) the Reformed worship in the 
 houses of the nobility, throughout all the do- 
 mains of the justiciary nobles, and in one city 
 of each bailiwick. It ended the first war be- 
 tween the two parties. 
 
 Amboise, Georges d’. Born at Chaumont-sur- 
 Loire, France, 1460: died at Lyons, 1510. A 
 French statesman and cardinal, minister of 
 Louis XH. 1498, and director of his foreign 
 policy. 
 
 Amboise, League of. See Amboise, Conspir- 
 acy of. 
 
 Amboyna (am-boi'na). [Malay Ambun.] One 
 of the chief islands of the Moluccas, situated in 
 lat. 3° 41' S., long. 128° 10' E., consisting of 
 two parts connected by a narrow isthmus. Its 
 chief product is cloves. It was settled by the Portuguese 
 in the 16th century, and was taken by the Dutch, to whom 
 it now belongs, in 1605. Length, 32 miles. Area, about 
 300 square miles. Population, about 40,000. 
 
 Amboyna. A residency of the Dutch East In- 
 dies, comprising Amboyna, Ceram, Banda Isl- 
 ands, Timor-Laut, etc. 
 
 Amboyna. A seaport, capital of the island 
 and residency of Amboyna. Population, about 
 9,000. 
 
 Amboyna, or The Cruelties of the Dutch to 
 the English Merchants. A tragedy by Dry den, 
 produced ill 1673. Part of the plot was taken from 
 one of the Italian novels of Cinthio, the 10th of the iiftli 
 decade, and part has reference to occurrences of the time. 
 Ambracia (am-bra'shi-a). [Gr. Agfiparia, ear- 
 lier Agirpatcta.] The ancient name of Arta 
 (which see). 
 
 Ambracian Gulf (am-bra'shi-an gulf). See 
 Arta, Gulf of . 
 
 Ambree (am'bre), Mary. A woman who is 
 said to have fought at the siege of Ghent in 
 1584 to revenge her lover’s death, she is fre- 
 quently mentioned in old ballads, and is the subject of 
 one preserved by Percy. Ben Jonson refers to her in the 
 “ Epicoene” and “ Tale of a Tub ” and in “The Fortunate 
 Isles,’’ where he quotes the words of this ballad. Fletcher 
 also mentions her in “The Scornful Lady.” The ballad in 
 Percy’s “Reliques” is often quoted by the writers of Jon- 
 son’s time, and, like him, they frequently gave the name 
 of Mary Ambree to any remarkable virago who adopted 
 man’s attire. 
 
 Ambriz (am-brez'). A coast town of Portu- 
 guese Angola, West Africa, and capital of the 
 “coDCelho” (county) of the same name, its 
 chief export is coffee, which is brought down from the 
 Mutemu and Encoge mountains. It was occupied by the 
 Portuguese in 1855. Population, about 2,500, of mixed 
 African origin, mostly from Loanda. 
 
 Ambrones (am-bro'nez). [L. Ambrones (Livy), 
 Gr. "Agfipui’ie (Strabo).] A German tribe men- 
 tioned by Livy and Strabo in connection with 
 the Teutones, whose near neighbors they seem 
 to have been on the North Sea, and with whom 
 they were allied in the Cimbrian wars. They 
 suffered a crushing defeat by Marius at Aquae Sextiae, 102 
 B. c. There is no certain record of their subsequent fate. 
 
Ambros 49 
 
 Ambros (am'bros), August Wilhelm. Bom 
 
 at Mauth, Bohemia, Nov. 17, 1816: died at 
 Vienna, June 28, 1876. An Austrian composer 
 and writer on music. His chief literary work 
 is a “ Geschichte der Musik” (1862-81), a very 
 high authority in its department. 
 
 Ambrose (am'broz), L. Ambrosius (am-bro'zi- 
 us), of Alexandria. Died about 250. A Ro- 
 man nobleman, a friend of Origen. 
 
 Ambrose, L. Ambrosius, Saint. Bora at 
 Treves, Gaul, probably 340: died at Milan, 
 April, 397. One of the fathers of the Latin 
 Church. He was educated at Rome, appointed consular 
 prefect in Upper Italy about 369, and elected (while a ci- 
 vilian and unbaptized) bishop of Milan in 374. He was 
 the champion of the Catholics against the Allans and 
 pagans. For his cruelty in the massacre of Thessalonica 
 the emperor Theodosius was excommunicated by Am- 
 brose and forced to do penance. Among his works are 
 “De officiis ministrorum," “Hexaemeron," hymns, etc. 
 He is the reputed author of the Ambrosian ritual. 
 
 He was elected, while still an unbaptized catechumen 
 and governor of the province, to the post of Bishop of 
 Milan, having entered the church with his troops to quell 
 the fury of the partisans of the two rival candidates. 
 While he soothed the people with his wise words, a little 
 child, so the story runs, suddenly called out “ Ambrose is 
 Bishop ” ; the words were caught up and carried round the 
 church by the rapturous acclamation of the whole multi- 
 tude. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 187. 
 
 Ambrose, Isaac. Born at Ormskirk, Lanca- 
 shire, England, 1604: died 1664. An English 
 nonconformist divine and devotional writer, 
 author of “Looking unto Jesus” (1658). 
 
 Ambrose and the Emperor Theodosius. A 
 painting by Rubens, in the Imperial Gallery at 
 Vienna. The archbishop, in full canonicals, stands with 
 his attendants before the door of the cathedral, and for- 
 bids the emperor to enter. 
 
 Ambrose’s Tavern. An old tavern in Edin- 
 burgh, now destroyed, the scene of Wilson’s 
 “ Noctes Ambrosian®.” 
 
 Its location was the site of the new Register House, in 
 the rear of the old Register House , and it is approached 
 from West Register Street by the narrow alley running 
 now between the new Register House and the new Cafb 
 Royal. Hutton, Literary Landmarks of Edinburgh, p. 55. 
 
 Ambrosian Library (am-bro'zian li'bra-ri). 
 [Named for St. Ambrose.] A library at Mi- 
 lan, founded by Cardinal Borromeo in 1609. 
 It contains 230,000 printed volumes and 8,400 
 MSS. 
 
 Ambrosiaster (am-bro'zi-as-ter), or Pseudo- 
 Ambrosius (su // do-am-bro'zius). [‘The spu- 
 rious Ambrosius.’] The name usually given to 
 the unknown author of “Commentariain XIII. 
 Epistolas B. Pauli,” which has found its way 
 into the Benedictine edition of the works of 
 Ambrose. The author is sometimes identified 
 with the Roman deacon Hilary. 
 
 Ambrosio, or the Monk. A romance by Mat- 
 thew Gregory Lewis, published in 1795. a sec- 
 ond edition was issued in which many objectionable pas- 
 sages were omitted. He gained the sobriquet of “The 
 Monk ” and “Monk Lewis ” from this book. 
 
 Ambrosius. See Ambrose. 
 
 Ambrosius (am-bro'zius), or Ambrose, Father. 
 The last abbot of St. Mary’s, Edward Glen- 
 dinning, in Scott’s novel “ The Abbot.” 
 
 Ambrosius Aurelianus (am-bro'zius a-re- 
 li-a'nus), Welsh Emrys. Lived about 440. 
 A leader of the Romans and Romanized Brit- 
 ons, said to have been a descendant of Con- 
 stantine, elected emperor in Britain, Gaul, 
 and Spain under Honorius. He drove back the 
 Saxon invaders and confined Hengist for some years to 
 the Isle of Thanet. 
 
 Ambundu (am-bon'do). See Kimbundu. 
 
 Ameland (a'me-lant). An island in the North 
 Sea, north of the province of Friesland, Neth- 
 erlands, to which it belongs. Length, 13 miles. 
 
 Amelia (a-ma'le-a). A town in the province 
 of Perugia, Italy, 45 miles north of Rome: the 
 ancient Ameria. It has a cathedral. 
 
 Amelia (a-me'lia). Bom Aug. 7, 1783: died 
 Nov. 2, 1810. An English princess, the fifteenth 
 and youngest child of George III. 
 
 Amelia. The heroine of Fielding’s novel of 
 that name (published 1751), a virtuous and de- 
 voted wife, said to be the portrait of Fielding’s 
 own wife. She is represented as having suffered an in- 
 jury to her nose (like Mrs. Fielding), which impaired her 
 popularity among Fielding’s readers. Thackeray consid- 
 ered her “the most charming character in English fiction. ’’ 
 
 Amelia. See Sedley, Amelia. 
 
 Amelia Island (a-me'lia I' land). A small 
 island off the northeastern coast of Florida. 
 
 Am61ie-les-Bains (ii-ma-le 'la-ban'). [For- 
 merly Arles-les- Bains: the name was changed in 
 1840 in honorof the wife of Louis Philippe.] A 
 health-resort in the department of Pyr6n6es- 
 Orientales, France, 20 miles southwest of Per- 
 pignan. It has sulphur springs. 
 
 Amelot de la Houssaye (am-io de la o-sa'), 
 Abraham Nicolas. Born at Orleans, France, 
 Feb., 1634: died at Paris, Dec. 8, 1706. A 
 French publicist, author of “Histoire du gou- 
 vernement de Venise” (1676), etc. 
 
 Amelotte (am-lot'), Denis. Born at Saintes, 
 France, March 15, 1606: died at Paris, Oct. 7, 
 1678. A French theologian, author of a trans- 
 lation of the New Testament (1666-68). 
 
 Amen. See Amun. 
 
 Amends for Ladies. A play by Nathaniel 
 Field, published in 1618. 
 
 Amenemhat (a-men-em'hat) I., Se-hotep-ab- 
 
 Ra. An Egyptian king, the founder of the 12th 
 dynasty, who reigned about 2466 B.c. (Brugsch). 
 He waa a successful ruler and general, and founded the 
 temple of Amun in Thebes. There is considerable docu- 
 mentary evidence concerning his reign. Also Amenemha. 
 
 Amenemhat II., Nub-kau-Ra. An Egyptian 
 king, the third of the 12th dynasty, who reigned 
 about 2400 B. c., and of whom little is known. 
 Also Amenemlia. 
 
 Amenemhat III., Maa-en-Ra. An Egyptian 
 king, the sixth of the 12th dynasty, who reigned 
 about 2300 B. C. (Brugsch). He constructed Lake 
 Mceris and the Labyrinth. (See Maoris, Labyrinth.) In- 
 scriptions of his time have been found on the rocks in 
 the peninsula of Sinai. There is also a mark (with an in- 
 scription) on the rocks of Semneh showing the height of 
 the inundation of the Nile in the 14tli year of his reign. 
 (See Nile.) Also Amenemha. 
 
 Amenemhat IV., Maat-kheru-Ra. An Egyp- 
 tian king, the seventh of the 12th dynasty, 
 who reigned about 2266 B. c. (Brugsch). Also 
 Amenemha. 
 
 Amenhotep (a-men-ho'tep) I., or Amenophis 
 
 (am-e-no'fis), Ser-ka-Ra. An Egyptian king, 
 the second of the 18th dynasty, who reigned 
 about 1666 B. c. (Brugsch). He was successful 
 in campaigns in Ethiopia (Kush) and Libya. 
 Also Amenlietp. 
 
 Amenhotep II., or Amenophis, Aa-kheperu- 
 
 Ra. An Egyptian king, the seventh of the 
 18th dynasty, who reigned about 1566 B. c. 
 (Brugsch). He made a successful campaign in Asia, 
 which is commemorated in an inscription in a temple at 
 Amadah in Nubia. There are also inscriptions bearing his 
 name in the temple of Amun at Karnak. Also Amenhetp. 
 
 Amenhotep III., or Amenophis, Maat-neb- 
 
 Ra. An Egyptian king, the ninth of the 
 18th dynasty, who reigned about 1500 B. o. 
 (Brugsch). He was a successful warrior and a great 
 builder. The two colossal statues of Memnon near Thebes 
 are portrait-statues of him. See Memnon. 
 
 Amenophis III. was as great in peace as in war. In 
 hi3 reign Egypt lost none of her military prestige, and 
 from some large scarab*! — one of which is in the Gizeh 
 Palace — we learn that under his rule Egypt stretched 
 from Mesopotamia to the country of Karo in Abyssinia. 
 At the same time that he consolidated the empire left him 
 by preceding monarchs, Amenophis raised along the banks 
 of the Nile monuments which for their grandeur and the 
 perfection of their workmanship are unsurpassed. The 
 temple at Gebel-Barkal, in the Stldan, was erected by this 
 king; so also was that at Soleb, near the third cataract — 
 and souvenirs of him may be found at Asshan, Elephan- 
 tine, Uebel-Silsileh, El-Kab, Tftrah, the Serapeum at Mem- 
 phis, and Serbut-el-Hadim. He added considerably to 
 Karnak, and built that portion of the temple at Luxor 
 that bears his name. He also erected on the left bank of 
 the Nile — opposite to Luxor — a sacred edifice which once 
 must have been one of the most important in Egypt. De- 
 stroyed completely by causes unknown to us, all that is 
 now left of it are the two enormous colossi — called by the 
 Arabs SJnamat — which originally stood at the entrance. 
 
 Mariette, Outlines, p. 39. 
 
 Amenhotep IV., or Amenophis, Khu-n-Aten 
 
 (‘splendor of the sun’s disk’). An Egyptian 
 king, the tenth of the 18th dynasty, who reigned 
 about 1466 B. C. (Brugsch). He was an innovator 
 in religion, substituting the new worship of Aten (the 
 sun’s disk) for that of Amun and the other Egyptian 
 deities. He also moved the capital from Thebes to a place 
 in middle Egypt, the modern Tel-el-Amarna. 
 
 Ameni (a-ma'ne), or Amenemhat. An Egyp- 
 tian official under Userteseu I. An inscription 
 recording the events of his life has been found in a rock- 
 tomb at Beni-Hassan. It contains a reference to a famine 
 which has, by some, been supposed to be that which oc- 
 curred during Joseph’s sojourn in Egypt. 
 
 Amenities of Literature. A work by Isaac 
 D’Israeli, completed in 1841. 
 
 Amenophis. See Amenhotep. 
 
 Amenthes. See Amenti. 
 
 Amenti (a-men'te). In Egyptian mythology, 
 the under world ; the world of the dead. 
 Ameria (a-me'ri-ii). The ancient name of 
 Amelia in Italy. 
 
 America (a-mer'i-ka). [It. Sp. Pg. Amer- 
 ica, F. Amdrique, G. Amerika; from NL. 
 America (1507), after Americas Vesputius (It. 
 Amerigo Vespucci), an Italian explorer. See 
 Vespucci.] The western continent or grand 
 division of the world, including North Amer- 
 ica, South America, and adjacent islands. See 
 
 Ames 
 
 North America and South America, it was visited 
 by the Northmen about 1000 (?) and was discovered by 
 Columbus in 1492. The mainland was probably reached 
 by Cabot in 1497. (See Columbus , Cabot.) The name Amer- 
 ica was proposed by Waldseemiiller (a teacher of geog- 
 raphy in the college of Saint- Dib among the Vosges) in a 
 treatise called “Cosmographia,” publishedin 1507. Length, 
 about 10,500 miles; greatest breadth, over 3,000 miles. 
 Area (estimated), about 14,900,000 square miles. Popula- 
 tion (estimated), 160,000,000. 
 
 America. A wooden keel schooner-yacht de- 
 signed and built by George Steers of New York, 
 for Commodore J. C. Stevens of the New York 
 Yacht Club, in 1851. Her original dimensions were: 
 length over all, 100 feet 6 inches; length on water-line, 
 90 feet 4 inches ; beam, 22 feet 6 inches ; draught, 11 feet 
 6 inches. In 1851, at the time of the World’s Fair in 
 London, Commodore Stevens, having crossed the Atlantic 
 in the America, entered her in the race of Aug. 22 open 
 to yachts of all nations for a £106 cup. The course was 
 around the Isle of Wight, and the America beat the whole 
 fleet of 18 yachts by about 7 miles. Aug. 28 she sailed a 
 race with ihe English schooner Titania over a 40-mile 
 course, beating her out of sight. The cup (£105) which 
 she won in 1851 was given (1857) to the New York Yacht 
 Club and made a prize open to challenge by yachts of 
 all nations. There have been twelve unsuccessful at- 
 tempts to recover it. 
 
 America, British. See British America. 
 America, Central. See Central America. 
 America, North. See North America. 
 America, Russian. An old name for Alaska. 
 America, South. See South America. 
 America, Spanish. See Spanish America. 
 American Colonization Society, The. A so- 
 ciety organized at Washington, District of Co- 
 lumbia, Jan. 1, 1817, for the purpose of coloniz- 
 ing free American negroes. It purchased in 1821 a 
 tract of land near Cape Mesurado, Africa, where it founded 
 the colony of Liberia, which became an independent re- 
 public in 1847. 
 
 American Cousin, Our. A drama by Tom 
 Taylor, produced in 1858. In this play E. A. Sothern 
 made a name by his clever development of the originally 
 small part of Lord Dundreary. 
 
 American Party, or Know-nothing Party. 
 
 In United States politics, a party which advo- 
 cated the control of the government by native 
 citizens. As it was at the outset a secret fraternity and 
 its members refused to give information concerning it, 
 they received the name of “Know-nothings.” In 1855 it 
 discarded its secret machinery. The party nominated 
 Fi.lraore for President in 1856, and was powerful for sev- 
 eral years. (See under A nlimasonic Party.) 
 
 American Philosophical Society. A scientific 
 society founded at Philadelphia by Franklin 
 in 1743, and united in 1769 with his J unto of 
 1723, or Society for Promoting Useful Know- 
 ledge. Franklin was the first president after 
 the union of the two societies. 
 
 American Volunteers, The (official title, The 
 Volunteers of America). A religious organ- 
 ization founded in March, 1896, by Sir. and Sirs. 
 Ballington Booth, who separated from the Sal- 
 vation Army. It was designed to be essentially 
 American in constitution and method. 
 Amerigo Vespucci. See Vespucci. 
 Amersfoort (a/mers-fort). A town in the 
 province of Utrecht, Netherlands, on the Eem 
 26 miles southeast of Amsterdam, it was an im- 
 portant seat of the Jansenists, and has a noted Church 
 of St. Mary. It has flourishing manufactures and trade. 
 Population, commune, 19,089. 
 
 Ames (amz), Adelbert. Born at Rockland, 
 Maine, Oct. 31, 1835. An American general in 
 the Civil War. Ho was graduated from West Point in 
 1861, and took part in the battles of Bull Run, Gaines’s 
 Mill, Malvern Hill, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, An- 
 tietam, Gettysburg, and others. He was brevetted major- 
 general of volunteers March 13, 1865, and major-general 
 of the regular army 1866, and promoted to the full rank of 
 lieutenant-colonel .1 uly 28, 1866. He was provisional gov- 
 ernor of Mississippi 1808-70, Republican United States sen- 
 ator from that State 1870-74, and its governor 1874-76. lie 
 was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, 1898. 
 
 Ames, Fisher. Born at Dedham, Mass., April 
 9, 1758 : died at Dedham, July 4, 1808. A noted 
 American orator, statesman, and political 
 writer. He was graduated from Harvard College in 
 1774, began the practice of law at Dedham in 1781, was 
 a member of the Massachusetts ratifying committee in 
 1788, and was a Federal member of Congress from Massa- 
 chusetts 1789-97. He declined the presidency of Harvard 
 College in 1804. He wrote the “Laocoon ’’ and other essays 
 to rouse the opposition against France. 
 
 Ames, Joseph. Born at Yarmouth, England, 
 Jan. 23, 1689: died at London, Oct. 7, 1759. 
 An English antiquary and bibliographer, pub- 
 lisher of “Typographical Antiquities” (1749, 
 ed. by Herbert 1785-90). This work is the 
 “foundation of English bibliography.” 
 
 Ames, Joseph. Born 1816: died 1872. An Amer- 
 ican painter, chiefly noted for his portraits. 
 Ames, Mrs. (Mary Clemmer, later Mrs. Hud- 
 son). Bom at Utica, N. Y., 1839: died at 
 Washington, D. C., Aug. 18, 1884. An Ameri- 
 can writer, and the Washington correspondent 
 
50 
 
 Arnes 
 
 of the New York “Independent.” She pub- 
 lished novels, poems, sketches, etc. 
 
 Ames, Oakes. Born at Easton, Mass., Jan. 10, 
 1804: died May 8, 1873. An American manu- 
 facturer, capitalist, and politician. He was inter- 
 ested in the building of the Union Pacific Railroad, was 
 Republican member of Congress from Massachusetts 1863- 
 1873, and was censured by the House for his connection 
 with the Credit Mobilier (which see). 
 
 Ames (Latinized Amesius), William. Bom 
 at Ipswich, England, 1576: died at Rotterdam, 
 Nov., 1633. An English Puritan theologian 
 and casuist residing in the Netherlands. He 
 wrote “Medulla Theologite,” “ De Conscientia” 
 (1632), “Coronis,” etc. 
 
 Amesbury (amz'ber // i). A town in Esses 
 County, Massachusetts, situated on the Merri- 
 mac 34 miles north of Boston. It was the 
 residence of Whittier. Population, 9,894, (1910). 
 Amesha Spentas, mod. Pers. Amsliaspands. 
 [Pers., ‘Immortal Holy Ones.’] The seven su- 
 preme spirits of Avestan theology. At their head, 
 as their creator, stands Ahuramazda. The others are 
 moral or physical abstractions. They are Vohu Manah, 
 ‘good mind,’ Asha Vahishta, ‘ best righteousness,’ Khsha- 
 thra Vairya, ‘the wished-for kingdom,’ Spenta Armaiti, 
 ‘holy harmony,’ Haurvatat, ‘wholeness, saving health,’ 
 Ameretat, ‘immortality.’ In the later religion they be- 
 came guardian geniuses respectively of the flocks, fire, 
 metals, the earth, waters, and trees. They are related to 
 Ahuramazda as are the Adityas in Vedic theology to 
 Varuna. See Adilyas. 
 
 Amestris (a-mes'tris). See the extract. 
 
 Amestris, the daughter of Otanes according to Herodo- 
 tus, of Onophas according to Ctesias, was the favourite 
 wife of Xerxes, and bore him at least five children. Her 
 crimes and cruelties are related by Ctesias at some length, 
 and are glanced at by Herodotus. She may be the Vashti 
 of Esther, whose disgrace was perhaps only temporary. 
 She lived to a great age, dying, as it would seem, only a 
 little before her son Artaxerxes. 
 
 Rawlinson, Herod., IV. 258. 
 
 Ameto (a-ma'to). A prose idyl of Boccaccio, 
 with poetical interludes. Seven nymphs over whom 
 Ameto, a young hunter, presides recount the story of their 
 loves, and each story concludes with eclogues, which were 
 the first in the Italian language. 
 
 Amga (a.m'ga). A river of eastern Siberia, 
 about 500 miles in length, which joins the Al- 
 dan in about lat. 63° N., long. 134° E. 
 
 Amhara (ain-ha'ra). The central province 
 of Abyssinia, including Dembea, Begemeder, 
 Lasta, Medja, Gojani. The capital is Gondar. 
 
 Amharic (am-hhr'ik), or Amarinna (a-ma- 
 rin'a). The language of the Abyssinian prov- 
 ince Amhara, and of Shoa: since the 14th 
 century the court and official language of Abys- 
 sinia. As long as the ancient Geez flourished, Amharic 
 was only a provincial dialect of southern Abyssinia. 
 Within the last three centuries it has been sometimes 
 used in writing, with adapted Ethiopian characters. It 
 
 19 a Semitic language with an intermixture of African 
 words. 
 
 Amherst (am'erst). A district in Tenasserim 
 division, Lower Burma, intersected by lat. 16° 
 N.,long. 98° E. Area, 7,062 sq. m. Pop., 300,173. 
 
 Amherst. A subdivision in the western part 
 of Amherst district, containing the four sea- 
 board townships of Chaungzon, Mudon, 
 Kyaikkami, and Yelamaing. 
 
 Amherst. A town in Hampshire County, Massa- 
 chusetts, 20 miles north of Springfield, the seat 
 of Amherst College and of the Massachusetts 
 Agricultural College. Population, 5,112, (1910). 
 
 Amherst, Jeffrey (Baron Amherst). Born 
 at Riverhead, Kent, Jan. 29, 1717: died at 
 Montreal, in Kent, Aug. 4, 1797. An English 
 field-marshal. As major-general he served in the 
 attack on Louisburg in July, 1758, at Ticonderoga in 
 July, 1759, and at Montreal in Sept., 1760. He was ap- 
 pointed governor-general of British North America in 
 1761, governor of Virginia in 1763, governor of Guernsey 
 in 1770, and lieutenant-general and acting commander-in- 
 chief of the army in 1772 (commander-in-chief in 1793). 
 He was created Baron Amherst in 1776 (recreated in 1787), 
 general in 1778, and field-marshal in 1796. 
 
 Amherst, William Pitt (Earl Amherst). Born 
 Jan., 1773: died 1857. An English statesman 
 and diplomatist, nephew of Jeffrey Amherst. 
 He was ambassador to China 1816-17, governor-general 
 of India 1823-28, and carried on the first Burmese war 
 1824-26. 
 
 Amherst College. An institution of learning 
 situated at Amherst, Massachusetts, it was 
 opened in 1821 and incorporated in 1825, and is non-sec- 
 tarian. It has over 600 students. 
 
 Amherstburg (am'erst-berg). A town in Es- 
 sex County, Ontario, Canada, situated at the 
 entrance of the Detroit River into Lake Erie, 
 
 20 miles south of Detroit. Population, 2,560, 
 (1911). 
 
 Amhurst (am'6rst), Nicholas. Born at Mar- 
 den, in Kent, Oct. 16, 1697: died at Twicken- 
 ham, April 12, 1742. An English poet and 
 pamphleteer, editor of the political journal 
 
 “ The Craftsman.” He was expelled from St. John’s 
 College, Oxford, for irregular conduct, or according to his 
 own account for the liberality of his opinions, and re- 
 venged himself by satirizing the university in “Terras 
 Filius,” a prose work, and “Oculus Britannise,” a poem. 
 
 Amias (am'i-as), or Amyas. In Book IY of 
 Spenser’s “Faerie Queene,” the captive lover 
 of ZEmilia, a squire of low degree. 
 
 Amici (a-me'che), Giovanni Battista. Born 
 at Modena, Italy, March 25, 1784 (1786?): died 
 at Florence, April 10, 1863. An Italian optician 
 and astronomer. He produced a dioptric or 
 achromatic microscope which hears his name. 
 Amicis, De. See De Amiris. 
 
 Amida (a-ml'da). In ancient geography, a 
 Roman city on the site of the modern Diarbekr. 
 Amidas (am'i-das) and Bracidas (bras'i-das). 
 Twin brothers whom Artegal reconciles in the 
 fifth book of Spenser’s “ Faerie Queene.” 
 Amidas, Philip. Born at Hull, England, 1550 : 
 died about 1618. An English navigator. He 
 explored, with Barlow, the North Carolina coast 
 • in 1584. See Barloic. 
 
 Amie (a'mi). In Ben Jonson’s “Sad Shep- 
 herd,” a gentle shepherdess in whose mouth 
 are put the words : 
 
 I graut the linnet, lark, and bullfinch sing, 
 
 But best the dear good angel of the Spring, 
 
 The nightingale. ii. 2. 
 
 Amiel (a'mi-el). In Dryden’s “Absalom and 
 Achitopliel,” a character intended for Edward 
 Seymour, speaker of the House of Commons, 
 who was an adherent of the Prince of Orange 
 and the head of the house of Seymour. 
 
 Amiel (a-me-el'), Henri Frederic. Born at 
 Geneva, 1821 : died 1881. A Swiss scholar and 
 poet, appointed professor of esthetics and of 
 French literature at the Academy of Geneva in 
 1849, and of moral philosophy in 1854. Parts 
 of his “ J ournal intime ” were published after his 
 death (2 vols. 1882-84). He studied at Berlin 
 1844-48. 
 
 Amiens (ii-me-an'). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Somme, France, situated at the junc- 
 tion of the Selle with the Somme in lat. 49° 
 55' N., long. 2° 18' E.: the ancient Samarobri- 
 va. It was the capital of ancient Picardie and is now 
 one of the leading manufacturing and commercial cen- 
 ters of France. The cathedral of Amiens, begun in 1220, 
 is in purity and majesty of design perhaps file finest ex- 
 isting medieval structure. It is 469 feet long, 213 across 
 the transepts, and about 150 in height of nave-vaulting. 
 The incomparable facade has 3 huge porches covered 
 with the richest sculpture, 2 galleries, the lower arcaded, 
 the upper filled with statues of kings, and a great rose 
 and gable between two low square towers. The transepts 
 have superb roses 40 feet in diameter above traceried ar- 
 cades filled with colored glass. The great portal of the 
 south transept is famous for its sculpture. The interior 
 is simple and most impressive. The 110 late-Pointed 
 choir-stalls are probably unexcelled, and the radiating 
 apsidal chapels are of exceptional beauty. The slender 
 wooden central spire is 361 feet high. Population, 
 90,920. 
 
 Amiens, Battle of. A victory gained Nov. 27, 
 1870, by the Germans under Manteuffel over 
 the French. It was followed by the taking of 
 Amiens Nov. 28, and the surrender of its cita- 
 del Nov. 30. 
 
 Amiens, Council at. See Amiens, Mise of. 
 Amiens, Mise of. The award pronounced Jan. 
 23, 1264, by Louis IX. of France, to whom the 
 question as to the obligation of Henry HI. to 
 observe the Provisions of Oxford had been re- 
 ferred at the Council of Amiens, Dec. 16, 1263. 
 
 By this award the King of France entirely annulled the 
 Provisions of Oxford, and all engagements which had 
 been made respecting them. Not content with doing this 
 in general terms, he forbade the making of new statutes, 
 as proposed and carried out in the Provisions of West- 
 minster, ordered the restoration of the royal castles to the 
 king, restored to him the power of nominating the officers 
 of state and the sheriffs, the nomination of whom had 
 been withdrawn from him by the Provisions of Oxford ; 
 he annulled the order that natives of England alone should 
 govern the realm of England, and added that the king 
 should have full and free power in this kingdom as he 
 had had in time past. All this was in the king’s favor. The 
 arbitrator, however, added that all charters issued before 
 the time of the Provisions should hold good, and that all 
 parties should condone enmities and injuries arising from 
 the late troubles. Stubbs, Early Plantagenets, p. 202. 
 
 Amiens, Treaty of. A peace concluded at 
 Amiens, March 27, 1802, between Great Britain 
 on one side, and France, Spain, and the Ba- 
 tavian Republic on the other. England restored 
 all conquests except Ceylon and Trinidad, the Ionian Re- 
 public was acknowledged, the French were to abandon 
 Rome and Naples, and Malta was to be restored to the 
 Knights of St. John. 
 
 Amiens (a'mi-enz). In Shakspere’s “As you 
 Like it,” a gentleman in attendance on the 
 duke. 
 
 Amin (a-men'). The eldest son of Harun-al- 
 Rashid in “The Three Ladies of Bagdad” in 
 
 Amman, Jost 
 
 “The Arabian Nights’ Entertainments.” He 
 marries Amine. 
 
 Amina (a-me'na). The principal character in 
 Bellini’s opera “La Sonnambula.” 
 
 Aminadah (a-min'a-dab). A name often used 
 by the older dramatists to designate a Quaker. 
 Aminadab Sleek. See Sleek, Aminadah. 
 Amine (a-men'). 1. In the story of “ Sidi Non- 
 man” in “The Arabian Nights’ Entertain- 
 ments,” the wife of Sidi Nouman. Her habit of 
 eating only a few grains of rice, at table, arouses his sus- 
 picions, and he discovers her feasting at night with a 
 ghoul. 
 
 2. In the story of “ The Three Ladies of Bag- 
 dad” in “Tlie Arabian Nights’ Entertain- 
 ments,” Zobeide’s sister. Without knowing 
 his rank, she marries Amin, eldest son of Ha- 
 run-al -Rashid. 
 
 Aminta (a-min'ta). A pastoral drama by Tasso, 
 produced in 1573. 
 
 But an epoch in the history of the pastoral drama is 
 marked by the Aminta of Torquato Tasso, acted at Fer- 
 rara in 1573. This celebrated poem is simple in plot ; but 
 its design is allegorical, and the Arcadia presented is a 
 reflexion of the Ferrara court, the poet himself appearing 
 as one of the shepherds (Tirsi). Ward. 
 
 Aminte (a-mant'). 1 See Cathos. — 2. The 
 neighbor of Sganarelle in Moliere’s “L’Amour 
 MOdecin.” 
 
 Amintor (a -min 'tor). One of the principal 
 male characters in Beaumont and Fletcher’s 
 play “The Maid’s Tragedy.” His weakness and ir- 
 resolution in love are explained, but not compensated for, 
 by his fantastic loyalty to his king. 
 
 Araiot, or Amyot (a-me-o'), Joseph. Bom at 
 
 Toulon, France, 1718: died at Peking, 1794. A 
 French Jesuit missionary (in China) and Ori- 
 entalist. He wrote “ Memoires concernant i’histoire, 
 les sciences, et les arts des Cliinois" (1776-91), “Diction- 
 naire tatar-mantchou-fram;ais ” (1789), etc. 
 
 Amirante Islands (am 'i- rant I'landz). A 
 group of small islands in the Indian Ocean, be- 
 longing to the British, situated southwest of 
 the Seychelles about lat. 5°-7° S. 
 
 Amirkot, Amerkote (am-er-kot'). A town in 
 Sind, British India, 94 miles east of Haidarabad. 
 Amis et Amiles (a-mes' at a-me'les). A chan- 
 son de geste, in 3,500 lines, dating probably from 
 the 12th century. Its theme is the adventures of two 
 noble friends Amis and Amiles. They escape the treachery 
 of the felon knight Hard re ; the niece of Charles, Lubias, 
 is bestowed on Amis, and his daughter, Bellicent, falls in 
 love with Amiles; the latter is accused of treason by 
 Hardrd, and is saved by Amis who fights in his stead and 
 slays his accuser ; and Amiles and Bellicent are married. 
 Amis, having forsworn himself in aiding Amiles, is pun- 
 ished by an attack of leprosy, of which he is cured by the 
 blood of the children of Amiles who are slain by their 
 father for this purpose : the children, how’ever, are mirac- 
 ulously restored to life. Also known as Amys and Amy- 
 loun. 
 
 Amis et Amiles is the earliest vernacular form of a story 
 which attained extraordinary popularity in the middle 
 ages, being found in every language and in most literary 
 forms, prose and verse, narrative and dramatic. This pop- 
 ularity may partly be assigned to the religious and mar- 
 vellous elements which it contains, but is due also to the 
 intrinsic merits of the story. The chanson ... is writ- 
 ten, like Roland, in decasyllabic verse, but, unlike Roland, 
 has a shorter line of six syllables and not assonanced at 
 the end of each stanza. Saintsbury, Fr. Lit., p. 16. 
 
 Amis (a'mis) the Parson. A comic poem in 
 Middle High German, composed by an Austrian 
 (Der Strieker), probably about 1230. 
 
 A m ist, a, d (a-mes-taTH') Case. The case of the 
 United States against the Spanish vessel Ami- 
 stad. This vessel, while coming from Africa in 1839 
 with a cargo of kidnapped negroes, was seized by the ne- 
 groes near Cuba and taken to the coast of Connecticut, 
 and there captured by a United States vessel. On a libel 
 for salvage the United States Supreme Court held on ap- 
 peal that the negroes were free and not pirates. 
 
 Amisus (a-mi'sus). The ancient name of Sam- 
 sun. 
 
 Amlet (am'let), Dick or Richard. In Van- 
 brugh’s comedy “ The Confederacy,” a game- 
 ster, the son of a garrulous old woman who 
 combines the trade of selling paint, powder, 
 and toilet luxuries to ladies with a less re- 
 spectable one. He attempts with her assistance to 
 pass himself off as a fine gentleman, but only produces the 
 impression of a footman raised from the ranks. 
 
 Amlet, Amleth. Same as Hamlet. 
 
 Amlet, Mrs. See Amlet, Dick. 
 
 Amlwch (am'lok). A seaport in Anglesey, 
 Wales. 56 miles west of Liverpool, noted for 
 its (Parys) copper-mines. Population, 2,- 
 994. 
 
 Amman (am'man), Jost. Born at Zurich, 
 Switzerland, about 1539: died at Nuremberg, 
 March, 1591. A Swiss wood-engraver and 
 painter. He came to Nuremberg in 1560, where he prob- 
 ably worked until his death. He is chiefly known for t)i ^en- 
 gravings, especially his wood-engravings, and left no less 
 than 550 prints, of which the most noted are a set of 115 
 wood-prints of arts and trades, printed at Frankfort in 1586. 
 
Amman, Johann Konrad 
 
 Amman , Johann Konrad. Born at Schaff- 
 hausen, Switzerland, 1669: died at Warmond, 
 near Leyden, about 1725. A Swiss physician 
 and writer on instruction for deaf-mutes. His 
 chief works are “Surdus loquens” (1672), 
 “Dissertatio de loquela” (1700), etc. 
 
 Amman, or Ammann, Paul. Born at Breslau, 
 Prussia, Aug. 30, 1634: died Feb. 4, 1691. A 
 German physician and botanist. He was ap- 
 pointed professor of botany at Leipsic in 1674, and of 
 physiology in 1682, and was the author of “Praxis Vul- 
 nerum lethalium ”(1690), “Character naturalis Plantarum ” 
 (1676), etc. 
 
 Amman (am-man'). A ruined town northeast 
 of the Dead Sea, the ancient Rabboth Ammon 
 or Philadelphia. It contains a Roman theater about 
 360 feet in diameter, in part excavated from a hillside. 
 
 Ammanati (am-ma-na'te), Bartolommeo. 
 
 Bom at Settignano, near Florence, June 18, 
 1511: died at Settignano, April 22, 1592. An 
 Italian architect and sculptor. His most noted 
 work is the “Ponte della Trinita ” at Florence. 
 
 Ammen (am'en), Daniel. Born May 15, 1820: 
 died July 11, 1898. An American admiral. He en- 
 tered the navy as midshipman July 7, 1836, was made exec- 
 utive officer of the North Atlantic blockading squadron at 
 the outbreak of the Civil War, and commanded the Seneca 
 in the attack on Port Royal Nov. 7, 1861, and the Patapsco 
 in that on Fort McAllister March 3, 1863. He was pro- 
 moted captain July 25, 1866, and was retired with the rank 
 of rear-admiral June 4, 1878. He wrote “The Atlantic 
 Coast" (“The Navy in the Civil War" series, 1883). 
 
 Ammen, Jacob. Born Feb. 7, 1808: died Feb. 
 6, 1894. An American general in the Civil 
 War. He was graduated from West Point in 1831, re- 
 signed from the army in 1837, became captain of volun- 
 teers April 18, 1861, took part in the West Virginia cam- 
 paign under McClellan, was promoted brigadier-general of 
 volunteers July 16, 1862, and was in command of the dis- 
 trict of East Tennessee April 10, 1864,- Jan. 14, 1865, when 
 he resigned. 
 
 Arnmer (am'mer), or Amper (am'per). A river 
 in Upper Bavaria, which rises in the Alps, 
 traverses the Ammersee, and joins the Isar 30 
 miles northeast of Munich. It receives the 
 outlet of the Starnbergersee. Length, about 
 125 miles. 
 
 Ammergau. See Ober-Ammergau. 
 
 Ammerland (am'mer-land). A small district in 
 the western part of the grand duchy of Olden- 
 burg, Germany. 
 
 Ammersee (am'er-za). A lake in Upper Ba- 
 varia, 10 miles long, traversed by the Arnmer. 
 It lies west of the Starnbergersee. 
 
 Ammianus(arn-i-a'nus) Marcellinus. Born at 
 Antioch, Syria, about 330 a. d. : died about 395. 
 A Greek historian, author of a history of Rome 
 (in Latin), covering the period 96 A. D.-378. 
 The part for 96-352 is lost. He wrote probably 
 between 380-390. 
 
 Ammon. See Amun. 
 
 Ammon (am'on). The eponymic ancestor of 
 a people, the children of Ammon, or Ammon- 
 ites, frequently mentioned in the Old Testa- 
 ment: according to the account in Genesis, 
 the son of Lot by his younger daughter was 
 Ben-Ami (Gen. six. 38). 
 
 Ammon, or Amon, or Amun, Saint. Bom 
 about 285, in lower Egypt: died 348. The 
 founder of the settlement of hermits in Nitria. 
 See Nitria. 
 
 Ammon (am'mon), Christoph Friedrich von. 
 
 Born at Bayreuth, Bavaria, Jan. 16, 1766: died 
 at Dresden, May 21, 1850. A German Protes- 
 tant preacher and rationalistic theologian. He 
 was appointed professor (1789) at Erlangen, later (1794) 
 at Gottingen, and again (1804) at Erlangen. 
 
 Ammon, Friedrich August von. Born at 
 Gottingen, Sept. 10, 1799: died May 18, 1861. 
 A German ophthalmologist, son of C. F. von 
 Ammon. He became professor in the surgical and medi- 
 cal academy at Dresden in 1829, and royal privy medical 
 counselor in 1844. 
 
 Ammonias (a-mo'ni-as). [Gr. ’Afifioviag . ] An 
 architect who, according to an epigram of 
 the Anthology, restored the Pharos of Alex- 
 andria in the time of the emperor Anastasius, 
 about the end of the 5th century A. D. He is 
 also credited with the construction of an aque- 
 duct. 
 
 Ammonius (a-mo'ni-us). Bora about 170 a. d.: 
 died after 243. An Alexandrian philosopher, 
 the founder of the Neoplatonic school, sur- 
 named “ Saccas” or “Saceophorus” (‘the sack- 
 bearer’), from his occupation, in early life, as a 
 orter. Plotinus, Longinus, and Origen were his pupils, 
 ccording to Porphyry he was born a Christian, but this 
 is denied by Eusebius and Jerome. 
 
 Ammonius. An Alexandrian philosopher, of 
 the second half of the 5th century a. D., a com- 
 mentator on Aristotle. 
 
 Ammonoosuc (am-o-no'suk), Lower. A river 
 
 51 
 
 in New Hampshire, about 100 miles long, which 
 rises near Mount Washington and joins the 
 Connecticut 7 miles north of Haverhill. 
 
 Amol (a-mol'), or Amul (a-mol'). A city in 
 the province of Mazanderan, Persia, situated 
 on the Heraz in lat. 36° 20' N., long. 52° 23' 
 E. It was very important in the middle ages. 
 Population, 10,000. 
 
 Amometus (am-5-me'tus). A Greek writer of 
 uncertain date, author of a poetical descrip- 
 tion of a nation of “Attacori,” dwelling be- 
 yond the Himalayan range, resembling the 
 ancient account of the Hyperboreans. 
 
 Amon (a'mon). In Old Testament history: (a) 
 A governor of Samaria in the time of Ahab 
 (Amosvii.). ( b ) The son of Manasseh and king 
 of Judah 642-640 b. c. He was assassinated 
 through a court conspiracy, and was succeeded 
 by his son Josiah. 
 
 Amon. See Amun. 
 
 Amon, or Aimon, or Haymon. See Aymon. 
 Amoneburg (a-men'e-bore). A small town in 
 the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated 
 on the Ohm 7 miles east of Marburg. It was 
 formerly a strong fortress. 
 
 Amontons (a-moh-ton'), Guillaume. Born at 
 Paris, Aug. 31, 1663 : died Oct. 11, 1705. A 
 French physicist. He was the inventor of a system 
 of telegraphy by means of signals from one station to an- 
 other through a series. 
 
 Amoo. See Amu-Daria. 
 
 A moor See Amur. 
 
 Amor (a'mor). [L., ‘love.’] Same as Eros. 
 Amoraim (a-mo'ra-em). [Aram., ‘expounders.’] 
 The rabbis who commented upon the Mishna, 
 and thus evolved the Gemara, which with the 
 Mishna constitutes the Talmud. The period of 
 the Amoraim begins after the death of the patriarch rabbi 
 Judah I. and extends to the close of the Talmud, i. e., 
 about 200-500 A. D. 
 
 Amoret (am'o-ret). 1. In Spenser’s “ Faerie 
 Queene,” the twin sister of Belphcebe, the im- 
 personation of the grace and charm of female 
 beauty. Brought up by Venus in the Courts of Love, 
 she becomes the wife of Sir Scudamore, hut is not in- 
 sensible to the passion of Corflambo (sensual love). (See 
 Busirane.) Also Amoretta. 
 
 2. In Fletcher’s “Faithful Shepherdess,” a 
 shepherdess in love with and loved by Perigot, 
 and enduring many trials with sweetness and 
 constancy. 
 
 Amoretta (am-o-ret'a). See Amoret , 1. 
 AmorgOS (a-mor'gos). [Gr. ’A/wpydc.] An isl- 
 and, 21 miles long, in the iEgean Sea, one of 
 the Cyclades, 16 miles southeast of Naxos. It 
 is mountainous and fruitful. Population. 
 3,314. 
 
 Amorites (am'o-rits). [Probably from Heb. 
 amir, mountain-top, the mountaineers (Num. 
 xiii. 29).] A name used in the Old Testament in 
 general for the Canaanites as well as for a sub- 
 division of the Canaanites. Biblical critics assert 
 that in the set of documents known as J (Jahvist) all the 
 pre-Israelitish inhabitants of Palestine are called Canaan- 
 ites, while in the documents known as E (Elohist) (by 
 others R=Redactor) they are called Amorites. This gen- 
 eral use of the term Amorite finds further confirmation in 
 the recently suggested reading of a geographical term in 
 the cuneiform inscriptions, mat Amurri, country of the 
 Amorites, which denominates in the inscriptions Phcenicia 
 and Syria in general, particularly Palestine : it was previ- 
 ously read mat Aharri. Even in the restricted sense it is 
 obvious that they were one of the chief races of Canaan. 
 As early as the 13th century B. c. they seem to have been 
 antagonists of the Hittites. They appear on the Egyptian 
 monuments as Amaru; they lived east of the Jordan 
 where Sihon and Og, their kings, were defeated by Moses. 
 The land thus conquered became the property of the tribes 
 of Reuben, Gad, and half of Manasseh. Those west of the 
 Jordan were conquered by Joshua, and their territory was 
 given to the tribe of Judah. 
 
 Amorous Bigot, The. A comedy by T. Shad- 
 well, produced in 1690. 
 
 Amorous Complaint Made at Windsor, An. 
 
 A poem attributed to Chaucer. 
 
 Amorous La Foole. Sir. See La Foole. 
 Amorous Prince, The. A play by Mrs. Aphra 
 Behn, adapted from Davenport’s “City Night- 
 Cap,” produced and printed in 1671. 
 Amorphus (a-mor'fus). In Ben Jonson’s com- 
 edy ‘‘Cynthia’s Revels,” a traveler and affected 
 talker. He is a liar and braggart, and an arbi- 
 trator of quarrels, but no fighter. 
 
 Amory (a'mo-ri), Blanche. In Thackeray’s 
 novel “Pendennis,” a worldly, frivolous, and 
 selfish girl, whose real name is Betsy. She en- 
 courages any man, even the French cook, and, while posing 
 as a tender, delicate flower, makes every one about her as 
 uncomfortable as possible. 
 
 For this young lady [Blanche Amory] was not able to 
 carry out any emotion to the full ; but had a sham enthu- 
 siasm, a sham hatred, a Bliam love, a sham taste, a sham 
 grief, each of which flared and shone very vehemently for 
 
 Amphiaraus 
 
 an instant, but subsided and gave place to the next sham 
 emotion. Thackeray , Pendennis, II. xxxv. 
 
 Amory, Thomas. Born 1691 (?): died Nov. 25, 
 1788. An English writer, author of “Memoirs 
 containing the Lives of several Ladies of Great 
 Britain, etc.” (1755), “Life of John Buncle, 
 Esq.” (1756-66), etc. Hq has been called the 
 “English Rabelais.” 
 
 “John Buncle” is virtually a continuation of the me- 
 moirs. The book is a literary curiosity, containing an ex- 
 traordinary medley of religious and sentimental rhapso- 
 dies, descriptions of scenery, and occasional fragments of 
 apparently genuine autobiography. “ The soul of Rabe- 
 lais,” says Hazlitt [who never gets names right], “passed 
 into John (Thomas) Amory." 
 
 Leslie Stephen, Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Amos (a'mos). [Heb.] 1. A Hebrew prophet, a 
 contemporary of Isaiah and Hosea, and a native 
 of Tekoab, near Bethlehem. — 2. One of the 
 books of the Old Testament, the third of the 
 minor prophets. 
 
 The humble condition of a shepherd following his flock 
 on the hare mountains of Tekoa has tempted many com- 
 mentators, from Jerome downwards, to think of Amos a3 
 an unlettered clown, and to trace his “rusticity" in the 
 language of his book. To the unprejudiced judgment, 
 however, the prophecy of Amos appears one of the best 
 examples of pure Hebrew style. The language, the im- 
 ages, the grouping are alike admirable ; and the simplicity 
 of the diction, obscured only in one or two passages by 
 the fault of transcribers (iv. 3 ; ix. 1), is a token, not of 
 rusticity, but of perfect mastery over a language which, 
 though unfit for the expression of abstract ideas, is unsur- 
 passed as a vehicle for impassioned speech. 
 
 IF. it. Smith, Prophets of Israel, p. 125. 
 
 Amos, Sheldon. Bom about 1835: died near 
 Alexandria, Egypt, Jan. 3, 1886. An English 
 jurist and publicist. He was professor of jurispru- 
 dence at University College, London, 1869-79, and author 
 of “Capital Punishment in England" (1864), “Codifica- 
 tion in England and the State of New York" (1867), “ Dif- 
 ference of Sex as a Topic of Jurisdiction and Legislation" 
 (1870), “ Policy of the Contagious Diseases Acts Tested" 
 (1870), “A Systematic View of the Science of Jurispru- 
 dence" (1872), “Science of Politics" (1883), etc. 
 
 Amosis. See Aalm.es. 
 
 Amoskeag (am-os-keg'). See Pennacook. 
 Amour Medecin (a-mor' mad-san'), L’. A 
 comedy by Moliere, produced in 1665 at Ver- 
 sailles. In this play he ridicules pedantry and charla- 
 tanism in the medical profession, against which he had 
 a spite. 
 
 Amoy (a-moi'). A seaport in the province of 
 Fuhkien, China, situated on the island of Amoy 
 opposite Formosa, in lat. 24° 27' N., long. 118° 
 4' E. It is a free haven, and has one of the best harbors in 
 the country. It exports sugar, opium, etc. It was cap- 
 tured by the British in 1841, and became open to British 
 commerce in 1842. Population, about 114,000. 
 
 Amoymon. See Amaimon. 
 
 Amper. See Arnmer. 
 
 Ampere (oh-par'), Andre Marie. Born at 
 Lyons, Jan. 22, 1775: died at Marseilles, June 
 10, 1836. A French physicist and mathemati- 
 cian, famous for his investigations in electro- 
 dynamics. He was professor at the Polytechnic School 
 in Paris and later in the College de France, and a member 
 of theAcademyof Sciences. His chief works are “Recueil 
 d’observations Mectro-dynamiques ” (1822), and “Thborie 
 des phbnomfenes ^lectro-dynamiques.” 
 
 Ampere, Jean Jacques Antoine. Born at 
 Lyons, Aug. 12, 1800: died at Pau, France, 
 March 27, 1864. A French literary historian, 
 son of A. M. Ampfere, professor in the College 
 de France, and a member of the French Acad- 
 emy. He was the author of “Histoire iittbraire de la 
 France avant le 12 me siccle ” (1839-40), “Histoire romaine 
 a Rome ” (1861-64), “ Histoire de la formation de la langue 
 fran<;aise," “L’empire romain A Rome,” “La Grece, 
 Rome, et Dante." 
 
 Ampersand (am'per-sand). A peak of the 
 Adirondacks situated south of the Saranac 
 Lakes. It is 3,365 feet in height. 
 Ampezzaner (am-pet-sa'ner) Alps. A group 
 of the Dolomite Alps on the borders of south- 
 ern Tyrol and Italy. 
 
 Ampezzo (am-pet'so). The upper valley of the 
 Boita, situated in Tyrol and the Italian border 
 26 miles southeast of Brixen. Its chief town is 
 Cortina di Ampezzo (or Ampezzo di Calore). 
 Population, commune, 3,700, (1910). 
 
 Ampezzo. A town in the province of Udine, 
 Italy, 32 miles northwest of Udine. Popula- 
 tion, 2,546. 
 
 Ampfing (amp'fing). A village in Upper Ba- 
 varia, 5 miles west of Miihldorf. 
 
 Ampfing, Battle of. 1. See Miihldorf. — 2. 
 A victory gained by the Austrians under Arch- 
 duke John over the French, Dec. 1, 1800. 
 AmpMalus (am-fi'a-lus). [From a Gr. name 
 ’A/npialoc;.'] In Sidney’s “Arcadia,” the valiant 
 and virtuous son of the wicked Cecropea, and 
 the lover of his cousin Philoclea. 
 
 Amphiaraus (am'fi-a-ra'us). [Gr. ’A/^mpoof.] 
 
Amphiaraus 
 
 In Greek mythology, a seer and hero of Argos, 
 who took part in the Argonautic expedition, 
 the hunt of the Calydonian boar, and the ex- 
 pedition of the Seven against Thebes. 
 AmpMareion (am // fi-a-ri'on). A sanctuary 
 and oracle of Amphiaraus, near Oropus, in 
 Boeotia, Greece. Amphiaraus was one of the Seven 
 who marched against Thebes, and was here swallowed up 
 by the earth at the will of Zeus, to save him in his flight. 
 The sanctuary occupies a narrow area on the bank of a 
 torrent; it includes a temple and altar, a large portico, a 
 long range of bases for votive statues, and a theater whose 
 plan and stage- structure are interesting. All the existing 
 ruins are of Hellenistic date. The oracle enjoyed great 
 renown, and the deified seer had a high reputation for 
 healing sickness. Excavations have been made here since 
 1884 by the Archaeological Society of Athens. 
 
 Ampliictyony (am-fik'ti-on-i), or Amphiety- 
 onic League (am-fik-ti-on'ik leg). [From Gr. 
 a/MpucTvovei;, dwellers around, neighbors.] In 
 Greek history, a league of peoples inhabiting 
 neighboring territories or drawn together by 
 community of origin or interests, for mutual 
 protection and the guardianship in common of a 
 central sanctuary and its rites. There were several 
 such confederations, but the name is specially appropri- 
 ated to the most famous of them, that of Delphi. This 
 was composed of twelve tribes, and its deputies met twice 
 each year, alternately at Delphi and at Thermopylie. Its 
 origin dates back to the beginnings of Grecian history, 
 and it survived the independence of Greece. It exercised 
 paramount authority over the famous oracular sanctuary 
 of the Pythian Apollo and over the surrounding region, 
 and conducted the Pythian games; and it constituted, 
 though in an imperfect way, a national congress of the 
 many comparatively small and often opposed states into 
 which Greece was divided. 
 
 Amphilochus (am-fil'o-kus). [Gr. ’Aytpttoxog.'] 
 In Greek legend, a seer, son of Amphiaraus 
 and brother of Aletnaeon: one of the Epigoni. 
 AmpMon (am-fi'on). [Gr. ’A/t^iwv.] In Greek 
 mythology, a skilful musician, son of Zeus and 
 Antiope, twin brother of Zethus, and husband 
 of Niobe. The brothers slew Dirce, who had ill-treated 
 their mother, by causing her to be dragged to death by 
 a bull. They took possession of Thebes, and when the 
 walls were building, the stones moved of their own accord 
 to their places under the influence of Amphion’s lyre. 
 Ampllipolis (am-fip'o-lis). [Gr. Afupiirohc;.] In 
 ancient geography, a city in Macedonia, on 
 the Strymon, 3 miles from the JEgean, in lat. 
 40° 48' N., long. 23° 51' E. Originally a Thracian 
 town, it was colonized by Athens about 430 B. C., and was 
 captured by Sparta in 424 B. 0. Near it the Spartans 
 under Brasidas defeated the Athenians under Cleon 422 
 B. c. It later became a Macedonian and then a Roman 
 possession. 
 
 AmpMssa (am-fls'a). [Gr. ’Ay^crcra.] In an- 
 cient geography, a town of the Ozolian Lo- 
 crians, Greece, 10 miles northwest of Delphi. 
 Amphitrite (am-fi-tri'te). [Gr. Apipirpir//.] 1. In 
 Greek mythology, the goddess of the sea, daugh- 
 ter of Nereus and Doris, and wife of Poseidon. 
 — 2. An asteroid (No. 29) discovered by Marth, 
 at London, March 1, 1854. 
 
 Amphitruo. See Amphitryon. 
 
 Amphitryon (am-fit'ri-on), or Amphitruo ( atn- 
 fit'ru-o). [Gr. ’A/itpiTpvuv.'] In Greek legend, a 
 son of Alcteus, king of Troezen, and husband 
 of Alcmene. To secure Alcmene (who would not wed 
 him until the death of her brothers, who were slain by 
 the Taphian3, was avenged) he undertook, for his uncle 
 Creon, to catch the Taumessian fox, which by a decree of 
 fate could not he captured, by the help of an Athenian 
 dog which fate had decreed should catch every animal 
 it might pursue. Fate extricated itself from its perplex- 
 ity by turning both animals into stone. He attacked the 
 Taphians, but could not overcome them so long as the 
 chief Pterelaus, who was rendered immortal by one golden 
 hair, lived. ComEeiho, daughter o; Pterelaus, cut off this 
 hairfor love of Amphitryon, and he perished. The appli- 
 cation of the name Amphitryon to a host is from that 
 part of the stoi-y where J upiter assumes the former’s shape 
 in order to visit Alcmene. He gives a feast and is inter- 
 rupted by the real Amphitryon. This gives rise (in Mo- 
 li re’s comedy) to a dispute which is settled by the phrase 
 “Le veritable Amphitryon est 1 Amphitryon oh l’on dine” 
 (he who gives the feast is the host). 
 
 Amphitryon, or Amphitruo. 1. A play of 
 Plautus “with a mythological (comic-marvel- 
 ous) plot, treated with complete mastery over 
 the language and with sparkling humor. Its 
 original and the time of its composition are 
 unknown” ( Teuffel and Scliwabe). 
 
 It is more of a burlesoue than a comedy, and is full of 
 humour. It is founded on the well-worn fable of Jupiter 
 and Alcmena, and has been imitated by Molifere and Dry- 
 den. Its source is uncertain : but it is probably from 
 Archippus, a writer of the old comedy (415 B. C.). Its 
 form suggests rather a development of the Satyric drama. 
 
 Cruttwell, Hist, of Koman Lit., p. 44. 
 
 2. A comedy by Moliere, produced in 1668: a 
 version of Plautus’s play. — 3. An opera by 
 Sedaine, produced in 1781. — 4. A comedy by 
 Andrieux, produced in 1782. 
 
 Amphitryon, or The Two Socias. A comedy 
 by Dryden, performed in 1690 : an altered ver- 
 sion of Moliere’s play. 
 
 52 
 
 Amplepuis (oii-ple-pwe'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Rhone, France, 29 miles northwest 
 of Lyons. It has manufactures of cotton and 
 muslin. Population, 7,000. 
 
 Ampsivarii (amp-si-va'ri-i), or Amsivarii. 
 [L. Ampsivarii (Tacitus) ; ef. L. Amisia, the 
 Ems.] A German tribe described by Tacitus 
 as originally neighbors, in the region of the 
 Ems, of the Chauei who had driven them out. 
 In the year 58 A. D. they appeared on the Rhine whence 
 they were dislodged by the Romans, and were thought to 
 have been annihilated. They reappeared, however, in the 
 4th century in incursions into Roman territory. They were 
 ultimately merged in the Franks. 
 
 Ampthill (ampt'hil). A small town in Bed- 
 fordshire, England, 40 miles northwest of Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Ampthill, Baron. See Bussell, Odo William. 
 
 Ampudia (ain-po'de-a), Pedro de. A Mexican 
 general, in command of the Mexican army on 
 the Rio Grande at the beginning of the Mexi- 
 can war, 1846. As commander at Monterey he 
 surrendered to General Taylor Sept. 24, 1846. 
 
 AmpurdcCn (am-por-diin'). A valley-plain in 
 the province of Gerona, Spain, in the vicinity 
 of Figueras. 
 
 Araraoti (um-ra-6'te), or Amrawati (um-ra'- 
 wa-te). A district in the province of Berar, 
 India, intersected by lat. 21° N., long. 78° E. 
 Area, 2,750 square miles. Population, 
 630,118. 
 
 Amraoti. A town in Amraoti district, lat. 20° 
 56' N., long. 77° 47' E. Population, 34,216. 
 
 Amraphel (am'ra-fel). A king of Shinar 
 (southern Babylonia) who, allied with Chedor- 
 laomer, king of Elam, and two other kings, 
 marched, in the time of Abraham, against the 
 five kings of the Vale of Siddim (Gen. xiv.). 
 He is identified by some with Hammurabi who reigned 
 about 2200 B. c., by others with his father Sin-muballit, 
 whose name is sometimes read Amarpal : all this is, how- 
 ever, very uncertain. 
 
 Amri (am'ri). In the second part of Dryden 
 and Tait’s “Absalom and Achitophel,” a char- 
 acter intended to represent Heneage Finch. 
 
 Amrit (am'ret) A ruined town on the coast of 
 Phoenicia, 30 miles north of Tripolis: the an- 
 cient Marathus. It contains important antiquities. 
 The Burdj el-Bezzak is an ancient Phenician tomb built 
 of huge blocks of stone. It is square, with a plain mas- 
 sive cornice, and terminated in a pyramid, now ruined. 
 The original height was 52 feet. It contains two chambers, 
 one over the other, with niches for corpses. Another 
 tomb at Amrit is one of the most elaborate of surviving 
 Phenician works. The base is square and on it rest three 
 superposed circular drums, each smaller than that below. 
 The top drum terminates in domical form, and the two 
 upper drums have a cornice of combined dentils and 
 serrations. A molding of concave curve connects the 
 lowest and middle drums. On the corners of the base 
 stand four rude lions, issuing from the lowest drum. The 
 height is about 32 feet. The so-called “monolithic” 
 house is a structure with walls for the most part hewn 
 from the solid rock. It is isolated by the cutting away of 
 the rock behind. The chief front is about 97 feet long 
 and 20 high. The interior shows holes for wooden ceiling- 
 beams. The Maabed is an old Phenician temple consist- 
 ing of a small cella, open on one side to exhibit the sacred 
 image, and raised on a square base or die. The roof is a 
 great slab hewn to the form of a flat arch on the under 
 side, the whole forming a miniature and simplified Egyp- 
 tian temple. The total height is 23 feet. The cella was 
 originally surrounded by a colonnaded court. There are 
 also ruins of a stadium with ten tiers of seats, on one 
 side all rock-hewn, on the other partly built up of ma- 
 sonry. It now measures 99 by 411 feet, but has probably 
 lost some of its length. 
 
 Amrita (am-re'ta). [Sometimes Amreeta ; Skt. 
 amrita, prop, adj., immortal, = Gr. a/ifipoToc, 
 whence ult. E. ambrosia .] In Hindu my- 
 thology, a god (masc.); the water of life (neu- 
 ter) ; ambrosia. In the latter sense the term is vari- 
 ously applied in the Vedas, but especially to the soma 
 juice. In later legend it was the water of life produced 
 at the churning of the ocean by the gods and demons. 
 The Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the Pur anas give 
 the story with variations. The gods, worsted by the de- 
 mons, repaired to Vishnu, asking new strength and im- 
 mortality. He bade them churn the ocean for the Amrita 
 and other lost treasures. Collecting all plants and herbs, 
 they cast them into the sea of milk, which they churned, 
 using Mount Mandara as a churning-stick and the serpent 
 Vasuki as a rope, while Vishnu himself was the pivot. 
 From the sea came the sacred cow, Surabhi, Varuni, god- 
 dess of wine, Parijata, the tree of paradise, the Apsarases, 
 the moon, poison, Sri, the goddess of beauty, and Dhan- 
 vantara, physician of the gods. 
 
 Amritsar, or Umritsir (um-rit'ser). A district 
 in the division of Lahore, Panjab, British In- 
 dia, intersected by lat. 31° 30' N., long. 75° E. 
 
 It is divided into the three subdistricts Amritsar, Ajnala, 
 and Tarn Taran, and is administered by a deputy com- 
 missioner. Area, 1,601 square miles. Population, 
 1,023,828. 
 
 Amritsar, or Umritsir (um-rit's6r). The capi- 
 tal of the Amritsar district, Panjab, in lat. 
 31° 38' N., long. 74° 53' E. : one of the most 
 important commercial and manufacturing 
 
 Amun 
 
 cities in northern India. It is the religious center 
 of the Sikhs, and contains a Sikh temple attended by 500 
 to 600 priests. Population, including cantoumeut, 
 162,429. 
 
 Amru ben-el-Ass (am'ro ben-el-as'), or Amer. 
 Died about 663 a. d. An Arab general and 
 statesman. He conquered Syria during the reign of 
 the calif Abu-Bekr, and Egypt 639-641, in that of Omar. 
 By his statesmanlike reorganization of the conquered 
 provinces, and by the excellence of his administration, he 
 did much to reconcile the inhabitants to Islam. The 
 story that, at the taking of Alexandria, he gave the 
 order to destroy the celebrated Alexandrine library, is 
 probably unhistorical. 
 
 Amru-el-Kais (am'ro-el-lds'). Lived at the 
 beginning of the 7th century. An Arabian poet, 
 hostile to Mohammed. His “ Moallakat” was 
 translated by Sir W. Jones, 1782. 
 
 Amrum (am'rom), or Amrom (am'rom). One 
 of the North Friesian Islands in the North Sea, 
 west of Schleswig. Its length is 6 miles. 
 
 Amsancti, or Ampsancti, Vallis (am-sank'te 
 val'les). A valley in the province of Avellino, 
 Italy, near Frigento, in lat. 41° N., long. 15° 7' 
 E., noted for its sulphurous lake and cave. 
 
 Amsdorf (ams'dorf), Nikolaus von. Born at 
 Torgau, Germany, Dec. 3, 1483: died May 14, 
 1565. A German Protestant reformer. He was 
 the intimate friend of Luther, whom he accompanied to 
 Leipsic in 1519 and to Worms in 1521, and whom he aided 
 in the translation of the Bible. He was instrumental m 
 introducing the Reformation into Magdeburg in 1524, into 
 Goslar in 1528, and elsewhere ; was consecrated bishop of 
 Naumburg by Luther in 1542, but was driven from his see 
 in 1546 in the Smalkaldic war, and was a prominent op- 
 ponent of Melanchthon in the adiaphoristic controversy. 
 
 Amsler (ams'ler), Samuel. Born at Schinz- 
 nach, Aargau, Switzerland, Dec. 17, 1791: died 
 at Munich, May 18, 1849. A German engraver. 
 Among his noted works are the “Triumphal March of 
 Alexander the Great ” (after Thorwaldsen), the “Triumph 
 of Religion in the Arts ” (after Overbeck), etc. 
 
 Amsteg, or Amstag (am'stag). A village in the 
 canton of Uri, Switzerland, situated on the St. 
 Gotthard route 27 miles southeast of Lucerne. 
 
 Amstel (am'stel). A small river in the Neth- 
 erlands, which flows through Amsterdam and 
 empties into the Y. 
 
 Amstelland (am'stel-lant). Formerly, the 
 name given to the region which lies near the 
 Amstel. 
 
 Amsterdam (am'ster-dam). [Orig. Amstelle- 
 damme, dam of the Amstel.] A city in the 
 province of North Holland, Netherlands, built 
 on marshy ground (traversed by canals con- 
 nected by numerous bridges) at the junction 
 of the Amstel and Y, in lat. 52° 22' N., long. 
 4° 5' E. : the chief commercial city and the capi- 
 tal of the Netherlands, and one of the leading 
 seaports of Europe. It, has communication by the 
 North SeaCanal arid North Holland Canal with the North 
 Sea. It i3 a market for colonial products, including sugar, 
 coffee, spices, rice, tobacco, etc., has ship-building indus- 
 tries and important manufactures of sugar, sails, tobacco, 
 beer, etc., and is especially famous for diamond-cutting 
 and -polishing. It was founded at the beginning of the 
 13th century, became of great importance on the decline 
 of Antwerp about 1585-95, and was the fust commercial 
 city of Europe in the 17th century. It was entered by the 
 French in 1795, and belonged to the French Empire 1810-13. 
 It contains various important buildings, museums, etc. 
 Population, 565,589. 
 
 Amsterdam. A city inMontgomery County, New 
 York, situated on the Mohawk 30 miles north- 
 west of Albany. Population, 31,267, (1910). 
 
 Amsterdam. A small uninhabited island in the 
 Indian Ocean, in lat. 37° 51' S., long. 77° 32' E. 
 It belongs to France. 
 
 Amsterdam, New. An old name for New York 
 
 (city). 
 
 Amstetten (am'stet-ten). A small town in 
 Lower Austria, situated on the Ips 28 miles 
 east by south of Linz. 
 
 Amucu (a-mo-ko'), Lake. A small lake in 
 British Guiana, about lat. 3° 40' N., connected 
 with the Essequibo and, through the Branco, 
 v i 1 h the Amazon. According to Schomburgk this 
 was the so-called Lake Parima connected with the myth 
 of El Dorado. 
 
 Amu Daria (a-mo'diir'ya), Ar. Jihun (je'hon), 
 orGihon. The principal river of Central Asia: 
 the ancient Oxus. It rises as the Ak-Su in the east- 
 ern Pamir near the frontier of eastern Turkestan ; flows 
 generally west to near long. 66° E.. separating in part of 
 its course Bokhara from Afghanistan ; flows then north- 
 west, and empties by a delta into the southern part of 
 the Sea of Aral. It is generally thought to have emptied 
 into the Caspian Sea in ancient and even in medieval 
 times. Among its tributaries are, among those on the 
 right, the Wakash (or Surghab) and Kafirnagan ; and on 
 the left, the Pandja, Koksha, and Kunduz. AtTchardjul 
 it is crossed by the Transcaspian Railway. Its length is 
 about 1,400 miles, and it is navigable by vessels about 300 
 miles. 
 
 Amun (a'mon). [Egypt., ‘the hidden or veiled 
 one.’] An Egyptian deity. He is variously repre- 
 sented as a ram with large curving horns, as a being 
 
Amnn 
 
 53 
 
 Anakim 
 
 with a ram's head and a human body, and as a man en- 
 throned or standing erect. In art his figure is colored 
 blue. On his head he wears the royal symbol and two 
 long feathers, and in one hand he carries a scepter and in 
 the other the sign of life. His chief temple and oracle 
 were on an oasis in the -Libyan desert near Memphis. Also 
 Amen, Amnion, Anion , and Hammon. See the extract. 
 
 But after the rise of the Theban dynasty the supreme 
 form under which Ra was worshipped was Amun, “the 
 hidden one." In course of time he absorbed into himself 
 almost all the other deities of Egypt, more especially Ra 
 and Khnum. He reigns over this earth, as his represen- 
 tatives, the Pharaohs, over Egypt, and inspires mankind 
 with the sense of right. He is called Khem as the self- 
 begetting deity, “ the living < isiris " as the animating prin- 
 ciple of the universe. Ou his head he wears a lofty crown 
 of feathers, sometimes replaced by the crowns of Upper 
 and Lower Egypt or the ram's head of Khnum, and Mut 
 and Khunsu form with him the trinity of Thebes. 
 
 Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 63. 
 
 Amunategui (a-mo-na'ta-gwe), Miguel Luis. 
 Born Jan. il, 1828: died Jan. 22, 1888. ACltilean 
 historian, associated, in the production of most 
 of his works, with his brother, Gregorio Victor 
 Amunategui. Among these are “Memoria sobre lare- 
 conquista espafiola ” (1860), “ Compend o de la historia po- 
 litics y eclesiastica de Chile” (1856), “Descubrimiento y 
 conquista de Chile” (1862), “Los precursores de la inde- 
 pendence de Chile ” (1872-73). 
 
 Amur, or Amoor (a-mor'). A river in Siberia 
 formed by the junction of the Shilka and Argun, 
 about lat. 53° N., long. 121° E. It flows generally 
 southeast, then northeast, and then east, and it enters the 
 Gulf of Saghalin. In part of its course it forms the 
 boundary between Siberia and Mantchuria. Its chief 
 tributaries are, on the right, the Sungari and Usuri; on 
 the left, the Zeya, Bureya, Kur, Gorin, and Im. Its length, 
 including the Argun, is about 2,700 miles, and it is naviga- 
 ble for about 2,400 miles. 
 
 Amur. A province in eastern Siberia, situated 
 north of the river Amur, ceded by China to 
 Russia in 1858. Its capital is Khabarovka. 
 Area, 172,826 square miles. Population, about 
 160,400. 
 
 Amurath (a- mo-rat') I., or Murad. Born 
 1319: killed June 15, 1389. Sultan of Turkey 
 1359-89, son of Orkban. He completed the organi- 
 zation of the janizaries, begun by his father, and was the 
 first of the Ottoman sultans who made conquests in Eu- 
 rope. In 1361 he occupied Adrianople, which he made 
 the capital of his European dominions, took Sofia in 
 1382, and defeated tile princes of Servia and Bosnia in the 
 battle of Kosovo 1389. He was killed after the engage- 
 ment by a wounded Servian who, it is said, started from 
 among the dead and plunged a dagger into his breast as he 
 surveyed the field of battle. 
 
 Amurath II., or Murad. Bom about 1403: 
 died 1451. Sultan of Turkey 1421-51, son of 
 Mohammed I. He unsuccessfully besieged Constan- 
 tinople in 1423, carried on war against the Hungarians 
 under Hunyady and the Albanians under Scanderbeg, de- 
 feated the Hungarians at Varna in 1444 and Kossova in 
 1448, and subdued the Morea in 1446. 
 
 Amurath III., or Murad. Born 1546: died 
 1595. Sultan of Turkey 1574-95, son of Selim 
 II. He continued the war against Austria with varying 
 success, and took Luristan, Georgia, Shirvan, Tabriz, and 
 part of Azerbaijan from Persia in 11*90. 
 
 Amurath IV., or Murad. Born about 1611: 
 died 1640. Sultan of Turkey 1623-40. He cap- 
 tured Bagdad from the Persians in 1638. 
 
 Amurath V., or Murad. Born 1840 : died Aug. 
 29, 1904. Sultan of Turkey May to Aug., 1876 
 (dethroned Aug. 31), nephew of Abdul-Aziz. 
 
 Amussat (a-mfi-sa'), Jean Zulema. Born at 
 St. Maixent, Deux-S&vres, France, Nov. 21, 
 1796: died May 14, 1856. A French surgeon 
 and surgical writer, author of “Torsion des 
 arteres ” (1829), etc. He invented a probe 
 used in lithotrity. 
 
 Amyas Leigh, Sir. See Leigh. 
 
 Amyclse (a-mi'kle). [Gr. A/A/ola/.] In ancient 
 geography, a town in Laconia, Greece, 3 miles 
 south of Sparta, the legendary seat of Tynda- 
 reus. It longretained its Achaean population. Accord- 
 ing to a tradition the inhabitants of Arayciae had been so 
 often alarmed by false reports of the hostile approach 
 of the Spartans that all mention of the subject was for- 
 bidden: hence when they did come no one dared to an- 
 nounce the fact, and the town was captured. “Amyclsean 
 silence ” thus passed into a proverb. 
 
 Amymone (am-i-mo'ne). [Gr. ’Auvacivrj.'] In 
 Greek legend, a daughter of Danaus. 
 
 Amynta (a-min'tS,). A character in IVUrfe’s 
 romance “Astrea.” 
 
 Amyntas (a-min'tas) I. [Gr. ’A/dvra?.] Died 
 about 498 b. C. King of Macedonia, son of Al- 
 cetas, and fifth in descent from Perdiccas, the 
 founder of the dynasty. He presented earth and 
 water in submission to Megabazus, whom Darius, on the 
 return from his Scythian expedition, had left at the head 
 of 80,000 men in Europe. 
 
 Amyntas II. King of Macedonia 394-370 b. c., 
 nephew of Perdiccas II. He succeeded his father 
 in Upper Macedonia ; obtained the crown of Macedonia 
 proper in 394 by the murder of Pausanias, son of the 
 usurper Aeropus ; was driven from Macedonia by Argseus, 
 the son of Pausanlaa, supported by Iiardylis, an Illyrian 
 
 chief ; and was restored by the Thessalians, with whom 
 he had taken refuge. 
 
 Amyntas III. Died 336 b. c. King of Mace- 
 donia 360-359, grandson of the preceding. He 
 
 was an infant at the death of his father 360 B. C., and was 
 excluded 359 B. 0. from the throne by the regent, his 
 uncle Philip, at whose court he was brought up, and whose 
 daughter he married. He was executed by Alexander the 
 Great for a conspiracy against the king’s life. 
 
 Amyntas, or The Impossible Dowry. A pas- 
 toral drama of the Italian type by Thomas 
 Randolph, first printed in 1638. It has no con- 
 nection in plot with Tasso’s “ Aminta.” 
 
 Amyntor, Gerhard von. A pseudonym of 
 Dagobert von Gerhardt, a German novelist. 
 
 Amyot (a-me-o'), Jacques. Born at Melun, 
 France, Oct. 30, 1513: died at Auxerre, France, 
 Feb. 6, 1593. A French writer. He was tutor to 
 Charles IK. and Henri of Anjou, grand almoner, bishop 
 of Auxerre, and commander in the Order of the Holy 
 Ghost. He is known chiefly by his translations of “The- 
 agenes and Chariclea ” (1547), of the works of Diodorus 
 Siculus (1554), of “ Daphnis and Chloe ” and Plutarch's 
 “Lives” (1559), and of Plutarch's “Morals" (1572). 
 
 Amyot, Joseph. See Amiot. 
 
 Amyraut (a-me-ro'), or Amyrault (L. Amy- 
 raldns), Mo'ise. Born Sept., 1596: died 1664. 
 A French Protestant theologian, professor at 
 Saumur 1633—64. He was charged with Arminianism, 
 and although he was acquitted at the synods of Alenqon 
 (1637) and^Charenton (1644), the “Eormula Consensus 
 Helvetica” (1657) was directed chiefly against him. 
 
 An or On, See Heliopolis. 
 
 Anabaptists (an-a-bap'tists). [From Gr. ava- 
 8a~TiC,eiv , rebaptize.] Those Christians who 
 hold baptism in infancy to be invalid, and 
 require adults who have received it to be bap- 
 tized on joining their communion. The name is 
 best known historically a3 applied to the followers of 
 Thomas Miinzer, a leader of the peasants’ war in Germany, 
 who was killed in battle in 1525, and to those of John 
 Matthias and John Bockold, or John of Leyden, who com- 
 mitted great excesses while attempting to establish a so- 
 cialistic kingdom of Hew Zion or Mount Zion at Munster 
 in Westphalia, and were defeated in 1535, their leaders 
 being killed and hung up in iron cages, which are still 
 preserved in that city. The name has also been applied 
 to bodies of very different character in other respects, 
 probably always in an opprobrious sense, since believers 
 in the sole validity of adult baptism refuse to regard it as 
 rebaptism in the case of persons who had received the 
 rite in infancy. It is now most frequently used of the 
 Mennonites. See Mennonites. 
 
 Anabara(a-na-ba-ra'). Ariverin Siberia which 
 flows into the Arctic Ocean west of the Lena. 
 
 Anabasis (a-nab'a-sis). [Gr. avapaois, a going 
 up, an expedition inland.] A celebrated account 
 by Xenophon, in seven books, of the campaign 
 of Cyrus the Younger against Artaxerxes II. 
 of Persia, and the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, 
 401-399 B. c., after the death of Cyrus atCunaxa. 
 See Cyrus. 
 
 The title means “ a march up ( from the coast)" into, the 
 interior, and properly applies only to the first part, as far 
 as the battle at Ounaxa. . . . Cyrus was killed (Sept., 401). 
 The remaining and larger part of the work ought rather 
 to be called catabasis, the march down to the sea. Soon 
 after the death of Cyrus, the Persian satrap Tisnphernes 
 treacherously seized five of the Greek generals. The 
 Greeks were now in terrible danger. That night Xeno- 
 phon — who had not hitherto been either an officer ora 
 private soldier, but simply an “unattached ” volunteer, 
 . . . awoke the surviving leaders, and in a midnight coun- 
 cil of war gave them heart, by his plain earnest eloquence, 
 to take measures for the common safety. Next day, 
 formed in a hollow square with the baggage in the center, 
 they began the retreat. Moving along the Tigris, past 
 the site of the ancient Nineveh and the modern Mossul, 
 they came into the country of the Carduchi, or Kurds, who, 
 like modern Kurds, rolled down stones on them from the 
 top of their mountain-passes ; then through Armenia and 
 Georgia. At last one day — in thefifth month — Eeb., 400 
 B. c. — Xenophon, who was with the rear guard, heard a 
 great shouting among the men who had reached the top 
 of a hill in front. He thought they saw an enemy. He 
 mounted his horse, and galloped forward with some cav- 
 alry. As they came nearer, they could make out the 
 shout : it was " The sea ! the sea ! ” There, far off, was the 
 silver gleam of the Euxine. After the long, intense strain 
 of toil and danger, the men burst into tears: like true 
 Greek children of the sea they knew now that they were 
 in sight of home. Two days’ march brought them to the 
 coast at Trapezus, a Greek city, the modern Trebizond ; 
 there they sacrificed to the gods, especially to Zeus the Pre- 
 server and Heracles the Guide. Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 110. 
 
 Anabasis of Alexander the Great. An im- 
 portant historical work by Arrian, in seven 
 books, all of which, with the exception of a few 
 pages, has survived. It begins with the acces- 
 sion of Alexander, and describes bis campaigns 
 and victories. 
 
 Anacaona (a-na-ka'o-na). [A Haitian name 
 meaning ‘golden flower.’] An Indian woman, 
 sister of Behechio and wife of Caonabo, ca- 
 ciques of Haiti when it was discovered by Co- 
 lumbus (1492). After the capture and death of Caonabo 
 she counseled submission to the Spaniards, and herself 
 received Bartholomew Columbus with great hospitality 
 (1498). She succeeded her brother Behechio as ruler of 
 his tribe, and friendly relations with the whites continued 
 until 1503 : In that year she entertained Ovando and his 
 
 forces, but in the midst of a festival in their honor they 
 attacked her village, massacred a great number of Indians, 
 and carried her to Santo Domingo, where she was hanged. 
 
 Anacapri (a-na-ka'pre). 1. The western part 
 of the island of Capri, Italy. — 2. A small town 
 on the island of Capri. 
 
 Anacharsis (an-a-kar'sis). [Gr. Avcixapon;.'] A 
 Scythian prince, brother of Saulius, king of 
 Thrace, a contemporary of Solon. He visited 
 Athens where he obtained a great reputation for wisdom. 
 On returning to Thrace he was slain by his brother. By 
 some he was reckoned among the seven sages. 
 
 Anacharsis Clootz. See Clootz. 
 Anacletus(an-a-kle'tus),or Cletus(?),I., Saint. 
 Died 91 (!) A. d. Bishop of Rome, said by 
 some to have been elected 83 a. d. 
 
 Anacletus II. Antipope in opposition to In- 
 nocent II., 1130-38. 
 
 Anaconda (an-a-kon'da). A city, the capital 
 of Deerlodge County, Montana. Population, 
 10,134, (1910). 
 
 Anacreon (a-nak 're-on). [Gr. Avanpeov .] Born 
 in Teos about 563 b. c.: died about 478 B. c. A 
 famous Greek lyric poet who sang chiefly the 
 praises of love and wine. He was driven with hit 
 townspeople, by Harpagus, from Teos to Abdera ; thence 
 he went to the court of Polycrates in Samos, and later to 
 Athens. “He was the courtier and laureate of tyrants. 
 He won his first fame with Polycrates, at whose death 
 Hipparchus fetched him to Athens in a trireme of fifty 
 oars. Between Bacchus and Venus he spent his days in 
 palaces ; and died at the ripe age of eighty-five at Teos, 
 choked, it is reported, by a grape-stone — a hoary-headed 
 roud." Symonds, Studies of the Greek Poets, I. 318. 
 
 The great body of his fragments, and the numerous cop- 
 ies of his poems, speak of love as an engrossing amuse- 
 ment, of feasting as spoilt by earnest conversation, nay 
 even of old age with a sort of jovial regret. . . . Hispoetry 
 is no longer the outburst of pent-up passion, but the ex- 
 ercise of a graceful talent, the ornament of a luxurious 
 leisure. Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 197. 
 Anacreon. An opera in two acts by Cheru- 
 bini, words by Mendouze, produced in Paris 
 Oct. 4, 1803. 
 
 Anacreon of the Guillotine. A nickname of 
 Barere de Vieuzae. 
 
 Anacreon Moore. A nickname of Thomas 
 Moore. 
 
 Anacreon of Persia. A surname given to Hafiz. 
 Anadarco, Anadarko. See Nadaaltu. 
 Anadoli. See Anatolia. 
 
 Anadyomene (an"a-di-om'e-ne). [Gr. AvaSvo - 
 phy, rising (from the sea).] A surname of 
 Aphrodite, in allusion toher originfrom the sea. 
 Anadyr, or Anadir (an-a-der'). A river in 
 eastern Siberia, which flows into the Gulf of 
 Anadyr about lat. 65° N. Its length is about 
 450 miles. 
 
 Anadyr, Gulf of. Au arm of Bering Sea, east 
 of Siberia. 
 
 Anagni (a-nan'ye). A town in the province of 
 Rome, Italy, 36 miles southeast of Rome: the 
 ancient Anagnia, capital of the Hernici. it 
 has a cathedral and has often been the residence of the 
 popes. Population, 10,059. 
 
 Anahuac (a-na'wak). [Nahuatl, signifying 
 ‘within the water.’] A name originally 
 used to designate the low lands bordering on 
 the Lake of Mexico, and now generally 
 applied to the greater part of the central 
 table-land, or to that portion of it, in the region 
 of the City of Mexico, which bolds the valley 
 lakes (Texcoco, Chaleo, etc.), and extends east- 
 ward to the mountain wall of Popocatepetl and 
 Ixtaccihuatl. Anahuac has been stated to be the name 
 for the supposed Indian “empire” of the Mexicans at the 
 time of the Spanish conquest. This is, however, an error, 
 as there was no empire, but only a confederacy of warlike 
 tribes. Tbe name has, therefore, no political, hardly even 
 a definite geographical, significance. 
 
 Anaides (a-na'dez). [Gr. avcu&f)c, shameless.] 
 In Ben Jonson’s “Cynthia’s Revels,” a fashion- 
 able ruffler and impudent ruffian. Thomas Dekker 
 imagined that in this character he was caricatured. Others, 
 however, think Marston was intended. 
 
 Anaitis (a-nl'tis), Anait (a-nlt'). A Syrian 
 goddess whose worship was introduced into 
 Greek mythology. She was variously identified with 
 Artemis, Aphrodite, Cybele, etc. In Egyptian mythology 
 she appeared under the name Anta, Antha. 
 
 Anak (a'nak). [Heb., ‘long-necked,’ i. e. 
 ‘ giant.’] In the Old Testament, tbe progenitor 
 of a tribe or race of giants, the Anakim (which 
 see), or a collective name for this tribe itself. 
 Anakim (an'a-kim). In the Old Testament, 
 the sons of Anak, a race of giants dwelling in 
 southern Palestine. 
 
 People saw survivors of the ancient indigenous popula- 
 tions, anterior to the Canaanites (Emim, Zomzomniin, 
 Anakim), in individuals of lofty stature whom they be- 
 lieved were to be found in certain particular places. But 
 popular imagination revels in giants; it willingly creates 
 them. These Anakim were surrounded by legends ; they 
 sometimes called them ref aim { the dead, the giants, the 
 phantoms, the heroes); a plain to the southwest of .Tern- 
 
Anakim 
 
 union bore their name, and they were confounded with 
 the Titanic racoB buried under the flea. 
 
 lleiiau, Hint, of the i'cople of Israel (tranB.), I. 191. 
 
 Anam. See Annum. 
 
 Anambas Islands (ii-nam'bas i'laudz). A 
 group of small islands oast of tho Malay Penin- 
 sula and west of Borneo. 
 
 Anammelech ( a-nam'e-lek). [Babylonian Anu- 
 malik, Anu the counselor.] A divinity of tho 
 Babylonian Sepharvites, whoso worship they 
 continued to practise in Samaria (2 Ki. xvii. 31 ). 
 
 Anu was tho god of heaven, and stood at the head of the 
 Babylonian pantheon. 
 
 Anandagiri ( a-nan-da-ge're). A follower of San- 
 kara. He lived about the loth century and wrote a 
 Sankara vijayap triumph of Sankara’), in which are related 
 at length the polemics of the master against forty-eight 
 different sects. It is an apocryphal romance of no historic 
 worth. 
 
 Anandalahari (a-nan-da-la'ha-re). [Skt.,‘tho 
 wave of joy.’] A poem ascribed to Sankara. It 
 is a hymn of praiso to Parvati, wife of Siva, min- 
 gled with mystical doctrine. 
 
 Ananias (an-a-ni'as). [Gr. ’A vavtac, Ileb. Hana- 
 nidh.\ A Jewish Christian of Jerusalem who 
 with his wife Sapphira was struck dead for fram l 
 and lying. Acts v. 
 
 Ananias. A Jewish Christian of Damascus, a 
 friend of Paul. 
 
 Ananias. A Jewish high priest 48-59 a. d., 
 before whom St. Paul was tried. 
 
 Ananias. In Ben Jonson’s comedy “The Al- 
 chemist,” a hypocritical puritan deacon of 
 Amsterdam. 
 
 Ananieff (a-niin'yef). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Kherson, Russia, in lat. 47° 47' N., 
 long. 29° 57' E. Population, 16,713. 
 
 Ananus (an'a-nus). High priest of the Jews, 
 the son of Seth. lie was appointed by Cyrenius and 
 removed by Valeiian, and is apparently the Annas men- 
 tioned in the gospels. 
 
 Ananus. High priest of the Jews, son of the 
 preceding. He held office for three months in 62 A. d., 
 and was removed by King Agrippaat the demand of the 
 Pharisees because of his attempt to revive Sadduceeism, 
 and was put to death 67 A. D. by the Zealots. 
 
 Anapa (a-na'pa). A seaport and naval station 
 in the government of Kuban, Northern Cau- 
 casus, on the Black Sea in lat. 44° 55' N., 
 long. 37° 20' E. Population, 6,676. 
 
 Anaphi (a-na'fe). An island of the Cyclades, 
 Greece, lat. 36° 21' N., long. 25° 48' E., east 
 of Santorin : the ancient Anaphe. Length, 7 
 miles. 
 
 Anaquito (a-na-ke'to). A plain about a mile 
 from Quito, Ecuador, where the army of Gon- 
 zalo Pizarro defeated that of the viceroy Vas- 
 co Nunez Vela aided by Benalcazar, Jan. 18, 
 1546. Vela was killed, and Benalcazar severely 
 wounded. 
 
 Anargha Raghava (a-nar'gha ra'glia-va). A 
 drama of the 13th or 14th century by Murari 
 Misra, of which Raghava or Rama is the hero. 
 Anarkali (iin-ar'ka-li). An important suburb 
 of Lahore, British India. 
 
 Afiasco (an-yas'ko), Pedro de. Born at Lima, 
 1550 : died at Tucuman, April 12, 1605. A Pe- 
 ruvian Jesuit. He left several works on the 
 language of the Indians among whom he bad 
 labored. 
 
 Anasitch (a-na-sich'). A tribe of the Kusan 
 stock of North American Indians, it formerly 
 had a village on the south side of Coos Bay, Oregon. The 
 survivors are on the Siletz reservation, Oregon. See 
 Kusan. 
 
 Anastasia (an-as-ta'shi-a), Saint. 1. A Chris- 
 tian martyr slain during tbe reign of Nero (54— 
 68 A. D.). She is said to have been a pupil of St. Peter and 
 St. Paul. Her martyrdom is commemorated on April 15. 
 2. A Christian martyr who perished in the 
 persecution by Diocletian 303 (?) a. d. The date 
 of her commemoration in the Latin Church is 
 Dec. 25, in the Greek Dec. 22. — 3. Died 597. 
 AGreek saint who lived in Alexandria disguised 
 as a monk for 28 years. 
 
 Anastasian Law. A law of the emperor Anas- 
 tasius I. (506), directed against usurers. 
 Anastasius (an-as-ta'shi-us) I., Saint. [Gr. 
 ’Avaardaio^.] Bishop of Rome 399-401. He con- 
 demned the writings of Origen, and excommunicated Ru- 
 ff n us, the antagonist of Jerome and advocate of Origen, 
 although he is said to have acknowledged that he did not 
 understand the controversy. 
 
 Anastasius II. Pope 496-498. He endeavored to 
 
 put an end to the schism between the sees of Constanti- 
 nople and Rome arising from the dispute concerning 
 precedence, and wrote a letter of congratulation to Clovis, 
 king of the Franks, on his conversion to Christianity. 
 
 Anastasius III. Pope 911-913. 
 
 Anastasius IV. (Conrad). Pope 1153-54. His 
 
 64 
 
 administration was disturbed by the movements 
 of Arnold of Brescia and his followers. 
 Anastasius I., sumamed Dicorus. Born at 
 Dyrrachium about 430: died 518. Byzantine 
 emperor 491-518. He was raised to the throne by an in- 
 trigue with the empress Ariadne whom he married after 
 the death of the emperor Zeno, her husband, without 
 male issue. As a Eutychian he opposed the orthodox 
 who rose in arms under Vitalianus but were bought off by 
 the faithless promise of a general council. 
 
 Anastasius II. (Artemius). Byzantine em- 
 jeror 713-716. He was deposed by the fleet which he 
 lad sent to the coast of Syria to destroy the naval stores 
 of the Arabs, but which was repulsed, mutinied under its 
 commander John, and proclaimed Theodosius III. em- 
 peror. He was put to death in 721 (719 7) by Leo III. for 
 conspiring against the throne. 
 
 Anastasius. Died 753. Patriarch of Constan- 
 tinople 703(728 ?)-753. He was elected by the in- 
 fluence of the emperor Leo Isaurus, and favored the 
 Iconoclasts, for which he was excommunicated by Pope 
 Gregory Ili. 
 
 Anastasius, surnamed Bibliothecarius (‘The 
 Librarian’). Died 886. Librarian of the Vati- 
 can and abbot of Sta. Maria Trans-Tiberim at 
 Rome. He was sent to Constantinople to arrange a 
 marriage between the daughter of Louis II. and a son of 
 Basil of Macedonia in 8b9, and while there assisted the 
 papal ambassador in attendance at the eighth ecumenical 
 council by his knowledge of Greek. His fame rests upon 
 his numerous translations from the Greek and his sup- 
 posed connection with the “Liber Pontiflcalis" (which see). 
 
 Anastasius Griin. See Auersperg. 
 
 Anasuya (a-na-so'yii). [Skt., ‘charity.’] In 
 Hindu mythology and drama : (a) The wife of the 
 Rishi Atri, very pious and austere, and pos- 
 sessed of miraculous powers. When Sita visited 
 Atri and herself at their hermitage in the forest south of 
 Chitrakuta, she gave Sita an ointment with which to keep 
 herself beautiful forever, (b) A friend of Shakuntala. 
 Anathoth (an'a-thoth). In biblical geography, 
 a city of Benjamin in Palestine, the birthplace 
 of Jeremiah. The traditional site is Kenyet el-’Enat, 
 about 10 miles northwest of Jerusalem ; but the true site 
 is probably ’Anata, about 3 miles northeast of that city. 
 Anatolia (an-a-to'li-ii). [Turk. Anadoli, NGr. 
 ’AvaToMj, eastern land.] A large region of Asi- 
 atic Turkey, nearly identical with Asia Minor. 
 There was a theme (province) of Anatolia in the Byzan- 
 tine empire situated in the interior of Asia Minor. 
 
 Anatomy of Abuses, The. A work by Philip 
 Stubbes, published in 1583 in two parts. It is 
 a curious account of the social customs of the 
 time. 
 
 Anatomy of Melancholy, The. A famous 
 work by Robert Burton (1577-1640), published 
 in 1621, under the pseudonym “Democritus 
 Junior,” and frequently republished and 
 abridged. The sixth edition is the last which contains 
 changes by the author: it was published shortly after his 
 death from an annotated copy. The work is the result 
 of many years of humorous study of men and of books, 
 and abounds in quotations from authors of all ages and 
 countries. It is divided into three parts which treat (1) 
 of the causes and symptoms of melancholy, (2) of its cure, 
 and (3) of erotic and religious melancholy. 
 
 Its literary history is rather curious. Eight editions of 
 it appeared in half a century from the date of the first, 
 and then, with other books of its time, it dropped out of 
 notice except by the learned. Early in the present cen- 
 tury it was revived and reprinted with certain modern- 
 isations, and four or five editions succeeded each other 
 at no long interval. The copies thus circulated seem to 
 have satisfied the demand for many years, and have been 
 followed without alteration in a finely-printed issue of re- 
 cent date. Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 429. 
 
 Anaxagoras (an-ak-sag'o-ras). [Gr. ’A vagayd- 
 pa?.] Born at Clazomenas, Ionia, about 500 
 b. c. : died at Lampsacus, Mysia, about 428 
 B. c. A Greek philosopher, for a long time resi- 
 dent in Athens where he became the friend and 
 teacher of Pericles, Thucydides, and Euripides, 
 and when;e he was banished on a charge of 
 impiety. He is reckoned as a disciple of Anaximander 
 and is famous as the flrstof the old Greek natural philoso- 
 phers to introduce intelligence or reason (eoOs) as a met- 
 aphysical principle in the explanation of the world. He 
 regarded it not as creative but as regulat ive, as that which 
 brought order out of the original chaos. Fragments of 
 his writings have been preserved. 
 
 Anaxarchus (an-aks-ar'kus). [Gr. ’Avdfapjof.] 
 A Greek philosopher of Abdera, a disciple of 
 Democritus, who flourished about 350 b. c. He 
 attended Alexander in his Asiatic campaigns, and is said 
 to have consoled the king after the murder of Cleitus by 
 maintaining that a king can do no wrong. 
 
 Anaxarete (an-aks-ar'e-te). [Gr. ’A va^aperr/.'] 
 In Greek legend, a maiden of Cyprus whose 
 lover Iphis iu despair hung himself at her door. 
 For her indifference Venus changed her into a stone 
 statue. The story is also told with changed names. 
 
 Anaxilaus (an-aks-i-la'us). [Gr. AnafiXaof.] 
 A Pythagorean philosopher and physician of 
 the 1st century B. c., banished as a magician 
 from Italy by Augustus 28 B. O. 
 
 Anaxilaus, or Anaxilas (an-aks'i-las). Died 
 476 B. c. Tyrant of Rhegium about 494 B. c. 
 
 Ancillon, David 
 
 Anaximander (an-aks-i-man'der). [Gr. ’AvafL- 
 pavdpog.] Born at Miletus about 611 b. c. : 
 died about 547 b. c. AGreek physical philoso- 
 pher (the second of the Ionian school) and 
 mathematician, a friend and pupil of Thales. 
 He taught that the principle (a pxv, a word which he first 
 used in this sense) of things is a substance of indetermi- 
 nate quality and limitless quantity (Jveipov), “immortal 
 and imperishable,’’ out of which all things arise and to 
 which all return. This substance, according to some ac- 
 counts, he regarded as having a nature intermediate be- 
 tween that of water and air. 11 e was probably the author 
 of the first philosophical treatise in Greek prose. 
 
 Anaximenes (an-aks-im'e-nez). [Gr. ’Avafipi- 
 vi/c.] Born at Miletus : lived in the 6th century 
 B. c. A Greek philosopher, the third of the 
 Ionian school, a contemporary and friend of 
 Thales and Anaximander, and usually reckoned 
 as a disciple of the latter. He regarded air as 
 the principle (apj^) of things. 
 
 Anaximenes. Born at Lampsacus : lived in the 
 4th century B. C. A Greek rhetorician, histo- 
 rian, and companion of Alexander the Great: 
 the probable author of an extant treatise on 
 rhetoric ('Vr/Topud/ irpo^ A?. egavdpov), the only ex- 
 isting work on the subject prior to Aristotle. 
 Anaya (a-na'ya), Pedro Maria. Born at Hui- 
 (•hapan, 1795 : died at Mexico, March 21, 1854. A 
 Mexican general. He jmned the Spanish army as a 
 cadet in 1811, followed the defection of Iturbidein 1821, and 
 was a captain under Filisolain Nicaragua, 1823. In 1833 he 
 became brigadier-general. Adhering to the federal ist party, 
 he was forced to leave the country. He invaded Tabasco in 
 Nov., 1840, with federalist forces from Texas and Yucatan, 
 but was defeated at Cometan, May 15, 1841, and fled to 
 Yucatan. Under Herrera(1845) he was minister of war. He 
 adhered to Santa Anna, and while the latter was resisting 
 the advance of Scott, was acting president April 2 to May 
 20, 1847. He commanded the Mexican force of 800 men 
 which defended the convent of Churubusco, and only sur- 
 rendered after his ammunition was exhausted (Aug. 20, 
 1847). In 1852 he was secretary of war under Arista, served 
 three days in the administration of Ceballos, and on Santa 
 Anna’s restoration (1853) was made postmaster-general, a 
 position which he held until his death. 
 
 Ancachs (an-kachs'). A maritime department 
 of Peru, north of Lima, corresponding to the 
 colonial intendencia of Huaylas. 
 
 Ancseus (an-se'us). [Gr. ftj/vaZof.] In Greek 
 classical legend : (a) A son of Poseidon. He was 
 told by a seer that he would not live to enjoy the wine 
 from a vineyard which he had planted. He, however, 
 lived to have wine of his own growth and, in scorn of the 
 prophet, raised a cup of it to his mouth. The seer re- 
 plied, “There is many a slip between the cup and the lip,” 
 and at the same instant a tumult arose over a wild boar 
 in the vineyard. Ancseus put down the cup, and was 
 killed in an attempt to destroy the animal, (ft) A son 
 of the Arcadian Lycurgus, and one of the Argo- 
 nauts. He was killed in the Calydonian hunt. 
 Ancelot (ons-lo'), Jacques Arsine Francois 
 Polycarpe. Born at Havre, France, Feb. 9, 
 1794: died at Paris, Sept. 7, 1854. A French 
 dramatist, elected a member of the Academy 
 in 1841. He was the author of “Louis LX.” (1819), “ Le 
 maire du palais " (1823), “ Fiesque ” (1824), “ Olga ” (1828), 
 “Elizabeth d’Angleterre ” (1829), “Marie de Brabant” 
 (1825), “Epltres familieres,” etc. 
 
 Ancelot, Mme. (Marguerite Louise Virginie 
 Chardon). Born at Dijon, France, March 15, 
 1792: died at Paris, March 21, 1875. A French 
 dramatist and novelist, wife of J. A. Ancelot. 
 Her “Theatre complet” (1848) contains twenty plays, of 
 which “ Marie ou trois epoques ” is her chief work. 
 Among her novels the most popular were “ Rende de Var- 
 ville” (1853) and “ La niece du banquier ” (1853). 
 Ancenis (oh-se-ne'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Loire-Inferieure, France, situated on 
 the Loire 17 miles northeast of Nantes. Popu- 
 lation, 4,998. 
 
 Anchieta (an-shya'ta), or Anchietta, Josd de. 
 
 Born in Teneriffe, Canary Islands, 1533: died 
 at Beritigba, Espirito Santo, June 9, 1597. A Jes- 
 uit missionary, called the “Apostle of Brazil.” 
 
 He became a Jesuit in 1551, and in 1558 was sent as a mis- 
 sionary to Brazil, where he spent the remainder of his life 
 in arduous labors and travels, often among savage tribes 
 of Indians. From 1578 to 1585 he was provincial of his 
 order in Brazil. Anchieta wrote an Indian grammar, and 
 various letters on Brazil which have been published in 
 modern times. 
 
 Anchises (an-ki'sez). [Gr. 'Ayx'oys.'] In Greek 
 legend, a prince of the royal house of Troy, son 
 of Capys and father (by Aphrodite) of /Eneas. 
 
 Ancienne-Comedie, Rue de 1’. See line de 
 VAnciennc-Comedie. 
 
 Ancient Mariner, The. A poem by Coleridge, 
 published in the “Lyrical Ballads” in 1798 as 
 his principal contribution to the book, Words- 
 worth writing most of the other poems. 
 Ancillon (on-sel-yon'), Charles. Born at 
 Metz, July 28, 1659: died at Berlin, July 5, 
 1715. A French historian and litterateur, a 
 Protestant refugee in Berlin : son of David An- 
 cillon. 
 
 Ancillon, David. Bom at Metz, March 17, 1617 : 
 
Ancillon, David 
 
 died at Borlin, Sept. 8, 1002. A French Prot- 
 estant divine, a refugee in Germany after tlio 
 revocation of the Edict of Nantes. 
 
 Ancillon, Jean Pierre Fr6d6ric. Born at 
 Berlin, April 30, 1707: died April 19, 1837. A 
 Prussian statesman and historian, a descen- 
 dant of Charles Ancillon, minister of foreign 
 affairs 1832. 
 
 Anckarstrom (iing'kar-str6m), Johan Jakob. 
 
 Born May 1 1, 1762 : executed at Stockholm, April 
 27, 1792. A Swede who assassinated Gustavus 
 III., March 10,1792. He was first a court page, and then 
 a soldier, leaving the army in 1783 with the rank of captain. 
 In 171)0 ho was arrested and imprisoned for seditious 
 speech, but was finally set free. He moved to Stockholm 
 in that year, and formed a conspiracy for the murder of 
 the king, which was eifectod two year’s later. See Qua- 
 tavus. 
 
 Anckarsward (ang'k&r-svard), Karl Hen- 
 rik, Count. Born at Sweaborg, April 22, 1782 : 
 died at Stockholm, Jan. 25, 1805. A Swedish 
 soldier and statesman. He joined the revolutionary 
 arty in 1809, but, being opposed to the policy of Berna- 
 otte, was retired from the army (ISIS), in which lie held 
 the post of colonel. He became a member of the Kiksdag 
 1817, where as leader of the opposition ho distinguished 
 himself by the bitterness of his attacks on the government. 
 
 Anclam. See Anklam. 
 
 Ancona (iin-ko'na). A province in the com- 
 partimentoofthe Marches, eastern Italy. Area, 
 748 square miles. Population^ 312,135. 
 
 Ancona. [L. Ancona, Gr. ’Aytcuv, from dynuv, a 
 bend, angle : in allusion to its situation in a bend 
 of the coast.] A seaport, capital of the province 
 of Ancona, Italy, situated on the Adriatic Sea in 
 lat. 43° 37' N., long. 13° SI 7 E. It is the chief sea- 
 port between Venice and Brindisi, a railway center, a na- 
 val station, and the terminus or port of call of several 
 steamship lines, and exports grain, hemp, lamb- and goat- 
 skins, silk, etc. It contains a cathedral and Roman an- 
 tiuuities (mole and arch of Trajan). It was colonized by 
 Syracusans about 390 B. O., became a Roman naval station, 
 was destroyed by the Goths and restored by N arses, and 
 was again destroyed by the Saracens. In the middle ages 
 it was a republic. It was annexed to the Papal States in 
 1532 ; taken from the French by the Allies in 1799 ; taken by 
 the French in 1805, but restored to the Papal States on the 
 fall of Napoleon; held by the French 1832-38, and taken by 
 the Austrians from the revolutionists in 1849. The Papal 
 army under Lamoricifere surrendered at Ancona to the 
 Sardinians in 1860. The cathedral is of the 12th century 
 except the facade, which is of the 13th, and has a magnifi- 
 cent Pointed recessed doorway covered by a porch whose 
 columns rest on couched lions. The interior has 10 col- 
 umns from the ancient temple of Venus, and several fine 
 tombs. The ancient dome at the crossing is dodecagonal. 
 Population, 56,835. 
 
 Ancona. A medieval march (mark) of Italy, 
 extending from Tronto on the Adriatic north- 
 west to San Marino, and west to the Apennines. 
 It was afterward part of the Papal States, and 
 passed with them to the kingdom of Italy. 
 Ancre (on'kr), Marquis d’, Baron de Lus- 
 signy (Concino Concini). Assassinated at 
 Paris, April 14, 1617. A Florentine adventurer, 
 marshal and chief minister of France at the 
 beginning of the reign of Louis XIII. 
 
 Ancren Riwle (angk'ren rol ; ME. pron. angk 7 - 
 renrii'le). The “Rule of Anchoresses,” a work 
 on the rules and duties of monastic life, it was 
 written, first in English and afterward in Latin, for a soci- 
 ety of anchoresses (three in number) at Tarente, or Tar- 
 rant-Kaines (Kaineston or Kingston), near Crayford Bridge 
 in Dorsetshire ; and is ascribed to Simon of Ghent (died 
 1315), bishop of Salisbury in 1297. Five manuscripts are 
 extant. It was edited for the Camden Society by the Rev. 
 James Morton in 1853. 
 
 Ancrum Moor (an'krum mor), Battle of. A 
 
 victory gained 1545, about 5 miles northwest • 
 of Jedburgh, Scotland, by the Scots under the 
 Earl of Angus and Scott of Bqpcleugh over the 
 English under Evers. 
 
 Ancud (an-koTH'), or San Carlos (san kar'los). 
 A seaport, capital of the province of Chilo6, 
 Chile, situated on the island of Chilod in lat. 
 41° 51' S., long. 73° 49' W. It is the seat of a 
 bishopric. Population, 3,424. 
 
 Ancus Marcius (ang'kus mar'shius). The 
 fourth king of Rome (040-616 B. c.), a grand- 
 son of Numa and the reputed founder of Ostia, 
 fortifier of the Janiculum, and builder of a 
 bridge over the Tiber. 
 
 Ancy-le-Franc (on-se'le-fron 7 ). A town in the 
 department of Yonne, France, 29 miles east of 
 Auxerre. It has a noted chateau. 
 
 Ancyra (an-si'ra). [Gr. * 'Ayuvpa , associated by 
 legend with ayuvpa, anchor.] An ancient town 
 of Galatia (originally of Phrygia) in Asia Minor, 
 founded, accordingto the legends, by Midas, son 
 of Gordius : the modern Angora, orEngareh, or 
 Engiiri. It became the chief town of the Tectosages, a 
 Gallic tribe which settled in Galatia about 277 B. c., and 
 passed into the possession of Rome 25 B. c., when it re- 
 ceived the name of Sebaste Tectosagum. It had an im- 
 portant trade. (See Angora.) The temple of Augustus 
 in Ancyra contained a famous inscription in Latin and 
 
 55 
 
 Qrook(Monumcntum, or Manuor, Ancyranum : discovered 
 in 1564), a transcript of the record of fils deeds which Au- 
 gustus ordered In his will to be cut on bronze tablets for 
 his mausoleum. An ecclesiastical council was held here 
 about 314, which passed twenty-five canons relating chiefly 
 to the treatment of those who hud betrayed their faith or 
 delivered up the sacred hooks during the Diocletian per- 
 secution. 
 
 Ancyrean (an-si-re'an) inscription. Soo An- 
 cyra. 
 
 Andagoya (iiu-dti-go'yii), Pascual de. Born in 
 the province of Alava about 1495 : died at 
 Manta. Peru, Juno 18, 1548. A Spanish soldier. 
 
 He went with Pedrarias to Darien (1614), and was engaged 
 in many explorations. In 1622 lie was appointed inspec- 
 tor-general of tho Indians, and about tho same time made 
 an expedition southward into a province called Biru, be- 
 tween tho river Atrato and the l'aciflc. Here ho had the 
 first tidings of the Inca empire. In 1540 he went as gov- 
 ernor to a province called New Castile, on (he Pacific side 
 of New Grenada, but became involved in a boundary quar- 
 rel with Sebastian de Benalcazar, was imprisoned, and lost 
 Iris government. Andagoya wrote an account of his trav- 
 els, which is one of the most Important historical authori- 
 ties for that period. 
 
 Andalucia, Nueva. So© Nueva Andalucla. 
 
 Andalusia (an-da-lo 7 zi-a), Sp. Andalucia (iin- 
 da-lo-the 7 a). [The name is derived from that 
 of the Vandals (= Vandalusia).'] A captaincy- 
 general in southern Spain, comprising the 
 modern provinces Almeria, Ja6n, Granada, 
 Cordova, jMalaga, Seville, Cadiz, and Huelva. 
 It is traversed by the Sierra Nevada and other mountain- 
 ranges, and belongs in large part to the basin of the Gua- 
 dalquivir. From the fertility of its soil it has been called 
 the “garden” and “granary” of Spain; it is also rich in 
 minerals. It was a part of the Roman Bictica, was over- 
 run by the Vandals in the 5th century, and became the nu- 
 cleus of the Moorish power and their last stronghold 
 against the Christians. 
 
 Andaman Islands (an'da-man i'landz), or An- 
 damans (an'da-manz). A group of islands 
 belonging to Great Britain, and a penal colony 
 since 1858, situated in the eastern part of the 
 Bay of Bengal in lat. 6° 45 7 -13° 34' N., long. 
 92° 15 7 — 93° 15 7 E. It comprises the Great Andaman 
 group and the Little Andaman group. The chief islands 
 are North, Middle, and South Andaman, and Rutland. 
 The natives number about 1,900. Area, 2,508 square 
 miles. Pop., about 24,650 ; of penal settlement, 16,256. 
 
 Andaste. See Conestoga. 
 
 Andechs (an'deks). A village in Upper Ba- 
 varia, situated on the Ammersee southwest of 
 Munich, noted for its castle, later a monastery 
 and place of pilgrimage. 
 
 Andeer (iin'dar). A village near the southern 
 end of the Via Mala, canton of Grisons, Switzer- 
 land. 
 
 Andelys (on-dle 7 ), Les. A town in the de- 
 partment of Eure, France, situated on the 
 Seine 19 miles southeast of Rouen, consisting 
 of Grand-Andelys and Petit-Andelys. It has 
 manufactures of cloth, etc., and contains the Chateau 
 Gaillard (which see), built by Richard the Lion-Hearted. 
 Population, 5,514. 
 
 Andenne (on-den 7 ). A manufacturing town in 
 the province of Namur, Belgium, situated on 
 the Meuse 10 miles east of Namur. Popula- 
 tion, 8,025. 
 
 Anderab(an-der-ab'), or Inderab (in-der-ab 7 ). 
 A town in Afghan Turkestan, situated on the 
 river Anderab on the northern slope of the 
 Hindu-Kush, 85 miles northeast of Kabul. 
 Population, about 6,000. 
 
 Anderida (an-der'i-da). A Roman encampment 
 in England, generally identified with Pevensey. 
 In 491 it was destroyed by the South Saxons. 
 
 Andermatt (an'der-mat), or Ursern (or'sern). 
 [It. Orsera . ] A village in the canton of Uri, 
 Switzerland, 32 miles southeast of Lucerne, 
 situated near the junction of the St. Gotthard 
 route with the Furka Pass route (by the Ur- 
 sern valley) and the Oberalp route. It is an im- 
 portant tourist center. Population, about 800. 
 
 Andernach (an'der-nach). A town in the 
 Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the left 
 bank of the Rhine 12 miles northwest of Co- 
 blentz : the Roman Antunnacum, or Antoni- 
 acum. It has a trade in millstones and tufa. Charles 
 the Bald was defeated here in 876 by the son of Louis the 
 German, and here Otto I. defeated the dukes of Franconia 
 and Lorraine in 939. It passed to the archbishopric of Co- 
 logne, and became an important commercial city. Popu- 
 lation, 8,798. 
 
 Andersen (an 7 der-sen), Hans Christian. Born 
 at Odense, Denmark, April 2, 1805 : died at Co- 
 penhagen, Aug. 4, 1875. A Danish novelist and 
 poet, best known as a writer of fairy tales and 
 of travels. He went to Copenhagen a poor boy, was first 
 an actor, and then by the generosity of friends was enabled 
 to attend tlie university. The same year (1828) appeared 
 his first important work, “ Fodreise fra Holmens Kanal til 
 Ostpynten af Amager ” ( V Foot Tour from the Holm Canal to 
 the Eastern Point of Amager ”). In 1829 appeared a collec- 
 tion of poems, and the same year his first dramatic work, 
 “Kjaerlighed paa Nikolai Taarn ” (“Love on the Nikolai 
 Tower"), a vaudeville, was performed. The novels “Im- 
 
 Andersonville 
 
 provlsatoren " (“The Improvisator") and “Kun an Spllio 
 mand " (“Only a Fiddler") followed. In 1886 appeared 
 the first of the “ Tales" (“ Eventyr ") which, with the “ HI] - 
 lcdiiog uden Hllleder"(“ Picture-book without Pictures”), 
 has principally established Ills fame abroad. Uls autre 
 biography, “MltLivs Eventyr,” appeared after his death. 
 His collected works, “ Samlcuo Hkrlftcr,” were published 
 1854-76. 
 
 Anderson (an'dOr-Hon). Tho capital of Madi- 
 son County. Indiana, situated on tho West 
 Fork of Wnite Rivor 34 miles northeast of 
 Indianapolis. Population, 22,476, (1910). 
 Anderson. Tho capital of Anderson County, 
 South Carolina, 97 miles northwest of Columbia. 
 Population. 9,654, (1910). 
 
 Anderson, Sir Edmund. Born at Flixborough 
 or Broughton, Lincolnshire, 1530: died Aug. 
 1, 1605. An English jurist, lord chief justice 
 of tho Common Picas 1582-1605. lie was a 
 bitter opponent of the Puritans. 
 
 Anderson, James. Born at Hermiston, near 
 Edinburgh, 1739: died Oct. 15, 1808. A Scot- 
 tish economist and agricultural writer. “He is 
 specially noticeable as having published in 1777 a pam- 
 phlet called ‘An Inquiry into the Nature of the Corn 
 Laws, with a view to the Corn Bill proposed for Scotland,’ 
 which contains a complete statement of the theory of 
 rent generally called after Ricardo." Leslie Stephen, in 
 Diet, of Nat. Biog. 
 
 Anderson, John. Born at Roseneath, Dum- 
 bartonshire, Scotland, 1726: died Jan. 13, 1796. 
 A Scottish physicist. He was professor (1756) of 
 Oriental languages and later (1760) of natural philosophy 
 at Glasgow, and the founder of Anderson s University at 
 Glasgow (now comprising also a medical school). 
 
 Anderson, John. Born Oct. 4, 1833: died Aug. 
 16,1900. A Scottish zoologist. He was appointed 
 superintendent of the Indian Museum at Calcutta in 1865, 
 and scientific officer on expeditions to western China in 
 1868 and 1874. In 1881 he was sent by the trustees of the 
 Indian Museum to investigate the marine zoology of the 
 Mergui Archipelago, and retired from the service of the 
 Indian government in 1887. His writings consist chiefly 
 of scientific papers and reports to the government. 
 
 Anderson, Joseph. Born near Philadelphia, 
 Nov. 5, 1757 : died at Washington, April 17, 1837. 
 An American lawyer, politician, and officer in 
 the Revolutionary War. He was United States sena- 
 tor from Tennessee 1797-1815, and first comptroller of the 
 treasury 1815-36. 
 
 Anderson, Martin Brewer. Born at Bruns- 
 wick, Maine, Feb. 12, 1815 : died at Lake Helen, 
 Fla., Feb. 26, 1890. An American educator, a 
 graduate of Waterville College, and president 
 of the University of Rochester 1853-88. 
 Anderson, Mary Antoinette (Mrs. Navarro). 
 Born at Sacramento, Cal., July 28, 1859. An 
 American actress. She made her first appearance on 
 tlie American stage as Juliet, at Louisville, Kentucky, 
 Nov. 25, 1875, and played with success in Great Britain 
 and America until the early part of 1889, when she retired 
 from the stage. 
 
 Anderson, Rasmus Bjorn. Born at Albion, 
 Wis., Jan. 12, 1846. A Scandinavian scholar, 
 professor of Scandinavian languages in the 
 University of Wisconsin, and (1885-89) United 
 States minister to Denmark. He has written 
 “America not Discovered by Columbus,” 
 “Norse Mythology,” etc. 
 
 Anderson, Richard. Henry. Bom in South Car- 
 olina, Oct. 7, 1821: died at Beaufort, S. C., June 
 26, 1879. An American general in the Con- 
 federate service. He was graduated from West Point 
 in 1842, took part in the siege of Vera Cruz and the capture 
 of the city of Mexico, was promoted captain in 1855, re- 
 signed in 1861 to accept a brigadier’s commission in the 
 Confederate service, and was promoted lieutenant-gen- 
 eral in 1864. He took part in the battles of Antietam, 
 Gettysburg, Spottsylvania, etc. 
 
 Anderson, Robert. Born at Carnwath, in Lan- 
 arkshire, July 7, 1750: died at Edinburgh, Feb. 
 20, 1830. A Scottish critic, editor of “A Com- 
 plete Edition of the Poets of Great Eritain ” 
 (14 vols. 1792-1807). 
 
 Anderson, Robert. Born near Louisville, Ky. , 
 June 14, 1805: died at Nice, Oct. 27, 1871. 
 An American general famous for his defense of 
 F ort Sumter, ne was graduated at West Point in 1825 ; 
 served in the Black Hawk, Seminole, and Mexican wars ; 
 was appointed major in 1857; became commander of the 
 troops in Charleston Harbor in Nov., 1860 ; removed his 
 force from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter, Dec. 26 ; was in- 
 vested there by the Confederates who bombarded the fort 
 April 12-13,1861; and evacuated the fort April 14. He 
 was appointed brigadier-general in 1861, and retired in 1863 
 with the rank of brevet major-general. He translated 
 works on artillery from the French. 
 
 Anderson, Rufus. Born at North Yarmouth, 
 Maine, Aug. 17, 1796 : died at Boston, May 30, 
 1880. An American Congregational clergyman, 
 secretary of the American Board of Commis- 
 sioners for Foreign Missions 1832-66, and the 
 author of several works on missions. 
 Andersonville (an'der-son-vil). A village in 
 Sumter County, Georgia, 62 miles southwest of 
 Macon. During the Civil War it contained a Confederate 
 
Andersonville 
 
 56 
 
 Andrdossi 
 
 military prison, opened in 1864. It was under the super- 
 intendency of Wirz, who was tried by a United States com- 
 mission in 1865, and executed for cruelty and mismanage- 
 ment. Over 12,000 prisoners died (1804-65) in the prison. 
 Anderssen (an'ders-sen), Adolf. Born at 
 Breslau, July 6, 1818 : died at Breslau, March 
 13, 1879. A noted German chess-player. 
 Andersson (an'ders-son), Karl Johan. Born 
 in Wermland, Sweden, 1827: died in the Ova- 
 kuatnhi region, southern Africa, July 5, 1867. A 
 Swedish explorer in South Africa. He accompa- 
 nied F. Galton in 1850 from Walfisch Bay through Damara- 
 land to Ovam bo-land. In 1853 and 1854 he continued 
 alone and reached Lake Ngami. On his return to Europe 
 he published “Lake Ngami, or Four Years’ Wanderings 
 in Southwest Africa" (1855). In 1856 he worked in the 
 Swakop mines as inspector ; then went on a new explora- 
 tion as far as the Okavango River in 1859. This is described 
 in his “ Okavango River " (1861). For some time he settled 
 in Otyimbingue as an ivory-trader. In 1866 he undertook 
 his last iourney to the Kunene River, but was obliged by 
 sickness to retrace his steps. 
 
 Andersson, Lars. See Andrea , Laurentius. 
 Andersson, Nils Johan. Born in Sm&land, 
 Feb. 20, 1821: died at Stockholm, March 27, 
 1880. A Swedish botanist, author of works on 
 the botany of Scandinavia and Lapland. 
 Andes (an'dez), Sp. Los Andes, or Cordilleras 
 de los Andes (kor-del-ya'ras da los an'das). 
 [Sp., ‘the chains of the Andes’ : said to be so 
 named from Peruv.awfi, copper.] The principal 
 mountain system of South America. It extends 
 from Cape Horn to the vicinity of the Isthmus of Panama, 
 and comprises the Patagonian Andes, the Chilean Andes 
 (which lie partly in the Argentine Republic), the Bolivian 
 and Peruvian Andes ( each with two ranges nearly parallel), 
 the Ecuadorian Andes, and the Colombian Andes (with 
 three main ranges) branching eastward into the Vene- 
 zuelan Andes. The range rises abruptly from the Pacific 
 coast and contains many celebrated volcanoes. Among 
 the chief summits are Aconcagua, Sorata, Illimani, Chim- 
 borazo, Cotopaxi, Antisana, Tolima, etc. (see these names). 
 Its length is about 4,500 miles, its average width about 
 100 miles, and its average height about 12,500 feet. On 
 its eastern slope rise the head waters of the Amazon. It 
 is rich in gold, silver, and other metals. 
 
 Andes. In ancient geography, a village near 
 Mantua, Italy,, famous as the birthplace of 
 Vergil. 
 
 Andesians (an-de'zi-anz), or Antesians (an- 
 te'zi-anz). A general name for a number of na- 
 tive tribes in the Andes region. Its significance 
 is geographical rather than ethnographical. 
 Andhaka (an'dha-kii). In Hindu mythology, 
 a demon, son of Kasyapa and Diti, having a 
 thousand arms and heads, two thousand eyes 
 and feet, and called Andhaka because he 
 walked like a blind man, though he saw wpIL 
 Siva slew him when he tried to carry oft' the 
 tree of paradise from heaven. 
 
 Andijan (an-di-jan'). A town in Ferghana, 
 Russian Central Asia, situated near the Syr- 
 Daria 75 miles northeast of Khokand. Popu- 
 lation, 17,627. 
 
 Andkhui (and-ko'e), or Andklio (and-ko'). 
 A town in Afghan Turkestan, 90 miles north- 
 west of Balkh, the seat of a small khanate de- 
 pendent on Afghanistan. Population (esti- 
 mated), 15,000. 
 
 Andlaw-Birseck (ant'lav-bers'ek), Franz 
 Xaver von. Born at Freiburg, Baden, Oct. 
 6, 1799: died Sept. 4, 1876. A German diplo- 
 matist. He was the author of “ Erinnerungsblatter aus 
 den Papieren eiues lliplomateu ” (1857), “Melu Tagebuch 
 1811-61 " (1862), etc. 
 
 Andd (an'de). The northernmost of the Lofoten 
 Islands, 35 miles long, northwest of Norway. 
 Andocides (an-dos'i-dez). [Gr. Ardo/dcfyf.] 
 Born at Athens, 467 (?) B. C. : died about 391 
 B. C. An Athenian politician and orator. See 
 the extract. 
 
 Andocides . . . was banished from Athens in 415, on 
 suspicion of having been concerned in a wholesale sacri- 
 lege,— the mutilation, in one night, of the images of the 
 god Hermes, which stood before the doors of houses and 
 public buildings. He made unsuccessful application for 
 a pardon, first in 411 B. c., during the reign of the Four 
 Hundred, then, after their fall, in 410, when he addressed 
 the Assembly in the extant speech On his Return. From 
 410 to 403 he lived a roving merchant’s life in Sicily, Italy, 
 Greece, Ionia, and Cyprus. In 402 the general amnesty 
 allowed him to return to Athens. But in 399 the old 
 charges against him were revived. He defended himself 
 in his extant speech On the Mysteries (so called, because 
 it deals partly with a charge that he had violated the 
 Mysteries of Eleusis) and was acquitted. During the 
 Corinthian war he was one of an embassy sent to treat for 
 peace at Sparta, and on his return made his extant speech 
 On the Peace with Lacedaemon (390 B. C.), sensibly advis- 
 ing Athens to accept the terms offered by Sparta. The 
 speech Against Alcibiades which bears his name is spu- 
 rious. Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 117. 
 
 Andorra (iin-dor'ra), F. Andorre (on-dor'). 
 A state in the Pyrenees surrounded by the de- 
 partment of Ariege (France) and the province 
 of L6rida (Spain). It is a semi-independent republic 
 under the suzerainty of France and the Bishop of Urgel in 
 Spain, governed by a council of 24 members and a syndic. 
 
 The language is Catalan : the religion Roman Catholic. 
 Area, 175 square miles. Population, 5,231. 
 
 Andover (an'do-ver). A town in Hampshire, 
 England, 13 miles northwest of Winchester. 
 ^Population, 6,509. 
 
 Andover. A town in Essex County, Massachu- 
 setts, 22 miles northwest of Boston, the seat 
 (formerly) of Andover Theological Seminary 
 (a Congregational seminary founded in 1807), 
 and of Phillips Academy and the Abbot 
 Female Academy. Population, 7^301, (1910). 
 Andrada (an-dra'da), Antonio de. Bom about 
 1580 : died at Goa, March 19, 1634. A Portu- 
 guese missionary in the East Indies and Tibet, 
 author of “Novo descobrimento do Grao Ca- 
 tayo, ou dos Reynos de Tibet” (1626). 
 Andrada, Diogo Payva de. Bom 1528 : died 
 1575. A'Portuguese theologian, sent as a dele- 
 gate by Dom Sebastian to the Council of Trent. 
 He wrote “ Orthodoxarum Quaestionum libri X, etc., con- 
 tra Kemnitii petulantem audaciam ’’ (1564), etc. 
 
 Andrada, Gomes Freire de. Bora in Portu- 
 gal, 1684: died at Rio de Janeiro, Jan. 1, 1763. 
 A Portuguese administrator. From 1733 until his 
 death he was governor of Rio de Janeiro, then compris- 
 ing most of southern Brazil, and the period of his admin- 
 istration was the most prosperous in the colonial history of 
 that country. In 1758 he was made count of Bobadella. 
 
 Andrada e Silva (an-dra'da e sel'va), Jose 
 Bonifacio de (generally known as Jose Boni- 
 facio). Born in Santos, SaoPaulo, June 13, 1765 : 
 died near Rio, April 6, 1838. A Brazilian states- 
 man and a noted mineralogist. He took a leading 
 part in the revolutionary movement in Brazil, and on 
 Jan. 16, 1822, was made minister of the interior and of for- 
 eign affairs. It was by his advice that Pedro I. decided to 
 throw oii allegiance to Portugal. He was exiled to Europe 
 Nov. 12, 1823, and returned in 1829. 
 
 Andrada Machado e Silva, Antonio Carlos 
 Eibeiro de. Born in Santos, Nov. 1, 1773 : died 
 in Rio de Janeiro, Dec. 5, 1845. A Brazilian 
 statesman, brother of Jose Bonifacio de An- 
 drada 6 Silva. He was involved in the rebellion of 1817 
 at Pernambuco, and was imprisoned until 1821. In the 
 Brazilian constituent assembly of 1823 he led the radicals, 
 and in Nov., 1823, was banished (with his two brothers) 
 to France. He returned in 1828, was elected deputy 1835 
 and during succeeding years, and was one of the liberal 
 leaders. He was one of the first ministers of Pedro II., 
 and in 1845 entered the senate. He was a brilliant orator, 
 and has been called “the Mirabeau of Brazil.” 
 
 Andrade Neves (an-dra'da na'ves), Jose Joa- 
 quim de. Born at Rio Pardo, Rio Grande do 
 Sul, Jan. 22, 1807 : died at Asuncion, Paraguay, 
 Jan. 6, 1869. A Brazilian general, distinguished 
 in the war in Rio Grande do Sul (1835-45), and 
 especially as a cavalry commander in the Para- 
 guayan war (1867-69). In Oct., 1867, he was 
 created baron of Triumpho. 
 
 Andrassy (on'dra-she), Gyula (Julius), Count. 
 Born at Kaschau, Hungary, March 8, 1823 : died 
 at Volosea, Istria, Feb. 18, 1890. A noted Hun- 
 garian statesman. He entered the Hungarian diet in 
 
 1847, was appointed governor of the county of Zemplin in 
 
 1848, took part in the Hungarian insurrection of 1848-49, re- 
 mained in exile till 1857, reentered the Hungarian diet in 
 1831, was premier of the Hungarian ministry 1867-71, and 
 minister of foreign affairs of Austria-Hungary 1871-79, 
 framed the Andrassy Note to the Porte in 1S76, was a lead- 
 ing member of the Congress of Berlin in 1878, and nego- 
 tiated with Bismarck the German-Austrian alliance in 1879. 
 
 Andrassy Note, The. A declaration relating 
 to the disturbed state of Bosnia and Herze- 
 govina, drawn up by the governments of 
 Austria, Russia, and Germany with the ap- 
 proval of England and France, and presented 
 to the Porte, Jan, 31, 1876. It demanded the es- 
 tablishments religious liberty, the abolition of the farm- 
 ing of taxes, the application of the revenue derived from 
 direct taxation in Bosnia and Herzegovina to the needs of 
 these provinces, the institution of a commission composed 
 equally of Christians and Mohammedans to control the 
 execution of these reforms, and the improvement of the 
 agrarian population by the sale of waste lands belonging 
 to the state. 
 
 Andre (F.pron. on-dra'), or Andreas, Bernard, 
 
 of Toulouse. A French poet aud historian, 
 poet laureate in the reign of Henry VII. of 
 England (the first laureate appointed by au 
 English king), tutor of Arthur, prince of Wales, 
 and royal historiographer. He was blind, but in 
 spite of this misfortune attained a high degree of scholar- 
 ship. He wrote a life of Henry VII. 
 
 Andre, Johann. Born at Offenbach, Hesse, 
 March 28, 1741: died June 18, 1799. A German 
 composer, musical director, and publisher, au- 
 thor of operas, instrumental pieces, etc. 
 Andr6, Johann Anton. Born at Offenbach, 
 Hesse, Oct. 6, 1775 : died April 8, 1842. A noted 
 German composer, musical director, and pub- 
 lisher, son of Johann Andrd. 
 
 Andre (an'dra or an'dri), John. Born at Lon- 
 don, 1751: executed at Tappan, N. Y., Oct. 2, 
 1780. A British officer (adjutant-general with 
 rank of major) in the Revolutionary War. He 
 
 made the arrangements near Stouy Point, as the represen- 
 tative of Sir Henry Clinton, with Benedict Arnold for the 
 surrender of West Point (Sept. 21, 1780), but was arrested 
 on his return at Tarrytown, Sept. 23, aud condemned as 
 a spy. 
 
 Andre (on-dra'). A novel by George Sand, pub- 
 lished in 1834, named from its chief character. 
 Andrea (an-dra'ya), Francisco Jose Soares 
 de. Born at Lisbon, Jan. 29, 1781: died at Rio 
 de Janeiro, Oct. 2, 1858. A Portuguese-Brazilian 
 general, a supporter of Brazilian independence. 
 He went to Brazil in 1808 ; was adjutant-general in the Cis- 
 platine campaign of 1827 ; commandant of Pard 1831 ; pres- 
 ident and commandant of ParA 1835; and president of 
 Santa Catharina 1839, of Rio Grande do Sul 1841, of Minas 
 Geraes 1843, of Bahia 1845, and again of Rio Grande do Sul 
 1848. He attained the rank of marshal in the army, and 
 was created baron of Cagapava. 
 
 Andrea, Girolamo. Born at Naples, April 12, 
 1812 : died at Rome, May 14, 1868. An Italian 
 cardinal and diplomatist. His liberalism in religion 
 and politics (especially his leaning toward Italian unity) 
 led to his suspension (1866) from his dignities by the papal 
 Curia ; but he was reinstated after a humble submission in 
 1867. 
 
 Andrea Doria. See Doria. 
 
 Andrea Pisano. See Pisano. 
 
 Andrea del Sarto. See Sarto. 
 
 Andrea (an'dra), Jakob. Born at Wai- 
 blingen, Wurtemberg, March 25, 1528: died 
 at Tubingen, Jan. 7, 1590. One of the chief 
 Protestant theologians of the 16th century, ap- 
 pointed professor of theology and chancellor 
 of the University of Tubingen in 1562. He was 
 the principal author of the “Formula Concordise,” and 
 wrote over one hundred and fifty works, chiefly polemical. 
 
 Andrea, Johann Valentin. Born at Herren- 
 berg, Wurtemberg, Aug. 17, 1586 : died at Stutt- 
 gart, June 24, 1654. A German Protestant 
 theologian and satirical writer, grandson of 
 Jakob Andrea. He was the author of “Menippus,” 
 a satire (1648), and works ou the so-called Rosicrucians. 
 
 Andrea, Laurentius, or Andersson, Lars, 
 
 Born 1480 : died 1552. A Swedish reformer, 
 chancellor of Gustavus Vasa. Together with 
 Olaus Petri he translated the Bible into Swedish (1526), 
 and was the principal agent in introducing the Lutheran 
 Reformation at the diet of Westerns, 1527. In 1540 he was 
 charged with having failed to disclose a conspir acy against 
 the king, aud was sentenced to death, but bought a pardon. 
 Andreanof Islands (an-dra-a'nof i'landz). A 
 group of the Aleutian Archipelago. 
 Andreasberg (an-dra'as-berG), or Sankt An- 
 dreasberg. A town and summer resort in the 
 province of Hanover, Prussia, in the Harz 28 
 miles northeast of Gottingen. It has important 
 silver-mines. 
 
 Andred’s weald (an'dredz weld), or Andred’s 
 wold (an'dredz wold), modernized forms of 
 AS. Andredes weald (an'dra-des weald). A 
 forest in England which formerly extended 
 through a large part of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, 
 and Hampshire, and is now represented by tbe 
 Weald. See tbe extract. 
 
 The Andred’s-Wold comprised the Wealds of Kent, Sur- 
 rey, and Sussex, taking in at least a fourth part of Kent, 
 “the Seven Hundreds of the Weald,” and all the interior 
 of Sussex as far as the edge of the South Downs, and a 
 belt of about twelve miles in breadth between the hills 
 and the sea. Lambarde describes the Weald of Kent as 
 being “stuffed with heardes of deere and droves of 
 hogges,” and adds that “it is manifest, by the Saxon 
 Chronicles and others, that beginning at Winchelsea it 
 reached at length an hundred and twenty miles towards 
 the west, and stretched thirty miles in braidth towards 
 the north.’’ Ellon, Origins of Eng. Hist, p. 104, note. 
 
 Andree (an'dra), Karl Theodor. Born at 
 Brunswick, Oct. 20, 1808: died at Wildungen, 
 Aug. 10, 1875. A German geographer and 
 journalist. He wjote “ Nord-America ” (1850-51), “ Bue- 
 nos Ayres und die Crgentinische Republik’’ (1856), 
 “Geographische Wanderungen ” (1859), “Geographie des 
 Welthandels” (1867-72), etc. 
 
 Andree. Richard. Born at Brunswick, Ger- 
 many, Feb. 26, 1835 : died at Munich, Feb. 22, 
 1912. A German geographer and ethnographer, 
 son of Karl Theodor Andree (1808-75). His 
 writings embrace a wide range of subjects. 
 Andreini (an-dra-e'ne), Francesco. Lived 
 about 1616. An Italian comedian and author, 
 the leader of a troupe of actors which for some 
 years enjoyed considerable reputation in Italy 
 and France. He wrote “Le Bravure del Capi- 
 tano Spavento” (1607), etc. 
 
 Andreini, Giovanni Battista. Born at Flor- 
 ence, 1578: died at Paris about 1650. An 
 Italian comedian and poet, son of Francesco 
 Andreini. He was the author of “L’Adamo,” a sacred 
 drama, from which Milton was said to have borrowed 
 several scenes in his “ Paradise Lost.” 
 
 Andreini, Isabella. Born at Padua, 1562: died 
 at Lyons, 1604. An Italian actress and writer, 
 wife of Francesco Andreini: author of “Mir- 
 tilla,” a pastoral fable (1588). 
 
 Andr6ossi, or Andrdossy (on-dra-6-se'), An- 
 
AndrSossi 
 
 toine Francois, Comte d’. Born at Castel- 
 naudary, France, March. 6, 1761: died at Mon- 
 tauban, Sept. 10, 1828. A French general and 
 diplomatist, author of various military and 
 scientific works. He served in the wars of the Rev- 
 olution and under Bonaparte, took part in the event of 
 the 18th Brumaire, and was ambassador in London, Vi- 
 enna, and Constantinople. 
 
 Andres (an-dres'), Juan. Born at Planes, 
 Spain, Feb. 15, 1740: died at Rome, Jan. 17, 
 1817. A Spanish Jesuit and scholar. He wrote 
 “Hell’ Origine, dei Progressi e dello stato attuale d’ogni 
 letteratura " (1782-99, “ On the Origin, Progress, and Pres- 
 ent Condition of all Literature"), etc. 
 
 Andrew (an'dro), Saint. [Formerly also A n- 
 drow, Andro ; ME. Andrew, OF. Andreu, F. 
 Andrieu, Andre, LL. Andreas, Gr. ’AvApeag, lit. 
 ‘manly,’ from avfjp (avAp-), a man.] Lived 
 in the first half of the 1st century A. D. One 
 of the twelve disciples of Jesus, a brother of 
 Simon Peter and an apostle to the Gentiles. 
 He is honored by the Scotch as their patron saint, and by 
 the Russians as the founder of their church. He suffered 
 martyrdom by crucifixion. His symbol is the so-called 
 St. Andrew’s cross (X). He is commemorated in the Ro- 
 man, Greek, and Anglican churches on Nov. 30. 
 Andrew I. King of Hungary 1046-60. He car- 
 ried on wars with the Germans 1046-52, and with his 
 brother Bfila. In the latter war he was killed. 
 
 Andrew II. King of Hungary 1205-35 (1236 ?). 
 He took part in the fifth Crusade in 1217, and “gave 
 his people a constitution which organized a state of 
 anarchy by decreeing in his Golden Bull (1222) that if 
 the king should violate the privileges of the nobility they 
 should be permitted to resist him by force, and such re- 
 sistance should not be treated as rebellion ” ( Duruy , 
 Middle Ages, p. 491). 
 
 Andrew III. King of Hungary 1290-1301, 
 grandson of Andrew II., and the last of the 
 Arpad dynasty. On the murder of Ladislaus III. (IV.), 
 the Pope claimed Hungary as a fief of the church, and 
 invested Charles Martel, son of the King of Naples, with 
 it, who was, however, defeated by Andrew at Agram, 1291. 
 
 Andrew, James Osgood. Born in Wilkes 
 County, Ga., May 3, 1794: died at Mobile, Ala., 
 March 1, 1871. An American bishop of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church. The fact that be was 
 a slave-owner led to a dispute in the church which re- 
 sulted in the formation of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church South, 1846. 
 
 Andrew, John Albion. Born at Windham, 
 Maine, May 31, 1818: died at Boston, Oct. 30, 
 1867. An American statesman, Republican gov- 
 ernor of Massachusetts 1861-66, and one of the 
 most active of the “ war governors.” He was grad- 
 uated at Bowdoin College in 1837, practised law in Boston, 
 was a prominent antislavery advocate, was elected a 
 member of the Massachusetts legislature, and was ap- 
 pointed delegate to the Republican National Convention 
 in 1860. 
 
 Andrew of Crete (Andreas Cretensis). Born 
 at Damascus, 660 : died 732. An archbishop of 
 Crete, and a writer of religious poetry. He took 
 part in the Monothelite synod of 712, but afterward re- 
 turned to orthodoxy. He is regarded as the inventor of the 
 musical canon. 
 
 Andrew of Wyntoun. Born about the middle 
 of the 14th century: date of death unknown. 
 A Scottish chronicler, canon regular of the pri- 
 ory of St. Andrew’s and prior of St. Serf’s (1395). 
 His “Oryginale Cronykil of Scotland," in rimed eight-syl- 
 labled verse, was finished between 1420 and 1424. See 
 Original Chronicle of Scotland. 
 
 Andrewes (an'droz), Lancelot. Born at Bark- 
 ing, England, 1555 : died at London, Sept. 25, 
 1626. An English prelate and author, dean of 
 Westminster, bishop of Chichester, Ely, and 
 Winchester, and one of the translators of the 
 Bible (1607-11). He wrote “Tortura Torti” 
 (1609), manuals of devotion, etc. 
 
 Andrews (an'droz), Edward Gayer. Born 
 Aug. 7, 1825: died Dec. 31, 1907. An Ameri- 
 can bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 He was graduated from Wesleyan University, Middletown, 
 Connecticut, in 1847, entered the Methodist ministry. in 
 1848, and was elected bishop in 1872. 
 
 Andrews, Ethan Allen. Born at New Britain, 
 Conn., April 7, 1787 : died at New Britain, March 
 24, 1858. An American educator, editor of Latin 
 text-books and of a “ Latin-English Lexicon” 
 (1850). 
 
 Andrews, James Pettit. Born near Newbury, 
 Berkshire, England, about 1737 : died at Lon- 
 don, Aug. 6, 1797. An English antiquary and 
 historian. He wrote a “History of Great Brit- 
 ain, etc.” (1794-95), “Henry’s History of Brit- 
 ain, Continued” (1796), etc. 
 
 Andrews, Joseph. Born at Hingham, Mass., 
 Aug. 17, 1806 : died at Hingham, May 9, 1873. 
 An American engraver. 
 
 Andrews, Joseph. See Joseph Andrews. 
 Andrews, Lancelot. See Andrewes. 
 Andrews, Stephen Pearl. Born at Temple- 
 ton, Mass., March 22, 1812: died at New York, 
 
 57 
 
 May 21, 1886. An American miscellaneous 
 writer, author of works on language, law, pho- 
 nography, and philosophy. 
 
 Andria (an'dre-a). A city in the province of 
 Bar, Italy, in lat. 41° 13' N., long. 16° 18' E.«It 
 was a residence of the emperor Frederick II. 
 Population, commune, 49,569. 
 
 Andria (an'dri-a). A comedy by Terence (166 
 B. C.), an adaptation of a play of the same 
 name by Menander. 
 
 Andrieiix (on-dre-e'), Frangois Guillaume 
 Jean Stanislas. Born at Strasburg, May 6, 
 1759: died at Paris, May 9, 1833. A noted 
 French dramatist. He was the author of “ Les dtour- 
 dis” (1787), “Moli&re avec ses amis” (1804), “La come- 
 dienne” (1816), “Brutus” (I860), etc. 
 
 Andriscus (an-dris'kus). A pretended son of 
 Perseus, king of Macedon, and a claimant to 
 the throne, defeated and sent captive to Rome 
 148 B. c. 
 
 Androclus (an'dro-klus). Lived in the 1st cen- 
 tury a. d. A Roman slave noted for his friend- 
 ship with a lion. According to the story, Androclus 
 was condemned to be slain by wild beasts, but the lion 
 which was let out against him refused to touch him, and 
 it was found that the animal was one which the slave, 
 while escaping from his master in Africa, had found suf- 
 fering from a thorn in his foot, and cured. 
 
 Andromache ( an-drom ' a-ke ) . [G r . ’AvApopaxp.'] 
 In Greek legend, the wife of Hector and, after 
 his death, of Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, and 
 later of Helenus, brother of Hector. She was the 
 daughter of Eetion, king of Thebae in Cilicia, who, with his 
 seven sons, was slain by Achilles when he captured Thebse. 
 
 Andromache. A play of Euripides. See the 
 extract. 
 
 The Andromache ... is one of the worst constructed, 
 and least interesting, plays of Euripides. The date is un- 
 certain, as it was not brought out at Athens, perhaps not 
 till after the poet’s death, and is only to be fixed doubt- 
 fully by the bitter allusions to Sparta, with which it teems. 
 It has indeed quite the air of a political pamphlet under 
 the guise of a tragedy. It must, therefore, have been 
 composed during the Peloponnesian war, possibly about 
 419 B. c. Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., 1. 337. 
 
 Andromachus (an-drom'a-kus). [Gr. ’AvApo- 
 paxoc.] A physician of the emperor Nero (called 
 “the elder,” to distinguish him from his son), 
 the first to bear the title of “Archiater,” or 
 chief physician. He was the inventor of a celebrated 
 medicine and antidote (called from him “theriaca Andro- 
 machi ”). 
 
 Andromaque (on-dro-mak'). 1. A tragedy by 
 Racine, produced in 1667. — 2. An opera by 
 Grotty, produced at Paris 1780. 
 
 Andromeda (an-drom'e-da). [Gr. ’A vApopeAr/.'] 
 lu Greek legend, the daughter of Cepheus and 
 Cassiopeia. She was exposed to a sea-monster, was 
 rescued by Perseus, and was changed, after her death, to a 
 constellation. 
 
 Another myth, seemingly so diverse — the story of the 
 slaying of the dragon by Perseus and the rescue of An- 
 dromeda — was localised by the Greeks on the Phoenician 
 coast. It proves to be a lunar eclipse myth, ultimately 
 Babylonian, a Greek translation of the Phoenician version 
 of the combat of Bel Merodach with the dragon Tiamat, 
 and the rescue of the moon goddess Istar from the black 
 dragon who threatened to devour her. 
 
 Taylor, Aryans, p. 303. 
 Andromeda. A northern constellation sur- 
 rounded by Pegasus, Cassiopeia, Perseus, Pis- 
 ces, Aries, etc., supposed to represent the figure 
 of a woman chained. The constellation contains 
 three stars of the second magnitude, of which 
 the brightest is Alpheratz. 
 
 Andromede (on-dro-mad'). A play by Cor- 
 neille, first acted in 1650. 
 
 Andronica (an-dro-ne'ka). One of the hand- 
 maids of Logistilla (Reason) in Ariosto’s “Or- 
 lando Furioso.” She represents fortitude. 
 Androniciis (an-dro-ni'kus) I. Comnenus. 
 [MGr. A vApAvinoq Kouvyvocf] Born abottt 1110: 
 (lied at Constantinople, Sept.. 12, 1185. Byzan- 
 tine emperor 1183-85, grandson of Alexius I. 
 Comnenus. Having contrived to get himself appointed 
 regent during the minority of Alexius II., he put the 
 prince and his mother, the empress Maria, to death, and 
 ascended the throne ; but his cruelly and debauchery 
 brought about a popular insurrection under Isaac Angelus, 
 who put him to death after subjecting him to every spe- 
 cies of indignity and torture. 
 
 Andronicus II. Palseologus. Born about 1259 : 
 died 1332. Byzantine emperor 1282-1328 (?), 
 son of Michael Palseologus. During his reign the 
 empire was ravaged (1306-08) by the revolt of the Cata- 
 lan Grand Company, a body of .Spanish mercenaries em- 
 ployed against the Ottoman Turks, and (1321-28) by a civil 
 war with his grandson Andronicus III., by whom he was 
 dethroned and compelled to retire to a cloister. 
 
 Andronicus III. Palseologus. Bom about 
 1296 : died June 15, 1341. Byzantine emperor 
 1328-41 , grandson of Andronicus II. whoso 
 throne he usurped. He carried on war with the Otto- 
 man Turks, who (1326-38) detached nearly the whole of 
 Asia Minor from the empire. 
 
 Anelida and Arcite 
 
 Andronicus, Livius. Born at Tarentum about 
 284 B. C.: died about 204. An early Roman 
 dramatic poet (Greek by birth) and actor, the 
 first writer who “clothed Greek poetry in a 
 Latin dress.” He was brought as a prisoner of war to 
 Rome 272 B. c., and sold as a slave to M. Livius Salinator. 
 He was manumitted and earned his living as a teacher of 
 Latin and Greek. For his pupils’ use he translated the 
 Odyssey into Latin Saturnian verse. His plays, also, were 
 translated from the Greek. 
 
 Andronicus, Marcus. In Shakspere’s “ Titus 
 Andronicus,” the brother of Titus and tribune 
 of the people. 
 
 Andronicus, Titus. See Titus Andronicus. 
 Andronicus, surnamed Cyrrhestes (from his 
 birthplace). A Greek astronomer, horn at 
 Cyrrhus, Syria, in the 1st century B. c., the 
 builder of the “Tower of the Winds” (which 
 see) at Athens. 
 
 Andronicus of Rhodes. A peripatetic philoso- 
 pher and commentator on Aristotle, who flour- 
 ished during the 1st century B. c. He was head 
 of the peripatetic school at Rome about 58 b. c. 
 Andros (an'dros). [Gr. ’lAvApor.] The north- 
 ernmost island of the Cyclades, Greece, situ- 
 ated in the Aegean Sea 6 miles southeast of 
 Euboea, anciently a possession successively of 
 Athens, Macedon, Pergamus, and Rome, its 
 length is 25 miles, and its greatest width 10 miles, and 
 its surface is mountainous. Its chief product is silk. 
 Population, 18,035. 
 
 Andros. A small seaport, capital of the island 
 of Andros, on its eastern coast. 
 
 Andros. A group of islands in the Bahamas, 
 named from the chief island of the group, about 
 lat. 24° 45' N., long. 78° W. 
 
 Andros (an'dros), Sir Edmund. Bom at Lon- 
 don, Dec. 6, 1637: died at London, Feb. 27, 
 1714. An English colonial governor of New 
 York 1674-81, and of New England (including 
 New York) 1686-89. When the charters of the colo- 
 nies were revoked he was conspicuous in an attempt to 
 seize the charter of Connecticut (1687), which probably 
 succeeded. (S ee Charter Oak.) He offended the colonists 
 of New England by his tyranny and was seized April 18, 
 16S9, in Boston and sent to England for trial ; but the col- 
 onists’ complaints were dismissed. He was governor of 
 Virginia (where he founded William and Mary College) 
 1692-98, and governor of the island of Jersey 1704-06. 
 Androscoggin (an-dros-kog'in). A r iver whose 
 head streams rise in northern New Hampshire 
 and northern Maine, and which drains Lake 
 Umbagog and the Rangeley Lakes, and joins 
 the Kennebec 5 miles north of Bath. Its total 
 length is about 175 miles. 
 
 Androtion (an-dro'ti-on). [Gr AAvAportoiv.'] An 
 Athenian orator, a contemporary of Demosthe- 
 nes and a pupil of Isocrates. All of his work has 
 perished with the exception of a fragment preserved by 
 Aristotle. He was attacked by Demosthenes in one of his 
 early orations. 
 
 Andrugio (an-dro'jo). In Marston’s “Antonio 
 and Mellida,” the noble hut turbulent Duke of 
 Genoa. He utters the famous speech beginning, 
 “Why, man, I never was a prince till now.” 
 Andrussof (an'dros-sof), or Andrussovo. A 
 village in the governmentof Smolensk, Russia, 
 noted for the treaty of Andrussof in 1667 be- 
 tween Russia and Poland, by which the latter 
 ceded Kief, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine. 
 Andtijar (an-do'Har). A town in the province 
 of Jaen, Spain, situated on the Guadalquivir 44 
 miles northeast of Cordova, it was the scene of an 
 engagement between the French and Spanish, July 18-20, 
 1808. The Convention of Bailen was signed here in 1808, 
 and here in 1823, by decree, the French assumed superi- 
 ority over the Spanish authorities. Near it was the Celti- 
 berian Illiturgis (?). Population, 16,302. 
 
 Andvari (and'va-re). [Old Norse.] In Old 
 Norse mythology, a dwarf who lived in the 
 water in the form of a pike. He was caught by 
 Loki and forced to give up his treasure, ultimately called 
 from its possessors the Nibelung Hoard. On the last 
 ring, the Andvaranaut, later the Ring of the Nibelungs, 
 he laid the curse of destruction to all who should own it. 
 Anegada (ii-ne-ga'da). The northernmost of 
 the Virgin Islands, British West Indies, in lat. 
 18° 45' N., long. 64° 20' W. Its length is 10 
 miles. 
 
 Anel (a-nel'), Dominique. Born 1679: died 
 about 1730. A French surgeon. He introduced 
 improvements in the operations for aneurism 
 and fistula lacrymalis. 
 
 Anelida and Arcite (a-nel'i-dii and ar'sit). An 
 unfinished poem by Chaucer. It was among those 
 printed by Caxtoti, and is mentioned in botli Lydgate’s 
 and Thynne’s lists of Chaucer’s works, in the latter as “Of 
 Queen Anelida and False Arcite." There are passages in it, 
 from Boccaccio’s “Teseide," and the “ Thebaid ’’ of Statius 
 was also drawn upon. Chaucer tells us that he took it 
 from the Latin, and says at the close of the prologue : 
 
 “ First follow I Stace and after him Corinne." 
 
 To Corinne or Corineus, whoever he or she was, ho owed 
 the inspiration of this poem. Miss Barrett (Mrs. Brown- 
 
Anelida and Arcite 
 
 ing) modernized the poem about the middle of the 19th 
 century. Anelida was the Queen of Armenia. In the 
 poem is included “The Complaint of Fair Anelida upon 
 False Arcite,” occasioned by the fact that the Theban 
 knight (who is not the true Arcite of the “Knight’s Tale”) 
 deserted her for another. The poem breaks off at the 
 end of her complaint. 
 
 Anerio (a-na/re-o), Felice. Born at Rome 
 about 1560 : died about 1630. An Italian com- 
 poser of sacred music who succeeded Pales- 
 trina, on the latter’s death, as composer for the 
 papal chapel. 
 
 Anerio, Giovanni Francesco. Born at Rome 
 about 1567 : died after 1613. An Italian com- 
 poser, brother of Felice Anerio, maestro at 
 the Lateran 1600-13. He wrote sacred music 
 chiefly. 
 
 Anethan (an-ton'), Julius (Jules) Joseph, 
 
 Baron d\ Bom at Brussels, April 24, 1803: 
 died there, Oct. 8, 1888. A Belgian Conserva- 
 tive politician, premier 1870-71. 
 
 Anethou, Pic d’. See Netliou. 
 
 Aneurin (an'I-rin). Flourished about 600 
 a. p. (?). A Welsh bard, son of a chief of the 
 Otadini or Gododin (a sea-coast tribe dwelling 
 south of the Firth of Forth), and author of the 
 epic “Gododin” (which see), the chief source 
 of the very scanty information about him. He 
 has been thought to be identical with Gildas the histo- 
 rian, or to be the son of Gildas (who was sometimes called 
 Euryn y Coed Aur). 
 
 Aneurin’s great epic itself is wanting in all precision of 
 detail. It is the history of a long war of races, compressed 
 under the similitude of a battle into a few days of ruin, 
 like the last fight in the Voluspa. 
 
 Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 346. 
 
 Anfossi (an-fos'se), Pasquale. Born at Naples, 
 1736: died at Rome, 1797 (1795 ?). An Italian 
 operatic composer, author of “ L’Incognita per- 
 seguitata” (1773), etc. 
 
 Angami-Naga (an-ga'me-na'ga). A savage 
 and warlike tribe in northern Assam. 
 
 Angara (an-ga-ra'). (Upper Angara and 
 Upper Tungusta.) The chief tributary of the 
 Yenisei, in southern Siberia. It rises northeast of 
 Lake Baikal, traverses Lake Baikal, flows northwest and 
 west, and joins the Yenisei above Yeniseisk. Its length 
 is about 1,300 miles. It is navigable throughout almost 
 its entire course. 
 
 Angel (an'jel), Benjamin Franklin. Born at 
 Burlington, Otsego County, N. Y., Nov. 28, 1815: 
 died at Geneseo, N. Y., Sept. 11, 1894. A lawyer 
 and diplomatist, commissioner to China (1855) 
 under President Pierce, and minister to Sweden 
 and Norway under President Buchanan. 
 Angelica (an-jel'i-ka). 1. In Boiardo’s “Or- 
 lando Innamorato” and Ariosto’s “Orlando 
 Furioso,” a beautiful but coquettish and faith- 
 less princess, daughter of Galaphron, king of 
 Cathay. His unrequited love for her was the 
 cause of Orlando’s madness. — 2. The principal 
 female character in Congreve’s play “Love 
 for Love,” a witty and piquant woman, and the 
 author’s favorite character. — 3. A character 
 in Farquhar’s comedy “ The Constant Couple,” 
 and also in its sequel, “Sir Harry Wildair.” 
 Angelic Brothers. A community of Dutch 
 Pietists, in the 16th century, who believed that 
 they had attained that state of angelic purity 
 in which there is “ neither marrying nor giving 
 in marriage”: founded by George Gichtel. 
 Angelic Doctor, ML. Doctor Angelicus. A 
 surname of Thomas Aquinas. 
 
 Angelico (an-jel'e-ko), Fra. See Fiesole. 
 Angelina (an-je-li'na). 1. In Dryden’s tragi- 
 comedy “ The Rival Ladies,” a sister of Don 
 Rhodorigo, in love with Gonsalvo. She dis- 
 guises herself as a man and goes by the name 
 of Amideo. — 2. The heroine of Goldsmith’s bal- 
 lad “Edwin and Angelina,” sometimes called 
 “The Hermit,” in “The Vicar of Wakefield.” 
 Angelina. A pseudonym of Harriet Martineau. 
 Angelique (oh-zha-lek'). 1. One of the prin- 
 cipal characters in Moliere’s “ Le Malade Ima- 
 ginaire.” She is the daughter of Argan, the imaginary 
 invalid, who wishes to marry her to the son of his physi- 
 cian, M. Diafoirus, but is finally induced to give her to 
 CICante, the man she loves. 
 
 2. The wife of George Dandin, in Moliere’s 
 comedy of that name. See George Dandin. 
 Angell (an'jel), James Burrill. Bom at Scitm 
 ate, R. I., Jan. 7, 1829. An American educator. 
 He was a graduate of Brown University and was professor 
 of modern languages there 1853-60, editor of the Providence 
 “Journal" 1860-66, president of the University of Ver- 
 mont 1866-71, and president of the University of Michigan 
 1871-1909. He was United States minister to China 1880- 
 1881, and commissioner in negotiating treaties with that 
 country ; and was minister to Turkey 1897-98. 
 
 Angell, Joseph Kinnicut. Born at Provi- 
 dence, R. I.. April 30, 1794: died at Boston, 
 May 1, 1857. An American legal writer. He 
 
 58 
 
 was a graduate of Brown University 1813, editor of the 
 “Law Intelligencer and Review” 1829-31, and reporter 
 of the Rhode Island Supreme Court; author of “Treatise 
 of the Right of Property in Tide Waters" (1826), “In- 
 quiry Relative to an Incorporeal Hereditament ” (1827), 
 “A Practical Summary of the Law of Assignment” (1835), 
 “On Adverse Enjoyment" (1837), “Treatise on the Com- 
 mon Law in Relation to Water Courses” (1840), “Treatise 
 on the Limitations of Actions at Law and Suits in Equity 
 and Admiralty ” (2d ed. 1846), and with Samuel Ames 
 of “Treatise on Corporations" (3d ed. 1846). 
 
 Angeln (ang'eln). A small district in the prov- 
 ince of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, lying be- 
 tween the Flensburg Fiord on the north, the 
 Baltic on the east, and the Schlei on the south. 
 It is noted for its fertility, and is supposed to 
 have been the original home of the Angles. 
 Angelo, Michel. See Michelangelo. 
 
 Angelo (an'je-lo). 1. In Shakspere’s “Mea- 
 sure for Measure,” the duke’s deputy. 
 
 The actor is here required to represent a man who is 
 too little for the great, bold, and dangerous projects of an 
 ambitious selfishness; too noble for the weak errors of a 
 vain self-love, who wavers negatively between the two, 
 who aspires after honour, who would be a master in his 
 political vocation, a saint in his moral life, but who, in 
 the hour of temptation, is found as false and tyrannical 
 in the one as he is hypocritical and base in the other. 
 Gervinus, Shakespeare t ’ommentaries(tr. by F. E. Runnett, 
 
 [ed. 1880), p. 500. 
 
 2. In Shakspere’s “ Comedy of Errors,” a gold- 
 smith. 
 
 Angelo. A prose drama by Victor Hugo, first 
 represented at the Theatre Fran§ais, Paris, 
 April 28, 1835. The scene is laid in Padua in the mid- 
 dle of the 16th century. It was translated into English 
 by G. H. Davidson, and produced iu London as “Angelo 
 and the Actress of Padua. ” 
 
 Angelo, Sant’, Oastle of. The remodeled 
 mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome, it is a huge 
 circular tower about 230 feet in diameter on a basement 
 about 300 feet square, with medieval chambers and case- 
 ments excavated in its solid concrete, and three Renais- 
 sance stories added on its summit to serve the purposes 
 of a citadel. Originally the mausoleum possessed a super- 
 structure surrounded with columns and statues, and 
 crowned with a cone of masonry. It is connected with 
 the Vatican quarter by the Pont Sant’ Angelo, built by 
 Hadrian in 136, which originally had seven arches : two 
 are now built up. Also Hadrian's Mole. 
 
 Angelus Silesius (an'je-lus si-le'shi-us) (Jo- 
 hannes Schefiler). Born at Breslau, Prussia, 
 1624: died at Breslau, July 9, 1677. A German 
 philosophical poet, author of “ Cherubinischer 
 Wandersmann” (1657), etc. 
 
 Angelus, The. A celebrated painting by J. F. 
 Millet (1859). The time is evening ; two peasants, a 
 man and a woman, at the sound of the Angelus bell from 
 a distant church, stop their work and stand in the field 
 praying with bowed heads. In 1889 it was bought at 
 auction by the American Art Association for 680,650 
 francs, which included tax, auctioneer's fees, etc. It was 
 sold in 1890 to the agents of M. Chauchard for $150,000. 
 He has signified his intention of presenting it to the 
 Lcuvre at his death. 
 
 Angely (onzh-le'), Louis. Born at Berlin about 
 1780 (1788?): died at Berlin, Nov. hi, 1835. A 
 German actor and dramatist. His works, 
 
 mainly adaptations of French plays, have been 
 collected in four volumes (Berlin, 1842). 
 Angerapp (an'ge-rap). A head stream of the 
 Pregel, in East Prussia, which drains the 
 Mauersee. 
 
 Angerburg (ang'er-borG). A small town in the 
 province of East Prussia, situated on the An- 
 gerapp 60 miles southeast of Konigsberg. 
 
 Angermanelf (ang'er-man-elf). A river in 
 
 Sweden which flows into the Gulf of Bothnia 
 near Hernosand. It drains several lakes and forms 
 many waterfalls. Its length is over 200 miles, and it is 
 navigable in its lower course. 
 
 Angermanland (ang'er-man-land). A district 
 in northern Sweden, mainly included in the 
 modern Hernosand lan. 
 
 Angermann (ang'er-miin). See Angermanelf. 
 Angermiinde (ang-er-mun'de). A town in the 
 province of Brandenburg, Prussia, 42 miles 
 northeast of Berlin, on the Miindesee. 
 Angerona (an-je-ro'na), or Angeronia (-ni-a). 
 In Roman mythology, a goddess whose attri- 
 butes and powers are not definitely known. 
 She was, perhaps, the goddess who releases from (or 
 causes) anguish and secret grief. Her statue stood in 
 the temple of Volupia (sensual pleasure), and she was rep- 
 resented with her finger upon her bound and sealed lips. 
 Angers (oh-zha'). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Maine-et-Loire, France, situated on 
 the Maine 5 miles from the Loire, in lat. 47° 
 28' N., long. 0° 33' W. : the Roman Juliomagus 
 or Andecavia (Andegavia or Andegavum), a 
 town of the Andecavi or Andes, a Gallic tribe. 
 It has an extensive trade ami varied manufactures. It 
 was formerly the capital of Anjou, and the seat of a uni- 
 versity and a military college. It suffered severely in the 
 Huguenot and Vendean wars. The cathedral of Angers 
 is an interesting monument of the Angevin Pointed style, 
 
 Anglo-Saxon 
 
 characterized particularly by the vaulting, which rises so 
 much in every bay as to approach a domical form. There 
 is a fine early sculptured west portal ; the nave is 54 feet 
 wide and 80 feet high; and there are long transepts, 
 but no aisles. It contains splendid 13th-century glass, 
 a beautiful wall-arcade beneath the windows, and very 
 extensive and notable 14th-century tapestries bequeathed 
 by King Rend. The castle, completed by St. Louis, is a 
 huge trapezoid about half a mile in circuit, with seven- 
 teen massive cylindrical towers bossing its walls. Within 
 the inclosure remain portions of the Renaissance palace 
 of the counts of Anjou as well as the dungeons and many 
 other interesting memorials of the medieval fortress. 
 Population, 82,935. 
 
 Angerstein (ang'er-stin), John Julius. Born 
 
 at St. Petersburg, 1735 : died at Blackheath, 
 Jan. 22, 1823. An English merchant, philan- 
 thropist, and art amateur. The greater part of his 
 very valuable collection of pictures was acquired by the 
 British government in 1824, at an expense of £60,000. 
 
 Angerviile, Richard. See Bury, Richard de. 
 
 Angevin Line or Dynasty. The early Plan- 
 tagenet kings of England, from Henry H. to 
 John: so called from their origin in Anjou. 
 Anghiera (an-ge-a'ra), Pietro Martire d’, or 
 Peter Martyr. See Martyr, Peter. 
 
 Angilbert (ang'gil-bert), Saint. Born about 
 740 A. D.: died Feb. 18, 814. A Frankish poet, 
 historian, and diplomatist, a councilor of Charles 
 the Great, and abbot of Centula, or Saint-Ri- 
 quier in Picardie (794). He was surnamed “the 
 Homer of his age.” 
 
 Angiras (an'gi-ras). In Vedic mythology, the 
 alleged ancestor of the Angirases, represented 
 as the author of the ninth Mandala of Rigveda, 
 of a law-book, and of an astronomical manual. 
 
 Angirases, The. [Deriv. uncertain.] In Hindu 
 mythology, a class of beings standing between 
 gods and men. They are called the sons of heaven, 
 sons of the gods. They appear in company with the gods, 
 with the Asvins, Yama, the gods of the sun and the light. 
 Agni is called the first and highest Angiras. At the same 
 time the Angirases are called the fathers of men, and 
 many families trace their descent from them. The hymns 
 of the Atharvaveda are called Angirasas, and the Angi- 
 rases were especially charged with the protection of sac- 
 rifices performed in accordance with the Atharvaveda. 
 
 Angkor (ang-kor'). Aruined city near the fron- 
 tiers of Cambodia and Siam, near Lake Bienho. 
 
 Anglante’s knight. The name given to Or- 
 lando, lord of Anglante, in Ariosto’s “ Orlando 
 Furioso.” 
 
 Angles (ang'glz). [In mod. use only as a his- 
 torical term; L. Anglus, usually in pi. Angli 
 (first in Tacitus), repr. the OTeut. form found 
 in AS. Angle, Ongle, /Engle, r eg. Engle, pi. (in 
 comp. Angel-, Ongel-), the people of Angel, 
 Angol, Angul, Ongul {— Icel. Ongull), a district 
 of what is now Schleswig-Holstein, said to be 
 so named from angel, angul, ongul, a hook, in 
 ref. to its shape.] A Teutonic tribe which 
 in the earliest period of its recorded history 
 dwelt in the neighborhood of the district 
 now called Angeln, in Schleswig-Holstein, and 
 which in the 5th century and later, accom- 
 panied by kindred tribes, the Saxons. Jutes, 
 and Friesians, crossed over to Britain, and col- 
 onized the greater part of it. The Angles were the 
 most numerous of these settlers, and founded the three 
 kingdoms of East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria, 
 From them the entire country derived its name England, 
 in Anglo-Saxon Engla land , ‘land of the Angles.’ 
 
 Anglesey (ang'gl-se), or Anglesea (ang'gl-se). 
 [AS. Angles eg, ‘Angle’s island.’] An island 
 and county of North Wales, which lies north- 
 west of the mainland from which it is separated 
 by Menai Strait. Its surface is generally flat. It was 
 an ancient seat of the Druids, was conquered by the 
 Romans under Suetouius Paulinus in 61 A. 1 )., and by 
 Agricola in 78, and later became a Welsh stronghold. 
 Its length is 22 miles, and its area (ad. co.) 276 square 
 miles. Population (ad. and pari, co’s.), 50,606. See Mona. 
 
 Anglesea, Earl of. See Annesley. 
 
 Anglesey, Marquis of. See Paget. 
 
 Angleterre (on-gle-tar'). The French name of 
 England. 
 
 Anglia (ang'gli-a). A Latin name of England ; 
 specifically, that part of England which was 
 settled by the Angles. See East Anglia. 
 
 Anglian (ang'gli-an). A name sometimes used 
 for the old English (Englisc) or Anglo-Saxon 
 of Anglia, the district of Britain first occupied 
 by the Angles. 
 
 Anglo-Latin (ang-glo-lat'in). Middle or medi- 
 eval Latin as written in England in the middle 
 ages: the ordinary language of the church and 
 the courts until the modem period. It is char- 
 acterized by the liberal inclusion and free Latin- 
 izing of technical and vernacular English and 
 Norman or Anglo-French terms. 
 
 Anglo-Saxon (ang-glo-sak'son). [< ML. An- 
 glo-Saxones, more correctly written Anglosax- 
 
Anglo-Saxon 
 
 ones, pi., also Angli Saxones or Angli et Saxones, 
 rarely Saxones Angli. The terra frequently oc- 
 curs in the charters of Alfred and his successors 
 (chiefly in the gen. pi. with rex) as the general 
 name of their people, all the Teutonic tribes in 
 England ; hut it is sometimes confined to the 
 people south of the Humber. The same term 
 is used by foreign chroniclers and writers in 
 Latin from the 8th to the 12tli century, with 
 the general meaning.] 1. (a) Literally, one of 
 the Angle or ‘English’ Saxons. The name is 
 sometimes restricted to the Saxons who dwelt chiefly 
 in the southern districts (Wessex, Essex, Sussex, Middle- 
 sex— names which contain the form of Saxon — and 
 Kent) of the country which came to be known, from a 
 kindred tribe, as the land of the Angles, Engla land, 
 now England, hut usually extended to the whole people 
 or nation formed by the aggregation of the Angles, Sax- 
 ons, and other early Teutonic settlers in Britain, or the 
 whole people of England before the Conquest. (J) pi. 
 
 The English race ; all persons in Great Britain 
 and Ireland, in the United States, and in their 
 dependencies, who belong, actually or nomi- 
 nally, nearly or remotely, to the Teutonic stock 
 of England; in the widest use, all English- 
 speaking or English-appearing people. — 2. 
 The language of the Anglo-Saxons; Saxon; 
 the earliest form of the English language, con- 
 stituting, with Old Saxon, Old Friesic, and 
 other dialects, the Old Low German group, 
 belonging to the so-called West Germanic di- 
 vision of the Teutonic speech. 
 
 Angol (an-gol' ). The capital of Malleco, Chile, 
 in lat. 37° 45' N., long. 73° W. It was the capi- 
 tal of the former territory of Angol. Population, 
 7,391. 
 
 Angola (an-go'la). [Pg. Angola, repr. the na- 
 tive name Ngola.'] 1. The Ngola tribe. — 2. 
 The native Angola nation, of which the Ngola 
 tribe was the principal.— 3. The old Portu- 
 guese colony of Angola, foimded in the boun- 
 daries of the ancient native kingdom of Angola, 
 and called “Reino e Conquistas de Angola.” — 
 4. The modern Portuguese province of An- 
 gola, comprising the old kingdoms of Kongo, 
 Angola, and Benguella, the new district of 
 Mossamedes, and the latest accessions between 
 the Kuangu and Kassai rivers. This province 
 extends along the west coast of Africa from 6” to 17° 
 south latitude, and inland as far as the Kuangu, Kassai, 
 and Zambesi rivers. Its area is about 484,800 square miles ; 
 its population from three to five millions. The adminis- 
 tration is in the hands of a governor-general, residing at 
 Loanda. There are six districts, Kongo, Loanda, Ben- 
 guella, Mossamedes, Huilla, and Lunda. Every district 
 is subdivided into “concelhos" (counties) under military 
 “chefes ” ; and the concelhos are subdivided into divisions 
 under commandants, who are either natives or white 
 traders. Angola is ruled by the same laws as Portugal, 
 and the natives have exactly the same legal standing and 
 right to vote as the white Portuguese. Angola is the only 
 central African possession which has a large white popu- 
 lation (about 6,000) and in which agriculture is flourishing 
 on alarge ecale. See Kimbundu, Umbundu, Ngola, Kongo. 
 
 Angolalla (an-go-lal'la). One of the chief 
 towns in Shoa, Abyssinia, about lat. 9° 36' N. 
 
 Angora (an-go'ra). A vilayet in Asia Minor, 
 Turkey. Population, about 932,800. 
 
 Angora, Turk. Engnri. [Gr. ’'Aynvpa : see An- 
 cyra.] The capital of the vilayet of Angora, 
 situated bn a head stream of the Sakaria, about 
 lat. 39° 50' N., long. 32° 50' E.: the ancient An- 
 cyra (which see). It was an ancient Galatian town, 
 the capital of the Koman province of Galatia, and an im- 
 portant emporium on the route between Byzantium and 
 Syria, and it is still one of the chief commercial places 
 in Asia Minor. The district is especially celebrated for 
 its breed of goats. A battle was fought at Angora, June 
 16, 1402, between Bajazet with 400,000 (?) Turks, and Timur 
 (Tamerlane) with 800,000 (1) Mongols, in which Bajazet 
 was defeated. As a result Asia Minor fell into the hands 
 of Timur. Population, about 30,000. 
 
 Bayezid himself, with one of his Bons, was taken pris- 
 oner, and the unfortunate Sultan became a part of his vic- 
 tor's pageant, and was condemned in fetters to follow his 
 captor about in his pomps and campaigns. The fact that 
 he was carried in a barred litter gave rise to the well- 
 known legend that he was kept in an iron cage. 
 
 Poole, Story of Turkey. 
 
 Angornu (an-gor'no), or Angorno (an-gor' 
 no), or Ngornu (n’gor'no). A town in Bornu, 
 Sudan, situated near Lake Chad, about lat. 12° 
 45' N., long. 13° E., an important trading cen- 
 ter. Population, about 20,000. 
 
 Angostura (an-gos-to'ra), or Ciudad Bolivar 
 (se-6-dad' bo-le'var). A town in Venezuela, 
 situated on the Orinoco in lat. 8° 10' N., long. 
 63° 50' W., near the narrow pass of the river 
 at the head of ocean navigation. It is an im- 
 portant commercial town. Population, about 
 11 , 000 . 
 
 Angouleme ( on-go-lam The capital of the 
 department of Charente, France, situated on the 
 Charente in lat. 45° 40' N., long. 0° 10' E. : the 
 ancient Inculisma. It was the ancient capital of An- 
 
 59 
 
 goumois and frequently an appanage of the royal house. 
 During the Huguenot wars it was several times sacked. 
 The cathedral of Angouleme is a highly interesting struc- 
 ture built in 1120, with wide nave and transepts domically 
 vaulted, and no aisles. The crossing is surmounted by a 
 beautiful ovoid dome on an octagonal drum. The west 
 front has several tiers of arcades between low, conically 
 capped towers, and bears much Romanesque figure-sculp- 
 ture of great interest. The fine belfry, over the north 
 transept, rises in six arcaded tiers, and resembles an Italian 
 campanile. Population, 37,507. 
 
 Angouleme, Due d’ (Charles de Valois). 
 
 Born April 28, 1573: died Sept. 24, 1650. A 
 French politician and general, an illegitimate 
 son of Charles IX. and Marie Touchet, made 
 Due d’ Angouleme in 1619. He was imprisoned in the 
 Bastille, 1605-16, for his intrigues with the M arquise de Ver- 
 neuil. As a soldier he served with distinction at Arques and 
 Ivry, and he directed the sieges of Soissons and La Ro- 
 chelle. He is the reputed author of “M^moires ” (1662). 
 
 Angouleme, Due d’ (Louis Antoine de Bour- 
 bon). Born at Versailles, Aug. 6, 1775: died 
 at Goritz, June 3, 1844. The eldest son of 
 Charles X. of France (Comte d’Artois) and 
 Maria Theresa of Savoy, princess of Sardinia. 
 He opposed Napoleon in the south of France on his return 
 from Elba, was a commander in the French invasion of 
 Spain in 1823, and was exiled in 1830. 
 
 Angouleme, Duchesse d’ (Marie Therese 
 Charlotte). Born at Versailles, Dec. 19, 1778: 
 died Oct. 19, 1851. Daughter of Louis XVI. 
 and wife of the Due d’ Angouleme, an active 
 adherent of the ultra-royalists. 
 
 Angoumois (on-go-mwa'). A former division 
 of western France, which, with Saintonge, 
 formed a government previous to the Revo- 
 lution. (Compare Saintonge.) It corresponds 
 nearly to the department of Charente. 
 
 Angra (ang'gra). A seaport, capital of the 
 Azores, situated on the southern coast of Ter- 
 ceira, in lat. 38° 38' N., long. 27° 13' W. it is 
 the seat of a bishopric. It was surnamed “do heroismo ” 
 for its patriotic opposition to the pretender Dom Miguel, 
 1830-32. Population, about 11,000. 
 
 Angra Mainyu (an'gra mln'yo). See Ahura 
 Masda. 
 
 Angra Pequena (ang'gra pa-ka'na). [Pg., 
 
 ‘ Little Bay.’] A region in the protectorate of 
 German southwestern Africa, extending from 
 Orange River northward to the Portuguese An- 
 gola north of Cape Frio (but excluding Walfisch 
 Bay). It was acquired by the German Luderitz in 1883, 
 and passed under German protection in 1884. 
 
 Angra Pequena. A harbor on the coast of the 
 protectorate of Angra Pequena, in lat. 26° 38' 
 S., long. 14° 55' E. 
 
 Angri (an'gre). A town iu the province of 
 Salerno, Italy, 19 miles southeast of Naples. 
 ^Population, 7,597 ; commune, 11,219. 
 Angstrom (ang'strem), Anders Jonas. Born 
 at Lodgo in Westernorrland, Sweden, Aug. 13, 
 1814 : died June 21, 1874. A noted Swedish 
 physicist. He wa3 appointed in 1858 professor of phys- 
 ics at Upsala (where he had been connected with the astro- 
 nomical observatory from 1843). Author of “ Recherches 
 sur le spectre solaire ’’ (1868), etc. 
 
 Anguilla (ang-gwil 'la), or Snake Island. [Sp. 
 Anguila.] An island of the Lesser Antilles, in 
 the British West Indies, which lies north of 
 St. Martin in lat. 18° 13' N., long. 63° 4' Yf. 
 Area, 35 square miles. Population, about 3,900. 
 Anguisciola (an-gwe'sho-la), or Angussola 
 (an-gos-so'la), Sofonisba. Born at Cremona, 
 Italy, about 1530: died at Genoa 1626 (?). An 
 Italian portrait-painter, a pupil of Bernardino 
 Campi. She painted several portraits of herself and also 
 portraits (no longer extant) of the royal family of Spain. 
 
 Angus (ang'gus). The ancient name of Forfar- 
 shire. 
 
 Angus, Earl of. See Douglas. 
 
 Angus. In Shakspere’s “Macbeth,” a thane 
 of Scotland. 
 
 Anhalt (an'halt). A duchy of northern Ger- 
 many and state of the German Empire, it is 
 surrounded by Prussia and consists of two chief portions, 
 an eastern (Dessau-Kothen-Bernburg), which is level, and 
 a western (Ballenstedt), which is hilly and mountainous. 
 It has also several enclaves. Its capital is Dessau, and its 
 government a hereditary constitutional monarchy under 
 a duke and landtag. It sends one member to the Bun- 
 desrat and two members to the Reichstag. It became an 
 independent principality in the first part of the 13th cen- 
 tury and was often divided and reunited. The present 
 duchy was formed in 1863 by the union of the duchies of 
 Anhalt- Dessau-Kbthen and Anhalt- Bemburg. Area, 888 
 square miles. Population, 328,029. 
 
 Anhalt-Dessau, Leopold, Prince of. See Leo- 
 pold. 
 
 Anholt (iin'holt). An island belonging to Den- 
 mark, situated in the Cattegat 47 miles north 
 of Zealand. It is seven miles long. 
 
 Anholt. A small town in the provinco of West- 
 phalia, Prussia, situated on the Yssel (on the 
 Dutch frontier) 16 miles northwest of Wesel. 
 
 Anjou 
 
 Anhwei (an-hwa/e), or Ngan-hui (n’gan- 
 hwe'). A province of China, bounded by 
 Kiang-su on the northeast, by Kiang-su and 
 Che-kiang on the east, by Kiang-si on the south, 
 by Hu-peh and Ho-nan on the west, and by 
 Ho-nan on the northwest. Its capital is Nganking. 
 It contains part of the green-tea district. Area, 54,810 
 square miles. Population, 23,670,314. 
 
 Anian (a-ni-an'), straits of. A name of un- 
 certain origin applied first in the 16th century 
 to the passage from Bering Sea to the Arctic 
 Ocean, now called Bering Strait. Zaltieri, 1566, 
 gives the name Streto de Anian. Mercator, 1569, Ortelius, 
 1570, Porcacchi, 1572, Fuiiani, 1574, Wytfliet, 1597, and 
 others later give the strait under this name, which by 
 some is supposed to have been derived from an Asiatic 
 province of Ania. Ortelius, 1570, indicates this province 
 in N E. Siberia. Later the position of the strait was 
 shifted to various points along the western American 
 coast designating entrance or passage east. The name 
 was used as late as 1821 by Lapie on his map. 
 
 Anicetus (an-i-se'tus). Lived about 60 a. d. 
 
 A freedman and tutor of Nero. 
 
 Anicetus. Bishop of Rome about 154-166 a. d. 
 Aniches, or Aniene (a-neslF). A manufactur- 
 ing and mining town in the department of Nord, 
 France, 14 miles west of Valenciennes. Popu- 
 lation, 8,321. 
 
 Aniello, Tommaso. See Masaniello. 
 Animuccia (a-ne-mo'eba), Giovanni. Born at 
 Florence about 1490 (?): died 1571. An Ital- 
 ian composer of sacred music. “He composed 
 the famous ‘Laudi,’ which were sung at the Oratorio of 
 S. Filippo after the conclusion of the regular office, and 
 out of the dramatic tone and tendency of which the ‘ Ora- 
 torio ’ is said to have been developed. Hence he has been 
 called the ‘Father of the Oratorio.’” Grove, Diet, of 
 Music. 
 
 Anio (a'ne-o), or Aniene (a-ne-a'ne), or Teve- 
 rone (ta-va-ro'ne). [L. Anio (Anien-) or Amen, 
 Gr. Aviwv or Aviyg.] A river in central Italy, 
 the ancient Anio, which joins the Tiber 3 miles 
 north of Rome. It forms a waterfall 330 feet high 
 near Tivoli, and its valley is noted for its beauty and an- 
 tiquities. 
 
 Aniruddha (an-i-rod'dha). [Skt., ‘uncon- 
 trolled.’] In Hindu mythology, a son of Pra- 
 dyumna and grandson of Krishna. Usha, a Daitya 
 princess, daughter of Bana, falling in love with him, had 
 him brought by magic to her apartments at Souitapura. 
 Bana sent guards to seize them, but Aniruddha slew them 
 with an iron club. Bana then secured him by magic. 
 Krishna, Balarama, and Pradyumna went to rescue him 
 and fought a great battle, in which Bana was aided by 
 Siva and Skanda, the god of war. Bana was defeated, 
 hut, spared at the intercession of Siva and Aniruddha, was 
 taken home to Dvaraka with Usha as his wife. 
 
 Anjala. In Swedish history, an unsuccess- 
 ful league of noblemen against Gustavus IH., 
 1788. 
 
 Anjar (an-jar'). A small town in Cutch, India, 
 lat. 23° 6' N., long. 70°10'E. Population, 18,014. 
 Anjeles. See Los Angeles (Chile). 
 
 Anjengo (an-jeng'go), or Anjutenga (an-jo- 
 teng'ga). A village in Travancore, India, 
 situated on the western coast in lat. 8° 40' N., 
 long. 76° 45' E., once an important seaport. 
 Anjer (an'yer). A seaport in Java, in lat. 6° 
 4' S., long. 105° 53' E. It was overwhelmed 
 by a tidal wave following the eruption of 
 Krakatoa in 1883. 
 
 Anjou (an'jo ; F. pron. on-zho'). [L. Andecavi, 
 Andegavi, a Gallic tribe; urbs or civitas Ande- 
 cava or Andecavorum, their city.] An ancient 
 government of France, capital Angers, it was 
 hounded by Maine on the north, by Touraine on the east, 
 by Poitou on the south, and by Brittany on the west. It 
 comprised the department of Maine-et-Loire and small 
 portions of adjoining departments. Anjou was united 
 with Touraine in 1044, and with Maine in 1110. By the 
 marriage of Geoffrey Plantagenet with Matilda, heiress of 
 Henry I.. Anjou, England, and Normandy were united in 
 1154 when Henry II. founded tfie Angevin house (Plan- 
 tagenet). Anjou was conquered by Philip Augustus of 
 France about 1204, and was united subsequently with 
 Naples and Provence. It was annexed to the French 
 crown in 1480 by Louis XI. 
 
 Anjou, Counts and Dukes of. The origin of 
 the countship is referred to Ingelger, seneschal 
 of Gatinais, who in 870 received from Charles 
 the Bald that portion of the subsequent prov- 
 ince of Anjou which lies between the Maine 
 and the Mayenne. Among his descendants are Fulke, 
 count of Anjou, a Crusader, who became king of Jerusa- 
 lem 1131, and Fulke’s son Geoffroy le Plantagenet, who 
 married Matilda, the daughter and heiress of Henry I. of 
 England, and founded the English royal house of Plan- 
 tagenet. (See Henry II.) The second house of Anjou was 
 a branch of the royal family of France. King John of 
 - England forfeited his French fiefs to Philip Augustus 
 about 1204, and Anjou passed into the hands of Charles, 
 the brother of Louis IX. Charles established the house of 
 Anjou on the throne of Naples in 1266. His son Charles 
 II. of Naples gave Anjou and Maine to his son-in-law, 
 Charles of Valois, and from 1290 the counts of Valois took 
 the title of duke of Anjou and count, of Maine. The son 
 of Charles oIYalois became king of France, as Philip VI., 
 1328, uniting Anjou to the crowu. King John bestowed 
 
Anjou 
 
 it on his son Louis in 1356. The second house of Anjou 
 became extinct in the direct line on the death of Charles, 
 nephew of Rene, 1481. The title of duke of Anjou has 
 also been borne without implying territorial sovereignty, 
 by Charles VIII. of France, by the four sons of Henry II., 
 by the second son of Henry IV., by the two sons of Louis 
 XIV., by Louis XV., and by Philip V. of Spain. 
 
 Ankarstrom. See Anckarstrom. 
 
 Anklam, or Anclaxn (an'klam). A town in the 
 province of Pomerania, Prussia, situated on 
 the Peene 45 miles northwest of Stettin. It 
 contains a military school. It was an ancient Hanseatic 
 town, aud was several times besieged in th j 17th and 18th 
 centuries. Population, 15,625. 
 
 Ankober (an-ko'ber), or Ankobar (-bar). The 
 former capital of Shoa, Abyssinia, in lat. 9° 34' 
 N., long. 39° 53' E. Population, about 2,000. 
 
 Ankogel (an'ko-gel). A peak of the Hohe 
 Tauern, about 10,700 feet high, on the borders of 
 Salzburg and Carinthia, southeast of Gastein. 
 
 Ankori (an-ko'ri). An African highland, 6,000 
 to 7,000 feet high, between Albert, and Victoria 
 lakes. The population is dense, and the chiefs 
 belong to the Huma tribe of Galla stock. 
 
 Ankt (iingkt). In Egyptian mythology, a god- 
 dess analogous to the Greek Hestia (Vesta). 
 
 Ann, Mother. See Lee, Ann. 
 
 Anna (an'a), or Anne (an), Saint. [Of Heb. 
 origin: same as Hannah. ] According to tradi- 
 tion, the mother of the Virgin Mary. Her life 
 and the birth of the Virgin are recorded in several of the 
 apocryphal gospels. Her festival is kept in the Greek 
 Church July 25, and in the Roman Church July 26. 
 
 Anna. In New Testament history, a prophetess 
 of Jerusalem, noted for her piety. Luke ii. 36, 37. 
 
 Anna. One of the principal female characters 
 in Home’s play “Douglas.” 
 
 Anna Bolena. An opera by Donizetti, pro- 
 duced at Milan in 1830. 
 
 Anna Carlovna (an'na kar'lov-na). See Anna 
 Leopoldovna. 
 
 Anna Comnena (an'a kom-ne'na). Bom at 
 Constantinople, Dec. 1, 1083 : died 1148. A 
 Byzantine princess and historian, daughter of 
 Alexius I. Comnenus. She wrote the “Alex- 
 iad ” (which see). 
 
 Anna, Donna. One of the principal characters 
 in Mozart’s opera “Don Giovanni.” 
 
 Anna Ivanovna (an'na e-va'nov-na). Born 
 Jan. 25, 1693: died Oct. 28, 1740. Empress of 
 Russia 1730^0, daughter of Ivan V., brother 
 of Peter the Great. She was elected by the Secret 
 High Council, consisting of eight of the chief nobles, in 
 preference to other claimants, after having promised im- 
 portant concessions to the nobility. She, however, foiled 
 the attempt of the council to limit her power, exiled or 
 executed its members, arid surrounded herself with Ger- 
 man favorites, of whom Biren or Biron, a Courlander of 
 low extraction, was the leader. 
 
 Anna Karenina (an'na ka-ra'ne-na). A novel 
 by Tolstoi, perhaps the most representative of 
 his works. It first appeared serially, but with 
 long intervals, in a Moscow review, and was 
 published in 1878. 
 
 Anna Leopoldovna (an'na la-o-pol'dov-na), or 
 Carlovna (kar'lov-na), Elizabeth Catherine 
 Christine. Born Dec. 18, 1718 : died March 18, 
 1746. Grand duchess, and regent of Russia 
 1740-41, daughter of Charles Leopold, duke of 
 Mecklenburg, and wife of Anton Ulric, duke 
 of Brunswick. On the death of the czarina Anna Iva- 
 novna, Oct. 28, 1740, she became regent for her son Ivan, 
 who had been appointed her successor by Anna, but was 
 deprived of this post Dec. 6, 1741, by a conspiracy which 
 deposed Ivan and placed Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the 
 Great, on the throne. 
 
 Anna Matilda (an'a ma-til'da). The name 
 adopted by Mrs. Hannah Cowley, dramatist 
 and poet, in a poetical correspondence with 
 Robert Merry (who called himself “ Della Crus- 
 ca”) in the “World.” With two others of her school 
 (the “ Della Cruscans") she was held up to scorn by Gif- 
 ford in his “Baviad and Maeviad,” and the name “Anna 
 Matilda” has passed into a synonym of namby-pamby 
 verse and sentimental fiction. See Laura Matilda. 
 
 Anna Petrovna (an'nape-trov'na). Born 1708: 
 died 1728. Eldest daughter of Peter the Great 
 and Catherine I., wife of Charles Frederick, duke 
 of Holstein-Gottorp, and mother of Peter III. 
 
 Annabel (an'a-bel). [Jntw hella, fair Anna.] 
 A character in Dryden’s “ Absalom and Achito- 
 phel” intended for the Duchess of Monmouth. 
 
 Annabella, Queen. In Scott’s novel “The 
 Fair Maid of Perth,” the wife of King Robert 
 III. aud mother of Rothsay. 
 
 Annaberg (an'na-berG). A town in the king- 
 dom of Saxony, situated in the Erzgebirge 18 
 miles southeast of Chemnitz. It is one of the chief 
 manufacturing places in the kingdom, noted for its laces, 
 ribbons, etc., and is the center of a formerly Important 
 mining district. Population, 16,837. 
 
 Annals of a Quiet Neighborhood. A novel 
 by George Macdonald, published in 1866. 
 
 60 
 
 Annals of the Parish. A novel by John Galt, 
 published in 1821. 
 
 Annam, or Anam (a-nam' or an-nam'). A 
 French protectora te, capital Hue, in the eastern 
 part of the Indo-Chinese peninsula. It lies be- 
 tween Tongking on the north, the China Sea on the east, 
 and French Cochin-China on the south. Its boundaries 
 toward the west are undetlned. It is rich in agricultural 
 resources. The government is a monarchy, with a French 
 resident. The inhabitants are Annamites (in the towns and 
 along the coasts) and Mois (in the hill districts), and the 
 prevailing religions are Buddhism, Confucianism, spirit- 
 worship, and Christianity. It was formerly a Chinese pos- 
 session, and became independent in 1428. French Cochin- 
 China was ceded to France 1802 and 1867. It became a 
 French protectorate by a treaty signed in 1884. Tongking 
 was ceded to France 1884. Area of protectorate, about 
 62,100 square miles. Population, over 6,000,000. 
 
 Annamaboe, or Anamabo (a-na-ma-bo'). 
 
 A seaport and British station on the Gold Coast, 
 West Africa, 10 miles east of Cape Coast Castle. 
 Population, about 5,000. 
 
 Annamitic, or Anamitic (an-am-it'ik). One 
 of the languages of Cochin-China, originating 
 from a native dialect mixed with Chinese, the 
 compound dialect being most nearly related 
 to the dialect of Canton. 
 
 Annan (an'an). A seaport and parliamentary 
 and royal burgh in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, sit- 
 uated at the entrance of the Annan into Sol- 
 way Firth, in lat. 54° 59' N., long. 3° 15' W. 
 It is the birthplace of Edward Irving. Popu- 
 lation, 5,804. 
 
 Annan. A river, about 40 miles long, in Dum- 
 friesshire, Scotland, which flows into the Sol- 
 way Firth at Annan. 
 
 Annandale (an'an-dal). The valley of the 
 Annan, in Dumfriesshire, Scotland. 
 
 Annapolis (a-nap ' o-lis). [‘City of Anna,’ 
 Queen Anne.] A seaport, the capital of 
 Maryland (and of Anne Arundel County), sit- 
 uated on the Severn, 2 miles from Chesapeake 
 Bay, in lat. 38° 59' N., long. 76° 29' W., the 
 seat of the United States Naval Academy, 
 and of the non-sectarian St. John’s College. 
 The town was founded in 1049, and it became a city in 1696. 
 It was at first called Providence and Anne Arundel Town, 
 and it was one of the seats of the Continental Congress 
 (Nov., 1783, to June, 1784). Washington here resigned his 
 commission as commander-in-chief, Dec., 1.83. Popula- 
 tion, 8,009, (1910). 
 
 Annapolis. A seaport in Nova Scotia, near 
 the Bay of Fundy, in lat. 44° 31' 34'' N., long. 
 65° 47' 20" W. It was founded by the French in 1604, 
 and was ceded to the British in 1713. It was originally 
 named Port Royal. 
 
 Annapolis Convention. Aconvention of twelve 
 delegates from the States of New York, New 
 Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia, 
 which met at Annapolis, Sept. 11, 1786, to pro- 
 mote commercial interests. It recommended 
 the calling of another convention (the Consti- 
 tutional Convention) in 1787. 
 
 Ann Arbor (an ar'bor). A city, the capital 
 of Washtenaw County, Michigan, situated on 
 Huron River 38 miles west of Detroit: the 
 seat of the University of Michigan. Popula- 
 tion, 14,817, (1910). 
 
 Annas (an'as). [Heb., ‘merciful.’] A high 
 priest of the Jews, called Ananus (which see) 
 by Josephus, according to whom he was ap- 
 pointed high priest by Quirinus, proconsul of 
 Syria, about 7 a. d., and deposed by Valerius 
 Gratus, procurator of Judea, in 14 A. d. He was 
 followed by Ishmael, the son of Phabaeus ; Eleazar, the son 
 of Annas ; and Simon, the son of Camithus, when Joseph, 
 surnamed Caiaphas, the son-in-law of Annas, was elevated 
 to the office about 27 A. D. In the New Testament (Luke 
 iii. 2, John xviii. 13, Acts iv. 6) Annas is mentioned as 
 high priest conjointly with Caiaphas. The first hearing of 
 Jesus was before Annas, who sent him bound to Caiaphas. 
 
 Anne (an). Born at London, Feb. 6, 1665 : died 
 at Kensington, England, Aug. 1, 1714. Queen 
 of Great Britain and Ireland 1702-14, daugh- 
 ter of James II. of England and Anne Hyde, 
 and wife of Prince George of Denmark (mar- 
 ried 1683). She was largely under the influence of the 
 Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, aud later of Mrs. 
 Masham. She sided with the Prince of Orange at the Revo- 
 lution. Among tlie events in her reign were the Warof the 
 Spanish Succession and the union of England and Scotland. 
 
 Anne of Austria. Born at Madrid, Sept. 22, 
 1601: died Jan. 20, 1666. A queen of France, 
 daughter of Philip III. of Spain, and wife of 
 Louis XIII. of France. She was regent 1643-61. 
 
 Anne of Bohemia. Born at Prague, Bohemia, 
 May 11, 1366: died June 7, 1394. A queen of 
 England, daughter of the emperor Charles IV., 
 and wife of Richard II. of England. 
 
 Anne de Beaujeu (an de bo-zhe'). Born about 
 1462: died 1522. Daughter of Louis XI., and 
 regent of France 1483-90. 
 
 Anne of Brittany (Bretagne). Bom at Nantes, 
 
 Annunciation, The 
 
 1476: died at Blois, 1514. The daughter and 
 heiress of Francis II., duke of Brittany, wife 
 of Charles VIII. of France (1491) and, after 
 his death, of his successor, Louis XII. (1499). 
 Through her the last of the great fiefs of France 
 was permanently united to the crown. 
 
 Anne of cieves. Born at Cleves, Germany, 
 1515: died in England, 1557. A queen of Eng- 
 land, daughter of the Duke of Cleves, and fourth 
 wife of Henry VIII. She was married in Jan- 
 uary, 1540, and divorced in J uly of the same year. 
 Anne of Denmark. Born at Skanderborg, 
 Denmark, Dec. 12, 1574: died March 2, 1619. 
 A queen of England and Scotland, daughter of 
 Frederick II. of Denmark, and wife of James 
 VI. of Scotland (James I. of England). 
 
 Anne of Geierstein. A romance by Sir Walter 
 Scott, published in 1829. The scene is laid 
 mainly in Switzerland in the 15th century. 
 Anne Boleyn. A tragedy by Dean Milman, 
 produced in 1821. See also Anna Bolena. 
 Anne Of Savoy. Born 1320 : died 1359. Em- 
 press-regent of the Eastern Empire, daughter 
 of Amadeus V., duke of Savoy. She was married 
 to the emperor Andronicus III. in 1337, and, after hi3 
 death (1341), became regent during the minority of her 
 son John V. Palseologus. 
 
 Anne, Sister. The sister of Bluebeard’s last 
 wife, Fatima, she watched for the cloud of dust 
 which was to indicate the arrival of their brothers to res- 
 cue them. See Bluebeard. 
 
 Anne Ivanovna. See Anna Ivanovna. 
 
 Anne Page. See Page. 
 
 Anne Petrovna. See Anna Petrovna. 
 
 Annecy (an-se'). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Haute-Savoie, France, situated on the 
 Lake of Annecy in lat. 45° 53' N., long. 6° 8' 
 E., the former seat of the coxtnts of Genevois. 
 It has manufactures of cotton, wool, silk, ste^l, etc. It 
 contains an old castle, a cathedral, and a bishop’s palace. 
 Population, commune, 14,351. 
 
 Annecy, Lake of. A lake, 9 miles long, in the 
 department of Haute-Savoie, France, near An- 
 necy. Its outlet is by the Fier to the Rhone. 
 Annenkof (an'en-kof), Michael. Born April 
 30, 1835 : died 1899. A Russian general and en- 
 gineer who projected andsuperintendedthecon- 
 struction of the Russian Transcaspian Railway. 
 Annenwullen (an'nen-vul-len). A manufactur- 
 ing town, in the province of Westphalia, Prus- 
 sia, near Dortmund. Population, 12,186. 
 Annesley (anz'li), Arthur. Born at Dublin, 
 July 10, 1614: died April 26, 1686. An English 
 statesman, son of Sir Francis Annesley (Lord 
 Mountnorris and Viscount Valentia in Ire- 
 land), created Earl of Anglesea in 1661. He sat 
 in Richard Cromwell’s parliament of 1658; was president 
 of the council of state in 1660, aiding in the restoration 
 of Charles II.; succeeded to his father’s titles in 1660; 
 and was lord privy seal 1672-82. He supported the par- 
 liamentary attack on James in a paper addressed to Charles 
 II., entitled “The Account of Arthur, Earl of Anglesea, 
 to your Most Excellent Majesty on the true state of your 
 Majesty’s government and kingdom” (1682). 
 
 Annesley (anz'li) Bay, or Adulis (a-do'lis) 
 Bay, or Zulla (zol'la) Bay. An arm of the 
 Red Sea on its western coast, southeast of 
 Massowah, extending 30 miles inland, about 
 lat. 15° N. 
 
 Anni (Sn'ne), or Ani (a'ne). A ruined medie- 
 val city in the government of Erivan, Caucasus, 
 Russia, situated on the Arpachai about 28 
 miles southeast of Kars : the ancient capital of 
 Armenia. 
 
 Annie Laurie. A song written by William 
 Douglas of Kirkcudbright. 
 
 Anniston (an'is-ton). A manufacturing city 
 in Calhoun Couuty, Alabama, 60 miles east of 
 Birmingham: the center of a great iron-mining 
 region. Population, 12,794, (1910). 
 
 Annius of Viterbo (an'i-us ovve-ter'bo). Born 
 at Viterbo, Italy, about 1432: died Nov. 13, 
 1502. An Italian Dominican monk and scholar. 
 He published a spurious collection of lost 
 classics. 
 
 Anniviers (a-ne-ve-a'), Val d’, G. Einfisch- 
 tbal (in'fish-tal). An Alpine valley 20 miles 
 long, in the canton of Valais, Switzerland, 
 which unites with the Rhone valley opposite 
 Sierre. It is noted for its picturesque scenery. 
 Anno, Saint. See Hanno. 
 
 Annonay (iin-no-na'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Ardeche, France, 37 miles southwest 
 of Lyons, noted for its manufactures of paper, 
 silk goods, and glove-leather. Population, 
 17,300. 
 
 Annunciation, The; 1. A very beautiful pic- 
 ture by Andrea del Sarto, in the Galleria Pitti, 
 Florence. — 2. A painting by Luca Signorelli 
 (1491), in the San Carlo Chapel of the Duomo 
 
Annunciation, The 
 
 at Volterra, Italy: one of the master’s best 
 works. — 3. A picture by Titian, in the Scuola 
 di San Rocco at Venice. — 4. A characteristic 
 Preraphaelite painting by Dante Gabriel Ros- 
 setti, in the National Gallery, London. The 
 Virgin was painted from Christina Rossetti. — 
 5. A painting by Fra Angelico, in Madrid. 
 
 Anmrnzio (an-non'tzi-o), Gabriele d’. Born at 
 Francavilla al Mare, near Pescara, Italy, in 
 1864. An Italian poet and novelist. He has 
 written “ Primo Vere" (1879), “Canto Nuovo” (1882), 
 “ Terra Vergine" (1882), “ Intermezzo di rime ” (1883), “ 11 
 libro delli Vergini" (1884), “L’lsotteo: La Chimera” 
 (1885-88), “ San Pantaleone ’’ (1886), “ Elegie romane " (1887- 
 91), “Giovanni Episcopo” (1891 : translated as “Episcopo 
 and Company," 1896), “ Poema paradisiaco : Odi navali ’’ 
 (1891-93), “II Piacere" (1889), “ L'Innocente " (1891), “Tri- 
 onfo della Morte” (1894 : translated as “ The Triumph of 
 Death,” 1896), “Levergini delle Rocce ” (1896), “La Citta 
 Morta” (1898), “La Gioconda" (1899), “II fuoco ’’ (1900), 
 “ La Canzone di Garibaldi ” (1900), “ Francesca da Rimini ” 
 (1901), “Li Laudi" (1901), “La ftaccola sotto il moggio" 
 (1905), “Pid cha l’amore” (1906), “L’Orazione e 1a. can- 
 zone in morte d' Giosuk Carducci '' (1907), “La nave ” (1908). 
 
 Annus Mirabilis (an'us mi-rab'i-lis). [L., ‘ The 
 Year of Wonders’ (1666).] A poem by Dryden, 
 descriptive of the Dutch war and the London 
 fire of 1666 (published 1667). 
 
 Annweiler or Anweiler (an'vi-ler). A small 
 manufacturing town in the Rhine Palatinate, 
 Bavaria, on the Queich 22 miles southwest of 
 Speyer. Near it is the Annweiler Thai (Pala- 
 tine Switzerland). 
 
 Anomosans (an-o-me'anz). [Gr. avdyoiop, un- 
 like, dissimilar.]’ A sect of extreme Arians in 
 the 4th century. They held that the Son is of an 
 essence not even similar to that of the Father (whence 
 their name), while the more moderate Allans held that 
 the essence of the Son is similar to that of the Father, 
 though not identical with it. It was founded at Antioch, 
 and was led by Aetius, and after him by Eunomius, whence 
 its members were also called Aetians and Eunomians. Its 
 tenets were finally condemned at the Council of Constan- 
 tinople (381). See Eudoxians. 
 
 Anonymus Cuspiniani (a-non'i-mus kus-pin-i- 
 a'ni). [NL., ‘the anonymous (manuscript) of 
 Cuspinian.’] See the extract. 
 
 Anonymus Cuspiniani is the uncouth designation of the 
 mysterious MS. (also edited by Roncalli) which is our 
 most valuable authority for the last quarter-century of the 
 Western Empire. The MS. of this chronic! e is in the Impe- 
 rial Library at Vienna. It was first published by a certain 
 Joseph Cuspinianus, a scholar of the Renaissance (who 
 died in 1529), and hence the name by which it is techni- 
 cally known. Hodykin, Italy and her Invaders, II. 211. 
 
 Anoobis. See AnvMs. 
 
 Anoukis, or Anouke, or Anaka. See Ankt. 
 
 Anquetil (onk-tel'), Louis Pierre. Born at 
 Paris, Jan. 21, 1723: died at Paris, Sept. 6, 
 1808. A French historian. He wrote “Histoire 
 de France” (1805), “Esprit de la ligue” (1767), “Prdcis de 
 l'histoire universelle ” (1797), etc. 
 
 Anquetil - Duperron (ohk - tel 'dfi -per - ron' ), 
 Abraham Hyacinthe. Born at Paris, Dec. 7, 
 1731: died at Paris, Jan. 17, 1805. A French 
 Orientalist, brother of L. P. Anquetil. His 
 chief work is “Zend-Avesta.” 
 
 Ans (on or ans). A northwestern suburb of 
 Liige, Belgium. 
 
 Ansarii (an-sa'ri-i), or Nossarii (no-sa'ri-i). 
 An Arabian people in Syria, dwelling in the 
 mountains between the Orontes north and 
 Tripolis south. Number (estimated), 75.000. 
 
 Ansbach (ans'bach). An ancient principality 
 of Germany, ruled by margraves of the Ho- 
 henzollern house. It was united with Bayreuth in 
 1769, acquired by Prussia in 1791-92, ceded to Bavaria by 
 Prussia in 1805, occupied by France in 1806, and ceded to 
 Bavaria in 1810. 
 
 Ansbach (ans'bach), or Anspach (ans'pach). 
 The capital of Middle Franconia, Bavaria, situ- 
 ated on the Franconian Rezat 25 miles south- 
 west of Nuremberg: formerly the capital of 
 the ancient principality of Ansbach. Popula- 
 tion, 18,478. 
 
 Anscharius. See Ansgar. 
 
 Ansdell(anz'del), Richard. Born at Liverpool, 
 1815 : died April 20, 1885. An English artist, 
 noted chiefly for paintings of animal life. 
 
 Anse (ons). A small town in the department of 
 Rhone, France, situated on the Azergue near 
 the Saone, 14 miles north-northwest of Lyons. 
 It was an important place in the middle ages. 
 
 Ansedonia (an-sa-do'ne-ii). A small town in 
 Tuscany, Italy, on the coast near Orbetello; 
 the ancient Cosa. It contains Etruscan fortifications 
 the most perfect in Italy, in plan approximately a square 
 of about a mile in circuit. The lower part of the wails is 
 of huge polygonal blocks so exactly fitted that a knife- 
 blade cannot be inserted in the joints ; the upper part is 
 of approximately squared blocks and horizontal courses. 
 The height reaches 30 feet, the thickness is about 6 feet. 
 There are a number of large towers and three double 
 gates. 
 
 61 
 
 Anthology, The 
 
 Anselm (an'selm), Saint. Born at or near 
 Aosta, Italy, 1033: died at Canterbury, April 
 21, 1109. A celebrated divine, founder of scho- 
 lastic theology. He studied under Lanfranc at Bee 
 where he assumed the monastic habit in 1060 ; was prior 
 of Bee 1063-78, and its abbot 1078-93 ; and was archbishop 
 of Canterbury 1093-1109. He stubbornly supported, in a 
 dispute with William II. and Henry I. concerning the right 
 of investiture, the policy inaugurated by Gregory VII. 
 Chief works: “Monologion," “ Broslogion,” “Cur Deus 
 Homo?" His day is celebrated in the Roman Church 
 April 21. 
 
 Anselm of Laon. Born at Laon, France, about 
 1030 : died July 15, 1117. A French theologian, 
 author of an interlinear gloss on the Vulgate. 
 Anselme (on-selm'), Jacques Bernard Mo- 
 deste d’. Born at Apt, July 22, 1740: died 1812. 
 A French general, commander of the army of 
 the Var in 1792. He was suspended from his command 
 and imprisoned 1793, on the charge of having permitted 
 the pillage of the conquered county of Nice ; but was set 
 at liberty by the revolution of July, 1794, and lived in re- 
 tirement till his death. 
 
 Anselme (on-selm'). A character in the drama 
 “L’Avare,” by Moliere. 
 
 Ansgar (ans'gar), or Anscharius (ans-ka'ri- 
 us). Born near Amiens, France, Sept. 9 (?), 
 801 a. D. : died at Bremen, Feb. 3, 865. A 
 Frankish missionary to Denmark (827), Swe- 
 den (828-831), and northern Germany: called 
 “The Apostle of the North.” He was the first 
 bishop of Hamburg (831). This bishopric was afterward 
 (846) united with that of Bremen. 
 
 Anshumant. In Hindu mythology, a son of 
 Asamanjas and grandson of Sagara. He brought 
 back the horse carried off from Sagara’s Asvamedha sacri- 
 fice, and discovered the remains of Sagara’s sixty thousand 
 sons who had been killed by the fire of Kapila’s wrath. 
 
 Ansibarii. See Ampsivarii. 
 
 A.nslo (ans'lo), Reinier. Born at Amsterdam, 
 1626: died at Perugia, May 10, 1669. A Dutch 
 poet. He wrote “ The Martyr Crown of St. Stephen,” 
 “ The Plague at Naples,” and “The Paris Wedding ” (i. e., 
 the massacre of St. Bartholomew). 
 
 Anson (an' son), George (Lord Anson). Born 
 at Shugborough, Staffordshire, April 23, 1697 : 
 died at MoorPark, Hertfordshire, June 6, 1762. 
 A celebrated English admiral. He entered the 
 navy in 1712, became a captain in 1724, and from 1/24 to 
 1735 was generally cruising on the coast of Carolina. In 
 
 Anstrather (an'stfir), East and West. Two 
 royal burghs in Fifeshire, Scotland, on the 
 coast 17 miles northeast of Edinburgh. 
 
 Anta, or Antha (an'ta). The Egyptian name 
 of the goddess Anaitis. 
 
 Antseus (an-te'us). [Gr. Avraloc.] In Greek 
 mythology, a Libyan giant and wrestler, son 
 of Poseidon and Ge. He was invincible so long as 
 he remained in contact with his mother the earth. He 
 compelled strangers in his country to wrestle with him, 
 and built a house to Poseidon of their skulls. Heracles 
 discovered the source of his strength, and lifting him into 
 the air crushed him. 
 
 Antalcidas (an-tal'si-das). A Spartan admiral 
 and politician who flourished in the first half 
 of the 4th century B. C. He concluded with 
 Persia the Peace of Antalcidas, 387 B. c. 
 
 Antananarivo. See Tananarivo. 
 
 Antar ( an'tar) or Antara (an'ta-ra). An Arab 
 warrior and poet who lived, probably, a little 
 before the time of Mohammed. He is supposed 
 to have been the author of one of the poems hungup in the 
 Kaaba at Mecca, and the hero of a celebrated romance 
 named from him, the author of which is unknown. (See 
 
 * Asrnai.) 
 
 Antarctic Ocean. That part of the ocean which 
 is included between the south pole and the Ant- 
 arctic Circle. Among the lands, or supposed lands, dis- 
 covered in this region, are Victoria Land, Wilkes Land, 
 King Oscar IX. Land, and Alexander I. Land. Graham 
 Land has recently been shown to be archipelagic. Tracts 
 of land and sea north of the Antarctic Circle, as the South 
 Shetlands, are sometimes included. No trace of animal 
 life belonging to the land surface has yet been discovered 
 in the Antarctic tract. Mount Erebus, active volcano, 
 13,000 feet ; Mount Melbourne, about 15,000 feet. Visited 
 by Cook 1772-73, Weddell (to 75°), D'Urville 1839, Wilkes 
 1839, Ross 1841-42 (to lat. 78° 10'), the Challenger ex- 
 pedition 1874, Larsen 1893, the Belgica expedition 1897- 
 1899, Borchgreviuk 1898-1901, and the British Antarctic 
 expedition 1902 (to lat. 82° 17’, the farthest point reached 
 up to that date). See Century Atlas, Map 3i. 
 
 Antares (an-ta'rez). [Gr. Avrapyc (Ptolemy), 
 from am, against, corresponding to, similar, and 
 "Apvc, Ares, Mars : so called because this star 
 resembles in color the planet Mars.] A red 
 star of the first magnitude, the middle one of 
 three in the body of the Scorpion ; a Scorpii. 
 
 Antelope Island, or Church Island. The lar- 
 gest island in Great SaltLake, Utah. Length, 
 about 18 miles. 
 
 1740 he commanded a squadron of six ships sent to the 
 Pacific. Two ships were driven back by storms, one was 
 lost at Cape Horn, and two others were destroyed as unsea- 
 worthy. In the remaining vessel, the Centurion, of 60 guns, 
 he nearly destroyed the commerce of the Spanish colonies 
 on the Pacific coast, blockaded ports, and even sacked and 
 burned towns. He then crossed the Pacific, captured 
 the Spanish treasure-ship on its way from Manilla to 
 Acapulco (June 20, 1/43), obtained booty to the value of 
 £500,000, and reached England by the Cape of Good Hope 
 in June, 1744. He was made rear-admiral, and in 1746 
 vice-admiral of the blue, with the command of the Chan- 
 nel fleet. On May 3, 1747, he intercepted a French convoy 
 off Cape Finisterre, and gained a brilliant victory. In re- 
 ward he was created Baron Anson. Thereafter he was 
 engaged in organizing the navy, and was first lord of the 
 admiralty from June, 1751, until Nov., 1756, and again 
 from June, 1757, until his death. In June, 1761, he at- 
 tained the highest naval rank as admiral of the fleet. 
 
 Ansonia (an-so'ni-a). A city of New Haven 
 County, Connecticut, situated on the Nauga- 
 tuck River 10 miles west by north of New 
 Haven. It has manufactures of copper, brass, 
 and electrical goods, clocks, etc. Population, 
 15,152, (1910). 
 
 Anspach (ans'pach), Margravine of. See 
 
 Berkeley, Elizabeth. 
 
 Ansted (an'sted), David Thomas. Born at 
 London, Feb. 5, 1814: died at Melton, May 20, 
 1880. An English geologist, professor of geol- 
 ogy in King’s College, London, 1840-53. He 
 was the author of “Geology” (1844), “Great 
 Stone Book of Nature” (1863), etc. 
 
 Anster (an'ster), John. Born at Charleville, 
 County Cork, Ireland, 1793: died at Dublin, 
 June 9, 1867. An Irish scholar and poet, regius 
 professor of civil law in Trinity College, Dub- 
 lin, 1837-67. He translated Goethe’s “Faust” 
 (1835, 1864). 
 
 Anstett (an'stet), Johann Protasius von. 
 
 Born at Strasburg, 1766: died at Frankfort-on- 
 the-Main, May 14, 1835. A Russian diplomatist. 
 He concluded with Prussia the convention of Kalish, 
 Feb. 28, 1813: assisted Nesselrode in arranging the sub- 
 sidy treaty of England with Russia and Prussia at Reich- 
 enbach, June 15, 1813; represented Russia with plenary 
 powers at the congress of Prague, July 15-Aug. 10, 1813; 
 and from 1815 to his death was ambassador extraordinary 
 and minister plenipotentiary to the German Confedera- 
 tion. 
 
 Anstey (an'sti), Christopher. Born at Brink- 
 ley, Cambridgeshire, England, Oct. 31, 1724: 
 died at Chippenham, England, Aug. 3, 1805. 
 An English satirical poet, author of “ New Bath 
 Guide” (1766), etc. 
 
 Anstey, F. A pseudonym of T. A. Guthrie. 
 
 Antenor (an-te'nor). [Gr. Avri/vup.'] In Greek 
 legend, a Trojan, according to Homer the wisest 
 of the elders. He was the host of Menelaus and Odys- 
 seus when they visited Troy, and strongly advised the 
 Trojans to surrender Helen. His friendliness toward the 
 Greeks in the end amounted to treason. 
 
 Antenor. Lived about 509 b. c. An Athenian 
 sculptor who “ made the first bronze statues of 
 Harmodius and Aristogeiton, which the Athe- 
 nians set up in the Cerameicus. (B. C. 509.) 
 These statues were carried off to Susa by Xerxes, and 
 their place was supplied by others made either by C'allias 
 or by Praxiteles. After the conquest of Persia, Alexander 
 the Great sent the statues back to Athens, where they 
 were again set up in the Cerameicus.” Smith, Diet, of 
 Gr. and Rom. Biog. 
 
 Antequera (an-ta-ka'ra). A city in the prov- 
 ince of Malaga, Spain, situated on the Guadal- 
 horce 25 miles north of Malaga : the Roman 
 Antiquaria. It has manufactures of woolen goods and 
 silk 3 , tanneries, etc. It was captured from the Moors in 
 111). Population, 31,609. 
 
 Anteros (an'te-ros). [Gr. Avrepuc, from avrl, 
 against, and epuc, love.] In Greek mythology, a 
 son of Aphrodite and Ares and brother of Eros. 
 He was the god of unhappy love, the avenger 
 of unrequited affection : the opposite of Eros. 
 Anteros. Bishop of Rome 235-236, successor of 
 St. Pontianus. He was a Greek by birth. According 
 to Eusebius, he was elected in 238, dying one month later, 
 but most modern historians follow Baronius, as above. 
 
 Antesians. See Anclesians. 
 
 Anthemius (an-the'mi-us). [Gr. Avdeptoc.] 
 Born at Tralles, Lydia : died about 534. A 
 Greek mathematician and architect. He was 
 one of the architects employed by the emperor Justinian 
 in building the church of St. Sophia at Constantinople. 
 Anthemius. Emperor of the West 467-473 
 (472 f ), son of Procopius and son-in-law of the 
 eastern emperor Marcian. He was nominated em- 
 peror of the West by the eastern emperor Leo, on the ap- 
 plication of Ricimer for a successor to Majorian, and 
 was confirmed at Rome. He became the father-in-law 
 of Ricim< r in 467, and was killed in a civil war which 
 broke out between them. 
 
 Anthia (an-thi'ii). [Gr. v Avdua\ . The heroine 
 in the romance “Ephesiaca,” by Xenophon of 
 Ephesus. 
 
 Anthology, The. [Gr. bvdoAoyta, LGr. also av- 
 6ol6yiov, a flower-gathering, hence a collec- 
 tion of small poems, from avOoMyoc, gathering 
 flowers, from av0o<;, a flower, and Weyetv = L. 
 legere, gather, read.] A collection of several 
 thousand short Greek poems by many authors. 
 
Anthology, The 
 
 written for the most part in the elegiac meter. 
 In it every period of Greek literature is represented, from 
 the Persian war to the decadenoe of Byzantium. The first 
 Anthology was compiled by Meleager of Gadara in the 1st 
 century B. c. : to this additions were made by Philippas of 
 Thessalonica about 100 a.d. In the collection by Agathias 
 of Myrina (6th century) the poems are (for the first time) 
 arranged by subjects. See the extract. 
 
 The Greek Anthology brings together epigrams and 
 short pieces ranging over about 1,000 years, — from Simon- 
 ides of Ceos (490 b. c.) to the sixth century of our era. 
 Maximus Planudes, a monk of Constantinople (1330 a. d.), 
 put together a collection, founded on that of Agathias 
 (550 A. D.), in seven books. This was the only one till, in 
 1606, the scholar Saumaise, better known as Salmasius, 
 found a manuscript in the library of the Elector Palatine 
 at Heidelberg, containing another Greek Anthology, put 
 together by Constantinus Cephalas about 920 a.d. This is 
 now known as the Palatine Anthology ; and it is now seen 
 that Planudes had, in large measure, merely rearranged or 
 abridged it. Love, art, mourning for the dead, the whole 
 range oi human interests and sympathies, lend leaves to 
 this garland of Greek song. Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 160. 
 
 Antbon (an'thon), Charles. Born atNew York, 
 Nov. 19, 1797 : died at New York, July 29, 1867. 
 An American classical teacher, professor of 
 Greek in Columbia College. He edited Lemprifere’s 
 * Classical Dictionary ”(1841), and compiled a “ Dictionary 
 of Greek and Roman Antiquities ”(1848), and various clas- 
 sical text-books. 
 
 Anthony (an'to-ni), or Antony (an'to-ni), 
 Saint, “The Great”: L. Antonins. Born at 
 Coma, Upper Egypt, about 251 a.d. : died about 
 356. An Egyptian abbot, called (by Athanasius) 
 the founder of asceticism. He early adopted an as- 
 cetic mode of life, and in 2S5 retired altogether from the so- 
 ciety of men, living first in a sepulcher, then for twenty 
 years in the ruins of a castle, and finally on Mount Colzim. 
 His sanctity attracted numerous disciples, whom he gath- 
 ered into a fraternity near Faytim, which at his death 
 numbered 15,000 members. He was a friend and sup- 
 porter of Athanasius. He was often (according to his own 
 belief) sorely tempted in his solitude by the devil, who ap- 
 peared in a great variety of forms, now as a friend, now 
 as a fascinating woman, now as a dragon, and once broke 
 through the wall of his cave, filling the room with roaring 
 lions, howling wolves, growling bears, fierce hyenas, and 
 crawling serpents and scorpions — scenes frequently de- 
 picted in Christian art. (See Temptation of St. Anthony.) 
 His bones, discovered in 561 and brought first to Alexan- 
 dria, then to Constantinople, and finally to Vienne in 
 southern France, are said to have performed great won- 
 ders in the 11th century, during an epidemic of “St. An- 
 thony's fire,” an erysipelatous distemper, also called the 
 “sacred fire.” His day is Jan. 17 in the Roman Church. 
 
 Anthony (an'to-ni), Henry Bowen. Born at 
 Coventry, R. I., April 1, 1815: died at Provi- 
 dence, R. I., Sept. 2, 1884. An American jour- 
 nalist and statesman. He was a graduate of Brown 
 University 1833, many years editor of the Providence 
 “Journal,” Whig governor of Rhode Island 1849-51, Re- 
 publican United States senator 1859-84, and several times 
 president pro tempore of the Senate. 
 
 Anthony, Susan Brownell. Born at South 
 Adams, Mass., Feb. 15, 1820: died at Roch- 
 ester, N. Y., March 13, 1906. A social reformer, 
 and agitator in behalf of female suffrage, tern, 
 perance, and the civil rights of women. 
 Anthony of Padua, Saint. Born at Lisbon, Aug. 
 15, 1195 : died near Padua, June 13, 1231. A 
 Franciscan monk, theologian, and preacher in 
 France and Italy. He taught at MontpeUier, Tou- 
 louse, and Padua. According to the legend, he one day 
 preached to a school of fishes and was heard with atten- 
 tion. In the Roman calendar liis day is June 13. There 
 is a noted painting of him by Murillo in the cathedral of 
 Seville. The figure of the saint was cut from the picture 
 by a thief in 1874, but was recovered in New York, and 
 replaced very skilfully. There is also a painting of An- 
 thony by Murillo in the museum at Seville. The saint 
 kneels, with one arm about the infant Saviour, who ia 
 seated before him on an open hook. 
 
 Anthony ’s Nose. A promontory near the south- 
 ern entrance of the Highlands, New York, pro- 
 jecting into the Hudson between West Point 
 and Peekskill. 
 
 Anti (iin'te). A province of the Inca empire 
 of Peru, at the base of the eastern mountains, 
 bordering the Ucayale valley: so called from the 
 Indians who inhabited it. By some it has been 
 supposed that the Andes took their name from 
 this province. 
 
 Antibes (on-teb'). A fortified seaport in the 
 department of Alpes-Maritimes, France, situ- 
 ated on the Mediterranean 13 miles southwest 
 of Nice: the ancient Antipolis. it was a Greek 
 colony from Marseilles. In 1746 it was bombarded by the 
 Allies under Browne. Population, 11,753. 
 
 Antibes Legion. A foreign battalion at Rome 
 during the French occupation of the city, sup- 
 ported by Pope Pius IX. It was formed at An- 
 tibes and composed chiefly of Frenchmen. 
 Antiburgbers (an'ti-ber-gerz). The members 
 of one of two sections into which the Scotch 
 Secession Church was split in 1747, by a con- 
 troversy on the lawfulness of accepting a clause 
 in the oath required to be taken by burgesses 
 declaratory of “ their profession and allowance 
 of the true religion professed within the realm 
 
 62 
 
 and authorized by the laws thereof.” The Anti- 
 burghers denied that this oath could he taken consistently 
 with the principles of the church, while the Burghers af- 
 firmed its compatibility. The parties were reunited in 1820. 
 
 Anticant, Dr. Pessimist. A pseudonym of 
 Thomas Carlyle. 
 
 Anti-Corn-Law League. An association 
 formed inl839,withheadquartersat Manchester, 
 to further the repeal of the British corn-laws. 
 Among the leaders were Cobden, Bright, Vil- 
 liers, Joseph Hume, and Roebuck. 
 
 Anticosti (an-ti-kos'ti). A thinly Inhabited 
 island of British America, situated in the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence in lat. 49°-50° N., long. 61° 
 40'-64° 30' W. It is swampy, rocky, and un- 
 fruitful. Its length is 135 miles and its great- 
 est width about 35 miles. 
 
 Anticyra (an-tis'i-ra). [Gr. ’Avrluvpa, ’Avr'mvppa , 
 earlier ’Avriiappa .] 1. In ancient geography, 
 
 a city in Phoeis, Greece, situated on the Co- 
 rinthian Gulf in lat. 38° 23' N., long. 22° 38' 
 E. It is noted for the hellebore (the ancient 
 remedy for madness) obtained in its neighbor- 
 hood. — 2. A city in Thessaly, Greece, situated 
 on the Speretius in lat. 38° 51' N., long. 22° 
 22' E. It, also, was noted for its hellebore. — 
 3. A city in Loeris, Greece, situated near Nau- 
 pactus in lat. 38° 24' N., long. 22° E. 
 Antietam (an-te'tam). A small river in south- 
 ern Pennsylvania and western Maryland, which 
 joins the Potomac 6 miles north of Harper’s 
 Ferry. On its banks near Bharpsburg, Sept. 17, 1862, a 
 battle (called by tiie Confederates the battle of Sharps- 
 burg) was fought between the Federals (87,764, of whom 
 about 60,000 bore the brunt of the battle) under McClellan, 
 and the Confederates (40,000 according to Lee, 45,000 to 
 70,000 according to Pollard, 97,000 according to McClellan) 
 under Lee. The total loss of the Union army was 12,410 
 (2,108 killed) ; of the Confederates, 11,172. Other esti- 
 mates of the Confederate loss are 8,000 to 26,000. Lee re- 
 treated across the Potomac on the 18th. The battle is va- 
 riously desciibed as a Federal victory and as indecisive. 
 
 Anti-Federal Party. In United States history, 
 the party which opposed the adoption and rati- 
 fication of the Constitution of the United States, 
 and which, failing in this, strongly favored the 
 strict construction of the Constitution, its fun- 
 damental principle was opposition to the strengthening of 
 the national government, at the expense of the States. 
 Soon after the close of Washington’s first administration 
 (1793) the name Anti-Federal went out of use, Republican, 
 and afterward Democratic-Republican (row usually Demo- 
 cratic alone), taking its place. Also called Anti-Federalist 
 Party. 
 
 Anti-Federalists. See Anti-Federal Party. 
 Antigone (an-tig'o-ne). [Gr. ’Avnyovy .] In 
 Greek legend, a daughter of (E dipus by his 
 mother J ocaste. She accompanied CEdipus, as a faith- 
 ful daughter, in his wanderings until his death at Colonus; 
 she then returned to Thebes. According to Sophocles, 
 Daemon, the son of Creon (who iu other accounts was 
 then dead), fell in love with her. Contrary to the edict 
 of Creon, she buried the body of her brother Polynices, 
 who had been slain in single combat with his brother 
 Eteocles, and (according to Sophocles) was shut up in a 
 subterraneous cave where she perished by her own hand. 
 Daemon also slew himself. Other accounts of her life and 
 death are given. 
 
 Antigone. 1. A celebrated tragedy by Sopho- 
 cles, of uncertain date. — 2. A tragedy by Al- 
 fieri, a sequel to “ Polynices,” published in 
 1783. 
 
 Antigonidse (an-ti-gon'i-de). [Gr. ’Avrtyovifiat.] 
 The descendants of Antigonus, king of Asia, 
 one of the generals of Alexander the Great. 
 The principal members of the family were Demetrius 1. 
 (Poliorcetes), king of Macedonia (died 283 B. C. ) , son of 
 Antigonus, king of Asia ; Antigonus Gonatas, king of 
 Macedonia (died 239 B. c.), son of Demetrius I. ; Deme- 
 trius of Cyrene (died 250 B. c.), son of Demetrius I. ; 
 Demetrius II., king of Macedonia (died 229 B. c.), son of 
 Antigonus Gonatas; Antigonus Doson, king of Macedonia 
 (died 220 B. c.), son of Demetrius of Cyrene; Philip V., 
 king of Macedonia (died 179 B. C.), son of Demetrius II. ; 
 and Perseus, king of Macedonia, conquered by the Romans 
 168 B. C. 
 
 Antigonish (an-tig-o-nesb'). A seaport, capital 
 of Antigonish County, Nova Scotia, situated on 
 George Bay 38 miles east of Pictou. 
 
 Antigonus (an-tig'o-nus). [Gr. ’Avriyovog.’] 
 Born about 80 B. C. : executed at Antioch 37 B.C. 
 A king of Judea who reigned 40-37 B. C. : the 
 last Maccabean king. He was defeated by Herod, 
 the son of Antipater, and put to death by Antony as a 
 common malefactor. 
 
 Antigonus. Born about 382 B. C. : killed at the 
 battle of ipsus, 301 b. c. One of the generals 
 of Alexander the Great, surnamed “The One- 
 Eyed.” After the death of Alexander he received the 
 provinces of Greater Phrygia, Lycia, and Pamphylia. 
 He carried on war against Perdiceas and Eumenes, made 
 extensive conquests in Asia, assumed the title of king in 
 306, and was overthrown at Ipsus by a coalition. 
 
 Antigonus. 1 . In Shakspere’s ‘ ‘ WintePs Tale,” 
 a lord of Sicilia. — 2. In FletchePs “ Humorous 
 Lieutenant,” an old and licentious king. 
 
 Antin, Due d’ 
 
 Antigonus Carystius (ka-ris'ti-us). Born in 
 Carystos, Euboea (whence his surname) : lived 
 about 250 B. C. A Greek writer, author of a work re- 
 lating to natural history, portions of which are extant, 
 valuable as containing quotations from lost writings. 
 
 Antigonus Doson (do'son). [Gr. Ati<mm,‘Going- 
 to-Give’: a surname said to have been applied 
 to Antigonus “because he was always about to 
 give, and never did.”] Died 220 b. c. King of 
 Macedon 229-220 B. c., nephew of Antigonus 
 Gonatas, and son of Demetrius of Cyrene, the 
 grandson of Antigonus, Alexander’s general. 
 He was appointed guardian of Philip, son of Demetrius II., 
 and on the death of Demetrius (229 B. c.) he married his 
 widow, and ascended the throne. He supported success- 
 fully Aratus and the Achsean League against Cleomenes, 
 king of Sparta, and the zEtolians, and defeated the former 
 at Sellasia 221. 
 
 Antigonus C-onatas (gon'a-tas). Born about 
 319 b. c. : died 239 b. c. Son of Demetrius Po- 
 liorcetes, and king of Macedon 276-239. He 
 suppressed the Celtic invasion and was tempo- 
 rarily driven from his land by Pyrrhus 273. 
 
 Antigua (an-te'gwa). 1. An island in the col- 
 ony of the Leeward Islands, Lesser Antilles, 
 British West Indies, ia lat. (St. John) 17° N., 
 long. 61° 57' W. It was discovered by Columbus 
 in 1493, and settled in 1632. It exports sugar, rum, mo- 
 lasses, etc. The chief town is St. John. Length, 28 miles. 
 Area, 108 square miles. Population, with Barbuda and 
 Redonda, about 36,000. 
 
 2. See Guatemala, Old. 
 
 Anti- Jacobin, or Weekly Examiner, The. A 
 
 paper originated Nov. 20, 1797, by George Can- 
 ning and contributed to by his friends, princi- 
 pally John Hookham Frere and George Ellis. 
 It was edited by William Gifford, and the last number ap- 
 peared July 9, i798. Its avowed purpose was to ridicule 
 the doctrines of the French Revolution and their advocates 
 in England. 
 
 Anti-Jacobin Review, The. A monthly peri- 
 odical started in 1798 by John Gifford; it 
 came to an end in 1821. It had no connection with 
 Canning’s paper, and the names of the distinguished au- 
 thors of the latter do not appear in it. 
 
 Antihueno(au-t e-wa-no' ) , or Antigiienu ( an-te- 
 gwa-no'). An Araucanian Indian of Chile who, 
 in 1559, was made toqui or war-chief of the tribe. 
 
 In 1563 he defeated and killed a son of the governor Villa- 
 gra at Mariguenu, attempted to take Concepcion but failed, 
 and drove the Spaniards from Canete and Araupo, but was 
 defeated and killed in an attack on Angol in 1564. 
 
 Anti-Libanus (an // ti-lib'a-nus), or Anti-Leba- 
 non (an // ti-leb'a-non). [Gr. Avn/.i/davoc.] A 
 mountain -range of Syria, parallel to and east 
 of the Lebanon range, and separated from it 
 by the valleys of the Orontes and Litany. Its 
 highest peak is Mount Hermon. 
 
 Antilles (an-til'lez or an-tel'). [Sp. Antillas, 
 F. Antidies, G. Atitillm.] A general name for 
 the West Indies, excluding the Bahamas. The 
 Greater Antilles comprise Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, and 
 Porto Rico ; the Lesser Antilles comprise the remainder, 
 to which the name was formerly restricted. See West 
 Indies. 
 
 Antilochus (an-til'o-kus). [Gr. ’Avrt?.o^or.] In 
 Greek legend, a son of Nestor conspicuous in 
 the Trojan war. He was a close friend of Achillesand 
 was chosen to break to him the news of Patroclus’s death. 
 Memnon (or, in another account, Hector) slew him and 
 Achilles avenged his death, as he did that of Patroclus. 
 The three friends were buried in the same mound, and 
 were seen by Odysseus walking together over the aspho- 
 del meadows of the under world. 
 
 Anti-Macchiavel (an // ti-mak'i-a-vel). An es- 
 say by Frederick the Great, respecting the 
 duties of sovereigns, intended to confute the 
 “Principe” of Maccbiavelli. It was written before 
 he became king, and was issued by Voltaire at The Hague 
 in 1740. 
 
 Antimachus (an-tim'a-kus). [Gr. ’Avri/iaxoi;.] 
 In Greek legend, a Trojan warrior mentioned 
 iu the Iliad. 
 
 Antimachus. A Greek epic and elegiac poet 
 of Claros, a part of the dominion of Colophon 
 (whence he was called “The Colophonian”), 
 who flourished about 410 B. C. His chief work 
 was the “Thebais," a voluminous epic poem. His elegy 
 on Lyde, his wife or mistress, was highly praised in an- 
 tiquity. He also published a critical edition of Homer. 
 “ The Alexandrian critics constantly quote him, and 
 greatly admired him, and he may fairly he regarded the 
 model or master of the Alexandrian epic poets." Mahaffy, 
 Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 146. 
 
 Anti-Masonic Party (an // ti-ma-son'ik piir'ti). 
 In American polities, a political party which 
 opposed the alleged influence of freemasonry 
 in civil affairs. It, originated in western New York 
 after the kidnapping of William Morgan in 1826, who had 
 threatened, it was said, to disclose the secrets of the 
 order. A national convention nominated Wirt for the 
 presidency in 1831; hut the organization was soon after 
 absorbed by the Whigs. Anti-Masonic influence continued 
 for some time powerful in local matters. An American 
 Party, organized in 1875, revived the principles of the 
 Anti-Masons, but has had very few adherents. 
 
 Antin (on-tan'), Due d’ (Louis-Antoine 
 
Antin, Due d’ 
 
 de Pardaillan de Gondrin). Born 1665 : died 
 at Paris, Dec. 2, 1736. A French courtier, le- 
 gitimate son of Madame de Montespan. He 
 gained the favor of Louis XIV. and the dauphin, and was 
 a member of the regency under the Duke of Orleans. 
 
 Antinori (an-te-n6're),MareheseOrazio. Born 
 at Perugia, Oct. 28, 1811 : died at Marefia, Aug. 
 26, 1882. An African traveler and zoologist. 
 
 After a successful career as scientist and patriot, and a 
 journey through Syria and Asia Minor, he went to Egypt 
 in 1859. He explored, with Poggia, the Upper Nile regions 
 (1860-61) and returned to Italy with rich collections. He 
 was one of the founders of the Italian Geographical So- 
 ciety. In 1869 he explored Bogo-land, north of Abyssinia. 
 In 1876 he led an important scientific expedition into 
 Shoa and established the station Marefia where he died. 
 The thorough zoologic exploration of Shoa is due to him. 
 
 AntillOUS (an-tin'o-us). [Gr. Am'roof.] Born 
 in Bithynia, Asia Minor: lived in the reign of 
 Hadrian 117-138 a. d. A page, attendant, and 
 favorite of the emperor Hadrian. He drowned 
 himself in the Nile, probably from melancholy. Of the 
 many representations of Antinous in ancient art, the 
 statue (questionably so named) from the villa of Hadrian, 
 in the Capitoline Museum, Rome, is considered the finest. 
 It represents a well-formed nude youth with bowed head. 
 There is a colossal statue of Hadrian’s favorite in the 
 Vatican, Rome, in the character of Bacchus, ivy-crowned 
 and holding a staff or scepter. The head, somewhat stem 
 in expression, is among the finest of the type. The full 
 paludamentum is modern, the ancient drapery having 
 been in bronze. 
 
 Antioch (an'ti-ok). [L. Antiocliia, Turk. An- 
 takia; Gr. Avridxeia, named from Avrioxoc, An- 
 tiochus, father of Seleucus.] A city in the 
 vilayet of Aleppo, Syria, Asiatic Turkey, sit- 
 uated on the Orontes about 15 miles from the 
 Mediterranean, inlat 36° 11' N., long. 36° 10' E. 
 It was founded by Seleucus about 300 B. c. , was the capital 
 of Syria until 05 B. C., and rose to great splendor. It was 
 called “ the Crown of the East,” and “ Antioch the Beauti- 
 ful.” Under the early Roman Empire it was a famous 
 emporium, the most important after Rome and Alexan- 
 dria, and one of the earliest and most influential seats of 
 Christianity, the center of a patriarchate. It was the 
 scene of a serious riot in A. d7 387, suppressed by Theo- 
 dosius. It was often ravaged by earthquakes (especially 
 in A. D. 115, 341, 458, 507-508, 525-526), was destroyed by 
 Chosroes in 538 and by the Saracens in 635, and was be- 
 sieged and taken by the Crusaders in 1098. From 1099 
 until its capture by the Egyptian sultan in 1268 it was the 
 seat of a Christian principality. It passed to the Turks in 
 1516. It is now an unimportant town (Antakia) with few 
 relics of antiquity. In 1872 it was devastated by an 
 earthquake. Population, about 25,000. 
 
 Antioch. In ancient geography, a city in Asia 
 Minor, situated on the borders of Pisidia and 
 Pamphylia in lat. 38° 16' N., long. 31° 17' E., 
 founded by Seleucus. It received a Roman 
 colony and was called Caesarea. It is noted 
 in St. Paul’s history. 
 
 Antioch College. A coeducational institution 
 of learning, at Yellow Springs, Greene County, 
 Ohio (incorporated in 1852). It is non-sec- 
 tarian 
 
 Antioche. A chanson de geste of the group 
 entitled “Le Chevalier au Cygne.” It narrates 
 the exploits of the Christian host in attacking 
 and then defending Antioch. 
 
 Antioche (oh-te-osh'), Pertuis d’. An arm of 
 the Bay of Biscay, west of the department of 
 Charente-Inferieure, France, between the isl- 
 ands of R6 and Oldron. 
 
 Antiochus (an-tl'o-kus) I. [Gr. Avr/'oxoc.] 
 Died about 30 B. c. King of Commagene, a 
 petty principality between the Euphrates and 
 Mount Taurus, capital Samosata, at one time 
 a part of the Syrian kingdom of the Seleucidm. 
 He concluded a peace with Pompey 64 B. c., and later 
 (49 B. c.) supported him in the civil war with Caesar. 
 
 Antiochus II. King of Commagene, successor 
 of Mithridates I. He was summoned to Rome and 
 executed, 29 B. c., for having caused the murderof an am- 
 bassador sent to Rome by his brother. 
 
 Antiochus IV., surnamed Epiphanes. A king 
 of Commagene, apparently a son of Antio- 
 chus III. He was a friend of Caligula, who in A. D. 38 
 restored to him the kingdom of Commagene, which had 
 been made a Roman province at the death of his father 
 A. D. 17. Subsequently, however, he was deposed by Cali- 
 gula, but was restored on the accession of Claudius, a. d. 
 4L He was finally deprived of his kingdom A. D. 72. 
 
 Antiochus I., surnamed Soter. [Gr. aurr/p, de- 
 liverer.] Born about 323 b. c.: killed 261 b. c. 
 King of Syria 280 (281?)-261, son of Seleucus 
 N icator. jt ia said that when he fell sick, through love 
 of Stratonice, the young wife of his father, the latter, on 
 the advice of the physician Erasistratiis, resigned Strat- 
 onice to his son, and invested him with the government 
 of Ipper Asia, allowing him the title of king. On the 
 death of his father, Antiochus succeeded to the whole of 
 his dominions, but relinquished his claims to Macedonia 
 on the marriage of Antigonus Gonatas to Phila, the daugh- 
 ter of Seleucus and Stratonice. 
 
 Antiochus II., surnamed Theos. [Gr. di- 
 vine, = L. dims, as an imperial title.] Killed 246 
 (247?) B. C. King of Syria, son of Antiochus I. 
 whom he succeeded in 261 B. C. He became in- 
 
 63 
 
 volved in a ruinous war with Ptolemy Philadelphus, king 
 of Egypt, during which Syria was further weakened by the 
 revolt of the provinces of Parthia and Bactria, Arsaces es- 
 tablishing the Parthian empire about 250 B. c., and Theo- 
 dotus the independent kingdom of Bactria about the same 
 time. Peace was concluded with Egypt 250 B. c., Antio- 
 chus being obliged to rej ect his wife Laodice, and to many 
 Berenice, the daughter of Ptolemy. On the death of Ptol- 
 emy (247 B. c.), he recalled Laodice, who shortly caused 
 him to be murdered, and also Berenice and her son. The 
 connection between Syria and Egypt is referred to in Dan- 
 iel xi. 6. 
 
 Antiochus III. Born about 238 B.c. : died 187 
 B. C. King of Syria 223-187 B.c., surnamed ‘ ‘ The 
 Great,” the most famous of the Seleucidte. He 
 was the son of Seleucus II., and grandson of Antiochus II., 
 and succeeded his brother Seleucus Ceraunus at the age 
 of fifteen. His surname “The Great” was earned by the 
 magnitude of his enterprises rather than by what he ac- 
 complished. He subdued his rebellious brothers Molo and 
 Alexander, satraps of Media and Persis, 220 B. c., and was 
 forced (after having undertaken an aggressive war against 
 Ptolemy Philopator) by the battle of Raphia, near Gaza, to 
 relinquish his claims to Coele-Syria and Palestine 217 B.c. 
 He defeated and killed Achsens, the rebellious governor of 
 Asia Minor, 214 B.c. ; attempted to regain the former prov- 
 inces Parthia and Bactria 212-205 B. o. ; and was compelled 
 to recognize the independence of Parthia 205 B. c. The 
 victory of Paneas, 198 B. c., gave him the Egyptian prov- 
 inces of Coele-Syria and Palestine. He, however, made 
 peace with Ptolemy Epiphanes, to whom he betrothed his 
 daughter Cleopatra, promising Ccele-Syria and Palestine 
 as a dowry. He conquered the Thracian Chersonese 
 from Macedonia 196 B. C. ; received Hannibal at his court 
 195 B. C. ; carried on a war with the Romans 192-189 B. C., 
 who demanded the restoration of the Egyptian provinces 
 and the Thracian Chersonese; was defeated at Thermopy- 
 lse 191, and at Magnesia 190 ; and sustained naval losses 
 at Chios 191, and at Myonnesus 190. He purchased peace 
 by consenting to the surrender of all his European posses- 
 sions, and his Asiatic possessions as far as the Taurus, the 
 payment of 15,000 Euboean talents within twelve years, 
 and the surrender of Hannibal, who escaped, and by giv- 
 ing up his elephants and ships of war. Antiochus was 
 killed by his subjects in an attempt to plunder the rich 
 temple of Elymais to pay the Romans, an event which, as 
 also his defeat by the Romans, is supposed by some to be 
 referred to in Daniel xi. 18, 19. 
 
 Antiochus IV., surnamed Epiphanes. Died 
 164 B. c. King of Syria 175-164 b. c. : son of 
 Antiochus III. He reconquered Armenia, which had 
 been lost by his father, and made war on Egypt 171-168 
 B. c., recovering Coele-Syria and Palestine. The policy of 
 Antiochus of rooting out the Jewish religion, in pursuance 
 of which he took Jerusalem by storm 170 B. C. (when he 
 desecrated the temple) and again in 168 B. c. led to the 
 successful revolt under Mattathias, the father of the Mac- 
 cabees, 167 B. c. 
 
 Antiochus V., surnamed Eupator. [Gr. ev- 
 
 Tcarup, of a noble sire.] Died 162 B. c. King 
 of Syria 164-162 B. c., son of Antiochus IV. 
 whom he succeeded at the age of nine years, 
 under the guardianship of Lysias. He concluded 
 a peace with the Jews, who had revolted under his father, 
 and was defeated and killed by Demetrius Soter (the son 
 of Seleucus Philopator) who laid claim to the throne. 
 
 Antiochus VII., surnamed Sidetes. Died 121 
 B. C. King of Syria 137-128 B.C., second son of 
 Demetrius Soter. He carried on war with the Jews, 
 taking Jerusalem in 1.33 B. C., after which he concluded 
 peace with them oil favorable terms and was killed in a 
 war with the Parthians. 
 
 Antiochus VIII., surnamed Grypus. [Gr. 
 ypvTrog, hook-nosed.] Died 96 B. c. King of 
 Syria 125-96 B. C., second son of Demetrius 
 Nieator. 
 
 Antiochus XIII., surnamed Asiaticus. King 
 of Syria, the son of Antiochus X. . the last 
 of the Seleucidffi. He took refuge in Rome during 
 the mastery of Tigranes in Syria 83-69 B. c. ; was given pos- 
 session of the kingdom by Lucullus 69 B. C. ; but was de- 
 prived of it by Pompey 65 B. c.. 
 
 Antiochus. 1. In Shakspere’s “Pericles,” the 
 king of Antioch. — 2. In Massinger’s “Believe 
 as You List,” the king of Lower Asia, a fugitive, 
 the son of a daughter of Charles V. of Portugal. 
 
 Antiochus of Ascalon. Bom at Ascalon, Pal- 
 estine: lived in the first half of the 1st century 
 B. C. An eclectic philosopher, founder of the 
 so-called fifth Academy. He studied under the 
 Stoic Mnesarchus and under Philo, and while Cicero was 
 studying at Athens (79 B. c.) acted as his instructor. He 
 attempted to revive the doctrines of the old Academy. 
 
 Antiope (an-tl'o-pe). [Gr. Amon-??.] In Greek 
 legend : (a) A daughter of the Boeotian river- 
 god Asopus, and mother by Zeus of Amphion 
 and Zethus. In other accounts she is the daughter of 
 Nycteus of Hyria. She was imprisoned and ill treated by 
 Dirce upon whom she took vengeance in a frightful way. 
 See Dirce. (ft) A sister or daughter of Hippolyte, 
 queen of the Amazons, and wife of Theseus. 
 
 Antioquia (an-te-6'ke-a). 1. A department, 
 
 capital Medellin, in the western part of the Re- 
 public of Colombia. The surface is generally 
 mountainous; the chief occupation is mining. 
 — 2. A town in this department, situated on 
 the Cauca about lat. 6° 35' N., long. 76° 7' W. 
 It stands at an elevation of nearly 2,000 feet 
 above tho sea. Population, 8,780. 
 
 Antiparos (an-tip'a-ros), ancient Oliaros. 
 
 Antis 
 
 An island of the Cyclades, 7 miles long, south- 
 west of Paros, celebrated for a stalactite grotto. 
 
 Antipas, Herod. See Herod Antipas. 
 
 Antipater (an-tip'a-ter). [Gr. AvriTrarpoQ.'] 
 Died 319 B. c. A Macedonian general. He was 
 a pupil of Aristotle, served as minister and general under 
 Philip of Macedon, and was appointed by Alexander regent 
 of Macedonia 334 B. c. He suppressed the Thracian rebel- 
 lion under Memnon 331; gained a victory over the Spar- 
 tans near Megalopolis 331 ; was superseded as regent by 
 Craterus, and ordered to conduct an army of recruits to 
 Babylon in 323 ; received the regency of Macedonia at the 
 death of Alexander in 323; defeated the revolted Athenians 
 and their allies at Cranon in 322 ; invaded AStolia in 323 ; 
 and was appointed regent of the empire on the death of 
 Perdiccas in 321. 
 
 Antipater, surnamed “ The Idumean.” Died 43 
 B. c. Procuratorof Judea, governor of Idumea, 
 and the father of Herod the Great. He secured, 
 by his participation in the Alexandrine war (48 B. c.) 
 the confirmation by Caesar of his political tool Hyrcanus 
 as high priest 47 B. c., and was himself appointed proc- 
 urator of Judea about 46 B. C. 
 
 Antipater. Died 4 b. c. Son of Herod the 
 Great by his first wife Doris. He is described by 
 Josephns as a “mystery of wickedness," and was put to 
 death for conspiring against the life of his father, after 
 having previously succeeded, by arousing his father’s sus- 
 picions, in bringing about the death of Alexander and 
 Aristobulos, Herod’s sons by Mariamne, his second wife. 
 
 Antipater, L. Coelius. Lived about 123 B. c. 
 A Roman jurist and historian, a contemporary 
 of C. Gracchus, and the teacher of L. Crassus 
 the orator. He wrote a history of the second Punic 
 war, “ loaded with rhetorical ornament but important in 
 substance,” fragments of which are extant. 
 
 Antiphanes (an-tif'a-nez). [Gr. AvTi<j>avi 7 f.] A 
 Greek comic poet who lived between 404 and 
 330 B. C. He was the most distinguished writer of the 
 so-called middle comedy, a period in the development of 
 Greek comedy extending from about 390 to 338 B. c. 
 
 Antiphellos (an-ti-fel'os). [Gr. Arrive AAot;.] In 
 ancient geography, a town on the southwest- 
 ern coast of Lycia, Asia Minor, it contains a 
 Lycian necropolis of rock-cut tombs, which are architec- 
 turally important because the facades are in exact repro- 
 duction of a framed construction of square wooden beams, 
 with doors and windows of paneled work, and ceilings of 
 round poles laid closely together. These tombs evidently 
 represent ancient dwellings, and the imitation is carried 
 out in some of the interiors. There is also an ancient 
 theater, the cavea of which is well preserved, with 26 
 tiers of seats. 
 
 Antiphilus (an-tif i-lus). [Gr. Avritfnlog. ] 
 Lived in the second half of the 4th century 
 B. c. A Greek painter. 
 
 Antipholus of Ephesus (an-tif'o-lus ov ef'e- 
 sus), and Antipholus of Syracuse (sir'a-kusj. 
 In Shakspere’s “Comedy of Errors,” twin bro- 
 thers, the first of a violent and the latter of a 
 mild nature. 
 
 Antiphon (an'ti-fon). [Gr. Avrupav.] Born at 
 Rhamnus, Attica, about 480 b. C. : executed at 
 Athens, 411 B. C. An Athenian orator and poli- 
 tician, the oldest of the “ten Attic orators.” 
 He was a member of the aristocratic party, and was con- 
 demned for his share in establishing the government by 
 the 400. Fifteen of his orations are extant. 
 
 Antiphon was the ablest debater and pleader of his day, 
 and in his person the new Rhetoric first appears as a po- 
 litical power at Athens. He took a chief part in organis- 
 ing the Revolution of the Four Hundred, and when they 
 fell was put to death by the people (411 B. c.), after de- 
 fending himself in a masterpiece of eloquence. Of his 15 
 extant speeches, all relating to trials for homicide, 12 are 
 mere sketches or studies, forming three groups of four 
 each, in which the case for the prosecution is argued al- 
 ternately with the case for the defence. 
 
 Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 111. 
 
 Antipodes Islands (an-tip'o-dez I'landz). A 
 cluster of small uninhabited islands in the South 
 Pacific, in lat. 49° 48' S., long. 178° 20' E. : so 
 called from their nearly antipodal position to 
 Greenwich (near London). 
 
 Antipodes (an-tip'o-dez), The. A comedy by 
 Richard Brome, printed in 1640. 
 
 Antipolis (an-tip'o-lis). [Gr. Avr'i~n'Air.\ The 
 ancient name of Antibes, in Prance. 
 
 Antipsara (an-tip'sa-ra). A small island near 
 Ipsara. 
 
 Antiquary (an'ti-kwa-ri), The. 1. A comedy 
 by Shakerley Marmion, printed in 1641 . Part of 
 O’Keefe’s play"“Modern Antiques" was taken from this, 
 also D’Urfd’s “Madam Fickle," in which Sir Arthur Old. 
 love is a copy of Veterano the Antiquary. 
 
 2. A novel by Sir Walter Scott, published in 
 1816: so named from its principal character, 
 Jonathan Oldbuok the Antiquary. 
 
 Anti-Rent Party (an-ti-rent' piir'ti). InUnited 
 States politics, a party in the State of New 
 York which had its origin in dissatisfaction 
 among the tenants under the patroon system 
 in the eastern part of the State. The tenants re- 
 fused to pay rent in 1839, resisted force, and a few years 
 later carried their opposition into politics. The mattoi 
 was settled by compromise in 1850. 
 
 Antis (iin'tez), or Campas (kiim'paz). The 
 
Antis 
 
 ancient Indian inhabitants of Anti. They were 
 conquered by the Inca Yahuar-huaccac in the 14th cen- 
 tury. Their few descendants wander in the forests about 
 the head waters of the Ucayale, and are closely related to 
 the Chunchos (which see). They live in huts and wear a 
 long cotton robe. 
 
 Antisana (an-te-sa'na). A volcano of the Ecua- 
 dorian Andes, 35 miles southeast of Quito. 
 Ascended by Wh ymper in 1880. Height (Whym- 
 per), 19,335 (Reiss and Stiibel, 18,885) feet. 
 
 It [Antisana] was formerly supposed to be the only great 
 mountain, anywhere in the world, immediately upon the 
 Equator, and it has become improbable that a loftier one 
 will ever be discovered exactly upon the Line. 
 
 Whymper, Travels amongst the Great Andes of the 
 [Equator, p. 228. 
 
 Antisana. A village on the slope of Mount 
 Antisana, one of the highest inhabited spots in 
 the world. Height (Whymper), 13,306 (Reiss 
 and Stiibel, 13,370) feet. 
 
 Anti-Semitic Party. A political party whose 
 chief aim is to hinder the spread of Hebrew 
 (Semitic) influence in public affairs. Such par- 
 ties have representatives in the Austrian 
 Reichsrath and the German Reichstag. 
 
 Antistates (an-tis'ta-tez). [Gr. ’AvTicTaTT/t;.] 
 A Greek architect, associated with Calltesehrus, 
 Antimachides, and Porinus in planning and be- 
 ginning the great temple of Zeus at Athens in 
 the time of Pisistrat.us (about 560 B. c.). This 
 work was interrupted by the downfall of Pisistratus, 
 resumed by the Roman architect Cossutius in the time of 
 Antiochus Epiphanes (175-164 B. C.), and finished by the 
 emperor Hadrian. The unfinished building was compared 
 by Aristotle with the pyramids of Egypt. 
 
 Antisthenes (an-tis'the-nez). [Gr. ’Avriadevt/g.] 
 Born at Athens about 444 b. c. : died at Athens 
 after 371 b. c. An Athenian philosopher, founder 
 of the school of the Cynics. He was a pupil of 
 Socrates and taught in a gymnasium at Athens. 
 
 Anti-suyu (an'te-so'yo). [Quichua, ‘country of 
 the Antis.’] A name given by the Incas to 
 the region of the Andes and their eastern 
 slope, inhabited by various tribes. The word 
 “ Andes” seems to be derived from Anti. 
 
 Antitactse (an -ti-tak 'te). [Gr. avrerdnrai, 
 heretics.] A name given to the Antinomian 
 Gnostics. 
 
 Anti-Taurus (an // ti-ta'rus). [Gr. ’A vriravpoc.] 
 A range of mountains in Asiatic Turkey, which 
 lies northeast of and parallel to the Taurus, lat. 
 38-39° N., long. 36° E., regarded as a contin- 
 uation of the Ala-Dagh. 
 
 Antium (an'shi-um). In ancient geography, a 
 city of Latium, Italy, situated on the Mediter- 
 ranean 32 miles south of Rome: the modern 
 Porto d’Anzio. It wa9a Volscian stronghold, and be- 
 came a Roman colony in 338 B. c. Later it was a favorite 
 Roman residence. 
 
 Antivari (an-te'va-re), or Ear (bar). A town 
 in Montenegro, situated near the Adriatic in 
 lat. 42° 4' N., long. 19° 7' E. It was Venetian in 
 the middle ages, and later Albanian. In 1878 it was con- 
 quered by Montenegro, and was ceded by Turkey in the 
 same year. 
 
 Antofagasta (an-to-fa-gas'ta). A province of 
 northern Chile, conquered from Bolivia in 1879. 
 Area, 46,597 square miles. Population, 113,323. 
 
 Antofagasta. A seaport situated on Morena 
 Bay iu lat. 23° 41' S., long. 70° 25' W. in the 
 vicinity are rich saltpeter deposits. In 1879 it was occu- 
 pied by Chile, and was ceded by Bolivia in 1884. A rail- 
 road crosses the Andes from this point to the plateau of 
 Bolivia. Population, 32,496. 
 
 AntOgast (an'to-gast). A small watering-place 
 in Baden, on the slope of the Kniebis near 
 Oberkirch. 
 
 Antoine de Bourbon (on-twan' de bor-bon'). 
 Born April 22, 1518: died Nov. 17, 1562. A 
 son of Charles de Bourbon, duke of Vendome, 
 husband of Jeanne d’Albret (1548), and king of 
 Navarre 1555. 
 
 Antommarchi (an-tom-mar'ke), Francesco. 
 Born in Corsica about 1780 : died April 3, 1838. 
 An Italian surgeon, physician to Napoleon at 
 St. Helena. He wrote “Les derniers moments 
 de NapoKon” (1823). 
 
 Antongil Bay (an-ton-zhel' ba). A bay on the 
 eastern coast of the northern part of Mada- 
 gascar. 
 
 Anton Ulrich (an'ton ol'rieh). Born at Hit- 
 zacker in Liineburg, Oct. 4, 1633 : died March 27, 
 1714. Duke of Br uns wick- Wolf enbiittel, and 
 a novelist and poet. He was the author of the ro- 
 mances “Die durchlauchtige Syrerinn Aramena” (1669- 
 1673), and “Octavia” (1677). 
 
 Antonelli (an-to-nel'le), Giacomo. Born at 
 Sonnino, Latium, Italy, April 2, 1806: died at 
 Rome, Nov. 6, 1876. A noted Roman prelate 
 and statesman. He became cardinal in 1847, and was 
 president of the ministry 1S47-48, and secretary of foreign 
 affairs for the Papal States after 1850. 
 
 64 
 
 Antonello da Messina. Bom at Messina, 
 Sicily, about 1430: died at Venice about 1493, 
 An Italian painter, said to have introduced 
 painting in oils from the Low Countries into 
 Italy. 
 
 Antonina (an-to-ni'na). [L.] The wife of 
 Belisarius. 
 
 Antonine. See Antoninus. 
 
 Antonines (an'to-ninz), Age of the. In Roman 
 history, the period of the reigns of Antoninus 
 Pius and Marcus Aurelius. It was generally 
 characterized by domestic tranquillity. See 
 Adoptive Emperors. 
 
 Antoninus (an-to-ni'nus), Itineraries of. Two 
 accounts of routes in the Roman Empire, said 
 to have been edited in the time of (Antoninus) 
 Caracalla. One related to routes in Europe, 
 Asia, and Africa ; the other to maritime routes. 
 See Itineraries. 
 
 Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius. See Marcus 
 Aurelius. 
 
 Antoninus, Pillar of. See Column of Marcus 
 Aurelius. 
 
 Antoninus, Wall of. See Wall of Antoni- 
 nus. 
 
 Antoninus Liheralis (an-to-ni'nus lib-e-ra'lis). 
 Lived about 150 A. d. A Greek grammarian, au- 
 thor of a collection of tales of metamorphoses 
 (ed. by Koch 1832). 
 
 Antoninus Pius (an-to-ni'nus pi'us) (Titus 
 Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius). Born 
 near Lanuvium, Italy, Sept. 19, 86 a. d. : died 
 at Lorium, Italy, March 7, 161 A. D. Emperor of 
 Rome 138-161 A. D. He was consul and proconsul in 
 Asia under Hadrian, and was adopted by Hadrian in 138. 
 His reign was marked by general internal peace and pros- 
 perity. (See Adoptive Emperors.) It “was one of those 
 periods which have been pronounced happy because they 
 are barren of events, and the placid temper of the prince 
 gave him the full enjoyment of the felicity of his people ” 
 (Smith, Hist, of the World). 
 
 Antonio (an-to'ne-o), Sant’, Church of. A 
 
 remarkable church in Padua, Italy, built by 
 Niccola Pisano in the 13th century, and combin- 
 ing Pointed forms with seven Byzantine domes 
 modeled after those of St. Mark’s at Venice. 
 The aisles and chapels have groined vaults, and Pointed 
 and round arches are used together. The church con- 
 tains fine paintings and tombs, and several magnificent 
 chapels, among them the Cappella del Santo, whose mar- 
 ble reliefs are among the most notable of the Renaissance, 
 and the Cappella San Felice, in the Venetian Pointed 
 style, with admirable 14th-century frescos. 
 
 Antonio, Nicolao. [NL. Nicolaus Antonins.] 
 Born at Seville 1617 : died 1684. A Spanish bib- 
 liographer and critic. He was appointed by Philip IV. 
 his general agent at Rome in 1659, and was made fiscal of 
 the royal council at Madrid about 1677. He was the author 
 of the “Bibliotheca Hispanica," an index of Spanish au- 
 thors from the time of Augustus. It is in two parts, each 
 of two folio volumes, lie also published “Bibliotheca 
 Hispanica Nova 1 (1672), and “Bibliotheca Vetus" (1696). 
 
 Antonio (an-to'ni-o). 1. In Shakspere’s “Mer- 
 chant of Venice,” the princely merchant who 
 gives to the play its name. He is of a sensitive, sus- 
 ceptible, melancholy nature, with a presentiment of evil 
 and danger. Being obliged to borrow money of Shylock 
 to meet the needs of Bassanio, his friend, he is induced to 
 sign a bond agreeing to forfeit a pound of flesh if he does 
 not repay the money within a specified time. Not being 
 able to pay, he nearly loses his life to satisfy the demands 
 of the J ew. See Shylock. 
 
 2. In Shakspere’s “Tempest,” the usurping 
 duke of Milan. — 3. In Shakspere’s “ Two Gen- 
 tlemen of Verona,” the father of Proteus. — 4. 
 The brother of Leonato, governor of Messina, 
 in Shakspere’s “Much Ado about Nothing.” — 
 5. A sea-captain devoted to Sebastian, in Shak- 
 spere’s “Twelfth Night.” — 6. In Middleton’s 
 play “ The Changeling,” a secondary character 
 who pretends for his own purposes to be an idiot 
 ora changeling: from him the play takes its 
 name. — -7. In Webster’s tragedy “The Duchess 
 of Malfi,” the steward of the household of the 
 Duchess of Malfi. Hois secretly married to her, 
 an offense for which he is murdered by her 
 brothers. — 8. In Otway’s play “Venice Pre- 
 served,” a foolish speeehmaker and senator 
 whose buffooneries were intended to ridicule 
 the first Earl of Shaftesbury. The part is omit- 
 ted from the acting play on account of its in- 
 decency. — 9. One of the principal characters 
 in Marston’s “Antonio and Mellida” and “ An- 
 tonio’s Revenge,” the son of Andrugio, in love 
 with Mellida. — 10. In Tomkis’s comedy “Al- 
 bumazar,” an old gentleman, supposed to be 
 drowned, who returns in time to frustrate the 
 schemes of the thievish Albumazar. — 11. In 
 Dryden’s tragedy “ Don Sebastian,” a young 
 Portuguese nobleman, a slave at the time the 
 play begins. Dorax calls him “The amorous 
 airy spark, Antonio.” 
 
 Antwerp 
 
 Antonio and Mellida. A tragedy in two parts 
 by Marston, printed in 1602. It had been played 
 in 1601 and ridiculed by Ben Jonson in “The Poetaster" 
 and “ Cynthia’s Revels.” The second part is also known 
 as “ Antonio's Revenge." 
 
 Antonius, Saint. See Anthony. 
 
 Antonius’, Marcus. See Antony , Mark. 
 
 Antonius (an-to'ni-us), Marcus. Bom 143 
 B. c. . killed at Rome, 87 B. c. A Roman orator, 
 consul 99 B. c., and censor 97. He was put to 
 death by the Marian party. 
 
 Antony (an'to-ni). A tragedy by Alexandre 
 Dumas, produced in 1831. 
 
 Antony, Saint. See Anthony. 
 
 Antony, Mark, L. Marcus Antonius. Born 
 about 83 b. c. : died at Alexandria in Aug., 30 
 B. c. A Roman triumvir and general, grand- 
 son of Marcus Antonius the orator. He served 
 in Palestine and Egypt ; was qusestor in 52 and tribune iu 
 50 ; became a prominent adherent of Caesar ; and was ex- 
 pelled from Rome and fled to Caesar, who thereupon com- 
 menced the civil war. He commanded the left wing at 
 the battle of Pharsalia ; was master of the horse in 47, 
 and became consul in 44. He engaged in intrigues after 
 Caesar's death, and was denounced by Cicero ; fled from 
 Rome ; formed with Octavian and Lepidus the 2d trium- 
 virate in 43 ; defeated Brutus and Cassius at Philippi in 
 42 ; summoned Cleopatra to Asia, and later followed her 
 to Alexandria ; and renewed the triumvirate in 40 and 37. 
 From about 40 he lived chiefly in Alexandria with Cleo- 
 patra; conducted an unsuccessful expedition against 
 Parthia; was defeated by Octavian at Actium 31; and 
 fled to Egypt, where he committed suicide. 
 
 Antony and Cleopatra. A tragedy by Shak- 
 spere, written and produced in 1607, entered 
 on the Stationers’ Register in 1608, and printed 
 in 1623. It was founded on North's “riutarch,” and in 
 it Shakspere lias followed history more minutely than in 
 any other of his plays. The subject has been used by 
 pryden in “All for Love,” and by Fletcher and Massinger 
 in “The False One.” The character of Mark Antony is 
 incomparably stronger in Shakspere’s play than in the 
 others. Dryden makes him a weak voluptuary entirely 
 given up to his passion for Cleopatra. 
 
 Antony Love, Sir, or The Rambling Lady. 
 
 A comedy by Southerne, printed in 1684. sir 
 Antony is the Rambling J ady herself, who in male attire 
 swaggers, fights duels, hobnobs with the men, and fol- 
 lows one whom she loves to France. 
 
 Antony of Padua. See Anthony. 
 
 Antraigues (on-trag'). A small picturesque 
 town in the department of Ardeehe, France, 
 west of Privas. 
 
 Antraigues (on-trag'), Comte d’ (Emmanuel 
 Louis Henri de Launay). Born at Ville- 
 Neuve, Ardfeche, France, about 1755: assas- 
 sinated near London, July 22, 1812. A French 
 politician, author of “Memoires sixr les Etats- 
 G6n(5raux, etc.” (1788). He was a deputy 1789, 
 emigrated in 1790, and was later employed in 
 various diplomatic missions. 
 
 Antrim (an'trim). A county in Ulster, Ireland, 
 bounded by the Atlantic on the north, by the 
 North Channel on the east, by Down on the 
 south, and by Londonderry and Lough Neagh 
 on the west. It is hilly on the coast. The chief city 
 is Belfast. Antrim was largely colonized from Scotland. 
 Area, 1,211 square miles. Population, 196,090. 
 
 Antrim. A town in County Antrim, 13 miles 
 northwest of Belfast. Near it are Antrim Castle, 
 Shane’s Castle, and an ancient round tower, an unusual 
 example of this characteristic type of medieval Irish struc- 
 ture. It is 95 feet high and 18 in diameter at the base, and 
 tapers to the top, which is covered with a conical block 
 replacing the original one, which was destroyed by light- 
 ning. The small, low door is raised about 10 feet above 
 the ground, and has monolithic jambs and lintel. Antrim 
 was the scene of a royalist victory over the Irish insur- 
 gents, June 7, 1798. Population, 1,826. 
 
 Antuco (an-to'ko). A small place in Bio Bio, 
 Chile, about lat. 37° 30' S. From it one of the 
 chief passes (6,890 feet high) over the Andes 
 leads to the Argentine Republic. 
 
 Antwerp (aut'werp). [Flem. Antwerpen , G. 
 Antwerpen, F. Anvers, Sp. Amberes.] A prov- 
 ince of Belgium, bounded by the Netherlands 
 on the north, by Limburg on the east, by 
 Brabant on the south, and by East Flanders on 
 the west. The chief cities are Antwerp and Mechlin. 
 Area, 1,093 square miles. Population, 973,455, principally 
 Flemish. 
 
 Antwerp. A seaport of Belgium, and the capital 
 of the province of Antwerp, situated on the 
 Schelde 60 miles from the North Sea, in lat. 51° 
 13' N., long. 4° 24' E. It is the chief commercial city of 
 Belgium and one of the principal seaports of Europe, and 
 also a strong fortress. It has extensive quays and docks, 
 and is the terminus of the Red Star Steamship Line to New 
 York, and of other steamship lines. The city was founded 
 by the 7th century, and its most flourishing period was 
 from the 11th to the 16th century. It suffered severely 
 from the Inquisition, the “Spanish Fury” of 1576, and 
 the “French Fury"of 1583. It was besieged by the Duke 
 of Parma in 1784 and taken in 1585. The town was occu- 
 pied by tlie French in 1794, and was recovered from France 
 in 1814. The citadel was taken, after a siege, by the French 
 under Gerard from the Dutch under Chassi in 1832. The 
 cathedral of Antwerp is the most important church in the 
 
Antwerp 
 
 Low Countries. It was begun in 1352, and finished early 
 in the 16th century. The exterior is marked by the grace- 
 ful north tower and spire of the west front, 402 feet high. 
 The south tower is incomplete. Over the crossing is a 
 curious pyramidal stepped erection with a pointed bulbous 
 top ; to expose this to view the roofs of nave, choir, and 
 transepts terminate at the quadrangle of the crossing, 
 which produces a strange effect. The windows are very 
 large and richly traceried, but the general impression is 
 bare. The simple interior is highly impressive, with ad- 
 mirable perspectives. It contains Rubens's famous paint- 
 ings, the “Descent from the Cross," the “ Elevation of the 
 Cross,” and the ‘'Assumption.” The dimensions are 
 384 by 471 feet, length of transepts 222, height of vaulting 
 130. The Musde Plantin-Moretus is a unique collection of 
 everything pertaining to the early days of printing and to 
 its later development in the house of the noted printer 
 Plantin, who opened his office in 1555. The house itself is a 
 highly interesting example of a Renaissance dwelling of 
 the better burgher class, with its old furniture, tapestries, 
 and ornaments, combined with business offices. It is built 
 around a quaint court. The old printing-oflice, the pro- 
 prietor’s office, and the salesroom are preserved complete. 
 Among the ninety portraits in the house are fourteen by 
 Rubens and two by Van Dyck. Population, 317,171. 
 
 Anu (a'no). In Hindu mythology, a son of 
 King Yayati and Sarmishtha. When the curse of 
 old age and infirmity was pronounced upon Yayati by Su- 
 kra, the father of his wife Devayani, Sukra consented to 
 transfer it to any one of Yayati’s five sons who would con- 
 sent to bear it. Anu was one of the four who refused, and 
 in consequence was cursed by his father, the curse being 
 that his posterity should not possess dominion— a curse 
 apparently not fulfilled. 
 
 Ann (a'no). The supreme god of the Assyro- 
 Babylonian pantheon. He was especially the god of 
 heaven, and his consort Antu the “mother of the gods.” 
 His ancient seat of worship was in Uruk and later in Ur. 
 In the time of the Assyrian ascendancy his cult fell into 
 the background, though theoretically he maintained the 
 first place in the hierarchy of the Assyro-Babylonian di- 
 vinities. 
 
 Anubis (a-nu'bis). [Gr. ”Avov3ic.] In Egyptian 
 mythology, the son of Osiris : often identified by 
 the Greeks with Hermes. He is represented with 
 a jackal’s head, and was the ruler of graves and super- 
 visor of the burial of the dead. 
 
 Anukis (a-no'kis). In Egyptian mythology, a 
 goddess personifying the lower hemisphere : 
 the same as Ankt. 
 
 Anunaki (a-no-na'ki). In Assyro-Babylonian 
 mythology, the spirits of the earth, with the 
 Igigi, spirits of heaven, they constitute the “host of hea- 
 ven and earth,” subordinate to the higher gods, especially 
 to Anu, the supreme god of heaven. 
 
 Anupshuhar (a-nop-sho'har). A town in the 
 United Provinces, British India, situated on 
 the Ganges 70 miles southeast of Delhi. 
 Anuradhpura (a - no - radh - po ' ra). A saered 
 city of northern Ceylon, 60 miles west of Trin- 
 eomalee. 
 
 Anville (on-vel'), Jean Baptiste Bourgui- 
 gnon d’. Bom at Paris, July 11, 1697 : died at 
 Paris, Jan. 28, 1782. A French geographer and 
 chartographer. He was the author of “Atlas 
 general ” (1737-80), “fitats formes en Europe” 
 (1771), etc. 
 
 Anwar-i-Suhail ( an - war ' e - stt - hil ' ) . [Pers . , 
 ‘Lights of Canopus.’] The Persian version of 
 the so-called ‘ ‘ Fables of Bidpai or Pilpay,” made 
 about 1494 a. d. by Husain Waiz al-Kashifi. 
 It is a simplified recast of that by Nasr Allah of Ghazni, 
 made about 1130 from the Arabic Kalilah and Dimnah of 
 Abdallah ibn al-Mogaifa, which in turn was made from the 
 Pahlavi version by Barzoi of thelndian original, from which 
 the Sanskrit Panchatantra and Hitopadesha were derived. 
 The star Canopus is taken as representing wisdom. 
 
 Anything for a Quiet Life. A play by Thomas 
 Middleton, printed in 1662. 
 
 Anzasca (an-tsas'ka), Val d’. A picturesque 
 Alpine valley in the province of Novara, Italy, 
 east of Monte Rosa. 
 
 Anzin (on-zan'). A town in the department of 
 Nord, France, li miles west of Valenciennes, 
 the center of a coal-mining region. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 14,387. 
 
 Anzio, Porto d’. See Antium. 
 
 Aogemadaeca. A Parsi tract inculcating resig- 
 nation to death: so called from its initial 
 Avesta word aogcmaide, ‘ we come.’ It has the 
 appearance of an Avesta text with Pahlavi 
 translation and commentary. 
 
 Aomori Bay (a-o'mo-ri ba'). A large bay at the 
 northern extremity of the main island of Japan. 
 Aoaia (a-6'ni-a). [Gr. ’Aoria.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a district in Boeotia, Greece. The name 
 is often used as synonymous with Boeotia. 
 Aornus (a-dr'nus). [Gr. v Ao pvoc.] In ancient 
 geography, a rock stronghold, situated near the 
 Indus (near the river Kabul?), taken by Alex- 
 ander the Great from native defenders 327 B. c. 
 Aosta (a-os'ta). [F. Aoste.] A town in the 
 province of Turin, Italy, situated on the Dora 
 Baltea in lat. 45° 45' N., long. 7° 20' E., 
 at the terminus of the Great St. Bernard and 
 Little St. Bernard routes: the Roman Augusta 
 
 Pnetoria. It was the ancient capital of the Salassi, 
 C.— 5 
 
 65 
 
 and became a Roman colony under Augustus. It has a 
 cathedral and important Roman antiquities. The cathe- 
 dral is of the 11th century, with later medieval and modern 
 restorations. There are two imposing towers at the sides 
 of the apse, and several interesting tombs in the plain in- 
 terior. The Pretorian Gate (porta della Trinith) of the 
 ancient Roman walls survives in fair condition. There 
 are three arched passages : that in the middle is 27 feet 
 wide, those on the sides 7\. The space between the two 
 faces is nearly 40 feet. The arches are surmounted by a 
 frieze and a range of corbels. There is also a Roman tri- 
 umphal arch, an interesting and well-preserved monu- 
 ment. It is 84 feet wide and 65 High, with a single arch 38 
 feet high between coupled unfluted Corinthian columns. 
 The arch has a Doric entablature, with triglyphs at the 
 angles. The attic is destroyed. Pop., commune, 7,875. 
 
 A.OSta, Duke of. A title of Amadeus, king of 
 Spain. 
 
 Aosta, Valley of. The upper valley of the 
 Dora Baltea in northwestern Italy. 
 
 Apaches (a-pa'chaz). [From the Cuchan and 
 Maricopa e' patch, man, here applied in the 
 sense of ‘enemy.’] A people of the southern 
 division of the Athapascan stock of North 
 American Indians. In 1598 they occupied northwest- 
 ern New Mexico, and between that date and 1629 roamed 
 over the upper Gila drainage-area in southwestern New 
 Mexico. In 1799 their range was from central Texas nearly 
 to Colorado River, Arizona, and they have subsequently ex- 
 tended their raids as far south as Durango, Mexico. The 
 names by which the principal Apache tribes and subtribes 
 have been known to history are Arivaipa, Chiricahua, Co- 
 yotero, Faraone, Gileno, Jicarillo, Lipan, Llanero, Mesca- 
 lero, Mimbrefio, Mogollon, Naisha, Pinal Coyotero, Tchi- 
 kun, and Tchishi. The Apaches are now on reservations 
 in Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, and number about 
 6,200. See Athapascan. 
 
 Apafi. See Ahafi. 
 
 Apalacha. See Apalachi. 
 
 Apalache. See Apalachi. 
 
 Apalachi (ap-a-la'che), or Apalache (-che), 
 or Apalacha (-cha). A tribe of North American 
 Indians, known since 1526, formerly dwelling 
 in and around St. Mark’s River, Florida, and 
 northward to the Appalachian range, in 16S8 
 the towns of the tribe or division were mentioned in a pe- 
 tition to Charles II. of Spain. About 1702 they were 
 broken up and scattered, and are now extinct or absorbed. 
 Also Appalachee. See Muslchogean. 
 
 Apamea (ap-a-me'a). [Gr. ’Anageia.'] In ancient 
 geography, a city in Phrygia, Asia Minor, in 
 (about) lat. 38° 3' N., long. 29° 55' E. : the 
 modern Dinair or Denair. 
 
 Apamea. In ancient geography, a city in Syria, 
 situated on the Orontes 50 miles southeast of 
 Antioch : the medieval Famieh, and the mod- 
 ern Qal'at el Mudiq, originally called Pharnake. 
 
 Apappus (a-pap'pus). See the extract. 
 
 At Assfian, at El-Kab, at Kasr-es-Syed, at Sheik Said, at 
 Zauwit-el-Meitin, at Sakkarah, and at San the name of 
 Apappus frequently appears: and it may also be seen 
 sculptured on the rocks at Wady Magharah, and at Ham- 
 mamat, a station on the road between Keneh and Kosseir. 
 The name Apappus signifies, in Egyptian, a giant, and this 
 may be the basis of a tradition which describes him as 
 being nine cubits high, and also says that he reigned a 
 hundred years. ilariette, Outlines, p. 11. 
 
 Apastamba(a-pas-tam'bhii). The author of Su- 
 tras connected with the Black Yajurveda and of 
 a Dharmashastra. To him or his school are as- 
 cribed two recensions of the Taittiriyasamhita. 
 
 Apaturia (ap-a-tu'ri-a). [Gr. ’A'lrarovpia.'] In 
 Greek antiquity, the solemn annual meeting 
 of the phratries for the purpose of registering 
 the children of the preceding year whose birth 
 entitled them to citizenship, it took place in the 
 month Pyanepsion (Oct.-Nov.), and lasted three days. 
 The registration took place on the third day. 
 
 Apava (ii'pa-ya). In the Brahmapurana and 
 the Harivansa, Apava performed the office of 
 the creator Brahma, and divided himself into 
 two parts, male and female. These produced 
 Vishnu, who created Viraj, who brought into 
 the world the first man. 
 
 Apeldoorn (a'pel-dorn). A town in the province 
 of Gelderland , Netherlands, situated on i he Grift 
 and Dieren Canal 17 miles north of Arnhem. 
 Near it is the castle of Loo. Pop., 34,890. 
 
 Apellas (a-pel'as). [Gr. A7rr/i/tdf.] Lived 
 about 400 b. c. A Greek sculptor. 
 
 Apelles (a-pel'ez). [Gr. ’Avrr/l/U/f.] A famous 
 Greek painter of the time of Philip and Alex- 
 ander. Three cities claimed to be his birthplace, Colo- 
 phon, Ephesus, and Cos. He was a pupil first of an other- 
 wise unknown Ephoros, and later of the famous Pamphilos 
 of Sicyon. In him there was that blending of Doric and 
 Ionic elements to which the best results of Greek civili- 
 zation may generally be traced. His greatest work, and, 
 perhaps, the most perfect picture of antiquity, was the 
 Aphrodite Anadyomene, originally painted for the temple 
 of ZEsculapius in Cos. It was afterward bought by Augus- 
 tus for 100 talents and placed in the temple of Csesar in 
 Rome. In Nero’s time the nearly ruined picture was 
 copied by Dorotheus. Apelles’s model was supposed to 
 have been Pancaste, the mistress of Alexander, or Phryne. 
 From some expressions in an obscure text it has been sup- 
 posed to have been a half-length figure, and the subject was 
 painted by Titian in this way in the Bridgewater picture. 
 
 Aphthartodocotse 
 
 Apelt (a'pelt), Ernst Friedrich. Born at 
 Eeichenau, Saxony, March 3,1812 : died at Jena, 
 Oct. 27, 1859. A German philosophical writer, 
 professor of philosophy at Jena. He was the 
 author of “Epochen der Geschiclite der Menschheit” 
 (1845, 2d ed, 1852), “ Theorie der Induktion ” (1854), “Re- 
 ligionsphilosophie ” (1860), etc. 
 
 Apemantus (ap-e-man'tus). In Shakspere’s 
 “ Tim on of Athens,” a cynical and churlish 
 philosopher. 
 
 Diogenes, in Lily’s “Alexander and Campaspe,” sat to 
 the poet for Timon’s contrast, the cynic Apemantus ; the 
 quick striking epigrammatic answers to questions which 
 seem to be inserted here and there too much for the sake 
 of eliciting witty replies, are quite on this model. The 
 description of this antique fool is so perfect in its way 
 that it is supposed Shakespeare must have seen the short 
 sketch of a cynic which in Lucian’s “Public Sale of Phi- 
 losophers” is put into the mouth of Diogenes. 
 
 Gervinus, Shakespeare Commentaries (tr. by F. E. Bun- 
 (nett, ed. 1880), p. 781. 
 
 Apennines (ap'e-ninz). [F. Apennins , It. Apen- 
 nini, G. Apenninen, etc. ; L. Apenninus or Appen- 
 ninus.1 The central mountain system of Italy. 
 It forms the backbone of the peninsula and extends from 
 the Ligurian Alps in the neighborhood of Savona south- 
 eastward to the extremity of the peninsula. Its length is 
 about 800 miles and its average height about 4,000 feet. 
 The highest point is Monte Corno (9,585 feet), in the Gran 
 Sasso d'ltalia. 
 
 Apenrade (a/pen-ra-de). A seaport in the 
 province of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, on the 
 Apenrade Fjord 35 miles north of Schleswig. 
 Population, commune, 7,023. 
 
 Apepa (a-pa'pa). A shepherd king of Egypt 
 who ruled at Avaris (Zoan) about 1700 B. C. : 
 probably the Aphobis of Manetho, and perhaps 
 a contemporary of Joseph. 
 
 Apepi (a-pa'pe). In Egyptian mythology, the 
 great serpent, the embodiment of evil (Typhon). 
 Aper (a/ per), Aperiu (a-per-e'o), Apuirai 
 (a-po-e'ri). A name of an ancient people 
 mentioned in the Egyptian records, and sup- 
 posed by some to be the Hebrews, but probably 
 an “Erythraean people in the east of the nome 
 of Heliopolis, in what is known as the ‘red 
 country’ or the ‘red mountain’” (Brugsch). 
 Apfelstedt (ap'fel-stet). A small river in Thu- 
 ringia which joins the Gera south of Erfurt. 
 Aphobis. See Apepa. 
 
 Aphraates (af-ra'tez), Jacob. Lived in the 
 4th century. One of the fathers of the Syrian 
 Church, surnamed “ The Persian Sage.” After 
 his conversion he lived in Edessa and later in Antioch. 
 He was an opponent of Arianism, and is the author of a 
 collection of homilies. 
 
 Aphrodisias (af-ro-dis'i-as). [Gr. A^poAomf.] 
 An ancient town of Caria, situated on the 
 Menander: the modern Ghera. it contains the 
 remains of an ancient hippodrome which coincide on one 
 side with the city walls. Both ends are semicircular. 
 The length is 919 feet, the breadth 270 ; the arena is 747 
 by 98 feet. There are 26 tiers of seats, divided into sec- 
 tions by flights of steps and bordered above by an arcaded 
 gallery. There is also a Roman temple of Venus, which 
 is comparatively well preserved. It is Ionic, octastyle, 
 pseudodipteral, with 15 columns on the flanks, in plan 60 
 by 119 feet. The peristyle columns are 35J feet high. 
 Aphrodite (af-ro-di'te). [Gr. ’AippoAhy, asso- 
 ciated by popular etym. with acf>p6(;, foam, as 
 if ‘foam-born’ (ef. Anadyomene ).] In Greek 
 mythology, the goddess of love and wedlock, 
 accordingto one legend daughter of Zeus (Jupi- 
 ter) and Dione, accordingto another risen from 
 the foam of the sea at Cyprus, whence she is 
 Called Kypris. Many scholars give her an Asiatic ori- 
 gin and connect her with the Phenician Astarte (Assyro- 
 Babylonian Ishtar) who corresponds to her. She was 
 originally conceived as a power of nature, and later spe- 
 cifically as the deity of reproduction and love. She some- 
 times appears as the wife of Hephrestus (Vulcan), and in 
 her train are her son Eros (Amor) and the Graces. The 
 chief seats of her worship were Paphos, Amathus, and Ida- 
 lion on the island of Cyprus, Cnidus in Asia Minor, Corinth, 
 and Eryx in Sicily. Among plants the myrtle, rose, and 
 apple were especially sacred to her ; among animals the 
 ram, he-goat, dove, and swan. Of her representations in 
 art the most famous are the replica of her statue of Cnidus 
 by Praxiteles in the Glyptothek of Munich, the original 
 statues of Melos in the Louvre, of Capua at Naples, the 
 Medicean in Florence, and the Capitoline in Rome. The 
 Romans identified Aphrodite with Venus, who was origi- 
 nally a Latin goddess of spring. 
 
 Aphrodite, Temple of. See JEgina (Greece). 
 Aphroditopolis ( aFro-di-top'o-lis). [Gr. ’A<ppo- 
 diroiro'Aic, ‘ city of Aphrodite.’] The iifirne of sev- 
 eral cities in ancient Egypt. 
 Aphthartodocetas (af-th‘ar // t6-do-se'te). [MGr. 
 ’AtpdapTodoKtjTai, from Gr. a<pdaproc, incorruptible, 
 and fioneiv, teach.] A Monopbysite sect which 
 existed from the 6th to the 9th century or 
 later. They held that the body of Christ was incorrup- 
 tible even before the resurrection, and that he sulfered 
 deatli only in a phantasmal appearance. From this they 
 are sometimes called Phantasiasts, a name more properly 
 belonging to the Docetse, who denied even the reality of 
 Christ's body. 
 
Aphthonius 
 
 Aphthonius (af-tho'ni-us), AIliU3 Festus. 
 
 Lived about 300 a. d. A Greek rhetorician. 
 He was the author of four books “de metris,” which 
 Marius Victorinus, about the middle of the 4th century, 
 incorporated in his system of grammar. 
 
 Apia (a'pi-a). An old name of the Pelopon- 
 nesus. 
 
 Apia (a'pe-a). A municipality and seaport, 
 chief town of Upolu, Samoan Islands, situated 
 in lat. 13° 49' S., long. 171° 48' W. It is the center 
 
 of German commerce in the western Pacific, and has been 
 under German control since 1899-1900. On March 15, 1889, 
 a hurricane visited the harbor of Apia, destroying the 
 American men-of-war Vandalia and Trenton, and the 
 German men-of-war Adler and Eber, with several mer- 
 chant vessels. The American Nipsic and the German 
 Olga were beached. Many lives were lost. 
 
 Apiacas (ap-e-aJsas'). The name of two Indian 
 tribes of Brazil. ( 1 ) A horde of the Tupi race which, 
 in historical times, has lived on the Upper Tapajds and 
 Arinos ; they are an agricultural people, and skilful canoe- 
 men ; now reduced to a few thousand. (2) A small tribe 
 on the Tocantins, which, by its language, appears to be 
 allied to the Caribs. 
 
 Apianus (a-pe-a'nos), Petrus: Latinized from 
 bis German name, Peter Bienewitz (G. biene, 
 L. apis , a bee). Born at Leysnick, 1495 : died 
 there, April 21, 1552. A German mathematician 
 and cosmographer. He was professor of mathematics 
 at Ingolstadt, and was created by Charles V. a knight of the 
 German Empire. He wrote an astronomical work, but is 
 best known for his volumes on cosmography, which con- 
 tain some of the earliest maps of America. 
 
 Apicata (ap-i-ka'ta). In Ben Jonson’s play 
 “The Pall of Sejanus,” the wife of Sejanus, 
 who put her away for Livia. 
 Apicius(a-pish'ius), Marcus Gabius. Afamous 
 Roman epicure who lived during the reigns of 
 Augustus and Tiberius. Having, it was said, spent 
 one hundred million sesterces (about $3,600,000) in procur- 
 ing and inventing rare dishes, he balanced his accounts 
 and found that he had only ten million sesterces ($360,000) 
 left. Unwilling to starve on such a pittance, he destroyed 
 himself. 
 
 Apinji (a-pen'je). A small Bantu tribe of the 
 French Kongo, between the Ba-Kele and the 
 Ashango. 
 
 Apion (a'pi-on). [Gr. ’AttIuv.'] A Greek gram- 
 marian and commentator on Homer, who flour- 
 ished about the middle of the 1st century A. D. 
 Apis (a 'pis). [Gr. ’Airff, Egypt. Hapi, the 
 hidden one.] The Bull of Memphis, worshiped 
 by the ancient Egyptians. He was supposed to 
 be the image of the soul of Osiris, and was the sacred em- 
 blem of that god. Sometimes he is figured as a man with 
 a bull's head. “ There were many signs necessary for an 
 Apis ; . . . for instance, spots in the shape of a triangle on 
 the forehead, and a half-moon on the breast. If such an 
 Apis was discovered, it was led with rejoicings into Mem- 
 phis, it was carefully tended, and after its death was buried 
 with great costliness. He was zealously worshipped and 
 gave oracles. He was looked on as the second life, or the 
 son of Ptah, the soul or image of Osiris, born of a virgin 
 cow. After his death he became Osiris- Apis or Serapis.” 
 La Saussaye, Science of Religion (trans.), p. 405. 
 
 Apo (a'po). A volcano in the central part of 
 Mindanao, Philippines, over 10,000 feet high. 
 Apocalypse, The. See Revelation . 
 
 Apocrypha (a-pok'ri-fa), The. [LL. apocry- 
 pha, ueut. pi. (sc. scripta) of apocryphus, from 
 Gr. cnroupvt/ioc (neut. pi. airdupiupa, sc. ypappara or 
 /3if]Xla), hidden, concealed, obscure, recondite, 
 hard to understand; in eccles. use, of writ- 
 ings, anonymous, of unknown or undetermined 
 authorship or authority, unrecognized, unca- 
 nouical, spurious, pseudo-; from a~ 0 Kpi~rtiv, 
 hide away, conceal, obscure, from ano, away, 
 and KpuiTTew, hide, conceal.] A collection of 
 fourteen hooks subjoined to the canonical books 
 of the Old Testament in the authorized version 
 of the Bible, as originally issued, but now gen- 
 erally omitted. They do not exist in the Hebrew Bible, 
 hut are found with others of the same character scattered 
 through the Septuagint and Vulgate versions of the Old 
 Testament. They are : FirstandSeeondEsdras(otherwise 
 Third and Fourth Esdras or Ezra, reckoning Nehemiah as 
 Second Ezra or Esdras), Tobit or Tobias, Judith, the Rest 
 of Esther, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch (as 
 joined to Jeremiah), parts of Daniel (namely, Song of the 
 Three Children, the History of Susanna, the Destruction of 
 Bel and the Dragon), the Prayer of Manasses, and First and 
 Second Maccabees. Most of these are recognized by the 
 Roman Catholic Church as fully canonical, though theo- 
 logians of that church often distinguish them as deutero- 
 canonical, on the ground that their place in the canon was 
 decided later than that of the other books, limiting the 
 name Apocrypha to the two (last) books of Esdras and 
 the Prayer of Manasses, and other books not in the above 
 collection, namely. Third and Fourth Maccabees, a book 
 of Enoch, an additional or 151st Psalm of David, and eigh- 
 teen Psalms of Solomon. With these sometimes are in- 
 cluded certain pseudepigraphic books, such as the Apoc- 
 alypse of Baruch and the Assumption of Moses. The 
 name Apocrypha is also occasionally made to embrace 
 the Antilegomena of the New Testament. The Greek 
 Church makes no distinction among the books contained 
 in the Septuagint. 
 
 Apodaca (a-po-da'ka), Juan Ruiz de. Born at 
 Cadiz, Feb. 3, 1754: died at Madrid, Jan. 11, 
 1835. A Spanish naval officer and adminis- 
 
 66 
 
 trator, ambassador to England 1808, captain- 
 general of Cuba 1812-16, and viceroy of New 
 Spain (Mexico), Aug., 1816, to Aug., 1822. By 
 energy combined with a spirit of conciliation, he in a great 
 measure repressed the revolutionists, defeating Mina, who 
 was captured and executed (Nov., 1817), and driving Vi- 
 cente Guerrero to the mountains. When Iturbide re- 
 belled (1821) the viceroy was obliged to temporize, and the 
 insurgents had gained important successes before he left. 
 For this reason he is surnamed “the Unfortunate.” 
 
 Apolda (a-pol'da). A town in the grand duchy 
 of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, 9 miles northeast 
 of Weimar. It has manufactures of hosiery, woolen 
 goods, machinery, dyes, hells, etc. Population. 
 21,262. 
 
 Apollinare in Classe (a-pol-le-na're in clas'se), 
 San. [See Classis.) A church at Ravenna, 
 Italy, begun in 534, the most important existing 
 early-Christian basilica in Italy, in plan it is 93 
 feet by 173, measuring inside, with nave and aisles sepa- 
 rated by 24 gray marble columns with round arches, and a 
 raised semicircular tribune. There is a clearstory of 
 double round-arched windows, and the wooden roofs are 
 open. The narthex, now walled up, originally had open 
 arcades. Nave and aisles have painted medallion-friezes 
 of busts of the bishops and archbishops of Ravenna. The 
 vault and walls of the tribune are covered with splendid 
 mosaics of the 6th and 7th centuries. The picturesque 
 circular campanile is of brick, 120 feet high, with many 
 round-arched windows. 
 
 Apollinare Nuovo (a-pol-le-na're no-o'vo), 
 San. A church at Ravenna, Italy, built by Theo- 
 doric in the 6th century. In plan it is 115 by 315 feet, 
 with a single raised apse (beina), and a handsome narthex 
 with a portico. The nave, 51 feet wide, with fine coffered 
 ceiling, has 24 columns brought from Constantinople ; 
 the Corinthian capitals are surmounted by heavy Byzan- 
 tine abaci. Above the arcades of the nave the walls are 
 covered with very beautiful 6th-century mosaics. 
 
 Apollinarians (a-pol-i-na'ri-anz). A religious 
 sect deriving their name from Apollinaris the 
 Younger, bishop of Laodicea in the 4th century. 
 Apollinaris denied the proper humanity of Christ, at- 
 tributing to him a human body and a human soul, or 
 vital principle, but teaching that the Divine Reason, or 
 Logos, took in him the place which in man is occupied by 
 the rational principle. 
 
 Apollinaris (a-pol-i-na'ris), Saint. See the 
 extract. 
 
 The mythical founder-bishop of the Church of Ravenna 
 was Saint Apollinaris, a citizen of Antioch, well versed in 
 Greek and Latin literature, who, we are told, followed 
 Peter to Rome, was ordained there by that Apostle, and 
 eventually was commissioned by him to preach the Gos- 
 pel at Ravenna. Before his departure, however, he had 
 once passed a night in St. Peter's company at the monas- 
 tery known by the name of the Elm (“ad Ulmum ”). 
 They had slept upon the bare rock, and the indentations 
 made by their heads, their backs, and their legs were still 
 shown in the 9th century. 
 
 Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 444. 
 
 Apollinaris, surnamed “The Younger.” Died 
 about 390. Bishop of Laodicea, and founder of 
 the sect of the Apollinarians. 
 
 Apollinaris Fountain (a-pol-i-na'ris foun'- 
 tan). A mineral spring near Neuenahr, 25 
 miles northwest of Coblentz, Prussia, discov- 
 ered in 1853. Its waters are largely exported. 
 
 Apollinaris Sidonius. See Sidonius, Apolli- 
 naris. 
 
 Apollino (a-pol-le'no). A statue in the tribune 
 of the Uffizi, Florence. It is an antique copy from 
 a Greek original, probably of the 4th century B. c., repre- 
 senting an effeminate type of the youthful Apollo stand- 
 ing easily and gracefully. 
 
 Apollinopolis Magna (a-pol-i-nop'6-lis mag'- 
 na). An ancient city of Egypt, near Edfu. See 
 Edfu. 
 
 Apollo (a-pol'o). [Gr. AttoXauv, Doric ’Atte/UW; 
 associated in popular etvm. with anoTuivvai, de- 
 stroy, to which notion some of his attributes 
 are due ; prob. of Eastern origin. See quota- 
 tions.] In Greek and later in Roman mythol- 
 ogy, one of the great Olympian gods, the son 
 of Zeus (Jupiter) and Leto (Latona), represent- 
 ing the light- and life-giving influence, as well 
 as the deadly power, of the sun, and often 
 identified with the sun-god Helios. He was the 
 leader of the Muses, god of music, poetry, and healing, and 
 patron of these arts ; a mighty protector from evil, all- 
 seeing, and hence the master of prophecy; also the de- 
 stroyer of the unjust and insolent, and ruler of pestilence. 
 In art he was represented in the full majesty of youthful 
 manhood, in most of his attributions unclothed or hut 
 lightly draped, and usually characterized by the bow and 
 arrows, the laurel, the lyre, the oracular tripod, the ser- 
 pent, or the dolphin. He was the father of zEsculapius, 
 to whom he granted his art of healing. Apollo was hon- 
 ored, both locally and generally, under many special titles, 
 of which each had its particular type in art and literature : 
 as, Apollo Cilharoedus (Apollo who sings to the accompa- 
 niment of the lyre), equivalent to Apollo itusagetes, the 
 conductor of the Muses ; Apollo Sauroldonos (the lizard- 
 killer), etc. 
 
 The oldest epigraphic form of the name of Apollo is 
 Aplu, which corresponds to the Semitic Ablu, the “son ” 
 of heaven, which was one of the titles of Tammuz the Syrian 
 sun-god. Taylor , Aryans, p. 304. 
 
 Beyond the boundaries of the Allobroges, the Gaulish 
 Apollo appears to have been known all over the Celtic 
 
 Apollonia 
 
 world, and he bore several names, of which the most im- 
 portant were Maponos, Granuos, and Toutiorix. Three 
 inscriptions in honour of Apollo Maponos have been dis- 
 covered in the north of England, and in one of them, 
 found near Ainstable, in Cumberland, he is called Deus 
 Maponus, without any allusion to Apollo. Fortunately 
 the name Maponos offers no difficulty : it is the same 
 word as the old Welsh mapon, now mabon, ‘boy or male 
 child,’ which occurs, for example, in a Welsh poem in the 
 Book of Taliessin, a manuscript of the 13th century : it is 
 there applied to the infant Jesus, in a passage describing 
 the coming of the Magi to him at Bethlehem. Thus it 
 seems certain that some of the Celts worshipped an Apollo 
 whom they described as an infant, and this is borne out 
 by a group of inscriptions at the other extremity of the 
 Celtic world of antiquity : I allude to the ancient province 
 of Dacia, and especially Carlsburg and its neighbourhood, 
 in Transylvania, where we find him styled Deus Bonus 
 Fuer Posphorus, Apollo Pythius, Bonus Puer Posphorus, 
 or Bonus Deus Puer Posphorus. Our Maponos is in all 
 probability the Bonus Puer attested by these inscriptions. 
 
 Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 22. 
 
 Apollo Belvedere (a-pol'o bel-va-da're). Afa- 
 mous statue in the Vatican, Rome, it is a fine 
 antique copy of a Greek original in bronze — possibly an 
 offering set up at Delphi (it may be in connection with 
 the Diana of Versailles, in the Louvre), in commemoration 
 of the divine aid which (by a natural convulsion) repelled 
 the Gallic hordes from the Delphic sanctuary in 279 B. c. 
 The god stands as a vigorous youth, undraped except for 
 a chlamys clasped round the neck and thrown over the 
 extended left arm, apparently having just discharged an 
 arrow whose flight he watches. The theory that the left 
 hand held an segis is not supported. 
 
 Apollo Chresterios (a-pol'o kres-te'ri-os). 
 
 [Gr. A noEXuv xpV<rri]pLoq.\ Apollo of oracles. 
 Apollo Citharoedus (a-pol'o sith-a-re'dus). 
 [Gr. Kidapcp ddf, one who plays on the cithara, 
 a harper.] 1. A statue in the Vatican, Rome. 
 The god, strongly feminine in type, advances laurel- 
 crowned and draped in long tunic and himation, as he 
 touches the strings of his lyre. An attempt has been 
 made to connect this statue with Nero's musical successes 
 in Greece. 
 
 2. A notable antique marble statue in the Glyp- 
 tothek, Munich. The figure is shrouded in full dra- 
 peries of feminine type, including the long tunic with 
 diplois. The lyre is held high against the left shoulder. 
 The head is of late character. 
 
 Apollo Club. A famous club held in the 17th 
 century at the Devil Tavern near Temple Bar. 
 It was frequented by Ben Jonson, Randolph, 
 Herrick, and others. 
 
 Apollo of Tenea. An archaic Greek statue in 
 the Glyptothek at Munich, probably represent- 
 ing not Apollo hut an athlete. It is important in 
 sculpture as representing a type in a class, unknown until 
 late years, of early Greek undraped statues characterized 
 by the awkwardness of artistic infancy. 
 
 Apollo of Thera (tlie'ra). A statue of Apollo 
 in the National Museum, Athens, a typical ex- 
 ample of youthful manhood in Greek archaic 
 sculpture. The figure is undraped. 
 
 Apollo Saurcktonos (a-pol'o sa-rok'to-nos). 
 [Gr. Saupoxrdrof, the lizard-slayer.] A statue 
 in the Vatican, Rome. The god is represented as a 
 beautiful youth, undraped, graceful, and feminine, about 
 to transfix with a dart a lizard (a method of divination) 
 which ascends a tree-trunk on which he leans. It is a 
 reproduction of a work in bronze by Praxiteles. 
 
 Apollo Slaying the Python. A noted painting 
 by Turner, in the National Gallery, London. 
 
 Apollodorus (a-pol-5-dd'rus). [Gr. k-o'/j,66u- 
 pof.] Born at Athens : flourished about 404 b.c. 
 The first of the great school of Greek painters, 
 an elder contemporary of Zeuxis and Parrha- 
 sius. Pliny mentions a priest in adoration and an Ajax 
 struck by lightning by this master. He seems to have 
 been the first important painter to abandon the old sche- 
 matic arrangements for the actual relations of nature. 
 This was undoubtedly due to the discovery of perspec- 
 tive associated with the scene-painter Agatharcus and 
 the philosophers Democritus and Anaxagoras. 
 
 In a word, they [the Egyptians] discovered the laws of 
 chiaroscuro, and with them the art of foreshortening, 
 which is, in fact, perspective applied to the human figure. 
 Greek tradition ascribes these great discoveries to an Athe- 
 nian named Apollodorus, who flourished about four hun- 
 dred and thirty years before our era. 
 
 Edwards, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 94. 
 
 Apollodorus. Born at Carystos, Euboea : lived 
 about 300-260 b. c. A Greek comic poet of the 
 new Attic comedy. “He is remarkable as having 
 afforded Terence the "models of two plays, the ‘Hecyra’ 
 and ‘Phormio.’” 
 
 Apollodorus. Lived about 140 b. c. An Athe- 
 nian grammarian, author of an (extant) “Bib- 
 liotheca,” an important work on Greek mythol- 
 ogy- 
 
 Apollodorus. Born at Damascus : died in the 
 reign of Hadrian (117-138). An architect, the 
 designer of the Forum and Column of Tra- 
 jan at Rome, and of the stone bridge over the 
 Danube about 105 A. d. He was banished and 
 put to death by Hadrian. 
 
 Apollonia (ap-o-16'ni-a). [Gr. ArroXhivia, from 
 ’Avd/.Awr, Apollo.] In ancient geography, a 
 city of Illyria, situated near the mouth of the 
 Aous in lat. 40° 40' N., long. 19° 25' E. 
 
Apollonia 
 
 Apollonia. In ancient geography, the port of 
 Cyrene, Africa, in lat. 32° 56' N., long. 22° E. : 
 the modern Marsa Susa. 
 
 Apollonia. In ancient geography, a town in 
 Palestine, situated on the Mediterranean be- 
 tween Joppa and Cassarea: the modern Arsuf. 
 Apollonia. In ancient geography, a city of 
 Thrace, situated on the Black Sea in lat. 42° 
 26' N., long. 27° 44' E. : the modern Sizeboli. 
 Apollonia. A station on the British Gold Coast, 
 West Africa. 
 
 Apollonius (ap-o-16'ni-us). [Gr. A7ro/U<jrtof.] 
 Lived in the time of Augustus. A noted Alex- 
 andrian grammarian, author of a “Homeric 
 Lexicon” (ed. by Bekker 1833). 
 
 Apollonius, surnamed Dyscolus. [Gr. 6vanoloc, 
 ill-tempered.] Born at Alexandria : flourished 
 during the reigns of Hadrian and Antoninus 
 Pius. A celebrated Alexandrian grammarian . 
 Only a few of his numerous works are extant; that "‘On 
 Syntax ” (ed. by Bekker 1817) is the most famous. He and 
 his son, zElius Herodian, are called by Priscian the great- 
 est of grammarians. He is said to have lived in extreme 
 poverty. 
 
 Apollonius, surnamed Molon. Born at Ala- 
 banda, Caria: lived about 80 B. c. A Greek 
 rhetorician, an instructor of Cicero and Ctesar. 
 Apollonius, surnamed Pergseus (from his birth- 
 place). Born at Perga, Pamphylia, Asia Minor: 
 lived in the second half of the 3d century B. C. 
 A Greek geometrician educated at Alexandria, 
 surnamed “ The Great Geometer.” His chief work 
 is a treatise on “Conic Sections ” (ed. by Halley 1710) in 
 eight books, of which the first four are extant in Greek 
 and all but the eighth in Arabic. 
 
 Apollonius, surnamed Rhodius (‘of Rhodes’). 
 Born at Alexandria or at Naucratis, about 235 
 B. C. A Greek epic poet, author of the “Ar- 
 gonautica.” Being unsuccessful in Alexandria, he went 
 to Rhodes (whence his surname) where lie lectured on 
 rhetoric, but later returned to the former city. 
 Apollonius. Born at Tralles, Caria: flour- 
 ished, possibly, at the beginning of the 1st 
 century A. D. A Greek sculptor who, with his 
 brother, carved the so-called Farnese Bull 
 (which see). 
 
 Apollonius, surnamed Tyanseus ( from his birth- 
 place). Born at Ty ana, Cappadocia, Asia Minor, 
 about 4 B. C. : died about 97 (?) A. d. A Pytha- 
 gorean philosopher and reputed magician and 
 wonder-worker, whose life and supposed mira- 
 cles have often been compared with those of 
 Christ. “He studied first in the Greek schools at Tarsus, 
 and was led to the adoption of the Pythagorean philoso- 
 phy. This he combined with the legerdemain practised 
 in some of the Asclepeia, and a journey to the old seats 
 of magic in Babylonia and Persia, and to the confines of 
 India, initiated him into the theurgic practices of the 
 East." His life by Philostratus, which is largely, if not 
 wholly, fabulous (and which was doubtless written for a 
 controversial purpose), presents striking similarities with 
 that of Jesus. Divine honors were paid to him in the 3d 
 century, and his bust was placed by Alexander Severus in 
 his lararium with those of Abraham, Orpheus, and Christ. 
 
 Apollonius of Tyre. 1. A Stoic philosopher 
 living in the reign of Ptolemy Auletes, men- 
 tioned by Diogenes Laertius as the author of 
 a work on Zeno, and by Strabo as the author 
 of another work which seems to have been a r4- 
 sum6 of the philosophers and their writings 
 from the time of Zeno. — 2. The king of Tyre, 
 in the romance named for him (which see). 
 Apollonius of Tyre, History of. An old 
 Greek romance of uncertain date and author- 
 ship. Antiochus, king of Syria, to prevent his daugh- 
 ter's marriage, demands of her suitors, as the price of her 
 hand, the solution of a riddle containing an allusion to 
 his incestuous passion for her. This is accomplished by 
 Apollonius of Tyre, whom Antiochus then seeks to slay. 
 Apollonius escapes, marries the daughter of another king, 
 and returns to take the sovereignty of Syria. The rest of 
 the tale is occupied with the adventures of his daughter 
 and wife. 
 
 Besides the Latin prose version already mentioned, the 
 romance, orhistory, of Apollonius [of Tyrel was translated 
 into Latin verse about the end of the twelfth century, by 
 Godfrey of Viterbo, who introduced it in his Pantheon, or 
 Universal Chronicle, as part of the history of Antiochus 
 the Third of Syria. It was also inserted in the Gesta Ro- 
 manorum which was written in the fourteenth century, 
 and became soon after the subject of a French prose 
 romance, which was the origin of the English Kynge 
 Apolyne of Tyre, printed by Wynkin de Worde in 1510. 
 It was from the metrical version, however, of Godfrey of 
 Viterbo that the story came to Gower, who has told it 
 with little variation in his Confcssio Amantis. Gower is 
 introduced as speaking the prologue to each of the five 
 acts of Pericles, Prince of Tyre ; whence it may be pre- 
 sumed that the author of that play derived his plot from 
 the English poet. The drama of Pericles, as is well known, 
 has been the subject of much discussion ; the composition 
 of the whole, or greater part, of it having been attributed 
 to Shakspeare by some of his commentators, chiefly on 
 the authority of Dryden. 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 84. 
 
 Apollos (a-pol'os). [Gr. 'kiroXUtq, a shortened 
 form of ’An-o/.Divioc .] Flourished about the mid- 
 
 67 
 
 die of the 1st century a. d. An Alexandrian 
 Jew who came to Ephesus about 49 a. d., where 
 he was converted by Aquila and Priscilla. He 
 went to meet Paul at Corinth, and was with Paul at Ephe- 
 sus wiien the First Epistle to the Corinthians was writ- 
 ten. He was a man of great ability and attainments, and 
 the attachment of his immediate disciples to him was 
 such as almost to create a schism in the church. 
 
 Apollyon (a-pol'ion). [Gr. ’AttoaAvuv, render- 
 ing the Heb. Abaddon; prop. adj. ano'AXvov, de- 
 stroying.] The angel of the bottomless pit 
 mentioned in Rev. ix. 11. He is introduced byBun- 
 yan in the “Pilgrim’s Progress," and has a terrible com- 
 bat with the pilgrim Christian. 
 
 Apologia Socratis. See Apology of Socrates. 
 
 Apologie for Poetrie. A work by Sir Philip 
 Sidney, written in 1580 or 1581, published in 
 1595 after his death. It is a plea for the poet’s 
 art. Also Defence of Poetrie. 
 
 Apology for Actors, An. A work in three 
 books by Thomas Heywood, published in 1612, 
 and reprinted in 1658 by William Cartwright, 
 with some alterations, under the title of “The 
 Actors’ Vindication.” 
 
 Apology of Socrates. Plato’s version of the 
 defense of Socrates before his judges. (See 
 Socrates.) A similar work attributed to Xeno- 
 phon is spurious. 
 
 Apopi. See Apcpi. 
 
 Apostate (a-pos'tat), The. A surname of the 
 Roman emperor Julian. 
 
 Apostate, The. A tragedy by Richard Lalor 
 Sheil, produced in 1817. Junius Brutus Booth 
 was celebrated as Pescara in this play. 
 
 Apostle Islands (a-pos'i i'landz). A group 
 of islands in the southwestern part of Lake 
 Superior, belonging to Wisconsin. 
 
 Apostle of Andalusia, The. Juan de Avila. 
 
 Apostle of Ardennes, The. St. Hubert. 
 
 Apostle of Brazil, The. The Jesuit Jos6 de 
 Anchieta. 
 
 Apostle of Free Trade, The. Richard Cob- 
 den. 
 
 Apostle of Germany, The. St. Boniface. 
 
 Apostle of Infidelity, The. Voltaire. 
 
 Apostle of Ireland, The. St. Patrick. 
 
 Apostle of Peru, The. The Jesuit Alonso de 
 Barcena. 
 
 Apostle of Temperance, The. Theobald Ma- 
 thew. 
 
 Apostle of the English, The. Augustine the 
 missionary to England. 
 
 Apostle of the French, The. St. Denis. 
 
 Apostle to the Friesians, The. St. Willibrod, 
 missionary to Friesland. 
 
 Apostle of the Gauls, The. St. Irenasus. 
 
 Apostle of the Gentiles, The. St. Paul. 
 
 Apostle of the Highlanders, The. St. Co- 
 lumba. 
 
 Apostle of the Indians, The. John Eliot. 
 
 Apostle of the Indies, The. St. Francis Xa- 
 vier. 
 
 Apostle of the Iroquois, The. F. Piquet. 
 
 Apostle of the North, The. 1. Ansgar . — 2 
 Bernard Gilpin, an evangelist on the English 
 border. 
 
 Apostle of the Peak, The. William Bagshaw, 
 a preacher of Derbyshire. 
 
 Apostle of the Piets, The. St. Ninian. 
 
 Apostle of the Scots, The. John Knox. 
 
 Apostle of the Slavs, The. St. Cyril. 
 
 Apostles’ Creed, The. A primitive creed of 
 the Christian church, not of apostolic origin, 
 but a product of the Western Church during the 
 first four centuries, not now assignable to any 
 individual author. It was originally a baptismal con- 
 fession, and was intended to be a popular summary of apos- 
 tolic teaching. 
 
 Apostolic Canons. Certain ordinances and reg- 
 ulations, usually reckoned as eighty-five in num- 
 ber, belonging to the first centuries of the 
 Christian church, and incorrectly ascribed to 
 the apostles. 
 
 Apostolic Constitutions. A collection of dif- 
 fuse instructions, relating to the duties of 
 clergy and laity, to ecclesiastical discipline, and 
 to ceremonies, divided into eight books. They 
 profess to be the words of the apostles, written down by 
 Clement of Rome, but are considerably later than apostolic 
 times. 
 
 The first sixbooks, which have a strong Jewish-Christian 
 tone, are the original basis, and, according to recent inves- 
 tigations, were composed, with the exception of some 
 later interpolations, at the end of the third century, in 
 Syria (or Asia Minor). The seventh and eighth books, 
 each of which, however, forms an independent piece, are 
 later additions, and date from the beginning of the fourth 
 century, at all events from a period before the Council of 
 Nica)a (32f)). The collection of the three parts into one 
 whole may be the work of the author of the eighth book. 
 
 Schaff , History of the Christian Church, II. 185. 
 
 Appenzell Inner Rhodes 
 
 Apostolic Council, The. The first conference 
 or synod of the Christian church, it was held at 
 Jerusalem 50 (51?) a. d. by the churches of Jerusalem and 
 Antioch to settle the personal relation between the Jewish 
 and gentile apostles, to divide the field of labor between 
 them, to decide the question of circumcision, and to de- 
 fine the relation between the Jewish and gentile Christians. 
 Acts xv. 
 
 Apostolic Fathers, The. Those Christian 
 writers who were believed to have been con- 
 temporary with any of the apostles They are 
 Barnabas, Clement of Rome, Ignatius, Poly- 
 carp, Ilormas, and Papias. 
 
 Apostolics (ap-os-tol'iks), or Apostolicals (ap- 
 os-tol'i-kalz). In Spanish history, a political 
 party which supported the Catholic Church and 
 absolute government. It. dated from the restoration 
 of the Bourbons, and lasted till about 1833, when it was 
 absorbed by the Carlists. 
 
 Apostolius (ap-os-to'li-us), Michael. [MGr. 
 ATroard/Uof.] Died in Crete about 1480. AGreek 
 scholar of Constantinople, who fled to Italy in 
 1453. 
 
 Apostool (a pos-tol'), Samuel. Bornl638: died 
 about the beginning of the 18th century. A 
 Dutch Mennonite preacher at Amsterdam. He 
 became involved in a dispute in 1662 with bis colleague 
 Hans Galeuus, who maintained that Christianity is not so 
 much a body of dogma as a practical life. The formation 
 of two parties, Gaienists and Apostoollans or Apostooiists, 
 resulted, which were reunited in 1801. 
 
 Apotheosis of Augustus. The largest existing 
 cameo, in the Cabinet des M6dailles, Paris. 
 It is of Roman workmanship, and is carved in a sardonyx 
 nearly a foot across. There are 26 figures, among them 
 Augustus, Aineas, Julius Csesar, Tiberius, and Caligula. 
 
 Apotheosis of Venice. A masterpiece of Paolo 
 Veronese, in the middle of the ceiling of the 
 Sala del Maggior Consiglio of the ducal palace 
 at Venice. 
 
 Apoxyomenos (a-pok-si-om'e-nos). [Gr. atro^v6- 
 yevog, scraping oneself (i. e. with the strigil).] 
 The athlete with the strigil, a notable statue 
 in the Vatican, Rome. It is an antique copy of a 
 celebrated bronze of Lysippus, embodying that master's 
 canon of the proportions of the human figure. It was 
 found in 1849 in the Trastevere, Rome. 
 
 Appalachee Bay (ap-a-lach'e ba). An arm of 
 the Gulf of Mexico, on the western coast of 
 Florida, about lat. 30° N., long. 84° 15' W. 
 Appalachee Indians. See Apalachi. 
 Appalachia (ap-a-lach'i-a). A region of 4,500 
 square miles in area in the western part of Vir- 
 ginia, lying west of the valley of Virginia. 
 Appalachian Mountains (ap-a-lach'i-an or ap- 
 a-la'chi-an moun'tanz). [Named from the Ap- 
 palachee or Apalachi Indians.] A great moun- 
 tain systeminthe eastern part of North America, 
 which extends from the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
 to northern Alabama: often, but less properly, 
 called the Alleghany Mountains, from its chief 
 division. The system comprises the mountains of Gaspe 
 Peninsula (St. Anne Mountains, Shickshock Mountains), 
 the White Mountains, the Green Mountains, the Hoosac 
 Range, the Taconic Range, the Helderberg Mountains, 
 the Shawangunk Mountains, the Plue Ridge, the Aile- 
 ghanies proper, South Mountain, the Blue Mountains, 
 the Laurel Hill and Chestnut Ridge ranges, the Black 
 Mountains, the Stone Mountains, the Bald Mountains, 
 the Cumberland Mountains, the Great Smoky Mountains, 
 the Unaka Mountains, and some lesser groups. It con- 
 tains large deposits of coal and iron. It is cut by the 
 Connecticut, Hudson, Delaware, Susquehanna, Potomac, 
 Kanawha, Tennessee, and other rivers. Its length is about 
 1,500 miles, and its greatest width (in Pennsylvania) about 
 130 miles. Its highest point is Mount Mitchell, in North 
 Carolina, which is 6,711 feet high. 
 
 Appalachicola (ap-a-lach-i-ko'la). A river of 
 western Florida, formed by the union of the 
 Flint and Chattahoochee, which flows into St. 
 George’s Sound, Gulf of Mexico, in lat. 29° 45' 
 N., long. 85° W. It is about 90 miles long and 
 is navigable. 
 
 Appalachicola Bay. An arm of St. George’s 
 Sound, at the mouth of Appalachicola River. 
 Appendini (ap-pen-de'ne), Francesco Maria. 
 Born near Turin, Nov. 4, 1768 : died Jan., 1837. 
 An Italian historian and critic. 
 
 Appenzell (ap'pen-tsel). [‘ The abbot’s (Nor- 
 bert’s) cell.’] A canton of German Switzer- 
 land, surrounded by the canton of St. Gall and 
 divided into two half-cantons, Appenzell Inner 
 Rhodes and Appenzell Outer Rhodes, it has 
 
 manufactures of muslin, silk, and embroidery. It passed 
 under the control of the abbots of St. Gall; won its inde- 
 pendence in the beginning of the 15th century: was allied 
 with the confederated enntonsin 1452; wns admitted into 
 the confederation in 1513: and was divided into the half- 
 cantons in 1597. Area, 162 square miles. Population, 
 72,354, (1910). 
 
 Appenzell. The capital of the half-canton of 
 Appenzell Inner Rhodes, in lat. 47° 20' N., long. 
 9° 24' E. It has two monasteries. Population, 
 4.574. 
 
 Appenzell Inner Rhodes, G. Appenzell In- 
 
Appenzell Inner Rhodes 
 
 nerrhoden. A half-canton, capital Appenzell, 
 occupying the southeastern portion of tne can- 
 ton of Appenzell. The religion is Roman Catholic 
 and the language German. It sends one member to the 
 National Council. Population, 14,631, (1910). 
 
 Appenzell Outer Rhodes, G. Appenzell Aus- 
 serrhoden. A half-canton, capital Trogen, 
 which occupies the northern and western parts 
 of the canton of Appenzell. The religion isProtes- 
 iant, and the language German. It sends three members 
 to the National Council. Population, 57,723, (1910). 
 
 Apperley (ap'er-li), Charles James. Born in 
 Denbighshire, Wales, 1777 : died at London, 
 May 19, 1843. An English writer on sporting 
 matters (under the pseudonym “Nimrod”). 
 
 Appian (ap'i-an),L. Appianiis. [Gr. Att™^.] 
 Born at Alexandria: lived in Rome during the 
 reigns of Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius. 
 A Roman historian, author of a history of 
 Rome (in Greek) in twenty-four books, of 
 which eleven, and parts of others, are extant. 
 It is a compilation from earlier writers. 
 
 Appiani (ap-pe-a'ne), Andrea. Born at Milan, 
 May 23, 1754: died at Milan, Nov. 8, 1817. A 
 noted Italian fresco-painter. 
 
 Appian Way, L. Via Appia. The most fa- 
 mous of the ancient Roman highways. It ran from 
 Rome to Brundisium (Brindisi), and is probably the first 
 great Roman road which was formally undertaken as a 
 public work. It was begun in 312 B. c. by Appius Claudius 
 Caecus, the censor, who carried it as far as Capua. The 
 next stage of the work extended it to Beneventum, and it 
 probably did not reach Brundisium until 244 B. c., when 
 a Roman colony was inaugurated there. At present the 
 Appian Way, for a long distance after it leaves Rome, 
 forms one of the most notable memorials of antiquity in 
 or near the Eternal City, bordered as it is by tombs and 
 the ruins of monumental buildings. Long stretches of the 
 pavement remain perfect, and show that the width of the 
 roadway proper was only 15 feet. 
 
 Appiano (ap-pe-a'no). An Italian family, rulers 
 of Piombino from the 14th to the 17t,h cen- 
 tury. Its founder was Jacopo I., lord of Pisa 
 1392-98. 
 
 Appii Forum (ap'i-I fo'rum). In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a station on the Appian Way 40 miles 
 southeast of Rome. 
 
 Appin (ap'in). A small district in Argyllshire, 
 Scotland, lying along the eastern coast of Loch 
 Linnhe. 
 
 Appius and Virginia (ap'i-us and ver-jin'i-a). 
 A tragedy by Webster, printed in 1654. See Ap- 
 pius Claudius (under Claudius), and Virginia. 
 The story, originally told by Livy, forms the first novel of 
 the nineteenth day in the “Pecorone di Giovanni Fioren- 
 tino,” published in 1378, and was reproduced in Painter's 
 “ Palace of Pleasure” (first ed. 1566) two centuries later. 
 There is a version of it in the “Roman de la Rose.” 
 Chaucer tells it in “The Doctor’s Tale,” and Gower em- 
 bodied it in his “Confessio Amantis." There was an ear- 
 lier play, “ the Tragical Comedy of Apius and Virginia,” by 
 an unknown author whose initials were R. B. It was prob- 
 ably acted as early as 1563, though not printed till 1575. 
 John Dennis also wrote a, tragedy with this name in 1709. 
 
 Appius Claudius. See Claudius. 
 
 Appleby (ap'l-bi). The capital of Westmore- 
 land, England, situated on the Eden 28 miles 
 southeast of Carlisle. Population, 1,764. 
 
 Appleton. The capital of Outagamie County, 
 Wisconsin, situated at the falls of Fox River 
 in lat. 44° 18' N., long. 88° 21' W. It has manu- 
 factures of paper, etc. It is the seat of Lawrence Univer- 
 sity. Population, 16,773, (1910). 
 
 Appleton (ap'l-tpn), Charles Edward Cutts 
 Birch. Born at Reading, England, March 16, 
 1841: died at Luxor, Upper Egypt, Feb. 1, 1879. 
 An English journalist and man of letters. He 
 was the founder of the “ Academy ” (the first number of 
 which appeared Oct. 9, 1869) and its editor 1869-79. 
 
 Appleton, Daniel. Born at Haverhill, Mass., 
 Dec. 10, 1785: died at New York, March 27, 
 1849. An American bookseller and publisher, 
 founder of the publishing house of D. Appleton 
 and Company, New York. 
 
 Appleton, Jesse. Born at New Ipswich, N. H., 
 Nov. 17, 1772: died at Brunswick, Maine, Nov. 
 12, 1819. An American clergyman and educa- 
 tor, president of Bowdoin College 1807-19. He 
 was father-in-law of President Franklin Pierce. 
 
 Appleton, John. Born at Beverly, Mass., Feb. 
 11, 1815: died at Portland, Maine, Aug. 22, 
 1864. An American politician and diplomatist. 
 He was graduated from Bowdoin College in 1834 ; com- 
 menced the practice of law at Portland, Maine, 1837 ; was 
 Democratic member of Congress from Maine 1851-53 ; and 
 was appointed minister to Russia by President Buchanan 
 in 1860. 
 
 Appleton, Nathan. Born at New Ipswich, 
 N. H., Oct. 6, 1779: died at Boston, July 14, 1861. 
 An American manufacturer and political econ- 
 omist, brother of Samuel Appleton, and one 
 of the three founders of the town of Lowell, 
 Massachusetts. He was member of Congress 
 from Massachusetts 1831-33 and 1842. 
 
 68 
 
 Appleton, Samuel. Born at New Ipswich, 
 N. H., June 22, 1766: died at Boston, July 12, 
 1853. An American merchant and philanthro- 
 pist. He established himself with his brother Nathan 
 as an importer in Boston in 1794, and later engaged exten- 
 sively in cotton manufacture at Waltham and Lowell. 
 
 Appleton, Thomas Gold. Born at Boston, 
 March 31, 1812: died at New York, April 17, 
 1884. A prose-writer, poet, and amateur painter. 
 Appold (ap'old), John George. Bom at Lon- 
 don, April 14, 1800 : died at Clifton, Aug. 31, 
 1865. An English mechanician. He was the in- 
 ventor of a form of centrifugal pump and of a break which 
 was used in laying the first Atlantic cable. 
 
 Appomattox Court House (ap-6-mat'oks kort 
 hous). A village and the capital of Appomattox 
 County, Virginia, situated about 25 miles east 
 of Lynchburg. Here, April 9, 1865, General Lee sur- 
 rendered the Confederate army of Northern Virginia (about 
 26,000) to General Grant, virtually ending the Civil War. 
 
 Appomattox River. A river of Virginia, join- 
 ing the James River 20 miles southeast of Rich- 
 mond. It is about 150 miles long, and is navi- 
 gable for about 15 miles. 
 
 Apponyi (op'pon-ye), Count Antal Gyorgy. 
 Born Dec. 4, 1751 : died March 17, 1817. A Hun- 
 garian statesman, founder of the Apponyi Li- 
 brary at Presburg. 
 
 Apponyi, Count. Antal. Born Sept. 7, 1782: 
 died Oct. 17, 1852. A Hungarian diplomatist, 
 .son of Antal Gyorgy Apponyi. 
 
 Apponyi, Count. Gyorgy. Born Dec. 29, 1808 : 
 died March 1, 1899. A Hungarian statesman, 
 grandson of Antal Gyorgy Apponyi. He wasconrt 
 chancellor and conservative leader before the insurrection 
 of 1848-49, and later nationalist leader. 
 
 Apponyi, Count Rudolph. Born Aug. 1, 1812 : 
 died at Venice, May 31, 1876. A Hungarian 
 diplomatist, son of Antal Apponyi. He was ap- 
 pointed Austrian minister (1856) and ambassador (1860) at 
 the court of St. James, was relieved in 1871, and was 
 transferred to Paris in 1872. 
 
 Appuleia gens. In ancient Rome, a plebeian 
 clan or house whose family names are Decia- 
 nus, Pansa, and Saturninus. 
 
 Appuleius. See Apuleius. 
 
 Apraxin (a-prak'sin), Feodor. Bom 1671: died 
 Nov. 10, 1728. A Russian admiral, the chief 
 collaborator of Peter the Great in the founding 
 of the Russian navy. He served with distinction in 
 the wars against Sweden. Turkey, and Persia. 
 
 Apraxin, Stefan. Died in prison, Aug. 31, 
 1758. A Russian general, conqueror of the 
 Prussians at Gross-Jagerndorf, Aug. 30, 1757. 
 He was arrested for conspiracy. 
 
 Apricena (a-pre-cha'na). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Foggia, Italy, 25 miles north of Foggia. 
 Population, 7,643. 
 
 Apries (a'pri-ez). [Gr. Airpiyf, in LXX Ovaippi], 
 Heb. Hophra, Egypt. Uahabra . ] A king of 
 Egypt, the Pharaoh Hophra of the Bible, who 
 reigned about 590-570 B. c. 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar was still king of Babylon, while Apries 
 had (in B. c. 588) succeeded his father, Psamatik II., as 
 monarch of Egypt. The feud between the two powers 
 was still raging, and Apries, about B. c. 570, determined 
 on an invasion of Syria both by sea and land, with the 
 object of aggrandizing his own country at the expense of 
 the Babylonians. Herodotus tells us that his fleet en- 
 gaged that of Tyre, while his land army attacked Sidon. 
 Diodorus adds that he defeated the combined navies of 
 Phoenicia and Cyprus in a great sea-fight, after which he 
 took Sidon, and made himself master of the entire Phoe- 
 nician seaboard. Rawlinson, Phoenicia, p. 182. 
 
 April (a'pril). [ME. Apr He, Apr Hie, etc. (AS. 
 rarely Aprelis), also and earlier Avcril, Averel, 
 Averylle, OF. Avrill, F. Avril = Pr. Sp. Pg. Abril 
 - It. Aprile = D. April = MHG. Apr ille, Abrillc, 
 Abrelle, Aprill, G. Ajiril : Dan. Sw. April, from 
 L. Aprilis (sc. mensis, month), April; usually, 
 but fancifully, regarded as if from *aperilis, 
 from aperire, open, as the month when the earth 
 ‘opens’ to produce new fruits.] The fourth 
 month of the year, containing thirty days. With 
 poets April is the type of inconstancy, from the change- 
 ableness of its weather. 
 
 Apsaras (ap'sa-ras), pi. Apsarases. In Hindu 
 mythology, one of a class of female spirits 
 which reside in the breezes. They are wives of the 
 Gandharvas, have the power of changing their forms, 
 are fond of dice, and give good fortune in play. They 
 are seldom mentioned in the Rigveda, while in the Athar- 
 vaveda they are objects of fear, regarded as occasion- 
 ing madness, and incantations are used against them. 
 Later works mention various classes with distinctive 
 names. They are distinguished as daivika, ‘divine,’ or 
 laukika, ‘worldly,’ the former ten, the latter thirty-four. 
 These, like Urvasi, fascinated heroes, and, like Menaka 
 and Rambha, allured sages from their devotions. The 
 Apsarases are India’s hand-maidens, and conduct to his 
 heaven warriors fallen in battle, where they become their 
 wives. 
 
 Apsethus (ap-se'thus). See the extract. 
 
 According to the Philosophumena, Simon of Gettim in 
 Samaria called himself a God, in imitation of a certain 
 
 Aquarius 
 
 Apsethus who in Libya trained some parrots to say, “ Ap 
 sethus is a god,” and then let them loose. They flew 
 abroad, all over Libya and as far as Greece. He obtained 
 divine worship. But a clever Greek found but the trick, 
 caught some of the parrots, and taught them to say, “Ap- 
 sethus shut us up, and taught us to say, ‘Apsethus is a 
 god.’” He let them fly to Libya. Upon which the Liby. 
 ans burned Apsethus as an impostor. This is an old story 
 told of Hanno the Carthaginian. 
 
 Milman, Hist, of Christianity, II. 54, note. 
 
 Apsheron (ap-sha-ron'). A peninsula in Trans- 
 caucasia, Russia, which projects into the Cas- 
 pian Sea and terminates in Cape Apsheron, in 
 lat. 40° 20' N., long. 50° 25' E. it is noted for its 
 petroleum-wells (iu the vicinity of Baku) and its mud 
 volcanoes. 
 
 Apsley House. The residence of the Duke of 
 Wellington at Hyde Park Corner in London. 
 It was built for Lord Bathurst in 1785, purchased by the gov- 
 ernment in 1820, and presented to the Duke of Wellington 
 as part of the national reward for his services. It contains 
 a picture-gallery with several pictures by Velasquez, a 
 Correggio, several W ouvermans, a Parmigiano, etc. 
 
 Apt (apt). A town in the department of Vau- 
 cluse, France, situated on the Calavon 30 miles 
 east by south of Avignon : the ancient Apta 
 Julia (a city of the Vulgientes). It contains im- 
 portant Roman antiquities and a cathedral. Population, 
 6,418. 
 
 Apuan (ap'u-an) Alps. A chain of the north- 
 ern Apennines, situated near Carrara, Italy, it 
 is separated from the main range of the Apennines by the 
 upper valleys of the Serchio and Magra. 
 
 Apuleius, or Appuleius (ap-u-le'us), Lucius. 
 Born at Medaura, Numidia, about 125 A. D. 
 A Roman Platonic philosopher and rhetorician, 
 author of a famous romance, the “Metamor- 
 phoses, or The Golden Ass.” He also wrote 
 an “Apology,” philosophical works, etc. See 
 Golden Ass. The. 
 
 Apulia (a-pu'li-a), It. Puglia (po'lya). In an- 
 cient geography, a region in Italy between 
 the Apennines and the Adriatic, south of the 
 Frentani and east of Samnium, conquered by 
 Rome in the 4th century B. C. Later it included 
 the Messapian Peninsula. It was made a duchy under 
 the Normans in the middle of the 11th century. The 
 ancient inhabitants were the Dauni, Peucetii, and Salen- 
 tini or Messapians. 
 
 Apulia (a-po'le-a). A compartimento of the 
 modern kingdom of Italy, comprising the prov- 
 inces of Foggia, Bari, and Lecce, it is one of 
 the least prosperous districts of Italy. Area, 7,376 square 
 miles. Population, 2,090,945. 
 
 Apur6 (a-po-ra'). A river in western Venezuela, 
 one of the principal tributaries of the Orinoco, 
 which it joins in lat. 7° 35' N., long. 66° 50' W. 
 Its length is about 600 miles, and it is naviga- 
 ble in its lower part. 
 
 Apurimac (a-po-re-mak'). [Quichua apu, 
 chief, and rimae, oracle.] A department in 
 the interior of southern Peru. Population, 
 about 177,400. 
 
 Apurimac. The southernmost head stream of 
 the Ucayale, and lienee of the Amazon, in Peru, 
 rising about 15° 10' S., and flowing north. From 
 the confluence of the Man taro (12° S.) it is called the End 
 to its junction with the Perend ; thence to the Ucayale it 
 is known as the Tambd. The entire length to the Ucayale 
 is about 500 miles. 
 
 Apus (a'pus). [NL., from Gr. arrovg, without 
 feet.] One of the southern constellations 
 formed in the 16th century, probably by Petrus 
 Theodori; the Bird of Paradise, it is situated 
 south of the Triangulum Australe, and its brightest star 
 is of the fourth magnitude. 
 
 Aquas Calidae (a'kwe kal'i-de). [L., ‘hot 
 springs.’] In ancient geography : (a) The mod- 
 ern Vichy. ( b ) A place in Mauretania Caisari- 
 ensis, south of Cajsarea. (c) Same as Aquee 
 Solis. 
 
 Aquae Sextiae (a'kwe seks'ti-e). [L., ‘springs 
 of Sextius’ (C. Sextius Calvinus, proconsul).] 
 The Roman name of Aix, France. Scene of the 
 great victory of Marius over the Teutones, Ambroncs, and 
 some other Germanic tribes, B. 0. 102. 
 
 Aquae Solis (a'kwe so'lis). [L., ‘springs or 
 baths of the sun.’] The Roman name of Bath, 
 England. 
 
 A city remarkable for its splendid edifices, its temples, 
 its buildings for public amusement, and still more so for 
 its medicinal baths. For this latter reason it was called 
 Aquae Solis, the Waters of the Sun, and for the same 
 cause its representative in modern times has received the 
 name of Bath. Remains of the Roman bathing-houses 
 have been discovered in the course of modern excava- 
 tions. Among its temples was a magnificent one dedi- 
 cated to M inerva, who is supposed to have been the patron 
 goddess of the place. 
 
 Wrhjht, Celt, Roman, and Saxon, p. 143. 
 
 Aquambo (a-kwam-bo'). A region on the Gold 
 Coast, Africa, about lat. 6°-7° N., long. 1° E. 
 
 Aquapim (a-kwa-pem'). A region on the Gold 
 Coast, Africa, about lat. 6° N., long. 0°. 
 
 Aquarius (a-kwa'ri-us). [L., ‘the Water- 
 bearer.’] A zodiacal constellation supposed 
 
Aquarius 
 
 to represent a man standing with his left hand 
 extended upward, and with his right pouring 
 out of a vase a stream of water which flows 
 into the mouth of the Southern Fish. Its 
 symbol is ax, representing a stream of water. 
 Aquaviva (a-kwa-ve'va), Claudio. Born Sept. 
 14, 1543: died at Rome, Jan. 31, 1615. An 
 Italian ecclesiastic, general of the Jesuits 
 1581-1615, noted for his administrative ability. 
 Aquednek (a-kwed'nek), or Aquidneck 
 (a-kwid'nek). [Amer. Ind.] The early name 
 of the island of Rhode Island. 
 
 Aqueduct of Arcueil. See Arcueil. 
 
 Aqueduct of Valens. An aqueduct in Con- 
 stantinople, finished 378 a. D., and still in use. 
 The main bridge is 2,000 feet long and 75 high, and con- 
 sists of two tiers of arches of about 30 feet span. 
 
 Aquila. An early Christian who, with his wife 
 Priscilla, was employed at Ephesus in instruct- 
 ing Apollos, who, though “ instructed in the 
 way of the Lord,” needed to have it “more ac- 
 curately set forth.” 
 
 Aquila. Born in Pontus: lived about 130 a. d. 
 A Jewish proselyte, surnamed “Ponticus” 
 from his birthplace. He was a disciple of Rabbi 
 Akiba, and made a slavishly literal translation of the 
 Hebrew Scriptures into Greek, which superseded the Sep- 
 tuagint among Greek-speaking Jews. 
 
 Aquila (a'kwe-la) (Adler), Kaspar. Born 
 at Augsburg, Bavaria, Aug. 7, 1488: died at 
 Saalfeld, Nov. 12, 1560. A German Protestant 
 theologian, an assistant of Luther in the trans- 
 lation of the Old Testament. He became pastor at 
 Saalfeld in 1527, and was outlawed by Charles V., 1548, 
 for his violent opposition to the Interim, but saved him- 
 self by flight, returning after the treaty of Passau (1552) 
 to his pastorate at Saalfeld. 
 
 Aquila (a'kwe-la). A province in the com- 
 partimento of Abruzzi and Molise, Italy : for- 
 merly called Abruzzo Ulteriore II. Area, 2,484 
 square miles. Population, 409,743. 
 
 Aquila, or Aquila degli Abruzzi. The capital 
 of the province of Aquila, situated on the 
 Aterno in lat. 42° 21' N., long. 13° 25' E. It 
 
 is the seat of a trade in saffron, and the center of impor- 
 tant routes over the Apennines. It was built by the em- 
 peror Frederick II. Here, June 2, 1424, the Aragonese 
 under Braccioda Mon tone were defeated by the allied (pa- 
 pal, Milanese, and Neapolitan) army under Jacob Caldora ; 
 Braccio was mortally wounded. Pop., commune, 21,188. 
 
 Aquila et Antinous (ak'wi-la et an-tin'o-us). 
 [L., ‘the Eagle and Antinous.’] A northern 
 constellation situated in the Milky Way nearly 
 south of Lyra, and containing the bright star 
 Altair. It has for its outline the figure of a flying eagle 
 carrying in its talons the boy Antinous, the page of the 
 emperor Hadrian. 
 
 Aquilant (a-kwi-lant'). The brother of Gry- 
 phon, descended from Oiivero, a character 
 in Boiardo and Ariosto. The brothers were 
 brought up by two fairies. 
 
 Their fame in arms o’er all the world was blown. 
 Aquileia (a-kwe-la'ya), mod. also Aglar (ag- 
 lar'). A town in the crownlaud of Gorz and 
 Gradiska, Austria-Hungary, situated near the 
 head of the Adriatic, 22 miles northwest of 
 Trieste. It contains a cathedral (11th century). It was 
 one of the chief cities of the Roman Empire, an empo- 
 rium, and the key of Italy on the northeast, colonized by 
 Rome about 181 B. C. In 452 A. D. it was destroyed by 
 Attila’s forces. It was the scene of various church coun- 
 cils, and became the seat of an important patriarchate in 
 the 6th century. Population, 2,651, (1910). 
 
 The bishoprics which have most historical importance 
 are those which at one time or another stood out in rivalry 
 or opposition to Rome. Such was the patriarchal see of 
 Aquileia, whose metropolitan jurisdiction took in Como 
 at one end and the Istrian Pola at the other. The pa- 
 triarchs of Aquileia, standing as they did on the march 
 of the Italian, Teutonic, and Slavonic lands, grew, un- 
 like moBt of the Italian prelates, into powerful temporal 
 princes. Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 171. 
 
 Aquilin (ak'wi-lin). Tho horse of Raymond, 
 in the “Jerusalem Delivered” by Tasso. His 
 sire was the wind. 
 
 Aquillia gens (a-kwil'i-;i jenz). In ancient 
 Rome, a patrician and plebeian clan or house 
 of great antiquity, whoso family names under 
 the Republic were Corvus, Crassus, Floras, 
 Gallus, and Tuscus. 
 
 Aquillius(a-kwil'i-ns), Manius. A Roman gen- 
 eral, consul 101 B. C., and commander in the war 
 against the slaves in Sicily. He was accused of mal- 
 administration 98 B. c., but acquitted, and was defeated in 
 the war against Mithridates88 B. o., and barbarously slain. 
 Aquilo (ak'wi-lo). [L.] The north wind. 
 Aquinas (a-kwi 'nas), Thomas, Saint, or 
 Thomas of Aquino. Born at Iioccaseeea, 
 near Aquino, Italy, 1225 or 1227 : died at Fossa 
 Nuova, near Terraeina, Italy, March 7, 1274. 
 A famous Italian theologian and scholastic 
 philosopher, surnamed “Doctor Angelieus,” 
 ‘Father of Moral Philosophy,” and (by his 
 
 69 
 
 companions at school) the “Dumb Ox.” He 
 entered the Dominican order ; studied at Cologne under 
 Albertus Magnus ; and taught at Cologne, Paris, Rome, 
 Bologna, and elsewhere. His followers were called “ Tho- 
 mists." His chief work is the “Summa Theologise." His 
 complete works were published in 1787, and, under the 
 auspices of Pope Leo XIII., iu 1883. 
 
 Aquino (a-kwe'no). A town in the province of 
 Caserta, Italy, 55 miles northwest of Naples: 
 the seat of a bishopric. It was the birthplace of 
 Juvenal, and Pescennius Niger, and gave his name to 
 Thomas Aquinas. 
 
 Aquitaine (ak-wi-tan'). [F., also in another 
 form Guienne or Guyenne ; from L. Aquitania .] 
 An ancient division of southwestern France, ly- 
 inghetweentheGaronneand the Loire. A West- 
 Gothic kingdom was founded there in the first part of the 
 5th century. It was conquered by Clovis 507-511, became 
 a duchy about 700(7), and was thoroughly conquered by 
 Charles the Great, and made a kingdom (including all 
 southern Gaui and the Spanish March) for his son Louis. 
 In 838 Neustria was united to it, and it became soon after 
 a duchy and one of the great fiefs of the French crown. 
 Gascony was united to it in 1052. In 1137 it passed tempo- 
 rarily to France, by the marriage of Eleanor with Louis 
 VII. of France, but in 1152 was united (by the marriage 
 of Eleanor with Henry) to Normandy and Anjou, and in 
 1154 to England, which retained it under John. It be- 
 came nominally a French fief in 12.'8 (?), and was freed 
 from French vassalage and granted to Edward III. in 1360. 
 Part of it was recovered from the English in the reign of 
 Charles V., but was won back by Henry V. It was finally 
 conquered by the French 1451-53. It included (as Gui- 
 enne) properly Bordelais, Rouergue, Pt-rigord, Quercy, 
 Ag6nois, and Bazadois, and comprised nearly the mod- 
 ern departments Gironde, Dordogne, Lot, Lot-et-Garonne, 
 and Aveyron. Compare Guienne. 
 
 Aquitania (ak-wi-ta/ni-a). [L., named from 
 the Aquitani, a people of Gaul.] The south- 
 western division of Gaul, as described by Julius 
 Caesar, comprising the region between the Pyre- 
 nees and Garonne. By Augustus it was extended to 
 the Loire northward, and made a Roman province. See 
 Aquitaine. 
 
 Aquitanian Sea (ak-wi-ta'ni-an se). An occa- 
 sional name of the Bay of Biscay. 
 
 Ara (a'ra). [L., ‘an altar.’] One of the fifteen 
 ancient southern constellations ; the Altar. It 
 is situated south of the Scorpion. Its two bright- 
 est stars are of the third magnitude. 
 
 Arabah (a'ra-ba). A valley or wady between 
 the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Akabah. 
 
 Arabat (ar-a-bat'). A small place in the Crimea, 
 Russia, at the head of the peninsula of Arabat. 
 Arabat, Tongue of. A long and narrow penin- 
 sula which separates the Sea of Azov from the 
 Sivash. 
 
 Arabat Bay. An arm of the Sea of Azov. 
 Arabella (ar-a-bel'a). 1. The romantic female 
 Quixote in Mrs. Lennox’s novel of that name. 
 - — 2. A character in Garrick’s play “ The Male 
 Coquette.” 
 
 Arabella Stuart. See Stuart, Arabella. 
 Arabgir (a-rab-ger'), or Arabkir (a-rab-ker'). 
 A town in Asiatic Turkey, about lat. 39° N., 
 long. 38° 40' E. Population, 25,000. 
 
 Arabi Pasha (a-ra'be pash'a), Ahmed. Born 
 at Heyha Sharkiek, Egypt, 1841 : died in Egypt, 
 Sept. 21, 1911. An Egyptian officer and revolu- 
 tionary leader. He organized the national party of 
 Egypt in opposition to the Anglo-French control ; took 
 part in the deposition of the ministry in 1881 ; and became 
 minister of war in 1882. He withdrew the budgets from 
 the English and French controllers, an act which resulted 
 iu the bombardment of Alexandria by the English, July 11, 
 and the defeat of Arabi Pasha at Tel-el-Kehir, Sept. 13, 
 1882. He was exiled to Ceylon 1882 and was pardoned 1901. 
 Arabia (a-ra'bi-a), Turk, and Pers. Arabistan 
 (a-rab-e-stan'). [Also Araby, Arable, from P. 
 Arable: probably ‘the desert’ (Heb . ardbdh)] 
 L. Arabia, Gr. ’ApafSla, Sp. Pg. It. Arabia, G. 
 Arabien, etc.] A peninsula with tbe shape of 
 an irregular triangle between Persia, Syria, 
 Egypt, and Ethiopia, bounded on the west by 
 the Red Sea and the Gulf of Suez, on the south 
 by the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea, on 
 the east by the Gulf of Oman and tho Persian 
 Gulf, and on the north by a portion of Syria. 
 The Greeks and Romans divided Arabia into A. Peti-wa 
 (the stony), A. Deserta (the desert), and A. Felix (the hap- 
 py). Modern geographers recognize from 8 to 12 uiz 
 tricts, — the Sinaitic peninsula; the Hedjaz, fdong "he 
 coast of the Red Sea, including the Haram(i. e., tile sacred 
 territory of Mecca and Medinah); Yemen, oi the southern 
 coast of the same sea (biblical Sheba); Badramaut or 
 Hazarmaveth, the province next to Yemen, situated toward 
 the Indian Ocean ; Oman and Hajar, the northern and 
 southern halves of the coast on the Persian Gulf; Nejd, 
 or Central Arabia ; and the Syrian desert. The area 
 of Arabia proper is about 845,000 square miles , one 
 third of tins is a sandy desert. It has few permanent 
 rivers, the rivulets that flow from the hills losing them- 
 selves in the sand. It contains palm-trees and mead- 
 ows, and is especially famed for its spices. The high pla- 
 teau of the Nejd, which rises from 3,000 to 4,000 feet above 
 the level of the sea, is the home of the swiftest horses and 
 camels. The principal seaports are Jiddah, in Hedjaz, 
 with about 30,000 inhabitants; Muscat, the key to the 
 Persian Gulf, iu Oman, with 20,000 inhabitants ; and Aden, 
 
 Arabic 
 
 the key to the Red Sea, in Yemen, with 42,000 inhabitants. 
 Other important cities are Mecca and Medinah, with 
 60,000 and 50,000 inhabitants respectively. The popula- 
 tion is about 6,000,000, of whom one fifth are Bedouins ot 
 dwellers in tents, the remaining four fifths being seden- 
 tary. The races which have peopled the country are di- 
 vided into three sections : the old, “ lost Arabs (al A rabu 
 l-baidah ), who are supposed to have lived in the mythical 
 prehistoric period; the pure Arabs (al Arabu l-Aribah ), 
 who claim to be descended from Qahtan (i. e., the Yoktan 
 of the Old Testament — Gen. x. 25) ; and the mixed Arabs 
 (al Arabu, l-mutaribah), who claim to be descended from 
 Ishmael. The period preceding the era of Mohammed is 
 characterized by the formation of local monarchies and 
 federal governments of a rude form. The religion of that 
 period had elements of fetishism, and animal and ances- 
 tor worship. The Koran enumerates ten idols of pre- 
 Islamitic times. But in the midst of the old idolatry 
 there had arisen some perception of a supreme god, 
 Allah, the other gods being termed his children. Mecca 
 with its Kaaba was the center of Arab worship under the 
 guardianship of the noble tribe of Koreish. Out of Mecca 
 and the Koreishites came Mohammed (570-632), who by 
 his new religion consolidated the Arabs into a theocracy, 
 so that on his death the Arab peninsula was, witli a few 
 exceptions, under one scepter and one creed. He was 
 succeeded (632) by Abu-Bekr, the father of his favorite 
 wife, Ayesha, his title being calif, or successor. Abu- 
 Bekr was followed by Omar (634-644), who conquered 
 Syria, Persia, and Egypt. He was followed by Othman 
 (644-656), who in turn was succeeded by Ali, the prophet's 
 nephew and son-in-law. All of these except Abu Bek r 
 died at the hands of assassins. Next came the dynasty 
 of the Omayyads (661-750), with fourteen princes, having 
 their capital at Damascus. During the reign of Yezid I., 
 the second prince (679-683), a rebellion took place which 
 split the Mohammedan world into two great secta, the 
 Sunnites and Shiites. The Omayyads conquered other 
 portions of Asia and Africa, and even invaded France 
 (732). Their most important achievement was the con- 
 quest of Spain in 711, under the reign of Walid I. (705- 
 715), the sixth of the dynasty. Spain soon became inde- 
 pendent of the main Arab realm (later under the Moors). 
 In the Orient the Omayyads succumbed to Ibrahim and 
 li s brother, Abul Abbas, who founded the dynasty of the 
 Abbassides (750-1258). During this period the Arabian 
 power reached its highest point. The most celebrated 
 rulers of this dynasty were Abu Jaffar, surnamed Al- 
 Mansur (754-775), founder of Bagdad, the capital of the 
 Abbassides, and Harun-al-Rashid (786-809), who is well 
 known in Arabic literature, and who had diplomatic rela- 
 tions with Charlemagne. But it was under the Abbas- 
 sides that the disintegration of the Arabic empire began. 
 In 909 the Fatimites (i. e., the descendants of Ali and Fati- 
 ma, the daughter of Mohammed) established themselves 
 in northern Africa, and founded in 972 the califate of 
 Egypt, with Cairo as its capital. The dynasty of the 
 Abbassides came to an end with the capture of Bagdad 
 by the Mongols in 1258. Hedjaz in the west and Yemen 
 in the south are Turkish provinces. Oman is an inde- 
 pendent sultanate. Nejd and other districts are under 
 the influence of the Wahhabees, a politico-religious faction 
 named after Mohammed bin-Abdul Wahhab, who arose 
 about 1740 as a reformer. Aden has been held by the 
 English since 1839. 
 
 Arabia Deserta (a-ra'bi-a, de-zer'ta). [L., ‘un- 
 inhabited Arabia.’] In ancient geography, the 
 northern and central portions of Arabia. 
 Arabia Felix (a-ra'bi-ii, fe'liks). [L., ‘flour- 
 ishing Arabia.’] In ancient geography, the re- 
 gion in the southeast and south of Arabia, or 
 perhaps the peninsula proper. 
 
 Arabia Petrasa (a-ra'bi-a pe-tre'a). [L., 
 ‘rocky Arabia.’] In ancient geography, the 
 northwestern part of Arabia. 
 
 Arabian Gulf. The Red Sea. 
 
 Arabian Nights’ Entertainments, or A Thou- 
 sand and One Nights. A collection of Ori- 
 ental tales of which the plan and name are very 
 ancient. The source of some of the stories has been 
 traced, others are traditional. Masfide in 943 speaks of 
 a Persian work “A Thousand Nights and a Night." Mo- 
 hammed-ibn-Ishaq in his Al Fihrist in 987 alludes to it 
 as well known to him. In the course of centuries it had 
 been added to and taken from to a great extent, and in 
 1450 it was reduced to its present form in Egypt, probably 
 iu Cairo. The tales show their Persian, Indian, and Ara- 
 bian origin. The modern editions are Antoine Galland's, 
 from the oldest known MS. (1548), published in French, 
 in Paris, in 1704-17, in twelve volumes, an inaccurate 
 translation ; E. W. Lane’s English translation, which is 
 scholarly, published in 1840 ; Payne’s English translation, 
 1882-84 ; and Sir Richard Burton’s English translation, in 
 ten volumes, printed by the Kamashastra Society, for sub- 
 scribers only, at Benares, in 18S5-83. Five volumes were 
 added in 1887-88. Lady Burton issued an expurgated edi- 
 tion for popular reading at London, 1886-88, in six volumes. 
 Arabian Sea. A part of the Indian Ocean, 
 nearly corresponding to the ancient Mare Ery th- 
 reeurn, which is hounded by Africa on the west, 
 Arabia on the northwest, Persia and Baluchis- 
 tan on the north, and India on the east, and 
 is connected with the Red Sea by the Strait of 
 Bab-el-Mandeb, and with the Persian Gulf by 
 the Strait of Oman. Its chief arms are the 
 Gulfs of Aden, Oman, dutch, and Cambay; its 
 islands, Sokotra, and the Lakkadiv Islands. 
 Arabic (ar'a-bik). One of the Semitic family of 
 languages, of which, with the Himyaritic and 
 Ethiopie languages, it constitutes the southern 
 branch. It is (he language of the Koran, and has 
 largely contributed from its vocabulary to Persian, Hindu- 
 stani, and Turkish, and in a less degree to Malay, Spanish, 
 and other tongues. This Semitic language invaded Africp, 
 long after its sister language, the Punic, had disappeared. 
 
Arabic 
 
 It came in by Suez, across the Red Sea, and over the In- 
 dian Ocean from Muscat. It has superseded the Hamitic 
 Egyptian, spread over the Sahara to Lake Chad and the 
 Senegal, and in East Africa it has strongly impregnated 
 the Suahili. In Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli it 
 is the superior language, and from one end of the Sudan 
 to the other it is the sacred language of the Mohamme- 
 dans. Nowhere in Africa is the Arabic spoken in its clas- 
 sical form, but in a variety of dialects, the principal of 
 which are the Egyptian, the Maghreb, in Northwest 
 Africa, the Sudani in the Sudan, and the Muscat dialect 
 in East Africa. 
 
 Arabicus Sinus (a-rab'i-kus si'nus). ARoman 
 name of the Red Sea. 
 
 Arabs. See Arabia. 
 
 Araby (ar'a-bi). A poetical form of Arabia. 
 Ar acaj U ( a-’ra-ka-zho ' ) . The capital of the state of 
 Sergipe, Brazil, situated nearthe coast, 190 miles 
 northeast of Bahia. Pop., municipio, 21,132. 
 Aracan. See AraJcan. 
 
 Aracati, or Aracaty (&-ra-ka-te'). A seaport 
 in the state of Ceard, Brazil, in lat. 4° 35' S., 
 long. 37° 48' W. Population, about 6,000. 
 Aracena(a-ra-the'na). A town in the province 
 of Huelva, Spain, 53 miles northwest of Se- 
 ville. Population, 6,281. 
 
 Arachne (a-rak'ne). [Gr. ’A pdxvn, identified 
 with ap&xvv , a spider.] In Greek legend, a 
 Lydian maiden who challenged Athene to a 
 contest in weaving, and was changed by her 
 into a spider. 
 
 Arachosia (ar-a-ko'shi-a). In ancient geogra- 
 phy, a region in ancient Persia corresponding 
 to part of the modern Afghanistan. 
 
 Ara Cceli, Church of. [L., ‘altar of heaven.’] 
 See Santa Maria in Ara Cceli. 
 
 Arad (or'od), New. A town in the county of 
 Temes, Hungary, across the river from Old 
 Arad. Population, 6,139. 
 
 Arad, or Old Arad. A royal free city in the 
 county of Arad, Hungary, situated on the Ua- 
 ros in lat. 46° 12' N., long. 21° 16' E.: a rail- 
 way center, the chief emporium in southeastern 
 Hungary, and an important fortress, it has a 
 large trade in grain, wine, tobacco, spirits, and cattle. In 
 the revolution of 1819 it played an important part; it was 
 taken from the Austrians after a long siege; was sur- 
 rendered by the Hungarians Aug., 1849 ; and was the scene 
 of the military executions by Haynau, Oct. 6, 1849. Popu- 
 lation, 63,000, (1910). 
 
 Aradus (ar'a-dus). See Arvad. 
 
 Araf (a'raf), Al. [Said to be derived from Ar. 
 arafa, part, divide.] The partition between 
 Heaven and Hell described in the Koran (Surah 
 vii. 44). It is variously interpreted. “ Some imagine it 
 to be a sort of limbo for the patriarchs and prophets, or 
 for the martyrs and those who have been most eminent 
 for sanctity. Others place here those whose good and evil 
 works are so equal that they exactly counterpoise each 
 other, and therefore deserve neither reward nor punish- 
 ment ; and these, say they, will on thelast day tie admitted 
 into Paradise, after they shall have performed an act of 
 adoration, which will be imputed to them as a merit, and 
 will make the scale of their good works to preponderate. 
 Others suppose this intermediate space will be a recep- 
 tacle for those who have gone to war without their 
 parents' leave, and therein suffered martyrdom ; being ex- 
 cluded from Paradise for their disobedience, and escaping 
 hell because tiiey are martyrs." Hughes, Diet, of Islam. 
 Arafat (a-ra-fat'). A sacred mountain of the 
 Mohammedans, situated about 15 miles south- 
 east of Mecca, Arabia. 
 
 Arafura Sea (a-ra-fo'ra, se). That part of the 
 ocean which lies north of Australia, east of Ti- 
 mor, and southwest of Papua. 
 
 Arafuras. See Alfures. 
 
 Arago (ar'a-go; F. pron. a-ra-go'), Dominique 
 Franqois. Born at Estagel, near Perpignan, 
 France, Feb. 26, 1786: died at Paris, Oct. 2, 
 1853. A French physicist and astronomer, 
 noted especially for his experiments and dis- 
 coveries in magnetism and optics, and for his 
 skill as a popular expounder of scientific facts 
 and theories. He was engaged with Biot in geodetic 
 measurements in the Pyrenees and Balearic Islands 1806- 
 1808 ; was imprisoned by the Spaniards and later by the Al- 
 gerines as a spy, and finally released in 1809; became a 
 member of the Academy and professor of analytical geom- 
 etry at the Polytechnic School in 1S09 ; lectured in Paris 
 on astronomy 1812-45; and was appointed chief director 
 of the observatory and perpetual secretary of the Academy 
 in 1830. In the same year he became a member of the 
 Chamber of Deputies, and in 1848 a member of the provi- 
 sional government. With Gay-Lussac he was the founder 
 (1810) of the “ Annales de Chimie et ,de Physique." He 
 is best known, popularly, from his “Eloges historiques" 
 upon deceased members of the Academy, which he deliv- 
 ered as secretary of that body. 
 
 Arago, Etienne. Born at Perpignan, France, 
 Feb. 9, 1802 : died at Paris, March 6, 1892. A 
 French dramatist, journalist, politician, and 
 poet, brother of Dominique Framjois Arago : 
 author of “Les Aristocrates” (1847), etc. 
 
 Arago, Jacques Etienne Victor. Born at Es- 
 tagel, near Perpignan, March 10, 1790: died 
 in Brazil, Jan., 1855. A French traveler and 
 
 70 
 
 writer, brother of Dominique Francois Arago : 
 author of “Voyage autour du monde” (1843), 
 etc. 
 
 Aragon (ar'a-gon). An ancient kingdom, now 
 a captaincy-general of Spain, capital Sara- 
 gossa, bounded by France on the north, by 
 Catalonia on the east, by Valencia on the south, 
 and by New Castile, Old Castile, and Navarre on 
 the west, comprising the provinces of Huesca, 
 Saragossa, and Teruel. It is traversed by mountains 
 and intersected by the Ebro. During the middle ages it 
 was one of the two chief Christian powers in the penin- 
 sula. In 1035 it became a kingdom ; was united to Catalo- 
 nia in 1137 ; rose to great influence through its acquisitions 
 in the 13th and 14th centuries of Valencia, the Balearic 
 Islands, Sardinia, and the Sicilies ; and was united with 
 Castile in 1479 through the marriage of Ferdinand of Ara- 
 gon with Isabella of Castile. Area, 18.294 square miles. 
 Population, 940,346. Formerly also Arragon. 
 
 Aragon. A river, about 125 miles long, which 
 rises in the Pyrenees, flows west and southwest 
 through Aragon and Navarre, and joins the 
 Ebro at Milagro. 
 
 Aragona (a-ra-go'na). A town in the province 
 of Girgenti, Sicily, 8 miles north of Girgenti. 
 There are sulphur-mines in its vicinity. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 14,126. 
 
 Aragua (a-ra'gwa). A noted valley in northern 
 Venezuela, east of Lake Valencia. It gave 
 name to a former province of Venezuela. 
 
 Araguari (a-ra-gwii-re'). A river in northern 
 Brazil which flows into the Atlantic north of 
 the Amazon. 
 
 Araguaya (a-ra-gwi'a). A river of central Bra- 
 zil which rises about lat. 18° 30' S., flows north, 
 is separated in its middle course for a long dis- 
 tance into two arms, and joins the Tocantins 
 about lat. 6° S. Its length is about 1,000 miles, 
 and it is navigable for about 750 miles. 
 
 Araish. See El-Araish. 
 
 Arakan, or Aracan (a-ra-kan'). A division 
 in the western part of Lower Burma, ceded 
 to the British iu 1826. Population, 762,102. 
 
 Arakan. The northernmost district of the di- 
 vision of Arakan. 
 
 Araktcheyeff (a-rak-eha'yef), Count Alexei. 
 Born Oct. 4, 1769 : died at Grusino, government 
 of Novgorod, Russia, May 3, 1834. A Russian 
 general and minister of war (1806), the organ- 
 izer of the military colonies in Russia 1822-25. 
 
 Aral Sea (ar'al se), or Sea of Ehuwarizm. 
 A brackish inland sea of Russian Central Asia, 
 in lat. 43° 42'- 46° 44' N., long. 58° 18'- 61° 46' E. 
 It receives the waters of the Amu-Daria and Sir-Daria, 
 but has no outlet and is thought to have been formerly 
 dry, the Amu-Daria and Sir-Daria then discharging into 
 the Caspian Sea. The Aral is generally shallow (maxi- 
 mum depth 37 fathoms), and is veiled by storms. Its 
 length is 225 miles, greatest width 185 miles, height above 
 sea-level about 160 feet, and area 26,200 square miles. It 
 is decreasing in size. 
 
 Aram (a/ram), or Aramea, or Aramsea (ar-a- 
 me'a). [L. Aram, Gr. ’A pap, Heb. ’Ardm; L. 
 * Aramsea (sc. regio). The common etymology 
 ‘highland’ is very doubtful.] The biblical 
 name of the country extending from the west- 
 ern frontiers of Babylonia to the highlands of 
 western Asia. The inhabitants of this country are 
 called Arameans. The Septuagint and Vulgate render 
 the name by Syria. The Old Testament mentions six di- 
 visions of the country, among them being Aram Naharaim 
 (Gen. xxiv. 10), i. e., of the two rivers; Mesopotamia, prob- 
 ably the territory between the Euphrates and the Chabor 
 where the Judean exiles were settled (2 Ki. xvii. 6 ) ; Pad- 
 danaram, probably the designation for the flat country in 
 northern Mesopotamia ; and Damascus. In the Assyrian 
 cuneiform inscriptions the names Aramu, Arimu, and 
 Arumu are used, but only of Mesopotamia and the peoples 
 on the western bank of the Euphrates. The principal 
 river of Aram was the Orontes. The Arameans were in 
 race, language, and religion Semitic. As early as the 
 period of the Judges an Aramean king extended his con- 
 quests to Palestine (Judges iii. 8, 10). David took Damas- 
 cus from them, but Solomon was obliged to restore it. 
 The last king of Damascus, Rezin, allied himself with 
 Pekah, king of Israel, against Judah, but succumbed to 
 Tiglath-Pileser of Assyria (745-727 B. c.). Aram Naharaim 
 appears on Egyptian monuments and in the Tel-el-Amarna 
 tablets under the form Naharina. Thothmes I. and III. 
 and Amenophis III. conquered it several times ; but after 
 repeated attacks it Anally fell to the Assyrians. The Ara- 
 means became an important factor in the Assyrian state ; 
 their language seems to have become the common speech 
 of trade and diplomacy, and gradually supplanted Assyrian 
 in Assyria and Hebrew in Palestine. See also Syria. 
 
 Aram (a'ram), Eugene. Born at Ramsgill, 
 Yorkshire, 1.704: died Aug. 6, 1759. An English 
 scholar, executed for fraud and the murder of 
 Daniel Clark, committed in Knaresborough in 
 1745. He taught at Knaresborough and elsewhere, and 
 was arrested while acting as usher in a private school at 
 Lynn Regis. The testimony of an accomplice, Houseman, 
 through whom Clark’s remains were discovered in a cave 
 near Knaresborough, secured Aram’s conviction. On his 
 trial he defended himself with unusual ability. He was 
 self-taught, but attained a very considerable knowledge of 
 languages, and has been credited with the discovery of 
 
 Ararat 
 
 the affinity of the Celtic to other European tongues ; he 
 also disputed the then almost universally accepted direct 
 derivation of Latin from Greek. He has been highly ideal- 
 ized in a novel by Bulwer (pub. 1832), and his arrest is the 
 theme of awell-known poem by Hood (“ Dream of Eugene 
 Aram”). A play, “Eugene Aram,” by W. G. Wills, was 
 produced by Henry Irving in 1873. 
 
 Aramea, or Aramaea. See Aram. 
 
 Arameans, or Aramseans. See Aram. 
 Aramaic (ar-a-ma'ik) . One of the Semitic fam- 
 ily of languages, properly a general term for 
 all the northern Semitic dialects, and so includ- 
 ing the so-called Chaldaic or Chaldean, and 
 Syriac or Syrian. Some portions of the “Hebrew” 
 Scriptures (Ezra, and Daniel, and parts of other books) 
 are in Aramaic. Also Aramean. 
 
 Araminta (ar-a-min'ta). 1. Iu Vanbrugh’s 
 comedy “ The Confederacy, ’’the wife of Money- 
 trap, an extravagant, luxurious woman with a 
 marked leaning toward “ the quality.” — 2. The 
 principal female character iu Congreve’s com- 
 edy “ The Old Bachelor.” 
 
 Aramis (a-ra-mes'). One of the “Three Mus- 
 keteers,” in Dumas’s novel of that name. He is 
 the mildest and most gracious of the trio, and finally en- 
 ters the church. The name is an assumed one, his real 
 name being known only to the captain of the Musketeers. 
 
 Aran (a-ran'), Valle de or Val de. A valley in 
 the Pyrenees, in the province of Lerida, Spain, 
 northeast of the Maladetta group : the source 
 of the Garonne. 
 
 Aran, or Arran, Islands (ar'an i'landz). Three 
 islands at the entrance of Galway Bay, western 
 coast of Ireland : Inishmore (length 8 miles), 
 Inishmain, Inisheer : about lat. 55° N. 
 
 Arana, Diego Earros. See Barros Arana, 
 Diego. 
 
 Aranda (a-ran'da) Count of (Pedro Pablo 
 Abarca y Bolea). Born in Aragon, 1719 : 
 died 1799 (1794 '(). A Spanish statesman and 
 diplomatist. As president of the Council of Castile 
 he effected the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767. Later he 
 was ambassador to France. 
 
 Aranda de Duero (a-ran'da da dwa'ro). A 
 town in the province of Burgos, Spain, situated 
 on the Duero 57 miles east of Valladolid. 
 Population, 5,736. 
 
 Arango y Parreno (a-rang'go e par-ra'no), 
 Francisco de. Born at Havana, May 22, 1765 : 
 died at Guines, March 21, 1837. A Cuban law- 
 yer. He was twice the representative of Cuba in the 
 Spanish Cortes, was councilor of state, and held other pub- 
 lic offices ; but he is best known for his numerous works 
 on economical questions connected with Cuba. 
 Aranjuez (a-ran-Hweth'). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Madrid, Spain, situated on the Tagus 
 28 miles soutb of Madrid. It was a favorite royal 
 residence, and was the scene of the outbreak of the rev- 
 olution of March, 1808, which overthrew Godoy and com- 
 pelled Charles IV. to abdicate. Population, 12,670. 
 
 Aranjuez, Peace of. A treaty of alliance against 
 England concluded between France and Spain, 
 1772. 
 
 Aransas Bay (a-ran'zas ba). An arm of the 
 Gulf of Mexico, northeast of Corpus Christ! 
 Bay. 
 
 Aransas Pass. A strait, the entrance to Aran- 
 sas Bay. 
 
 Arany (or'ony), Janos. BornatNagy-Szalonta, 
 Hungary, March 2, 1817: died at Budapest, Oct. 
 22, 1882. A Hungarian poet. He became profes- 
 sor of the Hungarian language and literature in the Re- 
 formed Gymnasium at Nagy-Koros in 1854, director of the 
 Kisfaludy Society in I860, and member of the Hungarian 
 Academy in 1858 (secretary 1864-78). He was the author of 
 the humorous poem “ Az elveszett alkotmAny ” (“The Lost 
 Constitution," 1843), the epic trilogy “Toldi ’’(1847-80), etc. 
 
 Arany, Laszlo. Born at Nagy-Szalonta, March 
 24, 1844: died at Budapest, Aug. 1, 1898. A 
 Hungarian poet, son of Jdnos Arany. 
 
 Aranyos (or'on-vosh). [Hung, arany, gold.] 
 A gold-bearing river in western Transylvania, 
 which flows easterly to join the Maros. Its 
 length is about 80-90 miles. 
 
 Aranza (a-ran'zii), Duke. The principal char- 
 acter in Tobin’s comedy “ The Honeymoon.” 
 Arapaho, or Arapahoe (a-rap'a-ho). [Proper- 
 ly a plural form : but the plural Arapahoes is 
 used. The name is possibly from Pawnee 
 tirapihu, trader.] A tribe of North American 
 Indians living chiefly on the head waters of 
 the Platte and Arkansas rivers, but also rang- 
 ing from the Yellowstone to the Rio Grande. 
 
 They number about 2,200, some living in Oklahoma and 
 others on the Wind River Reservation, Wyoming. See 
 Algonquian. 
 
 Arapiles (a-ra-pe'les). A village near Sala- 
 manca, the principal scene of the battle of Sal- 
 amanca, 1812. 
 
 Arar (a'rar). [L., also Araris.'] The ancient 
 name of the river Saone. 
 
 Ararat (ar'a-rat). The ancient name of a dis- 
 trict in eastern Armenia between the rivers 
 
Ararat 
 
 Araxes and the lakes Van and Urumiah ; also 
 used for all Armenia, and for the mountain- 
 ridge in the south of that country. The usual 
 statement that Noah's ark rested on Mount Ararat has no 
 foundation in the Hebrew text, which reads “ on the moun- 
 tains of Ararat.” In the Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions 
 the country is mentioned under the name Urartu, and 
 many expeditions of the Assyrian kings against it are 
 enumerated. The Greeks called the Armenians Alaro- 
 dians (Herod. III. 94). 
 
 Ararat (ar'a-rat). [Heb. ’Arardt, Samaritan 
 Hararat. The Ar. name is Massis, Turk. Aghri- 
 Dagh, Pers. Euhi-Nuh (Noah’s Mountain).] A 
 volcanic mountain which rises in two summits 
 (Great Ararat and Little Ararat) from the plain 
 of the Araxes, in lat. 39° 40' N., long. 44° 20' E.: 
 the traditional resting-place of Noah’s ark (see 
 above). It lies on the confines of Russian, Turkish, 
 and Persian Armenia, the summit belonging to Russia. 
 The mountain was partly altered by an earthquake in 1840. 
 It was ascended by Parrot in 1829, and since that time 
 by Bryce and others. The height of Great Ararat is about 
 17 MOO feet (17,325 — Parrot) ; that of Little Ararat, 12,840 
 feet. 
 
 Ararat. A town in Ripon County, Victoria, 
 Australia, situated on Hopkins River 55 miles 
 northwest of Ballarat. It contains gold-fields. 
 Population, 3,580. 
 
 Araros (ar'a-ros). [Gr. ’Apapuc.J An Athenian 
 comic poet, the son of Aristophanes. He brought 
 out his father’s “Plutus” 388 B. c., and ap- 
 peared as an original poet 375 B. c. 
 
 Aras (a-ras'). A river, the ancient Araxes, 
 which rises in Turkish Armenia, flows through 
 Transcaucasia, forms part of the boundary be- 
 tween Russia and Persia, and joins the Kur 
 about lat. 39° 55' N., long. 48° 25' E. Its length 
 is 400-500 miles. 
 
 Aratus (a-ra'tus). [Gr. v Aparog. ] Lived about 
 
 270 b. c. A Greek poet, said to have resided 
 during the latter part of his life at the court of 
 Antigonus Gonatas, and to have devoted him- 
 self to the study of physic, grammar, and phi- 
 losophy. He “was the author of an astronomical epic 
 which Cicero translated, entitled ‘Prognostics of the 
 Weather' ( Diosemeia ). It is from Aratus that St. Paul, 
 addressing the Athenians, quotes the words * For we are 
 also his offspring' (Acts xvii. 28)” (Jebb, Greek Lit.). 
 
 Aratus. [Gr. ’hparof.] Born at Sicyon, Greece, 
 
 271 B. c. : died 213 b. c. A Greek statesman 
 and general. He liberated Sicyon from the usurper 
 Nicocles in 251 ; was elected strategus of the Achsean 
 League in 245 for the first time ; took the citadel of Corinth 
 in 243 • was defeated in a succession of campaigns by the 
 Spartans under Cleomenes ; formed an alliance with Anti- 
 gonus of Macedon, who defeated Cleomenes at the battle 
 of Sellasia 221 B. c. ; and carried on an unsuccessful de- 
 fensive war against the Hftolians 221-219 B. c. He com- 
 posed commentaries in thirty books (all now lost) which 
 brought the history of Greece down to the year 220 B. c. 
 He is said to have been poisoned by Philip of Macedon. 
 
 Arauca (a-rou'ka). A river in Colombia and 
 western Venezuela, a tributary of the Orinoco. 
 Araucana (a-rou-ka'na). A heroic poem, in 
 thirty-seven cantos, by the Spanish poet Alonso 
 de Ercilla. It is partly a geographical and statistical 
 account of the province of Araucania and partly the story 
 of the expedition for the conquest of Araucania in which 
 the author took part. 
 
 Araucania (a-rou-ka'ne-a). A region in south- 
 ern Chile which included the territory south of 
 the Biobio River to the Gulf of Ancu — that is, 
 nearly the modem provinces of Biobio, Arauco, 
 Malleco, Cautin, and Valdivia. See Araucani- 
 ans. 
 
 Araucanians (ar-a-ka'ni-anz). or Araucanos 
 (a-rou-ka'nos). [Said to be derived from a 
 verb of their language, aucani, to be savage, un- 
 conquerable.] A tribe of Indians in southern 
 Chile. They were very numerous and warlike, and suc- 
 cessfully resisted the Incas in the 15th century. From 
 the time when their territory was first invaded by Valdivia 
 (1544) they waged a continual war against the Spaniards. 
 Valdivia himself was killed by them (1553), as was one of 
 his successors, Martin Garcia Loyola (1598), and twice the 
 whites were completely driven from their territory. The 
 tribe still numbers over 20,000. Originally they were rov- 
 ing and very savage, but they now practise agriculture and 
 have considerable herds. Few of them are Catholics. 
 Arauco (ii-rou'ko). A province (capital Lebu) 
 in southern Chile. Area, 2,446 square miles 
 (formerly larger). Population, 61,538. 
 Arauco. A fort and town of Chile, south of 
 Concepcidn, and originally about 6 miles from 
 the sea: founded by Valdivia in 1552. During 
 
 the early Araucanian wars it was a post of great impor- 
 tance. Besieged by the Indians, it was abandoned and 
 destroyed in 1553 ; rebuilt by Mendoza, 1559 ; again aban- 
 doned when attacked by Antihueno, 1663 ; rebuilt in 1566 
 and withstood what might be called a continuous siege 
 from 1559 to 1590, when it was removed to the present site 
 on the coast. The modem town is a port of some impor- 
 tance. Population, 3,246. 
 
 Araujo Lima (a-rou'zhii le'ma), Pedro de. 
 Born at Antas, Pernambuco, Dec. 22, 1793: 
 died at Rio de Janeiro, June 7, 1870. A Bra- 
 
 71 
 
 zilian statesman, regent of Brazil during the 
 minority of the emperor Pedro II., April 22, 
 1838, to J uly 23, 1840. The emperor created him vis- 
 count of Olinda in 1841, and marquis of Olinda in 1854. 
 He was senator, and several times prime minister (1848- 
 1849, 1857-59, 1862-64, 1865-66). 
 
 Araujo de Azevedo (a-rou'zho de a-za-va'do), 
 Antonio de. Born near Ponte de Lima, May 
 14, 1754: died at Rio de Janeiro, June 21, 1817. 
 A Portuguese statesman and diplomatist. He 
 was made minister of war and foreign affairs, July, 1804, 
 and toward the end of 1807 prime minister. It was by 
 his advice that the Portuguese court fled to Brazil (Nov., 
 1807). Arrived atRiode Janeiro(March, 1808), heresigned, 
 remaining a member of the Council of State, and in 1815 
 was created conde de Barca. In 1814 he was minister of 
 marine, and in 1817 was again called to be prime minister, 
 holding the position until his death. 
 
 Araujo Porto-Alegre (a-rou'zho por'to-a-la'- 
 gre), Manoel de. Born at Rio Pardo, Rio 
 Grande do Sul, Brazil, Nov. 29, 1806: died at 
 Lisbon, Portugal, Dec. 30, 1879. A Brazilian 
 poet, painter, and architect : author of a col- 
 lection of poems entitled “Brazilianas.” 
 Arausio (a-ra'shi-o). [Gr. ’A pavaiuv.'] A town 
 of the Cavari, the modern Orange, Prance. 
 Aravalli, or Aravali (ar-a-val'e), or Aravulli 
 (ar-a-vul 'i) Hills. A range of mountains in 
 Rajputana, India, about 300 miles in length, 
 extending from northeast to southwest. Its 
 highest point is Mount Abu (about 5,650 feet). 
 Arawaks (a'ra-waks). A numerous Indian 
 stock also called Armas, widely distributed over 
 northern and northeastern South America, in 
 and between tribes of other linguistic stocks. 
 The Campas, for instance, a considerable tribe of eastern 
 Peru, are Arawaks by their language, as is the Pano group. 
 Some of the latter are cannibals. Formerly they occupied 
 most of the West Indian islands with the coasts of Guiana 
 and part of Venezuela. At the time of the conquest they 
 had been driven out of the Lesser Antilles by invasions of 
 the Caribs, but were found by Columbus in Haiti, and the 
 first Indians discovered by him in the Bahamas were of 
 this race. The Arawaks of the Antilles (except those on 
 Jamaica in part) were a gentle, well-disposed people, prac- 
 tising agriculture, but with little civilization. They were 
 constantly forced to defend themselves against the Caribs. 
 Also written Arrawacs, Arwakas , Arruagues. 
 
 Araxes (a-rak'sez). [Gr. A/idf^r.] The an- 
 cient name of the Aras and perhaps of other 
 streams flowing into the Caspian Sea. 
 
 Araxes (Aras) seems to have been a name common in 
 the days of Herodotus to all the great streams flowing into 
 the Caspian, just as Don has been to all the great Scythian 
 rivers (Tan- ais, Dan- aper or Dniepr, Demaster or Dreiestr, 
 Donau, Don-aub or Dan- ube, Ac.), and as Avon is to so 
 many English streams. Rawlinson, Herod., III. 9, note. 
 
 Arbaces (ar'ba-sez or ar-ba'sez). [Gr. Ap- 
 /M/o?f.] The founder of the Median empire. 
 He reigned about 876-848 b. c. 
 
 Arbaces. 1. In Beaumont andFletcher’s “King 
 and No King,” the King of Iberia, whose nature 
 is a compound of vainglory and violence. — 
 2. A character in Dr. Arne’s opera “Arta- 
 xerxes.” — 3. In Byron’s “ Sardanapalus,” the 
 Governor of Media, who became, in place of 
 Sardanapalus, the king of Nineveh and As- 
 syria. 
 
 Arballu (ar-ba-e'lo). [Assyr., ‘city of the four 
 gods.’] Same as Arbela. 
 
 Arbasto (ar-bas'to) the Anatomie of For- 
 tune. A novel by Robert Greene, printed in 
 1584. 
 
 Arbate (ar-bat'). 1. A character in Moliere’s 
 comedy “La Princesse d’Elide.” — 2. A char- 
 acter in Racine’s play “ Mithridate.” 
 
 Arbe (ar'ba), Slav. Rab (rab). An island, 
 about 14 miles long, in the Adriatic Sea 35 miles 
 southeast of Fiume, belonging to Dalmatia, 
 Austria-Hungary. 
 
 Arbedo (ar-ba'do). A village in the canton of 
 Ticino, Switzerland, 2 miles northeast of Bel- 
 linzona. Here, 1422, the Swiss defeated the 
 Milanese (“battle of St. Paul”). 
 
 Arbela (ar-be'la). [See Arbailu.\ In ancient 
 geography, a town in Assyria, lat. 36° 8' N., 
 long. 44° 4' E.,the modern Arbil,Erbil,orErvil. 
 It was an early seat of the worship of Istar, and a place 
 of considerable importance. Near here, at Gaugamela, 
 the Macedonians (47,000) under Alexander the Great de- 
 feated the Persian army (about 1,000,000 ?) under Darius, 
 in 331 B. o. This battle led to the final overthrow of the 
 Persian empire. 
 
 Arber (iir'ber). Tho highest group of the Boh- 
 merwald, situated in Bavaria about 50 miles 
 east of Ratisbon. The height of the Grosser 
 Arber is about 4,780 feet. 
 
 Arber’s English Garner. A series of selec- 
 tions of English prose and poetry in 10 volumes, 
 printed by Edward Arber (died 1912) from man- 
 uscript or printed originals, ranging from 1402 
 to 1715. They are mostly tracts, poems, and short 
 pieces, given with modern spelling. The series of “Eng- 
 lish .Reprints ” follows the original exactly. 
 
 Arcachon 
 
 Arber’s English Reprints. A series of re- 
 prints of English prose and poetry in 30 num- 
 bers, in 14 volumes (1st ed. 1868), ranging from 
 1516 to 1712. These are somewhat longer than 
 the pieces printed in the “ Garner.” 
 
 Arbil (ar-bel'). See Arbela. 
 
 Arblay (ar'bla), Madame d’ (Frances Bur- 
 ney). Born at Lynn Regis, England, June 
 13, 1752 : died at Bath, England, Jan. 6, 1840. 
 A noted English novelist. She was the daughter 
 of Dr. Burney, the musician, and the wife (married 
 July 31, 1793) of General d’Arblay. She wrote “Evelina, 
 or a Young Lady’s Entrance into the World ” (1778), “ Ce- 
 cilia” (1782), “Edwy and Elvina," a tragedy (acted March 
 21 , 1795), “ Camilla ” (1796), “Love and Fashion,” a com- 
 edy (1800), “The Wanderer "(1814), “Memoirsof Dr. Bur- 
 ney ” (1832), “Letters and Diaries ” (5 vols. 1842 ; 2 vols. 1846). 
 From 1786 to 1791 she occupied a subordinate position 
 at court. 
 
 Arboga (ar-bo'ga). A town in the lan of Wes- 
 terns, Sweden, situatedon the Arboga near Lake 
 Malar, 76 miles northwest of Stockholm, it 
 
 was formerly of great importance, the seat of many coun- 
 cils and diets. Population, 5,183. 
 
 Arbogast (ar'bo-gast), or Arbogastes (ar-bo- 
 gas'tez). Died 394 A. D. A Frankish general 
 in the Roman service. Valentinian II. was slain by 
 his order while participating in the athletic sports of the 
 soldiers, and Eugenius, a client of Arbogast, was pro- 
 claimed emperor. He was defeated by Theodosius in 394, 
 on the Frigidus north of Aquileia, and after marching 
 about the mountains for two days fell upon his sword, 
 and so perished. 
 
 Arbois (ar-bwa'). A town in the department 
 of Jura, France, in lat. 46° 55' N., long. 5° 45' E., 
 famous for its wines. It is the birthplace of 
 Pichegru. Population, 4,093. 
 
 Arbois deJubainville(ar-bwa'dezhu-ban'vel), 
 Marie Henri d’. Born at Nancy, Dec. 5, 1827 : 
 died in Feb., 1910. A French archaeologist. 
 Arboleda (ar-bo-la'THa), Julio. Born in Bar- 
 bacoas, 1817 : died Nov. 12, 1862. A Colom- 
 bian poet and revolutionist. He early took rank 
 among the first poets of Spanish America, but the manu- 
 script of his greatest work, “Gonzalo de Oyon,” was de- 
 stroyed by a personal enemy, and only portions which 
 had been copied were published. In 1856 he joined the 
 revolt in Antioquia, became its leader, and in alliance 
 with Moreno, president of Ecuador, carried on a war 
 against Mosquera and the federalists. The states of west- 
 ern Colombia adhered to him, and he assumed the supreme 
 power; but in the midst of his success he was assassi- 
 nated. 
 
 Arbon (ar'bon). A town in the canton of Thur- 
 gau, Switzerland, situated on the Lake of Con- 
 stance 16 miles southeast of Constance. 
 Arbrissel or Arbrisselles (ar-bre-sel'), Robert 
 d’. Born at Arbrissel or Arbrises, Brittany, 
 1047 : died Feb. 25, 1117. A French ecclesias- 
 tic, the founder of the order of Fontevrault. 
 He was appointed vicar-general of the Bishop of Rennes 
 in 1085 ; became professor of theology at Angers in 1089 ; 
 and two years later retired to the forest of Craon, where 
 he founded the abbey of De Rota. Later he founded the 
 celebrated abbey of Fontevrault, near Poitiers, after which 
 the order was named. 
 
 Arbroath (ar-broTH'), or Aberbrothock (ab-er- 
 hroth'ok), or Aberbrothwick (ab-er-broth'- 
 ik). A seaport in Forfarshire, Scotland, 
 situated on the North Sea 17 miles northeast 
 of Dundee. It has manufactures of jute, flax, linen, 
 etc. Near it is a ruined abbey, founded in 1178. Ponu- 
 lation, 22,372. 
 
 Arbues (ar-ho-as'), Pedro. Born at Epila, Ara- 
 gon, 1442: died Sept. 17, 1485. A Spanish Au- 
 gustinian monk, appointed by Torquemada an 
 inquisitor of Aragon 1484. He was fatally wounded 
 in the night of Sept. 14-15, 1485, as the result of a conspir- 
 acy of the relatives of his victims. 
 
 Arbuthnot (ar'buth-not ; Sc. pron. ar-buth'not), 
 John. Born at Arbuthnot, Scotland, 1667 : died 
 at London, Feb. 27, 1735. A British physician, 
 wit, and man of letters. He studied at Aberdeen 
 and St. Andrews, and was appointed physician extraor- 
 dinary to Queen Anne Oct. 30, 1705, and physician in or- 
 dinary Nov. 11, 1709. The Tory ministry employed him 
 as a political writer, and he joined with Swift, Pope, Gay, 
 and Parnell to form the Scriblerus Club about 1714. His 
 chief works are “Law is a Bottomless Pit ; or, History of 
 John Bull” (1712), “Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus," 
 mainly Arbuthnot’s (1741). 
 
 Arbuthnot, Marriot. Bom 1711 : died at Lon- 
 don, Jan. 31, 1794. An English admiral, com- 
 mander of the fleet in the siege and capture of 
 Charleston in 1780. He became an admiral 
 of the blue in 1793. 
 
 Arc (ark). A river in the department of Savoie, 
 France, which joins the Isere at Chamousset. 
 Its length is about 90 miles. 
 
 Arc, Joan of. See Joan of Arc. 
 
 Arcachon (ar-ka-shon'). A watering-place in 
 the department of Gironde, France, situated on 
 the Bassin d’ Arcachon 35 miles southwest of 
 Bordeaux, it Is noted as a winter resort, and also 
 as a place for sea-bathing. It is said to attract over 
 200,000 visitors annually. Population, 9,279. 
 
Arcades 
 
 Arcades (ar'ka-dez). [Gr. ’Apicadec, Arcadians.] 
 A mask, by Milton, acted shortly after ‘ ‘ Comus ” 
 in 1634, and printed in 1645. 
 
 Arcadia (ar-ka'di-a). [Gr. ’Apsadia, from Apudc, 
 Arcadian.] In ancient geography, a region in 
 the heart of the Peloponnesus, bounded by 
 Achaia on the north, by Argolis on the east, 
 by Laconia and Messenia on the south, and by 
 Elis On the west. It is nearly surrounded and is in- 
 tersected by mountains, and was proverbial for its rural 
 simplicity. Its cities Tegea, Mantinea, etc., formed a 
 confederation about 370-360 B. C. 
 
 The history of the rise in modern literature of an ideal 
 Arcadia — the home of piping shepherds and coy shep- 
 herdesses, where rustic simplicity and plenty satisfied 
 the ambition of untutored hearts, and where ambition 
 and its crimes were unknown — is a very curious one, and 
 has, I think, been first traced in the chapter on Arcadia in 
 my “Rambles and Studies in Greece." Neither Theocri- 
 tus nor his early imitators laid the scene of their poems 
 in Arcadia ; this imaginary frame was first adopted by 
 Sannazaro. Mahaffy, Hist. Classical Greek Lit., I. 420. 
 
 Arcadia (ar-ka-de'a). A nomarchy of modern 
 Greece. Area, 1,661 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 162,324. 
 
 Arcadia (iir-ka'di-a). 1. A description of shep- 
 herd life, in prose and verse, by Sannazaro, 
 written toward the end of the 15th century. 
 Though itself not a pastoral romance, it appears to have 
 first opened the field to that species of composition. 
 
 2. A pastoral romance by Sir Philip Sidney, 
 published in 1590, but written in 1580-81. Its 
 whole title is “The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia.” 
 Although the scenes are artificial, the freshness of Sid- 
 ney’s style gives reality and interest to it. 
 
 3. A romance by Robert Greene, published in 
 1589. It is formed on the model of Sidney's celebrated 
 pastoral, which, though it was not printed till some years 
 after the publication of Greene's Arcadia, had been writ- 
 ten a considerable time before it. Dunlop, Hist, of Prose 
 Fiction, II. 557. 
 
 4. A pastoral romance by Lope de Vega, 
 modeled on Sannazaro, which, though written 
 long before, was not printed till 1598. — 5. A 
 pastoral play by Shirley, printed 1640, having 
 been acted some time previously. This is a 
 dramatization of Sir Philip Sidney’s romance. 
 
 Arcadius (ar-ka'di-us). [Gr. Ap/cachof.] Born 
 in Spain 383 (377?) a. d. : died May 1, 408. By- 
 zantine emperor 395-408, the elder of the two 
 sons of Theodosius and Flaccilla. He succeeded, 
 under the guardianship of Rufinas, to the eastern half of 
 the empire on the death of his father and the permanent 
 division of the Roman Empire, ltufinus claimed the civil 
 government also of the Western Empire, and was murdered 
 in 395 by Gainas, commander of the Gothic mercenaries at 
 Constantinople, who acted under the instructions of Stili- 
 cho, the guardian of Arcadius’s brother Uonorius, emperor 
 of the West. Arcadius now fell under the influence of the 
 eunuch Eutropius, supported by Gainas. After the death 
 of Eutropius (399) and of Gainas (401) he was governed en- 
 tirely by his dissolute wife Eudoxia. In this reign Alaric 
 settled with his West Goths in Illyria, and was appointed 
 dux in Illyricum orientate. 
 
 Arcady (iir'ka-di). An obsolete or poetical 
 form of Arcadia. 
 
 Arcagnolo. See Orcagna. 
 
 Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel (ark de tre- 
 onf' dii ka-ro-sel'). [F., ‘triumphal arch of 
 the tilting-yard.’] A triumphal arch built by 
 Napoleon I. at Paris, in commemoration of his 
 victories of 1805-05, in the square inclosed by 
 the Tuileries and the Louvre, it imitates, on a 
 smaller scale, the Arch of Constantine at Rome. It has 
 a large archway between two small ones, flanked by Corin- 
 thian columns, an entablature, and a high attic. Reliefs 
 over the small archways represent incidents of the cam- 
 paigns ; over the columns are placed statues of soldiers of 
 the empire, and in the spandrels of the large archway are 
 sculptured Victories. On the summit is a group in bronze 
 representing a four-horse chariot. The height is 48 feet, 
 the width 63 J. , 
 
 Arc de Triomphe de l’Etoile (ark de tre-onf' 
 de la, -twill'). [F., ‘triumphal arch of the 
 
 star.’] A triumphal arch, the largest existing, 
 at the head of the Champs Elysees, Paris, it 
 was begun in 1806 by Napoleon I., but not finished until 
 1836. The structure is 146 feet wide, 160 high, and 72 
 deep. Its chief fronts are pierced with a single archway 
 67 feet high and 46 wide, and the ends have smaller arch- 
 ways. The spandrels of the large archway are adorned 
 with Victories by Pradier, and flanked by large rectangu- 
 lar pauels representing military episodes, as do the reliefs 
 of the frieze. Above the heavy cornice there is an attic 
 with shields bearing titles of victories. Against the four 
 piers of the fronts are placed pedestals, upon which are 
 colossal high reliefs representing (east front) triumph of 
 Napoleon and Peace of Vienna (1810), by Cortot ; depart- 
 ure of troops for the frontier in 1792, by Rude; (west 
 front) blessings of peace (1815), and resistance of France 
 to invasion (1814), both by Etex. The vaults are inscribed 
 with the names of battles won by France, and of Republi- 
 can and Imperial officers. 
 
 Arcesilaus (iir-ses-i-la'us), or Arcesilas (ar- 
 ses' i-las). [Gr. ’ApKeoiXaoc, Doric ’Apiceai^at;.'] 
 Born at Pitane, gEolis, about 316 b. c. : died 
 about 241 b. c. A Greek skeptical philosopher, 
 founder of the second Academy. 
 
 Arch ( arch), Joseph. Born at Barford, War- 
 
 72 
 
 wickshire, England, Nov. 10, 1826. An English 
 social reformer. He founded the National Agricul- 
 tural Laborers’ Union in 1872, and was member of Parlia- 
 ment for N. W. Norfolk 1885-86, 1892, 1895-1900. 
 
 Arch of Augustus, or Porta Romana. A fine 
 simple Roman triumphal arch at Rimini, Italy, 
 built in 27 b. c., in honor of the restoration 
 of the Flaminian Way. It is of white travertine, 
 45.9 feet hicrh and 28.8 thick, with a single arch 29.5 feet 
 hierh and 26.9 wide. A Corinthian fluted column on each 
 side of the archway supports an entablature, above which 
 there is a low pediment. 
 
 Arch of Constantine. An arch in Rome built 
 312 A. D. in honor of Constantine’s triumph over 
 Maxentius. It lias a large central archway between 
 two smaller ones, and four Corinthian columns on each 
 front. The attic bears a long inscription. Much of its 
 abundant sculpture was taken from the destroyed Arch 
 of Trajan ; that of Constantine’s artists, associated with 
 it, is mucli inferior. 
 
 Arch of Drusus. An arch (wrongly named) 
 built by Caracalla to carry an aqueduct for the 
 supply of his thermal over the Via Appia near 
 the gate of San Sebastiano. it is built of traver- 
 tine, incrusted with white marble, and decorated with 
 Composite columns, and originally had on each side an 
 entablature and a pediment. The style is very poor. 
 
 Arch of Hadrian. A triumphal gateway at 
 Athens, probably built by Hadrian, between 
 the old city and his new quarter, it is 59 feet 
 high, with a single arch 20 feet high. Above the arch 
 there is an attic with three large openings, originally 
 closed. Above the central opening there is a pediment. 
 The arch was decorated on each side with Corinthian col- 
 umns. 
 
 Arch of Janus Quadrifrons. An arch in the 
 Velabrum, Rome, at the northeastern extrem- 
 ity of the Forum Boarium. It is a four-way arch 
 of marble, largely built of older architectural fragments, 
 late in period and degraded in style. The interior is cov- 
 ered with a simple groined vault. The four fronts bear 
 32 niches for statues of divinities, and on the massive piers 
 16 blind niches flanking the archways. The attic is de- 
 stroyed. The structure was used in antiquity as a kind 
 of financial exchange. 
 
 Arch of Septimius Severus. An arch in the 
 Roman Forum, dedicated 203 a. d., in commem- 
 oration of victories over the Parthians. it is of 
 Pentelic marble, with a central arch and two side arches, 
 flanked by four Corinthian columns on each face. There 
 are panels over the side arches and a frieze above all with 
 reliefs of Roman triumphs. The attic bears inscriptions. 
 Arch of Titus. An arch in Rome, built in com- 
 memoration of the taking of Jerusalem, it has 
 a single archway, the opening flanked on each face by 
 four Composite columns. The spandrels bear Victories 
 in relief, and on the high attic is the dedicatory inscrip- 
 tion. The vault is richly coffered and sculptured, and 
 the interior faces of the piers display reliefs of Titus in 
 triumph, with the plunder of the temple at Jerusalem, in 
 which the seven-branched candlesticks are conspicuous. 
 
 Arch of Trajan. 1. An arch over the Appian 
 Way at Benevento, Italy, dedicated a. d. 114, 
 and one of the finest of ancient arches, it is of 
 white marble, 48 feet high and 301 wide, with a single 
 arch measuring 27 by 164 feet. On’ each face there are 
 four engaged Corinthian columns, with an entablature, 
 above which is a paneled attic. The arch is profusely 
 sculptured with reliefs illustrating Trajan’s life and his 
 Dacian triumphs. There are Victories in the spandrels and 
 dedicatory inscriptions on the central panels of the attic. 
 2. An arch erected at Ancona a. d. 112. it is of 
 white marble, and stands at the end of the breakwater 
 built by Trajan, and is perhaps the best-proportioned of 
 all Roman triumphal arches. It has a single opening 46 
 by 29.) feet, two engaged Corinthian columns on the face 
 of each pier, and a high attic above the entablature. 
 
 Archangel (ark-an'jel), or Archangelsk (ar- 
 chang'gelsk). The largest and northernmost 
 government of Russia, bounded by the Arctic 
 Ocean, the White Sea, the Ural Mountains, Fin- 
 land, and the governments of Vologda and 
 Olonetz. The surface is generally level, sterile in the 
 north and covered with forests in the south. Area, 326,- 
 063 square miles. Population, about 413,500. 
 
 Arcnangel, or Archangelsk. A seaport, the 
 capital of the government of Archangel, situ- 
 ated on the Dwina, near the White Sea in lat. 
 64° 32' N., long. 40° 33' E.: the chief commer- 
 cial town in the north of Russia, and long the 
 only Russian seaport. The harbor is open from May 
 to September. Archangel exports grain, flax, linseed, 
 pitch, skins, tar, etc. It was visited by the English in 
 1553, and an English factory was built/ A Russian fort 
 was built in 1584. The town was blockaded by the British 
 in 1854 and in 1855. Population, 21,096. 
 
 Archangel Bay, or Gulf of Archangel. An 
 
 arm of the White Sea near Archangel. 
 
 Archas. The person in Fletcher’s “ The Loyal 
 Subject ” who gives to the play its name : a 
 general of the Muscovites whose loyalty is of 
 that exaggerated description that bears all 
 kinds of outrage from an unworthy king. 
 Young Archas, the son of the general, disguise's himself 
 as a woman, and takes the name of Alinda. 
 
 Archdale (arch'dal), John. An English colo- 
 nial official, governor of North Carolina about 
 1695-96. 
 
 Archilochus 
 
 Archelaus (ar-ke-la'us). [Gr. Ap^Glaof.] One 
 of the Heraclidse, the traditional founder of the 
 Macedonian royal house. 
 
 Archelaus. Lived about 450 b. c. A Greek 
 philosopher of the Ionian school, said to have 
 been the instructor of Socrates and Euripides : 
 surnamed “Physicus” (‘the physicist’) from 
 his devotion to physical science. He regarded 
 heat and cold as the principles of generation. 
 
 Archelaus. Died 399 b. c. King of Macedon 
 413-399 b.c., the natural son of Perdiccas II. 
 He was a patron of Hellenic art and literature, and at- 
 tracted to his court Zeuxis, Euripides, and Agathon, and 
 invited Socrates, who declined. 
 
 Archelaus. A Cappadocian general in the 
 service of Mithridates. He was defeated by Sulla 
 at Chseronea in 86 B. C., and at Orcbomenus in 85, and de- 
 serted to the Romans in 81. 
 
 Archelaus. King of Egypt 56 or 55 b. c., a son 
 of Archelaus of Cappadocia. He became high 
 priest at Cornana 63 B.C., and secured the hand of Bere- 
 nice, queen of Egypt, by representing himself to be the 
 son of Mithridates Eupator. He was defeated and slain 
 by the Romans after a reign of six mouths. 
 
 Archelaus. King of Cappadocia from about 
 34 b.c. to 17 A. d., a grandson of Archelaus 
 (about 56 B. C.). He owed his elevation to Mark An- 
 tony, who was captivated by the charms of Archelaus s 
 mother, Glaphyra. He sided with Antony in the war with 
 Octavian ; was suffered, after the defeat of Antony, to 
 retain his kingdom, to which was subsequently added 
 part of Cilicia and Lesser Armenia ; and was summoned 
 to Rome by Tiberius, where he was detained till his death. 
 
 Archelaus. Died at Vienna, Gaul. Ethnarch 
 of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea about 3 b. c.- 
 7 a. d., a son of Herod the Great. He was de- 
 posed by Augustus. 
 
 Archelaus. Lived probably in the 1st century 
 a. d. A Greek sculptor. A bas-relief, the 
 “Apotheosis of Homer,” carved by him, is in 
 the British Museum. 
 
 Archeuholz (ar'chen-hdlts), Baron Johann 
 Wilhelm von. Born near Dantzic, Sept. 3, 
 1743: died near Hamburg, Feb. 28, 1812. A 
 German historian. He wrote “ Geschichte des 
 siebenjahrigen Kriegs” (1793, “History of the 
 Seven Years’ War”), etc. 
 
 Archer (ar'cher), Branch T. Born 1790: died 
 Sept. 22, 1856. A Texan revolutionist and poli- 
 tician. He removed to Texas in 1831, presided over the 
 “Consultation" Nov. 3, 1835, was a member of the first 
 Texan congress 1836, was sent to Washington where he 
 became speaker of the House and was secretary of war, 
 1839-42. 
 
 Archer. In Farquhar’s comedy “ The Beaux’ 
 Stratagem,” a friend of Aimwell who pretends 
 to be his servant in order to further the success 
 of the stratagem. He carries on Various lively 
 adventures on his own account. See Aimwell. 
 
 Archer, The. See Sagittarius. 
 
 Archer River. A river in Cape York Penin- 
 sula, Queensland, Australia, which flows into 
 the Gulf of Carpentaria. 
 
 Archias (ar'ki-as), Aulus Licinius. [Gr. Ap- 
 X'ac.) A Greek poet, a native of Antioch (from 
 about 120 B. C. ). Cicero defended him (61 B. c.) against 
 the charge of assuming Roman citizenship illegally, in an 
 oration (pro Arcliia poeta) from which chiefly he is known. 
 
 Archibald (ar'chi-bald), Sir Adams George. 
 Born at Truro, Nova Scotia, May 18, 1814: died 
 at Halifax, Dec. 14, 1892. A Canadian politician 
 and jurist, secretary of state for the Dominion 
 of Canada 1867-68, and lieutenant-governor of 
 Manitoba and the Northwest Territories 1870- 
 1873. He was knighted in 1885. 
 
 Archidamus (iir-ki-da'mus) II. [Gr. ’Apxlda- 
 //of. ] King of Sparta 469 to about 427 b. C. 
 He led the Peloponnesian army against Athens in the be- 
 ginning of the Peloponnesian war. 
 
 Archidamus III. King of Sparta from 361 to 
 338 B. C. He defeated the Arcadians and Argives in the 
 “Tearless Rattle,” 367, and was killed in battle in 338. 
 
 Archidamus. A Bohemian lord in Shakspere’s 
 “ Winter’s Tale.” 
 
 Archigenes (ar-kij'e-nez). [Gr .’Apxiytvr/c.] A 
 Greek physician, a native of Apamea in Syria, 
 who practised in Rome in the time of Trajan 
 (98-117 a. d.) : the most celebrated of the eclec- 
 tics. He was the author of a treatise on the 
 pulse, to which Galen added a commentary. 
 
 Archilochus (ar-ldl'o-kus). [Gr. ’Apx'rtoxoc.l 
 A Greek lyric poet of Paros who flourished 
 about 700 "b. c. (the date is much disputed). 
 He was famous for his satiric iambic poetry. “The Em- 
 peror Hadrian judged that the Muses had shown a special 
 mark of favor to Homer in leading Archilochus into a dif- 
 ferent department of poetry." (Smith.) The invention of 
 elegiacs was attributed to him. Sec Callimis. 
 
 He [Archilochus] was born of a good family at Paros, 
 but lived, owing to poverty, a life of roving adventure, 
 partly, it appears, as a mercenary soldier, partly as a c6l- 
 onist to Thasos ; nor do bis wanderings appear to have 
 been confined to eastern Ilellas. for he speaks in praise of 
 the rich plains about the Siris in Italy (frag. 21). He was 
 
Archilochus 
 
 betrothed to Neobule, the youngest daughter of Lycam- 
 bes, his townsman ; but when she was refused him, prob- 
 ably on account of his poverty, he vented his rage and dis- 
 appointment in those famous satires which first showed 
 the full power of the iambic metre, and were the wonder 
 and the delight of all antiquity. He ended his life by the 
 death he doubtless desired, on the field of battle. In 
 coarseness, terseness, and bitterness he may justly be called 
 the Swift of Greek literature. But even the scanty frag- 
 ments of Archilochus show a range of feeling and a wide- 
 ness of sympathy far beyond the complete works of Swift. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist. Classical Greek Lit., I. 159. 
 
 Archilochus, if not absolutely the inventor, was the cre- 
 ator of these two metres, the iambic and trochaic, as truly 
 as Homer was the creator of the heroic measure. 
 
 Symonds, Studies of the Greek Poets, I. 279. 
 
 Archimage (ar'ki-maj), or Arcliimago (ar-ki- 
 ma/go). 1. The impersonation of Hypocrisy 
 in Spenser’s “Faerie Queene,” a magician and 
 a compound of deceit and credulity. He deceives 
 Una by assuming the appearance of the Bed Cross Knight, 
 but his falsehood is exposed. The whole story is taken 
 from Ariosto’s “Orlando Furioso,”ii. 12. 
 
 2. The personification of Indolence in Thom- 
 son’s “Castle of Indolence.” 
 
 Archimedes (ar-ki-me'dez). [Gr. VJW<%-] 
 Born at Syracuse about 287 B. c. : died at Syra- 
 cuse, 212 b. c. The most celebrated geometri- 
 cian of antiquity. He is said to have been a relative 
 of King Hiero of Syracuse, to have traveled early in life 
 in Egypt, and to have been the pupil of Conon the Samian 
 at Alexandria. His most important services were rendered 
 to pure geometry, but his popular fame rests chiefly on 
 his application of mathematical theory to mechanics. He 
 invented the water-screw, and discovered the principle of 
 the lever. Concerning the latter the famous saying is at- 
 tributed to him. “Give me where I may stand and I will 
 move the world ” (56s nov otc6 <ai toc /cocrpor *iv?jcru>). 
 By means of military engines which he invented he post- 
 poned the fall of Syracuse when besieged by Marcellus 
 214-212, whose fleet he is incorrectly said to have destroyed 
 by mirrors reflecting the sun’s rays. He detected the ad- 
 mixture of silver, and determined the proportions of the 
 two metals, in a crown ordered by Hiero to be made of 
 pure gold. The method of detecting the alloy, without 
 destroying the crown, occurred to him as he stepped into 
 the bath and observed the overflow caused by the displace- 
 ment of the water. He ran home through the streets 
 naked crying heurelca, “I have found it." He was killed 
 at the capture of Syracuse by Marcellus. 
 
 Archipelago (ar-ki-pel'a-go), Greek. The vari- 
 ous islands and groups of islands in the Aegean 
 Sea. See AEgean Sea. 
 
 Archipelago, Indian or Malay. The various 
 islands in the eastern hemisphere lying be- 
 tween Australia and the southeast coast of 
 Asia, including Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Cele- 
 bes, the Molucca, Lesser Sunda, and Philippine 
 islands. 
 
 Archipelago, Duchy of. Same as duchy of 
 Naxos. 
 
 Archon (ar'kon). In Dryden’s poem “Albion 
 and Albanius,” a character intended to repre- 
 sent Monk. 
 
 Archytas (ar-ki'tas) of Tarentum. [Gr. ’A pxv- 
 raf.] Lived about 400 b. c. A Greek Pythago- 
 rean philosopher, mathematician, and general, 
 who enjoyed in antiquity a great reputation for 
 his learning and virtues. He was drowned in 
 the Adriatic. 
 
 Arcis-sur-Aube (ar-se'siir-ob'). A town in the 
 department of Aube, France, situated on the 
 Aube 17 miles north of Troyes. It was the birth- 
 place of Danton. Here a battle was fought, March 20 and 
 21, 1814, between the French under Napoleon and the 
 Allies under Schwarzenberg. Napoleon was unsuccessful 
 in his attempt to prevent the junction of Schwarzenberg 
 and Bliicher, and retreated, leaving the route to Baris 
 open, with the intention of attacking the Allies in the 
 rear. Population, 2,833. 
 
 Arcite (ar'sit). A Theban knight. For account 
 of him see Chaucer’s “ Knight’s Tale,” Dryden’s 
 “Palamon and Arcite.” The Arcite of Chaucer’s 
 “ Anelida and Arcite” is not the same knight. 
 
 Arco (ar'ko). A small town in Tyrol, Austria- 
 Hungary, situated on the Sarea, near Lake 
 Garda, 16 miles southwest of Trent: a noted 
 winter resort. It contains a castle and the 
 town palace of the counts. 
 
 Arco della Pace (ar'ko del'la pa'che). [It., 
 ‘arch of the peace.’] An arch in Milan, Italy, 
 begun in 1807 in honor of Napoleon, and com- 
 pleted in 1838 in commemoration of the Peace 
 of 1815. There is a large central arch flanked by smaller 
 ones, and each front is ornamented by four Corinthian 
 columns and an entablature. Above the attic is a fine 
 bronze group of the goddess Peace in a six-horse chariot, 
 and at the four angles are mounted Victories. The wall- 
 spaces are covered with sculptured reliefs. 
 
 Arco dei Leoni (ar'ko da'e la-6'ne). [It., 
 ‘arch of the lions.’] A Roman double-arched 
 gateway in Verona, probably of the 3d century 
 A. d., one arch of which is destroyed, it is of 
 light and graceful proportions. On each side of the arch 
 there is a Corinthian column ; above there is a stoiy with 
 three openings between pilasters. The top story had col- 
 umns with spiral fluting, one of which remains. 
 
 Arcole (ar'ko-le), or Areola (ar'ko-lii). A 
 VI. 4 
 
 73 
 
 village in the province of Verona, Italy, situ- 
 ated on the Alpone 15 miles southeast of Ve- 
 rona. Here a victory was gained by the French (about 
 18,000) under Napoleon (MassOna and Augereau, division 
 commanders) over the Austrians (about 40,000) under Al- 
 vinezy, Nov. 15, 16, and 17, 1796, which prevented the re- 
 lief of Mantua. It was fought largely in the swamps 
 near Arcole. Population, commune, 3,239. 
 
 Argon (ar-son'), Jean Claude E16onore Le 
 Michaud, d’. Born at Pont.arlier, France, 1733 : 
 died July 1, 1800, A French military engi- 
 neer and writer, author of “Considerations 
 militaires et politiques sur les fortifications” 
 (1795), etc. He devised the floating batteries 
 used at the siege of Gibraltar in 1782. 
 
 Arcos de la Frontera (ar'kos da la fron-ta'ra). 
 A town and strong fortress in the province of 
 Cadiz, Spain, situated on the Guadalete 30 miles 
 northeast of Cadiz. It was a Roman town, and was 
 long a frontier town of Castile, toward Granada. Popu- 
 lation, 13,926. 
 
 Arcot (ar-kot'). [Tamil Arkat, Arucati, six 
 forests.] A city in the district of North Arcot, 
 British India, situated on the Palar in lat. 12° 
 54' N., long. 79° 20' E., once the capital of the 
 Carnatic. It was taken by Clive in August, 1751, and 
 defended by him Sept.-Nov. of that year against the 
 French and natives. Later it was successively held by the 
 French, British, and Hyder Ali, and was ceded to the 
 British in 180L Population, 10,734. 
 
 Arcot, or Arkat, North. A district in Madras, 
 Britishlndia, about lat. 13°N.,long. 79°E. Area, 
 7,386 square miles. Population, 2,207,712. 
 
 Arcot, or Arkat, South. A district in Madras, 
 British India, about lat. 12° N. , long. 79° E. Area, 
 5,217 square miles. Population, 2,349,894. 
 
 Arco-Valley (ar-ko-fa' li), Count Ludwig. 
 Born in Bavaria, 1843 : died at Berlin, Oct. 
 15, 1891. A German diplomatist, secretary of 
 legation at Washington 1871-72, and minister 
 to the United States 1888-91. His marriage with 
 the actress Janisch (1872) caused his dismissal from the 
 imperial service, to which he was restored on separating 
 from his wife. 
 
 Arctic Ocean. A part of the ocean which lies 
 about the North Pole, is partially inclosed by 
 Europe, Asia, North America, and Greenland, 
 communicates with the Pacific Ocean by Be- 
 ring Strait, and is open to the Atlantic, it is 
 generally regarded as extending southward to the Arctic 
 Circle. Among the lands ill it are Greenland, Nova Zem- 
 bla, Spitzbergen, Franz Josef Land, Jan Mayen, New Si- 
 beria, Wrangel Land, Banks Land, Prince Patrick Island, 
 Melville Island, Victoria Land, King William Island, Prince 
 of Wales Land, Bathurst Island, North Somerset, Cock- 
 burn Island, Grinnell, North Devon, Baffin Land, Elles- 
 mere Land, etc. Among its arms or divisions are Kotze- 
 bue Sound, Beaufort Sea, Melville Sound, McClintock 
 Channel, Gulf of Boothia, Lancaster Sound, Baffin Bay, 
 Smith Sound. White Sea, Kara Sea, Barentz Sea, Gulf of 
 Obi, Yenisei Gulf, Taimyr Bay, Long Strait. The pole 
 
 ★was reached by Peary on April 6, 1909. 
 
 Arctic Explorers. See under Frohislier, Davis, 
 Barentz, Hudson, Baffin, Scoresby, Cook, Bar- 
 row, Parry, Franklin, Banks, Boss, McClure, 
 McClintock, Kane, Hall, Hayes, Payer, Mark- 
 ham, Nordenskjold, Scliwatka, De Long, Greely, 
 Nares, Nansen, Peary, Grinnell, Fox. 
 
 Arctic, The. A first-class passenger steamship 
 belonging to the Collins Line (the first Ameri- 
 can line of steamships), which was sunk by col- 
 lision in the Atlantic in 1854. 
 
 Arctinus (ark-ti'nus). [Gr Ap/crivof.] A Greek 
 poet of Miletus (about 776 B. c.), author of the 
 cyclic poem “zEthiopis”: the “oldest certainly 
 known epic poet.” He was said to be a pupil 
 of Homer. 
 
 Arcturus (ark-tu'rus). [L., from Gr. Apsrov- 
 pot;, Arcturus, lit. ‘ bear-ward,’ from apurog, a 
 bear, the Great Bear, and ovpog, ward, guard, 
 keeper.] A yellow star in the northern hemi- 
 sphere, the fourth in order of brightness in the 
 entire heavens. It is situated between the thighs of 
 Bootes, behind the Great Bear, and is easily found by fol- 
 lowing out the curve of the bear's tail. In the southern 
 hemisphere it may be recognized by it3 forming a nearly 
 equilateral triangle with Spica and Denebola. It is called 
 by astronomers a Boutis. 
 
 Arcueil (iir-key'). A village in tho department 
 of Seine, France, situated on the Bieivre 1 mile 
 south of the fortifications of Paris : the ancient 
 Arcus Julianus. Near it are the ruins of an ancient 
 Roman aqueduct on the site of which another was built 
 in 1613-24 to convey water to the gardens of the Luxem- 
 bourg. On top of this aqueduct another was built in 
 1868-72. Population, 9,237. 
 
 Arcy-sur-Cure (ar-seisur-kiir'). A village iii 
 tho department of Yonne, France, situated near 
 Vermenton: famous for its stalactite grottos. 
 
 Ardabil (ar-da-bel'), or Ardebil (ar-de-bel'). 
 A town in the province of Azerbaijan, Persia, 
 situated on I he Kara-Su in lat. 38° 14' N., long. 
 48° 19' E. Population, 15,000 (?). 
 
 Al'dahan (ar-da-han'). A fortress in Russian 
 
 Ardennes, Forest of 
 
 Armenia, situated on the Kur 41 miles north- 
 west of Kars : stormed by the Russians May, 
 1877, and ceded to Russia by Turkey 1878. 
 
 Ardashir (ar-da-sher'). The real founderof the 
 Sassanian dynasty, surnamed ‘ ‘ i Papakan,” the 
 son of Papak. He reigned from 211 or 212 a. d. to 241 
 or 242. Beginning with Papak’s kingdom about Istakkr, 
 he subdued Kerman and Susiana. In 224 he defeated and 
 killed Ardavan, the last Parthian emperor, from which 
 time he called himself “king of kings.” While Istakkr 
 was in theory the capital, his real capital consisted of 
 Ctesiphon and Veh- Ardashir (Seleucia), on the opposite 
 bank of the Tigris. The important fact in his career is 
 his effective patronage of the Zoroastrian religion. 
 
 Arda Viraf. See the following. 
 
 Arda Viraf Namak (ar'da ve-rfif nfi-mak'). 
 [‘ The Book of Arda Viraf.’] A favorite reli- 
 gious book among the Parsis, written in Pah- 
 lavi. In the reign of Shapur II., since doubts still ex- 
 isted as to the truth of the Zoroastrian religion, the Das- 
 turs resolved to send one among them to the land of the 
 dead to bring back certainty. Seven were chosen, and 
 these chose three and these again one, Arda Viraf. Viraf 
 drank three cups filled with a narcotic (mang), and slept 
 until the seventh day, during which time he made a jour- 
 ney guided by Sraosha, “the angel of obedience, ’ and 
 Ataro Yazad, “the angel of the fire,’’ through heaven and 
 hell. The rewards of the one and the punishments of the 
 other are minutely described. Neither author nor date 
 is known, but the book belongs undoubtedly to Sassanian 
 times. 
 
 Ardea (ar'de-a). [L. ; Gr . ’ApSea.\ Id ancient 
 geography, a town of Latium, Italy, 21 miles 
 south of Rome. It was the chief town of the 
 Rutulians, ami later a Roman colony. 
 
 Ardebil. See Ardabil. 
 
 Ardeche (ar-dash'). A department of France, 
 capital Privas, bounded by Loire on the north, 
 by Drome (separated by the Rhone) on the east, 
 by Gard on the south, and by Lozere and Haute- 
 Loire on the west : formed chiefly from the an- 
 cient Vivarais. It is mountainous, containing the cul- 
 minating point of the O'vennes, and is rich in non, coal, 
 and other minerals. Area, 2,144 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 347,140. 
 
 Ardeche. A small river in the department of 
 Ardeche, France, which joins the Rhone 26 
 miles northwest of Avignon. 
 
 Ardei, or Ardai (ar'di). The western part of 
 the Haar, a range of hills in Westphalia north 
 of the Ruhr. 
 
 Ardekan (ar-de-kan'). A town in Persia, 135 
 miles east of Ispahan. Population, 8,000 to 
 9,000. 
 
 Ardelan (ar-de-lan'). A district in the prov- 
 ince of Irak-Ajemi, Persia, about lat. 35° 30' 
 N., long. 47° E. 
 
 Ardelia (ar-de'lia). A pseudonym of Anne 
 Finch, countess of Winchelsea. 
 
 Arden, Enoch. See Enoch Arden. 
 
 Arden (ar'den). An English forest which in 
 former times extended through Warwickshire 
 and other midland counties of England. Malone 
 and other editors of Shakspere have held that the Forest 
 of Arden of “As you Like it ” was the Forest of Ardennes 
 in French Flanders. Wherever the scene of the play was 
 laid, it is evident from the allusions to Robin Hood and 
 the bits of description that it is the English forest that 
 Shakspere meant, though the characters are French. 
 
 Arden of Feversham. 1. A tragedy first 
 printed (anonymously) in 1592, and at one time 
 attributed to Shakspere. According to Fleay, who 
 dates it 1585, there is some ground for attributing it to 
 Kyd. Tieck translated it into German as Shakspere’s work. 
 “It is a domestic tragedy of a peculiarly atrocious kind, 
 Alice Arden, the wife, being led by her passion for a base 
 paramour, Mosbie, to plot, and at last cany out, the mur- 
 der of her husband. Here it i3 not that the versification 
 has much resemblance to Shakespere’s, or that single 
 speeches smack of him, but that the dramatic grasp of 
 character both in principals and in secondary characters 
 has a distinct touch of his almost unmistakable hand. 
 Yet both in the selection and in the treatmentof the sub- 
 ject the play definitely transgresses those principles which 
 have been said to exhibit themselves so uniformly and so 
 strongly in the whole great body of his undoubted plays." 
 Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 424. 
 
 2. A tragedy, founded on the earlier one, by 
 George Lillo in 1736. it was played first in 1759. 
 It was practically unfinished and was altered and revised 
 by Dr. John Hoadley in 1762. It was produced in this 
 form in 1790. 
 
 Ardennes (ar-den'). A department of France, 
 capital Mdzuires, bounded by Belgium on the 
 north and northeast, by Meuse on the east, by 
 Marne on the south, and by Aisne on the west : 
 formed largely from part of the ancient Cham- 
 pagne. It produces iron, marble, slate, etc. 
 Area, 2,027 square miles. Population, 
 317,505. 
 
 Ardennes, Forest of. [L .Ar duenna Silva.'] In 
 ancient times, a large forest in Gaul which 
 extended from the Rhine at Coblontz to the 
 Sambre ; now restricted to southern Belgium 
 and a part of northeastern France, the present 
 Ardennes, a plateau rich in minerals and tim- 
 ber. See Arden. 
 
Ardennes, Wild Boar of 
 
 Ardennes, Wild Boar of. A nickname of the 
 ferocious William de la Marck (died 1485). He 
 figures in Scott’s “Quentin Durward.” 
 
 Ardeshir. See Ardashir. 
 
 Ardhanari. [Skt., ‘Half-woman.’] In Hindu- 
 ism, a form in which Siva, half male and half 
 female, typifies the male and female energies. 
 
 Arditi (ar-de'te), Luigi. Born July 16, 1822: 
 died May 1, 1903. An Italian violinist and com- 
 poser. He was director of opera at Vercelli 1843; trav- 
 eled in America 1846-56; was conductor at Her Majesty’s 
 Theater, London, 185S ; and conductor of Italian opera at 
 ft. Petersburg and Vienna. He composed operas (“I 
 Briganti,” “ La Spia,” “II Corsaro'j, overtures, waltzes 
 (“II Baieo”), etc. 
 
 Ardnamurchan (ard-na-mer'chan). A penin- 
 sula in the northwestern part of Argyllshire, 
 Scotland. 
 
 Ardnamurchan Point. A promontory at the 
 northwestern extremity of Argyllshire, Scot- 
 land. 
 
 Ardoch (ar'docli). A parish in southern Perth- 
 shire, Scotland, 12 miles north of Stirling, it 
 has noted Roman military antiquities (the best-preserved 
 Roman camp in Great Britain), and is the probable site 
 (Wright) of the victory of Agricola over the North Britons 
 84 A. D. 
 
 Ardore (ar-do're). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of Reggio, Calabria, Italy, 32 miles north- 
 east of Reggio. 
 
 Ardoye (ar-dwa'). A town in the province of 
 West Flanders, Belgium, 29 miles southwest 
 of Ghent. Population, 6,586. 
 
 Ardre3 (ard'r). A town in the department 
 of Pas-de-Calais, France, 9 miles southeast of 
 Calais. Near here was the meeting on the “Field of 
 the Cloth of Gold ” (which see) between Francis I. and 
 Henry VIII. in 1520. See Balinghem. 
 
 Ardrossan (ar-dros'an). A seaport and water- 
 ing-place in Ayrshire, Scotland, situated on the 
 Firth of Clyde 26 miles southwest of Glasgow. 
 It exports coal and iron. Population, 
 5,933. 
 
 Ardshir. See Ardashir. 
 
 Arduin (ard'win), or Ardoin, or Ardoino (ar- 
 do-e'no), or Ardwig (iird'viG). Died 1015. 
 King of Italy or Lombardy 1002-13, and mar- 
 quis of Ivrea. He was proclaimed king of Italy in 
 Pavia on the death of Otho III., but was overthrown by 
 Henry II. 
 
 Ardven (ard'ven). In the poems of Ossian, a 
 name given to a region on the western coast of 
 Scotland. 
 
 Ardys (ar'dis). Son of Gyges, king of Lydia. 
 Asurbanipal, king of Assyria (668-626 B. C.), relates "in his 
 annals that Gyges rebelled against him, but that his son 
 Ardys, in consequence of the invasion of Lydia by the 
 Cimmerians, submitted to him and invoked his help. 
 
 Are (a're). A ruined castle near Altenahr, in 
 the Rhine Province, Prussia. 
 
 Are (a're), or Ari (a're), Thorghilsson. Born 
 1067 (1068?): died 1148. An Icelandic histo- 
 rian, surnamed “Frothi.” He wrote “Islendinga 
 bdk ” (lost), “ Konunga bok ” (lost), and “ Landnama 
 bok” (“Book of Settlements,” extant). 
 
 Arecibo (a-ra-se'bo). A seaport on the north- 
 ern coast of Porto Rico. Population, 9,612, 
 (1910). 
 
 Arecunas (a-ra-ko'nas). A tribe, or rather 
 race, of South American Indians. They wander 
 in the region between the Amazon, Orinoco, and Rio Ne- 
 gro, especially in southeastern Venezuela and on the Rio 
 Branco, and are savages of a low grade, fierce warriors, 
 and cannibals. By their language they appear to be re- 
 lated to the Caribs. 
 
 Areius (a-rl'us). [Gr. ’Apeiog.] A Stoic or 
 Pythagorean philosopher of Alexandria, the 
 friend and preceptor of Augustus Ctesar. He is 
 said to have overcome the latter’s hesitation to put to 
 death Csesarion, the reputed son of Julius Caesar and Cleo- 
 patra, by a parody of Homer's famous praise of monar- 
 chy : “’T is no good thing, a multitude of Caesars ” (lit. 
 ‘rulers’). 
 
 Arelate (ar-e-la'te). 1. A Roman colony and 
 military post near the modern Pechlarn, on 
 the Danube. — 2. The Roman name of Arles. 
 Arena Chapel, The, It. Cappella Annunziata 
 dell’ Arena. A chapel in Padua, Italy, it is 
 a plain vaulted building without aisles, stands in the 
 precincts of the ancient amphitheater, and is famous for 
 its series of frescos by Giotto, which were begun in 1303, 
 and cover all the interior walls except those of the choir. 
 The frescos illustrate New Testament history, and also 
 give allegorical representations of the virtues and vices. 
 The main subjects are 38 in number. 
 
 Arenales (a-ra-na'les), Juan Antonio Alva- 
 rez de. Born in 1755 : died about 1825. An 
 Argentine general of the war for independence. 
 He served under San Martin in the invasion of Chile and 
 Peru, and in the latter country led two expeditions to the 
 interior (Dec., 1820, and May, 1821). In the first of these 
 he defeated and captured the Spanish general O’Reilly 
 (Dec. 6, 1820). In 1822 he commanded the garrison of 
 Lima. 
 
 74 
 
 Arenberg (a'ren-berG), or Aremberg (a'rem- 
 bero), Prince August Marie Raymond von. 
 
 Born at Brussels, Aug. 30, 1753 : died there, 
 Sept. 26, 1833. An Austrian general, brother 
 of Engelbert Ludwig von Arenberg. He was 
 elected to the French States-General 1789, and was a friend 
 of Mirabeau, upon whose death he emigrated to Austria. 
 He obtained the rank of major-general in the Austrian 
 army, and was employed by the Austrian government in 
 negotiations with the French. 
 
 Arenberg, Engelbert Ludwig, Duke of. Born 
 July 3, 1750 : died at Brussels, March 7, 1820. 
 He lost his possessions west of the Rhine by the Peace of 
 Lundville (1801), receiving Meppen and Recklinghausen in 
 compensation (1803). 
 
 Arenberg, Karl Leopold, Duke of. Born 1721 : 
 died 1775. A commander in the Austrian ser- 
 vice, son of Leopold Philipp Karl Arenberg. He 
 led the right wing of the Austrians at Hochkirchen in 
 1758, and was defeated by Wiinsch in 1759. 
 
 Arenberg, Leopold Philipp Karl, Duke of. 
 Born 1690: died 1754. A commander in the 
 Austrian service. He fought under Prince Eugene 
 at Belgrad in 1717, and obtained the rank of field-marshal 
 in 1737, with the command of the army in Flanders. 
 
 Arenberg-Meppen (a'ren-berG-mep'en). A 
 German duchy, forming the circle (kreis) of 
 Meppen, province of Hanover, Prussia. 
 Arenberg-Meppen, Prosper Ludwig, Duke of. 
 Born April 28, 1785: died Feb. 27, 1861. A son 
 of Engelbert Ludwig von Arenberg. He became 
 duke of Arenberg in 1803, was deprived of his sovereignty 
 by Napoleon in 1810 (receiving in 1813, as an indemnifica- 
 tion, a rental of 240,800 francs), and was reinstated in 1815. 
 
 Arendal (a'ren-dal). A seaport in the stift of 
 Christiansand, Norway, situated at the mouth 
 of the Nid-Elv 40 miles northeast of Christian- 
 sand: sometimes called “Little Venice.” It 
 exports woodenware and iron. Population, 
 10,684. 
 
 Arenenberg (a-ra'nen-berG). A castle of the 
 Bonapartes, situated in the canton of Thur- 
 govie, Switzerland, on the Unter See 6 miles 
 west of Constance. 
 
 Arensburg (a'rens-borG). A seaport in the 
 island of Osel, Livonia, Russia, situated on 
 the southern coast. Population, about 4,600. 
 
 Arenys de Mar (a-ra'nes da mar). A seaport 
 in the province of Barcelona, Spain, situated 
 on the Mediterranean 29 miles northeast of 
 Barcelona. Population, 4,618. 
 
 Areopagite, The. See Dionysius. 
 Areopagitica (aF’e-o-pa-jit'i-ka), or Speech 
 for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing. A 
 pamphlet by John Milton, published in 1644. 
 
 “ The most splendid argument, perhaps, the world had 
 then witnessed in behalf of intellectual liberty.” Pres- 
 cott, Hist. Ferd. and Isa., III. 191 (1850). 
 
 Areopagus (a-re-op'a-gus). [Gr. ’Apetog n ayog, 
 ‘Martial hill,’ i. e. ‘Hill of Mars (Ares).’] A 
 low rocky hill at Athens continuing westward 
 the line of the Acropolis, from which it is sepa- 
 rated by a depression of ground. Ou the south 
 side near the top there is a flight of fifteen rock-cut 
 steps, and portions of the summit are hewn smooth to 
 form platforms, doubtless for altars. Upon this hill sat 
 the famous court of the same name, which originally ex- 
 ercised supreme authority in all matters, and under the 
 developed Athenian constitution retained jurisdiction in 
 cases of life and death and in religious concerns, and ex- 
 ercised a general censorship. From the slope of the Are- 
 opagus St. Paul delivered his address to the Athenians 
 (Acts xvii.), who were probably assembled on the border 
 of the Agora below. At the base of the steep rock, on 
 the northeast side, there is a deep and gloomy cleft, at the 
 bottom of which lies a dark pool of water. This was the 
 famed Shrine of the Furies (Eumenides). The Areopagus 
 was named from the tradition that here Ares (Mars) was 
 put to trial for the slaying of Halirrliotius ; here too Ores- 
 tes received absolution for killing Clytemnestra. 
 
 Arequipa (a-ra-ke'pa). A department in south- 
 ern Beru. Area, 21,947 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, about 157,000. 
 
 Arequipa. The capital of the department of 
 Arequipa, Peru, situated on a plain near the 
 foot of the Misti volcano 7,611 feet above the 
 sea, in lat. 16° 24' S., long. 71° 31' W. It iscon- 
 
 nected by rail with the port of Mollendo, 10/ miles distant, 
 and with Lake Titicaca, 218 miles, and another road is 
 building to Cuzco. The plain, watered by irrigation, is 
 very fertile, and the city has a large trade. It is an epis- 
 copal town, and the seat of a university and three col- 
 legios (schools). Arequipa was founded by Pizarro in 
 1540. It has frequently suffered from earthquakes, and 
 was almost entirely destroyed by that of Aug. 13, 1868. 
 In 1856 and 1857 the city was in rebellion against the gov- 
 ernment of President Castilla. The cathedral is a large 
 building which hns replaced the original cathedral of 1621, 
 horned in 1844. The very wide front is divided at intervals 
 by large Composite columns, between which there are two 
 superposed orders with their entablatures. The central 
 part of the facade is crowned by a long, low pediment filled 
 with sculptures. In the lower story there is no opening 
 but the great round-arched central portal. The facade is 
 flanked by two excellent towers, which rise above it In 
 two stages, with columns grouped at the angles, and each 
 with a single round arch in every face. The towers are 
 crowned by low Pointed spires. Pop., 35,000-40,000. 
 
 Argali 
 
 Arequipa, or Misti (mes-te'). A semi-active 
 volcano of the Andes, 19,200 feet high, near the 
 city of Arequipa. Ascended by Pickering. 
 
 Ares(a'rez). [Gr. Apr/'-.] In Greek mythology, 
 the god of war (son of Zeus and Hera), typical 
 particularly of the violence, brutality, confu- 
 sion, and destruction it calls forth. The cor- 
 responding Roman deity was Mars. 
 
 Ares, the warrior-god of the Greeks, has been identified 
 by Professor Sayce with Uras, the warrior-god of the 
 Babylonians, whose title, “the lord of the pig,” helps to 
 explain an obscure Greek myth which tells us that Ares 
 slew Adonis by taking the form of a wild boar, the sun- 
 god being slain by the tusk of winter. 
 
 Isaac Taylor, Aryans, p. 303. 
 
 Areson (a're-son), Jon. Born 1484: died 1550. 
 An Icelandic poet and Roman Catholic bishop. 
 
 Aretasus (ar-e-te'us). [Gr. Aperaiog.^ Born in 
 Cappadocia: lived in the 1st (2d?) century 
 A. D. A celebrated Greek physician and medi- 
 cal writer. He was the author of a treatise on the 
 causes, symptoms, and cure of acute and chronic diseases, 
 in eight books, of which only a few chapters are lost. 
 
 Arete (a-re'te). [Gr .Apr/Ty.] In the Odyssey, 
 the wife of Alcinous, king of the Phteacians : 
 “a noble and active superintendent of the 
 household of her husband.” 
 
 Arete. A companion of Cynthia, in Ben Jon- 
 son’s ‘ ‘ Cynthia’s Revels,” a dignified grave lady, 
 personifying Virtue or Reasonableness. 
 
 Arethusa (ar-e-thu'sa). [Gr. Aptdovaa.'] A 
 name of various springs in ancient Greece, es- 
 pecially of one on the island of Ortygia in the 
 harbor of Syracuse. With it was connected the legend 
 that Arethusa, a nymph of Elis, while bathing in the Al- 
 pheus was pursued by her lover, the river-god, and fled 
 from him to Ortygia, whither he followed under sea and 
 overtook her. 
 
 Arethusa. In Beaumont and Fletcher’s play 
 “Philaster,” a princess, a woman of the great- 
 est self-abnegation and womanly devotion. 
 
 Aretin (a-re-teu' ), Baron Christoph von. Born 
 at Ingolstadt, Dec. 2, 1773: died at Munich, 
 Dec. 24, 1824. A Bavarian political and legal 
 writer. He was appointed librarian of the Centralbib- 
 liothek at Munich 1806, but was forced to resign on ac- 
 count of the sensation caused by his treatise “Die Plane 
 Napoleons und seinerGegnerin Deutschland ” (“ The Plans 
 of Napoleon and his Opponents in Germany,” 1809). 
 
 Aretin, Baron Karl Maria von. Born at 
 Wetzlar, July 4, 1796: died at Berlin, April 29, 
 1868. A Bavarian historical writer, son of 
 Christoph von Aretin. 
 
 Aretino, Guido. See Guido d’ Arezzo. 
 
 Aretino, Leonardo. See Bruni, Leonardo. 
 
 Aretino (a-ra-te'no), Pietro. Bom at Arezzo, 
 Italy, April 20, 1492: died at Venice, Oct. 21, 
 1556. An Italian writer of satirical sonnets and 
 comedies, styled “The Scourge of Princes.” 
 
 Aretino, Spinello. See Spinello. 
 
 Arezzo (a-ret'so). A province in Tuscany, 
 Italy. Area, 1,273 square miles. Population, 
 281,852. 
 
 Arezzo. The capital of the province of Arezzo, 
 Italy, the ancient Arretium, near the junction 
 of the Arno and Chiana, 38 miles southeast of 
 Florence : the birthplace of many distinguished 
 men, including Maecenas, Guido Aretino, Pe- 
 trarch, Pietro Aretino, and Vasari, it was one 
 of the twelve ancient Etruscan cities, the terminus of 
 the Via Flaminia, and contains notable Etruscan and me- 
 dieval antiquities. It was colonized by adherents of Sulla. 
 During the middle ages it was Ghibelline and antago- 
 nistic to Florence. Ihe cathedral is a remarkable build- 
 ing, though ineffective outside, and with unfinished facade. 
 The imposing interior, without transepts, is one of the 
 best of the Italian Pointed style. Population, 11,432 ; 
 with suburbs, 16,451. 
 
 Arfak (ar'fak). A mountain group in the 
 northwestern part of Papua. 
 
 Arfe v Villafane (ar'fa e vel-ya-fa/na), Juan 
 de. Born 1535: died about 1603. A Spanish 
 silversmith and sculptor. 
 
 Arga (ar'ga). A small river in Navarre, Spain, 
 a tributary of the Aragon. 
 
 Arga*llS (ar-je'us), Mount. [Gr. Apyaio f.] 
 The ancient name of the Arjish-Dagh. 
 
 Argalia (ar-gii-le'a). The brother of Angelica 
 in Boiardo’s “Orlando Innamorato.” He was 
 killed by the Spanish knight Ferrau, and his ghost reap- 
 pears in Ariostos “Orlando Furioso." He had an en- 
 chanted lance which overthrew everyone whom it touched, 
 and which finally came into the possession of Astolpho. 
 
 Argali (ar'gal), Sir Samuel. Born at Bristol, 
 England, 1572 (?) : died 1626. An English ad- 
 venturer, deputy governor of Virginia 1617-19. 
 He went to Virginia as a trader in 1609, and conducted 
 Lord Delaware thither in 1610, returning to England in 
 1611. He was at Jamestown again in 1612, and during 
 this year abducted Pocahontas. (See Pocahontas.) He 
 reduced the French settlements on the coast of Acadia and 
 Maine in 1613, and in 1614 sailed for England, returning 
 later as deputy governor. 
 
Argalus 
 
 Argalus (ar'ga-lus). In Sidney’s romance “Ar- 
 cadia,” the husband of Parthenia. He was killed 
 by Amphialus in single combat. 
 
 Argalus and Parthenia. A pastoral tragedy 
 by Henry Glapthorne, printed in 1639. 
 
 Argam (ar-gain'), or Argaum (ar-gam'). A 
 village in Berar, British India, about lat. 21° 
 7' N., long. 76° 59' E. Here Wellesley (later 
 Duke of Wellington) defeated the Mahrattas 
 Nov. 29, 1803. 
 
 Argan (ar-gon'). The principal character in 
 Moliere’s “Malade Imaginaire,” a hypochon- 
 driac whose mind is divided between his dis- 
 eases, his remedies, and his desire to reduce 
 his apothecary’s bill. 
 
 Argand (ar-gon'), Aime. Born at Geneva 
 about the middle of the 18th century : died in 
 Switzerland, Oct. 24, 1803. A Swiss physician 
 and chemist, inventor of the “Argand lamp.” 
 His first lamp was made in England about 
 1782. 
 
 Argandab (ar-gan-dab'). A river in Afghan- 
 istan, about 35 miles long, which joins the 
 Helmund west of Kandahar. 
 
 Argante (ar-gan'te). A giantess in Spenser’s 
 “Faerie Queene,” the personification of licen- 
 tiousness. 
 
 Argante (ar-goht'). The father of Octavia 
 and Zerbinetta, in Moliere’s “Les Pourberies 
 de Scapin.” He is fooled into giving up his plans and 
 falling into those of his son and daughter, by Scapin. 
 Argantes (ar-gan'tes). In Tasso’s “ Jerusalem 
 Delivered,” the bravest of the infidel knights. 
 Arganthonius (ar-gan-tho'ni-us). [Gr. ’A pyav- 
 Ouvioc.'] In ancient geography, a mountain-ridge 
 in Bithynia, Asia Minor, near the Propontis. 
 Argel (ar-Hel'). The Spanish name of Algiers. 
 Argelander (ar'ge-lan-der), Friedrich Wil- 
 helm August. Bom at Memel, Prussia, March 
 22, 1799: died at Bonn, Feb. 17, 1875. A noted 
 German astronomer, professor successively at 
 Abo, Helsingfors, and Bonn. He wrote various as- 
 tronomical works, including “Uber dieeigene Bewegung 
 des Sonnensystems” (1837), and “ Untersuchungen uber 
 die Eigenbewegung von 250 Sternen ” (1869). 
 
 Argenis (ar'je-nis). A romance by John Bar- 
 clay, published in 1621 : said to have been writ- 
 ten in “rivalry of the Arcadia.” Argenis is the 
 daughter of King Meliander of Sicily, and the story con- 
 sists in an account of the war waged for her hand by Ly- 
 cogenes, a Sicilian rebel, and Poliarchus, prince of Gaul. 
 
 We are informed in a Latin life of Barclay that it was a 
 favorite work of Cardinal Richelieu, and suggested to him 
 many of his political expedients. Cowper, the poet, rec- 
 ommends Argenis to his correspondents, Mr. Rose and 
 Lady Hesketh, as “the most amusing romance that ever 
 was written.” “It is,” says he in a letter to the former, 
 “interesting in a high degree — richer in incident than 
 can be imagined — full of surprises which the reader never 
 forestalls, and yet free from all entanglement and confu- 
 sion. The style, too, appears to me to be such as would 
 not dishonor Tacitus himself." 
 
 Dunlop, Hist. Prose Fiction, II. 347. 
 
 Argensola (ar-Hen-so'la), Bartolomeo Leo- 
 nardo de. Born at Barbastro, Aragon, 1562: 
 died Feb. 4, 1631. A Spanish poet and histo- 
 rian, author of ‘ ‘ Conquista de las Islas Molucas ” 
 (1609), etc. He became rector of Villaliermosa in 1588, 
 was for a time chaplain to the empress Maria, and about 
 1616 succeeded his brother Lupercio Leonardo de Argen- 
 sola as historiographer of Aragon. 
 
 Argensola, Lupercio Leonardo de. Born 
 Dec., 1559: died 1613. A Spanish tragic and 
 lyric poet, brother of Bartolomeo Leonardo de 
 Argensola. He became historiographer of Aragon in 
 1599, and secretary to the count of Lemos, viceroy of 
 Naples, 1610. 
 
 Argenson (ar-zhoh-son'), Marc Rene Voyer 
 d’. Born 1652 : died May 8, 1721. A French pol- 
 itician, president of the council of finance and 
 keeper of the seals 1718-20. He became a 
 member of the French Academy in 1718. 
 Argenson, Ren 6 Louis Voyer, Marquis d’. 
 Bom Oct. 18, 1694: died Jan. 26, 1757. A 
 French statesman and writer (son of Marc 
 Rend Voyer d’ Argenson), secretary of foreign 
 affairs 1744-47. He wrote “ Considerations sur 
 le gouvernement de la France” (1764), etc. 
 Argenson, Marc Pierre de Voyer, Comte d’. 
 Born Aug. 16, 1696: died at Paris, Aug. 22, 1764. 
 A French statesman, brother of Rend Louis 
 Voyer. He became intendant of Paris 1740, and was 
 secretary of war 1743-57. He was a friend of Voltaire, 
 to whom he furnished the material for the “Siecle de 
 Louis XIV.” 
 
 Argenson, Marc Antoine Rene Voyer, Mar- 
 quis de Paulmy. Born Nov. 22, 1722: died 
 Aug. 13, 1787. A French diplomatist and man 
 of letters, son of Rend Louis Voyer. He col- 
 lected the “Bibliothfeque de l'Arsenal,” consisting of 150,- 
 000 volumes, which he sold to the Comte d'Artois in 1785 ; 
 and published “Melanges tirOa d’une grande biblio- 
 thtque” (1779-87), etc. 
 
 75 
 
 Argentan (ar-zhon-toh'). Atowninthe depart- 
 ment of Orne, France, situated on the Orne 21 
 miles north by west of Alencon. It has manufac- 
 tures of gloves, etc., and has long been noted for its lace. 
 It contains an ancient castle. Population, 6,387. 
 
 Argentario (ar-jen-ta're-6), or Argentaro. A 
 
 promontory in Tuscany, Italy, which projects 
 into the Mediterranean south of Grosseto. . 
 Argentat (ar-zhon-ta'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Corrdze, France, situated on the Dor- 
 dogne 14 miles southeast of Tulle. Popula- 
 tion, 2,830. 
 
 Argenteuil (ar-zhoh-tey'). A town in the 
 department of Seine-et-Oise, France, situated 
 on the Seine 6 miles northwest of Paris. It has 
 
 a ruined priory, founded 656, at one time a nunnery of 
 which Heloise was abbess. Population, commune, 
 19,829. 
 
 Argenti&re (ar-zhoh-te-ar'). A village in the 
 department of Haute-Savoie, France, 6 miles 
 northeast of Chamonix, noted for the glacier of 
 Argentiere in the vicinity. 
 
 Argentiere, Glacier d’. One of the largest gla- 
 ciers in the Mont Blanc group, east of Chamonix. 
 Argentina (ar-jen-te'na; Sp. pron. ar-Hen-te'- 
 na). Same as Argentine Republic. 
 
 Argentina de Guzman. The name commonly 
 used in quoting the historical work ‘ ‘ La Ar- 
 gentina : Historia de las Provincias del Rio de 
 la Plata,” by Ruy Diaz de Guzman. 
 Argentina, La. A historical poem written by 
 Barco Centenero. 
 
 Argentine (ar'jen-ten). A city in Wyandotte 
 County, Kansas, on the Kansas River close to 
 Kansas City: noted for silver- and lead- smelt- 
 ing. It was annexed in 1910 to Kansas City. 
 Argentine (ar'jen-ten) Republic, formerly Ar- 
 gentine Confederation. [Sp. Republica (or 
 Confederacion) Argentina, the ‘ Silver Repub- 
 lic.’] A republic of South America, capital 
 Buenos Ayres, lying between Bolivia and Para- 
 guay on the north, Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay 
 (separated by the Pilcomayo, Paraguay, Uru- 
 guay), and the ocean on the east, the ocean and 
 Chile on the south, and Chile (separated from it 
 by the Andes) on the west. It is mountainous in 
 the west, and contains the Pampas in the center, and the 
 Gran Chaco in the north. The chief river system is that 
 of the Rio de la Plata. Its chief products are hides, wool, 
 tallow and other animal products, maize, wheat, (lax, lin- 
 seed, sugar, Paraguay tea, and live stock. There are 14 
 provinces, 10 territories, and a federal district. The gov- 
 ernment is vested in a president and a legislature of 30 
 senators and 120 deputies. The religion is Roman Catholic 
 and the language Spanish. The inhabitants are chiefly 
 Argentines (of Spanish descent), with many immigrants 
 (largely Italian; also Spanish, French, etc.), Indians, and 
 Gauchos. The country was colonized by Spain in the mid- 
 dle of the 16th century. The revolutionary movement be- 
 gan in 1810 ; independence was proclaimed in 1816 under 
 the name U nited Provinces of La Plata (changed to Argen- 
 tine Confederation in 1825) ; dictatorship of Rosas 1835-52 ; 
 Buenos Ayres was separated from the confederation 1852- 
 1859; Brazil and Argentina were allied in war with Para- 
 guay 1865-70. By a treaty in 1881 Patagonia and Tierra del 
 Fuego were divided between it and Chile. A financial 
 crash occurred in 1890. The peak of Aconcagua is now 
 within the Argentine boundary. Area, 1,135,840 square 
 miles. Population, estimated, 6,805,684. 
 
 Argenton-Slir-Creuse (ar-zhoh-ton'siir-krez'). 
 A town in the department of Indre, France, 
 situated on the Creuse 18 miles southwest of 
 Chateauroux. Population, 6,275. 
 Argentoratum (ar-jen-to-ra'tum). [L., also 
 Argentorate, Gr. Apyevrdparov, an Old Celtic 
 name, ‘ stone of Argantos.’] The Roman name 
 of Strasburg. 
 
 Arginusaa (ar-ji-nu'se). [Gr. Apyivovocu.'] A 
 group of small islands off the coast of Asia 
 Minor, southeast of Lesbos. Near here the 
 Athenian fleet under Conon defeated the Spar- 
 tans under Callieratidas 406 B. c. 
 
 Argives (ar'jivz). [L. Argivi, from Gr. Apyeioi 
 (’ApydFoi), from Apyoc, Argos.] The Greeks of 
 Argolis. From the important part played by them under 
 their king Agamemnon in the Trojan war, their name is 
 extended by Homer to all the Greeks. 
 
 Argo (ar'go). An island in the Nile, between 
 New Dongola and the third cataract. 
 
 Argo (ar'go). [Gr. Apyk.~\ In Greek legend, 
 the ship which bore the Argonauts. See Argo- 
 nauts. 
 
 Argo Navis (ar'go na'vis). [L.,‘ the ship Argo.’] 
 An ancient southern constellation, the largest 
 in the heavens. It contains Canopus, after Sirius the 
 brightest of the fixed stars. By modern astronomers it is 
 commonly divided into four parts by adding the distinc- 
 tive words navis, carina, puppis, and velum, or hull, keel, 
 stern, and sail. 
 
 Argolicus Sinus, E.Argolic Gulf. S eeNanplia, 
 Gulf of. 
 
 Argolis (ar'go-lis). [Gr. ’A/oyo/u'r.] In ancient 
 geography, a division of Peloponnesus, Greece, 
 
 Argus 
 
 surrounded by Sicyonia, Corinthia, the yEgean 
 (with the Saronic and Argolic gulfs), Laconia, 
 and Arcadia, containing the plain of Argos 
 and the cities of Argos and Mycenae. 
 
 Argolis. A nomarchy of modern Greece, in 
 the northeastern part of the Morea. Area, 
 1,104 square miles. Population, 81,943. 
 Argonautica (ar-go-na/ti-ka). [L., from Gr. 
 Apyovavnua, ‘deeds of the Argonauts.’] An epic 
 poem by Apollonius of Rhodes. See the ex- 
 tract. 
 
 Apollonius Rhodius (194 B. C.) wrote the Argonautica, 
 an epic in four books on Jason’s “ Voyage in the Argo ” to 
 win the golden fleece. It is the work of a learned Ho- 
 meric scholar who has not the Homeric feeling for the 
 heroic age ; it is artificial, and somewhat cold ; but there 
 is some fine dramatic painting ; the poem is full of literary 
 interest, and is the best of its class that the Alexandrian 
 age has left. Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 140. 
 
 Argonauts (ar'go-natz), The. [Gr. Apyovavrai, 
 from Apyi), their ship.] In Greek legend, the 
 heroes who sailed to Colchis in the ship Argo 
 to carry off the Golden Fleece. The expedition 
 took place not long after the Trojan war. Jason was its 
 leader, and it included demigods and heroes from all parts 
 of Greece. See Golden Fleece , Jason , Medea. 
 
 Argonne (ar-gon'), or Forest of Argonne. A 
 
 rocky plateau on the borders of Lorraine and 
 Champagne, France, containing several diffi- 
 cult defiles which lead from the basin of the 
 Meuse to that of the Seine famous in the 
 “Argonne Campaign” of Dumouriez in 1792. 
 ArgOS (ar'gos). [Gr. rb ’Apyor.] A city in Argolis, 
 Greece, situated about 5 miles from the Argolic 
 Gulf, in lat. 37° 38' N., long. 22° 43' E. : the 
 leading Dorian city prior to the middle of the 
 8th century B. C. It remained an important town in 
 later times, was often at variance with Sparta, and flour- 
 ished under the Romans. It was ruled by the legendary 
 dynasties of Inachus, Danaus, and Pelops. It produced 
 many noted sculptors. It contains the remains of an 
 ancient theater. The upper tiers of seats of the cavea 
 are rock-hewn ; below these are tiers of masonry. Twenty 
 tiers in all survive, the lowest consisting of thrones of 
 honor. There are remains of a Roman stage, and of several 
 modifications of the Greek stage-structure. An under- 
 ground passage ran from behind the proscenium to the 
 middle of the orchestra, as at Eretria, etc. There are im- 
 portant remains of the Heraion, or sanctuary of Hera, the 
 national shrine of Argolis, which lay at some distance 
 from the city. The temple was rebuilt after a fire in the 
 5th century B. c., a little below the old site, as a Doric hexa- 
 style peripteros about 65 i by 130 feet. The cult-statue 
 was an admirable chryselephantine work by Polycleitus. 
 The Heraion has been in course of excavation since 1892 
 by the American School at Athens, to which is due nearly 
 all our knowledge of the architectural and sculptural re- 
 mains of both temples and their peribolos, as well as a 
 very valuable collection of archaic terra-cottas. Popu- 
 lation, 8,828. 
 
 Argostoli (ar-gos'to-le). A seaport and capital 
 of Cephalonia, Ionian Islands, Greece, situated 
 on the western coast in lat. 38° 12' N., long. 
 20° 29' E. It has a flourishing trade, and is 
 the seat of a metropolitan. Poptilation, about 
 10 , 000 . 
 
 Argout (ar-go'), Antoine Maurice Apolli- 
 naire, Comte d’. Bom Aug. 27, 1782: died 
 Jan. 15, 1858. A French politician and financier. 
 He became a peer of France 1819; acted as mediator be- 
 tween Charles X. and the popular leaders July, 1830; 
 and was appointed governor of the Bank of France 1834, 
 and minister of finance 1836. Later in the same year he 
 was reappointed governor of the bank, continuing to hold 
 the post under the republic of 1848. 
 
 Argovie (ar-go-ve'). The French name of 
 Aargau. 
 
 Argnelles (ar-gwel'yes), Augustin. Born at 
 Ribadesella, Asturias, Spain, Aug. 28, 1776: 
 died at Madrid, March 23, 1844. A Spanish lib- 
 eral statesman, a prominent member of the 
 Cortes, imprisoned 1814—20, minister of the in- 
 terior 1820-21, and exiled 1823-32. He was the 
 guardian of Queen Isabella. 
 
 Arguin (ar-go-en'). A small island west of 
 Africa, in lat. 20° 25' N., long. 16° 37' W., 
 claimed by France. 
 
 Argun (ar-gon'). One of the two chief head 
 streams of the Amur. It rises as the Kerulen in 
 Mongolia, traverses Lake Dalai-Nor, flows along the boun- 
 dary between Mongolia and Siberia, and unites with the 
 Shiika to form the Amur about lat. 63° N., long. 121° E. 
 Its length is about 1,000 miles. 
 
 Arguri (ar-go're). A former village in Russian 
 Armenia, on the northern slope of Ararat, 
 buried by an earthquake and landslide from 
 Ararat in 1840. 
 
 Argurion (iir-gu'ri-on). [Gr. apyvpiov, money.] 
 A semi-allegorical personification of money, in 
 Ben Jonson’s “Cynthia’s Revels.” The char- 
 acter is afterward expanded in “The Staple 
 of News” as Lady Pecunia. 
 
 Argus (ar'gus). [Gr. Apyor, surnamed HavdnTijg, 
 
 ‘ the All-seeing.’] In Greek legend, the guardian 
 of Io, slain by Hermes, famed to have had one 
 hundred eyes. 
 
Argyie 
 
 Argyle. See Argyll. 
 
 Argyll (ar-gil'), Earl of, Duke of. See Camp- 
 bell. 
 
 Argyll, or Argyle. A county in western Scot- 
 land, the second in size, bounded by Inverness 
 on the north, by Perth, Dumbarton, and the 
 Firth of Clyde on the east, and by the Atlantic 
 and the North Channel on the south and west. 
 It is much indented by lochs and firths, which form Kin- 
 tyre and other peninsulas, and includes the islands Mull, 
 Iona, Colonsay, Staffs, Ulva, Rum, Coll, Tiree, Jura, Islay, 
 Gigha, etc. The surface is generally mountainous. Within 
 it are Lochs Shiel, Sunart, Eil, Linnhe, Awe, Fyne, etc. 
 The leading industries are the rearing of cattle and sheep, 
 the quarrying of building-stone, lead-mining, and fishing 
 (herring, salmon, and trout). Area, 3,110 square miles. 
 Population (civil county), 73,665. 
 
 Argyro-Castro (ar'ge-ro-kas'tro). A town in 
 Albania, vilayet of .Janina, Turkey, in lat. 40° 
 12' N., long. 20° 12' E. Population (estimated), 
 11 , 000 . 
 
 Argyropoulos (ar-ge-ro-pS'los), Johannes. 
 Born at Constantinople about 1416 : died at 
 Borne about 1486. A Greek scholar, professor 
 of the Peripatetic philosophy in Florence (1456) 
 and in Borne (1471). Among his pupils were Piero 
 and Lorenzo de’ Medici, Politian, and Reuehlin. He trans- 
 lated Aristotle into Latin. 
 
 Argyropoulos, Perikles. Born at Constanti- 
 nople, Sept. 17, 1809: died at Athens, Dec. 22, 
 1860. A Greek politician and publicist, pro- 
 fessor of law in the University of Athens. 
 
 Aria (a'ri-a). [L. Aria, Gr. 'Apia or Apda.\ In 
 
 ancient geography, a region in Asia correspond- 
 ing nearly to western Afghanistan and eastern 
 Khorasan: often confounded with Ariana. 
 
 Ariadne (ar-i-ad'ne). [Gr. Apia6 vy.'] 1. In 
 
 Greek mythology, the daughter of Minos, king 
 of Crete. She gave Theseus the clue by means of which 
 he found his way out of the labyrinth, and went with him 
 to the Island of Dia (Naxos), where, according to the com- 
 mon account, she was abandoned by Theseus, and became 
 the wife of Dionysus. 
 
 2. An asteroid (No. 43) discovered by Pogson 
 at Oxford, April 15, 18.37. 
 
 Ariadne. Died 515 a. d. A Byzantine em- 
 press, daughter of Leo I. She was married to Zeno, 
 who became emperor 474, and after his death (491) became 
 the wife of Anastasius I. 
 
 Ariadne, Sleeping. See Sleeping Ariadne. 
 
 Arialdus (a-ri-al'dus). Died June 28, 1066. A 
 deacon and reformer in the church of Milan, 
 murdered by the emissaries of the Archbishop 
 of Milan whose excommunication he had se- 
 cured from the Pope. He was canonized by 
 Pope Alexander II. 
 
 Ariana (a-ri-a'na). [L. Ariana , Gr. Apiav!j.~\ 
 In ancient geography, a region in Asia, of vague 
 boundaries, extending from Media on the west 
 to the Indus on the east, and from Hyrcania 
 and Bactriana on the north to the Persian Gulf 
 and Arabian Sea on the south. 
 
 Ariane (a-re-an'). A tragedy by Corneille, 
 composed in 1672. 
 
 Ariano (a-re-a'no), or Ariano di Puglia (a-re- 
 a'no de pol'ya). A town in the province of 
 Avellino, Italy, situated among the Apennines 
 50 miles northeast of Naples. It is the seat of 
 abiskopric. Pop., 8,360; commune, 17,650. 
 
 Arians (a'ri-anz). The followers of Arius, a 
 deacon of Alexandria, who in the 4th century 
 maintained, in opposition to both Sabelliauism 
 and Tritheism, that the Son is of a nature sim- 
 ilar to (not the same as) the Father, and is 
 subordinate to him. The tendency of these doc- 
 trines was toward the denial of the divinity of Christ. 
 The Arlan discussion raged fiercely in the 4th century, and 
 though Arianism was condemned by the Council of Nicaea 
 (3‘25), the heresy long retained great importance, theolo- 
 gical and political. The strongholds of the Arians were in 
 the East and among the Goths and other barbarians who 
 were converted by Arian missionaries. See Socinians. 
 
 Arias de Avila (ii-re'as de a've-la), Pedro. 
 
 See Avila. 
 
 Arias de Saavedra (a-re'as de sa-a-va'dra), 
 Hernando. Born in Asuncion about 1550 : died 
 in Santa F6 de la Vera Cruz about 1625. A 
 Spanish statesman, three times governor of 
 Paraguay, which then comprehended all the 
 Spanish settlements of the Plata and Parana. 
 
 Arias Montanus (a'ri-as mon-ta'mis), Bene- 
 dictus. Born in Estremadura, Spain, 1527: 
 died at Seville, 1598. A Spanish Orientalist, 
 editor of the Antwerp Polyglot Bible (1568-73). 
 
 Arica (a-re'ka).. A former province of Peru in 
 the department of Moquegua, on the coast be- 
 tween lat. 18° and 19° S. In 18S0 it was seized by 
 the Chileans, and by the treaty ratified May 21, 1884, 
 Arica and Tacna were to be held by them for ten years, 
 the inhabitants, at the end of that time, to decide te> which 
 country they would belong, the other country to receive an 
 indemnity. The question is still undecided. Area, about 
 11,000 square miles. 
 
 76 
 
 Arica (ii-re'ka). A town and port of Peru, capi- 
 tal of the province of the same name. It is im- 
 portant, principally, as the seaport of Tacna, with which 
 it is connected by a railroad. The harbor is a roadstead 
 protected by a point and a small island. The town was 
 nearly destroyed by earthquakes in 1868, 1877, and 1906. 
 The Chileans blockaded and bombarded Arica April, 1880, 
 and took it by assault June 7. Population, about 3,900. 
 
 Ariccia (a-re'cha). A townin the province of 
 Borne, Italy, nearly adjoining Albano : the 
 Latin Aricia. Population, 3,945. 
 
 Ariel (a-rd'che), Cesare. Born at Brescia, 
 July 2, 1782 : died there, July 2, 1836. An Ital- 
 ian didactic poet. He was appointed professor of 
 history and literature in the lyceum at Brescia in 1810, 
 and professor of the Latin language in 1824. 
 
 Arichat (a-re-shat'). A small seaport on Ma- 
 dame Island, off the southern coast of Cape 
 Breton Island, Nova Scotia. 
 
 Arickarees. See Arikara. 
 
 Arided (ar'i-ded). [Ar. al-ridf, ‘the hindmost,’ 
 the star being in the tail of the constellation.] 
 The second-magnitude star a Cygni, more fre- 
 quently called JJeneb Cygni. 
 
 Ariege (a-re-azk'). A department in France, 
 capital Foix, bounded by Haute-Garonne on 
 the west and north, by Aude on the east, and 
 by Pyrendes-Orientales, Andorra, and Spain on 
 the south : corresponding in general to the 
 ancient county of Foix. It is rich in non, and has 
 various other mineral products. Area, 1,892 square miles. 
 Population, 205,684. 
 
 Ariege. A river in southern France which 
 rises in the Pyrenees, flows past Tarascon and 
 Foix, and joins the Garonne near Toulouse : the 
 Latin Aurigera. Its length is about 100 miles. 
 Ariel (a'ri-ei). [Heb.JLion of God’: used as an 
 epithet in the Old Testament : rendered ‘lion- 
 like ’in 2 Sam. xxiii. 20, 1 Chron. xi. 22.] 1. One 
 of the chief men sent by Ezra to procure minis- 
 ters for the sanctuary. Ezra viii. 16. — 2. Used 
 in Isa. xxix. as a name for Jerusalem. — 3. In 
 cabalistic angelology, one of the seven princes 
 of angels, or spirits who preside over the waters 
 under Michael the arch-prince. — 4. “An ayrie 
 spirit” in Shakspere’s “ Tempest.” — 5. One of 
 the rebel angels in Milton’s “Paradise Lost.” 
 — 6. A sylph, guardian of Belinda, in Pope’s 
 “Bape of the Lock.” This particular spirit was the 
 chief of those whose 
 
 “ Humble province is to tend the fair . . . 
 
 To save the powder from too rude a gale, 
 
 Nor let the imprison'd essences exhale . . . 
 
 ... to curl their waving hairs, 
 
 Assist their blushes and inspire their airs.” 
 
 Aries (a'ri-ez). [L., ‘a ram.’] 1. One of the 
 zodiacal constellations. — 2. The first sign of 
 the zodiac (marked T), which the sun enters at 
 the vernal equinox, March 21, and leaves April 
 20. Owing to the precession of the equinoxes, the con- 
 stellation Aries has moved completely out of the sign of 
 the same name, which is now occupied by the constella- 
 tion Pisces. 
 
 Arikara (a-re'ka-ra), or Eicara (re'ka-ra), or 
 Bee (re). A tribe of the Caddoan stock of 
 North American Indians, living on the Fort 
 Berthold reservation, North Dakota. They 
 number 380. See Caddoan. Also Arickarce. 
 Arimaspians (ar-i-tnas'pi-anz). [Gr. Apipaonoi, 
 according to Herodotus a Scythian word mean- 
 ing ‘ one-eved.’] In classical mythology, a one- 
 eyed people of Scythia. They were at war with 
 the Griffins whose gold they sought. 
 Arimathea (aFi-ma-the'a). In scriptural ge- 
 ography, a town in Judea, Palestine, of unde- 
 termined location : probably the Bamah of 1 
 Sam. i. 1, 19. 
 
 Arimathea, Joseph of. See Joseph of Ari- 
 mathea. 
 
 Ariminum (a-rim'i-num). The Latin name of 
 Bimini. 
 
 Arimazes (ar-i-ma'zez), or Oriomazes (o-ri-o- 
 
 ma'zez). The commander of a fortress, called 
 the Bock (Kohiten ?), in Sogdiana, near the 
 pass of Kolugha or Derbend. He surrendered to 
 Alexander 328 B. e., who found in the fortress Roxana, the 
 daughter of the Bactrian chief Oxyartes. 
 
 Arinos (a-re'nos). A river in the state of Matto 
 Grosso, Brazil, about 400 miles long, it joins 
 the Juruena, forming the Tapajds, and is separated by 
 short portages from the head streams of the Paraguay. 
 
 Ariobarzanes (a/'ri-d-bar-za'nez) I., surnamed 
 Philoromseus. [Gr. <f>iAop<jpaio f, friendly to- 
 ward the Bomans.] A king of Cappadocia 
 who lived about the beginning of the 1st cen- 
 tury b. c. He was several times expelled by 
 Mithridates and restored by the Bomans. 
 Ariobarzanes II., surnamed Philopator. [Gr. 
 
 ( pi'/ondrup , loving one’s father.] King of Cap- 
 padocia, son of Ariobarzanes I. whom he suc- 
 ceeded about 63 b. c. 
 
 Arista 
 
 Ariobarzanes III., surnamed Eusebes and 
 Philoromseus. [Gr. ewe/ftfc, pious ; <pi'Aopopaior, 
 friendly toward the Bomans.] Died 42 b. c. 
 A son of Ariobarzanes II. whom he succeeded 
 about 51 B. C- He aided Pompey against Caesar in the 
 civil war, but was pardoned by Caesar. He was put to 
 death by Cassius. 
 
 Ariobarzanes I. Satrap of Pontus in the 5th 
 century b. c., father of Mithridates I. 
 
 Ariobarzanes II. King of Pontus 363-337 b. c., 
 son and successor of Mithridates I. He re- 
 volted from Artaxerxes 362 B. c., and founded 
 the independent kingdom of Pontus. 
 
 Ariobarzanes III. King of Pontus 266-240 (?) 
 B.c., son of Mithridates III. 
 
 Ariobarzanes. A satrap of Persis who, after 
 the battle of Gaugamela, 331 b.c., secured the 
 pass of the Persian Gates. Alexander was 
 able to force the pass only by stratagem. 
 
 Arioch (ar'i-ok). [Probably Babylonian Eriahu, 
 servant of the moon-god.] 1. A king of Ella- 
 sar, one of the four kings who at the time of 
 Abraham made an attack on the cities in the 
 valley of Siddim (Gen. xiv.). In the book of Judith 
 (i. 6) he is called king of Elam ; identified by some with 
 Erim-agu, king of Larsa. 
 
 2. Captain of the guard of Nebuchadnezzar 
 (Dan. ii. 14f.). — 3. In Milton’s “Paradise Lost” 
 (vi. 371), one of the rebellious angels over- 
 thrown by Abdiel. 
 
 Ariodantes. In Ariosto’s “Orlando Furioso,” 
 the lover of Geneura, princess of Scotland. 
 
 Arion (a-ri'on). [Gr. , Apiuv.~\ A Greek poet of 
 Lesbos who flourished probably about 700 b.c. 
 (later dates are given), and was famous as a 
 player upon the cithara. He lived' chiefly at the 
 court of Periander, tyrant of Corinth. According to the 
 legend Arion, while returning from a musical contest in 
 Sicily in which lie had been victor, was thrown into the 
 sea by the sailors, but was saved and carried to Tsenarus 
 by dolphins which had gathered about the ships to listen 
 to his lyre. 
 
 Arion, though a Lesbian by birth, belongs by art rather 
 to the Dorian school. His great work was to give the 
 dithyramb, or choral hymn to Dionysus, a finished choral 
 form, by fixing the number (50) of the cyclic or circular 
 chorus that was to sing it, grouped round the altar, and 
 by dividing the singing and acting parts clearly from each 
 other. We have a fragment by him [also ascribed to an- 
 other poet], addressed to Poseidon, and telling of Posei- 
 don’s servants, the dolphins, who had wafted the poet 
 safely to land, when he had lost his course at sea. A 
 fable grew up that certain wicked sailors had thrown 
 Arion overboard, and that the dolphins, charmed by his 
 songs, had saved him. Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 62. 
 
 Arion. In Greek legend, a fabulous horse, the 
 offspring of Poseidon by Demeter (or, in other 
 accounts, Gtea or a harpy) who to escape him 
 had metamorphosed herself into a mare. It was 
 successively owned by Copreus, Oncus, Heracles, and Ad- 
 rastus. It possessed marvelous powers of speech, and its 
 right feet were those of a man. 
 
 Arion. A pseudonym of William Falconer. 
 
 Ariosto (a-re-os'to or ar-i-os'to), Ludovico. 
 Born at Beggio, northern Italy, Sept. 8, 1474: 
 died at Ferrara, Italy, June 6,1533. Acelebrated 
 Italian poet, author of “Orlando Furioso.” He 
 was forced by his father, who was commander of the cit- 
 adel of Reggio, to study law; but at length, being allowed to 
 follow hisinelinations, studied the classics, having a strong 
 inclination toward poetry. As early as 1495 he wrote sev- 
 eral comedies. Two of them, the “Cassaria” and “Sup- 
 positi,” were acted about 1512. These attracted the at- 
 tention of Cardinal Ippolito of Este, who took him into 
 his service, where he remained till 1517, when he entered 
 that of the cardinal's brother, Alfonso, duke of Ferrara, 
 by whom he was employed as governor of the district 
 of Garfagnana 1522-25. The province was distracted by 
 banditti, but his government was satisfactory to his sov- 
 ereign and his people for three years. He then declined 
 an embassy to Pope Clement VII., and passed the last 
 years of his life at Ferrara writing comedies and correcting 
 his “Orlando Furioso " (which see), publishing the com- 
 pleted edition a year before his death, which was due to 
 consumption. His seven satires, in the Horatian style, 
 were published in 1534, after his death. They are gay, 
 easy, and full of Epicurean philosophy. His comedies are 
 placed next to those of Macchiavelli by most Italian 
 critics. 
 
 Ariosto of the North. Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 Ariovistus (a-ri-o-vis'tus). Lived about 60 b.c. 
 A German chief who crossed the Bhine and 
 invaded Gaul, aiding the Sequani against the 
 gEdui, and was defeated by Julius Csesar near 
 Mtilhausen 58 b. c. 
 
 Arish. See El-Araish. 
 
 Arishkerd (a-rish'kerd), Plain of. A plain in 
 Asiatic Turkey, west of Mount Ararat and north 
 of the Ala-Dagh, about the head waters of the 
 East Euphrates. 
 
 Arista (a-res'ta), Mariano. Born in San Luis 
 Potosi, July 26, 1802 : died at sea near Lisbon, 
 Portugal. Aug. 7, 1855. A Mexican general. He 
 commanded the army of northern Mexico and Texas 1846, 
 and was defeated by General Taylor at Palo Alto (May 8) 
 and Resaca de la Palma (May 9), after which he was re- 
 called. He w'as minister of war under Herrera (1848X and 
 
Arista 
 
 \ras elected president of Mexico Jan. 8, 1861. To avoid 
 a civil war he resigned in Jan., 1863, and soon after went 
 to Europe. 
 
 Aristseus (ar-is-te'us). [Gr. ’Apioraiog.'] In 
 Greek mythology, a beneficent deity, protector 
 of husbandmen and shepherds. 
 
 Aristseus. A native of Cyprus, an official in 
 the court of Ptolemy Philadelphus. According 
 to a letter ascribed to him (but a forgery), he was sent by 
 Ptolemy to Jerusalem to obtain from Eleazar, the high 
 priest, a copy of the Pentateuch and seventy elders to 
 translate it into Greek. See Septuagint. 
 
 Aristagoras (ar-is-tag'6-ras) of Miletus. [Gr. 
 ’Apiaraydpag.^ Died 497 B.C. A Persian gover- 
 nor of Miletus, and leader in the Ionian revolt 
 against Persia in 500 b. C. 
 
 Aristander (ar-is-tan'der). [Gr. , ApiOTav6pog.~\ 
 A celebrated soothsayer of Alexander the Great. 
 Aristarchus (ar-is-tar'kus), or Aristarchos 
 (-kos). [Gr. ’Apiarapxog.l Born at Samos: 
 lived between 280-264 b. c. A noted Greek 
 astronomer of the Alexandrian school. His only 
 extant work is a treatise on the magnitude and distance 
 of the sun and moon. 
 
 Aristarchus, or Aristarchos. Born at Samo- 
 thrace : flourished about the middle of the 2d 
 century B. C. : died in Cyprus. A noted Alex- 
 andrian grammarian and critic, the most cele- 
 brated of antiquity. His most notable work was a 
 recension of Homer. “The text he established and his di- 
 vision of the poems into books are substantially those 
 which have come down to us. 
 
 Aristarchus, or Aristarchos. An associate of 
 the apostle Paul 51-57 A. D. He was a native of 
 Thessalonica, accompanied Paul in several of his mission- 
 ary journeys, and was his “fellow prisoner” in Home. 
 (Acts xix. xx. xxvii.) He is represented by the Greek 
 Church as bishop of Apamea in Phrygia, and by the Roman 
 as bishop of Thessalonica. 
 
 Ariste (a-rest'). The brother of Chrysale, in 
 “Les Femmes Savantes ” by Mol i ere. 
 
 Aristeas (a-ris'te-as). [Gr. ’Apicreag.] A Greek 
 poet, assigned to various periods, from the 6th 
 century B. C. to the time of Homer, and the re- 
 puted author of an epic poem, the “Arimaspea,” 
 in three books. The accounts of his life are fabulous : 
 he is represented as a magician who rose after death, and 
 whose soul could occupy or abandon his body at will. 
 
 Aristides, or Aristeides (ar-is-ti'dez). [Gr. 
 ’ApiareiSj/g.'] A Greek writer of the 2d century 
 b. c., author of a romance, the “ Milesiaca ” or 
 “Milesian Tales,” a prose work in six or more 
 books. He was the founder of Greek romance and “the 
 title of his work is supposed to have given rise to the term 
 ‘ Milesian ’ as applied to works of fiction ” (Smith). 
 
 Aristides, or Aristeides (ar-is-ti'dez). Died 
 probably at Athens about 468 b. c. A cele- 
 brated Athenian statesman and general, son of 
 Lysimachus: surnamed “The Just.” He was 
 one of the ten generals in the year of the battle of Mara- 
 thon (490), and chief archon in 489 ; was constantly op- 
 posed to Themistocles ; and was ostracized in 483. He 
 took part in the victory of Salamis (480), was Athenian 
 commander at the victory of Plattea(479), carried through 
 civic reforms (477), and was chief founder of the Delian 
 League (about 477). 
 
 Aristides, or Aristeides, Quintilianus (kwin- 
 til-i-a'nus). The (Greek) author of a treatise 
 on music (printed in the collection of Meibomius 
 1652) who lived, probably, in the 1st century 
 a. d. His work is the most important ancient 
 book on the subject. 
 
 Aristides, or Aristeides, of Thebes. A Greek 
 painter, son or brother, and in either case the 
 pupil, of Nicomachos, and a contemporary of 
 Apelles. He was preeminently the painter of the>j Sri and 
 ■naS-q, or the expression of the mind and passions of man. 
 
 Aristides, or Aristeides, Publius Allius, sur- 
 named Tneodorus. Born at Adriani in Mysia, 
 117 A. d. : died at Smyrna about 180 a. d. A 
 celebrated Greek rhetorician, a friend and ad- 
 viser of Marcus Aurelius. His father Eudtemon 
 was a priest of Jupiter, and he himself became a priest of 
 ASsculapius at Smyrna. 
 
 Aristippus (ar-is-tip'us). [Gr. ApiarvirKog.] Born 
 at Cyrene, Africa : lived about 380 b. c. A Greek 
 philosopher, a pupil of Socrates, and the founder 
 of the Cyrenaie School. See Cyrenaics. 
 Aristippus, or The Jovial Philosopher. A 
 play by Thomas Randolph, printed in 1630. 
 Aristo (a-res/to). The brother of Sganarelle, in 
 Molihre’s “ficole des Maris.” 
 
 Aristobulus (a-ris-to-bu'lus). [Gr. Apicr6[3ov- 
 kof.] Lived in the 4th century B. c. A general 
 of Alexander the Great, and the historian of 
 his Asiatic expedition. 
 
 Aristobulus. Lived about 160 b. c. An Alex- 
 andrian Jew and Peripatetic philosopher. 
 Aristobulus I. Son of .John Hyrcanus, and 
 king of Judea 105-104 B. C. His Hebrew name was 
 Judah. He is said to have been the first of the Hasmone- 
 ans to assume the title of king. During his brief reign 
 he extended Judea in the regions of Ifurea and Tracho- 
 nltis, and forced Judaism on the conquered peoples. 
 
 77 
 
 Aristobulus II. Died about 48 b.c. Son of 
 Alexander Jannasus, designated by his mother, 
 the queen-regent Alexandra, high priest, while 
 to his elder brother Hyrcanus II. the throne 
 was bequeathed. After her death a contest took place 
 between the two brothers which brought Pompey for the 
 first time to Jerusalem (63 B. C.); he defeated Aristobulus 
 and led him captive to Rome. 
 
 Aristobulus III. A Jewish prince, grandson 
 of Hyrcanus II., brother of Mariamne, and thus 
 brother-in-law of Herod I. He was made high 
 priest by Herod, but, fearing his great popularity, Herod 
 had him assassinated (about 30 B. c.). He was the last 
 male representative of the Hasmonean family. 
 
 Aristodemus (a-ris-to-de'mus). [Gr. ’ApiardAy- 
 pog.~\ Lived in the 8th century B. c. A Mes- 
 senian national hero in the first war against 
 Sparta. He offered his daughter’s life, in response to 
 an oracle, for the preservation of the Messenian state ; 
 and when her lover, in order to save her, declared that 
 she was with child by him, killed her and opened her 
 womb to refute the lie. He was made king about 729 b. C.; 
 but although he gained a victory over the Spartans 724 B. c., 
 was unable to continue the war, and killed himself on his 
 daughter's tomb before 722 B. C. 
 
 Aristogiton, or Aristogeiton (a-ris-to-ji'ton). 
 
 [Gr. ’Apii7ToyetT(jv.-\ See Harmodius. 
 Aristomenes (ar-is-tom'e-nez). [Gr. ’Apicrope- 
 vyc.] Lived in the 7th century b.c. A Messenian 
 national hero in the second war against Sparta 
 645-630 (685-668). He was surprised in Eira, the last 
 stronghold of the Messenians, by the Spartans, and com- 
 pelled to surrender, but was allowed to depart with his 
 men. He died in Rhodes at the court of his son-in-law 
 Damagetus, and is said to have twice sacrificed the heca- 
 tomphonia, prescribed for one who with his own hand 
 had killed one hundred of his enemies in battle. 
 Ariston (a-ris'ton), or Aristo (a-ris'to). [Gr. 
 ’AploTuv.~\ Born at Chios: died 250 b. c. A 
 Greek Stoic philosopher, a disciple of Zeno 
 and later, according to Diogenes Laertius, of 
 the Platonist Polemo. He was called the “Siren” 
 from his eloquence, and “ Phalantus” from his baldness. 
 Of the various branches of philosophy he recognized only 
 ethics as a legitimate study. 
 
 Aristonicus (a-ris-to-m'kus), or Aristonikos 
 (-kos). [Gr. ’ApiariviKog.'] A natural son of 
 Eumenes II. of Pergamus. when Attalus ill., the 
 successor of Eumenes, died, bequeathing the kingdom of 
 Pergamus to the Romans, Aristonicus disputed the in- 
 heritance with the latter, defeating and taking prisoner 
 P. Licinius Crassus 131 B. c. He was himself defeated 
 and taken prisoner 130 B. c. by M. Perperna: was carried 
 to Rome to adorn the triumph of M. Aquilius, the suc- 
 cessor of Perperna ; and was beheaded. 
 
 Aristophanes (ar-is-tof'a-nez). [Gr. ’Apiaroipd- 
 w?f.] The greatest of the Greek comic poets. 
 He was born probably between 450 and 440 B. c., and died 
 not later than 380 B. c. He "was an aristocrat who ridi- 
 culed radicalism and the advanced democracy, but spared 
 the vices of his associates and his party. ... In matters 
 ot religion he was a great defender of orthodoxy against 
 the new physical school, and was never weary of attacking 
 Socrates and Euripides for their breaking up of the old 
 faith” (Mahaffy). His first play, the “Revellers” or 
 “Banqueters,” was produced in 427 B. c., and obtained 
 the second prize; the “Babylonians" in 426; the “Aohar- 
 nians ” in 426, with the first prize ; the “ Knights ” in 424, 
 with the first prize ; the “ Clouds ” in 423 ; the “ Wasps” 
 in 422, with the second prize ; (he “ Peace ” in 419, with 
 the second prize; “ Ampliiaraus” in 414, with the second 
 prize ; the “ Birds ” in 414, with the second prize ; “ Lysis- 
 trata” in 411 ; the “Thesmophoriazus.e ” in 413; the first 
 edition of the “ Plutus ” in 408 ; the “Frogs ” in 405, with 
 the first prize; the “ Ecclesiazusae ” about 393 ; and the sec- 
 ond edition of the “Plutus” in 388. Of these the “ Achar- 
 nians,” “Knights,” “ Clouds,” “ Wasps,” “Peace, ’’“Birds,” 
 “Lysistrata,” “Thesmophoriazusse,” “Plutus,” “Frogs,” 
 and “ Ecclesiazusm ” are extant. 
 
 Aristophanes was not only a great satirist but a great 
 poet. His comedies unite elements which meet nowhere 
 in literature. There is a play of fancy as extravagant as 
 in a modern burlesque ; the whole world is turned topsy- 
 turvy ; gods and mortals alike are whirled through the 
 motley riot of one great carnival. There is a humour as 
 delicate, a literary satire as keen, as the most exquisite 
 wit could offer to the most subtle appreciation. And there 
 are lyric strains of a wild woodland sweetness hardly to 
 be matched save in Shakspere. Aristophanes clung to the 
 old traditions of Athens with a sortof jovial, unreasoning 
 toryism. Demagogues, philosophers, rhetoricians were 
 his abomination. His ideal was the plain, sturdy citizen 
 of the good old school who beat the Persian at Marathon. 
 He claims for himself, and justly, that he is outspoken on 
 the side of virtue against vice. But his personal judg- 
 ments must be taken with reserve. 
 
 Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 100. 
 
 Aristophanes of Byzantium. A celebrated 
 Alexandrian grammarian and critic, pupil and 
 successor of Zenodotus and instructor of the 
 great critic Aristarchus. Only fragments of his 
 works have survived. He edited Horner and other Greek 
 poets, and introduced the system of marking accents in 
 order to preserve the true pronunciation of Greek, which 
 was rapidly becoming corrupt. 
 
 Aristophanes, The English. Samuel Foote. 
 Aristophanes, The French. Moli5re. 
 Aristophanes’ Apology. A poem by Brown- 
 ing, published in 1875. It is the sequel to 
 “ Balaustion’s Adventure.” 
 
 Arjuna 
 
 Aristotle (ar'is-totl). [Gr. ’ApioTorl'/.r/g.] Bom 
 at Stagira, in Chalcidice, 384 b. c. : died at 
 Chaicis, in Euboea, 322 B. c. The most famous 
 and influential of Greek philosophers, the 
 founder of the Peripatetic school. He was the 
 son of Nicomachus, physician and friend of Amyntas, king 
 of Macedonia. In his eighteenth year he went to Athens 
 and became a pupil of Plato, with whom he remained for 
 twenty years. After the death of Plato he went to Atar- 
 neus, as a guest of Hermias (whose sister or niece, Pythias, 
 he afterward married), and remained there three years; 
 then he went to Mytilene. In 343 (342?) he was sum- 
 moned to the court of Macedon to undertake the educa- 
 tion of Alexander (afterward “the Great”), then thirteen 
 years old. In 335 (334?) he returned to Athens where he 
 founded his school (see Peripatetic) and produced the 
 greater part of his scientific works. He taught in the 
 Lyceum. On the death of Alexander the uprising against 
 the Macedonians forced Aristotle to flee from Athens to 
 Chaicis in Euboea, where he died. His numerous writ- 
 ings (the number of which is variously given, but was cer- 
 tainly very large) dealt with all the then known branches of 
 science. They were partly in the form of dialogues, frag- 
 ments of which have survived (“ Eudemus ”). These have 
 been called his exoteric (‘public,’ ‘suited for the general 
 public ), and his other, more strictly scientific, works his 
 esoteric (‘private,’ ‘suited for private instruction’) writ- 
 ings. His extant works (which have been imperfectly 
 preserved) fall Into four groups : the logical, the meta- 
 physical and those relating to natural science, the ethi- 
 cal, and the “Poetics” and “Rhetoric.” They include the 
 “Topics,” “Analytics” (“Prior "and “Posterior”), “Sophis- 
 ticalRefutations,” “Rhetoric,” “Metaphysics,” “ Politics,” 
 “Poetics,” “On Animals,” “On Parts of Animals,” “On 
 Generation of Animals,” “ On the Soul,” “ On Locomotion of 
 Animals,” “Meteorologies,” “Nicomachean Ethics,” etc. 
 Various works ascribed to him are spurious. A genuine 
 treatise by him on the constitution of Athens was dis- 
 covered in 1891 at the British M useumin a heap of papyrus 
 rolls. The manuscript was probably written later than the 
 14th year of Domitian (from 95-100 A. D.). It is an almost 
 complete text. The first Latin translation of his works, 
 with notes, is that of the Arabian Averroes (1100 : Venice, 
 1489) ; the first edition in Greek is that of Aldus Manutius 
 (1495-98). Aristotle’s influence upon the development of 
 philosophy and science has been very great, especially 
 during the centuries which preceded the birth of modern 
 knowledge and scientific method. He was “the philoso- 
 pher ” par excellence. His works were the text-books of 
 the schools, and his opinions on all matters authoritative. 
 See Organon, Nicomachean Ethics, Metaphysics. 
 
 Aristoxenus (ar-is-tok'se-nus). [Gr. ’Apicro^e- 
 vog. ] Born at Tarentum, Italy: lived about 
 320 b. c. A Greek philosopher of the Peripa- 
 tetic school, and writer on music: the founder 
 of a school of musicians named, for him, the 
 Aristoxeneans. 
 
 Arius, or Areius (ar'i-us), or Areios (-os). [Gr. 
 "Apeiog.'] Born in Libya (or Alexandria?) about 
 256 A. d. : died suddenly in Constantinople, 
 336 a. d. A celebrated presbyter of Alexan- 
 dria, the founder of Arianism. See Arians. 
 He was excommunicated for heresy by a provincial synod 
 at Alexandria in 321, aDd defended his views (which were 
 condemned) before the Council of Nicaea in S25. 
 Arivaipa (a-re-vi'pa). A tribe of North Ameri- 
 can Indians living at the San Carlos agency, 
 White Mountain reservation, Arizona, identi- 
 fied with the Pinaleno, also called the Tchikun, 
 who have been classed as a subdivision of the 
 Chiricahua. See Apaches. 
 
 Arizona (ar-i-zo'na). [Said to be a corruption 
 of Pima or Papago drlison, little creeks.] A 
 western State of the United States, capital 
 Phoenix, bounded by Utah on the north, New 
 Mexico on the east, Mexico on the south, and 
 California and Nevada (partly separated by the 
 Colorado River) on the west, it extends from lat. 
 31° 2<y to 37° N., and from loDg. 109° to 114° 45' W; Its sur- 
 face consists of table-lauds traversed by mountain-ranges, 
 and it contains important mines of gold, silver, copper, 
 etc. Arizona was explored by the Spaniards in the Kith 
 century, was acquired from Mexico in 1848, and an addi- 
 tional part by the Gadsden Purchase in 1853, was organ- 
 ized as a Territory in 1863, and was admitted as a State in 
 1912 (act signed June 20, 1910: admission proclaimed Feb. 
 14, 1912). Area, 113,020 sq. m. Population, 204,354, (1910). 
 
 Arizpe (a-reth'pa). [Prom Opata arit, ant.] 
 A town in Sonora, Mexico, formerly the capi- 
 tal of that state, situated on the right bank 
 of the Sonora River. It was probably the site of 
 an Opata village as early as 1540. The Mission of Arizpe 
 dates from about 1640, and is one of the oldest in the 
 Sonora River Valley. At present the town has not over 
 4.000 inhabitants. 
 
 Arjish-Dagli (ar-jesh'dag'). An extinct vol- 
 cano, the ancient Argasus, the highest moun- 
 tain in Asia Minor, situated in the vilayet of 
 Angora in about lat. 38° 30' N., long. 35° 20' E. 
 Its height is 13,100 feet. 
 
 Arjish Lake. The northeastern arm of Lake 
 Van, Asiatic Turkey. 
 
 Arjuiia(ar'jo-ua; Hind.pron.ur'jo-na). InHin- 
 du mythology: (a) One of the chief heroes of 
 the Mahabharata, the third reputed son of Pan- 
 du, son of Indra and Kunti, brave, high-minded, 
 generous, and handsome. One of his wives was the 
 sister of Krishna. After performing numerous marvel- 
 ous exploits he retired from the world to the Himalayas. 
 (b) See Kartavirya. 
 
Arkab 
 
 Arkab (ar'kab). [Ar.] The third-magnitude 
 star fi Sagittarii. The name is not much used. 
 Arkadelphia (ar-ka-del'fi-a). The capital of 
 Clark County, Arkansas, situated on the Oua- 
 chita River, 63 miles southwest of Little Rock. 
 Population, 2,745, (1910). 
 
 Arkadia. See Arcadia. 
 
 Arkansas (ar'kan-sa or ar-kan'zas). One of 
 the Southern States of the United States, cap- 
 ital Little Rock. It is bounded by Missouri on 
 the north, Tennessee and Mississippi (sepa- 
 rated by the Mississippi) on the east, Louisiana 
 on the south, and Oklahoma and Texas on the 
 west, and extends from lat. 33° to 36° 30' N., 
 and from long. 89° 40' to 94° 42' W. Its surface 
 is in general level or rolling, and hilly in the west, with 
 the Ozark Mountains in the northwest, and is traversed 
 by the river Arkansas. The leading occupation is agri- 
 culture and the chief productions are cotton and Indian 
 corn. Ar kansas has 75 counties, sends 7 representatives 
 and 2 senators to Congress, and has 9 electoral votes. It 
 was first settled by the French in 1085, formed part of the 
 Louisiana Purchase of 1803, was organized as a Territory 
 in 1819, was admitted to the Union in 1830, seceded May 0, 
 1801, and was readmitted June, 1868. Area, 53,335 square 
 miles. Population, 1,674,449, (1910). 
 
 Arkansas. The second largest tributary of 
 the Mississippi. It rises in the Rocky Mountains, 
 (lows east through Colorado and Kansas, and southeast 
 through Kansas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, and joins the 
 Mississippi at Napoleon. Its length is about 2,000 miles, 
 and its extreme width about 1 mile. It is navigable about 
 800 miles. 
 
 Arkansas City. A city in Cowley County, 
 southern Kansas, on the Arkansas River. Pop- 
 ulation, 7,508, (1910). 
 
 Arkansas Post. A village in Arkansas County, 
 Arkansas, situated on the Arkansas River 73 
 miles southeast of Little Rock. It was cap- 
 tured by the Federals Jan. 11, 1863. 
 
 Arkiow (ark'lo). A seaport in the county of 
 Wicklow, Ireland, situated at the mouth of the 
 Avoca 39 miles south of Dublin. The Irish in- 
 surgents, about 30,000, were defeated by the 
 royal troops near here June 10, 1798. Pop., 4,944. 
 Arkona (ar-ko'nii), or Arkon (ar'kon), Cape. 
 The northernmost point of the island of Riigen, 
 Prussia, projecting into the Baltic Sea. It con- 
 tained a Wendish sanctuary. 
 
 Arkwright (ark'rit), Sir Eichard. Born at 
 Preston, England, Dec. 23, 1732: died at Crom- 
 ford, Derbyshire, England, Aug. 3, 1792. An 
 English inventor and manufacturer, a barber 
 by trade. He invented the cotton-spinning frame (pat- 
 ented 1769), and established factories at Cromford and else- 
 where, being the first to employ machinery on a large 
 scale as a substitute for hand labor in textile manufactures. 
 His claim to the invention was disputed by Highs, or 
 Hayes, a reed-maker at Bolton, in 1785, and a verdict was 
 rendered against him : Highs’s claim is now, however, 
 generally conceded to be fraudulent. Arkwright was 
 knighted by George III. in 1786. 
 
 Arlanza (ar-lan'tha). A small river in north- 
 ern Spain, a tributary of the Arlanzon. 
 Arlanzon (ar-lan-tlion'). A small river in 
 northern Spain, a tributary of the Pisuerga and 
 subtributary of the Douro. 
 
 Arlberg (arl'berG). A pass on the border of 
 Tyrol and Vorarlberg, 5,895 feet high. 
 Arlberg Tunnel. A tunnel under the Arlberg, 
 forming part of the railway which runs from 
 Bludenz in Vorarlberg via Landekto Innsbruck. 
 It is about 614 miles long, and was opened in 
 1884. 
 
 Arlecchino and Arlequiil. See Harlequin. 
 Arles (arlz), Kingdom of. In medieval history, 
 a kingdom which was formed by the union of 
 the kingdoms of Transjurane Burgundy and 
 Cisjurane Burgundy in 933. In 1032 its terri- 
 tories were annexed to the Holy Roman Em- 
 pire. (See Burgundy, Cisjurane, and Transju- 
 rane.) Cisjurane Burgundy, formed in 879, is 
 sometimes called the kingdom of Arles. 
 
 Arles (arlz ; F. pi’on. arl). A city in the depart- 
 ment of Bouches-du-Rhone, France, situated 
 on the left hank of the eastern arm of the 
 Rhone near its mouth, in lat. 43° 43' N., long. 
 4° 37' E. : the Roman Arelate or (under Con- 
 stantine the Great) Constantia. it is especially 
 noted for its antiquities, which include a Roman amphi- 
 theater (the largest in France), a Roman theater (where 
 the Venus of Arles was found), a Roman obelisk, a Roman 
 cemetery (Aliscamps), a forum, and a palace of Constan- 
 tine. (See below.) It was called the “Gallic Rome” 
 from its importance, was a favorite residence of Con- 
 stantine, was the seat of several church councils, and be- 
 came the capital of the kingdom of Axles in 879. From 
 1150 to 1251 it was a republic, and then became subject to 
 Charles of Anjou, and followed the fortunes of Provence. 
 The amphitheater is built of excellent masonry, and is 
 one of the best-preserved structures of the kind. The ex- 
 terior shows 2 stories of 60 arches, the lower Doric, the 
 upper Corinthian. There were 43 tiers of seats, and 5 con- 
 centric corridors. The ancient podium of the arena is 
 almost entire. The axes of the ellipse are 459 and 341 
 
 78 
 
 feet. The three square towers are parts of the fortifica- 
 tion of the 8th century, erected either by the Moors or by 
 Charles Martel. The Roman theater is of unusual size 
 and richness of ornament. Two Corinthian columns of 
 the hack wall of the stage remain standing, with the bases 
 of others, and the lower portion of the wall, with its doors 
 and niches. Some of the tiers of seats also remain, and 
 part of the exterior wall of the cavea, with arches, columns, 
 and rich entablature. The cathedral (of St. Trophinus) 
 has a plain early-Romanesque nave and Flamboyant choir. 
 The remarkable western portal shows a great semicircular 
 arch whose tympanum bears a figure of Christ and the 
 emblems of the Evangelists. Population, 28,110. 
 
 Arlincourt (ar-lait-kor'), Gliarles Victor Pre- 
 VOt,Vicomte d’. Bom at the Chateau de Me- 
 rantris, near Versailles, Sept. 28, 1789: died at 
 Paris, Jan. 22, 1856. A French poet and novel- 
 ist, author of “ Le solitaire” (1821), etc. 
 
 Arlilie (ar'len). The Bohemian Girl, in Balfe’s 
 opera of that name. 
 
 Arlington, Earl of. See Bennet, Henry. 
 
 Arlington (ar'ling-ton). A town in Middlesex 
 County, Massachusetts, 6 miles northwest of 
 Boston. Population, 11,187, (1910). 
 
 Arlington. A village in Alexandria Comity, 
 Virginia, opposite Washington. It contains a 
 national cemetery. 
 
 Arlington House. A mansion on the heights 
 opposite Washington, District of Columbia, in 
 the midst of the national cemetery, it was 
 once the property of General Washington, and descended 
 through Parke Custis to the Confederate general Robert 
 E. Lee who married his daughter in 1831. It was oceu- 
 jjied as headquarters by the Union army, the estate being 
 a camp of the troops. It became the property of the 
 United States government. 
 
 Arlon (ar-16n'), Flem. Aarlen (ar'len). The 
 capital of the province of Luxemburg, Bel- 
 gium, 15 miles northwest of Luxemburg : the 
 Roman OrolaunumVicus. Near here the French 
 uuder Jourdan defeated the Austrians under 
 Beaulieu, April 16 and 17, 1794. Population, 
 11,858. 
 
 Armada (ar-ma'da), The Invincible or The 
 Spanish. A great fleet sent by Philip II. of 
 Spain against England in 1588. it consisted of 
 129 (or more) vessels, 19,295 soldiers, and 8,460 sailors, and 
 was commanded by the Duke of Medina Sidonia. It was 
 met and defeated by the English fleet of about 80 vessels, 
 under Lord Howard of Effingham, in the English Channel 
 and Strait of Dover, in Aug., 1588. 
 
 Armadale (ar'ma-dal). A novel by Wilkie 
 Collins, published in 1866. 
 
 Armado (ar-ma'do), Don Adriano de. In 
 
 Shakspere’s “ Love’s Labour’s Lost,” a verbose, 
 fantastical Spanish military braggart. Hi s 
 prototype is found in old Italian comedy. 
 
 Armageddon (ar-ma-ged'on), or Har-Maged- 
 on (har-ma-ged'on). [Heb. See the defini- 
 tion.] A name used in Rev. xvi. 16, and signi- 
 fying ‘the mountain of Megiddo.’ The reference 
 in the passage in Revelation is probably to Megiddo, but 
 some refer it to the plain of Esdraelon in Galilee and Sa- 
 maria, famous as a battle-field. See Esdraelon. 
 
 Armagh (ar-ma' ). A county in Ulster, Ireland, 
 bounded by Lough Neagh on the north, Down 
 on the east, Louth on the south, and Tyrone 
 and Monaghan on the west : sometimes called 
 the “ Orchard of Ireland.” The surface is hilly and 
 undulating, and low in the north and south. Armagh has 
 manufactures of linen and cotton. Area, 512 square miles. 
 Population, 125,392. 
 
 Armagh. A city and parliamentary borough 
 in the county of Armagh, 34 miles southwest 
 of Belfast, the seat of an Anglican archbishop 
 (primate of Ireland) and a Roman Catholic 
 archbishop. It rvas the ancient metropolis of Ireland 
 and a seat of learning. The cathedral (Protestant) of Ar- 
 magh, the metropolitan church of the primate of Ireland, 
 is a late-Pointed structure recently well restored. Armagh 
 was sacked by O’Neill in 1564. Population, 7,588. 
 
 Armagnac (ar-man-yak'). In medieval history, 
 a district in southern France corresponding in 
 general to the department of Gers. it was made 
 a countship in the 10th century, and was united to the 
 crown in the 16tli century. The counts and their adherents 
 were conspicuous in the 15th century. See Armagnacs. 
 
 Armagnac, Bernard VII., Comte d’. Died 
 June 12, 1418. A French partizan leader of the 
 Armagnacs (which see) in the civil war against 
 the Burgundians. He was made constable and chief 
 minister of France in 1415, and was murdered in prison 
 by the mob shortly after the capture of Paris by the Bur- 
 gundians. 
 
 Armagnac, Jean V., Comte d’. Born about 
 1420: died 1473. Apolitical agitator, grandson 
 of Bernard VII. He formed an incestuous union with 
 his sister Jeanne Isabelle, which brought upon him the 
 censure of the church and deprivation of his posses- 
 sions by Charles VII. He was reinstated after the death 
 of Charles, joined the League of the Public Weal against 
 Louis XI. in 1465, and was put to death by the royalists 
 at the capture of the castle of Lectoure. 
 
 Armagnac War (in G. often corrupted to Ar- 
 megeckenkrieg). The contest between the 
 Armagnac mercenaries of the emperor Fred- 
 
 Armenia 
 
 erick III. and the Swiss in 1444, which ended in 
 the total defeat of the Armagnacs at St. Jakob 
 on the Birs, Aug. 26, 1444. 
 
 Armagnacs (ar-man-yaks'), The. 1. The party 
 of the house of Orleans, opponents of the house 
 of Burgundy during the reign of Charles VI. : 
 so named from Bernard of Armagnac, their 
 leader. — 2. Bands of lawless mercenaries, con- 
 sisting chiefly of natives of the county of Ar- 
 magnac, trained in the civil wars between the 
 Armagnac and Burgundian parties. To rid France 
 of them they were sent by Charles VII. to aid the em- 
 peror Frederick III. in enforcing his claims against the 
 Swiss in 1444. 
 
 Arman^on (ar-moh-soh'). A river in France, 
 about 100 miles long, which joins the Yonne 
 east of Joigny. 
 
 Armand Teiiin. See Bouarie, Marquis de la. 
 
 Armande (ar-mohd'). One of the learned ladies 
 in Moliere’s comedy “Les Femmes Savantes.” 
 She loves Clitandie, but he loves her sister 
 Henriette wlio is not a femme savante. 
 Armande Bejart. See Bejart. 
 
 Armansperg (ar'manz-perG), Count Joseph 
 Ludwig von. Born at Kotzting, in Lower Ba- 
 varia, Feb. 28, 1787 : died at Munich, April 3, 
 1853. A Bavarian statesman, president of the 
 regency of Greece 1833-35, and chancellor of 
 state 1835-37. 
 
 Armatoles (ar'ma-tolz), or Armatoli (iir-ma- 
 to'li). A body of irregular Greek (Christian) 
 local militia, in the employ of the sultans from 
 the 15th century to the Greek revolution in 
 1821. The Armatoles had existed in the Byzantine em- 
 pire, and had served, in a measure, to protect the Greek 
 population from the Franks, Albanians, and Servians. 
 The institution was accepted by the sultans and incorpo- 
 rated in their administration. After the Peace of Belgrad 
 (1739) the power of the Armatoles was attacked by the 
 Porte, and it steadily declined. Large numbers of them 
 joined the Greeks in the war of independence. 
 
 Armed Soldier of Democracy, The. Napo- 
 leon Bonaparte. 
 
 Armellina (ar-me-li'na). The shrewd maid- 
 servant of Antonio, in Tomkis’s comedy “Al- 
 bumazar.” She is loved and finally won by 
 Trincalo. See Trincalo. 
 
 Armendaris, Lope Diaz de. See Dias de Ar- 
 mendaris. 
 
 Armendariz de Toledo, Alonso Henriquez de. 
 
 Born in Navarre, 1543: died in Mexico, Nov. 5, 
 1628. A Spanish Franciscan friar. He was suc- 
 cessively vicar-general of Peru, bishop of Sidonia (1603), 
 bishop of Cuba from 1610 to 1623, and bishop of Michoacan 
 in Mexico from 1624 until his death. 
 
 Armendariz(ar-men-da'reTH),Josede,Marquis 
 of Castellfuerte. Born atRivagorza, Navarre, 
 about 1670 : died about 1740. A Spanish gen- 
 eral. He commanded at the battle of Lagudina in Estre- 
 madura, May, 1709, and led the charge which broke the 
 enemy's left at the battle of Villaviciosa, Dec. 10, 1710 ; 
 commanded in Aragon and took part in the siege of Bar- 
 celona; was governor of Tarragona; thence passed to 
 Sicily where he commanded at the siege of Malazzo and 
 bore the brunt of the battle of Francavilla at the head of 
 the royal guards ; on his return to Spain was made gov- 
 ernor of Guipuzcoa ; and shortly after was named viceroy 
 of Peru, reaching Lima in May, 1724. He returned to 
 Spain in 1736. 
 
 Armenia (ar-me'ni-a). [F. Armenie, G. Arme- 
 nien. The name Armenia ( Armaniya ) first oc- 
 curs iu a Persian cuneiform inscription of Darius 
 Hystaspis (521-486 b. c.). Its origin is in doubt. 
 The native name was Biaina, the original of 
 the modern Van.) The classical name of the 
 Hebrew Ararat, Assyrian Urartu, the country 
 which extends from the shores of Lake Van 
 between the Upper Euphrates and Media, form- 
 ing the juncture between the high plateau of 
 Iran and the table-land of Asia Minor, its great- 
 est extent was from 37°-49° E. long, and 37° 30-42° N. lat. , 
 or from the Taurus, the northeastern parts of Mesopo- 
 tamia, and the Kurdish Mountains to the Caucasus and 
 Georgia. The territory east of the Euphrates was called 
 Great Armenia, and that to the west Little Armenia. The 
 country is characterized by gloomy mountains, deep val- 
 leys, and a climate very hot in summer and extremely 
 co'ld in winter. Only two of its mountains are mentioned 
 by the ancients by name ; the Taurus, and the Paryadres 
 in the north on the boundaries of Poutus. Several im- 
 portant rivers have their source in Armenia: the Euphra- 
 tes, the Tigris, the Kyros (modern Kurt, and the Araxes 
 (modern Aras). Urartu appears in the Assyrian cunei- 
 form inscriptions as one of the countries of Nairi, which 
 subsequently gained the supremacy over the rest. Its 
 kings carried on almost incessant war with Assyria. Ex- 
 peditions against it with varying results are mentioned 
 by tlie Assyrian kings shalmanezer II. (860-824 B. C.), Shal- 
 manezer III. (782-772 B. c.), Assurdan III. (772-755 B. C.), 
 and Tiglath-Pileser II. (745-727 B. C.). That it was not 
 permanently and thoroughly subjugated by Assyria is 
 shown by the fact that the murderers of Sennacherib fled 
 (681 B.c.) to that country (Isa. xxxvii. 38, 2 Ki. xix. 37). The 
 oldest inscriptions found in Armenia are in Assyrian script 
 and language. Later on, after Sarduris 1. (in the Assyrian 
 text .Seduri), 835 B. c., the cuneiform script was employed 
 with the native language. The monuments in this lan- 
 
Armenia 
 
 guage, known as “Vannic Inscriptions," were deciphered 
 by Professor A. H. Sayce. According to him the people 
 of Urartu constituted one of the Hittite tribes. The lan- 
 guage, though inflectional, had no connection with either 
 the Semitic or the Indo-European families of speech, and 
 seems to have been the ancestor of the modern Georgian. 
 As that language was spoken in Armenia as late as 640 B. c. , 
 the invasion of the Aryans, who are the forefathers of 
 the modern Armenians, could not have taken place until 
 after this date. After the Assyrian period Armenia be- 
 came a dependency of Persia and Media. Alexander the 
 Great conquered it along with the Persian empire, and 
 after his death it became a province of the kingdom of 
 the Seleucidse. From 149 B. 0 . to 428 A. D. the dynasty of 
 the Arsacidae governed it under the nominal supremacy of 
 Parthia and Rome. Then it was ruled by Persian, Byzan- 
 tine, and Arabic governors until in 859 the dynasty of the 
 Bagratides (descended from a noble Jewish family) arose, 
 which came to an end in 1045. The last refuge of Ar- 
 menian independence was destroyed by the Mamelukes 
 in 1375. Since then the Armenians have been without an 
 independent state, their country being divided between 
 Persia, Turkey, and Russia. They still have an indepen- 
 dent church, with the seat of government at Constantino- 
 ple. See Ararat. 
 
 Armenia Major, Armenia Minor. See Ar- 
 menia. 
 
 Armenian (fir-me'ni-an). 1. An inhabitant 
 of Armenia. — 2. The language prevalent in 
 Armenia, and belonging to the Aryan family. 
 It was formerly classed with Persian as belonging to the 
 Iranian group, but is now separated as the sole extant 
 member of an independent Aryan language. See Armenia. 
 Armenti&res (ar-mon-te-ar'). A town in the 
 department of Nord, Prance, situated on the 
 Lys near the Belgian frontier, 9 miles north- 
 west of Lille. It has manufactures of table- 
 linen and cotton cloth, and machinery. Popu- 
 lation, 28,613. 
 
 Armfelt (firm'felt), Baron (Count) Gustav 
 Mauritz. Born at Abo, Finland, March31, 1757 : 
 died at Zarskoe-Selo, Russia, Aug. 19, 1814. A 
 Swedish general and statesman, distinguished 
 in the war against Russia 1788-90. Later he was 
 regent, was exiled and restored, and held high commands 
 and offices. He entered the Russian service in 1811. 
 Armfelt, Karl Gustav. Born in Ingermann- 
 land, Nov. 9, 1666: died in Finland, Oct. 24, 
 1736. A Swedish general. He entered the French 
 service in 1685, returned to Sweden in 1700, was intrusted 
 by Charles XII. with the defense of Finland in 1713, was 
 overpowered by Galitzin at Storkyro in 1714, was sent on 
 a disastrous expedition to the north of Norway in 1718, 
 and was commander-in-chief in Finland at his death. 
 Armgart (arm'gart). A poem (named from its 
 chief character, a woman of great sensibility 
 and imaginative power) by George Eliot, first 
 published in “Macmillan’s Magazine ” for July, 
 1871. 
 
 Armida (fir-me'dfi), or Armide (fir-med'). 1. 
 An enchantress in Tasso’s “Jerusalem Deliv- 
 ered.” She used her charms to seduce the Crusaders from 
 their vows and duty. Her palace, surrounded by magnifi- 
 cent pleasure-grounds, was so luxurious and splendid that 
 “the gardens of Armida "have become a synonym for gor- 
 geous luxury. She also possessed a magic girdle which sur- 
 passed even the cestus of Venus in its power. Her volup- 
 tuous witchery was finally destroyed by a talisman brought 
 from the Christian army, and Rinaldo, who had been en- 
 slaved by her, escaped. She followed him, and he finally 
 defeated her in battle, persuaded her to become a Christian, 
 and became her knight. 
 
 2. The title of operas by Lulli (produced in 
 1686), Traetta (Vienna, 1760), Jommelli (Na- 
 ples, 1771), Gluck (Paris, 1777), Cherubini 
 (1782), and Rossini (Naples, 1817). 
 
 Arinin (ar'min), Robert. Lived about 1610. 
 An English actor and dramatist, author of 
 “Nest of Ninnies” (1608; reprinted by the 
 Shaksperian Society 1842). He was famous as an 
 actor of Shakspere’s clowns and fools, and was in the first 
 cast of Ben Jonson’s “Alchemist” in 1610. 
 
 Armine (ar-men'), Ferdinand. The lover of 
 Henrietta Temple, in Disraeli’s romance of that 
 name. 
 
 Arminians (fir-min 'i-anz). The followers of 
 Arminius (Jacobus Harmensen, 1560-1609), a 
 Protestant divine of Leyden. They presented their 
 doctrines in a “remonstrance” (1610: whence they are 
 also called Remonstrants). See Harmensen and Remon- 
 strants. 
 
 Arminius (fir-min'i-us). [L. Arminius (Taci- 
 tus), supposed to represent an early Teutonic 
 form of the mod. G. Hermann,\ Born 17 b. c. : 
 died 21 a. d. A German chieftain, prince of the 
 Cherusei, and the liberator of Germany from 
 the Roman dominion. He entered the Roman mili- 
 tary service, and became a Roman citizen of the equestrian 
 order. On his return he organized a revolt of the Cherusei, 
 and defeated the governor Quintilius Varus in the Teuto- 
 burg forest 9 A. I). He was defeated by Germanicus on 
 the Campus Idistavisus 16 A. D., but succeeded in maintain- 
 ing the independence of the right bank of the Rhine. He 
 overthrew Marboduus (Marbod), chief of the Suevi, who 
 had made himself master of several neighboring tribes. 
 He was assassinated as the result of a conspiracy against 
 him among the German chiefs. 
 
 Arminius. See Harmensen. 
 
 Arminiusauelle (ar-men'e-6s-kvelTe). [G., 
 
 79 
 
 ‘Arminius’s, or Hermann’s, Spring.’] A noted 
 warm spring at Lippspringe, in the Teutobur- 
 gerwald, Germany. 
 
 Armistead (fir'mis-ted), George. Born at New- 
 market, Va., April 10, 1780: died at Baltimore, 
 April 25, 1818. An American officer who served 
 with distinction at the capture of Fort George 
 from the British, May 27, 1813. He was bre- 
 vetted lieutenant-colonel for his gallant defense 
 of Fort McHenry, Sept. 13, 1814. 
 
 Armistead, Lewis Addison. Born at New- 
 bern, N. C., Feb. 18, 1817 : died at Gettysburg, 
 Pa., July 3, 1863. A Confederate general, son 
 of General Walker Keith Armistead. He served 
 in the Mexican war 1846-47, became brigadier-general in 
 the Confederate army in 1861, and was killed in the charge 
 of Pickett's division at the battle of Gettysburg. 
 
 Armistead, Walker Keith. Born about 1785 : 
 died at Upperville, Va., Oct. 13, 1845. An 
 American engineer and general, brother of 
 George Armistead. He was graduated from West 
 Point in 1803, superintended the defenses of Norfolk, Va., 
 1808-11, was chief engineer to the army of the Niagara in 
 the War of 1812, superintended the defenses of Norfolk 
 and the Chesapeake 1813-18, was brevetted brigadier-gen- 
 eral in 1828 for ten years’ service in one grade, and served 
 in the Florida war 1836-37. 
 
 Armisticio (fir-mes-te'the-o). A former terri- 
 tory of V enezuela, now forming the western part 
 of the state of Bolivar. Its area was 7,153 square 
 miles. It is almost uninhabited except by wild Indians. 
 Armorica (ar-mor'i-kfi). [L. Armorica, Are- 
 morica (of old Gaulish origin), land by the sea.] 
 In ancient geography, the northwestern part of 
 France, comprising, in general, the region which 
 lies between the mouths of the Seine and Loire. 
 It was restricted in the middle ages to Brittany. 
 Armorican (ar-mor'i-kan). Same as Breton, 
 one of the Celtic tongues. 
 
 Armory of Germany. An epithet applied to 
 Suhl, Prussia, on account of its manufactures of 
 firearms. 
 
 Armstrong ( arm ' strfing) , Archibald (Archie ) . 
 
 Born at Arthuret in Cumberland, or at Lang- 
 holm in Roxburghshire: died 1672. The cele- 
 brated jester of King James I. He is introduced 
 in Scott’s novel “The Fortunes of Nigel.” 
 Armstrong, John. Born in Ireland, 1725 : died 
 at Carlisle, Pa., March 9, 1795. An Ameri- 
 can general. He served in the French and Indian war 
 1755-56, commanded the expedition against the Indian 
 village of Kittanning in 1755, became brigadier-general in 
 the Continental army March 1, 1776, resigned April 4, 1777, 
 and was a delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental 
 Congress 1778-80 and 1787-88. 
 
 Armstrong, John. Born at Carlisle, Pa., 1758: 
 died 1843. An American general, politician, 
 and diplomatist, son of John Armstrong. He 
 served in the Revolutionary War, and was the author of 
 the “Newburg Addresses” to the army in 1783. He was 
 United States senator from New York 1801-02 and 1803-04, 
 minister to France 1804-10 (part of the time minister to 
 Spain), and secretary of war 1813-14. He was appointed 
 brigadier-general in 1812. Among his works is a history 
 of the War of 1812. 
 
 Armstrong, J ohn or Johnnie. A Scottish free- 
 booter, the chief of a band of over 150 men, and 
 the brother, apparently, of the Laird of Manger- 
 ton, the chief of his name. He levied blackmail al- 
 most as far as Newcastle, and was a terror to the inhabi- 
 tants. When, about 1529, James V. undertook to suppress 
 the turbulence of the Border marauders or March men, 
 Johnnie Armstrong, one of the most notorious of them, ap- 
 peared before him with 36 of his band, well equipped and 
 mounted, and offered his services. The king showed him 
 no favor, but had him and all his men hanged upon trees 
 near Hawick. The in j ustice of this treatment was the theme 
 of several popular ballads. “ Armstrong’s Good- Night ” was 
 said to have been composed by one of the band. This ballad, 
 with two entitled “ Johnie Arinstrang,” is to be found in 
 “Child's Engiishand Scottish Ballads." The Scottish cham- 
 pion swordsman whose story is told by Scott in “ The Laird’s 
 Jock ’’seems to have been the son of the above-mentioned 
 Laird of Mangerton. William Armstrong(aboutl596)known 
 as “Kinrqont W illie, "and William Armstrong (1602?, 1658?) 
 known as “Christie’s Will” were both noted freebooters, 
 and belonged to the same family. 
 
 Armstrong, Samuel Chapman. Born in the 
 Hawaiian Islands, Jan., 1839: died at Hampton, 
 Va., May 11, 1893. An American officer in the 
 Civil War, founder and principal of the Hamp- 
 ton Institute (Virginia)for negroes and Indians. 
 Armstrong, William George, Baron. Born 
 Nov. 26, 1810 : died Dec. 27, 1900. An English 
 engineer and inventor of the Armstrong gun, 
 a breech-loading cannon (1854-58). He was 
 created first baron Armstrong in 1887. 
 
 Army and Navy Club. 1. A club established 
 in London in 1838 for the association of com- 
 missioned officers of all ranks in either branch 
 of the service, at 36 Pall Mall, S. W. — 2. A 
 similar club established, in New York in 1871. 
 Arnaldus Villanovanus (fir-nal'dus viFa-nd- 
 va'nus). See Arnold of Villanova. 
 
 Arnason (fir'nfi-son), J<jn. Born at Reykjavik, 
 
 Arneth, Alfred von 
 
 Iceland, Nov. 13, 1819: died Aug. 17, 1888. An 
 Icelandic writer. He was for many years librarian of 
 the public library of Iceland, and published, with Grimson, 
 “Popular Legends of Iceland” (1862-64). 
 
 Arnau (ar'nou). A town in Bohemia, situated 
 on the Elbe 65 miles northeast of Prague : an 
 important center of linen and paper manufac- 
 ture. Population^ commune, 4,272, (1910). 
 Arnaud (fir-no'), Henri. Born at La Torre, Pied- 
 mont, 1641: died at Schonberg, 1721. A Wal- 
 densian clergyman andpatriot. He was the military 
 leader in a campaign against the French and Savoyards 
 1689-90, described in his “ Histoire de laglorieuse rentr^e 
 des Vaudois dans leurs valines.” He later conducted the 
 Waldensian exiles to Germany. 
 
 Arnaud, St., Leroy de. See Leroy de Saint- 
 Arnaud. 
 
 Arnauld (ar-no'), Agnes. Born 1594: died 1671. 
 A French Jansenist nun, a sister of Antoine Ar- 
 nauld. She was the author of “ L’lmage d’une religieuse 
 parfaite et d’une imparfalte” (1660), and “Le chapelet se- 
 cret du Saint Sacrement” (1663). 
 
 Arnauld, Angeiique, or Angelique de Saint- 
 Jean. Born Nov. 28, 1624: died Jan. 29, 1684. 
 A French Jansenist nun, niece of Jacqueline 
 Marie Arnauld, and daughter of Robert Ar- 
 nauld d’Andilly, made abbess of Port-Royal in 
 1678: author of “ Memoires pour servir a, l’his- 
 toire de Port-Royal, etc.” (1742), etc. 
 
 Arnauld, Antoine. Born at Paris, Feb. 6, 1560 : 
 died at Paris, Dec. 29, 1619. A French advocate. 
 
 He acquired great celebrity by his speech against the 
 Jesuits in favor of the University of Paris in 1594. 
 
 Arnauld, Antoine, surnamed “The Great Ar- 
 nauld.” Born at Paris, Feb. 16, 1612: died at 
 Liittich, Aug. 8, 1692. A French philosopher 
 and Jansenist theologian, son of Antoine Ar- 
 nauld. He wrote “ De la frequente communion ” (1643), 
 “La perpetuity de la foi” (1669-72), etc. 
 
 Arnauld, Henri. Born at Paris, 1597 : died at 
 Angers, June 8, 1694. A French Jansenist ec- 
 clesiastic, brother of Antoine Arnauld (1612-94). 
 He became bishop of Angers in 1649, and was one of the 
 four bishops who refused to sign the acceptance of the 
 Pope’s bull condemning the “Augustinus” of Jansenius. 
 
 Arnauld, Jacqueline Marie, or Marie Ange- 
 lique de Sainte-Madeleine. Bom Sept. 8, 
 1591: died Aug. 6, 1661. A French Jansenist 
 nun, abbess of Port-Royal, sister of Antoine 
 Arnauld (1612-94). 
 
 Arnauld d’Andilly (ar-no'don-de-ye'), Rob- 
 ert. Born at Paris about 1588: died at Port- 
 Royal, Sept. 27, 1674. A French advocate and 
 theological writer, brother of Antoine Arnauld. 
 Arnauld de Villeneuve. See Arnold of Vil- 
 lanova. 
 
 Arnault (fir-no'), Antoine Vincent. Born at 
 Paris, Jan. 1, 1766: died near Havre, Sept. 16, 
 1834. A French dramatist, fabulist, and mis- 
 cellaneous writer. He wrote “Marius a Min- 
 tumes” (1791), “Germanicus” (1817), etc. 
 
 Arnault’s short moral poems are not so much fables aa 
 what used to be called in English “emblems.” The most 
 famous of these, which of itself deserves to keep Arnault’s 
 memory green, is “La Feuille." 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 401. 
 
 Arnauts (fir'nats). The Turkish name for the 
 Albanians. 
 
 Arndt (arnt), Ernst Moritz. Born at Schoritz, 
 Riigen, Prussia, Dec. 26, 1769: died at Bonn, 
 Prussia, Jan. 29, 1860. A German poet and 
 general writer, professor at Greifswald and 
 later at Bonn. He wrote “Versuch einer Geschichte 
 der Leibeigenschaft in Pommern und Riigen ” (1803), 
 “Der Geist der Zeit” (1807), etc. Among his songs are 
 “Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland?” “Was blasen die 
 Trompeten?” etc. He was one of the leading patriots 
 in the Napoleonic epoch. 
 
 Arne (am), Michael. Born in 1741: died Jan. 
 14, 1786. Musician and composer, son of Dr. 
 Arne. He wrote the music for Garrick’s “Cy- 
 mon” (1767), “The Belle’s Stratagem” (1780), 
 and other plays, and some very popular songs, 
 “The Highland Laddie,” etc. 
 
 Arne, Susanna Maria. See Cibber. 
 
 Arne, Thomas Augustine. Born at London, 
 March 12, 1710 : died at London, March 5, 1778. 
 An English composer. He wrote several operas, “ Bri- 
 tannia” and “Eliza ”(1742-44), “Artaxerxes” (1762); orato- 
 rios, “Abel” (1755), “Judith ”(1764); musical settings of sev- 
 eral of Shakspere’s songs; the song “Rule Britannia ” in the 
 “Masque of Alfred ” (1740); a musical farce,” Thomas and 
 Sally,” etc. He was also author as well as composer. He 
 was created doctor of music by the University of Oxford, 
 July 6, 1759. 
 
 Arneb (ar'neb). [Ar. al amah, the hare.] The 
 third-magnitude star a. Leporis. Sometimes 
 called Arsli. 
 
 Arneburg (iir'ne-borG) . A town in the province 
 of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Elbe 40 
 miles northeast of Magdeburg. Population, 
 about 2,000. 
 
 Arneth (fir'net), Alfred von. Born at Vienna, 
 
Arneth, Alfred von 
 
 July 10, 1819: died there. July30, 1897. An Aus- 
 trian historian, son of Joseph Calasanza von 
 Arneth. His works include histories of Prince 
 Eugene (1858-59), Maria Theresa (1863-79), etc. 
 Arneth, Joseph Calasanza von. Born Aug. 
 12, 1791: died Oct. 31, 1863. An Austrian 
 archeeologist and numismatist. He became di- 
 rector of the cabinet of numismatics and antiquities at 
 Vienna in 1840, and was the author of “Synopsis uumorum 
 antiquorum " (1837-42), etc. 
 
 Arnheim, Baroness of. See Geierstein, Anne of. 
 Arnhem (arn'hem), or Arnheim (am'him). 
 The capital of the province of Gelderland, 
 Netherlands, situated on the Rhine in lat. 51° 
 58' N., long. 5° 52' E. : probably the Roman 
 Arenacum. It lias important transit trade and various 
 manufactures. It was an ancient Hanseatic town, and 
 was taken by the Dutch in 1585, by the French in 1672 
 and 1795, and by the Prussians in 1813. Sir Philip Sidney 
 died at Arnhem in 1586. Population, commune, 
 63,987. 
 
 Arnhem, Cape. A headland at the entrance 
 of the Gulf of Carpentaria. 
 
 Arnhem Bay. An indentation on the coast of 
 the Northern Territory, South Australia. 
 Arnhem Land. A district in the Northern 
 Territory, South Australia. 
 
 Arnim (ar'nim), Count Adolf Heinrich von. 
 Born April 10, 1803: died Jan. 8, 1868. A 
 Prussian politician and historical writer. He 
 was the leading cabinet minister March 19-29, 1848, and was 
 appointed to a hereditary seat in the Herreuhaus in 1854, 
 where he supported the interests of the landed nobility. 
 
 Arnim, Elizabeth (or Bettina) von. Born at 
 Frankfort-on-the-Main, April 4, 1785: died at 
 Berlin, Jan. 20, 1859. A German writer, wife 
 of Ludwig Achim von Arnim aud sister of 
 Clemens- Brentano, noted for her correspon- 
 dence (largely spurious) with Goethe, 1807-11. 
 Arnim, Count Harry Karl Kurt Eduard 
 von. Born at Moitzelfit.z, Pomerania, Prussia, 
 Oct. 3, 1824 : died at Nice, France, May 19, 1881. 
 A German diplomatist, ambassador at Rome 
 1864-70, and at Paris 1872—74. He took a leading 
 part, in the negotiations preliminary to the treaty of Frank- 
 fort May 10, 1871 ; was appointed ambassador at Paris Jari. 
 9, 1872, and recalled March 2, 1874, on account of differ- 
 ences of opinion with Prince Bismarck ; was assigned to 
 Constantinople March 19 ; and was dismissed from the 
 diplomatic service May 15 for publishing his Roman de- 
 spatches. On Dec. 15 he was sentenced to three months’ 
 imprisonment, on the charge of having filched state docu- 
 ments from the archives of the German embassy at Paris, 
 but escaped punishment by having previously removed 
 himself beyond the jurisdiction of the German courts; 
 and on Oct. 5, 1876, was sentenced to five years’ penal ser- 
 vitude for lese-majesty in publishing an anonymous pam- 
 phlet against the chancellor, entitled “Pro nihilo, Vorge- 
 schichte des Aruim-Prozesses ” (1875). He died in exile. 
 
 Arnim, Baron Heinrich Alexander von. Born 
 at Berlin, Feb. 13, 1798 : died at Diisseldorf, 
 Jan. 5, 1861. A Prussian diplomatist and poli- 
 tician. He was ambassador at Brussels 1840-46, and at 
 Paris 1846-48, and was minister of foreign affairs March 21 
 to June 8, 1848. 
 
 Arnim, or Arnheim, Baron Johann (or Hans) 
 Georg von. Born at Boitzenburg, Branden- 
 burg, Prussia, 1581: died at Dresden, April 18, 
 1641. A German diplomatist and general in the 
 Thirty Years’ War, in the service of the Impe- 
 rialists, and later of the Protestants. 
 
 Arnim, Karl Otto Ludwig von. Born at Ber- 
 lin, Aug. 1, 1779: died at Berlin, Feb. 9, 1861. 
 A German writer of travels. 
 
 Arnim, Ludwig Joachim (commonly Achim) 
 von. Born at Berlin, June 26, 1781: died at 
 Dahme, Prussia, Jan. 21, 1831. A German nov- 
 elist and poet. From all parts of Germany he col- 
 lected folk-songs which were published, 1806-08, in con- 
 junction with Clemens Brentano, under the title “Des 
 Knaben Wunderhorn ’’ (“ The Boy’s Wonder-Horn ’’). He 
 was the author of several novels and tales, the most 
 celebrated among them the historical novel “ Die Kronen- 
 wachter” (“The Guardians of the Crown”). His col- 
 lected works were published by his wife, with an intro- 
 duction by William Grimm, 1839-18, in 20 volumes. 
 Arno (ar'no), or Arn (arn), or Aquila (ak'wi- 
 la). [OHG. arn, L. aqmla, eagle.] Born about 
 750: died Jan. 24, 821. A German ecclesiastic 
 and diplomatist, the friend of Alcuin, appointed 
 archbishop of Salzburg in 798. He is said to have 
 converted many Avars ami Wends, to have presided at 
 several synods, including the Council of Wentz 813, and 
 to have enjoyed the esteem of Charlemagne and Leo III. 
 He wrote, together with Benedict the Deacon, the“Con- 
 gestum(lndicnlus)Arnonis,”alistof all the churches, vil- 
 lages, etc., in the archbishopric of Salzburg. 
 
 Arno (ar'n5). A river in Tuscany, Italy, about 
 140 miles long: the Roman Arnus. it rises in the 
 Apennines, flows south, west, northwest, and then west, 
 and empties into the Mediterranean 5 miles southwest 
 of Pisa. Florence and Pisa are situated on it. 
 
 Arno, Val d’. The fruitful valley of the upper 
 Arno. 
 
 Arnobius (ar-no' bi-us), surnamed Afer. Born 
 in Numidia : lived about 300. A rhetorician 
 
 80 
 
 and Christian apologist. His chief work is entitled 
 “ Adversus Gentes ’’ (“ Against the Gentiles ”). 
 
 Arnobius. Lived about 460. A Semi-Pelagian 
 ecclesiastic of Gaul, author of a “ Commentary 
 on the Psalms.” 
 
 Arnold (ar'nold), Sir Arthur. Born May 28, 
 1833: died at London, May 20, 1902. An Eng- 
 lish journalist, miscellaneous writer, and Lib- 
 eral politician : brother of Sir Edwin Arnold. 
 He was editor of the “ Echo,” and the author of “ From 
 the Levant,” “ Through Persia by Caravan.’ “Social Poli- 
 tics,” “ Free Land,” etc. Knighted in 1895. 
 
 Arnold, Benedict. Born 1615 : died 1678. An 
 oarly colonial governor of Rhode Island. 
 
 Arnold, Benedict. Born at Norwich, Conn., 
 Jan. 14, 1741 : died at London, June 14, 1801. 
 An American Revolutionary general and trai- 
 tor. He was commissioned colonel 1775, and took part 
 in the capture of Ticonderoga; commanded the expedi- 
 tion through the Maine wilderness against Quebec in 1775 ; 
 was wounded at the siege of Quebec ; was made brigadier- 
 general ; commanded at a naval battle on Lake Champlain 
 in 1776 ; defeated the British at Ridgefield, Connecticut, 
 1777 ; and was made major-general. In the Burgoyne cam- 
 paign he served with distinction at the first battle of Sara- 
 toga 1777, and decided the second battle of Saratoga (where 
 he was wounded). He was appointed commander of Phila- 
 delphia 1778 ; was tried before a court martial on various 
 charges, and reprimanded by Washington 1780. Appoint- 
 ed commander of West Point in 1780, he planned with An- 
 drO the surrender of that place to the British. The plan was 
 discovered through the capture of Andre, and Arnold es- 
 caped to the British, receiving the rank of major-general 
 in the British army and subsequently conducting expedi- 
 tions against Virginia and New London, Connecticut, 178L 
 The latter part of his life was spent chiefly in London. 
 
 Arnold (ar'ndlt), Christoph. Born afc Som- 
 merfeld, near Leipsic, Dec. 17, 1650 : died April 
 15, 1695. A German astronomer, noted for ob- 
 servations of the comets of 1682 and 1686, and 
 of the transit of Mercury in 1690. 
 
 Arnold (ar(nold), Sir Edwin. Born June 10, 
 1832: died March 24, 1904. An English poet, 
 journalist, and Orientalist. He was educated at 
 King’s College (London) and at Oxford, became principal 
 of the Government Sanskrit College at Poona, India, and 
 later served on the staff of the “ Daily Telegraph, ’’London. 
 Among his poems are “Light of Asia ’’ (1879), “ Light of the 
 World” (1891), “Indian Song of Songs” (1875), “Indian 
 Poetry,” “Pearls of the Faith,” “Lotus and Jewel.” 
 
 Arnold. George. Born at Now York city, June 
 24, 1834 : died at Strawberry Farms, N. j., Nov. 
 3, 1865. An American poet and man of letters. 
 He contributed to “Vanity Fair,”” The Leader,” and other 
 periodicals, and was the author of “ Poems ’’ (edited, with 
 biographical sketch, by William Winter, 1870). 
 
 Arnold (ar'nolt), Gottfried. Born at Anna- 
 berg, Saxony, Sept. 5, 1666 : died at Perleberg, 
 Brandenburg, Prussia, May 30, 1714. A German 
 Pietist theologian and church historian. “He 
 was the first to use the German language instead of the 
 Latin in learned history : but his style is tasteless and in- 
 sipid.” Schaff. 
 
 Arnold (ar'nold), Isaac Newton. Born at 
 Hartwick, N. Y., Nov. 30, 1815 : died at Chicago, 
 April 24, 1884. An American politician, Repub- 
 lican member of Congress from Illinois 1861-65. 
 He wrote a life of Abraham Lincoln (1866, revised ed. 
 1885), a life of Benedict Arnold (1880), etc. 
 
 Arnold (ar'nolt), Johann Georg Daniel. Born 
 at Strasburg, Feb. 18, 1780 : died there, Feb. 18, 
 1829. An Alsatian jurist and poet, appointed 
 professor of Roman law in the University of 
 Strasburg in 1811. He wrote the comedy “Der 
 Pfingstmontag ” (1816), etc. 
 
 Arnold, Matthew. Born at Laleham, Middle- 
 sex, England, Doc. 24, 1822: died at Liverpool, 
 April 15, 1888. A noted English critic and poet, 
 son of Thomas Arnold. He was educated at Win- 
 chester, Rugby, and Balliol College (Oxford), and became 
 a fellow of Oriel. He was made lay inspector of schools 
 in 1851, and was appointed professor of poetry in Oxford 
 in 1857. He visited the Uni:ed States in 1883 and 18S6. 
 His works include poems (1849), 1 Empedocles on Etna”' 
 (1852), poems (1854, 1861), “Essays in Criticism” (1S65), 
 “Study of Celtic Literature” (1867), “Literature and Dog- 
 ma” (1873), “Culture and Anarchy,” “Last Essays on 
 Church and Religion ” (1877', “Mixed Essays,” “St. Paul 
 and Protestantism,” “Friendship’s Garland,” “Higher 
 Schools and Universities in Germany.” 
 
 Arnold, Bichard. Born at Providence, R. I., 
 April 12, 1828 : died on Governor’s Island, N. Y. 
 harbor, Nov. 8, 1882. An American general in 
 the Civil War, son of Lemuel II. Arnold . He served 
 in the Peninsula campaign 18S2, commanded a cavalry 
 division in General Banks’s Red River expedition 1804, 
 and received brevet ranks for gallantry in the engage- 
 ments of Savage Station, Port Hudson, and Fort Morgan. 
 
 Arnold, Samuel Greene. Born at Providence, 
 R. I., April 12, 1821 : died at Providence, R. I., 
 Feb. 12, 1880. An American politician and his- 
 torian, several times lieutenant-governor of 
 Rhode Isla.nd, and United States senator 1862- 
 1863: author of a “History of Rhode Island.” 
 
 Arnold, Samuel. Born at London, Aug. 10, 
 1740: died at London, Oct. 22, 1802. An Eng- 
 lish composer of operas and oratorios. He be- 
 came organist and composer to the Chapel Royal In 1783, 
 
 Arnould 
 
 and conductor of the Academy of Ancient Music in 1789. 
 Among his numerous works are “The Maid of the MiU" 
 (1765), “The Cure of Saul” (1767), “Abimelech” (1768), 
 “ The Resurrection ” (1773), and “ The Prodigal Son” (1773). 
 
 Arnold, Thomas. Born at West Cowes, Isle of 
 Wight, June 13, 1795: died at Rugby, June 12, 
 1842. A noted English educator and historian, 
 famous as head-master of Rugby (1828-42). 
 He was educated at Winchester and Oxford (Corpus 
 Christi College), and became fellow of Oriel in 1815. In 
 1819 he settled at Laleham, near Staines, and occupied 
 himself with preparing young men for the universities. 
 He was appointed professor of modern history at Oxford 
 in 1841. Among his works area "History of Rome” (3 vols. 
 1838-43), “Lectures on Modern History” (1842), “Ser- 
 mons" (1829-34), and an edition of Thucydides (1830-35). 
 
 Arnold, Thomas Kerchever. Born at Stam- 
 ford, England, 1800: died at Lyndon, Rutland- 
 shire, March 9, 1853. An English clergyman and 
 writer of classical text-books, with" Rev. J. E. 
 Riddle he issued an English-Latin lexicon (1847), based on 
 the German work of C. E. Georges. 
 
 Arnold, Thomas. Born 1823: died 1900. An 
 English scholar, son of Thomas Arnold (1795- 
 1842). He was the author of a “Manual of English Litera- 
 ture,” and editor of Wyclif, Beowulf, Henry of Hunting- 
 don, Simeon of Durham, etc. 
 
 Arnold, William Delafield. Born at Laleham, 
 near Staines, England, April 7, 1828: died at 
 Gibraltar, April 9, 1859. A son of Thomas Ar- 
 nold and brother of Matthew Arnold. He was 
 educated at Rugby, and was a student of Christ Church, 
 Oxford, in 1847. In 1848 he went to India as ensign, and 
 became assistant commissioner in the Panjab, and (1856) 
 director of public instruction. He wrote the novel “Oak- 
 field ” (1853), under the pseudonym “Punjabee.” 
 
 Arnold of Brescia. Born at Brescia, Italy, 
 about 1100: executed at Rome, 1155. An Ital- 
 ian religious reformer and political agitator. 
 During a popular insurrection at Rome, 1146, he preached 
 the deposition of the Pope and the restoration of the an- 
 cient republic. An interdict of the city by Adrian IV. 
 compelled him to seek refuge in Campania 1155. He was 
 delivered to the Pope by the emperor Frederick Barba- 
 rossa and executed. 
 
 Arnold of Villanova, F. Arnanid de Ville- 
 neuve. Born about 1240: died 1313. A phy- 
 sician, alchemist, and astrologer, whose nation- 
 ality is unknown. He taught at Paris, Barcelona, and 
 Montpellier, and lias been incorrectly accredited with the 
 discovery of sulphuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acids, 
 which, according to Hoefer, were known before his time. 
 
 Arnold of Winkelried. See Wirikelried. 
 Arnold von Melchthal. See Melclithal. 
 
 Arnoldi (ar-nol'de), Wilhelm. Born Jan. 4, 
 1798: died Jan. 7, 1864. A German Ultramon- 
 tane ecclesiastic, installed as bishop of Treves 
 in 1842. He displayed at Treves an alleged “coat” of 
 Christ in 1844, which attracted a large number of pil- 
 grims to the city, and gave rise to the German Catholic 
 movement under Ronge. 
 
 Arnolfo di Cambio (ar-nol'fo de kam'be-o), or 
 Arnolfo di Lapo (la'po). Born at Colle, Tus- 
 cany, about 1232: died at Florence, 1300. A Tus- 
 can architect and sculptor, employed on the 
 churches of Santa Croce (1295) and Santa Ma- 
 ria del Fiore (1298) in Florence. 
 
 To comprehend what Arnolfo did for Florence we have 
 but to look down upon that fair city and note that all the 
 most striking objects which greet the eye, the Duomo, 
 the Palazzo Veccliio, Santa Croce, or San Michele, and the 
 walls which surround the city, are his work. 
 
 Perkins, Tuscan Sculptors, L 53. 
 
 Arnolphe (ar-nolf'). A cynical and morose 
 man in Moliere’s “Ecole des Femmes.” He is 
 imbued with the idea that a woman can only be good and 
 virtuous in proportion as she is ignorant. He brings up a 
 young girl, Agnes, on these principles with the view of 
 marrying her; but this system results in making her so 
 ignorant that she says and does the most adventurous 
 things without a blush. His warnings teach her exactly 
 how to deceive him, and she marries her younger lover, 
 Horace. 
 
 Arnon (ar'non). In scriptural geography, a 
 small river (the modern Wady Mojib) flowing 
 into the Dead Sea. It formed the boundary between 
 the Moabites on the south and the Amorites (and later 
 the Israelites) on the north. 
 
 Arnon (ar-non'). A tributary of the Cher, ly- 
 ing chiefly in the department of Cher, France. 
 
 Arnot (ar'not), William. Born at Scone, 
 Scotland, Nov. 6, 1808: died at Edinburgh, 
 June 3, 1875. A Scottish minister and theo- 
 logical writer. He was ordained minister of St. Pe- 
 ter’s Church in Glasgow in 1838, joined Dr. Chalmers’s 
 Free Church movement in 1843, and became minister of 
 a Free Church congregation in Edinburgh in 1S63. 
 
 Arnott (ar'not), Neil. Born at Arbroath. Scot- 
 land, May 15, 1788: died at London, March 2, 
 1874. A British physician, physicist, and in- 
 ventor. He wrote “Elements of Physics" (Vol. I., 1827 ; 
 Part I., Vol. II., 1829; frequently reprinted), “Warming 
 and Ventilation,” etc., and invented a form of stove and 
 the water-bed. 
 
 Arnould (ar-no'), Madeleine Sophie. Born 
 
 at Paris, Feb. 14, 1744: died 1803. A French 
 actress and opera-singer (1757-78), “the most 
 admired artist of the Paris Opera” (Grove). 
 
Arnsberg 
 
 Arnsberg (iirnz'berG). A governmental district 
 in the province of Westphalia, Prussia. Popu- 
 lation, 2,213,549. 
 
 Arnsberg. A manufacturing town in the prov- 
 ince of Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the 
 Ruhr in lat. 51° 25' N., long. 8° 4' E. : the an- 
 cient capital of Westphalia, and a seat of the 
 Vehmgerichte. It has a ruined castle. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 9,195. 
 
 Arnstadt (arn'stat). A manufacturing town in 
 Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Germany, situ- 
 ated on the Gera 11 miles southwest of Erfurt : 
 one of the oldest towns in Thuringia. It has 
 an ancient castle and a Rathaus. Population, 
 16,270. 
 
 Arnswalde (arns'val-de). A manufacturing 
 town in the province of Brandenburg, Prussia, 
 40 miles southeast of Stettin. Population, 
 commune, 9,065. 
 
 Arnulf (ar'nulf). Born about850 : died at Ratis- 
 bon, Bavaria, Dec. 8, 899. Emperor of the Holy 
 Roman Empire, illegitimate son of Karlmann, 
 king of Bavaria. He was elected king of the East 
 Franks' in 887, was crowned emperor in 896, defeated the 
 Normans near Louvain in 891, fought with the Moravians, 
 and invaded Italy and stormed Home in 896. 
 
 Arnulf. Archbishop of Rheims 989-991. 
 Arnway (arn'wa), John. Born in Shropshire, 
 1601: died in Virginia, probably in 1653. An 
 English royalist clergyman and writer, arch- 
 deacon of Lichfield and Coventry. He was exiled 
 and took refuge at The Hague, and later accepted an invi- 
 tation to preach in Virginia. He wrote the “Tablet” 
 (1650), a reply to Milton's “ Eikonoklastes,” and “Alarum 
 to the Subjects of England ” (1650). 
 
 Arod (a'rod). [Heb. 'drdd, perhaps ‘wild ass.’] 
 1. A son of Gad (Num. xxvi. 17), also called 
 Arodi (Gen. xlvi. 16). — 2. In Dry den and Tate's 
 “Absalom and Achitophel,” part ii., a character 
 intended for Sir William Waller. 
 
 Arok-Szallas (o'rok-sal'ash). A town in the 
 county of Jazygien, Hungary, 45 miles north- 
 east of Budapest. Population, 12,067. 
 
 Arolas (a-ro'las), Juan. Born at Barcelona, 
 June 20, 1805: died at Valencia, Nov. 25, 1849. 
 A Spanish poet, author of “ Poesias caballeres- 
 cas y orientales” (1840-50), etc. 
 
 Arolsen (a'rol-sen). The capital of the prin- 
 cipality of Waldeck, Germany, 22 miles west 
 by north of Cassel. It contains the princely castle 
 with rich collections, and is the birthplace of Rauch and 
 Kaulbach. Population, 2,811. 
 
 Arona (a-ro'na). A town in the province of 
 Novara, Italy, situated on Lago Maggiore 38 
 miles northwest of Milan, it contains a noted 
 colossal bronze and copper statue of Cardinal Carlo Bor- 
 romeo. Population, about 5,000. 
 
 Arona, Juan de. See Paz Soldan y Unanue, 
 Pedro. 
 
 Arondight (a'ron-dit). In medieval legends, 
 the sword of Lancelot of the Lake. 
 Aroostook (a-ros'tuk). A river in northern 
 and northeastern Maine, which joins the St. 
 John in western New Brunswick : length over 
 100 miles. 
 
 Arouet. See Voltaire. 
 
 Arpachshad (ar-pak-shad'), or Arphaxad (ar- 
 fak'sad). 1. Third son of Shem (Gen. x. 22, 
 24; xi. 10). — 2. A Semitic tribe and country, 
 usually considered the same as Arrapaehitis,on 
 the upper Zab northeast of Nineveh. 
 
 Arpad (ar-pad'). A city in northern Syria, 
 about 15 miles north of Aleppo : the modern 
 Tel-Erfad. In the Old Testament it is always mentioned 
 in conjunction with Hamath, modern Hamah, on the 
 Orontes (e. g., Isa. x. 9, Jer. xlix. 23). In the Assyrian in- 
 scriptions it is called Ar-pad-da. It was taken by Tiglath- 
 Pileser II. in 740 B. c., after a siege of three years. 
 Arpad (ar'pad). Died 907 a. d. The Magyar 
 national hero, founder of the Arp&d dynasty iu 
 Hungary about 890. 
 
 Arpad dynasty. A dynasty of Hungarian 
 sovereigns, ruling as kings from 1000 to 1301. 
 Arpasia (ar-pa'shia). A Grecian princess, in 
 Rowe’s tragedy “ Tamerlane.” 
 
 Arphaxad. See Arpachshad. 
 
 Arpi (ar'pi), or Argyrippa (ar-ji-rip'a). In 
 ancient geography, a city of Apulia, Italy, in 
 lat. 41° 31' N., long. 15° 33' E. 
 
 Arpino. See Cesari, Giuseppe. 
 
 Arpino (ar-pe'no). A town in the province of 
 Caserta, Italy, situated near the Garigliano in 
 lat. 41° 40' N., long. 13° 37' E.: the ancient 
 Arpinum, the birthplace of Marius and Cicero. 
 It was originally a Volscian town, and received the Roman 
 franchise 302 B. c., and the suffrage 188 B. c. Popula- 
 tion, commune, about 10,000. 
 
 Arqua (ar-kwa'). A village 13 miles southwest 
 of Padua, Italy: the place where Petrarch 
 died (1374). 
 c.— e 
 
 81 
 
 Arquebusiers of St. Andrew. A fine painting 
 by Frans Hals (1633) in the town hall at Haar- 
 lem, Holland. It comprises 14 figures, colonel, cap- 
 tains, lieutenants, ensigns, and sergeants, and is admirable 
 in color and expression. 
 
 Arquebusiers, Gild of. See Gild of Arque- 
 busiers. 
 
 Arquebusiers, Syndics of the. See Syndics 
 of the A rquebusiers. 
 
 Arques (ark). A small town in the department 
 of Seine-Inf6rieure, France, at the junction of 
 the Arques and Bethune, 31 miles from Dieppe. 
 It contains a famous ruined castle. A victory was gained 
 here by Henry IV. over the Duke of Mayenne, Sept. 21, 
 1589. 
 
 Arrah (ar'ra). A town in Bengal, British 
 India, 35 miles west of Patna. In 1857 it was 
 successfully defended against the Sepoy rebels. 
 Population, 46,170. 
 
 Arrah na Pogue ( Arrah of the Kiss ) ; or, The 
 Wicklow Wedding. A play by Dion Bouei- 
 cault, produced in 1865. 
 
 Arraignment of Paris, The. A play, some- 
 thing between a pageant and a mask, which 
 was published anonymously in 1584, but was 
 certainly written by Peele. 
 
 Arrakis (ar'ra-kis). [Ar. an-rdqig, the trotting 
 camel. See Alwaid .] The fourth-magnitude 
 double-star y Draconis, in the Dragon’s tongue. 
 Arran (ar'an). [Gael. Aran.] An island of 
 Scotland, in the county of Bute, west of tho 
 Firth of Clyde. Its length is about 20 miles, its great- 
 est breadth about 12 miles, and its area 165 square miles. 
 Population, over 5,000. 
 
 Arran (islands of Ireland). See Aran. 
 
 Arran, Earl of. See Hamilton, James. 
 
 Arras (ar-ras'). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Pas-de-Calais, France, situated on 
 the Scarpe in lat. 50° 17' N., long. 2° 46' E. : the 
 Roman Nemetocenna, or Nemetacum of the 
 Atrebates, later Atrabate. it is a strong fortress 
 and the seat of a bishopric, has an active trade in grain, 
 oil, etc., and manufactures of lace, beet-sugar, etc., and 
 was formerly noted for its tapestry. Among its buildings 
 are a cathedral, a hotel de ville, and a museum. Arras was 
 the capital of the Atrebates, and later of Artois ; belonged 
 in the later middle ages to Burgundy, and passed with the 
 Netherlands to Spain ; was taken by the French in 1640; 
 was vainly besieged by the Spaniards in 1654 ; and was 
 ceded to France in 1659. Birthplace of Robespierre. 
 Population, 24,921. 
 
 Arras, Lines of. Fortifications extending from 
 Arras to Bouchain on the Schelde, crossed by 
 Marlborough 1711. 
 
 Arras, Treaties of. 1. A treaty concluded 
 between the Armagnacs and the Burgundians 
 in 1414. — 2. A treaty between Charles VII. of 
 France and Philip the Good of Burgundy, con- 
 cluded in 1435. — 3. A treaty between Louis XI. 
 of France and Maximilian I., concluded in 1482. 
 France was to receive Artois, Franehe-Comtd, 
 and other territories. 
 
 Arrate y Acosta (ar-ra'te e a-kos'ta), Jose 
 Martin Felix. Born at Havana, 1697: died 
 there in 1766. A Cuban historian. He studied 
 law in Havana and Mexico, and was regidor of Havana 
 from 1734, and alcalde in 1752. In 1762 he assisted in de- 
 fending the city against the English. His “Llave del 
 Nuevo Mundo y Antemural de las Indias Occiden tales ’’ (a 
 history of Cuba), commenced in 1761, was published in 
 1830. 
 
 Arrawaks. See Aramaics. 
 
 Arrebo (ar-e-bo'), Anders Christensen. Born 
 in iEroe, Jan. 2, 1587: died at Vordingborg, 
 Denmark, March 12, 1637. A Danish poet, author 
 of “Hexaemeron” (1641 and 1661), etc. He was 
 styled “the father of Danish poetry”: he intro- 
 duced into it the renaissance then spreading 
 from Italy. 
 
 Arr6e (ar-ra'), Monts d’. A mountain group in 
 the department of Finistere, France, culminat- 
 ing in Mont St.-Michel (about 1,275 feet high). 
 Arrest (ar-rest'), Heinrich Ludwig d’. Born 
 at Berlin, Aug. 13, 1822: died at Copenhagen, 
 June 14, 1875. A German astronomer, ap- 
 pointed professor at Leipsic in 1852 and at 
 Copenhagen in 1857, noted for his discoveries 
 of comets and observations of nebulae. 
 Arretium (ar-re'shi-um). An ancient and 
 powerful city of Etruria : the modern Arezzo 
 (which see). In an Italian coalition against Rome 
 (285-282 B. o.) Arretium refused to take part, and was be- 
 sieged by the whole force of the confederacy, including 
 paid hordes of Gallic Senones. L. Csecilius Metellus went 
 to the relief of the city, but was defeated and slain, with 
 seven military tribunes and 13,000 men, the rest of the 
 army being made prisoners. 
 
 Arrhidseus (ar-i-de'us). [Gr.’Ap/Waiof.] Killed 
 317 B. C. Half-brother of Alexander the Great, 
 and one of his successors, put to death by order 
 of Olympias. 
 
 Arria (ar'i-a). Died 42 a. d. The wife of Cce- 
 cina Paitus. Her husband was condemned to death 
 
 Arroyo Molinos 
 
 for being privy to a conspiracy against Claudius : as he 
 hesitated to destroy himself in obedience to the com- 
 mand of the emperor, she stabbed herself and handed him 
 the dagger with the words, “ Paetus, it does not pain me.” 
 
 Arriaga (ar-re-a'ga), Pablo Jose de. Born at 
 Vergara, Spain, 1562: perished in a shipwreck 
 near Havana, Cuba, 1622. A Spanish Jesuit and 
 author. He spent most of his life in Peru, where he was 
 rector of the Jesuit College of Arequipa, and afterward 
 first rector of the College of San Martin at Lima. His 
 best-known and most valuable work is his “Estirpacion 
 de la Idolatria de los Indios del Peru.” 
 
 Arrian (ar'i-an), L. Flavius Arrianus (fla'vi- 
 
 us ar-i-a'nus)". [Gr. ’A’pptavoc;.] Born at Nico- 
 media, Bithynia, about 100 A. D. : died at an 
 advanced age in the reign of Marcus Aurelius. 
 A noted Greek historian and philosopher. He 
 edited the “Lectures of Epictetus,” and published an 
 abstract of his philosophy, and was the author of a his- 
 tory of the Asiatic expedition of Alexander the Great 
 (see Anabasis), of a treatise on India, of a “Voyage around 
 the Buxine,” etc. He was both a Roman and an Athenian 
 citizen, and in the former capacity filled several important 
 magistracies. Hadrian appointed him governor of Cappa- 
 docia A. D. 136, and while holding this office he defeated 
 the invading Alani. He was raised to the consular rank 
 by Antoninus Pius in a. j>. 146. The remainder of his life 
 was spent in dignified retirement as priest of Ceres and 
 Proserpine in his native city. 
 
 Arriaza (ar-re-a' tha), or Arriaza y Superviela, 
 Juan Bautista de. Bom at Madrid, 1770: 
 died there in 1837. A Spanish poet, author 
 of “Emilia” (1S03), “Poesias patri6ticas” (3d 
 ed. 1815), and “Poesias liricas” (6th ed. 1829- 
 1832). He was a strenuous supporterof the absolutemon- 
 archy, and was made a councilor and charhberlain by 
 Ferdinand VII. 
 
 Arrigal (ar'i-gal). A mountain in the northern 
 part of Donegal, Ireland, the highest in the 
 county. 
 
 Arrivabene (ar-re-va-ba'ne), Ferdinando. 
 
 Born at Mantua, Italy, 1770 : died there, June 
 29, 1834. An Italian jurist and miscellaneous 
 author. He was thrown into prison at Sebenico, Dal- 
 matia, in 1800, by the Austrian government, for political 
 reasons, and published a protest, ‘ ‘ La tomba di Sebenico," 
 which created a great sensation. Later he w j as made 
 president of a court of justice at Brescia. 
 
 Arrivabene, Count Giovanni. Bom at Man- 
 tua, Italy, June 24, 1787: died at Mantua, Jan. 
 11, 1881. An Italian patriot and political econo- 
 mist. He was arrested by the Austrian government in 
 1820 for having participated in the disturbances of the 
 Carbonari, and fled the country. He returned to Italy in 
 1860, where he was created a senator and was for a long 
 time the president of the Italian Association of Political 
 Economy. 
 
 Arroe. See Aird. 
 
 Arrom (ar-rom'), Cecilia Bohl von Faber, 
 Madame de : pseudonym Feman Caballero. 
 
 Bom at Morges, Switzerland, 1796: died at 
 Seville, Spain, April 7, 1877. A Spanish nov- 
 elist, author of “La familia de Alvareda” 
 (1850), etc. 
 
 Arrot. The weasel in “Reynard the Fox.” 
 Arroux (ar-ro'). A tributary of the Loire, about 
 75 miles long, lying chiefly in the department 
 of Saone-et-Loire. It flows past Autun. 
 Arrow, The. See Sagitta. 
 
 Arrow (ar'o), Lake. A small lake in County 
 Sligo, Ireland. 
 
 Arrow Lake, Upper and Lower. Expansions 
 of the Columbia River in British Columbia. 
 Arrowpoint (ar'o -point), Catharine. In 
 
 George Eliot’s novel “Daniel Deronda,” a girl 
 accomplished to a point of exasperating thor- 
 oughness, but possessing much good sense. 
 Arrowsmith (ar'o -smith), Aaron. Born at 
 Winston, Durham, July 14, 1750: died at Lon- 
 don, April 23, 1823. A noted English geog- 
 rapher and chartographer. He published “A Chart 
 of the World as on Mercator’s projection, showing all the 
 New Discoveries,” etc. (1790), “Maps of the World” 
 (1794), “Maps of North America” (1796), “Maps of Scot- 
 land ” (1807), “Atlas of Southern India ’‘(1822), etc. 
 
 Arrowsmith, John. Bom 1790: died at Lon- 
 don, May 1, 1873. An English geographer and 
 chartographer, a nephew of Aaron Arrowsmith. 
 He was one of the founders of the Royal Geographical 
 Society. He published a “London Atlas ’’(1st ed. 1834), 
 etc. 
 
 Arroyo de China (ar-ro'yo de che'na). [Sp., 
 ‘pebble gorge.’] A former name of Concep- 
 cion del Uruguay, in the Argentine Republic. 
 Arroyo Hondo (ar-ro'yo hon'do). [Sp., ‘ deep 
 gorge.’] The name of two deep sluices or 
 gorges in New Mexico, one running west of 
 Taos a distance of about 12 miles, the other 
 running 5 miles south of Santa F6 toward the 
 Santa F6 Creek. On the sides of the latter there 
 are the ruins of two ancient villages of the Tehuas called 
 Kukutt. 
 
 Arroyo Molinos (iir-ro'yo mo-le'nos). Avillage 
 in Spain, 43 miles northeast of Badajoz, the 
 scene of a British victory over the French, 1811 . 
 
Arru Islands 
 
 Arru Islands. See Am Islands. 
 
 Arruda da Camara (ar-ro'da da ka'ma-ra), 
 Manoel. Born in Alagoas, 1752: died at Per- 
 nambuco, 1810. A Brazilian botanist, author 
 of various works on the economic botany of 
 Brazil. He studied medicine in France, and during 
 the latter part of his life was a practising physician in 
 Pernambuco. 
 
 Arsaces (ar'sa-sez or ar-sa'sez) I. [L. ; G-r. 
 ’A puatt^f.] The founder of the Parthian king- 
 dom. He is variously represented as the chief of a 
 nomad tribe of Scythians, Bactrians, or Parthians who 
 about 250 B. c. headed a revolt of the Parthians against 
 Syria, and established the independent kingdom of Parthia 
 (250 B. 0.-226 A. D.). 
 
 Arsacidae (ar-sas'i-de). 1. A dynasty of Par- 
 thian kings, established by Arsaces I. about 
 250 b. c. and overthrown by the Persians 226 
 A. D. The most noteworthy of the Arsacidae are Phra- 
 ates III. (died 60 (?) B. c.), Orodes I. (died 37 (?) B. c.), Phra- 
 ates TV. (died 4 (?) A. D.), Artabanus II. (died 44 A. I>.), Vo- 
 losgeses I. (died 90 (?) A. D. ), and Chosroes (died 122 (?) A. D.). 
 
 2. A dynasty of Armenian kings founded (prob- 
 ably) by Valarsaces, brother of Arsaces III., 
 king of Parthia in 149 b. c. The history of the 
 dynasty is obscure. See Armenia. 
 
 Arsames (iir'sa-mez). [Gr. Apcrd/nyp.] 1. The 
 father of Hystaspes and grandfather of Darius. 
 
 — 2. A son of Darius and a commander in the 
 army of Xerxes. — 3. An illegitimate son of 
 Artaxerxes Mnemon. Smith. 
 
 Arschot. See Aerschot. 
 
 Arsenius (ar-se'ni-us), surnamed “ The Great.” 
 [Gr. Apahiog.'] Born about 354: died 450 (449?). 
 A famous Egyptian monk. He was tutor to the 
 sons of the emperor Theodosius the Great, Arcadius and 
 Honorius, about 383-394, and a hermit in the monastic 
 wilderness of Scetis in Egypt 394—434. Driven from Scetis 
 in 434 by an irruption of barbarians, he went to Troe, near 
 Memphis, and remained there till 444 ; then spent three 
 years in the island of Canopus ; and finally returned to 
 Troe where he died. He is honored by the Greek Church 
 on May 8, by the Latin on J uly 19. 
 
 Arsenius, surnamed Autorianus. Died 1267. 
 Patriarch of Constantinople 1254-61. He was ap- 
 pointed, with George Muzalon, by Theodore Lascaris II. 
 guardian of the latter’s son John IV. ; but was deposed and 
 banished to Proconnesus by the emperor Michael VIII. 
 Palseologus, to whom he refused to grant absolution for 
 usurping the throne and putting out the eyes of John IV. 
 Arsh. See Arneb. 
 
 Arsinoe (ar-sin'o-e). [Gr. ’A poivd//.~] 1. Born 
 316 B. C. Daughter of Ptolemy I. of Egypt, 
 wife of Lysimachus and, afterward, of Ptol- 
 emy II. — 2. Lived about 280 b. c. The daugh- 
 ter of Lysimachus, and first wife of Ptolemy II. 
 
 — 3. Lived about 220 b. c. The wife of Ptol- 
 emy IV. Philopator, by whose order she was 
 put to death. — 4. Killed at Miletus, 41 b. c. 
 Queen of Egypt in 47 b. C., put to death by 
 Mark Antony at the instigation of her sister 
 Cleopatra. — 5. In Moliere’s comedy “The Mis- 
 anthrope,” a woman whose age and ugliness 
 have forced her to give up the admiration of 
 men: she assumes a hypocritical and prudish 
 species of piety. — 6. An opera by Thomas 
 Clayton, produced in 1705. It was composed of a 
 number of Italian songs which he brought with him from 
 Italy and adapted to the words of an English play by Peter 
 Motteux called “Arsinoe, Queen of Cyprus." He called 
 it his own composition. According to Doran it was the 
 first attempt to establish opera in England as it was pro- 
 duced in Italy. 
 
 Arsinoe. In ancient geography, a town near 
 the head of the Gulf of Suez, in lat. 30° 3' N., 
 long. 32° 34' E. 
 
 Arsinoe. In ancient geography, a town in 
 Lower Egypt, situated near Lake Moeris 34 
 miles southwest of Memphis. Also called Cro- 
 codilopolis. 
 
 Ars-sur-Moselle (ar-stir-mo-zel'), G. Ars-an- 
 der-Mosel. A town in Lorraine, Alsace-Lor- 
 raine, situated on the Moselle 5 miles south- 
 west of Metz. 
 
 Arta (iir'ta). A river of Albania and Greece, 
 the ancient, Arachthus, which forms (since 
 1881) part of the boundary between Greece and 
 Turkey, and flows into the Gulf of Arta 8 miles 
 below Arta. 
 
 Arta, or Narda (nar'da). A town in the nom- 
 archy of Arta, Greece, situated on the river 
 Arta in lat. 39° 8' N., long. 20° 59' E. : the 
 ancient Ambracia. It was colonized by Corinthians 
 about 640 B.c. ; was taken by the Romans 189 B. c. ; and was 
 ceded to Greece by Turkey in 1881. Population, 7,582. 
 Arta (ar-ta'). A town in the eastern part of 
 Majorca, Balearic Islands. Population, 5,831. 
 Art, a, (ar'ta), Gulf of. An inlet of the Ionian Sea, 
 the ancient Ambracian Gulf, between Albania 
 on the north and Greece on the south, its length 
 is about 25 miles, and its greatest breadth about 10 miles. 
 
 Artabasdes (ar-ta-bas'dez), or Artabazes 
 (ar-ta-ba'zez). [Gr. ’Aprafiaai fyg (Strabo), ’Apra- 
 
 82 
 
 /3d(r/g (Plutarch). ] A sou of Tigranes the Great 
 (king of Armenia), co-ruler with his father, and 
 his successor about 55-34 b. c. 
 
 Artabazes. See Artabasdes. 
 
 Artabazus (ar-ta-ba'zus). [Gr. ’A prdpafyg.] A 
 Persian general distinguished in the campaigns 
 of 480 and 479 b. c. He retreated to Asia after 
 the defeat of Plattea. 
 
 Artabazus. In Xenophon’s “ Cyropedeia,” a 
 Median, a friend and adviser of Cyrus. 
 Artabazus. Lived about 362-328 b. c. A Per- 
 sian satrap of western Asia under Artaxerxes 
 III., against whom he rebelled. He was par- 
 doned and fought at Arbela under Darius. 
 Artaelishast (ar-tak-shast'), or Artachshasta 
 (ar-tak-shas'ta). [Old Pers. Artakshatza (on 
 the Babylonian monuments ArtaJcshatsu and 
 Artakshassu), from arta, great, and ksliatza, or 
 kshatlira, kingdom.] In passages of the Old 
 Testament (Ezra iv. 7, 8; vi. 14; vii. 1, 11, 21; 
 Neh. ii. 1, v. 14, xiii. 6), a name referring to Ar- 
 taxerxes I. Longimanus (465-425 B. c.) of the 
 Persian Achasmenian dynasty, the son and suc- 
 cessor of the Xerxes who undertook the memo- 
 rable expedition for the subjugation of Greece. 
 In the seventh year of the reign of Artaxerxes (459-458) 
 Ezra came witn a colony of exiles to Jerusalem authorized 
 by the king to reestablish the worship of the temple 
 (Ezra vii. 12 ft'.). But when the Jews started to build walls 
 around the city, Artaxerxes was persuaded to suspend the 
 work. In 446-445 Nehemiah went to Jerusalem empow- 
 ered to rebuild the walls and gates of the city. Artaxerxes 
 continued the war against the Greeks. 
 
 Artagnan (ar-tan-yon'), D’. One of the prin- 
 cipal characters in “The Three Musketeers” 
 by Dumas, and also iu its sequels “Twenty 
 Years After” and “Bragelonne.” He is a young 
 Gascon of an adventurous yet practical nature, with a 
 genius for intrigue, who goes up to Paris to seek his for- 
 tune with an old horse, abox of miraculous salve given to 
 him by his mother, and his father’s counsels. His career 
 is one of hairbreadth escapes (with death, in the end, on 
 the field of battle) in the society of “ The Three Musket- 
 eers,” Athos, Porthos, and Ararnis. 
 
 Artaguette (ar-ta-get'). Killedl736. A French 
 military leader under Bienville, colonial French 
 governor of Louisiana. He had subdued the Nat- 
 chez Indians, and was engaged in fighting the Chickasaws, 
 who, in connection with English traders from the Caro- 
 linas, defied French authority on the Mississippi, when he 
 was wounded and captured in an attack upon the Chicka- 
 saw strongholds. He was burned at the stake. 
 
 Artamene (ar-ta-man'), or The Grand Cyrus. 
 
 A romance by Mademoiselle Scudery, published 
 in 1650 in 10 volumes. Artamene is intended 
 for the great Condd. 
 
 Artaphernes (ar-ta-fer'nez). [Gr. ’Apra^pvrig.'] 
 Lived about 500 B. c. A brother of Darius 
 Hystaspes by whom he was appointed satrap of 
 Sardis. He interfered ineffectually in behalf of Hippias, 
 the expelled tyrant of Athens, and took part in the war 
 against the revolted Ionians. 
 
 Artaphernes. Son of the preceding. He com- 
 manded, with Datis, the Persian army which invaded 
 Greece in 490 B. c., and led the Lydians in the expedition 
 of Xerxes against Greece in 480. 
 
 Artaxaminous (ar-taks-am'i-nus). The King 
 of Utopia, a characterin “BombastesFurioso,” 
 a burlesque opera by W. B. Rhodes. 
 
 Artaxata (ar-taks'a-tii). [Gr. ’Apra^ara, Arm. 
 Artashat .] In ancient geography, the capital 
 of Armenia in the 2d and 1st centuries B. c., 
 situated in the plain of the Araxes, probably 
 northeast of Ararat. It is said to have been built, 
 in accordance with the plan of Hannibal, by Artaxias I., 
 180 B. c. ; was destroyed by Nero’s general Corbulo in 58 
 
 A. D. ; and was restored by Tiridates I. 
 
 Artaxerxes (ar-taks-erks' ez) I. [Gr. ’Apra- 
 fepfyf, Apro^kp^j/g. See Artachshast and Arda- 
 shir.] King of Persia 465-425 (424?) b. c., son 
 of Xerxes: surnamed “Longimanus” (‘the 
 Long-handed’) from the excessive length of his 
 right hand. His forces were defeated on sea and land 
 in 449 B. c. in the double action of Salamis in Cyprus. 
 See Arlachshast. 
 
 There is every reason to believe that he was the king 
 who sent Ezra and Nehemiah to Jerusalem, and sanc- 
 tioned the restoration of the fortifications. 
 
 Itawlinson, Herod. 
 
 Artaxerxes II. King of Persia 405-361 (359?) 
 
 B. c., son of Darius II.: surnamed “Mnemon” 
 (Gr. M vr/pov) from the excellence of his mem- 
 ory. He was defeated by his younger brother Cyrus (who 
 was killed in the battle) at Cunaxa in 401, and concluded 
 the Peace of Antalcidas with Sparta in 387. During his 
 reign the worship of Anaitis was adopted from the Baby- 
 lonians by the Persians. 
 
 Artaxerxes III. King of Persia 361 (359 ?)-338 
 B.C.,son of Artaxerxes II.: surnamed “Ochus.” 
 He reconquered Egypt and reduced Phoenicia, and was poi- 
 soned by the eunuch Bagoas, his chief minister. 
 Artaxerxes. An opera by Arne, produced in 
 1762. The libretto was translated from Metas- 
 tasio’s “ Artaserse.” 
 
 Artedi (ar-ta'de), Peter, Latinized as Petrus 
 
 Arthenice 
 
 Arctedius. Born in Sweden, Feb. 22,1705: died 
 at Leyden, Sept. 27, 1735. An eminent Swedish 
 naturalist, especially noted as an ichthyologist. 
 He became an intimate friend of Linnaeus atUpaal (1728-32), 
 and the two reciprocally bequeathed to each other their 
 manuscripts and hooks in the event of death. Artedi 
 was accidentally drowned at Leyden, and his manuscripts, 
 according to the agreement, came into the hands of Liu- 
 nseus, who published the “Bibliotheca Ichthyologia ” and 
 “Philosophia Ichthyologica,” together witli a life of the 
 author, 1738. 
 
 Artegal (ar'te-gal). In Spenser’s “Faerie 
 Queene,” a knight errant, the impersonation of 
 justice, supposed to be intended to represent 
 Lord Grey, Spenser’s patron. Sometimes spelled 
 Arthegal. 
 
 Artemas (ar'te-mas). [Gr. ’A prepag.\ A com- 
 panion of St. Paul and, according to tradition, 
 bishop of Lystra. 
 
 Artemidorus (ar // te-mi-d6'rus), surnamed Dal- 
 dianus (‘of Daldis’ in Lydia). [Gr. Aprepi - 
 dopag, gift of Artemis.] Lived about 170 A. D. 
 A Greek writer, author of a work “ The Inter- 
 pretation of Dreams” (ed. by Hereher 1864). 
 Artemidorus of Guides. In Shakspere’s trag- 
 edy “Julius Caesar,” a teacher of rhetoric. 
 Artemidorus of Ephesus. Lived in the 2d 
 century b. c. (?). A Greek geographer. 
 Artemire (ar-ta-mer'). A tragedy by Voltaire, 
 produced iu 1720. It was not successful, and 
 the author preserved the best of it in “ Mari- 
 amne,” which was produced in 1724. 
 
 Artemis (iir'te-mis). [Gr. ’Apreptg.'] In Greek 
 mythology, one of the great Olympian deities, 
 daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) and Leto (Latona), 
 and twin sister of Apollo. She may be regarded as 
 a feminine form of Apollo. She chastised evil with her 
 keen shafts and with deadly sickness, and also protected 
 mortals from danger and pestilence. Unlike Apollo, she 
 was not connected with poetry or divination, but, like 
 him, she was a deity of- light, and to her was attributed 
 authority over the moon, which belonged more particular- 
 ly to her kinswomen Hecate and Selene. In art Artemis 
 is represented as a virgin of noble and severe beauty, tall 
 and majestic, and generally bearing bow and quiver as the 
 huntress or mountain goddess. She was identified by the 
 Romans with their Diana, an original Italian divinity. 
 Artemis. A court lady in Dryden’s comedy 
 “Marriage A-la-Mode.” 
 
 Artemis, Temple of. See Ephesus. 
 
 Artemisia ( ar-te-mish'ia ). [Gr. Aprepicia.'] 
 Queen of Caria 352-350 B. C. In memory of her 
 husband Mausolus, she built at Halicarnassus the mau- 
 soleum which was reckoned one of the wonders of the 
 world. (See Mausolus.) To give further proof of her af- 
 fection she is said to have mixed her husband’s ashes with 
 a precious liquid and to have drunk the potion so prepared. 
 Artemisia. Queen of Halicarnassus, and vas- 
 sal of Persia, distinguished in the battle of 
 Salamis, 480 B. c. 
 
 Artemisium (ar-te-mish'ium). [Gr. Aprepimov, 
 temple of Artemis.] A promontory in north- 
 ern Euboea, Greece, near which occurred an 
 indecisive naval battle between the Greeks un- 
 der Eurybiades and the Persians under Aehse- 
 menes, 480 b. c. 
 
 Artemus Ward. See Ward, Artemus. 
 Artenay (art-na'). A village in the department 
 of Loiret, France, 13 miles north of Orleans, 
 the scene of German victories Oct. 10 and Dec. 
 3 and 4, 1870. 
 
 Artevelde (ar'te-vel-de), Jacob van. Born at 
 Ghent about 1285: died at Ghent, July 24, 
 1345. A Flemish popular leader, surnamed the 
 “Brewer of Ghent,” who, about 1337, became 
 ruwart or president of Flanders, which was in 
 revolt against Count Louis of Flanders and 
 Nevers. He formed an alliance with Edward III. of 
 England against France in 1335 ; induced the Flemings 
 to recognize Edward as king of France in 1340; and was 
 killed in a popular tumult, because, as it was said, he had 
 attempted to secure the succession in Flanders lor the 
 Black Prince. His surname was derived from the fact 
 that, although an aristocrat by birth, he was enrolled in 
 the Gild of Brewers. 
 
 Artevelde, Philip van. Born about 1340: 
 died at Roosebek, Belgium, Nov. 27, 1382. A 
 Flemish popular leader, son of Jacob van Arte- 
 velde. He was chosen ruwart or president of Flanders 
 in 1381, in the course of a revolution against Louis III., 
 Count of Flanders, whom he defeated at Bruges, May 3, 
 1382. He was conquered and slain by Charles VI. at 
 Roosebek, Nov. 27, 1382. 
 
 Artevelde, Philip van. A play by Sir Henry 
 
 Taylor (published 1834): an attempt to revive 
 the traditions of the tragic school of Marlowe 
 and Shakspere. 
 
 Artful Dodger, The. See Dawkins, John. 
 Arth (art). A town in the canton of Schwyz, 
 Switzerland, the starting-point of a railway up 
 the Rigi. 
 
 Arth6nice (ar-ta-nes'). An anagram of “Cath- 
 erine ” (Marchioness de Rambouillet), invented 
 by the poets Malherbe and Racine. 
 
Arthur 
 
 Arthur (ar'thur). [ME. Arthur, Arthour, from 
 OP. Arthure ’(ML. Arthurus, Arturus), from 
 W. Arthur, earlier Artus, conjectured to be 
 from Old Celtic (Old Ir.) art (artva-), stone. 
 The extant Ir. Artur is from E. or W.] A Brit- 
 ish chieftain who lived in the 6th century. He 
 fought many battles, and was killed at the battle of Cam- 
 lan (whicli see). He was buried at Glastonbury. In the 
 time of Henry II., according to Geraldus Cambrensis 
 and others, his remains were discovered ttiere. Nennius, 
 aBreton monk, left in the lOthcentury a short Latin chron- 
 icle which is tiie earliest authentic account we have of 
 him. He is celebrated in Welsh, Breton, and old French 
 romance, but his actual existence and deeds have very lit- 
 tle to do with the origin of the cycle of romances to which 
 his name is given, as around him myths relating probably 
 to some remote ancestor or ancestors have crystallized. 
 
 Arthur, King. In Fielding’s burlesque “ Tom 
 Thumb,” a “passionate sort of king,” husband 
 to Dollallolla, of whom he is afraid, and in love 
 with Glumdalca. 
 
 Arthur, Count or Duke of Brittany. Born at 
 Nantes, March 29, 1187 : killed at Rouen, April 
 
 3, 1203. Son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, mur- 
 dered probably by order of his uncle, King John. 
 
 Arthur, Sir George. Born at Plymouth, June 
 21, 1784: died Sept. 19, 1854. An English co- 
 lonial governor in British Honduras, Van Die- 
 men’s Land, Canada, and Bombay. 
 
 Arthur ’William Patrick Albert, Prince, 
 Duke of Connaught. Born May 1, 1850. Third 
 son of Queen Victoria. He became governor-gen- 
 eral of Canada in Oct., 1911 (appointed Jan. 30, 1911). 
 
 Arthur, Chester Alan. Born at Fairfield, Vt., 
 Oct. 5, 1830: died at New York, Nov. 18, 1886. 
 The twenty-first President of the United States. 
 He was graduated at Union College in 1848 ; taught school ; 
 practised law in New York city ; was appointed on the 
 staff of the governor of New York in 1861; became in- 
 spector-general and quartermaster-general of New York 
 troops in 1862 ; and was collector of the port of New York 
 1871-78. In 1880 he was elected (Republican) Vice-Presi- 
 dent, and held that office from March, 1881, to Sept, of the 
 same year, when he succeeded Garfield (who died Sept. 19. 
 1881). and served as President from Sept. 19, 1881, to March 
 
 4, 1885. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Re- 
 publican nomination in 18S4. 
 
 Arthur’s. A London club established in 1765. 
 It was named from the keeper of White’s Chocolate 
 House who died in 1763. 
 
 Arthur’s Seat. A hill, 822 feet in height, which 
 overlooks Edinburgh from the east. 
 
 Arthur’s Show. A representation, principally 
 an exhibition of archery, by fifty-eight city 
 worthies who called themselves by the names 
 of the Knights of the Round Table, referred to 
 in Shakspere’s Henry IV., II. iii. 2, 300. Aldis 
 Wright. 
 
 Arthurian Cycle of Romances, The. A series 
 of romances relating to the exploits of Arthur 
 and his knights . They were “Breton romances ampli- 
 fied in Wales and adopted at the court of the Plantagenets 
 as the foundation of the epic of chivalry.” Geoffrey of 
 Monmouth (about 1140) may perhaps be considered as t he 
 sourceof the legends. He collected or invented in such 
 a manner as to give a chivalrie interest to his material, 
 on which the great mass of later romance was based or 
 grafted. From about 1150 poems were sung by wandering 
 minstrels on the adventures of Arthur and his knights. 
 The French prose “Morte Arthur” was not compiled till 
 the latter half of the 13th century, and had not originally 
 this name. It was an abridgment and consolidation, by 
 Rustighello (or Rusticien) of Pisa, of a number of the 
 prose romances which grew from these poems. The Eng- 
 lish “Morte Arthur ” of Sir Thomas Malory is thought to 
 have been translated from some earlier compilation, per- 
 haps that of Helie de Borron. The stories of Arthur, 
 Guinevere, Merlin, The Round Table, Lancelot, The Holy 
 Grail, Tristan, Perceval, Meliadus, Guiron, Ysaie le Triste, 
 and Arthus de Bretagne are the principal romances both 
 British and French in this cycle. ’There is a large number 
 of minor poems and prose romances which deal with 
 special episodes. 
 
 Articbofsky (ar-te-shov'ske), or Arciszew- 
 ski (art-se-shev'ske), Crestofle d’Artischau. 
 Bom in Poland about 1585: date of death not 
 recorded. A Polish soldier who entered the 
 service of the Dutch West India Company in 
 1623, and distinguished himself in the wars with 
 the Portuguese in Brazil, 1631-39. He returned 
 to Holland in 1637, and in Dec., 1638, was sent back in 
 command of a reinforcement, with a rank so high that it 
 conflicted with the powers of the governor, Maurice of 
 Nassau. A quarrel ensued, and in 1639 Artichofsky was 
 ordered back to Holland. 
 
 Article 47, L‘. A drama by Adolphe Belot, 
 from a romance, produced in 1871. 
 
 Articles of Confederation. See Confederation. 
 
 Articles of Smalliald. See Smalkaldic. 
 
 Artifice, The. A comedy by Mrs. Centlivre. 
 
 Artigas (iir-te'giis), Jos6. Bora near Monte- 
 video, Uruguay, 1755: died in Paraguay, Sept. 
 23, 1851. A South American revolutionary 
 general, and dictator of Uruguay, 1811-20. 
 
 Artois (ar-twa'), [From h.Atrebates (sing. Atre- 
 has), Atrebatenses, a Celtic tribe who inhabited 
 the district in the time of Caasar.] An ancient 
 
 83 
 
 province of northern France, capital Arras, cor- 
 responding nearly to the department of Pas-de- 
 Calais. It was a county under Flemish rule in the 
 middle ages; was annexed to France under Philip Au- 
 gustus in 1180; was made a countship by St. Louis in 
 1237 for his brother Robert ; passed to Philip the Bold 
 of Burgundy in 1384 ; on the death of Charles the Bold was 
 temporarily taken by Louis XI. of France (1477) ; passed 
 by the marriage of Mary of Burgundy (1477) with Maxi- 
 milian of Austria to the Hapsburgs ; and was ceded in part 
 to Fiance in 1659, the cession being completed in the 
 treaties of Nimeguen 1678-79. 
 
 Artois, Comte d’. The title of Charles X. of 
 France previous to his accession to the throne. 
 Artotyrites (ar-to-ti'rits). [LL. Artotyritse, 
 pi., from Gr. apTdrvpog, bread and cheese, from 
 aproc, bread, and rvp6g, cheese. ] A seet in 
 the primitive church which used bread and 
 cheese iu the eucharist, alleging that the first 
 oblations of man were the fruits of the earth 
 and the produce of their flocks. They ad- 
 mitted women to the priesthood and to the 
 episcopate. 
 
 Artsmilsll (arts'milsh). A collective name for 
 several tribes of North American Indians living 
 on Shoalwater Bay and Willopah River, Wash- 
 ington, including the Copalis, Marhoo, Nasal, 
 and Querquelin : they have been classed with 
 the Lower Chinook. See ChinooJcgn. 
 
 Artus. See Arthur. 
 
 Aru, or Arru (a-ro'), or Aroe, or Arroe (a-ro') 
 Islands. A group of islands, southwest of 
 Papua, intersected by lat. 6° S., long. 134° 30' 
 E., nominally under Dutch control. Popula- 
 tion, about 21,600, of mixed Papuan races. 
 Aruba. See Oruba. 
 
 Arundel (ar'uu-del). A town of Sussex, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Arun (whence the name) 
 19 miles west of Brighton, famous for its cas- 
 tle, the seat of the Duke of Norfolk. Popula- 
 tion, 2,739. 
 
 Arundel, Earl of. See Howard. 
 
 Arundel, Thomas. Bora 1353 : died 1414. An 
 English prelate, archbishop of Canterbury 1396- 
 1414, an active opponent of the Lollards. He 
 was impeached and banished in 1397, and re- 
 stored in 1399. 
 
 Arundel. The horse of Sir Bevis in the old 
 romances. 
 
 Arundel House. 1. A house belonging to 
 Lord Arundel, which formerly stood near Higli- 
 gate, London. Lord Bacon died there in 1626. 
 — 2. A noted mansion, on the Strand, London, 
 where Arundel, Norfolk, Surrey, and Howard 
 streets now are. In its gardens were originally 
 placed the Arundelian Marbles. 
 
 Arundel Society. An English society for the 
 promotion of art, founded at London in 1849. 
 Arundelian (ar-un-de'lyan), or Oxford, Mar- 
 bles. Part of a collection of ancient sculptures 
 and antiquities formed by Thomas Howard, 
 earl of Arundel, presented to the University 
 of Oxford in 1667. It includes the Parian 
 Chronicle, a marble slab detailing events in 
 Greek history. 
 
 Aruns (a'runz), Tomb of. A structure so named, 
 just outside of the city of Albano, Italy, it con- 
 sists of a large rectangular base of masonry, containing 
 a chamber, and surmounted by a massive cone with four 
 smaller cones at the angles. The character of the dentil- 
 cornice and other ornament shows that it is Roman and 
 not very early. 
 
 Aruwimi ( ar-6-we'me). A right affluent of the 
 Kougo, 1,800 miles long, which joins the Kongo 
 iu 2° N. lat. and 23° E. long. It runs through 
 a thick forest region. On its banks was Stan- 
 ley’s famous Yambuya camp. 
 
 Aruwimi. A station in the Kongo Free State, 
 on the Kongo below Stanley Falls, at the mouth 
 of the river Aruwimi, founded in 1884. 
 
 Arvad (ar-vad'), or Aradus (ar'a-dus). APhe- 
 nician city, situated on a rocky island, 3 miles 
 from the coast, north of Sidon: founded by 
 fugitives from that place (Strabo, XVI. 2, 13 f. ). 
 It is mentioned in Ezek. xxvii. 11 and 1 Mac. xv. 23. 
 After Tyre and Sidon it was the most important city in 
 Phoenicia. Remains of its walls still exist. It is repre- 
 sented by the village of Ruud. 
 
 Arval Brothers (ar'val bruTH'erz). [L. fra- 
 tres arvales, from arvum, a field.] In Roman 
 antiquities, a priesthood of 12 members, in- 
 cluding the emperor, who offered public sacri- 
 fices for the fertility of the fields. 
 
 Arve (ilrv). A river in the department of 
 Haute-Savoie, France, which rises in the Col 
 de Balme, traverses the valley of Chamonix, 
 and joins the Rhone 1 mile south of Geneva. 
 Its length is about 55 miles. 
 
 Arveyron (ar-va-r6n'). A tributary of the 
 Arve, the outlet of the Mer do Glace, which 
 joins the Arve in the valley of Chamonix. 
 
 Asbury Park 
 
 Arviragus (ar-vir'a-gus). 1. A knight, the 
 husband of Dorigen, in the “Franklin’s Tale,” 
 by Chaucer. See Dorigen. — 2. A mythical son 
 of Cymbeline. In Shakspere’s “Cymbeline" he is the 
 real son of Cymbeline, brought up as Cadwal, the son of 
 Belarius, who is disguised as Morgan. 
 
 Arwidsson (ar'veds-son), Adolf Ivar. Born 
 at Padasjoki, Finland, Aug. 7, 1791: died at 
 Viborg, Finland, June 21, 1858. A Swedish 
 poet. He published a collection of Swedish 
 folk-songs (1834-42). 
 
 Aryabhata (ar-ya-bha'ta). A Hindu astrono- 
 mer. Of his writings there are extant the Dasagitisutra 
 and the Aryashtasata (dasagiti, ‘ ten poems,’ Aryashtasata, 
 ‘eight hundred distichs of Arya’). According to his own 
 account he was born at Kusumapura (Palibothra) in 476 
 of our era. His fame spread to the West. He is believed 
 by Weber to be the Andubarius, or Ardubarius, who is rep- 
 resented in the “Chronicon Paschale" (a. d. 330 ; reedited 
 under Heraclius A. D. 610-641) as the earliest Hindu as- 
 tronomer. He is the Arabic Arjabahr. He teaches also 
 a quite peculiar numerical notation by means of letters. 
 The larger work, “ Aryasiddhanta,” belongs to a later age, 
 perhaps to the 14th century. 
 
 Aryan (ar'yan or ar'ian). 1. A member of the 
 Eastern or Asiatic division of the Indo-Euro- 
 pean family, occupying the territories between 
 Mesopotamia and the Bay of Bengal, in the 
 two subdivisions of Persia, or Iran, and India. 
 [This is the older, more scientific, and still widely current 
 use of the word. More recent, but increasingly popular, 
 is the second use.] 
 
 2. An Indo-European or Indo-German or Ja- 
 pbetite, a member of that section of the hu- 
 man race which includes the Hindus and Irani- 
 ans (Persians) as its Eastern or Asiatic division, 
 and the Greeks, Italians, Celts, Slavonians, and 
 Germans or Teutons as its Western or Euro- 
 pean division. The languages of all these branches 
 or groups of peoples are akin ; that is to say, they are de- 
 scendants of one original tongue, once spoken in a limited 
 locality by a single community, but where or when it is 
 impossible to say. 
 
 As (as), pi. Ail sir (a'ser). [ON. ass, pi. sesir, with 
 a fern, asynja, pi. asynjur. ] In Old Norse my- 
 thology, a member of one of the principal races 
 of gods, the inhabitants of Asgard. There were 
 two races of gods, the Ases (HSeir), and the Vans (Vanir), 
 who dwelt in Vanaheim (ON. V anaheimr). They were 
 originally at war with each other, but were subsequently 
 reconciled, and several of the Vans (Heimdall, Njord, 
 Frey, and Freyja) were received into Asgard. 
 
 Asa (a'sii). King of Judah about 929-873 b. c. 
 (Duncker), son of Abijam or Abijab. He en- 
 deavored to extirpate idolatry from the land, and in the 
 thirteenth year of his reign defeated the Cushite king 
 Zerah, who had penetrated into the vale of Zephathah. 
 
 Asakasa (a-sa-ka'sa) Pagoda. A picturesque 
 Buddhist tower in Tokio, Japan, it consists of 
 five square red-lacquered stages with widely projecting 
 roofs upturned at the corners, from which bells are sus- 
 pended, and is surmounted by a tail hooped finial. 
 
 Asama-Yama (a-sa'ma-ya'ma). A volcano, 
 about 8,200 feet high, in the main island of 
 Japan, northwest of Tokio. 
 
 Asaph (a'saf). [Heb. ’Asaph,] 1. A Levite, 
 a son of Baracbiah (1 Ckron. vi. 39, xv. 17), a 
 noted musician in the time of David, later 
 celebrated as a poet and prophet. From him the 
 choristers of the temple were called the “ sons of Asaph.” 
 Twelve of the psalms are ascribed to him. 
 
 2. Saint. Abbot and bishop of Llanel wy (later 
 St. Asaph), in North Wales, about 590. He is 
 commemorated iu the Roman Church on May 
 1. — 3. The name under which Tate wrote of 
 Dryden in the second part of “Absalom and 
 Achitophel.” 
 
 Asben. See Air. 
 
 Asbjornsen (as-byem'sen), Peter Christen. 
 
 Born at Christiania, Norway, Jan. 15, 1812: 
 died 1885. A Norwegian man of letters and 
 zoologist. He wrote “Norske Folke-Eventyr” (1842-43, 
 “Norwegian Folk-Tales”), fairytales relating to Norwe- 
 gian life, etc. 
 
 Asboth (as'both; Hung. pron. osh'bot), Alex- 
 ander (Sandor). Born at Keszthely, Hungary, 
 Dec. 18, 1811: died at Buenos Ayres, Jan. 21, 
 1868. A Hungarian-American general. He served 
 with Kossuth in the Hungarian rebellion of 1848-49; re- 
 moved with him to the United States in 1851 ; joined the 
 volunteer service on the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861; 
 commanded divisions under Fremont and Curtis; took 
 part in the battle of Pea Ridge and in the battle of Mari- 
 anna; and resigned in 1865, with the brevet rank of major- 
 general. He was United States minister to the Argentine 
 Republic from 1866 till his death. 
 
 Asbury (az'be-ri), Francis. Born at Hands- 
 worth, Staffordshire, England, Aug. 20 (21?), 
 1745 : died at Spottsylvania, Virginia, March 3i , 
 1816. The first bishop of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church in the United States. He was sent by 
 Wesley as a missionary to the American colonies in 1771. 
 
 Asbury Park. A watering-place in Monmouth 
 County, New Jersey, situated on the Atlantic 
 Ocean 6 miles south of Long Branch and 35 
 miles south of New York. Fop., 10,150, (1910). 
 
Ascagne 
 
 Ascagne (as-cany'). The name given to the 
 daughter of Albert, in Molibre’s comedy “Le 
 Depit Amoureux.” she is substituted for her brother 
 Ascagne, who is dead, and appears in his dress. Unfor- 
 tunately she does not assume the heart of a man, but falls 
 in love with Valferewhom she contrives to marry secretly. 
 Ascalaphus (as-kal'a-fus). [Gr. kcred/la^or.] 
 In Greek legend, a son of Acheron, transformed 
 into an owl. 
 
 Ascalon (as'ka-lon), or Ashkelon, or Askelon. 
 
 [Gr. ’AoitdAu v, Heb. Ashqeldn.~\ One of the five 
 chief cities of Philistia, situated on the Mediter- 
 ranean 39 miles southwest of Jerusalem, its site 
 is marked by the modern village of Asgalan. Near it 
 were the temple and sacred lake of Derketo. It is men- 
 tioned in Phenician and Assyrian inscriptions, in the lat- 
 ter under the form IsqalAna; the names of four of its 
 kings (Sidka, Sarludari, Rukibti, and Mitenti) appear in 
 the annals of Sennacherib (705-681 B. C.) and Esarhaddon 
 (680-668 B. c.). Herod I., whose birthplace it was, adorned 
 the city with many edifices. In the 11th century (Aug. 12, 
 1099) it was the scene of a victory of the Crusaders under 
 Godfrey of Bouillon over a superior army sent by the sul- 
 tan of Egypt to recapture Jerusalem, was taken by the 
 Crusaders (1153), and by Saladin in 1187, and destroyed 
 1270. 
 
 Ascalon. The sword of St. George, in the 
 “ Seven Champions.” 
 
 Ascania (as-ka'ni-a), Lake. In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a lake, II miles long, in Bithynia, Asia 
 Minor (the modern Lake Isnik), which dis- 
 charges into the Sea of Marmora. Nicroa was 
 situated at its eastern extremity. 
 
 Ascanio (as-ka'nio). 1. The son of Don Hen- 
 riques, in Fletcher and Massinger's play “ The 
 Spanish Curate”: a modest, affectionate boy 
 of an almost feminine tenderness. — 2. A page 
 in Massinger’s “ Bashful Lover.” See Maria. 
 — 3. A page in Dry den’s play “The Assigna- 
 tion.” 
 
 Ascanius (as-ka'ni-us), or lulus (i-u'lus). In 
 classical legend, the son of iEneas and the an- 
 cestor of the Roman Julii. 
 
 Ascapart (as'ka-part), or Ascabart (as'ka- 
 bart). A giant in the romance of “Bevis of 
 Hampton.” Bevis conquered him. He is said to have 
 been 30 feet high. There are frequent allusions to him in 
 the Elizabethan writers. 
 
 Ascelon. See Ascalon. 
 
 Ascension (as-then-se-on'). [Sp.] A recent 
 settlement 12 miles south of the boundary line 
 of New Mexico, the scene of a bloody distur- 
 bance. Ruins of considerable interest exist in 
 the vicinity along the Casas Grandes River. 
 Ascension Bay. A small inlet on the eastern 
 coast of Yucatan. 
 
 Ascension (a-sen'shcn) Island. A volcanic 
 island in the Atlantic, belonging to Great 
 Britain, situated in lat. 7°55' S., long. 14° 23' W. 
 It was discovered by the Portuguese in 1501 and named 
 Conception Island, and rediscovered on Ascension day, 
 1508, when the present name was given to it. It was 
 occupied by Great Pritain in 1815. Its length is 7£ miles 
 and its area 38 square miles. Population, about 130. 
 
 Asch (ish). A town in northwestern Bohemia., 
 near the German frontier, 15 miles northwest 
 of Eger. It has important manufactures of cotton 
 and woolen goods, and silk. Population, commune, 
 
 21.890, (191^). 
 
 Aschaffenburg (a-shaf'fen-borG). A former 
 principality of Germany, ceded to Bavaria in 
 1814. It now forms with Lower Franconia a 
 governmental district of Bavaria. 
 Aschaffenburg. A town in Lower Franconia, 
 Bavaria, situated on the Main 23 miles south- 
 east of Frankfort : an old Roman fortress, it has 
 a castle (with a library and picture-gallery), and contains 
 interesting ltoman antiquities. It formerly belonged to 
 the electorate of Mainz, and was long one of the resi- 
 dences of the electors. A victory was gained near Aschaf- 
 fenburg by the Prussian army of the Main over allied 
 troops under Neipperg, Juiy 14, 1866. Population, 
 
 25.891. 
 
 Ascham(as'kam), Roger. Born at Kirby Wiske, 
 near Northallerton, Yorkshire, 1515: died at 
 London, Dec. 30, 1568. A noted English clas- 
 sical scholar and author. He was educated at St. 
 John’s College, Cambridge (B. A. Feb., 1534), where he 
 became an accomplished Greek scholar; taught at the 
 university ; was tutor to the Princess Elizabeth 1548-50; 
 and served as Latin secretary to Mary and Elizabeth 1553- 
 1508. His chief works are “Toxophilus,” a treatise on 
 archery (1545), and “The Scholemaster” (1570). See these 
 names. 
 
 Aschbach (ash' bach), Joseph von. Born at 
 Hochst, Prussia, April 29, 1801 : died at Vienna, 
 April 25, 1882. A German historian, appointed 
 professor of history in the University of Bonn 
 in 1842, and in the High School of Vienna 1853. 
 Besides a number of historical works relating chiefly to 
 Spain under the Moors, he published (1867) the treatise 
 “Roswithaund Conrad Celtes,"in which he attempted to 
 rove that the works ascribed to Roswitha were written 
 y Celtes. This assertion has been disproved by Kopke 
 and Waitz. 
 
 84 
 
 Aschersleben (ash-ers-la' ben). A town in the 
 province of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the 
 Fine near the Wipper, 28 miles southwest of 
 Magdeburg: the ancient capital of the count- 
 ship of Askanien (line extinct in 1345). It has 
 manufactures of machinery, tinware, woolen 
 goods, etc. Population, 27,878. 
 
 Asclepiades (as-kle-pi'a-dez). [Gr. Acslgma- 
 6i] f.] Lived about 100 B. C. A Bithynian phy- 
 sician. He practised in Rome and attained there a great 
 reputation, due chiefly to his avoidance of powerful reme- 
 dies, and attent ion to diet, exercise, bathing, and the whims 
 of his patients. 
 
 Ascoli (as'ko-le), or Ascoli Piceno (pe-cha'no). 
 The capital of the province of Ascoli Piceno, 
 Italy, situated ou the Tronto in lat. 42° 51' N., 
 long. 13° 35' E.: the ancient Asculum Picenum, 
 a stronghold of the Piceni. It is the seatof a bishop 
 and has important trade and various manufactures. It 
 gave the signal for the Marsic war in 90 B. c., and was 
 captured by the Romans in b-J B. c. Population, com- 
 mune, 28,882. 
 
 Ascoli, Graziadio Isaia. Born at Gorizia, July 
 16, 1829 : died at Milan, Jan. 21, 1907. An Ital- 
 ian comparative philologist. He was the origina- 
 tor and the chief representative in Italy of the Ario-Se- 
 mitic theory, which supposes a close connection between 
 the Aryan and Semitic families of languages. In the 
 treatise “Studij orientali e linguistici” he endeavored to 
 prove the presence of Semitic elements in the Etruscan 
 dialect. lie edited “ Archivio glottologico italiano.” 
 Ascoli Piceno. The southernmost province of 
 the Marches, in eastern Italy. Area, 796 square 
 miles. Population, est., 251,894. 
 
 Ascoli Satriano (sa-tre-a'no). A town in the 
 province of Foggia, Italy, 2 miles south of Fog- 
 gia : the ancient Asculum Apulum. It is the 
 seat of a bishopric. Population, 8,550. 
 Aseonius Pedianus (as-ko'ni-us ped-i-a'nus), 
 Quintus. Born perhaps at Padua, Italy, about 
 2 b. c. : died about 83 a. d. A noted Roman 
 commentator on Cicero’s speeches. 
 
 Ascot Heath (as'kot lieth). A race-course in 
 Berks, England, 6 miles southwest of Windsor. 
 Annual meetings are held here in June. 
 Ascrasan Sage (as-kre'an saj). A name given 
 by Vergil to Hesiod, who was a native of Ascra 
 in Boeotia, Greece. 
 
 Asculum (as'ku-lum). The Latin name of 
 Ascoli. 
 
 Ascutney Mountain (as-kut'ni moun 'tan). 
 A mountain in Windsor County, Vermont, 30 
 miles southeast of Rutland. Height, 3,320 feet. 
 Asdrubal. See Hasdrubal. 
 
 Aselli (a-sel'le), Asellio (a-sel'le-o), or Asel- 
 lius (a-sel'i-us), Gaspare. Born at Cremona, 
 Italy, about 1581 (?) : died at Pavia, Italy, 1626. 
 An Italian anatomist, the discoverer of the 
 lacteal vessels: author of “De Lactibus, etc.” 
 (1627), etc. 
 
 Aselli (a-sel'li). [L., ‘the little asses,’ which 
 stand on each side of Prtesepe, the manger.] 
 The two fifth-magnitude stars y and <5 Caucri, 
 y being the northern one. 
 
 Asenappar (a-se-nap-par'). [Probably a cor- 
 ruption of Asnrbanipal , Sardanapalus of the 
 Greeks, who reigned 668-626 B. c. See Asur- 
 banipal.~\ A ruler, mentioned in Ezra iv. 10, 
 who had transplanted certain tribes to the cities 
 of Samaria. Also Asnapper. 
 
 Asfi. See Safi. 
 
 Asgard (as'gard). [ON. Asgardlir: dss, god, 
 and gardhr, garth.] The realm of the gods 
 and goddesses in 01d_Norse mythology: also 
 called Asahcim (ON. Asaheimr), the world of 
 the gods. It was apparently located in the heavens 
 above the earth. Asgard contained different regions as 
 well as separate abodes. The principal of these was Val- 
 hull (Valhalla), the assembling-place of the gods and 
 heroes, in the region called Gladsheim (ON. Gladhsheimr). 
 Asgill (as'gil), John. Born 1659: died 1738. 
 An English lawyer and pamphleteer, expelled, 
 on a charge of blasphemy, from the Irish House 
 of Commons in 1703, and from the English 
 House of Commons in 1707. 
 
 Ash (ash), John. Born at Dorsetshire, England, 
 about 1724: died at Persbore, England, 1779. An 
 English lexicographer, compiler of an English 
 dictionary (2 vols., London, 1775). He was a 
 Baptist minister. 
 
 Ashangi Lake (ash-an'ge lak). A small lake 
 in eastern Abyssinia, near lat. 12° 30' N. 
 Ashango (a-shan'go). A Bantu tribe of the 
 French Kongo (Gabun), half-way between the 
 coast and Franceville. Their country is a plateau, 
 670 to 760 meters high, covered with forests in which the 
 Obongo pygmies hide. 
 
 Ashango Land. A country in western Africa, 
 about lat. 2° S., long. 12° 30' E. Among the 
 inhabitants is a race of dwarfs (visited by Du 
 Chaillu). 
 
 Asher 
 
 Ashanti (a-shan'te), or Ashantee (a-shan'te), 
 or Sianti (se-an-te'). A former kingdom in 
 Africa, capital Kumassi, which lies north of 
 the Gold Coast from about long. 1° to 2° W. 
 The soil is fertile and the country exports palm-oil, gold- 
 dust, etc. The government is an aristocratic despotism : 
 it has frequently been involved in disputes with the Brit- 
 ish. Area, about 10,000 square miles. Population (esti- 
 mated), 1,000,000. 
 
 Ashanti. A British possession, north of the 
 British Gold Coast, West Africa. The nation and 
 the language of Ashanti have not the same boundaries 
 as the former kingdom. Some tribes speaking another 
 language are subject to the king of Ashanti, while some 
 tribes of Ashanti stock and speech are independent of 
 him. The language belongs to the Nigritie group, and 
 is spoken between the Asini and Tanno rivers on the west, 
 the Volta River on the east, and the Kong Highland on 
 the north. The native name of the language is Otshi. Its 
 principal dialects are : Akan, the court dialect; Akwapim, 
 the literary dialect, intelligible to all; Bron, north ast of 
 Akan ; Fanti, spoken around Cape Coast Castle. The chiefs 
 of villages constitute the nobility, from which the king 
 chooses his officers. Tiie people have attained a certain 
 degree of civilization. Ashanti is famous for its gold and 
 gold- work. In 1874 England conquered Kumassi. Ashanti 
 became a British protectorate in 1896 : annexed 1901. 
 Ashanti War. A war between Great Britain 
 and Ashanti, 1873—74. Ashanti was invaded by the 
 British army under Wolseley, who conquered and burned 
 Coomassie (Kumassi) Feb., 1874, and exacted a favorable 
 treaty. 
 
 A^hbel (ash'bel). A son of Benjamin. Gen. 
 xlvi. 21. 
 
 Ashbourne, or Askbourn (ash'bem). A town 
 in Derbyshire, England, 14 miles northwest of 
 Derby. Population, 4,039. 
 
 Ashbourne, Baron. See Gibson, Edward. 
 Ashburton (ash'ber-tqn). A town in Devon- 
 shire, England, 18 miles southwest of Exeter. 
 Population, 2,628. 
 
 Ashburton, Baron. See Baring and Dunning. 
 Ashburton, Mary. The principal female char- 
 acter in Longfellow’s prose romance “ Hy- 
 perion.” 
 
 Ashburton River. A river in western Aus- 
 tralia which flows into the Indian Ocean about 
 lat. 23° S. 
 
 Ashburton Treaty. A treaty concluded at 
 Washington, Aug. 9, 1842, between Great 
 Britain and the United States. The present boun- 
 dai-y between Maine and Canada was established, and pro- 
 vision was made for the suppression of the African slave- 
 trade and the mutual extradition of fugitives from justice 
 The commissioners were Lord Ashburton for Great Britain, 
 and Daniel Webster for the United States. 
 
 Ashby (ask'bi), Turner. Born at Rose Hill, 
 Fauquier County, Va., 1824: died June 6, 1862. 
 A noted Confederate general in the Civil War. 
 He raised a regiment of cavalry at the beginning of the 
 Civil War, became a brigadier-general 1862, and was killed 
 in a skirmish preliminary to the battle of Cross Keys, Va. 
 Ashby-de-la-Zouch (ash'bi-del-a-zoch'). A 
 town in Leicestershire, England, 16 miles north- 
 west of Leicester. It contains a ruined castle 
 in which Mary Stuart was confined. Popula- 
 tion, 4,726. 
 
 Ashdod (ash'dod). [Heh., ‘stronghold.’] One 
 of the five cities of the Philistine confederacy, 
 and a seat of the worship of Dagon the fish-god 
 (1 Sam. v. 5), between Gaza and Jaffa, it was 
 strategically important because of its location on the 
 highway to Egypt, It was assigned to the tribe of Judah 
 (Josh. xv. 47), but was never subdued by the Israelites. 
 It was conquered by tiie Assyrians under Sargon 722-705 
 B. C., and in the annals of Esarhaddon, 680-668 B. c., is 
 mentioned (under the form Asdudu) as paying homage to 
 the Assyrian king. Psammetichus. king of Egypt 666-610 
 B. C., took it from the Assyrians (Herod. II. 157). It is, 
 however, mentioned as an independent power in aUiance 
 with others against Jerusalem at the time of Nehemiah 
 (iv. 7). It was destroyed by the Maccabees (1 Mac. v. 68, x. 
 84), and afterward restored by Gabinius 65 B. c. (Josephus, 
 “Antiquities,”XIV. v. 3). Its site is marked by the modern 
 village of Esdild. 
 
 Ashdown (ash'doun), AS. iEscesdun (as'kes- 
 don). A locality in Berkshire, England (not 
 the modern Ashdown), where Ethelred and 
 Alfred the Great defeated the Danes in 871. 
 Ashe (ash), John. Born 1720: died 1781. An 
 American officer in the Revolutionary War, 
 defeated by the British under General Prevost 
 at Brier Creek, 1779. 
 
 Ashe, Samuel. Born 1725: died 1813. An 
 American jurist and politician, a brother of 
 John Ashe, chief justice and governor of North 
 Carolina. 
 
 Ashehoh (a-zhe-ho'), or Ajeho (a-zhe-ho'), or 
 Alchoku (al-cho-ko'). A city of Manchuria, 
 Chinese Empire, about lat. 46° N., long. 126° 
 30' E. Population (estimated), 40,000. 
 
 Asher (ash'fer). [Heb., ‘blessed.’] 1. Son of 
 the patriarch Jacob and of Zilpah. — 2. A He- 
 brew tribe, of northwestern Palestine, which 
 occupied in general the sea-shore from Carmel 
 northward. 
 
Asherali 
 
 Asherah. See Ashtoreth. 
 
 Ashestiel (ash'es-tel). A house on the south- 
 ern bauk of the Tweed, a few miles from Sel- 
 kirk, occupied by Sir Walter Scott 1804-11, 
 before he removed to Abbotsford. His autobiog- 
 raphy to July, 1792, found in an old cabinet at Abbotsford 
 and known as “The Ashestiel Memoir," introduced by 
 Lockhart in his K Life," was dated 1808 and written here. 
 Asheville (ash'vil). The capital of Buncombe 
 County, in the western part of North Carolina. 
 It is a well-known health-resort. Population, 
 18.762, (1910). 
 
 Ashford (ash'ford). A town in the county of 
 Kent, England, 13 miles southwest of Canter- 
 bury. Population, 12,808. 
 
 Ashi (ash'i), Rabbi. Born at Babylon: lived 
 about 400. The first and chief editor of the 
 Talmud. 
 
 Ashingdon (ash'ing-don). A village in Essex, 
 England, 33 miles northeast of London. See 
 Assandun. 
 
 Ashkelon. See Ascalon. 
 
 Ashkenaz (ash-ke-naz'). 1. A descendant of 
 Japhet. — 2. A North Asiatic people mentioned 
 in Jer. li. 27 with Minni and Ararat: probably 
 the name of the district south of Lake Uru- 
 miyeh and identical with Asguza (for Asyunza) 
 in the cuneiform inscriptions. — 3. Applied in 
 rabbinical literature and by the modern Jews 
 to Germany. 
 
 Ashland (ash'land). The capital of Ashland 
 County, Ohio, 52 miles southwest of Cleveland. 
 Population, 6,795, (1910). 
 
 Ashland. A city in Boyd County, northeast- 
 ern Kentucky, on the Ohio River. Popula- 
 tion, 8,683, (1910). 
 
 Ashland. A borough in Schuylkill County, 
 Pennsylvania, 40 miles northwest of Reading. 
 It has various manufactures, and is the center of an im- 
 portant anthracite coal region. Population, 6,855, (1910). 
 
 Ashland. The capital of Ashland County, Wis- 
 consin, situated on a bay of Lake Superior 62 
 miles southeast of Duluth. It is an important 
 port and railroad terminus of recent growth. 
 Population, 11,594, (1910). 
 
 Ashley Cooper. See Shaftesbury. 
 
 Ashley (ash'li), Chester. Born at Westfield, 
 Mass., June 1, 1790: died atWashington, D. C., 
 April 27, 1848. An American politician, Dem- 
 ocratic United States senator from Arkansas 
 
 1844- 48. 
 
 Ashley. A borough in Luzerne County, Penn- 
 svlvania, south of Wilkesbarre. Population, 
 5,601, (1910). 
 
 Ashley River. A small river in South Caro- 
 lina, at whose mouth Charleston is situated. 
 Ashmodai. See Asmodeus. 
 
 Ashmole (ash'mol), Elias. Bom at Lichfield, 
 England, May 23, 1617 : died at London, May 
 18, 1692. An English antiquary, founder of 
 the Ashmolean Museum (which see) at Oxford: 
 author of “Institutions, Law and Ceremonies 
 *of the Order of the Garter” (1672). 
 
 Ashmolean Museum. A museum at Oxford 
 University, founded by Elias Ashmole in 1679. 
 The building was erected by Sir Christopher 
 Wren in 1682. 
 
 Ashmun (ash'mun), George. Born at Bland- 
 ford, Mass., Dec. 25, 1804 : died at Springfield, 
 Mass., July 17, 1870. An American politician. 
 He was Whig member of Congress from Massachusetts 
 
 1845- 51, and president of the National Republican Conven- 
 tion in 1860. 
 
 Ashmun, Jehudi. Born at Champlain, N. Y., 
 April, 1794: died at New Haven, Conn., Aug. 
 25, 1828. A chief organizer of the colony of 
 Liberia, western Africa, 1822-28. 
 
 Ashochimi (ash-6-che'mi), orWappo (wa'po). 
 A tribe of North American Indians whose former 
 range extended in California from the geysers 
 to the Calistoga hot springs and in Knight’s 
 Valley. See Yukian. 
 
 Ashraf (ash-raf'), or Eshref (esh-ref'). A 
 town in Mazanderan, Persia, situated near the 
 Caspian Sea about lat. 36° 40' N., long. 53° 
 32' E. It was a favorite residence of Abbas 
 the Great. Population, 5,000. 
 
 Ashraf, Gulf of. Same as Astrabad Bay. 
 Ashtabula (ash-ta-bu'lii). A manufacturing 
 city in Ashtabula County, Ohio, situated on 
 Ashtabula River, near Lake Erie, 50 miles 
 northeast of Cleveland. Population, 18,266, 
 (1910). 
 
 Ashtaroth (ash'ta-roth). In biblical geogra- 
 phy, a city of Bashan, Syria, east of the Sea 
 of Galilee: probably the same as Ashteroth- 
 Karnaim, modern Tel-Asherah, 4 miles from 
 Edrei. 
 
 Ask 
 
 the Oxus and Jaxartes, while Asia Minor was the meet- 
 ing-point of both Semites and Aryans. Asia was the 
 seat of many splendid ancient civilizations (the As- 
 syrian, Babylonian, Persian, Indian, Chinese, etc.), and 
 in it original ed the great religions of the world, — Ju- 
 daism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Mohammedanism. 
 Parts of it have in all ages been the theater of 
 notable conquests. In modern times it has to a con- 
 siderable extent fallen under the control of the Turks, 
 Russians, British, and French. The principal physio- 
 graphic divisions of Asia are the Siberian and Turanian 
 lowlands (steppes, in part), the desert regions of Arabia, 
 Persia, and Mongolia, the plateau of the Deccan, and the 
 vast mountain complex which centers about the Pamir 
 and in various branches traverses the greater part of the 
 continent south and southeast of Turkestan and Siberia. 
 Mount Everest, in the Himalaya, 29,002 feet, is the cul- 
 minating point of the globe. Rivers of the first magni- 
 tude are numerous, the longest being the Yangtse, Yenisei, 
 and Obi. Area, with islands (estimated), 17,057,666 square 
 miles. Population (estimated), 850,000,000. 
 
 2. See Asia Minor. — 3. A Roman province, 
 formed in 129 B. c., comprising Mysia, Lydia, 
 Caria, and Phrygia. 
 
 juu o uovoi oi ,u»« nenno. Asia, Russian. See Asiatic Russia. 
 
 Ashton, Lucy. The bride of Lammermoor in ^-Sia Minor (mi nor). [L., ‘lesser Asia’; F. 
 Scott’s novel of that name, the daughter of Sir Sle Mmeure, G. Alemasien . ] A peninsula of 
 William and Lady Ashton. Betrothed to Edgar we ® ® rn Asia which lies between the Black Sea 
 E-avenswood, she is forced by her mother to marry an- gnatne feea ot Marmora on the north, the JEige&n 
 other, and dies, a maniac, on her wedding-night. (See Sea on tile west, and the Mediterranean Sea on 
 RavenswpodJ The leading characters of this novel also the south. The eastern boundary is vague. The chief 
 appear in Donizettis opera “Lucia di Lammermoor, • • .... 
 
 and in several dramas founded upon the incidents of the 
 story. 
 
 Ashton, Sir William. In Scott’s “Bride of 
 
 85 
 
 Ashtavakra (ash-ta-va'kra). In Hindu leg- 
 end, the hero of a story in the Mahabharata. 
 His father Kahoda. devoted to study, neglected his wife. 
 Ashtavakra, though still unborn, rebuked him, and the 
 angry father condemned the son to be born crooked 
 (hence the name, from ashtan, eight, and valcra, 
 crooked). At the court of Janaka, king of Mithila, 
 Kahoda was defeated in argument by a Buddhist sage and 
 was drowned in accordance with the conditions. In his 
 twelfth year Ashtavakra set out to avenge his father, and 
 worsted the sage, who declared himself to be a son of 
 Varuna sent to obtain Brahmans to officiate at a sacrifice. 
 Kahoda was restored to life, and commanded his son to 
 bathe in the Samanga River, whence the boy became per- 
 fectly straight. In the Vishnu Purana some celestial 
 nymphs see Ashtavakra performing penance in the water 
 and worship him. He promises them a boon and they 
 ask the best of husbands. When he offers himself, they 
 laugh in derision at his crookedness. He cannot recall 
 his blessing, but condemns them to fall into the hands 
 of thieves. 
 
 Ashteroth. See Ashtoreth. 
 
 Ashton (asb'ton), Lady. The wife of Sir Wil- 
 liam and mother of Lucy, the “ bride of Lam- 
 mermoor,” in Scott’s novel of that name. 
 
 divisions in ancient times were Mysia, Lydia, Caria, Lycia, 
 Pamphylia, Pisidia, Phrygia, Bithynia, Paphlagonia, Gala- 
 tia, Lycaonia,_ Cilicia, Cappadocia, and Pontus. (See these 
 
 names.) It is a part of Asiatic Turkey, and corresponds 
 
 Lammermoor,” the Lord Keeper of Scotland, generally to Anatolia. The surface is in the main a pla- 
 fatboi- nf T teau < traversed by the Taurus and other ranges. The chief 
 
 wiaerot Liuty. rivers are the Sakaria, Kizil-Irmak, Sihun, Mendere, and 
 
 Ashton - m - lvlakerfield (ash ton- m- maker- kotow rt u,. -r — „ — a 1=— . 
 
 Sarabat. It was the seat of Troy, Lydia, and other ancient 
 feld). Acoal-mining and manufacturing town powers, and of Ionian Greek civilization; and its possession 
 jashire, England, 15 miles northeast of £ as b ®? n disputed by Persia, Macedon, Syria, Rome, the 
 — ’ ’ — Byzantine empire, Parthia, the Saracens, the Selj uks, and 
 
 the Turks. 
 
 in Lancashir 
 
 Liverpool. Population, 18,687. 
 Ashton-nnder-Lyne (ash'ton-un'der-lin'). A 
 town in Lancashire, England, 6.) miles east of 
 Manchester, noted for its cotton manufactures. 
 Population, 43,890. 
 
 Asia Minor contained anciently, according to Herodotus, 
 fifteen races or nations. Of these four occupied the 
 southern region; namely, the Cilicians, the Pamphylians, 
 the Lycians, and the Caunians ; four lay to the west of the 
 
 Ashtoreth (ash'to-reth). The goddess of fe- great table-laud, either upon or very near the coast, the 
 cundity and love of the Can aanites, equivalent 
 to Ishtar of the Assyro-Babylonians, the female 
 counterpart of Baal : the Greek Astarte. These 
 two deities held the first, place in the Phenlcian pantheon. 
 
 Baal was identified with the sun, and Ashtoreth with the 
 
 Carians, the Lydians, the Mysians, and the Greeks ; four- 
 bordered on the Euxine, the Thracians. Mariandynians, Pa- 
 phlagonians, and Cappadocians ; and three, finally, dwelt in 
 the interior, the Phrygians, the Chalybes, and the Matieni. 
 . . . Such were the political divisions of Asia Minot- 
 recognized by Herodotus. A century later Ephorus made 
 
 moon, and she is often represented under the symbol of an enumeration which differs from that of Herodotus but 
 
 the crescent. The chief seat of her worship was Sidon. 
 
 The pomegranate and the dove were sacred to her. In 
 Ascalon she was worshiped under the name of Derceto. 
 
 (See Ascalon.) The favorite places of her worship were 
 sacred groves, and she herself was often adored under 
 the symbol of a tree, the asherah (translated ‘ grove ") often 
 denounced in the Old Testament. Her cult in later times 
 was combined with immorality. 
 
 Ashuapmouckouan River (ash-wap'moeh- 
 o-an' riv'er). The middle course of the Sague- 
 nay River, in Quebec, Canada, flowing into Asiag0 (a . s§ . a 'go) 
 
 in two or three particulars, c Asia Minor," he said, 
 inhabited by sixteen races, three of which are Greek, and 
 the rest barbarian, not to mention certain mixed races 
 which are neither the one nor the other. The barbarian 
 races are the following : — Upon the coast, the Cilicians, 
 the Lycians, the Pamphylians, the Bitliynians, the Paphla- 
 gonians, the Mariandynians, the Trojans, and the Carians ; 
 in the interior, the Pisidians, the Mysians, the Chalybians, 
 the Phrygians, and the Milyans.” 
 
 Rawlinson, Herod., I. 381-386. 
 
 ., , Sette Communi, province of Vicenza, Italy, 38 
 
 i southwestern m j] es northwest of Padua. Population, 2,349; 
 
 commune, 6,128. 
 
 Asiatic Russia. 
 
 Those regions of Asia which 
 
 Lake St John - , , s^,. The chief place_ in the 
 
 Ashuelot (ash'we-lot). Ariverin 
 New Hampshire, a tributary of the Connecticut 
 Ashui. See Assyria. 
 
 A"cB Ur o ; 6 / 1 r T \ T !t„ A lain are under Russian rule. They include Transcaucasia, 
 
 Ashwanipi (ash-wan-e pi), Lake. A lake near gjij er ; a anl j Russian Central Asia (Turkestan and the 
 the source ot the Ashwanipi River. Transcaspian Province). 
 
 Ashwanipi River, or Grand River. A river in Asmara (a-se-na'ra). An island, 11 miles long, 
 Labrador flowing into Hamilton Inlet. off the northwestern coast of the Island of Sar- 
 
 Asia (a'shia or a'zhia). [P. Asie, G. Asien, dinia, belonging to the province of Sassari: the 
 Perhaps from the Semitic stem acu, to go out, ancient Insula Herculis (Island of Hercules), 
 going out, rise of the sun : G. Morgenland.'] 1. Asmara, Gulf of. An arm of the Mediterra- 
 A continent of the eastern hemisphere, the nean, off the northwestern coast of the Island of 
 largest grand division of the world. It is bounded Sardinia. 
 
 by the Arctic on the north, Bering Strait (which separates AsinatUS (as-i-na'rus). In ancient geography, 
 
 a small river in the province or Syracuse, 
 
 it from North America) on the northeast, the Pacific on 
 the east, and the Indian Ocean on the south. The Red 
 Sea separates it from Africa, to which it is joined bythe 
 Isthmus of Suez (now pierced by a canal), and the Medi- 
 terranean, Black, and Caspian seas separate it in part from 
 
 Sicily: the modern Fiume di Noto, or Falco- 
 nare. Near here the Syracusans defeated the 
 _ t. - . - , . - , . .- . , Athenians 413 B. C. 
 
 irtfcd-jwMIi®), In ancient Borne, 
 lat. l° 16' N.-77 0 4 O' N., and long. 26° 3' E.-169 0 40' W. a plebeian clan or house, originally from leate, 
 The chief divisions of the mainland are Korea, Asiatic the principal town of the Marrucini, whose fam- 
 Russia Chinese republic, the French possessions and jj names were Agrippa, Celer, Dento, Gallos, 
 protectorates, Siam, British India, Afghanistan, Persia, J... u Q 1 • 11 ’ 
 
 Turkey, and Arabia. V7hh the ancients the name also loilio, ana balonmus. 
 embraced the few parts of Africa known to them, and it AsilliUS. See Pollio. 
 
 was only after the Nile began to be considered as a divid- AsiniUS GalluS. See Gallus, Cains Asinius. 
 ing river that the countries west of it were separated a ■ . . . Agtt-i* i i i - — 7* r "" i A rnoiintninoim refrion 
 
 from Asia, while Egypt was still included in it. Moreover, AS1T, or ASyr (a-ser ). A. mountainous region 
 
 ’ in western Arabia, between Hejaz on the 
 
 north and Yemen on the south, inhabited by 
 Wahabis. 
 
 Asisi. See Assisi. 
 
 Asius (a'shi-us). An early Greek poet of Samos. 
 He is “quoted by Duris as describing the luxury of the 
 Ionians at Samos in terms not unlike Thucydides' account 
 of the old Athenians. Athemeus cites a few comic lines 
 from an elegy of the same poet, and Pausanias refers to 
 him on obscure genealogical questions about local heroes ” 
 
 _ _ ( Mahaffy , Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 145). 
 
 stood the cradle of mankind” : according to legends of Ask (ask) and Enibla (em'bla). [ON. Askr 
 the oldest Asiatic nations, in the region of the Hindukush. iu|( j Embla. I In Old Norse mythology, the first 
 Western Asia was, and is still, occupied by Semites. , J ?„ Mido-ard bv the 
 
 The Indo-Germanic branch of the human family occupied ™ an ;UI “, woman, createa m miagara Dy tuo 
 in ancient time the highland of Iran and the basins of three gods Odin, Hffinir, and Lodur (Old ivorse 
 
 the knowledge of the ancients with regard to Asia did not 
 reach far beyond the boundaries of the Perso-Macedonian 
 empire. The parts south of the Himalayas were called 
 India, those to the north Scythia. The west was termed 
 Upper and Lower Asia, the Tigris being the dividing line 
 between both. In the books of the Maccabees “Asia” 
 designates the parts of the kingdom of the Seleucides ex- 
 cepting Syria, i. e., the greatest part of Asia Minor; in 
 the New Testament the Roman province, namely, the 
 western part of the peninsula of Asia Minor, with Ephesus 
 as capital, which was bequeathed to the republic by Atta- 
 lus, king of Pergamon (133 B. 0.). In Asia, it is assumed, 
 
Ask 
 
 Lodhurr), out of trees found on tlie sea-shore. 
 Odin gave them life, Hsenir sense, and Lodur 
 blood and color. 
 
 Askabad (as-ka-bad'). A place in the Turko- 
 man Steppe, Russian Central Asia, about lat. 
 37° 50' N., long. 58° 20' E. : an important sta- 
 tion on the Transcaspian Railway. Popula- 
 tion, 19,426. 
 
 Askanien (as-ka'ni-en). An ancient countship 
 of Germany, named from the castle of Askanien 
 near Aschersleben. 
 
 Aske (ask), Robert. Executed 1537. The 
 leader of the Yorkshire insurrection called the 
 “Pilgrimage of Grace” (which see). 
 
 Askelon. See Ascalon. 
 
 Askew, or Ascue (as'ku), Anne. Born at 
 Stallingborough, Lincolnshire, England, 1521: 
 burned at Smithfield, London, July 16, 1546. 
 An English woman accused of heresy in regard 
 to the sacraments. 
 
 Askja (ask'ya). A volcano in the interior of 
 Iceland. It was in eruption in 1875. 
 
 Asklepios. See JEsculapius. 
 
 Aslauga’s Knight (a-slou'gaz nit). [G. As- 
 lauga’s Ritter .] A story by Baron de La Motte 
 Fouque, published in German in the autumn 
 of 1814, and translated into English in Carlyle’s 
 “German Romance.” Aslauga is a spirit chosen by 
 the Knight in preference to any earthly lady-love. She 
 appears to him at important moments in his career, and 
 he dies fancying himself clasped in her arms and shrouded 
 in her wonderful golden hair. 
 
 Asmai (Abu Said Abd-el Melek ibn Koraib 
 El-Asmai). Born at Basra about 740 a. d. : 
 died about 830. An Arabian litterateur and 
 preceptor to Harun-al-Rashid. He probably 
 wrote the romance “ Antar.” 
 
 Asmodeus (as-mo-de'us or as-mo'de-us). [Heb. 
 Ashmodai : derived by some from Heb. samad, 
 to destroy: probably of Persian origin.] In 
 later Jewish demonology, a destructive demon. 
 In the book of Tobit he is said to have loved Sara and to 
 have destroyed in succession her seven husbands, appear- 
 ing as a succubus on their bridal nights. He is hence 
 jocularly spoken of as the destroyer of domestic happi- 
 ness. When, however, Sara was married to the son of 
 Tobit, Asmodeus was driven away by the fumes from the 
 burning heart and liver of a fish (hence the allusion in 
 “Paradise Lost,” iv. 168). King Solomon, in his search 
 for the mysterious and miraculous Shamir, ordered As- 
 modeus, who knew the secret, to be brought to him. 
 He resisted the summons violently, upsetting trees and 
 houses. A poor widow begging him not to injure her 
 little hut, he turned aside so sharply that he broke his 
 leg and has been a “diable boiteux'’ (lame devil) ever 
 since. Le Sage made him the hero of his romance “Le 
 Diable Boiteux,’ 1 from which Foote took his play “The 
 Devil on Two Sticks." He appears in the former as the 
 companion of Don Cleofas, whom he takes with him in 
 his wonderful flight over the roofs of Madrid, showing 
 him by his diabolical power the insides of the houses as 
 they fly over them. In the novel he is a witty, playful, 
 malicious creature. He is also introduced in Wieland’s 
 “Oberon.” 
 
 Asmoneans, Hasmoneans. [From Asmonai, 
 the first of the dynasty.] See Maccabees. 
 
 Asnapper (as-nap'er). See Asenappar. 
 
 Asnen (as'nen), Lake. A lake in southern 
 Sweden, south of Wexio. 
 
 Asniferes (a-ne-ar'). A suburb of Paris, situ- 
 ated on the Seine 1 mile northwest of the for- 
 tifications. Population, 36,482. 
 
 Asoka (a-so'ka), or Piyadasi (pi'ya-da-si). A 
 king of the Maurva dynasty of Magadha, son 
 of Bindusara, and grandson of Chandragupta, 
 b. c. 263-226. in consequence of a quarrel with his 
 father, he went away to Rajputaua and the Panjab. Re- 
 turning at the moment of his father's death, he massacred 
 his brothers aud obtained the throne. In time he ex- 
 tended his sway over Hindustan, the Panjab, and Afghan- 
 istan, while he claimed to rule also over South India and 
 Ceylon. Converted by a miracle, he openly adopted Bud- 
 dhism and became the Buddhist Constantine. Especially 
 noted are his edicts enjoining the practioal morality of 
 Buddhism, which are engraved in different Prakrit dia- 
 lects on pillars or rocks in various parts of India. Prin- 
 sep, their first decipherer, and Lassen refer them to the 
 time of Asoka, but Wilson thinks they were engraved “at 
 some period subsequent to B. c. 205.” 
 
 Asola (a-so'la). A small town in the province 
 of Mantua, Italy, 19 miles northwest of Mantua. 
 
 Asolando (as-o-lan'do) : Facts and Fancies. 
 A volume of poems by Robert Browning, pub- 
 lished in London Dec. 12, 1889, the day on which 
 the poet died in Venice. 
 
 Asolo (a'so-lo). A town in the province of Tre- 
 viso, Italy, 33 miles northwest of Venice: the 
 ancient Acelutn. Population, commune, 5,847. 
 
 AsopilS (a-so'pus). [Gr. ’A.acmot;.'] In ancient 
 geography: (a) A small river inBoeotia, Greece, 
 flowing into the Euripus in northern Attica : 
 the modern Oropo. (b) A small river in Sicy- 
 onia, Greece, flowing into the Corinthian Gulf 
 4 miles northeast of Sicyon : the modern Ha- 
 gios Georgios. 
 
 86 
 
 Asopus. In Greek mythology, the god of the 
 river Asopus (in Sicyonia). He was struck by 
 a thunderbolt from Zeus. 
 
 Asotus (a-so'tus). [Gr. fiowof, profligate.] In 
 Ben Jonson’s “ Cynthia’s Revels,” a foolish and 
 prodigal coxcomb, the parasite of Amorphus 
 whom he imitates in every way. 
 
 Aspar (as'par). Died 471. A general of the 
 Eastern Empire, the son of Ardaburius. He 
 was an Alan by extraction. As early as 424 he went with 
 his father on the expedition to Italy which overthrew the 
 usurper Joannes and established the young Valentinian on 
 the throne of his uncle Honorius. He was consul in 434. 
 
 ‘ ‘ He was called ‘ First of the Patricians ’ ; he stood on the 
 very steps of the throne, and might have been Emperor 
 himself, but he was an Arian.” Hodgkin, Italy and her 
 Invaders, II. 450. 
 
 Asparagus Gardens, The. A low place of 
 public entertainment, not far from Pimlico. It 
 is to this that Brome refers in his “ Sparagus 
 Garden” (which see). 
 
 Aspasia (as-pa'shi-a). [Gr. Aaitaoia, lit. ‘ wel- 
 come.’] Bom at Miletus, Ionia : flourished about 
 440 b. c. A celebrated Milesian woman of great 
 talents and beauty, who removed to Athens in 
 her youth, and became the mistress of Pericles. 
 Her house was the center of literary and philosophical 
 society at Athens, and her ascendancy over Pericles was 
 such that the war with Samos in behalf of Miletus, 440 B. c., 
 was frequently ascribed to her influence. She was also 
 said to have written part of Pericles's famous funeral ora- 
 tion over the soldiers who fell in the campaign of 431 B. C. 
 She was accused by the comic poet Hermippus of impu- 
 rity 432 B. c., but was saved by the intervention of Pericles, 
 whose eloquence and personal influence procured her ac- 
 quittal. After the death of Pericles, 429 B. C., she attached 
 herself to Lysicles, a democratic leader. The son of Peri- 
 cles by Aspasia was legitimated by a decree of the people, 
 took his father's name, and was executed, with five other 
 generals, after the victory of Arginusse. 
 
 Aspasia, or Aspatia. One of the principal 
 characters in Beaumont and Fletcher’s ‘ ‘ Maid’s 
 Tragedy.” She is betrothed to Amiutor and 
 is deserted by him. 
 
 Aspasius(as-pa'shius). Born at Ravenna, Italy: 
 flourished about 225 a. D. A Roman rhetorician 
 and sophist. 
 
 Aspe (as'pa). A town in the province of Ali- 
 cante, Spain, 21 miles west of Alicante. Popu- 
 lation, 7,927. 
 
 Aspe (asp), Vallee d’. A valley, department 
 of Basses-Pyrenees, France, near the Spanish 
 frontier, traversed by one of the main routes 
 across the Pyrenees. It formed a medieval re- 
 public under the protection of Bearn. 
 
 Aspen (as'pen). A silver-mining city, the cap- 
 ital of Pitkin County, Colorado, west of Lead- 
 ville. Population, i,834, (1910). 
 
 Aspendos (as-pen'dos) , Aspendus (-dus). [Gr. 
 -'Va-crdor.] In ancient geography, a city of 
 Pamphylia, Asia Minor, on the Eurymedon 
 about lat. 36° 58' N., long. 31° 16' E. it contains 
 a Roman theater, which is the best preserved of all an- 
 cient structures of the kind. The cavea is quite intact. 
 There is also a Roman aqueduct which crosses the valley 
 by a long range of arches. 
 
 Asper (as'per). [L., ‘rough, harsh.’] 1. In Ben 
 Jonson’s “Every Man out of his Humour,” a 
 character which he designed as a portrait of 
 himself. 
 
 He is of an ingenious and free spirit, eager and constant 
 in reproof, without fear controlling the world’s abuses. 
 One whom no servile hope of gain, or frosty apprehension 
 of danger, can make to be a parasite, either to time, 
 place, or opinion. 
 
 J orison, in Dram. Pers. Every Man out of Iris Humour. 
 2. The pseudonym of Johnson in the “Ramb- 
 ler,” and under which he abused Garrick. 
 
 Asperg (as'perG), or Asberg (as'berG). Atowu 
 in the Neckar circle, Wiirtemberg, 9 miles 
 north of Stuttgart. Population, about 3,000. 
 
 Aspern (as'pern). A village in Lower Austria, 
 situated ou the north bank of the Danube 5 
 miles northeast of Vienna. 
 
 Aspern, Battle of, or Battle of Essling. A 
 victory gained at Aspern and Essling, May 21 
 and 22, 1809, by the Austrians under Archduke 
 Charles (80,000) over the French under Napo- 
 leon (40,000 and later 80,000). The loss of 
 the Austrians was about 24,000; that of the 
 French considerably more, including Lannes. 
 
 Asplialtites (as-fal-ti'tez), Lake. [L. Locus 
 asphaltites, Gr. A ipvTj ’ActpaLTiryc, lake of asphalt 
 or bitumen.] An ancient name of the Dead 
 Sea. 
 
 Aspidiske (as-pi-dis'ke), or Asmidiske (as- 
 mi-dis'ke). [Gr. aamdtaKr), a little shield.] The 
 fourth-magnitude star i Argus, situated in the 
 shield which ornament s the vessel’s poop. There 
 is some confusion in the lettering of the stars of this con- 
 stellation, and some star-maps assign this name to f in- 
 stead of l. 
 
 Aspinwall (as'pin-wal). William. Born at 
 Brookline, Mass., May 23, 1743: died April 16, 
 
 Assemani, Stefano Evodio 
 
 1823. An American physician. He fought as a 
 volunteer in the battle of Lexington, became a surgeon 
 in the Revolutionary army, and is said to have established 
 the practice of vaccination in America. 
 
 Aspinwall, William H. Born at New York, 
 Dec. 16, 1807 : died there, Jan. 18, 1875. An 
 American merchant, the chief promoter of the 
 Panama Railroad, whose eastern terminus is 
 named for him. 
 
 Aspinwall, or Colon (ko-lon'). A seaport on 
 the low island of Manzanilla, in the republic 
 of Panama, in lat. 9° 22' N., long. 79° 55' W. : 
 the terminus of the Panama Railroad and also 
 of the Panama Canal, it was founded in 1855 by 
 W. H. Aspinwall, and was burned by insurgents in 1885 
 Population, about 3,000. 
 
 Aspramonte (as-pra-mon'te). An Italian epic 
 poem, by an unknown author, which appeared 
 at Milan in 1516, a year after “Orlando Fu- 
 l’ioso.” The subject is the defeat of the Saracens by the 
 French when the former came over in large numbers 
 under Gamier, king of Carthage, to sack Rome : this they 
 accomplished, and went across to France where Charle- 
 magne and all the great paladins defeated them near As- 
 pramonte (Aspremont). 
 
 Aspre (as'pr), Konstantin, Baron d’. Born 
 1789 : died 1850. An Austrian general, distin- 
 guished in the Italian campaigns of 1848-49. 
 Aspromonte (as-pro-mon'te). A mountain in 
 Calabria, Italy, 10-20 miles northeast of Reggio, 
 nearly 7,000 feet in height. Near it Garibaldi 
 was defeated and captured by Italian troops 
 under Pallavicini, Aug. 29, 1862. 
 Aspropotamo (as-pro-pot'a-mo). The modem 
 name of the river Achelous. 
 
 Assab (as-sab'). A hay in the Red Sea, in lat. 
 13° N., long. 42° 50' E. Since 1881 it has be- 
 longed, with adjacent villages, to Italy. 
 
 Assad (as'sad). In the story of “Prince Am- 
 giad and Prince Assad,” in the “Arabian 
 Nights’ Entertainments,” the son of Camaral- 
 zaman and Haiatalnefous. 
 
 Assal (iis-sal'). A salt lake in eastern Africa, 
 near the Gulf of Tajurrah, Gulf of Aden, 600 
 feet below the sea-level. 
 
 Assam (as-sam'). Achief-commissionership of 
 British India. It was included in the province of 
 Eastern Bengal aud Assam, constituted in 1905, but was 
 created a chief-commissionership by decree of December, 
 1911. It was ceded by Burma in 1826. 
 
 Assandun (as-san'dun). A locality, identified 
 with Ashingdon, Essex, England, where in 1016 
 Edmund Ironsides was defeated by Canute. 
 Assassination Plot. A conspiracy against the 
 life of William III. of England, by Sir George 
 Barclay, Charnoek, and Parkyns, detected in 
 1696. 
 
 Assassins, The. A military and religious order 
 in Syria, founded in Persia by Hassan ben 
 Sabbah about 1090. A colony migrated from Persia 
 to Syria, settled in various places, with their chief seat 
 on the mountains of Lebanon, and became remarkable 
 for their secret murders in blind obedience to the will of 
 their chief. Their religion was a compound of Magian- 
 ism, Judaism, Christianity, and Mohammedanism. One 
 article of their creed was that the Holy Spirit resided 
 in their chief and that his orders proceeded from God 
 himself. The chief of the sect is best known by the 
 denomination old man of the mountain (Arabic sheikh al- 
 jebal, chief of the mountains). These barbarous chief- 
 tains and their followers spread terror among nations far 
 and near for almost two centuries. In the time of the 
 Crusades they mustered to the number of 60,000, and pre- 
 sented a formidable obstacle to the arms of the Christians. 
 They were eventually subdued by the sultan Bibars about 
 1272. 
 
 Assaye, or Assye (as-si'). A village of Hai- 
 darabad, British India, about lat. 20° 15' N., 
 long. 75° 54' E. Here 9,500 men under Wellesley 
 (Duke of Wellington) defeated more than 40,000 Mahrattas 
 Sept. 23, 1803. The loss of the British was about 1.800. 
 Assche.or Asche(as'ehe). A small town in Bra- 
 bant, Belgium, 9 miles northwest of Brussels. 
 Asselyn (as'se-lin), Jan, surnamed Krabbetje. 
 Born at Antwerp (?) about 1610: died at Am- 
 sterdam, 1660. A Dutch painter of landscapes, 
 animals, and battles. 
 
 Assemani (as-sa-ma'ne), Giuseppe Aloysio. 
 Born at Tripoli, Syria, about 1710: died at 
 Rome, Feb. 9, 1782. A Syrian Orientalist, 
 nephew of Giuseppe Simone Assemani, pro- 
 fessor of Oriental languages at Rome. 
 Assemani, Giuseppe Simone. Born at Tripoli, 
 Syria, 1687: died at Rome, Jan. 14. 1768. A 
 Syrian Orientalist, custodian in the Vatican li- 
 brary: author of “ Bibliotheca orient alis Clem- 
 entino-Vaticana” (1719-28), etc. 
 
 Assemani, Simone. Born at Tripoli, Syria, 
 1752 : died 1821. A Syrian scholar, professor of 
 Oriental languages at Padua : author of works 
 on Oriental numismatics. 
 
 Assemani, Stefano Evodio. Born at Tripoli, 
 Syria, 1707 : died 1782. A Syrian Orientalist, 
 
Assemani, Stefano Evodio 
 
 nephew of Giuseppe Simone Assemani, custo- 
 dian in the Vatican library. His works include 
 “Bibliothecae Mediceo-Laurentianae et Palatina) cod., 
 etc." (1742), “Acta Sanctorum Martyrum” (1748), etc. 
 
 Assembly, National. In French history, the 
 first of the Revolutionary assemblies, in ses- 
 sion 1789-91. The States-General, elected in 1789, were 
 opened May 5, 1789, and in June the third estate assumed 
 the title of National Assembly, and absorbed the two re- 
 maining estates. Its chief work was the formation of the 
 constitution (whence it is also called the Constituent As- 
 sembly). 
 
 Assembly of Fowls. Seo Parliament ofFowles. 
 
 Assembly of Ladies, The. A poem attributed 
 to Chaucer, but now considered spurious : an 
 imitation of the “Parliament of Fowles.” 
 
 Assen (as'sen). The capital of the province of 
 Drenthe, Netherlands, 16 miles south of Gro- 
 ningen. Near it are famous antiquities. Popu- 
 lation, 11,191. 
 
 Assens (fis'sens). A town in the island of Fiinen, 
 Denmark, situated on the Little Belt 21 miles 
 southwest of Odense. Population, 4,645. 
 
 Asser (as'er). Died at Sherborne, England, 
 909(?) A. D. A Welsh monk, bishop of Sher- 
 borne and companion of Alfred the Great. He 
 wrote a “Life of Alfred” (ed. by Wise 1722). 
 
 Assideans (as-i-de'anz). See Chasidim. 
 
 Assing (as'sing), Ludmilla. Bom at Ham- 
 burg, Feb. 22, 1821 : died at Florence, March 25, 
 1880. A German authoress, editor of various 
 works of Varnhagen von Ense (her uncle) and 
 of Alexander von Humboldt. She was sentenced, 
 1863-64, to imprisonment for libel by the Prussian gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Assini (as-se'ne). A small French protectorate 
 on the western coast of Africa, west of the 
 British Gold Coast, on a river of the same 
 name. 
 
 Assiniboia (as^n-i-boi'a). Formerly a pro- 
 visional district in the northwest of Canada, 
 formed in 1882. It extended to the north 
 nearly to lat. 52° N., and on the west to a lit- 
 tle beyond long. 111°. It was bounded on the 
 south by the United States and on the east by 
 Manitoba. On the establishment in 1905 of 
 the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan by 
 far the larger part of it was incorporated in 
 the latter province. Area, district, 7,505 square 
 miles. Population, 42,556, (1911). 
 
 Assiniboin (a-sin'i-boin). [Chippewa mini, 
 stone, upwawa, he cooks by roasting: i. e. by 
 hot stones.] A tribe of North American In- 
 dians, an offshoot of the Pabakse gens of the 
 Ihanktonwanna : called Ilohc (ho'ha) by the 
 Dakota. They number about 2,600, and live in the 
 northwest territory of British North America and also in 
 Montana. See Sioucin and Sioux. 
 
 Assiniboine, or Assiniboin. A river in the 
 southern part of British America, which joins 
 the Red River of the North at Winnipeg, Mani- 
 toba. Length, about 500 miles. 
 
 Assinie (as-se-ne'). [F.] Seo Assini. 
 
 Assisi, or Asisi (a-se'se). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Perugia, Italy, 12 miles southeast of 
 Perugia, famous as the birthplace of St. Fran- 
 cis : the Umbrian Assisium. It is also the birthplace 
 of Propertius and Metastasio. Near it are Roman ruins. 
 It contains a temple of Minerva, a fine Roman hexastyle 
 Corinthian prostyle portico, with its low pediment com- 
 plete, now attached to the Church of Santa Maria della 
 Minerva, of which the vaulted cella still forms the chief 
 part. The temple dates from Augustus, and is good in 
 its proportions and ornament. The Church of San Fran- 
 cesco, begun 1228, consists of the Upper Church, the Lower 
 Church, and the Crypt (containing the tomb of the saint). 
 The first, 225 feet long, consists of a single nave of five 
 bays with a rose-window of great beauty. The walls are 
 covered with frescos, chiefly by Cimabue (story of the Old 
 and New Testaments) and Giotto (life of St. Francis). The 
 latter series is famous, and exhibits in the highest degree 
 the painter’s individuality, dramatic quality, and direct- 
 ness of conception. The Lower Church i3 wider than the 
 other, low and crypt-like; it contains interesting tombs, 
 fine painted glass, and many frescos, among them some 
 of Giotto’s most admired works. The chief of these are 
 the Virtues and the Glorification of St. Francis, and a 
 beautiful Madonna, on gold ground. 
 
 Assiut, or Assiout. See Slut. 
 
 Assize of Clarendon. An English ordinance, 
 issued in 1166 (12 Hen. II.), which introduced 
 changes into the administration of justice. 
 
 Assizes of Jerusalem. Two codes of laws, 
 drawn up under the authority of Godfrey de 
 Bouillon, the first crusading king of Jerusalem, 
 and in force under the Christian sovereignty in 
 Jerusalem and in Cyprus. One code had jurisdic- 
 tion over the nobility, the second over the common peo- 
 ple. Both were conceived with a wisdom and enlighten- 
 ment beyond their age, and were baaed on contemporary 
 French law and customs. 
 
 Assize of Northampton. An English ordi- 
 nance, a reissue and expansion of the Assize 
 
 87 
 
 of Clarendon, issued at Northampton in 1176 
 (22 Hen. II.), drawn up in the form of instruc- 
 tions to the judges. The new articles relate 
 to tenure, reliefs, dower, etc. 
 
 Assmannshausen (as'mfins-hou-zen). A vil- 
 lage in the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, 
 situated on the Rhine 16 miles west of Mainz, 
 celebrated for its red and white wines. 
 Associated Counties, The. In English his- 
 tory, a name given to the counties of Norfolk, 
 Suffolk, Essex, Hertford, Cambridge, Hunting- 
 don, and Lincoln, because they combined, 
 1642-46, to join the Parliamentary side in the 
 civil war, and to keep their territory free from 
 invasion. 
 
 Assollant, or Assolant (a-so-lon'), Jean Bap- 
 tiste Alfred. Born at Aubusson, March 20, 
 1827 : died at Paris, March 4, 1886. A French 
 novelist and journalist. He brought a charge of 
 plagiarism against Victorien Sardou, alleging that the 
 latter’s play “Oncle.Sam” was taken from Assollant’s 
 “Scfenes de la Vie desEtats-Unis.” The charge was re- 
 ferred to a commission of authors who gave a verdict in 
 favor of M. Sardou. 
 
 Assommoir (fi-som-mwiir'), L’. [F.,‘the blud- 
 geon. ’] A novel by Zola, published in 1877. 
 
 ASSOS (as'os). [Gr. v A.aaog.'\ In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a city situated on the Gulf of Adramyt- 
 tium, Mysia, in lat. 39° 29' N., long. 26° 22' E. 
 The site is now occupied by the Turkish village of Bell ram. 
 It was thoroughly explored and excavated by the Archaeo- 
 logical Institute of America 1881-82, with the important 
 result of illustrating the architectural and topographical 
 development of a minor Greek city with a completeness 
 comparable with the body of information supplied by Pom- 
 peii concerning Roman towns under somewhat similar 
 conditions. The remains studied include very extensive 
 fortifications of successive periods, temples ranging from 
 the archaic Doric to foundations dating within the Chris- 
 tian era, a theater, baths, porticos, a gymnasium, private 
 dwellings in great variety, a remarkable and highly 
 adorned street of tombs, and a Greek bridge. 
 
 Assouan. See Assuan. 
 
 Assuan, or Asswan, or Assouan (as-swan'). 
 
 * A town in Upper Egypt, situated on the Nile 
 near the first cataract, in lat. 24° 5' N., formerly 
 supposed to be on the tropic of Cancer: the an- 
 cient Syene. It is noted for its granite. It was 
 the place of banishment of Juvenal. 
 
 Assuay. See Azuay. 
 
 Assumption. See Asuncion. 
 
 Assumption of the Virgin. 1. A masterpiece 
 of Titian in the Aceademia, Venice, one of the 
 most renowned of existing paintings. The Vir- 
 gin ascends toward the throne, wafted on glowing clouds 
 and surrounded by ranks of rejoicing angels. The apos- 
 tles look up in amazement from the earth below. 
 
 2. A powerful painting by Titian, in the ca- 
 thedral of Verona, splendid and characteristic 
 in coloring. — 3. Frescos by Correggio in the 
 dome of the cathedral of Parma, Italy. They 
 occupy the entire octagon, and are famous for their grace 
 and the beauty of their color and golden light. They are 
 now damaged by moisture. 
 
 4. A painting by Rubens, in Antwerp Cathe- 
 dral, Belgium. The Virgin, surrounded by angels, is 
 borne up to heaven in glory ; the apostles and women are 
 gathered about the empty tomb below. The coloring is 
 less brilliant than is usual with Rubens. 
 
 5. A painting by Perugino, in the Aceademia, 
 Florence. The Virgin is in face and form one of Peru- 
 gino’s most beautiful figures ; the four saints in the fore- 
 ground, too, are admirable. 
 
 6. A large and important painting by Guido 
 Reni, in Bridgewater House, London. — 7. A 
 fine fresco by Gaudenzio Ferrari, in the Church 
 of San Cristoforo at Vercelli, Italy. The figures 
 of the Father, the Virgin, the angel, and" the apostles, es- 
 pecially, are of grand conception. 
 
 8. A painting by Murillo, in the Hermitage 
 Museum, St. Petersburg. The Virgin floats upward, 
 resting on clouds, with bands of cherubs above and below 
 her. This picture excels in the qualities of grace and 
 purity of expression which characterize many of Murillo’s 
 works. 
 
 9. One of the most admired paintings of Guer- 
 cino (1623), in the Hermitage Museum, St. 
 Petersburg. The Virgin, with face uplifted, is borne 
 upward on a cloud, surrounded by angels. The apostles 
 stand about her tomb below. 
 
 Assur (as'or), or Ashur (ash'er). [See Assyria .] 
 1. The original name of Assyria and of its 
 earliest capital. — 2. See Asur. 
 
 Assye. See Assaye. 
 
 Assynt (as'int), Loch.. A lake, 7 miles long, 
 in the southwestern part of Sutherland, Scot- 
 land, noted for its picturesqueness. 
 
 Assyria (a-sir'i-;i). [OPers. Athura, Gr. ’Aoavpia, 
 L. Assyria, F. Assy He, G. Assyrien; in the cu- 
 neiform inscriptions A shir ; in the Old Testa- 
 ment AS&r.] An ancient Asiatic state, which 
 at the period of its greatest power covered a 
 territory of about 75,000 square miles, bounded 
 by Armenia on the north, the Lower Zab on 
 
 Asterope 
 
 the south, the Zagros Mountains on the east, and 
 the Euphrates on the west. In Gen. x. 2 the name 
 is given to a small district about 25 by 17 miles on the 
 left bank of the Tigris. The name of the country was 
 derived from that of the city Assur, situated about 60 
 miles south of the modern Mosul and marked by the 
 ruins of Kileh-Shergat. This city is not mentioned in 
 the Old Testament, but it survived Nineveh, being still 
 in existence in the time of Cyrus, the conqueror of 
 Babylon. The name, besides being given to the city and 
 country, was also applied to the national god, being always 
 spelled A tar in this connection. The Persians called 
 the city Athura. 'ihe Greeks comprised in the name As- 
 syria, or its shortened form Syria , the entire territory be- 
 tween Babylonia and the Mediterranean, sometimes ap- 
 plying it even to Babylonia. The northern and eastern 
 portions of the country were mountainous, but the greater 
 part was flat, being an extension of the Babylonian plains. 
 Its principal rivers were the Tigris, the .Upper and Lower 
 Zab, the Kurnib, the Khoser, and the western Khabur. 
 It was a fertile country, and abounded in all sorts of 
 animals : among others, the stag, roebuck, wild bull, and 
 lion. The hunting of the lion was the favorite sport of 
 the Assyrian kings. According to Genesis (x. 8-12, 22) 
 the Assyrians were descendants of Shem and emigrants 
 from Babylon. Their Semitic-Babylonian origin is fully 
 attested by their sculptures and inscriptions. Their lan- 
 guage is, apart from a few dialectical and orthographical 
 variations, identical with Babylonian, and closely akin to 
 Hebrew. Assyria derived its civilization from Babylonia. 
 Its religion was the same as that of the mother-country, 
 with the exception of the national god Ashur, who was 
 placed at the head of the pantheon. Assyrian architec- 
 ture was a slavish copy of that of Babylonia. Although 
 stone abounded in the former, bricks continued to be used 
 in imitation of the practice in Babylonia, where no stone 
 existed. The Babylonian emigrants who established As- 
 syria probably set out about 2000 B. C. The first Assyrian 
 rulers of whom we hear were Belkapkapu, Isnii-Dagan, 
 and his son Samsi-Ramman (1816 B. c.). For the next 800 
 years nothing is known of the condition of Assyria. In 
 the 15th century B. c. Assyria was involved in a war with 
 Babylonia, then under the rule of the non-Semitic Kas- 
 sites. War continued between the two countries for a 
 long time with varying success. Finally, however, Assyria 
 became supreme and Babylonia the vassal state. The chief 
 maker of Assyria’s glory was Tiglatli-Pileser I. (1120-1100 
 B. c.), who conquered the city of Babylon, other cities of 
 Babylonia, and penetrated as far as the Mediterranean. 
 His more important successors were Asur-dan i I. ( 30-911 
 B. C.) ; Asurnazii pal (884-860 B. C.) ; Shalmaneser II. (860- 
 824 B. C.), who came in contact with Damascus and Israel ; 
 Tiglath-Pileser III. ( Phul in the Old Testament) 746-727 
 b. c., whose power extended to the confines of Egypt and 
 who put the crown of Babylon on his head ; Saigon w22-705 
 B. c.), the conqu eror of Samaria, who defeated t he Egypt ians 
 at Raphia; Sennacherib (705-681 B. c.); and Isarhaddon 
 (680-668 B. C.). These last two kingsmark the height of As- 
 syrian power, and Esarhaddon was enabled by his con- 
 quests to add to his name the title king of Upper and 
 Lower Egypt and Ethiopia. Under Asurbanipal (the 
 Sardanapalus of Greek writers), 66S-626 B. c., the decline 
 of the empire began. In some respects this reign was 
 most prosperous and brilliant : it was the golden age of 
 art and literature. Under this reign too Susa was con- 
 quered and destroyed. But signs of the approaching 
 break-up were seen in the constant uprisings of the op- 
 pressed nations. The downward course was rapid. Once, 
 about 625, Assyria succeeded in repelling the attack of 
 the Medes and Persians under Phraortes, but when his 
 son Cyaxares in union with Nabopolassar of Babylon re- 
 peated the attack(606 B. C.), Nineveh fell and the Assyrian 
 power entirely disappeared. See Century Atlas, MapTIII. 
 
 Assyrian Canon. See Eponym Canon. 
 
 Ast (fist), Georg Anton Friedrich. Born at 
 Gotha, Germany, Dee. 29, 1778: died at Mu- 
 nich, Oct. 31, 1841. A German philologist and 
 philosophical writer. 
 
 AstacilS (as'ta-kus). [Gr. "Ac raxof.] In ancient 
 geography, a Greek colony in Bithynia, Asia 
 Minor, near Nicomedia. 
 
 Astacus, Gulf of. Same as Gulf of Nicomedia 
 or of Ismid. 
 
 Astarte (as-t.ar'te). See Ashtoreth. 
 
 Astarte. The woman guiltily beloved by Man- 
 fred (in Byron’s “Manfred”), and for whom he 
 suffers an undying remorse. 
 
 Astell (as' tel), Mary. Born at Newcastle- 
 upon-Tyne, England, 1668: died 1731. An Eng- 
 lish writer. She was the author of “A Serious Proposal 
 to Ladies,’’ published anonymously (1694-97). ’t he “pro- 
 posal ” was for the erection of a monastery or home of re- 
 ligious retirement, to be conducted under the rules of the 
 Church of England : a scheme which later brought upon 
 its author considerable abuse, as in the “Tntler” (32), 
 where she appears under the name of Madonella. 
 
 Aster (fis'ter), Ernst Ludwig von. Born at 
 Dresden, Oct. 5, 1778: died at Berlin, Feh. 
 10, 1855. A German military engineer. He 
 planned the fortresses of Coblentz and Ehren- 
 breitstein. 
 
 Asterabad. See Astrdbad. 
 
 Asterius (as-te'ri-us). 1. Lived in the first 
 part of the 4th century A. B. An Arian theo- 
 logian of Cappadocia. — 2. Lived about 400 a. d 
 A bishop of Amasia, in Pontus, noted as a 
 writer of “Homilies.” 
 
 Asterope (as-ter'6-pe). [Gr. ’Aor>p6-y.~] One 
 of the Pleiades, composed of two stars, each of 
 7-J magnitude, and just too faint to be seen 
 by most eyes without telescopic assistance. 
 It is sometimes regarded as the “lost Pleiad,’’ though 
 more usually Pleione is so considered. See Pleiades, 
 
Asti 
 
 Asti (as'te). A city in the province of Alessan- 
 dria, Italy, the ancient Asta Pompeia, situated 
 at the junction of the Borbore and Tanaro 28 
 miles southeast of Turin. During the middle ages 
 it was a powerful republic. It has important trade, and 
 is noted for the wines produced in its vicinity. It is the 
 birthplace of Alfteri. It has a cathedral chiefly of the 
 13th century. The fine facade has alternate courses of 
 white stone and red brick, with three trefoil-headed sculp- 
 tured doorways. There is a handsome lateral porch with 
 statues, an octagonal lantern, and a square, round-arched 
 campanile. The transepts have pentagonal ends, and 
 apses on the east side. Population, commune, 38,045. 
 
 Astie (as-te-a'), Jean Frederic. Born at Ne- 
 rac,Lot-et-Garonne, France, Sept. 21, 1822: died 
 at Lausanne, May 20, 1894. A French Protes- 
 tant clergyman, and writer on theological, phi- 
 losophical, and historical subjects. He was pastor 
 of a French-Swiss cliurcli in New York 1848-53, removed 
 to Paris, and later (1856) became professor of theology and 
 philosophy at Lausanne. Among his works is a “ Histoire 
 de la r^publique des Etats-Unis " (1865). 
 
 Astier (as-te-a'), Paul. In Daudet’s “Strug- 
 gle for Life,” au unscrupulous egoist. 
 
 Astle (as'l), Thomas. Bom Dec. 22, 1735 : died 
 at Battersea Rise, near London, Dec. 1, 1803. 
 An English paleographer and antiquary, ap- 
 pointed keeper of the records in the Tower of 
 London in 1783. He wrote “ The Origin and 
 Progress of Writing” (1784), etc. 
 
 Astley (ast'li), Sir Jacob, afterward Baron 
 Astley. Born 1579 : died at Maidstone, Eng- 
 land, Feb., 1G52. An English royalist general 
 in the first civil war. He served at EdgehiU, 
 Gloucester, Naseby, and elsewhere, and was defeated and 
 taken prisoner at Stow in 1040. 
 
 Astley, Philip. Born at Newcastle-under- 
 Lyme, England, 1742: died at Paris, 1814. A 
 well-known horse-tamer. He began as a cabinet- 
 maker ; joined Elliott’s regiment of light horse in Holland 
 as a rough-rider in 1759 ; and finally settled in London, and 
 developed a prosperous business as the proprietor of cir- 
 cuses there and in other cities. The circus and hippo- 
 drome, well known as “Astley’s,” was situated on the 
 Surrey side of the Thames, not far from Westminster 
 Bridge: it is now known as “Sanger’s Amphitheater.” 
 Astolat (as'to-lat). In the Arthurian romances, 
 a name of Guildford, Surrey, England. 
 Astolfo, or Astolpho (as-tol'f 6). 1. An impor- 
 tant character in the Charlemagne romances 
 and in the “Orlando Innamorato” and “Or- 
 lando Furioso.” The most notable of his knightly 
 feats and adventures is his journey to the moon, where he 
 enters the Valley of Lost Things, and among a mass of 
 broken resolutions, lovers’ tears, days lost by idlers, etc., 
 finds Orlando’s lost wits in a vessel larger than all the 
 others. He was permitted to take them back to Orlando. 
 Pope, in the ‘ ‘ Itape of the Lock,” speaking of the same 
 place, says : 
 
 “ Where the heroes’ wits are kept in ponderous vases. 
 And beaux’ in snuff boxes and tweezer cases." 
 
 He was also the possessor of a wonderful horn which 
 spread universal terror when it was sounded. 
 
 2. The King of Lombardy in an episode in 
 Ariosto’s “Orlando Furioso.” He is introduced 
 from the “Tale of Astolpho and Jocundo," two men who, 
 finding their wives false, took a remarkable method to 
 procure a true one. 
 
 Astolphus. See Aistulf. 
 
 Aston (as'ton), Antony. Flourished about 
 1712-31. An English actor, prompter, and 
 dramatic writer. 
 
 Aston Hall. An old hall in the Elizabethan 
 style, near Birmingham, England, recently re- 
 paired and now a museum, having been sold 
 by the owner, Mr. Charles Holt Bracebridge, 
 to the town of Birmingham. This is said to be 
 the original of Irving’s “Bracebridge Hall.” 
 Aston Manor. A manufacturing town imme- 
 diately north of Birmingham, England. Popu- 
 lation, 77,326. 
 
 Astor (as'tor), John Jacob. Born at Walldorf, 
 near Heidelberg, July 17, 1763: died at New 
 York, March 29, 1848. A German- American 
 merchant. He emigrated to the United States in 1783, 
 established himself shortly at New York in the fur trade, 
 became the first regular dealer in musical instruments in 
 the United States, aud speculated in New York realty and, 
 during the war of 1812, in government securities. He con- 
 ceived the scheme of connecting the fur trade with the 
 Pacific by a line of trading-posts extending from the Great 
 Lakes along the Missouri and Columbia, at whose mouth 
 he founded Astoria in 1811. At his death his fortune was 
 estimated at 820,000,000. He left 8400,000 for founding 
 the Astor Library. 
 
 Astor, William Backhouse. Born at New 
 York, Sept. 19, 1792: died at New York, Nov. 
 24, 1875. An American capitalist, son of John 
 Jacob Astor. He gave $550,000 to the library 
 founded by his father. 
 
 Astor, William Waldorf. Born 1848. A 
 diplomatist and author, grandson of William 
 Backhouse Astor. He was United States min- 
 ister to Italy 1882-85, and is the author of “Va- 
 lentino” (1885), “Sforza” (1889). 
 
 88 
 
 Astor Library. A library in the city of New 
 Y ork, founded by John Jacob Astor, and opened 
 in 1854. It was a reference library only, and contained 
 about 260,000 volumes. It was combined in 1895 with 
 the Lenox and the proposed Tilden Library as the New 
 York Public Library (which see). 
 
 Astor Place Biot. A serious riot in New York, 
 May 10, 1849, between the partizans of the ac- 
 tors Edwin Forrest and Macready. The latter 
 was acting at the time in the Astor Place Opera House. 
 It was suppressed by the militia. Twenty-two were killed 
 and thirty-six wounded. 
 
 Astoreth. See Ashtoreth. 
 
 Astorga (as-tor'ga). A town in the province of 
 Leon, Spain, the ancient Asturica Augusta, sit- 
 uated on the Tuerto 29 miles southwest of Leon. 
 The Roman city walls are still in large par t perfect, and 
 present a curious spectacle with their long series of pro- 
 jecting semicircular towers which do not rise above the 
 curtains. Population, 5,573. 
 
 Astorga, (as-tor'ga), Baron Emmanuele d\ 
 Born at Naples, Dec. 11, 1681: died in Bohe- 
 mia, Aug. 21, 1736. An Italian musician, co.m- 
 poser of a celebrated “Stabat Mater” (1713), 
 a pastoral opera, “Dafne,”etc. 
 
 Astoria (as-to'ri-a). The capital of Clatsop 
 County, Oregon, on the Columbia 75 miles north- 
 west of Portland . It was founded as a fur-trading sta- 
 tion by John Jacob Astor (for whom it was named) in 1811. 
 Leading industry, salmon-canning. Pop. 9,599, (1910). 
 
 Astoria. A former village of Long Island, New 
 York, now a part of the Borough of Queens, 
 New York city. 
 
 Astrabacus (as-trab'a-kus). [Gr. Aorpa/la/cof.] 
 See the extract. 
 
 The hero-temple of Astrabacus is mentioned by Pausa- 
 nias in his description of Sparta (III. xvi. § 6). An ob- 
 scure tradition attaches to him. Astrabacus, we are told, 
 and Alopecus his brother, sons of Irbus, grandsons of 
 Amphisthenes, great-grandsons of Amphicles, and great- 
 great-grandsons of Agis, found the wooden image of Diana 
 Orthia which Orestes and Iphigeniahad conveyed secretly 
 from Tauris to Lacedaimon, and on discovering it were 
 stricken with madness (ib. § 6). The worship of Astrab- 
 acus at Sparta is mentioned by Clemens (Cohort, ad Gen- 
 tes, p. 35). It is conjectured from his name [literally 
 ‘ass keeper’] that he was “the protecting genius of the 
 stable.” Rawlinson, Herod., III. 433, note. 
 
 Astrabad (as-tra-bad'), or Asterabad (as-ter- 
 a-bad'). A province of northern Persia, 
 adjoining Mazanderan on the west. Popula- 
 tion (estimated), 80,000. 
 
 Astrabad, or Asterabad. The capital of the 
 province of Astrabad, situated in lat. 36° 50' N., 
 long. 54° 25' E. It was formerly an important 
 town. It was captured by Timur in 1384. 
 Population (estimated), 5,000 to 15,000. 
 Astrabad Bay, or Gulf of Ashraf (ash-raf'). 
 The southeasternmost bay of the Caspian Sea. 
 Astraea, or Astrea (as-tre'a). [Gr. Acrpaia, 
 fern, of aoTpaloq, starry.] i. In classical my- 
 thology, the goddess of justice, daughter of the 
 Titan Astrseus and Eos, or of Zeus and Themis. 
 In the golden age she lived among men, and in the brazen 
 age was the last of the gods to leave them. She departed 
 for the sky where she shines as the constellation Virgo. 
 
 2. An asteroid (the fifth) discovered by Henke 
 at Driesen, Dec. 8, 1845. — 3. See Astrce. 
 Astraea, The Divine. A nickname of Mrs. 
 Aphra Behn. 
 
 Astraea Rednx (as-tre'a re'duks). [L., ‘ As- 
 trtea brought back.’] A poem by Dryden cele- 
 brating the restoration of Charles II., first pub- 
 lished in 1660. 
 
 Astrakhan (as-tra-chan'). A government of 
 southeastern Russia, surrounded by the gov- 
 ernments of Saratoff and Samara, the Kirghiz 
 Steppe, the Caspian, Caucasia, and the province 
 of the Don Cossacks. It is largely a barren steppe. 
 Area, 91,042 square miles. Population, 1,214,500. 
 Astrakhan. The capital of the government of 
 Astrakhan, situated on an island in the delta 
 of the Volga, about lat. 46° 25' N., long. 47° 
 55' E. It has extensive commerce by the Volga and 
 Caspian, and is the chief port for the latter ; it has also a 
 large transit trade with Persia and Transcaucasia, various 
 manufactures, valuable fisheries, etc. It was formerly 
 the capital of a Tatar state, and was conquered by Russia 
 1554. Population, about 121,680. 
 
 Astrea. See Astreea. 
 
 Astree (as-tra/). A pastoral romance by 
 Ilotiore D’Urfe. See the extract. 
 
 In imitation of Montemayor and Cervantes, whose ro- 
 mances had been so popular in the peninsula, Ilonore 
 D’Urfd (1567-1626), a French nobleman, wrote his AstrSe, 
 a work which, under the disguise of pastoral incidents 
 and characters, exhibits the singular history of his own 
 family, and the amours at the court of Henry the Great. 
 The first volume, dedicated to that monarch, appeared, 
 probably in its second edition (no copy of the first edition 
 is known), in 1610, the second part in the same year, and 
 the third, which is addressed to Louis XIII., was given to 
 the world four or five years subsequent to the publication 
 of tlie second. The Duke of Savoy was depositary of the 
 fourth part, which remained in manuscript at the death 
 of the author, and was transmitted on that event to 
 
 Asura 
 
 Mademoiselle D’Urte. She confided it to Baro, the secre- 
 tary of her deceased relative, who published it two years 
 after the death of his master, with a dedication to Mary 
 of Medicis, and made up a fifth part from memoirs ana 
 fragments also placed in his hands. The whole was 
 printed at Rouen, 1647, in five volumes. . . . For more 
 than forty years it furnished the subject for nearly aU 
 dramatic compositions (Segraisiana, p. 144-5), while poets 
 confined their efforts to expressing in verse what D’Urfd 
 had made the personages of his romance utter in prose. 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, II. 378, 392, note. 
 
 Astrolabe (as'tro-lab), The, or The Conclu- 
 sions of the Astrolabe. An unfinished prose 
 treatise by Chaucer, written by him for the 
 instruction of his son Lewis, then ten years old. 
 It is inferred that it was written in 1391. ‘This is not 
 proved, however ; and of the child nothing more is known 
 than that in the introduction to this treatise Chaucer 
 mentions him by name and gives his reasons for the “en- 
 diting” of the work for him. It contains somevery slight 
 autobiographical allusions, but is essentially a translation 
 of the work of the Arabian astronomer Messahala (8th 
 century) from a Latin version. 
 
 Astrolabe Bay. An arm of the Pacific Ocean, 
 on the northeastern coast of Papua. 
 
 Astroni (as-tro'ne). The crater of an extinct 
 volcano 5 miles west of Naples. 
 
 Astropalia (as-tro-pa-le-a'). A modern Greek 
 name of Stampalia. 
 
 Astrophel (as'tro-fel). 1. The name assumed 
 by Sir Philip Sidney in the series of sonnets 
 entitled “Astrophel and Stella,” which is his 
 greatest literary work. These sonnets, 110 in num- 
 ber, chronicle the growth of Sidney’s love for Stella (Pe- 
 nelope Devereux, sister of Essex, afterward Lady Rich). 
 See Stella. 
 
 2. An elegy written by Spenser on the death of 
 Sir Philip Sidney. 
 
 Astruc (as-triik'), Jean. Bom March 19, 1684 : 
 died at Paris in 1766. A French medical 
 writer and professor. His most celebrated work is 
 “Conjectures sur les memoires originaux, dont il paroit. 
 que Moyse s’est servi pour composer le livre de la Genese ” 
 (Brussels, 1753), in which he divided the book of Genesis 
 into two parts on the basis of the use of Elohim or Yahveh 
 (Jehovah) as the name of God, holding that this difference 
 in usage pointed to the fact that Genesis was made up of 
 two parallel, independent narratives. His memoir formed 
 the starting-point of modern criticism of the Pentateuch. 
 
 Astudillo (as-to-THel'yo). A small town in the 
 province of Palencia, Spain, 26 miles southwest 
 of Burgos. 
 
 Astulphus. See Aistulf. 
 
 Astura (as-to'ra). 1. A small river south of 
 Rome, which rises near Velletri aud flows into 
 the Mediterranean. — 2. A small town near the 
 mouth of this river. 
 
 Asturias (as-to're-as). [L. Asturia, from As- 
 tur, pi. Astures, the name of the people.] An 
 ancient province of northwestern Spain, offi- 
 cially called Oviedo since 1833. See Oviedo, it 
 was the nucleus of the Spanish kingdom. The Christian 
 kingdom of Asturias was founded about 718 by Pelayo, and 
 was merged in the kingdom of Leon in the 10th century. 
 
 Asturias, Prince of. A title of the heir to the 
 Spanish throne, first assumed in 1388. 
 
 Astyages (as-ti'a-jez). [Gr. AorvayT/g ; in the 
 inscriptions Jshtuvegu according to Abydenus, 
 in Eusebius Asdaliages, supposed to represent 
 Zend Aj-dahak, the biting snake.] The son 
 and successor of Cyaxares, king of the Medes 
 584-549 B. C. In the latter year Cyrus the Great de- 
 throned him and united Media with Persia. According 
 to Herodotus, Astyages was the grandfather of Cyru3. 
 
 Astyanax (as-ti'a-naks). In Greek legend, the 
 son of Hector and Andromache. Also called 
 Scamandrius. 
 
 Astypalaea (as’ti-pa-lo'a). The ancient name 
 of Stampalia. 
 
 Asuncion (a-son-the-on'), or Assumption 
 
 (a-sump'shon). [Sp. Asuncion, Assumption 
 (sc. of the Virgin).] The capital of Paraguay, 
 situated on the Paraguay in lat. 25° 18' S., 
 long. 57° 30' W., founded by Juan de Ayolas 
 Sept., 1536. It was taken by the Brazilians 
 Jan. 5, 1869. Population, 60,259. 
 
 Asur (as'er). The ancient national god of As- 
 syria. Also Assur. 
 
 The form of religion prevalent in Assyria is wholly 
 Babylonian, with one important exception. Supreme over 
 the old Babylonian Pantheon rises the figure of a new 
 god, the national deity of Assyria, its impersonation Assur. 
 Assur is not merely primus inter pares, merely the preBi 
 dent of the divine assembly, like Merodach : he is their 
 lord and master in another and more autocratic sense. 
 Like the Yahveh of Israel, he claims to be “king above 
 all gods," that “among all gods ” there is none like unto 
 himself. Sayce, Anc. Babylonians, p. 122. 
 
 Asura, (a'so-ra). [Skt., from asu, spirit, and 
 so * spiritual.’] A word designating especially 
 the difference between celestial and mundane 
 existence, and then a spirit of life, God ; later, 
 a demon, as if a-sura, a not-god, whence by 
 popular etymology sura, god. 
 
Asurbanipal 
 
 Asurbanipal (a-sor-ba'ni-pal). [Assyrian A§- 
 ur-bani-pal, the god Ashur creates or makes the 
 son.] King of Assyria 668-626 b. c., son of 
 Esarhaddon and grandson of Sennacherib, the 
 last of the great kings of the vigorous Sargon- 
 ide dynasty. The Greeks called him Sardanapalus : 
 in the Old Testament (Ezra iv. 10) he is mentioned under 
 the nam eAsenappar (which see), ‘the greatand majestic.’ 
 His reign was marked by great external prosperity and 
 Eplendor, and the flourishing of art and literature, but 
 also by frequent revolts and disturbances, which shook 
 the huge empire to its foundations, and foreboded its 
 near fall, which took place a score of years after his death 
 (608 B. c.). At the beginning of his reign he had to sup- 
 press a revolt in Egypt instigated by the dethroned Ethi- 
 opian king Tarhaka or Tarqu (the Tirhakah mentioned 
 in the Old Testament — 2 Ki. xix. 9, Isa. xxxvii. 9). But 
 the most significant uprising was that of the coalition 
 of Babylonia, Arabia, Ethiopia, Phoenicia, and Palestine, 
 brought about by his own brother Shamash-shum-ukin 
 (the Greek Saosduchinos), the viceroy of Babylonia, which 
 was also quelled by Asurbanipal. Of his victories and 
 conquests may be especially mentioned the capture and 
 destruction of Susa, after many expeditions, between 646 
 and 640 B. o. Asurbanipal held together the Assyrian em- 
 pire under his iron scepter with great rigor, not shrink- 
 ing from the most atrocious cruelties, inflicting punish- 
 ment on so-called “rebels.” Under his protection and 
 promotion Assyrian art, especially architecture, attained 
 the height of its development, and literature celebrated 
 its golden age. Being of a literary turn of mind, or, as he 
 expresses himself, “endowed with attentive ears” and in- 
 clined to the study of “all inscribed tablets,” he caused 
 the collecting and reediting of the whole cuneiform lit- 
 erature then in existence, and the tablets, well arranged 
 and marked, were deposited in the royal library of his 
 palace. A great part of this library was discovered in 
 the ruins of that palace on the mound of Kuyunjik, and 
 transferred to the British Museum, and to it is due 
 the larger part of our present knowledge of Assyrian his- 
 tory and civilization. See Century Atlas, Map VIII. 
 
 Asur-bel-nisesu (a'sor-bel-ne-sa'so). [Assyr- 
 ian, ‘the god Ashur is the lord of his people.’] 
 King of Assyria about 1480 B. C. He is the first 
 Assyrian king about whom some definite and certain 
 knowledge is preserved. He is mentioned in the cunei- 
 form inscriptions as having entered into a treaty with 
 Karaindash, king of Babylonia. 
 
 Asur-dan (a'sor-dan) I. [Assyrian, ‘the god 
 Ashur is judge.’] King of Assyria about 1208- 
 1150 B. C. He conducted a victorious campaign against 
 the Babylonian king Zamma-shum-iddina, and conquered 
 many cities. He had the temple of Anu and Ramman in 
 the city of Assur, which was threatening to fall, torn down, 
 without, however, rebuilding it. This was done by Tiglath- 
 Pileser I. (1120-1100 B. c.). 
 
 Asur-dan II. King of Assyria about 930-911 
 B. c., son and successor of Tiglath-Pileser II. 
 
 Asur-dan III. King of Assyria 772-754 b. c. 
 
 The most interesting event recorded of his reign is the 
 mention of an eclipse of the sun at Nineveh in 763. As 
 this is confirmed by the calculations of astronomers, who 
 fix the date thereof on the 15th of June, 763, it has served 
 as a basis for the establishment of the whole chronology 
 of western Asia. 
 
 Asur- etil-ilani-ukinni (a'sor-a-tel-e-la'ne-o- 
 ke'ne). [Assyrian, ‘ Asur, the lord of gods, has 
 established me.’] Kingof Assyria from 626 B.C., 
 son and successor of Asurbanipal. Under him 
 began the downfall of the Assyrian empire, inaugurated 
 by an invasion of the Scythians. How long he reigned 
 is not known. His son and successor Sin-shar-ishkun 
 (‘the moon-god has established the king’), the Sarakosof 
 the Greeks, was the last king of Assyria. 
 
 Asur-nadin-sum (a'sor-na'den-som). [As- 
 syrian, ‘Asur is the giver of the name.’] Eldest 
 son of Sennacherib, king of Assyria 705-681 
 B. C. He was established by his father kingof Babylonia, 
 but was made captive by Hallus, king of Elam. 
 
 Asurnazirpal (a'sor-na'zer-pal). [Assyrian 
 Asur-nagir-pal, Asur is the protector of the 
 son.] King of Assyria 884-860 B. c. He was one 
 of the greatest and most warlike of Assyrian kings, and 
 inaugurated a period of prosperity and power of the As- 
 syrian empire. He made numerous and successful cam- 
 paigns especially to “the countries of Nairi ” (see Ar- 
 menia) and Syria, and extended the boundaries of Assyr- 
 ian dominion westward. His victorious expeditions were 
 marked, according to his own annals, by atrocious cruel- 
 ties and barbarous devastations. He also distinguished 
 himself by works of peace. He rebuilt Calah, which he 
 made his capital, adorning it with a temple of Adar (the 
 god of war), his favorite divinity, and a palace for himself, 
 and constructed a canal. The ruins of his buildings ex- 
 cavated show a great advance in architecture and sculp- 
 ture over the preceding period. 
 
 Asur-nirari (a'sor-ne-ra're). [Assyrian Asur- 
 nirdri, the god Asur is my helper.] King of 
 Assyria 754-745 b. c. 
 
 Asvalayana. A Sanskrit author, represented 
 as a pupil of Saunaka. He was the author of a 
 ritual treatise, the Asvalayanasutras. 
 
 Asvamedha. [Skt., ‘the horse-sacrifice.’] A 
 ceremony the antiquity of which reaches track 
 into Vedic times. It was then performed by kings 
 desirous of offspring. As described in the Mahabharata, 
 it implied that he who instituted it was a conqueror 
 and king of kings. A horse of a particular color was 
 consecrated and let loose to wander for a year. If the 
 liberator of the horse subdued all the countries through 
 which the horse passed, he returned with the horse 
 in triumph, and a great festival was held, at which the 
 
 89 
 
 horse was sacrificed really or figuratively. It was be- 
 lieved that a hundred Asvamedhas would enable the 
 offerer to dethrone Indra. 
 
 Asvatthaman. Ill Hindu mythology, a son 
 of Drona and Kripa, and a general of the 
 Kauravas. He and two others were the sole effective 
 survivors of the Kaurava host after the great battle of 
 the Mahabharata. 
 
 Asvin (as'vin). In Vedic mythology, properly 
 an adjective meaning ‘provided with horses,’ 
 ‘ consisting of horses,’ in which sense it is 
 used in a number of Vedic passages. As a sub- 
 stantive signifying ‘horse-tamer’ it is applied to Agni 
 and to Agni and Indra, and as a masculine dual, Asvinau, 
 ‘the two charioteers,’ to two gods of light, who are the 
 first to appear in the eastern sky upon a golden chariot 
 drawn by winged steeds, or birds. They are deliverers, 
 bestowers of gifts, healers, and already in the Veda are 
 the physicians of the gods. Later they are the constant 
 attendants of Indra and paragons of beauty. They also 
 appear as the Twins in the zodiac. They are the Dios- 
 curi, the Castor and Pollux, of Greco-Roman mythology. 
 
 As You Find It. A comedy by Charles Boyle, 
 the fourth earl of Orrery, printed in 1703. 
 
 As You Like It. A comedy by Shakspere, 
 which existed in some shape in 1600. Furness. 
 Malone and others (Fleay, Hunter, etc.) think it was pro- 
 duced in 1599. No copy of it is known to exist earlier 
 than the folio of 1623. It was founded on Lodge’s ro- 
 mance “Rosalynde.” In the comedy the characters of 
 Touchstone, Audrey, and Jacques are Shakspere’s, other- 
 wise he has followed Lodge quite closely. 
 
 There is on this Date of Composition a happy unanimity, 
 which centers about the close of the year 1599 : if a few 
 months carry it back into 1598 or carry it forward almost 
 to 1601, surely we need not be more clamorous than a 
 parrot against rain over such trifles. 
 
 Furness, App. to As you Like it, p. 304. 
 
 Ata. An ancient Egyptian king, the fourth of 
 the 1st dynasty. 
 
 Atacama (a-ta-ka'ma), Desert of. An exten- 
 sive rocky and rainless region in the northern 
 part of Chile. 
 
 Atacama, A northern province of Chile, capi- 
 tal Copiapo. It is rich in copper, nitrates, silver, gold, 
 salt, and various minerals. Area, about 30,720 square 
 miles. Population, 63,968. Atacama was formerly a 
 maritime department of Bolivia. It is largely a rocky 
 waste. It was occupied by the Chileans in 1879. 
 
 Atahualpa (a-ta-wal'pa), or Atahuallpa. An 
 Indian chief of the Scyri tribe (?) from Ecua- 
 dor, said to have been the son of the Inca 
 head-chief Huayna Capac and a woman from 
 the vicinity of (modern) Quito. The date of his 
 birth is uncertain. After the death of Huayna Capac 
 the newly elected head-chief Huascar attempted to treat 
 the northern so-called Incas as a subjected tribe. The 
 Ecuadorian colony had chosen meanwhile a chief from 
 their midst, Atahualpa, and war began. The southern In- 
 cas were driven into Peru and were followed by Atahualpa 
 and his warriors as far as Cuzco. Huascar was taken 
 prisoner and the victor was returning to Quito with most 
 of his forces when Pizarro arrived. The latter was hailed 
 by the southern and true Incas as liberator, and he pene- 
 trated to Cajamarca withoutopposition. In the vicinity of 
 that settlement Atahualpa camped with his forces and, 
 while meeting the Spaniards without hostile signs, pre- 
 pared an attack upon them in their quarters. On Novem- 
 ber 16, 1532, Atahualpa occupied the present market-place 
 of Cajamarca with a throng of warriors. It is untrue that 
 the Indians were unarmed. They attacked but were put to 
 flight. The so-called massacre lasted not an hour and the 
 number of the slain has been greatly exaggerated. Atahu- 
 alpa was captured and held a prisoner, though well treated. 
 The former chief of Cuzco, Huascar, was murdered by In- 
 dians from the side of Atahualpa. In consequence of this 
 and the constant intrigues of Atahualpa, coupled with the 
 approach of forces from Ecuador with hostile intentions, 
 he was put to death. The charge that he was planning 
 an attack upon the foreigners is well confirmed as is also 
 the ransom which his party offered and actually delivered. 
 After his death the Ecuadorian Indians continued the 
 warfare under several independent leaders. 
 
 Atala (a-ta-la/). A romance by Chateaubriand 
 which first appeared in the newspaper “Le 
 Mercure de France” in 1801. The scene is laid in 
 North America. Atala, the daughter of a North American 
 Indian chief, falls in love with Chactas, the chief of another 
 tribe, who is a pr isoner, delivers him from death, and flies 
 into the desert with him. She has been brought up in the 
 Christian faith and vowed to virginity by her mother, and 
 is faithful to this vow through incredible temptations, and 
 Anally poisons herself in despairing fanaticism. 
 
 Atalanta (at-a-lan'tii), or Atalante (at-a-lan'- 
 te). [Gr. ’ATa/.avrr/. j 1. In Greek legend, a 
 maiden whose story appears in two versions : 
 (a) In the Arcadian version, a daughter of Zeus by Cly- 
 mene, exposed by her father in infancy, suckled by a bear, 
 brought up by a party of hunters, and developed into a 
 beautiful and swift huntress. She took part in the Caly- 
 donian boar-hunt, was the first to strike the boar, and re- 
 ceived from Meleager the head and skin as prize of victory. 
 She was also connected with the Argonautic expedition, 
 and married Meilanion. (6) In the Boeotian version, a 
 daughter of Schceneus, son of Athamas, of great beauty 
 and very swift of foot. She was warned by an oracle not 
 to marry, and rid herself of her suitors by challenging 
 them to a race, overtaking them, and smiting them with 
 a spear in the back. Hippomenes, however, overcame her 
 by throwing before her in the race three golden apples 
 given to him by Aphrodite, which she stooped to pick up, 
 
 Ate 
 
 and so failed to win. Because Hippomenes failed to give 
 thanks to Aphrodite, the goddess changed the pair into 
 lions. 
 
 2. An asteroid (No. 36) discovered by Gold- 
 schmidt at Paris, Oct. 5, 1855. 
 
 Atalanta in Calydon (kal'i-don). A classical 
 tragedy by Algernon Charles Swinburne, pub- 
 lished in 1864. 
 
 The truest and deepest imitation of the spirit of Mb- 
 chylus in modern times is not to be sought in the stiff for- 
 malism of Racine or Alfieri, but in the splendid Atalanta 
 in Calydon of Mr. Swinburne, whose autitheism brings 
 him to stand in an attitude between human freewill and 
 effort on the one side, and ruthless tyranny of Providence 
 on the other, not approached in poetry (so far as I know) 
 from ASschylus’ day down to our own. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 277. 
 
 Atalantis (at-a-lan'tis), The New. See New 
 
 Atalantis. 
 
 Ataliba (at-a-le'ba). In Sheridan’s transla- 
 tion of Kotzebue’s “ Pizarro,” the king of Quito 
 (Inca of Peru). 
 
 Atalide (at-a-led'). In Racine’s tragedy “Ba- 
 jazet,” a princess in love with Bajazet. She kills 
 herself on hearing of his assassination, instigated by her 
 rival Roxana, reproaching herself with being in some sort 
 the cause. 
 
 Atali Tsalaki. See Cherokee. 
 
 Atall (at'al). In Cibber’s comedy “ The Double 
 Gallant,” the son of Sir Harry Atall. He courts 
 Clarinda under the disguise of Colonel Standfast, falls in 
 love with Silvia and makes love to her as Mr. Freeman, 
 and finally discovers that she is the woman to whom he 
 had been betrothed by his father years before. 
 
 Atall, Sir Positive. In Thomas Shadwell’s 
 comedy “ The Sullen Lovers or The Imperti- 
 nents,” a foolish knight who pretends to under- 
 stand everything, and will not permit any one 
 in his company to understand anything. He 
 is a caricature of Sir Robert Howard. 
 
 Atargatis (at-ar-ga'tis). [L., from Gr. ’Arapya- 
 rtg, a Syrian goddess whose name appears also 
 in the form Derceto, Gr. Aep/cerA] A goddess 
 of the Hittites, worshiped in Carchemish, cor- 
 responding to Ashtoreth (Astarte) of the Ca- 
 naanites (Assyro-Babylonian Ishtar). At As- 
 calon she was worshiped under the name of Derceto in 
 the form of a woman terminating in a fish. She also had 
 a temple in Ephesus, and her numerous retinue of priest, 
 esses, which the Greeks found there, is supposed to have 
 given rise to the myth of the Amazons. 
 
 Ataulf, Ataulphus. See Atawulf. 
 
 Atawulf (at'a-wfdf). Died 415 (417). King 
 of the West Goths, brother-in-law of Alaric I. 
 whom he succeeded in 410. He evacuated Italy in 
 412 ; conquered Aquitaine in Gaul ; formed a treaty with 
 the emperor Honorius, whose sister Placidia he married 
 in 414 ; crossed into Spain to subdue a revolt of the Van- 
 dals and Suevi against the empire ; and was assassinated 
 atBarcelona. Also written Ataulf, Athaulf, Adavlf, Atavl- 
 phus, etc. 
 
 Under Alaric’s successor, Athaulf, the first foundations 
 were laid of that great West-Gothic kingdom which we 
 are apt to look on as specially Spanish, but which in truth 
 had its first beginning in Gaul, and which kept some 
 Gaulish territory as long as it lasted. 
 
 Freeman, Hist. Geog. 
 
 Atbara (at'ba-ra). The largest tributary of 
 the Nile with the exception of the Blue Nile. 
 It rises near Lake Dembea in Abyssinia, flows in a north- 
 westerly direction, and joins the Nile south of Berber. Its 
 chief affluent is the Takazze. Length, about 500 miles. 
 
 Atcha. See Atka. 
 
 Atchafalaya (ach-af-a-li'a). An outlet of the 
 Red and Mississippi rivers, in southern Louisi- 
 ana, about 150 miles long. 
 
 Atcheen, or Atchin. See A chin. 
 
 Atchinsk (a-chensk'). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Yeniseisk, Siberia, situated on the 
 Tcliulym 100 miles west of Krasnoyarsk. Pop- 
 ulation, 6,699. 
 
 Atchison (ach'i-son), David R. Bom at Frog- 
 town, Ky.,Aug.ll, 1807: died in Clinton County, 
 Mo., Jan. 26, 1886. An American politician. 
 He waB Democratic United States senator from Missouri 
 1843-55, president pro tempore of the Senate, and pro- 
 slavery leader in the Kansas troubles of 1856-57. 
 
 Atchison. The capital of Atchison County, 
 Kansas, situated on the Missouri 21 miles north- 
 west of Leavenworth. It is an important railway 
 center, and has manufactures of flour, machinery, etc. 
 Population, 16,429, (1910). 
 
 Ate (a'te). [Gr .’An?, a personification of ary, 
 strife.] 1. In Greek mythology, a daughter of 
 Zeus (Homer) or of Eris, strife (Hesiod) ; the 
 goddess of infatuation or reckless crime. For 
 entrapping Zeus in a rash oath, at the birth of Heracles, 
 she was hurled from Olympus to earth, where she contin 
 ues to work mischief, walking over the heads of men with- 
 out ever touching the ground. Behind her go the Litai 
 (Prayers), daughters of Zeus, who are ready, if besought, 
 to repair the evil she has done. In later forms of the 
 myth she became an avenger of unrighteousness like Dice 
 and Nemesis. 
 
 2. In Spenser’s “ Faerie Queene,” a hag, a liar 
 and slanderer, friend of Duessa. 
 
Atella 
 
 Atella (a -tel'a). In ancient geography, a town 
 in Campania, Italy, 10 miles north of Naples. 
 See Aversa. 
 
 Atcilan plays (a-tel'an plaz). [L. Atellanw 
 fabulx.j Early Roman comedies so named 
 from Atella, from which they were derived. 
 Originally simple and coarse farces, they were 
 gradually raised to (burlesque) comedy. 
 
 Aten (a'ten). In Egyptian mythology, the sun’s 
 disk. The worship) of Aten was introduced 
 by Amenhotep IV. 
 
 The son and successor of Thothmes IV. found it neces- 
 sary to support himself by entering into matrimonial alli- 
 ance with the king of Naharina. The marriage had 
 strange consequences for Egypt. The new queen brought 
 with her not only a foreign name and foreign customs, 
 but a foreign faith as well. She refused to worship Amun 
 of Thebes and the other gods of Egypt, and clung to the 
 religion of her fathers, whose supreme object of adora- 
 tion was the solar disk [AtenJ. The Hittite monuments 
 themselves bear witness to the prevalence of this worship 
 in Northern Syria. The winged solar disk appears above 
 the figure of a king which has been brought from Birejik 
 on the Euphrates to the British Museum ; and even at 
 Boghaz Keui, far away in Northern Asia Minor, the winged 
 solar disk has been carved by Hittite sculptors upon the 
 rock. Sayce, Hittites, p. 21. 
 
 Atena (a-ta'na). A small town in the province 
 t>f Salerno, Italy, 45 miles southeast of Sa- 
 lerno. 
 
 Aterno (a-ter'no). The upper course of the 
 river Pescara, in central Italy. 
 
 Atessa (a-tes'sa). A town in the province of 
 Chieti, Abruzzi, Italy, 24 miles southeast of 
 Chieti. Population, 4,325 ; commune, 10,223. 
 Atfalati (at-fa'la-ti). A division of the Kala- 
 pooian stock of North American Indians, for- 
 merly living from about Wappatoo Lake to the 
 present site of Portland, Oregon, but now on 
 Grande Ronde reservation. They number about 
 20. Atfalati is the name which they give themselves. 
 Also called Follati, Sualatine , Tualatim, Tuhwalati , 
 Twalati , Wappatoo. 
 
 Ath (at), or Aatli (at), or Aeth. (at). A town in 
 the province of Hainaut, Belgium, situated on 
 the Dender 30 miles southwest of Brussels. It 
 
 has a flourishing trade and manufactures. Formerly it 
 was a fortress, and has several times been besieged. 
 Population, 11,270. 
 
 Athabasca (ath-a-bas'ka). [N. Amer. Ind., 
 ‘place of hay and reeds’: properly A thapascaA 
 Formerly a provisional district in the North- 
 west Territories, Canada, lying north of Al- 
 berta and east of British Columbia. In 1905 it 
 was divided between the new provinces of 
 Alberta and Saskatchewan. 
 
 Athabasca, or Elk River. A river in British 
 North America which rises in the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, flows generally northeast, crosses the 
 western end of Athabasca Lake, and unites 
 with Peace River to form Slave River. It is 
 properly the upper course of the Mackenzie. 
 Length, about 600 miles. 
 
 Athabasca Lake. A lake in British North 
 America, about lat. 59° N., long. 110° W. it re- 
 ceives the Athabasca River, and its outlet is by the Slave 
 Kiver tlirough ihe Mackenzie to the Arctic Ocean. Length, 
 230 miles. Breadth, 20-30 miles. 
 
 Athabasca Pass. A pass over the Rocky 
 Mountains, in British North America, between 
 Mounts Brown and Hooker. 
 
 Athabascans. See Athapascans. 
 Atha-ben-Hakem. See Molcanna. 
 
 Atha Melik (a'tka ma'lik), Ala-ed-Din (a-la- 
 ed-den'). Born in Khorasan, Persia, about 
 1227: died at Bagdad, 1282. A Persian his- 
 torian, author of “Conquest of the World.” 
 Atkalaric (a-thal'a-rik), or Athalric (a-tbal'- 
 rik). Born 516: died 534. A Gothic prince, 
 son of Euthelric or Eutharie and Amalasuintha, 
 daughter of Theodoric I. Oil Theodoric’s death in 
 526 he became king of the East Goths in Italy under Ama- 
 lasuintha’s regency. 
 
 Athalia. 1. An opera by Handel, produced in 
 1733. — 2. An opera by Mendelssohn, produced 
 in 1844. 
 
 Athaliah (ath-a-li 'a). [Heb., ‘Yahveh is 
 mighty.’] The daughter of Akab, king of Israel, 
 and Jezebel, and wife of Jehoram, king of Ju- 
 dah. On the death of Jehoram and that of his son and 
 successor, Ahaziah, she usurped the throne of the king- 
 dom of Judah about 843 B. c. (Duncker). In order to re- 
 move all rivals she put to death all the male members of 
 the royal house, Joash alone escaping. She was put to 
 death by command of Jehoida about 837 B. c. (Duncker). 
 Athalie (a-ta-le'). [F. for Athaliah.\ A trag- 
 edy composed by Racine for the scholars of 
 Saint-Cyr, but not performed there. The sub- 
 ject was from sacred history, and it was his last dramatic 
 work. It was written at the instigation of Madame de 
 Maintenon, was first performed in 1660 (printed in 1091) 
 at Versailles with choruses, and has since been produced 
 from time to time with music by various great composers. 
 Athalie was one of Rachel s greatest parts. 
 
 90 
 
 Athamas(ath'a-mas). [Gr. ’Add/mc.] In Greek 
 legend, a son of HColus, king of Thessaly, and 
 Enarete, and king of the Minyae in the Boeotian 
 Orchomenus. He was the father, by Nephele, the 
 cloud-goddess, of Phrixus and Helle. He united himself 
 with Ino, daughter of Cadmus, and was thereupon aban- 
 doned by Nephele, who in revenge brought a droughtupon 
 his land and carried away her children through the air on 
 a golden-fleeced ram. In the transit Helle fell into the 
 sea, thereafter named for her “Hellespont." He was 
 later visited with madness by Hera, and slew his son 
 Learchus and persecuted Ino who, with her other son 
 Melicertes, threw herself into the sea. Finally he settled 
 in a part of Thessaly named for him the “Athamanian 
 plain,” and wedded Themisto. 
 
 Athanagild (a-than'a-gild), L. Athanagildus 
 (a-than-a-gil'dus). Died 567 A. d. A king of 
 the West Goths. He ascended the throne in 554 by 
 the aid of a Byzantine fleet, and in return for this service 
 ceded to the emperor Justinian all the seaboard towns from 
 Valencia to Gibraltar. Of his two daughters Brunehilde 
 and Galeswintha, the former was married to Sigebert, 
 king of Austrasia, and the latter to Chilperic, king of 
 Neustria. 
 
 Athanaric (a-than'a-rik). Died 381. A chief 
 of a tribe of West troths in Dacia. He was de- 
 feated by the emperor Valens in 369, and remained quiet 
 six years, when the pressure of the Huns compelled him 
 to take up arms once more against the empire. He died 
 at Constantinople, whither he had gone to conclude a 
 treaty with Theodosius. 
 
 Athanasian Creed. One of the three great 
 creeds of the Christian church, supposed at 
 one time to have been composed by Athanasius. 
 The name was probably given to it during the Arian con- 
 troversy in the 6th century, Athanasius being the chief 
 upholder of the system of doctrine opposed to the Arian 
 system. It is included in the Greek, Roman, and English 
 services, but is not retained in the American Book of 
 Common Prayer. It is also called “ Quicunque vult,” from 
 its first words. 
 
 Athanasius (ath-a-na'sbi-us), Saint. Born at 
 Alexandria about 296 a. d. : died there, 373. 
 One of the fathers of the Christian ehurch, and 
 the chief defender of the orthodox faith against 
 Arianism: surnamed “The Father of Ortho- 
 doxy.” He was made a deacon by Alexander, the patriarch 
 of Alexandria, in 319; accompanied Alexander to the Synod 
 of Nice in 325 ; secured by his eloquence and zeal the for- 
 mulation on the part of the synod of the Nicene Creed 
 against the Arians ; was made patriarch of Alexandria in 
 328; was deposed by the Synod of Tyre in 335, and exiled 
 to Treves by Constantine l. in 336 ; was reinstated by Con- 
 stantine II. in 338; was deposed by Constantius in 340, 
 taking refuge with Juliuc I., bishop of Rome, through 
 whose influence his doctrines were approved by the synods 
 of Rome (341) and Sardica (343); returned to Alexandria 
 in 346; was condemned by the Council of Milan in 355, 
 and again expelled by Constantius in 356 ; returned in 362 
 and was expelled by Julian in the same year, taking refuge 
 in Upper Egypt ; returned to Alexandria in 364 ; and was 
 expelled by Valens in 365, returning in 366. His .works 
 were edited by the Benedictines (1698), and by'Migne 
 in the “Patrologia.” His memory is celebrated in the 
 Eastern and Latin churches on May 2. 
 
 Athapascan (ath-a-pas'kan), or Tinneh (ti- 
 na'). A linguistic stock of North American 
 Indians, in three primary divisions, the north- 
 ern, the Pacific, and the southern. The northern 
 division includes tribes of British North America and 
 Alaska, among which are the Ah-tena, Kaiyuh-khotana, 
 K’naia-khotana, Koyukukhotana, Kutchin, Jlontagnais, 
 Montagnards, Takulli, and Unakhotana. The Pacific divi- 
 sion is composed oi tribes of Washington, Oregon, and Cali- 
 fornia, including the Chasta Costa, Chetco, Hupa, Kalts’ 
 ereatunne, Kenesti, Kwalhiokwa, Kwatami, Micikqwutme 
 tunne, Mikono tunne, Naltunne tunne, Owilapsh, Qwinc- 
 tunnetun Saiaz, Tceme, Teetlestcan tunne, Tlatskanai, 
 Tolowa, Tutu, and Yukitce. The southern division con- 
 sists of the various Apache and ^Navajo tribes in Oklahoma, 
 New Mexico, Arizona, and Mexico. While some of the 
 Oregon tribes have fought the United States, its more 
 notable opponents have been the Apache, under such 
 famous leaders as Cochise. Mangus, Colorado, and Gero- 
 nimo. The present number of this stock is about 30,000, 
 of whom about 8,000, constituting the northern division, 
 are in Alaska and British North America ; several hun- 
 dred, comprising the Pacific division, are in Washington, 
 Oregon, and California ; and about 20 , 000 . belonging to the 
 southern division, are in Oklahoma, Arizona, New Mex- 
 ico, and Colorado. Besides there are the Lipan and some 
 refugee Apache in Mexico. For the Athapasca proper, 
 see Montaynais. 
 
 Atharvan (a-t’har'van). In Vedic mythology, 
 the priest of fire (Agni) and Soma, and then, 
 viewed as a definite person, the first priest 
 in primeval times who brings down fire from 
 heaven, offers soma, and prays. With miraculous 
 powers he subdues the demons, and he receives from 
 the gods heavenly gifts. As a singular or as a plural the 
 word also designates 1 the spells of Atharvan,’ the Atliar- 
 vaveda. 
 
 Atharvaveda (a-t’har-va-va'da). [Skt., ‘Veda 
 of the Atharvans.’] The fourth of the Vedas. 
 It never attained in India the high consideration of the 
 other Vedas, or came to be universally acknowledged as 
 a Veda. To the student, however, its interest is only 
 second to that of the Rik. It is a historical, not a litur- 
 gical, collection. It goes by a variety of names, which 
 seem at least in part fabricated to give it a dignity to 
 which it had no fair claim. It was called the Veda of 
 the Atharvans and the Angirases to bring it into connec- 
 tion with ancient and venerated Indian families, and 
 “Veda of the Atharvans" has come to be its most famil- 
 
 Athene Polias 
 
 iar name. It is also called Brahmaveda, where brahma 
 means ‘sacred utterance’ in the sense of ‘charm, In- 
 cantation.’ It comprises nearly six thousand verses in 
 about seven hundred and thirty hymns, which are divided 
 into twenty books. The first, eighteen books are arranged 
 upon a like system, of which the length of the hymn 
 is the principle. A sixth of the mass is not metrical, 
 but consists of prose akin to the Brahmanas. Of the re- 
 mainder one sixth is found also in the Rik, and five sixths 
 are peculiar to the Atharvan. As compared with the first 
 nine books of the Rik, the tenth book of the Rik and the 
 Atharvan are the product of a later period. In the former 
 the gods are regarded with love and confidence; in the 
 latter with cringing fear. The Atharvan knows a host of 
 imps and hobgoblins, and offers them homage to induce 
 them to abstain from harm. The most prominent char- 
 acteristic is the multitude of incantations spoken by the 
 person to be benefited or by the sorcerer for him. The 
 Atharvan seems in the main of popular rather than of 
 priestly origin, and forms an intermediate step to the su- 
 perstitions of the ignorant mass. 
 
 Athaulf. See Atarndf. 
 
 Atheist, The, or The Second Part of The 
 Soldier’s Fortune. A comedy by Otway, first 
 acted in 1684. 
 
 Atheist’s Tragedy, The, or The Honest 
 Man’s Revenge. A play by Cyril Tourneur, 
 conjectured (by Fleay) to have been acted 
 between 1601 and 1604, and printed in 1611. 
 It was founded on Boccaccio’s “Decameron,” 
 vii. 6. 
 
 Athelard of Bath. See Adelard. 
 
 A-thelney (ath'el-ni), Isle of. [AS. Mthelmga 
 HI, isle of nobles.] A marsh near Taunton, 
 Somersetshire, England, the refuge of Alfred 
 the Great in 878. He founded here a Bene- 
 dictine abbey in 888. 
 
 Athelstan (ath'el-stan), or Althelstan. Born 
 
 895 : died 940. King of the West Saxons and 
 Mercia 924-940, a son of Edward the Elder: 
 surnamed “ The Glorious.” He defeated the Danes 
 and Celts at Brunanburgh in 937. Through the marriage 
 of his sisters, he was brother-in-law to Charles the Simple, 
 king of the West Franks; Louis, king of Lower Bur- 
 gundy; Hugh, the Great Duke of the French; and the 
 emperor Otto the Great. 
 
 Athelstanc (ath'el-stan). In Sir Walter Scott’s 
 novel “Ivanhoe,” the Thane of Coningsburgh, 
 suitor of Rowena, called “ The Unready,” from 
 the slowness of his mind. 
 
 Athena. Seo Athene. 
 
 Athenseum (ath-e-ne'um). [Gr. ’Adf/vaiov.] A 
 famous school or university at Rome, founded 
 by the emperor Hadrian. It was named for 
 Athens, and was situated on the Capitoline 
 Hill. 
 
 Athenaeum, The. A London club established 
 in 1824. It was designed for the “association of indi- 
 viduals known for their scientific or literary attainments, 
 artists of eminence in any class of the Fine Arts, and no- 
 blemen and gentlemen distinguished as liberal patrons of 
 Science, Literature, or the Arts.” Its headquarters are at 
 107 Pall Mall, S. W. 
 
 Athenaus (ath-e-ne'us). [Gr. AOI/vatoc.] A 
 Greek grammarian, rhetorician, and philoso- 
 pher of Naucratis, Egypt, who flourished about 
 200 a. D.: author of “Deipnosophistse” (ed. by 
 Meineke 1859). See Deipnosophists. 
 
 Athenagoras (ath-e-nag'o-ras). [Gr. 'A0ijvay6- 
 paf.] Born at Athens: flourished about 176 
 a. d. A Greek Platonist philosopher and Chris- 
 tian, author of an apology or intercession in 
 behalf of the Christians, addressed to the em- 
 perors Marcus Aurelius and Commodus. He 
 states and refutes the accusations of atheism, cannibalism, 
 and incest made against the Christians in his day. A 
 treatise on the resurrection of the dead is also attributed 
 to him. 
 
 Athenais. See Eudocia. 
 
 Athene (a-the'ne), or Athena (-na). [Gr. Adr/vrj, 
 ’A 0l/va.\ In Greek mythology, the goddess of 
 knowledge, arts, sciences, and righteous war; 
 particularly, the tutelary deity of Athens : iden- 
 tified by the Romans with Minerva. She personi- 
 fied the clear upper air as well as mental clearness and 
 acuteness, embodying the spirit of truth and divine wis- 
 dom, and was clothed with the aegis, symbolizing the dark 
 storm-cloud, and armed with the resistless spear — the 
 shaft of lightning. 
 
 Professor Max Muller, for instance, had identified 
 Athena , the great deity of the Ionian Greeks, with the 
 Vedic dahana, the “ dawn ” creeping over the sky. The 
 philological difficulty was considerable, and scholars are 
 now inclined to believe that Athena was not. the dawn but 
 the lightning. Taylor, Aryans, p. 305. 
 
 Athene Parthenos (a-the'ne par 'the-nos). 
 [Gr. ’Adr/v?) -rvapOh’nc, Athene the virgin.] A 
 notable Roman reduced copy, in the National 
 Museum, Athens, of the great chryselephantine 
 statue of Athene by Phidias in the Parthenon. 
 Artistically the copy is" poor, but from its evidently care- 
 ful reproduction of details it is historically highly impor- 
 tant. 
 
 Athene Polias (a-t,he'ne pol'i-as). [Gr. ’AWjvn 
 TroXtat;, Athene, guardian of the city (Athens).] 
 A notable original Greek statue, in the Villa 
 
Athene Polias 
 
 Albani, Borne. The goddess, in her usual full drapery 
 and segis, has a liou-head drawn over her head in place of 
 a helmet. The proportions are somewhat short, as in the 
 older sculpture, and the statue is dated by experts in the 
 5th century B. c. 
 
 Athene, Temple of. See Assos, Mgina, Athens, 
 Syracuse. 
 
 Athenian Bee, The. An epithet applied to 
 Plato, a native of Athens, in allusion to the 
 sweetness of his style. 
 
 Athenion (a-the'ni-on). A leader in the second 
 servile insurrection in Sicily, 103-99 B. c. He is 
 said to have been the commander of banditti in Cilicia, 
 where he was captured and sold as a slave into Sicily. He 
 was chosen leader of the insurgents in the western part 
 of the island, made an unsuccessful attack on Lilybaeum, 
 joined Tryphon (Salvius), king of the rebels, by whom he 
 was for a time thrown into prison, fought under Tryphon 
 in the battle with L. Licinius Lucullus, and on the death 
 of Tryphon became king. He was slain in battle by the 
 hand of M. Aquillius who put down the revolt. 
 Athenodorus (a-then-o-do'rus). [Or. AdsvdSw- 
 por. ] Born at Tarsus, Asia Minor: lived in the 
 1st century B. C. A Stoic philosopher of Tarsus, 
 a friend of the emperor Augustus : surnamed 
 “ Cananites,” from Cana, in Cilicia, his father’s 
 birthplace. 
 
 Athenodorus. A Greek statuary, one of the 
 collaborators on the group of the “Laocoon.” 
 He was a son and pupil of Agesander of Bhodes. 
 See Laocodn. 
 
 Athens (ath'enz). [Gr. ’Adijvai, Homer (Odys- 
 sey, vii.80) ’Adfjvr/, L. A theme, F. A theues, G. A then, 
 It. Atene; origin unknown: traditionally from 
 ’Adyvr/, the goddess.] The capital and largest 
 city of Greece and the chief city of Attica, sit- 
 uated about 5 miles from its seaport Piraeus (on 
 the Saronic Gulf), in lat. 37° 58' N., long. 23° 
 44' E. The ancient city grew up around the Acropolis. 
 The other noted hills were the Areopagus and 1’nyx. Long 
 walls joined the city to its port. The modern city has ex- 
 tended northeastward toward Lycabettus, and contains, 
 besides the palace and government buildings, a university, 
 a museum, and foreign (American, French, German, etc.) 
 schools for classical studies. Athens was founded, ac- 
 cording to the old account, by an Egyptian colony led by 
 Cecrops. It became the chief place in Attica, with Pallas 
 Athene as its espechu divinity, and was ruled by kings, 
 among whom Erechtheus, Theseus, and Codrus were fa- 
 mous. It was then (from the legendary date B. c. 1132) 
 ruled by the nobles (Eupatrids), and had archons as ma- 
 gistrates, who were successively perpetual, decennial, and 
 after 683 B. c. annual. The laws of Draco were enacted in 
 624 B. c., and those of Solon in 594 B. c. Pisistratus be- 
 came tyrant in 560, and his sons were expelled in 510. The 
 reforms of Cleisthenes (509) made Athens a pure democ- 
 racy : popular assemblies of all citizens made the laws. 
 The glorious period began with the Persian wars, in which 
 Athens took a leading part, as at Marathon 490, and Sala- 
 mis 480. The city was temporarily held by the Persians 
 in 480. Under Themistocles, immediately after, the long 
 walls were built. Athens became the head of the Con- 
 federacy of Delos in 477 (?), and for a short period had an 
 extensive empire and was the first power in Greece. The 
 “ Age of Pericles ” (about 461-429) was noted for the adorn- 
 ment of the city. The Peloponnesian war, 431-104, re- 
 sulted in the displacement of Athens by Sparta in the 
 hegemony of Greece. Athens was taken by Sparta in 404 
 and an aristocratic faction was put in power ; but moder- 
 ate democracy was restored by Thrasybulus in 403. Athens 
 under Demosthenes resisted Macedon, but was overthrown 
 at the battle of Chaeronea 338, and was generally after 
 this under Macedonian influence. It was subjugated by 
 Rome in 146 B. C., and pillaged by Sulla in 86 B. c. It 
 continued to form part of the Roman and later of the 
 Byzantine empire. Conquered by the Latin Crusaders in 
 1205, it became a lordship and soon a duchy under French, 
 Spanish, and Italian rulers successively till its conquest 
 by the Turks in 1456. It was devastated by a Venetian 
 bombardment in 1687, and also in the War of Liberation 
 in 1821-27. It became the capital of the new kingdom of 
 Greece m 1834. Population, 107,479. (See Greece, 
 Peloponnesian War, Persian Wars, Solon, Pericles, etc.) 
 The following are among the important structures of the 
 ancient and the modem city : Dionysiac Theater, a thea- 
 ter on the southern slope of the Acropolis, where all the 
 famous Greek dramas were produced. It was originally 
 of wood, and was not completed in stone until about 340 
 B. c. The existing remains of orchestra and stage-structure 
 are modifications of Roman date. The front wall of the 
 stage bears excellent reliefs of Bacchic myths. The di- 
 ameter of the cavea is about 300 feet : it has one precinc- 
 tion, and is divided by radial stairways into 13 wedge- 
 shaped sections. The lowest tier consists of seats of honor 
 cut from marble in the form of chairs. Gale of the Oil- 
 Market, or New Agora, a gate built with gifts from Julius 
 Cffisar and Augustus. The west front is Doric, tetrastyle, 
 the columns, 26 feet high and 4 in base-diameter, still 
 supporting their entablature and pediment. The middle 
 intercolnmniation, for the passage of vehicles, is llj feet 
 wide, the others 4J. Long walls, two massive fortifica- 
 tion walls extending from the ramparts of the city to 
 those of the Piraeus, at a distance apart, except near their 
 diverging extremities, of about 550 feet. (See above.) 
 They made the ports and the metropolis practically one 
 huge fortress, and assured Athenian supplies by sea 
 while rendering possible Athenian naval triumphs at 
 times when the Spartans held their land without the 
 walls. They were destroyed when Athens fell before 
 Sparta toward the end of the 5th century, but were re- 
 stored in 393 B. C. by Conon. The long walls follow the 
 crests of the group of hills southwest of the Acropolis, 
 and run southwest. The northern wall, which was the 
 longer, measured about 5 miles. There was at least one 
 cross-wall to guard against the forcing of the passage. 
 
 91 
 
 On most maps there is shown a third wall, called the 
 Phaleric wall, starting from the south side of Athens, 
 near the Ilissus, and extending to the east side of the Bay 
 of Phalerum. No vestige of such a wall has, however, 
 been discovered, nor has any trace of an ancient port been 
 found at the so-called Old Phalerum, at the eastern end of 
 the bay. It is very improbable that such a wall ever ex- 
 isted, and it is safe to assume that Phalerum lay at the 
 western end of the bay. Old Temple of Athena, between the 
 Erechtheum and the Parthenon. Its foundations were 
 recognized and studied by Dorpfeld in 1885. It was Do- 
 ric, peripteral, hexastyle, with 12 columns on the flanks, 
 and measured 70 by 137 feet. A number of the column- 
 drums, capitals, and other architectural elements are built 
 into the north wall of the Acropolis. The temple had a 
 large cult-cella toward the east, behind which there was 
 a treasury with two chambers opening on a vestibule. 
 A notable authority (Penrose) combats Dorpfeld’s restora- 
 tion, and suggests that the temple may have been Ionic, 
 of 8 by 16 columns : but the Dorpfeld theory may be taken 
 as demonstrated. This temple remained standing cer- 
 tainly until 406 B. C., and probably until the reign of 
 Hadrian and later. It is of unusual historical and archae- 
 ological importance. Panalhenaic Stadium, a stadium 
 still practically complete except for its sheathing of mar- 
 ble. The arena measures 109 by 670 feet, and is bordered 
 on its long sides and its semicircular east end by the 
 slopes which supported the seats (about 60 tiers) for the 
 spectators. There were at intervals 29 flights of steps to 
 give access to the seats. Academy of Sciences, a beau- 
 tiful building in Pentelic marble, lately completed in the 
 classical Greek style for the accommodation of a learned 
 body modeled after the French Institute. Convent of 
 Daphni, a convent founded by the French dukes of Athens 
 in the 13th century. (See also Arch of Hadrian ; Dexileos, 
 Monument of; Erechtheum; Hegeso, Monument of ; Lysi- 
 crates, Choragic Monument of; Nike Apteros, or Wingless 
 Victory, Temple of; Odeum of H erodes; Olympieum, or 
 Temple of Olympian Zeus ; Parthenon ; Propylsea ; The- 
 seum ; Tower of the Winds.) The topographical features 
 of ancient Athens are described under their names. See 
 Century Atlas, Map XIII. 
 
 Athens. The capital of Athens County, Ohio, 
 situated on the Hocking Biver 35 miles west 
 of Marietta. It is the seat of Ohio University 
 (founded 1804). Population, 5,463, (1910). 
 
 Athens. A city in Clarke County, Georgia, sit- 
 uated on the Oconee 62 miles northeast of 
 Atlanta. It is the seat of the University of Georgia 
 (founded 1801). Population, 14,913, (1910). 
 
 Athens. The capital of McMinn County, Ten- 
 nessee, 50 miles northeast of Chattanooga. 
 Population, 2,264, (1910). 
 
 Athens. A borough in Bradford County, north- 
 eastern Pennsylvania, situated on the Susque- 
 hanna near the New York border. Popula- 
 tion, 3,796, (1910). 
 
 Athens of America, The, or The Modern 
 Athens. An epithet of Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 Athens of Ireland, The. An epithet of the 
 city of Cork, and also of Belfast. 
 
 Athens of the North, The. Edinburgh: so 
 called from its resemblance, topographically 
 and intellectually, to Athens; also, an oc- 
 casional epithet of Copenhagen. 
 
 Athens of Switzerland, The. An occasional 
 epithet of Zurich. 
 
 Athens of the West, The. Cordova, Spain, 
 which was an intellectual center from the 8th 
 to the 13th century. 
 
 Atherstone (ath'er-ston) . A town in Warwick- 
 shire, England, 17 miles northeast of Birming- 
 ham. Population, 5,248. 
 
 Atherstone, Edwin. Born at Nottingham, 
 April 17, 1788: died at Bath, England, Jan. 29, 
 1872. An English poet and prose-writer. He 
 was the author of “The Last Days of Hercu- 
 laneum,” etc. 
 
 Atherton (ath'er-ton), Charles Gordon. Born 
 at Amherst, N. H., July 4 (?), 1804: died at 
 Manchester, N. H., Nov. 15, 1853. An Ameri- 
 can politician, Democratic member of Congress 
 from New Hampshire 1837 — 43, and United 
 States senator 1843-49 and 1853. He introduced 
 the so-called “ Atherton gag,” a resolution which provided 
 that all bills or petitions on the subject of slavery should 
 be “laid on the table without being debated, printed, or 
 referred,” and which remained in force 183&-45. 
 
 Atherton, John. Bom at Bawdripp, Somer- 
 setshire, 1598 : died at Dublin, Dec. 5, 1640. 
 Bishop of Waterford and Lismore, hung for 
 unnatural crime. 
 
 Atherton, or Ohowbent (chou'bent). A man- 
 ufacturing and mining town in Lancashire, 
 England, 10 miles northwest of Manchester. 
 Population, 16,211. 
 
 Atherton Gag. See Atherton, Charles Gordon. 
 
 Atherton Moor, Battle of. A victory gained 
 near Bradford, England, 1643, by the Boyalists 
 under the Earl of Newcastle over the Parlia- 
 mentarians under Ferdinando Fairfax. 
 
 Athesis (ath'e-sis). The Latin name of the 
 Adige. 
 
 Athias (a-te'iis), Joseph. Died 1700. A Jew- 
 ish printer of Amsterdam, publisher of editions 
 of the Hebrew Bible (1661-67). 
 
 Atkinson, Thomas Wit lam 
 
 Athlete, The. A Greek statue, held to be a 
 copy of the famous Doryphorus (spear-bearer), 
 the canon or type of Polyclitus, found at Pom- 
 peii, and now in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. 
 The undraped figure is rather short and heavy, but is ad 
 mirably proportioned and in simple, unpretending pose. 
 
 Athlit (ath'let). A town in Galilee (Palestine), 
 on the Mediterranean south of Haifa, it con- 
 tains the Castle of the Pilgrims, a splendid fortress estab- 
 lished by the Templars in the early part of the 13th cen- 
 tury. It occupies a promontory projecting into the sea, 
 whose isthmus is cut by glacis, double ditch, and massive 
 walls with rectangular towers. Within the inclosure 
 there are vaulted magazines, ruins of a hexagonal church, 
 a fine hall of the Palace of the Templars, and other re- 
 mains. 
 
 Athlone, Earl of. See Ginlcel. 
 
 Athlone (ath-lon'). A parliamentary borough 
 in Westmeath and Boscommon, Ireland, situ- 
 ated on the Shannon in lat. 53° 25' N., long. 7° 
 51' W. It was taken from the Irish by General Ginkel 
 in June, 1691. Population of urban district, 
 6,617. 
 
 Athol, or Athole, or Atholl (ath'ol). A hilly 
 district in northern Perthshire, Scotland. Area, 
 about 450 square miles. 
 
 Athol (ath'ol). A town in Worcester County, 
 Massachusetts, situated on Miller’s Biver 33 
 miles west of Fitchburg. Population, 8,536, 
 (1910). 
 
 Athor, or Athyr. See Hatlior. 
 
 Athos (ath'os). [Gr. ”Adag, ”A6uv.] The east- 
 ernmost peninsula of Chalcidice in Macedonia. 
 It projects into the Mgean Sea and is connected with the 
 mainland by a narrow isthmus (pierced by a canal during 
 the invasion of Xerxes). On it were the ancient cities 
 Olophyxus, Charadriae, Apollonia, Acrothoum, and Cleon®. 
 Length, 30 miles. 
 
 It is believed that, with the exception of the dwellings 
 of Pompeii, some buildings in Athos are the oldest speci- 
 mens of domestic architecture in Europe. 
 
 Encyc. Brit., III. 14. 
 
 Athos, Mount. [Gr. "Adug, "Adwv, NGr. "A yiov 
 opog, the holy mount, It. Monte Santo.'] A 
 mountain at the extremity of the peninsula of 
 Athos, famous since the early middle ages for 
 its communities of monks, which form a sort 
 of republic tributary to Turkey. Height, 6,350 
 feet. 
 
 Athos (a-thos'). One of the “Three Musketeers” 
 in Dumas’s novel of that name. See Trots 
 Mousquetaires, Les. 
 
 Athy (a-thi'). A town in Kildare, Ireland, 39 
 miles southwest of Dublin. Pop., 3,599. 
 
 Atia, or Attia, gens (at'i-a jenz). In ancient 
 Borne, a plebeian clan or house whose family 
 names were Balbus, Labienus, Bufus, and 
 Varus. 
 
 Atilia, or Atillia, gens (a-til'i-a jenz). In 
 ancient Borne, a patrician and plebeian clan 
 or house whose family names under the Eepub- 
 lic were Bulbus, Calatinus, Longus, Begulus, 
 and Serranus. The first member of this gens who be- 
 came consul was M. Atilius Regulus, 335 B. o. 
 
 Atin (a'tin). The personification of strife in 
 Spenser’s “Faerie Queene.” 
 
 Atilia (a-te'na). A town in the province of 
 Caserta, Italy, 70 miles southeast of Borne. 
 Population, 2,024; commune, 4,646. 
 
 Atitlan (a-te-tlan'). A volcano in Guatemala 
 near Lake Atitlan. Height, 11,849 feet. 
 
 Atitlan, Lake. A lake in Guatemala, Centra! 
 America, 50 miles west of Guatemala, noted 
 for its great depth. It has no outlet. 
 
 Atka (at'ka). The largest of the Andreanof 
 Islands, Aleutian Archipelago. 
 
 Atkarsk (at-karsk'). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Saratoff, eastern Bussia-, 55 miles 
 northwest of Saratoff. Population, 12,600. 
 
 Atkins (at'kinz), John. Bom 1685: died 1757. 
 An English surgeon who, in 1721, accompanied 
 the ships Swallow and Weymouth on a voyage 
 to West Africa and America, returning in 1723. 
 He published the “Navy Surgeon ” (1732), and “A Voyage 
 to Guinea, Brazil, and the West Indies " (1735). 
 
 Atkins, Tommy. See Tommy Atkins. 
 
 Atkinson (at'kin-son), Edward. Born at 
 Brookline, Mass., Feb. 10, 1827 : died at Boston, 
 Dec. 11, 1905. An American economist and 
 statistician. He was the author of “Our National Do- 
 main ” (1879), “ Cotton Manufacturers of the United States ” 
 (1880), “Railroads of the United States," etc. 
 
 Atkinson, Henry. Born in North Carolina, 1782: 
 died at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., June 14, 1842. 
 An American general. He defeated the Indians 
 at Bad Axe Biver in Black Hawk’s war, 1832. 
 
 Atkinson, Thomas Witlam. Born in York- 
 shire, England, March 6, 1799: died at Lower 
 Walmer, Kent, Aug. 13, 1861. An English 
 artist and traveler. He was the author of “Oriental 
 and Western Siberia " (1858), “Travels in the Regions of 
 the Upper and Lower Amoor ” (1860), etc. 
 
Atkinson, Sergeant 
 
 Atkinson, Sergeant. A character in Fielding’s 
 
 “Amelia.” With his devotion to Booth and Amelia, 
 and his self-sacrificing generosity, he is an embodiment 
 of goodness of heart. 
 
 Atkyns (at'kinz), Rickard. Born 1615: died 
 1677. An English writer on the history of print- 
 ing: author of “The Original and Growth of 
 Printing, etc.” (1664). 
 
 Atkyns, Sir Robert. Born in Gloucestershire, 
 1621 : died Feb. 18, 17 09. An English jurist, and 
 chief baron of the exchequer: author of “Par- 
 liamentary and Political Tracts” (1734), etc. 
 
 Atlanta (at-lan'ta). The capital of Georgia 
 and of Fulton County, situated in lat. 33° 45' 
 N., long. 84° 25' W. Itisan important railway center, 
 and has an extensive trade in cotton, tobacco, etc., and 
 manufactures of cotton, iron, flour, etc. It is the seat 
 of Atlanta University (colored), founded in 1869. At- 
 lanta was taken by Sherman Sept. 2, 1864, and was partly 
 burned previous to his departure on his “March to the 
 Sea” (Nov. 15, 1864). It became the State capital in 1868. 
 There was a cotton exposition at Atlanta in 1881. Popu- 
 lation, 154,839, (19! 0). 
 
 Atlanta, Battle of. A victory gained east of 
 Atlanta, July 22, 1864, by the Federals under 
 Sherman over the Confederates under Hood 
 (who had made a sortie from the city). Fed- 
 eral loss, about 3,600 (including General 
 McPherson). 
 
 Atlantes (at-lan'tez). [PI. of ’ArAag.'] In 
 Greek architecture, colossal male statues used 
 instead of columns to support an entablature. 
 
 Atlantes (at-lan'tes). A magician, inBoiardo’s 
 and Ariosto’s “ Orlando,” who lived on Mount 
 Carena in a castle surrounded with a wall of 
 glass where he educated the young Rogero. 
 
 Atlantic (at-lan'tik). The capital of Cass 
 County, Iowa, situated on East Nishnabotna 
 River, 47 miles east of Omaha. Population, 
 4,560, ( 1910 ). 
 
 Atlantic City. A seaside resort in Atlantic 
 County, New Jersey, 60 miles southeast of 
 Philadelphia. Population, 46.150, (1910). 
 
 Atlantic Ocean. [F. Mer Atlantique, G. Atlan- 
 tisclies Meer. L. Atlanticum mare , Gr. to ArAav- 
 tikuv •KkAayog, fj AtAmvtim ) daAaaaa, the sea of 
 Atlas, originally applied to the sea beyond 
 Mount Atlas in northwest Africa, from ’’ArAag 
 (’ArAavr-), Mount Atlas.] That part of the 
 ocean which is bounded by the Arctic Circle 
 on the north, Europe and Africa on the east, 
 the Antarctic Ocean on the south, and America 
 on the west. It is sometimes regarded as terminating 
 at lat. 40° S., the part southward being reckoned as be- 
 longing to the so-called Southern Ocean. Its chief currents 
 are the Gulf Stream, East Greenland Current, Labrador 
 Current, Equatorial Current, South Connecting Current, 
 Guinea Current, and Brazilian Current. Length, 10,000 
 miles ; average breadth, 3,000 miles ; average depth, about 
 13,000 feet. 
 
 Atlantis (at-lan'tis). [L. Atlantis, Gr. ?'/ ’ArAavrlg 
 vijaog, the Atlantic Isle, from "ArAag, Mount 
 Atlas.] A mythical island in the Atlantic 
 Ocean, northwest of Africa, referred to by 
 Plato and other ancient writers, which with its 
 inhabitants was said to have disappeared in a 
 convulsion of nature. 
 
 Atlantis, The New. See New Atlantis. 
 
 Atlas (at'las). [Gr. ’ArAai;, lit. ‘the supporter’ 
 (of the sky), from a- euphonic and rXav ( rAa -) 
 (= L. tollere), bear up, support.] 1. In Greek 
 mythology, a Titan, brother of Prometheus and 
 Epimetheus, son of Iapetus and Clymene (or 
 Asia), and father (by Pleione) of the Pleiades 
 and (by Hlthra) of the Hyades, and also (in 
 Homer) of Calypso. According to Hesiod he was 
 condemned by Zeus, for his part in the batcle of the 
 Titans, to stand at the western extremity of the earth, 
 near the dwelling-place of the Hesperides, upholding the 
 heavens with his shoulders and hands. His station was 
 later said to be in the Atlas Mountains in Africa. Ac- 
 cording to some accounts he was the father of the Hes- 
 perides : also a king to whom the garden of the Hesperides 
 belonged. The details of the myth vary greatly. 
 
 Ideler has shown (see Humboldt’s “ Aspects of Nature,” 
 vol. i. pp. 144-146, E. T ) that there was a confusion in 
 the Greek mind with respect to Atlas. The earlier writers 
 (Homer, Hesiod, &c.) intended by that name the Peak of 
 Teneritfe, of which they had some indistinct knowledge 
 derived from Phoenician sources. The later, unacquainted 
 with the great Western Ocean, placed Atlas in Africa, 
 first regarding it as a single mountain, and then, as their 
 geographical knowledge increased, and they found there 
 was no very remarkable mountain in North-western Africa, 
 as a mountain chain. Herodotus is a wri'er of the tran- 
 sition period. His description is only applicable to the 
 Peak, while his locality is Africa — no!, however, the 
 western coast, but an inland tract, probably south-eastern 
 Algeria. Thus his mountain, if it is to be considered as 
 having any foundation at all on fact, must represent the 
 eastern, not the western, extremity of the Atlas chain. 
 
 Rawlinson, Herod., Ill, 159, note. 
 
 2. The fourth-magnitude star 27 Pleiadum, 
 at the eastern extremity of the “handle” of 
 the group. 
 
 92 
 
 Atlas, Witch of. See Witch of Atlas. 
 
 Atlas Mountains. A mountain system in Mo- 
 rocco, Algeria, and Tunis, sometimes regarded 
 as limited to Morocco. Its highest summit, 
 Jebel Ajashi, in Morocco, is 14,600 feet high. 
 Length, about 1,500 miles. 
 
 Atm" (atm), Atmu (at'mo), or Tmu (tmo). 
 In Egyptian mythology, the setting sun, a 
 double of Ra, represented in human form, wor- 
 shiped at Northern On, or Heliopolis. 
 
 Atna. See Ahtena. 
 
 Atna (at'na) River, or Copper River. A river 
 in Alaska which flows into the Pacific west of 
 Mount St. Elias. 
 
 Atnah (at'na). [From a Takulli word meaning 
 ‘stranger.’] A tribe of North American In- 
 dians dwelling on Fraser River, British Colum- 
 bia: to be distinguished from the Ahtena of 
 the Athapascan stock. See SaMshan. 
 
 Atooi. See Kauai. 
 
 Atossa(a-tos'a). [Gr. "Arocsoa.'] 1. The daugh- 
 ter of Cyrus, king of Persia, aud wife suc- 
 cessively of Cambyses, Smerdis, and Darius 
 Hystaspes. 
 
 Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus, and wife successively 
 of her brother Cambyses, of the Pseudo-Smerdis, and of 
 Darius, is known to us chiefly from Herodotus and ASschy- 
 lus. There is no mention of her in the Inscriptions, nor 
 by any historical writer of repute, except Herodotus and 
 such as follow him. According to one account she was 
 killed by Xerxes in a fit of passion. 
 
 Rawlinson, Herod., IV. 256. 
 
 2. A poetical name given to the first Duchess 
 of Marlborough by Pope in his “ Moral Essays.” 
 
 Atrato (a-tra'to). A river in Colombia which 
 flows into the Gulf of Darien in lat. 8° N., long. 
 77° W. Its length is about 400 miles, and it is 
 navigable for over half its course. 
 
 Atrebates (a-treb'a-tez or at-re-ba'tez). In 
 ancient history, a tribe of Belgic Gaul, dwell- 
 ing chiefly in the later Artois. It joined the 
 confederation against Julius Caesar. One 
 branch dwelt in Britain near the Thames. 
 
 Adventurers from Gaul probably led the way into Eng- 
 land ; and the names Brigantes and Parisi in Durham 
 and east Yorkshire, Cenomauni in east Anglia, and Atre- 
 bates in Berkshire, belong equally to the continental dis- 
 tricts of Bregenz, Paris, Maine, and Arras. There is some 
 reason, from local names and language, to connect these 
 Gaulish tribes with the Kymric rather than with the Erse 
 variety of the Kelts. Pearson, Hist. Eng., I. 5. 
 
 Atrek ( a-trek' ), or Attruck (a-truk' ) . A river in 
 northern Persia, and on the boundary between 
 Persia and the Transcaspian territory of Russia. 
 It flows into the Caspian Sea in lat. 37° 30' N., long. 64° 10' 
 E. Length, about 2o0 miles. 
 
 Atreus (a'tros). [Gr. Arpruf.] In Greek legend, 
 a king of Mycenre, son of Pelops and father of 
 Agamemnon. He slew the sons of Thyestes 
 and was slain by Htgisthus. 
 
 Atri (a' tre). A town in the province of Teramo, 
 Abruzzi, Italy, 14 miles southeast of Teramo : 
 the ancient Adria or Hadria. 
 
 Atri (a'tre). A river in Bengal, British India, 
 which joins the Ganges at Pubna. 
 
 Atri (a'tre). In the Veda, one of the most 
 frequently named rishis of primeval times. 
 He enjoys the help of Indra, Agni, and the Asvins in all 
 kinds of need. He frees the sun from the power of the 
 asura Svarbhanu. He is one of the seven rishis (in the 
 sky the seven stars of the Great Bear). To him are as- 
 cribed a number of hymns in the fifth Slandala of the 
 Rigveda. 
 
 Atridse (a-tri'de). The sons of Atreus, Aga- 
 memnon and Menelaus. 
 
 Atrides (a-tri'dez). [Gr. 'ArpdSrig, a patronymic, 
 from Arpeug.] A son of Atreus, especially Aga- 
 memnon. 
 
 Atropatene (aVro-pa-te'ne). In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a mountainous district of Media, cor- 
 responding in general to the modern province 
 of Azerbaijan, Persia. 
 
 Atropos (at'ro-pos). [Gr. "Arpoirog, inflexible, 
 from a- priv. and rpeiveiv, turn.] In Greek my- 
 thology, that one of the three Mcerai (Gr. MoZ- 
 pai ), or Fates, who severs the thread of human 
 life. See Fates. 
 
 Atsuge (at-so-ga'). An almost extinct tribe 
 of North American Indians. Also called Hat 
 Creek Indians, Pakamali. See Palaihnihan. 
 
 Attacapan (a-tak'a-pan). A linguistic stock of 
 North American Indians, named from the Ata- 
 kapa, its principal tribe, in 1885 but eight individ- 
 uals of the entire stock, all members of the Atakapa 
 tribe, were known to survive. Of these, three resided at 
 Lake Charles, Calasieu parish, Louisiana, the remainder 
 in western Texas. The other tribes of the stock were the 
 Coco and Heyeketi. The Atakapa were accused of canni- 
 balism, and their tribal name is derived from a Choctaw 
 term signifying ‘man-eater.’ 
 
 Attacapas. [PL] See Attacapan, 
 
 Attic Muse, The 
 
 Attakapas (a-tak'a-pa). A popular name for 
 a district in southern Louisiana comprising the 
 parishes of St. Mary’s, St. Martin’s, Vermilion, 
 Iberia, and Lafayette. 
 
 Attalia (at-a-li'a). The ancient name of Adalia. 
 Attalus ( at'a-lus) I., or Attalos (-los). [Gr. 
 ’ArraXog.] Died 197 B. c. King of Pergamon 
 241-197. He carried on war with the Galatians, Syria, 
 and Macedon, and was allied with Rome in the latter part 
 of his reign. Votive groups were set up by him on the 
 Acropolis at Athens, in honor of his victory over the 
 Gauls. These groups, of figures of about half life-size, 
 were : (1) Battle of the Gods and Giants ; (2) Combat be- 
 tween Athenians and Amazons; (3) Victory of Marathon ; 
 (4) Destruction of the Gauls by Attalus. Four figures 
 from these groups are in the Museo Nazionaleat Naples: 
 a Fallen Giant, a Dead Amazon, a Fallen Persian, and a 
 Dying Bearded GauL 
 
 Attains II., or Attalos. Born 220 B. c. : died 
 138 b. c. King of Pergamon 159-138, son of 
 Attalus I. He was an ally of Rome. 
 
 Attalus III., or Attalos. "Died 133 B. c. King 
 of Pergamon 138-133 B. C., nephew of Attalus 
 II. By his will he left his kingdom to the Ro- 
 mans. 
 
 Attalus, or Attalos. Died about 336 b. c. A 
 
 Macedonian general, assassinated by order of 
 Alexander the Great. 
 
 Attalus. Lived about 325 b. C. A Macedonian 
 officer in the service of Alexander the Great. 
 Attalus, Flavius Priscus. Emperor of the 
 
 W est. He was probably an Ionian by birth, was prefect 
 of Rome when the city was taken by Alaric in 409, and 
 was proclaimed emperor by Alaric in opposition to Hono- 
 rius. He was deposed by Alaric in 410, and was banished 
 to Lipari by Honorius in 416. 
 
 Attar (at-tar'), or Athar (Mohammed ibn 
 Ibrahim Ferid-Eddin). Born near Nishapur, 
 Persia, 1119: died 1202 (1229 ?). A Persian poet 
 and mystic. He wrote forty poetical works, admired 
 for elegance of style and insight into the Sufi doctrines. 
 He is said to have been killed at a great age by a Mongol 
 soldier. 
 
 Attendorn (at'ten-dorn). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the 
 Bigge 43 miles northeast of Cologne. Popu- 
 lation, 3,545. 
 
 Atterbom (at'ter-bom),. Peter Daniel Ama- 
 deus. Born at Asbo, Ostergotland, Sweden, 
 Jan. 19, 1790: died July 21, 1855. A Swedish 
 poet, professor (first of philosophy and later 
 of esthetics) at Upsala. He was the leader of the 
 Phosphorists (which see), editor of the “Phosphoros,” 
 and later of the “Poetisk kalender.” He wrote “ Lycksa- 
 lighetens 6," a romantic drama (1824-27, “The Fortunate 
 Island”), “Svenskasiare och skalder ’’ (1841-55, “Swedish 
 Seers and Bards ”), etc. 
 
 Atterbury (at'er-ber-i), Francis. Born at 
 Milton, Buckinghamshire, March 6, 1662 : died 
 at Paris, Feb. 15, 1732. A noted English divine, 
 politician , and controversialist. He was appointed 
 bishop of Rochester and dean of Westminster 1713, and 
 banished as a Jacobite in 1723. 
 
 Attercliffe (at'er-klif). A small town in York- 
 shire, England, northeast of Sheffield. 
 Attersee (at'er-za),or Kammersee (kam'mer- 
 za). The largest lake of Upper Austria, situ- 
 ated in the Salzkammergut 20 miles east of 
 Salzburg. Its outlet is by the Ager into the 
 Traun. Length, about 13 miles. 
 
 Attic (at'ik). One of the dialects of ancient 
 Greek, spoken in Athens and the surrounding 
 district (Attica). It was the most highly culti- 
 vated of the Hellenic dialects. 
 
 Attica (at'i-ka). [Gr. i} ’AttiiA/, earlier ’A ktiktj, 
 from asrij, a headland, a promontory.] In ancient 
 geography, a division of central Greece, bounded 
 by Bceotia (partly separated by Cithseron) on 
 the northwest, the Gulf of Egripos (separating 
 it from Euboea) on the northeast, the zEgean 
 on the east, the Saronic Gulf on the southwest, 
 and Megaris on the west. It contains several moun- 
 tains ((’it ha-rnn. Parnes, Pentelicus, and Hymettus) and 
 the plain of Attica watered by the Cephissus and Hissus. 
 Its chief city was Athens, with whose history it is in gen- 
 eral identified. 
 
 The names of the Attic tribes were Erechtheis, JJgeis, 
 Pandionis, Leontis, Acamantis, Gineis, Cecropis, Hippo- 
 thoontis, zEantis, andAntiocliis; the heroes being Erech- 
 theus, /Egeus, Pandion, Leos, Acamas, (Eneus, Cecrops, 
 Hippothoon, Ajax, and Antiochus. The order given is 
 that .observed upon the monuments. 
 
 Rawlinson, Herod., III. 266, note. 
 
 Attica. A city in Fountain County, Indiana, 
 situated on the Wabash 70 miles northwest of 
 Indianapolis. Population, 3,335, (1910). 
 Attica. A nomarchy of modern Greece. Capi- 
 tal, Athens. Area, 883 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 341,247. 
 
 Attic Bee, The. A surname of the Greek tragic 
 poet Sophocles, and also of Plato. 
 
 Attic Muse, The. An epithet of the Greek his- 
 torian Xenophon. 
 
Atticus, Titus Pomponius 
 
 Atticus (at'i-kus), Titus Pomponius. Born at 
 Rome, 109 b. c. : died March, 32 b. c. A Roman 
 scholar and bookseller, an intimate friend of 
 Cicero, best known from the letters addressed 
 to him by the great orator. His chief work was 
 “ a synchronistic Roman history in the somewhat meagre 
 form of tables, probably with the addition of the con- 
 temporary history of foreign peoples which had acquired 
 importance in connection with that of Rome, and, as a 
 supplement, the pedigrees of the chief Roman families” 
 ( Teufel and Schicabe, Hist. Rom. Lit. (tr. by G. C. W. 
 Warr), I. 269). 
 
 Atticus Herodes, Tiberius Claudius. Born 
 at Marathon, Greece, about 104 a. d. : died 
 about 180. A celebrated Greek rhetorician 
 and public benefactor. He erected at his own ex- 
 pense many public works at Athens, Corinth, Olympia, 
 and elsewhere, and restored several decayed towns in 
 various parts of Greece. 
 
 Attigny (a-ten-ye'). A small town in the de- 
 partment of Ardennes, France, situated on the 
 Aisne 22 miles south by west of Mezihres, im- 
 portant in the Merovingian and Carolingian 
 periods. 
 
 Attike. See Attica. 
 
 Attila (at'i-la). [LL. Attila, OHG. Azziio,Essilo , 
 MHG. G. Etzel, Icel. Atli, Hung. Ethel/ 1 .] Died 
 453 a. D. A famous king of the Huns, son 
 of Mundzuk and brother of Bleda, together 
 with whom he ascended the throne in 433 : 
 sumamed the “Scourge of God” by medieval 
 writers, on account of the ruthless and wide- 
 spread destruction wrought by his arms. On 
 the death (assassination?) of his brother in 445 he be- 
 came sole ruler and extended his sway over German as 
 well as Slavonic nations, including the East Goths, 
 Gepidae, Alani, Heruli, LongobarJs, Thuringians, and Bur- 
 gundians. He laid waste the provinces of the Eastern Em- 
 pire south of the Danube 442-447, exacting from Theodo- 
 sius II. a tribute of six thousand pounds of gold, and es- 
 tablishing the annual subsidy at two thousand pounds; 
 laid claim to one half of the Western Empire as the be- 
 trothed husband of Honoria, the sister of Valentinian, who 
 years previously had sent him her ring and the offer of her 
 hand in marriage ; invaded Gaul in 451, in alliance with 
 Genseric, king of the Vandals, and was defeated in the 
 same year by the Roman general Aetius with the aid of 
 the West-Gothic king Theodoric at Chalons-sur- Marne ; 
 invaded Italy in 452, destroying Aquileia, but retired with- 
 out attacking Rome, being, according to the legend, dis- 
 suaded from sacking that city by Pope Leo I. ; and died, 
 probably from the rupture of a blood-vessel, on the night 
 of his marriage with a Gothic maiden named Ildico or 
 Hilda. He appears in German legend, notably in the 
 Nibelungenlied, as Etzel, who, in his turn, is the Atli of 
 the heroic lays of the elder Edda. Between Etzel and 
 Atli there are differences as well as correspondences. Ac- 
 cording to the Edda, Atli, who married Gudrun, the widow 
 of Sigurd (the Siegfried of the Nibelungenlied), possessed 
 a kingdom in the South. He is, however, nowhere called 
 a king of the Huns. HOnalaad , located in the south 
 of Germany, is here a possession of Sigurd’s ancestors, 
 the VolBungs, and he himself is frequently called the 
 “ Hunnish.” In the Nibelungenlied the land of the Huns 
 is located in the east, and belongs to Etzel as king. In the 
 later legend, as in this case, the whole exter nal circum- 
 stances of Attila have been transferred to Etzel, and the 
 historical and legendary person are regarded as one. Atli, 
 on the other hand, has nothing in common with Attila, 
 although the Old Norse material apparently came origi- 
 nally from German sources. There are other differences 
 between the Germanic Atli and Etzel that are not due to 
 the confusion of the latter with Attila the Hun. The 
 earliest material of the legend was probably from two 
 separate sources, a German and a Gothic, which were ulti- 
 mately fused together. The crushing defeat of the Bur- 
 gundians by Attila, 451, by transference made what was 
 probably at bottom only a feud between two families into 
 the fearful climax in the second part of the Nibelungen- 
 lied. 
 
 Attila. 1 . A tragedy by Corneille, produced in 
 1667. — 2. An opera by Verdi, produced in Ven- 
 ice in 1846. 
 
 Attila, or The Triumph of Christianity. An 
 
 epic poem in twelve books, by W. Herbert 
 (London, 1838), with a historical preface, on 
 the career of Attila from his defeat on the Cata- 
 launian plains (451) till his death (453). 
 
 Preternatural machinery, both celestial and infernal, is 
 supplied on a liberal scale. The most useful part of the 
 book to a historical student is the second half of it, “At- 
 tila and his Predecessors, an Historical Treatise.” Here 
 all the materials for writing the lifeof Attila are collected 
 with great industry, but there is no sufficient separation 
 between the precious and the vile. 
 
 Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, II. 40. 
 
 Attinghausen (at'tin<j-hou-zen). A small vil- 
 lage in the canton of IJri, Switzerland, situated 
 on the Reuss 20 miles southeast of Lucerne, 
 celebrated in the William Tell legend. 
 
 Attiret (a-te-ra/), Jean Denis. Born atDfile, 
 France, July 31, 1702: died at Peking, Dec. 8 
 (17 ?), 1768. A French painter, and Jesuit mis- 
 sionary in China. 
 
 Attis. See Atys. 
 
 Attius. See Accius. 
 
 Attius (at'i-us), or Attus (at'us), Navius. An 
 augur under Tarquinius Priscus. 
 
 This augur forbade the king to carry out his intention of 
 creating three new centuries of horsemen, which were to 
 
 93 
 
 have been called after hi? own name, and placed on an 
 equal footing with the Ramnes, Titionses, and Luceres. 
 Tarquin, in mockery of the augur's art, said : — “ Tell me 
 now by thy auguries whether the thing I have now in my 
 mind may be done or not." “It may,” replied Attius Na- 
 vius, after he had consulted the gods by augury. “Well, 
 then, 1 ' rejoined the king, “ it was in my mind that thou 
 shouldst cut this whetstone in two with this razor.” The 
 augur took the razor and severed the whetstone ; Tarquin 
 desisted from his scheme, and learnt to respect the omens. 
 The whetstone and razor were buried under a sacred cov- 
 ing in the Comitiurn, and a veiled statue of Attfijus Navius 
 was afterwards set up over the spot. 
 
 Smith, Hist, of the World, II. 190. 
 
 Attiwendaronk. See Neuter. 
 
 Attleborough (at'l-bur-o). A town in Nor- 
 folk, England, 14 miles southwest of Norwich. 
 Population, 2,299. 
 
 Attleborough. A town in Bristol County, 
 Massachusetts, 31 miles southwest of Boston. 
 Population, 16,215, (1910). 
 
 Attock (at-tok'), or Atak (a-tak'). A fort and 
 strategic point in the Panjab, British India, 
 situated on tho Indus in lat. 33° 54' N., long. 
 72° 15' E., built by Akbar in 1581. it is at the 
 head of navigation. The Indus is crossed here by a rail- 
 way biidge. 
 
 Attruck. See Atrek. 
 
 Attucks (at'ukz), Crispus. Died at Boston, 
 March 5, 1770. A half-breed Indian or mulatto, 
 tho alleged leader of the mob at the “ Boston 
 massacre,” March 5, 1770, in which he was the 
 first to fall. 
 
 Attwood (at'wud), Thomas. Born at London, 
 Nov. 23, 1765 : died at Chelsea, March 24, 1838. 
 An English musician, a pupil of Mozart, organ- 
 ist of St. Paul's Cathedral, and composer to the 
 Chapel Royal (1796). He was one of the founders 
 of the Philharmonic Society. His works comprise songs, 
 glees, anthems, music for the stage, etc. He was buried 
 beneath the organ of St. Paul’s. 
 
 Attys. See Atys. 
 
 Atuamih (a-to-a'me), or Hamefkuttelli (ha- 
 mef-ko-tel'e). An almost extinct tribe of North 
 American Indians. See Palaihnihan. 
 
 Atum. Seo A tm. 
 
 Attires (a-to'rez). A town in Venezuela, situ- 
 ated on the Orinoco at one of its principal cata- 
 racts, about lat. 5° 38' N. 
 
 Atwater (at' wa-ter), Lyman Hotchkiss. Born 
 at New Haven, Conn., Feb. 17, 1813 : died at 
 Princeton, N. J., Feb. 17, 1883. An American 
 clergyman, educator, and editor of the “Prince- 
 ton Review.” He was appointed professor of mental 
 and moral philosophy at Princeton in 1854, and later (1869) 
 of logic and moral and political science. 
 
 Atwood (at ' wud), George. Born 1746 : died 
 at London, July 11, 1807. A noted English 
 mathematician. On leaving Cambridge (1784), after 
 having been fellow and tutor of Trinity College, he was 
 given a sinecure as patent-searcher of the customs by Wil- 
 liam Pitt as an indirect remuneration for executing the 
 calculations connected with the revenue. He wrote “A 
 Treatise on the Rectilinear Motion and Rotation of Bodies, 
 etc.” (1784), “A Dissertation on the Construction and Prop- 
 erties of Arches ” (1801), etc. In the former of these works 
 occurs the first description of the well-known “Atwood’s 
 machine" for exhibiting the action of gravity. 
 
 Atys, or Attis (at'is). A mythical personage 
 in the worship of the Phrygian goddess Cy- 
 bele (Rhea), son of the Lydian supreme god 
 Manes, or of Nana, daughter of the river-god 
 Sangarius, and beloved of Cybele. Hemet hisdeath 
 in early youth at a pine-tree, which received his spirit, 
 while from his blood sprang violets. A tomb was raised 
 to him on Mount Dindymum, in the sanctuary of Cybele, 
 the priests of which had to be eunuchs. A festival of or- 
 giastic character, lasting three days, was celebrated in his 
 honor in the spring. A pine-tree covered with violets was 
 carried to the shrine of Cybele as a symbol of the departed 
 Atys. Then, amidst tumultuous music and the wildest ex- 
 hibition of grief, the mourners sought for Atys on the 
 mountains. On the third day he was found, and the re- 
 joicing which followed was as extravagant as the mourn- 
 ing which preceded. The myth may be considered as the 
 counterpart of the Greek legend of Aphrodite and Adonis, 
 which itself is borrowed from the Semitic legend of Tam- 
 muz and Ishtar. According to Rawlinson the name means 
 ‘under the influence of Ate,' i. e., ‘judicially blind.’ 
 
 Au. See Aa. 
 
 Aubagne (o-biiny'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Bouches-du-Rhone, France, situated 
 on the Huveaune 10 miles east of Marseilles. 
 Population, 9,614. 
 
 Aubanel (o-ba-nel'), Joseph Marie Jean-Bap- 
 tiste Theodore. Born at Avignon, France, 
 March 26, 1829: died there, Oct. 31, 1886. A 
 French publisher and writer in the Provengal 
 language, author of the poem “ The Pome- 
 granate Opened,” in Provengal (1860), etc. 
 
 Aube (ob). A department of France, capital 
 Troyes, bounded by Marne on the north, Haute- 
 Marne on the east, Cote-d’Or on the south, 
 Yonne on the southwest, and Seine-et-Marne 
 on the west, formed from parts of the old Cham- 
 pagne and Burgundy, it is fertile in the southeast, 
 
 Aubrey, John 
 
 produces wine, etc.., and has manufactures of iron, wool, 
 cotton, and linen. It comprises 6 arrondissements. Area, 
 2,326 square miles. Population, 243,670. 
 
 Aube. A river in France which rises in the 
 plateau of Langres, and joins the Seine 25 
 miles northwest of Troyes. Length, about 125 
 miles. 
 
 Aube (o-ba'), Jean Paul. Born at Longwy, 
 Lorraine, July 4,1837. A notedFrench sculptor. 
 In 1847. he came with his father to Paris ; in 1849 he 
 entered “La Petite Ecole” at the age of twelve, where 
 he was associated with Dalou, Barrias, Delaplanche, and 
 others. In 1856 he entered the atelier of Duret, profes- 
 sor at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, and later that of Danton, 
 with whom he remained five years. He served in the 
 National Guard during the Frauco-Prussian war. 
 
 Aubenas (ob-na/). A town in the department 
 of Ardeche, southern France, situated on the 
 Ard&che 14 miles southwest of Privas : noted 
 for its silk trade and manufactures. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 7,064. 
 
 Auber (o-bar'), Daniel Francois Esprit. Born 
 
 at Caen, Normandy, Jan. 29, 1782: died in Paris, 
 May 13, 1871. A French operatic composer. 
 Among his works are “Le Mapon ” (1825), “La Muette 
 de Portici ’ (1828), “Era Diavolo’ (1830), “LeDieuetla 
 Bayadere” (183u), "Lestocq” (1834), “Le Cheval de 
 Bronze" (1835), “Le Domino Noir” (1837), “Les Diamants 
 de la Couronne” (1841), “HaydCe ” (1847), “Manon Les- 
 caut,” ‘‘La Fiancee du Roi des Garbes,” “Le Reve 
 d’Amour” (1869), etc. 
 
 Auberge Rouge (©"barzh rozh'), L’. [F., ‘The 
 Red Inn.’] A tale by Balzac, written in 1831. 
 
 Auberlen (ou' ber-len), Karl August. Born at 
 Fellbach, Nov. 19, 1824: died at Basel, May 2, 
 1864. A German Protestant theologian, pro- 
 fessor of theology in the University of Basel 
 1851-1864. 
 
 Aubert, Alexander. Born at London, May 11, 
 1730: died at Wygfair, St. Asaph, Oct. 19, 1805. 
 An English astronomer. 
 
 Aubertin (o-ber-tan'), Charles. Born at St. 
 Dizier, Dec. 24, 1825: died in 1908. A French 
 scholar, appointed rector of the Academy of 
 Poitiers in 1874. He published “ Kt ude critique sur 
 les rapports supposes entre SCnequeet Saint- Paul ”(1857), 
 “ L Esprit public au XVIIIe siecle "(1872), “ Les origities de 
 la langue et de la poesie francaises ” (1875), and “ Histoire 
 de la langue et de la litte ratine francaises au moyen-age ” 
 (1876-78), _ etc. 
 
 Aubervilliers '6-ber-ve-lya'). A suburb of 
 Paris, 1 mile north of the fortifications. Popu- 
 lation, 34,009. 
 
 Aubigne, Frangoise d’. See Maintenon, Ma- 
 dame de. 
 
 Aubigne, Merle d’. See Merle d’Aubign/':. 
 
 Aubigne (o-be-nya'), Theodore Agrippa d’. 
 
 Born near Pons, Saintonge, France, Feb. 8, 
 1552 : died at Geneva, April 29, 1630. A French 
 Huguenot historian, satirist, and soldier, in the 
 administrative service of Henry IV. He wrote 
 “Histoire universelle 1550-1601” (1616-20), 
 “Histoire secrete,” satires, etc. 
 
 Aubin (o-ban'). A town in the department of 
 Aveyron, France, in lat. 44° 32' N., long. 2° 
 15' E. Population, commune, 9,986. 
 
 Aublet (o-bla'), Jean Baptiste Christophe 
 Fusee. Born at Salon, Provence, Nov. 4, 1720: 
 died at Paris, May 6, 1778. A French botanist. 
 In 1752 he went to Mauritius, where he spent several 
 years. From 1762 to 1764 he traveled in French Guiana, 
 and in the latter year was in Santo Domingo. The results 
 of his voyages were published in 1775, in his “Histoire 
 des plantes de la Guyane frangaise " (4to, 2 vols. text, 2 
 of plates), containing also descriptions of species from 
 Mauritius, and many notes of general interest. 
 
 Aubrac (o-brak'). A mountain-group in the 
 departments of Aveyron and Lozere, France, 
 connected with the system of the Cdvennes. 
 Its highest point is nearly 4,800 feet. 
 
 Aubrey (a'bri), Mr. 1. The principal character 
 in Samuel Warren’s novel “Ten Thousand a 
 Year,” afterward succeeding to the title of 
 Lord Drelincourt. A reserved and elegant country 
 gentleman with an income of ten thousand a year, the 
 loss and subsequent recovery of which form the main 
 interest of the book. 
 
 2. In Cumberland’s play “The Fashionable 
 Lover,” the father of Augusta Aubrey. He re- 
 turns in time to reward those who have be- 
 friended her. 
 
 Aubrey, Augusta. The principal female char- 
 acter in Cumberland’s “Fashionable Lover,” 
 persecuted by Lord Abberville, but finally mar- 
 ried to Francis Tyrrel. 
 
 Aubrey, John. Born at Easton Pierse, Wilt- 
 shire, March 12 (Nov. 3 ?), 1626: died in June, 
 1697. An English antiquary, author of “Mis- 
 cellanies,” a collection of ghost-stories and 
 other tales of the supernatural. He materially 
 aided Anthony il Wood in preparing his “Antiquities of 
 Oxford ” (1674). Parts of the valuable manuscript mate- 
 rial left by him have been edited. 
 
Aubry 
 
 Aubry (o-bre'), Claude Charles, Comte d’. 
 Born at Bourg-en-Bresse, Oct. 25, 1773: died 
 Oct. 19, 1813. A French general. He fought with 
 distinction in the campaigns of 1812-13, was rewarded 
 with the title of count and promoted to general of a divi- 
 sion for his services in restoring the bridge over the Bere- 
 sina, and was fatally wounded at the battle of Leipsic. 
 Aubry de Montdidier (o-bre' de moh-de-dya'). 
 A French gentleman of the court of Charles V. 
 who was murdered in 1371 in the forest of 
 Montargis by another courtier, Bichard de Ma- 
 caire. It is said that the murderer would have escaped 
 but for the fidelity of Aubry’B dog, which followed him con- 
 tinually until, the attention of the king having been called 
 to it, he ordered that Macaire should fight with his ac- 
 cuser the dog. Macaire was armed with a club, but was 
 pulled down by the dog and confessed his crime. The 
 subject has been dramatized and sung in ballads in French, 
 German, and English. 
 
 Auburn (a'bern). The hamlet described by 
 Goldsmith in his “Deserted Village,” com- 
 monly identified with Lissoy, County West- 
 meath, Ireland. 
 
 Auburn. The capital of De Kalb County, 
 Indiana, situated on Cedar Creek 22 miles 
 north of Fort Wayne. Pop., 3,919, (1910). 
 Auburn. A city and the capital of Androscog- 
 gin County, Maine, situated on the Androscog- 
 gin 34 miles north of Portland, opposite Lewis- 
 ton. It has manufactures of cotton, boots and 
 shoes, etc. Population, 15,064, (1910). 
 Auburn. A city and the capital of Cayuga 
 County, New York, situated at the outlet of 
 Owasco Lake in lat. 42° 55' N., long. 76° 40' 
 W., the seat of a State prison, conducted on the 
 “ silent” (or “Auburn ”) system, and of a Pres- 
 byterian theological seminary, chartered 1820 
 and opened in 1821. Population, 34,668, (1910). 
 Auburn, Mount. See Mount Auburn. 
 Aubusson (o-bii-son'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Creuse, France, situated at the Crense 
 in lat. 45° 56' N., long. 2° 10' E., noted for its 
 carpets. Population, commune, 7,015. 
 Aubusson, Pierre d’. Born in France, 1423: 
 died at Bhodes, July 13, 1503. Grand master 
 of the Knights of St. John 1476-1503. He suc- 
 cessfully conducted the heroic defense of 
 Bhodes against the Turks in 1480. 
 
 Aueassin et Nicolette (o-ka-sah' a ne-ko-let'). 
 
 1. A French romance of the 13th century, 
 named from the hero and heroine. See the 
 extract. 
 
 The finest prose tale of the French middle ages, Aucas- 
 Ein et Nicolet te. In this exquisite story Aueassin, the son 
 of the Count of Beaucaire, falls in love with Nicolette, a 
 captive damsel. It is very short, and is written in mingled 
 verse and prose. The theme is for the most part nothing 
 but the desperate love of Aueassin, which is careless of 
 religion, which makes him indifferent to the joy of battle, 
 and to everything except “ Nicolette ma tres-douce mie,” 
 and which is, of course, at last rewarded. But the extreme 
 beauty of the separate scenes makes it a masterpiece. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 117. 
 
 2. An opera by Gretry, first produced in 1780. 
 Audi 'osh). The capital of the department of 
 
 Gers, France, situated on the Gers in lat. 43° 
 38' N., long. 0° 36' E. : the ancient Elimber- 
 rum or Eliberris, later Augusta Auscorum, a 
 flourishing town, capital of the Ausci. It was 
 the chief town of Gascony and Arraagnac, and the seat of 
 an archbishop. It has a large trade in wine, brandy, etc., 
 and various manufactures. The cathedral of Auch, begun 
 under Charles VIII. in the florid Pointed style, is one of 
 the most interesting churches of southern France. The 
 classical portico was added by Louis XIV. The imposing 
 interior, 347 feet long and 87 high, displays fine Renais- 
 sance glass and 113 16th-century choir-stalls carved with 
 figures in rich niches and canopies, which are among the 
 handsomest in France. Population, 13,526. 
 AucMnleck (aeh-in-lek' or af-flek'). A vil- 
 lage in Ayrshire, Scotland, 28 miles south of 
 Glasgow. 
 
 Auchmuty (ok'mu-ti), Samuel. Born at Bos- 
 ton, Mass., Jan. 16, 1722: (lied at New York, 
 March 6, 1777. A royalist Episcopal clergy- 
 man, rector of Trinity Church, New York city. 
 Auchmuty, Sir Samuel. Born at New York, 
 1756 (1758 ?) : died at Dublin, Ireland, Aug. 11, 
 1822. A British general, son of Samuel Auch- 
 muty. During the American Revolution he served in 
 the English army, attaining the rank of lieutenant. Later 
 he served with distinction in India (1784-97), at the Cape 
 and in Egypt (1800-03), and in the latter year was made a 
 Knight of the Bath. In 180G he was promoted to brigadier- 
 general and commanded a force sent to aid Beresford at 
 Buenos Ayres. On arriving there he found that the city had 
 been recovered by the Spaniards and Beresford had surren- 
 dered. Unable with his force to retake Buenos Ayres, he at- 
 tacked Montevideo and took it by storm, after a bloody 
 fight (Feb. 3, 1807). Auchmuty was shortly after super- 
 seded by General Whitelock, under whom he served in 
 the disastrous campaign against Buenos Ayres. In 1808 
 he became major-general, and from 1810 to i813 he served 
 with distinction in India and Java. In 1821 he was ap- 
 pointed commander-in-chief in Ireland. 
 
 94 
 
 Auchterarder (acli-ter-ar'der). A town in 
 Perthshire, Scotland, 13 miles southwest of 
 Perth. 
 
 Auckland. See Bishop- Auckland. 
 
 Auckland (ak 'land) . A provincial district in the 
 northern part of North Island, New Zealand. 
 Auckland. A seaport, capital of the county 
 of Eden, New Zealand, situated on Hauraki 
 Gulf in lat. 36° 50' S., long. 174° 49' E. : the 
 former capital of New Zealand, it has one of the 
 best harbors in New Zealand, and contains a college and ca- 
 thedral. Population, 37,736 ; with suburbs, 82,101. 
 
 Auckland, Earl of. See Eden. 
 
 Auckland Islands. A group of uninhabited 
 islands in the South Pacific Ocean, south of 
 New Zealand, in lat. 50° 30' S., long. 166° 13' 
 E., claimed by Great Britain. They were discovered 
 by the British in 1806. 
 
 Audaeus (a-de'us), Audius (a'di-us), or Udo 
 (u'do). Born in Mesopotamia : died in Scythia 
 about 370 A. d. The founder, about 330, of a 
 rigid monastic sect in Scythia, which subsisted 
 about a hundred years. He was an anthropomor- 
 phist, and observed Easter on the 14th of Nisan, accord- 
 ing to the Jewish fashion. 
 
 Aude (od). A department of France, capital 
 Carcassonne, hounded by Tarn and He vault 
 on the north, the Mediterranean on the east, 
 Pyrenees-Orientales on the south, Haute-Ga- 
 ronne on the northwest, and Ariege on the west. 
 It formed part of ancient Languedoc. There are outli- 
 ers of the Pyrenees in the south and of the C6vennes in 
 the north. It comprises 4 arrondissements. Area, 2,448 
 square miles. Population, 308,327. 
 
 Aude. A river in southern Prance which rises 
 in the Pyrenees and flows into the Mediterra- 
 nean Sea 11 miles east of Narbonne. Carcassonne 
 is situated on it. Length, about 125 miles. 
 
 Audebert (6d-bar'), Jean Baptiste. Born at 
 Bochefort, France, 1759: died at Paris, 1800. 
 A French naturalist and artist. 
 
 Audefroy le Batard (od-frwa' le ba-tar'). 
 See the extract. 
 
 By far the best of them [romances] are those of Aude- 
 froy le Bastard, of whom nothing is known, but who, ac- 
 cording to the late M. Paul in Paris, may be fixed at the 
 beginning of the thirteenth century. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 63. 
 
 Audenarde. See Oudenarde. 
 
 Audh. See Oudh. 
 
 Audhuinla (ou-DHum'la). [Icel.] The cow, in 
 the Old Norse cosmogony, from whose udders 
 flowed the milk which nourished the first cre- 
 ated being, the giant Ymir, and his race. She 
 licked out of the salty ice a being, Buri, whose son, Borr, 
 was the father of Odin. 
 
 Audians (a'di-anz). A monastic sect founded 
 by Audius or Audaeus, a Syrian, in the 4th 
 century. Audius, after unsuccessful attempts to im- 
 prove the morals of the clergy, separated from the church 
 and was irregularly appointed bishop. Various heretical 
 opinions were attributed to the sect. 
 
 Audience. [Sp. Audiencia .] Originally, a su- 
 perior court of Spain. The audience as established 
 in the Spanish colonies of America had very extensive 
 powers, frequently in legislative and administrative mat- 
 ters as well as in judicial ones. In the latter respect 
 it was the superior of crown governors, but inferior to 
 the viceroys. In criminal suits its decisions admitted 
 of no appeal ; in civil cases an appeal lay to the Council 
 of the Indies only where the amount involved was large. 
 The audience properly consisted of four oidores (auditors 
 or judges), one of whom, as president, virtually ruled the 
 lest. In regions governed by a viceroy, the president of 
 the audience commonly exercised the viceregal functions 
 in case of a temporary vacancy. Elsewhere, as in Chareas, 
 he governed the country as a province, subject to a vice- 
 roy in another place. The audiences could appoint tem- 
 porary governors and remove them ; in the case of crown 
 governors and captains-general, their powers were often 
 so nearly balanced by those of the audience as to give rise 
 to constant disputes. The first audience established in 
 America was that of Santo Domingo ; later there were au- 
 diences of Panama, Los Reyes (Lima), Confines (Central 
 America), New Spain, Chareas, Chile, Bogotii, etc. See 
 these names. 
 
 Audi erne (o-de-arn'). A seaport iu the de- 
 partment of Finistere, France, 22 miles west 
 of Quimper. Population, commune, 4,706. 
 Audiffredi (ou-def-fra'de), Giovanni Battista. 
 Born at Saorgio, near Nice, 1714: died July 3, 
 1794. An Italian astronomer and bibliographer. 
 Audiffret (o-de-fra'), Marquis d’ (Charles 
 Louis Gaston). Born at Paris, Oct. 10, 1787 : 
 died at Paris, April 28, 1878. A French finan- 
 cier and government official, author of “Sys- 
 tem? financier de la France” (1840), etc. 
 Audiffret-Pasquier (o-de-fra' pas-ke-a'), Due 
 d’ (Edme Armand Gaston). Born at Paris, 
 Oct. 20, 1823: died June 4, 1905. A French 
 statesman, president of the Senate 1876-79. 
 Auditorium (a-di-to'ri-um). A large building 
 in Chicago, combining a hotel and a theater. 
 It is situated at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Con- 
 gress street, and has a front of 360 feet on the latter street. 
 It was erected 1887 89. 
 
 Auerbach, Berthold 
 
 Audley (ad'li), Hugh. Died 1662. An English 
 money-lender and miser who amassed a large 
 fortune largely at the expense of improvident 
 young gallants. 
 
 Audley, or Audeley, James de. Born about 
 1316: died at Fontenay-le-Comte, 1369. An 
 English commander in the wars of Edward HI. , 
 noted for his bravery. 
 
 Audley, Thomas (Baron Audley of Walden). 
 Born in Essex, England, 1488: died at London, 
 April 30, 1544. An English politician, speaker 
 of the House of Commons 1529-33, and lord 
 chancellor of England 1533-44. 
 
 Audouin (o-do-an'), Jean Victor. Born at 
 Paris, April 27, 1797 : died at Paris, Nov. 9, 1841. 
 A noted French entomologist. He wrote a 
 “Histoire des insectes nuisibles a la vigne” 
 (1842), etc. 
 
 Audran (o-droh'), Charles. Born at Paris, 
 1594: died at Paris, 1674. A noted French en- 
 graver. His prints, which are numerous, are 
 marked “C,” later “K.” 
 
 Audran, Claude. Born at Paris, 1597 : died at 
 Lyons, 1677. A French engraver, brother of 
 Charles Audran. 
 
 Audran, Claude. Born at Lyons, 1639: died 
 at Paris, 1684. A French painter, second son 
 of the engraver Claude Audran. 
 
 Audran, Claude. Born at Lyons, 1658: died 
 1734. A French painter, eldest son of Germain 
 Audran : an instructor of the painter Watteau. 
 Audran, Gerard. Born at Lyons, 1640: died 
 at Paris, 1703. An engraver, third son of the 
 elder Claude Audran, celebrated especially for 
 his engravings of Lebrun’s historical paintings. 
 He wrote “Proportions du corps humain” 
 (1693). 
 
 Audran, Germain. Born at Lyons, 1631 : died 
 1710. A French engraver, nephew of Charles 
 Audran. 
 
 Audran, Jean. Born at Lyons, 1667 : died at 
 Paris, 1756. A French engraver, third son of 
 Germain Audran. His best-known work is 
 “ The Bape of the Sabines,” after Poussin. 
 Audrey (a'dri). [Also Aw drey, Awdry, etc., a 
 reduced form of AS. JEtheldryht (ML. Ethel- 
 dritha), St. Audrey, from whose name comes 
 also the word tawdry.] 1. In Shakspere’s 
 comedy “As you Like it,” an awkward country 
 girl.— 2 (or Awdrey). A bride, in Jonson’s 
 “ Tale of a Tub,” a bright and perverse little 
 person. 
 
 Audubon (a'du-bon), John James. Born near 
 New Orleans, May 4, 1780: died at New York, 
 Jan. 27, 1851. A noted American ornitholo- 
 gist, of French descent, chiefly celebrated for 
 his drawings of birds. He was educated in France, 
 where he was a pupil of the painter David, and on his 
 return to the United States made various unsuccessful 
 attempts to establish himself in business in New York, 
 Louisville, and New Orleans. His time was chiefly de- 
 voted to his favorite study, in the pursuit of which he 
 made long excursions on foot through the United States. 
 His chief work, the “ Birds of America,” was published, 
 1827-30, by subscription, the price of each copy being 
 $1,000. In 1831-39 he published “Ornithological Biogra- 
 phy ” (5 volumes). His “ Quadrupeds of America ” (chiefly 
 by John Bachman and Audubon’s sous) appeared 1846-54. 
 Aue (ou'e). The name of various small rivers 
 in Germany. See Aa. 
 
 Aue. A manufacturing town in the kingdom 
 of Saxony, situated ou the Mulde 14 miles 
 southeast of Zwickau. Population, 17,149. 
 Aue, Hartmann von. See Hartmann von Aue. 
 Auenbrugger von Auenbrug (ou-en-brog'er 
 fon ou'en-brog), Leopold. Bom at Gratz, 
 Styria, Nov. 19, 1722: died at Vienna, May 17, 
 1809. A German physician, inventor of the 
 method of studying internal diseases by per- 
 cussion: author of “Inventum Novum ex Per- 
 cussione, etc.” (1761). 
 
 Auerbach (ou ' er-bach). A small town in the 
 Franconian Jura, Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, 
 31 miles northeast of Nuremberg. 
 
 Auerbach. A manufacturing town in the gov- 
 ernmental district of Zwickau, Saxony, situated 
 on the Goltzseh 15 miles southwest of Zwickau. 
 Population, 10,315. 
 
 Auerbach, Berthold. Born at Nordstetten, 
 Wurtemberg, Feb. 28, 1812: died at Cannes, 
 France, Feb. 8, 1882. A noted German novelist, 
 poet, and author, of Hebrew birth. He studied 
 at Tubingen, Munich, and Heidelberg, and was impris- 
 oned in 1836 in the fortress of Hohenasperg for participa- 
 tion in the Bnrschenschaft. Among his works are a trans- 
 lation of Spinoza, “Schwarzwalder Dorfgeschichten “ 
 (1843, “Village Tales of the Black Forest"), “Die Frau 
 Professori n" (1847), “Barfiissele”(1856, “ Little Barefoot”). 
 “Joseph im Schnee ” (1860), “ Edelweiss ” (1861), “ Auf dor 
 Hohe" (1871, “On the Heights"), “Das Landhaus am 
 Rhein ” (1869), “ Waldfried ” (1874), "Brigitte " (1880), etc. 
 
Auerbach, Heinrich 
 
 Auerbach. Heinrich (originally Stromer). 
 Born at Auerbach, Bavaria, 1482: died 1542. 
 A German medical professor, famous as the 
 builder of “Auerbach’s Keller.” 
 
 Auerbach’s Keller (Cellar). A wine-cellar in 
 Auerbach’s Hof (‘tavern’) in Leipsic (No. 1 
 Grimmaisehe Strasse), famous from its con- 
 nection with the Faust legends, with Goethe’s 
 “Faust,” and with the academic years of the 
 youthful Goethe. There are two mural paintings of 
 the 16th century under the arches, one of which repre- 
 sents Faust seated, with others at a table with a goblet in 
 his hand : a black dog watches him. The other shows 
 Faust, astride of a wine-cask, being whisked by the agency 
 of the demon through the open door. The pictures and 
 inscriptions have been several times restored. 
 
 Auersberg (ou'ers-berG). One of the chief 
 mountains of the Erzgebirge, Saxony, 20 miles 
 southeast of Zwickau. 
 
 Auersperg (ou'ers-perG), Count Anton Alex- 
 ander von: pseudonym Anastasius Griin. 
 
 Bom at Laibach, Carniola, April 11, 1806 : died 
 at Gratz, Styria, Sept. 12, 1876. A noted Aus- 
 trian poet and statesman, member of the Frank- 
 fort Parliament of 1848, and later of the Aus- 
 trian Reichsrat. Among his works are “Der Letzte 
 Ritter” (1830, “The Last Knight”), “ Spaziergange eines 
 Wiener Poeten "(1831, “Promenades of a Viennese Poet ”), 
 “Schutt” (1835, “Ruins”), “Gedichte” (1837), “ Volks- 
 lieder aus Krain ” (1850), “Robin Hood " (1864), and (pos- 
 thumously) “In der V eranda : eine dichterische Nachlese ” 
 (1876). His collected works were published in 1877. 
 
 Auersperg, Prince Adolf Wilhelm Daniel. 
 
 Born July 21, 1821 : died at his castle Goldegg 
 in Lower Austria, Jan. 5, 1885. An Austrian 
 statesman, brother of Prince Karl Wilhelm 
 Auersperg, premier of the Cisleithan ministry 
 1871-79. 
 
 Auersperg, Prince Karlos. Bom May 1, 1814 : 
 died Jan. 4, 1890. An Austrian statesman, sev- 
 eral times from 1861 president of the upper 
 chamber of the Reichsrat. 
 
 Auerstadt, or Auerstedt (ou'er-stet). A vil- 
 lage in the province of Saxony, Prussia, 14 miles 
 northeast of Weimar. A famous victory was gained 
 here Oct. 14, 1806, by the French (35,000) under Davout 
 over the Prussians (50,000) under the Duke of Brunswick 
 (Frederick William III. present). The loss of the French 
 was 7,500 ; of the Prussians, over 10,000 (including the 
 Duke of Brunswick). On the same day Napoleon defeated 
 another Prussian army at Jena. See Jena. 
 
 Auerstadt, Due d’. See Davout. 
 
 Auerswald (ou'ers-valt), Alfred von. Born 
 at Marienwerder, Dee. 16, 1797 : died at Berlin, 
 July 3, 1870. A Prussian official and politician, 
 minister of the interior in Camphausen’s cabi- 
 net, March 29-June 14, 1848. 
 
 Auerswald, Hans Adolf Erdmann von. Bom 
 Oct. 19, 1792 : died Sept. 18, 1848. A Prussian 
 
 f eneral, brother of A. von Auerswald. He was 
 illed, with Prince Liehnowski, by rioters at 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Auerswald, Rudolf von. Born Sept. 1, 1795: 
 died at Berlin, Jan. 15, 1866. A Prussian offi- 
 cial and politician. He was intrusted with the for- 
 mation of a cabinet, June 10, 1848, on the resignation of 
 Camphausen, remaining in office till Sept. 10. 
 
 Auf der Hohe (ouf der he'e). A novel by 
 Berthold Auerbach, published in 1871 (trans- 
 lated into English as “On the Heights”). The 
 scene is laid in southern Germany. 
 Auffenberg (ouf 'en-herG), Joseph, Baron 
 von. Born at Freiburg in Breisgau, Aug. 25, 
 1798: died there, Dee. 25, 1857. A German sol- 
 dier (in the service of Austria and then of 
 Baden) and dramatic poet. On a journey to Spain, 
 1832, he was severely wounded by robbers near Valencia, 
 was nursed in the Convent del Cid at Valencia through a 
 long convalescence, and in his will made the convent his 
 heir. He became seneschal of Baden in 1839. Chief 
 works: “Alhambra" (1829-30) and “Das Nordlicht von 
 Kasan.” 
 
 Aufidia gens (a-fid'i-a jenz). In ancient Rome, 
 a plebeian clan or house whose family names 
 were Lurco and Orestes. The first member of 
 this gens who obtained the consulship was Cn. 
 Aufidius Orestes, 71 B. c. 
 
 Aufidius (a-fid'i-us), Tullius. In Shakspere’s 
 “ Coriolanus,” the general of the Volscians. 
 Aufidus (4'fi-dus). The Latin name of the 
 Ofanto. 
 
 Aufrecht (ouf'recbt), Theodor. Bom at 
 Leschnitz, Upper Silesia, Jan. 7, 1822: died at 
 Bonn, April 4, 1907. A German philologist, 
 noted especially as a Sanskritist. ne collaborated 
 with Kircnhoff in the publication of the “Umbrische 
 Sprachdenkmaler” (1849-51), founded, with A. Kuhn, the 
 “Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprachforschurig ’’ (1852), 
 and aided Max Muller in editing the Rigveda. In 1802 
 he became professor of Sanskrit and comparative philol- 
 ogy at Edinburgh, and was professor at Bonn 1875-89. 
 Augarten (ou'giir-ten). A public garden in 
 Vienna, situated in the Leopoldstadt suburb 
 
 95 
 
 between the Danube and the Donau Canal. 
 It is noted as the place where many musical masterpieces 
 were first performed. It wa3 opened in 1775, at first only 
 a garden ; then a concert-room was built, and in 1782 
 morning concerts were started by Marten, an entrepre- 
 neur, in association with Mozart. From this time until 
 1830 the jjlace was a resort for music-lovers, but interest 
 dwindled and the place is now, as at first, a garden for 
 walking and lounging. Grove. 
 
 Auge (a'je), or Augeia (a-ji'a). [Gr. Abyri, 
 Avyda.'] In Greek mythology, a priestess of 
 Athene, mother by Heracles of Telephus. 
 
 Auge (ozh), or Vallee d’Auge. A district in 
 the eastern part of the department of Calvados, 
 Normandy. 
 
 Augeas (a'je-as or a-je'as), or Angelas (a-jl'- 
 as). [Gr. Avytag or ’Avyetag.] In Greek my- 
 thology, a son of Helios (or of Phorbas) and 
 Hermione, king of the Epeians in Elis, and one 
 of the Argonauts. He was the owner of an enormous 
 herd of cattle, including twelve white bulls sacred to the 
 sun. The cleaning of his stable or farm-yard was one of 
 the labors of Hercules (Heracles). He was slain by Her- 
 cules. 
 
 Augean stable. See Augeas. 
 
 Auger (o-zha/), Athanase. Born at Paris, 
 Dec. 12, 1734: died there, Feb. 7, 1792. A 
 French classical scholar and ecclesiastic. He 
 translated, among other classics, Demosthenes, JEsclii nes, 
 and Isocrates. His principal work is a treatise “ De la 
 constitution romaine.” 
 
 Augereau (ozh-ro'), Pierre Francois Charles, 
 
 Due de Castiglione. Born Nov. 11, 1757 : died 
 near Melun, France, June 12, 1816. A French 
 marshal, distinguished in the Italian campaigns 
 of 1796-97, particularly at Lodi, Castiglione, 
 and Areole. He played an important part in the coup 
 d’etat of 18th Fructidor, 1797 ; was a member of the Coun- 
 cil of 500 in 1799; became commander of the army in 
 Holland in 1800 ; was appointed marshal in 1804 ; forced 
 an Austrian corps to surrender 1805 ; served with distinc- 
 tion at Jena' (1806) and Eylau (1807); commanded in Cata- 
 lonia in 1809; and fought at Leipsic 1813. He was made 
 a peer by Louis XVIII. 
 
 Aughrim. See Aghrim. 
 
 Augier (o-zhe-a/), Guillaume Victor Emile. 
 
 Born at Valence, France, Sept. 17, 1820: died at 
 Croissy (Seine-et-Oise), Oct. 25, 1889. A French 
 dramatist, member of the Academy in 1857. 
 His most important works are “L'Aventuriere, " in verse 
 (1848); “Gabrielle,” in verse (1849); “Legendrede M. Poi- 
 rier” (4 acts, 1854; in collaboration with Jules Sandeau), 
 the best modern French comedy; “Les eff routes” (5 acts, 
 1861) ; “ Le fils de Giboyer ” (5 acts, 1862) ; “ Maitre Gue- 
 rin ’’ (5 acts, 1864); “Paul Forestier” (in verse; 4 acts, 
 1868) ; “ Les Fourchambault ” (3 acts, 1S78). 
 
 Auglaize (a'glaz). A river in western Ohio, a 
 tributary of the Maumee. 
 
 Augsburg (agz'herg; G. prou. ougs'borG). The 
 capital of the governmental district of Swabia 
 and Neuburg, Bavaria, situated at the junction 
 of the Wertach with the Lech, in lat. 48° 22' 
 N., long. 10° 54' E. : an important commercial 
 and railway center for South Germany, it has 
 manufactures of cotton, woolens, machinery, etc., and an 
 important book-trade. It was built by the emperor Augus- 
 tus as Augusta (whence the modern name) Vindelicorum 
 about 15 B. c., and was the chief city of Rhaetia. It fell 
 under Frankish, and later under Swabian rule, and became 
 a free imperial city (1276), the leading member of the Swa- 
 bian League, the seat of several diets, and an important 
 center of German commerce and art. It suffered severely 
 in the Smalcaldic war. Thirty Years’ War, and War of 
 the Spanish Succession. In 1806 i t passed to Bavaria. The 
 cathedral of Augsburg is of early- Romanesque foundation, 
 but was altered in the 14th and 15th centuries. It has a 
 choir at each end. The eastern choir has on each side 
 a splendid sculptured portal of the 14th century. It con- 
 tains mircli interesting church furniture, 11th-century 
 bronze doors with Old Testament and mythological reliefs, 
 beautiful glass, and fine paintings. The late-Pointed clois- 
 ter is noteworthy. Population, 101,500, (1910). 
 
 Augsburg, Bishopric of. A former “imme- 
 diate ” bishopric of the German Roman Empire, 
 secularized in 1803. It passed to Bavaria. 
 
 Augsburg Confession. [L. Confessio Augus- 
 tana. ] The chief Lutheran creed, prepared 
 by Melanchthon and read before the Diet of 
 Augsburg in 1530. 
 
 Augsburg, Diet of. Convened April 8, 1530, 
 opened June 20, and closed in Nov. It was 
 summoned by Charles V., in an invitation dated 
 at BologDa, Jan. 21, 1530, for the purpose of 
 settling the religious dispute in Germany, and 
 to prepare for war against the Turks. 
 
 Augsburg Interim. A provisional arrange- 
 ment for the settlement of religious differences 
 between Protestants and Roman Catholics in 
 Germany during the Reformation epoch, pend- 
 ing a definite settlement by a church council. 
 Itwas proclaimed by Charles V., May 15, 1548, 
 hut not canned out by many Protestants. 
 
 Augsburg, League of, July 9, 1686. A treaty 
 between Holland, the emperor, the kings of 
 Sweden and Spain, and the electors of Bavaria, 
 Saxony, and the Palatinate, for the purpose of 
 
 Augusta Emerita 
 
 maintaining, as against France, the treaties of 
 Munster and Nimeguen. 
 
 Augsburg, Religious Peace of, Sept. 25, 1555. 
 A treaty between the Lutheran and Catholic 
 estates of Germany, concluded at a diet held in 
 Augsburg in conformity with the Convention of 
 Passau. It secured the triumph of the Reformation by 
 providing that the individual states of the empire should 
 be permitted to prescribe the form of worship within their 
 limits. The benefits of this peace, however, were not ex- 
 tended to the Calvinists. 
 
 Augur (a'ger), Christopher Colon. Bom at 
 New York, 1821 : died at Washington, D. C., 
 Jan. 16, 1898. An American general. He was 
 graduated at West Point in 1843; led a division under 
 Banks at Cedar Mountain ; commanded the left wing of 
 the army in the siege of Port Hudson ; was promoted 
 brigadier-general in 1869 ; and was retired in 1885. 
 Augur, Hezekiah. Born at New Haven, Conn., 
 Feb. 21, 1791: died at New Haven, Jan. 10, 1858. 
 An American sculptor, and the inventor of a 
 wood-carving machine. 
 
 Augurs, The Mask of. A mask by Ben Jonson, 
 acted in 1622. 
 
 August (a'gust). [From ME. August, Augst, 
 also Aust, after OF. Aoust, mod. F. Aout — Sp. 
 Pg. It. Agosto = D. Augustus = G. Dan. August 
 — Sw. Augusti = Russ. Avgusta = Gr. Avyovarog, 
 from L. Augustus (sc. mensis, month), August: 
 so named by the emperor Augustus Ctesar in 
 his own honor, following the example of Julius 
 Caesar, who gave his name to the preceding 
 month, July. The earlier name of August was 
 Sextilis (from sextus — E. sixth , it being the sixth 
 month in the old calendar).] The eighth month 
 of the year, containin g thirty-on e days, reckoned 
 the first month of autumn in Great Britain, but 
 the last of summer in the United States. 
 August, Elector of Saxony. See Augustus. 
 August (ou'gost), Emil Leopold. Born 1772: 
 died 1822. Duke of Saxe-Gotha and Altenburg 
 1804-22, a patron of art and literature, and 
 author of the idyllic work “Kyllenion.” 
 August, Ernst Ferdinand. Born at Prenzlau, 
 Feb. 18, 1795: died at Berlin, March 25, 1870. 
 A German scientist, the inventor of the psy- 
 chrometer. 
 
 August, Friedrich Eberhard, Prince of Wfir- 
 temberg. Born at Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg, Jan. 
 24, 1813: died Jan. 12, 1885. Uncle of Charles 
 I. of Wurtemberg, and general in the Prussian 
 service. He served with distinction at the bat- 
 tles of Koniggratz, Gravelotte, and Sedan. 
 August, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich, Prince 
 of Prussia. Born Sept. 19, 1779 : died July 19, 
 1843. A nephew of Frederick the Great, and 
 a distinguished officer in the Napoleonic wars. 
 August, Paul Friedrich. Born July 13, 1783: 
 died Feb. 27, 1853. Grand duke of Oldenburg, 
 1829-53. 
 
 August, Wilhelm, Prince of Prussia. Bom 
 Aug. 9, 1722 : died June 12, 1758. A Prussian 
 general, brother of Frederick the Great. 
 Augusta (a-gus'ta). [L., fern, of Augustus, 
 which see.] A title conferred as a supreme 
 honor upon women of the Roman imperial 
 house. It was first born e by Livia, then by A ntonia, grand- 
 mother of Caligula, and first as consort of the emperor by 
 Agrippina, wife of Claudius. Later it was bestowed, with 
 tlieconsentof the emperor, upon others besides the consort 
 of the reigning Caesar. 
 
 Augusta (ou-gos'ta), Marie Luise Kathar- 
 ina. Born at Weimar, Germany, Sept. 30, 
 1811 : died at Berlin, Jan. 7, 1890. The second 
 daughter of Karl Friedrich, grand duke of 
 Saxe-Weimar, and Princess Maria Paulovna, 
 and wife (1829) of William I., afterward emperor 
 of Germany. 
 
 Augusta (a-gus'ta). The Roman town on the 
 site of London. 
 
 Augusta. See Agosta. 
 
 Augusta (a-gus'ta). The capital of Richmond 
 County, Georgia, situated on the Savannah, at 
 the head of navigation, in lat. 33° 28' N., long. 
 81° 54' W. It has a large cotton trade, and important 
 manufactures, especially of cotton, and is the seat of the 
 Medical College of Georgia. Itwas besieged and taken 
 by the American troops in 1781. Pop., 41,040, (1910). 
 Augusta. A village in Hancock County, Illi- 
 nois, 34 miles northeast of Quincy. 
 
 Augusta. The capital of Maine and of Kenne- 
 bec County, situated on the Kennebec, at the 
 head of navigation, in lat. 44° 19' N., long. 69° 
 
 50' W. It has manufactures of cotton, etc., and a United 
 States arsenal. Population, 13,211, (1910). 
 
 Augusta Auscorum (a-gus'ta as-ko'rum). 
 The ancient name of Auch in France, the capi- 
 tal of the Ausci (whence the name). 
 
 Augusta Emerita (e-mer'i-tji). The ancient 
 name of Merida, in Spain, “it was built in b. 0 . 23 
 
Augusta Emerita 
 
 by Publius Causius, the legate of Augustus, who colonized 
 it with the veterans of the 5th and 10th legions whose term 
 of service had expired ( emeriti \ whence the name]) at the 
 close of the Cantabrian war." Smith. 
 
 Augusta, Pretoria (pre-to'ri-a). The Roman 
 name of Aosta. 
 
 Augusta Rauracorum (ra-ra-ko'rum). The 
 Roman name of Augst, Switzerland. 
 
 Augusta Suessionmn (swes-i-6'num), or Sues- 
 sonum (swe-so'num). The Roman name of 
 
 Soissons. 
 
 Augusta Taurinorum (ta-ri-no'rum). The 
 Roman name of Turin, the capital of the Tau- 
 rini (whence the name). 
 
 Augusta Trevirorum (trev-i-ro'ram). The 
 Roman name of Treves, capital of the Treviri 
 (whence the name). 
 
 Augusta Trinobantum. See Londinium. 
 Augusta IJbiorum (u-bi-6'rum). A Roman 
 name of Cologne, named from the Ubii. 
 Augusta Veromanduorum (ver-o-man-du-o'- 
 rum). The Roman name of St. Quentin, in 
 France, the capital of the Veromandui (whence 
 the name). 
 
 Augusta Vindelicorum (vin-del-i-ko'mm). 
 The Roman name of Augsburg, the capital of 
 Vindelieia or Rlitetia Secunda. 
 
 Augusta Victoria. Born Oct. 22, 1858. Daugh- 
 ter of Duke Friedrich of Sehleswig-Holstein- 
 Sonderburg-Augustenburg, and empress of 
 Germany. 
 
 Augustan History, The. A collection (date 
 and authorship unknown) of lives of the Roman 
 emperors from Hadrian to Numerianus. The lives 
 bear the names of .Elms Spartianus, Julias Capitolinus, 
 Vulcacius Gallicanus, TrebeUius Pollio (all of whom wrote 
 as early as the time of Diocletian), dilius Lampridius, and 
 Flavius Vopiscus (early in the 4th century). 
 Augustenburg (ou-gos'ten-borG). A castle in 
 the island of Alsen, Schleswig-Holstein,whence 
 the house of Augustenburg was named. 
 Augustenburg Line. A branch of the royal 
 house of Denmark and Oldenburg founded by 
 Ernst Giinther (1609-89), son of Duke Alexan- 
 der (died 1627). To this line belong Caroline Amalie, 
 queen of Christian VIII. of Denmark, and the German 
 empress Augusta Victoria. 
 
 Augustin. See Augustine. 
 
 Augustina. See Agustina. 
 
 Augustine (a-gus'tin or a'gus-tin), Saint, L. 
 Aurelius Augustinus. Born at Tagaste, Nu- 
 midia, Nov. 13, 354 A. d. : died at Hippo, Nu- 
 midia, Aug. 28, 430. The most celebrated 
 father of the Latin Church. He was educated at 
 lladaura and Carthage ; taught rhetoric at Tagaste and 
 Carthage ; and removed to Borne in 383, and to Milan in 
 384, where he became a friend of Ambrose. Originally 
 a Manichean, he was converted to Christianity, largely 
 through the influence of his mother Monica, and was 
 baptized by Ambrose in 387 : in 395 he was made bishop 
 of Hippo. He was the champion of orthodoxy against 
 the Donatists and Pelagians. His most famous works are 
 his autobiography entitled “Confessiones" (397), and “De 
 Civitate Dei," “Of the City of God’’ (426). 
 
 Augustine, or Austin (as'tin), Saint. Died at 
 Canterbury, England, May 26, 604 A. D. A 
 Benedictine monk sent by Pope Gregory I. as 
 missionary to Kent in 597: surnamed “ The 
 Apostle of the Anglo-Saxons.” He became the 
 first archbishop of Canterbury about 600. 
 Augustine, Life of St. A series of seventeen 
 frescos byBenozzo Gozzoli (1465), in the choir 
 of San Agostino, in San Gimignano, Italy. The 
 finest are the “Death of Santa Monica” and 
 the “ Burial of St. Augustine.” 
 Augustodunum (a-gus-to-du'num). [L., ‘hill 
 of Augustus.’] The capital of the ancient 
 iEdui, on the site of the modern Autun. 
 Augustonemetum. The Roman name of the 
 modern Clermont, in France. 
 
 Augustoritum (a-gus-tor'i-tum). [L., ‘ford of 
 Augustus.’] The Roman name of the mod- 
 ern Limoges, the capital of the Lemorices, a 
 Gallic tribe. 
 
 Augustowo (ou-gos-to'vo), or Augustow (ou- 
 gos'tov). A town in the government of Su- 
 walki, Russian Poland, situated on a small 
 lake and on the Netta about lat. 53° 50' N., 
 long. 22° 58' E. Population, 13,800. 
 Augustulus (a-gus'tu-lus), Romulus. [L., ‘lit- 
 tle Augustus.’] The last Roman emperor of the 
 West, 475-476 a.d., son of Orestes who deposed 
 the emperor Julius Nepos, and seized the gov- 
 ernment of the empire, while he had the title of 
 emperor conferred on his son. Augustulus was com- 
 pelled by Odoacer to abdicate after the defeat and death of 
 his father at Pavia. “ ne was called Romulus from his ma- 
 ternal grandfather, a Count Romulus of Noricum, while 
 Augustus is known to have been a surname at Aquileia," 
 (Smith, Hist, of the World.) Augustus was popularly 
 changed to the diminutive Augustulus in derision of the 
 emperor’s youth. 
 
 96 
 
 Augustus (a-gus'tus). [L., ‘reverend,’ ‘ven- 
 erable,’ orig.,prob., ‘consecrated by augury.’] 
 A title conferred by the senate in 27 B. c. upon 
 Octavianus, the first Roman emperor, it was 
 assumed by succeeding emperors, at first on the sugges- 
 tion of the senate, but later as an official title. Until 
 the time of Marcus Aurelius, who bestowed it upon Lucius 
 Verus, and later upon Commodus, it was held only by 
 the reigning emperor. Under Diocletian the title was 
 held both by the emperor of the West and the emperor 
 of the East, their colleagues assuming the title of Caesar. 
 
 Augustus (Gaius Octavius, called later Oaius 
 Julius Caesar Octavianus). Born at Veli- 
 tras (?), Latium (or at Rome ?), Sept. 23, 63 
 b. c. : died at Nola, Campania, Aug. 19, 14 
 A. d. The first Roman emperor, son of C. Octa- 
 vius by Attia, daughter of Julia, the sister 
 of Julius Caesar, made by Julius Caesar his 
 chief heir. After Csesar’s death he went from Epi- 
 rus to Rome (spring of 44 B. C.); gained the influence of 
 Cicero, the senate, and the people against Antony ; was 
 reconciled with Antony, and formed with him and Lepidus 
 the second triumvirate in 43; took part in the proscrip- 
 tion of 43, and in the victory over Brutus and Cassius at 
 Philippi in 42 ; carried on the Perusian war 41-40 ; be- 
 came more closely allied with Antony (40), and ruler over 
 the West; renewed the triumvirate in 37 ; subdued Sex- 
 tus Pompey in 36 ; and defeated Antony and Cleopatra at 
 Actium in 31, remaining sole ruler of the Roman domin- 
 ion. In 28 he was made Princeps Senatus, and received 
 the title of “ Augustus ’’ in 27. Augustus preserved the 
 republican forms, but united in his own person the con- 
 sulai’, tribunician, proconsular, and other powers. His 
 generals carried on various wars in Spain, Africa, Germany, 
 etc., but the Roman advance in the last-named country re- 
 ceived a definite set-back through the defeat of Varus by 
 Arminius in 9 A. D. Under Augustus Roman literature 
 reached its highest point, and the temple of Janus was 
 closed. The birth of Jesus Christ also occurred in his reign. 
 Augustus, G. August (ou'gost). Born July 
 31, 1526: died Fob. 12, 1586. Elector of Sax- 
 ony 1553-86, brother of Maurice whom he suc- 
 ceeded. Originally a Calvinist, he was induced by his 
 wife Anna of Denmark to embrace Lutheranism, and was 
 one of the chief instruments in securing the adoption of 
 the “ Formula Concordias ” 1580. 
 
 Augustus II., G. August, Frederick, G. Fried- 
 rich (as Saxon elector, Frederick Augustus 
 
 1., G. Friedrich August). Born at Dresden, 
 May 12, 1670: died at Warsaw, Feb. 1, 1733. 
 Elector of Saxony 1694-1733, surnamed “The 
 Strong.” He was elected king of Poland 1697 ; joined 
 Peter the Great and Denmark against Charles XII. 1699 ; 
 invaded Livonia in the same year; was defeated by the 
 Swedes at Riga 1701 and at Klissow 1702 ; was deposed 
 from the Polish throne through the influence of Charles 
 XII. in 1704 ; and W'as reinstated in 1709, after the defeat 
 of Charles at Pultowa. 
 
 Augustus III.,G. August, Frederick, G. Fried- 
 rich (as Saxon elector, Frederick Augustus 
 
 11., G. Friedrich August). Born at Dresden, 
 Oct. 17, 1696: died at Dresden, Oct. 5, 1763. 
 Elector of Saxony, son of Augustus II. whom 
 he succeeded as elector in 1733: he was elected 
 king of Poland the same year. He supported 
 Prussia in the first Silesian war. In the second Silesian 
 war he sided with Austria, being compelled at its close 
 (Peace of Dresden, Dec. 25, 1745) to pay to Prussia a war 
 indemnity of one million rix-dollars. He became involved 
 in the third Silesian (or Seven Years’) war 1756-63 through 
 a secret treaty with Austria. The electorate during the 
 whole of the war was occupied by the Prussians. 
 
 Augustus Frederick. Born in London, Jan. 
 27, 1773 : died at Kensington, London, England, 
 April 21, 1843. Prince of Great Britain and 
 Ireland and Duke of Sussex, the sixth son of 
 George III. He was a patron of literature and art, and 
 president of the Royal Society 1830-39. 
 
 Augustus, Arch of. See Arch of Augustus. 
 Augustus and Livia, Temple of. A Roman 
 Corinthian temple in Vienne, France. It is hexa.- 
 style, pseudoperipteral, and placed on a raised basement 
 measuring 49.1 by 881 feet, with a flight of steps in front. 
 The height is 57 feet. The building was transformed into 
 a church in the middle ages, and injured, but is well re- 
 stored. 
 
 Aujila (a-je'la or ou-je'la). An oasis in the 
 Libyan desert, Africa, about lat. 29° N., on the 
 route between Egypt and Murzuk, noted for 
 its dates. 
 
 Auk (ak). A tribe of North American Indians 
 living in Stephens Passage and on Admiralty 
 and Douglas islands, Alaska. They number 
 about 279. See Koluschan. 
 
 Auld Lang Syne. A song by Burns, written 
 about 1789. 
 
 Auld Reekie (aid re'ki). Edinburgh: so named 
 because of its smokiness, or from the unclean- 
 liness of its streets. 
 
 Auld Robin Gray. A ballad by Lady Anne 
 Barnard, published in 1772. It was written to an 
 old Scottish tune, “ The Bridegroom grat,” which has been 
 superseded by a modern English air. (Grove.) She after- 
 ward wrote a second part in which Robin considerately 
 dies and Jeanie marries Jamie. 
 
 Aulia gens (a'li-a jenz). In ancient Rome, a 
 clan, probably plebeian, whose only family 
 name was Cerretanus. Q. Aulius Cerretanus 
 
 Aunis 
 
 held the consulship twice in the Samnite war, 
 323 and 319 B.c. 
 
 Aulic Council. In the old German Empire, the 
 personal council of the emperor, and one of 
 the two supreme courts of the empire which 
 decided without appeal, it was instituted about 
 1501, and organized under a definite constitution in 1559, 
 modified in 1654. It finally consisted of a president, a 
 vice-president, and eighteen councilors, six of whom were 
 Protestants : the unanimous vote of the latter could not 
 be set aside by the others. The Aulic Council ceased to 
 exist on the extinction of the German Empire in 1806. 
 The title is now given to the council of state of the em- 
 peror of Austria. 
 
 Aulich (ou'lich), Ludwig. Born at Presburg, 
 1795: died at. Arad, Oct. 6, 1849. A Hungarian 
 general in the revolution of 1848-49. He was 
 surrendered to the Austrians after the capitulation of 
 Vilagos Aug. 13, 1849, and was hung as a rebel. 
 
 Aulick (a'lik), John H. Born at Winchester, 
 Va., 1789 : died at Washington, D. C., April 27, 
 1873. An American naval officer. He entered the 
 navy as a midshipman 1809, commanded the Vincennes 
 1847 ; was for a time commander of the East India squad- 
 ron ; and was retired April 4, 1867, with the rank of com- 
 modore. 
 
 Aulintac (a-lin'tak). A tribe of North Amer- 
 ican Indians formerly inhabiting a village of 
 the same name under Santa Cruz Mission, Cali- 
 fornia. See Costanoan. 
 
 Aulis (a'lis). [Gr. AiMf.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a town on the eastern coast of Beeotia, 
 Greece, in lat. 38° 24' N. It was the rendez- 
 vous of the Greek fleet in the expedition against 
 Troy. 
 
 Aulne. See Avne. 
 
 Aulnoy, d’. See Aunoy, d’. 
 
 Aumale (6-mal'), in the middle ages Albamar- 
 la, E. Albemarle (al-be-marl'). A countship 
 of France, formed by William the Conqueror in 
 1070. It passed to various families, finally to that of Lor- 
 raine, and was created a duchy in 1547. By marriage it 
 passed to the house of Savoy, from whom it was purchased 
 by Louis XIV. in 1675 for his illegitimate son the Due du 
 Maine. 
 
 Aumale. A small town in the department of 
 Seine-Inferieure, on the Bresle, France, 37 miles 
 northeast of Rouen: the Roman Alba Marla, 
 Albamarla, or Aumalcum. Population, com- 
 mune, 2,417. 
 
 Aumale. A town in the province of Algiers, 
 Algeria, 58 miles southeast of Algiers. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 6,537. 
 
 Aumale, Due d’ (Claude de Lorraine). Born 
 1526: died 1573. A French Roman Catholic 
 partizan leader in the civil wars. 
 
 Aumale, Due d’ (Charles de Lorraine). Born 
 1556 : died 1631. One of the French Leaguers, 
 commander at the battles of Arques and Ivry, 
 son of Claude de Lorraine. 
 
 Aumale, Due d’(Henri Eugene Philippe Louis 
 d’Orleans). Born at Paris, Jan. 16, 1822: died 
 at Zucco, Sicily, May 7, 1897. The fifth son of 
 Louis Philippe. He served with distinction in the army 
 in Algeria 1840-47 ; was governor-general of Algeria 1847-48 ; 
 became a member of the Assembly 1871, and of the French 
 Academy ; and was appointed general of division in 1872. 
 In 1873 he was president of the Bazaine tribunal. In 1886 
 he was expelled from France. He published “Histoires 
 des Princes de Condf; ” (1869), “Institutions militaires de 
 la France” (1867), etc. 
 
 Aumont (o-mon'), Jean d’. Bom 1522: died 
 Aug. 19, 1595. A French general, appointed 
 marshal of France in 1579. He was one of the 
 first to recognize Henry IV., on the death of Henry III., 
 in 1589, and was made governor of Champagne and later 
 of Bretagne. He fought in the battles of Arques and 
 Ivry. 
 
 Aungervyle, Richard. See Bury , Richard de. 
 
 Aunoy (o-nwa'), or Aulnoyto-nwa'), Comtesse 
 d’ (Marie Catherine Jumelle de Berne- 
 ville). Born about 1650: died 1705. A French 
 writer of tales, romances, and memoirs, best 
 known from her fairy stories. She wrote “His- 
 toire d’Hippolyte, Comte "de Douglas” (1690), “Contes 
 des fees ” (1710), “Contes nonveaux’’ (1715), etc. Most of 
 her fairytales are borrowed from the “Nights” of Stra- 
 parola. 
 
 Among her works are the “Yellow Dwarf” and the 
 “ White Cat,” stories which no doubt she did not invent, 
 hut to which she has given their permanent and well- 
 known form. She wrote much else, memoirs and novels 
 which were bad imitations of the style of Madame de la 
 Fayette, hut her fairy tales alone are of value. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p, 326. 
 
 Aune, or Aulne (on). A river in Brittany, 
 France, which flows into the Roads of Brest. 
 Length, about 70 miles. 
 
 Aunis (o-nes'). The smallest of the ancient 
 governments of France, lying between Poitou 
 on the north and Saintonge on the south, and 
 principally comprised in the department of Cha- 
 rente-Inferieure. It was conquered by Louis 
 Vm. 1223-26. In general it shared the for- 
 tunes of Aquitaine. 
 
Aural 
 
 Aurai (o-ra'), or Ahurei (a-6-ra'). A seaport 
 on the island of Rapa (or Oparo), Austral 
 Islands, South Pacific, a coaling-station of the 
 Panama, New Zealand, and Sydney Line. It 
 is a French possession. 
 
 Aurangabad. [Hind. Aurangabad, city of Au- 
 rung-Zebe.] The headquarters of the division 
 and district of Aurangabad, in lat. 19° 53' N., 
 long. 75° 20' E., the former Mogul capital and 
 the favorite residence of Aurung-Zebe, now 
 partly in ruins. Population, 36,837. 
 Aurangabad (ou-rung-ga-bad'), or Aurenga- 
 bad, or Aurungabad. A. district in the Au- 
 rangabad division, Hyderabad state, British 
 India. Area, 6,172 square miles. Pop., 721,407. 
 Auray (o-ra'). A seaport in the department 
 of Morbihan, France, situated on the Auray 10 
 miles west of Yannes. Hear it is St. Anne, a place 
 of pilgrimage. It is an important center of oyster-cul- 
 ture. Population, commune, 6,665. 
 
 Auray, Battle of. A victory gained 1364 by 
 Jean Y. , duke of Brittany, and Sir J ohn Chandos 
 over the French under Charles de Blois and 
 Duguesclin. 
 
 Aurelia (a-re'lya). 1. In Marston’s “Malcon- 
 tent,” the duchess, a dissolute, proud woman, 
 whose character is depicted in Marston’s high- 
 est strain. — 2. A pretty but impertinent and 
 affected coquette in Dryden’s comedy “An 
 Evening’s Love, or The Mock Astrologer.” 
 Aurelia gens (a-re'lya jenz). In ancient Rome, 
 a plebeian elan or house whose family names 
 were Cotta, Orestes, and Scaurus. The first 
 member of this gens who obtained the consul- 
 ship was C. Aurelius Cotta (252 b. c.). 
 Aurelian (a-re'lyan) (Claudius Lucius Va- 
 lerius Domitius Aurelianus). Born probably 
 at Sirmium, Pannonia, about 212 a. d.: killed 
 near Byzantium, 275. Emperor of Rome 270-275. 
 He was of obscure birth, aud rose from the rank of a pri- 
 vate to the highest post in the army ; was designated by 
 Claudius as his successor ; and defeated the Alamantii 
 271, and Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, 272-273. He was 
 called by the senate the “ Restorer of the Roman Empire.” 
 
 Aurelian, Wall of. See Wall of Aurelian. 
 Aurelianus (a-re-li-a'nus), Cslius. Born per- 
 haps in Numidia : lived in the 2d century A. d. 
 A Roman physician, author of a treatise in 8 
 books on chronic and acute diseases. To the 
 former 3 books were devoted, and to the latter 5. 
 Aurelius, Marcus. See Marcus Aurelius. 
 Aurelius (a-re'lyus). An amorous squire in 
 Chaucer’s “Franklin’s Tale.” See Dorigen. 
 Aurelius Victor (vik'tor). A Roman historian 
 of the 4th century A. D. He was the author of a 
 brief history of the emperors (the “Csesares ”) to near the 
 end of the reign of Constantins, and, perhaps, of a so- 
 caUed “ Epitome ” in which the history is brought down to 
 the death of Theodosius I. A later, unknown hand added 
 to the “Csesares” the “Origo gentis Romanic " and the 
 “De viris illuslribus’ which have been ascribed to him. 
 
 Aurelle de Paladines (o-rel' de pa-la-den'), 
 Claude Michel Louis. Born at Malzieu, Lo- 
 z6re, France, Jan. 9, 1804: died at Versailles, 
 Dec. 17, 1877. A French general. He served in 
 Algeria and the Crimean war ; defeated the Germans 
 under Von der Tann near Coulmiers, Nov. 9, 1870; and 
 was defeated at Beaune-la-Rolande Nov. 28, and before 
 Orl4ans Dec. 2-4. 
 
 Aurengabad. See Aurangabad. 
 
 Aureng-Zebe, or The Great Mogul. A rimed 
 tragedy by Dryden, produced in 1675, read by 
 Charles II. in manuscript, and partly revised 
 by him. 
 
 Aurich (ou'rich). A governmental district of 
 the province of Hanover, Prussia. Population, 
 253,289. 
 
 Aurich. A town in the province of Hanover, 
 Prussia, in lat. 53° 28' N., long. 7° 27' E. : the 
 chief town of East Friesland. Population, 
 6,141. 
 
 Aurifaber (as L. a-ri-fa'ber, as G. ou-re-fa'- 
 ber) (Latinized from Goldschmied), Johann. 
 Bom at Breslau, Prussia, Jan. 30, 1517 : died 
 at Breslau, Oct. 19, 1568. A German Lutheran 
 divine, appointed professor of theology at 
 Rostock in 1550, on the recommendation of 
 Melanchthon. 
 
 Aurifaber (Latinized from Goldschmied), 
 Johann. Born 1519: died at Erfurt, Prussia, 
 Nov 18, 1575. A German Lutheran divine, a 
 friend and assistant of Luther, and editor of 
 his works. 
 
 Auriga (fi-ri'ga). [L., a charioteer; as con- 
 stellation, the Wagoner.] A northern constella- 
 tion, the Charioteer or Wagoner, containing the 
 splendid star Capella. It is supposed to represent a 
 charioteer kneeling in his vehicle. He is often represented 
 with a kid on his left shoulder, this being doubtless an 
 ancient constellation figure coincident in position with 
 the Charioteer. 
 
 0.-7 
 
 97 
 
 Aurigny (o-re-nye'). The French name of Al- 
 derney. 
 
 Aurillac (o-rel-yak'). The capital of the de- 
 partment of Cantal, France, situated on the 
 Jordanne in lat. 44° 56' N., long. 2° 25' E. 
 It has diversified manufactures and an active trade. 
 Annual horse-races occur here in May. Population, com- 
 mune, 17,772. 
 
 Aurinia (a-rin'i-a). The Roman name of Al- 
 derney. 
 
 Aurivillius (a-ri-vil'i-us, in G. pron. ou-re- 
 vel'le-os), Karl. Bom at Stockholm, 1717 : 
 died 1786. A Swedish Orientalist. 
 
 Auronzo (ou-ron'dzo). A commune in the 
 province of Belluno, Italy, near the Austrian 
 frontier 31 miles northeast of Belluno. Its 
 chief town is Viilagrande. 
 
 Aurora (a-ro'ra). [L., the dawn, the goddess 
 of the dawn, earlier *Ausosa, Gr. auj (Doric), 
 rjeig (Ionic), eug (Attic), the dawn, goddess of 
 dawn, Skt. ushas, *ushasd, dawn, from the root 
 wsft,burn.] In Roman mythology, the goddess of 
 the dawn : called Eos by the Greeks. The poets 
 represented her as rising out of the ocean in a 
 chariot, her rosy fingers dropping gentle dew. 
 Aurora. 1 . A fresco by Guido Reni, in the 
 Palazzo Rospigliosi, Rome. Aurora, scattering 
 flowers, advances before the chariot of Phoebus, who is 
 attended by the Hours. 
 
 2. A fresco by Guercino, on the ceiling of a 
 casino of the Villa Ludovisi, Rome. The dawn- 
 goddess advances through the air in a chariot, pursuing 
 the fleeing Night. The Hour3 scatter dew before her, and 
 genii flowers. 
 
 Aurora. A city in Kane County, Illinois, situ- 
 ated on the Fox River 39 miles west of Chicago. 
 It has railroad shops, and manufactures of ma- 
 chinery, flour, etc. Pop., 29,807, (1910). 
 Aurora. A manufacturing city in Dearborn 
 County, Indiana, situated on the Ohio River 
 22 miles southwest of Cincinnati. Population, 
 4,410, (1910). 
 
 Aurora Leigh (a-ro'ra le). A narrative poem 
 by Mrs. Browning, published in 1857, named 
 from its heroine. It was written at the Casa 
 Guidi in Florence. 
 
 Aurangabad. See Aurangabad. 
 
 Aurung-Zeb (a'rung-zeb'), or Aurang-Zebe, 
 or Aureng-Zebe. [Hind., ‘ornament of the 
 throne.’] Born Oct. 20, 1619 : died at Ahmed- 
 nugguv, Feb. 21, 1707. Emperor of Hindustan 
 1658-1707, surnamed “Alum-Geer” or “Alam- 
 Gir” (‘conqueror of the world’): third son of 
 the emperor Shah Jehan. He became governor of 
 Deccan in 1638, and usurped the throne in 1658, after 
 having murdered his two elder brothers Dard and Shuja 
 and imprisoned his father and younger brother. He incor- 
 porated the vassal states Bejapoor and Golconda in the 
 empire 1683-87, and is regarded by the Mussulmans of 
 India as one of their greatest monarchs, although his reli- 
 gious intolerance impaired the resources of the country. 
 Aurva (our'wa). In Hindu mythology, a rishi, 
 son of Urva, grandson of Bhrigu. in a persecu- 
 tion of his race, which did not spare even the unborn child, 
 Aurva Bhargava was miraculously preserved and brought 
 to birth. The fire of his wrath threatened to destroy the 
 world, when at the intercession of the manes of his an- 
 cestor he sent this fire into the ocean, where it has since 
 remained. 
 
 Au Sable (6 sa'bl). A river in Michigan which 
 flows into Lake Huron north of Saginaw Bay. 
 Au Sable. A small river in northeastern New 
 York which flows from the Adirondacks and 
 empties into Lake Champlain. 
 
 Au Sable Chasm. A deep, narrow, and pictur- 
 esque chasm formed by the Au Sable River 
 near Keeseville, New York. 
 
 Anscha (ou'sha). A small town in northern 
 Bohemia, east of Leitmeritz. 
 
 Auschwitz (ou'shvits), Pol. Oswiecim (os-vye- 
 at'sem). A town in Galicia, Austria-Hungary, 
 situated on the Sola 31 miles west of Cracow, 
 the seat of the Polish duchies of Auschwitz 
 andZatoruntil 1773. Population, 10,118, (1910). 
 Ausci (a'si), or Auscenses (fi-sen'sez). Am 
 Aquitanian tribe conquered by P. Crassus in 
 56 b. C. They gave name to Augusta Auscorum, 
 the modern Auch. 
 
 Ausonia (a-so'ni-a). In ancient geography, 
 the country of the Ausones, Italy, restricted in 
 historical times to a territory on the borders of 
 Campania and Latium ; poetically, the Italian 
 peninsula. 
 
 Ausonius (a-sd'ni-us), Decimus Magnus. Born 
 at Burdigala (Bordeaux, France) about 310 
 a. d. : died about 394. A Latin Christian poet 
 and man of letters. He was appointed tutor to Gra- 
 tianus, and later to political offices, including the consul- 
 ate (379). 
 
 Auspicius (a-spish'ius), Saint. Died about 474. 
 Bishop of Toul, said to have been one of the 
 most learned prelates of his time. An epistle 
 
 Austin, Stephen Fuller 
 
 in Latin verse addressed by him to Count Ar- 
 bogastes is extant. 
 
 Auspitz (ou'spits). A town in Moravia, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, 54 miles northeast of Vienna. 
 • Population, commune, 3,472, (1910). 
 
 Aussa (ou'sa). A place in Adal, eastern Africa, 
 about lat. 11° 30' N. 
 
 Aussee (ou'sa). A small town in Styria, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, on the head streams of the Traun 
 38 miles southeast of Salzburg. It has noted 
 salt-works, and is a watering-place. 
 
 Aussig (ou'sio), or Labem (la-bem'). A town 
 in Bohemia, situated at the junction of the 
 Biela and Elbe 44 miles north of Prague, it has 
 an important trade in coal, and manufactures of chemi- 
 cals, woolens, etc. Here, June 15, 1426, the Hussites de- 
 feated the Saxons. Population, commune, 39,255, (1910). 
 Austen (as'ten), Jane. Born at Steventon, 
 Hants, England, Dec. 16, 1775: died at Win- 
 chester, July 18, 1817. A famous English nov- 
 elist, daughter of George Austen, rector of 
 Deane and Steventon. she lived in Bath (1801), 
 Southampton (1805), Chawton near Alton (1809), and Win- 
 chester (May, 1817), and was buried in Winchester Cathe- 
 dral. Her works are “Sense and Sensibility" (published 
 1811), “Pride and Prejudice” (1813), “Mansfield Park” 
 (1814), “Emma” (1816), “Northanger Abbey ” (1818), “Per- 
 suasion ” (1818). Her letters were edited by Lord Bra- 
 bourne in 1881. 
 
 Auster (as'ter). [L.] The south wind. 
 Austerlitz (ous'ter-lits). A town in Moravia, 
 Austria-Hungary, situated on the Littawa 12 
 miles east of Briinn. Here, Dec. 2, 1805, the French 
 (about 60,000) under Napoleon (Soult, Lannes, Murat, 
 Bernadotte) overthrew the Russo-Austrian army (over 
 80,000) under Kutusotf : called the “Battle of Three Em- 
 perors,” from the presence of the emperors Alexander 1., 
 Francis, and Napoleon. The loss of the French was about 
 12,000; that of the Allies over 30,000. The battle was fol- 
 lowed by the Peace of Presburg between France and Aus- 
 tria. Population, commune, 3,666, (1910). 
 
 Austerlitz, Sun of. The bright sun which dis- 
 persed the clouds and mist on the morning of 
 the battle of Austerlitz, proverbial as a sym- 
 bol of good fortune. 
 
 Austin (as'tin), Alfred. \_Austin and Austen are 
 ult. contracted forms of Augustine.'] Born at 
 Headingley, near Leeds, May 30, 1835: died at 
 Ashford, Kent, June 2, 1913. An English poet, 
 critic, journalist, and lawyer. He was graduated 
 at the University of London in 1853; was called to the 
 bar at the Inner Temple in 1857 ; was correspondent at 
 Rome of the London “Standard” during the ecumenical 
 council of the Vatican in 1870, and at the headquarters of 
 the King of Prussia during the Franco-German war ; and 
 became editor of the “National Review ” on its establish- 
 ment in 1883. Among his works are “The Human Trag- 
 edy”(1862), “ Savonarola ” (1881), “ In Veronica’s Garden ” 
 (1895), “ Sacred and Profane Love ” (1908), etc. Appointed 
 laureate Dec., 1895. 
 
 Austin, Mrs. (Jane Goodwin). Born 1831: 
 died March 30, 1894. An American authoress. 
 She has published, among other works, “ Outpost ” (1866), 
 “Cipher” (1869), “A Nameless Nobleman ’’ (1881), “Nan- 
 tucket Scraps ” (1882). 
 
 Austin, John. Born at Creeling Mill, Suffolk, 
 March 3, 1790: died at Weybridge, in Surrey, 
 Dec., 1859. A noted English lawyer and writer 
 on jurisprudence, professor of jurisprudence at 
 the University of London (University College) 
 1826-32. He wrote “Province of Jurisprudence 
 Determined” (1832), “Lectures on Jurispru- 
 dence” (1861-63). 
 
 Austin, Jonathan Loring. Born at Boston, 
 Jan. 2, 1748: died at Boston, May 10, 1826. An 
 American Revolutionary patriot. He was sent to 
 Paris, 1777, with despatches to Dr. Franklin announcing 
 the surrender of General Burgoyne, and remained two 
 years with Franklin as his private secretary. 
 
 Austin, Moses. Born at Durham, Conn., about 
 1764 (?) : died June 10, 1821. An American 
 pioneer in Texas. He obtained about 1820 permission 
 from the Mexican government to establish in Texas an 
 American colony of 300 families, but died before the pro- 
 ject could be accomplished. The colony was, however, 
 founded by his son Stephen F. Austin. 
 
 Austin, Samuel. Born at New Haven, Conn., 
 Oct. 7, 1760: died at Glastonbury, Conn., Deo. 4, 
 1830. An American Congregational clergyman, 
 president of the University of Vermont 1815-21. 
 Austin, Mrs. (Sarah Taylor). Born at Nor- 
 wich, England, 1793: died at Weybridge, Surrey, 
 Aug. 8, 1867. An English writer, wife of John 
 Austin, best known as a translator from the 
 French and German (of Ranke, Guizot, Nie- 
 buhr, etc.). 
 
 Austin, Stephen Fuller. Born at Austinville, 
 Va., Nov. 3, 1793: died at Columbia, Tex., Dec. 
 25, 1836. The founder of the State of Texas, 
 son of Moses Austin. He established in 1821 the 
 colony contemplated by his father; was sent as a com- 
 missioner to Mexico, 1833, to urge the admission of Texas 
 into the Mexicim Union as a separate Stale, and was im- 
 prisoned there from February to June, 1834; and was 
 appointed in 1835 a commissioner to the United States to 
 secure the recognition of Texas as an independent State. 
 
Austin, William 
 
 98 
 
 Austrian Succession, War of tlie 
 
 Austin, William. Bom 1587: died Jan. 16, 
 1634. An English lawyer and writer on reli- 
 gious and miscellaneous subjects. His works, 
 published posthumously, are “ Devotionis Augustinianse 
 Flamma, or Certayne Devout, Godly, and Lerned Medita- 
 tions, etc." (1635), “Hsec Homo, wherein the Excellency of 
 the Creation of Woman is described by way of an Essay " 
 (1637), and a translation of Cicero’s “Cato Major.” 
 Austin, William. Born at Charlestown, Mass., 
 March 2, 1778 : died there, June 27, 1841. An 
 American lawyer and writer, author of the tale 
 “Peter Kugg, the Missing Man,” etc. 
 
 Austin. The capital of Mower County, Minne- 
 sota, situated on Cedar River 97 miles south of 
 St. Paul. Population, 6,960, (1910). 
 
 Austin. The capital of Lander County, Ne- 
 vada, 146 miles northeast of Carson City. Pop- 
 ulation, precincts 1 and 2, 755, (1910). 
 
 Austin. The capital of Texas and of Travis 
 County, situated on the Colorado River in lat. 
 30° 18' N., long. 97° 40' W. It is a railroad 
 center and the seat of a State university and 
 other institutions. Population, 29,860, (1910). 
 
 Austin Friars. The monastery of the Friars 
 Eremite of the order of St. Augustine, on the 
 north side of Broad street, Old London, founded 
 by Humphrey Bohun, earl of Hereford and 
 Essex, in 1253. The ground was considered especially 
 sacred, and the tombs were equal in beauty to those of 
 Westminster Abbey. Here were buried Hubert de Burgh ; 
 Edmund Blantagenet, half-brother of Richard II.; those 
 who fell in the battle of Barnet; Richard Fitz Alan, earl 
 of Arundel, beheaded 1397 ; the Earl of Oxford, beheaded 
 1463 ; and Edward Stafford, duke of Buckingham, be- 
 headed 1521. At the dissolution the spire was destroyed 
 and the monuments sold by the Marquis of Winchester. 
 The nave was walled up, and is now used as a church by 
 the Dutch residents of London. It was damaged by fire 
 in 1862. Little of the old church remains in the present 
 budding. The order is also called Augustinians. 
 Austral Islands (as'tral i'landz). See Tubuai 
 Islands. 
 
 Australasia (as-tra-la'slia or -zhji). [NL., 
 ‘southern Asia/ from L. australis , southern, 
 and Asia.'] A division of Oceanica, compris- 
 ing Australia, Papua, Tasmania, New Zealand, 
 New Caledonia, Bismarck Archipelago, and 
 some lesser islands ; often regarded as compris- 
 ing only the Australian colonies of Great Brit- 
 ain, including New Zealand, Tasmania, and 
 Fiji . sometimes equivalent to Oceanica. 
 Australasian Federation. The federal union 
 of the British Australian colonies. A national 
 convention at Sydney in 1891, under the presidency of Sir 
 Henry Parkes, adopted resolutions and drafted a “Bill to 
 constitute a Commonwealth of Australia. ’ Several years 
 of discussion followed, and the new Australian common- 
 *wealth was inaugurated on Jan. 1, 1901. 
 
 Australia (as-tra'lia), formerly New Holland. 
 [F. Australie, G. Australian, NL. Australia, 
 ‘Southland/ fromL. australis, south, southern.] 
 An island-continent and possession of Great 
 Britain, south of Asia, extending from lat. 10° 
 41' to 39° 8' S., and from long. 113° to 153° 30' E. 
 It is bordered by the Pacific on the east, by the Indian Ocean 
 on the northwest, west, and southwest, and is separated 
 from Papua by Torres Strait on the north, and from Tas- 
 mania by Bass Strait on the south. Its principal natural 
 features are mountains along the eastern and southern 
 coasts (Australian Alps, Blue Mountains, Liverpool Range, 
 etc.), the Murray River system in the southeast, the lake 
 district in the south, and extensive desert regions in the 
 interior. The chief products are wool, wheat, maize, and 
 other cereals, hay, cotton, sugar, wine, etc. It is also rich 
 in gold, silver, copper, and coal. Its political divisions are 
 the States forming the ★Commonwealth of Australia (con- 
 sisting of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South 
 Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania), the depend- 
 ency of British New Guinea, New Zealand, and the crown 
 colony of Fiji ; and its chief cities, Melbourne and Syd- 
 ney. In 1606 it was visited by Spanish and Dutch explorers, 
 and was explored by Cook 1770-77. The first settlement 
 was at Port Jackson in 1788. Gold was discovered in 
 1851. Among the explorers of Australia have been Bass, 
 Flinders, Oxley, Sturt, Eyre, Leichardt, Burke, Wills, 
 Stuart, Warburton, Forrest, Giles, etc. Area, 2,974,581 
 square miles. Population, excluding aborigines, 4,455,005. 
 
 The natives of Australia were all, when discovered, and 
 still (when uninfluenced by the teaching of missionaries) 
 remain, on much the same low level of civilisation. The 
 men, like the animals of this continent, appear in some 
 respects to belong to an older world than ours. They are 
 not only in an extremely rudimentary stage of material 
 culture, but they show few if any signs of ever having 
 been in a much higher condition. No people have less 
 settled homes ; destitute of the forms of agriculture prac- 
 tised by the natives of the other South Sea Islands, the 
 tribes wander over large expanses of country, urged by 
 the necessities of the chase, and attracted, now here, now 
 there, by the ripening of wild berries or by the presence 
 of edible roots. Houses they have none, and their tem- 
 porary shelters or gunyehs are of the rudest and most 
 fragile character. Nothing can more clearly demonstrate 
 their barbarous condition than the entire absence of 
 native pottery and of traces of ancient pottery in the soil. 
 They have scarcely made any progress in domesticating 
 animals. Their government is a democracy of the fight- 
 ing men, tempered by the dictates of Birraark or sorcer- 
 ers, and by the experience of the aged. Yet their social 
 
 customs, rules of marriage, and etiquette are of a com- 
 plexity apparently more ancient than even the similar 
 rules among North American Indians, Kaffirs, and Poly- 
 nesians. Lang, Myth., etc., II. 1. 
 
 Australian Alps. A mountain-range in the 
 eastern part of Victoria and New South Wales, 
 nearly parallel with the coast, containing the 
 highest point in Australia, Mount Kosciusko, 
 7,336 feet. 
 
 Australian Pyrenees. See Pyrenees, Austra- 
 lian. 
 
 Austrasia (as-tra'sia or -zia). [ML. , from OHG. 
 os tar, eastern. See Austria.] The eastern 
 kingdom of the Merovingian Franks from the 
 6th to the 8th century a. d. It embodied an 
 extensive region on both sides of the Rhine, 
 with Metz as its capital. 
 
 Austria (as ' tri -a). [G. Osterreicli, F. Au- 
 
 triche, ML. Austria; from OHG. Ostarrih, G. 
 Oesterreich, eastern kingdom.] 1. An arch- 
 duchy in the western part of Austria-Hungary, 
 comprising the crownlands of Upper and Lower 
 Austria (which see) : the nucleus of the Haps- 
 burg dominions. The emperorls its hereditary arch- 
 duke. It was originally the Ostmark formed by Charles 
 the Great 799, destroyed by the Magyars, reerected by 
 Henry I. in 928, and made a duchy in 1156. Until 1246 it 
 was under the Babenberg dynasty (which see), and came 
 under the rule of the Hapsburgs in 1282. Salzburg was 
 united with it administratively from 1814 until 1849. 
 
 2. The eastern division of the ancient Caro- 
 lingian kingdom of Italy, corresponding to the 
 later Venetia. — 3. The Cisleithan division of 
 Austria-Hungary, comprising Upper Austria, 
 Lower Austria, Salzburg, Tyrol and Vorarl- 
 berg, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Gorz and 
 Gradiska, Istria, Trieste, Bohemia, Moravia, 
 Silesia, Galicia, Bukowina, and Dalmatia. — 4. 
 The dominions of the house of Hapsburg, 
 called officially the Austro-Hungarian mon- 
 archy. See Austria-Hungary. — 5. Same as 
 
 * Austrasia. 
 
 Austria, Lower. [G. Nieder-Osterreich or 
 Osterreich-unter-der-Enns.] A crownland in 
 the Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, 
 forming the eastern portion of the archduchy 
 of Austria. It is bounded by Bohemia and Moravia 
 on the north, Hungary on the east, Styria on the south, 
 and Upper Austria on the west. It is mountainous in 
 the south, and is traversed by the Danube. The chief 
 city is Vienna. The prevailing language is German, and 
 the prevailing religion Roman Catholic. Area, 7,654 
 
 -^square miles. Population, 3,530,698, (1910). 
 
 Austria, Upper. [G. Ober-Osterreicli or 0s- 
 terreich-ob-der-Enns.] A crownland in the 
 Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, capi- 
 tal Linz, forming the western portion of the 
 archduchy of Austria, bounded by Bavaria and 
 Bohemia on the north, Lower Austria on the 
 east, Styria and Salzburg on the south, and 
 Bavaria and Salzburg on the west. It is moun- 
 tainous, especially in the south, and is traversed by the 
 Danube. The inhabitants are Germans, and the prevail- 
 ing religion is Roman Catholic. Area, 4,631 square miles. 
 Population, 852,667, (1910). 
 
 Austria, House of. See Hapsburg, House of. 
 
 Austria-Hungary (as'tri-a-hung'ga-ri) (offi- 
 cially, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; 
 loosely and popularly, Austria). [G. Oster- 
 reich-Ungarn, or Osterreichisch-Ungarische Mon- 
 archic.] An empire of Europe, capital Vienna, 
 one of the “Great Powers,” bounded by Ger- 
 many (partly separated from it by the Erz- 
 gebirge and Sudetie Mountains) and Rus- 
 sia (partly separated from it by the Vistula) 
 on the north, Russia and Rumania on the 
 east, Rumania (separated from it by the Car- 
 pathians), Servia (partly separated from it by 
 the Danube), and Montenegro on the south, 
 the Adriatic Sea and Italy (mainly separated 
 from it by the Alps) on the southwest, and 
 Switzerland and Germany (partly separated 
 from it by the Inn and the Bohmerwald) on 
 the west. It extends from lat. 42° to 51° N., and from 
 long. 9° 30' to 26° 20' E. Politically the monarchy is di- 
 vided into the Cisleithan division, comprising Upper 
 Austria, Lower Austria, Tyrol and Vorarlberg, Salzburg, 
 Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Kiistenland, Dalmatia, Bohe- 
 mia, Moravia, Silesia, Galicia, and Bukowina, which are 
 represented in the Reichsrath, which meets at Vienna, 
 and is composed of an Upper House, and a Lower House 
 of 516 members ; and the Transleithan division, compris- 
 ing Hungary (including Transylvania), Croatia-Slavonia, 
 and Fiume, represented at Budapest by the Diet, com- 
 posed of a House of Magnates, and a House of 453 Repre- 
 sentatives. Legislation for the monarchy as a whole is 
 vested in the Delegations (60 members from each of the 
 two parliaments). Bosnia and Herzegovina were an- 
 nexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908. The government is a 
 constitutional hereditary monarchy. The inhabitants 
 belong to various races whose relations are exceedingly 
 complicated. The Slavs (Czechs, Poles, Ruthenians, Slovaks, 
 Slovens, Servians, and Croatians) lead, numerically form- 
 ing about one half of the whole ; the Germans constitute 
 one fourth, the Magyars less than one sixth, and the Ru- 
 
 mans about one fifteenth. There are also Jews, Bul- 
 garians, Armenians, Italians, Gipsies, Ladins. The reli- 
 gion of the majority is Roman Catholic : there are several 
 millions of Protestants, and about an equal number be- 
 long to the Greek Church. The country produces grain 
 of all kinds (especially wheat), wine, beets, potatoes, 
 fruits, timber, hemp, flax, tobacco ; has manufactures of 
 iron, glass, cotton, linen, wool, and silk ; and is very rich 
 in mineral resources, including gold, silver, quicksilver, 
 iron, coal, lead, copper, salt, zinc, and coal. It is on the 
 whole unfavorably situated for commerce. The south 
 and west of Austria belonged to the Roman Empire. The 
 country was at various times overrun by the Goths, Huns, 
 Lombards, Avars, etc. The nucleus was the March of 
 Austria, which was erected by Charles the Great, remade 
 by Henry the Fowler, and constituted a duchy in 1156. 
 To this Styria was united in 1192. The Babenberg dynasty 
 (which see) was extinguished in 1246, and was followed 
 after some years by the Hapsburg line. (See Hapsburg.) Ru- 
 dolf of Hapsburgfthe ruler of various districts in Switzer- 
 land, Alsace, Swabia, and Breisgau) was elected emperor 
 of Germany in 1273. In 1282 he conferred Austria, Styria, 
 and Carniola (having wrested them from Ottocar II. of 
 Bohemia in 1276) upon his sons. Carinthia was acquired 
 in 1335, Tyrol in 1363, and Trieste in 1382. The continuous 
 line of Hapsburg emperors of Germany began in 1438. 
 Austria was made an archduchy in 1453. Bohemia, with 
 Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia, was added to the Hapsburg 
 dominions in 1526. In the same year began the rule of 
 the Hapsburgs in Hungary, at that time mainly in the 
 possession of the Turks, who were not completely dispos- 
 sessed until 1718. Austria took the leading part in the 
 Thirty Years' War, and at its close (1648) had to cede her 
 possessions in Alsace to France ; she also took part in the 
 W ar of the Spanish Succession, and acquired in 1714 the 
 Spanish (Austrian) Netherlands, Milan, Mantua, Naples, 
 and Sardinia (the latter was exchanged for Sicily in 1720). 
 By the treaties of 1735 and 1738 Naples and Sicily were 
 ceded to the Bourbons, part of northwestern Italy was 
 ceded to Sardinia, and Austria received Parma and Pia- 
 cenza. The accession of Maria Theresa in 1740 led to the 
 War of the Austrian Succession. The greater part of 
 Silesia was ceded to Prussia in 1742 ; and by the treaty of 
 1748 Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla were ceded to Don 
 Philip. Austria also took a leading part in the Seven 
 Years’ War. By the first partition of Poland, 1772, she 
 acquired Galicia and Lodomeria. Bukowina was acquired 
 in 1777, and Bavaria ceded the Innviertel in 1779. War 
 was waged with France 1792-97. By the treaty of Campo- 
 Formio, 1797, Austria lost the Austrian Netherlands and 
 Lombardy, but received Venice, Venetia, Istria, and Dal- 
 matia. N ew Galicia (afterward lost) was obtained in the 
 third partition of Poland, 1795. War with France was 
 carried on 1799-1801, resulting in the treaty of Luneville 
 (1801), by which the previous treaty was confirmed. Mem- 
 bers of the Hapsburg family received cessions in the ar- 
 rangements of 1803. The emperor Francis took the title 
 of “ Emperor of Austria” in 1804. A disastrous war with 
 France broke out in 1805, and Austria was forced to cede 
 (1805) Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Breisgau, various territories in 
 Swabia, etc., Venetia, Dalmatia, etc., to France and French 
 allies, and received Salzburg and Berchtesgaden. The 
 dissolution of the German Empire took place in 1806. War 
 with France again occurred in 1809, and Austria ceded 
 in the same year Carniola, Trieste, Croatia, part of Carin- 
 thia, etc., Saizburg, the Innviertel, etc., and part of Galicia, 
 to Napoleon. Austria joined the Allies against Napoleon in 
 1813. By the Congress of Vienna (1816) she regained many 
 of her former dominions, including Tyrol, the Illyrian 
 territories, Venetia, and Lombardy. She became the head 
 of the German Confederation (1815-66), a member of the 
 Holy Alliance, and a leader in the European reactionary 
 movement. Revolutionary movements in Austrian and 
 Italian dominions 1848-49 were repressed, and a rebellion 
 in Hungary which took place at the same time was sub- 
 dued with the aid of Russia. The Republic of Cracow 
 was annexed in 1846. By the war of 1859 against France 
 and Sardinia, Austria lost Lombardy and her influence in 
 Italy. She joined with Prussia in a war against Denmark 
 in 1864. In 1866 Prussia, in alliance with Italy, made war 
 upon Austria, and completely defeated her at Koniggratz. 
 She was obliged to retire from the Germanic Confedera- 
 tion and to cede Venetia to Italy. The formation of the 
 dual monarchy took place in 1867. In 1878 the adminis- 
 tration of Bosnia and Herzegovina was given to Austria- 
 Hungary, and they were annexed in 1908. In 1883 Austria 
 entered into the Triple Alliance with Germany and Italy. 
 Area, 261,035 square miles. Population, 49,965,239. 
 
 Austrian Hyena, The. A nickname given to 
 Julius Jakob von Haynau, from his cruelties in 
 Italy and Hungary. His flogging of women at the 
 capture of Brescia, and his severity to the defeated Hun- 
 garians in 1849, roused such indignation that he barely es- 
 caped with his life when on a visit to the brewery of 
 Barclay and Perkins, London. 
 
 Austrian Rigi. A name sometimes given to 
 the Sehafberg in Austria. 
 
 Austrian Succession, War of the. The war 
 between Austria aud England on the one side, 
 and France, Bavaria, Prussia, Spain, Sar- 
 dinia, etc., on the other, which broke out on 
 the succession of Maria Theresa (daughter of 
 the emperor Charles VI.) to the Austrian lands 
 in 1740. The states whose adhesion to the Pragmatic 
 Sanction (which see) Charles VI. had secured took up 
 arms to despoil Maria Theresa of her dominions. The 
 conflict with Prussia which was terminated in 1742 is 
 known as the first Silesian war (which see). England be- 
 came allied with Austria 1741, and King George II. de- 
 feated the French at Dettingen 1743. The second Silesian 
 war, in which Saxony, originally the ally of Prussia, 
 joined Austria, followed in 1744-45. French victories 
 were gained at Fontenoy 1746, Raucoux 1746, and Lawfeld 
 1747. The American phase of the war between England 
 and France is known as King George's war. The ex- 
 pedition of the Young Pretender in Scotland and Eng- 
 land 1745-46 was a diversion in the French favor. Russia 
 joined Austria in 1747. The war was ended by the Peace 
 of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748, and a mutual restitution of con- 
 
Austrian Succession, War of the 
 
 quests, except in regard to Austria, which came out of 
 the struggle with the loss of Silesia, as well as of Parma 
 and Piacenza. 
 
 Austrian Switzerland. A name sometimes 
 given to the Salzkammergut in Austria, on ac- 
 count of its picturesque scenery. 
 Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.' [G. Osterreicli- 
 isch-Ungarische Monarchic .] The official name 
 (since 1867) of Austria-Hungary. 
 Austro-Prussian War. See Seven Weeks’ War. 
 Austro-Sardinian War. See Italian War of 
 1859. 
 
 Auteuil (o-tey'). A former village, now a 
 portion of Paris, situated on the right bank of 
 the Seine east of Boulogne, noted as the place 
 of residence of Boileau, Moliere, Helvetius, 
 Talleyrand, Thiers, and other distinguished 
 people. 
 
 Authentic Doctor, The. A title given to the 
 schoolman Gregory of Bimini (died 1358). 
 Author (a'thor), The. A comedy by Foote, 
 produced and printed in 1757. See Cadwallader. 
 Author’s Farce, The. A play by Fielding, 
 produced in 1730, and revived in 1734, with 
 amusing ridicule of the Cibbers. 
 
 Autire (ou-ti-ra'), or Hoteday (ho-te-da'). A 
 tribe or division of North American Indians 
 which lived in the valley of the Shasta River, 
 California. In 1851 it had 19 villages with an 
 estimated population of 1,140. See Sastean. 
 Autocrat of the Breakfast-table, The. A 
 series of papers by Oliver Wendell Holmes, 
 published serially in the first twelve numbers 
 of the “Atlantic Monthly,” and together in 
 1858. The autocrat (Holmes himself) discourses on mat- 
 ters in general with a genial philosophy from his position 
 at a hoarding-house breakfast-table. He used this signa- 
 ture also in other works. 
 
 Autodidactus (ato-di-dak'tus), The, or the 
 Natural Man. [Ar. Hai-Ibn-yoqtdn ; L. anto- 
 didactus, ‘self-taught.’] A psychological ro- 
 mance by the Arabian philosopher Ibn-Tofail 
 (died 1188). In it the author “ supposes a child thrown 
 upon a desert island at its birth, and there growing to man- 
 hood, who comes by himself to the knowledge of nature, 
 not only in its physical but also in its metaphysical aspect, 
 and even of God.” A Latin translation was published in 
 Europe by the English Orientalist Edward Pococke under 
 the title “ Philosophus Autodidactus ” (1671). It was trans- 
 lated into English by S. Ockley (1711), and into German 
 by J. G. P. (Prilius), 1726. 
 
 Autolycus (a-tol'i-kus). [Gr. ’KvtoIvko^.'] Born 
 at Pitane, in Hlolis : lived about 350 B. c. A 
 Greek astronomer, author of treatises “On the 
 Motion of the Sphere” and “On Fixed Stars.” 
 Autolycus. In Greek legend, a son of Hermes 
 (or Dtedalion) and Chione, and father of Anti- 
 cleia, the mother of Odysseus. He was a famous 
 thief, and possessed the power of making himself and the 
 things that he stole invisible, or of giving them new forms. 
 Autolycus. In Shakspere’s “Winter’s Tale,” 
 a witty thieving peddler, a “snapper up of un- 
 considered trifles.” He indulges in grotesque 
 self-raillery and droll soliloquizing on his own 
 sins. 
 
 Automedon (a-tom'e-don). [Gr. Avro/ieduv.} 
 In Greek legend, the son of Diores, and, ac- 
 cording to Homer, the comrade and charioteer 
 of Achilles. In another account, he had an indepen- 
 dent command of ten ships in the Trojan war. Vergil 
 makes him the companion in arms of Pyrrhus, son of 
 Achilles. 
 
 Autran (d-tron'), Joseph Antoine. Born at 
 Marseilles, June, 1813: died there, March 6, 
 1877. A French poet, author of “La Fille 
 d’Eschyle,” a tragedy which gained him a seat 
 in the Academy. 
 
 Autriche (6-tresh'). The French name of 
 Austria. 
 
 Autricum (a'tri-kum). The Roman name of 
 a town of the Celtic Carnutes: the modern 
 Chartres. 
 
 Autronia gens (a-tro'ni-a jenz). In ancient 
 Rome, a clan or house whose only known 
 family name is Pajtus. The first member of this 
 gens who obtained the consulate was P. Autronius Peetus, 
 65 B. C. 
 
 Autun (o-tun'). A city in the department of 
 Sadne-et-Loire, France, situated on the Ar- 
 roux 42 miles southwest of Dijon: the ancient 
 Augustodunum (whence the name), it contains 
 many Roman antiquities, the medieval Cathedral of St. 
 Lazare, theological seminaries, and collections, and has 
 varied manufactures and some trade. The Roman town, 
 which was the seat of a noted school of rhetoric, was de- 
 stroyed by Tetricus in 270, and rebuilt by Constantius 
 Chlorus and Constantine : later it was sacked by northern 
 invaders, Saracens, Normans, etc. The cathedral is in 
 great part early Romanesque, with fine western pyramid- 
 capped towers flanking a beautiful porch of two bays, in 
 which opens the round-arched portal, with an impressive 
 bast Judgment in its tympanum. The ornamental details 
 of the interior are largely copied from the local Roman 
 remains. There is a lofty 15th-century spire at the cross- 
 
 99 
 
 ing ; its great stone pyramid is hollow from base to apex. 
 Among the Roman remains are the Porte d'Arroux, a 
 Roman gateway of fine masonry, with two large arches 
 Hanked by small ones, and surmounted by an arcade of 
 high, narrow arches between Corinthian pilasters ; the 
 Porte St. Andrti, a Roman gateway of similar character to 
 the Porte d’Arroux, but more massive, with two large and 
 two small arches below, and an upper arcade of ten arches 
 displaying Ionic pilasters; and the temple of Janus, so 
 called, a massive square Roman tower, in reality a defen- 
 sive outwork of the ancient fortifications. It has two 
 tiers of openings. Population, commune, 15,479. 
 
 But the special glory of which Autun was specially to 
 boast itself, the possession of the Flavian name, has ut- 
 terly passed away ; but for the witness of Eumenius itself, 
 the world might have wholly forgotten that Autun had 
 ever borne it. Autun has been for ages as little used to 
 the name Flavia as Trier has been used to the name of 
 Augusta. Freeman, Hist. Essays, 4th ser., p. 97. 
 
 Autunois (o-tii-nwa/). A former division of 
 Burgundy, corresponding in general to the mod- 
 ern department of Saone-et-Loire and part of 
 Cote-d’Or. 
 
 Auvergne (o-varny'). [From Arverni .] An 
 ancient government of France. It was bounded 
 by Bourbonnais on the north, Lyonnais on the east, Lan- 
 guedoc on the southeast, Guienne on the southwest, and 
 Limousin and Marche on the west ; corresponding to the 
 departments of Puy-de-Ddme and Cantal, and part of 
 Haute-Loire. Capital, Clermont. It was a county and 
 then a duchy, and was finally united to the French crown 
 in 1532. 
 
 Auvergne, Countess of. A minor character in 
 Shakspere’s “Henry VI.,” part 1. 
 
 Auvergne, Mountains of. A branch of the 
 Oevennes Mountains, situated chiefly in the de- 
 partments of Cantal and Puy-de-Dome, France. 
 They are volcanic ip structure. The chief peaks are Puy- 
 de-Sancy (6,185 feet high), Plomb du Cantal, and Puy-de- 
 Ddme. 
 
 Auverney (5-ver-ne'), Victor d’. A pseudo- 
 nym used by Victor Hugo about 1829. 
 
 Aux Cayes. See Cages. 
 
 Auxentius (aks-en'shius). Died 374. An Arlan 
 bishop of Milan 355-374, who was condemned by 
 the synod held at Rome 370, although he en- 
 joyed the favor of the imperial court. He sus- 
 tained himself iu his see till his death. 
 
 Auxerre (o-sar'). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Yonne, France, situated on the Yonne 
 in lat. 47° 48' N., long. 3° 32' E.: the Roman 
 Autissiodurum (whence the name), a town of 
 the Senones; later the capital of the ancient 
 Auxerrois. It is noted for its wines, and has varied 
 manufactures. The cathedral of Auxerre is a beautiful 
 13th-century building with some later modifications. 
 The transepts have magnificent portals and great traceried 
 windows. The piers of the portals of the fasade are cov- 
 ered with panels bearing reliefs of Old Testament sub- 
 jects, and the interior is beautifully proportioned and or- 
 namented. It possesses splendid medieval glass. The 
 length is 330 feet, the height of vaulting 92 feet. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 20,931. 
 
 Auxerrois (o-sar-wa'). An ancient county of 
 France, capital Auxerre, formerly part of the 
 duchy of Burgundy. It was incorporated in 
 France under Louis XI. 
 
 Auxois (o-swa/). A medieval eountsliip in 
 Burgundy, corresponding to the arrondissement 
 of Avallon in the department of Yonne and the 
 arrondissement of S4mur in the department of 
 Cote-d’Or. 
 
 Auxonne (o-son'). A town in the department 
 of Cote-d’Or, France, on the Saone 20 miles 
 southeast of Dijon, strongly fortified by Vau- 
 bau. Population, commune, 6,307. 
 
 Auxonnois (o-son-wii'). A former small district 
 of France, whose capital was Auxonne. 
 
 Auzout (o-zo'), Adrien. Died 1691. A French 
 mathematician, astronomer, and maker of tel- 
 escopes, inventor of the filar micrometer. 
 
 Auzoux, Theodore Louis. Born at Saint A.u- 
 bin d’Escroville in 1797 : died at Paris, May 7, 
 1880. AFrench physician, inventor of a method 
 of making paste models of anatomical prepara- 
 tions. 
 
 Ava (a/ va). The former capital of Burma, sit- 
 uated on the Irawadi in lat. 21° 52' N., long. 
 96° 1' E. : now largely in ruins. 
 
 Avallenau, The. [Poem ‘of the apple-trees.’ 
 See quotation under Avalon .] A poem ascribed 
 to the ancient Merlin. “The poem ia considered by 
 Mr. Stephens to be founded on a tradition of seven score 
 chiefs who were changed to sprites in the Wood of Celyd- 
 don, to have been written in the latter part of the reign 
 of Owain Gwynedd, and to contain distinct historical allu- 
 sion to affairs of the years 1165-1170. It includes also a 
 notion of the return of Cadwallader, which was one of the 
 inventions of Geoffrey of Monmouth, set afloat by the 
 wide popularity of his fictitious history. Apple-trees were 
 chosen by the poet because, after Geoffrey's history ap- 
 peared, Fairy land was known among the bards as Ynys 
 yr Avallon, the Island of the Apple-trees, which English 
 romancists, not knowing the meaning of Avallon, or not 
 being so much impressed as the Welsh by the beauty 
 of a blossoming apple-orchard, called ‘ the woody isle of 
 Avalon.’” Morley, Eng. Writers, III. 256. 
 
 Avedik 
 
 Avallon (a-val-lon'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Yonne, France, on the Cousin 27 miles 
 southeast of Auxerre : the Roman Aballo. Gives 
 name to a red Burgundy wine. Population, 
 commune, 5,848. 
 
 Avalokiteshvara (a " va - 16 - ki - tash ' wa - ra) . 
 [Skt. , ‘ the Lord who looks down from on high.’] 
 One of the two Bodhisattvas (see that word), the 
 other being Manjushri, who had become objects 
 of worship among the followers of the Great Ve- 
 hicle at least as early as 400 a. d. They are not 
 mentioned iu the Pitakas, or in the Lalita Vistara, or in 
 the older Nepalese and Tibetan books, and are the inven- 
 tion of Buddhists seeking gods to replace those of the 
 Hindu Pantheon. Avalokiteshvara is the personification 
 of power, the merciful protector of the world and of men. 
 Somewhat later his power was separated from his pro- 
 tecting care, and the former more specially personified as 
 the Bodhisattva Vajradhara, ‘the bearer of the thunder- 
 bolt,’ or Vajrapani, ‘ he who has the thunderbolt in his 
 hand,’ both formerly epithets of Indra. This new being, 
 with the other two Bodhisattvas, forms the earliest triad 
 of northern Buddhism, Vajrapani being the Jupiter To- 
 nans, Manjushri the deified teacher, and Avalokiteshvara 
 the spirit of the Buddhas present in the church. These be- 
 ings and one or two other less conspicuous Bodhisattvas 
 had become practically gods, though the original teach- 
 ing of Gautama knew nothing of God, taught that Arahats 
 were better than gods, and acknowledged no form of 
 prayer. 
 
 Avalon (av'a-lon), or Avallon, or Avelion 
 
 (a-vel'iou), or Avilion (a-vil'ion). [W. Ynys 
 yr Afallon, island of apples.] In Celtic my- 
 thology, the Land of the Blessed, or Isle of 
 Souls, an earthly paradise in the western seas. 
 The great heroes, such as Arthur and Ogierle Dane, were 
 carried there at death, and the fairy Morgana or Morgan 
 le Fay holds her court there. It is often called the Vale 
 of Avalon or Avilion. 
 
 Of all the qualities of Tir Tail ngire abundance of apples, 
 the only important fruit known to the northern nations, 
 seems to have been the only one which conveyed the high- 
 est notion of enjoyment. Hence the soul-kingdom was 
 called by the Welsh the island of apples, Ynys yr Avallon , 
 and sometimes Ynysvitrin or Ynysgutrin , Glass Island, 
 a name which identifies it with the Teutonic Glasberg. 
 When these names passed into other languages untrans- 
 lated, so that their meaning became obscured or forgot- 
 ten, the kingdom of the, dead was localized at Glastonbury, 
 the Anglo-Saxon Glaestinga burh. There, according to 
 legend, Arthur lies buried ; but another popular tradition 
 has it that he was carried away to the island of Avallon by 
 his sister the fairy Morgana, the Morgue la Fae of French 
 Romance. ... In the romance of Ogier le Danois, when 
 Ogier, who Morgue la Fae determines shall be her lover, 
 arrives at the palace of Avallon, he finds there besides 
 Morgana her brother King Arthur, and her brother Aube- 
 ron, the Oberon of fairy romance, and Mallabron, a sprite 
 of the sea. Encyc. Brit. (9th ed.), V. 325. 
 
 Avalon Peninsula (av'a-lon pe-nin'su-lii). 
 The peninsula at the southeastern extremity ’of 
 Newfoundland, on which St. John’s is situated, 
 connected with the rest of the island by a nar- 
 row isthmus. 
 
 Avalos, Ferdinando Francesco d’. See Pes- 
 cara, Marquis of. 
 
 Avalos, Gil Bainirez de. See Davalos. 
 
 Avare, L’. [F., ‘the miser.’] A comedy by 
 
 Moliere, produced in 1668. The plot was borrowed 
 from the “ Aulularia” of Plautus. Fielding founded his 
 il Miser” upon it. 
 
 Avaricum (a-var'i-kum). The RomaD name of 
 the chief city of the Bituriges, a Gallic tribe : 
 the modern Bourges, capital of the department 
 of Cher. 
 
 Avars (a'varz). 1. A people of Ural-Altaic 
 stock, allied to the Huns, who appeared on the 
 Danube about 555 A. d., and settled in Dacia. 
 They aided Justinian, and later assisted the Lombards 
 against the Gepid® ; occupied Pannonia, and later Dalma- 
 tia, and invaded Germany, Italy, and the Balkan Penin- 
 sula. Their power was broken by Charles the Great about 
 796, and they disappeared with the establishment of the 
 Moravians and Magyars. 
 
 2. A people, probably allied to tbe Lesghians, 
 who dwell in Daghestan. 
 
 Avasaxa (a-vii-sak'sa). A mountain in Fin- 
 land, near Tornefi, resorted to by tourists in 
 summer on account of the view obtained there 
 of tbe midnight sun. 
 
 Avatcha (a-va'cka), or Avatchinskaya (a-va- 
 chen'ska-ya). A volcano in Kamtcbatka, in 
 lat. 53° 15' N., long. 158° 50' E., about 8,000 
 feet high. 
 
 Avatcha Bay. A bay on the eastern coast of 
 Kamtcbatka, on which Petropaulovsk is situ- 
 ated. 
 
 Avebury (a'ber-i), or Abury (a'ber-i). A small 
 village in Wiltshire, England, 6 miles wost of 
 Marlborough, noted for its megalitkic antiqui- 
 ties. Near by is the barrow called Silbury 
 Hill. 
 
 Avedik (av'e-dik). Lived about 1700. A pa- 
 triarch of Armenia who, at the instance of the 
 French ambassador, was deposed by the Porte 
 and exiled to Chios. See the extract. 
 
Avedik 
 
 Hammer mentions the banishment of the Armenian pa- 
 triarch to Chios, for opposing the influence of France, and 
 asserts that he was kidnapped by order of the French am- 
 bassador, and carried to the isle of St. Marguerite, near 
 Antibes, where he died. But it appeal's that this patri- 
 arch, whose name was Avedik, was not in reality taken to 
 St. Marguerite, but was secretly transported from Mar- 
 seilles to the abbey of Mont St. Michel, where he was in- 
 trusted to the safe keeping and zealous teaching of the 
 monks, in whose custody he remained completely secluded 
 from the world for three years. He was then removed to 
 the Bastille. The terror of imprisonment for life in that 
 celebrated place overcame hi? fortitude, and he declared 
 himself a convert to Catholicism, yet he was detained in 
 France until his death. The complaints of the sultan 
 against this outrage on the law of nations caused the 
 French ambassador at Constantinople to deny the transac- 
 tion, and he even attempted to persuade the Porte that 
 the Spaniards were the man-stealers who had kidnapped 
 the unfortunate Avedik. At last, to avoid a rupture with 
 Turkey, Louis XIV. formally announced that Avedik was 
 dead, though he was still languishing in a French prison. 
 
 Finlay, Hist. Greece, V. 239, note. 
 
 Aveiro (a-va'ro). A district in the northwest- 
 ern part of the province of Beira, Portugal. 
 Population, 303,169. 
 
 Aveiro. A seaport, capital of the district of 
 Aveiro, situated at the mouth of the Vouga 35 
 miles south of Oporto. Population, 9,979. 
 Aveiro, Duke of (Jose Mascarenhas). Born 
 1708: executed Jan. 13, 1759. A Portuguese 
 nobleman, condemned to death for alleged par- 
 ticipation in the attempted murder of the king 
 in 1758. 
 
 Ave-Lallemant (a-va'lal-inon'), Robert 
 Christian Berthold. Born at Liibeek, July 
 25, 1812 : died there, Oct. 10, 1884. A German 
 traveler in South America. 
 
 Aveline (av-len'), Le sieur. A pseudonym of 
 Voltaire. 
 
 Avellaneda (a-va-lya-na'THa), Alonso Fer- 
 nandes de. The name assumed by the writer 
 of a spurious “second volume of the Ingenious 
 Knight Don Quixote de la Mancha,” which ap- 
 peared in 1614 before the genuine “second 
 part” by Cervantes was published. Its author- 
 ship has been assigned to Luis de Aliaga, the king's con- 
 fessor, and also to Juan Blanco de i'az, a Dominican 
 friar. The book contains vulgar abuse of Cervantes, and 
 is in turn ridiculed by him in the later chapters of “ Don 
 Quixote.’’ 
 
 Avellaneda y Arteaga (a-va-lya-na'THa e ar- 
 ta-a'ga), Gertrudis Gomez de. Bornin Puerto 
 Principe, Cuba, March 23, 1814: died in Madrid, 
 Feb. 2, 1873. A Cuban authoress. Most of her 
 life was passed in Spain, where she was twice married. 
 Her lyrics are greatly admired. She wrote several sue- 
 cessful dramas. Of her novels the best-known are “Dos 
 Mujeres,” “Espatolino,” and “ El Mulato Sab,” a kind of 
 Cuban “ Uncle Tom’s ( abin.” Some of her works are pub- 
 lished over the pseudonym “La Peregrina.” 
 Avellaneda, Nicolas. Born in Tucuman, Oct. 
 1, 1836: died Dee. 26, 1885. An Argentine 
 statesman, journalist, and author of several 
 historical and economical works. He was profes- 
 sor of political economy in the University of Buenos Ayres, 
 minister of public instruction during the administration 
 of Sarmiento, 1868-74, and succeeded that statesman as 
 president of Argentina, 1874-80. 
 
 Avellino (a-vel-le' no), formerly PrincipatoUl- 
 teriore (prin-che-pa'to ol-ta-re-o're). A prov- 
 ince in Campania, Italy. Area, 1,172 square 
 miles. Population, 408,377. 
 
 Avellino. The capital of the province of Avel- 
 lino, 29 miles northeast of Naples, celebrated 
 for its hazel-nuts and chestnuts : the seat of a 
 bishopric. It retains the name, hut is not on the exact 
 site, of the ancient Abellinum, a city of the Hirpini de- 
 stroyed in the wars of the Greeks and Lombards. It has 
 several times been damaged by earthquakes. Population, 
 commune, 23,760. 
 
 Avellino, Francesco Maria. Born at Naples, 
 Aug. 14, 1788: died Jan. 10, 1850. An Italian 
 archaeologist and numismatist. He became pro- 
 fessor of Greek in the University of Naples in 181ft, direc- 
 tor of the Museo Borbonico in 1839, and was editor of 
 “ Bollettino archeologico Napolitano ” 1843-48. 
 Avenare. See Abraham ben Heir ibn Ezra. 
 Avenbrugger. See Aucnbrugger. 
 
 Avenches (a-vonsh'), G. Wifflisburg (vif'lis- 
 bora). A town in the canton of Vaud, Swit- 
 zerland, 7 miles northwest of Fribourg: the 
 Roman Aventicum, the ancient capital of the 
 Helvetii. It has remains of an amphitheater, various 
 other Roman relics (including a Corinthian column), and 
 a castle. 
 
 Avenel (av'nel), Mary. One of the principal 
 characters in Sir Walter Scott’s novel “The 
 Monastery,” the wife of Halbert Glendinning. 
 She reappears in “ The Abbot.” 
 
 Avenel, Julian. The usurper of Avenel Cas- 
 tle and the uncle of Mary Avenel in Scott’s 
 novel “The Monastery.” 
 
 Avenel, Knight of. See Glendinning, Hal- 
 bert. 
 
 100 
 
 Avenio (a-ve'nio). The Roman name of a town 
 of the Cavares, in Gallia Narbonensis : the mod- 
 ern Avignon. 
 
 Aventine (av'en-tin). [L. Hons Aventinus, It. 
 Monte Aventino .] The farthest south of the 
 
 seven hills of ancient Rome, rising on the left 
 bank of the Tiber, south of the Palatine. 
 Below it to the northeast lay the Circus Maximus, and to 
 the east the thermae of Caracalla. 
 
 Aventinus (av-en-ti'nus) (originally Thur- 
 mayr, Johannes). Born at Abensberg, Ba- 
 varia, 1477 (?): died at Ratisbon, Bavaria, Jan. 
 9, 1534. A Bavarian historian, author of “An- 
 nalium Boiorum libri VII.,” etc. 
 
 Averell (a've-rel), William Woods. Born at 
 Cameron, Steuben County, N. Y., Nov. 5, 1832: 
 died at Bath, N. Y., Feb. 3, 1900. Au American 
 general and inventor. He was graduated at West 
 Point in 1855; distinguished himself during the Civil War 
 as a leader of cavalry raids in Virginia 1863 ami 1864; and 
 resigned May 18, 1866, with the brevet rank of major-gen- 
 eral. Among his inventions are a process of manufac- 
 turing cast-steel directly from the ore, an asphalt pave- 
 ment, and various electrical appliances. 
 
 Averno (a-ver'no), L. lacus Avernus (a-ver'- 
 
 nus). [Gr. ’’Aopvog Xigvrj, lit. ‘the birdless lake’: 
 it being said that its exhalations killed the 
 birds flying over it. But this is prob. a popular 
 etym. due to the accidental resemblance of the 
 name to the Gr. aogvnc, birdless.] A small lake 
 in Campania, Italy, 9 miles west of Naples, 
 anciently believed to be the entrance to the 
 infernal regions. Its circumference is nearly 
 2 miles, and it is about 200 feet deep. 
 Averroes (a-ver'6-ez), or Averrhoes (Abul 
 Walid Mohammed hen Ahmed ibn Roshd). 
 Born at Cordova about 1126 (1120 ?): died at 
 Morocco, Dec. 12, 1198. A distinguished Spanish- 
 Arabian philosopher, physician, and commen- 
 tator on Aristotle. He belonged to a noted family of 
 jurists, and himself held judicial positions. His works 
 are numerous, and cover the fields of medicine, philoso- 
 phy, natural history, astronomy, ethics, mathematics, and 
 jurisprudence. Many of them were translated into Latin 
 and Hebrew. 
 
 Avers (a'vers),or Averser Thai (a'ver-sertal). 
 An alpine valley in the southern part of the 
 canton of Grisons, Switzerland, west of the Up- 
 per Engadine : a tributary to the valley of the 
 Hinter-Rhein. 
 
 Aversa (a-ver'sa). A town in the province of 
 Caserta, Italy, 9 miles north of Naples, noted 
 for its white wine and fruits. It was founded by 
 the Normans, about 1029, near the site of the ancient 
 Atella. Population, 23,477. 
 
 Averulino, Antonio. See Filarete. 
 
 Averysboro, or Averysborough (a'ver-iz- 
 
 buYo). A village in Harnett County, North 
 Carolina, 32 miles south of Raleigh. Here, March 
 16, 1865, the Federals under Sherman repulsed the Confed- 
 erates under Hardee. Loss of Federals, 554 ; of Confeder- 
 ates, 865. 
 
 Aves (a'ves). [‘Bird’ islands.] A group of 
 small islands in the Caribbean Sea, belonging 
 to Venezuela, southeast of Buen Ayre. 
 
 Avesnes (a-van'). A town ill the department 
 of Nord, France, situated bn the Helpe 26 miles 
 southeast of Valenciennes. It was fortified by 
 Vauban. Population, 6,013. 
 
 Avesta (a-ves'tii). The Bible of Zoroastrianism 
 and the Parsis. The name comes from the Pahlavi 
 avistalc, which possibly mean3 ‘knowledge.’ The name 
 “ Zendavesta” arose by mistake from inverting the Pah- 
 lavi phrase Avistak va Zand, ‘Avesta and Zend,’ or ‘the 
 Law and Commentary,’ Zend, ‘knowledge, explanation,’ 
 referring to the later version and commentary in Pahlavi. 
 The present Avesta is but a remnant of a great, litera- 
 ture. It includes (1) the Yastta, a collection of liturgical 
 fragments and of hymns or Gathas ; (2) the Vispered, a li- 
 turgical collection; (3) the Vendidad, a collection of re- 
 ligious laws ; (4) the Yashts, mythical fragments devoted 
 to various Mazdayasnian divinities; and (5) different 
 prayers known under the names Nyayish, Afringan, Gah, 
 Sirozah, and six various other fragments. The Yasna, 
 ‘sacrifice, worship,’ is the chief liturgical work. In it 
 are inserted thet.athas, ‘ hymns,’ verses from the sermons 
 of Zoroaster. These are written in an older dialect. 
 They form the oldest and most sacred part of the Avesta. 
 The Vispered contains invocations to “all the lords" 
 (vispe ratavo). The l'ashts (from yasliti, ‘worship by 
 praise’) are twenty-one hymns to the divinities, “Yaza- 
 tas or Izads.” The Vendidad, or ‘law against the daevas 
 or demons’ (vidaeva data), is a priestly code like the 
 Pentateuch, ’the present form of the Avesta belongs to 
 the Sassanian period. According to the record of Khusro 
 Anoshirvan (A. D. 531-579), King Valkhash, one of the last 
 of the Arsacidas, ordered a search for all surviving writ- 
 ings, and required the priests to aid with their oral tradi- 
 tion. The texts were reedited under successive Sassanian 
 rulers, until under Shapur II. (A. ». 309-379) the final 
 redaction was made by his prime minister Atur-pat Ma- 
 raspend. 
 
 Avesta (a-ves'ta). A mining town in Koppar- 
 berg likt, Sweden, situated on the Dal-elf 38 
 miles southeast of Falun. 
 
 Avestan. See Zend. 
 
 Aveyron (a-va-ron'). A department of south- 
 
 Avila 
 
 ern France, bounded by Cantal on the north, 
 Lozere and Gard on the east, Herault and Tarn 
 on the south, and Lot, Tarn-et-Garoune, and 
 Tarn on the west, formed from the ancient 
 Rouergue (in Guienue). Its capital is Rodez. Area, 
 3,385 square miles. Population. 377,299. 
 
 Aveyron, A river ill southern France which 
 joins the Tarn 9 miles northwest of Montauban. 
 Length, about 150 miles. On it are Rodez and 
 Villefranche. 
 
 Avezac (av-zak'), Auguste Genevieve Valen- 
 tin d’. Born in Santo Domingo, 1777: died Feb. 
 15, 1851. An American lawyer and diplomatist 
 of French descent. He was chargd d’affaires at The 
 Hague 1831 and 1845-49, and member of the New York 
 legislature 1841-45 ; author of “Reminiscences of Edward 
 Livingstone.” 
 
 Avezzano (a-vet-sa'no). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Aquila, Italy, on the border of Lago 
 di Fucino (now nearly drained) 53 miles east of 
 Rome. Population, commune, 9.442. 
 
 Aviano (a-ve-a'no). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of Udine, Italy, 46 miles northeast of 
 Venice. 
 
 Avianus (a-vi-a'nus), or Avianius (-ni-us), 
 Flavius. A Latin fabulist, probably of the 
 4th century A. D. He wrote forty-two fables in the 
 manner of zEsop, in elegiac meter. The collection was 
 used as a school-book, and was augmented, paraphrased, 
 and imitated. 
 
 Avicebron. See Salomon ibn Gebirol. 
 
 Avicenna (av-i-sen'a) (a corrupt form of Ibn 
 Sina). Born at Afshena, Bokhara, Aug., 980: 
 died at Liam adan, Persia, 1037. The most cele- 
 brated Arabian physician and philosopher, au- 
 thor of commentaries on the works of Aristotle, 
 and of treatises on medicine based chiefly on 
 Galen: surnamed the “Prince of Physicians.” 
 His works, most of which are brief, number over 100. 
 His writings upon Aristotle were held in great esteem, 
 and his “Canon of Medicine" (Canon Medicine?, in Ar. 
 Kitab el-qdnOni fi-tibbi, 1593; L. trans. by Gerardus Cre 
 monensis, 1595) was long regarded in Europe as one of 
 the highest authorities in medical science. 
 
 Avicenna (Ebn Sina) was at once the H ippocrates and 
 the Aristotle of the Arabians ; and certainly the most ex- 
 traordinary man that the nation produced. In the course 
 of an unfortunate and stormy life, occupied by politics 
 and by pleasures, he produced works which were long 
 revered as a sort of code of science. In particular his 
 writings on medicine, though they contain little besides 
 a compilation of Hippocrates and Galen, took the place 
 of both even in the universities of Europe ; and were 
 studied as models at Paris and Montpellier till the end of 
 the 17th century, at which period they fell into an almost 
 complete oblivion. Whewell, Ind. Sciences, I. 279. 
 
 Avidius Cassius. General under M. Aurelius. 
 
 Avienus (a-vi-e'nus), Rufus Festus. Lived 
 probably about. 370 a. d. A Roman poet. He 
 wrote “ Descriptioorbisterrae” (based on the ‘‘Periegesis” 
 of Dionysios), “ Ora maritima ’’ (a description of the west- 
 ern and southern coasts of Europe), “Aratea phenom- 
 ena” (a poetical translation of the “Phenomena" [Gr. 
 i jmtro/rei'o ] of Aratus), “ Aratea prognostics, ” etc. 
 
 Avigliana (a-vel-ya'na). A small town in the 
 province of Turin, Italy, 14 miles west of 
 Turin. 
 
 Avigliano (a-vel-ya'no). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Potenza, Italy, situated on the Bianco 
 northwest of Potenza. Population, 12,744. 
 
 Avignon (a-ven-yon'). [In E. formerly Av in- 
 ion; F. Avignon, It. Avignone, L. Avcnio(n-), 
 Avennio(n-), Gr. Aveviuv.'] The capital of the 
 department of Vaucluse, France, situated on 
 the east bank of the Rhone, in lat. 43° 57' N., 
 long. 4° 50' E. : the Roman Avenio : called 
 the “Windy City” and the “City of Bells.” 
 It has a large trade in madder and grain, and manufac- 
 tures of silk, etc., and is the seat of an archbishopric and 
 formerly of a university. It was a flourishing Roman 
 town, and is celebiated as the residence of the popes 
 1309-76, to whom it belonged until its annexation by 
 the French in 1791. At that time it was the scene of 
 revolutionary outbreaks, and of royalist atrocities in 
 1815. It is associated with the lives of Petrarch, Laura, 
 and Rienzi. Population, 48,312. The cathedral of 
 Avignon is in great part of the 11th century. There 
 is an octagonal lantern with a dome of Byzantine appear- 
 ance, and Pointed barrel-vaulting. The sculptured tombs 
 of Popes John XXII. and Benedict XII. and the papal 
 throne remain in the church, which is much modernized. 
 The palace of the popes is an enormous castellated pile, 
 built during the 14th century, with battlemented towers 
 150 feet high and walls rising to a height of 100 feet. 
 Much remains in the interior, though now difficult of 
 access owing to the use of the palace as barracks. The 
 Pope’s Chapel and that of the Inquisition are both fres- 
 coed, the latter by Simone Martini. 
 
 Avila (a've-la). A province of Spain, bounded 
 by Valladolid on the north, Segovia and Ma- 
 drid on the east, Toledo and Cficeres on the 
 south, and Salamanca on the west. It is a part 
 of Old Castile. Area, 3,042 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 216,753. 
 
 Avila. The capital of the province of Avila, 
 situated on the Adaja 58 miles northwest of 
 Madrid. It has a cathedral and university. 
 
Avila 
 
 The cathedral is of early-Pointed work, in part castellated 
 for defense. The effect of both exterior and interior 
 is plain and somewhat heavy : the good tracery of win- 
 dows and cloister is much blocked up to exclude the 
 light in the prevailing Spanish fashion. There are some 
 beautiful sculptured tombs, and remarkable carved 
 choir-stalls. The town walls are medieval. The circuit 
 is practically complete. With its gates, very numerous 
 semicircular towers, and its crowning of pointed battle- 
 ments, it is one of the most picturesque of existing 
 examples of the kind. Population, 13,010. 
 
 Avila (a've-la), Alonzo de (often written Alon- 
 zo Davila). Bom about 1485: died after 1537. 
 A Spanish soldier and adventurer in America. 
 He went to America, where his name first appears as 
 commander of one of Grijalva's ships in the expedition 
 of 1518 to the Mexican coast. In 1519 he joined Cortes, 
 was one of his most trusted captains, marched with him 
 to Mexico and against Narvaez, and in 1521 was his agent 
 to the Audience of Santo Domingo, where he obtained im- 
 portant concessions. In June, 1522, he was sent to Spain 
 with treasure and despatches : near the Azores his ships 
 were captured by French corsairs, and the treasure was 
 lost. Avila managed to have his despatches sent to Spain, 
 but was himself kept a prisonerfor several years. Finally 
 ransomed, he returned to Spain, was appointed contador 
 of Yucatan, and set out for that region as second in com- 
 mand of the expedition of Montejo (1527). Arrived there, 
 he was appointed to lead an expedition to a region on 
 the west coast, in search of gold. He provoked conflicts 
 with the Indians, was unable to return, and, after terrible 
 sufferings, made his way to Trujillo in Honduras. In 
 1537 he was engaged in another unsuccessful expedition 
 to Yucatan. 
 
 Avila, Gil Gonzalez de. See Gonzalez Davila. 
 Avila, Juan de. Born at Almodovar del Campo, 
 Spain, 1500: died May 10, 1569. A Spanish pulpit 
 orator who preached forty years in Andalusia, 
 whence his surname “Apostle of Andalusia.” 
 (Chief work: “Epistolario espiritual ” (1578). 
 Avila, Pedro Arias de, generally called Pe- 
 drarias (pa-dra're-as). Born at Arias, Segovia, 
 Spain, 1442: died' at Leon, Nicaragua, March 
 6, 1531. A Spanish soldier and administrator. 
 After serving with distinction in the Moorish wars of Spain 
 and Africa, he was sent (1514) with a large fleet and over 
 1,500 men to Darien as governor of Castilla del Oro, super- 
 seding Balboa, whom he imprisoned and tried on various 
 charges. A reconciliation was effected, but later (1517) 
 Balboa was accused (probably falsely) of planning a re- 
 bellion, tried, and executed in the governor's presence. 
 Pedrarias's government was marked by rapacity and 
 cruelty. In 1519 he founded Panama and made it his 
 capital. He aided, or at all events encouraged, the enter- 
 prise of Pizarro and Almagro in search of Peru ; but on 
 the failure of the first expedition relinquished his share, 
 forcing the partners to pay him an indemnity. In con- 
 sequence of numerous complaints, Pedrarias was trans- 
 ferred to the governorship of Nicaragua in 1526. 
 
 Avila y Zuniga (a've-la e tho'nye-ga), Luis 
 de. Born at Placencia, Spain, about 1490: 
 died after 1550. A Spanish historian. He 
 wrote “Comentarios do lev guerri de Alemana, 
 hecha por Carlo:: V., 1540-47” (1547). 
 
 Aviles (a-ve-las'). A seaport in tho province 
 of Oviedo, Spain, in lat. 43° 38' N., long. 5° 
 56' W. Population, 12,763. 
 
 Avilas (a-ve-las'), Pedro Menendez de. See 
 Menender: d~ Avilas. 
 
 Aviles y d^l Fierro (a-ve-las' e del fe-er'ro), 
 Gabriel, Marquis of Aviles. Bom about 1745 : 
 died at Valparaiso, Chile, 1810. A Spanish sol- 
 dier and administrator. He was colonel and after- 
 ward general in the Spanish army in Peru ; took part in 
 suppressing the rebellion of Tupac Amaru (1780-81) ; 
 commanded the forces against Diego Tupac Amaru (1783); 
 and was one of the judges who condemned the rebels 
 to torture and death. He was successively president of 
 Chile (1795 to 1799), viceroy of Buenos Ayres (1799 to 1801), 
 and viceroy of Peru (1801 to 1806), attaining the military 
 grade of lieutenant-general. He died while on his way 
 from Peru to Spain. 
 
 Avilion. See Avalon. 
 
 Avisa (a-vi'sa). A volume of short poems by 
 Henry Willobie or Willoughby, it was first printed 
 in 1594, and prefixed to the second edition in 1596 are some 
 verses which allude to Shakspere's “Rape of Bucrece.” 
 The poems exemplify the character of a chaste woman re- 
 sisting all the temptations to which her life exposes her. 
 
 The singular book known as Willoughby’s Avisa. which, 
 as having a supposed bearing on Shakespere, and as con- 
 taining much of that personal puzzlement which rejoices 
 critics, has had much attention of late years, is not strictly 
 a collection of sonnets ; its poems being longer and of 
 differing stanzas. 
 
 Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Bit., p. 111. 
 Avisio (a^ve'se-o). An alpine valley in south- 
 ern Tyrol, east of the Adige, and east and south 
 of Botzen. It is subdivided into the Cembra, 
 Fiemme, and Fassa. Length, 60 miles. 
 Avisio. A small river of Tyrol which joins the 
 Adige north of Trent. 
 
 Avison (av'i-son), Charles. Born at Newcastle- 
 upon-Tyne, 1710 (?) : died there, May 9, 1770. 
 An English composer and writer on music. He 
 is best known from his “ Essay on Musical Expression ” 
 (1762), in which he placed German music below that of the 
 French and Italians. 
 
 Avitus (a-vi'tus), Marcus Mascilius. Died at 
 Auvergne, 456 A. D. Emperor of the West 455- 
 
 101 
 
 456. As master of the armies in Gaul he distinguished 
 himself against the Huns and Vandals. He obtained the 
 purple Aug. 16, 455, by the aid of Theodoric II., king of 
 the West Goths, but was deposed by Ricimer after a reign 
 of fourteen months. 
 
 Avitus, Alcimus Ecdicius or Ecdidius, Saint. 
 Died 523 (525 ?). Archbishop of Vienne 490-523, 
 probably a nephew (grandson according to 
 Wetzer and Welte) of the emperor Avitus. He 
 was the chief spokesman of the orthodox in a religious 
 disputation with the Arians 499 ; converted Sigismund, 
 king of Burgundy, from Arianism ; and presided at the 
 Council of Epaone (Epaune) in 517. His works include 
 letters, homilies, and poems. 
 
 Aviz (a-vez'). A small town in the province of 
 Alemtejo, Portugal, situated on a tributary of 
 the Zatas 75 miles northeast of Lisbon. 
 
 Aviz, Order of St. Benedict of. A Portu- 
 guese order of knighthood, originating in a mil- 
 itary order founded by Alfonso I., 1143-1147, to 
 suppress the Moors. It received the papal confirma- 
 tion in 1162 as a religious order under the rules of St. 
 Benedict. Aviz became the seat of the order in 1187. In 
 1789 it was transformed into an honorary order for the re- 
 ward of military merit. 
 
 Avize (a-vez'). A small town in the depart- 
 ment of Marne, France, 20 miles south of 
 Rheims. It is a depot for champagne. 
 
 Avlona (av-16'na), It. Valona (va-16'na). A 
 seaport in Albania, Turkey, situated on the 
 Gulf of Avlona, Adriatic Sea, in lat. 40° 28' N., 
 long. 19° 30' E.: the ancient Aulon (Gr. Av/mv). 
 Population, about 6,000. 
 
 Avoca (a-vo'ka), or Ovoca (o-vo'ka), Vale of. 
 A valley in County Wicklow, Ireland, about 
 12 miles southwest of Wicklow, traversed by 
 the river Avoca (formed by the Avonmore 
 and Avonbeg) : celebrated for its picturesque 
 beauty. 
 
 Avogadro (a-vo-ga'dro), Count Amedeo. Born 
 at Turin, Aug. 9, 1776 : died there, July 9, 1856. 
 A noted Italian chemist and physicist, profes- 
 sor at the University of Turin. He was the dis- 
 coverer of the law (named for him) that equal volumes of 
 gas or vapor at the same temperature and pressure con- 
 tain the same number of molecules. 
 
 Avola (a'vo-la). A seaport in the province of 
 Syracuse, Sicily, 12 miles southwest of Syra- 
 cuse. Population, commune, 16,264. 
 
 Avon (a' von), or East Avon. [A common 
 river-name, in other British forms Aven, Evan, 
 Anne, Anne, Auney, Inney, etc.; from W. afon, 
 Manx am, Gael, abhuinn, water, cognate with 
 AS. ea, Goth, ahwa, L. aqua, water, L. amnis, 
 river. Cf. Aa.] A river in Wilts and Hants, 
 England, which flows into the English Channel 
 at Christchurch near the mouth of the Stour. 
 It passes Salisbury. Length, about 65 miles. 
 Avon, or Lower Avon, or Bristol Avon. A 
 river in Wilts and Somerset, England, and on 
 the boundary between Somerset and Glouces- 
 ter, flowing into Bristol Channel 7 miles north- 
 west of Bristol. On it are Bath and Bristol. Length, 
 about 80 miles : navigable for large vessels to Bristol. 
 
 Avon, or Upper Avon. A river which rises 
 near Naseby, Northampton, England, forms 
 part of the boundary between Northampton 
 and Leicester, traverses Warwickshire, flows 
 in Worcestershire, and joins tho Severn at 
 Tewkesbury in Gloucestershire, it passes Rugby, 
 Warwick, Stratford, and Evesham. Length, nearly 100 
 miles. 
 
 Avondale (av'on-dal). A suburb of Cincin- 
 nati, in Hamilton County, Ohio. 
 
 Avonmouth (a'von-mouth). A small seaport 
 in Gloucestershire, England, at the mouth of 
 the Avon northwest of Bristol. 
 
 Avont (a'vont), Pieter van den. Born at 
 Mechlin, 1600: died at Deurne, near Antwerp, 
 Nov. 1, 1652. A Dutch historical and landscape 
 painter, master of Antwerp Gild 1622-23. 
 
 Avranches (av-rohsh') A townin the depart- 
 ment of Manche, France, situated near the 
 S6e 30 miles east of St. Malo: the ancient In- 
 ge na, later Abrincatss, a town of the Abrincatui, 
 a Gallic tribe. It was formerly a bishop's seat and a 
 fortress, and had a noted Bchool under Lanfrane. The 
 revolt of the Nu-Pieds (which see) broke out here 1639. 
 Population, commune, 7,360. 
 
 Avranchin (av-roh-shah'). An ancient divi- 
 sion of Normandy, France, forming part of the 
 modern department of Manche. 
 
 Awadsi (a-wad'ze), or Awaji (a-wa'je). An 
 island of Japan, lying between the main island 
 and Sikoku. 
 
 Awe (a), Loch. A lake in Argyllshire, Scot- 
 land, 8 miles west of Inverary, bordered by Ben 
 Cruachan on the north. Its outlet is by the 
 Awe into Loch Etive. Its length is about 23 
 miles. 
 
 Awo-Sima (a'wo-se'mh). A small island south 
 
 Ayas 
 
 of Tokio, Japan, formerly a Japanese penal 
 settlement. 
 
 As (aks), or Acqs (aks). A small town in the 
 department of Allege, France, on the Arihge 
 at the foot of the Pyrenees, 21 miles southeast 
 of Foix: celebrated for its hot sulphur baths. 
 It was a Roman town. 
 
 Axayacatl (a-tcha-ya-ka'tl), or Axayacatzin 
 (a-tcha-ya-katz-en ' ) . [Literally, ‘ Face-in-the- 
 Water.’] A war-chief of the Aztecs of Mexico 
 from 1464 until his death in 1477. Axayacatl 
 was quite unlucky in his military undertak- 
 ings, being disastrously defeated in Michoacan 
 and by the tribe of Huexotzinco. According 
 to some accounts he was the father of Monte- 
 zuma II. 
 
 Axel. See Absalon. 
 
 Axenberg (aks'en-bere). A mountain in the 
 canton of Uri, Switzerland, near the eastern 
 shore of Urner Bay, Lake Lucerne, 18 miles 
 southeast of Lucerne. At the foot is “TelFs 
 Chapel.” 
 
 Axenstrasse (aks'en-stra/se). A noted road 
 leading along the eastern side of Urner Bay, in 
 Switzerland, from Brunnen to Fliielen. 
 Axholme, or Axholm (aks'olm). An island 
 in the northwestern part of Lincolnshire, Eng- 
 land, formed by the rivers Trent, Don, and 
 Idle. Its marshes were reclaimed by Flemings 
 in the 17th century. 
 
 Axim (a-sheng' or aks'im). A British station 
 on the Gold Coast, West Africa, in lat. 4° 52' 
 N„ long. 2° 15' W. 
 
 Axius (aks'i-us). [Gr. ’'A^ior . ] The ancient 
 name of the Vardar. 
 
 Axminster (aks'min-ster). [AS. Ax an mynster, 
 Acsan mynster, minster of the Axe (river).] 
 A town in Devonshire, England, 24 miles east 
 of Exeter, famous formerly for its carpet-man- 
 ufactures. Population, 2,906. 
 
 Axum (ak-som'). An ancient town of Tigr4, 
 Abyssinia, in lat. 14° 8' N., long. 38° 45' E., 
 noted for its antiquities. It was formerly the 
 capital of Abyssinia, and a religious center. 
 Axumite Kingdom (aks'um-it king'dum). An 
 ancient name of the Ethiopian kingdom. 
 
 Ay, or Al (a'e or I). A town in the department 
 of Marne, France, situated on the Marne 18 miles 
 northwest of Chalons-sur-Marne : noted for its 
 wines. Population, commune, 7,391. 
 Ayacucho (I-a-ko'cho). [Quichua, ‘corner of 
 death’: so called from an Indian battle which 
 took place there in the 14th century.] A small 
 plain in the valley of the Venda-Mayu stream- 
 let, near the village of Quinua, about midway 
 between Lima and Cuzco, Peru, it was the scene 
 of the most memorable battle in the history of South 
 America, in which a veteran force of 9,000 Spaniards, under 
 the viceroy La Serna, was defeated by 5,780 patriots under 
 General Sucre, Dec. 9, 1824. The battle lasted about an 
 hour: the viceroy himself was taken prisoner, his army 
 was completely routed and forced to capitulate, and the in- 
 dependence of Spanish South America was finally secured. 
 Ayacucho. A department of Peru: corresponds 
 to the colonial intendeneiaof Guamanga. Area, 
 18,185 square miles. Population, 302,470. 
 Ayacucho. A city of Peru, capital of the de- 
 partment of the same name, situated in a val- 
 ley 7,900 feet above the sea. It is the ancient 
 Guamanga founded by Pizarro in 1539; the name was 
 changed in honor of the battle of Ayacucho. The city is 
 the seat of a bishopric and has a university. Population, 
 14,346. 
 
 Ayala (a-ya'la), Adelardo Lopez de. Bom 
 
 March, 1829: died Dec. 30, 1879. A Spanish 
 dramatist and politician, president of the 
 chamber under Alfonso XH. Among his dramas 
 are “El tan to por ciento ” (1861), “El nuevo Don Juan" 
 (1863), “Consuelo”(1878), etc. 
 
 Ayala, Pedro Lopez de. Born in Murcia, 
 Spain, 1332 : died 1407. A Spanish poet, prose- 
 writer, and statesman. He was taken prisoner at 
 the battle of Najera (1367) and carried to England. On 
 his return he was made grand chancellor to Henry II. 
 He was again made prisoner at the battle of Aljubarrota. 
 “He was in some respects the first Spaniard of his age.” 
 (TioJcnor.) His principal works are a history “ Crdnicas 
 de los reyes de Castillas, etc.,” and a poem “El Rimado 
 de palacio.” 
 
 Ayamonte (a-ya-mon'ta). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Huelva, Spain, situated at the mouth 
 of the Guadiana in lat. 37° 13' N., long. 7° 26' 
 W. Population, 7,530. 
 
 Ayan (a-yan'). A small seaport in the mari- 
 time province of Siberia, situated on the Sea of 
 Okhotsk about 250 miles south vvest of Okhotsk, 
 in lat. 56° 17' N., long. 138° 10' E. 
 
 Ayas, or Ayass (a'yas). A small seaport in the 
 vilayet of Adana, Asiatic Turkey, 30 miles south- 
 east of Adana : the ancient gEgai (Gr. AlyAi). 
 
Ayasaluk 
 
 Ayasaluk, or Ayasalouk (a-ya-sa-lok'). A vil- 
 lage which occupies the site of the ancient 
 Ephesus, Asia Minor. 
 
 Ayenbite of Inwyt, The. [‘The again-biting of 
 the inner wit/ or ‘the remorse of conscience.’] 
 A translation into the Kentish dialect in 1340, 
 by Dan Michel of Northgate, Kent, a brother 
 of the Cloister of St. Austin at Canterbury, from 
 the French of Frere Lorens (called in Latin 
 Laurentius Gallus), of a treatise composed by 
 the latter in 1279 for the use of Philip III. of 
 France, called “ Le Somme des Vices et des 
 Vertus.” There are other versions both prose and 
 metrical. It is thought that Chaucer’s “Parson’s Tale’’ 
 was partly taken from the French treatise, and that he was 
 not ignorant of Dan Michel s version. Morris. 
 
 Avesha (a'ye-sha). Born at Medina, Arabia, 
 about 611: died about 678. The daughter of 
 Abu-Bekr, and the favorite wife of Mohammed. 
 She was married to the prophet when only nine years old, 
 and survived him by forty-six years, dying at the age of 
 sixty-seven. Her father, who derived his name (Abu-Bekr, 
 ‘father of the virgin ) from her, became the first calif 
 (successor of Mohammed), and she herself was greatly re- 
 vered by the Moslems, being called “ the mother of the 
 believers’’ ( Ummu-l-Mu ' miniri), and exercised a consid- 
 erable influence on the politics of Mohammedanism after 
 the prophet’s death. 
 
 Ayhuttisaht. See Eliatisakt. 
 
 Aylesbury (alz'ber-i). A town in Buckingham- 
 shire, England, 38 miles northwest of London, 
 noted for its laces and manufactures of straw. 
 Population, 9,243. 
 
 Aylssford (alz'ford). A town in Kent, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Medway 27 miles south- 
 east of London. It is the birthplace of Sedley. There 
 are British antiquities in the neighborhood. Here the 
 Jutes under Horsa defeated the Britons in 455 A. D. 
 Ayliffe (a'lif), John. Born at Pember, Hamp- 
 shire, 1676: died Nov. 5, 1732. An English 
 jurist. He wrote “The Ancient and the Present State 
 of the University of Oxford ” (1714), “Parergon Juris Ca- 
 nonici Anglicani ; or a Commentary by way of Supplement 
 to the Canons and Constitutions of the Church of England” 
 (1726), “ New Pandect of Roman Civil Law ” (1734), etc. 
 He was a graduate of Oxford (New College), and was ex- 
 pelled and deprived of his degrees in 1711 for slandering 
 the university. 
 
 Ayllon, or Ailldn (ll-yon'), Lucas Vasquez 
 de. Bom about 1475: died in Virginia, Oct. 
 18, 1526. A Spanish lawyer, judge of the Audi- 
 ence of Santo Domingo from 1509. In 1519 he was 
 sent by the Audience to Cuba to prevent Velasquez, gov- 
 ernor of that island, from interfering with the expedition 
 of Cortes in Mexico, but was unsuccessful. In 1520 he re- 
 ceived a license to explore the coast of Florida, and sent 
 a caravel there under Gordilla. Satisfied by his reports, 
 Ayllon went to Spain, received a royal cedula to explore 
 and settle 800 leagues of coast, and after sending a pre- 
 liminary expedition under Pedro de Quexos (1525) he sailed 
 from Hispaniola in June, 1526, with three ships and people 
 for a colony. After running along the coast he fixed his 
 settlement, called San Miguel, at the point where the 
 English afterward founded Jamestown, Virginia. There 
 he died of a fever, and quarrels in the colony led to its 
 abandonment. 
 
 Aylmer(al'- or el'mer), John. Born atTivetshall 
 St. Mary, Norfolk, England, 1521: died at Ful- 
 ham, near London, June 3, 1594. An English 
 prelate, made bishop of London March, 1577. 
 He was installed archdeacon of Stow in June, 1553, but 
 on account of his heretical opinions was obliged to take 
 refuge at Strasburg and Zurich until the accession of 
 Elizabeth. He was an opponent of Puritanism, and was 
 bitterly attacked in the Martin Marprelate tracts. His 
 administration of his office made him exceedingly unpop- 
 ular. He is supposed to be the “Morrell" (“the proude and 
 ambitious pastour’’)of Spenser’s “Shepherd’s Calendar.” 
 
 Aylmer, Lake. A lake in British America, 
 northeast of Great Slave Lake. 
 
 Aymaras (i-ma-raz'). [Originally applied to a 
 small branch of the Quichuas, but by mistake 
 transferred to this tribe.] A race of Indians, 
 anciently and properly called Collas, who, iu 
 the earliest recorded times, occupied the region 
 about Lake Titicaca and the neighboring val- 
 leys of the Andes. They had attained a considera- 
 ble degree of civilization before they were subdued by the 
 Incas in the 13th and I4th centuries. They dwelt in stone 
 huts, had flocks of llamas, and practised agriculture. 
 Their most formidable arms were slings and bolas or 
 weighted lassos. Their language is related to the Quiehua, 
 and it has been supposed that this was the original stock 
 from which the Quichuas and Incas were derived. The 
 Aymaras are still very numerous, forming three fourths of 
 the population of Bolivia, with a few in southern Peru. 
 They speak their own language and cherish their ancient 
 traditions, but are nominally Catholics. 
 
 Aymar-Vernay (a-mar'var-na/), Jacques. 
 Born 1662 : died after 1692. A French peasant, 
 famous as a successful impostor in divination. 
 Aymer (a'mer), or /Ethelmaer, de Valence, 
 or de Lusignan. Died 1260. A younger son 
 of Isabella, widow of King John of England, 
 and Hugh, count of La Marche, her second 
 husband: elected bishop of Winchester Nov., 
 1250. 
 
 Aymer de Valence. Died 1324. The third son 
 
 102 
 
 of William of Valence, half-brother of Henry 
 III. He succeeded to the earldom of Pembroke in 1296 ; 
 led, as “ Guardian of Scotland,’’ the van in the attack on 
 Robert Bruce in 1306 ; defeated the Scots at Methven ; 
 and was defeated by Bruce at Loudon Hill (1307). Under 
 Edward II. he was one of the chief opponents of the fa- 
 vorite Gaveston ; but he joined the king's party when 
 Gaveston, after his capture in Scarborough Castle, was 
 put to death, notwithstanding the fact that Pembroke 
 had promised him his life. 
 
 Aymer, Prior. In Scott’s “ Ivanhoe,” the prior 
 of Jorvaulx Abbey, a fat and cautious voluptu- 
 ary who is captured by Locksley. 
 
 Aymestrey, or Aymestry (am'stri). A small 
 place in Herefordshire, England, northwest of 
 Leominster, noted for its limestone. 
 
 Aymon, or Aimon (a/mon), or Haymon (ha,'- 
 mon). A partly imaginary character who ap- 
 pears in the old French romances, a prince of 
 Ardennes, of Saxon origin, who took the ti- 
 tle of Duke of Dordogne. He was the father of 
 Renaud (Rinaldo), Guiscard (Guicciardo), Alard (Alardo), 
 and Richard (Richardetto), the “four sons of Aymon ” 
 whose adventures were written in a chanson de geste of 
 the 13th century (first printed in 1493), supposed to be by 
 Huon de Villeneuve, under the title of “Les Quatre Fils 
 d’Aymon” (which see). The brothers appear in Tasso’s 
 “Jerusalem Delivered," Pulci’s “Morgante Maggiore,” 
 Boiardo’s “Orlando Innamorato,” Ariosto’s “Orlando 
 Furioso,” and other French and Italian romances. 
 
 Ay ora (a-yo'ra). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of Valencia, Spain, 50 miles southwest of 
 Valencia. Population, 4,980. 
 
 Ayotla (a-yot'la), or Ayutla (a-yotTii), Plan 
 of. The announcement of principles made by 
 Mexican revolutionists at Ayotla in southern 
 Mexico, March 1, 1854 ; hence, the name given 
 to the revolution which resulted in the down- 
 fall of Santa Anna in 1855. 
 
 Ayr (ar). A seaport in Ayrshire, Scotland, 
 situated at the mouth of the Ayr in the Firth 
 of Clyde, in lat. 55° 27' N., long. 4° 37' W. 
 Ayr and its vicinity are noted from their con- 
 nection with Burns. Population, 28,624. 
 
 Ayr. A river in Ayrshire, Scotland, which flows 
 into the Firth of Clyde at Ayr. Length, 33 
 miles. 
 
 Ayr, or Ayrshire (ar'sher). A county of Scot- 
 land, lying between Renfrew on the north, 
 Lanark and Dumfries ou the east, Kirkcud- 
 bright and Wigtown on the south, aud the Firth 
 of Clyde on the west. It is divided into Carrick, 
 Kyle, and Cunninghame ; is hilly and mountainous in the 
 south and east; and has flourishing agriculture and manu- 
 factures of iron, cotton, and wool. Area, 1,132 square 
 miles. Population (civil couuty), 254,436. 
 
 Ayrer (i'rer), Jakob. Died at Nuremberg, 
 March 26, 1605. A German dramatic poet. His 
 “Opus Theatricum” was published iu 1618. 
 Ayres (arz), Romeyn Beck. Born at East 
 Creek, N. Y., Dec. 20, 1825 : died at Fort Hamil- 
 ton, N. Y., Dec. 4, 1888. An officer in the Mexi- 
 can an d Civil wars. He was graduated from West Point 
 in 1847 ; remained in garrison at Fort Preble during the 
 Mexican war ; took part in the battles of Gettysburg, the 
 Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, Five Forks, and 
 the battle on the Weldon Railroad; and obtained the brevet 
 rank of major-general U. S. Army March 13, 1865. He was 
 promoted colonel in the regular army Jan. 18, 1879. 
 
 Ayres de Cazal (i'rez de ka-zal'), Manuel. 
 Born in 1754: died at Lisbon about 1823. A 
 Portuguese historian. He took orders, and about 1780 
 went to Brazil where he was a prior of Crato in Goyaz ; 
 subsequently he lived in Rio de Janeiro, returning to Por- 
 tugal in 1821. He wrote the “Corografia Brasilica” (Rio 
 de Janeiro, 1817 and 1845), a work on the geography and 
 history of Brazil, of great merit. 
 
 Ayrshire Bard or Plowman, The. Robert 
 Burns. 
 
 Ayrton (ar'ton), William Edward. Born in 
 London, 1847 : died there, Nov. 8, 1908. An 
 English electrician and inventor, professor of 
 natural philosophy and telegraphy at the Im- 
 perial College of Engineering, Tokio, Japan, 
 1872-79. He was appointed professor of applied physics 
 at the City and Gilds of London Technical College, Finsbury, 
 in 1879, and chief professor of physics at the Central Insti- 
 tution, South Kensington, of the City and Gilds of London 
 Institute in 1884. With Professor Perry he constructed 
 ammeters, voltmeters, etc., and with Professor F. Jenkin 
 and Professor Perry devised the system of automatic elec- 
 tric transport called “telpherage.” His works include 
 “ On the Economical Use of Gas-engines for the Production 
 of Electricity" (1882), “ Electricity as a Motive Power” 
 (1879), “Practical Electricity" (1887), and, with Professor 
 J. Perry, “Contact Theory of Voltaic Action" (1880), etc. 
 Ays (Iz), or Hais (hlz). An extinct Indian tribe 
 of eastern and southeastern Texas. They were met 
 with, in the first half of the 16th century, in what is now 
 the eastern part of Indian Territory. 
 
 Ayscue (as'kii), Sir George. Died about 
 1672. An English admiral, distinguished in the 
 wars against the Dutch. Of his early life nothing 
 is known. In 1646 he was a captain in the English 
 fleet, and was one of those who adhered to the Par- 
 liament. In 1649 he was engaged on the Irish coast as 
 admiral, and in 1651 was sent by Cromwell to America, 
 
 Azazel 
 
 in command of a squadron : he reduced Barbadoes and 
 other islands which had remained faithful to the royalists, 
 visited the coast of Virginia, and returned to England in 
 1652. On July 3, 1652, he had a fight with a large Dutch 
 fleet in the Downs, and on Aug. 16 he encountered De Ruy- 
 ter’s fleet off Plymouth, both sides claiming the victory. 
 From 1658 until the Restoration he was in Sweden, and 
 on his return was made commissioner of the navy. He 
 subsequently served against the Dutch, was captured in 
 the engagement off the north Foreland, June, 1666, and 
 only released when peace was declared, Oct., 1667. 
 
 Ayton (a'ton), or Aytoun, Sir Robert. Born 
 at the castle of Kinaldie, near St. Andrew’s, 
 Scotland, 1570 : died at London, Feb., 1638. A 
 Scottish lyric poet. 
 
 Aytoun (a'ton), William Edmonstoune. Born 
 
 at Edinburgh, June 21, 1813: died near Elgin, 
 Scotland, Aug. 4, 1865. A Scottish lawyer, 
 poet, and man of letters. He was one of the editors 
 of “Blackwood’s Magazine,” professor of rhetoric and 
 belles-lettres in the University of Edinburgh, and sheriff 
 of Orkney. He married (April, 1849) Jane Emily Wilson, 
 a daughter of John Wilson (Christopher North). His chief 
 works are “Lays of the Cavaliers” (1848), “Firmilian” 
 (1854), “Bothwell” (1856), “Ballads of Scotland” (1858). 
 He was associated with Theodore Martin in the produc- 
 tion of the “Bon Gaultier Ballads” aud the “Poems aud 
 Ballads of Goethe.” 
 
 Ayub, or Ayoub, Khan (a-yob' khan'). A 
 younger son of Shere Ali, claimant to the Af- 
 ghan throne after the death of his father (1879). 
 He opposed the British and Abdurrahman Khan, was gov- 
 ernor of Herat, and was overthrown by Abdurrahman 
 Khan in 1881. 
 
 Ayutan. See Comanche. 
 
 Ayuthia (ii-yo'the-a). The former capital of 
 Siam, situated on the Menam 45 miles north 
 of Bangkok. It was sacked by the Burmese in 
 1767. Also Tuthia, Juthia. 
 
 Aywaille (i-vil'le). A town in the province of 
 Liege, Belgium, situated on the Ambleve 14 
 miles southeast of Liege. Pop., est., 5,122. 
 
 Azais (ii-za-es'), Pierre Hyacinthe. Born at 
 Sor&ze, Tarn, France, March 1, 1766: died at 
 Paris, Jan. 22, 1845. A French philosopher, 
 son of Pierre Hyacinths Aza'is, musician (1743- 
 1793). His system of philosophy is explained in his 
 work “ Des compensations dans les destinies humaines ” 
 (1809). He also wrote “ SystDme universel ” (8 vols., 1812) ; 
 “Manuel du philosophe” (1816); “ Du sort de l’homme” 
 (1820) ; “ Jugement impartial sur Napoleon” (1820), which 
 cost him his post as inspector of the library at Nancy ; 
 “ Cours de philosophic generale ” (1824), etc. 
 
 Azamgarh. See Azimgarh. 
 
 Azangaro, or Asangafo (as-an'ga-ro). A vil- 
 lage of the department of Puno, Peru, in the 
 basin of Lake Titicaca. 
 
 Azani (a-za'ni), or Azanion (a-za'ni-on), or 
 Aizani. [Gr. ’AC.avoi.'] In ancient geography, 
 a city of Phrygia, Asia Minor, situated in lat. 
 39° 16' N. Its ruins are near the modern Chav- 
 dur-Hissar. 
 
 Azanza (a-than'tha), Miguel Jose de. Born 
 
 at Aviz, Navarre, 1746: died at Bordeaux, 
 Frauce, June 20, 1826. A Spanish statesman 
 and soldier. When a young man he traveled exten- 
 sively in Spanish America. In 1795 he was minister of 
 war. From May, 1798, to May, 1800, he was viceroy of New 
 Spain (Mexico). He was minister of finance under Ferdi- 
 nand VII., afterwar d member of the supreme junta, and 
 presided over the junta at Bayonne in favor of Joseph 
 Bonaparte. Under Joseph he was successively minister 
 of justice, of the Indies, and of ecclesiastical affairs. Alter 
 the fall of the Bonapartes he lived in retirement at Bor- 
 deaux. Mexicans call him “the Bonapartist viceroy.” 
 
 Azara (a-tha'ra), Felix de. Born at Barbu- 
 nales, Aragon, May 18, 1746: died in Aragon, 
 1811. A Spanish naturalist and traveler, 
 brother of Don Jos<5 Nicolo de Azara. He en- 
 tered the army and attained the rank of brigadier-general, 
 taking part in the Algiers expedition, in which he was 
 wounded (1775). From 1781 to 1801 he was in Paraguay 
 as one of the commissioners to settle the boundaries be- 
 tween the Spanish and Portuguese possessions, and he de- 
 voted much of his time to studying the geography, history, 
 and zoology of this region. The results were published 
 in French, in a work on the quadrupeds of Paraguay and 
 the Rio de la Plata, and in his “Voyage dans l’Amerique 
 meridionale ” (Paris, 1809, 4 vols. 8vo, with atlas). 
 
 Azara, Jose Nicolas de. Bom 1731: died 1804. 
 A Spanish diplomatist and art connoisseur, 
 brother of Felix de Azara. 
 
 Azariah. See Uzziali. 
 
 Azay-le-Rideau (a-za'le-re-do'). A small 
 town in the department of Indre-et-Loire, 
 France, near Tours. It contains a chateau, a very 
 fine example of the Renaissance manor-house of the 16th 
 century, with cylindrical flanking towers, high roofs, and 
 dormer-windows. 
 
 Azazeel. See Asaziel. 
 
 Azazel (a-za-zel'). A name which occurs in the 
 ritual of the day of atonement, Lev. xvi. 8, 10-26. 
 The high priest had among other ceremonies to cast lots 
 upon two goats. One lot was inscribed “ for Yahveh ” 
 (Jehovah), the other “ for Azazel." The goat upon which 
 the lot “ for Yahveh ” fell was offered as a sacrifice, while 
 on the goat upon which the lot “for Azazel” had fallen 
 the high priest laid his hands and confessed all the sins 
 of the people. The goat was then led by a man into the 
 
Azazel 
 
 desert, “unto a land not inhabited," and was there let loose. 
 The authorized version renders Azazel on the margin by 
 “ scape goat" ; the revised version has Azazel in the text 
 and “ or dismissal ” on the margin. Various explanations 
 of the word have been offered, such as, for instance, that it 
 meant the goat sent away or let loose (taking it as a com- 
 pound of ez ozel), or the place to which the goat was sent. 
 The probable and plausible explanation, adopted by nearly 
 all modem critics, is that which takes it as the proper name 
 of an evil spirit popularly supposed to have its dwelling in 
 the wilderness. This view is supported by the antithesis in 
 which Azazel is put to Yahveh. The rite may be considered 
 a survival of an older stage of religious belief, perhaps 
 Egyptian, Azazel being a substitute for Typhon, who was 
 also conceived as living in the desert. In Arabic writers 
 (Qazwini, Erariz, etc.) Azazil is described as one of the jinns 
 (genii) who for their transgression were taken prisoners by 
 the angels. Azazil grew up among them and became their 
 chief, until he refused to prostrate himself before Adam, 
 when he became Iblis (despair), the father of the Shaitans 
 (evil spirits, Satans). This is reechoed in Milton’s “Para- 
 dise Lost," where Azazel is represented as the standard- 
 bearer of the infernal hosts, cast out from heaven and be ; 
 coming the embodiment of despair. The identification 
 of Azazel with Satan is also met in some of the church 
 fathers. The etymology of the name is obscure. 
 Azaziel (a-za'zi-el). 1. In Faust’s “Miracu- 
 lous Art and Book of Marvels, or The Black 
 Raven,” the name of one of the chief princes 
 of the infernal kingdom, of which Lucifer is 
 the king. — 2. A seraph in Byron’s “Heaven 
 and Earth.” He loves Anah, a mortal, whom 
 he carries away from earth. 
 
 Azcaputzalco (az-ka-pot-zal'ko), or Azcapo- 
 zalco, or Atzcapozalco. [Nahuatl, from ezcatl, 
 the ant.] A village of Mexico about 5 miles 
 northwest of the capital, with which it is con- 
 nected by horse-cars. It was an old Aztec town, 
 founded by the Tecpaneos on the western side of the lake 
 of Tezcuco in 1168. At the time of the conquest it was the 
 great market of Mexico, where there was a regular sale of 
 produce and slaves. Cortds and his army took refuge there 
 after the flight of the noche triste. It was the scene of a 
 battle between the Spanish forces and those of Iturbide, 
 Aug. 19, 1821 : both sides claimed the victory. 
 
 Azeglio (ad-zal'yo), Marchese d’ (Massimo 
 Taparelli). Bom at Turin, Oct. 24, 1798 : died 
 at Turin, Jan. 15, 1866. An Italian statesman 
 and author. He served in the Italian revolution of 
 1848 ; was premier of Sardinia 1849-62 ; and was Sardinian 
 envoy to Romagna in 1859. He wrote the novels “ Ettore 
 Fieramosca " (1833), “Nicolb de’ Lapi ” (1841), “Degli ul- 
 timi casi di Romagna,” and an autobiography (1867). 
 Azemilcrius (a-ze-mil'kus). [‘Mighty king’ (?).] 
 King of Tyre and Phenicia. During his reign 
 Tyre, after a long siege, was conquered by 
 Alexander the Great. 
 
 Azerbaijan (az-er-bi-jan'), or Aderbaijan. 
 A province of northwestern Persia, lying be- 
 tween Russia on the north, Turkey on the 
 west, and Irak-Ajemi on the southeast: sur- 
 face mountainous. It corresponds in general to the 
 ancient Media Atropatene. The chief city is Tabriz. 
 Area (estimated), 30,000 to 40,000 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 1,000,000. 
 
 Azevedo Coutinlio (a-za-va'doko-te'nyo), Jose 
 Joaquim da Cnn'ha. Bom at Campos, Sept. 8, 
 1742: died in Portugal, Sept. 12, 1821. A Por- 
 tuguese-Brazilian prelate, in 1794 he was made 
 bishop of Pernambuco, and in 1818 inquisitor-general of 
 Portugal and Brazil, the last who held this office. He 
 was a noted defender of the interests of Brazil in Portu- 
 gal, and was the author of several historical and economi- 
 cal works relating to that country. 
 
 Azevedo y Zuniga, Gaspar de. See ZCMga y 
 
 Azevedo. 
 
 103 
 
 Azhi Dahaka (a/zhi da-ha/ka). [‘Destroying 
 serpent.’] Originally, the cloud-serpent of Ar- 
 yan mythology, the destroying serpent of the 
 Avesta; later, in the heroic myths of the Bani- 
 ans, an old king of Iran. In Firdausi, as Dahak, 
 Dahhak, or Tohhak, he is the son of an Arab chief Mir- 
 das and dwells in Mesopotamia. He makes a league 
 with Ahriman, who prompts him to compass the death 
 of his own father and succeed him. Ahriman feeds Da- 
 hak with flesh, though man had before lived on fruits. 
 In return he wishes to kiss Dahak upon the shoulders, 
 whence there grow in consequence two serpents. Each 
 day two men are killed that the serpents maybe fed with 
 their brains. Attacking Iran, Dahak puts Jem to flight, 
 slays him in China, and seizes the kingdom, which he 
 holds during a thousand years of oppression and misrule. 
 Overthrown by Kave and" Feridun, he was chained by the 
 latter in Mount Demavend, whence it is believed that he 
 will at the end of time escape to spread destruction and 
 be slain by Xeresaspa. 
 
 Azibaal ( a-ze-ba'al). [‘ My strength is the god 
 Ba'al’ (?).] King of Aradus (Arvad), Pheni- 
 cia, appointed by Asurbanipal, the Assyrian 
 king (668-626 B. C.). 
 
 Azim (a/zim). A lover of Zelicainthe “Veiled 
 Prophet.” He kills her by mistake for the 
 latter. 
 
 Azimech. (az'i-mek). [Ar. as-simak : mean- 
 ing uncertain.] A name applied both to a Vir- 
 ginis (Spica) and to Arcturus, but rarely to the 
 latter. 
 
 Azimgarh, or Azamgarli (a-zhn-, a-zam-gur'). 
 A district in Gorakhpur division, United Prov- 
 inces, British India, intersected by lat. 26° N., 
 long. 83° E. Area, 2,207 square miles. 
 Azimgarh. The chief town of the district of 
 Azimgarh, situated on the Tons 55 miles north- 
 east of Benares. Population, 18,835. 
 Azincourt. See Agincowt. 
 
 Azo (iid'zo), or Azzo (ad'zo), Porcius. Died 
 1230 (1200 ?). An eminent Bolognese jurist, au- 
 thor of “Surama codicis,” and “Apparatus ad 
 codicem.” He was a pupil of John Bassianus, and 
 taught at the University of Bologna. 
 
 Azoff, or Azof. See Azov. 
 
 Azor (a' zor). The name of the Beast in Mar- 
 montel’s “ Beauty and the Beast.” 
 
 Azores (a-zorz'), or Western Islands. [Pg. 
 Azores, F. Azores, G. Azoren : so called from 
 the hawks (agores) found there.] A group of 
 islands situated in the Atlantic 800 miles west 
 of Portugal, in lat. 37°-40° N., long. 25°-31° 10' 
 W. They belong to Portugal, and form the province 
 Azores, capital Angra, with three districts — Angra, Ilorta, 
 aud Ponta Delgada. There are nine islands : Sao Miguel, 
 Santa Maria, Terceira, Sao Jorge, Pico, Fayal, Graziosa, 
 Flores, aud Corvo. The surface is volcanic and moun- 
 tainous, and the soil fertile, producing oranges, wine, etc. 
 The islands are a noted health-resort- They were occu- 
 pied by Portugal in 1432, and colonized by Portuguese and 
 Flemings in the 16th century. Area, 922 square miles. 
 Population, about 256,300. 
 
 Azotus (a-zo'tus). [Gr. ’ACwrof.] See Aslidod. 
 Azov, or Azof, or Azoff (a'zof). A town in 
 the province of the Don Cossacks, Russia, situ- 
 ated on the Don near its mouth, in lat. 47° 10' 
 N., long. 39° 25' E. It was taken from the Turks by 
 Peter the Great in 1696, and annexed to Russia in 1774. 
 Population, about 27,000. 
 
 Azov, or Azof, or Azoff, Sea of. A sea south of 
 Russia, communicating with the Black Sea by 
 
 Azuni 
 
 the Strait of Yenikale: the ancient Palus Maeo- 
 tis. Its largest arm is the Gulf of Taganrog, and its 
 chief tributary the Don. It is very shallow. Length, 220 
 miles. Width, about 80 miles. Area, 14,000 square miles. 
 
 Azpeitia (ath-pay'te-a). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Guipuzcoa, Spain, on the Urola 15 miles 
 southwest of San Sebastian. Population, 
 6,066. 
 
 Azrael (az'ra-el). In Jewish and Mohamme- 
 dan angelology, the angel who separates the 
 soul from the body at the moment of death, for 
 which he watches. 
 
 Aztec Calendar Stone. See Stone of the Sun. 
 
 Aztecas (az'tek-az). [Said to he derived from 
 Nahuatl aztlan, place of the heron; but with 
 equal probability from the name of a clan (the 
 ‘ Heron’ clan) which left its name to the place.] 
 A surname of the Mexican branch of Nahuatl 
 Indians of central Mexico. The name “Aztecs” 
 has been much misused, every sedentary tribe having 
 been conceived to be descendants of the people so named. 
 In fact, they were a band of Indians who had gradually 
 drifted into the valley of Mexico, from the north (probably), 
 and who, harassed by tribes of their own linguistic stock 
 which had preceded them in the occupation of the shores 
 of the lagoon of Mexico, finally fled to some islands in the 
 midst of its waters for security. Improving upon this al- 
 ready secure position, they held their own, and in the end 
 turned upon their neighbors. From these petty tribal 
 wars resulted, in the course of the 15th century, the con- 
 federacy between the Aztecs, the Tezcucans, and the Tec- 
 panecans, which became at last formidable to all the ab- 
 origines of central Mexico up to the year 1519, when Cor- 
 tbs put an end to the power of the confederates of the 
 valley plateau of Mexico. The word Azteca was only a 
 surname, not the original designation of the tribe ; and 
 the supposed connection of the Mexicans with the New 
 Mexican Pueblos can only he admitted when it is proved 
 that the Pueblo languages are of one stock, and that that 
 stock is radically connected with the Nahuatl of central 
 Mexico. 
 
 Aztecs. See Aztecas. 
 
 Aztlan (azt-lan'). [Nahuatl, ‘place of the 
 Heron.’] A mythical site where the Aztecas 
 are said to have dwelt, or whence they are rep- 
 resented as having started on their journey to 
 the southward. Its location is not yet de- 
 fined. 
 
 Azuaga (a-tho-a'ga). A town in the province 
 of Badajoz, Spain, 57 miles northeast of Seville. 
 Population, 14,192. 
 
 Azuay (a-tho-L), or Assuay (as-so-i'). A 
 province in southern Ecuador. Capital, Cuenca. 
 Area, 3,875 square miles. Population, about 
 132,400. 
 
 Azucena (ad-zo-cha'na). Acharacter inVerdi’s 
 “II Trovatore,” the old gipsy who stole Man- 
 rico. 
 
 Azulai (a-zo-li'), Hayim David. Born in Jeru- 
 salem: lived and died in Leghorn, Italy. A 
 Jewish scholar of the 18th century. He wrote 
 numerous works, the most celebrated being his bibliog- 
 raphy, “Shem-ha-Ged61im” (“ The Names of the Great”), 
 which enumerates more than 1,300 Jewish authors, and 
 over 2,200 of their works. 
 
 Azuni (ad-zo'ne), Domenico Alberto. Born 
 at Sassari, Sardinia, Aug. 3, 1749: died at 
 Cagliari, Sardinia, Jan. 23, 1827. An Italian 
 jurist and legal and historical writer. He pub- 
 lished “ Sistema universale dei principj d^l diritto marit- 
 timo dell’ Europa" (1795), “Dizionario della giurispru- 
 denza mercantile” (1786-88), “Histone de Sardaigne 1 ' 
 (1802), etc. 
 
aader (ba'der), Franz 
 Xaver von. Born at Mu- 
 nich, March 27, 1765: died 
 at Munich, May 23, 1841. 
 A German scholar, ap- 
 pointed honorary profes- 
 sor of philosophy and 
 speculative theology at 
 the University of Munich 
 in 1826: chiefly known 
 from his philosophical writings. He devoted him- 
 self at first to the study of medicine and the natural sci- 
 ences, held the position of superintendent of mines in 
 Munich (1797), and published various scientific and tech- 
 nical works. His philosophy was conceived under Roman 
 Catholic influences, and was theosophieal in character. 
 His philosophical works have been collected, under the 
 editorship of Frauz Hoffman, in 10 volumes (1850-60). 
 Baal (ba'al). [Phen. and Heb. ba'al, lord, 
 master.] The supreme god of the Canaanites. 
 The Assyro- Babylonian form of the name is Belu, Bel. He 
 was conceived as the productive power of generation and 
 fertility, his female counterpart Ashtoretli (Astarte, Ish- 
 tar) being the receptive. His statue was placed on a 
 bull, the symbol of generative power, and he was repre- 
 sented with bunches of grapes and pomegranates in his 
 hands. He was also worshiped as the sun-god, and was 
 represented with a crown of rays. Offerings made to him 
 were incense, bulls, and on certain occasions human sac- 
 rifices, especially children (Jer. xix. 5). The favorite places 
 of his altars were heights and roofs of houses (Jer. xxxii. 
 29). His cult, like that of Ashtoreth, was attended by 
 wild and licentious orgies. The various names and epi- 
 thets of Baal occurring in the Old Testament and else- 
 where were derived from his various aspects and the 
 localities in which he was worshiped. So Baal Zebub (in 
 the New Testament Beelzebub, ‘lord of flies’) in Ekron ; 
 Baal Gad (‘lord of good luck ') in Baal Gad (Josh. xi. 17, 
 xii. 7), the modern Banias at the foot of Mount Hermon; 
 Baal Bear, from the mountain in Moab. His general 
 name among the Moabites was Chemosh (which see). 
 Moloch (‘ king') was his name especially among the Am- 
 monites. In Tyre he was worshiped as Melcarth (‘ king of 
 the city ’). identified by the Greeks with Hercules. He was 
 Baal Berith (‘ lord of the covenant ’) in the confederacy 
 of Shechem. Like the Hebrew Jah and El and the Assyro- 
 Babylonian Belu, Baal entered largely into the composition 
 of proper names. So, among numerous others, the names 
 of the two celebrated Carthaginian generals in the Punic 
 wars, Hannibal (‘Baal is gracious ') and Hasdrubal (‘Baal 
 is helpful '). The worship of Baal was introduced into 
 Israel under Ahab and his wife, who was a Phenician 
 princess. 
 
 Baal. A king of Tyre. He is mentioned in the As- 
 syrian cuneiform inscriptions as having been made king 
 of Tyre by Esarhaddon (king of Assyria 680-668 B. C.), but 
 rebelled against him and joined Tirhakah, the Ethiopian 
 king of Egypt. On his expedition against Egypt, Esar- 
 haddon forced Baal to submit to the Assyrian sovereignty. 
 Under Asurbanipal (668-626) Baal renewed his rebellion 
 against Assyria, but was again obliged to submit. 
 
 Baalath (ba/al-atli). A town of Dan, situated 
 probably on the site of the modern Bel'ain, 
 about 2 miles north of Bet.h-horon. 
 
 Baalbec, or Baalbek (bal'bek), or Baalbak 
 (bal'bak). [‘ The city of Baal’ or of ‘ the sun ’ ; 
 Old Syriac Ba'aldak : the modern Al-Bukaa 
 (the valley).] An ancient city of Syria, sit- 
 uated on the slope of Anti-Libanus 34 miles 
 northwest of Damascus: the Greek Heliopolis 
 (‘city of the sun’), famous for its ruins, it was 
 a center of the worship of Baal as sun-god, whence both 
 the original and the Greek names. The city wasaR-oman 
 colony (Colonia Julia Augusta Felix) under Augustus, and 
 was adorned (great temple) by Antoninus Pius. Its fall 
 began with its capture by the Arabs, and it was totally 
 destroyed by an earthquake in 1759. The site is famous 
 for the ruins of the two great temples on its acropolis. 
 The older portions of the acropolis wall, made of huge 
 stones, are of Phenician or kindred origin, and date from 
 the time when the worship of Baal was still supreme. All 
 the structures, except the parts of the wall mentioned, 
 are late Roman in time, and are very effective from their 
 grouping, their great size, and the beauty of the mate- 
 rials. Baalbec has been known to Europeans since the 
 16th century, and its monuments have been studied and 
 drawn by many explorers. 
 
 Baal Peor (ba'al pe'or). See Baal. 
 
 Baan (ban), or'Baen, Jan van der. Born at 
 Haarlem, Feb. 20, 1633: died at Amsterdam, 
 1702. A Dutch portrait-painter. His son Jacob 
 der Baan (born at The Hague, March, 1672: 
 died at Vienna, April, 1700) also practised the 
 
 same art. 
 
 Baanites (ba'an-its). The followers of Baanes, 
 a Paulician of the 8th and early part of the 
 9th century. 
 
 Baar (bar). A town in the canton of Zug, 
 Switzerland, 15 miles northeast of Lucerne. 
 
 Baar (bar), The. An elevated and broken re- 
 gion in southwestern Wiirtemberg and south- 
 eastern Baden, lying about the bead waters of 
 the Neckar and Danube. 
 
 Bab (bab), Lady. A character in the Rev. 
 James Townley’s farce-comedy “High Life 
 Below Stairs,” taken by Kitty, the maid of 
 Lady Bab, who impersonates her mistress and 
 is so called by her fellow-servants. 
 
 Bab (bab), or Bab-ed-Din (bab'ed-den'). A 
 title first assumed by Mohammed Ali (put to 
 death in 1850), founder about 1843 of the Per- 
 sian sect named Babi, which revolted against 
 the government in 1848. See Babi. 
 
 Bab Ballads, The. A volume of amusing verse 
 by W. S. Gilbert, published in London 1868. 
 These poems appeared originally in “Fun.” 
 
 Baba (ba'ba), Ali. A character in the story of 
 “ The Forty Thieves ” in “ The Arabian Nights’ 
 Entertainments,” who makes his way into the 
 secret cave of the forty thieves by the use of 
 the magic words “open sesame” (the name of 
 a kind of grain). 
 
 Baba (ba'ba), Cape. A promontory at the 
 western extremity of Asia Minor, at the en- 
 trance of the Gulf of Adramyttium. 
 
 Baba, Hajji. The principal personage in a 
 novel by James Morier, “The Adventures of 
 Hajji Baba of Ispahan,” published in 1824. 
 
 Baba Abdalla (ba'ba ab-dal'la). A blind 
 man, in a story in “ The Arabian Nights’ En- 
 tertainments,” who becomes rich through the 
 kindness of a dervish. His covetousness makes him 
 demand also a box of magic ointment which, when ap- 
 plied to the left eye, reveals all hidden treasures, but 
 when used on the right- produces total blindness. Doubt- 
 ing this, he applies it to both, and loses sight and riches. 
 
 Bababalouk. The chief eunuch in Beckford’s 
 “Vathek,” a most “royal and disgusting per- 
 sonage.” The name is not original with him. 
 
 Babadag (ba-ba-dag'). A town in the Do- 
 brud.ja, Rumania, in lat. 44° 55' N., long. 28° 
 40' E. Population, 3,679. 
 
 Babar. See Baber. 
 
 Babbage (bab'aj), Charles. Born near Teign- 
 mouth, Devonshire, Dec. 26, 1792 : died at Lon- 
 don, Oct. 18, 1871. A noted English mathe- 
 matician, one of the founders, secretaries, and 
 vice-presidents of the Astronomical Society, 
 and professor of mathematics at Cambridge 
 (1828-39). He is chiefly known as the inventor of a 
 calculating machine which, after many years of toil and 
 a large expenditure of money, he failed to perfect. He 
 published a treatise “On the Economy of Machinery and 
 Manufactures” (1st ed. 1832), a table of logarithms, and 
 many minor works. 
 
 Babbitt (bab'it), Isaac. Born at Taunton, 
 Mass., July 26, 1799 : died at Somerville, Mass., 
 May 26, 1862. An American inventor and 
 manufacturer, a goldsmith by trade, noted for 
 the discovery of the anti-friction metal (an 
 alloy of tin with copper and antimony) which 
 bears bis name. 
 
 Babcock (bab'kok), Orville E. Born at Frank- 
 lin, Vt., Dec. 25, 1835: died June 2, 1884. An 
 American general. He served as able de-camp to 
 General Grant in the Civil War, and when Grant became 
 President acted for a time as his private secretary. He 
 was indicted in 1876 by the grand jury of St. Louis for com- 
 plicity in revenue frauds, but was acquitted with the aid 
 of a deposition by President Grant. He was promoted 
 colonel July 25, 1866. 
 
 Babcock, Rufus. Born at North Colebrook, 
 Conn., Sept. 18, 1798: died at Salem, Mass., 
 May 4, 1875. An American Baptist clergyman. 
 He was graduated from Brown University 1821 ; was pres- 
 ident of Waterville College (Colby University), Maine, 
 1833-37; served as pastor of several Baptist congrega- 
 tions ; and was the founder and editor of the “ Baptist 
 Memorial. ” 
 
 Babek (ba'bek). Died 837. A Persian rebel and 
 religious leader, surnamed “Khoremi” (‘the 
 sensualist’) on account of the libertine prin- 
 ciples which he inculcated. He was taken prisoner 
 and put to death after having defied for a time the entire 
 forces of the calif Motassem. 
 
 104 
 
 Babel (ba'bel). Same as Babylon (which see). 
 Bab-el-Mandeb (bab-el-man'deb). [Ar., ‘gate 
 of tears,’ from its dangerousness.] A strait, 
 20 miles wide, connecting the Red Sea with 
 the Indian Ocean, and separating Arabia from 
 ' eastern Africa. In it is the island of Perim, 
 occupied by the British. 
 
 Bab-el-Mandeb, Ras (Cape). The southwest- 
 ern headland of Arabia, which projects into 
 the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb. 
 
 Babenberg (ba'ben-berG). A princely family 
 of Franconia, prominent in the 9th and 10th 
 centuries, whose castle stood on the site of the 
 modern Bamberg. The Austrian dynasty of 
 Babenberg, which ruled from about 976 to 1246, 
 was formerly supposed to have been descended 
 from this Franconian house. 
 
 Babenhausen (ba'ben-hou-zen). A small town 
 in Bavaria, situated on the Gtinz 22 miles south- 
 southeast of Ulm : the seat of a former imperial 
 lordship. 
 
 Babenhausen. A small town in the province of 
 Starkenburg. Hesse, on the Gersprenz 15 miles 
 southeast of Frankfort-on-the-Main. 
 
 Baber (ba'ber), or Babar (ba'bar), or Babur 
 (ba'bor) (Zehir-Eddin (or Zahir al din) Mo- 
 hammed). Born Feb. 4, 1483: died Dec. 28, 
 1530. A great-grandson of Timur : the founder 
 of the so-called Mogul empire in India. He sue- 
 ceeded his father in Ferghana in 1494, conquered Kashgar, 
 Kunduz, Kandahar, and Kabul, and in 1525 and 1526 India. 
 He wrote in the Tatar language memoirs afterward trans- 
 lated into Persian and from that into various Western 
 languages. 
 
 This dynasty is commonly known as Mogul, both in and 
 out of India ; but Baber was for all practical purposes a 
 Turk. His memoirs were written in Turkish ; his army 
 was chiefly Turkish ; and he always speaks of the real 
 Moguls with extreme dislike. The cause of the misnomer 
 is that the name Mogul is in India loosely applied to all 
 strangers from the North, much in the same way as that 
 of Frank is, throughout the eastern world, to all strangers 
 from the West. It is even applied to the Persians, with 
 hardly more reason than the Persians themselves have 
 for calling the Ottoman Turks Romans. 
 
 Freeman, Hist. Saracens, p. 192. 
 
 Babes in the Wood. See Children in the Wood. 
 Babeuf (ba-bef'), or Baboeuf, Frangois Noel: 
 pseudonym Caius Gracchus. Born at St. 
 Quentin, France, 1760 (1762?): died at Paris, 
 May 28, 1797. A French agitator and commu- 
 nist. He founded a journal called “La Tribune du Peu- 
 ple ’’ (1794), in which he advocated absolute equality and 
 community of property. In 1796 he organized a conspir- 
 acy against the Directory for the purpose of putting his 
 theories into practice, but was betrayed, and executed, 
 together with his principal accomplice, Darthd. His sys- 
 tem of communism, known as Babouvisme, is set forth in 
 his principal works, “ Cadastre perpdtuel “ (1789) and “ Du 
 systeme de population ” (1794). 
 
 Babi (bab'e), or Babists (bab'ists). A Persian 
 sect of Mohammedans, so called from bab, ‘ a 
 gate,’ the name assumed by the founder of the 
 sect, who claimed that no one could come to 
 know God except through him. it was founded 
 about 1843 by Seyd Mohammed Ali, a native of fchiraz. On 
 the accession of the shah Kasr-ed-Din 1848, the sect broke 
 out into revolt, proclaiming the Bab as universal sover- 
 eign, and was put down only after several Persian armies 
 had been routed. The Bab was executed 1850. An at- 
 tempt on the life of the shah in 1852 by three Babists oc- 
 casioned a terrible persecution, in spite of which the sect 
 survives. The Babi form a pantheistic offshoot of Mo- 
 hammedanism, tinctured with Gnostic, Buddhistic, and 
 Jewish ideas, inculcate a high morality, discountenance 
 polygamy, forbid concubinage, asceticism, and mendi- 
 cancy, recognize the equality of the sexes, and encourage 
 the practice of charity, hospitality, and abstinence from 
 intoxicants of all kinds. 
 
 Babia-Gura (ba'bva-go'ra). A group of the 
 Carpathians, near the borders of Huugary and 
 Galicia, southwest of Cracow. 
 
 Babiega. The name of the Cid’s horse. 
 Babinet (ba-be-na'), Jacques. Born at Lusi- 
 gnan, France, March 5, 1794 : died at Paris, Oct. 
 21, 1872. A French physicist, meteorologist, 
 and astronomer. 
 
 Babington (bab'ing-ton), Anthony. Born 
 at Dethick, Derbyshire, Oct., 1561: executed 
 Sept. 20, 1586. An English Roman Catholic 
 conspirator. He was page for a time to Mary Queen 
 
Babington 
 
 of Scots during her Imprisonment at Sheffield, and later 
 leader (under the guidance of various Catholic priests, 
 particularly of John Ballard) of a conspiracy for the mur- 
 der of Elizabeth, the release of Mary, and a general rising 
 of the Catholics. 
 
 Babism (bab'izm). The religion of the Babi 
 (which see). 
 
 Babley, Richard. See Dick, Mr. 
 
 Babo (ba'bo), Josef Marius von. Born at 
 Ehrenbreitstein, Jan. 14, 1756: died at Munich, 
 Feb. 5, 1822. A German dramatic poet. He be- 
 came professor of flno arts at Munich 1778, and at his death 
 was a theatrical manager in the same city. He was the 
 author of the historical tragedy “Otto von Wittelsbach” 
 (1781), etc. 
 
 Babdcsa (bo'bo-eho). A town in the county of 
 Siimeg, Hungary, situated near the Drave. 
 
 Babceuf. Seo Babeuf. 
 
 Baboon (ba-bon'), Lewis and Philip. Char- 
 acters in Arbuthnot’s “History of John Bull,” 
 representing, respectively, Louis XIV. and 
 Philip of Bourbon, due d’ Anjou. 
 
 Babrius (ba'bri-us), or Babrias (ba'bri-as), or 
 Gabrias (ga'bri-as). [Gr. Ba^piog, B aflpiag, or 
 Tajlpiat;.] A Greek writer of the 1st century 
 B. c., who put into choliambic verse the fables 
 attributed to JEsop. 
 
 Babua (ba'bwa), or A-babua (a-ba'bwa). An 
 African tribe of the Kongo State, south of the 
 Welle River. 
 
 Ba-Bumantsu (ba-bo-man'tso). See Bushmen. 
 
 Babur. See Baber. 
 
 Babuydn Islands (ba-bo-yan' i'landz). A group 
 of small islands in the Philippines, north of 
 Luzon. 
 
 Babylas (baVi-las), or Babyllus (-lus), or 
 Babila (-la), Saint. Died 250. Bishop of Antioch 
 from about 237 to 250, in which latter year he 
 suffered martyrdom. In the Catholic Church 
 his day is Jan. 24; in the Greek Sept. 4. 
 
 Babylon (bab'i-lon). In ancient geography, the 
 capital of Babylonia, situated on the Euphra- 
 tes in lat. 32° 30' N., long. 44° 30' E. ; Babel. 
 The etymology of the name is, as ascertained by many 
 passages in the cuneiform inscriptions, bab-ili, gate of 
 God. The explanation of Gen. xi. 9, ‘confusion,’ from 
 the Hebrew balal, is, as in many other instances, based 
 on a popular etymology. Its Persian name was Babirus. 
 It was situated in the south on the Euphrates, and its 
 ruins are spread out on both sides of the river. Babylon 
 was one of the oldest cities of Mesopotamia (compare Gen. 
 x. 10), and was the undisputed capital of Babylonia at 
 the time of the Elamite conquest (2300 B. c.), remaining 
 this till the end. As capital of the country it shared 
 in all its vicissitudes, and wqs the principal aim of 
 the Assyrian invasions. It was first conquered by the 
 Assyrian king Tukulti-Adar about 1300 B. c. ; then by 
 Tiglath-Pileser L about 1110 B. c. Of Shalmaneser II. 
 (860-824 B. C.) and his son and grandson it is recorded that 
 they victoriously entered Babylon and sacrificed there to 
 the gods. It was customary with the Assyrian kings, in 
 order to be recognized as fully legitimate kings, to go 
 to Babylon and there perform the mysterious ceremony 
 termed by them “seizing the hands of Bel." Sennacherib 
 sacked it 690 B. c., and completely razed it to the ground. 
 His son and successor Esarhaddon undertook, eleven 
 years later, the restoration of the city. But it was under 
 Nabopolassar, the founder of the new Babylonian empire, 
 625-604 B. C., and especially under his successor Nebu- 
 chadnezzar, 605-562 B. c., that it became “Babylon the 
 great,” The ruins, now covering both banks of the Eu- 
 phrates, are those of the Babylon of these kings and their 
 successors, and convey some idea of its former magnitude 
 and splendor. Nebuchadnezzar, who took more pride in 
 the buildings constructed under his auspices than in his 
 victorious campaigns, concentrated all his care upon the 
 adorning and beautifying of his residence. To this end 
 he completed the fortification of the city begun by his 
 father Nabopolassar, consisting in a double in closure of 
 mighty walls, the inner called Imyur-Bel (‘Bel is gra- 
 cious ), the outer Nemitti-Bel (‘foundation of Bel’). The 
 circumference of the latter is given by Herodotus (178 ff.) 
 as having been about 55 miles (480 stades), its height 
 about 340 feet, and its thickness about 85 feet. Ctesias 
 (in Diod. Sicul. II. 7 ff.) gives somewhat smaller numbers. 
 According to both these writers the wall was strengthened 
 by 250 towers and pierced by 100 gates of brass (compare 
 also Jer. 1. 15 ; li. 63, 58). The city itself was adorned with 
 numerous temples, chief among them Esagila (‘the high- 
 towering house’), temple of the city and of the national 
 god Merodach (Babylonian Marduk) with his spouse Zir- 
 panit. In the neighborhood of it was the royal palace, 
 the site of which was identified with the ruins of Al- 
 Kasr. Sloping toward the river were the Hanging Gar- 
 dens, one of the seven wonders, the location of which is in 
 the northern mound of ruins, Babil. The temple described 
 by Herodotus is that of Nebo in Borsippa, not far from 
 Babylon, which Herodotus included under Babylon, and 
 which also in the cuneiform inscriptions is called “Baby- 
 lon the second.” This temple, which in the mound of 
 Birs Nimrfld represents the most imposing ruin of Baby- 
 lonia, is termed in the inscriptions Kzida (‘ the eternal 
 house 1 ), an ancient sanctuary of Nebo (Assyrian Nabu), 
 and was restored with great splendor by Nebuchadnezzar. 
 It represents in its construction a sort of pyramid built in 
 seven stages, whence it is sometimes called “ temple of 
 the seven spheres of heaven and earth,” and it is assumed 
 that the narrative of the "tower of Babel” in Gen. xi. 
 was connected with this temple. Concerning Babylon 
 proper Herodotus mentions that it had wide streets lined 
 with houses of three and four stories. In the conquest 
 of Cyrus, 538 B. C., the city of Babylon was spared. 
 Darius Hystaspes razed its walls and towers. Xerxes 
 
 VI. 5 
 
 105 
 
 (486-466 B. c.) despoiled the temples of their golden stat- 
 ues and treasures. Alexander the Great wished to restore 
 the city, but was prevented by his early death. The de- 
 cay of Babylon was hastened by the foundation in its 
 neighborhood of Seleucia, 300 B. 0., which was built from 
 the ruins of Babylon. The last who calls himself in an 
 inscription “king of Babylon, restorer of Esagila and 
 Ezida,” was Antiochus the Great (223-187 B. C.). In the 
 time of Pliny (23-79 A. D.) Babylon was a deserted and 
 dismal place. In the Apocalypse Babylon is used for the 
 city of the Antichrist. See Century Atlas, Map VIII. 
 Babylon. In ancient geography, a town in 
 Egypt, on the Nile opposite the Pyramids. 
 Babylon. A town on the south shore of Long 
 Island, in Suffolk County, New York, 30 miles 
 east of Brooklyn. Population, 9,030, (1910). 
 Babylon, Modern. A name frequently given 
 to London. 
 
 Babylonia (bab-i-16'ni-a). See Babylon. 
 Babylonian Captivity. 1. The period of the 
 exile of the Jews in Babylon: usually reck- 
 oned as 70 years, though the actual period 
 from the destruction of the temple and Jeru- 
 salem to the return was not more than 50 years. 
 In 605 B. c. Nebuchadnezzar attacked Jerusalem and car- 
 ried off many prisoners. In 597 the city was again attacked 
 and the king Jehoiachin, his household and 10,000 of the 
 flower of the nation, were carried away. In 586 the city 
 was captured after a siege, the city and temple were 
 burned, and the inhabitants massacred. The survivors were 
 carried off to Babylonia. This was the beginning of t[ie 
 Babylonian captivity proper. In 536, Cyrus, after capturing 
 Babylon, granted the exiles permission to return ; and a 
 colony of 42,300 persons availed itself of the privilege. 
 
 2. That period in the history of the papacy in 
 the 14th century when the popes, exiled from 
 Italy, lived at Avignon under French influences. 
 Their stay in France lasted about 70 years. 
 Babylonica (bab-i-lon'i-ka). An ancient ro- 
 mance in thirty-nine books, by Iambliehus, a 
 Syrian rhetorician of the time of Trajan, it ex- 
 isted in manuscript until near the end of the 17th century, 
 when it was destroyed by fire. An epitome of it is given 
 by Photius. It narrates the adventures of two lovers, 
 Rliodanes and Sinonis, in their flight from King Garmus 
 of Babylon, and their attempt to evade his two eunuchs, 
 Damas and Saca, sent in pursuit of them. 
 
 Baca (ba'ka), Valley of. [Heb.,‘ valley of bal- 
 sam-trees’]. A valley referred to in the Old 
 Testament (Ps. lxxxiv. 6), probably El-Bakei’a, 
 between Jerusalem and Bethlehem. 
 
 Bacairis, or Bakairis, or Bacahiris (ba-ka-e- 
 rez'), or Bacuris (ba-ko-rez'). An Indian tribe 
 of central Brazil, living about the head waters of 
 the Xingu and J ur uena. A few hundred have submit- 
 ted to the whites and serve as herdsmen and laborers. They 
 have no intercourse with the wild Bacairis, who are much 
 more numerous. The latter, who were first visited by 
 Von den Steinen in 1886, go naked, live partly by agri- 
 culture, and have permanent villages. By their language 
 they are classed with the Carib stock. 
 
 Bacapa, Saint Ludovicus. [Pima, from vatki, 
 ruined building or house.] An abandoned mis- 
 sion in southeastern Arizona, founded in the 
 latter part of the 17th century, and often con- 
 founded with Vacapa (now Matape) in central 
 Sonora. 
 
 Bacau. See Bakau. 
 
 Bacbuc (bak-biik'). The priestess of the temple 
 in Rabelais’s “Pantagruel.” 
 
 Baccarat (bak-ka-ra/). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Meurthe-et-Moselle, France, situated 
 on the Meurthe 15 miles southeast of Lun6- 
 ville : celebrated for its glass-works. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 6,996. 
 
 Bacchse (bak'e), The. [Gr. B duxai, the Baccha- 
 nals.] A play of Euripides, assigned to a late 
 period in the life of the dramatist, it was composed 
 for the court of Archelaus, and is founded on the punish- 
 ment of Pentheus, “who, with his family, jeers at the 
 worship of Dionysus, and endeavors to put it down by 
 force. His mother Agave, and her sisters, are driven 
 mad into the mountains, where they celebrate the wild 
 orgies of Bacchus with many attendant miracles. Pen- 
 theus, who at first attempts to imprison the god, and 
 then to put down the Bacchanals by force of arms, is de- 
 prived of his senses, is made ridiculous by being dressed 
 in female costume, and led out by the god to the wilds of 
 Cithseron, where he is torn in pieces by Agave and other 
 princesses” ( Mahaffy , Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 373). 
 
 Bacchiadae (ba-ld'a-de). [Gr. B auxiadai.] A 
 ruling family of Corinth, a branch of the 
 Heraclidse: so named from Bacchis, king of 
 Corinth 926-891 B. C. They ruled Corinth first un- 
 der a monarchical form of government, then as a close 
 oligarchy from 926 B. c. till their deposition by Cypselus, 
 about 657 B. 0. 
 
 Bacchiglione (biik-ke-lyo'ne). A river in 
 northeastern Italy which flows past Vicenza 
 and Padua and empties into the Gulf of Venice. 
 Length, about 80 miles. 
 
 Bacchus (bak'us). [L., Gr. Bd/c^of, another 
 name of Dionysus, the god of wine ; also one 
 of his followers or priests. Also called "I axgof, 
 prob. related to idxeiv, shout, with allusion to 
 the noisy manner in which the festival of Dio- 
 nysus was celebrated.] In classical mythology, 
 
 Bach, Johann Sebastian 
 
 a name of Dionysus, the son of Zeus (Jupiter) 
 and Semele, and the god of wine, personifying 
 both its good and its bad qualities. It was the cur- 
 rent name of this god among the Romans. The orgiastic 
 worship of Bacchus was especially characteristic of Boeo- 
 tia, where his festivals were celebrated on the slopes of 
 Mount Cithseron, and extended to those of the neighbor- 
 ing Parnassus. In Attica the rural and somewhat savage 
 cult of Bacchus underwent a metamorphosis, and reached 
 its highest expression in the choragic literary contests, in 
 which originated both tragedy and comedy, and for which 
 were written most of the masterpieces of Greek literature. 
 Bacchus was held to have taught the cultivation of the 
 grape and the preparation of wine. In early art, and less 
 commonly after the age of Phidias, Bacchus is represented 
 as a bearded man of full age, usually completely draped. 
 After the time of Praxiteles he appears almost universally, 
 except in archaistic examples, in the type of a beardless 
 youth, of graceful and rounded form, often entirely un- 
 draped or very lightly draped. Among his usual attri- 
 butes are the vine, the ivy, the thyrsus, the wine-cup, and 
 the panther. 
 
 Bacchus and Ariadne. A noted painting by 
 Titian (1523), in the National Gallery, London. 
 
 Bacchus descends from his leopard-chariot, attended by 
 satyrs and maenads, while Ariadne turns away startled. 
 The background is of woodland, meadow, and sea, glowing 
 with color and light, harmonious, and beautiful in form. 
 
 Bacchylides (ba-kil'i-dez). [Gr. Ba/cTu/Udjfc-] 
 A Greek lyric poet of the second rank, living 
 in the 5th century b. c., a native of Iulis in the 
 island of Ceos, a nephew and pupil of Simon- 
 ides and a contemporary and rival of Pindar. 
 He lived for a time at the court of Hiero in Syracuse. 
 A manuscript of his poems has recently been discovered. 
 
 Bacciocchi, Elisa. See Bonaparte. 
 
 Bacciocchi (ba-chok'ke), Felice Pasquale, 
 
 Prince of Lucca, Piombino, etc. Born at Ajac- 
 cio, Corsica, May 18, 1762: died at Bologna, 
 April 27, 1841. The husband of Elisa Bona- 
 parte and brother-in-law of Napoleon I. 
 
 Baccio della Porta. See Bartolommeo, Fra. 
 
 Bach (bach), Baron Alexander von. Born at 
 Loosdorf, Lower Austria, Jan. 4, 1813: diedNov. 
 13, 1893. An Austrian Ultramontane statesman, 
 minister of justice 1848 (July 19, Oct. 8, and Nov. 
 21), and of the interior 1849-59, and later am- 
 bassador at Rome. 
 
 The Concordat negotiated by Bach with the Papacy in 
 1856 marked the definite submission of Austria to the ec- 
 clesiastical pretensions which in these years of political 
 languor and discouragement gained increasing recogni- 
 tion throughout Central Europe. 
 
 Fyffe, Hist, of Mod. Europe, III. 156. 
 
 Bach, Heinrich. Born Sept. 16, 1615: died at 
 Arnstadt, July 10, 1691. A member of the fa- 
 mous Bach family of musicians, organist at 
 Arnstadt (1681), and father of the musicians 
 Johann Christoph and Johann Michael Bach. 
 
 Bach, Johann Christian. Born at Erfurt, 
 1640: died at Erfurt, 1682. A member of the 
 Bach family of musicians, son of Johannes 
 Bach of Erfurt, who was a great-uncle of Jo- 
 hann Sebastian Bach. 
 
 Bach, Johann Christian. Born at Leipsic, 
 1735: died at London, 1782. A son of Johann 
 Sebastian Bach, surnamed “the Milanese" 
 and “the English” from his residence in Milan 
 (where he was organist of the cathedral 1754- 
 1759) and in London (1759-82). He composed 
 operas, masses, Te Deums, etc. 
 
 Bach, Johann Christoph. The name of sev- 
 eral members of the noted family of musicians. 
 (a) Born 1613 : died at Arnstadt, 1661. A German musi- 
 cian, grandfather of Johann Sebastian Bach. (6) Born at 
 Erfurt, 1645 : died at Arnstadt, 1693. An uncle of Johann 
 Sebastian Bach, court musician to the Count of Schwarz- 
 burg. (c) Born 1643 : died 1703. A son of Heinrich Bach 
 of Arnstadt and uncle of the first wife of Johann Sebas- 
 tian Bach. He was court organist at Eisenach, and one of 
 the most noted members of the Bach family, (d) Born 
 1671 : died 1721. The brother of Johann Sebastian Bach, 
 organist at Ohrdruff. 
 
 Bach, Johann Christoph Friedrich. Born at 
 
 Leipsic, 1732: died at Biickeburg, 1795. A son 
 of Johann Sebastian Bach, kapellmeister to 
 Count Schaumburg at Biickeburg. 
 
 Bach, Johann Michael. Born 1648: died at 
 Arnstadt, 1694. A son of Heinrich Bach, 
 and the father-in-law of Johann Sebastian 
 Bach: a composer of note, and an instrument- 
 maker. 
 
 Bach, Johann Sebastian. Born at Eisenach,' 
 March 21, 1685: died at Leipsic, July 28, 1750. 
 An organist, and ono of the greatest of com- 
 posers of church music. At the age of ten (then an 
 orphan) he went to live with his brother Johann Christoph, 
 organist at Olmlruff, and at fifteen entered the Michadis 
 school at Luneburg. He became a violinist in the court 
 band of Prince Johann Ernst at Weimar in 1703 ; organist 
 at Arnstadt in 1704 ; organist at Miihlhnusen in 1707 ; 
 court organist at Weimar in 17^8; kapellmeister to the 
 lYinceof Anlialt-Kfithen at Kbthen in 1717; cantor at the 
 Thomas-Schule, and organist and director of music in two 
 churches at Leipsic (1723-60); honorary court composer 
 to the Elector of Saxony (1736); and honorary kapell- 
 
Bach, Johann Sebastian 
 
 meister to the Duke of Weissenfels. His works — chiefly 
 church and piano music — are numerous. He was twice 
 married, and had seven children by his first wife and thir- 
 teen by the second. 
 
 Bach, Karl Philipp Emanuel. Born at Wei- 
 mar, March 14, 1714: died at Hamburg, Dec. 14, 
 1788. A distinguished composer, son of Johann 
 Sebastian Bach. He went to Berlin in 1737, and in 1740 
 entered the service of Frederick the Great as court musi- 
 cian, remaining in this position until 1707 ; he then went 
 to Hamburg. He was a voluminous composer of piano- 
 music, oratorios, etc.; healso wrote on thetheory of piano- 
 playing. 
 
 Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann. Born at Weimar, 
 1710 : died at Berlin, July 1, 1784. The eldest 
 son of Johann Sebastian Bach, organist of the 
 Church of St. Sophia in Dresden (1733) and of 
 St. Mary’s at Halle (1747-1767). He was an organ- 
 
 ist and composer of great ability, but was of dissolute 
 habits. He died in want and degradation. 
 
 Bacharach (ba'chii-rach). A town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, on the Rhine 24 miles above 
 Coblentz: famous for its wines. Near it is the 
 castle Stahleck, an ancient residence of the 
 palatines. 
 
 Bache (bach), Alexander Dallas. Born at 
 Philadelphia, July 19, 1806: died at Newport, 
 R. I., Feb. 17, 1867. An American physicist, 
 son of Richard Bache and grandson of Benja- 
 min Franklin. He was a graduate of West Point 
 1825 ; professor of natur 1 philosophy and chemistry in 
 the University of Pennsy. .• inia 1828^1 ; the organizer of 
 Girard College 1836, and its first president ; and superin- 
 tendent of the Coast Survey 1843-67. He wrote “Obser- 
 vations at the Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory 
 at the Girard College,” and various scientific papers. 
 
 Bache, Francis Edward. Born at Birming- 
 ham, England, Sept. 14, 1833: died there, 
 Aug. 24, 1858. An English composer, author 
 of music for the pianoforte, operas, songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Bache, Franklin. Bom at Philadelphia, Oct. 
 25, 1792: died there, March 19, 1864*. An Am- 
 erican physician and chemist, a cousin of Alex- 
 ander Dallas Bacho. He was professor of chem- 
 istry in the Franklin Institute 1826-32, in the Philadelphia 
 College of Pharmacy 1831-41, and in Jefferson Medical Col- 
 lege 1841-64. With Dr. Wood he prepared a “Pharmaco- 
 poeia,” (1830), which was the foundation of the “United 
 States Pharmacopoeia ” and “ United States Dispensatory.” 
 He was editor, with Dr. Wood, of the “Dispensatory” 
 1833-64. 
 
 Bache, Richard. Born at Settle, Yorkshire, 
 England, Sept. 12, 1737 : died in Berks County, 
 Pa., July 29, 1811. Son-in-law of Benjamin 
 Franklin, postmaster-general of the United 
 States 1776-82. 
 
 Bache, Sarah. Born at Philadelphia, Sept. 11, 
 1744: died Oct. 5, 1808. Daughter of Benjamin 
 Franklin, and wife of Richard Bache. 
 Bachelor of Salamanca, The (F. “Le bache- 
 lier de Salamanque, ou les mdmoires de Don 
 Chbrubin de la Ronda ”). A romance by Le 
 Sage. According to a statement of the author in the 
 first edition (1736) it was taken from a Spanish manuscript ; 
 but this was not really the case. It was his last novel. 
 (Bachelor here means a * bachelor of arts.’) 
 
 Bachergebirge (ba'cher-ge-ber'ge). A moun- 
 tain group in southern Styria, south of the 
 Drave, an eastern continuation of the Kara- 
 wanken. 
 
 Bachian. See Batjan. 
 
 Bachman (bak'man), John. Born in Dutchess 
 County, N. Y., Feb. 4, 1790: died at Charles- 
 ton, S. C., Feb. 25, 1874. An American clergy- 
 man and naturalist, an associate of Audubon 
 in his “Quadrupeds of North America.” 
 Bachmann (bach' man), Gottlob Ludwig 
 Ernst. Born at Leipsic, Jan. 1, 1792: died 
 April 15, 1881. A German classical philologist, 
 professor of classical philology in the Univer- 
 sity of Rostock 1833-65. 
 
 Bacis (ba'sis), or Bakis (ba'kis). [Gr. Bataf.] 
 In Greek legend, a name given to several seers 
 or prophets, the most celebrated of whom was 
 the Bceotian Bacis, whose oracles were delivered 
 at Heleon in Boeotia. Specimens of these (spu- 
 rious) oracles, in hexameter verse, have been 
 preserved. 
 
 Back (bak), Sir George. Born at Stockport, 
 Cheshire, Nov. 6, 1796: died at London. June 
 23, 1878. An English admiral and Arctic ex- 
 plorer. He accompanied Franklin to the Spitzbergen 
 Seas in the Trent (1818), to the Coppermine River (by 
 land) and the Arctic coasts of America (1819-22), and to 
 the Mackenzie River (1825-27). He conducted an expedi- 
 tion overland, and discovered the Great Fish or Back 
 River (1833-35) ; and commanded the Terror in an Arctic 
 expedition (1836-37). He was made admiral in 1857. His 
 chief works are “Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedi- 
 tion to the Mouth of the Great Fish River," and “Narra- 
 tive of an Expedition in H. M. S. Terror." 
 
 Back Bay, The. All expansion of the Charles 
 
 106 
 
 River, now largely filled in and forming a 
 wealthy quarter of Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 Backbite (bak'bit), Sir Benjamin. A slan- 
 derer in Sheridan’s comedy “The School for 
 Scandal.” 
 
 Backergunge (bak'er-gunj), or Bakerganj, or 
 Bakarganj (bak'ar-ganj). A district in the 
 Dacca division, Eastern Bengal and Assam, 
 British India, in the Ganges delta. Area, 4,542 
 square miles. Population, 2,291,752. 
 
 Backbuysen (bak'hoi-zen), or Bakhuyzen, 
 Ludolf. Born at Emden, in East Friesland, 
 Dec. 18, 1631 : died at Amsterdam, Nov. 17, 
 1708 (1709?). A Dutch marine painter. 
 
 Backnang (bak'nang). A town in the Neckar 
 circle, Wurtemberg, on the Murr 15 miles 
 northeast of Stuttgart. Population, com- 
 mune, 8,327. 
 
 Backstrom (bak'strem), Per Johan Edvard. 
 
 Born at Stockholm, Oct. 27, 1841 : died there, 
 Feb. 12, 1886. A Swedish poet and dramatist. 
 He was editor of “l’eater och Musik ’ (1876), of “Nu” 
 (1877), and of “Post och Inrikes Tidningar ’’ (from 1878 to 
 his death), and author of the tragedy “Dagvard Frey " 
 (1877), etc. 
 
 Backtischwah. See BaJchtishwa. 
 
 Backus (bak'us), Isaac. [ME. hakhous, AS. 
 bsechus, bake-house.] Born at Norwich, Conn., 
 Jan. 9, 1724 : died Nov. 20, 1806. An American 
 Baptist minister, author of a “ History of New 
 England, with Special Reference to the Bap- 
 tisits ^ 7 77— pfp 
 
 Backwell (bak'wel). Edward. Died 1683. A 
 London goldsmith and alderman who played 
 an important part in financial affairs under 
 Cromwell and Charles n. He is regarded as 
 the chief founder of the banking system in 
 England. 
 
 Bacler d’Albe (bak-lar dalb'), Louis Albert 
 Ghislam, Baron. Born at Saint-Pol, Pas-de- 
 Calais, France, Oct. 21, 1762: died at Sevres, 
 Sept. 12, 1824. A French painter, chartographer, 
 and soldier. He served with distinction under Napo- 
 leon 1796-1814, especially as director of the topograph- 
 ical bureau, and attained (1813) the rank of brigadier- 
 general, His best-known work is a picture of the battle 
 of Arcole, in which he took part. 
 
 Bac-ninh (bak-neny'). A town in Tonkin, in 
 the delta of the Red River northeast of Hanoi. 
 Near it several engagements in the French war in Tonkin 
 took place in 1884. 
 
 Bacolor (ba-ko-lor'). A town in Luzon, Philip- 
 pine Islands, northwest of Manila. Popula- 
 tion, 13,493. 
 
 Bacon (ba'kon), Anthony. Born 1558: died 
 May, 1601. An English diplomatist, son of Sir 
 Nicholas Bacon by his second wife, and bro- 
 ther of Francis Bacon. He attached himself (1593) 
 to the Bail of Essex, and followed his fortunes until his 
 death, acting for seven years as his private foreign sec- 
 retary. 
 
 Bacon, Delia. Born at Tallmadge, Ohio, Feb. 
 2, 1811: died at Hartford, Conn., Sept. 2, 1859. 
 An American writer, sister of Leonard Bacon. 
 Her best-known work is the “Philosophy of the Plays 
 of Shakespeare Unfolded ” (1857), in which she attempted 
 to prove that the plays attributed to Shakspere are the 
 work of Francis Bacon and others. 
 
 Bacon, Ezekiel. Born at Boston, Mass., Sept. 1, 
 1776: died at Utica, N. Y., Oct. 18, 1870. An 
 American jurist and politician. He was member 
 of Congress from Massachusetts 1807-13, and first comp- 
 troller of the United States Treasury 1813-15. 
 
 Bacon, Francis. Born at York House, Lon- 
 don, Jan. 22, 1561: died at Highgate, April 
 9, 1626. A celebrated English philosopher, ju- 
 rist, and statesman, son of Sir Nicholas Ba- 
 con, created Baron Verulam July 12, 1618, and 
 Viscount St. Albans Jan. 27, 1621: commonly, 
 but incorrectly, called Lord Bacon. He studied 
 at Trinity College", Cambridge, April, 1573, to March, 1575, 
 and at Gray's Inn 1575 ; became attached to the embassy 
 of Sir Amias Paulet in France in 1576 ; was admitted to 
 the bar in 1582 ; entered Parliament in 1584 ; was knighted 
 in 1603 ; became solicitor-general in 1607, and attorney- 
 general in 1613; was made a privy councilor in 1616, 
 lord keeper in 1617, and lord chancellor in 1618 ; and was 
 tried in 1621 for bribery, condemned, fined, and removed 
 from office. A notable incident of his career was his 
 connection with the Earl of Essex, which began in July, 
 1591, remained an intimate friendship until the fall of 
 Essex (1600-01), and ended in Bacon’s active efforts to 
 secure the conviction of the earl for treason. (See Essex.) 
 His great fame rests upon his services as a reformer of 
 the methods of scientific investigation; and though his 
 relation to the progress of knowledge has been exag- 
 gerated and misunderstood, his reputation as one of 
 the chief founders of modern inductive science is well 
 grounded. His chief works are the “Advancement of 
 Learning. ” published in English as “The Two Books of 
 Francis Bacon of the Proticience and Advancement of 
 Learning Divine and Human,” in 1605 ; the “ Novum 
 organum sive indicia vera de interpretatione naturae,” 
 published in Latin, 1620, as a “second part” of the (in- 
 complete) “Instauratio magna ”; the “De dignitate et 
 augmentis scientiarum," published in Latin in 1623 ; 
 
 Bacup 
 
 “Historia Ventorum " (1622), “ Historia Vitae et Mortis” 
 (1623), “ Historia Densi et Rari ” (posthumously, 1658X 
 “Sylva Sylvarum ” (posthumously, 1627), “New Atlantis,” 
 “Essays" (1597, 1612, 1625), “De Sapientia Veterum" 
 (1609), “Apothegms New and Old,” “History of Henry 
 VII." (1622). Works edited by Ellis, Spedding, and Heath 
 (7 vols. 1857) ; Life by Spedding (7 vols. 1861, 2 vols. 
 1878). See Sltaksiiere. 
 
 Bacon, John. Born at London, Nov. 24, 1740: 
 died there, Aug. 4, 1799. An English sculptor. 
 Among his works are monuments to Pitt (Guildhall and 
 Westminster Abbey), Dr. Johnson and Howard (St. Paul’s), 
 and Blackstone (All Souls, Oxford). 
 
 Bacon, Leonard. Born at Detroit, Mich. , Feb. 
 19, 1802: died at New Haven, Conn., Dec. 24, 
 1881. An American Congregational clergy- 
 man, editor, and author. He was pastor in New 
 Haven (1st church 1825-81), professor and lecturer (1871) 
 in New Haven Theological Seminary (1866-81), one of the 
 founders of the “New Englander," and one of the foun- 
 ders and editors of the New York “Independent.” 
 
 Bacon, Nathaniel. Born 1593: died 1660. An 
 English Puritan lawyer, member of Parliament 
 1645-60, and master of requests under Crom- 
 well and Richard Cromwell. He was the author 
 of a "Historical Discourse of the Uniformity of the Gov- 
 ernment of England ” (1647-51). 
 
 Bacon, Nathaniel. Born in England about 
 1642: died Oct., 1676. An Anglo-American 
 lawyer, son of Thomas Bacon of Friston 
 Hall, Suffolk, England. He emigrated to Virginia, 
 settled on the upper James, and became a member of the 
 governor’s council. He was chosen by the Virginians, 
 who were dissatisfied with Governor Berkeley's Indian 
 policy, to lead an expedition against the Indians, but was 
 refused a commission by the governor. He nevertheless 
 invaded the Indian territory in 1676, but was proclaimed 
 a rebel by Governor Berkeley, was captured, tried before 
 the governor and council, and acquitted. The enthusiasm 
 which Bacon’s cause awakened was taken advantage of 
 to demand the abolition of exorbitant taxes, the recently 
 imposed restrictions on the suffrage, and other evils. 
 Having been proclaimed a rebel a second time by the 
 governor, Bacon captured and destroyed Jamestown, but 
 died before he could accomplish his projects of reform. 
 
 Bacon, Sir Nicholas. Born at Chiselhurst, 
 Kent, 1509 : died at London, Feb. 20, 1579. An 
 English statesman, father of Francis Bacon. 
 He was graduated B. A. at Corpus Christi College, Cam- 
 bridge in 1527 ; was called to the bar in 1533 ; became 
 solicitor of the Court of Augmentations in 1537 ; attorney 
 of the Court of Wards and Liveries in 1546 ; and was lord 
 keeper of the great seal from Dec. 22, 1558, to his death, 
 exercising after April 14, 1659, the jurisdiction of lord 
 chancellor. 
 
 Bacon, Roger. Born at or near Ilchester, Som- 
 ersetshire, about 1214 : died probably at Oxford 
 in 1294. A celebrated English philosopher. He 
 was educated at Oxford and Paris (whence he appears to 
 have returned to England about 1250), and joined the 
 Franciscan order. In 1257 he was sent by his superiors to 
 Paris where he was kept in close confinement for several 
 years. About 1265 he was invited by Pope Clement IV. 
 to write a general treatise on the sciences, in answer to 
 which he composed his chief work, the “ Opus Majus.” He 
 was in England in 1268. In 1278 his writings were con- 
 demned as heretical by a council of his order, in conse- 
 quence of which he was again placed in confinement. He 
 was at liberty in 1292. Besides the “Opus Majus,” his 
 most notable works are “Opus Minus,” “Opus Tertium,” 
 and “Compendium Philosophise.” See Siebert, “Roger 
 Bacon,” 1861; Held, “Roger Bacon’s Praktische Philoso- 
 phic,” 1881 ; and L. Schneider, “Roger Bacon,” 1873. 
 
 Bacon’s Rebellion. See Bacon, Nathaniel. 
 
 Baconthorpe (ba/ kon- thorp), or Bacon, or 
 Bacho, John. Died 1346. An English Car- 
 melite monk and schoolman, surnamed “the 
 Resolute Doctor.” 
 
 Bacos. See Cacos. 
 
 Bacsanyi (bo'chan-ye), Janos. Born at Ta- 
 polcza, western Hungary, May 11, 1763: died at 
 Linz, May 12, 1845. A Hungarian poet, prose- 
 writer, and journalist. He founded, with Bar6ti 
 and Kazinczy, a journal, the “Magyar Museum,” 
 in 1788. 
 
 Bactra. See Balkh. 
 
 Bactria (bak' tri-a), or Bactriana (bak-tri-a'- 
 na). [From Bactra.'] In ancient geography, 
 a country in Asia, north of the Paropamisus 
 Mountains on the upper Oxus, nearly cor- 
 responding to the modern district of Balkh in 
 Afghanistan. The population was Aryan in race ; the 
 capital Zariaspa or Bactra, now' Balkh. Bactria was the 
 cradle of the Persian religion w hich Zarathushtra (Zoroas- 
 ter) reformed about 600 B. c. (?). At a very early period it 
 was tiie center of a powerful kingdom which was con- 
 quered by the Medes, and together with these by the Per- 
 sians, and then by Alexander. It was a part of the kingdom 
 of the Seleucidse, and from 256 B. c. for about 100 years an 
 independent Greco-Bactrian kingdom which extended to 
 the Kabul River and the Indus. Bactria belonged to the 
 Sasanidae until about 640 A. D., and lias since been under 
 Mohammedan rule. 
 
 Bactrian Sage, The. Zoroaster, who was a na- 
 tive of Bactria. 
 
 Bacup (bak'up). A manufacturing and min- 
 ing town in Lancashire, England, situated 16 
 miles north of Manchester. Population, 
 22,505. 
 
Baczko 
 
 Baczko (bats'ko), Ludwig von. Born at Lick, 
 East Prussia, June 8, 1750 : died March 27, 1823. 
 A German historical writer and novelist. 
 Badagry (ba-da-gre'). A town in West Africa, 
 near Lagos. It was formerly the capital of a native 
 kingdom and a great slave-port. 
 
 Badajoz (bad-a-hos'; Sp. ba-Da-Hoth'). A prov- 
 ince of Estremadura, western Spain, popularly 
 called Lower Estremadura. Area, 8,451 square 
 miles. Population, 520,246. 
 
 Badajoz. The capital of the province of Bada- 
 joz, situated on the Guadiana near the Portu- 
 guese frontier, in lat. 38° 49' N., long. 6° 56' W. : 
 the Roman Pax Augusta, or Batallium. It is 
 strongly fortified and has a cathedral and castle. It has 
 belonged at various times to the Moors, Castile, and Portu- 
 gal. It is the birthplace of Morales. Badajoz has often 
 been besieged, the most notable of these events being (1) 
 the unsuccessful siege by the Allies in 1705, when it was 
 defended by the French and Spanish ; (2) its siege by the 
 French under Soult, who captured it March, 1811 ; (3) three 
 sieges by the British, April-May, 1811, May-J une, 1811, and 
 March-April, 1812. It was stormed and taken by them 
 April 6, 1812. Population, 32,699. 
 
 Badakshan (bad-ak-shan'). A province in 
 Afghanistan, about lat. 36°-38° N., long. 69°- 
 72° E., bounded by the Oxus on the north, the 
 Hindu Kush on the south, and Kataghan on 
 the west, especially noted for its rubies. It is 
 inhabited largely by Tajiks. Capital, Faizabad. Popu- 
 lation (estimated), 100,000. 
 
 Badalocchio (ba-da-lok'ke-o), Sisto, surnamed 
 Rosa. Born at Parma, 1581: died at Bologna, 
 1647. An Italian painter and engraver, a pupil 
 and assistant of Annibale Carracci. 
 
 Badalona (ba-Da-lo'na). A seaport in the 
 province of Barcelona, Spain, northeast of 
 Barcelona. Population, 19.240. 
 
 Badcock (bad'kok), John. A writer on pugi- 
 listic and sporting subjects, who wrote between 
 1816 and 1830 under the pseudonyms of “Jon 
 Bee” and “John Hinds.” In 1830 he edited the 
 "Works of Samuel Foote," with remarks, notes, and a 
 memoir (under the name of Jon Bee). 
 
 Baddeley (bad'li), Robert. Born probably in 
 1733 : died in 1794. An English actor. He was 
 
 originally the cook of Samuel Foote, and went on the stage 
 before 1761. He was the original Moses in the ‘‘School 
 for Scandal." In his will he left the revenue of his house 
 in Surrey for the support of an asylum for decayed actors, 
 and also the interest of one hundred pounds to provide 
 wine and cake for the actors of Drury Lane Theater on 
 TweHth Night. This is still done. 
 
 Since 1843, then, the term of “ Their, ” or “ Her Maj esty's 
 Servants, " is a mere formality, as there is no especial com- 
 pany now privileged to serve or solace royalty. Mr. 
 Webster, who occupies Garrick’s chair in the manage- 
 ment of the Theatrical Fund, tells me, that Baddeley was 
 the last actor who wore the uniform of scarlet and gold 
 prescribed for the “gentlemen of the household ” who 
 were patented actors ; and that he used to appear in it at 
 rehearsal. He was proud of being one of their “ Majes- 
 ties’ servants’’;— a title once coveted by all nobly-aspir- 
 ing actors. Doran , Eng. Stage, II. 416. 
 
 Baddeley, Sophia. Born at London in 1745: 
 died at Edinburgh in 1786. The wife of Rob- 
 ert Baddeley, and an actress and singer. 
 .Badeau (ba-do'), Adam. Born Dec. 29, 1831: 
 died March 19, 1895. An American officer (cap- 
 tain and brevet brigadier-general, United States 
 army) and writer, military secretary to Gen- 
 eral Grant 1864-69, and later in the consular 
 service. He has written “Military History of Ulysses 
 S. Grant” (1867-81), “Grant in Peace ”(1886), “ The Vaga- 
 bond Papers ’’ (a volume of literary sketches and dramatic 
 criticism, 1859), etc. 
 
 Badebec (bad-bek'). The wife of Gargantua 
 in the romance of “Pantagruel” by Rabelais. 
 She was the mother of Pantagruel, at whose birth she 
 died, owing to the surprising number of mules, camels, 
 dromedaries, wagons, and provisions of every kind which 
 she brought forth at the same time. 
 
 Bad-Elster. See Elster. 
 
 Baden (ba'den). [P. Bade.\ A grand duchy 
 of southern Germany, and a state of the Ger- 
 man Empire, the fourth in area and fifth in 
 population: capital Carlsruhe. it is bounded by 
 Hesse and Bavaria on the north, Bavaria on the northeast, 
 Wiirtemberg on the east, Switzerland (separated mainly 
 by Lake Constance and the Rhine) on ihe south, and Alsace 
 and the Rhine Palatinate (separated by the Rhine) on the 
 west. It produces grain, wine, tobacco, hemp, potatoes, 
 hops, and chicory ; manufactures clocks, woodenware, cot- 
 ton and silk goods, chemicals, cigars, machinery, straw 
 hats, brushes, paper, etc.; and abounds in mineral springs. 
 It comprises the four districts of Constance, Freiburg, 
 Carlsruhe, and Mannheim. The government is a consti- 
 tutional hereditary monarchy under a grand duke, and a 
 Landtag with an upper house and a chamber of 73 repre- 
 sentatives. Baden sends 8 representatives to the Bun- 
 desrat and 14 to the Reichstag. About two thirds of the 
 population are Roman Catholic, one third Protestant. Its 
 ancient inhabitants were the Alamanni, and it formed a 
 part of the duchy of Alamannia. Its rulers have been de- 
 scendants of the house of Zahringcn fa place near Frei- 
 burg). They ruled as margraves, with a separation in 
 the 16th century into the lines Baden-Baden and P.aden- 
 Durlach, which were reunited in 1771. Baden entered 
 the Fiirstenbund in 1785, received accession of territory in 
 1803, and became an electorate. It was allied with Napo- 
 
 107 
 
 leon ; received further accessions in 1805 ; joined the Con- 
 federation of the Rhiue in 1806, became a grand duchy, and 
 again received increase of territory ; joined the Allies in 
 1813; entered the Germanic Confederation in 1815; and 
 received a constitution in 1818. It was the scene of revo- 
 lutionary proceedings in 1848, and of the outbreak of revo- 
 lution in May, 1849, which was suppressed by the aid of 
 Prussian troops in July. It sided with Austria m 1866, 
 and became a member of the German Empire in 1871. 
 Area, 6,823 square miles. Population, 2,057,160. 
 
 Baden, or Baden-Baden. [G., ‘baths.’] A 
 town and watering-place in Baden, in the val- 
 ley of the Oosbach 18 miles southwest of Carls- 
 ruhe, famous for its hot medicinal springs: the 
 Roman Ci vitas Aurelia Aquensis. it is a place of 
 
 annual resort of about 50,000 people, and was formerly 
 noted for its gambling establishments (closed 1872). It 
 was long the capital of the margravate of Baden. Popu- 
 lation, 16,237. 
 
 Baden, or Baden bei Wien (ba'den bi ven). 
 A town and watering-place of Lower Austria, 
 situated in a valley of the Wienerwald 14 miles 
 southwest of Vienna, noted for its hot sulphur 
 springs, known to the Romans. Population, 
 commune, 14,083, (1910). 
 
 Baden, or Oberbaden (6 'ber- ba'den). [G., 
 ‘Upper Baden.’] A town and watering-place 
 in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland, situated 
 on the Limmat 14 miles northwest of Zurich, 
 noted for its hot sulphur baths, known to the 
 Romans: the Roman Aquas Helvetic®. It was 
 the meeting-place of the Swiss diet for three 
 centuries. Population, 6,050. 
 
 Baden, Jacob. Born at Vordingborg, May 4, 
 1735 : died at Copenhagen, J uly 5, 1804. A Dan- 
 ish philologist and critic, appointed professor 
 of eloquence and the Latin language at Copen- 
 hagen in 1780. He founded the “Kritisk Jour- 
 nal” in 1768, and published “Grammatiea La- 
 tina” (1782), etc. 
 
 Baden, Margrave of. See Louis William I., 
 Margrave of Baden. 
 
 Baden, Treaty of. A treaty between the Ger- 
 man Empire and France, concluded at Baden, 
 Switzerland, Sept. 7, 1714, which, with the 
 treaties of Utrecht and Rastadt, ended the War 
 of the Spanish Succession. The Peace of Ryswick 
 was ratified, the electors of Bavaria and Cologne were re- 
 instated in their lands and dignities, and Landau was left 
 in the possession of France. 
 
 Baden-Baden. See Baden. 
 
 Baden-Powell (ba'den-pou'l), Sir George 
 Smyth. Bom 1847 : "died 1898. An English 
 politician and publicist. He was appointed joint 
 commissioner with Colonel Sir W. Crossman, in 1882, to 
 inquire into the administration, revenues, and expendi- 
 ture of the British West India colonies ; assisted Sir Charles 
 Warren in his diplomatic relations with the native chiefs 
 of Bechuanaland in 1885 ; spent the winter of 1886-87 in 
 Canada and the United States, investigating the fishery 
 dispute ; and was made joint commissioner with SirGeorge 
 Bowen, in 1887, to arrange the details of the new Malta 
 constitution. He was British commissioner in the Bering 
 Sea inquiry, 1891 ; and British member of the Joint Com- 
 mission, Washington, 1892. Author of "New Homes for 
 the Old Country" (1872), “Protection and Bad Times" 
 (1879), “ State Aid and State Interference ” (1882), etc. 
 Badenweiler (ba'den-vl-ler). A village and 
 watering-place in Baden, near Miillheim, south- 
 west of Freiburg. It contains ruins of Roman baths, 
 one of the most interesting existing examples. There are 
 two parts, corresponding in their subdivisions, one for 
 men and one for women. Each part has a large atrium 
 or outer court, whence there is access to the apodyterium 
 or dressing-room ; the caldarium, or hot-air bath ; thefrigi- 
 darium, or cold bath ; and the tepidarium, or warm bath. 
 The entire, structure measures 318 by 99 feet ; the walls, 
 pavements, and steps remain in position. The date as- 
 signed is the 2d century A. P. 
 
 Bader (ba'der), Joseph. Born Feb. 24, 1805: 
 died 1883. A German writer on the history, 
 etc., of Baden. He was editor of the periodi- 
 cal “Badenia” 1839-64. 
 
 Badger (baj'er), Squire. A character in Field- 
 ing’s “Don Quixote in England.” 
 
 Badger, George Edmund. Born at Newbern, 
 N. C., April 13, 1795: died at Raleigh, N. C., 
 May 11, 1866. An American politician. He was 
 secretary of the navy 1841, and Whig United States sen- 
 ator from North Carolina 1846-55. 
 
 Badger, George Percy. Born 1815 : died Feb. 
 21, 1888. An English Orientalist, compiler of 
 an English-Arabic lexicon (1881). 
 
 Badghis (bad-ghez'). A district in Afghan- 
 istan, north of Herat. By the recent de- 
 limitation it is included in the Russian 
 dominions. 
 
 Badham (bad'am), Charles. Born at Ludlow, 
 Shropshire, July 18, 1813: died at Sydney, 
 Australia, Feb. 26, 1884. An English classical 
 scholar and teacher, appointed professor of 
 classics and logic in the University of Sydney 
 in 1867. He published editions of various Greek 
 classics, “Criticism applied to Shakspere” 
 (1846), etc. 
 
 Baer 
 
 Badia (ba-de'a). A small town in the province 
 of Rovigo, Italy, situated on the Adige 29 miles 
 southwest of Padua. 
 
 Badia Calavena (ba-de'a ka-la-va'na). A 
 small town in the province of Verona, Italy, 13 
 miles northeast of Verona, the chief place in 
 the ‘ ‘ Tredici Communi.” 
 
 Badiali (ba-de-a/le), Cesare. Born at Imola, 
 Italy: died there, Nov. 17, 1865. A celebrated 
 Italian bass singer. 
 
 BadiayLeblich(ba-THe'a e lab-leeh'), Domin- 
 go. Born 1766 : died 1818. A Spanish traveler 
 in northern Africa and the Orient : better 
 known by his Mussulman name of Ali Bey. 
 Badikshis (ba-dek-shez'). [PL] An Afghan 
 tribe of Aryan origin. 
 
 Badinguet (ba-dan-ga/), afterward Radot 
 (ra-do'). Died 1883. A workman in whose 
 clothes Napoleon III. escaped from the fortress 
 of Ham 1846; hence, anicknameof Napoleon III. 
 Badius (ba'de-os), Jodocus or Josse, sur- 
 named Ascensius (from his birthplace). Bom 
 at Asche, near Brussels, 1462: died 1535. A 
 Flemish printer and writer. He established at 
 Paris a printing-house, the “Pnelum Ascen- 
 sianum,” about 1499. 
 
 Bad Lands. Certain lands of the northwestern 
 United States characterized by an almost en- 
 tire absence of natural vegetation, and by the 
 varied and fantastic forms into which the soft 
 strata have been eroded. At a little distance they 
 appear like fields of desolate ruins. The name was first 
 applied, in its French form mauvaises terres, to a Tertiary 
 area (Miocene) in the region of the Black Hills in South 
 Dakota, along the White River, a tributary of the Upper 
 Missouri. 
 
 Badman (bad'man), The Life and Death of 
 
 Mr. A work by John Bunyan, published in 
 1680. 
 
 Badminton (bad'min-ton). The residence of 
 the dukes of Beaufort, in Gloucestershire, Eng- 
 land, 15 miles northeast of Bristol. 
 Badminton. A cup made of special and sweet- 
 ened claret, named for the Duke of Beaufort 
 (of Badminton), who was a patron of pugilis- 
 tics; hence, in the prize-ring, blood, the slang 
 name for which is “claret.” 
 
 Badminton, The. A coaching and sporting 
 club of 1,000 members, established in London 
 in 1876. 
 
 Badon (ba'don), Mount, L. Mons Badonicus 
 
 (monz ba-don'i-kus). The scene of a battle 
 said to have been gained by King Arthur over 
 the Saxon invaders in 520 (?) : variously iden- 
 tified with Badbury Rings (Dorset), a hill near 
 Bath, and Bouden Hill (near Linlithgow). 
 Badoura (ba-d’o'ra). The principal character 
 in the story of the “Amours of Prince Cam- 
 aralzaman and the Princess Badoura,” in “The 
 Arabian Nights’ Entertainments.” Their story 
 is a proverbial one of love at first sight. 
 Badrinath. See Bhadrinath. 
 Badroulboudour (ba-drol'bo-dor'). The wife 
 of Aladdin in the story of “Aladdin or the Won- 
 derful Lamp,” in “The Arabian Nights’ Enter- 
 tainments.” 
 
 Baehia gens (be'bi-a jenz). In ancient Rome, 
 a plebeian clan or house whose family names 
 were Dives, Herennius, Sulca, and Tamphilus. 
 The first member of this gens who obtained 
 the consulship was Cn. Babins Tamphilus 
 (182 B. c.). 
 
 Basda (be'dii). See Bede. 
 
 Baedeker (bad'e-ker), Karl. Born 1801: died 
 1859. A German publisher, noted as the 
 founder of a series of guide-books. 
 
 Baegna Elv (bag'na elv). The chief head 
 stream of the Drammen (or Drams) Elv, in 
 southern Norway. 
 
 Baele (bii-a'le). A Nigritic tribe, northeast 
 of Lake Chad. It is pastoral and nomadic, owning 
 camels, sheep, and goats. It is half heathen and half Mo- 
 hammedan. 
 
 Baena (ba-a'na). A town in the province of 
 Cordova, Spain, 25 miles southeast of Cordova: 
 the Latin Baniana or Biniana. Population, 
 14,539. 
 
 Baena (bii-ya'na), Antonio Ladislau Montei- 
 
 ro. Born in Portugal about 1795: died in Para, 
 March 28, 1850. A Portuguese-Brazilian author, 
 lie was an officer in the Portuguese and subsequently in 
 the Brazilian army, attaining the rank of colonel ; his later 
 years were spent in Pard, where he took part in several 
 military expeditions against the Cabanaes rebels, 1835-86. 
 Subsequently he studied the geography and history of the 
 Amazon valley. His “ Kras do Pard” and “Ensaio coro- 
 graflco sobre a provincia do Pard ” are still standard works 
 on that region. 
 
 Baer (bar), Karl Ernst von. Born in Est.honia, 
 Russia, Feb. 28, 1792: died at Dorpat, Nov. 28, 
 
Baer 
 
 1876. A celebrated German naturalist, espe- 
 cially noted for his researches in embryology. 
 He was appointed extraordinary professor of zoology at 
 Konigsbergin 1819(and two years later ordinary professor), 
 and succeeded liu rdach as director of the Anatomical In- 
 stitute. In 1829 he went to St. Petersburg as member of 
 the Academy, returned to Kouigsberg in 1830, and again 
 went to St. Petersburg in 1834 as librarian of the Academy. 
 His chief works are the “Entwickelungsgeschichte der 
 Tiere” (1828-37), and “ Untersuchungen liber die Ent- 
 wickelung der Fische" (1835). 
 
 Baerle (bar'le), Cornelius van. The tulip-fan- 
 cier in Dumas’s story “La Tulipe Noire.” 
 Baerle, Gaspard van. See Barlseus. 
 
 Baert (ba-ar'), Alexandre Balthazar Fran- 
 cois de Paule, Baron de. Born at Dunkirk 
 about 1750 : died at Paris, March 23, 1825. A 
 French politician and geographer. He was elected 
 to the Legislative Assembly in 1791, in which he vainly 
 exerted himself to save Louis XVI. He wrote “ Tableau 
 de la Grande-Bretagne, etc.” (1800), etc. 
 
 Bsetica (be'ti-ka). In ancient geography, the 
 southernmost division of Hispania (Spain). 
 Baetis (be'tis), oi’Bsetes (be'tez). The Roman 
 name of the Guadalquivir. 
 
 Baeyer (ba'yer), Adolf von. Born at Berlin, 
 Oct. 31, 1835. A Germanchemist, son of Johann 
 Jakob Baeyer. He became professor of chemistry at 
 Strasburg in 1872, and succeeded Liebig at Munich in 
 1875. He is the discoverer of cerulein, eosin, and indol. 
 
 Baeyer, Johann Jakob. Born at Miiggelsheim, 
 near Kopenick, Nov. 5, 1794: died at Berlin, 
 Sept. 10, 1885. A Prussian soldier and geome- 
 ter. He fought as a volunteer in the campaigns of 1813 
 and 1814 ; joined the army in 1815 ; and attained the rank 
 of lieutenant-general in 1858. He conducted several im- 
 portant geodetic surveys, and in 1870 became president 
 of the Geodetic Institute at Berlin. He published various 
 geodetical works. 
 
 Baez (ba'ath), Buenaventura. Born at Azua, 
 Hayti, about 1810 : died in Porto Rico, March 
 21, 1884. A statesman of Santo Domingo. He 
 cooperated with Santa Anna in the establishment of the 
 Dominican Republic, and was president from 1849 to 1853, 
 when he was overturned and expelled by Santa Anna. He 
 retired to New York, but Santa Anna being driven out in 
 1856, he was called back and again elected president. In 
 June, 1858, he was again supplanted by Santa Anna. 
 Elected a third time in 1865, he was supplanted in 1866 
 by a triumvirate headed by Cabral. Baez was recalled 
 and made president a fourth time in 1868. After various 
 negotiations he signed with President Grant two treaties 
 (Nov. 29, 1869), one for the annexation of Santo Domingo 
 to the United States, and the other for the cession of the 
 bay of Samana. The annexation scheme was, ostensibly 
 at least, approved by the people of Santo Domingo, but 
 the United States Senate refused to ratify it. The failure 
 of this resulted in renewed disorders, and the fall of Baez. 
 Baeza (ba-a'tha). A town in the province of 
 Jaen, southern Spain, 22 miles northeast of 
 Jaen: the Roman Beatia. It has a cathedral, and 
 was formerly the seat of a university. It was a flourish- 
 ing Moorish city, and was sacked by St. Ferdinand in the 
 13th century. Population, 14,379. 
 
 Baffin (baf'in), William. Died Jan. 23, 1622. 
 An English navigator and explorer. He was pilot 
 of the Discovery, Captain Robert Bylot, which in 1615 
 was despatched by the Muscovy Company to North Amer- 
 ica in search of the northwest passage. The expedition 
 resulted in the discovery of the bay between Greenland 
 and British America which has since received the name 
 of Baffin Bay. An account of the expedition, written by 
 Baffin, was printed by Purchas, who, however, took great 
 liberties with the text. The original manuscript, with 
 map, is in the British Museum, and was edited for the 
 Hakluyt Society in 1849 (Rundall, “ Narratives of Voyages 
 towards the North-west”). Baffin was killed while serv- 
 ing in the allied English and Persian armies in the island 
 of Kishm. See Century Atlas, Map 3. 
 
 Baffin Bay (baf'in ba). A sea passage com- 
 municating with the Atlantic Ocean by Davis 
 Strait, and with the Arctic Ocean by Smith 
 Sound, and lying west of Greenland : explored 
 by Baffin 1616. Also Baffin’s Bay. 
 
 Baffin Land (baf'in land). An extensive terri- 
 tory in the Arctic regions, lying west of Baffin 
 Bay. Also Baffin’s Land. 
 
 Baffo (baf'fo), surnamed “The Pure.” Lived 
 about 1580-1600. A Venetian lady, sultana and 
 counselor of the sultan Amurath III. 
 
 Baling ( ba'feng). One of the chief head streams 
 of the river Senegal. 
 
 Bagamoyo (bii-ga-mo'yd). A port, town, and 
 the greatest commercial center of German East 
 Africa, south of the Kingani River opposite 
 Zanzibar. It is a meeting-place of inland roads and 
 caravans. A railroad has been built from Dar-es-Salaam 
 to Mrogoro. Pop. of district, about 69,000, consisting of 
 Arabs, Hindus, and Africans ; of town, about 5,000. 
 
 Ba-ganda (ba-gan'da). See Ganda. 
 
 Bagaudae (ba-ga'dej. A body of Gallic peas- 
 ants in rebellion against the Romans at inter- 
 vals from about 270 a. d. to the 5th century. 
 Bagby (bag'bi), Arthur Pendleton. Born in 
 Virginia, 1794: died at Mobile, Alabama, Sept. 
 21, 1858. An American politician. He was gov- 
 ernor of Alabama 1837-41, United States senator from 
 Alabama 1841-48, and United States minister to Russia 
 1848-49. 
 
 108 
 
 Bagby, George William. Born in Virginia, 
 Aug. 13, 1828: died at Richmond, Va., Nov. 29, 
 1883. A physician, journalist (became editor 
 of the Lynchburg “Express” in 1853, and of 
 the “Southern Literary Messenger” in 1859), 
 and humorist. He wrote under the pseudonym 
 “Mozis Addums.” 
 
 Bagdad, or Baghdad (bag-dad', commonly 
 bag'dad). [Pers., ‘gift of God.’ The name 
 Bag-da-da is fouud iu the Assyrian cuneiform 
 inscriptions, and appears to be of Aramean 
 origin.] A vilayet of Asiatic Turkey, in the 
 lower valleys of the Euphrates and Tigris, 
 between Persia and Arabia. 
 
 Bagdad, or Baghdad. The capital of the vila- 
 yet of Bagdad, situated on the Tigris in lat. 
 33° 20' N., formerly a city of great importance 
 and still the seat of considerable commerce, it 
 has manufactures of leather, silk, cotton and woolen goods. 
 It was founded in 762 by Abu Jaffar, surnamed “Al- 
 Mansur" (‘the Victorious’), second calif of the dynasty of 
 the Abbassides, and it was the capital of the Abbassides for 
 five hundred years, bearing the name of Mansurijeh, also 
 Dar-es-Selam (‘Dwelling of Peace’), which latter name it 
 still has in official documents of the Ottoman government. 
 Under the Abbassides it became a celebrated center of 
 Arabic learning and civilization, and the glory and splen- 
 dor of the eastern world. During the height of its pros- 
 perity it harbored a million and a half people within its 
 walls. It declined with the decay of the Abbassidian ca- 
 lifate, and came at the fall of this dynasty, in 1258, into 
 the hands of the Mongols. It is the capital of the Turkish 
 province Mesopotamia. Population, about 145,000. 
 
 Bage (baj), Robert. Born at Darley, Derby- 
 shire, England, Feb. 29, 1728: diedatTamworth, 
 England, Sept. 1, 1801. An English novelist. 
 He was a paper-manufacturer by trade, and did not begin 
 to write before the age of fifty-three. He wrote “ Mount 
 Henneth "(1781), “Barham Downs” (1784), “Hermsprong, 
 or Man as he is not” (1796), etc. 
 
 Bagehot (baj'ot), Walter. Born at Langport, 
 Somersetshire, Feb. 3, 1826: died there, March 
 24, 1877. A noted English economist, publicist, 
 and journalist. He was graduated at the University 
 of London 1846, was called to the bar in 1852, and was 
 editor of the “Economist” 1860-77. He wrote “The 
 English Constitution” (1867), “Physics and Politics, etc." 
 (1869), “Lombard Street, etc.” (1873), “Literary Studies” 
 (1879), “Economic Studies ’’(1880), “Biographical Studies" 
 (1881), etc. 
 
 Baggara (bag'ga-ra). A Hamitic but Arabic- 
 speaking tribe of the upper Nile valley. They 
 are nomads, hunters, Egyptian soldiers, and 
 slave-raiders. See Shilluk. 
 
 Baggesen (bag 'e-sen), Jens (Emmanuel). 
 Born at Korsor, Denmark, Feb. 15, 1764 : died at 
 Hamburg, Oct. 3, 1826. A Danish poet, author 
 of “ Comic Tales”(1785),“Labyrinthen”(1792), 
 “Parthenais” (1804), etc. 
 
 Baghdad. See Bagdad. 
 
 Baghelkhand (bii-gel-kund'). A tract in cen- 
 tral India, and a political agency, the most 
 important state of which is Rewati. 
 Bagheria(ba-ge-re'a), orBagaria(ba-gii-re'a). 
 A town on the northern coast of Sicily, 8 miles 
 east of Palermo. Population. 16,704. 
 Baghirmi (ba-ger'me). An important African 
 kingdom, southeast of Lake Chad on the Shari 
 River, between Bornu and Wadai, and within 
 the French sphere of influence. The country is a 
 fertile plain. The population is mixed : the mass is Ni- 
 gritic; tlie higher class are pastoral Fulalis and trading 
 Arabs. Islam was introduced in the 16tli century, but 
 many are still pagan. Capital, Massenya. The language 
 is called Bagrima ; it is related to Kuka and distinct from 
 Kanuri. Population, about 1,000,000. 
 
 Baghistan (bag-is-tan'). The ancient name of 
 Behistun. 
 
 Bagida (ba'ge-da). A town in German Togo- 
 land, West Africa. Here Nachtigal hoisted the 
 German flag in 1884. 
 
 Bagimont’s Roll (baj'i-monts rol). A list of 
 the ecclesiastical benefices of Scotland and 
 their valuation in the latter part of the middle 
 ages. “It took its name from an Italian churchman, 
 Boiamond (or Bajimont) of Vicci, a canon of the cathedral 
 of Asti in Piedmont, who was sent by the Pope to Scot- 
 land in 1274 to collect the tithe or tenth part of all the 
 church livings, for a Crusade.” Chambers’s Encyc., I. 657. 
 Bagirmi. See Baghirmi. 
 
 Bagley (hag' li), Joh n Judson. Born at Medina, 
 N. Y.. July 24,1832: died at San Francisco, 
 July 27, 1881. An American politician, Repub- 
 lican governor of Michigan 1873-77. 
 
 Baglivi (bal-ye've), Giorgio. Born at Ragusa, 
 Sicily, 1669: died at Rome, 1707. An Italian 
 physician, professor of anatomy and medicine 
 in the College de Sapienza at Rome. He was 
 the founder of the system of “ solidism ” iu medicine, as 
 opposed to Galenism or humorism. His medical writings 
 were held in high esteem, and were frequently reprinted. 
 
 Bagnacavallo, Bartolommeo. See Ramcnghi. 
 Bagne(bany), orBagnes(bany),Val de. An al- 
 pine valley in the canton of Valais, Switzerland, 
 southeast of Martigny, traversed by the Dranse. 
 
 Bagrima 
 
 Bagn&res-de-Bigorre (ban-yar'db-be-gor'), or 
 BagnSres-d’ Adour (ban - y ar ' da - dor ' ). A 
 town in the department of Hautes-Pyr6n4es, 
 France, situated on the Adour 13 miles south 
 of Tarbes : the Roman Aqute Bigerrionum Bal- 
 nearise. It is one of the chief Pyrenean watering-places 
 on account of its hot springs (sulphate of lime, etc.). Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 8,591. 
 
 Bagn&res-de-Luchon (ban-yar'de -lii - chon'), 
 or Luchon. A town in the department of 
 Haute-Garonne, France, 71 miles southwest of 
 Toulouse, near the Spanish frontier : the Roman 
 Balnearies Lixovienses. it is one of the chief 
 watering-places in the Pyrenees, and is celebrated for its 
 warm salt and sulphur springs. Population, commune, 
 3,465. 
 
 Bagnet (bag'net), Mr. and Mrs. Joseph. Char- 
 acters in Charles Dicltens’snovel“BleakHouse.” 
 
 Bagnet is an ex-artilleryman, devoted to the bassoon. 
 Their children Malta, Quebec, and Woolwich are named 
 from the stations where they were bom. 
 
 Bagni di Lucca (ban'yede lok'ka). [It., ‘baths 
 of Lucca.’] A watering-place in Italy, 13 miles 
 northeast of Lucca, noted for hot springs. 
 Population, 1,227 ; commune, 12,150. 
 
 Bagni di San Giuliano (ban' ye de san jo-le-a'- 
 no). A town and watering-place in Italy, north- 
 east of Pisa. 
 
 Bagnigge Wells. A place of amusement in 
 London which formerly (time of George II. ) lay 
 at the east of Gray’s Inn Road, nearly opposite 
 what is now Mecklenburg Square and northeast 
 of St. Andrew’s burying ground, it “included a 
 great room for concerts and entertainments, a garden 
 planted with trees, shrubs, and flowers, and provided with 
 walks, a fish-pond, fountain, rustic bridge, rural cottages 
 and seats. The admission was threepence.” 
 
 Bagno a Ripoli (ban'yo a re'po-le). An east- 
 ern suburb of Florence. 
 
 Bagno in (or di Romagna (ban'yo en (or de) 
 
 ro-man'ya). A town and watering-place in 
 the Apennines, Italy, 37 miles northeast of 
 Florence. 
 
 Bagnoles (ban-yol'). A small watering-place 
 in the department of Orne, France, northwest 
 of Alen§on. 
 
 Bagnoli (ban-yo'le). A small town in the 
 province of Avellino, Italy, 45 miles east of 
 Naples. 
 
 Bagnols-les-Bains (ban-yol'la ban'). A wa- 
 tering-place in the department of Lozere, 
 France, on the Lot east of Mende. It has sul- 
 phur springs. 
 
 Bagnols-sur-C&ze (ban-yol'siir-saz'). A town 
 in the department of Gard, France, on the Ceze 
 25 miles northeast of Nimes. Population, 
 commune, 4,582. 
 
 Bagnuolo (han-yo-o'lo), Count (Giovanni Vi- 
 cenzo Sanfelice). Born about 1590 : died about 
 1650. A Neapolitan soldier. In 1624 (Naples be- 
 ing then under Philip IV. of Spain) he commanded a con- 
 tingent of troops from his country sent with others to 
 the relief of Bahia, Brazil, then threatened by the Dutch. 
 He distinguished himself greatly in the following cam- 
 paigns, ultimately commanded at Bahia, and in 1638 re- 
 pelled an attack upon that city. For this service he was 
 made a prince iu Naples. 
 
 Bagoas (ba-go'as). [Gr. Bayuar.'] Died about 
 336 B. C. An Egyptian eunuch, in the service 
 of Artaxerxes Oehus of Persia, who for a short 
 time usurped the virtual sovereignty of the 
 empire. He put to death Artaxerxes Oclius (338) and 
 Arses (336), but was himself compelled to drink a poison 
 which he had intended for Arses’s successor Codomaunus. 
 Bagoas. A favorite eunuch of Alexander the 
 Great. 
 
 Bagot (bag'ot), Sir Charles. Born at Blith- 
 field, Staffordshire, England, Sept. 23, 1781: 
 died -at Kingston, Canada, May 18, 1843. A 
 British diplomatist. He became under-secretary of 
 state for foreign affairs in 1807, minister to France in 1814, 
 ambassador to St. Petersburg in 1820, ambassador to Hol- 
 land in 1824, and governor-general of the Canadas in 1842. 
 
 Bagot, Sir William. Lived about the end of 
 the 14th century. An English statesman, min- 
 ister of Richard II. He was one of the council (with 
 Bussy, Green, and Serope) left in charge of the kingdom 
 when Richard departed for Ireland in 1399. 
 
 Bagradas (bag'ra-das). The ancient name of 
 the river Medjerda (which see). 
 
 Bagratians. See Bagratidse. 
 
 Bagratidas (ba-grat'i-de). A dynasty of Ar- 
 menian monarchs which lasted from the 9th to 
 the 11th century. See Armenia. 
 
 Bagration (ba-gra-tse-on'), Prince Peter. Born 
 1765 : died 1812. A Russian general, descended 
 from a Georgian princely family. He served with 
 distinction against the Turks and Poles, and in 1799 iu 
 Italy (Cassano) and Switzerland; opposed Murat at Hol- 
 labrun, Nov. 16, 1805 ; served at Austerlitz, Eylau, Fried- 
 land, and in Finland; was commander-in chief in Turkey 
 ill 1809; was defeated near Mohileft, July 23, 1812; and 
 was mortally wounded at Borodino, Sept. 7, 1812. 
 Bagrima. See Baghirmi. 
 
109 
 
 Bagshaw 
 
 Baily, Francis 
 
 Bagshaw (bag'sha), Edward. Died 1662. An 
 English Royalist politician and author. Origi- 
 nally a Puritan, he sat in the Parliament convened by 
 Charles I. at Oxford 1644, was taken prisoner in the same 
 year by the Parliamentary army, and languished in the 
 Kings Bench prison at Southwark till 1646. While in 
 prison he wrote, among other works, “lie monarchia 
 absoluta ” (1659). 
 
 Bagshot (bag'shot) A village in Surrey, Eng- 
 land, 10 miles southwest of Windsor. 
 
 Bagshot Heath. A tract of land on the border 
 of Surrey and Berkshire, England. 
 
 Bagstock (bag'stok), Major Joe. “A wooden- 
 featured, blue-faced” officer, a friend of Mr. 
 Dombey, in Dickens’s novel ‘‘Dombey and 
 Son.” He calls himself “ J. B.,” “Old J. B.," “tough old 
 Joe," and says “Joe is rough and tough, sir! blunt, sir, 
 blunt is Joe.” 
 
 Bahalul (ba-ha-lol'). The court fool of Ha- 
 run-al-Rashid : surnamed ‘ ‘ Al-Megnum ” ( ‘ the 
 Crazy’). 
 
 Bahama Bank (ba-ha'ma bangk), Great. A 
 bank or area of shoal water between Cuba and 
 the Bahama Islands. 
 
 Bahama Bank, Little. A hank north of Great 
 Bahama Island. 
 
 Bahama Channel, Old. The part of the ocean 
 between Cuba and the southern part of the 
 Bahamas. Also called G-ulf of Florida. 
 Bahamas (ba-ha'maz), formerly Lucayos (16- 
 ki'os). A group of islands in the British West 
 Indies, southeast of Florida. The principal islands 
 are Great Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros Island, New 
 Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's Island, Long 
 Island, Great Exuma, Crooked Island, Ackliu Island, 
 Mariguana, and Great Inagua. The group contains also 
 many keys aud reefs. The capital is Nassau. The Baha- 
 mas were discovered by Columbus in 1492 ; were occupied 
 by the British in 1629 ; and were finally secured to them 
 in 1783. Area, 5,450 square miles. Population, 60,283. 
 Bahar. See Behar. 
 
 Baharites (ha-har'its), or Baharides (ha-har'- 
 Idz). A Mameluke dynasty which reigned over 
 Egypt from the middle of the 13th to the end 
 of the 14th century. 
 
 Bahawalpur (ba-ha-wal-por'), or Bhawalpur 
 (bha'wal-por or bhal-por'). A feudatory state 
 in the Panjab, British India, under British 
 supervision, extending from lat. 27° 42' to 30° 
 25' N., and from long. 69° 31' to 74° 1' E. 
 Area, 15,000 square miles. Population, 720,877. 
 Bahawalpur. The capital of the state of Ba- 
 hawalpur, on the Indus. Population, 18,546. 
 Bahia (ba-e'a). A state of Brazil, hounded by 
 Piauhy, Pernambuco, and Sergipe on the north, 
 the Atlantic on the east, Espirito Santo and 
 Minas Geraes on the south, and Goyaz on the 
 west. It is noted for its tobacco, coffee, and 
 sugar. Area, 164,643 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 2,117,956. 
 
 Bahia, or Sao Salvador da Bahia (soun sal- 
 va-dor' da ba-e'a). A seaport, capital of the 
 state of Bahia, situated on All Saints’ Bay in 
 lat. 13° 1' S., long. 38° 32' W. It is the second 
 city of the country; has a large harbor; com- 
 prises an upper and a lower town ; and is the 
 seat of an archbishopric. It has regular steam- 
 ship communication with various European 
 and American ports ; exports sugar, tobacco, 
 etc.; and has flourishing manufactures, it was 
 peopled in 1536, but abandoned ; was refounded in 1549 ; 
 and was the colonial capital of Brazil until 1763. Popu- 
 lation, 205,813. 
 
 Bahia de Todos os Santos or Bay of All 
 Saints. The harbor of Bahia, Brazil. In 
 old works the name is frequently applied to 
 the city. 
 
 Bahia Honda (ba-e'a on'da). [Sp./deep hay.’] 
 A small harbor in northwestern Cuba, west of 
 Havana. 
 
 Bahlapi (bach-la'pe). See Chuana. 
 Bahlingen. See Balinqen. ' 
 
 Bahman (ba'man), Prince. The eldest son of 
 the Sultan of Persia, a character in the story 
 of “The Two Envious Sisters” in “The Arabian 
 Nights’ Entertainments.” He left with his sister 
 when starting out on hia adventures a magical knife : if it 
 kept bright she would know that he was safe, if a drop of 
 blood appeared on it, that he was dead. 
 
 Bahn (ban). A town in the province of Pome- 
 rania, Prussia, situated on the Thue 66 miles 
 northeast of Berlin. Population, about 3,000. 
 Bahr (bar), Johann Christian Felix. Born 
 at Darmstadt, June 13, 1798: died at Hoidcl- 
 berg, Nov. 29, 1872. A German philologist and 
 historian. He wrote “Geschichte der romischen Lit- 
 eratur” (1828: supplements 1836-37, 1840), etc., and 
 edited the fragments of Ctesias (1825). 
 
 Bahraich (ba-rich'). A district in the Fyzabad 
 division, United Provinces, British India. Area, 
 2,647 square miles. Population, 1,051,347. 
 
 Bahraich, or Bharech. The capital of Bt^h- 
 raich district, British India. 
 
 Bahrdt (hart), Karl Friedrich. Born at Bis- 
 
 chofswerda, in Saxony, Aug. 25, 1741 : died near 
 Halle, April 23, 1792. A German theologian, 
 noted for his extreme rationalism. He was pro- 
 fessor of biblical philology at Leipsic 1766-68, of biblical 
 antiquities at Erfurt 1768-71, ol theology (aud pastor) at 
 Giessen 1771-75, and became director of Von Saliss Phi- 
 lanthropin at Marschlinz in 1776, a post which he held 
 fourteen months. He was superintendent-general and 
 pastor at Diirkheim when (1778) he was declared by the 
 imperial aulic council incapable of holding an ecclesias- 
 tical office and forbidden to publish any writing. Taking 
 refuge in Prussia, he lectured on philosophy and philology 
 at Halle 1779-89. He was condemned to one year's im- 
 prisonment (1789) for having published the pasquinade 
 “ Das Religionsedict, ein Lustspiel ” (1788). His remain- 
 ing years were devoted to the management of a tavern of 
 questionable repute. 
 
 Bahrein (ha-ran'), or Aval (a-val'), Islands. 
 A group of islands in the Persian Gulf, near the 
 coast of Arabia, about lat. 26° N., long. 50° E. 
 The chief island is Saroak (length about 30 miles); the 
 capital Manama. The islands are celebrated for their 
 pearl fisheries. They are under British protection. 
 
 Bahr-el-Abiad (bahr-el-a-be-ad'). The White 
 Nile. 
 
 Bahr-el-Azrak (bahr-el-az'rak). The Blue 
 Nile. 
 
 Bahr-el-Ghazal (bahr-el-gha-zal'). One of 
 the chief western ti’ibutaries of the White 
 Nile. Also a dry emissary of Lake Chad. 
 Bahya hen Joseph ben Pakoda. Lived in 
 Saragossa, Spain, in the 11th century. A Jew- 
 ish religious author and poet. He is best known by 
 his work “ Duties of the Heart,” which he wrote in Arabic 
 (translated into Hebrew under the title “Hobath ha Leba- 
 hoth”), containing meditations and exhortations on the 
 spiritual side of religion. It holds a place among the 
 Jews similar to that of the “Imitation of Christ” among 
 Christians. It waB translated into Spanish (1610), and an 
 English translation has been prepared. 
 
 Baise (ba'ye). [Gr. B aim.'] See Baja. 
 
 Baiburt (bi-bort'). A town in the vilayet of 
 Erzrum, Asiatic Turkey, 66 miles northwest 
 of Erzrum, on the Chorok. It has an impor- 
 tant strategic and commercial position. Popu- 
 lation, 6,000. 
 
 Baidar (bi-dar'). A village and valley near 
 the southern extremity of the Crimea, Russia. 
 Baif ( ba-ef'), Jean Antoine de. Born at Ven- 
 ice, 1532: died at Paris, Sept. 9, 1589. A French 
 poet, natural son of Lazare de Baif, a friend of 
 Ronsard and a member of the “P14iade.” 
 Baikal (bi'kal), Tatar Bai-kul. [‘Rich sea.’] 
 The largest fresh-water lake of Asia, situated 
 in southern Siberia on the border of Irkutsk 
 aud Transbaikalia. Its chief tributaries are the up- 
 per Angara, Selenga, and Bargusin, and its outlet is the 
 tower Angara to the Yenisei. Length, 397 miles. Average 
 width, 45 miles. Area, 12,500 square miles. 
 
 Baikal Mountains. A range of mountains 
 west and northwest of Baikal. 
 
 Baikie (ba'ki), William Balfour. Bom at 
 Kirkwall, Orkney, Aug. 21, 1824 : died at Sierra 
 Leone, Dec. 12, 1864. A surgeon (assistant 
 surgeon in the royal navy 1848-51), explorer 
 and pioneer in the valley of the Niger, Africa. 
 He was appointed surgeon and naturalist of the Niger ex- 
 ploring expedition (1854), and succeeded to the command 
 of the vessel (the Pleiad) on the death of its captain. The 
 expedition ascended the river 250 miles beyond the high- 
 est point before reached. 
 
 Bailan (in Syria). See Beilan. 
 
 Bailey (ba'li), Gamaliel. Born at Mount Holly, 
 N. J., Dec. 3, 1807 : died at sea, June 5, 1859. 
 An American abolitionist, editor of the “ Na- 
 tional Era” at Washington. 
 
 Bailey, James Montgomery. Bom in Albany, 
 N. Y., Sept. 25, 1841 : died at Danbury, Conn., 
 March 4, 1894. An American humorist, editor 
 of the “ Danbury News.” 
 
 Bailey, Joseph. Born at Salem, Ohio, April 28, 
 1827 : killed in Newton County, Mo., March 21, 
 1867. An American general in the Civil War. 
 While lieutenant-colonel in the Red River expedition, 
 1864, he constructed a dam (Bailey’s dam) above Alexan- 
 dria to insure the passage of the fleet, for which service 
 he was made brigadier-general aud received the thanks of 
 Congress. He settled in Newton County, Missouri, was 
 appointed sheriff, and was assassinated in the discharge 
 of his duty. 
 
 Bailey, Nathan or Nathaniel. Died at Step- 
 ney, June 27, 1742. An English lexicographer 
 and schoolmaster, author of “An Universal 
 Etymological English Dictionary,” first pub- 
 lislied in 1721. A supplement appeared in 1727, and 
 a folio edition in 1730, with the title “Dictionarium Bri- 
 tannicum, collected by several hands, . . . revis’d and 
 improv'd with many thousand additions by N. Bailey.” 
 Tlie dictionary, based on the works of Kersey, Coles, 
 Phillips, Blount, and others, has often been republished, 
 and it has served as the foundation of other works of the 
 kind, including Johnson's. 
 
 Bailey, Philip James. Born at Nottingham, 
 
 April 22, 1816 : died there, Sept. 6, 1902. An Eng- 
 lish poet. Hewrote “Festus” (1839), “ Angel World " 
 (1860), “Mystic" (1855), “The Age, Universal Hymn” 
 (1867), etc. 
 
 Bailey, Samuel. Bom at Sheffield, 1791: died 
 Jan. 18, 1870. An English writer on philosophy 
 and political economy. 
 
 Bailey, Theodoras. Born at Chateaugay, 
 N. Y., April 12, 1805 : died at Washington, 
 D. C., Feb. 10, 1877. An American rear-admiral. 
 
 He entered the navy in 1818, and became lieutenant in 
 1827, commander in 1849, and captain in 1855. He was 
 second in command in the naval attack on the defenses 
 of New Orleans in 1862, and was sent by Admiral Far- 
 ragut, April 25, to demand the surrender of the city. He 
 was made commodore in 1862, and in the same year was 
 appointed commander of the Eastern Gulf blockading 
 squadron, in which post he is said to have taken over 150 
 blockade-runners in eighteen months. He was made rear- 
 admiral July 25, 1866, and placed on the retired list Oct. 
 10, 1866. 
 
 Bailiff’s Daughter of Islington, The. An 
 
 old ballad preserved in Percy’s “Reliques” 
 and Ritson’s “Ancient Songs.” It is a tale of 
 a squire’s son and a bailiff’s daughter. 
 
 Bailleul (ba-ye'). A manufacturing town in 
 the department of Nord, France, 17 miles 
 northwest of Lille. Population, 13,573. 
 
 Baillie (ba'li), Lady Grizel (Grizel Hume). 
 Born at Redbraes Castle, Berwickshire, Dec. 
 25, 1665 : died Dec. 6, 1746. A Scottish poet, 
 daughter of Sir Patrick Hume, first earl of 
 Marchmont. 
 
 Baillie, or Bailly, Harry. The host of the 
 Tabard Inn in Chaucer's “Canterbury Tales.” 
 
 “He is a shrewd, bold, manly, well-informed fellow with 
 a blabbing shrew for a wife.” Shakspere's “Mine Host 
 of the Garter” in the “Merry- Wives of Windsor ’ is said 
 to have been taken from him. He is sometimes called 
 “Henry Bailif." 
 
 Baillie, Joanna. Born at Bothweli, Lanark- 
 shire, Scotland, Sept. 11, 1762: died at Hamp- 
 stead, England, Feb. 23, 1851. A Scotch dram- 
 atist and poet. She wrote “Plays on the Passions” 
 (1802-36), in which she delineates the principal passions 
 of the mind, each passion being made the subject of a 
 tragedy and a comedy ; and was the author of the poems 
 “Lines to Agnes Baillie on her Birthday,” “ The Kitten,'' 
 and “ To a Child.” 
 
 Baillie Nicol Jarvie. See Jarvie. 
 
 Baillie, Robert. Born at Glasgow, 1599: died 
 July, 1662. A Scotch Presbyterian divine and 
 controversialist, author of “Letters and Jour- 
 nals, 1637-62,” etc. This work is “for Scotland much 
 what Pepys and Evelyn are for England. They are es- 
 pecially valuable in relation to the assembly of 1638 and 
 the assembly of Westminster” (Diet. Nat. Biog.). 
 
 Baillie, Robert, of Jerviswood. Executed 
 at Edinburgh, Dec. 24, 1684. A Scottish pa- 
 triot, condemned for alleged complicity in the 
 “Rye House Plot” (which see). 
 
 Baillon (ha-yon'), Ernest Henri. Bom at 
 Calais, Nov. 30, 1827 : died July 19, 1895. A 
 noted French botanist. 
 
 Baillot (ba-yo'), Pierre Marie Francois de 
 Sales. Born at Passy, near Paris, Oct. 1, 1771 : 
 died at Paris, Sept. 15, 1842. A French violinist. 
 He was a pupil of Viotti, became professor of the violin 
 in the Conservatory of Music at Paris 1795, and per- 
 formed in Russia, Holland, and England. He wrote “ Art 
 du Violin” (1835). 
 
 Baillou (ba-yo') (L. Ballonius), Guillaume 
 
 de. Born 1538: died 1616. A French physi- 
 Clan. He was appointed by Henry IV. first physician 
 to the Dauphin in ItiOl, and is reputed to have been the 
 first to make known the nature of croup, lie wrote 
 “ Adversaria medicinalia, ” etc. 
 
 Bailly (ba-ye'), Antoine Nicolas. Bom June 
 
 6, 1810: died Jan. 1, 1892. A French architect. 
 He was appointed to a position in the administration of the 
 city of Paris in 1834, and became architect to the French 
 government in 1844. He has built the Moli&re fountain 
 at Paris, reconstructed the cathedral at Digue, and erected 
 the new Tribunal de Commerce at Paris. 
 
 Bailly, Jean Sylvain. Born at Paris, Sept. 
 15, 1736: executed at Paris, Nov. 12, 1793. A 
 noted French astronomer and politician. He 
 was a member of the Academy of Sciences, of the Acad- 
 emy of Inscriptions, and of the French Academy, presi- 
 dent of the Third Estate and of the National Assembly in 
 1789, and mayor of Paris 1789-91. He wrote “Histoire de 
 l’astronomie ” (1775-87), “Essai sur lorigine des fables et 
 des religions anciennes ” (1799), “Meraoires," etc. 
 
 Bailundo (bl-lon'do). The Portuguese name 
 of Ombalundu, a country and kingdom on the 
 high plateau northeast of Benguella, Angola. 
 The natives of Bailundo are taller than their neighbors 
 of Bihe (Oviye), and not very friendly to them, but the 
 two tribes speak dialects of the same language, and aro 
 known by the generic name of Ovimbundu. They aro 
 the great traders and carriers who bring the produce of 
 central Africa to Benguella. See Umtrundu. 
 
 Baily (ba'li), Edward Hodges. Born at Bris- 
 tol, England, 1788: died at London, May 22, 
 1867. A noted English sculptor. 
 
 Baily, Francis. Born at Newbury, Berkshire, 
 April 28, 1774: died at London, Aug. 30, 1844. 
 
Baily, Francis 
 
 A distinguished English astronomer, reformer 
 of the Nautical Almanac, and reviser of star- 
 catalogues. He wrote a “Journal of a Tour in Unset- 
 tled Parts of North America in 1796 and 1797" (edited by 
 De Morgan, 1856), “Tables for the Purchasing and Re- 
 newing of Leases” (1802), “Doctrine of Interest and An- 
 nuities ” (1808), etc. 
 
 Baimenas. An Indian tribe of Sinaloa. Their 
 language has been lost. 
 
 Bain (ban), Alexander. Bom at Watten, 
 Caithness, 1810: died 1877. A Scottish mech- 
 anician, inventor of the automatic chemical 
 telegraph (1843). 
 
 Bain, Alexander. Born at Aberdeen, June 11, 
 1818: died there, Sept. 18, 1903. A Scottish phil- 
 osophical writer. He was educated at Marischal Col- 
 lege, Aberdeen, and became professor of natural philoso- 
 phy in the Andersonian University of Glasgow in 1815, 
 examiner in logic and moral philosophy for the University 
 of London (1857-62, 1864-69), professor of logic in the Uni- 
 versity of Aberdeen (1860-80), and lord rector there (1881- 
 1887). His chief works are “ The Senses and the Intellect ’’ 
 (1855), “ The Emotions and the Will" (1869), “ Mental and 
 Moral Science ” (1868), “ Logic ’’ (1870), “ Mind and Body,” 
 “ Manual of English Composition and Rhetoric” (1866), 
 “ Education as a Science," essays on J. S. Mill, etc. 
 
 Bainbridge (ban'brij), Christopher. Born at 
 Hilton, Westmoreland, 1464 (?): died at Rome, 
 July 14, 1514. A noted English prelate. He 
 was made bishop of Durham in 1507, archbishop of York 
 in 1508, ambassador to the Pope in 1509, cardinal (St. 
 Praxedis) in 1511 by Julius II., and legate and commander 
 of a papal army. He was poisoned by one of his own 
 chaplains, probably at the instigation of a rival, the Bishop 
 of Worcester. 
 
 Bainbridge, John. Born at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 
 England, 1582: died at Oxford, 1643. An Eng- 
 lish physician and astronomer. 
 
 Bainbridge, William. Born at Princeton, N. J., 
 May 7, 1774: died at Philadelphia, July 28, 
 1833. An American naval officer, appointed 
 commodore in 1812. He served as Ueutenant-com- 
 mandant in the quasi-war with France in 1798, and was 
 captured by the French ; commanded the Philadelphia 
 in the Tripolitan war, and was obliged to surrender her, 
 Nov. 1, 1803, after she had become fast on a rock in a 
 position such that she could not use her guns; was 
 given command (1812) of a squadron composed of the 
 Constitution, Essex, and Hornet ; and a3 commander of 
 the Constitution captured the British frigate Java Dec. 
 29, 1812. On his return he took charge of the Charles- 
 town navy-yard. In 1815 he commanded a squadron 
 in the Mediterranean ; and in 1819, in the Columbus, 
 took command of the squadron in that sea, returning 
 in 1821. He later was stationed at Philadelphia, Boston, 
 and elsewhere. 
 
 Bain-de-Bretagne (bah'db-bre-tany'). [F., 
 ‘bath of Brittany.’] A town and watering- 
 place in the department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 
 France, south of Rennes. Population, com- 
 mune, 4,873. 
 
 Baines (banz), Edward. Born at Walton-le- 
 Dale, Lancashire, Feb. 5, 1774: died Aug. 3, 
 1848. An English journalist and politician, 
 proprietor and editor of the “ Leeds Mercury,” 
 and author of histories of Yorkshire and Lan- 
 cashire, etc. 
 
 Baines, Sir Edward. Born at Leeds, 1800: 
 died there, March 2, 1890. An English journal- 
 ist, statesman, and philanthropist, son of Ed- 
 ward Baines. 
 
 Baines, Matthew Talbot. Born Feb. 17, 1799 : 
 died Jan. 22, 1860. An English politician, 
 eldest son of Edward Baines, appointed chan- 
 cellor of the duchy of Lancaster, with a seat 
 in the cabinet, in 1855. 
 
 Baines, Thomas. Born at King’s-Lynn, Norfolk, 
 England, 1822 : died at Durban, Port Natal, May 
 8, 1875. An English artist and African explorer. 
 He arrived at Cape Colony in 1842 ; accompanied the British 
 army throughout the Kafir war 1848-51 ; explored north- 
 west Australia under Augustus Gregory 1855-56 ; was artist 
 and storekeeper to the Livingstone Zambesi expedition 
 in 1858 ; went with Chapman from the southwest coast to 
 the Victoria Falls in 1861 ; and lectured in England 1804- 
 1868. He wrote “Explorations in Southwestern Africa" 
 1864), and “The Gold Regions of Southeastern Africa” 
 1877). 
 
 Baini (ba-e'ne), Giuseppe. Born at Rome, 
 Oct. 21, 1775: died May 10, 1844. An Italian 
 priest, musical critic, and composer: author of 
 a life of Palestrina. 
 
 Bains-en-Vosges(bah , zoh-v6zh , ),orBains-les- 
 Bains (ban'la-ban'). A town and watering- 
 place in the department of Vosges, France, 16 
 miles southwest of Epinal. It has hot baths. 
 Population, commune, 2,384. 
 
 Bairaktar (bl-rak-tar'). A title of Mustapha 
 (1755-1808), grand vizir of Mahmud II. 
 Bairam, orBeiram(bi-ram'). Thename of two 
 Mohammedan feasts. The great Bairam (Tdu’l-kabir) 
 forms the concluding ceremony of the pilgrimage to 
 Mecca, and is celebrated on the tenth day of the twelfth 
 month. Each householder who is able to do so sac- 
 rifices a sheep, the flesh of which is divided into three 
 portions, one for the family, one for relatives, and one 
 for the poor. The lesser Bairam is celebrated at the 
 
 110 
 
 termination of the fast of the month of Ramadan. It is 
 a* season of great rejoicing at which presents and visits 
 are exchanged. 
 
 Baird, (bard), Absalom. Born at Washington, 
 Pa., Aug. 20, 1824: died at Relay, Md., June 
 14, 1905. An American general. He was grad- 
 uated from West Point in 1849; became captain in the 
 regular army in 1861, and brigadier-general of volunteers 
 in 1862 ; served as division commander at Chattanooga in 
 1863, and in the Atlanta campaign of 1864; and became 
 brevet brigadier-general and brevet major-general in 1865. 
 
 Baird, Charles Washington. Born at. Prince- 
 ton, New Jersey, 1828: died 1887. A Presby- 
 terian clergyman, son of Robert Baird. He has 
 written works on the Presbyterian liturgies, local his- 
 tories, and a “History of the Huguenot Emigration to 
 America ” (1885). 
 
 Baird, Sir David. Born at Newbyth, Dec., 
 1757 : died Aug. 29, 1829. A British general. 
 He served in British India 1780-89, where he was wounded 
 and imprisoned by Hyder Ali for nearly four years ; re- 
 turned to India as lieutenant-colonel in 1791 ; took Pon- 
 dicherry in 1793 ; was made major-general (at the Cape) 
 in 1798 ; led the storming column at the capture of Serin- 
 gapatam May 4, 1799 ; commanded an expedition to Egypt 
 in 1801 ; led (then lieutenant-general) an army to recap- 
 ture the Cape of Good Hope in 1806; served in the siege 
 of Copenhagen in 1807 ; was sent to Spain to reinforce 
 Moore in 1808 ; and was wounded at Corunna in 1809. 
 
 Baird, Henry Carey. Born at Bridesburg, 
 Pa., Sept. 10, 1825. An American (protection- 
 ist) political economist and publisher, nephew 
 of Henry C. Carey. 
 
 Baird, Henry Martyn. Born Jan. 17. 1832: 
 died Nov. 11, 1906. A son of Robert Baird : 
 professor of Greek in the New York Univer- 
 sity 1859-1902: author of a “History of the 
 Rise of the Huguenots ” (1879), etc. 
 
 Baird, Robert. Born in Fayette County, Pa., 
 Oct. 6, 1798: died at Yonkers, N. Y., March 
 15, 1863. An American clergyman and histori- 
 cal writer. He wrote “A View of Religion in Amer- 
 ica ” (1842), “ History of the Temperance Societies ” (1836), 
 a “ History of the Albigenses, Waldenses, and Vaudois,” 
 etc. 
 
 Baird, Spencer Fullerton. Born at Reading, 
 Pa., Feb. 3, 1823: died at Wood’s Holl, Mass., 
 Aug. 19, 1887. A noted American naturalist.. He 
 was appointed professor of natural sciences at Dickinson 
 College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in 1845; assistant secretary 
 of the Smithsonian Institution in 1850, secretary in 1878; 
 and United States commissioner of fish and fisheries in 1871. 
 His works (including scientific papers) are very numerous 
 (over 1,000 titles); among them are a “Catalogue of North 
 American Reptiles ” (1853), “Birds of North America” 
 (with Cassin and Lawrence, 1860), “Mammals of North 
 America," “History of North American Birds” (with 
 Brewer and Ridgeway, 1874-84), etc. 
 
 Baireuth. See Bayreuth. 
 
 Baise, or Bayse (baz). A river in southern 
 France which joins the Garonne west of Agen. 
 Length, about 100 miles. 
 
 Baiter (bi'ter), Johann Georg. Born at Zurich, 
 May 31, 1801: died there, Oct. 10, 1877. A Swiss 
 classical philologist. He wa3 professor in the Uni- 
 versity of Ziirich 1833-49, and prorector of the gymnasium 
 of Zurich 1849-65. He published, with Sauppe, an edi- 
 tion of the “ Oratores Attici ” (1839-50), and, with Orelli, 
 the “ Fabellm iambic® ” of Babrius (1845). 
 
 Baitul (ha-tol' ), orBetul. A district in the Ner- 
 budda division of the Central Provinces, India. 
 
 Baja (ha'ya). A seaport in Campania, Italy, 
 near Cape Misenum on the Gulf of Pozzuoli, 
 west of Naples: the ancient Bairn, it was for- 
 merly a great seaport and the leading Roman watering- 
 place, especially in the times of Horace, Nero, and Ha- 
 drian. It was famous for its luxury, and contained the 
 villas of many celebrated Romans. It was plundered by 
 the Saracens. Among the antiquities of Baja are : (1) 
 A temple of Diana, so called, in reality part of a Roman 
 bath. It is octagonal without, circular within, with a 
 pointed dome 97 feet in diameter. The walls have four 
 ornamental niches. The structure is in o pus incertum 
 eased in masonry of brick and stone. (2) A temple of 
 Mercury, so called, in reality part of a Roman bath, three 
 subdivisions of which survive. The chief of these is the 
 frigidarium, or cold bath, a circular domed structure 144 
 feet in diameter, with a circular opening at the apex, as 
 in the Pantheon at Rome. The two others are rectangu- 
 lar and vaulted, the vault of one having excellent orna- 
 ment in relief. (3) A temple of Venus, so called, in fact 
 part of a Roman hath, an octagonal buttressed structure 
 of opus incertum cased in brick, and opus reticulatum, cir- 
 cular within, 94 feet in diameter, and domed. It has eight 
 windows above, four doors below, and had lateral cham- 
 bers containing stairs. 
 
 Baja (bo'yo). A town in the county of B&cs, 
 Hungary, situated near the Danube 93 miles 
 south of Budapest. Population, 20,361. 
 
 Bajada del Parana. See Parana. 
 
 Bajazet (baj-a-zet') I., or Bayazid, or Bajasid 
 (ha-ya-zed'). [Turk. Bayazid.'] Born 1347: 
 died 1403. Sultan of the Turks 1389-1403, son 
 of Amurath I.: surnamed “Ilderim” (‘light- 
 ning ’) on account of his rapid movements. He 
 conquered Bulgaria and a great part of Asia Minor, Mace- 
 donia, Servia, and Thessaly; defeated the allied Hunga- 
 rians, Poles, and French at Nicopolis 1396; and was de- 
 feated by Timur at Angora 1402, and held prisoner by him 
 until his death. He is said to have been carried about in 
 an iron cage : but this is a mere invention of later writers. 
 
 Baker, Sir Richard 
 
 Bajazet’s (alleged) treatment by Timur forms the most 
 powerful portion of Marlowe’s “Tamburlane" and also 
 of Rowe's “ Tamerlane.” He is shown in an iron cage 
 and fed with broken scraps like a dog. 
 
 Bajazet XI. Born 1447; died 1512. Turkish 
 sultan 1481-1512, son of Mohammed II. He was 
 engaged in almost uninterrupted warfare with Hungary, 
 Poland, V enice, Egypt, and Persia ; was deposed by his son 
 Selim ; and died soon after by poison. 
 
 Bajazet. A tragedy by Racine, produced Jan. 4, 
 16(2. Bajazet in this play is the brother of the sultan 
 Amurath, and the necessity of choosing between the throne 
 with Roxane and death with Atalide whom he loves forms 
 the most striking part of the play. 
 
 Bajazet, Mosque of. A mosque in Constanti- 
 nople, finished in 1505, one of the finest exam- 
 ples of Moslem architecture. The fore court has 
 elegant Pointed arcades of marble, with capitals of jasper 
 and verde antico. There are four doorways of Persian type, 
 and a graceful octagonal fountain in the middle of the 
 court. The interior displays excellent proportions and 
 details. 
 
 Bajmok (boi'mok). A town in the county of 
 B&es, Hungary, southwest of Theresienstadt. 
 Population, 7,588. 
 
 Bajura. The standard of Mohammed. 
 
 Bajza (hoi ' zo), Joseph. Born at Sziicsi, 
 Hungary, Jan. 31, 1804: died March 3, 1858. A 
 Hungarian poet, critic, and historian. He was 
 appointed director of the National Theater at Pesth in 
 1837, ami became editor of the “Ellendr” in 1847, and of 
 Kossuth 8 “ Hirlap ” in 1848. 
 
 Bakacs (ho'koch). Tarnas. Died 1521. A Hun- 
 garian prelate and statesman. By viadislaus II. 
 he was made chancellor and archbishop of Gran and later 
 (1500) became cardinal primate of Hungary and papal le- 
 gate. He received permission from the Pope (1513) to un- 
 dertake a crusade against the Turks, but the army which 
 he raised was, under the leadership of George Dosa, di- 
 verted to an attack on the nobility. It was subdued 1514 
 by John ZApolya. 
 
 Bakalahari (ba-ka-la-ha're). A tribe of the 
 Bechuanas dwelling in the Kalahari desert of 
 South Africa. 
 
 Bakankala (ba-kan-ka'la). See Bushmen. 
 
 Bakarganj. See Backergunge. 
 
 Bakasekele (ba-kas-se-ka'le). See Bushmen. 
 
 Bakau (ba-kou ' ), or Bacau, or Bakeu. A town 
 in Moldavia, Rumania, situated on the Bistritza 
 55 miles southwest of Jassy. It is a railway 
 center. Population, 17,062. 
 
 Bake (ba'ke), Jan. Born at Leyden, Sept. 1, 
 1787: died March 26, 1864. A Dutch classical 
 philologist and critic. He was professor of Greek 
 and Roman literature in the University of Leyden 1817-57, 
 and published, with Geel, Haraaker, and Peerlkamp, the 
 “ Bibliotheca critica nova ” (1825-31). 
 
 Bakel (ba-kel'). A fortified town and trading 
 station in Senegal, French West Africa, situ- 
 ated on the Senegal about lat. 15° N. 
 
 Baker (ba'ker), Edward Dickinson. Born at 
 London, England, Feb. 24, 1811: killed Oct. 21, 
 1861, at the battle of Ball’s Bluff. An Ameri- 
 can politician and soldier. He was Whig member 
 of Congress from Illinois 1845-46; colonel in the Mexican 
 war and brigade commander; member of Congress from 
 Illinois 1849-51 ; and Republican United States senator 
 from Oregon 1860-61. He commanded, as colonel, a bri- 
 gade at Ball’s Bluff. 
 
 Baker, George Augustus. Born in New York 
 
 city, 1821 : died there, April 2, 1880. An Ameri- 
 can portrait-painter. 
 
 Baker, Mrs. (Harriette Newall Woods): pseu- 
 donym Mrs. Madeline Leslie. Born 1815: 
 died 1893. An American writer of juvenile 
 stories, wife of Rev. S. R. Baker and daughter 
 of Rev. Leonard Woods. 
 
 Baker, Henry. Born at London, May 8, 1698: 
 died at London, Nov. 25, 1774. An English 
 naturalist and poet, son-in-law of Defoe. He 
 is best known as the author of “The Microscope Made 
 Easy” (1743), and “Employment for the Microscope” 
 (1753). 
 
 Baker, John Gilbert. Born at Guisborough, 
 Yorkshire, Jan. 13, 1834. An English botanist. 
 He became assistant curator of the herbarium of the Royal 
 Gardens, Kew, in 1866, and was keeper 1890-99. He has 
 written on ferns, etc. 
 
 Baker, Lafayette C. Born at Stafford, Genesee 
 County, N. Y., Oct. 13, 1826 : died at Philadel- 
 phia, Pa., July 2. 1868. An American brigadier- 
 general, head" of the bureau of secret service in 
 the Civil War. He organized the pursuit of Wilkes 
 Booth, and was present at his death. He wrote a “His- 
 tory of the United States Secret Service in the Late War’ 
 (1868). 
 
 Baker, Sir Richard. Born at Sissinghurst, in 
 Kent, about 1568: died at London, in the Fleet 
 Prison, Feb. 18, 1645. An English writer, 
 author of “Chronicle of the Kings of England” 
 (1641), and of various devotional and other 
 works. He died in destitution due to his becoming 
 surety for debts owed by relatives of bis wife. His literary 
 work was all done in the Meet. See Chronicle of the Kings 
 of England. 
 
Baker, Sir Samuel White 
 
 Baker, Sir Samuel White. Bom at London, 
 June 8, 1821 : died at Newton Abbot, England, 
 Dec. 30, 1893. An English traveler. He founded 
 a settlement and sanatorium at Ceylon in 1847 ; was in 
 the Turkish railway service ; left Cairo for the sources of 
 the Nile in 1861 ; explored the Blue Nile region 1861-62 ; 
 started from Khartum in 1862 ; discovered Bake Albert 
 Nyanza March 14, 1864 ; commanded an Egyptian expedi- 
 tion in central Africa, 1869-73, for the suppression of the 
 slave-trade and annexation of territory to Egypt ; and 
 traveled in Cyprus, Syria, India, etc. He has written “The 
 Rifle and the Hound in Ceylon" (1864), “Eight Years’ 
 Wanderings in Ceylon ” (1855), “The Albert Nyanza, etc.” 
 (1866), “The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia, etc.” (1867), 
 “Ismailia, etc. "(1874), “Cyprus as I saw it in 1879,” “Wild 
 Beasts and their Ways "(1890). See Century Atlas, Map 
 109. 
 
 Baker, Thomas. Born at Lancbester, Durham, 
 Sept. 14, 1656: died at Cambridge, July 2, 1740. 
 An eminent English antiquary. He left a valuable 
 collection of materials in forty-two manuscript volumes 
 relating to the history of Cambridge : twenty-three vol- 
 umes are in the Harleian collection (British Museum) 
 and the rest in the library of Cambridge University. 
 
 Baker, Valentine (Baker Pasha). Bom 1827 : 
 died at Tel-el-Kebir, Nov. 17, 1887. An English 
 officer, brother of Sir Samuel White Baker. He 
 was a colonel in the British army ; was in the Turkish ser- 
 vice during the war of 1877-78 ; was Egyptian commander 
 in the Sudan after the defeat of Hicks Pasha 1883 ; and 
 was defeated by Osman Digna in the battle of Tokar, Feb. 
 4, 1884. 
 
 Baker, Sir William Erskine. Born at Leith, 
 Scotland, 1808 : died in Somersetshire, Dec. 16, 
 1881. A British military and civil engineer in 
 India. He was promoted major-general in 1865, 
 and general in 1887. 
 
 Baker, William Mumford. Born at Wash- 
 ington, June 27, 1825 : died at Boston, Aug. 20, 
 1883. A Presbyterian clergyman and novelist, 
 son of Daniel Baker. He wrote “ Inside : a Chroni- 
 cle of Secession" (1866), “Oak-Mot” (1868), “The New 
 Timothy" (1870), “His Majesty Myself’’ (1879), “Blessed 
 Saint Certainty ” (1881), etc. He sometimes used the pseu- 
 donym George F. Harrington. 
 
 Baker, Mount. A volcanic peak in the Cascade 
 Mountains, in northern Washington, near the 
 Canadian frontier. Height, 10,827 feet. 
 Baker, The, and the Baker’s Wife. Nick- 
 names given to Louis XVI. and Marie Antoi- 
 nette because they gave bread to the hungry 
 mob at Versailles, Oct. 6, 1789. 
 
 Bakerganj. See Backergunge. 
 
 Bakeu. See Bdkau. 
 
 Bakewell (bak'wel). A town in Derbyshire, 
 England, on the Wye 22 miles northwest of 
 Derby. Chatsworth House and Haddon Hall 
 are in the vicinity. Population, 2,850. 
 Bakhmut (bach-mot'). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Yekaterinoslaff, southern Russia, 135 
 miles east of Yekaterinoslaff. Population, 
 about 25^000. 
 
 Bakhtchisarai (bach-che-sa-ri' ). A town in the 
 Crimea, government of Taurida, Russia, 16 
 miles southwest of Simferopol. It was the 
 capital of the Tatar khans, and contains their 
 residence. Population, 15,644. 
 
 Bakhtishwa (bach-tish'wa), Giabril ben Giur- 
 gis ben. Died about 828. A Greek Nestorian, 
 a member of a family of noted physicians, who 
 became physician to Harun-al-Rashid in 805. 
 He was the first to present to the Arabians translations 
 of the Greek works on medicine. Also Bakhtichuna, Bac- 
 tishua, Bocht Jem. 
 
 Bakhtiyari (baeh-te-ya/re) Mountains. A 
 
 range of mountains in western Persia, west of 
 Ispahan. 
 
 Bakhtiyari. A nomadic, semi-independent peo- 
 ple in Luristan and Khuzistan, western Persia, 
 allied to the Kurds. 
 
 Bakhuyzen, or Bakhuizen. See Backhuysen. 
 Bakke-Bakke. See Pygmies. 
 
 Bakony (bok'ony) Forest, G. Bakonyerwald. 
 
 A hilly volcanic region in Hungary, south and 
 west of the Danube, southwest of Budapest, 
 and north of Lake Balaton. It had formerly ex- 
 tensive forests, and was noted as a resort for robbers. Its 
 highest point is about 2,300 feet. 
 
 Baku (bii-ko' ). A government in Transcaucasia, 
 Russia, west of the Caspian Sea. Area, 15,061 
 square miles. Population, about 891,300. 
 Baku. A seaport, capital of the government 
 of Baku, situated on the Caspian Sea, on the 
 southern coast of the Apsheron Peninsula, in 
 lat. 40° 23' N., long. 49° 52' E., famous as a 
 center of petroleum production. It has an exten- 
 sive trade in petroleum, grain, etc. ; is one of the leading 
 Russian naval stations; and is connected with Caspian 
 ports and by rail with the Black Sea. From ancient times 
 it has been a place of the fire- worshipers. It belonged to 
 the Persians and Turks, and was taken by the Russians 
 in 1806. Population, 179,133. 
 
 Ba-Kuandu (ba-kwiin'do). See Bushmen. 
 Ba-Kuise (ba-kwe'se). See Bushmen. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Ba-Kume (ba-ko'me). See Dualla. 
 
 Bakunin (ba-kon 'yen), Michael. Born at 
 Torzhok, Russia, 1814: died at Bern, July 1, 
 1876. A Russian socialist and political agita- 
 tor, regarded as the founder of Nihilism. He 
 took part in the revolutionary movement in Germany, 
 especially at Dresden, 1848-49; was exiled to Siberia in 
 1851; escaped to Japan, and arrived in England in 1861; 
 and founded the Alliance of the Social Democracy in 1869, 
 which was absorbed the same year by the International. 
 On account of his extreme views he was expelled from 
 the latter at The Hague congress in 1872. 
 
 Bala (ba'la). A town in Merionethshire, Wales, 
 20 miles southwest of Denbigh. 
 
 Bala (ba'la), Lake. A small lake in Merion- 
 ethshire, Wales, near Bala. Its outlet is the Dee. 
 Balaam (ba/lam). [Heb., ‘the destroyer.'] 
 A prophet of Pethor, in Mesopotamia, men- 
 tioned in the Book of Numbers. The Moabite king 
 Balak sent for him to curse the Israelites, who had already 
 conquered Bashan and the land of King Sihon, and were 
 threatening Moab. See the story in Num. xxii., xxiii. 
 Balaam. A character in Dry den’s satire “Ab- 
 salom and Achitophel,” intended for the Earl 
 of Huntingdon. 
 
 Balaclava. See Balaklava. 
 
 Baladan (ba-la-dan'). Mentioned in 2 Ki. xx. 
 12, Isa. xxxix. 1, as father of Merodach-baladan 
 (Assyrian Marduk-abal-iddina , the god Mero- 
 dach gave the son). The latter was king of Baby- 
 lonia 721-710 B. C., a contemporary of Sennacherib, king 
 of Assyria, and Hezekiah, king of Judah, to the latter of 
 whom he sent presents and congratulations upon his re- 
 covery. Baladan is probably shortened from Merodach- 
 baladan. 
 
 Balafr6 (ba-la-fra'), Le. [F.,‘ the scarred.’] 1. 
 The name given to Henri and Francois, the 
 second and third dukes of Guise, from sword- 
 cuts which scarred their faces. — 2. See Lesly, 
 Ludovic. 
 
 Balagansk (ba-la-gansk'). A small town in 
 the government of Irkutsk, on the Angara 
 northwest of Irkutsk. Near it is a noted cave. 
 Balaghat (ba-la-gat'), or Baiaghaut. A dis- 
 trict in the Nagpur division of the Central 
 Provinces, British India, situated in lat. 21°- 
 23° N., long. 80°-81° E. Area, 3,132 square 
 miles. Population, 326,521. 
 
 Balaguer (ba-la-gar' ) Vittorio. Born at Bar- 
 celona, 1824 : died at Madrid, 1901. A Catalan 
 poet, historian, and novelist. He became keeper 
 of the archives at Barcelona in 1854, and soon after pro- 
 fessor of history. Author of “ Trovador de Montserrat ’’ 
 (1850), “ Don Juan de Serravalle ’’ (5th ed. 1875), and “ His- 
 toria politica y literaria de los trovadores” (1878-80). 
 Balaguer (ba-la-gar'). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Lerida, Spain, situated on the Segre 
 25 miles northeast of Lerida. Population, 4,604. 
 Balahissar (ba-la-his'sar). A ruined town in 
 Asia Minor, near the Sangarius, 85 miles south- 
 west of Angora, on the supposed site of the 
 ancient Pessinus. 
 
 Balak (ba'lak). [Heb., ‘destroyer.’] In Old 
 Testament history, a king of the Moabites. See 
 Balaam. 
 
 Balak. A character in Dryden and Tate’s sat- 
 ire “Absalom and Achitophel,” intended for 
 Dr. Burnet. 
 
 Balakhany (ba-la-chany'). A small town north 
 of Baku, Caucasia, noted for its petroleum 
 springs. 
 
 Balakhna (ba-lach'na), sometimes Balatchna 
 (ba-lach'na). A small town in the government 
 of Nizhni -Novgorod, Russia, situated on the 
 Volga northwest of Nizhni -Novgorod, noted 
 for shoemaking. 
 
 Balaklava, or Balaclava (bal-a-kla'va). A 
 small seaport in the Crimea, Russia, about 
 8 miles southeast of Sebastopol : the ancient 
 Symbolon Portus, and the medieval Cembalo. 
 A Greek colony was settled here by Catherine II. It was the 
 headquarters of the Allies in the Crimean war. A series 
 of engagements between the Russians and the Allies took 
 place near Balaklava, Oct. 25, 1854. General Liprandi, 
 with about 12,000 Russians, took some redoubts, com- 
 mitted to about 250 Turks, which commanded the cause- 
 way to the (English) port of Balaklava, and threatened the 
 port itself. The attack was diverted by a brilliant charge 
 of the Heavy Brigade, led by General Scarlett. Through 
 a misconception of the general-in-chief’s (Lord Raglan s) 
 order, Lord Lucan, commander of the cavalry, ordered 
 Lord Cardigan, with the Light Brigade, to charge the 
 Russian artillery at the extremity of the northern valley 
 in the plain of Balaklava. With a battery in front and one 
 on each side the Light Brigade hewed its way past the 
 guns in front and routed the enemy s cavalry. Of 670 
 horsemen 198 returned. This charge has been made the 
 subject of a well-known poem by Tennyson. 
 
 Ba-Lala (ba-liil'a). See Bushmen. 
 
 Balami (bii-la'me). A learned vizir of the 
 Samanide, Abu Salih Mansur ben Nub. He col- 
 lected old Iranian traditions, and in 963 wrote a Persian 
 abridgment of the great Arabic history of Tabari. 
 
 Balan (ba-lon'). 1. An early French version of 
 the romance of “Fierabras,” which appears in 
 
 Balboa, Miguel Cabello de 
 
 English as “ The Sowdan of Babylon.” Balan is 
 the Sowdan and the father of the knight Fierabras or 
 Ferumbras. He was conquered by Charlemagne. 
 
 2. In Arthurian legend, the brother of Balin. 
 See Balin and Balan. 
 
 Balance, The. See Libra. 
 
 Balance, Justice. The father of Sylvia in Far- 
 quhaPs comedy “ The Recruiting Officer,” one 
 of the principal characters. 
 
 Balantes (ba-lan'tes). A heathen tribe, of the 
 Nigritic branch, in Portuguese Guinea, West 
 Africa. 
 
 Balarama (ba-la-ra/ma). In Hindu mythology, 
 the elder brother of Krishna. In the Mahabharata 
 he teaches Duryodhana and Bhima the use of the mace. 
 Though inclining to the Pandavas, he refuses to side with 
 them ortheKauravas; but, upon witnessing the foul blow 
 struck by Bhima in the contest with Duryodhana, he is 
 scarcely restrained by Krishna from falling upon the Pan- 
 davas. He died just before Krishna, as he sat under a 
 banian in the vicinity of Dvaraka. The Puranas add 
 many incidents. Balarama is, according to the Vaishnavas, 
 an incarnation of Vishnu. 
 
 Balard (ba-lar'), Antoine Jerome. Bom at 
 
 Montpellier, Sept. 30, 1802: died at Paris, 
 March 31, 1876. A French chemist. He became 
 
 professor of chemistry in the College of France in 1851. 
 He discovered bromine in 1826. 
 
 Balaruc (ba-la-riik'). A small watering-place 
 in the department of H(srault, France, on the 
 fitang de Thau. 
 
 Balashof (ba-la-shof'). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Saratoff, Russia, on the Khoper 120 
 miles west of Saratoff. Population, 22,- 
 800. 
 
 Balasore. See Balasur. 
 
 Balassa (bol'osh-sho), Balint (Valentine). 
 Born 1551 : died 1594. A Hungarian poet. 
 Balassa-Gyarmath (bol ' osh - sho - dyor ' mot). 
 The capital of the county of Nograd, Hungary, 
 42 miles north of Budapest. Population, 
 8,580. 
 
 Balasur (bal-a-sor'). A seaport, capital of the 
 district of Balasur, in Orissa, British India, 
 near the coast. Population, about 20,800. 
 Balaton (bol'ot-on), Lake, G. Plattensee 
 (plat ' ten - za). The largest lake in Hun- 
 gary, situated 50 miles southwest of Buda- 
 pest. Its outlet is by the Sio and Sarviz to 
 the Danube. Length, 48 miles. Greatest 
 breadth, 7) miles. 
 
 Balaustion’s Adventure (ba-las'ehonz ad- 
 ven'tur). A poem by Robert Browning, pub- 
 lished 1871. Balaustion is a Greek girl of Rhodes. Her 
 story is continued in “Aristophanes’ Apology.” 
 Balawat (ba-la-wat'). A mound of ruins about 
 15 miles east of Mosul and 9 miles from Nimrud. 
 It attained some importance in the history of Assyriology 
 through the discovery made there by the excavator Hor- 
 muzd Rassam, in 1877, of bronze plates which served as 
 covers of gates to the court of the royal palace of Shal- 
 maneser II., king of Assyria 860-824 B. C. The plates are 
 decorated in repoussd work with bas-reliefs representing 
 scenes of war, games, sacrifices, and with inscriptions con- 
 taining a concise record of the first nine years of the reign 
 of that king. They are now in the British Museum. 
 
 Balbek. See Baalbec. 
 
 Balbi (bal'be), Adriano. Born at Venice, 
 April 25, 1782 : died at Padua, March 14, 1848. 
 An Italian geographer and statistician, author 
 of “Atlas ethnographique du globe” (1826), 
 “ Abrdgd de geographic” (1832), etc. 
 
 Balbi, Gasparo. A Venetian traveler. He spent 
 the years 1579-88 in India. On his return to Venice 
 he published “ Viaggio nelle Indie Orientals ” (1590), which 
 was inserted by the brothers De Bry in their collection 
 of voyages (1606). 
 
 Balbinus (bal-bl'nus), Decimus Caslius. 
 
 Killed 238. A Roman orator, poet, and states- 
 man, of noble birth, appointed by the senate 
 joint emperor (Augustus) of Rome with Pupie- 
 nus Maximus, 238, in opposition to Maximin, 
 who was shortly after killed by his own soldiers 
 at the siege of Aquileia. Balbinus and his colleague 
 were murdered by the pretorians at Rome before the be- 
 ginning of August in the same year, after having reigned 
 since about the end of April. 
 
 Balbo (bal'bo), Count Cesare. Bom at Turin, 
 Nov. 21, 1789: died there, June 3, 1853. An Ital- 
 ian statesman and writer, premier of Sardinia in 
 1848. Hewrote “Storia d’ltalia” (1830), “Vita 
 di Dante” (1839), “Delle speranze d’ltalia” 
 (1844), etc. 
 
 Balboa (biil-bo'a), or Balvoa, Miguel Cabello 
 
 de. Born in Archidona about 1525: died, prob- 
 ably in Peru, after 1586. A Spanish historian. 
 He served as a soldier in the French wars, but subsequently 
 took orders, and went to America about 1666, residing 
 for a time at Bogota, and later in Lima and Cuzco. He 
 wrote “Miscelanea Anartica y origeri de los Incas del 
 Peru," which remained in manuscript until 1840, when a 
 French translation was published in the Ternaux-Com- 
 pans collection, as “ L’Histoire du I’Crou. ’’ 
 
Balboa, Vasco Nunez 
 
 * 
 
 Balboa, Vasco Nunez. Born at Xeres de los 
 Caballeros, 1475: died at Acla, near Darien, 
 1517 or 1518. A Spanish soldier, the discoverer 
 of the Pacific Ocean. In 1500 he went to America 
 with the expedition of Rodrigo Bastidas, and was left by 
 him at Espauola. In 1510 he went to Darien where he 
 was later elected alcalde in a new settlement formed by 
 hia advice. In 1512 he received from Pasamonte, king’s 
 treasurer at Santo Domingo, a commission to act as gov- 
 ernor. Balboamade numerous explorations, generally con- 
 ciliating the Indians; and from them he learned that there 
 was a great sea to the south (the Pacific), and far southward 
 a country rich in gold, where the people were civilized 
 (Peru). Determined to discover these, he set out from 
 Darien with part of his force Sept. 1, 1513, and after an 
 adventurous journey reached, on Sept. 25, a mountain 
 from which he first saw the Pacific. The shore itself was 
 attained on Sept. 29, and Balboa, entering the water, took 
 possession for the kings of Castile. He returned to Darien 
 Jan. 29, 1514. In the same year (June 30) Pedro Arias de 
 Avila (called Pedrarias) arrived as governor of the colony. 
 The relations of the two men were unfriendly, but Balboa 
 obtained permission to explore the South Sea. Cutting 
 the timbers for his ships on the Caribbean side, he trans- 
 ported them with immense labor across the isthmus, and 
 had launched two vessels when he was arrested by Pedra- 
 rias, on a charge of contemplated revolt, and beheaded. 
 
 Balbriggan (bal -brig' an). A watering-place 
 in County Dublin, Ireland, 20 miles northeast 
 of Dublin. It has manufactures of stockings, 
 etc. Population, 2,236. 
 
 Balbuena (bal-bwa'na), Bernardo de. Bom 
 in Val de Penas, 1568: died in Porto Rico, 1627. 
 A Spanish prelate and poet. Most of his life was 
 passed in Mexico, Jamaica, and Porto Rico, and he became 
 bishop of the latter island in 1620. He is best known for 
 his epics “ El Bernardo "and “ La Grandeza Mexicans, "and 
 his principal poem “ El Siglo de Oro ” (‘ The Age of Gold ’). 
 
 Balbus (bal' bus), Lucius Cornelius. Born in 
 Gades : flourished in the 1st century B. c. A 
 Roman politician, surnamed “Major” to distin- 
 guish him from his nephew Lucius Cornelius 
 Balbus. He served in Spain in the war against Serto- 
 rius, and was made a Roman citizen in 72 B. c. His right 
 to the citizenship was successfully defended by Cicero in 
 65 B c. He sided with Ctesar against Pompey, being in- 
 trusted with the management of the former's affairs at 
 Rome ; and. on the death of Csesar, attached himself to 
 Octavius, under whom he obtained the consulship 40 B. c. 
 
 Balbus, Lucius Cornelius. A Roman politi- 
 cian, surnamed ‘ ‘ Minor” to distinguish him from 
 his uncle Lucius Cornelius Balbus. He was ques- 
 tor to the propretor Asinius Pollio in Further Spain 
 44-43 B. c., where he acquired a large fortune through op- 
 pression and exaction ; became subsequently governor of 
 Africa ; and enjoyed a triumph 19 B. c., inconsequence of 
 a victory over the Garamantes. 
 
 Balcarce (bal-kar'sa), Antonio Gonzalez. 
 
 Born at Buenos Ayres in 1774 : died there, Aug. 
 5, 1819. A Spanish-American soldier. He served 
 in the defense of Buenos Ayres (1807), and was captured 
 by the British ; joined the revolutionary movement of 
 May, 1810 ; and was sent with an army to aid the patriots 
 of Upper Pern (1811). He was disastrously defeated by 
 Goyeneche at the battle of Huaqui (June 20, 1811). 
 
 Balcarce, Juan Ramon. Born at Buenos 
 Ayres, 1773 : died at Entre Rios about 1833. An 
 Argentine general, brother of A. G. Balcarce. 
 In 1818, and again in 1820, he was for a short time gover- 
 nor of Buenos Ayres ; in 1824 was a member of the con- 
 stituent assembly ; in 1827 minister of war and marine, 
 and in Dec , 1832, was elected governor of Buenos Ayres, 
 but in Nov., 1833, was driven out by Rosas. 
 
 Balchen (bal'chen), Sir John. Said to have 
 been born Feb. 4, 1670, at Godaiming in Sur- 
 rey: died 1744. An English naval officer, com- 
 mander of various vessels 1697-1728, promoted 
 admiral of the white in 1743. He perished in the 
 wreck of the Victory in the Channel on the night of Oct. 4, 
 1744. 
 
 Bald Heads. See Comanche. 
 
 Bald Mountain (bald inoun'tiin). A peak in 
 the Front Range, Colorado. Height, about 
 12,500 feet. 
 
 Baldassare (bal-das-sii're). In Donizetti’s op- 
 era “ La Favorita,” the head of the monastery 
 of St. Jacopo di Compostella. 
 
 Baldegger See (bald'eg-er za). A small lake in 
 the canton of Lucerne, Switzerland, 11 miles 
 north of Lucerne. 
 
 Baldenburg (bar den-boro). A small town in 
 the province of West Prussia, Prussia, 80 miles 
 southwest of Dantzic. 
 
 Balder (bal'der). 1. See Baldur . — 2. A poem 
 by Sydney Dobell, published in 1854. 
 
 Balder Dead. A poem by Matthew Arnold. 
 Johannes Ewald, the Danish poet, also published a dra- 
 matic poem with this title in 1773. 
 
 Balderstone (hal'der-ston), Caleb. In Scott’s 
 novel “ The Bride of Lammermoor,” the old 
 servant of the Master of Ravenswood. He sup- 
 plies the comic note in this tragic tale, with his faithful 
 but ludicrous efforts to uphold the honor of the family. 
 
 Balderstone, Thomas (called Uncle Tom). In 
 
 Charles Dickens’s tale “Mrs. Joseph Porter,” 
 the uncle of Mrs. Gattleton. 
 
 Baldi (bal'de), Bernardino. Born at Urbino, 
 June 6, 1553 : died at Urbino, Oct. 10, 1617. A 
 
 112 
 
 noted Italian scholar, mathematician, poet, 
 and general writer. 
 
 Baldinucci (bal-de-no'che), Filippo. Born at 
 Florence, 1624: died Jan. 1, 1696. A Floren- 
 tine art critic. He wrote “Notizie de’ profes- 
 sori del disegno da Cimahue 1260-1670” (1681- 
 1688). 
 
 Baldock (bal'dok), Ralph de. Died 1313. 
 Bishop of London (1304) and lord chancellor 
 (April, 1307). He was removed on the acces- 
 sion of Edward II. 
 
 Baldock, Robert de. Died 1327. An English 
 lord chancellor (1323) under Edward II. He was 
 overthrown with the De Spencers, and died in London as 
 the result of ill treatment by a mob. 
 
 Baldovinetti (bal-do-ve-net'te), Alessio. Born 
 at Florence, Oct. 14, 1427 : died there, Aug. 29, 
 1499. A noted Florentine painter and worker 
 in mosaics. 
 
 Baldovini (bal-do-ve'ne), Francesco. Born at 
 Florence, Feb. 27, 1635: died Nov. 18, 1716. 
 An Italian poet, author of “Lamento di Cecco 
 da Varlungo, etc.” (1694), etc. 
 
 Balducci (bal-do'che), Francesco. Born at 
 Palermo : died at Rome, 1642. One of the best 
 of the Anacreontic poets of Italy. He wrote 
 “Canzoni Siciliani,”in the Sicilian dialect, etc. 
 
 Balduin. See Baldwin. 
 
 Baldung (bal'dong), Hans. Born at Gmtind, 
 Swabia, 1476 (?): died at Strasburg, 1545. A 
 German painter, surnamed “Grtin” (‘green’), 
 from his use of that color in his draperies. 
 
 Baldur (bal'dor), or Balder (bal'der). [ON. 
 Baldr ; AS. bealdor, OHG. balder, prince, lord.] 
 In Old Norse mythology, a son of Odin, and one 
 of the principal gods. Baldur's characteristics are 
 those of a sun-god. He is the “ whitest ” of the gods, and 
 so beautiful and bright that a light emanates from him. 
 He is the wisest, most eloquent, and mildest of the Ases. 
 His dwelling is Breidablik(ON. Breidhablilc). His wife is 
 Nanna. He is finally slain, at the instigation of Loki, by 
 a twig of mistletoe in the hands of the blind god Hodur 
 (ON. Iludhr). Baldur is specifically a Northern god ; 
 among the other Germanic races there is no existing 
 record of him whatsoever. 
 
 Baldwin (bal'dwin) I., surnamed “BrasdeFer” 
 (‘Iron Arm’). [OF1. Baldwin, Balduin, bold 
 friend : L. Balduinus, F. Baldwin or Baudouin, 
 It. Balduino, G. Baldwin.] Died 879 (877 ?). The 
 first count of Flanders, son-in-law of Charles 
 the Bald of France. 
 
 Baldwin II. Died 918. Count of Flanders, son 
 of Baldwin I. He married Alfrith, daughter 
 of Alfred the Great of England. 
 
 Baldwin V., surnamed Le Debonnaire. Died 
 1067. Count of Flanders, son of Baldwin IV., 
 father-in-law of William of Normandy whom 
 he accompanied in the invasion of England, 
 and regent of France 1060-67. 
 
 Baldwin I. Born 1058: died in Egypt, March, 
 1118. King of Jerusalem. He was a brother of 
 Godfrey of Bouillon whom he accompanied on the first 
 Crusade (1C96-99), and whom he succeeded as king of Jeru- 
 salem. He conquered Acre in 1104, Beirut in 11 , 9, and 
 Sidon in 1110. 
 
 Baldwin II. Died Aug. 21, 1131. Count of 
 Edessa, king of Jerusalem 1118-31. In his reign 
 the military orders of St. John and the Templars were es- 
 tablished for the defense of the Holy Land. 
 
 Baldwin III. Born 1129 : died at Tripolis, Feb. 
 10, 1162. King of Jerusalem 1143-62. He lost 
 Edessa to Emadeddin Zenki (Zenghi), emir of Mossul, in 
 1144, an event which gave rise to the second Crusade 
 (1147-49). 
 
 Baldwin IV., surnamed “ The Leper.” King of 
 Jerusalem 1173-83, son of Amaury. He gained 
 a signal victoiy over Saladin in the plain of Ramah, Nov. 
 25, 1177, and again near Tiberias in the early summer of 
 1182. He was succeeded by his nephew Baldwin V., who 
 died in 1185. 
 
 Baldwin I. Born at Valenciennes, 1171: died 
 1206. Emperor of Constantinople ; as Count of 
 Flanders, Baldwin IX. He joined the fourth Crusade 
 in 1201. The Crusaders, supported by the Venetian fleet, 
 at the request of Alexius, son of the Byzantine emperor 
 Isaac Angelus, who had been dethroned by his brother, 
 captured Constantinople, and replaced Alexius and his 
 father in 1203. As the emperor was unable to fulfil his 
 compact with the Crusaders, which called for a union of 
 the Greek with the Roman Church and the payment of 
 large sums of money, hostilities broke out, in consequence 
 of which the Latin empire was erected, with Baldwin as 
 emperor, in 1204. He was defeated and made prisoner by 
 the Bulgarians in 1205. 
 
 Baldwin II. Born 1217: died 1273. Emperor 
 of Constantinople 1228-61, son of Pierre de 
 Courtenay, and a nephew of Baldwin I. He was 
 deposed by Michael Palaeologus, an event which marked 
 the fall of the Latin empire. 
 
 Baldwin. Died at Acre, Syria, Nov. 19, 1190. 
 Archbishop of Canterbury. He became bishop of 
 Worcester in 1180, was translated to the see of Canterbury 
 in 1184, crowned Richard I. in 1189, and set out upon the 
 third Crusade in 1190. 
 
 Balfour, Alexander 
 
 Baldwin, Count. The father of Biron and Car- 
 los in South erne’s “Fatal Marriage,” an un- 
 yielding, self-willed man. 
 
 Baldwin, Abraham. Born at Guilford, Conn. , 
 Nov. 6, 1754: died at Washington, D. C., March 
 4,1807. An American politician. He was a dele- 
 gate to the Continental Congress ; member of the Con- 
 stitutional Convention 1787 ; member of Congress from 
 Georgia 1789-99; United States senator 1799-1807; and 
 president pro tempore of the Senate 1801 and 1802. 
 
 Baldwin, Charles H. Born in New York city, 
 Sept. 3, 1822: died there, Nov. 17, 1888. An 
 American naval officer, appointed rear-ad- 
 mn'al in 1883. He served in the Mexican war on the 
 Congress, and was commander of the Clifton of the mor- 
 tar-fleet at New Orleans, under Farragut, and at Vicks- 
 burg, in 1862. He was later ordnance inspector at the 
 Mare Island navy-yard. He retired Sept. 3, 1884. 
 
 Baldwin, Henry. Born at New Haven, Conn., 
 Jan. 14, 1780: died at Philadelphia, April 21, 
 1844. An American jurist and politician. He 
 was member of Congress from Pennsylvania 1817-22, and 
 associate justice of the United States Supreme Court 
 1830-44. 
 
 Baldwin, Matthias William. Born at Eliza- 
 bethtown, N. J., Dec. 10, 1795: died at Phila- 
 delphia, Sept. 7, 1866. An American inventor, 
 noted as an improver and manufacturer of 
 locomotive engines. 
 
 Baldwin, Roger Sherman. Born at New 
 Haven, Conn., Jan. 4, 1793: died there, Feb. 
 19, 1863. An American politician and jurist. 
 He was governor of Connecticut 1844-45, United States 
 senator 1847-51, and member of the “Peace Congress ” in 
 1861. 
 
 Baldy (bal'di) Peak. 1. A peak 12,623 feet 
 high, northeast of Santa F6, New Mexico, 
 forming a part of the southernmost spur of the 
 Rocky Mountains called the Santa F6 range. 
 The same name is also given to a peak of the mountains 
 north of Jemez, properly called Sierra de la Jara(Reed 
 Mountains). 
 
 2. A peak in the Sangre de Cristo range, 
 Colorado. 
 
 Bale (bal), John. Born at Cove, near Dunwich, 
 in Suffolk, Nov. 21, 1495: died at Canterbury, 
 1563. An English Protestant (originally Catho- 
 lic) prelate, bishop of Ossory (1552). He was the 
 author of moralities (religious plays) and the compiler of 
 a chronological catalogue of British writers, “ Illustrium 
 Majoris Britannia; Scriptorum Summarium ”(1548). He was 
 nicknamed “ Bilious Bale "on account of his bad temper. 
 
 Bale. See Basel. 
 
 Balearic Islands (bal-e-ar'ik i'landz). [L. 
 Baliaricus, adj., from Baliares, less prop. Bale- 
 ares, Gr. Ha /.Aia peic, 'BaAiapt6ec, etc., G. Balearen, 
 F. B/ileares.] A group of islands in the Medi- 
 terranean, belonging to Spain, situated east of 
 Valencia. It comprises Majorca, Minorca, Cabrera, 
 Iviza, and Formentera (the ancient Pityusae), and some 
 smaller islands. I he group forms a province, with Palma 
 as capital. It was long a possession of Carthage ; was 
 acquired by Rome in 123 B. c., and formed the kingdom 
 of Mallorca from 1276 till its union with Aragon in 1343. 
 The chief products are oil, wine, and fruit. The inhabi- 
 tants were famous in ancient times as slingers. Area, 
 1,860 square miles. Population, about 310,000. 
 
 Balechou (ha-la-sho'). Jean Joseph Nicolas. 
 
 Bom at Arles, 1715 (?): died at Avignon, Aug. 
 18,1765. A noted French engraver. His best, 
 work is a full-length portrait of Augustus III., 
 king of Poland. 
 
 Balen (ha'len), Hendrik van. Born at Ant- 
 werp, 1575 : died there, July 17, 1632. A Flem- 
 ish historical painter. 
 
 Balestier (bal-es-ter'), Charles Wolcott. Bom 
 
 at Rochester, N. Y., Dec. 13, 1861 : died at Dres- 
 den, Germany, Dec. 6, 1891. An American jour- 
 nalist, novelist, and publisher. He was the author 
 of “A Patent Philtre ”(1884), “The Naulahko,” with Rud- 
 yard Kipling (1892), “Benefits Forgot ”(1893, in “The Cen- 
 tury Magazine ”), and otuer works. 
 
 Balestra (ba-les'tra), Antonio. Bom at Ve- 
 rona, Italy, 1666: died there, April 21, 1740. An 
 Italian painter of the Venetian school. 
 
 Balfe (half), Michael William. Born at Dub- 
 lin, May 15, 1808: died at Rowney Abbey, Oct. 
 20, 1870. An operatic composer, violinist, and 
 singer. His works include “ I P.ivali di se stessi ”(1830), 
 “ Siege of Rochelle ’’ (1835), “The Maid of Artois ” (1836), 
 “Catherine Grey” (1837), “Joan of Arc” (1837), “ Dia- 
 deste ” (1S3S), « Falstaff ” (1838), "Keolanthe " (1841), “ Le 
 Puits d’Amour” (184"), ‘ Bohemian Girl” (184 ) “Lea 
 Quatre Fils d’Aymon ” (1844), “L’Etoile de Seville” (1845), 
 “Maid of Honour ” (1847), “ Sicilian Bride ’’ (1852), “ Rose 
 of Castile ” (1857), " Satanella ’’ (1858), ‘‘II Talismano,” the 
 Italian version of his last opera, “The Knight of the Leo- 
 pard ’’ (1874). 
 
 Balfour ( bal'fiir or bal'fer), Alexander. Born 
 at Monikie, Forfarshire, Scotland, March 1, 
 1767 : died Sept. 12, 1829. A Scotch poet and 
 novelist. He wrote “Campbell, or the Scottish Proba- 
 tioner" (1819), “ Contemplation and other Poems " (1820), 
 “Fanner’s Three Daughters ” (1822), “The Foundling of 
 Olenthorn, or the Smuggler’s Cave” (1823), "Highland 
 Mary " (1827). 
 
Balfour, Arthur James 
 
 Balfour, Arthur James. Bora July 25, 1848. 
 A Brit.sk Conservative politician, nephew of 
 the Marquis of Salisbury. He was president of the 
 Local Government Board 1885-86 : secretary for Scotland 
 1886-87 ; chief secretary for Ireland 1887-91 ; first lord of 
 the treasury and leader of the House of Commons 1891-92, 
 1896-1900, and 1900-06 ; and prime minister 1902-05. He 
 has written a “Defence of Philosophic Doubt ” (1879), etc. 
 
 Balfour, Clara Lucas (Clara Liddell). Born 
 in the New Forest, Hampshire, Dec. 21, 1808: 
 died at Croydon, July 3, 1878. An English 
 writer. She lectured on temperance and other topics, 
 and was the author of numerous works designed chiefly to 
 promote the temperance cause. 
 
 Balfour, Francis Maitland. Born at Edin- 
 burgh, Nov. 10, 1851 : died in the Alps, July 
 19 (?), 1882. A British biologist (brother of 
 Arthur James Balfour), lecturer (1876) on and 
 professor (1882) of animal morphology at 
 Cambridge. He wrote “Development of Elasmobranch 
 Fishes ” (1878) and “ Comparative Embryology "{1880-81). 
 His works were edited by Foster and Sedgwick (4 vols.) 
 in 1883. He was killed with his guide during an ascent of 
 the Aiguille Blanche de Penteret. 
 
 Balfour, Sir James. Died 1583. A Scotch 
 judge and political intriguer. He was implicated 
 in the plot to assassinate Beaton, and was imprisoned 
 after the surrender of the castle of St. Andrew's (June, 
 1647) in the French gaHeys, where he had John Knox as 
 a companion. He was also commonly reputed to have 
 drawn up the bond for Darnley’s murder, and to have 
 provided the house, which belonged to his brother, in the 
 Kirk o’ Field, where the murder was accomplished. In 
 the sqme year (1567) he was appointed by Queen Mary 
 governor of Edinburgh Castle, which he shortly after 
 betrayed to Murray. He accomplished the destruction of 
 the regent Morton, who was executed, 1581, for the mur- 
 der of Darnley. He was one of the authors, if not the 
 chief author, of “Balfours Practicks,” the earliest text- 
 book on Scottish law. 
 
 Balfour, Sir James. Bom 1600: died 1657. 
 A Scotch antiquary and historian, author of 
 “Annals of the History of Scotland from Mal- 
 colm III. to Charles II.” 
 
 Balfour, James. Born at Pilrig, near Edin- 
 burgh, 1705 : died 1795. A Scottish philosoph- 
 ical writer, professor of moral philosophy (1754) 
 and of law (1764) at Edinburgh. 
 
 Balfour, John (Lord Balfour of Burleigh). 
 Died 1688. A Scotch nobleman of little note, 
 mistaken by Sir Walter Scott (in “Old Mor- 
 tality”) for another man of the same name. 
 See Balfour of Burley. 
 
 Balfour, John Hutton. Bom at Edinburgh, 
 Sept. 15, 1808: died there, Feb. 11, 1884. An 
 eminent Scottish botanist and physician. He 
 was appointed professor of botany at Glasgow University 
 in 1841, and at Edinburgh in 1845, and emeritus professor 
 in 1879. Author of a manual of botany (1848), a class-book 
 (1852), “ Phyto-Theology ” (1851), etc. 
 
 Balfour, Nisbet. Born at Dunbog, county of 
 Fife, Scotland, 1743: died there, Oct., 1823. A 
 British soldier, appointed lieutenant-general 
 in 1798 and general in 1803, conspicuous for 
 his services during the Revolutionary War. 
 He was at the battle of Bunker Hill, the battle on Long 
 Island, the capture of New York, and the battles of Eliza- 
 bethtown, Brandywine, and Germantown, and was ap- 
 pointed commandant of Charleston 1779. 
 
 Balfour, Robert. Born about 1550: died about 
 1625. A Scotch philologist and philosophical 
 writer, professor of Greek in the College of 
 Guienne, and principal (about 1586) of that in- 
 stitution. He wrote “Commentaries on the 
 Logic and Ethics of Aristotle” (1618-20), etc. 
 Balfour of Burley, John. A Covenanter, a 
 character in Scott’s novel “Old Mortality,” 
 historically taken from a real John Balfour of 
 Kinloeh, but by Scott confused with John Bal- 
 four of Burleigh (died 1688). Thelatterwasnot 
 a Covenanter. 
 
 Balfrush (bal-frosh'), or Barfrush (bar- 
 frosh'). A town in Mazanderan, Persia, on 
 the Bawal, near the Caspian Sea, 89 miles 
 northeast of Teheran. It is an important em- 
 porium for commerce between Russia and Per- 
 sia. 
 
 Balgownie (bal-gou'ni), Brig o’. A very pic- 
 turesque structure at Aberdeen, Scotland, con- 
 sisting of a single high and wide-pointed arch 
 spanning the Don. it dates from 1320. 
 Balguy (bal'ge), John. Born at Sheffield, 
 England, Aug. 12, 1686: died at Harrowgato, 
 Sept. 21, 1748. An English divine and con- 
 troversialist. He wrote “Letter to a Deist,” 
 “ Foundation of Moral Goodness,” etc. 
 
 Bali (ba/li; Hind. pron. bul'i). In Hindu 
 mythology, a Daitya who had attained sover- 
 eignty over the three worlds, but lost it when 
 he promised Vishnu, in his dwarf incarnation, 
 as much land as he could measure with three 
 strides. Vishnu met the condition, and ban- 
 ished Bali to the under world, where he reigned, 
 c.— 8 
 
 113 
 
 Bali (ba'le). A mountainous and volcanic isl- 
 and of the Sunda group, east of Java, it is in part 
 annexed to Dutch possessions and in part under Dutch 
 influence (7 minor states). The religion is Hinduism ; the 
 language allied to Javanese. Length, 75 miles ; breadth, 
 60 miles ; area, 2,100 square miles. Population, 600,000. 
 
 Bali Strait. A strait which separates Java 
 from Bali. 
 
 Balikesri (ba-le-kes're). A town in the vila- 
 yet of Khudavendikyar, Asiatic Turkey, 112 
 miles southwest of Constantinople. Popula- 
 tion, about 20,000. 
 
 Balin (ba/len). In Hindu mythology, the 
 monkey king of Kishkindhya, who was slain 
 by Rama, and whose kingdom was given to 
 his brother Sugriva, the ally of Rama. 
 
 Balin (ba'lin) and Balan (ba'lan). In the 
 “ Morte d’ Arthur,” two brothers, born in North- 
 umberland, each renowned for valor. Balin was 
 called “Le Sauvage." They finally slew each other “by 
 mishap," and were buried in one tomb. Tennyson has a 
 poem with the title “Balin and Balan,” giving the story 
 in a modified form. 
 
 Balingen (ba'ling-en), sometimes Bahlingen. 
 A town in the Black Forest circle, Wiirtem- 
 berg, situated on the Eyach 38 miles south- 
 west of Stuttgart. Population, about 3,500. 
 
 Balinghem (ba-la,n-gan'). A small place in 
 the department of Pas-de-Calais, France, near 
 Calais, noted as the place of the “ Field of the 
 Cloth of Gold” (1520). 
 
 Baliol (ba'li-ol or bal'yol), or Balliol (bal'i-ol), 
 Edward de. Died 1363. Eldest son of John 
 de Baliol and Isabel, daughter of John de Wa- 
 renne, earl of Surrey, and claimant to the 
 throne of Scotland. He landed in Scotland in 1332, 
 and after a briUiant campaign of seven weeks was crowned 
 at Scone Sept. 24, but three months later was surprised 
 at Annan by Archibald Douglas, and driven across the 
 border. He was restored by Edward III. of England, 
 through whose assistance he gained the battle of Halidon 
 Hill, July 19, 1333. After 1338, Edward being occupied 
 in the French war, Baliol maintained a nominal footing 
 in Scotland till the return of David Bruce in 1311. 
 
 Baliol, or Balliol, John de. Died about 1269. 
 The founder of Balliol College, Oxford. He was 
 a regent of Scotland during the minority of Alexander 
 III., until deprived of the post, on a charge of treason, 
 in 1255, through the influence of Henry III., with whom 
 he sided in the barons’ war 1263-65. He gave, about 1263, 
 the first lands for the endowment of the college which 
 hears his name, an endowment which was increased by 
 his will, and also by the gifts of his widow, Devorguilla. 
 “ He died in 1269, and although his widow Devorguilla 
 continued to pay the weekly allowances, she did not until 
 1282 take steps for giving a permanent character to the 
 House of Balliol.” Lyte, Oxford, p. 71. 
 
 Baliol, John de. Born 1249: died 1315. King 
 of Scotland, son of John de Baliol (died 1269). 
 With Bruce and Hastings he became one of the principal 
 claimants of the Scottish crown on the death of Margaret, 
 the Maid of Norway, 1290, basing his claim upon the right 
 of his maternal grandmother, Margaret, eldest daughter 
 of David, earl of Huntingdon, brother of William the Lion 
 and grandson of David I. (See Bruce, Robert.) He was 
 recognized as the proper heir by Edward I. of England, to 
 whom the claims of the disputants were referred for arbi- 
 tration ; was crowned at Scone, Nov. 30, 1292, and ren- 
 dered homage to Edward as feudal superior; made an 
 alliance wi‘h Philip the Fair of France 1295 ; ravaged Cum- 
 berland 1296, and renounced his allegiance to Edward; 
 was compelled to renounce his crown to Edward during 
 the latter's invasion of Scotland the same year; was im- 
 prisoned, with his son Edward, in England till 1299 ; and 
 died in exile. 
 
 Baliol, Mrs. Martha Bethune. A refined and 
 cultivated old lady who is supposed to relate 
 some of the “ Chronicles of the Canongate” to 
 Mr. Chrystal Croftangryin Scott’s “Chronicles 
 of the Canongate.” 
 
 Baliol College. See Balliol College. 
 
 Balisarda (ba-le-sar'da). In Ariosto’s “Or- 
 lando Furioso,” the sword stolen from Orlando 
 by Brunello and given to Rogero. It could cut 
 through even enchanted objects. 
 
 Balize (ba-lez'), or Belize (be-lez'). 1. See 
 British Honduras. — 2. A seaport and capital 
 of British Honduras, situated on the Gulf of 
 Honduras. It was first settled by the English 
 about 1667. Population, about 5,000. 
 
 Balkan Peninsula (bal-kan' or bal'kan pe- 
 nin'su-lii). In its widest sense, the southeast- 
 ernmost peninsula of Europe, including the re- 
 gions south of the Save and Danube. It com- 
 prises Dalmatia, parts of Croatia and Kiistenland, Bosnia, 
 Herzegovina, Montenegro, Servia, Bulgaria, part of Ruma- 
 nia, European Turkey, and Greece. The name is often 
 used in a narrower sense, including Servia, Bulgaria, Euro- 
 pean Turkey, Montenegro, and sometimes Rumania and 
 Greece (often without the Morea). In this second sense 
 it is coextensive with tlie Balkan States. 
 
 Balkan, or the Balkans. A mountain system 
 in southeastern Europe, the ancient Ilcemusor 
 iEmus (Gr. 6 ALtof), which extends from the 
 sources of the Timok (near the frontiers of 
 Servia and Bulgaria) generally eastward to 
 Cape Emineh on the Black Sea. it forms the main 
 
 Ballantyne, James 
 
 boundary between Bulgaria proper and Eastern Rumelia, 
 and is subdivided into the Etropol-Balkan, the Kotcha- 
 Balkan, etc. The chief passes are the Nadir-Derbend, 
 Karnabad, Iron Gate, Shipka, and Trajan. The Balkan 
 was the scene of severe fighting in the Russo-Turkish 
 wars of 1828-29 and 1877-78. Its highest point is about 
 7,800 feet. 
 
 Balkan States. See Balkan Peninsula. 
 
 Balkash (bal-kash'), or Balkhash, or Dengis. 
 A lake in Russian Central Asia, about lat. 45°- 
 47° N., long. 74°-79° E. Its chief tributary is the Hi. 
 Height above sea-level, about 780 feet ; length, 340 miles ; 
 greatest width, 66 miles ; area, about 7,800 sq. m. It has 
 no outlet. The water is saline on the margins, elsewhere 
 drinkable. 
 
 Balkh (balkh). A for the most part desert re- 
 gion in central Asia, belonging to Afghanistan, 
 south of the Amu-Daria and north of the Hindu- 
 Kush. It corresponds nearly to the ancient 
 Bactria. Its inhabitants are of Uzbeg stock. 
 
 Balkh. The chief town of Balkh, situated on 
 the river Balkh in lat. 36° 46' N., long. 66° 53' 
 E.: the ancient Bactria: called the “Mother of 
 Cities.” It is associated with the history of Zoroaster. 
 It was destroyed by Jenghiz Khan in 1220, later by Timur. 
 
 Balkhan (bal-khan ') Bay. A bay on the eastern 
 coast of the Caspian Sea, about lat. 40° N. 
 
 Balkhan Mountains. A group of mountains 
 east of Balkhan Bay, near the Transcaspian 
 Railway. 
 
 Balkis (bal'kis). The Arabian name of the 
 Queen of Sheba who came to see the glory of 
 Solomon. 
 
 Ball (bal), Ephraim. Bom at Greentown,Ohio, 
 Aug. 12, 1812: died at Canton, Ohio, Jan. 1, 
 1872. An American inventor and manufac- 
 turer of plows, mowers (the Buckeye machine), 
 and harvesters. 
 
 Ball, John. Died at St. Albans, England, July 
 15, 1381. An English priest who took a promi- 
 nent part in Wat Tyler’s rebellion in 1381. He 
 accepted, in the main, the doctrines of Wyclif, modified 
 by views of his own, and made himself popular, especially 
 by preaching the equality of gentry and villeins. He was 
 several times committed to the Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury’s prison, and was excommunicated by Archbishop 
 Islip. He was committed, probably about the end of 
 April, 1381, to the archbishop’s prison at Maidstone, and 
 one of the first acts of the insurgents was to set him at 
 liberty. He preached at Blackheath on the text 
 “When Adam dalf, and Eve span, 
 
 Who was thanne a gentilman?" 
 
 After the death of Tyler at Smithfield, he fled to the mid- 
 land counties, hut was taken at Coventry, and executed at 
 St. Albans in the presence of the king. He was called the 
 “Mad Priest,.” 
 
 Ball, Sir Robert Stawell. Born at Dublin, 
 July 1, 1840. A British astronomer. He became 
 professor of applied mathematics and mechanism in the 
 Royal College of Science for Ireland 1867, and was profes- 
 sor of astronomy in the University of Dublin, and astron- 
 omer royal of Ireland 1874-92, and professor of astron- 
 omy and director of the observatory at Cambridge 1892-. 
 
 Ball, Thomas. Born at Charlestown, Mass., 
 June 3, 1819: died at Montclair, *N. J., Dec. 11, 
 1911. An American sculptor. Among his works 
 are a statue of Webster (New York), of Washington (Bos- 
 ton), “Emancipation ” (Washington), etc. 
 
 Ball, Valentine. Born at Dublin, July 14, 1843 : 
 died June 16, 1895. A British geologist and ex- 
 lorer. He was appointed to the staff of the Geological 
 urvey of India in 1864 ; was professor of geology and 
 mineralogy in the University of Dublin 1881-83 ; and be- 
 came director of the Science and Art Museum in 1883. 
 
 Ball, The. A comedy by Shirley and Chapman, 
 licensed in 1632 and published in 1639. 
 
 Ballachulish (ba-la-cho'lish), or Ballahulish. 
 A village in Argyllshire, Scotland, situated on 
 Loch Levin 23 miles northeast of Oban. Near 
 it are slate-quarries. 
 
 Balladino (bal-la-de'no), Antonio. In Ben 
 Jonson’s comedy “ The Case is Altered,” a “pa- 
 geant poet” intended to ridicule Anthony 
 Munday. 
 
 Ballagi (bol'log-e), Maurice (originally Moritz 
 Blocll). Born March 18, 1815 : died Sept. 1, 
 1891. A Hungarian philologist and Protestant 
 theologian, best known from his grammars and 
 dictionaries of the Hungarian language. He 
 was professor of theology at Szarvas 1844-48, 
 1851-55, and at Pesth 1855-78. 
 
 Ballantine (bal'an-tin), James. Born at Edin- 
 burgh, 1808 : (lied there, Dec., 1877. A Scottish 
 poet, painter on glass, and manufacturer of 
 stained glass. He wrote “The Gaberlunzie’s Wallet” 
 (1843), “ The Miller of Deanhaugh ” (1845), “Essay on Or- 
 namental Art” (1847), “ Poems " (I860), etc. 
 
 Ballantrae (bal-an-tra'). A fishing town in 
 Ayrshire, Scotland, at the mouth of the Stin- 
 char 30 miles southwest of Ayr. 
 
 Ballantyne (bal'an-tin), James, Born at Kelso, 
 Scotland, 1772: died Jan. 17,1833. A Scotch 
 printer and publisher, the friend and business 
 associate of Sir Walter Scott. See Aldiboronte- 
 phoscojphornio. 
 
Ballantyne, James Robert 
 
 Ballantyne, James Robert. Born at Kelso, 
 Scotland, Dec. 13, 1813 : died Feb. 16, 1864. A 
 British Orientalist. He was superintendent of the 
 government Sanskrit College at Benares 1845-61, libra- 
 rian of the East India office 1861-64, and author of gram- 
 mars of Hindustani, Hindi, Mahratta, and Sanskrit, and 
 numerous other works. 
 
 Ballantyne, John. Born at Kelso, Scotland, 
 1774: died at Edinburgh, June 16, 1821. A 
 Scotch writer and publisher, brother of James 
 Ballantyne. See Bigdumfunnidos. 
 Ballantyne, Robert Michael. Born at Edin- 
 burgh, April 24, 1825 : died 1894. A British writer 
 of juveniles. He was in the service of the Hud- 
 son Bay Company 1841-47. 
 
 Ballarat (bal-a-rat/). A city in the State 
 of Victoria, Australia, 66 miles northwest of 
 Melbourne. In its vicinity are celebrated gold-mines, 
 discovered in 1851. Next to Melbourne it is the leading 
 city in the State. It consists of Ballarat East and Bal- 
 larat West. Population, 48,063. 
 
 Ballari (bal-la're), or Bellary. A district in 
 Madras, British India, between the Nizam’s 
 dominions on the north, and Mysore on the 
 south. Area, 5,714 square miles. Population, 
 947 214. 
 
 Ballari. The capital of the district of Ballari, 
 in lat. 15° 9' N., long. 76° 51' E. Population, 
 including cantonment, 58,247. 
 
 Ballenstedt (bal'len-stet). A town in Anhalt, 
 Germany, at the foot of the Lower Harz, 36 
 miles southwest of Magdeburg, it has a castle, 
 the former residence of the dukes of Auhalt-Bernburg. 
 Population, about 6,000. 
 
 Ballesteros (bal-yes-ta'ros) Francisco. Born 
 at Saragossa, 1770: died at Paris, June 29, 1832. 
 A Spanish general and patriot. He was minister 
 of war for a short time in 1815, and vice-president of the 
 provisional ministry 1820. He was exiled after the French 
 invasion of 1823. 
 
 Ballia (bal'li-a). A district in the Benares 
 division, United Provinces, British India. 
 Ballina (bal-i-na'). A port in the county of 
 Mayo, northwestern Ireland, situated on the 
 river Moy, near its mouth, 29 miles southwest 
 of Sligo. It was taken by the French Aug., 
 1798. Population, 4,505. 
 
 Ballinasloe (bal-i-na-slo'). A town in coun- 
 ties Roscommon and Galway, Ireland, on the 
 Suck 35 miles east of Galway. Population, 
 4,904. 
 
 Balling (bal'leng), Karl Joseph Napoleon. 
 
 Born at Gabrielshiitte, Saaz, Bohemia, April 21, 
 1805 : died at Prague, March 17, 1868. A Bo- 
 hemian chemist. 
 
 Ballinrobe (bal-in-rob'). A small town in 
 County Mayo, Ireland, situated on the Robe 
 27 miles north of Galway. 
 
 Balliol. See Baliol. 
 
 Balliol College. A college of Oxford Univer- 
 sity, England, reputed to have been founded 
 by Sir John Baliol and his wife Devorguilla, 
 parents of John Baliol, king of Scotland, be- 
 tween 1263 and 1268. The oldest of the existing 
 buildings dates from the 15th century. The south front 
 has recently been rebuilt, in the main in the style of the 
 13th century. 
 
 Between the original foundation and the beginning of 
 the sixteenth century, Balliol College had received no less 
 than three codes of statutes, those issued by the Lady De- 
 vorguilla de Balliol in 1282, those Issued by Sir Philip de 
 Somerville in 1340, and those issued by Simon Sudbury, 
 Bishop of London, in 1364. Two other Bishops of London 
 had moreover intervened in the course of the fifteenth 
 century to redress particular grievances. Inasmuch, how- 
 ever, as some of the enactments of the third code were 
 ambiguous, and others inconvenient, the society sought 
 and obtained from Pope Julius 11. a commission empower- 
 ing the Bishops of Winchester and Carlisle, or either of 
 them, to revise the statutes throughout. The work was 
 accomplished by Bishop Fox, in 1507. Lyte, Oxford, p. 414. 
 
 Ballivian (bal-ye-ve-an'), Adolfo. Bom at 
 La Paz, Nov. 17, 1831: died Feb., 1874. A 
 Bolivian statesman, son of General Jose Bal- 
 livian. He was a colonel in the army, but headed the 
 party of opposition to the military rulers who for a long 
 time governed Bolivia, and was kept in exile until his 
 party elected him president (1873). He died soon after 
 his inauguration. 
 
 Ballivian, Jose. Bom at La Paz, May, 1804: 
 died at Rio de Janeiro in 1852. A Bolivian 
 soldier and statesman. In 1841 he headed the army 
 which defended Bolivia against the invasion of Gamarra, 
 gaining the battle of Yngavi (Nov. 20, 1841), in which Ga- 
 marra was killed ; and soon after was elected president 
 of Bolivia, holding the office until the end of 1847, when 
 he was deposed by the revolutionist Belzu, and exiled. 
 
 Ballo in Maschera (bal'lo en mas'ke-ra), Un. 
 [It., ‘A Masked Ball.’] An opera by Verdi, 
 first produced in Rome, Feb. 17, 1859. it was 
 originally called Gustavo III., but during its rehearsals 
 Orsini made his attempt to kill Napoleon III., and the title 
 was thought too suggestive. 
 
 Ballon d’ Alsace (bii-lon' dal-zas'), or Wel- 
 scher Belchen (vel'sher bel'chen). One of the 
 
 114 
 
 principal summits of the Vosges, near the bor- 
 der of France and Alsace, 25 miles northwest of 
 Miilhausen. Height, 4,080 feet. 
 
 Ballon de Guebwiller (ba-loh' de geb-vel-lar'), 
 or Ballon de Soultz, G. Gebweiler (geb'vi- 
 ler) (or Sulzer) Belchen. The highest summit 
 of the Vosges, in Upper Alsace, west of Gueb- 
 willer and north of Thann. Height, 4,677 feet. 
 Ballou (ba-lo'), Hosea. Born at Richmond, 
 N. H., April 30. 1771: died at Boston, Mass., 
 June 7, 1852. An American Universalist cler- 
 gyman, one of the founders of American Uni- 
 versalism, pastor of the Second Universalist 
 Society in Boston 1817-52. 
 
 Ballou, Hosea. Born at Halifax, Vt., Oct. 18, 
 1796: died at Somerville, Mass., May 27, 1861. 
 An American Universalist clergyman, first 
 president of Tufts College: a grandnephew of 
 Hosea Ballou (1771-1852). 
 
 Ballou, Maturin Murray. Born April 14, 1820 : 
 died March 27, 1895. An American journalist 
 and writer, son of Hosea Ballon the younger. 
 He has been the editor and proprietor of “Ballou’s Month- 
 ly,” part proprietor and, after 1872, editor for several 
 years of the “Boston Daily Globe” and other journals. 
 Author of “Due West," “Due South," “ The New Eldora- 
 do," “Biography of Rev. Hosea Ballou,” etc. 
 
 Ball’s Bluff (balz bluf). A bluff in Virginia, 
 on the Potomac River 33 miles northwest of 
 Washington. Here, Oct. 21, 1861, 1,900 Federals under 
 Colonel Baker were defeated by the Confederates under 
 General N. G. Evans. Federal loss, 894. Confederate loss, 
 302. Colonel Baker was killed. 
 
 Ballston Spa (bal'ston spa). A watering- 
 place in Saratoga County, New York, 6 miles 
 southwest of Saratoga Springs. It has sev- 
 eral noted mineral springs. Population, 4,138, 
 (1910). 
 
 Bally-. [Ir. baile, a town, place.] An element 
 in many Irish place-names, meaning ‘ town.’ 
 Ballycastle (bal-i-kas'l). A small seaport in 
 County Antrim, Ireland, 43 miles northwest of 
 Belfast. 
 
 Ballymena (bal-i-me'na). A town in County 
 Antrim, Ireland, 23 miles northwest of Belfast, 
 on the Braid, noted for its linen manufactures. 
 Population, 10,886. 
 
 Ballymoney (bal-i-mo'ni). A town in County 
 Antrim, Ireland, situated on a tributary of the 
 Bann 40 miles northwest of Belfast. Popula- 
 tion, 2,952. 
 
 Ballyshannon (bal-i-shan'on). A seaport in 
 County Donegal, Ireland, situated on the Erne, 
 near its mouth, 20 miles northeast of Sligo. 
 Population, 2,359. 
 
 Balmaceda (bal-ma-tha'THa), Jose Manuel. 
 
 Born at Santiago in 1838: died there, Sept. 19, 
 1891. A Chilean statesman. He was a pronounced 
 liberal, and acquired great popularity as a leader of the 
 Reform Club, and after 1870 as a deputy to the Chilean 
 Congress. In 1878 he was minister to Argentina, and in 
 1881 was made foreign minister by Santa Maria. He was 
 elected president by a great majority in 1886, at once in- 
 stituted numerous reforms, and began an elaborate sys- 
 tem of railroads and other public works. Dissensions in 
 his own party culminated in a war between the president 
 and Congress. After numerous engagements he was de- 
 feated and, unable to escape from Santiago, remained con- 
 cealed in the Argentine legation until in a fit of despera- 
 tion he shot himself. 
 
 Balmawhapple (bal-ma-bwap'l). In Scott’s 
 novel “ Waverley,” an obstinate Scottish laird, 
 a Jacobite : his name is Falconer of Balma- 
 whapple. 
 
 Balme, Col de. See Col de Balme. 
 
 Balmez (bal'meth), or Balmes (bal'mes), 
 Jaime Luciano. Born at Vick iu Catalonia, 
 Aug. 28, 1810: died there, July 9, 1848. A 
 Spanish publicist and philosophical writer. He 
 founded apolitical journal," El Pensamientode la Nacion " 
 (an organ of the clerical and monarchical party), at Ma- 
 drid in 1844. 
 
 Balmoral Castle fbal-mor'al kas'l). A favor- 
 ite residence of Queen Victoria in Aberdeen- 
 shire, Scotland, situated on the Dee about 45 
 miles west of Aberdeen. The property was purchased 
 in 1852, and the castle was erected 1853-55, iu Scottish 
 baronial style. 
 
 Balmung (biil'mong). Siegfried’s sword, iu 
 the “Nibelungenlied.” 
 
 Balnaves (bal-nav'es), Henry. Born at Kirk- 
 caldy, Fifeskire (date unknown) : died 1579. 
 A Scotch Protestant reformer. He wrote “ The 
 Confession of Faith : Conteining how the Troubled Man 
 Should Seeke Refuge at his God, etc.,’’ which was revised 
 and prefaced by John Knox. 
 
 Balnibarbi (bal-ni-bar'bi). A land visited by 
 Gulliver in bis travels, as related by Swift. It 
 was “occupied by projectors.” 
 
 Balsamo, Joseph. See CagUostro, Count de. 
 Balsham (bkl'sham), Hugh de. Died 1286. 
 An English prelate, bishop of Ely, and founder 
 of Peterhouse, Cambridge. 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 Balta (bal'ta), Jose. Born at Lima, Peru, 1816 : 
 killed at Lima, July 26, 1872. A Peruvian soldier 
 and statesman. He retired from the army with the 
 rank of colonel in 1855; was minister of war for a short time 
 in 1865 ; was one of the leaders of the insurrection which 
 drove out the unconstitutional president Prado in 1868 ; 
 was regularly elected president of Peru Aug. 2, 1868, and 
 served for four years ; and was murdered in a military 
 mutiny. 
 
 Balta. A city in the government of Podolia, 
 Russia, situated on the Kodyma in lat. 47° 55' 
 N., long. 29° 35' E. It has a flourishing trade. 
 Population, 27,600. 
 
 Balta-Limani (bal'ta-le-ma'ni), Convention 
 of. A treaty concluded in 1849 at Balta- Limani 
 (on the Bosporus), between Turkey and Rus- 
 sia, granting to the latter certain rights in the 
 Danubian principalities for seven years. 
 Baltard (bal-tar'), Louis Pierre. Born at 
 Paris, July 9, 1764: died Jan. 22, 1846. A 
 French architect and engraver of architectural 
 and other subjects. 
 
 Baltard (bal-tar'), Victor. Born at Paris, June 
 19, 1805: died Jan. 14, 1874. A French archi- 
 tect, son of Louis Pierre Baltard. He was gov- 
 ernment architect of the city of Paris, and author of 
 “Monographie de la Villa Mddieis” (1847), etc. 
 
 Baltazarini (bal-tad-za-re'ne), or Baltagerini 
 (biil-ta-je-re'ne). Flourished about the middle 
 of the 16th century. An Italian musician, the 
 first violinist of his time. He became intendant of 
 music and first valet de chambre to Catherine de’ Medici, 
 • who gave him the name Beaujoyeulx. He apparently first 
 introduced the Italian dances into Paris. 
 
 Balthazar, or Balthasar (bal-tha ' zar: in 
 Shak. accented on the first syl.). [The 
 Greek form of Belshazzar (which see).] The 
 name of various personages, (a) One of the three 
 Magi who came from the East to worship the infant Jesus. 
 See Cologne. ( b ) Chaucer’s name for Belshazzar in “ The 
 Monk's Tale.’’ (c) A merchant in Shaksperes “Comedy 
 of Errors.’’ (d) The name assumed by Portia as a doctor 
 of law in the trial scene in Shakspere’s “ Merchant of 
 Venice.” ( e ) A servant of Portia in Shakspere's “Mer- 
 chant of Venice.” (/) A servant of Don Pedro in Shak- 
 spere’s “Much Ado about Nothing." ( g ) A servant of 
 Romeo in Shakspere’s “ Romeo and Juliet. ” (A) The proud 
 and hot-tempered father of Juliana in Tobin's “ Honey- 
 moon.” (0 One of the principal characters in Julius Eich- 
 berg's opera “The Doctor of Alcantara." 
 
 Balthings (bal'tingz). See Amalings. 
 
 Balti. See Baltistan. 
 
 Baltia (bal'shi-a). An (unidentified) island off 
 the coast of Scythia, mentioned by ancient 
 writers (Pliny and others). It gave name to the 
 Baltic Sea. Pythias calls it Basilia. 
 
 Baltic (bal'tik). See Baltic Sea. 
 
 Baltic, Battle of the. See Copenhagen. 
 
 Baltic Port, G. Baltischport. A small sea- 
 port in Esthonia, Russia, on the Gulf of Finland 
 west of Reval. 
 
 Baltic Provinces. The collective name for 
 Esthonia, Livonia, and Courland, three govern- 
 ments of Russia bordering on the Baltic. They 
 contain an important German element, hut the larger 
 part of the population consists of Esthonians and Letts. 
 They have been largely Russianized in recent years. 
 Baltic Sea. [F. Mer Baltique, It. Mare Baltico, 
 NL. Mare Balticum, prob. from Litb. baltas, 
 white, balti, be white. Other names are G. 
 Ostsee, east sea, Dan. Ostersoen, Sw. Ostersjon, 
 L. Mare Suericum, Swedish sea, Pelagus Scythi- 
 cum, Scythian sea, or Sinus Codanus, Gothic (?) 
 gulf.] An arm of the Atlantic, inclosed by 
 Sweden, Russia, Germany, and Denmark, it 
 communicates with the North Sea by the Skager Rack, Cat- 
 tegat, Sound, Great Belt, and Little Belt. Its chief islands 
 are Zealand, Funen, Langeland, Laaland, Falster, Mben, 
 Alsen, Fehmarn, Bornholm, Riigen, Usedom, Wollin, Oland, 
 Gothland, Osel, Dago, Stockholm Archipelago, and Aland 
 Archipelago. Its chief arms are the gulfs of Bothnia, Fin- 
 land, and Riga, Kurisches Raff, Frisches Haff, Gulf of 
 Dantzic, Pomeranian Haff, Liibeck Bay, and Kiel Bay. Its 
 chief tributaries are the Finland lake system, the Neva 
 (with Lake Ladoga), Narova (with Lake Peipus), Diina, 
 Niemen, Vistula, Oder, Dal Elf, Ljusnan, Angerman Elf, 
 CmeS Elf, Pitea Elf, Stora Lnlea Elf, and Torneii Elf. 
 Length, about 900 miles. Greatest width, about 200 miles. 
 Area, about 184,000 square miles. 
 
 Baltim >re (bal'ti-mor), Lord. See Calvert. 
 Baltimore. A small seaport in County Cork, 
 Ireland, near Cape Clear. 
 
 Baltimore. A seaport, the principal city of 
 Maryland, situated on Patapsco River near its 
 entrance into Chesapeake Bay, in lat. 39° 18' 
 N., long. 76° 37' W. : one of the chief Atlantic 
 seaports: surnamed “the Monument City.” it 
 has a large export trade in bread-stuffs, tobacco, cotton, 
 provisions, oysters, coal, etc. ; large manufactures of 
 flour, woolen and cotton goods, cigars and tobacco, iron 
 and steel, clothing, etc. ; and important oyster fisheries. 
 A large part of the* wholesale business and financial sec- 
 tion of the city (over 2001) buildings) was destroyed by fire 
 February 7-8, 1904. It is an important railroad center and 
 the terminus of steamboat lines. It is the seat of a Roman 
 Catholic archbishopric, and contains the Johns Hopkins 
 University and the Peabody Institute. The city was laid 
 out about 1730, and was incorporated as a city iu 1796. It 
 
Baltimore 
 
 was unsuccessfully attacked by the British 1814, and was 
 the scene of a conflict, April 19, 1861, between the Balti- 
 more mob and Federal troops (6th Massachusetts and 7th 
 Pennsylvania). Population, 658,485, (1910). 
 
 Baltistan (biil-te-stan'), or Balti (bal'te), or 
 Little Tibet. A province of Cashmere, capi- 
 tal Iskardo, situated on the upper Indus north 
 of Cashmere proper. The inhabitants are Mo- 
 hammedans, of Tibetan and Aryan stock, and 
 number about 60,000. 
 
 Baltjik (balt-jek'). A seaport of Bulgaria, on 
 the Black Sea 22 miles northeast of Varna. 
 Population, 5,860. 
 
 Baltzer (balt'zer), Johann Baptista. Born at 
 Andernach, Prussia, July 16, 1803: died at Bonn, 
 Oct. 1, 1871. A German Roman Catholic the- 
 ologian, noted for his opposition to the dogma 
 of papal infallibility, which led to his suspen- 
 sion from his ecclesiastical office in 1870. He 
 became professor of dogmatics at Breslau in 1830, and 
 was suspended in 1860. 
 
 Baltzer, Wilhelm Eduard. Bom at Holien- 
 leine, circle of Merseburg, Germany, Oct. 24, 
 1814 : died at Durlaeh, Baden, June 24, 1887. A 
 German clergyman, and writer on theology and 
 philosophy, noted as a vegetarian. 
 Baluchistan (bal-6-chis-tan'), or Beluchistan, 
 or Biluchistan. [Pers., ‘country of the Balu- 
 chis.’] A territory of Asia, bounded by Af- 
 ghanistan and the Northwest Frontier Prov- 
 ince on the north, Sind, the Panjab, and the 
 Frontier Province on the east, the Arabian 
 Sea on the south, and Persia on the west, it 
 
 iB largely a desert, and is traversed by mountain-ranges. 
 Its chief divisions are British Baluchistan, the Agency 
 Territories, and the native states of Khelat and Las Bela. 
 Quettah is the headquarters of a division of the army. 
 There are about 800 miles of railway. The leading tribes 
 are the Brahoes and Afghans ; the prevailing religion, 
 Simnite Mohammedanism. Baluchistan has several times 
 been invaded by British forces in connection with the 
 Afghan wars. Area, 134,638 square miles. Population 
 829,712 (1911). 
 
 Baluchistan, British. See British Baluchistan. 
 Balue (ha-lii'), Jean de la. Born at Poitiers, 
 1422 : died at Ancona, Oct., 1491. A French 
 cardinal and politician, imprisoned for his mis- 
 deeds by Louis XI. (1469-80), it is said, in an 
 iron cage. He was liberated after eleven years through 
 the influence of Pope Sixtus IV., went to B,ome, was sent 
 back to France as legate a latere , and finally, on the death 
 of the Pope, again retired to Rome, where he was made 
 bishop of Orleans and of Prameste. 
 
 Baluze (ba-liiz'), Etienne. Born at Tulle, 
 France, Dec. 24, 1630: died at Paris, July 28, 
 1718. A French historian. He wrote "Francorum 
 Capitularia Regum ’’ (1677), “Epistolse Xnnocentil papas 
 III." (1682), “ Conciliorurn nova Collectio” (1683), “Les 
 Vies des Papes d’Avignon ” (1693), “ Historia Tutelensis ” 
 (1717), etc. 
 
 Balwhidder (bal'hwiTH-er), Rev. Micah. A 
 
 kind-hearted, sincere, but prejudiced Scottish 
 minister in Galt’s “Annals of the Parish.” 
 Baly. See Bali. 
 
 Balzac (bal-zak'), Honore de. Born at Tours, 
 France, May 16, 1799: died at Paris, Aug. 18, 
 1850. A celebrated French novelist. After at- 
 tending school in Tours and Paris he became a lawyer's 
 clerk. His inclination to write was strongly opposed by 
 his family, but, “ in order to get his hand in, ’’ he composed 
 a dozen novels. These appeared either anonymously or 
 under a nom de plume, and when republished often re- 
 ceived an entirely different title. Some of them were ex- 
 cluded by Balzac from the complete collection of his 
 works; others he absolutely disowned. After a disas- 
 trous venture in publishing, printing, and type-casting, he 
 sold out his entire stock and fell back on his pen to pay 
 off his debts. His first novel of real merit, “Le dernier 
 Chouan ou la Bretagne en 1800,” was published in 1829 ; 
 then followed “ La physiologie du mariuge ’’ and the first 
 of the “Contes drolatiques" (1830), “La peau de cha- 
 grin ’ (1830), “La femme de trente ans” (1831), “Eugenie 
 Grandet,” “Le mddecin de campagne," and “l’Histoire 
 des Treize” (1833), “Seraphita," “La recherche de 1’ab- 
 solu,” and “Le I'ere Goriot" (1835), “Le lys dans la 
 vallde” (1836), “Illusions perdues" (1837), “Histoire de 
 la grandeur et de la decadence de Cdsar Birotteau ” and 
 “Le cabinet des antiques” (1838), etc. For the stage 
 Balzac did not write with success : “ Vautrin,” “ Les Res- 
 Bources de Quinola," “PamCla Giraud,” and “ La Maratre ” 
 had very short runs; but “Le Faiseur,”or “Mercadet,” 
 a comedy finished and put upon the stage by d’Ennery 
 after Balzac’s death, has been included since 1869 in the 
 repertoire of the Theatre Franrjais. Balzac’s ventures 
 in publishing were, as has been said, unsuccessful : “La 
 Chronique de Paris” (1835) lived but one year, and “La 
 Revue Parisienne” (1840) ended with the third number. 
 Returning undaunted to a collective edition of “La comd- 
 die humaine,” Balzac published “ Ursule Mirouet” and 
 “ Mdmoires de deux jeunes marines ” in 1842, “ Une tdnd- 
 breuse affaire" in 1843, “Albert Savarns,” “Un ddbut 
 dans la vie," “La muse du ddpartement,” and “Modesto 
 Migrron” in 1844; but he did not complete the task he 
 had undertaken. “ Les Chouans ” and “Une passion dans 
 le desert " are the only parts extant of the “Scenes de 
 la vie milifaire.” His latest productions, “Les parents 
 pauvres” (“La cousine Bette," “Le cousin Pons,” and 
 “ Les paysans "), are among his best. On March 14, 1850, 
 he married a widow, Madame Hanska, member of a noble 
 Polish family, with whom he had opened a correspon- 
 dence in 1833, and whom he had subsequently met in 
 
 115 
 
 Vienna, Geneva, and St. Petersburg. He died in Paris, just 
 after his return from the wedding-trip. Balzac is consid- 
 ered the chief of the realistic school of French novelists. 
 
 Balzac, Jean Louis Guez de. Born at Balzac, 
 near Angouleme, 1597: died there, Feb. 18, 1654. 
 A noted French writer. He published “Letters” 
 (1624), “Le Prince ”(1631), “ Discours ” (1644), “LeBarbon ” 
 (1648), and “Aristippe." He is regarded as the foremost 
 prose-writer of his time. 
 
 Bam (ham). A town in Kirman, southern Persia, 
 115 miles southeast of Kirman. 
 
 Ba-Mangwato (ba-mang-gwii'to). See Chuana. 
 
 Bamba (bam'ba). See Mbamba and Kongo Na- 
 tion. 
 
 Bambara (bam-ba/ra). A country of western 
 Africa, in the upper valley of the Niger, about 
 lat. 10°-15° N. The chief town is Segu. The country 
 lies within the French colony of Upper Senegambia and 
 Niger. Population (chiefly Mandingo), estimated, 2,000,000. 
 
 Bambara. A tribe of French Senegambia, of 
 the Nigritic branch, settled about the head 
 waters of the Niger River. It belongs to the Mande 
 nation. Once a great negro kingdom, it broke up, in 1864, 
 into three divisions, Kaseta, Massina, and Beledugu. In 
 1890 their sultan, Amadu, and his capital, Segu Sikoro, 
 were conquered by the French, and the country was an- 
 nexed. This is a fertile, undulated plain. The people 
 have adopted Mohammedan civilization, and weave excel- 
 lent cotton cloth. 
 
 Bamberg (bam'berG). A eity of Upper Fran- 
 conia, Bavaria, situated on the Regnitz, near 
 its entrance into the Main, 33 miles northwest 
 of Nuremberg. It has important trade and manu- 
 factures, the castle of the former prince-bishops, the 
 old and new palaces, the Church of St. Michael, and an 
 art gallery, and was formerly the seat of a university. 
 The cathedral of Bamberg, one of the most interesting 
 of German Romanesque structures, was founded by the 
 emperor Henry II. in 1004, but modified in the 12th cen- 
 tury. There are four towers, each of eight stages and 
 265 feet high ; the two at the west end display fine open- 
 work. There are five admirably sculptured portals; 
 the sculptures of the splendid chief portal represent the 
 Last Judgment, wKh the apostles and prophets, and the 
 church and synagogue. The effective interior possesses 
 a richly carved choir-screen and highly interesting me- 
 dieval tombs. There is an impressive early-Romanesque 
 crypt, and a western choir with transepts, which date 
 from 1274. The cathedral is 312 feet long, 92 wide, and 
 86 high. Population, 45,483. 
 
 Bamberg, Bishopric of. A former bishoprio 
 and state of the German Empire, now com- 
 prised in northern Bavaria. It was founded by 
 the emperor Henry II. in 1007, secularized in 1801, and 
 annexed to Bavaria in 1803. 
 
 Bamberg Conference. A conference of the mid- 
 dle German states at Bamberg May 25, 1854. 
 Its object was to determine the policy of these states In 
 relation to that of Prussia and Austria with reference to 
 the Eastern Question. 
 
 Bamberger (bam'berg-er), Ludwig. Born at 
 Mainz, July 22, 1823: died at Berlin, March 14, 
 1899. A German politician and economist. He 
 took part in the revolutionary movement 1848-49 ; was a 
 member of the National Liberal party in theGermanReichs- 
 tag 1873-80; and, with other disaffected National Liberals, 
 seceded from the party in 1880 to form the later Liberal 
 Union. 
 
 Bamboccio (bam-boch'o). See La or, Peter van. 
 
 Bamborough (bam'bur-o). A village on the 
 coast of Northumberland, England, 16 miles 
 southeast of Berwick, celebrated for its castle, 
 founded by Ida about 547, and often noted 
 in medieval wars. 
 
 Bambuk, or Bambouk (bam-bok'). A region 
 in Senegal, Africa, between the upper Sene- 
 gal and the Faleme, about lat. 12° 40'-] 4° 30' 
 N., long. 10° 40'-12° 30' W. It contains iron 
 and gold. The inhabitants are Mandingoes. 
 
 Bamian (ba-me-an 7 ). A valley in Afghanistan, 
 northwest of Kabul, in lat. 34° 50' N., long. 
 67° 40' E. it is an ancient seat of Buddhist worship, 
 and is famous for its colossal idols carved in the rock 
 (highest, 173 feet) and other antiquities. 
 
 Bammaku, or Bammakou (ba-ma'ko). Once 
 an important native town on the upper Niger, 
 West Africa. It is now headquarters of the French 
 domination on the upper Niger. The natives have with- 
 drawn. 
 
 Bamo. See Bhamo. 
 
 Bampton (bamp'ton), John. Born about 1689: 
 died 1751. An English divine, and the founder 
 at Oxford of the “Bampton Lectures” on di- 
 vinity. The first lecturer was chosen in 1779. 
 
 Bampur (biim-por'). A town and region in 
 southern Persia. 
 
 Bamra (bflm'ra). A feudatory state in Ben- 
 gal, British India, between the valley of the 
 Mahanadi and the Chota Nagpur plateau. 
 Area, 1,988 square miles. Population, 123,378. 
 
 Ban (ban). Ill the Arthurian cycle of romance, 
 a king of Brittany, the father of Lancelot du 
 Lac, and the brother of Bors, king of Gaul. 
 He was the friend of Arthur, and with Bors 
 came from Brittany to aid him in battle. 
 
 Bana (ba'na). In Hindu mythology, a Daitya 
 
 Bancroft, George 
 
 with a thousand arms, who was a friend of 
 Siva and an enemy of Vishnu. His daughter 
 Usha, loving Aniruddha, Krishna's grandson, had him 
 brought to her by magic. In the rescue the arms of 
 Bana were cut off by Krishna’s weapons. Upon Siva’s 
 intercession Bana was spared. 
 
 Banack. See Bannock. 
 
 Banagher (ban 7 a -Her). A town in King’s 
 County, Ireland. It is on the Shannon River. It is 
 to the superiority of this town that the phrase “That 
 bangs Banagher, and Banagher bangs the world ” alludes. 
 
 Banal Frontier. A part of the former “ Mili- 
 tary Frontier” of the Austrian empire. 
 Banana (ba-na/na). The seaport of the Belgian 
 Kongo. The trading-factories and state housesare built 
 on a land-spit. In 1390, 132 ships called; but since the 
 ocean steamers began to go straight up to Matadi, the start- 
 ing-point of the railroad, Banana has lost most of its com- 
 mercial importance. The headquarters of the great 
 Dutch firm have been removed to Cabinda and Kisanga, 
 in Portuguese territory. 
 
 Banana Islands. A group of small islands 
 off the coast of Sierra Leone, Africa, belong- 
 ing to Great Britain. 
 
 Bananal (ba-na-nal'), or Santa Anna (san'ta 
 a'na). An island in the river Araguaya, Brazil. 
 Length, 220 miles. Greatest width, 50 miles. 
 Ba-Nano (ba-na'no). A generic name, mean- 
 ing ‘ Highlanders,’ given to the natives of the 
 Caconda and Bihe plateau, east of Benguella, 
 West Africa. 
 
 Banaras. See Benares. 
 
 Banas (ba-nas'). A river of Rajpntana, India, 
 which flows generally northeast, and joins the 
 Chambal. Length, about 300 miles. 
 
 Banas. A river of India which flows south- 
 west into the Ran of Kaehh. 
 
 Banat (ba-nat'). [Hung, ban, lord, chief.] A 
 region in southern Hungary situated between 
 the Maros on the north, the Theiss on the west, 
 and the Danube on the south, it comprises the 
 counties of Temes, Toronto, Krassd, and part of the for- 
 mer “ Military Frontier.” Its ciiief town is Temesvir. It 
 formed an Austrian crownland (the Servian waywodeship 
 and Temeser Banat) 1849-60. 
 
 Banattee. See Bannock. 
 
 Banbridge (ban'brij). A town in County Down, 
 Ireland, 22 miles southwest of Belfast, noted 
 for its linen manufactures. Population, 
 
 , 5,006. 
 
 Banbury (ban'ber-i). A town in Oxfordshire, 
 England, situated on the Cherwell 22 miles 
 north of Oxford. Its ancient cross, noted in nursery 
 rime, was destroyed in the latter part of the reign of 
 Elizabeth. It was famous for its ale and cakes, and for 
 its cheese which was proverbially regarded as consisting 
 of nothing but “paring." Hence the allusions in Shak- 
 spere and other writers to persons thin as a Banbury 
 cheese. Insurgents were defeated here by troops of 
 Edward IV. in 1469. It was twice besieged in the civil 
 war. Population, 12,9G3. 
 
 Banbury Man. A Puritan. From the frequent 
 allusions in the writers of the 16th and 17th centuries, the 
 town would seem to have been chiefly inhabited by them. 
 Swift speaks of a Banbury saint, meaning a particularly 
 rigid or even hypocritical Puritan. The name or epithet 
 “ Banbury " was applied in a depreciatory sense before the 
 Puritan times. Thus Latimer, in a letter to Henry VIII. 
 about 1528, speaks of “laws, customs, ceremonies and 
 Banbury glosses," apparently meaning ‘ silly,’ ‘useless.’ 
 Banca (bang'ka). An island east of Sumatra, 
 belonging to the Dutch, famous for tin-mines. 
 Capital, Muntok. Length, 135 miles. Area, 
 4,446 square miles. Population, about 115,000. 
 Banca, Strait of. A strait between Sumatra 
 and Banca. 
 
 Banco (ban'ko), Nani d’ Antonio. Born in 
 Siena about 1374 : died about 1420. A Floren- 
 tine sculptor, a pupil of Donatello. About 1402 - 
 1408 he completed the Porta della Mandola on the south 
 side of the Duomo, commenced by Niccola d’Arezzo. The 
 angels of this door are very characteristic. There are 
 many of his works about Or San Michele. 
 
 Bancroft (bang'kroft or ban'kroft), Aaron. 
 Born at Reading, Mass., Nov. 10, 1755: died at 
 Worcester, Mass., Aug. 19, 1839. An American 
 clergyman, father of George Bancroft. He wrote 
 a “Life of George Washington” (1807), etc. 
 Bancroft, Edward. Born 1744: died 1821. An 
 English chemist, naturalist, traveler, and nov- 
 elist. In early life he several times visited North and 
 South America. Later he made some important discov- 
 eries in dyeing and calico-printing. He published an 
 “ Essay on the Natural History of Guiana ” (1769), “Charles 
 Wentworth ” (a novel, 1770), and a work on colors and cal- 
 ico-printing (1794 and 1813). 
 
 Bancroft, George. Born at Worcester, Mass., 
 Oct. 3, 1800: died at Washington, Jan. 17, 1891. 
 An American historian, statesman, and diplo- 
 matist. Ho was graduated at Harvard College in 1817 ; 
 studied at Gottingen ; was tutor of Greek in Harvard ; 
 opened with Cogswell the Bound Hill School at North- 
 ampton in 1823 ; was collector of the port of Boston 
 18‘ 8-41 : was Democratic candidate for governor of Mas- 
 sachusetts in 1844 ; was secretary of the navy 1845-46 
 (established the Naval Academy at Annapolis), and was 
 
Bancroft, George 
 
 United States minister to Great Britain 1840-49, and minis- 
 ter to Berlin 1807-74. He wrote a “ History of the United 
 States ” (10 vols. : vol. 1 published 1834 ; vol. 10 1874 ; cen- 
 tenary edition, 0 vols., 1870) ; a “ History of the Formation 
 of the Constitution of the United States” (2 vols. Ih82; 
 revised edition of the entire history, 6 vols., 1883-84), etc. 
 
 Bancroft, Hubert Howe. Born at Granville, 
 Ohio, May 5, 1832. An American historian. 
 
 In 1852 ho established an extensive book bnsine8B in San 
 Francisco ; anil began to collect books and documents re- 
 lating to tho Paeillc States, acquiring 60,000 volumes, 
 tracts, and manuscripts (including the purchased collec- 
 tion of Mr. Sqtllor, and a large part of that of tho emperor 
 Maximilian of Mexico). Upon this library, which was 
 elaborately indexed, he founded his “ West American His- 
 torical Series,” designed to embrace a history of Central 
 America, Mexico, and the States of tho l’aeille Blope north- 
 ward to Alaska, in 30 volumes (1876-87). He is the author 
 also of “Chronicles of the Builders of the Commonwealth " 
 (1801-92), “The New Pacific" (1800), “The Book of 
 Wealth (1900-101, etc. 
 
 Bancroft, Richard. Born at Farn worth, Lan- 
 cashire, England, Sept., 1544 : died at Lambeth, 
 Nov. 2, 1010. An English prelate, a vigorous 
 opponent of Puritanism, ne became bishop of 
 London in 1597, and was archbishop of Canterbury 1604-10. 
 Banda (btin'da). A district in tho Allahabad 
 division, United Provinces, British India, 
 about lat. 25°-26° N., long. 81° E. Area, 3,060 
 square miles. Population, 631,058. 
 
 Banda. The capital of the Banda district, sit- 
 uated on the Ken River 97 miles west of Alla- 
 habad. Population, 22,565. 
 
 Banda Islands. A group of twelve small isl- 
 ands in the Molucca Archipelago, situated 70 
 miles south of Ceram : a Dutch possession, its 
 chief products are nutmegs and mace. The seat of gov- 
 ernment is Banda Neira. 
 
 Banda Oriental (ban'da o-re-en-tal'). The 
 common name in the Platine region for the 
 territory now comprehended in Uruguay (which 
 see). 
 
 Banda Sea. A sea in the East Indies, east of 
 the Sunda Sea, north of Timur-Laut, and south 
 of Ceram. 
 
 Bandaisan (ban-dl-sau'). A volcano in the 
 main island of Japan, about lat. 37° 30' N., long. 
 140° E. It underwent a disastrous eruption 
 July 15, 1888. 
 
 Bandarra (ban-dar'ra), Gontjalo Annes. Born 
 early in the 16th century : died at Lisbon, 1556. 
 A Portuguese cobbler and rimer, surnamed, on 
 account of his prophecies and thaumaturgical 
 character, “The Portuguese Nostradamus.” 
 He was condemned by the Inquisition in 1541, 
 but escaped with his life. 
 
 Banded Peak (ban'ded pek). A summit in 
 southern Colorado. Height, 12,860 feet. Also 
 called Mount Hesperus. 
 
 Bandel (ban'del), Joseph Ernst von. Born 
 at Ansbach, May 17, 1800: died at Neudegg, 
 near Donauworth, Sept. 25, 1876. A German 
 sculptor, designer of the statue of Hermann 
 near Detmold (completed 1875). 
 Ban-de-la-Roche. Same as Steinthal. 
 Bandelier (ban-de-ler'), Adolph Francis Al- 
 phonse. Born at Bern, Switzerland, Aug. 6, 
 1840. A Swis9-American archaeologist, lecturer 
 on American archaeology in Columbia Univer- 
 sity, 1904-. He has conducted explorations in New 
 Mexico, Arizona, Mexico, Central America, Peru, and 
 Bolivia. 
 
 Bandello (ban-del'lo), Matteo. Born at Cas- 
 telnuovo, Piedmont, 1480: died at Agen, France, 
 1562. An Italian prelate (bishop of Agen 1550) 
 and novelist. His tales (1554-73) furnished 
 subjects for Shakspere, Massinger, and others. 
 Bande Noire (bond nwar). [F., ‘black hand.’] 
 1. One of various infantry companies in the 
 French service in the 16th century. — 2. In 
 France, speculators who, especially during the 
 Revolution, purchased confiscated church prop- 
 erty and ancient estates and buildings, and 
 often destroyed time-honored relics for the 
 purpose of using the material in the erection 
 of new structures. 
 
 Bandettini (ban-det-te'ne), Teresa. Born at 
 Lucca, Aug. 12, 1763: died 1837. An Italian 
 poet and improvisatrice. Her works include “La 
 Morte di Adonide,” “ II Polidoro,” “La Rosmunda,” etc. 
 She married (1789) Pietro Landucci. 
 
 Bandiera (ban-de-a'ra), Attilio. Born at Na- 
 ples, 1817. Bandiera, Emilio. Born at Naples, 
 1819. Two Italian patriots, sons of Admiral 
 Bandiera, executed by the Neapolitan govern- 
 ment at Cosenza, July 25, 1844, for an at- 
 tempted rising on the coast of Calabria. They 
 had previously joined a conspiracy for an at- 
 tack on Sicily which had failed. 
 
 Bandinelli (ban-de-nel'le), Bartolommeo or 
 Baccio. Born at Florence, Oct. 7, 1488: died 
 there, Feb. 7, 1560. An Italian painter and 
 
 116 
 
 sculptor, son and pupil of the Florentine gold- 
 smith Mieliolarigtdo Bandinelli di Viviauo: a 
 would-bo rival of Michelangelo. He made the 
 copy of the Laocoon in the Ufflzi, and the Hercules of the 
 Palazzo Vecchio. 
 
 Bandini (biin-de'ne), Angelo Maria. Born at 
 Florence, Sept. 25, 1726: died 1800. An Ital- 
 ian scholar, antiquary, and librarian of the 
 Laurentine Library. He wrote a life of Amerigo Ves- 
 pucci (1745), a ratalogueof Greek, Latin, and Kalian manu- 
 scripts in the Laurentine Library (1764-78), a “Uissertatio 
 do saltationibus veterurn,” etc. 
 
 Bandon ( ban'don), or Bandonbridge (ban'dou- 
 brij). A town in County Cork, Ireland, 16 
 miles southwest of Cork. Population, 
 2,830. 
 
 Bandon. A small river in County Cork, Ire- 
 land, which flows into Kinsale Harbor. 
 Bandtke (biint'ke), or Bandtkie (bant'kye), 
 Jan Wincent. Born at Lublin, Poland, 1783: 
 died at Warsaw, 1846. A Polish jurist, brother 
 of Jerzy Samuel Bandtke, professor of law at 
 Warsaw, and author of a history of Polish law 
 (1850), etc. 
 
 Bandtke, or Bandtkie, Jerzy Samuel. Born 
 at Lublin, Poland, Nov. 24, 1768 : died at Cra- 
 cow, June 11, 1835. A Polish historian and 
 grammarian, librarian and professor at Cracow 
 (1811-35), and author of a history of the Polish 
 nation (1820), etc. 
 
 Ban6r (l>a-nar'), or Banier, or Banner, Johan. 
 
 Born at Djursliolm, near Stockholm, June 23, 
 1596: died at Halberstadt, Germany, June 20, 
 1641. A Swedish general in the Thirty Years’ 
 War. He commanded the right wing at Breitenfeld, 
 Sept. 17, 1631 ; was made field-marshal after the death of 
 Gustavus Adolphus ; and gained the victories of Wittstock, 
 Oct. 4, 1636, and Chemnitz, April 14, 1639. 
 
 Banff (banf). A county of Scotland, bounded 
 by Moray Firth on the north, Aberdeenshire 
 on the east and south, and Elginshire and In- 
 verness-shire on the west. Its surface i3 mountain- 
 OU8 except near the coast. Area, 630 square miles. Popu- 
 lation (civil county), 61,487. 
 
 Banff. A seaport and chief town of Banffshire, 
 Scotland, situated 40 miles northwest of Aber- 
 deen, at the mouth of the Deveron. The parlia- 
 mentary burgh includes the neighboring seaport of Mac- 
 duff. Population, 7,148. 
 
 Bang (hang), Peder Georg. Born at Copen- 
 hagen, Oct. 7, 1797 : died April 2, 1861. A noted 
 Danish jurist and statesman, professor of law 
 at Copenhagen, secretary of the interior 1848- 
 1849, and premier 1854-56. 
 
 Bangala (ban-ga'la). See Ngalaaud Mbangala. 
 Bangalur (bang-ga-lor'), or Bangalore (bang- 
 ga-i6r'). A district in Mysore, India. Area, 
 3,092 square miles. 
 
 Bangalur. The chief city of Mysore, India, 
 situated in lat. 12° 58' N., long. 77° 35' E. ithas 
 
 considerable trade, and manufactures of silk, cotton, etc. 
 It was fortified by Hyder Ali, and was taken from Tippu 
 Saib (by storm) by the British under Cornwallis, 179L 
 Population, 159,046. 
 
 Bangkok (bang-kok'). The capital of Siam, 
 situated on the river Menam, about 20 miles 
 from its mouth, in lat. 13° 44' N., long. 100° 
 31' E. : the chief commercial city of the coun- 
 try. The houses are built largely in the river. On the 
 mainland are the royal palace and many Buddhist tem- 
 ples. Its trade is largely in Chinese hands. The chief 
 exports are rice, sugar, hides, cotton, silk, ivory, pepper, 
 sesame, cardamoms, etc. It became the capital after the 
 destruction of Ayuthia. The Great Pagoda of Wat-ching 
 at Bangkok is, in its general concave-conoid form, similar 
 to the Burmese pagodas, but is much more frankly polyg- 
 onal in plan, and is ornamental with the most elaborate 
 exuberance in both color and carving. Instead of ter- 
 minating in a sharp flnial, it ends in a tall hexagonal 
 prism with a domical top. At the base and toward the 
 summit there are large rectangular niches with lavish 
 adornment of flame-tongued pinnacles. Population, 628,- 
 675. 
 
 Bangla (bang'gla). Same as Faizabad, in Oudh. 
 Bangor (han'gov). [W., ‘high choir.’] A city 
 and seaport in Carnarvonshire, Wales, situated 
 on Menai Strait 9 miles northeast of Carnarvon. 
 It contains a cathedral, lately restored, and is the seat of 
 the University College of North Wales. Population, 
 11,269. 
 
 Bangor. A seaport and watering-place in 
 County Down, Ireland, situated at the entrance 
 to Belfast Lough, 12 miles northeast of Belfast. 
 Population, 5,903. 
 
 Bangor. Aseaportiu Penobscot County, Maine, 
 situated on the west bank of the Penobscot, in 
 lat. 44° 48' N., long. 68° 47' W., at the head of 
 navigation. It is one of the principal lumber depotsof 
 the world, and has a considerable trade and ship-building 
 industries. It became a city in 1834. It is the seat of a 
 (Congregational) theological seminary, which was incor- 
 porated in 1814, was opened at Hampden in 1816, and was 
 removed to Bangor in 1819. Population, 24,803, (1910). 
 
 Bangorian Controversy. Aeon troversy stirred 
 up by a sermon preached before George I. on 
 
 Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss 
 
 March 31, 1717, by Dr. Hoadley, bishop of Ban- 
 gor, from the text “My kingdom is not of this 
 world.” He argued that Christ had not dele- 
 gated judicial and disciplinary powers to the 
 Christian ministry. 
 
 Bangor-iscoed. A small town in Flintshire, 
 Wales, situated on the Dee 14 miles south of 
 Chester, formerly famous for its monastery. 
 Bangweolo (bang-we-o'16), or Remba (bem'- 
 bii). A lake in central Africa, about lat. 11° S., 
 long. 30° E. It is formed by the head streams of the 
 Kongo. The Luapula, the only Btream flowing out of it, 
 emerges from its southern point, and is about one mile 
 wide at tin; place of exit. The Chambezi does not enter 
 the lake. It was discovered in 1803 by Livingstone, who 
 died near its shore in 1873. 
 
 Banholo, or Banhuolo, Count. See Bagnuolo. 
 Banias (Da-ni-as'). A village of Palestine about 
 45 miles southwest of Damascus. Also Paneas. 
 Its castle is a fortress of the Crusaders, occupying a plat- 
 form about 300 by 1,200 feet. The plan resembles a figure 
 8, bordered by numerous rectangular and semicircular 
 towers connected by thick curtain-walls. The eastern ex- 
 tremity constituted the donjon, and still displays a hall 
 30 by 100 feet, complete except in its vaulting. 
 
 Banim (ba'nim), John. Born at Kilkenny, 
 Ireland, April 3, 1798: died near Kilkenny, Aug. 
 13, 1842. An Irish novelist, dramatist, and poet. 
 
 He wrote the tragedies "Uamon and Pythias ” (produced 
 1821) and “The Prodigal,” the “O’Hara Tales ” (in collabo- 
 ration with his brother Michael), “The Nowlans,” etc. 
 
 Banim, Michael. Bom at Kilkenny, Ireland, 
 Aug. 5, 1796: died at Booterstown, Dublin 
 County, Ireland, Aug. 30, 1874. An Irish nov- 
 elist, brother of John Banim, and his collabo- 
 rator in the writing of the “ O’Hara Tales.” 
 Banjaluka, or Banialuka (ban-ya-16'ka). A 
 town in Bosnia, situated on the Yerbas in lat. 
 44° 40' N. It has been the scene of various 
 battles between the Turks and Austrians. Pop- 
 ulation, about 14,000. 
 
 Banjarmasin (han-yar-mas'in), or Banjar- 
 massin. A Dutch residency in southeastern 
 Borneo, formerly a sultanate. 
 
 Banjarmasin. The chief town of the residency 
 of Banjarmasin, situated near the coast. 
 Banjumas (ban-yo-mas'). The capital of the 
 residency of Banjumas, island of Java, situated 
 in lat. 7° 32' S., long. 109° 17' E. 
 Banjuwangis (ban-yo-wang'gis). A seaport in 
 eastern Java, situated in lat. 8° 13' S., long. 
 114° 23' E. 
 
 Bankbcin (bouk'ban). A Hungarian drama 
 by Katona, produced in 1827. It is named from 
 the hero, a Hungarian governor and rebel against the 
 queen, who lived about 1214. 
 
 Banker-Poet, The. A surname of Samuel Ro- 
 gers, and also of Edmund Clarence Stedman. 
 Bankrupt, The. A comedy by Foote, produced 
 in 1773. 
 
 Banks (bangks), Mrs. George Linnaeus (Var- 
 ley). Born at Manchester, March 25, 1821: died 
 at Dalston, May 5, 1897. An English novelist 
 and poet. Her works include the novels “God’s Provi- 
 dence House” (1866), “Stung to the Quick” (1867), and 
 “The Manchester Man ” (1876) ; also the collection of poems 
 “Ripples and Breakers” (1878). 
 
 Banks, John. Bom about 1650: died after 1696. 
 An English dramatist of the period of the Res- 
 toration. He wrote “The Rival Kings” (1677), “The 
 Destruction of Troy ’’ (acted 1678, printed 1679), “The Un- 
 happy Favorite” (1682), “The Innocent Usurper" (1683 : 
 published 1694), “The Island Queens” (1684 : acted 1704 
 as “The Albion Queens”), “Virtue Betrayed ” (1692), and 
 “Cyrus the Great ’’ (1696). 
 
 Banks, Sir Joseph. Born at London, Feb. 13, 
 1743: died at lsleworth, June 19, 1820. An 
 English naturalist, especially distinguished as 
 a botanist, and a patron of science. He equipped 
 the ship Endeavour, and accompanied Cook's first expe- 
 dition 1768-71, visited Iceland 1772, and was president of 
 the Royal Society 1778-1820. His herbarium and library 
 are in the British Museum. He wrote “ A Short Account 
 of the Causes of tile Disease called the Blight, Mildew, and 
 Rust ”(1805), etc. 
 
 Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss. Born at Waltham, 
 Mass., Jan. 30, 1816: died there, Sept. 1, 1894. An 
 American politician and general, in early life he was 
 a machinist, editor, and lawyer ; served in the Massachu- 
 setts legislature; was member of Congress from Massa- 
 chusetts 1853-57, elected first as a coalit ion Democrat, then 
 as a Know-nothing, and later as a Repu hi ican ; was speaker 
 of the House 1856-57 ; and was Republican governorof Mas 
 sachusetts 1858-61. In 1861 he was commissioned major- 
 general of volunteers; commanded a corps on the upper 
 Potomac and in the Shenandoah Valley in 1862; com- 
 manded at the battle of Cedar Mountain Aug. 9, 1862 ; 
 succeeded Butler in command at New Orleans at the end 
 of 1862 ; invested Tort Hudson and captured it July, 1863 ; 
 commanded the Red River expedition in 1864 ; was de- 
 feated at Sabine Cross Roads ; and gained a victory at 
 Pleasant Hill. He wiib Republican member of Congress 
 from Massachusetts 1865-73; was defeated as Liberal-Re- 
 publican candidate for Congress in 1872 ; was member of 
 Congress from Massachusetts 1875-77, and again 1889-91; 
 and was United States marshal. 
 
Banks, Thomas 
 
 Banks, Thomas. Born at Lambeth, England, 
 Doc. 29, 1735: died at London, Eel). 2, 1805. A 
 noted English sculptor. 
 
 Banks, Thomas Christopher. Born l ~or> : died 
 at Greenwich, England, Sent. 30, 1854. An 
 English lawyer and genealogist . He published a 
 “ Manual of the Nobility " (1807), “ Dormant and Extinct 
 Baronage of England ” (1807-09: vol. 4 in 1837), and numer- 
 ous minor works. 
 
 Banks, The. See Grand Banks. 
 
 Bankside (bangk'sid). That portion of the 
 Thames bank which lies on the south side be- 
 tween Bl&ckfriars and Waterloo bridges, in the 
 time of the Tudors it “consisted of a single row of houses, 
 built on a dike, or levee, higher both than the river at high 
 tide and the ground behind the hank. At one end of Bank 
 Side stood tlie Clink Prison, Winchester House, and St. 
 Mary Ovaries Church. At the other end was the Falcon 
 Tavern with its stairs, and behind it were the Paris Gar- 
 dena. . . . A little to the west of the Clink and behind the 
 houses stood the Globe Theatre, and close beside it the Bull- 
 baiting." Bcsant, London, p. 356. 
 
 Banks Islands. A group of small islands in 
 the South Pacific, northeast of the New Heb- 
 rides: named (as were the following four) for 
 Sir Joseph Banks. 
 
 Banks Land. A large island in the Arctic 
 Ocean northwest of Prince Albert Land and 
 southwest of Melville Island. 
 
 Banks Peninsula. A peninsula on the eastern 
 coast of the South Island of New Zealand. 
 Banks strait. A sea passage in the Arctic 
 Ocean, separating Banks Land from Melville 
 Island. 
 
 Banks Strait. A strait separating Tasmania 
 from the Furneaux Group to the northeast. 
 Banks’s horse. A celebrated trick-horse named 
 Morocco, the property of a man named Banks 
 who lived about the beginning of the 17th cen- 
 tury. He could perform tricks with cards and dice and 
 dance at his master s command. In 1600 or 1601 Banks 
 is said to have made him “override the vane of St. Paul's 
 Cathedral " in the presence of an enormous crowd. The 
 first mention of him occurs about 1590. He is alluded to by 
 Raleigh, Armin, Gayton, and many others, and there are 
 references to him in the plays of the period. 
 
 Sir Kenelm Digby says, — “ He would restore a glove 
 to the due owner, after the master had whispered the 
 man’s name in his ear; would tell the just number of 
 pence in any piece of silver coin newly showed him by 
 his master." Bankes showed his horse upon the continent, 
 and in France had a narrow escape from the Capuchins, 
 who suspected him of being in league with the devil. 
 There was a report that he fell a victim to a similar sus- 
 picion at Rome. Ben Jonson, in his epigram, speaks of 
 “Old Banks the juggler, our Pythagoras, 
 
 Grave tutor to the learned horse ; . . 
 
 Hudson, Note to Love's Labour ’s Lost. 
 Bankura (bang-ko-ra'). A district of the Bar- 
 dhwan division, Bengal, British India, in lat. 23° 
 N., long. 87° E. Area, 2,621 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 1,116,411. 
 
 Bankura. The capital of the Bankura district, 
 situated on the Dhalkisor River 100 miles north- 
 west of Calcutta. Population, 20,737. 
 
 Bann (ban). A river of northeastern Ireland 
 which flows through Lough Neagh, and empties 
 into the Atlantic Ocean near Coleraine. Length, 
 about 90 miles. 
 
 Bannacks. See Bannock. 
 
 Bannatyne (ban ' a-tin ) , George. Bom in Scot- 
 land, 1545: died about 1608. A collector of 
 early Scottish poetry. His manuscript collection is 
 preserved in the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh. It has 
 been printed in part by Allan Ramsay and Lord Hailes, 
 and completely by the Hunterian Club. 
 
 Bannatyne Club. A Scottish literary club, 
 named from George Bannatyne, founded under 
 the presidency of Sir Walter Scott in 1823, and 
 dissolved in 1859. It was devoted to the pub- 
 lication of works on Scottish history and lit- 
 erature. 
 
 Bannister (ban' is -ter), Charles. Born in 
 Gloucestershire, England, about 1738 (?) : died 
 at London, Oct. 26, 1804. An English actor 
 and bass singer. 
 
 Bannister, John. Bom at Deptford, England, 
 May 12, 1760: died at London, Nov. 7, 1836. 
 A noted English comedian, the son of Charles 
 Bannister. 
 
 Bannock (ban' ok). [PL, also Bannocks; a 
 corruption of Pan-i'ti, the tribal designation 
 used by the people themselves.] A tribe of 
 North American Indians, also called “Robber 
 Indians.” It was divided into two geographically dis- 
 tinct divisions, the first of which claimed the territory be- 
 tween lat. 42° and 45°, and from long. 113° to the main 
 chain of the Rocky Mountains ; while the second divi- 
 sion, or northern Bannock, claimed all of the southwestern 
 portions of Montana, into which they had been forced 
 by the Blackfeet. The southern branch was by far the 
 more populous. In 1869 the Bannock of Salmon River 
 numbered but 350, in 50 lodges, having been largely re- 
 duced by smallpox and the inroads of the Blackfeet. 
 Upon the establishment of Wind River reservation in 
 1869, about 600 southern Bannock were placed on it, and 
 
 117 
 
 In the same year 600 others were assigned to Fort Hall 
 reservation. Most of the latter subsequently wandered 
 away, but in 1871 returned witli the Shoihonl and scat- 
 tered Bannock of southeast Idaho. There are hntweon 
 400 nnd 500(mixed with Shoshonipm Fort Hall reservation, 
 and 92 on Lemhi reservation, Idaho. (Hea Dinger and 
 Shoshonean.) Also Banack, Banattee, Banack, Hoonack, 
 Panack, Panasht, Paunaque, Ponaek, Ponashta, Punnak. 
 
 Bannockburn (ban'ok-b6rn). A village in 
 Stirlingshire, Scotland, 3 miles south of Stir- 
 ling. Here, June 24, 1314, the Scots (about 30,000) under 
 Robert Rruce totally defeated the English (about 100,000) 
 under Edward II. The loss of the English was about 
 110,000. At Sauohieburn, in the vicinity, James III. of Scot- 
 land was defeated and slain by rebellious nobles in 1488. 
 Bannu (ba-no'), or Banu. A district in the 
 Northwest Frontier Province, British India, 
 about lat. 33° N., long. 71° E. Area, 1,670 
 square miles. Population, 226,776. 
 
 Banolas (biin-yo'liis). A town in tho prov- 
 ince of Gerona, Spain, 8 miles north of Gerona. 
 Population, 5,103. 
 
 Banos de Bejar (ban'yos da ba-Hiir'). [Sp., 
 ‘baths of Bejar.’] A watering-place in Spain, 
 situated on the borders of Salamanca and 
 Caceres, 50 miles south of Salamanca. 
 
 Banquo (bang'kwo). The thane of Lochaber 
 in Shakspere’s tragedy “Macbeth.” He is a 
 general in the king’s army, with the same rank as Mac- 
 beth, and with the same ambitions, but is of a quieter 
 nature and more discretion. He is killed by order of Mac- 
 beth on account of the future promised to him by the 
 Weird Sisters, namely that Banquo’s posterity should 
 reign. In one of the most powerful scenes of the play his 
 ghost appeal s to the guilty Macbeth while unseen by the 
 other banqueters. 
 
 Banquo and Fleance, though named by Holinshed, fol- 
 lowed by Shakspere, are now considered by the best au- 
 thors to be altogether fictitious personages. Chalmers says, 
 “ History knows nothing of Banquo, the thane of Lochaber, 
 nor of Florence his son.” Sir Walter Scott observes that 
 “ early authorities show us no such persons as Banquo and 
 his son Fleance ; nor have we reason to think that the latter 
 ever fled further from Macbeth than across the flat scene 
 according to stage direction. Neither were Banquo and his 
 son ancestors of the house of Stuart. " Yet “ Peerages "and 
 “Genealogical Charts" still retain the names of Banquo 
 and Fleance in the pedigree of the Royal Houses of Scot- 
 land and England. Furness, Shak. Var. 
 
 Banswara (ban-swa/ra). A small tributary 
 state in Rajputana, British India, about lat. 23° 
 30' N., long. 74° 30' E. Area, 1,946 sq. miles. 
 Bantam (ban-tam' or ban'tam). [Malay and 
 Javanese Bantan.\ A decayed seaport of Java, 
 61 miles west of Batavia, formerly of great 
 commercial importance. 
 
 Bantia (ban'shi-a). In ancient geography, a 
 town in southern Italy, southeast of Venusia 
 and northeast of the modern Potenza. 
 
 Banting (ban'ting), William. Born 1797 : died 
 at Kensington, March 16, 1878. A London un- 
 dertaker who, in 1863, in a pamphlet entitled 
 “A Letter on Corpulence,” recommended a 
 course of diet for the reduction of corpulence, 
 which has heen named from him “banting.” 
 The diet recommended was originally prescribed for Bant- 
 ing by William Harvey, and consists of the use of lean 
 meats principally, and abstinence from fats, starch, and 
 sugar. 
 
 Bantry (ban'tri). A seaport in County Cork, 
 Ireland, situated near the head of Bantry Bay, 
 39 miles west-southwest of Cork. Population, 
 
 3,109. 
 
 Bantry Bay. An inlet of the Atlantic on the 
 southwestern coast of Ireland, in County Cork. 
 Length, 25 miles. 
 
 Bantu (ban'to). The homogeneous family of 
 languages spoken, with the exception of the 
 Hottentot, Bushmen, and Pygmy enclaves, 
 throughout the vast triangle between Kamerun, 
 Zanzibar, and the Cape of Good Hope. Ba-ntu 
 (or ova-ndu, ba-tu, a-tu) signifies in almost all these lan- 
 guages ‘the people,’ and has therefore been adopted to 
 denote the whole family. All the Bantu languages are 
 clearly derived from one mother-tongue. Though they 
 differ in the vocabulary, their grammar is practically one. 
 Although subdivided into hundreds, of dialects, the Bantu 
 family contains relatively few great national languages. 
 Such languages are, in South Africa, the Kafir and Zulu, 
 the Se-chuana, the Shi-gwamba ; on the north and south 
 of the Kunene River, a large cluster of dialects charac- 
 terized by the prefix Ova- or Ovi- ; the Angola language, 
 from Loanda to the Kuangu River ; the Kongo language, 
 from the Lifune River to Sette Kama, and from the Atlan- 
 tic to Stanley Pool; the Lunda language; the Kibokue or 
 Kioko language, from the confluence of the Kassai to its 
 source and beyond ; the great Luba (and Lange) language, 
 from the confluence of the Luebo and Kassai rivers to 
 Lake Bangweolo ; the Ki-lolo, in the horseshoe bend of 
 the Kongo River ; the Ki-teke, from the equator over 
 Stanley Pool to lat. T S. ; the Fan, in northern French 
 Gabun and southern German Kamerun ; the Lu-ganda, on 
 Victoria Nyanza : the Kinyanja, on LakeNyassa; theKua 
 language, in Mozambique ; and Ki-suahili, from Zanzibar 
 to the far west, northwest, and southwest. The term 
 Bantu is also used to denote ‘a race.’ The negroes of 
 both the Bantu stock and the Nigritic branch are physi- 
 cally one race, and the difference is almost purely lin- 
 guistic. See Nigritic, Nuba-Fulah, Hamitic, Khoikhoin, 
 and A frican languages, African ethnography (under Africa). 
 
 Barabbas 
 
 Banville (bon-vel'), Theodore Faullain de. 
 
 Born at, Moulins, France, March 14, 1M23 ; died 
 at Paris, March 13, 1891. A French poet, 
 dramatist, and novelist. lie was the son of an officer 
 in tho navy, and early devoted himself to literature, pub- 
 lishing in 1842 two volumes of verse, entitled “Les Ca- 
 riatides,” whieh attracted attention. He also wrote 
 “ Odes Funambulesques ” (1807), etc., and extensively for 
 the stage. His most successful piay, “ Grlngoire," was 
 published in 1860 . In 1882 appeared “Mes Souvenirs," 
 in which he portrayed some of his contemporaries. 
 
 Banyuls-3Ur-Mer (ban-yiil'Biir-mar'). A sea- 
 port in the department of Pyrendes-Orientales, 
 France, situated on the Mediterranean, near 
 the Spanisli frontier, 20 miles southeast of Per- 
 pignan. It produces fine Roussillon wine. 
 Population, 3,301. 
 
 Banyumas. See Banjumas. 
 
 Banz (bants). A Benedictine abbey, now a 
 castle, near Lichtenfels, Upper Franconia, Ba- 
 varia, founded about 1058. 
 
 Bapaume (ha-pom'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Pas-de-Calais, France, 14 miles south 
 of Arras. Here, Jan. 2 and 3, 1871, the Germans under 
 Von Goeben gained a victory over the French under Faid- 
 herbe. Population, commune, 2,946. 
 
 Baphomet (baf'6-met). The imaginary idol or 
 symbol which tlie Templars were accused of 
 worshiping. By some modern writers the 'Templars 
 are charged with a depraved Gnosticism, and the word 
 Baphomet has had given to it the signification of baptism 
 of wisdom (as if from Gr. (3a<f>ij, baptism, and gijnv, wis- 
 dom), baptism of fire; in other words, the Gnostic bap- 
 tism, a species of spiritual illumination. But this and 
 the other guesses are of no value. The word may be a 
 manipulated form of Mahomet, a name which took strange 
 shapes in the middle ages. 
 
 Baps (haps), Mr. In Charles Dickens’s novel 
 “Dombey and Son,” a dancing-master, “a 
 very grave gentleman.” 
 
 Baptist, The. See John. 
 
 Baptista (bap-tis'ta). In Shakspere’s “Tam- 
 ing of the Shrew,” a rich gentleman of Padua, 
 the father of Katharine. 
 
 Baptistery of San Giovanni. A baptistery at 
 Florence, Italy, remodeled by Arnolfo di Cam- 
 bio in the 13th century. It is octagonal in plan 
 (108 feet in diameter) ; the exterior is in white and black 
 marble, with arcades and inlaid panels; and the interior 
 is domed, with a small lantern. It is famous for its three 
 magnificent double gates in bronze, of which that on the 
 south is by Andrea Pisano (1330), and those on the north 
 and east by Ghiberti (1403-24). Andrea’s gate haB a beau- 
 tiful wreathed framing of leaves, flowers, and birds, and 
 twenty-eight panel-reliefs of the story of John the Baptist. 
 The north Ghiberti gate has also twenty-eight reliefs, 
 mostly of tlie life of Christ ; and the chief gate, that toward 
 the east, has in richly ornamented framing ten reliefs 
 from the Old Testament. 
 
 Baquedano (ba-ka-THa'no), Manuel. Bora in 
 Santiago, 1826. A Chilean soldier. He began the 
 Peruvian campaign of 1879 as a brigadier-general under 
 Escala, and in 1880 succeeded that general in command 
 of .the army of invasion, conducting the Tacna ami Lima 
 campaigns with an almost uninterrupted series of victo- 
 ries, the Peruvian forces being inferior. For his services 
 he was made generalissimo of the Chilean army. 
 
 Bar, Karl Ernst von. See Baer. 
 
 Bar (bar). An ancient territory in eastern 
 France, whose capital was Bar-le-Duc. it was 
 a county and later a duchy, was united with the duchy 
 of Lorraine in 1473, was annexed by France in 1659, and 
 was restored in 1661 to Lorraine, whose fortunes it fol- 
 lowed. 
 
 Bar. A town in the government of Podolia, 
 Russia, situated on the Roflf in lat. 49° 5' N., 
 long. 27° 40' E. Population, over 10,000. 
 
 Bar. See Antivari. 
 
 Bar, Confederation of. A union of Polish 
 patriots, led by members of the nobility, 
 formed at Bar, 1768, against the Russian in- 
 fluence and the dissidents. It carried on war 
 against the Russians, deposed the king (Stanislaus), was 
 suppressed by the Russians, and dissolved in 1772. 
 
 Bara (ba'ra), Jules. Born Aug. 31, 1835: died 
 June 26, 1900. A Belgian liberal politician, 
 minister of justice 1865-70 and 1878-84. 
 Baraba (ba-ra-ba/), or Barabinska (ba-ra- 
 ben'ska). A steppe in western Siberia, situated 
 between the rivers Obi and Irtish, in the govern- 
 ments of Tobolsk, Tomsk, and Akmolinsk. 
 Bara Banki (ba'ra ban'ke). A district in the 
 Faizabad division, United Provinces, British 
 India, about lat. 27° N., long. 81° 30' E. Area, 
 1,758 square miles. Population, 1,179,323. 
 Barabas. [See Barabbas.'] Tho Jew of Malta 
 in Marlowe’s play of that name. He not only rep- 
 resents the popular hatred of tlie Jew, but also the Jew’s 
 reciprocal hatred and revenge. He dies in a caldron of boil- 
 ing oil prepared for another. 
 
 Barabbas (ba-rab'as). [Aram., ‘son of the 
 father’ (teacher of master).] A robber and 
 insurrectionary leader whose release from 
 prison instead of that of Jesus was demanded 
 Of Pilate by the Jews. Also Barabas (which see). In 
 Elizabethan writers also Barrabas (bar'a-b^s). 
 
Baraboo 
 
 Baraboo (bar' a -bo). The capital of Sauk 
 County, Wisconsin, situated on the Baraboo 
 Biver 35 miles northwest of Madison. Popula- 
 tion, 6,324, (1910). 
 
 Barabra (ba-ra'bra), or Berabra. [Ar.] The 
 collective name of the Nubians who inhabit 
 the Nile valley from Assuan to Wadi Haifa. 
 Baracoa (ba-ra-ko'ii). A decayed seaport near 
 the eastern end of Cuba. Population, 5,633. 
 Barada (ba-ra'da). A river of Syria which 
 rises in Anti-Libanus, flows through Damascus, 
 and is lost in the desert: the ancient Abana. 
 Baradas (ba-ra-da/), Count. A conspirator 
 against Cardinal Richelieu in Bulwer’s play 
 “ Bichelieu.” 
 
 Baradla. See Agtelek. 
 
 Baraguay d’Hiiliers (ba-ra-ga/ de-ya'), 
 Achille. Born at Paris, Sept. 6, 1795: died 
 at Amelie-les-Balns, France, June 6, 1878. 
 A French marshal, son of Louis Baraguay 
 d’Hiiliers. He became governor of the military school 
 of Saint-Cyr 1833 ; was governor of Constantine, Algeria, 
 1843-44 ; commanded the French forces in Rome in 1849 ; 
 became marshal in 1864 ; commanded an army corps in the 
 Italian war of 1859 ; and became commandant of Paris at 
 the outbreak of the Franco-German war, but was removed 
 Aug. 12, 1870. 
 
 Baraguay d’Hiiliers, Louis. Born at Paris, 
 Aug. 13, 1764: died at Berlin, Jan. 6, 1813. A 
 French soldier, made general of brigade in 1793, 
 and general of division in 1797. He served as chief 
 of staff to General Custine ; fought in Italy under Napo- 
 leon 1790-97 ; was made commandant of Venice ; served 
 under Macdonald in 1799; commanded in Tyrol in 1809; 
 and led a division in the Russian campaign of 1812. 
 
 Barak (ba-rak'). A name given to the upper 
 course of the Surma, a river in British India. 
 Baralt (ba-ralt'), Rafael Maria. Born at 
 Maracaybo, July 2, 1814: died at Madrid, Jan. 
 2, 1860. A Venezuelan historian and soldier, 
 resident in Spain after 1843. He wrote “Resumen 
 de la Historia antigua y modema de Venezuela ” (Paris, 
 1841 et seq. : the last two volumes with the collaboration 
 of Ramon Diaz), etc. 
 
 Baramula (ba-ra-mo'la). A town in the western 
 part of Cashmere; the river-port of the state; 
 on the Jhelum west of Srinagar. Near it is the 
 famous gorge of the Jhelum. It was almost destroyed by 
 earthquake in 1885. Population, 5,866. 
 
 Baranof (ba-t-a'nof) Alexander Andrevitcb. 
 
 Born 1746: died 1819. A Bussian trader, first 
 governor of Bussian America. He founded a trad- 
 ing colony on Bering Strait in 1796, and took possession 
 of the island in the Sitka group which afterward bore his 
 name in 1799, founding there a factory and fortress. He 
 was ennobled by the emperor Alexander. 
 
 Baranof. See Sitka Island. 
 
 Barante (ba-ront'), Aimable Guillaume Pros- 
 per Brugi&re, Baron de. Bom at Biom, 
 France, June 10, 1782 : died Nov. 22, 1866. A 
 French statesman, historian, and general wri- 
 ter, son of Claude Ignace Brugiere, Baron de 
 Barante. He held various offices under the Empire and 
 Restoration, and was ambassador to Turin and St. Peters- 
 burg under Louis Philippe. Among his works are “ Ta- 
 bleau de la litterature francaise au dix-huiti&me siticle” 
 (1808), translations of Schiller’s dramatic works and of 
 “Hamlet, ” “Histoire desducsde Bourgogne delamaison 
 de Valois” (1824-26), ‘ Histoire de la convention natio- 
 nale ” (1851-53), and “Histoire du Directoire” (1855). 
 
 Barante, Claude Ignace Brugiere, Baron de. 
 
 Born at Biom, Dec. 10, 1745 : died May 20, 1814. 
 A French writer, father of the preceding, au- 
 thor of an “Examen du principe fondamental 
 des Maximes,” prefixed to an edition of La 
 Boehefoueauld’s “Maxims” (1798), etc. 
 Barante, Prosper Claude Ignace Brugi&re, 
 Baron de. Born at Paris, Aug. 27, 1816: died 
 there, May 10, 1889. A French senator, grand- 
 son of the preceding. 
 
 Barataria (ba-ra-ta-re'a). The island city over 
 which Sancho Panza, in “Don Quixote,” was 
 made governor. At his inauguration feast every dish 
 was snatched away untasted, so that he starved in the 
 midst of abundance. Disgusted with the joys of govern- 
 ment, after a short trial, he abjured his ephemeral royalty, 
 preferring his liberty. 
 
 Barataria Bay (bar-a-ta'ri-a ha). An inlet of 
 the Gulf of Mexico, on the southeastern coast 
 of Louisiana, west of the Mississippi. Length, 
 about 15 miles. 
 
 Barathron (bar'a-thron). [Gr. [3 apadpov, a pit.] 
 A steep ravine on the western slope of the Hill 
 of the Nymphs, at Athens, outside of the an- 
 cient walls, rendered more precipitous by an- 
 cient use of it as a quarry. This was the “pit” into 
 which the bodies of criminals were thrown in antiquity 
 after execution, or in some cases whUe still living. 
 
 Baratier (ba-ra-ter'), Johann Philipp. Born 
 at Schwabach in Anspach, 1721: died 1740. A 
 German scholar noted for his extraordinary 
 precociousness. He is said to have read and written 
 German and French at four years of age, Latin at five, and 
 
 118 
 
 Greek and Hebrew at seven. He compiled a Hebrew dic- 
 tionary at twelve, and published a French translation of 
 the Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela at thirteen. 
 
 Baraya (ba-ra'ya), Antonio. Born at San Juan 
 de Jeron in 1791: executed at Bogota, July 20, 
 1816. A New Granadan general. He joined the 
 revolutionists in 1810, and was one of the members of the 
 first independent Junta. He was captured by Morilla and 
 shot as a rebel. 
 
 Baraza (ba-ra'tha), or Barax (ba-ra'), Cypri- 
 ano. Born in France, 1642 : died in Mojos, Bo- 
 livia, Sept. 16, 1702. A Jesuit missionary who, 
 in 1674, was the first to visit the Mamore region, 
 in what is now northern Bolivia. He founded the 
 celebrated missions of Loreto and Trinidad ; and was 
 murdered by the Baures Indians in the forests east of 
 the Mamord. 
 
 Barbacena (bar-ba-sa'na). A small town in 
 the state of Minas Geraes, Brazil, northwest of 
 Bio de Janeiro. 
 
 Barbacena, Marquis of. See Caldeira Brant 
 Pontes, Felisberto. 
 
 Barbacoas (bar-ba-ko'as). A small town in 
 the department of Cauca, Colombia, near the 
 southwestern corner. 
 
 Barbadillo (bar-ba-del'yo), Alfonso Salas. 
 
 Born at Madrid about 1580 : died 1630. A 
 Spanish writer of note, author of tales, poems, 
 and numerous comedies. 
 
 Barbados, or Barbadoes (bar-ba'doz). An 
 island of the British West Indies, near the Wind- 
 ward group, situated east of St. Vincent, in 
 lat. 13° 4' N., long. 59° 37’ W. Its chief exports 
 are sugar, rum, and molasses. The capital is Bridgetown. 
 It is governed by governor, executive committee, legisla- 
 tive council, and House of Assembly. It was colonized in 
 1625. Length, 21 miles ; width, 15 miles. Area, 166 square 
 miles. Population, 194,477. 
 
 Barbalbo Bezerra (bar-bal'yobe-zer'ra), Luiz. 
 Born at Pernambuco, 1601: died at Bio de 
 Janeiro, 1644. A leader of the Portuguese in 
 the war with the Dutch at Pernambuco and 
 Bahia, 1630-40. For illegal acts he was called to Por- 
 tugal in 1640 and for a time imprisoned, hut was subse- 
 quently pardoned and employed in the war with Spain. 
 In 1643 he returned to Brazil as governor of the capitania 
 of Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 Barbara (bar'ba-ra), Saint. [L. Barbara, Gr. 
 Kapjiapr/, It. and Sp. Barbara, F. Barbe.~\ A 
 virgin martyr and saint of the Greek and Boman 
 Catholic churches, martyred at Nicomedia (?), 
 Bithynia, about 235 A. D. (or 306?). She is com- 
 memorated in the Greek and Boman churches 
 on Dec. 4. 
 
 Barbara. In Charles Dickens’s tale “The Old 
 Curiosity Shop,” “a little servant girl, very 
 tidy, modest, and demure, but very pretty 
 too”: afterward Mrs. Kit Nubbles. 
 
 Barbara Allen’s Cruelty. An old ballad, given 
 in Percy’s “ Beliques,” relating the cruelty to 
 her lover, and subsequent remorse, of Barbara 
 Allen. There is another version called “Bonny 
 Barbara Allan,” which is not so popular. 
 
 Barbarelli. See Giorgione. 
 
 Barbarossa (bar-ba-ros'a). [It., ‘Bed-beard.’] 
 See Frederick /., “Barbarossa,” Emperor of 
 Germany. 
 
 Barbarossa, Horuk. Died 1518. A Moham- 
 medan corsair, a native of Mytilene, who con- 
 quered and became the ruler of Algiers about 
 1517. He was defeated and slain by an army sent against 
 him by the (later) emperor Charles V., 1518. Also written 
 XTruj, Aruch , Arooj, Horush, and Horuc. 
 
 Barbarossa, Khair-ed-Din, or Kheyr-ed-Din. 
 
 Died at Constantinople, 1546. Brother of Horuk 
 whom be succeeded 1518 as Bey of Algiers. 
 Having surrendered the sovereignty of Algiers to the 
 Turkish sultan Selim I., in order to gain support against 
 the Spaniards, he was appointed governor-general, and re- 
 ceived 1519 a reinforcement of 2,000 janizaries. He made 
 himself master of Tunis, but in 1535 the emperor Charles 
 V. besieged and captured the city and liberated a vast 
 number of Christian slaves. He was appointed high ad- 
 miral of the Ottoman fleets 1537, and in conjunction with 
 Francis I. captured Nice 1543. 
 
 Barbaroux (bar-ba-rd'), Charles Jean Marie. 
 
 Born at Marseilles, March 6, 1767 : guillotined at. 
 Bordeaux, June 25, 1794. A noted Girondist 
 orator and politician, a lawyer by profession. 
 He led the Marseilles battalion in the attack on the Tui- 
 leries Aug. 10, 1792, and was a Girondist deputy to the 
 National Convention. He was proscribed May 31, 1793, 
 as a royalist and enemy of the republic. 
 
 Barbary, Roan. The favorite horse of Rich- 
 ard II. See Skakspere’s “Richard II.,” v. 5. 
 
 Barbary (bar'ba-ri). [Formerly Barbarie, F. 
 Barbaric, ML. L. Barbaria, MGr. hapfiapia, land 
 of barbarians, or foreigners, applied in L. to 
 Italy (as distinguished from Greece), Persia, 
 Phrygia, Scythia, Gaul, etc.] A general name 
 for the regions along or near the northern coast 
 of Africa, west of Egypt, comprising Morocco, 
 Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli, Barca, and Fezzan. 
 
 Barbason (bar'ba-son). A fiend referred to in 
 
 Barbey d’Aurevilly 
 
 Shakspere’s “Henry V.,” act ii., scene 1, and 
 “Merry Wives of Windsor,” act ii., scene 2. 
 
 I am not Barbason; you cannot conjure me. Hen. V. 
 
 Barbastro (bar-bas'tro). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Huesca, northeastern Spain, situated on 
 the Vero 60 miles east-northeast of Saragossa. 
 It has a cathedral. Population, 7,033. 
 
 Barbauld (bar' bald), Mrs. (Anna Letitia 
 Aikin). Born at Kibworth-Harcourt, Leices- 
 tershire, June 20, 1743: died at Stoke-Newiug- 
 ton, March 9, 1825. An English poet and essay- 
 ist, daughter of Bev. John Aikin and the wife 
 of Bev. Bochemont Barbauld. She wrote “Poems ” 
 (1773), “Hymns in Prose for Children, ’ “TheFemale Spec- 
 tator ” (1811), a poem “ Eighteen Hundred and Eleven ” 
 (1812), etc. 
 
 Barbazan (bar-ba-zon'), Arnauld Guilhelm 
 
 de. Died 1432. A French general in the service 
 of Charles VII., sumamed the “Knight with- 
 out Reproach .” He defeated the combined English and 
 Burgundian army at La Croisette 1430, in consequence of 
 which he was made governor of Champagne and Brie, with 
 the title of Restorer of the Kingdom and Crown of P rance. 
 
 Barbazon. See Barbison. 
 
 Barbe-Bleue (barb'ble'). [F., ‘Bluebeard.’] 
 1. A comedy by Sedaine, with music by Grdtry, 
 produced in Paris in 1789. — 2. An opera bouife, 
 words by Meilhac and Iialevy, music by Offen- 
 bach, produced in 1866. — 3. See Bluebeard. 
 
 Barbe-Marbois. See Marbois. 
 
 Barber (bar' her), Francis. Born at Prince- 
 ton, N. J., 1751 : died at Newburg, N. Y , Feb. 11, 
 1783. An American officer (lieutenant-colonel ) 
 in the Revolutionary War. He taught at Elizabeth- 
 town 1769-76, having among his pupils Alexander Hamii- 
 ton. In 1781 he was selected by Washington to quell the 
 mutiny of the New Jersey and Pennsylvania troops. 
 
 Barber, John Warner. Born at Windsor, 
 Conn., 1798 : died 1885. An American historical 
 writer, author of ‘ ‘ History and Antiquities of 
 New England, New York, and New Jersey,” 
 1841, etc. 
 
 Barber, Mary. Born in Ireland (?) about 1690: 
 died 1757. An English poet, best known as a 
 friend of Swift. 
 
 Barber of Seville, The. See Barbier and Bar- 
 
 biere. 
 
 Barber Poet. An epithet of Jacques Jasmin. 
 
 Barberini (bar-be-re'ne). A Boman princely 
 family named from Barberino di Val d’Elsa, 
 near Florence, in Tuscany. Its power and wealth 
 were established by Carlo Maffeo Barberini, Pope Urban 
 VIII., who made his brother, Antonio, and two nephews, 
 Francesco and Antonio, cardinals, and gave to a third 
 nephew, Taddeo, the principality of Palestrina. The fam- 
 ily has a magnificent palace and library at Rome. 
 
 Barberini, Francesco. Born at Barberino, 
 Tuscany, 1264: died 1348. An Italian poet and 
 jurist, author of “Documentid’Amore” (printed 
 1640). 
 
 Barberini, Maffeo. See Urban VIII. 
 
 Barberini faun. An ancient statue now m the 
 Glyptothek, Munich, Bavaria. It formerly be- 
 longed to the Barberini family at Rome. 
 
 Barberini Palace. A palace in Borne, near the 
 Quirinal, begun by Urban VIII., and finished 
 in 1640. It is noted for its art treasures. 
 
 Barberini vase. See Portland vase. 
 
 Barberino (bar-be-re'no). A small town in Tus- 
 cany, Italy, 18 miles south of Florence. 
 
 Barberino di Mugello (bar-be-re'no de mo- 
 jel'lo). A small town in Tuscany, Italy, 17 
 miles north of Florence. 
 
 Barberton (bar'ber-ton). A town in the 
 Transvaal, South Africa, about 150 miles 
 west of Delagoa Bay. Population, about 
 4,000. 
 
 Barbes (bar-ba/), Armand. Born at Pointe- 
 a-Pitre, Guadeloupe, Sept. 18, 1809: died at 
 The Hague, June 26, 1870. A French revolu- 
 tionist. He was sentenced to death (commuted to per- 
 petual imprisonment) for complicity in the attack on the 
 Conciergerie May 12, 1839 ; was released by the February 
 Revolution 1848 ; was condemned to perpetual imprison- 
 ment lor participation in the attempt to overthrow the 
 National Assembly May 15, 1848; and was restored to lib- 
 erty in 1854. Author of “ Deux jours de condam nation A 
 mort " (1848). 
 
 Barbeu-Dubourg (bar-be'dii-bor'), Jacques. 
 Born atMayenne, Feb. 12, 1709: died at Paris, 
 Dec. 14, 1779. A French physician, naturalist, 
 and philosophical writer. He wrote botanical and 
 medical works, “Petit code de la raison humaine" (1774), 
 “Chronograpliie ’’ (1753), “ Le calendrier de Philadelphie” 
 (1778), etc. 
 
 Barbey d’Aurevilly (bar-ba'do-re-ve-ye'), 
 Jules Am6d6e. Born at Saint-Sauveur-le- 
 Vieomte, Manche, France, Nov. 2, 1808: died 
 at Paris, April 23. 1889. He came to Paris in 1851, 
 and founded, with Escudier and Granier de Cassagnac, 
 “Le rdveil.' He wrote “Une vieille maitresse” (1851), 
 “ L’Ensorcelde ” (1874), “ Le prfitre marid ” (1865). 
 
Barbeyrac 
 
 Barbeyrac (bar -ba-rak'), Jean. Born at Beziers, 
 France, March 15, 1674 : died March 3, 1744. A 
 French writer on law, translator of Puffen- 
 dorf’s “Law of Nature and of Nations.” 
 Barbezieux(bar-be-ze-e'). Atowninthedepart- 
 ment of Cliarente, France, 20 miles southwest 
 of Angouleme. Population, commune, 4,204. 
 Barbiano (bar- be -5/ no), Alberico, Count. 
 Died 1409. An Italian general. He formed, about 
 1379, the hist regular company of Italian as opposed to 
 foreign mercenaries in Italy. In this company, called the 
 “Company of St. George," were trained some of the best 
 generals of the time. Barbiano became grand constable 
 of Naples in 1384. 
 
 Barbican (bar'bi-kan). A locality in London, 
 so called, as the name indicates, from a former 
 watch-tower of which nothing now remains. 
 Milton lived here in 1646-47, and here he wrote some of his 
 shorter poems. Wheeler , Familiar Allusions. 
 
 Barbie du Bocage (bar-be-a' dii bo-kazh'), 
 Jean Denis. Born at Paris, April 28, 1760: 
 died there, Dec. 28, 1825. A French geographer 
 and philologist. 
 
 Barbiej (bar-be-a' ) , Antoine Alexandre. Born 
 at Coulommiers, Seine-et-Marne, France, Jan. 
 11, 1765 : died at Paris, Dec. 6, 1825. A French 
 bibliographer, author of a “ Dictionnaire des 
 outrages anonymes et pseudonym.es” (1806-08), 
 etc. 
 
 Barbier, Henri Auguste. Born at Paris, April 
 29, 1805 : died at Nice, Feb. 13, 1882. A French 
 poet. His best-known work is “Les Iarnbes” (1831), a series 
 of satires, political and social, occasioned by the revolu- 
 tion of 1830. The most famous is “ La Ouree, ” a satire on 
 the scramble for place under the Orleanist government. 
 
 Barbier, Paul Jules. Born at Paris, March 8, 
 1825 : died there, Jan. 16, 1901. A French dra- 
 matic poet and librettist. He published the drama 
 “ Un poete ’’ in 1847, and from 1850 worked much in col : 
 laboration with Michel Carr6, as in “Cora on l’escla- 
 vage" (1866), etc. 
 
 Barbier de Seville (bar-be-a' de sa-vel'), Le. 
 [F. , ‘ Barber of Seville.’] 1 . A comedy by Beau- 
 marchais, first composed in 1772 as a comic 
 opera. It was refused, and in 1775, after various vicis- 
 situdes, appeared in its present form as a comedy. It is 
 in this play that Figaro makes his first appearance. 
 
 2 (It. II Barbiere di Siviglia). An opera 
 boulfe, after Beaumarchais’s comedy, the music 
 by Paisiello, first played in St. Petersburg in 
 1780 and in Paris in 1789. — 3 (It. 17 Barbiere 
 di Siviglia). An opera boulfe, after Beaumar- 
 chais’s play, words by Sterbini, music by Ros- 
 sini, presented in Rome in 1816 and in Paris in 
 1819. It was hissed on the first night, but grew in favor 
 and became one of the most popular operas ever written. 
 Other operas of thi3 name founded on the same play have 
 been produced. 
 
 Barbieri, Giovanni Francesco. See Ghiercino. 
 Barbieri (bar-be-a're), Paolo Antonio. Born 
 1596: died 1640. A Bolognese painter of ani- 
 mals, fruits, and flowers, brother of Guercino. 
 Barbison (bar-bi-son'). A small village near the 
 forest of Fontainebleau. It is noted as being 
 one of the favorite haunts of what is known as 
 the Fontainebleau group of painters. Also 
 Barbizon. See Fontainebleau. 
 
 Barbon (bar'bon), or Barebone (bar' bon), or 
 Barebones (bar'bonz), Praisegod. Born 
 about 1596: died 1679. An English Baptist 
 preacher, leather-dealer, and politician. He 
 became a member of Cromwell’s “ little parliament " of 
 1653, named, by its enemies, for him, “Barebone’s Parlia- 
 ment." He is said (probably erroneously) to have had 
 two brothers named respectively “Christ-came-into-the- 
 world-to-save,” and “If-Christ-had-not-died-thou-hadst- 
 been-damned ’’ (familiarly abbreviated to "Damned "). 
 
 Barbosa (bar-bo' sa), Duarte. BomatLisbon: 
 died May 1, 1521. A Portuguese navigator. 
 He visited India and the Moluccas, and prepared a man- 
 uscript account of his journey, which was printed by 
 Ramusio in Italian as “Sommario di tutti 14 regni dell’ 
 Indie oriental e," the original Portuguese being printed by 
 the Lisbon Academy in the “Noticias Ultramarinas " in 
 1813. He accompanied Magellan in the voyage around 
 the world, and was killed soon after the death of his chief 
 in the island of Cebu. 
 
 Barbosa Machado, Diogo. Born at Lisbon, 
 March 31, 1682 : died 1770. A Portuguese bib- 
 liographer. He wrote a biographical and critical notice 
 of Portuguese writers, “Bibliotheca Lusitana, etc." (1741- 
 1759). 
 
 Barbotan (bar-bo-ton'). A watering-place in 
 the department of Gers, France, situated near 
 the Douze 38 miles west-southwest of Agen. 
 It has hot mineral springs. 
 
 Barbou (biir-bo'). A noted French family of 
 printers which flourished from about 1540 to 
 1808. The most famous were Jean, the founder of the 
 family; Hugues, his son ; and Joseph Gerard (about the 
 middle of the 18th century). 
 
 Barbour (bar'b6r), James. [An archaic form 
 of Barber.'] Born in Orange County, Va., June 
 10, 1775: died near Gordonsville, Va., June 8, 
 
 119 
 
 1842. An American statesman. He was admitted 
 to the bar 1794 ; became United States senator from Vir- 
 ginia 1815 ; resigned, 1825, on being appointed secretary of 
 war by President John Quincy Adams ; and was minister 
 to England 1828-29. 
 
 Barbour, John. Born about 1316: died March 
 13, 1395. A Scottish poet, archdeacon of Aber- 
 deen, and an auditor of the exchequer. His chief 
 poem is “ The Bruce" (1375; edited by Skeat for the 
 E. E. T. S. 1870-77). See Bruce, The. 
 
 Barbour, John S. Born in Culpeper County, 
 Va., Aug. 8, 1790: died there, Jan. 12, 1855. 
 An American politician, Democratic member 
 of Congress from Virginia 1823-33. 
 
 Barbour, Oliver Lorenzo. Born at Cambridge, 
 Washington County, New York, July 12, 18ll : 
 died at Saratoga, N. Y., Dec. 17, 1889. An 
 American legal writer. 
 
 Barbour, Philip Pendleton. Born in Orange 
 County, Va., May 25, 1783: died at Washington, 
 D. C., Feb. 24, 1841. An American politician 
 and jurist, brother of James Barbour. He was 
 member of Congress from Virginia 1814-25 ; speaker of 
 the House 1821-23 ; member of Congress 1827-30 ; one of 
 the candidates for the Democratic nomination for vice- 
 president in 1832 ; and associate justice of the United 
 States Supreme Court 1836-41. 
 
 Barbox Brothers (bar'boks bruTH'erz), and 
 Barbox Brothers and Co. A story and its 
 sequel by Charles Dickens, included in “Mugby 
 Junction,” an extra Christmas number of “All 
 the Year Round,” 1866. 
 
 Barboza, Domingos Caldas. See Caldas Bar- 
 bosa. 
 
 Barboza, Francisco Villela. See Villela Bar- 
 boza. 
 
 Barbuda (bar-bo'da). An island of the British 
 West Indies, belonging to the Leeward group, 
 situated 30 miles north of Ant igua, in lat. 17° 35' 
 N., long. 61° 45' W. It is a political dependency 
 of Antigua. Length, 10 miles. Population, 775. 
 
 Barby (bar'be). A town in the province of 
 Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Elbe, near the 
 mouth of the Saale, 17 miles southeast of Mag- 
 deburg. It was the seat of a former countship. 
 Population, commune, 5,301. 
 
 Barca (bar'ka), or Barcas (bar'kas). A sur- 
 name, meaning (probably) ‘lightning,’ of sev- 
 eral Carthaginian generals. The most noted 
 was Hamilcar. 
 
 Barca, Conde de. See Araujo de Asevedo. 
 Barca (bar'ka). A former vilayet (Bengazi) 
 of the Turkish empire (1879-1912), in northern 
 Africa, bounded by the Mediterranean on the 
 north, Egypt on the east, and the Gulf of Sidra 
 on the west: a part of ancient Cyrenaica. 
 A small part of it is very fertile ; the remainder is largely 
 a desert. Capital, Bengazi. It now forms part of the 
 Italian province of Libya. Area, about 20,000 square miles. 
 Population, about 300,000. 
 
 Barca. In ancient geography, a city of Cyre- 
 naiea, Africa, situated near the coast : one of 
 the cities of the Pentapolis. 
 
 Barca. A river in eastern Africa which flows 
 toward the Red Sea south of Suakim. 
 
 Barca. A district north of Abyssinia, about lat. 
 
 16° N., near the upper course of the river Barca. 
 Barcellona (bar-ehel-16'na). A town in the 
 province of Messina, Sicily, 22 miles west by 
 south of Messina. Pop., commune, 23,493. 
 Barcelona (bar-se-lo'na; Sp. pron. bar-tha-lo'- 
 na). A province in Catalonia, Spain, bounded 
 by Gerona on the northeast, the Mediterranean 
 Sea on the southeast, and Lerida and Tarra- 
 gona on the west. Area, 2,968 square miles. 
 Population, 1,054,541. 
 
 Barcelona. A seaport and capital of the prov- 
 ince of Barcelona, situated on the Mediterra- 
 nean between the mouths of the Llobregat and 
 Besos, in lat. 41° 22' N., long. 2° 11' E. : the 
 ancient Barcino or Barcelo (Roman Colonia 
 Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino), said to 
 have been founded or rebuilt by Hamilcar Barca, 
 and named for him : called in the middle ages 
 Barcinona or Barchinona (Ar. Barchaluna). it 
 is the second city in Spain, and one of the principal com- 
 mercial places in the peninsula, and a strong fortress. It 
 has regular steam communication with the Mediterranean 
 ports, Great Britain, and South America. It is the seat of 
 a noted university, founded in 1596. It was an important 
 Roman and Gothic city ; became the capital of the Span- 
 ish March ; was governed by counts of Barcelona and was 
 annexed (12th century) to Aragon. It was a great com- 
 mercial and literary center in the middle ages ; came for 
 a short time under French rule in 1640; returned to Spain 
 in 1652, was occupied by Franco in 1697, and was restored 
 to Spain by the Peace of Ryswick ; was taken by Peter- 
 borough in 1705 ; was stormed by the Duke of Berwick 
 in 1714; was taken by the French in 1808, and held un- 
 til 1814 ; and has been the scene of various insurrections 
 (1835-36, 1840-42, Progressist outbreak 1856, Federalist 
 1874). It was the seat of an international exhibition in 
 1887. The Column of Columbus, at the junction of the 
 Rambla and marine Paseo, is a tine Corinthian column of 
 
 Barclay Sound 
 
 bronze, 197 feet high, supporting a statue of the discoverer, 
 and rising from a stone pedestal ornamented with bronze 
 reliefs and Victories and surrounded with marble statues. 
 The cathedral of Barcelona is of the 14th century. The in- 
 terior is highly picturesque in its perspectives, and impres- 
 sive in its effects of light. Close to the west end there is a 
 beautiful octagonal lantern. From here extends the nave, 
 from the capitals of whose lofty piers the vaulting-ribs 
 spring directly. The clearstory consists merely of a row of 
 small roses. The aisles are almost as high as the nave, and 
 the church is lighted by windows in the deep galleries over 
 the side-chapels. There are two beautiful Romanesque 
 doors belonging to an older cathedral, and a light and spa- 
 cious Gothic cloister, with fountains. It was the scene of 
 revolutionary riots in 1909. Population, 698,556. 
 Barcelona. A town in Venezuela, situatednear 
 the Caribbean Sea 160 miles east of Caracas. 
 Population, about 12,000. 
 
 Barceloneta (bar-tha-16-na'ta). A maritime 
 suburb of Barcelona, Spain. 
 
 Barcelonnette (bar-se-lon-net'). A town in 
 the department of Basses-Alpes, situated on 
 the Ubave 32 miles east-southeast of Gap. 
 It has suffered severely in the wars of the frontier. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 2,405. 
 
 Barcena, or Barzena (bar-tha'na), Alonso de. 
 
 Born at Baeza, 1528: died at Cuzco, Jan., 1598. 
 A Spanish Jesuit, called the “Apostle of Peru.” 
 He was sent to Peru in 1570, and was one of those em- 
 ployed to instruct the young Inca Tupac Amaru before 
 his execution. The remainder of Barcena’s life was spent 
 in laboring among the Indians of Peru, Charcas, Tucu- 
 man, and the Gran Chaco. He wrote a polyglot work on 
 their languages, which is supposed to be lost. 
 
 Barcia (bar-the'a), Andres Gonzalez. Bom 
 at Madrid, 1670 : died there, Nov. 4, 1743. A 
 Spanish historian. He was one of the founders of 
 the Spanish Academy, and held various honorary offices. 
 He wrote “Ensayo cronolbgico para la historia general de 
 la Florida ” (Madrid, 1723), and edited an extensive series 
 of historical works relating to America, with the general 
 title “Historiadoresprimitivosdelndias.” This includes 
 reprints of Herrera, Oviedo, Gomara, Zarate, Garcilaso, 
 Torquemada, etc. 
 
 Barcino (bar'si-no). The ancient name of Bar- 
 celona, Spain. 
 
 Barclay (bar'kla), Alexander. Born probably 
 in Scotland about 1475 : died at Croydon, Eng- 
 land, 1552. A British poet, author of “ The Ship 
 of Fools,” “Eclogues,” etc. See Ship of Fools. 
 He was a monk of Ely and Canterbury, priest in the 
 College of Ottery St. Mary, vicar of Much Badew in Essex, 
 and rector of All Hallows, Lombard street, London. 
 
 Barclay (bar-kla'), John. Born at Pont-S,- 
 Mousson, France, Jan. 28, 1582: died Aug. 15, 
 1621. A Scottish poet, a son of William Barclay. 
 He wrote “Satyricon " (1603 : second part 1607), “Sylvie ” 
 (Latin poems, 1606), “Apologia" (1611), “Icon Animo- 
 rum” (1614), and the “Argenis” (which see). 
 
 Barclay (bar'kla), John. Born at Muthill, in 
 Perthshire, 1734: died at Edinburgh, July 29, 
 1798. A clergyman of the church of Scotland, 
 founder of the sect “Barclayites,” or “Bere- 
 ans.” 
 
 Barclay, John. Born in Perthshire, Dec. 10, 
 1758: died Aug. 21, 1826. A Scotch anatomist, 
 lecturer on anatomy at Edinburgh. He wrote 
 “ A New Anatomical Nomenclature " (1803), “ The Muscu- 
 lar Motions of the Human Body " (1808), “ A Description 
 of the Arteries of the Human Body ” (1812), etc. 
 Barclay, Robert. Born at Gordonstown, 
 Morayshire, Scotland, Dec. 23, 1648: died at 
 Ury, Kincardineshire, Scotland, Oct. 3, 1690. 
 A Scottish writer, a member of the Society of 
 Friends. He wrote the “Apology for the True Christian 
 Divinity ” (1678), a standard exposition of the doctrines 
 of the sect. He was one of the proprietors, and nominal 
 governor, of East New Jersey. 
 
 Barclay, Thomas. Born at Unst, in Shetland, 
 June, 1792 : died at Glasgow, Scotland, Feb. 23, 
 1873. A Scottish divine, principal of the Uni- 
 versity of Glasgow 1858-73. 
 
 Barclay (bar-kla'), William. Born in Scotland 
 about 1546: died at Angers, July 3, 1608. A Scotch 
 jurist, professor of civil law at Pont-a-Mousson 
 and Angers: author of “De regno et regali po- 
 testate”(1600),“De potestate pap8e”(1609),etc. 
 Barclay-Allardice, Robert. See Allardice, 
 Robert Barclay. 
 
 Barclay de Tolly (bar'kla de to'le), Prince 
 Michael Andreas. Born at Lukde-Grosshoff, 
 Livonia, Dec. 27 (N. S. ), 1761: died May 26 
 (N. S.), 1818. A Russian field-marshal, of 
 Scotch descent, ne served in the wars with Turkey, 
 Sweden, and Poland ; commanded the advance-guard at 
 Pultusk ; was wounded at Eylau 1807 ; served with dis- 
 tinction in the war with Sweden 1808-09 ; led an expedition 
 across the Gulf of Bothnia on the ice in 1809; became 
 minister of war 1810 ; and commanded against Napoleon 
 in 1812. After his defeat at Smolensk he was replaced by 
 Kutusoff. He served with distinction at Borodino and 
 at Bautzen ; conquered Thorn in 1813 ; became commander 
 of the Russian contingent in 1813; and served at Dresden, 
 Leipsie, and in France. 
 
 Barclay Sound (bar'kla sound). [From its dis- 
 coverer, Captain Barclay, an Englishman.] An 
 inlet of the Pacific on the southwestern coast 
 of Vancouver Island. 
 
Barco Centenera 
 
 Barco Centenera (bar'ko then-ta-na'ra), Mar- 
 tin del. Born at Logrosan, Spain, 1535 : died at 
 Lisbon, 1604. A Spanish ecclesiastic. He went 
 to the Plata in 1572, witnessed the founding of Buenos 
 Ayres (1580), traveled extensively, visiting Peru in 1582, 
 and became archdeacon of Paraguay. After 1596 he re- 
 sided in Lisbon, Portugal, where his poem “La Argen- 
 tina ” was published in 1602. It is a chronicle in verse 
 of the Platine conquests, of great historical value in parts, 
 but with little poetical merit. 
 
 Bar-Cocheba (bar-kok'e-ba), or Bar-Cochba 
 
 (bar-kok'ba), or Barcochebas (bar-kok'e-bas). 
 [Aram., 'son of the star’: cf. Nam. xxiv. 17.] 
 A Hebrew whose real name was Bar Coziba 
 (from 'the town Coziba), the heroic leader of 
 the Jewish insurrection against the Romans, 
 132-135 A. D. He was believed by many Jews to be 
 the Messiah, was proclaimed king, and maintained his 
 cause against Hadrian for two years, but was overthrown 
 amid the slaughter of over half a million Jews, and the 
 destruction of 986 villages and 50 fortresses. Jerusalem 
 was destroyed and -SClia Capitolina founded on its ruins. 
 After his failure his name was interpreted toenean ‘son 
 of lies.’ 
 
 Bard (bard), Samuel. Born at Philadelphia, 
 April 1, 1742: died at Hyde Park, N. ¥., May 
 24, 1821. An American physician and medical 
 writer, president of the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons at New York 1813-21- 
 Bard, The. A poem by Gray, published in 1758. 
 It begins with the familiar phrase “ Ruin seize 
 thee, ruthless King.” 
 
 Bard, It. Bardo (bar 'do). A village in the 
 province of Turin, Italy, situated on the Dora 
 Baltea 38 miles north of Turin, itsfort commands 
 the St. Bernard passes, and resisted IS apoleon’s passage of 
 the Alps in 1800. 
 
 Bardas (bar ' das). [MGr. BdpJaf.] Died at 
 Kepos, in Caria, Asia Minor, April 21, 866. A 
 Byzantine politician. He was the brother of the em- 
 press Theodora, and, on the death of her husband, the em- 
 peror Theopkilus, was appointed one of the tutors of her 
 son, Michael III. He killed his colleague Theoctistes, 
 confined Theodora in the monastery of Gastria, and per- 
 suaded Michael to confer on him the title of Caesar; but was 
 superseded in the favor of the emperor by Basil the Mace- 
 donian and was assassinated. 
 
 Bardell (bar-del'), Mrs. Martha. An accom- 
 modating landlady who let lodgings to Mr. Pick- 
 wick, in Dickens’s “Pickwick Papers,” and 
 brought a suit for breach of promise against 
 him. 
 
 Barderah (bar'de-ra). A town in Somaliland, 
 East Africa, situated on the river Juba about 
 lat. 2° 30' N. 
 
 Bardesanes (bar-de-sa'nez), or Bardaisan 
 
 (bar-di-san'). Born at Edessa, Mesopotamia, 
 about 155 A. D.: died 223. A Syrian scholar. 
 He was the author of mystic hymns of a Gnostic character, 
 which were employed by the Syrian Christians for more 
 than two centuries, when they were driven out of use by 
 the more orthodox work of Ephraem the Syrian. Of his 
 numerous works only a dialogue on fate survives. 
 
 Bardhwan. See Burdwan. 
 
 Bardi (bar'de), Bardo di. Iu George Eliot’s 
 novel “Romola,” a blind Florentine scholar, 
 the father of Romola. 
 
 Bardi. A small town in the province of Pia- 
 cenza, Italy, 32 miles west-southwest of Parma. 
 Bardili (bar-de'le), Christoph Gottfried. Born 
 at Blaubeuren, in Wurtemberg. May 28, 1761: 
 died at Stuttgart, June 5, 1808. A German 
 philosopher. He was professor of philosophy in the 
 gymnasium at Stuttgart, and the expounder of a system 
 of rational realism which exerted considerable influence 
 upon later metaphysical speculation (Schelling, Hegel). 
 His “ Grundriss der ersteu Logik ” (1800) is notable for its 
 criticism of Kant. 
 
 Bardo (bar'do). A castle near Tunis, the seat 
 of the government of Tunis. 
 
 Bardolph (bar'dolf). 1 . A character in Shak- 
 spere’s plays “Henry IV.,” parts I. and II., 
 “ Henry V.,” and “Merry Wives of Windsor.” 
 He is a sharper and hanger-on, one of Falstaff’s dissolute 
 and amusing companions, called “The Knight of the 
 Burning Lamp ” by 1’alst alf on account of his red nose : a 
 creature, like Nym and Pistol, without honor or principle. 
 2 (Bardolph, Lord). A character in Skak- 
 spere’s “Henry IV.,” part II. 
 
 Bardonnechia (bar-don-nek'ke-fi), F. Bardon- 
 n&che (bar-don-nash'). A place in the prov- 
 ince of Turin, Italy, situated at the Italian en- 
 trance to the Mont Cenis tunnel. 
 
 Bardoux (bar-do'), Ag6nor. Born 1829 : died 
 1897. A French politician and writer. He was 
 
 minister of public instruction, ecclesiastical affairs, and 
 fine arts from Dec. 14, 1877, till the resignation of Presi- 
 dent MacMahon, and in 1882 was appointed senator for 
 life. He is the author of “ Les Kgistes et leur influence 
 sur la suciote franpaise” (1878), etc. 
 
 Bardowiek (bar'do-vek). A small town in 
 the province of Hanover, Prussia, situated on 
 the Ilmenau 24 miles southeast of Hamburg. 
 •It has a ruined cathedral. It was important in the early 
 middle ages, was destroyed by Henry the T.ion in 1189, and 
 became later the chief trading town iu northern Germany. 
 
 120 
 
 Bardsey (bard'zi). A small island of Wales, 
 off the southwestern point of Carnarvonshire. 
 Bardwan. See Burdwan. 
 
 Barea (ba're-a). A heathen tribe, pressed in 
 between Egypt and Abyssinia, and between the 
 Kunamaand Bishari tribes. Ithasoccupied itspres- 
 ent habitation from the earliest period. The lauguage is 
 generally held to be Hamitic, but mixed. 
 
 Barebones, Praisegod. See Barbon, Praisegod. 
 Bareges (bar-azh'), or Bareges-les-Bains (biir- 
 azh'la-ban'). A watering-place in the depart- 
 ment of Hautes-Pyren6es, France, 23 miles 
 south of Tarbes. It is a summer resort noted 
 for its mineral (sulphate of soda) baths. 
 Bareilly (bar-a'le), or Bareli. A district in 
 the Bareilly or Bohilkhand division, United 
 Provinces, British India, about lat. 28° 30' N., 
 long. 79° 30'E. Area, 1,580 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 1,090,117. 
 
 Bareilly. The capital of the Bareilly district, 
 near the Ramganga, 135 miles east of Delhi. 
 It was held by the mutineers 1857-58. Popu- 
 lation, including cantonment, 131,208. 
 Barentin (ba-ron-tan'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Seine-I ii fori cure, France, 11 miles 
 northwest of Rouen. Population, commune, 
 6,039. 
 
 Barents (ba'rents), Willem. Died in the Arc- 
 tic regions, June 20, 1597. A Dutch Arctic 
 navigator, commander of several exploring ex- 
 peditions to Nova Zembla and Spitzbergen, 
 1594-97. In his first voyage, which was an attempt to 
 discover a passage to China through the Arctic Ocean, he 
 reached lat. 77° or 78° ; on his last (1596-97), in which 
 Spitzbergen was discovered, he reached lat. 80° 11'. 
 
 Barents Sea. [From Willem Barents.] That 
 part of the Arctic Ocean which lies between 
 Nova Zembla, Spitzbergen, and the mainland. 
 Barbre de Vieuzac (ba-rar' de ve-e-zak'), Ber- 
 trand. Born at Tarbes, France, Sept. 10, 
 1755: died Jan. 13, 1841. A French lawyer, 
 politician, and agitator. He was deputy to the Con- 
 stitutional Assembly in 1789, and to tile Convention in 
 1792 ; president of the Convention during the trial of 
 Louis XVI. ; member of the Committee of Public Safety ; 
 and deputy in the Hundred Days of 1815. 
 
 Bares, or Barres (ba-ras'). A tribe of Indians 
 now located in northern Brazil and Venezuela, 
 on the upper Rio Negro and Cassiquiare. it 
 appears that they formerly occupied much of the region 
 bordering the Negro, and that they were very numerous. 
 They are an agricultural and unwarlike people, living in 
 fixed villages. By their language they are related to the 
 Arawak stock. The remnants are imperfectly civilized 
 and some of them are nominally Catholics. 
 
 Baretti (ba-ret'te), Giuseppe Marc’ Antonio. 
 
 Bom at Turin, April 25, 1719: died at London, 
 May 6, 1789. An Italian writer and lexicog- 
 rapher. He wrote “ Lettere fatnigliari ” (1762), and com- 
 piled an English-Italian and Italian-English dictionary 
 (1760), a Spanish-English dictionary (1778), etc. 
 
 Barfleur (bar-fler'). A small seaport in the de- 
 partment of Manche, France, 15 miles east of 
 Cherbourg. It was an important port in the 
 middle ages. 
 
 Barfod (bar'fot), Paul Frederik. Born at 
 Lyngby, April 7, J8il: died at Copenhagen, 
 June 16, 1896. A Danish historian. He was a mem- 
 her of theftigsdag 1848-69, and was assistant in the Royal 
 Library at Copenhagen 1861-66. Author of “Fortallinger 
 af Fadrelandets Historic” (4tli ed. 1874), “ Danmarks liis- 
 torie 1319-1536, 1536-1670" (] ^91-93), etc. 
 
 Barfuss ( bar'fos), Hans Albrecht, Count von. 
 
 Born 1635 : died near Beeskow, Prussia, Dec. 
 27, 1704. A Prussian field-marshal. He fought 
 
 with distinction in the imperial army against the Tuiks 
 at Salankamen, Aug., 1691. 
 
 Barga (bar'ga). A town in the province of 
 Lucca, Italy, 26 miles north of Pisa. Popula- 
 tion, 2,611; commune, 8,228. 
 
 Bargiel (bar-gel'), Woldemar. Born at Ber- 
 lin, Oct. 3, 1828 : died there, Feb. 23, 1897. A 
 German composer. He was appointed professor at the 
 Conservatory of Cologne in 1859, kapellmeister and direc- 
 tor of the School of Music at Rotterdamin 1866, and teacher 
 at the Royal High School of Music in Berlin in 1874. 
 Bargrave (biir'grav), Mrs. The woman to 
 whom the ghost (Mrs. Veal) appears in Defoe’s 
 narrative of “Mrs. Veal’s Ghost.” 
 
 Bargylus. See Casius. 
 
 Bargylus is a mountain tract of no very great elevation, 
 intervening between the Orontes valley to the east and 
 the low plain of Northern Phoenicia to the west. It is 
 mainly of chalk formation, but contains some trap and 
 serpentine in places. Its general outline is tame and com- 
 monplace, hut it encloses many beautiful valleys and ra- 
 vines, gradually worn in its side by the numerous streams 
 which flow eastward and westward, to the Orontes or to 
 the Mediterranean. Bawlinson, Phoenicia, p. 16. 
 
 Barham (bar' am), Richard Harris. Born at 
 Canterbury, England, Dec. 6, 1788 : died at 
 London, June 17, 1845. An English clergy- 
 man and poet. He wrote the “ Ingoldsby Legends ” 
 
 Barker, George Frederic 
 
 (1840), a collection of burlesque poems, “a cross be- 
 tween Hood’s whimsicality and that of Peter Pindar" 
 ( Stedman ). A second ser es was published in 1847, and a 
 third, edited by his son, in the same year. 
 
 Bar Harbor (bar liar'bor). A noted summer- 
 resort in the island of Mount Desert, Maine. 
 Population, about 1,500. 
 
 Bar-Hebraeus. See Abulfaraj. 
 
 Bari (ba'ri). A Nigritic tribe of the eastern 
 Soudan, near Lado and Gondokoro on the White 
 Nile. They are agricultural and pastoral, living in 
 round grass huts. The men go naked. The language 
 seems to be related to Dinka, and has a grannnatic gen- 
 der. The Nyangbara is said to be a dialectal variation of 
 Bari, with Madi admixtures. 
 
 Bari (ba're), formerly Terra di Bari (ter'ra 
 de ba're). A province in Apulia, Italy, on 
 the Adriatic, noted for its fertility. Area, 
 2,065 square miles. Population, 875,754. 
 
 Bari. A seaport, the capital of the province 
 of Bari, situated on the Adriatic in lat. 41° 8' 
 N., long. 16° 51' E. : the ancient Barium, it has a 
 good harbor and important trade. It was held in the 9th 
 century by the Saracens ; was taken from the Greeks 
 by the Normans under Robert Guiscard ill 1071; and was 
 destroyed in the 12th century. Later a duchy, and an- 
 nexed to the kingdom of Naples in 1558. The cathedral of 
 Bari was founded 1034, and has been remodeled. It is three- 
 aisled, with a handsome dome at the crossing and a lofty 
 Norman campanile. The facade has arcades and rich bands 
 of sculpture. There is an early and lofty circular baptis- 
 tery. The Church of San Nicolk, founded iu 1087, is a most 
 interesting pilgrimage church, three-aisled, with round 
 arcades springing from cylindrical shafts, and very rich in 
 sculptured tombs and other works of art. The remarkable 
 crypt, with several ranges of round arches supported on 
 columns of varied style, resembles a section of the mosque 
 of Cordova. Population, commune, 77,478. 
 
 Bariatinski (bar-ya-ten'ske), or Barjatinskij, 
 Prince Alexander. Born 1815: died at Ge- 
 neva, March 9, 1879. A Russian field-marshal. 
 He served in the Caucasus and the Crimean war, distin- 
 guishing himself as commander in the Caucasus by the 
 final defeat of Shamyl in 1859. Also Bcn'ialynslci. 
 
 Baring (ba'ring or bar'ing), Alexander, first 
 Baron Ashburton. Born at London, Oct. 27, 
 1774: died atLongleat, Wilts, England, May 13. 
 1848. An English merchant and statesman, sec- 
 ond son of Sir Francis Baring. He was president of 
 the Board of Trade 1834-35, and as special commissioner to 
 the United States negotiated the Ashburton treaty in 1842. 
 
 Baring, Evelyn. Bom Feb. 26, 1841. An Eng- 
 lish financier and diplomatist. He was appointed 
 one of the comptrollers-general representing England and 
 France in Egypt in 1879, and was British agent and con- 
 sul-general in Egypt 1883-1907. He was created Baron 
 Cromer 1892, Viscount 1899, Earl 1901. 
 
 Baring, Sir Francis. Born at Larkbear, near 
 Exeter, England, April 18, 1740: died at Lee, 
 in Kent, Sept. 11, 1810. An English financier, 
 founder of tbe bouse of Baring Brothers and Co. 
 He wrote “Observations on the Establishment of the 
 Bank of England " (1797), etc. 
 
 Baring, Sir Francis Thornhill. Born at Cal- 
 cutta, April 20, 1796: died at Stratton Park, 
 Sept. 6, 1866. An English statesman, eldest 
 son of Sir Thomas Baring, created Baron 
 Northbrook Jan. 4, 1866. He was a lord of the 
 treasury Nov., 1830, -June, 1834 ; chancellor of the ex- 
 chequer Aug., 1839, -Sept., 1841; and first lord of the ad- 
 miralty 1849-52. 
 
 Baring-Gould (bar'ing-gold'), Sabine. Born 
 at Exeter, England, 1834. An English clergy- 
 man and writer. His works include "Iceland, etc.” 
 (1861), “ The Book of W erewolves ” (1865), “ Post-Medieval 
 Preachers ”(’ 805), “Curious Myths of the Middle Ages” 
 (1866-67), “The Origin and Development of Religious 
 Belief ” (1S69-70), “ Lives of the Saints ” (1872-77), “Some 
 Modern Difficulties, etc.” (1874), “Mehalah," “John 
 Herring," and other novels, etc. 
 
 Baringo (ba-ring'go), Lake. A small lake in 
 central Africa, northeast of Lake Victoria 
 Nyanza, discovered by J. Thomson in 1883. It 
 has no outlet. 
 
 Barisal (bur-e-sal'). The capital of the dis- 
 trict of Backergunge, British India, situated 
 125 miles east of Calcutta. 
 
 Bar-Jesus. See Elymas. 
 
 Barjols (biir-zhol'). A town in the department 
 of Var, France, 30 miles north of Toulon, called 
 the “Tivoli of Provence ” on account of its pic- 
 turesque surroundings. Population, 2,323. 
 Barka. See Barca (river and district). 
 
 Barkal (bar'kal). A hill with noted inscrip- 
 tions, situated on the Nile, below the fourth 
 cataract, near the ancient Meroe or Napata. 
 Barker (bar'ker), Fordyce. Bom at Wilton, 
 Franklin County, Maine, May 2, 1818 : died in 
 New York city, May 29, 1891. An American 
 physician and medical writer. He became profes- 
 sor of midwifery in the New York Medical College iu 1850, 
 and professor of clinical midwifery in the Bellevue Hos- 
 pital Medical College in 1860. 
 
 Barker, George Frederic. Born July 14, 
 1835: died May 24, 1910. An American phy- 
 sician and chemist. He became professor of natural 
 sciences in the Western University of Pennsylvania in 
 
Barker, George Frederic 
 
 186-1, professor of physiological chemistry and toxicology 
 in the Yale Medical School in 1867, and was professor of 
 chemistry and physics in the University of Pennsylvania 
 1872-1300 (emeritus). 
 
 Barker, Jacob. Born on Swan Island, Maine, 
 Dec. 7, 1779: died at Philadelphia, Dec. 26, 
 1871. An American financier and politician. 
 
 He was employed by the government, on the outbreak of 
 the war of 1812, to raise a loan of $6,000,000. 
 
 Barker, James Nelson. Born at Philadelphia, 
 Pa., June 17, 1784: died at Washington, D. C., 
 March 9, 1858. An American politician, poet, 
 and playwright. He was comptroller of the 
 United States treasury 1838-58. 
 
 Barker, John. Born at Smyrna, March 9, 17,71 : 
 died Oct. 5, 1849. A British consul in Syria, 
 and consul-general in Egypt. He is best known, 
 aside from his political services, from his attempts, as a 
 horticulturist, to promote the cultivation of \V estern fruits 
 in the East. 
 
 Barker, Joseph. Born at Bramley, near Leeds, 
 England, May 11, 1806: died at Omaha, Neb., 
 Sept. 15, 1875. An Anglo-American preacher 
 and political agitator. He was expelled from the 
 Methodist New Connexion in 1841, on theological grounds, 
 and established a sect known as “Barkerites.” Eater he 
 adopted deistical opinions, but finally returned to the or- 
 thodox point of view. In 1847 he visited America, on his 
 return supported the Chartist agitation, was arrested at 
 Manchester (1848), and at the same time was elected to 
 Parliament. In 1851 he emigrated to the United States, 
 where he identified himself with the Abolition movement. 
 He was a lecturer and a voluminous writer. 
 
 Barker, Matthew Henry. Born at Deptford, 
 England, 1790: died June 29, 1846. An English 
 journalist and novelist, best known from his sea 
 tales. He wrote “Land and Sea Tales” (1836), “Top- 
 sail-sheet Blocks ” (1838), “Life of Nelson” (1836), “The 
 Victory, or the Wardroom Mess" (1844), etc. 
 
 Barker, Thomas. Born near Pontypool, in 
 Monmouthshire, 1769: died at Bath, England, 
 Dee. 11, 1847. An English painter of landscapes 
 and historical subjects. His son, Thomas Jones 
 Barker (1815-82), was also a noted painter. His best- 
 known picture is “The Woodman 
 Barking (bar'king). [ME. Berkyng, AS. Beor- 
 cingas, orig. a tribe name, ‘descendants of 
 Beorc.’] A town in the county of Essex, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Roding 7 miles east of 
 London. It was celebrated in the middle ages for its 
 abbey for Benedicune nuns, louuded about 670. Popula- 
 tion, 21,547. 
 
 Barkis (bar'kis), Mr. In Dickens’s “David 
 Copperfield,” a bashful carrier who marries 
 Peggotty. He conveys his intentions to her by sending 
 her, by David, the message “Barkis is willin'.” 
 
 Barksdale (barks'dal), William. Bom in Ruth- 
 erford County, Tenn., Aug. 21, 1821: died at 
 Gettysburg, Pa., July 2, 1863. An American 
 politician. He was Democratic member of Congress 
 from Mississippi 185:1-61 ; joined the Confederate army at 
 the outbreak of the Civil War ; and rose to the rank of 
 brigadier-general. He fell while leading an assault of his 
 brigade on the Federal position at the Peach Orchard in 
 the second day’s fight at Gettysburg. 
 
 Barksteed (bark'sted), or Barksted (hark'- 
 sted), William. Flourished about 1611. An 
 English actor and poet. His name appears instead 
 of Marston’son “The Insatiate Countess” in some copies, 
 and for this reason, and on account of “Hiren” (which 
 see), he is noticed. 
 
 We know little of Barksteed, but it is probable that he 
 is to be identified with the William Barksted, or Backsted, 
 who was one of Prince Henry’s players in August 1611 
 (Colliers “Memoirs of Edward Alleyn,” p. 89), and be- 
 longed to the company of the Prince Palatine’s players in 
 March 1615-16 (ibid., p. 126). He i3 the author of two 
 poems, which display some graceful fancy (though the 
 subject of the first is ill-chosen),— “Myrrha the Mother 
 of Adonis,” 1607, and “Hiren and the Fair Greek,” 1611. 
 
 Bxdlen. 
 
 Barlaam (barTa-am), Bernard. Died about 
 1348. A Calabrian monk, of Greek descent, a 
 scholar of high repute in his day, noted for the 
 part he took in various theological disputes, 
 especially for his attack upon the Hesychasts 
 of Mount Athos. In 1339 he was sent by the emperor 
 Andronieu8 III. on a mission to the Pope in connection 
 with the desired reunion of the Latin and Greek churches. 
 He became associated with Petrarch and other scholars, 
 and was instrumental in the restoration of Greek learning 
 in the West. 
 
 Barlaam, Saint. An Eremite of Sinai, coun- 
 selor of Josaphat, in the romance “Barlaam 
 and Josaphat.” 
 
 Barlaam and Josaphat. A romance, written 
 probably by St. John of Damascus (Damasce- 
 nus), a Syrian monk, in the 8th century, trans- 
 lated into Latin before the 13th ceutury. it 
 recounts the adventures of Barlaam, a monk of the wilder- 
 ness of Sinai in attempting (successfully) to convert Josa- 
 phat (or Joasaph), the son of a king of India, to Christianity 
 and asceticism. The incidents of the story were prob- 
 ably taken from an Indian source. That part of the plot 
 of Shakspere’s “ Merchant of Venice ” which relates to the 
 choosing of the casket came originally from this romance, 
 through the “Speculum Historiale ” of Vincentof Beauvais 
 (aboutl290), the “ Cento Novella Antiche,” sixty-fifth tale, 
 
 121 
 
 Boccaccio’s “Decameron,” the “Golden Legend,” and the 
 “ Gesta Romanorum. " An English translation of this was 
 printed by Wynkyn de Worde about 1510-15, which con- 
 tained the “ Story of the Three Caskets. ” It is considered 
 probable that Shakspere read one of Richard Robinson’s 
 reissues (there were six between 1577 and 1601). Rudblf 
 von Ems wrote a poem of the same name and subject in 
 the 13th century, probably based on Damascenus. 
 
 Barlaeus (bar-le'us) (Gaspard van Baerle). 
 
 Born at Antwerp, Feb. 12, 1584: died at Am- 
 sterdam, Jan. 14, 1648. A Dutch historian. 
 He was a professor of logic at the University of Leyden 
 (1617), and of philosophy and rhetoric at the Athenaeum 
 in Amsterdam *(1631). His “Rerum per octennium in 
 Brasilia et alibi nuper gestarum ” (Amsterdam, 1647; 2d 
 ed., with additions by Piso, Cleves, 1660) is one of the stan- 
 dard authorities on the wars between the Dutch and Por- 
 tuguese in Brazil. 
 
 Bariaymont (bar-la -mon'), or Barlaimont, 
 Charles, Count of. Died 1579. A Dutch states- 
 man in the service of Philip II. in the Nether- 
 lands. He was a member of the consulta of 
 the regent Margaret of Parma. 
 
 Bar-le-Duc (bar-le-diik'), or Bar-sur-Ornain 
 (bar-siir-or-nan'). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Meuse, Prance, situated on the Or- 
 nain in lat. 48° 46' N., long. 5° 10' E. it has 
 
 manufactures of cotton, etc. It is the birthplace of the 
 great Duke of Guise and of Oudinot. Population, com- 
 mune, 17,307. 
 
 Barletta (bar-let'ta), Gabriello. Lived in the 
 second half of the 15th century. A Dominican 
 monk of Naples, noted as apreacher. He preached 
 in the manner of Abraham a Sancta Clara, endeavoring to 
 correct by ridicule which degenerated into vulgarity. 
 
 Barletta. A seaport in the province of Bari, 
 Italy, 35 miles northwest of Bari : the ancient 
 Bardoli, and the Barolum of the middle ages. 
 It has a cathedral and castle. It was besieged 
 by the French in 1503. Population, commune, 
 42.022. 
 
 Barley (bar'ii), Clara. In Dickens’s novel 
 “Great Expectations,” a pretty girl who mar- 
 ries Herbert Pocket. 
 
 Barley, Old Bill. A drunken and gouty old 
 man, the father of Clara Barley. 
 
 Barleycorn (barTi-korn), John or Sir John. 
 
 The personification of malt liquor, as being 
 made from barley. There is a ballad in which, 
 he appears as a person. 
 
 Barlow (bar'16), or Barlowe, Arthur. Born 
 about 1550 : died about 1620. An English navi- 
 gator. With Amidas he conducted Raleigh’s 
 exploring expedition to America in 1584. 
 
 Barlow, Francis Channing. Born at Brook- 
 lyn, N. Y., Oct. 19, 1834: died Jan. 11, 1896. 
 An American lawyer and soldier. He joined the 
 Federal volunteer service at the outbreak of the Civil War, 
 and became brigadier-general in 1862 anil major-general 
 in 1865. He participated (as colonel) in the battles of Fair 
 Oaks and Antietam, and commanded a division in the bat- 
 tles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania Court House and 
 in the assault on the defenses of Petersburg. 
 
 Barlow, Joel. Born at Reading, Conn., 1754: 
 died near Cracow, Poland, Dec. 24, 1812. An 
 American poet and politician, one of the ‘ ‘ Hart- 
 ford Wits.” He resided abroad, chiefly in France, 1788- 
 1805, where he identified himself with the Girondist party ; 
 was consul to Algiers 1705-97; and was United States 
 minister to France 1811-12. Author of “The Vision of 
 Columbus” (1787:- enlarged as “The Columbiad," 1807), 
 “Hasty Pudding,” and “Advice to the Privileged Orders ” 
 (Part I. 1791, Part II. 1795). 
 
 Barlow, Henry Clark. Born at Newington 
 Butts, Surrey, May 12, 1806: died at Salzburg, 
 Austria, Nov. 8, 1876. An English physician 
 and scholar, noted as a student of Dante. He 
 wrote “Critical, Historical, and Philosophical Contribu- 
 tions to the Study of the ‘Divina Commedia’'’ (1864), etc. 
 
 Barlow, Peter. Born at Norwich, England, 
 Oct., 1776: died March 1, 1862. An English 
 mathematician, optician, and physicist. He 
 wrote “An Elementary Investigation of tile Theory of 
 Numbers” (1811), “A New Mathematical and Philosophi- 
 cal Dictionary ” (1814), “New Mathematical Tab) es " (1814), 
 “An Essay on the Strength of Timber and other Mate- 
 rials” (1817), “Essay on Magnetic Attractions" (1820), 
 etc. He was the inventor of the lens which bears his 
 name. 
 
 Barlow, Samuel Latham Mitchell. Born at 
 Granville, Hampden County, Mass., June 5, 
 1826: died at Glen Cove, Long Island, N. Y., 
 July 10, 1889. An American lawyer. He col- 
 lected an important library of Americana, which was sold 
 atauction in 1890, and edited, with Henry Harrisse, “Notes 
 on Columbus,” 1866 (privately printed). 
 
 Barlow, William. Died 1568. An English 
 Protestant prelate and controversialist, bishop 
 successively of St. Asaph, St. David’s, Bath 
 and Wells, and Chichester. lie was at one time a 
 violent opponent of Cardinal Wolsey, and also attacked 
 the church in a series of pamphlets which he afterward 
 repudiated. 
 
 Barlow, William. Born at St. David’s, Wales : 
 died 1625. An English ecclesiastic, archdeacon 
 of Salisbury, son of William Barlow, bishop 
 of St. David’s. He wrote “ The Navigators' Supply " 
 
 Barnard, Edward Emerson 
 
 (1697), a work on navigation treating largely of compasses. 
 “Science is indebted to Barlow for some marked im- 
 provements in the hanging of compasses at sea, for the 
 discovery of the difference between iron and steel for 
 magnetic purposes, and for the proper way of touching 
 magnetic needles, and of cementing loadstones.” Ihct. of 
 Nat. Biog. 
 
 Barmbeck (barm/bek). A suburb of Hamburg. 
 
 Barmecides (biir'me-sidz). A Persian family 
 so named from its founder, Barmak or Barrnek, 
 probably a native of Khorasan, who acquired 
 power under the calif Abd-ul-Malik. His grand- 
 son, Yahya, became vizir to the calif El-Mahdy, and 
 tutor of Harun-al-liashid. Yahya’s son Jaft’ar was vizir 
 to Harun, and by his eminent services contributed to 
 the glory of his master's reign, but fell under displeasure, 
 and was put to death 862, together with nearly all of the 
 Barmecide family. 
 
 Barmecide’s Feast. A feast where the dishes 
 were empty and everything was imaginary; 
 hence, any tantalizing illusion: in allusion to the 
 story of “ The Barber’s Sixth Brother ” in “ The Arabian 
 Nights," in which a rich Barmecide gives a dinner of 
 this description to Shacabac, a starving wretch, and 
 obliges him to pretend that he eats what is not before him. 
 When it comes to pretending to drink wine, Shacabac 
 feigns drunkenness and knocks the Barmecide down, and 
 the latter, with a pleasing sense of humor, not only for- 
 gives him but heaps benefits upon him. 
 
 Barmen (bar'men). A city in the Rhine Prov- 
 ince, Prussia, situated on the Wupper 24 miles 
 northeast of Cologne. It is divided into Ober-Mit- 
 tel and Unter-Barmen. It is an important manufactur- 
 ing center, and is closely connected with Elberfeld. See 
 Elberfeld. Population, 169,019, (1910). 
 
 Barmouth (bar'muth). A watering-place in 
 Merionethshire, Wales, situated at the mouth 
 of the Maw 31 miles southeast of Carnarvon. 
 Population, 2,214. 
 
 Barmstedt (barm'stet). A small town in the 
 province of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, sit- 
 uated on the Kriickau 21 miles northwest of 
 Hamburg. 
 
 Barn (barn). A town in Moravia, 16 miles 
 north-northeast of Olmiitz. Population, about 
 4,000. 
 
 Barnabas (bar'na-bas), Saint. [Aram., ‘son 
 of prophecy.’] The surname of the Cyprian 
 Levite Joses, or Joseph, an apostle of the 
 Christian church. He was one of the first to sell his 
 land for the benefit of the common fund ; introduced Paul 
 after the latter’s conversion ; taught, with Paul, at An- 
 tioch ; undertook, with him, a missionary journey to Cy- 
 prus and various cities in Asia Minor ; was sent, with 
 him, to Jerusalem by the church at Antioch to consult 
 the apostles and elders on the question of circumcision ; 
 and, when about to undertake a second missionary jour- 
 ney with Paul, separated from him, owing to a difference 
 arising out of Barnabas’s determination to take his sister’s 
 son, Mark, with him. He was, according to the legend, 
 martyred at Cyprus, 61 A. D. His day is celebrated by the 
 Greek, Roman, and Anglican churches on the 11th of 
 June, and his symbol is a rake, as his day comes in the 
 time of the hay harvest. It was formerly a great feast 
 among the English people. 
 
 Barnabas, The Epistle of. An anonymous 
 epistle, containing no mention of the readers 
 for whom it was intended, dating from an early 
 period of the church. It was intended for persons 
 in danger of Judaizitig, and emphasizes the separation of 
 Christianity from Judaism. Its authorship was ascribed 
 to Barnabas (the apostle) in the early church ; but some 
 modern critics assign it to a post-apostolic writer, perhaps 
 a converted Jew of Alexandria. 
 
 Barnahy (bar'na-bi). [Formerly Barnabie, 
 Barnabee, fromF. Barnabe, from LL. Barnabas , 
 etc.] A form of Barnabas. 
 
 Barnahy Rudge (bar'na-bi ruj). A novel by 
 Charles Dickens which came out in parts, and 
 was published in book form in 1841. it is baaed 
 on the Gordon riots. Barnahy, a half witted fellow, the 
 friend of Grip the raven, becomes ignorantly involved in 
 the riot, and is condemned to death but pardoned. 
 
 Barnacle (bar'na-kl), Lord Decimus Tite. A 
 
 pompous and windy peer, with a high position in 
 the Circumlocution Office, in Charles Dickens’s 
 “ Little Dorrit.” Clarence, an empty-headed, and Fer- 
 dinand, a well-dressed and agreeable young man, his sons, 
 are also employed in the office. 
 
 Barnadine (bar'na-din). A character in Shak- 
 spere’s “Measure for Measure”: a prisoner, 
 sullen and savage, careless of past, present, 
 and future. 
 
 Barnard (biir'nard), Lady Anne. Born Dec. 
 8, 1750 : died May 6, 1825. A Scottish poet, 
 daughter of the Earl of Balcarres. She pub- 
 lished the ballad “Auld Robin Gray” (1772), 
 and a sequel to it. 
 
 Barnard, Daniel Dewey. Bom in Berkshire 
 County, Mass., July 16, 1797 : died at Albany, 
 N. Y., April 24, 1861. An American politician 
 and diplomatist. He was member of Congress from 
 New York 1827-29 and 1839-45, and United States minister 
 
 ★to Prussia 1850-53. 
 
 Barnard, Edward Emerson. Born at Nash- 
 ville, Tenn., Doc. 16, 1857. An American astron- 
 
 orner. He was graduated from Vanderbilt University in 
 1886, and has made a number of astronomical discoveries 
 
Barnard, Edward Emerson 
 
 which have been reported in the “ Sidereal Messenger," 
 “Observatory,” “ Science Observer," and “ Astronomische 
 Nachrichten." His most notable discovery is that of the 
 fifth satellite of Jupiter, made at the Lick Observatory 
 Sept. 9, 1892. 
 
 Barnard, Frederick Augustus Porter. Born 
 at Sheffield, Mass., May 5, 1809 : died at New 
 York, April 27, 1889. An American educator, 
 scientist, and author. He was professor in the Uni- 
 versity of Alabama 1837-54 ; president of the University 
 of Mississippi 1856-bl ; ami president of Columbia College 
 1864-89. He was United States commissioner at the Paris 
 Exposition of 1867, and assistant commissioner-general 
 at that of 1878. 
 
 Barnard, John. Born at Boston, Mass., Nov. 6, 
 1681 : died Jan. 24, 1770. An American Con- 
 gregational clergyman, minister in Marblehead 
 1716-70. He published numerous sermons, “A History 
 of the Strange Adventures of Philip Ashton ” (1725), etc. 
 
 Barnard, John Gross. Born at Sheffield, Mass., 
 May 19, 1815: died at Detroit, Mich., May 14, 
 1882. An American military engineer and gen- 
 eral, brother of Frederick Augustus Porter 
 Barnard. He served in the- Mexican war (brevetted 
 major May, 1848) ; surveyed the isthmus of Tehuantepec 
 in 1850, and the mouths of the Mississippi in 1852 ; was 
 superintendent of the United States Military Academy 
 1855-56 ; was chief engineer of the Army of the Potomac 
 1862 and 1864 ; and was brevetted major-general at the 
 close of the war. He wrote numerous scientific and mili- 
 tary papers. 
 
 Barnard Castle. A town in the county of 
 Durham, England, situated on the Tees 21 miles 
 southwest of Durham. It is named from its castle, 
 which was built in the 12th century, and is the chief scene 
 of Scott's poem “Rokeby.” 
 
 Barnard College. A college for the higher 
 education of women, founded in New York city 
 in 1889. It was incorporated in Columbia University 
 in 1900. It has over 600 students. 
 
 Barnard’s Inn. One of the inns of Chancery 
 in Holborn, London. The society is of very great 
 antiquity : the hall itself was certainly in existence in 
 1451, and probably much earlier. The house began to be 
 used as an inn of Chancery about 1454. In 1894 the Mer- 
 cers' Company erected here two buildings for the Mercers’ 
 Schools. The old hall of the inn has been preserved as a 
 dining-room for the boys. 
 
 Barnato (bar-na'to), Barnett Isaacs. Born 
 in London July 5 (?), 1852: died June 14, 1897. 
 An English speculator aud capitalist. He was 
 the son of poor Jewish parents, and, according 
 to report, supported himself as peddler, billiard- 
 marker, etc. In 1872 or 1873 he left London for South 
 Africa, where he made a large fortune in the Kimberley 
 diamond-mines and the gold-mines around Johannesburg. 
 In 1888his diamond-mining interests were joined with those 
 of Cecil Rhodes. In the same year he was returned to 
 the legislative assembly at the Cape as member for Kim- 
 berley, and was reelected in 1894. In 1895 he returned 
 to London, and was the center of the speculation in South 
 African mining stocks known as the “Kafir Circus"; he 
 was popularly known as the “Kafir King." The failure 
 of the so-called “Barnato Banking Company” in October, 
 1895, subsequent losses, and great mental strain are sup- 
 posed to have affected his reason. He committed suicide 
 by jumping into the sea from the steamship Scot near 
 FunchaL 
 
 Barnaul (bar-na-ci!'). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Tomsk, Siberia, situated on the Bar- 
 naulka and Obi 240 miles southwest of Tomsk. 
 It is the chief mining center in western Siberia. 
 Population, 29,408. 
 
 Barnaval, Louis. A pseudonym of Charles De 
 Kay. 
 
 Barnave (bar-nav'), Antoine Pierre Joseph 
 Marie. Born at Grenoble, France, Oct. 22, 
 1761: guillotined at Paris, Nov. 29, 1793. A 
 French revolutionist and orator. He was deputy 
 to the Third Estate in 1789, and president of the National 
 Assembly in 1790 ; conducted the king on his return from 
 Varennes in 1791 ; and was arrested for alleged treason in 
 1792. 
 
 Barnay (bar'ni), Ludwig. Born at Pesth, Hun- 
 gary, Feb. 11, 1842. A German actor. He first 
 
 appeared on the stage at Trautenau in I860, and has since 
 played chietly in German cities. He visited the United 
 States in 1882. Director of the Royal Theater at Berlin 
 since 1906. 
 
 Barnby (barn'bi), Sir Joseph. Born Aug. 12, 
 1838: died Jau. 28, 1896. An English organist, 
 composer, and conductor. He was made director 
 of musical instruction at Eton College in 1875, and in 1886 
 was made conductor at the Royal Academy of Music. 
 Among his works are songs, anthems, the oratorio “Re- 
 bekah," etc. Knighted in 1892. 
 
 Barnegat Bay (bar'ne-gat ba). A bay east of 
 New Jersey, communicating with the Atlantic 
 Ocean by Barnegat Inlet. Length, about 25 
 miles. 
 
 Barnegat Inlet (bar'ne-gat in'lef). A strait 
 connecting Barnegat Bay with the Atlantic. 
 Barnes (biirnz), Albert. Born at Rome, N. Y., 
 Dee. 1, 1798: died at Philadelphia, Dec. 24, 1870. 
 An American Presbyterian clergyman and bib- 
 lical commentator, pastor of the First Presbyte- 
 rian Church in Philadelphia (1830-67). He is best 
 
 122 
 
 known by his “Notes” on the New Testament, Job, Psalms, 
 Isaiah, etc. He was tried for heresy and acquitted. 
 
 Barnes, Barnabo. Born in Yorkshire, 1569 (?) : 
 died 1609. An English poet, son of the Bishop 
 of Durham, in 1593 lie published a collection of love- 
 poems, sonnets, and madrigals, entitled “ Parthenophil 
 and Parthenophe." 
 
 Barnes, Joseph K. Born at Philadelphia, July 
 21,1817: died at Washington, D. C., April 5, 1883. 
 An American surgeon. He became surgeon-general 
 U. S. army in 1863 ; received the brevet rank of brigadier- 
 general in 1865 ; and was placed on the retired list in 1882. 
 Barnes, Joshua. Born at Lot*! on, Jan. 10, 
 1654: died Aug. 3, 1712. An English classical 
 scholar and antiquarian, appointed professor 
 of Greek at Cambridge in 1695. He was a volu- 
 minous writer, but is not in high repute as a scholar. 
 His “Gerania, or the Discovery of a Better Sort of Peo- 
 ple, anciently discoursed of, called Pygmies." is his best- 
 known work. He published an edition of Homer (1710). 
 
 Barnes, Thomas. Born about 1785 : died May 
 7, 1841. An English journalist, editor of the 
 London “ Times” 1817-41. 
 
 Barnes, William. Born in Dorsetshire, Feb. 
 22, 1800: died at Winterbourne Came, Oct., 
 1886. An English poet, philologist, and clergy- 
 man. He is best known by liis three series of “ Poems of 
 Rural Life in the Dorsetshire Dialect” (1844, 1847, and 
 1862). He wrote also various philological works. 
 
 Barnet (bar'net), or Chipping Barnet (chip'- 
 ing bar'net). A town in Hertfordshire, Eng- 
 land, 11 miles north of London. A victory was 
 gained here, April 14, 1471, by the Yorkists under Edward 
 IV. over the Lancastrians under Warwick. Warwick and 
 many Lancastrians were slain, and Edward IV. was re- 
 established on the throne. Population, 7,876. 
 
 Barnett (bar'net), John. Born at Bedford, 
 England, July 15, 1802: died April 17, 1890. A 
 music director, singing-master, and composer, 
 author of numerous songs and operettas, best 
 known from his operas “The Mountain Sylph” 
 (1834) and “ Farinelli ” (1838). in 1841 he retired 
 to Cheltenham and devoted himself to vocal training. 
 His father was a Prussian who changed his name from 
 Bernhard Beer, and his mother a Hungarian. 
 
 Barnett, John Francis. Born Oct. 16, 1837. 
 An English composer, nephew of John Barnett. 
 Barnett, Morris. Born in 1800 : died in 1856. 
 An English comedian and musical critic. He 
 acquired some reputation as a writer of plays, particularly 
 “ The Serious Family,” which he adapted from “ Le Mari 
 h la Campagne.” 
 
 Barneveld (bar'ne-velt). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Gelderland, Netherlands, 17 miles north- 
 west of Arnhem. Population, about 8,000. 
 Barneveld (in full Jan van Olden-Barne veld). 
 
 Born at Amersfoort, Netherlands, 1547 (1549?): 
 beheaded at The Hague, May 13, 1619. A Dutch 
 statesman. He became grand pensionary of Holland in 
 1586 ; negotiated the treaty with Spain in 1609 ; sided with 
 the Remonstrants, and was arrested by Maurice of Nassau 
 for treason in 1618, and condemned. A tragedy was written 
 on this subject and acted in Aug., 1619, which was first 
 printed from manuscript by Bullen and announced by him 
 as a play of Chapman's, but afterward as by Fletcher and 
 Massinger. 
 
 Barney (bar'ni), Joshua. Born at Baltimore, 
 Md., July 6, 1759: died at Pittsburg, Pa., Dec. 
 1, 1818. An American naval officer in the 
 Revolutionary W ar. He became a lieutenant in 1776 ; 
 captured, while in command of the Hyder Ali, the British 
 sloop of war General Monk, April 8, 1782 ; was sent to 
 France with despatches for Franklin in 1782 ; was a cap- 
 tain in the French service 1795-1800 ; commanded in 
 Chesapeake Bay 1814, and was taken prisoner at Bladens- 
 burg in the same year. 
 
 Barney. In Charles Dickens’s novel “Oliver 
 Twist,” a villainous-looking Jew waiter, with 
 a cold in his head, at the “ Three Cripples.” 
 BarnSeld (barn'feld), Richard. Born at Nor- 
 bury, in Shropshire, 1574: died 1627. An Eng- 
 lish poet. He was the author of “ The Affectionate 
 Shepherd ” (1594), “ Cynthia ” (1595), “ The Encomium of 
 Lady Pecunia,” with “The Complaint of Poetry,” “Con- 
 science and Covetousness,” and “Poems in Divers Hu- 
 mors "(1598). In the last are the poems “If Music and 
 Sweet Poetry Agree " and “ As it Fell Upon a Day,” which 
 appeared in “The Passionate Pilgrim,” and were long 
 attributed to Shakspere. 
 
 Barni (bar'ne), Jules Romain. Born at 
 Lille, June 1, 1818: died 1878. A French 
 
 republican politician and writer on philosophy. 
 His chief works are a “ Histoire des idees morales et poli- 
 tiques en France au X Y II 1'' siocle ” (1866), and transla- 
 tions from Kant. 
 
 Barnim (bar'nem). The ancient name of a 
 region in the Mittelmark of Brandenburg, 
 north and northeast of Berlin. 
 
 Barnivelt (bar'ni-velt), Esdras, Apothecary. 
 Under this pseudonym a key to the “Rape of 
 the Lock” was published shortly after the poem 
 itself. It was attributed to Pope, and also to 
 Arbuthnot. Cushing. 
 
 Barnsley (barnz'li). A town in the West Rid- 
 ing of Yorkshire, England, situated on the 
 
 Barr 
 
 Dearne 13 miles north of Sheffield. It has varied 
 manufactures. Population, 41,086. 
 Barnstable. A seaport in eastern Massachu- 
 setts, situated on Cape Cod Bay 69 miles south- 
 east of Boston. It has fisheries and coasting- 
 trade. Population, 4,676, (1910). 
 
 Barnstaple ( biim'sta-pl). A seaport in Devon- 
 shire, England, situated on the Taw 35 miles 
 northwest of Exeter. It has some trade, and 
 was formerly of greater importance. Popula- 
 tion, 14,137. 
 
 Barnum (bar'num), Phineas Taylor. Bom 
 
 at Bethel, Conn., July 5, 1810: died at Bridge- 
 port, Conn., April 7, 1891. A famous American 
 showman. He became proprietor of Barnum's Mu- 
 seum in New York city in 1841; managed Jenny Lind's 
 concert tour through America 1850-51 ; established his 
 circus in 1871 ; was a member of the Connecticut legisla- 
 ture 1865-69; and was elected mayor of Bridgeport in 
 1875. Besides lecturing on temperance and other popular 
 subjects, he wrote “The Humbugs of the World” (1865), 
 “Struggles and Triumphs, or Forty Years' Recollections* 
 (1869), etc. 
 
 Barnum, William H. Born at Boston Corners, 
 N. Y., Sept. 17, 1818 : died at Lime Rock, Conn., 
 April 80, 1889. An American politician. He was 
 Democratic member of Congress from Connecticut 1867- 
 1876; United States senator from Connecticut 1876-79; 
 and chairman of the Democratic National Committee 
 1880 and 1884. 
 
 Barnwell, George. See George Barnwell. 
 Barnwell (barn'wel), Robert Woodward. 
 
 Born at Beaufort, S. C., Aug. 10, 1801 : died at 
 Columbia, S. C., Nov. 25, 1882. An American 
 politician. He was a member of Congress from South 
 Carolina 1829-33 ; a United States senator 1850-51; a com- 
 missioner from South Carolina to confer with the Federal 
 Government regarding the secession of the State, 1860 ; a 
 member of the Provisional Congress of the Confederate 
 States 1861-62 ; and a senator from South Carolina in the 
 Confederate Congress 1862-66. 
 
 Baroach. See Broach. 
 
 Barocchio, Giacomo. See Vignola. 
 
 Barocci (ba-roch'e), or Baroccio, Federigo. 
 
 Born at Urbino, Italy, 1528: died there, Sept., 
 1612. An Italian painter of the Roman school. 
 Baroche (bii-rosh'), Pierre Jules. Born at 
 Paris, Nov. 18, 1802: died in Jersey, Oct. 29, 
 1870. A French advocate and statesman. He 
 was minister of the interior 1850 ; minister of foreign 
 affairs 1851 ; president of the Council of State 1852 ; min- 
 ister of justice and public worship 1863-69. 
 
 Baroda (ba-ro'da). A district in Baroda, Brit- 
 ish India. Area, 1,887 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 644,071. 
 
 Baroda. A native state of India under Brit- 
 ish supervision, ruled by a Mahratta Gaikwar. 
 Area, about 8,099 square miles. Population, 
 1,952,692. 
 
 Baroda. The capital of the state of Baroda, 
 situated on the Yiswamitri in lat. 22° 18' N., 
 long. 73° 15' E. It has considerable trade, 
 and contains a college and many schools. 
 Population, 103,790. 
 
 Ba-Rolong. See Chuana. 
 
 Baron (ba-ron') (originally Boyron), Michel. 
 Born at Paris, Oct. 8, 1653: died at Paris, Dec. 
 3, 1729. A celebrated French actor, a leading 
 star of the French stage, which he abandoned 
 from 1691 to 1720. He wrote, it is said with the aid 
 of others, seven comedies, among them “ L'Audrienne ” 
 and “L Homme h bonnes fortunes,” his best. 
 
 Baron, The Old English. See Old English 
 Baron , The. 
 
 Baronius (ba-ro'ni-us), or Baronio (ba-ro'- 
 ne-o), Cesare. Born at Sora, Campania, Oct. 
 30, 1538 : died June 30, 1607. A Roman Catho- 
 lic church historian. He became cardinal in 1596, 
 and was librarian of the Vatican. His chief work is his 
 “Annales ecclesiastici a Christo nato ad annum 1198” 
 (1588-93). 
 
 Barons, War of the. An insurrection of Eng- 
 lish barons under Simon de Montfort against 
 the arbitrary government of Henry III., 1263- 
 1265. Its chief incidents were the victory of Montfort 
 at Lewes in 1264 and the capture of the king, and the de- 
 feat and death of Montfort at Evesham in 1265. 
 
 Barons’ Wars, The. A poem by Drayton, it 
 
 was first published in 1596 under the title of “Mortimeri- 
 ados,” and republished with many alterations in 1603 
 under its present title. 
 
 Barossa, or Barosa. See Barrosa. 
 
 Barozzi (ba-rot'se), Giacomo. See Vignola. 
 Barquisimeto (bar-ka-se'ma-to). A city in 
 Venezuela, 155 miles west of Caracas. It was 
 destroyed by an earthquake in 1812. Popula- 
 tion, 31,476 (with the district). 
 
 Barr (bar), Mrs. (Amelia Edith Huddleston). 
 Born at Ulverston, Lancashire, England, March 
 29,1831. An Anglo-American novelist. She is 
 the author of “Jan Vedder's Wife,” “ Bow of Orange Rib- 
 bon,” “Friend Olivia," “Prisoners of Conscience,’ “The 
 Maid of Maiden Lane," “The Lion's Whelp,” “ A Recon- 
 structed Marriage," etc. 
 
123 
 
 Barr 
 
 Barrow, Mrs. 
 
 Barr. A town in Lower Alsace, Alsace-Lor- 
 raine, situated 18 miles southwest of Strasburg, 
 at the foot of the Vosges. It has consider- 
 able manufactures. Population, commune, 
 5,022. 
 
 Barra (bar' a) . An island of the Outer Hebrides, 
 Inverness-shire, Scotland, in lat. 57° N. The 
 inhabitants are chiefly Gaelic Roman Catholics. Length, 
 8 miles. Width, 5 miles. Population, 2,542. 
 
 Barra (bar'rii). A small eastern suburb of 
 Naples. 
 
 Barra, or Barr. A petty kingdom of West 
 Alrica, near the mouth of the Gambia. The 
 ruling race is Mandingo ; the chief town, Bar- 
 rinding. 
 
 Barrackpur (bar-ak-por'). A town and mili- 
 tary station in Bengal, British India, situated 
 on the Hooghly 15 miles north of Calcutta. 
 Population, 31,907. 
 
 Barradas (bar -ra' das), Isidro. Bom in the 
 Canary Islands about 1775: died at New Or-, 
 leans about 1841. A Spanish general, in 1824 
 
 he commanded the land forces assembled at Havana with 
 the object of reconquering Mexico. In July, 1829, the 
 fleet under Laborde landed Barradas and 3,000 men on 
 the coast of Tampico. They were attacked by Santa 
 Anna, and after several engagements were forced to capit- 
 ulate, Sept. 11, 1829. 
 
 Barrafranca (bar-ra-fran'ka). A small town 
 in the province of Caltanissetta, Sicily, Italy, 
 47 miles west of Catania. 
 
 Barragan (bar-ra-gan'), Miguel. Born in 
 Valle del Mais, San Luis Potosi, 1789: died at 
 Mexico, March 1, 1836. A Mexican general, in 
 1821 he was one of the officers who supported the defec- 
 tion of Iturbide. As commandant of Vera Cruz he forced 
 the capitulation of San Juan de Uliia, the last Spanish 
 fort in Mexico (Nov. 18, 1825). He was vice-president 
 under Santa Anna, 1835, and, during his absence, acted 
 as president until his death. 
 
 Barra Islands. The group of small islands in 
 the southern part of the Outer Hebrides, chief 
 of which is Barra. 
 
 Barrande (ba-rohd'), Joachim. Born at 
 Saugues, Haute-Loire, France, 1799: died at 
 Frohsdorf, Oct. 5, 1883. A French Austrian 
 paleontologist, author of “ Systeme silurien du 
 centre de la Bohdme” (1852), etc. 
 
 A Portuguese soldier. In 1647 he was appointed 
 chief of the Portuguese forces at Pernambuco, with the 
 rank of Mestre de Campo. He gained brilliant victories 
 in 1648 and 1649, and linally forced the capitulation of 
 Recife (Pernambuco), Jan. 27, 1654. From April, 1648, to 
 Aug., 1656, he was governor of Pernambuco, and from the 
 latter date to June 24, 1663, captain-general of Brazil. 
 
 Barrett (bar'et), Lawrence. Born at Pater- 
 son, N. J., April 4, 1838: died at New York, 
 March 21, 1891. An American actor of Irish pa- 
 rentage. He first appeared on the stage at Detroit in 
 1853 as Murad in “The French Spy”; appeared in New 
 York Jan. 19, 1857, as Clifford in “The Hunchback’ ; 
 was leading actor in the Boston Museum in 1858 ; en- 
 listed in 1861 and served for a time as captain of Com- 
 pany B, 28th Massachusetts Volunteers ; was a partner of 
 Lewis Baker in the management of the Varieties Theater, 
 New Orleans, 1863-64 ; and from that time continued as a 
 star actor and manager. From 1886 until his death he 
 was closely associated with Edwin Booth. He produced 
 a number of new plays. He published a Life of Edwin 
 Forrest in 1881, and a Life of Edwin Booth in “Actors and 
 Actresses of the Time." 
 
 Barrett, Wilson. Bom in Essex, Feb. 18, 1846 : 
 died at London, July 22, 1904. An English actor 
 and dramatist. He was manager of various theaters at 
 Leeds and London (Court Theater, Princess's, etc.). 
 
 Barrhead (bar-hed'). A town in Renfrewshire, 
 Scotland, 7 miles southwest of Glasgow. 
 
 Barri (bar'i), Giraldus de. See Giraldus Cam - 
 brensis. 
 
 Barrias (ba-re-a'), Felix Joseph. Born at 
 Paris, Sept. 13, 1822 : died there, Jan., 1907. A 
 French painter, especially historical. 
 
 Barricades, Days of the. In French history, 
 a name given to several insurrections in Paris 
 (May 12, 1588, Aug. 26-27, 1648, 1830, 1848, etc.). 
 
 Barrie (bar'i). Sir James Matthew. Born at 
 Kirriemuir, Forfarshire, May 9, 1860. A Scot- 
 tish writer. He has written “ Better Dead ” (1887), “Auld 
 Licht Idylls ” and “ When a Man 's Single ’ ’ (1888), “A Win- 
 dow In Thrums ” (1889), “My Lady Nicotine” (1890), “The 
 Little Minister" (1890), “Sentimental Tommy” (1896), 
 “Margaret Ogilvy” (1896), “Tommy and Grizel” (1900), 
 “ The Little White Bird " (1902), “Peter Pan in Kensington 
 Gardens ’’ (1906), “ Peter and Wendy ” (1911), etc. He lias 
 also written the plays “ The Professor’s Love Story ’’ (1895), 
 “The Little Minister" (1897), “Quality Street,” “The Ad- 
 mirable Crichton,” “Little Mary” (1903), “Peter Pan” 
 (1904), “Alice Sit-by-the-Fire ” (1905), “What Every Wo- 
 man Knows ” (1908), “ The Twelve Pound Look ” (1911), etc. 
 He was created a baronet J une 3, 1913. 
 
 Barranquilla (bar-ran-kel'ya), or Baranquila. 
 A seaport in the northern part of the Republic 
 of Colombia, situated on the Magdalena near 
 its mouth. Population, 16,982. 
 
 Barra3 (ba-ras' ) , Paul Jean Frangois Nicolas, 
 Comte de, Born at Fos-Emphoux in Provence, 
 June 30, 1755: died at Chaillot, near Paris, 
 Jan. 29, 1829. A French revolutionist. He was 
 deputy to the Third Estate in 1789, and to the Convention 
 in 1792 ; commanded a division at the capture of Toulon 
 in 1793 ; took a leading part in the overthrow of Robes- 
 pierre in 1794 ; was a member of the Committee of Public 
 Safety, and commander-in-chief on the 13th Venddmiaire, 
 1795 ; became a member of the Directory in 1795 and dic- 
 tator in 1787 ; and retired from office in 1799. His me- 
 moirs were published in 1895. 
 
 Barre (bar), Antoine le Fevre de la. Born 
 about 1605: died at Paris, May 4, 1688. A 
 French general and author, in 1667 he was ap- 
 pointed lieutenant-general and sent against the English 
 in the West Indies, where he was generally successful. 
 F'rom 1682 to 1685 lie was governor of Canada. He wrote 
 a “Description de la France dquinoxiale,” etc. 
 
 Barr 4 (ba-ra/), Isaac. Born at Dublin, Ire- 
 land, 1726: died at London, July 20, 1802. A 
 British officer and politician of French descent. 
 He served with distinction at the battle of Quebec 1759. 
 In Parliament, which he entered in 1761, he gained a 
 considerable reputation as an orator, especially in invec- 
 tive. He has been suggested as the possible author of the 
 letters of Junius. His name forms a part of the name of 
 Wilkes- Barr now WiUces-Barre, in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Barre (bar'i). A town in Worcester County, 
 Massachusetts, 22 miles northwest of Worces- 
 ter. Population, 2,957, (1910). 
 
 Barre. A city in Washington County, Ver- 
 mont, 5 miles southeast of Montpelier. Popu- 
 lation, 10,734, (1910). 
 
 Barrelier (bar're-le-a'), Jacques. Born at 
 Paris, 1606: died Sept. 17, 1673. A French bot- 
 anist. He wrote “ Plantae per Galliam, His- 
 paniam et Italiam observataa, etc.” (1714), etc. 
 Barren River, or Big Barren River. A river 
 in Kentucky which joins Green River north- 
 west of Bowling Green. Length, about 120 
 miles. 
 
 Barr4re (ba-rar'), Pierre. Born at Perpignan 
 about 1690: died there, Nov. 1, 1755. A French 
 naturalist and traveler. He studied medicine and 
 botany, and from 1722 to 1725 traveled in French Guiana; 
 and after his return was professor of botany at Perpignan. 
 He wrote several works on the natural history and geog- 
 raphy of French Guiana. 
 
 Barreto de Menezes (biir-ra'to dd me-na'zezh), 
 Francisco. Born about 1600 : died after 1663. 
 
 Barrier Reef, Great. A coral reef extending 
 about 1,000 miles parallel with the northeast- 
 ern coast of Australia, at a maximum distance 
 of 100 miles : chief passage, Raines Inlet. 
 
 Barrier Treaty. A treaty fixing the frontier 
 of a country ; especially, the treaty signed at 
 Antwerp, Nov. 15, 1715, by Austria, Great 
 Britain, and the Netherlands, determining the 
 relations of the Dutch and the Austrians in the 
 strategic towns of the Low Countries. 
 
 Barri4re (ba-re-ar'), Th4odore. Born at Paris, 
 1823: died there, Oct. 16, 1877. A French drama- 
 tist, a prolific writer. 
 
 Barriers, Battle of the. A victory gained by 
 the Allies over the French under the walls of 
 Paris, March, 1814. 
 
 Barriii (bar-re'le), Antonio Giulio. Born 
 1836: died Aug. 15, 1908. An Italian writer. 
 He accompanied Garibaldi to Tyrol in 1866, participated in 
 the Roman campaign of 1867, and became editor of “H 
 Movimento" in 1860, and of “II Caffaro ” (Genoa) in 1872. 
 Author of the novel “I Rossi e i Neri” (1871), etc. 
 
 Barrington (bar'ing-ton), Daines. Bom 1727 : 
 died March 14, 1800. An English lawyer, natu- 
 ralist, and antiquary, fourth son of the first Vis- 
 count Barrington. He wrote “Observations on 
 the Statutes” (1766), “The Naturalist’s Calen- 
 dar” (1767), etc. 
 
 Barrington, George. Born at Maynooth, Ire- 
 land, May 14, 1755 : died about 1840. A writer 
 on Australian topics, transported to that colony 
 as a pickpocket in 1790, and emancipated in 
 1792. His most notable exploit as a thief was the robbing 
 of Prince Orloff, in Covent Garden Theater, of a snuff-box 
 said to be worth about $150,000. When “The Revenge ” 
 by Young was presented in Sydney by actors most of whom 
 were convicts, Barrington wrote the prologue containing 
 the famous lines : 
 
 “True patriots we, for be it understood 
 We left our country for our country's good.” 
 
 He also wrote “A Voyage to Botany Bay, etc. ’’(1801), “The 
 History of New South Wales, etc.” (1802), "The History 
 of New Holland ” (1808), and other works. 
 
 Barrington, John Shute, first Viscount Bar- 
 rington. Born at Theobalds in Hertfordshire, 
 1678 : died at Becket in Berkshire, Dec. 14, 1734. 
 An English lawyer and polemical writer. He 
 was created Baron Barrington and Viscount Barrington 
 (Irish Peerage) in 1720. He wrote “The Rights of Protes- 
 tant Dissenters ’* (1704: second part 1705), “A Dissuasive 
 to Jacobitism " (1713), “ Miscellanea Sacra.” (1725), etc. 
 
 Barrington, Sir Jonah. Bom in Queen’s 
 County, Ireland, 1760: died at Versailles, 
 
 France, April 8, 1834. An Irish judge. He was 
 the author of “Personal Sketches ” (1827 : 3d vol. 1832), 
 “ Historic Memoirs of Ireland ” (1832), “The Rise and Fall 
 of the Irish Nation ” (1833). 
 
 Barrington, Samuel. Born 1729: died 1800. 
 An English admiral, fifth son of the first Vis- 
 count Barrington. He served with distinction 
 in the West Indies? 
 
 Barrington, Shute. Born at Becket, Berk- 
 shire, May 26, 1734: died March 25, 1826. An 
 English prelate, sixth son of the first Viscount 
 Barrington, bishop of Llaudaff, and later of 
 Salisbury and of Durham. 
 
 Barrington, William Wildman, second Vis- 
 count Barrington. Born Jan. 15, 1717: died 
 Feb. 1, 1793. An English statesman, eldest son 
 of the first Viscount Barrington. He was secre- 
 tary at war 1755-61, chancellor of the exchequer 1761-62, 
 and secretary at war 1765-78. 
 
 Barrios (bar're-os), Gerardo. Born at San Sal- 
 vador about 1810 : died there, Aug. 29, 1865. A 
 Central American general. He was an adherent of 
 Morazan, and took part in the war in Nicaragua in 1844. 
 In 1857 he commanded the Salvadorian troops sent to 
 Nicaragua against Walker. The same year he returned 
 and fomented an unsuccessful revolution against Presi- 
 dent Campos. In 1860 he became president of Salvador by 
 regular election, but was deposed in 1863 by Carrera, presi- 
 dent of Guatemala. In 1865 he attempted a war against 
 Duenas, the successor whom Carrera had imposed, but 
 was captured and shot. 
 
 Barrios, Justo Rufino. Born at San Marcos, 
 Quezaltenango, Guatemala, about 1834: died 
 near Chalchuapa, Salvador, April 2, 1885. A 
 statesman of Guatemala. After 1867 he opposed 
 President Cerna, and in 1871 took a prominent part in his 
 overthrow. From June 4, 1873, until his death Barrios 
 was, by successive elections, president of Guatemala. He 
 secured order and prosperity, initiated railroads, tele- 
 graphs, and other improvements, and secured religious 
 freedom. In 1882-83 he visited the United States and 
 Europe. His scheme of forcing a confederation of the 
 Central American states led to a war with Salvador. Bar- 
 rios invaded that country, and was killed in an assault on 
 Chalchuapa. 
 
 Barron (bar'on), James. Born in Virginia 
 about 1768 : died at Norfolk, Va., April 21, 1851. 
 An American commodore. When in command of 
 the Chesapeake (1807) he refused to surrender three al- 
 leged British deserters demanded by Captain Humphreys 
 of the British ship Leopard, and was attacked (in time of 
 peace) and captured (June 22). The Chesapeake was taken 
 unprepared, and fired only one gun during the action. Bar- 
 ron was court-martialed, and deprived of his rank and pay 
 for five years. On his return to duty he was refused an 
 active command, with the result that a duel was fought be- 
 tween him and Commodore Decatur (who had opposed 
 him) in 1820, and the latter was killed. 
 
 Barron Samuel. Born in Virginia 1765 : died 
 Oct. 29, 1810. An American commodore, brother 
 of James Barron. He commanded a squadron 
 in the Tripolitan war in 1805. 
 
 Barros (bar'ros), Joao de. Born at Vizeu, 
 Portugal, 1496: died near Pombal, 1570. A 
 noted Portuguese historian. He wrote “O Impe- 
 rador Clarimundo,” a romance of chivalry ; “Asia” (1562- 
 1615), a history of Portuguese conquests in the Orient ; and 
 other works. * 
 
 The Asia is the first great work which contains authen- 
 tic information relating to the rich and extensive coun- 
 tries separated from Europe by such an immense expanse 
 of waters, and of which, previous to the inquiries of our 
 author, we possessed such very vague and contradictory 
 accounts. He is still considered as the chief authority 
 and foundation for subsequent writers, not only in their 
 history of all Portuguese discoveries and of the earliest 
 communications of Europe with the East, but in all geo- 
 graphical and statistical knowledge relative to the Indies. 
 
 Be Sismomli, Lit. of South of Europe, II. 562. 
 
 Barros Arana, Diego. Bom at Santiago in 
 1830 : died Nov. 4, 1907. A Chilian historian. 
 His first treatise, “Estudios historicos sobre Vicente Be- 
 navides y las Cainpahas del Sur,” appeared in 1850, and 
 later he published a succession of important works. 
 Among his best-known works are the “ Historia de la in- 
 dependence de Chile ” (Santiago, 1854 to 1858, 4 vols.), “El 
 General Freire,” “Viday viages de Hernando de Magal- 
 lanes,” and “Historia general de Chile” (8 vols., 1884 et 
 8eq.). He edited the “ Coleccion de Historiadorea Primi- 
 tives de Chile,” and the “Puren indomito,” a historical 
 poem of the Araucanian war. 
 
 Barrosa (bar-ro'sa), or Barossa, or Barosa. A 
 
 small place near Cadiz, Spain, where, March 5, 
 1811, the British under Graham defeated the 
 French under Victor. 
 
 Barrot (ba-ro'), Camille Hyacinthe Odilon. 
 
 Born at Villefort, department of LozfSre, July 
 19, 1791 : died at Bougival, France. Aug. 6, 1873. 
 A French advocate and statesman. He was a 
 leader of the opposition under Louis Philippe, and premier 
 and minister of justice 1848^9. 
 
 Barrot, Victorin Ferdinand. Bom at Paris, 
 Jan. 10, 1806: died there, Nov. 12, 1883. A 
 French Bonapartist politician, brother of Ca- 
 mille Hyacinthe Odilon Barrot, elected life 
 senator in 1877. 
 
 Barrow (bar'd), Mrs. (Frances Elizabeth 
 Mease) : pseudonym Aunt Fanny. Born at 
 
Barrow, Mrs. 
 
 Charleston, S. C., Fel>. 22, 1822 : died at New 
 York, May 7, 1894. An American writer. She 
 married James Barrow, junior, in 1841. She wrote the 
 series: “Little Pet Books" (1860), “Good Little Hearts,” 
 etc. (1864), “Nightcap Series,’’ “The Pop-Gun Stories, ’’ 
 and “The Six Mitten Books.’ 
 
 Barrow, or Barr owe, Henry. Died April 6, 
 1593. An English religious reformer, regarded 
 as one of the founders of Congregationalism. 
 He was executed on a charge of sedition. 
 
 Barrow, Isaac. Born at London, 1630 : died at 
 London, April, 1677. A noted English theolo- 
 gian, classical scholar, and mathematician. He 
 was educated at Cambridge (scholar of Trinity 1647, and 
 fellow 1649), traveled on the Continent (1655-59), was ap- 
 pointed professor of geometry at Gresham College, and in 
 1663 first Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge 
 (resigned 1669 in favor of Newton) ; was chaplain to Charles 
 XI.; and became master of Trinity College in 1672. Among 
 his works are “Lectiones Opticae et Geometric® ” (1669- 
 1670-74), “Treatise on the Pope's Supremacy” (1680). The 
 best edition of hi3 theological works is that of Rev. A. 
 Napier (1859). 
 
 Barrow, Sir John. Born near Ulverston in Lan- 
 cashire, June 19, 1764: died at Camden Town, 
 near London, Nov. 23, 1848. An English writer, 
 secretary of the admiralty, and a traveler in the 
 service of the government in China and the 
 Cape. He was a promoter of Arctic exploration (Barrow 
 Straits. Cape Barrow, and Point Barrow were named for 
 him), and chief founder of the Royal Geographical Society. 
 Among his works are “ Travels in South Africa ” (1801-04), 
 “Travels in China ” (18 4), “Voyage to Cochin-China ’ 
 (1806), “History of Arctic Voyages ” (1818), “Voyages of 
 Discovery and Research within the Arctic Regions ” (1846), 
 autobiography, etc. 
 
 Barrow. Anver in Leinster, Ireland, which flows 
 into Waterford Harbor. Length, about 100 miles. 
 
 Barrow, Cape. A headland on the northern 
 coast of British North America, projecting into 
 Coronation Gulf, about lat. 68° N., long. Ill 0 W. 
 It was named for Sir John Barrow. 
 
 Barrow, Point. A headland on the northern 
 coast of Alaska, projecting into the Arctic 
 Ocean, in lat. 71° 23' 31 // N., long. 156° 21 , 40 // W. 
 It was named for Sir John Barrow. 
 
 Barrow-in-Furnes3 (bar'o-in-fer-nes'). A sea- 
 port in Furness, Lancashire, England, 50 miles 
 northwest of Liverpool. It has had a rapid recent 
 development, due to the iron mines in the vicinity, and 
 the development of iron and steel manufactures, etc. 
 Population, 63,775, (1911). 
 
 Barrow Strait. A channel in the Arctic re- 
 gions of North America, communicating with 
 Melville Strait on the west, Lancaster Sound 
 on the east, Regent Inlet on the southeast, and 
 Peel Sound on the soiuth : discovered by Parry 
 in 1819, and named for Sir John Barrow. 
 Width, about 50 miles. 
 
 Barrows (bar'oz), Elijah Porter. Born at 
 Mansfield, Conn., Jan. 5, 1817: died at Ober- 
 lin, O., Sept. 14, 1888. An American religious 
 writer. He was professor of Hebrew at Andover Semi- 
 nary 1853-66, and accepted a similar appointment at 
 Oberlin Theological Seminary in 1872. 
 
 Barrundia (ba*-ron'de-a), Jos6 Francisco. 
 
 Born in Guatemala, 1779: died at New York, 
 Aug. 4, 1854. A Central American statesman. 
 He took an early and prominent part in the movement 
 against Spain, and in i813 was condemned to death, but 
 escaped and concealed himself for six years. He was a 
 member of the Constitutional Convention of Central Amer- 
 ica 1823-24, and introduced the decree by which slavery 
 was abolished. From June 25, 1829, to Sept. 16, 1830, he 
 was president of Central America. In 1851, when Hon- 
 duras, Salvador, and Nicaragua attempted to form a con- 
 federation, Barrundia was chosen president ; but the union 
 was dissolved next year. In 1854 Barrundia came to the 
 United States as envoy from Honduras, with the avowed 
 object of offering the annexation of that country to the 
 authorities at Washington* but he died suddenly before 
 anything was done. He was greatly respected. 
 
 Barry (bar'i), Sir Charles. Born at Westmin- 
 ster, May 23, 1795 : died at Clapham, May 12, 
 1860. An English architect, designer of the 
 Houses of Parliament, London. 
 
 Barry, Edward Middleton. Born at London, 
 •Tune 7, 1830 : died there, Jan. 27, 1880. An Eng- 
 lish architect, son of Sir Charles Barry, designer 
 of the Covent Garden Theater, etc. 
 
 Barry, Elizabeth. Born in 1658 : died Nov. 7, 
 1713. An English actress. She went on the stage 
 under the patronage of the Earl of Rochester, and was the 
 creator of more than one hundred roles, mostly those of 
 tragedy. Her Monimia and Belvidera made her highest 
 reputation. She retired from the stage in 1708, and wa3 
 buried at Acton. She (not Sirs. Spranger Barry) was 
 known as “ the great Mrs. Barry.” 
 
 Barry, Gerald. See Giraldus Cambrensis. 
 
 Barry, James. Born at Cork, Ireland, Oct. 11, 
 1741: died at London, Feb. 22, 1806. An Irish 
 iainter of historical and mythological subjects, 
 le was notorious for his violent temper (which led to his 
 being deprived of his professorship of painting to the 
 Royal Academy and his expulsion from that body) and 
 erratic views, and carried his theory of the classical in art 
 so far as to represent all the figures in his “ Death of Gen- 
 eral Wolfe” nude. 
 
 124 
 
 Barry (ba-re'), Comtesse du (Jeanne Becu, 
 wrongly Marie Jeanne Gomard de Vauber- 
 nier). Born in Champagne, 1746 (or 1743): 
 guillotined at Paris, Dec. 6, 1793. The mistress 
 of Louis XV. after 1768, notorious for her 
 prodigality. 
 
 Barry (bar'i), John. Born at Tacumshane, 
 County Wexford, Ireland, 1745: died at Phila- 
 delphia, Sept. 13, 1803. An American naval 
 commander, distinguished in the Revolutionary 
 War. He settled in Philadelphia about 1760, and on the 
 outbreak of the war was given command of the Lexington, 
 and captured the British tender Edward in 1776. In 1778 
 he took command of the Raleigh, which was captured, 
 a few days after sailing, by the British ship Experiment. 
 Barry escaped and entered the army. In command of the 
 Alliance (1781) he captured the British ships Atalanta and 
 Trepassy, and later in the same year conveyed Lafayette 
 and Noailles to France. He was appointed commodore 
 in 1794. 
 
 Barry, John Stetson. Born at Boston, Mass., 
 March 26, 1819 : died at St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 11, 
 1872. An American Universal ist clergyman 
 and historical writer, brother of William Barry. 
 He wrote a “History of Massachusetts” (1855- 
 1857). 
 
 Barry, Sir John Wolfe Wolfe-. Born Dec. 7, 
 1836. An English civil engineer. He was ap- 
 pointed on the Royal Commission on Irish Public Works 
 (1886) and on the Western Highlands and Islands Com- 
 mission (1889). Author of “Railway Appliances” (1874— 
 1892), “ The Tower Bridge” (1904), etc. Son of Sir Charles 
 Barry. 
 
 Barry, Martin. Born at Fratton, Hants, Eng- 
 land, March 29, 1802 : died at Beccles, Suffolk, 
 April 27, 1855. An English physician, noted 
 as an embryologist. He made (1843) the discovery 
 of the presence of spermatozoa within the ovum. 
 
 Barry, Patrick. Born in Ireland, 1816: died 
 at Rochester, N. Y., June 23, 1890. An Ameri- 
 can horticulturist and pomologist. He was edi- 
 tor of the “Genesee Farmer” 1844-52, and of the “Horti- 
 culturist” 1852-54 ; prepared the catalogue of the Ameri- 
 can Pomologieal Society, and published “A Treatise on 
 the Fruit Garden ” (1851). 
 
 Barry, Spranger. Born at Dublin, Ireland, 
 1719: died at London, Jan. 10, 1777. An Irish 
 actor, a rival of Garrick. He first appeared on the 
 stage Feb. 15, 1744, in Dublin. He was one of the best 
 actors of his time, and excelled in tragedy, though he oc- 
 casionally played in comedy. He was buried in the clois- 
 ters of Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Barry, Mrs. (Ann Street). Born at Bath, Eng- 
 land, 1734: died Nov. 29, 1801. An English 
 actress, wife of Spranger Barry, when very 
 young she married an actor named Dancer, and first ap- 
 peared on the stage about 1756 under that name. She 
 married Barry in 1768. After his death she remained on 
 the stage, marrying in 1778 a Mr. Crawford. She was con- 
 sidered “the equal of Mrs. Woffington and Mrs. Cibber in 
 tragedy, and to have surpassed both in comedy.” She was 
 buried near Barry in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Barry, William Farquhar. Born in New York 
 city, Aug. 8, 1818 : died at Fort McHenry, Bal- 
 timore, Md., July 18, 1879. An American briga- 
 dier-general of volunteers. He was chief of artil- 
 lery in the Army of the Potomac 1861-62, participating in 
 the siege of Yorktown and in the engagements at Gaines's 
 Mill, Mechanicsville, Charles City Cross-Roads, Malvern 
 Hill, and Harrison’s Landing; and held a similar post.under 
 General Sherman 1864-66, taking part in the siege of At- 
 lanta and in the northern Georgia, Alabama, and Carolina 
 campaigns. 
 
 Barry, William Taylor. Born at Lunenburg, 
 Va., Feb. 5, 1785: died at Liverpool, England, 
 Aug. 30, 1835. An American politician and 
 jurist. He was member of Congress 1810-11 ; served in 
 the war of 1812; was United States senator 1815-16; be- 
 came judge of the Kentucky Supreme Court in 1816 ; was 
 postmaster-general 1829-33, and was the first incumbent 
 of that office invited to sit in the cabinet ; and was ap- 
 pointed minister to Spain in 1835. 
 
 Barry. A small island of Glamorganshire, 
 Wales, in the Bristol Channel southwest of 
 Cardiff. 
 
 Barry. A famous St. Bernard dog which saved 
 forty lives on Mount St. Bernard. His stuffed 
 skin is exhibited in the museum at Bern. 
 
 Barry Lyndon (bar'i lin'don), Memoirs of. 
 A novel by Thackeray, first published in “Fra- 
 ser’s Magazine,” beginning in 1844, as “The 
 Luck of Barry Lyndon.” It is an exhibition of 
 a scoundrel of the most finished rascality. 
 
 Barsac (bar-sak'). A town in the department 
 of Gironde, France, situated on the Garonne 
 21 miles southeast of Bordeaux. It is noted for 
 its wine. Population, commune, 2,849. 
 
 Barsad, John! See Pross, Solomon. 
 
 Barsine. See Statira, 3. 
 
 Barsuinas (bar-su'mas), or Barsuma (-m|). 
 A bishop of Nisibis in Mesopotamia and met- 
 ropolitan (435^189), the chief founder of the 
 Nestorian Church in eastern Asia. 
 
 Bar-sur-Aube (bar-siir-ob'). A town in the 
 department of Aube, France, situated on the 
 
 Barth61emy-Saint-Hilairo 
 
 Aube 30 miles east of Troyes. Population, 
 commune, 4,507. 
 
 Bar-sur-Aube, Battle of. A victory gained by 
 the AlliesunderSchwarzenbergoverthe French 
 under Macdonald and Oudinot, Feb. 27, 1814. 
 Bar-sur-Seine (bar-sur-san'). A town in the 
 
 department of Aube, France, situated on the 
 Seine 18 miles southeast of Troyes. It was 
 the scene of conflicts between the French and 
 Allies in 1814. Population, commune, 
 3,187. 
 
 Bart (bart ; F. pron. bar), or Barth, or Baert, 
 Jean. Born at Dunkirk, 1651 : died there, April 
 27,1702. A French naval hero. He served first under 
 De Ruyter, but entered the French service at the begin- 
 ning of the war with Holland. As his ignoble birth pre- 
 vented promotion in the regular navy, he became captain 
 of a privateer, but so distinguished himself against the 
 Dutch and English that Louis XIV. appointed him suc- 
 cessively lieutenant, captain, and (1697) commander of a 
 squadron. 
 
 Bartan (bar-tan'). A small town in Asia Mi- 
 ' nor, situated on the Black Sea 48 miles north- 
 east of Erekli. 
 
 Bartas (bar-ta'), Guillaume de Salluste du. 
 
 Born at Montfort, near Aueh, 1544: died 1590. 
 A French poet. He served under Henry of Navarre 
 in war and diplomacy, and died from wounds received at 
 the battle of Ivry. His most noted work is “La premiere 
 semaine” or “La creation.” It passed through thirty 
 editions in a few years, and was translated into English 
 by Sylvester. He also wrote “Judith," “Uranie,” “La 
 seconde semaine,” etc. 
 
 All that was wanting to make Du Bartas a poet of the 
 first rank was some faculty of self-criticism ; of natural 
 verve and imagination as well as of erudition he had no 
 lack, but in critical faculty lie seems to have been totally 
 deficient. His beauties, rare in kind and not small in 
 amount, are aUoyed with vast quantities of dull absurdity. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 211. 
 
 Bartenland (bar'ten-land). A region in the 
 province of East Prussia, Prussia, south of 
 Konigsberg. 
 
 Bartenstein (bar'ten-stin). A town in the prov- 
 ince of East Prussia, Prussia, situated on the 
 Aller 34 miles southeast of Konigsberg. Popu- 
 lation, 7,071. 
 
 Bartenstein, Johann Christoph, Baron von. 
 
 Born at Strasburg, 1689 : died at Vienna, Aug. 
 6, 1767. An Austrian statesman. He was the 
 chief instrument in securing the consent of Europe to the 
 pragmatic sanction of Charles VI., and was appointed by 
 Maria Theresa (1751) tutor to her son who ascended the 
 throne as Joseph II. 
 
 Bartfeld (bart'feld), Hung. Bdrtfa (bart'fo). 
 A town in the county of S&ros, northern Hun- 
 gary, situated on the Topla 40 miles north of 
 Kaschau. Population, 6,102. 
 
 Barth (bart), Heinrich. Born at Hamburg, 
 Feb. 16, 1821: died at Berlin, Nov. 25, 1865. 
 A noted German traveler. He was educated in Ber- 
 lin ; traveled (1845-48) through Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli, 
 Egypt, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece, etc. ; started with Rich- 
 ardson and Overweg from Tripoli in 1850 ; visited (1850-55) 
 the Sahara, Bornu, Adamawa, Kanem, Baghirmi, Sokoto, 
 Timbuktu, etc. ; discovered the Binud June 18, 1851 ; and 
 traveled later in Asia Minor, Turkey, etc. His works 
 include: “Wanderungen durch die Kiistenlander des 
 Mittelineers” (1849, “Journeys through the Border Lands 
 of the Mediterranean ’’), “Reisen und Entdeckungen in 
 Nord und Centralafrika” (1855-58, “Journeys and Dis- 
 coveries in Northern and Central Africa”), works on the 
 dialects of central Africa (1S62-64), etc. See Century 
 Atlas, Map 109. 
 
 Barth, Jean. See Bart. 
 
 Barth, Kaspar von. Born at Kiistrin, Bran 
 denburg, June 21, 1587 : died at Leipsic, Sept. 
 17, 1658. A German classical philologist. He 
 is said to have read and elucidated nearly ail the Greek 
 and Roman authors. He published “Adversaria,” in 60 
 books. 
 
 Barth. A seaport in the province of Pome- 
 rania, Prussia, 15 miles west of Stralsund. 
 Population, 7,344. 
 
 BarthAlemy (bar-tal-ine '), Auguste Mar- 
 seille. Bom at Marseilles, 1796: died there, 
 Aug. 23, 1867. A French satirical poet and 
 prose-writer. He wrote many works, chiefly 
 in collaboration with M6ry. 
 
 Barthelemy, Francois, Marquis de. Born at 
 Aubagne, France, Oct. 20, 1747 : died at Paris, 
 April 3, 1830. A French diplomatist and poli- 
 tician. He was minister to Switzerland in the beginning 
 of the Revolution ; member of the Directory (deposed 
 1797) ; and later senator. 
 
 Barthelemy, Jean Jacques. Born at Cassis, 
 near Marseilles, Jan. 20, 1716: died at Paris, 
 April 30, 1795. A French antiquarian and man 
 of letters. He was the author of “ Voyage du jeune 
 Anacharsis en Grice " (1788), “Reflexions sur l’alpliabet 
 et la langue de Palmyre ’’ (1754), “Essai d’une palseogra- 
 phie numismatique," “Amours de Caryte et de Polydore,” 
 a romance (1760), etc. 
 
 Barth41emy-Saint-Hilaire (sah-te-lar'), Jules. 
 
 Born Aug. 19, 1805: died Nov. 24, 1895. A 
 French statesman and Orientalist, professor in 
 
Barth61emy-Saint-Hilaire 
 
 the College de France and member of the In- 
 stitute. He became a member of the Assembly in 1848 ; 
 refused to recognize the coup d’etat of 1851 ; and under 
 the third republic has been deputy and senator, and minis- 
 ter of foreign affairs 1880-81. Among his works are a 
 translation of Aristotle (1839-44), “Sur les Wdas" (1854), 
 “ Du Bouddhisme” (1855), “ Mahomet et le Coran ” (1805), 
 “ Pensdes de Marc Aurfele ” (1876), “Philosophic des deux 
 Amperes ’’ (1866), “ Etude sur Frangois Bacon ” (1890), etc. 
 
 Barthez (bar-tas'), or Barthes (bar-tas'), Paul 
 Joseph. Born at Montpellier, France, Dec. 11, 
 1734: died at Paris, Oct. 15, 1806. A noted 
 French physician and medical writer. Author 
 of “ Nouveaux eL'ments de la science de l’homme ” (1778), 
 “ Nouvelle mecanique des mouvements de l'homme et des 
 animaux ” (1798), etc. 
 
 Barthold(bar'told), Friedrich Wilhelm. Born 
 at Berlin, Sept. 4, 1799: died Jan. 14, 1858. A 
 German historian. He became professor of history 
 at Greifswald in 1834. Among his works are “ Der Ro- 
 merzug Konig Heinrich’s von Liitzelburg” (1830-31), 
 “Geschichte von Riigen und Pommern” (1839-45), “Ge- 
 schichte des grossen deutschen Kriegs vom Tode Gustav 
 Adolfs ab ” (1843), and “ Geschichte der deutschen Stadte” 
 (1850-52). 
 
 Bartholdi (bar-tol-de'), Frederic Auguste. 
 
 Born at Colmar, Alsace, April 2, 1834: died Oct. 
 4,1904. A noted French sculptor. Among his works 
 are the statue of Lafayette in Union Square, New York city, 
 and the great statue of Liberty in New York Harbor. 
 
 Bartholdy (bar-tol'de), Jakob Salomon. Born 
 at Berlin, May 13, 1779 : died at Rome, July 27, 
 1825. A German diplomatist, art-collector, and 
 patron of art: author of “DerKriegder Tiroler 
 Landleute ” (1814), etc. 
 
 Bartholin (bar'to-len), Kaspar. Born at Mal- 
 mo, Sweden, Feb. 12, 1585: died at Copenhagen, 
 July 13, 1629. A Danish physician and scholar. 
 He became professor of oratory in the University of Copen- 
 hagen in 1611, of medicine in 1615, and of theology in 
 1624. He wrote a text-book on anatomy which was highly 
 esteemed in the 17th century, “Institutiones anatomic® ” 
 (1611). 
 
 Bartholin, Thomas. Born Oct. 20, 1616 : died 
 Dec. 4, 1680. A Danish physician and scholar, 
 son of Kaspar Bartholin. He was professor of 
 mathematics in the University of Copenhagen in 1646, and 
 of medicine 1647-61. He wrote on anatomy and medi- 
 cine, and revised (1641) his father's “Institutiones ana- 
 tomic®.” 
 
 Bartholo (bar-to-15'). In Beaumarchais’s com- 
 edy “ Le Barbier de Seville,” an old doctor who 
 has become the type of the jealous guardian. 
 He proposes to marry his ward Rosine, who is enamoured of 
 Count Alma Viva. He afterward appears in “Le Mariage 
 de Figaro ” as a less important character. 
 Bartholomaussee. See Konigssee. 
 Bartholomew (bar-thol'o-mu), Saint. [Heb., 
 ‘son of Tolmai’; Gr. T>apOo'Aoualoc, L. Bartliolo- 
 mseus, F. Bartholomee, Barthelemi, It. Bartolo- 
 meo, Sp. Bartolome, Pg. Bartolomeu, G. Bar- 
 tholomdus, Bartliel.'] One of the twelve apos- 
 tles, probably identical withNathaniel. Little is 
 known of his work. According to tradition he preached 
 in various parts of Asia, including, according to Eusebius, 
 the borders of India, and was flayed alive and then cru- 
 cified, head downward, at Albanopolis in Armenia. His 
 memory is celebrated in theRoman and Anglican churches 
 on Aug. 24 ; in the Greek Church on J une 11. His emblem 
 is a knife. 
 
 Bartholomew, Saint, Massacre of. An or- 
 ganized slaughter of French Huguenots in Pa- 
 ris and the provinces, instigated by Catherine 
 de’ Medici, commencing on St. Bartholomew’s 
 day, Aug. 24, 1572. The number of victims is 
 estimated at from 20,000 to 30,000. Among 
 them was Coligny. 
 
 Bartholomew Bayou (bar-thol'o-mu bi'o). A 
 river which rises in Arkansas, near Pine Bluff, 
 and joins the Ouachita in northern Louisiana. 
 Length, about 250 miles. 
 
 Bartholomew Fair. 1. A fair formerly held 
 at Smithfield, London, on St. Bartholomew’s 
 day, Aug. 24 (O. S.). It was first held in 1133; in 1691 
 it was shortened from 14 to 4 days; in 1753, owing to the 
 change in the calendar, it was held on the 3d of Sept. ; in 
 1840 it was removed to Islington ; and in 1855 it came to 
 an end. It was originally the great cloth-fair of the king- 
 dom and a market for all kinds of goods. Its provision 
 for popular amusements, however, gradually destroyed its 
 character as a market, and it became simply an occasion for 
 unbridled license. The Bartholomew pig, so often alluded 
 to in old writers, was a chief dainty at the fair. 
 
 2. A comedy by Ben Jonson, acted first in 
 1614 and published in 1631. it ig a satire on puri- 
 tanism, ana naturally roused opposition ; after the .Res- 
 toration, however, it was received with applause. See 
 Busy, Zeal - of- the- Land. 
 
 Bartholomew’s Hospital. A hospital in Smith- 
 field, London, founded in 1123. 
 
 Bartholomew the Great, Saint. A church in 
 the city of London, founded in 1123, and chiefly 
 in the Norman style. The existing church consists 
 of the cb .ir, transepts, and one bay of the nave ; the re- 
 mainder of the nave, which was probably later, was de- 
 stroyed by Henry VIII. The handsome Decorated Lady 
 chapel was long used as a factory, but has lately been re- 
 purchased and restored. The church was founded byRa- 
 
 125 
 
 here, and his tomb is on the north side of the sanctuary : 
 it is of a later date than his effigy which is placed upon it. 
 
 Bartlett, Elisha. Born at Smithfield, R. I., 
 1804 (or 1805 ?): died there, July 18, 1855. An 
 American physician. He was professor of materia 
 medica and medical jurisprudence in the College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons in New York 1851-55. 
 
 Bartlett, John. Born at Plymouth, Mass., 
 June 14, 1820: died at Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 
 3, 1905. An American book-publisher and 
 editor. He became a member of the publishing house of 
 Little, Brown and Co., in Boston, 1865, and was the senior 
 partner 1878-89. He compiled “Familiar Quotations: 
 Being an Attempt to Trace to their Sources Passages 
 and Phrases in Common Use ” (1855 : a ninth revised edition 
 appeared in 1891), and a concordance to Shakspere (1894). 
 
 Bartlett, John Russell. Born at Providence, 
 R. I., Oct. 23, 1805: died at Providence, May 
 28, 1886. An American antiquarian and his- 
 torian. He was engaged in business in New York city 
 1837-49 ; was appointed commissioner to establish the 
 boundary line between the United States and Mexico in 
 1850; and was secretary of state for Rhode Island from 
 1855 until 1872. He wrote a "Dictionary of American- 
 isms ” (1850 : revised edition 1877), a “ Bibliography of 
 Rhode Island ’’ (1864), “ Literature of the Rebellion ’’ (1866), 
 “ Primeval Man ” (1868), etc. 
 
 Bartlett, Joseph. Born at Plymouth, Mass., 
 June 10, 1762; died at Boston, Oct. 20, 1827. 
 A satirical poet, author of “Physiognomy,” re- 
 cited before the Harvard Phi Beta Kappa Soci- 
 ety in 1799. His life was that of an adventurer. 
 Bartlett, Josiah. Born at Amesbury, Mass., 
 1729; died 1795. An American patriot and 
 statesman. He was a member of the committee of 
 safety of New Hampshire in 1775; member of the Conti- 
 nental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence in 1776; chief justice of New Hampshire; and 
 president and governor of New Hampshire 1790-94. 
 
 Bartlett, Samuel Oolcord. Born Nov. 25, 
 1817 : died Nov. 16, 1898. An American edu- 
 cator and Congregational clergyman. He was 
 professor of philosophy and rhetoric in Western Reserve 
 College 1846-52 ; professor of biblical literature in Chicago 
 Theological Seminary 1868-77; and president of Dartmouth 
 College 1877. He wrote “ From Egypt to Palestine " (1879), 
 and several religious works. 
 
 Bartlett, William Henry. Born at London, 
 March 26, 1809 : died Sept. 13, 1854. An Eng- 
 lish draftsman, traveler, writer, and editor. 
 He illustrated works on Palestine, Switzerland, America, 
 etc., and was the author and illustrator of “ Walks about 
 Jerusalem” (1844), “Forty Days in the Desert” (1848), 
 “The Nile Boat" (1849), “Pictures from Sicily” (1853), 
 “The Pilgrim Fathers” (1853), etc. 
 
 Bartley (bart'li), Mordecai. Bom in Fayette 
 County, Pa., Dec. 16, 1783: died at Mansfield, 
 Ohio, Oct. 10, 1870. An American politician, 
 member of Congress from Ohio 1823-31, and 
 Whig governor of Ohio 1844-46. 
 
 Bartol (bar-tol'), Cyrus Augustus. Born 
 April 30, 1813 : died Dec. 17, 1900. An Ameri- 
 can Unitarian clergyman, pastor 1861-87 of the 
 West Churchin Boston. He was the author of “Dis- 
 courses on the Christian Spirit and Life ”(1850), “Pictures 
 of Europe” (1855), “Radical Problems" (1872), and of 
 various other ethical and religious works. 
 
 Bartoli (bar'to-le), Adolfo. Born at Fiviz- 
 zano, Nov. 19, 1833: died at Genoa, May 16, 
 1894. An Italian historian of literature. He was 
 associated in the editorial management of the “ Archivio 
 storico italiano " (1856-59), and became a professor in the 
 Istituto de Studii Superiori at Florence in 1874. Author 
 of “ Storia della litteratura italiana ” (1877). 
 
 Bartoli, Daniello. Bom at Ferrara, Feb. 12, 
 1608: died at Rome, Jan. 13, 1685. An Italian 
 historian and physicist, rector of the College of 
 Jesuits at Rome. He wrote an important “Istoria 
 della compagnia di Gesil ” (1653-75), and various physical 
 treatises (“ Del Suono,” 1680 ; “Della tensione e pressione,” 
 1677). 
 
 Bartoli, Pietro Santi, surnamed Perugino. 
 Born about 1635: died at Rome, Nov. 7, 1700. 
 An Italian engraver and painter, a pupil of 
 Nicolas Poussin. 
 
 Bartoli. See Bartolus. 
 
 Bartolo. See Bartolus. 
 
 Bartolommeo (bar-to-lom-ma'o), Fra (Baccio 
 della Porta). Born at Savignano, Tuscany, 
 1475: died at Florence, Oct. 6, 1517. A cele- 
 brated painter of the Florentine school. He was 
 a pupil of Cosimo Rosselli, and was greatly influenced by 
 the study of the works of Leonardo da Vinci. He was an 
 adherent of Savonarola, and in 1500 retired to a monastery 
 in Florence. During his last years he was associated with 
 Raphael. 
 
 Bartolozzi (bar-to-lot'se), Francesco. Born at 
 Florence, Sept. 21, 1727(f): died at Lisbon, March 
 7, 1813. An Italian engraver. He studied engraving 
 six years in Venice under the historical engraver Wagner ; 
 went to London in 1764, where he was appointed engraver 
 to the king; became an original member of the Royal 
 Academy in 1769; and removed to Lisbon in 1802, to take 
 charge of the National Academy at Lisbon. 
 
 Bartolus (bar'to-lus). Bom at Sasso Ferrato, 
 Duchy of Urbino, Italy, 1314: died July, 1357. 
 
 Bartram, William 
 
 A noted Italian jurist. He was professor of civil 
 law at Perugia ; author of extensive commentaries on the 
 Corpus Juris Civilis ; and founder of the school of the 
 Postglossators or Bartolists. 
 
 Bartolus. In Fletcher and Massinger’s play 
 “The Spanish Curate,” a greedy, unprincipled 
 lawyer, the husband of Amaranta. 
 
 Barton (bar'ton), Andrew. Died Aug. 2, 1511. 
 A noted Scottish naval commander in the ser- 
 vice of James IV. He obtained letters of marque 
 against the Portuguese ; but, as his capture of Portu- 
 guese merchantmen inflicted damage on the trade of Lon- 
 don, he was attacked by Sir Thomas and Sir Edward 
 Howard and killed in a desperate engagement in the 
 Downs. The incident is celebrated in the ballad of “ Sir 
 Andrew Barton.” 
 
 Barton, Benjamin Smith. Born at Lancaster, 
 Pa., Peb. 10, 1766; died at Philadelphia, Dec. 
 
 19, 1815. An American physician, naturalist, 
 and ethnologist. He wrote ‘‘New Views on the 
 Origin of the Tribes of America” (1797), etc. 
 
 Barton, Bernard. Born at Carlisle, England, 
 Jan. 31, 1784: died at Woodbridge, Feb. 19, 
 1849. An English poet, surnamed “The 
 ★Quaker Poet”: best known as a friend of Lamb. 
 Barton, Clara. Born at Oxford, Mass., Dec. 
 25, 1821 : died at Glen Echo, Md., April 12, 1912. 
 An American philanthropist. She entered the mil- 
 itary hospital service at the beginning of the Civil War, 
 was placed in charge of the hospitals at the front of the 
 Army of the James in 1864 ; assisted at the beginning of 
 the Franco-German war the Grand Duchess of Baden 
 in the organization of military hospitals ; superintended 
 the supplying of work to the poor in Strasburg in 1871, 
 and the distribution of supplies to the destitute in Paris 
 in 1872 ; organized the American Red Cross Society in 
 1881, and was its president 1881-1904 ; was appointed 
 superintendent of the reformatory for women at Sher- 
 born, Massachusetts, in 1883; and as president of the 
 Red Cross Society superintended the expedition of relief 
 to the sufferers from the overflow of the Ohio and Missis- 
 sippi rivers in 1884, and in 1893 was put in charge of the 
 relief for the sufferers from the cyclone on the South 
 Atlantic coast. As president of the American National 
 Red Cross Society she also went from the United States 
 to Constantinople to administer the funds of the National 
 Armenian Relief Committee (January 22-September 12, 
 1896). 
 
 Barton, Elizabeth. Born 1506 (?) : died April 
 
 20, 1534. An English impostor, called the 
 “Nun” or “Maid of Kent.” She was attacked in 
 1525, while in domestic service at Aldington, Kent, with 
 a hysterical disease, accompanied by religious mania and 
 trances. She recovered, but, under the direction of the 
 monk Edward Bocking, simulated her former condition 
 for the purpose of religious deception. Site was admitted 
 to the priory of St. Sepulchre, Canterbury, in 1527, with 
 Bocking as her confessor, and began to prophesy about po- 
 litical questions and to denounce the opponents of the 
 Catholic Church, gaining great influence even in high 
 quarters. She prophesied against the marriage of Henry 
 Will, with Anne Boleyn, and after the marriage declared 
 that, like Saul, Henry was no longer king in the sight of 
 God. This caused her arrest in 1533, and she was executed 
 at Tyburn with Bocking and several other priests and friars 
 implicated in the Imposture and convicted of treasonable 
 conspiracy. 
 
 Barton, Frances (Fanny). See Abington, Mrs. 
 Barton, Mary. See Mary Barton. 
 
 Barton, Thomas Pennant. Born at Philadel- 
 phia, 1803 : died there, April 5, 1869. An Amer- 
 ican book-collector, son of Benjamin Smith 
 Barton. He collected a valuable Shaksperian library, 
 which was acquired after his death by.the public library 
 of Boston. 
 
 Barton, William. Born at Warren, R. I., May 
 26, 1748: died at Providence, R. I., Oct. 22, 
 1831. An American Revolutionary officer. He 
 planned and, with 38 men, executed the capture of the 
 British general Robert Prescott, July 10, 1777, at his head- 
 quarters in a farm-house near Newport, R. I. 
 
 Barton, William Paul Crillon. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, Nov. 17, 1786: died there, Feb. 29, 1856. 
 An American botanist, a nephew of Benjamin 
 Smith Barton. He wrote “Flora of North America” 
 (1821-23), “Lectures on Materia Medica and Botany” 
 (1823), “ Medical Botany," etc. 
 
 Barton-on-Irwell (bar'ton-on-er'wel). A town 
 in Lancashire, England, situated on the Irwell 
 5 miles west of Manchester. 
 Barton-upon-Humber (bar'ton -u-pon- bum'- 
 ber). A town in Lincoln, England, situated 
 on the Humber 7 miles southwest of Hull. 
 Population, 5,671. 
 
 Bartram (bar'tram), John. Bom in Chester 
 County, Pa., March 23, 1699: died at Kingses- 
 sing, Pa., Sept. 22, 1777. A noted American 
 botanist. He founded in 1728, at Kingsessing, near 
 Philadelphia, the first botanical garden in America. 
 Bartram, William. Bom at Kingsessing, Pa., 
 Feb. 9, 1739: died there, July 22, 1823. An 
 American botanist and ornithologist, son of 
 John Bartram. ne spent about five years in investi- 
 gating the natural products of the Carolinas, Georgia, 
 and Florida ; prepared the most complete list of American 
 birds before Wilson ; and wrote “Travels through North 
 and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, etc." 
 (1791). 
 
126 
 
 Bartsch, Karl 
 
 Bartsch, Karl. Born at Sprottau, Silesia, 
 Feb. 25, 1832: died Feb. 19, 1888. A distin- 
 guished German philologist, appointed pro- 
 fessor of German and Romance philosophy at 
 Rostock in 1858, and professor at Heidelberg 
 in 1871. He was the author of works on the Provensal 
 language and literature, of the “ Chrestomatliie de l’ancien 
 frangais,” of editions of the “Nibelungeniied, 9 “Wolfram 
 von Eschenbach, ’ and other medieval German works, etc. 
 
 Bartsch. A river in Prussia which joins the 
 Oder near Gross-Glogau in Silesia. Length, 
 about 100 miles. 
 
 Ba Rua (ba-ro'a). See Garenganze and Luba. 
 
 Baruch (ba/ruk). [Heb., ‘blessed’: the equiv- 
 alent of ‘Benedict.’] 1. A Jew who repaired 
 a part of the wall of Jerusalem, about 446 
 B. C. (Neh. iii. 20). — 2. The amanuensis and 
 faithful friend of the prophet Jeremiah. 
 
 Baruch, Book of. An apocryphal book of the 
 Old Testament bearing the name of the friend 
 of Jeremiah, assigned by most critics to the 
 later part of the Maccabean period. 
 
 Baruth ( ba'rot). A small to mi in the province of 
 Brandenburg, Prussia, 33 miles south of Berlin. 
 
 Barwalde-in-der-N eumark ( bar ' val - de - i n- 
 der-noi'miirk). A small town in the province 
 of Brandenburg, Prussia, 50 miles east-north- 
 east of Berlin. 
 
 Barwalde-in-Pommern (-pom'mern). A small 
 town in the province of Pomerania, Prussia, 32 
 miles south of Koslin. 
 
 Barwalde (Brandenburg), Treaty of. A treaty 
 made Jan. 13, 1631, between France and Gusta- 
 VUS Adolphus of Sweden. Gustavus was to receive 
 an annual subsidy of 1,200,000 livres from France, in re- 
 turn for which he was to maintain, at his own expense 
 and under his own direction, an army of 30,000 infantry 
 and 6,000 horse in the war against the emperor. He also 
 received an advance of 300,000 livres, exclusive of the 
 annual subsidy, as compensation for past expenses. The 
 treaty was to stand for five years. 
 
 Bary (ba're), Heinrich Anton de. Bom at 
 
 Frankfort-on-the-Main, Jan. 26, 1831: died at 
 Strasburg, Jan. 19, 1888. A German physician 
 and botanist, noted especially for his researches 
 in eryptogamic botany. He became professor of 
 botany at Freiburg in 1855, at Halle in 1867, and at Stras- 
 burg in 1872. 
 
 Barye (ba-re'), Antoine Louis. Born at Paris, 
 Sept. 24, 1795: died there, June 25, 1875. A 
 famous French sculptor, especially of animals. 
 His father was a master silversmith from Lyons. At first he 
 worked with an engraver named F'ourrierand a goldsmith 
 named Biennais. Conscripted in 1812, he served as a top- 
 ographical engineer, and is said to have modeled several 
 relief-maps now in the French War Office. In 1816 he 
 studied sculpture with Bosio and drawing with the painter 
 Gros. in 1819 he presented himself at a concours of 
 the Beaux Arts, with a “Milo di Crotona,” which won 
 the second prize. In 1820 he lost the second prize. In 
 1823-31 he worked for Fanconnier, jeweler to the Duch- 
 esse d’Angouleme. At this time he began to devote him- 
 self more particularly to animals. In the exhibition of 
 1831 Barye exhibited the now celebrated “Tiger Devour- 
 ing a Crocodile.” M. Lefuel, who succeeded Visconti as 
 architect of the Louvre, employed Barye to make four 
 groups for the pavilion on the Place du Carrousel. Barye 
 was an officer of the Legion of Honor, member of the In- 
 stitute, and professor at the Jardin des Plantes. 
 
 Barygaza (ba-ri-ga/za). In ancient geography, 
 a city of India, situated at the mouth of the 
 Nerbudda, on the site of the modern Baroach. 
 
 Barzillai (bar-zil'a-i or bar'zi-la). [Heb., 
 ‘ smith, iron-worker.’] 1 . In Old Testament his- 
 tory, a wealthy Gileadite who aided David when 
 he fled from Absalom (2 Sam, xvii. 27). Hence 
 — 2. The name given to the character repre- 
 senting the Duke of Ormond, the friend of 
 Charles II., in Dryden’s “ Absalom and Achit- 
 ophel.” 
 
 BarZu-Nameh (bar'zo-na'me). A Persian epic 
 poem, modeled on the Shahnamah : author un- 
 known. 
 
 Bas. See Bats. 
 
 Ba-sa (ba-sa/). See Dualla. 
 
 Basa-Komi (ba-sa-ko'mi). See Nupe. 
 
 Basantello (ba-san-tel'lo), or Basentello (ba- 
 sen-tel'lo). A small place near Taranto, Italy. 
 It gives name to the battle in which Otto II. was over- 
 thrown by the Greeks and Saracens July 13, 982, although 
 recent investigations show that the battle-field lay in 
 some unidentified locality south of Cotrone. 
 
 Basarjik. See Bazardjik. 
 
 Baseili (bas'ke), Matteo. Born at Urbino: 
 died at Venice, 1552. An Italian monk and vis- 
 ionary, founder of the order of the Capuchins. 
 
 Basco (bas'ko). The largest island of the Ad- 
 miralty group. 
 
 Bascom (bas ' kom), Henry Bidleman. Born 
 at Hancock, N. "Y., May 27, 1790 : died at Louis- 
 ville, Ky., Sept. 8, 1850. An American bishop 
 (1850) of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
 (South), and president of Transylvania Univer- 
 sity, Kentucky, 1842-50. 
 
 Bascom, John. Born May 1, 1827 : died Oct. 2, 
 1911. An American educator and philosophi- 
 cal writer. He was presidentof the University of Wis- 
 consin 1874-87, and professor of political science at Wil- 
 liams College 1891-1901. He wrote “ Political Economy ” 
 (1859), “ .Esthetics " (1862), “ Philosophy of Rhetoric ” 
 (1865), “ Principles of Psychology ” (1869), “Science, Phi- 
 losophy, and Religion " (1871), “ Philosophy of English Lit- 
 erature” (1874), “Problems in Philosophy,” etc. 
 
 Basedow (ba'ze-do), Johann Berend (Bern- 
 hard). Born at Hamburg, Sept. 11, 1723 : died 
 at Magdeburg, July 25, 1790. A German 
 teacher and educational reformer. He became 
 teacher in an academy at Soroe, in Denmark, in 1753, and 
 in the gymnasium at Altona in 1701 ; published the 
 “ Elementarwerk” (1774) (with 100 copperplates, mostly 
 by Chodowiecki), containing the exposition of a new sys- 
 tem of primary education ; and opened a model school, 
 called the Philanthropic at Dessau in 1774, from the man- 
 agement of which he retired in 1778. 
 
 Basel (ba'zel), F. Bale (bal). The eleventh 
 canton of Switzerland, divided into the two 
 half-cantons of Basel-Stadt and Basel-Land. 
 Area, 177 square miles. Population, 211,783, 
 (1910). 
 
 Basel, F. Bale (bal), and formerly Basle. [LL. 
 Basilia.'] The chief city of the half -canton 
 of Basel-Stadt, the second in size in Switzer- 
 land. It is situated on the Rhine at its bend north- 
 ward, in lat. 47° 33' N., long. 7° 36' E., and comprises 
 Great Basel on the left and Little Basel on the right 
 bank of the river. It contains a university, and is the 
 chief commercial and banking city of the country, and 
 has also important manufactures, especially of silk rib- 
 bons. It is the ancient Roman Basilia; became a part of 
 the German Empire in 1032 ; joined the Swiss Confed- 
 eration in 1501 ; and early sided with the Reformation. 
 It has long been noted as a literary and art center. Its 
 many contests with the land of Basel ended in war in 1831, 
 the interference of the Federal troops, and the separation 
 of the two half-cantons in 1833. The cathedral of Basel, 
 an interesting building of red sandstone, with twin open- 
 work spires, was founded in 1010 and rebuilt in the middle 
 of the 14th century. The north portal, witli statues and 
 reliefs, belongs to the original structure. The west front 
 is of the 14th century. The spacious interior contains a 
 noteworthy rood-loft, medieval church furniture, and some 
 historic tombs. The cloister is large and picturesque. 
 The Rathaus, or town hall, is a picturesque battle- 
 mented building erected in 1508, in a late-Pointed style. 
 It has an interior court, with a belfry, and a quaint little 
 spire on the ridge of the roof. It is arcaded below, and 
 in the second story has a series of rectangular windows 
 in groups of three, the central lights the highest. The 
 facade bears curious mural paintings. The council-cham- 
 ber is well decorated. Population, 129,600. 
 
 Basel, Confession of. 1. A Reformed confes- 
 sion, drafted by CEcolainpadius, and revised by 
 Myeonius, published in 1534. — 2. The first 
 Helvetic Confession (which see). 
 
 Basel, Council of. A council held at Basel 
 July 23, 1431, -May 7, 1449, the last of the three 
 great reforming councils of the 15th century. 
 It was called by Pope Martin V. and by his successor Eu- 
 genius IV.; had as its main objects the union of the Greek 
 and Latin churches, the reconciliation of the Bohemians, 
 and the reformation of the church ; deposed (June 25, 
 1439) Eugenius IV. who refused to acknowledge its au- 
 thority ; and elected (Oct. 30, 1439) Amadeus, duke of Sa- 
 voy, pope, who took the name of Felix V. (resigned 1449). 
 The ultramontanes reject this council altogether, while 
 the Gallican Church acknowledges the first twenty-five of 
 its forty-five sessions. 
 
 Basel, Treaty of. 1 . A treaty concluded April 
 5, 1795, between France on the one hand, 
 and Prussia on the other. Prussia agreed to with- 
 draw from the coalition against France, which was to 
 continue in possession of the Prussian territory west of 
 the Rhine until peace should be concluded with the em- 
 pire, while a line of demarcation fixed the neutrality of 
 northern Germany. In a secret article it was stipulated 
 that, on conclusion of a general peace, if the empire should 
 cede to France the principalities west of the Rhine, Prus- 
 sia should cede its territory in that district, and receive 
 compensation elsewhere. 
 
 2. A treaty concluded July 22, 1795, by which 
 Spain ceded Santo Domingo to France. 
 Basel-Land (ba'zel-land). A half-cantpn of 
 Switzerland, bounded by Alsace on the north- 
 west, Baden (separated by the Rhine) on the 
 north, Aargau on the east, and Solothurn and 
 Bern on the south. The language is German, and the 
 prevailing religion Protestant. It was separated from 
 Basel-Stadt in 1833. Area, 163 square miles. Population, 
 76,241, (1910). 
 
 Basel-Stadt (bsi'zel-stat). A half-canton of 
 Switzerland, composed of the city of Basel and 
 three villages on the right bank of the Rhine. 
 The language is German. Population, 135,542, 
 (1910). 
 
 Basento (ba-sen'to),or Basiento(ba-se-en'to). 
 A river in southern Italy which flows into the 
 Gulf of Taranto 27 miles southwest of Taranto : 
 the ancient Casuentus. Length, about 90 miles. 
 Baserac (ba-se-rak'). A village of Opata In- 
 dians situated on the upper Yaqui River in east- 
 ern Sonora, south of Babispe. It contains the 
 ruins of a once important Jesuit mission, founded about 
 1642. 
 
 Basil II. 
 
 Basevi (ba-sa've), George. Born at London, 
 1794: died at Ely, Oct. 16, 1845. An English 
 architect. His chief work, the Fitzwilliam Mnsenm at 
 Cambridge, was begun by him In 1837, continued by R. C. 
 Cockerell, and completed by E. M. Barry in 1874. He was 
 accidentally killed while inspecting the western bell- 
 tower of Ely Cathedral. 
 
 Basford (bas'ford). A manufacturing town in 
 Nottinghamshire, England, situated on the 
 Lene 3 miles north-northwest of Nottingham. 
 Population, 38,365. 
 
 Bashan (ba'shan). [Gr. B aoav, Heb. Bashdn, 
 soft or rich soil.] A district of Palestine east 
 of the Jordan, reaching from the river Arnon 
 in the south to Mount Herrnon on the north, 
 and bounded on the west by the Hauran. At 
 the time of the entrance of the Israelites into Canaan 
 the whole of this region was inhabited by the Amorites. 
 It was conquered by the Israelites and allotted to the 
 tribe of Manasseh (Num. xxxii. 33, Deut. iii. 13, Josh, 
 xiii. 29 ff.), and afterward its inhabitants were deported 
 to Assyria (2 Ki. xv. 30). During the Roman period the 
 country was divided into five provinces : ItureaandGaul- 
 onitis (modern Jaulan), and to the east of these Batanea, 
 to the northeast Trachonitis (modern Lajah) and Hauran- 
 itis. The fertility of the country is proverbially mentioned 
 in the Old Testament (Deut. xxxii. 14, Ps. xxii. 12, Jer. 
 1. 19, Micali vii. 14). 
 
 Bashful Lover, The. A play by Massinger 
 (licensed in 163G). In some old catalogues it is as- 
 cribed to B. J., or Ben Jonson : in Fleays opinion, through 
 some confusion with the “City Madam.” 
 
 Rashi (ba-slie') Islands. A group of small isl- 
 ands between Formosa and Luzon in the Phil- 
 ippines. 
 
 Bashi-Bazouk (bash'i-ba-zok'). [Turk, bash i- 
 bozuq, one who is in no particular dress or 
 uniform, an irregular soldier or civilian, from 
 bashi, head, head-dress, dress and appearance, 
 and bozuq, spoilt, disorderly, bad, from boz, 
 spoil, damage, destroy.] A volunteer and- ir- 
 regular auxiliary serving in connection with 
 the Turkish army for maintenance, but with- 
 out pay or uniform. Bashi-bazouks are generally 
 mounted, and because unpaid frequently resort to pillage. 
 They are also at the command of municipal governors, 
 and when detailed to accompany travelers or expeditions 
 through the country they expect not only to be “ found,” 
 but to be suitably rewarded with bakshish. 
 
 Bashkirs (bash'kerz). A tribe of .mixed Fin- 
 nish and Tatar race, inhabiting the govern- 
 ments of Orenburg, Perm, Samara, Ufa, and 
 Vyatka, in Russia. Subjugated by Russia in 
 the 18tb century. Numbers (estimated), 75,000 
 Sunnite Mohammedans. 
 
 Bashkirtseff (bash-kert'sev), Maria Constan- 
 tinovna. Born at Gavrontsi, government of 
 Pultowa, Russia, Nov. 23 (N. S.), 1860: died 
 Oct. 31, 1884. A Russian artist and author. 
 She left many studies and some finished pictures influ- 
 enced by Bastien-Lepage. Parts of her diary were pub- 
 lished in 1887. 
 
 Basiasch. See Bazids. 
 
 Basil (ba/zil or baz'il), L. Basilius (ba-sil'i-ns). 
 [Gr. Bacu/U/oe or BaoiAioc, kingly, royal; L. Ba- 
 silius. It. Sp. Pg. Basilio, F. Basile .] Born at 
 Ctesarea, in Cappadocia, 329 a. d. : died there, 
 Jan. 1, 379. One of the fathers of the Greek 
 Church, bishop of Caesarea and metropolitan of 
 Cappadocia 370-379: surnamed “The Great.” 
 He studied at Constantinople under Libanius, and at 
 Athens in the schools of philosophy and rhetoric, in the 
 company of his friend Gregory Nazianzen, and then re- 
 turned to Caesarea as a rhetorician. About 361 he retired 
 to Pontus and entered upon the monastic life. In 364 he 
 was made presbyter, and in 370 bishop. He was a power- 
 ful supporter of the orthodox faith in the struggle with 
 Arianism, and a distinguished preacher. His works in- 
 clude commentaries on the Scriptures, five hooks against 
 Eunomius, homilies, etc. The standard edition is that of 
 Garnier (1721-30), reprinted by Migne (1857). His festival 
 is celebrated in the Roman and Anglican churches on 
 June 14, and in the Greek Church Jan. 1. 
 
 Basil, L. Basilius. A native of Ancyra, and 
 bishop of that city 336-360: one of the leaders 
 of the Semi-Arians. He was deposed in 360 by the 
 Synod of Constantinople, and exiled to Illyricum, where 
 he probably died, 
 
 Basil I., L. Basilius. Born 813 (826?): died 
 886. Byzantine emperor 867-886, the founder 
 of the Macedonian dynasty: surnamed “The 
 Macedonian.” He was of obscure origin, but succeeded 
 in winning the favor of Michael III. by whom he was 
 raised to the dignity of Augustus in 866, and intrusted 
 with the administration of the empire. Having in the 
 mean time incurred the enmity of Michael, he assassinated 
 the emperor and usurped the throne 867. He improved 
 the administration of the empire, drove the Saracens out 
 of Italy in 885, and began the collection of laws called 
 “Constitutiones Basilic®,” or simply “Basilica," which 
 was completed by his son Leo. 
 
 Basil II., L. Basilius. Born about 958: died 
 1025. Byzantine emperor 976-1025: surnamed 
 “The Slayer of the Bulgarians.” He was the 
 elder son of Romnnus II. of the Macedonian dynasty, 
 succeeded, with his brother Constantine, the usurper Jo- 
 annes Zimisces, and is notable as one of the greatest gen- 
 
Basil II. 
 
 erals of the time. He began a war with Bulgaria in 987, 
 which resulted in 1018 in the incorporation of that kingdom 
 with the Byzantine empire. 
 
 Basil, L. Basilius. A Bulgarian physician and 
 monk, the leader of the heretical sect of the 
 Bogomiles. He was put to death by burning 
 
 *in 1118. 
 
 Basilan (ba-se'lan). An island of the Sulu Ar- 
 chipelago, west of Mindanao. Length, 41 miles. 
 Basile (ba-zel'). A slanderer who figures in 
 Beaumarchais’s comedies “Le Barbier de Se- 
 ville ” and “ Le Mariage de Figaro.” His name 
 has become proverbial for this type of charac- 
 ter. 
 
 Basilicata (ba-se-le-ka'ta). A coinpartimento 
 of southern Italy, containing one province, Po- 
 tenza. See Potenza. 
 
 Basilicon Doron (ba-sil'i-kon do'ron). [Gr. 
 fiaaiMudv 6o>pov , the royal gift.] A work on the 
 divine right of kings, written by James I. of 
 England and VI. of Scotland. 
 
 Basilides (bas-i-li'dez). [Gr. Bam/UA/f . ] A 
 noted Gnostic of the 2d century (died about 
 138 a. d.), probably a Syrian, the founder of a 
 heretical sect. See Basilidians. About his life 
 little is known. He appears to have taught in Alexan- 
 dria and elsewhere in Egypt, and perhaps in Persia. He 
 claimed to be a disciple of Glaucias, an interpreter of 
 Peter, and to be in possession of the secret traditions of 
 that apostle. He wrote commentaries on the gospel in 
 twenty-four books, extracts from which have been pre- 
 served. 
 
 Basilidians (bas-i-lid'i-anz). The followers of 
 Basilides, a teacher of Gnostic doctrines at 
 Alexandria, Egypt, in the 2d century. They dis- 
 couraged martyrdom, kept their doctrines as secret as 
 possible, were much given to magical practices, and soon 
 declined from the asceticism of their founder into gross 
 immorality. “ The Gnosticism of Basilides appears to 
 have been a fusion of the ancient sacerdotal religion of 
 Egypt with the angelic and demoniac theory of Zoroaster. ” 
 Milman, Hist, of Christ., II. 68. 
 
 Basilisco (bas-i-lis'ko). A character in the old 
 play “Soliman and Perseda,” referred to in 
 Shakspere’s “King John,” i. 1, 244: a boaster 
 whose name has become proverbial. 
 BasiliSCUS (bas-i-lis'kus). [Gr. BaoManoc, a lit- 
 tle king.] Emperor of the East 475-477 a. d. 
 He was the brother-in-law of Leo I. by whom he was ap- 
 pointed commander of the expedition to Carthage against 
 Genseric, king of the Vandals, in 468. He was defeated, 
 and was banished by the emperor to Thrace. He de- 
 throned Zeno, Leo’s successor, but was himself deposed 
 by Zeno, and died in prison. In his reign the great library 
 of Constantinople was destroyed by lire. 
 
 Basiliskos (bas-i-lis'kos). Ptolemy’s name for 
 the first-magnitude white star a Leonis, now 
 ordinarily known as Regulus, a Latin transla- 
 tion of Basiliskos. 
 
 Basilius. See Basil. 
 
 Basilius (ba-sil'i-us), Valentinus. A noted 
 German alchemist, who lived about the begin- 
 ning of the 15th century. He made important dis- 
 coveries in chemistry, notably those of antimony and muri- 
 atic acid. Author of “ Currus triumphalis Autimonii. ” 
 Basilius. The lover of Quiteria in Cervantes’s 
 “Don Quixote.” He gets her away from Ca- 
 macho by a stratagem. See Camacho. 
 Basilius. The Prince of Arcadia, in love with 
 Zelmane, in Sidney’s romance “Arcadia.” 
 Basing, Baron. See Sclater-Booth, George. 
 Basing House (ba'zing hous). A former resi- 
 dence of the Marquis of Winchester, situated 
 east of Basingstoke. It is famous for its long de- 
 fense by the Royalists against the Parliamentarians, in 
 the English civil war. It was taken by Cromwell Oct., 
 1645, and destroyed. 
 
 Basingstoke (ba'zing-stok). A town in Hamp- 
 shire, England, 47 miles west-southwest of 
 London. Population, 9,793. 
 
 Baskerville (bas'ker-vil), John. Born at Wol- 
 verley, Worcestershire, Jan. 28, 1706: died at 
 Birmingham, Jan. 8, 1775. A famous English 
 printer and type-founder, in early life he followed 
 various pursuits - footman, stone-cutter, calligrapher, 
 teacher, and maker of japanned ware. About 1750 he 
 turned his attention to type-founding and printing, and 
 was elected printer to the University of Cambridge for 
 10 years in 1758. His first work was a famous edition of 
 Vergil (1757); other noted specimens of his art are editions 
 of Milton (1758 and 1759), the Prayer-Book (1760 : four 
 eds., and others in subsequent years), Juvenal (1761), 
 Horace (1762), the Bible (1763), and a series of Latin au- 
 thors (1772-73). 
 
 Basie. See Basel. 
 
 Basnage de Beauval (ba-nazh' de bo-viil'), 
 Henri. Boru at Rouen, Aug. 7, 1656: died in 
 Holland, March 19, 1710. A French jurist, a 
 brother o f Jacques Basnage. He was an advocate 
 in Rouen, and took refuge in Holland after the revocation 
 of the Edict of Nantes. Authorof “ Histoire des ouvrages 
 des savants " (1687), etc. 
 
 Basnage de Beauval, Jacques. Born at Rouen, 
 Aug. 8, 1653: died at The Hague, Dec. 22, 
 1723. A French Protestant theologian and his- 
 
 127 
 
 torian, pastor at Rotterdam and The Hague, 
 and diplomatist. His chief historical works are “ His- 
 toire de 1’bglise depuis Jbsus-Christ jusqu’.'i present” 
 (1699), “Histoire des Juifs, etc.” (1706), “ Dissertation his- 
 torique sur les duels et les ordres de chevalerie ” (1720), 
 “ Histoire de la religion des bglises reformbes ” (1690). 
 
 Basque Provinces. The provinces of Vizcaya, 
 Guipuzcoa, and Alava, in Spain, united to Cas- 
 tile in the 13th and 14th centuries. Part of Na- 
 varre is also comprised in the district of the Basques. 
 The Basque district in France comprises the arrondisse- 
 ments of Bayonne and Mauleon, in the department of 
 Basses- Pyrenees. See Basques. 
 
 Basques (baskz). A race of unknown origin in- 
 habiting the Basque Provinces and other parts 
 of Spain iu the neighborhood of the Pyrenees, 
 and part of the department of Basses-Pyr6- 
 nees, France. 
 
 The singular Basque or Euskarian language, spoken on 
 both slopes of the Pyrenees, forms a sort of linguistic isl- 
 and iu the great Aryan ocean. It must represent the 
 speech of one of the neolithic races, either that of the 
 dolichocephalic Iberians, or that of the brachycephalic 
 people whom we call Auvergnats or Ligurians. * Anthro- 
 pology throws some light on this question. It is now 
 known that the Basques are not all of one type, as was 
 supposed by Retzius and the early anthropologists, who 
 were only acquainted with the skulls of the French 
 Basques. Broca has now shown that the Spanish Basques 
 are largely dolichocephalic. The mean index of the peo- 
 ple of Zarous in Guipuzcoa is 77.62. Of the French Basques 
 a considerable proportion (37 per cent.) are brachycepha- 
 lic, with indices from 80 to 83. The mean index obtained 
 from the measurements of fifty-seven skulls of French 
 Basques from an old graveyard at St. Jean de Luz is 80.25. 
 The skull shape of the French Basques is therefore inter- 
 mediate between that of the Auvergnats on the north, and 
 that of the Spanish Basques on the south. 
 
 Taylor, Aryans,^). 217. 
 
 Basra (bus'ra), or Bassora, or Bussorah (bus'- 
 so-ra). [Pers. and Ar. Basrah .] A town in 
 Asiatic Turkey, situated on the Shat-el-Arab 
 55 miles from the Persian Gulf, it was founded in 
 632, was a considerable medieval emporium and Arabic lit- 
 erary center, and has increased in importance recently, 
 owing to the development of steam navigation. Popula- 
 tion, about 60,000. 
 
 Bass (bas), George. Born at Asworthy, near 
 Sleaford, in Lincolnshire: died 1812 (?). An 
 English navigator. He discovered Bass’s Strait 
 in 1798, and in the same year circumnavigated 
 Tasmania. 
 
 Bassa (bas'sa), or Basa. A tribe of Liberia, 
 West Africa, of the Nigritic branch, dwelling 
 on the Sess River and the seaboard. They belong 
 to the same ethnic and linguistic cluster as their eastern 
 neighbors, the Kru-men. 
 
 Bassadore (bas-sa-dor'). A British station at 
 the western end of the island of Kishm, at the 
 entrance to the Persian Gulf. 
 
 Bassae (bas'e). [Gr. B down.] A place in Ar- 
 cadia, Greece, near Phigalia. it is noted for its 
 ruined temple of Apollo Epieurius, built in the second 
 half of the 5th century B. c. by Ictinus, the architect of 
 the Parthenon. It is a Doric peripteros of 6 by 15 columns, 
 iu plan 41 by 125 feet, the cella with pronaos and opis- 
 thodomos of two columns in antis. In the interior of the 
 cella six piers project from each side wall, their faces 
 formed by Ionic three-quarter columns. A portion to- 
 ward the back of the cella has no piers, and has a door in 
 the side wall facing the east : it is probable that this was 
 the cella proper, and that the main part of the cella was 
 merely a monumental court, open to the sky — a unique 
 arrangement. The famous frieze, about two feet high 
 (now in the British Museum), surrounded the interior of 
 the cella, above the architrave : it is in high relief, and 
 represents combats of Greeks with Amazons and with Cen- 
 taurs. 
 
 Bassam (bas-sam' ; F. pron. bas-soii'), or Great 
 Bassam. A place on the Ivory Coast, Upper 
 Guinea, Africa, iu French territory. 
 
 Bassanes (bas'a-nez). A jealous nobleman in 
 Ford’s tragedy “The Broken Heart.” He exhibits 
 traces of original strength and shrewdness through a 
 cloud of impure and weak ravings. 
 
 Bassanio (ba-sa'ni-o). In Shakspere’s “ Mer- 
 chant of Venice,” a Venetian nobleman, the 
 friend of Antonio, and Portia’s successful 
 suitor. 
 
 Bassano (bas-sa'no), Duke of. See Maret, 
 Hugv.es Bernard. 
 
 Bassano. A town in the province of Vicenza, 
 Italy, situated on the Brenta 28 miles north 
 of Padua. It has a cathedral. It is the birthplace of 
 the Da Ponte family. A victory was gained here Sept. 8, 
 1796, by the French under Bonaparte over the Austrians 
 under W urmser. Pop., town, 7,896; commune, 15,443. 
 
 Bassano, Francesco (originally Francesco da 
 
 Ponte). Bom at Bassano, Italy, 1550: diod at 
 Venice, July 4, 1591. An Italian painter of the 
 Venetian school, eldest son of Jacopo Bassano. 
 Bassano, Jacopo (originally Jacopo da Ponte). 
 Born at Bassano, Italy, 1510: died there, Feb. 
 13, 1592. An Italian painter of the Venetian 
 school, noted as one of the earliest of Italian 
 genre painters. 
 
 Bassano, Leandro (originally Leandro da 
 Ponte). Born at Bassano, Italy, 1558 : died at 
 
 Bassim 
 
 Venice, 1623. An Italian portrait-painter, third 
 son of Jacopo Bassano. 
 
 Bassantin (bas'an-tin), James. Died 1568. 
 A Scotch astronomer and mathematician: 
 author of an “ Astronomique Discours” (1557). 
 
 Basse (bas), or Bas, William. Died about 
 1653. An English poet, best known from his 
 “Epitaph on Shakespeare,” a sonnet first at- 
 tributed to Donne. 
 
 Bass4e (ba-sa'), La. A town in the department 
 of Nord, France, 14 miles west-southwest of 
 Lille. Population, 4,631. 
 
 Bassein (bas-san'). The capital of Thana dis 
 trict, Bombay. It is situated 28 miles north of Bom- 
 bay, on land that was formerly an island. Under the 
 Portuguese (16th and 17th centuries) it was known as “ the 
 Court of the North." Population, 10,702. 
 
 Bassein, or Bassim (bas-sem'). A district in the 
 Irawadi division, Lower Burma, situated on 
 the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal, in lat. 
 15°-17° 30' N„ long. 94° ll'-95° 28' E. Area, 
 4,127 square miles. Population, 391,427. 
 
 Bassein, or Bassim. The chief town of the dis- 
 trict of Bassein, situated on Bassein River in 
 lat. 16° 1' 30 ,/ N., long. 94° 23' E. It has an impor- 
 tant trade in rice. It was stormed by the British May 19, 
 1852. Population, 31,864. 
 
 Bassein River. One of the mouths of the Ira- 
 wadi. 
 
 Basselin (bas-lah'), Olivier. Bom in the Val- 
 de-Vire, Normandy: died about 1418. A 
 
 French poet, a fuller by trade. He was the author 
 of a large number of gay songs “ which show his talent 
 and his ignorance of the rules of art." Only a few have 
 comedown to us. They were called Vaux-de- Virc (whence 
 vaudevilles), from their place of origin. 
 
 Bassenthwaite (bas'en-thwat), Lake. A lake 
 in Cumberland, England, 3 miles northwest of 
 Keswick. Length, 4 miles. 
 
 Basses (bas'ez), Great. A ledge of rocks sit- 
 uated south of Ceylon, in lat. 6° 11' N., long. 
 81° 39' E. 
 
 Basses, Little. A ledge of rocks south of Cey- 
 lon, and northeast of the Great Basses. 
 
 Basses-Alpes (bas-zalp'). A department of 
 southeastern France, capital Digne, bounded 
 by Drome on the northwest, Hautes-Alpes on 
 the north, Italy and the Alpes-Maritimes on 
 the east, Var and Bouches-du-Rhone on the 
 southwest, and Vaucluse on the west. It formed 
 part of Provence. Area, 2,697 square miles. 
 Population, 113,126. 
 
 Basses-Pyrenees (bas-pe-ra-na'). A depart- 
 ment of southwestern France, capital Pau, 
 bounded by Landes on the north, Gers on the 
 northeast, Haut e s- Py r <5 n 6 e s on the east, Spain 
 on the south and southwest, and the Bay of Bis- 
 cay on the west. It was formed from B6arn and part 
 of the Basque region. Area, 2,977 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 425,817. 
 
 Basset (bas'et). A swindler in Cibber’s “Pro- 
 voked Husband.” 
 
 Basse-Terre (bas'tar'). [F., ‘ low land.’] The 
 capital of the island of Guadeloupe, French 
 West Indies, situated on the western coast. 
 The name is given also to the westernmost of 
 the island portions of Guadeloupe. Popula- 
 tion, 8,626. 
 
 Basse-Terre. The capital of St. Christopher, 
 British West Indies. Population, 9,962. 
 
 Bassett (bas'et), Richard. Born in Delaware : 
 died 1815. An American politician. He was a 
 member of the Constitutional Convention 1787 ; United 
 States senator from Delaware 1789-93; and governor of 
 Delaware 1798-1801. 
 
 Basset-Table (bas'et-ta'bl), The. A comedy 
 by Mrs. Centlivre, first acted in 1705, and 
 published the next year. It is a clever hit at 
 the fashionable gambling habit of the day. 
 
 Bassi (bas'se), Laura Maria Caterina. Born 
 at Bologna, Oct. 29, 1711: died Feb. 20, 1778. 
 A learned Italian lady, noted for her attainments 
 in experimental philosophy and languages. 
 
 Bassi, Fra Ugo (originally Giovanni). Born in 
 1801 : died in 1849. A noted Italian preacher. 
 He entered the order of St. Barnabas in 1818, and began 
 his public ministry in 1833. His sermons produced a great 
 effect, people throwing down their garments for him to 
 walk on. In 1848 he joined Gavazzi and a party of Cro- 
 ciati, and later joined Garibaldi at Rieti, where he con- 
 tinued preaching until he was taken prisoner by the 
 Austrians and shot. He was buried where he fell. 
 
 Bassianus (bas-i-a'nus). In Shakspe^e’s “Ti- 
 tus Andronicus,” a brother of Saturninus and 
 son of the late Emperor of Rome. 
 
 Bassigny (bti-sen-ye'). A small former divi- 
 sion of France, lying partly in Lorraine and 
 partly in Champagne, in the neighborhood of 
 Langres. 
 
 Bassim. See Bassein. 
 
Bassino 
 
 Bassino (ba-se'no). The perjured husband in 
 Mrs. Centlivre’s comedy ot that name. 
 Bassioio (bas-i-6'ld). The gentleman usher, a 
 character in Chapman’s play of that name, 
 a foolish, conceited busybody. 
 
 Bassompierre (ba-son-pyar'), Frangois, Bar- 
 on de. Born at the Chateau d’Harouel, in 
 Lorraine, April 12, 1579: died Oct. 12, 1646. A 
 French diplomatist and soldier, made marshal 
 of France in 1622. He served in the imperial army 
 against the Turks in 1603, at the siege of Chateau-Porcien 
 in 1617, was wounded at Rethel, and took part in the 
 sieges of Saint .lean d’Angely, Montpellier, and La Ro- 
 chelle. through the enmity of Richelieu he was thrown 
 into the Bastille, where he remained until 1643. He was 
 noted for his amours, and, on his arrest, is said to have 
 destroyed 6,000 love-letters. He wrote “Mdmoires du 
 Marechal de Bassompierre, etc. ” (1665). 
 
 Bassora. See Basra. 
 
 Bass Rock (has rok). An islet, one mile in 
 circumference, at the entrance of the Firth of 
 Forth, Scotland, near North Berwick. It was 
 held by the Jacobites against William III., 
 1691-94. 
 
 Bass Strait. A channel between Australia 
 andTasmania, named for George Bass. Length, 
 about 200 miles. Breadth, about 140 miles. 
 Bassuto. See Basutoland. 
 
 Bassville (bas-vel'), or Basseville, Nicolas 
 Jean Hugon, or Husson, de. Died at Borne, 
 Jan. 13, 1793. A French journalist and diplo- 
 matist. He was editor of the "Mercure National" 
 when he became secretary of legation at Naples (1792). 
 Summoned to Rome soon after, he was killed by the 
 populace for attempting, under orders from the French 
 government, to display the republican cocxade. 
 
 Bast (bast). In Egyptian mythology, a lion- 
 ess-headed or cat-headed goddess. In her especial 
 city, Bubastis (Egypt. Pa-Bast ), she appears to have held a 
 supreme place like that of Neith at Sais. Seven hundred 
 thousand Egyptians visited her shrine yearly. “Bronze 
 images of Bast were sold in immense numbers at Bubastis, 
 as silver shrines of Diana were at Ephesus ” (Mariette). 
 
 Bastan. See Bastan. 
 
 Bastar (bus'tar). A feudatory state in the 
 Central Provinces, British India, in lat. 17° 
 46'-20° 14' N., long. 80° 15'-82° 15' E. Area, 
 13,062 square miles. Population, 306,501. The 
 chief town is Jagdalpur. 
 
 Bastard of Orleans. [F. Bdtard d’Orleans.'] 
 Comte Jean de Dunois (1402-68), an illegiti- 
 mate son of Louis, brother of Charles VI. 
 Bastards. See Khoikhoin, Griqua. 
 
 Bastarnae (bas-tar'ne), or Basternae (bas-ter'- 
 ne). [L. (Livy) Bastarnse, Gr. (Strabo) Ba<r- 
 rapvat .] A Germanic tribe. They appear in his- 
 tory, in the 2d century B. c., as auxiliaries of Perseus 
 against the Romans in the third Macedonian war, in the 
 region about the Black Sea north of the Danube, whither 
 they had come from their original seat, apparently on 
 the upper Vistula. During the succeeding centuries they 
 were in frequent conflict with the Romans, but disappear 
 in the 3d century. They appear to have been the first 
 Germanic people to leave their old homes in the north, 
 and were the forerunners, accordingly, of the movement 
 southward that afterward became general. 
 
 Bastei (bas-ti'). A rocky height in the Saxon 
 Switzerland, situated on the Elbe 6 miles east 
 of Pirna. Height, 875 feet. 
 
 Bastetani (bas-te-ta'nl), or Bastitani (bas-ti- 
 ta'nl). A Spanish people, possibly Iberian, 
 hardly Phenician, who occupied the coast of 
 Hispania Baatica. 
 
 Basti (bus'te). A district in the Gorakhpur 
 division, United Provinces, British India, about 
 lat. 27° N., long. 83° E. Area, 2,792 square 
 miles. Population, 1,846,153. 
 
 Bastia (bas-te'a). A seaport on the northeast- 
 ern coast of Corsica, in lat. 42° 41' N. , long. 9° 
 27' E. it is the chief commercial place in the island, 
 and was formerly its capital. It was taken by the British 
 in 1746. Population, commune, 27,338. 
 
 Bastian (bas'tyan), Adolf. Born at Bremen, 
 June 26, 1826: died at Port of Spain, Trinidad, 
 Feb. 3, 1905. A Prussian ethnologist. He 
 studied law, medicine, and the natural sciences at various 
 German universities, became a surgeon, and (1851-66) trav- 
 eled in Australia, New Zealand, Peru, Colombia, Central 
 America, remote parts of China, India and Persia, Syria, 
 Egypt, Arabia (penetrating to Mecca), the Cape of Good 
 Hope and West Africa, Norway, India (a second time), the 
 Malay Islands, China, northern Asia, the Caspian and 
 Black seas, and the Caucasus. In 1866 he was appointed 
 professor of ethnology at Berlin, and administrator of the 
 Ethnological Museum. He succeeded Virchow as presi- 
 dent of the Berlin Anthropological Society, and was the 
 principal organizer and president of the African Society, 
 which gave a great impetus to German explorations in 
 Africa. "Among his important published works are “ Der 
 Mensch in der Geschichte” (3 vols. 1869), “Sprachver- 
 gleichende Studien ’’ (1870), “ Die Culturlander des Alten 
 Americas ’’ (1878), and numerous papers in the proceedings 
 of scientific societies. With Hartmann he founded the 
 “Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie ” in 1869. 
 
 Bastian (bas'tyan), Henry Charlton. Born at 
 Truro, Cornwall, April 26, 1837. An English 
 
 128 
 
 physician and biologist, professor of patholog- 
 ical anatomy (1867-87) and the principles and 
 practice of medicine (1887-95) in University 
 College, London: noted as a defender of the 
 doctrine of spontaneous generation. He has 
 written “Origin of Lowest Organisms ” (1871), “Begin- 
 nings of Life ” (1872), “ Evolution and the Oigin of Life” 
 (1874), “The Brain as an Organ of Mind " (1880), etc. 
 
 Bastiat (bas-tya'), Frederic. Born at Bayonne, 
 France, June 29, 1801: died at Borne, Dec. 24, 
 1850. A noted French political economist, 
 deputy to the Constituent and Legislative as- 
 semblies 1848. He was an influential opponent of the 
 protective system and of socialism. Amoug his works 
 are “De l’influence des tarifs francais et anglais sur 
 lavenir des deux peuples’’(in the “Journal des ficono- 
 mistes”), “Sophismesdconomiques” (1846), “ Propri(5t6 et 
 loi." “Justice et fraternity” (1848), “ Protectionnisme et 
 eommunisme” (1849), “Capital et rente” (1849), “Har- 
 monies 6conomiques ” (1849). 
 
 Bastide (bas-ted'), Jules. Born at Paris, Nov. 
 22, 1800: died there, March 3, 1879. A French 
 journalist and politician, a leader in the unsuc- 
 cessful insurrection of 1832. He was condemned to 
 death for taking part in theemeute on the occasion of the 
 funeral of General Lamarque, June 5, but escaped to Lon- 
 don. In 1834 he returned, and in the revolution of 1848 
 was made minister of foreign affairs. He wrote “La re- 
 publique franpaise et l'ltalie en 1848” (1858), “Guerres de 
 religion en Prance ” (1859), etc. 
 
 Bastien-Lepage (bas-tyan'le- pazh'), Jules. 
 Born at Damvillers, Meuse, France, Nov. 1, 
 1848 : died at Paris, Dec. 10, 1884. A noted 
 French painter. At sixteen years of age he went to 
 Paris where he partly supported himself by entering the 
 postal service. He entered the atelier of Cabanel, with 
 whom he remained until 1870. During the war he enlisted 
 in a company of francs-tireurs. After the war was over 
 he returned to Damvillers to paint. On returning to Paris 
 he supported himself by working for the illustrated papers. 
 Returning to Damvillers in the summer of 1873, he painted 
 his grandfather's portrait, which was one of the suc- 
 cesses of the Salon of 1874. He received a third-class 
 medal in 1874. In the Salon of 1875 his “First Comrnu 
 nion ” gained a second-class medal. Iu 1880 he exhibited 
 the great picture of Joan of Arc, now in the Metropolitan 
 Museum of New York. 
 
 Bastille (bas-tel'), The. [In spelling and pron. 
 conformed to mod. F. ; from ME. hostile, bas- 
 tille, hastcle, bastei, etc., from OF. (and mod. F.) 
 bastille, from ML. bastile, pi. basttlia, a tower, 
 fortress, from bastire (whence OF. bastir, F. 
 bdtir — Pr. OSp. bastir = It. bastire), build, of 
 unknown origin; referred by Diez to Gr. [laora- 
 (eiv, raise, support.] A celebrated state prison 
 in Paris. The first stone was laid April 22, 1370. There 
 were at first only two round towers 75 feet high, flanking 
 the city gate. Afterward two more were added to the north 
 and south and a parallel line was built to the west ; four 
 others were afterward added to these. These towers were 
 united by walls of the same height and a moat dug around 
 the whole, forming a quadrangle, the inner court of which 
 was 162 feet long and 72 feet wide. The terrors of the Bas- 
 tille as a state prison reached their culmination during the 
 ministry of Richelieu (1624-42), when Leclerc du Trem- 
 blay was commandant. In the reign of Louis XI. cages of 
 iron had been constructed, and the vaults beneath the 
 towers, being on a level with the water in the moat, were 
 especially dreaded. From the beginning of the revolu- 
 tion the Bastdle was an especial mark for the vindictive- 
 ness of the populace. On July 14, 1789, it was attacked by 
 a mob which, after several unsuccessful attempts, forced it 
 to surrender. De Launey, the commandant, was disarmed 
 and conducted toward the Hdtel de Ville ; at the Place de 
 Grfeve he was killed and his head mounted on a pike. 
 After the first anniversary of the fall of the Bastille (July 
 14, 1790) the old building was razed (demolition completed 
 May 21, 1791). See Place de la Bastille. 
 
 Baston (bas'ton), Robert. An English poet, 
 born near Nottingham toward the end of the 
 13th century. He was a Carmelite monk, and prior of 
 the abbey of Scarborough. 
 
 He (Baston] is said to have been taken to Scotland by 
 King Edward II. to celebrate the English triumphs, but 
 he was captured by the Scotch, and they required of him 
 as ransom a panegyric upon Robert Bruce. His “ Metra 
 de Illustri Bello de Bannockburn” were appended by 
 Hearne to his edition of Fordoun's “Scotichronicon " 
 
 ilorley, English Writers, VI. 159. 
 
 Bastuli (bas-tu'H). An ancient people- in south- 
 ern Spain, identified by Strabo with the Bas- 
 tetani. 
 
 Basutoland (ba-so'to-land). A native colony 
 in South Africa, capital Maseru, under the di- 
 rect administration of the British imperial gov- 
 ernment. It is bounded by the Orange Free State on 
 the west and north, Natal on the east, and Cape of Good 
 Hope on the south. Its surface is mountainous, and it is 
 traversed by the Orange River. Its inhabitants areBasutos 
 (allied to the Kafirs). It is governed by a British resident 
 commissioner and the high commissioner for South Africa. 
 In 1868 it was taken under British protection ; was an- 
 nexed to Cape Colony in 1871 ; was at war with the Brit- 
 ish 1880-82 ; and was taken under direct British control 
 in 1884. Area, 10,293 square miles. Population, about 
 349,000. 
 
 Bastwick (bast'wik), John. Born at Writtle, 
 in Essex, 1593 : died 1654. An English physi- 
 cian and Protestant theological controversialist. 
 He was imprisoned and lined by the Star Chamber in 1634 
 on account of his “ Flagellum Pontiflcis," and in 1637 for 
 
 Baten Kaitos 
 
 his “ Letanie of Dr. John Bastwicke” in which he roundly 
 denounced episcopacy. He was released in 1640 and his 
 fine returned to him. 
 
 Batalha (ba-tal'ya). A town in the district 
 of Leiria, Portugal, situated on the Liz north- 
 northeast of Lisbon. It is famous for its Dominican 
 monastery, which was begun in 1388 and finished in 1515. 
 It is the great exemplar of the Portuguese florid Pointed 
 style, and though not the ar chitectural marvel that it has 
 been called, is beautiful and interesting. The church, in 
 proportions a cathedral, has a lofty and dignified inte- 
 rior, not over-ornate. There is no triforium. To the south 
 opens the Founder's Chapel, with a rich octagonal lantern 
 and the royal tombs. The unfinished chapel of Dom M an- 
 uel, behind the choir, is massive in design and marked by 
 exuberance of surface-ornament. The same style charac- 
 terizes the cloister, the intricate tracery of whose arches is 
 unparalleled elsewhere. Population, about 4,000. 
 
 Batan-el-Hajar. See Batn-d-Hajar. 
 
 Batang (ba-tang'). A small island in the Strait 
 of Singapore, south of Singapore. 
 
 Batanga (ba-tang'ga). A region on the west- 
 ern coast of Africa, bordering on the Bight of 
 Biafra. It was partly under German and partly 
 under French control. 
 
 Batangas (ba-tan'gas). A seaport in the south- 
 ern part of Luz<5n, Philippines. Population, 
 33,131. 
 
 Batcin Islands (ba-tan' i'landz). A group of 
 small islands between Formosa and Luzon in 
 the Philippines. 
 
 Batava Castra (ba-ta'va kas'tra). [L. : so 
 named because it was the station (camp) of the 
 ninth Batavian cohort.] A Roman fort on the 
 site of the modern Passau. 
 
 Batavi (ba-ta'vi). A German tribe, a branch of 
 the Chatti. They inhabited the Insula Batavorum in 
 Roman times, were subjugated, probably by Drusus, and 
 became the allies of the Romans (serving in the Roman 
 armies, especially as cavalry). Later they took part in the 
 rising under their own countryman, Civilis. They were 
 ultimately merged in the Salic Franks. 
 
 Batavia (ba-ta'vi-a). Originally, the island of 
 the Batavi (Insula Batavorum), then the entire 
 region inhabited by the Batavi ; later, Holland, 
 and then the kingdom of the Netherlands. 
 Batavia. A seaport and the capital of the 
 Dutch East Indies, situated on the northern 
 coast of Java in lat. 6° 8' S., long. 106° 49' E. : 
 the chief commercial city in the East Indies, it 
 comprises the old city, long notorious for its unhealthful- 
 ness, and the suburbs (Weltevreden, the seat of govern- 
 ment, etc.). It exports coffee, rice, sugar, spice, and other 
 East Indian products. It was settled in the beginning 
 of the 17th century, and was held by the British from 
 1811 to 1814. Population, 138,551. 
 
 Batavia. A city in Kane County, Illinois, 
 situated on Fox River 32 miles west of Chicago. 
 Population, 4,436, (1910). 
 
 Batavia. A town in western New York, sit- 
 uated on Tonawanda Creek 36 miles east of 
 Buffalo. Population, village, 11,613, (1910). 
 Batavian Republic. A republic formed by 
 France out of the Netherlands in 1795. It ex- 
 isted until 1806. 
 
 Batavorum Insula (bat-a-vo'rum in'§u-la). 
 [L ., 1 Island of the Batavians.’] In the time of 
 Tacitus, a name given to an island in the Low 
 Countries, formed by the Rhine, Waal, and 
 Meuse. 
 
 Batbie (ba-be'), Anselme Polycarpe. Born 
 
 at Scissan, France, May 31, 1828: died at Paris. 
 June 30, 1887. A French politician and legal 
 and economical writer. He became professor of ad- 
 ministrative law in the University of Paris in 1862, and 
 senator for the department of Gers in 1871, voting with 
 the Right Center. Author of “ Doctrine et jurisprudence 
 en matiire d’appel comme abus ” (1852), “ Prdcis du cours 
 de droit public et administratif ” (4th ed. 1876), and “ Nou- 
 veau cours d economic politique” (1864-65). 
 
 Batchelor’s Banquet, The. A pamphlet, by 
 Dekker, first published in 1603, and four or live 
 times reprinted. It is based on an old French satire 
 of the 15th century, “ Les Quinze Joyes de Manage," but 
 is so treated as to he almost an original work. 
 
 Batcliian. See Batjan. 
 
 Bateman (bat'man), Hezekiah Linthicum. 
 
 Born at Baltimore, Md., Dec. 6, 1812: died at 
 London, March 22, 1875. An actor and theatri- 
 cal manager. He was the lessee of the Lyceum 
 Theater in London from 1871 till his death. 
 Bateman, Kate Josephine. Born at Balti- 
 more, Md., Oct. 7, 1842. An actress, daughter 
 of Hezekiah Linthicum Bateman. She appeared 
 with her younger sister as “the Bateman Sisters " about 
 1851. In 1863 she began to play Leah at the Adelphi in 
 London ; in 1866 married Mr. George Crowe ; in 1868 
 returned to the stage under her maiden name, playing 
 Lady Macbeth, Medea, Juliet, and Queen Mary in Tenny- 
 son’s drama (in 1876), and afterward took the direction 
 of one of the London theaters. 
 
 Baten Kaitos (ba'ten M'tos). [Ar. bat’n kaitos, 
 the belly of the whale, kaitos being an Arabic 
 transliteration of tbe Gr. /a)rof.] The third- 
 magnitude star J Ceti. 
 
Bates 
 
 Bates (bats). A soldier in the king’s army, in 
 +Shakspere’s “ Henry V.” 
 
 Bates, Arlo. Born at East Mackias, Maine, 
 Dec. 16, 1850. An American author and jour- 
 nalist. His wife Harriet L. (Vose) wrote under the pseu- 
 donym “Eleanor Putnam.'' He became editor of the “ Bos- 
 ton Sunday Courier" in 1880, and is the author of “The 
 Pagans" (1884), etc. 
 
 Bates, Charlotte Fiske (Mme. Rog6). Born 
 in New York city, Nov. 30, 1838. An American 
 poet. She edited tire “ Cambridge Book of Poetry and 
 Song ” (1882), and is the author of “ Risk, and Other Poems " 
 (1879). etc. 
 
 Bates, Charley. A young thief in the employ 
 of Fagin, in Charles Dickens’s story “Oliver 
 Twist.” 
 
 Bates, David. Boru about 1810 : died at Phila- 
 delphia, Pa., Jan. 25, 1870. An American poet. 
 He wrote the familiar poem “ Speak Gently." His poems 
 were published in book form under the title “ The Eolian ” 
 (1848). 
 
 Bates, Edward. Born at Belmont, Goochland 
 County, Va., Sept. 4, 1793: died at St. Louis, 
 March 25, 1869. An American statesman and 
 jurist. He was member of Congress from Missouri 1827- 
 1829 ; unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomina- 
 tion for President in 1860 ; and attorney-general 1861-64. 
 
 Bates, Henry Walter. Born at Leicester, Eng- 
 land, Feb. 18, 1825 : died at London, Feb. 16, 
 1892. An English naturalist and traveler, in 
 1848 he went to the Amazon in company with Mr. A. R. 
 Wallace ; at first with him, and afterward alone, he trav- 
 eled over all parts of the Brazilian Amazon. Returning 
 to England in 1859, he published his “ Naturalist on the 
 River Amazon" (1863). He also wrote a handbook of 
 Central and South America, etc. 
 
 Bates, Joshua. Born at Weymouth, Mass., 
 1788: died at London, Sept. 24, 1864. A banker 
 of the house of Baring Brothers and Co., chief 
 founder of the Boston Public Library, 1852-58. 
 Bates College. A coeducational institution of 
 learning at Lewiston, Maine, it is undenomina- 
 tional. It originated in the Maine State Seminary, chartered 
 in 1855. In 1864 it was rechartered as a college, and the 
 seminary was subsequently discontinued. It was named 
 for Benjamin E. Bates, of Boston, Massachusetts. The 
 Cobb Divinity School is a department of Bates College. It 
 has over 450 students. 
 
 Bath (bath). [ME. Bath, Bathe, AS. Bathan, 
 Bathum, prop. dat. pi. of bxth, bath, xt thxm 
 bathum, or xt thxm hatum bathum, ‘ at the hot 
 baths’ or springs.] A town in Somersetshire, 
 England, situated on the Avon in lat. 51° 24' N., 
 long. 2° 22' W. : the Roman Aquae Solis ( ‘ baths 
 of the sun ’). It is one of the leading watering-places ot 
 England, noted for its saline and chalybeate hot springs. 
 It contains Roman baths and other Roman antiquities. 
 (See below.) In the Roman period it was an important 
 watering-place, was destroyed by the Saxons, and was devel- 
 oped in the 17th and especially in the 18th century through 
 the influence of Beau Nash. The abbey church of Bath, an 
 excellent example of the Perpendicular style, was begun 
 about 1500. It has been called “theLantern of England," 
 from the number and size of its traceried windows. The 
 plan presents a square chevet and narrow transepts. The 
 west window is good, as is the restored fan-vaulting of 
 the interior. The church is 225 feet long, the central 
 tower 162 feet high. Of the Roman therm® five large 
 halls remain, one of them 68 by 110 feet, and several smaller 
 ones, with the arrangements for heating beneath the 
 floors. One of the piscin® retains its ancient lining of 
 lead. Population, 50,729, (1911). 
 
 Bath. A city and port of entry, the capital of 
 Sagadahoc County, in Maine ; situated on the 
 west bank of the Kennebec, in lat. 43° 55' N., 
 long. 69° 49' W. : one of the principal ship- 
 building centers in the country. It has important 
 commerce and a fine harbor. It was incorporated in 
 1780. Population, 9,396, (1910). 
 
 Bath. The capital of Steuben County, New 
 York, situated on the Cohocton River 56 miles 
 southeast of Rochester. Population, village, 
 3,884, (1910). 
 
 Bath (bath), Colonel. An inflexibly punctil- 
 ious but kind-hearted character in Fielding’s 
 “ Amelia.” 
 
 Bath, Earl of. See Pulteney, William. 
 
 Bat-ha (ba'ta). The chief river of Wadai, Su- 
 dan. It flows westward into Lake Fittri. 
 Bathanyi. See Batthyanyi. 
 
 Bathgate (bath 'gat). A town of Linlithgow- 
 shire, Scotland, 19 miles west of Edinburgh. 
 Population, 6,786. 
 
 Bathori (ba'to-re), Elizabeth. Died in 1614. 
 A Hungarian princess, niece of Stephen Ba- 
 thori, king of Poland, and wife of a Hungarian 
 count N&dasdy, notorious for her crimes. With 
 the aid of her attendants she killed from time to time 
 young girls (said in different accounts to number from 
 eighty to several hundred) in order to use their blood as 
 a bath to improve her complexion. She was imprisoned 
 for life, and her accomplices were maimed and burned. 
 B&thori, Sigismund. Died 1613 at Prague. A 
 nephew of Stephen Bathori, prince of Tran- 
 sylvania 1581-98. 
 
 Bathori, Stephen. Born 1522: died 1586. A 
 c.— 9 
 
 129 
 
 Hungarian noble, prince of Transylvania (1571- 
 1576) and king of Poland (1575-86). He was 
 crowned in 1576. 
 
 Baths of Caracalla. Baths in ancient Rome, 
 begun by Severus 206 A. D. The therm® proper 
 occupied a space of 720 by 375 feet, in a large square in- 
 closure, bordered by porticos and connected founda- 
 tions. The remains include walls, arches, and vaults, 
 which are among the most imposing ruins of ancient 
 Rome, and portions of the figured mosaic pavement. 
 
 Baths of Diocletian. Roman baths begun by 
 Diocletian, situated in Rome near the Viminal. 
 
 Baths of Titus. Baths constructed by the em- 
 peror Titus in Rome, northeast of the Colos- 
 seum. 
 
 Bathsheba (bath- she 'bii or bath 'she- ba). 
 [Heb., ‘daughter of an oath.’] 1. The wife of 
 Uriah the Hittite, sinfully loved by David : after- 
 ward the wife of David and the mother of Solo- 
 mon. 2 Sam. xi. Hence — 2. The Duchess of 
 Portsmouth, in Dryden’s “Absalom and Achito- 
 phel,” the favorite of Charles II. 
 
 Bathurst (bath'erst). A town of New South 
 Wales, 100 miles west-northwest of Sydney: 
 the central point of a gold district. Popula- 
 tion, 9,223. 
 
 Bathurst. A seaport and chief town of Glou- 
 cester County, New Brunswick, situated on 
 the Bay of Chaleur. 
 
 Bathurst. The capital of British Gambia, West 
 Africa, built on the Island St. Mary near the 
 mouth of the Gambia River. Its commerce 
 is mostly in the hands of French firms. Popu- 
 lation, 8,807. 
 
 Bathurst, Allen, first Earl Bathurst. Born 
 at Westminster, Nov. 16, 1684: died at Ciren- 
 cester, Sept. 16, 1775. An English statesman, 
 a friend of Pope, Swift, Prior, Congreve, and 
 Sterne. To him Pope addressed the third of 
 his “ Moral Essays.” 
 
 Bathurst, Henry, second Earl Bathurst. Born 
 May 2, 1714: died Aug. 6, 1794. An English 
 politician, son of the first Earl Bathurst. He 
 was lord chancellor of England (1771-78) and 
 lord president of the council (1779-82). 
 
 Bathurst, Henry, third Earl Bathurst. Born 
 May 22, 1762: died 1834. An English states- 
 man, son of the second Earl Bathurst. He was 
 president of the Board of Trade 1809-12 ; secretary for war 
 and the colonies 1812-27; and president of the council 
 1828-30. The following were named for him. 
 
 Bathurst Inlet. An inlet extending south 
 from Coronation Gulf into British America, in 
 lat, 65° N., long. 108° W. 
 
 Bathurst Island. A large island in the Arctic 
 Ocean, intersected by lat. 76° N., long. 100° W. 
 
 Bathurst Island. An island north of Aus- 
 tralia, and west of Melville Island. It belongs 
 to the northern territory of South Australia. 
 
 Bathycles (bath'i-klez), or Bathykles. [Gr. 
 
 Born at Magnesia : lived about 560 
 B. C. A Greek sculptor. He constructed a 
 throne for the colossal statue of the Amyclsean 
 Apollo in Laconia. 
 
 Bathyllus (ba-thil'us) of Alexandria. Lived 
 about 20 b. c. A freedman of Maecenas, noted 
 as a comic dancer in the “pantomimi.” 
 
 Batignolles (ba-ten-yol'). A northwestern 
 quarter of Paris. 
 
 Batjan (bat-yan'), or Batchian (bach-yan'). 
 One of the Molucca Islands, situated southwest 
 of Gilolo, in lat. 0° 45' S., long. 127° 40' E. 
 It is under Dutch suzerainty. Area (esti- 
 mated), 800 to 900 square miles. 
 
 Batlle (bat'lye), Lorenzo. Born at Monte- 
 video, 1812. An Uruguayan general and states- 
 man. During the nine years’ siege of Montevideo by 
 Orihe, Batlle belonged to the “Defensa," or Montevidean 
 party, commanding one of the bodies of infantry in the 
 garrison, and leading various raids into the interior. He 
 was minister of war under Flores; provisional president 
 1866-68 ; and was elected president Feb. 28, 1868. During 
 his term there were frequent revolts and a great financial 
 crisis. He gave up the office in 1872 and resumed his 
 duties as general. 
 
 Batley (bat'li). A town in the West Riding of 
 Yorkshire, England, 8 miles southwest of Leeds. 
 It has manufactures of woolens and shoddy. 
 Population, 30,321. 
 
 Batn-el-Hajar (bat-n-el-ha'jar). A region in 
 Nubia, on both sides of the Nile above the sec- 
 ond cataract, about lat. 21°-22° N. 
 
 Batonapa (ba- to -nil 'pa). [Opata language, 
 ‘place where the water boils,’ from the hot 
 springs at the foot of the hill.] A hill a few 
 miles south of Banamichi on the Sonora River, 
 overgrown with dense thickets, but covered 
 with tho remains of ancient Indian fortifica- 
 tions consisting of rude parapets of stone. 
 They were reared in ancient times by the Opatas of the 
 valley of Banamichi, as a place of refuge in case of attack. 
 
 Batthyanyi, Count Louis 
 
 Baton Rouge (bat'on rozh). [F., ‘red staff’: 
 so named, it is said, from a red boundary mark 
 which separated the lands of the Indians from 
 those of the whites.] The capital of the State 
 of Louisiana, situatedon the Mississi ppi River 75 
 miles northwest of New Orleans, it was captured by 
 the Federals May 12, 1862 ; and on Aug. 5 following the 
 Union brigadier-general Thomas Williams, with less than 
 2,600 men, repulsed an attack by the Confederate major- 
 general John C. Breckinridge, with about 2,600 men, the 
 Union loss in killed, wounded, and missing being 383, the 
 Confederate, 456. It was the capital from 1847 to 1862, and 
 again became the capital in 1880. Pop., 14,897, (1910). 
 
 Batory. See Bathori. 
 
 Batoum. See Batum. 
 
 Batrachus (bat'ra-kus), or Batrachos (-kos). 
 [Gr. pdrpaxoc, frog.] A Greek architect and 
 sculptor at Rome in the time of Augustus. 
 Batrachomyomachia (bat " ra- ko " mi - 6 - ma'- 
 ki-a). [Gr. Harpaxofivopaxta, the battle of the 
 frogs and mice.] An ancient Greek mock epic, 
 in hexameters, of which 316 lines are extant. 
 Itwas formerly attributed to Homer, and by some modern 
 critics to Pigres, brother of Artemisia, queen of Caria. 
 
 The plot is witty, and not badly constructed. A mouse, 
 after escaping from the pursuit of a cat, is slaking its thirst 
 at a pond, when it is accosted by a frog, King Puff-cheek, 
 the son of Peleus (in the sense of muddy), who asks it to 
 come and see his home and habits. The mouse consents, 
 but the sudden appearance of an otter terrifies the frog, 
 and makes him dive, leaving the mouse to perish, after 
 sundry epic exclamations and soliloquies. A bystanding 
 mouse brings the tidings to the tribe, who forthwith pre- 
 pare for war, and arm themselves, sending a formal decla- 
 ration to the frogs. The deliberations of Zeus and Athena, 
 as to what part they will take in the war, are really comic, 
 and a very clever parody on Homer. Tlien follows quite 
 an epic battle, with deliberate inconsistencies, such as the 
 reappearance of several heroes already killed. The frogs 
 are worsted, and the victorious mice are not even deterred 
 by the thunder of Zeus, but are presently put to flight by 
 the appearance of an army of crabs to assist the defeated 
 frogs. The German destructive critics think the extant 
 poem was put together from fragments of earlier mock 
 epics of the same kind. But of this we have no evidence. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 90. 
 
 Bats, Parliament of. See Parliament. 
 
 Batta (bat'ta). See Masa and Kongo. 
 Battasz6k (bat'to-shek). A town in the county 
 of Tolna, Hungary, 50 miles west of There- 
 sienstadt. Population, 7,521. 
 
 Battenberg (bat'ten-bero). A small town in 
 the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated 
 on the Eder 44 miles west-southwest of Cassel. 
 It gives name to the Battenberg family. 
 Battenberg, Alexander of. See Alexander, 
 Prince of Bulgaria. 
 
 Battenberg, Henry Maurice, Prince of. 
 
 Born Oct. 5, 1858 : died Jan. 21, 1896. Younger 
 brother of Alexander of Battenberg. He married 
 Princess Beatrice of Great Britain in 1885. 
 
 Battersea (bat'er-se). A borough (metropoli- 
 tan) of London, situated on the south side of 
 the Thames, 4 miles southwest of St. Paul’s. 
 Population, 167,793, (1911). 
 
 The name of Peter's Eye or Island still lingers in that of 
 Battersea on the opposite side of the river, which was 
 part of the ancient patrimony of St. Peter's Abbey at West- 
 minster. It was formerly famous for its asparagus beds. 
 
 Hare, Walks in London, II. 448. 
 
 Battersea Park. One of the more recent Lon- 
 don parks. It faces Chelsea Hospital, and is on the 
 Surrey side of the Thames. It contains a fine subtropi- 
 cal garden, and cricket-grounds, and is encircled by a 
 path for equestrians. 
 
 Battery (bat'er-i), The. A park of about -.0 
 acres at the southern extremity of New York 
 city, on or near the site of an old Dutch fort. 
 It was at one time a fashionable quarter, and is now fre- 
 quented by the poor of the lower part of the city. See 
 Castle Garden. 
 
 Batteux (ba-te'), Charles. Bora nearvouziers, 
 France, May 6, 1713 : died at Paris, J uly 14, 
 1780. A French litterateur chiefly noted as a 
 writer on esthetics. Author of “ ParalF le de la Hen- 
 riadeetdu Lutrin” (1746), “Beaux-Arts rtduits h un meme 
 principe " (1746), “ Cours de belles-lettres (1750 . his pi in- 
 cipal work), “La construction oratoire (1764), * Histoire 
 des causes premieres, etc.” (1769), etc. 
 
 Battey (bat'i), Robert. Born at Augusta, Ga., 
 Nov. 26, 1828: died at Rome, Ga., Nov. 8, 1895. 
 An American physician and surgeon. He waspro- 
 fessor of obstetrics in the Atlanta Medical College ( 187 3 — 
 1875), and editor of the “Atlanta Medical ami Surgical 
 Journal ” (1873-76). He performed in 1872 what lias since 
 been known as Battey ’s operation for the removal of the 
 ovaries. 
 
 Batthyanyi (bot'yon-ye), Prince Karl von. 
 Born 1697 : died April 15, 1772. A Hungarian 
 field-marshal, ne played a prominent part in the War 
 of the Austrian Succession, and distinguish! d himself by 
 the victory over the French and Bavarians at Pfaifeuho- 
 fen, April 15, 1745. 
 
 Batthyanyi. Count Louis. Bora at Presburg, 
 April 9, 1806 : died at Budapest, Oct. 6, 1849. 
 A Hungarian statesman. He was premier of Hun- 
 gary March-Sept., 1848. After his resignation he took 
 part in public alfairs, chiefly as a member of the Diet. 
 
Batthy&nyi, Count Louis 
 
 with great moderation ; but on the entrance of the Aus- 
 trians into Pesth he was arrested and at the end of the 
 war executed. 
 
 Battiadse (ba-ti'a-de). [Gr. Barriddai, from Bdr- 
 rof, Battus.] A dynasty of rulers in Cyrene, 
 which reigned from the 7th to the 5th century 
 B. C. They were as follows, according to Rawlinson : 
 Battus I. (founder of the city), 631-591 ; Arcesilaus I. 
 (his son), 591-575 ; Battus II. (the Happy, his son), 675- 
 555; Arcesilaus II. (the Ill-tempered, his son), 665(?)-640(?); 
 Battus III. (the Lame, his son), 640 (?)— 530 (?) ; Arcesilaus 
 III. (his son), 530 (V)-615 (?); Pheretima, regent, 615 (?)- 
 614 (?) ; Battus IV. (the Fair, son of Arcesilaus III.), 514 (?)- 
 470 (?) ; Arcesilaus IV. (his son) ascended the throne about 
 470, gained a Pythian victory 466, and lived perhaps till 
 nearly 43L 
 
 Battle (bat'l), Mrs. A character in Lamb’s 
 “Essays of Elia.” 
 
 “ A clear fire, a clean hearth, and the rigor of the game,” 
 this was the celebrated wish of old Sarah Battle (now with 
 God), who next to her devotions loved a good game of 
 whist. Charles Lamb, Mrs. Battle’s Opinions on Whist, 
 
 Battle (bat'l). [Orig. Bataille : “thset mynster 
 rot throre Bataille,” ‘the minster at the Battle’ 
 (AS. Chron. an. 1094), Battle Abbey.] A town 
 in the county of Sussex, England, 7 miles 
 northwest of Hastings. It contains an abbey (Battle 
 Abbey), founded by William I. (1067) in gratitude for his 
 victory at Hastings. The remains include considerable 
 portions of the monastic buildings (in part fitted as a res- 
 idence of the Duke of Cleveland), fragments of the cloisters 
 and refectory, and the ruins of the large church. The 
 entrance is by a splendid fortified medieval gate. See 
 Senlac. Population, 2,996. 
 
 Battle above the Clouds. A popular name of 
 the Battle of Lookout Mountain (which see), 
 Nov. 24, 1863. 
 
 Battle at Sea. A painting by Tintoret in the 
 Museum at Madrid, representing an attack on 
 Christian ships by Moslem corsairs. In the fore- 
 ground a strenuous hand-to-hand combat rages around a 
 beautiful female figure. The coloring is rich and strong. 
 Battle Bridge, King’s Cross. In old London, a 
 locality marked by a bridge across the Upper 
 Fleet or Holborn, supposed to have derived its 
 name from a battle between Suetonius and 
 Boadicea, or, more probably, between Alfred 
 and the Danes. 
 
 Battle Creek. A city in Calhoun County, 
 southern Michigan, 108 miles west of Detroit 
 on the Kalamazoo River. Population, 25,267, 
 (1910). 
 
 Battle Hill. A height in Greenwood Ceme- 
 tery, Brooklyn, the scene of a part of the Bat- 
 tle of Long Island. 
 
 Battle Monument. A memorial structure in 
 Baltimore, Maryland, built in 1815 to com- 
 memorate the soldiers who were engaged in 
 the defense of the city against the British 
 troops in September, 1814. The total height 
 of the monument is 72 feet. Wheeler, Familiar 
 Allusions. 
 
 Battle of Alcazar, The. A play by Peele, 
 acted in 1588-89 and printed in 1594. Under this 
 
 name Peele writes of a battle fought in Barbary between 
 Sebastian, king of Portugal, and Abdelmelek, king of Mo- 
 rocco, which really took place in 1578 at Alcacer Quibiror 
 Al-Kasr al-Kebir. 
 
 Battle of Amazons. A painting by Rubens, in 
 the old Pinakothek at Munich. The subject is the 
 victory of Theseus over the Amazons on the Thermodon. 
 The chief struggle is on a bridge, upon which the Greeks 
 are charging, while the Amazons begin to flee at the oppo- 
 site end. Horses and riders, dead and wounded, are fall- 
 ing in confusion into the stream. 
 
 Battle of Dorking, The. See Dorking. 
 
 Battle of the Baltic, The. A lyric by Thomas 
 Campbell. 
 
 Battle of the Books. A satirical work by 
 Jonathan Swift, written in 1697. it is his contri- 
 bution to the famous Bentley and Boyle controversy, and 
 his first prose composition. 
 
 Battle of the Frogs and Mice. See Batra- 
 chomyomachia. 
 
 Battle of the Giants. An epithet applied to 
 the battle of Marignano or Melegnano, Sept. 
 13 and 14, 1515, in which Francis I. of France 
 defeated the Duke of Milan and the Swiss: so 
 called from the obstinacy with which it was 
 fought, and the superior character of the troops 
 on both sides. 
 
 Battle of Hastings, The. 1 . See Hastings and 
 Senlac. — 2. Apoem by Chatterton, written about 
 1768. Hewrotetwopoemsofthisname, the firstof which 
 he acknowledged, but insisted that the second and very 
 much longerone was by Rowley from the Saxon of Turgot. 
 3. The first tragedy written by Richard Cum- 
 berland, produced in 1778. 
 
 Battle of Issus. 1 . See Issus. — 2. A celebrated 
 arfcient mosaic from the House of the Faun at 
 Pompeii, now in the MuseO Nazionale, Naples. 
 It is about 17 by 8 feet, formed of small cubes of marble, 
 and represents with much life and vigor kings Alexander 
 and Darius in active combat, with both horse and foot. 
 
 130 
 
 Battle of the Kegs. A mock-heroic poem by 
 Francis Hopkinson, occasioned by an episode 
 in the Revolutionary War. 
 
 Battle of the Nations. See Nations. 
 
 Battle of Prague, The. A piece of music com- 
 posed by Kotzwara. It was published in 1792, and is 
 what is known as program music, describing the battle 
 between the Prussians and Austrians before Prague in 
 1757. 
 
 Battle of the Spurs. See Spurs. 
 
 Battle of the Standard. See Standard, Bat- 
 tle of the. 
 
 Battle of the Thirty. See Thirty. 
 
 Battleford (bat'l-fprd). A town in Saskatche- 
 wan, Canada, situated at the junction of Battle 
 River with the Saskatchewan. It was formerly 
 the capital of the Northwest Territories. 
 Battus (bat'us), or Battos (bat'os). [Gr. Bar- 
 rof.] A Greek of Thera, the leader of a col- 
 ony to Cyrene about 630 B. C., and its first 
 king. There were later kings of the same 
 name. See Battiadse. 
 
 Batu (ba-to'). A group of small islands west of 
 Sumatra, near the equator, inhabited by Malays. 
 The largest is 45 miles in length. They belong 
 to the Netherlands. 
 
 Batucaris (ba-to-ka'rez). An Indian tribe of 
 Sinaloa, now extinct. 
 
 Batucos (ba-to'koz ). [A southern Pima name.] 
 An extinct tribe of the southern Pimas orNe- 
 bomes of central Sonora. They were sedentary, 
 their dwellings were of a better class (of adobe), and they 
 dressed more substantially than their southern neighbors 
 of Yaqui stock. The pueblo of Batuco still exists, but 
 the population has become Mexicanized, and the language 
 is mostly lost. 
 
 Batu Khan (ba-to khan'). Died about 1255. A 
 grandson of Jenghiz Khan, and Mogul ruler of 
 Kipcbak. He defeated Henry, duke of Lower Silesia, 
 at Wahlstadt in 1241, and BCla IV., king of Hungary, on 
 the Sajdin 1242, and held Russia in subjection ten years. 
 Batum (ba-tom'), or Batoum. A seaport in 
 Transcaucasia, Russia, situated on the Black 
 Sea in lat. 41° 39' N., long. 41° 36' E. it has the 
 best harbor on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, and is 
 the chief commercial place in Transcaucasia, exporting 
 timber, hides, wax, etc. It is connected by railway with 
 Tillis. The modern town stands near the site of the an- 
 cient Petra, earlier Bathys. It was ceded to Russia in 
 1878. Population, 28,508. 
 
 Batuta, Ibn. See Tbn Batuta. 
 
 Batz (bats), or Bas (bas). A small island in 
 the English Channel, belonging to the depart- 
 ment of Finistere, France, 14 miles northwest 
 of Morlaix. It contains three villages, with 
 about 1200 inhabitants, and has a good harbor. 
 Batz, Bourg de. A small town in the depart- 
 ment of Loire-Inferieure, France, situated on 
 the coast 14 miles west of St. Nazaire. It has 
 important salt-works. 
 
 Baubo (ba'bo). [Gr. B avpu or Ba/?u.] In Greek 
 mythology, a personage connected with the Eleu- 
 sinian myth of Demeter, developed chiefly un- 
 der the influence of Orphism. According to the 
 myth the goddess (see Demeter), in search of her daughter, 
 came to Baubo, who offered her something to drink which 
 was refused. Thereupon Baubo, indignant, made an in- 
 decent gesture which caused Demeter to smile and accept 
 the gift. In a fragment of an Orphic hymn the same act 
 is attributed to a servant Iambus. Baubo came to have 
 a place in the nocturnal mysteries of Eleusis. Goethe 
 makes her symbolize gross sensuality in the second part 
 of “ Faust.” 
 
 Baucher (bo-sha'), Francois. Born at Ver- 
 sailles, 1796: died at Paris, March 14, 1873. A 
 French hippologist. He invented a new method of 
 training saddle-horses, of which the chief feature is a 
 method of suppling the horse’s neck and jaw by a pro- 
 gressive series of flexions of the muscles, so that the ani- 
 mal ceases to bear or pull on the bit. He wrote “ MCthode 
 d’equitation ” (1842). 
 
 Baucis (ba'sis). [Gr. Bamv'f.] In Greek legend, 
 a Phrygian woman who, with her husband 
 Philemon, showed hospitality to Zeus and 
 Hermes when every one else had refused them 
 admission. They were saved from an inundation with 
 which the country was visited by the gods, and were made 
 priests in the temple of Zeus. ’ Wishing to die together, 
 they were changed at the same moment into trees. Goe- 
 the wrote a poem on this subject. 
 
 Baucis. A Greek poetess of Tenos, a friend of 
 Erinna and a disciple of Sappho. An epitaph 
 upon her by Erinna is extant. 
 
 Baucis and Philemon. A poem by Swift, pub- 
 lished in 1707. 
 
 Baudelaire (bod-lar'), Pierre Charles. Bom 
 
 at Paris, April 9, 1821: died there, Aug. 31, 1867. 
 A French critic and poet of the Romantic 
 School. He was graduated from the Lyct'e Louis-le- 
 Grand, Paris, in 1839. In 1845 and 1S46 he published vol- 
 umes entitled “The Salon," in which he criticized the 
 annual art exhibitions of Paris, and which established his 
 reputation as a critic. He also wrote “Fleurs du Mai” 
 (1857 : prosecuted as immoral ; expurgated edition 1861), 
 
 Bauer, Bruno 
 
 •• ThCophile Gautier ” (1859),“ Les paradis artificiels, opium 
 et haschieh” (1861), translations of Poe’s works, etc. Hi» 
 complete works were published in four volumes in 1869. 
 
 Baudelocque (bod-lok'), Jean Louis. Born at 
 Heilly, Picardy, 1746: died at Paris, 1810. A 
 French surgeon. He studied under Solajrts, and be- 
 came accoucheur of the Hospital de la Maternitd. Author 
 of “ LArt des Accouchements ” (1781). 
 
 Baudens (bo-doh'), Jean Baptiste Lucien. 
 
 Born at Aire, Pas-de-Calais, April 3, 1804: 
 died at Paris, Dec. 3, 1857. A French surgeon. 
 He became surgeon in the French army in Algeria in 1830, 
 where he founded a hospital in which he taught surgery 
 and anatomy for nine years. He returned to France in 1841, 
 becoming director of the military hospital of Val-de-Grace, 
 and serving as member of the sanitary commission of the 
 army in the Crimean war. He wrote “Nouvelle method t- 
 des amputations” (1842), and “La guerre de Crimfie, etc.” 
 (1857). 
 
 Baudin des Ardennes (bo-dan' da zar-den'), 
 Charles. Born at Sedan, 1792 : died at Ischia, 
 June 7, 1854. A French naval officer. He served 
 with distinction against the English 1808-12. After the 
 Hundred Days he engaged in trade, but returned to the 
 navy on accouut of rever ses in 1830. In 1838 he was sent 
 to Santo Domingo with the commissioners who were to 
 demand indemnity for losses sustained by French subjects; 
 and, shortly after, with the grade of rear-admiral, he was 
 empowered to secure a similar indemnity from Mexico. 
 His demands being refused, he bombarded the fort of San 
 Juan de Uliia, Vera Cruz (Nov. 27, 1838), forced its aban- 
 donment next day, and on Dec. 5 occupied Vera Cruz after 
 a hot fight, but soon withdrew ; he then blockaded the 
 port until the French demands were settled by a treaty. 
 On his return to France he was made vice admiral; com- 
 manded on South American coasts 1840 ; was prefect of 
 Toulon 1840-47, and president of the Bureau of Longi- 
 tude after 1848. Shortly before his death he became full 
 admiral. 
 
 Baudin, Nicolas. Born at lie de R6, 1750: 
 died in Mauritius, Sept. 16, 1803. A captain in 
 the French navy, and naturalist. He conducted 
 an exploring expedition to Australia, an account of which 
 was published by Pcron in “Voyage aux terres Australes 
 par les corvettes Gdographe et le Naturaliste ” (1807). 
 
 Baudissin (bou'dis-sen), Wolf Heinrich Fried- 
 rich Karl, Count von. Born at Rantzau, Jan. 
 30, 1789: died at Dresden, April 4, 1878. A 
 German litterateur, contributor to the German 
 translation of Shakspere edited by Schlegel and 
 Tieck. The plays translated by him are “Henry VIII.," 
 “Much Ado about Nothing,” “Taming of the Shrew,” 
 “ Comedy of Errors, ’’ “ Measure for Measure, ” “ All's well 
 that Ends well,” “ Antony and Cleopatra.” “ Troilus and 
 Cressida,” “Merry Wives of Windsor,” “ Love’s Labour ’s 
 Lost,” “Titus Andronicus,” “ Othello," and “Lear.” He 
 also published “Ben Jonson und seine Schule ’’ (1836), 
 translations of a number of old English dramas. 
 
 Baudour (bo-dor'). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of Hainaut, Belgium, near Mons, noted 
 for its pottery. 
 
 Baudricourt (bS-dre-kor'), Jean de. Died at 
 Blois, May 11, 1499. A French marshal. He 
 served successively under Charles the Bold, Louis XI. , and 
 Charles VIII., was sent as ambassador to the Swiss cantons 
 in 1477, was made governor of Burgundy and Besan^on in 
 1481, and became a marshal of France in 1486. 
 
 Baudrier (bod-re-a'), Sieur de. A pseudonym 
 of Jonathan Swift. 
 
 Baudrillart (bod-re-yar'), Henri Joseph 
 Leon. Born at Paris, Nov. 28, 1821 : died there, 
 Jan. 24, 1892. A French political economist. 
 He became editor of the “Constitutiounel,” and later of 
 the “Journal des Economistes.” Among his works are 
 “Manuel d’Cconomie politique ” (1857), “Des rapports de 
 la morale et de l’dconomie politique" (1860), “Publicistes 
 modernes” (1862), “Histoire du luxe” (1878-80), etc. 
 
 Baudrillart, Jacques Joseph. Born at Gi- 
 vron, Ardennes, France, May 20, 1774: died at 
 Paris, March 24, 1832. A noted French writer 
 on forestry. 
 
 Baudry (bo-dre'), Paul Jacques Aime. Bom 
 
 at La Roche-sur-Yon, Vend6e, France, Nov. 7, 
 1828: died at Paris, Jan. 17, 1886. A French 
 painter of mythological subjects and portraits, 
 and also of decorative works. Of the last the best- 
 known are in the foyer of the Grand Opera at Paris (1886- 
 1874). He became a member of the Institute in 1870. 
 
 Bauer (bou'er), Anton. Born at Marburg, 
 Aug. 13, 1772: died at Gottingen, June 1, 1843. 
 A German jurist. He became professor at Gottingen 
 in 1813, and privy judiciary councilor in 1840* Among 
 his works is “Grundsatze des Kriminalprozesses" (1805), 
 a revised edition of which was published under the title 
 of “Lehrbuch des Strafprozesses ” (1835). 
 
 Bauer, Bruno. Born at Eisenberg, in Saxe- 
 Altenburg, Sept. 6, 1809 : died at Rixdorf, near 
 Berlin, April 13, 1882. A German philosophi- 
 cal, theological, and historical writer of the 
 Hegelian school, noted as an exponent of ex- 
 treme rationalism. He was the author of “Religion 
 des Alien Testaments” (1838), “Kriiik der evangelischen 
 Geschichte des Johannes" (1840), “ Das entdeckte Chris- 
 tenthum ” (1S43). “ Geschichte der Franzosisehen Revolu- 
 tion” (1847), “Geschichte der Politik, Kultur und Auf- 
 klariing des 18. Jahrhunderts” (1843-46), “Die Apostelge- 
 schichte ” (1860), “ Kritik der Paulinischen Briefe ” (I860), 
 “Christus und die Casaren ” (1877), etc. 
 
Bauer, Edgar 
 
 Bauer, Edgar. Born at Charlottenburg, Oct. 
 7, 1820: died at Hannover, Aug. 18, 1886. A 
 German publicist, brother of Bruno Bauer: 
 author of numerous historical and polemical 
 works of radical tendency. He was imprisoned 
 (1843-48) on account of his “Streit der Kritik 
 mit Kirehe und Staat.” 
 
 Bauer, Karoline. Born at Heidelberg, March 
 29, 1807 : died at Zurich, Oct. 18, 1877. A noted 
 German actress, morganatic wife (1829) of Leo- 
 pold (later King of the Belgians) under the 
 name of Countess Montgomery, she returned to 
 the stage when Leopold became king, and finally aban- 
 doned it in 1844 : in this year also she married a Polish 
 count. She was famous both in comedy and tragedy. 
 
 Bauer le (boi'er-le), Adolf. Born at Vienna, 
 April 9, 1786: died at Basel, Sept. 20, 1859. 
 An Austrian dramatist and novelist. He founded 
 the “Wiener Theaterzeitung” (1806), and was the author 
 of the comedies “ Die falsche Primadonna ” (1818), “Der 
 Freund in der Noth," etc., and of various novels, including 
 “ Therese Krones ” (1854), “ Ferdinand Raimund ” (1855), 
 both of which appeared under the pseudonym Otto Horn. 
 
 Bauernfeind ( bou ' ern-find) , Kar 1 Maximilian 
 
 von. Born at Arzberg, Bavaria, Nov. 18, 1818: 
 died at Munich, Aug. 2, 1894. A German geod- 
 esist and engineer. He became professor of geod- 
 esy and engineering in the School of Engineering at 
 Munich in 1846, and was the inventor of a prism for mea- 
 suring distances which bears his name. Author of “ Ele- 
 mente der Vermessungskunde ” (1856—58), etc. 
 
 Bauernfeld (bou'ern-feld), Eduard von. Bom 
 at Vienna, Jan. 13, 1802: died there, Aug. 9, 
 1890. An Austrian dramatist. Among his works are 
 “Die Bekentnisse ” (“ Confessions,” 1834), “ Biirgerlich und 
 Bomantisch" (1835), “ Grossjahrig ” (1846), “Moderne 
 Jugend ” (1869), “Des Alcibiades Ausgang,” etc. 
 
 Baug6 (bo-zha'). A town in the department of 
 Maine-et-Loire, France, situated on the Coues- 
 non 22 miles northeast of Angers. It was the 
 scene of a French victory by Marshal de la Fayette over 
 the English in 1421. Population, commune, 3, 199. 
 Bauges (bozh), Les. A plateau in the depart- 
 ments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie, France, 
 between Chambdry and the Lake of Annecy. 
 Bauhin (bo-ah'), Gaspard. Born at Basel, 
 Jan. 17, 1560: died there, Dec. 5, 1624. A noted 
 botanist and anatomist of French descent, pro- 
 fessor of anatomy and botany, and later of 
 medicine, at the University of Basel. 
 
 Bauhin, Jean. Born at Basel, 1541: died at 
 Montbeliand, 1613. A physician and natural- 
 ist, brother of Gaspard Bauhin. 
 
 Baum (bourn), Friedrich. Died at Benning- 
 ton, Vt., Aug. 18, 1777. A German officer in 
 the British service in the Revolutionary War. 
 He was defeated by Colonel Stark and fatally wounded in 
 the battle of Bennington, Aug. 16, 1777. 
 
 Baumannshohle (bou'mans-hel-e). A stalactite 
 cave in the Lower Harz, in Brunswick, 5 miles 
 southeast of Blankenburg, near the Bode. 
 Banm& (bo-ma/), Antoine. Born at Senlis, 
 France, Feb. 26, 1728: died Oct. 15, 1804. A 
 noted French chemist and pharmacist. He was 
 the discoverer of many improvements in the arts and in 
 chemical science, and author of “Elements de pharmacie” 
 (1762), “Chimie experimental et raison nde”_(1773), etc. 
 
 Baumeister (bou'mis-ter), Johann Wilhelm. 
 
 Bom at Augsburg, April 27, 1804 : died at Stutt- 
 gart, Feb. 3, 1846. A noted German veterinary 
 surgeon, animal-painter, and writer on the care 
 and training of domestic animals. He was pro- 
 fessor at the Veterinary School in Stuttgart 
 1839-46. 
 
 Baumgarten (boum 'gar-ten), Alexander 
 Gottlieb. Born at Berlin, July 17, 1714: died at 
 Frankfort-on-the-Oder, May 26, 1762. A noted 
 German philosopher of the Wolfian school, ap- 
 pointed professor of philosophy at ' Frank- 
 fort-on-the-Oder in 1740. He was the founder of 
 the science of esthetics, and exerted a lasting influence 
 upon the terminology of metaphysics, especially in the 
 German language. Kant held him in great esteem as a 
 metaphysician, andfor a long time employed Baumgarten’s 
 works as the foundation of his lectures. He wrote “De 
 nonnullis ad poema pertinentibus ’’ (1735), “ /Eathetica 
 Acroamatica ” (1750-58), “ Metaphysica” (1739), etc. 
 
 Baumgarten, Hermann. Born April 28, 1825: 
 died June 19, 1893. A German historian and 
 publicist, professor of history in the University 
 of Strasburg 1872—89. He has written a “Geschichte 
 Spanlens zur Zeit der Franzbsischen Revolution ” (1861), 
 “ Geschichte Spaniens vom Ausbruch der Franzbsischen 
 Revolution bis auf unsore Tage ” (1865-71), “Karl V. und 
 die deutsche Reformation ’’ (1889), etc. 
 
 Baumgarten, Konrad. One of the Unter- 
 walden patriots, famous in the William Tell 
 legend. 
 
 Baumgarten, Michael. Born at Haseldorf, 
 Holstein, March 25, 1812: died at Rostock, 
 Meeklenburg-Sehwerin, July 21, 1889. A Ger- 
 man Protestant theologian, professor of theol- 
 ogy at Rostock 1850-58. He was elected to the 
 Reichstag in 1874, 1877, and 1878. 
 
 131 
 
 Baumgarten, Sigmund Jakob. Bom at Wol- 
 mirstedt, near Magdeburg, March 14, 1706: died 
 at Halle, July 4, 1757. A German Protestant 
 theologian, professor at Halle 1730-57. 
 
 Baumgarten-Crusius (-kro'ze-os), Ludwig 
 Friedrich Otto. Born at Merseburg, July 31, 
 1788 : died at J ena, May 31, 1843. A German 
 Protestant theologian, professor at Jena from 
 1812. He was the author of “ Lehrbuch der Dogmen- 
 geschichte ” (1831-32), “Kompendium der Dogmenge- 
 schichte ” (1840-46), etc. 
 
 Baumgartner (bourn ' gart - ner), Andreas, 
 Baron von. Bom at Friedberg, Bohemia, 
 Nov. 23, 1793: died near Vienna, July 30, 1865. 
 An Austrian scholar and politician. He became 
 professor of physics at the University of Vienna in 1823 ; 
 was minister of commerce, trade, and public works, 1851- 
 1855 ; and became president of the Academy of Sciences 
 at Vienna in 1851. 
 
 Baumgartner, Gallus Jakob. Born at Alt- 
 statten, Switzerland, Oct. 18, 1797: died at 
 Saint Gall, Switzerland, July 12, 1869. A 
 Swiss historian and politician. He wrote “Die 
 Schweiz in ihren KampfenundUmgestaltungen 
 von 1830-50” (1853-66), etc. 
 
 Baumgartner (boum 'gart -ner), Karl Hein- 
 rich. Born at Pforzheim, Baden, Oct. 21, 1798: 
 died at Baden-Baden, Dec. 11, 1886. A noted 
 German physiologist, professor of clinical med- 
 icine at Freiburg 1824-62. He was the author of 
 “Beobachtungen fiber die Nerven und das Blut”(1830), 
 “Lehrbuch der Physiologie" (1853), etc. 
 
 Baumstark (boum'stark), Anton. Bom at 
 Sinzheim, Baden, April 14, 1800 : died March 28, 
 1876. A German classical philologist, professor 
 of philology in the University of Freiburg 
 1836-71. 
 
 Baumstark, Eduard. Born at Sinzheim, Ba- 
 den, March 28, 1807: died April 8, 1889. A 
 German political economist and politician, a 
 brother of Anton Baumstark. 
 
 Baur (bour), Albert. Born at Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 J uly 13, 1835 : died May 7, 1906. A German his- 
 torical painter of the Diisseldorf school, pro- 
 fessor of history-painting at Weimar 1872-76. 
 
 Baur, Ferdinand Christian. BornatSchmiden, 
 near Caustatt, June 21, 1792: died at Tubingen, 
 Dec. 2, 1860. A distinguished German Protes- 
 tant theologian and biblical critic, the founder 
 of the “Tubingen School,” professor at Blau- 
 heuren, and, after 1826, professor of theology 
 at Tubingen. He was noted for profound scholarship, 
 strength in constructive criticism, and boldness in innova- 
 tion. His theories of apostolic and post-apostolic Chris- 
 tianity were revolutionary, resolving its history into a 
 speculative process of conflicting tendencies (Petrinism 
 and Paulinism) from which the supernatural and miracu- 
 lous is eliminated. Among his works are “ Das mani- 
 chaische Religionssystera ’’ (1831), “ Die cliristliche Gnosis, 
 etc.” (1835), “Die christliche Lehre von der Versohnung ’’ 
 (1838), “Die christliche Lehre von der Dreieinigkeit ” 
 (1841^3), “ Der Gegensatz des Katholizismus und Protes- 
 tantismus," “ Paulus ” (1845), “ Lehrbuch der christlichen 
 Dogmengeschichte " (1847), “Kritische Untersuchungen 
 fiber die kanonischen Evangelien ” (1847), “DasMarkus- 
 Evangelium " (1851), “ Das Christenthum und die christ- 
 liche Kirehe der drei ersten Jahrhunderte ” (1853). 
 
 Baur, Gustav Adolf Ludwig. Born at Ham- 
 melbach, June 14, 1816: died at Leipsic, May 22, 
 1889. A German Protestant theologian. He 
 became professor of theology in the University 
 of Leipsic in 1870. 
 
 Baures (bou-ras'). A tribe of Indians in 
 northern Bolivia, occupying the forest region 
 about the rivers Mamore and Baurds, ranging 
 eastward to the Guapord. Formerly very numerous 
 and powerful, they now number a few thousand, most of 
 them gathered into mission villages and mixed with other 
 tribes. By their language they resemble their neighbors 
 the Moxos, and in a broader sense they belong to the 
 great Arawak stock. They are agricultural and have fixed 
 villages. 
 
 Baures (bou-ras'). A river in eastern Bolivia, 
 a tributary of the Guapord. 
 
 Bause (bou'ze), Johann Friedrich. Born at 
 Halle, Jan. 5, 1738: died at Weimar, Jan. 3, 
 1814. A noted German engraver on copper. 
 He was for a time professor of this art at the 
 Academy of Aid in Leipsic. 
 
 Bausk (bousk). A town in the government of 
 Courland, Russia, situated at the junction of 
 the Musse and Memel 40 miles south of Riga. 
 Population, 6,700. 
 
 Bausset (bo-sa'), Louis Francois de. Bom at 
 
 Pondicherry, India, Dec. 14, 1748 : died at Paris, 
 June 21, 1824. A French ecclesiastic and man 
 of letters. Ho became bishop of Alais in 1784, and car- 
 dinal in 1817 ; and was the author of a “Histoire deFdne- 
 lon ” (1808-09), “Histoire de Bossuet” (1814), etc. 
 
 Bautzen (bout'sen). A governmental district 
 in the kingdom of Saxony, corresponding 
 nearly to Upper Lusatia. Area, 953 square 
 miles. Population, 426,420. 
 
 Bavay 
 
 Bautzen, Wendish Budissin (the official name 
 until 1868). The capital of the governmental 
 district of Bautzen and of Upper Lusatia, situ- 
 ated on the Spree 32 miles east of Dresden : one 
 of the chief towns of ancient Lusatia. It has 
 various manufactures and is the seat of a Roman 
 Catholic bishopric. Population, 29,419. 
 
 Bautzen, Battle of. A victory gained by Na- 
 poleon, May 20 and 21, 1813, with about 140,000 
 troops (under Ney, Oudinot, Soult, and others: 
 Ney with his 40,000 men was not present on the 
 20th) over the allied Russians and Prussians — 
 about 90,000. The loss of the French was about 
 20,000 ; that of the Allies, about 13,000. 
 
 Baux (bo), Les. A small town near Arles, 
 France, remarkable for its castle and stone 
 buildings. It was the capital of a powerful 
 medieval countship. 
 
 Bavaria (ba-va'ri-a), G. Bayern or Baiern 
 
 (bi'ern), F. Bavi&re (bav-yar'). [ML .Bavaria, 
 from Boarii, a tribe connected in name with 
 the Boii. See Bohemia .] A kingdom of south- 
 ern Germany, the second in area and popula- 
 tion of the states of the German Empire, it 
 consists of two unequal and disconnected parts, the larger 
 eastern and the smaller western. The former or main 
 portion is bounded by Prussia on the northwest, the Thu- 
 ringian states on the north, the kingdom of Saxony on 
 the northeast, Bohemia (separated by the Bohmerwald) 
 on the east, Upper Austria and Salzburg on the east, 
 Tyrol (separated by the Alps) on the south, Lake Con- 
 stance on the southwest, and Wiirtemberg, Baden, and 
 Hesse on the west. It extends from lat. 47° 16' to 50“ 33' 
 N., and from long. 9“ to 13° 48' E. The western portion 
 is the Palatinate, west of the Rhine, bordering on Hesse, 
 Prussia, and Alsace-Lorraine. The country produces 
 wheat, rye, oats, and other cereals, hops, potatoes, tobac- 
 co, wine, flax, etc. ; has mines of coal, iron, and salt ; and 
 has important and varied manufactures. It exports tim- 
 ber, wine, hops, grain, beer, etc. Bavaria contains 8 
 government districts (Begierungs-Bezirke ) : viz., Upper 
 Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, Palatinate, Upper Palatinate and 
 Ratisbon, Swabia and Neuburg, Upper Franconia, Middle 
 Franconia, and Lower Franconia. The capital is Munich. 
 The government is a constitutional hereditary monarchy, 
 with a king, an upper house, and a chamber of 163 depu- 
 ties. Bavaria sends 6 representatives to the Bundesrat 
 and 48 to the Reichstag, and furnishes 3 army corps to 
 the imperial army. Over seven tenths of the population 
 are Roman Catholic. The early inhabitants were formerly 
 identified with the Boii. The southern part belonged to 
 the Roman Empire. The League of the Boarii was formed 
 from various German tribes. Bavaria was ruled by its 
 dukes, the Agilolfinger, from about 560-788. It came un- 
 der the supremacy of Austrasia, and in 788 its duke, Tassilo 
 III., was deposed, and it was incorporated with the Frank- 
 ish empire. Later it was one of the four great German 
 duchies (and extended farther to the east and sout h — e. g . , 
 to Italy — than at present). The duchy of Bavaria passed 
 to Welf IV. (I.) in 1070. In 1180, after the fall of Henry 
 the Lion, it was granted by Frederick Barbarossa to the 
 (present) Wittelsbach dynasty. It was one of the circles 
 of the empire. Duke Maximilian I. received the electoral 
 dignity in 1623. The Upper Palatinate was annexed in 
 1628. The Rhine Palatinate was united with Bavaria in 
 1777. In 1806 Bavaria became a kingdom and joined the 
 Confederation of the Rhine. It was obliged to cede terri- 
 tory by the imperial delegations enactment of 1803, but 
 received Wurzburg, Bamberg, Augsburg, etc., and in 1805 
 Tyrol and other territories. It received Salzburg, etc., in 
 1809, but was obliged to cede Tyrol and Salzburg in 1816. 
 In 1813 it joined the Allies. It received a constitution in 
 1818. It sided with Austria in 1866, was the scene of 
 several conflicts, and was obliged to pay an indemnity 
 and make a small cession of territory to Prussia. It made 
 a treaty with the North German Confederation in 1870, 
 and entered the German Empire in 1871. Area, 29,292 
 square miles. Population, 6,524,372. 
 
 Bavaria. A bronze statue, 67 feet bigb, in 
 the Theresienwiese, near Munich, designed by 
 Schwan thaler. It was built by order of Lud- 
 wig I., and was finished in 1850. It stands before 
 the Ruhmeshalle(Hall of Fame) and holds a wreath above 
 its head. There is an interior ascent by a spiral iron stair- 
 case of sixty steps to the head, through apertures in which 
 there is a fine view. 
 
 Bavaria, Lower, and Bavaria, Upper. See 
 
 Lower Bavaria and Upper Bavaria. 
 
 Bavarian Alps. That part of the Alps which 
 lies in southern Bavaria and in the adjoining 
 lands of the Austrian empire. 
 
 Bavarian Circle. One of the ancient ten circles 
 of the old German Empire, now included in 
 Bavaria and neighboring parts of Austria. 
 
 Bavarian Forest. A mountainous region in 
 the eastern part of Bavaria, north . of the 
 Danube, noted for its forests. It is a part of 
 the Bohemian Forest. 
 
 Bavarian Rigi. See Rigi. 
 
 Bavarian Succession, War of the. A war 
 between Austria on one side, and Prussia, Sax- 
 ony, and Mecklenburg on the other, 1778-79, 
 due to the extinction of the Bavarian electoral 
 house. It was onded (without fighting) by 
 the Peace of Teschen, 1779. 
 
 Bavay, or Bavai (bii-va'). A town in the 
 department of Nord, France, 14 miles east of 
 Valenciennes. It is built on the site of Ba- 
 gaeum, the ancient capital of the Nervii. 
 
Baveno 
 
 Baveno (ba-va'no). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of Novara, Italy, situated on the western 
 shore of Lago Maggiore, opposite the Borro- 
 mean Islands. 
 
 Baviad (ba'vi-ad), The. A satire on the “Della 
 Cruscans” (which see), by William Gifford, pub- 
 lished in 1794, and republished with “The 
 Mteviad ” (which was first published in 1795) on 
 the same subject in 1797. The latter also attacked 
 some of the minor dramatists of the time. The names 
 Baviad and Maeviad are taken from those of two inferior 
 poets (see Bavins) mentioned in Vergil’s “Eclogues,” iii. 9 : 
 “ He may with foxes plough and milk he-goats, 
 
 Who praises Bayius or on Mtevius dotes.” 
 
 Bavian (ba-ve-an'). A place to the northeast 
 of Khorsabad, in Mesopotamia. Near it was dis- 
 covered a rock with an inscription containing a record of 
 Sennacherib’s battle against the Elamite-Babylonian coa- 
 lition at Halule, a city on the lower Tigris, 091 b. c. 
 
 Bavieca (ba-ve-a'ka). The favorite horse of 
 the Cid. 
 
 Bavier (G. ba-ver' ; F. bav-ya'), Simon. Born 
 at Chur, Graubiinden, Sept. 16, 1825 : died at 
 Basel, Jan. 28, 1896. A Swiss statesman. He 
 was federal president in 1882, and became ministerto Rome 
 in 1882. Author of “Die Strassen der Schweiz" (1878). 
 Bavius (ba'vi-us). Died in Cappadocia, 35 b. c. 
 An inferior Roman poet, an enemy of Vergil 
 and Horace. His name is always associated with that 
 of Msevius, who shared his feelings toward those greater 
 poets and his lack of poetical ability. See Baviad. 
 Bawian (ba-we'an), or Bawean. A small isl- 
 and in the Java Sea, between Java and Borneo, 
 belonging to the Dutch. 
 
 Bawr (bour), Baroness de (Alexandrine So- 
 phie Goury de Champgrand, by her first mar- 
 riage (dissolved by divorce) Comtesse de 
 Saint-Simon). Born (of French parents) at 
 Stuttgart, 1776: died at Paris, 1861. A French 
 novelist and dramatist, she wrote “Argent et 
 Adresse ” (1802), "Le Rival obligeant” (1805), “L'Argent 
 du voyage ” (1809), “Le double stratageme" (1813), “Au- 
 guste et Frbddric ’’ (1817), “Histoire de la musique” 
 (1823), etc. 
 
 Baxter (baks'ter), Andrew. [The surname 
 Baxter is from baxter, ME. bakster, AS. biecestre, 
 baker.] Born at Aberdeen, Scotland, 1686 
 (1687 ?) : died at Whittingham, near Edinburgh, 
 April 23, 1750. A Scottish metaphysician. His 
 chief work is an “ Enquiry into the Nature of the Human 
 Soul ” (1733). 
 
 Baxter, Bichard. Born at Rowton, Shrop- 
 shire, England, Nov. 12, 1615: died at London, 
 Dec. 8, 1691. A noted English nonconformist 
 divine. He was ordained in 1638, was chosen lecturer 
 at Kidderminster in 1640, and about 1645 became a chap- 
 lain in Cromwell s army. He subsequently favored the 
 Restoration, and on the accession of Charles II. in 1660 
 was appointed chaplain to the king, but left the Church 
 of England on the passage of the Act of Uniformity in 
 1662. when he retired to Acton. In May, 1685, he was 
 tried by Jeffries on the charge of libeling the established 
 church, and was fined five hundred marks, for non-pay- 
 ment of which he was detained in prison until Nov., 
 1686. His chief works are “ The Saint's Everlasting Rest ’’ 
 (1650), “A Call to the Unconverted” (1657), “Methodus 
 Theologize ” (1674), and “ Reliquke Baxterianse ” (1696). 
 
 Baxter, Robert Dudley. Born at Doncaster, 
 Feb. 3, 1827: died May 20, 1875. An English 
 statistician. He became a solicitor in 1842, and a part- 
 ner in the law firm of Baxter, Rose, and Norton at West- 
 minster in 1860. He wrote “The National Income" 
 (1868), “ the Taxation of the United Kingdom" (1869), 
 “The National Debts of the Various States of the World ’’ 
 (1871), “ Local Government and Taxation ” (1874), etc. 
 
 Baxter, William Edward. Born at Dundee, 
 1825: died at London, Aug. 10, 1890. A Brit- 
 ish politician, traveler, and author. He became 
 secretary to the admiralty under Mr. Gladstone in 1868, 
 and was secretary to the treasury 1871-73. Author of 
 “America and the Americans" (1855). 
 
 Bay City. A city, the capital of Bay County, 
 eastern Michigan, situated on the Saginaw 
 River, near its mouth, 110 miles northwest of 
 Detroit. Population, 45,166, (1910). 
 
 Bay Islands. A group of islands in the Gulf 
 of Honduras, belonging to Honduras. The 
 largest is Ruatan. 
 
 Bay of Islands. A bay on the northern coast 
 of the North Island, New Zealand. 
 
 Bay Psalm Book, The. The earliest New Eng- 
 land version of the Psalms. Its title is “The 
 Whole Booke of Psalmes Faithfully Translated into Eng- 
 lish Metre.” It was printed in 1640, and was the first 
 book published in the British American colonies, though 
 not, as has been said, “in the New World, for there had 
 existed a printing-press in the city of Mexico one hun- 
 dred years before." It was the joint production of Richard 
 Mather, Thomas Welde, and John Eliot. Eight copies 
 are known to be extant. 
 
 Bayamo (ba-ya'mo). A town in the interior 
 of eastern Cuba, 25 miles east of Manzanilla. 
 Population, 4,102. 
 
 Bayard (ba'ard ; F. pron. ba-yar'). The name of 
 the legendary horse given by Charlemagne to 
 
 132 
 
 the four sons of Aymon. He possessed magical 
 powers, and the remarkable faculty of lengthening him 
 self to accommodate all his four masters at once, and 
 many wonders are told of him. He is said to be still alive 
 in the forest of Ardennes where he can be heard neighing 
 on midsummer day. Boiardo introduces him in “ Orlando 
 Innamorato,” Ariosto in “Orlando Furioso," and Tasso in 
 “Rinaldo’’ who is Renaud or Regnault. one of the four 
 sons. The name became a common one for any horse, and 
 is alluded to in many proverbial sayings the origin of 
 which seems to be forgotten. “As bold as blind Bay- 
 ard " is a proverb as old as the 14th century, applied to 
 those who do not look before they leap. 
 
 Bayard (ba'ard; F. pron. ba-yar'), Chevalier 
 de (Pierre du Terrail). Born near Grenoble 
 about 1475 : killed at the river Sesia, Italy, April 
 30, 1524. A French national hero, called “the 
 knight without fear and without reproach,” dis- 
 tinguished in the Italian campaigns of Charles 
 VIII., Louis XII., and Francis I. He was espe- 
 cially renowned for his bravery at the battles of Gnine- 
 gate (1513) and Marignano (1515) and the defense of Me- 
 zieres (1521). 
 
 Bayard (bi'ard), James Asheton. Born at 
 Philadelphia, July 28, 1767 : died at Wilming- 
 ton, Aug. 6, 1815. An American statesman. 
 He was Federal member of Congress from Delaware 1797- 
 1803; United States senator 1805-13; and commissioner 
 to negotiate the treaty of Ghent, 1814. 
 
 Bayard, James Asheton. Born at Wilming- 
 ton, Del., Nov. 15, 1799: died there, June 13, 
 1880. An American politician, son of James 
 Asheton Bayard. He was Democratic United 
 States senator from Delaware 1851-64 and 1867- 
 1869. 
 
 Bayard, Jean Frangois Alfred. Born at Cha- 
 rolles, Saone-et-Loire, March 17, 1796 : died at 
 Paris, Feb. 19, 1853. A French dramatic writer. 
 He is said to have written, partly in conjunction with 
 others, 225 pieces. Among them are “La reine de seize 
 ans ” (1828), “ Le gamin de Paris " (1836), etc. 
 
 Bayard, Nicholas. Born at Alphen, Holland, 
 about 1644: died in New York city, 1707. An 
 American colonial officer, secretary of New 
 York province in 1673 (under the Dutch), and 
 mayor of New York city (under Governor Don- 
 gan). He was a member of the governor's council, 
 and drew up the Dongan charter (which see). 
 
 Bayard, Richard Henry. Born at Wilming- 
 ton, Del., 1796: died at Philadelphia, March 4, 
 1868. An American Whig politician, a son of 
 James Asheton Bayard, United States senator 
 from Delaware 1836-39 and 1839-45, charge d’af- 
 faires at Brussels 1850-53. 
 
 Bayard, Thomas Francis. Bom at Wilming- 
 ton, Del., Oct. 29, 1828: died Sept. 28, 1898. An 
 American statesman, a son of James Asheton 
 Bayard. He was Democratic United States senator from 
 Delaware 1869-85 ; president pro tempore of the Senate 
 1881; member of the Electoral Commission 1877; unsuc- 
 cessful in obtaining the nomination as Democratic candi- 
 date for the Presidency 1880 and 1884 ; and secretary ol 
 state 1885-89. He was appointed ambassador to England 
 in 1893, and was the first to hold that diplomatic rank. 
 
 Bayazid. See Bajaset. 
 
 Bayazid (bi-a-zed'), or Bayezid (bi-e-zed'). A 
 small town in the northeastern corner of Asiatic 
 Turkey, south of Mount Ararat. It was taken by 
 the Russians in the wars of 1828, 1854, and 1877. 
 
 Bayer (bi'er), August von. Born at Rorschach 
 on Lake Constance, May 3, 1803 : died at Carls- 
 ruhe,Feb. 2, 1875. A German painter of histori- 
 cal and architectural subjects. 
 
 Bayer, Gottlieb Siegfried. Born 1694: died 
 at St. Petersburg, Feb. 21, 1738. A German 
 Orientalist. Ho became professor of Greek and 
 Roman antiquities at St. Petersburg in 1726. 
 Bayer, Johann. Born at Rain, in Bavaria, about 
 1572 : died at Augsburg, 1660. A German astron- 
 omer and Protestant preacher, surnamed from 
 his eloquence “os protestantium” (‘the Prot- 
 estants’ mouth Tpiece] ’). He was the author of 
 “ Uranometria” (1603\ enlarged and reprinted under the 
 title “Coelura stellatum christianum ’ (1627). This work 
 was the first complete and convenient chart of the hea- 
 vens, representing the then existing state of astronomical 
 knowledge. Bayer was the first to adopt the method of 
 designating the stars by the Greek letters, etc., in the 
 order of their magnitude. 
 
 Bayer, Karl Robert Emmerich von: pseu- 
 donym Robert Byr. Born at Bregenz, Aus- 
 tria, April 15, 18 .j 5: died June 30, 1902. An 
 Austrian novelist. He entered the military academy 
 at Neustadt in 1845, became lieutenant in a regiment of 
 hussars at Milan in 1852, and retired from military service 
 in 1862. Among his works are “ Kantonierungsbilder” 
 (1S60), “ Osterreiehische Garnisonen ” (1863), “ Anno Neun 
 und Dreizehn” (1865), a number of social-political novels, 
 as “ Der Kampf unis Dasein ” (18691, and the dramas 
 “Lady Gloster" (1869), and “Der wuiiae Fleck” (1875). 
 Bayern. The German name of Bavaria. 
 Bayerwald. See Bayrischer Wald. 
 
 Bayes (baz). A character in Buckingham’s 
 farce “The Rehearsal,” a dramatic coxcomb. 
 He was at first called Bilboa, and was intended to ridicule 
 Sir Robert Howard ; but the piece having been laid aside 
 
 Bayly, Ada Ellen 
 
 for several years, and Sir Robert having meanwhile be- 
 come a very good friend of Buckingham, the character 
 was altered to fit Dryden, who at this time appeared a fit 
 object for satire. The name Bayes refers to the laureate- 
 ship. 
 
 Bayes no Poetaster. See Two Kings of Brent- 
 ford. 
 
 Bayes’s Troops, Like. A phrase referring to 
 the foot-soldiers and hobby-horses who fight a 
 battle in Buckingham’s “Rehearsal.” When all 
 are killed it (s a question how they are to go off the stage. 
 Bayes replies : “As they came on, upon their legs." 
 Whereupon they are obliged to revive and walk off. 
 
 Bayeux (ba-ye'). [F. Bgyeux, LL. Baiocas, 
 Baiocasses, Bagocasses, L. Badiocasses, Gr. Ovadi- 
 saaioi, orig. a Celtic tribe name, explained as 
 ‘great conquerors, ’otherwise as ‘blond-haired.’] 
 A town in the department of Calvados, Norman- 
 dy, France, situated on the Aure 17 miles north- 
 west of Caen : the Roman Augustodurus. it was 
 the chief town of Gallic Baiocasses, was called Baiocum or 
 Baiocasses (whence the modern name) in the early middle 
 ages, and was the capital of the Frankish Baiocassinus, later 
 Bessin. It is famous for the Bayeux Tapestry (which 
 see). The cathedral of Bayeux is a very handsome struc- 
 ture of the 12th and 13th centuries. The west front has 
 lofty twin spires, graceful arcades, and fine gabled and 
 sculptured portals. There is a beautiful vaulted porch on 
 the south side, besides the rich portal and great traceried 
 window of the transept. The lower part of the nave is of 
 richly ornamented Romanesque round arches. Population, 
 commune, 7,736. 
 
 Bayeux Tapestry. A strip of linen 231 feet 
 long and 20 inches wide, preserved in the Li- 
 brary at Bayeux, France, embroidered with epi- 
 sodes of the Norman conquest of England from 
 the visit of Harold to the Norman court until 
 his death at Senlac, each with its title in Latin. 
 The work is of great archaaological interest from its de- 
 tails of costume and arms. It is believed to have been 
 made by Matilda, queen of William the Conqueror. 
 
 Bayle (bal), Gaspard Laurent. Born at Ver- 
 net, Provence, Aug. 8, 1774 : died at Paris, May 
 11, 1816. A French physician and medical 
 writer. 
 
 Bayle, Pierre. Born at Carlat, in Foix, France, 
 Nov. 18, 1647 : died at Rotterdam, Dec. 28, 
 1706. A noted French skeptical philosopher 
 and critic. He was appointed professor of philosophy 
 at Sedan in 1675, and at the Protestant academy of Rot- 
 terdam in 1681, and was removed (on account of his skep- 
 tical opinions) from his professorship in 1693. He was 
 an influential leader of the modern skeptical movement, 
 and is chiefly known as the compiler of the famous “Dic- 
 tionnaire historique et critique "(1696), in which that ten- 
 dency found clear expression. Among his other works are 
 “ Cogitationes rationales de Deo, anima, et malo," “Pen- 
 s^es sur la conute, t-crites k un docteur de la Sorbonne ’’ 
 (1682), “Commentaire philosophique sur ces paroles de 
 l'Evatigile " (1686). In 1684 he established a sort of jour- 
 nal of literary criticism, “ Nouvelles de la rSpublique 
 deslettres," which was maintained lor several years. 
 
 Bayl6n (bi-leu'), or Bail^n. A town in the 
 province of Ja6n, southern Spain, 25 milos 
 north of Ja6n. Population, 7,420. 
 
 Bayl6n, Capitulation of. A capitulation (July 
 22, 1808) by which the French general Dupont 
 and his army surrendered to the Spaniards un- 
 der Castaiios, and the French forces were to be 
 allowed to leave Spain. The Junta of Seville refused 
 to ratify the capitulation, and all the French except the 
 superior officers were sent to the galleys at Cadiz. 
 
 Bayl4n, Duke of. See Castaiios. 
 
 Bayley (ba'li), James Roosevelt. Born in 
 
 New York city, Aug. 23, 1814: died at Newark. 
 N. J., Oct. 3, 1877. An American Roman Cath- 
 olic prelate. He was made first bishop of Newark 
 in 1853, and was archbishop of Baltimore 1872-77. He 
 wrote a “ History of the Catholic Church in New York” 
 (1853), etc. 
 
 Bayley, Sir John. Born at Elton, Hunting- 
 donshire, Aug. 3, 1763: died near Sevenoaks, 
 Kent, Oct. 10, 1841. An English jurist and legal 
 and religious writer. He became judge of the King’s 
 Bench in 1808, was removed to the Court of Exchequer in 
 1830, and resigned from the bench in 1834. He wrote 
 “ A Short Treatise on the Law of Bills of Exchange, Cash 
 Bills, and Promissory Ndtes ” (1789), etc. 
 
 Bayley, Richard. Born at Fairfield, Conn., 
 1745: died on Staten Island, N. Y., Aug. 17, 
 1801. An American physician, appointed pro- 
 fessor of anatomy in Columbia College in 1792, 
 and of surgery in 1793. 
 
 Baylies (ba'liz), Francis. Bom at Taunton, 
 Mass., Oct. 16, 1783: died there, Oct. 28, 1852. 
 An American politician, member of Congress 
 from Massachusetts 1821-27. He wrote a 
 
 ★“Memoir of the Colony of New Plymouth.” 
 
 Baylor (ba'16r), Frances Courtenay (Mrs. 
 George Sherman Barnum). Born at Fayette- 
 ville, Ark., Jan. 20, 1848. An American nov- 
 elist. She has written “The Perfect Treasure" and “On 
 This Side," two short magazine stories, which were pub- 
 lished in hook form as one narrative under the title “ On 
 Both Sides " (1886), and other works. 
 
 Bayly (ba'li), Ada Ellen: pseudonym Edna 
 Lyall. Born at Brighton, England: died at 
 
Bayly, Ada Ellen 
 
 Eastbourne, Feb. 8, 1903. An English nov- 
 elist. Among her works are “ Won by Waiting ” (1879), 
 “ Donovan ” (1882), ‘ Autobiography of a Slander ’’ (1887), 
 "Knight Errant" (1887), ‘‘A Hardy Norseman” (1889). 
 
 Bayly (ba'li), Thomas Haynes. Born at Batn, 
 England, Oct. 13, 1797: died at Cheltenham, 
 April 22, 1839. An English song-writer, drama- 
 tist, and novelist. He wrote "Perfection,” and other 
 plays, many popular songs (among them “ The Soldier’s 
 Tear,” “I ’d be a Butterfly, ”“We met— 't was in a Crowd”), 
 and the tales "The Aylmers,” “A Legend of Killarney,” 
 etc. 
 
 Bayne (ban), Peter. Born in Ross-shire, Scot- 
 land, Oct. 19, 1830: died Feb. 10, 1896. A Scotch 
 litterateur and journalist. 
 
 Baynard’s (ba'nardz) Castle. A strong forti- 
 fication on the Thames just below Blackfriars, 
 founded by Baynard, a follower of William the 
 Conqueror, and forfeited to the crown by one 
 of his successors. It was burned in the Great 
 Fire, 1666. 
 
 Baynes (banz), Thomas Spencer. Born at 
 Wellington, Somersetshire, March 24, 1823 : died 
 at London, May 30, 1887. A British philo- 
 sophical writer, appointed professor of logic, 
 rhetoric, and metaphysics at St. Andrew’s in 
 1864. He was assistant editor of the London “Daily 
 News,” and editor of the 9th edition of the “ Encyclopaidia 
 Britannica.” 
 
 Bayonne (ba-yon'; F. pron. ba-yon'). A sea- 
 port in the department of Basses-Pyrenees, 
 France, situated at the junction of the Nive 
 and Adour, near the Bay of Biscay, in lat. 43° 
 29' N., long. 1° 29' W. It is a fortress, and its cita- 
 del was fortified by Vauban. The bayonet is said to have 
 been invented here. The population is largely Spanish 
 and Basque. It is noted for its hams. A celebrated in- 
 terview was held here in 1565 between Charles IX., Eliza- 
 beth of Spain, Alva, and Catherine de' Medici, at which (it 
 is alleged) the St. Bartholomew massacre was planned. 
 The cathedral of Bayonne is of the 13th and 14th centu- 
 ries, with modern spires. There is beautiful medieval 
 glass, and two fine sculptured portals. The 13th-century 
 cloister has been in part inclosed and transformed into 
 an additional aisle in the church. Population, commune, 
 26,488. 
 
 Bayonne (ba-yon'). A port and city in Hud- 
 son County, New Jersey, situated between New 
 York and Newark bays 6 miles southwest of 
 New York. It has chemical works, etc. Popu- 
 lation, 55,545, (1910). 
 
 Bayonne, Convention of. A convention con- 
 cluded May 10, 1808, between France and the 
 grand duchy of Warsaw. 
 
 Bayonne, Treaty of. A treaty concluded at 
 Bayonne, May, 1808, between Napoleon and 
 Charles IV. of Spain. The latter renounced his 
 right to the Spanish throne. 
 
 Bayonne Decree. A decree issued by Napoleon 
 I. at Bayonne, April 17, 1808, directing the 
 seizure of all American vessels then in the 
 ports of France. 
 
 Bayou State (bi'o stat), The. An epithet 
 sometimes applied to Mississippi. 
 
 Bayreuth (bi'roit), or Baireuth. A former 
 German burgraviate and principality, now in 
 the northern part of Bavaria, it was united to 
 Ansbach in 1769 ; was acquired by Prussia 1791-92 ; was 
 lost by Prussia in 1805 ; and was ceded to Bavaria in 1809. 
 Bayreuth, or Baireuth. The capital of the 
 province of Upper Franconia, Bavaria, situated 
 on the Red Main in lat. 49° 56' N., long. 11° 
 35' E. It contains the Wagner Theater, the old and 
 new palaces, and the residences of Richter and Richard 
 Wagner. It is now noted for its musical festivals. For- 
 merly it was the residence of the margraves of Branden- 
 burg-Culmbach. Population, 31,903. 
 
 Bayreuth Festival. A musical festival held 
 at Bayreuth, for the representation of Wag- 
 ner’s works, in the National Theater (opened 
 by Wagner in 1876). 
 
 Bayrhoffer (bir'hof-fer), Karl Theodor. Born 
 at Marburg, 1812: died at Jordan, Wis., Feb. 
 3, 1888. A German philosophical writer, pub- 
 licist, and revolutionary politician. He was pro- 
 fessor of philosophy at Marburg 1838-46 ; member of the 
 Landtag of Hesse in 1848 ; and president of the chamber 
 in 185 J; and later removed to the United States (Wis- 
 consin). 
 
 Bayrischer Wald (bi'ro-sher valt), or Bayer- 
 wald (bi'er-valt). An extension of the Boh- 
 mer Wald in eastern Bavaria. 
 
 Bayswater (baz'wa-t6r). [FromBaynard’sWa- 
 tering Place.] A part of London lying north 
 of Kensington Gardens. The original Bays- 
 water was a hamlet near what is now Gloucester 
 Terrace. Loftie. 
 
 Baza (ba'tha). A town in the province of 
 Granada, Spain, 57 miles northeast of Granada : 
 the ancient Basti and the medieval Bastiana. 
 It was an important Moorish city, and was captured by 
 Isabella in 1489. It was the scene of a victory of the French 
 under Soult over the Spaniards Aug. 10, 1810. There 
 are hot springs in its vicinity. Population, 12,770. 
 
 133 
 
 Bazaine (ba-zan'), Francois Achille. Born 
 
 at Versailles, Feb. 13, 1811: died at Madrid, 
 Sept. 23, 1888. A French marshal. He served 
 in Algeria, and in Spain against the Carlists ; commanded 
 the Foreign Legion in the Crimean war ; commanded a 
 division in the Italian war of 1859, and distinguished 
 himself at Solferino ; took part in the Mexican expedi- 
 tion, and became commander-in-chief in Mexico in 1863 ; 
 was made marshal in 1864 ; withdrew from Mexico in 
 1867, and was made commander of the Imperial Guard in 
 1869. He commanded a corps at the beginning of the 
 Franco-German war, was made commander of the Army 
 of the Rhine Aug., 1870, and was defeated before Metz, at 
 Gravelotte, etc., and besieged in Metz, which he surren- 
 dered, with 173,000men, Oct. 27,1870. For this surrender he 
 was tried before a tribunal under the presidency of the 
 Due d'Aumale, and condemned to degradation and death. 
 The sentence was commuted to 20 years’ imprisonment, 
 and he was incarcerated near Cannes Dec. , 1873, whence 
 he escaped Aug. 9-10, 1874. He resided later in M adrid, 
 and wrote several works on the Metz episode. 
 
 Bazalgette, Sir Joseph William. Born 1819: 
 
 died 1891. An English engineer. As chief en- 
 gineer to the Metropolitan Board of Works he designed 
 and executed (1858-65) the system of drainage now in 
 operation in London, as also (1863-74) the Victoria, the 
 Albert, and the Chelsea embankments. 
 
 Bazan, Don Cffisar de. See Don Cesar de 
 Bazan . 
 
 Bazard (ba-zar'). Saint- Amand. Bom at 
 
 Paris, Sept. 19, 1791 : died at Courtry, near 
 Montfermeil, July 29, 1832. A French social- 
 ist, organizer of Carbonarist societies, and ad- 
 herent of Saint-Simon. 
 
 Bazardjik. A town in Bulgaria, 27 miles north 
 of Varna. It was captured by the Russians in 
 1774 and 1810. 
 
 Bazarof (baz'a-rof). A brutal but original 
 medical student in Turgenief’s “Fathers and 
 Sons.” He is the representative of young Russia with 
 aspirations toward progress. In him is first formulated the 
 original theory of Nihilism. He takes pride in absolute 
 negation. 
 
 Bazas (ba-za'). A town in the department of 
 Gironde, France, 33 miles southeast of Bor- 
 deaux. It figured in the Huguenot wars. 
 Population, commune, 4.684. 
 
 Bazeilles (ha-zay'). A village near Sedan, 
 department of Ardennes, France, near the 
 Meuse. It was destroyed by the Bavarians 
 Sept. 1, 1870. 
 
 Bazias (bo'zi-ash). A small town in Hungary, 
 situated on the Danube 45 miles east of Bel- 
 grad. 
 
 Bazigars (ba-ze-garz' ) . A nomadic race widely 
 diffused in Hindustan, allied, perhaps, to the 
 gipsies of Europe. 
 
 Bazin (ba-zan'). The lackey of Aramis in “The 
 Three Musketeers” by Dumas. 
 
 Bazin (ba-zan'), Antoine Pierre Louis. Born 
 1799: died 1863. A French Orientalist. He 
 published "Theatre chinois,” “Grammaire mandarine," 
 etc. 
 
 Bazin, Jacques Rigomer. Born at Mans, 1771 : 
 died Jan. 20, 1820. A French publicist, man of 
 letters, and democratic politician. He was the 
 author of pamphlets published under the title “ Le Lynx ” 
 (1814) and “Suite du Lynx” (1817), “Jacqueline d’Olys- 
 bourg” (1803), a melodrama, “Charlemagne ”(1817), a tra- 
 gedy, “Sbide” (1816), a novel, etc. 
 
 Bazoche (ba-zosh'), or Basoche, La. An asso- 
 ciation of clerks connected with the parliament 
 of Paris. It watched over the interests of its 
 members, and performed farces satirizing the 
 parliament. It arose at the beginning of the 
 14th century, and was suppressed in 1791, but 
 has recently been revived. 
 
 Baztan, or Bastan (bas-tan'). A valley in the 
 Pyrenees, in the northern part of the prov- 
 ince of Navarre, Spain. It is traversed by the 
 Bidassoa. 
 
 Bazzard (baz'ard), Mr. In Charles Dickens’s 
 “Mystery of Edwin Drood,” a clerk to Mr. 
 Grewgious, and author of a tragedy which 
 gives him a baleful influence over his master. 
 Bazzi, Giovanni Antonio. See Sodoma. 
 Beach, Hicks. See Hiclcs-Beach. 
 
 Beach (becli), Moses Yale. Bora at Walling- 
 ford, Conn., Jan. 7, 1800: died at Wallingford, 
 July 19, 1868. An American inventor and 
 journalist, proprietor of the New York “Sun.” 
 Beachy Head (be'clii bed). A chalk headland 
 on the coast of Sussex, England, projecting 
 into the English Channel, in lat. 50° 44' N.. 
 long. 0° 13' E. Its height is 575 feet. 
 
 Beachy Head, Battle of. A naval victory 
 gained near Beachy Head by the French under 
 Tourville over the allied English and Dutch un- 
 der Torrington, June 30 (N. S. July 10), 1690. 
 Beacon Hill (be'kon hil). An elevation north 
 of Boston Common. It was named from the beacon 
 fires which were formerly lighted upon it. 
 
 Beacon Street. A street in Boston, Mass., 
 
 B6arn 
 
 which extends from Tremont street along the 
 north side of the Common and Public Gardens 
 westward. It is noted as a street of residences, and 
 its name is a synonym for the wealth and culture of the 
 city. 
 
 Beaconsfield (be ' konz - feld or bek ' onz - feld). 
 A town in Buckinghamshire, England, situated 
 25 miles west-northwest of London. It was 
 the home and burial-place of Waller and of 
 Edmund Burke. Population, 1,570. 
 Beaconsfield, Earl of. See Disraeli. 
 
 Beadle, Harriet. See Tattyeoram. 
 
 Beagle (be'gl), Sir Harry. A fox-hunting 
 English squire in Colman’s comedy “ The Jeal- 
 ous Wife.” 
 
 Beagle Channel. A strait in the archipelago 
 of Tierra del Fuego, which extends east and 
 west in lat. 55° S. 
 
 Beagle, The. The ship ill which Darwin made 
 his voyage as naturalist. She was a 10-gun brig of 
 235 tons, commanded by Captain Fitzroy. She sailed Dec. 
 27, 1831, and returned Oct. 2, 1836. She had previously 
 been used in surveying-work on the South American coast. 
 See Darwin, Charles. 
 
 Beale (bel), Lionel Smith. Born Feb. 5, 
 1828 : died March 28, 1906. An English physi- 
 ologist and microscopist, professor of medi- 
 cine, physiology and morbid anatomy, and 
 later of pathological anatomy at King’s Col- 
 lege, London. He was the author of “How to Work 
 with the Microscope,” “Protoplasm, or Life, Matter, and 
 Mind,” “On Life and on Vital Action in Health and 
 Disease,” etc. 
 
 Beale, Mary. Born in Suffolk, England, 1632 : 
 died at London, Dec. 28, 1697. An English 
 artist, noted as a portrait-painter. 
 
 Beall (bel), John Young. Born in Virginia, 
 Jan. 1, 1835: died on Governor’s Island, New 
 York Harbor, Feb. 24, 1865. A Confederate 
 spy and guerrilla. He commanded a body of men who, 
 disguised as passengers, seized the Lake Erie steamer 
 Philo Parsons Sept. 19, 1864, and subsequently captured 
 and sank another boat, the Island Queen. He was ar- 
 rested at Suspension Bridge, New York, Dec. 16, 1864, 
 was tried at Fort Lafayette by a military commission, 
 and, in spite of a proclamation by Jefferson Davis, dated 
 Dec. 24, 1864, in which the Confederate government as- 
 sumed the responsibility for Beall’s action, was convicted 
 and hanged. 
 
 Bear Flag Battalion. An American corps, in 
 the early history Of California, which was ac- 
 tive in expelling the Mexicans. 
 
 Bear Island. A small island in the Arctic 
 Ocean, south of Spitzbergen. 
 
 Bear Islands. A group of islands in the Arctic 
 Ocean, north of Siberia, about long. 161° E. 
 Bear Lake. A lake about 20 miles long, situ- 
 ated on the border of southeastern Idaho and 
 northeastern Utah. 
 
 Bear Mountain. A hill, about 750 feet in 
 height, situated in the northeastern part of 
 Dauphin County, eastern central Pennsylvania. 
 There are coal deposits in its vicinity. 
 
 Bear River. A river in northern Utah and 
 southern Idaho, which falls into Great Salt 
 Lake, in lat. 41° 28' N., long. 112° 17' W. 
 Length, about 400 miles. 
 
 Beard (herd), George Miller. Bora at Mont- 
 ville, May 8, 1839 : died in Now York city, Jan. 
 23, 1883. An American physician, author of 
 “Stimulants and Narcotics,” “Eating and 
 Drinking,” “Hay Fever,” etc. 
 
 Beard, James Henry. Born at Buffalo, N. Y., 
 May 20, 1812: died at Flushing, N. Y., April 4, 
 1893. An American artist, brother of W. H. 
 Beard, best known as a painter of animals. 
 Beard, William Holbrook. Bom April 13, 
 1825 : died Feb. 20, 1900. An American painter, 
 chiefly of humorous animal pictures. 
 Beardsley (berdz'li), Eben Edwards. Bom 
 at Stepney, Conn., 1807: died at New Haven, 
 Conn., Dec. 22, 1891. An American Protestant 
 Episcopal clergyman and historical writer. He 
 became rector of St. Thomas's Church, New Haven, Con- 
 necticut, in 1848, and was the author of “History of the 
 Episcopal Church in Connecticut ’’ (1865). 
 
 Beardsley, Samuel. Born at Hoosic, N. Y., 
 Feb. 9, 1790: died at Utica, N. Y., May 6, 1860. 
 An American politician and jurist. He was 
 Democratic member of Congress from New York, 1831- 
 1836 and 1843-44; associate judge of the Supreme Court 
 of New York 1844-47 ; and chief justice iu 1847. 
 Beardstown (berdz'toun). A city in Cass 
 County, Illinois, situated on the Illinois River 
 in lat. 40° N. Population, 6,107, (1910). 
 B6arn (ba-ar'). [LL. Bmc liar man.] An ancient 
 province of southern France, capital Pau, cor- 
 responding nearly to the department of Basses- 
 Pyr5ndes. In the middle ages it was a viscounty. It 
 passed to the Albret (Navarre) family in 1465, and came 
 with Henry of Navarre to France. It was formally incor- 
 porated with France in 1620. 
 
Bearnais, Le 
 
 Bearnais (ba-ar-na'), Le. A surname given to 
 Henry IV. of France, who was a native of 
 B6arn. 
 
 Beas (be'as), or Bias (be'as), or Beypasha 
 (ba-pask'a), Gr. Hyphasis (hif'a-sis). [Gr. 
 "T <fiacu£.-\ A river in the Panjab, British India, 
 which joins the Satlaj 50 miles southeast of 
 Lahore. Length, about 290 miles. 
 
 Beasley (bez'li), Frederick. 'Born near Eden- 
 ton, N. C., 1777; died at Elizabethtown, N. J., 
 Nov. 2, 1845. An American clergyman and 
 philosophical writer, professor of mental and 
 moral philosophy in the University of Penn- 
 sylvania 1813-28. 
 
 Beata Beatrix. A painting by Dante Gabriel 
 Rossetti, in the National Gallery, London, it 
 is a portrait of the painter’s wife, painted after her death, 
 with a quotation given by Dante from Jeremiah, showing 
 the grief in Florence at the death of Beatrice in 1290. 
 
 Beaton (be'ton; Sc. pron. ba'ton), or Bethune, 
 David. Bom 1494: murdered at the castle of 
 St. Andrew’s, May 29, 1546. A Scottish prelate 
 and statesman. He was several times ambassador to 
 France ; was made bishop of Mirepoix by Francis I. in 
 1537 ; became a cardinal in 1538; and was appointed arch- 
 bishop of St. Andrew's and primateof Scotland in 1539, lord 
 privy seal in 1528, and chancellor in 1543. He negotiated the 
 marriage of James V. of Scotland with Magdalen, daugh- 
 ter of Francis I., and also his second marriage with Mary 
 of Guise. After the death of James he was arrested, but 
 later regained his liberty and power, especially opposing 
 the proposed English marriage of Mary. He was a man 
 of loose life and a violent persecutor of the Reformers. It 
 was by his order that Wishart was arrested, tried, and 
 burned at the stake. 
 
 Beaton, or Bethune, Janies. Died 1539. A 
 Scotch prelate, uncle of David Beaton. He be- 
 came archbishop of Glasgow in 1509, and of St. Andrew s 
 in 1522, and was lord treasurer from 1505, and chancellor 
 1513-28. He played a conspicuous part in Scotch politics 
 during the minority of James V., and, like his nephew, was 
 a persecutor. 
 
 Beaton, or Bethune, James. Born 1517 : died 
 April 30, 1603. A Scotch Roman Catholic prel- 
 ate, a nephew of David Beaton. He became arch- 
 bishop of Glasgow in 1552, and was Scottish ambassador 
 to France for many years previous to his death. He was 
 a man of high character and attainments. 
 
 Beatrice (be'a-tris or -tres; It. pron. ba-a-tre'- 
 che). [L. Beatrix, making happy; F. Beatrice, 
 Beatrix, It. Beatrice, Sp. Pg. Beatriz.\ 1. See 
 Portinari, Beatrice. — 2. In Marston’s play 
 “ The Dutch Courtezan,” an innocent, modest 
 girl, the antithesis of her gay sister Crispi- 
 nella. — 3. The gay and wayward niece of 
 Leonato, and rebellious lover of Benedick, in 
 Shakspere’s comedy “Much Ado about No- 
 thing” : a character of intrigue, gaiety, wit, 
 and diversity of humor. — 4. The principal 
 character in Hawthorne’s story “ Rappacini’s 
 Daughter.” Her poison-fed beauty fills her lover 
 with passion, horror, and finally despair when he sees that 
 he himself has imbibed some of her fatal charm. See 
 Bappacini 
 
 Beatrice. The capital of Gage County, south- 
 eastern Nebraska. It is situated on the Big 
 Blue River. Population, 9,356, (1910). 
 
 Beatrice Cenci (ba-a-tre'che,chen'cke). See 
 Cenci, Beatrice. 
 
 Beatrice Cenci. A celebrated portrait by Guido 
 Reni, in the Palazzo Barberini, Rome, it is a 
 three-quarter face seen over the shoulder, with golden 
 hair confined by a white turban ; the expression is of grief 
 and gentle resignation. 
 
 Beatrice-Joanna (be'a-tris-jo-an'a). In Mid- 
 dleton’s play “ The Changeling,” a headstrong, 
 unscrupulous, unobservant girl, intent on put- 
 ting an unwelcome lover out of the way. she 
 induces De Flores, whom she loathes, to murder him, and 
 is astounded when her honor is demanded as a reward in- 
 stead of money. Unable to escape him, she yields, but is 
 finally killed by De Flores when discovery of the double 
 crime is made. He also kills himself. 
 
 Beatrix (be'a-triks). [See Beatrice.] The maid 
 and confidante of the two sisters Theodosia and 
 Jacintha in Dryden’s comedy “An Evening’s 
 Love, or The Mock Astrologer.” 
 
 Beatrix. A novel by Balzac, begun in 1839 
 and finished in 1844. 
 
 Beatrix Esmond. See Esmond, Beatrix. 
 
 Beattie (be'ti ; Sc. pron. ba'ti), James. Born 
 at Laurencekirk, Kincardine, Scotland, Oct. 
 25, 1735: died at Aberdeen, Aug. 18, 1803. A 
 Scotch poet, essayist, and philosophical writer. 
 He was professor of moral philosophy and logic in Mari- 
 schal College, Aberdeen. He wrote “ Original Poems and 
 Translations” (1761), “Judgment of Paris” (1765), “The 
 Minstrel” (1771-74), “Essay on Truth ” (1770), “ Disserta- 
 tions ” (1783), “Elements of Moral Science,” etc. 
 
 Beatty (be'ti), John. Born near Sandusky, 
 Ohio, Sept. 16, 1828. An American general in 
 the Civil War. He served in the Union army as a 
 volunteer throughout the war, commanding, as colonel, 
 a brigade in the three days’ fight at Stone River, Dec. 31, 
 
 134 
 
 1862, -Jan. 2, 1863, and rising to the rank of brigadier-gen- 
 eral. He was Republican member of Congress from Ohio 
 1868-73. Author of “ The Citizen Soldier, or Memoirs 
 of a Volunteer” (1879), etc. 
 
 Beau Brummel. See Brummel. 
 
 Beau Brummel (bo brum'el), the King of 
 Calais. A play by William Blanchard Jer- 
 rold, brought out at the Lyceum Theater April 
 11, 1859. A play called “ Beau Brummel” was also pro- 
 duced in New York in 1891 by Richard Mansfield. 
 
 Beau Didapper. See Didapper. ' 
 
 Beau Feilding. See Feilding. 
 
 Beau Hewit. See Flutter, Sir Fopling. 
 
 Beau Nash. See Nash. 
 
 Beau Nash (bo nash). A three-act comedy in 
 prose by Douglas Jerrold, produced at the Hay- 
 market and published in 1825. 
 
 Beau Sabreur, Le. See Handsome Swordsman. 
 Beau’s Duel, The, or A Soldier for the La- 
 dies. A comedy by Mrs. Centlivre, produced 
 and printed in 1702. It was in part taken from 
 Jasper Mayne’s “ City Match.” 
 
 Beaucaire (bo-kar'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Gard, France, situated on the Rhone, 
 opposite Tarascon, 14 miles east of Nimes: the 
 ancient Ugernum. It is noted for its fair, and for- 
 merly had an extensive commerce. Population, com- 
 mune, 8,764. 
 
 Beauce (bos). A district of France, included 
 within the departments of Eure-et-Loir and 
 Loir-et-Cher, famous for its production of 
 wheat. Its chief town is Chartres. 
 Beauchamp (bo-skon'), Alphonse de. Born 
 at Monaco, 1767 : died at Paris, June 1, 1832. 
 A French historian and litterateur, charged 
 with the supervision of the press under the 
 Directory. He wrote a “ Histoire des guerres de la 
 Vendee” (1806), “Le Faux Dauphin” (1803), “Histoire 
 de la conquete et des revolutions du Perou" (1808), “His- 
 toire du Brasil depuis sa conquete en 1500 jusqu’au 1810” 
 (1815), “ Vie de Louis XVIII.” (1821), etc. 
 
 Beauchamp (be'cham), Philip. [The surname 
 Beauchamp exists also in the more correct 
 spelling Beecham, which represents the mod. 
 pronunciation. Beauchamp follows the mod. 
 F. spelling; OF. Beuchamp, Beauchamp, fair 
 field.] A pseudonym of George Grote. 
 Beauchamp, Richard de, Earl of Warwick. 
 Born at Sal warp, Worcestershire, Jan. 28, 1382 : 
 died at Rouen, France, April 30. 1439. A noted 
 English soldier and statesman, prominent in 
 affairs of state during the reign of Henry V. 
 Beauchamp, Viscount. The title given by the 
 Jacobites to Sir Frederick Vernon in Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott’s novel “Rob Roy.” 
 
 Beauclerc (bo-klark'). [F. beau clerc, fine 
 scholar.] A surname given to Henry I. of 
 England, on account of his attainments as a 
 scholar. 
 
 Beauclerk (bo'klark), Topham. Born Dec. 17, 
 1739 : died at London, March 11, 1780. An Eng- 
 lish gentleman of refined tastes and charming 
 conversation, notable chiefly as the intimate 
 friend of Dr. Johnson, and for bis library of 
 30,000 volumes (sold at auction in 1781), which 
 was rich in works relating to the English stage 
 and English history. 
 
 Beaufort (bo-for'), orBeaufort-en-Vallee (bo- 
 for'ton-val-la'). [F., ‘fair fort’ or ‘castle.’ 
 Cf. Belfort .] A town in the department of 
 Maine-e t-Loire , France , 18 mile s east of Angers. 
 Its castle gave their title to the English Beau- 
 forts. Population, commune, 4,104. 
 
 Beaufort (bo'fort). A seaport, capital of Car- 
 teret County, North Carolina, situated on an 
 inlet of the Atlantic in lat. 34° 43' N., long. 
 76° 40' W. It has a good harbor. Population, 
 2,4S3, (1910). 
 
 Beaufort (bu'fort). A seaport and watering- 
 place, the capital of Beaufort County, South 
 Carolina, situated on Port Royal Island, in lat. 
 32° 26' N., long. 80° 40' W. It has a good harbor. 
 A settlement here was attempted by the French in 1562, 
 and was made by the English about 1680. It was captured 
 by the Federals Dec. 6, 1861. Population, 2,486, (1910). 
 Beaufort, Due de. See Venddme, Francois de. 
 Beaufort (bu'fort), Sir Francis. [The Eng. 
 surname is from OF. Beaufort, the town, lit. 
 ‘fair fort.’] Born in Ireland, 1774: died at 
 Brighton, Dec. 17, 1857. An English rear-ad- 
 miral and man of science, hydrographer to the 
 navy 1829-55. He wrote “ Karamania, or a Brief De- 
 scription of the South Coast of Asia Minor ” (1817), etc. 
 Beaufort, Henry. Born at Beaufort Castle, 
 Anjou: died at Winchester, England, April 11, 
 1447. An English prelate and statesman, nat- 
 ural son of John of Gaunt by Catherine Swyn- 
 ford, and half-brother of King Henry TV. He 
 became bishop of Winchester (1405) and cardinal (1427), and 
 was chancellor 1403-05, 1413-17, 1424-26. He was, during 
 
 Beauly Basin 
 
 the minority of Henry VI., involved in a long contest for 
 the ascendancy with his nephew, the Duke of Gloucester. 
 He was president of the court which sentenced Joan of 
 Arc to the stake. 
 
 Beaufort, Margaret, Countess of Richmond 
 and of Derby. Born 1441 : died 1509. The 
 daughter of the first Duke of Somerset, wife 
 successively of the Earl of Richmond, half- 
 brother of Henry VI., of Henry Stafford, son to 
 the Duke of Buckingham, and of Lord Stanley, 
 Earl of Derby, and mother, by her first marriage, 
 of Henry V II. She endowed Christ’s and St. John's 
 Colleges, Cambridge, and founded divinity professorships 
 at both Oxford and Cambridge. 
 
 Beaugard (bo'gard), Captain. The principal 
 character in Otway’s “ Soldier’s Fortune ” and 
 its sequel “The Atheist.” 
 
 Beaugard, Old. The wild, extravagant father 
 of Captain Beaugard in “The Atheist.” 
 
 Beaugency (bo-zhon-se'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Loiret, France, situated on the 
 Loire 16 miles southwest of Orleans. It suf- 
 fered severely in the Huguenot wars. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 3,635. 
 
 Beauharnais (bo-ar-na'), Alexandre, Vi- 
 
 comte de. Born in Martinique, May 28, 1760: 
 guillotined at Paris, July 23, 1794. A French 
 politician and general, husband of Josephine 
 (later empress). He was a member of the Constit- 
 uent Assembly and general in the Army of the North, 
 and was condemned by the revolutionary tribunal for trea- 
 son. 
 
 Beauharnais, Eugene de, Duke of Leuckten- 
 berg and Prince of Eickstadt. Born at Paris, 
 Sept. 3, 1781: died at Munich, Feb. 21, 1824. 
 A French soldier and statesman, son of Alex- 
 andre de Beauharnais and Josephine, after- 
 ward empress of France. He served with Napo- 
 leon in Egypt in 1798; was appointed viceroy of Italy in 
 1805 ; married the Princess Augusta Amelia of Bavaria in 
 1806; was adopted by Napoleon, and made heir apparent 
 to the crown of Italy in 1806 ; gained the battle of Raab 
 1809 ; commanded an army corps in the Russian cam- 
 paign in 1812, taking charge of the broken forces after 
 the departure of Napoleon and the flight of Murat; de- 
 cided the victory of Liitzen in 1813, and, when deprived 
 of his vieeroyalty by the campaigns of 1813 and 1814, re- 
 tired to Bavaria, where he obtained, with the principality 
 of Eichstadt, the title of Duke of Leuchtenberg. 
 
 Beauharnais, Eugenie Hortense de. Born 
 1783: died 1837. Daughter of Alexandre de 
 Beauharnais, wife (1802) of Louis Bonaparte, 
 king of Holland, and mother of Napoleon HI. 
 
 Beauharnais, Francois, Marquis de. Born 
 at La Rochelle, Aug. 12, 1756 : died at Paris. 
 1823. A French royalist politician, brother of 
 Alexandre de Beauharnais. 
 
 Beauharnais, Josephine de. See Josdplnne. 
 
 Beaujeu, Anne de. See Anne de Beaujeu. 
 
 Beaujeu (bo-zke'). A town in the department 
 of Rhone, France, situated on the Ardiere 31 
 miles north-northwest of Lyons. Population, 
 commune, 3,148. 
 
 Beaujeu, Hyacinthe Marie L. de. Born at 
 Montreal, Canada, Aug. 9, 1711 : died July 9, 
 1755. A French officer in America. He suc- 
 ceeded Contrecour as commander of Fort Duquesne in 
 1755, planned the ambuscade which resulted in the defeat 
 of Braddock, July 9, 1765, and fell at the first file of the 
 British. 
 
 Beaujolais (bo-zho-la'). An ancient territory 
 of France, in the government of Lyonnais, 
 now comprised in the departments of Rhone 
 and Loire. Its chief towns were Beaujeu and Ville- 
 franche. It was a barony and county, and was united to 
 the crown by Francis I., and was later in the possession of 
 the Orleans family. It is noted for its mines. 
 
 Beaujoyeulx. See Baltazarini. 
 
 Beaulea, or Beauleah. See Rampur Beauleah. 
 
 Beaulieu (bo-le-e'). [F., ‘beautiful place.’] 
 
 A town in the department of Correze, France, 
 situated on the Dordogne 20 miles south of 
 Tulle. Population, commune, 1,927. 
 
 Beaulieu (bu'li). A village and abbey in 
 Hampshire, England, 6 miles southwest of 
 Southampton. 
 
 Beaulieu (bo-le-e'), Jean Pierre, Baron de. 
 Born at Namur, Oct. 26, 1725 : died near Linz, 
 Dec. 22, 1819. An Austrian general. He served 
 in the Seven Years’ War ; commanded at Jemappes in 1792, 
 and as commander-in-chief in Italy was defeated by Napo- 
 leon (1796) at Montenotte, Millesimo, Montesano, Mondovi, 
 and Lodi. He was succeeded by Wurmser. 
 
 Beaulieu-Marconnay (bo-le-e ' mar - ko - na ' ), 
 Karl Olivier, Baron von. Born at Minden, 
 Sept. 5, 1811: died at Dresden, April 8, 1889. A 
 German official and historical writer. 
 
 Beauly (bu'li). A village and ruined priory 
 in Inverness-shire, Scotland, 9 miles west of 
 Inverness. 
 
 Beauly Basin. The upper part of Inverness 
 Firth, connected with Moray Firth, northwest 
 of Inverness. Length, 9 tniies. 
 
Beaumains 
 
 Beaumains. See Gareth. 
 
 Beaumanoir (bo-ma-nwar'), Jean de. Lived 
 in the middle of the 14th century. A French 
 knight of Brittany. He is celebrated as the French 
 commander in the “ Battle of the Thirty " (which see), 
 1361, between Ploermel and Josselin, Brittany. 
 
 Beaumanoir, Sir Lucas de. In Sir Walter 
 Scott’s novel “ Ivanhoe,” the grand master of 
 the Knights Templar. He seizes Rebecca and 
 tries her as a witch. 
 
 Beaumanoir, Philippe de R6mi, Sire de. Born 
 about 1250 : died Jan. 7, 1296. A French jurist. 
 He was bailli at Senlis in 1273, and at Clermont in 1280, 
 and presided at assizes held in various towns. His chief 
 work, highly esteemed in the study of old French law, is 
 “Ooutuines de Beauvoisis" (edited by De la Thaumassiere 
 1690, and by Beugnot 1842). 
 
 Beaumarchais (bo-mar-sha'), Pierre Augus- 
 tin Caron de. Born at Paris, Jan. 24, 1732: 
 died there, May 18, 1799. A French polemic 
 and dramatic writer. He was the seventh child of 
 Charles Caron, master clock-maker. After an elementary 
 schooling, he joined his father in the trade. Subsequently 
 he assumed the name of Beaumarchais, in accordance 
 with a usage prevalent in that century. His claim to the 
 invention of a new escapement in clock-work being dis- 
 puted, young Caron appealed to the Academy of Sciences 
 and to public opinion, thereby attracting also the atten- 
 tion of the court. On the death in 1770 of the celebrated 
 financier Duverney, who had taken Beaumarchais into 
 partnership, a question of inheritance occasioned litiga- 
 tion. Beaumarchais conducted his own case, and to vin- 
 dicate himself published four “ Mtmoircs ” (1774-75) re- 
 plete with wit and eloquence, which made him famous. 
 His earlier attempts to write for the stage, “Eugenie" 
 and “Les Heux Amis, ou le Ndgociant de Lyon," were 
 failures. “Le Barbier de Seville" waited two years to 
 be presented to the public, and the first performance, 
 Feb. 23, 1775, was not very successful. Subsequently 
 he altered and greatly improved the comedy. “ Le Ma- 
 nage de Figaro,” begun in 1775 and completed in 1778, 
 was suppressed for four years by the censure of Louis 
 XVI. It was given for the first time April 27, 1784, and 
 was immediately successful. It is the masterpiece of 
 French comedy in the 18th century. His later plays, 
 “Tarare” and “La Mere Coupable,” barely deserve men- 
 tion. During the War of American Independence Beau- 
 marchais sent to the United States a fleet of his own, 
 carrying a cargo of weapons and ammunition for the 
 American colonists. His poverty during the latter part 
 of his life was largely due to the difficulty he experienced 
 in recovering payment from the United States. Beau- 
 marchais is the hero of one of Goethe’s plays, “ Clavigo ” 
 (which see). 
 
 Beaumaris (bo -mar 'is). [OF. beau marais, 
 fair marsh. Formerly called Bornover.] A 
 seaport and watering-place in Anglesea, Wales, 
 situated on Beaumaris Bay 47 miles west by 
 south of Liverpool. It has a castle, a large 13th-cen- 
 tury fortress, built by Edward I. The long, low line of 
 the interior walls is impressive, with their many towers, 
 surmounted by the huge cylindrical towers of the main 
 structure. The central court is extremely picturesque, 
 surrounded by ruins of the chapel and the great hall, with 
 finely traceried windows, and of the interesting residential 
 buildings profusely draped with ivy. Population, 
 2,326. 
 
 Beaumaris Bay. An inlet of the Irish Sea, be- 
 tween Anglesea and Carnarvon, Wales. 
 
 Beaumelle (bd-mel'). A female character 
 in Massinger and Field’s play “The Fatal 
 
 Dowry.” 
 
 Beaumelle, Laurent Angliviel de la. Bom 
 
 at Valleraugue, Gard, France, Jan. 28, 1726: 
 died at Paris, Nov. 17, 1773. A French man of 
 letters, professor of French literature at Copen- 
 hagen 1749—51. In the latter year he went to Berlin, 
 and in 1752 to Paris. His works brought him two periods 
 of imprisonment in the Bastille and the active enmity of 
 Voltaire. 
 
 Beaumont (bo-mon' ). [F., ‘ fair mount’; L .Bellas 
 Mans, or Belmontium.’] A town in the depart- 
 ment of Ardennes, France, situated on the 
 Meuse 14 miles southeast of Sedan. Here, Aug. 30 , 
 1870, the Germans under the Crown Prince of Saxony de- 
 feated a division of MacMahon’s army. 
 
 Beaumont (bo'mont, formerly bu'mont), Basil. 
 Born 1669: died Nov. 27, 1703. An English 
 rear-admiral. He perished in the Downs in a terrible 
 storm which destroyed 13 vessels, with 1,600 seamen 
 
 Beaumont (bo-mon'), Elie de. See Me de 
 
 Beaumont. 
 
 Beaumont (bo'mont, formerly bu'mont), Fran- 
 cis. Bora at Grace-Dieu, Leicestershire, in 
 1584 : died March 6, 1616, and was buried in 
 Westminster Abbey. An English dramatist 
 and poet. He entered Oxford Feb. 4, 1696, at the age 
 of twelve. In 1600 he entered the Inner Temple, but ap- 
 parently did not pursue his legal studies. In 1602 he 
 published “ Salmacis and Ilermaphroditus," a poem after 
 Ovid (his authorship of this poem is doubted by Bullen). 
 His friendship for Ben Jonson probably began shortly 
 after this, and from 1607 to 1611 his commendatory poems 
 were prefixed to several of Jonson’s plays. In 1613 Beau- 
 mont produced “ A Masque for the Inner Temple," and 
 about that time he married Ursula, daughter of Henry 
 Isley of Sundridge in Kent. His close personal and lit- 
 erary intimacy with John Fletcher dated from about 1607 
 They lived together not far from the Globe Theatre on the 
 Bankside, sharing everything in common. Till 1616 (1614, 
 
 135 
 
 Bullen) they wrote together. The discussion of the sepa- 
 rate authorship of the plays will be found under Fletcher, 
 John. The Induction and the first two Triumphs in “ Four 
 Plays or Moral Representations in One ” are usually as- 
 cribed entirely to Beaumont. 
 
 Beaumont, Sir George Howland. Bora at 
 Dunmow, Essex, England, Nov. 6, 1753: died 
 Feb. 7, 1827. An English patron of art, con- 
 noisseur, and landscape-painter, one of the 
 founders of the National Gallery at London. 
 Beaumont, Sir John. Bom, probably at Grace- 
 Dieu, Leicestershire, 1583 : died April 19, 1627. 
 An English poet, brother of Francis Beaumont. 
 He wrote “Bosworth Field,” sacred poems, 
 “Crown of Thorns” (now lost), etc. 
 Beaumont de la Bonni4re (b5-moh' de la bon- 
 yar'), Gustave Auguste. Born at Beaumont- 
 la-Chatre, Sarthe, France, Feb. 16, 1802: died 
 at Tours, Feb. 6, 1866. A French politician 
 and man of letters. He was the author of “Du sys- 
 ttme pdnitentiaire anx Etats-Unis” (1832), “De l’escla 
 vage aux ]5tats-Unis " (1840), “ L’lrlande, politique, sociale, 
 et religieuse ’’ (1839), etc. 
 
 Beaumont-de-Lomagne(b6-rn6h'de-16-many ' ). 
 A town in the department of Tarn-et-Garonne, 
 France, situated on the Gimone 22 miles west- 
 southwest of Montauban. Population, com- 
 mune, 3,494. 
 
 Beaumont-sur-Oise (bo-moh'siir-waz'). A 
 town in the department of Seine-et-Oise, situ- 
 ated on the Oise 18 miles north of Paris. It has 
 a noted church. Population, commune, 4,089. 
 Beaune (bon). A town in the department of 
 Cote-d’Or, eastern France, 24 miles southwest 
 of Dijon. It has an extensive trade in Burgundy wines. 
 The hospital of Beaune remains almost precisely as when 
 completed in 1443. It has a picturesque doorway covered 
 with a penthouse, a quaint court with two tiers of galleries, 
 and a remarkably high, steep roof. The grande salle has 
 a superb arched timber roof. Population, 13,540. 
 
 Beaune-la-Rolande (bon'la-ro-lohd'). A vil- 
 lage in. the department of'Loiret, France, 19 
 miles northeast of Orleans. Here, Nov. 28, 
 1870, the Prussians under General von Voigts- 
 Rhetz defeated the French under Aurelle de 
 Paladines. The French loss was about 6,700. 
 Population, 1,776. 
 
 Beaupreau (bo-pra-o'). [F., ‘fair meadow.’] 
 A town in the department of Maine-et-Loire, 
 France, situated on the Evre 29 miles south- 
 west of Angers. It was the scene of a Vendean 
 victory 1793. Population, commune, 3,497. 
 
 Beauregard (bo're-gard ; F. pron bo-re-gar' or 
 bor-gar'), Pierre Gustave Toutant. [F. beau 
 regard, fair view.] Born near New Orleans, 
 May 28, 1818: died there, Feb. 20, 1893. An 
 American general . He graduated at W est Point 1838 ; 
 served with distinction in the Mexican war, being brevet- 
 ted captain for gallant and meritorious conduct at Contre- 
 ras and Churubusco, and major for similar conduct at 
 Chapultepec; was appointed superintendent at West Point 
 in 1860, with the rank of colonel ; resigned in 1861, on the 
 secession of Louisiana from the Union, to accept an ap- 
 pointment as brigadier-general in the Confederate army ; 
 bombarded and captured Fort Sumter, April 12-13. 1801 ; 
 was in immediate command (under Joseph E. Johnston) at 
 the battle of Bull Run, July 21, being raised in consequence 
 of his services in this battle to the rank of general ; assumed 
 command of the army at Shiloh, on the fall of General A. S. 
 Johnston, April 6, 1862 ; commanded at Charleston 1862-64 ; 
 defeated Butler at Drury’s Bluff, May 16, 1864 ; and sur- 
 rendered with Johnston in 1865. He was president of the 
 New Orleans and Jackson Railroad Company 1865-70, and 
 became adjutant-general of Louisiana in 1878. 
 
 Beaurepaire (bo-re-par'). A castle celebrated 
 in Arthurian legend. Blanchefleur was be- 
 sieged here and freed by Sir Perceval. 
 Beaurepaire-Rohan (bo-re-par'ro-on'), Hen- 
 rique de. Born 1818: died July, 1894. A 
 French general and geographer. Hewrotea “De- 
 scripsaode umaviagem deCuyabdao Rio de Janeiro, etc.” 
 (1846), a topography of Matto Grosso, etc., and he was 
 chief of the commission which prepared the map of Brazil 
 published in 1878. In 1864 he was minister of war. 
 
 Beausobre(bo-sobr'), Isaac de. BornatNiort, 
 France, March 8, 1659: died at Berlin, June 6, 
 1738. A French Protestant theologian, pastor 
 of a French church in Berlin. He was the author 
 of an “Essai critique de l’histoire de Manichce et du Ma- 
 nichcisme " (1739 : vol. 2, 1744) a translation of the New 
 Testament into French from the original Greek, etc. 
 
 Beautemns-Beaupre (bo -ton ' bo - pra'), 
 
 Charles Francois. Bom at Neuville-au-Pont, 
 Marne, France, 1766: died 1854. A noted French 
 hydrographer. 
 
 Beauty and the Beast. [F. La Belle et la 
 Bete.~\ A story in which a daughter (Beauty), 
 Z6mire, to save her father’s life, becomes the 
 guest of a monster (Azor), who, by his kind- 
 ness and intelligence, wins her love, whereupon 
 he regains his natural form, that of a handsome 
 young prince. The French version by Madame le Prince 
 de Beaumont was published in 1757. She probably de- 
 
 Bebel 
 
 rived the plot from Straparola’s “Piacevoli Notti," a col- 
 lection of Italian stories published in 1550. There have 
 been many English versions, of which the most notewor- 
 thy is Miss Thackeray’s. The story gave GiLtry the sub- 
 ject for Iris very successful opera “Zernire and Azor.” 
 Beauvais (bo-va/). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Oise, France, situated on the TlnSrain 43 
 miles north-northwest of Paris, it is the ancient 
 C’sesaromagus, the capital of the BeUovaci, a Belgic tribe, 
 whence its later name Bellovacum or Belvucum (modern 
 Beauvais). In the middle ages it was a countship. Beau- 
 vais was defended against the English in 1433 ; and against 
 Charles the Bold of Burgundy by the citizens under Jeanne 
 Hachette in 1472. Many church councils have been held 
 there. It is an important industrial and commercial cen- 
 ter, and has manufactures of Gobelin tapestries, carpets, 
 cotton, woolens, lace, buttons, brushes, etc. The cathe- 
 dral of Beauvais is a fragment consisting merely of choir 
 and transepts, begun in 1225 with the intention of surpass- 
 ing all other existing churches. The plan failed owing 
 to stinted expenditure on the foundations, which proved 
 too weak for the stupendous superstructure. The choir, 
 presenting the most beautiful 13th-century vaulting and 
 tracery, is 104 feet long and 157 from vaulting to pave- 
 ment. It possesses superb medieval gla6s. The great 
 transepts are Flamboyant. Population, 20,248. 
 
 Beauvais, Charles Theodore. Born at Or- 
 leans, France, Nov. 8, 1772: died at Paris, 1830. 
 A French general and writer. He compiled “Vic- 
 toires et conqu6tes des fran^ais,” and edited “Correspon- 
 dance de Napoleon avec les cours (Hrang&res," etc. 
 
 Beauvallet (bo-va-la'), Leon. Born at Paris, 
 1829 : died there, March 22, 1885. A French lit- 
 terateur, son of Pierre Framjois Beauvallet. 
 Beauvallet, Pierre Francois. Born at Pithi- 
 viers, France, Oct. 13, 1801: died at Paris, Dec. 
 21, 1873. A French actor and dramatic writer. 
 Beauvau (bo-vo'), Charles Juste de. Bora 
 at Luneville, France, Sept. 10, 1720 : died May 
 2, 1793. A marshal of France, distinguished 
 in the Seven Years’ War, 
 
 Beauvau, Rene Francois de. Born 1664: died 
 Aug. 4, 1739. A French prelate, bishop of Ba- 
 yonne, and later (1707) of Tournay, where he 
 distinguished himself during the siege of 1709. 
 Beaux (bo), Cecilia. Born at Philadelphia. A 
 contemporary American painter, a pupil (in 
 America) of Van der Weilen and William Sar- 
 tain, and (in Paris) of Henry, Bouguereau, Con- 
 stant, and others.' 
 
 Beaux Arts, Academie des. See Academy. 
 Beaux’ Stratagem, The. A comedy by Far- 
 quhar, produced March 8, 1707 : his best play. 
 Beauzee (bo-za'), Nicolas. Born at Verdun, 
 May 9, 1717 : died at Paris, Jan. 23, 1789. A 
 French grammarian and litterateur. 
 
 Beaver (be'ver), James Adams. Born at Mil- 
 lerstown, Pa., Oct. 21, 1837. An American poli- 
 tician and general. He was colonel and brigade-com- 
 mander in the Army of the Potomac in the Civil War ; was 
 the (unsuccessful) Republican candidate for governor of 
 Pennsylvania in 1882 ; and was Republican governor of 
 Pennsylvania 1887-91. 
 
 Beaver, Philip. Born at Lewknor, Oxfordshire, 
 England, Feb. 28, 1766: died at Table Bay, 
 South Africa, April 5, 1813. A captain of the 
 English navy. He attempted unsuccessfully 
 to colonize the island of Bulama, West Africa, 
 1792-93. 
 
 Beaver City. The chief town and capita! of 
 Beaver County, Oklahoma. Pop., 326, (1910). 
 Beaver Creek. A river in northwestern Kan- 
 sas and southern Nebraska, a tributary of the 
 Republican River. Length, about 200 miles. 
 Beaver Dam. A city in Dodge County, Wis- 
 consin, 59 miles northwest of Mdwaukee. Pop- 
 ulation, 6,758, (1910). 
 
 Beaver Dam Creek. See Mechanicsville. 
 Beaver Falls. A borough in Beaver County, 
 Pennsylvania, situated near the junction of the 
 Beaver and Ohio rivers, 26 miles northwest of 
 Pittsburgh. It has manufactures of steel, iron, etc., and 
 is the seat of Geneva College. It was originally called 
 Brighton. Population, 12,191, (1910). 
 
 Beaver Islands. A group of islands in the 
 northern part of Lake Michigan, belonging to 
 Manitou County, Michigan. The length of the 
 largest (Big Beaver) is 24 miles. 
 
 Beaver River. A river ill western Pennsyl- 
 vania, formed by the union of the Mahoning 
 and Shenango rivers. It joins the Ohio near 
 Beaver Falls. 
 
 Beazley (bez'li), Samuel. Born at London, 
 1786: died at Tunbridge Castle, Kent, Oct. 12, 
 1851. An English architect and dramatist, 
 noted as a designer of theaters. 
 
 Bebek (beb'ek). A place in Turkey, on the 
 Bosporus 6 miles from Constantinople. 
 
 Bebel (ba'bel), Ferdinand August. Born Feb. 
 22, 1840: died at Passugg, Switzerland, Aug. 
 13, 1913. One of the leaders of the social- 
 democratic party in Germany. He joined the Ger- 
 man labor movement which began under the leadership 
 of Lassalle, and which resulted in the formation of the 
 
Bebel 
 
 social-democratic party. In 1867 he was chosen deputy 
 from the district of Glauchau-Meerane, in Saxony, to the 
 constituent assembly of North Germany, and in 1871 was 
 elected to the first Reichstag of the German Empire. In 
 1872 he was sentenced to two years' imprisonment on the 
 charge of high treason against the German Empire, and to 
 nine months' imprisonment on the charge of lese-majesty 
 against the German emperor, in addition to which he was 
 deprived of his seat in the Reichstag. He was reelected 
 in 1873 to the Reichstag, in which with interruptions he 
 represented various constituencies until his death. Author 
 of “ (Jnsere Ziele,” “Christenthum und Sozialismus," “ Die 
 Frau und der Sozialismus," “ Der deutsche Bauernkrieg,” 
 “My Life ” (trans. 1913), etc. 
 
 Bebenhausen (ba/ben-hou-zen). A Roman- 
 esque and Gothic Cistercian abbey, 3 miles 
 north of Tubingen, Wtirtemberg, founded about 
 1185. 
 
 Bebra (ba'bra). A village and important rail- 
 way junction in the province of Hesse-Nassau, 
 Prussia, near the Fulda, 26 miles south-south- 
 east of Cassel. 
 
 Bebutoff ( ba-bo'tof), Prince Vasili Osipo- 
 vitcb. Born 1792: died at Tiflis, Transcau- 
 casus, Russia, March 22, 1858. A Russian gen- 
 eral, of Armenian descent. He defeated the 
 Turks at Kadiklar, Dec. 1, 1853, and at Kuruk- 
 Dere, Aug. 5, 1854. 
 
 Bee (bek). A ruined abbey at Bec-Helloin, 
 near Brionne, department of Eure, France, fa- 
 mous as a seat of learning in the 11th century 
 under the rule of Lanfranc and Anselm. 
 Beccafumi (bek-ka-fo'me) (Domenico de 
 Pace). Born near Siena, Italy, 1486: died at 
 Siena, May 18, 1551. An Italian painter, sur- 
 named “Meccherino” from his insignificant 
 appearance. His best-known works are his de- 
 signs for the decorations of the cathedral of 
 Siena. 
 
 Beccari (bek'ka-re), Odoardo. Born at Flor- 
 ence, Nov. 19, 1843. An Italian botanist, ex- 
 plorer in New Guinea, the East Indies, and 
 East Africa. He founded the “ Nuovo giornale botan- 
 ico italiano" (1869), which, together with the “Boliettino 
 della Society geograflea italiana,” contains most of his de- 
 scriptions of travel and botanical discoveries. 
 
 Beccaria (bek-ka-re'a), Cesare Bonesano, 
 Marehese di. Born at Milan, March 15, 1735: 
 died at Milan, Nov. 28, 1794. An Italian econo- 
 mist, jurist, and philanthropist, professor in 
 Milan. He was one of the earliest opponents of the death 
 penalty. His most famous work is “Dei delitti e delle 
 pene ” (“ On Crimes and Punishments,” 1764 : revised 1781), 
 which was written from a humanitarian point of view and 
 was very influential. 
 
 Beccaria, Giovanni Battista. Born at Mon- 
 dovi, Piedmont, Oct. 3, 1716: died at Turin, 
 May 27, 1781. An Italian mathematician and 
 physicist, professor of physics at Turin, espe- 
 cially noted for his researches in electricity. 
 Beccles (bek ' lz). A municipal borough in 
 Suffolk, England, situated on the Waveney 
 17 miles southeast of Norwich. Population, 
 6,898. 
 
 B&che, De la. See De la BUche. 
 
 Becher (bech'er), Jobann Joachim. Born at 
 Speyer, 1635: died at London (?), Oct., 1682. 
 A noted German chemist, economist, and phy- 
 sician. He was the author of numerous treatises, the 
 most noted of which is the “Actorum laboratorii chymici 
 Monacensis, seu physic* subterrane* libri duo * (1669). 
 Of the three elements recognized by him in the composi- 
 tion of metals, and in general of minerals, a vitrifiable 
 earth, a volatile earth, and an igneous principle, the last 
 served as the foundation of the theory of Stahl. 
 Becher, Siegfried. Born at Plan, Bohemia, 
 Feb. 28, 1806 : died March 4, 1873. An Austrian 
 economist and statistician. He became professor 
 of history and geography in the Polytechnical Institute 
 at Vienna, 1835. 
 
 Bechstein (bech'stin), Johann Matthaus. 
 
 Born at Waltershausen,- in Gotha, Germany, 
 July 11, 1757: died at Meiningen, Feb. 23, 1822. 
 A German naturalist and forester, author of 
 “Forst- und Jagdwissenschaft,” etc. 
 Bechstein, Ludwig. Born at Weimar, Ger- 
 many, Nov. 24, 1801: died at Meiningen, May 
 14, 1860. A Thuringian poet, folklorist, and 
 novelist, nephew of Johann Matthaus Bech- 
 stein. 
 
 Bechuanaland (bech-6-a'na-land). [ Bechuana 
 or Bechwana, the name of the people. See 
 Chuana .] A region in South Africa, between 
 the Transvaal aud German Southwest Africa. 
 
 It is partly a colony (annexed to Cape Colony in 1895) and 
 partly a protectorate. The climate is good, but the soil is 
 arid, and more suitable for pasture than for agriculture. 
 Mafeking is the chief town. The military occupation and 
 annexation by England took place in 1885. Area of pro- 
 tectorate, about 275,000 square miles. Population, about 
 133,000. 
 
 Beck (bek), Christian Daniel. Born at Leip- 
 sic, Jan. 22, 1757 : died Dec. 13, 1832. A Ger- 
 man classical philologist. He was professor of 
 
 136 
 
 Greek and Roman literature in the University of Leipsic 
 (1825-32), and editor of the “Allgemeine Repertorium der 
 neuesten in- und auslandisehen Literatur ’’ (1819-32). He 
 published editions of Pindar, Aristophanes, Euripides, 
 Apollonius Rhodius, Plato, Cicero, and Calpurnius, “Com- 
 mentarii historici decretorum religionis Christian*," etc. 
 
 Beck (bek), Janies Burnie. Born in Dum- 
 friesshire, Scotland, Feb. 13, 1822: died at 
 Washington, D. C., May 3, 1890. An American 
 statesman, Democratic member of Congress 
 from Kentucky 1867-75, and United States 
 senator 1877-90. 
 
 Beck, Johann Ludwig Wilhelm. Born at 
 Leipsic, October 27, 1786: died there, Feb. 14, 
 1869. A German jurist, son of Christian Daniel 
 Beck. He became professor of law at Eonigsberg in 
 1812, and president of the Court of Appeals at Leipsic 
 in 1837. 
 
 Beck, Johann Tobias von. Born at Balingen, 
 Wtirtemberg, Feb. 22, 1804: died Dec. 28, 1878. 
 A German Protestant theologian, appointed 
 professor of theology at Tubingen in 1843. 
 Beck, Karl. Born at Baja, Hungary, May 1, 
 1817 : died at Wahring, near Vienna, April 10, 
 1879. An Austrian poet. He was the author of 
 “ Nachte. Gepanzerte Lieder” (1838), “Der Fahrende 
 Poet” (1838), “Stille Lieder” (1839), “Saul” (1841: a 
 drama), “Janko” (1842), “Lieder vom armen Manne” 
 (1846), “Aus der Heimath” (1852), “Mater Dolorosa” 
 (1853), “Jadwiga” (1863), etc. 
 
 Beck, Madame. One of the principal char- 
 acters in Charlotte Bronte’s novel “Villette.” 
 Becker (hek'er), August. Born at Klingen- 
 miinster, April 27, 1828: died at Eisenach, 
 March 23, 1891. A German poet and novelist. 
 
 He was editor of the “ Isar-Zeitung " (1859-64), and is the 
 authorof “ Des Rabbi Vermachtniss ” (1866-67), “ Hedwig ” 
 (1868), “Meine Schwester ” (1876), etc. 
 
 Becker, August. Born at Darmstadt, Jan. 27, 
 1821: died at Diisseldorf, Dec. 19, 1887. A 
 noted German landscape-painter. 
 
 Becker, Jakob. Born at Dittelsheim, near 
 Worms, March 15, 1810: died at Frankfort-on- 
 the-Main, Dec. 22, 1872. A German genre 
 painter. 
 
 Becker, Jean. Born at Mannheim, May 11, 
 1833: died there, Oct. 10, 1884. A noted Ger- 
 man violinist, member, with the Italians Masi 
 and Chiostri and the Swiss Hilpert, of the 
 Florentine Quartet. 
 
 Becker, Johann Philipp. Born March 19, 
 1809 : died at Geneva, Dec. 9, 1886. A German 
 political agitator and socialist. 
 
 Becker, Karl Ferdinand. Born at Liser, near 
 Trier, Germany, April 14, 1775 : died at Offen- 
 bach, Sept. 5, 1849. A noted German philolo- 
 gist and physician. He wrote “Ausfuhrliche 
 deutsche Grammatik,” “ Handbuch der deut- 
 schen Sprache,” etc. 
 
 Becker, Karl Ferdinand. Born at Leipsic, 
 July 17, 1804 : died at Leipsic, Oct. 26, 1877. A 
 German organist and writer on music, son of 
 Gottfried Wilhelm Becker. His chief works are 
 “Systematisch-chronologische Darstellung der musikal- 
 isehen Literatur " (1836-39), “Die Hausmusik in Deutsch- 
 land ” (1840). 
 
 Becker, Karl Friedrich. Born at Berlin, 1777 : 
 died at Berlin, March 15, 1806. A German his- 
 torian. He wrote “ Weltgeschichte fur Kinder und 
 Kinderlehrer ” (1801-05), “Erzahlungen aus der Alten 
 Welt ” (1801-03), etc. 
 
 Becker, Mme. (Christiane Luise Amalie 
 Neumann). Born at Krossen in Neumark, 
 Dec. 15, 1778: died at Weimar, Sept. 27, 1797. 
 A famous German actress, daughter of the 
 actor Johann Christian Neumann, and wife of 
 the actor Heinrich Becker. She acted in both com- 
 edy and tragedy, and was much admired by Goethe who, 
 after her death, sang of her in the elegy “ Euphrosine.” 
 
 Becker, Nikolaus. Born at Bonn, Jan. 8, 1809: 
 died Aug. 28, 1845. A German poet, author of 
 the popular Rheinlied “ Sie sollen ihn nicht 
 haben” (1840), etc. 
 
 Becker, Oskar. Born at Odessa, June 18, 1839: 
 died at Alexandria, July 16, 1868. A German 
 medical student in the University of Leipsic 
 who attempted to assassinate William I. of 
 Prussia at Baden-Baden, July 14, 1861. He gave 
 
 at the subsequent trial as the reason for his act that the 
 king was unequal to the task of uniting Germany. He 
 was sentenced to twenty years’ imprisonment, but, at the 
 intercession of the King of Prussia, was released in 1866, 
 on condition of leaving Germany. 
 
 Becker, Rudolf Zacharias. Born at Erfurt, 
 Germany, April 9, 1752 : died March 28, 1822. 
 A popular German writer. He was the author of 
 “Noth- und Hilfsbiichlein ” (1787-98), “ Mildheimisches 
 Liederbucli," “ Holzschnitte alter deutscher Meister,” etc. 
 
 Becker, Wilhelm Adolf. Born at Dresden, 
 1796 : died at Meissen, Sept. 30, 1846. A Ger- 
 man classical archaeologist, son of Wilhelm 
 Gottlieb Becker, professor in the University of 
 Leipsic. He was the author of “ Gallus ” (1838), “Char- 
 
 Beddoes, Thomas 
 
 ikies ” (1840 : both on ancient Greek and Roman life), 
 “Handbuch der romischeu Alterthiimer” (“Manual of 
 Roman Antiquities," 1843^46, continued 1849-64), etc. 
 
 Becker, Wilhelm Gottlieb. Born at Ober- 
 kallenberg, Saxony, Nov. 4, 1753: died at Dres- 
 den, June 3, 1813. A German archaeologist and 
 man of letters. His chief work is “ Augus- 
 te uni, Dresden’s antike Denkmaler enthaltend ” 
 (1805-09). 
 
 Beckerath (bek'er-at), Hermann von. Born 
 at Crefeld, Dec. 13, 1801: died there, May 12, 
 1870. A Prussian politician, a member of the 
 Frankfort Parliament, and minister of finance 
 1848-49. 
 
 Beckers (bek'erz), Hubert. Born at Munich, 
 Nov. 4, 1806: died at Munich, March 11, 1889. 
 A German philosophical writer, appointed pro- 
 fessor of philosophy in the University of Mu- 
 nich in 1847. He has written extensively upon 
 the philosophy of Schelling. 
 
 Becket, Thomas. See Thomas of London. 
 
 Beckford (bek'ford), William. Born in Ja- 
 maica, 1709: died at. London, June 21, 1770. 
 An English politician. He became lord mayor of 
 London in 1762, and again in 1769. He was a friend and 
 supporter of Wilkes. During his second mayoralty he 
 acquired celebrity by a fearless impromptu speech made 
 before George III., May 23, 1770, on the occasion of pre- 
 senting an address to the king. 
 
 Beckford, William. Born at Fonthill, Wilt- 
 shire, Sept. 29, 1759: died May 2, 1844. An 
 English man of letters, connoisseur, and collec- 
 tor, son of William Beckford, lord mayor of 
 London. He was for many years member of Parliament, 
 but is best known as the author of “ Vathek ” (which see). 
 He wrote also "Letters ”(1834), and two burlesques, “The 
 Elegant Enthusiast" (1796) and “Amezia” (1797). His 
 villa at Fonthill, upon which lie expended over a million 
 dollars, was famous as an instance of reckless extrava- 
 gance aud fanciful splendor. 
 
 Beckwith (bek'with), Sir George. Born 1753: 
 died at London, March 20, 1823. An English 
 lieutenant-general. He entered the army in 1771, and 
 served in the North American war 1776-82. From 1787 
 to 1791 he was diplomatic agent of England in the United 
 States, and was successively governor of Bermuda (April, 
 1797), and of St. Vincent (Oct., 1804). From Oct., 1808, to 
 June, 1814, he was governor of Barbadoes, with conimand 
 of the British forces in the Windward and Leeward isl- 
 ands ; and during this time he reduced the French islands 
 of Martinique (Jan. 30 to Feb. 24, 1809) and Guadeloupe 
 (Jan. 28 to Feb. 6, 1810). He subsequently commandea 
 in Ireland. 
 
 Beckwith, (James) Carroll. Born at Hannibal, 
 
 Mo., Sept. 23, 1852. An American portrait and 
 genre painter, a pupil of Carolus Duran. He be- 
 came a member of the N ational Academy in 1894. 
 
 Beckx (beks), Pierre Jean. Born at Sichem, 
 near Louvain, Belgium, Feb. 8, 1795 : died at 
 Rome, March 4, 1887. A Roman Catholic eccle- 
 siastic, general of the order of Jesuits 1853-83. 
 
 Becky Sharp. See Sharp, BecJcy. 
 
 Becon (be'kon), Thomas. Born in Norfolk, 
 1511(1512?): died at London, 1567. An English 
 ecclesiastic and writer. He was for a time a sup- 
 porter of the Reformers in books written under the name 
 of Theodore Basille, the doctrines of which, however, he 
 was obliged to recant. He was chaplain to Lady Jane 
 Seymour and to Cranmer under Edward VI., and rector 
 of St. Stephen’s, Wallirook. His best-known work is “ The 
 Governaunce of Vertue.” 
 
 Becquerel (bek-rel'), Alexandre Edmond. 
 
 Born at Paris, March 24, 1820: died there, May 
 13, 1891. A French physicist, son of Antoine 
 C6sar Becquerel, noted for researches on the 
 electric light, photography, etc. 
 
 Becquerel, Antoine Cesar. Born at Chatillon- 
 sur-Loing, Loiret, France, March 7, 1788 : died 
 at Paris, Jan. 18, 1878. A French physicist, 
 noted for his discoveries in electricity and in 
 electro-chemistry. His chief works are “ Trail 6 ex- 
 perimental de l’electricitd et du magnet isme " (1834—10), 
 
 1 “ Traite d’electro-chimie ” (1843), “ Traits de physique. ” He 
 served with the army in Spain 1810-12, abandoned his mili- 
 tary career in 1815, and thereafter devoted himself exclu- 
 sively to science. 
 
 Beczwa, or Betchwa (bech'wa). A river in 
 eastern Moravia, a tributary of the March. 
 
 Beda. See Bede. 
 
 Bedamar (bed-a-mar'). A Spanish statesman 
 in Saint-Real’s “ Conjuration des Espaguols 
 contre la republique de Venise,” from which Ot- 
 way took his “Venice Preserved.” The character 
 is a noble one, but is reduced to small proportions in 
 Otway’s play. 
 
 Bedarieux (ba-dar-ye'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Hera ill t, southern France, situated on 
 the Orb 36 miles west of Montpellier. It has 
 diversified manufactures. Population, com- 
 mune, 6,131. 
 
 Beddoes (bed'oz), Thomas. Born at Shiffnal, 
 in Shropshire, April 13, 1760 : died Dec. 24, 1808. 
 An English physician and scientist. He was 
 reader in chemistry to the University of Oxford (1788-92), 
 and established at Bristol in 1798 a Pneumatic Institute for 
 
Beddoes, Thomas 
 
 the treatment of disease by inhalation, in which he em- 
 ployed as his assistant Humphry Davy. Author of “ Isaac 
 Jenkins" (1793), “Hygeia, or Essays Moral and Medical " 
 ( 1801 - 02 ), etc. 
 
 Beddoes, Thomas Lovell. Born at Clifton, 
 England, July 20, 1803: died at Basel, Jan. 26, 
 1849. An English poet and physiologist, son 
 of Thomas Beddoes. He was the author of “The 
 Bride’s Tragedy ”(1822), “ Death’s Jest-Book, or the Fool’s 
 Tragedy ” (1850), “ Poems ” (1851). 
 
 Bede (bed), or Baeda, surnamed “ The Vener- 
 able.” Born at WearmouthjinNorthumberland, 
 probably in 673 : died at Jarrow, May 26, 735. 
 A celebrated English monk and ecclesiastical 
 writer. He was educated at the monastery of St. Peter’s 
 at Wearmouth and at that of St. Paul’s at Jarrow, in which 
 latter institution he remained until his death. He was 
 ordained a deacon in his nineteenth year, and became a 
 priest in his thirtieth. He devoted his life to teaching 
 and writing, and is said to have been master of all the 
 learning of his time, including Greek and Hebrew. His 
 chief work is “Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum.” 
 The first collective edition of his writings appeared at 
 Paris 1544-45, which edition was reprinted in 1554. Both 
 the original edition and the reprint are extremely rare. 
 Bede, Adam. The principal character in George 
 Eliot’s novel of that name, a young carpenter, 
 a keen and clever workman, somewhat sharp- 
 tempered and with a knowledge of some good 
 books. He has an alert conscience, good common sense, 
 and “ well-balanced shares of susceptibility and self-con- 
 trol.” He loves Hetty Sorrel, but finally marries Dinah 
 Morris. (See Morris, Dinah.) He is said to be in part a por- 
 trait of George Eliot's father. 
 
 Bede, Cuthbert. The pseudonym of the Rev. 
 Edward Bradley who wrote “Verdant Green” 
 and other humorous works. 
 
 Bede, Lisbeth. The mother of Adam and Seth 
 in George Eliot’s novel “Adam Bede.” 
 
 Bede, Seth. The tender-hearted mystical bro- 
 ther of Adam Bede. 
 
 Bedeau (be-do'), Marie Alphonse. Born at 
 Vertou, near Nantes, France, Aug. 10, 1804: 
 died at Nantes, Oct. 30, 1863. AFrench general. 
 He served in Algeria ; failed in an attempt to suppress the 
 rising in Paris of Feb., 1848; became vice-president of the 
 Constituent and Legislative assemblies; and was impris- 
 oned at the coup d’etat of 1851. 
 
 Bedel (be'del), Timothy. Born at Salem, N.H., 
 about 1740: died at Haverhill, N. H., 1787. An 
 American officer in the Revolutionary War. He 
 was in command of the force which was attacked by Brant's 
 Indians at the Cedars, near Montreal, and which was sur- 
 rendered without resistance by Captain Butterfield, the 
 subordinate officer in command. The blame for this affair 
 was thrown by General Arnold on Bedel, who at the time 
 of the attack lay ill at Lachine. 
 
 Bedell (be-del'), Gregory Townsend. Born 
 on Staten Island, N. Y., Oct. 28, 1793 : died at 
 Baltimore, Md., Aug. 30, 1834. An American 
 Protestant Episcopal clergyman and hymn- 
 writer. 
 
 Bedell, Gregory Thurston. Born at Hudson, 
 New York, Aug. 27, 1817 : died at New York, 
 March 11, 1892. An American bishop of the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church, son of Gregory 
 Townsend Bedell. He was rector of the Church of 
 the Ascension in New York city 1843-59, and was con- 
 secrated assistant bishop of Ohio Oct. 13, 1859, and be- 
 came bishop of that diocese in 1873 ; he resigned the 
 office in 1889 on account of illness. Author of “ Canter- 
 bury Pilgrimage to the Lambeth Conference,” etc. (1878), 
 “ The Pastor,” etc. (1880), and “ Centenary of the Ameri- 
 can Episcopate ” (1884). 
 
 Bedell, William. Born in Essex, England, 
 1571 : died Feb. 7, 1642. An English prelate. 
 He became provost of Trinity College, Dublin, in 1627, 
 and bishop of the united sees of Kilmore and Ardagh in 
 Ireland in 1629 ; resigned the see of Ardagh in 1633, in dis- 
 approval of pluralities; and, being imprisoned by the 
 rebels in 1641, died in consequence of the treatment 
 which he received. 
 
 Beder. See Bedr. 
 
 Bedford (bed'fprd), or Bedfordshire (bed'ford- 
 fehir), abbreviated Beds. A midland county of 
 England, bounded by Northampton on the north- 
 west, Huntingdon on the northeast, Cambridge 
 on the east, Hertford on the southeast, and Buck- 
 ingham on the west. The surface is generally level, 
 but is hilly in the south. Area (ad. co.), 473 square miles. 
 Population (parL co.), 171,240. 
 
 Bedford. [ME. JBeddeford, AS. Bedanford, Be- 
 dica’s ford: Bcdica, Beadeca, a proper name.] 
 The capital of Bedfordshire, England, situated 
 on the Ouse 45 miles north-northwest of London . 
 It was the scene of a battle between the Britons and 
 Saxons in 571. It had a castle in the middle ages. In 
 Bedford jail Bunyau was imprisoned (1660-72 and 1675-76), 
 and wrote “Pilgrim's Progress.” Population, 35,144. 
 Bedford. The capital of Lawrence County, 
 Indiana, 65 miles south-southwest of Indian- 
 apolis. Population, 8,716, (1910). 
 
 Bedford. The capital of Bedford County, 
 Pennsylvania, situated ou the Raystown branch 
 of the Juniata River, 34 miles south of Altoona, 
 Population, 2,235, (1910). 
 
 VI. 6 
 
 137 
 
 Bedford, Duke of. See John of Lancaster. 
 Bedford. Earls and Dukes of. See Russell. 
 Bedford (bed'ford), Gunning S. Bom at Balti- 
 more, Md., 1806 : died iu New York city, Sept. 
 5, 1870. An American physician. He was pro- 
 fessor of obstetrics in the Universityof New York 1840- 
 1862. He wrote “Diseases of Women and Children,” 
 “ Principles and Practice of Obstetrics,” etc. 
 
 Bedford Coffee House. A noted house for- 
 merly standing in Covent Garden, London, the 
 resort of Garrick, Foote, Fielding, and others. 
 Bedford House. A fine mansion formerly 
 standing in Bel grave Square, London, the res- 
 idence of the Duke of Bedford. 
 
 Bedford Level. A flat tract of land situated 
 on the eastern coast of England, it is about 60 
 miles in length and 40 miles in breadth, extending from 
 Milton in Cambridgeshire to Toynton in Lincolnshire, 
 and from Peterborough in Northamptonshire to Bran- 
 don in Suffolk. It comprises nearly all the marshy district 
 called the Fens and the Isle of Ely. Jt gets its name 
 from Francis, earl of Bedford, who in 1634 undertook to 
 drain it. Extensive drainage works have since been es- 
 tablished, and the district affords rich grain and pasture 
 lands. Area, 450,000 acres. 
 
 Bedford Square. A square in London, situ- 
 ated on the west of the British Museum, from 
 which it is divided by Gower street. 
 
 Bedivere (bed'i-ver), Sir. In the Arthurian 
 cycle of romance, a knight of the Round Ta- 
 ble. It was he who brought the dying Arthur to the 
 barge in which the three queens bore him to the Vale 
 of Avalon. 
 
 Bedlam (bed'lam). [A corruption of Beth- 
 lehem.] The hospital of St. Mary of Bethlehem 
 in London, originally a priory, founded about 
 1247, but afterward used as an asylum for lu- 
 natics. 
 
 Bedlam beggar. Same as Abraham-man. 
 Bedlington (bed'ling-ton). A town in Nor- 
 thumberland, England, situated on the Blyth 11 
 miles north of Newcastle. It is in the colliery 
 district. Population, 18,766. 
 
 Bedmar (bed-mar'), Alfonso de la Cueva, 
 Marquis de. Born 1572: died Aug. 2, 1655. A 
 Spanish diplomatist and prelate who, while 
 ambassador of Philip III. to Venice, planned 
 an unsuccessful conspiracy to destroy the re- 
 public, 1618. He became a cardinal 1622. His con- 
 spiracy is said to have suggested the plot of Otway’s 
 “ V enice Preserved. ” See Bedamar. 
 
 Bednur (bed-nor'), or Bednore (bed-nor'). A 
 town in western Mysore, Hindustan, in lat. 
 13° 50' N., long. 75° 5' E. It was taken by Hyder 
 Ali in 1763, and by Tippu Saib in 1783. Formerly it was 
 the seat of a rajah. 
 
 Bedott (be-dot'), Widow, or Widow Priscilla 
 P. Bedott. The pseudonym of Mrs. Frances 
 Miriam (Berry) Whitcher in the “ Widow Be- 
 dott Papers.” 
 
 Bedouins (bed'6-inz), or Bedawi (bed-ii-we'). 
 The nomadic Arabs, in distinction from the 
 fellahin, or peasants, and the dwellers in towns, 
 who usually call themselves “sonsof the Arabs” 
 ( Ibn-el Arab). They are subdivided in tribes called 
 Kabileh. Two principal groups may be distinguished : 
 (1) Bedouins in the narrower sense — i. e., Arabic-speaking 
 tribes who occupy the deserts adjoining central and 
 northern Egypt, or who are to be found in various regions 
 of southern Nubia as a pastoral people ; (2) Bejas, or Be- 
 gas, who range over the regions of Upper Egypt and N ubia 
 situated between the Nile and the Red Sea, extending to 
 the frontiers of the Abyssinian highland. This second 
 group consists of three different tribes, the Hadendoa, the 
 Bisharin, and the Ababdeh. On the left bank of the Nile 
 they are spread out as far as the boundaries of the Niger 
 (lat. 9° N. ). The territory occupied by them is called “ Ed- 
 bai," and they number about 600,000 souls. The penin- 
 sula of Mount Sinai is also occupied by three Bedouin 
 tribes, the Terabiyin, the Tihaya, and the Sawarkeh or El- 
 Araish. The Bedouins live in tents. Their chief occupa- 
 tion is breeding cattle. Their figures are symmetrical and 
 slender, their form and limbs delicate and graceful, and 
 their complexion bronze-colored. They are courageous 
 and warlike. They all profess Islam, but are lax in fol- 
 lowing its precepts, and are tolerant in their intercourse 
 with non-Mohammedans. 
 
 Bedr (bed'r), or Beder (bed'er). A village in 
 Arabia, between Medina and Mecca, it. was the 
 scene of the first victory of Mohammed over the Koraish- 
 ites, about the beginning of 624 A. D. 
 
 Bedreddin Hassan (bed-red-den' has'san). 
 The son of Noureddin Ali in the story of that 
 name in “The Arabian Nights’ Entertain- 
 ments.” Having been carried off by a genie and adopted 
 by a pastry-cook, he is discovered by the superior quality 
 of the cheese-cakes he makes, arrested on a false charge 
 of putting no pepper in them, and restored to his family. 
 Bedretto (ba-dret'to), Val di. An alpine 
 valley in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland, 
 southwest of the St. Gotthard. 
 
 Bedriacmn (be-dri'a-kum), or Bebriacum (be- 
 bri'a-kum). In ancient geography, a village 
 of northern Italy, east of Cremona. The exact 
 location is undetermined. Here, April, 69 a. d., the forces 
 
 Beefsteak Club 
 
 of Vitellius, under Cecina and Valens, defeated the forces 
 of Otho ; later in 69 A. i>., the forces of Vespasian, under 
 Antonius, defeated the forces of Vitellius. 
 
 Beds (bedz). An abbreviation of Bedfordshire. 
 Bedwin (bed'win), Mrs. “A motherly old 
 lady,” Mr. Brownlow’s housekeeper, who is 
 kind to Oliver, in Charles Dickens’s novel 
 “ Oliver Twist.” 
 
 Bee (be), Bernard E. Born about 1823: died 
 at Bull Run, July 21, 1861. A Confederate 
 brigadier-general in the Civil War. He com- 
 manded a brigade of South Carolina troops at Bull Run, 
 where he fell. 
 
 Bee, Jon. The pseudonym of John Badcock. 
 Bee, The. A periodical which appeared Oct. 
 6, 1759, eight weekly numbers only being pub- 
 lished. Oliver Goldsmith was the author of 
 nearly all the essays. 
 
 Beecher (be'eher), Catherine Esther. Born 
 at East Hampton, L. I., Sept. 6, 1800: died at 
 Elmira, N. Y. , May 12, 1878. An American edu- 
 cator and writer, daughter of Lyman Beecher. 
 She conducted a female seminary in Hartford, Conn., 
 1822-32, and was the author of “ An Appeal to the People," 
 “Common Sense applied to Religion," “Domestic Ser- 
 vice," “ Physiology and Callisthenics,” etc. 
 
 Beecher, Charles. Born at Litchfield, Conn., 
 Oct. 7, 1815: died at Georgetown, Mass., April 
 21, 1900. An American clergyman and writer, 
 son of Lyman Beecher. 
 
 Beecher, Edward. Born at East Hampton, 
 L. I., Aug. 27, 1803: died July 28, 1895. An 
 American Congregational clergyman and theo- 
 logical writer, son of Lyman Beecher. 
 Beecher, Henry Ward. Born at Litchfield, 
 Conn., June 24, 1813: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 March 8,1887. A noted American Congregation- 
 al clergyman, lecturer, reformer, and author, 
 son of Lyman Beecher. He was graduated at Amherst 
 College in 1834 ; studied theology at Lane Theological Sem- 
 inary ; and was pastor in Lawrenceburg, Indiana (1837-39), 
 of a Presbyterian church in Indianapolis (1839-47), and of 
 the Plymouth Congregational church in Brooklyn (1847-87). 
 He was one of the founders and early editors of the “In- 
 dependent,” the founder of the “Christian Union” and 
 its editor 1870-81 ; and one of the most prominent of anti- 
 slavery orators. He delivered Union addresses in Great 
 Britain on subjects relating to the Civil War in the United 
 States in 1863. He published “Lectures to Young Men " 
 (1844), “Star Papers” (1855), “Freedom and War ” (1863), 
 “ Eyes and Ears ” (1864), “ Aids to Prayer ” (1864), “ Nor- 
 wood ” (1867), “Earlier Scenes," “Lecture Room Talks,” 
 “ YaleLectures on Preaching,” “ A Summer Parish,” “Ev- 
 olution and Preaching " (1886), etc. 
 
 Beecher, Lyman. Born at New Haven, Conn., 
 Oct. 12, 1775: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 10, 
 1863. An American Congregational clergyman 
 and theologian. He was pastor in East Hampton, 
 Long Island (1799-1810), Litchfield, Connecticut (1810-26), 
 and Boston (1826-32), and president of Lane Theological 
 Seminary (1832-51). He was noted as a temperance and 
 antislavery reformer and controversialist. 
 
 Beecher, Thomas Kinnicut. Born at Litch- 
 field, Conn., Feb. 10, 1824: died at Elmira, N. Y., 
 March 14, 1900. An American Congregational 
 clergyman, son of Lyman Beecher, pastor at 
 Elmira, N. Y., 1854-1900. 
 
 Beechey (be'chi), Frederick William. Born 
 at London, Feb. 17, 1796: died at London, Nov. 
 29, 1856. An English rear-admiral and geog- 
 rapher, son of Sir William Beechey. He was dis- 
 tinguished in Arctic exploration with Franklin, and as 
 commander of an expedition in 1826-31. He wrote 
 “Voyage of Discovery toward the North Pole ” (1843), etc. 
 
 Beechey, Sir William. Born at Burford, Ox- 
 fordshire, England, Dec. 12, 1753: died at 
 Hampstead, England, Jan. 28, 1839. A noted 
 English portrait-painter. 
 
 Beef-eaters (bef'e // terz). [Originally humor- 
 ous.] A name given to the Yeomen of the 
 Guard, whose function it has been, ever since 
 1485, when they first appeared in the coronation 
 procession of Henry VII., to attend the sover- 
 eign at banquets and other state occasions. 
 The Tower Warders are also called Beef-eaters, fifteen 
 having been sworn in as Yeomen Extraordinary of the 
 Guard during the reign of Edward VI. The uniform dif- 
 fers slightly, the Tower Warders having no cross-belt. 
 Beefington (be'fing-ton), Milor. A fictitious 
 English nobleman exiled by royal tyranny be- 
 fore the granting of the Magna Charta. He is in- 
 troduced in “The Rovers” in the Anti-Jacobin poetry by 
 Frere, Canning, and Ellis. 
 
 Beefsteak Club. A club founded in the reign 
 of Queen Anne (it was called a “ new socioty ” 
 in 1709), believed to be the earliest club with 
 this namo. Estcourt, the actor, was made providore. 
 It was composed of the “ chief wits and great men of the 
 nation ” and its badge was a gridiron. The “Society of 
 Beefsteaks,” established some years later, which has been 
 confused with this, scorned being called a club : they des- 
 ignated themselves “ the Steaks.” “ The Sublime Society 
 of the Steaks" was founded at Covent Garden Theatre 
 in 1735. It is said to have had its origin in an accidental 
 dinner taken by Lord Peterborough with Rich, the mana- 
 ger, in his private room at the theater. The latter cooked 
 
138 
 
 Beefsteak Club 
 
 a beefsteak so appetizingly that Lord Peterborough pro- 
 posed repeating tire entertainment the next Saturday at 
 the same hour. After the fire at Covent Garden in 1808 
 the Sublime Society met at the Bedford Coffee House, 
 whence they removed to the Old Lyceum in 1809. When 
 it was burned in 1830, they returned to the Bedford. 
 When the Lyceum Theatre was rebuilt in 1838, a magnifi- 
 cent and appropriate room was provided for them (Tiinbs), 
 where they met until 1807, when the dwindling society was 
 dissolved. A Beefsteak Club was established at the Thea- 
 tre Royal, Dublin, by Sheridan, about 1749, of which Peg 
 Woffington was president. There were also other clubs 
 of the kind. The modem Beefsteak Club was founded by 
 J. L. Toole, the actor, in 1876. 
 
 Beelzebub (be-el'ze-bub). [Formerly also, and 
 still in popular speech, Belzebub , ME. Belsebub , 
 L. Beelzebub, Gr. BnAfejiovji, Heb. Ba'alzebub, 
 a god of the Philistines, the averter of in- 
 sects, from ba'al, lord (Baal), and sebub, z'bub, 
 a fly.] 1. A god of the Philistines, who had 
 a famous temple at Ekron. He was worshiped 
 as the destroyer of flies. See Baal. — 2. In 
 demonology, one of the Gubematores of the 
 Infernal Kingdom, under Lucifer. Faust’s 
 Boole of Marvels (1469). — 3. A name of the 
 Mycetes ursinus, a howling monkey of South 
 America. 
 
 Beemster (bam'ster). A large polder in the 
 province of North Holland, Netherlands, 13 
 miles north of Amsterdam. Population, about 
 4,000. 
 
 Beer (bar), Adolf. Born at Prossnitz, Moravia, 
 Feb. 27, 1831 : died at Vienna, May 7, 1902. An 
 Austrian historian. His works include “Geschichte 
 des Welthandels" (1860-64), “ Holland und der osterreich- 
 ische Erbfolgekrieg " (1871), “Die erste Teilung Polens ” 
 (1873-74), and various works on Austrian history. 
 
 Beer, Jacob Meyer. See Meyerbeer, Giacomo. 
 
 Beer, Michael. Born at Berlin, Aug. 19, 1800: 
 died at Munich, March 22, 1833. A German 
 dramatist, brother of Meyerbeer. His chief work 
 is the tragedy “Struensee” (1829). 
 
 Beer, Wilhelm. Born at Berlin, Jan. 4, 1797: 
 died at Berlin, March 27, 1850. A German banker 
 and astronomer, brother of Meyerbeer. He 
 published a map of the moon (1836). 
 
 Beerberg (bar'berG). The highest mountain of 
 the Thiiringerwald, Germany, 15 miles east- 
 northeast of Meiningen. Height, 3,226 feet. 
 
 Beers (berz), Mrs. (Ethelinda Eliot: pseudo- 
 nym Ethel Lynn). Born at Goshen, Orange 
 County, N. Y., Jan. 13, 1827 : died at Orange, 
 N. Y., Oct. 10, 1879. An American poet, she 
 is best known as the author of the poem “ All Quiet Along 
 the Potomac," which originally appeared hi “Harper's 
 Weekly "for Nov. 30, 1861, under the title “The Picket 
 Guard." 
 
 Beers, Henry Augustin. Born at Buffalo, N.Y., 
 July 2, 1847. An American man of letters, 
 appointed professor of English in the Sheffield 
 Scientific School of Yale University in 1880. 
 He edited “ A Century of American Literature ” (1878), and 
 is the author of a “Sketch of English Literature ”(1886), 
 “ Nathaniel Parker Willis" (“American Men of Letters," 
 1885), etc. 
 
 Beersheba (be'er-she'ba or be-er'she-ba). 
 [Heb., ‘well of swearing’ or ‘ of seven.’ Cf. 
 Gen. xxi. 31 and xxvi. 23-33.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a town at the southern extremity of 
 Palestine, 44 miles southwest of Jerusalem. 
 It became a seat of idolatry (Amos v. 5 ; viii. 14). It was 
 reinhabited after the return from the captivity (Neh. xi. 
 27). In the period of the Roman Empire it was the seat 
 of a garrison, and later of a bishop. It was mentioned 
 in the middle ages, and is identified with the ruins sur- 
 rounding 1,000 large wells called by the Arabs Bir-es- 
 Saba, ‘Well of the Lions.’ It was one of the oldest 
 places in Palestine, and is familiar in the phrase “ From 
 Dan to Beersheba " — that is, ‘ from one end of the land to 
 the other.’ 
 
 Beeskow (ba'sko). A town in the province of 
 Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on the Spree 43 
 miles southeast of Berlin. Population, about 
 4,000. 
 
 Beethoven (ba'to-ven), Ludwig van. Born 
 at Bonn, Prussia, probably Dec. 16, 1770 : died 
 at Vienna, March 26, 1827. A celebrated Ger- 
 man composer, of Dutch descent. He began his 
 musical education at the age of four years under his father, 
 a musician in the court band of the Elector of Cologne. 
 In 1779 he was taught by Pfeiffer, a tenor singer who lodged 
 with his parents ; and from 1783 till 1792 filled various po- 
 sitions as court organist, conductor of the opera band or 
 orchestra, etc. In this year the elector sent him to Vienna 
 to study music at his expense. He was now about twenty- 
 two, and began his lessons with Haydn, principally in 
 strict counterpoint. In 1794 Beethoven, dissatisfied with 
 the lack of attention given him by Haydn, who was much 
 occupied, and who went to England in that year, took les- 
 sons of Albrechtsberger and from Schuppanzigh on the 
 violin. He published his three trios, known as Opus 1, in 
 1795, and from this time published his compositions with 
 regularity. In 1802 his deafness, which had previously 
 troubled him, began to be serious. In 1814 lawsuits and 
 other anxieties and worries commenced, which, with his 
 now total deafness, clouded all his later years. On April 
 20, 1816, he made his last appearance in public. In 1824 
 he moved into Schwarzspanierhaus in Vienna, where, on 
 December 2, 1826, his last illness began. Among his com- 
 
 positions are the three trios (1795), three piano sonatas 
 (1796), “Adelaide ” (1795), “Prometheus" and “Mount of 
 Olives” (1802), “1st Symphony" (1800), “2d Symphony" 
 (1802), “ Kreutzer Sonata ” (1803), “ Eroica Symphony ” 
 (1804), “Eidelio” (1805-06: rewritten 1814), “4th Sym- 
 phony" (1806), “Symphonies 5 and 6 "(1808), “7th Sym- 
 phony ” (1812), “Battle Symphony ”(1813), “8th Symphony" 
 (1814), “ Meeresstille ” (1815), “9th Symphony" (1824), 
 “ Mass in D” (1824), etc. 
 
 Beets (bats), Nikolaas. Born at Haarlem, 
 Holland, Sept. 13, 1814: died at Utrecht, March 
 14, 1903. A Dutch poet. His works include the 
 poems “ Kuser ” (1835), “ Guy de Vlaming " (1857), “ Ada 
 van Holland” (1840), “ Korenbloemen ’’ (1863), etc.; and 
 the prose writings “ Camera Obscura " (1839), “ Verschei- 
 denheden, etc." (1868), “Stichtelijke Uren "(1848-60), etc. 
 
 Befana (ba-fa'na), The. [It., corrupted from 
 epifania, LL. epiphania, Epiphany.] An old 
 woman in Italian folk-lore who is a sort of 
 Wandering Jew and Santa Claus combined. 
 She is the good fairy who fills the children’s stockings 
 with presents on Twelfth Night, or the feast of the Epiph- 
 any, Jan. 6. If the children have been naughty she 
 fills the stockings with ashes ; but she is compassionate, 
 and will sometimes relent and return to comfort the little 
 penitents with gifts. Tradition says that she was too busy 
 sweeping to come to the window to see the Three Wise 
 Men of the East when they passed by on their way to offer 
 homage to the new-born Saviour, but said she could see 
 them when they came back. Forthislackof reverenceshe 
 was duly punished, as they went back another way and 
 she has been watching ever since. At one time her effigy 
 was carried about the streets on the eve of the Epiphany, 
 but the custom is mostly disused. She is used as a bug- 
 bear by Italian mothers. 
 
 Beg (beg), Callum. A minor character in Sir 
 Walter Scott’s novel ‘ ‘ Waverley,” the foot-page 
 of Fergus Mac-Ivor, in the service of Waverley. 
 
 Bega (ba'go). A river and canal in southern 
 Hungary, a tributary of the Theiss. 
 
 Begas (ba'gas), Karl. Born at Heinsberg, near 
 Aachen, Sept. 30, 1794: died at Berlin, Nov. 24, 
 1854. A noted German painter of historical 
 subjects and portraits. He was court painter, 
 and professor at the Berlin Academy. 
 
 Begas, Oskar. Boi-n at Berlin, July 31, 1828: 
 died there, Nov. 10, 1883. A German historical 
 and portrait painter, son of Kai l Begas. 
 
 Begas, Reinkold. Born July 15, 1831: died Aug. 
 3, 1911 . A German sculptor, son of Karl Begas. 
 
 Beggar’s Bush, The. A comedy by Fletcher 
 and others (Rowley and Massinger), performed 
 at court in 1622, printed in 1647. it was long 
 popular. Three alterations have appeared : one, “ The 
 Royal Merchant," an opera, in 1767 ; the last in 1815 under 
 the title of “ The Merchant of Bruges." Mr. Lewes says 
 the plot is taken from a novel by Cervantes, the “ Fuerza 
 de la Sangre." 
 
 Beggar’s Daughter. See Bess or Bessee, and 
 Beggar of Bethnal Green. 
 
 Beggar’s Opera, The. An opera by John Gay, 
 produced at Lincoln’s Inn Fields Jan. 29, 1728. 
 It is said to have been suggested by a remark of Dean 
 Swift to Gay “that a Newgate pastoral might make a 
 pretty sort of thing.’' Gay was also said to have been in- 
 duced to produce this opera from spite at having been 
 offered an unacceptable appointment at court. It was 
 intended as a satire on the effeminate style then recently 
 imported from Italy, and was very successful. The song's 
 were written for popular English and Scottish tunes, and 
 were arranged and scored by Dr. Pepusch who composed 
 the overture. The characters are highwaymen, pick- 
 pockets, etc., satirizing the corrupt political conditions of 
 the day. 
 
 Beggar of Bethnal Green, The. A comedy by 
 J. Sheridan Knowles, produced in 1834. it was 
 abridged from “ The Beggar’s Daughter of Bethnal Green ” 
 (1828). which was based on the well-known ballad. See 
 Blind Beggar, and Bess. 
 
 Beg gars. The. See Gueux. 
 
 Beghards. See Beguins, 2. 
 
 Begon (ba-gon' ), Michel. Born at Blois, France, 
 1638 : died at Rochefort, Fiance, March 4, 1710. 
 A French magistrate and administrator. He 
 was a naval officer and successively intendantof theFrench 
 West Indies, of Canada, and of Rochefort and La Rochelle. 
 He was noted for his love of science, and the great genus 
 of plants Begonia was named in his honor. 
 
 Beg-Shehr (beg'shehr'), or Bey-Shehr (ba'- 
 shehr'), orBei-Shehr. 1. Alake in Asia Minor, 
 inlat. 37° 40' N.,long. 31° 40' E. Length, about 
 25 miles. — 2. A town in the vilayet of Konieh, 
 Asiatic Turkey, situated near the eastern shore 
 of Lake Beg-Shehr. 
 
 Beguins, or Beguines (beg'inz). 1. A name 
 given to the members of various religious com- 
 munities of women who, professing a life of pov- 
 erty and self-denial, went about in coarse gray 
 clothing (of undyed wool), reading the Scrip- 
 tures and exhorting the people. They originated in 
 the 12th or 13th century, and formerly flourished in Ger- 
 many, the Netherlands, Fiance, and Italy ; and communi- 
 ties of the name still exist in Belgium. [Now generally 
 written Beguine.] 
 
 2. [Only Begums.'] A community of men founded 
 on the same general principle of life as that of 
 the Beguines (see def. 1). They became infected 
 with various heresies, especially with systems of illumin- 
 ism, which were afterward propagated among the commu- 
 
 Behr 
 
 nities of women. They were condemned by Pope John 
 XXII. in the early part of the 14th century. The faithful 
 Beguins joined themselves in numbers with the different 
 orders of friars. The sect, generally obnoxious and the 
 object of severe measures, had greatly diminished by the 
 following century', but continued to exist till about the 
 middle of the 16th. Also called Beghard. 
 
 Beguinage (ba-ge-nazlri), Grand. [F.] A nun- 
 nery (of Beguins) in Ghent, Belgium, removed 
 recently from its medieval site to a new one 
 outside of the city. It forms a town by itself , walled 
 and moaned, with 18 convents, picturesque streets of 
 small houses built in highly diversified medieval designs, 
 and a handsome central church. The Petit Btguinaye 
 is similar. 
 
 Behaim (ba'lnm), or Behem (ba'hem), Mar- 
 tin. Born at Nuremberg about the middle of 
 the 15th century: died at Lisbon, July 29, 1506. 
 A celebrated navigator and eosmographer. From 
 about 1484 he was in the service of Portugal, taking part 
 in the expedition of Diogo Cam (1484) and others on the 
 African coast. He was a friend of Columbus. The cele- 
 brated Nuremberg globe, still preserved in that city, was 
 constructed by him in 1492, during a visit to his family ; 
 and is interesting as showing the idea of the world enter- 
 tained by the first cosmographers, just previous to the 
 discovery of America. Behaim was one of the inventors 
 of the astrolabe. 
 
 Behaim. Michael. Born at Sulzbach, in Weins- 
 berg, 1416: died there, 1474. A German meis- 
 tersanger. 
 
 Beham (ba'ham), Barfchel. Born at Nurem- 
 berg, 1502: died at Venice, 1540. A German 
 engraver and painter. 
 
 Beham, Hans Sebald. Born at Nuremberg 
 about 1500: died at Frankfort-on -the-Main, 
 1550. A German painter and engraver, brother 
 of Barthel Beham. 
 
 Behar (be-har'), Bahar (ba-liar'), or Bihar 
 (bi-hiir'). A former subprovince of Bengal, 
 British India, in the basin of the Ganges, in 
 December, 1911, it was united with Chota Nagpur and 
 Orissa in a lieutenant-governorship. It produces opium, 
 indigo, rice, grain, sugar, etc., and has various manufac- 
 tures. It has two divisions, Bhagalpur and Patna. 
 Behar. A town in Behar, in lat. 25° 11' N., 
 long. 85° 31' E. Formerly the residence of a 
 governor. Population, about 45,000. 
 
 Behechio (ba-e-che'o). An Indian cacique of 
 Xaragu&jin the island of Hispaniola, at the time 
 of its discovery. In 1495 he joined his brother-in- 
 law, Caonabo, and other chieftains in war against the 
 Spaniards. After the defeat of the Indians at the battle 
 of th e V ega Real (April 25, 1495) he retired to his own prov- 
 ince, where he ruled conjointly with his sister, the cele- 
 brated Anacaona. Influenced by her, he made peace with 
 Bartholomew Columbus (1498). He died about 1502. 
 
 Behem. See Behaim. 
 
 Behistim (be-his-ton'),orBisutim (be-sd-ton'). 
 [Pers. Beliistun.'] A rock in western Persia on 
 the road from Hainadan (ancient Agbatana) to 
 Bagdad , near the city of Kirmanshah. The rock, 
 which rises nearly perpendicular to a height of 1,700 feet, 
 lias been noticed from ancient times as having on its 
 surface mysterious figures and signs. Major-General Sir 
 Henry Rawlinson, under great hardships and dangers, 
 copied and afterward deciphered one of the greatest in- 
 scriptions in cuneiform characters. Three hundred feet 
 above the base, on a polished surface, is sculptured a bas- 
 relief picturing Darius with a long row of fettered prison- 
 ers, representatives of the subjugated nations. The bas- 
 relief is surrounded by numerous columns of inscriptions, 
 making in all over one thousand lines of cuneiform writing. 
 The long account of Darius's reign is repeated three times 
 in the different languages of the empire: in Persian, Assyr- 
 ian, and the language of Susiana (Elam). The decipher- 
 ment of this long trilingual inscription, executed by Sir 
 Henry Rawlinson during iheyears 1835-37, formed an epoch 
 in the history of Assyriology, as it put it on the basis of 
 a science. By the Greeks this gigantic monument was 
 attributed to Semiramis. 
 
 Behm (bam), Ernst. Born in Gotha, Jan. 4, 
 1830: died there, March 15, 1884. A German 
 geographer and statistician. He was editor of 
 Petermann's “ Mitteilungen ” (from 1856 : editor-in-chief 
 after 1878), of the statistical parts of the “Almanac de 
 Gotha,” and of the “Geographisches Jahrbuch " (1866-78). 
 
 Behmen. See Bohme, Jakob. 
 
 Behn (ban), Aphra, or Afra, or Aphara. Born 
 at Wye, 1640: died at London, April 16, 1689. 
 An English dramatic writer and novelist. She 
 was the daughter of a barber, John Johnson, and wife of a 
 Dutch gentleman named Behn, who died before 1666. In 
 her youth sho spent several years in Surinam, where she 
 made the acquaintance of the chieftain who served as 
 the model of her famous “Oroonoko" (which see). She 
 wrote much, and “ was the first female writer w ho lived 
 by her pen in England.” Among her dramatic works are 
 “The Forced Marriage” (1671), “The Amorous Prince ’ 
 (1671), “The Dutch Lover” (1673), “Abdelazar” (1677), 
 “The Rover" (1677), “The Debauchee" (1677), “The 
 Town Fop” (1677), “The False Count ” (1682). She also 
 published “Poems" (1684), etc. 
 
 Behr (bar), Wilhelm Joseph. Born at Sulz- 
 heim, Ang. 26, 1775: died at Bamberg, Aug. 1, 
 1851. A Bavarian publicist and liberal politi- 
 cian. He w’as professor of public law in the LTniversity 
 of Wurzburg 1799-1821, and was twice elected to the Ba- 
 varian Diet. He suffered imprisonment (1833-18) for al- 
 leged lese-majesty, and became a member of the Frank- 
 fort Parliament in 1848. 
 
Behring 
 
 Behring. See Bering. 
 
 Behring Island. See Bering Island. 
 
 Behring Sea. See Bering Sea. 
 
 Behring Strait. See Bering Strait. 
 
 Beid (ba'id). [Ar. bid, the egg: this star and 
 a few others around it form ‘ the ostrich’s 
 nest’ of the Arabs.] The fourth-magnitude 
 very white star o Eridani. 
 
 Beijerland, or Beyerland (bl'er-lant). An isl- 
 and in the province of South Holland, Nether- 
 lands, lying between the Oude Maas and the 
 Hollandsch Diep and Haring Vliet. 
 
 Beilan (ba-lan'). A town iu Asiatic Turkey, 
 situated near the summit of the Beilan Pass, 
 in lat. 36° 30' N., long. 36° 10' E. Here, July 29, 
 1832, the Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha defeated the 
 Turks. 
 
 Beilan, Pass of. See Syrian Gates. 
 
 Beilngries (biln'gres). A small town in Middle 
 Franconia, Bavaria, situated on the Ludwigs- 
 canal, near the Altmiihl, 29 miles west of 
 Ratisbon. 
 
 Beira (ba'ra). A province of Portugal, bounded 
 by Traz-os-Montes and Minho on the north, 
 Spain on the east, Alemtejo and Estremadura 
 on the south, and the Atlantic on the west. 
 The surface is partly a plateau and partly mountainous. 
 The popular divisions are Beira-Mar, Beira- Alta, and Beira- 
 Baixa; the administrative districts, Aveiro, Castello Bran- 
 co, Coimbra, Guard, and Vizeu. Capital, Coimbra. Area, 
 9,208 square miles. Population, 1,515,834. 
 
 Beirut, or Beyrout, or Bairut (ba-rot'). [F. 
 Beyrouth.'] A seaport in Syria, Asiatic Turkey, 
 situated on the Mediterranean near the foot of 
 Lebanon, in lat. 33° 54' N., long. 35° 31' E. : 
 the ancient Berytus. It is the chief seaport of 
 Syria, and has a considerable commerce with Great 
 Britain, France, Egypt, etc. It was an ancient Phenician 
 town, and later a Roman colony (Augusta Felix), a noted 
 seat of learning under the later empire, twice devastated 
 by earthquakes. The Crusaders held it for many years ; 
 later it was occupied by Druses. It was conquered from 
 the Turks by a Russian fleet in 1772, was held by the 
 Egyptians in 1840. and was bombarded by the British fleet 
 (Sept- 10-14) and occupied by the Allies. The American 
 Presbyterian mission in Syria has its headquarters at 
 Beirut. Exports madder, silk, wool, olive-oil, gums, etc. 
 Population, 120,000. 
 
 Bei-Shehr. See Bcg-Shehr. 
 
 Beissel (bis'sel), Johann Conrad. Born at 
 Eberbach, Palatinate, Germany, 1690 : died at 
 Ephrata, Pa., 1768. A German mystic. He emi- 
 
 grated to Pennsylvania in 1720, and founded the German 
 Seventh-Day Baptists at Ephrata in 1738. 
 
 Beit-el-Fakili (bat'el-fa'keii). [Ar., ‘house 
 of the learned.’] A town in Yemen, southwest- 
 ern Arabia, near the Red Sea, situated 80 miles 
 north of Mocha: noted for its coffee trade. 
 Population, about 8,000. 
 
 Beith (beth). A town in Ayrshire, Scotland, 
 16 miles southwest of Glasgow. 
 
 Beitzke (bits'ke), Heinrich Ludwig. Born at 
 Muttrin, in Pomerania, Feb. 15, 1798 : died at 
 Berlin, May 10, 1867. A German historian. 
 His works include “Geschichte der deutschen Freiheits- 
 kiiege” (1855), “Geschichte des russischen Rriegs im 
 Jahre 1812" (1856), “Geschichte des Jahres 1815 "(1865), 
 etc. 
 
 Beja (ba'zha). A town in the province of 
 Alemtejo, southern Portugal, 85 miles south- 
 east of Lisbon : the Roman Pax Julia, it has 
 a cathedral and Roman antiquities. Population, 
 8,885. 
 
 Bejapur. See Bijapur. 
 
 Bejar (ba-llar'). A town in the province of 
 Salamanca, Spain, situated 47 miles south of 
 Salamanca on the Cuerpo de Hombro, in the 
 valley of the Sierra de Bejar. It has manu- 
 factures of cloth. Population, 9,483. 
 
 B6jart (ba-zhar'). The name of a family of 
 comedians who played Moliere’s comedies and 
 belonged to bis troupe. There were four, Jacques, 
 Louis, Madeleine, and Armande. Armando was born in 
 1645, and died in 1700. she was a charming actress, par- 
 ticularly in such parts as “Cdlimfene” in “The Misan- 
 thrope." Moliere married her in 1662. She was the sister 
 and not the daughter of Madeleine BAjart, as was scan- 
 dalously asserted, the latter having been his mistress. 
 After Moliere’s dealh his wife married Gudrin EstrichC, 
 and left the stage in 1694. 
 
 Bek (bek). An architect of Amenhotep IV., 
 king of Egypt. He supervised the building of the city 
 of Khuaten, modem Tel-el-Amarna. The inscription on 
 his tombstone has been preserved and deciphered. 
 
 Bek (bek), Anthony. Died 1311. An English 
 prelate and commander. He was consecrated bishop 
 of Durham 1285, and joined Edward I. in his expeditions 
 against Scotland 1290 and 1298. Hereduced, in the latter 
 expedition, the castle of Dirleton, and commanded the 
 second division of the English in the battle of I .lkirk. 
 
 Beke (bek), Charles Tilstone. Born at Step- 
 ney, England, Oct. 10, 1800: died at London, 
 J uly 31, 1874. An English traveler and geog- 
 rapher. After traveling through Palestine, lie explored 
 Shoa and Gojam, Abyssinia, returning via Massowa, and 
 
 139 
 
 received, in 1846, a gold medal for his travels in Abyssinia. 
 From 1847-60 he published a series of works on the lan- 
 guages of Abyssinia and the sources of the Nile. He made 
 a second expedition to Bible lands, and wrote several 
 books on Bible geography. 
 
 B6kes (ba'kash). The chief town in the county 
 of Bek6s, Hungary, situated at the junction of 
 the Black and White Koros, in lat. 46° 46' N.. 
 long. 21° 10' E. Population, 25,483. 
 
 Bekker (bek'er), Balthazar. Born at Mets- 
 lauier, in Friesland, March 30, 1634 : died July 
 11, 1698. A Dutch theologian. He was pastor 
 of a Reformed congregation in Amsterdam 1679-92. He 
 wrote a book, “ De betoverde wereld,” in which he ad- 
 vances views of demoniacal possession substantially the 
 same as those held by modern rationalists. 
 
 Bekker, Elizabeth. Born at Vlissingen, Hol- 
 land, July 24, 1738: died at The Hague, Nov. 
 4, 1804. A Dutch novelist, wife of Adrian 
 Wolff. She wrote (conjointly with Agatha, Deken) “Sara 
 Burgerhart ” (1790), “Willem Leevand” (1785), “Cornelia 
 Wildschut” (1793-96), etc. 
 
 Bekker, Immanuel. Born at Berlin, May 21, 
 1785: died at Berlin, June 7, 1871. A distin- 
 guished German philologist, professor of philol- 
 ogy in Berlin. He edited critical editions of Plato, 
 the Attic orators, Aristotle, Sextus Empiricus, Thucydi- 
 des, Theognis, Aristophanes, Herodotus, Pausanias, Po- 
 lybius, Livy, Tacitus, etc.; also of Byzantine, Provencal, 
 and old French authors; and wrote “Anecdota grseca,” etc. 
 
 Bek Pak, Bed Pak, or Hungry Desert. A 
 
 desert in Asiatic Russia, about lat. 46° N., 
 long. 68°-73° E. 
 
 Bekri (bek'ri), A1-, Obeid Abd-Allah. An 
 
 Arabian traveler and geographer, born in An- 
 dalusia, Spain, where he died in 1095. 
 
 Bel (bel). [‘Lord.’] One of the most impor- 
 tant of the Babylonian gods of Semitic origin. 
 In the enumeration of the twelve great gods he holds the 
 second place in the first triad. His importance in Assyria- 
 Babylonia was about the same as that of Baal among the 
 Canaanites, but he had no solar character. To him is as- 
 cribed the creation of the world, and especially of man- 
 kind, whence the Assyrian kings call themselves “gover- 
 nors of Bel,” “rulers over Bel’s subjects." He is also 
 often entitled “father of the gods,” and his spouse, Belit 
 (‘lady ’), “the mother of the great gods.” It is Bel who 
 brings about the deluge and destroys mankind. His name 
 occurs in Isa. xlvi. 1, Jer. 1. 2. The principal seat of his 
 worship was Nippur (modern Niffer), while the tutelar 
 deity of the city of Babylon was Merodach(Marduk), who 
 is often called Bel-Merodach, or simply Bel, and is alluded 
 to in the passages of the Old Testament cited above. Bel 
 being known as the supreme god of Babylonia, Herodotus 
 considered the great Nebo temple of Borsippa as that of 
 Bel. See Baal. 
 
 Bel (bal), Karl Andreas. Born at Presburg, 
 July 13, 1717: died at Leipsic, April 5, 1782. 
 A Hungarian historian, son of M. Bel, pro- 
 fessor of poetry at Leipsic. He was the author of 
 “De veraorigine et epocha Hunnorum, Avarorum, etc.,” 
 and editor of the “ Acta Eniditorum,” and of the “Leip- 
 ziger gelehrte Zeitung " (1753-81). 
 
 B61, or Belius (be'li-us), Matthias. Born at 
 Ocsova, March 24, 1684: died at Presburg, 
 Aug. 29, 1749. A noted Hungarian historian. 
 His works include “Hungarise prodromus,” “Adparatus 
 ad historiam Hungarise," “Notitia Hungarise,” etc. 
 
 Bela (ba'lo) I. King of Hungary 1061-63. 
 He strengthened the royal authority, suppressed the last 
 pagan uprising, and introduced financial and commercial 
 reforms. 
 
 Bela II. King of Hungary 1131-41. He ac- 
 quired Bosnia. 
 
 Bela III. King of Hungary 1174-96. He mar- 
 ried a sister of Philip Augustus of France. 
 Bela IV. King of Hungary 1235-70. Son of 
 Andreas II. In his reign Hungary was in- 
 vaded by the Mongols under Batu Khan. 
 Bela, or Beila (ba'la). The capital of the 
 state of Las Bela., Baluchistan, in lat. 26° 14' 
 N., long. 66° 19' E. Population, 4,183. 
 
 Bel and the Dragon. One of the books of 
 the Apocrypha (which see). 
 
 Belarius (be-la'ri-us). A banished lord dis- 
 guised under the name of Morgan in Shak- 
 spere’s play “ Cymbeline.” He steals Arviragus 
 and Guiderius, Cymbeline’a sons, out of revenge; but when 
 Cymbeline is made prisoner by the Roman general, Bela- 
 rius comes to his rescue and is reconciled and restores 
 the princes. 
 
 Belbeis, or Belbeys (bel-bas'). A town in 
 Lower Egypt, situated 30 miles northeast of 
 Cairo. It was besieged by Crusaders under Amalric 
 (1163-64), and taken by him in 1108. Population, 
 about 12,000. 
 
 Belbek (bel'bek). A small river in the Crimea, 
 northeast of Sebastopol. 
 
 Belbella. See Uaeltzuk. 
 
 Belch (belch), Sir Toby. The uncle of Olivia 
 in Shakspere’s comedy “ Twelfth Night.” 
 
 Of Sir Toby himself, — that most whimsical, madcap, 
 frolicsome old toper, so full of antics and fond of sprees, 
 with a plentiful stock of wit and an equal lack of money 
 to keep it in motion, — it is enough to say, with one of the 
 best of Shakespearian critics, that “he certainly comes 
 out of the same associations where the Poet Falstaff holds 
 
 Belfort 
 
 his revels"; and that though “not Sir John, npr a 
 fainter sketch of him, yet he has an odd sort of a family 
 likeness to him." Hudson , Int. to Twelfth Night, 
 
 Belchen (bel'chen). A German name for 
 various summits of the Vosges, better known 
 by tbeir French name Ballon. 
 
 Belchen, Gebweiler. See Ballon de Gueb- 
 willer. 
 
 Belchen, Welscher. See Ballon d’ Alsace. 
 
 Belcher (bel'cher), Sir Edward. Born in Nova 
 Scotia, 1799 : died March 18, 1877. A British 
 admiral and explorer. He commanded an unsuccess- 
 ful expedition in search of Sir John Franklin 1852-54. 
 He wrote “Narrative of a Voyage round the World " (1843), 
 “ Last of the Arctic Voyages ” (1855). 
 
 Belcher, Jonathan. Born at Cambridge, 
 
 Mass., Jan. 8, 1681 : died at Elizabethtown, 
 N. J., Aug. 31, 1757. An American merchant 
 and politician, governor of Massachusetts and 
 New Hampshire 1730-41, and appointed gov- 
 ernor of New Jersey in 1747. 
 
 Belchite (bel-che'ta). A town in the province 
 of Saragossa, Spain, situated on the Aguas- 
 Vivas 25 miles south-southeast of Saragossa. 
 Here, June 16-18, 1809, the French under Suchet defeated 
 th# Spaniards under Blake. 
 
 Belcredi (bel-kra'de), Richard, Count von. 
 Born Feb. 12, 1823 : died Dee. 2, 1902. An 
 Austrian politician, premier 1865-67. 
 
 Beled-el-Jerid (bel'ed-el-je-red'). A region in 
 Tunis and Algeria, lying south of the Atlas 
 range, and north of the Sahara. 
 
 Belem. See Bard. 
 
 Belem (ba-lang'). A suburb lying to the west 
 of Lisbon, P ortugal. It contains a monastery founded 
 in 1500, in commemoration of the voyage of Vasco da 
 Gama, and now used as an orphan-asylum. It is one of 
 the most florid examples existing of the Pointed style. 
 The church, which contains the tombs of Camoens, Vasco 
 da Gama, and many Portuguese sovereigns, is divided into 
 three aisles of equal height by very slender and lofty 
 columns ; it has a raised choir at the. west end, as in the 
 Escorial and other Spanish churches. 
 
 Bel-epus. See Belibus. 
 
 Belerium (be-le'ri-um). See the extract. Also 
 said to be named from a Cornisb giant Bellerus. 
 
 [Posidonius’s] visit to Cornwall, which he called 
 “Belerium,” a name afterwards appropriated by Ptolemy 
 to the particular cliff now called Land’s End. 
 
 Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 34. 
 
 Belesta (be-les-ta'). A town in the department 
 of Ariege, France, 18 miles east of Eoix. It is 
 noted for the intermittent spring of Fontes- 
 torbe. It has manufactures of woolens and 
 marble quarries. 
 
 Belfast (bel-fast' or bel'fast). A city, the cap- 
 ital of County Antrim, Ireland, situated at the 
 entrance of the river Lagan into Belfast Lough, 
 in lat. 54° 37' N., long. 5° 57' W. it is the second 
 city in Ireland in population and the first in importance 
 of manufactures and trade : the center of the Irish linen 
 manufacture and trade. It contains Queen's University 
 (founded 1908, and replacing Queen’s College, opened 
 1849), the Belfast Academy, Academical Institution, Pres- 
 byterian College, etc. Population, 349,180. 
 
 Belfast (bel'fast). A seaport, the capital of 
 Waldo County, Maine, situated on the west 
 side of Penobscot Bay, in lat. 44° 25' N., long. 
 69° W. It has ship-building industries, fisheries, and 
 considerable commerce and manufactures. It was settled 
 in 1773, and incorporated in 1853. Population, 4,618, (1910). 
 
 Belfast Lough (bel-fast' loch). An inlet of 
 the Irish Sea, northeast of Belfast, between 
 counties Antrim and Down. Length, 13 miles. 
 Belfegor, Story of (Novella di Belfegor). 
 A satirical tale by Macchiavelli (published in 
 1549) of the devil who takes refuge in hell to 
 avoid a scold. It has frequently been trans- 
 lated, and was remodeled by La Fontaine. 
 See Belphcgor. 
 
 Belfield (bel'feld). A character in Miss Bur- 
 ney’s “Cecilia,” said to have been drawn from 
 the “animated, ingenious, and eccentric Per- 
 cival Stockdale.” 
 
 Belfond (bel'fond). A courteous, good-tem- 
 pered, and accomplished gentleman in Shad- 
 well’s comedy “The Squire of Alsatia,” ex- 
 tremely dissipated and nearly ruined by women. 
 His elder brother is a vicious, obstinate, and 
 clownish boor. 
 
 Belford (bel'ford). The intimate friend of 
 Lovelace, in Richardson’s “Clarissa Harlowe.” 
 
 Belfort (bel-for'), orBefort(ba-for'). [F.,‘fair 
 fort.’ Cf. Beaufort.] The capital of the ter- 
 ritory of Belfort, France, situated on the Sa- 
 voureuse in lat. 47° 38' N., long. 6° 51' E. It 
 has great strategic importance, commanding the Troude de 
 Belfort, and being the meeting-place of the various routes 
 between France, Germany, and Switzerland. It is domi- 
 nated by the citadel, neai which is the Lion of Belfort (by 
 Bartholdi). It was united to France in 1648, and wnsforti 
 fled by Vauban. It resisted the Allies 1814-15 ; was be- 
 sieged by die Germans Nov. 3, 1870, and was bombarded 
 from Dec. 3, 1870, the garrison surrendering (by order of 
 
Belfort 
 
 the French government) with honors of war Feb. 16, 1871. 
 It tvas retroceded to France by the treaty of 1871. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 34,649. 
 
 Belfort, Battle of. A battle between the 
 French and Germans, Jan. 15-17, 1871. The 
 French, under Bourbaki, forced the Prussians, under Von 
 Werder, who were besieging Belfort, to take up a favor- 
 able position along the Lisaine, without raising the siege. 
 Von Werder successfully defended his position, and com- 
 pelled Bourbaki to retreat. Sometimes called the battle 
 of Hdricourt, from the town of that Dame, between Bel- 
 fort aud Montbdliard, near which the battle occurred. 
 
 Belfort, Territory of, or Haut-Rhin. A ter- 
 ritory or department of eastern France, border- 
 ing: on Alsace, and formed after the war of 
 1870-71. Capital, Belfort. Area, 235 square 
 miles. Population, 95,421. 
 
 Belfort, Trou§e de. A depression near Bel- 
 fort, between the southern limit of the Vosges 
 and the northern slope of the Jura. It is of 
 great strategic importance. 
 
 Belfour (bel' for). The name under which Lady 
 Bradshaigh carried on a correspondence with 
 Richardson. 
 
 Belfry of Bruges, The. A poem by Long- 
 fellow. 
 
 Belgae (bel'je). In ancient history, a people 
 in northern Gaul, mainly of Celtic origin, oc- 
 cupying what is modern Belgium, Luxemburg, 
 northeastern France, southern Holland, and 
 part of western Germany. 
 
 17 provinces of Holland. 
 
 Belgam (bel-gam'). A district in the southern 
 division of the Bombay presidency, British In- 
 dia, about lat. 16° N., long. 74°-76° E. Area of 
 the district, 4,649 square miles. Population, 
 993,976. 
 
 Belgam. The chief town of the district of 
 Belgam, 50 miles northeast of Goa. Popula- 
 tion, 36,878. 
 
 Belgard (bel'giird). A town in the province of 
 Pomerania, Prussia, in lat. 54° N., long. 16° 
 E., on the Persante. Population, commune, 
 8,589. 
 
 Belgarde (bel-gard'). A poor and proud cap- 
 tain, in Massinger’s play “The Unnatural Com- 
 bat,” who, when told not to appear at the gov- 
 ernor’s table in his shabby clothes, arrives in 
 full armor — all that he had beside. 
 
 Belgica, or Gallia Belgica (gal'i-ji bel'ji-ka). 
 [From the Belgse.] A province of the Roman 
 Empire in eastern and northeastern Gaul, ex- 
 tending northeastward of the province of Lug- 
 dunensis. The frontier here was the lower Seine, andfol- 
 lowed nearly the line of the Marne. 
 
 Belgien (bel'gyen). The German name of 
 Belgium. 
 
 BelgiojOSO (bel-jo-yo'so). A small town in the 
 province of Pavia, Italy, situated near the Po 
 8 miles east by south of Pavia. 
 
 Belgiojoso, Princess of (Christina di Trivul- 
 zio). Born at Milan, June 28, 1808: died at 
 Milan, July 5, 1871. An Italian author and 
 patriot, exiled for participation in the revolu- 
 tion of 1848. 
 
 Belgique (bel-zhek'), La. The French name 
 of Belgium. 
 
 Belgium (bel'ji-um, commonly bel'jum). [From 
 L. Belgica ; F. La Belgique, G. Belgien.'] A king- 
 dom of Europe, bounded by the North Sea on the 
 northwest, the Netherlands on the north, the Ne- 
 therlands (separated by the Meuse), Prussia, 
 and Luxemburg on the east, and France on the 
 southwest and west. It is divided into 9 provinces: 
 East Flanders, West Flanders, Brabant, Antwerp, Lim- 
 burg, Libge, Luxemburg, Namur, and Hainaut. The 
 capital is Brussels. The government is a hereditary con- 
 stitutional monarchy, with king, senate, and chamber of 
 representatives. The prevailing religion is Roman Cath- 
 olic ; the languages, French and Flemish. The surface 
 is generally level, but hilly in the southeast (the Ardennes 
 rise to a height of about 2,200 feet). It has flourishing 
 agriculture; is very rich in coal and iron; has mines of 
 lead, copper, zinc, calamine, manganese, etc. ; and has im- 
 portant manufactures of linen, lace, woolen and cotton 
 goods, firearms, gloves, beet-sugar, glass, etc. It is the 
 most thickly settled country In Europe. Belgium was a 
 part of the Roman and Frankish dominions, and was 
 divided in the middle ages into various oounties, duchies, 
 etc. Its cities, Ghent, Bruges, Brussels, Antwerp, etc., 
 were great commercial and manufacturing centers in the 
 13th-16th centuries. It formed part of the later duchy of 
 Burgundy; passed to the house of Hapsburg; as the 
 Spanish Netherlands, did not unite with the northern 
 provinces in the revolt of the 16th century ; passed to 
 Austria as the Austrian Netherlands in 1713 ; was con- 
 quered by France in 1794, and annexed to France; and 
 was united with the Netherlands in a kingdom in 1815. 
 Belgium revolted against Holland in 1830 : the resistance 
 of Holland was subdued by the aid of France and Great 
 Britain 1831-33. Limburg and Luxemburg were divided 
 between Belgium and the Netherlands in 1839. Belgium 
 
 140 
 
 has been the scene of many battles and sieges, as in the 
 wars of the 17th century, the Spanish Succession, the 
 Austrian Succession, the French Revolution, and the 
 Napoleonic wars. The Kongo Free State was mortgaged 
 to Belgium in 1890, and annexed in 1908. The constitu- 
 tion was reformed in a democratic direction in 1893. 
 Area, 11,373 square miles. Population, 7,386,444. 
 
 Belgorod. See Bielgorod. 
 
 Belgrad (bel-grad'), or Belgrade (bel-grad'), 
 Serv. Beograd. [‘ The White City.’] The 
 capital of Servia, situated at the junction of the 
 Save and Danube, in lat. 44° 47' N., long. 20° 
 25' E.: the ancient Singidunuin. it is a center of 
 trade between Austria-Hungary and the Balkan Peninsula, 
 and an important strategic point. It belonged at various 
 times to the Roman and Byzantine empires, Avars, Bul- 
 garians, and Servians ; passed to Hungary about 1433 ; was 
 taken by the Turks and held for short periods by Christians 
 (by Austria 1718-1739); and became the capital of Servia 
 in the beginning of the 19th century. The citadel was re- 
 tained by the Turks (who bombarded the city in 1862) 
 until 1867. Population, 77,816. 
 
 Belgrad, Battles of. 1. A victory of the 
 Hungarians under Hunyadi over the Turks, 
 1456. — 2. Prince Eugene, who was besieging 
 Belgrad, gained a decisive victory over a re- 
 lieving army of 200,000 Turks, Aug. 16, 1717. 
 In consequence, Belgrad surrendered Aug. 18, 1717, and 
 the peace of Passarovitz was concluded July 21, 1718. 
 
 Belgrad, Sieges of. The city has been be- 
 sieged at various times : (a) By the Turkish sultan 
 Amurath 1442 (?). (6) By the Turkish sultan Mahomet 
 1456. ( c ) By the Turkish sultan Soliman II. 1521; cap- 
 tured and annexed, (d) By the Imperialists under the 
 Elector of Bavaria 1688 : taken from the Turks, (e) By 
 the Turks 1630 : taken from the Imperialists. (/) By 
 Prince Eugene 1717 : stormed and taken, (g) By the 
 Austrians under Laudon 1789 : taken, but restored to 
 the Turks 1791. 
 
 Belgrad, Treaty of. A treaty concluded at 
 Belgrad, Sept., 1739, between Turkey, Austria, 
 and Russia. Prussia renounced naval rights in the 
 Black Sea, and restored to Turkey conquests in Moldavia 
 and Bessarabia; Austria yielded territory in Wallachia, 
 Bosnia, and Servia, including Belgrad. 
 
 Belgrano (bel-gra'no), Manuel. Born at 
 Buenos Ayres, June 3, 1770: died there, June 
 20, 1820. An Argentine general. Joining the 
 movement of independence in 1810, he was sent with a 
 small army to free Paraguay, but was unsuccessful. In 
 1812 he led an army against Upper Peru (the present Bo- 
 livia), defeating the Spaniards at Tucuman (Sept. 24, 1812) 
 and Salta (Feb. 20, 1813), and advancing to Potosl, but 
 was defeated at Vilcapujio (Oct. 1, 1813) and Ayouma 
 (Oct. 26), and soon after was superseded by San Martin. 
 He was restored to his command in 1815, but owing to 
 sickness took little part in the subsequent movements. 
 
 Belgrave (bel'grav). A parish in Leicester- 
 shire, England, immediately north of Leicester. 
 
 Belgrave Square. A square in Belgravia, 
 London, designed by George Basevi. it is 6S4 
 feet long by 637 feet wide, and is named from Belgrave in 
 Leicestershire, which belongs to the Duke of Westminster. 
 
 Belgravia (bel-gra'vi-ii). A fashionable district 
 in the West End of London. It is hounded by Hyde 
 Park, Green Park, Sloane street, and Pimlico. It was ori- 
 ginally marshy ground, andoccupiesin great part what was 
 known as the Ebury Farm. In 1825 it was filled up with 
 earth obtained in excavating St. Katharine’s Docks, and 
 residences were built. It derives its name from Belgrave 
 Square, which, with Eaton Square, Grosvenor Place, etc., 
 is included in it. 
 
 Belial (be'lial). [Early mod. E. also Bclyall, 
 ME. Belial, LL. (in Vulgate) Belial, Gr. Be- 
 l.ia?., Heb. blya'al, used in the Old Testament 
 usually in phrases translated, in the English 
 version, “man of Belial,” “son of Belial,” as 
 if Belial were a proper name equiv. to Satan; 
 hence once in New Testament (Gr. B eXiap) as 
 an appellative of Satan (2 Cor. vi. 15). But the 
 Heb. blya'al is a common noun, meaning worth- 
 lessness or wickedness.] The spirit of evil per- 
 sonified ; the devil ; Satan ; in Milton, one of the 
 fallen angels, distinct from Satan, in “Faust's 
 Book of Marvels ” (1469) he is called the Viceroy of the 
 Infernal Kingdom under Lucifer or Satan. 
 
 Belianis (ba-le-a'nes) of Greece. One of the 
 continuations of the romance “Amadis of 
 Gaul.” It first appeared, in Spanish, in 1547, and was 
 written by Jeronimo Fernandez. In 1586 an Italian ver- 
 sion appeared ; in 1598 it was translated into English, 
 and in 1625 into French. 
 
 Bel-Ibni (bel-ib'ni). [Assyr., ‘ the god Bel has 
 created.’] Governor of Babylonia under Asur- 
 banipal, king of Assyria (668-626 B. c.). 
 
 Belibus (be'li-bus). [Perhaps contracted from 
 Babylonian Bel-epus, Bel has made.] King 
 of Babylonia, appointed by Sennacherib, king 
 of Assyria (705-681 b. c.). 
 
 Belidor (ba-le-dor'), Bernard Forest de. 
 Born in Catalonia, 1697 (1693 ?) : died at Paris, 
 Sept. 8, 1761. A noted French engineer. His 
 
 works include “ Architecture hydraulique ” (1737-51), 
 “Le bombardier franqais " (1731), ‘ ‘ Traite des fortifica- 
 tions ” (1735), etc. 
 
 Believe as You List. A play licensed May 7, 
 1631. it is “unquestionably an alteration of the play of 
 Massinger’s which Herbert refused to license for its dan- 
 gerous matter, the deposing of Sebastian of Portugal by 
 
 Bell, Adam 
 
 Philip of Spain. Massinger altered Sebastian into Antio- 
 chu8, Spain into Rome, etc., wrote an ironical prologue, 
 and told his hearers to interpret as they liked ‘ Believe 
 as You List (Fleay). 
 
 Bel Inconnu (bel ah-ko-nii'), Le. [OF., ‘The 
 FairUnknown.’] One of the secondaryromances 
 of the Round Table. It is by Renauld de Beaujeu. 
 The hero is a young knight who appears before the Round 
 Table and, on being questioned, says he has no name, his 
 mother having always called him Beau-fils, whereupon 
 Arthur commands that he be called Le Bel Inconnu. The 
 romance was printed for the first time in Paris in 1860. 
 
 Belinda (be-lin'da). 1. One of the principal 
 characters in Etherege’s comedy “The Man 
 of Mode.” — 2. A gay, witty, and sensible girl 
 in Vanbrugh’s comedy “The Provoked Wife.” 
 She loves Heartfree, and marries him ostensibly to get 
 her aunt. Lady Brute, out of a scrape. 
 
 3. A rich woman in Charles Shadw ell’s play 
 “The Fair Quaker of Deal.” — 4 . An affected 
 fine lady in love with Bellmour, in Congreve’s 
 comedy “The Old Bachelor.” — 5 . The princi- 
 pal character in Pope’s serio-comic poem “The 
 Rape of the Lock.” Belinda’s curl, stolen by her 
 lover, flew to the skies, and became a meteor which 
 “ Shot through liquid air. 
 
 And drew behind a radiant trail of hair.’’ 
 
 Belinda was intended for Arabella Fermor, and the inci- 
 dent of the “Rape of the Lock ” is founded on fact. 
 
 6. A proud but tender-hearted girl in love with 
 Beverley, in Murphy’s play “All in the Wrong.” 
 
 Belinda. A novel by Miss Edgeworth, published 
 in 1801. 
 
 Beline (ba-len'). The mercenary second wife 
 of Argan in Moliere’s comedy “Le Malade 
 Imaginaire.” She pretends to love him, but her 
 falsehood is discovered by his ruse of pretending to be 
 dead, when she hursts into exclamations of joy. 
 
 Belinski. Sec Bielinski. 
 
 Belisaire (ba-le-zar'). 1 . A tragedy by Rotrou, 
 produced in 1643. — 2. A political romance by 
 Marmontel, published in 1767. 
 
 Belisario (ba-le-sa're-o). An opera by Doni- 
 zetti, in three acts, produced at Venice Feb. 7, 
 1836, at London April 1, 1837, and at Paris 
 Oct. 24, 1843. 
 
 Belisarius (bel-i-sa'ri-us). [Slav. Beli-tzar, i. e. 
 White Prince.] Born in Illyria., or Dardania (?), 
 about 505: died March 13, 565. The greatest 
 general of the Byzantine empire. Hewasgeneral 
 of the eastern armies 629-532 ; rescued Justinian by the 
 suppression of the “Green" faction at Constantinople in 
 532; overthrew theVandal kingdom in Africa 633-534; won 
 famous victories over the Goths in Italy 534-540; con- 
 quered Sicily in 535, and southern Italy 536-537 ; conquered 
 Ravenna in 540 ; conducted the war against the Persians 
 541-542 ; again took command against the Goths in Italy 
 in 544 ; was superseded by Narses in 548 ; rescued Constan- 
 tinople from northern (Bulgarian) invaders in 669 ; and 
 was imprisoned a short time by Justinian about 563. The 
 tale that in old age he was blind and obliged to beg his 
 bread from door to door is false. 
 
 The exploits of Belisarius, looked at in themselves, are 
 enough to place him in the very first rank of military 
 commanders ; when we consider the circumstances under 
 which they were achieved, he may fairly claim the first 
 place of all. Hannibal is his only rival, as Heraclius had 
 no Justinian to thwart him at home. 
 
 Freeman, Hist. Essays. 
 
 Belise (ba-lez'). The sister of Philaminte in 
 Moliere’s comedy “Les Femmes Savantes.” 
 She is gifted with remarkable self-appreciation, and thinks 
 every man is in love with her. 
 
 Belit (be-lit'). [Babylonian, ‘lady.’] One of the 
 prominent female deities of the Assyro-Baby- 
 lonian pantheon, wife of Bel. She is called “lady 
 of the nations,” “ mother of the great gods.” As goddess 
 of the nether world her name is Allat. She is, however, 
 sometimes identified with Ishtar, the Ashtoreth (Astarte) 
 of the Canaanites, the goddess of love and war. Belit seems 
 to have also been used as an honorary title of any goddess. 
 
 Beliza (be-le'za). The waiting-woman of Dor- 
 alicein Drvden’s comedy “Marriage ala Mode.” 
 
 Belize. See Balize. 
 
 Belkin (bel-ken'), Ivan. A nom de plume of 
 Pushkin, the Russian poet. 
 
 Belknap (bel'nap), Jeremy. Born at Boston. 
 Mass., June 4, 1744: died there, June 20, 1798. 
 An American historian and Congregational cler- 
 gyman. He wrote a “History of New Hampshire ”(1764- 
 1792), “American Biographies "(1794-98), “ The Foresters, 
 an American Tale ” (1796). etc. He was the founder of the 
 Massachusetts Historical Society. 
 
 Belknap, William Worth. Born at Newburg, 
 N.Y.,Sept. 22,1829: died at Washington, D.C.^ 
 Oc-t. 13, 1890. An American politician and 
 general. He served in the volunteer army throughout 
 the Civil War, participating in the Shiloh, Vicksburg, and 
 Georgia campaigns, and obtaining the rank of major-gen- 
 eral in 1865. He was collector of internal revenue in Iowa 
 1865-69, and Republican secretary of war 1869-76, resigning 
 in consequence of charges of official corruption. 
 
 Bell (bel). Acton. Pseudonym of Anne Bronte. 
 
 Bell, Adam. An English outlaw, celebrated for 
 his skill in archery, said to have lived in the 
 time of Robin Hood’s father. About him nothing 
 certain is known. He is the hero of several old ballads, 
 notably “ Adam Bell, Clym of the Cloughe, and Wyllyam 
 
141 
 
 Bell, Adam 
 
 of Cloudesle,” printed without date by William Copland 
 about 1550. There are several allusions to him in dra- 
 matic literature. Shakspere alludes to him in “ Much 
 Ado about Nothing ’ and in ‘ Romeo and Juliet," and 
 Daveuant in a poem called “A Long Vacation in London. 
 Ben Jonson speaks of Clym o’ the Clough in “ The Alchem- 
 ist." Percy and Ritson both adhere mainly to Copland’s 
 text, and Child reprints from Ritson with some im- 
 provements. The real person or persons of the name 
 are thought by Child to have no connection with the hero 
 of the ballads. 
 
 Bell, Alexander Graham. Born at Edin- 
 burgh, Scotland, March 3, 1847. An American 
 physicist, son of Alexander M. Bell. He came to the 
 United States in 1872, and became a professor of vocal 
 physiology in the Boston University. He exhibited his 
 apparatus for the transmission of sound by electricity, 
 the telephone, in 1876. He invented the photophone, ^and 
 has developed his father’s system of “Visible Speech.” 
 
 Beil, Alexander Melville. Born at Edinburgh, 
 1819: died at Washington, D. C., Aug. 7, 1905. 
 A Scottish-American educator, inventor of a 
 method of phonetic notation called by him 
 ‘“visible speech,” because the characters indi- 
 cate by their form and position the physiologi- 
 cal formation of the sounds. He wrote “Visible 
 Speech,” “Principles of Phonetics,” works on elocution 
 and shorthand, and “ World-English,” an adaptation of 
 the Roman alphabet to the phonetic spelling of English. 
 
 Bell, Andrew. Born at St. Andrew’s, Scotland, 
 March 27, 1753 : died at Cheltenham, England, 
 Jan. 27, 1832. A clergyman of the Church of 
 England, noted as the founder of the so-called 
 “ Madras system ” of popular education. From 
 1774 till 1781 he lived in Virginia, and from 1787 till 1796 
 in India, where as superintendeut of the Madras Male Or- 
 phan Asylum he developed his educational system, in which 
 thepupilswereledto teach one another under thedirection 
 of a master. His originality was disputed by JosephLancas- 
 ter (see Lancaster) and the contest between their systems 
 assumed considerable public importance. He wrote “ An 
 Experiment in Education made in the Asylum of Madras.” 
 Bell, Sir Charles. Born at Edinburgh, Nov., 
 1774: died at Hallow Park, near Worcester, 
 April 28, 1842. A distinguished British physi- 
 ologist and anatomist, noted as the discoverer 
 of the distinct functions of the sensory and 
 motor nerves. He was the author of “ Anatomy of 
 Expression ” (1806), “ Anatomy of the Brain ” (1811), “ Sys- 
 tem of Comparative Surgery ” (1807), etc. 
 
 Bell, Currer. A pseudonym of Charlotte 
 Bronte. 
 
 Bell, Ellis. A pseudonym of Emily Bronte. 
 Bell, George Joseph. Born at Fountain Bridge, 
 near Edinburgh, Starch 26, 1770: died 1843. A 
 Scotch advocate, brother of Charles Bell. He 
 published various works on the laws of Scot- 
 land. 
 
 Bell, Henry. Born at Torphichen Mill, near 
 Linlithgow, Scotland, 1767 : died at Helens- 
 burgh, Scotland, 1830. A Scotch engineer. He 
 is famous as the builder of the steamship Comet which 
 began to ply on the Clyde Jan., 1812, and thus as the 
 originator of steam navigation in Europe. It has been 
 asserted that Fulton derived his ideasof steam navigation 
 from Bell. 
 
 Bell, Henry H. Born in North Carolina about 
 1808 : drowned in the Osaka River, Japan, Jan. 
 11,1868. An American rear-admiral. He became 
 fleet-captain to Farragut in 1862, commanded a division of 
 the fleet in the attack on the defenses of New Orleans, April 
 18-25 ; hauled down, in the midst of an angry mob, the 
 State flag from the United States custom-house on the oc- 
 cupation of the city ; commanded the Western Gulf Block- 
 ading Squadron for a time in 1863 ; and obtained the rank 
 of rear-admiral in 1866. 
 
 Bell, Sir Isaac Lowthian. Born at Newcastle- 
 on-Tyne, England, 1816 : died Dec. 20, 1G04. An 
 English manufacturer and politician. Hefounded, 
 with his brothers Thomas and John Bell, the Clarence Iron 
 Works on the Tees in 1852, and was member of Parliament 
 for Hartlepool 1875-bO. Author of “The Chemical Phe- 
 nomena of Iron Smelting” (1872), and “Report on the Iron 
 Manufacture of the United States, and a Comparison of it 
 with that of Great Britain ” (1877). 
 
 Bell, James. Born 1825: died March 31, 1908. 
 
 A British chemist. Principal of Somerset House Labo- 
 ratory, 1875, and the author of “Chemistry of Foods.” 
 
 Bell, John. Born at Antermony, Scotland, 1691 : 
 died there, July 1, 1780. A Scotch traveler in 
 European and Asiatic Russia, China, and Tur- 
 key. His “ Travels” were published in 1763. 
 Bell, John. Born at Edinburgh, May 12, 1763: 
 died at Rome, April 15, 1820. A Scotch surgeon 
 and anatomist, brother of Charles Bell. 
 
 Bell, John. Born 1811: died in March, 1895. 
 An English sculptor. His works include “ Eagle 
 Slayer," “Andromeda," “Guards' Memorial" (at Waterloo 
 Place, London), “United States directing the Progress of 
 America ” (copy at Washington), etc. 
 
 Bell, John. Born near Nashville, Term., Feb. 
 15, 1797 : died at Cumberland Ironworks, Tenn., 
 Sept. 10, 1869. A noted American politician. 
 He was member of Congress from Tennessee 1827-41, 
 speaker 1834-35, Whig secretary of war 1841, United 
 States senator 1847-59, and candidate of the Constitu- 
 tional Union Party for President in 1860. He received 
 39 electoral and 589,581 popular votes. 
 
 Bell, Peter. See Peter Bell. 
 
 Bell, Robert. Born at Cork, Ireland, Jan. 16, 
 1800: died at Loudon, April 12, 1867. A Brit- 
 ish journalist, compiler, and general writer. 
 His chief work is an “ Annotated Edition of the 
 British Poets” (1854-57). 
 
 Bell, Samuel. Born at Londonderry, N. H., 
 Feb. 9, 1770: died at Chester, N. H., Dec. 23, 
 1850. An American politician, governor of New 
 Hampshire 1819-23, and United States senator 
 1823-35. 
 
 Bell, Thomas. Born at Poole, Dorsetshire, 
 England, Oct. 11, 1792 : died at Selborne, Hants, 
 March 13, 1880. An English dental surgeon and 
 zoologist. He was professor of zoology in King’s Col- 
 lege, London, 1836-80 ; a secretary of the Royal Society 
 1848-53 ; president of the Linnean Society 1853-61 ; and 
 president of the Ray Society 1843-59. His works include 
 a “Monograph of Testudinata” (1832-36), “History of 
 British Quadrupeds ” (1837), “History of British Reptiles ” 
 (1839), and “History of British Stalk-Eyed Crustacea” 
 (1853), an edition of the “Natural History of Selborne” 
 (1877), etc. 
 
 Bell Rock, or Inchcape Rock. A rock in the 
 North Sea off the Firth of Tay, Scotland, in lat. 
 56° 26' N., long. 2° 23' W. 
 
 Bell, The. A noted old inn in Warwick Lane, 
 London. Archbishop Leighton died suddenly 
 here in 1684. 
 
 Bell, The. A noted inn at Edmonton, not far 
 from London. It was to this spot that John 
 Gilpin pursued his mad career in Cowperis 
 ballad. 
 
 Bella (bel'la), Stefano della. Born at Flor- 
 ence, May 18, 1610: died there, July 12, 1664. 
 An Italian engraver. He was commissioned by Car- 
 dinal Richelieu to execute designs of and engrave the 
 principal military events of the minority of Louis XIII. 
 His works number more than fourteen hundred pieces. 
 Bella. A town in the province of Potenza, 
 Italy, 18 miles northwest of Potenza. Popu- 
 lation, about 5,000. 
 
 Bella Wilfer. See Wilfer, Bella. 
 
 Bellac (be-lak'). A town in the department of 
 Haute-Vienne, France, situated on the Vincou 
 23 miles northwest of Limoges. Population, 
 commune, 4,520. 
 
 Bellacooia. See Bilqula. 
 
 Bellafront (bel'a-fruut). 1. The principal fe- 
 male character in Middleton and Dekker’s 
 “Honest Whore.” She gives its name to the play, 
 hut turns out a true penitent, resisting the temptations 
 of Hippolito, who at first reclaimed her from vice. She 
 is a true wife to an unsatisfactory husband, Matheo. 
 
 2. The false mistress in N. Field’s comedy of 
 that name. 
 
 Bellagio (bel-la'jo). A town in the province of 
 Como, Italy, situated at the separation of the 
 Lake of Como into two arms, 15 miles northeast 
 of Como. Pop., about 1,100; commune, 3,536. 
 Bellair (bel-ar'), Count, A character in Far- 
 quhar’s “Beaux’ Stratagem,” a French officer, 
 a prisoner at Lichfield. This part was cut out by 
 the author after the first night’s representation, and the 
 words added to the part of Foigard. 
 
 Bellair, Old. An amorous old man who ima- 
 gines he disguises his love for women, in Ether- 
 edge’s comedy “The Man of Mode, or Sir Fop- 
 ling Flutter.” 
 
 Bellair, Young. The son of Old Bellair, a well- 
 bred, polite youth of the period : a character in 
 which Etheredge is said to have drawn his own 
 portrait. 
 
 Bellaire (bel-ar'). A manufacturing city in 
 Belmont County, Ohio, situated on the Ohio 
 River 5 miles south of Wheeling. Population, 
 12,946, (1910). 
 
 Bellamira (bel-lii-me'ra), her Dream, or the 
 Love of Shadows. A tragicomedy in two 
 parts by Thomas Killigrew. It is in the folio 
 edition of his works published in 1664. 
 Bellamira, or The Mistress. A comedy by 
 Charles Sedley, produced in 1678. This play was 
 partly founded on the “Eunuchus” of Terence, and in it 
 Sedley exhibited the frailty of Lady Castlemaine and the 
 audacity of Churchill. 
 
 Bellamont, Earl of. See Coote, Richard. 
 Bellamy (bel'a-mi). 1. The lover of Jacintha 
 in Hoadly’s “Suspicious Husband.”- — 2. In Dry- 
 den’s play “An Evening’s Love, or the Mock 
 Astrologer,” a young lively gallant, a friend of 
 Wildblood. He disguises himself as an astrol- 
 oger, and gives the second name to the play. 
 Bellamy, Edward. Born 1850 : died 1898. An 
 American economist and journalist, the leading 
 advocate of “nationalism.” He has written 
 “ Looking Backward ”(1888),“ Equality ”(1897), 
 etc. 
 
 Bellamy, George Anne. Born at Fingal, in 
 Ireland, in 1731 (?) : died at London (?), Feb. 
 16, 1788. An Irish-English actress. She was the 
 
 Belle Helene, La 
 
 daughter of a Mrs. Bellamy and Lord Tyrawley, who ac- 
 knowledged her and supported her. She first appeared 
 on the stage (Nov. 22, 1744) as Monimia in “The Orphan, ’ 
 and she rose rapidly in her profession, but never reached 
 the first rank. In 1785 her “ Apology ” was brought out 
 in five volumes, to which a sixth was added. Alexander 
 Bicknell is believed to have written it from her material. 
 The name George Anne was given her, in mistake for 
 Georgiana apparently, in her certificate of birth. 
 
 Bellamy (D. pron. bel'a-mi), Jacobus. Born 
 at Flushing, Holland, Nov. 12, 1757 : died March 
 11, 1786. A Dutch poet. He wrote patriotic and 
 anacreontic poems, and is the author of the popular bal- 
 lad “Roosje.” 
 
 Bellamy (bel'a-mi), Joseph. Born at North 
 Cheshire, Conn., 1719: died at Bethlehem, 
 Conn., March 6, 1790. An American Congrega- 
 tional clergyman and theologian, author of 
 “True Religion Delineated” (1750), etc. 
 Bellamy, Lord. A character in Thomas Shad- 
 well’s comedy “Bury-Fair.” 
 
 Bellano (bel-la'no). A town in northern Italy, 
 situated on the eastern shore of the Lake of 
 Como, 18 miles northeast of Como. 
 
 Bellaria (bel-la'ri-a). The wife of Pandosto in 
 Greene’s “Pandosto, or the Triumph of Time.” 
 She is the original of Hermione in Shakspere’s 
 “Winter’s Tale.” 
 
 Bellario (bel-la/ri-o). In Beaumont and 
 Fletcher’s play “Philaster,” a page. She is Eu- 
 phrasia in disguise, who follows the fortunes of Philaster 
 with romantic tenderness and fidelity. It is a character 
 which suggests Shakspere’s Viola. 
 
 Bellario, Doctor, The erudite lawyer of Padua, 
 as whose substitute Portia appears in the trial 
 scene in Shakspere’s “Merchant of Venice.” 
 Bellarmine (bel-lar-men'). An impertinent 
 fine gentleman in Fielding’s “Joseph An- 
 drews,” the mercenary lover of Leonora. 
 Bellarmine (bel'ar-min). A drinking-jug with 
 the face of Cardinal Bellarmino on it, and the 
 shape of which was supposed to resemble him : 
 originated by the Protestants of Holland to 
 ridicule him. 
 
 Bellarmino (bel-lar-me'no), E. Bellarmine 
 (bel'ar-min), Roberto. Born at Montepul- 
 ciano, Tuscany, Oct. 4, 1542 : died at Rome, 
 Sept. 17, 1621. A noted Italian cardinal, and 
 Jesuit theologian and controversialist. He was 
 professor in Louvain and in the Roman College, and arch- 
 bishop of Capua. His works include “ Hisputationes de 
 Controversiis, fidei, etc." (15s 1 ), “Tractatus de potestate 
 summi pontificis in rebus temporalibus ” (“ On the Pope’s 
 Temporal Sovereignty"), “ Christianas doctrinse applica- 
 tio ’’ (1603). 
 
 Bellary. See Balia, re. 
 
 Bellaston (bel'as-ton), Lady. A fashionable 
 demirep in Fielding’s “Tom Jones,” a sensual, 
 profligate, and imperious woman. 
 
 Bellatrix (bel'a-triks). [L.,the ‘ warrioress.’] 
 A very white glittering star of the second mag- 
 nitude, in the left shoulder of Orion. It is y 
 Orionis. 
 
 Bellay, Guillaume du. See Langetj, Sei- 
 gneur de. 
 
 Bellay (be-la'), Jean du. Born 1492: died at 
 Rome, Feb. 16, 1560. A French cardinal and 
 diplomatist, brother of Guillaume du Bellay. 
 He became bishop of Bayonne in 1526, bishop of Paris in 
 1533, and cardinal in 1535. He was a friend of letters, and 
 is noted as the patron of Rabelais. 
 
 Bellay, Joachim du. Born at the Chateau de 
 Lire, near Angers, about 1524: died at Paris, 
 Jan. 1, 1560. AFrencdi poet and prose-writer, 
 surnamerl “the French Ovid,” and “Prince of 
 the Sonnet,” one of the most noted members 
 of the famous “P14iade.” He was a cousin of Car- 
 dinal du Bellay, and for a time served as his secretary. 
 He wrote “L’Olive” (sonnets to his mistress, Mademoiselle 
 de Viole, of whose name “Olive ’’ is an anagram), 47 sonnets 
 upon the antiquities of Rome (1558), translated into Eng- 
 lish by Spenser as “The Ruins of Rome ”(1611), “Regrets” 
 (sonnets), “ Discours de la PoCsie,” “Defense et illustra- 
 tion de la langue Franchise ” (a notable work in prose), 
 etc. The “Visions” of Bellay are sonnets translated and 
 adapted by Spenser. 
 
 Belle (bel), Jean Franqois Joseph de. Born 
 at Voreppo, Is&re, France, May 27, 1767: died 
 June, 1802. A French general. He served in the 
 Italian campaign of 1799, and subsequently under Le 
 Clerc in Santo Domingo, where he fell in battle. 
 
 Belle Dame Sans Merci, La. [F., ‘the fair 
 lady without mercy.’] 1. A French poem by 
 Alain Chartier. It was translated into English by Sir 
 Richard Ros, and not by Chaucer, though the translation 
 has been attributed to him. 
 
 2. A poem by Keats. 
 
 Belle Fourctie (bel forsh). [F., ‘nice fork.’] 
 A namo given to the North Fork of the Chey- 
 enne River in Wyoming and South Dakota. 
 Belle H61ene (bel a-lan'), La. An opera 
 bouffe, words by Meilhac and Hal6vy, music 
 by Offenbach, produced in 1864 
 
Belle Jardiniere, La 
 
 Belle Jardiniere (bel zhar-den-yar'), La. [F., 
 
 ‘ the pretty gardener.’] A Madonna and Child 
 with St. John, by Raphael (1507), in his early 
 manner, in the Louvre, Paris. A fair-haired Ma- 
 donna is seated amid a beautiful conventionalized land- 
 scape, and the children stand and kneel at her knee. It 
 is familiar in reproductions, and is one of Raphael’s most 
 pleasing works. 
 
 Belle Laitiere (bel let-yar'), La. [F., ‘the 
 pretty milkmaid.’] A painting by Wouver- 
 man, in the National Gallery, London. The 
 composition is strong, the figures standiug out dark 
 against the bright landscape, and the coloring delicate. x 
 
 Belle Mignonne, La. [P., ‘ the pretty darling.’] 
 A name given in France in the 18th century to a 
 skull illuminated with tapers and highly dec- 
 orated, which was an accepted furnishing of a 
 devout lady’s boudoir. The queen was said to pray 
 before the skull of Ninon de L’Enclos. Lecky. 
 
 Belle Plaine (bel plan). A city in Benton 
 County, Iowa, 42 miles northwest of Iowa City. 
 Population, 3,121, (1910). 
 
 Belle-Alliance (bel al-yons'), La. Afarm about 
 13 miles from Brussels, between Waterloo and 
 Genappe, in Belgium. It was occupied by the center 
 of the French infantry at the battle of Waterloo (June 18, 
 1815), Napoleon himself being stationed in the vicinity. By 
 this name the Prussians designate the battle of Waterloo. 
 Belleau (bel-lo'), Remy. Born at Nogent-le- 
 Rotrou, Maine, France, 1528 : died at Paris, 
 March 16, 1577. A French poet, one of the most 
 notable members of the “P16iade” (which see). 
 
 His life was spent in the service of Rdmi de Lorraine, 
 marquis d’Elbeuf, and of his son Charles, due d’Elbeuf, 
 whose tutor he was. He wrote “Petites Inventions” 
 (short descriptive poems), “Bergeries" (1565: a mixture 
 of prose and poetry), “ Amours et Nouveaux eschanges 
 de pierres pr6cieuses” (1576), and various translations. 
 Bellefontaine (bel'fon' ,/ t,an). The capital of 
 Logan County, Ohio, 52 miles northwest of 
 Columbus. Population, 8,238, (1910). 
 Bellefontaine (bel-fon-tan'), Benedict. In 
 Longfellow’s poem “Evangeline,” a wealthy 
 farmer of Grand Pr6, the father of Evangeline. 
 He died of a broken heart when starting on his exile, and 
 was buried on the seashore. 
 
 Bellefonte (bel-font'). The capital of Center 
 County, Pennsylvania, situated on Spring 
 Creek in lat. 40° 54' N., long. 77° 49' W. 
 Population, 4,145, (1910). 
 
 Bellegarde. A fortress on the Spanish fron- 
 tier, in the department of Pyrdnees-Orientales, 
 France, 18 miles south of Perpignan on the 
 Col de Pertuis. 
 
 Bellegarde. A small town in the department 
 of Gard, France, 10 miles southeast of Nimes. 
 Bellegarde. A small town in the department 
 of Ain, France, situated at the junction of the 
 Valserine and Rhone, 16 miles southwest of 
 Geneva, near the famous Perte du Rhone. 
 Bellegarde (bel-gard'), Gabriel du Bac de. 
 Born at the Chateau de Bellegarde, diocese 
 of Carcassonne, Oct. 17, 1717 : died at Utrecht, 
 Dec. 13, 1789. A French Jansenist theologian. 
 Bellegarde, Henri, Comte de. Born at Dresden, 
 Aug. 29, 1756: died at Vienna, July 22, 1845. An 
 Austrian general. He served in the campaigns of 
 1793-95 ; concluded with Napoleon the armistice of Leo- 
 ben, April 18, 1797 ; was commander-in chief in the Vene- 
 tian states in 1805 ; and was made field-marshal and gov- 
 ernor of Galicia in 1806. 
 
 Bellegarde, Jean Baptiste Morvan de. 
 
 Born at Piriac, near Nantes, Aug. 30, 1648 : 
 died at Paris, April 26, 1734. A French man 
 of letters and member of the community of 
 priests of St. Francis de Sales. To him is at- 
 tributed the authorship of the ‘ ‘ Histoire univer- 
 selle des voyages ” (1707). 
 
 Belle-Ile- (or Belle-Isle-) en-Mer (bel-el'- 
 oh-mar'). [F., ‘fair island in the sea.’ The 
 Breton name is Guerveur.\ An island in the 
 Bay of Biscay, belonging to the department of 
 Morbihan, France, 8 miles south of Quiberon . 
 Capital, Le Palais. It was taken by the British under 
 Keppel in 1761, and restored to France in 1763. It was 
 a political prison 1849-57. Length, 11 miles. Population, 
 9,703. 
 
 Belle-Isle (bel'il'). A small island in Concep- 
 tion Bay, Newfoundland. 
 
 Belle-Isle, North. An island at the eastern 
 entrance of the Strait of Belle-Isle, lat. 52° N., 
 long. 55° 25' W. It belongs to Great Britain. 
 Belle-Isle, South. An island situated north- 
 east of Newfoundland, lat. 51° N., long. 55° 
 35' W. Length, 8 miles. 
 
 Belle-Isle, Strait of. A sea passage sepa- 
 rating Newfoundland from Labrador, and con- 
 necting the Gulf of St. Lawrence with the 
 Atlantic Ocean. Width, 12-20 miles. 
 Belle-Isle (bel-el'), Charles Louis Auguste 
 Fouquet, Duke of. Born at Villefranehe, 
 Arveyron, France, Sept. 22, 1684: died Jan. 26, 
 
 142 
 
 1761. A French marshal and politician. He 
 shared with Broglie the command of the French forces in 
 the War of the Austrian Succession, and captured Prague 
 Nov. 26, 1741, but was forced by the treaty of peace be- 
 tween Austria and Prussia at Breslau to retreat to Eger, 
 Dec. 17, 1742. He became commander-in-chief of the 
 French army in Italy in 1746, and was minister of war 
 from 1757 to his death. 
 
 Belleme (bel-am'). A small town in the de- 
 partment of Orne, France, 22 miles east of 
 Alen§on. 
 
 Bellenden (bel'en-den), or Ballenden (bal'en- 
 den), or Ballentyne (hal'en-tin). Born at 
 Haddington, in Berwick, about the beginning 
 of the 16tli century : died at Rome, 1550 
 according to some, and as late as 1587 accord- 
 ing to others. A Scottish poet and prose- 
 writer, chiefly known as the translator of 
 Hector Boece’s “Historia Scotorum” (trans. 
 1533). 
 
 Bellenden, Edith. The heiress of Tillietudlem 
 in Sir Walter Scott’s novel “ Old Mortality.” 
 Bellenden, William. Died probably about 
 1633. A Scotch classical scholar. 
 
 Bellenz (bel'lents). The German name of 
 Bellinzona. 
 
 Bellermann (bel'ler-man), Ferdinand. Born 
 
 at Erfurt, March 14, 1814: died at Berlin, Aug. 
 11,1889. A German landscape-painter. He was 
 employed by A. von Humboldt in Venezuela 1842-46. 
 
 Bellerophon (be-ler'o-fon), or Bellerophontes 
 
 (be-ler-o-fon'tez). [Gr. Be/1 Be/! Itpu- 
 
 f.] In Greek legend, a son of Glaucus, 
 king of Corinth (or, in some accounts, of 
 Poseidon), and grandson of Sisyphus. He was 
 the rider of Pegasus, the slayer of the monster Chimtera, 
 and conqueror of the Solymi and Amazons. His exploits 
 gained for him the daughter and one half the kingdom of 
 Iobates, king of Lycia ; but he later fell under the dis- 
 pleasure of the gods. According to Pindar his pride 
 so increased with his good fortune that lie attempted to 
 mount to heaven on Pegasus ; but Zeus maddened the 
 horse with a gadfly, and Bellerophon fell and perished. 
 He was worshiped as a hero at Corinth. 
 
 Bellerophon. 1 . A British line-of -battle ship 
 of 74 guns and 1,613 tons. She served in the Channel 
 squadron of 1793 and 1794, was disabled at the battle of 
 the Nile, Aug. 1, 1798, and fought in the battle of Tra- 
 falgar, Oct. 21, 1805. 
 
 2. One of the first armored war-ships, built ac- 
 cording to the designs of Sir E. Reed, chief 
 constructor of the British navy, and launched 
 in 1866. Length, 300 feet ; breadth, 56 feet ; 
 draught, 26.7 feet. She had an armored belt, at the 
 water-line 10 feet wide, and a high-decked central citadel 
 with armored bulkheads at each end, mounting 10 12-ton 
 guns. She had two 61-ton guns behind armor in the hows, 
 and one 61- ton gun behind armor in the stern. The armor 
 was 6 inches of iron on 16 inches of wood backing. 
 
 Bellerophon. An opera by Thomas Corneille, 
 Fontenelle, and Boileau, the music by Lulli, 
 produced in 1679. 
 
 Bellerus (be-le'rus). A Cornish giant in old 
 English legend. Bellerium was the name given 
 to the Land’s End, supposed to he his home. 
 Bell Savage, or Belle Sauvage. A noted 
 London tavern which formerly stood on Lud- 
 gate Hill. Its inn yar d was one of those used in the 16th 
 century as a theater ami for bear-baiting and other spec- 
 tacles. A printing-house now occupies the site. 
 
 Belle’s Stratagem, The. A comedy by Mrs. 
 Cowley, produced m 1780. It is still played. 
 See Hardy, Leetitia. 
 
 Belleval (bel-val'), Pierre Richer de. Bom 
 
 at Chalons-sur-Marne, 1558 : died at Montpel- 
 lier, 1623 (1625?). A French physician and 
 botanist, the inventor of an unsuccessful sys- 
 tem of Greek botanical nomenclature. The 
 genus BicJicria was named for him by Villars. 
 Belleville (bel-vel'). [F., ‘fair city.’] A north- 
 eastern suburb of Paris. 
 
 Belleville. A town in the department of 
 Rhone, France, situated on the Rhone 26 miles 
 north of Lyons. Population, commune, 3,119. 
 Belleville (bel'vil). A port of entry, capital 
 of Hastings County, Ontario, Canada, situated 
 on the Bay of Qmnte, Lake Ontario, in lat. 
 44° 10' N., long. 77° 30' W. It is the seat of 
 Albert College (secondary education). Popu- 
 lation, 9,876, (1911). 
 
 Belleville. The capital of St. Clair County, 
 Illinois, 15 miles southeast of St. Louis. Popu- 
 lation, 21,122, (1910). 
 
 Bellevue (bel-vii'). [F., ‘beautiful view.’] A 
 noted castle near Cassel in Germany, it contains 
 a fine picture-gallery : among its chefs-d’oeuvre are sj>eci- 
 mens of llolhein. Rembrandt, Vandyck, Rubens, Diirer, 
 Teniers, Wouverman, Titian, Guido Reni, Carlo Dolce, 
 Murillo, and many others. Most of these were not ac- 
 cessible to the general public till 1866. 
 
 Bellevue. A former royal castle, southwest of 
 Paris, near Sevres, built by Madame de Pompa- 
 dour, and destroyed in the French Revolution. 
 
 Bellius 
 
 Bellevue (bel-vu') A village in Sandusky and 
 Huron counties, Ohio, 14 miles south-southwest 
 of Sandusky. Population, 5,209, (1910). 
 Bellevue Hospital. A public hospital situated 
 at the foot of East 26th street in New York. 
 When rebuilt it will hold 2,000 patients. 
 Belley (bel-la/). A town in the department of 
 Ain, France, 40 miles east of Lyons, it con- 
 tains a cathedral and has Roman antiquities. There are 
 noted cascades and quarries of lithographic stones in 
 its vicinity. Population, commune, 6,707. 
 
 Bellfounder (bel'foun-der). A Norfolk trotting 
 horse brought to New York about 1831. Through 
 his daughter, the Charles Kent mare, he became the grand- 
 sire of Hambletonian (10), and transmitted to him and his 
 descendants the partially developed trotting tendency and 
 action. He. was a brown horse 15) hands high. He trotted 
 a mile in three minutes, and 17 miles in an hour. 
 
 Belliard (bel-yar'), Count Augustin Daniel. 
 
 Born at Fontenay-le-Comte, Vendee, France, 
 March 25, 1769: died at Brussels, Jan. 28, 1832. 
 A French lieutenant-general, distinguished in 
 the Napoleonic campaigns, particularly at Bo- 
 rodino, 1812. He took part iu the Egyptian campaign , 
 and, as governor of Cairo, surrendered that place to the 
 English June 27, 1801. 
 
 Bellicent (bel'i-sent). The half-sister of King 
 Arthur, in the Arthurian romances. Tennyson 
 alters her story somewhat in “Gareth and 
 Lynette.” 
 
 Beilin (bel-lah'), Jacques Nicolas. Born at 
 
 Paris, 1703: died at Versailles, March 21, 1772. 
 A French geographer and chartographer. He was 
 officially charged with the preparation of maps of the 
 coasts of the known seas. His work appeared in the “Nep- 
 tune Francis’ (1753 : the French coasts), “Hydrographie 
 framjaise ’’ (1756: maps of all known coasts), "Petit Atlas 
 Maritime,” “ M6moires sur les cartes des c6t.es de l’Ame- 
 rique septentrionale" (1755), “Essais geographiquee sui- 
 tes lies Britanniques ” (1763), and similar works on Guiana, 
 the Antilles, Santo Domingo, etc. 
 
 Belling (bel'ling), Wilhelm Sebastian von. 
 
 Born at Paulsdorf, East Prussia, Feb. 15, 1719 : 
 died at Stolp, Pomerania, Nov. 28, 1779. A 
 Prussian cavalry general, distinguished in the 
 Seven Years’ War. 
 
 Bellingham (bel'ing-am), Richard. Born in 
 
 England, 1592 (?) : died in Massachusetts, Dec. 
 7, 1672. A colonial governor of Massachusetts. 
 He emigrated to America in 1634, and was governor of 
 Massachusetts Colony in 1641, 1654, and 1665-72. In 1641 he 
 contracted a second marriage, performing the marriage 
 ceremony himself, without proclamation of banns. He 
 was presented by the great inquest for breach of the order 
 of court ; but, as he refused to vacate the bench, the other 
 magistrates were at a loss how to proceed, and he escaped 
 censure. 
 
 Bellini (bel-le'ne), Gentile. Born about 1427 : 
 died Feb. 22, 1507. A painter of the Venetian 
 school, son of Jacopo Bellini. 
 
 Bellini, Giovanni. Born after 1427 : died Nov. 
 29, 1516. A noted painter of the Venetian 
 school, son of Jacopo Bellini. His works are in 
 all the principal art galleries. Among his scholars were 
 Titian and Giorgione. His portrait, by himself, in the 
 Capitol, Rome, ranks among the great portraits, and is a 
 fine example of the Venetian school, older than the por- 
 trait in the Uffizi. 
 
 Bellini, Jacopo or Giacomo. Died about 1464. 
 An Italian painter. 
 
 Bellini, Lorenzo. Born at Florence, Sept. 3, 
 1643 : died Jan. 8, 1704. A distinguished 
 Italian physician and anatomist, professor of 
 philosophy and afterward of anatomy at Pisa. 
 His collected works were published in 1708. 
 Bellini, Vincenzo. Born at Catania, Sicily, 
 Nov. 1, 1801 : died near Paris, Sept. 24, 1835. 
 A famous Italian operatic composer. His works 
 include “Bianca e Fernando” (1826), “ II Pirata ” (1827), 
 “La Straniera” (1829), “ Zaira ” (1829), “I Capuletti ed i 
 Montecchi ” (1830), “La Sonnambuia” (1831), “Norma ” 
 (1831), “ Beatrice di Tenda ” (1833), “I Puritani ” (1835). 
 
 Bellinzona (bel-lin-zo'na), G. Bellenz (bel'- 
 lents). The capital of the canton of Ticino, 
 Switzerland, situated on the Ticino in lat. 
 46° 11' N., long. 9° 1' E. It occupies an important 
 position on the St. Gotthard route near the commence- 
 ment of the San Bernardino route. It is commanded by 
 three castles, and was once strongly fortified. Popula- 
 tion, 4,949. 
 
 Bellisant (bel'i-sant). 1. The mother of Val- 
 entine and Orson. She was banished by her husband 
 Alexander, emperor of Constantinople, for supposed in- 
 fidelity, and her sons were born in a wild forest. 
 
 2. One of the principal female characters in 
 Massinger’s “The Parliament of Love.” 
 Bellius (bel'i-us), Martinus. Tile pseudo- 
 nym under which was published a book en- 
 titled “De liferetieis, an sint persequendi, 
 etc.,” in “Magdeburg” (false for Basel), in 
 1554. It was published soon after Calvin’s defense of 
 tlie execution of Servetus, and was a plea for religious 
 toleration. The authorship was ascribed to Castellio, 
 who in fact wrote a part of the book under the pseudo- 
 nym “Basilius Montfortius.” 
 
Bellman, Earl Mikael 
 
 Bellman (bel'man), Karl Mikael. Born at 
 Stockholm, Feb. 4, 1740: died Feb. 11, 1795. 
 A noted Swedish lyrical poet. His works include 
 “Fredman’s Epistlar" (‘Epistles," 1790), “Fredraan's 
 Sanger” (“Songs," 1791), etc. 
 
 Bellman of London, The. A satirical work 
 by Dekker, published in 1608. it is founded on 
 the “Ground Work of Coney Catching,” which Fleay and 
 others believe to have been also written by Dekker. The 
 latter was taken largely from Harman’s “ Caveat for Cur- 
 sitors.” In the same year Dekker published a second 
 part called “Lanthorne and Candlelight, or The Bell- 
 man’s Second Night’s Walke.” In 1612 a fourth or fifth 
 edition of the second part appeared, called “ O per se 0, 
 or a new cryer of Lanthorne and Candlelight, Being an 
 addition or lengthening of the Bellman’s Second Night’s 
 Walke." A number of editions of the second part were 
 published before 1648, all with differences. They are 
 amusing descriptions of London rogues. Da borne wrote 
 a play called “The Bellman of London ” in 1613. 
 
 Bellman of Paris, The. A play by Dekker 
 and John Day, licensed in 1623, but not printed. 
 Bellmour (bel'mor). 1. The faithful friend 
 of Jane Shore, in Rowe’s tragedy of that. name. 
 
 — 2. The lover of Belinda, in Congreve’s com- 
 edy “The Old Bachelor.” 
 
 Bello (bel'yo), Andres. Born at Caracas, Vene- 
 zuela, Nov. 30, 1780 : died at Santiago, Chile, 
 Oet. 15, 1865. A Spanish-American scholar and 
 author. In 1810 lie was sent to London with Bolivar 
 as agent of the revolutionary government, and he re- 
 mained there nearly twenty years. In 1834 he accepted 
 a position in the foreign department of Chile. He edited 
 the Chilian civil code ; wrote a treatise on international 
 law which was translated into several languages; and was 
 several times chosen to arbitrate in international disputes, 
 including one between the United States and Ecuador. 
 In 1843 he became rector of the University of Chile. 
 Bellona (be-lo'na). [L. Bellona, from helium, 
 war.] 1. In Roman mythology, the goddess 
 of war, regarded sometimes as the wife and 
 sometimes as the sister of Mars. She was, prob- 
 ably, originally a Sabine divinity, and her worship ap- 
 pears to have been introduced at Home by a Sabine family, 
 the Claudii. She is represented as armed with shield 
 and lance. 
 
 2. An asteroid (No. 28) discovered by Luther 
 at Bilk, March 1, 1854. 
 
 Bellot (bel-o'). Joseph Rene. Born at Paris, 
 1826 : died 1853. A French naval officer, a vol- 
 unteer in English expeditions to Arctic regions. 
 Bellot Strait. A strait in the Arctic regions 
 of North America, between the Boothia penin- 
 sula and the island of North Somerset. 
 Bellovaci (be-lov'a-si). An important tribe of 
 the Belgian Gauls, occupying a territory cor- 
 responding to the modern dioceses of Beauvais 
 and Senlis, France: subdued by Julius Caesar 57 
 b. c. Their chief town was Caesaromagus (Beau- 
 vais). 
 
 Bellows (bel'oz), Henry Whitney. Born at 
 Walpole, N. H., June 11, 1814: died Jan. 30, 
 1882. An American Unitarian divine and 
 writer, pastor of All Souls Church, New York. 
 He was president of the United States Sani- 
 tary Commission in the Civil War. 
 
 Bellows Falls. A village in Windham County, 
 Vermont, situated at the falls of the Connec- 
 ticut 41 miles southeast of Rutland. Popula- 
 tion, 4,883, (1910). 
 
 Belloy (bel-wa/), Pierre Laurent Buyrette 
 de (Pierre Buyrette, or Buirette, or Bu- 
 rette). Born at St. Flour, Cantal, France, 
 Nov. 17, 1727 : died at Paris, March 5, 1775. A 
 F rench dramatist. His works include “Titus ” (1759), 
 “Zelmire” (1762), “Le Siege de Calais ” (1765 : his most 
 notable work), “Gaston et Bayard” (1771), “ T’ierre le 
 Cruel ’ (1772), etc. 
 
 Bells, The. 1. A poem by Edgar Allan Poe. 
 
 — 2. A dramatization from Erckmann-Chat- 
 rian’s “Le Juif Polonais”by Leopold Lewis, 
 produced in 1871. Henry Irving is successful 
 in it as Mathias. 
 
 Bell-the-Cat. Apopular surname of Archibald 
 Douglas, earl of Angus (died about 1514). At 
 a deliberation of the nobles for the purpose of effecting 
 the removal of Cochrane, James III. ’s obnoxious favorite, 
 their predicament was compared to that of the mice which 
 determined to hang a bell around the cat’s neck, and the 
 question was asked who would be brave enough to per- 
 form the act. To this Douglas replied : “I will bell the 
 cat.” 
 
 Belluno (bel-16'no). [L. Belunum.~\ The capi- 
 tal of the province of Belluno, Italy, situated 
 on the Piave in lat. 46° 9' N., long. 12° 13' E. 
 It has a cathedral. Population, commune, 
 18 747. 
 
 Belluno, ancient Belunum (be-lu'num). A 
 province in the compartimento of Venetia, 
 Italy. Area, 1,293 square miles. Population, 
 216,144. 
 
 Belluno, Duke of. See Victor- Perrin. 
 Bel-Merodach. See Merodach, Bel, Baal. 
 Belmez (bel-math'). A town in the province of 
 
 143 
 
 Cordova, Spain, situated on the Guadiato 35 
 miles northwest of Cordova. Population, 
 8,978. 
 
 Belmont (bel'mont). A village in Mississippi 
 County, southeastern Missouri, situated on the 
 Mississippi River 17 miles south of Cairo, Illi- 
 nois. Here, Nov. 7, 1861, occurred an indecisive battle 
 between the Federals under Grant and the Confederates 
 under Pillow. The loss of the Federals was 485 ; that of 
 the Confederates, 642. 
 
 Belmont, August. Born at Alzey, Germany, 
 1816: died at New York, 1890. A German- 
 American banker and politician. He was Austrian 
 consul at New York, United States minister to the Nether- 
 lands 1856-58, and chairman of the Democratic National 
 Committee 1860-72. He was a patron of the turf and an 
 art-collector. 
 
 Belmont, Charles. A rakish young fellow in 
 Moore’s play “ The Foundling.” The part was 
 played with great success by Garrick. 
 Belmont, Perry. Born at New York, Dec. 28, 
 1851. An American politician, son of August 
 Belmont. He was Democratic member of 
 Congress from New York 1881-87. 
 
 Belmontet (bel-mon-ta/), Louis. BornatMon- 
 tauban, France, March 26, 1799 : died at Paris, 
 Oct. 14, 1879. A French poet, and Bonapartist 
 partizan. His works include “ Les Tristes ” (1824), ” Le 
 souper d’ Auguste ” (1828), “ Une fete de Neron ’’ (tragedy, 
 written with Soumet, 1829), etc. 
 
 Bel-Nirari (bel-ne-ra/re). [Assyr., ‘the god 
 Bel is my helper.’] King of Assyria about 
 1380 B. C. He conquered part of Babylonia. 
 Beloe (be'lo), William. Born at Norwich, Eng- 
 land, 1756: died at London, April 11, 1817. An 
 Euglisli clergyman and writer, founder, with 
 Archdeacon Naves, of the “British Critic” in 
 1793. He became rector of All Hallows, London Wall, in 
 1796, and was keeper of printed books in the British Mu- 
 seum 1803-06. Hewrote “The Sexagenarian, or Recollec- 
 tions of a Literary Life ’’ (1817), etc. 
 
 Beloeil (be-lely'). A town in the province of 
 Hainaut, Belgium, 11 miles west-northwest of 
 Mous. It contains the castle of the princes 
 of Ligne. Population, 2,725. 
 
 Beloit (be-loit'). A city in Rock County, Wis- 
 consin, situated on Rock River 68 miles south- 
 west of Milwaukee. Population, 15,125, (1910). 
 Beloit. The capital of Mitchell County, north- 
 ern Kansas, situateef on the Solomon River. 
 Population, 3,082, (1910). 
 
 Beloit College. A non-sectarian institution 
 of learning at Beloit, Wisconsin, founded 1847. 
 Number of students, about 400. 
 
 Belon (be-lon' or blon), Pierre. Born at Soulle- 
 tifere, near Mans, Sarthe, 1517 : died April, 
 1564. A noted French naturalist and traveler 
 in the Orient 1546—49. He wrote “ Histoire natu- 
 relle des estranges poissons marines ” (1551), “ L’Histoire 
 dela nature des oyseaux, etc.” (1555), travels, etc. 
 
 Beloochistan. See Baluchistan. 
 
 Belot (ba-lo'), Adolphe. Born at Pointe-a- 
 Pitre, Guadeloupe, Nov. 6, 1829: died at Paris, 
 Dee. 17, 1890. A French novelist and dramatist. 
 Among his works are the novel “ Mademoiselle Giraud, 
 ma femme ” (1870), the play (in collaboration with Ville- 
 tard) “ Le testament de C£sar Girodot ’ (1869), “Miss 
 Multon," with Eugfcne Nils (1867), “L’Article 47” (1871) 
 (from a novel), and many others. 
 
 Belovar (bel-6-var'). A royal free city in Croa- 
 tia, 42 miles east of Agram. 
 
 Beloved Disciple, The. The Apostle John. 
 Beloved Physician, The. St. Luke. 
 Belpasso (bel-pas'so). A town in the province 
 of Catania, Sicily, 8 miles northwest of Catania. 
 It was destroyed by an eruption of Etna in 1669. 
 Population, 9,640. 
 
 Belper (bel'per). A town in Derbyshire, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Derwent 7 miles north of 
 Derby. It has cotton, silk, and hosiery manu- 
 factures. Population, 10,934. • 
 
 Belphegor (bel'fe-gor), or Belfagor (bel'fa- 
 gdr). 1. Baal Peor (which see). — 2. An arch- 
 demon who undertook an earthly marriage, but 
 who fled, daunted, from the horrors of female 
 companionship. See the extract. 
 
 Pluto summoned an infernal council to consult on the 
 best mode of ascertaining the truth or falsehood of such 
 statements (that wives brought their husbands to hell). 
 After some deliberation it was determined that one of 
 their number should be sent into the world endowed with 
 a human form, and subjected to earthly passions ; that he 
 should be ordered to choose a wife as early as possible, and 
 after remaining above ground for ten years, should report 
 to his infernal master the benefits and burdens of matri- 
 mony. Though this plan was unanimously approved, none 
 of the fiends were disposed voluntarily to undertake the 
 commission, but the lot at length fell on the archdemon 
 Belfagor. . . . This story, with merely a difference of 
 names was originally told in an old Latin MS., which is 
 now lost, but which, till the period of the civil wars in 
 France, remained in the library of Saint Martin de Tours. 
 But whether Brevio or Machiavel first exhibited the tale 
 in an Italian garb, has been a matter of dispute among 
 the critics of their country. It was printed by Brevio 
 
 Belus 
 
 during his life, and under his own name, in 1545 ; and with 
 the name of Machiavel in 1549, which was about eighteen 
 years after that historian’s death. Both writers probably 
 borrowed the incidents from the Latin MS., for they could 
 scarcely have copied from each other. 
 
 Dunlop , Hist, of Prose Fiction, II. 186. 
 
 [La Fontaine treated this subject in one of his “ Contes," 
 and Wilson printed an English tragicomedy called “Bel- 
 phegor, or the Marriage of the Devil ” in 1691. Legrand 
 brought out a French comedy called “ Belphegor ” in 1721. ) 
 3. A translation and adaptation of “Palliasse,” 
 a French play by Dennery and Marc Fournier, 
 by Charles Webb (1856). The principal character, 
 Belphegor, is a mountebank, and though he earns his liv- 
 ing by the most ludicrous shams, his distress and despair 
 at the apparent desertion of his wife are very pathetic. 
 Belphoebe (bel-fe'be). [F. bel, belle, fair, and L. 
 Pliwbe, Gr. Artemis (Diana).] A hun- 
 
 tress, in Spenser’s “Faerie Queene,” intended 
 to represent Queen Elizabeth as a woman, as 
 Gloriana represented her as a queen. 
 Belsham (bel'sham), Thomas. Bom at Bed- 
 ford, England, April 26, 1750: died at Hamp- 
 stead, Nov. 11, 1829. An English Unitarian di- 
 vine. 
 
 Belsham, William. Born at Bedford, England, 
 1752: died near Hammersmith, Nov. 17, 1827. 
 An English historian and political essayist, 
 brother of Thomas Belsham. 
 
 Belshazzar (bel-shaz'ar), or Bel-shar-uzur. 
 [‘Bel protect the king.’] According to the 
 book of Daniel (v.), the son of Nebuchadnezzar, 
 and the last king of Babylonia. According to the 
 cuneiform inscriptions this was Nabonidus, while Bel- 
 shazzar was his eldest son. He was governor of South 
 Babylonia and chief of the army in the last struggle, and 
 co-regent with his father. When the latter fled to Bor- 
 sippa, after being defeated by Cyrus, he assumed the com- 
 mand in Babylonia, and was killed in the sack of the city 
 by Cyrus, 638 B. c. According to the scriptural narrative 
 he was warned during a feast of his coming doom by a 
 handwriting on the wall, which was interpreted by Daniel 
 (Dan. v., vii. 1, viii. 1; Bar. i. 11, 12). 
 
 Belshazzar. A tragedy by Dean Milman, pub- 
 lished in 1822. 
 
 Belsunce de Castel Moron (bel-zfihs' de kas- 
 tel' mo-ron'), Henri Francois Xavier de. 
 
 Bom at tbe Chateau de la Force, in Pdrigord, 
 France, Dec. 4, 1671 : died at Marseilles, June 
 4, 1755. A French Jesuit, bishop of Marseilles, 
 noted for his heroism during a pestilence 
 in Marseilles, 1720-21. He was a voluminous 
 writer. 
 
 Belt, Great. The middle sea passage between 
 the Cattegat and the Baltic, separating Zea- 
 land from Funen. Width, 9-20 miles. 
 
 Belt, Little. The western sea passage between 
 the Cattegat and the Baltic, separating Funen 
 from the mainland of Denmark and Schleswig. 
 Width, 7-10 miles. 
 
 Beltane (bel'tan). [Also written Beltein and 
 Belten; Gael. Bealltainn, Beilteine =Ir . Bealteine, 
 Bealltame, OIr. Belltaine, Beltene; usually ex- 
 plainedas ‘Bel’s or Beal’s fire, ’from *Bcal, *Bial, 
 an alleged Celtic deity ( by some writers patrioti- 
 cally identified with the Oriental Belus or Baal), 
 and teine, fire. But the origin is quite unknown. ] 
 1. The first day of May (O. S.) ; old May-day, 
 one of tho four quarter-days (the others being 
 Lammas, Hallowmas, and Candlemas) an- 
 ciently observed in Scotland. — 2. An ancient 
 Celtic festival or anniversary formerly observed 
 on Beltane or May-day in Scotland, and in Ire- 
 land on June 21. Bonfireswere kindled on the hills, 
 all domestic fires having been previously extinguished, 
 only to be relighted from the embers of the Beltane fires. 
 This custom is supposed to derive its origin from the wor- 
 ship of the sun, or fire in general, which was formerly in 
 vogue among the Celts as well as among many other hea- 
 then nations. The practice still survives in some remote 
 localities. 
 
 Belted Will. A nickname of Lord William 
 Howard (1563-1640), an English border noble- 
 man, warden of the western marches. 
 Belteshazzar (bel-te-shaz'ar). [Babylonian 
 Bel-balatsit-ugur, Bel protect his life.] The 
 Babylonian name of Daniel (Dan. i. 7, ii. 26, 
 iv. 5). 
 
 Beltis (bel'tis). See Belit. 
 
 Belton (bel'ton). The capital of Bell County, 
 Texas, situated on Loon River 57 miles nortli- 
 northeast of Austin. Population, 4,164, (1910). 
 Beltrame (bel-tra'me), Giovanni. Born at 
 Valeggio, Italy, Nov. 11, 1824. An Africanist, 
 a missionary to Khartum, Fazogl, Gondokoro, 
 and Sobat, 1859-62. He published in 1862 a grammar 
 of Dinka, in 1879 “ II Sennaar e lo Sciangallah,’ and in 
 1882 “ II Fiume Bianco e i Denka." 
 
 Beluchees. See Baluchistan. 
 
 Beluchistan. See Baluchistan. 
 
 Belus (be'lus), or Belos (bo'los). [Gr. Bz/Xof.] 
 1. In classical mythology, a son of Poseidon 
 and Libya (or Eurynomo), regarded as the an- 
 
Belus 
 
 cestral hero and divinity of various earlier 
 nations. — 2. In classical legend, the father of 
 Dido, and conqueror of Cyprus. 
 
 Belus (be'lus). [Gr. Bz/zUtf.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a river of Palestine which flows into the 
 Mediterranean at Acre : the modern Natnan. 
 It is the reputed place of the discovery of glass 
 by the Phenicians. 
 
 Belvedere (bel-ve-der'; It. pron. bel-ve-da're). 
 [It., ‘fair view.’] A portion of the Vatican 
 Palace at Rome. 
 
 Belvedere. A palace in Vienna which con- 
 tained until 1891 the Imperial Picture Gallery. 
 Belvedere, Torso. See Lysippus and Torso. 
 Belvidera (bel-ve-da'ra). The daughter of 
 Priuli, the senator, and the wife of Jaflier, the 
 conspirator, in Otway’s tragedy “ Venice Pre- 
 served.” Jaffier conspires to murder all the senators, and 
 is persuaded by his wife to divulge the plot to her father, 
 on condition that all the conspirators are forgiven. The 
 promise is not kept, and Jaflier, his friend Pierre, and all 
 the other conspirators are condemned to death on the 
 wheel. Belvidera, on learning the result of her interfer- 
 ence, goes mad and dies. The part was a favorite one 
 with the actresses of the 18th century. 
 
 Belvidere (bel-vi-der'). A city, the capital of 
 Boone County, Illinois, on the Kishwaukee 
 River 64 miles west-northwest of Chicago. 
 Population, 7,253, (1910). 
 
 Belville (bel'vil). The lover of Peggy in Gar- 
 rick’s “ Country Girl.” 
 
 Belvoir (be'ver) Castle. The seat of the Duke 
 of Rutland, in Leicestershire, England. It 
 contains a fine collection of pictures. 
 
 Belz (belts). A town in Galicia, Austria-Hun- 
 gary, 41 miles north of Lemberg. Population, 
 commune, 6,017, (1910). 
 
 Belzig (belt' sick). A town in the province of 
 Brandenburg, Prussia, 43 miles southwest of 
 Berlin. Near it was fought the battle of Ha- 
 gelberg, Aug. 27, 1813. 
 
 Belzoni (bel-tso'ne), Giovanni Battista. Born 
 at. Padua, 1778: died at Gato, in Benin, West 
 Africa, Dec. 3, 1823. A noted Italian traveler 
 and explorer, the son of a barber of Padua. 
 He was endowed with great physical strength, and earned 
 a living for a time in London (at Astley’s) and elsewhere 
 as a theatrical athlete. Asa hydraulic engineer he visited 
 Egypt in 1815, and devoted himself until 1819 to the study 
 of Egyptian antiquities. He opened the temple at Abu- 
 Simbel, the sepulcher of Seti I. (1817), and the second 
 pyramid of Gizeh, and made various other important dis- 
 coveries. The bust of the so-called “Young Memnon,” 
 nowin the British Museum, was transferred from Thebes 
 by him. He published in English, in 1820, “A .Narrative 
 of the Operations and Recent Discoveries within the Pyra- 
 mids, etc.” In 1823 he started for central Africa, but died 
 on the way. 
 
 Belzoni’s Tomb. The tomb of Seti I. : so 
 named from Belzoni who opened it. 
 
 Belzu (bal'tho), Manuel Isodoro. Born at 
 La Paz, 1808: killed March, 1866. A Bolivian 
 revolutionist. In 1847 he headed a revolution which 
 overturned Ballivian and put General Velasco in his 
 place : next year he rebelled against Velasco, usurped the 
 presidency, and retained the post until 1855. After spend- 
 ing some years in Europe lie returned and headed the re- 
 volt against Melgarejo. The latter attacked him in La 
 Paz and, after a bloody street battle, killed him with his 
 own hand. 
 
 Bern (bem), Jozef. Bom at Tarnow, 1795: died 
 at Aleppo, Dec. 10, 1850. A Polish general. 
 He served in the Polish insurrection of 1830 ; conquered 
 Transylvania for the Hungarian insurgents and drove the 
 Austrians and Russian allies into Wall \chia in 1849 ; con- 
 quered the Banat; wasdefeatedby the Russians at Schass- 
 burg, J uly 31 ; took part in the battle of Temesvar, Aug. 9 ; 
 and escaped to Tu rkey aud took service i n the Turkish army. 
 
 Beman (be'man), Nathaniel Sydney Smith. 
 
 Born at New Lebanon, N. Y., Nov. 26, 1785: 
 died at Carbondale, 111., Aug. 8, 1871. An 
 American Presbyterian clergyman. He was pas- 
 tor of a Presbyterian church at Troy, New York, 1822-03, 
 and was a leader of the new school in the discussion which 
 led to the division of the Presbyterian Church in 1837. 
 
 Bemba, Lake. See Bangweolo. 
 
 Bembatoka (bem-ba-to'ka), Bay of. A large 
 inlet on the northwestern coast of Madagascar. 
 Bembo (bem'bo), Pietro. Born at Venice, 
 May 20, 1470: died at Rome, Jan. 18, 1547. A 
 celebrated Italian cardinal and man of letters. 
 He was the author of poems, epistles, a history of Venice, 
 and “ Gli Asolani ” (dialogues on the nature of love). 
 “ Connected in friendship with all the men of letters and 
 first poets of his age, he was a lover of the celebrated Lu- 
 cretia Borgia, daughter of Alexander VI.. and wife of Al- 
 fonzo, Duke of Ferrara ; and was a favorite with the Popes 
 Leo X. and Clement VIE, who loaded him with honors, 
 pensions, and benefices. He enjoyed, from the year 1529, 
 the title of Historiographer to the Republic of Venice ; 
 and Paul III. finally created him a Cardinal in 1539. 
 Wealth, fame, and the most honorable employs seemed 
 to pursue him, and snatched him, in spite of himself, from 
 a life of epicurean pleasure, which he did not renounce 
 when he took the ecclesiastical habit. Ilis death was 
 occasioned by a fall front his horse, on the eighteenth 
 day of January, 1547, in his seventy-seventh year.” Sis- 
 mondi, Lit. of the South of Europe, I. 426. 
 
 144 
 
 Ben (ben). A gay, simple, but somewhat in- 
 credible sailor in Congreve’s comedy “Love for 
 Love.” He is designed to marry Miss Prue. 
 
 Benacus (be-na'kus), Lacus. The Roman 
 name of the Lake of Garda. See Garda. 
 
 Benaiah (be-na'ya). [Heb.. ‘built by Jehovah.’] 
 
 1. The name of several persons mentioned in 
 the Old Testament, of whom the most notable 
 was the son of Jehoida, the chief priest. He slew 
 Adonijah and Joab, and succeeded the latter, under Solo- 
 mon, as commander-ln-chief of the army. 
 
 2. A character in Dryden and Tate’s “Absa- 
 lom and Achitophel,” intended for George 
 Edward Sackville, who was called General Sack- 
 ville and was devoted to the Duke of York. 
 See 1 Ki. ii. 35. 
 
 Benalcazar (ba-nal-ka-thar'), or Velalcazar 
 (va-lal-ka-thar'), or Belalcazar (ba-lal-ka- 
 thar'), Sebastian de (Sebastian Moyano). 
 
 ' Born at Benaleaz, Estremadura, about 1499 : 
 died at Popayan, 1550. A Spanish conqueror 
 of Quito and Popayan. He joined the expedition of 
 Pedrarias to Darien, and in March, 1632, joined Pizarro 
 on the coast at Puerto Viejo with 30 men. Incited hv 
 the Caiiaris Indians, who promised to join him, he under- 
 took the conquest of Quito. Marching over the moun- 
 tains, he defeated the Inca general Rumi-fiaui on the 
 plains of Riobaroba, and entered Quito. Joined soon 
 after by Almagro, their united forces met those of Pedro 
 de Alvarado, governor of Guatemala, who had attempted 
 an independent conquest of Quito. (See Alvarado, Pedro 
 de.) Alvarado was induced to retire, and many of his 
 men joined Benalcazar, who continued his northern con- 
 quests. He invaded Popayan in 1533, and next year car- 
 ried his conquests still farther north, to the country of 
 the Chinchas Indians. After founding many Spanish 
 towns, Benalcazar went to Spain in 1537, and in 1538 he 
 was appointed governor of Popayan, a district which 
 comprised what is now southwestern Colombia. 
 
 Benares (be-na'rez), or Banaras (ba-na'ras). 
 [Hind. Bandrask] The capital of the division 
 of Benares, United Provinces, India, situated 
 on the north side of the Gange„s, in lat. 25° 18' 
 N., long. 83° 1' E. It is one of the largest cities in 
 northern India, the principal Hindu holy city, famous as 
 a resort for pilgrims. It has manufactures of brass wares, 
 etc., and an important trade. The Ganges is crossed here 
 by the Dufferin Bridge. Benares was founded about 1200(?) 
 B. c. ; was for many years a Buddhistic center ; was con- 
 quered by the Mohammedans about 1193 ; and was ceded 
 to the East India Company in 1775. It is called Lashi 
 in Sanskrit literature. It was the scene of an outbreak 
 in the Indian mutiny of 1857. Population, with canton- 
 ment, 209,331. 
 
 Benares. A division of the United Provinces, 
 British India. Area, 10,431 square miles. 
 Population, 5,069,020. 
 
 Benares. A district in the division of Benares, 
 lat. 25° 30' N., long. 83° E. Area, 1,008 square 
 miles. Population, 882,084. 
 
 Benasque (ba-nas'ke). A small town in the 
 Pyrenees, province of Huesca, Spain, near the 
 foot of Mount Maladetta. 
 
 Benauly (ben-a'li). A pseudonym adopted by 
 the three brothers Benjamin Vaughan, Austin, 
 and Lyman Abbott, in two novels, “Conecut 
 Corners ’’and “Matthew Carnaby.” “The pseu- 
 donym is composed of the first syllable of the names of 
 the three brothers.” Cushing. 
 
 Benavente (ba-na-ven'ta). A small town in 
 the province of Zamora, Spain, situated on the 
 Orbigo 52 miles northwest of Yalladolid. 
 
 Benavente. A small town in the district of 
 Santarem, Portugal, situated on the Zatas 28 
 miles northeast of Lisbon. 
 
 Benavides y de la Cueva (ba-na-ve'des e da 
 lii kwa'va), Diego de, Count of Santistevan. 
 Born about 1600 : died at Lima, Peru, March 
 17, 1666. A Spanish soldier and administrator. 
 He was appointed viceroy of Peru in 1659, reaching Lima 
 July 31, 1661. He held the office until his death. 
 
 Benbecula (ben-be-ko'la). An island of the 
 Hebrides, belonging to Inverness-shire, Scot- 
 land, between North Uist and South Uist. 
 Length, 7.) miles. 
 
 Benbecula Sound. A sea passage betweeu 
 Benbecula and South Uist. 
 
 Benbow (ben' bo), John. Born at Shrewsbury, 
 March 10, 1653: died at Port Royal, Jamaica, 
 Nov. 4, 1702. A noted British admiral. He early 
 ran away to sea, served in various merchant and govern- 
 ment vessels, and after 1689 was continuously In the royal 
 navy. He became captain in 1689, rear-admiral in 1696, 
 and vice-admiral in 1701. In 1692 and 1693 he was en- 
 gaged in various unsuccessful attacks on the French 
 coast; in 1699 and again in 1701 he commanded squad- 
 rons in the West Indies. From Aug. 19 to Aug. 24, 1702, 
 he had a running fight with the French fleet oi Du Casse. 
 On the last day his leg was shattered by a ball, but he 
 continued to direct the battle. Benbow claimed that his 
 failure to capture Du Casse was owing to the conduct of 
 his officers. 
 
 Benbow. Ill the British navy, a two-turret, 
 central-citadel, heavy-armed battle-ship of the 
 admiral class : sister ship to the Camperdown. 
 
 Benedict I. 
 
 Bencoolen (ben-ko'len), or Benkulen. [D. Ben- 
 
 koelen.'] The capital of the residency of Ben- 
 eoolen, Sumatra, situated on the southwestern 
 coast, about lat. 3° 50' S. It was settled by the Eng- 
 lish about 1685, and ceded to the Dutch in 1825, and had 
 formerly a considerable trade. Population, about 12,000. 
 
 Ben Cruachan (hen kro'ehan). A mountain 
 in Argyllshire, Scotland, near the head of 
 Loch Awe, 13 miles north of Inverary. Height, 
 3,610 feet. 
 
 Benda (ben'da), Franz. Born at Altbenatek, 
 Bohemia, Nov. 25, 1709: died at Potsdam, 
 Prussia, March 7, 1786. A German violinist, 
 the founder of a school of violin-playing. 
 
 Benda, Georg. Born 1721: died at Kostritz, 
 Thuringia, Nov. 6, 1795. A German composer 
 and violinist, brother of Franz Benda. He 
 wrote the operas “Ariadne auf Naxos” (1774), 
 “ Medea,” etc. 
 
 Bendavid (ben -da 'fid), Lazarus. Born at 
 Berlin, Oct. 18, 1762: died at Berlin, March 28, 
 1832. A German philosophical writer and 
 mathematician. He was the authorof “ Versuch fiber 
 das Vergnfigen,” “ Vorlesungen fiber die Kritik der reinen 
 Vernunft,” “Zur Berechtiung des jfidischen Kalenders,” 
 etc. 
 
 Bendemann (ben'de-man), Eduard. Born at 
 Berlin, Dec. 3, 1811: died at Diisseldorf, Dec. 
 27, 1889. A German painter. Among his works 
 are “Die trauernden J uden ” (1832, at Cologne), “ J eremias 
 auf deu Trummern von Jerusalem” (1837, at Berlin), “Die 
 Wegfiihrung der Juden in die Babylonische Gefangen- 
 schaft" (1872, at Berlin). 
 
 Bendemeer. A river in Moore’s poem “Lalla 
 Rookh.” 
 
 Bender (ben'der). [Turk. Bender, harbor; 
 Russ. Bendery .] A town and fortress in the 
 province of Bessarabia, Russia, situated on the 
 Dniester 61 miles northwest of Odessa, it is a 
 trading center. Near it was the residence of Charles XII. 
 of Sweden 1709-13. It was stormed by the Russians under 
 Panin in 1770, and under Potemkin in 1789, and was again 
 taken by the Russians in 1806 and 181L It was finally 
 annexed to Russia in 1812. Population, 35,900. 
 
 Bender-Abbasi (ben'der-ab-ba-se'), or -Abbas 
 (ab'bas). [Pers., ‘harbor of Abbas.’] Aseaport 
 in Kirman, Persia, situated on the Strait of Gr- 
 in us, opposite Ormus. It has communication by 
 steamer with Bombay, Bassora, etc. It was an important 
 commercial point in the 17th century. Population, about 
 8,000. Also called Gombroon. 
 
 Bendigo (ben'di-go). The official name of the 
 city of Sandhurst, in Victoria, Australia. 
 Population, 44,510. 
 
 Bendis (ben'dis). [Gr. BevrSi'f.] A Thracian 
 lunar goddess, worshiped also in Lemnos and 
 Bithynia. 
 
 Bendish (hen 'dish), Bridget. Bom about 
 1650: died 1726. The daughter of General 
 Henry Ireton, and granddaughter of Oliver 
 Cromwell, famous for her resemblance to the 
 latter. 
 
 Bendo (ben 'do), Alexander. A pseudonym 
 of Robert Carr, Viscount Rochester, Earl of 
 Somerset. 
 
 Bendorf (ben'dorf). A town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, situated on the right bank 
 of the Rhine, 5 miles north of Coblentz. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 5,977. 
 
 Bend-the-Bow (bend'THe-bo). An English 
 archer in Scott’s “Castle Dangerous.” 
 
 Bendzin (bend-zen'), or Bendin. A town in 
 the government of Piotrkov, Russian Poland, 
 situated near the Prussian and Austrian fron- 
 tiers 38 miles northwest of Cracow. Popula- 
 tion, 23,757. 
 
 Benedek (be'ne-dek), Ludwig von. Born at 
 Odenburg, Hungary, July 14, 1804: died at 
 Gratz, Austria, April 27, 1881. An Austrian 
 general. He served with distinction in the Italian and 
 Hungarian campaigns 1848-49, and at Solferino in 1859 ; 
 was commander of the Austrian Army of the North in 
 1866; and was defeated at Koniggratz, July 3, 1866. 
 
 Benedetti (ba-na-det'te), Count Vincent. 
 Born at Bastia, Corsica, April 29, 1817 : died at 
 Paris, March 28, 1900. A French diplomatist. 
 He was envoy at Turin in 1860, and minister at Berlin 
 1864-70. His interviews with William I. of Prussia at 
 Ems J uly 9-13, 1870, precipitated the Franco-German war. 
 
 Benedick (ben'e-dik). A character in Shak- 
 spere’s comedy '“Much Ado about Nothing.” 
 He is a young gentleman of Padua, of inexhaustible 
 humor, wit, and raillery, a ridiculer of love (hut finally 
 loving Beatrice), who when he spoke of dying a bachelor, 
 only said so because he did not think he should live to 
 be married. His name has become a byword for a newly 
 married man, and is frequently written Benedict. 
 
 Benedict (ben'e-dikt) I., surnamea Bonosus. 
 [L. Benedictus , blessed; It, Benedetto, Bettino, 
 Sp. Benedicto, Benito, Pg. Benedicto, Bento, F. 
 Benoit, G. Benedikt.] Bishop of Rome 574-579. 
 
 In his pontificate the Longobards extended their con- 
 quests in Italy, and threatened Rome. 
 
Benedict II. 
 
 Benedict II. Bishop of Rome 684-685. He is 
 said to have prevailed upon the emperor Constantine IV. 
 to renounce the right of confirming papal elections. He 
 is commemorated in the Roman Church on May 7. 
 Benedict III. Pope 855-858. In his pontificate 
 ASthelwulf, king of the West Saxons and Kentishmen, 
 visited Rome (whither he had previously sent his son 
 Alfred), and rebuilt the school or hospital for English 
 pilgrims. 
 
 Benedict IV. Pope 900-903. He crowned 
 Louis, king of Provence, emperor in 901. 
 Benedict V., surnamed Grammaticus. Died 
 965. He was elected pope by the Romans in 
 964, in opposition to Leo VIII., the choice of 
 the emperor Otto I. The emperor reduced Rome, 
 and secured the person of Benedict, who was kept till his 
 death in confinement under the charge of Bishop Adaldag 
 at Hamburg. 
 
 Benedict VI. He was elected pope in 972, un- 
 der the influence of the emperor Otto I., on 
 whose death in 974 he was deposed and put to 
 death by the Romans. 
 
 Benedict VII. * Pope 975-983. He ex- 
 communicated the antipope Bonifacius VII. in a councU 
 held at Rome in 975. 
 
 Benedict VIII. Pope 1012-24. He ousted the 
 antipope Gregory by the aid of Henry II. whom he 
 crowned emperor in 1014. He signally defeated the Sara- 
 cens in Tuscany in 1016. 
 
 Benedict IX. Died 1056. He obtained his 
 elevation to the papacy by simony in 1033, and, 
 on account of the opposition aroused by his 
 profligacy, resigned in 1044. 
 
 Benedict X. (Giovanni di Velletri). An 
 antipope elected in 1058. He reigned nine 
 months, when he was compelled to give way 
 to Nicholas II. 
 
 Benedict XI. (Nicolo Boccasini). Pope 1303- 
 
 1304. He annulled the hulls of Boniface VIII. against 
 Philip the Fair of France. He is commemorated in the 
 Roman Church on July 7. 
 
 Benedict XII. (Jacques Fournier). Pope 
 1334-42. He was the third of the Avignon 
 pontiffs, a friend of Petrarch, and a severe 
 ecclesiastical reformer. 
 
 Benedict XIII. (Pedro de Luna). An anti- 
 pope elected by the French cardinals on the 
 death of Clement VII. in 1394. The Italian car- 
 dinals had chosen Boniface X. in 1389. Benedict was de- 
 posed by the Councils of Pisa (1409) and Constance (1417), 
 in spite of which he retained the support of Aragon, 
 Castile, and Scotland till his death at Peniscola, Valencia, 
 in 1424. 
 
 Benedict XIII. (Piero Francesco Orsini). 
 
 Pope 1724-30. He made an ineffectual attempt 
 to reconcile the Roman, Greek, Lutheran, and' 
 Calvinist churches. 
 
 Benedict XIV. (Prospero Lambertini). Bom 
 
 at Bologna, March 31, 1675 : died May 3, 1758. 
 Pope 1740-58. He prohibited in two bulls, “Ex quo 
 singularis’’ (1742) and “Omnium solicitudinem ” (1744), 
 the practice, extensively adopted by the Jesuits in their 
 Indian and Chinese missions, of accommodating Chris- 
 tian language and usage to heathen ceremonies and super- 
 stition. 
 
 Benedict, Saint. Bom at Nursia, in Umbria, 
 about 480 a. d. : died March 21, 543. An Italian 
 monk who founded the order of the Benedic- 
 tines, at Monte Cassino, about 529. He Is com- 
 memorated in the Roman and Anglican calendars on 
 March 1, and in the Greek calendar on March 14. 
 
 St. Benedict drew up for the monks of Monte Cassino 
 statutes which were promptly adopted throughout Gaul. 
 These wise regulations threw aside useless maceration, 
 and divided the time of the monks into periods of prayer, 
 mental and manual labor ; they were obliged to cultivate 
 the land, but also to read and copy manuscripts. Some 
 little literary life was thus preserved in the retirement of 
 the monasteries, and its dependencies formed what are 
 now called model farms ; they presented examples of ac- 
 tivity and Industry for the laborer, the mechanic, and the 
 landowner. Duruy, Hist. France, p. 54. 
 
 Benedict, Saint, of Aniane. Born in Langue- 
 doc about 750: died 821. A Roman Catholic 
 saint, noted as a reformer of monastic disci- 
 pline. Being intrusted by Louis the Pious with the 
 superintendence of the convents of western France, he 
 attempted to bring them all under one rule by joining to 
 the rule of St. Benedict of Nursia, so far as practicable, 
 all other rules, with the result that the “Concordia Regu- 
 larum " of St. Benedict of Aniane became hardly less cele- 
 brated than the original rule of St. Benedict of Nursia. 
 Benedict. Died in 1193. Abbot of Peterborough 
 1177-93. He wrote a history of the passion, and another 
 of the miracles of Thomas Becket ; but is not, as haB been 
 commonly supposed, the author of the “ Gesta Henrici 
 Secundi. 
 
 Benedict, Sir Julius. Bom at Stuttgart, Nov. 
 27, 1804 : died at Manchester Square, London, 
 June 5, 1885. A musical composer, conductor, 
 and performer, resident in England after 1835. 
 He accompanied Jenny Lind to America in 1850. His 
 works include the operas “The Gipsy’s Warning ” (1838), 
 “The Bride of Venice” (1843), “The Crusaders ” (1846), 
 “The Lily of Killarney” (1862); the cantatas “Undine" 
 (1860), “ Richard Coeur de Lion ” (1863) ; and the oratorios 
 “ St. Cecilia " (1866), “St. Peter "(1870), etc. 
 c.— 10 
 
 145 
 
 Benedict and Bettris (Benedick and Bea- 
 trice). See Much Ado about Nothing. 
 Benedict Biscop. Bornin628(?): died at Wear- 
 mouth, Jan. 12, 690. An English ecclesiastic, 
 the founder of the monasteries of Wearmoutli 
 (674) and of Jarrow (682). He was an Angle of no- 
 ble birth, thegn of King Oswiu of Northumbria. He en- 
 tered the church, and in 669 was made abbot of St. Peter's 
 in Canterbury, and is noteworthy as the guardian of Bede, 
 who when only seven years old was placed under his 
 charge. “He was the first person who introduced in 
 England constructors of stone edifices as well as makers 
 of glass windows." (William of Malmesbury.) He was 
 canonized, and his festival is celebrated in the Roman and 
 Anglican churches on Jan. 12. 
 
 Benediktbeuern (be'ne-dikt-boi'ern). A small 
 village and former famous Benedictine abbey 
 in Upper Bavaria, 30 miles south-southwest of 
 Munich. Near it is the mountain Benedikten- 
 wand. 
 
 Benedix (be'ne-diks), Roderich Julius. Born 
 at Leipsic, Jan. 21, 1811 : died at Leipsic, Sept. 
 26, 1873. A German dramatist and miscellane- 
 ous writer, author of numerous comedies. 
 Beneke (be'ne-ke), Friedrich Eduard. Born 
 at Berlin, Feb. 17, 1798: died 1854. A German 
 psychologist. His chief works are “Psychological 
 Sketches,” “New Psychology," “Pragmatic Psychology, " 
 etc. 
 
 Benengeli (ben-en-ge'le ; Sp. pron. ba-nen- 
 Ha'le), Cid Hamet. The imaginary chroni- 
 cler from whom Cervantes said he received his 
 account of Don Quixote. 
 
 Beneschau (ba'ne-shou). A town in Bohemia, 
 24 miles south-southeast of Prague. Popula- 
 tion, 7,383 (1910). 
 
 Benetnasch (be-net'nash). [Ar. al-Jcdi/id-al 
 bendt-al-na’sh, the governor of the mourners, 
 in allusion to the fancied figure of a bier.] The 
 bright second-magnitude star // Urate Majoris, 
 at the extremity of the tail of the animal. Also 
 called Allcaid. 
 
 Benevento (ben-e-ven'to). A province in the 
 compartimento of Campania, Italy. Area, 818 
 square miles. Population, 262,992. 
 Benevento (ben-e-ven'to). " [L. Beneventum, fair 
 wind; orig. Maleventum, meaning (appar.) ‘ill 
 wind.’] The capital of the province of Bene- 
 vento, Italy, situated between the rivers Sabato 
 and Calore 34 miles northeast of Naples, it con- 
 tains a cathedral and various antiquities, especially a fa- 
 mous arch in honor of Trajan, built 114 A. D. It has various 
 manufactures (plated ware, leather, etc.). Originally it was 
 a Samnite town, called Maleventum, and was conquered 
 by the Romans in the first part of the 3d century B. c. In 
 the middle ages it was the seat of a Lombard duchy. It 
 was given by Napoleon to Talleyrand, wliotook the title of 
 Prince of Benevento (1806-15). The cathedral (begun 1114) 
 is in the Norman style. The facade displays semicircular 
 arches with curious sculpture, and has fine 12th-century 
 bronze doors with 79 relief-panels of Byzantine character. 
 The five-aisled interior has round arches and 64 antique 
 columns, and two beautiful sculptured and inlaid am- 
 bones. Population, commune, 24,647. 
 
 Benevento, Battles of. 1. A victory gained 
 by the Romans over Pyrrhus, 275 B. c. — 2. A 
 victory gained by Charles of Anjou over Man- 
 fred, king of Sicily, Feb., 1266. Manfred was 
 killed, and the kingdom of Sicily passed to 
 Charles. Also called Battle of Grandella. 
 Benevento, Duchy of. A Lombard duchy in 
 southern Italy, in and near Beneventum, estab- 
 lished in 571. It was divided in 840, passed to 
 Leo IX. in 1049, came under the power of the 
 Normans in 1053, and was acquired by Gregory 
 VII. in 1077. 
 
 Beneventum. See Benevento. 
 
 Benevolus (be-nev'o-lus). [L., ‘benevolent.’] 
 A character in Cowper’s “ Task,” meant for 
 John Courtney Throckmorton of Weston Un- 
 derwood. 
 
 Benezet (hen-e-zet'), Anthony. Born at St. 
 Quentin, France, Jan. 31, 1713: died at Phila- 
 delphia, May 3, 1784. A French-American 
 philanthropist and teacher. His family removed 
 to London where they joined the Society of Friends, 
 and to Philadelphia in 3731. He wrote several pam- 
 phlets against the slave-trade, 1762-71, and in behalf of 
 the Indians. 
 
 Benfeld (ben'feld ; F. pron. bah-feld'). A small 
 town in Lower Alsace, Alsace-Lorraine, situ- 
 ated on the III 17 miles south-southwest of 
 Strasburg. 
 
 Benfey (ben-fl'), Theodor. Born at Norten, 
 near Gottingen, Germany, Jan. 28, 1809: died 
 at Gottingen, June 26, 1881. A celebrated Ger- 
 man Orientalist , professor at Gottingen 1848-81 . 
 His works include “ Vollstandige Grnmmatik der Sanskrit- 
 sprache ” (1852), ‘ ' Sanskrit -English Dictionary ” (London, 
 1806), “ GeBchichte der Sprachwissenschaft und orient. 
 Philol. in Deutschland " (1800), etc. 
 
 Benga (beng'gii). A Bantu tribe of Gabun, 
 West Africa, on the Spanish island Corisco, 
 
 Ben-hadad 
 
 and on the mainland opposite, extending into 
 French territory to the northeast. They have 
 moved from the interior to the coast within a few genera- 
 tions. The Benga language closely resembles the Dualla 
 of Kamerun ; and the Naka, between (hem, seems to 
 be a transition language. Owing to the labors of the 
 American Presbyterian mission, many Beugas are Chris- 
 tians, and several books have been printed in their lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Bengal (ben-gal'). [F. Bengale, G. Bengalen, 
 etc. ; Hind. Bang did, from Skt. Banga, one of 
 the five outlying kingdoms of Aryan India.] 
 A province of British India, capital Cal- 
 cutta. It comprised Bengal proper, Behar, Ohota Nag- 
 pur, and Orissa. In 1905 the divisions of Dacca, Chitta- 
 gong, and Rajshahi (except Darjiling), the district of 
 Malda, and the state of Hill Tipperah were transferred to 
 the newly formed province of Eastern Bengal and Assam. 
 An imperial announcement at Delhi, in December, 1911, 
 decreed the reconstitution of Bengal with the status of a 
 presidency, the establishment of a new lieutenant-gover- 
 norship for Behar, Chota Nagpur, and Orissa, and the con- 
 sequent disappearance of Eastern Bengal and Assam as a 
 separate lieutenant-governorship. Its chief products 
 are rice, opium, jute, indigo, tea, and oil-seeds. There 
 are also extensive coal-fields. The leading religions 
 are Hinduism and Mohammedanism, and the chief lan- 
 guages are Bengali and Hindustani. It was conquered by 
 Mohammedans about 1199, became independent of Delhi 
 in 1336, and was under the Moguls 1576-1765. The early 
 settlements of the East India Company were made in the 
 first part of the 17th ceutury. It became a lieutenant- 
 governorship in 1854. 
 
 Bengal, Bay of or Gulf of. That part of 
 the Indian Ocean which lies between Hindu- 
 stan and Farther India, from the Ganges 
 delta to about lat. 16° N. : the ancient Gan- 
 geticus Sinus. It receives the waters of the Krishna, 
 Godaveri, Mahanadi, Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Irawadi. 
 The name is sometimes extended to include the Sea of 
 Bengal. 
 
 Bengal, Sea of. A name sometimes given to 
 that part of the Indian Ocean which extends 
 from the Bay of Bengal southward to about 
 lat. 8° N. 
 
 Bengal Presidency. One of the three former 
 presidencies or chief divisions of British India, 
 comprising nearly all the northern portion. 
 The presidency consisted of Bengal (Lower Bengal), the 
 Northwest Provinces, Oudh, the Central Provinces, Assam, 
 etc. By executive act, announced at Delhi in December, 
 1911, Bengal was reconstituted a presidency on a new basis. 
 
 Bengal Proper, or Bengal. A name given to 
 the southern part of the lieutenant-governor- 
 ship of Bengal. 
 
 Bengali (ben-ga-le'). [Also Bengalee; from 
 Beng. Hind. Bangdli, from Bangdld, Bengal.] 
 One of the principal languages spoken in 
 Bengal, an offshoot of the Sanskrit. 
 
 Bengazi (ben-ga'ze), or Ben-Gliazi (ben- 
 
 gha'ze). A seaport and the capital of Bengazi, 
 Libya, North Africa, situated on the Gulf of 
 Sidra in lat. 32° 10' N., long. 20° 5' E. : the 
 ancient Hesperides or Berenice. Population, 
 about 35,000 (?). 
 
 Bengel (beng'el), Johann Albrecht. Bom at 
 
 Winnenden, in Wtirtemberg, June 24, 1687 : 
 died Nov. 2, 1752. A German Protestant theo- 
 logian and biblical scholar, the founder of the 
 so-called “biblical realism.” He was the author of 
 a critical edition of the New Testament (1734), “Gnomon 
 Novi Testamenti " (1742), etc. 
 
 Benger (beng'ger), Elizabeth Ogilvy. Born 
 at Wells, Somersetshire, England, 1778: died 
 at London, Jan. 9, 1827. An English author. 
 She wrote novels (“ Marian,” “ The Heart and the 
 Fancy "), poems, and dramas ; hut is chiefly known as 
 the compiler ol memoirs, among which are memoirs of 
 Elizabeth Hamilton, of John Tobin, of Anne Boleyn, of 
 Mary Queen of Scots, and of Elizabeth of Bohemia. 
 
 Benguella, or Benguela(beng-ga'la). A district 
 of the Portuguese province of Angola, West 
 Africa, between the districts of Loanda and 
 Mossamedes, including 6 concelhos (counties). 
 Benguella, Benguela, or Sao Filipe de Ben- 
 guella (sah fe-le'pa da beng-ga'lii). A sea- 
 port, the capital of the district of Benguella, 
 in lat. 12° 34' S. It was formerly an impor- 
 tant station of the slave-trade. Population, 
 about 1,500. 
 
 Ben-hadad (ben -ha 'dad), or Ben-Haddad. 
 
 The name of three kings of Syria : (a) A contem- 
 porary of Asa, king of Judah (929-873 B. C.). 1 Ki. xv. 
 
 18 If. (b) Son of the preceding, antagonist and ally in 
 turn of Allah, king of Israel (1 Ki. xx. 22, 34). Shal- 
 maneser II., king of Assyria 860-824, relates in his an- 
 nals that in the 6th year of his reign (854) he defeated at 
 Karkar (near the river Orontes) 12 allied kings of Hatti 
 and the sea-coast, among them the king Dadda-idri of 
 Damascus, and Allah of Israel. Two other victories over 
 Dadda-idri are recorded in the annals of 849 and 846. 
 Dadda-idri is, no doubt, the same as Ben-hadad , for in both 
 the inscriptions and the Old Testament (1 Ki. xx. 34 (I.) 
 he figures as an ally of Ahab and as the father and pre- 
 decessor of Hazael (Assyrian Haza-ilu). His full name 
 was probably Bin-addu-idri, the son of the storm-god 
 
Ben-hadad 
 
 (called iu Aasyrian Rammari), and was shortened by the 
 Hebrews as well as by the Assyrians, (c) Son of Hazael, 
 and a contemporary of Jehoahaz, king of Israel (856-839). 
 2 Ki. xiii. 3. 
 
 Ben-Hur (ben'her'). A novel by Lew (Lewis) 
 Wallace, published in 1880, named from the 
 principal character, a young Jew. The scene 
 is laid in the time of Christ. 
 
 Beni (Ba-ne'). A department in northeastern 
 Bolivia: Capital, Trinidad, situated on the 
 
 Mamord river. Area, 102,100 square miles. 
 Population, about 37,330. 
 
 Beni (Ba-ne'), or Veni (va-ne'). A river in Bo- 
 livia which rises near La Paz, and unites with 
 the Mamord, in lat. 10° 22' 30 // S., long. 65° 22' W., 
 to form the Madeira. Length, about 900 miles. 
 Beni Amer or Amir (be-ne a'mer). A pastoral 
 nomadic Mohammedan tribe in eastern Africa, 
 dwelling in Barka, north of Abyssinia, and to 
 the northeast of Barka near the Red Sea coast. 
 It numbers about 200,000. 
 
 Benicarlo (ba-ne-kar-lo'). A seaport in the 
 province of Castellon, eastern Spain, situated 
 on the Mediterranean 80 miles northeast of 
 Valencia. It produces wines. Population, 
 7,251. 
 
 Benicia (be-nish'i-a). A seaport in Solano 
 County, California, situated on the Strait of 
 Carquinez 25 miles northeast of San Francisco. 
 It contains a United States arsenal, and was 
 formerly the capital of the State. Population, 
 2,360, (1910). 
 
 Benicia Boy. A nickname of John C. Heenan, 
 an American pugilist, from his residence in 
 California. 
 
 Beni-Hassan (ba'ne-has'san). A village in 
 Middle Egypt-, situated on the east bank of 
 the Nile, opposite the ancient Hermopolis, in 
 lat. 27° 54' N. It is famous for its rock-tombs, and for 
 its grottoes (the a - , O s ’ApreqxiSos, cave of Artemis). The 
 chief groups of rock-cut sepulchers occupy a terrace in the 
 limestone cliff bordering at a little distance the east bank 
 of the N ile. The tombs date from the beginuing of the 12th 
 dynasty (3000-2500 B.O.), and consist of a rock-cut vestibule 
 preceding a chamber in which is sunk a shaft at the 
 bottom of which lies the tomb itself. The walls of the 
 chambers are covered with very remarkable paintings of 
 scenes of ancient life, but the tombs are especially notable 
 for the celebrated so-called proto- Doric columns of many 
 of t heir vestibules. These are set, usually two in antis, 
 in the rectangular rock-openings, and support an archi- 
 trave on their thin square abaci : t here is no echinus. Some 
 of the rock-cut shafts are shaped in prismatic forms ; 
 others have shallow channels with sharp arrises. 
 Beni-Israel (ba'ne-iz'ra-el). [‘ Sons of Israel.’] 
 A colony of Jewish descent at Kolaba in Bom- 
 bay. Their language is Marathi, and their 
 number is over 5,000. 
 
 Benin (be-nen'). A former name of the eastern 
 part of Upper Guinea. 
 
 Benin. A negro kingdom in western Africa, 
 extending from the western part of the Niger 
 delta to Yoruba on the northwest. It is thickly 
 settled. 
 
 Benin. The capital of the state of Benin, 
 situated on the river Benin (a western mouth 
 of the Niger). It is now small. 
 
 Benin, Bight of. That part of the Gulf of 
 Guinea which lies west of the Niger delta 
 to about long. 1° E. 
 
 Beni-Suef (ba'ne-swef'). The capital of the 
 province of Beni-Suef, Egypt, situated on the 
 west bank of the Nile, 63 miles south of Cairo. 
 Population, 23,357. 
 
 Benjamin (ben'ja-miu). [Heb., commonly in- 
 terpreted to mean ‘son of the right hand,’ 
 i. e. ‘fortunate,’ felix : but other explana- 
 tions are given.] The youngest son of Jacob. 
 He was named Benoni (‘ son of my sorrow ’) by his mother, 
 Rachel, who died in giving him birth ; but. this was changed 
 to Benjamin by Jacob. The tribe of Benjamin occupied 
 a territory about 26 miles long and 12 wide between Eph- 
 raim (on the north) and Judah, containing Jerusalem and 
 Jericho. 
 
 The existence of the tribe of Benjamin was also very 
 peculiar. Its territory was small and almost entirely oc- 
 cupied by theCanaanites, either allies like the Gibeonites 
 or enemies like the Jebusites. The Benjamites were lit- 
 tle else than a special military corps, of a high caste as 
 regards the use of the sling, their young men being ac- 
 customed to use the left hand instead of the right. Their 
 strong place was Gibeah, to the north of Jerusalem. They 
 were not liked, and their morality was said to be very 
 low. Renan, Hist, of the People of Israel, I. 289. 
 
 Benjamin, Judah Philip. Bom at St. Croix, 
 West Indies, Aug. 11, 1811 : died at Paris, May 8, 
 1884. An American lawyer and politician of Eng- 
 lish-Hebrew descent. He was United States senator 
 1853-61, attorney-general of the Confederacy 1861, Confed- 
 erate secretaryof war 1861-62,and secretary of state 1862-65. 
 In 1865 he went to England, and after 1866 practised law 
 there with great success. He wrote a “ Treatise on the Law 
 of Sale of Personal Property " (1868), etc. 
 
 Benjamin, Park. Born at- Demerara, British 
 Guiana, Aug. 14, 1809: died at New York, Sept. 
 
 146 
 
 12, 1864. An American journalist and poet. He 
 was associated with C. 1'. Hoffman as editor of the “Ameri- 
 can Monthly Magazine ” (1837-38), established in 1840 the 
 “New World” in connection with E. Sargent and R. W. 
 Griswold, and was connected with various other journals. 
 
 Benjamin of Tudela. Died after 1173. A 
 Spanish-Hebrew traveler in the East. He was 
 the author of a famous itinerary written originally iu He- 
 brew under the title "Masaoth” (excursions), and trans- 
 lated into Latin (1575) by Moutanus, into French (1734) by 
 Baratier, into English (1784) by Gerrans, Asher (1841), etc. 
 Ben Jochanan (ben jo-ka'nan). InDrydenand 
 Tate’s “Absalom and Acliitophel,” a character 
 intended for the Rev. Samuel Johnson, who up- 
 held the right of private judgment and was 
 persecuted therefor. 
 
 Benjowsky (ben-yof'ski), Count Moritz Au- 
 gust von. Born at Verbo, Hungary, 1741: 
 killed in Madagascar, May 23, 1786. A Hun- 
 garian adventurer, noted for intrigues in Kam- 
 chatka and Madagascar. 
 
 Ben Lawers (ben la'erz). [Ben, in Scottish 
 names of mountains, means ‘mount, ’from Gael. 
 beinn, mount, mountain, hill, peak, lit. ‘head.’] 
 A mountain in western Perthshire, Scotland, 
 near the northwestern shore of Loch Tay. 
 Height, 3,985 feet. 
 
 Ben Ledi (ben led'i). A mountain in western 
 Perthshire, Scotland, 20 miles northwest of 
 Stirling, between Lochs Lubnaig, Vennachar, 
 and Katrine. Height, 2,875 feet. 
 
 Ben Lomond (ben lo'mond). A mountain in 
 northwestern Stirlingshire, Scotland, 26 miles 
 northwest of Glasgow, east of Loch Lomond. 
 It is noted for its extended view. Height, 3,192 
 feet. 
 
 Ben Macdhui (ben inak-do'e). A mountain in 
 Aberdeenshire, Scotland, situated on the border 
 of Banffshire, in lat. 57° 4'N., long. 3° 40' W. : 
 the second highest mountain in Great Britain. 
 Height, 4,296 feet. 
 
 Ben More (ben mor). [Gael, beinn mor, high 
 peak.] The highest summit in the island of 
 Mull, Scotland. Height, 3,185 feet. 
 Bennaskar (ben-nas'kar). A magician in Rid- 
 ley’s “ Tales of the Genii.” 
 
 Bennet (ben'et), Henry. [The Eng. surname 
 Bennet or Bennett is from ME. Bcuet, from OF. 
 Beneit, Benoit, L. Benedictus, Benedict (St. Bene- 
 dict).] Born at Arlington, Middlesex, 1618: died 
 July 28, 1685. An English politician and diplo- 
 matist, created earl of Arlington in 1672. He 
 v r as a member of the famous Cabal (which see) ; secretary 
 of state 1662-74 ; and lord chamberlain 1674-85. He was 
 impeached in the House of Commons, Jan. 15, 1674, as the 
 chief instrument or “ conduit-pipe ’’ of the evil-doing of 
 the king, as a papist, and for breach of trust; but the pro- 
 ceedings were dropped. 
 
 Bennet, Elizabeth. A girl of unusual strength 
 of character, high sense of individual integrity, 
 and audacious vivacity, in Miss Austen’s novel 
 “Pride and Prejudice.” She refuses the hand of 
 Mr. Darcy, to whom she is attached, because he appears 
 too confident a suitor. Her pride refuses to allow herself 
 to be so easily won. His perseverance finally changes her 
 prejudice into complacence, and she marries him. 
 Bennet, Jane. The sister of Elizabeth Bennet. 
 Bennett (ben'et), James Gordon. Born at New 
 Mill, Banffshire, Scotland, Sept. 1, 1795: died at 
 New York, June 1, 1872. An American journal- 
 ist, founder of the “ New York Herald” in 1835. 
 He sent Stanley as an explorer to Africa 1871- 
 1872. 
 
 Bennett, John Hughes. Born at London, 
 Aug. 31, 1812 : died at Norwich, Sept. 25, 1875. 
 A British physician and physiologist. 
 
 Bennett, Sir William Sterndale. Born at Shef- 
 field, England, April 13, 1816 : died at London, 
 Feb. 1, 1875. A distinguished English com- 
 poser. His works include a cantata, “The May Queen” 
 
 Wood-Nymphs,” overtures, etc. 
 
 Bennett Law, The. A law passed in Wiscon- 
 sin, 1889, for the regulation of schools. Repealed 
 in 1891. Its most noteworthy provision was the require- 
 ment of teaching in the English language. 
 
 Ben Nevis (ben nev'is). The highest mountain 
 in Great Britain, situated in Inverness-shire, 
 Scotland, lat. 56° 48' N., long. 5° W. There is 
 a meteorological observatory on its summit. 
 Height, 4,406 feet. 
 
 Bennigsen (ben'nig-sen), Count Alexander 
 Levin. Born at Zakret, near Wilna, Russia, July 
 21,1809: diedatBanteln, Feb. 27,1893. AHanove- 
 rian statesman, son of Count L. A. T. Bennigsen. 
 
 Bennigsen, Count Levin August Theophil. 
 Born at Brunswick, Feb. 10, 1745: died near 
 Hannover, Oct. 3, 1826. A general in the Rns- 
 sian service. He was a leader in the murder of the 
 czar Paul iu 1801 ; and served with distinction at Pultusk 
 (1806) and Eylau (1807), and in the campaigns of 1812-14. 
 
 Bentheim 
 
 Bennigsen, Rudolf von. Born at Liineburg, 
 Hannover, July 10, 1824: died at Bennigsen, 
 Aug. 7, 1902. A German statesman, a leader 
 of the National Liberal party. He was a member 
 of the Hanoverian chamber 1857-66, of the Prussian Land- 
 tag 1867-83 and the North German Reichstag 1867-70, and 
 of the German Reichstag 1871-83, 1887-97. 
 
 Bennington (ben'ing-ton). A town in south- 
 western Vermont, situated 34 miles northeast 
 of Albany. Near here, Aug. 16, 1777, the Americans 
 under Stark defeated the British forces under Baum and 
 Breyman. The loss of the British was about 850 ; of the 
 Americans, about 70. Pop., town, 8,698, (1910). 
 
 Benno (ben'o), Saint. Born at Hildesheim, 1010 : 
 died June 16, 1106. A German ecclesiastic, 
 bishop of Meissen 1066. He is noted as a supporter 
 of Pope Gregory VII. in his struggle with the emperor 
 Henry IV., and for his missionary labors among the Slavs. 
 He was canonized in 1523 (an event which occasioned 
 Luther's “Wider den neuen Abgott und Alten Teuffel ”), 
 and in 1576 his remains were deposited in Munich : since 
 then he has been regarded as the patron saint of that city. 
 Benoit deSainte-More(he-nwa' de saht mor') 
 or Sainte-Maure. Born at Sainte-Maure, in 
 Touraine. A French trouvere of the 12th cen- 
 tury. Little is known of his life beyond the brief auto- 
 biographical notices contained in his works. His royal 
 patron, the King of England, Henry II. (1154-89), charged 
 him to write the history of the Normans. Benoit accord- 
 ingly composed “La chronique des dues de Normandie,” 
 a poem of 45,000 lines, written about 1180. Benoit de 
 Saint-Maure is also known by his “Roman de Troie," a 
 poem of over 30,000 lines, written about 1160 and dedi- 
 cated to Alienor de Poitiers, queen of England. Two other 
 works are ascribed to this trouvere: “.'Eneas,” a poem of 
 some 10,000 verses, and “ Le roman de Thebes ” iu 16,000 
 lines. 
 
 Benoiton (be-nwii-ton'), La Famille. A com- 
 edy by Sardou, produced in 1865. Madame Benoi- 
 toil is conspicuous by her absence, and has been the bane 
 of her family by reason of her neglect. She is constantly 
 inquired for, and has always gone out. Hence the saying 
 “to play the part of Madame Benoiton.” 
 
 Benrath ( ben'rat). A small town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, northwest of Cologne. 
 Benserade (bons-rad'), Isaac de. Bom at 
 Paris, 1613: died at Paris, Oct. 17, 1691. A 
 French dramatic and lyric poet. He was the au- 
 thor of a famous sonnet on Job which accompanied a 
 paraphrase of several chapters of Job, “Cldopatre ” (1635), 
 and other tragedies, masks, and ballets. 
 
 Bensheim (bens'hlm). A town in the province 
 of Starkenburg, Hesse, on the Lauter 13 miles 
 south of Darmstadt. Population, 5,378. 
 Bensington (ben 'sing-ton). A town in Oxford- 
 shire, England, 12 miles southeast of Oxford. 
 ,Here, 775 a. D., Offa, king of Mercia, defeated 
 Cynewulf, king of Wessex. 
 
 Bensley (benz'li), Robert. Born 1738 (?) : died 
 1817 (?). An English actor. 
 
 Of all the actors whoflourished in my time — a melancholy 
 phrase if taken aright, reader — Bensley had most of the 
 swell of soul, was greatest in the delivery of heroic con- 
 ceptions, the emotions consequent upon the presentment 
 of a great idea to the fancy. Lamb. 
 
 Benson (ben'sqn), Carl. A pseudonym of 
 Charles Astor Bristed. 
 
 Benson, Edward White. Born at Birmingham, 
 England, July 14, 1829: died at Hawarden, Flint- 
 shire, Oct. 11, 1896. An English prelate. He 
 became bishop of Truro in 1877, and was consecrated arcn- 
 bishop of Canterbury in 1883. His works include “Bov- 
 Life " (1874), “Singleheart”(1877), “ The Cathedral ” (1879), 
 several volumes of sermons, etc. 
 
 Benson, Egbert. Bom at New York city, June 
 21, 1746: died at Jamaica, L. I., Aug. 24, 1833. 
 An American jurist and politician. He wrote a 
 “Vindication of 'the Captors of Major Andre ” (1817), 
 “Memoir on Dutch Names of Places’’ (1836), etc. 
 
 Benson, Frank Weston. Born at Salem, Mass., 
 March 24, 1862. An American figui'e- painter. 
 Benson, Joseph. Born at Kirk-Oswald, Cum- 
 berland, England, Jan. 26, 1749: died Feb. 16, 
 1821. A noted English Methodist clergyman 
 and controversialist. 
 
 Bentham (ben'tkam), Jeremy. Born at Lon- 
 don, Feb. 15, 1748: died there, June 6, 1832. 
 An English jurist and utilitarian philosopher. 
 He took the degree of B. A. at Queen's College, Oxford, 
 in 1783, and of A. M. in 1766, and was subsequently ad- 
 mitted to the bar at Lincoln’s Inn, but he shortly gave up 
 the practice of law in order to devote himself wholly to 
 literary pursuits. On the death of his father in 1792 he in- 
 herited a considerable fortune, which enabled him fully to 
 indulge his literary tastes. His chief works are “ Intro- 
 duction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation” (1789), 
 “Fragment on Government” (1776), “The Constitu- 
 tional Code" (1830), and “Rationale of Judicial Evi- 
 dence” (1827). 
 
 Bentham, Thomas. Bom at Sherbum, York- 
 shire, 1513: died at Eccleshall, Staffordshire, 
 Feb. 21, 1578. An English Protestant bishop, 
 one of the translators of the “Bishops’ Bible.” 
 Bentheim (bent'hlm). A countship included 
 iu the preseut province of Hanover, Prussia, 
 bordering on the Netherlands. 
 
 Bentheim. A small town in the province of Han- 
 over, Prussia, 30 miles northwest of Munster. 
 
Bentinck, William 
 
 Bentinck (ben'tingk), William. Born 1649 (?) : 
 died at Bulstrode, near Beaconsfield, Bucking- 
 hamshire, Nov. 23, 1709. A companion, con- 
 fidential adviser, and diplomatic agent of Wil- 
 liam III., created first earl of Portland. He was 
 the son of Henry Bentinck of Diepenheira, in Overyssel, 
 Holland. He became a personal attendant of the Prince 
 of Orange, went with him to England, and rose there to 
 a high position in the service of the state and in the army. 
 
 Bentinck, Lord William Cavendish. Born 
 Sept. 14, 1774: died at Paris, June 17, 1839. 
 An English statesman and general, second son 
 of the third Duke of Portland, He was governor 
 of Madras 1803-07 ; was envoy to Sicily, commander-in- 
 chief of the British forces there, and practically governor 
 of the island, 1811-14 ; and was appointed governor-general 
 of Bengal in 1827, and governor-general of India in 1833, 
 his administration extending from 1828 (when he took his 
 seat) to 1835. He abolished the “Suttee” in 1829. 
 
 Bentinck, William George Frederick Cav- 
 endish (usually called Lord George Ben- 
 tinck). Boruat Welbeek Abbey, Feb. 27, 1802: 
 died there, Sept. 21, 1848. An English politi- 
 cian and sportsman, second son of the fourth 
 Duke of Portland. He was the leader of the protec- 
 tionist opposition to Sir Robert Peel 1846-47. 
 
 Bentinck, William Henry Cavendish, third 
 Duke of Portland. Born 1738: died at Bul- 
 strode, Nov. 30, 1809. An English Whig states- 
 man, prime minister April-Dee., 1783, and 
 1807-09, and home secretary 1794-1801. 
 Bentinck’s Act, Lord George. An English 
 statute of 1845, restricting unlawful gaming 
 and wagers. 
 
 Bentivoglio (ben-te-vol'yo), Cornelio. Born 
 at Ferrara, Italy, 1668 : died at Rome, Dec. 30, 
 1732. An Italian ecclesiastic and man of letters. 
 He was archbishop of Carthage, nuncio to France, car- 
 dinal (1719), and legate a latere in Romania, and the au- 
 thor of sonnets, a translation of the “ Thebaid ” of Statius, 
 etc. 
 
 Bentivoglio, Ercole. Born about 1512: died 
 1573. An Italian poet and diplomatist, grand- 
 son of Giovanni Bentivoglio. 
 
 Bentivoglio, Giovanni. Born at Bologna about 
 1438 : died at Milan, 1508. An Italian nobleman, 
 ruler of Bologna 1462-1506. 
 
 Bentivoglio, Guido. Born at Ferrara, 1579: 
 died 1644. An Italian cardinal, noted as a 
 diplomatist and historian. He was papal nuncio to 
 Flanders and France, and author of “Della Guerra di 
 Fiandra” (1633-39), letters, memoirs, etc. 
 
 Bentley (bent'li), Richard. Born at Oulton, 
 near Wakefield, Yorkshire, Jan. 27, 1662: died 
 July 14, 1742. A noted English classical 
 scholar and critic, appointed master of Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, in 1700. He was the author 
 of “Epistolaad MiHium” (“ Letter to Dr. John Mill,” 1691), 
 “ Boyle Lectures ” (1692), “ Dissertation on the Epistles of 
 Phalaris ” (1697, 1699), etc. 
 
 Bentley, Robert. Bom at Hitchin, Hertford- 
 shire, England, March 25, 1821 : died Dec., 1893. 
 An English botanist. His works include “Man- 
 ual of Botany,” “Medicinal Plants,” etc. 
 Benton (ben'ton), Thomas Hart. Born at 
 Hillsborough, N. C., March 14, 1782: died 
 at Washington, April 10, 1858. An American 
 Democratic statesman. He was United States sen- 
 ator from Missouri 1821-51; representative to Congress 
 1853-56; and author of “Thirty Years’ View ” (1854-56), 
 “Abridgment of the Debates of Congress from 1789-1866" 
 (15 vols.), etc. 
 
 Benton. An iron-clad gunboat of 1,000 tons, 
 altered in 1861 from a powerful United States 
 snag-boat. She belonged to the Mississippi flotilla, 
 and took part In the fighting at Island No. 10, Fort PiUow, 
 Vicksburg, and on the Yazoo and Red River expeditions. 
 
 Bentonville (ben'ton-vil), Battle of. A vic- 
 tory gained at Bentonville (south of Raleigli in 
 North Carolina) by the Federals under Sher- 
 man over the Confederates under Johnston, 
 March 19-20, 1865. Loss of the Federals, 1,646; 
 of the Confederates, 2,825. 
 
 Bentzel-Sternau (bent'zel-ster'nou), Count 
 Christian Ernst von. Born at Mainz, Ger- 
 many, April 9,1767: diednearLake Zurich, Aug. 
 13, 1849. A German politician, humorous novel- 
 ist, and miscellaneous writer. He wrote “Das 
 goldene Kalb” (1802), “ Der steinerne Gast” (1808), “Der 
 alte Adam ” (1819-20), etc. 
 
 Benue. See Binue. 
 
 Ben Voirlich (hen vor'lich). A mountain in 
 Perthshire, Scotland, south of Loch Earn. 
 Height, 3,224 feet. 
 
 Benvolio (ben-vo'li-5). A friend of Romeo and 
 nephew of Montague, in Shakspere’s tragedy 
 “ Romeo and Juliet.” 
 
 Benvenuto Cellini. An opera by Berlioz, pro- 
 duced in Paris in 1838; in London in 1853. 
 Benzayda. In Dryden’s play “The Conquest 
 of Granada,” the daughter of the sultan, she 
 loves Ozwy, the son of his deadliest foe, and exhibits he- 
 
 147 
 
 roic courage and endurance, following her lover through 
 the hardships and perils of civil war. 
 
 Benzoni (ben-dzo'ne), Girolamo. Born at Mi- 
 lan, 1519 : died after 1566. An Italian traveler. 
 In 1642 he went to Spanish America, traveling overmuch 
 of the regions then known, and sometimes joining the 
 Spaniards in their raids against the Indians. Returning 
 to Italy in 1556, he published an account of his travels, with 
 the title ‘ ‘ Historla del Mondo N uovo ” (V enice, 1665). 
 
 Beothukan (ba'o-thuk-an). [Native beothuk, 
 human being.] A linguistic stock of North 
 American Indians, comprising only the Beothuk 
 tribe, which formerly inhabited the region of 
 the River of Exploits in northern Newfound- 
 land. So far as is known, the last surviving 
 member of the tribe and stock died in 1829. 
 Beothuks. See Beothukan. 
 
 Beowulf (ba'6-wulf). [AS. Bedwulf taken by 
 some to mean ‘bee-wolf’ (from bed, bee, and 
 wulf, wolf), i. e. ‘bear,’ a complimentary name 
 for a fierce warrior ; according to others prob. 
 representing an orig. * Beaclowulf (= Ieel. *Bbd- 
 hulfr), war-wolf, from beado, war, and wulf, 
 wolf.] The hero of an Anglo-Saxon epic poem 
 in alliterative verse, of unknown authorship, 
 represented as a thane and later king of the 
 Swedish Ge&tas. The scene of action is in Danish and 
 Swedish territory. The foundation Is mythical, legendary, 
 and historical material from the time of the Danish con- 
 quest of the Cimbriau Peninsula, in the early part of the 
 6th century. Danish poems embodying this material 
 are supposed to have come to the neighboring Angles left 
 behind in their old home, and to have then been brought 
 over to England by the last migrat ions from the Continent. 
 The poem was doubtless a gradual growth, and has prob- 
 ably existed in many successive versions. The form that 
 has come down to us dates from near the beginning of the 
 8th century. It is preserved in a single MS. of the Cot- 
 tonian Library in the British Museum. ‘ ‘ Beowulf ” is not 
 only the oldest epic in English, but in the whole Germanic 
 group of languages. 
 
 Beppo (bep'po). A poem by Lord Byron, writ- 
 ten at Venice in 1817, pirblisbed in 1818. 
 Berabra (be-ra'bra). The Arabic name of the 
 Nubas (which see). 
 
 Beranger (ba-ron-zha'), Pierre Jean de. Bom 
 at Paris, Aug. 19, 1780 : died at Paris, July 16, 
 1857. A famous French lyric poet. He was the 
 author of songs, “ political, amatory, bacchanalian, satiri- 
 cal, philosophical after a fashion, and of almost every 
 other complexion that the song can possibly take. Their 
 form is exactly that of the 18th-century chanson, the 
 frivolity and licence of language being considerably cur- 
 tailed, and the range of subjects proportionately ex- 
 tended ” ( Saintsbury ). The first collection of his songs 
 was published in 1815. He was the son of a notary’s clerk. 
 In 1804 necessity compelled him to seek aid from Lucien 
 Bonaparte, which was given in the form of a clerkship in 
 the office of the Imperial University, which he held until 
 1821. In 1848 he was elected to the Constituent Assembly 
 from the department of the Seine. His political sympa- 
 thies were republican and Bonapartist, and for expressing 
 them he was twice prosecuted by the government (1821- 
 1828). His songs have enjoyed an extraordinary popularity. 
 
 Berar (ba-rar'), or Hyderabad (hi-der-a-bad') 
 Assigned Districts. A province of British 
 India, north of the Nizam’s dominions, about 
 lat. 19° 35'-21° 47' N., long. 75° 59'-79° 11' E. 
 It is generally level and fertile, and produces cotton and 
 grain. It formed part of the dominions of the Mahratta 
 Rajah of Nagpur, was ceded to Hyderabad in 1803, and 
 was assigned (lienee its official name) by the Nizam to the 
 British government in 1853 and 1861. In 1902 an agree- 
 ment was reached with the Nizam by which Berar was 
 leased in perpetuity to India ; and in 1903 it was trans- 
 ferred to the administration of the Central Provinces. 
 Area, 17,710 square miles. Population, 2,754,016. 
 
 Berard (ba-rar'), Joseph Frederic. Born at 
 Montpellier, Nov. 8, 1789: died April 16, 1828. 
 A French physician and psychologist. 
 
 Berard, Pierre Honore. Born at Lichtenberg, 
 Alsace, 1797 : died 1858. A French surgeon and 
 physiologist, professor of physiology at Paris. 
 Berat (be-rat'). A town in the vilayet of Ya- 
 nina, European Turkey, situated on the river 
 Semeni in lat. 40° 45' N., long. 19° 52' E. Popu- 
 lation (estimated), 12,000. 
 
 Beraun (ba-roun'). A river in Bohemia which 
 joins the Moldau south of Prague. Length, 
 about 100 miles. 
 
 Beraun. A town in Bohemia, situated at the 
 junction of the Litamka and Beraun, 17 miles 
 west-southwest of Prague. Population, com- 
 mune, 11,536, (1910). 
 
 Berber (ber'ber). A region in Nubia, near the 
 junction of the Atbara with the Nile. It is 
 now a province of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 
 Berber, or El Mekheir. A town in Nubia, sit- 
 uated on the east bank of the Nile, between 
 the mouth of the Atbara and the fifth cataract, 
 about lat. 18° N. It was an important point on the 
 caravan routes to Cairo, Khartum, and Suakim, and a sta- 
 tion on the railway between Wady-Halfa and Khartum. 
 It was taken by Mahdists in 1884. Population, est., 10,000. 
 
 Berbers (ber'berz). A race of people (and also 
 the name of a class of languages) constituting, 
 with the Cushites, the Hamitic family, which 
 
 Berengarius 
 
 is found scattered over North Africa and the 
 Sahara, from the Red Sea to the Atlantic. The 
 complexion of the Berbers varies from white to dark 
 brown ; their features remind one of the Egyptian type ; 
 their stature is medium. They have occupied their 
 present habitat since the dawn of history. Never have 
 their indomitable tribes become entirely subject to a for- 
 eign master, or lost their ethnic and linguistic charac- 
 teristics, in spite of Punic, Roman, Germanic, Arabic, and 
 Osmanli conquests. In the Kabail Mountains they are 
 agricultural; in the Sahara, nomadic. For centuries they 
 have been the middlemen between the Mediterranean 
 coast and the Negro states of the Sudan. Berber, a word 
 of Aryan derivation, signifies “alien,” and so does “Ra- 
 tana” or “Ertana,” the name given them by the Arabs. 
 They call themselves “Amazirg" — that is “The Free." 
 Owing to the barren nature of the soil, the Berber popula- 
 tion, as compared with the area it covers, is dispropor- 
 tionately small. In religion the Berbers are nominally 
 Mohammedan. A lew tribes have adopted the Arabic, and 
 so have a few Arabs adopted Berber dialects. The Ber- 
 ber languages are often called Libyan. Dr. Cust mentions 
 nine principal languages : Old Libyan, Kabail, Tamashek, 
 Ghat, Ghadamsi, Shilha, Zenaga, Guanch, Siwah. See 
 Haniites. 
 
 Berbera (ber-ba'rii). A seaport and town in 
 Somaliland, northeast Africa, in the “land of 
 incense ” of the ancients. It is a great market-place 
 for inland tribes. The climate is good. It was annexed 
 by Egypt in 1876, and by England in 1884. 
 
 Berbice (ber-bes'). The easternmost of tbo 
 three counties of British Guiana. It was a 
 Dutch colony in the 17th and 18th centuries. 
 Berbice. A river in British Guiana which flows 
 into the Atlantic east of the Essequibo. 
 Berbice, orNew Amsterdam. A seaport in Brit- 
 ish Guiana, on the river Berbice near its mouth. 
 Berceo. See Gonzalo de Berceo. 
 
 Berchem. See Berghem. 
 
 Berchta (berch'ta). [ML. Berclita, Bertha 
 (whence E. Bertha), from OHG. beraht, MHG. 
 berht = E. bright .] A fairy in South German 
 legends. She answers to the Hulda of North Germany, 
 and was originally gracious and beautiful. She has, how- 
 ever, lost this character, and is a sort of witch to frighten 
 children, like the Befana of Italy. 
 
 Berchtesgaden (bereh'tes-ga-den). A small 
 town in Upper Bavaria, situated on the Achen 
 15 miles south of Salzburg, it is noted for its salt- 
 mines and its wood-carving. It was the center of a prin- 
 cipality until 1803. 
 
 Berchtesgaden. An alpine district in the south- 
 eastern corner of Bavaria, near the town of 
 Berchtesgaden . 
 
 Berck (berk). A seaport and watering-place 
 in the department of Pas-de-Calais, France, sit- 
 uated on the English Channel 22 miles south of 
 Boulogne. Population, commune, 9,636. 
 Bercy (ber-se'). A former commune of France, 
 situated on the right bank of the Seine : now a 
 southeastern quarter of Paris, annexed in 1860. 
 Berdiansk (ber-dyansk'). A seaport in the 
 government of Taurida, southern Russia, situ- 
 ated on the Sea of Azov in lat. 46° 45' N., long. 
 36° 47' E. It has considerable trade, and is the center of 
 a large 6alt industry. Population, 36,456. 
 
 Berdichef (ber-de'ehef). A city in the govern- 
 ment of Kieff, Russia, in lat. 49° 55' N., long. 
 28° 20' E. It is the center of an important trade be- 
 tween southern Russia and Germany. Population, 62,600. 
 
 Berea College (be-re'a kol'ej). An institu- 
 tion of learning in Berea, Madison County, Ken- 
 tucky, 130 miles south of Cincinnati, founded 
 in 1855. It is non-sectarian and coeducational. It has 
 college, normal, and industrial departments. 
 
 Bereczk (ber-etsk'). A small town in the county 
 of Hfiromsz4k, Transylvania, situated near the 
 frontier of Moldavia 46 miles northeast of 
 Kronstadt. 
 
 Berengaria (ba-ren-ga're-a). Died after 1230. 
 The daughter of Sancho VI. of Navarre and 
 Blanche of Castile, and queen of Richard I. 
 (Coeur de Lion). 
 
 Berengarius (ber-en-ga'ri-us), or BSrenger 
 (ba-ron-zha'), I. King of Italy 888-924, a son 
 of Eberhard, duke of Friuli, and grandson of 
 Louis le D6bon naire. He was chosen king of Italy 
 in opposition to Guido, duke of Spoleto, and, receiving 
 the papal recognition, succeeded in maintaining himself 
 against foreign and domestic rivals till defeated by Ru- 
 dolph, king of Burgundy, in the decisive battle of Firen- 
 zuola, July 29, 923. He was assassinated in the following 
 year. 
 
 Berengarius II. Died 966. King of Italy 950- 
 961, a grandson of Berengarius I. Italy being 
 
 invaded by the emperor Otto I., Berengarius became a 
 feudatory of Germany. He was eventually dethroned, and 
 died in prison. 
 
 Berengarius, orBerenger. Born at Tours about 
 998: died near Tours, 1088. A French ecclesi- 
 astic and dialectician. He was a pupil of Fulbert 
 of Chartres, became archdeacon of Angers 1040, began to 
 attack the dogmas of transubstantiation and the real pres- 
 ence about 1045, and was condemned at (among other 
 synods) Vercel l i L060, and Rom< 10l)9 and 1079, in conse- 
 quence of which he several times recanted. 
 
Berenger 
 
 Berenger, Lady Eveline. A resolute, some- 
 what impatient woman in Scott’s novel “ The 
 Betrothed.” 
 
 Berenice (ber-e-ui'se). [L. Berenice, Beronice, 
 Gr. I iepeviio/.] 1. The wife of Ptolemy Soter, 
 and the mother of Ptolemy Philadelphus. — 2. 
 The daughter of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and 
 wife of Antioclrus Theos, king of Syria. — 3. 
 The wife of Ptolemy Euergetes. Having dedicated 
 her hair in the temple of Arsinoe at Zephyrium for the safe 
 return of her husband from an expedition to Syria, the 
 astronomer Couon of Samos reported that it had been 
 transformed into the constellation called Coma Berenices. 
 4. A sister of Cleopatra, slain by the Romans 
 55 B. c. — 5. A niece of Herod the Great, and 
 wife of Aristobulus, and afterward of Theudion. 
 — 6. Daughter of Agrippa I., king of Judah 37- 
 44 A. L>. She was first married to her uncle Herod, 
 king of Chalcis in Lebanon, and after his death lived 
 with her brother Agrippa II.. it is alleged in criminal re- 
 lations. To disprove this accusation she married Polemon, 
 king of Cilicia, but abandoned him soon and returned to 
 her brother. Josephus relates of her that she endeavored 
 to stop the cruelties of Floras, the last and worst of Roman 
 governors in Judea (“Jewish Wars," II. 15, 1). In the last 
 struggle of her country she, like her brother, was on the 
 side of Rome. She played some part in Human politics, 
 supporting the elevation of Vespasian as emperor. For 
 some time Titus was attracted by her beauty and grace, 
 and it was believed that he would marry her. She fol- 
 lowed the conqueror of her country to Rome, but Titus 
 was compelled to repudiate her. In the New Testament 
 she is mentioned as coming with her brother to welcome 
 Festus at Caesarea, and as being present at the audience 
 which Paul had with this governor (Acts xxv. 13, 23 ; 
 xxvi. 30). 
 
 Berenice (ba-ra-nes'). 1 . A tragedy by Thomas 
 Corneille, produced in 1657. The subject was taken 
 from Mademoiselle de Scudcry’s romance “ Artamfene, or 
 The Grand Cyrus." 
 
 2. A tragedy by Racine, produced Nov. 21, 1670, 
 founded on the story of Titus and Berenice. 
 This subject was proposed to Racine and Pierre Corneille 
 at the same time by Henrietta of England, who wished to 
 see her own secret history on the stage. Corneille was 
 beaten in this literary tourney, and his play was considered 
 a sign of failing powers. 
 
 Berenice. In ancient geography, a town in 
 Egypt, situated on the Red Sea, near Ras Benaas, 
 in lat. 23° 55' N., founded by Ptolemy II. It 
 was an important trading center. 
 
 Berenice. The ancient name of Bengazi, on 
 the Gulf of Sidra. 
 
 Beresford (ber'es-ford), Janies. Born at 
 Upham, Hants, England, May 28, 1764: died 
 at Kibworth Beauchamp, Leicestershire, Sept. 
 29, 1840. An English clergyman. He was the 
 author of a prose satire, “ The Miseries of Human Life” 
 (1800-07), etc. 
 
 Beresford, Viscount (William Carr Beres- 
 ford). Born Oct. 2, 1768: died at Bedgebury, 
 Kent, Jan. 8, 1854. A British general. He served 
 with distinction in the Peninsular war; organized the 
 Portuguese army, and commanded at the battle of Al- 
 buera, May 16, 1811. 
 
 Beresina, or Berezina (ber-e-ze'na). A river 
 in the government of Minsk, Russia, a tribu- 
 tary of the Dnieper. Length, about 350 miles. 
 Beresina, Passage, or Battle, of the. The 
 passage of Napoleon’s army over the Beresina 
 on the retreat from Moscow, Nov. 26-29, 1812. 
 It was opposed by the Russians near Studienka. Many 
 thousands of the French were slain and drowned, and 
 about 16,000 were made prisoners. 
 
 Berettyo (be'ret-yo). A river in eastern Hun- 
 gary, a tributary of the Koros. 
 Berettyo-Ujfalu (be'ret-yo-oy'fo-lo). A town 
 in the county of Bihar, Hungary, 21 miles 
 northwest of Gross wardein. Population, 
 7,723. 
 
 Berezof (ber-ez-of'). A small town in the 
 government of Tobolsk, Siberia, situated on 
 the Sosva in lat. 64° N., long. 65° 30' E. it has 
 trade in furs, etc., and is a place of banishment for politi- 
 cal offenders. 
 
 Berezofsk (ber-ez-ovsk'). A small town in 
 the government of Perm, Russia, situated in 
 the Urals near Yekaterinburg. It is the center 
 of important gold-fields. 
 
 Berg (berG) . [G. , ‘ mountain. ’] A former duchy 
 of Germany, situated east of the lower Rhine 
 and west of Westphalia and Mark: the Roman 
 Ducatus montensis. It was a county in the middle 
 ages, became a duchy in 1380, and was united with J iilich in 
 1423. J iilich, Berg, and Cleves were united in 1521. In con- 
 sequence of the contest for the J iilich succession, Berg and 
 Jiilich passed in 1666 to Pfalz-Neuburg. Berg was ceded 
 to France in 1806. With addition of Cleves, etc., Berg was 
 made a grand duchy for Murat, and afterward for a son of 
 Louis Bonaparte. They were occupied by the Allies in 
 1813, were ceded to Prussia in 1815, and now form a part 
 of the Rhine Province. The district has very important 
 manufactures and is thickly settled. 
 
 Berg. A suburb of Stuttgart. It contains sev- 
 eral noted villas. 
 
 Berg. A village and castle on the Starnberger 
 
 148 
 
 See, Bavaria, near Munich. It was the resi- 
 dence and the scene of the death of Louis II. 
 of Bavaria. 
 
 Berg (bera), Count Friedrich Wilhelm Rem- 
 bert. Born at Sagnitz Castle, in Livonia, May 
 26, 1790: died at St. Petersburg, Jan. 18, 1874. 
 A Russian field-marshal and diplomatist, lieu- 
 tenant-general of Poland 1863-74. 
 
 Bergama (ber'ga-ma). A town on the site of 
 the ancient Pergamum (which see), Asia Minor, 
 50 milesnorth of Smyrna. Population, 6,000 (f ). 
 
 Bergamasca (ber-ga-miis'ka). A district in the 
 northern part of the province of Bergamo, 
 Italy. It comprises the Val Brembana, Val Seriana, and 
 Val di Scalve. It is mountainous and picturesque. 
 
 Bergamasker Alps (ber'ga-mas-ker alps). A 
 division of the Alps in northern Italy which 
 extends from Lake Como eastward to the Oglio 
 and Lake Iseo, and southward from the Val- 
 telline. 
 
 Bergamo (ber'ga-mo). [L. Bergomum, Gr. B tp- 
 yogov .] The capital of the province of Berga- 
 mo, Italy, situated at the junction of the Val 
 Seriana and Val Brembana 28 miles northeast 
 of Milan. It contains a cathedral, several notable 
 churches, and the Academy Carrara, and has considera- 
 ble commerce and manufactures. It was destroyed by 
 Attila. It formerly belonged to Venice, and was taken by 
 the French in 1509 and 1796. The cathedral is a plain but 
 well-proportioned building of the 14th to the 16th cen- 
 tury, with a modern favade and a fine dome. The curious 
 octagonal baptistery was built in 1341, in imitation of the 
 antique. Population, commune, 47,772. 
 
 Bergamo. A province in the compartimento 
 of Lombardy, Italy. Area, 1,065 square 
 miles. Population, 519,720. 
 
 Bergara (ber-ga/ra), or Vergara (ver-ga'ra), 
 Convention of. The capitulation of the Car- 
 list general Maroto, Aug. 31, 1839, which put 
 an end to the civil war between the Carlists 
 and the Cristinos. 
 
 Bergen (ber'gen). The capital of the island of 
 Riigen, Prussia, situated in the central part of 
 the island. Population, about 5,000. 
 
 Bergen. A seaport and the second city of Nor- 
 way, situated in the amt of South Bergeuhuus, 
 southwestern Norway. It was a trading sta- 
 tion of the Hanseatic League 1445-1558. Pop- 
 ulation, 72,251. 
 
 Bergen-op-Zoom (ber'Gen-op-zom'). A town 
 in the province of North Brabant, Netherlands, 
 situated on the Zoom, near the East Schelde, 
 15 miles north of Antwerp. It was formerly strongly 
 fortified. It was unsuccessfully besieged by the Duke of 
 Parma in 1588, and by Spinola in 1622, and wastaken by the 
 French in 1747 and 1795. In Sept., 1799, an engagement 
 took place here between the Duke of York and the French 
 under Brune. March 8, 1814, the British under Sir T. 
 Graham attempted to carry the fortress of Bergen-op- 
 Zoom by storm. Population, commune, 13,668. * 
 
 Bergenroth (ber'gen-rot), Gustav Adolf. 
 
 Born at Oletzko, East Prussia, Feb. 26, 1813: 
 died in Madrid, Peb. 13, 1869. A historical 
 student, noted for his researches in English his- 
 tory among the archives at Simaneas, Spain. 
 
 Bergerac (berzh-rak'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Dordogne, southwestern France, 
 situated on the Dordogne 51 miles east of 
 Bordeaux: an ancient Huguenot stronghold. 
 Population, 15,623. 
 
 Bergerac, Savinien Cyrano de. Born about 
 1620 at the Chateau de Bergerac (Perigord) : 
 died at Paris in 1655. A French writer and 
 duelist. He was wounded at the siege of Arras in 1640, 
 and devoted himself to study. Among his works are 
 “Agrippine,” a tragedy (1653), “Le pedant jou6,”a com- 
 edy (1654), “Histoire comique des £tats et empires de la 
 lnrie" (1656, after his death), and “Histoire comique des 
 6tats et des empires du soleil” (1661). These two are 
 said to ha ve served to suggest at least “ MicromCgas ” and 
 “ Gulliver’s Travels.” 
 
 Bergerac, Treaty of. A treaty concluded be- 
 tween the Huguenots and Roman Catholics, 
 1577. Also called Treaty of Poitiers. 
 
 Bergerat (berzh-ra'), Auguste Emile. Born 
 
 at Paris, April 29, 1845. A journalist, novelist, 
 and dramatic writer, son-in-law and biogra- 
 pher of Theophilo Gautier. He writes under 
 the pseudonym of “Caliban.” 
 
 Bergh (berg), Henry. Born at New York, 
 1823: died there, March 12, 1888. The founder 
 (1866) and president of the American Society 
 for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. He 
 was secretary of legation and acting vice-consul in St. 
 Petersburg 1862-64. He wrote a play, “ Love's Alterna- 
 tive, ' produced at the Union League Theater, Baltimore, 
 in 1881. 
 
 Berghaus (berg'hous), Heinrich. Born at 
 Cleves, Prussia, May 3, 1797 : died at Stettin, 
 Feb. 17, 1884. A German geographer. He was 
 professor of applied mathematics in the Academy of 
 Architecture at Berlin 1824-55, and editor of the “Her- 
 
 Berkeley, George 
 
 tha ” 1825-29. Author of “Atlas von Asien ” (1833-43), 
 “ Pliysikalisoher Atlas ” (1837-52), etc. 
 
 Berghem (berG'hem), or Berchem (ber'chem), 
 Nikolaas. Bom at Haarlem, 1624 : died there, 
 Feb. 18, 1683. A Dutch landscape-painter. 
 Bergman (berg'man), Torbern Olof. Born at 
 Katharinberg, West Gothland, Sweden, March 
 20, 1735 : died July 8, 1784. A Swedish chemist 
 and naturalist, appointed professor of physics 
 at Upsala in 1758. His collected works ( ‘ ‘ Opus- 
 cula physica, chemica et mineralia”) were 
 published 1779-84. 
 
 Bergonzi (bar-gon'tze), Carlo. Died at Cre- 
 mona, after 1755. An Italian maker of musi- 
 cal instruments, a pupil of Autouio Stradiva- 
 rius, renowned for his violins and violoncellos. 
 Bergsoe (herg'se), Jorgen Wilhelm. Born at 
 Copenhagen, Feb. 8, 1835: died there, June 26, 
 1911. A Danish naturalist, novelist, and poet. 
 His chief romances are “Fra Piazza del Popolo” (1866), 
 “Fra den gamle Fabrik,” “I Sabinerbjergene,” etc. 
 
 Bergstrasse (berg'stras-e). A celebrated road 
 in Germany, extending from Heidelberg about 
 30 miles northward, skirting the Odenwald. It 
 was built originally by the Romans. 
 
 Bergues (berg), or Bergues-Saint-Winoc 
 (berg-sant-ve-nok'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Not'd, France, 7 miles southeast of 
 Dunkirk. It was fortified by Vauban, and was unsuc- 
 cessfully besieged by the English in 1793. Population, 
 commune, 5,032. 
 
 Bering, or Behring (ba/ring or be' ring), 
 Vitus. [Dan. Bering.'] Born at Horsens, Jut- 
 land, 1680: died at Bering Island, 1741. A 
 Danish navigator, in the Russian service, noted 
 for discoveries in the North Pacific Ocean. He 
 
 explored the northern coast of Siberia in 1725, traversed 
 Bering Strait (named from him) in 1728, proving that Asia 
 and America are separated, and in 1741 explored the west- 
 ern coast of America to lat. 69° N. 
 
 Bering, or Behring, Island. The most west- 
 erly of the Aleutian Islands, situated iu the 
 North Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Bering, or Behring, Sea. That part of the 
 North Pacific Ocean which lies between Bering 
 Strait and the Aleutian Islands. Also called 
 Sea of Kamchatka. 
 
 Bering, or Behring, Strait. A sea passage 
 which connects the Arctic with the North Pa- 
 cific Ocean, and separates Alaska from Siberia. 
 Width, in the narrowest part, 36 miles. 
 Beringhen (ber'ing-en), De. A. gourmand in 
 Bulwer’s ‘ ‘ Richelieu,” banished by the cardinal. 
 Berington (her 'ing-ton), Joseph. Born in 
 Shropshire, England, 1746: died at Buckland, 
 Berkshire, Dec. 1, 1827. An English Roman 
 Catholic priest and author. He wrote a “ History 
 of the Lives of Abeillard and Heloisa, etc.’ (1787), a “His- 
 tory of the Reign of Henry II., etc.” (1796), “ Literary His- 
 tory of the Middle Ages ” (1814), and numerous controver- 
 sial works. 
 
 Berinthia (be-rin'thi-a). 1. A young and dis- 
 solute widow in Vanbrugh’s comedy “The Re- 
 lapse,” and afterward in Sheridan’s adaptation, 
 the “Trip to Scarborough.” — 2. The niece of 
 Mrs. Pipchin in Dickens’s novel “Dombey and 
 Son”, called “Berry,” and much afflicted with 
 boils on her nose. 
 
 Beriot (ba-re-6'), Charles Auguste de. Born 
 at Louvain, Belgium, Feb. 20, 1802: died at 
 Louvain, April 20, 1870. A distinguished Bel- 
 gian violinist and composer. 
 
 Berislaff (ba're-slaf ) . A town in the government 
 of Kherson, Russia, situated on the Dnieper 46 
 miles east of Kherson. Population, about 12,000^ 
 Beristain y Souza (ba-res-ta'en e so'tha), Jose 
 Mariano. Born at Puebla, 1756 : died at Mex- 
 ico, March 23, 1817. A Mexican bibliographer, 
 rector of the College of San Pedro. His best- 
 known work is the “Biblioteca hispano-americana sep- 
 tentrional,” a catalogue of Spanish North American au- 
 thors with their works. 
 
 Berkeley (berk'li or bark'li). [ME. Berkley, 
 AS. Bercled, Beorclcd, appar. from herce, beorc, 
 birch, and ledli, lea, field. Hence the surname 
 Berkeley, in other forms Berkley, Barkley , Bar- 
 clay.] A town in Gloucestershire, England, 
 situated near the Severn 15 miles southwest of 
 Gloucester. See Berkeley Castle. 
 
 Berkeley. A town in Alameda County, Cali- 
 fornia. It is the seat of the University of California, of 
 the State Agricultural College, and of other public instl- 
 tutions. Population, 40,434, (1910). 
 
 Berkeley, Elizabeth. Born in 1750: died at 
 Naples, Jan. 13, 1828. An English writer, she 
 married Lord Craven in 1767 ; was separated from him in 
 1781 ; married the Margrave of Ansbach in 1791. Her au- 
 tobiography was published in 1825, and “Letters to the 
 Margrave of Anspach M in 1814. 
 
 Berkeley, George. Born 1628 : died 1698. An 
 English nobleman, son of the ninth Baron 
 Berkeley, created first earl of Berkeley in 1679. 
 
Berkeley, George 
 
 Berkeley, George. Born at Dysert Castle, 
 county of Kilkenny. Ireland, March 12, 1685: 
 died at Oxford, England, Jan. 14, 1753. An 
 Irish prelate (of English descent) of the es- 
 tablished church, celebrated for his philosophi- 
 cal writings. He was graduated at Trinity College, 
 Dublin, where he held various offices, 1707-24 , traveled in 
 England and on the Continent 1713-20 ; became dean of 
 Derry in 1724 ; obtained the patent for a college in Ber- 
 muda in 1725, of which he was appointed first president, 
 but which never was established ; sailed for Newport, 
 Rhode Island, Sept. 4, 1728, landing there in January, and 
 remaining in America until the end of 1731; became bishop 
 of Cloyne in 1734 ; and retired in 1752. He is especially 
 famous for his theory of vision, the foundation of the mod- 
 ern psycho-physiological investigation of that subject, 
 and for the extreme subjective idealism of his metaphysi- 
 cal views. His works include ‘‘Essay toward a New The- 
 ory of Vision" (1709 : 3d ed. bound with “Alciphron” in 
 1732), “ A Treatise concerning the Principles of Human 
 Knowledge" (1710 and 1734), “Three Dialogues between 
 Hylas and Philonous” (1713), “Alciphron, or the Minute 
 Philosopher ” (1732), “Siris, a Chain of Philosophical Re- 
 flections and Inquiries concerning the Virtues of Tar- 
 water, etc." (1744. the title “Siris” was first used in the 
 edition of 1746), etc. He was an enthusiastic advocate of 
 the use of tar-water as an almost universal remedy. 
 
 Berkeley, George Charles Grantley Fitz- 
 hardinge. Born Feb. 10, 1800: died at Poole, 
 Dorsetshire, Feb. 23, 1881. An English sports- 
 man, sixth son of the fifth Earl of Berkeley. 
 
 He was a member of Parliament from 1832-52. He wrote 
 “Berkeley Castle," a novel (1836), “Sandron Hall, or the 
 Days of Queen Anne” (1840), “The English Sportsman on 
 the Western Prairies” (1861), “Anecdotes of the Upper 
 Ten Thousand,” etc. (1867), “Tales of Life and Death” 
 (1870), etc. 
 
 Berkeley, Sir William. Bom at or near Lon- 
 don : died in England, July, 1677. A royal gov- 
 ernor of Virginia, 1642-51, 1660-76. He crushed 
 Bacon’s rebellion in 1676. 
 
 Berkeley Castle. A celebrated Norman for- 
 tress and baronial hall between Bristol and 
 Gloucester, England. It was founded soon after 
 the Conquest. Edward II. was murdered there 
 in 1327. 
 
 Berkeley Springs, or Bath. A watering-place 
 in West Virginia, 30 miles east of Cumberland, 
 Maryland, noted for its medicinal springs. 
 
 Berkhampstead (bark'ham-sted), Great. A 
 town in the county of Hertford, England, 27 
 miles northwest of London. Population, 5, 140. 
 
 Berkhey (berk'hi), Jan Lefrancqvan. Born 
 at Leyden, Holland, Jan. 23, 1729: died at Ley- 
 den, March 13, 1812. A Dutch naturalist and 
 poet. His chief works are “Natuurlijkehistorie van Hol- 
 land” (1769-79), poem, “Het verheerlijkt” (1774). 
 
 Berks (berks). An abbreviation of Berkshire. 
 
 Berkshire (bark'shir). [ME. BerJcschire, AS. 
 Bearrucscire, Barrucscire, BarrocscirJ] Acounty 
 of England, lying between Gloucester, Oxford, 
 and Buckingham on the north, Surrey on the 
 southeast, Hampshire on the south, and Wilt- 
 shire on the west. The county-seat is Reading ; the 
 chief industry is agriculture. Area (ad. county), 713 square 
 miles. Population (pari, co.), 256,509. 
 
 Berkshire Hills. The mountains of Berkshire 
 County, Massachusetts, noted as a summer and 
 autumn resort. 
 
 Berlichingen (ber'lich-ing-en), Gotz or Gott- 
 fried von. Born at Jagsthausen, Wiirtemberg, 
 1480: died at Hornberg Castle on the Neekar, 
 July 23, 1562. A German feudal knight. His 
 right hand having been lost in battle, it was replaced by 
 an artificial hand made of iron (whence he is sometimes 
 called “Gotz with the Iron Hand"). He was one of the 
 leaders of the peasants in 1525, and subsequently served 
 under the emperor Charles V. against the sultan Soliman 
 and against Francis I. of France. The literary revolution 
 of the 18th century from the artificial to the simple style 
 was preluded by Goethe’s “Gotz von Berlichingen," a 
 drama which he constructed from the autobiography of 
 the original robber knight who represented himself as an 
 honest but much misunderstood person. See Gotz von 
 Berlichingen. 
 
 Berlin (ber-lin' or b&r'lin; G. pron. ber-len'). 
 The capital of the German Empire and of Prus- 
 sia, until 1881 in Brandenburg, situated on 
 the Spree, in lat. 52° 30' N., long. 13° 24' E. 
 It is the largest city in the German Empire, and has an im- 
 portant commerce and extensive manufactures of metals, 
 machinery, cotton and woolen goods, confections, musical 
 instruments, beer, etc. It was settled by the 1.3th century, 
 and was greatly improved by the Great Elector, Frederick 
 I., by Frederick the Great, and by later rulers. It was 
 taken by the Allies in 1760, and by Napoleon in 1806. The 
 following are among its objects of interest : Arsenal, now 
 a Military Museum and Hall of Fame, so called. In plan 
 it is a rectangle 295 feet square, with a large central court. 
 It was finished in 1706, and the exterior is a good exam- 
 ple of the architecture and decorative sculpture of the 
 time. The mural paintingsof historical and military sub- 
 jects by Geselschap in the interior are the finest work of 
 the kind in Berlin. There is also a collection of portrait 
 and mythological sculpture, in addition to the impressive 
 exhibition of arms and battle-trophies. Brandenburg 
 Gate, at the west end of Unter den Linden, a monumental 
 gateway begun in 1789. It presents on each face 6 lofty 
 Doric columns and a Roman entablature, surmounted by 
 
 149 
 
 an attic upon which is a bronze quadriga of V ictory . There 
 are 6 passages for vehicles, the central one of which is the 
 widest. The gate is flanked by two Doric colonnaded 
 structures in the form of temples. Column of Peace, in the 
 Belle Alliance Platz, erected in 1840 in honor of the peace 
 of 1815. The shaft is of granite on a high basement, and 
 the capital of marble, surmounted by a figure of Victory. 
 The total height is 60 feet. The monument is flanked by 
 marble groups of Prussia, England, the Netherlands, and 
 Hanover, the powers which triumphed at Waterloo. Mon- 
 ument of Victory, dedicated in 1873 in honor of the Ger- 
 man triumphs of 1864, 1866, and 1870. It consists of 
 a monumental column of yellow sandstone, supporting a 
 colossal statue of Borussia, the total height being 200 feet. 
 The capital of the column is formed of eagles, and the 
 fluted shaft is adorned with captured cannon. The ped- 
 estal bears bronze reliefs of the Danish war, Koniggratz, 
 Sedan, and the triumphant return of the troops. The 
 base of the monument is surrounded by a colonnade with 
 allegorical mosaics of the overthrow of France and the 
 restoration of the German Empire. National Gallery of 
 sculpture and painting, an effective building finished in 
 1876, in the form of a pseudoperipteral Corinthian temple, 
 with a large semicircular projection at the northwest end, 
 and an octastyle portico surmounted by a pediment filled 
 with sculpture on the fagade, which faces the southeast. 
 It measures 105 by 200 feet, and is raised on a basement 39 
 feet high. Access to the front portico is afforded by an 
 impressive double flight of steps. The interior contains 
 two exhibition floors, and is richly decorated. Old Museum, 
 the finest building in Berlin. The fagade has the form of 
 a Greek Ionic portico 284 feet long, with 18 columns be- 
 tween terminal antse. The entablature bears eagles as 
 antefixes. A portion of the roof is raised in the middle, 
 corresponding to tire interior rotunda ; at the corners are 
 placed four- colossal groups in bronze — in front copies of 
 the Hox-se-Tamers of Monte Cavallo in Rome, and behind 
 Pegasus attended by the Hours. The piers of the great 
 central flight of steps bear bronze groups of equestrian 
 combats with lions. In the vestibule stand statues of 
 noted archaeologists, and the walls are painted with alle- 
 gorical frescos of the Formation of the World from Chaos, 
 and the Development of Human Culture. Schloss, or Royal 
 Palace, forming a rectangle 650 by 380 feet, with a projec- 
 tion at one end, and inclosing two main courts. It has four 
 stories, together 100 feet high, arid the dome over the 
 chapel attains 230 feet. The original building, which sur- 
 vives in part on the Spree, was a towered castle erected by 
 the elector Frederick II. in 1451. About a century later 
 a fine German Renaissance wing was added on the south, 
 and after another century the Great Elector and King 
 Frederick I. brought the palace substantially to its pres- 
 ent form, though the chapel was built in the present cen- 
 tury. The chief room is the White Saloon, 105 by 50 feet. 
 Population (without suburbs), 2,064,153, (1910). 
 
 Berlin Conference. 1. A conference of the 
 European powers, held at Berlin in the summer 
 of 1880, to settle the boundary dispute between 
 Turkey and Greece. — 2. A congress of repre- 
 sentatives from all the European nation s (except 
 Switzerland), and from theUnited States, which 
 met at Berlin Nov. 15, 1884, -Jan. 30, 1885. it 
 provided for a free-trade zone in the Kongo Basin, regu- 
 lated the navigation of the Niger, and laid down rules 
 regarding the partition of Africa. It also sanctioned the 
 International Kongo Association (the later Kongo Free 
 State). 
 
 Berlin, Congress of. A congress consisting of 
 the representatives of the following powers: 
 the German Empire, Austria, France, England, 
 Italy, Russia, and Turkey: held at Berlin June 
 13, -July 13, 1878, for the purpose of settling the 
 affairs of the Balkan Peninsula, it was occasioned 
 by the dissatisfaction of England and Austria with the 
 peace of San Stefano, concluded between Russia and 
 Turkey March 3, 1878, and convened at the invitation of 
 Prince Bismarck, who was chosen president. Its most 
 influential members were Prince Gortchakoff, Count An- 
 dr&ssy, Lord Beaconsfield, Lord Salisbury, M. Wadding- 
 ton, Count Corti, and Carathdodori Pasha. See Berlin, 
 Treaty of. 
 
 Berlin Decrees. Decrees issued in Nov., 1806, 
 by Napoleon I. at Berlin, prohibiting commerce 
 and correspondence with Great Britain, which 
 was declared to be in a state of blockade. They 
 also declared all English property forfeited, and all Eng- 
 lishmen in a state occupied by French troops prisoners 
 of war. 
 
 Berlin Memorandum, The. A memorandum 
 drawn up at Berlin, May 13, 1876, by the gov- 
 ernments of Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Ber- 
 lin (which had united in presenting to the 
 Porte, Jan. 31, 1876, the Andrassy Note), it 
 was approved by France and Italy, but rejected by Eng- 
 land. It imposed an armistice of two months on Russia 
 and Turkey, provided that the reforms promised by the 
 Porte in accordance with the Andr&ssy Note should be 
 carried out under the superintendence of the representa- 
 tives of the European powers, and threatened force if 
 before the end of the armistice the Porte should not have 
 assented to these terms. 
 
 Berlin, Royal Library of. A library founded 
 by the Great Elector, Frederick William, and 
 opened in 1661. The number of volumes is estimated 
 at 1,230,000, and the number of manuscripts at 30,000. 
 
 Berlin, Treaty of. A treaty concluded July 
 13, 1878, between the powers represented at 
 the Congress of Berlin (which see). “By this 
 treaty (1) Bulgaria, north of the Balkans, was constituted 
 an independent, autonomous, and tributary principality; 
 (2) Bulgaria, south of the Balkans (Eastern Roumelia), 
 was retained under the direct rule of the Porte, but 
 was granted administrative autonomy ; (3) the Porto 
 retained the right of garrisoning the frontiers of East- 
 ern Roumelia, but with regular troops only; (4) the 
 
 Bermudez, Jos6 Manuel 
 
 Porte agreed to apply to Crete the organic law of 1808 ; 
 (5) Montenegro was declared independent, and the sea- 
 port of Antivari was allotted to it ; (6) Servia was de- 
 clared independent, and received an accession of territory ; 
 
 (7) Roumania was declared independent, and received 
 some islands on the Danube in exchange for Bessarabia ; 
 
 (8) Kars, Batoum, and Ardahan were ceded to Russia ; 
 
 (9) the Porte undertook to carry out without further 
 delay the reforms required in Armenia; (10) in the event 
 of the Greeks and the Porte not being able to agree upon 
 a suggested rectification of frontier, the Powers re- 
 served to themselves the right of offering their medi- 
 ation.” Acland and Ransome, English Political History, 
 p. 220. 
 
 Berlin, University of. A celebrated univer- 
 sity founded in 1810. The total number of students 
 is over 14,000; of professors and teachers, about 500. The 
 number of volumes in its library is about 230,000. 
 
 Berlioz (bar-le-oz'), Hector. Born at La 
 Cote-Saint-Andre, Is&re, France, Dec. 11, 1803: 
 died at Paris, March 9, 1869. A French com- 
 poser of great originality, noted particularly 
 for that species of descriptive music known as 
 1 ‘ program music.” Among his chief works are “Epi- 
 sode de la vie d un artiste," “Romdo et Juliette," a dra- 
 matic symphony (1839), “L’Enfance du Christ," a trilogy 
 (1855), “Symphonie fantastique,” “Harold en Italie," a 
 symphony in four parts, “The Damnation of Faust,” a dra- 
 matic legend in four parts, the overtures to “King 
 Lear,” “Le carnaval romain," “Le corsaire,” and tjie 
 operas “Benvenuto Cellini "and “Beatrice et Benedict,.” 
 He also wrote his memoirs (1870), “Voyage musical’’' 
 (1844), “Grotesques de la musique” (1859), etc. 
 
 Bermejo. See Fermejo. m. 
 
 Bermondsey (ber'mond-zi). [From “Beor- 
 rnond’s eye,” the island property of some Saxon 
 or Danish noble in the marshes of the Thames.] 
 A borough (metropolitan) of London, situated 
 south of the Thames. It is a crowded district chiefly 
 occupied by tanners. It formerly contained aroyal country 
 palace, which was occupied by Henry II., and a Cluniac 
 abbey founded in 1082 by Alwyn Childe. Portions of the 
 abbey were still standing at the beginning of the present 
 century. Before the Conquest Bermondsey belonged to 
 Harold, and was a royal domain until 1094, when William 
 Rufus gave it to the Priory of St. Mary. The Cluniac 
 monkB of Bermondsey were subject to the abbey in Nor- 
 mandy from which Alwyn Childe had brought them until 
 the reign of Richard II. Population, 125,960, (1911). 
 
 Bermondsey Spa Gardens. A place of enter- 
 tainment in the time of George II., about 2 
 miles from London Bridge. Besant. 
 
 Bermoothes (ber-mo'THes). An old name for 
 the Bermudas. See Shakspere’s “Tempest,” 
 act i., scene 2. 
 
 Bermuda Hundred (ber-mu'da hun'dred). A 
 locality on a bend of the James River in Vir- 
 ginia, near City Point. The peninsula was occupied 
 by part of the Federal army under Butler in the summer 
 of 1864 as a base of operations. For part of the time the 
 troops were hemmed in within the lines (“bottled at 
 Bermuda Hundred ”). 
 
 Bermudas (ber-mu'dfiz), or Bermuda Islands, 
 or Somers Islands. [Formerly also Bermoothes; 
 from Sp. Bermudezi, the discoverer. Bermudas 
 came to be regarded as a plural form, whence 
 the inferred singular Bermuda. They were 
 called by the English, after Sir George Somers 
 or Summers, Somers or Summers Islands, some- 
 times Summer Islands, as if in allusion to the 
 semi-tropical climate.] A group of islands, a 
 British crown colony, in the North Atlantic, 
 about 600 miles east-southeast of Cape Hat- 
 teras, in lat. 32° 15' N., long. 64° 51' W. : an 
 important naval and strategic possession. They 
 are much visited as a health-resort, and produce onions, 
 tomatoes, Easter lilies, etc. The chief islands are Great 
 Bermuda and St. George. The capital is Hamilton. The 
 islands were discovered by Juan Bermudez about 1522, and 
 settled by the English in 1611. They comprise about 
 360 islets and rocks. Area, 19 square miles. Population, 
 20,961. 
 
 Bermudas, The. A cant name given to a group 
 of alleys and courts between the bottom of St. 
 Martin’s Lane, Half Moon, and Chandos street, 
 in London, a resort and refuge of thieves, 
 fraudulent debtors, and prostitutes in the 16th 
 and 17th centuries. Also called (later) the Streights 
 and the Caribbee (corrupted into Cribbce) Islands. , 
 
 Bermudez (ber-mo'deth), or Bermudas (ber- 
 mo'des), Geronimo. Born in Galicia about 
 1530: died about 1589. A Spanish Dominican 
 monk (professor of theology at Salamanca), 
 poet, and dramatist. He wrote “Nise Lastiraosa” 
 (1577), “Nise Laureada” (in both of these “Nise” is an 
 anagram of “Ines”), etc. 
 
 Bermudez, Jose Francisco. Born at San Jose 
 de Areocoar Curnand, Jan. 23, 1782: assassi- 
 nated at Cumand, Dec. 15, 1831. A Venezuelan 
 general in the war for independence. He de- 
 fended Cartagena against Morillo in 1816, until forced by 
 famine to escape. In May, 1820, be took Caracas, and on 
 Oct. 1(5, 1821, occupied Cum ami after a bloody siege. lie 
 subsequently commanded in Cumana and elsewhere. 
 
 Bermudez, Jose Manuel. Born at Tarma 
 about 1760: died at Lima, 1830. A Peruvian 
 ecclesiastic, historian, philologist, and orator. 
 He was vicar of Huanuco, and after 1803 hold various 
 
Bermudez, Jose Manuel 
 
 offices in the church at Lima: from 1819 he was chancel- 
 lor of the University of San Marcos. In 1821 he was a 
 member of the junta de pacification, appointed with the 
 hope of conciliating the revolutionists. 
 
 Bermudez, Pedro Pablo. Born at Tacna, 
 1798: died at Lima, 1852. A Peruvian general. 
 
 In 1833 he was Gamarra’s candidate for president, and, 
 Orbegoso being elected, he joined Gamarra in a revolt 
 (.Tan. 4, 1834',, but was defeated and driven into Bolivia. 
 He then joined Santa Cruz, and on the formation of the 
 Peru-Bolivian confederation (1836) was elected vice-presi- 
 dent of North Peru. 
 
 Bermudez, Remijio Morales. Born at Pica, 
 Sept. 30, 1836: died at Lima, March 31, 1894. 
 A Peruvian soldier and statesman. He joined the 
 army in 1864, serving under Castilla and Pardo ; was 
 commandant at Iquitos on the Amazon (1862), and after- 
 ward prefect of Truxillo. As colonel he was present at 
 most of the battles of the war with Chile, 1879 to 1881. 
 After the Chileans occupied Lima he remained faithful to 
 the cause of Caceres, and when that officer became presi- 
 dent (1886) Bermudez was chosen first vice-president : at 
 the end of the term he was elected president of Peru, and 
 inaugurated Aug. 10, 1890. 
 
 Bern (hern), F. Berne (bem). A canton of 
 Switzerland, capital Bern, bounded by France 
 and Alsace on the north, Basel, Solothurn, Aar- 
 gau, Lucerne, Unterwalden, and Uri on the 
 east, Valais on the south, and Vaud, Fribourg, 
 Neuchatel, and France on the west. It is trav- 
 ersed by the Jura and Alps, and contains the Bernese 
 Oberland in the south. It is the largest canton in point 
 of population, and sends 29 members to the National 
 Council. The prevailing religion is Protestant, and pre- 
 vailing language German. It entered the Swiss Confed- 
 eration as the eighth canton in 1353. Area, 2,667 square 
 miles. Population, 642,215, (1910). 
 
 Bern, F. Berne. The capital of the canton of 
 Bern, and the seat of government of the Swiss 
 Confederation, situated on the Aare in lat. 46° 
 57' N., long. 7° 25' E. It has a picturesque situa- 
 tion and medieval appearance. It was made a free im- 
 perial city in 1218, and became the federal capital in 1848. 
 The cathedral of Bern is an interesting late-Pointed 
 monument founded in 1421, and well restored. The west 
 front possesses a massive tower over a large, triple- 
 vaulted porch, beneath which open sculptured portals. 
 The central door is very beautiful : it has two entrances 
 separated by a pier with statues ; its large tympanum 
 is tilled with sculptures of the Last Judgment; and it is 
 flanked by statues beneath rich canopies. The organ is 
 celebrated. The Hall of the Federal Council is a large 
 modern building in the style of the Florentine Renais- 
 sance. The Rathaus or town hall was built in 1406, and 
 has lately been restored. Its most characteristic feature 
 is the covered double stair rising from each side of the 
 fa<;ade to an arcaded loggia on the level of the second 
 story. Population, 80,095, (1910). 
 
 Bernadotte (ber'na-dot; F. pron. ber-na-dot'). 
 
 See Charles XIV., King of Sweden. 
 
 Bernal Osborne, Ralph. Born March 26, 1808 : 
 died at Bestwood Lodge, England, June 21, 
 1880. An English politician noted for his wit. 
 Bernal (ber-nal' ), Peak of. A steep truncated 
 cone which rises above the outlet of the upper 
 Pecos River valley in central New Mexico, it 
 also bears the name of “ Starvation Peak, ” from a tradition 
 that several Spanish soldiers were starved to death on its 
 summit by the Apaches. 
 
 Bernalda (ber-nal'dal). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Potenza, Italy, 33 miles west-southwest 
 of Taranto. Population, 6,776. 
 
 Bernaldez ( ber-nal' Deth), or Bernal (ber-nal'), 
 Andres. Born about 1450: died, probably at 
 Los Palacios, about 1513. A Spanish histo- 
 rian. He took orders, was chaplain of the Archbishop of 
 Seville, and from U88 to 1513 curate of the village of Los 
 Palacios near Seville. He was a friend of Columbus, and 
 in 1496 entertained him at his house. It appears that the 
 admiral gave him much information, orally and in writ- 
 ing, which Bernaldez used in his “ Historia de los Reyes 
 Catolicos.” His work, particularly valuable with regard 
 to Columbus and his voyages, was long used by historians 
 in manuscript copies. It was first printed at Granada, 
 1856. 
 
 Bernal Diaz del Castillo. See Diaz del Castillo. 
 Bernalillo (ber-na-lel'yo). A town situated on 
 the Rio Grande in central New Mexico, 18 miles 
 north of Albuquerque. It is thought by some to be the 
 site of the “Tiguex” of Coronado’s time (1540), and there 
 were several villages of the Tigua Indians on and about 
 the site, all of which were abandoned, the people congre- 
 gating, for protection, in a few larger pueblos. Pop., in- 
 cluding part of Sandia pueblo, 1,000, (1910). 
 
 Bernard (ber'nard or ber-nard' ; F. pron. ber- 
 nar'), Saint. [L. Bernardus , F. Bernard, Ber- 
 nardin, It. Bernardo, Bernardino, Sp. Bernardo, 
 Bernal, G. Bernhard .] Born at Fontaines, near 
 Dijon, Burgundy, in 1090: died at Clairvaux, 
 Aug. 20, 1153. A celebrated French ecclesiastic. 
 He entered theCistercian monastery of Citeaux in 1113, and 
 in 1115 became abbot of Clairvaux, near Langres, which 
 post he continued to fill until his death. Refusing all offers 
 of preferment, he nevertheless exercised a profound influ- 
 ence on the ecclesiastical politics of Europe, and was the 
 chief instrument in prevailing upon France and England to 
 recognize Innocent II. as pope in opposition to the rival 
 claimant, Cardinal Peter of Leon. He procured the con- 
 demnation of Abelard’s writings at the Council of Sens 
 in 1140, and preached the second Crusade 1146. The best 
 edition of his works is that by Mabillon, Paris, 1667. 
 
 150 
 
 Bernard of Cluny, or of Morlaix. A French 
 Benedictine monk of the 12th century, author 
 of a Latin poem, “De Contemptu Mundi,” 
 popularly known through Neale’s translations, 
 “ The world is very evil,” “Jerusalem the gold- 
 en,” “ For thee, O dear, dear country,” etc. 
 Bernard of Treviso. Born at Padua, Italy, 
 1406: died 1490. A noted Italian alchemist 
 who assumed the title of Count of the March 
 of Treviso. After many years of study and experiment, 
 he is said to have declared that the secret of the philoso- 
 pher’s stone lies in the adage “ To make gold one must 
 have gold. ” He was the author of many alchemical works. 
 Bernard (ber'nard). The sheep in “Reynard 
 the Fox.” 
 
 Bernard (ber-nar'), surnamed “The Poor 
 Priest.” Born at Dijon, 1588: died March 23, 
 1640. A French monk who devoted his for- 
 tune and his life to the service of the poor. 
 Bernard (ber-nar'), Claude. Born at St. Ju- 
 lien, Rhone, France, July 12, 1813: died at Paris, 
 Feb. 10, 1878. A distinguished French physiolo- 
 gist. He published "Recherches sur les usages du pan- 
 creas,” “Reeherches d’anatomie et de physiologie compa- 
 res sur les glandes salivaires, etc.,” “Recherches sur les 
 fonctions du nerf spinal, etc.,” “Mdmoire sur le sue gas- 
 trique et son role dans la digestion,” etc. 
 
 Bernard (ber'nard), Edward. Born at Perry St. 
 Paul, Northamptonshire, May 2, 1638: died at 
 Oxford, Jan. 12, 1697. An English scholar, Savil- 
 ian professor of astronomy at Oxford 1673-91. 
 Bernard (ber'nard), SirFrancis. Born 1711 (?) : 
 died at Aylesbury, England, June 16, 1779. A 
 British lawyer and politician, colonial gover- 
 nor of New Jersey 1758-60, and of Massachu- 
 setts Bay 1760-69. 
 
 Bernard (ber-nar'), Jacques. Born at Nions, 
 in Dauphine, Sept. 1, 1658 : died April 27, 1718. 
 A French Protestant clergyman and scholar. 
 On the revocation of the Edict of Nantes he retired to 
 Holland, and founded at The Hague a school of belle- 
 lettres, philosophy, and mathematics. He continued the 
 publication of the “ Bibliothtque Universelle” of Jean 
 Leclere, and succeeded Bayle as editor of the “ Rdpub- 
 lique des Lettres.” He wrote “Recueil detraitds de paix, 
 de treves, de neutrality, . . . et d’autres actes publics 
 fails en Europe" (1700), “Actes et m^moires des n6go- 
 ciations de la paix de Ryswick ’’ (1725), etc. 
 
 Bernard (ber'nard), John. Born at Ports- 
 mouth, England, 1756: died at Loudon, 1828. 
 An English actor. He made his first appearance in 
 England in 1773. In 1797 he came to America, where he 
 remained as actor and manager till 1819. 
 
 Bernard, Rosine. See Bernhardt, Sarah. 
 Bernard (ber-nar'), Simon. Born at Dole, 
 France, April 28, 1779: died Nov. 5, 1839. A 
 French general and engineer, in the service of 
 Napoleon I., and (1816-31) of the United States. 
 He was minister of war under Louis Philippe 1836-39. 
 The chief work executed by him in the United States is 
 Fort Monroe : he had a part in other important engineer- 
 ing works, notably the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and the 
 Delaware Breakwater. 
 
 Bernard (ber'nard), Mountague. Born at Tib- 
 berton Court, (Gloucestershire, Jan. 28, 1820: 
 died at Overross, Sept. 2, 1882. An English 
 lawyer, professor of international law at Ox- 
 ford 1859—74. He was one of the high commissioners 
 who negotiated the treaty of Washington, and was one of 
 the counsel of the British government at Geneva. 
 
 Bernard (ber'nard), William Bayle. Born at 
 Boston, Mass., Nov. 27, 1807 : died at Brighton, 
 England, Aug. 5, 1875. An English dramatist, 
 son of John Bernard. His chief plays are “Rip 
 Van Winkle” (1832), “The Nervous Man” (1833), “The 
 Boarding School ” (1841), “ The Round of Wrong/’ etc. 
 
 Bernard, Saint (Great and Little). See Saint 
 Bernard. 
 
 Bernardin de Saint Pierre (ber-nar-dan' do 
 san piar'), Jacques Henri. Born at Havre, 
 France, Jan. 19, 1737: died at Eragny-sur-Oise, 
 France, Jan. 21, 1814. A French author. He 
 was an engineer in Russia, and in the Isle of France, 1767- 
 1771, and settled in Paris in 1771. His chief works are 
 “Voyage k l’ile de France,” “Etudes de la nature ” (1784- 
 1788), “ Paul et Virginie ” (1788), “Lacliaumiere indienne” 
 (1791), “ Harmonies de la nature ” (1815). 
 
 Bernardino (ber-nar-de'no), Saint, of Siena. 
 Born at Massa di Carrara, Tuscany, 1380 : died 
 1444. AFranciscan monk, famous as a preacher. 
 Bernardo (ber-nar'do). An officer in Shak- 
 spere’s “Hamlet.” He, with Marcellus, first 
 sees the murdered king’s ghost. 
 
 Bernardo del Carpio (ber-nar'do del kar'pe-o). 
 A semi-mythical Spanish hero of the 9th cen- 
 tury. He was a nephew of Alfonso the Chaste, fought 
 with great distinction against the Moors, and, according 
 to tradition, defeated Roland at Roncesvalles. His ex- 
 ploits are celebrated in many Spanish ballads, and form 
 the subject of several dramas by Lope de Vega. 
 
 His efforts to procure the release of his father when 
 he learns who his father really is ; the false word of the 
 king, who promises repeatedly to give up the Count de 
 Saldafia, and as often breaks his word ; with the despair 
 of Bernardo and his final rebellion after the count’s death 
 
 Bernini 
 
 in prison, are all as fully represented in the ballads as they 
 are in the chronicles, and constitute some of the most ro- 
 mantic and interesting portions of each. 
 
 Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 123. 
 
 Bernauer (ber 'nou-er), Agnes. Killed at 
 Straubing, Bavaria, Oct. 12, 1435. Iu German 
 legend, the daughter of an Augsburg barber, 
 secretly married by Albert, son of Duke Ernest 
 of Bavaria. She was drowned as a witch by order of 
 the enraged duke. Her story forms the subj ect of tragedies 
 and poems by Ton ing, Korner, Bottger, Hebbel, and Meyr. 
 
 Bernay (ber-na'). A town in the department of 
 Eure, northern France, situated on the Charen- 
 tonne 35 miles southwest of Rouen. It holds 
 an important annual horse-fair. Population, 
 commune, 8,115. 
 
 Bernburg (bem'boro). A town in Anhalt, 
 Germany, 44 miles northwest of Leipsic, for- 
 merly the capital of Anhalt. It has a castle and 
 Gothic church. Population, 34,929. 
 
 Berne, See Bern. 
 
 Berne-Bellecour (bern-bel-kor'), Etienne 
 Prosper. Born at Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, 
 June 29, 1838: died at Paris, Nov. 29, 1910. A 
 French painter, especially of military subjects. 
 
 Berners, Baron. See Bourehier, John. 
 
 Berners (ber'nerz), or Bernes (bernz), or 
 Barnes (barnz), Juliana. Born about 1388. 
 An English lady, said to have been a prioress 
 of Sopwell Nunnery, near St. Albans, and re- 
 puted author of the “Boke of St. Albans” 
 (printed 1486, 1496), a rimed treatise on hunt- 
 ing. See Book of St. Albans. 
 
 Bernese Oberland (ber-nes' or ber-nez' o'ber- 
 land), G. Berner Oberland (ber'ner o'ber- 
 land). A mountainous region in the southern 
 part of the canton of Bern, Switzerland, famous 
 for its picturesque scenery, it contains such tour- 
 ist centers as Interlaken, Grindelwald, and Meiringen, and 
 the Jungfrau, Finsteraarhorn, etc. 
 
 Bernetti (ber-net'te), Tommaso. Bom at 
 Fermo, Italy, Dec. 29, 1779: died at Fermo, 
 March 21, 1852. An Italian cardinal and papal 
 statesman, secretary of state 1828-36. 
 
 Bernhard (bern'hart), Carl (the pseudonym 
 of Andreas Nicolai de St. Aubin). Born 
 Nov. 18, 1798: died at Copenhagen, Nov. 25, 
 1865. A Danish novelist, author of “A Year 
 in Copenhagen” (1835), etc. 
 
 Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar. Bom at 
 Weimar, Germany, Aug. 16, 1604: died at Neu- 
 enbui’g on the Rhine, July 18, 1639. A German 
 general. He served with distinction at Liitzen in 1632, 
 commanded a Swedish army in 1633, was defeated at Nord- 
 iingen in 1634, defeated the Imperialists at Rheinfelden in 
 
 ★1638, and captured Breisach in 1638. 
 
 Bernhardt (bern'hart), Sarah (Rosine Ber- 
 nard). Born at Paris^ Oct. 23, 1845. A not- 
 ed French actress, of newish descent on her 
 mother’s side. She is celebrated in roles requiring 
 great nervous tension and bursts of passion, as “Fedora,” 
 “Froufrou," “Theodora,” “La Tosea,” etc. “She ap- 
 peared at the Theatre Fran^ais in 1862, but had little suc- 
 cess. Afterward, at the Od£on, she played Zanetto in * Le 
 Passant’ of Copp^e, and the queen in ‘Ruy Bias,’ and was 
 admitted to the Fran^ais, where she had a very brilliant 
 career, leaving the company some fifteen years ago for a 
 still more brilliant one in all quarters of the globe. She 
 studied sculpture and painting, and has exhibited works 
 in both arts.” ( F . Sarcey, Recollections of Middle Life.) 
 In 1882 she married M.Damala,a Greek, an actor in her com- 
 pany, from whom she has been divorced (he is since dead). 
 
 Berni (ber'ne), or Berna (ber'na), or Bernia 
 (ber'ne-a), Francesco. BornatLamporecchio, 
 in Tuscany, about 1498 : died at Florence, May 
 26, 1535. An Italian poet, author of “ Rime 
 burlesche,” and a rifacimento of the “ Orlando 
 Innamorato” by Boiardo (1541). His poetry is 
 marked by a “light and elegant mockery,” for which his 
 name has furnished a descriptive adjective — bemesque. 
 
 Bernier (bem-ya/), Franpois. Bom in Angers, 
 France: died at Paris, Sept. 22, 1688. A 
 French physician, philosophical writer, and 
 traveler in the East (Syria, Egypt, India), court 
 physician to Aurung-Zebe. He was the author of 
 “ Voyages de Bernier ” (1699), “ AhrCge de la philosopliie 
 de Gassendi ” (1678 : enlarged 1684), etc. 
 
 Bernina (ber-ne'na) Mountains. A group of 
 the Alps in the southern part of the canton of 
 Grisons, Switzerland. 
 
 Bernina Pass. A carriage-road over the Alps, 
 leading from Samaden in the Engadine to Ti- 
 rano in the Valtellina, Italy. Height, 7,658 feet. 
 
 Bernina, Piz. The central peak of the Ber- 
 nina group of the Alps, south of Pontresina, 
 near the Italian frontier. Height, 13,295 feet. 
 
 Bernini (ber-ne'ne), Giovanni Lorenzo. Born 
 at Naples, Dee. 7, 1598: died at Rome, Nov. 28, 
 1680. An Italian architect, sculptor, and 
 painter, patronized particularly by Urban VIII. 
 and Louis XFV. On the death of Carlo Moderno, he 
 was appointed architect of St. Peter’s, with Boromini as 
 his assistant. In 1665 he visited France at the request of 
 
Bernini 
 
 Louie XI V. and Colbert, and made designs for the east front 
 of the Louvre. Construction was begun but abandoned. 
 (See Louvre and Perrault.) He made the V ersailles bust of 
 Louis XIV. In the pontificate of Clement IX he com- 
 pleted the southern porch of the cortile of St. Peter's 
 and the parapet and statues of the bridge of St. Angelo. 
 Under Clement X. he was made architect to the palace 
 of the Quirinal. 
 
 Bernis (ber-nes'), Francois Joachim de 
 
 Pierre de. Born at St. Marcel, Ardeche, 
 France, May 22, 1715 : died at Borne, Nov. 2, 
 1794. A French cardinal, statesman, diplo- 
 matist, and poet. He was foreign minister 
 1757-58, and was exiled 1758-64. 
 
 Bernoulli (ber-no-lye'), or Bernouilli, Chris- 
 tophe. Born at Basel, May 15, 1782 : died Feb. 
 6, 1863. A noted technologist, grandnephew 
 of Daniel Bernoulli (1700-82). He was pro- 
 fessor of natural history in the University of 
 Basel 1817-61. 
 
 Bernoulli, or Bernouilli, Daniel. Born at 
 Groningen, Jan. 29, 1700: died at Basel, March 
 17, 1782. A noted mathematician and physicist, 
 son of Jean Bernoulli (1667-1748). He became 
 professor of anatomy and botany in the University of 
 Basel in 1733, and professor of physics in 1750. His chief 
 work is a treatise on hydrodynamics. 
 
 Bernoulli, or Bernouilli, Jacques. Born at 
 Basel, Dec. 27, 1654: died there, Aug. 16, 1705. 
 A noted mathematician, professor of mathe- 
 matics in the University of Basel 1687-1705. 
 He improved the differential calculus invented by Leib- 
 nitz and Newton, solved the isoperimetrical problem, and 
 discovered the properties of the logarithmic spiral. 
 
 Bernoulli, or Bernouilli, Jean. Born at Basel, 
 July 27, 1667 : died there, Jan. 1, 1748. A math- 
 ematician and physicist, brother of Jacques 
 Bernoulli. He became professor of mathematics at 
 Groningen in 1695, and in the University of Basel in 1705. 
 
 Bernoulli, or Bernouilli, Jean. Born at Basel, 
 May 18, 1710: died there, July 17, 1790. A 
 jurist and mathematician, son of Jean Ber- 
 noulli. He was professor of rhetoric at Basel 
 1743-48, and later of mathematics. 
 
 Bernstorff (berns'torf), Count Andreas Pe- 
 ter von. Born at Gartow, near Liineburg, 
 Germany, Aug. 28, 1735: died at Copenhagen, 
 June 21, 1797. A Danish statesman, nephew 
 of Johann Hartwig Ernst von Bernstorff, min- 
 ister of foreign affairs 1772-80 and 1784—97. 
 Bernstorff, Count Johann Hartwig Ernst 
 von. Bom at Hannover, Germany, May 13, 
 1712: died at Hamburg, Feb. 18, 1772. A Dan- 
 ish statesman, minister of foreign affairs 1751- 
 1770 : called by Frederick the Great “ the Oracle 
 of Denmark.” 
 
 Berodach Baladan. See Merodach-bdladan. 
 Berosus (be-ro'sus). Lived in the first part of 
 the 3d century B. C. A Babylonian priest and 
 historian, author of a history of Babylonia (in 
 Greek), fragments of which have been pre- 
 served by later writers. “ He was a priest of the 
 temple of Bel at Babylon, and is said by Eusebius and Ta- 
 tian to have been a contemporary of Alexander the Great, 
 and to have lived into the reign of Antiokhos Sdtdr. He 
 had, therefore, special opportunities of knowing the his- 
 tory and astronomy of his country, upon which he wrote 
 in Greek. Recent discoveries have abundantly established 
 the trustworthiness of this Manetho of Babylonia, whose 
 works, unfortunately, are known to us only through quo- 
 tations at second and third hand. Since a cylinder of 
 Antiokhos, the son of Seleukos, has been found inscribed 
 in Babylonian cuneiform, while bilingual fragments in 
 cuneiform and cursive Greek of the Seleukid age have also 
 been discovered, and a contract tablet in Babylonian 
 cuneiform, dated in the fifth year of the Parthian king 
 Pakoros, the contemporary of Domitian, exists in the 
 museum of Zurich, there is no reason why Bt-rosos should 
 not have been equally well acquainted with both the 
 Greek language and the old literature of his native coun- 
 try. And in spite of the fragmentary and corrupt state 
 in which his fragments have come down to us, we now 
 know that he was so. His account of the Deluge, for in- 
 stance, agrees even in its details with that of the cunei- 
 form texts.’’ Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 101). 
 
 Berquin (ber-kan'), Arnaud. Born at Lan- 
 goiran, near Bordeaux, 1749: died at Paris, 
 Dec. 21, 1791. A French man of letters, es- 
 pecially noted as a writer of juveniles : sur- 
 named “the Friend of Children.” He wrote 
 “ L’Ami des enfants " (24 vols., 1 782-83), “ Le petit Grandi- 
 son ” (1807), etc. 
 
 Berredo e Castro (ber-ra'do e kash'tro), Ber- 
 nardo Pereira de. Born at Serpa, Alemtejo, 
 about 1688: died at Lisbon, March 13, 1748. A 
 Portuguese soldier, statesman, and historian. 
 From 1718 to 1722 he was governor of Maranhao, then 
 embracing all of northern Brazil ; later he was captain- 
 general of Mazagao, in Africa. His “Annaes historicos 
 do ' ’ado de Maranhao ” (Lisbon, 1749 ; 2d ed. Maranhao, 
 1349) is a principal source of historical information for 
 that part of BrazD. 
 
 Berri. See Berry. 
 
 Berrien (ber'i-en), John Macpheraon. Born 
 in New Jersey, Aug. 23, 1781: died at Savan- 
 
 151 
 
 nah, Ga., Jan. 1, 1856. An American lawyer 
 and politician, attorney-general of the United 
 States 1829-31, and United States senator from 
 Georgia 1825-29, 1841-52. 
 
 Berro (bar'ro), Bernardo Prudencio. Born 
 at Montevideo about 1800: died there, April, 
 1868. An Uruguayan politician and journalist 
 (editor of “ La Fusion ”). In 1852 he was president 
 of the Senate and vice-president; minister of govern- 
 ment under Gird until the revolution of Sept., 1853; 
 again president of the Senate 1858 ; and president of Uru- 
 guay 1860 to 1864. The revolution of Flores, begun dur- 
 ing his term, was successful soon after its end. In 1868 
 Berro headed a revolt against Flores, was imprisoned, and 
 during the disorders that followed was shot through the 
 window of his cell. 
 
 Berry, or Berri (ber'i ; F. pron. be-re'). An 
 ancient government of central France : the an- 
 cient Biturica, the land of the Gallic Bituriges. 
 It was bounded by Orldanais on the north, Nivernais on the 
 east, Bourbonnais on the southeast, Marche on the south, 
 Poitou on the west, and Touraine on the northwest, and 
 is chiefly included in the departments of Indre and Cher. 
 It was formerly a county and duchy, and was frequently 
 an appanage of the king's younger son. It was united to 
 the crown in 1465 and again, definitely, in 1601. 
 
 Berry, Duchesse de (Princess Caroline Fer- 
 dinande Louise of Naples). Born Nov. 5, 1798: 
 died April 17, 1870. Wife of Charles Ferdinand, 
 due de Berry, and mother of the Comte de Cham- 
 bord. She promoted an unsuccessful attempt 
 at revolution in favor of her son in 1832. 
 Berry, Charles, Due de. Born Dec. 28, 1446: 
 died May 24 (28 ?), 1472. The second son of 
 Charles VII. and Marie of Anjou, duke of Berry, 
 Normandy, and Guienne. 
 
 Berry, Charles, Due de. Bom Aug. 31, 1686 : 
 died at Marly, May 4, 1714. The third son of 
 Louis, the Grand Dauphin, selected as successor 
 to the Spanish throne in case the Duke of An- 
 jou, named his successor by Charles II., should 
 become king of France. 
 
 Berry, Charles Ferdinand, Due de. Born at 
 Versailles, Jan. 24, 1778 : assassinated at Paris, 
 Feb. 13, 1820. The second son of the Comte 
 d’Artois (later Charles X. of France), a. 1 father 
 of the Comte de Chambord. He emigrated during 
 the Revolution, and served in the army of Condd and later 
 in that of Russia. He went to England in 1801, and there 
 married a wife whom he afterward repudiated, again 
 marrying on his return to France. His second wife was 
 the Princess Caroline of Naples. 
 
 Berry (ber'i), Sir John. Born at Rnoweston, 
 Devonshire, 1635 : died at Portsmouth, England, 
 about 1690. An English naval officer. He en- 
 tered the merchant service, passed to the royal navy in 
 1663, and attained the rank of vice-admiral. In 1667 he de- 
 feated the French and Dutch fleet off Nevis, West Indies. 
 In 1682 he commanded the Gloucester, which was wrecked 
 with the Duke of York and train on board : the duke es- 
 caped, and Berry was relieved from aH blame. 
 
 Berry, Marie Louise Elisabeth d’Orleans, 
 Duchesse de. Born Aug. 20, 1695 : died July 
 21, 1719. The eldest daughter of Philippe d’Or- 
 leans and wife of the Duke of Berry, the grand- 
 son of Louis XIV. : notorious for her profligacy. 
 Berry (ber'i), Mary. Bom at Kirkbridge, 
 Yorkshire, March 16, 1763: diedat London, Nov. 
 20, 1852. An English authoress. She and her sis- 
 ter Agnes (1764-1852) were the friends, and she was lit- 
 erary executor, of Horace Walpole. Her chief work is 
 “Eugland and France, a Comparative View of the Social 
 Condition of both Countries ” (1844), originally published 
 in two volumes : the first (1828) entitled “ A Comparative 
 View of the Social Life of England and France, etc.," and 
 the second (1831) entitled “ Social Life in England and 
 France, etc.” 
 
 Berry, William. Born 1774: died at Brixton, 
 July 2, 1851. An English genealogist. He pub- 
 lished “Introduction to Heraldry ’’ (1810), “Genealogia 
 Antiqua, etc."(1816), “ Encyclopedia Heraldica, etc.”(1828- 
 1840), etc. 
 
 Berryer (ber-ya'), Pierre Antoine. Bom at 
 
 Paris, Jan. 4, 1790: died Nov. 29, 1868. A 
 French advocate and political orator, a leader 
 of the legitimist party. 
 
 Berseamite. See Montagnais. 
 
 Bert (bar), Paul. Born at Auxerre, Yonne, 
 France, Oct. 17, 1833: diedatKeteho, Tonquin, 
 Nov. 11, 1886. A French physiologist and poli- 
 tician, minister of public instruction and wor- 
 ship in Gambetta’s cabinet 1881-82. He was gov- 
 ernor-resident of Tonquin in 1886. He wrote “Revue 
 des travaux d’anatomie et de physiologie, 1864” (1866), 
 “Notes d analomie et de physiologie compares,” etc. 
 Berta (bar'ta). An African tribe inhabiting 
 the lowland beneath the western flank of the 
 Abyssinian plateau. They seem to be neither entirely 
 Hamitic nor Nigritic. Their language has been included, 
 by Dr. Cust, in the Nuba-Fulah group. 
 
 Bertaut (ber-to'), Jean. Born at Caen, 1570: 
 died June 8, 1611. A French ecclesiastic and 
 poet, secretary to the king, bishop of S6ez, 
 and almoner to Marie de Mddieis. 
 
 Bertha (bOr'tha), or Berthrada. [It. Sp. Berta, 
 
 Bertinoro 
 
 F. Berthe.'] The daughter of Caribert, count 
 of Laon: called “Bertha with the large foot” 
 (F. Berthe aw grand pied), from the fact that 
 one of her feet was larger than the other, she 
 was the wife of Pepin the Little and the mother of Charles 
 the Great, and died at Choisy in 783 at a great age. She 
 has been celebrated by poems and legends during many 
 centuries. Some romances have made her the daughter 
 of an emperor of Constantinople; others make her de- 
 scend from Flore, the King of Hungary, and the queen 
 Blanche-Fleur. One, by Adenfes le Roi, is rimed, and was 
 written in the second half of the 13th century from popu- 
 lar legends which go back to the 8th century. 
 
 Bertha (known as Gertrude). The daughter 
 of the Duke of Brabant in “The Beggar’s 
 ★Bush,” a comedy by Fletcher and others. 
 Berthelot (bert-lo ' ) , Pierre Eugene Mar cellin. 
 Bom at Paris, Oct. 25, 1827: died there, March 
 18, 1907. A noted French chemist. 
 
 Berthier (ber-tia'), Alexandre, Duke of Neu- 
 chatel and Valangin and Prince of Wagram. 
 Born at Versailles, Nov. 20, 1753: died at Bam- 
 berg, Bavaria, June 1, 1815. A marshal of the 
 French empire, and confidential friend of Na- 
 poleon I. His “ Memoires ” were published in 
 1826. 
 
 Berthold (ber'told). Died 1198. “The Apostle 
 of Livonia.” While abbot of the Cistercian monastery 
 of Loccum he was (1196) consecrated bishop of the Livoni- 
 ans, to succeed Meinhard, the first missionary in Livonia. 
 He raised an army in Lower Germany for the purpose of 
 converting the heathen by force of arms, and was killed 
 in battle near the mouth of the Diina. 
 
 Berthold of Ratisbon. Born at Ratisbon (?) 
 about 1220: died at Ratisbon, Dec. 13, 1272. A 
 German Franciscan preacher and missionary 
 in Austria, Moravia, Thuringia, and elsewhere. 
 Berthollet (ber-to-la'), Claude Louis, Comte. 
 Born at Talloire, in Savoy, Dec. 9, 1748: died 
 near Paris, Nov. 6, 1822. A noted French chem- 
 ist, professor in the Normal School at Paris. He 
 joined Napoleon's Egyptian expedition, returning in 17,99. 
 His works include “Essai de statique chimique,” “ Ele- 
 ments de l’art de la teinture,” “ Methode de nomencla- 
 ture chimique," etc. 
 
 Berthoud (ber-to'), Ferdinand. Born at Neu- 
 chatel, March 19, 1725 : died June 20, 1807. A 
 Swiss mechanician, famous for the accuracy of 
 his chronometers. He was the author of “Essai sur 
 l’horlogerie ” (1765), “Traitd des horloges marines ” (1773), 
 “Longitudes par la mesure du temps, etc.” (1775), etc. 
 
 Bertie (ber'ti), Peregrine, Lord Willoughby 
 de Eresby. Bom at Lower Wesel, Cleves, 
 Oct. 12, 1555: died June 25, 1601. A noted 
 English soldier and statesman. He served with 
 distinction in the Low Countries 1586-89, was appointed 
 Sir Philip Sidney's successor as governor of Bergen-op- 
 Zoom in March, 1586, and succeeded Leicester as eom- 
 mander-in-chief in Nov., 1587. Later he served under 
 Henry of Navarre. 
 
 Bertie, Willoughby, fourth Earl of Abingdon. 
 Born Jan. 16, 1740: died Sept. 26, 1799. An 
 English liberal statesman and political writer. 
 He opposed the war with America 1775-83, and the policy 
 which led to it, and sympathized with the French Revo- 
 lution. He wrote “Thoughts on Mr. Burke's Letter to the 
 ^.Sheriffs of Bristol on the Affairs of America ” (1777), etc. 
 
 Bertillon (ber-te-yon').. Alphonse. Born at 
 Paris, April 22, 1853. An anthropologist, chief 
 of the department of identification in the Pre- 
 fecture of Police of the Seine. He devised a 
 method of identifying criminals by means of measure- 
 ments. He has written “ l’Anthropomttrie judiciaire ” 
 (1890), “Identification anthropombtrique ” (1893), etc. 
 
 Bertin (ber-tan'), Edouard Francois. Born 
 at Paris, 1797 : died at Paris, Sept. 13, 1871. 
 A French journalist and artist. He succeeded his 
 brother, Louis Marie Armand Bertin, in the editorship of 
 the “Journal des Debats.” 
 
 Bertin, Louis Francois. Bom at Paris, Dec. 
 14, 1766 : died at Paris, Sept. 13, 1841. A French 
 journalist, founder in 1800, with his brother, 
 Louis Francois Bertin de Veaux (1771-1842), of 
 the “Journal des Ddbats,” changed by Napo- 
 leon I. (1805-14) into the “Journal del’Empire.” 
 Bertin, Louis Marie Armand. Bom at Paris, 
 Aug. 22, 1801: died Jan. 11, 1854. A French 
 journalist, successor of his father, Louis Fran- 
 cois Bertin, in the editorship of the “Journal 
 des Ddbats.” 
 
 Bertin, Louise Angdlique. Born near Bievres, 
 Seine-et-Oise, France, Jan. 15, 1805: died at 
 Paris, April 26, 1877. A French singer and 
 composer, daughter of Louis Francois Bertin. 
 She composed the operas “Le Loup Garou” (1827), 
 “ Faust ” (1831), “ La Esmeralda " (1836). 
 
 Bertini (ber-te-ne'), Henri. Born at London, 
 Oct. 28, 1798: died near Grenoble, France, Oct. 
 1, 1876. A French pianist and composer for 
 the pianoforte. 
 
 Bertinoro (ber-te-no'ro). A small town in the 
 province of Forli, Emilia, Italy, situated 18 
 miles south of Ravonna: famous for its wines. 
 
Bertoldo 
 
 Bertoldo (ber-tol'do). The hero of an Italian 
 comic romance written near the end of the 
 16th century by Julio Cesare Croce, surnamed 
 “Della Lyra.” Its popularity was very great 
 and long continued. 
 
 Bertonio (ber-to'ne-o), Ludovico. Born at 
 Fermo, 1555 : died, probably at Lima, Peru, 
 Aug. 3, 1628. An Italian Jesuit missionary. 
 He joined the order in 1675, was sent to Peru in 1581, and 
 spent the remainder of his life laboring among the In- 
 dians, principally the Collas or AymarAs of Upper Peru. 
 Bertonio left several works on the Aymari language, which 
 he first reduced to writing. 
 
 Bertram (ber'tram). [G. Bertram., F. Ber- 
 trand, It. Bcrtrando, Sp. Beltran, Pg. Bcrtrao.'] 
 1. The Count of Rousillon in Shakspere’s 
 “All ’s Well that Ends Well.” See Helena. — 2. 
 The aged minstrel who is the companion and 
 protector of Lady Augusta de Berkely m Scott’s 
 novel “Castle Dangerous.” — 3. A tragedy by 
 the Rev. R. C. Maturin, produced in 1816. The 
 character of Bertram is the incarnation of revenge, wild 
 love, and pathos. Kean created the part. 
 
 Bertram, Godfrey. The Laird of Ellangowan 
 in Scott’s novel “Guy Mannering”: a man of 
 weak character, anxious for political prefer- 
 ment, plundered and ruined by Glossin. 
 
 Bertram, Harry. The son of Godfrey in Scott’s 
 novel “Guy Mannering”: one of the principal 
 characters, and the lover of Julia Mannering. 
 
 Bertram, Lucy. The daughter of Godfrey Ber- 
 tram in Scott’s “Guy Mannering.” 
 
 Bertran. See Bertrand. 
 
 Bertrand (ber-troh'), Count Henri Gratien. 
 Born at Chateauroux, Indre, France, March 28, 
 1773: died at Chateauroux, Jan. 31, 1844. A 
 French general, a companion of Napoleon I. 
 at Elba and St. Helena. He served with distinction 
 at Austerlitz, Spaudau, Friedland, in the campaign of 
 Wagram, in Russia, at Leipsic, and at Waterloo. He suc- 
 ceeded Duroc as grand marshal of the palace. After his 
 death his sons published “Les campagnes d'Egypte et de 
 Syrie, mdmoires pour servir h l’histoire de Napoleon, 
 dictCs par lui-meme, A Sainte-Hdkne, au gdnCral Ber- 
 trand " (1847). 
 
 Bertrand, Louis Jacques Napoleon Aloisius. 
 
 Born at Ceva, in Piedmont, April 20,1807 : died 
 at Paris, May, 1841. A French poet and jour- 
 nalist, author of a posthumous work, “Fan- 
 taisies a la manibre de Rembrandt et de Cal- 
 lot” (1842). 
 
 Louis Bertrand, a poet possessed of the rarest faculty, 
 but unfortunately doomed to misfortune and premature 
 death. Born at Cdva in Piedmont, in 1807, and brought 
 up at Dijon, he came to Paris, found there but scanty 
 encouragement, and died in a hospital in 1841. His only 
 work of any importance, “Gaspard de la Nuit,” a series of 
 prose ballads arranged in verses something like those of 
 the English translation of the Bible, and testifying to the 
 most delicate sense of rhythm and the most exquisite 
 power of poetical suggestion, did not appear until after 
 his death. Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 546. 
 
 Bertrand de Born. See Born, Bertrand de. 
 
 Bertrand de Goth or Got. See Clement V. 
 
 Bertrand du Guesclin. See Du Guesclin. 
 
 Bertuccio (ber-to 'cho). A deformed court 
 jester in Tom Taylor’s tragedy “The Fool’s 
 Revenge.” His gratified revenge on the duke culmi- 
 nates in the terrible conviction that through a mistake he 
 has compassed the abduction and dishonor of his own 
 child instead of that of the wife of his enemy. His hys- 
 terical efforts to play the fool, when maddened with agony, 
 in order to gain admittance to the banquet-room into 
 which his daughter has been carried, form a powerfully 
 dramatic scene. 
 
 Bertulphe. A peasant who by his own energy 
 rose to be the Provost of Bruges, in G. W. Lov- 
 ell’s play of that name. He is reduced to the con- 
 dition of a serf by an extraordinary decree, as he had never 
 been actually manumitted. He rises, slays the earl, the 
 author of the law, and kills himself. Macready was very 
 successful in the part, 
 
 Berwick (ber'ik), or Berwick-on-Tweed. 
 
 [Formerly Aberwick.J A seaport in Northum- 
 berland, England, long regarded as neutral 
 between Scotland and England, at the mouth 
 of the Tweed. It was frequently an object of dispute 
 between the countries. It has remains of the old walls. 
 Population, 13,437. 
 
 Berwick, Duke of. See Fitz-James, James. 
 
 Berwick (bbr'wik), Miss Mary. The pseudo- 
 nym of Miss Adelaide Anne Procter in “Le- 
 gends and Lyrics” (1858). 
 
 Berwickshire (ber'ik -shir), or Berwick. A 
 county in southeastern Scotland, lying between 
 Haddington on the north, the North Sea on 
 the northeast, Berwick Bounds and Northum- 
 berland on the southeast, Roxburgh on the 
 south, and Edinburgh on the west. Its divisions 
 are the Merse, Lammermuir, and Lauderdale. Its agricul- 
 ture is important. Area, 457 square miles. Population 
 (civil county), 30,816. 
 
 Beryn, History of. A Middle English poem 
 formerly ascribed(by Urry) to Chauceras “ The 
 
 152 
 
 Merchant’s Second Tale,” but now rejected. 
 The author is unknown. 
 
 Berytus. See Beirut. 
 
 Berzelius (ber-ze'li-us; Sw. pron. ber-zil'e-os), 
 Johan Jacob, Baron. Born at Westerlosa, 
 near Linkoping, Ostergotland, Sweden, Aug. 
 29, 1779: died at Stockholm, Aug. 7, 1848. A 
 celebrated Swedish chemist. He was appointed 
 professor of medicine and pharmacy at Stockholm 1807 ; 
 became perpetual secretary of the Academy of Sciences at 
 Stockholm 1818 ; was created a baron 1835 ; and became 
 a royal councilor 1838. He introduced a new nomencla- 
 ture of chemistry; discovered selenium, thorium, and ce- 
 rium ; first exhibited calcium, barium, strontium, colum- 
 bium, or tantalum, silicium, and zirconium as elements ; 
 was one of the originators of the electro-chemical theory ; 
 and contributed much toward the perfection of the atomic 
 theory after Dalton. His most important work is “Lare- 
 bok i Kemien " (1808-28), which has been translated into 
 every European language. 
 
 Besangon (be-zon-soh/). [LL. Besantio(n-), 
 Besontio(n-), L. Vesontio(n-), from a tribe name 
 Besontii.\ The capital of the department of 
 Doubs, France, situated on a peninsula nearly 
 surrounded by the Doubs, in lat. 47° 14' N., 
 long. 6° 1' E. It is an important fortress, and 
 the seat of au artillery school. It is the chief place 
 in France for the manufacture of watches. It contains 
 the cathedral, archbishop's palace, Palais Granvella, li- 
 brary, museum, citadel, the triumphal arch Porte de Mars, 
 and other Roman antiquities. It is the birthplace of 
 Granvella, Pajol, Moncey, ISodier, and Victor Hugo. It 
 was the capital of the Sequani, and under the Romans 
 the capital of Maxima Sequanorum. From 1184 to 1648 it 
 was a free imperial city, and later the capital of Franche- 
 Comtd. In 1648 it was ceded to Spain, and to France in 
 1679. It was unsuccessfully besieged by the Austrians in 
 1814, and was the base of Bourbaki’s operations 1870-71.. 
 Population, commune, 56,1 68. 
 
 Besant (be-zant'), Sir Walter. Bom Aug. 14, 
 1836 : died June 9, 1901. An English novelist, 
 knighted in 1895. He was appointed professor in the 
 Royal College of Mauritius, but returned to England on 
 account of ill health. From 1871 to 1882 he wrote in 
 collaboration with James Rice. Since the death of the 
 latter he has written many novels and short stories. It 
 was due to “All Sorts and Conditions of Men” (1882) that 
 the People’s Palace in the East End of London was built. 
 
 Besborodko (bes-bo-rod'ko), Prince Alexan- 
 der Andreyevitch. Born at Stolnoi, Little 
 Russia, March 25, 1747 : died at St. Petersburg, 
 Aug. 9, 1799. A Russian statesman, made sec- 
 retary of foreign affairs in 1780, and imperial 
 chancellor in 1796. 
 
 Bescherelle (bcsh-rel'), Louis Nicolas. Born 
 
 at Paris, June 10, 1802 : died at Auteuil, Feb. 4, 
 1883. A French grammarian, lexicographer, 
 and librarian. His works include “Grammaire na- 
 tionale" (1834-38), “ Dictionnaire national” (1843-46), 
 “Les classiques et les romantiques” (1838: with Ch. 
 Martin), “La grammaire de l’Acaddmie” (1825 : with La- 
 motte), etc. 
 
 Besika Bay (bes'i-ka, ba). A small bay on the 
 northwestern coast of Asia Minor, near the 
 entrance to the Strait of Dardanelles. 
 
 Beskow (bes'kov), Bernhard von. Born at 
 Stockholm, April 19, 1796 : died at Stockholm, 
 Oct. 17, 1868. A Swedish dramatist and poet. 
 His chief dramas are “Erik den Fjortonde” (1827-28), 
 “Torkel Knutsson,” “Birger och hans Att,” “Gustav 
 Adolf i Tyskland ’’ (1838). 
 
 Bess (bes), or Bessee (be-se'), the Blind Beg- 
 gar’s daughter of Bethnal Green. The subject 
 of a favorite popular ballad, and introduced 
 by Chettle and Day, and Sheridan Knowles, in 
 their plays “The Beggar of Bethnal Green.” 
 Bess, Good Queen. A popular epithet of Queen 
 Elizabeth of England. 
 
 Bessaraha (bes-sa'ra-ba). A family of Walla- 
 chian waywodes, prominent in the politics of 
 ■ southeastern Europe from the 13th to the 18th 
 century, which has given the name of Bessa- 
 rabia to the region comprised between the 
 Pruth and the Dniester. 
 
 Bessaraba (bes-sa'ra-ba), Constantine Bran- 
 covan. Died Aug. 26, 1714. A waywode of 
 Wallachia 1688-1714. He acted asthe secret agent of 
 Leopold of Austria in the war which terminated with the 
 peace of Carlowitz in 1099, while ostensibly supporting 
 his suzerain the Sultan of Turkey ; and served as the ally of 
 Peter the Great in the war against the Turks in 1711, with 
 the result that he was put to death with his four sons by 
 order of the sultan. With his death the Bessaraba dynasty 
 was extinguished. 
 
 Bessarabia (bes-a-ra'bi-a). A government of 
 southwestern Russia, lying east and northeast 
 of Rumania. Capital, Kishineff. It was overrun 
 by nomadic races from the 2d to the 13th century; was 
 ceded to Russia by Turkey in 1812; was ceded in part to 
 Moldavia in 1856 ; and was restored to Russia in 1878. 
 Area, 17,143 square miles. Population, 2,344,800. 
 
 Bessarion (be-sa'ri-on). Johannes or Basilius. 
 
 [MGr. Bi-ooaptuv.'] Born at Trebizond, 1395 
 (1403?): died at Ravenna, Nov. 19, 1472. A 
 Greek scholar and Roman Catholic ecclesiastic, 
 notable as a patron of learning and a collector 
 of manuscripts. He entered the order of St. Basil in 
 
 Bethany 
 
 1423 ; studied under the Platonic scholar George Gemistus 
 Pletho ; became archbishop of N icsea in 1437 ; accompanied 
 J ohn Palseologus to Italy , in 1438, to assist in effecting union 
 between the Greek and Latin churches; supported the 
 Roman Church at the councils of Ferrara and Florence, 
 whereby he gained the favor of PopeEugenius IV. by whom 
 he was made cardinal in 1439 and successively invested with 
 the archbishopric of Siponto and the bishoprics of Sabina 
 and Tusculum ; and received the title of Patriarch of Con- 
 stantinople 1463. He wrote “Adversus Calumniatorem 
 Platonis,”etc. 
 
 Bessfcges (bes-azh'). A town in the department 
 of Gard, southern France, 33 miles northwest 
 of Nimes. Near it are important coal- and iron- 
 mines. Population, commune, 8,219. 
 
 Bessel (bes'sel), Friedrich Wilhelm. Born 
 at Minden, Prussia, July 22, 1784 : died March 17, 
 1846. A noted Prussian astronomer, director 
 of the observatory at Konigsberg. His works in- 
 clude “ Fundamenta Astronomies deducta ex observationi- 
 bus .1. Bradley ”(1818), “AstronomischeUntersuchungen” 
 (1841-42), “Populare Vorlesungen fiber wissenschaft- 
 liche Gegenstande” (1848), “Messungen der Entfernung 
 des 61 Sterns im Sternbilde des Schwans ” (1839), etc. 
 
 Besselia (bes-se'lia). The sweetheart of Captain 
 Crowe, in Smollett’s “Sir Launcelot Greaves.” 
 Bessemer (bes'e-mer), Sir Henry. Born at 
 Charlton, Hertfordshire, England, Jan. 19, 1813: 
 died at London, March 15. 1898. An English 
 engineer, inventor of the Bessemer- steel pro- 
 cess (1856-58). 
 
 Bessi^res (bes-yar'), Jean Baptiste, Duke of 
 Istria. Born at Preissac, Lot, France, Aug. 
 5 (6?), 1768: killed nearLiitzen, Germany, May 
 
 1, 1813. A famous marshal of the French em- 
 pire. He served with distinction at Acre, Abukir, Ma- 
 rengo, Austerlitz, Jena, Eylau, Friedland, Essling, etc. ; 
 and commanded at the victory of Medina del Rio-Seco, in 
 Spain, July 14, 1808. 
 
 Bessin (be-san'). An ancient district in the 
 northwestern part of Normandy, France, bor- 
 dering on the English Channel east of the Co- 
 tentin. Its chief town is Bayeux. 
 
 Bessus (bes'us). [Gr. B^crooc.] 1. A satrap of 
 Bactria. He commanded the left wing of the Persian 
 army at the battle of Arbela, 331 B. c. He murdered Darius 
 III. in 330, and was soon after captured by Alexander, and 
 delivered to Oxathres, the brother of Darius, by whom he 
 was executed. 
 
 2. A blustering, swaggering coward in Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher's play “ King and No 
 King.” 
 
 Bestuzkeff (bes-to'zhef), Alexander. Born 
 Nov. 3 (N. S.), 1795: killed near Yekaterino- 
 dar, in the Caucasus, June, 1837. A Russian 
 soldier, poet, and novelist. 
 Bestuzheff-Puiumin (bes -to 'zhef-re-o 'min). 
 Count Alexei Petrovitch. Born at Moscow, 
 June, 1692 : died April 21, 1766. A Russian di- 
 plomatist and statesman. He became imperial chan- 
 cellor in 1744, and was degraded from office, on a charge of 
 high treason, in 1758. He discovered, in 1725, a medicinal 
 preparation of iron, tinctura tonico-nervina Bestusewi. 
 
 Betangos, or Betanzos (ba-tan'thos), Domingo 
 de. B orn in Leon : died at Valladolid, Spain, 
 1549. A Spanish missionary in Hispaniola, 
 Mexico, and Guatemala. His representation of the 
 cruelty practised by the Spaniards on the natives occa- 
 sioned the promulgation of the bull “Veritas ipsa,” 1537, 
 by Pope Paul III., in which all Christians are commanded 
 to treat the heathen as brothers. 
 
 Betancourt (be-ton-kor'), Agustin de. Born 
 in Mexico City, 1620 : died 1700. A Franciscan 
 monk and historian, curate of the parish of 
 San Jos4. His principal work, “Teatro Mejicano," is 
 primarily a history of his order in Mexico, but contains 
 much of general interest. 
 
 Betanzos. See Betanzos. 
 
 Betanzos, Jnan Jos6 de. A Spanish soldier 
 who went to Peru, probably with Pizarro in 
 1532. He settled at Cuzco, and married a daughter of 
 the Inca Atahualpa. He became an adept in the Quichua 
 language, and wrote in it a doctrina and two vocabu- 
 laries, now lost. By order of the viceroy Mendoza he 
 wrote an account of the Incas and of the conquest. It 
 was finished in 1551, but remained in manuscript until 
 1880, when it was printed for the “Biblioteca Hispano- 
 Ultramarina," with the title “Suma y Narracion de los 
 Incas.” 
 
 Betchwa. See Beczwa. 
 
 Betelgeuze, or Betelgeux (bet-el-gerz'). [Ar. 
 ibt-al-jausa, the giant’s shoulder.] The bright, 
 red, slightly variable star a Orionis, in the right 
 shoulder of the constellation. It is sometimes 
 called Mirzam, from al-mirzam, the roarer. 
 Betham (beth'am), Sir William. Born at 
 Stradbrooke, Suffolk, England, May 22, 1779 : 
 died Oct. 26, 1853. An English antiquary, 
 Ulster king at arms. His works include “Irish 
 Antiquarian Researches ” (1827), “Origin and History of 
 the Constitution of England, and of the early Parliaments 
 of Ireland "(1834 : a reissue, with a new title, of an earlier 
 work), “The Gael and the Cymbri, etc."(1834), etc. 
 Betham-Edwards. See Edwards. 
 
 Bethany (beth'a-ni). [Heb., ‘ house of pov- 
 erty.’] A place about forty minutes’ ride from 
 
Bethany 
 
 Jerusalem, on the road to Jericho, southeast of 
 the Mount of Olives. It is often mentioned in the 
 New Testament as the home of Lazarus, Martha and 
 Mary, and of Simon the Leper (Matt. xxi. 17, xxvi. 6; 
 Mark xi. 1 ff. ; Luke xix. 29; .John xi. 1: A. V.). It is iden- 
 tified with the modern El-Azariyeh, a village with forty 
 huts, inhabited by Mohammedans exclusively. 
 Beth-Arbel (beth-ar'bel). A place mentioned 
 in Hos. x. 14 as the scene of a sack and mas- 
 sacre by Shalman : probably identical with the 
 modem Irbid, east of the Jordan and northeast 
 of Petta. Shalman may be either Shalmaneser III., 
 king of Assyria 782-772 B. c., who made a campaign against 
 Damascus, or Salaman, king of Moab, who is mentioned 
 in the Assyrian inscriptions as having paid tribute to Tig- 
 lath-Pileser III., king of Assyria (745-727 B. c.). 
 
 Bethel (beth'el). [LL. Bethel, Gr. IiaiOff/,, Heb. 
 Beth-el, house of God.] In scriptural geog- 
 raphy, a town (originally named Luz) in Pales- 
 tine, 12 miles north of Jerusalem, the resting- 
 place of the ark, and, later, a seat of idolatrous 
 worship : the modern Beitin. 
 
 Up to the last, customs that had originated in a primi- 
 tive period of Semitic belief survived in Phoenician re- 
 ligion. Stones, more especially aerolites, as well as trees, 
 were accounted sacred. The stones, after being conse- 
 crated by a libation of oil, were called .... Beth els, 
 “habitations of God,’’ and regarded as filled with the in- 
 dwelling presence of the Deity. The Caaba at Mecca is 
 a curious relic of this old Semitic superstition, which is 
 alluded to in the Gisdhubar Epic of Chaldea, and may have 
 suggested the metaphor of a rock applied to the Deity in 
 Hebrewpoetry. Prof. Robertson Smith, again, has pointed 
 out that numerous traces of an early totemism lasted 
 down into the historical period of the Semitic race, more 
 especially among the ruder nomad tribes of Arabia. 
 
 Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 200. 
 
 Bethel, Slingsby. Born 1617 : died Feb., 1697. 
 An English merchant and politician of repub- 
 lican views. He was tried and heavily fined in 
 May, 1683, for an assault during an election of 
 sheriffs. 
 
 Bethell (beth'el), Richard. Born at Bradford- 
 on-Avon, England, June 30, 1800: died at Lon- 
 don, July 20, 1873. An English jurist and states- 
 man, created first Lord Westbury in 1861. He 
 became attorney-general in 1856, and was lord 
 chancellor 1861-65. 
 
 Bethencourt (ba-ton-kor'), Jean de. Died 
 1425 (1). A French adventurer, conqueror of 
 the Canary Islands. He organized with Gadifer de 
 la Salle an expedition which sailed from La Rochelle, May 
 1. 14 12, in quest of adventure. Having arrived in the Ca- 
 naries, he built a fort on Lanzarote, which he left in 
 charge of Gadifer while he returned for reinforcements. 
 He came again with the official title of seigneur of the 
 Canary Islands ; converted the king of the islands in 1404 
 an event which was followed by the baptism of most of 
 the natives ; and returned to France in 14u6, after deputing 
 his nephew as governor. His exploits are recorded in a 
 “Histoire de la preoli re descouverte et conqueste des 
 Canaries, faite d&s I an 1402 par messire Jean de Bethen- 
 court, escrite du temps mesme par F. Pierre Bontier 
 . . . et Jean le Verrier, etc." (1630). 
 
 Bethesda (be-thes'd5). [Heb., ‘house of mercy, 
 or ‘ place of the flowing water.’] In scriptural 
 history, an intermittent spring near the sheep- 
 gate in Jerusalem, Palestine: commonly iden- 
 tified with the modern Birket Israil. 
 
 Bethesda. A town in Carnarvonshire, Wales, 5 
 miles southeast of Bangor. Near it are the 
 great Penrhyn slate-quarries. Population, 
 5,281. 
 
 Beth-Gellert. See Gellert. 
 
 Beth-horon (beth-ho'rpn), Upper and Nether. 
 [Heb., ‘ place of the hollow.’] Two villages of 
 Palestine, about 12 miles northwest of Jerusa- 
 lem. At the pass between thorn Joshua defeated the 
 kings of the Amorites. It is also the scene of a victory 
 of J udas Maccabaeus in the 2d century B. c. 
 
 Bethlehem (beth'le-em). [Heb., ‘house of 
 bread.’] A town in Palestine, 6 miles south 
 of Jerusalem: the modem Beit-Lahra. it was 
 the birthplace of David and (according to Matthew, Luke, 
 and John) of Christ. The Convent of the Nativity at 
 Bethlehem is a complex body of structures distributed 
 between the Greek and Latin creeds, and grouped around 
 the church, a basilica of 5 naves, with apse and apsidal 
 transepts, built by the empress Helena and Constantine. 
 There are four long ranges of monolithic Corinthian 
 columns 19 feet high, above which rise the walls of the 
 nave with round-arched windows. The choir is richly 
 ornamented with attributes of the Greek rite ; beneath 
 it is the tortuous Grotto of the Nativity. The apse and 
 parts of the walls bear beautiful Byzantine mosaics. The 
 church measures 80 by 130 feet. Population, about 8,000. 
 
 Bethlehem. A borough in Northampton and 
 Lehigh counties, Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh 
 River 50 miles north of Philadelphia, settled by 
 the Moravians in 1741. It has manufactures of 
 iron and machinery. Population, 12,837, (1910). 
 Bethlehem, Synod of. An important synod 
 of the Greek Church held at Bethlehem in 1672. 
 It condemned Calvinism and Lutheranism, and defended 
 the memory of Cyril Lucar, the famous patriarch of Alex- 
 andria and afterward of Constantinople, who had died 
 in 1638, against the imputation of Calvinism. The acts of 
 this synod were signed by the Patriarch of Jerusalem and 
 
 153 
 
 other clergy, but have never been formally adopted with- 
 out modification by the whole Orthodox Eastern Church. 
 Sometimes called Synod of Jerusalem, 
 
 Bethlehem Hospital. See Bedlam. 
 Bethlehemites (beth'le-em-its). A religious 
 order founded in Guatemala in 1653, extended 
 to Mexico a few years later, and ultimately to 
 other parts of Spanish America. The members 
 lived according to the monastic rules of the 
 Augustinians. 
 
 Bethnal Green (beth'nal gren). A borough 
 (metropolitan) of London, on the left bank of th e 
 Thames', east of Spitalfields, formerly occupied 
 by silk- weavers partly descended from the Hu- 
 guenot refugees. It is noted as being the locality men- 
 tioned in the old ballad ‘ 1 The Blind Beggar’s Daughter of 
 Bethnal Green. ” Thebeggar’shouseisstillshovvn. (Hare.) 
 The Bethnal Green Museum is a branch of the South 
 Kensington Museum, and was opened in 1872 in Victoria 
 Park Square, Cambridge road, for the poor of East London. 
 Bethphage (beth'faj; properly beth'fa- je). 
 [Heb., ‘house of unripe figs.’] In scriptural 
 geography, a village in Palestine, situated on 
 the Mount of Olives eastward from Jerusalem 
 and near Bethany. The exact site is in dispute. 
 “ The traditional site* is above Bethany, halfway between 
 that village and the top of the mount.” Smith. 
 Bethsaida (beth-sa'i-da). [Heb., ‘fishing- 
 place.’] In scriptural geography, a place in 
 Palestine, probably situated on the shore of the 
 Sea of Galilee between Capernaum and Mag- 
 dala. 
 
 Beth-shean (beth'she'an). [Heb., ‘house of 
 rest’ or ‘of security.’] See Scytliopolis. 
 B6thune (ba-tfin'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Pas-de-Calais, France, situated on the 
 Brette in lat. 50° 30' N., long. 2° 35' E. : the 
 seat of an ancient barony. It, has a noted belfry 
 and church (of St. Vaast). It was taken by Marlborough 
 and Prince Eugene in 1710. Population, commune, 
 13,607. 
 
 Betrothed, The. A novel by Manzoni. See 
 
 Promessi Sposi. 
 
 Betrothed, The. One of Scott’s “Tales of the 
 Crusaders,” published in 1825. 
 
 Betterton (bet'er-ton), Thomas. Bom in 
 Tothill street, Westminster, 1635 (?) : died in 
 Russell street, Covent Garden, April 28, 1710. 
 An English actor and dramatist, son of an 
 under cook of Charles I. He was apprenticed to a 
 bookseller. Little is known of his early liie. It is sup- 
 posed that he began to act in 1659 or 1660. He joined 
 Davenant’s company at the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre 
 in 1661. Pepys at the beginning of his career and Pope 
 at the end spoke of him as the best actor they had ever 
 seen. He was intimate with Dryden and with the most 
 intellectual men of his time. 
 
 Of Betterton’s eight plays, I find one tragedy borrowed 
 from Webster; and of his comedies, one was taken from 
 Marston ; a second based on Moliere’s George Dandin ; a 
 third was never printed ; his “ Henry the Fourth ’’ was 
 one of those unhallowed outrages on Shakespeare, of 
 which the century in which it appeared was prolific ; his 
 “ Bondman ” was a poor reconstruction of Massinger’s 
 play, in which Betterton himself was marvellously great ; 
 and his “Prophetess ” was a conversion of Beaumont and 
 Fletcher’s tragedy into an opera, by the efficient aid of 
 Henry Purcell, who published the music in score, in 1691. 
 
 Doran, Eng. Stage, I. 128. 
 
 Bettina (bet-te'na). See Arnim, Elisabeth von. 
 Bettris (bet'ris). A country girl who loves 
 George-a-Greene, in Greene's play of that 
 name. 
 
 Bettws-y-Coed (bet // iis-e-ko'ed). A town in 
 Carnarvonshire, Wales, situated at the junction 
 of the Llugwy and Conway 17 miles southeast 
 of Bangor. It is a tourist center. 
 
 Betty (bet'i). A diminutive abbreviation of 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 Betty, William Henry West, known as 
 “Master Betty” and the “Young Roscius.” 
 Bom at Shrewsbury, Sept. 13, 1791: died at 
 London, Aug. 24, 1874. An English actor, es- 
 pecially famous for his precocity. He made his 
 first appearance, on Aug. 19, 1803, as Oswyn in “Zara," 
 and played Douglas, Rolla, Romeo, Tancred, and Ham- 
 let within two yearB with great success. lie left the 
 stage in 1808, returned to it in 1812, and finally abandoned 
 it in 1824. 
 
 Betty Modish, Lady. See Modish, Lady Betty. 
 Betwa (bet'wii). A tributary of the Jumna, in 
 British India. Lentrth, 240 miles. 
 
 Beudant (be-don'), Francois Sulpice. Born at 
 Paris, Sept. 5, 1787 : died there, Dec. 10, 1850. 
 A French mineralogist and physicist. He became 
 professor of mathematics at Avignon in 1811, later (1813) 
 professor of physics at Marseilles, and later (1818) profes- 
 sor of mineralogy in the faculty of sciences at Paris. 
 Beulah (buTii). [neb., ‘she who is married.’] 
 1. In Isa. lxii. 4, the name of the land Israel 
 when it shall be “married.” — 2. A land of 
 rest, “where the sun shineth night and day,” 
 in Bunyan’s “ Pilgrim’s Progress.” The Pilgrims 
 stay here till the time comes for them to go across the 
 river of Death to the Celestial City. 
 
 Bevis of Hampton 
 
 Beule (be-la'), Charles Ernest. Born at Sau- 
 mur, Anjou, France, June 29, 1826: died April 
 4, 1874. A French archaeologist and politician. 
 
 Beurnonville (ber-noh-vel'), Pierre de Ruel, 
 Marquis de. Born at Ohampignolle, Aube, 
 France, May 10, 1752: died at Paris, April 23, 
 1821. A French general and politician, made 
 a marshal of France in 1816. 
 
 Beust (boist), Count Friedrich Ferdinand von. 
 Bom at Dresden, Jan. 13, 1809: died at Alten- 
 berg, near Vienna, Oct. 24, 1886. A Saxon and 
 Austrian statesman and diplomatist. He became 
 minister of foreign affairs in Saxony in 1849, and during 
 the decade preceding the Austro-Prussian war was the 
 chief opponent of Bismarck in German politics. His ob- 
 ject was to form a league of the minor German states 
 strong enough to hold the balance of power between 
 Austria and Prussia. He caused Saxony to side with 
 Austria in the Austro-Prussian war of 1866. Having en- 
 tered the Austrian service as minister of foreign affairs 
 in Oct., 1866, he succeeded Belcredi as prime minister on 
 Feb. 7, 1867, and on J une 23, 1867, was created chancellor of 
 the Austrian empire. He reorganized the empire, in 1868, 
 on the basis of the existing dualistic union between Aus- 
 tria and Hungary. He was dismissed from the control 
 of the government Nov. 8, 1871, and was ambassador to 
 London 1871-78, and to Paris 1878-82. 
 
 Beuthen (boi'ten), or Niederbeuthen (ne-der- 
 boi'ten). A town in the province of Silesia, 
 Prussia, situated on the Oder in lat. 51° 45' N., 
 long. 15° 47' E. 
 
 Beuthen, or Oberbeuthen (o-ber-boi'ten). A 
 manufacturing and mining city in the province 
 of Silesia, Prussia, in lat. 50° 21' N., long. 18° 
 55' E. Population, commune, 60,076. 
 
 Beuzeval-Houlgate (bez-val-61-gat'). A wa- 
 tering-place in the department of Calvados, 
 France, situated on the English Channel 15 
 miles southwest of Le Havre. 
 
 Beveland (D. pron. ba've-liint), North. An 
 island in the province of Zealand, Netherlands, 
 northeast of Walcheren. Length, 13 miles. 
 
 Beveland, South. An island in the province 
 of Zealand, Netherlands, east of Walcheren 
 and north of the West Schelde, its eastern coast 
 (the Verdronken Land) was inundated in 1632. Its chief 
 town is Goes. Length, 23 miles. 
 
 Beveren (ba'ver-en). A town in the province 
 of East Flanders, Belgium, 6 miles west oi Ant- 
 werp. It has manufactures of lace. Popula- 
 tion, 10,238. 
 
 Beveridge (bev'6r-ij), William. Born at Bar- 
 row, Leicestershire, England, 1637 : died at 
 Westminster, March 5, 1708. An English prel- 
 ate. He became archdeacon of Colchester in 1681, presi- 
 dent of Sion College in 1689, and bishop of St. Asaph in 
 1704. 
 
 Beverley (bev'er-li). [ME. Beverly, Beverli, 
 Beverlike, AS. Beferlic, Beuerlic, Beoferlic, Beo- 
 forlic, from befer, beaver, and lie, body (by 
 Bosworth supposed to stand for led, ledh , lea, 
 field).] A town in the East Riding of York- 
 shire, England, in lat. 53° 50' N., long. 0° 26' W. 
 It contains Beverley Minster and St. Mary’s Church. The 
 former is a church of the 13th and 14th centuries, with 
 double transepts, and a Perpendicular faqade flanked by 
 two towers resembling that of York. The fine nave dates 
 from about 1350 ; the choir is Early English, with a mod- 
 em sculptured screen and handsome old stalls. The 
 minster measures 334 by 64 feet. Population, 13,183. 
 
 Beverley (bev'er-li ) . The gamester in Edward 
 Moore’s tragedy of that name. Garrick created 
 the part, Mrs. Beverley was a favorite character with 
 the actresses of the time. 
 
 Beverley. The jealous lover of Belinda in 
 Murphy’s play “All in the Wrong.” 
 
 Beverley, Constance de. The perjured nun in 
 Scott’s poem “Marmion.” She loves Marmion, and 
 “bows her pride 
 A horseboy in his train to ride.” 
 
 She is walled in alive in the dungeons of a convent as a 
 punishment for her broken vows. 
 
 Beverley, Ensign. The character assumed by 
 Captain Absolute in Sheridan’s comedy “ The 
 Rivals” to win the love of the romantic Lydia, 
 who will not marry any one so suitable as the 
 son of Sir Anthony. 
 
 Beverley, John of. See John of Beverley. 
 
 BeVerly (bev'br-li). A city in Essex County, 
 Massachusetts, situated 17 miles northeast of 
 Boston. Population, 18,650, (1910). 
 
 Beverly (bev'6r-li), Robert. Born in Virginia 
 about 1675: died 1716. An American historian. 
 He became clerk of the Council of Virginia about 1697, an 
 office previously held by his father, Major Robert Beverly, 
 and published “A History of the Present State of Virginia ’’ 
 (1705). 
 
 Bevil (bev'l). 1. A man of wit and pleasure 
 in Shadwell’s comedy “Epsom Wells.” — 2. A 
 model of everything becoming a gentleman, in 
 Steele’s play ‘‘The Conscious Lovers.” 
 
 Bevis (be'vis) of Hampton or Southhamp- 
 ton, Sir. A brave knight whose adventures are 
 celebrated in Arthurian romance and by Dray- 
 
Bevis of Hampton 
 
 ton in his “Polyolbion.” An old English poem on 
 Bevis was in the 15th or 16th century turned into a prose 
 romance and printed about 1650. He was originally called 
 Beuves d'Antone, from the Italian Buovo d’Antona, a name 
 corrupted into d'Hantone in French and Hampton in 
 English. “ Beuves d'Hantone or Bevis of Hampton is the 
 subject of an old French story which was embodied in the 
 ‘Reali di Francia’ and is only connected with Charle- 
 magne by the mention of King Pippin and the hero's kin- 
 ship with the sons of Aymon(he was the father of Maugis 
 (Malagigi in Italian) and the uncle of Renaud (Rinaldo), 
 one of the four sons of Aymon). As a French prose ro- 
 mance it was printed by V^rard about 1500. It has been 
 printed separately in Italian at Bologna in 1480." Encyc. 
 Brit., XX. 653 (9th ed.j. 
 
 Bevis. The horse of Lord Marmion in Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott’s poem “ Marmion.” 
 
 Bevis Marks. A thoroughfare in St. Mary Axe, 
 near Houndsditck, London. It is referred to in 
 Dickens’s “Old Curiosity Shop.” 
 
 Bewick (bu'ik), Thomas. Born at Cherryburn, 
 near Newcastle-on-Tyne, Aug., 1753: died at 
 Gateshead, near Newcastle, Nov. 8, 1828. An 
 English wood-engraver. He was apprenticed at the 
 age of fourteen to Ralph Bielby, a copperplate engraver 
 at Newcastle. His first work of any importance was the 
 woodcuts to Hutton's book on mensuration (1770); after 
 this he did most of Bielby's wood-engraving business. 
 At the expiration of his apprenticeship he went to Lon- 
 don, but returned shortly to Newcastle, where he entered 
 into partnership with Bielby and occupied his old shop in 
 St. Nicholas Churchyard till a short time before his death. 
 Among his chief works are the illustrations of “Gay’s 
 Fables" (1779), “Select Fables" (1784), a “General History 
 of Quadrupeds" (1790), and his most famous work, “The 
 History of British Birds" (1797), in which he showed the 
 knowledge of a naturalist combined with the skill of an 
 artist. His last work was the illustrations of “HSsop’s 
 Fables,” upon which he was engaged six years. He was 
 assisted by his son Robert Elliot, and by some of his 
 pupils. 
 
 Bex (ba). A email town in flic canton of Yaud, 
 Switzerland, near the Rhone 27 miles southeast 
 of Lausanne. 
 
 Bexar (ba-Har' or ba-ar') Territory or Dis- 
 trict. The former name of a region in west- 
 ern Texas adjoining New Mexico, and bounded 
 by the Rio Pecos on the southwest. Area, 
 about 25,000 square miles. 
 
 Bexley, Baron. See Vansittart, 
 
 Beyerland. See Beierland. 
 
 Beylan. See Bella n. 
 
 Beyle (bal), Marie Henri. Born at Grenoble, 
 France, Jan. 23, 1783: died at Paris, March 23, 
 1842. A French writer and critic, best known 
 by his pseudonym “De Stendhal.” He was the 
 author of lives of Napoleon, Haydn, Mozart, Rossini, and 
 Metastasio, “ Histoire de la peinture en Italie” (1817), 
 “Racine et Shakespeare” (1823-25), novels “Arraance” 
 (1827), “Le rouge et le noir ” (1830), “La Chartreuse de 
 Par me ” (1830), etc. For a time he called himself de Beyle. 
 Beylerbeg Serai (ba'ler-beg' se-ri'). A sum- 
 mer-palace in Constantinople, finished in 1865 
 by Abdul-Aziz, on the Bosporus. The water 
 facade displays great purity and harmony of design, and 
 the grand staircase and ceremonial saloons, decorated in 
 a Turkish modification of the Moorish style, are master- 
 pieces in their way. 
 
 Beyrotlt. See Beirut. 
 
 Beza. See Bcze, Theodore de. 
 
 Bezaleel (be-zal'e-el). [Heb.,‘in the shadow 
 of God.’] The artificer who executed the works 
 of art on the tabernacle. 
 
 Bezaliel. Ill Dryden and Tate’s satire “Absa- 
 lom and Achitophel,” a character meant for the 
 Marquis of Worcester, afterward duke of Beau- 
 fort. He was noted for his devotion to learn- 
 ing. 
 
 B&ze, or Besze (baz), L. Beza (be'za), Theo- 
 dore de. Born at Vezelay, France, June 24, 
 1519: died at Geneva, Oct. 13, 1605. A noted 
 theologian, the successor of Calvin as leader 
 of the Reformed Church at Geneva. He studied 
 the classics under the humanist Melchior Wolmar at Or- 
 leans and Bourges 1528-35 ; studied law in the University 
 of Orleans 1536-39 ; repaired to the University of Paris in 
 1539, where he eventually devoted himself to humanistic 
 studies ; published a collection of poems, “Juvenilia,” in 
 1548 ; fled in the same year to Geneva, where he abjured 
 Catholicism; became professor of Greek in the academy 
 at Lausanne in 1549 ; accepted the rectorship of the acad- 
 emy at Geneva and a pastorate in Geneva in 1559 ; partici- 
 pated in the Colloquy of Poissy in 1561, and St. Germain 
 in 1562 ; became the successor of Calvin at Geneva on the 
 latter's death in 1564 ; presided at the synods of the French 
 Reformers at La Rochelle in 1571, and Nimes in 1572 ; and 
 participated in the Colloquy at Mompelgard in 1586. He 
 wrote “De Htereticis a Civili Magistratu Puniendis,” in 
 which he defends the execution of Servetus, etc. 
 Beziers (ba-zia'). A city in the department of 
 Hdrault, France, in lat. 43° 21' N., long. 3° 12' 
 E. : the Roman Biterra Septimanorum. it con- 
 tains the noted Cathedral of St. Nazaire. Thousands of its 
 citizens were massacred in 1209, in the Albigensian war. 
 Population, commune, 52,268. 
 
 Bezonian. A beggar; a mean, low person. Ac- 
 cording to Florio a bisogno is “ a new levied soldier, such 
 as comes needy to the wars." Cotgrave, in bisongne, says, 
 “ a fllthie knave, or clowne, a ra-kall, a bisonian, base- 
 
 154 
 
 humoured scoundrel." Its original sense is ‘a raw re- 
 cruit’; hence, as a term of contempt, ‘a beggar, a needy per- 
 son.’ Used by Shakspere in “2 Henry IV.," v. 3. 
 
 Bhadrinath (bha-dri-nath'), or Badrinath 
 (ba-dri-nath'). Atempleon Bhadrinath moun- 
 tain, Gurhwal district, British India. 
 Bhagalpur (bhag-al-por ' ) . A division in Bengal, 
 British India. Area, 19,776 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 8,091,405. 
 
 Bhagalpur. A district in the Bhagalpur divi- 
 sion, Bengal, British India. Area, 4,226 square 
 miles. Population, 2,088,953. 
 
 Bhagalpur. The chief town of Bhagalpur. 
 Population, 75,760. 
 
 Bhagavadgita (bba/'ga-vad-ge'ta). In San- 
 skrit literature, ‘ the song of Bhagavat,’ that is, 
 the mystical doctrines sung by ‘ the adorable 
 one,’ a name of Krishna when identified with 
 the Supreme Being. The author is unknown. He 
 is supposed to have lived in India in the 1st or 2d century 
 of our era. His poem was at an early date dignified by a 
 place In the Mahabharata, but is of a much later date 
 than the body of that epic. Its philosophy is eclectic, 
 combining elements of the Sankhya, Yoga, and Vedanta 
 systems with the later theory of Bhakti, or ‘faith.’ The 
 whole composition is skilfully thrown into the form of a 
 dramatic poem or dialogue, characterized by great lofti- 
 ness of thought and beauty of expression. The speakers 
 are the two most important personages of the Mahabha- 
 rata, Arjuna and Krishna. In the great war Krishna re- 
 fused to take up arms on either side, but consented to act 
 as Arjuna’s charioteer and to aid him with counsel. At 
 the commencement of the Bhagavadgita the two armies 
 are in battle array, when Arjuna is struck with compunc- 
 tion at the idea of fighting his way to a kingdom through 
 the blood of his kindred. Krishna's reply is made the oc- 
 casion of the dialogue which in fact constitutes the Bha- 
 gavadgita, the maiu design of which is to exalt the duties 
 of caste above all other obligations, including the ties of 
 friendship and affection, hut at the same time to show 
 that the practice of those duties is compatible with the 
 self-mortification of the Yoga philosophy as well as with 
 the deepest devotion to the Supreme Being, with whom 
 Krishna claims to be identified. 
 
 Bhagavatapurana (bha/gii - va - ta - po - ra'na). 
 ‘The purana of Bkagavata’ or Vishnu, a work 
 of great celebrity in India, exercising a more 
 powerful influence upon the opinions of the 
 people than any of the other puranas. it con- 
 sists of 18,000 verses, and is ascribed by Colebrooke to the 
 grammarian Vopadeva, of about the 13th century A. D. Its 
 most popular part, the tenth book, which narrates the 
 history of Krishna, has been translated into many of the 
 vernaculars of India. 
 
 Bhairava (bhi'ra-va) (tnasc.), Bhairavi (-ve) 
 (fern.). [Skt., ‘the terrible.’] Names of Shiva 
 and his wife Devi. The Bhairavas are eight in- 
 ferior forms or manifestations of Shiva, all of 
 them terrible. 
 
 Bnamo (bha-rno'). A town in Upper Burma, 
 in British India, situated on the Ira wadi in lat. 
 24° 15' N., long. 97° 15' E. 
 
 Bhandara (bhun-da'ra). A district in the 
 Nagpur division, Central Provinces, British 
 India, in lat. 20°-22° N., long. 79°-81° E. 
 Area, 3,965 square miles. Population, 663,062. 
 Bhara/ta (bka'ra-ta). In Hindu mythology and 
 legend: (a) A hero and king from whom the 
 people called Bharatas, often mentioned in the 
 Rigveda, are represented as descended. ( b ) 
 Son of Dasharatha by Kaikeyi, and half-brother 
 of Ramachandra. His mother brought about the ex- 
 ile of Rama, but. Bharata refused to supplant him. On 
 his father’s death, Bharata went to bring Rama back to 
 Ayodhya and place him on the throne. Rama refused 
 to return until the end of his exile, and Bharata declined to 
 reign, but at last consented to rule in Rama’s name, (e) 
 A prince of the Puru branch of the Lunar race, 
 son of Dushyanta and Shakuntala. Through their 
 descent from Bharata the Kauravas and Pandavas, but 
 especially the Pandavas, were called Bharatas, 1 descen- 
 dants of Bharata.’ 
 
 Bhartrihari (bhar // tri-ha'ri). In Sanskrit lit- 
 erature, a brother of King Vikramaditya, to 
 whom are ascribed three Shatakas, or ‘ centuries 
 of verse’: (a) The Sringarashataka, or ‘Century of 
 
 Verses on Love ’; (6) Nitishataka, ‘ Century on Politics and 
 Ethics’; (c) Vairagyashataka, ‘Century on Austerity’; a 
 grammatical work, the Vakyapadiya; and by some the 
 Bhattikavya. 
 
 Bhartpur. See Bhurtpore. 
 
 Bhaskara (bhas'ka-ra). In Sanskrit literature, 
 a celebrated astronomer and mathematician 
 of the 12th century. He wrote the Siddhanta- 
 siromani, which contains treatises on algebra, 
 arithmetic, and geometry. 
 
 Bhattikavya (bhat-te-kav'ya). In Sanskrit lit- 
 erature, ‘the poem of Bhatti,’’ an artificial epic 
 poem by Bhatti, celebrating the exploits of 
 Rama, and illustrating Sanskrit grammar by the 
 employment of all possible forms and construc- 
 tions. By some it is ascribed to Bhartrihari. 
 Bhavabhuti (bha-va-bho'ti). A Sanskrit poet 
 who lived in the 8th century A. D., author of the 
 three dramas “ Malatimadhava,” “Makavira- 
 charita,”and “ Uttararamacbarita.” 
 
 Bianca 
 
 Bhavishyapurana (bha-vish'ya-po-ra'na). In 
 Sanskrit literature, ‘the purana of the future.’ 
 It is one of the eighteen puranas, supposed to have been 
 a revelation of future events by Brahma and communicated 
 by Sumantu to Satanika, a king of the Panda family. The 
 extant purana is not prophetic, but a manual of rites and 
 observances. The commencement, treating of creation, is 
 scarcely more than a transcript of Manu. 
 
 Bhawalpur. See Bahawalpur. 
 
 Bhil (bhel) States. A group of native states in 
 Central British India, in the Vindhya and Sat- 
 pura Mountains. 
 
 Bhima (bhe'ma). [Skt. BMma, the terrible.] In 
 Hindu mythology, the reputed second son of 
 Pandu, but in reality the son of his wife Pritba 
 or Kuntiby Vayu, the god of the wind. He was 
 remarkable for his vast size and strength and voracious 
 appetite. Also called Bhimasena and Vrikodara. 
 
 Bhoja (bho'ja). A name borne by a number of 
 Hindu kings. A king Bhoja, ruler of Malava, who 
 dwelt at Dhara and Ujjayini, and who, according to an 
 inscription, lived about 1040-1090 A. D., is said by tradition 
 to havebeen the Vikrama at whose court the “ nine gems ” 
 flourished. 
 
 Bhopal (bho-pal'). A political agency connected 
 with Central India. It includes, among others, the 
 native state Bhopal, lat. 23° N., long. 77° E. Ar ea of state, 
 6,902 square miles. Population of state, 665,961. 
 
 Bhopal. The capital of the state of Bhopal. 
 Population, 77,023. 
 
 Bhrigu (bkri'go). In Vedic mythology, the 
 name of a class of beings who discover fire 
 and bring it to men. The Bhrigus have shut up fire 
 within tlie wood. They are enumerated with other divine 
 beings, especially with the Angirases and the Atharvans. 
 One of the chief Brahmanical tribes hears the name, and 
 also a rishi as representative of the tribe. 
 
 Bhurtpore (bhert-por'), or Bhartpur (bhart- 
 por'). A feudatory state in Rajputana, British 
 India. Area, 1,982 square miles. Population, 
 626,665. Its capital, Bhurtpore, has a popula- 
 tion of 43,601. 
 
 Bhutan (bho-tan'), or Bootan (bo-tan'). A 
 country in Asia, lying between Tibet on the 
 north, Sikkim on the west, and British India, oc- 
 cupied largely by the Himalayas. The capital is 
 Punakha. Until 1907 power was held by the Deb Raja 
 (secular head), and the Dharma Raja (spiritual head). Gov- 
 ernment isnow vested in a maharaja. Religion, Buddhism. 
 Part of it was annexed by Great Britain in 1866. Area, 
 previous to the British annexation of the Duars in 1866, 
 20,000 square miles. Population, unknown ; probably 
 over 100,000. 
 
 Biard (be-ar ' ) , Auguste Frangois. Bom at Ly- 
 ons, France, June 27, 1800 : died near Fontaine- 
 bleau, July 8, 1882. A French genre painter. 
 
 Biafra (be-a'fra). A small district in western 
 Africa, situated on the Bight of Biafra about 
 lat. 3° N. 
 
 Biafra, Bight of. The eastern part of the 
 Gulf of Guinea, on the western coast of Africa, 
 between capes Formosa and Lopez. 
 
 Biainia. An ancient name of Van. See Ar- 
 menia. 
 
 Biala (bya'la). A town in Galicia, Austria- 
 Hungary, situated on the Biala, opposite Bielitz, 
 42 miles west-southwest of Cracow. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 8,651, (1910). 
 
 Bialowicza (bya-16-ve'cha), Forest of. A for- 
 est in Lithuania. See the extract. 
 
 “ The Hercynian Forest," in Gibbon’s words, “ over- 
 shadowed a great part of Germany and Poland.” It 
 stretched from the sources of the Rhine and Danube to 
 regions far beyond the Vistula. Its relics remain in the 
 Black Forest, the forests of the Hartz, and the woods of 
 Westphalia and Nassau. Only one portion remains in 
 its primeval state : the Imperial Forest of Bialowicza 
 covers 350 square miles of marsh and jungle in Lithuania, 
 and is reserved by a benevolent despotism as the home of 
 the aurochs and the elk. In the days of Pytheas the 
 natural forests stretched eastwards from the Rhine “ for 
 more than two months’ journey for a man making the 
 best of his way on foot." Elton, Origins Eng. Hist., p. 6L 
 
 Bialystok. See Bielostolc. 
 
 Bianca (bi-an'ka). [It., feminine of bianco, 
 from ML. blancus (E. blank), white.] 1. The 
 sister of Katharine in Sbakspere’s “Taming of 
 the Shrew”: a mild and well-bred maiden, a 
 contrast to “Katharine the Curst.” — 2. A 
 woman of Cyprus with whom Cassio had an 
 amorous intrigue, in Shakspere’s tragedy 
 “Othello.” — 3. A Venetian beauty in Middle- 
 ton’s play “ Women beware Women,” married 
 to Leontio and tempted to become the duke’s 
 mistress by a shameless woman. — 4. The Duch- 
 ess of Pavia in Ford’s play “Love’s Sacrifice”: 
 a gross and profligate woman who has the art 
 of appearing innocent by denyingtbe favors she 
 means to grant. — 5. Apathetic and beautiful 
 character, “the Fair Maid of the Inn,” in Mas- 
 singer, Rowley, and Fletcher's play of that 
 name. — 6. The wife of Fazio in Dean Milman’s 
 play “Fazio.” Out of jealousy she ruins her husband, 
 but repents, and, not being able to undo her work, dies of 
 a broken heart. 
 
Biancavilla 
 
 Bianca villa (be-an-ka- vel'la). A town in 
 Sicily, 9 miles west-northwest of Catania : the 
 ancient Inessa. Population, commune, 13.358. 
 Bianchi (be-an'ke), The. [It., ‘ the Whites.’] A 
 political faction which arose in Tuscany about 
 1300. The Guelph family of the Cancellieri at Pistoia 
 having banished the Gliibelline family of the Paneiatichi, a 
 feud arose between two distantly related branches of the 
 former, distinguished by the names of Bianchi and Neri, 
 which. 1298-1300, became so violent that Florence, in order 
 to pacify Pistoia, engaged that city to banish the whole 
 family of the Cancellieri, but at the same time opened its 
 own gates to them. In Florence the Neri allied them- 
 selves with Corso Donati and the violent Guelphs, and the 
 Bianchi with Veri de Cerchi and the moderate Guelphs, 
 and subsequently with the Ghibellines and the Paneiatichi. 
 Boniface VIII. espoused the party of the Neri, and sent, 
 nominally to bring about a reconciliation, Charles de Va- 
 lois to Florence in 1301, with the result that the Bianchi, 
 among whom was Dante, were exiled. 
 
 Bianchini (t>e-an-ke'ne), Francesco. Born at 
 Verona, Italy, Dec. 13, 1662: died at Rome, 
 March 2, 1729. A. noted Italian astronomer 
 and antiquary. 
 
 Bianco (be-an'ko), or Biancho (be-an'ko), 
 Andrea. A Venetian chartograpker who lived 
 in the first half of the 15th century. He left a 
 collection of hydrographical charts anterior to the discov- 
 ery of the Cape of Good Hope and of America. In a chart 
 dated 1436 he shows two islands west of the Azores, named 
 “Antiilia ” and “De laman Satanaxio,” which some claim 
 indicate a knowledge of the two Americas. 
 
 Biarritz (be-ar-rets'). A watering-place in the 
 department of Basses-Pyrendes, France, situ- 
 ated on the Bay of Biscay 5 miles west-south- 
 west of Bayonne. It is one of the chief bathing- 
 places in France, and is also a noted winter resort. It 
 was developed during the second empire. Population, 
 commune, 15,093. 
 
 Bias(bi'as). [Gr. Bier.] In Greek mythology, 
 the son of Amythaon, and brother of Melampus. 
 He obtained a third part of thekingdom of Argos. 
 Bias. Born at Priene, in Ionia : lived in the mid- 
 dle of the 6th century B. c. One of the “ Seven 
 Sages” of Greece, noted for his apothegms. 
 Bias. See Beas. 
 
 Bibbiena (beb-be-a'na) (Bernardo Dovizio or 
 
 Devizio), Cardinal. Born at Bibbiena, Arezzo, 
 Italy, Aug. 4, 1470: died Nov. 9, 1520. An Ital- 
 ian poet. He was the intimate friend of Ra- 
 phael. He was the private secretary of Cardinal Giovanni 
 de' Medici (Pope Leo X.), and was made cardinal in 1513. 
 He wrote the comedy “Calandria’ (1521), etc. Also called 
 Bernardo di Tarlatti. 
 
 Bibbiena (Fernando Galli). Bom at Bologna, 
 Italy, 1653 : died at Bologna, 1743. An Italian 
 painter and architect. 
 
 Biberach (be'ber-ach). A town in the circle 
 of the Danube, Wiirtemberg, 22 miles south- 
 west of Ulm : formerly a free imperial city. 
 Here the French defeated the Austrians, Oct. 2, 1796, and 
 May 9, 1800. Population, conmmne, 9,096. 
 
 Bibesco (be-bes'kS), George Demetrius. Born 
 1804 : died at Paris, June 1, 1873. A Walla- 
 chian politician, hospodar of W allachia 1 842-48. 
 Bibesco, Barbo Demetrius (adopted name 
 Stirbei). Born 1801: died at Nice, France, 
 April 13, 1869. A Wallachian politician, 
 brother of George Demetrius Bibesco, hospo- 
 dar of Wallachia 1849-56. 
 
 Bibena. See Bibbiena. 
 
 Bible (bi'bl), The. See Miles Coverdale, Wyclif, 
 Thomas Bentham, Septuagint, Mazarin Bible, 
 
 etc. 
 
 Bible of Forty-two Lines, The. An edition of 
 the Vulgate, printed between 1450 and 1455 by 
 Gutenberg and his companions. The book proper 
 consists of 1/282 printed pages, 2 columns to the page, and, 
 for the most part, with 42 lines to the column. 
 
 Bible of the Poor, or Biblia Pauperum. See 
 
 the extract. 
 
 It is probable that the illustrations were made first, and 
 that, in the beginning, the Bible of the Poor was a book of 
 pictures only. Some German antiquarian; say that the 
 book in its original form, was designed and explained by 
 a monk named Wernher, who was living in 1180, and was 
 famous during his lifetime both as a painter and a poet. 
 Other German authorities put the origin of the first manu- 
 script as far back as the ninth century, attributing the 
 work to Saint Augustine, first bishop of Hamburg. It 
 seems to have been a popular manuscript, for copies 
 written before the fifteenth century have been found in 
 many old monasteries. These copies are not alike. 
 Nearly every transcriber has made more or less alterations 
 and innovations of his own ; but the general plan of the 
 book — the contrasting of apostles with prophets, and of 
 the patriarchs of the Old Testament with the saints of the 
 Christian church — has been preserved in all the copies. 
 
 De Vinne, Invention of Printing, p. 198. 
 
 Bible of Thirty-six Lines, The. A large demy 
 folio of 1,764 pages, made up, for the most 
 part, in sections of 10 leaves, and usually bound 
 in 3 volumes. Each page has 2 columns of 36 lines 
 each. A copy was given to a monastery near Mainz by 
 Gutenberg. It is called the oldest edition of the Latin 
 Bible. 
 
 155 
 
 Bibliander (bib'li-an-der) (originally Buch- 
 mann), Theodore. Born at Bischoffszell, Thur- 
 gau, 1504: died at Zurich, Nov. 26, 1564. A 
 Swiss divine and Orientalist. He was professor of 
 theology and Oriental philology in the University of Zu- 
 rich 1532-60, when, on account of his opposition to the 
 Calvinistic doctrine of predestination, he was deposed. 
 He wrote a Latin translation of the Koran, and made many 
 valuable contributions to the history of Mohammedanism. 
 
 Bibliophile Jacob, Le. A novel by Balzac, 
 written in 1830. 
 
 Bibliotheque de Ste. Genevieve. Originally, 
 the library of the Abbey of Ste. Genevieve, 
 founded in 1624. The present structure and organi- 
 zation date from 1850. The library is especially rich in 
 incunabula, fine Aldines and Elzevirs, and other impres- 
 sions of early printers. It has also a fine collection of 
 manuscripts. 
 
 Bibliotheque Mazarine. A library of about 250, - 
 000 volumes and 6,000 manuscripts, founded by 
 Cardinal Mazarin. It is rich in bibliographic 
 curiosities. 
 
 Bibliotheque Nationale. The great French 
 library, the largest in the world, it has been 
 called successively La Bibliotheque du Roi, Royale, Natio- 
 nale, Impdriale, and Nationale. The Bibliotheque du 
 Roi was originally in the Palais de la Cit<5, consisting of 
 the library of King John. He bequeathed it to Charles 
 V., who removed it and collected a library of 910 volumes 
 in the Louvre. This was sold to the Duke of Bedford. 
 Louis XI. partly repaired this loss and added the first 
 results of the new invention of printing. Louis XII. 
 established it at Blois, incorporating it with the Orleans 
 library. The Gruthuyse collection was next added to it. 
 Francis I. transferred the library to Fontainebleau, and 
 placed it in charge of Jean Budie. Henry II. made obliga- 
 tory the deposit of one copy of every book published in 
 the kingdom. Henry IV. brought it back to Paris, where 
 it changed in location frequently before rest ing in its pres- 
 ent quarters in the Palais Mazarin, Rue Richelieu. Na- 
 poleon I. increased the government grant, and under his 
 care the library was much enlarged. It contains over 3,500, - 
 000 volumes, 102,000 manuscripts, and collections of prints 
 and medals. It is especially rich in Oriental manuscripts. 
 
 Biblis (bibTis). A woman of Miletus who fell in 
 love with her brother Caunus and was changed 
 into a fountain. Ovid, Met., ix. 662. 
 
 Bibra (be'bra), Ernst von. Born at Sekweb- 
 heini, Bavaria, June 9, 1806: died at Nuremberg, 
 June 5, 1878. A German chemist, naturalist, 
 traveler, and novelist. Among his numerous works 
 are “Reisen in Sudamerika” (1854), “Die narkotischen 
 Genussmittel und der Mensch” (1855), “Erinnerungen 
 aus Sudamerika” (1861), “Aus Chile, Peru, und Brasilien’’ 
 (1862), “Reiseskizzen und Novellen” (1864), etc. 
 
 Bibracte (bi-brak'te). In ancient geography, 
 a town in central Gaul, the capital of the JEdui, 
 on the site of Mont Beuvray 8 miles west of 
 Antun, with which it was formerly identified. 
 Near it Ctesar defeated the iEdui. 
 
 Bibrax (bl'braks). [L. Bibracte or Bibrax, Gr. 
 B ifSpa^, according to Zeuss ‘beaver town,’ from 
 OGaul. *bebros L. fiber = E. beaver. Cf. 
 Beverley.'] In ancient geography, a town of the 
 Remi, in Gaul. It is placed by d’Anville at 
 Bievres on the Aisne. 
 
 Bibulus (bib'u-lus), Lucius Calpurnius. Died 
 near Corcyra, Greece, 48 b. c. A Roman poli- 
 tician. He was Julius Caesar's colleague in the consul- 
 ship 59 B. c., having been elected through the efforts of 
 the aristocratic party. After an ineffectual attempt to 
 oppose Caesar's agrarian law, he shut himself up in his 
 own house, whence he issued edicts against Caesar's mea- 
 sures. He was appointed by Pompey commander of the 
 fleet in the Ionian Sea, 49 B. c., to prevent Caesar from 
 crossing over into Greece. His vigilance was, however, 
 eluded by the latter in January of the following year. 
 
 Bicetre (be-satr'). A village H miles south of 
 Paris, containing a celebrated hospital, founded 
 by Louis XIII. in 1632, for invalid officers and 
 soldiers. The foundation was greatly enlarged by 
 Louis XIV. and turned into a general hospital. It is now 
 devoted to the aged and incurable poor and the insane. 
 
 Bichat (be-sha,'), Marie Francois Xavier. 
 
 Born at Thoirette, Jura, France, Nov. 11, 1771: 
 died at Paris, July 22, 1802. A celebrated 
 French physiologist and anatomist, the founder 
 of scientific histology and pathological anat- 
 omy. His chief works are “ Traite des membranes” 
 (1800), “Recherches sur la vie et la mort ” (1800), “ Ana- 
 tomie gdndrale ” (1801). 
 
 Bickerstaff (bik'er-staf), Isaac, Astrologer. 
 
 The name which Steele adopted as editor of 
 the “Tatler,” when ho published it in 1709. 
 He took it from the name assumed by Swift in a con- 
 troversy with Partridge, an almanac-maker, which had 
 amused the town. 
 
 Bickerstaff, Isaac. A pseudonym used by Ben- 
 jamin West (the mathematician) in his Boston 
 almanac. 
 
 Bickerstaffe, Isaac. Born in Ireland about 
 1735: died in 1812 (?). A British dramatic 
 writer. Asa boy he was one of the pages to Lord Ches- 
 terfield, lord lieutenant of Ireland. He attained an honora- 
 ble position in the society of men of letters, but in 1772 
 was suspected of a capital crime, and fled to St. Malo, 
 where he lived for some time under an assumed name. 
 
 Biddle, Richard 
 
 After 1812, when he was about seventy-seven years old, 
 nothing is known of him. He wrote “Leucothoe,” a 
 tragic opera (1756), “Love in a Village," a comic opera, 
 acted with great success in 1762 (printed in 1763), “ The 
 Maid of the Mill ” (1765), “The Hypocrite,” an adaptation 
 of Cibber’s “ Non-Juror” (1768), etc. 
 
 Bickersteth (bik'er-stetli), Edward. Born at 
 Kirkby Lonsdale, England, March 19, 1786: 
 died at Walton, England, Feb. 28, 1850. An 
 English clergyman, author of “Help to the 
 Study of the Scriptures ” (1814), etc. 
 Bickerstetb, Edward Henry. Born Jan. 25, 
 1825: died May 16, 1906. An English bishop 
 and poet, son of the above: author of “Yester- 
 day, To-day, and For Ever” (1866), etc. 
 Bickerstetb, Henry. Born at Kirkby Lons- 
 dale, England, June 18, 1783 : died at Tunbridge 
 Wells, April 18, 1851. An English jurist, created 
 Baron Langdale Jan. 23, 1836. He became 
 master of the rolls Jan., 1836. 
 
 Bicocca (be-kok'ka). A village 5 miles north- 
 east of Milan, Italy. Here, April 27, 1522, the 
 Imperialists under Colonna defeated the F rench 
 and Swiss under Lautrec. 
 
 Bicorned Lord. Alexander the Great : so called 
 on account of the two horns on his coins. Poole, 
 Story of Turkey, p. 124. 
 
 Bida (be'da). Capital of Nupe, in West Africa, 
 situaledin lat. 9° N., long. 6° 20' E. Pop., 50,000. 
 Bida (be-da'), Alexandre. Born 1813: died 
 Jan. 2, 1895. A French designer and painter, 
 noted chiefly for treatment of scriptural and 
 Oriental subjects. His chief work is designs 
 illustrating the Evangelists (1873). 
 
 Bidar (be'dar). A district in the Gulbarga di- 
 vision, Hyderabad state, British India. Area, 
 4,168 square miles. Population, 766,129. 
 Bidassoa (be-das-s5'a). A river in northern 
 Spain which flows into the Bay of Biscay at 
 Fuenterrabia : length, 50 miles, it is for about 12 
 miles the boundary between France and Spain. Welling- 
 ton passed the Bidassoa Oct. 7, 1813, defeating the French 
 under Soult. 
 
 Biddeford (bid'e-ford). A city in York County, 
 Maine, on the Saco 17 miles southwest of 
 Portland. It has manufactures of cotton, etc. 
 Population, 17,079, (1910). 
 
 Bidden den (bid'en-den) Maids. Two sisters 
 joined like the Siamese twins, born at Bidden- 
 den, Kent, England (1100-34). They were the re- 
 puted donors of the “Bread-and-Cheese-land,” Bidden- 
 den, for the defrayal of the cost of a yearly distribution of 
 bread and cheese at Easter. 
 
 Biddle (bid'l), Clement, surnamed “The Qua- 
 ker Soldier.” [The surname Biddle is another 
 form of Beadle, from beadle .] Born at Phila- 
 delphia, May 10, 1740: died there, July 14, 1814. 
 An American Revolutionary officer. He was one 
 of the signers of the non-importation resolutions framed 
 at Philadelphia 1765, and although a Quaker joined the 
 Revolutionary army on the outbreak of hostilities, serving 
 as colonel in the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandy- 
 wine, and Monmouth. He was a personal friend and cor- 
 respondent of Washington. 
 
 Biddle, Clement Cornell. Born at Philadel- 
 phia, Oct. 24, 1784: died Aug. 21, 1855. An 
 American lawyer and political economist, son of 
 Clement Biddle. He fought in the War of 1812. 
 Biddle, James. Born at Philadelphia, Feb. 28, 
 1783: died at Philadelphia, Oct. 1, 1848. An 
 American naval commander, distinguished in 
 the War of 1812. He commanded the Hornet, which 
 fought and captured the British brig Penguin off the 
 island of Tristan d’Acunha, March 23, 1815. 
 
 Biddle, John. Born at Wotton-under-Edge, 
 Gloucestershire, England, 1615: died at Lon- 
 don, Sept. 22, 1662. An English Unitarian 
 divine, called “the father of English Unitari- 
 anisrn.” He became master of the free school of Glou- 
 cester in 1641. Suspected of heresy, lie was called before 
 Parliament in 1645 and committed to custody, in which 
 he remained several years. He published in 1647 “ Twelve 
 Questions or Arguments ” against the deity of the Holy 
 Spirit. He was banished to the Scilly Islands in 1655, but 
 was recalled three years later. He was again arrested 
 under Charles II., and died in prison. He also wrote 
 “Confession of Faith touching the Iloly Trinity, etc.” 
 (1648), and “A Twofold Catechism, etc.” (1054), etc. 
 
 Biddle, Nicholas. Born at Philadelphia, Sept. 
 10, 1750: killed at sea, March 7, 1778. An 
 American naval commander, distinguished in 
 tho Revolutionary War. He was blown up with his 
 ship, the Randolph, in action with the British ship Yar- 
 mouth. 
 
 Biddle, Nicholas. Born at Philadelphia, Jan. 
 8, 1786: died at Philadelphia, Fob. 27, 1844. 
 An American financier, president of the United 
 States Bank 1823-36. 
 
 Biddle, Richard. Born at Philadelphia, March 
 25, 1796: died at Pittsburg, July 7, 1847. Ad 
 A merican lawyer and author, brother of Nich- 
 olas Biddle. He wrote a “Memoir of Sebas- 
 tian Cabot” (1831), etc. 
 
Biddy 
 
 Biddy (bid'i). Mr. Wopsle’s “ great-aunt’s 
 granddaughter” in Charles Dickens’s “Great 
 Expectations”: an orphan who falls in love 
 with Pip, but is afterward manned to Joe Gar- 
 gery. 
 
 Biddy, Miss. 1. An amusing character in Gar- 
 rick’s farce “ Miss in her Teens.” — 2. See Tip- 
 lcin, Miss Biddy. 
 
 Bideford (bid'e-ford). A seaport and fishing 
 town in Devonshire, England, situated on the 
 Torridge, near its mouth, 8 miles southwest of 
 Barnstable. It is one of the scenes of Kings- 
 ley’s novel “Westward Ho.” Population, 
 8,754. 
 
 Bidloo (bid'16), Godfried. Born at Amster- 
 dam, March 12, 1649: died at Leyden, Holland, 
 April, 1713. A Dutch surgeon and anatomist. 
 
 He was professor of anatomy at The Hague, later profes- 
 sor of anatomy and chemistry at Leyden, and physician to 
 William III. of England. His chief work is “ Anatomia 
 corporis humani ” (1685). 
 
 Bidpai, or Bidpay. See Pilpay. 
 
 Biebrich (be'brieh). A town in the province of 
 Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated on the Rhine 
 3 miles south of Wiesbaden : a former resi- 
 dence of dukes of Nassau. Near by is said to have 
 occurred Cesar’s second passage of the Rhine. Popula- 
 tion, 18,962. 
 
 Bieda (be-a'da). A small place near Viterbo in 
 Italy : the ancient Blera. It contains an extensive 
 Etruscan necropolis of rock-cut tombs, occupying several 
 terraces. It is interesting from its imitation of habitations 
 in much architectural variety. The tombs have molded 
 doorways, and are surmounted by low pediments. Within, 
 the ridge-beams and rafters of the roof are cut in relief ; 
 rock-benches on three sides were designed to receive the 
 dead, and there are often windows beside the door. 
 
 Biedermann (be'der-man), Friedrich Karl. 
 Born Sept. 25, 1812: died March 5, 1901. A 
 German publicist, politician, and historian. 
 He was (extraordinary) professor of philology at Leipsic 
 1838-54. In the latter year he was imprisoned, as editor 
 of the “Detitschen Annalen," for political reasons, and 
 lost his professorship, but was reinstated in 1865. He was 
 active in the politics of Saxony and of the empire. 
 
 Biefve (byef), Edouard de. Born at Brussels 
 Dec. 4, 1809 : died at Brussels, Feb. 7, 1882. A 
 Belgian painter. His chief work is “Compro- 
 mise of the Nobles at Brussels, Feb. 16, 1566.” 
 
 Biel. See Bienne. 
 
 Biel, or Byll (bel), Gabriel. Born at Speyer, 
 Germany : died at Tubingen, Germany, 1495. 
 A German scholastic philosopher (nominalist), 
 professor of theology and philosophy at the 
 University of Tubingen : called mistakenly 
 “ the last of the schoolmen.” His chief work 
 is “Collectorium ex Occamo” (1508, etc.). 
 
 Biela (be'la), Wilhelm von. Born at Rosslau, 
 Germany, March 19, 1782 : died at Venice, Feb. 
 18, 1856. An Austrian military officer, noted 
 for the discovery of a comet, named for him, 
 Feb. 27, 1826, at Josephstadt, Bohemia. 
 
 Bielau (be'lou), or Langen-Bielau (lang'en- 
 be'lou). A village in the province of Silesia, 
 Prussia, situated 33 miles southwest of Bres- 
 lau. It is noted for its length, which is about 
 5 miles. Population, commune, 19,666. 
 
 Bielaya-Tserkoff (bya ' la - ya - tser ' kof ), or 
 Bielatserkof (bya ' la -tser ' kof). [‘White 
 Church.’] A town in the government of Kieff, 
 Russia, in lat. 49° 45' N., long. 30° 8' E. It 
 has an extensive commerce. 
 
 Bielefeld (be'le-feld). A city in the province 
 of Westphalia, Prussia, in lat. 52° 1' N., long. 
 8° 28' E. It is the center of the Westphalian 
 linen manufacture. Population, 71,796. 
 
 Bielef (bya'lef). A town in the government 
 of Tula, Russia, in lat. 53° 50' N., long. 36° 
 10' E. Population, 10,700. 
 
 Bielgorod (byal-go-rod'). [‘White City.’] A 
 town in the government of Kursk, Russia, 
 situated on the Donetz in lat. 50° 36' N., long. 
 36° 37' E. Population, 28,100. 
 
 Bielinski (bya-len'ske), or Belinski. Born 
 1815 : died at St. Petersburg, 1848. A Russian 
 critic and journalist. He became editor of the 
 “ Observer," which ceased to appear in 1839, and was 
 one of the principal contributors to the “ Annales de la 
 patrie.” 
 
 Bielitz (be'lits). A town in Silesia, Austria- 
 Hungary, in lat. 49° 50' N., long. 19° 3' E. 
 It manufactures engines, woolens, etc. Popu- 
 lation, 16,597. 
 
 Biella (be-el'la). A town in the province of 
 Novara, Italy, 39 miles northeast of Turin. It 
 hasacatbedral. Population, commune, 19,514. 
 
 Bielostok (bya'16-stok), Pol. Bialystok (bya'- 
 lii-stok). A town in the government of 
 Grodno, Russia, in lat. 53° 10' N., long. 23° 10' 
 E. Population, 66,032. 
 
 Bielshohle (belz-h^'le). A stalactite tavern 
 
 156 
 
 in the Bielsteiu Mountain, Harz, Brunswick, 
 near the Bode, discovered in 1762. Length, 
 over 600 feet. 
 
 Bielski (byal'ski), Marcin. Born at Biala, 
 near Sieradz, Poland, about 1495 : died at Biala, 
 1575. A Polish historian. His chief works are 
 “ Kronika swiata ” (1550), “ Kronika polska ’’ (a history of 
 Poland : continued by his son Joachim Bielski from 1676 
 to 1597 : published 1597). 
 
 Bienhoa (be-en-ho'a). A town in French 
 Cochin-China, 20 miles north of Saigon. 
 
 Bienhoa, or Tale-Sab. A lake in Cambodia 
 and Siam, in lat. 13° N., long. 104° E. 
 
 Bienne (byen), G. Biel (bel). A town in 
 the canton of Bern, Switzerland, situated at 
 the northeastern end of the Lake of Bienne, 17 
 miles northwest of Bern. Watch-making is the 
 chief industry. It contains the Museum Schwab (antiqui- 
 ties of lake-villages, etc.). Population, 28,800. 
 
 Bienne, Lake of. A lake in northwestern 
 Switzerland, 3 miles northeast of Lake Neu- 
 chatel. It is traversed by the Zihl (Thiele). 
 Length, 9| miles; breadth, 2-J miles. 
 
 Bienville (byan-vel' ), Jean Baptiste Lemoine, 
 Sieur de. Born at Montreal, Canada, Feb. 23, 
 1680 : died in France, 1768. A French governor 
 of Louisiana, 1701-13, 1718-26, and 1733- about 
 1740. He founded New Orleans in 1718. 
 Bienewitz. See Apianus. 
 
 Bierstadt(ber'stat), Albert. Bom at Solingen, 
 near Diisseldorf, Germany, Jan. 7, 1830 : died 
 at New York, Feb. 18, 1902. A German-Ameri- 
 can landscape-painter. Among his noted paintings 
 are “Sunshine and Shadow” (1857), “Lander’s Peak" 
 (1863), “Domes of the Yosemite,” “ Mount Hood." etc. 
 
 Biesbosch (bes'bosk). A marshy lake in the 
 Netherlands, on the border of South Holland 
 and North Brabant, southeast of Dordrecht. 
 Its outlet to the North Sea is the Hollandsch Diep. 
 It was formed 1421 by an inundation of the Meuse. 
 
 Biet (bya), Antoine. A French missionary 
 who accompanied the 600 colonists sent to 
 Cayenne in 1652, and remained there eighteen 
 months. He published “Voyage de la France Equinox- 
 iale " (Paris, 1664), with a Galibi dictionary at the end. 
 
 Bifrost (be'frest). In Old Norse mythology, the 
 rainbow, the bridge of the gods which reached 
 from heaven to earth. Every day the gods rode over 
 it to their judgment-place under the tree Yggdrasil, near 
 the sacred well of the Norns. Also called As6r«(01d Norse 
 Asbrii). 
 
 Big Beggarman. A nickname of O’Connell. 
 
 Big Ben. The name given to the hell in the 
 clock-tower of the new houses of Parliament, 
 London. It is said to be the largest bell in England. 
 It was cast in 1858. It is the second of the name, the 
 first being defective. Walford, Old and New London. 
 
 Big Bethel (big beth'el). A village in eastern 
 Virginia, 10 miles northwest of Fortress Monroe. 
 Here, June 10, 1861, the Federals (2,500) under General 
 Peirce were defeated by the Confederates (1,800) under 
 Magruder. 
 
 Big Black. A river of western Mississippi 
 which joins the Mississippi at Grand Gulf, its 
 length is over 200 miles, and it is navigable about 50 miles. 
 It was noted in Grant's campaign before Vicksburg, May, 
 1863. 
 
 Big Bone Lick. A salt spring in Boone County, 
 Kentucky, situated about 20 miles southwest 
 of Cincinnati : noted for its fossil deposits. 
 
 Bigelow (big'e-lo), John. Born Nov. 25, 1817 : 
 died at New York city, Dec. 19, 1911. An Amer- 
 ican author and diplomatist. He was an editor, 1849- 
 61, and one of the proprietors, 1848-61, of the New York 
 “Evening Post"; consul at Paris 1861-65 ; and minister to 
 France 1865-66. He edited Franklin’s autobiography 1868, 
 and published “Jamaica in 1850, etc.,” “Life of Fremont ” 
 (1856), “Les fitats-TJnis d’Am6riqne en 1863," a mono- 
 graph on “Molinos the Quietist” (1882), “Life of Samuel 
 J. Tilden” (1895), “Retrospections of an Active Life” 
 (1909-12), etc. 
 
 Big-endians (big-en'di-anz), The. A religious 
 sect (intended for the Catholic party), in Swift’s 
 ‘ ‘ Lilliput,” who considered it a matter of duty to 
 break egg-shells at the big end. They were con- 
 sidered heretics by the Little-endians (the Protestants), 
 who broke their egg-shells in an orthodox manner at the 
 little end. 
 
 Big Horn. A river of Wyoming and sotithern 
 Montana which joins the Yellowstone in lat. 
 46° 13' N., long. 107° 26' W. Length, about 450 
 miles. The upper part is called Wind River. 
 
 Big Horn Mountains. A range of the Rocky 
 Mountains in central and northern Wyoming, 
 extending northward into Montana. Highest 
 points, about 12,000 feet. 
 
 Biglow Papers, The. A series of humorous 
 political poems, with explanatory introductions, 
 written by James Russell Lowell in the New 
 England dialect. Many of them were signed Hosea 
 Biglow. They were published in two series (1848, relating 
 chiefly to slavery and the Mexican war : and 1867, relating 
 chiefly to the Civil War and reconstruction). 
 
 Bilguer 
 
 Bignon (ben-yon'), Jerome. Born at Paris, 
 Aug. 24, 1589: died at Paris, April 7, 1656. An 
 eminent French jurist. He published “Traits de la 
 grandeur de nos rois et de leur souveraine puissance ” 
 (1615, published under the name of “ Theophile du Jay"), 
 and other works. 
 
 Bigod (big'od), Hugh. Died about 1176. An 
 English nobleman, created first earl of Norfolk 
 in 1135. 
 
 Bigod, Hugh. Died 1266. The younger son of 
 the third Earl of Norfolk, made chief justiciar 
 in 1258. 
 
 Bigod, Roger. Died 1221. The second Earl 
 of Norfolk, son of Hugh, the first earl. 
 
 Bigod, Roger. Died 1270. The fourth Earl of 
 Norfolk, appointed earl marshal of England in 
 1246. 
 
 Bigod, Roger. Born 1245: died Dee. 11, 1306. 
 The fifth Earl of Norfolk, son of Hugh Bigod, the 
 justiciar, and nephew of Roger the fourth earl. 
 
 Bigordi, Domenico. See Ghirlandajo. 
 
 Bigorre, L’Abbe. The name under which Vol- 
 taire wrote his “History of the Parlement of 
 Paris” (Amsterdam, 1769). 
 
 Bigot. See Bigod. 
 
 Big Sandy Creek. A river in eastern Colo- 
 rado which joins the Arkansas near the Kan- 
 sas frontier. Length, nearly 200 miles. 
 
 Bijapur (be-ja-por'). A town in southern India, 
 in lat. 16° 49' N., long. 75° 43' E., formerly 
 of great importance, and capital of Bijapur 
 district, Bombay. It contains the Jumma Musjid 
 (which see), and the tomb of Mahmoud Shah. The latter 
 dates from about 1600. It is 135 feet in interior diameter, 
 somewhat less than the Roman Pantheon, but being square 
 in plan its area i9 greater ; and, like the Pantheon, it is 
 covered by a great dome, which here is 124 feet in diameter, 
 resting on an ingeniously combined system of pendentives 
 which at once diminish the area to be covered by the 
 dome and by their weight counteract its outward thrust. 
 At each corner of the building rises an octagonal domed 
 tower of eight stages. The decoration, inside and out, is 
 of great elegance. 
 
 Bijnor (bij-nor'). A district in the Bareilly 
 division, United Provinces, British India. 
 Area, 1,791 square miles. Population, 779,- 
 451. 
 
 Bikanir (bi-ka-ner'). A native state in north- 
 ern Rajputana, under the supervision of 
 British India. Area, 23,311 square miles. 
 Population, 584,627. 
 
 Bikanir. The capital of Bikanir. Population, 
 53,075. 
 
 Bilaspur (be-las-por'). A feudatory state in 
 the Panjab, British India. Area, 448 square 
 miles. Population, 90,873. 
 
 Bilaspur. A district in the Chattisgarh 
 division, Central Provinces, British India. 
 Area, 7,602 square miles. Population, 
 912,240. 
 
 Bilat. See Belit. 
 
 Bilbao (bil-ba'o), Francisco. Born at San- 
 tiago, Chile, Jan. 9, 1823: died at Buenos 
 Ayres, Feb. 19, 1865. A Spanish-American 
 journalist and propagandist. Banished from Chile 
 in 1845, he went to Paris where he took part in the 
 revolution of 1848 ; returning, he was a leader in the dis- 
 turbances of 1851, and fled to Peru and thence to Ecuador 
 and Buenos Ayres. His death was due to exposure in- 
 curred while saving a drowning woman. 
 
 Bilbao. A seaport, capital of the province of 
 Vizcaya, Spain, situated on the Nervion in 
 lat. 43° 14' N., long. 2° 56' W. It has a thriving 
 trade, and was formerly noted for the manufacture of 
 rapiers called by its name. It was held by the French 
 1808-13, and was unsuccessfully besieged by the Carlists 
 1835-36 (twice) and 1874. Population, 83,306. 
 
 Bilboa. See Bayes. 
 
 Bildad (bil'dad). One of the three friends of 
 Job. He is called the “ Shuhite,” from a territory iden- 
 tified by some with the Sakaia of Ptolemy, to the east of 
 Batantea, by others with Suhu of the cuneiform inscrip- 
 tions, situated on the Euphrates south of Carchemish. 
 
 Bilderdijk (bil-der-dik'), Willem. Born at 
 Amsterdam, Sept. 7, 1756 : died at Haarlem, 
 Holland, Dec. 18, 1831. A Dutch poet, gram- 
 marian, and critic. His works include “Buitenleven ” 
 1803), “De ziekte der geleerden” (1807), “ De Mensch " 
 1808), “ De ondergang der eerste wereld ” (1820). 
 
 Bilfinger (bil'fmg-er), or Biilffinger (hiil'fing- 
 fer), Georg Bernhard. Born at Kannstadt, 
 Wiirtemberg, Jan. 23, 1693: died at Stuttgart, 
 Feb. 18, 1750. A German philosopher of the 
 Wolfian school, and mathematician. He was 
 professor of theology at Tubingen and privy councilor in 
 Stuttgart. Author of “Dilucidationes de Deo, anima liu- 
 mana, etc.” (1725). 
 
 Bilguer (bil'gwer), Paul Rudolf von. Born 
 
 at Ludwigslust, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Sept. 
 21, 1815: died at Berlin, Sept. 10, 1840. A lieu- 
 tenant in the Prussian army, noted as a chess- 
 player. He wrote “Handbueh des Schach- 
 spiels” (1843), etc. 
 
Bilin 
 
 Bilin (be'lin). The language of the Bogos. 
 
 Bilin (bi-len'). A manufacturing town and 
 watering-place in Bohemia, situated on the 
 Biela 42 miles northwest of Prague. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 9,508, (1910). 
 
 Bilioso (bil-i-6'so). An amusing diplomatist 
 in Marston’s play “ The Malcontent.” 
 
 Billaud-Varenne (be-yo'va-ren'), Jean Nico- 
 las. Born at La Rochelle, France, April 23, 
 1756: died at Port-au-Priuce, Haiti, June 3, 
 1819. A French Revolutionist, member of the 
 Convention and of the Committee of Public 
 Safety. He was deported to Guiana in 1816, came to 
 New York, and then went to Haiti. 
 
 Billaut (be-yo'), Adam. A French poet, 1602- 
 1662, most familiarly known as Maitre or Mas- 
 ter Adam. 
 
 Bille (bil'e), Steen Andersen. Born Aug. 22, 
 1751: died at Copenhagen, April 15, 1833. A 
 Danish admiral and minister of state, distin- 
 guished in an attack on Tripoli in 1798, and iu 
 the battle of Copenhagen in 1807. 
 
 Bille, Steen Andersen. Born at Copenhagen, 
 Dee. 5, 1797 : died there, May 7, 1883. A Dan- 
 ish admiral and minister of marine, son of Steen 
 Andersen Bille. He took part in an expedition to 
 South America in 1840, and commanded a scientific ex 
 pedition round the world 1845-47, in the corvette Galatea, 
 of which he has given an account in "Beretning om Cor- 
 vetten Galatheas Reise omkrung jorden 1845-46 og 47” 
 (1849-51). 
 
 Billickin (bil'i-kin), Mrs. A keeper of lodg- 
 ings in Charles Dickens’s “Mystery of Edwin 
 Drood.” Her distinguishing characteristics are “ per- 
 sonal faintness and an overpowering personal candor. ” 
 
 Billings (bil'ingz ), Joseph. [The surname Bik 
 lings is a patronymic genitive of Billing, an AS. 
 name, ‘son of Bill,’ Bill meaning ‘sword.’] 
 Lived in the second half of the 18th century. 
 An English navigator in the Russian service, 
 engaged in Arctic exploration 1785-91. He was 
 also a companion of Cook on his last voyage. 
 
 Billings, Josh. The pseudonym of Henry W. 
 Shaw. 
 
 Billings, William. Bom at Boston, Oct. 7, 
 1746. died at Boston, Sept. 26, 1800. An 
 American composer. He is said to have been the 
 first American musical composer, and to have introduced 
 into New England the spirited style of church music. He 
 published “ The Singing-Master’s Assistant ” (1778), and 
 “The Psalm-Singer’s Amusement” (1781). 
 
 Billingsgate (bil'ingz-gat). [ME. Billingesgate, 
 Bylyngesgate, Belyngsgate, AS. * Billingesgaat 
 (in Latin transcription Billingesgate), ‘Billing’s 
 gate.’ See Billings .] A gate, wharf, and fish- 
 market in London, on the north hank of the 
 Thames, near London Bridge, it was made a 
 free market in 1699. There may have been a water-gate 
 here from the earliest times. The present market, how- 
 ever, was established in 1559, in the reign of Elizabeth. It 
 was at first a general landing-place for merchandise of all 
 kinds. It was burned down in 1715 and rebuilt. In 1852 
 new buildings were erected, and again in 1856. The pres- 
 ent buildings were finished in 1874. The foul language 
 used by the fishwives and others in the neighborhood has 
 made its name a synonym for such speech. 
 
 Billington (bil'ing- ton), Elizabeth. Bom at 
 
 London, probably about 1768: died at Venice, 
 Aug. 25, 1818 A noted English singer, daughter 
 of a German oboist, Carl Weichsel, and wife of 
 her singing-master, James Billington. Shebegan 
 her operatic career at Dublin in “Orpheus and Eurydice,” 
 and appeared at Covent Garden, Feb. 13, 1786, as Rosetta in 
 “Love in a Village ” In 1799 she married M. Felissent, 
 from whom she soon separated, but with whom she was 
 later (1817) reconciled, and returned to England in 1801. 
 She retired from the stage in 1811. 
 
 Billiton (bil-li-ton'), D. Blitoeng. An island 
 east of Banea and southwest of Borneo, inlat. 
 3° S., long. 108° E.: a colonial possession of 
 Holland since 1814. Area, 1,863 square miles. 
 Population, 36,858. 
 
 Billroth (bil'rot), Theodor. Bom at Bergen 
 on the island of Riigen, April 26, 1829 : died 
 at Abbazia, Istria, Feb. 6, 1894. A noted 
 Austrian surgeon. 
 
 Biloxi (bi-lok'si). A division of North Ameri- 
 can Indians which probably included, besides 
 the Biloxi proper, the Pascagoula (or Pasco- 
 boula) and the Moctoby tribes which were in 
 three villages on Biloxi Bay, Mississippi, in 1699. 
 At the beginning of the 19th century the Biloxi and Pas- 
 cagoula were in Rapides parish, Louisiana. A few of the 
 Biloxi proper still live near Lecompte, Rapides parish, 
 Louisiana. See Simian. 
 
 Bilqula (bil-ko'la), or Bellacoola. A Sali- 
 shan tribe of North American Indians, on the 
 coast of British Columbia. With the Haeltzuke (of the 
 Wakashan stock) they number about 2,000. See Salishan. 
 
 Bilson (bil'son), Thomas. Bom at Winchester, 
 England, 1546: died at Westminster, June 18, 
 1616. An English prelate and author, conse- 
 
 157 
 
 crated bishop of Worcester in 1596, and trans- 
 lated to Winchester in 1597. 
 
 Bilston (bil'ston) A town in Staffordshire, 
 England, 24 miles southeast of Wolverhampton, 
 noted for its iron manufactures. Population, 
 24,034. 
 
 Bima (be'ma). A seaport on the northern 
 coast of Sumbawa, Dutch East Indies, in lat. 
 8° 30' N., long. 118° 45' E. 
 
 Bimini (be-me-ne'), or Bimani (be-ma-ne'). 
 The name formerly given by West Indian na- 
 tives to an island or region north of them, 
 where, according to their legends, there was a 
 fountain whose waters conferred perpetual 
 youth. Probably the island, like the fountain, was a 
 fable; but the name was given in the early maps to the 
 peninsula of Florida. About the middle of the 16th cen- 
 tury Bimini was sometimes supposed to be in Mexico. 
 Binche (bahsh). A town in the province of 
 Hainaut, Belgium, 11 miles east-southeast of 
 Mons. Population, 12,307. 
 
 Bingen (bing'en). A town in the province of 
 Rhine-Hesse, Hesse, situated at the junction 
 of the Nahe and Rhine 16 miles west of Mainz. 
 It contains the castle of Klopp. In 1689 it was nearly de- 
 stroyed by the French. Population, commune, 9,953. 
 
 Binger (ban-zhar'), Louis Gustave. Born Oct. 
 14, 1856. A French officer and African explorer. 
 For the French government he connected the French pos- 
 sessions on the Upper Niger with those at Grand Bassam 
 on the Ivory Coast. He started from Bammakou in 1887 ; 
 explored Sikaso and Kong, where he found no chain of 
 mountains ; and then turned to the north (1888) and reached 
 Baromo and Wagadugu. From here he turned again to 
 the south, and made his way over Salaga, Bontuku, and 
 Kong to Grand Bassam (1889). He placed Tieba, Kong, 
 and Bontuku under a French protectorate. In 1892 he 
 returned to W est Africa as French commissioner for the 
 settlement of the Ashanti boundaries" with England. He 
 was governor of the Ivory Coast 1893-96, and director of 
 African affairs in the Ministry of Colonies 1896-1907. See 
 Century Atlas, Map 109. 
 
 Bingham (bing'am), George. Born at Mel- 
 combe, Dorsetshire, Nov. 7, 1715: diedatPim- 
 perne, Dorsetshire, Oct. 11, 1800. An English 
 divine and antiquarian, rector of Pimperne. 
 Bingham, Joseph. Born at Wakefield, Eng- 
 land, Sept., 1668: died at Havant, near Ports- 
 mouth, England, Aug. 17, 1723. An English 
 divine and writer on church history. His chief 
 work is “ Origines Ecclesiastic® ” (1708-22), *or “ Antiqui- 
 ties of the Christian Church.” 
 
 Binghamton (bing'am-ton). A city and the 
 county-seat of Broome County, New York, sit- 
 uated at the junction of the Chenango and Sus- 
 quehanna rivers, in lat. 42° 8' N., long. 75° 57' 
 W. It is an important railway center. It was 
 settled in 1787. Population, 48,443, (1910). 
 Bingley (hing'li). A manufacturing town in 
 the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 5 
 miles northwest of Bradford. Population, 
 15,382. 
 
 Bini (be'ne). See Nupe. 
 
 Binnenhof (bin'nen-hof). Originally, the pal- 
 ace of Count William of Holland, at The 
 Hague, an irregular agglomeration of buildings, 
 in part medieval, inclosing a court in which 
 stands the Hall of the Knights, a brick, chapel- 
 like gabled structure with turrets, now used as 
 a depository for archives. In the north wing are 
 the quarters of the States-General, with some good Re- 
 naissance chimney-pieces and historical paintings. 
 
 Binney (bin'i), Arnos. Bom at Boston, Mass., 
 Oct. 18, 1803: died at Rome, Feb. 18, 1847. An 
 American naturalist and patron of science. 
 He wrote “Terrestrial and Air-breathmg Mol- 
 lusks” (1851), etc. 
 
 Binney, Horace. Bom at Philadelphia, Jan. 
 4, 1780: died there, Aug. 12, 1875. An eminent 
 American lawyer and legal writer. He was 
 graduated at Harvard College in 1797 ; was admitted to 
 the Philadelphia bar in 1800 ; was Whig member of Con- 
 gress 1833-35 ; and was a director and defender of the 
 United States Bank. 
 
 Binney, Thomas. Born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
 England, April, 1798 : died at Clapton, England, 
 Feb. 24, 1874. A noted English Congregational 
 divine and controversialist. 
 
 Bintang (bin-tang'). An island of the Dutch 
 East Indies, situated south of Singapore, in lat. 
 1° N., long. 104° 20' E. Area, 455 square miles. 
 Binue (bin'we). The largest affluent of the 
 Niger River, West Africa, it springs in Adamawa, 
 north of Ngaundere, makes a bend to the north, and joins 
 the Niger at Lokoja. It is navigable for 1,000 kilometers, 
 as far as Riliago, but only from May to January. From 
 Yola down it belonged to the Royal Niger Company. It 
 was explored principally by Baikie and R. Flegel. 
 Bio-Bio (be-6-be'o). A province in central 
 Chile. Capital, Los Angeles. Area, 5,245 
 square miles. Population, 97,968. 
 
 Bio-Bio. A river in Chile which flows into the 
 Pacific at Concepcidn. Length, about 300 
 miles. 
 
 Birh 
 
 Bion(bl'on). [Gr. Bujn.] Born at Phlossa, near 
 Smyrna, Asia Minor: lived about 280 b. C. A 
 Greek bucolic poet. His chief extant poem 
 is the “Epitaphios Adonidos” (“Lament for 
 Adonis”). 
 
 Biondello (be-on-del'lo). A servant to Lu- 
 centio in Shakspere’s “ Taming of the Shrew.” 
 Biondi (be-on'de), Sir Giovanni Francesco. 
 
 Born on the island of Lesina, Gulf of Venice, 
 1572: died at Lausanne, Switzerland, 1644. An 
 Italian novelist and historian, long resident in 
 England, where he became a gentleman of the 
 king’s privy chamber. He published three romances 
 of chivalry, in Italian, which were translated into Eng- 
 lish as “Eromena, or Love and Revenge” (1631), “Don- 
 zella desterrada, or The Banish’d Virgin ” (1635). “Coral- 
 bo ” (1655), a sequel to the preceding. 
 
 Biot (be-o'). Jean Baptiste. Born at Paris. 
 April 21, 1774: died at Paris, Feb. 3, 1862. A 
 celebrated French physicist and chemist, noted 
 especially for his discoveries in optics. His 
 chief works are “Essai de g^ometrie analytique’’ (1805). 
 “ Traits <514nientaire d’astronomie physique ” (1805), 
 “Traite de physique exp^rimentale” ( 1816 ), ‘ ‘ 'finite cle- 
 mentaire de physique experimen tale” (1818-21), and works 
 on ancient Egyptian, Indian, and Chinese astronomy. 
 
 Bir (her). [Turk. Birejik, Bithra.'] A town, the 
 ancient Birtha or Bitlira, in the vilayet of Alep- 
 po, Asiatic Turkey, situated on the Euphrates 
 in lat. 37° 5' N., long. 38° 3' E. Population 
 (estimated), 8,000. 
 
 Birch (berch), Harvey. The chief character 
 in Cooper’s novel “The Spy.” 
 
 Birch, Samuel. Born at London, Nov. 3, 1813: 
 died there, Dec. 27, 1885. An English archaeolo- 
 gist. He published “Gallery of Antiquities” (1842), 
 “Introduction to the Study of Egyptian Hieroglyphs” 
 (1857), “History of Ancient Pottery ” (1858), etc. 
 
 Birch, Thomas. Born at London, Nov. 23, 
 1705 : died near London, Jan. 9, 1766. An Eng- 
 lish writer on history and biography. He wrote 
 nearly all the English biographies in the “General Dic- 
 tionary, Historical and Critical ” (1734-41), edited “Thur- 
 loe’s State Papers ’’ (1742), compiled “ Memoirs of the 
 Reign of Queen Elizabeth” (1754), etc. 
 
 Birch-Pfeiffer (berch 'pfi'fer). Charlotte. Born 
 at Stuttgart, June 23, 1800 : died at Berlin, Aug. 
 24, 1868. A German actress and dramatist. 
 Her chief dramas are “Dorf und Stadt” (1848), “Die 
 Waise von Lowood ” (1856), “ Die Grille ” (1856), etc. 
 Bird, Golding. Born in Norfolk, England, Dec. 
 9, 1814: died at Tunbridge Wells, Oct. 27, 1854. 
 An English physician and medical writer. He 
 was appointed lecturer on natural philosophy at Guy’s 
 Hospital in 1836, and lecturer on materia medica at the 
 College of Physicians in 1847. His chief work is his “ Ele- 
 ments of Natural Philosophy ” (1839). 
 
 Bird, Eobert Montgomery. Born at New- 
 castle, Delaware, 1803: died at Philadelphia, 
 Pa., Jan. 22, 1854. An American physician and 
 novelist. He wrote several tragedies, among them’ 
 “The Gladiator,” a favorite with Edwin Forrest, and the 
 novels “Calavar” (1S34), “The Infidel” (1835), etc. 
 
 Bird, or Byrd, or Byrde, William. Born about 
 1538: died at London, July 4, 1623. Am Eng- 
 lish organist, and composer of madrigals and 
 sacred music. He is said to have composed 
 the well-known canon “Non nobis Domine,” 
 but it is not in his works. 
 
 Birdcage Walk. A walk on the south side of 
 St. J ames’s Park, London. It is so named from 
 the aviaries which were ranged along its side as 
 early as the time of the Stuarts. 
 
 Bird in a Cage, The. A play by Shirley, printed 
 in 1633. 
 
 Birds, The. A comedy of Aristophanes, pro- 
 duced in 414 B. C. It obtained the second prize. It 
 is “profoundly interesting as a piece of brilliant imagi- 
 nation, with less political rancour and less obscenity than 
 most of the author’s work, and justly accounted one of 
 the best, if not the best, of his extant plays” (Mahaffy). 
 Birdlime (berd'lim). A disreputable character 
 in Webster’s “Westward Ho.” it is he who says 
 “Is not old wine wholesomest, old pippins toothsomest, 
 old wood burn brightest, old linen wash whitest?” (ii. 2). 
 
 Biren. See Biron. 
 
 Bireno (be-ra'no). The husband of the de- 
 serted Olimpia in Ariosto’s “Orlando Furioso.” 
 Birgitta (bir-git'ta), or Brigitta (bri-git'ta), 
 Saint, of Sweden. Born at Finstad, in Up- 
 land, Sweden, 1302 (1303): died at Rome, July 
 23, 1373. A Swedish nun. She was related to the 
 royal family of Sweden. On the death of her husband, 
 Ulf Gudmarson, in 1344, she decided to found an order, 
 and obtained the papal confirmation of the proposed rule 
 (regula Sanctl Salvatoris) from Urban V. in 1367, the order 
 being established in 1370. She was the author of “Reve- 
 lationes," claiming divino inspiration, which were de- 
 nounced by Gerson, but which were confirmed by the 
 Council of Basel. She was canonized, Oct. 7, 1391, by 
 Boniface I., and her day falls on Feb. 1. 
 
 Birh (berH), or Bhir. A district in the Auranga- 
 bad division, Hyderabad state, British India. 
 Area, 4,460 square miles. Population, 492,258. 
 
Birkbeck 
 
 Birkbeck (berk'bek), George. Born at Settle, 
 Yorkshire, England, Jan. 10, 1776: died at 
 London, Dec. 1, 1841. An English physician 
 and educational reformer who, with others, 
 founded the Glasgow Mechanics’ Institute 1823, 
 and in 1824 a similar institution in London 
 (latercalled the “Birkbeck Institute ”), and the 
 University College, London, in 1827. 
 Birkenfeld (ber'ken-feld). A principality be- 
 longing (since 1817) to Oldenburg, Germany, 
 situated east of Treves, surrounded by Rhe- 
 nish Prussia. Area, 194 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 46,484. 
 
 Birkenfeld. The capital of Birkenfeld, Olden- 
 burg, Germany, 26 miles east-southeast of 
 Treves. 
 
 Birkenhead, or Berkenhead (ber'ken-hed), 
 Sir John. Born near Northwieh, Cheshire, 
 England, March 24, 1616: died at Whitehall, 
 Dec. 4, 1679. An English satirist and journal- 
 ist, editor of the “Mercurius Aulicus” (which 
 see) in the civil war. 
 
 Birkenhead. A seaport and suburb of Liver- 
 pool, in Cheshire, England, situated on the 
 Mersey opposite Liverpool, with which it is 
 connected by tunnel and ferries. It has ex- 
 tensive docks, ship-building, and commerce. 
 Pojmlation, 130,832, (1911). 
 
 Birkenhead, The. An English troop steamer 
 which was wrecked off the Cape of Good Hope 
 Feb. 26, 1852. The troops formed at the word of com- 
 mand and went down at their posts, having put the wo- 
 men and children in the boats. More than 400 men were 
 drowned. 
 
 Birket el-Kurun (ber'ket el-ko-ron'). [Ar., 
 ‘Lake of the Horns.’] A brackish lake in 
 Fayum, Egypt, in lat. 29° 30' N., long. 30° 40' 
 E., fed by the Nile. It was formerly erroneously 
 supposed to be Lake Moeris. Length, 34 miles. 
 Greatest breadth, 6]- miles. 
 
 Birmingham (bm-'ming-am). [ME. Berming- 
 ham, AS. prob. * Beormingaham, dwelliug of the 
 Beormings, or sons of Beorm. The ME. and E. 
 forms of the name are numerous. One of them, 
 Brummagem, has become appellative of cheap 
 jewelry.] A city in the northwestern extremity 
 of Warwickshire, England, in lat. 52° 29' N., 
 long. 1° 54' W., the fourth city in size in Eng- 
 land and the second manufacturing center, it 
 is one of the principal places in the world for manufac- 
 tures of hardware. It is (perhaps) built on the site of a 
 Roman station. It is mentioned in Domesday Book. In 
 1043 it was taken by -Prince Rupert. It was the scene of 
 riots against Priestley in 1791, and of Chartist riots in 1839. 
 Population, 525,900, (1911). 
 
 Birmingham (ber'ming-ham). A city, the cap- 
 ital of Jefferson County, Alabama, situated in 
 Jones Valley in lat. 33° 30' N., long. 86° 53' W.: 
 founded in 1871. It is now one of the chief iron- 
 manufacturing cities in the United States. There are 
 large supplies of coal and limestone in the neighborhood, 
 and of iron (6 miles distant). It is also an important rail- 
 road center. Population, 132,685, (1910). 
 
 Birmingham. A suburb within the munici- 
 pality of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, situated 
 south of the Monongahela River. 
 
 Birmingham Festival. A musical festival 
 held triennially at Birmingham, England, es- 
 tablished in 1768. Handels music originally formed 
 the main part of the programs, which are most important. 
 The proceeds of the festivals are given to the funds of 
 the General Hospital. 
 
 Birnam (ber'nam). A hill in Perthshire, Scot- 
 land, situated ll miles northwest of Perth, for- 
 merly part of a royal forest which is referred 
 to in “Macbeth” as Birnam Wood. Height, 
 1,324 feet. 
 
 Birnbaumer Wald (bern'boum-er vald). [G., 
 
 ‘ pear-tree wood,’ translating the Latin name 
 Ad Pirum, ‘ at the pear-tree.’] A plateau in 
 Carniola, northeast of Trieste, near the river 
 Frigidus, the scene of the victory of Theodo- 
 sius in 394. It contains the Roman station Ad 
 Pirum, on the main road across the Alps into 
 Italy. 
 
 Bimey (ber'ni), David Bell. Born at Hunts- 
 ville, Ala., May 29, 1825: died at Philadelphia, 
 Oct. 18, 1864. An American brigadier-general, 
 son of James Gillespie Birney. He served with 
 distinction in the Army of the Potomac 1862-64, especially 
 at Chancellorsville and at Gettysburg. 
 
 Birney, James Gillespie. Born at Danville, 
 Ky., Feb. 4, 1792 : died at Perth Amboy, 
 N. J., Nov. 25, 1857. An American politician, 
 candidate of the “Liberty” party for Presi- 
 dent 1840 and 1844. 
 
 Birni (ber'ne), or Old Birni. The former capi- 
 tal of Bornu, in Sudan, in lat. 13° 20' N., long. 
 13° E. 
 
 Biron (F. pron. be-ron'). 1. A lord attending 
 on the King of Navarre, in Shakspere’s “ Love’s 
 
 158 
 
 Bissagos 
 
 Labour ’s Lost.” He is gay and eloquent, and 
 holds nothing sacred. — 2. (bi'ron). The hus- 
 band of Isabella in Southern e’s play “The Fatal 
 Marriage.” He is supposed to be killed iu battle, but 
 returns after seven years to find his wife married to an- 
 other through the machinations of his younger brother 
 Carlos. He is killed in a fray instigated by Carlos. See 
 Isabella. 
 
 Biron (be-roff'), Armand de Gontaut, Baron 
 (later Due) de. Born 1524: killed at Eper- 
 nay, France, July 26, 1592. A marshal of 
 France. He fought in the Catholic army in the battles 
 of Dreux, St. Denis, and Moncontour, became grand mas- 
 ter of artillery in 1569, negotiated the peace of St. Ger- 
 main, became marshal of France in 1577, was one of the 
 first to recognize Henry IV., contributed to the victo- 
 ries of Arques and Ivry, and was killed at the siege of 
 Epernay. 
 
 Biron, Armand Louis de Gontaut, Due de 
 Lauzun, later Due de. Born at. Paris, April 
 15, 1747 : died there, Dec. 31, 1793. A French 
 general and politician. He reduced the British col- 
 onies of Senegal and Gambia, in Africa, in 1779; joined 
 Lafayette in America iu 1780 ; commanded an unsuccess- 
 ful expedition to capture New York from the British in 
 1781 ; became general-in-chief of the army of the Rhine 
 in 1792, and of the army of the coast at La Rochelle in 
 1793 ; and, in spite of his capture of Saumur and his de- 
 feat of the Vendeans, was executed by order of the revolu- 
 tionary tribunal of Fouquier-Tinville, whose displeasure 
 he had incurred. 
 
 Biron, Charles de Gontaut, Due de. Born 
 1562: died at Paris, July 31, 1602. An admiral 
 and marshal of France, son of Armand de 
 Gontaut. He was the friend and a trusted officer of 
 Henry IV., by whom he was made admiral of France in 
 1592, marshal in 1594, governor of Burgundy in 1595, and 
 duke and peer in 1598. He was executed for plotting with 
 Savoy and Spain to dismember France. 
 
 Biron, Conspiracy and Tragedy of Charles, 
 Duke of. Two plays by Chapman which may 
 be regarded as a single play. They were produced 
 in 1605. printed in 1608, and reprinted in 1625 during 
 Chapman’s lifetime, with revisions. 
 
 Birs Nimrud (bers nem-rod'). [Ar., ‘ Nimrod’s 
 tower.’] A mound of ruins on the site of Bor- 
 sippa, northeast of the city of Babylon, where 
 stood the celebrated temple of Nebo Ezida (de- 
 scribed in Herodotus I. 178 as that of Bel). 
 
 To this temple, constructed in the shape of. a pyramid of 
 seven stages, it is supposed the narrative of the tower of 
 Babel in Gen. xi. attached itself. See Borsippa. 
 Birstall (ber'stal). A manufacturing town 
 in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 
 seven miles southwest of Leeds. Population, 
 6,559. 
 
 Bischofszell (bish'ofs-tsel). A town in the can- 
 ton of Thurgau, Switzerland, at the junction 
 of the Sitter and Thur, 13 miles south of Con- 
 stance. Population, 2,618. 
 
 Biserta (be-zer'ta). 1. See Bizerta . — 2. The 
 capital of King Agramant in Ariosto’s “Or- 
 lando Furioso.” It was besieged and taken by 
 Orlando, Astolfo, and Brandimart. 
 
 Bisharin (be-sha-ren'). A Hamitic tribe of 
 northeast Africa. With the related Hadendoa, Hal- 
 lenga, Ababdi, and Ben Amir tribes, it is said to constitute 
 the Bedja nation of Arabic literature, the Blemmyes of 
 the Romans, the Kushites of the Bible, and the Ethiopians 
 of Herodotus. The habitat of these tribes is between the 
 Red Sea and the Nile, and between Egypt and Abyssinia. 
 They are Mohammedans, pastoral and nomadic. By the 
 Mahdi insurrection they have been tom from Egypt. 
 
 Bishop (bisk 'up), Ann Riviere. Born at Lon- 
 don, 1814: died at New York, March 18, 1884. 
 An English singer in oratorio and opera, known 
 as Madame Anna Bishop. She married Sir Henry 
 Rowley Bishop in 1831, and, after his death, Mr. Schultz 
 in 1858. She appeared first on the concert stage in 1837, 
 and for the last time in 1883. Her voice was a high so- 
 prano. 
 
 Bishop, Sir Henry Rowley. Born at London, 
 Nov. 18, 1786: died at Loudon, April 30, 1855. 
 An English musician, composer of operas, 
 songs, cantatas, etc. His numerous works include 
 “The Miller and his Men” (1813), ‘The Slave" (1816), 
 ‘‘Maid Marian” (1823), “Clari” (containing Payne's 
 “ Home, Sweet Home,” 1822), etc. 
 
 Bishop Blougram’s Apology. A poem by 
 
 Robert Browning. He is said to have intended Bishop 
 Blougram for Cardinal Wiseman, but the description is 
 to the last degree untrue. 
 
 Bishop-Auckland (bish'up-ak'land). A town 
 in Durham, northern England, 10 miles south- 
 west of Durham. It contains the palace of the 
 Bishop of Durham , Population, 11,969. 
 
 Bishopscote, Bishopscott. Old corruptions of 
 Pejebscot, a name of the Androscoggin River. 
 
 Bishopsgate (bish'ups-gat). The principal en- 
 trance through the northern wall of old London . 
 The only entrance in the northern wall in Roman times 
 was near this point. Near here Ermyn street and the 
 Vic inal way entered the city. Bishopsgate street is the 
 street which goes over the site of the old gate, and is di- 
 vided into “Bishopsgate within "and “Bishopsgate with- 
 out." The gate was destroyed in the reign of George II. 
 The foundations of the old Roman gate have been found. 
 
 Biskara (bes'ka-ra), or Biskra (bes'kra). A 
 city in the department of Constantine, Algeria , 
 in lat. 35° 27' N., long. 5° 22' E. It was taken by 
 
 the French in 1844. Population, 9,933. 
 
 Birth of Merlin, The, or The Child has lost 
 a Father. A tragicomedy published in 1662 
 as by Shakspere and Rowley. It is clearly a re- 
 fashioning by Rowley of an old play. The present title is 
 Rowley’s. The original author is unknown. 
 
 Biru (be-ro'). All Indian chief who, in the 
 early part of the 16th century, ruled a small 
 region in the extreme northwest corner of 
 South America, adjacent to the isthmus of 
 Darieu. The Spanish called this region the province 
 of Biru, and extended the appellation to a rich region 
 farther south, of which they had vague reports ; hence, 
 probably, the name Peru originated. The territory proper 
 of Biru was traversed by Andagoya in 1622. 
 
 Bisa (be'sa), or Wa-Bisa (wa-be'sa). A Bantu 
 tribe of British Zambesia (Northeast Rhodesia), 
 Africa, between the Zambesi River and Lake 
 Bangweolo. They are great traders. It was at Chi- 
 tambo in the northern part of their territory that Liv- 
 ingstone died. Their language seems to be related to 
 Lunda and Yao. 
 
 Bisbal, Count. See O’Donnell. 
 
 Biscay (bis'ka). [Sp. Biscaya, now Vizcaya . ] 
 One of the Basque Provinces in Spain, bor- 
 dering on the Bay of Biscay. Capital, Bilbao. 
 Area, 836 square miles. Population, 311,361. 
 Biscay, Bay of. [F. Golfe de Gascogne .] An 
 arm of the Atlantic west of France aud north 
 of Spain: the Roman Sinus Aquitanicus, Sinus 
 Cantabricus, Cantaber Oceanus, etc. Its lim- 
 its are the island of Ushant and Cape Ortegal. 
 It is noted for its storms. The chief tributaries are the 
 Loire and Garonne. 
 
 Biscay Provinces. The provinces of Biscay, 
 Alava, and Guipuzcoa in Spain. 
 
 Bisceglie (be-shel'ye). A seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Bari, Italy, 22 miles northwest of Bari. 
 Population, commune, 30,885. 
 
 Bischof (bish'of), Karl Gustav. Born at 
 Word, near Nuremberg, Bavaria, Jan. 18, 1792: 
 died at Bonn, Prussia, Nov. 30, 1870. A Ger- 
 man chemist and geologist, professor of chem- 
 istry at Bonn. 
 
 Bischoff, Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm. Born 
 at Hannover, Germany, Oct. 28, 1807 : died at 
 Munich, Dee. 5, 1882. A German anatomist 
 and physiologist, professor of physiology and 
 anatomy at Heidelberg. 
 
 Bismarck (biz'mark), Otto Eduard Leopold, 
 Prince von. Born at Schonhausen, Prussia, 
 April 1, 1815 : died at Friedrichsruh, July 30, 
 1898. A famous Prussian statesman, the cre- 
 ator of German unity. He studied at the universi- 
 ties of Gottingen and Berlin ; entered the united Landtag 
 of Prussia in 1847 ; aud in 1849-50, as a member of the sec- 
 ond chamber of the Prussian diet, became known as an 
 outspoken advocate of reactionary measures. In 1851 he 
 was appointed Prussian ambassador to the diet of the Ger- 
 manic Confederation at Frankfort ; in 1859 he became am- 
 bassador to Russia ; and in 1862 he was for a few months 
 ambassador to France. He was appointed Prussian pre- 
 mier and minister of foreign affairs Oct. 8, 1862, and en- 
 gaged in a long struggle with the Landtag over the ques- 
 tion of the army increase and the prerogatives of the 
 crown. After the Schleswig Holstein war of 1864, in 
 which he secured the cooperation of Austria, he was 
 made a count, Sept., 1865. On the renewal of the Schles- 
 wig-Holstein complications Bismarck concluded an al- 
 liance with Italy, and war against Austria was declared 
 (1866). Iu 1867 he became chancellor of the North Ger- 
 man Confederation, and added to Prussian prestige by 
 baffling Napoleon’s designs on Luxemburg. His concilia- 
 tory attitude toward the South German states prepared 
 the way for the triumphs of the Franco-German war of 
 1870-71. In 1871 he became the first chancellor of the 
 German Empire, and was made a prince. He labored 
 until 1878 in harmony with the National Liberal party, 
 and engaged in a protracted struggle with the Ultramou- 
 tanes — the so-called Kvlturkampf. After 1878 he inau- 
 gurated a series of economic reforms, including systems 
 of insurance for the laboring classes, and advocated a 
 vigorous colonial policy. He presided at the Berlin Con- 
 gress of 1878, and concluded the Triple Alliance (1883). 
 Having incurred the displeasure of William II., he re- 
 signed March, 1890, the title of Duke of Lauenburg being 
 conferred upon him on his retirement. His eightieth 
 birthday (April 1, 1895) was made the occasion for extra- 
 ordinary ovations in his honor, in which the emperor 
 joined. 
 
 Bismarck. The capital of North Dakota and 
 of Burleigh County, situated on the Missouri 
 in lat. 46° 50' N., long. 100° 50' W. : settled in 
 1873. Population, 5,443, (1910). 
 
 Bismarck Archipelago. A group of islands in 
 the Pacific Ocean, comprising Neu-Pommern 
 (New Britain), Neu-Mecklenburg (New Ire- 
 land), aud some smaller neighboring islands, 
 made a Gorman possession in 1884. The pres- 
 ent name was (in honor of Prince Bismarck) 
 substituted for New Britain Island in 1885. 
 Bissagos (bis-sa'gos), or Bidjago (be-ja'go). A 
 heathen tribe of Portuguese Guinea, West Af- 
 
Bissagos 
 
 rica, inhabiting the islands of the same name. 
 The principal town is Bolama, where the Por- 
 tuguese steamers call. 
 
 Bissagos. A group of islands west of Sene- 
 gambia, Africa, in lat. 11°-12° N., long. 16° W. 
 All the islands belong to Portuguese Guinea. 
 Bissen (bis'sen), Herman Wilhelm. Born 
 near Schleswig, Oct. 13, 1798: died at Copen- 
 hagen, March 10, 1868. A Danish sculptor, 
 director of the academy at Copenhagen after 
 1850. His chief works are at Copenhagen. 
 Bistritz (bis'trits), Hung. Besztercze(bes'tert- 
 sa). A town in Transylvania, situated on the 
 Bistritz in lat. 47° 10' N., long. 24° 28' E. It 
 was formerly an important place. Population, 
 12,081. 
 
 Bisntun. See Behistun. 
 
 Bit Humri (bet lidm'ri). [‘The house of Omri.’] 
 The name of the country of Israel in the As- 
 syrian inscriptions: after Omri, the founder of 
 the 4th dynasty in the kingdom of Israel, it was 
 the Assyrian fashion to name countries after the founders 
 of their reigning houses. 
 
 Bithynia (bi-thin'i-a). [Gr. Btdvvia.] In ancient 
 geography, a division of Asia Minor, lying be- 
 tween the Propontis, Bosporus, and Euxine on 
 the north, Mysia on the west, Phrygia and Gala- 
 tia on the south, and Paphlagonia on the east. 
 Its inhabitants were of Thracian origin. Nicomedes I. 
 became its first independent king about 278 B. c. ; and 
 Nicomedes III. bequeathed the kingdom to Rome 74 b. c. 
 It was governed by Pliny the Younger. It contained the 
 cities of Chalcedon, Heraclea, Prusa, Niciea, and Nico- 
 media. 
 
 Biton (bi'ton) and Cleobis (kle'o-bis). [Gr. 
 Btruv and K Aeoflii;.] In Greek legend, sons of 
 Cydippe, priestess of Hera at Argos. During a 
 festival the priestess had to ride to the temple in a chariot, 
 and as the oxen were not at hand, Biton and Cleobis 
 dragged the chariot with their mother forty-five stadia to 
 the temple, in which they fell asleep, and, in answer to a 
 prayer of their mother to Hera to reward this act of filial 
 piety with the greatest boon for mortals, never awoke. 
 Herodotus makes Solon relate this story to Croesus. 
 Bitonto (be-ton'to). A city in the province of 
 Bari, Apulia, Italy, situated 11 miles west of 
 Bari: the Roman Bituntum (whence the name). 
 Here, May 25, 1734, the Spaniards under Montemar de- 
 feated the Austrians, thereby gaining the kingdom of 
 Naples. The cathedral is a medieval church with Sara- 
 cenic elements, remaining almost untampered with. It 
 has three apses, in the nave alternate coupled and clustered 
 columns, handsome ambones, and a well-proportioned 
 and richly ornamented front. The crypt is of the char- 
 acteristic Southern type. Population, commune, 30,617. 
 
 Bitsch (bieh), formerly Kaltenhausen (kal'- 
 ten-hou-zen). [G. Bitsch, F. Bit die.] A town 
 in Lorraine, Alsace-Lorraine, situated on the 
 northern slope of the Vosges, in lat. 49° 4' N., 
 long. 7° 26' E. It is a noted fortress, supposed to be 
 impregnable. It was besieged by the Germans in 1870, 
 and surrendered after the peace. Population, about 
 3,000. 
 
 Bitterfeld (bit'er-feld). A manufacturing town 
 in the province of Saxony, Prussia, situated on 
 the Mulde 20 miles north of Leipsic. Popula- 
 tion, 13,291. 
 
 Bit Yakin (bet ya-ken'). [‘House of Yakin.’] 
 A principality in the extreme south of Baby- 
 lonia, on the sea-coast, named for its ruling 
 family, from which Merodach-baladan, king of 
 Babylonia (722-702 b. C.), descended. The last 
 king of this powerful family was subdued by 
 Asurbanipal, king of Assyria 668-626 B. c. 
 Bitzer (bit'zer). A school-boy under Mr. 
 M‘Choakum brought up on the Gradgrind sys- 
 tem, in Charles Dickens’s story “ Hard Times”: 
 afterward a porter in Bounderby’s bank, with a 
 heart “accessible to reason and nothing else.” 
 He is a spy. 
 
 Bitzius (bet'se-os), Albert: pseudonym Jere- 
 mias Gotthelf. Born at Morat, in Fribourg, 
 Switzerland, Oct. 4, 1797 : died at Lutzelfliih, 
 in Bern, Switzerland, Oct. 22, 1854. A Swiss 
 pastor and author, noted chiefly for his moral- 
 izing novels illustrating the home life of the 
 Bernese peasantry. 
 
 Bivar, Rodrigo de. Soe Cid. 
 
 Bizerta, or Biserta (be-zer'tii), or Benzert. 
 A seaport in northern Tunis, in lat. 37° 17' N., 
 long. 9° 50' E., on the site of the ancient Hippo 
 Zaritus. 
 
 Bizet (bi-za/), Alexandre C6sar L4opold 
 (called Georges). Born atBougival, near Paris, 
 Oct. 25, 1838 : died at Paris, June 3, 1875. A 
 French composer, author of “ Carmen” (1875), 
 etc. 
 
 Bjanne, Brynjolf. A pseudonym of Henrik 
 Ibsen. 
 
 Bjelgorod. See Bielgorod. 
 
 Bjomeborg ibyer'ne-bflrg). A town in the 
 province of Abo-Bjorneborg, Finland, situated 
 
 159 
 
 on the Gulf of Bothnia in lat. 61° 28' N., long. 
 21° 22' E. Population, 16,602. 
 
 Bjornson (byern'son), Bjornstjerne. Born at 
 Kvikne, Osterdalen, Norway, Dec. 8, 1832 : died 
 at Paris, April 26, 1910. A Norwegian poet, 
 novelist, and dramatist. His father was a clergyman 
 at Osterdalen and later held the living at Ntes in the 
 Romsdal. After attending the grammar-school at Molde 
 he went to the University at Christiania, and was subse- 
 quently in Upsala and Copenhagen. In 1857 he returned 
 from abroad, and was first director of the theater in 
 Bergen, and afterward (1859) for a short time editor of 
 the journal “ Aftenbladet ” in Christiania. In 1860 he went 
 abroad ; upon his return, in 1863, the Storthing voted him 
 a yearly stipend. From 1865 to 1867 he was director of 
 the Christiania theater, and editor, during the time, of 
 the journal “ Norske Folkeblad.” He took an active part 
 in the political and social life of Scandinavia. In 1880 he 
 traveled in America, later he lived upon hiB estate Ole- 
 stad, in the Gausdal. His first novel, “Synnove Solbak- 
 ken," appeared in 1857. It was followed by “ Arne " (1858), 
 
 “ En Glad Gut ” (“ A Happy Boy," 1860), and later(1868)by 
 “ Fiskerjenten ” (“The Fisher Maiden ") — all stories of 
 Norwegian peasant life, to which were to be added at 
 various times, in the same vein, a number of shorter 
 tales. “ Magnhild ” (1877) and “ Captain Manzana ” fol- 
 lowed— the one a tale of middle-class life in Norway, the 
 other an Italian story. His latest novels, “ Det Flager i 
 Byen og paa Havnen " (“ Flags are Flying in the Town and 
 Harbor”), and “Paa Guds Veie" (“In God’s Way’’), are 
 novels of tendency. He was the author, besides, of 
 numerous dramas whose material was taken from the 
 sagas, from recent history, and from modern life. They 
 are “Mellem Slageue’’ (“Between the Battles”) and 
 “ Halte Hulda” (“Lame Hulda,” 1858), “Kong Sverre ” 
 (“King Sverre,” 1861), the trilogy “ Sigurd Slembe ”(1862), 
 “Maria Stuart i Skotland " (“ Mary Stuart in Scotland," 
 1863), “De Nygifte " (“The Newly Wedded Pair,” 1865), 
 “Sigurd Jorsalfar" (“Sigurd the Crusader," 1873), “En 
 Fallit " (“A Bankruptcy") and “Redaktoren ” (“The 
 Editor,” 1875), “Kongen ” (“The King,” 1877), “Leonardo" 
 and “Det nye System "(“ The New System,” 1879). There 
 are a number of less important dramas, viz.: “EnHanske," 
 “Geografl og Kjaerlighed,” “Over Avne.” The earlier 
 works, like “ Arne," contain a number of lyrics. An epic 
 poem, “ Amljot Gelline, ” appeared in 1870. 
 
 Biornstjerna (byern'sher'na), Count Magnus 
 Fredrik Ferdinand. Born at Dresden, Oct. 
 10, 1779: died at Stockholm, Oct. 6, 1847. A 
 Swedish diplomatist, lieutenant-general, and 
 political writer. He was minister plenipoten- 
 tiary to Great Britain 1828-46. 
 
 Blacas d’Aulps (blii-kas' dop'). Born at Aulps 
 or Aix about 1160 : died 1229. A French trou- 
 badour. 
 
 Black (blak), Adam. Born at Edinburgh, Feb. 
 20, 1784: died there, Jan. 24, 1874. A Scotch 
 publisher, at Edinburgh, and politician. Hav- 
 ing begun a bookselling business in his own name in 
 1808, he established 26 years later, by taking his nephew 
 into partnership, the house of Adam’ and Charles Black. 
 He acquired the copyright of the “Encyclopaedia Bri- 
 tannica” on the failure of Archibald Constable and Co. 
 in 1827. He was member of Parliament for Edinburgh 
 
 1856- 65. 
 
 Black, Ivory. A pseudonym of Thomas A. Jan- 
 vier. 
 
 Black, Jeremiah Sullivan. Born at the Glades, 
 Somerset County, Pa., Jan. 10, 1810 : died at 
 Brockie, York, Pa., Aug. 19, 1883. An Ameri- 
 can jurist and statesman, attorney-general 
 
 1857- 60, and secretary of state 1860-61. 
 
 Black, Joseph. Born at Bordeaux, France, 
 
 1728 : died at Edinburgh, Dec. 6, 1799. A cele- 
 brated Scotch chemist, noted for his discoveries 
 in regard to carbonic-acid gas and latent heat. 
 He became professor of medicine in the University of 
 Glasgow in 1756, and of medicine and chemistry at Edin- 
 burgh in 1766. 
 
 Black, William. Born at Glasgow, Nov., 1841 : 
 died at Brighton, Dec. 10, 1898. A British nov- 
 elist and journalist. In 1864 he went to London, and 
 was attached to the staff of the London “ Morning Star ’’ in 
 1865. He was also for some years assistant editor of the 
 London “DailyNews.” His works include “In Silk Attire” 
 (1869), “A Daughter of Heth "(1871),“ The Strange Adven- 
 tures of a Phaeton ” (1872), “A Princess of Thule ” (1873), 
 “The Maid of Killeena, and other Stories ” (1874), “ Three 
 Feathers ” (1875), “Madcap Violet” (1876), “Lady Silver- 
 dale’s Sweetheart, and other Stories " (1876), “Green Pas- 
 tures and Piccadilly” (1877), “Macleod of Dare" (1878), 
 “White Wings, etc.” (1880), “Sunrise, etc.” (1880), “ White 
 Heather” (1885), “In Far Locliaber" (1888), etc. 
 
 Blackacre (blak'a-ker), Jerry. In Wycherley’s 
 “Plain Dealer,” a raw booby, not of age and still 
 under his mother’s government, bred by her to 
 the law, or at least to a glib use of its terms. 
 Blackacre, Widow. In Wycherley’s “Plain 
 Dealer,” a petulant, litigious woman, always 
 with a law case on hand. She is one ol the author’s 
 best and most amusing characters, and is taken from the 
 countess in Racine’s “Les plaideurs.” 
 
 Black Act, The. An English statute of 1722, 
 so called because designed originally to sup- 
 press associations of lawless persons who called 
 themselves blacks. It made felonies certain crimes 
 against game laws, the sending of anonymous letters de- 
 manding money, etc. 
 
 Black Agnes. See Dunbar , Agnes, Countess of. 
 Blackall (blak'&l), or Blackball (blak'hal), 
 
 Blackfriars 
 
 Offspring. Born at London, 1654: died at 
 Exeter, England, Nov. 29, 1716. An English 
 prelate and controversialist, made bishop of 
 Exeter in 1708. He engaged in controversies with 
 John Toland, whom he accused of having denied the genu 
 ineness of the .Scriptures in his “ Life of Milton,” and with 
 Bishop Hoadley, against whom he supported the cause of 
 Charles I. and High-Church principles. 
 
 Black Assize, The. A name given to the Ox- 
 ford assize of 1577, in which year Oxford was 
 ravaged by jail-fever. 
 
 Black Bateman of the North. A play hy 
 Thomas Dekker, with Drayton, Wilson, and 
 Chettle (1598). 
 
 Black Bess. The famous mare of Dick Turpin, 
 which saved his life by her speed and strength. 
 
 Black Book, The. A prose satire by Thomas 
 Middleton, a coarse but humorous attack on 
 the vices and follies of the time: published in 
 1604. It was suggested by Nash’s “Pierce 
 Pennilesse.” 
 
 Black Brunswickers, or Death’s-Head Corps. 
 
 A corps of 2,000 horsemen equipped by the 
 Duke of Brunswick to operate against Napo- 
 leon in German}’. It vainly attempted to co- 
 operate with the Austrians in 1809. 
 
 Blackburn (blak'bern). A town in Lancashire, 
 England, in lat. 53° 44' N., long. 2° 28' W. its 
 chief industry is cotton manufacture OBlackburn checks, 
 Blackburn grays). It is the birthplace of Hargreaves. 
 Population, 133,064, (1911). 
 
 Black Code, The. The system of law regulat- 
 ing the treatment of the colored race which 
 prevailed in the southern United States before 
 the emancipation of the slaves. 
 
 Black Country, The. The mining and manu- 
 facturing region in the neighborhood of Bir- 
 mingham, England. 
 
 Black Crom. See the extract. 
 
 St. Patrick found the Irish worshipping an idol called 
 “Black Crom,” whose festival, about the beginning of 
 August, is even now called “Cromduff Sunday.” “There 
 were twelve idols of stone around him, and himself of 
 gold ” : and by another account his statue was covered 
 with gold and silver, and the twelve subordinate deities 
 were ornamented with plates of bronze. 
 
 Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 271. 
 
 Black Dick. A nickname of Richard Howe, 
 first Earl Howe (1726-99). 
 
 Black Domino, The. A comic opera produced 
 in 1841, an English version of Scribe’s “ Le 
 domino noir” (1837). 
 
 Black Douglas, The. William Douglas, lord 
 of Nithsdale (died 1390). 
 
 Black Dwarf, The. A novel by Sir Walter 
 Scott, published in 1816. “ The Black Dwarf ” was a 
 name given in parts of Scotland to a most malicious, un- 
 canny creature considered responsible forall mischief done 
 to flocks and herds ; hence the name was given to Sir 
 Edward Mauley, who was deformed and gnomish-looking. 
 
 Black-eyed Susan. A ballad (the farewell of 
 Sweet William to Black-eyed Susan) by Gay, 
 published in 1720 in a collection of his poems. 
 The music was written by Richard Leveridge 
 (Grove). 
 
 Black-eyed Susan, or All in the Downs. A 
 
 comedy by Douglas Jerrold, produced June 8, 
 1829. It was played four hundred times in that 
 year alone. 
 
 Blackfeet. See Sihasapa. 
 
 Black Flags. Bands of irregular soldiers infest- 
 ing the upper valley of the Red River in Ton- 
 quin. They were originally survivors of the Taiping re- 
 bellion in China. Increased by the accession of various 
 adventurers, they fought against the French in their wars 
 with Annam. 
 
 Black Forest, G. Schwarzwald (shv&yts'vald). 
 A mountainous region in the eastern part of 
 Baden and the western part of Wiirtemberg, 
 between the valleys of the Rhine and Neckar: 
 famous in poetry and romance. It is divided by 
 the Kinzig into the Lower Black Forest in the north, and 
 the Upper Black Forest in the south. It has manufac- 
 tures of clocks, hats, wooden wares, etc. The highest 
 summit is the Feldberg (4,900 feet). Among other peaks 
 are the Belchen and Hornisgrinde. 
 
 Black Forest Circle. All administrative divi- 
 sion in Wurtemberg. Area, 1,844 square miles. 
 Population, 541,662. 
 
 Blackfriars. A name given to the locality at the 
 southwestern angle of old London city, on (lie 
 Fleet. The Black Friars, or mendicant monks of the Do- 
 minican order, made their appearance in London in 1221 
 under the patronage of Hubert de Burgh, and were located 
 in Holborn. In 1285 they moved to the site of the old Mont- 
 flehett tower, which had been given them for a monastery. 
 The tower itself was destroyed and the material used in 
 building the church. From Ludgate to the river the city 
 wall was pulled down and moved westward to the Fleet, 
 all the added space being devoted to the monastery. The 
 original site was given by Gregory Rokesley “ in a street 
 of Baynard Castle.” The monastery was endowed with a 
 privilege of asylum, which attached itself to the locality 
 after the dissolution. To this privilege and to the odor 
 
Blackfriars 
 
 of sanctity attached to the place may be attributed the ex- 
 istence of the Theatre of Blackfriars (which see). Players 
 had been expelled from the city limits, but the sheriff could 
 not touch them here. W. J. Loftie, History of London. 
 
 Blackfriars Bridge. One of the great stone 
 bridges of London, the third bridge from the 
 tower, originally called Pitt Bridge, but soon 
 named from the locality. After much discussion 
 its construction was intrusted to Mr. Mylne, of Edinburgh. 
 The first pile was driven June, 1760, and the structure com- 
 pleted Nov. 19, 1769, at a cost of £300,000. It was 995 feet 
 long, 42 feet wide, 62 feet high. The central span was 100 
 feet wide. It was demolished in 1864, and rebuilt in a few 
 years, from the designs of Cubitt, at a cost of £320,000. 
 
 Blackfriars Theatre. A famous London the- 
 ater, the site of which is now occupied by the 
 “Times” office and Playhouse Yard. Sometime 
 in 1696 Sir William More conveyed to James Burbage, the 
 father of Richard Burbage the actor, part of a large house 
 in Blackfriars, consisting of “ seaven greate upper romes. ” 
 This he converted iuto a theater. The first tenants were the 
 Children of the Chapel, afterward called the Children of 
 Her Majesty’s Revels. Shakspere and his colleagues, 
 Richard Burbage, Lowin, and Condell, acted in Black- 
 friars. They were first known as the Lord Chamberlain’s 
 Company, but in 1603 James I. allowed them to take the 
 title of King’s Servants. The actors of Blackfriars were 
 of grave and Bober behavior, and men of high standing. 
 The theater was celebrated for its music : the musicians, 
 however, paid for the privilege of playing here. The stage 
 was covered by a silk curtain. There were three tiers of 
 galleries, and beneath them rooms or boxes. The orches- 
 tra was seated in a balcony at the side of the stage, and 
 played at the beginning and between the acts as now. At a 
 triple flourish of trumpets the curtain opened and disclosed 
 the stage, which was strewn with rushes and, if a tragedy 
 was to be represented, hung with black. Shakspere wrote 
 exclusively for the Globe and Blackfriars. Almost all of 
 the great dramas of the time were performed here. It was 
 pulled down in 1655 (Doran). 
 
 Black Friday. 1. Good Friday: so called be- 
 cause on that day, in the Western Church, the 
 vestments of the clergy and altar are black. — 
 2. Any Friday marked by a great calamity: 
 with special reference in England to Friday, 
 Dec. 6, 1745, the day on which news reached 
 London that the Young Pretender, Charles 
 Edward, had reached Derby ; or to the commer- 
 cial panic caused by the failure of the house of 
 Overend and Gurney, May 11, 1866; and in the 
 Uni tea States to the sudden financial panic and 
 mir caused by reckless speculation in gold on 
 the exchange in the city of New York on Friday, 
 Sept. 24, 1869 ; or to another similar panic there, 
 which began Sept. 18, 1873. 
 
 Black Hambleton. One of the oldest race- 
 courses in England. It appears in an early docu- 
 ment as a place enjoying special privileges and exemp- 
 tions. 
 
 Black Hawk. Born at Kaskaskia, 111., 1767 : 
 died near the Des Moines River, Iowa, Oct. 3, 
 1838. An American Indian, chosen chief of the 
 Sacs about 1788. He was the leader in the revolt of 
 the Sacs and Foxes in 1832 (“Black Hawk’s War”). 
 
 Blackheath (blak'heth). [ME. Blak Heth.'] 
 An open common in Kent, England, 5 miles 
 southeast of St. Paul’s, London. The Danes were 
 defeated here 1011. It was the scene of Wat Tyler’s rising 
 1381, and of Jack Cade's rising 1450. The Cornish rebels 
 were defeated here by royalists, June 22, 1497. 
 
 Black Hills. A group of mountains in the 
 southwestern part of South Dakota and the 
 northeastern part of Wyoming, noted for their 
 mineral wealth. The chief town in the region is 
 Deadwood. The highest point is Harney Peak (7,216 feet). 
 Gold was discovered here in 1874. 
 
 Black Hole Of Calcutta. The garrison strong- 
 room or black hole at Calcutta, measuring 
 about 18 feet square, into which 146 British 
 prisoners were thrust at the point of the sword 
 by tbe Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula, on June 20, 1756. 
 The next morning all but 23 were dead. 
 
 Blackie (blak'i), John Stuart. Born at Glas- 
 gow, July, 1809: died at Edinburgh, March 2, 
 1895. A Scotch philologist and poet, professor 
 of Greek at Edinburgh 1852-82. He translated 
 jEschylus in 1860, and wrote “Four Phases of Morals” 
 (1871), “Lays of the Highlands” (1872), “Horae Helle- 
 nic® ’’ (1874), etc. 
 
 Black Isle, The. The peninsula in northern 
 Scotland between Cromarty Firth and Beaulv 
 Basin. 
 
 Black Knight, The. 1. The son of Oriana 
 and Amadis of Gaul, in early romances: so 
 called from his black armor. See Esplandian. 
 — 2. A disguise under which, in Scott’s “Ivan- 
 hoe,” Richard Coeur de Lion wanders in Sher- 
 wood Forest, performs feats of valor, and feasts 
 with Friar Tuck. 
 
 Black Knight, Complaint of the. A poem 
 by Lydgate, attributed to Chaucer, and re- 
 printed in the 1561 edition of his works. It 
 was modernized in 1718 by John Dart the an- 
 tiquary. 
 
 Blacklock (blak'lok), Thomas. Born at An- 
 nan, Scotland, Nov. 10, 1721: died at Edin- 
 
 160 
 
 burgh, July 7, 1791. A blind poet of Scotland. 
 He was of humble parentage ; lost hi3 sight at the age of 
 six months by an attack of smallpox ; was given an edu- 
 cation, including a course at the University of Edinburgh, 
 by Dr. Stevenson, a physician of Edinburgh ; was licensed 
 to preach in 1769; became minister of Kirkcudbright about 
 1762 ; resigned in 1764 ; and enjoyed the friendship and pa- 
 tronage of Hume and Joseph Spence. An edition of his 
 poems appeared in 1756, with an introduction by Spence. 
 
 Blacklock, William James. Born at Cum- 
 whitton, near Carlisle, about 1815: died at 
 Dumfries, Scotland, March 12, 1858. A Scot- 
 tish landscape-painter. 
 
 Black Mail, The. A popular epithet of the devil. 
 Black Maria. A popular name of the covered 
 van, commonly painted black, in which crimi- 
 nals are conveyed to and from jail. 
 
 Black Monday. Easter Monday: so called 
 from a terrible storm on Easter Monday, 1360, 
 from which the English army before Paris 
 suffered severely. SiiaJc., M. of V., ii. 5. 25. 
 Blackmore (blak'mor), Sir Richard. Born at 
 Corsham, Wiltshire, England, about 1650 : died 
 at Boxsted, Essex, Oct. 9, 1729. An English 
 physician, poet, and prose-writer, physician in 
 ordinary to William III. His best-known 
 *work is “The Creation” (1712). 
 
 Blackmore, Richard Doddridge. Born at 
 Longworth, Berkshire, June 9, 1825: died at 
 Teddington, Jan. 20, 1900. An English lawyer 
 and novelist. He was graduated from Oxford in 1847, 
 and was called to the bar in 1862. His works include “Clara 
 Vaughan" (1864), “Cradoek Nowell, etc." (1866), “Lorna 
 Doone: a Romance of Exmoor” (1869), “The Maid of Sker” 
 (1872), “Alice Lorraine" (1875),“ Cripps the Carrier” (1876), 
 “Erema” (1877), “Mary Anerley’’ (1880), “Cristowell ” 
 (1882), “Tommy Upmore ” (1884), “Springhaveu ” (1887), 
 “Kit and Kitty” (1869). He also published “The Fate 
 of Franklin,” a poem, in 1860, and translations of Vergil’s 
 Georgies in 1862 and 1871. 
 
 Black Mountain. See Montenegro. 
 
 Black Mountains. A group of mountains in 
 western North Carolina (chiefly in Yancey 
 County), the highest in the Appalachian sys- 
 tem. The chief peak is Mount Mitchell, 6,711 
 feet high. 
 
 Black Mountain Tribes. The tribes on the 
 northwestern frontier of India, west of the 
 upper Indus. British expeditions against them 
 despatched in 1868, 1888, 1891, and 1892 have 
 effectually subdued them. 
 
 Blackpool (blak ' pol). A watering-place in 
 Lancashire, England, situated on the Irish Sea 
 15 miles west-northwest of Preston. Popula- 
 tion, 58,376, (1911). 
 
 Blackpool, Stephen. In Charles Dickens’s 
 “Hard Times,” a power-loom weaver of up- 
 right character tied to a miserable drunken 
 wife. He cannot see the propriety of living with her 
 and giving up a better woman whom he loves, and in his 
 own words “ ’t is a’ a muddle." He dies a lingering death 
 from a fall into an abandoned mine, and it appears that 
 his goodness and integrity have met with a poor return 
 in this world. 
 
 Black Prince, The. Edward, prince of Wales, 
 son of Edward III. of England : so named from 
 the color of his armor. See Edward. 
 
 Black Prince, The. A tragedy by Lord Orrery, 
 acted in 1667. 
 
 Black Republic. A name given to the republic 
 of Haiti, which is formed mostly of negroes. 
 Black River. A river in New York which emp- 
 ties into Lake Ontario. Length, about 120 
 miles. 
 
 Black Rock. A town in County Dublin, Ireland, 
 on Dublin Bay : a resort for sea-batbing. Pop- 
 ulation, 8,719. 
 
 Black Rock. A district within the municipality 
 of Buffalo, New York, situated on the Niagara 
 River: the scene of several engagements be- 
 tween the Americans and British 1812-14. 
 Black Rod. The title of a gentleman usher, 
 with special duties, in the English houses of 
 Lords and Commons. He carries a black rod 
 of office surmounted with a gold lion. 
 
 Blacks, The. The Neri, an Italian faction. 
 See Neri. 
 
 Black Saturday. In Scotch history, Ang. 4, 
 1621, when the Parliament at Edinburgh passed 
 certain acts favoring Episcopacy. 
 
 Black Sea. [F. Mer Noire, G. Schwarzes Meer, 
 L. Pontus Ewxinus, Gr. U6vror Ev^avor, EvSjnvov 
 ayog, E v^eivog dalanaa (the Euxine), lit. ‘the 
 hospitable sea,’ earlier called "A^avo^ ttSvtoq, 
 the inhospitable sea.] An inland sea bounded 
 by Russia on the north and east, Asia Minor on 
 the south, and European Turkey, Bulgaria, and 
 Rumania on the west. It extends from lat. 40° 45'-46° 
 46' N., and long. 27°30'-ll° 50' E. It communicates with the 
 Mediterranean by the Strait of Bosporus, the Sea of Mar- 
 mora, and the Strait of Dardanelles. Its chief arms are the 
 Sea of Azov and the Gulf of Perekop ; its chief tributaries, 
 
 Blair, Hugh 
 
 the Danube, Dniester, Bug, Dnieper, Don, Kuban, Tchoruk, 
 Yeshil-Irmak, Kizil-Irmak, and Sakaria. On it are situ- 
 ated Burgas, Varna, Odessa, Sebastopol, Sukhum, Kale, 
 Poti, Batum, Trebizond, Samsun, Siuope. The Black Sea 
 was neutralized by the treaty of Paris 1856, no war-ships 
 being permitted in its waters, and no military or naval 
 arsenals on its coasts. Russia in 1870 abrogated the pro- 
 visions relating to her war-ships and arsenals. Length, 
 740 miles. Greatest width, 390 miles. Estimated area, 
 168,500 square miles. 
 
 Blackstone (blak'ston), Sir William. Born 
 at London, July 10, 1723: died at London, Feb. 
 14, 1780. A celebrated English jurist, appointed 
 Yinerian professor of common law at Oxford 
 in 1758, and justice in the Court of Common 
 Pleas in 1770. His chief work is “Commentaries on 
 the Laws of England ’’ (1765-68). Eight editions appeared 
 in the author’s lifetime, and for sixty years after his death 
 they followed in quick succession. These editions were 
 edited and annotated by Coleridge, Chitty, Christian, and 
 others. An American edition was printed in 1884, but the 
 text has not been reprinted in England since 1844. There 
 are various adaptations of it for modern use. 
 
 Blackstone, William. Died near Providence, 
 R. I., May 26, 1675. An English colonist in 
 America, the first white settler in Boston 
 (about 1623). 
 
 Blackstone River. A river which rises m 
 Worcester County, Massachusetts, and joins 
 the Providence River near Providence. Length, 
 about 75 miles. 
 
 Black Warrior. A river in Alabama which 
 joins the Tombigbee in lat. 32° 32' N., long. 
 87° 58' W. It is navigable to Tuscaloosa. 
 Length, about 300 miles. 
 
 Black Watch. A body of Scotch Highlanders 
 employed b“ the English government to watch 
 the Highlands in 1725, and enrolled as a regi- 
 ment in the regular army in 1739 : so called 
 from their dark tartan uniform. 
 
 Blackwater (blak'wa/'ter). A river in Mun- 
 ster, Ireland, which flows into Youghal Bay 
 26 miles east of Cork. Length, over 100 miles. 
 Blackwater. A river in Ulster, Ireland, which 
 flows into Lough Neagh 11 miles north-north- 
 west of Armagh. Near here, Aug. 14, 1598, the Irish 
 under the Earl of Tyrone defeated the English under 
 Bagnal. 
 
 Blackwood (hlak'wud), Frederick Temple 
 Hamilton. Born June 21, 1826 : died Feb. 12, 
 1902. An English statesman and diplomatist, 
 created marquis of Dufferin and Ava in 1888. 
 He was governor-general of Canada 1872-79 ; ambassador 
 to Russia 1879-81; ambassador to Constantinople 1881- 
 1884; governor-general of India 1884-88; ambassador to 
 Italy 1888-91; and ambassador to France 1891-96. He 
 published “Letters from High Latitudes” (1857), “Con- 
 tributions to an Inquiry into the State of Ireland ” (1866), 
 “Irish Emigration and the Tenure of Land in Ireland” 
 (1867), “Mill’s Plan for the Pacification of Ireland Ex- 
 amined’’ (1868), “Speeches and Addresses” (1882), etc. 
 
 Blackwood, William. Born at Edinburgh, 
 Nov. 20, 1776: died there, Sept. 16, 1834. A 
 Scotch publisher and bookseller, the founder 
 and editor of “Blackwood’s Edinburgh Maga- 
 zine ” (1817). 
 
 Bladensburg (bla'denz-berg). A village in 
 Maryland, 6 miles northeast of Washington. 
 Here, Aug. 24, 1814, the English under General 
 Ross defeated the Americans under General 
 Winder. 
 
 Bladlld (bla'dud). A mythical British king, 
 reputed founder of the city of Bath, England. 
 Blaeu (blou), Wilhelm. Bom at Amsterdam, 
 1571: died there, Oct. 21, 1638. A Dutch geog- 
 rapher and chartographer, a pupil and friend 
 of Tycho Brahe. 
 
 Blaine (blan), James Gillespie. Bom at West 
 Brownsville, Pa., Jan.31, 1830: diedatWashing- 
 ington,D.C., Jan. 27, 1893. An American states- 
 man. He was a Republican member of the House of 
 Representatives 1863-76; speaker 1869-75; United States 
 senator from Maine 1876-81; secretary of state March 4- 
 Dec. 19, 1881, and 1889-92; and unsuccessful candidate 
 of the Republican party for President in 1884. He wrote 
 “Twenty Years of Congress ” (1884-86). 
 
 Blainville. See Ducrotay de Blainville. 
 
 Blair (War), Francis Preston. Bora at Abing- 
 don, Va., April 12, 1791 : died at Silver Spring. 
 Md., Oct. 18, 1876. An American journalist and 
 politician, editor of the Washington “ Globe ” 
 1830-45. 
 
 Blair, Francis Preston. Born at Lexington, 
 Ky., Feb. 19, 1821: died at St. Louis, July 9, 
 1875. An American politician, son of Francis 
 Preston Blair. He was Democratic candidate 
 for Vice-President in 1868, and United States 
 senator from Missouri 1871-73. 
 
 Blair, Hugh. Born at Edinburgh. April 7, 1718 : 
 died at Edinburgh, Dee. 27, 1800. A Scotch 
 divine and author, lecturer on rhetoric and 
 
Blair, Hugh 
 
 belles-lettres at Edinburgh 1762-83. He wrote 
 “Sermons” (1777), “Lectures on Rhetoric” 
 (1783), etc. 
 
 Blair, Janies. Born in Scotland, 1656 : died in 
 Virginia, Aug. 1, 1743. An American clergy- 
 man and educator. He was instrumental in found- 
 ing William and Mary College, chartered 1692, whose first 
 president he became, entering formally on his duties 
 in 1729. 
 
 Blair, John. Born at Edinburgh : died June 24, 
 1782. A Scotch chronologist. He published a 
 “ Chronological History of the World ” (1754); was elected 
 a fellow of the Royal Society 1755 ; became mathematical 
 tutor to the Duke of York 1757 ; and held various eccle- 
 siastical appointments. 
 
 Blair, Montgomery. Born in Franklin County, 
 Ky., May 10, 1813: died at Silver Spring, Md., 
 July 27, 1883. An American politician and law- 
 yer, son of Francis Preston Blair, postmaster- 
 general 1861-64. 
 
 Blair, Robert. Born at Edinburgh, 1699 : died 
 at Athelstaneford, East Lothian, Scotland, 
 Feb. 4, 1746. An English clergyman and poet. 
 His best-known poem is “The Grave” (1743). 
 It was illustrated by William Blake. 
 
 Blair Athol. An English race-horse, bred in 
 1861, by Stockwell, dam Blink Bonny. He won 
 the Derby in 1864, and was the sire of Prince 
 Charlie, sire of Salvator in America. 
 
 Blaise, Saint. See Blasius, Saint. 
 
 Blaisois, or Blesois (blaz-wa'). The county of 
 Blois. 
 
 Blake (blak) Robert. Born at Bridgewater, 
 Somersetshire, England, Aug., 1598 (1599?): 
 died at sea, near Plymouth, England, Aug. 17, 
 1657. A famous English admiral. He held Taunton 
 for the Parliament 1644-45 ; was made commander of the 
 fleet in 1649, and war den of the Cinque Ports in 1651 ; com- 
 manded against the Dutch 1652-53, in the Mediterranean 
 1654-66; defeated the Spaniards at Santa Cruz, Teneriffe, 
 April 20, 1657. 
 
 Blake, William. Born at London, Nov. 28, 
 1757 : died at London, Aug. 12, 1827. A noted 
 English poet, engraver, and painter. His chief 
 works are “Songs of Innocence ’’(1789), “Book of Thel” 
 (1789), “Marriage of Heaven and Hell ”(1790), “Gates of 
 Paradise’’ (.1793), “Songs of Experience’’ (1794), illustra- 
 tions to Blair's “ Grave ”Vl805), to the book of J ob (1823), etc. 
 
 Blake, William Rufus. Born at. Halifax, 
 Nova Scotia, 1805: died at Boston, Mass., April 
 22, 1863. An actor and manager. He went on the 
 stage about 1822, and first appeared in New York in 1824. 
 He excelled in the personation of old men. 
 
 Blakeley (blak'li), Johnston. Bom at. Dublin, 
 Ireland, Oct., 1781 : lost at sea, 1814. An Amer- 
 ican naval officer. He was commander of the Wasp 
 which captured the British brigs Keindeer and Avon 
 June 28 and Sept. 1, 1814, respectively, and was lost at 
 sea. It was last seen Oct. 9, 1811. 
 
 Blakeney (blak'ni), William, Lord Blakeney. 
 Born at Mount Blakeney, County Limerick, 
 Ireland, 1672: died Sept. 20,1761. A British mili- 
 tary commander. He became, 1747, lieutenant-gover- 
 nor of Minorca, which (failing to receive reinforcements 
 from Admiral Byng, who was sent to his relief) he was 
 compelled to surrender to the French under the Due de 
 Richelieu in 1756. 
 
 Blakey (bla'ki), Robert. Born at Morpeth, 
 Northumberland, England, May 18, 1795: died 
 Oct. 26, 1878. An English philosopher and mis- 
 cellaneous writer, professor of logic and meta- 
 physics at Queen’s College, Belfast. He wrote 
 “History of the Philosophy of Mind” (1848), 
 books on angling, etc. 
 
 Blanc (bloh), Anthony. Born near Lyons, 
 France, Oct. 11, 1792: died June 20, 1860. A 
 Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of New Orleans 
 1835-50, and archbishop 1850-60. 
 
 Blanc, Auguste Alexandre Philippe Charles. 
 Born at Castres, Tarn, France, Nov. 15, 1813: 
 died at Paris, Jan. 17, 1882. A French art critic, 
 brother of Jean Joseph Charles Louis Blanc. 
 He wrote “ Grammairc des arts du dessin ” (1867), etc., and 
 was the chief contributor to “ Histoire des peintres de 
 toutes lea 6coles " (1849-75). 
 
 Blanc, Jean Joseph Charles Louis. Born at 
 Madrid, Oct. 29, 1811: died at Cannes, France, 
 Dec. 6, 1882. A celebrated French politician, 
 historian, political writer, and socialist, promi- 
 nent in the revolution of 1848. Hestudiedlaw in 
 Paris, and from 1832 to 1834 was a private tutor at Arras. 
 On his return to Paris he wrote for the “National," the 
 “ P.evue r^publicaine,” the “ Nouvelle Minerve,” and the 
 Bon sens," and was made editor of the last-named jour - 
 nal in Jan., 1837. After eighteen months he founded a 
 new organ, “La revue du progrfes,” in which appeared 
 his review of the “ Idles napol£oniennes ’’ of Louis Napo- 
 leon, and his own “Organisation du travail.'' He also 
 wrote the “ Histoire de dix ans ” (1830-40), and began 
 his “Histoire de la revolution,” the first two volumes of 
 which appeared in 1847. In 1848 he became a member of 
 the provisional government of the French Republic, but 
 was forced to seek refuge in England. Thence he wrote 
 an “ Appel auxhonnetes gens ’’ (1849), “ Pages de l’histoirc 
 de la revolution de F6vrier 1848 ” (1850), a couple of po- 
 lemic pamphlets entitled “plus de Girondins" (1851), and 
 
 a— li 
 
 161 
 
 “ La Rdputilique une et indivisible " (1851). He ended his 
 history of the revolution with the dissolution of the Na- 
 tional Convention, and issued the twelfth and final volume 
 of the work in 1862. His ‘ • Historical Revelations ascribed 
 to Lord Normanby ” (1858) were written originally in Eng- 
 lish, but immediately translated by the author into French 
 under the title “ Histoire de la revolution de 1848 ” (1870). 
 From 1857 to 1870 Blanc wrote a weekly letter, at first to 
 the “Courtier de Paris," and afterward to the “Temps." 
 These articles on the political and parliamentary life of 
 Great Britain have been collected in ten volumes entitled 
 “ Dix amides de l’histoire d’Angleterre ” (1879-81). In 
 1870 he returned to France and took part in several polit- 
 ical assemblies. In 1876 he founded and directed a daily 
 sheet, “ L’Homme libre.” His articles from this paper and 
 from the “ Rappel” fill five volumes entitled “ Questions 
 d’aujourdhui et de demain ” (1873-84). 
 
 Blanc, Le. A town in the department of Indre, 
 central F ranee, situated on the river Creuse 35 
 miles east of Poitiers. Population, commune, 
 6,520. 
 
 Blanc, Mont. See Mont Blanc. 
 
 Blanca, Sierra. See Sierra Blanca. 
 
 Blanchard (blon-shar'), Alain. Died 1418. A 
 citizen of Rouen, France, who played a promi- 
 nent part in the defense of that cit)> r during the 
 siege by Henry V. of England, 1418, and who 
 was executed by the orders of Henry after the 
 capitulation of the city. 
 
 Blanchard, Entile. Born at Paris, March 6, 
 1819 : died there, Feb. 10, 1900. A French natu- 
 ralist, especially noted as an entomologist. He 
 was the author of many scientific works, including “ Re- 
 cherches sur l'organisation des vers” (1837), “Histoire 
 naturelle des insectes orthopthres, nt-cropttres, etc.” 
 (1837-40), “ Histoire des inscctes, etc.” (1843-45), etc. 
 
 Blanchard, Francois. Born at Andelys, Eure, 
 France, 1753: died at Paris, March 7, 1809. A 
 noted French aeronaut. His first ascent was made 
 in 17S4, and in 1785 he crossed the Channel from Dover to 
 Calais. Later he visited the United States. He made over 
 50 ascents. 
 
 Blanchard, Henri Pierre L6on Pharamond. 
 
 Born near Lyons, Feb. 27, 1805 : died at Paris, 
 Jan. 19, 1874. A French painter. 
 
 Blanchard(blan , chiird), Samuel Laman. Born 
 at Great Yarmouth, England, May 15, 1804: died 
 at London, Feb. 15, 1845. An English litt6- 
 rateur and journalist. He was acting editor of the 
 “Monthly Magazine” (1831), editor of “The True Sun” 
 (1832), ol “The Constitutional” (1836), “ The Court Jour- 
 nal" (1837), “ The Courier’ (1837-39), and other periodicals, 
 and author of “Lyric Offerings,” “Sonnets,”etc. 
 
 Blanchard, Thomas. Bom at Sutton, Mass., 
 June 24, 1788 : died at Boston, April 16, 1864. 
 An American inventor. He invented a machine for 
 cutting and heading tacks by a single operation, and a 
 well-known lathe for turning irregular forms. 
 
 Blanche (blonsh), August Theodor. Born at 
 Stockholm, Sept. 17, 1811 : died at Stockholm, 
 Nov. 30, 1868. A Swedish poet and novelist. 
 
 Blanche (blanch; F. pron. blonsh) of Bourbon. 
 Born in France about 1338 : died at Medina 
 Sidonia, Spain, 1361. A French princess, daugh- 
 ter of Pierre, due de Bourbon, and wife of 
 Pedro “the Cruel” of Castile, by whom she 
 was abandoned shortly after the marriage on 
 a charge of infidelity and imprisoned. Her death 
 was ascribed to poisoning. Her tragical fate produced a 
 profound impression, and has frequently been celebrated 
 in verse. 
 
 Blanche of Castile. Born 1187 : died Dec. 1, 
 1252. Queen of France, daughter of Alfonso IX. 
 of Castile by Eleanor of England, and wife of 
 Louis VIII. She acted as regent, 1226-36, during the 
 minority of her son Louis IX., and again, 1248-52, during 
 his absence on a crusade in the Holy Land. 
 
 Blanche Of Devan. A crazy lowland bride in 
 Scott’s poem “Lady of the Lake.” 
 
 Blanchefleur, or Blancheflor. See Fleur et 
 Blanche fleur . 
 
 Blanchelande (blonsh-lohd'), Philibert Fran- 
 cois Roussel de. Born at Dijon, 1735: died 
 at Paris, April 11, 1793. A French general. 
 In 1779 he went as lieutenant-colonel to the West Indies, 
 and commanded at St. Vincent, where he repulsed an 
 English attack. In 1790 he became acting governor of 
 Haiti, but was unsuccessful. He was sent to France 
 1792, and executed by the revolutionary tribunal. 
 
 Blanco, Antonio Guzman. See Gusman Blanco, 
 Antonio. 
 
 Blanco, Cape. A headland of western Africa, 
 in lat. 20° 46' N., long. 17° 6' W. 
 
 Blanco (blan'ko) Encalada, Manuel. Bom 
 at Buenos Ayres, Sept. 5, 1790: died at San- 
 tiago, Chile, Sept. 5, 1876. A Spanish-Ameri- 
 can general and naval commander who dis- 
 tinguished himself in the Chilean war for 
 independence. In July, 1826, he was elected president 
 of Chile, but resigned soon aiter. Made general of the 
 army, he led an unsuccessful invasion of Peru in 1837, 
 and was allowed to retire only after signing a treaty of 
 peace. The Chilean government annulled this treaty, 
 and Blanco Encalada was court-martialed, but exoner- 
 ated. lie was intendant of Valparaiso in 1847, and min- 
 ister to France 1853-58. He held the military title of 
 marshal from 1820. 
 
 Blankenburg 
 
 Blanco, Jos6 F61ix. Born in Mariana de Cara- 
 cas, Sept. 24, 1782: died at Caracas, Jan. 8, 
 1872. A Venezuelan priest, soldier, statesman, 
 and historian. He was one of the leaders in the revo- 
 lution at Caracas, April 19, 1810, and was the first editor 
 of the great historical work “Documentos para la histo- 
 ria de la vida publica del Libertador,” etc., which was 
 published by Azpurua after his death (Caracas, 1875-77, 
 14 vols.). 
 
 Blanco y Arenas, Ramon, Marquis de Pena 
 Plata. Born in 1832: died April 4, 1906. A 
 Spanish general, appointed governor-general 
 of Cuba in October, 1897. He fought in the Carlist 
 war; served in Cuba during the rebellion of 1868-78, and 
 was captain-general of that island 1880-81 ; was captain- 
 general of Catalonia 1877-79, 1882, and 1887-93, and was 
 captain-general of the Philippines in 1894. 
 
 Blancos (blan'kds), or Blanquillos (blan-kel'- 
 yos). [Sp., ‘Whites.’] The name given in 
 Uruguay to one of the two great political par- 
 ties. It had its origin about 1835, when the adherents of 
 Oribe took the name of Blancos, and those of Fructuoso 
 Rivera that of Colorados. Both parties have had various 
 leaders, and have diifered, ostensibly at least, on many im- 
 portant questions. From 1842 to 1851 the Colorados held 
 Montevideo (whence they were also known as the Defensa 
 party, or Partido de la Defensa), and the Blancos, under 
 Oribe, kept the city in a state of continuous siege. 
 
 Bland Silver Bill. A United States statute 
 of 1878 (20 Stat., 25) : so called from its author, 
 Richard P. Bland, a member of the House from 
 Missouri. It reestablished the silver dollar containing 
 4124 grains troy of standard silver as a legal tender ; hut 
 its special feature was a clause requiring the treasury to 
 purchase every month not less than two million nor more 
 than four million dollars’ worth of silver bullion and to 
 coin it into dollars. It passed over President Hayes’s veto. 
 See Sherman Bill. 
 
 Bland (bland), Theodoric. Born in Prince 
 George County, Va., 1742: died at New York, 
 June 1, 1790. An American patriot. He joined 
 the Continental army in 1777; was a delegate from Virginia 
 to the Continental Congress 1780-83 ; and was representa- 
 tive from Virginia to the first Congress under the Fed 
 eral Constitution 1789-90. He left memoirs of the Revolu- 
 tionary period, which were published under the title of 
 “ The Bland Papers ” in 1840. 
 
 Blandamour (blan'da-mor), Sir. A fickle and 
 vainglorious knight in Spenser’s “Faerie 
 Queene.” He was defeated by Britomart, and 
 won the false Florimel from Paridel. 
 
 Blandiman (blan'di-man). The attendant of 
 Bellisantin the story of “Valentine and Orson.” 
 
 Blandina (blan-di'na), Saint. A female slave 
 who, during a persecution of the Christians, 
 was put to death at Lyons in 177. She is com- 
 memorated by the Roman Catholic Church on 
 June 2. 
 
 Blandois. See Eigaud. 
 
 Blandrata (blan-dra'ta), or Biandrata (be-an- 
 dra'ta), Giorgio. Bom at Saluzzo, Italy, about 
 1515: died in Transylvania about 1588. An 
 Italian physician and propagator (especially in 
 Poland and Transylvania) of Protestant doc- 
 trines, and later of Socinianism and Arianism. 
 He was thrown into prison at Pavia by the Inquisition, 
 but escaped to Geneva, where he was forced to profess 
 Calvinism. From Geneva he went to Poland, where he 
 was assassinated by a nephew whom he had threatened 
 to disinherit. 
 
 Blane (blan), Sir Gilbert. Born at Blanefield, 
 Ayrshire, Scotland, Sept. 8, 1749: died at Lon- 
 don, June 26, 1834. A noted Scotch physician. 
 He had the medical charge of the NVestlndian fleet under 
 Rodney (1779-81), and was later (1785) appointed physician 
 extraordinary to the Prince of Wales. He wrote “Ele- 
 ments of Medical Logic” (1819), etc. 
 
 Blane, Niel. The popular landlord of the Howff 
 in Scott’s novel “Old Mortality.” He is also 
 town piper. Jennie, his daughter, is the bar- 
 maid. 
 
 Blanes (blan'yes). A seaport in the province 
 of Gerona, northeastern Spain, situated on the 
 Mediterranean 40 miles northeast of Barcelona. 
 Population, 4,969. 
 
 Blangini (blan-je'ne), Giuseppe Marco Maria 
 Felice. Born at Turin, Nov. 18, 1781: died at 
 Paris, Dec. 18, 1841. An Italian tenor and 
 operatic composer. Ho wrote “Chim&re et 
 r6alit6,” “Encore un tour de Caliphe,” “ Ro- 
 mances,” in 34 numbers, etc. 
 
 Blankenberghe (blan'ken-bereh-e, F. pron. 
 blon-ken-berg'). A sea-bathing place and fish- 
 ing town in the province of West Flanders, 
 Belgium, situated on the North Sea 9 miles 
 northwest of Bruges. Population, 6,134. 
 
 Blankenburg (bltin'ken-borG). A town in 
 Sckwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Germany, 21 miles 
 south of Weimar, in the Schwarzathal of the 
 Thuringian Forest. 
 
 Blankenburg. A town in Brunswick, in the 
 Harz 9 miles southwest of Halberstadt. It is 
 a noted summer resort, and contains a ducal 
 castle and a Rathaus. Population, 11,347. 
 
Blanketeers 
 
 Blanketeers (blang-ke-terz'). The name given 
 to a body of half-starved Manchester opera- 
 tives who met at St. Peter’s Field, March 10, 
 1817. Each man was provided with provisions and a 
 blanket, and their purpose was to walk to London to 
 petition for some legislative remedy against capitalistic 
 oppression, and especially for the great panacea of par- 
 liamentary reform. 
 
 The project of these poor simple-minded men, instead 
 of exciting compassion, filled the minds of the govern- 
 ment and the upper classes with alarm. It was regarded 
 as an attempt to overthrow the institutions of the coun- 
 try. The Habeas Corpus Act being at that time sus- 
 pended, the leaders of the proposed expedition were 
 seized and imprisoned. The greater part of those who 
 had intended to join it yielded at once ; a few, however, 
 persisted in their intentions ; but troops had been placed 
 along the proposed line of march, and they were inter- 
 cepted, searched, and either sent back or imprisoned. No- 
 thing was found on them to justify these proceedings, 
 except “two unusually long knives."’ 
 
 Molesworth , Hist. Eng., I. 11. 
 
 Blanqui (blon-ke'), Jerome Adolphe. Born at 
 Nice, France, Nov. 21, 1798 : died at Paris, Jan. 
 28, 1854. A noted French political economist. 
 His works include “L’Histoire de l’4conomie politique 
 en Europe, etc." (1837-38), “Voyage en Angleterre 1824,” 
 etc. 
 
 Blanqui, Louis Auguste. Born at Pnget-Th<$- 
 niers, Alpes-Mari times, France, Feb. 7, 1805: 
 died at Paris, Jan. 1, 1881. A French social- 
 ist and political agitator, brother of Jerome 
 Adolphe Blanqui. He took part in insurrec- 
 tionary movements in 1839, 1848, and 1871. 
 Blanzy (blon-ze'). A town in the department 
 of Sadne-et-Loire, France, 19 miles south of 
 Autun. Population, commune, 4,977. 
 
 Blarney (blar'ni). A village in Cork, Ireland, 5 
 miles northwest of Cork. It contains a noted castle 
 built in 1446 by Cormack MacCarthy, and now forming a 
 picturesque ivy-clad ruin centered about a high, square, 
 battlemented and machicolated keep. The fame of the 
 castle is due to its possession of the wonder-working 
 Blarney stone, a block bearing the name of the founder 
 and the date, built into the south angle of the keep twenty 
 feet below the top. Since access to it is well nigh impos- 
 sible, a substitute has been provided within the battle- 
 ments to receive the kisses of tourists. 
 
 Blarney, Lady. One of the town ladies, or 
 rather ladies of the town, in Goldsmith’s “Vicar 
 of Wakefield,” who make the acquaintance of 
 the vicar’s innocent family under false pre- 
 tenses. The other is Miss Carolina ^llhelmina 
 Skeggs. 
 
 Blasius (bla'zi-us), or Blaize (blaz), Saint. A 
 bishop of Sebaste, Armenia, martyred in 316. 
 He was adopted by the wool-combers as their patron saint, 
 apparently because iron combs were used in tearing his 
 ilesh when martyred. His festival is celebrated on Feb. 
 3 by the Roman and Anglican churches, and on Feb. 11 
 by t lie Greeks. The wool-combers" procession is still held 
 on Feb. 3 in England. 
 
 Blasius, Docteur. The pseudonym of Paschal 
 Grousset in “Figaro.” 
 
 Blatant Beast, The. In Spenser’s “Faerie 
 Queene,” the personification of slander. He 
 is a foul monster with a hundred tongues. 
 Blathers (blaTH'erz). A Bow-street officer in 
 Dickens’s “Oliver Twist.” 
 
 Blattergowl (blat'er-goul). A prosy Scotch 
 minister in Scott’s novel “ The Antiquary.” 
 Blaubeuren (blou'boi-ren). A small town in 
 Wiirtemberg, situated on the Blau 10 miles west 
 of Ulm. 
 
 Blauen (blou'en). One of the chief summits 
 of the Black Forest, near Mullhemr. Height, 
 3,830 feet. 
 
 Blavatsky (bla-vat'ski), Madame (Helena 
 Petrovna Hahn-Hahn). Born at Yekaterino- 
 slaff, Russia, in 1831 : died at London, May 8, 
 1891. A Russian theosophist and traveler in 
 the East, etc. : one of the chief founders of the 
 “ Theosophieal Society ” in 1875. She wrote 
 “Isis Unveiled” (1876), “The Secret Doctrine” 
 (1888), “Key to Theosophy” (1889), etc. 
 
 Blaye (bla). [L. Blavia, Blabia, I Hava.] A sea- 
 port in the department of Gironde, France, 21 
 miles northwest of Bordeaux: the Roman 
 Blavia. Population, commune, 4,890. 
 
 Blaze (blaz), Francois Henri Joseph, called 
 Castil-Blaze. Born at Cavaillon, Vaucluse, 
 France, Dee. 1, 1784: died at Paris, Dec. 11, 
 1857. A French writer on music, musical critic, 
 and operatic composer. From 1822 to 1832 he 
 was musical critic of the “Journal des Debats.” 
 He wrote “De l’op6ra en France” (1820), etc. 
 Blaze de Bury (blaz de bii-re') (originally 
 Ange Henri Blaze). Born at Avignon, France, 
 May 19, 1813: died at Paris, March 15, 1888. 
 A French author, son of Castil-Blaze. He wrote 
 for the “Revue des Deux Mondes” under the pen-names 
 “Hans Werner," “F. de Lagenevais,” and “Henri Blaze, ’ 
 and lived for some time at the court of Weimar. His 
 works include “Ecrivains et poetes de l’AUemagne" 
 (1843), “ Les poesies de Goethe ” (1843), etc. 
 
 162 
 
 Bleak House. A novel by Charles Dickens, 
 published 1852-53 in twenty monthty num- 
 bers. It was named from a dreary-looking house which 
 was his summer residence at Broadstairs. It was aimed 
 at the delays of the Court of Chancery. It was illustrated 
 by “Phiz." 
 
 Bledow (bla'do), Ludwig. Born July 27, 1795: 
 died at Berlin, Aug. 6, 1846. A famous German 
 chess-player, founder of the so-called Berlin 
 chess school (1837-42). His collection of works 
 on chess was purchased by the Royal Library 
 of Berlin. 
 
 Bleeding-heart Yard. A part of London for- 
 merly the property of the Hatton family. About 
 the origin of its title there are various traditions. The 
 place is much built over with poor houses. It is intro- 
 duced by Dickens in “ Little Dorrit ” as the x’esidence of 
 the Plornishes, Daniel Doyce, and others. 
 
 Bleek (blak), Friedrich. Born at Ahrensbock, 
 Holstein, July 4, 1793: died at Bonn, Germany, 
 Feb. 27, 1859. A German biblical critic, pro- 
 fessor of theology at Bonn 1829-59. 
 
 Bleek, Wilhelm Heinrich Immanuel. Born 
 at Berlin, March 8, 1827 : died at Cape Town, 
 Cape Colony, Aug. 17, 1875. A noted African 
 linguist, ne went to Natal, South Africa, in 1855, and 
 in i856 to Cape Town, where lie was appointed librarian 
 of Sir George Grey’s library. In this capacity he wrote 
 his “Catalogue of Sir George Grey’s Library" (3 vols., 
 1S58-63), “ Hottentot Fables ” (1864), “ Comparative Gram- 
 mar of South African Languages" (1862-69). He died 
 while working at a dictionary of the Bushman language. 
 
 Blefuscu (ble-fus'kii). An island described in 
 Swift’s “Gulliver’s Travels.” it was separated 
 
 from Lilliput by a channel, and was intended to satirize 
 France. The inhabitants were pygmies. Gulliver wades 
 across the channel and carries off its entire fleet. 
 Bleibtreu (blib'troi), Georg. Born at Xanten, 
 Rhenish Prussia, March 27, 1828 : died at Ber- 
 lin, Oct. 16, 1892. A German battle-painter. 
 His chief paintings are “Battle of Katzbach” 
 (1857), “Battle of Waterloo” (1858), etc. 
 Blemyes.or Blemmyes (blem'i-ez ) . [Gr. 
 BAt'/;/zu£f.] In ancient history, a nomadic Ethio- 
 pian tribe, infesting Nubia and Upper Egypt. 
 See Bisharin. They were frequently at war with the 
 Romans, and were often defeated under Aurelian, Probus, 
 and Diocletian. They were the subjects of fabulous ac- 
 counts by early writers, who represent them as headless 
 and as having their eyes, nose, and mouth in their breasts. 
 
 Bleneau (bla-no'), Battle of. A victory gained 
 at Bleneau (in the department of Yonne, 
 France) by the Spaniards under Condo over 
 Turenne in 1652 : iu another battle on the next 
 day Turenne gained the advantage. 
 Blenerhasset (blen-er-has'et), Thomas. Born 
 about 1550 : died about 1625. An English poet 
 and historian. His best-known work is “The Second 
 Parte of the Mirrour for Magistrates ’’ (1578). 
 
 Blenheim (blen'im), G. Blindheim(blint'liim). 
 A village in western Bavaria, situated on the 
 Danube in lat. 48° 37' N., long. 10° 36' E. 
 Near here, Aug. 13 (N. 8.), 1704, the allied English, Ger- 
 mans, Dutch, aud Danes (52,000), under the Duke of Marl- 
 borough and Prince Eugene, defeated the French and 
 Bavarians (55,000-60,000), under Tallard. Thelossof the Al- 
 lies was 11,000-12,000, and that of the French and Bavarians, 
 40,000 ('). The battle is called by French and Germans the 
 battle of Hochstadt. 
 
 Blenheim Palace. A mansion at Woodstock, 
 Oxfordshire, England, built by Vanbrugh at 
 national cost, 1705-16, for the first Duke of 
 Marlborough. It is an imposing pile, measuring 320 
 feet east and west, and 190 feet north and south. The 
 chief facade presents a projecting entrance-portico be- 
 tween two prominent wings whose inner faces sweep in a 
 curve toward the entrance. The ornamentation is poor, 
 and the columns are so large as to dwarf even the enor- 
 mous building. The park faijade and the two lesser facades 
 are better : each has a large bow-window in the middle, and 
 is flanked by end pavilions. The interior has many fine 
 apartments. 
 
 Blennerhasset (blen-er-has'et), Harman. 
 Born at Hampshire, England, Oct. 8, 1765 
 (1764?): died at Guernsey, Channel Islands, 
 Feb. 1, 1831. An Englishman of Irish descent, 
 noted iu connection with Burr’s conspiracy. 
 
 He settled about 1798 on a small island, since called Blen- 
 nerhasset’s Island, in the Ohio, near Marietta, where he 
 erected a mansion which he surrounded with gardens 
 and conservatories, and furnished with a library and other 
 facilities for the gratification of intellectual tastes. He 
 was persuaded in 1805 by Burr to join his enterprise, 
 probably without knowing its true character, and was 
 arrested and indicted for treason, but was released in 
 1807 on Burr’s acquittal, his home having in the mean 
 time been sold to satisfy hiscreditors. The tradition that 
 his last years were spent in poverty is not correct. 
 
 Blennerhasset’s Island. A small island in 
 the Ohio, 2 miles below Parkersburg, West Vir- 
 ginia : so called from Harman Blennerhasset, 
 famous in connection with Burr’s conspiracy. 
 Blessing of Jacob. One of the finest paintings 
 of Rembrandt (1656), in the museum at Cassel, 
 Germany. Jacob, on his death-bed, supported by Joseph, 
 
 Blodget 
 
 gives his benediction to his two young grandsons, who 
 kneel beside the bed. Their mother, with folded hands, 
 stands behind them. 
 
 Blessington, Countess of. See Power (Far- 
 mer), Marguerite. 
 
 Blicher (biich'er), Steen Steensen. Born at 
 Vium, Jutland, Denmark, Oct. 11, 1782: died at 
 Spentrup, March 26, 1848. A Danish lyric poet 
 and noyelist. His works include the novels “Jydske 
 Romanzer," “Nationalnoveller,” etc. (published collec- 
 tively 1833-36). 
 
 Blida (ble-dii'). A town in the department 
 of Algiers, Algeria, 25 miles southwest of Al- 
 giers. Population, 16,866; commune, 31,193. 
 Blifil (bli'fil), Captain John. A hypocritical 
 eoxcombin Fielding’s “ Tom Jones, ”of “ pinch- 
 beck professions and vamped up virtues.” 
 Blifil, Doctor. The elder brother of Captain 
 Blifil. 
 
 Bligh (bli), William. Born at Tyntan, Com wa 11 , 
 1754 : died at London, Dec. 7, 1817. An English 
 admiral. He was commander of his Majesty’s ship Bounty 
 in 1787 ; was cast adrift near the Friendly Islands in 1789 ; 
 and reached Timor in 1789. He published a “ Narrative ” 
 of the mutiny in 1790. See Bounty. 
 
 Blight ( blit ) , Y oung. Mr. Mortimer Light wood’s 
 office-boy in Dickens’s novel “Our Mutual 
 Friend.” He is of a peculiarly depressing as- 
 pect. 
 
 Blimber (blim'er), Cornelia. The daughter of 
 Doctor Blimber in Charles Dickens’s “Dombey 
 and Son.” She wore short hair and spectacles and was 
 “dry and sandy with working in the graves of deceased 
 languages.” 
 
 Blimber, Doctor. The principal of the board- 
 ing-school, in Charles Dickens’s “Dombey and 
 Son,” to which little Paul Dombey is sent: an 
 unimpassioned, grave man with an appearance 
 of learning. 
 
 Blind (blind). Karl. Bom at Mannheim, Ger- 
 many, Sept. 4, 1820: died at London, May 31, 
 1907. A German political agitator and writer. 
 Blind Beggar of Alexandria, The. A comedy 
 by Chapman, first acted about 1596 and printed 
 in 1598. 
 
 Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green, The, with 
 the Merry Humours of Tom Stroud. A play 
 by Chettle and Day, written before May, 1600, 
 blit not printed till 1659. It was based on the pop- 
 ular ballad called “ The Blind Beggar’s Daughter of Beth- 
 nal Green.” 
 
 Blind Beggar’s Daughter of Bethnal Green, 
 The. A very popular ballad preserved in 
 Percy’s “Reliques,” “Ancient Poems,” and 
 other collections of old ballads. It is the story 
 of “pretty Bessee,” the daughter of “ the Blind Beggar." 
 The latter is in reality Henry, the son of Simon de Montfort, 
 who assumes this disguise to escape the spies of King 
 Henry. Bessee is wooed by a merchant, an innkeeper, a 
 gentleman, and a knight : all but the knight, however, 
 say farewell to heron learning that her father is a beggar. 
 The knight marries her, and her father reveals his true 
 fortune and character at the wedding. See Beggar of 
 Bethnal Green. 
 
 Blinder (blin'der), Mrs. The keeper of a chan- 
 dler’s shop in Charles Dickens’s “Bleak House."’ 
 She has “a dropsy or an asthma, or perhaps 
 both.” 
 
 Blind Harry. Died about 1492. A Scottish 
 minstrel: author of a poem on Sir William 
 Wallace. The only known manuscript of the 
 poem is dated 1488. 
 
 Blind Preacher, The. William Henry Milburn. 
 Blink Bonny. An English thoroughbred mare 
 bred in 1854, by Melbourne, dam Queen Mary 
 by Gladiator. Like Eleanor she won both the Derby 
 and Oaks (1857). In 1861 she threw Blair Athol to Stock- 
 well. .She died in 1862. Melbourne represented the Godol- 
 phin barb line of stallions. Queen Mary was also the 
 dam of Bonnie Scotland, imported into America. 
 
 Blister (blis'tSr). An apothecary in Fielding’s 
 “Old Man Taught Wisdom, or The Virgin Un- 
 masked.” 
 
 Blithedale (blith'dal) Romance, The. A ro- 
 mance by Hawthorne, published in 1852. It 
 
 was founded on the Brook Farm experiment (which see), 
 and in .Miles Coverdale Hawthorne described much of his 
 own character. “ The predominant idea of the ‘ Blithe- 
 dale Romance ’ is to delineate the deranging effect of an 
 absorbing philanthropic idea on a powerful mind." It. U. 
 Hutton, Essays in I.it. Crit. 
 
 Block (blok), Ben. A nickname for a sailor. 
 Block, Maurice. Born at Berlin, Feb. 18, 1816: 
 died at Paris, Jan. 9, 1901. A French political 
 economist and statistician. His works include “Des 
 charges de l’agriculture ” (1850),“ Puissance comparde des 
 divers 6tats do l’Europe, ’ etc. He edited from 1856 
 “L’Annuaire do l’dconomie politique etdelastatistique.” 
 Block Island, Ind. Manisees (man'i-sez). An 
 island in the Atlantic Ocean, 10 miles south- 
 southwest of Point Judith in Rhode Island. 
 It forms the township of New Shoreham, Rhode Island. 
 It is a noted summer resort. Length, 8 miles. 
 
 Blodget (bloj'et), Lorin. Bom May 25, 1823: 
 
Blodget 
 
 died March 24, 1901. An American physicist 
 and statistician : author of “ Climatology of 
 the United States” (1857), etc. 
 
 Blodgett, Samuel. Born at Woburn, Mass., 
 April 1, 1724 : died at Haverhill, N. H., Sept. 1, 
 1807. An American inventor. He constructed a 
 machine for raising sunken vessels, 1783, and began the 
 canal around Amoskeag Falls, at Manchester, New Hamp- 
 shire, which bears his name. 
 
 Bloemaert (blo'mart), Abraham. Born at 
 Gorkum, Netherlands, 1564: died at Utrecht, 
 1651. A Dutch painter of landscapes and his- 
 torical pieces, noted as a colorist. 
 
 Bloemen (blo'men), Jan Frans van. Born 
 at Antwerp, 1662: died at Rome, 1740 (?). A 
 Flemish landscape-painter, surnamed “Oriz- 
 zonte ” from the horizons of his landscapes. 
 Bloemen, Pieter van, surnamed “ Standaert.” 
 Born 1657 : died 1720. A Flemish battle-painter, 
 brother of Jan Frans van Bloemen. 
 Bloemfontein (blom'fon-tan). The capital of 
 Orange Free State, South Africa, situated 
 in lat. 29° 8' S., long. 26° 40' E. Population, 
 33,883. In 1910 it became the seat of the su- 
 preme court of South Africa. 
 
 Blois (blwa). [LL. Blesurn .] The capital of the 
 department of Loir-et-Cher, France, situated on 
 the Loire in lat. 47° 35' N., long. 1° 18' E. : 
 Medieval Latin Blesurn, Blesis, or Bleza. it was 
 the capital of the medieval countship of Blois. The cha- 
 teau (castle) is a historic royal palace, of great extent. It 
 was purchased by Louis of Orleans (son of Charles V.), and 
 was the residence of Louis XII. The east front, of red 
 brick and stone, was built by Louis XII. ; over its richly 
 ornamented portal is an equestrian statue of the king, in 
 a canopied niche. The court within has a story with 
 square mullioned windows over graceful arcades, and 
 topped by a high roof with decorated dormer-windows. 
 Another wing was built by Francois I., in an excellent 
 Renaissance style. Its most prominent feature is an open 
 winding staircase, richly adorned with sculpture, forming 
 a projecting tower. The splendid apartments of the in- 
 terior range in date from the 13th century down ; they are 
 decorated with carving, color, and wall-hanging9. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 23,972. 
 
 Blois, County of, or Blaisois, or Blesois. A 
 
 medieval county of France, included in the 
 government of Orleanais, and comprised in the 
 department of Loir-et-Cher. Capital, Blois. It 
 became a possession of the crown in 1498. 
 Blois, Charles of. See Charles of Blois. 
 
 Blois, Louis of. See Louis XII. 
 
 Blois, Stephen of. See Stephen of. 
 
 Blome (blom), Richard. Died 1705. A Lon- 
 don publisher and compiler. His name is appended 
 to many books which are said to have been written by 
 impecunious authors for a pittance, and for which he ob- 
 tained subscriptions from wealthy persons. Among these 
 are a large work on heraldry, and two books relating to the 
 British colonies in America. 
 
 Blomneld (blum'feld), Charles James. Born 
 at Bury-St. -Edmunds, England, May 29, 1786 : 
 died at Fulham, England, Aug. 5, 1857. An 
 English prelate, bishop of London 1828-56. He 
 edited various plays of ASschylus, etc. 
 Blommaert (blom'mart), Philipp. Born at 
 Ghent, Belgium, Aug. 27, 1808 : died at Ghent, 
 Aug. 14, 1871. A Flemish historian and poet, 
 reviver of old Flemish literature. His chief work 
 is “Aloude geschiedenis der Belgen of Nederduitschers ” 
 (1849). 
 
 Blond, Jacques Christophe le. See LeUond. 
 Blondel (blou-del'; F. pron. bldn-del'). Born 
 at Nesle, Picardy, France : flourished in the 
 second half of the 12th century. A French 
 trouv&re, attendant and friend of Richard Cceur 
 de Lion . According to the traditional account (probably 
 a fable), he discovered the presence of the imprisoned 
 Richard in the castle of Durrenstein by singing under the 
 tower in which the king was confined a song which the 
 two had composed and to which the king responded. 
 
 Blondin (bloh-dah'), Charles (Emile Gra- 
 
 vele). Born at St. Omer, France, Feb. 28, 
 1824: died at Ealing, London, Feb. 19, 1897. 
 A Frenchman, famous as a tight-rope walker. 
 He crossed the Niagara River 1855, 1859, 1860. 
 Blood, Council of. The popular name of a 
 tribunal organized in the Netherlands by the 
 Duke of Alva in 1567. Its object was the punish- 
 ment of the enemies of Spanish rule and the Roman 
 Catholic religion. 
 
 Blood, Thomas. Born, probably in Ireland, 
 about 1618: died Aug. 24, 1680. A famous 
 Irish adventurer, called “Colonel” Blood. He 
 was the leader in an unsuccessful attempt to seize Dublin 
 Castle and the person of the Duke of Ormonde, the lord 
 lieutenant, in 1663. He escaped ; remained for a time in 
 Ireland and then lied to Holland; returned to England 
 and joined the Fifth Monarchy men ; went to Scotland 
 and associated himself with the Covenanters, remaining 
 with them until their defeat on Pentland Hills, Nov. 27, 
 1666; and then revisited England and Ireland. In 1070 
 he led another assault on Ormonde, and in 1671 attempted 
 to steal the crown jewels from the Tower. .Scott intro- 
 duces him in “Beveril of the Peak." 
 
 163 
 
 Blood Indians. See Siksika. 
 
 Bloody Angle. A salient at Spotsylvania 
 Court House, which received this name from 
 the severe fighting which followed the capture 
 there by General Hancock of about 4,000 Con- 
 federate soldiers under General Edward John- 
 son, May 12, 1864. 
 
 Bloody Assizes. The popular name for the 
 trials for participation in Monmouth’s rising of 
 1685, held in the western counties of England 
 and presided over by Lord Jeffreys. Over 300 
 persons were supposed to have been executed. 
 Bloody Brook. A brook about a mile north- 
 west of Deerfield, Massachusetts, the scene of 
 an Indian massacre in 1675. 
 
 Bloody Brother, The, or Rollo, Duke of 
 Normandy. A tragedy by Fletcher and others 
 (probably W. Rowley and Massinger), printed 
 in 1639. The date of production is doubtful. 
 
 Bloody Mary. An epithet given to Mary, 
 queen of England (1553-58), on account of the 
 persecutions which she sanctioned. 
 
 Bloomer (blo'mer), Mrs. (Amelia Jenks). Born 
 May 27, 1818 : died Dec. 30, 1894. An American 
 reformer. She lectured on temperance and the lights 
 of women, but was principally known for her adoption of 
 a reformed dress, consisting of Turkish trousers and a 
 dress with short skirts, which was first introduced by 
 Elizabeth Smith Miller. 
 
 Bloomfield (blom'feld), Robert. Bornat, Hon- 
 ington, Suffolk, England, Dec. 3, 1766: died 
 at Shefford, Bedfordshire, England, Aug. 19, 
 1823. An English poet and shoemaker. His 
 best-known work is “The Farmer’s Boy” 
 (1800). 
 
 Bloomfield, Samuel Thomas. Born 1790: 
 died at Wandsworth Common, England, Sept. 
 28, 1869. An English scholar and biblical 
 critic. He edited the Greek Testament (1832). 
 Bloomington (bliim'ing-ton). A city, the capi- 
 tal of McLean County, Illinois, in lat. 40° 28' 
 N., long. 89° W. It is a railroad center, and has 
 several educational institutions and some manufactures. 
 Population, 25,768, (1910). 
 
 Bloomsbury (blomz'ber-i). A district lying 
 north of New Oxford street, London, between 
 Euston Road, Gray’s Inn Road, and Tottenham 
 Court Road. 
 
 Bloomsbury Gang. A name given to a politi- 
 cal clique influential about 1790. Its leader 
 was the Duke of Bedford, and its headquarters 
 Bloomsbury House, London. 
 
 Bloomsbury Square. A noted square north of 
 New Oxford street, London. 
 
 Blore Heath (blor heth). A heath situated 
 near Market Drayton, Shropshire, England. 
 Here, Sept. 23, 1459, the Yorkists under the Earl of Salis- 
 bury defeated the Lancastrians under Lord Audley. 
 
 Blot in the ’Scutcheon, A. A tragedy by 
 Robert Browning, brought out in England in 
 1843. It was afterward produced in America 
 by Lawrence Barrett. 
 
 Blouet (blo-a' ), Paul : pseudonym Max O’Rell. 
 Born in Brittany, France, March 2, 1848: died 
 at Paris, May 24, 1903. A French author and 
 lecturer. He published “John Bull and his 
 Island,” “Jonathan and his Continent,” etc. 
 Blount (blunt), Charles. Died 1545. The 
 fifth Lord Mountjoy, noted as a patron of 
 learning. 
 
 Blount, Charles. Born 1563 : died at London, 
 April 3, 1606. The eighth Lord Mountjoy, cre- 
 ated earl of Devonshire in 1603. He was a favorite 
 of Elizabeth, and a friend and supporter of Essex whom he 
 succeeded in Ireland. He defeated Tyrone, and, with Sir 
 George Carew, obtained military possession of nearly the 
 whole of Ireland. See Stella. 
 
 Blount, Charles. Born at Upper Holloway, 
 England, April 27, 1654: died Aug., 1693. An 
 English deist and pamphleteer. He wrote against 
 the censorship of the press, and, having fallen in love 
 with his deceased wife’s sister, published a defense of 
 marriage between persons so connected. He committed 
 suicide in despair of accomplishing the union. He wrote 
 “ Anima mundi, etc.” (1679) and “The Two Books of Phi- 
 lostratus, or the Life of Apollonius of Tyanseus, from the 
 Greek ” (1680), etc. 
 
 Blount, Sir Frederick. A poor but well-dressed 
 fortune-hunter in Bulwer’s play ‘ ‘ Money.” He 
 is quite unable to pronounce the letter “r,” 
 considering it “wough and wasping.” 
 
 Blount, Harry. Lord Marmion’s page in 
 Scott’s poem “Marmion.” 
 
 Blount, Martha. Bom near Reading (prob- 
 ably), June 15, 1690 : died in Berkeley Row, 
 Hanover Square, London, 1762. An intimate 
 friend of Pope. He left her by his will £1,000, many 
 books, all bis household goods, etc., and made her resid- 
 uary legatee. 
 
 Blount, Thomas. Born at Bordesley, Worces- 
 
 Blue Boy, The 
 
 tershire, England, 1618 : died at Orleton, Eng- 
 land, Dec. 26, 1679. An English miscellaneous 
 writer. He studied law at the Inner Temple, and was 
 admitted to the bar ; but, as his religion (Roman Catholic) 
 interfered with the practice of his profession, he retired 
 to his estate at Orleton, in Herefordshire, and continued 
 his study of the law as an amateur. Among his numer 
 ous works are “ Glossographia, etc.” (1656), and “ A Law 
 Dictionary ” (1670). 
 
 Blount, William. Born in North Carolina, 
 1744: died at Knoxville, Tenn., March 21, 1800. 
 An American politician. He was one of the signers 
 of the Constitution, was appointed governor of the terri- 
 tory south of the Ohio in 1790, became United States sena- 
 tor from Tennessee in 1796, and was expelled in 1797 for 
 having instigated the Creeks and Cherokees to aid the 
 British in conquering the Spanish territory of West Florida. 
 Blow (bio), John. Born at North Collingham, 
 Nottinghamshire, England, 1648: died at West- 
 minster, Oct. 1, 1708. A noted English musi- 
 cal composer, organist of Westminster Abbey, 
 and later of the Chapel Royal. 
 
 Blowitz (blo'vits), Henry Georges Stephane 
 Adolphe Opper de. Born at Blowitz. near 
 Pilsen, Bohemia, Dee. 28, 1825 : died at Paris, 
 Jan. 18, 1903. A journalist, the Paris rep- 
 resentative of the London “Times.” His pa- 
 rents were Austrians of Hebrew descent, but he adopted 
 the name of Ids birthplace and was naturalized a French- 
 man in 1870. He commenced life in France as a teacher 
 of German at Tours, Marseilles, etc. ; became a contrib- 
 utor to “La Gazette du Midi” and other papers; and in 
 1871 became connected with the London “ Times.” He 
 was decorated (1871) with the badge of the Legion 
 of Honor (officer of the Legion in 1878). He wrote 
 “Feuilles volantes” (1858), “Midi h quatorze heures : 
 l’Allemagne et la Provence" (1869), “ Le manage royal 
 d’Espagne ” (1878), “ Une course a Constantinople " (1884), 
 “ Memoirs" (1903), etc. He retired in 1901. 
 
 Blowzelinda (blou-ze-lin'da), or Blowsalinda 
 
 (blou-za-lin'da). [From hlmvze, a coarse 
 wench.] A country girl in Gay’s pastoral poem 
 “The Shepherd’s Week.” She is not the rustic 
 maiden of the poets, but a strong realistic milkmaid, 
 feeding the hogs and doing various unromantic things. 
 
 Bliicher (bliich'er), Gebhard Leberecht von, 
 
 Prince of Wahlstadt. Born at Rostock, Meck- 
 lenburg-Schwerin, Dec. 16, 1742 : died at Krie- 
 blowitz, in Silesia, Sept. 12, 1819. A famous 
 field-marshal in the Prussian service. He com- 
 manded at Auerstadt, Oct. 14, 1806 ; served with distinc- 
 tion at Liitzen, Bautzen, Leipsic, etc., 1813 ; defeated Na- 
 poleon at Laon, March 9, 1814 ; was defeated at Ligny, 
 June 16, 1815; and commanded the Prussians at Water- 
 loo, June 18, 1815. 
 
 Bludenz (blo'dents). A town in Yorarlberg, 
 Austria-Hungary, situated on the 111 24 miles 
 south of Bregenz. Population, 5,867, (1910). 
 Bludoff (blo'dof), Count Dmitri Nikolaye- 
 vitch. Born in the government of Vladimir, 
 Russia, April 16, 1785 : died at St. Petersburg, 
 March 2 (N. S.), 1864. A Russian statesman 
 and diplomatist. He was appointed minister of the 
 interior in 1837, and of justice in 1839, and president of the 
 council of the empire and council of the ministry in 1861. 
 
 Bluebeard (blo'berd), F. Barbe-bleue (barb- 
 ble'), G. Blaubart (blou'bart). The nickname 
 of the chevalier Raoul (an imaginary person- 
 age), celebrated for his cruelty. The historic ori- 
 ginal was, perhaps, Gilles de Laval, Baron de Retz (born 
 1396 : died 1440). He is the subject of works by Perrault, 
 G re try, Offenbach, Tieck, etc. In Perrault he is a rich 
 man who, in spite of his hideous blue beard, has had six 
 wives and marries a seventh, a young girl named Fatima. 
 He leaves the keys of the castle with her while he goes on 
 a journey, telling her that she may enter any room but 
 one. She disobeys, enters the forbidden chamber, and 
 discovers the bodies of his former wives. A blood-stain 
 on the key reveals her disobedience, and her husband 
 gives her five minutes to prepare for death. Her sister 
 Anne mounts to the top of the castle to watch for aid, 
 and at last sees their brothers coming. They arrive and 
 kill Bluebeard as he is about to despatch Fatima. Per- 
 rault’s story was written in French about 1697, and trans- 
 lated into English in the 18th century. Several similar 
 tales are to be found in Straparola’s “Piacevoii Notti,” 
 published in 1569, and in the “ Pentamerone ” by “Gian 
 Alesio Abbatutis ” (Gianbattista Basile). A series of fres- 
 cos dating from the 13th century has been discovered in a 
 chapel at Morbihan, representing the legend of St. Tro- 
 phine, which is that of the too curious wife of Bluebeard. 
 “La Barbe Bleue has a striking resemblance to the story 
 in the Arabian Nights of the Third Calendar, who has all 
 the keys of a magnificent castle intrusted to him, with in- 
 junctions not to open a certain apartment ; he gratifies his 
 curiosity, and is punished for his disobedience.” DuiUop. 
 Blue Beard. A comic opera by Sedaine (music 
 by Guitry), produced in 1797. 
 
 Blue Beard or Female Curiosity. A musical 
 play by Colman the Younger, produced in 1798. 
 Blue Bird, The, F. L’Oiseau Bleue (lwa-zo' 
 ble). A fairy tale by Madame d’Aulnoy. Flora 
 and Troutina, daughters of a king, are rivals for the hand 
 of Prince Charming. He loves Flora, who is good and 
 beautiful ; but the queen insists that he shall marry Trou- 
 tina, who is ill-tempered and hideous. In consequence 
 of his refusal, he is condemned to wear the form of a blue- 
 bird for seven years. The superior power of a friendly 
 enchantress and a fairy enables them to restore him to 
 his own form and unite him to the lovely Flora. 
 
 Blue Boy, The. A painting by Gainsborough 
 
Blue Boy, The 
 
 (1779), in Grosvenor House, London, it isa full- 
 length portrait of a boy wearing a 16th-century costume 
 of blue satin, in a landscape background. 
 
 Blue-coat School. See Christ’s Hospital. 
 Bluefields (blo'feldz). A town in the Mosquito 
 Reserve (department of Zelaya), Nicaragua, 
 near the mouth of the Escondido River. 
 Blue-gOWIlS. A name given to certain bedesmen 
 who received alms from the kings of Scotland. 
 They wore a blue gown with a pewter badge, and were al- 
 lowed to beg in any part of Scotland. 
 
 Blue-Grass Region. A popular name given to 
 that part of central Kentucky which abounds 
 in blue-grass ( Poa pratensis). 
 
 Blue Grotto. A celebrated cavern on the shore 
 of Capri in Italy. 
 
 Blue Hen, The. A nickname of the State of 
 Delaware. The regiment furnished by Delaware in the 
 American War for Independence was, on account of its 
 fighting qualities, known as the “ Game Cock Regiment." 
 One of its officers, Captain Caldwell, who was noted as a 
 . fancier of game-cocks, maintained that a true game-cock 
 must of necessity be the progeny of a blue hen. Hence 
 arose the application of this name to the State. 
 
 Blue Hills. A range of hills iu Norfolk County, 
 Massachusetts, near Milton, south of Boston. 
 The height of Great Blue Hill is 635 feet. 
 
 Blue Knight, The. In medieval romance, Sir 
 Persaunt of India, overthrown by Sir Gareth. 
 He is described in Malory’s “ Prince Arthur” 
 and in Tennyson’s idyll “Gareth and Lvnette.” 
 Blue-mantle. The English pursuivant-at-arms. 
 ★His official robe is of that color. 
 
 Blue Mountains. 1. A range of mountains in 
 the eastern part of Jamaica. Height of highest 
 point, Blue Mountain Peak, 7,300 feet. — 2. A 
 range of mountains in the eastern part of New 
 South Wales, Australia, north of the Australian 
 Alps, and west of Sydney. Height, about 4,600 
 feet. — 3. A range of mountains in northeast- 
 ern Oregon. Average height, about 7,000 feet. 
 — 4. In Pennsylvania and New Jersey, the 
 second main ridge of the Appalachian Moun- 
 tains: also known in their northeastern parts 
 as the Kittatinny and in New York as the Sha- 
 ★wangunk Mountains. 
 
 Blue Ridge. The easternmost of the chains 
 of the Appalachian system of mountains, in 
 Virginia and North Carolina, it is a contin- 
 uation of the South Mouutain of Pennsylvania and Mary- 
 land, which is also often called the Blue Ridge. It is 
 famous for its picturesque scenery. In Virginia it sepa- 
 rates the Piedmont region from the valley, of Virginia 
 Highest point, in North Carolina, the Grandfather, 5,964 
 feet. 
 
 Blues (bloz). In Canadian politics, the Conser- 
 vatives of Quebec. 
 
 Blue-stocking Clubs. A name applied to as- 
 semblies held in London about 1750 at the houses 
 of Mrs. Montague and other ladies, in which 
 literary conversation and other intellectual en- 
 joyments were substituted for cards and gossip, 
 and which were characterized bya studied plain- 
 ness of dress on the part of some of the guests. 
 Among these was Mr. Benjamin Stillingfleet, who always 
 wore blue stockings, and in reference to whom, especially, 
 the coterie was called in derision the “Blue-stocking 
 Society" or the “Blue-stocking Club,” and the members, 
 especially the ladies, “blue-stockingers," “blue-stocking 
 ladies," and later simply “blue-stockings" or “blues." 
 
 Bluestring (blo'string), Robin. A nickname 
 of Sir Robert Walpole, referring to his blue 
 ribbon as a Knight of the Garter. 
 
 Bluet d’Arberes (blti-a' dar-bar'), Bernard 
 de. Born about 1560 : died at Paris, 1606. A 
 French professional fool. He assumed the title of 
 Comte de Permission, and published crack-brained pro- 
 phecies and eulogies on his patrons. His “tEuvres," con- 
 sisting of about 180 numbered pieces, are extremely rare, 
 and are highly prized by bibliophiles. 
 
 Bluff (bluf), Colonel. A character in Fielding’s 
 “Intriguing Chambermaid.” 
 
 Bluff City. An epithet sometimes given to Han- 
 nibal, Missouri, from its position. 
 
 Blum (blom), Robert. Born at Cologne, Prus- 
 sia, Nov. 10, 1807 : executed at Vienna, Nov. 9, 
 1848. A German political agitator and writer, 
 leader of the liberal party in Saxony in 1848. 
 Blum, Robert Frederick. Born at Cincinnati, 
 O., July 9, 1857: died at New York, June 8, 1903. 
 An American painter, illustrator, and etcher. 
 Blumenau, Battle of. An action between the 
 Prussians and Austrians at Blumenau in Hun- 
 gary, July 22, 1866. It was interrupted by news 
 of the armistice. 
 
 Blumenbach (blo'men-bach), Johann Fried- 
 rich. Born at Gotha, Germany, May 11, 1752 : 
 died at Gottingen, Germany, Jan. 22, 1840. A 
 celebrated German naturalist and physiologist, 
 the founder of anthropology. He was professor 
 of medicine and anatomy in the University of Gottingen 
 1776-1835, and editor of the “ Medicinische Bibliotek " 
 1780-94. He was the first to teach natural history on 
 
 164 
 
 the basis of comparative anatomy, and proposed the di- 
 vision of the human species into five races : the Cauca- 
 sian, Mongolian, Malay, American, and African or Ethio- 
 pian. His works include “ Handbuch der vergleichendcn 
 Anatomie und Physiologie " (1804), “tjber den Bildungs- 
 trieb und das Zeugungsgescnaft (1781), “ Institutiones 
 physiological ” (1787). 
 
 Blumen-, Frucht- und Dornenstiicke. See 
 
 Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces. 
 
 Blumenthal (blo'men-tal), Leonhard, Count 
 von. Born July 30, 1810: died Dec. 22, 1900. 
 A Prussian general. He became chief of the gen- 
 eral staff of the army in Schleswig-Holstein in 1849; 
 served with distinction in the war with Austria, becom- 
 ing a lieutenant-general in Oct., 1866; distinguished him- 
 self in the Franco-Prussian war as chief of staff in the 
 army of the Crown Prince ; and was made general field- 
 marshal in 1888. 
 
 Bliimlisalp (bliim'lis-alp). A mountain-group 
 in the Bernese Oberland, Switzerland, west of 
 the Jungfrau. Height of the Bliimlisalphorn, 
 12,042 feet. 
 
 Blunderbore (blun'der-bor). A giant in “ Jack 
 the Giant Killer.” Jack scuttled his boat, and 
 he was drowned. 
 
 Blunderstone Rookery (blun'der-ston ruk'- 
 er-i). The residence of David Copperfield, se- 
 nior, in Dickens’s novel “David Copperfield.” 
 Blundeville (blun'de-vil), Thomas. An Eng- 
 lish author. He was the son of Edward Blundeville, on 
 whose death in 1568 he inherited an estate at Newton Plot- 
 man, Norfolk. He is supposed to have been educated at 
 Cambridge. Iu 1571 he erected in the church of Newton 
 Flotman a monument under which he lies buried. He 
 wrote, besides a number of treatises on horsemanship and 
 other subjects, “A Briefe Description of universal Mappes 
 and Cardes and of their use ; and also the use of Pthole- 
 mey his Tables,” etc. (London, 1581), “ M. Blundeville his 
 Exercises ” (six treatises on cosmography, astronomy, ge- 
 ography, and the art of navigation: London, 1594), “The 
 Arte of Logike, etc.” (1599), and “ The Theoriques of the 
 Planets, together with the making of two instruments for 
 seamen to tind out the latitude without seeing sun, moon, 
 or stars, invented by Dr. Gilbert ’’(London, 1602). 
 
 Blunt (blunt), Colonel. A character in Sir R. 
 Howard’s “ Committee.” Like Benedick, when he 
 said he would die a bachelor he did not think he should 
 live to be married. 
 
 Blunt, Edmund. Born at Newburyport, Mass., 
 Nov. 23, 1799 : died at Brooklyn, N. Y., Sept. 2, 
 1866. An American hydrographer, son of Ed- 
 mund March Blunt. 
 
 Blunt, Edmund March. Born at Portsmouth, 
 N.H., June 20, 1770 : died at Sing Sing, N. Y., 
 Jan. 2, 1862. An American hydrographer, au- 
 thor of the “American Coast Pilot ” (1796), etc. 
 Blunt, John James. Born at Newcastle-under- 
 Lyme, Staffordshire, England, 1794: died at 
 Cambridge, England, June 18, 1855. An English 
 divine and ecclesiastical writer. 
 
 Blunt, Major-General. An old cavalier, rough 
 but honest, in Shadwell’s play “ The Volun- 
 teers.” 
 
 Bluntschli (bluntsh'li), Johann Kaspar. Born 
 at Zurich, Switzerland, March 7, 1808: died at 
 Carlsruhe, Baden, Oct. 21, 1881. A noted polit ical 
 economist and statesman, professor at Zurich 
 1833-48, at Munich 1848-61, and at Heidelberg 
 1861. His numerous works include “Allgemeines Staats- 
 recht ’’ ( 852), ‘ ‘ Deutsches Privatrecht ” (1853), “ Das mod- 
 erne Volkerrecht” (1868), etc. 
 
 Blurt (blert), Master Constable. 2 V play by 
 Middleton and Rowley, produced in 1602. “ Blurt, 
 Master Constable,” is equivalent to “ A fig for Master Con- 
 stable,” an I is a proverbial phrase. Blurt is also the name 
 of the constable in the play given from the proverb ; lie is 
 a sort of Dogberry imbued witha tremendous sense of his 
 own and his master the duke’s importance. 
 
 Boabdelin (bo-ab'de-lin), Mahomet. The last 
 king of Granada, one of the principal characters 
 in Dryden’s play “ The Conquest of Granada.” 
 Boabdil fbo-ab-del'), or Abu Abdullah (a'bo 
 ab-dol'lii). The last Moorish king of Granada. 
 He revolted against his father Muley Hassan, and seized 
 the throne in 1482. In 1491-92 he was attacked and de- 
 feated by Ferdinand and Isabella, and made prisoner. He 
 was set at liberty on condition of being a vassal of Spain. 
 
 Boaden (ho'den), James. Born at Whitehaven, 
 Cumberland, Eugland, May 23, 1762 : died Feb. 
 16, 1839. An English dramatist and biographer. 
 His works include “The Secret Tribunal ” (1795), “An 
 Italian Monk ” (1797), “ Aurelio and Miranda ” (1799), etc., 
 and lives of Kemble, Mrs. Siddons, Mrs. Jordan, and Mrs. 
 Inchbald. 
 
 Boadicea (ho-a-di-se'a). [L. Boadicea, Boadu- 
 ca, Bonduca, Bouducca, Voadicca, corrupt man- 
 uscript forms of Boudicca, a name which also 
 appears, applied to other persons, as Bodicca, 
 lit. ‘victress,’ fern, of * Boudiccos, *Bodiccus, 
 Bodicus, lit. ‘ victor,’ from Old Celtic boudi-, 
 bodi-, OIr. buaid,W. bud , victory.] Died 62 a. d. 
 Thewifeof Prasutagus,king of the Iceni,atribe 
 in eastern Britain. Thinking to secure hia kingdom 
 and family from molestation, Prasutagus.whodied about 60 
 A. P. , bequeathed his great wealth to his daughters jointly 
 with the Roman emperor. The will was made by the Ro- 
 man officials a pretext for appropriatingthewholeproperty. 
 
 Boca del Drago 
 
 Boadicea was flogged, her daughters outraged, and other 
 members of the royal family treated as slaves, with the 
 result that the Iceni joined the Trinobantes in a re- 
 volt under Boadicea against the Romans 62 A. p. , which 
 was put down by Suetonius Paulinus. Boadicea has been 
 made the subject of a tragedy by Fletcher (see Bonduca), 
 which was altered in separate plays by Powell, Column, 
 and Planchd. Hopkins wrote a “ Boadicea,” acted in 1697, 
 and Glover produced a play of the same name in 1735. 
 Mason wrote a play on the same subject, called “Carac- 
 tacus,” in 1759. Both Cowper and Tennyson have made 
 Boadicea the subject of poems. 
 
 Boanerges (bo-a-ner'jez). [Gr. B oavepyeg: ety- 
 mology doubtful : meaning, perhaps, ‘ sons of 
 tumult.’] A surname, explained in Mark iii. 17 
 as meaning ‘sons of thunder,’ given to James 
 and John, the sons of Zebedee. 
 
 Boardman (bord'man), George Dana. Born 
 at Livermore, Maine, Feb. 1, 1801 : died near 
 Tavoy, British Burma, Feb. 11, 1831. An Amer- 
 ican Baptist missionary in Burma. 
 
 Boardman, George Dana. Born at Tavoy, 
 British Burma, Aug. 18, 1828 : died at Atlantic 
 City, N. J., April 28, 1903. An American Baptist 
 clergyman, son of George Dana Boardman. His 
 works include “ Studies in the Creative Week ” 
 (1878),“ Epiphanies of the Risen Lord” (1880). 
 Boardman, Henry Augustus. Born at Troy, 
 N. Y., Jan. 19, 1808: died at Philadelphia, June 
 15, 1880. An American Presbyterian divine and 
 religious winter. 
 
 Boar of Ardennes, Wild. See Ardennes, Wild 
 Boar of. 
 
 Boar’s Head, The. A tavern in Eastcheap, Lon- 
 don, celebrated by Sbakspere as the scene of 
 FalstalT’s carousals. It was destroyed in the Fire of 
 London, afterward rebuilt, and demolished to form one 
 of the approaches to London Bridge. A statue of William 
 IV. stands on the spot. 
 
 Boavista (bo-a-vesh'ta), or Bonavista (bo-na- 
 vesh'ta). [Pg., ‘fair view.’] The easternmost 
 of the Cape Verde Islands. 
 
 Boaz (bo'az). 1. A wealthy Bethlehemite, kins- 
 man of Elimelech and husband of Ruth. See 
 Jtuth. — 2. The name of one of the brazen pillars 
 (see Jackin) erected in the porch of Solomon’s 
 temple. 
 
 Bobadil (bob'a-dil), Captain. In Ben Jonson’s 
 “Every Man in His Humour,” a Paul’s man, that 
 is, a man who lounged in the middle aisle of St. 
 Paul’s Cathedral, the resort of sharpers, gulls, 
 cast captains, and loafers of every kind. His 
 cowardice and bragging are made amusing by his intense 
 gravity and the serious manner in which he regards him- 
 self. 
 
 Bobadil is the only actually striking character in the 
 play, and the real hero of the piece. His well-known pro- 
 posal for the pacification of Europe, by killing, some twenty 
 of them, each his man a day, is as good as any other that 
 has been suggested up to the present moment. His ex- 
 travagant affectation, his-blustering and cowardice, are an 
 entertaining medley ; and his final defeat and exposure, 
 though exceedingly humorous, are the most affecting part 
 of the story. Hazlitt, Eng. Poets, p. 57. 
 
 Bobadilla, Count of. See Andrada, Gomes 
 Freire de. 
 
 Bobadilla (bo-ba-thel'ya), Francisco de. Died 
 at sea, probably July 1, 1502. A Spanish offi- 
 cer who, in 1500, was sent to Hispaniola to 
 investigate the affairs of that colony, and es- 
 pecially to inquire into charges made against 
 Columbus. On his arrival at Santo Domingo (Aug. 23, 
 1500), he summoned Columbus before him, imprisoned him 
 and his brothers, and sent them to Spain. Bobadilla re- 
 mained as governor of the colony until the arrival of 
 Ovando, April 15, 1502. 
 
 Bobbin Boy, The. A nickname of Nathaniel 
 P. Banks. It was given him because he worked as a 
 boy in the cotton-factory of which his father was superin- 
 tendent. A book for boys, with this title, containing his 
 early life, has been published. 
 
 Boboli (bo'bo-le) Gardens. Gardens in the rear 
 of and adjacent to the Pitti Palace in Florence. 
 They are open to the public, and are filled with fountains, 
 grottoes, and statues: some of the latter are by John of 
 Bologna. Frqra the terrace is a magnificent view of Flor- 
 ence. The land was bought in 1649 by Eleanora of Toledo, 
 wife of Cosimo I., duke of Tuscany. The laying out was 
 commenced by the sculptor Tribolo who died 1550, and 
 finished by Buontalenti. 
 
 Bobolina (bo-bo-le'na). Died 1825. A Greek 
 heroine, the widow of a Spetziot ship-owner 
 who was assassinated by order of the sultan in 
 1812. She equipped three vessels in the revolution of 
 1821, one of which she commanded. She participated in 
 the siege of Tripolitza, Sept,, 1821. 
 
 Bobruisk (bo-bro-isk'). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Minsk, situated on the Beresina in 
 lat. 53° 15' N., long. 29° 10' E. It contained an 
 important fortress. Population, 34,336. 
 
 Bobs (bobz), or Bobs Bahadur. [Bahadur, 
 Hind., ‘hero,’ a title of respect.] An affection- 
 ate nickname given to General Sir Frederick 
 Roberts by the British soldiers in India. 
 
 Boca del Drago (bo'kii, del dra'go). [Sp., 
 1 dragon’s mouth.’] The strait between the isl- 
 
Boca del Drago 
 
 and of Trinidad, West Indies, and the South 
 American mainland of Paria. it was so named by 
 Columbus, who first passed through it, Aug. 15, 1498. The 
 passage is obstructed by three islands in it, and is noted 
 for its furious currents, caused partly by the equatorial 
 ocean current and partly by the outflow of the Orinoco. 
 
 Boca del Sierpe (bo'ka del se-er'pa). [Sp., 
 ‘serpent’s mouth.’] The strait between the 
 southwestern point of the island of Trinidad 
 and the lowlands at the mouth of the Orinoco. 
 It was so named by Columbus, who lirst passed through it 
 into the Gulf of Paria, Aug. 3, 1408. The passage is sub- 
 ject to heavy currents and eddies. 
 
 Bocage (bo-kazh' ), Le. 1 . A district in Poitou, 
 France. — 2. A district in Normandy. 
 
 Bocardo (bo-kar'dd). An old gate (north gate) 
 of Oxford, by the Church of St. Michael, de- 
 stroyed in 1771. The room over it was used as 
 a prison. 
 
 Boca Tigris (bo'ka, te'gris), or the Bogue, 
 Chin. Hu Mun (ho mun'). [‘The tiger’s 
 mouth.’] A narrow passage in the Canton 
 River, 40 miles southeast of Canton, China. The 
 Bogue forts were stormed by the British in 1841 
 and 1857. 
 
 Boccaccio (bok-ka'cho), Giovanni. Born prob- 
 ably at Certaldo, Italy, 1313: died at Certaklo, 
 Dec. 21, 1375. A celebrated Italian novelist 
 and poet. As a youth he came to Florence ; about 1330 
 settled at Naples ; and returned to Florence about 1341. 
 He served the Florentine state several times as ambassa- 
 dor, and lectured at Florence on the “Divina Commedia” 
 from 1373 to 1374. His chief work was the “ Decamerone,” 
 a collection of one hundred stories. These were not pub- 
 lished together until 1353, though most of them were writ- 
 ten earlier. (See Decameron.) Among his other works 
 are “n Filocopo,” “II Teseide,” “Ameto,” “L’Amorosa 
 Visione” and “L'Amorosa Fiammetta,” the latter written 
 about 1341, and “II Filostrato," written between 1314 and 
 1350. During the ten years following 1363 he also wrote 
 four important Latin works: “De Genealogia Deorum, 
 libri XV." (on mythology), “De Montium, Silvarum, La- 
 cuum et Marium nominibus liber" (on ancient geogra- 
 phy), and two historical books, “De Casibus Virorum et 
 Feminarum IUustrium, libri IX.,” and “De Claris Ms- 
 lieribus.” His death was hastened by that of his friend 
 Petrarch. See Fiammetta. 
 
 Boccage, or Bocage (bo-kazh'), Manoel Maria 
 
 Barbosa du. Born at- Setubal, Portugal, Sept. 
 15, 1765: died at Lisbon, Dec. 21, 1805. An 
 eminent Portuguese poet. A complete col- 
 lection of his poetical works was published 
 after his death. 
 
 Boccanera (bok-ka-na'ra), or Bocanegra (bo- 
 ka-na'gra), Simone. Born about 1300: poi- 
 soned at Genoa, 1363. The first Doge of Genoa. 
 He was elected in 1339, abdicated in 1344, and 
 was reelected in 1356. 
 
 Boccardo (bok-kar'do), Girolamo. Born at 
 Genoa, Italy, March 16, 1829: died at Rome, 
 March 20, 1904. An Italian political economist, 
 and writer on history and geography, long pro- 
 fessor of political economy at the University 
 of Genoa. He became senator in 1877, and after 1888 
 lived in Rome. His works include “Trattato teoriro 
 pratico di economia politica” (1853), “I prineipii della 
 scienza e dell’ arte della linanze ’’ (1887), etc. 
 
 Boccherini (bok-ka-re'ne), Luigi. Born at Luc- 
 ca, Italy, Feb. 19, 1743 : died at Madrid, May 28, 
 1805. An Italian composer of chamber music. 
 
 Bocchoris, or Bokkhoris. An Egyptian king 
 given by Manetho as the sole king of the 24th 
 dynasty: identified as KingNah-ka-ra Bek-en- 
 rau-ef of the monuments. 
 
 Boccone (bok-ko'ne), Paolo, later Sylvie. 
 Born at Palermo, Sicily, April 24, 1633: died 
 near Palermo, Dec. 22, 1704. A noted Sicilian 
 naturalist, professor of botany at Padua, and 
 later a Cistercian monk. 
 
 Bochart (bo-shar'), Samuel. Born at Rouen, 
 France, May 30, 1599: died at Caen, France, 
 May 16, 1667. A noted French Orientalist and 
 biblical scholar, a Huguenot pastor at Caen. 
 
 Bochica (bo'che-kii). The name given by the 
 Chibeha Indians to their conception of the 
 Supreme Being. After creating the earth he gave it 
 in charge of Chibchacmn, who carried it on his shoulders ; 
 if Chibchacmn changed his posture from fatigue, an earth- 
 quake resulted. Both Bochica and Chibchacmn were ob- 
 jects of reverence, hut apparently not of worship. 
 
 Bochnia ( boch'ne-ii). Atown inGalicia, Austria- 
 Hungary, 25 miles east of Cracow, noted for its 
 salt-mines. Population, 10,917, (1910). 
 
 Bocholt (boch'olt). A town in the province of 
 Westphalia, Prussia, near the Dutch frontier. 
 Population, 23,912. 
 
 Bochsa (bok-sa'), Robert Nicolas Charles. 
 Born at Montm6dy, France, Aug., 1789: died 
 at Sydney, Australia, 1855. A French harpist 
 and operatic composer. 
 
 Bochum (bodh'um). A town in the province 
 of Westphalia, Prussia, 26 miles northeast of 
 Diisseldorf. It has large manufactures. Pop- 
 ulation, 136,829, (1910). 
 
 165 
 
 Bock (bok), Franz. Born at Burtscheid, Prus- 
 sia, May 3, 1823 : died at Aix-la-Chapelle, April 
 30, 1899. A German writer on ecclesiastical 
 archseology. He became an honorary canon 
 of the cathedral at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1864. 
 
 Bock, Karl Ernst. Born at Leipsic, Feb. 21, 
 1809: died at Wiesbaden, Feb. 19, 1874. A 
 German anatomist and medical writer, ap- 
 pointed extraordinary professor in the Univer- 
 sity of Leipsic in 1839. 
 
 Bockenkeim (bok'en-him). A suburb 14 miles 
 northwest of Frankfort-on-tbe-Main, Prussia. 
 In 1895 it was incorporated with Frankfort. 
 
 Bockb (bek), August. Born at Karlsruhe, 
 Baden, Nov. 24, 1785: died at Berlin, Aug. 3, 
 1867. A distinguished German archaeologist 
 and philologist. He was appointed professor 
 at Heidelberg in 1807, and at Berlin in 1811. 
 He was five times rector of the university. 
 
 Booking (bek'ing), Eduard. Born at Trar- 
 bacb, Rhenish Prussia, May 20, 1802: died at 
 Bonn, Prussia, May 3, 1870. A noted German 
 jurist, professor of Roman law at Bonn 1829- 
 1870. 
 
 Bocklin (bek'lin), Arnold. Born at Basel, 
 Switzerland, Oct. 16, 1827 : died at Fiesole, Italy, 
 Jan. 16, 1901. A Swiss landscape-painter. 
 
 Bocksberger (boks'berg-er), or Bocksperger 
 (boks'perg-er), Hans or Hieronymus. Born 
 at Salzburg, Austria, 1540: died about 1600. 
 A German painter, noted especially for hunt- 
 ing-scenes and battles. 
 
 Bode (bo'de), Johann Elert. Born at Ham- 
 burg, Jau. 19, 1747: died at Berlin, Nov. 23, 
 1826. A celebrated German astronomer, the 
 founder of the “ Astron. Jahrbiicher” (1776), 
 and astronomer of the academy at Berlin 
 (1772-1825). 
 
 Bodenbach (bo'den-bach). A town in Bohemia, 
 on the Elbe 48 miles north of Prague. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 13,412, (1910). 
 
 Bodensee (bo'den-za). The German name of 
 the Lake of Constance. 
 
 Bodenstedt (bo'den-stet), Friedrich Martin 
 
 von. Born at Peine, Hannover, April 22, 1819 : 
 died at Wiesbaden, April 19, 1892. A German 
 poet, author, and journalist. He studied atGottin- 
 gen, Munich, and Berlin, and went to Moscow as a tutor, 
 then to Tiflis, where he taught at the gymnasium, and, 
 later, traveled extensively through the Caucasus and the 
 East. He was subsequently a newspaper editor in Triest 
 and Bremen. In 1854 he was made professor at the Uni- 
 versity of Munich, a po.it ion which lie renounced in 1866 
 to undertake the direction of the theater at Meiningen, 
 where he remained until 1870. He was ennobled in 1867. 
 The Berlin journal “Tagliche Rundschau ” appeared un- 
 der his direction 1880-88. Among his many prose works 
 are “Tausend und ein Tag im Orient" (“Thousand and 
 One Days in the Orient,” 1849-50), “Shakespeare’s Zeit- 
 genossen und ihre Werke”(“Shakespere'sContemporaries, 
 and their Works," 3 vols., 1858-60), etc. Ill collabora- 
 tion with Paul Heyse, Kurz, and others he made a new 
 translation of Shakspere’s dramatic works (9 vols., 1868- 
 1873), and he himself translated the sonnets. A journey 
 to the United States in 1881 is described in “Vom Atlan- 
 tischen zum Stillen Ocean ” (“ From the Atlantic to the 
 Pacific Ocean," 1882). His most celebrated poetic work is 
 “Lieder des Mirza-Schaffy ’’ (“Songs of Mirza-Schaffy,” 
 1S51), which are, withafew exceptionsonly, original poems. 
 “Aus dem Nachlass des Mirza-Schaffy” (“From the Pos- 
 thumous Works of Mirza-Schaffy ”) appeared in 1874. 
 
 Bodhisattva (bo-dhe-sat'va). [Sanskrit; in 
 Pali Bodhisatta.\ One who has perfect know- 
 ledge as his essence. He is one who is oil his way 
 to the attainment of perfect knowledge when he has only 
 one birth or certain births to undergo before reaching 
 the state of a supreme Buddha; a future Buddha or 
 Buddiia elect. 
 
 Bodin (bo-dan'), Jean. Born at Angers, France, 
 1530: died at Laon, France, 1596. A celebrated 
 French publicist and political economist. His 
 works include “De la repulilique” (1576), “Methodus ad 
 facilem Historiarum Cognitionem " (1566), “Repmise aux 
 paradoxes de Malestroit” (1568), etc. The first-named is 
 “the only work of great excellence on the science of poli- 
 tics before the eighteenth century ” ( Saintsbury ). 
 
 Bodleian (bod-le'an or bod'le-an) Library. A 
 library of OxfordUniversity, England, which was 
 originally established in 1445, formally opened 
 in 1488, and reestablished by Sir Thomas Bodley 
 in 1597-1602. It was formally opened Nov. 8, 1603, and in 
 1604 James I. granted letters pat nt styling it by Bodley’s 
 name. The library has lately absorbed the quadrangle 
 and buildings of the old Examination Schools, whose Jaco- 
 bean entrance-tower, with columns of all fivo classical or- 
 ders, is an architectural curiosity. The library contains 
 about 700,000 printed volumes, 33,000 volumes of manu- 
 scripts, and 60,000 coins; also many portraits, models of 
 ancient buildings, and literary antiquities. 
 
 Bodley (bod'li), Sir Thomas. Born at Exeter, 
 England, March 2, 1545: died at London, Jan. 
 28, 1613. An English diplomatist and scholar, 
 founder of the Bodleian Library (which see) 
 at Oxford. 
 
 Bodmer (bod'mer), Georg. Bom at Zurich, 
 
 Boer War, The 
 
 Switzerland, Dec. 6, 1786: died at Zurich, May 
 29,1864. A noted Swiss mechanic. He invented 
 the screw- and cross-wheels (1803), and made improve- 
 ments in firearms and industrial machinery, especially 
 in the machinery for wool-spinning. 
 
 Bodmer, Johan Jakob. Born at Greifensee, 
 near Zurich, Switzerland, July 19, 1698: died at 
 Zurich, Jan. 2, 1783. A Swiss critic and poet. 
 He was professor of Helvetic history in the University of 
 Zurich (1725-75), and founded, with others, the “ Discours 
 der Mahlern ”(1721), which opposed the French school of 
 poetry and became the organ of a new German school soon 
 after made illustrious by Klopstock, Goethe, and Schiller. 
 
 Bodmer, Karl. Born at Zurich, Switzerland, 
 1805 : died at Paris, Oct. 31, 1893. A Swiss 
 landscape-artist and etcher. 
 
 Bodmin (bod'min). A town in Cornwall, Eng- 
 land, 28 miles west of Plymouth. 
 
 Bodd (bo'de). A seaport in western Norway, 
 about lat. 67° 15' N. : the chief place in Salten. 
 Population, 5,031. 
 
 Bodoni (bo-do'ne), Giambattista. Born at 
 Saluzzo, Italy, Feb. 16, 1740: died at Padua, 
 Italy, Nov. 29, 1813. An Italian printer, noted 
 for bis editions of Homer, Vergil, and other 
 classic authors. His “Manuale Tipografico” 
 was published in 1818. 
 
 Bodtcher, Ludwig Adolph. Born in Copen- 
 hagen, 1793: died there, 1874. A Danish poet. 
 Most of his life was spent in Copenhagen. In 1824 he 
 went to Italy and lived for eleven years in close associa- 
 tion with Thorwaldsen in Rome. A number of his poems, 
 which are wholly lyric, are on Italian subjects. 
 
 Boece (bo-es'), properly Boyce, L. Boetius, 
 Hector. Born at Dundee, Scotland, about 
 1465: died at Aberdeen, Scotland, 1536. A 
 noted Scotch historian. The family name was Boyce 
 (Boys, Bois, Boyis), Boyis being an adaptation of Boetius 
 (modern Boice, Boyce). His chief work is a history of 
 Scotland, “Scotorum Historise, etc.” (1527), translated into 
 Scotch by John Bellenden between 1530 and 1533. 
 
 Boehm (bem), Sir Joseph Edgar. Born at 
 Vienna, 1834: died Dec. 12, 1890. A Hunga- 
 rian-English sculptor. In 1859 he went to Paris, and 
 to London in 1862, where he exhibited a bust in the Royal 
 Academy. His most important works are busts of Buskin, 
 Gladstone, Huxley, Lord VVolseley, etc. ; figures : Carlyle on 
 the Thames Embankment; Dean Stanley in Westminster 
 Abbey ; Sir Francis Drake at Tynemouth ; equestrian 
 statues: Lord Northbrook at Calcutta; Prince Consort at 
 Windsor, etc. Among his best works are various statues 
 and statuettes of unmounted horses. 
 
 Boeotia (be-o'shia). [Gr. Boturia.] In ancient 
 geography, a district in central Greece, bounded 
 by the country of Locri Opuntii on the north, 
 the Euripus and Attica on the east, Attica, Me- 
 garis, and the Gulf of Corinth on the south, 
 and Phocis oir the west. Its surface is generally 
 level, forming a basin in which is Lake Copais. The in- 
 habitants were proverbial for their dullness. The chief 
 city of Bmotia was Thebes, which with other cities formed 
 the Boeotian League (which see). 
 
 Boeotian League or Confederacy, The. A 
 
 league of independent cities in Boeotia, sup- 
 posed to have been originally fourteen in num- 
 ber, with Thebes at the head, its common sanctu- 
 aries were the temple of the Itonian Athene near Coronea, 
 where the Pamboeotia were celebrated, and the temple 
 of Poseidon in Onehestus. Its chief magistrates were called 
 bceotarchs, and were elected annually, two for Thebes 
 and one for each of the other cities. It was finally dis- 
 solved, 171 B. C. or 146 B. C. 
 
 Boerhaave (bor'ha-ve), Hermann. Born at 
 Voorhout, near Leyden, Holland, Dec. 31, 1668: 
 died at Leyden, Sept. 23, 1738. A famous Dutch 
 physician, professor of botany, medicine, and 
 chemistry at Leyden 1701-29. 
 
 Boeroe, or Buru (bo'ro), or Bouro (bo'ro). An 
 island in the East Indies, in lat. 3° S., long. 
 127° E., belonging to the Netherlands. Area, 
 est., 1,970 square miles. Pop., about 15,000. 
 
 Boer (bor). [D. boar, farmer.] One of the 
 population of Dutch descent in South Africa. 
 This element is prominent in Cape Colony and dominant 
 in the Orange Free State and in the South African Repub- 
 lic (Transvaal). The first Boers immigrated from Java 
 in 1652, and were reinforced by Huguenots in 1687. From 
 1795 they had to struggle with British inliueuce and rule. 
 See Transvaal and Orange Free State. 
 
 Boer War, The. 1 . The war which followed the 
 proclamation of the Transvaal Republic, Dec., 
 1880, between that country and Great Britain. 
 Its chief events were tile defeat of the British at Laing’s 
 Neck Jan. 28, 1881, and at Majuba Mountain Feb. 27, 1881 
 (the British commander Colley being killed). By treaty 
 of March, 1881, the independence of the republic was rec- 
 ognized, but the Boers acknowledged the suzerainty of the 
 queen. 
 
 2. A war waged by the Transvaal and the 
 Orange Free State against Great Britain, be- 
 gun in Oct., 1899. The chief events were the sioge 
 and relief of Ladysmith Oct, 20. 1890-Feb. 28, 1900; the 
 siege ami relief of Kimberley Oct. 14, 1899-Feb. 15, 1900; 
 the siege and relief of Mafeking Oct. 15, 1899-Mny 
 lfi, 1900; the capture of Cronje’s army at the Modder 
 River Feb. 27, 1900; and the capture of Pretoria June 5, 
 1900. Peace was signed May 31, 1902. 
 
Boethius 
 
 Boethius (bo-e'thi-us). All early Provencal 
 poem of 258 decasyllabic verses, consisting 
 mainly of moral reflections taken from the ‘ ‘ De 
 Consolatione ” of Boethius. "It dates from the 
 eleventh century, or at latest from the beginning of the 
 twelfth, but is thought to be a rehandling of another poem 
 which may have been written nearly two centuries earlier. " 
 Saintebury. 
 
 Boethius (bo-e'thi-us), Anicius Manlius Seve : 
 
 rinus (less correctly Boetius). Born about 475 
 A. D. : died about 524 a. d. A Roman philoso- 
 pher, probably grandson of Flavius Boethius 
 who was put to death by Valentinian III. in 
 45! >, jje was consul in 510, and became magister officio* 
 rum in the court of Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths. 
 Having incurred suspicion on account of his bold defense 
 of Albinus who was accused of treason, he was put to 
 death by Theodoric without trial on the charge of treason 
 and magic. His most famous work is the ‘‘De Consola- 
 tione Philosophise," written probably during his imprison- 
 ment at Pavia. Parts of this were translated by King 
 Alfred and by Chaucer. His translations from and com- 
 mentaries on the logic of Aristotle were very influential 
 during the middle ages. 
 
 Boethus(bo-e'thus). [Gr. BornatClial- 
 
 cedon (or Carthage, according to Pausanias). 
 A sculptor of the Alexandrian school (2d cen- 
 tury B. c.), famous in antiquity for genre work 
 of a high character. Pliny (N. H. 54, 84) mentions a 
 bronze, a boy strangling a goose, of which there is a beau- 
 tiful replica in the Louvre. The boy extracting a thorn, 
 found in replicainmanymuseums.issupposedto represent 
 his famous statue of the same subject. The beautiful 
 little girl playing with dice, now in Berlin maybe copied 
 from Boethus. , 
 
 Boetie (bo-a-se'), Etienne de la. Born at Sar- 
 lat, Dordogne, France, Nov. 1, 1530: died at 
 Germ inac, near Bordeaux, France, Aug. 18, 
 1503. A French writer, chiefly known as a 
 friend of Montaigne. 
 
 Boffin (bof'in), Nicodemus (otherwise the 
 Golden Dustman and Noddy). A disinter- 
 ested old man left in charge of the Harmon prop- 
 erty, in Dickens’s novel “Our Mutual Friend.” 
 See Wegg, Silas. 
 
 Boffin’s Bower. The residence of the Bofflins, 
 in Dickens’s “Our Mutual Friend.” Mrs. Boffin, 
 not liking its former name, Harmon’s Jail, given it from 
 its late owner’s habits of life, gave it this cheerful appel- 
 lation. Miss Jennie Collins established a successful char- 
 ity for working-girls in Boston in 1870 under this name. 
 
 Bogardus (bd-gar'dus), Everard. [NL. Bogar- 
 dus, from D. Bogaerd (whence E. Bogart, Bo- 
 gert), from bogaerd, contraction of boomgaerd 
 (Kilian), orchard, from boom, tree, and gaerd, 
 yard, garden. Cf. G. Baumgarten .] Born in 
 Holland: drowned in Bristol Channel, Sept. 27, 
 1647. A Dutch clergyman in New Amsterdam. 
 He owned the farm “the* Dominie’s Bouwerie,” now the 
 property of the Trinity Church corporation in New York 
 city. 
 
 Bogardus, James. Born at Catskill, N. Y., 
 March 14, 1800 : died April 13, 1874. An Amer- 
 ican inventor. His numerous inventions include a 
 ‘‘ring-spinner’’ for cotton-spinning (1828), an engraving- 
 machine (1831), and the first dry gas-meter (1832). 
 
 Bogdanovitch (bog-da-no'vieh), Ippolit Feo- 
 dorovltch. Born at Perevolotchna, Little 
 Russia, Dee. 23, 1743 : died near Kursk, Russia, 
 Jan. 18, 1803. A Russian poet. His chief work 
 is “Dushenka,” a romantic poem, published in 
 1775. 
 
 Boggs (bogz), Charles Stuart. Born Jan. 28, 
 1811: died April 22, 1888. An American rear- 
 admiral. He was commander of the gunboat Varuna 
 which, in Farragut’s attack on the defenses of New Or- 
 leans in 1862, destroyed six Confederate gunboats before 
 she was herself disabled and sunk by two rams. 
 
 Bogh (beg), Erik. Born at Copenhagen, Jan. 
 17, 1822: died there, Aug. 17, 1899. A Danish 
 dramatist, poet, and general writer. 
 Boghaz-keui (bo'gaz-ke'e), or Boghas-koi 
 (bo'gas-ke'e). A village in Asiatic Turkey, in 
 lat. 40° 1' N., long. 34° 35'E. Its ruins are identified 
 with the ancient Pteria. They include a Hittite palace, 
 placed on an artificial terrace, and otherwise analogous 
 to Assyrian monuments. The foundations are of polyg- 
 onal masonry, and measure 138 by 187 feet ; the super- 
 structure was of brick. The chief gate is a great tower 69 
 feet deep. There are also Hittite sculptures consisting of a 
 long frieze on the walls of two rock-hewn chambers and 
 a corridor. They consist of processions of personages, 
 men and women in semi-Assyrian costume, winged and 
 animal-headed divinities, animals, and two-headed eagles. 
 The figures range in height from 3 to 11 feet. 
 
 Bogomiles (bog'o-mllz), or Bogomilians (bog- 
 o-mil'i-anz). A heretical sect of the 12th cen- 
 tury, founded by Basil, a monk of Philippopolis, 
 who was put to death at Constantinople in 
 1118. They were Maniclisean and Docetist in doctrine, 
 and were probably an offshoot of the Paulician sect. 
 Bogos (bo'goz). A small Hamitic pastoral tribe 
 on the lower plateau of Abyssinia, west of 
 Massowa. 
 
 Bogota (bo-go-ta/), or Santa F6 de Bogota 
 
 (siin'ta fa da bo-go-ta'). The capital of the 
 
 166 
 
 Republic of Colombia, situated on a plateau 
 8,678 feet high, in lat. 4° 41' N., long. 74° 20' W. 
 It has a cathedral, university, museums, a rich library, 
 and an observatory. It was founded by the Spaniards in 
 1538. Population, about 100,000. 
 
 Bogra (bog-ra'). A district in the Rajshahye 
 division, Eastern Bengal and Assam, British 
 India. Area, 1,359 square miles. Pop., 854,533. 
 Boguslawski (bo-go-slav'ske), Adalbert. 
 Born at Glinno, near Posen, Nov. 4, 1760 : died 
 at Warsaw, July 23, 1829. A Polish dramatist 
 and actor. 
 
 Bohain (bo-an'). A town in the department of 
 Aisne, France, 31 miles north by west of Laon. 
 Population, commune, 6,788. 
 
 Bohemia (bo-ke'mi-a). [F. Boheme, G. Bbhmen, 
 etc.; ML. Bohemia, L. Boihsemum, Boioheemum, 
 Gr. ’Bovlatgov, the region, Boliemi, Boihemi, Boi- 
 emi, the tribe so named, from Boil (see Boil) 
 and OHG. lieim, OS. hem, etc., home, dwelling- 
 place.] 1. A crownland, capital Prague, in the 
 Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, and 
 the northernmost portion of the empire, it is 
 bounded by thekiugdomof Saxony (separated by theErzge- 
 birge)on the northwest and north, Prussian Silesia (sepa- 
 rated by the Riesengebirge and other mountains) on the 
 northeast, Moravia (partly separated by the Malirische 
 Gebirge) and Lower Austria on the southeast, LTpper Aus- 
 tria on the south, and Bavaria (mainly separated by the 
 Bolimerwald) on the southwest. Its surface is moun- 
 tainous and undulating, and is traversed by the Elbe and 
 its tributaries, the Moldau, Eger, Iser, etc. It produces 
 wheat and other cereals, fruit, flax, and hops, has exten- 
 sive forests, and is the chief region of the empire in the 
 production of coaL It has also mines of iron, silver, lead, 
 sulphur, alum, and graphite. It has manufactures of linen, 
 glass, calico, woolens, paper, chemicals, porcelain, beer, 
 sugar, iron, etc. It has 130 representatives in the Austrian 
 Reichsrat, and has a landtag of 242 members. The lan- 
 guage of the majority is Czech ; but about 35 per cent, 
 speak German. The prevailing religion is Roman Catho- 
 lic The early inhabitants of this district were the Boii, 
 and after them the Marcomanni. It was colonized by 
 Czechs in the early part of the 6th century ; was the seat 
 of a temporary realm under Samo in the 7th century ; 
 formed part of Svatopluk’s Moravian realm at the end of 
 the 9th century, and became a fief of Germany in 929. It 
 was a duchy and became a kingdom in 1198. Moravia was 
 united to it in 1029. Under Ottocar II. (1253-78) it acquired 
 temporarily Austria, Carinthia, and Styria ; Lusatia and 
 Silesia were annexed in the 14th century. Bohemia was 
 one of the electorates of the Holy Roman Empire. After 
 the extinction of the dynasty of Premysl (1306) the king- 
 dom was ruled by the house of Luxemburg, 1310-1437. It 
 was united with Austria in 1526. It suffered in the Huss- 
 ite wars, and was the scene of the outbreak of the Thirty 
 Years' War in 1618. Frederick (elector palatine) was chosen 
 king of Bohemiain 1619, and overthrown in 1620, after which 
 Protestantism was extirpated by the Hapsburg ruler, Fer- 
 dinand II. In recent times a vigorous agitation in favor 
 of national autonomy has been carried on by the Czechs. 
 Area, 20,060 square miles. Population, 6,774,309, (1910). 
 
 2. A name for any place where people, espe- 
 cially artists and literary people, lead an un- 
 conventional or somewhat irregular life ; or the 
 people collectively who lead such a life. This 
 usage, with that of the adjective Bohemian in corre- 
 sponding senses, was introduced from the French, who as- 
 sociated Bohemia (la Bohime )\\ ith gipsies, by Thackeray. 
 Stanford Dictionary. 
 
 Bohemian Brethren. A religious sect in Bohe- 
 mia, 15th-17th century, a branch of the Hussites. 
 Bohemian Girl, The. An opera by Balfe, pro- 
 ducedin Londoninl843. ThelibrettowasbyBunnfrom 
 a ballet by St. Georges, which was taken from Cervantes. It 
 was brought out again in London in 1858 as “ La Zingara.” 
 It was translated into French, Italian, and German, and had 
 a great success. “Bohemian ” here means “ gipsy.” The 
 opera appeared in Hamburg as “LaGitana,” in Vienna as 
 “Die Zigeunerin," and in Paris as “La Boh^mienne.” 
 
 Bohemond (bo'he-mond), or Bohemund (bo'- 
 he-mund), I. Marc. Born 1056 (1065?): died 
 at Canossa, Italy, 1111. A Crusader, son of 
 Robert Guiscard. He became prince of Tarentum in 
 1085, joined the first Crusade in 1096, and captured An- 
 tioch in 1008. 
 
 Bohio (bo-yo'). A name given by the Cuban 
 Indians, in the time of Columbus, to Haiti or 
 Hispaniola. It is said to have meant ‘a house,’ 
 and to have referred to the populousness of 
 that island. 
 
 Bolil von Faber, Cecilia. See Arrow. 
 
 Boklen (bo'len), Peter von. Born at Wiip- 
 pels, Oldenburg, Germany, March 9, 1796: died 
 at Halle, Germany, Feb. 6, 1840. A German 
 Orientalist, professor of Oriental languages in 
 Konigsberg. 
 
 Bohler (be'ler), Peter. Born at Frankfort-on- 
 the-Main, Germany, Dec. 31, 1712: died at 
 London, April 27, 1775. A German clergyman, 
 bishop of the Moravian Church in America and 
 England. 
 
 Bohm (bem), Theobald. Born at Munich, 
 April 9, 1794: died at Munich, Nov. 25, 1881. 
 A German flutist and composer. He was the in- 
 ventor of several improvements in the flute, especially of 
 a new system of fingering. 
 
 Bohme (be'me), or Bohm (bem), or Behmen 
 
 Boileau-Despreaux 
 
 (ba'men), Jakob. Born at Altseidenberg, 
 Silesia, Prussia, 1575 : died at Gorlitz, Prussia, 
 Nov., 1624. A celebrated German mystic. His 
 works include “Aurora” (1612), “Der Weg zu 
 Christo” (1624), etc. 
 
 Bohmisch-Brod (be'mish-brot). A town in 
 Bohemia, 20 miles east of Prague. Near here, 
 May SO, 1434, the Taborites were defeated by the Calixtines 
 and Roman Catholics (also called “ the battle of Lippau "). 
 Population, 4,589, (1910). 
 
 Bohmisch-Leipa (be'mish-li'pa). A manufac- 
 turing town in Bohemia, situated on the Polzen 
 42 miles north of Prague. Population, com- 
 mune, 12,277, (1910). 
 
 Bohn (bon), Henry George. Bom at London, 
 Jan. 4, 1796: died at Twickenham, Aug. 22, 1884. 
 An English publisher and bookseller. He is best 
 known for his editions of standard works in 
 various “ libraries.” 
 
 Bohol (bo-hol'). One of the Philippine Islands, 
 in lat. 10° N., long. 124° 20' E. Length, 45 
 miles. 
 
 Bohorquez, Francisco. See Enim. 
 
 Bohtlingk (bet'lingk), Otto. Born at St. Pe- 
 tersburg, June 11 (N. S.), 1815 : died at Leipsic, 
 April 1, 1904. A noted Russian Orientalist. 
 His chief work is the San skri t- Wort erbuch ” 
 (with Rudolf Roth; published 1853-75). 
 Bohun (bo'hun), Edmund. Born at Ringsfield, 
 Suffolk, England, March 12, 1645 : died in Caro- 
 lina, Oct. 5, 1699. An English publicist and 
 miscellaneous writer, appointed chief justice 
 of the colony of Carolina in 1698 (?). His chief 
 work is a “Geographical Dictionary” (1688). 
 Bohun, Henry de. Born 1176: died on a pil- 
 grimage to the Holy Land, June 1, 1220. The 
 first Earl of Hereford (created April, 1199), 
 and constable of England. 
 
 Bohun, Humphrey de. Died Sept. 24, 1274. 
 The second Earl of Hereford and the first Earl 
 of Essex, the fifth of the name. He was constable 
 of England. In 1258 he joined the barons in their con- 
 federation for the redress of grievances, but went over to 
 the king in 1263, and was taken prisoner in the battle of 
 Lewes, May 14, 1264. 
 
 Bohun, Humphrey de. Died 1298. The third 
 Earl of Hereford and the second Earl of Essex, 
 and constable of England: the seventh of the 
 name. He was associated with Roger Bigod, earl of 
 Norfolk, and other barons in opposition to the reforms 
 of Edward I. 
 
 Bohun, Humphrey de. Born 1276: killed at 
 the battle of Boroughbridge, March 16, 1322. 
 The fourth Earl of Hereford and third Earl of 
 Essex, and constable of England: the eighth 
 of the name. He joined the barons in their opposition 
 to Gaveston (see Gaveston ) and the Despensers. He was 
 taken prisoner at the battle of Bannockburn, June 24, 1314, 
 but was exchanged for the wife of Robert Bruce. 
 
 Boiardo, or Bojardo (bo-yar'do), Matteo 
 Maria, Count of Scandiano. Born at Scan- 
 diano, near Reggio di Modena, Italy, about 
 1434 (?) : died at Reggio di Modena, Dec., 1494. 
 A noted Italian poet. He was the author of “ Orlando 
 innamorato ” (1495), “Sonetti icanzoni”(1499), “nTlmone" 
 (a comedy), etc. See Orlando innamorato. 
 
 Boieldieu (bwol-dye' ), Francois Adrien. Bom 
 
 at Rouen, France, Dec. 16 (Grove), 1775: died 
 near Paris, Oct. 8, 1834. A celebrated French 
 composer of comic operas. His works include “ La 
 famille Suisse ” (1797), “ Beniowski ” ( 1800 ), “Le calife de 
 Bagdad" (1800), “Ma tante Aurore ’’ (1803), ‘‘Jean de 
 Paris” (1812), ‘‘La dame blanche" (1825), etc. His son 
 Adrien (born 1815, died 1883) composed several success- 
 ful comic operas. 
 
 Boii (bo'i-i). 1. A Celtic people living in Cis- 
 
 alpine Gaul, prominent in Roman annals from 
 the 4th to the 2d century B. c. They later mi- 
 grated to Bohemia, to which and to Bavaria 
 they gave their name. — 2. A Celtic tribe which 
 joined the Helvetii in their invasion of Gaul in 
 58 B. c. Ctesar assigned them land in the ter- 
 ritory of the zEdui. 
 
 Boileau-Despreaux (bwa-lo'da-pra-o'), Nich- 
 olas. Bom at Paris, Nov. 1, 1636 : died at 
 Paris, March 13, 1711. A famous French critic 
 and poet. He studied law, and was admitted to the 
 bar in Dec., 1656. His first satire dates from 1660 or 1661, 
 and was the forerunner of a series of seven, composed 
 between 1660 and 1665. To this same period belong his 
 ‘‘Dissertation sur Joconde,” and his “Dialogue des h ti- 
 ros de roman." His satires were published without his 
 sanction by a Dutch bookseller, who issued the book un- 
 der the title “Recueil contenant plusieurs discours libres 
 et moraux, en vers ” (1665). Boileau issued his own cor- 
 rected version in 1666, and within the next two years 
 there appeared some twenty editions, both authorized 
 and unauthorized. These models of elegant writing 
 served as the foundation of literary criticism in France. 
 Boileau was attacked from many quarters, and framed 
 his reply in two satires, published in 1669. Little is 
 known of bis life between 1660 and 1677. During that 
 interval, however, he wrote his second and third “Epitres." 
 translated the “Treatise on the Sublime” of Longinus, 
 published fragments of the “Lutrin” in 1673, and finally 
 
Boileau-Despreaux 
 
 gave out his fourth and fifth “6pltres,”the first four books 
 of the “Lutrin,"and “L'Art pobtique," in the first edition 
 of the ‘‘CEuvresdu sieur D . . .”(1674). This publication 
 raised Boileau to the first rank among French writers. In 
 1677 he received a pension of 2,060 livres, and was invited 
 with Kacine to compile the history of Louis XIV. In 
 th,e same year he composed his seventh, eighth, and ninth 
 "Epltres.” In 1684, despite his enemies' opposition, Boi- 
 leau entered the French Academy on the expressed desire 
 of the king. In 1693 he published his "Reflexions cri- 
 tiques sur Longin,” in answer to Perrault’s “Dialogues 
 sur les anciens et les modernes." The first five editions 
 of Boileau’s works are dated 1666, 1674, 1694, 1701, and 
 1713. The last edition revised throughout by Boileau 
 himself, that of 1701, is generally taken as the standard. 
 In addition to the works above mentioned, it contains the 
 tenth and eleventh satires, and the last three ‘ ‘ Epltres. ” A 
 twelfth satire was published after Boileau’s death in the 
 edition of 1716. To Boileau's works, and more especially 
 to the “ Art pobtique,” are due the theories on which the 
 classical literature of France is based. 
 
 Boiotia. See Bceotia. 
 
 Boisard (bwa-zar'), Jean Jacques Francois 
 
 Marie. Born at Caen, France, 1743: died at 
 Caen, 1831. A French fabulist. He was the 
 author of “Fables nouvelles” (1773), ‘‘Fables et pobsies 
 diverses " (1804), “ Mille et une fables ” (1806), etc. 
 
 Bois Brules (bwa brii-la')- [F.,‘ burnt woods.’] 
 See Sitcanxu. 
 
 Bois de Boulogne (bwa de bs-lony'). [F., 
 
 ‘ Boulogne wood,’ from the town Boulogne-sur- 
 Seine.] A park in Paris reached by the Champs 
 filysees, the avenue of the Grande Armde, or 
 the avenue of the Bois de Boulogne, it covers 
 an area of 2,158 acres, and contains the Gardens of the 
 Acclimatization Society and the race-courses of Long- 
 champs and Auteuil, and is celebrated for its turf, trees, and 
 ornamental sheets of water. The present park was ceded 
 to the city and laid out in 1853. 
 
 Bois de Vincennes (bw;i de van-sen'). A pub- 
 lic park in Paris, somewhat larger than the Bois 
 de Boulogne. It contains “La Faisanderle" (a farm 
 for agricultural experiments), a drill-ground, a race- 
 course, etc. 
 
 Boise (boiz), James Robinson. Born at Bland- 
 ford, Mass., Jan. 27, 1815: died at Chicago, 111., 
 Feb. 9, 1895. An American educator. He was 
 professor of Greek at Brown University 1843-50, at the 
 University of Michigan 1852-68, and after 1868 at the Uni- 
 versity of Chicago. He wrote “Greek Syntax,” etc. 
 Bois6 City (boi'ze sit'i). The capital of Idaho, 
 situated on the Boisd River in lat. 43° 36' 
 N., long. 116° 15' W. It is the chief town in the 
 State, and has gold- and silver-mines. Population, 
 17,358, (1910). 
 
 Boisgobey (bwa-go-ba'), Fortune Abraham 
 
 du. Born at Granville (Manche), France, Sept. 
 11, 1824 : died Feb., 1891. A French novelist. 
 He served as paymaster in the army in Algiers 1844-48. 
 His works include “Les gredins” (1873), “Le chevalier 
 Casse Cou” (1873), “Le demi-monde sous la Terreur” 
 (1877), “La main coupbe ” (1880), “La revanche de Fer- 
 nande ” (1882), “ La bande rouge ” (1886), etc. 
 
 Bois-Guilbert (F. pron. bwa'gel-bar'), Brian 
 de. A Knight Templar, a preceptor of the 
 order, in Scott’s novel “Ivanhoe.” Having fallen 
 in love with Rebecca and been repulsed by her, he carries 
 her off to his preceptory. Being compelled to accuse her 
 of witchcraft, he meets her defender Ivanhoe in the lists, 
 and drops dead at the beginning of the encounter. 
 
 Bois-le-Duc. See Hertogenboscli. 
 
 Boissieu (bwa-sye'), Jean Jacques de. Born 
 at Lyons, France, 1736 : died at Lyons, 1810. A 
 French painter and engraver. 
 
 Boissonade (bwa-so-nad'), Jean Francois. 
 Born at Paris, Aug. 12, 1774: died at Passy, 
 France, Sept. 8, 1857. A noted French classical 
 scholar, professor of Greek literature in the 
 faculty of letters of the Academy of Paris. 
 Boissy d’Anglas (bwa-se' don-gia'), Comte 
 Frangois Antoine de. Born at St. Jean- 
 Chambre, Arddche, France, Dec. 8, 1756: died 
 at Paris, Oct. 20, 1826. A French statesman 
 and publicist. He became a member of the Constitu- 
 ent Assembly in 1789, of the Convention in 1792, of the 
 Committee of Public Safety in 1794, of the Council of 500 
 in 1795, of the Senate in 1805, and of the Chamber of Peers 
 in 1814. He wrote “ Essai sur la vie, les bcrits, et les opin- 
 ions de M. de Malesherbes ” (1819), etc. 
 
 Boisterer (bois'ter-dr). One of Fortunio’s ser- 
 vants in the Countess d’Aulnoy’s fairy tale 
 “Fortunio.” His breath had the power of a 
 tremendous wind. 
 
 Boito (bo-e'to), Arrigo. Bom at Padua, Feb. 
 24, 1842. An Italian poet and musical com- 
 poser. His first opera, “ Mefistofele,” was produced with 
 Bis own libretto in Milan, March 5, 1808. It has been played 
 in a revised form since 1875. He has written many li- 
 brettos, a volume of poems, etc. 
 
 Boker (bo'ker), George Henry. Born at Phil- 
 adelphia, Oct. 6, 1823: died there, Jan. 2, 1890. 
 An American poet, dramatist, and diplomatist. 
 He was United States minister to Turkey 1871-75, and to 
 Russia 1875-79. His works include the dramas “Calaynos” 
 (1848), “Anne Boleyn ” (1850),“ Leonov de Guzman,” “Fran- 
 cesca da Rimini,” “Betrothal,” “Widow's Marriage," and 
 “Poems of the War” (1864), “ Plays and Poems," “ Street 
 Lyrics ” (1865), " The Book of the Dead " (1882). 
 
 167 
 
 Bokerly Dyke (bo'ker-li dlk), The ruins of 
 Roman intrenchments in the neighborhood 
 of Famham, England, the site of the ancient 
 Vindogladia. 
 
 Bokhara (bo-kha'ra), or Bukhara (bo-kha'ra). 
 A khanate of central Asia, under Russian influ- 
 ence, hounded by Asiatic Russia on the north, 
 east, and west, Khiva on the northwest, and 
 Afghanistan on the south. It corresponds partly to 
 the ancient Sogdiana, and formed part of the dominions 
 of JenghizKhan and of Timur. It occupies in part the lower 
 basin of theZerafshan ; produces grain, hemp, cotton, rice, 
 fruits, tobacco, live stock ; and has manufactures of silk, 
 firearms, jewelry, and cutlery. Its capital is Bokhara. The 
 government is a hereditary despotism (with a Russian 
 resident). The population is composed of Tadjiks, Uzbegs, 
 and Turkomans. The prevailing religion is Mohammedan- 
 ism. Bokhara was taken by the Uzbegs about 1605. It 
 was at war with Russia 1865-68, and ceded Samarkand to 
 Russia in 1868. Area, 83,000 square miles. Population, 
 
 I, 250,000. 
 
 Bokhara. The capital of Bokhara, situated in 
 lat. 39° 48' N. , long. 64° 25' E. It is sumamed the 
 “Noble,” and is renowned as an intellectual center of 
 central Asia. It contains many mosques and Mohamme- 
 dan theological schools. It is now reached by the Russian 
 Transcaspian Railway. Population, about 75,000. 
 
 Bolandshahr (bo'land-shar'). A district in 
 the Meerut division of the United Provinces, 
 British India. Area, 1,899 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 1,138,101. 
 
 Bolan Pass. A gorge in the mountains of north- 
 eastern Baluchistan. It is traversed, since 
 1885-86, by a British military railway which 
 connects Quettah with Sind in India. Height, 
 5,800 feet. 
 
 Bolbec (bol-bek'). A town in the department 
 of Seine-Infdrieure, France, 18 miles east- 
 northeast of Havre. Population, commune, 
 
 II, 588. 
 
 Bolbitinic (bol-bi-tin'ik), or Bolbitine (bol'bi- 
 tin), or Bolbitic (bol-bit'ik) Mouth of the 
 Nile. [L. Ostium BolbiUnum or Bolbiticum Nili, 
 Gr. B olpiTivov oTof-ia tov N eilov • from Bolbitine, 
 Gr. B okfiiTtvri, a town in the Delta, on this 
 branch of the river.] One of the principal 
 ancient mouths of the Nile, partly represented 
 by the modern Rosetta Mouth. 
 
 Bold Stroke for a Husband, A. A comedy 
 by Mrs. Cowley, brought out in 1783. 
 
 Bold Stroke for a Wife, A. A comedy by 
 Mrs. Centlivre with “ Mr. Mottley,” produced in 
 1718. 
 
 Bolerium (bo-le'ri-iim), or Belerium. In an- 
 cient geography, the promontory in Britain now 
 called Land’s End. 
 
 Boleyn (bul'in), or Bullen (bul'en), Anne, 
 Queen of England. Bornl507: beheaded at Lon- 
 don, May 19, 1536. The second wife of Henry 
 Vin. of England, whom she married on or 
 about Jan. 25, 1533, and mother of Queen Eliza- 
 beth . She was the daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, later 
 earl of Wiltshire and Ormond. She was condemned to 
 death on a charge of adultery and incest, and decapitated. 
 She was certainly not guilty of all the crimes of which she 
 was accused, but her entire innocence is a matter of doubt. 
 Bolgolam (bol'go-lam). Acharacter in Garrick’s 
 play “ Lilliput.” 
 
 Bolgrad (bol-grad'), or Bielgrad (byal'grad). 
 A town in the government of Bessarabia, Rus- 
 sia, situated at the head of Lake Jalpuch, in 
 lat. 47° 45' N., long. 28° 40' E. Population, 
 over 12,000. 
 
 Bolingbroke (bol'ing-bruk). A conjurer in the 
 second part of Shakspere’s play “ Henry VI.” 
 Bolingbroke, Henry of. See Henry IF. 
 Bolingbroke, Viscount. See St. John, Henry. 
 Bolintineanu (bo-len-te-ne-an'), Demeter. 
 Born at Bolintina, Rumania, 1826 : died at 
 Bukharest, Sept. 1, 1872. A Rumanian poet 
 and politician. He published a French trans- 
 lation of his poems, “Brises d’Orient” (1866). 
 Bolivar (bol'i-var :Sp. pron. ho-le'var), Simon. 
 Born at Caracas, July 24, 1783: died at San Pe- 
 dro, near Santa Marta, Dec. 17, 1830. A famous 
 Venezuelan general and statesman. He took an 
 active part in the revolution at Caracas in 1810 ; served 
 under Miranda in 1812 ; captured Caracas Aug. 4, 1813 ; was 
 there named general of the Venezuelan forces and tempo- 
 rary dictator, and received the title of “Liberator"; was 
 forced to retire to Barcelona and thence to Jamaica (May, 
 1815) ; made an unsuccessful descent upon the Venezuelan 
 coast in May, 1816, and a second, successful, attempt in De- 
 cember ; and took Angostura in J uly, 1817. A patriot con- 
 gress there confirmed Bolivar as dictator. In 1819 he 
 marched into New Granada, and formed a junction with 
 Santander. The victory of Boyacd (Aug. 7, 1819) made him 
 master of Bogota and New Granada. A congress at Angos- 
 turanowdecreedthe union of Venezuela and NewGranada 
 in the republic of Colombia, and Bolivar was elected presi- 
 dent Dec, 17, 1819. Hecompletely routed the Spanish army 
 in Venezuela in the battle of Carabobo (June 24, 1821), and 
 entered Quito June 16, 1822, adding the region now called 
 Ecuador to Colombia. Sept. 1, 1828, he went to Lima, and 
 
 Bolsover Castle 
 
 was made dictator of Peru. He defeated Canterac at Ju- 
 nin, Aug. 6, 1824, and on Dec. 9, 1824, Sucre’s great victory 
 at Ayaoucho ended the Spanish power in South America. 
 In June, 1825, Bolivar visited upper Peru; a congress 
 met there in August, decreed the formation of the repub- 
 lic of Bolivia, invited Bolivar to frame the constitution, 
 and named him perpetual protector. But Peru declared 
 against him in 1826 ; Bolivia soon followed ; and though 
 he remained president of the three countries forming Co- 
 lombia until his death, the great republic created by him 
 fell to pieces soon after. 
 
 Bolivar. A province of Ecuador, capital Gua- 
 randa. Area, 1,160 square miles. Population, 
 43,000. 
 
 Bolivar (formerly Guayana). A state of Vene- 
 zuela, in the southern part. Area, 88,701 square 
 miles, besides the territory of Yuruary, now 
 added to it, of uncertain extent. Population, 
 about 130,000. 
 
 Bolivar. A northern department of Colombia, 
 capital Cartagena. 
 
 Bo livar, or Ciudad Bolivar (formerly Angos- 
 tura). The capital of the state of Bolivar, 
 Venezuela, on the Orinoco about 240 miles 
 above its mouth. It has a trade in cocoa, sugar, 
 
 ★cotton, hides, etc. Population, over 10,000. 
 
 Bolivia (bo-liv'i-a; Sp. pron. bo-le've-a). 
 [Named for Bolivar .] In colonial times, Char- 
 ms or Upper Peru. A republic of South Amer- 
 ica, capital La Paz, bounded by Brazil on the 
 north and east, the Argentine Republic and 
 Paraguay south, and Chile and Peru on the 
 west. The western part is a plateau traversed by the 
 Andes. In the southeast is the Gran Chaco (which see), 
 and in the northeast the plains of the Madeira. It pro- 
 duces coca, india-rubber, cinchona, coffee, wheat, maize, 
 gold, silver, copper, tin. It lias 8 departments, and is 
 governed by a president and a congress consisting of a 
 senate and chamber of deputies. It became independent 
 in 1825, was united to Peru 1836-39, and has undergone 
 frequent political revolutions. Attacked by Chile 1879-83, 
 it was defeated, and was forced to cede its seaboard with 
 the niter districts. Area, over 708,000 square miles. 
 Population, 2,207,935. 
 
 Bolkhof (bol-khov'). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Orel, Russia, in lat. 53° 25' N., long. 
 36° 5' E. Population, 23,300. 
 
 Bolland (bol'land), L. Bollandus (bo-lan'dus), 
 Johann. Born at Tirlemont (?), in Brabant, 
 Aug. 13, 1598 : died at Antwerp, Sept. 12, 1665. 
 A celebrated Jesuit martyrologist. He edited the 
 early volumes of the “Acta Sanctorum ” (which see), a work 
 which was continued by his collaborators and successors, 
 the so-called Bollandists. 
 
 Bollandists (bol'an-dists), The. The name 
 given to the collaborators and successors of 
 Johann Bolland, the first editor of “Acta San i- 
 torum.” Among them may he mentioned Georg Hen- 
 schen (died 1681), Daniel Papebroeck (died 1714), Konrad 
 Janning (died 1723), Peter Booch (died 1736), Suyskens 
 (died 1771), Hubers (died 1782), Dom Anselmo Berthod 
 (died 1788), and Joseph Ghesquiere (died 1802). See Acta 
 Sanctorum. 
 
 Bologna, Giovanni di. See John of Bologna. 
 
 Bologna, John of. See John. 
 
 Bologna (bo-lon'yii). A province in the com- 
 partimento of Emilia, Italy. Area, 1,448 square 
 miles. Population, 544,665. 
 
 Bologna. [L. Bononia.~\ The capital of the prov- 
 ince of Bologna, Italy, situated at the foot of 
 the Apennines, between the Savena, Aposa, 
 and Reno, in lat. 44° 30' N., long. 11° 20' E. : 
 the Etruscan Felsina, and the Roman Bononia 
 (whence its name). It was originally an Etruscan 
 town, and later a Roman colony, a place of great impor- 
 tance whose prosperity survived the fall of the Romau 
 Empire. It was made a free town by Charles the Great, 
 and was famous in the middle ages for its university. It 
 sided with the Guelphs, and was incorporated with the 
 States of tlie Church in 1506. H was the center of a noted 
 Italian school of painting In the 16th and 17th centuries 
 (the Caracci, Guido Reni, Domenichino, etc.). In 1860 it 
 was united to the kingdom of Italy. Population, com- 
 mune, 165,000. 
 
 Bolor-Tagh (bd-lor'tiigh). A range of moun- 
 tains in central Asia, on the border of the Pamir 
 plateau, running northwest and southeast. 
 
 Bolotoo (bol-6-to'). See the extract. 
 
 All men [according toTongans], however, have not souls 
 capable of a separate existence : only the Egl, or nobles, 
 possess a spiritual part, which goes to Bolotoo, the land 
 of gods and ghosts, after death, and enjoys "power simi- 
 lar to that of the original gods, but less." 
 
 Lang, Myth., etc., II. 25. 
 
 Bolsena (bol-sa'nii). A town in the province 
 of Rome, Italy, 7 miles southwest of Orvieto : 
 probably on the site of the ancient Volsinii. 
 
 Bolsena, Lake of. A lake in central Italy, 52 
 miles northwest of Rome : the Roman Lacus 
 Volsiniensis. It occupies the crater of an ex- 
 tinct volcano. Length, 8 miles. 
 
 Bolsover (bol'so-ver or bou'zer) Castle. A 
 castle near Bolsover, in Derbyshire, England, 
 23 miles north-northeast of Derby. It was taken 
 from the barons in 1216, and by Parliamentary forces under 
 Crawford in 1644. It belongs to the Duke of Portland. 
 
Bolswert, Boetius van 
 
 Bolswert (bol-svert'), Boetius van. Born at 
 Bolswert, Friesland, Holland, 1580: died at Ant- 
 werp, 1634. A Dutch engraver, noted for his 
 engravings after Rubens. 
 
 Bolswert, Schelte van. Born at Bolswert, 1586 : 
 died at Antwerp, Dee., 1659. A Dutch engraver, 
 brother of Boetius van Bolswert. He engraved 
 after Rubens and Vandyke. 
 
 Bolt Court. A London street leading off Fleet 
 street. Dr. Johuson passed the last years of his life 
 here, dying at No. 8, in 1784. It was also the scene of Cob- 
 bett's labors. 
 
 Bolton (bol'ton), or Bolton-le-Moors (bol'ton- 
 le-morz'). A town in Lancashire, England, 11 
 miles northwest of Manchester, it has manufac- 
 fcures of cotton, woolens, iron, etc. The woolen manufac- 
 ture was introduced by Flemings about 1337. Popula- 
 tion, 180,885, (1911). 
 
 Bolton Castle. A castle in the West Riding of 
 Yorkshire, England, 15 miles north-northwest 
 of Bradford. It was the scene of Mary Stuart’s 
 imprisonment, 1568-69. 
 
 Bolus (bo'lus), Dr. The Newcastle apothecary 
 of Colman the Younger’s poem of that name, 
 published in a volume of humorous verse en- 
 titled “Broad Grins.” It was Dr. Bolus’s practice 
 to write his prescriptions in rime, one of which (“When 
 taken, To be well shaken ’’) was too literally applied to the 
 patient instead of to the dose. 
 
 Boma (bd'ma). Capital of the Belgian Kongo. 
 It is built on the right bank of the river. Until 1876 Boma 
 was the extreme inland post of the Dutch and Portuguese 
 traders. 
 
 Bomarsund (bo'mar-sond). Formerly a Rus- 
 sian fortress on the island of Aland, Baltic Sea. 
 It was taken by the English and French, Aug. 
 16, 1854. 
 
 Bomba (born'ba), King. [It. bomba , bomb.] A 
 nickname given in Italy to Ferdinand II. of the 
 Two Sicilies, from bis bombardment of Mes- 
 sina and other cities during the revolutionary 
 troubles of 1849. 
 
 Bombardinian (bom- or bum-bar-din'i-an), 
 General. The general of the king’s forces in 
 Carey’s “Ckrononhotonthologos.” He has be- 
 come proverbial for burlesque bombast. After killing the 
 king he calls for a coach. 
 
 “Go, call a coach, and let a coach be called, 
 
 And let the man that calls it be the caller; 
 
 And in his calling, let him nothing call, 
 
 But coach ! coach ! coach ! 
 
 Oh for a coach, ye gods ! ” 
 
 Bombardinio (bom- or bum-bar-din'i-o). A 
 pseudonym used by William Maginn. 
 Bombastes Furioso (bom-bas'tez fu-ri-6'so). 
 A burlesque opera by William Barnes Rhodes, 
 produced in 1790. it takes its name from the princi- 
 pal character, a victorious general, who returns from the 
 wars with his army, which consists of four badly assorted 
 warriors. He discovers his king, Artaxominous, visiting 
 Distaftina, his betrothed, and resolves to go mad, which he 
 doeB. His howling, despairing, bombastic rant has caused 
 his name to become proverbial. He fights and kills his 
 king for a pair of jackboots which he had hung up as a 
 challenge, and is in his turn killed by Fusbos, the minis- 
 ter of state. The farce is a burlesque of the “Orlando 
 Furioso.” 
 
 Bombay (botn-ba'). A governorship and presi- 
 dency of British India, lying between Baluchis- 
 tan, the Panjab, and Rajputana on the north, 
 Indur, Central Provinces, Berar, and Nizam’s 
 dominions on the east, Madras and Mysore 
 on the south, and the Arabian Sea on the 
 west. Area of the governorship (excluding Sind), 75,918 
 square miles ; population, 15,304,677. Area of Sind, 47,066 
 square miles ; population, 3,210,910. Total area of gov- 
 ernorship, 122,984 square miles ; total population of Bom- 
 bay, 18,515,587. Area of tributary states, 65,761 square 
 miles ; population, 6,908,648. 
 
 Bombay. [In Hind. Barnbai , Malay Barnbe, etc.; 
 orig. Pg. Boa bahia, good harbor : boa, fern, of 
 bom (L. bonus), good ; bahia, bay, harbor.] A 
 seaport, and the capital of the presidency of 
 Bombay, situated on the island of Bombay in 
 lat. 18° 54' N., long. 72' 49' E. it is the second 
 city of India, and a leading city in commerce. It is con- 
 nected with Salsette Island, and is the terminus of the 
 Great Indian Peninsular Railway. Its trade is largely in 
 the hands of the British and Parsees. Bombay was ac- 
 quired by the Portuguese about 1530, and was ceded to 
 England in 1661, and to the East India Company in 1668. 
 The city constitutes an administrative district, with an 
 area of 22 square miles. Population, including canton- 
 ment, 979,445. 
 
 Bomberg (bom'berg), Daniel. Born at Ant- 
 werp: died at Venice, 1549. A Dutch printer, 
 noted for his editions of the Hebrew Bible 
 and the Talmud. 
 
 Bomby (bom'bi), Hope-on-High. A Puritan 
 in Fletcher’s play “Women Pleased,” intended 
 to ridicule the sect to which he belonged. Ho 
 denounces worldly pleasures, but joins in them. 
 Bomford (bum'ford), George. Born in New 
 York city, 1780: died at Boston, Mass., March 
 
 168 
 
 25, 1848. An American military officer, colonel 
 and chief of ordnance (1882), and the inventor 
 of the columbiad. 
 
 Bomilcar (bo-mil'kar). A Carthaginian gen- 
 eral. He commanded the Carthaginians against Agatho- 
 cles, 310 B. c., and in 308 conspired to make himself tyrant 
 of Carthage with the aid of 500 citizens and a number of 
 mercenaries, but was captured and crucified. 
 
 Bommel (bom'mel), or Zaltbommel (zalt-bom' 
 mel). A town in the Netherlands, situated on 
 the Waal 20 miles south-southeast of Utrecht. 
 It was besieged by the Spaniards in 1599, and 
 taken by Turenne in 1672. Population, about 
 4,000. 
 
 Bomokandi (bo-mo-kan'di). The left affluent 
 of the Welle River, central Africa, in the 
 country of the Nyam-Nyam and Monbutto. 
 Bona (bo'nii). A sister of the Queen of France 
 in Shakspere’s “ Henry VI.,” part 3. 
 
 Bona (bo'na), F. Bone (bon). A seaport in the 
 province of Constantine, Algeria, situated on 
 the Gulf of Bona in lat. 36° 58' N., long. 7° 47' 
 E., near the site of the ancient Hippo Regius. 
 It was occupied by the French in 1832. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 42,934. 
 
 Bonacca, or Bonaca (bon-ak'ka), or Guanaja 
 (gwa-na'na). One of the Bay Islands in the 
 Caribbean Sea, belonging to Honduras, in lat. 
 16° 28' N., long. 85° 55' W. Length, 9 miles. 
 This was the first part of Central America dis- 
 covered by Columbus, July 30, 1502. 
 Bonacieux (bo-nii-sye'). A sordid, avaricious 
 old rascal in Dumas’s “Three Musketeers,” who 
 even sacrifices his young wife in the desire to 
 gain favor with the cardinal. 
 
 Bonack. See Bannock. 
 
 Bona Dea (bo'na de'a). [L., ‘the good god- 
 dess.’] An old Italian and Roman goddess of 
 fecundity, worshiped only by women : the sister, 
 wife, or daughter of Faunus. 
 
 Bonald (bo-nal'), Vicomte Louis Gabriel 
 Ambroise de. Born at Mouna, near Millau, 
 France, Oct. 2, 1754: died at Mouna, Nov. 23, 
 1840. A French politician and publicist. 
 Bonald, Louis Jacques Maurice de. Born at 
 Millau, France, Oct. 30, 1787 : died at Lyons, 
 Feb. 25, 1870. A French Ultramontane ecclesi- 
 astic, son of Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald. 
 He became bishop of Puy in 1823, archbishop 
 of Lyons in 1839, and cardinal in 1841. 
 Bonaparte (bo'na-part; It. pron. bo-na-piir'te), 
 or Buonaparte (bwo-na-piir'te). A famous 
 Corsican family, said to have been of Italian 
 origin. Members of this family have ruled in France 
 (Napoleon I., emperor 1804-14 ; Napoleon III., emperor 
 1852-70), Spain (Joseph Bonaparte, king 1808-13), Holland 
 (Louis Bonaparte, king 1806-10), Naples (Joseph Bona- 
 parte, king 1806-08), and Westphalia (Jbrfime, king 1807- 
 1813). A number of persons bearing this name figured in 
 the history of Padua, Florence, San Miniato, and other 
 Italian cities in the middle ages, although the connection 
 between them and the Corsican family cannot with cer- 
 tainty be established. One Gabriel Bonaparte rose to a 
 position of some eminence at Ajaccio, Corsica, about 1567. 
 His descendant Carlo Bonaparte became the father of 
 Napoleon Bonaparte, the founder of the dynastic fortunes 
 of the family. 
 
 Bonaparte, Carlo. Born at Ajaccio, Corsica, 
 March 29, 1746: died at Montpellier, France, 
 Feb. 24, 1785. A Corsican lawyer, father of Na- 
 poleon Bonaparte. He was a partizan of Paoli, with 
 whom he fought against the Genoese. He married Maria 
 Lsetitia Ramolino in 1765. 
 
 Bonaparte, Carlotta, later Marie Pauline. 
 
 Born at Ajaccio, Oct. 20, 1780: died at Flor- 
 ence, June 9, 1825. A sister of Napoleon I. 
 She married Prince Camillo Borghese, Aug. 28, 
 1803. 
 
 Bonaparte, Charles Louis Napoleon. See 
 Napoleon III. 
 
 Bonaparte, Charles Lucien Jules Laurent, 
 
 Prince of Canino and of Musignano. Born at 
 Paris, May 24, 1803: died at Paris, July 29, 
 1857. A noted naturalist, son of Lucien Bona- 
 parte by his second wife. His chief works are 
 “ American Ornithology ” (1825-33) and “Icon- 
 ografia della fauna Italiea ” (1832-41). 
 Bonaparte, Jerome. Bom at Ajaccio, Nov. 
 15, 1784: died near Paris, June 24, 1860. A 
 brother of Napoleon I., made king of West- 
 phalia in 1807. He married Miss Elizabeth Patterson 
 of Baltimore in 1803, and, this marriage having been an- 
 nulled, married Princess Catherine of Wiirtemberg in 
 1807. 
 
 Bonaparte, Joseph. Born at Corte, Corsica, 
 Jan. 7, 1768 : died at Florence, July 28, 1844. 
 The eldest brother of Napoleon I. He became 
 a member of the Council of Five Hundred in 1798, a coun- 
 cilor of state in 1799, king of Naples in 1806, and king of 
 Spain in 1808. He lived in the United States, under the 
 name of Comte de Survilliers, 1815-32. 
 
 Bonaparte, Louis. Born at Ajaccio, Sept. 2, 
 
 Bonaventura, Saint 
 
 1778: died at Leghorn, Italy, July 25, 1846. A 
 brother of Napoleon I. He married Hortense Beau- 
 haruais, Jan. 4, 1802, became king of Holland in 1806, 
 and abdicated in 1810, assuming the title of Comte de St. 
 Leu. He wrote “ Documents historiques et reflexions sur 
 le gouvernement de la Hollande ” (1820), etc. 
 
 Bonaparte, Prince Louis Lucien. Born at 
 
 Thorngrove, near Worcester, England, Jan. 4, 
 1813 : died at Fano, Italy, No v. 4, 1891. A French 
 philologist, the fourth son of Lucien Bonaparte, 
 prince of Canino. He lived chiefly in Italy until 1848, 
 when he went to France. He was made a senator in 1855, 
 and received from his cousin Louis Napoleon the title of 
 prince in 1863. After 1870 he lived chiefly in England. His 
 scientific reputation rests chiefly on his investigations of 
 the Basqu - language, and of the phonetic character of 
 nearly all the languages and dialects of Europe. 
 
 Bonaparte, Lucien. Born at Ajaccio, May 
 21, 1775 : died at Viterbo, Italy, June 30, 1840. 
 A brother of Napoleon I. He became a member of 
 the Council of Five Hundred in 1798, and its president in 
 1799, minister of the interior in 1799, ambassador to Spain 
 in 1800, and prince of Canino (in Italy) in 1814. He was 
 an art connoisseur and poet. 
 
 Bonaparte, Marie Anna, later Elisa. Born 
 
 at Ajaccio, Jan. 3, 1777 : died near Triest, 
 Austria, Aug. 6, 1820. A sister of Napoleon I. 
 She married in 1797 Felice Pasquale Bacciocchi; and was 
 made princess of Lucca and Piombino in 1805, and grand 
 duchess of Tuscany in 1809. 
 
 Bonaparte, Maria Annunciata, later Caro- 
 lina. Born at Ajaccio, March 25, 1782: died 
 at Florence, May 18, 1839. A sister of Na- 
 poleon I. She married Murat in 1800, and became Queen 
 of Naples in 1808. She was known as the Countess Li- 
 pona after 1815. 
 
 Bonaparte, Maria Lsetitia (Ramolino). Born 
 at Ajaccio, Corsica, Aug. 24, 1750: died at Rome, 
 Feb. 2, 1836. The mother of Napoleon Bona- 
 parte. She married Carlo Bonaparte in 1764, joined her 
 son in Paris in 1799, and on the elevation of Napoleon as 
 emperor in 1804 received the title of Madame MCre. 
 
 Bonaparte, Mathilde Lsetitia Wilhelmine. 
 
 Born at Triest, May 27, 1820: died at Paris, Jan. 
 2, 1904. A daughter of Jerome Bonaparte and 
 Catherine, princess of Wiirtemberg. 
 Bonaparte, Napoleon. See Napoleon I. 
 Bonaparte, Napoleon Eugene Louis Jean 
 Joseph, Prince Imperial of France. Born at 
 Paris, March 16, 1856 : killed in Znluland, South 
 Africa, June 1, 1879. Son of Napoleon III. 
 Bonaparte, Prince Napoleon Joseph Charles 
 Paul (called Prince Napoleon). Born at 
 Triest, Austria, Sept. 9, 1822: died at Rome, 
 March 17, 1891. Son of Jerome Bonaparte. 
 He was made prince in 1852, and in 1879, on the death of 
 the Prince Imperial in Zululand, became the chief of the 
 Bonapartist party. Also known as Plon-Plon. 
 
 Bonaparte, Pierre Napoleon. Born at Rome, 
 Oct. 11, 1815: died at Versailles, France, April 
 7, 1881. Son of Lucien Bonaparte, made prince 
 after 1852. He shot the journalist Victor 
 Noir, Jan. 10, 1870. 
 
 Bonaparte-Patterson (bo'na-part-pat'er-son), 
 Elizabeth. Born at Baltimore, Feb. 6, 1785 : 
 died at Baltimore, April 4, 1879. An American 
 lady who married Jerome Bonaparte in 1803. 
 See Patterson, Elizabeth. 
 Bonaparte-Patterson, Jerome Napoleon. 
 Born at Camberwell, England, July 7, 1805: 
 died at Baltimore, June 17, 1870. The eldest 
 son of Jerome Bonaparte. 
 Bonaparte-Patterson, Jerome Napoleon. 
 Born at Baltimore, Nov. 5, 1832 : died at Pride’s 
 Crossing, Essex County, Mass., Sept. 4, 1893. 
 Son of Jerome Napoldon Bonaparte-Patterson. 
 He entered the French service in 1854, and served with 
 distinction in the Crimean and Italian campaigns. 
 Bonar (bon'ar), Horatius. Born at Edinburgh, 
 Dec. 19, 1808: died at Edinburgh, July 31, 1889. 
 A Scotch clergyman, lyric poet, and writer. 
 He was pastor at Kelso 1837-66 ; joined with his congre- 
 gation in the Free-Church movement of 1843 ; and became 
 pastor of the Grange Free Church, Edinburgh, in 1866. 
 He wrote “Hymns of Faith and Hope " (1857-66). 
 
 Bonassus (bo-nas'us). A mythical beast with 
 whom Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, had an ad- 
 venture. 
 
 Bonaventura (bo-na-ven-to'ra). A friar of a 
 kindly, pliable nature, modeled on Shakspere’s 
 Friar Lawrence, in Ford’s plav “’Tis Pity She ’s 
 a Whore.” 
 
 Bonaventura, or Bonaventure, Father. The 
 
 name adopted by Charles Edward Stuart when 
 he came to England in 1753 to see his adherents. 
 Scott introduces him under this name in “Red- 
 gauntlet.” 
 
 Bonaventura (bo-na-ven-to'rii), Saint (Gio- 
 vanni di Fidenza). Born at Bagnorea, Italy, 
 1221: died at Lyons, France, July 15, 1274. 
 A celebrated scholastic philosopher, surname*! 
 “Doctor Seraphicus.” He became professor of the- 
 ology at Paris in 1253, general of the Franciscans in 
 1256, bishop of Albano in 1273, and cardinal in 1274. He 
 
Bonaventura, Saint 
 
 was canonized in 1482. He was the author of the “ Brevi- 
 loquium ’’ and “Centiloquium ” (manuals of dogmatics), 
 “Itinerarium mentis in Deum,” “Reductio artium in 
 theologiam,” “Biblia Pauperum,” etc. 
 
 Bonchamp (bon-skoh'), Charles Melchior 
 
 Artus de. Born at Jouverdeil, Anjou, France, 
 May 10, 1760 : died near Ckollet, France, Oct. 
 18, 1793. A French general, leader of the 
 Vendeans. 
 
 Bond (bond), George Phillips. Born at Dor- 
 chester, Mass., May 20, 1825: died at Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., Feb. 17, 1865. An American 
 astronomer, son of William Cranch Bond, and 
 director of the observatory of Harvard Uni- 
 versity. He wrote “On the Construction of 
 the Bings of Saturn,” etc. 
 
 Bond, William Cranch. Born at Portland, 
 Maine, Sept. 9, 1789: died at Cambridge, Mass., 
 Jan. 29, 1859. An American astronomer. He 
 
 superintended the erection of the Harvard observatory in 
 1839, becoming its director when completed, and became 
 noted for his observations on Saturn and the fixed stars 
 as well as for his operations in celestial photography. 
 
 Bondei (bon-da'i), or Wa-Bondei (wa-bon- 
 da'i). A Bantu tribe of German East Africa, 
 living between the sea-coast and the Usam- 
 bara hills. Wa-bondei, ‘people of the lowland,’ is the 
 name given them by their western highland neighbors. 
 By the coast people they are called Wa-shenzi, ‘bush people. ’ 
 Bondi (bon'de), Clemente. Born at Mezzana, 
 near Parma, Italy, June 27, 1742: died at 
 Vienna, June 20, 1821. An Italian poet. He 
 
 was a member of the Jesuit order, professor of oratory in 
 the Royal Seminary at Parma, and later instructor of his- 
 tory and literature at the court of Vienna. 
 
 Bondman (bond'man), The. A tragedy by 
 Massinger, licensed in 1623, and first acted in 
 1624. 
 
 Bondman, The. An opera by Balfe, produced 
 at Drury Lane in 1846. 
 
 Bond street. The main thoroughfare between 
 Oxford street and Piccadilly in London, it was 
 formerly a fashionable promenade, but is now filled with 
 shops. ’ It contains the Grosvenor and Dorb galleries. 
 New Bond street is the end nearest Oxford street. 
 Bondu (bon-do'). A kingdom in Senegambia, 
 West Africa, about lat. 14°-15° N., long. 12°- 
 13° W. The inhabitants are chiefly Fulahs; its pre- 
 vailing religion is Mohammedanism. It was first visited 
 by Mungo Park. 
 
 Bonduca (bon-du'ka ). [See Boadicea.'] A tra- 
 gedy with this title, by Fletcher, was produced 
 before 1619. An alteration of Fletcher’s play was 
 brought out in 16B6 by George Powell, an actor, and an- 
 other alteration by the elder Colman was acted in 1778. A 
 third alteration was made by J. R. Blanche and acted in 
 1837. It was called “Caractacus.” 
 
 Boney (bo'ni). An English nickname for Napo- 
 leon Bonaparte. 
 
 Bon Gaultier (bon gal'ti-er), Ballads of. A 
 volume of satirical verse by Professor William 
 Edmonstoune Aytoun and Theodore Martin, re- 
 printed from “ Blackwood’s Magazine.” 
 
 Bongo (bong'go), or Obong (o'bong). A mixed 
 negro tribe occupying a wide tract of land in 
 the basin of the Bahr-el-Ghazal, eastern Sudan. 
 They are of medium size, good muscular development, 
 and red-brown complexion, and are remarkable iron- and 
 wood-workers. In their ears, noses, and under lips they 
 wear rings and pieces of wood. A tuft of grass is the 
 women’s garment. Since 1856 they have been victimized 
 by the Khartum slave-traders. Some affinity is found be- 
 tween their language and that of the Bari and Bagrima. 
 Also called JJor and Akuma by their Dinka and Nyam- 
 Nyam neighbors. 
 
 Bonheur (bo-ner'), Francois Auguste. Bom 
 
 atBordeaux, France, Nov. 4, 1824: died atParis, 
 Feb. 23, 1884. A French painter of landscapes 
 and animal life, brother of Rosa Bonheur. 
 Bonheur, Jules Isidore. Born at Bordeaux, 
 France, May 15, 1827 : died in 1901. A French 
 sculptor, brother of Rosa Bonheur. 
 
 Bonheur, Juliette (Mme. Peyrol). Bom July 
 19, 1830: died July 19, 1891. A French painter, 
 sister of Rosa Bonheur. 
 
 Bonheur, Rosalie (Rosa) Marie. Born at 
 Bordeaux, France, March 16, 1822: died at Fon- 
 tainebleau, May 25, 1899. A celebrated French 
 painter of animal life and of landscapes, she was 
 a pupil of her father and Lion Cogniet. She received med- 
 als of the first class in 1848 and 1865. At the Exposition 
 Universelle of 1855 she exhibited “La Fenaison en Au- 
 vergne,” which established her reputation. From 1849 she 
 was the directress of the Free School of Design for Young 
 Gills. Among h:r noted works are “Labourage niver- 
 naiB” (Musiedu Luxembourg), “Etudes danimaux ” (Mu- 
 sts de Bordeaux). “Paysage et animaux” ( M usee d’Or- 
 ldans), “The Horse Fair ” (Metropolitan Museum, New 
 York). 
 
 Bonhomme (bo-nom'), Jacques. [F., ‘James 
 Goodman.’] A contemptuous sobriquet which 
 the nobility in France gave to the people, par- 
 ticularly the peasants. See Jacquerie. 
 Bonhomme Richard (bo-nom' re-shar'). [F., 
 ‘ good man Richard.”] One of a fleet of five 
 VI. 7 
 
 169 
 
 vessels prepared by the French government, 
 on the advice of Benjamin Franklin, and placed 
 under the command of John Paul Jones, it was 
 a merchantman changed to a man-of-war and named Du- 
 ras, and then Bonhomme Richard, or Poor Richard, at 
 Jones’s suggestion, in honor of Franklin. The fleet sailed 
 from L’Orient, Aug. 14, 1779, passed along the west Irish 
 coast around Scotland, and, Sept. 23, 1779, reduced to three 
 ships, fell in with the North Sea merchant fleet under 
 convoy of the Serapis (44 guns) and Countess of Scarbor- 
 ough (20 guns) off Flamborough Head. The Bonhomme 
 Richard engaged the Serapis, Captain Pearson, at 7.30 p. M. 
 by moonlight in the presence of thousands of spectators. 
 The Serapis struck at 10.30. On the 25th the Bonhomme 
 Richard went down. 
 
 Boni (bo'ne). A state in the southern part of 
 Celebes, East Indies, in lat. 5° S., long. 120° E., 
 a dependency of the Netherlands. Its inhabi- 
 tants are Bugis. Population (estimated), 200,- 
 000 (?). 
 
 Boniface (bon'i-fas) I., L. Bonifacius (bon-i- 
 fa'ski-us), Saint. Died 422. Bishop of Rome 
 418^122. He is commemorated on Oct. 25. 
 
 Boniface II. Pope 530-532. 
 
 Boniface III. Pope 6077 (606?). He influenced 
 the emperor Phocas to decree that the title Universal 
 Bishop should be given only to the Bishop of Rome. 
 
 Boniface I if. Pope 608-615. He received per- 
 mission from the emperor Phocas to convert the Pantheon 
 erected by Agrippa, at Rome, into a Christian church un- 
 der the name of Sancta Maria Rotunda. 
 
 Boniface V. Pope 619-625. He enacted the de- 
 cree by which churches became places of refuge for crim- 
 inals. 
 
 Boniface VI. Pope 896. He was of an abandoned 
 
 character, and was seated in the papal chair by a 
 mob after the death of Formosus. He died fifteen days 
 later. 
 
 Boniface VII. Died 985. Pope. He attained 
 the papal throne in a popular tumult in 974, was driven 
 from Rome in 976, and returned and deposed John 
 XIV. in 984. By some he is not regarded as a legiti- 
 mate pope. 
 
 Boniface VIII. (Benedict Cajetan). Born at 
 Anagni, Italy, about 1228 : died at Rome, Oct. 
 11, 1303. Pope from Dec. 24, 1294, to Oct. 11, 
 1303. He issued Feb. 25, 1296, the bull Clericis laicos, 
 which was directed against Philip the Fair of France, who 
 had imposed taxes on the French clergy, and which for- 
 bade the clergy of any country to pay tribute to the secu- 
 lar government without the papal permission ; but was 
 forced by an enactment of Philip which stopped the ex- 
 portation of money from France to concede that the French 
 clergy might render voluntary contributions. He opened 
 at Rome, Oct. 30, 1302 (as the resultof aquarrel with Philip 
 over the imprisonment of an insolent papal legate, the 
 Bishop of Pamiers), a synod, in which he promulgated, 
 Nov. 18, 1302, the bull Unam sanctam, asserting the tem- 
 poral as well as spiritual supremacy of the Pope. He was 
 made prisoner at Anagni, Sept. 7, 1303, by Nogaret, vice- 
 chancellor to Philip, and Sciarra Colonna ; and although 
 shortly released by the populace, died at Rome of a fever, 
 said to have been brought on by a rage. 
 
 Boniface IX. (Pietro Tomacelli). Died at 
 Rome, Oct. 1, 1404. Pope at Rome 1389-1404. 
 He quarreled with Richard of England on the subject of 
 the collation of benefices, established the perpetual an- 
 nates, and spent his reign in intrigues against the popes 
 of Avignon. 
 
 Boniface. A landlord in Farquhar’s “Beaux’ 
 Stratagem.” He was in league with the highwaymen, 
 and prided himseif on his diet of ale. From him the name 
 has been applied to innkeepers in general. 
 
 Boniface, Abbot. The bead of the monastery 
 of St. Mary in Scott’s novel “The Monastery.” 
 
 Boniface, Saint (original name Winfrid or 
 Winfrith). Born at Kirton, or Crediton, Dev- 
 onshire : died near Dokkum, Friesland, June 5, 
 755. A celebrated Euglish missionary, called 
 “the Apostle of Germany.” From 716 he labored 
 among the Friesian3 and German tribes. He was made 
 bishop i n 723, and archbishop in 732. About 743 he founded 
 the abbey of Fulda, where his remains were laid. From 
 746 to 754 he occupied the see of Mainz. He was mur- 
 dered in 755. He is said to have enforced his missionary 
 teaching by cutting down with his own hand the sacred 
 oak at Geismar. His festival is celebrated in the Roman 
 and Anglican churches on June 5. 
 
 Boniface of Savoy. Died 1270. A younger 
 son of Thomas I., count of Savoy, nominated 
 archbishop of Canterbury in 1241, confirmed 
 by the Pope in 1243, and consecrated in 1245. 
 
 Bonifacio (bo-ne-fa/cho), Strait of. A strait 
 in the Mediterranean Sea which separates Cor- 
 sica from Sardinia. 
 
 Bonifacius (bon-i-fa'shi-us), or Boniface, 
 Count. Born in Tbrace: died 432 A. D. A 
 Roman general in the time of Honorius and 
 Placidia : a rival of Aetius and a friend of 
 St. Augustine. He served with distinction against 
 the Goths and the Vandals in France (defending Mar- 
 seilles against Ataulf, king of the Goths, 413) and Spain, 
 and in Africa. Through the plotting of Aetius he was 
 led to revolt against Placidia and ally himself with the 
 Vandals in Africa He soon, however, returned to his al- 
 legiance, and attacked Genseric, but was defeated and be- 
 sieged for fourteen months in Hippo. On returning to 
 Italy he met and conquered Aetius, but died from wounds 
 received in the battle. 
 
 Bonin (bo-nen'), Adolf von. Born Nov. 11, 
 
 Bonneville 
 
 1803 : died at Berlin, April 16, 1872. A Prus- 
 sian infantry general, governor of Dresden 
 1866-67, and of Lorraine 1870-71. 
 
 Bonin, Eduard von. Born at Stolpe, Prus- 
 sia, March 7, 1793: died at Coblentz, Prussia, 
 March 13, 1865. A Prussian infantry general, 
 distinguished in the Schleswig-Holstein war, 
 1848-50. 
 
 Bonin (bo-nen') Islands, Jap. Bu-nin-to, 
 
 (ho-nen-to'), or Ogasawara Sima (o-ga-sa- 
 wa/ra se'ma). A group of 89 islands and rocks, 
 of volcanic formation, in the North Pacific, in 
 lat. 26° 30'-27° 45' N.,long. 141°-143° E. They 
 were discovered by the Japanese in 1593, and annexed by 
 Japan in 1880. Area, 72 square miles. 
 
 Bonington (bon'ing-ton), Richard Parkes. 
 Born at Arnold, near Nottingham, England, 
 Oct. 25, 1801: died at London, Sept. 23, 1828. 
 An English painter of coast and street scenes. 
 
 Bonivard. See Bonnivard. 
 
 Bonjour (bdn-jor'), The Brothers. Born at 
 Pont d’Ain, France: lived about 1775-90: died 
 in exile at Lausanne, Switzerland. Two French 
 heretics who became curd and vicar of tbe 
 parish of Fareins. They founded a sect called 
 “flagellants Fareinistes.” 
 
 Bonn (bon). A city in the Rhine Province, 
 Prussia, situated on the west bank of the Rhine 
 15 miles south-southeast of Cologne : the Ro- 
 man Bonna, or Castra Bonnensia. It contains a 
 noted university and minster. It was originally a Ro- 
 man fortress, and was for many centuries the capital of 
 the electorate of Cologne. The French held it 1673-89, 
 and it was ceded to France in 1801. It was acquired by 
 Prussia in 1815. The cathedral is an interesting example 
 of the Rhenish florid Romanesque, with two arcaded 
 towers at each end, a high octagonal tower and timber 
 spire at the crossing, and two choirs. The exterior is 
 characterized by flue arcading, particularly on the apse 
 and the transepts, which have polygonal terminations. 
 The interior is excellent in proportions, and possesses some 
 good sculpture. The crypt is of the 11th century, and has 
 various medieval wall-paintings. Population, commune, 
 81,996. 
 
 Bonnat(ho-na'),Leon JosephFlorentin. Born 
 
 at Bayonne, France, June 20, 1833. A French 
 painter of historical pieces and portraits, a 
 pupil of Madrazo and Cogniet. He won the second 
 prix <1 i koine in 1851 ; made his debut at the Salon of 1857 
 with three portraits ; won a medal of the second class In 
 1867, and a medal of honor in 1869 ; and became a mem- 
 ber of the Institute in 1874. 
 
 Bonner (bon'er), Edmund. Born at Hanley, 
 Worcestershire, England, about 1495: died 
 Sept. 5, 1569. An English prelate, made bishop 
 of London in 1539, noted for persecution of 
 Protestants in the reign of Mary, 1553-58. on 
 the accession of Elizabeth he refused to take the oath of 
 supremacy, and was committed to the Marshalsea, where 
 he died. 
 
 Bonner, Robert. Born near Londonderry, Ire- 
 land, April 28, 1824 : died at New York, July 6, 
 1899. An American publisher, founder of the 
 “New York Ledger ” (1851). 
 
 Bonnet (bo-na'), Charles. Born at Geneva, 
 Switzerland, March 13, 1720: died near Lake 
 Geneva, May 20, 1793. A Swiss naturalist and 
 philosophical writer. His works include “Traitd 
 d’insectologie ” (1745), “ Traitd de l’usage des feuilles ” 
 (1754), “ Essai analytique sur les faculty de l’ame ” (1760), 
 “Considerations sur les corps organises” (1762), “Con- 
 templation de la nature ” (1764), “ Palingenesie philoso- 
 phique ’’ (1769). 
 
 Bonnetable (bon-na-tabl'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Sarthe, France, 16 miles northeast 
 of Le Mans. Population, commune, 4,284. 
 
 Bonneval (bon-val'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Eure-et-Loir, France, situated on the 
 Loir 18 miles south by west of Chartres. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 4,011. 
 
 Bonneval, Claude Alexandre, Comte de. 
 Born at Coussac, Limousin, France, July 14, 
 1675: died at Constantinople, March 27, 1747. 
 An adventurer in the French, Austrian, and 
 Turkish service : known also as Achmet Pasha. 
 
 He served under Prince Eugene in Italy, Provence, and 
 in the campaigns of 1710-12. In 1708 he commanded an 
 army corps in the Papal States, and served against the 
 Turks in 1715. 
 
 Bonneville (bon-vel'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Hauto-Savoie, France, situated on the 
 Arve 16 miles southeast of Geneva. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 2,160. 
 
 Bonneville (bon'vil), Benjamin L. E. Bom in 
 France about 1793: died at Fort Smith, Ark., 
 June 12, 1878. An American soldier. He fought 
 with distinction in the war with Mexico, commanded the 
 Gila expedition, 1857, and in the Civil War was comman- 
 dant of Benton Barracks at St. Louis, 1862-65. He became 
 colonel in 1855, and tirevet major-general in 1865. While 
 captain he engaged in explorations in the Rocky Mountains 
 and California, 1831-36. His journal was amplified by 
 Washington Irving, and published under the title “Ad- 
 ventures of Capt. Bonneville, U. S. A., in the Rrtcky Moun- 
 tains of the Far West ” (1837). 
 
Bonnibel 
 
 Bonnibel (bon'i-bel). [F. bonne et, belle, good 
 and pretty.] A common name for a young 
 girl in old pastoral poetry. 
 
 Bonnivardt bo-ne-var'),or Bonivard, Francois 
 de. Born at Seyssel, 1493: died at Geneva, 
 1570. A Genevan prelate and politician, 
 tbe hero of Byron’s poem “The Prisoner of 
 Chillon.” He became prior of St. Victor in 1514, and 
 was a conspicuous opponent of Charles, duke of Savoy, 
 who endeavored to obtain control of Geneva. He was 
 largely instrumental in bringing about an alliance between 
 Geneva and Fribourg in 1518, and in 1519 was captured by 
 the duke and imprisoned twenty months. In 1530 he ob- 
 tained a safe-conduct from the duke to visit his aged pa- 
 rents at Seyssel, but was arrested at Lausanne, May 26,1530, 
 and confined in the castle of Chillon, where, after a visit 
 from the duke (1532), he was placed in a subterranean 
 dungeon and, according to the local tradition, fastened to 
 a pillar. He was liberated, March 29, 1536, at the capture 
 of Chillon by the Bernese. He was the author of “ Les chro- 
 niques de Genfeve” (edited by Dunant, Geneva, 1831), which 
 was written at the instance of the magistracy of Geneva. 
 
 Bonny. See Idzo. 
 
 Bonny (hon'i), River. All arm of the Niger 
 delta which flows into the Bight of Biafra in 
 lat. 4° 30' N., long. 7° E. 
 
 Bonoxni (bo-no'me), Giuseppe. Born at Rome, 
 Jan. 19, 1739: died at London, March 9, 1808. 
 An Italian architect residing in England, a 
 leader in the revival of Grecian styles. His 
 principal work is “ Roseneath Hall, Dumbar- 
 tonshire, Scotland.” 
 
 Bonomi, Joseph. Born at Rome, Oct. 9, 1796 : 
 died at London, March 3, 1878. An English 
 sculptor and draftsman, son of Giuseppe Bono- 
 mi. He made a large number of drawings of Assyrian 
 and especially Egyptian remains, for the works of various 
 archaeologists, anil himself published “Nineveh and its 
 Palaces ” (1852), etc. 
 
 Bononcini (bo-non-che'ne), or Buononcini 
 (bwo-non-che'ne), Giovanni Battista. Born 
 at Modena, Italy, about 1672 : died probably 
 at Venice, after 1752. An Italian composer of 
 opera, and a rival of Handel. 
 
 Bonorva (bo-nor'va). A town in the island of 
 Sardinia, 25 miles south-southeast of Sassari. 
 Population, commune, 6,731. 
 
 Bonpland (boix-plon'), AimA Bom at La 
 Rochelle, Aug. 22, 1773 : died at San Borja, 
 Uruguay, May 4, 1858. A French naturalist 
 and traveler. From 1799 to 1805 he traveled with Hum- 
 boldt in America. Un his return he published “ Plantes 
 equinoxiales," and other botanical works. In 1816 he went 
 to Buenos Ayres, and in 1821 attempted a journey from 
 that place to Bolivia. Passing by the frontiers of Paraguay, 
 he was seized by order of the dictator Francia (Dec. 3, 
 1821), and was not allowed to leave the country until 1830. 
 After his release he resided on a small plantation near 
 the confines of Uniguay and Brazil. 
 
 Bonstetten (bon-stet'ten), Charles Victor de. 
 
 Born at Bern, Switzerland, Sept. 3, 1745: died 
 at Geneva, Feb. 3, 1832. A celebrated Swiss 
 litterateur and philosophical writer. His works 
 include “Recherches sur la nature et les lois de l’imagi- 
 nation ” (1807), “Etudes sur l’liomme ” (1821), etc. 
 Bontemps (boxi-ton'), Roger. [F. bon temps, 
 good time.] A pseudonym of Roger de Col- 
 lerye, a French poet, born at Paris about 1470. 
 
 He was of a lively, gay, careless temperament. B^ranger 
 has popularized this type in one of his famous songs, and 
 the name is proverbially given to any jovial fellow. 
 There is a very much older French song, without date or 
 author, in which La Mhre Bontemps gives lively, cheerful 
 advice to young girls. 
 
 Bon Ton (bon ton). [F., ‘good tone,’ i. e. high 
 fashion.] A comedy by Burgoyne, produced in 
 1760. Garrick shortened it, and produced it in 1775 as 
 “ Bon Ton, or High Life above Stairs.” 
 
 Bontuku (bon-to'ko). A town of Gyaman, 
 north of the Gold Coast, West Africa, now in 
 French territory. It is here that the coast traders 
 meet the caravans of Mande-nga, which bring the produce 
 from the Upper Niger basin. 
 
 Bonvin (bbn-van'), Francois. Born at Vaugi- 
 rard, Seine, in 1817: diedl887. AFrench painter. 
 He produced genre pictures recalling the best 
 specimens of the Flemish school. 
 
 Bonython (bon'i-thon), Richard. Born in 
 England, 1580: died about 1650. An English 
 soldier who received a grant of a tract of land 
 on the east side of the Saco River, in Maine, 
 and settled thei’e in 1631. He was commissioner 
 for the government of Maine under Gorges in 1636, and 
 later(1640-47)one of his council. Hisson. John Bonython, 
 introduced by Whittier in “ Mogg Megone," was a turbu- 
 lent character, and was outlawed for contempt of court. 
 
 Booby (bo'bi), Lady. In Fielding’s novel 
 “Joseph Andrews,” a vulgar woman who tries 
 to seduce Joseph Andrews, her footman, and 
 dismisses him on account of his virtue. 
 
 Book of Common Order. The liturgy of the 
 Church of Scotland. In 1562 the Book of Common 
 Order, commonly termed “ Knox's Liturgy,” was partially 
 introduced in place of the Book of Common Prayer, and 
 in 1564 its use was authoritatively ordained in all the 
 churches in Scotland. This liturgy was taken from the 
 
 170 
 
 order or liturgy used by the English church at Geneva. 
 McClintock and Strong. 
 
 Book of Common Prayer. The service-book 
 of the Church of England, or a similar book 
 authorized by one of the other branches of the 
 Anglican Church. It is popularly known as the 
 Prayer-book. The first Book of Common Prayer was is- 
 sued in 1549. It was nearly all taken from medieval li- 
 turgical books. English was substituted for Latin, and a 
 uniform use was established for the whole Church of Eng- 
 land. Revisions were made in 1552, 1559, and 1062. I he 
 American Prayer-book was authorized in 1789; a revision 
 was begun in 1880 and issued in 1892. 
 
 Book of Cupid, God of Love, Tbe. See Cuclcoo 
 and the Nightingale, The. 
 
 Book of the Bead, Tbe. See the extract. 
 
 The chief monutnentof the religious literature of Egypt 
 is the “ Book of the Dead, ” in 106 chapters, now being criti- 
 cally edited by M. Naville. Portions of it were inscribed 
 on the mummy-cases and tombs, and are met with in the 
 latest of the demotic papyri. It was, in fact, the funeral 
 ritual of the Egyptians, describing in mystical language 
 the adventures of the soul after death, and the texts it 
 must quote in order to escape the torments and trials of 
 the lower world. It is the literary reflection of the Osiris 
 myth, and grew along with the latter. A hieratic text of 
 the eleventh dynasty gives two varying versions of the 
 sixty-fourth chapter, ascribed to King Men-ka-ra, from 
 which we may infer the antiquity of the latter. But only 
 the essence of the work went back to the Old Empire. 
 The rest consisted of additions and glosses, and glosses of 
 glosses, which cont inued to be made up to the time of the 
 Persians. The oldest portion seems to have been of a 
 practically moral character, contrasting strikingly with 
 the mystical tone of the later accretions, where the doc- 
 trine of justification by faith in Osiris has taken the place 
 of that of good works. Sayce, Auc. Empires, p. 79. 
 
 Book of the Duchess. A poem by Chaucer, 
 known also as “The Death of Blanche the 
 Duchess.” It was probably written near the end of 1369, 
 as Blanche, the wife of the Duke of Lancaster, died Sept. 12, 
 1369. The poem represents the inconsolable nature of the 
 grief of the duke, and embodies the story of Ceyx and Alcy- 
 one. The duke, John of Gaunt, however married again in 
 1372. The broader outlines of the plot come from Ma- 
 chault’s“DitduLion”and“DitdelaFontaine Amoureuse.” 
 
 Book of Martyrs, The. A history of the perse- 
 cution of Reformers in England, by John Foxe. 
 
 It was finished in 1559, and was in Latin. It was published 
 March 20, 1563, and caUed “ Actes and Monuments,” but 
 was popularly known as “The Book of Martyrs.” He 
 translated it into English himself. 
 
 Book of Mormon. See Mormon, Book of. 
 Book of St. Albans. A x-irned treatise on hawk- 
 ing, hunting, etc., printed in English in 1486. 
 It was reprinted by Wynkyn de Wordein 1496. Ithasbeen 
 attributed to Juliana Berners (Julyans Bernes), and some 
 of it was certainly written by her. The second edition 
 contains the popular “Treatyseon Fysshynge with an An- 
 gle." Ithasbeen many time3 reprinted. The original edi- 
 tion was reprinted in facsimile by Eliot Stock in 1881. 
 
 Book of Sentences. See the extract. 
 
 Of this kind is the “ Book of Sentences” of Peter the 
 Lombard (bishop of Paris), who is, on that account, usu- 
 ally called “ Magister Sententiarura ” : a work which was 
 published in the twelfth century, and was long the text 
 and standard of such discussions. The questions are de- 
 cided by the authority of Scripture and of the Fathers of 
 the Church ; and are divided into four books, of which 
 the first contains questions concerning God and the doc- 
 trine of the Trinity in particular ; the second is concern- 
 ing the creation ; the third, concerning Christ and the 
 Christian religion ; and the fourth treats of religious and 
 moral duties. Whewell, Ind. Sciences, I. 317. 
 
 Book of Snobs, The. A sei-ies of sketches by 
 Thackeray on his favorite subject, snobbei’y 
 in all its branches. They first came out in 
 “Punch” as “ The Snob Papers” in 1843. 
 Boolak. See Bulak. 
 
 Boole (bol), George. Born at Lincoln, Eng- 
 land, Nov. 2, 1815 : died near Cork, Ireland, 
 Dec. 8, 1864. A celebi’ated English mathema- 
 tician and logician, professor of mathematics at 
 Queen’s College, Cork. His chief works are a “Trea- 
 tise on Diffei-ential Equations” (1859), a “ Treatise on the 
 Calculus of Finite Dilferences” (I860), “Mathematical 
 Analysis of Logic’ (1847), “ Laws of Thought” (1854). 
 
 Boom (bom). A town in the pi’ovince of Ant- 
 werp, Belgium, situated 10 miles south of 
 Antwerp. Population, 17,169. 
 
 Boonack. See Bannoclc. 
 
 Boone (bon), Daniel. Born in Bucks County, 
 Pa., Feb. 11, 1735: died at Charette, Mo., 
 Sept. 26, 1820. A famous American pioneer 
 in Kentucky. About 1748 his father settled at Hol- 
 man's Fox-d, on the Yadkin, North Cai'olina. He began 
 the exploration of Kentucky in 1769, and founded Boones- 
 borough in 1775. He emigrated to Missouri, then a pos- 
 session of Spain, about 1795. 
 
 Boonton (bon'toti). A town of Morris County, 
 New Jei’sey, 25 miles noi'thwest of New York. 
 It contains important iron-works (among the largest in 
 the United States), including blast-furnaces, rolling-mills, 
 and mills for the manufacture of nuts, plates, nails, etc. 
 Population, 4,930, (1910). 
 
 Boonville, or Booneville (bon'vil). A city in 
 Missouri, situated on the Missouri River 43 
 miles northwest of Jefferson City. Here, June 
 17, 1861, the Federate under Lyon defeated the Confed- 
 erates under Marmaduke. Population, 4,252, (1910). 
 
 Bopp 
 
 Boorlos (borTos), Lake. A large lagoon in 
 the delta of the Nile, near the Mediterranean. 
 
 Bootan. See Bhutan. 
 
 Bootes (bo-6'tez). [Gr. Hocirgg, the ox-driver 
 or plowman.] A northern constellation con- 
 taining the bi’ight star Areturus, situated be- 
 hind the Great Bear, it is supposed to represent a 
 man holding a crook and driving the Bear. In modern 
 times the constellation of the Hounds has been interposed 
 between Routes and the Bear. 
 
 Booth (both). The husband of Amelia, a 
 prominent character iu Fielding’s novel “Ame- 
 lia.” Fielding intended in this character to represent 
 partly his own follies, improvidence, and weakness. 
 
 Booth, Barton. Born in Lancashire, England, 
 in 1681: died at London, May 10, 1733. An 
 English tragedian. He first appeared in London in 
 17u0, having pi-eviously played in Ireland. He played 
 with Betterton and with Wilks. In 17x9 lie married 
 Hester Santlow (his second wife), a dancer and actress of 
 great beauty but of irregular life. 
 
 Booth, Edwin Thomas. Born at Bel Air, 
 
 Md., Nov. 13, 1833: died in New York city, 
 June 7, 1893. A noted American tragedian. 
 He was the son of Junius Brutus Booth, and his first 
 appearance was as Tressel to his father’s Richard III., 
 on Sept. 10, 1849. In 1857 he first appeared as a “star” 
 in Boston as Sir Giles Overreach. In 1861 he went to 
 London and played an engagement there. The assassina- 
 tion of Lincoln by his biother John Wilkes Booth led to 
 his temporary retirement from the stage : but he reap- 
 peared as Hamlet on Jan. 3, 1866, in New York, and acted 
 in Shaksperian plays at the Winter Garden Theater until 
 its destruction by fire in 1867. He then erected a theater 
 of his own in New York, which was opened Feb. 3, 1869, 
 but was financially a failure. In 1880 he again went to 
 London. In 1883 he acted in Germany. In 1886 he began 
 his engagement to play under the management of Lawrence 
 Barrett, and continued to play with him until Barrett’s 
 death in 1891. His last appearance was in Brooklyn, April 
 4, 1891, in the part of Hamlet. In 1888 he founded in New 
 York “The Players,” a club designed to promote social in- 
 tercourse between the dramatic and kindred professions, 
 and in its club-house he died. 
 
 Booth, John Wilkes. Born at Bel Air, Md., 
 1839 (1838?): shot near Bowling Green, Va., 
 April 26, 1865. An American actor, the brother 
 of Edwin Booth. He assassinated President 
 Lincoln at Ford’s Theater, Washington, April 
 14, 1865. 
 
 Booth, Junius Brutus. Bom at London, May 
 1, 1796: died on a Mississippi steamboat on 
 Nov. 30, 1852. An Anglo-American actor. His 
 
 first professional appearance was as Campillo in “ The 
 Honeymoon" in 1813 at Peckham, England ; his last, as Sir 
 Edward Mortimer in “The Iron Chest,” Nov. 19, 1852, at 
 New Orleans. His career was brilliant though erratic. 
 His l-ivalry with Kean (whom he somewhat resembled) and 
 his erratic conduct led to exciting incidents in the Covent 
 Garden Theater in 1817, resulting in his departure for 
 America in 1821. On Jan. 13 of that year he married Mary 
 Anne Holmes. He played in America with great success. 
 In 1822 he bought a farm in Halford County, Maryland, 
 where his family lived and he retired when not acting. 
 
 Booth, Junius Brutus. Born at Charleston, 
 S. C., 1821: died at Manchester, Mass., 1883. 
 An American actor, eldest son of Junius Brutus 
 Booth (1796-1852), and brother of Edwin Booth. 
 He was both manager and actor. 
 
 Booth, William. Born at Nottingham, Eng- 
 land, April 10, 1829: died near London, Aug. 20, 
 1912. The founder of the Salvation Army. 
 He became a minister of the Methodist New Connection 
 in 1850 ; organized in 1865 the Christian Mission which, 
 when it had become a large organization formed on mil- 
 itary lines, was called tbe Salvation Army (1878); estab- 
 lished the “War Cry” (1880); and published “In Darkest 
 England” (1890). He was commonly styled “general.’’ 
 
 Boothauk. See Butkhak. 
 
 Boothia Felix (bo'thi-a fe'liks). [NL., ‘ happy 
 land of Booth’: named by Ross for Sir Felix 
 Booth, who promoted the expedition.] A pe- 
 ninsula in British North Amex - ica( northern ex- 
 tremity situated in lat. 72° N., long. 95° W.), 
 discovered by John Ross in 1829. On its west 
 coast (lat. 70° 5' 17" N., long. 96° 46' 45" W.) James Clarke 
 Ross located the north magnetic pole. 
 
 Boothia Gulf. A continuation of Prince Re- 
 gent Inlet, north of British North America, it 
 lies between Cockburn Island on tbe east and Boothia 
 Felix on the west. Length, 310 miles. 
 
 Bootle (bo'tl). A subui’b of Liverpool, in Lan- 
 cashire, England, situated at the mouth of the 
 Mersey. Population, 69,881, (1911). 
 
 Bo-Peep (bo-pep'). Little. A small shepherd 
 maiden, in a popular nursery story, who lost 
 her sheep. 
 
 The term bo-peep appears to have been connected at a 
 very early period with sheep. Thus in an old ballad of 
 the time of Queen Elizabeth, in a MS. in the library of 
 Corpus Christi College, Cambridge,— 
 
 Halfe Englande ys nowght now but shepe, 
 
 In everye corner they playe a boe-pepe. 
 
 HalliweU, Nursery Rhymes, p. 211. 
 
 Bopp (bop), Franz. Born at Mainz, Germany, 
 Sept. 14, 1791: died at Berlin, Oct. 23, 1867. A 
 celebrated German philologist, noted for re- 
 
Bopp 
 
 parches in Sanskrit, and especially in com- 
 parative philology, which he first placed upon a 
 scientific basis. He became professor (“extraordi- 
 nary") of Oriental literature and philology at Berlin in 
 1821 (“ordinary" professor, 1825). His chief work is a 
 “Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Armenian, 
 Greek, etc.” (“ Vergleichende Grammatik, etc.," published 
 1833-52). 
 
 Boppard (bop'part). A town in the Rhine Prov- 
 ince, Prussia, situated on the Rhine 9 miles 
 south of Coblentz : the Roman Baudobrica or 
 Bodobriga. It has a castle and the remains of a Roman 
 wall. It was an ancient Celtic and Roman town. Popu- 
 lation, commune, about 6,000. 
 
 Bora (bo'ra), Katharina von. Born at Loben, 
 near Merseburg, Germany, Jan . 29, 1499: died 
 at Torgau, Germany, Dec. 20, 1552. A Cister- 
 cian nun at Nimptsehen, Saxony, 1515-23, and 
 wife of Martin Luther whom she married June 
 13 1525. 
 
 Borachia (bo-ra'cha). [Sp., f. of Borachio .] A 
 woman given to drink, a comic and unwhole- 
 some character in Massinger’s play “AVery 
 Woman.” 
 
 Borachio (bo-ra'cho). A villain, a follower of 
 Don John, in Shakspere’s “Much Ado about 
 
 N othing.” Borachio is the Spanish name for a leathern 
 wine-bottle (hence the name is frequently given in old 
 writers either as a proper name or a mark of opprobrium 
 to drunkards). 
 
 Borandon, Borondon. See Brandon, Saint. 
 Bor&S (bo'ros). A town of southern Sweden, 
 37 miles east of Gothenburg. 
 
 Borbeck (bor'bek). A commune in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, 34 miles northwest of Essen. 
 Population, 59,553. 
 
 Borda (bor-da'), Jean Charles. Born at Dax, 
 in Landes, France, May 4, 1733: died at Paris, 
 Feb. 20, 1799. A French mathematician and 
 naval officer, noted for investigations in nauti- 
 cal astronomy and hydrodynamics. 
 
 Bordeaux (bor-do'). [ME. Burdews, OF. Bor- 
 deux (F. Bordeaux), earlier OF. Bordele, from 
 L. Burdigala, Burdegala, Gr. BovpdiyaAa ; sup- 
 posed to be an Iberian or else a Celtic name.] 
 The capital of the Gironde, France, situated on 
 the Garonne in lat. 44° 50' N., long. 0° 35' W. : 
 the fourth eitv and third port of France, it 
 has a large and fine harbor, with extensive quays and float- 
 ing basin. Its commerce is with the Atlantic and Baltic 
 ports, America, India, and Africa; its trade is in wine, 
 brandy, metals, timber, coal, grain, etc. It contains a cele- 
 brated bridge, Pont de Bordeaux (which see), and a ruined 
 Roman amphitheater, and is the seat of a university. Bor- 
 deaux was a leading Roman city in Gaul, the capital of 
 Aquitania Secunda, and passed under the sway of the V an- 
 dals, West Goths, Franks, and Normans, becoming a part 
 of the duchy of Aquitaine, whose fortunes it followed. 
 It flourished under English rule. It revolted against 
 the salt tax, and was severely punished in 1548. It had a 
 Parliament. It revolted against the Convention in the 
 Girondist period, 1793. It was the seat of the provisional 
 government and of the National Assembly, 1870-71. The 
 cathedral was built during the English rule. The north 
 transept is flanked by two graceful spires, and has a good 
 portal and rose-window. The choir is notable for the great 
 beauty of its five radiating and two lateral chapels. The 
 nave, without aisles, has round arcades below and two 
 ranges of pointed windows above. Population, commune, 
 251,947. 
 
 Bordeaux, Due de. See Chambord, Comte de. 
 Bordelais (bord-la'). [L. Burdigalensis, adj. 
 from Burdigala, Bordeaux.] An ancient sub- 
 division of France, now comprised in the de- 
 partments of Gironde and Landes. 
 
 Bordelon (bord-loh'), Laurent. Born at 
 Bourges, 1653 : died at Paris, April 6, 1730. A 
 French dramatist and theologian. 
 Bordentown (b6r'den-toun). A city in Bur- 
 lington County, New Jersey, situated on the 
 Delaware River 6 miles souEieast of Trenton. 
 Population, 4,250, (1910). * 
 
 Border States. Formerly the slave States Del- 
 aware, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, and Mis- 
 souri, situated near the free States: in a wider 
 meaning the name comprised also North Caro- 
 lina, Tennessee, and Arkansas. 
 
 Bordighera (bor-de-ga'ra). A small town in 
 northwestern Italy, on the Riviera 15 miles 
 east of Monaco. 
 
 Bor done (bor-do'ne), Paride. Bom at Treviso, 
 Italy, about 1500: died at Venice, Jan. 19, 1571. 
 A painter of the Venetian school, a pupil of 
 Titian. His most noted painting is the “ Fisher 
 extending a Ring to the Doge.” 
 
 Boreas (bo're-as). [Gr. B opiaq or Bopaf . ] In 
 Greek mythology, the personification of the 
 north wind. According to Hesiod, he is a son of As- 
 trseua and Eos, and brother of Hesperus, Zephyrus, and 
 Notus. His home was a cave in Mount 1' annus, in Thrace. 
 Borel (bo-rel'), Petrus. Born at Lyons, June 
 28, 1809 : died at Mostaganem, July 14, 1859. A 
 French journalist and man of letters. See the 
 extract. 
 
 171 
 
 Petrus Borel, one of the strangest figures in the history 
 of literature. Very little is known of his life, which was 
 spent partly at Paris and partly in Algeria. He was per- 
 haps the most extravagant of all the Romantics, surnam- 
 ing himself “Le Lycanthrope," and identifying himself 
 with the extravagances of the Bousingots, a clique of polit- 
 ical literary men who for a short time made themselves 
 conspicuous after 1830. Borel wrote partly in verse and 
 partly in prose. His most considerable exploit in the former 
 was a strange preface in verse to his novel of “Madame 
 Putiphar”; his best work in prose, a series of wild but 
 powerful stories entitled “ Champavert.” His taleut alto- 
 gether lacked measure and criticism, but it is undeniable. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 545. 
 
 Borelli (bo-rel'le), Giovanni Alfonso. Bom 
 
 at Castelnuovo, near Naples, Jan. 28, 1608: died 
 at Rome, Dec. 31, 1679. An Italian astronomer, 
 professor of mathematics at Messina and later 
 at Pisa, founder of the iatromathematical 
 school. His chief work is “De motu anima- 
 lium ” (1680-81). 
 
 Borg& (bor'go). A decayed seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Nyland, Finland, situated on the Gulf 
 of Finland iu lat. 60° 25' N., long. 25° 45' E. 
 Population, 5,266. 
 
 Borgerhout (bor'ger-hout). A manufacturing 
 town 1-J- miles east of Antwerp, Belgium. 
 Population, 48,948. 
 
 Borghese (bor-ga'se), Prince Camillo Filippo 
 
 Lud ovico. Born at Rome, July 19, 1775 : died 
 at Florence, May 9, 1832. An Italian noble, 
 broth er-in-law of Napoleon I. 
 
 Borghese Gladiator, so named, in reality an 
 athlete or perhaps a warrior. A notable an- 
 tique statue by Agasias of Ephesus, it is in the 
 
 Louvre, Paris. It dates from about the beginning of the 
 Christian era. The vigorous figure, undraped, is in an at- 
 titude of rapid advance, the left arm, encircled by the 
 shield-strap, raised above the head, and the right (re- 
 stored) extended downward and backward in the line of 
 the body, grasping the sword. Also Fighting Gladiator. 
 Borghese Mars. An antique statue of Mars in 
 the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Borghese Palace. The famous palace of the 
 Borghese family in Rome, noted for its art col- 
 lections. It was built toward the end of the 
 16th century by Martino Lunghi and Flaminio 
 Ponzio. It is situated in the Via della Fontanella, and 
 though its galleries contained originally the most im- 
 portant art treasures of Rome, save those of the Vati- 
 can, many of them have now been removed to the 
 private apartments of the Prince Borghese. See Villa 
 Borghese. 
 
 Borghesi (bor-ga'se), Count Bartolommeo. 
 Born at Savignano, near Rimini, Italy, July 11, 
 1781 : died at San Marino, Italy, April 16, I860. 
 A distinguished Italian numismatist and epig- 
 raphist. He wrote “Nuovi frammenti dei fasti 
 consolari eapitolini ” (1818-20), etc. 
 Borghi-Mamo (bor'ge-ma'mo), Adelaide. Born 
 at Bologna, Italy, Ahg. 9, 1829 (1830?): died 
 there, Oct., 1901. An Italian opera-singer. 
 Borgia (bor'ja), Cesare, Duke of Valentinois. 
 Born Sept. 18, 1478 : killed before the castle 
 of Viana, Spain, March 12, 1507. The natural 
 son of Rodrigo Lenzuoli Borgia(Pope Alexander 
 VI.). He was created cardinal by his father in 1492, 
 procured the murder of his brother Giovanni, duke of 
 Gandia, in 1497, resigned the cardinalate in 1497, was in- 
 vested with the duchy of Valentinois by Louis XII. in 
 1498, married Charlotte d'Albret, daughter of Jean d’Al- 
 bret, king of Navarre, in 1499, and was created duke of 
 Romagna by his father in 1501. He reduced by force and 
 perfidy the cities of Romagna, which were ruled by feu- 
 datories of the Papal See, and, with the assistance of his 
 family, endeavored to found an independent hereditary 
 power in central Italy, including Ptomagna, Umbria, and 
 the Marches. His father having died in 1503, he was de- 
 tained in captivity by Pope Julius II. 1503-04, and by 
 Ferdinand of Aragon 1504-06, when he escaped to the 
 court of Jean d’Albret of Navarre, in whose service he fell 
 before the castle of Viana. Handsome in person, educated, 
 eloquent, a patron of learning, and an adept in the cruel 
 and perfidious politics in vogue in his day, he is repre- 
 sented as a model ruler by Macchiavelli in his “ Principe." 
 
 Borgia, Saint Francesco, Duke of Gandia. 
 Born at Gandia, Spain, about 1510: died at 
 Rome, 1572. General of the Society of Jesus 
 1565-72. 
 
 Borgia, Lucrezia. Born 1480: died June 24, 
 1519. Duchess of Ferrara, daughter of Pope 
 Alexander VI., and sister of Cesare Borgia. 
 She married Giovanni Sforza, lord of Pesaro, in 1493. 
 This marriage was annulled by Alexander, who (1498) 
 found a more ambitious match for her in Alfonso of Bis- 
 ceglie, a natural son of Alfonso II. of Naples. Alfonso 
 having been murdered by Cesare Borgia in 1500, she mar- 
 ried (1501) Alfonso of F.ste, who subsequently succeeded 
 to the duchy of Ferrara. She was a woman of great 
 beauty and ability, a patron of learning and the arts. 
 She was long accused of the grossest crimes, but recent 
 writers have cleared her memory of the worst charges 
 brought against her. 
 
 Borgia, Stefano. Born at Velletri, Italy, Dec. 
 3, 1731 : died at Lyons, Nov 23, 1804. An 
 Italian cardinal, statesman, historian, and pa- 
 tron of science, secretary of the propaganda 
 1770-88. 
 
 Borneo 
 
 Borgne (horny). A lake or hay in southeast- 
 ern Louisiana, the continuation of Mississippi 
 Sound. It communicates with the Gulf of Mexico on 
 the east, and with Lake Pontchartrain by the Rigolets 
 Pass on the northwest. Breadth, 25 miles. 
 
 Borgo (bor'go). A town in Tyrol, 17 miles east 
 of Trent. Population, 5,020, (1910). 
 
 Borgo, Pozzo di. See Pozzo di Borgo. 
 
 Borgo San Donnino (bor'go san don-ne'no). 
 A town in the province of Parma, Italy, 14 miles 
 northwest of Parma : the ancient Fidentia. its 
 cathedral, rebuilt at the end of the 11th century, is a rich 
 Romanesque structure, with an unfinished facade flanked 
 by towers, and three sculptured lion-columned portals. 
 The nave is round-arched, with Pointed vaulting ; there 
 are twotriforia and much curious sculpture. 
 
 Borgognone. See Fossano. 
 
 Borie (bo-re'), Pierre Rose Ursule Dmnouliii. 
 
 Born at Beynat, Corr5ze, France, Feb. 20, 1808 : 
 beheaded in Tong-king, Nov 24, 1838. A noted 
 French missionary in Tong-king, 1832-38. 
 Boris Godonof. A tragedy by Pushkin, founded 
 on that episode in Russian history known as 
 the Interregnum. Lope de Vega wrote a play 
 on this subject, called “El Gran Duque de Mus- 
 covia.” See Godunoff. 
 
 Borissogliebsk (bo-ris-so-glyebsk'). A town in 
 the government of Tamboff, Russia, situated on 
 the river Vorona iu lat. 51° 20' N., long. 43° 
 4' E. Population, 24,700. 
 
 Borja (bor'Ha), Dona Ana de, Vice-queen of 
 Peru. Born about 1640: died Sept. 23, 1706. 
 A daughter of the Duke of Bejar, and the third 
 wife of the Count of Lemos whom she accom- 
 panied to Peru in 1667. During the absence of the 
 viceroy in Charcas she was left in charge of the govern- 
 ment (1668 and 1669). This is almost the only instance of 
 the kind in Spanish America. See Fernandez de Castro 
 Andrade y Portugal. 
 
 Borja y Arragon (bor'Ha e ar-ra-gon'), Fran- 
 cisco de. Born at Madrid, 1582: died there, 
 1658. A Spanish statesman. By his marriage he 
 became prince of Esquilache or Squillace in Calabria. 
 From Dec. , 1615, to Dec. , 1621, he was viceroy of Peru. 
 
 Borjesson (her 'yes-son), Johan. Born at Ta- 
 num, Bohuslan, Sweden, March 22, 1790: died 
 at Upsal, Sweden, May, 1866. A Swedish dra- 
 matic poet. His chief drama is “Erik XIV.” 
 (1846). 
 
 Borku (bor'ko), or Borgu (-go). A group of 
 oases in the Sahara, between Fezzan and Wa- 
 dai, important as the meeting-place of com- 
 mercial routes. It is inhabited by a Berber 
 tribe of mixed blood. 
 
 Borkum (bor'kom). One of the western islands 
 of the East Friesian group, belonging to Ger- 
 many. It is frequented for sea-bathing. 
 Length, 5 miles. 
 
 Borlace (bor'las), or Burlace, Edmund. Died 
 at Chester, England, about 1682. An English 
 physician, and writer upon Irish history. 
 Boflase, William. Born at Pendeen, Corn- 
 wall, England, Feb. 2, 1695: died Aug. 31, 1772. 
 An English antiquary and naturalist. His chief 
 works are “Antiquities of Cornwall ” (1754) and 
 “Natural History of Cornwall” (1758). 
 
 Bormio (bor'me-o). A small town in northern 
 Italy, at the head of the Valtelline, near the 
 frontier of Switzerland. 
 
 Bormio, District of. The territory around Bor- 
 mio in Italy, whose history was largely con- 
 nected with that of the Valtelline. 
 
 Born (born), Bertran or Bertrand de. Born 
 at Born, Perigord, France, about 1140 : died 
 before 1215. A noted French troubadour and 
 soldier. 
 
 Born, Ignaz von. Born at Karlsburg, Transyl- 
 vania, Dec. 26, 1742: died at Vienna, July 24, 
 1791. An Austrian mineralogist and metallur- 
 gist- 
 
 Borna (bor'na). A town in the kingdom of Sax- 
 ony, situated 16 miles south-southeast of Leip- 
 sic. Population, 8,879. 
 
 Borne (ber'ne), Ludwig (originally Lob Ba- 
 ruch). Born atFrankfort-on-the-Main, May 6, 
 1786: died at Paris, Feb. 12, 1837. A noted Ger- 
 man satirist and political writer, of Hebrew de- 
 scent. His collected writings were published 
 1829-34. 
 
 Borneil (bor-nay'), Guiraut or Giraud de. 
 
 Lived in the latter part of the 12th century. A 
 French troubadour, many of whose poems have 
 survived. Dante mentions him in the “ Divina 
 Commedia.” 
 
 Borneo (bor'ne-o). [Also Brunai , Bruni, B’rni, 
 etc., Malay Burnt, Burnt. The native name is 
 Pulo K (daman tin.) The largest of the East In- 
 dia Islands. It lies west of Celebes, north of Java, and 
 east of Sumatra, in lat. 7” N.-4°20' S., long. 109°-119 ,> E. 
 A large part of it is mountainous. It is divided into the 
 
Borneo 
 
 Dutch possessions and British North Borneo, Brunei, and 
 Sarawak. The inhabitants are Dyaks, Malays, Negritos, 
 Bugis, and Chinese. Borneo was fir st visited by Portu- 
 guese about 1518. Length, 830 miles. Breadth, 600 miles. 
 Area, 286,161 square miles. Population of Dutch posses- 
 sions, about 1,235,000 ; of British North Borneo, 104,527 ; 
 of Sarawak, 500,000. 
 
 Borneo, British North. See British North 
 Borneo. 
 
 Bornheim (born'hlm). A quarter in Frank- 
 fort-on-the-Main. 
 
 Bornholm (born'holm). All island in the Baltic 
 Sea, in lat. 55°-55° 20' N., long. 15° E., forming 
 an amt of Denmark. It is mountainous, and contains 
 porcelain-clay. Capital, Bonne. Length, 25 miles. Area, 
 228 square miles. Population, 41,031. 
 
 Bornu (bor-no'). A country in Sudan, Africa, 
 lat. 11°-16° N., long. 10°-17° E. Native capital 
 (since 1908), Maidugari. Its inhabitants are negroes, 
 Tuaregs, Arabs, and mixed races ; the prevailing religion 
 is Mohammedanism. Bornu formed part of the Kanern 
 monarchy in the middle ages, and became a separate 
 kingdom in the 15th century. It was conquered by 
 Fellatahs in the beginning of the 19th ceptury, and is now 
 in large part within the British protectorate of Northern 
 Nigeria. Area, estimated, 50,000 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, estimated, over 5,000,000. 
 
 Borodino (bor-6-de'no). A village in the gov- 
 ernment of Moscow, Russia, situated near the 
 river Moskva 70 miles west of Moscow. Near 
 here, Sept. 7, 1812, Napoleon’s army (about 140,000) gained 
 a victory over the Russians under Kutusoif (about 140,000). 
 The loss of Napoleon's army was 30,000; that of the 
 Russians, nearly 60,000. Also called the “ battle of the 
 Moskva.” 
 
 Bororos (bo-ro-ros'). An Indian tribe of west- 
 ern Brazil, living about the head waters of the 
 river Paraguay. They were formerly very numerous 
 and powerful, but were depleted, partly by the slave-mak- 
 ing raids of the Portuguese in the 18th century, and partly 
 by disease : a few hundred remain, nearly in their abori- 
 ginal condition. By their language and customs they are 
 closely allied to the Tupls and Guaranis, and are evidently 
 an offshoot of that stock. They live in fixed villages of 
 the highland, and practise agriculture, and their chiefs 
 have only a nominal power. 
 
 Borough, The. A poem by Crabbe, published 
 in 1810. 
 
 Boroughbridge (bur'6-brij). A town in York- 
 shire, England, 17 miles northwest of York. 
 Here, March 16, 1322, Edward II. defeated the 
 Earl of Lancaster. 
 
 Borovitchi (bor-6-ve'che). A town in the gov- 
 ernment of Novgorod, Russia, situated on the 
 river Msta in lat. 58° 23' N., long. 33° E. Popu- 
 lation, 9,431. 
 
 Borovsk (bo-rovsk'). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Kaluga, Russia, in lat. 55° 14' N., 
 long. 36° 30' E. Population, 8,414. 
 Borowlaski (bor-ov-las'ke), or Boruwlaski, 
 Joseph. Born at Halicz, Galicia, 1739; died 
 near Durham, England, Sept. 5, 1837. A Po- 
 lish dwarf, erroneously called a “count,” who 
 traveled from place to place exhibiting himself 
 and giving concerts. His height was a little 
 under 39 inches. He published an autobiog- 
 raphy (1788). 
 
 Borre, Sir. A natural son of King Arthur, in the 
 Arthurian legends, sometimes called Sir Bors. 
 Borrioboola-gha (bor ,/ i-o-bo'la-ga'). Au imagi- 
 nary place on the left bank of the Niger, selected 
 by Mrs. Jellyby (in Dickens’s “ Bleak House”) 
 as a field for her missionary philanthropic ex- 
 ertions, to the neglect of all home duties. 
 Borrissoff (bor-res'sof). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Minsk, Russia, 50 miles northeast of 
 Minsk. Population, 18,705. 
 
 Borromean (bor-5-me'an) Islands, It. Isole 
 Borromee (e'zo-le bor-ro-ma'e). A group of 
 islands in Lago Maggiore, province of Novara, 
 Italy, near the western shore. The two most noted, 
 Isola Bella and Isola Madre, belong to the Borromeo fam- 
 ily, and were converted into pleasure-gardens by Count 
 Borromeo in the 17th century. Another island is Isola 
 dei Pescatori. 
 
 Borromeo (bor-ro-ma'o), Count Carlo. Born 
 at Arona, on Lago Maggiore, Italy, Oct. 2, 
 1538: died at Milan, Nov. 3, 1584. An Italian 
 cardinal, archbishop of Milan, noted as an 
 ecclesiastical reformer, and philanthropist. He 
 was canonized in 1610. His death is commem- 
 orated in the Roman Church on Nov. 4. 
 Borromeo, Count Federigo. Born at Milan, 
 1564. died 1631. An Italian cardinal, and 
 archbishop of Milan, founder of the Ambrosian 
 Library at Milan in 1609. 
 
 Borromeo, San Carlo. A colossal statue on a 
 hill near Arona on Lago Maggiore, Italy, it 
 
 stands 70 feet high, on a pedestal measuring 42 feet, and 
 was finished in 1697. The figure, bareheaded, is in the act 
 of blessing the town, and has some artistic merit. The 
 head, hands, and feet are of bronze, the remainder of 
 welded sheets of beaten copper, braced with iron, and sup- 
 ported on a central pier of slone. 
 
 Borromeo, San Carlo, Sisters of. A religious 
 
 172 
 
 order founded by the Abbe d’Estival in 1652. 
 Its chief seat is at Nancy, France. 
 
 Borrow (bor'o), George. Born at East Dere- 
 ham, Norfolk, England, July, 1803 : died at 
 Oulton, Suffolk, England, July, 1881. An 
 English philologist," traveler, and romance- 
 writer. His works include “ Targnm, or Metrical Trans- 
 lations from thirty Languages, etc.” (1835), “ The Bible in 
 Spain ” (1843), “ The Zincali, or an Account of the Gypsies 
 in Spain ” (1841), “Lavengro, the Scholar, the Gypsy, and 
 the Priest” (1851), “The Romany Rye, a sequel to Laven- 
 gro"(1857), “ Wild Wales, etc.”(1862), “Romano Lavo-Lil, 
 or Word-book of the Romany ” (1874). 
 
 Borrowdale (bor'6-dal). A vale in the Lake 
 District of England, south of Derwentwater. 
 
 Bors (bors). In Arthurian legends, king of 
 Gaul, brother of King Ban of Benwieke (Be- 
 noic). They went to King Arthur’s assistance 
 when he first mounted the throne. 
 
 Bors (bors), oi'Boliort(bd'h6rt), or Bort(bort), 
 Sir. A knight of the Round Table, called Sir 
 Bors de Ganis, nephew of Sir Lancelot. He 
 was one of the few who were pure enough to 
 see the vision of the Holy Grail. 
 
 Borsippa (hdr-sip'a). An ancient city of Baby- 
 lonia, probably a suburb of Babylon, it con- 
 tained a temple of Nebo, its tutelar deity, called Ezida 
 ( i . e., eternal house), which was constructed in the form 
 of a pyramid consisting of seven stories, which are termed 
 in the inscriptions “the seven spheres of heaven and 
 earth.” The imposing ruins of the mound Birs Nimrud 
 to the northeast of Babylon are identified as the site of 
 Borsippa and its celebrated temple. See Birs Nimrud. 
 
 Bory de Saint Vincent (bo-re' de san van- 
 son'), Jean Baptiste Georges Marie. Born 
 at Agen, France, 1780 : died at Paris, Dec. 
 22 (?), 1846. A distinguished French natural- 
 ist and traveler. He wrote an “ Essai sur les lies for- 
 tunes et l’antique Atlantide” (1803), “L’Homme, essai 
 zoologique ” (1827), etc. 
 
 Borysthenes (ho-ris'the-nez). [Gr. Hopvo6evri<;.'] 
 The ancient name of the river Dnieper. 
 
 Bos, Hieronymus. See Bosch. 
 
 Bosa (bo'sa). A seaport in the island of Sar- 
 dinia, province of Cagliari, lat. 40° 17' N.,long. 
 8° 30' E. Population, commune, 6,846. 
 
 Bosboom (bos'boin), Johannes. Born Feb. 18, 
 1817 : died Sept. 14, 1891. A Dutch painter. 
 
 Bosboom, Mme. (Anna Luize Geertruide 
 Toussaint). Born at Alkmaar, Sept. 16, 1812: 
 died at The Hague, April 13, 1886. A Dutch 
 historical novelist. She married the painter Bos- 
 boom in 1851. Her works include “ Het Huis Lauer- 
 nesse,” “Leycester in Nederland,” “De Vrouwen van het 
 Leycester sche Tijdperk," aud “Gideon Florenoz.” 
 
 Bose (bosk), Louis Augustin Guillaume. Born 
 at Paris, Jan. 29, 1759: died at Paris, July 10, 
 1828. A distinguished French naturalist. He 
 wrote “ Histoire naturelle des coquilles” (1801), 
 “Histoire naturelle des Crustacea ” (1802), etc. 
 
 Boscan Almogaver (bos-kan' al-mo-ga-var'), 
 Juan. Bom at Barcelona, Spain, about 1493: 
 died near Perpignan, France, about 1542. A 
 Spanish poet, founder of the Italian poetical 
 school in Spain. His collected works were pub- 
 lished in 1543. 
 
 Boscawen (bos 'ka- wen), Edward. Born in 
 Cornwall, England, Aug. 19, 1711: died near 
 Guildford, Surrey, England, Jan. 10. 1761. A 
 noted English admiral. He commanded at the tak- 
 ing of Louisburg, 1758, aud defeated the French at La- 
 gos Bay, Aug., 1759. 
 
 Bosch (bosk), or Bos (bos), or Bosco (bos'ko), 
 Hieronymus, surnamed “The Joyous.” Born 
 at Bois-le-Duc, Netherlands, about 1460: died 
 at Bois-le-Duc about 1516. A Dutch painter. 
 His chief works are at Madrid, Berlin, and 
 Vienna. 
 
 Boscobel (bos'ko-bel). A farm-house near 
 Shiffnal, in Shropshire, England, noted in con- 
 nection with the escape of Charles II., Sept., 
 1651. The “royal oak” was in the vicinity. 
 
 Boscovich (bos'ko-vich), Ruggiero Giuseppe. 
 Born at Ragusa, Dalmatia, May 18, 1711 : died 
 at Milan, Feb. 12, 1787. An Italian Jesuit, 
 celebrated as a mathematician, astronomer, 
 and physicist. His works include “ Theoria philoso- 
 phise naturalis ” (17.98), “ De maculis solaribus ” (1736), etc. 
 
 Bosio (ho'ze-o), Angiolina. Born at Turin, 
 Aug. 22, 1829 : died at St. Petersburg, April 12, 
 1859. An Italian opera-singer. 
 
 Bosio, Baron Francois Joseph. Bom at Mo- 
 naco, Marc-h 19, 1769: died at Paris, July 29. 
 1845. A French sculptor. His best-known works 
 are the bas-reliefs of the Column Vendome (Paris), au 
 equestrian statue of Louis XIV. (Paris), etc. 
 
 Bosna-Serai (bos-nfi-se-ri'), or Serajevo (se- 
 rii'ye-vo), or Sarajevo (sa-ra'ye- vo). The 
 capital of Bosnia, situated in the valley of the 
 Miljadka, in lat. 43° 54' N., long. 18° 25' E. 
 It contains a bazaar, castle, and several mosques. Most 
 
 Boston 
 
 of the inhabitants are Mohammedans. It was founded by 
 Hungarians about 1263. Population, 41,543. 
 
 Bosnia (boz'ni-a). [F. Bosnie, G. Bosnien, NL. 
 Bosnia, Pol. Bosnia, Turk. Bosna,~] A territory 
 in southeastern Eui’ope, capital Bosna-Serai, 
 hounded by Croatia-Slavonia (separated by the 
 Unna and Save) on the north, Servia (separated 
 partly by the Drina) on the east, Montenegro 
 and Herzegovina on the south, Dalmatia on 
 the we'st, and Novi-Bazar on the southeast. 
 Its surface is generally mountainous, and its inhabitants 
 are occupied mainly with agriculture. With Herzego- 
 vina it was annexed by Austria-Hungary in October, 
 1908. The language is Servo-Croatian. Religions, Greek, 
 Mohammedan, and Roman Catholic. Bosnia was a part 
 of the Roman Empire, was governed by bans in the 
 middle ages, under the kings of Hungary, and belonged to 
 the kingdom of Stephen of Servia in the 14th century. 
 The kingdom of Bosnia originated in 1376. It was subju- 
 gated by the Turks in 1463. Bosnia has been the theater 
 of many conflicts between Austria and Turkey, and of 
 revolts. It was provided in the treaty of Berlin (1878) 
 that Bosnia and Herzegovina be occupied by Austria- 
 Hungary. The Mohammedans could, however, be sub- 
 dued only after a bloody conflict (1878). There was a 
 popular revolt in 1881. Area, including Herzegovina, 
 19,702 square miles. Population, 1,568,092. 
 
 Bosola (bo-so'la). A character in Webster’s 
 tragedy “The Duchess of Malfi,” gentleman 
 of the horse to the duchess. He is a villain, 
 a bloodthirsty humorist noted for his cynical, 
 savage melancholy. 
 
 Bosporus (bos'po-rus), or Bosphorus (bos'fo- 
 rus). [Gr. Bdorropof, ox-ford: so named from the 
 legend that Io, transformed into a cow, swam 
 across it.] A strait which connects the Black 
 Sea and Sea of Marmora, and separates Eu- 
 rope from Asia : the ancient Bosporus Thracius, 
 Thracian Bosporus. On it are Constantino- 
 ple and Scutari. Length, 18 miles; greatest 
 width, 2£ miles; narrowest, about 800 yards. 
 Bosporus. In ancient history, a kingdom in 
 southern Sarmatia, near the Cimmerian Bos- 
 porus. It was founded in 502 b. C., and extin- 
 guished in the 4th century A. D. 
 
 Bosporus Cimmerius (si-me'ri-us). The Cim- 
 merian Bosporus: the ancient name of the 
 Strait of Yenikale. See Cimmerians. 
 Bosporus Thracius, See Bosporus. 
 
 Bosquet (bos-ka'), Pierre Franqois Joseph. 
 Born at Mont-de-Marsan, Landes, France, 
 Nov. 8, 1810 : died at Toulouse, France, Feb. 
 5, 1861. A marshal of France. He served with 
 distinction In Algeria, and in the Crimea at Alma and 
 Inkerman 1854, and at the Malakoff 1855. 
 
 Bossi (bos'se), Giuseppe. Born at Busto-Ar- 
 sizio, in the Milanese, Italy, Aug., 1777: died 
 at Milan, Dec. 15, 1815. An Italian painter and 
 writer upon art. He wrote “Del cenacolo di Leon- 
 ardo da Vinci ” (1810), etc. 
 
 Bossi, Giuseppe Carlo Aurelio, Baron de. 
 Born at Turin, Nov. 15, 1758: died at Paris. 
 Jan. 20, 1823. An Italian lyric poet and di- 
 plomatist. His chief poems include “Independenza 
 Americana” (1785), “Monaca” (1787), “Oromasia" (1805), 
 etc. 
 
 Bossi, Count Luigi. Born at Milan, Feb. 28, 
 1758 : died at Milan, April 10, 1835. An Italian 
 historian, archfeologist, and writer on art. 
 Bossu, Le. See Le Bossu. 
 
 Bossuet (bo-sii-a' or bo-swa'), Jacques B6- 
 nigne. Born at Dijon, France, Sept. 27, 1627 : 
 died at Paris, April 12, 1704. A French prel- 
 ate and celebrated pulpit orator, historian, 
 and theological writer. He was preceptor to the 
 Dauphin in 1670-81, and became bishop of Meaux in 1681. 
 His chief works are “ Exposition de la doctrine catho- 
 lique ” (1671), “ Discours sur l bistoire universelle ” (1681), 
 “Histoire des valuations des t-glises protestantes ” (1688), 
 and funeral orations (“ Oraisons funebres ”). 
 
 Bossut (bo-sii')^Abb6. A name assumed by 
 Sir Charles Phillips in several educational 
 works in French. 
 
 Bossut, Charles. Born at Tarare, near Lyons, 
 France, Aug. 11, 1730: died at Paris, Jan. 14, 
 1814. A noted French mathematician. His chief 
 work is an “ Essai sur l’histoire g6nerale des mathe- 
 matiques ” (1802). 
 
 Boston (hos'ton or bos'ton). [ME. Boston, 
 contr. of * Botulfeston, ‘Botolph’s town,’ named 
 from AS. Botnif, Botuulf, Botulf, later mis- 
 spelled Botolpli .] A seaport in Lincolnshire, 
 England, situated ou the Witham in lat. 52° 58' 
 N., long. 0° 2' IV. It was an important trading town 
 in the middle ages. It contains the parish church of St. 
 Botolph s, along, low Decorated building, with a high Per- 
 pendicular tower surmounted by an octagonal lantern, 
 locally known as “Boston Stump.” The tower is 300 feet 
 high. The light and spacious interior has very lofty arches 
 resting on slender pillars, a small clearstory, and a fine 
 east window. Population, 15,667. 
 
 Boston. [Named after Boston in Lincolnshire, 
 England.] The capital of Massachusetts, situ- 
 ated in Suffolk Comity, on Massachusetts Bay, 
 at the mouths of the Charles and Mystic, in 
 
Boston 
 
 lat. 42° 21^' N., long. 71° 3^' W. it is the largest 
 
 city in New England, and one of the chief commercial 
 cities and literary centers in the country. It has an ex- 
 tensive foreign and coasting trade, and is the terminus 
 of many railr oad lines, and of steamship lines to Liver- 
 pool, etc. The city now contains various annexed dis- 
 tricts (Roxbury, Dorchester, N eponset, Charlestow n). Bos- 
 ton was founded by English colonists (some of them from 
 Boston, England) under Winthrop in 1830. It was first 
 named Trimountain, from the three summits of Beacon 
 Hill, and later received its present name in honor of Rev. 
 John Cotton who had been settled in Boston in Lincoln- 
 shire. It expelled Governor Andros in 1689 ; was in- 
 volved in the witchcraft delusion in 1692 ; was the scene 
 of the “ Boston massacre ’’ in 1770, and of the “Boston tea- 
 party ’’ in 1773 ; was besieged by the American army under 
 Washington, 1775-76 ; and was evacuated by the British, 
 March 17, 1776. It was incorporated as a city in 1822. It 
 suffered from tires in 1676, 1879, 1711, 1760, and especially 
 Nov. 9-11, 1872 (loss about 880,000,000). It annexed Rox- 
 bury in 1868, Dorchester 1870, and Charlestown, Brighton, 
 and West Roxbury 1874. Population, 670,585, (1910). 
 
 Boston. An American race-horse, foaled in 1833. 
 His sire was Timoleon, by Sir Arehy, by Diomed ; his dam 
 was by Ball's Florizel, by Diomed. He was the sire of 
 Lexington, and as the sire of Sallie Russel], dam of Miss 
 Russell, was the great-grandsire of Maud S. 
 
 Boston, Thomas. Born at Dunse, Scotland, 
 March 17, 1676 : died at Ettriek, Scotland, May 
 20, 1732. A noted Scotch Presbyterian divine. 
 He wrote “Human Nature in its Fourfold 
 State” (1720), etc. 
 
 Boston Massacre. A collision in Boston, March 
 5, 1770, between the British soldiers stationed 
 there and a crowd of citizens, it was occasioned 
 by the prejudices excited against the soldiers, a guard of 
 whom, provoked by words and blows, fired at the crowd, 
 killing three and wounding five. The members of the 
 guard were tried (defended by John Adams and Josiah 
 Quincy) and acquitted, except two who were convicted 
 of manslaughter and punished lightly. 
 
 Boston Port Bill. A bill introduced by Lord 
 North, and passed by the British Parliament, 
 March, 1774, closing the port of Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts, after June 1, 1774. 
 
 Boston Tea-party, The. A concourse of Amer- 
 ican citizens at Boston, Dec. 16, 1773, designed 
 as a demonstration against the attempted im- 
 portation of tea into the colonies. A large popular 
 assembly met at the Old South Church to protest. As their 
 protest was ineffectual, the Bame evening a body of about 
 fifty men, disguised as Mohawks, boarded the three Brit- 
 ish tea-ships in the harbor, and threw 342 chests of tea 
 (valued at £18,000) into the water. 
 
 Boston University. An institution of learn- 
 ing, situated at Boston, Mass., chartered in 
 1869. it comprises departments of the liberal arts 
 (organized 1873), theology (1871), law (1872), medicine (1873), 
 arts and sciences (1874), and agriculture (1867). 
 
 Boswell (boz'wel), James. Born at Edinburgh, 
 Oct. 29, 1740 : died at London, May 19, 1795. The 
 biographer of Dr. Johnson. He was the son of 
 Alexander Boswell, a judge of the Scottish Court of Ses- 
 sion ; was admitted to the Scottish bar in 1766, and to the 
 English bar in 1786 ; was appointed to the recordership of 
 Carlisle In 1788; and removed to London in 1789. In 
 1766, while traveling on the Continent, he paid a visit to 
 Corsica, where he was entertained by Paoli. The fruit of 
 this visit appeared in 1768 in the form of a volume en- 
 titled “An Account of Corsica : the Journal of a Tour to 
 that Island ; and Memoirs of Pascal Paoli.” In 1763 he 
 made the acquaintance at London of Dr. Johnson whom he 
 accompanied on a journey to the Hebrides in 1773. After 
 the death of Johnson he published in 1786 an account of 
 this journey under the title “ The Journal of a Tour to 
 the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson, LL. D.,’’ which was 
 followed in 1791 by his famous ‘‘Life of Samuel Johnson.” 
 
 Bosworth (boz'werth), or Market Bosworth. 
 [ME. Bosworth, AS. prob. * Bosanworth (found 
 as Bosworth in a spurious Latin charter, a. d. 
 833), from Bosan, gen. of Bosa, a man’s name 
 (cf. AS. Bosariham, now Bosliam), and worth, 
 farmstead.] A market town in Leicestershire, 
 England, 12 miles west of Leicester. At Bosworth 
 Field, Aug. 22, 1485, Richard III. was defeated and slain 
 by the forces of the Earl of Richmond, who became Henry 
 VII. 
 
 Bosworth (boz'werth), Joseph. Born in Derby- 
 shire, England, 1789: died May 27, 1876. An 
 English philologist, appointed Rawlinson pro- 
 fessor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford in 1858. His 
 
 . chief work is a “ Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon Language,” 
 published in 1838. In 1848 he published an abridgment 
 of it (“A Compendious Dictionary of Anglo-Saxon ”). The 
 larger work was edited after its author’s death by Pro- 
 fessor Toller (Part I., 1882 ; not completed in 1893). 
 
 Botany Bay (bot'a-ni ba). An inlet on the 
 eastern coast of New South Wales, Australia, 
 5 miles south of Sydney, it was first visited by 
 Cook in 1770, and was named by the naturalists of tiis ex- 
 pedition. A penal colony was sent there from England, 
 1787-88, but was transferred to Port Jackson. 
 
 Botein (bo-te-in'). [Ar. cl-hatin, signifying 'the 
 little belly/ as forming with the star (> the sec- 
 ond chamber of the Lunar Mansions.] A name 
 given to the two stars <5 and e Arietis. 
 Botetourt (bot'e-tfirt), Norborne Berkeley, 
 Baron. Born in England about 1734 (?) : died 
 at Williamsburg, Va., Oct. 15, 1770. An Eng- 
 
 173 
 
 lish politician, governor of Virginia 1768-70. 
 He dissolved the House of Burgesses in 1769 for passing 
 resolutions condemning parliamentary taxation and the 
 trial of Americans in England. He attempted to influ- 
 ence the home government to abandon the principle of 
 parliamentary taxation, failing in which, he resigned. 
 
 Bothnia (both'ni-a). A former province of 
 Sweden, east and west of the Gulf of Bothnia. 
 
 Bothnia, Gulf of. The northern extension or 
 arm of the Baltic Sea, between Finland on the 
 east and Sweden on the west. Length, 400 
 miles. Breadth, about 100 miles. 
 
 Bothwell (hoth'wel). A village in Lanarkshire, 
 Scotland, 8]- miles southeast of Glasgow. Both- 
 well Castle is in the vicinity. 
 
 Bothwell. A tragedy on the subject of Mary 
 Queen of Scots, by Swinburne, published in 
 1874. 
 
 Bothwell, Earls of. See Hepburn. 
 
 Bothwell Bridge, Battle of. A battle fought, 
 near Bothwell, Scotland, in which the Scotch 
 Covenanters were defeated by the Royalist 
 forces under the Duke of Monmouth, June 22, 
 1679. 
 
 Botocudos (bo-to-ko'dos). [From Pg. botoque, 
 a plug: in allusion to the wooden cylinders 
 which they wear in orifices of the lower lip and 
 ears.] An Indian tribe of eastern Brazil, for- 
 merly called Ayniores. At the time of the conquest 
 they were very numerous, occupying the inland regions 
 between latitudes 22“ and 15’ 30' S., with portions of the 
 coast. A few thousand remain, principally in Espirito 
 Santo and Bahia. They are very degraded savages, having 
 little intercourse with the whites. They are apparently a 
 very ancient race, and skulls found in caves with the re- 
 mains of extinct animals have been ascribed to them. 
 
 Botolph (bo-tolf'), or Botolphus, Saint. An 
 English monk. According to Anglo-Saxon chronicles he 
 founded a monastery in 654 at Ikanho in Lincolnshire, now 
 called Boston (Botolphstown). He instituted the rule of 
 St. Benedict there. His death was commemorated June 17. 
 
 Botoshan (bo-to-shan'), or Botushani (bo-to- 
 slia/ne). A city in northern Moldavia, Ru- 
 mania, 60 miles northwest of Jassy. Popula- 
 tion, 33,738. 
 
 Botta (bot'ta), Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo. 
 
 Born at San Giorgio del Canavese, Piedmont, 
 Italy, Nov. 6, 1766 : died at Paris, Aug. 10, 1837. 
 An Italian historian. His works include “Storia 
 dltalia dal 1789 al 1814 ” (1824),“ Storia d'ltalia continuata 
 da quelladel Guicciardini. etc.”(1832),“Storiadellaguerra 
 dell’ independenza degli Stati Unit! d’America” (1809). 
 
 Botta, Paul Emile. Born at Turin, Dec. 6, 1802 : 
 died at Achferes, near Poissy, France, March 
 
 29. 1870. A French archaeologist and traveler, 
 son of Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo Botta : noted 
 for discoveries in Assyria. 
 
 Bottari (bot-ta're), Giovanni Gaetano. Bom 
 at Florence, Jan. 15, 1689: died at Rome, June 
 3, 1775. An Italian prelate and archaeologist. 
 
 Bottesini (bot-te-ze'ne ), Giovanni. Bom Dec. 
 24, 1823: died July 7, 1889. A celebrated 
 player on the double bass, conductor, and com- 
 poser. 
 
 Bottger (bet'cher), Adolf. Bom at Leipsic, 
 May 21, 1815 : died at Goklis, near Leipsic, Nov. 
 
 16.1870. A German poet. He translated poems of 
 Byron, Goldsmith, Pope, Milton, etc.; and wrote “Ha- 
 bafia” (1853), “Der Fall von Babylon ” (1855), “ Till Eulen- 
 spiegel ” (1850), etc. 
 
 Bottger, or Bottcher, or Bottiger, Johann 
 
 Friedrich. Born at Schleiz, Reuss, Germany, 
 Feb. 4, 1682 : died at Dresden, March 13, 1719. 
 A German alchemist, noted as the discoverer of 
 Saxon porcelain. 
 
 Botticelli (bot-te-chel'le), Sandro (originally 
 Alessandro Filipepi). Born at Florence, 
 1447 : died there. May 17, 1510. An Italian 
 painter. He was a pupil of Filippo Lippi, and was in- 
 fluenced by Antonio Pollajuolo and Castaguo. Among his 
 earliest works are the “Fortitude”and the seriesof circular 
 pictures in the Uffizi at Florence, and Madonnas in the 
 Uffizi and at London. In 1478 he painted for the Villa di 
 Gastello the “ Allegory of Spring ’’(now in the Academy of 
 Florence), and the “Birth of Venus” in theUffizi. Among 
 his notable pictures is a reconstruction of the “Calumny ” 
 of Apelles from the description of Lucian. For Pier Fran- 
 cesco de’ Medici he made a series of illustrations to the 
 “ Divina Commedia ” of Dante, 84 of which are now in the 
 Museum of Berlin and 8 in the Vatican. In 1482 lie was 
 invited by Pope Sixtus IV. to assist in the decoration 
 of the Sistine Chapel. He was one of the followers of 
 Savonarola. 
 
 Bottiger (bet'te-ger), Karl August. Bom at 
 Reiehenbach, Saxony, June 8, 1760: died at 
 Dresden, Nov. 17, 1835. A German archaeolo- 
 gist. director of the gymnasium at Weimar 
 1791-1804. After 1804 he lived in Dresden. He wrote 
 “ Sabina oder Morgenscenen im Putzzimmer einer reichen 
 Romerin” (1803), “ Griechische Vasengemiilde ” (1797- 
 1800), etc. 
 
 Bottiger, Karl Vilhelm. Bom at Wester&s, 
 Sweden, May 15, 1807 : died at Upsala, Sweden, 
 Dec. 22, 1878. A Swedish poet. His collected 
 writings were published in 1856. 
 
 Boufarik 
 
 Bottom (bot'um), Nick. An Athenian weaver, 
 in Shakspere’s “Midsummer Night’s Dream,” 
 who plays the part of Pyramus in the interpo- 
 
 . lated play. He is gifted by Puck with an ass’s head, 
 and the dainty Titania is obliged by magic spell for a time 
 to love him. 
 
 Bottom the Weaver, The Merry Conceited 
 Humours of. A farce made from the comic 
 scenes of “Midsummer Night’s Dream,” pub- 
 lished in 1672, attributed to Robert Cox, a come- 
 dian of the time of Charles I. 
 
 Botts (bots), John Minor. Bom at Dumfries, 
 Va., Sept. 16, 1802: died in Culpeper County, 
 Va., Jan. 7, 1869. An American politician, 
 member of Congress 1839-43, 1847-49. He 
 wrote “The Great Rebellion, its Secret His- 
 tory” (1866), etc. 
 
 Boturini Benaduci (bo-to-re'ne ba-na-do'che), 
 Lorenzo. Born at Milan about 1680: died at 
 Madrid, 1740. A noted antiquarian, in 1735 he 
 went to Mexico. During eight years he traveled and 
 lived among the Indians, and amassed many hundred 
 specimens of their hieroglyphic records, as well as manu- 
 scripts in Spanish of great value. Some of the manuscripts 
 still exist : but the greater part perished through neglect 
 at Mexico. 
 
 Botushani. See Botoshan. 
 
 Botzaris. See Bozzaris. 
 
 Botzen. See Bozen. 
 
 Bouchardon (bo-shar-doh'), Edme. Bom at 
 Ckaumont, France, May 29, 1698: died at Paris, 
 July 27, 1762. A French sculptor. 
 
 Boucher (bo-sha'), Frangois. Born at Paris, 
 Sept. 29, 1703: died there, May 30, 1770. A 
 noted French painter of historical and pastoral 
 subjects and genre pieces. The especial strength 
 of Boucher lay in the grouping and decorative treatment 
 of women and children, especially in the nude. 
 
 Boucher (bou'cher), Jonathan. Bora at Blen- 
 cogo, near Wigton, in Cumberland, England, 
 March 12, 1738 : died at Epsom, England, April 
 27, 1804. An English clergyman and writer. 
 He collected materials for a “Glossary of Archaic and 
 Provincial Words,” a part of which (the letter A) was 
 published in 1807, and another part (as far as “Blade”) 
 in 1832. 
 
 Boucher (bo-sha'), Pierre. Bom in Perche, 
 France, 1622: died at Boucherville, Canada, 
 April 20, 1717. A French pioneer in Canada. 
 He wrote a “ Histoire veritable et naturelle des moeurs et 
 des productions de la Nouvelle France” (1663). 
 
 Boucher de Creveccfiur de Perthes (bo-sha' 
 dh krav-ker' de part'), Jacques. Bom at Re- 
 thel, Ardennes, France, Sept. 10, 1788: died at 
 Amiens, France, Aug. 5, 1868. A French are 1 1 ge- 
 ologist and litterateur. His works include “De la 
 creation” (1839-41), “Antiquitos celtiques et antodilu- 
 viennes" (1847-65), etc. 
 
 Bouches-du-Rhone (bosh'dii-ron'). [French, 
 
 ‘ mouths of the Rhone.’] A department of 
 France (capital Marseilles), hounded by Vau- 
 cluse on the north, Var on the east, the Medi- 
 terranean on the south, and Gard on the west. 
 The surface is generally low. It produces grapes, olives, 
 figs, etc. It was a part of ancient Provence. Area, ‘2,025 
 square miles. Population, 765,918. 
 
 Boucicault (bo'se-ko), Dion. Bom at Dublin, 
 Dec. 26, 1822: died at New York, Sept. 18, 1890. 
 An Anglo-American dramatist, manager, and 
 actor. He married Agnes Robertson, an actress of note, 
 but separated from her many years later, declaring that 
 he had never been legally married. His plays include 
 “London Assurance” (1841), “Old Heads and Young 
 Hearts ” (1843), “Colleen Bawn ” (I860), “Arrah-na- Pogue” 
 (1865), a version of “Rip Van Winkle" (1865), ‘The 
 Shaughraun ” (1874), etc. Brougham claimed a share in 
 “London Assurance.” 
 
 Boudet (bo-da'), Jean, Count. Born at Bor- 
 deaux, Feb. 19, 1769: died at Budweis, Sept. 
 14,1809. A French general. He was sent, in 1794, 
 to the West Indies, where he recovered Guadeloupe from 
 the English and aided in the attacks on St. Vincent and 
 Grenada. On his return (1796) he was made general of 
 division ; fought in Holland and Italy ; and in 1802 com- 
 manded under Leclerc in the Santo Domingo expedition. 
 He subsequently served under Napoleon until 1809, espe- 
 cially distinguishing himself at Essling and Aspern. 
 
 Boudinot (bo'di-not), Elias. Bom at Phila- 
 delphia, May 2, 1740: died at Burlington, N. J., 
 Oct. 24, 1821. An American patriot and phi- 
 lanthropist, president of the Continental Con- 
 gress 1782. 
 
 Boitet-Willaumez (bo-a've-yo-ma'), Comte 
 Louis Edouard de. Born near Toulon, France, 
 April 24, 1808: died at Paris, Sept. 9, 1871. 
 A French admiral. He published “Description nau- 
 tique des cOtes comprises entre le Sdndgal et l’cquateur ” 
 (1849), etc. 
 
 Boufarik (bo-fii-rek'). A town and military 
 post in the province of Algiers, Algeria, 21 
 miles southwest of Algiers, founded by the 
 French in 1835. Population, commune, about 
 10 , 000 . 
 
Boufflers, Louis Francois de 
 
 Boufflers (bo-flar'), Louis Francois, Due de. 
 
 Born Jan. 10, 1644: died at Fontainebleau, 
 France, Aug. 20, 1711. A marshal of France, 
 called Chevalier de Boufflers. He served with 
 distinction in the campaigns in the Low Coun- 
 tries. 
 
 Boufflers, Stanislas, Marquis de, called Abbe 
 and then Chevalier de Boufflers. Born at 
 Nancy, France, May 31, 1738: died at Paris, 
 Jan. 18, 1815. A French litterateur and cour- 
 tier, author of “Voyage en Suisse” (1770), etc. 
 Boufflers-Rouvrel (bo-flar'rov-rel'), Comtesse 
 Marie Charlotte Hippolyte de. Born at 
 Paris, 1724: died about 1800. A French lady, 
 leader in Parisian literary circles. After the 
 death of her husband, the Comte de Boufflers-Rouvrel, 
 17G4, she became the reputed mistress of the Prince de 
 Conti, over whose receptions she presided. She was the 
 friend of J. J. Rousseau, Hume, and Grimm. 
 
 Bougainville (bo-gan-vel'), Louis Antoine de. 
 
 Born at Paris, Nov. 11, 1729: died there, April 
 31, 1811. A French navigator. He entered the 
 army in 1754, went to Canada in 1760 as an aide-de-camp 
 of Montcalm, and was at the battle of Quebec ; subse- 
 quently he fought in Holland. In 1763 he left the army 
 for the navy, and three years after was given command of 
 a fleet destined to establish a French colony on the Falk- 
 land Islands, and thence to circumnavigate the globe. 
 After leaving his colony he explored the Straits of Ma- 
 gellan ; visited a great number of the Pacific islands, 
 some of which he discovered; coasted New Ireland and 
 New Guinea; touched at the Moluccas; and returned to 
 France by the Cape of Good Hope in 1769. His ‘‘Voyage 
 autourdu monde,” a description of the circumnavigation, 
 was published in 1771. In 1781 Bougainville commanded 
 under the Count de Grasse in the expedition to America, 
 and had a fight with Admiral Hood off Martinique. On 
 his return he left the navy, with the title of chef d’escadre, 
 and rejoined the army as a field -marshal. He retired in 
 1790. 
 
 Boughton (ba'ton), George Henry. Born near 
 Norwich, England, 1836; died at London, Jan. 
 19, 1905. A genre and landscape painter. His 
 family emigrated to the United States in 1839, and settled 
 at Albany, New York. He went to London in 1863 to study 
 art, went to Paris in I860, and fixed his residence near 
 London in 1862. Royal academician 1896. 
 
 Bougie (bo-zbe'), Ar. Bujayah. A seaport in 
 the province of Constantine, Algeria, situated 
 on the Gulf of Bougie in lat. 36° 45' N., long. 
 4° 55' E. : the Roman Saidas. It was an impor- 
 tant medieval city. Population, 10,419. 
 Bouguer (bo-ga'), Pierre. Born at Croisic, 
 Brittany, France, Feb. 16, 1698 : died at Paris, 
 Aug. 15, 1758. A French mathematician, in- 
 ventor of the heliometer. 
 
 Bouguereau (bdg-rd'), Adolphe William. 
 Born at La Rochelle, France, Nov. 30, 1825: 
 died there, Aug. 20, 1905. A distinguished 
 French painter, a pupil of Picot and of the 
 
 Ecole des Beaux Arts. He took the grand prix de 
 Rome in 1850. On his return to Paris he was iutrusted 
 with important decorative works in public buildings, and 
 in 1866 painted “Apollo and the Muses" in the foyer of 
 the Thdktre de P.ordeaux. He received medals of the 
 second class in 1856, first class in 1857, and medals of honor 
 1878-85. He became a member of the Institute in 1876. 
 
 Bouilhet (bo-lya'), Louis. Born at Cany, 
 Seiue-Inferieure, France, May 27, 1822 : died at 
 Rouen, France, July 18, 1869”. A French lyric 
 and dramatic poet. He wrote “Meloenis" (1851), 
 “Fossiles” (1854), “ Helene Peyron ” (1858), “Festonset 
 astragales” (1859), etc. 
 
 Bouillabaisse, The Ballad of. A ballad by 
 Thackeray celebrating the charms of a Marseil- 
 laise chowder of that name. 
 
 Bouille (bo-ya'), Francois Claude Amour, 
 
 Marquis de. Born at Cluzel, in Auvergne, Nov. 
 19, 1739: died at London, Nov. 14, 1800. A 
 French general. From 1768 to 1782 he was governor 
 in the Antilles, and not only defended himself against the 
 English but took several islands from them. Promoted to 
 lieutenant-general, he was commander at Metz when the 
 French Revolution broke out. In 1790 he quelled a mutiny 
 of his soldiers, and soon after defeated the revolted garri- 
 son of Nancy. In June, 1791, he had secretly arranged 
 with the king to get him out of the country ; the plan fail- 
 ing, Bouill£ fled to England. He published an account of 
 the Revolution. 
 
 Bouillon (bo-lyon' or bo-yon'). [ML. Bullo- 
 nium.J A former duchy, now comprised in the 
 province of Luxemburg, Belgium, it became a 
 duchy about the time of Godfrey (of Bouillon), who sold it 
 to the Bishop of Lifege in 1095. In later times it belonged 
 to the houses of La Marck and La Tour d'Auvergne, and 
 the descendants of Turenne (under the suzerainty of 
 France). 
 
 Bouillon, Due de (Frederic Maurice de la 
 Tour d’Auvergne). Born at Sedan, France, 
 Oct:. 22, 1605: died at Pontoise, France, Aug. 
 9, 1652. A French general, son of Henri de la 
 Tour d’Auvergne, and brother of Turonne. 
 Bouillon, Godfrey de. See Godfrey de Bouillon. 
 Bouillon, Due de (Henri de la Tour d’Au- 
 vergne). Born in Auvergne, France, Sept. 28, 
 1555: died March 25, 1623. A marshal of France, 
 and diplomatist, father of Turenne. 
 
 174 
 
 Bouilly (bo-ye'), Jean Nicolas. Born at Cou- 
 draye, near Tours, France, Jan. 24, 1763 : died at 
 Paris, April 14, 1842. A French dramatist and 
 novelist. He wrote “Pierre le Grand,” a comic opera 
 (1790), “La famille amdricaine ” (1796), “Jean Jacques 
 Rousseau a ses derniers moments" (1791), and other plays 
 designed to glorify French celebrities, "Contes populaires” 
 (1844), etc. 
 
 Boulainvilliers (bo-lan-ve-ya/), Comte Henri 
 de. Born at St. Saire, Seine-In f4rieure, France, 
 Oct. 11, 1658: died at Paris, Jan. 23, 1722. A 
 French historian. He wrote a “Histoire de l’ancien 
 gouvernement de la France, etc.” (1727), ‘ L’Etat de la 
 France, etc. ” (1727), “Histoire desArabes” (1731), “His- 
 toire de la pairie de France et du parlement de Paris" 
 (1753), etc. 
 
 Boulak. See Bulak. 
 
 Boulanger (bo-lon-zha'), Georges Ernest Jean 
 Marie. Born at Rennes, April 29, 1837 : died 
 at Brussels, Belgium, Sept. 30, 1891. A French 
 soldier and politician. He entered the army in 1856, 
 took part in the Kabyle expedition in 1857, was with the 
 expedition to Cochin China in 1861, was chief of battalion 
 in the army of Paris during the Franco-German war, and 
 (1884) was placed in command of the army of occupation 
 in Tunis, with the rank of a general of division. He be- 
 came minister of war in the cabinet formed by M. de 
 Freycinet, Jan. 7, 1886, which post he retained during the 
 ministry of M. Goblet. He organized democratic reforms 
 in the army, and posed as the leader of the party of re- 
 venge against Germany, which gave him great popularity. 
 Left out of the ministry formed by M. Rouvier, May 30, 
 1887, lie entered into secret alliance with the various rev- 
 olutionary groups — the Intransigeants of M. de Roche- 
 fort, the League of Patriots of M. Ddroulfede, the anar- 
 chists, and with the Comte de Paris and the Orldanists. 
 Hoping by means of this alliance to make himself dicta- 
 tor, he adopted the cry for the revision of the constitu- 
 tion, and by means of money furnished by the Duchesse 
 d’Uzes and the Comte de Paris was elected by a large 
 majority in the Department of the Nord in April, 1888. 
 In July, 1888, he fought a duel with the then premier M. 
 Floquet, in which lie was severely wounded. In Janu- 
 ary, 1889, he was elected by the city of Paris, and later by 
 a number of departments. The Boulangist movement had 
 now grown to such proportions that the Tirard cabinet was 
 formed specially with a view to putting it down. Fright- 
 ened by the attitude of M. Constans, the minister of the 
 interior, lie fled to Brussels, April 2, 1889. Tried by the 
 Senate for conspiracy, he was sentenced in contuma- 
 ciam to deportation. He passed his exile in Belgium and 
 Jersey, and shot himself on the grave of his mistress, 
 Madame Bonnemain, in Brussels. 
 
 Boulanger, Gustave Rodolphe Clarence. 
 
 Born at Paris, April 25, 1824: died there, Sept. 
 22, 1888. A French painter, noted especially 
 for his paintings of Oriental subjects. Among his 
 works are “Les Kabyles en ddroute " (1863), “Cavaliers 
 saharlens ” (1864). 
 
 Boulangists. The partizans of Boulanger. 
 
 See Boulanger, Georges Ernest Jean Marie. 
 
 Boulder (hol'der). [From boulder.] A city in 
 northern Colorado, northwest of Denver: a 
 mining center. Population, 9,539, (1910). 
 
 Boulogne (bo-lon' ; F. pron. bo-lony'), or Bou- 
 logne-SUr-Mer (bo-lony'sur-mar'). [For- 
 merly B alien ; OF. Beulogne, Bologne (cf. AS. 
 Bune, Bunne, MD. Bonen), from LL. Bononia, 
 earlier called Gesoriacum. Cf. Bologna .] A 
 seaport in the department of Pas -de-Calais, 
 France, situated on the English Channel in 
 lat. 50° 44' N., long. 1° 37' E. : the Roman Bo- 
 nonia Gessoriacum and the medieval Bolonia. 
 It is the fourth seaport in France, and has an increas- 
 ingly important harbor ; it is the terminus of the steam- 
 packet line to Folkestone, England. It is the birthplace 
 of Sainte-Beuve and Mariette. In 1544 it was taken by 
 Henry VIII., and restoredin 1550. It was the rendezvous 
 of Napoleon’s projected expedition against England. The 
 cathedral of Boulogne is a modem Italian Renaissance 
 structure of some note for the impressive effect of its 
 spacious interior, and for the size of its dome (300 feet 
 high). The very large three-aisled Romanesque crypt is a 
 remnant of the cathedral destroyed in the Revolution. 
 The Column of the Grand Army is a marble Doric column, 
 176 feet high, capped by a bronze statue of Napoleon I., 
 commemorating the intended invasion of England in 1804- 
 1805. Population, commune, 61,201 . 
 
 Boulogne-sur-Seine (bo-lony'siir-san'). Atown 
 in the department of Seine, France, 1 mile 
 west of the fortifications of Paris. Population, 
 commune, 49,969. 
 
 Boult (holt). A servant in Shakspere’s “Peri- 
 cles.” 
 
 Bounce (bouns), Benjamin. The pseudonym 
 of Henry Carey, under which he wrote “Chro- 
 nonhotonthologos,” a burlesque. 
 
 Bouncer (boun'ser), Mr. The friend of Mr. 
 Verdant Green in Cutlibert Bede’s novel “Ver- 
 dant Green.” Ho is a good-hearted little fel- 
 low, whose dogs Huz and Bnz are a feature of 
 the hook. 
 
 Bounderby (boun'der-bi), Joseph. A charac- 
 ter in Charles Dickens’s “Hard Times”: “a 
 rich man, hanker, merchant, manufacturer, 
 and what not ... a self-made man . . . the 
 Bully of humility.” He marries Mr. Grad- 
 grind’s daughter Louisa. 
 
 Bountiful (houn'ti-ful), Lady. In Farquhar’s 
 
 Bourbon 
 
 comedy “ The Beaux’ Stratagem,” a kind- 
 hearted country gentlewoman. Her name has 
 become a proverb for a charitable woman. 
 
 Bounty, The. An English ship whose crew, 
 after leaving Tahiti, mutinied in 1789 under 
 the lead of Fletcher Christian. The captain, Bligh, 
 and 18 of the crew were set adrift in a smaU boat, and ulti- 
 mately reached England. The mutineers, under the lead 
 of John Adams, settled on Pitcairn Island in the Pacific, 
 and mirigling with the natives formed eventually a curi- 
 ously isolated but civilized community. 
 
 Bourbaki (bor-ba'ke), Charles Denis Sauter. 
 
 Born at Pan, France, April 22, 1816 : died at Bay- 
 onne, France, Sept. 22, 1897. A French general. 
 He fought with distinction at Alma and Inkerman in 1864, 
 Malakoff in 1855, and Solferino in 1859, and commanded 
 the Imperial Guard in the battles of the 16th and 31st of 
 August, 1870, at Metz, which lie left Sept. 25 on a secret 
 mission to the Empress Eugenie in England. Jan. 15-17, 
 1871, he endeavored to break through the Prussian line 
 under General Werder at Belfort, with the result that he 
 was compelled to retreat to Switzerland; and, after an at- 
 tempt at, suicide, Jan. 26, was relieved of his command by 
 General Clinchant. In July, 1871, he was given the com- 
 mand of the 6th army corps, and in 1873 that of the 14th 
 army corps and the government of Lyons. Heretiredinl881. 
 
 Bourbon (bor-bon'), Charles, Cardinal de. 
 Born Dec. 22, 1520 : died May 9, 1590. A French 
 prince, brother of Antoine of Navarre and un- 
 cle of Henry IV. He was one of the leaders of the 
 Catholic League, by which he was proclaimed king, with 
 the title of Charles X., 1589, in opposition to Henry IV. 
 
 Bourbon, Charles, Due de, commonly called 
 Constable Bourbon (Conndtable de Bourbon). 
 Born Feb. 17, 1490; died at Rome, May 6, 1527. 
 A celebrated French general. He was descended 
 from a younger branch of the house of Bourbon, being 
 a son of Gilbert, count of Montpensier, and married Su- 
 sanne, heiress of Bourbon, with whom he obtained the title 
 of duke. In 1515 he was created constable of France. He 
 concluded in 1522 (on the death of Susanne) a private al- 
 liance with the emperor Charles V. and Henry VIII. of 
 England. He was promised, by the emperor, the em- 
 peror’s sister, Eleonora, in marriage, with Portugal as a 
 jointure, and an independent kingdom which was to in- 
 clude Provence, Dauphind, Bourbonnais, and Auvergne. 
 He fled from France in 1523, aided in expelling the French 
 from Italy in 1524, and contributed to the victory of Pavia 
 in 1525, in spite of which his interests were neglected in the 
 treaty of peace between Spain and France in 1626. He com- 
 manded with George of Frundsberg the ar my of Spanish 
 and German mercenaries which stormed Rome, May 6, 
 1527, and fell in the assault. 
 
 Bourbon, Due de (Louis Henri de Bourbon). 
 
 Born at Versailles, France, 1692: died at Chan- 
 tilly, France, Jan. 27, 1740. A French politi- 
 cian, prime minister 1723-26. 
 
 Bourbon (hor'hon; F. pron. bor-bon'), House 
 of. [ME. Burbon , OF. Bourbon, Borbon, F. Bour- 
 bon, Sp. Borbon, It. Borbone, ML. Borbo(n-), 
 Burboin-), in ahl. Burbone caslro, Burbune castro, 
 Bourbon castle. Cf. Borbona, now Bourbonne-les- 
 Bains, Borbone 'Vicaria, now Bourbon-lArchani- 
 bault. ] A royal house of France, Spain, and Na- 
 ples: so called from a castle in the quondam 
 district of the Bourbonnais in central France. 
 The first sire of Bourbon was Adhemar or Aimar, who 
 lived about 920. His descendant Beatrix, heiress of Bour- 
 bon, married 1272 Robert, count of Clermont (sixth son of 
 Louis IX. of France), who became the founder of the 
 Bourbon branch of the Capetian dynasty. Antoine de 
 Bourbon married Jeanne d’Albret, heiress of Navarre, 
 1548, and became king of Navarre 1555. Their son Henry 
 became king of France as Henry IV., 1589. The Spanish 
 branch of the house of Bourbon was founded by Philippe, 
 duke of Anjou (grandson of Louis XIV.), who became 
 king of Spain 1700. His second son Charles became king 
 of Naples (and Sicily) as Charles IV., 1735. Charles acceded 
 to the Spanish throne 1759, whereupon he resigned Naples 
 (and Sicily) to his son Ferdinand IV. who became the 
 founder of the Neapolitan branch. In France Henry IV. 
 was succeeded by six descendants in the direct line : 
 Louis XIII., 1610-43; Louis XIV., 1643-1715; Louis XV., 
 1715-74; Louis XVI., 1774-93; Louis XVIH , 1814-24; 
 and Charles X., 1824-30. The interval between Louis XVI., 
 who was deposed and executed by order of the National 
 Convention, and Louis XVIII. was occupied by the 
 French Revolution and the reign of Napoleon I. Charles 
 X. was compelled to abdicate by the July revolution, 
 1830, which placed Louis Philippe on the throne. Louis 
 Philippe represented a younger branch of the house of 
 Bourbon, known as Bourbon-Orldans, which derived its 
 origin from Philip, duke of Orleans, brother of Louis 
 XIV. Louis Philippe was deposed by the revolution of 
 1848. In Spain, Philip V. was succeeded by Ferdinand 
 VI., 1746-69, Charles III., 1759-S8; Charles IV., 1788- 
 1808; Ferdinand VII., 1814-33; Isabella II., 1833-68; Al- 
 fonso XII., 1875-85; and Alfonso XIII., the present oc-/ 
 cupant of file throne. The interval between 1808 and 
 1S14 was occupied by the reign of Joseph Bonaparte ; 
 that between 1868 and 1875 by a revolutionary provisional 
 government, by the reign of Amadeo, second son of Vic- 
 tor Emmanuel, and by a republic. From Naples Ferdi- 
 nand IV., who ascended the throne in 1759, was expelled 
 by Napoleon in 1805. He withdrew to Sicily, where he 
 maintained himself during the domination of the French 
 under Joseph Bonaparte and Murat at Naples. On being 
 restored to Naples in 1815,he assumed the title of Ferdinand 
 I., king of the Two Sicilies. He died in 1825, and was suc- 
 ceeded by Francis I. , 1826-30 ; Ferdinand II., 1830-59 ; and 
 by Francis II., 1859-60. Francis II. was expelled by liis 
 subjects, with the assistance of Garibaldi, and his domin- 
 ions were united to those of Victor Emmanuel. Impor- 
 tant branchesof the royal house of Bourbon are the princely 
 houses of Condi! and Conti and the ducal house of Parma. 
 
Bourbon, Isle of 
 
 Bourbon, Isle of. See Reunion. 
 Bourbon-Lancy (bor-bon'lon-se'). A water- 
 ing-place in the department of Saone-et-Loire, 
 France, 22 miles east of Moulins : the Roman 
 Aquae Nisineii. It is noted for its mineral 
 springs. Population, commune, 4,266. 
 Bourbon-1’ Archambault (bor - bon'liir - shon- 
 bo'). Atowninthedepartmentof Allier, France, 
 14 miles west of Moulins, noted for its mineral 
 springs: the Roman Aquae Bormonis. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 3,574. 
 
 Bourbonnais (bor-bon-aa'). An ancient gov- 
 ernment of central France. It was bounded by 
 Berry on the west and north, Nivernais on the north, 
 Burgundy on the east, Lyonnais on the southeast, Au- 
 vergne on the south, and Marche on the west. It cap- 
 ital was Moulins. It corresponds mainly to the depart- 
 ment of Allier and part of Cher. The duchy of Bourbon 
 was united to the crown in 1523. 
 
 Bourbonne-les-Bains (bor-bon'la-ban'). [ML. 
 Borbona; orig. Aquse Borvonis, Baths of Borvo: 
 so called from Borvo(n-), a Gallic name of 
 Apollo.] A town in the department of Haute- 
 Mame, France, in lat. 47° 57' N., long, 5° 45' 
 E., noted for its hot mineral springs : the Roman 
 Vervona Castrum. Population, commune, 
 4,021. 
 
 Bourboule (bor-bol'), La. A watering-place 
 and health-resort in the department of Au- 
 vergne, France, of recent development. 
 Bourchier (biir'chi-er; F. pron.bor-shya'; mod. 
 Eng. bou'cher), John (Baron Berners). Born 
 1467 : died at Calais, France, March 16, 1533. An 
 English statesman and author. Chancellor of the 
 exchequer 1515. He translated Froissart's “ Chronicle ” 
 (1523-25), also “Arthur of Lytell Brytayne,” “Huon of 
 Burdeux," “ The Castell of Love," etc. 
 
 Bourchier, Thomas. Born about 1404-05 : died 
 at Knowle, near Sevenoaks, England, 1486. An 
 English cardinal, archbishop of Canterbury 
 1454-86. 
 
 Bourdaloue (bor-da-lo'), Louis. Bom at 
 
 Bourges, France, Aug. 20, 1632 : died at Paris, 
 May 13, 1704. A noted French theologian. 
 He was a member of the order of Jesuits, professor of 
 rhetoric, philosophy, and theology in the Jesuit college of 
 Bourges, court preacher (1670), and one of the most illus- 
 trious pulpit orators of France. His sermons have been 
 published in 16 volumes (1707-34), in 17 volumes (1822-26), 
 etc. 
 
 Bourdin, Maurice. See Gregory VIII., Anti- 
 pope. 
 
 Bourdon (bor-doh'), Louis Pierre Marie. Born 
 at Alemjon, France, July 16, 1799 : died at Paris, 
 March 15, 1854. A French mathematician, au- 
 thor of “ El4ments d’Algebre ” and other math- 
 ematical works. 
 
 Bourg (borg), or Bourg-en-Bresse (bork'on- 
 bres'). The capital of the department of Ain, 
 France, 36 miles northeast of Lyons: the me- 
 dieval Tanum. It contains the noted church of Notre 
 Dame de Brou. It was the ancient capital of Bresse. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 20,045. 
 
 Bourgade (bor-gad'), Francois. Bom at Gan- 
 jou, France, July 7, 1806 : died 1866. A French 
 missionary in Algiers, and Orientalist. He wrote 
 “Toison d’or de la langue phenicienne " (1852), “Soirees 
 de Carthage ” (1852), etc. 
 
 Bourgas, or Burghas (bor'gas). A seaport in 
 eastern Rumelia, Bulgaria, situated on the 
 Black Sea iu lat. 42° 28' N., long. 27° 36' E. It 
 is a chief port in the country, and has a large 
 trade. Population, commune, 12,949. 
 Bourgeois, Anicet. See Anicet-Bourgeois. 
 Bourgeois (bor-zhwa'), Dominique Frangois. 
 Bom at Pontarlier, France, 1698 : died at Paris, 
 June 18, 1781. A French inventor, especially 
 noted for his inventions in regard to lanterns. 
 Bourgeois Gentilbomme (bor-zhwa' zhon-te- 
 yom') , Le. A comedy by Moli&re, with music 
 by Lulli, produced in 1670. 
 
 Bourges (borzh). [L. Bituriges, a Gallic tribe, 
 called specifically Bituriges Cubi, with capital 
 Avaricum.] The capital of the department of 
 Cher, France, situated at the junction of the 
 YiSvre and Auron in lat. 47° 5' N., long. 2° 22' 
 E.: the Gallic Avaricum, and later Biturica. 
 It contains a strong arsenal, and foundry of cannon, and 
 a noted cathedral (see below). It was the capital of the 
 Bituriges, and was sacked by Csesar in 62 B. o. For a time 
 in the reign of Charles VII. it was the capital of France, 
 and was also the capital of Berry. It had a noted uni- 
 versity (frequented by Beza, Amyot, and Calvin). It 
 was the birthplace of Louis XI., Jacques Coeur, and 
 Bourdaloue. The cathedral of Bourges is one of the five 
 greatest in France, and of the most magnificent existing. 
 The west facade has 5 splendid canopied portals, admira- 
 bly sculptured. On the north and south sides of the nave 
 there are Romanesque doorways, with vaulted porches. 
 There are no transepts, and the huge interior is in gen- 
 eral soberly ornamented, but beautiful from the excellent 
 proportions of its subdivisions and the graceful arcades of 
 its windows. The nave is 117 feet high ; there are double 
 aisles, the inner of which has triforium and clearstory. The 
 
 175 
 
 length is 405 feet. The display of medieval glass fills 
 almost all the windows, and is unsurpassed. There is a fine 
 massive 13th-century crypt beneath the choir. Maison de 
 Jacques Coeur, now the Palais de Justice, a very notable 
 palace built in the 15th century by JacquesCoeur, treasurer 
 of Charles VII. The style is the florid Pointed, with beau- 
 tiful doors, windows, and balconies, and a most pictu- 
 resque court. Several apartments of the interior preserve 
 their original character ; the chapel is beautifully sculp- 
 tured, and its walls are covered with delicate Italian fres- 
 cos. In the walls are preserved several towers, now cone- 
 roofed like their medieval fellows, of the ramparts of the 
 Roman Avaricum. Population, commune, 44,133. 
 
 Bourget (bor-zha'), Paul. Bom at Amiens, 
 Sept. 2, 1852. A French novelist and critic. 
 He studied at the Lycoe Louis-le-Grand in Paris, and at 
 the Ecole des Hautes Etudes, with the intention of be- 
 coming a specialists Greek philology. He became inter- 
 ested in literary work, and contributed to the “Revue des 
 Deux Mondes,” the “Renaissance," the “Parlement,” and 
 the “Nouvelle Revue." Later he undertook novel-writ- 
 ing, and published “ L’lrrtparable,” “Deuxi&me amour," 
 “ Profils perdus " (1884), “Cruelle 6nigme” (1885), “ Andrb 
 Cornriis" (1886). “Mensonges” (1887), “Crime d’amour,” 
 “ Pastels (Dix portraits de femmes),” “ Le disciple " (1889), 
 “La terre promise," “Cosmopolis.” Bourget's works on 
 criticism are “ Essais de psychologie contemporaine ” 
 (1883),^ “ Nouveaux essais " (1885), and “fitudes et por- 
 traits ” (1888 ; 1906). His poems include “ La vie inquire" 
 (1875), “ Edel " (1878), “ Les aveux ” (1882), “Poesies " (1872- 
 76), “ Au bord de la mer," “ Petits poernes ” (1885). Bour- 
 get also wrote the prefatory notices to Scarron's “Roman 
 comique ” (1881), and to Barbey d’Aurevilly's “ Memoran- 
 da" (1883). “Outre-Mer" (1894), “L'fitape" (1902), “Un 
 Divorce" (1904), “ L'Emigre " (1907), “Le Tribun” (1911). 
 
 Bourget (bor-zha'), Lac du. A lake in the de- 
 partment o£ Savoie, France. 
 
 Bourguignon. Bee Courtois , Jacques. 
 
 Bourignon (bo-ren-yon'), Antoinette. Born 
 at Lille, France, Jan. 13, 1616: died at Fran- 
 eker, Netherlands, Oct. 30, 1680. A Flemish 
 religious enthusiast. She assumed the Augustinian 
 habit, traveled in France, Holland, England, and Scot- 
 land, and became the founder of a sect, the Bourignonists, 
 which maintained that Christianity does not consist in 
 faith and practice, but in inward feeling and supernatu- 
 ral impulse. Her works were published in 19 volumes 
 by her disciple Poiret: “Toutes les oeuvres de Mile. A. 
 Bourignon " (1679-84). 
 
 Bourignonists (bo-rin'yon-ists). A sect of 
 Quietists founded in the 17th century by An- 
 toinette Bourignon (1616-80). She claimed to 
 be inspired by God : her doctrines were essen- 
 tially pietistic. 
 
 Bourmont (bor-moh'), Louis Auguste Victor, 
 Comte de Ghaisne de. Born at Bourmont, 
 Maine-et-Loire, France, Sept. 2, 1773: died at 
 Bourmont, Oct. 27, 1846. A French soldier 
 and politician, minister of war in 1829, and com- 
 mander-in-chief of the Algerian expedition in 
 1830. 
 
 Bourne (born), Hugh. Born at Stoke-upon- 
 Trent, England, April 3, 1772: died atBemers- 
 ley, Staffordshire, Oct. 11, 1852. An English 
 clergyman, founder of the first society of Prim- 
 itive Methodists 1810. He visited the United 
 States 1844-46. 
 
 Bourne, Vincent. Born 1695: died Dec. 2, 1747. 
 An English writer of Latinverse, author of “Poe- 
 mata, etc.” (1734), and other works. 
 
 Bournemouth (born'muth). A watering-place 
 and winter resort in Hampshire, England, 
 situated on the English Channel 22 miles south- 
 west of Southampton. It was incorporated in 
 1890. Population, 78,677, (1911). 
 
 Bourrienne ( bo-re-en' ) , Louis Antoine Fauve- 
 let de. Born at Sens, France, July 9, 1769: 
 died at Caen, France, Feb. 7, 1834. A French 
 diplomatist. He was private secretary of Napoleon I. 
 in Egypt and during the consulate, minister plenipoten- 
 tiary in Hamburg (1804), and minister of state under 
 Louis XVIII. He wrote “ M6moires sur Napoleon, le 
 directoire, le cousulat, l’empire et la restauration ” (1829). 
 
 Bourru Bienfaisant (bo-rii' byan-fa-zon'), Le. 
 [F., ‘ The Benevolent Misanthrope.’] A comedy 
 by Carlo Goldoni, written in French at Paris, 
 first played Nov. 4, 1771. 
 
 Boursault (bor-so'), Edme. Born at Mussy- 
 rEveque, Burgundy, Oct., 1638: died at Paris, 
 Sept. 15, 1701. A French dramatic poet and 
 miscellaneous writer. His works include “Le Mer- 
 cure galant ” (his chief play), “ Esopt- k la ville,” “lisope 
 k la cour," “ Phadton,” etc. His dramatic works were pub- 
 lished in 1725, erfiarged edition in 1746. Several of hia 
 plays were imitated by Vanbrugh. 
 
 Bourse, La. [F.,‘ The Purse.’] Anovel by Bal- 
 zac, written in 1832. 
 
 Boursoufie, Le Comte de. See Comte do Bour- 
 soufle. 
 
 Boiiterwek (bo'ter-vek), Friedrich. Born at 
 Oker, near Goslar, Prussia, April 15, 1766 : 
 died at Gottingen, Germany, Aug. 9, 1828. A 
 German writer on philosophy and the history 
 of literature, appointed professor at Gottingen 
 in 1797. His chief work is a “Geschiclite derneuern 
 Pocsie und Beredsamkeit” (1801-19). 
 
 Bower, Walter 
 
 Boute ville (bot-vel'), Seigneur de, Comte de 
 Suxe (Frangois de Montmorency). Born 
 1600: died at Paris, June 27, 1627. A French 
 soldier celebrated as a duelist. He served with 
 distinction at the taking of St. Jean d'Angely and the 
 siege of Montauban, but was condemned to death and 
 executed for his dueling escapades. 
 
 Boutwell (bout'wel), George Bewail. Born 
 at Brookline, Mass. , Jan. 28, 1818 : died at Groton , 
 Mass., Feb. 27, 1905. An American politician. 
 He was Democratic governor of Massachusetts 1862-63, com- 
 missioner of internal revenue 1862-63, Republican member 
 of Cong-ess 1863-69, secretary of the treasury 1869-73, and 
 Republican U. S. senator from Massachusetts 1873-77. 
 
 Bouvart (bo-var'), Alexis. Born in Haute 
 Savoie, France, June 27, 1767 : died June 7, 
 1843. A French astronomer, author of “Nou- 
 velles tables des plan5tes Jupiter et Saturne” 
 (1808), etc. 
 
 Bouvier(bo-ver'; F. pron. bo-vya'), John. Born 
 at Codognan,Gard, France, 1787 : died at Phila- 
 delphia, Nov. 18, 1851. An American jurist, 
 appointed associate judge of the Court of Crim- 
 inal Sessions in Philadelphia in 1838. He com- 
 piled a “Law Dictionary, etc.” (1839), “Institutes of 
 American Law " (1851), etc. 
 
 Bouvines (bo-ven'), or Bovines (bo-ven'). A 
 village 7 miles southeast of Lille, France. 
 Here, July 27, 1214, the French under Philip Augustus 
 defeated the army of Otto IV. (100,000-160,000 Germans, 
 Flemings, English). The loss of Otto was about 30,000. 
 
 Bovary, Madame. See Madame Bovary. 
 
 Boves (bo'ves), Jos6 Tomas. Born at Gijon, 
 Asturias, Spain, about 1770 : killed at the bat- 
 tle of Urica, near Maturin, Venezuela, Dec. 5, 
 1814. A partizan chief. In 1809 he was imprisoned 
 at Puerto Cabello as a contrabandist. Banished to Cala- 
 bozo, he was again imprisoned there. On his release in 
 1812 he declared against the revolution, drew about him 
 an irregular guerrilla band, and carried on a war in the in- 
 terior with horrible cruelties until his death. 
 
 Bovianum (bo-vi-a'num). In ancient geogra- 
 phy, a city of Samnium, Italy, in lat. 41° 29' 
 N., long. 14° 25' E. 
 
 Bovino (bo-ve'no). A town in the province 
 of Foggia, Apulia, Italy, 17 miles southwest of 
 Foggia. Population, commune, 7,613. 
 
 Bow Church. See Saint Mary de Arcubus 
 (Mary le Bow). 
 
 Bowdich (bou'dich), Thomas Edward. Born 
 at Bristol, England, June 20, 1791: died at 
 Bathurst, Isle of St. Mary, West Africa, Jan. 
 10, 1824. A noted English traveler in Africa, 
 and scientific writer. He went to Cape Coast Castle 
 in 1814, and in 1815 went on a mission, for the African 
 Company, to Ashanti. He published an account of this 
 expedition ■(" A Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashan- 
 tee ’’) in 1819. 
 
 Bowditch (bou'dich), Nathaniel. Born at 
 Salem, Mass., March 26, 1773: died at Boston, 
 March 16, 1838. An American mathematician. 
 He translated Laplace’s “MCcanique celeste ” (1829-38), 
 and wrote “The New American Practical Navigator” 
 (1802). 
 
 Bowdoin (bo'dn), James. [The surname Bow- 
 doin is from F. Baudouin = E. Baldwin .] Born 
 at Boston, Mass., Aug. 8, 1727 : died at Boston, 
 Nov. 6, 1790. An American politician, gover- 
 nor of Massachusetts 1785-87. He suppressed 
 Shays’s rebellion. Bowdoin College, Maine, was 
 named in his honor. 
 
 Bowdoin, James. Born at Boston, Sept. 22, 
 1752 : died at Naushon Island, Mass., Oct. 11, 
 1811. Son of James Bowdoin, minister to Spain 
 1804-08. He was a benefactor of Bowdoin 
 College. 
 
 Bowdoin College. An institution of learning 
 situated at Brunswick, Maine, opened in 1802. 
 It is undenominational and comprises a collegiate depart- 
 ment and medical school. It was the alma mater of Long- 
 fellow and Hawthorne. 
 
 Bowen (bo'en), Francis. Born at Charles- 
 town, Mass., Sept. 8, 1811: died at Cambridge, 
 Mass., Jan. 21, 1890. An American writer 
 on philosophy and political economy. He was 
 editor and proprietor of the “North American Review” 
 (1843-54), and became Alford professorof natural religion, 
 moral philosophy, and civil polity in Harvard University 
 in 1853. He wrote “American Political Economy," etc. 
 (1870), and “ Modern Philosophy ” (1877), and compiled and 
 edited “ Documents of the Constitutions of England and 
 America from Magna Charta to the Federal Constitution 
 of 1789,” with notes (1854), etc. 
 
 Bower (bou'er), Archibald. Born at or near 
 Dundee, Scotland, Jan. 17, 1686 : died at Lon- 
 don, Sept. 3, 1766. An English historian, for 
 a time a member of the order of Jesus, and 
 secretary of the Court of the Inquisition at 
 Macerata, and later a Protestant. Ho pub- 
 lished a “ History of the Popes’’ (1748-66). 
 
 Bower, or Bowmaker, Walter. Born at Had- 
 dington, 1385: died 1449. A Scottish writer, 
 author of the “Scotichronicon” (which see). 
 
Bower of Bliss, The 
 
 Bower of Bliss, The. 1. The garden of the 
 enchantress Armida in Tasso’s “Jerusalem 
 Delivered.” See Armida . — 2. The enchanted 
 home of Acrasia in Spenser’s “ Faerie Queene.” 
 Bowers (bou'erz), Elizabeth Crocker. Born 
 at Stamford, Conn., March 12, 1830 : died Nov. 6, 
 1895. An American actress and manager. 
 Bowery (bou'er-i), The. [From D. bouwerij, a 
 farm, prop, farming, husbandry, from bouwer, 
 a farmer.] A wide thoroughfare in New York, 
 running parallel to Broadway, from Chatham 
 Square to about 7th street where it divides 
 into Third and Fourth avenues. It received its 
 name from the fact that it ran through Peter Stuyvesant’s 
 farm or bouwerie. It was at one time notorious as a haunt 
 of ruffians (“ Bowery Boys ”). It is now very cosmopolitan 
 in character, frequented by Chinese, Russians, Oriental and 
 Polish Jews, and many other nationalities, and abounds 
 in small and cheap shops of all kinds. 
 
 Bowes (boz), Sir Jerome. Died 1616. An Eng- 
 lish diplomatist, appointed ambassador to the 
 Russian court by Elizabeth in 1583. 
 
 Bowides. See Buyides. 
 
 Bowie (bo'i), James. Bom in Burke County, 
 Ga., about 1790 : killed at Alamo, Texas, March 
 6, 1836. An American soldier. He became noto- 
 rious in 1827 from a duel which resulted in a general mdlde, 
 in the course of which he killed Major Norris Wright with 
 a weapon which had been made from a large file or rasp. 
 After the tight it was made by a cutler into the kind of 
 knife which is Btill known as a bowie-knife. He took 
 part in the Texas revolution, and was made colonel in 1835. 
 
 Bowles, Caroline. See Southey. 
 
 Bowles (bolz), Samuel. Born at Springfield, 
 Mass., Feb. 9, 1826: died at Springfield, Jan. 
 16, 1878. An American journalist and author, 
 editor of the Springfield “Republican” (1844- 
 1878). He wrote “Across the Continent’’ (1865), “The 
 Switzerland of America’’ (1869), "Our New West” (1869), 
 etc. 
 
 Bowles, William Lisle. Born at King’s Sut- 
 ton, Northamptonshire, England, Sept. 24, 1762: 
 died at Salisbury, England, April 7, 1850. 
 An English poet, antiquary, and clergyman, 
 vicar of Bremhill in Wiltshire. He became canon 
 residentiary of Salisbury in 1828. His works include 
 “ Fourteen Sonnets” (1789), “Coombe Ellen ” (1798), “St. 
 Michaels Mount” (1798), “Battle of the Nile” (1799), 
 “Sorrows of Switzerland” (1801), “The Picture ” (1803), 
 “ The Spirit of Discovery ” (1804), “ Ellen Gray ’’ (1823), and 
 various prose works, including “Hermes Britannicus” 
 (1828). 
 
 Bowley (bou'li), Sir Joseph. A very stately 
 gentleman, “the poor man’s friend,” with a 
 very stately wife, in Charles Dickens’s story 
 “The Chimes.” 
 
 Bowling (bo'ling), Tom. A sailor in “ Roderick 
 Random,” by Smollett : also the hero of Dibdin’s 
 song 
 
 Here, a sheer hulk, lies poor Tom Bowling. 
 Bowling Green (bo'ling gren). A small open 
 space in New York, at the foot of Broadway, 
 in the old governmental and aristocratic cen- 
 ter of the city. 
 
 Bowling Green. A city, the capital of Warren 
 County, Kentucky, in lat. 37° N., long. 86° 28' 
 W. It was an important strategic point in 
 1861-62. Population, 9,173, (1910). 
 
 Bowness (bournes'). A town and tourist cen- 
 ter in the Lake District, Westmoreland, Eng- 
 land, on Lake Windermere. 
 
 Bowring (bou'ring), Sir John. Born at Exeter, 
 England, Oct. 17, 1792: died at Exeter, Nov. 
 23, 1872. An English statesman, traveler, and 
 linguist. He wa3 a member of Parliament 1836-37 and 
 1841-47. His works include translations from the poetry 
 of Russia, Poland, Servia, Hungary, Holland, Spain, etc. ; 
 “Kingdom of Siam and its People ” (1857), “Visit to the 
 Philippine Islands ” (1859), etc. 
 
 Bows (boz). A little old humpbacked violin- 
 player, the family friend of the Costigans, in 
 Thackeray’s “Pendennis.” He has taught “the 
 Fotheringay ” (Miss Costigan) all she knows, and is her 
 faithful lover, though he knows she has no heart. 
 
 Bow street. A street in London, by Covent 
 Garden, forming the connecting-link between 
 Long Acre and Russell street, in which is lo- 
 cated the principal police court of the city, 
 established there in 1749. In the 17th and 18th cen- 
 turies it was a fashionable quarter, and contained “ Will’s” 
 or the ‘ Wits’ Coffee House ’’(which see). 
 
 Bowyer (bo'yer), Sir George. Born at Radley 
 Park, Berkshire, England, Oct. 8, 1811 : died at 
 London, June 7, 1883. An English jurist. His 
 works include “ Commentaries on the” Constitutional Law 
 of England” (1841), “ Commentaries on Modem Civil 
 Law ” (1848), etc. 
 
 Bowzybeus ( bou-zi-be'us). [Bowsy = boozy and 
 beus, as in Melibeus , Hclibans.'] A musical Si- 
 lenus in Gay’s “Shepherd’s Week.” Some of tho 
 best songs in this pastoral arc put in his mouth. 
 Box and Cox. A play by John M. Morton. 
 The chief characters are two men with these names who 
 
 176 
 
 occupy the same room, though neither knows it, one being 
 employed all night, the other all day. 
 
 Boxers (boks'erz). A Chinese secret society, 
 the members of which took a prominent part in 
 the attack upon foreigners and native Chris- 
 tians in China 1899-1900. The Chinese name of the 
 society is I-ho-chuan — League of United Patriots; but 
 since the last part of the name can be so accented as to 
 mean “fists,” and since athletic exercises are much prac- 
 tised by members of the society, the name “ Boxers ” was 
 given to them by foreigners. 
 
 Boxtel (boks'tel). A small place in the Neth- 
 erlands, south of s’Hertogenbosch. It was the 
 scene of a French victory over the Allies under 
 York, Sept. 17, 1794. 
 
 BoyaCci (bo-ya-ka/). A department in the east- 
 ern part of Colombia, bordering on Venezuela. 
 Capital, Tunja. 
 
 Boyaca. A village 12 miles south of Tunja, 
 Colombia. Here, on Aug. 7, 1819, Bolivar de- 
 feated the superior Spanish force of Barreiro, 
 taking him prisoner with more than half of his 
 army. This victory decided the independence 
 of Colombia. 
 
 Boyce (hois), William. Born at London, 1710 : 
 died at Kensington, Feb. 7, 1779. A noted Eng- 
 lish composer of church music. 
 
 Boyd (boid), Belle. The maiden name of Mrs. 
 Belle Boyd Hardinge, a Confederate spy. 
 Boyd, Mark Alexander. Born in Galloway, 
 Scotland, Jan. 13, 1563: died at Penkill Castle, 
 Ayrshire, Scotland, April 10, 1601. A Scotch 
 writer of Latin verse. He studied civil law in 
 France and Italy, was an accomplished classical scholar, 
 and, though a Protestant, fought with the Catholic League 
 in France 1587-88. He was the author of “ M. Alexandri 
 Bodii Epistolas Heroides, et Hymni ” (1592), etc. 
 
 Boydell (boi'del), John. Born at Dorrington, 
 Shropshire, England, Jan. 19, 1719 : died at Lon- 
 don, Dec. 12, 1804. An English engraver and 
 print-publisher, founder of the Shakspere Gal- 
 lery at London. He was elected lord mayor of 
 London in 1790. 
 
 Boyd’s (boidz). See the extract. 
 
 “Boyd’s,” at which Johnson alighted on his arrival in 
 Edinburgh, was the White Horse Inn, in Boyd’s Close, St. 
 Mary’s Wynd, Canongate ; but tavern, close, and wynd 
 have all been swept away by the besom of improvement. 
 St. Mary’s Wynd stood where now stands St. Mary Street, 
 and the site of the tavern, on the northeast comer of 
 Boyd’s Entry and the present St. Mary Street, is marked 
 with a tablet recording its association with Boswell and 
 Johnson. Hutton, Literary Landmarks of Edinburgh, p. 18. 
 Boyer (bwa-ya'), Abel. Born at Castres, France, 
 June 24, 1667: died at Chelsea, England, Nov 16, 
 1729. An English lexicographer and historical 
 writer, compiler of a Freneh-English dictionary 
 (1702) which appeared in many later editions. 
 Boyer, Baron Alexis de. Born at Uzerche, 
 Limousin, France, March, 1757: died at Paris, 
 Nov. 25, 1833. A celebrated French surgeon. 
 He was the son of a tailor, and was raised to the rank of 
 baron of the empire by Napoleon I. who also made him 
 his first surgeon. He wrote “Traite compiet d’anato- 
 mie ” (1797-99), “ Traiie des maladies chirurgicales ” (1814- 
 1822), etc. 
 
 Boyer, Jean Baptiste Nicolas. Born at Mar- 
 seilles, Aug. 5, 1693 : died April 2, 1768. A French 
 physician and philanthropist, author of “Re- 
 lation historique de la peste de Marseille ” (1721), 
 etc. 
 
 Boyer (bwa-ya'), Jean Pierre. Born at Port 
 au Prince, Feb. 28, 1776: died at Paris, July 9, 
 1850. President of Haiti. He was a free mulatto, 
 but with others of his race joined the negro slaves in the 
 insurrection of 1791-93. After the accession of Toussaint 
 Louverture, Boyer with PcHion and others retired to France, 
 returning in 1802 as captain in the French army, and was 
 made general. On Pdtion’s death (1818) Boyer became his 
 successor. By the death of Christoplie (1820), and his con- 
 quest of the Spanish territory soon after, he brought the 
 whole island under his rule, practically as dictator. He 
 was expelled by a revolution in 1843, and took refuge in 
 Jamaica. 
 
 Boyesen (boi'e-sen), Hjalmar Hjorth. Born at 
 Frederiksvarn, Norway, Sept. 23,1848: died Oct. 
 4, 1895. A Norwegian- American novelist, poet, 
 and litterateur. He was graduated at the University 
 of Christiania in 1868, removed to America in 1869, was 
 professor of German at Cornell University 1874-80, and 
 became professor at Columbia College' in 1880. His works 
 include “Gunnar: a Tale of Norse Life” (1874), etc. 
 Boyet (F. pron. bwa-ya’). A mocking, mirth- 
 ful lord attending on the Princess of France in 
 Shakspere’s “ Love’s Labour ’s Lost.” 
 
 Boyle (boil). A town in the county of Roscom- 
 mon, Ireland, in lat. 53° 58' N., long. 8° 18' W. 
 
 It contains an abbey, a fine ivy-clad medieval ruin. The 
 spacious church has a well proportioned west front with 
 a single large early-Pointed window, and a square chevet, 
 also with a large window. The north side of the nave 
 is early Pointed ; the south side Norman, with curiously 
 sculptured capitals. The crossing, surmounted by a tower, 
 is very fine, and the transepts mingle Norman and Early- 
 English forms. Much remains of the secular buildings, 
 especially the kitchen and the guest-house. 
 
 Bozrah 
 
 Boyle, Charles. Born at Chelsea, England, 
 1676 : died Aug. 28, 1731. A British nobleman, 
 fourth Earl of Orrery in Belaud, and first 
 Baron Marston. His dispute with Bentley over the 
 “Epistles of Phalaris,” which Boyle edited, is famous, and 
 led to Swift’s “ Battle of the Books.” (See Bentley.) He 
 was imprisoned in 1721 on a charge of complicity in Lay- 
 er’s plot, but was released on bail. 
 
 Boyle, John. Born Jan. 2, 1707 : died at Mars- 
 ton, Somerset, England, Nov. 16, 1762. A Brit- 
 ish nobleman, fifth Earl of Cork, son of the 
 fourth Earl of Orrery. He published “ Remarks 
 on the Life and Writings of Jonathan Swift ” 
 (1751), etc. 
 
 Boyle, Richard. Born at Canterbury, England, 
 Oct. 13, 1566 ; died Sept. 15, 1643. An English 
 politician, created first earl of Cork in 1620: 
 commonly called “ the great Earl of Cork.” He 
 became lord treasurer of Ireland in 1631. 
 
 Boyle, Richard. Born April 25, 1695 : died Dec., 
 1753. A British nobleman, third Earl of Bur- 
 lington and fourth Earl of Cork, noted as an 
 architect and as a patron of the arts. 
 
 Boyle, Robert. Born at Lismore Castle, Ire- 
 land, Jan. 25, 1627 : died at London, Dec. 30, 
 1691. A celebrated British chemist and natu- 
 ral philosopher. He was the seventh son of the first 
 Earl of Cork, studied at Eton and Geneva(which he left in 
 1641), settled at Oxford in 1654, and removed to London in 
 1668. He is best known as the discoverer of Boyle’s law of 
 the elasticity of air, and as the founder of Boyle’s Lec- 
 tures for the defense of Christianity. Author of " New 
 Experiments, etc.” (1665, 1669, and 1682), “ Hydi ostatical 
 Paradoxes ” (1666), “Discourse of Things above Reason” 
 (1681), etc. 
 
 Boyle, Roger. Born at Lismore, April 25, 1621 : 
 died Oct. 16, 1679. A British statesman, sol- 
 dier, and dramatist, third son of Richard Boyle, 
 first Earl of Cork : created Baron Broghiil in 
 1627, and first Earl of Orrery in 1660. Though a 
 Royalist he served under Cromwell in the conquest of 
 Ireland, and continued to support him and his son Rich- 
 ard. His dramatic works include “Henry V.” (acted in 
 1664, published in 1668), “ Mustapha, etc.” (acted 1665), 
 “ The Black Pr ince ” (acted 1667), 1 ‘ Tryplron ’’ (acted 1668), 
 “Guzman,” a comedy, and “Mr. Anthony,” a comedy (pub- 
 lished 1690). He also wrote a number of poems and a ro- 
 mance, “ i'artlienissa ” (1664-77). 
 
 To Roger Boyle, Earl of Orrery (1621-1679), belongs the 
 doubtful fame of having been the first to “revive ’ (not, 
 as Dryden insisted, to introduce) the writing of plays in 
 rhymed verse lor the English stage, and of having thus be- 
 come the father of the English “heroic ” drama. Ward. 
 
 Boyle Lectures. A course of eight lectures in 
 defense of Christianity, instituted by Robert 
 Boyle, commenced in 1692, and delivered an- 
 nually at St.-Mary-le-Bow Church, London. 
 Boyne (boin). [Ir. Boinn. ] A river in eastern 
 Ireland, flowing into the Irish Sea 4 miles east 
 of Drogheda. On its banks, 3 miles west of Drogheda, 
 Julyl, 1690, the army of William III. (36,000) defeated that 
 of j ames II. (26,000). The loss of William was 500 ; that of 
 James, 1,500. 
 
 Boyse, or Boys, or Bois (bois), John. Bom at 
 Nettleshead, Suffolk, England, Jan. 3, 1560: 
 died Jan. 14, 1643. An English clergyman and 
 biblical scholar, one of the translators and re- 
 visers of the Bible under James I. 
 
 Boythorn (boi'thorn), Lawrence. A boister- 
 ously energetic and handsome old man of ster- 
 ling qualities, a friend of Mr. Jarndyce, in 
 Charles Dickens’s “ Bleak House.” The char- 
 acter was intended as a portrait of Walter 
 Savage Landor. 
 
 Boz (boz. See definition). A pseudonym as- 
 sumed by Charles Dickens in his “Sketches 
 by Boz,” first published together in 1836. He 
 first used the name in the second part of “The Boarding 
 House,” which came out iu “ The Monthly Magazine ’’ for 
 Aug., 1834. He himself says: “ ‘Boz’ was the nickname of 
 a pet child, a younger brother (Augustus), whom i had 
 dubbed Moses in honour of the Vicar of Wakefield ; which 
 being facetiously pronounced through the nose became 
 Boses, ami being shortened became Boz.” Through igno- 
 rance of the derivation, the pronunciation boz, based on 
 the nearest analogy, sprang up, and is now universal. 
 
 Bozen, or Botzen (bot'sen), It. Bolzano. A 
 
 town in Tyrol, Austria-Hungary, situated at 
 the junction of the Talfer and Eisak 32 miles 
 northeast of Trent. It is the chief commercial 
 place in Tyrol. Population, 24,362, (1910). 
 Bozman (boz'man), John Leeds. Born at Ox- 
 ford, Maryland, 'Aug. 25, 1757 : died there, April 
 23, 1823. ' An American jurist and historian. 
 He wrote a “History of Maryland, 1633-60” 
 (1837), etc. 
 
 Bozrah (boz'rii). [Heb., ‘sheepfold,’ also ‘for- 
 tified place.’]” In ancient history, a city of 
 Bashan, Syria, in lat. 32° 28' N., long. 36° 36' E.: 
 the Roman Bostra (?), and the modem Busra. 
 
 Under Trajan it became the capital of tlieRoman province 
 of Arabia, under Alexander Severus (222-2.i5) a Roman mili- 
 tary colony, and under Thil ip (244-249) the seat of a bishop 
 (metropolitan). Later it became the seat of an arch- 
 bishop. On its site are many ruins, including the follow- 
 ing : Cathedral , built in 612 A. D. It is square without, 
 
Bozrah 
 
 the interior a circle 91 feet in diameter, with an apse in 
 every angle. The circle was covered with a wooden dome. 
 On the east side projects a choir flanked by parabemata, 
 outside of which are two large chapels. Mosque of Omar 
 el-Ketab, an example ol a very early type, resembling an 
 open cloister having on two sides a vaulted double gal- 
 lery with fine columns, the shafts monolithic, of green 
 cipollino marble, and the white marble capitals antique, 
 of various orders. The walls bear a rich frieze of ara- 
 besques The handsome square minaret is 150 feet high. 
 Roman Triumphal Arch , with three openings, besides a 
 transverse archway. The chief opening is about 40 feet 
 high. The arch is ornamented with pilasters. Roman 
 Theater, in great part covered by a strong, square-towered 
 Arabian castle. Several tiers of seats of the cavea are ex- 
 posed in the castle court. The cavea, about 250 feet in 
 diameter, is supported on vaulted substructions. Flights 
 of steps ascend from outside to the precinction, and there 
 was a gallery with Doric columns above the cavea. The 
 stage-structure is unusually perfect. The stage is about 
 25 feet deep. 
 
 Bozzaris or Botzaris (popularly bo-zar is, 
 properly bot'sa-res), Markos. Born about 
 1788: died near Missolonghi, Greece, Aug. 20, 
 1823. A noted Greek patriot. He became a mem- 
 ber of the Hetseria in 1813 ; joined Ali Pasha against the 
 Porte in 1820 ; was made a general in the army of Western 
 Hellas iu 1823; and is especially noted for his desperate 
 defense of Missolonghi, 1822-23. He was killed in a suc- 
 cessful night attack on a superior Turkish force near Car- 
 penisi, which has been made the subject of a poem by 
 Pitz-Greene Halleck. 
 
 Bozzy (boz'i). A nickname of Janies Boswell, 
 the biographer of Dr. Johnson. 
 
 Bra (bra). A town in the province of Cuneo, 
 Piedmont, Italy, 28 miles south of Turin. It has 
 an active trade. Population, commune, 15,965. 
 Brabantjonne (bra-bon-son'), La. The Belgian 
 national song, with words by Jenneval and 
 music by Van Campenhout, composed in the 
 revolution of 1830, and so named from the 
 province of Brabant. In 1848 De Lonlay wrote new 
 words for it, and in 1852 Louis Hymans wrote others, all 
 appropriate to the political situation. 
 
 Brabant (bra-bant' or bra' bant; F. pron. bra- 
 boh'). [F. Brabant, D. Braband, Brabant, ML. 
 Brabantia.'] A province of Belgium, bounded 
 by Antwerp on the north, Limburg *on the east, 
 Namur and Hainaut on the south, and East 
 Flanders on the west. The surface is low. Capi- 
 tal, Brussels. Area, 1,268 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 1,477,229. 
 
 Brabant. A former county and duchy, which 
 corresponded to the modern North Brabant 
 (Netherlands) and Antwerp and Brabant (Bel- 
 gium). It was at first a county, and became a duchy in 
 1190 (?). Limburg was united with it in 1288. Philip 
 the Good of Burgundy succeeded to Brabant in 1430, and 
 it followed the fortunes of Burgundy and of the House of 
 Hapsburg. 
 
 Brabant, North. A province of the Nether- 
 lands, bounded by South Holland and Gelder- 
 land on the north, Limburg on the east, Bel- 
 gium on the south, and Zealand on the west. 
 Capital, s’Hertogenbosch. Area, 1,980 square 
 miles. Population, 620,101. 
 
 Brabantio (bra-ban 'shio). In Shakspere’s 
 “Othello, ” a Venetian senator, father of Des- 
 demona. He violently denounces Othello for 
 his marriage with the latter. 
 
 Brabine. The anagram with which Thomas 
 Barnibe (Bamaby) signed his complimentary 
 verses to Greene’s “ Menaphon.” 
 
 Brabourne, Lord. See Knn tchbull- Hugessen . 
 Bracciano (bra-cha'no). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Rome, Italy, situated on the Lake of 
 Bracciano 21 miles northwest of Rome. It 
 has a medieval castle. 
 
 Bracciano, Lake of. A lake in Italy, 20 miles 
 northwest of Rome: the Roman Lacus Saba- 
 tinus. Length, 6 miles. 
 
 Braccio da Montone (bra/cko da mon-to'ne), 
 Andrea. Born at Perugia, 1368: died 1424. 
 A celebrated Italian condottiere. He took 
 Rome in 1417, and fought in the service of 
 Naples against Sforza. 
 
 Bracciolini. See Poggio Bracciolini. 
 Bracciolini (bra-eho-ie'ne), Francesco. Born at 
 Pistoia, Italy, Nov. 26, 1566: died aj; Florence, 
 Aug. 31, 1645. An Italian poet and ecclesiastic. 
 HiB works include “Lo Seherno degli Dei" (1618), “La 
 Croce racquistata” (1605), "L’Elezione di papa Urbano 
 VIII.” (1628), “La Rocella espugnato” (1630), and the tra- 
 gedies “L’Evandro,” “ L'Arpalice,” and “La Pente3ilea." 
 
 Brace (bras), Charles Loring. Born at Litch- 
 field, Conn., June 19, 1826: died in the Tyrol, 
 Aug. 11, 1890. An American traveler, author, 
 and philanthropist. He devoted himself to the re- 
 demption of the criminal and pauper classes in New York 
 city, becoming the chief founder of the Children’s Aid 
 Society in 1863. Besides books of travel he wrote chiefly 
 on sociological subjects. 
 
 Brace, Julia. Born at Newington, Conn., June 
 13, 1806: died at Bloomington, Conn., Aug. 12, 
 1884. A blind deaf-mute, noted in the history 
 of the instruction of such unfortunates, 
 c .— 12 
 
 177 
 
 Bracebridge Hall, or The Humourists. A 
 
 collection of sketches of English life by W ash- 
 ington Irving, published in 1822 under the 
 pseudonym “Geoffrey Crayon.” The “Sketch- 
 Book ” also contained some sketches the scenes of which 
 were laid at Bracebridge Hall. The original is said to 
 have been Brereton Hall. 
 
 Bracegirdle (bras'ger /, 'dl), Anne. Born about 
 1663: died at London in 1748. A famous Eng- 
 lish actress. It is said that she played the page in 
 “The Orphan ’’ before she was six years old but “The 
 Orphan ’’ was first played in 1680. She was on the stage 
 till 1707, when the celebrated trial of skill with Mrs. Old- 
 field took place, both playing Mrs. Brittle in Betterton’s 
 “ Amorous Widow ” on alternate nights. The preference 
 was given to Mrs. Oldfield, and Mrs.Bracegirdle, disgusted, 
 left the stage. She played once more in 1709 at Better- 
 ton’s benefit. Both Rowe and Congreve were devoted 
 to her, and she was suspected of being married to the 
 latter. 
 
 Braehiaxio (bra-che-a/no), Duke of. In Web- 
 ster’s tragedy “ The White Devil,” the husband 
 of Isabella and the besotted lover of Yittoria 
 Corombona (the White Devil). 
 
 Brachylogus (bra-kil'o-gus). [Gr. ppaxvMyoc;, 
 brief.] A name given in the 16th century to a 
 manual of Roman law, “ Corpus legum,” com- 
 posed, probably, in the llth-12th century (pub- 
 lished at Berlin, 1829, as “Brachylogus juris 
 eivilis ”). 
 
 Bracidas. See Amidas. 
 
 Bracton (brak'ton), or Bratton (brat'on), or 
 Bretton (bret'on), Henry de. Died 1268. 
 An English ecclesiastic (chancellor of the ca- 
 thedral of Exeter) and jurist. He was the author 
 of a famous work, “ De legibus et consuetudinibus Anglia: ’’ 
 (printed in part in 1567 and entire in 1569), “the first 
 attempt to treat the whole extent of the [English J law in 
 a manner at once systematic and practical." “For the 
 statement that he discharged the duties of Chief J ustice 
 for twenty years no foundation is now discoverable. Dur- 
 ing the earlier portion of his official life (1246-58) the 
 office was in abeyance, and if Bracton was ever Chief J us- 
 tice, it must have been either before 1258 or after 1265.” 
 (Diet, of Nat. Riog.) With regard to most of the facts of 
 his life there is great uncertainty. 
 
 Bracy (bra/ si), Maurice de. A handsome and 
 not ungenerous mercenary, a follower of Prince 
 John, in Scott’s novel “Ivanhoe.” He carries 
 off Rowena, but she is speedily rescued. 
 Bradamant (brad'a-mant). The sister of Ri- 
 naldo in Boiardo’s “Orlando Innamorato” and 
 Ariosto’s “Orlando Furioso.” She is a Christian 
 but loves Rogero, and after incredible adventures in which 
 her prowess, assisted by her enchanted spear, is equal to 
 that of a knight, she marries him after he has been bap- 
 tized. Robert Gamier wrote a tragicomedy with this 
 name. It was produced in 1580, and Thomas Corneille 
 produced a tragedy with the same name in 1695 (this was 
 his last play). There have been several other plays on the 
 same subject, notably one by La Calprentde written in 
 1637. Also written Dradamante, Brandamante. 
 
 Braddock (brad'ok), Edward. Born in Perth- 
 shire, Scotland, 1695 : died July 13, 1755. A 
 British general. He entered the Coldstream Guards 
 in 1710, served in Holland 1746-48, and in 1753 became 
 colonel of a regiment stationed at Gibraltar. He was 
 promoted major-general in 1754, and in the same year was 
 appointed to the command in America, with a view to ex- 
 pelling the French from their recent encroachments west 
 of the Alleghany Mountains. The plan of a general cam- 
 paign against the French, which was to include several 
 independent expeditions, having been agreed upon with 
 the colonial governors, he marched from a spot known as 
 Little Meadows with an army of 1,200 chosen men, regu- 
 lars and provincials, against Fort Duquesne, J line 18, 1755. 
 He crossed the Monongahela, July 8, and on the following 
 day, when about ten miles from the fort, fell into an am- 
 buscade of French and Indians, who put his army to rout 
 after two hours’ fighting. He was mortally wounded while 
 trying to reform his men, and died at a place called Great 
 Meadows, about 60 mile3 from Fort Duquesne, the present 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 Braddon (brad'on), Mary Elizabeth. Born 
 at London in 1837. An English novelist, wife 
 of John Maxwell: author of “Lady Audley’s 
 Secret” (1862), “Aurora Floyd” (1862), “Elea- 
 nor’s Victory” (1863), etc. She also conducted 
 “Belgravia,” to which she contributed many 
 novels. 
 
 Bradford (brad'ford). [ME .Bradford, AS. Bra- 
 danford, dat. of brad ford, ‘broad ford’: the 
 name of several places.] A town in the West 
 Riding of Yorkshire, England, 9 miles west of 
 Leeds, in lat. 53° 49' N., long. 1° 45' W. It has 
 
 manufactures of worsted, cotton, etc. It is the 6eat of 
 the United Yorkshire College. Population, 288,505, (1911). 
 Bradford. A city in McKean County, Pennsyl- 
 vania, lat. 41° 55' N., long. 78° 43' W., noted for 
 oil manufactures. Population, 14,544, (1910). 
 Bradford, Alden. Born at Duxbury, Mass., 
 Nov. 19, 1765: died at Boston, Oct. 26, 1843. A 
 historical writer and journalist, originally a 
 Congregational clergyman. He was secretary of 
 state for Massachusetts 1812-24, and edited the “Boston 
 Gazette" in 1826. He wrote a “History of Massachusetts, 
 1764-1820.” 
 
 Bradford, John. Born at Manchester, Eng- 
 
 Bradstreet, John 
 
 land, about 1510: died July 1, 1555. An Eng- 
 lish Protestaut preacher and martyr. He became 
 chaplain to Edward VI. in 1552 ; was arrested in 1663, 
 shortly after the accession of Queen Mary, on a charge of 
 sedition and heresy ; was tried before a commission con- 
 sisting of Bishops Gardiner, Bonner, and other prelates; 
 and, with a young man named John Leaf, was burned at 
 the stake at Smithfield. 
 
 Bradford, William. Born at Austerfield, York- 
 shire, England, 1590: died at Plymouth, Mass., 
 May 9, 1657. An American pioneer and histo- 
 rian, one of the “Pilgrim Fathers.” He was 
 governor of the Plymouth colony 1621-57 (except in 1633-34, 
 1636, 1638, 1644), and wrote a “History of the Plymouth 
 Plantation, 1602-47 ” (MS. lost 1774, found at Fulham li- 
 brary, England, 1855 ; printed 1856). 
 
 Bradford, William. Born in Leicestershire, 
 England, May 20, 1663: died at New York, May 
 23, 1752. An American printer, the founder, 
 in 1725, of the “New York Gazette,” the first 
 newspaper in New York. He sailed with Penn for 
 America, Sept. I,16s2, returned to England, and again sailed 
 for America in 1685. He became printer for Pennsylvania, 
 Slew York, New Jersey, and PJiode Island, and (1702) 
 Maryland. The first book issued from his press (1685) was 
 au almanac,” America’s Messenger,” for 1686. 
 
 Bradford, William. Born at Philadelphia, 
 Sept. 14, 1755: died Aug. 23, 1795. An Amer- 
 ican lawyer, attorney-general of the United 
 States 1794-95. 
 
 Bradford, William. Born at New Bedford, 
 Mass., 1827: died at New York, April 25, 1892. 
 An American artist, painter of coast scenes, 
 and especially of the scenery of the Arctic 
 regions. Among his works are “The Land of the Mid- 
 night Sun,“ “Chished by Icebergs," “Arctic Wreckers,” 
 “ Sunset in the North,” etc. 
 
 Bradlaugh (brad'la), Charles. Born at Lon- 
 don, Sept. 26, 1833: died Jan. 30, 1891. An 
 English radical politician and advocate of sec- 
 ularism. He served with the 7th Dragoon Guards 1850- 
 1853, when he became a lawyer’s clerk in London. He 
 founded the "National Reformer" in 1860. Having been 
 elected to Parliament from Northampton in 1880, he re- 
 fused to take the parliamentary oath, on atheistic grounds, 
 and was not allowed to sit on affirmation. Though several 
 times reelected, and though he expressed his willingness 
 to take the oath, he was excluded from his seat till 1886, 
 when no objection was offered to his taking the oath. He 
 wrote “A Few Words about the Devil, and other Bio- 
 graphical Sketches and Essays” (1873), “The True Story 
 of my Parliamentary Struggle” (1882), etc. 
 
 Bradley (brad'li), Edward: pseudonym Cuth- 
 bert Bede. Born at Kidderminster, 1827 : died 
 1889. An English author. He was rector of Den- 
 ton, Huntingdonshire, 1859-71, and of Stretton, Rutland, 
 1871-83, when he became vicar of Lenton. He wr ote “Ad- 
 ventures of Mr. Verdant Green” (1853), “The Curate of 
 Cranston ” (1861), “ A Tour in Tartanlaud ” (1863), “ The 
 Rook’s Garden ” (1865), and “ Matins and Muttons ” (1866). 
 Bradley, James. Born at Sherbourn, Glouces- 
 tershire, March, 1693 : died at Chalford, Glou- 
 cestershire, July 13, 1762. A celebrated English 
 astronomer. He became Savilian professor of astron- 
 omy at Oxford in 1721, lecturer on experimental philoso- 
 phy at Oxford in 1729, and astronomer royal in 1742. He 
 is especially famous for his discovery of the aberration ol 
 light, and his demonstration of the nutation of the earth’s 
 axis. His observations were published in two volumes, 
 the first in 1798, the second in 1805. 
 
 Bradley Headstone. See Headstone. 
 Bradshaw (brad'sha), Henry. Born at. Ches- 
 ter, England, about 1450 : died 1513. An Eng- 
 lish Benedictine monk and poet. He wrote “De 
 Antiquitate et Magniflcentia Urbis Cestrhe,” and a “Life 
 of St. Werburgh,’’ in English verse, mainly a translation 
 of a Latin work by an unknown author. 
 
 Bradshaw, John. Born at Stockport, in Che- 
 shire, England, 1602: died at Westminster, 
 Oct. 31, 1059. An English judge and politi- 
 cian, famous as a regicide, ne was judge of the 
 sheriff's court in London 1643-49; became chief justice 
 of Chester 1647 ; was president of the High Court of Jus- 
 tice which tried Charles I., .Jan., 1649; was president of 
 the Council of State 1649-52 ; became chancellor of the 
 duchy of Lancaster and attorney-general of Cheshire and 
 North Wales, 1649 ; opposed the dissolution of the Long 
 Parliament by Cromwell, 1663 ; and refused to sign the 
 “recognition’’ pledging the members of Parliament to 
 sustain the government, 1664. His memory was attainted 
 by Parliament, May 16, 1660, and his body hanged in its 
 coffin, Jan. 30, 1661. 
 
 Bradstreet (brad'stret), Anne. Born at North- 
 ampton, England, 1612 : died at Andover, 
 
 Mass., Sept. 16, 1672. An Anglo-American 
 poet, daughter of Governor Thomas Dudley, she 
 was married in 1628 to Simon Bradstreet, afterward gov- 
 ernor of Massachusetts, with whom she emigrated to New 
 England in 1630. A collection of her poems was pub- 
 lished in London in 1650, under the title “The Tenth 
 Muse,” the second edition of whicli (Boston, 1678) con- 
 tains the bestof her poems, “Contemplations.” 
 Bradstreet, John. Born 1711: died at New 
 York, Sept. 25, 1774. An English soldier in 
 the French and Indian war. He served ns lieu- 
 tenant-colonel in the expedition against Louisburg in 
 1746; became lieutenant-governor of St. John's, New- 
 foundland, in 1746 ; participated in the attack on Ticou- 
 deroga in 1758 ; captured Fort Frontenac in 1768 ; and was 
 made major-general in 1772. 
 
Bradstreet, Simon 
 
 Bradstreet, Simon. Born at Horbling, Lincoln- 
 shire, England, March, 1603 : died at Salem, 
 Mass., March 27, 1697. An American politi- 
 cian, governor’s assistant 1630-79, and gover- 
 nor of Massachusetts 1679-86 and 1689-92. 
 Bradstreet, Simon. Born at New London, 
 Conn., March 7, 1671 : died at Charlestown, 
 Mass., Dec. 31, 1741. An American clergy- 
 man, grandson of Governor Simon Bradstreet. 
 Bradwardine (brad' war-din), Baron. An old 
 man, the master of ’fully Veolan, in Scott’s 
 “Waverley.” He was a scholar, and of very ancient 
 family, of which he was inordinately proud. He had 
 been bred to the bar, and had served in the army. He 
 had been in arms for the Stuarts, and was in concealment 
 after the rebellion of 1745 till released by pardon. 
 
 Bradwardine, Rose. The daughter of Baron 
 Bradwardine in Scott’s “Waverley”: “the 
 Rose of Tully Veolan.” She saves Waverley’s 
 life, and he marries her. 
 
 Bradwardin(e), Thomas. Born at Hartfield, 
 Sussex, England, about 1290: died at Lam- 
 beth, England, Aug. 26, 1349. A celebrated 
 English prelate, theologian, and mathematician, 
 surnamed “Doctor Profundus.” He was appointed 
 archbishop of Canterbury in 1349. His works include 
 “De causa Dei," “De quadrature circuit” “ Geometria 
 speculativa,” “Ars memorativa,” etc. 
 
 Brady (bra/di), Nicholas. Born at Bandon, 
 County Cork, Ireland, Oct. 28, 1659 : died at 
 Richmond, England, May 20, 1726. An Eng- 
 lish divine and poet, collaborator with Tate in 
 the “New Version of the Psalms of David” 
 (1695-1703). • • 
 
 Brady, Widow. See Irish Widow, The. 
 
 Brag, Jack. See Jack Brag. 
 
 Brag, Sir Jack. A nickname given to General 
 John Burgoyne (died 1792). 
 
 Braga (bra'ga). [L. Bracara, Bracara Augusta, 
 Bracaraugusta, from Bracares or Bracari, a tribe 
 name.] A city in the district of Braga, prov- 
 ince of Minho, Portugal, 33 miles northeast of 
 Oporto. It contains a cathedral, founded in the 12th 
 century, but remodeled almost throughout in the latest 
 Pointed style. The early west doorway has a graceful 
 triple porch of florid work, elaborately carved. There is a 
 raised choir with well-sculptured Renaissance stalls, and 
 a cloister, connected with which is a maze of chapels with 
 some historic tombs. There is also a pilgrimage church 
 of Bom Jesus, on a high hill, the ascent to which is bor- 
 dered with 12 grated chapels containing groups of large 
 colored wooden figures illustrating the stations of the 
 cross, etc., and with fountains typifying the five senses 
 and the Christian virtues. The great church, simple in 
 design and well proportioned, is preceded by pyramids 
 and statues: the tine wooden retable portrays the Cruci- 
 fixion. The combination of nature and art is both curious 
 and beautiful. Population, 24,202. 
 
 Braga. See Bragi. 
 
 Braganza (bra-gan'sa), or Braganza (bra-gan'- 
 za). A town in the district of Braganza, prov- 
 ince of Traz-os-Montes, northern Portugal, in 
 lat. 41° 50’ N., long. 6° 45’ W. It gives name to the 
 house of Bragamja. It contains a castle, a splendid me- 
 dieval fortress, in great part ruinous, with an isolated cen- 
 tral keep inaccessible except by a dying-bridge. 
 
 Braganca, or Braganza, House of. The reign- 
 ing family of Portugal, until 1910, and, until 
 1889, of Brazil. In 1385 the Portuguese crown was 
 seized by Joao, bastard of Pedro the first, and his illegiti- 
 mate son Alfonso was created duke of Braganza in 1442. 
 In 1640 a duke of this house headed the revolution by 
 which Portugal was separated from Spain : he assumed the 
 crown as Joao IV., and it was retained by the family, 
 with some changes in the line, until 1910, when the republic 
 was founded. Pedro I. of Brazil was son of Joao VI., 
 and heir to the Portuguese throne ; Pedro II. of Brazil was 
 his son ; and a daughter became queen of Portugal in 1834. 
 
 Braganza. See Braganga. 
 
 Bragelonne (brazh'e-lon), Le Vi.comte de, ou 
 Dix ans apr&S (The Vicomte de Bragelonne, 
 or Ten Years After). A novel by Alexandre 
 Dumas. It is the third part of the trilogy of which 
 “Les Trois Mousquetaires ” (“ The Three Musketeers") 
 was the first, and “Vingt ans aprfcs” (“ Twenty Years 
 After ") the second. 
 
 Bragg (brag), Braxton. Born in Warren Coun- 
 ty, N. C., 1817: died at Galveston, Texas, Sept. 
 27, 1876. An American officer, distinguished 
 in the Mexican war, and a general in the Con- 
 federate service, ne invaded Kentucky in 1S62; com- 
 manded at Murfreesboro 1862-63, and at Chickamauga 
 and Chattanooga in 1863. 
 
 Braggadocchio (brag-a-dot'sliio). In Spenser’s 
 “Faerie Queene,” a big bragging fool. He per- 
 sonifies cowardice, and is the comic element in the book. 
 He was taken from Martano, a similar character in Ari- 
 osto’s “Orlando Furioso." 
 
 Bragi (bra'ge). [ON.] In Old Norse mythol- 
 ogy, a son of Odin, and the god of poetry. He is 
 Odin’s principal scald in “Wallialla.” His wife is Idun. 
 Bragi’s prototype was probably a historical person, the 
 Norse scald Bragi, who lived about the year 800. 
 Bragmardo (brag'mar-do; F. pron. brag-mar'- 
 do), Janotus de. A character in Rabelais’s 
 “ Gargantua and Pantagruel.” He was sent by the 
 
 178 
 
 citizens of Paris to Gargantua to object to his hanging 
 the bells of Notre Dame around the neck of his horse. 
 
 Braham (bra'am), John. Born at London about 
 1774 : died at London, Feb. 17, 1856. An Eng- 
 lish tenor singer, and composer of popular 
 songs, among them “ The Death of Nelson.” 
 Brahe (bra; Dan. pron. bra'e), Tycho. Born 
 at Knudstrup, in Scania, Sweden, Dec. 14 
 (O. S.), 1546: died at Prague, Bohemia, Oct. 24 
 (N. S.), 1601. A celebrated Danish astronomer. 
 He built, under the patronage of Frederick II. of Den- 
 mark, an observatory, the Uranienborg, completed 1580, 
 on the island of Hven ; and, entering the service of the 
 emperor Rudolph II., settled at Prague in 1599. He 
 discovered a new star in Cassiopeia in 1572, discovered 
 the variation of the moon and the fourth inequality of 
 the motion of the moon, and is said never to have been 
 surpassed as a practical astronomer, although he rejected 
 the Copernican system. 
 
 Brahma (bra'ma), Brahman (bra'man). [The 
 Sanskrit has a neuter word brahman (nom- 
 inative brahma), and a masculine brahman 
 (nominative brahma ) ; from the root brh, ‘ be 
 thick, great, strong,’ causative 'make great, 
 strengthen.’] 1. The neuter word brahman 
 means: (a) Devotion, (b) A sacred formula ; especially, 
 a spell. Hence the designation Brahmaveda for the col- 
 lection usually known as the Atharvaveda. (c) The Brah- 
 man (neuter), the highest object of theosophy, God 
 thought of as impersonal, the Absolute, (d) The class 
 that are possessors and fosterers of sacred knowledge 
 theologians, Brahmans. 
 
 2. The masculine word brahman (nominative 
 brahma) means: {a) A prayer, worshiper, and then a 
 prayer by profession, a priest, a Brahman ; also one who 
 knows the sacred formulae or spells, or sacred knowledge 
 in general. ( b ) He who knows sacred science in the nar- 
 rower sense ; the chief priest, who conducts the sacrifice 
 and is obliged to know the three Vedas, (c) A particular 
 priest, the assistant of the Brahman in the soma sacri- 
 fice. (</) Brahma, i. e., the neuter Brahman conceived 
 as a person, etc. Brahma is a product of theological ab- 
 straction, not a god of popular origin. He is not known 
 in the older books. In many passages the word that the 
 native commentators regard as masculine is to be taken 
 as neuter. Brahmanism has no Creator in the Christian 
 sense. The personal god Brahma (masculine), who is 
 called “the Creator," is himself evolved out of the one 
 impersonal, self-existent Being, Brahma (neuter). The 
 personal Brahma then becomes the Evolver of the Uni- 
 verse, while Vishnu is associated with him as its main- 
 tainer, and Shiva as its destroyer. These three gods con- 
 stitute the well-known Hindu Triad (TrimurtI). There 
 are believed to be only two temples of Brahma in India: 
 one at Pushkara (Pokliar), the other about 15 miles from 
 Idar. The reason lies in the fact that the functions of 
 Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva are interchangeable, and that 
 both Vishnu and Shiva maybe identified with Brahma, or 
 be worshiped as Brahma. The image at Pushkara has 
 four black faces, each of which is supposed to be directed 
 toward one of the four quarters of the compass. In fact 
 three look at the observers, each having two great glass 
 eyes. The four-faced head is covered by a broad red tur- 
 ban, and over that hang umbrella-shaped ornaments. The 
 image is dressed in red clothes. 
 
 Brahmagupta (brah-ma-gop'ta). A Hindu as- 
 tronomer whose date, according to Albiruni, 
 is A. D. 664. Albiruni gives a notice of his recast of 
 an earlier Brahmasiddhanta. To him also belongs, ac- 
 cording to the same author, a work named “Ahargana,” 
 corrujrted by the Arabs into Arkand. This Arkand, the 
 Sindhends (i. e. the five Siddliantas), and the system of 
 Arjabahr (Aryabhata) were the works which were princi- 
 pally studied and in part translated by the Arabs in the 8th 
 and 9th centuries. 
 
 Brahmana (brah'ma-na). [Skt. brahmana, ap- 
 parently ‘relating to tlie brahman or worship.’] 
 Dicta on matters of faith and worship; espe- 
 cially “a Brahmana,” as designation of one of 
 a class of Yedic writings which contain these 
 dicta. Their object is to connect the songs and sacrifi- 
 cial formulse of the Vedas with the rites. They contain 
 the oldest rituals, linguistic explanations, traditional nar- 
 ratives, and philosophical speculations we have. They 
 originated from the opinions of individual sages, imparted 
 by oral tradition, and preserved as weU as supplemented 
 in their families and by their disciples. A comparatively 
 large number of Brahraanas is still extant, owing to their 
 being each annexed to a particular Veda, as well as to a 
 sort of jealousy among the families in which the study of 
 the different Vedas was hereditarily transmitted. The 
 Brahmanas of the Rigveda treat especially of the duties 
 of the Hotri, who recites the verses; those of the Yajur- 
 veda to the sacrifices by the Adhvaryu ; and those of the 
 Samaveda to the chanting by the Udgatri. The Brah- 
 manas embrace also the treatises called Aranyakas and 
 Upanishads. 
 
 Brahmapurana (brah // ma-po-ra'na). In San- 
 skrit literature, one of the eighteen Puranas: so 
 called as revealed by Brahma to Daksha. This 
 Purana is sometimes placed first, and therefore called 
 Adipurana. Its main object appears to be the promotion 
 of the worship of Krishna. It describes the creation, the 
 Manvantaras or the life or period of a Manu, the history 
 of the solar and lunar dynasties to the time of Krishna, 
 Orissa with its temples and groves, the life of Krishna, 
 and the mode of Yoga or contemplative devotion. It was 
 not compiled earlier than the 13th or 14th century. 
 
 Brahmandapurana (brah-manGla-po-ra'na). 
 In Sanskrit literature, one of the eighteen Pin-a- 
 nas : so called as revealed by Brahma, and con- 
 taining an account of “the egg of Brahma,” the 
 mundane egg, and the future Kalpas or days of 
 
 Bramah 
 
 Brahma It is extant only in a number of un- 
 ★authentic fragments. 
 
 Brahmaputra (brah // ma-po'tra). A river of 
 Asia, probably the ancient Dyardanes or 
 CEdanes. Ill its upper course in Tibet it is called the 
 Sanpo ( Tsan-pu , etc.) ; in Assam Dihong. It rises near 
 Lake Manasowar, and flows east and south. The name 
 (Brahmaputra) is sometimes given to the stream formed by 
 the main river, the Dihong, with the Dibong and Brahma- 
 kunda. It sends part of its water to the Ganges, and 
 forms with the Ganges a vast delta at the head of the 
 bay of Bengal. Length, 1,800 miles. Navigable to Di- 
 brugarli, about 800 miles. 
 
 Brahmaputra Valley Division. A division 
 
 of the former province of Assam, India. 
 Brahmasabha (brah /, ma-sa'bha), or Brahmi- 
 yasamaj (brah-me // ya-sa-maj'). “ The society 
 of believers in God”: the theistic church found- 
 ed by the Hindu religious and social reformer 
 Rammohun Roy at Calcutta in 1830. 
 Brahmasamaj (brah-ma-sa-maj'); in Bengal, 
 Brahmosomaj (brah^mo-so-maj'). “The so- 
 ciety of believers in God” : the later name of the 
 Brahmasabha of Rammohun Roy. it was joined 
 in 1841 by Debendranath Tagore, who undertook the task 
 of organizing it with properly appointed officers and 
 teachers, a settled form of worship, and a fixed standard 
 of faith and practice. This was completed by the end of 
 1843. The year 1844 may be given as the date of the real 
 commencement of the first organized theistic church of 
 India. Its history has been marked by various schisms, 
 but it has exercised a powerful influence against idolatry 
 and greatly promoted social reform. 
 
 Brahmins (bra'minz), also Brahmans (bra'- 
 manz). Hindus of the highest or priestly caste. 
 See Brahma. 
 
 Brahms (briimz), Johannes. Bom at Ham- 
 burg, May 7, 1833: died at Vienna, April 3, 1897. 
 A noted German composer of choral and cham- 
 ber music, and pianist. He went to Vienna in 1862, 
 where he directed the famous concerts of the “Gesellschaft 
 der Musikfreunde,” and filled other similar positions. His 
 numbered works in 1887 were 102 ; his most representative 
 compositions are his symphonies. Among his other works 
 are “Deutsches Requiem" (1868), “Scliicksalslied,” “Tri- 
 umphlied," etc. 
 
 Braid (brad), James. Born in Fifeshire, Scot- 
 land, about 1795: died at Manchester, England, 
 March 25, 1860. A British medical writer, espe- 
 cially noted for his investigation of hypnotism 
 (named by him originally “neurohypnotism”). 
 Bra'ila (bra-e'la), or Brailov (bra-e-lov’), or 
 Ibrail (e-bra-el'). A city in Wallachia, Ru- 
 mania, situated on the Danube in lat. 45° 17’ 
 N., long. 27° 55' E. It was formerly a fortress. 
 It was taken by the Russians in i770 and in 
 1828. Population, 59,964. 
 
 Brainard (bra'nard), John Gardiner Calkins. 
 Born at New London, Conn., Oct. 21, 1796: died 
 there, Sept. 26, 1828. An American poet and 
 journalist. He was editor of the “ Connecticut Mir- 
 ror” (1822-27). He published a volume of poems (1825), 
 a second enlarged edition of which appeared (i832), with a 
 sketch of the author by John G. Whittier, under the title 
 of “ Literary Remains. ’’ 
 
 Braine-l’Alleud, or Braine-la-Leude (bran- 
 la-led'), Flem. Eigen-Brakel. A manufac- 
 turing town in the province of Brabant, Bel- 
 gium, 12 miles south of Brussels. It was the 
 scene of part of the operations of the battle of 
 Waterloo. Population, 8,743. 
 Braine-le-Comte (bran-le-k6ht'), Flem. 's Gra- 
 ven Brakel. A town in the province of Hai- 
 naut, Belgium, 14 miles northeast of Mons. Pop- 
 ulation, 9,077. 
 
 Brainerd (bra' nerd), David. Born at Had- 
 dam, Conn., April 20, 1718: died at Northamp- 
 ton, Mass., Oet. 9, 1747. An American mis- 
 sionary among the Indians. His biography 
 was written by Jonathan Edwards (1749: en- 
 larged edition 1822). 
 
 Braintree (brau'tre). A town in Essex, Eng- 
 land, 11 miles northeast of Chelmsford. Popu- 
 lation, 5,330. 
 
 Braintree. A town in Norfolk County, Massa- 
 chusetts, 10 miles south of Boston. Population, 
 8,066, (1910). 
 
 Brainworm (bran'werm). In Ben Jonson’s 
 “Every Man in his Humour,” a servant of old 
 Knowell, witty and shrewd, whose various dis- 
 guises contribute to the perplexities and elabo- 
 ration of the plot. 
 
 Brake (bra'ke). A town of Oldenburg, Ger- 
 many, until 1888 a free port, situated on the 
 Weser 22 miles northwest of Bremen. 
 Braklond (brak'lond), Long and Little. Two 
 ancient streets in St. Edmundsburv, England. 
 See Jocelin de Brakelonde. 
 
 Bramah (bra'ma), Joseph. Born at Stainbor- 
 ough, Yorkshire, England, April 13. 1748: died 
 at Pimlico, Dec. 9, 1814. An English mechani- 
 cian and engineer. He patented the Bramah 
 lock in 1784, and the hydraulic press in 1796. 
 
Bramante 
 
 Bramante (bra-man'te), Donato d’Angnolo. 
 
 Born at Monti Asdruahio, near Urbino, about 
 1444 : died March 11, 1514. A celebrated Ital- 
 ian architect. He studied painting before architec- 
 ture. About 1472 he established himself in Milan, and 
 lived in northern Italy the greater part of his life. He 
 abandoned Milan for Home in 1499, and became the great- 
 est master of the Roman style growing up about the an- 
 tique ruins. His principal works in Rome are : (a) The 
 Chancelleriabuiltforthe Cardinal RaffaelloRiario, nephew 
 of Pope Sixtus IV., his fust work in Rome. The columns 
 in the famous courtyard were taken from the old Basilica 
 of San Lorenzo in Damaso, and were originally taken from 
 the Portico of Pompey. (6) The Tempietto (1502). (c) 
 Palazzo Giraud-Torlonia (1503). (d) The cloisters of Santa 
 Maria della Pace (1504). He was employed by Popes Alex- 
 ander VI. and J ulius II. His works at the Vatican were 
 the long gaUery connecting the old palace with the Belve- 
 dere, the court of the Loggia finished by Raphael, contain- 
 ing the frescos of Raphael, and the first plan of St. Peter's. 
 (See St. Peter’s.) Bramante's design has been considered 
 by Michelangelo and all architectural critics as the best of 
 the many which were made for this church. It was a 
 Greek cross with a dome and two spires, and instead of 
 the single great order of the interior employed two orders 
 superimposed as in the Ospidali Maggiori. The first stone 
 was laid on April 18, 1506. As a military engineer Bra- 
 mante assisted Julius II. in the sieges of Bologna and 
 Mirandola, and built the fine old fort at Civitk Vecchia 
 near Rome. 
 
 Brambanan (brain -ba/ nan). A village in 
 southern Java, 10 miles east of Djokjo-karta, 
 noted for ruins of temples. 
 
 Bramble (bram'bl), Frederick. The nephew 
 of Sir Robert in Colman’s play “ The Poor Gen- 
 tleman.” He is generous, enthusiastic, and the pre- 
 server of Emily. He insults her abductor “with all the 
 civility imaginable.” 
 
 Bramble, Matthew. In Smollett’s novel 
 “Humphrey Clinker,” a hot-tempered, kind- 
 hearted, gouty squire, whose opinions are sup- 
 posed to represent Smollett’s. 
 
 Bramble, Sir Robert. In Colman’s play “The 
 Poor Gentleman,” a character of the same 
 stamp as Matthew Bramble. 
 
 Bramble, Tabitha. The sister of Matthew 
 Bramble, a prying and ugly old maid, “exceed- 
 ingly starched, vain and ridiculous,” who finally 
 insnares “the immortal Lismahago.” 
 Bramhall (bram'hal), John. Born at Ponte- 
 fract, Yorkshire, England, 1594: died in Ire- 
 land, June, 1663. An English prelate in Ire- 
 land, and controversialist. He became bishop of 
 Derry in 1634 ; was impeached by the Irish House of Com- 
 mons, March 4, 1641, and arrested on the charge of compli- 
 city in the alleged treason of Strafford ; was liberated, 
 without acquittal, through the exertions of Ussher with 
 the king, 1641 ; retired to Hamburg after the battle of 
 Marston Moor, 1644 ; became archbishop of Armagh 1661 ; 
 and in the same year became speaker of the Irish House 
 of Lords. He induced the Church of Ireland to embrace 
 the Thirty-nine Articles, and disputed with Hobbes on 
 liberty and necessity. 
 
 Brampton (bramp'ton), Lady. A character in 
 Steele’s play “The Funeral.” 
 
 Bran. The name of Fingal’s dog. 
 
 Bran, surnamed “The Blessed.” A knight 
 whose history is given in Taliesin’s poem “My- 
 vyrian.” He discovered a wonderful and mystic vessel 
 which was adorned like the San Graal and had traditions 
 resembling it. 
 
 Brancaleone (bran-ka-la-6'ne), Dandolo. 
 Died at Rome, 1258. An Italian statesman of 
 Bolognese origin, elected by the people podesta, 
 or senator, of Rome in 1253, with the power of 
 enforcing justice, and the command of the mili- 
 tary forces. He repressed the nobles and forced the 
 Pope (Innocent IV.) to recognize the power of the people, 
 but he exercised his power with such severity that he 
 was driven from the city. Two years later, however, he 
 was recalled. 
 
 Branchidse (brang'ki-de). [Gr. B payx'^ai, de- 
 scendants of Branchus (Bpayxoc), and the name 
 of their seat near Miletus, Asia Minor.] In 
 ancient geography, a small town in Sogdiana, 
 said to have been built by the priests of Apollo 
 Didymmus near Miletus: it was destroyed by 
 Alexander the Great. Temple of Apollo LHdymmus, a 
 very ancient sanctuary rebuilt at a late date on so great a 
 scale that it was never finished. The temple was in plan 168 
 by 362 feet, Ionic, decastyle, dipteral, with twenty-one col- 
 umns on each flank, and four between antic in the pronaos. 
 The columns are 63 feet high. A sacred way, bordered 
 with archaic seated statues, the best of which are now in 
 the British Museum, led from the sea-shore to the temple. 
 
 The name Branchidfe, as the name of a place, is curious. 
 'Die term properly applied to the priestly family to which 
 was committed the superintendence of the oracle, and 
 may be compared with such names as Eumolpidce, Iami- 
 dxc, &c. . . . According to the local tradition they were 
 descended from Branchus, a Thessalian, or according to 
 others a Delphian, the original founder and priest of the 
 temple, of whom a legend was told similar to t hat of Ilya- 
 cintlius. Rawlinson, Herod., III. 237, note. 
 
 Branco (brang'ko), Rio. A river in norfh- 
 ern Brazil which joins the Rio Negro in lat. 
 1° 22' S., long. 61° 57' W. Length, about 350 
 miles. 
 
 Brand (brand), John. Born at Washington, 
 
 179 
 
 Durham, England, Aug. 19, 1744: died at Lon- 
 don, Sept. 11, 1806. An English antiquary 
 and topographer, rector of the parishes St. 
 Mary-at-Hill and St. Andrew Hubbard in the 
 city of London . He published “ Observations on Popu- 
 lar Antiquities : including the whole of Mr. Bourne’s ‘ An- 
 tiquitates Yulgares,’ etc.” (1777), and other works. 
 Brandan. See Brendan. 
 
 Brande (brand), William Thomas. Born at 
 London, Feb. 11, 1788: died at Tunbridge 
 Wells, England, Feb. 11, 1866. A distinguished 
 English chemist. He became professor of chemistry 
 to the Apothecaries’ Company 1812 ; professor of materia 
 medica 1813 ; master of the company 1851 ; was professor 
 of chemistry at the Royal Institution 1813-54 ; became 
 superintendent of the die department of the mint 1825, and 
 of the coining department 1854 ; and edited with M. Fara- 
 day the “ Quarterly Journal of Science and Art ” (1816-36). 
 Brandenburg (bran'den-bora). A city in the 
 province of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on 
 the Havel 35 miles west-southwest of Berlin. 
 It contains a cathedral and church of St. Catherine. It 
 was an old Slavic stronghold ; was taken by Albert the 
 Bear in 1153 ; and was long the principal place in the mark 
 of Brandenburg. Population, 51,239. 
 
 Brandenburg. A former margravate and elec- 
 torate of the German Empire, the nucleus of 
 the kingdom of Prussia. The Nordmark (see Nord- 
 mark) was granted in 1134 to Albert the Bear, who sub- 
 dued the Slavic Wends, Christianized the region and col- 
 onized it with Germans, and took the title of Margrave of 
 Brandenburg, making the town of Brandenburg his cap- 
 ital. Brandenburg was recognized as one of the seven 
 electorates in the Golden Bull of 1356. It was united with 
 Bohemia 1373-1415. In 1415 Frederick of Hohenzollern 
 (Burgrave of Nuremberg) received the mark and electo- 
 rate of Brandenburg, and was formally invested with it in 
 1417. The mark consisted then mainly of the Altmark, 
 Priegnitz, and the Mittelmark ; the Ukermark was added 
 (mainly) about 1415-10, the Neumark (mainly) about 1450. 
 Brandenburg early embraced the Reformation. It ac- 
 quired Cleves, Mark, and Ravensburg in 1614 (formally 
 1666), and the duchy of Prussia was united with it in 1618. 
 During the reign of Frederick William, the Great Elector 
 (1610-88), it became an important military power. In 1648 
 it acquired eastern (Further) Pomerania, and the bishop- 
 rics of Halberstadt, Minden, and Kanrin, and in 1680 the 
 archbishopric of Magdeburg. It became the kingdom of 
 Prussia in 1701. See Prussia. 
 
 Brandenburg. A province of Prussia, it is 
 bouuded by Mecklenburg and Pomerania on the north. 
 West Prussia, Posen, and Silesia on the east, Silesia and 
 the province of Saxony on the south, and the province of 
 Saxony, Anhalt, and Hannover on the west. It contains 
 the government districts Potsdam and Frankfort. Since 
 1881 Berlin has been separated from the province. It is 
 composed of the Mittelmark, Ukermark, Priegnitz, and 
 most of the Neumark, and is the nucleus of the Prussian 
 monarchy. The surface is generally leveL Area, 16,383 
 square miles. Population, 3,531,906. 
 
 Brandenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm, Count of. 
 
 Born at Berlin, Jan. 24, 1792: died Nov. 6, 
 1850. A Prussian general and statesman, son 
 of Frederick William II of Prussia by his mor- 
 ganatic wife, the Countess von Doenhoff. He be- 
 came the head of a strongly reactionary minority, Nov. 2, 
 1848, and represented Prussia at Warsaw, Oct. 29, 1850, be- 
 fore the Czar of Russia, who acted as arbiter between 
 Prussia and Austria in the difference arising out of Aus- 
 tria’s interference in the politics of Hesse- Cassel. 
 
 Brandes (bran'des), Georg Morris Cohen. 
 
 Born at Copenhagen, Feb. 4, 1842. A Danish 
 writer on esthetics and the history of literature. 
 Between 1865 and 1871 (time spent principally in France 
 and Germany) he published “Asthetiske Studier” (“Es- 
 thetic Studies"), “Kritiker og Portraeter” (“Criticisms 
 and Portraits”), and “Den franske Asthetik i vore Dage” 
 (“French Esthetics in Our Day, ’’ 1870). Returning to Den- 
 mark, he became docent at the University of Copenhagen. 
 His lectures (which afterward appeared under the title 
 “Hovedstromninger i det 19 d » Aarhundredes Literatur,” 
 “ Principal Tendencies in the Literature of the Nineteenth 
 Century,” 1872-75) brought upon him the charge of radi- 
 calism and free-thinking, and accordingly, in 1877, he left 
 Denmark for Germany, and settled in Berlin. In the same 
 year fall “Soren Kjerkegaard” and “Danske Diktere” 
 (“Danish Poets”), in Berlin appeared “Esaijas TegnCr" 
 and “Benjamin d’Israeli,” both in 1878. 
 
 Brandi mart (bran'di-mart), or Brandimarte 
 (bran-de-mar'te). The husband of Flordelis, 
 and the King of the Distant Islands, in both 
 Boiardo’s and Ariosto’s “ Orlando.” He is killed 
 by Gradasso. See Flordelis. 
 
 Brandis (bran'dis), Christian August. Bom 
 at Hildesheim, Germany, Feb. 13, 1790: died 
 at Bonn, Prussia, July 21, 1867. A German 
 philosophical writer and historian, professor at 
 Bonn (1821). He wrote a “Handbuch der Gesohichte 
 der grieehisch-romischen Philosophie ’’ (1835-66), “Ge- 
 schichte der Entwickelungen der griechischen Philoso- 
 phie” (1862-64), etc. 
 
 Brandon (bran ' don), Saint. See Brendan, 
 Saint. 
 
 Brandon. A character in Shakspere’s “King 
 Henry VIII.” 
 
 Brandon, Charles. Died at Guildford, Eng- 
 land, Aug. 24, 1545. An English nobleman, 
 son of William Brandon, Henry VII.’s standard- 
 bearer at Bosworth Field, created duke of Suf- 
 folk Feb., 1514. He was a favorite of Henry VIII., 
 served him in various diplomatic missions, and secretly 
 
 Brass 
 
 married his sister, the widow of Louis XII. of France. 
 He commanded the armies which invaded France in 1623 
 and 1544. In the latter year he captured Boulogne. 
 
 Brandt (brant), Marianne (Marie Bischof). 
 
 Bom at Vienna, Sept. 12, 1842. A German 
 singer. She has been particularly successful 
 as Brangane and Fidelio. 
 
 Brandywine (bran'di-win) Creek. A river 
 in southeastern Pennsylvania which joins the 
 Delaware River at Wilmington, Delaware. Here, 
 Sept. 11, 1777, General Howe defeated the Americans 
 under Washington. The force of the British was about 
 18,000 ; that of the Americans, 11,000. Loss, British, over 
 1,000 ; Americans, about 1,000. 
 
 Brangtons (brang'tonz), The. A family of 
 the middle class in Miss Burney’s novel “Eve- 
 lina.” Their name is proverbial for vulgar 
 malicious jealousy. 
 
 Brangwaine, or Brangwayne, or Brengwain. 
 
 The confidante of Isolde (Iseult) in the romance 
 of “Tristram and Isolde”: in Wagner’s opera 
 called Brangane. 
 
 The group of the “ Children of Lir ” included several 
 other divinities who came to be regarded as characters 
 of romance. The Lady Braugwaine, who helps and hides 
 the loves of Tristram and Iseult, is no other than 
 “Branwen of the Fair Bosom, ” the Venus of the North- 
 ern Seas, whose miraculous fountain still preserves her 
 name in an islet off the shore of Anglesea. 
 
 Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 280. 
 
 Branicki (bra-nyits'ke), Jan Klemens. Born 
 1688 : died at Bialystok, Poland, Oct. 9, 1771. 
 A Polish politician, leader of the republican 
 party. He was the champion of the nobility against 
 Augustus II., and after the death of Augustus III. put 
 himself, with Karl Radziwill, at the head of the republi- 
 can party, by which he was offered the crown ; but the 
 monarchical party, under Czai toryiski, triumphed in the 
 diet of 1764, and he was banished, xemaining in exile till 
 the accession of Poniatowski. 
 
 Branicki (originally Branetzki), Xavery. 
 Died 1819. A Polish politician, of the Russian 
 party. He was the agent of Catherine II. in her 
 amours with Poniatowski, and in 1771 became grand 
 general of the kingdom of Poland. He was convicted 
 of treason in 1794, and spent the rest of his life in the 
 Ukraine. 
 
 Brant (brant), Joseph (Thayendanegea). 
 Born in Ohio about 1742 : died near Lake On- 
 tario, Canada, Nov. 24, 1807. A Mohawk chief 
 in the British service during the Revolutionary 
 War. 
 
 Brant (brant), Sebastian. Bom at Strasburg, 
 1457 : died at Strasburg, May 10, 1521. A Ger- 
 man satiric poet. He studied jurisprudence at Basel, 
 and was made doctor of laws in 1489. He was afterward 
 town clerk in Strasburg. His most celebrated work is the 
 “Narreuschiif ” (“Ship of Fools"), a satirical didactic 
 poem, published first at Basel, 1494. A translation into 
 Latin appeared in 1497, and versions were made in French, 
 Dutch, and English. The principal edition of the “Nar- 
 renschiff ” is by Zarncke, Leipsic, 1854. See Ship of Fools. 
 Brantford (brant'ford). A city in Ontario, 
 Canada, situated on the Grand River 23 miles 
 southwest of Hamilton. Pop., 23,132, (1911). 
 Brantdme (bron-tom'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Dordogne, France, situated on the 
 Dronne 13 miles north-northwest of P6rigueux. 
 There is a remarkable dolmen in its vicinity. 
 Population, commune, 2,363. 
 
 Brantdme, Seigneur de (Pierre de Bour- 
 deilles). Bom in Plrigord, France, about 
 1540 : died July 15, 1614. A French chronicler. 
 He was made AbbC de Brantdme at the age of sixteen, 
 without taking orders ; served in the army against the 
 Huguenots, and traveled extensively. His "MCmoires” 
 (1666-66) are valued for their lively description of the 
 chief historical persons and events of his time. “ tEuvres ’’ 
 (1740). 
 
 Branville (bran'vil), Sir Anthony. A pedan- 
 tic and solemn lover in Mrs. Sheridan’s play 
 “The Discovery.” He talks most passionately, with- 
 out showing a spark of meaning in his action or features, 
 and has made love in this manner to eight women in 
 thirteen years. Garrick created the character. 
 
 Brasenose (braz'noz) College. A college of 
 Oxford University, founded by Bishop William 
 Smith of Lincoln and Sir Richard Sutton, about 
 1509 (?),upon the site of an old academical insti- 
 tution named Brasenose Hall (from its sign, a 
 brasen nose). The foundation-stone was laid June 1, 
 1509, and the charter was granted in 1612. The quad- 
 rangle is very picturesque ; the Tudor gate-tower and 
 hall remain unaltered. The library and chapel are 
 later, and architecturally incongruous. A new quad- 
 rangle has lately been added. 
 
 Brasidas (bras'i-das). [Gr. B p&aidag.'] Killed 
 at Amphipolis, Macedonia, 422 b. c. A Spar- 
 tan general, distinguished in the Peloponne- 
 sian war. Ho captured Amphipolis in 424, 
 and defeated Cleon there in 422. 
 
 Brasil. See Brazil. 
 
 Brass. See ldzo. 
 
 Brass (bras). In Vanbrugh’s comedy “ The 
 Confederacy,” the knavish companion of Dick 
 Amlet, passing for his servant : a clever valet. 
 
180 
 
 Brass, Sally 
 
 Brass, Sally, The sister and partner of Samp- 
 son Brass in Dickens’s “Old Curiosity Shop.” 
 She has a very red nose and suspicions of a beard, and 
 devotes herself “ with uncommon ardor to the study of 
 the law." 
 
 Brass, Sampson. A harsh-voiced “attorney 
 of no very good repute,” in Charles Dickens’s 
 “Old Curiosity Shop”: the legal adviser of 
 Quilp. 
 
 Brasseur dg Bourbourg (bra-ser' de bor-bor'), 
 Charles Etienne. Born at Bourbourg, De- 
 partement du Nord, France, Sept. 8, 1814 : died 
 at Nice, Jan. 8, 1874. A French clergyman, 
 ethnologist, and author. He was a teacher and 
 priest in Canada and the United States 1845-48. From 1848 
 to 1851 he was almoner of the French legation at Mexico, 
 and from 1854 to 1853 he traveled extensively in Mexico 
 and Central America, studying Indian antiquities and an- 
 cient manuscripts. In 1861 lie was appointed archaeolo- 
 gist to the French scientific expedition in Mexico. He 
 published “ Histoire des nations civilis^es du M&dque et 
 de l’Amdrique Centrale " (1 vols. 1857-58), and various other 
 works on the ancient history of Mexico, and its monuments. 
 
 Brassey (bras'i), Anne, Lady. Died at sea, 
 Sept. 14, 1887. An English traveler. She was 
 the daughter of J. Allnutt, of London, and married 
 Thomas (later Lord) Brassey in 1860. She accompanied 
 her husband in his tours in the yacht Sunbeam, of which 
 she wrote interesting accounts. Author of "A Voyage in 
 the Sunbeam, our Home on the Ocean for Twelve Months ” 
 
 S , “Sunshine and Storm in the East, or Cruises to 
 is and Constantinople" (1879), “In the Trades, the 
 Tropics, and the Roaring Forties" (1884), etc 
 Brassey, Thomas. Born at Buerton, Aldford, 
 in Cheshire, England, Nov. 7, 1805: died at 
 Hastings, England, Dec. 8, 1870. An English 
 railway contractor. He constructed the Grand 
 ★Trunk Railway in Canada. 
 
 Brassey, Thomas, Lord. Born at Stafford, 
 England, Feb. 11, 1836. An English political 
 economist, and naval writer. He became a lord of 
 the admiralty under Gladstone in 18S0, secretary of the 
 admiralty 1884, and was created a baron in 1886, and an 
 earl in 1911. His works include “Work and Wages” 
 (1872), “Lectures on the Labor Question "(1878), etc. 
 
 Brattle (brat'l), Thomas. Born at Boston, 
 Mass., Sept. 5, 1657: died there, May 18, 1713. 
 A merchant and writer on astronomical topics. 
 In 1692 lie protested (in a private letter printed in the 
 “Massachusetts Historical Collections ”) against the pro- 
 ceedings of the court in the so-called witchcraft cases. 
 
 Brattleboro (brat'l-bur // o). A town in Wind- 
 ham County, Vermont, situated on the Con- 
 necticut River. Population, 7,541, (1910). 
 Braun (broun), August Emil. Born at Gotha, 
 Germany, April 19, 1809 : died at Rome, Sept. 
 12, 1856. A German archaeologist and homeo- 
 pathic physician. 
 
 Braun, Johann Wilhelm Joseph. Bom at 
 
 Gronau, near Diiren, Prussia, April 27, 1801: 
 died at Bonn, Prussia, Sept. 30, 1863. A Ger- 
 man Roman Catholic theologian, professor at 
 Bonn (1829). He was the author of “Die Lehre des 
 sogenannten Hermesianismus" (1835), etc., and one of the 
 founders of the “Zeitschrift for Philosophie und Katho- 
 lische Theologie.” 
 
 Braunsberg (brounz'bero). A town in the 
 province of East Prussia, Prussia, 35 miles 
 southwest of Konigsberg. It entered the Han- 
 seatic League in 1284. Population, 12,999. 
 Brauronia (bra-ro'ni-a). [Gr. B pavpdivia, from 
 B pavpov, Brauron.] In Greek antiquity, a festi- 
 val held at the shrine of Artemis at Brauron, 
 in Attica, once in four years. At this festival the 
 Attic “girls, between the ages of five and ten, went in pro- 
 cession, dressed in crocus-coloured garments, to the sanc- 
 tuary, and there performed a rite wherein they imitated 
 bears. No Attic woman was allowed to marry till she 
 had gone through this ceremony " ( Raidinson , Herod. , III. 
 513, note). 
 
 Brauwer. See Brouwer. 
 
 Brava’s Knight. Orlando Furioso: so called 
 because he was the Marquis of Brava. 
 
 Bravest of the Brave, F. Le Brave des 
 Braves. An epithet given by Henry IV. of 
 France to Crillon (1541-1615), and applied by 
 the French army to Marshal Ney after the bat- 
 tle of Friedland, 1807. 
 
 Bravo (bra' vo), Nicolas. BornatChilpancingo, 
 Mexico, about 1787 : died there, April 22, 1854. 
 A Mexican general. He joined the revolutionist 
 Morelos in May, 1811, and kept up a determined resis- 
 tance to the Spaniards until he was captured in 1817. Re- 
 leased by the amnesty of 1820, he joined Iturblde in 1821 ; 
 but he declared against Iturbide's enthronement, was one 
 of the leaders of the republicans who overthrew him, and 
 a member of the provisional government of April, 1823. 
 He became vice-president Anril 1, 1824. Notwithstanding 
 his office he led a rebellion against the president, Victo- 
 ria, in 1827, was defeated and captured at Tulancingo, 
 Jan. 6, 1828, and banished for several years. Under Santa 
 Anna he was president of the council and twice acting 
 president (July, 1839, and Oct., 1842, to March, 1843). In 
 June, 1846, be became vice-president under Paredes; the 
 latter resigned the power to him, July 28, 1846, but in the 
 universal anarchy which prevailed he was able to hold 
 the place for a few days only. 
 
 Bravo, Rio. [Sp., ‘wild or turbulent river.’] 
 
 The name originally given to the Rio Grande 
 in the 16th century, and still used by the inhab- 
 itants of Mexico. 
 
 Bravo, The. A novel by Cooper, published in 
 1831. Buckstone produced a melodrama in 1833 
 with the same title, a dramatization of the novel. 
 Bravo de Saravia Sotomayor (bra'vo da sa- 
 ra-ve'a s6-to-ma-ybr'),Melchor. Born at Soria 
 about 1505: died there about 1580. A Spanish 
 lawyer and administrator. He went to Peru in 
 1547 as one of the judges of the audience under Gasca, 
 and later was dean of the audience during the rebellion 
 of Giron. From 1567 to 1574 he governed Chile as presi- 
 dent of the audience at Santiago. 
 
 Bravo-Murillo (bra'vo-mo-rel'yo), Juan. Born 
 at Frejenal de la Sierra, Badajoz, Spain, June, 
 1803: died at Madrid, Jan. 11, 1873. A Span- 
 ish statesman and diplomatist, prime minister 
 1851-52. 
 
 Bray (bra), Mrs. (Anna Eliza Kempe). Born 
 at Newington, Surrey, Dec. 25, 1790: died at 
 London, Jan. 21, 1883. An English novelist and 
 miscellaneous writer. She was first married to Charles 
 A. Stothard (died 1821), and about 1823 to the Rev. Edward 
 A. Bray, vicar of Tavistock. She wrote “ De Foix ” (1826), 
 “Trelawney of Trelawney "(1837), “ Courtenay of Walrea- 
 don ” (1844), “ The Borders of the Tamar and the Tavy ” 
 (1836), etc. 
 
 Bray, Madeline. A young lady of singular 
 beauty in Charles Dickens’s “Nicholas Nickle- 
 by,” the slave of a profligate father. She be- 
 comes the wife of Nicholas Nickleby. 
 
 Bray, Sir Reginald. Born in the parish of 
 St. John Bedwardine, near Worcester: died 
 1503. An English architect and politician. He 
 was steward of the household of Sir Henry Stafford, and 
 later a favorite of Henry VII., who appointed him privy 
 councilor and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, and 
 employed liim in various other offices. He supervised the 
 construction of, and probably designed, the chapel of 
 Henry VII. at Westminster; he also founded St. George’s 
 Chapel at W indsor. 
 
 Bray, Thomas. Born at Marton, Shropshire, 
 England, 1656: died at London, Feb. 15, 1730. 
 An English clergyman and philanthropist. 
 
 Bray (bra). A parish in Berkshire, England, 26 
 miles west of London. A “Vicar of Bray,” Simon 
 Alleyn, was twice a papist and twice a Protestant in the 
 reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth 
 (according to Fuller), but always Vicar of Bray : hence 
 the modern application of the title. 
 
 Bray. A grazing district in the eastern part of 
 the department of Seine-Inf6rieure, France, fa- 
 mous for butter and cheese. 
 
 Bray. A watering-place in eastern Ireland, 12 
 miles southeast of Dublin. Population, 7,424. 
 
 Brazen (bra'zn), Captain. The rival recruit- 
 ing officer to Gaptain Plume, an impudent, ig- 
 norant braggart, in Farquhar’s comedy “ The 
 Recruiting Officer.” 
 
 Brazen Age, The. A play by Thomas Hey- 
 wood, printed in 1613, founded on Ovid’s “ Meta- 
 morphoses.” 
 
 Brazen Nose College. See Brasenose College. 
 
 Brazil (bra-zil'; Pg. pron. bra -zel'), United 
 
 ^States of) [F. Bresil, G. Brasilien.'] A repub- 
 lic in South America, capital Rio de Janeiro, 
 bounded by Venezuela and British, Dutch, and 
 French Guiana on the north, the Atlantic on 
 the east, Uruguay, the Argentine Republic, 
 Paraguay, and Bolivia on the south, and Peru 
 and Colombia on the west. It extends lat. 5° N.-33” 
 45' S., long. 35°-74° W. The southeastern portion ismoun- 
 tainous. The central, northeastern, and western parts 
 are occupied by a great plateau, with the low plains of 
 the Amazon to the north, and those of the Paraguay to 
 the west. North of the Amazonian plains a portion of 
 the Guiana plateau is included in Brazil. The mountain 
 region and a large part of the Amazonian basin are cov- 
 ered with forest ; the remainder is more or less open land. 
 The principal rivers are ihe Amazon and its tributaries, 
 Parana and Sao Francisco, with the Uruguay and Para- 
 guay on the frontiers. Brazil is very rich in agricultural 
 resources, and exports coffee, sugar, hides, rubber, etc. 
 It contains 20 states, 1 national territory, and the federal 
 district of Puo. Its government is a federal republic 
 with a president and a congress consisting of a senate of 
 63 members and a chamber of 212 deputies. The prevail- 
 ing religion is Roman Catholic, and the prevailing lan- 
 guage Portuguese. The inhabitants areBrazilians, Indians, 
 negros, mixed races, and colonists from Germany, Italy, 
 and Switzerland. Brazil was discovered by Vicente Yafiez 
 Pinzon Jan. 26, 1500, and independently by the Portuguese 
 Cabral in the same year. As the coast was in the hemi- 
 sphere which, by the Pope’s dictum, had been assigned to 
 Portugal, it was claimed and colonized by the Portuguese. 
 It was the residence of the exiled Portuguese royal fam- 
 ily in the Napoleonic period. Its independence was pro- 
 claimed in 1822. An empire was formed, and Dom Pedro, 
 son of the Portuguese king, became the first emperor. 
 He was compelled to resign in 1831 in favor of his son, Pedro 
 II. Brazil was in 1865-70 allied with the Argentine Re- 
 public and Uruguay against the dictator Lopez of Para- 
 guay, who was defeated. She abolished slavery 1871-88. 
 By the revolution of Nov. 15 and 16, 1889, the empire 
 was overthrown, the imperial family compelled to leave 
 Brazil, and a provisional government under Fonseca was 
 established. A national congress was summoned in 1890, 
 
 Breckenridge, John Cabell 
 
 which in 1891 proclaimed the constitution of the United 
 States of Brazil. Fonseca, the first president, assumed the 
 dictatorship in 1891, hut wa3 obliged to resign the same 
 year, and was succeeded by Peixoto as president. Revolts 
 have occurred especially in Rio Grande do Sul and Matto 
 Grosso, and in 1893 a serious rebellion of the fleet broke 
 out under Mello. Area, 3,218,130 square miles. Popular 
 tion, 20,515,000. 
 
 Brazil. A mythical island which appeared on 
 maps of the Atlantic as early as the 14th cen- 
 tury, and long remained on them. It was 
 placed at first apparently in the Azores, and 
 also appeared as west of Ireland. 
 
 Brazils, The. Same as Brasil. 
 
 “The Brazils ” in the plural used to be a common form, 
 and I have a dim notion that the reason has to be sought 
 for in the vegetable kingdom. 
 
 Freeman , Hist. Essays, 4th ser., p. 200. 
 
 Brazos (bra'zos). A river in Texas which flows 
 into the Gulf of Mexico 40 miles southwest of 
 Galveston. Length, over 900 miles : navigable 
 (in high water) 250 miles. 
 
 Brazos de Santiago (bra'zos da san-te-a'go). 
 A haven in southern Texas, situated on the 
 Gulf of Mexico 6 miles north of the mouth of 
 the Rio Grande. 
 
 Brazza (briit'sa), Giacomo de. Died at Rome, 
 March 1, 1888. A younger brother of Pierre 
 Savorgnan de Brazza. He explored, in 1885, the 
 countries of the Umbete, Osete, Mboko, Okota, and Djambi 
 tribes, in French Kongo. 
 
 Brazza, Count Pierre Savorgnan de. Born at 
 Rome, 1852: died at Fort Dakar, Senegambia, 
 Sept. 15, 1905. An Italian count, African ex- 
 plorer, and French officer. He went, in 1875, with 
 Dr. Ballay, on a commercial exploration of the Ogowe 
 River, West Africa. Ballay by the river, and Brazza over- 
 land, explored the whole Ogowe basin, discovered the 
 Alima and Likuala rivers, and returned to Gabun in 1878. 
 In 1879 Brazza was sent by the French government on a 
 political expedition. He founded Franceville on the Up- 
 per Ogowe ; opened roads between the coast and the Kon- 
 go; secured the kingdom of Makoko to France; founded 
 Brazzaville ; met Stanley on the Kongo ; and explored the 
 Lalli and Niadi rivers. In 1880 he made more explorations 
 and political extension in the Ogowe basin and on the 
 coast. In 1883 he was appointed commissioner (gover- 
 nor) of the French Kongo, and explored the Nkoni River. 
 In 1831 he led an expedition up the Sanga River, thUB 
 opening the way for an expedition to Lake Chad. He es- 
 tablished many government posts in the French Kongo. 
 
 Brazza, Slav. Brae. An island in the Adriatic 
 Sea, in lat. 43 J 18' N., long. 16° 40' E., in the 
 crownland of Dalmatia, Austria-Hungary: the 
 ancient Brattia (Pliny). Length, 25 miles. 
 Area, 153 square miles. 
 
 Breadalbane (bred-al'ban), or Albany (al'ba- 
 ni). A former district in the western part of 
 Perthshire, Scotland. 
 
 Bread and Cheese Polk. The insurgent party 
 in Haarlem, Netherlands, in 1492, who held tem- 
 porary possession of the city. 
 Breakfast-Table, Autocrat of the. Professor 
 at the, Poet at the. A series of works by 
 Oliver Wendell Holmes. See Holmes. 
 
 Breakspear (brak'sper), Nicholas. See Adrian 
 IV. 
 
 Brebeuf (bra-bef'), Jean de. Born atBayeux, 
 France, March 25, 1593 : killed in the Huron 
 country, March 16, 1649. A noted French 
 Jesuit, missionary among the Huron Indians 
 in Canada. In a combat between the Hurons and Iro- 
 quois, he fell into the hands of the latter and was put to 
 death by them. He translated the catechism into the 
 Huron language. 
 
 Brechin (brech'n). A town in Forfarshire, 
 Scotland, situated on the South Esk 23 miles 
 northeast of Dundee. It. has a cathedral, an ancient 
 round tower, and a castle. Population, 8,941. 
 
 Breckenridge (brek'en-rij), or Breckinridge 
 
 (brek'in-rij), John. Born in Augusta County, 
 Va., Dec. 2, 1760 : died at Lexington, Ky., Dec. 
 14, 1806. An American politician. He was ad- 
 mitted to the bar in 1785 ; became attorney-general of 
 Kentucky in 1795 ; served in the State legislature 1797- 
 1800; drafted, in a meeting with Jefferson and Nicholas 
 at Monticello in 1798, the Kentucky Resolutions, which 
 were adopted on his motion by the Kentucky legislature, 
 Nov. 10, 1798; was United States senator from Kentucky 
 1801-05, and was attorney-general in President Jefferson’s 
 cabinet from Aug. 7, 1805, until his death. 
 
 Breckenridge, or Breckinridge, John Cabell. 
 
 Born near Lexington, Ky., Jan. 21, 1821: died 
 at Lexington, Ky., May 17, 1875. An Ameri- 
 can politician and general, grandson of John 
 Breckenridge. He was a member of Congress 1851- 
 1855; Vice-President of the United States 1857-61 ; candi- 
 date of the Southern Democrats for President in U60 ; 
 United States senator from Kentucky 1861; joined the 
 Confederate army ; was promoted major-general Aug. 5, 
 1862 ; commanded the reserve at Shiloh April 6-7, 1862 ; 
 made an unsuccessful attack ou Baton Rouge in Aug., 
 1862 ; commanded the right wing of Bragg’s army at Mur- 
 freesboro Dec. 31, 1862; was at Chickamauga Sept. 19-20, 
 1863, and at Chattanooga Nov. 23-25, 1863; defeated Gen- 
 eral Sigel near Newmarket May 16, 1864 ; was with General 
 Lee at Cold Harbor June 3, 1864 ; was defeated by Gen- 
 
Breckenridge, John Cabell 
 
 eral Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley in Sept., 1864 ; 
 defeated General Gillem in East Tennessee Nov. 12, 1864 ; 
 was in the battle near Nashville Dec. 15, 1864 ; and was 
 Confederate secretary of war from Jan. until April, 1865. 
 
 Brecknock (brek'nok) Beacons. The high- 
 est peaks of South Wales, 5 miles south of 
 Brecon. Height, 2,910 feet. 
 
 Brecon (brek'on). The capital of Brecknock- 
 shire, Wales, situated at the junction of the 
 Honddu and Usk 30 miles west by south of 
 Hereford. It was the birthplace of Mrs. Sid- 
 dons. Population, 5,741. 
 
 Brecon, or Brecknock. A county in South 
 Wales, lying between Radnor on the north, 
 Radnor and Hereford on the east, Monmouth 
 and Glamorgan on the south, and Cardigan and 
 Caermarthen on the west. Area (ad. co.), 733 
 square miles. Population (pari, co.), 59,907. 
 Breda (bra-da/). A fortified town in the 
 province of North Brabant, Netherlands, 26 
 miles southeast of Rotterdam. It wad taken by 
 Maurice of Nassau in 1590, by Spinola in 1625, by Henry 
 of Orange in 1637, and by Duraouriez in 1793. The French 
 were expelled in 1813. It contains a royal military 
 academy. Population, commune, 27,827. 
 
 Breda, Compromise of. In the history of the 
 Netherlands, a league between the Protestants 
 and the Catholics, composed chietly of the lesser 
 nobility, organized by Philip Marnix of St. 
 Aldegonde and others in 1566 for the purpose 
 of opposing the Inquisition and protecting the 
 political liberties of the country against the 
 encroachments of Philip II. a deputation of three 
 hundred nobles, headed by Count Brederode, presented 
 to the duchess regent, Margaret of Parma, April 5, 1566, 
 at Brussels, a petition which requested the abolition of 
 the royal edicts pertaining to the Inquisition. See Ghieux. 
 
 Breda. Declaration of. Amanifesto by Charles 
 II. of England, issued from Breda, April 4, 1660. 
 He proclaimed a general amnesty. 
 
 Breda, Treaty of. A treaty concluded at Breda 
 July 31, 1667, between England and Holland, 
 France, and Denmark. New York and New Jersey 
 were confirmed to England, Acadia to France, Surinam to 
 Holland. 
 
 Brederoo (bra'de-ro), Gerbrand Adriaanzoon. 
 
 Bom at Amsterdam in 1585 : died there, 1618. An 
 early Dutch dramatist. His work, mostly dramatic, 
 includes the tragicomedies “Rodderijk ende Alphonsus " 
 (1611) and “Griane” (1612X and several comedies, among 
 them “Het Moortje” (1615), after the “Eunuchus" of 
 Terence, and “Spaansche Brabander Jerolimo ” (1618), the 
 last considered his principal work. 
 
 Bredow (bra'do). Gabriel Gottfried. Born at 
 Berlin, Dec. 14, 1773: died at Breslau, Prussia, 
 Sept. 5, 1814. A German historian, professor 
 of history in Helmstedt (1804). He wrote “Merk- 
 wiirdige Begebenheiten aus der allgemeinen Weltge- 
 schichte ” (1810), “Lehrbuch der Weltgeschichte ” (1810), 
 etc. 
 
 Breed’s Hill. An eminence in Charlestown, 
 Mass., connected with Bunker Hill, and forti- 
 fied by Prescott on the occasion of the battle 
 of June 17, 1775. 
 
 Bregaglia (bra-gal'ya), Val. A valley in north- 
 ern Italy and the canton of Grisons, Switzer- 
 land. It is traversed by the upper course of 
 the Mera. 
 
 Bregeuz (bra-ghents'). [B. Brigantium.] The 
 capital of Vorarlberg, Austria-Hungary, situ- 
 ated at the eastern end of Lake Constance, 
 in lat. 47° 30' N., long. 9° 45' E. : the Roman 
 Brigantium. It is on the site of a Roman camp. 
 Population, commune, 8,539, (1910). 
 Bregenzerwald ibra-gen'tser-vald). [G., ‘for- 
 est of Bregenz.’] A mountainous region in 
 northern Vorarlberg, belonging to the group of 
 the Vorarlberg Algau Alps. 
 
 Brehm (bram), Alfred Edmund. Born at Ren- 
 thendorf, near Neustadt-an-der-Orla, Germany, 
 Feb. 2, 1829: died there, Nov. 11, 1884. A Ger- 
 man naturalist and traveler. He established, after 
 1867, the Berlin Aquarium (opened 1869). Hisworks include 
 “ Reiseskizzen aus Nordostufrika "(1855), “Das Leben der 
 Vogel” (1860-61), “ Thierleben ” (1863-69), etc. 
 Breisach (bri-zach'), orBrisach (bre-zach'), or 
 Alt-Breisach(alt'bri-zach'). Atownin the cir- 
 cle of Freiburg, Baden, on the Rhine, situated 
 at the foot of the Kaiserstuhl 13 miles west of 
 Freiburg: the Roman Mons Brisiacus, Brisa- 
 Cum. It was long an important Austrian fortress, and has 
 several times been held by the French. 
 
 Breisgau (bris'gou). An old district of south- 
 ern Germany, corresponding practically to the 
 districts of Freiburg and Lorrach in southern 
 Baden : a possession of the house of Hapsburg 
 since the later middle ages. By the treaty of Lund- 
 ville it was ceded to the Duke of Modena (1801). In 1805 
 the greater part was ceded to Baden and a part to Wlir- 
 temberg, and Baden acquired all in 1810. 
 
 Breislak (bris'liik), Scipione. Bom at Rome, 
 1748: died at Milan, Feb. 15, 1826. An Italian 
 geologist. He was professor of natural philosophy and 
 
 181 
 
 mathematics at Ragusa, and then at the Collegio Nazareno 
 at Rome, and later was one of the consuls of the Roman 
 Republic. His chief works are “Topografla fisica della 
 Campania ” (1798), “Instituzioni geologiche ” (1818), etc. 
 
 Breitenfeld, Battles of, or Leipsic, Battles 
 
 of. 1. A victory gained by 40,000 Swedes and 
 Saxons under Gustavus Adolphus over 40,000 
 Imperialists under Tilly, Sept. 17, 1631, at Brei- 
 tenfeld, a small place nearLeipsic. — 2. Avictory 
 of the Swedes under Torstenson over the Im- 
 perialists under Piecolomini, Nov. 2 (N. S.), 1642. 
 
 Breithaupt (brlt'houpt), Joachim Justus. 
 Born at Nordheim, Hannover, Germany, 1658: 
 died at Klosterberg, near Magdeburg, Germany, 
 March 16, 1732. A German pietistic theologian. 
 He became court preacher and consistorial councilor 
 at Meiningen, 1685 ; pastor and professor of theology at 
 Erfurt, 1687 ; and professor of theology at Halle, 1691. 
 
 Breithorn (brit'horn). A mountain of the Va- 
 lais AJps, on the border of Italy, south of Zer- 
 matt. Height, 13,685 feet. 
 
 Breitmann (brit'inan), Hans. A pseudonym 
 of Charles Godfrey Leland. 
 
 Bremen (brem'en; G. pron. bra/men), F. 
 Breme (bram). A state of the German Empire. 
 It comprises the city of Bremen, with a small adjoin- 
 ing territory, and the outlying districts of Vegesack and 
 Bremerhaven. It is a republic, with a senate of 16 mem- 
 bers, and a Convent of 150 burgesses (Btirgerschaft). It 
 has 1 member in the Bundesrat, and 1 in the Reichstag. 
 The prevailing religion is Protestant. Area, 99 square 
 miles. Population, 263,440. 
 
 Bremen (brem'en; G. pron. bra/men). A free 
 city of Germany, forming with its territory 
 a state of the German Empire : next to Ham- 
 burg, the chief seaport in Germany, it is sit- 
 uated on the Weser, 46 miles from its mouth, in lat. 63° 5' 
 N., long. 8° 49' E. It has a large trade iu grain, tobacco, 
 wool, cotton, oil, etc., and extensive ship-building and 
 tobacco manufactures. Its port, Bremerhaven, is con- 
 nected by the North German Lloyd with New York, South 
 America, etc., by the Hansa Company with India, and 
 regularly with Hull, Leith, etc. Bremen was founded as 
 early as 788 by Charles the Great. It became the seat of a 
 bishopric about 804 ; freed itself from the episcopal rule in 
 the 14th century ; and joined the Hanseatic League, but 
 was several times expelled and readmitted. Its position 
 as a free imperial city was finally acknowledged in 1648. 
 In 1810 it was incorporated with France, but regained its 
 independence in 1813, and became successively a member 
 of the Germanic Confederation, the North German Con- 
 federation, and the German Empire. Its constitution 
 dates from 1849. It joined the Zollverein in 1888. The 
 Rathaus is for the most part of the 15th century, though 
 the picturesque southwest facade dates from 1619. This 
 fa.ade is supported on 12 Doric columns, and is character- 
 ized hy its very ornate oriel windows and gable. The 
 statues of the emperor, the electors, etc., between the win- 
 dows, are medieval. There is a fine great hall, with paint- 
 ings and colored glass. On the west side is the Rats- 
 keller, or municipal wine-ceUar (celebrated in literature), 
 decorated with excellent frescos. Population of the city, 
 214,861. 
 
 Bremen, Duchy of. A former duchy of Ger- 
 many, which lay between the lower Elbe and 
 lower Weser. It consisted largely of the archbishop- 
 ric of Bremen and Verden.and now belongs to the province 
 of Hannover, Prussia. It was acquired by Sweden in 1648, 
 and by Hannover in 1719. 
 
 Bremer (bram'er), Frederika. Born at Tuorla, 
 near Abo, in Finland, Aug. 17, 1801 : died at 
 Arsta, near Stockholm, Dec. 31, 1865. A noted 
 Swedish novelist. A few years after her birth the 
 family removed to Stockholm, and shortly afterward to an 
 estate at Arsta near by, where, with the exception of two 
 years spentin the United States, whither she went in 1849, 
 a short time in England on her return, and a subsequent 
 sojourn of five years on the Continent and in Palestine, 
 she subsequently lived. She was a prolific writer. Her 
 first novel, “ Teckningar ur Hvardagslifvet ’ (“ Sketches of 
 Every-day Life," 1828), is a description of middle-class life 
 in Sweden. It was followed by others in the same vein, 
 notably “FamiljenH.”(“TheH. Family'), “ Presidentens 
 Ddttrar ” (“The President's Daughters"), “Grannarna” 
 (“ The Neighbors”), “Axel och Anna ’’(‘‘Axel and Anna”), 
 “Hemmet’’(“ The Home ”), “Nina.” She was the author, 
 besides, of several books of travel: among them “Hem- 
 men i nya Verlden” (“Homes in the New World,” 1853), 
 which contains her impressions of America. Her later 
 works, like “ Hertha” and “Syskonlif,” embody her opin- 
 ions on philanthropy, religion, and the equal rights of 
 women. Several of her works appeared simultaneously 
 in Swedish and English, and numerous others have been 
 translated. 
 
 Bremerhaven (brem'er-ha-ven), or Bremer- 
 hafen (bra'm6r-ha-fen). A seaport in the state 
 of Bremen, Germany, situated on the Weser 
 in lat. 53° 33' N., long. 8° 34' E. It is rapidly in- 
 creasing in size. It contains elaborate docks and work- 
 shops of the North German Lloyd Steamship Company. 
 Population, 23,991. 
 
 Brenda. See Troil, Brenda. 
 
 Brendan (bren'dan), or Brenainn, of Birr, 
 Saint. Born at Birr, now Parsonstown, King’s 
 Pniinty, Ireland, 490(?): diedNov. 28, 573. An 
 Irish monk. He was a disciple of St. Finnian of Clon- 
 ard ; was a friend of St. Columba, to whom he is said to 
 have recommended Hy as a place of exile ; and founded the 
 monastery of Birr about 563. St. Columba is represented 
 to have seen at Brendan's death “ heaven open and choirs 
 of angels descending ” to meet his soul. He is commemo- 
 rated on Nov. 29. 
 
 Brescia 
 
 Brendan, or Brenainn, Saint. Born at Tralee, 
 County Kerry, in 484: died in 577. An Irish 
 monk, a contemporary of St. Brendan of Birr, 
 and called “Son of Finnloga” or St. Brendan 
 of Clonfert to distinguish him. After completing 
 his studies at Tuam he set forth on the expedition known 
 as the “Navigation of St. Brendan.” According to the 
 legendary account of his travels, he set sail with others 
 to seek the terrestrial paradise which was supposed to 
 exist in an island of the Atlantic. Various miracles are 
 related of the voyage, but they are always connected with 
 the great island where the monks are said to have landed. 
 The legend was current in the time of Columbus and long 
 after, and many connected St. Brendan’s island with the 
 newly discovered America. His name is variously spelled 
 Brandon, Borondon, etc. He is commemorated on May 16. 
 
 Brendel (bren'del), Franz. Born at Stolberg, 
 in the Harz, Prussia, Nov. 26, 1811 : died at 
 Leipsic, Nov. 25, 1868. A German musical 
 critic. He wrote “ Geschiclite der Musik in Italien, 
 Frankreich und Deutschland ’’ (1852), “ Musik der Gegen- 
 wart ” (1864), articles in the “ Neue Zeitschrift," etc. 
 
 Brenets (bre-na'), Lac des. A small lake in 
 the Jura, formed by the Doubs in its upper 
 course, near Le Locle, Switzerland. 
 
 Brenner (bren'ner). The lowest pass over the 
 main chain of the Alps. It is situated in Tyrol about 
 25 miles south of Innsbruck ; has been used since Roman 
 times ; is traversed by a railway (since 1867) ; and is the 
 main line of travel between Italy and Germany. Height, 
 4,485 feet. 
 
 Brenneville (bren-vel') (Normandy), Battle 
 of. A battle, Aug. 20, 1119, in which Henry I. 
 of England defeated Louis VI. of France. 
 Brennoralt, or The Discontented Colonel. 
 A tragedy by Sir John Suckling, written in 1639, 
 printed in 1646. 
 
 Brennus (bren'us). [L. Brennus, Gr. B phvog, 
 repr. an Old Celtic name which has been iden- 
 tified with the W. Bran (W. and Ir. bran = E. 
 raven).] In legendary history, a leader of the 
 Senonian Gauls who overran Italy and cap- 
 tured Rome 390 (?) B. C. With an army of about 
 70,000 men he defeated a Roman army of about 40,000 in 
 the battle of the Allia, and plundered and burnt Rome, 
 which had been abandoned by its inhabitants, with the 
 exception of eighty priests and old patricians, whom the 
 Gauls massacred. After an unsuccessful night attack, 
 repulsed by the valor of Manlius Capitolinus, who was 
 awakened by the geese of Juno, he besieged the Capitol 
 six months, till bought off by the garrison with 1,000 
 pounds of gold According to a late legend, when the 
 gold was being weighed a Roman tribune remonstrated 
 against the use of false weights by the Gauls. Brennus 
 threw his sword into the scale, with the famous exclama- 
 tion, “ vae vict is ! ’’ (“woe to the conquered ! ”). His real 
 name was probably Brenhin, Cymrian for ‘king,’ or Bran, 
 a proper name of frequent occurrence in Welsh history. 
 
 Brennus. A Gallic leader who invaded Greece, 
 in 279 b. c., with an army of 150,000 foot 
 and 61,000 horse. Having dislodged 20,000 Greeks 
 from the pass of Thermopylse by the secret path over 
 the mountains followed two hundred years before by the 
 Persians, he advanced with 40,000 men against Delphi, 
 where he was repulsed by about 4,000 Delphians. He is 
 said to have put himself to death, unable to survive his 
 defeat. 
 
 Brenta (bren'ta). A river in northeastern Italy 
 which rises in the southern part of the Tyrol, 
 and flows into the Gulf of Venice : the ancient 
 Medoacus Major. Length, 108 miles. 
 
 Brentano (bren-ta'no), Clemens. Born at 
 Ehrenbreitstein, Germany, Sept. 8, 1778: 
 died at Aschaffenburg, Bavaria, July 28, 1842. 
 A German romantic poet and novelist, brother 
 of Elizabeth (Bettina) von Arnim. From 1797 to 
 1800 he studied at Jena. He afterward frequently changed 
 his abode. In Berlin, 1815 to 1818, he became a strict 
 Catholic, and in the latter year entered the cloister at Diil- 
 men. Subsequently he lived in various places, but led the 
 life of a recluse. In conjunction with his brother-in-law, 
 Achim von Arnim, he compiled the collection of folk- 
 songs published, 1806-08, under the title “ Des Knaben 
 Wunderhorn ” (“The Boy’s Wonder-Horn ”).. He was the 
 author of a number of dramas, lyrics, and tales. Chief 
 among the last are the “Geschiclite vom braven Kasperl 
 und schonen Annerl ” (“ History of the Good Kasperl and 
 the Fair Annerl ” 1817), and “Gockel, Hinkel und Gacke- 
 leia”(1838). His collected works, “Gesammelte Schrif- 
 ten,” appeared in 9 volumes (Frankfort, 1851-55). 
 
 Brentano, Elizabeth. See Arnim, von. 
 
 Brentford (brent'ford). A town in Middlesex, 
 England, situated on the Thames 9 miles west 
 of London. Here Edmund “Ironside” defeated the 
 Danes, May, 1016, and Prince Rupert defeated the Pallia- 
 mentarians under Holies, Nov. 12, 1G42. Population, 
 15,171. 
 
 Brentford, Two Kings of. Two characters 
 which always appear together and do exactly 
 the same tilings, in Buckingham’s farce “The 
 Rehearsal.” It is not known what particular play, if 
 any, suggested them, but they have passed into a byword. 
 
 Brera (bra'ra). The name given to the “Pal- 
 ace of Sciences and Arts” at Milan, it contains 
 a noted art gallery, and the Brera Library, founded in 
 1770, witli about 300,000 volumes. 
 
 Brescia (bro'shii). A province in Lombardy, 
 Italy. Area, 1,806 square miles. Population, 
 573,973. 
 
Brescia 
 
 Brescia. [L. Bnxia.) The capital of the prov- 
 ince of Brescia, Italy, situated at the foot of the 
 Alps, in lat. 45° 32' N., long. 10° 13' E. : the 
 Gallic Bnxia. It has manufactures of lineu, woolen, silk, 
 weapons, etc. It was originally a Gallic and later a Roman 
 town, and was wealthy and important till its sack by Gaston 
 deFoix in 1512. Till 1797 it was underVenetian rule. Ittook 
 part in the revolutionary movements of 1848^49, and was 
 bombarded and taken by the Austrians in 1849. The Duomo 
 Vecchio, or old cathedral, is a circular church with arec 
 tangular porch, perhaps as old as the 7th century, and of 
 much architectural interest as a more probable prototype 
 than San Vitale at Ravenna of the circular churches of 
 northern Europe. The diameter is 125 feet; that of the 
 nave, with its lofty dome resting on eight plain round 
 arches, 65. There is also a Roman temple, which now 
 serves as the Museo Antico. It is Corinthian, on a high 
 basement, with a picturesque portico of twelve columns 
 and four piers in front. There are three shallow cellas, side 
 by side : that in the middle projects beyond the others, and 
 is preceded by a hexastyle porch, while each side cella has 
 two columns between square piers. This temple is re- 
 markable in having the portico on one of its long sides. 
 It was dedicated by Vespasian in a. d. 72, and one of the 
 cellas was sacred to Hercules. Population, commune, 
 70,014. 
 
 Bresil. See Brazil. 
 
 Breslau (bres'lou). [Pol. Wroclaw or Wracis- 
 lawa, L. Wratislavia.'] The capital of the prov- 
 ince of Silesia, Prussia, situated at the junction 
 of the Ohlau with the Oder, in lat. 51° 7' N., 
 long. 17° 3' E. It is the second city of Prussia, and is 
 one of the chief commercial centers in Germany, having 
 trade in grain, wool, timber, metals, cloth, etc., and manu- 
 factures of cloth, spirits, etc. It contains a cathedral, 
 university, Rathaus, Stadthaus (with library and collec- 
 tions), etc. It was a town as early as 1000 A. D., and was 
 the capital of the medieval duchy of Silesia. It came 
 under Bohemian rule in 1335, and passed with Bohemia 
 to the Hapsburgs. In 1741 it was captured by Frederick 
 the Great, and was besieged and taken by the French 
 1806-07. It was the scene of an uprising against the 
 French in 1813. The cathedral is in the main of the 14th 
 century, with earlier choir and later vestibule. It pos- 
 sesses a great number of chapels, several of them very 
 richly ornamented with sculpture and containing fine 
 tombs with statues and reliefs, besides brasses and paint- 
 ings. Population, 510,929, (1910). 
 
 Breslau. A governmental district in the 
 province of Silesia, Prussia. Population, 
 1,784,496. 
 
 Breslau, Peace of. Lord Hyndford, represent- 
 ing the Queen of Hungary, Maria Theresa, 
 signed June 11, 1742, with Podewilz, the Prus- 
 sian minister, the preliminaries of a treaty 
 concluded at Berlin, July 28, 1742. Austria 
 ceded Silesia to Prussia. 
 
 Bressant (hre-son'), Jean Baptiste Prosper. 
 Born at Chalons-sur-Saone, France, Oct. 24, 
 1815: died at Nemours, Jan. 22, 1886. A French 
 comedian. 
 
 Bresse (bres). A former district of eastern 
 France, lying east of the Saone, and comprised 
 in the department of Ain. its chief city was Bourg. 
 Bresse formed part of the Burgundian kingdom ; passed 
 to the house of Savoy 1272-1402 ; and was ceded by Savoy 
 to France 1601. It formed part of the general government 
 of Burgundy. 
 
 Bresson (bre-son'), Charles, Comte. Born at 
 Paris, 1798: died at Naples, Nov. 2, 1847. A 
 French diplomatist. He was first secretary of lega- 
 tion at London about 1829 ; charge d’affaires at Berlin 
 1833 ; minister of foreign affairs 1834 ; and ambassador at 
 Madrid 1841, and at Naples 1847, where he committed 
 suicide. He negotiated at Madrid, 1846, the double French- 
 Spanish marriage of Queen Isabella and of her sister. 
 Bressuire (bre-swer'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Deux-Sbvres, France, 45 miles south of 
 Angers. It has a medieval castle and church. 
 Population, commune, 4,967. 
 
 Brest (brest). A seaport in the department 
 of Finist&re, Frauce, situated ou the Roads of 
 Brest in lat. 48° 24' N., long. 4° 29' W. it is 
 the principal naval port of France, and a strong fortress. 
 It has a large roadstead, a commercial harbor, and a mili- 
 tary harbor with a famous swing-bridge, a castle and large 
 quays and docks, and is the terminus of a transatlantic 
 cable (to Duxbury, Massachusetts). It figured in the 
 Hundred Years’ War, resisted an English attack in 1513, 
 was developed by Richelieu, and was fortified by Vauban. 
 The English were defeated here by the French in 1694, 
 and the French were defeated by the Englisn fleet under 
 Howe in 1794. Population, commune, 85,294. 
 
 Brest-Litovski (brest-le-tov'slri), Pol. Brzesc 
 Litewski. A city in the government of 
 Grodno, situated on the river Bug in lat. 52° 8' 
 N., long. 23° 40' E. Population, 50,755. 
 Bretagne (bre-tany'). The French name of 
 Brittany. 
 
 Breteuil (bre-tey'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Oise, France, 18 miles south of 
 Amiens. Population, 2,476. 
 
 Bret Harte. See Harte. 
 
 Bretigny (bre-ten-yi'), Treaty or Peace of. 
 
 A treaty concluded at Bretigny, near Chartres, 
 France, May 8, 1360, between England and 
 France. England renounced its claims to the French 
 crown, Maine, Anjou, Normandy, and Touraine, and re- 
 
 182 
 
 leased King John of France. Frauce permitted England 
 to retain Gascony, Guienne, Poitou, Ponthieu, Calais, etc., 
 and paid 3,000,000 gold crowns. 
 
 Breton (bre-toh'), Emile Adeiard. Born at 
 
 Courrieres, Prance, March 8,1831: died Nov. 26, 
 1902. A French landscape-painter, brother and 
 pupil of Jules Breton. He left the army to pursue 
 his studies in art, and was decorated with the cross of the 
 Legion of Honor in 1878. His favorite subjects were Au- 
 tumn, Winter, Twilight, and Sunset. 
 
 Breton, Jules Adolphe Aime Louis. Bom 
 
 May 1, 1827 : died July 5, 1906. A noted French 
 genre painter. He was a pupil of Drolling and of 
 Devigne, and devoted himself to the representation of in- 
 cidents taken from the life of the peasantry. He was in 
 1861 decorated with the cress and in 1889 became a com- 
 mander of the Legion of Honor. Among his best-known 
 paintings are “Le retour des moissonneurs ” (1853), “Les 
 glaneuses" (1855), “La benediction des bies” (1857), “La 
 fin de la joumee ” (1865), etc. He wrote poems, and an 
 autobiography entitled “ Vie d’un artiste, art et nature" 
 (1890). 
 
 Breton (brit'ou), Nicholas. Born at London 
 about 1545 : died about 1626. An English poet 
 and prose-writer, a stepson of George Gas- 
 coigne. He was a voluminous writer. 
 
 Breton (bre-ton'), Raymond. Born at Aux- 
 erre, 1609 : died at Caen, 1679. A French Do- 
 minican missionary. From 1635 to 1643 he was in the 
 French West Indies, most of the time living among the 
 Caribs. He published several works on their language 
 and customs, and his manuscripts were largely used by 
 Rochefort and others. 
 
 Breton de los Herreros, Manuel. See Her- 
 
 reros. 
 
 Bretons (bret'onz). The natives of Brittany. 
 Bretschneider (bret'shni-der), Karl Gottlieb. 
 Born at Gersdorf, Saxony, Feb. 11, 1776: died 
 at Gotha, Germany, Jan. 22, 1848. A German 
 Protestant theologian, general superintendent 
 at Gotha (1816). 
 
 Bretten (bret'ten). A small town in Baden, 
 15 miles east of Karlsruhe: the birthplace of 
 Melauchthon. 
 
 Breval (brev'al), John Durant. Born at West- 
 minster (?) about 1680: died at Paris, Jan., 1738. 
 An English miscellaneous writer. He wasof French 
 descent, but wrote much under the name of Joseph Gay. 
 He attacked Pope under this pseudonym, and is in return 
 held up to ridicule in the “ Dunciad.” 
 
 Brevent (bra-voh'). A summit of the Alps of 
 Mout Blanc, northwest of Chamonix. Height, 
 8,285 feet. 
 
 Breviarium Alaricanum (bre-vi-a'ri-um a-lar- 
 i-ka'num). [L., ‘short code of Alaric.’] A 
 code of Roman law, compiled in 506 a. d. by 
 direction of Alaric II., king of the Visigoths. 
 Brewer, Antony. Lived about 1655. An Eng- 
 lish dramatic writer. He wrote “The Love-sick 
 King, etc." (1655), which was reprinted as “ The Perjured 
 Nun." He is better known, however, from the fact that 
 “Lingua, or the Combat of the Five Senses, etc." (1607), 
 and “The Merry Devil of Edmonton ” (1008), were formerly 
 ascribed to him. “The Country Girl” (1647), signed 
 “ T. B.," has also been erroneously identified as his. 
 
 Brewer of Ghent. See Artevelde, Jacob van. 
 Brewster (bro'ster), Sir David. Bom at Jed- 
 burgh, Scotland, Dec. 11, 1781: died at Aller- 
 by, Montrose, Scotland, Feb. 10, 1868. A cele- 
 brated Scotch physicist, noted especially for 
 discoveries in regard to the polarization of 
 light. He invented the kaleidoscope in 1816 ; perfected 
 the stereoscope 1849-50 ; and improved the lighthouse 
 system. He wrote a “ Treatise on Optics” (1831), “ More 
 Worlds than One” (1854), “Memoirs, etc., of Sir Isaac 
 Newton ” (1855), etc. In 1838 he became principal of the 
 united college of St. Salvator and St. Leonard in the uni- 
 versity of St. Andrews. 
 
 Brewster, William. Born at Scrooby, Not- 
 tinghamshire, England, about 1560 (1564?): 
 died at Plymouth, Mass., April 10, 1644. One 
 of the founders of the Plymouth Colony in New 
 England. He is said to have studied a short time at 
 the University of Cambridge; was employed, 1584-87, in 
 the service of William Davison, ambassador to the Low 
 Countries, whom he accompanied abroad ; was keeper of 
 the post-office at Scrooby 1594-1607 ; participated in the 
 unsuccessful attempt of the Brownist congregation at 
 Scrooby to escape to Holland, 1607 ; removed with the 
 congregation to Leyden in 1609 ; sailed in the Mayflower 
 in 1620 ; and became ruling elder in the church at New 
 Plymouth, as he had been in Leyden. 
 
 Brialmont(bre-al-moh'), Henri Alexis. Born 
 May 25, 1821 : died July 21, 1903. A noted 
 Belgian general and writer on military affairs. 
 His works include “Considerations politiques et mili- 
 taires sur la Belgique” (1851-62), “Precis d’art militaire” 
 (1854), “Histoire du due de Wellington” (1856-57), etc. 
 Briana (bri-a'na). The owner of a strong cas- 
 tle in Spenser’s “Faerie Queene,” who could 
 not obtain the love of Crudor unless she made 
 him a mantle of “beards of knights and locks 
 of ladies.” No one was allowed to pass with- 
 out paying this toll. 
 
 Brian Borumha, or Boru (bri'an bo-ro'). 
 [Ir. Brian na loromi, Brian the trib- 
 
 Bridgeport 
 
 ute.] Born 926 : killed at Clontarf, Ireland, 
 Good Friday, 1014. A noted Irish king. He 
 became sovereign of Munster in 978 (?), and 
 principal king of Ireland in 1002. 
 
 Brian Boroimhe (bor'i-ve) (Brian Boru), or 
 The Maid of Erin. A play by James Sheri- 
 dan Knowles, 1811, adapted from an earlier 
 work of the same name. 
 
 BrianQon (bre-on-son'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Hautes-Alpes, France, situated on the 
 Durance near Mont Genevre and the Italian 
 frontier, in lat. 44° 56' N., long. 6° 35' E. : the 
 Roman Brigantium. It is an important strate- 
 gic point, and a fortress'of the first class. 
 Population, commune, 7,524. 
 
 Brianza (bre-an'dza). A district in northern 
 Italy, between the Lake of Como and the Lake 
 of Lecco. It is noted for its fertility. 
 Briareus (bri-a're-us). [Gr. Bpidpcuc.] In 
 Greek mythology, a son of Uranus and Ge, a 
 monster with a hundred arms. Also called 
 JEgseon. 
 
 Brice, Saint. Born at Tours : died there, Nov. 
 13, 444. A French prelate, made bishop of 
 Tours on the death of St. Martin. He is com- 
 memorated on Nov. 13. On St. Brice’s day, 1002, there 
 was a massacre of the Danes ia England by order of 
 Ethelred. 
 
 Briceno (bre-tha'no), Ramon. Bom 1814: 
 died 1882. A Chilian bibliophilist and author. 
 In 1840 he was chosen professor of philosophy and natural 
 law in the Chilian University, and in 1864 director of the 
 National Library. He held various judicial offices. Be- 
 sides books on law and philosophy he published “Estad- 
 i3tica Bibliograficade la Literatura Chilena." His private 
 library was oue of the largest in South America. 
 
 Brick (brik), Jefferson. A correspondent of 
 a New York journal in Charles Dickens’s “Mar- 
 tin Chuzzlewit.” He is of excessively mild and 
 youthful aspect, but bloodthirsty in the ex- 
 treme in his political views. 
 
 Bridal of Triermain, The. A poem by Scott, 
 published in 1813. 
 
 Bridal Veil Fall. A noted fall in the Yosemite 
 Valley, California. The height of the main fall is 
 630 feet, and that of the cascades about 300 feet. The 
 total fall (nearly vertical) is about 900 feet. 
 
 Bride, Saint. See Bridget. 
 
 Bride of Abydos, The. 1. A poem by Lord 
 Byron, a Turkish tale, published in 1813. — 2. 
 A melodrama adapted from the poem by Di- 
 mond, produced about 1819. 
 
 Bride of the Sea. A name poetically given to 
 Venice, from the medieval ceremony by which 
 the city was wedded to the Adriatic. 
 
 Bride of Lammermoor, The. A novel by Sir 
 Walter Scott, published in 1819. See Ashton, 
 Lucy. Several plays have been written on the subject, 
 notably one by J. W. Cole under the name of “John Wil- 
 liam Calcraft,” called “ The Bride of Lammermoor,” and 
 one by Merivale, called “Ravenswood.” See also Lucia 
 di Lammermoor. 
 
 Bridewell (brld'wel). [From St. Bride’s, or 
 Bridget’s, well, a spring of supposed miracu- 
 lous powers, in the vicinity.] A celebrated 
 London prison, or house of detention, most of 
 which was demolished in 1863. It was founded 
 upon a favorite palace of Henry VIII., which stood at the 
 mouth of the Fleet between Blackfriars and Whitefriars. 
 There was a royal residence here as early as the reign of 
 Henry III., if not in that of John. Henry VIII. is said to 
 have rebuilt the palace, and he and Katharine lived there 
 when the cardinals sat on the divorce in Blackfriars op- 
 posite. In 1553 Edward VI. gave his father’s palace of 
 Bridewell to the city of London for a workhouse, and for- 
 mulated the system of municipal charity. It later became a 
 temporary prison or house of detention, with which use its 
 name is especially familiar. In old views and maps it 
 appears as a castellated building of some architectural 
 retensions. The name has become a generic term for a 
 ouse of correction, or lockup. 
 
 Bridgeman (brij'man), Lucinda. A vulgar 
 city girl in Cumberland’s “Fashionable Lover.” 
 Bridgenorth, or Bridgnorth (brij'ndrth). A 
 parliamentary and municipal borough in Shrop- 
 shire, England, situated on the Severn 18 miles 
 southeast of Shrewsbury, its castle was taken by 
 Henry I. in 1102, by Henry II. in 1157, and by the Parlia- 
 mentarians in 1646. Population, 6,052. 
 
 Bridgenorth, Alice. The principal female 
 character in Scott’s “Peveril of the Peak.” 
 Bridge of Sighs. 1. A bridge in Venice which 
 spans the Rio della Paglia, and connects the 
 ducal palace with the Careeri, or prisons. The 
 bridge dates from 1597; it is an elliptical arch, 32 feet 
 above the water, inclosed at the sides and arched over- 
 head. It contains two separate passages, through which 
 prisoners were led for trial or judgment. See Tombs, The. 
 2. A poem by Thomas Hood, composed in 1844. 
 Bridgeport (brij'port). A city, the capital of 
 Fairfield County, Connecticut, situated ou an 
 inlet of Long Island Sound, in lat. 41° 11' N., 
 long. 73° 12' W. It is one of the chief manufacturing 
 cities in the State. Formerly called Ncwfield. Popula- 
 tion, 102,054, (1910). 
 
Bridget 
 
 Bridget (brij'et), Brigit, or Bride (brid), Saint. 
 [Ir. Brigit, Mid. Ir. Brighid (ML. Brigida, 
 Brigitta), from an OCelt. *Briganti, repr. by 
 LL. Brigantia, the name of a Celtic goddess.] 
 Died at Kildare, Ireland, Feb. 1, 523. A pa- 
 tron saint of Ireland. According to an ancient Irish 
 account of her life, she was born at Focliart (now Faugher) 
 in 463 A. D., and was the daughter of Dubhthach by his 
 bondmaid Brotseeh or Broiceseach. She obtained her free- 
 dom through the intervention of the King of Leinster, who 
 was impressed by her piety, and became the founder of 
 a nunnery, in the shadow of which the present town of 
 Kildare sprang up. She is commemorated on Feb. L 
 
 A goddess called Brigit, poetess and seeress, worshipped 
 by the poets of ancient Erinn ; that she was daughter 
 of the Irish god known as Bagda the Great ; and that she 
 had two sisters who were also called Brigit, the one the 
 patroness of the healing art, and the other of smith-work. 
 This means, in other words, that the Goidels formerly 
 worshipped a Minerva called Brigit, who presided over 
 the three chief professions known in Erinn : to her prov- 
 ince in fact might be said to belong just what Cresar 
 terms operum atque artificiorum initia. 
 
 Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 74. 
 
 Bridget, Saint, of Sweden. See Birgitta. 
 Bridgeton (brij'ton). The capital of Cumber- 
 land County, New Jersey, situated on Cokansey 
 Creek 36 miles south of Philadelphia. It has 
 manufactures of iron, woolens, and glass. Pop- 
 ulation, 14,209, (1910J. 
 
 Bridgetown (brij'toun). The capital of Bar- 
 bados, West Indies, situated on the south- 
 western coast in lat. 13° 6' N., long. 59° 37' 
 W. Population, about 30,000. 
 
 Bridgewater, Duke of. See Egerton. 
 Bridgewater (brij'wa-ter). A town in Plym- 
 outh County, Massachusetts, 26 miles south 
 of Boston. It is the seat of a State Normal 
 School. Population, 7,688, (1910). 
 Bridgewater, Battle of. See Lundy’s Lane. 
 Bridgewater House. The town residence of 
 the Earl of Ellesmere, London, built 1847-49 
 on the site of Cleveland House. Wheeler, 
 Familiar Allusions. 
 
 Bridgewater Madonna, The. The small paint- 
 ing by Raphael (1512) in Bridgewater House, 
 London. The Child lies on the Virgin’s knees 
 and clutches her veil. 
 
 Bridgewater Treatises. A series of treatises 
 written in compliance with the terms of the will 
 of the Earl of Bridgewater, who died in 1829. He 
 left £8,000 to be paid to the author of the best treatise on 
 “The Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God, as manifested 
 in the Creation.” Those with whom the selection of the 
 author was left decided to give the subject to eight per- 
 sons for separate treatises. These were “ The Adaptation 
 of External Nature to the Moral and Intellectual Consti- 
 tution of Man "(Thomas Chalmers, 1833), •‘Chemistry, Me- 
 teorology, and Digestion” (William Prout, 1834), “ History, 
 Habits, and Instincts of Animals ” (Kirby, 1835), “ Geology 
 and Mineralogy” (Dean Buckland, 1S36), “The Hand, as 
 evincing Design ” (Sir Charles Bell, 1833), “ The Adaptation 
 of External Nature to the Physical Condition of Man " 
 (J. Kidd, M. D., 18.13), “Astronomy and General Physics’' 
 (Whewell, m3), “Animal and Vegetable Physiology” 
 (P. M. Roget, M. D., 1834). 
 
 Bridgman (brij'man), Frederick Arthur. 
 
 Born at Tuskegee, Ala., 1847. An American 
 genre painter, a pupil of L. Gerome, resident in 
 Paris. His subjects are chiefly Eastern. 
 Bridgman, Laura Dewey. Born at Hanover, 
 N. H., Dec. 21, 1829 : died at South Boston, 
 Mass., May 24, 1889. A blind deaf-mute noted 
 in connection with educational methods for 
 unfortunates of her class. Having lost sight and 
 hearing and having been partially deprived of the senses of 
 taste and smell by scarlet fever at 2 years of age, she was 
 placed in the Blind Asylum at South Boston at the age 
 of eight, where she was educated by meansof a raised alpha- 
 bet devised by the principal, Dr. S. G. Howe. 
 
 Bridgwater (brij'wa-ter), or Bridgewater. A 
 seaport in Somersetshire, England, situated on 
 the Parret, near its mouth, 29 miles southwest 
 of Bristol. It is the birthplace of Blake. Near it is 
 Sedgemoor. It was taken by the Royalists in 1643, and by 
 the Parliamentarians in 1645. It declared for Monmouth 
 in 1685. Population, 15 , 209 . 
 
 Bridlington (brid'ling-ton, now pron. locally 
 ber'ling-ton). [Also Brellmgton and Burling- 
 ton, according to the corrupted pronunciation ; 
 ME. Bridlington.'] A town in Yorkshire, Eng- 
 land, 23 miles north of Hull. Bridlington 
 Quay, a watering-place, lies on the coast. 
 Total population, 12,482. 
 
 Bridoie (bre-dwa'). [‘Bridlegoose.’] A naive 
 and placidly ignorant judge in Rabelais’s" Gar- 
 gantua and Pantagruel,” who decides causes 
 by means of dice. This he considers the most natu- 
 ral method. The character is a trenchant satire on judicial 
 proceedings of the day. 
 
 Brid’oison(bre-dwa-z6h'). [‘Bridlegosling.’] A 
 pretentious judge in ' ‘ Le Mariage de Figaro,” 
 by Beaumarchais, taken from the Bridoie of 
 Rabelais. 
 
 183 
 
 Bridport (brid'port). A seaport and munici- 
 pal and parliamentary borough in Dorsetshire, 
 England, situated 14 miles west of Dorchester. 
 Population, 5,710. 
 
 Brie (bre). An ancient territory of northern 
 France, situated east of Paris. It is a level re- 
 gion, noted for its corn, dairy products, and especially for 
 its cheese. It was divided into the Brie Fran?aise (in Ile- 
 de-France), whose capital was Brie-Comte-Robert, and the 
 Brie Champenoise (in Champagne). The latter was sub- 
 divided into Haute-Brie, capital Meaux; Basse-Brie, cap- 
 ital Provins ; and Brie-Pouilleuse, capital ChSXeau-Thierry. 
 It was a county under the successors of Charlemague. 
 Later it generally followed the fortunes of Champagne. 
 Brieg (brea). A city in the province of Silesia, 
 Prussia, situated on the Oder 26 miles south- 
 east of Breslau. It has a Renaissance castle of 
 the princes of Brieg. Population, 27,486. 
 Brieg. A small town in the eastern part of the 
 canton of Valais, Switzerland, situated on the 
 Rhone at the eastern terminus of the railway. 
 Briel (brel), or Brielle (bre-el'), or Brill (bril). 
 A seaport in the province of South Holland, 
 Netherlands, situated on the Maas 14 miles 
 west of Rotterdam. It was taken from Spain by the 
 “ Water-Beggars ” underWilliam de la Marck, April 1, 1572. 
 
 Brienne, or Brienne-le-Chateau (bre-en'le- 
 sha-to'). A town in the department of Aube, 
 France, 23 miles northeast of Troyes. It con- 
 tained, until 1790, a military school which was attended 
 by Napoleon 1779-84. Here, Jan. 29, 1814, Napoleon de- 
 feated the Allies under Bliicher. 
 
 Brienne, John de. Titular king of Jerusa- 
 lem 1210-25. 
 
 Brienne, Lomenie de. See Lomenie. 
 
 Brienz (bre-ents'). A town in the canton of 
 Bern, Switzerland, situated at the northeast- 
 ern extremity of the Lake of Brienz. 
 
 Brienz, Lake of. A lake in the canton of 
 Bern, Switzerland, east of the Lake of Thun. 
 It is traversed by the Aare. Length, 8f miles. 
 Breadth, 3 miles. 
 
 Brier Creek. A river in eastern Georgia which 
 joins the Savannah River 57 miles southeast of 
 Augusta. Here, March 3, 1779, the British un- 
 der General Prevost defeated the Americans 
 under General Ashe. 
 
 Brierly (bri'er-li), Bob. The Ticket-of-Leave 
 Man in Tom Taylor’s play of that name. 
 Brigadore (brig'a-dor). The horse of Sir Guyon 
 in Spenser’s “ Faerie Queene,” named from Bri- 
 gliadoro, the horse of Orlando in Boiardo’s “ Or- 
 lando Innamorato.” 
 
 Brigantes (bri-gan'tez). A tribe of Britain 
 which in the 1st century A. D. occupied the 
 region north of the Humber. See Brigantia. 
 Brigantia (bri-gan'shi-a). The kingdom of the 
 Brigantes. See the extract. 
 
 To the north of the Coritavi stretched a confederacy or 
 collection of kingdoms to which the Romans applied the 
 single name of “Brigantia.” We first hear of these 
 confederated states about the year A. D. 50, when their 
 combined territories extended ou one coast from Flam- 
 borough Head to the Firth of Forth, and on the other 
 from the Dee or Mersey to the valleys on the upper shore 
 of the Solway. “A line,” says Mr. Skene, “drawn from 
 the Solway Firth across the island to the eastern sea ex- 
 actly separates the great nation of the Brigantes from the 
 tribes on the north, the ‘ Gadeni ’ and the ‘ Otadeni ’ : but 
 this is obviously an artificial separation, as it closely fol- 
 lows the line of Hadrian’s Wall: otherwise it would imply 
 that the southern boundary of these barbarian tribes was 
 precisely on a line where nature presents no physical de- 
 marcation." Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 236. 
 
 Brigantia. The ancient name of Bregenz. 
 Brigantinus Lacus (brig-an-tl'nus la'kus). 
 
 The Roman name of the Lake of Constance. 
 Brigantium. The Roman name of Bregenz. 
 Briggs (brigz), Charles Augustus. Born at 
 * New Yotk, Jan. 15, 1841. An American theo- 
 logian. He studied at Union Theological Seminary, 
 New York city, i861-63, and at the University of Ber- 
 lin, Germany, 1866-69 ; became pastor of a Presbyterian 
 church at Roselle, New Jersey, in 1870, and in 1874 be- 
 came professor of Hebrew and the cognate languages in 
 Union Theological Seminary. In 1880 he became a mem- 
 ber of the editorial staff of the “Presbyterian Review." 
 His works include “ Biblical Study ” (1883), “American 
 Presbyterianism” (1885), “Messianic Prophecy” (1886), etc. 
 His advanced views in biblical criticism, with certain doc- 
 trinal views, subjected him to a trial for heresy 1892-93, 
 which resulted in his condemnation and suspension by 
 the General Assembly. He was ordained a priest of the 
 Episcopal Church in J899. 
 
 Briggs, Charles Frederick. Bom at Nan- 
 tucket, Mass., 1804 : died at Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 June 20, 1877. An American journalist and 
 author. He wrote the novels “ Harry Franco : a Tale 
 of the Great Panic” (1839), “Trippings of Tom Pepper” 
 (1847), etc. 
 
 Briggs, Henry. Born at Worley Wood, Halifax, 
 Yorkshire, Feb., 1561: died at Oxford, England, 
 Jan. 26, 1631 . A noted English mathematician, 
 the inventor of tho “ common” system of loga- 
 rithms. See Napier. He was professor of geom- 
 
 Bril 
 
 etry at Gresham College, London, 1596-1620, and Savillan 
 professor of astronomy at Oxford 1620-1631. 
 
 Brighella. In old Italian comedy, a Berga- 
 mask type. 
 
 Bright (brlt), Jesse D. Born at Norwich, N. Y., 
 Dec. 18, 1812: died at Baltimore, Md., May 20, 
 1875. An American politician, Democratic 
 United States senator from Indiana 1845-62. 
 He was expelled from the Senate for disloy- 
 alty, Feb. 5 , 1862. 
 
 Bright, John. Born at Greenbank, near Roch- 
 dale, in Lancashire, England, Nov. 16, 1811 : 
 died there, March 27, 1889. A distinguished 
 English Liberal statesman and orator. He was 
 an agitator for the Anti-Corn-Law League 1838-46 ; first 
 entered Parliament in 1843 ; was president of the Board 
 of Trade 1868-70 ; chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster 
 1873-74 and 1880-82 ; and became lord rector of the Uni- 
 versity of Glasgow in 1883. Author of ‘ ‘ Speeches on Par- 
 liamentary Reform ” (1867), “ Speeches on Questions of 
 Public Poiicy"(1869), “Speeches on Public Ailairs ’’(1869). 
 Bright, Richard. Born at Bristol, England, 
 Sept. 28, 1789 : died at London, Dec. 16, 1858. A 
 noted English physician. In 1827 he published “Re- 
 ports of Medical Cases,” in which he traced to its source 
 iu the kidneys the morbid condition named for him 
 “Bright’s disease.” 
 
 Brighton (bri'ton), formerly Brighthelmston. 
 
 A city and watering-place in Sussex, England, 
 situated on the English Channel in lat. 50° 50' 
 N., long. 0° 8' W. : the leading seaside resort 
 in Great Britain. Among its chief features are the 
 Royal Pavilion (founded by the Prince of Wales (George 
 IV.) 1784), the Esplanade, New Pier, Aquarium, etc. It 
 was developed in the second half of the 18th century. 
 Population, 131,250, (1911). 
 
 Brighton. Formerly a town in eastern Massa- 
 chusetts 4 miles west of Boston, since 1874 
 the 25th ward of Boston. 
 
 Brigit. See Bridget. 
 
 Brigliadoro (brel-ya-do'ro). [' Golden bridle.’] 
 The name of Orlando’s horse in Boiardo’s 
 ‘‘Orlando Innamorato.” 
 
 Brignoles (bren-yol'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Yar, in Provence, France, 23 miles 
 north-northeast of Toulon. Population, 4,374. 
 Brignoli (bren-yo'le), Pasquale. Born in Italy 
 about 1823 : died at New York, Oct. 29, 1884. 
 An Italian tenor singer. After singing with marked 
 success in the principal cities of Europe, he came to New 
 York in 1855, where he achieved his highest reputation. 
 
 Brihaddevata (bri-had-da'va-ta). An ancient 
 Sanskrit work ascribed to Sliauuaka. Its object 
 is to specify the deity for each verse of the Eigveda. In 
 so doing it supports its views with many legends. 
 Brihaspati (brUhas-pa'ti). [‘Lord of devo- 
 tion.’] In Vedic mythology, a god in whom 
 the activity of the pious man toward the gods 
 is personified. Brihaspati is the prayer, sacriftcer, 
 priest, intercessor for men with the gods, and their protec- 
 tor against the wicked. He appears as the prototype of the 
 priest, and is called the purohita, or “house-priest,” of 
 the gods. The Brahma of the later Triad is a develop- 
 ment of this conception. 
 
 Brihatkatha (bri-hat'ka-tka). In Sanskrit lit- 
 erature, the “ Great Narration,” a collection 
 of tales by Gunadhya, stated by Somadeva to 
 be the source of his Kathasaritsagara (which 
 See). The Brihatkatha is believed to go back to the 1st 
 or 2d century of the Christian era, but no manuscript of it 
 has yet been published. Important evidence of its char- 
 acter is afforded by the two works founded upon it, the 
 Brihatkathamanjari and Kathasaritsagara. 
 
 Brihatkathamanjari (bri-hat-ka-tha-man' ju- 
 re). In Sanskrit literature, the ‘‘Great Blossom- 
 cluster of Tales,” a collection of tales by Kshe- 
 mendra Vyasadasa, based on the Brihatkatha. 
 Its date is not far from 1037 A. Ii. Part of it has been 
 given in text and translation by Sylvain Levi in the “ Jour- 
 nal Asiatique.” 
 
 Brihatsanhita (bri-hat-san'hi-ta). In San- 
 skrit literature, the “Great Collection,” an as- 
 trological work by Varaba Mihdra, who is be- 
 lieved to have flourished about the beginning 
 of the 6th century a. d. 
 
 Brihtnoth (bricht'noth). Died 991. An eal- 
 dorman of the East Saxons. He was the son-in-law 
 of the ealdorman jElfgar whom he succeeded about 953. 
 He made lavish grants to ecclesiastical foundations, espe- 
 cially to the monasteries of Ely and Ramsey, and fell in 
 battle against the Northmen near Maldon in 991. 
 Brihtwald (bricht'wald). Died in Jan., 731. 
 Archbishop of Canterbury. He was of noble paren- 
 tage, but neither the place nor the year of his birth is 
 known. He was elevated to the see of Canterbury in 
 692. In 705 he presided overa council near the river Nidd, 
 at which a compromise was effected between Wilfrith, the 
 exiled Archbishop of York, and the King of Northumbria. 
 Brihuega (bre-wa'ga). A town in the province 
 of Guadalajara, New Castile, Spain, situated 
 on the Tajuna 51 miles northeast of Madrid. 
 
 Here, Doc., 1710, the French under the Due de Vendome 
 defeated the Allies under Lord Stanhope. 
 
 Bril (brel), Paul. Born at Antwerp about 1554: 
 died at Rome, 1626. A Flemish painter, noted 
 especially for landscapes. 
 
Briilat-Savarin 
 
 Brillat-Sav&rin (bre-ya' sa-vii-ran'), An- 
 tiielme. Bom at Belley, Ain, France, April 1, 
 1755: died at Paris, Feb. 2, 1826. A French 
 writer, an authority on gastronomy, author of 
 ‘ ‘ Physiologie du gout” ( ‘ ‘ Physiology of Taste,” 
 1825), etc. 
 
 Brilon (bre'lon). An ancient town in the prov- 
 ince of Westphalia, Prussia, 22 miles east of 
 Amsberg. 
 
 Brilickman (brink'miin), Baron Karl Gustaf. 
 Born at Brannkyrka, near Stockholm, Swe- 
 den, Feb. 24, 17*64 : died at Stockholm, Dec. 
 25, 1847 (Jan. 10, 1848 ?). A Swedish diploma- 
 tist and poet. He wrote under the pseudonym “ Sol- 
 mar. ” 
 
 Brindisi (bren'de-se). [L. Brundisium, Brun- 
 dusium, Gr B pevrioiov, BpevTt/<nov.\ A seaport 
 in the province of Lecce, Italy, situated on 
 the Adriatic in lat. 40° 39' N., long. 18° E. 
 It is a station ot the Peninsular and Orien tal Company, and 
 has steamer connection also with Greece, the Levant, and 
 Adriatic ports. It contains a cathedral, a castle of Fred- 
 erick II., the ruined church of San Giovanni, and a Roman 
 column, one of two which stood on a point in the harbor. 
 The capital ir carved with figures of divinities. These 
 columns may have marked the end of the Appian Way, or 
 have served to hold lights for the guidance of shipping. 
 Brundisium was colonized by Tarentum, was acquired by 
 Rome about 267 B o., and became a Roman naval statiou. 
 It was the terminus of the Appian Way, and the usual 
 starting-point for Greece and the East. In 49 B. c. it was 
 besieged by Ccesar. It was the birthplace of Pacuvius and 
 the place of Vergil’s death. It was a frequent rendezvous 
 of the Crusaders. In 1348 it was destroyed, and again in 
 1468, by an earthquake. Population, 25,317. 
 
 Brink (brink), Bernhard Egidius Conrad 
 ten. Bom at Amsterdam, Jan. 12, 1841 : died at 
 Strasburg, Jan. 29, 1892. A philologist, noted 
 especially for his studies in English literature 
 and language. He was professor of modern languages 
 at Marburg 1870-73, and of English at Strasburg 1873-92. 
 His works include “Chaucer” (Vol. I. 1870), “Gesehichte 
 ★ der Englischen Literatur ” (1877-89), etc. 
 
 Brinton (brin'ton), Daniel Garrison. Born in 
 Chester County, Pa., May 13, 1837 : died at At- 
 lantic City, N. J., July 31, 1899. An American 
 surgeon and ethnologist. He was professor of eth- 
 nology andarchieology in thePhiladelphia Academy of Nat- 
 ural Sciences, and of American archajology and linguistics 
 in the University of Pennsylvania. His works include 
 “ The Myths of the New World, etc." (1868), “ Aboriginal 
 American Authors and their Prod notions, etc. ”(1882-90), etc. 
 
 Brinvilliers (bran-vil-ya'), Marquise de 
 (Marie d’Aubray). Born about 1630 (?) : ex- 
 ecuted at Paris, July 16, 1676. A noted French 
 criminal. She married in 1651 the Marquis de Brinvil- 
 liers, from whom she obtained a separation after he had 
 squan dered his fortune. She was instructed in the use of 
 a subtle poison, supposed to have been aqua tofana, by 
 her lover Jean Baptiste de Gaudin, Seigneur de Sainte 
 Croix, with which she poisoned her father and other mem- 
 bers of her family, in order to obtain possession of the 
 inheritance. The crimes were discovered in consequence 
 of the accidental poisoning of Sainte Croix in 1672, and 
 she was executed at Paris. 
 
 Brion (bre-on'), Pedro Luis. Borninthe Dutch 
 island of Curasao, 1783: died there, Sept. 27, 
 1821. An admiral of the Colombian navy. He 
 joined Bolivar in 1812, and commanded the patriot fleet in 
 the Venezuelan and Colombian revolutions; in 1815 and 
 1816 he furnished the vessels and arms with which Bolivar 
 recommenced the war. He was president of the council 
 which condemned General Piar to death at Angostura, 
 Oct., 1817. 
 
 Brioude (bre-od'). A town in the department of 
 Haute-Loire, France, in lat. 45° 17' N., long. 3° 
 23' E. : the ancient Brivas. There is a noted bridge 
 at Vieille-Brioude. Population, commune, 4,865. 
 
 Brisac (bre-sak'), Charles. The elder brother 
 in Fletcher and Massinger’s (?) play of that 
 name. He is a bookworm despised by his father, who 
 proposes io make his younger son Eustace his heir and 
 marry him to Angelina. Charles, however, sees her, and, 
 love working a total change in him, shows himself to be 
 a strong and manly lover. 
 
 Brisac, Eustace. The younger brother in Flet- 
 cher and Massinger’s (?) “ Elder Brother.” At 
 first a fop, he redeems his character. 
 
 Brisack. See Breisach. 
 
 Brisbane (briz'ban). The capital of Queens- 
 land, in Australia, situated on the river Bris- 
 bane, 25 miles from More ton Bay, about lat. 27° 
 20' S., long. 153° E. It exports wool, cotton, gold, 
 hides, etc. Until 1842 it was a penal colony. It became 
 the capital in 1859. Population, 62,923. 
 
 Brisbane (briz'ban), Sir Thomas Makdougall. 
 
 Bom at Brisbane House, Largs in Ayrshire, 
 Scotland, July 23, 1773: died there, Jan. 27, 
 1860. A British general and astronomer, gov- 
 ernor of New South Wales 1821-25. He served 
 in Flanders 1793-95, in the West Indies 1795-98, in the 
 Peninsula in 1812, and in Canada in 1813. 
 
 Briseis (bri-se'is). Hippodameia, the daughter 
 of Briseus, the cause of the quarrel between 
 Achilles and Agamemnon. 
 
 Brisk (brisk), Fastidious. A pert, petulant, 
 and lively fop in Ben Jonson’s comedy “ Every 
 
 184 
 
 Man out of his Humour.” He is devoted to the 
 court, and fantastically fashionable, 
 
 Brisson (bre-son'), Eugene Henri. Born at 
 
 Bourges, July 31, 1835: died at Paris, April 14, 
 1912. A French republican statesman. He 
 was president of the chamber 1881-85 and 1894-99 ; and 
 was prime minister from April 6, 1885, to Jan. 7, 1886, and 
 from June 28, 1898, to Oct. 25, 1898. He was elected per- 
 manent president of the Chamber of Deputies, June, 1906. 
 
 Brisson (bre-son'), Mathurin Jacques. Bom 
 April 30, 1723; died June 23, 1806. A noted 
 French physicist^ and ornithologist, appointed 
 professor at the Ecoles Centrales in Paris in 
 1796. 
 
 Brissot ( bre-so'), Jean Pierre, sumamed de 
 Warville. Born at Ouarville, near Chartres, 
 France, Jan. 14, 1754: guillotined at Paris, Oct. 
 31, 1793. A French politician and writer. He 
 was a member of the Legislative Assembly and Conven- 
 tion, and a Girondist leader. 
 
 Brissotins (F- bre-so-tan'). See Girondists. 
 Brisked (bris'ted), Charles Astor. Born at 
 New York, Oct. 6, 1820: died at Washington, 
 D. C., Jan. 15, 1874. An American author, son 
 of John Bristed. He published “ Five Years in an 
 English Lhiiversity " (1852), “The Upper Ten Thousand of 
 New York ’’ (1852), etc. He wrote under the pseudonym 
 “Carl Benson.” 
 
 Bristed, John. Born in Dorsetshire, England, 
 1778: died at Bristol, Rhode Island, Feb. 23, 1855. 
 An Anglo-American clergyman and author. He 
 came to New York in 1806, and married (1820) a daughter 
 of John Jacob Astor. From 1829-43 he was rector at Bris- 
 tol, Rhode Island. He wrote “Resources of the United 
 States ” (1818), etc. 
 
 Bristol (bris'tol).. [Formerly Bristow, Bristowe; 
 ME. Bristow .] A seaport, city, and county-bor- 
 ough in Somerset and Gloucester, at the junc- 
 tion of the Frome and Avon, near Bristol Chan- 
 nel, in lat. 51° 27' N., long. ’2° 36' W. it has a 
 large foreign trade, especially with America, and manu- 
 factures of sugar, tobacco, leather, cotton, boots, glass, 
 etc. Bristol Cathedral is of the 14th century, with rebuilt 
 modern nave. It is small, and chiefly notable in that its 
 aisles are of the same height as the nave, which thus has 
 no clearstory, and'for its superb Norman chapter-house. 
 Bristol became important in the middle ages, and was the 
 second seaport of England down to the 18th century, and 
 one of the chief seats of the slave-trade. In the reign of 
 Edward III. it was made a county. It was taken by Frince 
 Rupert in 1643, and by the Parliamentarians in 1646. It 
 was the scene of great riots in 1831. A noted musical fes- 
 tival is held triennially here, lasting four days : the first 
 one was held in 1873. Its university (chartered 1909) was 
 formed on the nucleus of University t ollege (1876); its art 
 museum was opened in 1905. Population, 357,069, (1911). 
 Bristol. A town and port of entry in Bristol 
 County, Rhode Island, situated on Narragan- 
 sett Bay 13 miles south-southeast of Provi- 
 dence. Population, 8,565, (1910). 
 
 Bristol. A borough in Bucks County, Pennsyl- 
 vania, situated on the Delaware River 19 miles 
 northeast of Philadelphia. It has manufac- 
 tures of carpets and iron goods. Population, 
 9,256, (1910). 
 
 Bristol Boy, The. Thomas Chatterton. 
 
 Bristol Channel. An arm of the ocean lying 
 between Wales and Monmouthshire on the 
 north, and southwestern England on the east 
 and South. It extends from the estuary of the Severn 
 westward to the southwestern points of England and of 
 W ales. 
 
 Bristowe (Bristol) Merchant, The. A play 
 by Ford and Dekker, licensed in 1624 : probably 
 an alteration of Day’s “ Bristol Tragedy.” 
 Bristowe Tragedy, The, or the Death of Sir 
 Charles Bawdin. One of the Rowley poems 
 by Chatterton, the first one separately printed. 
 It was written in 1768 and printed in 1772. See 
 Chatterton. 
 
 Britain (brit'an or brit'n). [ME. Britaine, 
 Bretayne , etc.” OF. Bretagne, L. Britannia .] 
 The English equivalent for Britannia; Great 
 Britain. In Arthurian romance “ Britain ” always means 
 Brittany (Bretagne) : England is called Logris or Logria. 
 
 The word “Britain," in the mouth of an Englishman, is 
 reserved either for artificial poetry, for the dialect of for- 
 eign politics, or for the conciliation of Scottish hearers. 
 Before England and Scotland were united, the name 
 “Briton," as including Englishmen, was altogether un- 
 heard of. Freeman, Hist. Essays, I. 165. 
 
 Britain (brit'an or brit'n), Benjamin, or Lit- 
 tle. In Charles Dickens’s story “ The Battle 
 of Life,” at first a servant, afterward landlord, 
 of the Nutmeg Grater Inn. He is very small, 
 and announces himself as knowing and caring 
 for absolutely nothing. 
 
 Britanni (bri-tan'i). [LL. Britanni, Britones.'] 
 A Celtic people in the northwest part of Gaul, 
 first mentioned in this location by Sidonius 
 Apollonius. According to Jordanes they were leagued 
 with the Romans against the West Goths. Gregory of 
 Tours makes them subject to the neighboring Franks. 
 They were called by the Franks Breton; by Latin writers 
 after the 5th century, Britanni, Britones , and their land 
 Britannia Cistnarina, modern Bretagne, Brittany. They 
 
 British India 
 
 were, in all probability, the descendants of theDumnonli 
 whose original home had been the southwestern part of 
 Britain, whence they had been driven out by the Anglo- 
 Saxons. 
 
 Britannia (bri-tan'i-a). [L. Britannia, more 
 correctly Brittania, Gr. B perravia, from Britan- 
 ni, more correctly Brittam, Gr. B perravoi, Bpr- 
 ravoi.] In ancient geography (after the time 
 of Caesqr), the name of the island of Great 
 Britain, and specifically of the southern part of 
 the island : in modern times, a poetical name 
 of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and 
 Ireland. 
 
 However they were first constituted, the Roman divi- 
 sions of Britain are the great territorial landmarks of our 
 history. The country, before its conquest, was parcelled 
 out among different tribes, who had come in on every side, 
 and were struggling in tie centre for supremacy. The 
 Romans seem to have disregarded the limits of the exist- 
 ing kingdoms and the more natural features of mountain 
 chains. Apparently, they took rivers as their landmarks. 
 Britannia Prima, the first province, was the district 
 south of the Thames, the Saxon Wessex under Egbert; 
 Flavia Caesariensis, between the Severn and the sea, was 
 the Mercian kingdom of Offa; Britannia Secunda, west of 
 the Severn, comprised Wales and the Welsh Marches; 
 Maxima Caesariensis, between the Humber and the Tyne, 
 is the Northumbrian province of Deira ; and Valentia, 
 whose northern boundary was between the Frith of Forth 
 and the Clyde, embraced the Lowlands of Scotland and 
 Northumberland. Beamon, Hist. Eng., I. 40. 
 
 Britannia Prima. See Britannia. 
 
 Britannia Secunda. ARoman province nearly 
 corresponding to Wales. See Britannia. 
 Britannia Tubular Bridge. A famous rail- 
 way bridge across Menai Strait, Wales, built 
 by Robert Stephenson between 1846 and 1850. 
 
 It consists of two parallel rectangular tunnels of wrought 
 iron, supported by three piers between the two shore piers. 
 The central tower is 230 feet high. The total length is 
 1,840 feet ; that of each of the central spans, 460 feet. 
 
 Brltannicas Insula; (bri-tan 'i-se in'su-le). 
 [L.] In ancient geography (before the time of 
 Caasar), the name of the British Islands Albion 
 (Great Britain) and Ierne (Ireland). 
 Britannicus (bri-tan'i-kus), originally Clau- 
 dius Tiberius Germanicus. Bom about 41 
 a. D. : died at Rome, 55 A. D. A son of the 
 emperor Claudius and Messalina. He was heir 
 apparent to the throne till the intrigues of his stepmother, 
 Agrippina, and her paramour, the freedman Pallas, se- 
 cured from Claudius the precedence for Nero, Agrippina’s 
 son by a former marriage. He was poisoned at a banquet 
 by Nero, whose mother had sought to work upon the fears 
 of her rebellious son by threatening to bring the claims 
 of Britannicus before the soldiery. 
 
 British America. That part of North America 
 (with the exception of Alaska) which lies north 
 of the United States. It comprises the Dominion of 
 Canada and Newfoundland. In a wider sense the name 
 includes also the Bermudas, British West Indies, Balize, 
 British Guiana, and the Falkland Islands. 
 
 British Baluchistan. A British chief commis- 
 sionership in Asia, formed in 1887 out of dis- 
 tricts in southeastern Afghanistan. 
 
 British Burma. See Burma. 
 
 British Central Africa. See C. A., British. 
 British Columbia. A province in the Domin- 
 ion of Canada, lying between Yukon and the 
 Northwest Territories north, Alberta east, 
 the United States south, and Alaska and the 
 Pacific Ocean west, in lat. 49°-60° N. The capi- 
 tal is Victoria. It includes Vancouver and Queen Char- 
 lotte islands. It has a lieutenant-governor and legislative 
 assembly, and sends 7 members to the Dominion House 
 of Commons, and 3 members to the Senate. Area, 355,- 
 855 square miles. Population, 392,480, (1911). 
 
 British East Africa. See East Africa, British. 
 British East Africa Company, Imperial. A 
 
 British commercial company, developed from 
 the British East Africa Association, and char- 
 tered in 1888. Its head was Sir William Mackinnon. 
 The territory of the company (about 200,000 square miles) 
 lay within the newly acquired British “sphere of in- 
 fluence” of East Africa, northeast of Victoria Nyanza. 
 The company had extended its operations into Uganda, 
 but in 1892 it decided to abandon that region, and in 1896 
 it surrendered its charter to the British government. 
 British Empire. A collective term for the 
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 
 with its colonies and dependencies. Area of 
 United Kingdom and islands, 121,391 square miles ; in (he 
 rest of Europe, 119 square miles ; in Asia, 1,938,967 square 
 miles ; in Africa, 2,187,275 square miles ; in America, 4,010,- 
 034 square miles : in Australasia, 3,190,168 square miles. 
 Grand total of British Empire: area, 11,447,964 square miles; 
 population, 419,401,371. 
 
 British Guiana. See Guiana. 
 
 British Honduras, or Balizo (ba-lez'). A 
 crown colony of Great Britain, lying between 
 Yucatan on the north, the Caribbean Sea on 
 the east, and Guatemala on the south and we6t. 
 Capital, Balize. It exports mahogany, logwood, etc. 
 It was settled by wood-cutters from Jamaica at the end of 
 the 17th century, and since 1870 has been a crown colony 
 of Great Britain. Area, 7,562 square miles. Pop., 43,270. 
 
 British India. See India. 
 
British Legion 
 
 British Legion. A body of British troops, com- 
 manded by Colonel Evans, which fought for 
 Queen Isabella of Spain against the Carlists, 
 in 1830. 
 
 British Museum. A celebrated museum at 
 Great Russell street, Bloomsbury, London, 
 founded in 1753. It contains collections of antiquities, 
 drawings, prints, and a library of 2,600,000 volumes, over 
 50,000 volumes of MSS., and 75’ 000 charters and rolls. The 
 growth of the Museum has been very rapid. Montagu 
 House W'as first employed in 1754 when room was needed 
 for Sir Hans Sloane’s library and collections, which were 
 bought for the nominal price of £ 20,000, being part of 
 the funds raised by a lottery. The collection was opened 
 to the public Jan. 15, 1759. The Harleian manuscripts, 
 the royal library presented in 1757, and 65,000 volumes 
 transferred by George IV., raised the library to a position 
 of great importance. The new building, designed by Sir 
 Robert Smirke and completed by his brother Sydney 
 Smirke, was begun soon after the beginning of the nine- 
 teenth century. In 1816 the Elgin marbles were bought 
 for the sum of ,£35,000. The first great Egyptian acqui- 
 sition consisted of the objects taken w ith the French army 
 in 1801. In 1802 the Rosetta Stone was deposited in the 
 Museum. Subsequently the collection of Sir Gardiner 
 Wilkinson was added. The Assyrian, Babylonian, coin, 
 and Greek vase collections are unquestionably the best 
 in any contemporary museum. The natural history col- 
 lections have been removed to the Museum of Natural 
 History at South Kensington. The main building, finished 
 in 1847, is in the Classic style. The annual increase of the 
 library is about 40,000 volumes. Modern English publi- 
 cations are added free of expense by a privilege, shared 
 with three universities, of receiving gratis a copy of every 
 copyrighted book. 
 
 British North Borneo. A British colonial pos- 
 session in the island of Borneo. It is a protec- 
 torate under the British North Borneo Company (charter 
 granted 1881). It produces tobacco, timber, rice, sago, 
 coiiee, gums, etc. The chief town is Sandakan. Area, 
 31,106 square miles. Population, 104,527. 
 
 British South Africa Company. A British 
 commercial company chartered in 1889 for the 
 exploitation of Matabeleland and the neighbor- 
 ing regions. The leader was Mr. Cecil Rhodes. The 
 company built Fort Salisbury, and developed Mashona- 
 land. Its territory was extended to include British Cen- 
 tral Africa (north of the Zambesi), with the exception of 
 Nyasaland. All this territory, now known as Rhodesia, is 
 administered by the British South Africa Company. In 
 1893 a Matabele rising under Lobengula w as suppressed. 
 
 Brito Freire (bre'to fra/re), Francisco de. 
 Born at Coruche, Alemtejo, about 1620 : died at 
 Lisbon, Nov. 8, 1692. A Portuguese admiral, 
 administrator, and historian. He was captain- 
 general of Pernambuco from 1661 to 1664, and wrote the 
 “Nova Lusitania,” an incomplete history of the wars be- 
 tween the Dutch and Portuguese in Brazil. 
 BritomartiS (brit-o-mar'tis). [Gr. VguTU/mprir, 
 the sweet maiden (?).] 1. In Greek mythol- 
 
 ogy, a Cretan divinity of hunters and fishermen. 
 The legends concerning her are various. According to 
 one, to escape from the pursuit of Minos she threw her- 
 seU among the fishermen’s nets in the sea, and was res- 
 cued and made a deity by Artemis. 
 
 2. In Spenser’s “Faerie Queene,” a female 
 knight, personifying chastity. 
 
 Britons (brit'onz). [ME. Britun, Brutun, etc., 
 OF. Breton, a Briton, usually a Breton or na- 
 tive of Brittany in France, from ML. Brito(n-), 
 pi. Britones, L. Britanni, Britons.] The natives 
 of Great Britain ; especially, the original Celtic 
 inhabitants of the island of Briton. 
 
 So lately as James the Second’s time, a BrUon still 
 meant a Welshman ; and we believe that, exactly a cen- 
 tury back, the famous declaration of George the Third that 
 he “gloried in tbe name,” not of Englishman, but “of 
 Briton,” was looked upon by many of his subjects as a 
 wicked machination of the Scotchman Bute. 
 
 Freeman, Hist. Essays, I. 165. 
 
 Brittany, or Britanny (brit'a-ni), F. Bretagne. 
 [From L. Britanni. See Britanni, Britain .] A 
 former government of France, capital Rennes, 
 the Roman Armorica. It is hounded by the English 
 Channel on the north, Normandy, Maine, and Anjou on the 
 east, Poitou on the south, and the ocean on the southwest 
 and west. It is traversed by hills and low mountains (the 
 Montagnes d’ArrCe, Montagues Noires, etc.), and is di- 
 vided into Basse-Bretagne in the west, aud Haute-Bre- 
 tagne in the east. It comprises five departments: 
 Finistbre, Cdtes-du-Nord, Morbihan, Ille-et- Vilaine, and 
 Loire-Inffirieure. The vernacular language is the Breton. 
 Brittany is noted for its megalithic monuments (dolmens, 
 menhirB, and cromlechs). A large part of the people are 
 sailors and fishermen. Brittany was inhabited by the Ve- 
 neti and other Gallic tribes, and formed a part of Lugdu- 
 nensis under the Romans. It received the name of Lesser 
 or Little Britain or Brittany (Britannia Minor; also Britan- 
 nia Cismarina) in allusion to the Greater Britain across 
 the Channel, from which it received colonists (from Corn- 
 wall) driven out by the Anglo Saxons. The Frankish 
 kings failed to retain a permanent hold on the country. 
 In the 9.h century it became independent, and was ruled 
 by counts and dukes. In the 12th century it passed by 
 marriage to Geoffrey, sou of Henry II. of England. 
 In 1204 it became a fief of France, and soon after passed 
 under the rule of dukes of the Dreux family. It was 
 united to France by the marriages of Anne (heiress of 
 Brittany) with Charles VIII. of France in 1491, and with 
 Louis XII. in 1409. It was finally incorporated with 
 France in 1532. During the Revolution and later it was 
 a center of royalist feeling. Compare Cheman. 
 
 185 
 
 Brittle (brit'l), Barnaby. The husband of 
 Mi-s. Brittle in Betterton’s play “ The Amorous 
 Widow,” a sort of George Dandin: played by 
 Charles Macklin at Covent Garden. 
 
 Brittle, Mrs. A character in Betterton’s play 
 “The Amorous Widow.” It was chosen by Mrs. 
 Bracegirdle and Mrs. Oldfield as a test of their popularity 
 with the public and superiority of method. 
 
 Britton. An early summary of English law, 
 written in French, probably in the 13th century. 
 A MS. is in existence. It was first printed in London about 
 1530. Seldeu and others thought it an abridgment of 
 Bracton. 
 
 Britton (brit'n), Colonel. The lover of Isa- 
 bella in Mrs. Centlivre’s comedy “ The Wonder, 
 a Woman keeps a Secret.” It is to keep the 
 secret of Colonel Britton and Isabella that Vio- 
 lante nearly loses her own lover. 
 
 Britton, John. Born at Kingston-St. -Michael, 
 Wiltshire, England, July 7, 1771: died at Lon- 
 don, Jan. 1, 1857. An English antiquary. His 
 works include "The Beauties of Wiltshire" (1801-25), 
 “Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain" (1805-26), 
 “Cathedral Antiquities of England ” (1814-35), etc. 
 
 Brive, or Brives (brev), or Brives-la-Gail- 
 
 larde (brev'la-ga-yard'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Correze, France, situated on the 
 Corr&ze in lat. 45° 9' N., long. 1° 35' E. it has 
 an important trade in truffles. It is the birthplace of 
 Cardinal Dubois and Marshal Brune. Population, com- 
 mune, 20,636. 
 
 Brixen (briks'en), It. Bressanone (bres-sa-no'- 
 ne). A town in Tyrol, Austria-Hungary, situ- 
 ated on the Eisak 40 miles south of Innsbruck. 
 It is an important strategic point, and was the capital of 
 an ecclesiastical principality till 1803. Population, 
 6,551, (1910). 
 
 Brixham (briks'am). A seaport and watering- 
 place in Devonshire, England, 23 miles south 
 of Exeter, on the English Channel. Popula- 
 tion, 8,029. 
 
 Brizeux (bre-ze'), Julien Auguste Felage. 
 
 Born at Lorient, Sept. 12, 1805: died at Mont- 
 pellier, May, 1858. A French idyllic poet. His 
 works include “ Marie,” “ La fleur d’or," 
 “ Primel et Nola,” “ Le Tolen Arvor,” etc. 
 Broach (broch), or Bharuch (bha-roch'j. A 
 district in the northern division, Bombay, 
 British India. Area, 1,467 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 291,763. 
 
 Broach. The capital of Broach district, Brit- 
 ish India, situated on the Nerbudda 30 miles 
 from its mouth. It was stormed by the British 
 in 1772 and in 1803. Population, 42,896. 
 Broad Bottom Administration. In British 
 history, an epithet given to the Pelham admin- 
 istration (1744-54), because it wa3 formed by a 
 coalition of parties. 
 
 Broad River. A river in North and South Car- 
 olina which rises in the Blue Ridge, uniting at 
 Columbia with the Saluda to form the Conga- 
 ree. Length, over 200 miles. 
 
 Broadstairs (brad'starz). A watering-place in 
 Kent, England, 16 miles east-northeast of Can- 
 terbury. Population, 6,466. 
 
 Broadway (brad-wa'). The principal business 
 street of Naw York, extending from Bowling 
 Green northward to Spuyten Duyvil Creek. 
 It crosses, diagonally, Fifth avenue at Twenty-third 
 street, Sixth avenue at Thirty-fourth street, and Seventh 
 avenue at Forty-third street. From the Central Park, 
 Eighth avenue and Fifty-ninth street, its continuation 
 to One Hundred and Fifty-fifth street follows mostly the 
 old Bloomingdale road, and is called the Boulevard. From 
 One Hundred and Seventh street it is identical with 
 Eleventh avenue. 
 
 Brobdingnag (brob'ding-nag), or Brobdignag 
 
 ( brob'dig-nag). A country described in Swift’s 
 “Gulliver’s Travels,” famous for the gigantic 
 size of the inhabitants and of all objects. 
 Brock (brok), Sir Isaac. Born in Guernsey, 
 Oct. 6, 1769: killed at Queenstown, Canada, Oct. 
 13,1812. A British major-general. He captured 
 General Hull's army at Detroit, Aug. 10, 1812. For this 
 exploit he was knighted. 
 
 Brocken ( brok' en) , or Blocksberg (bloks'berG) . 
 The chief summit of the Harz Mountains, and 
 the highest mountain in northern Germany, 
 situated in the province of Saxony, Prussia, in 
 lat. 51° 48' N., long. 1(P 26' E. : the Roman Mons 
 Bructerus. It is the traditional meeting-place of the 
 witches on Walpurgis Night, and is famous for the opti- 
 cal phenomenon called the “specter of the Brocken." 
 Height, 3,745 feet. 
 
 Brockhaus (brok'hous), Friedrich Arnold. 
 
 Bom at Dortmund, Germany, May 4, 1772 : died 
 at Leipsic, Aug. 20, 1823. A German publisher, 
 the founder of the firm of F. A. Brockhaus 
 at Leipsie. He purchased the copyright of the 
 “ Conversations-Lexikon ” iu 1808. 
 
 Brockhaus, Hermann. Bom at Amsterdam, 
 Jan. 28, 1806: died at Leipsic, Jan. 5, 1877. A 
 
 Broglie, Comte Victor Maurice de 
 
 German Orientalist, son of Friedrich Arnold 
 Brockhaus. He was the editor of Ersch and Gruber’s 
 “ AUgemeine Encyklopatlie” after 1856, aud also of vari- 
 ous Persian and Sanskrit works. 
 
 Brockton (brok'ton). A city in Plymouth 
 County, Massachusetts, 20 miles south of Bos- 
 ton. It has manufactures of boots and shoes. 
 Formerly called North Bridgewater. Popula- 
 tion, 56,878, (1910). 
 
 Brockville (brok'vil). A town and port of 
 entry in Ontario, Canada, situated on the St. 
 Lawrence in lat. 44° 34' N., long. 75° 45' W. 
 Population, 9,374, (1911). 
 
 Broderip (brod'rip), William John. Born at 
 Bristol, England, Nov. 21, 1789: died at London, 
 Feb. 27, 1859. An English lawyer and natural- 
 ist, secretary of the Geological Society. He was 
 the author of numerous scientific books and papers, in- 
 cluding zoological articles in the “Penny Cyclopiedia,” 
 “English Cyclopaedia," and “Proceedings and Transac- 
 tions of the Zoological Society " ; also “ Zoological Recre- 
 ations ”(1847), “Leaves from the Note Book of a Natu- 
 ralist ” (1852), etc. 
 
 Brodhead (brod'hed), John Romeyn. Bom 
 
 at Philadelphia, Jan. 2, 1814: died at New 
 York, May 6, 1873. An American historian. 
 He wrote “History of the State of New York” 
 (1853, 1871). 
 
 Brodie (bro'di), Sir Benjamin Collins. Born 
 at Winterslow, Wilts, England, June 9, 1783 : 
 died at Broome Park, Surrey, England, Oct. 21, 
 1862. An eminent English surgeon, surgeon 
 to St. George’s Hospital (1822). His works in- 
 clude “ Pathological and Surgical Observations on the 
 Diseases of the Joints" (1818), “Psychological Inquiries ” 
 (1854-62), etc. 
 
 Brody (bro'di). A town in the crownland of 
 Galicia, Austria-Hungary, in lat. 50° 8' N., long. 
 25° 9' E. : an important trading center. Its in- 
 habitants are in great part Hebrews (hence its nick- 
 name “ the German Jerusalem ”). It was a free commer- 
 cial city 1779-1879. Population, commune, 18,055, (1910). 
 
 Brodzinski (brod-zins'ke) ; Kazimierz. Born 
 at Krolowka, near Bochnia, Galicia, March 8, 
 1791 : died at Dresden, Oct. 10, 1835. A Polish 
 soldier, poet, and scholar, professor of esthetics 
 at the University of Warsaw. He served in the 
 Russian campaign of 1812 and in the campaign of 1813, 
 and was taken prisoner at the battle of Leipsic. His com- 
 plete works were published 1842-44. 
 
 Broek (brok). A small town in the province 
 of North Holland, Netherlands, 7 miles north- 
 east of Amsterdam: famous for its neatness. 
 Broekhuizen (brok'hoi-zen), Jan van, Latin- 
 ized Broukhusius, Janus. Born at Amster- 
 dam, Nov. 20, 1649 : died near Amsterdam, Dee. 
 15, 1707. A Dutch poet and classical scholar. 
 He edited “Propertius” (1702), “Tibullus” 
 (1707), and publishedLatin poems (“Carmina,” 
 1684). 
 
 Brofferio (brof-fa're-o), Angelo. Bom at Cas- 
 telnuovo, near Asti, Italy, Dec. 24, 1802 : died at 
 Verbanella, near Lago Maggiore, Italy, May 26, 
 1866. An Italian poet and publicist. His works 
 include “ Canzoni Piemontesi - (6th ed. 1858), dramas, a 
 history of Piedmont (1849-52), etc. 
 
 Broglie (broly'), Achille diaries Leonce 
 Victor, Due de. Born at Paris, Nov. 28, 1785: 
 died at Paris, Jan. 25, 1870. A French states- 
 man and peer of Prance, a son of Claude Victor, 
 Prince de Broglie. He was minister of the interior 
 and of public worship and instruction 1830, and minister 
 of foreign affairs Oct., 1832, -April, 1834, and Nov., 1834, -Feb., 
 1836. He married (1816) Albertine, daughter of Madame 
 de Stael. 
 
 Broglie, Duchesse de (Albertine Ida Gusta- 
 vine de Stael). Bom at Paris, 1797 : died Sept. 
 22, 1838. Daughter of Madame de Stael, and 
 wife of Achille Charles Leonce Victor de Bro- 
 glie. She wrote moral and religious essays, collected 
 after her death under the title of “ Fragments sur divers 
 sujets de religion et de morale " (1840). 
 
 Broglie, Claude Victor, Prince de. Born at 
 Paris, 1757 : died at Paris, June 27, 1794. A 
 French politician, son of Victor Francois do 
 Broglie. He was president of the Constituent Assembly 
 in 1791, and afterward became adjutant-general in the army 
 of the Rhine. Having refused to recognize the decree of 
 Aug. 10, 1792, he was sent to the guillotine by the revo- 
 lutionary tribunal. 
 
 Broglie, Francois Marie, first Due de. Born 
 at Paris, Jan. II, 1671: died at Broglie, France, 
 May 22, 1745. A marshal of France, son of 
 Comte Victor Maurice de Broglie. 
 
 Broglie, Jacques Victor Albert, Due de. Born 
 1821: died Jan. 19, 1901. A French statesman, 
 publicist, and historian, son of Achille Charles 
 L6once Victor de Broglie. He was ambassador to 
 London in 1871, and premier 1873-74 and 1877. Ilis chief 
 work is “L’Eglise et {’empire romain au 4° sifecle ” (1866). 
 
 Broglie, Comte Victor Maurice de. Born 
 1639 : died Aug. 4, 1727. A marshal of France, 
 distinguished in the wars of Louis XIV. 
 
Broglie, Victor Francois, Due de 
 
 Broglie, Victor Francois, Due de. Born Oct. 
 19, 1718: died at Munster, Germany, March 29, 
 1804. A marshal of France, son of Francois 
 Marie de Broglie. He fought in the Seven Years' 
 War, at Hastenbeck and Rossbach, commanded at the 
 battle of Bergen, 1759, and was appointed minister of war 
 by Louis XVI. At the outbreak of the Revolution, 1789, 
 he was in command of the troops stationed at Paris for 
 the maintenance of order, but their adoption of the cause 
 of the Revolution led him to emigrate about 1790. He 
 commanded a body of emigrants in the campaign of 1792, 
 organized a corps of emigrants for the English service in 
 1794, and on the dissolution of this corps joined the Rus- 
 sian service in 1797. 
 
 Brogni (brdn'ye), Jean Allarmet de. Born at 
 Brogni, Savoy, 1342: died at Rome, Feb. 16, 
 1426. An eminent French cardinal. He was 
 president of the Council of Constance, 1415-17, and as such 
 pronounced the sentence of the council upon John Huss. 
 
 Brohan(br5-on'), Augustine Suzanne. Bom 
 
 atParis, Jan. 29, 1807 : died Aug. 17, 1887. Anoted 
 French actress, known on the stage as Suzanne. 
 She made her first appearance on the stage as Dorine in 
 “ Tartufe.” She was a soeidtaire of the Oomtdie Fran- 
 Qaise, and was an extremely graceful, adroit, and original 
 actress, but ill health compelled her to retire at thirty-five. 
 
 Brohan, Emilie Madeleine. Born at. Paris, 
 Oct. 21, 1833: died there, Feb. 25, 1900. A 
 French actress, known on the stage as Made- 
 leine : the younger daughter of SuzanneBrohan. 
 fthe married Mario Uchard in 1854, from whom she was 
 divorced in 1884. She was a beautiful, finished, and co- 
 quettish actress. She retired from the stage iu 1886. 
 
 Brolian, Josephine F61icit6 Augustine. Born 
 Dee. 2, 1824: died Feb. 16, 1893. A French ac- 
 tress and dramatic writer, known on the stage 
 as Augustine. She was the daughter of Suzanne Bro- 
 han, and was a remarkably versatile and brilliant actress. 
 She succeeded Rachel at the Conservatoire, and retired in 
 1866. She married M. Gheest, Belgian minister to France. 
 
 Broke (bruk), Sir Philip Bowes Vere. Born 
 at Broke Hall, near Ipswich, England, Sept. 9, 
 1776: died at London, Jan. 2, 1841. A British 
 rear-admiral. He was educated at the Royal Naval 
 Academy in Portsmouth Dockyard ; became a commander 
 in 1799, and a captain in 1801 ; and was appointed to com- 
 mand the frigate Shannon in 1806. While cruising off 
 Boston, he sent a challenge to Captain Lawrence of the 
 American frigate Chesapeake to fight an engagement. 
 The Chesapeake, which stood out to sea before the chal- 
 lenge could be delivered, was captured after an engage- 
 ment of fifteen minutes, June 1, 1813. 
 
 Broken Heart, The. A tragedy by Ford, acted 
 at Blackfriars in 1629, printed in 1633. 
 Bromberg (brom'bei-G), Pol. Bydgoszcz (bid'- 
 gosbeb). A city in the province of Posen, Prus- 
 sia, situated on the Brahe, and on the canal 
 between the Oder and Vistula, in lat. 53° 9' N., 
 long. 18° E. It is a commercially important 
 place. Population, commune, 54,231. 
 Bromberg. A governmental district in the 
 province of Posen, Prussia. Population, 
 718,164. 
 
 Brome (brom), Alexander. Born in 1620 : died 
 June 30, 1666. An English attorney and royal- 
 ist poet. He wrote “ Songs and Poems " (1661 : second, 
 enlarged edition 1664), and a comedy, “ The Cunning 
 Lovers ” (1654). He edited two volumes of Prichard Brome’s 
 plays, but is not known to be related to him. 
 
 Brome, Richard. Died 1652 (?). An English 
 dramatist, in his early years the servant of Ben 
 Jonson. Of his life and death little is known. Among 
 his numerous plays are “The City Wit, or the Woman 
 Wears the Breeches,” “ The Northern Lass "(printed 1632), 
 “The Sparagus Garden” (acted 16.15, printed 1640), “The 
 Antipodes” (acted 1638, printed 1640), “A Jovial Crew, 
 or the Merry Beggars ” (acted 1641, printed 1652). 
 Bromia (bro'mi-a). The scolding, ill-tempered 
 wife of Sosia, who is slave of Amphitryon, in 
 Dryden’s “Amphitryon.” 
 
 Bromley (brumTi). A town in Kent, England, 
 10 miles southeast of London. Near it are Hayes 
 Place and Chiselhurst. Population, 27,354. 
 Brompton (bromp'ton). A district of London, 
 S. W. It lies between Kensington and Pimlico, 
 south of Hyde Park. The South Kensington 
 Museum is in Brompton. 
 
 Bromsebro (brem'se-bro). A village in the liin 
 of Kalmar, Sweden. Here, Aug., 1645, a treaty was 
 concluded between Sweden and Denmark, by which the 
 latter renounced Jemtland, the island of Gothland, etc. 
 Bromsgrove (bromz'grov). A manufacturing 
 town in Worcestershire, England, 12 miles 
 southwest of Birmingham. Population, 
 8,418, 
 
 Brondsted (bren'sted), Peter Olaf. Born at 
 Fruering, near Horsens, in Jutland, Nov. 17, 
 1780: died at Copenhagen, June 26, 1842. A 
 noted Danish archteologist, professor in the 
 University of Copenhagen. 
 
 Brongniaft (broh-nyar'), Adolphe Theo- 
 dore. Born at Paris, Jan. 14, 1801 : died at 
 Paris, Feb. 19, 1876. A French botanist, son of 
 Alexandre Brongniart, professor at the Jardin 
 
 186 
 
 des Plantes. He wrote “Essai d'une classification na- 
 turelle des champignons ” (1825), “ Histoire des veg(:taux 
 fossiles" (1828), “Prodrome d'une histoire des vdgdtaux 
 fossiles " (1828), “ Mfcmoire sur la structure etles fonctions 
 des feuilles ” (1871), etc. 
 
 Brongniart, Alexandre. Born at Paris, Feb. 
 5, 1770: died there, Oct. 7, 1847. A noted 
 French mineralogist, chemist, and geologist, 
 son cf Alexandre Theodore Brongniart. He be- 
 came professor of natural history at the Ecole Centrale de 
 Quatre Nations in 1797 ; professor of mineralogy at the 
 Museum of Natural History at Paris in 1822 ; and director 
 of the porcelain manufactory at Sfevres in 1800 . He wrote 
 “Essai d’une classification naturelle des reptiles” (1805), 
 “Traite elementaire de mindralogie ’’ (1807), “Traits des 
 arts ceramiques, etc.” (1844^5), etc. 
 
 Bronte (bron'te), Anne: pseudonym Acton 
 Bell. Born at Thornton, Yorkshire, England, 
 1820 : died at Scarborough, England, May 28, 
 1849. An English novelist and poet, sister of 
 Charlotte Bronte. She wrote “Agnes Grey” (1847), 
 “ The Tenant of Wildf ell Hall ” (1848), and “ Poems " (1846, 
 by “Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell”). 
 
 Bronte, Charlotte (later Mrs. Nicholls): pseu- 
 donym Currer Bell. Bom at Thornton, York- 
 shire, England, April 21, 1816 : died at Haworth, 
 Yorkshire, England, March 31, 1855. A famous 
 English novelist. She was the daughter of Patrick 
 Bronte, curate of Thornton and later of Haworth, with 
 whom most of her life was spent. She wrote “Jane 
 Eyre "(1847), “Shirley” (1849), “Villette” (1853), “The 
 Prof essor " (1855), and published poems (1846) conjointly 
 with “Ellis ” and “Acton Bell.” 
 
 Bronte, Emily: pseudonym Ellis Bell, Born 
 at Thornton, Yorkshire, England, 1818: died at 
 Haworth, England, Dec. 19, 1848. An English 
 novelist and poet, sister of Charlotte Bronte. 
 She was the author of “Wuthering Heights” (1846), and 
 “ Poems ” (with her sisters). 
 
 Bronte (bron'te). A town in the province of 
 Catania, Sicily, situated at the western base 
 of Mount Etna 20 miles northwest of Catania. 
 Population, 20,366. 
 
 Bronte, Duke of. A title of Lord Nelson. 
 
 Brontes (bron'tez). [Gr. Bpovrr/c.] One of the 
 Cyclopes (which see). 
 
 Brooch of Vulcan, The. A name given to 
 Chaucer’s “Complaint of Mars.” 
 
 Brook (bruk), Master. The name assumed by 
 Ford, in Shakspere’s “Merry Wives of Wind- 
 sor,” for the purpose of fooling Falstaff, who is 
 in love with Mrs. Ford and reports progress to 
 Master Brook. 
 
 Brooke, or Broke (bruk), Arthur. Died 1563. 
 An Euglish writer, author of “ The Tragical His- 
 tory of Romeus and Juliett” (published 1562), 
 translated from a French version of the work 
 of Bandello. From this book the plot of Shak- 
 spere’s “Romeo and Juliet” was taken. 
 
 Brooke, Celia. The sister of Dorothea in 
 George Eliot’s novel “Middlemarch.” She is a 
 pretty, practical girl whose common sense protests against 
 the somewhat ideal philanthropy of Dorothea. 
 
 Brooke, Dorothea. The heroine of George 
 Eliot’s novel “ Middlemarch.” She has a passionate 
 ideal nature which demands expression in work which 
 shall be of permanent benefit to others. She mistakenly 
 marries a dried-up pedant, Casaubon, who hinders instead 
 of helps her, and after his death abandons her high but 
 vague ideal and marries a man who only satisfies the com- 
 mon yearning of womanhood. She sinks into a happy ob- 
 scurity with all her rare gifts unused. See Casaubon and 
 Ladislaw. 
 
 Brooke, Mrs. (Frances Moore). Born 1724 : 
 died at Sleaford, Lincolnshire, Jan. 23 (26?), 
 1789. An English novelist, poet, and dramatist. 
 She was the wife of Rev. John Brooke, D. D., rector of 
 Colney, Norfolk, and chaplain to the garrison at Quebec, 
 where they for a time resided. Her works include “The 
 History of Lady Julia Mandeville ” (1763), “History of 
 Emily Montagu ” (1769), “ The Excursion ’’ (1777), etc. 
 
 Brooke, Henry. Died Jan. 24, 1619. The tenth 
 Lord Cobham, tried and convicted (1603) with 
 Raleigh and others on the charge of conspiring 
 to place Arabella Stuart on the throne. He was 
 led to the scaffold, but was reprieved and sent to the 
 Tower, where he remained till 1617. It is said that he 
 died in poverty at the house of his laundress. 
 
 Brooke, Henry. Born at Rantavan, County 
 Cavan, Ireland, about 1703: died at Dublin, 
 Oct. 10, 1783. An Irish novelist, dramatist, and 
 poet. He wrote “The Fool of Quality” (a novel, 
 1766-68), “Gustavus Vasa” (drama, 1739), etc. 
 
 Brooke, Sir James, Rajah of Sarawak. Born 
 at Benares, April 29, 1803: died at Burrator, 
 Devonshire, England, June 11, 1868. An Eng- 
 lish adventurer. He was rajah of Sarawak, Borneo, 
 1841-63, and governor of Labuan under the British govern- 
 ment 1848-52 ; and suppressed piracy in the East Indian 
 archipelago. 
 
 Brooke, Stopford Augustus. Born at Letter- 
 kenny, County Donegal, Ireland, Nov. 14, 
 1832. An English clergyman and writer. He 
 was minister of St. James’s Chapel, York Street, 1866-75 ; 
 minister of Bedford Chapel, Bloomsbury, until 1894 ; and 
 chaplain in ordinary to the queen in 1872. In 18S0 he left 
 
 Brooks, William Thomas Harbaugh 
 
 the Church of England in order to join the Unitarians. 
 He has written “ Sermons Preached in St. James's Chapel " 
 (1868), “Christ in Modern Life” (1872), “Theology in the 
 English Poets, — Cowper, Coleridge, Wordsworth, and 
 Bums ” (1874), “ Sermons Preached in St. James’s Chapel, 
 Second Series ” (1874), “English Literature” (1876, etc.), 
 “Milton" (1879), “Poetry of Robert Browning" (1902), 
 “Ten Plays of Shakespeare” (1905), etc. 
 
 Brook Farm. A farm at West Roxbury, near 
 Boston, Massachusetts, the scene of an ex- 
 periment in agriculture and education by the 
 “Brook Farm Association,” of which the chief 
 founders (1841) were Ripley, Hawthorne, C. A. 
 Dana, and Others. Fourierism was introduced in 
 
 1844, the “Brook Farm Phalanx" was incorporated in 
 
 1845, and the organization dissolved in 1847. 
 
 Brookline (bruk'lin). A town in Norfolk 
 County, Massachusetts, 3 miles southwest of 
 Boston. Population, 27,792, (1910). 
 
 Brooklyn (bruk'lin). One of the boroughs of 
 the new municipality of New York, situated at 
 the western extremity of Long Island, on the 
 East River and New York Bay, in lat. 40° 42' N., 
 long. 73° 59' W. (See New York.) its business 
 interests have always been largely connected with those of 
 New York. It is called the “City of Churches” (among 
 them are St. Ann’s, Holy Trinity, St. Paul’s, Plymouth 
 Church, Church of the Pilgrims, St Augustine). It has 
 large docks and basins (Erie, Atlantic Dock, etc.), and con- 
 tains a United States navy-yard. Brooklyn was settled 
 about 1637, and was at first called Breukelen. It was the 
 scene of the battle of Long Island (1776). It was incorpor- 
 ated in 1834. Williamsburg and Bushwick were annexed 
 in 1855. Population, borough, 1,634,351, (1910). 
 
 Brooklyn Bridge. A large suspension-bridge 
 over the East River, uniting the boroughs of 
 Manhattan and Brooklyn in New York city. 
 The preliminary work was begun in 1867, and the bridge 
 was completed in 1884. The bridge crosses the river by a 
 single span 1,596) feet long and 135 feet above high water 
 in the middle, suspended from two massive piers on the op- 
 posite sides. The piers measure 59 by 140 feet at the water- 
 level, and 40 by 120 feet at the summit, and are 277 feet 
 high. Beyond the piers, on both banks, the bridge is con- 
 tinued on an easy incline, partly suspended and partly of 
 masonry arches and steel trusses, until the street-level is 
 reached. Tlie total length is 5,989 feet. There are four main 
 cables of steel wires, each 151 inches in diameter. The 
 width of the bridge is 85 feet, which is subdivided into two 
 drivewaysand two railway-tracks, between which is a prom- 
 enade for pedestrians. It was planned and constructed by 
 the Roeblings. 
 
 Brooks (bruks), Charles William Shirley. 
 
 Born at London, April 29, 1816: died at Lon- 
 don, Feb. 23, 1874. An English novelist, jour- 
 nalist, and miscellaneous writer. He was a contrib- 
 utor to “ Punch ’’ after 1851, and its editor after 1870. His 
 chief works are “The Creole, or Love’s Fetters” (acted 
 1847), and the novels “Aspen Court ” (1855). “ The Gordian 
 Knot”(1860), “ The Silver Cord ” (1861), “ Sooner or Later ” 
 (1868). 
 
 Brooks, Charles Timothy. Born at Salem, 
 Mass., June 20, 1813: died at Newport, R. I., 
 June 14, 1883. An American Unitarian clergy- 
 man and author, noted chiefly as a translator 
 from the German. 
 
 Brooks, James Gordon. Born at Claverack, 
 N. Y., Sept. 3, 1801: died at Albany, N. Y., 
 Feb. 20, 1841. An American poet and journal- 
 ist. He married Miss Mary Elizabeth Aiken (pseudo- 
 nym “Norna")in 1828, together with whom he published a 
 volume of poems entitled “ The Rivals of Este, and other 
 Poems ” (1829). 
 
 Brooks, John. Bom at Medford, Mass., May 
 31, 1752 : died March 1, 1825. An American 
 Revolutionary officer and politician. He carried 
 the German intrenchments in the battle of Saratoga. 
 From 1817-23 he was governor of Massachusetts. 
 
 Brooks, Mrs. (Maria Gowen). Born at Med- 
 ford, Mass., about 1795: died at Matanzas, 
 Cuba, Nov. 11, 1845. An American poet, au- 
 thor of “Zophiel, or the Bride of Seven” 
 (1825), etc. She was known as Maria del Occi- 
 dente, a sobriquet given her by Southey. 
 Brooks, Phillips. Born at Boston, Dec. 13, 
 1835 : died there, Jan. 23, 1893. A bishop of 
 the Episcopal Church, and noted pulpit orator. 
 He was graduated at Harvard College in 1855, and at the 
 Episcopal Seminary at Alexandria, Virginia, in 1859; became 
 rectorof theChurcli of the Advent, Philadelphia, in 1859, of 
 the Church of the Holy Trinity in the same city in 1861, 
 and of Trinity Church, Boston, in 1869 ; and was elected 
 bishop of the Episcopal diocese of Massachusetts in 1891. 
 
 Brooks, Preston S m ith. Born in Edgefield 
 County, S. C., Aug. 4, 1819: died at Washing- 
 ton, D. C., Jan. 27, 1857. An American poli- 
 tician, notorious from his assault on Charles 
 Sumner in the senate-chamber at Washington, 
 May 22, 1856. Ho was a member of Congress 
 from South Carolina 1853-57. 
 
 Brooks, William Thomas Harbaugh. Bom 
 at New Lisbon, Ohio, Jan. 28, 1821 : died at 
 Huntsville, Ala., July 19, 1870. An American 
 soldier. He became brigadier-general of volunteers in 
 the Federal army in 1861, was commander of the depart- 
 ment of the Monongahela 1863-64, and led the 10th army 
 corps at Swift’s Creek, Drury’s Bluff, Bermuda Hundred, 
 Cold Harbor, and Petersburg. 
 
Brooks’s 
 
 Brooks’s (bruk'sez). A London club (Con- 
 servative) established in 1764 by the Duke of 
 Roxborough, the Duke of Portland, and others. 
 It was formerly a gaming-house kept by Almack, and af- 
 terward by “Brooks, a wine merchant and money-lender,” 
 for whom it was named. 
 
 Brooks of Sheffield. The imaginary person 
 named by Mr. Murdstone when speaking of 
 David Copperfield, in his presence. Hence fre- 
 quently used for some person spoken of whose name it 
 is not convenient to mention. 
 
 “Quinion,” said Mr. Murdstone, “take care, if you 
 please. Somebody ’s sharp.” “Who is?” asked the gen- 
 tleman, laughing. X looked up quickly, being curious to 
 know. “ Only Brooks of Sheffield,” said Mr. Murdstone. 
 I was quite relieved to find it was "only Brooks of Shef- 
 field ; for at first I really thought it was I. 
 
 Dickens, David Copperfield, ii. 
 
 Broome (brom), William. Born at Hasling- 
 ton, Cheshire, England, May, 1689: died at 
 Bath, England, Nov. 16, 1745. An English poet 
 and divine. He assisted, as an accomplished Greek 
 scholar, in Pope’s translation of Homer. Having remained 
 silent in respect t< the indictment of Pope’s originality 
 implied in the following couplet by Henley, 
 
 “Pope came off clean with Homer ; but they say 
 Broome went before, and kindly swept the way,” 
 
 he was given a place in the “ Dunciad,” 
 
 “Hibernian politics, O Swift, thy doom, 
 
 And Pope's, translating four whole years with Broome,” 
 which was altered, after a reconciliation had taken place, 
 to 
 
 “ Thy fate, 
 
 And Pope’s, ten years to comment and translate.” 
 
 Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Broseley (brdz'li). A town in Shropshire, 
 western England, situated on the Severn 13 
 miles southeast of Shrewsbury. Population, 
 3,916. 
 
 Brosses, de. See Debrosses. 
 
 Brothers (bruTH'erz), Richard. Born at Pla- 
 centia, Newfoundland, Dec. 25, 1757 : died at 
 London, Jan. 25, 1824. An English religious 
 enthusiast and prophet. He was a naval officer (lieu- 
 tenant), discharged on half pay in 1783. He prophesied, 
 among other things, that the destruction of the world 
 would take place in 1795, and that complete restoration of 
 the Jews would take place in 1798, with himself as ruler 
 at Jerusalem. He was finally placed in confinement as a 
 lunatic. He wrote “A Revealed Knowledge of the 
 Prophecies and Times ” (1794), etc. 
 
 Brothers, The. 1. S ee Adelphi. — 2. A play by 
 Shirley, licensed in 1626. — 3. A tragedy by Ed- 
 ward Young, produced in 1752. — 4. A comedy 
 by Richard Cumberland, produced in 1769. 
 Brothers, The. A political club of wits and 
 statesmen established in London in 1713. Swift 
 was treasurer of this club. In 1714 it was merged in the 
 Scriblerus Club (which see). 
 
 Brother Sam. A comedy by John Oxenford 
 from a German play by Gomer, altered by 
 E. A. Sothem and J. B. Buckstone, produced 
 in 1874. Brother Sam is the brother of Lord Dundreary, 
 and the part was written for Sothern. The play is a sort 
 of sequel to “Our American Cousin.” 
 
 Brouckdre (bro-kar'), Charles Marie Joseph 
 Ghislaill de. Born at Bruges, Belgium, Jan. 18, 
 1796 : died April 20, 1860. A Belgian politi- 
 cian, minister of war 1831-32. 
 
 Brouckfcre, Henri Marie Joseph Ghislain de. 
 Bom at Bruges, Belgium, 1801 : died at Brus- 
 sels, Jan. 25, 1891. A Belgian statesman, bro- 
 ther of the preceding, premier and minister of 
 foreign a’ffairs 1852-55. 
 
 Brougham (bro'am or brom; orig. Sc., broch'- 
 am), Henry Peter (Baron Brougham and 
 Vaux). Bom at Edinburgh, Sept. 19, 1778: 
 died at Cannes, France, May 7, 1868. A cele- 
 brated British statesman, orator, jurist, and 
 scientist. He was one of the founders of the “Edin- 
 burgh Review ” in 1802 ; entered Parliament in 1810; 
 was counsel for Queen Caroline 1820-21 ; and was lord 
 chanceUor of England 1830-34. 
 
 Brougham, John. Bom at Dublin, Ireland, 
 May 9, 1814 : died at New York, June 7, 1880. 
 An Irish-American actor and playwright 
 Broughton, Baron. See ffobhouse. 
 Broughton (bra'ton), Hugh. Born at Owl- 
 bury, parish of Bishop’s Castle, Shropshire, 
 England, 1549 : died at London, Aug. 4, 1612. 
 An English divine and rabbinical scholar, ne 
 published a Scripture chronology and genealogy, entitled 
 “AConcentof Scripture” (1688), and an “Explication of 
 the Article of Christ’s Descent into Hell ’ (1599), in which 
 he maintains that hades never means a place of torment, 
 but the state of departed souls. He was satirized by Ben 
 Jonson in "Volpone ’’ (1605) and the “Alchemist" (1610). 
 Works edited by high tfoot (1662). 
 
 Broughton, Rhoda. Born at Segrwyd Hall, 
 Denbighshire, Wales, Nov. 29, 1840. An Eng- 
 lish novelist. She has written “Cometh up as 
 a Flower” (1867), “Red as a Rose is She” 
 (1870), “Nancy” (1873), etc. 
 
 187 
 
 Broughton, Thomas. Born at London, July 5, 
 1704: died at Bedminster, England, Dec. 21, 
 1774. An English divine and miscellaneous 
 writer. He wrote the lives marked “ T ” in the original 
 edition of the “Biographia Britannica,” was the author of 
 “ An Historical Dictionary of all Religions from the Crea- 
 tion of the World to the Present Time” (1742), and fur- 
 nished the words to the musical drama “Hercules,” by 
 Handel. 
 
 Broukhusius, Janus. See Broekhuisen, Jan 
 van. 
 
 Broussa. See Brusa. 
 
 Brousson (bro-son'), Claude. Born atNimes, 
 France, 1&47 : died at Montpellier, France, Nov. 
 4, 1698. A French Protestant theologian and 
 jurist, put to death ostensibly for political rea- 
 sons. He wrote “ L’15tat des r^formbs de France ” (1684), 
 “ Lettres au clergd de France ” (1685), “Lettres aux Cath- 
 oliques Romains ” (1689), etc. 
 
 Broussonnet (bro-so-na'), Pierre Marie Au- 
 guste. Born at Montpellier, France, Feb. 28, 
 1761: died at Montpellier, July 27, 1807. A 
 French physician and naturalist, best known 
 as a botanist. 
 
 Brouwer, or Brauwer (brou'er), Adrian. 
 Born at Oudenarde about 1606 ('?): died at 
 Antwerp, Jan., 1638. A painter of the Flemish 
 school. His chief works are at Munich and Dresden. 
 He studied in France, and died in the hospital at Ant- 
 werp. The subjects of Brouwer are similar to those of 
 Teniers, whom he resembles, although a much stronger 
 and more skilful master. Next to Hals he was the 
 greatest technician of his time. 
 
 Browdie (brou'di), John. A big, good-natured 
 Yorkshireman in Charles Dickens’s “Nicholas 
 Nickleby.” He marries Matilda Price. See 
 Price, Matilda. 
 
 Brown (broun), Benjamin Gratz. Bom at 
 
 Lexington, Ky., May 28, 1826 : died at St. Louis, 
 Dec. 13, 1885. An American politician and 
 j ournalist. He was United States senator from Missouri 
 1863-67 ; governor of Missouri 1871-72 ; and unsuccessful 
 candidate of the Democrats and Liberal Republicans for 
 Vice-President in 1872. 
 
 Brown. Charles Brockden. Born at Philadel- 
 phia, Jan. 17, 1771: died Feb. 22, 1810. An 
 American novelist. His works include “Wieland, 
 or The Transformation” (1798), “Ormond, etc.” (1799), 
 “Arthur Mervyn ” (1800), “Edgar Huntley, etc.” (1801), 
 etc. 
 
 Brown, Ford Madox. Bom at Calais, France, 
 1821 : died at London, Oct. 6, 1893. An Eng- 
 lish painter. His works include “Wyclif, etc.” (1849), 
 “King Lear” (1849), “Chaucer reciting his Poetry at the 
 Court of Edward III.” (1851), “Christ washing Peter’s 
 Feet ’’ (1852), etc. 
 
 Brown, George. Born at Edinburgh, Nov. 29, 
 1818: died at Toronto, Canada, May 9, 1880. 
 A Canadian politician and journalist. He founded 
 the Toronto “Globe” in 1844; entered the Dominion 
 House of Commons in 1851 ; and became senator in 1873. 
 
 Brown, George Loring. Born Feb. 2, 1814 : died 
 J une 25, 1889. An American landscape-painter. 
 
 Brown, Goold. Born at Providence, R. I., 
 March 7, 1791: died at Lynn, Mass., March 31, 
 1857. An American grammarian. He conducted 
 an academy in New York city for many years. He wrote 
 “Institutes of English Grammar” (1823), “First Lines of 
 English Grammar ” (1823), “ Grammar of English Gram- 
 mars ” (1850-51). 
 
 Brown, Henry Kirke. Bom 1814 : died July 10, 
 1886. An American sculptor. His works include 
 an equestrian statue of Washington at New York, of 
 General Scott at Washington, etc. 
 
 Brown, Jacob. Born in Bucks County, Pa., 
 May 9, 1775: died at Washington, D. C., Feb. 
 24, 1828. An American general, in 1813 he re- 
 ceived an appointment as brigadier-general in the regular 
 army, having been previously in the militia. He was placed 
 in command of the army of the Niagara, with the rank 
 of major-general, 1814 ; defeated General Riall at Chip- 
 pewa July 5, and Drummond at Lundy’s Lane July 25, 
 and at Fort Erie Sept. 17, 1814 ; and became general-in- 
 chief of the United States army 1821. 
 
 Brown, John. Born at Rothbury, Northum- 
 berland, England, Nov. 5, 1715: committed 
 suicide, Sept. 23, 1766. An English clergy- 
 man and writer, author of “An Estimate of 
 the Manners and Principles of the Times” 
 (1757-58), etc. 
 
 Brown, John. Bom at Carpow, parish of 
 Abernethy, in Perthshire, Scotland, 1722 : died 
 at Haddington, Scotland, June 19, 1787. A 
 Scottish biblical scholar. His works include “A 
 Dictionary of the Bible” (1769), “The Self-interpreting 
 Bible ” (1778), “ A Compendious History of the British 
 Churches ” (1784 : new edition 1823). 
 
 Brown, John. Born at Buncle, Berwickshire, 
 Scotland, 1735 : died at London, Oct. 17, 1788. 
 The founder of the “ Brunonian ” system in 
 medicine. He published (1787) “ Observations on the 
 Present System of Spasm as taught in the University of 
 Edinburgh,” directed against Dr. Cullen, and (1780) “ Ele- 
 ments Medicinse,” in which he projected a new theory of 
 medicine. He divided diseases into two classes, sthenic 
 and asthenic, the former resulting from excess, the latter 
 
 Brown University 
 
 from deficiency of exciting power, and contended that 
 the great majority of diseases belonged to the latter 
 class. He removed to London in 1786, and died in neglect, 
 though much of his therapeutic practice has since been 
 universally adopted. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Brown, John, “of Ossawatomie.” Bom at 
 Toi’rington, Conn., May 9, 1800: executed at 
 Charlestown, Va., Dee. 2, 1859. A celebrated 
 American abolitionist, an antislavery leader 
 in Kansas 1855-58. He removed with his parents to 
 Ohio in 1805, learned the trade of a tanner and currier, 
 and iu 1840 became a dealer in wool. Having conceived 
 the idea of becoming the liberator of the negro slaves in 
 the South, he emigrated in 1855 to Kansas, where he took 
 an active part in the contest against the pro-slavery party. 
 He gained in Aug., 1856, a victory at Ossawatomie over 
 a superior number of Missourians who had invaded Kan- 
 sas (whence the surname “ Ossawatomie ”). On the night 
 of Oct. 16, 1859, he seized the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, 
 Virginia, at the head of a small band of followers, with 
 a view to arming the negroes and inciting a servile in- 
 surrection. He was captured Oct. 18, was tried by the 
 commonwealth of Virginia Oct. 27-31, and was executed 
 at Charlestown Dec. 2, 1869. 
 
 Brown, John. Born at Biggar, Lanarkshire, 
 Scotland, Sept., 1810: died May 11, 1882. A 
 Scottish physician and author, son of John 
 Brown (1784—1858). His chief work is the “Hoiffi 
 Subsecivse ” (1858, 1861, 1882, containing “ Our Dogs,” and 
 “Rab and his Friends”; the latter was first published in 
 1859). 
 
 Brown, John G. Born at Durham, England, 
 Nov. 11, 1831. An American figure and genre 
 painter. He studied at Newcastle-on-Tyne, at Edin- 
 burgh, and in 1853 at New York. Elected national acad- 
 emician 1863. He is noted for his characteristic pictures 
 of street boys. 
 
 Brown, Nicholas. Born at Providence, R. I., 
 April 4, 1769: died Oct. 27, 1841. An Ameri- 
 can merchant. He was a patron of Brown University 
 (formerly Rhode Island College), to which he gave In the 
 aggregate §100,000. 
 
 Brown, Robert. Bom at Montrose, Scotland, 
 Dee. 21, 1773: died at London, June 10, 1858. 
 A British botanist. He was the naturalist of Flinder’s 
 Australian expedition, 1801-05, and keeper of the botani- 
 cal department of the British Museum after 1827. He 
 published “ Prodromus flora: Novse Hollandias ” (1810 : sup- 
 plement 1830), “ General Remarks on the Botany of 
 Terra Australis ” (1814). 
 
 Brown, Tarleton. Born in Barnwell District, 
 S. C., 1754: died 1846. An American Revolu- 
 tionary soldier. He served throughout the War of 
 Independence, obtaining the rank of captain, and wrote 
 “ Memoirs ” pertaining to contemporary events in the 
 Carolinas (privately printed, with notes by Charles J. 
 Bushneli, 1862). 
 
 Brown, Thomas or Tom. Born at Shifnal, in 
 Shropshire, 1663: died at London, June 16, 
 1704. An English satirical poet and prose- 
 writer. A collected edition of his works was 
 published in 1707-08. 
 
 Brown, Thomas. Born at Kilmabreck, Kirk- 
 cudbrightshire, Scotland, Jan. 9, 1778: died 
 at Brompton, near London, April 2, 1820. A 
 noted Scottish physician, philosopher, and 
 poet, colleague of Dugald Stewart from 1810. 
 His works include “An inquiry into the Relation of 
 Cause and Effect ” (1818), “Lectures on the Physiology 
 of the Human Mind ” (1820), “Poems ” (1804). “ Paradise 
 of Coquettes” (1814), “The War-fiend" (1816), “Agnes” 
 (1818), “ Emily ’’ (1819), etc. He is chiefly notable from 
 his support of Hume’s theory of causation. 
 
 Brown, Thomas, the Younger. A pseudo- 
 nym of Thomas Moore, under which he wrote 
 the ‘ ‘ Intercepted Letters, or the Twopenny Post 
 Bag,” in 1813. 
 
 Brown, Tom. See under Hughes, Thomas. 
 
 Brown, Van Beest. See Bertram, Harry. 
 
 Brown, William. Born in Ireland, 1777 : died 
 near Buenos Ayres, May 3, 1857. An admiral 
 of the Argentine navy. He emigrated to America 
 with his family when a child, and in 1812 settled at Buenos 
 Ayres. In the war with Brazil, 1825-27, he did efficient 
 service, but was finally defeated. In tile civil war of 1842- 
 1845 he commanded the fleet of Buenos Ayres, blockading 
 Montevideo. 
 
 Brown, Mr. A pseudonym of William Make- 
 peace Thackeray, under which he wrote Mr. 
 Brown’s letters to a young man about town in 
 “Punch” in 1849. 
 
 Brown Bess. A popular name of the English 
 regulation flint-lock inusket toward the end of 
 the 18th century. 
 
 Brown, Jones, and Robinson, The Adven- 
 tures of. A series of illustrated articles by 
 Richard Doyle, begun in “Punch” and com- 
 pleted for his publishers in 1854. It is a satire on the 
 manners of the middle-class Englishman abroad or on 
 his travels. Anthony Trollope published in 1862 “The 
 Struggles of Brown, Jones, and Robinson,” a story illus- 
 trated by Millais. 
 
 Brown University. An institution of learning 
 situated at Providence, Rhode Island, founded 
 in 1764. It was called “Rhode Island College” until 
 1804. (See Brown , Nicholas.) It is non-sectarian. It 
 has about 1,000 students and 100 instructors, and a library 
 <.f about 16J 000 d 1 :i me 
 
Browne, Charles Farrar 
 
 188 
 
 Browne (broun), Charles Farrar: pseudonym 
 Artemus Ward. Born at Waterford, Maine, 
 April 26, 1834: died at Southampton, England, 
 March 6, 1867. An American humorist. His 
 chief work is “Artemus Ward: His Book " (1862). He also 
 wrote “Artemus Ward: His Travels” (1865), “Artemus 
 Ward in London ” (1867), etc. 
 
 Browne, Count George de. Born at Camas, 
 Limerick, June 15, 1698: died at Riga, Russia, 
 Feb. 18, 1792. An Irish adventurer. He entered 
 the Russian service in 1730; served with distinction in the 
 Polish, French, and Turkish wars ; was captur ed by the 
 Turks and three times sold as a slave. On gaining his 
 freedom he was made major-general and served under 
 Lacy in Finland, and in the Seven Years’ War (as lieuten- 
 ant-general). He was made field-marshal and given the 
 chief command in the Danish war, by Peter III. 
 
 Browne, Hablot Knight: pseudonym Phiz. 
 BomatKennington, Surrey, June 15, 1815: died 
 at West Brighton, England, July 8, 1882. An 
 English artist, noted especially as a caricatur- 
 ist. He is best known from his illustrations of the novels 
 of Dickens, Lever, and Ainsworth. 
 
 Browne, Henriette, the pseudonym of Sophie 
 de Bouteiller (later Madame de Saux). Born 
 at Paris, 1829 : died 1901. A French painter 
 and etcher. Among her paintings are “ Consolation ” 
 (1861), “ Int^rieur de harem a Constantinople” (1861), 
 “Ecolierisra^lite hTanger " (1865),“ Danseusesen Nubie” 
 (1869), “La Perruche” (1876), etc. 
 
 Browne, Isaac Hawkins. Born at Burton-upon- 
 Trent, England, Jan. 21, 1705 : died at London, 
 Feb. 14, 1760. An English poet. His chief poetical 
 work was a Latin poem, “ De animi immortalitate ’’ (1754). 
 
 Browne, John Ross. Born in Ireland, 1817 : 
 died in Oakland, Cal., Dec. 8, 1875. An Irish- 
 American traveler and humorist. He was United 
 States minister to China 1868-69. He wrote “Yusef, or 
 the Journey of the Fragi : a Crusade in the East ”(1853), etc. 
 
 Browne, Junius Henri. Born at Seneca Falls, 
 N. Y., in 1833 : died at New York, April 2, 1902. 
 An American journalist and man of letters. 
 He was a correspondent of the New York 
 “Tribune” in the Civil War. 
 
 Browne, Count Maximilian Ulysses von. Bom 
 at Basel, Switzerland, Oct. 23, 1705: died at 
 Prague, Bohemia, June 26, 1757. An Austrian 
 
 field-marshal. He was a commander in the War of the 
 Austrian Succession and the Seven Years’ War, and was 
 defeated by Frederick the Great at Lobositz in 1756, and 
 
 Browning (brou'ning), Mrs. (Elizabeth Bar- 
 rett). Bom at Coxhoe Hall, Durham, Eng- 
 land, March 6, 1806: died at Florence, Italy, 
 June 30, 1861. A noted English poet, she was 
 the eldest daughter of Edward Moulton (who took the 
 name of Barrett shortly before her birth), married Robert 
 Browning in 1846, and resided in Italy, chiefly at Florence, 
 during the remainder of her life. Author of “Prome- 
 theus Bound and Miscellaneous Poems ’’(1833), “ Seraphim 
 and Other Poems ” (1838), “Poems” (1844), “Casa Guidi 
 Windows ” (1851), “Aurora Leigh ” (1857), “Poems before 
 Congress ” (I860), etc. An elaborate edition of her poetical 
 works was published at New York in 1884. 
 
 Browning, Robert. Bom at Camberwell, near 
 London, May 7, 1812: died at Venice, Italy, 
 Dec. 12, 1889. A celebrated English poet. 
 He was educated at the London University. In 1846 he 
 married Elizabeth Barrett, during whose lifetime he re- 
 sided chiefly at Florence. After her death in 1861 he 
 lived mainly at London and Venice. His chief works are 
 “ Paracelsus ” (1835-36), “Strafford" (1837), “Sordello” 
 (1840), “Bells and Pomegranates” (1841-46, including 
 “Pippa Passes,” “ King Victor and King Charles,” “ A Blot 
 in the ’Scutcheon,” “The Return of the Druses,” “Co- 
 lombe’s Birthday,” “A Soul’s Tragedy," “ Luria”), “Men 
 and Women” (1855), “Dramatis Personae ” (1864), “The 
 Ring and the Book” (1868-69), “Balaustion’s Adventure” 
 (1871), “ Prince Hohenstiel-Scliwangau ” (1871), “Fifine at 
 tneFair ” (1872), “ Red Cotton Night-Cap Country ’’ (1873), 
 “Aristophanes' Apology ” (1875), “The Inn- Album “(1875). 
 “The Agamemnon of jEschylus” (1877), “ Dramatic Idyls ” 
 (1879), “ Asolando ” (1889). 
 
 Brownists (brou'nists). The followers of Rob- 
 ert Browne or Brown (about 1550-1633), a 
 Puritan, who is regarded as the founder of the 
 sect of Independents or Congregationalists. 
 
 Brownlow (broun'lo), Mr. A kind-hearted and 
 benevolent old gentleman, the protector of 
 Oliver Twist, in Charles Dickens’s novel “ Oli- 
 ver Twist.” 
 
 Brownlow, William Gannaway, called “Par- 
 son Brownlow.” Bom in Wythe County, Va., 
 Aug. 29, 1805: died at Knoxville, Tenn., April 
 29, 1877. An American journalist and politi- 
 cian. Originally an itinerant preacher in the Methodist 
 Church, he became editor of the Knoxville “Whig "in 
 1839, in which, although an advocate of slavery, he op- 
 posed secession, with the result that his paper was sup- 
 pressed by the Confederate government in 1861. He was 
 arrested for treason Dec. 6, 1861, but was released and 
 sent inside the Union lines March 3, 1862; was elected 
 governor of Tennessee in 1865, and reelected in 1867 ; and 
 became United States senator in 1869. 
 
 at Pragne in 1767. 
 
 Browne, Patrick. Born at Woodstock, County 
 Mayo, Ireland, about 1720 : died at Rushbrook, 
 same county, Aug. 29, 1790. An Irish physician 
 and author. He was twice in the West Indies, residing 
 several years at Jamaica. His “ Civil and Natural History 
 of Jamaica ” was published in 1756 (2d ed. 1769). 
 
 Browne, or Brown, Robert. Born at Tolethoi p, 
 Rutlandshire, England, about 1550: died at 
 Northampton, England, about 1633. The founder 
 of the Brownist sect, which developed into the 
 Independents or Congregationalists. He was 
 educated at Cambridge, and subsequently preached at 
 Cambridge and elsewhere. About 1580 he organized at 
 Norwich a congregation of dissenters, who became known 
 as Brownists, and who, finding themselves persecuted by 
 the ecclesiastical authorities, removed in a body under 
 his leadership to Middleburg, Holland, in 1581. He left 
 Holland in 1583, in consequence of dissension among his 
 followers, became master of Stamford Grammar School in 
 1586, and in 1591 became rector of Achurch in Northamp- 
 tonshire, where he remained until his death. 
 
 Browne, Sir Thomas. Born at London, Oct. 19, 
 1605 : died at Norwich, England, Oct. 19, 1682. 
 A celebrated English physician and author. He 
 studied at Oxford (at Broadgate Hall, now Pembroke Col- 
 lege), Montpellier, Padua, and Leyden (where he was made 
 doctor of medicine about 1633), and settled at Norwich 
 In 1637. He was knighted Sept., 1671. His works include 
 “Religio Medici ” (1643 ; two unauthorized editions by 
 Andrew Croke appeared 1642), “ Pseudodoxia Epidemica, 
 or Inquiry into V ulgar Errors ” (1646), and “ Hydriotaphia, 
 or Urn Burial "and “The Garden of Cyrus; or the Quin- 
 cuncial Lozenge, etc.” (1658). “Miscellany Tracts” and 
 “Christian Morals” were published posthumously. 
 
 Browne, ’William. Born at Tavistock, Devon- 
 shire, 1591 : died about 1643. An English poet, 
 author of “Britannia’s Pastorals” (1613-16), 
 “ Shepherd’s Pipe” (1614), etc. 
 
 Browne, William George. Born at London, 
 July 25, 1768 : killed in northern Persia, 1813. 
 An English traveler in Africa and the Orient, 
 author of “Travels” in Africa, Egypt, and 
 Syria (1800). 
 
 Brownell (brou'nel), Henry Howard. Born 
 at Providence, R. I., Feb. 6, 1820 : died at East 
 Hartford, Conn., Oct. 31, 1872. An American 
 poet. His works include “Poems” (1847), “Lyrics of a 
 Day "(1864), “ War Lyrics and Other Poems ” (1866), etc. 
 
 Brownell, Thomas Church. Bom at West- 
 port, Mass., Oct. 19, 1779: died at Hartford, 
 Conn., Jan. 13, 1865. A bishop of the Protes- 
 tant Episcopal Church, president of Trinity Col- 
 lege, Hartford, 1824-31. He wrote “Religion of the 
 Heart and Life’’ (1839-40), etc. 
 
 Brownrigg (broun 'rig), Elizabeth. A notori- 
 ous murderess living in England in the middle 
 of the 18th century. She was hung, and her 
 skeleton is still preserved. 
 
 Brownrigg Papers, The. A collection of es- 
 says and sketches by Douglas Jerrold, pub- 
 lished in 1860. 
 
 Brown-Sequard (broun 'sa-kar'), Charles Ed- 
 ouard. Born at Port Louis, Mauritius, April 
 8, 1817 : died at Paris, April 1, 1894. A noted 
 French physiologist. He studied at Paris, was placed 
 in charge of a hospital for the paralyzed and epileptic at 
 London in 1860, was professor of the physiology and pa- 
 thology of the nervous system in Harvard University 1864- 
 1869, and was appointed to the chair of experimental physi- 
 ology in the College de France in 1878. He has published 
 numerous works and papers on physiological subjects. 
 
 Brownson (broun' son), Orestes Augustus. 
 
 Born at Stockbridge, Vt., Sept. 16, 1803: 
 died at Detroit, Mich., April 17, 1876. An 
 American journalist and theologian. At first a 
 Presbyterian, he became a Universalist minister in 1825, 
 a Unitarian preacher in 1832, and a Roman Catholic in 
 1344. 
 
 Brownsville (brounz'vil). A city, the capital 
 of Cameron County, southern Texas, situated 
 on the Rio Grande 23 miles from its mouth. It 
 was bombarded by the Mexicans, May, 1846. 
 Population, 10,517, (1910). 
 
 Broykarre. The horse of Maugis or Malagigi 
 in the old romances: the next best horse in 
 the world to Bayard. 
 
 Bruce (bros), David. See David IT., King of 
 Scotland. 
 
 Bruce, Edward. Killed near Dundalk, Ireland, 
 Oct. 5, 1318. A Scottish adventurer, younger 
 brother of Robert Bruce (1274-1329), crowned 
 king of Ireland in 1316. 
 
 Bruce, James. Born at Kinnaird, Scotland, 
 Dec. 14, 1730: died there, April 27, 1794. A 
 celebrated African traveler. He successively ex- 
 plored Syria, the Nile Valley, and Abyssinia (1768-73). His 
 “Travels to Discover the Sources of the Nile,” 5 vol- 
 umes, appeared in 1790. He reached the source of the 
 Blue Nile. “ He will always remain the poet, and his 
 work the epic, of African travel.” Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 Bruce, James. Born July 20, 1811 : died at 
 Dhurmsala, India, Nov. 20, 1863. A British 
 diplomatist and statesman, eighth Earl of Elgin 
 and twelfth Earl of Kincardine. He was governor- 
 general of Canada 1846-64 ; special envoy to China and 
 Japan 1857-59; postmaster-general 1859-60; and gover- 
 nor-general of India 1862-63. 
 
 Bruges 
 
 Bruce, Michael. Born at Kinneswood, Kin- 
 ross-shire, Scotland, March 27, 1746: died at 
 Kinneswood, July 6 (5?), 1767. A Scottish 
 poet and school-teacher. His “Poems” were 
 published by John Logan, 1770. 
 
 Bruce, or Brus, Robert de, surnamed “ The 
 Competitor.” Born 1210 : died at Lochmaben 
 Castle, Scotland, 1295. A Scottish noble, Lord 
 of Annfindale, and the grandfather of King 
 Robert Bruce. He was one of the fifteen regents of 
 Scotland during the minority of Alexander III., and the 
 chief rival of John Baliol for the Scottish throne in the 
 competition at Norham 1291-92, where, as arbiter, Edward 
 I. of England decided in favor of Baliol. 
 
 Bruce, Robert de. Born 1253: died 1304. A 
 Scottish noble, father of King Robert Bruce. 
 He is said to have accompanied Edward, afterward Ed- 
 ward I., in the Crusade of 1269, and married Marjory, 
 countess of Carrick, becoming by the courtesy of Scotland 
 earl of Carrick. He was appointed constable of the castle 
 of Carlisle by Edward I., 1295, and sided with the English 
 when Baliol attempted to assert his independence of Ed- 
 ward I. 
 
 Bruce, Robert de. Born July 11, 1274: died 
 at Cardross, June 7, 1329. A famous king of 
 Scotland. See Robert I. (of Scotland). 
 
 Bruce, Thonms. Born July 20, 1766: died at 
 Paris, Nov. 14, 1841. A British noble, seventh 
 Earl of Elgin and eleventh Earl of Kincardine. 
 He was envoy to Constantinople 1799-1802, and removed 
 from Athens to England the “Elgin marbles,” purchased 
 by the nation in 1816, and now in the British Museum. See 
 Elgin Marbles. 
 
 Bruce, or Brus, The. A poem by John Bar- 
 bour, on the subject of King Robert I. of Scot- 
 land (1375). See Robert I. (of Scotland). 
 
 Bruce Pryce, Henry Austin. Born April 16, 
 1815: died Feb. 25, 1895. First Baron Aber- 
 dare. A British politician. He was home secre- 
 tary 1868-73, and was raised to the peerage in 1873, and 
 
 ★became lord president of the council. 
 
 Bruch (broch), Max. Born at Cologne, Prus- 
 sia, Jan. 6, 1838. An eminent German com- 
 poser. In 1880-83 he was director of the Liverpool 
 Philharmonic Society. His works include the operetta 
 “Scherz, List und Rache," the opera "Lorelei, ’ “Scenen 
 aus der Frithjofssaga,” “ Odysseus,” “ Armineus," “Lied 
 von der Gloeke,” “Kol Nidrei” (for violoncello), etc. 
 
 Bruck (hrok). Karl Ludwig, Baron. Born at 
 Elberfeld, Rhenish Prussia, Oct. 8, 1798: died 
 April 23, 1860. An Austrian statesman. He was 
 
 ministerof commerce and public works 1848-61, and min- 
 ister of finance 1855-60, when, being ungraciously dis- 
 missed, he committed suicide. He was one of the chief 
 founders of the Austrian Lloyd’s at Triest. 
 
 Briickenau (bruk'e-nou). A watering-place in 
 Lower Franconia, Bavaria, situated on the 
 Sinn in lat. 50° 19' N., long. 9° 47' E. : noted 
 for mineral springs. 
 
 Brucker (brok'er), Johann Jakob. Bom Jan. 
 22, 1696: died Nov. 26, 1770. A German philo- 
 sophical writer, rector of the school in Kauf- 
 beuren, and later pastor in Augsburg. His 
 chief work is the “ Hustoria critica philosophies, 
 etc.” (1742-44). 
 
 Bructeri (bruk'te-ri). [L. (Tacitus) Bructeri, 
 Gr. (Strabo) B povxrepoi.\ A German tribe 
 which appears to have occupied the territory 
 about the upper Eras and on both sides of the 
 Lippe. Strabo divides them into “greater ” and “lesser.” 
 They contributed to the defeat of Varus in the Teuto- 
 burg Forest, and took part in the rising of Civilis. Their 
 tribal name appears as late as the 8th century. They 
 were ultimately merged in the Franks. 
 
 Brudenel (brod'nel), James Thomas, seventh 
 Earl of Cardigan. Born at Hambleton, Hamp- 
 shire, England, Oct. 16, 1797: died at Deene 
 Park, Northamptonshire, England, March 28, 
 1868. An English general, commander of the 
 “Light Brigade” in the charge at Balaklava, 
 Oct. 25, 1854. 
 
 Brueys (brii-a'), David Auguste de. See Pa- 
 
 laprat. 
 
 Bruges (bro'jez ; F. pron. briizh). [F. Bruges, 
 G. Brugge, I). Flem. Brugge, ML. Brugge, OD. 
 Brugge or Bruggen, Bridges.] The capital of 
 the province of West Flanders, Belgium, situated 
 8 miles from the North Sea on canals (to Ghent, 
 the North Sea, etc.), in lat, 51° 12' N., long. 3° 
 13' E. It is noted for its laces. It was an important town 
 as early as the 7th century, was subject to the counts of 
 Flanders and later to the dukes of Burgundy, and was 
 a leading Hanseatic city. Its most brilliant commercial 
 period was from the 13th to the 15th century : at one time 
 it was the commercial centerof Europe. The Order of the 
 Golden Fleece was established at Bruges in 1430. Bruges 
 surrendered to the Spanish in 1584, and was bombarded 
 by the Dutch in 1704. The cathedral of Bruges is an early- 
 Pointed structure of brick, with later additions. The ex- 
 terior, with castellated west tower, is clumsy, bnt the 
 interior is lofty and effective, and contains many fine 
 paintings (several of them notable examples of the early 
 Flemish school), good 16th-century glass, and interesting 
 brasses and other monuments. The dimensions are 330 
 by 120 feet; length of transepts, 174; height of vaulting, 
 90. Population, 53,897. 
 
Brugg 
 
 Brugg (br<5g). A small town in the canton of 
 Aargau, Switzerland, situated on the Aare in 
 lat. 47° 29' N., long. 8° 12' E. It was called the 
 “ Prophets’ Town ” iu the Reformation (as being the birth- 
 place of many theologians). 
 
 Brugger (brbg'er), Friedrich. Bom at Mu- 
 nich, Jan. 13, 1815 : died at Munich, April 9, 
 1870. A German sculptor. 
 
 Brugsch (broksh), Heinrich Karl. Born at 
 Berlin, Feb. 18, 1827 : died there, Sept. 9, 1894. 
 A distinguished German Egyptologist. His works 
 include “Hieroglyphisch-demotisches Worterbueh ’’(1867- 
 1882); also “Reiseberichte aus Agypten" (1855), “Monu- 
 ments de l’figypte "(1857), “Recueil de monuments dgyp- 
 tieiis” (1862-66), “Geschichte Agyptens unter den Pha- 
 raonen " (1877), “ Dictionnaire g^ogiaphique de l’ancienne 
 Egypte ” (1879-80), etc. 
 
 Briihl (briil). A small town in the Rhine Prov- 
 ince, Prussia, 8 miles south-southwest of Co- 
 logne. Near it is the royal palace of Briihl. 
 Briihl, Count Heinrich von. Bom at Weissen- 
 fels, Prussia, Aug. 13, 1700; died at Dresden, 
 Oct. 28, 1763. A Saxon politician under Augus- 
 tus III. He became prime minister in 1746, and induced 
 the elector Augustus III. to take sides against Prussia 
 in the Seven Years’ War. His library of 62,000 volumes 
 forms a considerable part of the Royal Library at Dresdeu. 
 
 Bruhns (brons), Karl Christian. Born at 
 Ploen, in Holstein, Germany, Nov. 22, 1830 : died 
 at Leipsie, July 25, 1881. A distinguished Ger- 
 man astronomer. He was professor of astronomy and 
 director of the observatory at Leipsie, and was especially 
 noted for his observations and for the discovery of several 
 comets. He wrote “ Die astronomische Strahlenbrechung 
 in ihrer historischen Entwickelung ” (1861), etc. 
 
 Bruin (bro'in, prop, broin). [D. bruin = E. 
 brown.} The bear in “Reynard the Fox.” 
 Bruin. A rough, overbearing man in Foote’s 
 play “ The Mayor of Garratt.” He is a contrast 
 to the henpecked Jerry Sneak. Mrs. Bruin is roughly 
 treated by him. 
 
 Brfiles. See Siicdnxu. 
 
 Brulgruddery (brul-grud'er-i), Dennis. In 
 Colman the Younger’s comedy “ John Bull,” an 
 eccentric, whimsical Irishman, the host of the 
 Red Cow. He has married “the fat widow to Mr. 
 Skinnygauge, ” who is described as “a waddling woman 
 wi’ a mulberry face.” 
 
 Brumaire (brii-mar'). [F. (after L. *bruma- 
 rius), from brume , fog, from L. bruma, winter.] 
 The name adopted in 1793 by the National Con- 
 vention of the first French Republic for the sec- 
 ond month of the year . In the years 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 it be- 
 gan Oct. 23, and ended Nov. 20 ; in years 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 
 14 it began on Oct. 23, and ended Nov. 21 ; and in year 12 
 it began on Oct. 24, and ended Nov. 22. 
 
 Brumaire, The 18th. In French history, Nov. 
 9, 1799, when the coup d’etat by which the Di- 
 rectory was overthrown was commenced. It 
 was completed on the 19th Brumaire. 
 
 Brumath (bro-mat'), or Brumpt (brompt). A 
 town in Lower Alsace, Alsace-Lorraine, situ- 
 ated on the Zorn 11 miles north of Strasburg: 
 the ancient Brucomagus. Population, com- 
 mune, 5,655. 
 
 Br um m elt (brum'el), George Bryan, called 
 Beau Brummell. Bom at London, June 7, 1778 : 
 died at Caen, France, March 30.1840. An Eng- 
 lish gentleman famous as a leader in fashion- 
 able society in London. He was an intimate friend 
 of the Prince of Wales (George I V.), “ who it is said on 
 one occasion ‘began to blubber when told that Brummell 
 did not like the cut of his coat.’ . . . By no means a 
 fop, Brummell was never extravagant in his dress, which 
 was characterized rather by a studied moderation. ” (Diet. 
 Nat. Bing.) Losses at the gaming-table forced him to re- 
 tire to Calais in 1816. In 1230 he was appointed consul at 
 Caen ; was imprisoned for debt in 1S35 ; and after 1E37 
 sank into a condition of imbecility, and died in an asylum. 
 
 Brun (bron), Friederike Sophie Christiano. 
 Bom at Grafentonna, near Gotha, Germany, 
 June 3, 1765: died at Copenhagen, March 25, 
 1835. A German poet and writer of travels. 
 Her works include poems (1795, 1812, 1820), “Prosaische 
 Schriften” ( 1799 - 1801 ), “Episoden " (1807-18), “Romisches 
 Leben” (1833), "Briefe au3 Rom "(1816), etc. 
 Brunanburh (bro'nan-borch). A place, prob- 
 ably in Northumbria, England, where, in 937, 
 zEthelstan defeated Anlaf of Ireland and Con- 
 stantine of Scotland. A ballad of the battle is 
 inserted in the “Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.” 
 Brunck (bruhk), Richard Francois Philippe. 
 Bom at Strasburg, Dec. 30, 1729; died June 
 
 12, 1803. A French classical scholar. He pub- 
 lished “ Analecta veterum poetarum CrEecorum ”(1772-76), 
 and editionsof Aristophanes, Vergil, Sophocles, Plautus, etc. 
 
 Brundisium (brun-dish'i-um), or Brundusium 
 
 (brun-du'zhi-um). The ancient name of Brin- 
 disi. 
 
 Brune (brim), Guillaume Marie Anne. Bom 
 
 at Brives-la-Gaillarde, Correze, France, March 
 
 13, 1763; killed at Avignon, France, Aug. 2, 
 1815. A marshal of France. He served with dis- 
 tinction in the army of Italy 1796-97; and commanded 
 in Switzerland, Holland, the Vendee, and Italy, 1798-1801. 
 
 189 
 
 Brunehaut (briin-ho'), or Brunehilde (briin- 
 hild'). Died 613 a. d. A queen of Austrasia, 
 daughter of Atlianagild, king of the Visigoths. 
 She married Sigebert, king of Austrasia, 561. She incited 
 her husband to make war on his brother Chilpbrie, king 
 of Neustria, who had murdered his wife Galsuinda (Gale- 
 swintha), sister of Brunehaut, in order to espouse his 
 mistress Fredegonda (Fredegunde). Sigebert was mur- 
 dered in 575 by Fredegonda, and Brunehaut became regent 
 for her minor son Childebert. She was captured, after 
 manyreverses of fortune, at the age of eighty, by Clothaire 
 II., who suffered her to be dragged to death by a wild 
 horse. 
 
 Brunei (bro-nl'). [See Borneo.~\ A sultanate 
 in the northwestern part of Borneo, placed 
 under British protection in 1888. Capital, 
 Brunei. Area, about 3,000 square miles. 
 Brunei (bra-nel' ), Isambard Kingdom. Born 
 at Portsmouth, England, April 9, 1806 ; died 
 at Westminster, England, Sept. 15, 1859. An 
 English civil engineer and naval architect, son 
 of Sir Marc Isambard Brunei. He was engineer 
 of the Great Western Railway. He designed the Great 
 Western (1838), the Great Britain (1845), the Great East- 
 ern (1858). 
 
 Brunei, Sir Marc Isambard. Born at Hacque- 
 ville, Eure, France, April 25, 1769 : died at Lon- 
 don, Dec. 12, 1849. A civil engineer. He emigrated 
 from France to the United States in 1793 (where he de- 
 signed and built the Bowery Theater, New York) ; was ap- 
 pointed chief engineer of New York ; settled in England 
 in 1799; completed machinery for making ships’ blocks in 
 1806 ; and constructed the Thames tunnel 1825-43. 
 
 Brunelleschi (bro-nel-les'ke), Filippo. Born 
 at Florence, Italy, 1379 : died there, April 16, 
 1446. A noted Italian architect. He at first 
 studied jewelry and goldsmiths’ work, and later experi- 
 mentedwithinechanies, constructing clocks and machines 
 of all sorts. He also attempted sculpture. In 1401 he en- 
 tered into competition with Ghiberti for the doors of the 
 baptistery at Florence. He associated himself with Don- 
 atello, and about 1403 the two made a famous visit to 
 Rome. His study of the Roman monuments was most 
 exhaustive, and when he returned to Florence he had re- 
 constructed for himself the entire scheme of antique archi- 
 tecture. He built the famous dome of Santa Maria del 
 Fiore, which was begun about 1417. The vault was started 
 in 1425 and finished in 1436. Between 1445 and 1461 the 
 lantern was built after his designs. This was the most 
 important structural problem of the 15th century. Bru- 
 nelleschi also built the church of San Lorenzo at Florence, 
 the Badia at Fiesole, the cloister of Santa Croce, that of 
 Santo Spirito (finished from his designs after his death), 
 and the Capella dei Pazzi, also the Spedale degli Inno- 
 centi, the Pitti Palace, and the Pazzi Palace. 
 
 Brunello (bro-nel'lo). A thief in Boiardo’s 
 “ Orlando Innamorato” and Ariosto’s “ Orlando 
 Furioso.” He was of mean extraction, hut was made 
 king of Tingitana by Agramont for his services, and after 
 a life spent in theft and subtle knavery was hanged. 
 
 Brunet (brii-na'), Jacques Charles. Born at 
 Paris, Nov. 2, 1780: died at Paris, Nov. 16, 
 1867. A noted French bibliographer. He pub- 
 lished a supplement to the bibliographical dictionary of 
 Duclos (1790), “Manuel du libraire et de 1’amateur de 
 livres ” (1810 : 5tli ed. 1865), “Reclierehes bibliographiques 
 et critiques sur les Editions originales des cinq livres du 
 roman satirique de Rabelais " (1852), etc. 
 
 Brunetiere (briin-^yar'), Ferdinand. Born 
 at Toulon, July 19, 1849: died at Paris, Dec. 
 9, 1906. A French editor and critic. He began 
 his studies at the Lycee de Marseilles, and was graduated 
 from the Lyede Louis-le-Grand in Paris. In 1875 he joined 
 the statf of the “ Revue des Deux Mondes,” of which he 
 was later editor-in-chief. In 1886 lie was appointed lec- 
 turer at the ficole Normale ; in 1887 became a member of 
 the Legion of Honor ; and in 1893 was elected to the 
 French Academy. His publications include “ Etudes cri- 
 tiques sur l’histoire de la litterature framjaise ” (6 series, 
 1880-98), “ Le roman naturaliste ” (1883), “ Histoire et 
 litterature" (1884-86), “Questions de critique" (1889), 
 “Nouvelles questions de critique ’’ (1890) ; and more re- 
 cently still, “L’Evolution des genres dans l’histoire de la 
 litterature ” and “ L’ Involution de la poesie lyrique au dix- 
 neuvieme sifecle.” The first two series of the “ fitudes 
 critiques "and “ Le roman naturaliste ’’ have been crowned 
 by the French Academy. In addition to these works, 
 Brunetitre edited a number of books for French colleges. 
 
 Brunhild (bron'hild). [MHG. Briinhilt, Priin- 
 hilt, Ieel. Brynhildr .] 1. In the Nibelungen- 
 
 liea, a legendary queen of Island [i.e., Isala-land 
 in the Low Countries), the wife of King Gunther 
 for whom she is won by Siegfried, in the Old 
 Norse version of the Siegfried legend, Brunhild is a Val- 
 kyr who is won by Sigurd for Gunnar. 
 
 2. See Brunehaut. 
 
 Bruni (bro'ne), Leonardo, surnamed Aretino 
 (from his birthplace). Born at Arezzo, Italy, 
 1369 : died at Florence, March 9, 1444. A noted 
 Italian man of letters (a pupil of Emanuel Chry- 
 soloras), apostolic secretary, and chancellor of 
 Florence 1427-44. He wrote “Historiarum Florenti- 
 narum libri XII. "(1415), “ Debelloitallco adversus Gotlios 
 gesto” (1470), “ EpistoUo familiares,” and a novel, “De 
 amoro Gulscardi." 
 
 Briinig (briin'io). A pass over the Alps, con- 
 necting Lucerne with Meirmgen. The highest 
 point is 3,295 feet. It is traversed (since 1888-89) by a rail- 
 way. 
 
 Brunkeberg (bron'ke-bera). A height north of 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 Stockholm. Here, Oct., 1471, the Swedes under 
 Sten Sture defeated Christian I. of Denmark. 
 Brunn (bron), Heinrich. Born at Worlitz, in 
 Anhalt, Germany, Jan. 23, 1822: died at Munich, 
 J uly 23, 1894. A German archaeologist, professor 
 of archaeology a t Munich. His works include “ Ge- 
 schichte der griechischen Kiinstler” (1853-69), “ I rilievi 
 delle urne etrusche "(1870), etc. 
 
 Briinn (briin), Slav. Brno (ber'no). The capital 
 of Moravia, situated at the base of the Spiel- 
 berg between the Zwittawa and Schwarzawa, 
 in lat. 49° 12' N., long. 16° 37' E. : one of the 
 principal manufacturing towns in Austria. It 
 was unsuccessfully besieged by the Hussites in 1428, by 
 King George of Bohemia in 1467, by the Swedes in 1646, 
 and by the Prussians in 1742, and was occupied by Napo- 
 leon in 1805, and by the Prussians in 1866. Population, 
 125,008, (1910). 
 
 Brunnen (bron'nen). [G., ‘springs.’] A vil- 
 lage in the canton of Schwyz, Switzerland, 
 situated on the Lake of Lucerne 15 miles east- 
 southeast of Lucerne. Here, in 1315, the three 
 Forest Cantons renewed their confederation. 
 Brunner (bron'ner), Johann Conrad. Bom 
 near Schaffhausen, Switzerland, Jan. 16, 1653: 
 died at Mannheim, Baden, Oct. 2, 1727. A 
 German anatomist, noted for researches in re- 
 gard to the pancreas and the duodenum. 
 Brunner, Sebastian. Bom at Vienna, Dec. 
 10, 1814: died atAVahring, near Vienna, Nov. 
 26, 1893. An Austrian man of letters and Ro- 
 man Catholic theologian. He was the author of a sa- 
 tirical poem, “ Nebelj ungen Lied” (1845), directed against 
 the Hegelians, and other poems, several tales, “Clemens 
 Maria Hofbauer und seine Zeit ” (1858), “Die Kunstge- 
 nossen der Klosterzelle ” (1863), etc. 
 
 Brunnow (bron'no), Count Philipp von. Born 
 at Dresden, Aug. 31, 1797 : died at Darmstadt, 
 Germany, April 12, 1875. A Russian diploma- 
 tist. He was ambassador at London 1840-54, at Frank- 
 fort 1855, at Berlin 1856, and at London 1868-74. 
 
 Bruno (bro'no), surnamed “ The Great.” Bom 
 925 : died at Rheims, France, Oct. 11, 965. The 
 brother of Otto I. of Germany, made arch- 
 bishop of Cologne and duke of Lorraine in 953. 
 Bruno, Saint. Born at Querfurt, Prussian 
 Saxony, about 970 : killed at Braunsberg, East 
 Prussia, Feb. 14, 1009. A German prelate, 
 called “the apostle to the Prussians.” 
 
 Bruno, Saint. Born at Cologne about 1030: 
 died at Della Torre, Calabria, Italy, 1101. The 
 founder of the order of Carthusian monks, at 
 Chartreuse, near Grenoble, France, about 1084. 
 Bruno (bro'no), Giordano. Bom at Nola, 
 Italy, about 1548: died at Rome, Feb. 17, 
 1600. An Italian philosopher. He entered the 
 Dominican order at Naples in 1563, left Italy in 1576 to 
 avoid the consequences of his disbelief in the doctrines 
 of transubstantiation and of the immaculate conception 
 of Mary, was at Geneva in 1577, and arrived at Paris in 
 1579. In 1583 he went to London, where some of his most 
 important works were written, and where he remained 
 two years under the protection of tire French ambassador. 
 In 1586-88 he lectured at the University of Wittenberg, 
 and subsequently visited other cities in Ger many, France, 
 and Switzerland, returning to Italy in 1592. He was ar- 
 rested at Naples, May 22, 1592, by order of the Inquisition, 
 and was burned at the stake as a heretic in the Campo dei 
 Fiori at Rome. His chief works are “Spaccio della bestia 
 trionfante” (“Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast," 1584), 
 “ Della causa, principia et uuo " (1684), “Dell’ infinite, uni- 
 verso emondi”(1584),“Demonadenumeroetfigurn”(1691). 
 Bruno, Leonardo. See Bruni. 
 
 Brunswick (brunz'wik), G. Braunschweig 
 (broun'shviG). A duchy of northern Ger- 
 many, and state of the German Empire. Capi- 
 tal, Brunswick (Braunschweig). It is mainly sur- 
 rounded by the Prussian provinces of Hannover, Saxony, 
 and Westphalia, and comprises 3 main detached por- 
 tions (the Brunswick -Wolfenbuttel-Helmstedt division, 
 the Blankenburg division, and theGandersheim-Holzmin- 
 den division), and also 6 smaller enclaves. It produces 
 coal, iron, marble, salt, copper, lead, etc., and has flour- 
 ishing agriculture. The government is a hereditary con- 
 stitutional monarchy (Johann Albrecht, Duke of Mecklen- 
 burg, is regent), with a chamber of 48 members. It has 2 
 members in the Bundesrat and 3 in the Reichstag. The 
 population is Protestant. Brunswick formed part of the 
 realm of Charles the Great and part of the duchy of Saxony. 
 “They [the descendants of Henry the Lion] held their 
 place as princes of the Empire, no longer as dukes of Sax- 
 ony, hut as dukes of Brunswick. After some of the 
 usual divisions, two Brunswick principalities finally took 
 their place on the map, those of Liineburg and Wolfen- 
 biittel. . . . The simple ducal title remained with the 
 Brunswick princes of the other line.” (Freeman, Hist. 
 Geog., p. 213.) The duchy of Brunswick suffered se- 
 verely from the French in the Seven Years’ War, was 
 occupied by the French in 1806, was annexed to the 
 kingdom of Westphalia in 1807, and was restored to its 
 duke in 1813. It entered the Germanic Confederation in 
 1815. Its direct line of rulers became extinct in 1884. A 
 regent \Vas chosen iu 1885. Area, 1,418 square miles. 
 Population, 485,968. 
 
 Brunswick, G. Braunschweig. The capital 
 of Brunswick, situated on the Ocker in lat. 
 52° 16' N., long. 10° 32' E. It has manufac- 
 tures of tobacco, sugar, woolen goods, etc. It was the 
 
Brunswick 
 
 birthplace of Gauss and Spohr, and the place of Lessing’s 
 death. It was founded in 801 (?) ; was the residence 
 of Henry the Lion ; became a leading Hanseatic town ; 
 passed to the Wolfenbiittel line in 1671 ; and became the 
 capital of the duchy in 1753. It was the scene of an in- 
 surrection in 1830. It contains a cathedral, built in the last 
 quarter of the 12th century. The double aisles on the 
 south side are of the 14th century ; those of the north side, 
 with twisted columns, of the 16th. The walls and vaults of 
 the choir and south transept are adorned with scriptural 
 mural paintings dating from 1224. There are many inter- 
 esting monuments, including sculptured medieval tombs 
 of emperors and princes. The columned crypt is spacious 
 and triapsidal. The ducal palace is a fine modern Re- 
 naissance building of three stories, the lowest of which 
 is rusticated and forms a basement. The chief facade, 
 410 feet long and 110 high, has two end pavilions with 
 engaged Corinthian columns ; and in the middle, over the 
 entrance, a handsome hexastyle portico, with a sculp- 
 tured pediment. Behind the pediment there is a square 
 attic, on which is a quadriga in bronze. Population, 
 143,319, (1910). 
 
 Brunswick, Duke of (Charles Frederick 
 William). Born at Wolfenbiittel, Germany, 
 Oct. 9, 1735: died at Ottensen, near Altona, 
 Germany, Nov. 10, 1806. Son of Charles, duke 
 of Brunswick. He reigned 1780-1806 ; commanded the 
 Prussian and Austrian army which invaded France in 
 1792, and the Prussian army at the battle of Auerstadt 
 Oct. 14, 1806, where he was mortally wounded. 
 
 Brunswick, Duke of (Charles Frederick Au- 
 gustus William). Born at Brunswick, Oct. 
 30, 1804: died at Geneva, Aug. 18, 1873. The 
 eldest son of Frederick William, duke of Bruns- 
 wick. He was deposed from the government 
 in 1830. 
 
 Brunswick, Duke of (Ferdinand). Born at 
 Brunswick, Jan. 12, 1721: died July 3, 1792. 
 The fourth son of Ferdinand Albert, duke of 
 Brunswick. He was a field-marshal in the Prussian 
 service ; and defeated the French at Crefeld in 1758, and 
 at Minden Aug. 1, 1759. 
 
 Brunswick, Duke of (Frederick William). 
 
 Born at Brunswick, Oct. 9, 1771: killed at 
 Quatre-Bras, Belgium, June 16, 1815. The 
 fourth son of Charles William Ferdinand, duke 
 of Brunswick. He reigned 1813-15. He commanded 
 the “Black Brunswickers” 1809, and lived in England 
 1809-13. 
 
 Brunswick. A town in Cumberland County, 
 Maine, situated on the Androscoggin 25 miles 
 northeast of Portland. It is the seat of Bow- 
 doin College. Population, 6,621, (1910). 
 Brunswick. A seaport, the capital of Glynn 
 County, Georgia, 72 miles south-southwest of 
 Savannah. It exports lumber, cotton, and 
 naval stores. Population, 10,182, (1910). 
 Brunswick-Liineburg (branz ' wik-lii'ne-boro). 
 Line Of. A branch of the house of Bruns- 
 wick from which the reigning house of Great 
 Britain is descended. 
 
 Brunswick- W olfenbiittel ( brunz ' wik- vol ' f en- 
 biit-tel), Line of. A branch of the house of 
 Brunswick from which the late reigning house 
 of Brunswick was descended. 
 
 Brunton (bmn'ton), Mrs. (Mary Balfour). 
 Born at Barra, Orkneys, Nov. 1, 1778: died at 
 Edinburgh, Dec. 19, 1818. An English novelist, 
 wife of Rev. Alexander Brunton. She wrote 
 “ Self-Control” (1810), “Discipline” (1814), etc. 
 Brunton, Louisa. Born 1785 (?): died 1860. 
 An English actress. She became countess of Craven 
 in 1807, when she left the stage. She was remarkable for 
 her beauty. 
 
 Brusa, or Broussa (bro'sa). The capital of the 
 vilayet of Khodavendikyar, Asiatic Turkey, 
 situated at the foot of Mount Olympus, in lat. 
 40° 10' N., long. 29° E. : the ancient Prusa. 
 It produces wine and fruits, and manufactures tapestry 
 and carpels. There are noted hot springs in its vicinity. 
 It was thelcapital of Bithynia in the 2d and 1st centuries 
 B. C., and for a time the capital of the Ottoman empire, 
 after its capture by Orkhan in 1326. Pop., about 76,303. 
 
 Brusasorci, II. See Riccio. 
 
 Brush, Charles Francis. Born at Euclid, 
 Ohio, March 17, 1849. An American electrician, 
 
 He is the inventor of the Brush dynamo-electric machine 
 and the Brush electric-arc lamp, both of which were ex- 
 tensively introduced in the United States in 1876. 
 
 Brush (brush), George de Forest. Bom at 
 
 Shelbyville, Tenn., 1855. An American painter. 
 He was a student of the Academy of Design, New York 
 city, from 1871-73, and from 1874-80 in the studio of G6- 
 r^me in Paris. His best-known works are paintings of 
 American Indian subjects and portrait-groups. Elected 
 National Academician, 1906. 
 
 Brussels (brus'elz). [F. Bruxelles, Sp. Bruselas, 
 G. Brussel, D. Brussel .] The capital of Bel- 
 gium and of the province of Brabant, situated 
 on the Senne in lat. 50° 51' N., long. 4° 
 22' E. Besides the city proper it comprises teii suburbs. 
 It has important manufactures of lace, leather, linen, 
 woolen and cotton goods, furniture, bronzes, etc. It is 
 the seat of a university. Brussels appears in history in 
 the 8th century, and became important in the middle 
 ages. It had a brilliant period under Charles V. and 
 Philip II., who made it the capital of the Low Countries, 
 
 190 
 
 and was the scene of the earliest rising against the Spanish 
 in 1566. It was the capital of the French department of 
 Dyle 1794-1814, and alternately with The Hague the capi- 
 tal of the Netherlands 1815-30. In the latter year it 
 was the scene of the outbreak of the Belgian revolution. 
 It became the capital of Belgium in 1831. It has been 
 noted latterly as an art center. It contains a cathedral, 
 an imposing monument of the 13th century, with later 
 additions. The 15th-century west front is flanked by 
 high square towers, and has the vertical lines strongly 
 marked by buttresses and paneling ; it has three canopied 
 portals, a large central traceried window, and an arcaded 
 gable. The design is somewhat dry and mechanical. 
 The interior is characterized by lofty arches with cylin- 
 drical pillars, and much superb glass, medieval, Renais- 
 sance, and modern. The five windows in the Chapel of 
 the Sacrament were given about 1540 by the emperor 
 Charles V., the king3 of France, Portugal, and Hungary, 
 and the Archduke of Austria. The noted pulpit by Ver- 
 bruggen (1699) is called the throne of St. Gudule ; it is a 
 mass of elaborate carving in wood representing the ex- 
 pulsion from paradise, with many buds and animals amid 
 the profuse foliage, and a canopy supported by angels on 
 which stands the Virgin destroying the serpent. The 
 dimensions of the cathedral are 355 by 165 feet. The 
 Palais de la Nation, built by Maria Theresa for the Council 
 of Brabant, was used by the States-General between 1817 
 and 1830, and is now the seat of the Senate and Chamber 
 of Deputies. It is a handsome building with a portico in 
 whose pediment are sculptures exhibiting the adminis- 
 tration of justice. The fine vestibule is adorned witli 
 historical statues, and the halls and apartments contain 
 good portraits and other paintings. The Conservatoire de 
 Husique et de Declamation was established in 1832 ; it was 
 an offshoot of the Ecole Royale de Musique founded in 
 1823. (Grove.) Population, with suburbs, 637,807. 
 
 Brussels Conference. A convention of repre- 
 sentatives from Great Britain, France, Ger- 
 many, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and 
 Russia, which met at Brussels in Sept., 1876 
 (and again in 1877). It decided to establish an In- 
 ternational African Association to explore and civilize cen- 
 tral Africa, and provided for branch national committees. 
 There was an antislavery conference at Brussels in 1890. 
 
 Brut (brot). [ME. and OF., orig. same as AS. 
 Bryt, a Briton. See Brutus the Trojan .] A 
 
 poetical version of the legendary history of Brit- 
 ain, by Layamon, a semi-Saxon paraphrase of 
 the French “Roman de Brut” of Wace. See 
 Wace. Its subject is the deeds and wanderings of the 
 legendary Brutus, grandson of Ascanius, great-grandson 
 of -Eneas, and king of Britain. It is about twice the 
 length of Wace’s “Brut,” containing 32,250 lines. The lat- 
 ter is thought to be a mere versification of Geoffrey of 
 Monmouth. There are two manuscripts of Layamon’s 
 poem, both in the British Museum. 
 
 Brute. See Brutus the Trojan. 
 
 Brute (brot), Sir John. A drunken, roister- 
 ing, rough fellow in Vanbrugh’s comedy “The 
 Provoked Wife.” He passes through every phase of 
 riot and debauchery, and is unbearably insolent to his 
 “ provoked wife,” though too much of a coward to resent 
 her consequent actions. 
 
 Brute (brii-ta'), Simon Gabriel. Born at 
 Rennes, France, March 20, 1779: died June 26, 
 1839. A French- American prelate of the Roman 
 Catholic Church, bishop of Vincennes, Indiana, 
 1834-39. 
 
 Bruttium (brut'i-um), or Bruttii (brut'i-i). In 
 ancient geography, the southernmost division 
 of Italy, corresponding to tyie modern provinces 
 of Reggio and Catanzaro : originally Bruthius 
 or Bruttiorum Ager. Now ailed Calabria. 
 
 Brutus (bro'tus). A tragedy by Voltaire, pro- 
 duced at the Comedie Fran§aise Dec. 11, 1730. 
 Alfleri wrote two tragedies bearing this name (“Marcus 
 Brutus” and “Junius Brutus"), both inspired by Voltaire 
 (1783). Catherine Bernard also produced a tragedy, “Bru- 
 tus," at the Comddie Frangaise Dec. 18, 1690. 
 
 Brutus, Decimus Junius, surnamed Albinus. 
 Executed 43 B. c. A Roman general, one of the 
 assassins of Julius Ctesar. He was betrayed, 
 and was put to death by order of Mark Antony. 
 
 Brutus, Lucius Junius. A Roman consul in 
 509 B. C. According to the (unliistorical) legend, he 
 feigned idiocy (whence the name Brutus, stupid : prob- 
 ably an erroneous etymology) to avoid exciting the fear 
 of his uncle Tarquin the Proud, who had put to death 
 the elder brother of Brutus to possess himself of their 
 wealth. Tarquin, alarmed at the prodigy of a serpent ap- 
 pearing in the royal palace, sent his sons Titus and Aruns 
 to consult the oracle at Delphi. They took with them for 
 amusement Brutus, who propitiated the priestess with a 
 hollow staff filled with gold. When the oracle, in response 
 to an inquiry of Titus and Aruns as to who should suc- 
 ceed to the throne, replied, “ He who first kisses his 
 mother," Brutus stumbled to the ground and kissed mo- 
 ther earth. After the outrage on Lucretia, Brutus threw 
 off his disguise, expelled the Tarquins, and established the 
 republic 610(?). While consul he condemned his own sons 
 Titus and Tiberius to death for having conspired to restore 
 Tarquin. He led in 507 (7) an army against Tarquin, who 
 was returning to Rome. Brutus and Aruns fell in the bat- 
 tle, pierced by each other’s spears. 
 
 Brutus, Marcus Junius (adoptive name Quin- 
 tus Csepio Brutus). Born 85 b. c. : died near 
 Philippi, Macedonia, 42 B. c. A Roman poli- 
 tician and scholar. Originally an adherent of Pompey, 
 he went over to Cfesar after the battle of Pharsalia in 48 ; 
 was governor of Cisalpine Gaid in 46, and prietor urbanus 
 in 44 ; joined, induced by Cassius, in the assassination of 
 Caesar, March 15, 44 ; gathered troops in Macedonia, with 
 which he joined Cassius in Asia Minor in 42 ; and defeated 
 
 Brytbon 
 
 Octavianus in the first battle of Philippi in 42, while Cassius 
 was defeated by Antony and committed suicide ; but was 
 defeated in a second battle twenty days later, and fell 
 upon his sword. His (second) wife Portia, daughter of 
 Cato Uticensis, on receiving news of his death, committed 
 suicide by swallowing live coals. 
 
 Brutus the Trojan. [ML. Brutus. OF. Brut. 
 really representing AS. Bryt, a Briton, but 
 confused with the classical name Brutus.] A 
 fabulous person, according to Geoffrey of Mon- 
 mouth the grandson of iEneas and founder of 
 the city of New Troy (London). 
 
 Briix (briiks), or Brix (briks). A town in Bohe- 
 mia, situated on the Biela 45 miles northwest of 
 Prague. Population, commune, 25,752, (1910). 
 Bruyere, Jean de la. See La Bruyere. 
 
 Bruyn (broin), Cornelius de. Bom at The 
 Hague, Holland, 1652: died at Utrecht, Hol- 
 land, about 1 719. A Dutch traveler and painter. 
 He wrote “Voyage au Levant, etc.” (1698), “Voyage par 
 la Moscovie, en Perse, etc.” (1711). 
 
 Bruys, or Bruis (bribe'), Pierre de. Burned 
 at the stake at St. Gilles, France, about 1126. 
 A French religious reformer. His followers 
 were called Petrobrusians (which see). 
 
 Bry, or Brie (bre), Theodore de. Born at 
 Ljege, 1528: died at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
 1598. A goldsmith, engraver, and painter. 
 About 1570 he established a printing- and engraving-house 
 at Frankfort-on-the-Main, his two sons assisting him. 
 They illustrated many books, but are best known for 
 their great collection of travels, of which there are differ- 
 ent editions in Latin and German. The first was entitled 
 “Collectiones peregrinationum in Indiam orientalem et 
 occidentalem ” (Frankfort, 1590). The volumes are illus- 
 trated with many plates from De Bry’s hand. 
 
 Bryan (bri'an), Sir Francis. Died at Clonmel, 
 Ireland, Feb. 2, 1550. An English poet, sol- 
 dier, and diplomatist. 
 
 Bryan, William Jennings. Born at Salem, 111., 
 March 19, 1860. An American statesman. He 
 served two terms in Congress as Democratic 
 representative from Nebraska, and later en- 
 gaged in journalism. He was nominated for Presi- 
 dent by the Democrats and Populists in 1896 and 1900, and 
 by the Democrats in 1908, but was each time defeated. 
 
 Bryanites (bri 'an-its). A Metnodist body, also 
 called “Bible Christians,” founded by a Cornish 
 preacher, William Bryan (O’Bryan), about 1815. 
 Bryant (bri'ant), Jacob. Born at Plymouth, 
 England, 1715 : died at Cypenham, near Wind- 
 sor, England, Nov. 14, 1804. An English anti- 
 quary, author of “A New System or an Analy- 
 sis of Ancient Mythology” (1774-76), etc. 
 Bryant, William Cullen. Born at Cumming- 
 ton, Mass., Nov. 3, 1794: died at New York, 
 June 12, 1878. A noted American poet and 
 journalist. He studied at Williams College 1810-11 ; 
 took up the study of law iu 1812 ; and was admitted to the 
 bar at Bridgewater in 1815. He published “ Thanatopsis " 
 in 1817 ; printed a volume of poetry in 1821 ; gave up the 
 practice of law in 1825 ; was appointed to a place on the 
 New York “Evening Post” in 1826, and became its edi- 
 tor-in-chief and part proprietor in 1829. He published a 
 collection of his poems in 1832, which was reprinted by an 
 English publisher, under Washington Irving’s auspices. 
 (The line “The British soldier trembles, "in the “Song of 
 Marion’s Men,’’ was changed to “The foeman trembles in 
 his camp.’’) As editor of the “Evening Post” he opposed 
 the extension of slavery and supported the Union. He 
 published translations of the Iliad (1870), and the Odys- 
 sey (1871). “Poetical Works,” edited by Parke Godwin, 
 18S3 ; “Prose Writings "(including letters of travel, origi- 
 nally contributed to the “Evening Post,” and orations 
 *and addresses), edited by Parke Godwin, 1884. 
 
 Bryce (bris), James. Born at Belfast, Ireland, 
 May 10, 1838. A noted English historian and 
 Liberal Statesman. He became regius professor of 
 civil law in Oxford University iu 1870, under secretary for 
 foreign affairs in 1886, chancellor of the duchy of Lancas- 
 ter in 1892; president of the board of trade in 1894, and 
 chief secretary for I reland, Dec. 1905. Chief works : “ The 
 Holy Roman Empire” (1864, 7th ed. 1877), “The American 
 Commonwealth ’’ (1888, 3d ed. 1894-95). 
 
 Brydges (brij'ez), James. Born Jan. 6, 1673: 
 died Aug. 9, 1744. An English nobleman, cre- 
 ated first duke of Chandos in 1719. 
 
 Brydges, Sir Samuel Egerton. Born at Woo- 
 ton House, Kent, England, Nov. 30, 1762: died 
 near Geneva, Switzerland, Sept. 8, 1837. An 
 English lawyer, miscellaneous writer, and gene- 
 alogist, member of Parliament 1812-18. He was 
 the author of poems, novels, “Censura Lit eraria ” (1805- 
 1809), “British Bibliographer ” (1810-14), “Res Literarire ” 
 (1821-22), “Autobiography ”(1834), etc. 
 
 Bryn Mawr (Welsh, brun mour' ; locally, brin 
 mar', or mar') College. A non-sectarian col- 
 lege for women , organized at Bryn Mawr, Penn- 
 syl vania, in 1885. It has about 60 instructors and 425 
 students, and a library of about 60,000 volumes and 10,000 
 pamphlets. 
 
 Brytbon (bri'tbon). [L. Britones, Britlones , 
 Gr. (Procopius) B piTTUveg, AS. Brctene, Brettas, 
 Bryttas .] The name applied to themselves by 
 the Celts of southern Britain who successfully 
 
Brython 
 
 resisted the Teutonic invaders in the moun- 
 tainous regions of the western coast, and whose 
 language (Brythoneg) is subsequently found in 
 Wales, Cumbria, and parts of Devon and Corn- 
 wall. The name is used interchangeably with Cymry 
 ( Cumbri ). Giraldus (12th century) in his “ Descriptio Cam- 
 brise ” uses indifferently linyua Britannica and Cambrica. 
 Brzezany (bzhe-zha/nii). A town in Galicia, 
 Austria-Hungary, 49 miles southeast of Lem- 
 berg. Population, commune, 12,626, (1910). 
 Bua (bo'a). An island off the coast of Dalma- 
 tia, Austria-Hungary, opposite Trau, in lat. 43° 
 30' N., long. 16° 15' E. : the ancient Bavo or 
 Bose. It was a place of banishment under the 
 Roman emperors. 
 
 Buache (bii-ash' ) , Philippe. Born at Paris, Feb. 
 7, 1700: died Jan. 27, 1773. A French geogra- 
 pher. His works include “ Considerations g<$ographiques 
 et physiques sur les nouvelles d^couvertes de la grande 
 raer ” (1753), “ Atlas physique ” (1754) , etc. 
 
 Buache de la Neuville (bii-ash' de la ne-vel'), 
 Jean Nicolas. Born at La Neuville-au-Pont, 
 Marne, France, Feb. 15, 1741: died at Paris, 
 No v. 21, 1825 . A French geographer, nephew of 
 Philippe Buache. He wrote “ Geographic 616- 
 mentaire ancienne et modeme” (1769-72), etc. 
 Bubastus (bu-bas'tus), or Bubastis (bu-bas'- 
 tis). [Gr. Bon/Jaorof, liovfjaoTir, Egypt. Pa-Bast, 
 the abode of Bast.] A city of ancient Egypt, 
 the scriptural Pi-Beseth and the modern Tel- 
 Basta, situated on the Pelusiac branch of the 
 Nile, in lat. 30° 33' N., long. 31° 30' E. it was 
 the holy city of the Egyptian goddess Bast or Pasht (Greek 
 Bubastis), whose sacred animal was the cat. 
 
 The Twenty-second Dynasty (B. c. 980) chose Bubastis 
 for its capital. It does not appear to have given many 
 conquerors to Egypt. Its first king, the Shishak of the 
 Bible, the Shashanq of the monuments, took an army into 
 Palestine and carried away the treasures of the Temple. 
 
 Mariette, Outlines, p. 68. 
 
 Bubble (bub'l). A servant in Cooke’s comedy 
 “Greene’s Tu Quoque.” He becomes rich, and un- 
 dertakes to appear like a gentleman by using the affecta- 
 tions of society, particularly the phrase “Tu Quoque,” 
 which is ever in his mouth. The character was played 
 by a favorite actor named Greene (hence the title of the 
 play). 
 
 Bubble, Mississippi. See Mississippi Bubble. 
 Bubble, South Sea. See South Sea Bubble. 
 Bubi, or Booby (bo'bi). See Ediya. 
 
 Bubona (bu-bo'na). [LL., from bos ( bov -), ox.] 
 In Roman mythology, a female divinity, pro- 
 tectress of cows and oxen. 
 
 Bucaneers (buk-a-nerz'). [From F. boucanier, 
 a curer of wild meat, a pirate, from boucaner, 
 smoke meat, from boucan, a place for smoking 
 meat.] A gang of adventurers and pirates 
 which, in the 17th century, attained an almost 
 national importance in the West Indies and on 
 the coasts of South America, it had its nucleus in 
 the English, French, and Dutch smugglers who canned on 
 a clandestine trade with the Spanish island of Santo Domin- 
 go : they hunted the wild cattle there, drying the meat 
 ever fires ; and gradually they formed regular settlements, 
 not only on Santo Domingo but on many of the smaller isl- 
 ands. As they became stronger they began to prey on 
 Spanish commerce. In 1630 they seized the island of Tor- 
 tuga and made it their headquarters. In 1655 they aided 
 the English in the conquest of Jamaica, and this became 
 another center ; and in 1664 they settled the Bahamas. 
 Under their celebrated leader Morgan, they ravaged the 
 coasts of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, and 
 made expeditions inland ; Porto Bello was sacked ; in 1671 
 Morgan crossed the isthmus and burned Panama ; and 
 from that year to 1685 the Bucaneers practically com- 
 manded the West Indian seas. Their immense spoils 
 were divided equally, only the captain of a ship taking a 
 larger share: French, Dutch, English, and Germans were 
 banded together, their only bond being common interest 
 an I hatred of the Spaniards. In 1680 they again crossed 
 the isthmus, seized some Spanish ships in the Pacific, and 
 raided the western coasts of Mexico, Peru, and Chile for 
 several years. After 1690 the war between France and 
 England tended to separate the pirates of these two na- 
 tions, and the impoverished coasts could no longer sup- 
 port their excesses. They gradually returned to the West 
 Indies and Europe, and were drawn into the armies and 
 navies of different powers. 
 
 Bucareli y Urzua (bo-ka-ra'le e or-tho'a), 
 Antonio Maria. Born at Seville, Jan. 24, 1717: 
 died at Mexico, April 9, 1779. A Spanish gen- 
 eral and administrator. From 1760 to 1771 he was 
 governor of Cuba, and from 1771 until his death viceroy of 
 New Spain (Mexico). 
 
 Buccaneer (buk-a-ner'), Tbe. A poem by 
 Richard Henry Dana, first published in 1827. 
 The scene is partly laid on Block Island. 
 Buccari (bok-ka're). A free haven in Flume, 
 Austria-Hungary, situated on the Adriatic in 
 lat. 45° 18' N., long. 14° 32' E. 
 
 Bucentaur (bu-sen't&r). [From Gr. fhvr, ox, 
 and tdvTav(>or , centaur: but also said to be a 
 corruption of L. ducentorum, of two hundred 
 (oars), or of Bvcintoro (= buzino d’ oro), golden 
 bark.] The state ship of the Venetian Repub- 
 lic, used in the ceremony of wedding the Adri- 
 
 191 
 
 atic, which was enjoined upon the Venetians by 
 Pope Alexander III. to commemorate the victory 
 of the Venetians under Doge Sebastiauo Ziani 
 over the fleet of Frederick Barbarossa, in the 
 12th century. On Ascension day of each year a ring was 
 dropped from the Bucentaur into the Adriatic, with the 
 words “We espouse thee, Sea, in token of true and last- 
 ing dominion.” The ceremony was attended by the en- 
 tire diplomatic corps. The ship perhaps took her name 
 from the figure of a bucentaur (head of a man and body 
 of a bull) in her bows. Three of the name were built. 
 The last was destroyed by the French in 1798. 
 
 Bucephalus (bu-sef'a-lus). [Gr. povidfaXoc, ox- 
 headed, Bovutyakoi;, the name of Alexander’s 
 horse.] The favorite horse of Alexander the 
 Great. His master was the only person who 
 could ride him. He accompanied Alexander through 
 his principal campaigns, and was buried on the banks of 
 the Hydaspes with great pomp. Bucephalus is supposed 
 to have been a name applied to Thessalian horses which 
 were branded with a bull’s head. 
 
 Bucer (bu'ser), or Butzer (bot'ser), Martin. 
 [G. Butzer, NL. Bucerus, whence Buccr.'] Born 
 at Schlettstadt in Alsace, 1491: died at Cam- 
 bridge, England, Feb. 28, 1551. A German 
 theologian, a coadjutor of Luther. He became 
 chaplain to the elector palatine 1'rederick in 1520, and 
 pastor at Eandstulil in 1522 ; married the former nun Eliza- 
 beth Pallass in 1522; became pastor of St. Aurelia’s in 
 Strasburg in 1524 ; refused to sign the Augsburg Interim 
 in 1548; and accepted, at the invitation of Cranmer, a pro- 
 fessorate of theology in Cambridge in 1549. He is chiefly 
 noted for, .is efforts to unite thedifferentProtestant bodies, 
 especially the Lutherans and Zwinglians, in which he was 
 but partially successful. 
 
 Bucli (booh), Christian Leopold von. Born 
 at Stolpe, Prussia, April 26, 1774: died at Ber- 
 lin, March 4, 1853. A celebrated German geol- 
 ogist and traveler. His works include “Geognos- 
 tische Beobachtungen auf Beisen durch Deutschland und 
 Italien ’’ (1802-09). “ Pliysikalische Beschreibung der Cana- 
 rischen Inseln ” (1825), “Reise durch Norwegen und Lapp- 
 land ” (1810), etc. 
 
 Buchan (buch'an), David. Born 1780 : died 
 about 1839. A British naval commander and 
 Arctic explorer. He explored the Exploits River, 
 Newfoundland, in 1811, penetrating 160 miles into the in- 
 terior ; commanded an Arctic expedition in 1818, reaching 
 Spitzbergen with the Dorothea and the Trent; became 
 high sheriff of Newfoundland, and was subsequently pro- 
 moted to the rank of captain ; and was lost with the ship 
 Upton Castle. His name was struck from the list of liv- 
 ing captains in 1839. 
 
 Buchan, or Simpson (simp'son), Elspeth. Born 
 near Banff, Scotland, 1738 : died near Dumfries, 
 Scotland, 1791. A Scottish religious enthusi- 
 ast. She was the daughter of John Simpson, an inn- 
 keeper, and married Robert Buchan, a potter, from whom 
 she separated. She removed to Glasgow in 1781, where 
 she heard Hugh White, of the Relief Church at Irvine, 
 preach in 1783, with the result that she removed to Irvine 
 and converted Mr. White to the belief that she was the 
 woman of Revelation xii., in whom the light of God was 
 restored to men, and that he was the man child she had 
 brought forth. They with others of the so-called “Bu- 
 chanites ” were banished from Irvine in 1784, and settled 
 at New Cample, where they enjoyed community of goods 
 and person. The sect became extinct in 1848. 
 
 Buchanan (bu-kan'an), Franklin. Born at 
 Baltimore, Md., Sept. 17, 1800: died May 11, 
 1874. An American naval officer, in the Con- 
 federate service 1861—64. He commanded the Mer- 
 rimac in Hampton Roads, March 8, 1862 ; and was de- 
 feated by Farragut in Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864. 
 
 Buchanan, George. Born at Killearn, Stirling- 
 shire, Scotland, Feb., 1506: died at Edinburgh, 
 Sept. 29, 1582. A Scottish historian and scholar, 
 tutor of James VI. (1570). His principal works are 
 “De jure regni apud Scotos”(1579), “Rerum Scotiearum 
 historia" (1582), “Detection, etc. ” (1571), a version of tbe 
 Psalms, translations of the “Medea” and “ Alcestis,” and 
 the dramas “ Baptistes,” “ Jephthes,” etc. 
 
 Buchanan, James. Born at Stony Batter, 
 Franklin County, Pa., April 22, 1791; died at 
 Wheatland, Lancaster, Pa., June 1, 1868. The 
 fifteenth president of the United States. He was 
 amember of Congress 1821-31 ; minister to Russia 1831-33; 
 United States senator 1833-45 ; secretary of state 1845—19 ; 
 minister to Great Britain 1853-56 ; and president 1857-61. 
 He published a history of his administration (1866). 
 
 Buchanan, Robert Williams. Born Aug. 18 , 
 1841: died June 10, 1901. A Scottish poet and 
 prose writer. His poems include “Idyls and Legends 
 of Inverburn ”(1865), “ London Poems ” (1866), “ Napoleon 
 Fallen (1871), “The City of Dreams” (1888), “The Wan- 
 dering Jew ’’ (1893). He has published a number of plays, 
 and in 1876 he wrote his first novel, “The Shadow of the 
 Sword,” followed by “ A Child of Nature " (1879), etc. 
 
 Buchanites (buk'an-its). See Buchan, Elizabeth. 
 
 Bucharest. See Bukharest. 
 
 Buchez (bii-sha'), Philippe Joseph Benjamin. 
 Born at Matagne-la-Petite, Namur, Belgium, 
 March 31, 1796: died at Rodez, France, Aug. 
 12, 1865. A French man of letters and politi- 
 eian. He wrote an “Introduction h la science de l’liia* 
 toire ”(1833), “ Eseal d'un traits complet de philosophic ” 
 (1839), “Histoirede la formation de la nationality fran- 
 <?aise” (18f>9), and edited “ Histoire parlementairc de la 
 revolution framjaise” (1833-38). 
 
 Buckland, Francis Trevelyan 
 
 Buchholz (boch'holts). A town in the kingdom 
 of Saxony, in the Erzgebirge 18 miles south of 
 Chemnitz. Population, 9,603. 
 
 Buchner (biich ' ner), Alexander. Born at 
 Darmstadt, Germany, Oct. 25, 1827. A Ger- 
 man man of letters, brother of Georg Buchner. 
 His works include “Geschichte der englischen Poesie ' 
 (1855), “Franzosische Literaturbilder ” (1858), etc. 
 
 Buchner, Friedrich Karl Christian Ludwig. 
 
 Born at Darmstadt, March 28, 1824: died there, 
 May 1, 1899. A German physician, physiologist, 
 and materialistic philosopher, brother of Georg 
 Buchner. His chief works are “Kraft und Stuff” (1856, 
 English translation “Force and Matter”), “Natur und 
 Geist ” (1857),“PhysiologischeBilder” (1861), “Aus Natur 
 und Wissenschaft ” (1862), etc. 
 
 Buchner, Georg. Born at Goddelau, near 
 Darmstadt, Germany, Oct. 17, 1813: died at 
 Zurich, Switzerland, Feb. 19, 1837. A German 
 poet, author of “ Dantons Tod ” (1835), brother 
 of the preceding. His collected works were 
 published in 1879. 
 
 Buchner, Luise. Born June 12, 1821: died at 
 Darmstadt, Germany, Nov. 28, 1877. A German 
 poet and novelist, sister of Georg Biichner, 
 noted as a champion of the rights of women. 
 She wrote “Die Frauen und ihr Beruf ” (1855). 
 Buchner, Max. Born in Munich, April 25, 
 1846. A noted African traveler. He made a tour 
 of the world in 1875 as ship’s doctor. In 1878 the African 
 Association of Berlin sent him to Muatyamvo, the king of 
 Lunda, east of Angola, with instructions to explore the 
 country to the east and north of Lunda. He reached Mua- 
 tyamvo, and spent six months at his capital ; but all his 
 efforts to go beyond proved vain, and he returned. At 
 Malange he met Pogge and Wissmann, who were to he 
 more fortunate by trying the northern route to the Bashi- 
 lange. In 1884 Buchner accompanied Nachtigal to West 
 Africa, and was active in the annexation of Togoland and 
 Kamerun. Ascuratorof the Ethnologic Museum of Munich 
 he made (1888-90) a voyage to Australia and New Guinea. 
 
 Buchon (bii-shon'), Jean Alexandre. Born at 
 Menetou-Salon, Cher, France, May 21, 1791: 
 died at Paris, April 29, 1846. A French histo- 
 rian. He edited a “ Collection des chroniques nationales 
 frangaises ”(1824-29), and was the author of works on Greek 
 history and other topics. 
 
 Buck (buk), Dudley. Born at Hartford, Conn., 
 March 10, 1839: died at West Orange, N. J., 
 Oct. 6, 1909. An American composer and or- 
 ganist. He wrote cantatas, church music, etc. 
 Biickeburg (bii' ke- bora). The capital of 
 Schaumburg-Lippe, Germany, on the river Aue 
 20 miles west-southwest of Hannover. Popu- 
 lation, 5,683. 
 
 Buckeye (buk'i). A popular name for an in- 
 habitant of Ohio. 
 
 Buckeye State, The. A popular name of Ohio, 
 from the number of buckeyes in that State. 
 Buckhurst (buk'herst), Lord. See Sackville, 
 Thomas. 
 
 Buckingham (buk'ing-am). [ME. Bukyngeham, 
 Bokyngam, AS. Buccinga ham, dwelling of the 
 Buccings (descendants of Bucca).] A town in 
 Buckinghamshire, England, situated on the 
 Ouse in lat. 52° N., long. 0°58' W. It has man- 
 ufactures of lace. Population, 3,152. 
 
 Buckingham, Dukes of. See Stafford, Villiers, 
 and Grenville. 
 
 Buckingham, James Silk. Bom at. Flushing, 
 near Falmouth, England, Aug. 25, 1786: died at 
 London, June 30, 1855. An English traveler 
 and man of letters. He wrote “ Travels in Palestine, 
 etc. ”(1822), "Travels in Mesopotamia, etc. "(1827),“ Travels 
 in Assyria, Media, and Persia” (1829), etc. 
 Buckingham Palace. The London residence 
 of the sovereign, situated at the western end of 
 St. James’s Park. It was settled by act of Parliament 
 in 1775 upon Queen Charlotte, and was lienee known as 
 the “queen’s house.” It was remodeled under George 
 IV. ; and the eastern fagade, ball room, and some other 
 portions were added by Queen Victoria, who began to 
 occupy it in 1837. The chief fagade is 360 feet long, but is 
 architecturally uninteresting. The state apartments are 
 magnificently adorned and furnished, the grand staircase, 
 the throne-room, and the state ball-room being especially 
 notable. There is a priceless collection of French buhl 
 and other furniture, and the picture-gallery contains a 
 number of old and modern masterpieces. 
 
 Buckinghamshire (buk'ing-am-shir), Buck- 
 ingham, or Bucks. [AS. Buccingahamscir .] 
 A county of England, lying between North- 
 ampton on the north, Bedfordshire, Hertford, 
 and Middlesex on the east, Berkshire on the 
 south, and Oxfordshire on the west. It is an 
 agricultural county. The chief town is Buck- 
 ingham. Area (ad. co.), 749 square mile ;. 
 Population (pari, co.), 195,764. 
 
 Buckland (buk'land), Francis Trevelyan. 
 Born at Oxford, Dec. 17, 1826: died at London, 
 Dec. 19, 1880. An English naturalist, son of 
 William Buckland, noted for researches in fish- 
 culture. He wrote “Curiosities of Natural History” 
 (1867), “Natural History of British Fishes” (1881), etc. 
 
Buckland, William 
 
 Buckland, William. Born at Axminster, Dev- 
 onshire, England, March 12, 1784: died at Clap- 
 ham, near London, Aug. 15, 1856. An English 
 geologist and clergyman, appointed dean of 
 Westminster in 1845. His chief works are “Reliquiae 
 Diluvian®, etc." (1823), and the Bridgewater treatise on 
 “Geology and Mineralogy ” (1836). 
 
 Bucklaw (buk'la.), Laird of. Frank Hay- 
 ston, the dissipated but good-natured suitor of 
 Lucy Ashton in Scott’s “ Bride of Lammer- 
 moor.” He was married to her by her mother’s machi- 
 nations, and was thus the cause of the tragedy which en- 
 sued. See Ashton , Lucy. 
 
 Buckle (buk'l), Henry Thomas. Born at Lee, 
 Kent, England, Nov. 24, 1821 : died at Damas- 
 cus, Syria, May 29, 1862. An English his- 
 torian. His health in early youth was delicate, on which 
 account he was educated at home, chiefly by his mother. 
 In 1840, on the death of his father, a wealthy ship-owner in 
 London, he inherited an ample fortune which enabled 
 him to devote himself wholly to literary pursuits. In 
 1857 he published the first volume of his “ History of 
 Civilization in England." The appearance of this volume, 
 which is characterized by vigor of style and boldness of 
 thought, produced a sensation in Europe and America, 
 and raised the author from obscurity to fame. The spe- 
 cial doctrine which it sought to uphold was that climate, 
 soil, food, and the aspects of nature are the determining 
 factors in intellectual progress. A second volume, infe- 
 rior in execution and interest, appeared in 1861. 
 
 Buckner (buk'ner), Simon Bolivar. Born in 
 Hart County, Ky., .April 1, 1823. An Ameri- 
 can general, in the Confederate service 1861- 
 1865. He surrendered Fort Donelson to Grant, Feb. 16, 
 1862, after the escape of General Floyd, and commanded a 
 corps at Chickamauga, Sept. 19 and 20, 1863. He was govcr- 
 norof Kentucky 1887-91, and was nominated for Vice-Pres- 
 ident by the National (Sound-money) Democrats in 1896. 
 Bucks (buks). Abbreviation of Buckinghamshire. 
 Buckstone (buk'ston), John Baldwin. Bom 
 at Hoxton, London, Sept. 14, 1802: died at 
 Sydenham, near London, Oct. 31, 1879. An 
 English comedian and dramatist, author of 
 numerous plays. 
 
 Bucktails (buk'talz). A name originally given 
 to the members of the Tammany Society in 
 New York city, but about 1817-26 extended in 
 its application to members of that faction of 
 the Democratic-Republican party in the State 
 which opposed De Witt Clinton. 
 
 Bucolic Mouth of theNile. An ancientmouth 
 of the Nile, in the middle of the Delta. 
 Buczacz (bo'chiich). A town in eastern Gali- 
 cia, Austria-Hungary, in lat. 49° 4' N., long. 
 25° 23' E. By a treaty concluded here In 1672, Poland 
 ceded the Ukraine and l’odolia to Turkey. Population, 
 commune, 14,241, (1910). 
 
 Budasus. See Bude, Guillaume. 
 
 Budapest (bo' da -pest; Hung. pron. bo'do- 
 pesht'), since 1872 the official name of the unit- 
 ed Buda and Pesth or Pest. The capital of 
 Hungary, and the second city of the Austrian 
 empire, consisting of Buda on the west bank 
 of the Danube, and Pest on the opposite bank. 
 The Danube is crossed here by a suspension-bridge and 
 other bridges. The city contains ten municipal districts. 
 Ith as a large trade in grain, wool, hides, etc., and exten- 
 sive manufactures. It is also the seat of a university. 
 Buda was the Roman Aquincum, and Pest was a Roman 
 colony. Buda was the capital of Hungary from the mid- 
 dle of the 14th century. Itwas taken by theTurksin 1526, 
 1629, and 1541. The Turks were expelled in 1686. In 1784 
 Buda again became the capital. Budapest was occupied 
 by the Austrians Jan., 1849. The Hungarians reentered 
 Pest in April and stormed Buda in May, 1849. The Austri- 
 ans reoccu pie 1 both places Aug , 1849. The German name 
 of Buda is O/en. Population, 925,000, (1910). 
 
 Budaun (bo-da-on'). A district in the Bareilly 
 division, United Provinces, British India. It 
 was ceded to the British in 1801. Area, 1,987 
 square miles. Population, 1,025,753. 
 
 Buddeus (bod-da'os), Johann Franz. Born at 
 Anklam, Prussia, June 25, 1667: died at Gotha, 
 Germany, Nov. 19, 1729. A German Lutheran 
 divine and scholar. He wrote “nistoria juris na- 
 turse, etc.” (1695), “Elementa philosophic instrumenta- 
 lis '' (1703), “Historia ecclesiastiea veteris testament!” 
 (1709), etc. 
 
 Buddha (bu'dii). [Skt., ‘the enlightened.’] The 
 title of Siddhartha or Gautama, the founder of 
 Buddhism. From three newly discovered inscriptions 
 of the emperor Asoka it follows that the 37th year of his 
 reign was reckoned as the 257th from the death of Buddha. 
 Hence it is inferred that Buddha died between 482 and 
 472 B. c. It being agreed that he lived to be eighty, he 
 was born between 562 and 552 B. c. The Buddhist narra- 
 tives of his life are overgrown with legend and myth. 
 Senart seeks to trace in them the history of the sun-hero. 
 Oldenberg finds in the most ancient traditions — those of 
 Ceylon — at least definite historical outlines. Siddhar- 
 tha, as Buddha was called before entering upon his great 
 mission, was bom in the country and tribe of the Sakh- 
 yas. at the foot of the Nepalese Himalayas. His father, 
 Suddhodana, was rather a great and wealthy landowner 
 than a king He passed his youth in opulence at Kapila- 
 vastu, the Sakliya capital. He was married and had a 
 son Rahula. who became a member of his order. At the 
 age of twenty-nine he left parents, wife, and only son for 
 
 192 
 
 the spiritual struggle of a recluse. After seven years he 
 believed himself possessed of perfect truth, and assumed 
 the title of Buddha, ‘ the enlightened. ’ He is represented 
 as having received a sudden illumination as he sat under 
 the Bo-tree, or * tree of knowledge, ’ at Bodhgaya or Bud- 
 dha-Gaya. For twenty-eight or, as later narratives give 
 it, forty-nine days he was variously tempted by Mara. 
 One of his doubts was whether to keep for himself the 
 knowledge won, or to share it. Love triumphed, and he 
 began to preach, at first at Benares. For forty-four years 
 he preached in the region of Benares and Behar. Primi- 
 tive Buddhism is only to he gathered by inference from 
 the literature of a later time. Buddha did not array him- 
 self against the old religion. The doctrines were rather 
 the outgrowth of those of certain Brahmanical schools. 
 His especial concern was salvation from sorrow, and so 
 from existence. There are “four noble truths”: (1) ex- 
 istence is suffering ; (2) the cause of pain is desire ; (3) 
 cessation of pain is possible through the suppression of 
 desire ; (4) the way to this is the knowledge and obser- 
 vance of the “good law ” of Buddha. The end is Nirvana, 
 the cessation of existence. Buddhism was preached in 
 the vulgar tongue, and had a popular literature and an 
 elaborately organized monastic and missionary system. 
 It made its way into Afghanistan, Bactriana, Tibet, and 
 China. It passed away in India not from Brahman per- 
 secution, but rather from internal causes, such as its too 
 abstract nature, too morbid view of life, relaxed discipline, 
 and overgrowth of monasticism, and also because Shivaism 
 and Vishnuism employed many of its own weapons more 
 effectively. The system has been variously modified in 
 dogma and rites in the many countries to which it has 
 spread. It is supposed to number about 350,000,000 of 
 adherents, who are principally in Ceylon, Tibet, China, 
 and Japan. 
 
 Bucldiia-Gaya (biV'dil-gl'a). Au ancient center 
 of Buddhism, now in ruins, in the Gaya district, 
 Bengal. The temple is a celebrated foundation in the 
 Buddhist faith. It is a quadrangular pyramidal struc- 
 ture on a plain raised basement, 60 feet square and 160 
 high. The exterior faces are divided into piers, and orna- 
 mented with molded bands and panels forming nine stages 
 or stories, and surmounted by a conical finial. In the 
 interior is a cella with radiating arches, which date prob- 
 ably from a 14th-century restoration. 
 
 Buddhists (bu'dists). See Buddha. 
 
 Bude (bii-da') (L. Budseus), Guillaume. Bom 
 at Paris, 1467 : died Aug. 23, 1540. A French 
 Scholar. He was a friend of Erasmus, and was elevated 
 by Francis I. to the post of royal librarian. He was sus- 
 pected of favoring Calvinism. He wrote an excellent 
 work on ancient coins, entitled “De Asse, etc ” (1614). 
 
 Budgell (buj'el), Eustace. Bom at St. Thom- 
 as. near Exeter, England, Aug. 19, 1686 : com- 
 mitted suicide in the Thames, near London, 
 May 4, 1737. An English miscellaneous writer. 
 He was called to the bar, but his association with his 
 cousin Joseph Addison induced him to turn his attention 
 to literature. He contributed thirty-seven papers to the 
 “Spectator," in Addison’s style. He wrote many pam- 
 phlets of a political nature, and in 1733 started “The 
 Bee,” a weekly periodical which ran for about two years. 
 He filled a number of positions after the accession of 
 George I., when Addison became secretary to the lord 
 lieutenant of Ireland, being at various times chief secre- 
 tary to the lords justices, deputy clerk of the council, 
 accountant-general, and member of the Irish House of 
 Commons. He fell into money difficulties which affected 
 his brain, and after a disgraceful affair connected with 
 the disappearance of some bonds belonging to the estate 
 of Matthew Tindal, he to'dc his own life. He left a natu- 
 ral daughter, Anne Eustace, who went upon the stage. 
 
 Budweis (bod' vis), Czech Budejowice. A city 
 in Bohemia, situated on the Moldau in lat. 48° 
 58' N., long. 14° 27' E. It has a cathedral. 
 Population, commune, 45,137, (1910). 
 
 Buell (hu'cl), Don Carlos. Born near Mari- 
 etta, Ohio, March 23, 1818: died Nov. 19, 1898. 
 An American general. He was graduated from West 
 Point 1841; served in the Mexican war; was placed in 
 command of the Department of the Ohio 1861 ; b came 
 major-general of volunteers 1862; arrived at Pittsburg 
 Landing, April 6, 1862, in time to contribute to the victoiy 
 of Grant over Beauregard on the following day ; drove 
 General Bragg out of Kentucky 1862, fighting t lie indeci- 
 sive battle of Perryville Oct. 8. He wa3 blamed for per- 
 mitting General Bragg to escape, and was removed from 
 his command, Oct. 24, 1862. 
 
 Buena. Vista (bwa'na ves'ta). [Sp., ‘good 
 view.’] A place in the state of Coahuila, 
 Mexico, 6 miles south of Saltillo. Here, Feb. 22-23, 
 1847, 5,000 Americans under General Taylor defeated 15,000 
 Mexicans under Santa Anna. Loss of Americans, 746’; of 
 Mexicans, about 2,000. 
 
 Buen Ayre (bwan i'ra), or Bonaire (bo-nar). 
 [Sp. and F. respectively, ‘ good air.’] An island 
 in the Dutch West Indies, situated north of 
 Venezuela, in lat. 12° 15' N., long. 68° 27' W. 
 Area, 129 square miles. Population, about 
 5,000. 
 
 Buende (bwan'de), or Ba-Buende (hit-hwan'- 
 de). See Kongo language. 
 
 Bueno da Silva (bwa'no da sel'va), Bartliolo- 
 meu, called Anhanguera. Born in Sao Paulo 
 about 1635 ; died there about 1695. A Brazilian 
 explorer. In 1682, at the head of a party in search of In- 
 dian slaves and mines, he penetrated to Goyaz, and prob- 
 ably beyond the Araguaya, bringing the first definite 
 account of these regions. 
 
 Bueno da Silva, Bartholomew Born in Sao 
 Paulo, 1670: died in Goyaz, Sept. 19, 1740. Son 
 of the preceding. He was with his father in the ex- 
 ploration of 1682, and in 1722 was sent by the governor of 
 
 Bugenhagen 
 
 Sao Paulo to seek the same route. He was absent three 
 years, and discovered the gold mines of Goyaz. In 1728 
 he was made captain of the Goyaz colony. 
 
 Buenos Aires (bwa'nosi'rez; Sp. pron. bwa'- 
 nos i'res). [Sp., ‘good airs.’] A province of 
 the Argentine Republic, lyingbetween Cordoba, 
 Santa F<$, Entre Rios, and the Rio de la Plata on 
 the north, the ocean on the east and south, and 
 the territories of Pampa and Rio Negro on the 
 west. Capital, since 1882, La Plata, its chief in- 
 (lustry is cattle-raising. During most of the time from 1827 
 'to 1862, Buenos Aires was separated from the other prov- 
 inces. Area, 117,777 square miles. Population, about 
 1,700,000. 
 
 Buenos Aires. The capital of the Argentine 
 Confederation, situated on the estuary of the 
 Rio de la Plata, in lat. 34° 36' S., long. 58° 22' 
 W . It is the first city of South America in size, and has 
 the greater share of the export trade of the country, and 
 also considerable manufactures. It is a railway terminus 
 of importance. It contains a cathedral, university, and 
 military school. Buenos Aires was settled by the Span- 
 iards in 1535 ; abandoned ; and resettled in 1580. The 
 revolution which led to the independence of the republic 
 began there in 1810. Population, including suburbs, 
 1,319,747, (1911). 
 
 Buenos Aires, or Colonies of the Plata (Colo- 
 nias de la Plata). A viceroyalty established 
 in 1776, and continued until the revolution of 
 1810. It included Buenos Aires (colony), Tucuman. 
 Cuyo (separated from Chile), Uruguay, Paraguay, and 
 Charcas or Upper Peru : in other words, all now included 
 in the Argentine Republic, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bo- 
 livia, with the former Pacific coast of Bolivia, now an- 
 nexed to Chile. The capital was Buenos Aires. 
 
 Buffalo (buf'a-lo). A city, port of entry, and 
 chief place of Erie County, New York, situ- 
 ated on Lake Erie in lat. 42° 53' N., long. 78° 
 55' W. : the second cityin the State. Itliasagood 
 harbor protected by breakwaters, and is the terminus of 
 the Erie Canal and an important railway-center. It is 
 connected by steamer lines with ports on the Great Lakes. 
 It has a large trade in grain, live stock, lumber, coal, ce- 
 ment, and salt, and manufactures of flour, iron, steel, 
 beer, oil, leather, etc. Buffalo was founded in 1801, and 
 incorporated as a city in 1832. It was the scene of exten- 
 sive railroad strikes in 1892. Population, 423,715, (1910). 
 
 Buffalo Bill. See Cody, William Frederick. 
 Buffier (biif-ya'), Claude. Born in Poland. 
 May 25, 1661 : died at Paris, May 17, 1737. A 
 French grammarian, philosopher, and littera- 
 teur. 
 
 Buffon (bii-foh'), Comte de (Georges Louis 
 Leclerc). Born at Montbard, Cote-d’Or, France, 
 Sept. 7, 1707 : died at Paris, April 16, 1788. A 
 celebrated French naturalist. He was the son of 
 M. Leclerc de Buffon, a counselor of the parliament of 
 Bourgogne, fiom whom he inherited a competent fortune. 
 About the age of nineteen he traveled in Italy in company 
 with Lord Kingston, and in 1740 published a translation 
 of Newton’s “Treatise on Fluxions.” He was elected a 
 member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris in 1739, and 
 in the same year was appointed director of the Jardin du 
 Roi, the present Jardin des Plantes. His chief work is 
 the “Histoire naturelle, g^n^rale et particuli£re, avec la 
 description du cabinet du roi.” the first three volumes 
 of which were published in 1749. The first volume con- 
 tained “La thdorie de la terre” and “Le systeme sur la 
 formation des plan£tes”; the second, “L’Histoire ge- 
 nera!e des animaux” and “L’Histoire paiticulicre de 
 lhomme”; the third, a “Description du cabinet du roi” 
 (by Daubenton) and a chapter on “ Les varidtSs de l’es- 
 pkee humaine.” The next twelve volumes (1755-67) dealt 
 with the history of quadrupeds. Subsequently he pub- 
 lished in ten volumes “L’Histoire naturelle des oiseaux 
 et des min^raux ” (1771-86), besides seven volumes of “ Sup- 
 plements” (1774-89). The most striking of these is the 
 fifth volume, “Les dpoques de la nature” (1779). T ac(i- 
 pfede completed Button's work from his notes by publish- 
 ing a volume, “ Les serpents,” in 1789. The credit for the 
 six volumes on “Les poi sons et les effaces " (1799-1804) 
 belongs to Lac^p&de alone. When Buffon was admitted 
 to the French Academy in 1753, he delivered as his in- 
 augural address the famous “Discours sur le style.” 
 Buffone (bof-fo'ne), Carlo. An impudent glut- 
 tonous jester in Ben Jonson’s “Every Man out 
 of his Humour.” He is identified with Marston by 
 some critics : others think he is meant for Dekker. 
 
 Buffoon, Sir Hercules, See Sir Hercules Buf- 
 foon, under Lacy, John. 
 
 Bug (bog), or Bog. A river in the governments 
 of Podolia and Kherson, Russia, which joins 
 the liman of the Dnieper 30 miles west of Kher- 
 son : the ancient Hypanis. Length, about 470 
 miles. Navigable from Voznesensk. 
 
 Bug. A river which rises in Galicia and joins 
 the Vistula in Russian Poland, 17 miles north- 
 west of Warsaw. Length, about 500 miles. 
 Bugeaud de la Piconnerie (bii-zho' de la pe- 
 kon-re'), Thomas Robert, Due d’lsly. Born 
 at Limoges, France, Oct. 15, 1784: died at Paris, 
 June 10, 1849. A marshal of France, and mili- 
 tary writer. He served in Africa 1836-47; was gov- 
 ernor of Algeria 1840 ; and gained the victory of Isly, 
 Morocco, Aug. 14, 1844. 
 
 Bugenhagen (bo'gen-ba'gen), Johann, sur- 
 named Pomeranus, or Dr. Pommer. Bom at 
 Wollin, Pomerania, Germany, June 24, 1485: died 
 at Wittenberg, Germany, April 20, 1558. AGer- 
 
Bugenhagen 
 
 man Reformer, a coadjutor of Luther. He was 
 preacher and (1525) professor of biblical exegesis at Wit- 
 tenberg. He organized the Protestant Church in northern 
 and central Germany, and Denmark ; translated the Bible 
 into Low German ; and published “ Interpretatio in li- 
 brum psalmorum "(1524), etc. 
 
 Bugey (bii-zha/). An ancient district of eastern 
 France, lying north and west of the Rhone, and 
 south of Franehe-Comte : comprised in the de- 
 partment of Ain. It formed part of the old Burgun- 
 dian kingdom, was ceded to Savoy 1137-1344, was ceded 
 by Savoy to France in 1601, and was made part of the gen- 
 eral government of Burgundy. 
 
 Bugge (bog'ge), Thomas. Born at Copenhagen, 
 Oct. 12, 1740: died June 15, 1815. A Danish 
 astronomer and geographer. 
 
 Bugi (bo'gi). See Kabail. 
 
 Bug jargal. A novel by Victor Hugo, its sub- 
 ject is the revolt of the Santo Domingo negroes. The 
 principal character, giving his name to the book, is a 
 negro passionately in love with a white woman. 
 
 Bugres (bo'grez). A name commonly given in 
 Brazil to the Botoeudos and other savage In- 
 dians. It is also applied to howling monkeys, and is 
 probably corrupted from some aboriginal word. 
 
 Buhle (bo'le), Johann Gottlieb. Born at Bruns- 
 wick, Germany, Sept. 29, 1763 : died at Bruns- 
 wick, Aug. 11, 1821. A German historian of 
 philosophy. He wrote “Lehrbuch der Geschichte der 
 Philosophic" (1796-1804), “Geschichte der neuern Philos- 
 ophie ” (1800-05), etc. 
 
 Buil (bo-el'). Bernardo. Born inCatalonia about 
 1450: died at the Cuxa convent in 1520. A 
 Spanish Benedictine monk. In 1493 he was chosen 
 with eleven other Benedictines to go with Columbus to 
 Hispaniola. The Pope named him superior and apostol- 
 ical vicar of the New World. His position gave him much 
 influence at Hispaniola, where he acted as counselor ; but 
 he showed an unrelenting disposition toward the Indians, 
 and joined the malcontents who opposed Columbus. In 
 1494 he returned to Spain to prefer charges against him, 
 and he was long a most dangerous enemy of the admiral. 
 He did not go again to America, but was made abbot of 
 the Cuxa convent. Also written Boyle, Boyl, Boil, and BueU.. 
 Buitenzorg (boi'ten-zorG). The capital of a 
 residency in Java, Dutch East Indies, 36 miles 
 south of Batavia. It contains the palace of 
 the governor-general, and important botanical 
 gardens. 
 
 Bujalanee (bo -Ha -Ian' the). A town in the 
 province of Cordova, Spain, 25 miles east of 
 Cordova. 
 
 Bukharest, or Bucharest (bo-ka-rest'), Ru- 
 manian Bucuresci, or Bukureshti. [‘City 0 f 
 delight.’] The capital of Rumania, situated in 
 a plain on the Dimbovitza, lat. 44° 25' N., long. 
 26° 6' E. It is one of the strongest fortresses in Europe, 
 and has important commerce with Austria and the Balkan 
 Peninsula. It contains a university, government build- 
 ings, and cathedraL Has beer often besieged and taken 
 Capital, before 1861, of Wallachia. Population, 288,565. 
 
 Bukharest, Treaty of. A treaty concluded 
 May 28, 1812. It put an end to the war which had 
 been carried on between Russia and Turkey since 1806, 
 and established the Pruth and the Lower Danube as the 
 boundary between the two countries. 
 
 Bukhtarma (bokh-tar-ma'). A tributary of tbe 
 Irtish, in southern Siberia. 
 
 Sukowina (bo-ko-ve'na). A duchy and crown- 
 land of the Cisleithan division of Austria-Hun- 
 gary. Capital, Czernowitz. It is hounded by Galicia 
 on the north, Moldavia east and south, and Transylvania, 
 Hungary proper, and Galicia west. It is occupied in 
 great part by the Carpathians. It sends 14 members to 
 the Reichsrat and has a Diet of 31 members. The lead- 
 ing nationalities are Ruthenian and Rumanian ; the lead- 
 ing religion is the Greek (not united). Its early history 
 is obscure. It was acquired from Turkey by Austria in 
 1775, and became a crownland in 1849. Area, 4,035 square 
 miles. Population, 801,364, (1910). 
 
 Bulacan (bo-la-kan'). A town in Luz6n, Phil- 
 ippine Islands, 20 miles northwest of Manila. 
 Population, 11,589. 
 
 Bulacq. See Bulak. 
 
 Bulak (bo-lak'). The port of Cairo, Egypt, on 
 the Nile. It formerly contained the National 
 Museum now at Gizeh. 
 
 Bulala (bo-la'la). See Kuka. 
 
 Bulama (bo-la'mil). The easternmost of the 
 Bissagos Islands, west of Senegambia, in lat. 
 11° 34' N., long. 15° 33' W. 
 
 Bulawayo (bo-la-wii'yo). A town in Matabele- 
 land, South Africa, about lat. 20° 15' S., long. 
 28° 30' E. It contains a government office, schools, 
 ♦hotels, etc. 
 
 Bulgaria (bul-ga'ri-a). [F. Bulgarie, G. Bul- 
 garien, Russ. Bulgdriya, etc., ML. Bulgaria, 
 from Bulgarus (Eng. Bulgar), OBulg. Blugurin, a 
 Bulgarian.] A principality of Europe, in the Bal- 
 kan Peninsula. It is bounded by Rumania (chiefly 
 separated by the Danube) on the north, the Black Sea on 
 the east, Turkey on the south, and Servia on the west. 
 It Is traversed by the Balkans from west to east. The 
 surface north of tbe Balkans is chiefly a plain. The prin- 
 cipality is composed of Bulgaria (as formed in 1878) and 
 O.— 13 
 
 193 
 
 Bundelkhand Agency 
 
 Eastern Rumelia, with Sofia as capital. The old capital Bulmer (bul'mfer), Valentine. The titular 
 "" * *’*"* 1 Earl of Hetherington in Sir Walter Scott’s 
 
 novel “ St. Ronan’s Well.” He substitutes himself 
 for his supposed bastard brother Francis Tyrrel, the real 
 earl, in a clandestine marriage with Clara Mowbray, and 
 later endeavors to rob Tyrrel of the proofs of the latter’s 
 right to his title. 
 
 Bulnes(bol'nes), Manuel. Born at Concepcion, 
 Dec. 25, 1799 : died at Santiago, Oct. 18, 1866. A 
 Chilian general and statesman, in 1831 he became 
 brigadier-general, and in 1838 commanded 6,000 men sent 
 against Santa Cruz in Peru. His victories destroyed the 
 Peru-Bolivian confederation. He was elected president of 
 Chile in 1841, and reelected in 1840, serving for ten years. 
 
 was Tirnova. The government is a constitutional mon 
 archy, under a king (czar) and legislative chamber (So- 
 branje). The inhabitants ' are Bulgarians, Turks, etc. 
 Bulgaria was included in the ancient Moesia and Thracia, 
 and formed part of the Roman Empire. It was colonized 
 about the 6th century by Bulgarians (a Slavicized Finnish 
 (?) people). There were three Bulgarian kingdoms suc- 
 cessively in the middle ages, and about the 10th century, 
 and again in the 13th century, the kingdom had a wide 
 extent. It was overthrown by the Turks about the end of 
 the 14th century. It has been the theater of many strug- 
 gles in recent Russo-Turkish wars. It, was constituted a 
 principality by the treaty of San Stefauo and the Cbngress 
 of Berlin (1878), and Prince Alexander of Battenberg was 
 installed in 1879. A union of Eastern Rumelia (Southern 
 
 Bulgaria) with Bulgaria was effected in 1885. A war with BiilOW (bit 16), Eri@drich "W ilhelm YOU. Born 
 
 ' at Falkenberg, Altmark, Prussia, Feb. 16, 1755: 
 died at Konigsberg, Prussia, Feb. 25, 1816. A 
 Prussian general. He defeated Oudinot at Luckau 
 and Grossbeeren and Ney at Dennewitz in 1813; served 
 with distinction at Leipsic in 1813, at Laon and Mont- 
 martre in 1814, and at Waterloo in 1815; and was made 
 count of Dennewitz in 1814. 
 
 Servia occurred in 1885, which resulted in favor of Bulgaria. 
 It was formed into an independent kingdom Oct. 6, 1908, 
 and declared war against Turkey, Oct. 18, 1912, with its 
 allies, Servia, Montenegro, and Greece. Area, est., 38,- 
 080 square miles. Population, 4,329,108. 
 
 Bulgaria, Black. Same as Bulgaria. 
 Bulgaria, Great or White. A former name 
 
 of the region between the Kama and Volga, Billow, Hans Guido von. Born at Dresden, 
 
 tttIi -7 rt K Turn n An mi -v\ i /id Ktt Du l/vnninna Tnn Q 1 OOA . Ji ^ J „ i. L' a L 1 O "1 Ofi A 
 
 which was occupied by Bulgarians. 
 
 Bulgarin (bol-ga/rin), Thaddeus. Born in 
 Lithuania, 1789 : "died at Dorpat, Russia, Sept. 
 
 13, 1859. A Russian novelist, journalist, and 
 general writer. His chief work is the novel 
 “The Russian Gil Bias” (1829). 
 
 Bulgarus (bul-ga'rus); Born at Bologna Italy, i ^ ^ 
 
 m the 11th century: died 1166. An Italian 
 jurist, one of the “Four Doctors” of Bologna. 
 
 His chief work is a commentary, “De regulis 
 juris.” 
 
 Bull (bul), John. Born in Somersetshire, Eng- 
 
 Jan. 8, 1830 : died at Cairo, Egypt, Feb. 12, 1894. 
 A famous pianist, conductor, and composer. He 
 made Lis first concert tour in 1853, and in 1864 was made 
 conductor of the Royal Opera and director of the Conser- 
 vatory at Munich. He held many important positions, 
 including that of royal court kapellmeister at Hannover 
 (1878), and a similar position with the Duke of Meiningen. 
 He was director at Hamburg and Berlin from 1885. 
 
 von. Born 
 
 near Eilenburg, Prussia, Nov. 17, 1803 : died 
 at Otlishausen, Thurgau, Switzerland, Sept. 
 16, 1853. A German novelist and miscellane- 
 ous writer. He wrote “ Novellenbuch, * a collection of 
 one hundred tales from the Italian, Spanish, etc., pub- 
 _ lished 1834-36. 
 
 land, about 1563: died at Antwerp, March 12 or Buiti (bul'te), or Bultistan (bul-te-stan'), or 
 13, 1628. An English composer and organist. Baltistan (bal-te-stan'), or Little Tibet. A 
 
 The song “God save the King ’’was wrongly former state in central Asia, tributary to 
 
 attributed to him. Kashmir, situated in lat. 35°-35° 30' N., long. 
 
 Bull, John. See John Bull. 75°-76° E. Chief town, Iskardo. Area, esti- 
 
 Bull (bol), Ole Bornemann. Born at Bergen, mated, 12,000 square miles. 
 
 Norway, Feb. 5, 1810 : died near Bergen, Aug. Bulwer, Edward George Earle Lytton, first 
 17,1880. A Norwegian violinist and composer. Baron Lytton. See Lytton. 
 
 He came five times to America between 1843 and 1879. Bulwer (bul'wer), John. Lived about 1654. 
 Bull, A Young. A famous painting by Paul An English physician. He wrote a treatise on dac- 
 Potter, ill tile Royal Gallery at The Hague, tylology, entitled “Chirologia, or the Naturall Language 
 Holland. It is a large canvas, with strong light effects the Sand (1644), and ‘‘ Philocophus, or the Deafe and 
 and some deficiency in half-tones. The bull is grouped Dumbe jri C * G64S). 
 
 under a tree with a cow, a ram, a sheep, a lamb, and a Bulwer, W illlclIH M8nry Lytton Earle, Baron 
 herdsman, with animals in the distant landscape. Balling and Bulwer, usually known as Sir 
 
 Bull, The. See Taurus. Henry Bulwer. Born at London, Feb. 13, 
 
 Bullant (bii-lon'), Jean. Bom about 1515, 1801: died at Naples, May 23, 1872. An Eng- 
 probably at Ecouen: died Oct. 10, 1578. A ~ ‘ ' 
 
 French architect. Of his early career nothin^ 
 known. After 1570 he became architect of the Tuileries, 
 # and erected the pavilion called by his name. In the 
 same year he succeeded Primaticcio at Fontainebleau. 
 Bullcalf (bul'kaf). A recruit in Shakspere’s 
 “Henry IV.,” part 2. 
 
 lish diplomatist, politician, and writer, brother 
 of Lord Lytton. He was minister to Spain 1843-48, 
 and to the United States 1849-52 ; negotiated the Bulwer- 
 Clayton Treaty in 1850 ; was minister to Tuscany 1862- 
 1856, and ambassador to Turkey 1858-65. He wrote 
 “Historical Characters ’’ (1807), etc. 
 
 Bulwer-Clayton Treaty. _ A treaty between 
 
 Bulle (biil). A small town in the canton of Great Britain and the United States, eon- 
 Fribourg, Switzerland, 13 miles south by west eluded at Washington April 19, and ratified 
 
 July 4, 1850. Both parties pledged themselves to re- 
 spect the neutrality of the proposed ship-canal across 
 Central America. Great Britain was represented by Sir 
 Henry Bulwer, the United States by J. M. Clayton. It 
 was abrogated in 1901 by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 
 signed at Washington Nov. 18, and ratified by tbe Senate 
 Dec. 16. 
 
 of Fribourg: the chief place in Gruyiiro. 
 
 Buller (bul'er), Sir Reivers Henry. Born in 
 Devonshire in 1839: died June 2, 1908. A Brit- 
 ish general. He Berved in China 1860, the Red River 
 Expedition 1870, the Ashanti war 1873-74, the Kaffir war 
 1878, the Zulu war 1879, the Boer war 1881, the Egyptian 
 war 1882, and the Sudan campaigns 1884—85. He was TlralxTrev T.wttovs T! I'-iI-ioi-i. T.vIIati 
 
 undersecretary for Ireland 1886-87, and quartermaster- ,1 f : Robert ^ yt ° n ’ 
 
 general 1887-90, and was appointed adjutant-general 1890, r i 01 Jayiuon. »ee uyiion. . 
 
 lieutenant-general 1891, and general 1896, and was com- BUHlbl0 (bum bl). A tat and officious beadle 
 man d e r-in-chief i n South Africa 1899. Retired 1901. in Charles Dickens’s “ Oliver Twist.” From his 
 Bullet (bii-la ), F ierro. Born 1639: died 1716. arrogant self-importance and magnifying of his parochial 
 A French architect, a pupil of Francois Blondel. office the word “ bumbledom " has come to have a place 
 He constructed, after the plans of his master, the Porte _| !1 the language. 
 
 Saint Denis, and built on his own designs the Porte Saint BuiupGr (bum'pfer), Sir Harry. A character 
 Martin (1674). He also built the porcii of the Church of jn Sheridan’s “School for Scandal” 
 
 Saint Thomas d’Aquin, and made the decorations of two Bllmp0) or BlimppO (bum'po), Natty. See 
 
 Leatherstocking 
 
 chapels at Saint Germain des Prd 
 
 Buliinger (bol'ing-er), Heinricli 
 
 Born at 
 
 Bremgarten, Aargau, Switzerland, July 18,1504: (b Tm s)> John. 
 
 ------- - 1. 17, 1575. A ‘‘ T ^ Pirate ” 
 
 Natty. 
 
 A pirate in Scott’s novel 
 
 died at Zurich, Switzerland, Sept. ^ T , , ,, _ . , 
 
 Swiss Reformer and historian, successor of Bunch ( bu nch), Barnaby. An English botcher 
 Zwino-li at Zurich or mender ot old clothes, an amusing person, 
 
 Bullom (bo-lom'). A small and waning tribe ^Webster’s play “ The Weakest goeth to the 
 
 north of Sierra Leone, West Africa. Their al v. „ .. .... . , 
 
 language has preserved many elements of Bantu grammar. BUUCI1, Mother. A derisive name given by 
 The Mntnnna riinieet. of Bniiom snntpn at, shsi-hm smith Tucca to Mistress Miniver, an alewife, in Dek- 
 
 The Mampua dialect of Bullom, spoken at Sherbro, south 
 of Freetown, forms a link with the stronger Timne. 
 
 Bull Run (bul run). A small river in eastern 
 Virginia, which joins the Occoquan (a tributary 
 
 lteris “ Satiro-mastix.” The name was used for the 
 hypothetical author of various books of jests in 1604 and 
 1760, and “Mother Bunch's Fairy Tales" are well known. 
 
 of the Potomac) 25 miles southwest of Washing- B uncle, J ohn. See John Buncle 
 ton. Near it occurred two battles in the American Civil Bundahish (bon da-hesh). 
 
 War. (a) The Confederates under the immediate command 
 of Beauregard (about 31,000) defeated the Federals under 
 McDowell (about 28,000), July 21, 186L. Loss of Federals, 
 2,952 ; of Confederates, 1,752. Called by Confederates the 
 first battle of Manassas, (b) The Confederates under 
 
 [‘The beginning of 
 the creation.’] A Pablavi theological work, 
 treating of cosmogony, the government of the 
 world, and eschatology, as understood by the 
 Mazdayasnians. 
 
 Lee (about 40,000) defeated the Federals under Pope Bundelkhand (bun-del-khund'), or Bundel- 
 (about 35,000) Aug. 29-30, 1862. Loss of Federals, about cund (bun-del-kund'), Agency. A collection 
 15,000 (?); of Confederates, 8,400. Called by the Confeder- _ 0+ - r _ , . . / ’ , i 
 
 ates the second battle of Manassas. The battle of Aug. ! ( I n! 11° /' eI w i?’ 
 
 29 is sometimes styled the battle of Groveton. lat. 23° 49 —26° 18 N., long. 78° 11 —81 E. 
 
 Bulls and Bears. A i 
 in 1715. 
 
 ne Dauie oi uroveron. iu iuug. • ^ •*— 
 
 . farce by Cibber, produced Among the states are Orcha, Panna, Sainthar. 
 
 Area, 9, 852 square miles. Population, 1,308,316. 
 
Bundi 
 
 Bundi (bon'de). A native state in Rajputana, 
 British India, lat. 25°-26° N., long. 76° E. 
 Bundschuh. See Peasants’ War. 
 
 Bungay (bung'ga), Friar. A famous conjurer 
 of Edward IV.’s time, who appears as Friar 
 Bacon’s assistant in “The Old History of Friar 
 Bacon” and in Greene’s “Friar Bacon and 
 Friar Bungay.” Bulwer introduces Friar Bungay, a 
 union of necromancer, merry-andrew, and friar, in his 
 novel “ The Last of the Barons.” 
 
 Bungen (bong'en). The name of a street in 
 Hamelin down which the Pied Piper enticed 
 the children with his music. It is said that no 
 music is allowed to he played in the street to this day. 
 See Ha m tin, Pied Piper of. 
 
 Bunhill Fields (bun'hilfeldz). A burial-ground 
 for dissenters, situated near Finsbury Square, 
 London, opened iu 1665, closed in 1850. It is 
 now a public garden. Bunyan and Defoe are 
 buried there. Dickens’s Diet. 
 
 Bunker Hill (bung'ker hil). An elevation iu 
 Charlestown (Boston), Mass., about 110 feet in 
 height. It gives name to the famous battle fought 
 June 17, 1775, chiefly at Breed’s Bill, Charlestown, be- 
 tween 2,500 British under Howe and Pigott, and 1,500 
 Americans under Prescott, assisted by Putnam and Stark. 
 The loss of the British was about 1,050 ; that of the Ameri- 
 cans, about 450, including Warren. 
 
 Bunker Hill Monument. A monument at 
 Charlestown, Massachusetts, dedicated June 
 17, 1843, the sixty-eighth anniversary of the 
 famous Revolutionary battle. It is a quadrangu- 
 lar tapering tower of granite, 221 feet high, built in the 
 form of an obelisk, with an obtusely pyramidal apex. 
 
 Bunner (bun'6r), Henry Cuyler. Born at 
 Oswego, N. Y., Aug. 3, 1855: died at Nutley, 
 N. J., May 11, 1896. An American writer, editor 
 of “Puck” 1877-96. He published “Airs from 
 Arcady" (1884), “Zadoc Pine, and Other Stories,” “The 
 Midge,” two series of “Short Sixes,” etc. 
 
 Bunsen (bon'zen), Christian Karl Josias, 
 
 Baron von, sometimes styled Chevalier Bun- 
 sen. Born at Corbaeh, Waldeck, Germany, 
 Aug. 25, 1791 : died at Bonn, Prussia, Nov. 28, 
 1860. A distinguished German scholar and di- 
 plomatist. He was secretary of legation, charg6 d'af- 
 faires, and minister at Rome 1818-58, and minister to 
 Switzerland 1839-41, and to England 1841-54. He wrote 
 “ ASgyptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte ” (1845,“ Egypt’s 
 Place in Universal History ”), “ Die Basiliken des christ- 
 lichen Rom ” (1843), “ Ignatius von Antiochien ” (1847), 
 “ Hippolytus und seine Zeit” (1852-53, “Hippolytus and 
 his Age,” 1851), “Die Zeichen der Zeit "(1855, “Signs of 
 the Times,” 1855-56), “Gott in der Geschichte” (1857-58, 
 “God in History ”), “Bibelwerk fur die Gemeinde ”(1858- 
 1870), “Die Verfassung der Kirche der Zukunft” (1845, 
 “ The Constitution of the Church of the Future ”). 
 
 Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm. Born at Gottingen, 
 Germany, March 31, 1811 : died at Heidelberg, 
 Aug. 16, 1899. A noted German chemist, pro- 
 fessor of chemistry at Heidelberg since 1852. 
 He was best known from his researches in spectrum anal- 
 ysis (with Kirchhoff, 1860), and was the inventor of the 
 “Bunsen burner,” “Bunsen pump,” “Bunsen battery," 
 etc. He discovered the metals caesium and rubidium. 
 Bunthorne (bun'thorn). An extremely com- 
 monplace youth in Gilbert and Sullivan’s opera 
 “ Patience,” who adopts the most extrava- 
 gantly esthetic and lackadaisical style in order 
 to please the ladies: a satire on a folly of tho 
 day. 
 
 Bunting (bun'ting). The name of the Pied 
 Piper in the legend of that name. See Harneln, 
 Pied Piiier of. 
 
 Bunting, Jabez. Born at Manchester, Eng- 
 land, May 13, 1779: died at London, June 16, 
 1858. An eminent clergyman of the English 
 Wesleyan Church. He was received into full con- 
 nection with the ministry in 1803 ; became senior secre- 
 tary of the Missionary Society in 1833 ; and was president 
 of the Theological Institute 1835-58. He established the 
 principle of associating laymen with the clergy in the 
 management of the Wesleyan Church. 
 
 Bunyan (bun'yan), John. Born at Elstow, 
 near Bedford, England : baptized Nov. 30, 1628 : 
 died at London, Aug. 31, 1688. A celebrated 
 English writer. He was the son of a tinker ; received 
 a meager education ; adopted his father’s trade ; served as 
 a soldier, probably in the Parliamentary army, from 1614 
 to 1646 ; and married in 1G48 or 1649. In 1653 he joined a 
 nonconformist body atBedford, whither he removed prob- 
 ably in 1655. He was appointed a preacher by his core- 
 ligionists in 1657, and as such traveled throughout all the 
 midland counties. He was arrested in 1660 at Lower Sam- 
 sell by Harlington, near Bedford, under the statutes against 
 nonconformists, and, with a brief interval in 1666, was de- 
 tained in prison at Bedford until 1672, when those statutes 
 were suspended by Charles II. He was licensed to preach 
 by the crown May 9, 1672, and during the remainder of 
 his life was pastor of the nonconformist congregation at 
 Bedford. During his imprisonment he wrote part of his 
 celebrated allegory “The Pilgrim’s Progress,” which ap- 
 peared in 1678 (second part 1684). A complete collection 
 of his writings, edited by Samuel Wilson, appeared in 1736, 
 and contains, besides " The Pilgrim’s Progress," a number 
 of works, including "Grace Abounding, etc.,’’ “The Holy 
 War,” and “Life and Death of Mr. Badman.” 
 
 194 
 
 Bunzlau (bonts'lou). A town in the province 
 of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Bober 25 
 miles west-northwest of Liegnitz : noted for its 
 brown pottery. Here the Silesians defeated 
 the French in 1813. Pop., commune, 15,048. 
 Buol-Schauenstein(bo'61-shou'en-stin), Count 
 Karl Ferdinand von. Born May 17, 1797: 
 died at Vienna, Oct. 28, 1865. An Austrian 
 statesman and diplomatist, premier and min- 
 ister of foreign affairs 1852-59. 
 
 Buonaccorso. See Accorso. 
 
 Buonafede (bo-6-na-fa'de), Appiano. Born 
 at Comacchio, in Ferrara, Italy, Jan. 4, 1716: 
 died at Rome, Dec. 17, 1793. An Italian his- 
 torian of philosophy, professor of theology at 
 Naples. 
 
 Buonaparte. See Bonaparte. 
 
 Buonarroti (bo-6-nar-ro'te), Filippo. Born at 
 Pisa, Italy, Dec. II, 1761: died at Paris, Sept. 
 15, 1837. An Italian political agitator, impli- 
 cated in the conspiracy of Babeuf 1796. 
 Buonarroti, Michelangelo. See Michelangelo. 
 Buononcini. See Bononcini. 
 
 Bura (bu'ra). [Gr. l.otpn.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a city of Achaia, Greece, in lat. 38° 10' 
 N., long. 22° 10' E., destroyed by an earth- 
 quake in 373 B. C. It joined the Achtean 
 League 275 B. c. 
 
 Burano (bo-ra'no). A town on an island in 
 the Venetian lagoon, 5 miles northeast of 
 Venice. 
 
 Burbage (ber'baj), James. Died in 1597. An 
 English actor, and the first builder of a theater 
 in England: father of Richard Burbage. He 
 was originally a joiner. In 1576-77 he erected the first 
 building specially intended for plays. It was “between 
 Finsbury Fields and the public road from Bisliopsgate and 
 Shoreditch." It was of wood, and was called “The The- 
 atre. ” The material was removed to the Bankside in 1698 
 and was rebuilt as the Globe Theatre. The Curtain was 
 put up near The Theatre soon after the latter was opened, 
 and Burbage was instrumental in the conversion of a large 
 house at Blackfriars into Blackfriars Theatre about Nov., 
 1596. 
 
 Burbage, Richard. Born in 1567 (?) : died in 
 1619. A noted English actor, son of James 
 Burbage (died 1597). He made his fame at the Black- 
 friars and the Globe of which, with his brother and sister, 
 he was proprietor, and played the greatest parts in all the 
 best plays produced at the time. Shakspere was a mem- 
 ber of the Lord Chamberlain’s Company, playing at Black- 
 friars at this time, and had some part in the profit of the 
 house, as also a little later in the Globe ; but Burbage ap- 
 parently had the lion’s share. There is no authentic ac- 
 count of any intimacy with Shakspere till after 1594. 
 Burbage seems to have been the original Hamlet, Lear, 
 and Othello. He excelled in tragedy, and was held in the 
 very highest esteem by authors and public : he was even 
 sometimes introduced into plays in his own proper per- 
 son. Many poems and tributes were written in his mem- 
 ory. Besides his fame as an actor he was known as a 
 painter. In 1613 the Globe Theatre burned down, and he 
 narrowly escaped with his life. 
 
 Burbon (ber'bon). A knight, intended for Henri 
 IV. of France, in Spenser’s “Faerie Queene.” 
 He is assailed by a mob, but escapes and also 
 rescues his mistress. 
 
 Burchard (ber ' chard), Samuel Dickinson. 
 
 Bornat Steuben, N.Y., Sept. 6,1812: diedat Sar- 
 atoga, N. Y., Sept. 25, 1891. An American Pres- 
 byterian clergyman. He was pastor of the Thirteenth 
 Street Presbyterian Church, New York city, 1839-79, and 
 of the Murray Hill Presbyterian Church 1880-85. He 
 gained notoriety in the presidential canvass of 1884 by an 
 alliterative expression used in a speech on Oct. 29, when, 
 with a large company of clergymen, he made a call on 
 James G. Blaine, the Republican candidate for the presi- 
 dency, at the Fifth Avenue Hotel. It occurs in the sen- 
 tence, “We are Republicans, and don’t propose to leave 
 our party and identify ourselves with the party whose an- 
 tecedents have been rum, Romanism , and rebellion," and 
 was made the most of in Roman Catholic circles by the 
 Democratic managers. 
 
 Burchell (ber'ckel), Mr. The name underwhich 
 Sir William Thornhill, a character in Gold- 
 smith’s novel “The Vicar of Wakefield,” dis- 
 penses joys and sorrows as a being from another 
 sphere. He was noted for his habit of crying out “fudge ” 
 if anything displeased him. 
 
 Burckhardt (bork'hart), Jobann Karl. Born 
 at Leipsic, April 30, 1773: died at Paris, June 
 22, 1825. A German astronomer, in charge of 
 the observatory of the Ecole Militaire in Paris 
 1807-25. He published lunar tables ( 1812), etc. 
 Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig. Born at Lau- 
 sanne, Switzerland, Nov. 24, 1784: died at 
 Cairo, Egypt, Oct. 17, 1817. A noted Swiss 
 traveler. He visited the Orient, Egypt, and Nubia, 1810- 
 1817 ; and wrote “ Travels in Nubia ” (1819), an account of 
 his travels in Syria and the Holy Land (18221, in Arabia 
 (1829), “Notes on the Bedouins’ and Wahabys” (1830), 
 “Arabic Proverbs ’’ (1831), etc. 
 
 Burdach (bor'dach), Karl Friedrich. Born at 
 Leipsic, June 12, 1776: died at Konigsberg, 
 Prussia, July 16, 1847. A German physiologist, 
 professor of anatomy and physiology at Dorpat 
 
 Burgh, Hubert de 
 
 (1811), and later (1814) at Konigsberg. He wrote 
 “Vom Bau und Leben des Gehirns und Riickenmarks ” 
 (1819-26), “Die Physiologie als Erfahrungswissenschaft ” 
 (1826-40), etc. 
 
 Burdekin (ber'de-kin). Ariver in (Queensland, 
 Australia, which flows into Upstart Bay, Pa- 
 cific Ocean, in lat. 19° 40' S., long. 147° 30' E. 
 Length, about 350 miles. 
 
 Burden (ber'den), Henry. Born at Dunblane, 
 Scotland, April 20, 1791: died at Troy, N. Y., 
 Jan. 19, 1871. A Scotch-American inventor. 
 His inventions include a cultivator (1820), the hook-headed 
 railway-spike (1840), a machine for making horseshoes 
 (1857), etc. 
 
 Burder (ber'der), George. Born at London, 
 June 5, 1752: died at London, May 29, 1832. 
 An English clergyman of the Independent 
 denomination, author of “Village Sermons” 
 (1799-1812). 
 
 Burdett (ber-det'), Sir Francis. Born Jan. 25, 
 1770: died at London, Jan. 23, 1844. An Eng- 
 lish politician, member of Parliament forWest- 
 minster 1807-37. He published (1810) in Cobbett’s 
 “Register” a speech denying the right of the Commons 
 to imprison delinquents, and, his arrest being ordered, 
 barricaded his house, and was taken only after four days’ 
 resistance. 
 
 Burdett-Coutts (ber-det'kots'), Angela Geor- 
 gina, Baroness. Born April 21, 1814 : died at 
 London, Dec. 30, 1906. An English philan- 
 thropist. Daughter of Sir Francis Burdett, raised to the 
 peerage in 1871. She married W. L. Ashmead-Bartlett, an 
 American, in 1881. Coutts was her mother’s name. 
 
 Burdette (ber-det'), Robert Jones. Born at 
 Greensborough, Pa., July 30, 1844. An Amer- 
 ican journalist and humorist, formerly editor 
 of the Burlington, Iowa, “ Hawkeye.” 
 
 Bur digala (ber-dig'a-la). The ancient name of 
 Bordeaux. 
 
 Burdwan (burd-wan'), or Bardwan (bard- 
 wan'). 1. Adivisionof Bengal, British India. 
 Area, 13,949 square miles. Population, 8,240,- 
 076. — 2. A district in that division. Area, 
 2,689 square miles. Population, 1,532,475. — 
 3. The chief town of that district, 56 miles 
 northwest of Calcutta. Population, about 
 35,000. 
 
 Burford (ber'ford). A town in Oxfordshire, 
 England, 16 miles west-northwest of Oxford. 
 Near by, in 752, Cuthred, king of Wessex, defeated Aithel- 
 bald, king of Mercia. 
 
 Burg (boro). A town in the province of Sax- 
 ony, Prussia, situated on the Ihle 14 miles 
 northeast of Magdeburg. It is noted for 
 its cloth manufactures, built up by French 
 Protestant exiles. Population, commune, 23,- 
 522. 
 
 Burgdorf (borg'dorf), F. Berthoud (ber-to'). 
 A town in the canton of Bern, Switzerland, 
 situated on the Emme 12 miles northeast of 
 Bern. It was the seat of Pestalozzi’s school 
 1798-1804. Population, 8,404. 
 
 Burger (burg'er), Gottfried August. Born at 
 Molmerswende, near Harzgerode, Jan. 1, 
 1748: died at Gottingen, 1794. A German 
 poet. His father was a clergyman at Molmerswende. He 
 studied law at Gottingen. Afterward he was an official at 
 Altgleichen, later docent and subsequently professor at the 
 University of Gottingen. His life, in part, the result of his 
 own indiscretions, was unhappy and at times even miser- 
 able. He was the author of numerous ballads, songs, and 
 sonnets. Foremost among his poems is the ballad “ Le- 
 nore,” which originally appeared in the Gottingen “Mu- 
 senaimanach" (1774). lie also wrote the ballads “Das 
 Lied vom braven Mann ” (“The Song of the Brave Man,” 
 1776), “ Der Kaiser und der Abt” (“The Emperor and the 
 Abbot,” 1785), “Der wilde Jager” (“The Wild Hunts- 
 man,” 1786). He was the most important poet of the so- 
 called Gottinger Dichterbuud, or “ poetical brotherhood." 
 His collected works, “Sammtliche Sehriften,” appeared 
 in 4 volumes (Gottingen, 1796-98). 
 
 Burgess (ber'jes), Edward. Born at West 
 Sandwich, Mass., June 30, 1848 : died at Bos- 
 ton, Mass., July 12, 1891. A noted American 
 designer of yachts. He established himself as a naval 
 architect and yacht-broker in Boston in 1883, and was the 
 designer of the sloop Puritan which defeated the English 
 cutter Genesta in the races for the America’s cup in 1885, 
 of the Mayflower which defeated the English Galatea in 
 1886, and of the Volunteer which defeated the English 
 Thistle in 1887. 
 
 Burgess, Thomas. Born at Odiham, Hamp- 
 shire, England, Nov. 18, 1756: died at Salis- 
 bury, England, Feb. 19, 1837. An English 
 clergyman, bishop of St. David’s and later of 
 Salisbury. He wrote “ Considerations on the 
 Abolition of Slavery” (1788), etc. 
 
 Burgh (borg or berg), Hubert de. Died at Ban- 
 stead, Surrey, England, May 12, 1243. An Eng- 
 lish st atesman . He was appointed chamberlain to the 
 king about 1201, in which year he was placed at the head of 
 a body of knights to guard the Welsh march. On the au- 
 thority of Ralph of Coggeshall, who has been followed by 
 Shakspere (King John, iv. 1, 2.), he was castellan of Falaise 
 when Arthur of Brittany was captured at Mirabel in 1202, 
 
Burgh, Hubert de 
 
 was intrusted with the custody of the prince’s person, 
 and refused to obey an order of Arthur’s uncle, King 
 John of England, to put out the prince's eyes. He was a 
 partizan of the king at Runnyraede in 1215, in which year 
 he first appears as justiciar, and is mentioned in the great 
 charter as one of the magnates of the realm by whose ad- 
 vice it was granted. He gained a decisive naval victory 
 over Eustace the Monk in 1217, which forced Louis to con- 
 clude the treaty of Lambeth (Sept. 11, 1217) and evacuate 
 England. He became regent for Henry III. in 1219, and 
 remained his chief minister 1228-32. 
 
 Burgh (bur'o), James. Born at Madderty, 
 Perthshire, Scotland, 1714: died Aug. 26, 1775. 
 A Scottish miscellaneous writer. He wrote 
 “Britain’s Remembrancer” (1745), “Dignity of 
 Human Nature” (1754), etc. 
 
 Burghas. See Bourgas. 
 
 Burghers (ber'gerz). A body of Presbyterians 
 in Scotland, constituting one of the divisions 
 of the early Secession Church. This church be- 
 came divided in 1747 into the Associate Synod, or Burghers, 
 and the General Associate Synod, or Antiburghers, on the 
 lawfulness of accepting the oath then required to be taken 
 by the burgesses in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Perth. See 
 Antiburgher. 
 
 Burghley, or Burleigh, Lord. See Cecil. 
 Burgkmair (bork'mlr), Hans. Born at Augs- 
 burg, Germany, 1473 : died about 1531. A Ger- 
 man painter and engraver, probably a pupil of 
 Albrecht Diirer. His most noted work is a tri- 
 umphal procession of Maximilian I. 
 
 Burgoa (bor-go'ii), Francisco de. Bom in 
 Oaxaca about 1605 : died 1681. A Mexican Do- 
 minican missionary and author. He took the Do- 
 minican habit in 1620, was twice provincial, represented 
 the order at Rome in 1656, acted for the Inquisition, and 
 during his later years was guardian of Huaxolotitlan and 
 other convents. His “GeogrAflcadescripcion . . . deesta 
 Provincia de Predicadores de Antiquera" is a chronicle of 
 his orderin Oaxaca, of great historical value. Like his other 
 historical and biographical works, it is now very rare. 
 BurgOS (bor'gos). A province in Old Castile, 
 Spain. Area, 5,480 square miles. Population, 
 338,828. 
 
 BurgOS, Iberian Briga. The capital of the prov- 
 ince of Burgos, Spain, situated on the Arlan- 
 zon in lat. 42° 21' N., long. 3° 42' W. its chief 
 building is the cathedral; it also contains a ruined castle, 
 town hall, and several churches, and is noted as the birth- 
 place of the Cid. It was founded at the end of the 9th cen- 
 tury, and was for a long time the capital of Castile, and the 
 rival of Toledo. Marshal Soult gained a victory here over 
 the Spaniards, Nov. 10, 1808, and it was unsuccessfully 
 besieged by Wellington in 1812. It had formerly a uni- 
 versity. The cathedral, in the main of middle-Pointed 
 architecture, is notable for its graceful twin western spires 
 of openwork, 300 feet high, its rich octagonal central 
 lantern, and the pinnacled crown of the Condestable 
 Chapel, behind the apse. This richly sculptured chapel 
 contains the tombs of the Constable of Castile, Don Pedro 
 de Velasco, and his wife. There is a large cloister of 
 Pointed work, with much figure- and foliage-sculpture 
 comparable with the best French. Population, over 
 31,000. 
 
 Burgos, Laws Of. A system of laws for the 
 regulation of Indian labor in America, promul- 
 gated at Burgos, Spain, Dec. 27, 1512. The 
 Dominicans of Hispaniola had represented that the In- 
 dians were very badly treated : the colonists opposed the 
 monks, and the junta appointed to consider the question 
 framed these laws. They provided that the Indian labor- 
 ers should have houses, ground for culture, and religious 
 instruction, with a peso of gold annually to buy clothes : 
 those in the mines to work only five consecutive months, 
 and to have official inspectors. The laws caused much 
 dissatisfaction. 
 
 Burgoyne (ber-goin'), John. Born about 1722: 
 died at London, June 4, 1792. An English 
 lieutenant-general and dramatist. He commanded 
 the British army which invaded New York 1777; was de- 
 feated at Stillwater, Sept. 19 and Oct. 7, 1777 ; and sur- 
 rendered with 5,791 troops to Gates at Saratoga, Oct. 17, 
 1777. In 1782 he was made commander-in-chief in Ire- 
 land, and in 1787 was one of the managers of the impeach- 
 ment of Warren Hastings. He wrote satires directed 
 against the administration of Pitt (the greater part of the 
 “ Westminster Guide ”), "The Lord of the Manor’’ (1780, 
 the libretto of a comic opera), “The Heiress” (1786, a com- 
 edy which was very successful), etc. 
 
 Burgoyne, Sir John Fox. Born .July 24, 1782 : 
 died at London, Oct. 7, 1871. An English en- 
 gineer, the illegitimate son of General John 
 Burgoyne (1722-92). He was commanding engineer 
 of the expedition to New Orleans 1814 ; chairman of the 
 Board of Public Works in Ireland 1831-15 ; and inspector- 
 general of fortifications in England 1845-68. He was sent 
 to Constantinople to report on the defense of Turkey 
 1854; conducted the siege of Sebastopol Oct., 1854, -Feb., 
 1855 ; was created a baronet 1856 ; was constable of the 
 Tower of London 1865-71 ; and became a field-marshal 
 1868. Author of “Our Defensive Forces ” (1868), etc. 
 
 Burgschmiet (borg'shmet), Jakob Daniel. 
 Born at Nuremberg, Bavaria, Oct. 11, 1796: 
 died at Nuremberg, March 7, 1858. A noted 
 German sculptor. Ilia chief works are statues of Al- 
 brecht Diirer, Melanchthon (at Nuremberg), Beethoven 
 (at Bonn), Charles IV. (at Prague), Luther (at Mohra), etc. 
 Burg-Steinfurt. See Steinj'urt. 
 
 Burgundian (ber-gun'di-an). 1 . One of the Bur- 
 gundii or Burgundiones, a Germanic (Gothic) 
 tribe which settled in Gaul and founded the 
 
 195 
 
 kingdom of Burgundy in the 5th century. — 2. 
 A native or an inhabitant of Burgundy, succes- 
 sively a kingdom and a duchy of western 
 Europe, varying greatly in extent, part of which 
 finally became the province of Burgundy in 
 eastern France. See Burgundy. 
 
 Burgundian Dynasty (1095-1383). A reigning 
 house of Portugal which referred its origin to 
 Henri, grandson of Robert, first duke of Bur- 
 gundy. Henri was appointed count of Portugal by Al- 
 phonso VI., king of Leon, Castile, and Galicia, in 1094, and 
 was in 1112 succeeded by his son, Affonso I., who erected 
 Portugal into an independent kingdom in 1139. The le- 
 gitimate line of the house of Burgundy became extinct in 
 1383 with the death of Ferdinand I., and was succeeded in 
 1385 by an illegitimate branch, the house of Avis. An il- 
 legitimate branch of the latter house, the house of Bra- 
 ganza, acceded to the throne in 1640, and was followed in 
 1853 by the present reigning house, the houseof Braganza- 
 Coburg. The sovereigns of the house of Burgundy were : 
 Henri of Burgundy, 1094-1112; Alfonso I., 1112-85; Saticho 
 I., 1185-1211 ; Affonso II. , 1211-23 ; Sancho II. ,1223-48 ; A ff on- 
 so III., 1248-79 ; Diniz, 1279-1325; Affonso IV., 1325-57; Pe- 
 dro, 1357-67 ; Ferdinand I., 1367-83. 
 
 Burgundy (ber'gun-di). [F. Bourgogne, It. Bor- 
 gogna, Sp. Borgofia, G. Burgund, ML. Burgun- 
 dia, from LL. Burgundii, also Burgundiones, a 
 Germanic tribe. See Burgundian.'] A geo- 
 graphical division in western Europe, whose 
 limits and character have varied greatly. For 
 the principal significations of the name, see the 
 extract. 
 
 I. The kingdom of Burgundy (regnum Burgundionum), 
 founded A. i>. 406, occupying the whole valley of the 
 Sa6ne and lower Rhone from Dijon to the Mediterranean, 
 and including also the western half of Switzerland. It 
 was destroyed by the sons of Clovis in A. n. 534. 
 
 II. The kingdom ofBurgundy (regnum Burgundise), men- 
 tioned occasionally under the Merovingian kings asa sep- 
 arate principality, confined within boundaries apparently 
 somewhat narrower than those of the older kingdom last 
 named. 
 
 III. The kingdom of Provence or Burgundy (regnum 
 Provincia; seu Burgund ja?) — also, though less accurately, 
 called the kingdomof Cis-Jurane Burgundy — was founded 
 by Boso in A. D. 879, and included Provence, Dauphin^, 
 the southern part of Savoy, and the country between the 
 Saftne and the Jura. 
 
 TV. The kingdom of Trans-Jurane Burgundy (regnum 
 Iurense, Burgundia Transiurensis), founded by Rudolf in 
 A. D. 888, recognized in the same year by the emperor 
 Arnulf, included the northern part of Savoy, and all Swit- 
 zerland between the Reuss and the Jura. 
 
 V. The kingdom of Burgundy or Arles (regnum Burgun- 
 diae, regnum Arelatense), formed by the union, under 
 Conrad the Pacific, in A. I). 937, of the kingdoms de- 
 scribed above as III. and IV. On the death, in 1032, of 
 the last independent king, Rudolf III., it came, partly by 
 bequest, partly by conquest, into the hands of the em- 
 peror Conrad II. (th^e Salic), and thenceforward formed a 
 part of the empire. In the thirteenth century, France 
 began to absorb it, bit by bit, and has now (since the an- 
 nexation o' Savoy in 1861) acquired all except the Swiss 
 portion. 
 
 VI. The Lesser Duchy (Burgundia Minor) (Klein Bur- 
 gund) corresponded very nearly with what is now Swit- 
 zerland west of tlie Renss, including the Valais. It was 
 Trans-Jurane Burgundy (IV.) minus the parts of Savoy 
 which had belonged to that kingdom. It disappeai'3 
 from history after the extinction of the house of Zalirin- 
 gen in the thirteenth century. Legally it was part of the 
 empire till A. D. 1648, though practically independent 
 long before that date. 
 
 VII. The Free County or Palatinate of Burgundy 
 (Franche-Comte) (Freigrafschaft) (called also Upper Bur- 
 gundy), to which the name of Cis-Jurane Burgundy origi- 
 nally and properly belonged, lay between the Saone and 
 the jura. It formed a part of III. and V., and was there- 
 fore a fief of the empire. The French dukes of Bur- 
 gundy were invested with it in A. I>. 1384. Its capital, 
 the imperial city of Besanqon, was given to Spain in 1651, 
 and by the treaties of Nimwegen, 167“ -79, it was ceded 
 to the crown of France. 
 
 VIII. The landgraviate of Burgundy (Landgrafschaft) 
 was in [what is now] western Switzerland, on both sides of 
 the Aar, between Thun and Solothurn. It was a part of 
 the Lesser Duchy (VI.), and, like it, is hardly mentioned 
 after the thirteenth century. 
 
 IX. Thecircleof Burgundy (Kreis Burgund), an adminis- 
 trative division of the empire, was established by Charles 
 V. in 1548, and included the Free County of Burgundy 
 (VII.) and the seventeen provinces of the Netherlands, 
 which Charles inherited from his grandmother Mary, 
 daughter of Charles the Bold. 
 
 James Bryce, Holy Rom. Emp. Appendix, p. 447. 
 
 X. The Duchy of Burgundy (lower Burgundy), a great 
 Frencli fief held by various Carlovingian and Capetian 
 princes, and ceded by John the Good to his son, Philip the 
 Bold. Its capital was Dijon. Flanders and the County 
 of Burgundy were united to it in 1384. It was ruled by 
 Philip the Bold 1361-1404 ; by John the Fearless 1404- 
 1419 ; by Philip the Good 1419-67 ; and by Charles the Bold 
 1467-77. Under the two latter it was greatly extended 
 in Belgium and eastern and central France, and became 
 one of the most powerful monarchies of Europe. On the 
 death of Charles the Bold (1477) the duchy proper passed 
 (1479) to France. The other possessions — Franche-Comtd 
 and Low Countries — passed by the marriage of Mary 
 (daughter and successor of Chari es t lie Bold) to 1 he house of 
 Hapsburg. (Compare Maximilian, Charles the Bold.) The 
 Duchy of Burgundy proper became a province and great 
 government of France. It lay between Champagne on the 
 north, Franche-Comtd and Savoy on the east, Dauphind 
 and Lyonnais on the south, and Bourbonnais, Nivernais, 
 and OrRanais on the west, and corresponded to the de- 
 partments C6te d 'Or, Sa6ne-et-Loire, Ain, and a part of 
 Yonne. The region is famous for its wines. 
 
 Burleigh, William Henry 
 
 Burgundy, Duchess of. See Mary. 
 Burgundy, Dukes of. See Charles the Bold, 
 John the Fearless, Philip the Bold , Philip the 
 Good, etc. 
 
 Burial of Sir John Moore. A poem by Charles 
 Wolfe, published in a collection of his works in 
 1825. 
 
 Buriats (bo'ri-ats). A Mongolian people liv- 
 ing chiefly in the government of Irkutsk and 
 the Trans-Baikal territory, Siberia. They are 
 Buddhists. They number about 208,000. 
 Buridan (bur'i-dan ; F. pron. bii-re-don'), Jean. 
 Died after 1358. A French nominalistic phi- 
 losopher. He was a native of Bdthune, Artois. He 
 studied under William of Occam, and lectured on phi- 
 losophy in the University of Paris, of which he became 
 rector. He was a noted logician, and is popularly but 
 incorrectly regarded as (he author of the sophism known 
 as ‘‘Buridan’s Ass,” which was used by the schoolmen to 
 demonstrate the inability of the will to act between two 
 equally powerful motives. According to this sophism an 
 ass placed between two equidistant and equally attractive 
 bundles of hay would starve to death for want of a reason 
 to determine its choice between the two bundles. 
 Burke (berk), ,/Edanus. Born at Galway, Ire- 
 land, June 16, 1743 : died at Charleston, S. C., 
 March 30, 1802. An American jurist and poli- 
 tician. He became a judge of the State Supreme Court 
 in 1778, was Democratic member of Congress from South 
 Carolina 1789-91, and wrote “ Considerations upon the 
 Order of Cincinnati ” (1783), a pamphlet denouncing that 
 order. 
 
 Burke, Charles. Born at Philadelphia, Pa., 
 March 27, 1822: died at New York, Nov. 10, 
 1854. A comedian. He was the son of Thomas 
 Burke, an Irish actor, and Cornelia Thomas, 
 who afterward married Joseph Jefferson. 
 Burke, Edmund. Born at Dublin, probably 
 Jan. 12, 1729 (N. S.): died at Beaconsfield, 
 England, July 9, 1797. A celebrated British 
 statesman, orator, and writer. He was graduated 
 at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1748 ; became a member of 
 Parliament in 1766 ; delivered his speech on American 
 taxation in 1774 ; was paymaster-general and privy coun- 
 cilor 1782-83; and conducted the impeachment of War- 
 ren Hastings 1787-95, when he resigned his seat in Par- 
 liament. His chief works are “A Vindication of Natural 
 Society * (1756), “ A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin 
 ol our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful ” (1756), 
 “Thoughts on the Causes of the Present Discontents” 
 (1770), “Speech on Conciliation with America” (1775), 
 “Reflections on the Revolution in France” (1790), and 
 four letters on the subject of “'a regicide peace” witli 
 France, which appeared in 1796 and 1797. The publica- 
 tion of a collection of his works was begun, with his ap- 
 proval, in 1792, and was concluded in 1827. 
 
 Burke, Sir John Bernard. Born at London, 
 Jan. 5, 1814: died at Dublin, Dee. 12, 1892. 
 An English genealogist, Ulster king at arms. 
 He was editor of “Burke v s Peerage" (established by his 
 father, John Burke, 1826), and author of “ History (later 
 “ Dictionary ’’) of the Landed Gentry ” (1833-49), etc. 
 
 Burke, John Daly. Died near Campbell’s 
 Bridge, Va., April 11, 1808. An Irish-American 
 historian. He emigrated from Ireland to America in 
 1797, and eventually settled in Petersburg, Virginia, where 
 he devoted himself to the practice of law and to litera- 
 ture. He was killed by Felix Coquebert in a duel arising 
 from a political dispute. Author of “ History of Virginia 
 from its First Settlement to 1804 " (1804). 
 
 Burke, Robert O’Hara. Born at St. Clerans, 
 Galway, Ireland, 1820: died in Australia, June 
 28, 1861. An Australian explorer. He was succes- 
 sively a captain in the Austrian army, member of the Irish 
 constabulary, and inspector of police in Victoria, Austra- 
 lia, whither he emigrated in 1853. He traversed with 
 AVills the Australian continent 1860-61, and died of star- 
 vation on the return journey. 
 
 Biirkel (biir'kel), Heinrich. Born at Pirma- 
 sens, Bavaria, May 29, 1802: died at Munich, 
 June 10, 1869. A German painter of land- 
 scapes and genre scenes. 
 
 Burkersdorf (bor'kers-d6rf). A village situ- 
 ated 4 miles southwest of Schweidnitz, in Sile- 
 sia, Prussia. Here, July 21, 1762, Frederickthe 
 Great of Prussia repulsed the Austrians under 
 Marshal Daun. 
 
 Burlamaqui (biir-la-ma-ke'), Jean Jacques. 
 
 Born at Geneva, July 24, 1694: died at Geneva, 
 April 3, 1748. A noted Swiss jurist, professor 
 of law at Geneva. He wrote “Prineipes du 
 droit naturel” (1747), “ Prineipes du droit poli- 
 tique” (1751), etc. 
 
 Burleigh (ber'li), or Burghley, Baron. Sec 
 
 Cecil. 
 
 Burleigh, Lord. A character in Mr. Puff’s 
 tragedy “ The Spanish Armada,” rehearsed in 
 Sheridan’s “Critic.” He has not a word to say, but 
 confines himself to the memorable nod by which lie 
 expresses volumes according to Mr. Puff. 
 
 Burleigh (bfer'li), Lord of. See Lord of Bur- 
 leigh. 
 
 Burleigh, William Henry. Born at- Wood- 
 stock, Conn., Feb. 2, 1812: died at Brooklyn, 
 N. Y., March 18, 1871. An American poet, 
 journalist, and abolitionist. 
 
Burley, John Balfour of 
 
 Burley (ber'li), John Balfour of. See Balfour. 
 Burley, Walter. Born in 1274 or 1275: died 
 probably in 1345. An English schoolman, sur- 
 named “The Plain Doctor.” He studied first at 
 Oxford, then at Palis, where he became a pupil of Duns 
 Scotus. lie was appointed almoner to the Princess Phi- 
 lippa of Hainault about 1327, and subsequently became 
 tutor to the Black Prince. He wrote numerous philo- 
 sophical treatises and commentaries on the classics, most 
 of which have remained in manuscript. His printed 
 works include “ De vita et moribus philosophorum ” (prob- 
 ably published at Cologne in 1467), and “Tractatus de 
 materia et forma ” (Oxford, 1500). 
 
 Burlingame (ber'ling-gain), Anson. Born at 
 New Berlin, N. Y., Nov. 14, 1820: died at 
 St. Petersburg, Feb. 23, 1870. An American 
 diplomatist and politician. He was representative 
 to Congress from Massachusetts 1855-61 ; ambassador to 
 China 1861-67 ; and negotiated, as special ambassador from 
 China, treaties with the United States, England, Denmark, 
 Sweden, Holland, and Prussia. 
 
 Burlington (b6r'ling-ton). See Bridlington. 
 Burlington. A city (capital of Des Moines 
 County, Iowa) situated on the Mississippi River, 
 in lat. 40° 48' N., long. 91° 10' W. It is an im- 
 portant railway center, and has large and varied 
 manufactures. Population, 24,324, (1910). 
 Burlington. A city and port of entry in Ver- 
 mont, situated on Lake Champlain iu lat. 44° 
 29' N., long. 73° 14' W. It has a large trade in 
 lumber, and is the seat of the University of 
 Vermont. Population, 20,408, (1910). 
 Burlington. A city and port of entry in Bur- 
 lington County, New Jersey, situated on the 
 Delaware River 19 miles northeast of Philadel- 
 phia. It was bombarded by the British in 
 1776. Population, 8,336, (1910). 
 
 Burlington Arcade. A covered pathway be- 
 tween Piccadilly and Burlington Gardens. It 
 has shops on each side for all kinds of small 
 wares. 
 
 Burlington House, Old. A house standing be- 
 tween Bond street and Sackville street, Lon- 
 don. It was built by Richard Boyle, Lord Burlington, 
 1695-1758. It was purchased for the nation, 1854, from the 
 Cavendishes for £149,000, including the Gardens, upon 
 which three new edifices have been erected, effacing all 
 the artistic features of the old house. Nearest to Picca- 
 dilly, and on the site of the famous gateway and curved 
 colonnade, pulled down in 1868, rises New Burlington 
 House (1872), containing rooms for the meetings and man- 
 agement of learned societies — the Royal, Geological, and 
 Chemical east of the entrance; the Antiquarian, Astro- 
 nomical, and Linnean on the west of it. Old Burlington 
 House itself was in 1868 handed over to the Royal Acad- 
 emy. Murray, Handbook of London, p. 58. 
 
 Burma, or Burmall (ber'ma). A former king- 
 dom in southeastern Asia, now a part of the 
 British empire and a lieutenant-governorship. 
 It is divided into Lower Burma (the former British Bur- 
 ma), Upper Burma, and the Shan States. It is bounded 
 by Assam and Tibet on the north, China, French Indo- 
 China, and Siam on the east, the Bay of Bengal on the 
 west, and India on the northwest. It is hilly and moun- 
 tainous, and is rich in minerals. Its exports are rice, 
 teak, etc. The subdivisions of Lower Burma are Arakan, 
 Pegu, Irawadi, and Tenasserim. Buddhism is the prevail- 
 ing religion, the kingdom having been a Buddhist mon- 
 archy from the middle ages. Lower Burma was conquered 
 by the British 1824-26 and in 1852, and Upper Burma and 
 the Shan States were annexed in 1886, in consequence of the 
 misgovemmentof the last king, Thebaw (dethroned 1885). 
 Total area, 236,738 square miles : of Upper Burma, 87,435 
 square miles ; of Lower Burma, 81,138 square miles; of the 
 Shan States, 68,165 square miles. Total population, 10,490,- 
 624: of Upper Burma, 3,846,908; of Lower Burma, 
 6,405,967 ; of Shan States, 1,237,749. 
 
 Burma, British. See Burma. 
 
 Burma, Lower. See Burma. 
 
 Burma, Upper. See Burma. 
 
 Burmeister (bor'mis-ter), Hermann. Born at 
 Stralsund, Prussia, Jan. 15, 1807 : died at Bue- 
 nos Ayres, May 1. 1892. A Prussian naturalist. 
 He was professor at Berlin and subsequently at Halle, 
 and represented the latter university in the National 
 Assembly in 1848 ; subsequently he was a member of the 
 first Prussian chamber. From 1850 to 1852 he traveled in 
 Brazil, and in 1861 went to Buenos Ayres, where he was 
 director of the National Museum until his death. He 
 published several well-known handbooks of zoology and 
 entomology, besides the “ Uebersicht der Thiere Brasi- 
 liens” (2 vols. 1854-56), and numerous scientific papers, 
 especially on the Tertiary and Quaternary mammalia of 
 Argentina. 
 
 Burmese Wars. The wars (1) of 1824-26, (2) of 
 1852, which the British waged with Burma, and 
 which resulted in the cession of Lower Burma. 
 See Burma. 
 
 Burne-Jones (bern'jonz'), Sir Edward. Born 
 at Birmingham, England, Aug. 28, 1833 : died 
 at London, June 17, 1898. An English painter. 
 He was a student at Exeter College, Oxford, with Wil- 
 Ham Morris and Swinburne, the latter of whom dedi- 
 cated to him his first volume of poems. He went to 
 London in 1856, and became a pupil of Dante Gabriel 
 Rossetti, whose manner he imitated f<>r several years; 
 but he soon formed a style of his own, inclining more to 
 idealism and abstract beauty than to realism, and became 
 one of the chief exponents in England of the romantic 
 
 196 
 
 school. From 1857 to 1858 he was associated with Rossetti, 
 Morris, and others in painting the Arthurian legends at 
 Oxford. In 1861 he was one of the originators of the house 
 of Morris and Company, and he made many designs for 
 decorative work. He was an associate of the Royal 
 Academy 1885-93. In 1894 he was made a baronet. 
 
 Burnes (bernz), Sir Alexander. Born at 
 Montrose, Scotland, May 16, 1805: killed at 
 Kabul, Afghanistan, Nov. 2, 1841. A British 
 geographer, and traveler in central Asia. 
 Burnet (ber'net), Gilbert. Bom at Edin- 
 burgh, Sept. 18, 1643: died at London, March 
 17, 1715. A British prelate, historian, and 
 theologian. He accompanied William III. from Hol- 
 land to England in 1688 as his chaplain, and was made 
 bishop of Salisbury in 1689. His chief works are a “His- 
 tory of the Reformation of the Church of England ” (1679, 
 1681, 1715), “A History of his own Time” (edited by his 
 son, 1723, 1734), “Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles” 
 (1699). 
 
 Burnet, Thomas. Born at Croft, Yorkshire, 
 England, about 1635; died at London, Sept. 
 
 27, 1715. An English author. He became fellow 
 of Christ’s College in 1657, and master of the Charter- 
 house in 1685. He is noted chiefly as the author of “ Tel- 
 luris Theoria Sacra,” etc. (1681), remarkable for its vivid 
 imagery and pure Latinity, in which he attempts to prove 
 that the earth originally resembled an egg, that at the 
 deluge the shell was crushed and the waters rushed out, 
 that the fragments of the shell formed the mountains 
 and that the equator was diverted from its original coin- 
 
 ★cidence with the ecliptic. Diet. Ufat. Biog. 
 
 Burnett (ber-net'), Mrs. (Frances Hodgson ). 
 Born at Manchester, England, Nov. 24, 1849. 
 An English-American novelist, she has written 
 “That Lass o’Lowrie’s” (1877),“ Haworth’s "(1878), “ Lou- 
 isiana” (1880), “A Fair Barbarian” (1881), “ThroughOne 
 Administration ” (1883), “ Little Lord Fauntleroy ’’ (1886), 
 “ The One I knew best of All ” (1893), “ A Lady of Quality ” 
 (1896), “ The Dawn of a To-morrow ” (1906), etc. She mar- 
 ried Stephen Townesend in 1900. 
 
 Burnett (ber'net), James, Lord Monhoddo. 
 Born in Oct. or Nov., 1714: died May 26, 1799. 
 A Scottish judge. He became sheriff of Kincardine- 
 shire in 1764, and in 1767 became an ordinary lord of ses- 
 sion, on which occasion he assumed the title of Lord 
 Monboddo. Author of “ Of the Origin and Progress of Lan- 
 guage” (1773-92), and “Ancient Metaphysics” (1779-99). 
 Burnett Prizes. Prizes awarded every forty 
 years, in accordance with the will of Mr. Bur- 
 nett, a Scottish gentleman (1729-84), for the 
 best essays on the Christian evidences. Lec- 
 tureships now take the place of the essays. 
 Burney (ber'ni), Charles. Born at Shrews- 
 bury, England, April 12, 1726 : died at Chelsea, 
 near London, April 12, 1814. An English com- 
 poser an d historian of music. He was the father 
 of Madame d’Arblay. He wrote a “History of 
 Music” (1776-89), etc, 
 
 Burney, Charles. Bom at Lynn, Norfolk, 
 England, Dec. 4, 1757: died at Deptford, Dee. 
 
 28, 1817. An English classical scholar, son of 
 Charles Burney. He is noted chiefly as the collector 
 of the Burney Library, which was purchased by Parlia- 
 ment for £13,500 and deposited in the British Museum. 
 
 Burney, Frances. See Arblay, Madame d’. 
 Burney, James. Born 1750: died Nov. 17, 
 1821. An English naval officer and author. 
 He entered tire navy in 1764, attained the rank of captain, 
 and served in America and India. He was with Cook on 
 his third voyage. 1776-79. After 1784 he retired on half 
 pay and devoted himself to literature. His principal 
 works are “A Chronological History of the Discoveries 
 in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean” (5 vols. 4to, 1801-17), 
 “History of the Buccaneers of America ’ (1816), and “A 
 Chronological History of North Eastern Voyages of Dis- 
 covery ” (1816). 
 
 Burnley (bern'le). A manufacturing town in 
 Lancashire, England, situated on the river 
 Burn 21 miles north of Manchester. Popula- 
 tion, 106,337, (1911). „ 
 
 Burnouf (biir-ndf'), Emile Louis. Bom at 
 Valognes, Manche, France, Aug. 25, 1821. A 
 noted French philologist, distinguished as an 
 archaeologist and Orientalist. He was collaborator 
 with Leupol on a Sanskrit- French dictionary (1863-65). 
 Burnouf, Eugene. Born at Paris, Aug. 12, 
 1801 : died at Paris, May 28, 1852. A French 
 Orientalist, son of Jean Louis Burnouf, cele- 
 brated for researches in the Zend language. 
 
 His chief works are “ Commentaire sur le Yaijna ” (1833-36), 
 “ Introduction h l’histoire du Bouddliisme indien ” (1845), 
 “ Le lotus de la bonne loi, traduit du Sanscrit " (1852). 
 
 Burnouf, Jean Louis. Born at Urville, Manche, 
 France, Sept. 14, 1775 : died at Paris, May 8, 
 1844. A noted French philologist. He wrote 
 “Mrthode pour (Hudier la langue grecque” (1814), “ M<5- 
 thode pour Ctudier la langue latine’’(1840), translation of 
 Tacitus (1827-33), etc. 
 
 Burns (bernz), Robert. Bom at Alloway, near 
 Ayr, Scotland, Jan. 25, 1759 : died at Dumfries, 
 Scotland, July 21, 1796. A famous Scottish 
 lyric poet. He was the eldest son of William Burness 
 or Burnes, a nurseryman, whose ancestors had long been 
 farmers in Kincardineshire, and Agnes, the daughter of a 
 Carrick farmer. He received a meager education, and in 
 1783, in conjunction with his brother Gilbert, rented a 
 farm at Mossgiel, whither he removed in the following 
 
 Burton, Sir Richard Francis 
 
 year. He published a volume of poems at Kilmarnock 
 in 1786, on which occasion he changed the spelling of his 
 family name to Burns. In 1786 he paid a visit to Edin- 
 burgh, where he was admitted to the society of the Duch- 
 ess of Gordon, Lord Monboddo, Robertson, Blair, Gregory, 
 Adam Ferguson, and Fraser Tytler, and where a second 
 edition of his poems was published by Creecli in the next 
 year. In 1788 he married Jane Armour, by whom he had 
 previously had several children. He took a farm at Ellis- 
 land in the same year, and in 1789 became an officer in the 
 excise. In 1791 he removed to Dumfries, where he de- 
 voted himself to literature and to the duties of his office 
 as an exciseman. Here also appeared in 1793 the third 
 edition of his poems. A collective edition of his works 
 was edited by Currie in 1800, and another by Cunningham 
 in 1834. 
 
 Burnside (bern'sld), Ambrose Everett. Bom 
 
 at Liberty, Indiana, May 23, 1824: died at Bris- 
 tol, R. I., Sept. 13, 1881. An American general 
 and politician. He captured Roanoke Island Feb. 8, 
 and Newbern March 14, 1862 ; fought at Antietam Sept. 
 17 ; commanded the Army of the Potomac Nov. 10, 1862,- 
 Jan. 25, 1863; was defeated at Fredericksburg Dec. 13, 1862; 
 was besieged at Knoxville 1863 ; served under Grant 
 1864 ; was governor cf Euode Island 1867-69 ; and was 
 United States senator 1875-81. 
 
 Burntisland (bernt'i'land). A seaport and wa- 
 tering-place in Fit’eshire, Scotland, situated on 
 the Firth of Forth 8 miles north of Edinburgh. 
 Population, 4,726. 
 
 Burow (bo'ro), Julie. Bom at Kydullen, Prus- 
 sia, Feb. 24, 1806: died at Bromberg, Prussia, 
 Feb. 19, 1868. A German novelist. She wrote 
 “ Aus dem Leben eines Gliieklichen ” (1852), “Johann Kep- 
 ler ” (1857-65), etc. 
 
 Burr (ber), Aaron. Born at Fairfield, Conn.. 
 Jan. 4, 1716 : died Sept. 24, 1757. An American 
 clergyman, president of the College of New 
 Jersey 1748-57. 
 
 Burr, Aaron. Bom at Newark, N. J., Feb. 6, 
 1756: died at Port Richmond, Staten Island, 
 N. Y., Sept. 14, 1836. An American politician, 
 son of Aaron Burr (1716-57). He served with dis- 
 tinction in the Canada expedition in 1775, at Monmouth 
 in 1778 ; began the practice of law in New York in 1783 ; 
 was United States senator from New York 1791-97 ; and 
 Vice-President of the United States 1801-05. He killed 
 Alexander Hamilton in a duel July, 3804, an event which 
 destroyed his political prospects. About 1805 he conceived 
 the plan, as was subsequently charged at his trial, of con- 
 quering Texas, perhaps Mexico, and of establishing a re- 
 public at the South, with New Orleans as the capital, of 
 which he should be the president. By the aid of Blen- 
 nerhasset and others he was enabled to purchase a vast 
 tract of land on the Washita River, which was to serve as 
 the starting point of an expedition to be led by him in 
 person. He was arrested in Mississippi Territory Jan. 14, 
 1807, was indicted for treason at Richmond, Virginia, May 
 22, and was acquitted Sept. 1. 
 
 Burrhus, or Burrus (bur'us), Afranius. Killed 
 
 62 (63?) A. D. A Roman officer. He was ap- 
 pointed sole pretorian prefect by Claudius in 62, and was, 
 together with Seneca, intrusted with the education of 
 Nero. By his influence with the pretorian guards he se- 
 cured the undisputed succession of his pupil in 54. Hav- 
 ing offended the latter by his sternness and virtue, .he 
 was put to death by poison. 
 
 Burritt (hur'it),Elihu, surnamed “ The Learned 
 Blacksmith.” Born at New Britain, Conn., Dec. 
 8, 1810 : died there, March 7, 1879. A social re- 
 former and linguist, a blacksmith by trade. 
 He was an advocate of the abolition of war, and wrote 
 “Sparks from the Anvil ”(1848), “Olive Leaves ” (1853), 
 “ Thoughts and Things at Home and Abroad ” (1854), etc. 
 
 Burroughs (bur'oz), George. Died at Salem, 
 Mass., Aug. 19, 1692. An American clergyman. 
 He was graduated at Harvard College in 1670, and served 
 as pastor at Falmouth (Portland), Maine, and at Salem 
 He was accused of having bewitched one Mary Wolcott, 
 and was condemned on the evidence of confessed witches, 
 who affirmed that he had attended witch-meetings with 
 them. He moved many to tears by his last words at hie 
 execution, but Cotton Mather, who was sitting on horse- 
 back in the crowd, reminded the people that Satan often 
 assumes the appearance of an angel of light. 
 
 Burroughs, John. Bom at Roxbury, N. Y., 
 April 3, 1837. An American essayist. He has 
 written “Wake-Robin ” (1871), “Winter Sunshine” (1875), 
 “ Birds and Poets ” (1877), “ Pepacton " (1881), “ Freeh 
 Fields " (1884), “Signs and Seasons" (1886), etc. 
 
 Burrows (bur'oz), William. Born near Phila- 
 delphia, Oct. 6,1785: died near Portland, Maine, 
 Sept.5,1813. An American naval officer, in com- 
 mand of the Enterprise he captured the British brig 
 Boxer, near Portland, Maine, Sept. 5, 1813. Both com- 
 manders fell in the action. 
 
 Burslem (bers'lem). A town in Staffordshire, 
 England, 17 miles north of Stafford, it is the 
 chief town of the potteries district, and contains the 
 Wedgwood Institute. Population, 38,766. 
 
 Burton (ber'ton), John Hill. Boro at Aber- 
 deen, Scotland, Aug. 22, 1809 : died at Morton 
 House, near Edinburgh, Aug. 10, 1881. A Scot- 
 tish historian and jurist. His chief works are “A 
 History of Scotland from Agricola’s Invasion to the Re- 
 bellion of 1745” (1853-70), “A History of the Reign of 
 Queen Anne ”(1880). 
 
 Burton, Sir Richard Francis. Born at Bar- 
 ham House, Hertfordshire, England, March 19, 
 1821 : died at Triest, Austria, Oct. 20, 1890. 
 A noted explorer and prolific writer of travels. 
 
Burton, Sir Richard Francis 
 
 After serving in the East Indian array lie went in 1853 to 
 Mecca. His “ First Footsteps in Eastern Africa ” (1856) 
 were in 1854, when he accompanied Speke to Harrar. In 
 1858 he was again in East Africa with Speke, and dis- 
 covered Lake Tanganyika, while Speke discovered Lake 
 Victoria. In 1861 he was in West Africa as British con- 
 sul at Fernando Po ; ascended the peak of Kamerun ; 
 and spent three months at the court of Dahomey. To 
 the end of his life he continued in the consular service : 
 at Santos, Brazil (1865-69) ; at Damascus (1869-71) ; at 
 Triest, where he died (1872-90). Of the more than thirty 
 volumes published by him, the principal are “ Personal 
 Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El Medinah and Meccah " 
 (1865), “ Lake Regions of Central Africa ” (1860), “ A Mis- 
 sion to the King of Dahomey ’’ (1864), “ Explorations of 
 the Highlands of Brazil,” etc. (1868), and a literal version 
 of the “ Arabian Nights.” See Century Atlas, Hap 109. 
 
 Burton, Robert. Born at Lindley, Leicester- 
 shire, Feb. 8, 1577 : died at Oxford (?), Jan. 25, 
 1640. A noted English writer. He entered the 
 University of Oxford in 1593, was elected student of 
 Christ Church in 1599, and became rector of Segrave, 
 Leicestershire, in 1630. He was the author of the famous 
 “Anatomy of Melancholy ” (which see). 
 
 Burton, William Evans. Born at London, 
 Sept. 24, 1804: died at New York, Feb. 9. 
 1860. An English comedian, theatrical man- 
 ager, and writer. He came to America in 1834, and 
 made his first professional appearance in September of 
 that year at the Arch Street Theater, Philadelphia, in 
 which city he lived fourteen years. In 1837 he started 
 “The Gentleman's Magazine." In 1848 he came to New 
 York. With others he organized the American Shakspe- 
 rian Club in 1852. 
 
 Burton Junior. A pseudonym once used by 
 Charles Lamb in the “Reflector,” in an article 
 •entitled “On the Melancholy of Tailors.” 
 Burton-on-Trent (ber'ton-on-trent'). [ME. 
 Burton, Burton up o Trent, AS. Byrtun.) A town 
 in Staffordshire, England, situated on the Trent 
 11 miles southwest of Derby. It is noted for the 
 brewing of pale ale, stout, etc., in the establishments of 
 Base and Allsopp. Population, 48,275, (1911). 
 
 Burtscheid (bort'shid). [L. Torcetum, F. Bor- 
 cette.'] A town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, 
 1| miles southeast of Aix-la-Chapelle. It is noted 
 for the manufacture of cloth and needles, and for its min- 
 eral springs. It has also an old Benedictine monastery. 
 Population, commune, 6,322. 
 
 Burn. See Boeroe. 
 
 Bury (ber'i). A town and parliamentary bor- 
 ough in Lancashire, England, situated on the 
 river Irwell 10 miles north of Manchester. 
 
 Its chief industries are manufactures of cotton and woolen 
 (the latter introduced under Edward III.). Population, 
 68,649, (1911). 
 
 Bury, Ange Henri Blaze de. See Blar.e de 
 Bury. 
 
 Bury, Richard de. Born at Bury St. Ed- 
 munds in 1281 : died at Auckland, England, 
 1345. An English prelate and scholar. He was the 
 son of Sir Richard Aungerville, and received his name from 
 his birthplace. He studied at Oxford, and became a Ben- 
 edictine monk at Durham. He was tutor to Edward of 
 Windsor (afterward Edward III.), became dean of Wells 
 in 1333, was consecrated bishop of Durham in the same 
 year, and was appointed high chancellor of England in 
 1334. He founded a library at Oxford in connection with 
 Durham College, and wrote a treatise on the art of collect- 
 ing and preserving books, entitled “Philobiblon,” which 
 was first printed at Cologne in 1473. 
 
 Bury Fair. A play by Thomas Shadwell, pro- 
 duced about 1690. It is an imitation of Molibre’s 
 “ Les Pr^cieuses Ridicules. ” 
 
 Bury Saint Edmunds (ber'i sant ed'mundz). 
 A town in Suffolk, England, situated on the 
 Lark in lat. 52° 15' N., long. 0° 43' E. it con- 
 tains the ruins of a Benedictine abbey founded by Canute, 
 the abbey gateway, Norman tower, and several churches. 
 The Roman Villa Faustini was probably here. It is the 
 capital of East Anglia, and has been the seat of several 
 parliaments. It was also the Beene of the murder of St. 
 Edmund. Population, 16,255. 
 
 Bus (biis), C6sar ds. Born at Cavaillon, Vau- 
 cluse, France, Feb. 3, 1544: died at Avignon, 
 France, April 15, 1607. A French priest, 
 founder of the “Congregation of the Chris- 
 tian Doctrine.” He wrote “Instructions fa- 
 mili&res” (1666), etc. 
 
 Busaco (bo-sa'ko). A hamlet in Beira, Portu- 
 gal, 17 miles northeast of Coimbra. Here, Sept. 
 27, 1810, the British and Portuguese under Wellington 
 defeated the French under Massbna. The loss of the 
 French was about 4,500 ; of the Allies, 1,300. 
 
 Busbec, or Busbecq (biis-bek'), or Busbecque 
 (Latinized Busbequius), Augier Ghislain de. 
 
 Bom at Comines, Flanders, 1522: died near 
 Rouen, France, Oct. 28, 1592. A Flemish di- 
 plomatist and scholar, ambassador of Ferdi- 
 nand I. at Constantinople. 
 
 Busby (buz'bi), Richard. Born at Button or 
 Sutton, Lincolnshire, England, Sept. 22, 1606: 
 died April 6, 1695. A noted English teacher, 
 head-master of Westminster School 1640. 
 Busca (bos'ka). A town in the province of 
 Cuneo, Piedmont, Italy, situated on the Maira 
 9 miles northwest of Cuneo. 
 
 Busch (bosh), Julius Hermann Moritz. Born 
 
 197 
 
 at Dresden, Feb. 13, 1821 : died Nov. 16, 1899. 
 A German journalist and man of letters. He was 
 employed by Bismarck in the department of state. His 
 works include “ Schleswig- Holsteinische Briefe " (1854), 
 “ Graf Bismarck und seine Leute ” (1878), etc. 
 
 Biisching (biish'ing), Anton Friedrich. Bom at 
 Stadthagen, in Schaumburg-Lippe, Germany, 
 Sept. 27, 1724: died at Berlin, May 28, 1793. 
 A noted German geographer. His chief work is 
 “ Erdbeschreibung ” (1754-92, “Description of the Globe 
 translated in part into English, 1762). 
 
 Buschmann (bosh'man), Karl Eduard. Born 
 at Magdeburg, Feb. 14, 1805 : died at Berlin, 
 April 21, 1880. A Prussian philologist. He spent 
 a year in Mexico, 1827-28, and on his return was associ- 
 ated with Wilhelm von Humboldt in philological work. 
 After 1832 he was employed in the Berlin Royal Library, 
 eventually becoming librarian. After the death of Wil- 
 helm von Humboldt, Buschmann was engaged by Alex- 
 ander von Humboldt, assisting him in the preparation of 
 “Kosmos ” and other works. His principal, independent 
 writings are “ Ueber die aztekischen Ortsnamen ” (1853), 
 “Die Spuren der aztekischen Sprache im nordlichen 
 Mexico" (1859, 2 vols.), several works on the Apache and 
 Athapascan languages, and "Grammatik der sotiorischen 
 Sprachen ” (1864-69). He edited Wilhelm von Humboldt’s 
 ‘‘Ueber die Kawisprache,” the third volume being his 
 own work. 
 
 Bushire (bo-sher'), or Abushehr (a-bo-sher'), 
 or Bushahr (bo-shar'). A seaport iu Farsis- 
 tan, southern Persia, situated on the Persian 
 Gulf in lat. 28° 59' N., long. 50° 50' E. it is an 
 important commercial center, and a station of the British- 
 Indian Steam Navigation Company. It was taken by the 
 British in Dec., 1856. Population, about 25,000. 
 
 Bushiri bin Salim (bd-she're bin sa-lem'). A 
 mulatto Arab of East Africa, head of the Arab 
 war against the Germans 1888-89. Bushiri was 
 
 born about 1834, and owned a plantation at Pangani when 
 the Germans annexed that region. In May, 1889, he was 
 beaten by Captain Wissmann ; in June he captured 
 Mpwapwaand induced the Maflti tribe to attack the Ger- 
 mans ; in Oct. he again lost a battle with the Germans, 
 and fled to the Nguru mountains. There he was captured 
 by the natives, and in December hanged by the Germans 
 at Pangani. 
 
 Bushman Land (bush'man land), Great. A 
 region in the northwestern part of Cape Colony, 
 South Africa, in lat. 29°-30° S., long. 19°-21° E. 
 It is inhabited chiefly by Bushmen. 
 
 Bushmen (bush/men). [Tr. From S. African D. 
 Bosjesman.\ An African race. See Hottentot, 
 Khoiklioin, and Pygmies. The Bushmen are also 
 called San, and Th. Hahn proposes this name for all the 
 Bushmen, as Khoikhoin is applied to the Hottentots. The 
 Sanlanguage is evidently a sister branch of the Khoikhoin, 
 but poorer and less regular in grammatic forms, while 
 richer in clicks. The dialects diverge considerably. The 
 Bushmen are known by different names, according to the 
 Bantu tribes on whose skirts they live. Thus the Ama-Xosa 
 call them Aba-tua ; the Ba-suto, Ba-rua. Ba-tua, Bakua, 
 Ba-tshua, is the name most generally given to the Pyg- 
 mies and Bushmen from Galla-land to the Cape, and 
 would, it seems, be the best name for the whole race. 
 Owing to the fact that the Pygmies and Bushmen also 
 speak the dialects of their Bantu neighbors, most of the 
 Pygmy vocabularies given by travelers are Bantu. The 
 principal Bushmen tribes are the Ba-Bumantsu in Ba- 
 sutoland; the Ba-Lala in Bechuanaland; the Ma-Denas- 
 sana, serfs of the Ba-Mangwato, of Chuana stock; the 
 Ma-Sarwa in the Kalahari desert ; the Ba-Kankala in the 
 Kunene valley; and the Ba-Kasekele northeast of them. 
 It is not yet settled whether the Ba-Kuise, Ba-Kuando, 
 and Ba-Koroka near Mossarnedes, southern Angola, are 
 Bushmen or degenerated Bantu negroes. 
 
 Busimell (bush'nel), Horace. Bom at Litch- 
 field, Conn., April 14, 1802: died at Hartford, 
 Conn., Feb. 17, 1876. A distinguished Congre- 
 gational clergyman and theologian. He preached 
 at Hartford 1833-59. His works include “ God in Christ" 
 (1819), “Christ in Theology ” (1851), "Nature and the Su- 
 pernatural ” (1858), “Vicarious Sacrifice ” (1865), etc. 
 
 Bushy (bush'i), Sir John, A follower of the 
 king in SHakspere’s “King Richard II.” 
 
 Busirane (bu-si-ran'). An enchanter, in Spen- 
 ser's “Faerie Queene,” who imprisoned Amo- 
 retta, whom he kept in most grievous torment : 
 named from Busiris. 
 
 Bnsiris (hu-si'ris). [Gr. B nvatpi^.'] 1. A mythical 
 king of Egypt who sacrificed each year to the 
 gods, to insure the cessation of a famine, one 
 stranger who had set foot on his shores. Hercules 
 was seized by him, and would have fallen a victim had he 
 not broken his bonds and slain Busiris with his club. Bu- 
 siris in Milton, who follows other writers, is the name 
 given to the Pharaoh who was drowned in the Red Sea. 
 Paradise Lost, i. 306. 
 
 2. A tragedy by Dr. Young, author of “Night 
 Thoughts.” It was produced in 1719. 
 
 Busiris, modern Abu sir ( a-bo-ser ' ) . In ancient 
 geography, a town in the Delta, Egypt, near 
 the Damietta branch of the Nile. 
 
 Bussa (bos'sii). A place situated on the Niger, 
 in West Africa, about lat. 10° N. Mungo Park 
 lost his life there. 
 
 Bussahir, Bassahir (bus -sa- her'), or Bas- 
 hahr. One of the Simla Hill States, Panjab, 
 British India. Area, 3,820 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 80,582. 
 
 Bute, Marquis of 
 
 Bussang (bii-soh'). A town in the department 
 of Vosges, France, 27 miles southeast of Fpina). 
 It is noted for its mineral springs. 
 
 Bussey (bus'i), Benjamin. Born at Canton, 
 Mass., March 1, 1757 : died at Roxbury, near 
 Boston, Jan. 13, 1842. An American merchant, 
 founder of the “Bussey Institution,” a college 
 of agriculture and horticulture connected with 
 Harvard University, opened near Boston 1869- 
 1870. 
 
 Bussorah. See Basra. 
 
 Bussy (bii-se'), Comte de (Roger de Rabutin), 
 called Bussy-Rabutin. Born at Epiry, Niver- 
 nais, France, April 13, 1618: died at Autun, 
 Prance, April 9, 1693. A French soldier and 
 man of letters, author of “Histoire amoureuse 
 des Gaules” (1665), “ Mernoircs ” (1696), “Let- 
 tres” (1697). 
 
 Bussy d’ Ambois (bii-se' doh-bwa'). Atragedy 
 by Chapman, published in 1607. The allusions in 
 it to the knights of James I., and to Elizabeth as an “ old 
 queen," forbid a date earlier than 1603 ; and the statement 
 in i. 2, “ ’T is Leap Year,” which must apply to the date of 
 production, fixes the first representation at 1604 ( Fleay ). 
 D’Urfey produced a play, adapted from Chapman’s, with 
 this title in 1691. 
 
 Bussy d’ Ambois, The Revenge of. A sequel 
 to “ Bussy d’Ambois,” by Chapman, published 
 in 1613. 
 
 Bustamante (bos-ta-man'te), Anastasio. Born 
 at Tiquilpan, Miehoacan, July 27, 1780: died 
 at San Miguel Allende, in Guanajuato, Feb. 
 6, 1853. A Mexican politician and soldier. He 
 entered the Spanish army in 1808, and served against the 
 early revolutionists. Joining Iturbide in 1821, he com- 
 manded a division in the march on Mexico, and was a 
 member of the provisional junta. The fall of Iturbide 
 (1823) forced him into retirement, but in 1828 he was elected 
 vice-president under Guerrero, commanding the army. 
 Soon after he revolted against Guerrero, heading the Cen- 
 tralist party, and its success made him acting president 
 of Mexico. Santa Anna declared against him (1832), and 
 alter a bloody war Bustamante was deposed (Dec.) and 
 banished. After Santa Anna was captured by the Texans, 
 Bustamante was called back and elected president of 
 Mexico (1837). There was a brief war with France in 
 1838, and new disorders which broke out in 1839 forced 
 Bustamante to give up the presidency to Santa Anna 
 (1841). He served in the army until 1848. 
 
 Bustamante, Carlos Maria. Born in Oajaca, 
 Nov. 4, 1774: died at Mexico, Sept. 21, 1848. 
 A Mexican statesman and historian. He com- 
 manded a regiment under Morelos (1812), was captured 
 and imprisoned at Vera Cruz, but was released by Santa 
 Anna and marched with him to the capital (1821). There- 
 after he took an active part in political life. His histori- 
 cal works are of great importance for the revolutionary 
 and modern period: the best-known is “Cuadro histdrico 
 de la revolucion de la America mejicana.’’ 
 
 Bustamante y Guerra ( bos-ta-man ' te e gar' ra) . 
 Jose. Born about 1750 : died about 1822. A 
 Spanish naval officer and administrator, from 
 March, 1811, to March, 1818, captain-general of 
 Guatemala. 
 
 Bustan (bos-tan'). [Pers. (from bit, fragrance, 
 and stdn, place ), ‘ a flower-garden, a place in 
 which grow fragrant fruits, an orchard.’] The 
 name of several Persian works, among which 
 the “ Bustan” (or tree-garden) of Saoi is the 
 most famous. 
 
 Busto Arsizio (bos'to ar-set'se-o). A town in 
 the province of Milan, Italy, 19 miles north- 
 west of Milan. Population, 19,673. 
 
 Busy (biz'i), Zeal-01-the-Land, known as Rab- 
 bi Busy. An unctuous, gormandizing Puritan, 
 of gross ignorance and a scorn of culture, in 
 Ben Jonson’s play “Bartholomew Fair.” 
 Busybody (biz'i-bodU), The. A pseudonym 
 used by Benjamin Franklin in a series of arti- 
 cles written in 1728. 
 
 Busybody, The. A comedy by Mrs. Centlivre, 
 produced and printed in 1709. In this play Mar- 
 plot is first introduced. The plot is partly from Jonson’s 
 “ Devil is an Ass.’’ A second part, called “ Marplot, or the 
 Second Part of the Busybody,” was produced by Mrs. 
 Centlivre in 1710. Henry Woodward altered it and called 
 It “ Marplot in Lisbon.” 
 
 Butades. See Dibutadcs. 
 
 Butcher (bucb'er), The Bloody. An epithet 
 applied to the Duke of Cumberland, from his 
 cruelty in suppressing the Jacobite rising after 
 the battle of Culloden, 1746. 
 
 Bute (but). An island situated in the Firth 
 of Clyde, south of Argyll and west of Ayr- 
 shire, in the county of Bute. Its chief town is 
 Rothesay. Length, 154 miles. Area, about 
 48 square miles. 
 
 Bute, or Buteshire (but'shir). A county in 
 
 Scotland, it comprises the islands of Bute, Arran, Inch- 
 marnock, Great Cumbrae, Little Cumbrae, and Uoly Isle. 
 Its capital is Rothesay. Area, 218 square miles. Popula- 
 tion (civil county), 18,786. 
 
 Bute, Earl of. See Stuart, John. 
 
 Bute, Marquis of. See Stuart, John Patrick 
 Crichton. 
 
Bute, Kyles of 
 
 Bute, Kyles of. A strait between the island of 
 Bute and Argyllshire, Scotland. 
 
 Buthrotum (bu-thro'tum), modern Butrinto 
 (bo-tren'td). In ancient geography, a seaport 
 in Epirus. It is said to have been founded by 
 Helenus, son of Priam. 
 
 Butkhak (bot'khak), or Bootkauk (bot'hak). 
 A pass in the mountains of Afghanistan, east 
 of Kabul. 
 
 Butler (but'ler ), Alban. Born at Appletree, 
 Northampton, England, 1710: died atSt. Omer, 
 France, May 15, 1773. An Engbsh Roman Cath- 
 olic hagiographer. He wrote “Lives of the 
 Fathers, Martyrs, and other principal Saints” 
 (1756-59), etc. 
 
 Butler, Andrew Pickens. Bom in Edgefield 
 District, S. C., Nov. 17, 1796: died near Edge- 
 field Court House, S. C., May 25, 1857. An 
 American politician, United States senator 
 from South Carolina 1846-57. 
 
 Butler, Benjamin Franklin. Born at Kinder- 
 hook Landing, N. Y., Dec. 17, 1795: died at 
 Paris, Nov. 8, 1858. An American lawyer and 
 politician, attorney-general of the United States 
 1833-38, and acting secretary of war 1836-37. 
 Butler, Benjamin" Franklin. Born at Deer- 
 field, N. H., Nov. 5, 1818: died at Washington, 
 Jan. 11, 1893. An American lawyer, politician, 
 and general. He commanded the Army of the James; 
 was defeated at Big Bethel, June 10, 1801 ; captured Forts 
 Hatteras and Clark, Aug., 1861 ; and was military governor 
 of New Orleans May-Dec., 1802. In 1864 he was “bottled 
 up" at Bermuda Hundred by the enemy (a historic phrase 
 used by General Barnard, Grant’s chief of engineers). He 
 was member of Congress from Massachusetts 1867-75 and 
 1877-79 ; governor of Massachusetts 1883 ; and candidate 
 of the Anti-Monopoly, National Greenback- Labor, and 
 People’s parties for President in 1884. In 1811 he refused 
 to deliver up slaves who had come within Iris lines, saying 
 they were “contraband of war”; hence arose the desig- 
 nation “contrabands” for slaves. 
 
 Butler, Charles. Born at London, Aug. 14, 
 1750: died at London, June 2, 1832. An Eng- 
 lish jurist, Roman Catholic historian, and mis- 
 cellaneous writer, nephew of Alban Butler. 
 His works include “Horse Biblicfe” (1797-1807), “Horse 
 juridical subsecivse ’’ (1804), “ Reminiscences ’’ (1822-27), 
 etc. 
 
 Butler, Lady (Elizabeth Southerden Thomp- 
 son). Bora at Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1844. 
 An English artist, chiefly noted as a painter of 
 military subjects. Among her pictures are “Missing" 
 (1873), “ The Roll Call "(1874), “Balaklava"(1876), “Inker- 
 man 6 (1877), “ Evicted ” (1890), etc. 
 
 Butler, James. Born at Clerkenwell, England, 
 Oct. 19, 1610: died at Kingston Hall, Dorset- 
 shire, England, July 21, 1688. The first Duke 
 of Ormonde. He was the son of Thomas Butler, Vis- 
 count Thurles, and became earl of Ormonde on the death 
 of his grandfather in 1632. He was the friend and confi- 
 dential adviser of the Earl of Strafford ; was appointed 
 lieutenant-general of the army in Ireland in 1641 ; defeat ed 
 the Irish rebels at Killsalghen, Kilrush, and Ross; and 
 became lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1644. After the exe- 
 cution of Charles I. he attached himself to the cause of 
 Charles II., whom he accompanied into exile. At the Res- 
 toration he was created duke of Ormonde and lord high 
 steward of England. He was restored in 1662 to the lord 
 lieutenancy of Ireland, a post which lie retained, with an 
 interruption of seven years, until 1685. 
 
 Butler, James, Duke of Ormonde. Born in 
 Dublin Castle, April 29, 1665: died Nov. 16, 
 1745. An Irish statesman. He was the son of the 
 Earl of Ossory, and became duke of Ormonde on the death 
 of his grandfather James Butler (1610-48). He espoused 
 the cause of the Prince of Orange in the same year, and 
 commanded the Life Guards at the battle of the Boyne 
 in 1690. In 1712 he succeeded Marlborough in the con- 
 duct of the campaign in Flanders. In accordance with 
 secret instructions from the ministry, he declined to co- 
 operate with the Allies against the French, on which 
 account he was impeached by the Whigs in 1715. He fled 
 to France, was attainted, and in 1719 commanded an ex- 
 pedition fitted out by Spain against England in behalf of 
 the Pretender : the expedition was dispersed by a storm. 
 
 Butler, James. Born in Prince William Coun- 
 ty, Ya. : died at Cloud’s Creek, S. C., 1781. An 
 American patriot in the Revolutionary War. 
 He distinguished himself in the partizan warfare with the 
 British, and was killed in the massacre at Cloud's Creek. 
 Butler, John. Born in Connecticut: died at 
 Niagara, 1794. An American Tory commander 
 in the Revolutionary War. He was made deputy 
 superintendent of Indian affairs by the British at the 
 beginning of the Revolutionary War, and led a force of 
 900 Indians and 200 loyalists, which desolated the infant 
 settlementof Wyoming in 1778, in the so-called “Wyoming 
 massacre.” After the war he tied to Canada, and his es- 
 tates were confiscated ; but lie was rewarded by the 
 British government with the office of Indian agent, 5,000 
 acres of land, and a salary and pension of §3,500 a year. 
 Butler, Joseph. Born at Wantage, Berkshire, 
 England, May 18, 1692: died at Bath, England, 
 June 16, 1752. An English prelate and theolo- 
 gian, made bishop of Bristol in 1738, and of 
 Durham in 1750. His most noted work is the “Anal- 
 ogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitu- 
 tion and Course of Nat ure ” (1736). 
 
 198 
 
 Butler, Reuben. In Scott’s novel “The Heart 
 of Mid-Lothian,” a weak and sensitive minister 
 of the Scottish Church, who marries Jeanie 
 Deans. 
 
 Butler, Samuel. Born at Strensham, Worces- 
 tershire, England, Feb., 1612 : died at Lon- 
 don, Sept. 25, 1680. An English poet. He is said 
 
 to have studied for a short time at Cambridge about 1627 ; 
 was attendant to Elizabeth, countess of Kent, about 1628, 
 in whose house he met John Selden; and served as clerk 
 or attendant to a succession of country gentlemen, in- 
 cluding the Presbyterian Sir Samuel Luke, who is sup- 
 posed to be the original of Hudibras. He was the author 
 of “ Hudibras ” (1663-78), a heroic-comic poem satirizing 
 Puritanism. 
 
 Butler, Samuel. Born at Kenilworth, War- 
 wickshire, England, Jan. 30, 1774: died at Ec- 
 cleshall Castle, Staffordshire, England, Dec. 4, 
 1839. An English prelate and classical scholar, 
 bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. 
 
 Butler, Walter. Died near Schorndorf, Wiir- 
 temberg, 1634. An Irish adventurer, in the 
 imperial service in the Thirty Years’ War, an 
 accomplice in the assassination of Wallenstein. 
 Butler, William Allen. Born at Albany, N.Y., 
 Feb. 20, 1825: died at Youkers, N. Y., Sept. 9, 
 1902. An American lawyer and poet, son of 
 Benjamin Franklin Butler (1795-1858). He was 
 graduated at the University of the City of New York in 
 1843 , studied law with his father ; and took up the prac- 
 tice of law in New York city. He was the author of “No- 
 thing to Wear: an Episode in City Life”(1857), etc., “TwoMil- 
 lions" (1858), “General Average” (1860), and other poems. 
 
 Butler, William Archer. Born at Annerville, 
 near Clonmel, Ireland, about 1814 : died July 5, 
 1848. An Irish clergyman and philosophical 
 and theological writer, professor of moral phi- 
 losophy in the University of Dublin. His works 
 include “ Sermons " (1849), “ Letters on the Development 
 of Christian Doctrine " (1850), “Lectures on the History 
 of Ancient Philosophy ’ (1856), etc. 
 
 Butler, William Orlando. Born in Jessamine 
 County, Ky., 1791: died at Carrollton, Ky., 
 Aug. 6, 1880. An American general and poli- 
 tician. He served in the War of 1812 ; commanded the 
 army in Mexico, Feb.-May, 1848; was a member of Con- 
 gress 1839—43 ; and was Democratic candidate for Vice- 
 President in 1848. 
 
 Buto (bu'to). An Egyptian divinity, identified 
 by the Greeks with Leto : the eponymous god- 
 dess of Buto or Butos, a town in the western 
 part of the Nile delta. 
 
 Buton. (bo-ton'), or Boeton, or Bouton. An 
 
 island in the East Indies, southeast of Celebes, 
 in lat. 5° S., long. 123° E., belonging to the 
 Netherlands, Area, estimated, 1,700 square 
 miles. 
 
 Butt (but), Isaac. Born at Glenfin, Donegal, 
 Ireland, Sept. 6, 1813: died near Dundrum, 
 County Dublin, May 5, 1879. An Irish lawyer 
 and politician. He entered Parliament in 1852, and 
 was leader of the Home Rule party 1871-77. He was the 
 author of a “ History of Italy from the Abdication of 
 Napoleon I." (1860), etc. 
 
 Butte (but), or Butte City. A city in Silver 
 Bow County, Montana, situated in the heart 
 of the Rocky Mountains, in lat. 46° 3' N., long. 
 112° 27' W. It contains the Anaconda and many other 
 mines, and produces large quantities of gold, silver, and 
 copper. Population, 39,165, (1910). 
 
 Buttermere (but'er-mer). A small lake in the 
 Lake District of England, situated 6 miles 
 southwest of Derwentwater. 
 
 Buttes (hut), Les. A tillage in fhe canton of 
 Neuchatel, Switzerland, situated 20miles south- 
 west of Neuchatel. It is noted for its position, 
 inclosed by mountains. 
 
 Buttington (but'ing-ton). A place in Mont- 
 gomery, Wales, situated on the Severn 8 miles 
 north of Montgomery. Here, in 894, the Eng- 
 lish under the ealdorman iEthelred defeated 
 the Danes. 
 
 Biittisholz (biit'tis-holts). A village in the 
 canton of Lucerne, Switzerland, situated 11 
 miles northwest of Lucerne. Here, in 1375, the 
 Swiss peasants defeated and slew 3,000 English under 
 Ingelram de Coucy : their bodies were buried in the 
 “ Englanderhubel " (Englishman’s mound). 
 
 Buttmann (bot'mau), Philipp Karl. Born at 
 Frankfort-on-the-Maiu, Germany, Dec. 5, 1764: 
 died at Berlin, June 21, 1829. A noted German 
 philologist. His works include “Griechische 
 Grammatik” (1792), “ Schulgrammatik” (1816), 
 “Lexilogus” (1818). 
 
 Button (but'n), Sir Thomas. Died 1634. An 
 
 English na vigator. He commanded an expedition to 
 search for the northwest passage, 1612-13, on which he 
 explored for the first time the coasts of Hudson Bay, and 
 named Nelson River, New Wales, and Button s Bay. 
 
 Butts (huts), Sir William. Died Nov. 22, 
 1545. An English physician. He was horn in 
 Norfolk, and was educated at Cambridge, being admitted 
 to the degree of M. D. in 1518. He subsequently became 
 
 Byng, George 
 
 physician in ordinary to Henry VIII. He appears as one 
 of the characters in Shakspere s “ Henry VIII.” (v. 2). 
 
 Buturlin (bo-tor-len'), Dmitri Petrovitch. 
 
 Bom at St. Petersburg, 1790: died near St. 
 Petersburg, Oct. 21, 1849. A Russian military 
 writer. His works include “ Relation de la campagne 
 en Italie 1799” (1810), “Tableau de la campagnede 1813 
 en Allemagne ’’ (ISlo), etc. 
 
 Buxar, or Baxar (buk-sar'). A town in Brit- 
 ish India, situated 60 miles east-northeast of 
 Benares. Here, Oct. 23, 1764, the British force (7,000) 
 under Hector Munro defeated the native army (40,000). 
 The loss of the latter was over 6,000. 
 
 Buxbowden (boks-hev'den), Count Friedrich 
 Wilhelm von. Born at Magnusthal, island 
 of Mohn, Baltic Sea, Sept. 25 (N. S.), 1750: 
 died at Lohde, Esthonia, Russia, Sept. 4 (N. S.), 
 1811. A Russiau general, distinguished in the 
 campaigns in Poland and Sweden. He com- 
 manded the Russian left wing at Austerlitz. 
 Buxton (buks'ton). A town and watering-place 
 in Derbyshire, England, situated 20 miles south- 
 east of Manchester. It is celebrated for its miueral 
 springs. Its chief structure is the “Crescent," and the 
 objects of interest in the vicinity are Poole’s Hole (stalac- 
 tite cave), Diamond Hill, and the cliff Chee Tor. Popu- 
 lation, 6,373. 
 
 Buxton, Charles. Born Nov. 18, 1823 : died 
 Aug. 10, 1871. An English politician and phi- 
 lanthropist, son of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton. 
 He was graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, 1843 ; be- 
 came a partner in the brewery of Truman, Hanbury and 
 Co., London, in 1845 ; was member of Parliament for New- 
 port, Isle of Wight, 1857-59, for Maidstone 1859-65, and for 
 East Surrey 18 5-71. He edited “ Memoirs of Sir Thomas 
 Fowell Buxton” (1848), “Slavery and Freedom in the 
 British West Indies” (1860), etc. 
 
 Buxton, Jedediah. Born at Elmton, Derby- 
 shire, England, March 20, 1707 : died there, 
 1772. An English mathematical prodigy. He 
 
 was the son of a schoolmaster, but remained throughout 
 life a farm laborer, because of incapacity to acquire an 
 education, his mind being occupied by an absorbing pas- 
 sion for mental calculations. 
 
 Buxton, Sir Thomas Fowell. Born April 1, 
 1786: died Feb. 19, 1845. An English philan- 
 thropist. He was an advocate of the abolition of sla- 
 very, and was parliamentary leader of the antislavery 
 party after 1824. 
 
 Buxtorf, or Buxtorff (boks'torf), Johann, the 
 
 elder. Born at Kamen, Westphalia, Germany, 
 Dec. 25, 1564 : died at Basel, Switzerland, Sept. 
 13,1629. A German Protestant theologian, noted 
 as a Hebraist. He was professor at Basel 1591-1629. 
 His chief works are “ Manuale hebraicum et chaldaieum ” 
 (1602), “Lexicon hebraicum et chaldaieum ” (1607), “Bib- 
 lia hebraica rabbinica ” (1618-19). 
 
 Buxtorf, or Buxtorff, Johann, the younger. 
 Born at Basel, Switzerland, Aug. 13, 1599 : died 
 at Basel, Aug. 16, 1664. A German Hebraist, 
 son of Johann Buxtorf. 
 
 Buyides (bu'yi-dez), or Bowides. A Persian 
 dynasty of the 10th and 11th centuries, over- 
 thrown about 1055. 
 
 Buzfuz (buz'fuz), Sergeant. In Charles Dick- 
 ens’s “Pickwick Papers,” the pompous and 
 brutal counsel for Mrs. Bardell in the Bardell- 
 Pickwiek breaeh-of-promise suit. 
 
 Buzzard (buz'ard), Mr. Justice. A character 
 in Fielding’s “ Amelia ” whose “ ignorance of 
 law is as great as his readiness to take a 
 bribe.” 
 
 Buzzard’s Bay. An inlet of the Atlantic Ocean 
 lying southeast of Massachusetts, it is separated 
 from Vineyard Sound by the Elizabeth Islands. Length, 
 30 miles. Bread th, 5-10 miles. 
 
 Byblis (bib'lis). In classical mythology, the 
 daughter of Miletus and sister of Caunus. 
 From her tears arose the fountain of Byblis. 
 Byblos (bih'los). In ancient geography, a city 
 of Phenicia. It was tributary to Assyria. See 
 Gcbal. 
 
 Byblos. A town in the Delta, Egypt, south of 
 Bubastis. 
 
 Bycorne. See Chichevaclie. 
 
 Bye Plot (bi plot), or Surprise Plot. A con- 
 spiracy in 1603 to seize the person of James I. 
 of England, and extort certain religious con- 
 cessions. Its members were Markham, Brooke, 
 Lord Grey of Wilton, and others. 
 
 Byerly Turk (bi'er-li terk), The. One of the 
 three Oriental horses from which all names 
 in the stud-hook trace descent. See Darley’s 
 Arabian and Godolpliin Barb. He was ridden by a 
 Captain Byerly in the first Irish campaign of King Wil- 
 liam III. ,1689. Nothing more seems to be known of his 
 origin. From him springs the Herod family of thorough- 
 breds. 
 
 Byles (bllz), Mather. Born at Boston. March 
 26, 1706: died at Boston, July 5, 1788. An 
 American clergyman and poet, pastor of the 
 Hollis Street Church at Boston 1733-76. He 
 was imprisoned as a Tory in 1777. 
 
 Byng (bing), George. See Torrington, Viscount. 
 
Byng, John 
 
 Byng, John. Born 1704: executed in Ports- 
 mouth harbor, England, March 14, 1757. A 
 British admiral, son of Viscount Torrington. 
 He was unsuccessful in an expedition to relieve Minorca, 
 which was threatened by a French fleet under the Duke 
 of Richelieu in 1756 ; and at the instance of the ministry, 
 whose ineffectual war policy had rendered it unpopular, 
 was tried by a court martial, and found guilty of neglect 
 of duty. He was shot in spite of the unanimous recom- 
 mendation to mercy by the court, which deplored that 
 the article of war under which he was condemned ad- 
 mitted of no mitigation of punishment, even if the crime 
 were committed by a mere error of judgment. 
 
 Byr (bur), Robert. The name under which Karl 
 Robert Emmerich Bayer wrote, and by which 
 he was frequently known. 
 
 Byrd (herd), William. Born at Westover, 
 Va., March 28 (16?), 1674: died there, Aug. 
 26, 1744. An American lawyer. He was educated 
 in England ; was called to the bar at the Middle Temple ; 
 studied in the Netherlands ; visited the court of France ; 
 was chosen fellow of the Royal Society ; was receiver-gen- 
 eral of the revenue in Virginia ; was three times colonial 
 agent in England ; was for thirty-seven years member 
 and finally president of the council of the colony ; and in 
 1728 was one of the commissioners appointed to fix the 
 boundary between Virginia and North Carolina, an ac- 
 count of which is contained in the so-called “ Westover 
 Manuscripts ” (Petersburg, 1841), written by him. 
 
 Byrgius (b6r'ji-us), Justus, Latinized from 
 Jobst Biirgi (biir'gi). Born at Liehtensteig, 
 St. Gall, Switzerland, Feb. 28, 1552: died at 
 Cassel, Germany, Jan. 31, 1632. A Swiss in- 
 ventor and mathematician, ne published loga- 
 rithmic tables (1620), and constructed a celestial globe, 
 sector, etc. 
 
 Byrom (bi'rom), John. Born Feb. 29, 1692, at 
 Kersall Cell, Broughton, near Manchester : died 
 Sept. 26, 1763. An English poet and stenogra- 
 her. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which 
 e became a fellow in 1714. He invented a system of 
 shorthand which was published in 1767 under the title 
 “ The Universal English Shorthand. ’’ A collective edition 
 of his poems, the most notable of which are “Colin to 
 Phoebe, ” “Three Black Crows,” and “Figg and Sutton,” 
 appeared at Manchester in 1773. 
 
 199 
 
 Byron. See Biron. 
 
 Byron (bi'ron), George Noel Gordon, Lord. 
 
 Born at Loudon, Jan. 22, 1788: died at Mis- 
 solonghi, Greece, April 19, 1824. A cele- 
 brated English poet. He was the son of John Byron, 
 captain in the Guards, by his second wife Catherine Gor- 
 don. His family traced its origin back to the Norman 
 conquest. He was born with a malformation of both feet. 
 His mother, who had been deserted by her husband, re- 
 sided with her son at Aberdeen, Scotland, 1791-98. On 
 the death of his granduncle William, fifth Lord Byron, 
 in the latter year, he inherited his titles and estate, in- 
 cluding Newstead Abbey. He subsequently studied at 
 Harrow and at Cambridge, where he took the degree of 
 M. A. in 1808. In 1807 he published “Hours of Idle- 
 ness,” which elicited adverse criticism from a writer in the 
 “Edinburgh Review,” probably Lord Brougham. Byron 
 responded with the satire “English Bards and Scotch 
 Reviewers’ (1809), which attracted considerable atten- 
 tion. In 1809-11 he traveled in Portugal, Spain, Turkey, 
 and Greece, and in 1812 published the first two cantos 
 of “Childe Harold,” the others appearing in 1816 and 1818. 
 In 1815 he married Miss Anne Isabella Milbanke, by whom 
 he became, in 1816, the father of Augusta Ada (afterward 
 Countess of Lovelace), and who left him for some unex- 
 plained reason in 1816. He abandoned England in 1816, and 
 in this year met at Geneva Miss Clairmont, who bore him, 
 in 1817, an illegitimate child, Allegra, who was placed by 
 him in a Roman Catholic convent at Bagna-Cavallo, near 
 Ravenna, where she died in 1822. In 1819 he met,at Venice, 
 Teresa, Countess Guiccioli, with whom he maintained a 
 liaison during the remainder of his residence in Italy. He 
 subsequently lived at Ravenna, Pisa, and Genoa, taking an 
 active interest in the revolutionary movement of the Car- 
 bonari. In 1823 he joined the Greek insurgents at Cepha- 
 lonia, and in the following year became the commander- 
 in-chief at Missolonghi, where he died of a fever. Besides 
 the titles already mentioned, his works include “The 
 Giaour ” (1813), “ The Bride of Abydos ” (1813), “ The Cor- 
 sair” (1814), “Lara" (1814), “Hebrew Melodies” (1815), 
 “Poems by Lord Byron" (1816), “Prisoner of Chillon, and 
 other Poems ” (1816), “Manfred ” (1817), “ Mazeppa’’(1819). 
 “ Marino Faliero ” (1820), “The Two Foscari ” and “Cain" 
 (one volume, 1821), “ The Deformed Transformed ” (1824), 
 “Don Juan” (1819-24), etc. “Life and Works” pub- 
 lished by Murray (1832-35). See Moore’s “ Life of Byron ’’ 
 (1830), Galt, “ Life of Byron ” (2d ed. 1830), Trelawney, 
 “Recollections of the Last Days of Shelley and Byron” 
 (1858), and Guiccioli, Comtesse de, “Lord Byron juge par- 
 ies tOmoins de sa vie ” (1868). 
 
 Byzantium 
 
 Byron, Harriet. An affected orphan, attached 
 to Sir Charles Grandison, and the principal 
 writer of the letters, in Richardson’s novel of 
 that name. 
 
 Byron, John. Born Nov. 8, 1723: died April 
 10, 1786. A British naval officer, second son 
 of William, fourth Lord Byron. He entered the 
 navy when a boy, and in 1740 was midshipman of the 
 Wager in Anson’s squadron which was wrecked near Cape 
 Horn. From 1764 to 1766 he commanded two vessels in 
 a voyage of exploration around the world ; but beyond 
 the curious observations on the Indians of Patagonia and 
 the discovery of some small islands in the Pacific he ac- 
 complished little. He was governor of Newfoundland 
 1769-72; became vice-admiral in 1778; and on July 6, 
 1779, had an engagement with the French fleet of D’Estaing 
 off Grenada, West Indies, but was defeated. 
 
 Byron’s Conspiracy, and Byron’s Tragedy. 
 
 Two plays by Chapman, produced in 1605, 
 printed in 1608: they may be regarded as one. 
 They were reprinted during the author’s lifetime, with 
 revisions, in 1625. Charles, duke of Biron (who was ex- 
 ecuted in 1602), is represented in these plays as a self-con- 
 fident braggart of “boundless vainglory.” 
 
 Byrsa (ber'sa). [Gr. B vpaa.'] The citadel of 
 Carthage. 
 
 Bytown (bi'toun). The former name of Ottawa, 
 Canada. 
 
 Byzantine Empire. See Eastern Empire. 
 
 Byzantine Historians. A collective term for 
 tne Greek historians of the Eastern Empire. 
 The most important were Zosimus, Procopius, Agathias, 
 Constantine Porphyrogeuitus, Anna Comnena, Joannes 
 Cinnamus, Nicetas, etc. 
 
 Byzantium (bi-zan'tium). [Gr. BaCarrtor.] In 
 ancient geography, a Greek city built on the 
 eastern part of the site of Constantinople, in 
 which it was merged in 330 a. d. it was noted 
 
 for its control of the corn-trade and for fisheries. It was 
 founded by Megarians in the 7th century B. o., and was 
 recolonized after the battle of Platsea (479 B. c.), Alci- 
 biades conquered it in 408 B. C., and Lysander in 405 B. 0. 
 In 339 B. c. it was besieged by Philip of Macedon and 
 relieved by Phocion, and again besieged and taken by Seve- 
 rus 194-196 A. D. See Cowitantinople. 
 
aaba. See Kadba. 
 
 Caaguas (ka-a-gwas'), or 
 -ij— Caas (ka-as '). [‘Forest- 
 men.’] A horde of wild 
 South American Indians liv- 
 ing on the river Parana, in 
 northwestern Paraguay and 
 the adjacent parts of Brazil. 
 They are the degraded remains of Guarani tribes. Dur- 
 ing the 18th century they sometimes took refuge in the 
 Jesuit missions of Paraguay from the oppressions of the 
 slave hunters of Sao Paulo ; but they subsequently renewed 
 their wild life. Very little is known of them. 
 
 Caamano (ka-a-ma'nyo), Jose Maria Placido. 
 Born at Guayaquil, Oct. 5, 1838 : died at Seville, 
 Dec. 31, 1901. An Ecuadorian statesman. 
 In 1882 he was banished for conspiring against the 
 dictator Veintemilla. From Peru he led an expedition 
 against Guayaquil, 1883, which was eventually successful. 
 The downfall of Veintemilla followed. Caamano was 
 made president ad interim Oct. 11, 1883, and was regu- 
 larly elected president Feb. 17, 1884, holding the office 
 until June 30, 1888. Minister to Washington 1889 and 1890. 
 Caas. See Caaguas. 
 
 Cabades (ka-ba/dez), or Cavades (ka-va'dez), 
 Pers. Kobad (ko-bad'). King of Persia. See 
 Sassanids. 
 
 Cabal (ka-bal'), The. An unpopular ministry 
 of Charles II., consisting of Clifford, Ashley, 
 Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale, the 
 initials of whose names happened to compose 
 the word. It held office 1667 to 1673. 
 Caballero y de la Torre (ka-bal-ya'ro e da la 
 tor're), Jose Agustin. Born at Havana, Feb., 
 1771: died there, April 6, 1835. A Cuban edu- 
 cator and noted pulpit orator. Ho studied at the 
 Seminary.of San C'arlos and the Havana University, and 
 was long the director of the former institution and lec- 
 turer ou philosophy. 
 
 Caballero y Gongora (ka-bal-ya'ro e gon'gd- 
 ra), Antonio. A Spanish prelate who in 1780 
 was archbishop of Santa F6 (New Granada) 
 and made an attempt to conciliate the rebels 
 in the south. He was appointed viceroy, and ruled New 
 Granada from 1782 to 1789, uniting the religious, military, 
 and civil powers. 
 
 Cabanagem (ka-ba-na'zham), or Cabanos 
 (ka-ba ' nosh). [Pg., ‘cottagers,’ from ca- 
 bana, a hut.] The name given in Brazil to 
 the rebels who, from 1833 to 1836, overran the 
 Amazon valley. The abdication of Pedro X. was fol- 
 lowed by a rumor that the regency desired to turn Brazil 
 over to Portugal. Certain liberal leaders in Pard took ad- 
 vantage of this report, called to their aid the ignorant 
 Indian and mulatto population, murdered the president, 
 and committed many atrocities. Matters went from bad 
 to worse until the whole province was in a state of anarchy 
 and Para was abandoned by the whites. The rebellion 
 was subdued by Andrea in 1836. 
 
 Cabanas (ka-ban'yas), Trinidad. Bom in Hon- 
 duras about 1802: died Jan. 8, 1871. A Central 
 American general. He was an officer with Morazan, 
 and an upholder of Central American unity. In 1844 he 
 aided in the defense of Leon, Nicaragua, against ilalespin, 
 and in 1845 he led the Salvadorian troops which attempted 
 to overthrow Malespin. He was made president of Hon- 
 duras March 1, 1852. An attempt to interfere with the 
 affairs of Guatemala led to his deposition by Guatemalan 
 troops aided by revolutionists of Honduras, July, 1855. He 
 fled to Salvador and remained in exile several years. 
 
 Cabanel (ka-ba-nel'), Alexandre. Born at. 
 Montpellier, France, Sept. 28, 1823: died at 
 Paris, Jan. 23, 1889. A noted French histori- 
 cal, genre, and portrait painter, a pupil of Picot. 
 
 He won the grand prix de Rome in 1845, a medal of the 
 second class in 1852, a medal of the first class in 1855, and 
 medals of honor in 18(55, 1867, and 1878. He became a mem- 
 ber of the Institute in 1863, and was professor in the Ecole 
 des Beaux Arts. 
 
 Cabanis (ka-ba-nes'). A historical novel re- 
 lating to the times of Frederick the Great, by 
 Wilhelm Haring (pseudonym “Wilibald Alex- 
 is ”), 1832. 
 
 Cabanis (ka-ba-nes'), Pierre Jean George. 
 
 Born at Cosnac, Charente-Infericure, France, 
 June 5, 1757 : died near Meulan, France, May 5, 
 1808. A noted French physicist and philosopher. 
 He was the author of “Rapports du physique et du moral 
 de Thomme ’’ (1802). In this work he discussed systemat- 
 ically the relations of soul and body, with materialistic 
 conclusions. He regarded the physical and the psychical 
 as the same thing looked at from different points of view, 
 and the soul not as a being, but as a faculty. 
 
 Cabarrus (ka-ba-rii'), Comte Francois de. 
 
 Born at Bayonne, France, 1752: died at Seville, 
 Spain, April 27, 1810. A Spanish financier, of 
 French origin. He was minister of finance 
 under Joseph Bonaparte 1808-10. 
 
 Cabega de vaca. See Cabeza de Vaca. 
 
 Gabel (ka-bel') (properly Cabu), Mme. (Marie 
 Jos&phe Dreullette). Born at Liege, Bel- 
 gium, Jan. 31, 1827 : died at Maisons-Laffitte, 
 May 23, 1885. A Belgian opera-singer. Meyer- 
 beer wrote for her the part of Dinorah. 
 
 Cabes (ka'bes), or Gabes (ga'bes), Gulf of. 
 An arm of the Mediterranean, south of Tunis, 
 in lat. 34° N., long. 10°-11° E. : the ancient 
 Syrtis Minor. There is a town of the same 
 name situated on the gulf, with about 8,000 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Cabestaing (ka-bes-tah'), or Cabestan (ka-bes- 
 tou'), Guillaume de. A Provencal poet ac- 
 cording to Papon, Roussillonnais according to 
 Millot. He lived toward the end of the 12th century, 
 and was killed from jealousy by Raymond of Roussillon. 
 According to the legend, Raymond caused his wife to eat, 
 unwittingly, of Cabestaing's heart. When she learned 
 what she had done she declared that her lips, which had 
 tasted such noble food, should touch no other, and died of 
 starvation. Seven of his poems, reflecting a pure and in- 
 tense passion, have been preserved. 
 
 Cabet (ka-ba'), Etienne. Born at Dijon, Jan. 
 1, 1788: died at St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 8, 1856. A 
 French communist. He was an advocate by profes- 
 sion ; was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1831 ; 
 founded “ Le Populaire ” in 1833 ; and fled to England in 
 1834 in order to escape punishment on account of an ar 
 tide which he had published in that journal. He re- 
 turned to France in consequence of the amnesty of 1839. 
 He wrote “ilistoire populaire de la revolution fran«;aise 
 de 1789 a 1830,” ‘‘Voyage en Icarie, roman philosophique 
 et social "(1840). He established a communistic settle- 
 ment, called Icarie, in Texas in 1848, which was removed 
 to Nauvoo, Illinois, in 1850. See Jcaria. 
 
 Cabeza del Buey (ka-ba'tka del bo-a'). A small 
 town situated in the province of Badajoz, Spain, 
 in lat. 3S 3 40' N., long. 5° 17' W. 
 
 Cabeza de Vaca (ka-ba'tka da va'ka), Alvar 
 Nunez. Born at Jerez de la Frontera, Spain, 
 probably in 1490: died at Seville after 1560. 
 A Spanish soldier. In 1528 he was comptroller and 
 royal treasurer with the expedition of Pamphilo de Nar- 
 vaez to Florida. He and three others were the only ones 
 who escaped from shipwreck and the savages ; after liv- 
 ing for years among the Indians, they reached the Span- 
 ish settlements in northern Mexico in April, 1536. Cabeza 
 de Vaca returned to Spain in 1537, and in 1540 he was ap- 
 pointed governor of Paraguay. He sailed with 400 men, 
 landed on the coast of southern Brazil, and marched over- 
 land to Asuncion, the journey occupying nearly a year. In 
 1543 he explored the upper Paraguay. Gil April £5, 1544, 
 he was deposed and imprisoned by the colonists for alleged 
 arbitrary acts. Sent to Spain the next year, he was tried 
 by the Council of the Indies and sentenced to be banished 
 to Oran, Africa; but lie was subsequently recalled by the 
 king, received a pension, and was made judge of the Su- 
 preme Courtof Seville. While his case was pending before 
 the Council of the Indies he published two works: one, 
 “Naufragios, peregrinaciones y milagros,” describing his 
 Florida adventures, and the other, “Commentaries,” relat- 
 ing to his administration in Paraguay. Both were written 
 for his own justification ; but, making allowances for this, 
 they are of great historical value. There are modern edi- 
 tions in several languages. 
 
 Cabinda, or Kabinda (ka-ben'da). A town 
 and harbor of Portuguese West Africa, situated 
 a few miles north of the Kongo estuary, in lat. 
 5° 30' S., long. 12° 10' E. It has developed rap- 
 
 idly since 1885, and especially during the period of high 
 tariff in the Kongo State (Belgian Kongo). In the native 
 language the country and people are called Ngoyo. They 
 have no head chief, but numerous petty chiefs, called 
 kings. The part of Portuguese West Africa lying north of 
 the Kongo is also known as Cabinda. See Kongo and 
 Angola. 
 
 Cabiri, or Kabeiri (ka-bi'ri). [Gr. K afiupot, 
 the mighty ones.] 1. The seven planets wor- 
 shiped by the Phenicians. Their father was 
 called Syduk (‘justice’). — 2. In Greek mythol- 
 ogy, certain beneficent deities of whose charac- 
 teristics little is known, worshiped in parts of 
 Greece and in the islands of Imbros, Lemnos, 
 and Samothrace. They are possibly connected with 
 the Cabiri of Phenicia. To both were ascribed the inven- 
 tion of arts, especially of ship-building, navigation, and the 
 working of iron. Their rites were secret. The mysteries 
 of the Cabiri of Samothrace were regarded as inferior only 
 200 
 
 to the Eleusinian in sanctity. The initiated were supposed 
 ■A- to receive protection against mishaps, especially by sea. 
 
 Cable (ka'bl), George Washington. Born at 
 NewOrleans, Oct. 12,1844. An American novel- 
 ist, noted especially for descriptions of Creole 
 life in Louisiana. He has written “ Old Creole Days” 
 (1879), “The Grandissimes” (1880), “Madame Delphine,” 
 “Dr. Sevier" (1884), “John March, Southerner" (1894), 
 “The Cavalier” (1901), etc. 
 
 Caboche (ka-bosh'), Simon. The leader of 
 a band of ruffians in the service of the Duke 
 of Burgundy during the civil war between the 
 Armagnacs and the Burgundians. 
 
 Cabot (kab'ot), George. Born at Salem, Mass., 
 Dec. 3, 1751: died at Boston, Mass., April 18, 
 1823. An American politician. He was United 
 States senator from Massachusetts 1791-96, and president 
 of the Hartford Convention in 1814. 
 
 Cabot, John, It. Giovanni Caboto, Sp. Gaboto. 
 
 An Italian navigator in the English service. 
 He was probably a native of Genoa or its neighborhood, 
 and in 1476 became a citizen of Venice after a residence 
 of fifteen years. He subsequently removed to Bristol, 
 England. Believing that a northwest passage would 
 shorten the route to India, he determined to undertake an 
 expedition in search of such a passage, and in 1496 ob- 
 tained from Henry VII. a patent for the discovery, at his 
 own expense, of unknown lands in the eastern, western, 
 or northern seas. He set sail from Bristol in May, 1497, 
 in company with his sons, and returned in July of the same 
 year, the expedition resulted in the discovery of Cape 
 Breton Island and Nova Scotia. In the spring of 1493 he 
 made a second voyage (north to Labrador (Y), south to 30”), 
 on which he died (.). See Century Atlas, Map 4. 
 
 Cabot, Sebastian. Born at Bristol, England, (?) 
 1474: died at London in 1557. A celebrated 
 explorer, second son of John Cabot. He probably 
 accompanied his father in the voyage of 1497, when the 
 shore of North America was discovered (his name ap- 
 pears with his father’s in the petition to Henry VII.); and 
 it is probable that he was with him also in the voyage of 
 1498- In 1517, it is said (probably erroneously), he went 
 in search of a northwest passage, visiting Hudson Strait and 
 penetrating as far north as lat. 67” 30; and later was on the 
 northeast coast of South America and in the West Indies 
 with an English ship. Invited by Charles V. to Spain, he 
 was made grand pilot of Castile (1519), and commanded 
 four ships which left San Lucar April 3, 1526. The in- 
 tention was to sail to the Moluccas by the Strait of Ma- 
 gellan, but, lacking provisions, he landed on the coast of 
 Brazil, where he had some encounters with the Portu- 
 guese; thence sailed southward, discovered the river 
 Uruguay, and erected a fort there ; discovered and as- 
 cended the Parana ; and explored the lower Paraguay to 
 the present site of Asuncion. Convinced of the impor- 
 tance of this region, and joined by Diego Garcia, he re- 
 linquished the voyage to the Moluccas and despatched a 
 ship to Spain for reinforcements ; meanwhile he estab- 
 lished himself at the fort of Espirito Santo on the ParanA 
 (lat. 32° 5<y S.). Not receiving aid from Spain, he returned 
 in 1630, leaving a garrison at Espirito Santo. Cabot re- 
 mained in the service of Spain until the end of 1546, when 
 he returned to England. He was interested in explora- 
 tions in the Baltic, and in 1555 was made life governor of 
 the Company of Merchant Adventurers destined to trade 
 with Russia. A map of the world published in 1544 is 
 ascribed to Cabot. See Century Atlas, Map 4. 
 
 Cabourg (ka-bor'). A watering-place in the 
 department of Calvados, France, situated on 
 the English Channel 14 miles northeast of Caen. 
 Cabral (ka-bral'), Pedro Alvares : early wint- 
 ers abbreviate the name to Pedralvarez or 
 Pedralvez. Born about 1460 : died about 1526. 
 A Portuguese navigator. After Vasco da Gama re- 
 turned from India (1499), Cabral was put in command of 
 a fleet destined to follow up Gama s discoveries. Leav- 
 ing Lisbon March 9. 1600, he followed his instructions 
 and -kept far out in the Atlantic : by this means he dis- 
 covered the coast of Brazil near lat. 16” 20’ S. (April 22, 
 1500). This was two months after Vicente Yai.cz Pinzou 
 had discovered the northeast coast. Cabral took posses- 
 sion for Portugal of the new land, which he called Santa 
 Cruz. Sending back a ship with the tidings, he continued 
 his voyage May 2. On May 6 he lost four ships in a 
 storm ; with the rest he reached Mozambique and finally 
 Calicut, where he erected a fort; this was destroyed by 
 Samorim, and Cabral then made an alliance with the sover- 
 eign of Cochin. Loading his vessels with spices, he re- 
 turned, losing one ship by the way, and arrived at Lisbon 
 July 23, 1501. Nothing is known of his subsequent life. 
 Cabrera (ka-bra'ra). One of the Balearic Isl- 
 ands, situated in the Mediterranean Sea 9 miles 
 south of Majorca. It is a penal settlement. 
 Cabrera, Don Ramon, Count of Morelia, Born 
 at Tortosa, Catalonia, Spain, Aug. 31, 1810 ; 
 died at Wentworth, near Haines, England, May 
 24, 1877. A Spanish guerrilla chief. He was in- 
 tended for the church, and had received the minor orders. 
 
Cabrera, Don Ramon 
 
 when in 1633 the civil war broke out between the Christi- 
 nos and the CarlUts, the latter of whom he joined. He 
 took Valencia in 1837 ; surprised Morelia in 1839; was 
 created count of Morelia by Don Carlos in 1839 ; was driven 
 across the French frontier in 1840 ; instigated an unsuc- 
 cessful Carlist rebellion in 1848-49; and recognized Al- 
 fonso as king of Spain in 1875. 
 
 Cabrera Bobadilla Cerda y Mendoza (kii-bra'- 
 ra bo-ba-Tnel'ya, tber'da e men-do'tha), Luis 
 Geronymo de, fourth Count of Chinehon. Bom 
 in Madrid about 1590 : died near that city, Oct. 
 28,1647. A Spanish administrator. Prom Jan., 
 1629, to Dec. 18, 1639, he was viceroy of Peru. 
 Cabrera y Bobadilla, Diego Lopez Pacheco. 
 See Lopez Pacheco Cabrera y Bobadilla. 
 
 Cabul. See Kabul. 
 
 Cacafogo (kak-a-fo'go). In Fletcher’s play 
 “Rule a Wife and Have a Wife,” a cowardly, 
 bullying, and rich usurer. He has been said to be a 
 direct copy of Falstaff, but his lack of courage is the only 
 resemblance. 
 
 Cacama (ka'ka-ma), or Cacamatzin (ka-ka- 
 mat-sen'), orCaminatzin (ka-me-nat-sen'), or 
 Cacumazin (ka-ko-ma-then'). An Aztec In- 
 dian, nephew of Montezuma H. He became chief 
 of Tezcuco in 1516. Montezuma sent him to Cortes (1519), 
 inviting the latter to Mexico. After Montezuma's seizure 
 by Cortes (1519), Cacama planned an armed resistance, but 
 was arrested by emissaries of the monarch and brought 
 captive to the Spaniards. He was killed on the noche 
 triste, June 30-July 1, 1520. 
 
 Cacana. See Calchaquis. 
 
 Caccamo (kak-ka/mo). A town situated on 
 the northern coast of Sicily 23 miles southeast 
 of Palermo. Population, 11,274. 
 
 Caccini (ka-che'ne), Giulio. Born at Rome, 
 1550 (?) : died at Florence, 1618. An Italian 
 singer and composer, known as Giulio Romani. 
 He wrote, with Kinuccini and Peri, the musical dramas 
 “ Dafne ” (1594) and “ Euridice ” (1600). These first at- 
 tempts to make music dramatic led directly to the modem 
 opera. He composed a number of other works, among 
 which is “Le Nuove Musiche,” a collection of madrigals, 
 etc. See Alterati and Daphne. 
 
 Cetceres (ka'tha-res). A province in Estrema- 
 dura, western Spain. Area, 7,667 square miles. 
 Population, 362,164. 
 
 CeLceres. The capital of the province of Ca- 
 ceres, Spain, situated in lat. 39° 27' N., long. 
 6° 24' W. : the ancient Castra Ctecilia (whence 
 the modem name). It contains Roman and Moorish 
 antiquities, and was the scene of a victory of the Allies 
 (1706). Population, 17,716. 
 
 Caceres, Andres Avelino. Born at Huanta, 
 April 12, 1831. A Peruvian general and states- 
 man. He was colonel and afterward general in the 
 Chilean war (1879-83), and after the taking of Lima was 
 second vice-president in the provisional Calderon govern- 
 ment. Dr. Calderon being seized by the Chileans and the 
 first vice-president driven into Bolivia, General Caceres 
 became the constitutional chief of Peru. He held out 
 against the Chileans, and refused to acknowledge Iglesias 
 whom they had made president Attempting to take 
 Lima (Aug., 1884), CAceres was repulsed after a bloody 
 street fight. Raising a larger force, he entered the city, 
 Dec. 1, 1885, and persuaded Iglesias to refer the presi- 
 dential question to a general election. This resulted in 
 favor of CAceres, who was inaugurated president of Peru 
 June 3, 1886. Succeeded by Bermudez, Aug. 10, 1890, Gen- 
 eral CAceres soon after went to Europe as Peruvian minis- 
 ter to France and England. Reelected president 1894. 
 Cacha (ka'cha). An ancient Peruvian temple 
 situated in the Vilea-Maya valley south of 
 Cuzco. It is believed to antedate the Inca empire, and 
 is connected with some curious legends ; though now in 
 ruins, it shows traces of having been built in two stories. 
 Cachar (ka-char'). A district in Eastern Ben- 
 gal and Assam, British India. Area, 3,769 
 square miles. Population, 455,593. 
 
 Cacheo (ka-sha/o). A town in Portuguese 
 Guinea, West Africa, situated near the coast 
 in lat. 12° 20' N., long. 16° 30' W. 
 
 Cachibos, or Cashibos (ka-she'bos). An In- 
 dian tribe or horde of eastern Peru, on the 
 upper Ucayale River. They are very savage, con- 
 stant enemies of the whites and of neighboring tribes, 
 and cannibals : it is said that they eat their own relatives 
 after death, and that they make war to procure human 
 food. Probably the accounts of their ferocity are exag- 
 gerated, the tribe being very imperfectly known. They 
 are not numerous. 
 
 Cachoeira (ka-sho-a'ra). A town in the state 
 of Bahia, Brazil, situated on the river Para- 
 guassu 50 miles northwest of Bahia. Popula- 
 tion, about 15,000. 
 
 Oacos (ka'kos). [Sp., ‘pickpockets.’] The nick- 
 name given to a political party of Guatemala 
 which originated in 1820. its members favored 
 complete separation from Spain, and a republican form 
 of government with essential equality to all. This was 
 the germ of the Servile party of later years. Their oppo- 
 nents, called Bacos or Gazistas, were opposed to equality. 
 Cocos is also the name of a political party in Haiti. 
 
 Cacus (ka'kus). In Roman mythology, a giant 
 and son of Vulcan, living near the spot on 
 which Rome was built. He stole from Hercules 
 some of the cattle of Geryon, dragging them into his 
 
 VI. 8 
 
 201 
 
 cave under the A ventine backward, so that their footsteps 
 would not show the direction in which they had gone ; 
 but Hercules found them by their lowing, and slew the 
 thief. 
 
 Cadalso (ka-dal'so), or Cadahalso (ka-da-al'- 
 so), Jose de. Born at Cadiz, Spain, Oct. 8, 
 1741 : died at Gibraltar-, Spain, Feb. 27, 1782. A 
 Spanish poet, killed at the siege of Gibraltar. 
 His works include a tragedy, “ Sancho Garcia ” (1771), a 
 satire, “ Los eruditos A la violeta " (1772), “ Poesias ” 
 (1773), “ Las cartas marruecas ” (1793), etc. 
 
 Cada Mosto, or Ca Da Mosto (ka da mos'to), 
 Alois or Luigi da. Bom at Venice about 
 1432: died at Venice about 1480. An Italian 
 navigator. He explored, in the service of Prince Henry 
 of Portugal, the coast of Africa as far as the Gambia from 
 1455 to 1456, in which latter year he discovered the Cape 
 Verd islands. Author of “El libro de la prima naviga- 
 zione per oceano a leterre de’ Nigri de la Bassa /Ethio- 
 pia ” (1507). 
 
 Oaddee (kad-da'). A name given to a league 
 (“ Gotteshaus-Bund”) formed in the Grisons, 
 Switzerland, in 1396, to oppose internal misgov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Caddo (ka'do). [From the Caddo Kdede, 
 chief.] A confederacy of the Caddoan stock 
 of North American Indians. It consisted of many 
 tribes, of which the following have been identified : Kado 
 hadacho, Nadaaku, Aienai, Nabaidatu, Nashidosh,Yatasi, 
 Yowani, Nakohodotse, Aish, and Hadai. Its former habi- 
 tat was northwestern Louisiana and eastern Texas ; now, 
 the Quapaw reservation, Oklahoma. See Caddoan. 
 Caddoan (ka'do-an). A linguistic stock of 
 North American Indians, named after its lead- 
 ing division, Caddo. Its former habitat was in parts 
 of North Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Arkansas, and In- 
 dian Territory, the northern group of the stock having 
 been entirely surrounded by Siouan tribes, and the mid- 
 dle group by the Siouan and Shoshonean. Its divisions, 
 beginning at the north, are as follows : Arikara (a tribe), 
 Pawnee (the middle group, a confederacy), Kitcai (a tribe), 
 Wichita (a confederacy), and Caddo (a confederacy). Its 
 tribes, especially the Pawnee, have been foes to the Da- 
 kota or Sioux for many generations ; consequently their 
 men have served as scouts in the United States army 
 during wars against the Dakota. All of this stock, except 
 the Arikara, are now in the State of Oklahoma. They 
 number about 630. 
 
 Caddoques. See Kado hadacho. 
 
 Cade (kad), John, called Jack Cade. Born 
 in Ireland: killed near Heathfield, in Sussex, 
 England, July 12, 1450. The leader in “ Cade’s 
 Rebellion,” a rising chiefly of Kentishmen, in 
 May and June, 1450. The rebels defeated the royal 
 forces at Seven Oaks, June 27, and entered London July 
 2. On July 3 they put Lord Say to death. In a few 
 days the rebellion was suppressed. Cade is said to have 
 been called Mortimer by his followers, and to have been 
 regarded by them as a cousin of the Duke of York. He 
 is introduced by Shakspere in the second part of “Henry 
 VI." as a reckless, ferocious, and vulgarly important rebel. 
 Cadell (lta-del'), Robert. Born at Cockenzie, 
 East Lothian, Dec. 16, 1788 : died at Edinburgh, 
 Jan. 20, 1849. A Scottish publisher and book- 
 seller. He was a partner of Constable from 1811 until 
 the failure of the firm, and a business associate and friend 
 of Sir Walter Scott. He became the publisher of Scott’s 
 works in 1826. 
 
 Cadenabbia (ka-de-nab'be-a). A small town in 
 northern Italy, situated on the western bank of 
 Lake Como 15 miles northeast of Como. It is a 
 favorite resort. 
 
 Cadenus (ka-de'nus). The name by which 
 Dean Swift calls himself in his poem “ Cade- 
 nus and Vanessa” (1726). The name is an 
 anagram of decanus (dean). 
 
 Cader Idris (kad'er id'ris). A mountain in 
 northwestern Wales, near Dolgelly, noted for 
 its extensive view. Height, 2,914 feet. 
 Caderousse (kad-ros'). A noted character in 
 Dumas’s novel “Le Comte de Monte Cristo.” 
 Cadesia (ka-de'zhia). A place situated near 
 Cufa, in Irak-Arabi, Asiatic Turkey. Here, in 
 636 A. D., the Saracens under Sa’d ibn Abl Wakkas de- 
 feated the Persians (120,000) under Rustem. 
 
 Cadiiab. See Kadijah. 
 
 Cadillac (ka-de-yak'), Antoine de la Mothe. 
 Died about 1720. A French commander and 
 pioneer in New France. He was commander of 
 Michilimackinac 1694-97, founded Detroit in 1701, and was 
 governor of Louisiana 1711-17. 
 
 Cadiueios (ka-de- wa'yoz), or Cadigues, or Cadi- 
 hdos. A branch of the Guaycurus Indians 
 (which see). At the present time Brazilians 
 commonly use this name for the whole tribe, 
 c&diz (ka'diz; Sp. pron. ka-deth'). [Pg. Ca- 
 dix .] A province in Andalusia, Spain. Area, 
 2,834 square miles. Population, 452,659. 
 Cfl.diz, former Eng. Cales. A seaport, the capi- 
 tal of the province of Cadiz, Spain, situated 
 on a narrow neck of land, on the Atlantic, in 
 lat. 36° 31' N., long. 6° 17' W. : the Greek Ga- 
 deira and the Roman Gades. it is an important 
 commercial city, and is noted for its export of sherry. 
 It has two cathedrals, a Capuchin convent, a hospital, 
 etc. (For early history, see Gades.) It was destroyed 
 by the Goths, was taken from the Moors in 1262, and 
 
 Caecilius 
 
 was sacked by the English under the Earl of Essex in 
 1596. It was unsuccessfully attacked by the English in 
 1625 and 1702, was invested by the French 1810-12, and 
 was held by the French 1823-28. The revolution of 1868 
 commenced here in September. Population, 68,896. 
 
 Gades, or Cadiz, which has kept its name and its un- 
 broken position as a great city from an earlier time than 
 any other city in Europe. E. A. Freeman. 
 
 Cadmeia(kad-me'ya). [Gr. Kad/isla.] The cita- 
 del or acropolis of Tbebes in Boeotia, named 
 from its mythical founder, the hero Cadmus. 
 Two Frankish towers of some importance now stand on 
 the summit of the low hill. The only remains of the an- 
 cient fortifications consist of a stretch of ruinous Cyclopean 
 wall on the north side, and fragments of more recent walls 
 on the southeastern slope. 
 
 Cadmeians (kad-me'yanz). See the extract. 
 
 The Cadmeians were the Grjeco-Phcenician race (their 
 name merely signifying “ the Easterns ’’) who in the ante- 
 Trojan times occupied the country which was afterwards 
 called Boeotia. Hence the Greek tragedians, in plays of 
 which ancient Thebes is the scene, invariably speak of the 
 Thebans as Ka6/ueIot. Rawlimon, Herod., I. i. 66, note. 
 
 Cadmus (kad'mus). [Gr. Kaduor . ] i n Greek 
 legend, a son of Agenor, king of Phenicia, and 
 Telephassa. He was the reputed founder of Thebes 
 in Boeotia, and the introducer of the letters of the Greek 
 alphabet. 
 
 These “ Phoenician letters ” were also called the “ Cad- 
 mean letters," having been introduced, according to a 
 Greek legend, which is repeatedly quoted by Herodotus, 
 by Cadmus the Tyrian when he sailed for Greece in search 
 of Europa. It is plain that Cadmus and Europa are merely 
 eponymic names, Cadmus meaning in Semitic speech 
 “the man of the East,” while Europa is the damsel who 
 personifies “the West.” Taylor, The Alphabet, H. 19. 
 
 Cadodaquioux. See Kado hadacho. 
 
 Cadorna (ka-dor'na), Raffaele. Born at Milan, 
 1815: died at Turin, Feb. 6, 1897. An Italian 
 general. He commanded the troops of Victor Emman- 
 uel in the occupation of the States of the Church in 1870. 
 He occupied Civitii Vecchia Sept, 16, and Rome Sept. 20, 
 1870. In 1877 he retired. 
 
 Cadoudal (ka-do-dal'), Georges. Born near 
 Auray, Morbihan, France, Jan. 1, 1771: guillo- 
 tined at Paris, June 25, 1804. A celebrated 
 French Chouan partizan and royalist conspir- 
 ator, leader of the rising of 1799. He was im- 
 plicated with Pichegru in 1803. 
 
 Cadsand, or Kadzand (kad-zand'). A village 
 in Zealand, Netherlands, situated at the mouth 
 of the Schelde, 14 miles northeast of Bruges. 
 Here in 1337 the English defeated the Count of 
 Flanders. 
 
 Cadwal. See Arviragus, 2. 
 
 Cadwalader, George, Gent. A pseudonym of 
 George Bubb Dodington. 
 
 Cadwalader, or Cadwallader (kad-wal'a-der), 
 surnamed “ The Blessed.” Died probably in 
 664. A British king. He was the son of Cadwallon, 
 king of Gwynedd, whom he succeeded in 634. He obtained 
 great fame by the heroic exploits which he performed in 
 the defense of Wales against the Saxons, and holds a high 
 place in Welsh tradition and poetry. According to the 
 prophecy of Merlin, he is one day to return to the world 
 to expel the Saxon from the land. He came in time to be 
 regarded as a saint (hence his surname of ‘ ‘ The Blessed ’’). 
 Cadwallader (kad-wol'a-der). A character in 
 Foote’s play “The Author.” This play was stopped 
 by the lord chamberlain at the request of Mr. Aprice, a 
 friend of Foote, who was imitated and ridiculed in this 
 part, especially in a habit he had of sucking his wrist 
 as he talked. 
 
 Cadwallader, Rev. Mr. The rector of Mid- 
 dlemareh in George Eliot’s novel of that name. 
 He exasperates his wife, a clever, keen, epigrammatic 
 woman, by his good temper. He would even speak well 
 of his bishop, “ though unnatural in a beneficed clergy- 
 man." 
 
 Cadwallader. A misanthropic character in 
 Smollett’s ‘ ‘ Peregrine Pickle.” 
 
 Cadwallon (kad-wal'on),or Csedwalla, or Cad- 
 walader. Died 634. A British king of Gwyn- 
 edd, which was probably coextensive with 
 North Wales. He invaded Northumbria in 629, but 
 was repulsed by Eadwine near Morpeth. In 633, in alliance 
 with Penda, king of the Mercians, he totally defeated the 
 Northumbrians at Heathfield, near Doncaster, Eadwine and 
 his son Osfrid being among the slain. He was defeated 
 by Oswald, the nephew of Eadwine, at the battle of Heven- 
 felth, on the Deniseburn, in 636, and was killed in the 
 flight. 
 
 Cadwallon. The minstrel of Gwenwyn in 
 Scott’s novel “The Betrothed.” He disguises 
 himself as Renault Vidal to prosecute a revenge, for which 
 he is executed. 
 
 CeScilia gens (se-sil'i-ii jenz). In ancient Rome, 
 a plebeian clan or house whose family names 
 under the republic were Bassus, Denter, Metel- 
 lus, Niger, Pinna, and Rufus. 
 
 Caecilius (se-sil'i-us), surnamed Calactinus 
 (kal-ak-ti'nus) and, erroneously, Callantianus 
 (ka-lan-ti-a'nus). A Hellenistic Jew of Ca- 
 lacte in Sicily (whence his surname), named 
 Archagathus, naturalized at Rome, where lie 
 took the name of his patron, one of the Motelli. 
 
Csecilius 
 
 He enjoyed a very high repute at Rome in the time of 
 Cicero and Augustus, but his numerous works are all lost, 
 with the exception of a few fragments. 
 
 Cfficilius Statius. A Roman comic poet, a 
 member by birth of the Celtic tribe of the In- 
 subrians, brought as a prisoner to Rome about 
 200 B. C. His comedies were adaptations of Attic origi- 
 nals. Fragments of them are extant (ed. Ribbeck, 1873). 
 Caedmon (kad'mon), or (corruptly) Cedmon, 
 Saint. Flourished about 670. An Anglo-Saxon 
 (Northumbrian) poet, the reputed author of 
 metrical paraphrases of the Old Testament. 
 He became late in life an inmate of the monastery at 
 Whitby, under the abbess Hild. According to the ac- 
 count given by Bede (“Ecclesiastical History "), he was an 
 unlearned man, especially lacking in poetical talent until 
 he was commanded in a dream to sing “ the beginning of 
 created things. ” The miraculous gift thus bestowed upon 
 him was fostered by Hild, and he produced metrical para- 
 phrases of Genesis and other parts of the Bible. He was 
 celebrated as a saint on Feb. 11 (10? 12?). It has been 
 doubted whether he is a real personage. 
 
 Caelia, or Ccelia, gens (se'li-a jenz). In ancient 
 Rome, a plebeian clan or house whose family 
 names were Caldus and Rufus. The first member 
 of this gens who obtained the consulship was C. Caelius 
 Caldus, 94 n. c. 
 
 Caslian (se'li-an), The. [L. Caelius mons.'] The 
 southeastern hill of the group of Seven Hills 
 of ancient Rome, adjoining the Palatine, and 
 between the Aventine and the Esquiline. The 
 Lateran lies on its widely extending eastern 
 slope. 
 
 Caen (kan). The capital of the department of 
 Calvados, France, situated on the Orne in lat. 
 49° 11' N., long. 0° 22' W. It has alarge import trade 
 in timber, etc., and exports Caen stone, rape-oil, daily pro- 
 ducts, etc. It has important manufactures. It is the seat 
 of a university. Caen was developed by William the Con- 
 queror. It was taken by the English in 1346 and 1417, and 
 retaken by the French in 1450. It suffered in the Hugue- 
 not wars, and was a Girondist center in 1793. Abbaye aux 
 Dairies, or Trinity. A great Romanesque church founded 
 by Queen Matilda (1066), with 3 large recessed portals, 
 arcaded facade, and square flanking towers, and later cen- 
 tral lantern. The solemn interior, with its superposed 
 tiers of round arches, presents one of the most uniform 
 examples of Norman architecture. Abbaye aux Homines , 
 or St. Tttienne, dedicated by William the Conqueror in 
 1077, but, especially in its exterior, much modified later. 
 The six spires and the central lantern form one of the 
 most effective groups of this nature : they and the choir 
 show the Norman lancets. The plain and massive nave 
 dates from the Conqueror. The church is 349 feet long; 
 the vaulting 68£ feet high. Population, 44,442. 
 
 Csepio (se'pi-o), Quintus Servilius. Lived 
 about 100 b. c. A Roman consul (106). As 
 proconsul in Gaul (105) he was defeated with 
 Mallius by the Cimbri. 
 
 Caere (se're), earlier Agylla (a-jil'a). [Gr. 
 Kaipea,Kaip7i; ’AyivWa.] In ancient geography, 
 a city of Etruria, Italy, situated 25 miles north- 
 west of Rome. Its site is occupied by the mod- 
 ern village of Cervetere noted for Etruscan 
 ruius. 
 
 The primitive name of Caere was Agylla, the “round 
 town,” which indicates that it was originally a Phoenician 
 settlement. An ancient tradition, preserved by Dionysius 
 of Halicarnassus, Strabo, and Pliny, affirmed that Agylla 
 was a “ Pelasgian ” city prior to the Etruscan conquest. 
 
 Taylor, The Alphabet, II. 74, note. 
 Caerleon (kar-le'on). A town in Monmouth- 
 shire, England, situated on the Usk 3 miles 
 northeast of Newport : the Roman Isca Silurum. 
 It was important in the Roman period, and is 
 the traditional seat of King Arthur’s court. 
 Caermarthen. See Carmarthen. 
 
 Caernarvon. See Carnarvon. 
 
 Caesar (se'zar), Cams Julius. [ME. Cesar, 
 OF. Cesar, F. Cesar, It. Cesar e, G. Cdsar, etc., 
 L. Caesar.] Born July 12, 100 b. c. (according 
 to Mommsen, 102) : killed at Rome, March 15, 
 44 B. c. A famous Roman general, statesman, 
 orator, and writer. He served at Mytilene in 80 ; 
 was captured by pirates in 76 ; and was made questor in 
 68, curule edile in 65, pcntifex maximus in 63, pretor in 
 62, and propretor in Spain in 61. He formed the “ first 
 triumvirate ” with Pompey and Crassus in 60 ; was consul 
 in 59, and proconsul in Gaul and Hlyricum in 58 ; defeated 
 the Helvetii and Ariovistus in 58, and the Belgsein57; in- 
 vaded Britain in 55 and 54 ; crossed the Rhine in 55 and 53 ; 
 defeated Vercingetorix in 52 ; and crossed the Rubicon and 
 commenced the civil war in 49. He was dictator in 49, 48, 
 47, 46, 45 ; defeated Pompey at Pharsalia in 48 ; ended the 
 Alexandrine war in 47; and defeated Pharnaces at Zeia 
 in 47, and the Pompeians at Thapsus in 46, and at Munda 
 in 45. He reformed the calendar in 46. Feb. 15, 44, he 
 refused the diadem. He was assassinated by Brutus, Cas- 
 sius, and others in the senate-house March 15. The “ Com- 
 mentaries ” (or Memoirs) of Ciesar, the only one of his lit- 
 erary works extant, contain the history of the first seven 
 years of the Gallic war, in seven hooks, and three books 
 of a history of the civil war. The name Caesar was assumed 
 by all male members of the Julian dynasty, and after them 
 by the successive emperors, as inseparable from the impe- 
 rial dignity. It thus became the source of the German 
 Kaiser and the Russian Tsar or Czar. After the death of 
 Hadrian the title Caesar was specifically assigned to those 
 who were designated by the emperors as their successors 
 and associated with them in the government. Sec A u- 
 gustus. 
 
 202 
 
 Caesar, Don. The father of Olivia in Mrs. Cow- 
 ley’s “ Bold Stroke for a Husband.” 
 
 CcBsar, Sir Julius. Born at Tottenham, Eng- 
 land, 1558: died 1636. An English jurist of 
 Italian extraction, appointed master of the 
 rolls in 1614. 
 
 Caesarea (sez-a-re'a). In ancient geography, a 
 seaport of Palestine, situated on the Mediter- 
 ranean in lat. 32° 33' N., long. 34° 54' E. : the 
 modern Kaisariyeh. It was erected by Herod I., in 
 the first decennium B. c., on the site of the former Tunis 
 Stratonis, on the line of the great road from Tyre to Egypt, 
 between Jaffa and Dora, and named in honor of Augustus. 
 Its full name was Caesarea Sebaste, from the name of the 
 harbor. Herod adorned the city with many magnificent 
 buildings. It became the residence of the Roman gover- 
 nors iiCPalestine, and was mostly inhabited by a foreign 
 population hostile to the Jews. Here broke out the Jewish 
 war under the governor Gessius Florus. Vespasian gave 
 it the name of Colonia prima Flaviana. It is often men- 
 tioned in the New Testament (Acts viii. 40, ix. 30, x. 1, xxi. 
 9, xxiv. 17, etc.). About 200 A. D. it became the residence 
 of a bishop, and possessed a Christian school at which Ori- 
 gen taught. It was the birthplace of the church historian 
 Eusebius (died 342). The modern Kaisariyeh is a desolate 
 place of ruins. 
 
 Caesarea. In ancient geography, a city in Cap- 
 padocia, Asia Minor, in lat. 38° 41' N., long. 
 35° 20' E. : the modern Kaisariyeh. It was 
 formerly called Mazaca. Population of mod- 
 ern town, about 72,000. 
 
 Caesarea Philippi (fi-lip'I). In ancient geogra- 
 phy, a town in northern Palestine, situated at 
 the foot of Mount Hermon. The modern vil- 
 lage is called Banias, formerly Paneas. 
 
 Caesar ill Egypt. A tragedy by Cibber, pro- 
 duced at Drury Lane Dec. 9, 1724, published 
 1728. it was taken from Massinger and Fletcher’s 
 “The False One” and Corneille’s “La Mort de Pomp^e.” 
 Caesarion (se-za'ri-on). A son of Cleopatra 
 and (probably) Julius Ciesar. He was exe- 
 cuted by order of Augustus. 
 
 C33sarodunum (sez-a-ro-du'num). [‘Caesar's 
 fort.’] The Roman name of Tours. 
 
 Caesars, City of the. A mythical South Ameri- 
 can city, reputed of great size and wealth, 
 which report located near the eastern base of 
 the Andes, somewhere south of lat. 37°. By 
 
 some it was supposed to have been founded by a man 
 named Cesar who about 1530 left Cabot s fort of Espirito 
 Santo on the ParanA, and never returned. Others con- 
 nected it with the crew of a Spanish ship which was 
 wrecked on the coast of Patagonia. In the 16th and 17th 
 centuries many expeditions were made in search of it, and 
 even to the end of the 18th century the legend was re- 
 garded by many as true. 
 
 Caesars, Era of. See Spain, Era of. 
 
 Caf. See Kaf. 
 
 Cafe Procope (ka-fa/ pro-kop'). A coffee-house 
 opposite the Come die Framjaise, frequented by 
 the wits in the 18th century. 
 
 CafFa, or Kaffa. See Feodosia. 
 
 Caffarelli (ka-fa-rel'le), Francois Marie Au- 
 guste. Born at Falga, Haute-Garonne, France, 
 Oct. 7, 1766: died at Lesehelles, Aisne, France, 
 Jan. 23, 1849. A French general, brother of 
 Caffarelli du Falga. 
 
 Caffarelli (kaf-fa-rel'le), called Gaetano Ma- 
 joraiio. Born in the province of Bari, Italy, 
 April 16, 1703: died at Naples, Nov. 30, 1783. 
 A noted Italian singer. 
 
 Caffarelli du Falga (ka-fa-rel'le dii fal-ga'), 
 Louis Marie Joseph Maximilien. Born at 
 Falga, Haute-Garonne, France, Feb. 13, 1756: 
 died near Acre, Syria, April 27, 1799. A French 
 general, commander of the engineer corps in 
 the Egyptian campaign. 
 
 Caffi (kaf 'fe), Ippolito. Born at Belluno, Italy, 
 1814: killed in the battle of Lissa, July 20, 
 1866. An Italian painter. 
 
 Caffraria. See Kafr aria. 
 
 Caffristan. See Kafiristan. 
 
 Cagliari, or Caliari, Paolo. See Veronese. 
 Cagliari (kal-ya're). A province in the south- 
 ern part of the island of Sardinia, Italy. Area, 
 5,184 square miles. Population, 521,172. 
 Cagliari. A seaport, the capital of the island 
 of Sardinia, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Ca- 
 gliari in lat. 39° 13' N., long. 9° 7' E. : the 
 Roman Caralis or Carales. It contains a cathe- 
 dral, castle, university, museum, Roman amphitheater, 
 and other antiquities. Population, commune, 53,- 
 747. 
 
 Cagliostro (kal-yos'tro), Count Alessandro 
 di : the assumed name of Giuseppe Balsamo. 
 Born at Palermo, Sicily, June 8, 1743 : died at 
 San Leone, in Urbino, Italy, Aug. 26, 1795. An 
 Italian adventurer, notorious for his imposi- 
 tions in Russia, Paris, the East, and elsewhere. 
 Among other adventures he was involved in the affair of 
 the diamond necklace in Paris, and was imprisoned in the 
 Bastille, but escaped. He visited England, and was there 
 imprisoned in the Fleet. On emerging he went to Rome, 
 
 9a ira 
 
 where he was arrested and condemned to death, but his 
 sentence was commuted to perpetual imprisonment in the 
 fortress of San Leone, where he died. 
 
 Cagnola (kan-yo'la), Luigi. Born at Milan, 
 June 9, 1762: died at Inverigo, Italy, Aug. 14, 
 1833. An Italian architect. His chief works are 
 two triumphal arches at Milan, “Arco della 
 pace” and “Porta di Marengo.” 
 
 Cagots ( ka-goz ' ) . Ape ople of unc ertain origin , 
 living in Gascony and Bearn in France, and in 
 the Basque Provinces in Spain. They are consid- 
 ered a degraded race, and before 1793 were without po- 
 litical and social rights. 
 
 Cahawba (ka-ha'ba). A river of Alabama which 
 joins the Alabama River 8 miles southwest of 
 Selma. Length, about 200 miles. 
 
 Cahen (ka-ah'), Samuel. Born at Metz, Lor- 
 raine, Aug. 4, 1796: died at Paris, Jan. 8, 1862. 
 A French Hebraist, author of a translation of 
 the Old Testament into French (1841-53). 
 Cahensly Agitation, The. An agitation car- 
 ried on in 1891 in the Roman Catholic Church 
 for the purpose of inducing t he Pope to appoint 
 bishops and priests of their own nationality for 
 the Roman Catholic immigrants in the United 
 States : so called from a memorial addressed 
 by Herr Cahensly and other Europeans to the 
 Vatican. 
 
 Cahita (ka-he'ta). A division of the Piman 
 stock of North American Indians, inhabiting the 
 southwestern coast of Sonora and the north- 
 western coast of Sinaloa, from lat. 28° to 25° 
 30' N., with settlements mainly in the lower val- 
 leys of the Yaqui, Fuerte, and Mayo rivers. 
 It embraces the Yaki (Sp. Yaqui), Mayo, Tehueco, and 
 Vacoregue tribes, which subsist by agriculture and fish- 
 ing. The Yaki and Mayo, particularly the former, were 
 almost continually at war with the Mexican government. 
 Population, Yaki, about 20,000; Mayo, about 20,000; that 
 of the remaining tribes is small. See Piman. 
 
 Cahokia. See Illinois. 
 
 Cahors (ka-or'). The capital of the department 
 of Lot, France, situated on the river Lot in lat. 
 44° 27' N., long. 1° 24' E. : the ancient Divona, 
 or Civitas Cadurcorum. It contains a cathedral, 
 ruined medieval ramparts, and the ruined palace of John 
 XXII. The bridge over the Lot, of the 14th century, is a 
 strikingly picturesque monument spanned by three towers, 
 the two outer of which are machicolated. It was the an- 
 cient capital of Quercy, and had formerly a university. 
 Population, commune, 13,202. 
 
 Oahroc. See Karak. 
 
 Caiaphas (ka'ya-fas). [Possibly from Babylo- 
 nian qepu, watchman.] The surname of Jo- 
 seph, Jewish high priest 27 (18?)-36 a. d., noted 
 in New Testa ment history : son-in-law of Annas. 
 Caicos, or Caycos (ki'kos). Four islands in 
 the Bahama group, situated about lat. 21° 30'- 
 22° N., long. 71° 30'-72° W. They are under 
 the government of Jamaica. Population, 
 2,381. 
 
 Caieta. The ancient name of Gaeta (which see). 
 Caifung-Fu. See Kaifung-Fu. 
 
 Caille. See Lacaille. 
 
 Caillet (ka-ya/ ) , Guillaume. A French peasant 
 who assumed the name of Jacques Bonhomme, 
 and was leader of the Jacquerie in 1358. 
 Cailliaud (ka-yo'), Frederic. Born at Nantes, 
 France, June 9, 1787: died at Nantes, May 1, 
 1869. A French traveler in Egypt and Nubia. 
 Caillie, or Caille (ka-ya'), Rene. Born at 
 Mauze, Poitou, France, Sept. 19, 1799 : died at 
 Paris, May 8, 1838. A French traveler in cen- 
 tral Africa. He reached Timbuktu in 1828. 
 See Century Atlas, Map 109. 
 
 Cain (kan). [Heb. ; of uncertain origin.] The 
 eldest son of Adam and Eve, and the murderer 
 of his brother Abel, according to the account in 
 Genesis. He was condemned to he a fugitive 
 for his sin. 
 
 Cain, a Mystery. A dramatic poem by Lord 
 Byron, published in 1821. It was written at 
 *Ravenna. 
 
 Caine (kan), Thomas Henry Hall. Born at 
 Runcorn, Cheshire, England, in 1853. An Eng- 
 lish novelist, known as Hall Caine. Among his 
 works are “ Sonnets of Three Centuries ”(1882),“ Recollec- 
 tions of Rossetti ” (1882), “ The Shadow of a Crime ” (1885), 
 “The Deemster” (168i), “The Manxman ” (1894), “The 
 Christian ” (1897), “ The Eternal City " (1901). “ The Deem- 
 ster" was dramatized (as “Ben-ma’-Cliree”) in 1889, 
 “The Manxman” in 1895, “The Christian” in 1898, “The 
 Eternal City” in 1902, and “The Prodigal Son" in 1905. 
 
 Cainites (kan'itz). A Gnostic sect of the 2d 
 century, which reverenced Cain, Esau, Korah, 
 and Judas Iscariot. 
 
 9a ira (sa e-ra'). [F., ‘ it will go.’] The first 
 
 popular song which was the offspring of the 
 French Revolution, it was probably first sung in 
 1789 by the insurgents as they marched to Versailles. 
 (Grove.) The music was that of a contre-dance which was 
 extremely popular under the name “Carillon national.” 
 
9a Ira 
 
 It was composed by a drummer in the orchestra of the 
 opera, named Becourt, and was a great favorite with Marie 
 Antoinette. The words were suggested by Lafayette to 
 Ladr6, a street-singer ; he remembered them from hearing 
 Franklin say at various stagesof the American Revolution, 
 when asked for news, “ Qa ira, Qa ira. " There are five verses 
 with different refrains, becoming more ferocious as the 
 Revolution progressed, one of which was : 
 
 “ Ah I ?a ira, <;a ira, ?a ira ! 
 
 Les aristocrat' h la lanteme ! 
 
 Caird (kard), Edward. Born 1835 : died Nov. 
 1, 1908. A Scottish metaphysician, brother of 
 John Caird. He was educated at Balliol College, Ox- 
 ford, and became fellow and tutor at Merton in 1864, was 
 professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow University 1866- 
 93, and master of Balliol, Oxford, 1893-1907. Among his 
 works are “ A Critical Account of the Philosophy of Kant ” 
 (1878), “ Hegel ” (1883), “ Social Philosopny and Religion 
 of Comte ” (1885), “The Evolution of Religion” (Gifford 
 Lectures, St. Andrews. 1890-92), “ The Evolution of The- 
 ology in the Greek Philosophers” (Gifford Lectures at 
 Glasgow, 1901-02). 
 
 Caird (kard), John. Born at Greenock, Scot- 
 land, 1820 (1823?): died July 30, 1898. A 
 Scottish clergyman and pulpit orator. He became 
 professor of divinity in the University of Glasgow in 1862, 
 and was principal of the university 1873-93. He wrote 
 “ An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion” (1880), 
 “ Religions of India ” (1881), “ Spinoza ” (1880), etc. 
 
 Caimes (karnz), John Elliott. Born at Castle 
 Bellingham, CountyLouth, Ireland, Dec. 26, 1823: 
 died near London, July 8, 1875. A noted British 
 political economist. He was appointed professor of 
 political economy in University College, London, in 1866. 
 His works include "Character and Logical Method of 
 Political Economy” (1857), "Essays in Political Economy" 
 (1873), “Political Essays ” (1873), “Some Leading Principles 
 of Political Economy Newly Explained” (1874), etc. 
 
 Cairns (karnz), Hugh MacCalmont, first Earl 
 Cairns. Born at Cnldra, Down, Ireland, Dec., 
 1819 : died at Bournemouth, Hants, England, 
 April 2, 1885. An English statesman. He en- 
 tered Parliament in 1852, and was lord chancellor in the 
 Disraeli administration, 1868 and 1874-80. 
 
 Cairo (kl'ro). [Ar. Magr-el-Qdhira, F. Le Caire.] 
 The capital of Egypt, situated 1 mile east of the 
 Nile in lat. 30° 3' N., long. 31° 26' E. it has im- 
 portant transit trade, and is the starting-point for tours to 
 neighboring pyramids, the sites of Memphis and Heliopolis 
 (in the vicinity), and the upper Nile. Its chief suburb is 
 Bulak. It was founded by the Fatimite califs about 970, and 
 made the capital. It was taken by the Turks in 1517, was 
 held by the French 1798-1801, and was occupied by the Brit- 
 ish in 1882. It was the scene of the massacre of the Mame- 
 lukes in 1811. It contains a number of noted mosques : 
 Mosque of Akbar, a square, picturesquely ornamented 
 building surmounted by a pointed dome covered with ara- 
 besques, now appropriated to the dances of the howling 
 dervishes. The square minaret over one angle rises in re- 
 cessed stages, and the entrance-porch is formed by a high 
 trifoliate arch. The whole interior is colored in dark and 
 light horizontal bands. Mosque of El-Azhar, founded in 
 970, but for the most part rebuilt at various subsequent 
 times. It has six minarets. It is remarkable as the chief 
 existing Mohammedan university. The divisions of the 
 interior surround a large central court encircled by 
 pointed arcades. The siwan, or sanctuary, used for in- 
 struction, consists of nine aisles formed by 380 columns 
 of ancient anAChristian provenience. Several subordinate 
 mosques or chapels are included in the main foundation. 
 Mosque of El-Gouri, one of the most picturesque monu- 
 ments in the city. It was built about 1513. Mosque of 
 Sultan Hassan , ranking as one of the chief monuments of 
 Mohammedan architecture. It was completed in 1360 A. n. 
 The exterior, built of stones taken from the Pyramids, con- 
 sists of a massive wall about 113 feet high, inclosing an area 
 of irregular form, and surmounted by two lofty minarets 
 and the pointed brick dome of the sultan's mausoleum. 
 The top of the wall is corbeled out about 6 feet in succes- 
 sive ranges of dentils, forming a cornice, and its face is 
 diversified by panels, arches, and Ajimez windows, all 
 used sparingly. The great minaret is 280 feet high. The 
 interior court measures 105 by 117 feet, and contains two 
 fountain-pavilions. In the middle of each side of the 
 court opens a magnificent pointed arch. That on the east, 
 90 feet high and deep and 69 in span, is the largest. At the 
 back of this recess are the mimbar (pulpit) and mihrab 
 (place of direction of prayer), and from it opens the mau- 
 soleum. The entrance-porch is a large archway curiously 
 covered in by corbeling out the sides for part of its rise, 
 and then throwing a small pointed arch over the opening; 
 its piers are ornamented with rich vertical bands and 
 angle-columns, and with paneling. Tomb-Mosque of Kait 
 Bey, built about 1470, one of the finest pieces of architec- 
 ture in Cairo. Tombs of the Califs, so called, properly of 
 the Circassian Mamelukes, a number of comparatively 
 small mosque-tombs of the 15th century, grouped together 
 about the Tomb-Mosque of Kait Bey. They are important 
 in Arabic architecture for their angularly pointed stone 
 domes covered with geometric ornament in relief, with 
 small windows in the low drum; for their windows, consist- 
 ing of a group of two or three slender round-headed arches 
 surmounted by one or three circular openings arranged 
 pyramidally; and forthe flue, massive pointed arches usual 
 in the lowest story. Some of them show incrustations of 
 the beautiful colored porcelain tiles for which the older 
 Arabic monuments of Cairo are famous. Tombs of the 
 Mamelukes, so called, an extensive group of mosque- 
 tombs on the southeast side of the city. They belong to 
 the period of the Baharite sultans, and though ruinous are 
 architecturally notable for their fine masonry and beauti- 
 ful fluted or chevroned pointed domes, and for their grace- 
 ful polygonal minarets, which rise in recessed stages. 
 Mosque of Amru, the oldest mosque in Egypt (founded 643 
 A. D. ), and a remarkable Mohammedan monument. The 
 inclosure is 350 feet square, with exterior walls of brick. 
 The entrance is on the west : here a single range of arcades 
 
 203 
 
 borders the central court, while on the north there are three 
 ranges, on the south four, and on the east side, which is 
 the sanctuary, six ranges. There are in all 229 columns. 
 The arches are round or keel-shaped, and a few are pointed. 
 Milometer, a monument for measuring the rise of the Nile, 
 on the island of Roda. The present Nilometer dates from 
 about 860 A. D. ; it is a chamber about 18 feet square, origi- 
 nally domed, in each side of which there is a niche covered 
 with a pointed arch, an important example of the early use 
 of this form. In the middle stands a pillar divided into 17 
 cubits of about 21^ inches. Population, 654,476. 
 
 Cairo (ka/ro). A city in Alexander County, 111., 
 situated at the confluence of the Ohio and Mis- 
 sissippi rivers. It was nearly destroyed by an inun- 
 dation in 1858. The Ohio is here crossed by a railway 
 bridge. Population, 14,548, (1910). 
 
 Caites, or Caetes, or Cahet6s (ka-e-taz'). 
 [Probably from the Tupi Cad , forest, and 
 etc, real, true, i. e. ‘true forest-dwellers.’] A 
 tribe of Brazilian Indians, of the Tupi race, 
 which in the 16th century occupied much of 
 the eastern coast region north of the Sao Fran- 
 cisco, in Pernambuco, Bio Grande do Norte, 
 Parahyba, and Ceara. They were very powerful 
 and warlike, and were cannibals. They dwelt in fixed 
 villages, practised a little agriculture, and were skilful 
 hunters. In 1554 they murdered the Bishop of Bahia 
 and his companions, who were shipwrecked on their 
 coasts, and they long carried on war with the colonists. 
 As a tribe they are now extinct. 
 
 Caithness (kath'nes). A county in northern 
 Scotland, lying between the Atlantic Ocean 
 and Pentland Firth on the north, the North 
 Sea on the east and southeast, and Sutherland 
 on the west The surface is chiefly level. The chief 
 towns are Thurso and Wick. Area, 686 square miles. 
 Population (civil county), 33,859. 
 
 Caius (ka'yus), or Gaius (ga'yus). Lived in 
 the first part of the 3d century a. d. A Chris- 
 tian controversialist. 
 
 Caius (ka'yus), or Gaius (ga'yus), Saint. Bom 
 in Dalmatia: died April 22, 296. Bishop of 
 Rome 283-296. The Roman Church commem- 
 orates his death on April 22. 
 
 Caius. The assumed name of Kent in Shak- 
 spere’s “King Lear.” 
 
 Caius, Dr. A French doctor in Shakspere’s 
 “Merry Wives of Windsor.” 
 
 Caius (kez) (probably Latinized from Kay or 
 Keye), John. Born at Norwich, England, Oct. 
 6, 1510: died at London, July 29, 1573. An 
 eminent English physician and scholar, founder 
 of Caius College at Cambridge in 1558. 
 
 Caius Cestius (ka'yus ses'ti-us), Pyramid of. 
 A massive sepulchral monument of brick and 
 stone, at Rome, 114 feet high, incrusted with 
 white marble. Each side of the base measures 90 feet. 
 The small burial-chamber is painted with arabesques. The 
 pyramid is of the time of Augustus. 
 
 Caius (kez) College. See Gonville and Caius 
 College. 
 
 Caius Gracchus (ka'yus grak'us). A tragedy 
 by J. Sheridan Knowles, produced in 1815 at 
 Belfast. He afterward revised it, and it was brought 
 out by Macready at Covent Garden in 1823. 
 
 Cajamarca, or Caxamarca (ka-Ha-mar'ka). A 
 department of northern Peru, bordering on 
 Ecuador. It is occupied almost wholly by the 
 Cordilleras. Area, 12,538 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, about 333,000. 
 
 Cajamarca, or Caxamarca. A city of Peru, the 
 capital of the province and department of the 
 same name. It was an ancient Indian settlement, 
 which the Incas overran. There are interesting hot 
 springs near by, falsely called ‘ Inca baths.’ Here Ata- 
 hualpa had his headquarters during the war with Huascar, 
 1530-32 ; here he was seized by Pizarro Nov. 16, 1532, and 
 executed Aug. 29, 1533. See Atahualpa. Population, 
 9,000. 
 
 Cajetan (kaj'e-tan), or Cajetanus (kaj-e-ta'- 
 nns) (Tommaso de Vio). Born at Gaeta, Italy, 
 Feb. 20, 1469: died at Rome, Aug. 9, 1534. An 
 Italian cardinal and scholar, a papal legate at 
 Augsburg in 1518. He summoned Luther be- 
 fore his tribunal. He became bishop of Gaeta 
 (Cajeta, whence his surname) in 1519. 
 
 Cajigal (ka-he-gal' or ka-He-gal'), Juan Man- 
 uel. Born at Cadiz, 1757 : died at Guanabacoa, 
 Cuba, Nov. 26, 1823. A Spanish general, nephew 
 of General Cajigal y Monserrate. From 1799 he was 
 stationed in Venezuela, where he acted against the revo- 
 lutionists, 1810-16, and was acting captain-general from 
 
 1813. He was defeated by Bolivar at Carabobo, May 28, 
 
 1814, bnt contributed to the successes of the royalists in 
 1816. Recalled to Spain in 1816, he was made lieutenant- 
 general. From Aug., 1819, to March, 1821, he was captain- 
 general of Cuba during a period of great disorder. 
 
 Cajigal de la Vega (ka-He-gal' da la va'ga), 
 Francisco Antonio, Marquis of Casa-Cajigal. 
 Bom at Santander, Feb. 5, 1695: died there, 
 April 30, 1777. A Spanish general and admin- 
 istrator. He was military commandant of Caracas, gov- 
 ernor of Santiago deCuba 1738-64, and of Havana 1747-60. 
 For his defense against Lord Vernon’s English Meet (July 
 1, 1741) he was made brigadier, and subsequently Held- 
 
 Calancha 
 
 marshal. For about six months in 1760 he was viceroy ad, 
 interim of Mexico. 
 
 Cakchiquels, or Cackchiquels(kak-ohe-kels'). 
 A tribe of Indians of the Maya stock, inhabit- 
 ing central and northern Guatemala. They ap- 
 pear to have been an offshoot of their neighbors, the 
 Quiches, whom they closely resembled in manners and 
 customs. At the time of the conquest they were divided 
 into the Cakchiquels proper and a northern and weaker 
 branch, theZutugils. The former had their capital at Pati- 
 namit, near the present city of Guatemala ; the latter were 
 at Atitlan, and in 1524 they were at war with Patinamit. 
 
 Cakes, Land of. A name given to Scotland, 
 which is famous for its oatmeal cakes. 
 Calabar (kal-a-bar' or, more correctly, ka-la- 
 bar'). A region situated between the Old Cal- 
 abar (Cross) and Rio del Rey rivers, in the 
 former British Oil Rivers Protectorate, West 
 Africa, now incorporated with Southern Ni- 
 geria ; also, a city situated near the head of the 
 estuary of the Old Calabar River: formerly 
 called Old Calabar. The importance and wealth of 
 this district are due to the palm-oil which is produced on 
 the banks of the river. The Cross River is navigable for 
 some distance. Duketown is the native quarter of Cal- 
 abar. The climate is very insalubrious. New Calabar is a 
 branch of the Niger ; also a town near its mouth. 
 
 Calabozo(ka-la-b6'tho). Thecapitalof the state 
 of Guarico, Venezuela, situated on the river 
 Guurico. It was founded in 1730, and during the Vene- 
 zuelan revolution was a central post of the royalist Boves. 
 It is the seat of a bishopric. Population, about 6,000. 
 
 Calabria (ka-la'bri-a). The name given until 
 about the time of the Norman conquest in the 
 11th century to the southeastern part of Italy 
 *(the heel). 
 
 Calabria. The name given in the later middle 
 ages and in modern times to the southwestern 
 part of Italy (the toe). It comprises the provinces Co- 
 senza, Catanzaro, and Reggio. The surface is mountainous. 
 
 Calactimis. See Ceecilius. 
 
 Calab (ka'lah). In Gen. x. 10, 12, a place 
 mentioned as one of the four cities founded by 
 Asur, the ancestor of the Assyrians, it is the 
 Assyrian city called in the inscriptions Kalhu, now repre- 
 sented by the ruins of Nimrud, about 20 miles north of 
 the ruins of Nineveh (Kuyunjik), situated on an irregular 
 wedge of land formed by the Tigris and the Upper Zab. 
 According to the Assyrian monuments it was founded by 
 Shalmaneser I. about 1300 B. c. His successors abandoned 
 it for Nineveh. Asurnazirpal (884-860) rebuilt it and 
 erected a royal palace in it, known as the northwest pal- 
 ace ; others were built by his successors. The last Assyr- 
 ian king, Asur-etil-ilani-ukinni, also built a palace there. 
 
 Calahorra (ka-la-or'ra), Celtiberian Calagur- 
 ris Nassica. A town in the province of Lo- 
 grono, Spain, situated on the Cidaco, near the 
 Ebro, in lat. 42° 16' N., long. 2° 4' W. it is 
 noted for its resistance in the Sertorian war, 72 b. c., and 
 as the birthplace of Quintilian and (probably) of Pruden- 
 tius. It has a cathedral. Population, 9,475. 
 
 Calais (kal'is; F. pron. ka-la'). [Formerly 
 spelled Callis ; ME. Caleys, Kalays, from OF. 
 Caleis, Calais (F. Calais), ML. Calesium.] A 
 seaport in the department of Pas-de-Calais, 
 France, situated on the narrowest part of the 
 Strait of Dover, in lat. 50° 57' N., long. 1° 51' 
 E. It was a strong fortress, and a center of passenger 
 traffic between England and the Continent, and is on the 
 great railway and packet route between London and Paris. 
 It has a good harbor, and trade in timber, etc. Its com- 
 mercial and manufacturing portion (annexed in 1885) is 
 St.-Pierre-lfes-Calais. Calais was taken by Edward III., 
 after a celebrated siege, in 1347, and retaken by the Duke 
 of Guise in 1558. The Spaniards held it 1696-98. Louis 
 XVIII. landed there in 1814. Population, 66,627. 
 
 Calais (kal'is). A city and seaport in Wash- 
 ington County, Maine, situated on the St. 
 Croix River in lat. 45° 11' N., long. 67° 17' W. 
 Its chief industry is the lumber trade. Popu- 
 lation, 6,116, (1910). 
 
 Calamatta (ka-la-mat'ta), Louis. Bom at 
 Civita Vecehia, Italy, July 12, 1802: died at 
 Milan, March 8, 1869. A French engraver. 
 Calame (ka-larn'), Alexandre. Born at Vevay, 
 Switzerland, May 28, 1810: died at Mentone, 
 France, March 17, 1864. A Swiss landscape- 
 painter, noted for representations of Alpine 
 scenery and of the ruins of PaBstum. 
 Calamianes (kii-la-me-a/nes). A group of isl- 
 ands in the Philippine Archipelago, about lat. 
 12° N., long. 120° E. They form part of the 
 province of Paragua, Palawan. Area, 677 sq. m. 
 
 Calamities of Authors. A work by I. D'lsraeli, 
 published in 1812. 
 
 alamy (kal'a-mi), Edmund. Born at Lon- 
 don, Feb., 1600: died at London, Oct. 29, 1666. 
 An English Presbyterian clergyman. 
 
 Calamy, Edmund. Born at London, April 5, 
 1671: died June 3, 1732. An English nonconfor- 
 mist clergyman, grandson of Edmund Calamy. 
 Calancha (ka-lan'eha), Antonio de la. Born 
 at Chuquisaca, 1584: died at Lima, March 1, 
 1654. A Peruvian Augustine monk. He was rec- 
 
Calancha 
 
 tor of the College of San Ildefonso at Lima, and held 
 various olllces. Ills “Cronica Moralizada del Olden dc 
 Sail Agustin en el l’eru" (Barcelona, 1038; gives much in- 
 formation on the hifltory and ethnology of Soutli America. 
 
 Calandrino (ka-lan-dre'no). Tho subject of a 
 story iu Boccaccio’s “Decameron.” He is very 
 unfortunate and very amusing. 
 
 Calantha (ka-lan'thji). In Ford’s tragedy “ The 
 Broken lleart ? ” the daughter of Ainyclas, the 
 king of Laconia. She drops dead of a broken heart 
 after an extraordinary scene in a ball-room during which, 
 with apparent calm and while continuing her dance, she 
 listens to tho announcement of the deaths, one after an- 
 other, of her father, lover, and brother. 
 
 Calapooya (kal-a-po'y&). A division of the 
 Kalapooian stock of North American Indians, 
 embracing a number of bands, formerly on the 
 watershed between the Willamette and Ump- 
 qua rivers, in Oregon. Also Calipoa, Callah- 
 jtoewah, Callapipa, Callapooha, Cathlapooya, 
 Collappoliyca, Kalapooyah, Kallapuya. 
 
 Galas (kit-las' or kii-lii'), Jean. Born at La- 
 caparMo, Languedoc, France, March 19, 1698: 
 broken on the wheel at Toulouse, France, 
 March 9, 1762. A French Protestant merchant 
 at Toulouse, a victim of religious fanaticism. 
 
 He was judicially murdered on the baseless charge of 
 having put his eldest son (a suicide) to death to prevent 
 him from becoming a Roman Catholic. 
 
 Calatafimi (ka-la-ta-fe'me). A town in western 
 Sicily, situated 32 miles southwest of Palermo. 
 The ruins of the ancient Segesta are in the vicinity. Near 
 here, May 15, 18G0, Garibaldi with about 2,000 men de- 
 feated 3,600 Neapolitans under Landi. The town was 
 taken, April 22, 838, by the Saracens who gave it its name 
 (Kalat-al-fimi). Population, 11,426. 
 
 Calatayud (ka-la-ta-yoTH'). A town in the 
 province of SaragossaJ Spain, situated on the 
 river Jalon in lat. 41° 23' N., long. 1° 41' W. 
 
 It was built by Moors in the 8th century, and is in the 
 center of a noted hemp district. It iB near the ancient 
 Bilbilis (the birthplace of Martial), and has a castle. 
 Population, 11,526. 
 
 Calatrava la Vieja (ka-la-tra'va la ve-a'Ha), 
 or Old Calatrava. A ruined city of New 
 Castile, Spain, situated on the Guadiana north 
 of Ciudad Real. It was an important medieval for- 
 tress, and seat of the Calatrava Order of Knights, founded 
 in the 12th century for the defense of the frontier against 
 the Moors (it became an order of merit in 1808). 
 
 Calaveras (kal-a-va'ras) Grove. The northern- 
 most grove of the Californian big trees, reached 
 from Stockton. It contains about one hundred large 
 trees, among them the “ Mother of the Forest,” 315 feet in 
 height and 61 in girth. 
 
 Calaynos (ka-li'nos). A tragedy by George H. 
 Boker, produced in England in 1848, and revived 
 in America by Barrett in 1883. 
 
 Calaynos, the Moor. One of the oldest Spanish 
 ballads, in which the French paladins appear 
 associated with various fabulous Spanish 
 heroes. 
 
 Calcasieu (kal'ka-shu). A river in western 
 Louisiana which flows through Lake Calcasieu 
 into the Gulf of Mexico, in lat. 29° 46' N., long. 
 93° 20' W. Length, about 200 miles. 
 Calchaquis (k&l-cha-kez'). A tribe of South 
 American Indians which formerly occupied a 
 region of what is now northwestern Argentina, 
 in the vicinity of Catamarca. They were power- 
 ful opponents of the first Spanish colonists who entered 
 this district from Chile. The Jesuit missionaries called 
 their language Catamareho or Cacana, but all records of 
 this tongue appear to be lost, and the tribe is extinct. 
 Calchas (kal'kas). [Gr. KaX^af.] In Greek le- 
 gend, the wisest soothsayer who accompanied 
 the expedition against Troy. He was a son of 
 Thestor of Mycenae or Megara. According to the oracle 
 he must die when he met a soothsayer wiser than him- 
 self : this happened when he met Mopsus at Claros. He 
 is introduced in Shakspere's “Troilus and Cressida.” 
 
 Calcraft (kal'kraft), John William. A pseu- 
 donym of John William Cole. 
 
 Calcutta (kal-kut'a). [Hind. Kalikata, prob. 
 orig. Kdlighat, referring to a shrine of the god- 
 dess Kali in the vicinity.] The capital of Brit- 
 ish India (until 1912) and of Bengal, situated 
 on the Hugli in lat. 22° 34' N., long. 88° 22' E. 
 It is the chief commercial center of Asia. Its exports 
 and manufactures are opium, tea, jute, grain, indigo, iron, 
 oil-seeds, cotton, etc. Among the principal objects of in- 
 terest are Fort William, Government House, an arsenal, a 
 university, Botanical Gardens, the Victoria Memorial 
 (national gallery for India), a Sanskrit college, etc. It was 
 founded as an East India Company factory about 1690, was 
 fortified in 1696, and was originally called Fort William. 
 It was attacked by Surajah Dowlah in 1756, and was the 
 scene of the tragedy of the Black Hole (which see). It 
 was retaken by Clive in 1757, and became the capital in 
 1773. It was announced at the Durbar, Dec. 12, 1911, that 
 the seat of government was to be transferred to Delhi. 
 Population, with suburbs, 1,222,313, (1911). 
 
 Caldani (kal-da'ne), Leopoldo Marc- Antonio. 
 
 Born at Bologna, Italy, Nov. 21, 1725 : died at 
 Padua, Italy, Dec. 24, 1813. A noted Italian 
 
 204 
 
 anatomist. HIb chief works are “leones anatomicae” 
 (1801-14). “Explicatio iconum anatomiearum ”(1802-14). 
 
 Caldara (kal-da'rii), Antonio. Born at Venice, 
 1678 : died at Venice, Doc. 28, 1763. An Italian 
 composer of operas and oratorios. 
 
 Caldara, Polidoro, surnamed da Caravaggio. 
 Born at Caravaggio, near Milan, about 1495: 
 killed at Messina, 1543. An Italian painter, a 
 pupil of Raphael. 
 
 Caldas (kiU'diis), Francisco Jose de. Born at 
 Popayan, Colombia, 1771: died at Bogota, Oct. 
 29,1816. A Colombian naturalist. He made impor- 
 tant studies in botany and geography, traveling for some 
 time with Humboldt and Bonpland. In 1805 he was made 
 director of the observatory at Bogota. When the revolu- 
 tion of 1810 broke out he became chief of engineers in the 
 patriot army, but was not actively engaged in the field. 
 The Spaniards captured him iu 1816, and lie was shot. 
 
 Caldas Barboza (kill 'das biir-bo'za), Do- 
 mingos. Born at Rio de Janeiro about 1740: 
 died near Lisbon, Portugal, Nov. 9, 1800. A 
 Brazilian poet. He was a mulatto, the illegitimate 
 child of a Portuguese and of a slave woman from Africa. 
 Over two hundred of his lyrics are extant. 
 
 Caldeira Brant Pontes (kal-da'rii brant 
 pon'tas), Felisberto, Marquis of Barbacena. 
 Born near Marianna, Minas Geraes, Sept. 19, 
 1772 : died at Rio de Janeiro, June 13, 1841. A 
 Brazilian soldier and statesman, in 1823 he was a 
 member of the constituent assembly ; in 1826 was chosen 
 senator; in Jan., 1827, assumed command of the Brazil- 
 ian army in Uruguay, but was defeated at the battle of 
 Ituzaingd, Feb. 20, 1827, and soon after relieved ; in 1828 
 accompanied the young Queen of Portugal, Maria II., to 
 Europe, and defended her rights there with great decision 
 and skill ; and from Dec., 1829, to Oct., 1830, was prime 
 minister. 
 
 Calder (kal'dfer). A river in the West Riding 
 of Yorkshire, England, which joins the Aire at 
 Castleford, 9 miles southeast of Leeds. Length, 
 about 40 miles. 
 
 Calder, Sir Robert. Born at Elgin, Scotland, 
 July 2, 1745 (O. S.): died at Holt, Hampshire, 
 England, Aug. 31, 1818. A British admiral. 
 He served with distinction as captain of the fleet at Cape 
 St. Vincent in 1797, and commanded against Villeneuve 
 in the summer of 1805. 
 
 Caldera (kal-da'rii). A seaport in the province 
 of Atacama, Chile, the distributing-point of a 
 mineral district. Population, about 2,800. 
 Calderdn (kal-da-ron'), Francisco Garcia. 
 
 Lorn at Arequipa, 1834: died at Lima, Sept. 
 21, 1905. A Peruvian lawyer and statesman. 
 In 1867 he was elected to Congress, and in 1868 became 
 minister of the treasury. After the Chilians occupied 
 Lima (1881), and President Pierola had fled, the citizens 
 elected Calderon provisional president of Peru, a choice 
 which was afterward ratified by Congress. He attempted 
 to treat with the Chilians and to secure the interference 
 of the United States. To prevent this the Chilians seized 
 him and sent him to Valparaiso, where he was confined 
 until the close of the war. He returned to Lima in 1886, 
 and was made president of the senate. He was influential 
 in arranging the Grace contract by which the finances of 
 Peru were put on a better footing. He published a “ Dic- 
 tionary of Peruvian Legislation.” 
 
 Calderon, Serafin Estebanez. Born at Mala- 
 ga, Spain, 1801 : died Feb. 7, 1867. A Spanish 
 poet and novelist. He wrote the novel “Cristianos 
 y Moriscos” (1838), “Las Poesias del Solitario” (1833), 
 “Escenas Andaluzas ” (1847), etc. 
 
 Calderon (kal'de-ron), Philip Hermogenes. 
 Bom at Poitiers, France, May 3, 1833 : died April 
 30,1898. AnEnglishpainter,of Spanish descent. 
 Calderon the Courtier. A romance from 
 Spanish history, by Bulwer Lytton, published 
 in 1838. 
 
 Calderon de la Barca (kal'de-ron; Sp. pron. 
 kal-da-ron' da la bar'kii), Madame (Frances 
 Inglis). Born in Scotland about 1810 (?). A 
 Scottisli-American writer, wife of Senor Calde- 
 ron de la Barca, a Spanish diplomatist : author 
 of “Life in Mexico” (1843), etc. 
 
 Calderon de la Barca, Pedro. Born at. Ma- 
 drid, Jan. 17, 1600 : died there, May 25, 1681. A 
 celebrated Spanish dramatist and poet. He was 
 educated first by the Jesuits and then at Salamanca, be- 
 ing graduated from the latter university in 1619. He had 
 already some reputation as a dramatic writer. In 1620 
 and 1622 he gained the praise of Lope de Vega and the 
 only prize in poetical contests. Until 1630 he served in 
 the army at various times, but continued writing. In 
 1636 he was patronized by Philip IV., and was formally 
 attached to the court, furnishing dramas for the royal 
 theaters. He fought through the campaign of 1640. 
 From this time he wrote both secular and religious plays 
 and autos for the church, retaining a controlling influence 
 over whatever related to the drama. In 1651 he entered 
 a religious brotherhood. In 1663 he was created chap- 
 lain of honor to the king, and also became a priest of the 
 Congregation of Saint Peter, and afterward its head, an 
 office which he held till his death. Notwithstanding 
 these religious duties, he did not cease from writing 
 for the theater, besides which, during thirty-seven years, 
 he composed the Corpus Christi plays which were per- 
 formed every year in the cathedrals of Toledo, Seville, 
 and Granada. His extraordinary popularity continued till 
 his death. He himself made a list of one hundred and 
 
 Calhoun 
 
 eleven plays and seventy (or seventy-three) sacramental 
 autos which forms the basis for a proper knowledge of his 
 works. One hundred and fifteen plays printed aB his by 
 the cupidity of booksellers have no claim whatever to his 
 name. His “Comedias de Capa y Espada” (“Comedies of 
 the Cloak and Sword”: which see) are peculiarly charac- 
 teristic, and about thirty of these can be enumerated. 
 Among them are “ La Dama Duende ”(“ The Fairy Lady "), 
 “Mejor Esta que Estaba " (“ T is Better than it Was ”), 
 “ Peor Esta que Estaba ” (“ 'T is Worse than it Was ”), and 
 “Astiologo Fingido ” (“The Mock Astrologer”). Dryden 
 used this last in his “An Evening's Love, or The Mock 
 Astrologer.” Among hisplaysare " ElMagicoProdigioso ” 
 (■‘The Wonder-working Magician”), “La Devocion de la 
 Cruz "(“ The Devotion of the Cross "), “El Principe Con- 
 stante ” (“The Constant Prince Vidaes Suefio ’’(“Life 
 is a Dream”), “El Mayor Encanto Amor” (“No Magic 
 like Love”), “Las Armas de la Hermosuia” (“The 
 Weapons of Beauty ”), and many others. 
 
 Calderon, Bridge of. See Puente de Calderdn. 
 Calderwood (kal'der-wud), David. Bom, 
 probably at Dalkeith, Scotland, 1575 : died at 
 Jedburgh, Scotland, Oct. 29, 1650. A Scottish 
 clergyman and church historian. His chief works 
 are “The Altar of Damascus ” (1621 : also in Latin, 1623), 
 “ History of the Kirk of Scotland ” (1678). 
 
 Caldiero (kal-de-a'ro). A village in northern 
 Italy, 8 miles east of Verona. Here, Nov. 12 , 1796, 
 the Austrians under Alvinczy repulsed Napoleon, and 
 Oct. 29-31, 1805, the archduke Charles of Austria re- 
 pulsed Mass^na. 
 
 Caldwell (kald'wel), Joseph. Bom at Lam- 
 ington, N. J., April 21, 1773: died at Chapel 
 Hill, N. C., Jan. 27, 1835. An American clergy- 
 man and educator. He became president of 
 the University of North Carolina in 1804. 
 Caldwell. A town and summer resort in east- 
 ern New York, situated at the southern end of 
 Lake George, 53 miles north of Albany. Forts 
 George and William Henry were situated here 
 in the 18th century. 
 
 Caleb (ka'leb). [Heb. ; of uncertain meaning. 
 See the extract below.] A Hebrew leader at 
 the time of the conquest of Canaan. He was 
 one of those who were sent as spies into the 
 land of Canaan. 
 
 Often, with names of this kind, El was omitted, Irham 
 being used instead of Irhamel ; Caleb instead of Calbel. 
 This last name, singular as it is, need not create any sur- 
 prise, for “Dog of El” was an energetic way of express- 
 ing the faithful attachment of a tribe to the God to 
 which it had devoted itself. 
 
 Renan, Hist, of the People of Israel, I. 89. 
 
 Caleb. The witch in “ The Seven Champions 
 of Christendom.” Caleb had killed the parents 
 of the young Saint George and brought him up. 
 Caleb. * A character in Dryden’s satire “Absa- 
 lom and Achitophel.” He is intended for Lord Grey 
 of Wark, one of the adherents of the Duke of Monmouth. 
 The latter had a notorious intrigue with Lord Grey's wife. 
 Caleb Quotem. See Quotem. 
 
 Caleb Williams. A novel by William Godwin, 
 published in 1794. Caleb Williams is the secretary 
 of Falkland: his insatiable curiosity finds out the secret 
 of his master. (See Falkland.) Colinan the Younger based 
 his “Iron Chest ” on this novel. 
 
 Caled. See Khalid. 
 
 Caledonia (kal-e-do'ni-ii). [L. Caledonia, also 
 Calidonia, Calydonia, Gr. K a'Aydov'ta, from Cale- 
 donii, Calidonii, Calydonii, also Caledones, Cali- 
 dones, Gr. KaXyddvioi, the name of the inhabi- 
 tants.] A name given by the Roman writers 
 to the northern portion of the island of Great 
 Britain : now used as a poetical designation of 
 Scotland. 
 
 Caledonian Canal. A canal in Scotland con- 
 necting the North Sea with the Atlantic Ocean. 
 It extends from Inverness through a chain of lakes to 
 Corpach on Loch Eil. It was constructed 1803-22. 
 Calenders (kal'en-derz), The Three. The 
 three princes disguised as Calenders, or begging 
 dervishes, in “ The Arabian Nights’ Entertain- 
 ments.” They have but one eye each. 
 Calepine (kal'e-pen), Sir. A knight in Spen- 
 ser’s “Faerie Queene” who saves a child from 
 a bear by squeezing the latter to death. 
 Calepino (ka-la-pe'no), Ambrogio. Born at 
 Bergamo, Italy, June 6, 1435: died at Bergamo, 
 Nov. 30, 1511. An Italian lexicographer, ne 
 
 compiled aLatin-Italian dictionary (published 1502), which 
 passed through many editions, and became, after succes- 
 sive enlargements, in 1590 a polyglot of eleven languages. 
 Facciolati reduced this number to seven in his edition 
 (1718). 
 
 Caleti (kal'e-ti), or Caletes (kal'e-tez). An 
 ancient Belgic tribe dwelling in the vicinity of 
 Rouen. They opposed Crosar 52-51 B. c. 
 Caleva, or Calleva (kal'e-vii). An impor- 
 tant town in ancient Britain : the modern Sil- 
 chester. 
 
 Calgary (kal'ga-ri). A town in Alberta, Canada. 
 It is a trading center on the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway. Population, 43,704, (1911). 
 Calhoun (kal-hon'), John Caldwell. Born in 
 Abboville District, S. C., March 18, 1782: died 
 
Calhoun 
 
 at Washington, March 31, 18. r >0. A noted Amer- 
 ican statesman. lie was of Irlah extraction, was 
 graduated at Yale College in 1801, at lulled law at the Litult- 
 lleld (Connecticut) Law School, was admitted to the bar In 
 1807, and commenced practice at Abbeville, lie was a 
 member of the State general assembly 1808-00; was 
 elected a representative to Congress from South Carolina 
 by the War Democrats in 1811, nnd retained his seat un- 
 til 1817, when ho became secretary of war In President 
 Monroe’s cabinet. He was Vioe- President of the United 
 States 1816-32; was United Statos senator 1833-43; nnd 
 was secretary of state under 1’reBident Tyler 1844-46, 
 whoti ho was reelected to the Senate, of which ho remained 
 a member until his death. The tarilf aatsof 1824 and 1828 
 led him to formulate the doctrine of nullilleation, accord- 
 ing to which each State lias the right to reject any act of 
 Congress which it may consider unconstitutional. This 
 doctrine was declared by the legislature of South Caro- 
 lina iu 1821 ), in a document, mainly drawn up by him, 
 known os the “South Carolina Exposition." Ho was one 
 of tile chief instruments in securing the annexation of 
 Texas. His works, with memoir, wero published by 
 Richard K. Crallo (1853-54), and include a treatise “On 
 the Constitution and Government of the United States." 
 
 Cali (kii-le'). A town in tko southwestern part 
 of the United States of Colombia, capital of the 
 department of Valle, situated north of Popa- 
 yan. Population, 12,743. 
 
 Caliban (kal'i-ban). In Shakspere’s “Tem- 
 pest,” a deformed and repulsive slave. He is a 
 monster generated by a devil and a witch, with a sensual 
 and malicious nature, educated by Prospero. 
 
 If the depth of an impression made by an imaginary 
 character may be gauged by the literature which that 
 character calls forth, then must Hamlet and Falstaff ad- 
 mit Caliban to a place between them. An eminent Pro- 
 fessor (Wilson) has devoted a stout octavo volume to the 
 proof that iu Caliban we find the exact “link" which, in 
 any scheme of Evolution, is “missing” between Man and 
 the Anthropoids; the late and honoured Mr. Robert 
 Browning has given utterance to the theological specula- 
 tions which he imagined might have visited Caliban’s 
 darkened and lonely soul ; and a brilliant Member of the 
 French Institute, of world-wide fame, lias written a philo- 
 sophical drama bearing the name of “Caliban.” No other 
 unreal character, except the two I have mentioned, Ham- 
 let and Falstaff, has called forth such noteworthy or such 
 voluminous tributes. Furness, Shak. Var., Pref., viii. 
 
 Caliban. A philosophical drama by Renan, 
 published in 1878 as a continuation of “ The 
 Tempest.” Caliban, a socialist and revolutionist, over- 
 throws Prospero and occupies the latter’s place and palace. 
 He then comes to sympathize with property-owners and 
 protects Prospero. The drama is keenly satirical. 
 
 Caliban. A pseudonym of Auguste Emile Ber- 
 gerat. 
 
 Caliban upon Setebos, or Natural Theology 
 in the Island. A poem by Robert Browning, 
 published in “Dramatis Person®” (1864). 
 
 Caliburn. See Excalibur. 
 
 Calicut (kal'i-kut), or Kolikod (kol'i-kod). 
 [Hind. Kolikodu .] A seaport in the Malabar 
 district. Madras, British India, situated on the 
 Indian Ocean in lat. 11° 15' N., long. 75° 47' E. 
 It was the first Indian port visited by Vasco da Gama in 
 1498. It was destroyed by Tippu Saib in 1789, and ceded 
 to the British in 1792. Population, 76,981. 
 
 Calidore (kal'i-dor). A knight in Spenser’s 
 “Faerie Queene,” the type of courtesy. He is 
 modeled upon Sir Philip Sidney. 
 
 Calif (ka'lif). [From Ar. kalafa, to leave be- 
 hind.] The title given to the successor of 
 Mohammed, meaning ‘ successor,’ ‘ lieutenant,’ 
 ‘vicegerent,’ or ‘ deputy.’ He is vested with abso- 
 lute authority in all matters of state, both civil and reli- 
 gious, as long as he rules in conformity with the law of the 
 Koran and the tradition. The calif must be a man, an 
 adult, sane, a free man, a learned divine, a powerful ruler, 
 a just person, and one of the Koreish (the tribe to which 
 the prophet himself belonged). The Shiites (the schis- 
 matics of Islam) also demand that he should be a descen- 
 dant from the prophet’s family. After the first five califs, 
 who, according to some Mohammedan au.horities, were 
 alone entitled to the title, the others being merely Amirs, 
 or governors, the califate passed over to the Ommiads, 
 who, 14 in number, reigned 661-750 in Damascus. They 
 were succeeded by the Abbassides, with 37 califs, reigning 
 750-1258 in Bagdad. After their temporal power had been 
 overthrownby HalakKhan,1258,descendantsofthe Abbas- 
 sides resided for three centuries in Egypt, and asserted 
 their claim to the spiritual power. In 1517 the califate 
 passed over through one descendant of the Abbassides to 
 Selim I., the ninth of the present Ottoman dynasty of 
 Turkish sultans, and is still vested in the sultan of the 
 Ottoman empire. 
 
 Calife de Bagdad (ka-lef' de bag-dad'), Le. An 
 opera by Boieldieu, words by St. Just, first 
 produced in Paris Sept. 16, 1800. 
 
 California (kal-i-for'ni-ii). [Sp. California (16th 
 century), applied first "to what is now called 
 Lower California. Origin uncertain : said to be 
 from California, a feigned island abounding in 
 gold and precious stones, described in a Span- 
 ish romance, “Las Sergas de Esplandian,” 
 published in 1510.] One of the Pacific States of 
 the United States of America, it extends from lat. 
 32° 30 -42° N.,long. 114°-124° 25' W., and is bounded by Ore- 
 gon on the north, Nevada and Arizona on the east, Lower 
 California on the south, and the Pacific on the west. The 
 Sierra Nevada and Coast ranges traverse it, and it is famous 
 
 205 
 
 for picturesque scenery (Yosomite, etc.). Besides gold, 
 quicksilver, copper, and sllvur, it produces various other 
 minerals, petroleum, utc. Among its other important 
 products are wheat, barley, wool, grapes and other fruit, 
 wine, brandy, honey, and timber. Its capital is Sacra- 
 mento, nnd its chief city Snn Francisco. It lias 67 counties. 
 Tlie coast was explored by Cabrillo in 1642, nnd by Drake 
 1578-79. It was settled by Spanish missionaries in the 18th 
 century, and from 1822 was part of the Mexican state. 
 In 1846-47 it was occupied by American troops, and was 
 ceded to the United States in 1848. Gold was found in 
 El Dorado County on Jan. 24, 1818. It was admitted to 
 tile Union in 1860. Length, 776 miles. Area, 168,360 
 square miles. Population, 2,377,549, (1910). 
 
 California, Gulf of. An arm of tko Pacific 
 Ocean lying between the peninsula of Lower 
 California on the west and the Mexican states 
 of Sonoraand Sinaloa on the east. Length, about 
 700 miles ; breadth at the entrance, 160 miles. It receives 
 the river Colorado at its head. 
 
 California, Lower, or Old. [Sp. Baja, or Vie- 
 ja, California.'] A peninsula of North Amer- 
 ica, projecting into the Pacific Ocean, forming 
 a territory of Mexico. It was discovered by Ximenes 
 in 1534, was explored by Cortes in 1635, and settled by the 
 Spaniards in the last part of the 17th century. Ite sur- 
 face is mountainous, and its climate dry. Area, 68,328 
 square miles. Length, about 790 miles. Population, 
 62,244, (1910). 
 
 Caligula (ka-lig'u-la) (Caius Caesar). [ Ca- 
 ligula is a nickname from L. caligse, the foot- 
 dress of the common soldiers, worn by him when 
 he was with the army as a boy.] Born at An- 
 tium, Italy, Aug. 31, 12 A. D. : killed at Rome, 
 Jan. 24, 41. The third emperor of Rome, 37-41 
 A. D., youngest son of Germanicus, the nephew 
 of Tiberius, and Agrippina. He succeeded Tiberius, 
 whose death he had caused or accelerated. The begin- 
 ning of his reign was marked by great moderation, but 
 his savage and voluptuous nature soon revealed itself, and 
 the rest of his career was marked by cruelty and licen- 
 tiousness little short of madness. He is said to have ex- 
 claimed in a fit of vexation, “ Would that the Roman peo- 
 ple had only one head ! ’’ He had himself worshiped as a 
 god, and raised his horse to the consulship. He invaded 
 Gaul in 40. He was assassinated by Cassius Chcerea, Cor- 
 nelius Sabinus, and others. 
 
 Caligula. A tragedy by Crowne, printed in 
 1698. 
 
 Calila and Dimna. See Ealilah. 
 
 Calipoa. See Calapooya. 
 
 Calipolis (ka-lip'o-lis)-. The wife of Muly Ma- 
 hamet in Poole’s play “The Battle of Alcazar.” 
 During a famine her husband presents her with a bit of 
 meat, stolen from a lioness, on his bloody sword, with 
 these words: “Feed then and faint not, fair Calipolis.” 
 Pistol ridicules this line in “2 Henry IV.,’’ ii. 4. 
 Calippus. See Callippus. 
 
 Calista (ka-lis'tii). 1. The “Fair Penitent” in 
 Rowe’s play of that name. She is the proud, fierce 
 wife of a forgiving husband, Altamont, and loves “that 
 haughty gallant, gay Lothario," who has seduced her. 
 After the latter’s death her sense of guilt induces her to 
 kill herself, though Doran remarks that she was more 
 angry at being found out than sorry for what had hap- 
 pened. 
 
 2. The faithful wife of Oleander in Fletcher 
 and Massinger’s play “ The Lover’s Progress.” 
 Her struggle with her unfortunate passion for 
 Lysander affords a powerful scene. — 3. One of 
 the principal characters in Massinger’s “ Guar- 
 dian.” — 4. The queen’s woman in Scott’s novel 
 “ The Talisman.” She is wily and intriguing. 
 Calixtines (ka-liks'tins). [ML. Calixtini, a sect 
 so called: referred to calix, a cup, the cup of 
 the eucharist; in form as if from Calixtus, a 
 proper name.] A sect of Hussites in Bohemia. 
 They published their confession in 1421, the leading arti- 
 cle of which was a demand to partake of the cup (calix) 
 as well as of the bread in the Lord’s Supper, from which 
 they were also called Utraquists (L. uterque, both). 
 
 Calixtus I. (ka-liks'tus), or Callistus (ka-lis'- 
 tus). Hilled in 222. Bishop of Rome. lie suc- 
 ceeded Zephyrinus as bishop in 217 a. D. He is 
 commemorated in the Roman Church on Oct. 14. 
 Calixtus II. (Guido of Burgundy). Died at 
 Rome, Dec. 12, 1124. Pope 1119-24. He con- 
 cluded the Concordat of Worms with Henry V., 
 1122. 
 
 Calixtus III. (Alfonso Borgia). Born in 
 Spain about 1378: died Aug. 6, 1458. Pope 
 1455-58. He attempted fruitlessly a crusade 
 against the Turks. 
 
 Caliyuga. See Kali-yuga. 
 
 Callahpoewah. See Calapooya. 
 
 Callander (kal'au-dbr). A small town in 
 Perthshire, Scotland, situated on the Teith 13 
 miles northwest of Stirling. It is a tourist 
 center. Population, 1,458. 
 
 Callao (kal-la'o or kal-ya'o). 1. A seaport in 
 Peru, situated in lat. 12° 4' S., long. 77° 8' W., 
 6 miles west of Lima on the Bay of Callao : the 
 chief port of Peru. On Oct. 28, 1746, it was swept away 
 by an earthquake-wave, the result of the shock which 
 destroyed Lima : 4,600 people perished, and a frigate and 
 nineteen other vessels were stranded. San Felipe Castle 
 
 Callirrhoe 
 
 was planned by M. Godin and completed about 1766 ; It 
 wan the lust point occupied by the Spaniard! in South 
 America, being finally tuacnJan. 39,1826. The castle V as 
 important in all later Peruvian want. Callao wan bom- 
 barded by a Spanish licet May 2, 1866, and by the Chilean!) 
 in 1880. It exports wool, guano, bark, etc. Population, 
 31,000. 
 
 2. A const province of Peru, capital Callao. 
 It comprises only tho city and suburbs. 
 
 Callapipa. See Calapooya. 
 
 Callapooha. See Calapooya. 
 
 Callaway (kal'a-wa), Henry. Born in Eng- 
 land, Jan. 17, lSl7: died March 27, 1890. An 
 English missionary in Africa. Ho wan a successful 
 physician until 1864, when he went to South Africa to 
 assist Bishop Colenso in his work among the Zulus. In 
 1868 he founded the Spring Vale mission station ; in 1874 
 he became bishop of Independent Kalfraria, and founded 
 the settlement of Umtata. He is noted as a folklorist. 
 Principal works, “Nursery Tales of the Zulus” and “The 
 Religious System of the Amazulu ” (1868-71). 
 
 Callcott (kiil'kqt), Sir Augustus Wall. Born 
 at Kensington, near London, Feb. 20, 1779 : 
 died at Kensington, Nov. 25, 1844. An English 
 landscape-painter. 
 
 Callcott, John Wall. Bom at Kensington, 
 near London, Nov. 20, 1766: died near Bristol, 
 May 15, 1821. An English composer of glees, 
 catches, etc., brother of Sir Augustus Wall 
 Callcott. Pub. a “ Musical Grammar” (1806). 
 Callcott, Lady (Maria Dundas, later Mrs. 
 Graham). Bom at Papcastle, near Cocker- 
 mouth, in 1785: died at Kensington, London, 
 Nov. 21, 1842. An English writer, wife of Sir 
 Augustus Wall Callcott. She wrote “Little 
 Arthur’s History of Enlgand ” (1835), etc. 
 Calleja del Hey (kal-ya'Ha del ray'), Felix 
 Maria. Born at Medina del Campo, Old Cas- 
 tile, 1750: died at Cadiz, 1820. A Spanish gen- 
 eral. In 1789 he was sent to Mexico. In 1810 he was a 
 brigadier, commanding at San Luis Potosi. Soon after 
 Hidalgo revolted he inarched against him, defeated him 
 at Aculco, near Querdtaro, Nov. 7, and on Jan. 17, 1811, won 
 a great victory over him at the bridge of Calderon, near 
 Guadalajara. His measures for repressing the revolution 
 were very cruel, scores of liis prisoners being shot. Called to 
 the capital, he was sent against Morelos, whom he besieged 
 in Cuautla from Feb. 17 to May 2, finally obtaining a bar- 
 ren victory, as Morelos and his army escaped. On Dec. 29, 
 1812, he was made military commandant of Mexico City, 
 and from March 4, 1813, to Sept. 19, 1816, he was viceroy. 
 
 Callernish (ka-l6r'nish). A region in the island 
 of Lewis, Hebrides, Scotland. It is noted for its 
 ancient stone circles. 
 
 Callias(kal'i-as), Peace of. A peace, concluded 
 at Sparta in June, 371 b. c., between Athens 
 and Sparta, including their allies, from which, 
 however, Thebes was excluded, it took' its name 
 from Callias, one of the Athenian envoys, prominent in 
 the conferences. 
 
 Calli&res Bonnevue (kal-yar' bon-vii'), Louis 
 Hector. Born in France, 1639 : died at Que- 
 bec, May 26, 1703. A French colonial politi- 
 cian, governor of Montreal 1684, and of Can- 
 ada 1699. 
 
 Calligrapher (ka-lig'ra-fer), The. A surname 
 of Theodosius II., given to him on account of 
 his skill in illuminating manuscripts. 
 Callimachus (ka-lim'a-kus). [Gr. Ka/Xiyaxor.] 
 Lived before 396 B. c. An artist of antiquity, 
 according to tradition the inventor of the Co- 
 rinthian column. 
 
 Callimachus. Born at Cyrene : died about 240 
 B. c. A famous Alexandrian critic, gramma- 
 rian, and poet, chief librarian of the Alexan- 
 drian Library. 
 
 Callinicus (kal-i-nl'kus) of Heliopolis. An 
 
 Egyptian architect who is commonly held to be 
 the inventor of the Greek fire, the secret of 
 whose composition has been lost. He is said to 
 have destroyed by this fire a Saracen fleet which attacked 
 Constantinople about 670 A. D. 
 
 Gallinus (ka-li'nus). [Gr. Ka/Xtvoc.] A Greek 
 poet of Ephesus, of uncertain date (lived per- 
 haps about 730-670 b. c.), probably the first 
 known writer of elegiacs, the invention of 
 which was anciently attributed to Archilochus. 
 Tlie longest fragment assigned to him has by some been 
 thought to be the work of Tyrtseus. 
 
 Calliope (ka-li'o-pe). [Gr. K aXkumrj.] 1. In 
 Greek mythology, the Muse of epic poetry. 
 She is represented with a tablet and stylus. 
 See Muses. — 2. An asteroid (No. 22) discovered 
 by Hind at London, Nov. 16, 1852. 
 
 Callippus, or Calippus (ka-lip'us). [Gr. KaAAnr- 
 7 rof or Ivd/U7T7rof.] Bom at Cyzicus, Asia Minor : 
 lived in the 4th century B. c. A Greek astron- 
 omer. He instituted the “Callippic” cycle of 76 years, 
 formed by quadrupling the Metonic cycle (19 years) and 
 subtracting one day. 
 
 Callirrlioe (ka-lir'o-e). [Gr. K aAAippdr/.] A 
 historic fountain in Athens, architecturally 
 
Callirrhoe 
 
 adorned and provided with conduits by Pisis- 
 tratus, the use of whose water was prescribed for 
 ceremonial rites. From the earliest study of Athenian 
 topography, this fountain has been identified with the 
 copious spring still flowing in the bed of the Ilissus, near 
 the temple of Olympian Zeus. Dorpfeld, however, has 
 lately demonstrated the probability that this identifica- 
 tion is incorrect, and that the fountain was in fact situ- 
 ated at the southwest angle of the Areopagus, on the bor- 
 der of the Agora. While the evidence is still incomplete, 
 excavation has revealed a water-conduit of the Pisistratid 
 epoch ending at the site indicated, which accords with 
 literary testimony. 
 
 Callirrhoe. In Greek legend, the wife of Ale- 
 na neon . She persuaded her husband to procure for her 
 the peplum and necklace of Harmonia, and thus caused his 
 death, which was avenged by his sons. See Alcmseon and 
 Harmonia. 
 
 Callisthenes (ka-lis'the-nez). [Gr. 
 
 Born at Olynthus, Macedonia : died about 328 
 B. c. A Greek philosopher, a cousin and pupil 
 of Aristotle, and a companion of Alexander 
 the Great in Asia. He incurred Alexander’s ill will, 
 and was probably put to death by his order. 
 
 Callisto (kadis' to). [Gr. Ka/l/Wr<j.] In Greek 
 mythology, an Arcadian huntress, a companion 
 of Artemis, beloved of Zeus and transformed by 
 him into a she bear. In this form she was slain by 
 Artemis in the chase. She was placed among the stars as 
 the constellation Arctos (Bear). 
 
 Callistratus ( ka-lis ' tra-t us) . [Gr. K« XXiarpaTo^ . ] 
 An Athenian orator. He commanded with Chabrias 
 and Timotheus the forces which were despatched to the 
 assistance of Thebes against Sparta in 378, and executed 
 a number of embassies. In 366 he delivered a speech on 
 the loss of Oropus, which is said to have determined De- 
 mosthenes to devote himself to the study of oratory. He 
 was sentenced to death for political reasons in 361, as a 
 result of which he went into exile. He subsequently 
 returned, and was put to death. He is said to have 
 founded the city of Datum, afterward Philippi, during his 
 exile. 
 
 Callistratus. A Greek grammarian who lived 
 about the middle of the 2d century b. c. He was 
 the author of commentaries on the major poets of Greece, 
 which were held in considerable repute by the ancients, 
 but which are now lost. He is said on doubtful authority 
 to have been the first to acquaint the Samians with the 
 alphabet of twenty-four letters. 
 
 Callistratus. A Roman jurist who lived about 
 the beginning of the 3d century A. D. He is said 
 to have been a pupil of Papinian and to have been a mem- 
 ber of the council of Alexander Severus. He is known 
 chiefly on account of the numerous extracts from his works 
 in the “Digest” of Justinian. None of his works is ex- 
 tant. 
 
 Callot(ka-lo'), Jacques. Born at Nancy, France, 
 1592 : died at Nancy, March 28, 1635. A French 
 engraver. 
 
 Call to the Unconverted. A religious work 
 by Richard Baxter, published in 1657, known 
 as “ Baxter’s Call.” 
 
 Calmar. See Kalmar. 
 
 Galmet (kal-ma'), Dom Augustin. Bom at 
 Mesnil-la-Horgne, near Toul, France, Feb. 26, 
 1672 : died at Paris, Oct. 25, 1757. A noted 
 French Benedictine scholar and biblical critic. 
 He was the author of numerous works, including “Com- 
 mentaire sur tous les livres de l'Ancien et du Nouveau 
 Testament” (1707-16), a “ Dictionnaire historique, critique 
 et chronologique de la Bible ” (1722-28). 
 
 Calmon (kal-mon'), Marc Antoine. Born at 
 Tamnies, Dordogne, France, March 3, 1815: 
 died at Paris, Oct. 13, 1890. A French politi- 
 cian and political economist. He was chosen life 
 senator in 1875. He published “Histoire parlementaire 
 des finances de la restauration ” (1868-70), etc. 
 
 Calmon du Pin e Almeida (kal-mon' dii pah' 
 e al-ma'da), Miguel. Born at Santo Amaro, 
 Bahia, Dec. 22, 1796 : died at Rio de Janeiro, 
 Oct. 5, 1865. A Brazilian statesman. He was 
 member of the constituent assembly 1822 ; several times 
 deputy ; senator from 1840 ; minister in many govern- 
 ments, and premier in 1840 and 1843. From 1844 to 1847 he 
 was special envoy in Europe. In 1849 he was created vis- 
 count, and in 1854 marquis of Abrantes. 
 
 Calmucks. See Kalmucks. 
 
 Caine (kan). A town in Wiltshire, England, 
 16 miles east-northeast of Bath. Population, 
 3,457. 
 
 Calneh (kal'ne). One of the four cities of 
 Nimrod in Shinar, or Babylonia (Gen. x. 10), 
 which as yet has not been identified, it is to be 
 distinguished from Calneh of Amos vi. 2, and the Calno 
 of Isa x. 9, which perhaps refer to one and the same city, 
 identified by some with the Kullani mentioned in the As- 
 syrian inscriptions as having been conquered 738 B. 0. by 
 Tiglath-Pileser III., and now represented by the ruins of 
 Kullanhu about six miles from Arpad. 
 
 Calo- Joannes (kal-6-jo-an'ez), or Joannes II. 
 ComnenUS. [Gr. Ka/tj-luawi/c 6 Ii oyvr/v6$.\ 
 Born 1088: died April 8, 1143. Byzantine em- 
 peror from Aug. 15, 1118, to April 8, 1143: son 
 of Alexis I. whom he succeeded. He carried on 
 successful wars against the Turks and Servians, and in 1137 
 added Armenia Minor to the Greek empire. He conceived 
 the project of conquering the Latin kingdoms of Jerusa- 
 lem and Antioch, and entered Cilicia witli an army, where 
 
 206 
 
 he died from a wound by a poisoned arrow in the hand, 
 accidentally inflicted while boar-hunting. 
 
 Calonne (ka-lon'), Charles Alexandre de. 
 
 Born at Douai, France, Jan. 20, 1734 : died at 
 Paris, Oct. 30, 1802. A noted French courtier 
 and politician, comptroller-general of finance 
 1783-87. 
 
 Calov (ka'lof), Latinized Calovius (ka-lo'- 
 vi-us) (originally Kalau), Abraham. Born 
 at Mohrungen, Prussia, April 16, 1612 : died at 
 Wittenberg, Germany, Feb. 25, 1686. A Ger- 
 man Lutheran theologian and polemic writer. 
 His chief work is “ Systema locorum theolo- 
 gicorum” (1655-77). 
 
 Calpe (kal'pe). [Gr. KaXnrj.~\ The ancient 
 name of the rock of Gibraltar, one of the Pil- 
 lars of Hercules. See Abyla. 
 
 Calpee. See Kalpi. 
 
 Calpren&de. See La Calprenede. 
 
 Calpurnia (kal-per'ni-a). Daughter of L. Cal- 
 purnius Piso Caesoninus, and last wife of Julius 
 Caesar, whom she married 59 B. c. She ap- 
 pears in Shakspere’s tragedy “ Julius Caesar.” 
 Calpurnia gens (kal-per'ni-a, jenz). In an- 
 cient Rome, a plebeian clan or house which 
 claimed to be descended from Calpus, the 
 third son of Numa. Its family names under the re- 
 public were Bestia, Bibuius, Flamma, and Piso. The first 
 member of this gens who obtained the consulship was 
 C. Caipurnius Piso (180 B. c.). 
 
 Calpurnius (kal-per'ni-us), Titus (or Caius), 
 surnamed Siculus (‘the Sicilian’). A Latin 
 pastoral poet who lived about the time of 
 Nero. Seven eclogues, a panegyric (“De laude Pisonis”), 
 and two fragments of bucolic poems are attributed to 
 him. Four other eclogues formerly regarded as his are 
 now referred to Nemesianus, a poet once thought to be 
 identical with Calpurnius. 
 
 Caltanissetta (kal-ta-ne-set'ta). A province 
 in Sicily. Area, 1,263 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 341,444. 
 
 Caltanissetta. The capital of the province of 
 Caltanissetta, Sicily, situated in lat. 37° 26' 
 N., long. 14° 7' E. It has a cathedral. Popu- 
 lation, 43,303. 
 
 Calton Hill (kal'ton hil). A height in the north- 
 eastern part of Edinburgh. 
 
 Calumet (kal'u-met). A town in Houghton 
 County, in the northwestern part of the Upper 
 Peninsula of Michigan. It is noted for its 
 coppei'-mines. 
 
 Calumet, or Calumick (kal'u-mik). A river 
 in northwestern Indiana, and in Cook County, 
 Illinois. It flows into Lake Michigan by two mouths, 
 one near Chicago, the other in Lake County, Indiana. 
 Calvados (kal-va-dos' ). A department in Nor- 
 mandy, Prance, lying between the English 
 Channel on the north, Eure on the east, Orne 
 on the south, and Manche on the west and 
 south. Its capital is Caen. Area, 2,197 square 
 miles. Population, 403,431. 
 
 Calvaert, or Calvart (kal-vart' ; F. pron. kal- 
 var'), Denis, called Dionisio Fiammingo. 
 Born at Antwerp, 1540: died at Bologna, Italy, 
 March 17, 1619. A Flemish painter belonging 
 to the Bolognese school. His best works are 
 at Bologna. 
 
 Calvary (kal'vji-ri). 1. A word occurring in 
 the New Testament (Luke xxiii. 33), adopting 
 the calvaria by which the Vulgate translates 
 the Greek kranion, which itself is the render- 
 ing of the Aramean golgotha, skull: it is not a 
 proper name. The popular name “Mount Calvary” 
 is not warranted by any statement in the gospels as being 
 that of the place of the Crucifixion. 
 
 2. The name of the English version of Spohr’s 
 oratorio “The Saviour’s Last Hours” (“Des 
 Heiiandes letzte Stunden”), first given in 1835, 
 in England in 1839. 
 
 Calv6 (kal-va'), Madame ('Emma de Roquer). 
 
 Born at Decazeville, Aveyron, France, in 1866. A 
 distinguished soprano opera-singer, of French 
 and Spanish parentage. She studied in Paris under 
 Marchesi and others, and made her d^but in opera at the 
 Th&itre de la Monnaie, Brussels, in 1882, as Marguerite in 
 Gounod's “Faust.” She played in Paris in 1884 ; made a tour 
 in Italy; returned to Paris ; made a European tour (Russia, 
 Italy, Belgium, England, Spain) ; and came to America 
 in 1893-94, 18S5-9G, 1896-97, 1899-1900. Among her pop- 
 ular rOles in America are Carmen and Santuzza in “Caval- 
 leria Rusticana.” Her home is at Cabrteres in Aveyron. 
 Calverley (kal' ver-li). A ruined gamester, 
 brutally cruel to his wife and children, in “The 
 Yorkshire Tragedy,” once attributed to Shak- 
 spere. The story is that of a real person of 
 that name. 
 
 Calverley, Charles Stuart. Born at Hartley, 
 Worcestershire, Dec. 22, 1831 : died at London, 
 Feb. 17, 1884. An English barrister and poet. 
 
 In 1852 the family resumed their proper name, Calverley, 
 which had been changed to Blayds in 1807. He wrote 
 
 Calypso 
 
 verse and translations (1862, 1866, 1869), and a volume of 
 humorous verse, parodies, etc., “Fly Leaves," in 1872. 
 
 Calvert (kal'vert), Cecilius or Cecil, Lord 
 
 Baltimore. Born about 1605 : died at London, 
 Nov. 30, 1675. The first proprietor of Mary- 
 land. He was the son of George Calvert, mentioned be- 
 low, who, having applied for a grant of land in northern 
 Virginia, died before the charter had passed the great 
 seal, in consequence of which it was issued in the name 
 of his heir Cecil, June 20, 1632. In Nov., 1633, he sent an 
 expedition of colonists under his brother Leonard to the 
 new domain, which was named Maryland by Charles I. in 
 honor of his queen. He married about 1623 Anne Arundel, 
 whose name is borne by one of the counties of Maryland. 
 Calvert, George, Lord Baltimore. Born at 
 Kipling, Yorkshire, about 1580: died April 15, 
 1632. The founder of Maryland. He entered Par- 
 liament in 1609, and became secretary of state in 1619, a 
 post which he resigned in 1625, on declaring his conver- 
 sion to the Homan Catholic faith. He was at his resig- 
 nation raised to the Irish peerage as Baron Baltimore. 
 While secretary of state he obtained from James I. a grant 
 of land, called the province of Avalon, in Newfoundland, 
 where in 1621 he established the settlement of Ferryland. 
 He paid two visits to the colony between 1627 and 1629, 
 which convinced him of the unsuitability of the climate, 
 whereupon he applied for a grant of land (the present 
 Maryland) in northern Virginia, the charter of which, as 
 he died before it had passed the great seal, was issued in 
 the name of his son Cecil in 1632. 
 
 Calvert, George Henry. Bom at Baltimore, 
 Md., Jan. 2, 1803: died at Newport, R. I., May 
 24, 1889. An American journalist, poet, and 
 miscellaneous writer. 
 
 Calvert, Leonard. Bom about 1606 : died June 
 9, 1647. The first governor of Maryland. He 
 was the brother of Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, 
 by whom he was placed in command of the colonists who 
 set sail from Cowes Nov. 22, 1633, and founded St. Mary's 
 March 27, 1634. His claim to the jurisdiction of Kent 
 Island was opposed by Claiborne whom he reduced to 
 submission in 1647. 
 
 Calves’ Head Club. A club said to have been 
 instituted in ridicule of the memory of Charles 
 
 I. It is first noticed in a tract reprinted in the “ Harleian 
 Miscellany," called “The Secret History of the Calves’ 
 Head Club,” etc., undertaking to show how this club met 
 for some years, 1693-97, on the anniversary of the king's 
 death. An ax was reverenced, and a dish of calves’ heads 
 represented the king and his friends. It seems to have 
 met in secret after the Restoration and till 1734, when 
 some ill will was excited against it, and riots were said to 
 have ensued. 
 
 Calvi (kal've). A fortified port on the western 
 coast of Corsica, in lat. 42° 35' N., long. 8° 46' E. 
 It was taken by the English in 1794. 
 
 Calvin (kal'vin), John, originally, in French, 
 Jean Ghauvin, or Cauvin, or Caulvin. [L. 
 Johannes Calvinus, G. Johann Calvin, It. Gio- 
 vanni Calvino ; L. Calvinus, from calvus, bald.] 
 Born at Noyon, Picardy, France, July 10, 1509 : 
 died at Geneva, May 27, 1564. A celebrated 
 Protestant reformer and theologian. He studied 
 at Paris, Orleans, and Bourges ; embraced the Reformation 
 about 1528 ; was driven from Paris in 1533 ; published his 
 “ Institutes ” (which see) at Basel in 1536 ; went to Geneva 
 in 1536 ; and was banished in 1538, and returned in 1541. 
 He had a controversy with Bolsec in 1551, and with Ser- 
 vetus in 1553 (see Servetus), and founded the Academy of 
 Geneva in 1559. 
 
 Calvisius (kal-vis'i-us), Seth. Born at Gors- 
 leben, Thuringia, Feb. 21, 1556: died at Leip- 
 sic, Nov. 24, 1615. A German astronomer and 
 musician. He published “ Opus Chronologicum ” (1605); 
 a proposal for the reform of the calendar, “ Elenchus Cal- 
 endariiGregoriani"(1612); and several treatises on music. 
 
 Calvo (kiil'vd), Baldassarre. One of the 
 principal characters in George Eliot’s novel 
 “Romola.” 
 
 Calvo, Mariano Enrique. Born at Sucre about 
 1795: died at Cochabamba, 1842. A Bolivian 
 politician. He was vice-president of the confederation 
 of Peru and Bolivia, 1836-39. In 1840 he attempted a re- 
 volt against President V elasco, and was imprisoned. 
 
 Calvus (kal'vus), Caius Licinius Macer. 
 
 Born May 28, 82 B. c. : died about 47 B. c. A 
 Roman poet and forensic orator. 
 
 Calydon (kal'i-don). [Gr. Ka/lwldw.] In ancient 
 geography, a city of HUtolia, Greece, situated 
 near the river Evenus in lat. 38° 24' N., long. 
 21° 34' E. It is the legendary scene of the hunt of the 
 Calydonian boar (which see). 
 
 Calydon. A great forest celebrated in the Ar- 
 thurian romances. It was supposed to be in 
 the north of England. 
 
 Calydonian Hunt. In Greek legend , the chase 
 of a savage boar which the goddess Artemis, in 
 punishment for a neglect of sacrifice by (Eneus, 
 king of Calydon in HUtolia, sent to ravage bis 
 country. The boar was pursued by Meleager and a band 
 of heroes, and was slain by him. In some accounts Ata- 
 lante, who was beloved of Meleager, joined the hunt and 
 inflicted the first wound. 
 
 Calypso (ka-lip'so). [Gr. Ka/tm/xi.] In Greek 
 legend, a nymph living in the island of Ogy- 
 gia. who detained Ulysses for seven years, she 
 promised him perpetual youth and immortality if he 
 would remain with her. 
 
207 
 
 Cam 
 
 Cam (kail), Sp. Cano (ka'no), Diogo. Lived in 
 the last part of the 15th century. A Portu- 
 guese navigator. He explored the West Afri- 
 can coast to the Kongo and beyond, 1482-84. 
 
 Cam (kam), or Granta (gran'ta). A river in 
 Cambridgeshire, England, which joins the Ouse 
 3-J miles south of Ely. Length, about 40 miles. 
 See Cambridge. 
 
 Camden, writing in 1586, recognises the Cam as well as 
 the Granta: “By what name writers termed this River, 
 it is a question : some call it Granta, others Camus. ” On 
 Speed's map of Cambridgeshire (1610) the name Cam oc- 
 curs alone, written twice, once above, and once below', 
 Cambridge ; Milton personifies it as a river-god in “Lyei- 
 das ’ (1638) : 
 
 “Next Camus, reverend sire, went footing slow, 
 
 His mantle hairy and his bonnet sedge, 
 
 Inwrought with figures dim, and on the edge 
 Like to that sanguine flower inscribed with woe ; ’’ 
 and on Loggan’s map of Cambridge (1688) the words The 
 River Cam are written out in full, without any other des- 
 ignation. On the other hand, so late as 1702, an Act of 
 Parliament for improving the navigation speaks of the 
 River Cham, alias the Grant. Clark, Cambridge, p. 11. 
 
 Camacho (ka-ma'cho). A rich but unfortunate 
 man in one of the episodes in “Don Quixote.” 
 He is cheated out of his bride, Quiteria, just as he has 
 provided a great feast for his wedding : hence the phrase 
 Camacho’s wedding is used to signify great but useless 
 show and expenditure. 
 
 It is like Camacho’s wedding in Don Quixote, where 
 Sancho ladled out whole pullets and fat geese from the 
 soup-kettles at a pulL Ilazlitt, Eng. Poets, p. 150. 
 
 Camanche. See Comanche. 
 
 Camaralzaman, Prince. See Badoura. 
 Camarao (ka-ma-rah' ), Antonio Felippe. 
 
 Born in Rio Grande do Norte about 1580 : died 
 there in 1648. A Brazilian Indian, chief of the 
 PotyguaiAs tribe. His Indian name Poty (' shrimp’) 
 was translated into the Portuguese Camar&o when he was 
 baptized. He joined the Portuguese in the wars against 
 the Dutch of Pernambuco, and made several destructive 
 raids into the Dutch territory. His wife, Clara, always 
 accompanied him and fought by his side, and she is a 
 favorite heroine of Brazilian history. On Aug. 23 and 24, 
 1636, Camarao and his Indians defeated a regular Dutch 
 force under Artichofsky. 
 
 Camarao, Diogo Pinheiro. Dates of birth and 
 death not recorded. A Brazilian Indian, 
 nephew of Antonio Felippe Camarao. He was 
 one of the Indian allies of the Portuguese in their wars 
 with the Dutch, and on the death of his uncle in 1648 
 succeeded him in command of the Potyguares tribe. 
 
 Camargo (ka-mar-go'), (Marie Anne Cupis 
 de). Born April 15, 1710: died April 20, 1770. 
 A celebrated French dancer. 
 
 Camargo (ka-mar'go), Diego Munoz. Born at 
 Tlascaia about 1523 : date of death not recorded. 
 A Mexican, said to have been the son of a Span- 
 iard by an Indian mother, in 1585 he finished an 
 account of Mexican aboriginal history and customs, and 
 of the conquest. It was first published, in a faulty French 
 translation, in the “ Nouvelles annales des voyages ” (1845). 
 
 Camargo, Sergio. Born at Tiravitoba, 1833. 
 A statesman of Colombia. He studied law, but en- 
 tered the army, attained the highest military rank, and was 
 commander-in-chief and secretary of war. He was several 
 times representative and senator in the Colombian con- 
 gress, secretary of state, and in 1877 president ad interim 
 of Colombia. 
 
 Camargue (ka-marg'), La. An island in the 
 department of Bouches-du-Rhone, France, 
 formed by the bifurcation of the Rhone. 
 Length, 28 miles. Area, about 300 square 
 miles. 
 
 Camarina (kam-a-ri'na). [Gr.Ka/rapmz.] In an- 
 cient geography^’ a city on the southern coast of 
 Sicily, 45 miles southwest of Syracuse. It was 
 
 founded as a Syracusan colony 599 B. c. ; a Roman fleet was 
 wrecked near here, 255 B. c. 
 
 The first destruction of Camarina took place within 46 
 years of its foundation, B. c. 553. It had revolted from 
 Syracuse, and on being reduced was razed to the ground 
 (Thucyd. vi. 6). On the cession of the site to the Geloans, 
 Hippocrates rebuilt the town, which was a second time 
 destroyed by Gelo, about B. c. 484. The date and circum- 
 stances of its later re-establishment are uncertain. They 
 fall, however, into the time of Pindar, who speaks of Cama- 
 rina as newly founded. Rauilinson, Herod., IV. 127, note. 
 
 CambacerOs (kon-ba-sa-ras'), Jean Jacques 
 
 EAgis de. Born at Montpellier, France, Oct. 
 18, 1753: died at Paris, March 8, 1824. A French 
 statesman and jurist. He became a member of the 
 Convention in 1792 ; president of the Committee of Public 
 Safety in 1794, and of the Five Hundred in 1796; minister 
 of justice in 1799 ; 2d consul in 1799; and arch-chancellor 
 of the empire in 1804. He was made duke of Parma in 
 1808. He published “Projet du code civil ’’ (1796). 
 
 Camballo (kam -bal'd). The second son of 
 Cambuscan in Chaucer’s “ Squire’s Tale.” He 
 is introduced by Spenser, who calls him Cam- 
 bel, in the “Faerie Queene.” 
 
 Cambaluc (kam-faa-lok'). The name given by 
 Marco Polo to Khambalu or Khan baligh, a 
 Mongol designation of the city of Tatu, now 
 the Tatar portion of Peking (which see). 
 
 Cambay (kam-ba'). A state in the agency of 
 Kaira, Bombay, India. It is under British 
 protection. Area, 350 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 75,225. 
 
 Cambay, or Kambay (kam-ba'). [Hind. Kham- 
 bhat .] The capital of the state of Cambay, 
 situated on the Gulf of Cambay in lat. 22° 18' 
 N., long. 72° 40' E. It was the reputed Hindu capital 
 of western India in the 5th century a. d. Population, 31,780. 
 
 Cambay, Gulf of. An inlet of the Indian 
 Ocean, lying west of British India, in lat. 21°- 
 22° 20' N. 
 
 Cambebas, or Carnpevas (kiim-Ba'bas or kam- 
 pa'vas). A modern name for the Omaguas 
 Indians (which see). 
 
 Cambel. See Camballo. 
 
 Cambert (koh-bar'), Robert. Born at Paris 
 in 1628 : died at London in 1677. The earliest 
 composer of French opera. He was associated with 
 the Abbe Perrin in the production of French opera for 32 
 years, after which, Perrin having lost the Academic 
 through the influence of Lully, he went to England and 
 became “Master of the Music to Charles II." Among 
 his operas are “ La Pastorale,” which was the first French 
 opera, “ Pomone” (1671), etc. 
 
 Camberwell (kam'ber-wel). Aborough (metro- 
 politan) of London, situated south of the 
 Thames. Population, 261,357, (1911). 
 Cambina (kam-bi'na). A daughter of the fairy 
 Agape in Spenser’s “Faerie Queene.” She has 
 magic powers, and in the end marries Camballo, 
 or Cambel. 
 
 Cambini (kam-be'ne), Giovanni Giuseppe. 
 
 Born at Leghorn, Italy, Feb. 13, 1746 : died at 
 the Bieetre, near Paris, in 1825. An Italian 
 violinist, and composer of symphonies, quar- 
 tets, etc. 
 
 Cambodia (kam-bd'di-a), or Camboja, or Kam- 
 boja (kam-bo'ja). [Malay Kamboja.] A depen- 
 dency of France in southeastern Asia, bounded 
 by Siam on the northwest and north, Ann am 
 on the east, French Cochin-China on the south- 
 east, and the Gulf of Siam on the southwest. 
 Its surface is generally level, and it is traversed by the 
 Mekong. Pnom-Penh is its capital, and its seaport is 
 Kampot. It was formerly a kingdom of large extent, but 
 became a protectorate under French rule in 1863, and is 
 now united with other French dependencies in Indo- 
 china. Area, 45,000 square miles. Population, about 
 1,800,000. 
 
 Cambodia River. See Mekong. 
 
 Gambon (kon-boh'), Pierre Joseph. Born at 
 Montpellier, France, June 17, 1754: died near 
 Brussels, Feb. 15, 1820. A French revolu- 
 tionist. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly 
 in 1791, of the Convention in 1792, and of the Committee of 
 Public Safety in 1793. 
 
 Camboricum (kam-bor'i-kum), or Cambori- 
 
 tum. The Roman name of an ancient town 
 which occupied the site of the modern Cam- 
 bridge, England. See Cambridge. 
 
 Camboricum was without doubt a very important town, 
 which commanded the southern fens. It had three forts 
 or citadels, the principal of which occupied the district 
 called the Castle-end in the modern town of Cambridge, 
 and appears to have had a bridge over the Cam or Granta ; 
 of the others, one stood below the town, at Chesterton, and 
 the other above it, at Granchester. Wright, Celt, p. 136. 
 
 Camborne (kam 'bom). A mining town in 
 Cornwall, England, situated 12 miles south- 
 west of Truro. Population, 14,726. 
 
 Cambrai, or Cambray (kam-bra/; F. pron. 
 kon-bra/). [Rom. Cameracum, later Camara- 
 cus ; G. Camerik or Kambryk, LL. Camaracum.'] 
 A town in the department of Nord, France, on 
 the Schelde in lat. 50° 10' N., long. 3° 14' E. 
 It has been long noted for the manufacture of cambrics, 
 which derived their name from it. It was a fortress, and 
 contains a cathedral and citadel. It was finally acquired 
 by France in 1678. Fenelon and Dubois were archbishops 
 of Cambrai. Population of commune, 27,832. 
 
 Cambray, League of. An alliance between 
 Louis XII. of France, the emperor Maximilian 
 I., Ferdinand “the Catholic” of Spain, and 
 Pope Julius II., formed here, Dec. 10, 1508, the 
 object of which was the partition of the Ve- 
 netian territories. 
 
 Cambray, Peace of. A peace negotiated at 
 Cambray, Aug. 5, 1529, between Francis I. of 
 France and Charles V. France abandoned Italy to 
 the emperor and relinquished her claim to suzerainty over 
 Flanders and Artois; her title to the duchy of Burgundy was 
 recognized. Called “ La paix des dames ” ( ‘ Ladies’ Peace ’), 
 because the preliminaries were conducted by Louise, mother 
 of Francis I., and Margaret, aunt of Charles V. 
 
 Cambria (kam'bri-a). The Latin name of 
 Wales. 
 
 Cambrian Shakspere. A name given to Ed- 
 ward Williams. 
 
 Cambridge (kam'brij). [ME. Cambrigge, Cam- 
 brig, Cantebriggc ; earlier Grantebrigge, Graunte- 
 brigge, AS. Grantabrycg, Grdntanbrycg , 4 bridge 
 of (the river) Granta’; L. Cantabrigia. See 
 
 Cambyses I. 
 
 Cam .] The capital of Cambridgeshire, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Cam in lat. 52° 12' N., 
 long. 0° 6' E. it is the seat of a famous university 
 (which see). Cambridge is probably on the site of a British 
 town and of the Roman Camboritum. It had a castle (now 
 destroyed), founded by William the Conqueror. Popula- 
 tion, 38,379. 
 
 Cambridge. A city in Middlesex County, 
 Massachusetts, separated from Boston by the 
 Charles River, and practically a suburb of Bos- 
 ton. It is the seat of Harvard University. It has in 
 its manufacturing quarters (East Cambridge, Cambridge- 
 port) manufactures of iron, etc. It was founded by Eng- 
 lish colonists under Winthrop in 1630, and called at fir st 
 Newtown ; its name was changed to Cambridge after the 
 founding of Harvard College, in honor of Cambridge, Eng- 
 land, where some of the early colonists were graduated. 
 It was occupied by the American army 1775-76. Incorpo- 
 rated as a city 1846. Population, 104,839, (1910). 
 
 Cambridge (kam'brij) (Adolphus Frederick), 
 Duke of. Bom at London, Feb. 24, 1774 : died 
 July 8, 1850. An English general, youngest son 
 of George III. He was viceroy of Hannover 
 1816-37. 
 
 Cambridge (George William Frederick 
 Charles), Duke of. Born March 26, 1819 : died 
 March 17, 1904. An English general, son of the 
 Duke of Cambridge. Heserved atAlmaand Inkerman 
 in 1854, and was commander-in-chief of the army 1856-95. 
 
 Cambridge, University of. A celebrated uni- 
 versity at Cambridge, England, it was a center of 
 learning in the 12th century, and in 1231 Henry III. issued 
 writs for the regulation of Cambridge “ clerks." It con- 
 tains seventeen colleges : St. Peter’s (Peterhouse), founded 
 as a hospital in 1257, converted into a college by Hugh de 
 Balsham (charter, 1284) ; Clare, by Richard Badew in 1326 
 as University Hall, refounded by the Countess of Clare in 
 1359; Pembroke, by the Countess of Pembroke in 1347; 
 Gonville and Caius, by Gonvilie in 1348 and Caius in 1558 ; 
 Trinity Hall, by Bateman in 1350 ; Corpus Christi, or Benet 
 College, by Cambridge gilds in 1352 ; King’s, by Henry VI. 
 in 1441; Queens’, by Margaret of Anjou in 1448 and Eliza- 
 beth Woodville in 1465; St. Catherine’s, by Woodlark in 
 1473; Jesus, by Alcock in 1496; Christ’s, by William Bing- 
 ham as a school in 1439, refounded by Margaret Beaufort, 
 mother of Henry VII., in 1505 ; St. John’s, founded as a 
 hospital about 1210, refounded in 1511 by Margaret Beau- 
 fort; Magdalene, established as a hostel for students in 
 1428, given to Lord Audiey who founded it as a college in 
 1519; Trinity, by Henry VIII. in 1546 on several earlier 
 foundations ; Emmanuel, by Miidmay in 1584 ; Sidney Sus- 
 sex, by the will of the Countess of Sussex (died 1589) in 1594 ; 
 Downing, by Sir George Downing, died 1749 (charter in 
 1800) ; Ayerst Hall, founded in 1884, “ to provide an economi- 
 cal education for theological students and others," closed 
 1896; Cavendish College, in 1873, by an association, for 
 younger students, closed 1891 ; Selwyn College (a hostel), 
 in 1882, in memory of George Augustus Selwyn. (See these 
 names.) The university library contains about 772,000 
 volumes, 8,000 manuscripts; the library of Trinity Col- 
 lege, 125,000 volumes. It has about 3,700 undergraduate 
 students. 
 
 Cambridge Platform. A declaration of prin- 
 ciples respecting church government and doc- 
 trine adopted by a synod, composed of repre- 
 sentatives of the Congregational churches of 
 New England, held at Cambridge, Massachu- 
 setts, in 1648. 
 
 Cambridgeport (kam'brij-port). A manufac- 
 turing district of the city of Cambridge, Massa- 
 chusetts, lying on the Charles River, opposite 
 Boston, 1-J miles west of the state-house. 
 Cambridgeshire (kam'brij -shir), or Cam- 
 bridge. An eastern county of England, lying 
 between Lincoln on the north, Norfolk and 
 Suffolk on the east, Essex and Hertford on the 
 south, and Northampton, Huntingdon, and Bed- 
 ford on the west. It is divided into Cambridge proper 
 and the Isle of Ely ; it forms part of the fen country which 
 was largely reclaimed in the 17tli and 18th centuries. It 
 formed part of East Anglia, and was included in the Dane- 
 law. It was celebrated for its resistance to William the 
 Conqueror, and sided with Parliament in the 17th century. 
 It contains Roman remains. Area (ad. co.), 863 square 
 miles. Population (pari, co.), 190,682. 
 
 Cambronne (kon-bron'). Count Pierre Jacques 
 
 Etienne. Born at St. S <5 bastion, near Nantes, 
 France, Dec. 26, 1770: died at Nantes, Jan. 8, 
 1842. A celebrated French general. He fought 
 against the Vendeans, participated as colonel in the cam- 
 paigns of 1812 and 1813, accompanied Napoleon to Elba, 
 was made lieutenant-general and admitted to the Chamber 
 of Peers during the Hundred Days, and commanded a di- 
 vision of the Imperial Guard at Waterloo. He is the re- 
 puted author of the expression “La garde meurt et ne se 
 rend pas " (“ The guard dies, but never surrenders ’’), in- 
 correctly said to have been used by him at Waterloo when 
 asked to surrender. 
 
 Cambuscan (kam-bus-kan' or kam-bus'kan). 
 A Tatar king in Chaucer’s “ The Squire’s 
 Tale,” who had most wonderful magical pos- 
 sessions — a ring, a glass, a sword, and a brazen 
 horse. He is the father of Canace, Camballo, 
 and Algarsife. Chaucer did not finish the story. 
 Cambuskenneth (kam-bus-ken'eth) Abbey. 
 An abbey situated near Stirling, Scotland. 
 Near here, 1297, took place the battle of Stir- 
 ling. See Stirling, Battle of. 
 
 Cambyses (kam-bi'sez) I. [Old Pers. Kabyjiya, 
 which is thought to be derived from the San- 
 
Cambyses I. 
 
 skrit kab, to praise, and uji, speaker. The 
 Greeks inserted the euphonic m before the h. 
 An Aryan people existed iu the northwest corner 
 of India under the name of Eamboja, which has 
 survived as the name of a country bordering 
 on Siam.] A Persian king whose historical 
 character is doubtful. In the genealogy of Xerxes, as 
 given by Herodotus, both he and his son Cyrus are omitted, 
 and Diodorus, where lie gives this name, seems to mean 
 the father of Cyrus the Great. On the other hand, a Cam- 
 byses is mentioned whose sister was the ancestress in the 
 fourth degree of one of the seven conspirators. Possibly 
 Cambyses I. was one of the sons of Theispes (on the cu- 
 neiform monuments Chishpaish), and grandson of Achse- 
 menes. 
 
 Cambyses II. The son and successor of Cyrus 
 I., and father of Cyrus II., called “ The Great.” 
 According to Herodotus he was merely a Persian noble- 
 man, but Xenophon states that he was king of the coun- 
 try, and his statement is confirmed by native records. 
 Cambyses III. The son and successor of Cy- 
 rus the Great, 529-522 B. C. He is depicted as 
 despotic and tyrannical. He defeated Psamraetichus III. 
 (called by the Greeks Psammenit), king of Egypt, in the 
 battle of Pelusium (525 B. c. ), and incorporated that country 
 in the Persian empire. His expeditions against Ammonand 
 Ethiopia were unfortunate. While he was devastating 
 Egypt, an impostor assuming the name of his brother 
 Bardiya (called by the Greeks Smerdis) who was secretly 
 assassinated at Cambyses's instigation, forced him to return 
 to Persia, but he died on the way from a wound inflicted 
 by himself. 
 
 Cambyses, King of Persia. A play by Thomas 
 Preston, written as early as 15(11. «in allusion to 
 a passage in it, ‘ Cambyses vein ’ has, in consequence of its 
 being cited by Shakspere, become proverbial for rant, 
 [but] the language of the play is in no instance specially 
 obnoxious to this charge.” Ward. 
 
 Camden (kam'den). Atown in Kershaw County, 
 South Carolina, near the Wateree River 32 miles 
 northeast of Columbia. Here, Aug. 16, 1780, the 
 British under Cornwallis defeated the Americans under 
 Gates: the loss of the Americans was about 2, 000, including 
 De Kalb. Near here, at Hobkirk’s Hill, April 25, 1781, the 
 British under Rawdon defeated the Americans under 
 Greene. The first battle is also called the battle of Sanders' 
 Creek. 
 
 Camden. A city and port of entry, capital of 
 Camden County, New Jersey, situated on the 
 Delaware River opposite Philadelphia. It is a 
 railway center, and is noted for its manufactures 
 and ship-building. Population, 94,538, (1910). 
 Camden, Earl. See Pratt, Charles. 
 
 Camden (kam'den), William. Born at Lon- 
 don, May 2, 1551: died at Chiselhurst, Kent, 
 Nov. 9, 1623. A noted English historian and 
 antiquary. His chief works are “Britannia” (1586), 
 “Annales rerum Anglicarum et Hlbernicarum regnante 
 Elizabetha ” (1615). 
 
 Camden Society. An English historical soci- 
 ety formed in 1838 for the publication of docu- 
 ments relating to English history : named from 
 William Camden. 
 
 Camden Town. A northern quarter of Lou- 
 don, east of Regent’s Park, “[it] takes its name 
 from the first Earl of Camden, who acquired large property 
 here by his marriage with Miss Geffreys." Hare , I. 221. 
 
 Camel, Battle of the. Fought at Basra, 656. 
 Calif Ali defeated the rebels Talha, Zobair, 
 and Ayesha (the latter being present on a 
 camel). 
 
 Camelford (kam'el-ford). A town in Cornwall. 
 England, situated 15 miles west of Launceston. 
 It is one of the places identified as the Camelot of the Ar- 
 thurian cycle, and a traditional scene of the final battle 
 between Arthur and Modred. 
 
 Carnelon (kam 'el-on), in Scotland. See the 
 extract. 
 
 At Camelon, on the Firth of Forth, we found the site of 
 the battle that closed the career of the historical Arthur in 
 537. Stuart Glennie, Arthurian Localities, iii. 2. 
 
 Camelopardalis (ka-mel-o- or kanFe-lo-par'da- 
 lis). The Camelopard, a northern constellation 
 formed by Bartsch and named by Hevelius. 
 It is situated between Cepheus, Perseus, Ursa Major and 
 Minor, and Draco. As given by Hevelius, the name was 
 Camelopardalus. 
 
 Camelot (kam'e-lot). A legendary spot in Eng- 
 land where Arthur was said to have had his 
 palace and court, and where the Round Table 
 was. Shakspere alludes to it in “Lear,” ii. 2, 79. 
 
 “Goose, if I had you upon Sarum plain. 
 
 I’d drive ye cackling home to Camelot." 
 
 This is supposed to be in allusion to the fact that great 
 quantities of geese were bred on the moors near Camelot 
 in Somersetshire. Capell maintained that Camelot was, 
 or was near, Winchester. Oaxton locates it in Wales. 
 Tennyson alludes to it in “The Lady of Shalott” and in 
 the “ Idylls." 
 
 Camel’s Hump. One of the chief peaks of the 
 Green Mountains, Vermont. It is west of Mont- 
 pelier. Height, 4,088 feet, 
 damenae (ka-me'ne). In Italian mythology, four 
 prophetic divinities . by Roman poets identi- 
 fied with the Muses. 
 
 Oamenz. See Kamenz. 
 
 208 
 
 Camerarius (ka-ma-ra're-os) (Liebhard), Joa- 
 chim. [L., ‘Chamberlain.’] Born at Bamberg, 
 Bavaria,, April 12, 1500: died at Leipsic, April 
 17, 1574. A German scholar, author of a life of 
 Mel anehthou( 1556), and editor of Melanchthon’s 
 letters (1569). 
 
 Camerarius, Rudolf Jakob. Born at Tubin- 
 gen, Wiirtemberg. Feb. 12, 1665 : died at Tubin- 
 gen, Sept. 11. 1721. A German physician and 
 botanist, author of “De sexu plantarum epis- 
 tola” (1694), etc. 
 
 Cameri.no (ka-ma-re'no). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Macerata, Italy, in lat. 43° 9' N., long. 
 13° 5' E. It was the ancient Camerinum. It was an- 
 nexed to the Papal States in the middle of the 16th cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Cameron (kam'e-ron), James Donald. Born 
 at Middletown, Dauphin County, Pa., May 14, 
 1833. An American politician. He graduated at 
 Princeton in 1852, was president of the Northern Central 
 Railway Company of Pennsylvania 1863-74, and was secre- 
 tary of war under President Grant May 22, 1876, -March 
 3, 1877, when he was elected a United States senator from 
 Pennsylvania as a Republican, serving until 1897. 
 
 Cameron, John. Born at Glasgow about 1579: 
 died at Montauban, France, 1625. A Scot- 
 tish theologian, an advocate of “ passive obedi- 
 ence.” He became professor of divinity at Saumur, and 
 later at Montauban. His followers in France were called 
 Cameronites (which see). 
 
 Cameron, Richard. Born at Falkland, Fife- 
 shire, Scotland: killed near Aird’s Moss, Ayr- 
 shire, Scotland, July 20, 1680. A noted Scot- 
 tish Presbyterian minister, and leader of the 
 Covenanters. His followers, a sect of Scottish 
 dissenters, were called Cameronians (which see). 
 
 Cameron, Simon. Born in Lancaster County, 
 Pa., March 8, 1799: died there, Juno 26, 1889. 
 An American politician. He was in 1845 elected 
 United States senator for Pennsylvania to succeed Bu- 
 chanan, who had been appointed secretary of state by Pres- 
 ident Polk. His term expired March 4, 1849. During his 
 term of office he acted with the Democratic party ; but 
 having about 1855 identified himself with the People’s 
 party, he was in 1857 returned to the Senate as a Repub- 
 lican. He was secretary of war in the cabinet of Lincoln, 
 Mareh4, 1861 ,-Jan. 11,1862, when he was appointed United 
 States minister to Russia, a post which he resigned the 
 following year. He served as senator from Pennsylvania 
 1866-77, when he resigned and was succeeded by his son 
 •Tames Donald Cameron. 
 
 Cameron, Verney Lovett. Born July 1, 1844: 
 died March 27, 1894. A noted English explorer. 
 As a naval officer lie was chosen in 1872, by the Royal 
 Geographical Society, to lead an expedition in search of 
 Livingstone. In March, 1873, he started from Bagamoyo. 
 Tn Fnyanyembe he met Livingstone’s body, hut proceeded 
 to Lake Tanganyika. His two European assistants re- 
 turned with the body and one (Dillon) died. He explored 
 the southern portion of Lake Tanganyika, discovered the 
 Lukuga, and made his way through Urua and southern 
 Lund.) to Benguella and Katumbela, where he arrived Nov. 
 28, 1875. He was the first explorer to cross Africa from 
 east to west. Hi9 “ Across Africa" appeared in 1876. In 
 1878 he made a railroad survey in Asia Minor and Persia. 
 See Century Atlas, Map 109. 
 
 Cameronians (kam-e-ro'ni-anz). 1. The fol- 
 lowers of Richard Cameron in Scotland. They 
 refused to accept the indulgence granted to the Presby- 
 terian clergy in the persecuting times of Charles II., lest 
 by so doing they should be understood to recognize his 
 ecclesiastical authority. They were known at first as The 
 Societies, but were afterward organized as the Reformed 
 Presbyterian Church of Scotland, most of which in 1876 
 was merged in the Free Church. 
 
 2. A name given to the 26th regiment of British 
 infantry, from its having been originally com- 
 posed of the Cameronians who flocked to Edin- 
 burgh during the revolution of 1688. Their nu- 
 cleus consisted of the men who fought under Richard 
 Cameron at Aird’s Moss in 1680, when he was killed. 
 
 Cameronites (kam'e-ron -its). A group of 
 French Protestants, professing a modified Cal- 
 vinism, led by John Cameron, a native of Glas- 
 gow, professor of theology at Saumur and else- 
 where. They were condemned by the Synod 
 of Dort. 
 
 Cameroon River. See Kamerun River. 
 
 Cameroons. See Kamerun. 
 
 Cames (kii-mes'). A wild tribe in the south- 
 western part of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. 
 
 They arose in the 16th and 17th centuries from the mix- 
 ture of Indian hordes with fugitive negro and mulatto 
 slaves. At one time they were very numerous, and dan- 
 gerous enemies of the whites. A few hundred only re- 
 main, in the western part of the state. 
 
 Camilla (ka-mil'ii). [L .Camilla.'] 1. Avirgin 
 warrior queen of the Volscians, daughter of 
 King Metabus of Privernum. She figures in 
 Vergil’s -Etieid. She came to the assistance of 
 Turnus, and was treacherously slain by Aruns. 
 
 — 2. A lady in Lyly’s “Euphues” with whom 
 Philautus falls in love. — 3. An opera by Owen 
 McSwiney, translated from the Italian in 1706. 
 
 — 4. A novel by Madame d’Arblay, published 
 in 1796. 
 
 Campaign, The 
 
 Camille (ka-mel'). The sister of the three 
 Horatii in Corneille’s tragedy “Les Horaces.” 
 She denounces Rome when she finds that her lover has 
 been killed by her brothers. 
 
 Camille. An English version of the French 
 play “La dame aux camelias.” The Marguerite of 
 the French play is Camille in this. See Dame aux camelias. 
 Camillo (ka-mil'o). 1. A Sicilian noble in 
 Shakspere’s “Winter’s Tale.” He saves Polix- 
 enes and induces Leontes to protect Florizel 
 and Perdita. — 2. The husband of Vittoria Co- 
 rombona in Webster’s tragedy “The White 
 Devil.” — 3. A character in Dryden’s play “The 
 Assignation.” 
 
 Camillus (ka-mil'us). 1. A newspaper pseu- 
 donym of Fisher Ames. — 2. A pseudonym of 
 Alexander Hamilton. 
 
 Camillus, Marcus Furius. Died 365 b. c. A 
 
 Roman general. He was several times dictator, took 
 Veii in 396 (392), and after the sack of Rome by Brennus 
 in 390 (388) defeated the Gauls. 
 
 Caminha (ka-men'ya), Pedro Vaz de. A Portu- 
 guese who accompanied Pedro Alvares Cabral 
 in 1500 as secretary of the proposed factory at 
 Calient. He wrote a letter, still preserved in Lisbon, 
 which is the oldest extant description of the discovery of 
 Brazil. This was first published by Munoz, 1790, and 
 there are subsequent editions. Caminha probably per- 
 ished in the massacre at Calicut, Dec. 16, 1500. 
 Camisards (kam'i-zardz). A name given to 
 the French Protestants of the Revenues who 
 took up arms in defense of their civil and re- 
 ligious liberties early in the 18th century: so 
 called from the white blouses worn by the peas- 
 ants who were the chief actors in the insurrec- 
 tion. 
 
 Camlan, Battle of. A battle which took place 
 in Cornwall about 537, in which both Arthur 
 and his nephew Modred fell in single combat. 
 Cainmin. See Kammin. 
 
 Camoens (in Portuguese spelling, Camoes) 
 (kam'6-ens; Pg. pron. ka-mon'esh), Luiz Vaz 
 de. Born at Lisbon (?) in 1524 (?) : died at 
 Lisbon, June 10, 1580. A celebrated Portu- 
 guese poet. He was of gentle birth, and was educated 
 at Coimbra. On leaving college he returned to Lisbon, and 
 quickly became accustomed to court life and manners. 
 His romantic passion for Donna Caterina de Ataide, a high- 
 born lady in attendance on the queen, with the jealousy of 
 another lover and the dislike of her father, was one of the 
 principal reasons for his banishment from Lisbon about 
 1646. Before 1550 he, having joined the army of Africa, 
 lost the sight of his right eye in a naval engagement at 
 Ceuta. After a careless and somewhat dissolute period, 
 he was cast into prison in 1552 for wounding one of the 
 king’s equerries in a street fracas. He was pardoned on 
 condition of his immediate embarkation for India. He 
 reached Goa in the same year. He joined several naval 
 expeditions, and on his return to Goa he devoted his pen 
 to the exposure of the abuses so rife in the East, and became 
 very unpopular in consequence. After seventeen years of 
 adventure and suffering from persecution and imprison- 
 ment in Goa, Macao, Mozambique, and Sofa la. he was al- 
 lowed to return to Portugal in 1570. “He lived poor and 
 neglected, and so died," is said to have been placed on a 
 marble tablet to his memory on the wall of the church of 
 the convent of Santa Anna ; both church and tablet 
 were destroyed in 1755. His great epic, “ Os Lusiadas ’ 
 (“The Lusiad ” : which see), written during liisbanishment, 
 and perfected in his humble home in Lisbon, was first 
 published in 1572. Its success was great, and a second 
 edition was published in the same year ; but this only 
 added to the malice with which he was regarded at court, 
 and when in 1578 the young king Dom Sebastian went 
 to Africa on his fatal expedition, Bernardes, a courtier 
 and poet, was selected to go with him and sing his tri- 
 umphs. After the defeat and death of the king "Camo- 
 ens went as one dreaming.” Thirty-eight editions of the 
 “ Lusiad ” were published in Lisbon before 1700. There 
 are translations in nearly every European language. The 
 first English translation was by Sir Richard Fanshawe, 
 1655. Mickle’s translation appeared in 1776, Musgrave’s 
 in 1826, Quillinan’s (five cantos) in 1853, Sir Thomas 
 Mitchell’s in 1854. Camoens’s influence and efforts pre- 
 served the Portuguese language from destruction during 
 the period of the Spanish occupation, when the language 
 of the court was Castilian. His minor works, or "Rimas,” 
 were sonnets, comedies, eclogues, ballads, and epigrams. 
 Camonica (ka-mon'e-ka), Val. The valley of 
 the Oglio in its upper course, in Lombardy, 
 Italy, north of the Lago d’Iseo. 
 
 Camp, The. A play by Tickell, attributed to 
 Sheridan, produced iu 1778. Doran, Annals, 
 II. 137. 
 
 Campagna (kam-pan'yii). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Salerno, situated 19 miles east of Sa- 
 lerno. Population, commune, 8,927. 
 Campagna di Roma (kam-pan'va de ro'mii). 
 A large plain in Italy, surrounding Rome, lying 
 between the Mediterranean and the Sabine 
 and Alban Mountains. It corresponds in great part 
 to the ancient Latitnn. It is of volcanic formation, and 
 has been for centuries noted for its malarious climate, 
 though in antiquity it was covered with villas and towns 
 and was brought to a high state of cultivation. It has 
 been reclaimed in part. 
 
 Campaign, The. A poem by Addison celebrat- 
 ing the battle of Blenheim, published in 1704. 
 
Campan 
 
 Campan (koh-pon'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Hautes-Pyrdnees, situated on the river 
 Adour 18 miles southeast of Tarbes. It is 
 noted for its picturesque scenery. 
 
 Campan, Madame (Jeanne Louise Henriette 
 Genest). Born at Paris, Oct. 6, 1752: died at 
 Mantes, Prance, March 16, 1822. A French 
 
 teacher. She was, at the age of fifteen, appointed reader 
 to the three daughters of Louis XV. , was for nearly twenty 
 years first lady of the bedchamber to Marie Antoinette, 
 and narrowly escaped during the storming of the Tuiler- 
 ies by the mob, 1792. After the fall of Robespierre, she 
 opened a boarding-school for young ladies at Saint-Ger- 
 main, and in 1806 was appointed by Napoleon superinten- 
 dent of the school at Ecouen for daughters, sisteis, and 
 nieces of officers of the Legion of Honor, a post which she 
 held till the abolition of the school by the Bourbons. She 
 wrote “ Memoires sur la vie privee de Marie Antoinette ’’ 
 (1823), etc. 
 
 Campanerthal, or Kampanerthal (kam-pa'- 
 ner-tal). A work on the immortality of the 
 soul, by Jean Paul Friedrich Richter, published 
 in 1797: named from a picturesque valley of 
 the upper Adour in the Pyrenees. 
 
 Campania (kam-pa'ni-a). [Gr. K a/unavia.'] In 
 ancient geography, a region in Italy, lying be- 
 tween Latium on the northwest, Samnium on 
 the north and east, Lucania on the southeast, 
 and the Mediterranean Sea on the west. Its origi- 
 nal inhabitants were probably of Oscan or Ausonian race; 
 it was settled later by the Greeks, and submitted to Rome 
 310 B. C. It is noted for its fertility and products. It 
 contained the ancient cities Cumse, Capua, Raise, Puteoli, 
 Herculaneum, Pompeii, etc. The modern compartimento 
 of Campania comprises the provinces Avellino, Renevento, 
 Caserta, Napoli, and Salerno. 
 
 Campanile of Giotto. A famous tower at 
 Florence, Italy, begun by Giotto in 1334, and 
 after his death, in 1337, continued by Andrea 
 Pisano. It is square in plan, 371 feet to a side, and 275-i 
 feet high, and is divided by string-courses into five stories, 
 the two lowest of which are practically solid ; the two mid- 
 dle ones have each, on each face, two canopied and tracer- 
 ied windows ; and the highest, about twice as high as any 
 of those below, has one large beautifully decorated and 
 traceried window in each face, and a bold cornice. The 
 whole exterior of the tower is incrusted with colored 
 marbles arranged in panels. The basement is surrounded 
 by two ranges of reliefs, the lower in hexagonal, the upper 
 in diamond-shaped panels, by Giotto, Andrea Pisano, and 
 Luca della Robbia. The subjects include the Creation, 
 the Arts and Sciences, the Cardinal V irtues, and the W orks 
 of Mercy. These reliefs are famous for their naive but 
 wonderfully effective presentation of their story. Above is 
 a range of large statues in niches. This campanile is the 
 finest example of the Italian Pointed style, of which it em- 
 
 ■i, bodies all the virtues, while possessing some of its defects. 
 
 Campanile of St. Mark’s. A square tower in 
 Venice, measuring 42 feet to a side, and 323 
 feet high to the angel at the apex of the py- 
 ramidal spire. It was begun about 900, but the arcaded 
 belfry, with the square die and pyramid above, dates only 
 from the 16th century. Despite its, celebrity, it was ugly : 
 the lower part was a practically plain mass of brickwork, 
 and the belfry was crushed by the superstructure. It col- 
 lapsed July 14, 1902, and was restored in 1912. 
 
 Campanini (kam-pa-ne'ne), Italo. Born at 
 Parma, June 29, 1846: died near there, Nov. 
 23, 1896. A noted Italian tenor singer. He first 
 attracted attention in 1871 at Bologna. In 1872 he first 
 appeared in England, and was subsequently successful in 
 St. Petersburg and Moscow, and in America. 
 
 Campas (kam'pas). A tribe of Indians in east- 
 ern Peru, a branch of the Antis, if not the same 
 as that tribe. See Antis. 
 
 Campaspe (kam-pas'pe). The favorite concu- 
 bine of Alexander. She is said to have been 
 the model of the famous Venus Anadyomene 
 of Apelles. Also Pancaste, Pacate. 
 
 Campbell (kam'bel; Sc. pron. kam'el), Alex- 
 ander. [The name Campbell, more" correctly 
 spelled Cambell, is from Gael. Caimbeul, lit. ‘ wry- 
 mouth,’ from cam, wry, and beul, mouth.] Born 
 near Ballymena, in the county of Antrim, Ire- 
 land, Sept. 12, 1788: died at Bethany, W. Va., 
 March 4, 1866. A clergyman, founder (about 
 1827) of the “Disciples of Christ,” nicknamed 
 “Campbellites.” He came to America in 1809. He 
 established the “Christian Baptist” in 1823, which wms 
 merged in 1830 in the “Millennial Harbinger.” 
 
 Campbell, Archibald, second Earl of Argyll. 
 Killed at Flodden, 1513. Son of the first Earl 
 of Argyll. He became master of the royal household 
 in 1494, and shared with the Ear ! of Lennox the command 
 of the right wing of the Scottish army at the battle of 
 Flodden, Sept. 9, 1513, in which engagement he was 
 killed. 
 
 Campbell, Archibald, fourth Earl of Argyll. 
 Died 1558. Grandson of the second Earl of 
 Argyll, and a leading supporter of the Refor- 
 mation. He commanded the right wing of the Scottish 
 army at the battle of Pinkie iu 1547, and in the following 
 year rendered important service at the siege of Hadding- 
 ton. He embraced the Reformation, and was a warm 
 supporter of Knox, whom he entertained at Castle Camp- 
 bell in 1556. 
 
 Campbell, Archibald, fifth Earl of Argyll. 
 Died Sept. 12, 1573. Son of the fourth Earl of 
 
 C.— 14 
 
 209 
 
 Argyll, and a supporter of Mary Queen of Scots. 
 He was originally one of the leaders of the Lords of the 
 Congregation, but afterward became a partizan of Mary 
 Queen of Scots, was a party to the murder of Darnley and 
 the marriage of Bothwell, and commanded the queen’s 
 forces at Langside, May 13, 1568. He made his submission 
 to the Earl of Moray in 1569, and in 1572 was appointed 
 lord high chancellor. 
 
 Campbell, Archibald, eighth Earl and first 
 Marquis of Argyll. Beheaded at Edinburgh, 
 May 27, 1661. A Scottish nobleman. He sided 
 with the Covenanters ; became marquis in 1641 ; and was 
 defeated by Montrose in 1645. He sided with Charles II. 
 after the death of Charles I., but submitted later to Crom- 
 well. At the Restoration he was executed for treason. 
 
 Campbell, Archibald, ninth Earl of Argyll. 
 Beheaded at Edinburgh, June 30, 1685. Son 
 of the eighth Earl of Argyll. He supported the 
 Royalists and Charles II. after the Restoration. He was 
 obliged to leave Scotland at the end of the reign of Charles 
 II., on the charge of treason. He landed in Scotland in 
 1685 to take part in Monmouth’s rising, and was executed 
 for treason. 
 
 Campbell, Archibald, first Duke of Argyll. 
 Died Sept. 20 (28?), 1703. Son of the ninth 
 Earl of Argyll, created duke 1701. He favored 
 the Revolution, and was one of the commissioners who 
 offered the Scottish crown to William and Mary at Lon- 
 don iu 1689. 
 
 Campbell, Archibald, third Duke of Argyll. 
 Born at Petersham, Surrey, in June, 1682 : died 
 April 15, 1761. A Scottish statesman, brother 
 of the second Duke of Argyll. He was a firm sup- 
 porter of Walpole, by whom he was intrusted with the 
 chief management of Scotch affairs. He was appointed lord 
 keeper of ihe privy seal in 1721, and keeper of the gr eat 
 seal in 1733, which latter post he occupied until his death 
 
 Campbell, Colin, first Earl of Argyll. Died 
 1493. A Scottish nobleman, created earl in 
 1457. He was one of the conspirators against 
 James III. in 1487. 
 
 Campbell, Colin, Baron Clyde. Born at Glas- 
 gow, Oct. 20, 1792: died at Chatham, England, 
 Aug. 14, 1863. A British field-marshal. He 
 served with distinction at Chillianwalla and Gujerat, 1849, 
 and at the Alma and Balaklava, 1864 ; was commander-in- 
 chief in Bengal in 1857: rescued Havelock and Outran! at 
 Lucknow and then relieved <_ awnpore,aud recaptured Luck- 
 now in 1858. He was made a K. C. B. in 1849, and was ele- 
 vated to the peerage as Baron Clyde of Clydesdale iu 1858. 
 
 Campbell, George. Born at Aberdeen, Scot- 
 land, Dee. 25, 1719: died there, April 6, 1796. 
 A Scottish theologian and philosophical writer. 
 He was ordained in 1748, became minister at Aberdeen in 
 1757, and in 1759 was appointed principal of Marischal 
 College. His chief works are “ Dissertation on Miracles ’’ 
 (1762), “Philosophy of Rhetoric” (1776), and “Translation 
 of the Gospels ’’ (1789). 
 
 Campbell, George Douglas, eighth Duke of 
 Argyll. Born April 30, 1823: died April 24, 1900. 
 A Scottish statesman and writer. He was lord 
 privy seal 1853-55; postmaster-general 1855-58; lord privy 
 Beal 1859-66; secretary for India 1868-74 ; and lord privy 
 seal 1880-81. His chief works include “The Rei n of 
 Law” (1866), “Scotland as It Was and as It Is ” (1887). 
 
 Campbell, John, second Duke of Argyll. Bom 
 1678 : died 1743. A Scottish general and states- 
 man, son of the first Duke of Argyll. He took 
 part in effecting the union ; commanded at Sheriffmnir 
 in 1715 ; and sided at different times with the Whigs and 
 Tories. He was created duke of Greenwich in 1719. 
 
 Campbell, John, Baron Campbell. Born near 
 Cupar, Fife, Scotland, Sept. 15, 1779: died at 
 London, June 23, 1861. A British jurist, poli- 
 tician, and author. He became chief justice of the 
 Queen’s Bench in 1850, and was lord chancellor of Eng- 
 land 1859-61. He wrote “Lives of the Lord Chancellors ” 
 (1845-48), “Lives of the Chief Justices” (1849-57), etc. 
 
 Campbell, Sir Neil. Born May 1, 1776 : died in 
 Sierra Leone, Africa, Aug. 14, 1827. A British 
 officer, commissioner during Napoleon's stay at 
 Elba, 1814-15. 
 
 Campbell, Thomas. Born at Glasgow, July 27, 
 1777 : died at Boulogne, France, June 15, 1844. 
 A British poet, critic, and miscellaneous winter. 
 He was lord rector of the University of Glasgow 1826-29. 
 His works include “Pleasures of Hope" (1799), “Gertrude 
 of Wyoming” (1809), “Specimens of the British Poets” 
 (1819), short lyrics(“Lochiel’s Warning, ’’“Hohenlinden,” 
 “ Mariners of England,” “ Battle of the Baltic,” etc.). 
 
 Campbell, Lord William. Died Sept. 5, 1778. 
 A younger brother of the fifth Duke of Argyll, 
 colonial governor of South Carolina 1775-76. 
 
 Campbell Island. [Discovered by Captain Ha- 
 zelburgh of the whaler Perse verance, and named 
 by him for the business house in Sydney which 
 he represented.] A small island in the’ South- 
 ern Ocean, south of New Zealand. 
 
 Campbellites (kam'bel-its). 1. A nickname 
 of the “Disciples of Christ,” a denomination 
 founded by the Rev. Alexander Campbell. 
 The Campbellites were also called New Lights. 
 — 2. The followers of the Rev. John McLeod 
 Campbell, a minister of the Church of Scot- 
 land, who, when deposed in 1831 for teaching 
 the universality of the atonement, founded a 
 separate congregation. 
 
 Campion 
 
 Campbell’s station. A village in Tennessee, 
 situated 12 miles southwest of Knoxville. Here, 
 Nov. 16, 1863, the Federals under Burnside repulsed the 
 Confederates under Longstreet. 
 
 Campe (kam'pe), Joachim Heinrich. Born at 
 Deensen, in Brunswick, Germany, June 29, 1746: 
 died near Brunswick, Oct. 22, 1818. A German 
 lexicographer and writer of juveniles. His works 
 include “ Robinson der Jiingere ” (1779), “ Die Entdeckung 
 von Amerika “ (1781), a German dictionary (1807-11), etc. 
 
 Campeche (kam-pa/cha), or Campeachy (kam- 
 pe'che). A state of Mexico, formingthe south- 
 western part of the peninsula of Yucatan. 
 Area, 18,087 square miles. Population, 85,795, 
 (1910). 
 
 Campeche. [Native name.] A seaport, the 
 capital of the state of Campeche, situated on 
 the Bay of Campeche in lat. 19° 51' N., long. 
 90° 33' W. Its exports are logwood, wax, etc. It was 
 an old Indian town, and was discovered by Francisco Her- 
 nandez de Cordova in 1517, and was named by him San 
 Lazaro. Population, 16,864, (1910). 
 
 Campeche, or Campeachy, Gulf or Bay of. 
 
 A name given to the southern part of the Gulf 
 of Mexico. 
 
 Campeggio (kam-pej'6), Lorenzo. Bom at 
 Bologna, 1472: died at Rome, July 19, 1539. 
 An Italian cardinal, legate to England 1519 
 and 1528, bishop of Salisbury and archbishop 
 of Bologna. He presided at the Diet of Ratisbon. In 
 1528 he was associated with Wolsey in hearing the divorce 
 suit of Henry VIII. of England against Catherine of Ara- 
 gon. 
 
 Campenhout, Francois van. Born at Brussels 
 in 1(80: died there in 1848. A Belgian musician. 
 His fame chiefly rests on the “Brabangonne," the Belgian 
 national ah’, which he composed hi 1830. 
 
 Campenon (kon-pe-non'), Frangois Nicolas 
 
 Vincent. Born in Guadeloupe, French West 
 Indies, March 29, 1772: died near Paris, Nov. 
 24, 1843. A French poet and general writer. 
 He wrote “Voyagede Grenoble a Chambriy ” (1795 : prose 
 and verse), “ L’Enfant prodigue ” (1811), etc. 
 
 Camper (kam'p6r), Pieter. Born at Leyden, 
 Netherlands, May 11, 1722 : died at The Hague. 
 Netherlands, April 7, 1789. A Dutch physician 
 and anatomist, noted for researches in compar- 
 ative anatomy. 
 
 Camperdown (kam-per-doun'),D. Camperduin 
 
 (kam-per-doin'). A village in the Netherlands, 
 situated 27 miles north-northwest of Amster- 
 dam. Off here, Oct. 11, 1797, the English fleet under Dun- 
 can defeated the Dutch fleet under De Winter. Loss of 
 the English, 1,040 ; of the Dutch 1,160, and 6,000 prisoners. 
 
 Camperdown. Wee Victoria (battle-ship). 
 Campero (kam-pa'ro), Narciso. Born at Tojo, 
 now in Argentina, in 1815. A Bolivian soldier 
 and statesman. In 1872 he was minister of war for a 
 short time. When the war with Chile broke out (1879) 
 he raised an army in southern Bolivia, but was unable to 
 reach Tarapaca before the Chileans conquered that prov- 
 ince of Peru. After the fall of Daza he was elected pres- 
 ident of Bolivia (April 9, 1880), took command of the al- 
 lied Bolivian and Peruvian armies at Tacna, Peru, and 
 was defeated at the battle of Tacna (May 26, 1880). His 
 term ended Aug. 1, 1884. 
 
 Camphausen (kamp'hou-zen), Ludolf. Born 
 at Hunshoven, near Aachen, Prussia, Jan. 3, 
 1803: died at Cologne, Dec. 3, 1890. A Prus- 
 sian politician, president of the ministry 1848. 
 Camphausen, Otto. Born at Hiinshoven, near 
 Aachen, Prussia, Oct. 21, 1812: died May 18, 
 1896. A Prussian politician, brother of Ludolf 
 Camphausen. He was Prussian minister of finance 1869- 
 1878, and vice-president of the Prussian ministry 1873-78. 
 
 Camphausen, Wilhelm. Born at Dusseldorf, 
 Prussia, Feb. 8, 1818 : died there, June 16, 1885. 
 A German historical and battle painter of the 
 Dusseldorf school. 
 
 Camphuysen (kamp'hoi-zen), Dirk Rafalsz. 
 
 Born at Gorkum, Netherlands, 1586: died at 
 Dokkum, Friesland, July 9, 1627. A Dutch 
 lainter, religious poet, and theologian, 
 ampi (kam'pe), Bernardino. Bom at Cre- 
 mona, Italy, 1522 : died after 1590. An Italian 
 painter. His chief work is the cupola in the 
 Church of San Gismondo at Cremona. 
 
 Campi, Giulio. Born at Cremona, Italy, about 
 1500 : died 1572. An Italian painter. His best 
 works are at Cremona and Mantua. 
 
 Campinas (kon-pe'nas). A town in the state 
 of Sao Paulo, southernjlrazil, 65 miles north- 
 west of Sao Paulo, with which it is connected 
 by a railroad. Population, 67,694. 
 
 Campine (koii-pen'). A region in the provinces 
 of Antwerp and Limburg, Belgium. 
 
 Campion (kam'pi-on), Edmund. Born at Lon 
 don, Jan. 25, 1540: executed at Tyburn, Dec. 
 1, 1581. An English Jesuit and scholar, con- 
 demned on a charge of high treason. He was 
 one of the most prominent of the Jesuit missionaries in 
 England. 
 
Campistron 
 
 Campistron (kon-pes-tron'), Jean Galbert de. 
 
 Born at Toulouse, 1656: died May 11, 1723. A 
 French dramatic poet, a follower of Racine. 
 He was the author of “Virginie” (1683), “Acis et Gala- 
 tfie” (1686: an opera), “Andronic" (1685), “Tiridate” 
 (1691), etc. 
 
 He pushed to an extreme the softness and almost effemi- 
 nacy of subject and treatment which made Corneille con- 
 temptuously speak of his younger rival and his party as 
 “ Les Doucereux.” Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 306. 
 
 Campobasso (kam-po-bas'so). A province in 
 the Abruzzi and Molise, Italy. It was formerly 
 called Molise. Area, 1,691 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 371,951. 
 
 Campobasso. [It., ‘ low field.’] The capital of 
 the province of Campobasso, Italy, situated in 
 lat. 41° 34' N., long. 14° 40' E. It is noted for 
 its manufactures of cutlery. Population, 15,030. 
 Campobasso, Nicolo. Lived about 1477. A 
 Neapolitan military adventurer in the service 
 of Charles the Bold. 
 
 Campobello di Licata (kam-po-bel'lo de le- 
 ka'ta). [It. Campo bello, fair field.] A town in 
 the province of Girgenti, Sicily, situated 21 
 miles east-southeast of Girgenti. It is noted 
 for sulphur-mines. Pop., commune, 11,771. 
 Campobello di Mazzara (kam-po-bel'lo de 
 mat-sa'ra). A town in the province of Tra- 
 pani, Sicily, situated 42 miles southwest of 
 Palermo. There are famous quarries in the 
 vicinity. Population, commune, 9,101. 
 Campo-Formio (kam-po-for'me-o), or Campo- 
 formido (kam-po-for-me'do). A village in the 
 province of Udine, in northeastern Italy, 6 miles 
 southwest of Udine. Here, Oct. IT, 1797, a treaty 
 was concluded between France and Austria. Austria 
 ceded the Belgian provinces, recognized the Cisalpine 
 Republic, and received the greater part of the Venetian 
 territories; France retained the Ionian Islands. By se- 
 cret articles France was to receive the left bank of the 
 Rhine. 
 
 Campomanes (kam-po-ma'nes), Conde Pedro 
 Rodriguez de. Born in Asturias, Spain, July 
 1, 1723: died Feb. 3, 1802. A Spanish states- 
 man and political economist, president of the 
 council 1788. He wrote “Discurso sobre el fomeuto de 
 la industria popular” (1774), “Discurso sobre la educacion 
 popular, etc,” (1775). 
 
 Campos (kam'pos). [Pg., ‘fields, ’‘pastures.’ See 
 Campos clos Goitacases.] A seaport in the state 
 ofRiode Janeiro, Brazil, situatednearthemouth 
 of the Parahyba. Pop., municipio, 90,706. 
 Campos (kam'pos), Martinez. Born at Sego- 
 via, Dec. 14, 1831: died at Zarauz, near San 
 Sebastian, Sept. 23, 1900. A Spanish general. 
 He served in Morocco; was sent to Cuba in 1869 as colonel; 
 and in 1872 returned to Spain to help to suppress the Car- 
 lists, and was made a brigadier-general. On the abdication 
 of King Amadeo he supported the republic, was put on the 
 retired list, and soon after was arrested on a charge of con- 
 spiracy. He was soon released and placed in command of 
 the 3d division of the Army of the North against the Car- 
 lists. From 1877 to 1879 he was commander-in-chief of the 
 Spanish forces in Cuba. He was sent to Cuba in April, 1895, 
 as governor-general ; but was recalled in January, 1896. 
 
 Campo Santo (kam'po san'to). [It., ‘sacred 
 field,’ i. e. cemetery.] A cemetery. That of Pisa, 
 Italy, is notable. The present structure was begun in 1278 
 by Giovanni Pisano. 
 
 Campos de Vacaria (kam'posh de va-ka-re'a). 
 [Pg., ‘cattle-pastures.’] An elevated open re- 
 gion in the northern part of the state of Rio 
 Grande do Sul, Brazil, inland from the moun- 
 tains. It forms the southern extremity of the Brazilian 
 plateau, and as yet it is very thinly settled. 
 
 Campos dos Goitacazes (kam'posh doshgoi-ta- 
 ka'zesh). An open region on the banks of the 
 Parahyba River, northeast of Rio de Janeiro, 
 Brazil. The region was so called (‘ fields of the Goitaca- 
 zes ’) on account of the Goyatacas Indians who formerly 
 occupied it. The name passed to a city on the Parahyba, 
 abbreviated to Campos. 
 
 Campos dos Parecis (kam'posh dpsh pa-re- 
 sesh'). An open region in western Brazil, east of 
 the Guapore and Madeira rivers, forming a por- 
 tion of the Brazilian plateau, about 3,000 feet 
 above sea-level. It was so called on account of the 
 Parecis Indians, who inhabit a part of it, and were formerly 
 very powerful. The Campos dos Parecis were visited by 
 the Portuguese as early as 1720, but the region is still very 
 imperfectly known. 
 
 Campsie Fells. A region near Stirling in 
 Scotland. 
 
 Campus Martius (kaxn'pus miir'ti-us). [L., 
 ‘field of Mats.’] A historic area of ancient 
 Romo, lying between the Pincian, Quirinal, and 
 Capitoline hills and the Tiber. Throughout the 
 early history of Rome this plain remained free of build- 
 ings, and was used for popular assemblies and military 
 exercises. During the reign of Augustus it had become 
 encroached upon from the south by the building up of the 
 Flaminian Meadows, and from the east by public and other 
 buildings on the Via Cata, corresponding closely to the 
 modern Corso. Under Augustus, however, a great extent 
 of the plain still remained free, and served for chariot- and 
 
 210 
 
 horse-races, ball-playing, and other athletic sports ; it was 
 surrounded by the finest monuments of the city, and pre- 
 sented an imposing spectacle. It is now occupied by the 
 most important quarter of modern Rome. 
 Camulodunum. See Colchester. 
 
 Camus (ka-mii'), Armand Gaston. Born at 
 Paris, April 2, 1740 : died Nov. 2, 1804. A 
 French revolutionist. He was deputy to the States- 
 General in 1789, and to the Convention in 1792 ; and presi- 
 dent of the Council of Five Hundred in 1796. He wrote 
 ‘ ‘Lettres sur la profession d’avocat ” (1772-77), etc. 
 
 Cana (ka'na). In New Testament history, a vil- 
 lage of Galilee, Palestine, the scene of two of 
 Christ’s miracles. It has been identified with Kefr- 
 Kenna, and with Kana-el-.Telil (both near Nazareth). 
 Cana, Marriage at. See Marriage at Cana. 
 Canaan (ka'nan). 1. The fourth son of Ham 
 (Gen. ix. 25 ff., x. 6-15). — 2. More frequently, 
 ‘ Land of Canaan’ (Gen. xi. 31, xii. 5 ; Isa. xxiii. 
 11 ; Zeph. ii. 5, etc., interpreted to mean ‘ low- 
 land,’ from Semitic hand , to humble, subdue), 
 generally denoting in the Old Testament the 
 country west of the Jordan and the Dead Sea 
 to the Mediterranean. As the name “lowland” would 
 indicate, originally it comprised only the strip of land, 
 from 10 to 15 miles in breadth and 150 in length, shut in 
 between the Lebanon and the Mediterranean, and extend- 
 ing from the Bay of Antioch to the promon tory of the Car- 
 mel, i. e. southern Phenicia. To this maritime plain of the 
 Phenicians and Philistines passages like Isa. xxiii. 11, Zeph. 
 ii. 6 refer. Later the name was extended to the whole 
 west-Jordanic territory. Thus also in the Tel-el-Amarna 
 tablets, which date back a century before the exodus. Ki- 
 na kk, or Canaan, denotes the district between the cities of 
 Philistia and the country northward of Gebal (Byblos). 
 The Egyptians named it the land of Kelt, or the “palm,” 
 of which the Greek <(>oiVi| (see Phenicia) is a translation. 
 3. The non-Israelitish inhabitants of Palestine 
 (more frequently in the plural, “ the Canaan- 
 ites”). The origin and affinities of the various 
 tribes are still disputed. 
 
 Canaanites (ka'nan-its). See Canaan. 
 
 Canace (kan'a-se). [Gr. K avaicr;.] 1. In Greek 
 legend, a daughter of iEolus and Enarete, put 
 to death on account of her illicit love for her 
 brother Macareus. She is introduced in Gower’s 
 “Confessio Amantis ” (book iii.), from Ovid. Chaucer re- 
 fers to the story in the introduction to his “ Man of Law’s 
 Tale. ” 
 
 2. The daughter of Cambuscan in Chaucer’s 
 “ Squire’s Tale.” 
 
 Canada (kan'a-da), Dominion of. A confed- 
 eration of provinces in British North America. 
 It is bounded by the Arctic on the north, the department 
 of Labrador and the Atlantic on the east, the United 
 States on the south, and the Pacific and Alaska on the 
 west. It comprises Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, 
 Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, British 
 Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, the Northwest Terri- 
 tory, and Yukon Territory. The American Arctic islands 
 are sometimes included with the Dominion. Its chief 
 physical features are the St. Lawrence valley, the Sas- 
 katchewan and Mackenzie river systems (with their nu- 
 merous large lakes, Great Bear, Great Slave, Athabasca, 
 Winnipeg, etc.), Hudson Bay, the great plains, the 
 “ Height of Land,” Labrador plateau, and the- Rocky and 
 Cascade mountains. Mt. Logan in lat. 60° 34' N., 26 mile 3 
 to the northeast of Mt. St. Elias, is said to have an ele- 
 vation of 19,539 feet. Its capital is Ottawa, and its 
 government consists of a governor-general and Parliament 
 (Senate and House of Commons). It exports timber, 
 cheese, wheat, coal, cattle, etc. Canada was explored by 
 Cartier 1534-35. It was permanently settled at Quebec ill 
 1608 by the French, and called New France. It was ceded 
 to Great Britain in 1763. The Americans attacked it un- 
 successfully in the Revolution and in the War of 1812. 
 Unsuccessful rebellion 1837-38. The provinces reunited 
 in 1841, and the confederation was formed in 1867. The 
 Red River Rebellion, under Louis Riel, took place in 1869- 
 1870, and the second Riel rebellion in 1S85. In 1886 the 
 Canadian Pacific Railway was opened. The Grand Trunk 
 Pacific Railway, an all-Canadian transcontinental route, 
 is under construction. Area, 3,729,665 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 7,204,838, (1911). 
 
 Canadian River. A river in New Mexico, 
 northern Texas, and Oklahoma, which rises 
 in New Mexico and joins the Arkansas 25 
 miles south of Tahlequah. Length 800-900 miles. 
 Its chief affluent is the North Fork, in Oklahoma. 
 Length, about 600 miles. 
 
 Canaletto (ka-na-let'to), or Canale (ka-na'le), 
 Antonio. Born at Venice, Oct. 18, 1697 : died 
 there, Aug. 20, 1768. An Italian painter, noted 
 chiefly for his pictures of Venice. He was a pupil 
 of his father, Rinaldo Canale, a 6cene-painter. He lived 
 for a time in England. 
 
 Canalizo (ka-na-le'thd), Valentin. Born at 
 Monterey about 1797 : died after 1847. A Mexi- 
 can soldier. From Dec., 1843, to June, 1844, he was act- 
 ing president during the absence of Santa Anna. Again 
 made acting president in Sept., 1844, he was impeached 
 for arbitrary proceedings, and banished (May, 1845). He 
 was allowed to return, and served in the war with the 
 United States, commanding the cavalry at Cerro Gordo, 
 April 17, 1847, and the whole army in the subsequent 
 retreat. 
 
 Canandaigua (kan-an-da'gwa). A village and 
 town in western New York, situated at the 
 northern end of Canandaigua Lake, 25 miles 
 southeast of Rochester. Population, village, 
 7,217, (1910). 
 
 Candiac 
 
 Canandaigua Lake. A lake in western New 
 York. Length, 15 miles. 
 
 Cananore, or Cannanore. See Kananur. 
 Canara. See Kanara. 
 
 Canaris (kan-ya'rez), Canares. [Quichua.] 
 A powerful race of Indians who, for several 
 centuries before the conquest, occupied part of 
 the mountains of what is now western Ecuador. 
 They were conquered by the Inca Tupac Yupanqui about 
 1450. During the conquest they sided with the Spaniards. 
 
 Canaris, or Kanaris (ka-na'ris), Constantine. 
 
 Born at Ipsara, Greek Archipelago, 1790 : died 
 Sept. 15, 1877. A Greek admiral and politician. 
 He distinguished himself in the Greek war for indepen- 
 dence (1821-25), represented Ipsara in the Greek national 
 convention in 1827, and was several times minister of 
 marine and president of the cabinet. 
 
 Canary Islands, or Canaries (ka-na'riz). [Sp. 
 Canarias : so called from Gran Canaria, one of 
 the principal islands of the group, L. Canaria 
 insula, dog island, so named with reference 
 to the dogs found there.] A group of islands 
 in the Atlantic, lying northwest of Africa, in 
 lat. 27°-30° N„ long. 13°-18° 30' \V. They be- 
 long to Spain and form a separate province. The islands 
 are Teneriffe, Gran Canaria, Palma, Fuerteventura, Lan- 
 zarote, Gomera, and Hierro (Ferro). The products are 
 fruits, onions, and potatoes. The capital is Santa Cruz de 
 Teneriffe, the language Spanish, and the religion Roman 
 Catholic. They are supposed to be the ancient Fortunate 
 Islands. The original inhabitants, the Guanches, are now 
 extinct. The Canary Islands were acquired by Spain in 
 the 15th century. Area, 2,807 square miles. Population, 
 358,564. 
 
 Canby (kan'bi), Edward Richard Sprigg. 
 
 Born in Kentucky, 1819: died at the ‘‘Lava 
 Beds,” northern California, April 11, 1873. An 
 American general. He served in the Mexican war 
 1846-48; commanded the forces in New Mexico 1861-62; 
 repelled the incursion into New Mexico of the Confeder- 
 ate general Henry Sibley in February, 1862 ; commanded 
 the United States troops in New York city and harbor dur- 
 ing the draft riots of July, 1863 ; succeeded General Banks 
 as commander of the army in Louisiana and of the depart- 
 ments west of the Mississippi River 1864 ; captured Mobile 
 April 12, 1865; and was promoted brigadier-general in the 
 regular army July 28, 1866, having previously obtained 
 the rank of major-general of volunteers. He was treacher- 
 ously killed by Modoc Indians during a conference. 
 Cancale (koh-kal'). A seaport in the depart- 
 ment of Ille-et-Vilaine, France, situated on St. 
 Michael’s Bay 10 miles east-northeast of St. 
 Malo. Population, commune, 7,061. 
 
 Cancao (kan-kou'), or Kang-Kao (kang-kou'). 
 [Chin, it a Tian.\ A seaport in French Cochin 
 China, situated on the Gulf of Siam in lat. 10° 
 15' N., long. 104° 50' E. 
 
 Cancer (kan'ser). [L., ‘a crab.’] A constella- 
 tion and also a sign of the zodiac, represented 
 by the form of a crab, and showing the limits 
 of the sun’s course north ward in summer; hence, 
 the sign of the summer solstice. Marked SJ. 
 Cancha-Rayada (kan'cha-ra-ya'da). A plain 
 just north of the city of Talca, Chile, on March 
 28, 1814, a division of the patriot army was defeated there, 
 and on March 19, 1818, the army commanded by Generals 
 San Martin and O’Higgins was defeated at the same place 
 by a night attack of the Spanish troops under General 
 Osorio. It derived its name from a racing-track for horses. 
 
 Cancrin (kan-kren'), Count Georg. Born at 
 Hanau, Prussia, Dec. 8, 1774: died at St. Peters- 
 burg, Sept. 22, 1845. A Russian general of in- 
 fantry, and politician, minister of finance 1823- 
 1844. ne wrote a romance “ Dagobert, Geschichte aus 
 dem jetzigen Freiheitskrieg ” (1796), and economic works. 
 Candace (kan'da-se). [Gr. Kandd/o?.] A he- 
 reditary appellation of the queens of Meroe, in 
 Upper Nubia, like the name Pharaoh applied 
 to the older Egyptian kings. Specifically — (a) Ac- 
 cording to an old tradition, the Queen of Sheba who visited 
 Solomon. ( b ) A queen of Meroe who invaded Egypt 22 
 B. C. and captured Elephantine, Syene, and Philae. She 
 was defeated by the Roman general Petronius near Psel- 
 cha, renewed the attack, and was again defeated by him. 
 (c) The Queen of Ethiopia whose high treasurer was con- 
 verted to Christianity by Philip, 30 A. I). Acts viii. 27. 
 
 Candahar. See Kandahar. 
 
 Candamo (kan-da'mo), Francisco Banzes. 
 Born at Sabugo, Spain, 1662: died 1709. A 
 Spanish poet and dramatist. His “Poesias 
 comicas” were published in 1772. 
 
 Candaules (kan-da'lez), or Myrsilus (mer-si'- 
 lus). [Gr. KavdavAyi; or MvpatAof.] The last 
 Heracleid king of Lydia, slain by Gyges who 
 succeeded him. See Gyges. 
 
 Candeish. See Khandesh. 
 
 Candia (kan'di-ad, Gr. Megalokastron (meg'- 
 a-lo-kas'tron). A seaport, the capital of Crete, 
 situated ou the northern coast in lat. 35° 21' 
 N., long. 25° 7' E. It was founded by Saracens. It 
 was taken from Venice by the Turks in 1669. 
 
 Candia. See Crete. 
 
 Candiac (kon-de-ak'), Jean Louis Philippe 
 Elisabeth Montcalm de. Born at Chateau 
 de Candiac, Gard, France, Nov. 7, 1719 : died 
 
Candiac 
 
 at Paris, Oct. 8, 1726. The younger brother 
 of the Marquis de Montcalm. He was noted for 
 his remarkable precocity, based upon an extraordinary 
 memory. 
 
 Candide (koh-ded'), ou L’Optimisme (6 lop- 
 te-mezm'). A philosophical novel by Voltaire, 
 published in 1759. It is named from its hero, who 
 bears all the worst ills of life with a cool, philosophical 
 indifference, laughing at its miseries. (See Pangloss.) A 
 second part followed, with the same name, by an anony- 
 mous writer. 
 
 Written ostensibly to ridicule philosophical optimism, 
 and on the spur given to pessimist theories by the Lisbon 
 earthquake, Candide is really as comprehensive as it is 
 desultory. Religion, political government, national pe- 
 culiarities, human weakness, ambition, love, loyalty, all 
 come in for the unfailing sneer. The moral, wherever 
 there is a moral, is, “be tolerant, and cultivez votre jar- 
 din," that is to say, do whatsoever work you have to do 
 diligently. Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 423. 
 
 Candolle (kon-dol'), Alphonse Louis Pierre 
 
 Pyramus de. Born at Paris, Oct. 28, 1806 : died 
 April 4, 1893. A Swiss botanist, professor at the 
 Academy of Geneva, son of Augustin de Can- 
 dolle. He continued his father’s “Prodromus” (1858-83: 
 assisted by his son Anne Casimir Pyramus, horn at Ge- 
 neva, Feb. 26, 1836), and wrote “Geographic botanique rai- 
 sonnbe " (1856),“ Origine des plantescultivees ” (1883;, etc. 
 
 Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de. Born at Ge- 
 neva, Feb. 4, 1778 : died at Geneva, Sept. 9, 
 1841. A celebrated Swiss botanist, professor 
 at the Academy of Montpellier 1810, and at 
 Geneva 1816-41, and the principal founder of 
 the natural system of botany. His works include 
 ‘•Regni vegetabilis systema naturale” (1818-21), “Pro- 
 dromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis ” (1824-73), 
 “ Thtorie Eldmentaire de la botanique" (1813), etc. 
 
 Candour (kan'dor), Mrs. A slanderous woman 
 with an affectation of frank amiability, iu 
 Sheridan’s comedy “The School for Scandal.” 
 Her name has become a byword. 
 
 Candy. See Kandy. 
 
 Cane. See Scala, Della. 
 
 Canea (ka-ne'a), or Khania (ka-ne'a). A sea- 
 port on the northern coast of Crete, in lat. 35° 
 30' N., long. 24° 1' E. : probably the ancient 
 Cydonia. It is the chief seaport in the island. 
 Canete (kan-ya/te), Marquis of. See Hurtado 
 de Mendoza. 
 
 Canga-Arguelles (kang'gii ar-gwel'yes), Jose. 
 Bom in Asturias, Spain, about 1770: died 1843. 
 A Spanish statesman and writer on finance, 
 minister of finance 1820-21. 
 
 Cange, Du. See Du Cange. 
 
 Canidia (ka-nid'i-a). A Neapolitan heteera be- 
 loved by Horace. She deserted him, and he reviled 
 her as an old sorceress. Her real name was Gratidia. 
 Canidius (ka-nid'i-us). Lieutenant-general to 
 Antony in Shakspere’s “Antony and Cleopa- 
 tra.” 
 
 CanigOU (ka-ne-go'). A mountain of France, 
 in the department of Pyr6n6es-Orientales. 
 Height, 9, 135 feet. 
 
 Canina (ka-ne'na), Luigi. Born at Casale, 
 Piedmont, Italy, Oct. 23, 1795: died at Flor- 
 ence, Oct. 17, 1856. An Italian archaeologist 
 and architect. 
 
 Caninefates, or Canninefates (ka-nin-e-fa/- 
 tez). [L. (Tacitus) Canninefates, (Pliny) Canne- 
 nefates.'] A German tribe, first mentioned by 
 Tacitus, on the North Sea, to the north of the 
 Rhine delta, closely related to the Batavi, their 
 neighbors on the south. They were subjugated to 
 the Romans by Tiberius, but took part in the rising of 
 Civilis. With the Batavi they were originally a part of the 
 Chatti. They were ultimately merged in the Salic 
 Franks. 
 
 Cauino, Prince of. See Bonaparte, Charles Lu- 
 cien. 
 
 Canisius (ka-ne'se-us), Petrus (Latinized from 
 De Hond). Born at Nimeguen, Netherlands, 
 May 8, 1524: died at Fribourg, Switzerland, 
 Dec. 21, 1597. A Jesuit missionary and scholar, 
 first provincial of the order in Germany (1556). 
 Canis Major (ka'nis ma'jor). [L.] The Great 
 Dog, a constellation following Orion, and con- 
 taining the great white star Sirius, thebi’ightest 
 in the heavens. 
 
 Canis Minor (ka'nis ml'nor). [L.] The Little 
 Dog, a small ancient constellation following 
 Arion and south of Gemini. It contains the 
 star Procyon, of the first magnitude. 
 
 Canitz (ka'nits), Friedrich Rudolf Ludwig 
 von. Bom at Berlin, Nov. 27, 1654: died at 
 Berlin, Aug. 11, 1699. A Prussian poet and 
 lolitician. 
 
 anna (kan'a). A small island of the Hebrides, 
 Scotland, lying southwest of Skye and north- 
 west of Rum. 
 
 Cannae (kan'e). In ancient geography, a town 
 in Apulia, Italy, situated south of the river 
 Aufidus. Near here, 216 B. c. (and north of the river), 
 
 211 
 
 Hannibal with about 60,000 men nearly annihilated the 
 Roman army of about 80,000-90,000 under Varro and Aiim- 
 lius Paulus. 
 
 Cannanore. See Kananur. 
 
 Cannes (kiln). [ML. Canna.~\ A seaport in the 
 department of Alpes-Maritimes, France, situ- 
 ated 18 miles southwest of Nice : one of the chief 
 health-resorts on the Riviera, on account of its mild winter 
 climate. Its reputation was built up by Lord Brougham, 
 who settled there in 1834 (and died there in 1868). Napoleon 
 landed near there from Elba, March 1, 1815. Population, 
 commune, 29,365. 
 
 Canning (kan'ing), Charles John, Earl Can- 
 ning. Born at Brompton, near London, Dec. 
 14, 1812: died at London, June 17, 1862. An 
 English statesman, son of George Canning. He 
 was postmaster-general 1853-55, and governor-general of 
 India 1855-62. 
 
 Canning, George. Born at London, April 11, 
 1770 : died at Chiswick, near London, Aug. 8, 
 1827. A celebrated English statesman and 
 orator. He entered Parliament 1794. He was secretary 
 for foreign affairs 1807-09, president of the Board of Con- 
 trol 1816-20, secretary for foreign affairs 1822-27, and pre- 
 mier 1827. 
 
 Canning, Stratford, Viscount Stratford de 
 Redcliffe. Born at London, Nov. 4, 1786: died 
 Aug. 14, 1880. An English diplomatist, cousin 
 of George Canning. He was educated at Eton and 
 Cambridge ; entered the diplomatic service in 1807 ; be- 
 came first secretary at Constantinople in 1808, and min- 
 ister plenipotentiary at Constantinople 1810-12 ; negoti- 
 ated the treaty of Bukharest in 1812; was minister to 
 Switzerland 1814-18; satin the Congress of Vienna; was 
 minister to the United States 1820-24 ; was sent on a pre- 
 liminary mission to St. Petersburg 1824-25; was ambassa- 
 dor at Constantinople 1825-29; was member of Parlia- 
 ment 1828-41 ; was sent on various special missions, and 
 was ambassador at Constantinople 1841-58. He was raised 
 to the peerage in 1852. His essays and a memoir were pub- 
 lished by Dean Stanley in 1881. 
 
 Cannock (kan'ok). An iron-manufacturing 
 town in Staffordshire, England, situated near 
 Walsall. 
 
 Cannstatt.or Canstadt (kan'stat). A town in 
 the Neckar circle, Wiirtemberg, situated ou the 
 Neckar 24 miles northeast of Stuttgart, it is 
 noted for trade and manufactures and its warm mineral 
 springs. Population, commune, 32,777. 
 
 Cano (ka'no), Alonso. Born atGranada, Spain, 
 March 19, 1601 : died at Granada, Oct. 5, 1667. 
 A noted Spanish painter, sculptor, and archi- 
 tect. His best works are at Madrid. 
 
 Cano, Diego. See Cam, Diogo. 
 
 Cano, Juan Sebastian del. Born at Gueta- 
 ria, in Guipuzcoa, about 1460: died Aug. 4, 
 1526. A Spanish navigator. After commanding a 
 ship in the Mediterranean, in 1519 he was made captain 
 of the Concepcion, one of the ships in the fleet of Magel- 
 lan (which see). After the death of Magellan, Carabello was 
 put in command, but was soon deposed, and Cano took 
 his place. He reached the Moluccas, loaded his two re- 
 maining ships with spices, and finally in one of them (the 
 Victoria) arrived at Spain Sept. 6, 1522, by way of the 
 Cape of Good Hope, being thus the first circumnavigator 
 of the globe. He was second in command in the expedi- 
 tion of Loaisa, destined to follow the same track. Leaving 
 Spain July 24, 1525, they encountered severe storms on 
 the South American coast and in the Pacific ; sickness 
 appeared in the vessels, Loaisa perished, and Cano took 
 command, but died less than a week after. 
 
 Cano, or Canus (ka'nus), Melchior. Born at 
 Tarramjon, Spain, 1523: died at Toledo, Spain, 
 Sept. 30, 1560. A Spanish Dominican theolo- 
 gian, a bitter antagonist of the Jesuits, and an 
 influential counselor of Philip II. He was pro- 
 fessor at Alcala and Salamanca, bishop of the Canaries, 
 and provincial of Castile. 
 
 Canobbio (kii-nob'be-o). A small town in 
 northern Italy, on the western shore of Lago 
 Maggiore. 
 
 Canoeiros (ka-no-a/ros). [Pg., ‘canoe-men.’] 
 The name given by Brazilians to a horde of In- 
 dians on the Upper Tocantins. They are very 
 savage, have no fixed villages, but wander about the riv- 
 ers and forests, subsisting on fish and game, and on the 
 flesh of cattle and horses stolen from the whites. 
 
 Canon (kii'non), Hans (Johann von Straschi- 
 ripka). Born at Vienna, March 13, 1829: died 
 there, Sept. 12, 1885. A genre, historical, and 
 portrait painter, a pupil of Waldmiiller. From 
 1848-55 he was a cavalry officer in the Austrian army. 
 From 1860-69 he lived in Karlsruhe, then in Stuttgart, and 
 finally settled in Vienna where he became professor in 
 the Academy. He imitated especially Tintoretto and Ti- 
 tian, and was one of the best portrait-painters of his 
 time. 
 
 Canonbury Tower. A building in London, 
 formerly the resort and lodging-place of many 
 literary men. 
 
 Canongate (kan'on-gat). The principal thor- 
 oughfare in the Old Town of Edinburgh. The 
 little burgh of the Canongate grew around the abbey of 
 Holyrood, which is about a mile east of the castle, iu the 
 12th century, soon after the founding of the abbey. The 
 street runs from that point, bearing different names at 
 various parts of its course. Scott laid the scene of his 
 “Chronicles of the Canongate” there. 
 
 Canonicus (ka-non'i-kus). Died June 4, 1647. 
 
 Cantabria 
 
 A chief of the Narragansett Indians. Alarmed 
 by the alliance of the colonists at Plymouth with his en- 
 emy Massasoit, he sent Governor Bradford in Jan., 1622,a 
 hostile message consisting of a bundle of arrows wrapped 
 in a rattlesnake's skin, but did not follow up the threat 
 implied in this message when Bradford promptly returned 
 the rattlesnake s skin stuffed with powder and ball. He 
 gave to Roger Williams the land on which the town of 
 Providence was founded in 1636 ; and acknowledged the 
 sovereignty of Britain in a treaty concluded April 19, 1644. 
 
 Canon’s Yeoman’s Tale, The. One of Chau- 
 cer’s “ Canterbury Tales.” It exposes the tricks of 
 the alchemists. Ashmole in his “Theatrum Chemicum ” 
 quotes the whole poem, with the prologue, under the im- 
 pression, apparently, that Chaucer was an adept in the 
 ait, and wrote in its favor. The canon is a ragged alche- 
 mist who has no gold but what he gets by trickery, and 
 he and his hungry yeoman join the Canterbury pilgrims 
 to practise their thieving arts upon them. 
 
 Canopic Mouth of the Nile. [From Canopus .] 
 An ancient branch of the Nile, the western- 
 most of the important mouths. 
 
 Canopus (ka-no'pus). [L., from Gr. Karwrof, a 
 town in Lower Egypt.] The brightest star but 
 one in the heavens, one magnitude brighter 
 th an Arcturus, and only half a magnitude fainter 
 than Sirius ; a Argus or a Carinse. It is situated in 
 one of the steering-paddles of Argo, about 35° south of 
 Sirius and about the same distance eastof Achemar. It is 
 of a white or yellowish color, and is conspicuous in Flor- 
 ida in winter. 
 
 Canopus, or Canobus (ka-no'bus). [Gr. K avu- 
 7zog or K avo) floe. ] In ancient geography, a sea- 
 port of Egypt, 15 miles northeast of Alexandria. 
 It had considerable trade and wealth. 
 
 Canosa (ka-no'sa). A town (the ancient Canu- 
 sium) in the province of Bari, Italy, in lat. 41° 
 13' N., long. 16° 4' E. It contains relics of the Ro- 
 man town, and near it is the site of the ancient Cannae. 
 It was an important Apulian city, and subject to Rome 318 
 B. C. Population, commune, 24,169. 
 
 Canossa (ka-nos'sa). A ruined castle south- 
 west of Reggio nell’ Emilia, Italy, it is celebrated 
 as the scene of the penance of the emperor Henry IV. be- 
 fore Pope Gregory VII., Jan., 1077. 
 
 Canova (ka-no'va), Antonio. Born at Possa- 
 gno, near Treviso, Nov. 1, 1757: died at Venice, 
 Oct. 13, 1822. A celebrated Italian sculptor. 
 At seventeen he made the statue of Orpheus and Eurydice 
 for Falieri, which brought him commissions for Apollo 
 and Daphne and Daedalus and Icarus. In 1779 he obtained 
 a pension from the municipality of Venice, and went to 
 Rome. His first work of importance in Rome was Theseus 
 and Miuotaur. For the remainder of his life he was es- 
 tablished in Rome, although he made various journeys in 
 Europe, and was three times in Paris — twice to execute 
 commissions for Napoleon I. and his family, and once, 
 after the battle of Waterloo, on a mission from the Pope 
 to recover the works of art taken from Italy by the em- 
 peror. At this time he was called to London to pronounce 
 upon the artistic importance of the Elgin Marbles. He 
 was very successful in the business of his profession, and 
 organized a system of reproducing his models mechanically 
 which enabled him to produce a vast amount of work. 
 Among his most celebrated productions are the Perseus 
 of the Belvedere, made to replace the Apollo Belvedere 
 while the latter was in Palis ; the two boxers Kreugas 
 and Damoxenus, also in the Belvedere; the Venus which 
 stood on the pedestal of the Medici Venus when the 
 latter was taken to Paris ; the Cupid and Psyche of the 
 Louvre ; Paris of the Glyptothek, Munich ; Hercules and 
 Lichas, formerly in Venice, now in a special building in 
 Rome ; and the great group of Theseus and the Centaur 
 which was suggested by a metope of the Parthenon : it is 
 in a specially designed temple at Vienna. At the end of 
 his life Canova projected the temple of Possagno, in which 
 he combined the characteristics of the Pantheon and 
 Parthenon, and modeled some of the metopes. 
 
 Canovai (ka-no-va'e ), Stanislao. Born at 
 Florence, March 27, 1740: died at Florence, 
 Nov. 17, 1811. An Italian ecclesiastic, mathe- 
 matician, and historian, professor of mathe- 
 matics at Parma. 
 
 Canovas del Castillo (kii'no-vas del kas-tel'- 
 yo), Antonio. Born at Malaga, Spain, Feb. 8, 
 1828: assassinated at Santa Agueda, near Vi- 
 toria, Aug. 8, 1897. A Spanish Conservative 
 statesman. He was a number of times premier. 
 
 Canrobert (koh-ro-bar'), Francois Certain. 
 Born atSt.Cere, Lot, France, June27, 1809: died 
 at Paris, Jan. 28, 1895. A marshal of France. 
 He commanded the French forces in the Crimea 1854-66 ; 
 served at Magenta and Solferino in 1859; commanded the 
 6th army corps in 1870 ; and was taken prisoner at Metz, 
 Oct. 27, 1870. He became senator in 1876. 
 
 Canso (kan'so). Cape. The headland at the 
 eastern extremity of Nova Scotia. 
 
 Canso Strait, or Gut of Canso. The sea pas- 
 sage which separates the mainland of Nova 
 Scotia from Cape Breton. Width, about 24 miles. 
 
 Canstadt, or Canstatt. Seo Cannstatt. 
 
 Cantabria (kan-ta/bri-ii). [L., named from the 
 Caniabri, a tribe which inhabited it.] In an- 
 cient geography, a country in Hispania Tar- 
 raconensis, corresponding nearly to the mod- 
 ern provinces Oviedo, Santander, Vizcaya, and 
 Guipuzcoa. The name was restricted laterto the west, 
 era portion. The Cantabri resisted Rome until 19 B. 0. 
 
Cantabrian Mountains 
 
 Cantabrian (kan-ta/bri-an) Mountains. A 
 
 range of mountains in northern Spain, extend- 
 ing from the Pyrenees westward to Cape Fin- 
 isterre. Highest peaks, over 8,000 feet. 
 
 Cantacuzenus (kan // ta-ku-ze'nus), or Canta- 
 cuzene (kanHa-ku-zen'), Joannes. Born at 
 Constantinople after 1300: died 1383 (?). A 
 Byzantine emperor and historian. He was chief 
 minister under Andronicus III. 1328-41, and reigned 
 1347-54. He wiote a history of the period 1320-57. 
 
 Cantagallo (kan-ta-gal'lp). A small town in 
 the state of Bio de Janeiro, Brazil, situated 
 80 miles northeast of Bio de Janeiro. It is the 
 terminus of a railroad. 
 
 Cantal (kon-tal'). A department of France, 
 lying between Puy-de-Dome on the north, 
 Haute-Loire on the east, Loz^re on the south- 
 east, Aveyron on the south, and Correze and 
 Lot on the west. It corresponds nearly to the former 
 Haute- Auvergne. Its surface is mountainous. The princi- 
 pal exports are live-stock, cheese, butter, and coal. Capital, 
 Aurillac. Area, 2,229 square miles. Population, 228,690. 
 
 Cantarlnl (kan-ta-re'ne), Simone, surnamed 
 II Pesarese and da Pesaro. Born at Oro- 
 pezza, near Pesaro, Italy, 1612: died at Verona, 
 Italy, 1648. An Italian painter and etcher, a 
 pupil of Guido Beni. 
 
 Cantemir (kan'te-mer), Antiochus, or Con- 
 stantine Demetrius. Born at Constantinople, 
 Sept. 21, 1709: died April 11, 1744. A Bussian 
 poet, diplomatist, and author, son of Demetrius 
 Cantemir, noted for his satires and translations 
 into Bussian. 
 
 Cantemir, Demetrius. Born Oct. 26, 1673: 
 died Aug. 23, 1723. A Moldavian historian. 
 He was appointed hospodar of Moldavia by the Porte in 
 1710 ; formed a treaty witli Peter theGreat in 1711, accord- 
 ing to which Moldavia was declared independent of the 
 Porte and placed under the protection of Russia ; and was 
 driven from Moldavia, and received in compensation ex- 
 tensive domains in the Ukraine from Peter the Great. He 
 wrote “Growth and Decline of the Ottoman Empire ” (in 
 Latin), which has not been printed in the original, but 
 has been published in several translations. 
 
 Canterac (kan-te-rak'), Jose. Born in France 
 about 1775: died at Madrid, 1835. A general 
 in the Spanish army. He was sent in 1815 (then a 
 brigadier-general) with Morillo to America ; went to Peru 
 (1818), and fought several campaigns witli La Serna in 
 Charcas , led the military cabal which deposed the vice- 
 roy Pezuela at Lima and put La Serna in his place (Jan. 
 29, 1821) ; in 1824 opposed the march of Bolivar { was de- 
 feated in the cavalry engagement of Junin (Aug. 6) : and 
 in the final battle of Ayacucho (Dec. 9, 1824) commanded 
 the reserve. He was shot while trying to suppress a mu- 
 tiny at Madrid. 
 
 Canterbury (kan'ter-ber-i). [ME. Canterbury, 
 Cauntirbyry, etc., AS. Cantwaraburh (dat. Cant- 
 warabyng), the borough of the Keutmen ; 
 gen. pi. of Cantware, Kentmen, and bur it,, bor- 
 ough, city.] A city in Kent, England, situated 
 on the Stour in lat. 51° 16' N., long. 1° 5' E.: 
 the Boman Durovernum and Saxon Cantwara- 
 byrig. Its chief objects of interest are the cathedral, St. 
 Martin s Church, St. Dunstan’s Church, remains of the cas- 
 tle, the monastery of St. Augustine, and many old houses. 
 It is on the site of a British village, and was a Roman 
 military station and a Kentish town. Augustine here in 
 600 became the first archbishop. It was sacked by the 
 Danes in 1011. The cathedral was founded in the 11th cen- 
 tury. The existing choir was built by William of Sens, 
 France, after 1174, and the Perpendicular nave, transepts, 
 and great central tower are of the 15 .h century. In plan 
 the cathedral is long and narrow, with double transepts. 
 The interior is light and impressive. The choir is raise 1 
 several feet, and separated from the nave by a sculptured 
 16 th-century screen. The columns, arcades, vaulting, and 
 chevet are very similar in character to those of the cathe- 
 dral of Sens, which supplied the model. Some of the glass 
 of the deambulatory is of the 13th century. The portion 
 of the choir behind the altar contains several fine altar- 
 tombs of early archbishops, and the tombs of Henry IV. 
 and the Black Prince. At the extreme east end is a beauti- 
 ful circular chapel called the Corona. The crypt is very 
 large, and early Norman in style. The Perpendicular 
 cloisters are ornate and picturesque. The dimensions of 
 the cathedral are 514 by 71 feet ; the height of the nave- 
 vaulting 80, and of the central tower 235. St. Martin’s is 
 called the “Mother Church of E igland.” The original 
 foundation was no doubt pre-Saxon, and there are Roman 
 bricks in the lower parts of the walls. The upper parts of 
 the long, low, quaint, ivy-clad structure are much later. 
 Population, 24,628, (rJU). 
 
 Canterbury. Until 1876, a province in the 
 South Island, New Zealand. 
 
 Canterbury, Viscount. See Sutton. 
 
 Canterbury College. An ancient college of 
 Oxford University. It was founded by Simon Islip, 
 archbishop of Canterbury, in 1361 or 1362. John Wyclif 
 was the second warden. It was disbanded in the reign of 
 Henry VIII., and the last remains of its buildings were 
 demolished in 1775. 
 
 Canterbury Tales, The. A work by Chaucer 
 (c. 1340-1400), consisting of twenty-two tales in 
 verse, with two in prose, told by twenty-three 
 pilgrims out of the twenty-nine who meet at 
 the Tabard Inn in Southwark, on their way to 
 the shrine of Thomas a Beeket, at Canterbury. 
 About fifty manuscripts of the “Canterbury Tales” are 
 
 212 
 
 known to exist. The Chaucer Society (Furnivall) has 
 printed six of the best of them iu parallel columns. These 
 are the Ellesmere, belonging to Lord Ellesmere ; the Hen- 
 gwrt, belonging to Mr. William W. E. Wynne of Peni- 
 arth ; the Petworth, belonging to Lord Leconfield ; and 
 one from each of the Chaucer collections at Oxford, Cam- 
 bridge, and the British Museum. The Harleian manu- 
 script from the British Museum, first edited by Wright 
 for the Percy Society, was afterward reprinted. Two 
 editions were published by Caxton, the first thought to 
 have been printed iu 1475, the second about six years 
 later from a better manuscript. Wynken de Worde pub- 
 lished an edition in 1495 and another in 1498 ; Richard 
 Pynson, one in 1493 and again in 1526. In 1532 William 
 Thynne made an attempt to collect all Chaucer’s works, 
 both prose and verse, iu one volume. It was printed by 
 Godfray, and for two hundred and fifty years was the 
 standard text of the “ Canterbury Tales. ” After this they 
 were included in all the editionsof Chaucer. (SeeChaucer.) 
 Professor Skeat has edited some of the separate poems. 
 The “Canterbury Tales’’ are: The General Prologue, 
 The Knight’s Tale, The Miller’s Tale, The Reeve’s Tale, 
 The Cook’s Tale, The Man of Law’s Tale, The Shipman's 
 Tale, The Prioress’s Tale, Chaucer’s Tale of Sir Thopas, 
 Chaucer’s Tale of Melibeus, The Monk’s Tale, The Nun’s 
 Priest’s Tale, The Doctor’s Tale, The Pardoner’s Tale, 
 The Wife of Bath’s Tale, The Friar’s Tale, The Sum- 
 moner’s Tale, The Clerk's Tale, The Merchant’s Tale, 
 The Squire's Tale, The Franklin’s Tale, The Second Nun’s 
 Tale, The Canon’s Yeoman’s Tale, The Manciple's Tale, 
 and The Parson's Tale. They were modernized by several 
 hands and published by Tonsou in 1741. Much of the 
 work was done by Ogle (who started it), also by Samuel 
 Boyse, Henry Burke, and Jeremiah Markland. The edi- 
 tion was not completed when Ogle died in 1746. It 
 was taken up by Rev. William Lipscomb in 1792. He 
 brought out a version of The Pardoner’s Tale, the rest 
 following. In 1795 the whole edition was published, in- 
 cluding Tonsou’s edition. The General prologue was 
 modernized by Betterton, and posthumously published 
 in 1712. 
 
 Canticles (kan'ti-klz). See Sony of Solomon. 
 
 Cantii (kan'ti-I). [L. Cantii, Gr. K avrcoi.] A 
 Celtic people, a branch of the Belgro, who in- 
 habited the whole southeastern coast region of 
 Britain between the Thames and the Channel, 
 where they are located by Csesar. See Kent. 
 
 Cantillon (kon-te-yoii' ), Pierre Joseph. Born 
 at Wavre, Belgium, 1788 : died at Brussels, July 
 13, 1869. A French soldier, tried and acquitted 
 for an attempt on the life of the Duke of Wel- 
 lington in 1815. 
 
 Cantire. See Kintyre. 
 
 Cantium (kan'ti-um). [From the Cantii.'] In 
 ancient geography, a part of Britain corre- 
 sponding to the modern Kent. 
 
 Canton (kan'ton), John. Bom at Stroud, 
 Gloucestershire, England, July 31, 1718: died 
 March 22, 1772. An English natural philoso- 
 pher, noted for investigations in regard to elec- 
 tricity. 
 
 Canton (kan-ton'), Chinese Yang-Cliing, or 
 Kwang-Chow Fu. A seaport, the capital of 
 the province of Kwang-tung, China, on the 
 Pearl Biver, situated in lat. 23° 6' N., long. 113° 
 17' E. it is one of the principal commercial cities of 
 the country i its leading exports are tea, silk, sugar, etc. 
 It contains a large population in river craft. Its trade 
 with Portugal began as early as 1517. It was sacked by 
 the Tatars about 1050. The English factory was built 
 in 1680. Canton was one of the five treaty ports in 1842. 
 In 1857 it was captured by the Anglo-French lorces and 
 held until 1861. Population, about 900,000. 
 
 Canton (kan'ton). The capital of Stark County, 
 Ohio. It is about 50 miles south-southeast of 
 Cleveland, and has extensive manufactures. 
 Population, 50,217, (1910). 
 
 Canton (kan-ton') River, Chin. CIm-Kiang 
 (‘Pearl Biver’). The name given to the lower 
 part of the river Pih-Kiang, in southern China. 
 About 40 miles below Canton it becomes the 
 estuary Boca Tigris. 
 
 Cantu (kan-to'), Cesare. Born Dec. 5, 1804: 
 died March 11, 1895. An Italian historian, 
 novelist, and poet. His works include “ Margherita 
 Pusterla ’’ (1837 : a historical romance), “ Storia univer- 
 sale ” (1837), “ Storia degli Italiani” (1854), etc. 
 
 Cantwell (kant'wel), Dr. The hypocrite in 
 BickerstafFs “ Hypocrite.” The character is 
 taken with alterations from Cibber’s “Non 
 Juror,” in which he is called “Dr. Wolf.” 
 
 Canusium. See Canosa. 
 
 Canute (ka-nut'), or Cnut, or Knut (knot), 
 surnamed “The Great.” [AS. Cnut, ML. Ca- 
 nutus .] Born about 994: died at Shaftesbury, 
 Nov. 12, 1035. A famous king of England, 
 Denmark, and Norway, younger son of Sweyn, 
 king of Denmark. He was baptized before 1013, re- 
 ceiving the baptismal name of Lambert; invaded England 
 with Sweyn in 1013; succeeded his father (by election of 
 the Danish peers) as king in England, Feb., 1014, his bro- 
 ther Harold ascending the Danish throne ; was defeated 
 by /Ethelred, who was recalled by the English “witan,” 
 and returned to Denmark in the same year ; again invaded 
 England with a large force in 1015 ; besieged London, May, 
 1016; defeated the English under Edmund (who had suc- 
 ceeded /Ethelred) at Assandun ; divided the kingdom with 
 Edmund, at a conference held on the isle of Olney in the 
 Severn, retaining the northern part of the kingdom and 
 leaving Wessex to Edmund; and was chosen sole king, 
 
 Capel, Arthur 
 
 1017, after Edmund's death. He married Emma (.Elfgifu), 
 the widow of /Ethel red ; visited Denmark 1019-20 ; made 
 a pilgrimage to Rome 1026-27 ; and conquered Norway in 
 1028. His early career was marked by great barbarity, but 
 after the conquest of England was completed his reign was 
 that of a statesman and patriot, and he became one of the 
 wisest as well as mightiest rulers of his age. 
 
 Canzo (kan'dzo). A small town in northern Italy, 
 situated 10 miles east-northeast of Como. 
 Caonabo (kii-o-na-bo'). Died 1496. A Carib. 
 cacique of Maguana, Haiti, who in 1493 mas- 
 sacred the Spaniards who had been left by Co- 
 lumbus at Fort Navidad. In 1494 he headed the 
 general league against the whites, which was opposed by 
 Columbus at the battle of the Vega Real (April 25, 1495). 
 He was captured and sent to Spain, but died on the voyage. 
 Caora (ka'6-ra). A river described by old trav- 
 elers (iu Hakluyt), near which lived a people 
 whose heads grew in their breasts below their 
 shoulders. 
 
 Capa y Espada (ka'pa e es-pa'da), Comedias 
 de. [Sp.,‘ Comedies of Cloak and Sword.’] A 
 class of plays written by Calderon and Lope de 
 V ega. They were so called from the national dress of 
 the chief personages, which was that of the better class 
 of society, excluding royal personages and the humbler 
 classes. Their main principles are gallantry and intrigue. 
 
 Capability Brown. A nickname given to Lan- 
 celot Brown, an English landscape-gardener 
 (1715-73). 
 
 Capac (ka'piik), or Ccapac Yupanqui (ka'pak 
 yo-pan'ke). [Quichua ccapac, great, rich.] The 
 fifth, or sixth, war-chief (lists are conflicting) 
 of the Inca line of Peru, who reigned in the 
 second quarter of the 14th century. 
 
 Capdenac (kap-de-nak'). A small town in the 
 department of Lot, France, situated on the 
 Lot near Figeac. It was an important place 
 in the middle ages, and possibly the Boman 
 Uxellodunum. 
 
 Cape, The. The Capo of Good Hope; also, 
 Cape Colony. 
 
 Cape Breton (brit'on or bret'on). An island 
 belonging to Nova Scotia, from which it is 
 separated by Canso Strait, it exports coal, iron, 
 etc. Its chief town is Sydney. It was settled by the 
 French and called He Royale, and contained the fortress 
 of Louisburg. It was ceded to Great Britain in 1763, and 
 united to Nova Scotia in 1820. Length, 110 miles. Area, 
 3,120 square miles. 
 
 Capece-Latro (kfi-pa'che-la'tro), Giuseppe. 
 Born at Naples, Sept. 23, 1744. died Nov. 2, 
 1836. A Neapolitan prelate, archbishop of Ta- 
 rentum, and state minister 1806-15. 
 
 Cape Coast Castle. A British fort and native 
 town of the Gold Coast, West Africa. The fort 
 was taken from the Portuguese by the English in 1664. 
 Population, about 29,000. 
 
 Cape Cod. 1. A sandy peninsula in south- 
 eastern Massachusetts, forming Barnstable 
 Comity. It was discovered by Gosnold in 
 1602. Length about 65 miles. — 2. The termi- 
 nating point of the Cape Cod peninsula, in lat. 
 42° 3' N., long. 70° 15' W. 
 
 Cape Cod Bay. A bay lying between the Cape 
 Cod peninsula on the east and south, and Plym- 
 *outh County, Massachusetts, on the west. 
 Cape Colony: now Cape of Goci Hope. A 
 
 British colony in South Africa. It is bounded by 
 German Southwest Africa, Bechuanaland, Orange Free 
 State, and Basutoland on the north, Natal on the east, 
 and the ocean on the south and west. It is traversed by 
 the Swartebergen, Roggeveldt, Nieuwveldt, Sneeuwber- 
 gen, etc., mountains. Its chief river is the Orange. 
 It exports wool, ostrich feathers, hides, diamonds, etc., 
 and grazing is the leading industry. It contains the 
 provinces North Western, Western, South Western, Mid- 
 land, South Eastern, Eastern, North Eastern, and Griqua- 
 land West (annexed 1880). Its capital is Cape Town, and 
 about 75 per cent, of the inhabitants are native (Kafir, Hot- 
 tentot, Malay) ; the remainder are European, of English, 
 Dutch, and French descent. The leading church is the 
 Dutch Reformed, with Church of England, Wesleyan, etc. 
 English, Cape Dutch, Kafir, Hottentot, and Bushman are 
 spoken. It had a governor appointed by the crown, and a 
 Parliament consisting of a legislative council and legis- 
 lative assembly (abolished by the act of 1909). It was 
 colonized by the Dutch in 1651, and received a French 
 immigration in 1687. The Dutch East India Company 
 abandoned it in 1795, and it was occupied by the British. 
 It was restored to the Dutch in 1802, but regained by 
 the Britisli in 1806. It suffered from various Kafir wars 
 and troubles with the Boers. It received aconstitution in 
 1850, but had no responsible government till 1872. The 
 colony was at war with the Zulus in 1879, and with the 
 Boers of the Transvaal in 1880-81. In 1894 Pondoland was 
 annexed. Area, estimated, 276,995 square miles (including 
 the Transkei, Tembulanil, East Griqualand, etc.). Popu- 
 lation, 2,507,500 ; of Cape Colony proper, 1,489,601. 
 
 Cape Fear, etc. See Fear, Cape, etc. 
 Capefigue (kap-feg'), Jean Baptiste Honor6 
 Raymond. Born at Marseilles, 1802: died 
 at Paris, Dec. 23, 1872. A French historian. 
 His works include “Histoire de Philippe Auguste "(1829), 
 “ Histoire dc la restauration ” (1831-33), etc. 
 
 Cape Haytien. See Cap Haitien. 
 
 Capel (kap'el), Arthur. Born about 1610: 
 executed March 9, 1649. An English Eoyalist, 
 
Oapel, Arthur 
 
 made Lord Capel of I fadham Aug. 6, 1641. 
 He served Charles I. in various offices, military and civil, 
 during the struggle with Parliament and in 1649 was ar- 
 rested and condemned to death. 
 
 Capel, Arthur. Born Jan., 1631: died July, 
 1683. An English statesman, the eldest son 
 of Arthur, Lord Capel, made Viscount Malden 
 and Earl of Essex April 20, 1661. He was ap- 
 pointed ambassador to Denmark 1670 ; became lord 
 lieutenant of Ireland Feb., 1672 (recalled April 28, 1677) ; 
 and was made head of the treasury commission 1679 (re- 
 signed Nov. 19, 1679). He was arrested for complicity in 
 the Rye House Plot and sent to the Tower, where he 
 probably committed suicide. 
 
 Capell (kap'el), Edward. Bom at Throston, 
 Suffolk, England, 1713: died at London, Feb. 
 24, 1781. An English Shaksperian critic. He 
 was appointed deputy inspector of plays in 1737, and was 
 the author of “ Prolusions, or Select Pieces of Ancient 
 Poetry ” (1760), an edition of Shakspere (1768), “Notes and 
 Various Readings of Shakspere ” (first part 1774 : whole 
 1783), “ The School of Shakspere ” (1783), etc. 
 
 Capella (ka-pel'a). [L., ‘the She-goat.’] A 
 star, the fifth in the heavens in order of bright- 
 ness. It is situated in the left shoulder of Auriga, in 
 front of the Great Bear, nearly on a line with the two 
 northernmost of the seven stars forming Charles’s Wain ; 
 and it is easily recognized by the proximity of “ the Kids, ” 
 three stars of the fourth magnitude forming an isosceles 
 triangle. The color of Capella is nearly the same as that 
 of the sun. 
 
 Capella, Martianus Mineus Felix. Lived in 
 the last part of the 5th century (?) A. D. A 
 writer of northern Africa (Carthage). His chief 
 work is an allegorical encyclopedia of the liberal arts 
 (“Satyra de nuptiis Philologies et Mercurii”), in nine 
 books. 
 
 Capello, or Cappello (kap-pel'lo), Bianca. 
 Born at Venice about 1548: died at the castle 
 Poggio di Cajano, Oct. 11, 1587 (?). An Italian 
 adventuress belonging to a noble Venetian 
 family. She eloped with Buonaventuri in 1563 ; mar- 
 ried Francesco, grand duke of Tuscany , in 1578 ; and was 
 recognized as grand duchess in 1579. 
 
 Capello, Hermenegildo Augusto de Brito. 
 
 Born at Lisbon, Portugal, 1839. A naval 
 officer and African explorer. He was sent with 
 Robert Ivens and Major Serpa Pinto, by the Portuguese 
 government in 1877, to explore Angola. They separated 
 from Serpa Pinto, and explored the Kuangu basin from 
 its head waters to the Yaka country. This journey is 
 described in “From Benguella to Yacca” (1881). In 
 1884, again in the service of the government, they crossed 
 the continent from Portuguese West Africa to Portuguese 
 East Africa. Starting from Mossamedes, they succes- 
 sively explored Amboella, the Upper Zambesi valley up 
 to its watershed with the Kongo-Lualaba ; traversed 
 Msidi’s kingdom; joined again the Zambesi at Zumbo, 
 and reached the east coast at Quilimane in May, 1885. 
 Their “ De Angola i. Contra-Costa ” appeared in 1886. 
 Cape May. 1. The southernmost point of New 
 Jersey, situated at the entrance of Delaware 
 Bay, in lat. 38° 56' N., long. 74° 57' W. — 2. 
 A city and watering-place at the southern ex- 
 tremity of New Jersey, in Cape May County. 
 Also called Cape City, and Cape Island City. 
 Population, 2,471, (1910). 
 
 Cape of Storms, Pg. Cabo Tormentoso. The 
 name first given by Dias, in 1486, to the Cape 
 of Good Hope. 
 
 Caper (ka'per). A “high fantastical” charac- 
 ter in Allingham’s comedy “Who Wins, or The 
 Widow’s Choice,” made elaborately nonsensi- 
 cal by Liston. 
 
 Cape River. The Segovia or Wanx River, on 
 the northern boundary of Nicaragua. 
 Capernaum (ka-per'na-um). [Aram., ‘village 
 of Nahum.’] In the time of Christ, an impor- 
 tant place on the western shore of the Sea of 
 Galilee, about an hour distant from where the 
 Jordan falls into the sea. It was the scene of many 
 incidents and acts in the life of Christ, and is.sometimes 
 called ‘ his own city "(Mat. ix. 1). It had a Roman gar- 
 rison (Mat. viii. 5 If ). It is identified by most archaeolo- 
 gists with the modern ruins of Tel Hum, by some with 
 Khan Minyeh. 
 
 Capet (ka'pet ; F. pron. ka-pa'). A surname of 
 the kings of France, commencing with Hugh 
 Capet, 987. 
 
 Capet, Hugh. See Hugh Capet. 
 
 Capetians (ka-pe'shianz). [F. Capttiens. ] A 
 royal family reigning over France as the 3d 
 dynasty, 987—1328. Collateral branches were the 
 ducal house of Burgundy, an 1 the houses of Anjou, Bour- 
 bon, and Valois. 
 
 Cape Town (kap toun). The capital of the 
 Cape of Good nope and the seat of the legisla- 
 ture of the Union of South Africa, situated on 
 Table Bay at the foot of Table Mountain, it 
 was founded by the Dutch in 1651. Population, 77,668. 
 
 Cape Verd, or Verde (kap vferd). [‘Green 
 cape.’] The westernmost point of Africa, in 
 Senegambia, in lat. 14° 43' N., long. 17° 30' W. 
 Cape Verd, or Verde, Islands. [Pg. Ilhas do 
 Cabo Verde.] A group of islands lying in the 
 Atlantic, west of Cape Verd, belonging to Por- 
 
 213 
 
 tugal. The chief islands are Santiago, Fogo, Sao Antao, 
 Brava, and Sao Nicolao. They are mountainous and vol- 
 canic. The capital of the islands is Porto Praya. They 
 were discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in the 
 middle of the 15th century. Area, 1,480 square miles. 
 Population, mostly negroes, about 150,000. 
 
 Capgrave (kap'grav), John. Bom at Lynn, 
 Norfolk, England, April 21, 1393: died at 
 Lynn, Aug. 12, 1464. An English historian, 
 provincial of the Augustinian order in Eng- 
 land. He wrote a “Chronicle of England,” from the 
 creation to A. I>. 1417, “Liber de Illustribus Henricis” 
 (‘Book of the Illustrious Henrys ’). “A Guide to the 
 Antiquities of Rome," and other historical and theologi- 
 cal works in Latin. The chronicle and the lives of the 
 Henrys were published in the Rolls Series (ed. F. C. 
 Hingeston, 1858). 
 
 Caph (kaf). [Ar., ‘the hand.’] The bright 
 third-magnitude, slightly variable and spectro- 
 scopically interesting star fi Cassiopeite. The 
 Arabic name refers, however, to a different form of the con- 
 stellation from that represented on our modern star-maps, 
 which show the star as on the framework of the lady’s 
 chair. 
 
 Cap Haitien (kap a-e-te-an'), or Cape Hay- 
 
 tien (kap ha'ti-en). A seaport in northern 
 Haiti, in lat. 19° 46' N., long. 72° 11' W. it 
 
 was bombarded by the British in 1865. Population, esti- 
 mated, 30,000. f ormerly called Guarico , Cap Frangais, 
 Le Cap , etc. 
 
 Oaphis (ka'fis). A servant of Timon’s credi- 
 tors, in Shakspere’s “ Timon of Athens.” 
 
 Caphtor (kaf-tor'). The name of a country in 
 the Old Testament, mentioned as the starting- 
 point in the migrations of the Philistines, 
 whence they are also called Caphtorim (Deut. 
 ii. 23, Jer. xlvii. 4, Amos ix. 7) : formerly identi- 
 fied with Cappadocia or Cyprus, but considered 
 by most modern scholars as identical with Crete. 
 This view is favored by many passages in which the Philis- 
 tines are called Cretans (Cherethites)(Ezek. xxv. 16, Zeph. 
 ii. 5, 1 Sam. xxx. 14), and it is supported by ancient writers 
 who connected the Philistines with the island of Crete. 
 In Gen. x. 14 the Caphtorim are enumerated among the 
 descendants of Egypt (Mizraim), and it is therefore as- 
 sumed that a portion of the Philistines emigrated from 
 Crete by way of Egypt to Palestine. 
 
 Capistrano (ka-pes-tra'no), or Capistran (ka- 
 pis-tran'), Giovanni di (L. Johannes Capis- 
 tranus), Saint. Born at Capistrano, in the 
 Abruzzi, Italy, June 24, 1386 : died at Illock, in 
 Slavonia, Oct. 23, 1456. An Italian monk of 
 the order of St. Francis. He distinguished himself 
 by his preachings against the Hussite heresy in Bohemia 
 and Moravia, and in 1456 led an army of crusaders to the 
 relief of Belgrad which was besieged by Mohammed II. 
 Author of “speculum conscientiae.” 
 
 Capitaine Fracasse (ka-pe-tan' fra-kas'), Le. 
 A novel by Thdophile Gautier. The title of the 
 book is the stage name adopted by De Sigognac, the hero, 
 on joining a company of strolling players. 
 
 Capitan (Sp. pron. ka-pe-tan'; F. pron. ka-pe- 
 ton'). [Sp., ‘captain.’] A character of ridic- 
 ulous bravado, introduced conventionally in 
 early Italian comedy, probably originating in the 
 “Miles Gloriosus” of Plautus, and introduced 
 in French comedy prior to Molifere. He came 
 upon the stage only to bluster, and talked of murder and 
 bloodshed, but submitted with great meekness to punish- 
 ment. When Charles V. entered Italy a Spanish capitan 
 was introduced who dealt in Spanish bravado and kicked 
 out the Italian capitan ; when the Spanish influence 
 ceased in Italy, the capitan was turned into Scaramouch, 
 who was still a coward ( I . D' Israeli)-, hence the name 
 was given to a person who behaved in this manner. 
 
 Capitanasses. See Onondaga. 
 
 Capitanata. See Foggia. 
 
 Capito (ka'pe-to) (originally Kopfel), Wolf- 
 gang Fabricius. Born at Hagenau, Alsace, 
 1478 : died at Strasburg, Nov., 1541. A German 
 divine, a coadjutor of Luther. He became preacher 
 in 1515 at Bisel, and removed in 151i) to Mainz, where 
 he became chancellor to Albert, elector and archbishop 
 of Mayence. In 1523 he went to Strasburg, where he be- 
 c ime the local leader of the Reformation. lie was the 
 chief author of the “Confessio Tetrapolitana,” and de- 
 voted himself to the conciliation of the Lutherans and the 
 Swiss reformers. 
 
 Capitol, The. [L. capitolium, from caput, 
 head.] 1. In ancient Roman history, that 
 part of the Capitolino Hill which was occu- 
 pied by the Temple of Jupiter Optimus. See 
 Borne. — 2. As generally apprehended, the 
 Piazza del Campidoglio on the Capitolino 
 Hill, Rome, with the palaces which face it on 
 three sides. The piazza is approached on the north- 
 west by a wide, monumental flight of steps from the Piazza 
 Araceli in front, opposite the Palace of the Senator, and 
 flanked by the Palazzo dei Conservatori and the Capito- 
 line Museum. This area, occupying the depression be- 
 tween the citadel and the site of the Capitolino temple, is 
 the historic center of Rome. Hero Romulus, according 
 to tradition, founded his asylum, and the earliest public 
 assemblies met. In the 11th century, upon the revival 
 of old memories, it again became the municipal center, 
 as the residence of the prefect and the seat of popular 
 meetings; and here, in the old Palace of the Senator, Pe- 
 trarch was crowned in 1341, and in 1347 Rienzi was estab- 
 lished as tribune of the people. The present Palace of 
 
 Capperonnier 
 
 the Senator was founded at the end of the 14th century 
 by Boniface IX. The existing facade, with its Corinthian 
 pilasters and double flight of steps, as well aB those of 
 the flanking palaces, is based on designs by Michelan- 
 gelo. In the center of the Piazza del Campidoglio stands 
 the noted ancient bronze equestrian statue of Marcus Au- 
 relius, which originally stood in the Forum Romanum, 
 then near the Lateran, and has occupied its present posi- 
 tion since 1538. 
 
 3. The seat of the National Congress, at Wash- 
 ington, D. C., founded in 1793, and completed 
 according to the original designs in 1830, but 
 since enlarged to over double its original area. 
 It consists of a central cruciform building crowned by a 
 great dome, and connected at each end by galleries with 
 a large rectangular wing, one of which contains the Sen- 
 ate-chamber, and the other the Hall of Representatives. 
 The style is Renaissance, based on English models, the 
 dome being inspired by that of St. Paul’s. The elevation 
 exhibits a single main story, with an attic, over a high 
 rusticated basement. The great feature of the exterior 
 is the porticos of the central building and of the two 
 wings, with their fine flights of steps. These porticos 
 comprise 148 Corinthian columns 30 feet high exclusive 
 of their high square pedestals. The dome is 287, feet 
 high to the top of the statue above the lantern, and 94 
 in interior diameter; it is very impressive in effect, 
 though unfortunately built of cast-iron in imitation of 
 stone. It rises from a circular drum, and is encircled by 
 a fine Corinthian colonnade supporting a gallery. Be- 
 neath the dome is a monumental hall called the Rotunda, 
 adorned with works of art relating to American history. 
 The total length of the Capitol, north and south, is 751 
 feet. 
 
 Capitoline Hill, The. One of the seven hills 
 of -ancient Rome, northwest of the Palatine, on 
 the left bank of the Tiber, it constituted the 
 citadel of the city after the construction of the Servian 
 wall. Its southwestern summit was the famed T-irpeian 
 Rock ; on its northeastern summit rose the temple of 
 Jupiter Capitolinus. The modern Capitol stands between 
 the two summits. From the Capitoline the Forum Ro- 
 manum extends its long, narrow area toward the south- 
 east, skirting the northern foot of the Palatine. 
 
 Capitoline Museum. One of the chief muse- 
 ums of antiquities of Rome, it was founded in 
 1471 by Sixtus IV., who presented the papal collections 
 to the Roman people, and designated the Capitol aa the 
 place where the art- treasures of Rome should be preserved. 
 The museum was greatly enriched by Clement XII. and 
 Benedict XIV. The collections now occupy the palace 
 on the left-hand side of the Piazza del Campidoglio, which 
 was built in the 17th century from modified designs of 
 Michelangelo. Among the most noted of the antiquities 
 of the Capitoline Museum are the colossal statue of Mars 
 in armor, the Dying Gaul, the Satyr of Praxiteles, the Cen- 
 taurs by Aristeas and Papias, and the Capitoline Venus 
 (after Praxiteles). 
 
 Capitolinus (kap'T-to-li'nus), Julius. Lived 
 perhaps about 300 a. d. A Roman historian, 
 one of the writers of the Augustan History 
 (which see). 
 
 Capmany (kap-ma'ne), Montpalau y Antonio 
 
 de. Born at Barcelona, Spain, Nov. 24, 1742 : 
 died at Cadiz, Spain, Nov. 14, 1813. A Spanish 
 antiquarian, historian, philologist, and critic. 
 
 Capodistria (kii-po-des'tre-a). A town in Kiis- 
 tenland, Austria-Hungary, situated on an island 
 8 miles south of Triest. It has a cathedral and 
 salt-works. Pep., commune, 11,762, (1910). 
 Capo d’Istria(ka'po des'tre-a),orCapodistrias 
 (ka-po-des'tre-as), Augustin. Born 1778: died 
 in Corfu, May, 1857. A brother of Giovanni 
 Capo d’Istria, provisional president of Greece 
 1831-32. 
 
 Capo d’Istria, or Capodistrias, Count Gio- 
 vanni Anton. Born at Corfu, Feb. 11, 1776: 
 killed at Nauplia, Greece, Oct. 9, 1831. Presi- 
 dent of Greece. He entered the Russian service in 
 1803, represented Russia in the Congress of Vienna from 
 1814 to 1815, and was Russian secretary of foreign affairs 
 from 1816 to 1822. Dismissed from the Russian service, 
 he devoted himself to the cause of Greek independence ; 
 was elected president of Greece through the influence of 
 the Russian party in 1827 ; and served from 1828 to 1831, 
 when he was assassinated by the brothers Constantine and 
 George Mavromichalis. 
 
 Cappadocia (kap-a-do'shia). [Gr. KaTnradoida.] 
 In ancient geography, a country in the eastern 
 part of Asia Minor, lying west of the Euphra- 
 tes, north of Cilicia, and east of Lycaonia; in 
 a wider sense, the territory in Asia Minor be- 
 tween the lower Halys and Euphrates, and 
 the Taurus and the Euxine : an elevated table- 
 land intersected by mountain-chains. It con- 
 stituted under the Persians two satrapies, afterward two 
 independent monarchies : Cappadocia on the Pontus, later 
 called Pontus ; and Cappadocia near the Taurus, called 
 Great Cappadocki, the later Cappadocia in a narrower 
 sense. In 17 A. D. Cappadocia became a Roman province. 
 It had then only four cities : Mazaca, near Mount Argteus, 
 the residence of the Cappadocian kings, later called Eu- 
 sebia, and by the Romans Caesarea, the episcopal see of 
 St. Basil (modern Kaisariyeh) ; Tyana ; Garsaura, the later 
 Archelais; and Ariaratlieia. Of its other cities may ho 
 mentioned Samosata, Myssa, and Nazianzus, the birth- 
 places or seats of celebrated ecclesiastics. 
 
 Cappel (kiip'pel). A village in Switzerland. 
 See Kappcl. 
 
 Capperonnier (kiip-ron-ya'), Claude. Born at 
 Moutdidior, France, May 1, 1671: diod at Paris, 
 
Capperonnier 
 
 July 24, 1744. A French classical scholar. He 
 wrote “Traits de l'ancienne prononciation de la langue 
 grecque" (1703), etc.; and edited Quintilian (1725). 
 Capponi (kap-po'ne), Gino, Marchese. Born at 
 Florence, Sept. 14, 1792: died at Florence, Feb. 
 3, 1876. A noted Florentine historian, states- 
 man, and scholar, prime minister of Tuscany 
 1848. He wrote “ Storia della repubblica di 
 Firenze” (1875), etc. 
 
 Capraja (ka-pra'ya). An island in the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea, belonging to the province of Ge- 
 noa, Italy, situated northeast of Corsica, inlat. 
 43° 2' N., long. 9° 50' E. It was anciently called 
 Capraria. 
 
 Caprara, Giovanni Battista. Born at Bolo- 
 gna, Italy, May 29, 1733 : died at Paris, June 21, 
 1810. An Italian cardinal and diplomatist, 
 bishop of Milan. He negotiated the concordat 
 at Paris in 1801. 
 
 Caprarola (ka-pra-ro'la). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Rome, Italy, situated 31 miles north of 
 Rome. It contains the Farnese palace. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 5,538. 
 
 Caprera (ka-pra'ra), or Cabrera (ka-bra'ra). 
 An island north of Sardinia, belonging to the 
 province of Sassari, Italy, situated in lat. 41° 
 14' N., long. 9° 28' E. It was the usual resi- 
 dence of Garibaldi in 1854-82. 
 
 Capri (ka'pre). A small island of Italy, oil the 
 coast of Campania, 19 miles south of Naples: 
 the ancient Capr<B. It is a favorite resort for tour- 
 ists and artists on account of its picturesque and bold 
 scenery. Among the points of interest are the towns of 
 Capri and Anacapri, the Blue Grotto, and the Villa di 
 Tiberio. It was the favorite residence of Augustus, and is 
 especially famous as the abode of Tiberius in the last half 
 of his reign and the scene of his licentious orgies. High- 
 est point, Monte Solaro (1,920 feet). Population, 6,224. 
 
 Capricornus (kap-ri-kor'nus). [L., ‘goat- 
 horned.’] An ancient zodiacal constellation 
 between Sagittarius and Aquarius ; also, one of 
 the twelve signs of the zodiac, the winter sol- 
 stice. It is represented on ancient monuments by the 
 figure of a goat, or a figure having the fore part like a 
 goat aud the hind part like a fish. Its symbol is 
 
 Caprivi (ka-pre've) de Caprara de Montecuc- 
 coli, Georg Leo von. Born at Charlottenburg, 
 Feb. 24, 1831 : died Feb. 6, 1899. A noted German 
 statesman, chancellor of the empire 1890-94. He 
 was educated at the Werdersche Gymnasium at Berlin, and 
 April 1, 1849, entered the Kaiser-Franz-Grenadier regi- 
 ment, becoming second lieutenant Sept. 19, 1860. He en- 
 tered the military academy and became first lieutenant in 
 1859, and in 1861 captain in the general staff. He rose 
 rapidly in rank, and in 1883 was made chief of the ad- 
 miralty, and accomplished important results in the reor- 
 ganization of the German navy. For his efficiency in this 
 service he was promoted by Emperor William II. (July 10, 
 1888) to be commanding general of the 10th army corps in 
 Hannover, and later was made general of infantry. On 
 the fall of Bismarck (March 20, 1890), Caprivi succeeded 
 him as imperial chancellor, president of the Prussian min- 
 istry, and imperial minister of foreign affairs. He secured 
 Heligoland from England in exchange for German claims 
 in Zanzibar and Witu July, 1890, strengthened the colonial 
 policy, renewed the Triple Alliance June, 1891, and con- 
 cluded important commercial treaties. He was made a 
 count Dec. 18. 1891. He resigned the presidency of the 
 Prussian ministry in March, 1892, and retired from the 
 imperial chancellorship and the ministry of foreign af- 
 fairs Oct. 26, 1894. 
 
 Captain. 1 . An English line-of-battle ship of 72 
 guns. She served in the Mediterranean squadron of Lord 
 Hood before Corsica in 1794-95 ; was flag-ship of Commo- 
 dore Nelson in 1796; served in the battle off Cape St. Vin- 
 cent, Feb. 14, 1797; and was burned March 22, 1813. 
 
 2. One of the earliest English armored turret- 
 ships, launched March 29, 1869. she had an all- 
 round water-line belt 10 and 7 inches thick, low free- 
 board, and two turrets on the upper deck 120 feet apart. 
 Tonnage, 4,272. She foundered off Cape Finisterre with 
 500 men, Sept. 6, 1870. 
 
 Captain, The. 1. A play by Fletcher and an- 
 other, produced about 16i3, printed in the folio 
 of 1647. Fleay suggests Jonson; Bullen thinks 
 there are traces of Middleton’s hand. — 2. A 
 bragging, coarse ruffian in Middleton’s play 
 “ The Phoenix.” 
 
 Captain, The Copper. See Peres , Michael. 
 Captain Jack. See Jack. 
 
 Captain Right. See Right. 
 
 Captain Rock. See Rock. 
 
 Capua (kap'u-a). An ancient city of Campa- 
 nia, Italy, 17 miles north of Naples, famous for 
 its wealth and luxury, it was founded by the Etrus- 
 cans, was taken by the Samnites in 423 B. c., and came un- 
 der Roman rule about 340 B. 0. It opened its gates to 
 Hannibal in 210 B. C. (whose army wintered there 216-215). 
 In 211 B. 0. it was retaken by the Romans, and severely 
 punished. It afterward flourished until sacked by Gen- 
 seric in 456 A. n. It was destroyed by the Saracens in 
 840, and itB inhabitants colonized modern Capua. Its site 
 is occupied by the village of Santa Maria di Capua Vetere. 
 It contains the ruins of a triumphal arch and of a Roman 
 amphitheater which dates from the early empire. In 
 the early middle ages it was fortified as a citadel, and 
 has suffered from sieges. It was an imposing monument, 
 
 214 
 
 much resembling the Roman Colosseum, and nearly as 
 large. The axes of the outer eUipse are 557 and 458 feet ; 
 of the arena, 250 and 150 feet. 
 
 Capua (ka'po-a). A town in Italy, on the Vol- 
 turno, situated 2 miles north of ancient Capua, 
 on the site of the ancient Casilinum. it was 
 colonized from ancient Capua in the 9th century. It has 
 a cathedral, and a museum with antiquities. Caesar Borgia 
 attacked it in 1501. Near it is the battle-field of the Vol- 
 turno, 1860. It was taken by the Piedmontese, Nov., 
 1860. Population, 12,389 ; commune, 14,285. 
 
 Capuchins (kap'u-chinz). A mendicant order 
 of Franciscan monks, founded in Italy in 1528 
 by Matteo di Bassi, and named from the long 
 pointed capouch or cowl which is the distin- 
 guishing mark of their dress. According to the 
 statutes of the order, drawn up in 1529, the monk3 were 
 to live by begging ; they were not to use gold or silver or 
 silk in the decoration of their altars, and the chalices were 
 to be of pewter. The Capuchins are most numerous in 
 Austria. In the United States they have convents in the 
 dioceses of Green Bay, Milwaukee, Leavenworth, and New 
 York. See Franciscans. 
 
 Capuchin (kap'u-chin), The. A play by Foote, 
 produced in 1776. It was an alteration of the notori- 
 ous “Trip to Calais,” which was stopped by the public 
 censor. 
 
 Capucius(ka-pu'shius). In Shakspere’s “Henry 
 VIII.,” an ambassador from Charles V. 
 Capulet (kap'u-let). In Shakspere’s “Romeo 
 and Juliet,” a coarse, jovial old man with a 
 passionate temper, the father of Juliet. The 
 expression “the tomb of the Capulets ” is not in Shak- 
 spere ; it occurs in Burke's letter to Matthew Smith — 
 and as “the family vault” “of all the Capulets” in his 
 “Reflections on the Revolution in France,” III. 349. 
 
 Capuletti ed i Montecchi (ka-po-let'te ed e 
 mon-tek'ke), I. [It., 1 The Capulets and Monta- 
 gues.’] An opera by Bellini, first produced in 
 Venice in 1830: a musical version of “Romeo 
 and Juliet.” 
 
 Caquetios (ka-ka-te'os), or Caquesios. An In- 
 dian tribe which, at the beginning of the 16th 
 century, occupied the coast of Venezuela from 
 La Guayra to Lake Maracaybo, together with 
 the neighboring islands. They received the first 
 Spanish explorers as friends, but were soon enslaved and 
 carried away, and by 1545 none was left on the coasts. 
 There were other Indians of the same name and probably 
 of the same race in the highlands south of Coro, and on 
 the llanos to the rivers Sarard and Apure. 
 
 Carabas (kar'a-bas), Marquis of. The master 
 for whom “ Puss in Boots” performs such 
 prodigies in Perrault’s tale “Le Chat Bottd” 
 (“ Puss in Boots”). The name is used proverbially 
 for a pretentious aristocrat who refuses to march with his 
 age. The Marquis of Carabas in Disraeli’s “Vivian Grey" 
 is intended for the Marquis of Clanricarde. 
 
 Carabaya. See Caravaya. 
 
 Carabobo (ka-ra-bo'bo). A state in Venezuela, 
 bordering on the Caribbean Sea. Its capital is 
 Valencia. Area, 2,984 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 210,665. 
 
 Carabobo. A plain south of Valencia, Vene- 
 zuela, in the same valley. Here, on May 28, 1814, 
 Bolivar with 6,000 men defeated the Spanish captain-gen- 
 eral Cajigal with 6,000 men. On June 24, 1821, Bolivar 
 won a second victory on the same plain over the Spanish 
 army of La Torre. This was the last Spanish force of con- 
 sequence in Venezuela, and the victory secured the inde- 
 pendence of northwestern South America. 
 
 Caracalla (kar-a-kal'a), or Caracallus (kar-a- 
 kal'us) (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, origi- 
 nally Bassianus). [ Caracalla , a nickname 
 
 given him on account of the long Gaulish 
 hooded coat or tunic which he introduced.] 
 Born at Lyons, April 4 or 6, 188 a. d. : died near 
 Edessa, Mesopotamia, April 8, 217 a. d. Em- 
 peror of Rome, son of Septimius Severus. 
 Having become joint emperor of Rome with his brother 
 Geta in 211, he murdered the latter with many of his 
 friends, including the jurist Papinian, and made himself 
 sole emperor in 212. He extended by the Constitutio An- 
 toniana the full citizenship to all free inhabitants of the 
 empire, in order to increase the produce of the succession 
 duty of five per cent, which Augustus had imposed on 
 the property of citizens. He was murdered on a plunder- 
 ing expedition against the Parthians. 
 
 It had hitherto been the peculiar felicity of the Ro- 
 mans, and in the worst of times the consolation, that the 
 virtue of the emperors was active, and their vice indo- 
 lent. Augustus, Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus visited 
 their extensive dominions in person, and their progress 
 was marked by acts of wisdom and beneficence. The 
 tyranny of Tiberius, Nero, and Doinitian, who resided 
 almost constantly at Rome, or in the adjacent villas, was 
 confined to the senatorial and equestrian orders. But 
 Caracalla was the common enemy of mankind. He left 
 the capital (and he never returned to it) about a year after 
 the murder of Geta. The rest of his reign was spent 
 in the several provinces of the empire, particularly those 
 of the east, and every province was by turns the scene of 
 his rapine and cruelty. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, I. 160. 
 
 Caracalla, Baths of. See Baths of Caracalla. 
 Caracaras (ka-ra-ka-ras' ) . [Guarany, 1 hawks.’] 
 A horde of South American Indians, of the 
 Tupi-Guarany race, who, in the 16th century, 
 lived on the western side of the river Parand, 
 
 Caravaggio 
 
 about lat. 32° S. Later they retreated northward 
 into the Chaco region, and became extinct, or were amal- 
 gamated with other tribes. 
 
 Caracas (ka-ra'kas). An Indian tribe of Vene- 
 zuela, which formerly occupied the valleys 
 about the present city of Caracas. They had 
 large villages, and appear' to have been agriculturists, 
 with some skill in weaving hammocks, making gold orna- 
 ments, etc They kept up a long and brave resistance 
 to the whites. As a tribe they were probably destroyed 
 before the end of the 16th century. 
 
 Caracas (ka-ra'kas). The capital of Venezuela 
 and of the federal district, situated in lat. 10° 
 32' N., long. 67° 4' W., near the coast. It is an 
 
 important commercial center, and contains a cathedral 
 and university. It was founded in 1567, and destroyed by 
 an earthquake in 1812. Its seaport is La Guayra. Popu- 
 lation, about 90,000. 
 
 Caracas, Province of. A colonial province 
 which embraced approximately the present 
 states of Miranda, Zamora, V enezuela, and Cara- 
 bobo. The captain-generalcy of Venezuela, formed in 
 1751, was commonly called Caracas, from the capital, just 
 as New Spain was called Mexico. 
 
 Caracci. See Carracci. 
 
 Caraccioli (ka-ra'cho-le), Francesco. Born at 
 Naples about 1748 (1732 ?) : hanged near Na- 
 ples, 1799. A Neapolitan admiral, commander 
 of the navy of the Parthenopean Republic, 
 1799, condemned to death by order of the junta. 
 Caraetacus (ka-rak'ta-kus), or Caradoc (kar'- 
 a-dok). Flourished about 50 A. D. A British 
 king, son of Cunobelin, king of the Trinobantes. 
 His capital was Camulodunum (Colchester). He was chief 
 of the Catuvellauni (which see), and resisted the Romans 
 (under Aulus Plautius, Ostorius Scapula, and, for a short 
 time, the emperor Claudius) for about nine years. Finally 
 defeated, he took refuge among the Brigant.es, but was 
 delivered by Cartismandua, their queen, to the Romans, 
 and was sent to Rome. Claudius granted him his life and 
 his family. 
 
 Caraetacus. 1. A tragedy by J. R. Planch^, 
 an alteration of Fletcher’s “Bonduca.” It was 
 produced in 1837. — 2. A tragedy by William 
 Mason, published in 1759. 
 
 Caracteres de Theophraste, Les. See La 
 
 Bruyere. 
 
 Caraculiambo (ka-ra-ko-le-am'bo). A mythical 
 giant whom Don Quixote proposes to conquer. 
 Caradoc (kar'a-dok). See Caraetacus. 
 Caradoc, or Cradock. A knight of the Round 
 Table, in the Arthurian cycle of romance. He 
 had the only chaste wife in the court. The story of the 
 magic mantle which she alone could wear is told in “ The 
 Boy and the Mantle ” (which see). 
 
 Carafa (ka-ra'fa), Michele. Born at Naples, 
 Nov. 28, 1785: died at Paris, July 26, 1872. An 
 Italian composer of operas, author of “Le Soli- 
 taire” (1822), “Masaniello” (1827), etc. 
 Carajas (ka-ra-zhas'). A tribe of Indians 
 dwelling in the vicinity of the river Araguaya, 
 in the states of Goyaz and Matto Grosso, Brazil. 
 They number at least several thousand, are uncivilized, 
 but friendly to the whites. They speak a language very 
 different from the dialects of the surrounding tribes. The 
 CarajAs live in villages, and are agriculturists and fisher- 
 men. The Carajais, Javahais, and Chimbioas are branch 
 tribes in the same region. 
 
 Caraman. See Karaman. 
 
 Caramania. See Karamania. 
 
 Caramuru. See Alvares, Diogo. 
 
 Caramuru (ka-ra-mo-ro'). The nickname given 
 to a political party in Brazil which, after the 
 abdication of the emperor Pedro I. in 1831, 
 sought to secure his restoration. The name, if 
 not virtually adopted by the party, became their common 
 designation, and is used by historians. After the death 
 of the ex-emperor most of the members of the Caramuru 
 party joined the conservatives. 
 
 Caratbis (kar'a-this). The mother of Vathek, 
 in Beckford’s “Vathek,” an adept in judicial 
 astrology. 
 
 Carausius (ka-ra'si-us), Marcus Aurelius Va- 
 lerius. Died 293~ a. d. A Roman insurgent. 
 He was a Meuapian or Belgo-German by birth, and in his 
 youth is said to have been a pilot. In 286 he distinguished 
 himself in the campaign of the Augustus Maximian against 
 the revolted Bagaudse in Gaul, and was about this period 
 intrusted with the enterprise of suppressing the Frankish 
 and Saxon pirates who ravaged the coasts of Britain and 
 Gaul. Suspected of acting in collusion with the pirates, 
 orders were issued for his execution, whereupon he made 
 himself master of Britain and part of Gaul in 287, and as- 
 sumed the title of Augustus. He was recognized as a 
 colleague in the government of the empire by the Au- 
 gusti Maximian and Diocletian in 290. On the appoint- 
 ment of Galerius and Constantius Chlorus as Csesars in 
 292, the latter undertook a campaign against Carausius, 
 who was assassinated in the following year by his chief 
 minister, Allectus. 
 
 Caravaca (ka-ra-va'ka). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Murcia, Spain, situated on the river 
 Caravaca in lat. 38° 4' N., long. 1° 53' W. 
 Population, 15,846. 
 
 Caravaggio (ka-ra-vad'jo). A town in the 
 province of Bergamo, Italy, situated 22 miles 
 east of Milan. Population, commune, 8,786. 
 
Caravaggio, da 
 
 Caravaggio, da. See Caldara, Polidoro. 
 Caravaggio, da (Michelangelo Amerighi or 
 Merighi). Born at Caravaggio, near Milan, 
 1569 : died near Porto Ereole, Italy, 1609. An 
 Italian painter belonging to the naturalistic 
 school. His most noted work is the “ Entombment of 
 Christ ” (in the V atican). After painting many important 
 pictures in Rome, he fled to Naples to escape justice for 
 the homicide of a companion. 
 
 Caravaya (ka-ra-va'ya), or Carabaya (ka-ra- 
 ba'ya). [A corruption of Collahuaya, the Qui- 
 chua name.] A province of eastern Peru, in 
 the department of Puno. Gold was discovered 
 there about 1543, and for a century the mines of this re- 
 gion were famous. Its towns, especially Sandia, San Ga- 
 ban, and San Juan del Oro, were important. In 1767 they 
 were all destroyed by the Chuncho Indians, not a Spaniard 
 being left east of the Andes. The region is now almost 
 unknown, being frequented only by cinchona-collectors. 
 Area, 12,000 square miles. 
 
 Caravellas (ka-ra-va'las). A seaport in the 
 state of Bahia, Brazil, in lat. 17° 43' S., long. 
 39° 14' W. Population, 6,227. 
 
 Carbajal (ka-Ba-Hal'), or Carvajal (kar-va- 
 Hal'), Francisco. Born in Aravalo, 1464: died 
 near Cuzco, Peru, April 10, 1548. A Spanish 
 soldier in South America, in 1528 he went to 
 Mexico, and in 1536 Cortes sent him with others to aid 
 Pizarro in Peru. As field-marshal under Vaca de Castro, 
 he directed the battle of Chupas, where the younger Al- 
 magro was overthrown. He took an active part in the 
 struggle of Gonzalo Pizarro against Gasca, was captured 
 at the battle of Sacsahuana April 9, 1548, and condemned 
 to death. 
 
 Carberry Hill (kar'ber-i hil). A place near 
 Musselburgh, Mid-Lothian, Scotland. Here, in 
 June, 1567, Lord Home dispersed BothweU’s forces, and 
 took prisoner Mary Queen of Scots. 
 
 Carbonari (kar-bo-na'ri). [It., pi. of carbonaro, 
 from L. carbonarius, a charcoal-burner, a col- 
 lier.] A secret society formed in the kingdom 
 of Naples during the reign of Murat (1808-15) 
 by republicans and others dissatisfied with the 
 French rule. They were originally refugees among the 
 mountains of the Abruzzi provinces, and took their name 
 from the mountain charcoal-burners. Their aim was to 
 free their country from foreign domination. After having 
 aided the Austrians in the expulsion of the French, the 
 organization spread over all Italy as the champions of the 
 National Liberal cause against the reactionary govern- 
 ments. At one time the Carbonari numbered several hun- 
 dred thousand adherents. They were concerned in the 
 various revolutions of the times until crushed out by the 
 Austrian power in Italy. About 1820 they spread into 
 France, and played an important part in French politics 
 until the revolution of 1830. 
 
 Carbondale (kar'bon-dal). A city in Lacka- 
 wanna County, northeastern Pennsylvania, sit- 
 uated 15 miles northeast of Scranton. It is 
 the center of rich coal-fields. Population, 
 17,040, (1910). 
 
 Carcajente, or Carcagente (kar-ka-Hen'te). 
 A town in the province of Valencia, Spain, 
 situated on the river Jucar 25 miles south- 
 southwest of Valencia. It has linen, woolen, 
 and silk manufactures. Population, 12,- 
 262. 
 
 Carcassonne (kar-ka-son'). The capital of the 
 department of Aude, France, situated on the 
 Aude in lat. 43° 13' N., long. 2° 20' E. : the 
 ancient Carcaso. It consists of two parts, the Upper 
 Town (la cite) and the Lower Town. The Upper Town, 
 now practically abandoned for the more convenient site 
 below, is in its entirety one of the most remarkable monu- 
 ments of the middle ages existing. In plan it is square, 
 about a mile in circuit, inclosed by two lines of walls with 
 fifty-four towers, all of admirable masonry, and retaining 
 in their approaches, their gates, battlements, etc., all the 
 defensive devices evolved by medieval military engineers. 
 Part of the inner walls and towers dates from the Visi- 
 gothic rule in the 5th century; the greater portion is of 
 the 12th century, and the remainder of the reign of St. 
 Louis. On one side rises a powerful castle or citadel. 
 The battlemented Church of St. Nazaire has a Romanesque 
 nave, and a very light and beautiful Pointed choir, with 
 splendid glass. This unique fortress was thoroughly re- 
 stored by Napoleon III. It was a Roman town, and was 
 ruled later by the West Goths. It was an Albigensian 
 stronghold, and was sacked by the Black Prince in 1355. 
 Population, commune, 30,976. 
 
 Car-cay. The most northeasterly ramification 
 of the Sierra Madre, lying due west from Cor- 
 ralitos in Chihuahua. It is a rugged and wild 
 chain, difficult of access. 
 
 Carchemish (kar'kem-ish). The ancient capi- 
 tal of the Hittites. It was formerly identified with 
 Circessium of the Greeks and Romans, a fortified place 
 near where the Chaboras empties into the Euphrates. 
 Later excavations brought out its identity with the 
 Gargamis of the Assyrian inscriptions (Egyptian Guarga- 
 meiha), situated on the right bank of the Euphrates north- 
 west of the river Sajur, and now represented by the ruins of 
 JerablOs. The city is mentioned in the annals of Tiglath- 
 Pileser I., 1110 B. c. Shalmaneser II., in 858, and Sargon, 
 in 717, subjected this capital of the Hittites, and placed 
 an Assyrian governor in it. In 605 B. C. the battle be- 
 tween Nebuchadnezzar and Necho of Egypt took place 
 under its walls (Jer. xlvi. 2, 2 Chron. xxxv. 20), in which 
 Egypt was thoroughly defeated by western Asia. 
 
 215 
 
 To Mr. Skene, for many years the English consul at 
 Aleppo, is due the credit of first discovering the true site 
 of the old Hittite capital [Carchemish], On the western 
 bank of the Euphrates, midway between Birejik and the 
 mouth of the Sajur, rises an artificial mound of earth, 
 under which ruins and sculptured blocks of stone had 
 been found from time to time. It was known as Jerablfis, 
 or Kalaat JerablOs, “ the fortress of J erablfis, ” sometimes 
 wrongly written Jerabls; and in the name of JerablOs 
 Mr. Skene had no difficulty in recognising an Arab cor- 
 ruption of Hierapolis. In the Roman age the name of 
 Hierapolis or “Holy City” had been transferred to its 
 neighbour Membij, which inherited the traditions and 
 religious fame of the older Carchemish ; but when the 
 triumph of Christianity in Syria brought with it the fall 
 of the great temple of Membij, the name disappeared 
 from the later, city, and was remembered only in connec- 
 tion with the ruins of the ancient Carchemish. 
 
 Sayce, Hittites, p. 98. 
 
 Cardale (kar 'dal), John Bate. Born at London, 
 Nov. 7, 1802: died at London, July 18, 1877. An 
 English lawyer, first apostle of the Catholic 
 Apostolic Church (Irvingites), and author of nu- 
 merous (anonymous) controversial and religious 
 works. 
 
 Cardan. See Cardano. 
 
 Cardano (kar-da'no), or Cardan (kar'dan), Gi- 
 rolamo. Born at Pavia, Italy, Sept. 24, 1501: 
 died at Rome, Sept. 21, 1576. A noted Italian 
 physician, mathematician, philosopher, and as- 
 trologer, natural son of Facio Cardan, a Milan- 
 ese jurist. 
 
 Cardanus. See Cardano. 
 
 Cardenas (kar'da-nas). A seaport in northern 
 Cuba, situated 25 miles east of Matanzas. It 
 exports sugar. An engagement occurred here 
 May 11, 1898, between the Spanish shore 
 batteries and gunboats and several United 
 States vessels. Population, about 25,000. 
 
 Cardenio (Sp. pron. kar-da/ne-o). An intel- 
 lectual madman, crazed by disappointed love, 
 with lucid intervals, in an episode of Cervan- 
 tes’s “Don Quixote.” He is introduced in Col- 
 man’s “Mountaineers” as Octavian, and also 
 in D’Urfe’s “Don Quixote.” 
 
 Cardenio, The History of. A play entered 
 on the “Stationers’ Register” in 1653 as by 
 “ Fletcher and Shakspere. itis said to be identified 
 with the lost play ‘Cardano* or ‘ Cardenia,* acted at court 
 in 1613.'* Late seventeenth-century entries in the “Sta- 
 tioners’ Register ” cany no authority as far as Shakspere 
 is concerned. Bullen, Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Cardiff (kar'dif). A seaport in Glamorganshire, 
 Wales, situated on the Tail, it is noted for its ex- 
 port of coal and iron, and contains large docks and a 
 castle. It was the place of imprisonment of Robert of 
 "Normandy, 1106-34. It iB the seat of the University Col- 
 lege of South "Wales and of a Baptist theological college. 
 Population, 182,280, (1911). 
 
 Cardigan (kar'di-gan). A seaport and the 
 chief town of Cardiganshire, Wales, situated 
 on the Teifi in lat. 52° 6' N., long. 4° 39' W. 
 It is called Aberteifi by the Welsh. Popula- 
 tion, 3,510. 
 
 Cardigan, Earl of. S eeBrudenel, James Thomas. 
 
 Cardigan Bay. An arm of St. George’s Chan- 
 nel, on the western coast of Wales. 
 
 Cardiganshire (kar'di-gan-shir), or Cardigan. 
 A county in South Wales, lying between Meri- 
 oneth on the north, Montgomery, Radnor, and 
 Brecknock on the east, Carmarthen and Pem- 
 broke on the south, and Cardigan Bay on the 
 west. Its surface is mountainous. Area(ad.co.), 
 693 square miles. Population (pari, co.), 60,240. 
 
 Cardim (kar-deng'), Fernao. Born at Vienna 
 do Alvito, Alemtejo, 1540 : died at Bahia, Bra- 
 zil, Jan. 27, 1625. A Portuguese Jesuit, pro- 
 vincial of Brazil 1604-08. He wrote a narra- 
 tive of his travels, first published at Lisbon in 
 1847. 
 
 Cardinal (kar-de-nal'), Pierre. Born at the 
 beginning of the 13th century: died about 
 1305. A French troubadour, especially noted 
 for his satirical powers : “ the Juvenal of the 
 Provencals.” Sismondi. 
 
 Cardinal College. See Christ Church. 
 
 Cardis, or Kardis (kar'dis), Treaty of. A 
 treaty of peace concluded at Cardis, an estate 
 on the borders of Livonia and Esthonia, be- 
 tween Russia and Sweden, in 1661. Russia re- 
 stored Dorpat and other places. 
 
 Cardona (kiir-dd'ua). A fortified town in the 
 province of Barcelona, Spain, in lat. 41° 55' N., 
 long. 1° 38' E. There is a remarkable hill of 
 rock-salt in the vicinity. 
 
 Cardonnel (kar-don'el), Adam de. Died at 
 Westminster, Fob. 22, 1719. The secretary 
 and friend of the Duke of Marlborough, ex- 
 pelled from the House of Commons for corrup- 
 tion, Feb. 19, 1712. 
 
 Cardross (kar'dros). A town in Dumbarton, 
 Scotland, situated on the Clyde 3 miles north- 
 
 Carey, Henry 
 
 west of Dumbarton. Robert Bruce died there. 
 Carducci (kar-do'chi), GiosuA Born at Valdi- 
 castello, Tuscany, July 27, 1836 : died at Bo- 
 logna, Feb. 16, 1907. A noted Italian poet, from 1861 
 professor of Italian literature at the University of Bologna. 
 In 1906 he received the Nobel prize for literature. 
 
 Carducho (kar-do'cho), or Carducci (kar-do'- 
 che), Vincenzo. Born at Florence, 1568(1560 ?) : 
 died at Madrid, Spain, about 1638. An Italian 
 painter, patronized by Philip III. and Philip 
 IV. of Spain. His chief works are in Spain. 
 He wrote “De las excelencias de la pintura,” 
 etc. (1633). 
 
 Carduel. See Cardoile. 
 
 Cardwell (kard'wel), Edward. Born at Black- 
 burn, Lancashire, 1787 : died at Oxford, Eng- 
 land, May 23, 1861. An English clergyman and 
 church historian. He was appointed select preacher 
 to the University of Oxford in 1823, Camden professor of 
 ancient history in 1826, and principal of St. Alban Hall in 
 1831. He wrote “Documentary Annals of the Reformed 
 Church of England ” (1839), etc. 
 
 Cardwell, Edward, Viscount Cardwell. Born 
 at Liverpool, July 24, 1813: died at Torquay, 
 Feb. 15, 1886. An English statesman, nephew 
 of Edward Cardwell. He was president of the Board 
 of Trade 1852-55, secretary for Ireland 1859-61, chan- 
 cellor of the duchy of Lancaster 1861-64, colonial secre- 
 tary 1864-66, and secretary for war 1868-74. 
 
 Careless (kar'les) 1. The friend of Mellefont 
 in Congreve’s “Double Dealer”: a gay gallant 
 who makes love to Lady Pliant. — 2. A suitor 
 of Lady Dainty in Cibber’s “Double Gallant.” 
 “A fellow that ’s wise enough to be but half in love, and 
 makes his whole life a studied idleness.” 
 
 3. The friend of Charles Surface in Sheridan’s 
 “School for Scandal.” It is he who says of the por- 
 trait of Sir Oliver in the auction scene : “An unforgiving 
 eye, and a damned disinheriting countenance.” 
 Careless, Colonel. The gay, light-headed lover 
 of Ruth in Sir R. Howard’s play “The Com- 
 mittee.” The play was slightly altered and produced 
 by T. Knight as “The Honest Thieves.” Careless is the 
 same in both plays. 
 
 Careless Husband, The. A brilliant comedy 
 by Cibber, produced in 1704, printed in 1705. 
 See Easy , Sir Charles. 
 
 Careless Lovers, The. A comedy by Ravens- 
 croft, produced in 1673. 
 
 Carelia. See Karelia. 
 
 Careme (ka-ram'), Marie Antoine. Born at 
 Paris, June 8, 1784: died there, Jan. 12, 1833. 
 A celebrated French cook. He wrote “ Le pa- 
 tissier pittoresque” (1815), etc. 
 
 Carew (ka-ro'), Bamfylde Moore. Bom at 
 Bickley, near Tiverton, in July, 1693: died per- 
 haps in 1770. A noted English vagabond. He 
 ran away from school, joined a band of gipsies, and was 
 eventually chosen king or chief of the gipsies. Con- 
 victed of vagrancy, he was transported to Maryland, 
 whence he escaped and returned to England. He is said 
 to have accompanied the Pretender to Carlisle and Derby. 
 
 Carew, George. Born in England, May 29, 
 1555 : died at London, March 27, 1629. An Eng- 
 lish soldier and statesman, son of George Carew, 
 dean of Windsor, created Baron Carew June 4, 
 1605, and Earl of Totnes Feb. 5, 1626. He served 
 in Ireland from 1574 ; became sheriff of Carlow 1583, and 
 master of ordnance in Ireland 1588 ; was appointed lieu- 
 tenant-general of ordnance in England 1592; and played 
 an influential part in Ireland (in various offices) from 1599 
 until 1603, especially during the rebellion of the Earl of 
 Tyrone. He left a valuable collection of letters and manu- 
 scripts relating to such affairs. 
 
 Carew, Richard. Born at East Antony, Corn- 
 wall, July 17, 1555: died there, Nov. 6, 1620. 
 An English poet and antiquarian, high sheriff 
 of Cornwall 1586, and member of Parliament : 
 author of the “ Survey of Cornwall” (1602), etc. 
 Carew, Thomas. Bom about 1598 : died, prob- 
 ably at London, about 1639 (after 1615 ?). An 
 English poet, son of Sir Matthew Carew (died 
 1618). He studied (but was not graduated) at Corpus 
 Christi College, Oxford, and afterward led an idle and 
 wandering life, serving for a time as secretary to Sir Dud- 
 ley Carleton, ambassador at Venice, Turin, and the States, 
 and later about the court of Charles I. He wrote “Ccelum 
 Britannicum, a mask, and various smaller pieces. 
 
 Carey (ka'ri), George Saville: pseudonym 
 Paul Tell-Truth. Born 1743: died at Lon- 
 don, 1807. An English poet, son of Henry 
 Carey. He was a printer by trade, and for a time an 
 actor, no wrote “The Inoculator," a comedy (published 
 1766), “Liberty Chastized, or Patriotism in Chains" 
 (1768), “The Nut-Brown Maid” (1770), “Shakespeare’s 
 Jubilee, a Masque” (1769), “The Old Women Weather- 
 wise, an Interlude" (1770), “Balnea, or History of all the 
 Popular Watering-places of England ” (1799), etc. 
 
 Carey, Henry. Bom near the end of the 17th 
 century: died at London (probably by his own 
 hand), Oct. 4, 1743. An English poet and com- 
 poser of musical farces, illegitimate son of 
 George Saville, marquis of Halifax. He was the 
 reputed author of “God Save the King," and author of the 
 
Carey, Henry 
 
 ballad “Sally in our Alley,” “Namby-Pamby,” “The Con- 
 trivances” (acted 1715), “Hanging and Marriage,” a farce 
 (1722), “Poems" (1727), “Chronouhotonthologos,” a bur- 
 lesque (acted Feb. 22, 1734), “A Musical Century, or a 
 hundred English Ballads,” etc. 
 
 Carey, Henry Charles. Born at Philadelphia, 
 Dec. 15, 1793: died at Philadelphia, Oct. 13, 
 1879. An American political economist, son 
 of Matthew Carey, noted as an advocate of 
 protection. His chief works are “An Essay on the 
 Rate of Wages' (1835), expanded in “Principles of Politi- 
 cal Economy " (1837-40), “ Credit System in France, Great 
 Britain, and the United States” (1838), “The Past, the 
 Present, and the Future ' (1848), “ Harmony of Interests " 
 (1852), “The Slave Trade,” etc. (1853), “ Principles of So- 
 cial Science ”(1858-59), “Unity of Law” (1873). 
 
 Carey, James. Born at Dublin, 1845: assassi- 
 nated July 29, 1883. An Irish political assassin. 
 He was a bricklayer and builder by trade, and a town 
 councilor of Dublin (1882). He became one of the leaders 
 of the Irish “ Invincibles " in 1881, and was an accomplice 
 in the assassination of Mr. T. H. Burke and Lord Fred- 
 erick Cavendish in Phcenix Park. He was arrested Jan. 
 13, 1883, and turned Queen's evidence. In order to escape 
 the vengeance of the “ Invincibles” he was secretly shipped 
 for the Cape on the Kinfauns Castle, July 6, 1883, under 
 the name of Power; but his plan of escape was discovered, 
 and he was followed on board the ship by Patrick O'Don- 
 nell, who shot him before the vessel reached its destination. 
 
 Carey, Mathew. Born at Dublin, Jan. 28, 
 1760: died at Philadelphia, Sept. 16, 1839. An 
 Irish-American publicist and bookseller, the 
 son of a Dublin baker. He made the acquaintance 
 of Franklin in 1779, established “The Volunteer's Jour- 
 nal " in 1783, and was prosecuted and imprisoned, as the 
 proprietor of that paper, in 1784. In the same year he 
 emigrated to Philadelphia, and with the financial aid of 
 Lafayette established “The Pennsylvania Herald” (first 
 number Jan. 25, 1785) ; later he became connected with 
 the “Columbia Magazine' and the “American Museum," 
 and conducted an extensive publishing business. He 
 wrote “Essays on Political Economy ” (1822), “ Letters on 
 the Colonization Society," “Female Wages and Female 
 Oppression ” (1835), etc. 
 
 Carey, William. Born at Paulerspury, North- 
 amptonshire, Aug. 17, 1761 : died at Seram- 
 pore, India, June 9, 1834. An English Oriental- 
 ist, and missionary in British India from 1794. 
 He was the author of grammars of Mahratta (1805), San- 
 skrit (1805), Panjabi (1812), Telinga (1814), dictionaries of 
 Mahratta (1810), Bengali (1818), etc. 
 
 Carfax (kar'faks). [From ML. quadrifurcus, 
 having four forks.] In Oxford, England, the 
 junction of Cornmarket street, Queen street, 
 St. Aldgate’s, and High street. 
 
 Cargill (kar-gil'), Donald. Born at Rattray, 
 Perthshire, Scotland, about 1619 (1610 ?) : exe- 
 cutedatEdinburgh, July 27, 1681. ACovenanting 
 preacher, condemned to death for high treason. 
 
 Carheil (ksi-ray'), Etienne de. Died after 1721. 
 A French Jesuit, missionary among the Hurons 
 and Iroquois in Canada. 
 
 Oaria (ka'ri-a). In ancient geography, a divi- 
 sion of Asia Minor, lying between Lydia on the 
 north, Phrygia and Lyeia on the east, and 
 the iEgean Sea on the south and west. The Me- 
 ander, a noted river, flows through it. Its chief towns 
 were Miletus, Halicarnassus, and Cnidus. The early in- 
 habitants were Hamitic, and the Greeks formed colonies 
 on the coasts. Its princes became tributary to Persia. 
 
 Caria was anciently the whole country from Caunus ou 
 the south to the mouth of the Mseanderon the west coast. 
 It extended inland at least as far as Carura, near the junc- 
 tion of the Lycu3 with the Mseander. The chain of Cad- 
 mus (Baba Dagh) formed, apparently, its eastern boun- 
 dary. In process of time the greater part of the coast was 
 occupied by the Greeks. The peninsula of Cnidus, with 
 the tract above it known as the Bybassian Chersonese, 
 was colonised by Dorians, as was the southern shore of the 
 Ceramic Gulf, from Myndus to Ceramus. More to the 
 north the coast was seized upon by the Ionian Greeks, 
 who seem to have possessed themselves of the entire sea- 
 board from the Bermus to the furthest recess of the Sinus 
 lassius. Still the Carians retained some portions of the 
 coast, and were able to furnish to the navy of Xerxes a 
 fleet of seventy ships. Rawlinson , Herod., I. 383. 
 
 Cariaco (ka-re-a'ko). A seaport town in north- 
 eastern Venezuela, situated at the head of the 
 Gulf of Cariaco, in lat. 10° 30' N., long. 63° 
 41' W. It is also called San Felipe de Austria. 
 Population, about 7,000. 
 
 Canbana (ka-ri-ba'na). The name given on 
 some maps of the 16th century to Guiana, or the 
 region between the Amazon and the Orinoco, 
 sometimes including a portion of Venezuela. 
 It was evidently derived from the Carib Indians who in- 
 habited these coasts. 
 
 Caribbean Sea (kar-i-be'an se). An arm of the 
 Atlantic lying between the Greater Antilles on 
 the north, Caribbee islands on the east, South 
 America on the south, and Yucatan and Cen- 
 tral America on the west. It is connected 
 with the Gulf of Mexico by the Yucatan channel. 
 Garibbees (kar'i-bez), or Caribbee Islands. 
 [From the Spanish Caribe, a Carib.] A general 
 name for the chain of islands on the eastern 
 side of the Caribbean Sea, forming a portion 
 of the West Indies. 
 
 216 
 
 Caribs (kar'ibz). [From Caribd or Carina, the 
 name which they gave to themselves, meaning 
 ‘people.’] A powerful and warlike tribe of 
 Indians who, at the time of the conquest, oc- 
 cupied portions of Guiana and the lower Ori- 
 noco and had conquered the Windward or Carib- 
 bee islands from the Arawaks. There was little 
 tribal union, and the authority of the chiefs was nominal. 
 At the time of the conquest they practised agriculture. 
 Columbus first encountered these Indians at Guadeloupe, 
 and had a battle with them at Santa Cruz (1493). The 
 Spanish courts condemned them to slavery, hut they were 
 little molested, probably because they could not be forced 
 to work. The French and English occupations of the 
 Caribbee islands led to long wars with these Indians : 
 their last stronghold was in St. Vincent, where some of 
 them became mixed with fugitive negro slaves, giving 
 rise to the race called “ black Caribs.” After a bloody war 
 with the English, the surviving Caribs, to the number of 
 6,000, were transported from St. Vincent, to the island of 
 Ruatan, near the coast of Honduras (1796). Thence they 
 passed over to Honduras and Nicaragua, where their de- 
 scendants, mostly “ black Caribs," now live. A few were 
 allowed to return to St. Vincent where they have a reser- 
 vation, and there are a few more in other islands. Some 
 thousands remain in a semi-wild state in Guiana and Ven- 
 ezuela. In French Guiana they are called Galibis. The 
 name Carib was applied by the Spaniards to any Indians 
 whom they regarded as cannibals or very savage. The 
 word cannibal or canibal, in various languages, is a corrup- 
 tion of Caribd. 
 
 Carignan (ka-ren-yoh'). A village in the de- 
 partment of Ardennes, France, 12 miles south- 
 east of Sedan. The French were repulsed here by the 
 Prussians, Aug. 31, 1870. 
 
 Oarignano (ka-ren-ya'no). A town in the 
 province of Turin, Italy, situated on the Po 
 11 miles south of Turin. It manufactures silk. 
 
 Carijos (ka-re-zhos'). A tribe of Indians of 
 the Tupi race, formerly inhabiting the coast 
 region of southern Brazil, in what is now the 
 state of Santa Catharina. 
 
 Carilef (kar'i-lef), William de, Saint. Died 
 Jan. 2, 1096. An English ecclesiastic and 
 statesman, made bishop of Durham by William 
 the Conqueror in 1080. He was influential in eccle- 
 siastical and civil affairs (especially as an antagonist of 
 Lanfranc and Anselm) during the reigns of William I. and 
 William II., and took an important part in the building of 
 the cathedral of Durham. 
 
 Carillo (ka-rel'yo), Braulio. Born at Cartago, 
 1800: murdered at San Miguel, Salvador, 1845. 
 A Costa Rican statesman. He was president of 
 Costa Rica 1835-37, and again 1838-April, 1842, when he 
 was overthrown and banished by Morazan. 
 
 Car imata, or Karimata ( ka-re-ma' t a ), Islands. 
 
 A group of small islands lying west of Borneo, 
 in lat. 1° 30' S., long. 108° 50' E. They are 
 under Dutch rule. 
 
 Oarimata, or Karimata, Strait. A strait be- 
 tween the islands of Borneo and Billiton. 
 
 Carino (ka-re'no). 1. In Guarini’s “Pastor 
 Fido,” a courtier. He contrasts the corruption of the 
 town with the Arcadian simplicity of the other characters. 
 2. The father of Zenocia in Fletcher and Mas- 
 singer’s “Custom of the Country.” 
 
 Carrnola (ka-re-no'lii). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Caserta, Italy, situated in lat. 41° 12' 
 N„ long. 13° 58' E. 
 
 Carinthia (ka-rin'thi-a). [G. Kdrnten; from 
 L. Carni (which see).] A crownland of the 
 Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, it is 
 bounded by Salzburg and Styriaon the north, Styfiaon the 
 east, Carniola, Kustenland, and Italy on the south, and the 
 Tyrol on the west. It is very mountainous, containing the 
 Carnic and Noric Alps, and is traversed from west to east 
 by the Drave. Its capital is Elagenfurt. It has 10 repre- 
 sentatives in the Austrian Reichsrat, and a Landtag of 43 
 members. About 70 per cent, of the inhabitants are Ger- 
 mans, about 30 per cent. Slovenes ; the great majority are 
 Roman Catholic. Carinthia was a part of the ancient Nori- 
 cum. It was colonized by Slavs, aud was part of Charles 
 the Great’s empire. It became a mark and a duchy. 
 Styria was separated from it in 1180. It was acquired by 
 Bohemia in 1269, united with Gorz in 1286, and acquired 
 by Austria in 1335. In 1849 it became a crownland. 
 Area, 4,005 square miles. Population, 394,735, (1910). 
 
 Carinus (ka-rl'nus), Marcus Aurelius. Died 
 near Margum, in Mcesia, 285 a. d. Roman 
 emperor 283-285, elder son of Cams. He was 
 appointed governor of the western provinces, with the 
 titles of Caisar and Imperator, on the departure of his 
 father and brother (Numerianus) in 282 on an expedition 
 against the Persians, in the course of which Carus died 
 (283), leaving the two brothers joint emperors. Nume- 
 rianuB died soon after, and the army of Asia proclaimed 
 Diocletian emperor. A decisive battle was fought in 285 
 on the Margus, in Mcesia, in which Carinus was victorious. 
 He was, however, killed in the moment of triumph by his 
 own officers. 
 
 Caripunas (kii-re-po'nas). [In Tupi, ‘white 
 men of the water.’] A horde of Brazilian In- 
 dians on the river Madeira, especially about 
 the rapids. They are hunters and fishermen, wan- 
 dering in the forests, and often attacking travelers. In 
 number they probably do not exceed, at present, one 
 or two thousand. The Caripunas are exceptionally light- 
 colored for Indians, hardly darker than many Europeans. 
 Their language bears little relation to that of surround- 
 
 Carlisle 
 
 ing tribes. They call themselves Manila. The name 
 Caripuna has been applied to other wandering hordes In 
 various parts of the Amazon valley. 
 
 Cariris. See Eiriris. 
 
 Carisbrooke (kar'is-bruk). A village in the 
 Isle of Wight, England, 1 mile south of New- 
 port. It is noted for its ruined castle. 
 
 Carisbrooke Castle. An ancient castle in the 
 Isle of Wight, England, the place of captivity 
 of Charles I., 1647^18. It is of Saxon foundation; 
 but of the existing remains the keep is Norman, most of 
 the towers and main walls are of the 13th century, and 
 the outworks and chief residential buildings were added 
 or remodeled under Queen Elizabeth. The castle is now 
 ruinous, but extensive and exceedingly picturesque, with 
 ivy-clad towers and ramparts. 
 
 Carker (kar'ker), James. The manager in the 
 offices of Dombey and Son, in Dickens’s novel 
 of that name. He is “sly of manner, sharp of tooth, 
 soft of foot, watchful of eye, oily of tongue, cruel of 
 heart, nice of habit.” He induces Edith, the second wife 
 of Dombey, to elope with him, to revenge herself on her 
 husband. He is killed while trying to escape from Dom- 
 bey, having been deceived and balked by Edith. 
 
 Carl (karl). [G. Carl, Earl, MHG. Earl, Earel, 
 OHG. Choral, Chard, ML. Carolus, Earolus, 
 Earulus, Earlus, OF. Charles, whence ME. and 
 E. Charles; from OHG. cliaral, charel, MHG. 
 karl, a man.] See Charles, 
 
 Carlee. See Earli. 
 
 Carlell (kar-lel'), Lodowick. An English dram- 
 atist of the first half of the 17th century. He 
 was the reputed author of “ The Deserving Favourite,” a 
 tragicomedy (1629), “Arviragus and PhUicia,” a tragi- 
 comedy (1639), “ The Passionate Lover ” (1655), “The Fool 
 would be a Favourite, or the Discreet Lover ” (1657), “ Os- 
 mund, the Great Turk,” a tragedy (1657), “Heraclius, 
 Emperor of the East" (1664), and “The Spartan Ladies” 
 (lost). 
 
 Carlin (kar-lan'), Madame (Emilia Smith 
 Flygare). Born at Stromstad, Sweden, Aug. 
 8, 1807: died at Stockholm, Eeb. 5, 1892. A 
 Swedish novelist. Her works include “Waldemar 
 Klein” (1838), “Gustav Lindorm” (1839), “Rosen p& 
 Tistelon ” (1842), etc. 
 
 Carlen, J ohan Gabriel. Born in W estgotland, 
 Sweden, July 9, 1814: died at Stockholm, July 
 6, 1875. A Swedish poet and author, second 
 husband of Madame Carlen. He wrote “ Romanser 
 ur Svenska Volklifvet” (1846, “Romances of Swedish 
 Life ”), etc. 
 
 Carleton (karl'ton), George. Lived in the 
 first half of the 18th century. An English 
 officer, a captain of artillery: author of the 
 “ Military Memoirs, 1672-1713,” often regarded 
 as the work of Defoe. 
 
 Carleton, Guy. Born at Strabane, Ireland, 
 Sept. 3, 1724 : died at Stubbings, near Maiden- 
 head, Nov. 10, 1808. An English soldier and 
 administrator, created Baron Dorchester Aug. 
 21, 1786. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel June 18, 
 1757 ; took part in the siege of Louisburg; was wounded 
 (then colonel) at the capture of Quebec; served at the 
 siege of Belleisle 1761, and at the siege of Havana 1762 ; 
 was appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec Sept. 24, 
 1766, and governor Jan. 10, 1777 ; took command of the 
 British troops in Canada ; defended Quebec successfully 
 against the American forces, Dec., 1776, -May, 1776; cap- 
 tured Crown Point, Oct., 1776 ; was made lieutenant-gen- 
 eral Aug., 1777 ; succeeded Sir Henry Clinton as com 
 mander-in-chief in America, Feb. 23, 1782, arriving in 
 New York May 6, and evacuating the city Nov. 25, 1783 ; 
 and was again appointed governor of Quebec, April 11, 
 1786. He resigned the governorship in 1796. 
 
 Carleton, William. Born at Prillisk, Tyrone, 
 Ireland, 1794: died at Dublin, Jan. 30, 1869. 
 An Irish novelist, a delineator of Irish charac- 
 ter and life. He wrote “Traits and Stories of the 
 Irish Peasantry ” (1830), “Tales of Ireland” (1834), “Far- 
 doroughga the Miser” (1839), “Valentine M'Clutchy 
 (1845), etc. 
 
 Carli (kar'le), or Carli-Rubbi (-rob'be), Count 
 Giovanni Rinaldo. Bom at Capodistria, 
 near Triest, April 11, 1720: died at Milan, 
 Feb. 22, 1795. An Italian political economist 
 and antiquary. His chief works are “Delle monete 
 e dell’ istituzione delle zeccl.e d’ltalia ” (1750-60), “ Delle 
 antichith italiche ” (1788-91), “ Lettere Americane ” (1780- 
 1781), etc. 
 
 Carlino (kar-le'no), Carlo Antonio Berti- 
 nazzi. Born at Turin, 1713 : died at Paris, 
 Sept. 7, 1783. An Italian pantomirnist and im- 
 provisator. 
 
 Carlisle, Earls of. See Howard. 
 
 Carlisle (kar-lil'). [Formerly also Carlile, Car- 
 lyle, Carleil, ME. Carlile, Earlile, British Caer 
 Lucl, from caer, city, and Luel, from LL. Lugti- 
 vallum, Luguvallium, or Luguballia, the Roman 
 name.] The capital of Cumberland, England, 
 situated at the junction of the Caldew, Peteril, 
 and Eden, in lat. 54° 54' N., long. 2° 55' W. 
 It is an important railway center, and has manufactures 
 of iron and cotton. It contains a cathedral and castle, 
 and near it is the end of the Roman wall. The cathedral, 
 as it now stands, is almost wholly of the 14th century. 
 The Norman nave was burned in the 13th century, except 
 the two bays nearest the transept, which have since con- 
 
Carlisle 217 
 
 stituted the entire nave. The fine choir is in the Deco- 
 rated style, with a remarkably large and handsome Per- 
 pendicular east window (50 by 30 feet). The stalls are 
 of the 15th century, with contemporaneous paintings on 
 their backs. It was an important Roman town ; was de- 
 stroyed by the Danes about 875; and was rebuilt by William 
 II. Bruce besieged it unsuccessfully in 1315, and it was 
 the place of imprisonment of Mary Queen of Scots in 1568. 
 It was besieged and taken by the Parliamentarians in 
 1645, and by the Young Pretender in 1745. Population, 
 45,480. 
 
 Carlisle. The capital of Cumberland County, 
 Pennsylvania, situated 17 miles west-southwest 
 of Harrisburg. It is the seat of Dickinson College, 
 and was bombarded by the Confederates July 1, 1863. 
 Population, 10,303, (1910). 
 
 Carlisle (kar-lil'), John Griffin. Born in Ken- 
 ton County, Ky., Sept. 5, 1835 : died at New 
 York, July 31, 1910. An American statesman. 
 
 His family came from near Culpeper in Virginia. In 1855 
 he went to Covington, Kentucky, to study law, support- 
 ing himself as a teacher in the public schools. He was 
 admitted to the bar in 1858, and in 1866 entered the State 
 senate of Kentucky. He served his term, and was re- 
 elected, but resigned. In 1876 he was elected to the 45th 
 Congress, and remained in the House of Representatives 
 until his promotion to the Senate in 1890 as successor to 
 Senator Beck. He was speaker of the House 1883-89. 
 He was appointed secretary of the treasury March 4, 1893. 
 
 Carlists (kiir'lists), The. In Spanish history, 
 the partizans of the pretender Don Carlos, bro- 
 ther of Ferdinand VII., and subsequent claim- 
 ants under his title. Ferdinand repealed in 1829 the 
 Salic law of succession, introduced by Philip V. in 1713, 
 in accordance with which females could inherit the throne 
 only in case of the total extinction of the male line ; and 
 by a decree of March, 1830, established the old Castilian 
 law, in accordance with which the daughters and grand- 
 daughters of the king take precedence of his brothers and 
 nephews. Ferdinand died Sept. 29, 1833, without male 
 issue, and the throne descended to his minor daughter 
 Isabella Maria II., who was placed under the regency of 
 her mother Donna Maria Christina. Carlos, who was heir 
 presumptive to the throne under the Salic law, refused to 
 recognize the pragmatic sanction, and inaugurated, with 
 the aid of the Clericals or Absolutists, a civil war which 
 lasted from 1833 to 1840. (See Cristinas.) He resigned 
 his claim in 1845 to his son Don Carlos, Duke of Monte- 
 molin, who entered Spain with 3,000 men in 1860, but was 
 defeated at Tortosa, and made prisoner. His claim de- 
 scended to his nephew Don Carlos (III.), who, after sev- 
 eral short-lived risings in his name, headed a formidable 
 insurrection from 1873 to 1876. Don Carlos III. left a son. 
 
 Carlo Buffone. See Buffone. 
 
 Carlo Khan (kar'lo kan). A nickname given 
 to Charles James Fox, occasioned by the intro- 
 duction of his India bill into Parliament in 1783. 
 Carlos (kar'los). [See Charles.] 1. The treach- 
 erous younger brother of Biron in Southeme’s 
 play “Isabella.” — 2. An apathetic pedant in 
 Cibber’s comedy “Love Makes a Man.” He is 
 transformed by love into an enthusiastic and 
 manly fellow. 
 
 Carlos (kar'los), Don. Born at Valladolid, 
 Spain, July 8, 1545; died at Madrid, July 24, 
 1568. Eldest son of Philip II. of Spain and 
 Maria of Portugal. He received the homage of the 
 estates of Castile as crown prince in 1560. In 1567, 
 angered by the appointment of the Duke of Alva to the 
 governorship of the Netherlands, he struck at the duke 
 with a poniard in the presence of the king. Having 
 laid plans to escape from Spain, he was apprehended by 
 his father, Jan. 18, 1568, and a commission was appointed 
 to investigate his conduct. He died in prison a few 
 mouths after, the manner of his death being involved 
 in mystery. Tragedies with Don Carlos as subject have 
 been written by Otway (1676), De Campistron (168"), De 
 Chenier (1789), Schiller (1787), andothers. See Don Carlos. 
 
 Carlos, Don (Carlos Maria Jose Isidoro de 
 Bourbon). Born March 29, 1788: died at Tri- 
 est, Austria-Hungary, March 10, 1855. A pre- 
 tender to the throne of Spain, second son of 
 Charles IV., and brother of Ferdinand VII. 
 He was in 1808 compelled by Napoleon to renounce, with 
 his brother, the right to the Spanish succession, and was 
 detained with his brother at Valemjay till 1814. He be- 
 came after the restoration heir presumptive to the throne, 
 but was deprived of this position by the abolition of the 
 Salic law through the pragmatic sanction of March 29, 
 1830, and by the birth of the infanta Maria Isabella, Oct. 
 10, 1830. On the death of Ferdinand, Sept. 29, 1833, he 
 was proclaimed king by the clerical party, and was rec- 
 ognized by the pretender Dom Miguel of Portugal. Re- 
 sistance being made hopeless by the Quadruple Treaty, 
 concluded at London, April 22, 1834, between Spain, Portu- 
 gal, England, and France, for the purpose of expelling the 
 two pretenders from the Spanish peninsula, he embarked 
 for England June 1, 1834. He returned to Spain, however, 
 and appeared at the headquarters of the Absolutist or 
 Oarlist insurgents in Navarre, July 10, 1834, but was forced 
 by the capture of his army by General Espartero to seek 
 refuge across the French border, Sept. 14, 1839. He re- 
 signed his claims to his son Don Carlos, May 18, 1845, 
 and assumed the title of Count de Molina. 
 
 Carlos, Don (Carlos Luis Fernando de Bour- 
 bon). Born at Madrid, Jan. 31, 1818: died 
 at Triest, Austria-Hungary, Jan. 13, 1861. El- 
 dest son of Don Carlos (1788-1855), called Count 
 of Montemolin, pretender to the throne 1845- 
 1861. He headed an unsuccessful rising in 1860. 
 Carlos, Don (Carlos Maria de los Dolores 
 Juan Isidoro Jose Francisco, Duke of Ma- 
 
 drid). Born March 30, 1848: died at Varese, 
 Italy, July 18, 1909. A pretender to the Span- 
 ish throne, nephew of Don Carlos (1818-1861), 
 and son of Don Juan, who abdicated in his 
 favor Oct. 3, 1868. His standard was raised in the 
 north of Spain, April 21, 1872, and he himself entered 
 Spain July 15, 1873. The war was carried on with some 
 measure of success till after the fall of the republic and 
 the proclamation of Alfonso XII. Tolosa, the last Car- 
 list stronghold, fell in Jan., 1876. After the death of Al- 
 fonso XII. Don Carlos did not prosecute his claims in the 
 field. He left a son, Jaime Jean Charles Alphonse Phi- 
 lippe, born 1870. 
 
 Carlos, Don. The principal character in Cor- 
 neille’s comedy “Don Sanche d’ Aragon.” He 
 is really Don Sanche, the heir to the throne. 
 Carlos, Don. The extravagant and profligate 
 husband of Victoria in Mrs. Cowley’s comedy 
 “A Bold Stroke for a Husband.” 
 
 Carlota (kar-16'ta). See Charlotte. 
 
 Carlota Joaquina (kiir-lo'ta, zho-a-ke'na) of 
 Bourbon. Bom at Madrid, April 25, 1775: 
 died near Lisbon, 1830. A queen of Portugal, 
 daughter of Charles IV. of Spain, she married 
 in 1790 Joao, infante of Portugal, afterward Joao VI. In 
 1807 she fled with the royal family of Portugal to Brazil, 
 and remained there until 1821. She encouraged the in- 
 trigues of her favorite son, Dom Miguel, who in 1828 
 usurped the crown. 
 
 Carlovingian(kar-lo-vin'ji-an) Cycle. A group 
 of medieval poems dealing with the exploits of 
 Charles the Great and his nobles. 
 Carlovingians. See CaroKngians. 
 
 Carlovitz, or Carlowitz. See Karlowitz. 
 Carlow (kar'lo). An inland comity in Leinster, 
 Ireland. It is an important dairy country. 
 Area, 349 square miles. Population, 37,748. 
 Carlow, Ir. Catherlogh (kath'er-loch). The 
 capital of the county of Carlow, Ireland, sit- 
 uated on the Barrow in lat. 52° 51' N., long. 6° 
 56' W. it was taken by the Parliamentarians in 1650, 
 and was the scene of an insurgent defeat in 1798. Near 
 the river are the ruins of a castle supposed to have been 
 founded by Hugh de Lacy. Population, 6,513. 
 
 Carlowitz (kar'lo-vits), Peace of. A peace 
 concluded Jan. 26, 1699, for twenty-five years, 
 between Austria, Poland, Russia, Venice, and 
 Turkey, by the mediation of England and the 
 Netherlands. Austria received the portion of Hungary 
 between the Danube and Theiss, and was allowed to ap- 
 propriate Transylvania ; Russia received Azoif ; Poland re- 
 gained Podolia and the Ukraine ; and Venice retained the 
 Morea. 
 
 The treaty of Carlowitz is memorable, not only on ac- 
 count of the magnitude of the territorial change which it 
 ratified ; not only because it marks the period when men 
 ceased to dread the Ottoman Empire as an aggressive 
 power ; hut, also, because it was then that the Porte and 
 Russia took part, for the first time, in a general European 
 Congress ; and because, by admitting to tiiat congress the 
 representatives of England and Holland, neitherof which 
 states was a party to the war, both the Sultan and the 
 Czar thus admitted the principle of intervention of the 
 European powers, one with another, for the sake of the 
 general good. Creasy, Hist, of the Ottoman Turks, p. 319. 
 
 Carlsbad. See Karlsbad. 
 
 Carlsburg. See Karlsburg. 
 
 Carlscrona. See Karlskrona. 
 
 Carlshamn. See Karlsliamn. 
 
 Carlson (karl'son), Fredrik Ferdinand. Born 
 in Upland, Sweden, June 13, 1811: died at 
 Stockholm, March 18, 1887. A Swedish histo- 
 rian and politician. He was minister of eccle- 
 siastical affairs 1863-70 and 1875-78. 
 Carlsruhe. See Karlsruhe. 
 
 Carlstad. See Karlstad. 
 
 Carlstadt. See Karlstadt. 
 
 Carlton (karl'ton), The. A London club es- 
 tablished in 1832. It is a political club, strictly Con- 
 servative, founded by the Duke of Wellington. It held its 
 first meeting in 1831. Its present house is at 94 Pall Mall, 
 S. W. 
 
 Carlton House. A house formerly standing in 
 what is now Carlton House Terrace, London. 
 It was built for Henry Boyle, Lord Carlton, in 1709, and in 
 1732 was occupied by the Prince of Wales, and afterward 
 by the prince regent (George IV.). It was removed in 
 1827 to make room for Waterloo Place. 
 
 Carluke (kar'lok). A mining town iu Lanark- 
 shire, Scotland, southeast of Glasgow. 
 
 Carlyle (kar-lil'), Alexander. Born at Pres- 
 tonpans, Scotland, Jan. 26, 1722 : died at In- 
 veresk, near Edinburgh, Aug. 25, 1805. A 
 Scotch clergyman, minister at Inveresk from 
 1748 until his death. He wrote an “Autobiography” 
 (edited by John Hill Burton, 1860), some political and 
 other pamphlets, etc. He was a man of genial character, 
 and the intimate friend of Hume, Smollett, and other 
 Scottish men of letters. His patronage of the theater was 
 a cause of scandal in the Scottish Church. 
 
 Carlyle, Jane Baillie Welsh. Born at Had- 
 dington, Scotland, July 14, 1801 : died while 
 driving in Hyde Park, London, April 21, 1866. 
 She was the daughter of John Welsh, a sur- 
 geon of Haddington, and was noted for her 
 
 Carmel 
 
 wit and beauty. She married Thomas Carlyle, at 
 Templand, Oct. 17, 1826. Her letters and memorials were 
 edited by J. A. Froude in 1883. 
 
 Carlyle, John Aitken. Born at Ecclefeehan, 
 Dumfriesshire, July 7, 1801 : died at Dumfries, 
 Dec. 15, 1879. A Scottish physician, younger 
 brother of Thomas Carlyle. From 1831 to 1843 he 
 was traveling physician, first to Lady Clare, and then to 
 the Duke of Buccleuch. In 1852 he married, and after 
 the death of his wife (1854) resided in Edinburgh. He 
 published a translation of Dante's “Iuferno ” (1849). 
 
 Carlyle, Joseph Dacre. Born at Carlisle, 
 England, 1759 : died at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 
 England, April 12, 1804. An English Oriental- 
 ist. He was a graduate of Cambridge University, pro- 
 fessor of Arabic in 1795, and chancellor of Carlisle in 1793. 
 He published “ Specimens of Arabic Poetry ” (1796), 
 “Poems, suggested chiefly by scenes in Asia Minor, 
 Syria, and Greece ” (1805). 
 
 Carlyle, Thomas. Born at Ecclefeehan, Dum- 
 friesshire, Dec. 4, 1795 : died at Chelsea, Lon- 
 don, Eeb. 4, 1881. A celebrated Scottish es- 
 sayist and historian. He was educated at Annan 
 Grammar School and Edinburgh University (which he 
 entered in the fall of 1809) ; became mathematical tutor 
 at Annan in 1814, and schoolmaster at Kirkcaldy, with Ir- 
 ving, in 1816 ; removed to Edinburgh, Dec., 1819, to study 
 law, supporting himseU by giving lessons in mathemat- 
 ics and by writing for encyclopedias; became tutor of 
 Charles and Arthur Duller in the spring of 1822 ; visited 
 London and Paris 1824-25; married Jane Baillie Welsh, 
 Oct. 17, 1826, and resided at Comely Bank, Edinburgh ; 
 removed May, 1828, to Craigenputtoch, where he remained 
 until 1834 ; and settled at 6 (now 24) Cheyne Row, Chelsea, 
 June 10, 1834. He waselected rectorof Edinburgh Univer- 
 sity, delivering the usual address, April 2, 1866 ; and In 
 1874 he received the Prussian Order of Merit. He pub- 
 lished a large number of essays and brief articles, a 
 “Life of Schiller" (in the “London Magazine” 1823-24, 
 and separately 1825), a translation of Goethe’s “Wilhelm 
 Meister ” (1824), a translation of Legendre's “ Elements of 
 Geometry and Trigonometry ” (1824), “ Specimens of Ger- 
 man Romance ” (1827), “Sartor Resartus" (in “Fraser's 
 Magazine " 1833-34, and separately, Boston, 1835 ; English 
 ed. 1838), “The French Revolution ” (1837), “Chartism" 
 (1839), “Heroes and Hero-worship” (1841), “Past and 
 Present ”(1843),“ Oliver Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches " 
 (1845), “Latter-day Pamphlets" (1850), “Life of John 
 Sterling ” (1851), “ History of Frederick the Great ” (1858- 
 1865). His complete works were published, 1872-74, in 
 thirty-seven volumes ; “People's Edition.” 1871. “ Remi- 
 niscences," edited by Froude (1881). Life by Froude. 
 “ Thomas Carlyle : A History of the First Forty Years of 
 his Life ” (1882). 
 
 Carrnagnoia (kar-man-yo'la). A town in the 
 province of Turin, Italy, situated on the Mella 
 15 miles south-southeast of Turin. It was the 
 birthplace of Bussone, associated with the “Carmagnole" 
 according to one version of its origin. 
 
 Carrnagnoia, originally Francesco Bussone. 
 
 Born at Carrnagnoia, Italy, about 1390: executed 
 at Venice, May 5, 1432. An Italian condottiere, 
 in the service of Milan and Venice. 
 
 Carmagnole (kar-ma-nyol'), La. A song and 
 dance popular during the French Revolution. 
 It rivaled “Qa ira." The tune originated in Provence, 
 and was probably a country-dance tune. It was adapted 
 to a patriotic song written in Aug. or Sept., 1792. The 
 original song was military only, and not the bloody “Car- 
 magnole des Royalistes” of 1793. The last lines of the 
 stanzas in all the versions, however, were 
 “Dansons la Carmagnole, 
 
 Vivele son, vive le son ! 
 
 Dansons la Carmagnole, 
 
 Vive le son du canon ! ” 
 
 Carmauia (kar-ma'ni-a). The ancient name 
 of a region in southern Persia, now called Kir- 
 man. 
 
 Carmarthen, or Caermarthen(kar-mfir'THen). 
 
 The capital of Carmarthenshire, Wales, situ- 
 ated ou the Towy in lat. 51° 51' N., long. 4° 
 22' W. : said to be the Roman Maridunum. 
 Population, 10,025. 
 
 Carmarthenshire (kar-mar'THen-shir). A 
 county of South Wales, bounded by Cardigan 
 on the north, Brecknock and Glamorgan on 
 the east, Carmarthen Bay on the south, and 
 Pembroke on the west. Area (ad. co.), 918.4 
 square miles. Population (pari, co.), 135,328. 
 
 Carmel (kar'mel). [Heb., ‘park’ (?).] 1. A 
 mountain-ridge in Palestine which branches off 
 from the mountains of Samaria, and stretches 
 in a long line to the northwest toward the 
 Mediterranean. It fell within the lot of the tribe of 
 Asher, and is frequently mentioned in the Old Testament. 
 It was the scene of many of the deeds of the two great 
 prophets Elijali and Elisha. The mountain is formed of 
 hard gray limestone with nodules and veins of flint, 
 abounds in caves, and is covered with a rich vegetation. 
 The highest part of the mountain, its northwestern end, 
 rises 1,742 feet above the sea. Its grottoes were the 
 abodes of Christian hermits from the early times of Chris- 
 tianity. In 1207 they were organized into the order of 
 Carmelites, and their monastery is situated 480 feet above 
 the sea, where the mountain slopes down to a promontory 
 in the direction of the sea. 
 
 2. A city in the mountains of Judah (Josh. xv. 
 55). The modern ruins of Kurmul are situated 
 about seven miles below Hebron, in a slightly 
 southeast direction. 
 
Carmen 
 
 Carmen (kar'men). 1. A story by Prosper 
 M4rimee, published iu 1847. — 2. An opera 
 (words by Meilhac and Halevy) founded on 
 Merimeo’s story, with music by Bizet, first pro- 
 duced at the Op6ra Comique, March 3, 1875. 
 Carmen Seculare (kar'men sek-u-la're). [L., 
 
 ‘ secular hymn.’] A hymn composed by Horace 
 on the occasion of the “ Secular Games,” 17 B. c. 
 Carmen Sylva (kar'men sil'vii). The pseu- 
 donym of Queen Elizabeth of Rumania. 
 Carmontel, or Carmontelle (kar-mon-tel') 
 (Louis Carrogis). Born at Paris, Aug. 25, 1717 : 
 died there, Dec. 26, 1806. A French dramatist, 
 author of “Proverbes dramatiques” (1768- 
 1811), “Theatre de campagne” (1775). 
 
 Carnac (kar-nak' ). [ML. Carnacus, prob. from 
 * Camus, sing, of Carni, name of a Gallo-Ligu- 
 rian tribe.] 1. A town in the department of 
 Morbihan, France, situated 18 miles southeast 
 of Lorient. It is famous for its ancient remains, in- 
 cluding the menhirs, or prehistoric upright stones, com- 
 posing three groups arranged in rows or avenues, and 
 numbering in all about 1,000. The stones are unworked 
 blocks of granite, hoary with lichens, set in the ground 
 at their smaller euds, and some of them 16 feet high. 
 The object of these remarkable monuments is unknown : 
 they were not sepulchral. Many tumuli, dolmens, and 
 other similar monuments exist in the neighborhood, 
 abounding in remains of the age of polished stone. Pop* 
 ulation, commune, 3,156. 
 
 2. See Earnak. 
 
 Carnarvon, or Caernarvon (kar-nar'von). The 
 chief towu of Carnarvonshire, Wales: a sea- 
 port and watering-place. It is situated on the Menai 
 Strait, in lat. 53° 9' N., long. 4° 17' W. It is near the Ro- 
 man station Segontium, and contains a castle, one of the 
 greatest of surviving medieval strongholds. It was found- 
 ed by Edward I. toward the end of the 13th century. Its 
 battlemented towers are polygonal, each surmounted by 
 a slender turret of similar form. The castle has been in 
 part restored, and contains some public offices. Popula- 
 tion, 9,760. 
 
 Carnarvon, Earl of. See Dormer and Herbert. 
 Carnarvonshire (kar-niir' von-shir) . A county 
 in North Wales, lying between Beaumaris Bay 
 on the north, Denbigh on the east, Merioneth 
 and Cardigan Bay on the south, and the Menai 
 Strait and Irish Sea on the west. Its surface is 
 mountainous, as it contains the Snowdon range. It has 
 rich mineral deposits, particularly slate. Area (ad. co.), 
 572 square miles. Population (pari, co.), 126,883. 
 
 Carnatic, or Karnatic (kar-nat'ik), The. A 
 name formerly given to a country on the east- 
 ern coast of British India, extending from Cape 
 Comorin to about lat. 16° N. It is now included 
 In the governorship of Madras. It was governed in the 
 18th century by the nawab at Arcot, who was vassal to 
 the Nizam of Hyderabad. It passed under British admin- 
 istration about 1801 ; the last nawab died in 1853. 
 Carnaval de Venise (kar-na-val' de ve-nez'). 
 [P., ‘ Carnival of Venice.’] A popular air 
 heard by Paganini in Venice, which he embroi- 
 dered with a series of burlesque variations, and 
 which became a favorite all over the world. 
 Ambroise Thomas introduced the air in the overture to 
 his opera to which he gave the same name, and which he 
 produced Dec. 9, 1853. 
 
 Carne (kar-na'), Louis Marcien, Comte de. 
 Bora 1804: died, 1876. A French publicist. 
 II is works include “Etudes sur 1’histoire du gouverne- 
 ment repr^sentatif en France de 1789 ii 1848 (1855), etc. 
 
 Carneades (kar-ne'a-dez). Born at Cyrene 
 about 213 B. C. : died 129 B. c. A Greek skep- 
 tical philosopher and rhetorician, called the 
 * founder of the third or New Academy. 
 Carnegie (kar-na 'gi), Andrew. Born at Dun- 
 fermline, Scotland, Nov. 25, 1835. A Scotch- 
 American steel-manufacturer and philanthrop- 
 ist. His father was a weaver. In 1848 he emigrated to 
 the United States, went to Pittsburgh, acquired wealth by 
 various speculative operations, and established iron and 
 steel works which have become the largest in the world. 
 He has given large sums for the founding of educational 
 institutions, libraries, etc. He has written “Round the 
 World" (1884), “Triumphant Democracy” (1886), etc. 
 
 Carneia (kar-ne'ya). [Gr. Kdpveta.] A Spartan 
 festival, lasting 9 days, in the month of August. 
 
 The Carneian festival fell in the Spartan month Carneius, 
 the Athenian Metageitnion, corresponding nearly to our 
 August. It was held in honour of Apollo Carneius, a deity 
 worshipped from very ancient times in the Peloponnese, 
 especially at Amyclae. Midler (Orcliom., p. 327) supposes 
 this worship to have been brought to Arayclse from 
 Thebes by the iEgidae. It appears certainly to have been 
 anterior to the Dorian conquest (Dorians, vol. i. pp. 373- 
 375, E. T.). The Spartan festival is said to have been in- 
 stituted B. 0. 676 (Athen. xiv. p. 635, E.; Euseb. Chron. 
 Can. pars i. c. 33). It was of a warlike character, like the 
 Athenian Boedromia. Rawlinson, Herod., IV. 167, note. 
 
 CJarneiro de Campos (kar-na'ro de kam'pos), 
 Jose Joaquim, Marquis of Caravellas. Born 
 March 4, 1768 : died Sept. 8, 1836. A Brazilian 
 statesman. He was one of three regents chosen in 
 April, 1831, to govern during the minority of Pedro II. 
 
 Carneiro Leao (kiir-na'ro la -an'), Honorio 
 Hermeto. Born at Jaeahy, Minas Geraes, Jan. 
 
 218 
 
 11, 1801: died at Rio de Janeiro, Sept. 3, 1856. 
 A Brazilian statesman. He was minister of justice 
 Sept., 1832, -March, 1833 ; prime minister from Jan. 20, 
 1843, to Feb., 1844; president successively of Rio de Ja- 
 neiro and Pernambuco ; envoy to the Platine States ; and 
 again prime ministerfrom Dec. 5, 1854, until his death. He 
 was marquis of Parani from Dec., 1854. 
 
 Carni (kar'ni). In ancient history, an Alpine 
 tribe (probably Celtic) inhabiting the moun- 
 tainous region between Venetia and Noricum: 
 conquered by the Roman Scaurus, 115 B. C. 
 
 Carnic Alps (kar'nik alps). [L. Carnicus, Gr. 
 Kapvacdc;, from Carni.'] A division of the Alps in 
 northeastern Italy, and in Carinthia and Tyrol. 
 
 Carnicer (kar-ne-thar'), Ramon. Born at Tar- 
 rega, in Lerida, Spain, Oct. 24, 1789: died at 
 Madrid, March 17, 1855. A Spanish composer 
 of operas, songs, and church music. His best 
 opera is “El Colon” (1831). 
 
 Carnifex Ferry (kar'ni-feks fer'i). A place 
 near Gauley River, Nicholas County, West Vir- 
 ginia. Here, Sept. 10, 1861, the Federals under Rose- 
 crans repulsed the Confederates under Floyd. 
 
 Carniola (kar-ni-o'la). [G. Erain.] A crown- 
 land of the Cisleithan division of Austria-Hun- 
 gary. It is bounded by Carinthia and Styria on the 
 north, Croatia on the east, Croatia, Fiume, and Kiisten- 
 land on the south, and Kiistenland on the west. Its sur- 
 face is mountainous, traversed by the Julian and Carnic 
 Alps, and the Save valley lies in the north. It has mines 
 of coal, quicksilver, iron, and manganese. It has 12 
 representatives in the Austrian Reichsrat, and a Landtag 
 of 50 members. Its capital is Laibach. The prevailing 
 religion is Roman Catholic. The vast majority of the in- 
 habitants are Slovenes, with some thousands of Germans 
 and Croats. It was comprised in the ancient Noricum 
 and Pannonia. Colonized by Slovenes and conquered by 
 Charles the Great. It was a medieval mark and duchy, 
 and has been ruled by the house of Hapsburg since 1282. 
 It was a part of the Illyrian provinces under Napoleon, 
 and was restored to Austria in 1814. It became a crown- 
 land in 1849. Area, 3,856 square miles. Population, 
 525,083, (1910). 
 
 Carnot (kar-no'), Lazare Hippolyte. Bom 
 
 at St. Omer, France, April 6, 1801 : died at 
 Paris, March 16, 1888. A French politician 
 and publicist, son of Lazare Nicolas Margue- 
 rite Carnot. He was minister of public instruction 
 1848, was member of the Corps Legislatif 1863-69, and be- 
 came life senator in 1875. 
 
 Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite. Born 
 at Nolay, Burgundy, France, May 13, 1753 : 
 died at Magdeburg, Prussia, Aug. 2, 1823. A 
 celebrated French statesman, strategist, and 
 man of science. He was a deputy to the Legislative 
 Assembly in 1791, and to the Convention 1792, and served 
 with great distinction as war minister 1793-95, his suc- 
 cessful labors winning him the popular title of “organ- 
 izer of victory." He was a member of the Directory 1795- 
 1797; tribune 1802-07; governor of Antwerp 1814; and min- 
 ister of the interior under Napoleon, 1815. He wrote 
 “ Sur la metaphysique du calcul infinitesimal ” (1797), etc. 
 
 Carnot, Marie Francois Sadi. Bom at Li- 
 moges, Aug. 11, 1837 : died at Lyons, June 24, 
 1894. A French statesman, son of Lazare 
 Hippolyte Carnot. He became prefect of the depart- 
 ment of Seine- Infbrieure and member of the National As- 
 sembly in 1871 ; was elected to the Chamber of Deputies 
 in 1876 ; became under secretary of state in the depart- 
 ment of public works, Aug. 26, 1878 ; and minister of pub- 
 lic works under Ferry Sept. 23, 1880. He was vice-presi- 
 dent of the Chamber 1883-84 ; minister of finance 1885-86 ; 
 and was elected president of the republic Dec. 3, 1887. 
 He was assassinated by an anarchist. 
 
 Carnot, Nicolas Leonard Sadi. Born at 
 Paris, June 1, 1796: died there, Aug. 24, 1832. 
 A noted French physicist. His most noted work is 
 “Reflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et les ma- 
 chines propres k ddvelopper cette puissance” (1824), fa- 
 mous in the history of modern physics. 
 
 Carnutes (kar-nu'tez), or Carnuti (-ti). An 
 ancient tribe of central Gaul, living in the 
 vicinity of Orl6ans and Chartres. They were 
 at war with Caesar 52-51 b. c. 
 
 Car of Juggernaut. See Juggernaut. 
 
 Carolan (kar'o-lan), Turlogh. Born at New- 
 town, near Nobber, Westmeath, Ireland, about 
 1670: died March 25, 1738. An Dish itinerant 
 minstrel. 
 
 Carolina (kar-o-li'nii). [Fern, of ML. Carolus, 
 Charles. See Caroline.] See North Carolina 
 and South Carolina. 
 
 Carolina Maria (ka-ro-le'na, ma-re'ii), Queen 
 of Naples. Born at Vienna, Aug. 13, 1752: 
 died at Schonbrunn, near Vienna, Sept. 8, 
 1814. A daughter of Francis I., emperor of 
 Germany, and wife of Ferdinand IV. of Naples. 
 She caused Acton’s appointment as prime min- 
 ister in 1784. 
 
 Caroline (kar'6-lin), Amelia Elizabeth. [NL. 
 
 Carolina: see Carolina.] Born May 17, 1768: 
 died Aug. 7, 1821. Queen of George IV. of Eng- 
 land, and second daughter of Charles William 
 Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick, and Augusta, 
 sister of George HI. She married George, then 
 
 Carpathus 
 
 prince of Wales, April 8, 1796 ; was abandoned by the 
 prince in 1796 (a formal separation); lived iu retirement 
 until 1813; traveled abroad 1813-20 ; returned to England 
 J une 5, 1820 ; and was accused of adultery and tried before 
 the House of Lords, Aug. , 1820. The trial was abandoned 
 Nov. 10, 1820. Her domestic troubles and trial played an 
 important part in English politics. Throughout she had 
 strong popular support. 
 
 Caroline Matilda. Born at London, July 22, 
 1751 : died at Celle, Germany, May 11, 1775. 
 Queen of Denmark and Norway, wife of Chris- 
 tian VII., and youngest child of Frederick, 
 prince of Wales. She was married Nov. 8, 1766; be- 
 came involved in an amour with Struensee, court physi- 
 cian 6 ater created, through her influence and the imbecility 
 of the king, a count and raised to the most influential po- 
 sition in the state), and in various political complications ; 
 and was arrested with Struensee and others on the night 
 of Jan. 16-17, 1772, and banished. 
 
 Caroline, Wilhelmina. Born March 1, 1683: 
 died Nov. 20, 1737. Queen of Great Britain and 
 Ireland, wife of George H., and daughter of 
 John Frederick, margrave of Brandenburg- 
 Ansbach. She married George, then electoral prince 
 of Hanover, Sept. 2, 1705; went to England on the acces- 
 sion of George I. ; ascended the throne June 11, 1727 ; 
 took an active part in politics, and was a firm supporter 
 of Walpole; and several times acted as regent during the 
 absence of the king. Her hitter hostility toward her 
 eldest son, Frederick, prince of Wales, was notorious. 
 She is introduced by Sir Walter Scott in “The Heart of 
 Mid-Lothian,” where Jeanie Deans has an interview with 
 her at Richmond. 
 
 Carolines (kar'6-llnz), or Caroline Islands. 
 
 An archipelago in the Pacific, in lat. 3°-ll° 
 N., long. 137°— 163° E. The name includes usually the 
 Pelew Islands. The chief islands are Yap, Ponape, Strong 
 Island, Babel-thouap, and Rouk. Its inhabitants are Poly- 
 nesians. The dispute between Spain and Germany in 1885 
 regarding Yap was settled in favor of Spain. Purchased 
 by Germany in 1899. 
 
 Carolingia, or Karolingia (kar-o-lin'ji-a). A 
 name given to the western kingdom of the 
 Franks, the nucleus of the modern France. 
 
 Carolingians (kar-5-lin'ji-anz), or Carlovin- 
 gians (kar-lo-vin'ji-anz). [F. Carlovingiens, 
 G. Earolinger.] A royal house descended from 
 Frankish lords in Austrasia in the 7th cen- 
 tury. It furnished the 2d dynasty of French kings 
 (751-987), a dynasty of German emperors and kings (752- 
 911), and a dynasty of Italian sovereigns (774-961). 
 
 Carolus Duran. See Duran. 
 
 Caron, or Carron (ka-ron'), Franciscus. Born 
 in Holland, of French parents: died 1674. A 
 navigator. He went to Japan in his youth, became 
 a member of the Dutch Council of the Indies, was ap- 
 pointed director-general of the French commerce in India 
 by Colbert in 1666, and was drowned near Lisbon in 1674 
 as he was returning to France from the East. Author of 
 a “Description of Japan” (Dutch), 1636. 
 
 Caron (ka-ron'), Rene fidouard. Born in Ste. 
 Anne, Cote de Beauprd, Canada, 1800: died Dec. 
 13, 1876. A Canadian politician and jurist. He 
 became judge of the Court of Queen’s Bench in 1853, served 
 as commissioner for codifying the laws of Lower Canada 
 in 1857, and was appointed lieutenant-governor of the 
 province of Quebec in February, 1873, which post he re- 
 tained untE his death. 
 
 Caroor. See Earur. 
 
 Carouge (kii-rozh'). A town in the canton of 
 Geneva, Switzerland, situated on the Arve ad- 
 joining Geneva. Population, 7,437. 
 
 Carpaccio (kar-pa'cho), Vittore. Born in Is- 
 tria, 1450 (?): died after 1522. A Venetian 
 painter. Little is known of his life. He was a pupil 
 of the elder Vivarini, and afterward of GentUe Bellini. 
 He is reported to have accompanied Bellini to Constanti- 
 nople, to which experience may be attributed his fondness 
 for Oriental costumes in his pictures. The great series of 
 subjects from the life of St. Ursula, in the academy at 
 Venice, gives the best as well as the most favorable con- 
 ception of his work executed after 1490. The series of 
 pictures in San Giorgio degli Schiavoni which Ruskin 
 has made so prominent was painted by the order of the 
 Hospice of St. George, 1502-08. 
 
 Carpani (kiir-pa'ne), Giuseppe. Born at Vil- 
 lalbese, near Milan, Jan. 28, 1752 : died at Vien- 
 na, Jan. 22, 1825. An Italian librettist and mu- 
 sical writer. He published “La Haydine” (a 
 work on Haydn, 1812). 
 
 Carpathian (kar-pa'thi-an) Mountains. [G. 
 
 Ear paten, L. *Carpates,' Gr. Kap-amc (Ptol- 
 emy).] A mountain system in central Europe. 
 
 It extends from Presburg in Austria-Hungary in a semi- 
 circle, separating Hungary and Transylvania on one side 
 from Moravia, Silesia, Galicia, Bukowina, and Rumania on 
 the other. Its chief divisions are the West Carpathians 
 (or Beskiden), the Central Carpathians (containing the 
 T;itra Mountains, Gerlsdorfer Spitze — 8,737 feet), East 
 Carpathians (Ostbeskiden), and Transylvanian Alps (Ne- 
 goi, 8,320 feet). It is noted for mineral wealth. 
 
 Carpathian Sea, L. Carpathium Mare (kar- 
 
 pa'thi-umma're). The ancient name for a small 
 lart of the JEgean Sea lying north of Carpathus. 
 ar pathus ( kar 'pa-thus ), or Kar pathos (-thos ) . 
 [Gr. Kapn-aiiof.] An island in the iEgean Sea 
 southwest of Rhodes : the modem Skarpanto 
 or Karpathos. It belongs to Turkey. In ancient 
 times it was under Rhodian rule. Length, 32 miles. 
 
Carpeanx 
 
 Carpeaux (kar-po'), Jean Baptiste. Bom at 
 
 Valenciennes, France, May 11, 1827 : died at 
 the Castle of Beeon, near Asnieres, Oct. 11, 
 1875. A noted French sculptor. He studied first 
 at the foole d’Architecture of Valenciennes, and later 
 went to Paris where he remained until 1844. He was as- 
 sociated with Chapu and Charles Garnier, and was a pupil 
 of Rude and Duret. In 1853 he made the bas-relief of 
 the ‘ * Submission of Abd-el-Kadir ” (which secured for him 
 the interest of Napoleon III.) for the pavilion de Rohan 
 du Louvre ; Sept. 9, 1854, he won the grand prix de Rome 
 with “Hector and Astyanax.” Most of his works are in 
 Paris. 
 
 Carpentaria (kar-pen-ta'ri-a), Gulf of. A gulf 
 which indents the northern coast of Australia, 
 west of Cape York peninsula. Width, 300-400 
 miles. Named (1644) for Captain Pieter Car- 
 penter. 
 
 Carpenter (kar'pen-ter), Lant. Born at Kid- 
 derminster, Sept. 2, 1780 : drowned off the Ital- 
 ian coast (probably washed overboard), April 
 5, 1840. An English Unitarian clergyman, pas- 
 tor at Exeter 1805-17, and subsequently at 
 Bristol. He wrote an “ Introduction to the Geography 
 of the New Testament" (1806), a “Harmony, a synoptical 
 arrangement of the Gospels ” (1835), etc. 
 
 Carpenter, Mary. Born at Exeter, April 3, 
 1807 : died at Bristol, June 14, 1877. Au Eng- 
 lish philanthropist and writer, eldest child of 
 Rev. Lant Carpenter, and sister of William 
 Benjamin Carpenter, she founded a girls’ school at 
 Bristol in 1829 ; established various societies and schools 
 for the poor, and reformatories ; visited India 1866-67, to 
 study the education of Indian women 1868-69, when she 
 took charge of a female normal school at Bombay 1869-70, 
 and for the last time 1875-76; and visited the United 
 States and Canada in 1873, speaking on prison reform. 
 
 Carpenter, Matthew Hale. Born at Moro- 
 town, Vt., Dec. 22, 1824: died at Washington, 
 D. C., Feb. 24, 1881. An American politician 
 and lawyer, United States senator from Wis- 
 consin 1869-75 and 1879-81. 
 
 Carpenter, William Benjamin. Bom at Exe- 
 ter, Oct. 29, 1813: died at London, Nov. 19, 
 1885. A noted English naturalist, eldest son 
 of Rev. Lant Carpenter. He studied medicine at 
 University College, London, and at the Edinburgh Medi- 
 cal School, graduating at the latter institution ; became 
 Fullerian professor of physiology at the Royal Institution 
 (1844), Fellow of the Royal Society (1844), prof essorof foren- 
 sic medicine at University College, lecturer on geology 
 at the British Museum, Principal of University Hall 
 (1851-59), and registrar of the University of London (1856- 
 1879). He took part as naturalist in several expeditions 
 for deep-sea exploration — in the Lightning (1868), between 
 the north of Ireland and the Faroe Islands ; in the Porcu- 
 pine (1869-70) ; in the Shearwater (1871), between Great 
 Britain and Portugal ; and in the Challenger (1872-76). He 
 published numerous papers on physiological and zoologi- 
 cal topics, including “The Principles of General and Com- 
 parative Physiology" (1839: “Comparative Physiology" 
 separately published 1854), “A Popular Cyclopedia of 
 Science ” (1843), “Introduction to the Study of the Fora- 
 minifera” (1862), “The Microscope and its Revelations ” 
 (1856), “ The Principles of Mental Physiology ” (1874), etc. 
 
 Carpentras (kar-poh-tras'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Vaueluse, southeastern France 
 (the ancient Carpentoracte), on the river Au- 
 zon 15 miles northeast of Avignon. It contains 
 many antiquities. Population, 10,721. 
 
 Carpi (kar'pe). A town in the province of Mo- 
 dena, Italy, situated 10 miles north-northwest 
 of Modena. Its cathedral was built by Peruzzi in 1520, 
 and is interesting as based on Bramante's design for St. 
 Peter’s. A fragment in the sanctuary, with some curious 
 sculpture, belongs to the original cathedral of the 11th 
 century. Population, 7,296 ; commune, 22,932. 
 
 Carpi. A village in the province of Verona, 
 Italy, situated on the Adige 28 miles southeast 
 of Verona. It was the scene of a victory of 
 Prince Eugene over the French under Catinat 
 in 1701. 
 
 Carpini (kar-pe'ne), Giovanni Piano. Born 
 near Perugia, about 1200. An Italian Fran- 
 ciscan, papal legate to the Khan of Tatary 
 1245—47. He wrote “Liber Tartarorum” (ed. 
 by d’Avezac 1838). 
 
 Carpio, Bernardo del. Seo Bernardo del Carpio. 
 Carpocrates (kar-pok'ra-tez), or Carpocras 
 (kar'po-kras). Lived probably in the reign of 
 Hadrian (117-138 A. D.). A celebrated Alex- 
 andrian Gnostic. See Carpocratians. 
 Carpocratians (kar-po-kra'shianz). A sect of 
 Gnostics of the 2d century, followers of Car- 
 
 J iocrates or Carpocras of Alexandria, 
 arpzov (karp'tsof), Benedict. Bom at Bran- 
 denburg, Germany, Oct. 22, 1565: died at Wit- 
 tenberg, Germany, Nov. 26, 1624. A noted 
 German jurist. 
 
 Carpzov, Benedict. Bom at Wittenberg, Ger- 
 many, May 27, 1595: died at Leipsic, Aug. 30, 
 1666. A German jurist, son of Benedict Carp- 
 zov. He wrote “ Definitiones forenses” (1638), 
 “Praetica novarerurn criminalium” (1635), etc. 
 Carpzov, Johann Gottlob. Born at Dresden, 
 
 219 
 
 Sept. 20, 1679: died at Liibeck, Germany, 
 April 7, 1767. A German theologian. 
 
 Carqtlin ( kar-ken' ) . A tribe of North American 
 Indians. They formerly lived south of Car- 
 quinez Straits, California, and eastward to the 
 mouth of San Joaquin River. See Costanoan. 
 Carr (kar), or Ker, Robert. Died July, 1645. 
 A British politician, of Scotch birth, created 
 Viscount Rochester March 25, 1611, and Earl of 
 Somerset Nov. 3, 1613. He came to England as a 
 page of James I. ; became a favorite of the king ; was 
 “ the first Scotchman promoted by James to a seat in the 
 English House of Lords”; fell in love with Lady Essex 
 who, with the aid of the king, procured a divorce from 
 her husband and married Carr (then Earl of Somerset), Dec. 
 26, 1613 ; was implicated in the poisoning by Lady Essex 
 of Sir Thomas Overbury, who had at first promoted their 
 intrigue, but later opposed their marriage ; and was tried 
 and condemned to death in 1615, but was finally pardoned. 
 The prosecution was conducted by Bacon as attorney- 
 general. 
 
 Carr, Sir Robert. Born in Northumberland, 
 England: died at Bristol, England, June 1, 1667. 
 A British commissioner in New England in 
 1664. With Nicolls he took New Amsterdam 
 from the Dutch (1664), and named it New York. 
 Carracci (kar-ra'che), or Caracci (ka-ra'che), 
 Agostino. Born at Bologna, Italy, Aug. 16, 
 1558 ; died at Parma, Italy, March 22, 1602. 
 An Italian engraver and painter of the Bo- 
 lognese school, brother of Annibale Carracci. 
 Carracci, Annibale. Born at Bologna, Nov. 3, 
 1560: died at Rome, July 15, 1609. An Italian 
 painter of the Bolognese school, a pupil of his 
 cousin Lodovico Carracci. In 1580 he went to Par- 
 ma to study the works of Correggio, and in 1600 deco- 
 rated the ceiling of a gallery in the Farnese palace, which 
 was declared by Poussin to excel all other works but 
 those of Raphael. He was associated with his cousin 
 Lodovico in conducting the academy at Bologna. 
 
 Carracci, Lodovico. Born at Bologna, Italy, 
 April 21, 1555: died at Bologna, Nov. 13, 1619. 
 An Italian painter, founder of the Bolognese 
 school, noted as a teacher. The best pupils of 
 his school were Domenichino and Guido. His 
 chief works are at Bologna. 
 
 Carrara (kar-ra/ra). A town in the province 
 of Massa-e-Carrara, Italy, in lat. 44° 5' N., 
 long. 10° 6' E. It is famous for its marble. 
 Population, 21,104; commune, 42,097. 
 Carrasco (ka-ras'ko; Sp. pron. kar-ras'ko), 
 Samson, Sp. Sanson. A bachelor or licenti- 
 ate in Cervantes’s “Don Quixote,” who played 
 practical jokes. 
 
 Carratala (kar-ra-ta-la'), Jose. Born at Ali- 
 cante, Dec. 14, 1781: died at Madrid, 1854. A 
 Spanish general. In 1815 he went with Morillo to 
 Venezuela, passed thence to Peru, and fought against the 
 revolutionists there, 1819-24, attaining the rank of field- 
 marshal. In 1833 he commanded the forces in Tarragona 
 against the Carlists, and shortly after he fought against 
 them in Biscay. In March, 1835, he was made captain- 
 general of Estremadura, and he subsequently held the 
 same office in Valencia, Murcia, and Old Castile. In 1840 
 he was named senator and minister of war, and his rank 
 was raised to lieutenant-general. 
 
 Carr6 (ka-ra'), Michel. Born at Paris, 1819: 
 died there, June 27, 1872. A French drama- 
 tist and librettist for vaudevilles and comic 
 operas. Fie collaborated with Jules Barbier 
 after 1849. 
 
 Carrel (ka-rel'), Nicolas Armand. Born at 
 Rouen, France, May 8, 1800: died at St. Mandd, 
 near Paris, July 24, 1836. A French journalist 
 and republican leader. He was editor of the “ Na- 
 tional ” at Paris, 1830-36, and was mortally wounded in a 
 duel July 22, 1836. 
 
 Carreno de Miranda (kar-ra'nyo da me-ran'- 
 
 da), Juan. Bom at Avilas, in Asturias, Spain, 
 March 25, 1614: died at Madrid, Sept., 1685. A 
 Spanish painter, chiefly of portraits and reli- 
 gious compositions. 
 
 Carrera (kar-ra/ra), Josd Miguel de. Born at 
 Santiago, Oct. 15, 1785: died at Mendoza, in 
 the Argentine, Sept. 4, 1821. A Chilean revo- 
 lutionist. In 1811, with his brothers, Juan Jose and 
 Luis, he headed the revolt against the Spaniards which 
 had already broken out, and became the first president of 
 Chile. He was deposed in favor of O’Higgins in 1813, and 
 thuugh the rivals joined forces in 1814, they were defeated 
 by the Spaniards at the battle of Rancagua (Oct. 2, 1814), 
 Carrera fled to Buenos Ayres, and in 1815 went to the 
 United States. He returned in 1816, but was forbidden to 
 proceed to Chile. Driven in 1821 to take refuge among 
 the Indians, he was betrayed by his own men arid shot as 
 a rebel. 
 
 Carrera. Rafael. Born in Guatemala City, 
 1815: died there, April 4, 1865. A Guatemalan 
 revolutionist of inixed white and Indian blood. 
 He joined the revolt against the Federal party of Central 
 America in 1887, became commander of the Guatemalan 
 insurgents, and 1844-48 was president of Guatemala. In 
 1852 he was reelected, and in 1854 he was made president 
 for life, and practically dictator. 
 
 Carrey (ka-ra'), Jacques. Born at Troyes, 
 1646 : died 1726. A French painter, a pupil of 
 
 Carron 
 
 Lebrun . He made numerous journeys to the Orient, dur- 
 ing one of which he executed a series of sketches from the 
 Parthenon, then (Nov., 1674) in a good state of preserva- 
 tion. These drawings, preserved in the Bibliothfjque Na- 
 tionale in Paris, have been invaluable to students of Greek 
 art. Carrey also assisted Lebrun in his great compositions. 
 Carrlise (kar'e). In ancient geography, a town 
 in Mesopotamia, in lat. 36° 52' N., long. 39° 2' E. 
 It is usually identified with the scriptural Horen, or Harran. 
 Near here, 63 B. o., the Roman triumvir Crassus suffered 
 a decisive defeat at the hands of the Parthians, by whom 
 he was shortly after killed in an interview with one of 
 their satraps. 
 
 Garrick (kar'ik). The southern district of Ayr- 
 shire, Scotland. It is south of the Doom 
 Garrick, Earl of. See Bruce, Robert de. 
 Carrickfergus (kar-ik-f6r'gus). A seaport in 
 Ulster, Ireland, situated on Belfast Lough 9 
 miles northeast of Belfast. It forms a county 
 (with the adjacent districts, inclosed by Antrim). The 
 leading industries are fisheries and cheese manufacture. 
 William III. landed here in 1690, and it was captured by 
 the French in 1760. The castle, a splendid Norman for- 
 tress, was built by De Courcy in 1178, and is now occupied 
 by a royal garrison. It stands on a rock, with water on 
 three sides. The entrance is by a gateway flanked by 
 semicircular towers and defended by portcullis and other 
 medieval devices. The donjon is an enormous square 
 tower of five stories. Population, 4,208. 
 
 Garrick’s Ford. A place on the Cheat River, 
 in Tucker County, West Virginia. Here, July 
 14, 1861, the Federals under Morris defeated the Confed- 
 erates under Garnett. 
 
 Carrier. See Takulli. 
 
 Carrier (kar-ya/), Jean Baptiste. Born at Yo- 
 let, near Aurillac, France, 1756 : guillotined at 
 Paris, Dec. 16, 1794. A French revolutionist, 
 deputy to the Convention in 1792, notorious for 
 his cruelty in the revolutionary tribunal at 
 Nantes 1793-94. 
 
 Carrifere(kar-yar'), Moritz. Born March 5,1817 : 
 died Jan. 19, 1895. A German philosopher and 
 writer on esthetics, professor of philosophy at 
 Giessen. 
 
 Carries (kar-ias'), Jean. Born about 1856 : died 
 July 1, 1894. A noted French sculptor. He first 
 exhibited in the Salon of 1892 : on the opening day he re- 
 ceived the cross of the Legion of Honor. He was the dis- 
 coverer of a stoneware in which many of his best effects 
 were produced. 
 
 Carrillo de Mendoza y Pimentel (kiir-rel'yo 
 da men-do'tha e pe-men-tel'), Diego, Count 
 of Priego and Marquis of Gelves. Born about 
 1560: died after 1627. A Spanish general and 
 administrator, the second son of the Marquis 
 of Tavara. He was viceroy of New Spain (Mexico) from 
 Sept. 21, 162L In 1623 he had a quarrel with the arch- 
 bishop on questions of jurisdiction : this resulted in the 
 triumph of the archbishop, and the viceroy was deposed 
 and imprisoned by the audience Jan., 1624. He returned 
 to Spain in 1626. 
 
 Carrington, Lord. See Primrose, Sir Archibald 
 (1617-97). 
 
 Carrington (kar'ing-ton), Richard Christo- 
 pher. Bom at Chelsea, England, May 26, 1826 : 
 died at Churt, Surrey, Nov. 27, 1875. An English 
 astronomer. He was noted for his observations of the 
 minor planets, fixed stars, and the sun, made chiefly at his 
 private observatory at Red Hill, near Reigate, Surrey. 
 
 Carrion (kar-re-on' ), Jeronimo. Born May, 
 1812: died May, 1879. An Ecuadorian politi- 
 cian, elected president Aug. 4, 1865. In Jan., 
 
 1866, he joined with Chile and Peru in the defensive alli- 
 ance against Spain. After being subjected to a vote of 
 censure by Congress, he resigned Nov., 1867. 
 
 Carrizo Indians. See Comecrudo. 
 
 Carroll (kar'ol), Charles, “of Carrollton.” Born 
 at Annapolis, Md., Sept. 19, 1737: died at Bal- 
 timore, Nov. 14, 1832. An American patriot, 
 a signer of the Declaration of Independence. 
 He was United States senator from Maryland 
 1789-92. 
 
 Carroll, John. Born at Upper Marlborough, 
 Md., Jan. 8, 1735: died at Georgetown, D. C., 
 Dec. 3, 1815. An American archbishop of the 
 Roman Catholic Church. He was educated in Bel- 
 gium ; was ordained priest in 1769 ; and was professor of 
 moral philosophy in St. Omer and Liege 1759-71. In 1771 
 he was admitted to the Society of Jesus; and on the sup- 
 pression of that society on the Continent in 1773 he went 
 to England, and came to America in 1774. With Charles 
 Carroll, Samuel Chase, and Benjamin Franklin he was sent 
 by the Continental Congress on a political mission to 
 Canada (1776). In 1784, at the request of Franklin, he 
 was appointed superior of clergy in the United States. 
 In 1790 he was consecrated bishop of Baltimore, and in 
 1808 was created archbishop of Baltimore. He founded 
 Georgetown College (1788-91). Among his writings are “An 
 Address to the Roman Catholics of the United States of 
 America,” “ A Concise View of the Principal Points of Con- 
 troversy between theProtestant and Roman Churches,” etc. 
 
 Oa.rroll, Lewis. A psoudonym of Charles Lut- 
 widge Dodgson. 
 
 Carrollton (kar'ol-ton). A former town in 
 Louisiana. It is now a part of New Orleans. 
 Carron (kar'on). 1. A river in Stirlingshire, 
 Scotland, which flows into the Firth of Forth 
 
Oarron 
 
 10 miles southeast of Stirling. At one time it 
 was the northern boundary of the Roman Em- 
 pire. — 2. A village on the river Carron, 9 miles 
 southeast of Stirling. It is noted for its iron-works : 
 the first carronades were cast here in 1779. 
 
 Carrousel, Arc du. See Arc de Triomphe du 
 Carrousel. 
 
 Carrousel (kar-o-zel'), Place du. [F. carrousel, 
 a tilt or tilting-match, It. carosello, from garo- 
 sello, a festival or tournament.] The space 
 extending along the eastern court of the Tui- 
 leries, and inclosed by the buildings of the Old 
 and New Louvre. It was originally the space be- 
 tween the eastern fagade of the Tuileries and the enceinte 
 of Charles V., which was laid out about 1600 as a garden 
 called the “Parterre de Mademoiselle" in honor of Made- 
 moiselle Montpensier, who then lived in the Tuileries. 
 In the reign of Louis XIV. a great carrousel or tilt, which 
 surpassed all previous ones, was held here June 5 and 8, 
 1662, and the place was called Place du Carrousel, and 
 has since kept that name. All sorts of knightly games 
 were played by the king, his guests, and courtiers, in cos- 
 tumes of all n ations. As late as 1850 the space between 
 the old city fosse and the Louvre was still occupied by 
 streets and houses. When the northern gallery was built 
 between the two palaces (the Old and New Louvre?), under 
 Napoleon III., the entire space was cleared, and is now 
 called Place du Carrousel. 
 
 Carruthers (ka-ro'therz), Robert. Born at 
 Dumfries, Nov. 5, 1799 : died at Inverness, May 
 26, 1878. A Scottish journalist and man of let- 
 ters, editor and proprietor of the “ Inverness 
 Courier.” He was the biographer and editor of Pope, 
 and the compiler, with Kobert Chambers, of “ Chambers’s 
 Cyclopedia of English Literature," etc. 
 
 Carse of Gowrie. See Gowrie. 
 
 Carson (kar'son), Christopher, usually called 
 *“ Kit.” Carson. Born in Madison County, Ky., 
 Dec. 24, 1809: died at Fort Lyon, Col., May 23, 
 1868. An American trapper, guide, soldier, 
 and Indian agent in New Mexico. 
 
 Carson City. The capital of Nevada, situated 
 in lat. 39° 10' N., long. 119° 46' W. There are 
 gold- and silver-mines in the vicinity. Popu- 
 lation, 2,466, (1910). 
 
 Carstares(kar-Starz'), William. BornatCath- 
 cart, near Glasgow, Feb. 11, 1649 : died Dec. 28, 
 1715. A noted Scottish Presbyterian divine. 
 He was chaplain to William, prince of Orange, 1686, 
 royal chaplain 1688-1715, principal of the University of 
 Edinburgh 1703, and four times moderator of the as- 
 sembly. 
 
 Cartagena, or Carthagena (kar-ta- (tha) je'na ; 
 Sp. pron. kar-ta-Ha'na). A seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Murcia, Spain, situated on the Mediter- 
 ranean in lat. 37° 36' N., long. 0° 56' W. : the 
 ancient Carthago Nova. There are mines of copper, 
 lead, etc., in the neighborhood. It has a cathedral, and 
 an excellent harbor. It exports barilla. Tt was colonized 
 by the Carthaginians, and captured by Scipio Africanus 
 in 209 B. C. It was taken by the British and retaken by 
 Berwick in 1706. It was held by the Intransigentists 
 1873-74. Population, 99,871. 
 
 Cartagena. A seaport city of Colombia, capi- 
 tal of the department of Bolivar, on a low island 
 between the Caribbean Sea and the Bay of Car- 
 tagena. It was founded in 1533 by Pedro de Heredia, and 
 was long the principal port and stronghold of this part of 
 Spanish America. Several times taken and sacked by cor- 
 sairs, it was fortified in the lSth century at an expense of 
 $59,0e0,000, and in 1741 resisted the attack of Vernon. It 
 was the first New Granadan city to declare for indepen- 
 dence, and in 1815 was taken by the Spaniards after a four 
 months' siege in which nearly all the garrison and inhabi- 
 tants perished : for this it received the title of the “ Heroic 
 City.” Population, about 11,000. 
 
 Cartagena de las Indias (kar-ta-Ha'na da las 
 en'de-as). [Sp . t 1 Cartagena of the Indies.’] 
 The name used, during the colonial period, 
 for the city of Cartagena in New Granada, 
 now in Colombia, to distinguish it from Carta- 
 gena in Spain. 
 
 CartagO (kar-ta'go). A town in the Republic 
 of Colombia, in lat. 4° 50' N., long. 76° 10' W. 
 Population, 7,696. 
 
 CartagO. A town, capital of Cartago province, in 
 Costa Rica, Central America, situated 13 miles 
 east-southeast of San Josd. It is frequently 
 visited by earthquakes. Population, 6,018. 
 Cartaphilus. Bee Wandering Jew. 
 
 Cartas de Indias (kar'tas da en'de-as). A col- 
 lection of letters from early Spanish explorers, 
 published by the Spanish government at Ma- 
 drid, 1877. Some of those from Columbus, Ves- 
 iucci, and others are given in facsimile, 
 arte (kart), Thomas. Born at Clifton-upon- 
 Dunsmore, Warwickshire, England, April, 
 1686: died near Abingdon, England, April 2, 
 1754. An English scholar and historian. He was 
 the author of a “ Life of James, Duke of Ormonde ” (1736), 
 an important history of England to 1654 (1747-55), etc. 
 He was a strong Jacobite. 
 
 Cartel (kar-tel') Combination. In German 
 politics, the temporary union in the Reichstag 
 about 1887 of the members of the German Con- 
 
 220 
 
 servative, National Liberal, and Imperialist 
 parties. 
 
 Carter (kar'ter), Elizabeth. Born at Deal, Dec. 
 16, 1717: died atLondon, Feb. 19, 1806. An Eng- 
 lish poet, translator, and miscellaneous writer. 
 She is best known for her friendship for Dr. Johnson, 
 which lasted for fifty years. Her letters to Mrs. Vesey, 
 Mrs. Montagu, and Miss Catharine Talbot were collected 
 and printed in seven volumes 1809-17. 
 
 Carter, Franklin. Born at Waterbury, Conn., 
 Sept. 30, 1837. An American educator. He was 
 graduated from Williams College in 1862. From 1865 to 
 1868 he was professor of Latin and French at Williams, 
 from 1868 to 1872 of Latin only. From 1872 to 1881 he was 
 professor of German at Yale College. He was president 
 of Williams College 1881-1901. 
 
 Carter, Henry. The original name of Frank 
 Leslie, changed by act of the legislature in 1849. 
 See Leslie , Frank. 
 
 Carteret (kar'ter-et), Sir George. Born at St. 
 Ouen, Jersey, between 1609-17 : died Jan., 1680. 
 An English sailor and royalist politician, a 
 nephew of Sir Philip de Carteret. He became cap- 
 tain in the navy in 1633, and comptroller of the navy in 1639; 
 supported actively the royalist cause, and was appointed 
 by the king lieutenant-governor of Jersey (from which he 
 expelled the Parliamentary governor) and vice-admiral 
 (Dec. 13, 1644) ; was granted by Charles II. “a certain island 
 and adjacent islets in America in perpetual inheritance, 
 to be called New Jersey ” ; surrendered Dec. 12, 1651, and 
 went to France and obtained a command in the French 
 navy; was imprisoned in the Bastille Aug.- Dec., 1657; 
 returned to England at the Restoration ; was treasurer of 
 the navy 1661-67 ; and was suspended from the House of 
 Commons for mismanagement of the funds of the navy, 
 Dee. 10, 1669. He was one of the original proprietors of 
 Carolina, and, with Lord Berkeley, was granted the land 
 between the Hudson and the Delaware, named in his 
 honor New Jersey. 
 
 Carteret, John, Lord. Born April 22, 1690: 
 died at Bath, Jan. 2, 1763. An English states- 
 man, son of the first Baron Carteret. He became 
 Baron Carteret Sept. 22, 1695, and Earl Granville (through 
 the death of his mother) Oct. 18, 1744. He was appointed 
 ambassador extraordinary to Sweden in 1719 ; mediated 
 a peace between Sweden, Prussia, and Hanover in 1720 ; 
 attended as ambassador extraordinary the congresses of 
 Brunswick audCambrayin 1720; was appointed secretary 
 of state for the southern province under Walpole, March 
 6, 1721 ; became lord lieutenant of Ireland, April 3, 1724, 
 retiring 1730 ; was an active opponent of Walpole, moving 
 Feb. 13, 1741, in the House of Lords, that the king be re- 
 quested to remove him from his “presence and counsels 
 for ever ’’ ; became secretary of state for the northern 
 province Feb. 12, 1742, under Lord Wilmington; resigned 
 Nov. 24, 1744; and attempted unsuccessfully to form a 
 ministry Feb., 1746. 
 
 Carteret, Philip. Died at Southamptou, Eng- 
 land, July 21, 1796. An English rear-admiral 
 and explorer in the southern hemisphere. He was 
 lieutenant of the Dolphin in Byron’s expedition, 1764-66 ; 
 commanded the Swallow in the expedition under Wallis 
 to the southern hemisphere, 1766-69 ; and discovered Pit- 
 cairn Island (July 2, 1767), Osnaburg, Gower’s Island, 
 Simpson’s Island, Carteret's Island, Wallis's Island, and 
 others. His “ Journal ’’ was published in Hawkesworth's 
 “Voyages ”(1773). 
 
 Carteret, Sir Philip de. Born on the island 
 of Jersey, Feb., 1584: died iu Jersey, Aug. 23, 
 1643. Au English royalist, seigneur of St. Ouen, 
 Jersey, and of Sark, and lieutenant-governor 
 of Jersey, which he held for the king until 
 his death. 
 
 Cartesius. See Descartes. 
 
 Carthage (kar'thaj). [L. Carthago, Phen. Kar- 
 thadaslit, New Town, as opposed to the mother 
 city Tyre, or to the older colony of Utica (from 
 Phen. atiq, old) which was situated to the north- 
 east, about 17 miles from Carthage.] An an- 
 cient city and state in northern Af rica, situated 
 on the Mediterranean in lat. 36° 52' N., long. 
 10° 18' E., a few miles northeast of modern 
 Tunis, and not far from Utica. It was founded 
 by Phenicians in the middle of the 9th century (:). It was 
 a great commercial and colonizing center as early as the 
 6th century B. c., and was one of the largest cities of anti- 
 quity. It had two harbors, a naval and a mercantile. Its 
 first treaty with Borne was made in 60J B. c. It was de- 
 feated at Himera in Sicily in 480, and overthrew Selinus 
 and other Sicilian cities about 400. It was the rival of 
 Syracuse under Dionysius, Agathocles, etc. At the height 
 of its power it had possessions in Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, 
 northern Africa, and Spain. Its wars with Koine have the 
 following dates : First Punic War, 264-241 ; Second Punic 
 War, 218-201 ; Third Punic War, 149-146. It was recolo- 
 nized as a Roman city by Caius Gracchus and successfully 
 by Augustus iu 29 (?) B. o. ; was taken by the Vandals in 
 439 A. D . ; and was retaken by Belisarius in 533. It was 
 an important center of Latin Christianity. The Saracens 
 destroyed it about 697. At present some cisterns, broken 
 arches of an aqueduct, and the Roman Catholic monastery 
 of St. Louis mark the site of the former rival of Rome. See 
 Punic Wars. 
 
 Carthage. Tho capital of Jasper County, 
 southwestern Missouri. Near here, July 6, 1861 , 
 was fought the battle between the Federals (1,600) under 
 Sigel and the Confederates (3,500-5,000) under Governor 
 Jackson. Population, 9,483, (1910). 
 
 Carthagena. See Cartagena. 
 
 Carthago (kiir-tha'go). The Roman name of 
 Carthage. 
 
 Carus, Karl Gustav 
 
 Carthago Nova (no'va). The Roman name of 
 
 Cartagena, Spain. " __ 
 
 Cartier (kar-tya'), Sir George Etienne. Bom 
 at St. Antoine, Lower Canada, Sept. 6, 1814: 
 died at London, May 20, 1873. A French-Ca- 
 nadian lawyer and politician. He became provin- 
 cial secretary in 18^5 ; attorney -general for Lower Canada 
 in 1856 ; and premier in 1858. He was the author of “ O 
 Canada, mon pays, mes amours ” and other popular songs. 
 
 Cartier (kar-tya'), Jacques. Born at St. Malo, 
 France, 1491: died at St. Malo, Sept. 1, 1557. A 
 celebrated Fren c h navi gator. He made three voyages 
 to Canada. In the first (1534) he explored the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence ; in the second (1535) he sailed up the St. Law- 
 rence to Montreal ; and in the third (1541-42) he made 
 an unsuccessful attempt at colonization in Canada. 
 
 Cartismandua (kar-tis-man'du-a). A queen of 
 the Brigantes in the time of Claudius. She fa- 
 vored the Romans, and was forced to seek an 
 asylum in their camp. 
 
 Cartoons of Raphael. Drawings executed in 
 1515-16, for Leo X., to be reproduced in 
 Flemish tapestry . They were long in Hampton Court 
 Palace, and are now in the South Kensington Museum, 
 London. One of the two sets of tapestries made from 
 them is in the Vatican, the other in the Old Museum, 
 Berlin. The cartoons are seven in number : Christ’s 
 Charge to Peter, Death of Ananias, Peter and John Heal- 
 ing the Cripple, Paul and Barnabas at Lystra, Elymas 
 Struck Blind, Paul Preaching at Athens, The Draught 
 of Fishes. In composition and vigor of drawing they are 
 among Raphael’s best works. 
 
 Cartouche (kilr-tosh'), Louis Dominique. 
 
 Born at Paris about 1693: broken on the 
 wheel at Chatelet, France, Nov. 28, 1721. A 
 celebrated Parisian robber. He was the son of a 
 wine merchant, and was stolen by gipsies, from whom he 
 learned rascality. He established himself in Paris, and 
 after a short period of service in the army formed a 
 famous band of robbers. His history was extremely pop- 
 ular, and was the foundation of various plays. 
 
 Cartwright (kart ' rit), Edmund. Bom at 
 Marnham, Nottingham, England, April 24, 1743: 
 died at Hastings, England, Oct. 30, 1823. An 
 English clergyman and mechanician, the re- 
 puted inventor of the power-loom. He was grad- 
 uated at University College, Oxford, and became a fellow 
 of Magdalen College in 1764, curate of Brampton, and 
 rector of Goadby Marwood, Leicestershire, in 1799. In 
 1784, during a visit to Arkwright’s cotton-mills at Crom- 
 ford, the idea of a weaving-machine, according to the ac- 
 count given by him, occurred to him. His first patent 
 was taken out April 4, 1785, and this waB followed by 
 others, on improvements, on Oct. 30, 1786, and Aug. 18, 
 1787. He also patented (1789) a wool carding machine, 
 and (1797) a steam-engine in which alcohol was used, and 
 assisted Robert Fulton in his experiments with steam- 
 boats. He was the brother of John Cartwright. 
 
 Cartwright, John. Born at Marnham, Not- 
 tingham, England, Sept. 17, 1740 : died at 
 London, Sept. 23, 1824. An English radical 
 politician and publicist, surnamed “the Father 
 of Reform,” an advocate of parliamentary re- 
 form and of the abolition of slavery: brother 
 of Edmund Cartwright. He was the author of “ A 
 Le#ter to Edmund Burke, controverting the Principles of 
 American Government laid down in his lately published 
 Speech on American Taxation ’’(1775), and of other politi- 
 cal pamphlets. 
 
 Cartwright, Peter. Born in Amherst County, 
 Va., Sept. 1, 1785: died at Pleasant Plains, 111., 
 Sept. 25, 1872. An American circuit preacher 
 of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 
 Cartwright, Thomas. Born in Hertfordshire, 
 England, 1535: died at Warwick, Dec. 27, 1603. 
 A celebrated English Puritan clergyman, con- 
 troversialist, and scholar. 
 
 Cartwright, Thomas. Born at Northampton, 
 Sept. 1, 1634: died at Dublin, April 15, 1689. 
 An English prelate, prebendary of Wells and 
 of Durham, dean of Ripon, and (1686) bishop 
 of Chester. 
 
 Cartwright, William. Born at North way, 
 near Tewkesbury, England, Sept., 1611: died 
 at Oxford, England, Nov. 29, 1643. An Eng- 
 lish divine and dramatist. He was the son of an 
 innkeeper at Cirencester, a student of Christ Church, 
 Oxford, a member of the Council of War in 1642, and 
 junior proctor of the university in 1643. He wrote “The 
 Ordinary,” “The Royal Slave, a Tragi-Comedy,” “The 
 Lady- Errant, a Tragi-Comedy,” and “The Siege, or Love's 
 Convert, ” etc. His plays and poems were collected iu 1651. 
 
 Carupano (ka-ro'pa-no). A seaport in the 
 state of Bermudez, Venezuela, in lat. 10° 40' 
 N., long. 63° 18' W. Population, 12,000. 
 
 Carus (ka'ros), Julius Viktor. Born at Leip- 
 sic, Aug. 25, 1823 : died there, March 10, 1903. 
 A noted Gorman zoologist. He was custodian of the 
 Museum of Comparative Anatomy at Oxford (1849-61), pro- 
 fessor of comparative anatomy at Leipsic (1853-1903), anil 
 Professor Wyville Thomsons substitute at Edinburgh 
 (1873-74). His works include “Zur nahem Kenntnis des 
 Generationswechsels ” (1849), “ System der tierischen 
 Morphologie” (1863), “ leones zootomicse” (1857), etc. 
 
 Carus, Karl Gustav. Born at Leipsic, Jan. 
 3, 1789: died at Dresden, July 28, 1869. A 
 German physiologist and psychologist. His 
 
Carus, Karl Gustav 
 
 works include “ Lehrbuch der Zootomie " (1818), “Grund- 
 ziige der vergleichenden Anatomie und Physiologie” 
 (1828), “tiber den Blutkreislauf der Insekten" (1827), 
 “Vorlesungeu iiber Psycliologie” (1831), “Psyche, etc." 
 (1846). 
 
 Carus (ka'rus), Marcus Aurelius. Bom m 
 Illyria, about 222: died near Ctesiphon, 
 Mesopotamia, 283. Emperor of Borne 282- 
 283. He was prefect of the Pretorian Guard under Pro- 
 bus, and was elevated to the throne by the soldiers on 
 the murder of Probus at Sirmium. He was killed (accord- 
 ing to one account by lightning) on an expedition against 
 the Parthians, as he was about to push his conquests 
 across the Tigris. 
 
 Carvalho (kar-val'yo) Paes de Andrade (piz 
 de an-dra'de), Manuel de. Born about 1795: 
 died in Bio de Janeiro, June 18, 1855. A Bra- 
 zilian politician. He was elected temporary president 
 of Pernambuco Dec., 1823, and during the succeeding year 
 headed a revolt against the emperor Pedro I. , proclaiming 
 (July 2, 1824) a republic with the name of the Confedera- 
 te do Equador. The revolt was put down in October, 
 and Carvalho escaped to England. He returned to Brazil, 
 and was a senator from 1836. 
 
 Carvell (kar'vel), Nicholas. Died 1566. An 
 English poet, reputed author of two poems in 
 the “Mirror for Magistrates.” 
 
 Carver (kar'ver), John. Born in England, 
 about 1575: died at Plymouth, Mass., April, 
 1621. One of the leaders of the “Pilgrim 
 Fathers,” and first governor of Plymouth Col- 
 ony, 1620-21. He took refuge in Holland about 1608, 
 was deacon in Robinson's church at Leyden, and was 
 agent for the Puritan emigrants to New England. 
 Carver, Jonathan. Born at Stillwater, Conn., 
 1732 (?): died at London, Jan. 31, 1780. An 
 American soldier and traveler, explorer of 
 the region beyond the Mississippi. To find a 
 northern passage to the Pacific, he star ted from Boston, 
 June, 1766, explored the shores of Lake Superior, and 
 proceeded as far west as the sources of the St. Pierre, re- 
 turning in 1768. In 1769 he went to England. He published 
 “Travels through the Interior Parts of North America,” 
 including an account of the manners, customs, languages, 
 etc , of the Indians (1778), “A Treatise on the Cultivation 
 of the Tobacco-plant ’’ (1779), etc. 
 
 Carvilius (kar-vil'i-us), Spurius. A Boman 
 freedman, noted as one of the first to open a 
 public school at Borne, and as the arranger of 
 the Boman alphabet. See the extract. 
 
 K disappeared from use at a very early date, being rep- 
 resented by C instead. Later, when the need appeared 
 for a distinction between the smooth (tenuis) and mid- 
 dle (media) gutturals, the freedman of Sp. Carvilius, cos. 
 520 234 and 526/228, invented the sign G by slightly alter- 
 ing the C, and put it in the place of the almost unneces- 
 sary and little used Z, which was only restored (together 
 with Y)in the time of Cicero, and was then placed at the 
 end of the alphabet. Thus the alphabet of Car vilius like- 
 wise consisted of twenty-one letters. 
 
 Teuffel and Schwabe, Hist. Rom. Lit. (tr.by G.C.W.Warr), 
 
 [I. 127. 
 
 Carvin (kar-van'). A manufacturing town in 
 the department of Pas-de-Calais, France, situ- 
 ated 11 miles south-southwest of Lille. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 10,736. 
 
 Cary (ka'ri), Alice. Born near Cincinnati, 
 Ohio, April 20, 1820: died at New York, Feb. 
 12, 1871. An American author. Her works in- 
 clude poems, novels, sketches of Western life, “Clover- 
 nook Papers” (1851-53), “Clovernook Children ” (1854). 
 
 Cary, Sir Henry. Died Sept., 1633. An Eng- 
 lish statesman, son of Sir Edward Cary of 
 Berkhamstead and Aldenham, Hertfordshire, 
 created Viscount Falkland in the Scottish 
 peerage, Nov. 10, 1620. 
 
 Cary, Henry Francis. Born at Gibraltar, 
 Dec. G, 1772: died at London, Aug. 14, 1844. 
 An English poet and scholar, chiefly known 
 as the translator of Dante. He studied at Christ 
 Church, Oxford ; became vicar of Abbot’s Bromley. Staf- 
 fordshire. in 1796 ; removed to the living of Kingsbury, 
 Warwickshire, in 1800; became reader at Berkeley Chapel, 
 London, in 1807 ; and was appointed assistant keeper of 
 printed book3 at the British Museum in 1826, resigning in 
 1837. His translation of the “Inferno” of Dante was 
 published in 1805, and the whole was completed in 1812. 
 Cary, Lucius, Viscount Falkland. Born at 
 Buirord, Oxfordshire, England, about 1610 : 
 killed at the first battle of Newbury, Sept. 20, 
 1643. An English politician and litterateur. 
 He was a member of Parliament in 1640, and secretary of 
 state in 1641. He sided with the Royalists in 1642. 
 
 Cary, Phoebe. Born near Cincinnati, Ohio, 
 Sept. 4, 1824: died at Newport, B. I., July 31, 
 1871. An American author, sister of Alice 
 Cary. She wrote “Poems of Faith, Hope, and Love” 
 (1868), etc., and was the author of the hymn ‘ One Sweetly 
 Solemn Thought.” 
 
 Casa (ka'sa), Giovanni della. Born at Mti- 
 gello, near Florence, June 28, 1503: died at 
 Borne, Nov. 14, 1556. An Italian poet and 
 ecclesiastic, clerk of the chamber to Pope 
 Paul III., and charged with various diplo- 
 matic duties: author of “Galateo” (poem on 
 etiquette, 1558, 1752). His collected works 
 were published in 1707. 
 
 221 
 
 Casabianca (ka-za-byan'ka), Louis. Born at 
 Bastia, Corsica, about 1752 : killed off Abukir, 
 Egypt, Aug. 1, 1798. A French naval officer. 
 In company with his son (Giacomo Jocante Casabianca) 
 he perished with his ship, L Orient, at the battle of the 
 Nile. This event is the subject of a poem by Mrs. Hemaus. 
 
 Casa de Contratacion de las Indias (ka'sa 
 da kon-tra-ta-the-on' da las en'de-az), or Coun- 
 cil of Seville. [Sp., ‘house of commerce with 
 the Indies,’ Consejo de Sevilla.'] An office es- 
 tablished at Seville in 1503 for the regulation 
 of commerce with the Indies. It maintained the 
 strict Spanish monopoly of American commerce which was 
 one of the principal causes of complaint in the colonies. 
 
 Casa d’oro (ka'sa do'ro). [It., ‘house of gold.’] 
 A Venetian medieval (14th century) palace, it 
 has been marred by restoration. It has three stories, di- 
 vided vertically into two divisions. The left-hand divi- 
 sion has in the lowest story five open arches, the middle 
 one round, and in the two upper ones most rich and 
 graceful foliated arcades set between larger arches. The 
 right-hand division consists of ornamented paneling, also 
 set between decorated arches. Above there is a pictu- 
 resque cresting in marble. To beauty of form this facade 
 adds great and diversified charm of color in its incrusted 
 and inlaid marbles. 
 
 Casa Grande (ka'sa, griin'da). [Sp., ‘great 
 house.’] The principal structure of a ruined 
 pueblo on the south bank of tbe Gila Biver, in 
 Arizona, 80 miles northwest of Tucson. Its abo- 
 riginal name is Sivano-Ki (‘house of Sivano’). 
 
 Casa Guidi (kii'sa gwe'de) Windows. A 
 poem by Mrs. Browning, published in 1851. 
 Named from the Casa Guidi, a house in Florence where 
 the authoress resided during the composition of the poem. 
 
 Casale (ka-za'le), or Casale Monferrato 
 (mon-fer-ra'to). A town in tbe province of 
 Alessandria, Italy, situated on tbe Po 38 miles 
 east of Turin. It was the old capital of the duchy of 
 Monferrato. It has a cathedral, founded in the 8th century 
 by the Lombards. Population, 19,337 ; commune, 31,793. 
 
 Casalmaggiore (ka-zal'mad-jo're). A town 
 in the province of Cremona, Italy, situated on 
 the Po 22 miles southeast of Cremona. Here 
 Francesco Sforza defeated the Venetians in 
 1448. 
 
 Casamanza (ka-za-man'za), or Casamance 
 (ka-za-mons'). A river in Senegambia, West 
 Africa, which flows into the Atlantic Ocean 60 
 miles south of the Gambia. 
 
 Casas (ka'sas), Bartolome de las. Born at 
 Seville, 1474: died at Madrid, July, 1566. A 
 Spanish Dominican, celebrated as a defender 
 of the Indians against their Spanish conquer- 
 ors. He went to Hispaniola in 1502, accompanied Velas- 
 quez during the conquest of Cuba, and became a curate 
 there. Iu 1514 he began to preach against the system of 
 Indian slavery; and in 1515 went to Spain to intercede 
 for the Indians witli Ferdinand. By Cardinal Ximenes 
 he was named “Protector of the Indians," with consider- 
 able powers, and returned to Hispaniola in 1516. He 
 again visited Spain to urge his views on Charles V.; at- 
 tempted to plant a colony on the coast of Cumaiui, which 
 was destroyed by the Indians (1521); took the Domin- 
 ican habit at Santo Domingo (1522), and remained in re- 
 tirement for eight years ; and finally returned to Spain. 
 From 1544 to 1547 he was bishop of Chiapas in Mexico. 
 He published “ Breuissima relacion de ia destruyoion de 
 las Indias ”(“ Destruction of the Indias,” Seville, 1552), 
 “ Historiade las Indias ” (published 1875, but well known 
 before by manuscript copies), etc. 
 
 Casas Grandes (ka'sas gran'des). [Sp., ‘great 
 houses.’] An extensive ruin in northwestern 
 Sonora, about 120 miles south of the United 
 States boundary line in New Mexico. The set- 
 tlement appears to have been considerable, and to have 
 contained as many as 4,000 souls at least. The edifices 
 were of large adobe with very thick walls and as many as 
 four and perhaps five stories. Thepottery accompanying 
 the ruins and all the artifacts show an advance in culture 
 beyond the Indians of New Mexico. Concerning its in- 
 habitants nothing is known, except that they had disap- 
 peared long previous to the discovery of the ruins by the 
 Spaniards in 1060. At that time the site was occupied 
 by a tribe called Sumas, which has since disappeared 
 also. A mile south of the ruins there is a village of Mex- 
 ican inhabitants numbering about 1,000 souls. The name 
 Casas Grandes is also given to various similar rums in 
 northern Mexico. 
 
 Casati (ka-sa'te), Gaetano. Born at Lesrno, 
 Italy, 1838 : died at Como, March 7, 1902. An 
 Italian soldier and African explorer, in 1879 the 
 Italian Society for Commercial Exploration sent him to 
 the basin of the Balir-el Gliazal, wiiere he arrived in 1880. 
 After exploring the country of the Nyatn-Nyam and tile 
 Monbntto, he joined Emin Pasha and Dr. Junker in 1883. 
 In 1886Kabrega, to whom Emin had sent him on a mission, 
 detained him in semi-captivity. Stanley’s arrival, in 1889, 
 set him free. His reports were published in “Bolletino 
 della Societk d’Esplorazione ” (1883-88). His “ Dieci 
 Arini in Equatoria” appeared in 1891. 
 
 Casaubon (ka-sa'bon), Rev. Edward. In 
 
 George Eliot’s “Middlemareh,” the husband of 
 Dorothea Brooke. Shemarrieshim in the belief that 
 his high and noble ideals will raise her into a broad 
 and generous intellectual life, but finds him to be only a 
 timid, Belf absorbed pedant. 
 
 Casaubon (ka-sa'bon; F. pron. kii-zo-bon'), 
 Isaac. Born at Geneva, Feb. 18, 1559: died at 
 
 Casiri 
 
 London, July 12, 1614. A famous classical 
 scholar and Protestant theologian, of French 
 (Gascon) origin. He was professor of Greek at Ge- 
 neva 1582-96, and of languages at Montpellier 1596-1600; 
 librarian to the king, in Paris, 1601-10 ; and from that 
 time until his death a prebendary of Canterbury and a 
 pensioner of King James. He published commentaries 
 on Athenaeus, Theophrastus (with a Latin translation), 
 Suetonius, etc., and “ Ephemerides,” a journal of his 
 studies. 
 
 Casaubon, Meric. Born at Geneva, Aug. 14, 
 1599 : died at Oxford, England, July 14, 1671. 
 A divine and classical scholar, son of Isaac 
 Casaubon, resident in England after 1611. He 
 published a large number of works, of which the most im- 
 portant is an edition of his father’s “Ephemerides.” 
 
 Casbin. See Kashin. 
 
 Casca (kas'ka), Publius Servilius. Died after 
 42 B. c. One of tbe assassins of Julius Caesar 
 +(44 B. c.), and tbe first of them to strike a blow. 
 Cascade Mountains. A range of mountains in 
 California, Oregon, Washington, and British 
 Columbia, nearly parallel to the Pacific. It is 
 connected with the Sierra Nevada on the south. It contains 
 many extinct volcanoes. Among its chief peaks are Mounts 
 Pitt, Scott, Three Sisters, Jefferson, Hood, Baker, St. 
 Helen’s, and Tacoma (or Rainier), the highest (14,363 feet). 
 
 Cascate delle Marmore, or Falls of tbe Ve- 
 lino. See Marmore. 
 
 Casco Bay (kas'ko ba). A bay on the south- 
 ern coast of Maine, extending from Cape Eliz- 
 abeth, near Portland, northeastward for about 
 20 miles. It abounds in islands. 
 
 Case is Altered, The. A comedy of intrigue, 
 by Ben Jonson, acted by 1599, based on two 
 plays by Plautus, the “Aulularia” and the “Cap- 
 tivi.” 
 
 Caserta (ka-ser'ta). The capital of tbe prov- 
 ince of Caserta, Italy, 17 miles north-northeast 
 of Naples. It contains a royal palace, begun 1752 iu 
 emulation of Versailles and La Granja, aud one of the 
 finest palaces in Europe. The plan is a rectangle ; the 
 facade is 780 feet long and 125 high, with two stories and 
 an attic above a basement. Population, commune, 
 32,709. 
 
 Caserta. A province in Campania, Italy : the 
 former Terra di Lavoro. Area, 2,0. >3 square 
 miles. Population, 803,464. 
 
 Cases, Las. See Las Cases. 
 
 Cashan. See Kaslian. 
 
 Cashel (kash'el). A town in the county of Tip- 
 perary, Ireland, in lat. 52°31' N., long. 7° 53' W. 
 The “rock of Cashel ” is a limestone formation, about *00 
 feet in height On its summit are the ruins of a Gothic 
 cathedral (12th century), castle, abbey, chapel, and round 
 tower. Population, 2,938. 
 
 Cashgar. See Kashgar. 
 
 Cashibos. Same as Cachibos. 
 
 Cashmere. See Kashmir. 
 
 Casilear (kas'i-ler), John W. Born at New 
 York, June 25, 1811: died at Saratoga Springs, 
 N. Y., Aug. 18, 1893. A landscape-painter. He 
 began to study engraving at the age of fifteen, and in 1831 
 was an engraver of bank-notes. Iu 1840 and 1857 he went to 
 Europe to study oil-painting. He was elected a member 
 of the National Academy of Design iu 1861. 
 
 Casilinum (kas-i-li'num). See Capua. 
 Casimir (kas'i-mer) I, [G. Kashmir , Pol. Kazi- 
 mierz. ] Died Nov. 28, 1058. King of Poland 
 1040-58, surnamed “The Peaceful” and “Tbe 
 Monk.” He was the son of Miecislas II. and Rixa, a 
 German princess. On the death of his father (1034) his 
 mother became regent, but was obliged to flee from an out- 
 break of national hatred, aroused by the favoritism which 
 she displayed toward her countrymen. He was recalled 
 1040, from Germany, where he was living in retirement de- 
 voted to religious exercises. He restored Christianity, 
 which had been hotly persecuted during his absence, and 
 added Masovia and Breslau to Poland. He is called “ the 
 restorer of Poland.” 
 
 Casimir II. Born 1138 : died May 4, 1194. King 
 of Poland 1177-94, surnamed “Tbe Just.” He 
 organized the Polish senate, which consisted of bishops, 
 palatines, and castellans, and introduced laws protecting 
 the peasants against the nobles. 
 
 Casimir III. Born 1310: died Nov. 8, 1370. 
 King of Poland 1333-70, surnamed “The 
 Great,” son of Vladislav Lokietek. He promul- 
 gated a double code of laws forGreat and Little Poland in 
 1347, projected the University of Cracow in 1364, and made 
 conquests in Silesia, Russia, and Lithuania. Among his 
 mistresses was a Jewess, Esther, who is supposed to have 
 secured the humane protection which, at this time, was 
 accorded to her people in Poland. 
 
 Casimir IV. Born Nov. 29, 1427: died at Grodno, 
 Poland, June 7, 1492. King of Poland 1447-92, 
 brother of Wladislaw III. He carried on a war of 
 fourteen years against the Teutonic knights, which was 
 terminated in 1466 by the peace of Thorn, and which gave 
 Poland possession of West Prussia, with suzerainty over 
 East Prussia. 
 
 Casimir-PSrier, Jean, See Pfaier. 
 
 Casiri (kS-se're), Michael. Born at Tripoli, 
 Syria, 1710: died at Madrid, March 12, 1791. 
 A Maronite Orientalist. He became chief librarian 
 of the Escorial in Spain in 1763. His chief work is “ Biblio- 
 theca arabico-hispana cscurialensis ” (1760-70). 
 
Casius 
 
 Casius (ka'si-us). [L. Casius mons, Gr. Kamov 
 opog; now El lias.'] The ancient name of the 
 mountainous region south of Antioch. See the 
 extract. 
 
 The mountain region varied in its elevation from about 
 
 5.000 feet in the north, where it was known as Casius and 
 Bargylus, to above 9,000 feet in the south, where Lebanon 
 culminates in the snowy peak of Makmel. 
 
 Mawlinson, Phoenicia, p. 4. 
 
 Caslon (kas'lon), William. Born at Cradley, 
 Worcestershire, 1692: died at Bethnal Green, 
 Jan. 23, 1766. A London type-founder, famous 
 for his skill as a type-cutter. He established an 
 important business which was carried on in partnership 
 with his son William, and after his death by the latter 
 alone. 
 
 Caspar (kas'par). A huntsman who sells him- 
 self to Zimeel, the hlack huntsman, in Weber’s 
 opera “Der Freiscbiitz.” 
 
 Caspar Hauser. See Hauser, Kaspar. 
 
 Caspe (kas'pe). A town in the province of 
 Saragossa, Spain, situated on the river Guada- 
 lupe in lat. 41° 13' N., long. 0° 5' W. Popu- 
 lation, 7,735. 
 
 Caspian Sea (kas'pi-an se). [L. Mare Caspium, 
 or Mare Hyrcanium, Gr. K aorta dci/iaaea, Kao- 
 mov neTiayo^ ; from L. Caspii, Gr. K aomoi, dwell- 
 ers on the coast.] A salt inland sea on the 
 boundary between Europe and Asia, bounded 
 by Russian territory on the west, north, and 
 east, and by Persia on the south, it is the largest 
 inland sea in the world. Its chief tributaries are the 
 Volga, Ural, Kurna, Emba, Terek, Kur, Atrek, and Sefld. 
 It has no outlet. There is a Russian fleet upon it, and 
 steamers connecting with the Transcaspian Railway. It 
 .is 83 feet below the level of the Black Sea. Length, 760 
 miles. Greatest width, about 270 miles. Area, about 
 
 169.000 square miles. 
 
 Casquets (kas'kets). A group of dangerous 
 rocks in the English Channel, 8 miles west of 
 Alderney. They are the traditional scene of 
 the shipwreck of Prince William in 1120. 
 
 Cass (kas), Lewis. Born at Exeter, N. II., 
 Oct. 9, 1782: died at Detroit, Mich., June 17, 
 1866. An American statesman and soldier. 
 He served in the war of 1812-13. He was governor of 
 Michigan Territory 1813-31, secretary of war 1831-36, min- 
 ister to France 1836-42, United States senator 1845—18, 
 Democratic candidate for President 1848, United States 
 senator 1849-57, and secretary of state 1857-60. He wrote 
 “Inquiry respecting the History, etc., of the Indians" 
 0823). 
 
 Cassaba. See Kassaba. 
 
 Cassagmac. See Granier de Cassagnac. 
 Cassander (ka-san'der). [Gr. K aaaavdpo^.] 
 Born about 354 B. c. : died 297. The son of 
 Antipater. He became cliiliarch in 321 ; waged war 
 with Alexander's successors after 319 ; and received Mace- 
 donia and Greece after the battle of Ipsus, 301. 
 Cassandra (ka-san'dra), or Alexandra (al-eg- 
 zan'dra). [Gr. Kaaadvopa, F. Cassandre .] In 
 Greek legend, a prophetess, the daughter of 
 Priam and Hecuba. By command of Apollo (whose 
 advances she had repelled), her predictions, though true, 
 were always discredited. She was enslaved by Agamem- 
 non after the fall of Troy. 
 
 Cassandra. The westernmost peninsula of 
 Chalcidice : the ancient Pallene. 
 
 Cassandra (ka-san'dra), Gulf of. The modern 
 name of the Toronaie Gulf. 
 
 Cassandre (ka-son'dr). [F., ‘Cassandra.’] A 
 romance by La Calprenede. 
 
 Cassange, or Kasanji. See Mbangala. 
 Cassano (kas-sa'nd). 1. A town in the prov- 
 ince of Bari, Italy, 18 miles southwest of Bari. 
 — 2. A town in the province of Milan, Italy, 
 situated on the Adda 16 miles east-northeast 
 of Milan. Here, Aug. 16, 1705, the French under Ven- 
 dOme defeated the Imperialists under Prince Eugene ; 
 and April 27, 1799, the Austrians and Russians under Suva- 
 rolf defeated the French under Moreau. 
 
 3. A town in the province of Cosenza, Italy, in 
 lat. 39° 47' N., long. 16° 19' E. It has sulphur- 
 baths. Population, 6,759; commune, 8,706. 
 Cassel, or Kassel (kas'sel). The capital of 
 the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated 
 on the Fulda in lat. 51° 18' N., long. 9° 29' E. : 
 the Roman Castellum Menapiorum, Chasella. 
 
 It consists of the Altstadt, the Ober-Neustadt, and the Un- 
 ter-Neustadt. It contains a noted picture-gallery and the 
 electoral palace. Near it are the palace and park of Wil- 
 helmshohe. It was the ancient capital of electoral Hesse, 
 and the capital of the kingdom of Westphalia 1807-13. 
 Population, 153,878, (1910). 
 
 Cassel (ka-sel'). A town in the department of 
 Nord, France, 20 miles south of Dunkirk : the 
 Roman Castellum Morinorum. Population, 
 commune, 3,091. 
 
 Cassel, Battles of. Victories gained at Cassel, 
 France : (a) By Robert the Friesian over Philip 
 of France in 1071. (b) By Philip VI. of France 
 
 over the Flemings in 1328. (c) By the French 
 
 over the Prince of Orange in 1677. 
 
 Cassia gens (kash'iii jenz). In ancient Rome, 
 
 222 
 
 a clan or house, originally patrician, afterward 
 plebeian. Its family names under the republic were 
 Longinus, Hemina, Parmensis, Ravilla, Sabaco, Varus, 
 and Viscellinus. 
 
 Cassianus (kas-i-a'nus), called Johannes Mas- 
 siliensis (“of Massilia”), or Ereinita (“the 
 eremite”). Born about 360 a. d.: died after 
 433 (about 448 ?). A recluse and Semi-Pelagian 
 theologian. He founded the monastery of St. Victor, 
 near Marseilles, and was a diligent promoter of monasti- 
 cism. 
 
 Cassibelaunus. See Cassivellaunus. 
 
 Cassini (It. pron. kas-se'ne; F.pron. ka-se-ne'), 
 Giovanni Domenico. Born at Perinaldo, near 
 Nice, June 8, 1625: died at Paris, Sept. 14, 1712. 
 An Italian astronomer, director of the obser- 
 vatory at Paris. He discovered four satellites 
 of Saturn 1671, 1672, 1684 (two). 
 
 Cassini, Jacques. Born at Paris, Feb. 18, 1677 : 
 died at Thury, in France, April 16, 1756. A 
 French astronomer, son of Giovanni Domenico 
 Cassini whom he succeeded as director of the 
 observatory at Paris in 1712. He is chiefly known 
 by his labors in relation to the determination of the figure 
 of the earth. 
 
 Cassini, Jacques Dominique, Comte de. Born 
 at Paris, June 30, 1748: died at Paris (’?), Oct. 
 18, 1845. A French astronomer, son of Cassini 
 de Thury whom he succeeded as director of the 
 observatory at Paris in 1784. He resigned in 
 1793. He completed his father’s map of France 
 (1793). 
 
 Cassini de Thury (de tii-re'), Cesar Frangois. 
 
 Born at Paris, June 17, 1714: died Sept. 4, 1784. 
 A French astronomer, son of Jacques Cassini 
 whom he succeeded as director of the observa- 
 tory at Paris in 1756. He commenced a topo- 
 graphical map of France, which was completed 
 by his son. 
 
 Cassino (kas-se'no), formerly San Germano 
 (san jer-ma'no). A town in the province of 
 Caserta, Italy, about 45 miles northwest of Na- 
 ples, on the Rapido near the site of the Roman 
 Casinum. It has a ruined amphitheater. Pop- 
 ulation, 10,574; commune, 13,473. 
 
 Cassino, Monte. See Monte Cassino. 
 
 Cassio (kash'io), Michael. The lieutenant of 
 Othello in Shakspere’s tragedy “Othello”: a 
 somewhat weak but honorable man, caused by the device 
 of Iago to be the object of Othello's jealousy. See Ia<jo. 
 
 Cassiodorus (kas i 'i-o-d6'rus), Magnus Aure- 
 lius. Born at Scyllaceum, southern Italy, about 
 468: died at Viviers, in Calabria, about 560. 
 An Italian statesman and historian. He was an 
 administrative officer under Odoacer Tlieodoric and his 
 successors, and became a monk at Viviers about 638. His 
 state papers and works were published by Garet (1679). 
 
 Cassiopeia (kasH-o-pe'ya), or Cassiepeia(kas // - 
 i-e-pe'ya). [Gr. Kaooi6~Eia or Kaaad-eia.} 1. 
 In classical mythology, the wife of Cepheus, an 
 Ethiopian king, and mother of Andromeda. 
 She was transferred to the heavens as a con- 
 stellation. — 2. A beautiful circumpolar con- 
 stellation, supposed to represent the wife of 
 Cepheus seated in a chair and holding up both 
 arms. It contains thirty stars brighter than the sixth 
 magnitude, and is always found opposite the Great Bear 
 on the other side of tile pole-star. In this constellation 
 appeared in 1572 a temporary star brighter than Venus at 
 its brightest. 
 
 Cassiquiare (kas-se-ke-a'ra), or Cassiquiari 
 (-re), or Casiquiare. A river in southern Ven- 
 ezuela. It diverges from the Orinoco 20 miles west of 
 Esmeralda, and joins the Rio Negro in lat. 2° N., long. 
 67“ 40' W., thus connecting the Orinoco system with that 
 of the Amazon. The current is from the Orinoco to the 
 Negro. Length, about 190 miles. 
 
 Cassiterides (kas-i-ter'i-dez). [Gr. Kaomrepi- 
 (h?, from Kaoairtpoc, tin.] In ancient geogra- 
 phy, the “tin islands,” generally identified with 
 the Scilly Islands. By Elton they are identified 
 with the islands near Vigo in Spain. 
 
 Cassius, Dion. See Dion Cassius. 
 
 Cassius Longinus (kash'iuslon-jl'nus), Caius. 
 Died near Philippi, Macedonia, 42 b. c. A 
 Roman general and politician. He was distin- 
 guished in the Parthian war 53-51 ; was the leading con- 
 spirator against Julius Caesar in 44; commanded in Syria 
 and Asia 44-42 ; and was defeated by Antony at Philippi 
 in 42 and killed himself. 
 
 Cassius Parmensis (kash'ius par-men'sis), 
 Titus. Born at Parma, Italy (whence his sur- 
 name) : executed at Athens, by order of Octa- 
 vius, about 30 B. c. A Roman poet, one of the 
 conspirators against Julius Ctesar. 
 
 Cassivellaunus (kas"i-ve-la'nus). Flourished 
 about 50 B. c. A British prince, ruler of the 
 Catuvellauni (occupying, approximately, mod- 
 ern Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire, and Berk- 
 shire), a local conqueror and opponent of the 
 Romans, conquered by Caesar. 
 
 Castellamare di Stabia 
 
 Castagnette (kas-tan-yet'), Captain. In Ernest 
 
 L’Epine’s novel of the same name (1862), a 
 character remarkable for having an artificial 
 stomach. 
 
 Castagno (kas-tiin'yo), Andrea or Andrino 
 
 del. Born in the environs of Florence, 1390: 
 died of the plague at Florence, Aug. 19, 1457. 
 A Florentine painter. In 1454 he was called to Rome 
 by Pope Nicholas V. to take part in the decoration of the 
 stanze of the Vatican. He was a draftsman rather than 
 a painter, and his work is characterized by a certain bru- 
 tality of style. 
 
 Castahana. See Comanche. 
 
 Castaigne (kas-tan' ) , AndrS. A contemporary 
 French painter, born at Angouleme. He is es- 
 pecially noted as an illustrator. 
 
 Castaldi (kas-tal'de), Pamfilo. An Italian 
 printer and physician of the middle of the 15th 
 century, supposed by some Italians to have 
 been the inventor of printing. 
 
 Castalia (kas-ta'li-a). [Gr. Kaara/ia.] An an- 
 cient fountain on tHe slope of Mount Parnassus, 
 Greece, sacred to the Muses and Apollo. 
 
 TheCastalian spring maybe distinctly recognized, from 
 this passage and the description of Pausanius (X. viii. 
 Sec. 5), in the modern fountain of Aio JAnni. It lies at 
 the base of the precipices of Parnassus, on the right of 
 the road by which alone Delphi can be approached from 
 the east, at the mouth of a ravine which separates the two 
 great Delphian peaks. Rawliuson, Herod., IV. 291. 
 
 Castalides (kas-tal'i-dez). [L., ‘Castalia.’] A 
 poetical name for the Muses. 
 
 Castaly (kas'ta-li). An English form of Cas- 
 talia. 
 
 Castanheda (kas-tan-ya'da), Fernao Lopes 
 de. Born at Santarem about 1500: died at 
 Coimbra, March 23, 1559. A Portuguese his- 
 torian. In 1528 he went with his father to India, where 
 he resided 20 years. His “ Historia do descobrimento e 
 conquista da India pelos Portuguezes" appeared in parts 
 from 1551 to 1561 (incomplete). * 
 
 Castanos (kas-tiin'yos), Francisco Xavier de, 
 
 Duke of Baylen. Born at Madrid (?), April 
 22, 1756: died at Madrid, Sept. 24, 1852. A 
 Spanish general. He defeated the French at Baylen 
 July, 1808, was defeated by them at Tudela Nov., 1808, 
 and served with distinction under Wellington at Vitto- 
 ria 1813. He became the guardian of Queen Isabella in 
 1843. 
 
 Castara (kas-ta'ra). A collection of poems 
 in praise of Lucy Herbert, issued anonymously 
 by William Habington in 1634. He had mar- 
 ried her between 1630 and 1633. 
 
 Caste. A play by T. W. Robertson (1867). 
 Casteggio (kas-ted'jo). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Pavia, northern Italy, 12 miles south of 
 Pavia. Near here were fought the two battles of Mon- 
 tebello (1800 and 1859), which see. 
 
 Castelar (kas-ta-lar'), Emilio. Born at Cadiz, 
 Spain, Sept. 8, 1832 : died at San Pedro de Pi- 
 natar, Murcia, May 25, 1899. A noted Spanish 
 statesman, orator, and author. He fled from Spain 
 after the rising of 1866; became a republican leader in 1868 ; 
 and was minister of foreign affairs in 1873, and president 
 of the executive Sept., 1873, -Jan., 1874. Hisworks include 
 “ La civilizacion eu los cinco primeros siglos del cristian- 
 ismo " (1805), “ Cuestiones politicas, etc.” (1870), “ Discur- 
 sos parlamentarios ” (1871), “ Historia del movimiento re- 
 publieano" (1875), etc. 
 
 Castel del Monte (kas-tel' del mon'te). A 
 town in Italy, 19 miles east of Aquila. It con- 
 tains a castle, a hunting-seat of the emperor Frederick 
 II., one of the most splendid medieval monuments in 
 Italy. The plan is octagonal, with 8 hexagonal towers 
 of fine masonry. The windows are pointed and round- 
 arched ; the ribs of the vaulted halls are received by triple 
 vaulting-shafts of marble. 
 
 Castelfidardo (kas-tel / ''fe-dar'do). A town in 
 the province of Ancona, Italy, 10 miles south of 
 Ancona. Near here, Sept. 18, 1860, the Italians under 
 Cialdini defeated the papal troops under Lamoriciere. 
 Castelfranco (kas-tel fran'ko). Atowninthe 
 province of Treviso, Italy, northwest of Venice. 
 Here, Nov. 23, 1805, the French under St. Cyr defeated the 
 Austrians under Prince Rohan. 
 
 Castell (kas'tel), Edmund. Born at East Hat- 
 ley, Cambridgeshire, England, 1606: died at 
 Higham Gobion, in Bedfordshire, 1685. A noted 
 English Orientalist, canon of Canterbury and 
 professor of Arabic at Cambridge. His chief 
 work is a “ Lexicon heptaglotton, Hebraicum, Chaldai- 
 cum, Syriacum, Samaritanum, JSthiopicum, Arabicnm 
 conjunctim et Persicum separatim ’’ (1669). 
 Castellammare del Golfo (kas-tel "la-ma're del 
 gol'fo). A seaport in the province of Trapani, 
 Sicily, on the Gulf of Castellammare 27 miles 
 west-southwest of Palermo. It was formerly 
 the seaport of Segesta. Population, 19,957. 
 Castellammare di Stabia (kiis-tel ia-ma'ro de 
 sta'be-a). A city in Italy, situated on the Bay 
 of Naples 15 miles southeast of Naples, near 
 the site of the ancient Stabise (which see), it 
 
 is noted as a watering-place. Near here, 1799, the French 
 under General Macdonald defeated the Anglo-Neapolito^ 
 army. Population, 26,374 ; commune, 32,84L 
 
Castellanos 
 
 Castellanos (kas-tel-ya'nos), Juan de. Born 
 at Seville early in the 16th century. A Spanish 
 curate and poet. He passed most of his life at Tunja, 
 New Granada. He wrote “Elegias de varones ilustres 
 de las Indias,” a versified account of the exploits of 
 early Spanish conquerors in America. It has considerable 
 poetical and historical value. (Part I., Madrid, 1589; re- 
 printed with parts II. and III. in the “ Biblioteca de Au- 
 tores Espafioles," Madrid, 1847 to 1850.) 
 
 Castelli (kas-tel'le), or Castello (kas-tel'lo), 
 Bernardo. Bom near Genoa, Italy, 1557 : died 
 1629. A Genoese painter. 
 
 Castelli, Ignaz Franz. Bom at Vienna, March 
 6, 1781 : died at Vienna, Feb. 5, 1862. An Aus- 
 trian dramatist, poet, and journalist. 
 
 Castelli, or Castello, Valerio. Born at Genoa, 
 Italy, 1625: died at Genoa, 1659. A Genoese 
 painter, particularly of battle-scenes : son of 
 Bernardo Castelli. 
 
 Castello (kas-tel'lo), Giovanni Battista, sur- 
 named II Bergamasco. Born at Bergamo, 
 Italy, about 1500: died at Madrid about 1570. 
 An Italian historical painter. 
 
 Castelldn (kas-tel-yon ' ). A province in Va- 
 lencia, eastern Spain, lying between Teruel and 
 Tarragona on the north, the Mediterranean on 
 the east, Valencia on the south, and Teruel on 
 the west. Area, 2,495 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 310,828. 
 
 Castellon, Francisco. Bom about 1815 : died 
 Sept. 2, 1855. A Nicaraguan revolutionist. In 
 1853 he headed a revolt of the liberal party at Leon, was 
 defeated, and fled to Honduras, but returned iu June, 1854, 
 assumed the title of “provisional director," and for a time 
 reduced the government of President Chamorro to the city 
 of Granada. It was by his invitation that Walker came 
 from the United States ostensibly to aid the liberals. Iu 
 the midst of these struggles Castellon died of cholera. 
 
 Castelldn de la Plana. The capital of the 
 province of Castelldn, situated 4 miles from 
 the coast, in lat. 39° 57' N., long. 0° 5' W. 
 It is in a fertile plain (la Plana). Population, 
 32,109. 
 
 Castelnau (kas-tel-no'), Francis, Count. Bom 
 at London, 1812 : died at Melbourne, Australia, 
 Feb. 4, 1880. A French traveler. He visited the 
 Canadian lakes, the United States, and Mexico, 1837-41. 
 In 1843 he went to South America as chief of a gov- 
 ernment scientific expedition which explored central and 
 western Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, and the Amazon. He re- 
 turned to France in 1847, and was subsequently consul 
 at Bahia, Cape of Good Hope, and Singapore, and consul- 
 general at Melbourne. He published “Expedition dans 
 les parties centrales de l’Amirique du sud ’’ (Paris, 6 vols. 
 8vo, 1850-51 : the last volume, on Bolivia, by his assistant, 
 M. Weddell; an atlas and scientific supplements were 
 published later). 
 
 Castelnau, Michel de, Sieur de la Mauvissiere. 
 Bom at Mauvissiere, Touraiue, France, about 
 1520: died at Joinville, Haute-Marne, France, 
 1592. A French diplomatist. He was ambassador 
 to England 1574-84 ; and wrote “Mdmoires" for the per- 
 iod 1559-70 (published 1621). 
 
 Castelnaudary (kas-tel-no-dii-re'). A town in 
 the department of Aude, France, 31 miles 
 southeast of Toulouse, an important trading 
 center on the canal of Languedoc, it suffered 
 during the Albigensian crusade in the 13th century, and 
 was burned by the Black Prince in 1355. Near it, on Sept. 
 1, 1632, the royalists under Schomberg defeated the Duke 
 of Montmorency. Population, commune, 9,362. 
 
 Castelnuovo (kas"tel-n6-o'v6). A seaport in 
 Dalmatia, on the Bocche di Cattaro 13 miles 
 northwest of Cattaro. 
 
 Castel Sarrasin (kas-tel' sar-ra-zan'). A town 
 in the department of Tarn-et-Garonne, France, 
 13 miles west of Montauban. It has a noted 
 church. Population, commune, 7,496. 
 Castiglione (kas-tel-yo'ne), Count Carlo Ot- 
 tavio. Bom at Milan, 1784: died at Genoa, 
 April 10, 1849. An Italian philologist and an- 
 tiquary. He was the coadjutor of Mai in the 
 editing of the Gothic version of the Scriptures, 
 1819-39. 
 
 Castiglione, Giovanni Benedetto, called II 
 Grechetto, and Benedetto. Born at Genoa, 
 Italy, 1616: died at Mantua, Italy, 1670. An 
 Italian painter (particularly of animal life) and 
 etcher. 
 
 Castiglione delle Stiviere (kas-tel-yo'ne del'- 
 le ste-ve-a're) . A town in the province of 
 Mantua, Italy, 22 miles northwest of Mantua. 
 Here, Aug. 5, 1796, the French under Bonaparte defeated 
 the Austrians under Wurmser; Augereau received after- 
 ward the title of Due de Castiglione. Population of com- 
 mune, 5,967. 
 
 Castiglione Fiorentino (kiis-tel-yo'ne fe-o-ren- 
 te'no). A town in the province of Arezzo, 
 Italy, 10 miles south of Arezzo: noted for silk- 
 culture. 
 
 Castile (kas-tel'). [Sp. Castilla, F. Castille, It. 
 Castiglia, G. Caslilien : so named from the 
 number of its frontier castles.] An old king- 
 dom of Spain, in the northern and central part 
 
 223 
 
 of the peninsula. Castile proper comprised Old Cas- 
 tile, containing the modern provinces of Santander, Bur- 
 gos, Palencia, Valladolid, Logrofio, Segovia, Soria, and 
 Avila; and New Castile, south of Old Castile, containing 
 the modern provinces of Madrid, Toledo, Guadalajara, 
 Cuenca, and Ciudad Beal. It fell under Moorish rule; 
 was governed by counts under the supremacy of Asturias 
 and Leon ; and was annexed by Sancho of Navarre (1026- 
 1035), who gave Castile to his son Ferdinand I. in 1033. Leon 
 was united to Castile in 1037, separated in 1065, and re- 
 united under Alfonso VI. in 1072, who also annexed Ga- 
 licia. Afterward Castile and Leon were separated, but 
 were finally reunited under Ferdinand III. in 1230, who 
 conquered large parts ( of southern Spain, Seville, Cor- 
 dova, etc., from the Moors. Other noted kings were Al- 
 fonso X. and Pedro the Cruel. Isabella of Castile married 
 Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469, and became queen of Cas- 
 tile in 1474. Ferdinand became king of Aragon in 1479, 
 and thenceforth Castile and Aragon were united. See 
 Spain. 
 
 Castile, New. [Sp. Castilla la Nueva .] See 
 Castile. 
 
 Castile, Old. [Sp. Castilla la Vieja.] See 
 Castile. 
 
 Castilla (kas-tel'ya), Ramon. Born at Tara- 
 pacH, Aug. 30, 1796: died near that place, May 30, 
 1867. A Peruvian general and statesman. He 
 joined the patriots in 1821 ; was exiled in 1836, but re- 
 turned in 1838; and was president of Peru 1845-51. In 
 1854 he headed the insurgents in southern Peru ; took 
 the title of provisional president, June 1, 1854 ; decreed 
 the emancipation of slaves and the abolition of Indian 
 tribute ; defeated Echenique’s army at La Palma, near 
 Lima, Jan. 5, 1855 ; and was regularly reelected president 
 for four years, July 14, 1855. 
 
 Castilla del Oro (kas-tel'ya del o'ro), or Cas- 
 tilia del Oro. [‘Golden Castile.’] A name 
 first applied by Columbus to the northern coast 
 of the Isthmus of Panama, which he visited in 
 1502. In 1508 it was officially made the name of a prov- 
 ince ceded to Nicuesa, extending from Cape Gracias a Dios, 
 now in Honduras, to the Gulf of Darien, the inland extent 
 being unknown. By the failure of Ojeda(1510), the north- 
 ern coast of South America from the Gulf of Darien to 
 Cape de la Vela was added to it. Early maps often use 
 the name Castilla del Oro for this latter region, embracing 
 what is now northern Colombia to the exclusion of the 
 isthmus ; and this mistake has been adopted by Helps 
 and other modern authors, who distinguished the 
 original Castilla del Oro as Castilla Nueva, or New 
 Castile. 
 
 Castillejo (kas-tel-ya/no), Cristoval de. Born 
 at Ciudad Rodrigo, Spain, about 1494: died at 
 Vienna, June 12, 1556. A Spanish poet. He 
 was secretary to Don Ferdinand, brother of the emperor 
 Charles V., for upward of thirty years. 
 
 Castillejos (kas-tel-ya'nos). A place in north- 
 ern Morocco. Near here, Jan. 1, 1860, the Moors were 
 defeated by General Prim, who received as a reward the 
 title of Marquis of Castillejos. 
 
 Castillo (kas-tel'yo), Bernal Diaz del. See 
 
 Diaz del Castillo, Bernal. 
 
 Castillo, Diego Enriquez de. Born at Segovia, 
 Spain : lived about 1475. A Spanish chronicler, 
 author of “Annals of the Reign of Henry IV., 
 1454-74” (published 1787). 
 
 Castillon-sur -Dordogne (kas-te-yon'sur-dor- 
 dony' ). A town in the department of Gironde, 
 France, situated on the Dordogne 26 miles 
 east of Bordeaux. Here, in 1453, the French defeated 
 the English under Talbot (the last battle of the Hundred 
 Years’ War). 
 
 Castillos (kas-tel'yos), los tres. [Sp., ‘the 
 three castles.’] A mountain cluster in north- 
 ern Chihuahua, to which the Apache chief Vie- 
 torio retreated in the fall of 1880, and where he 
 and his band were exterminated by the Mexi- 
 can troops under Colonel Terrazas. 
 
 Castine (kas-ten'). A port of entry and water- 
 ing-place in Hancock County, Maine, situated 
 on Penobscot Bay 30 miles south of Bangor. 
 Population, 933, (1910). 
 
 Castine (kas-ten'), or Castin (kas-tan'), Vin- 
 cent, Baron de. Born at Oleron, France, in 
 1650 : died there about 1722. A French soldier. 
 He went to Canada in 1665, and established a trading 
 house at Penobscot (Castine) in 1687, where he married 
 the daughter of the Penobscot chief. He captured Pema- 
 quid at the head of 200 Indians in 1696. In 1706 he as- 
 sisted in defending Port Itoyal, and was wounded there in 
 1707. His son, who succeeded him as commander of the 
 Penobscots, was taken as a prisoner to Boston in 1721. 
 
 Castle (kas'l), The. Specifically, Dublin Castle, 
 especially as the seat of government. 
 
 Castle of Asia. See Dardanelles. 
 
 Castlebar (kas-l-biir'). The capital of County 
 Mayo, Ireland, in lat. 53° 52' N., long. 9° 18' 
 W. It was taken by the Frencli and Irish Aug. 27, 1798, in 
 the battle called “the Race of Castlebar,” in which Gen- 
 erals Lake and Hutchinson, with 2,000 Irish militia, a large 
 body of yeomanry, and Lord Roden’s fencibles, were routed, 
 Aug. 26, 1798, by General Humbert, with about 1,000 Irish 
 insurgents and 800 French troops, the latter of whom had 
 landed at Killala, Aug. 17. Humbert took 14 guns and 200 
 prisoners. Low, Diet. Eng. Hist. Population, 3,585. 
 Castle Dangerous. A tale by Sir Walter Scott, 
 published in 1831., 
 
 astle Douglas. A town in Kirkcudbright, 
 
 Castriota 
 
 Scotland, 17 miles southwest of Dumfries. Pop- 
 ulation, 3,018. 
 
 Castleford (kas'l-ford). A town in the West 
 Riding of Yorkshire, England, situated on the 
 Aire 9 miles southeast of Leeds. Population, 
 17,386. 
 
 Castle Garden. A circular building situated 
 on the Battery, New York, it was built in 1807-11 
 and was first known as West Battery, later as Castle Clin- 
 ton. In 1823 it was granted to the city. It was for some 
 years used as an opera-house (Jenny Lind first sang there), 
 and civic receptions were held there. From 1855 till 1890 
 it was used as a place of reception for immigrants, but the 
 immigrant station was transferred to the Barge Office, and 
 thence to Ellis Island, and the building is now in posses- 
 sion of the city, and has been converted into an aquarium 
 under the control of the N. Y. Zoological Society. 
 
 Castlemain, Countess of. See Villiers, Bar- 
 bara. 
 
 Castlemain, Earl of. See Palmer, Roger. 
 Castlemaine (kas'l-man). A borough in the 
 gold region of Victoria, Australia, 75 miles 
 northwest of Melbourne. Population, 8,500. 
 Castle of Europe. See Dardanelles. 
 
 Castle of Indolence, The. A poem by James 
 Thomson, published in 1748. 
 
 Castle of Otranto (o-tran'to). A romance by 
 Horace Walpole, published in 1765. 
 
 Castle Rackrent. A story by Miss Edgeworth, 
 published in 1800. In it the trials and difficulties of 
 landlord and tenant are described with sympathy and 
 dramatic force. 
 
 Castlereagh (k&s-l-ra/), Viscount. See Stew- 
 art, Robert. 
 
 Castle of Sant’ Angelo. See Sant’ Angelo. 
 Castle of the Seven Towers. See the extract. 
 
 As the eye passes St. Stefano an imposing block of gray 
 walls and feudal-looking battlements comes into the vi- 
 sion. This is the Castle of the Seven Towers, where it was 
 the usual custom of the Porte to incarcerate the minister 
 of a foreign power upon declaration of war. 
 
 Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 261. 
 
 Castle Spectre, The. A play by “Monk” 
 Lewis, produced in 1797. 
 
 Castleton (kas'l-ton). A town in the Peak, 
 Derbyshire, England, 12 miles west of Shef- 
 field. It is the site of Peveril Castle. 
 Castletown (kas'l-toun). A town in the Isle of 
 Man, on the southern coast, the former capital 
 of the island. It contains Castle Rushen. 
 Castlewood (kas'l-wud), Colonel Francis Es- 
 mond, Lord. The second Lord Castlewood 
 in Thackeray’s novel “Henry Esmond,” the 
 father of Beatrix and Francis. He is a drunken 
 sensualist who ill-treats and insults his wife, spoils his 
 children, gambles away his property, and is killed in a 
 duel. 
 
 Castlewood, Lady. The mother of Beatrix 
 Esmond, and wife of the second Lord Castle- 
 wood, in Thackeray’s “ Henry Esmond.” She 
 afterward marries Henry Esmond. 
 
 Castor (kas'tor). [Gr. Kaurcup.] In Greek and 
 Roman mythology, the twin brother of Pollux, 
 regarded as the son of Zeus and Leda, wife of 
 Tyndareus, king of Sparta, or of Tyndareus 
 and Leda : notedfor his skill in the management 
 of horses. According to one version of the legend, Zeus 
 assumed the form of a swan. Two eggs were produced by 
 Leda from one of which came Castor and Clytaemnestra, 
 from the other Pollux and Helen. The Dioscuri (Castor 
 and Pollux) were the heroes of many adventures, and were 
 worshiped as divinities, particularly by Dorians and at 
 Rome. They were placed iu the heavens as a constella- 
 tion. See also Dioscuri. 
 
 Castor (kas'tor). [L., from Gr. « aarwp, a 
 beaver: a word of Eastern origin.] Among 
 French Canadians, one of the party which called 
 itself the National party, the beaver being the 
 national emblem of Canada. 
 
 Castor and Pollux (kas'tor and pol'uks). The 
 constellation of the Twins, or Gemini; also, 
 the zodiacal sign named from that constella- 
 tion, although the latter has moved completely 
 out of the former. Castor, a Geminorum, is a green- 
 ish star of the magnitude 1.6, the more northerly of the 
 two that lie near together in the head of the Twins. Pol- 
 lux, p Geminorum, is a very yellow star of the magnitude 
 1.2, tlie more southerly of the same pair. 
 
 Castor and Pollux, House of. See Pompeii. 
 Castores. See Dioscuri. 
 
 Castren (kiis-tren'), Matthias Alexander. 
 
 Born at Tervola, near Tornefi, Finland, Dec. 2, 
 1813: died at Helsingfors, Finland, May 7, 
 1852. A Finnish philologist and traveler in 
 Lapland, northern Russia, and Siberia. He 
 published a Swedish translation of the “Ka- 
 levala” (1841), etc. 
 
 Castres (ktis'tr). A city in the department of 
 Tarn, Franco, on the river Agout 39 miles east 
 of Toulouse. It has a cathedral, a college, and impor- 
 tant manufactures of textiles. It was an Albigensian and 
 later a Huguenot stronghold. Population, commune, 
 28,272. 
 
 Castriota, or Castriot, George. See Scandcrbeg. 
 
Castro, Alfonso y 
 
 Castro (kas'tro), Alfonso y. Born at Zamora, 
 Spain, 1495 : died at Brussels, Feb. 11, 1558. A 
 celebrated Franciscan theologian and preacher. 
 He preached at Bruges and Salamanca; represented the 
 Spanish church at the first session of the Council of 
 Trent ; was one of the chaplains of Charles V. ; accom- 
 panied Philip II. to England in 1554 as counselor and 
 spiritual director, and opposed the extreme measures of 
 the English Catholics, strenuously condemning the burn- 
 ing of heretics ; and was appointed archbishop of Compos- 
 tella 1567. His most noted work is his treatise “Adversus 
 Haereces ” (Paris, 1634). 
 
 Castro, Cristdval Vaca de. See Facade Castro. 
 Castro, Guillen de. Born at Valencia,, Spain, 
 1569: died at Madrid, July 28, 1631. A Spanish 
 dramatist. His chief play is “Las Mocedades 
 del Cid.” 
 
 Castro, Ines de. Killed at Coimbra, 1355. The 
 favorite of Pedro, son of Alfonso IV. of Portu- 
 gal. He married her after the death of his wife. She 
 was murdered by order of Alfonso, to prevent the conse- 
 quences of an unequal union. Her tragical story has 
 been celebrated by novelists and poets, but her character 
 has been much softened. 
 
 Castro, Joao de. Born at Lisbon, Feb. 7, 1500: 
 died at Ormuz, Persia, June 6, 1548. A Por- 
 tuguese naval commander, governor in India 
 in 1545. 
 
 Castro, Dr- Jose Maria. Bom Sept. 1, 1818: died 
 April 4, 1893. A Costa Rican statesman, vice- 
 president of Costa Rica in 1846, and president 
 1847-49. He was again president from 1866toNov., 1808, 
 when he was overturned by Jimenez. 
 
 Castro, Lope Garcia de. Governor and cap- 
 tain-general of Peru Sept., 1564,- Nov., 1569. 
 Castro, Manuel Fernandez de. See Fernan- 
 dez de Castro, Manuel. 
 
 Castro, Paolo de (Latinized Paulus Oas- 
 trensis). Died at Padua, Italy, about 1441. 
 An Italian student of civil and canon law, pro- 
 fessor successively in Florence, Bologna, Fer- 
 rara, and Padua. 
 
 Castro del Rio (kas'tro del re'6). A town in 
 the province of Cordova, Spain, situated on the 
 river Guadajoz 22 miles southeast of Cordova. 
 Population, 11,821. 
 
 Castrogiovanni (kas // tr6-jo-van'ne). A town 
 in the province of Caltanissetta, Sicily, in lat. 
 37° 33' N., long. 14° 17' E. : the ancient Enna 
 or Henna. It is situated ou a height in the center of 
 the island. It has a cathedral, castle, and ruined citadel, 
 and was anciently a seat of the worship of Demeter. It 
 was taken by the Saracens in the 9th century, and by the 
 Normans in the 11th century. (See Enna.) Population, 
 commune, 25,826. 
 
 Castro Marim (kas'tro ma-reh'). A town in 
 Algarve, Portugal, on the Guadiana opposite 
 the Spanish Ayamonte. The Castle of the Templars 
 is a great triple medieval stronghold crowning a mighty 
 rock. The middle fortress has a quadrangular court, with 
 massive walls and covered way, and a huge square keep. 
 
 Castroreale (kasHro-ra-a'le). A town in the 
 pro vince of Messina, Sicily, 22 miles southwest 
 of Messina. Population, commune, 10,304. 
 Castro y Figueroa Salazar (kas'tro e fe-ga- 
 ro'a sa-la-thar'), Pedro de. Said to have been 
 a native of Spanish America: died in the city 
 of Mexico, Aug. 22, 1741. A Spanish soldier 
 and administrator, Duke of La Conquista and 
 Marquis of Gracia Real. From Aug. 17, 1740, 
 until his death he was viceroy of Mexico. 
 Caswell (kaz'wel), Richard. Born in Mary- 
 land, Aug. 3, 1729: died in North Carolina, 
 Nov., 1789. An American Revolutionary poli- 
 tician and soldier, governor of North Carolina 
 1777-79 and 1784-87. 
 
 Cat (kat), Christopher. Flourished 1703-33. 
 The keeper of a tavern, “ The Cat and Fiddle,” 
 in Shire Lane near Temple Bar, London. He 
 is noted as the entertainer of the Kit-Cat Club 
 (which see). 
 
 Catacombs of Rome. Catacombs in Rome 
 lying for the most part within a circle of 3 
 miles from the modern walls. The length of the 
 galleries is estimated at about 600 miles, the greater part 
 of which is still unexplored. The vast network of subter- 
 ranean passages and chambers is now held to have been 
 formed, chiefly between the 2d and the 6th century, ex- 
 pressly for the burial of Christians. Many of the chambers 
 were later used as chapels. The Catacombs are the source 
 of many sculptures, paintings, and inscriptions of high 
 importance in Christian archaeology. 
 
 Catalan (kat'a-lan). [Cat. Catalan, Sp. Cata- 
 lano : see Catalonia.'] A Romance language 
 spoken in Catalonia, and closely allied to Span- 
 ish, from which it differs chiefly in its consonant 
 combinations and terminations, a result of the 
 loss of vowels. 
 
 Catalani (ka-ta-la'ne), Angelica. Born at 
 Sinigaglia, Italy, in Oct., 1779: died of cholera 
 at Paris, June 12, 1849. An Italian singer. 
 She made her first appearance in 1796, at Venice, and had 
 a successful career of thirty years. She married M. Vala- 
 bregue of the French embassy when in Portugal in 1806. 
 
 224 
 
 Catalauni (kat-a-la'nl), or Catelauni (kat-e- 
 la'nl). An ancient people of Belgica Secunda. 
 Their name survives in the modern Chalons. 
 Catalaunian Fields (kat-a-la'ni-an feldz). [L. 
 Campi Catalaunici.] A plain near Chalons-sur- 
 Mame, famous for the victory (451 a. d.) of 
 Aetius and the Gothic king Theodoric I. over 
 Attila. See Chdlons. 
 
 Catalaunian Plain. See Catalaunian Fields. 
 Catalogue of Women. See Eoix. 
 
 Catalonia (kat-a-ld'ni-a). [F. Catalogue, Sp. 
 Cataluna, Pg. Catalunha, ML. Catalonia, earlier 
 * Gothalan.ia, from Gotlii, Goths, andAlani, Alans, 
 by whom it was occupied in the 5th century.] 
 A former province in northeastern Spain, com- 
 prising the present provinces of Lerida,Gerona, 
 Barcelona, and Tarragona. Its surface is mountain- 
 ous, and it is the leading agricultural and manufacturing 
 district of Spain. The language is Catalan. It is the an- 
 cient HispaniaTarraeonensis. It was overrun by the Alani, 
 Goths, and (the southern part) by the Saracens. It formed 
 part of the Spanish mark, and was united to Aragon in 1137. 
 It has been the scene in modern history of various insur- 
 rections. In 1714 it was conquered after a long struggle by 
 Philip V., and deprived of its constitution. 
 
 Catamarca (ka-ta-mar'ka). 1. AnAndine prov- 
 ince in the northwestern part of the Argen- 
 tine Republic, lying east of Chile and north of 
 Rioja. It produces eoppei\ cotton, etc. Area, 
 47,531 square miles. Population, 106,891. — 2. 
 The capital of this province, in lat. 28° 28' S., 
 long. 66° 17' W. Population, 7,397. 
 CatamareSo. See Calchaquis. 
 
 Catania (ka-ta'ne-a). A province of Sicily, 
 Italy. It includes Mount Etna. Area, 1,917 
 square miles. Population, 741,188. 
 
 Catania. A seaport, capital of the province of 
 Catania, Sicily, situated on the Gulf of Catania 
 in lat. 37° 28' N., long. 15° 4' E.: the ancient 
 Catana. It is at the foot of Mount Etna, in the fertile 
 plain of Catania. It has commerce in sulphur, grain, wine, 
 cotton, etc., and manufactures of silk, cotton, etc. It con- 
 tains a cathedral, university, Benedictine monastery, and 
 notable antiquities. It was the birthplace of Bellini. It 
 was founded by Chalcidians from Naxos about 730 B. c.; 
 submitted to Home in 263 B. c., becoming an important 
 Homan town ; and was devastated by lava streams in 121 
 B. C., and by earthquakes in 1169 and 1693. It contains an 
 ancient theater, with Homan superstructure on Greek 
 foundations. The cavea is semicircular, facing south ; it 
 has two horizontal dividing passages, and an arcade at 
 the top. The lowest range of seats is divided by radial 
 stairways into 9 cunei; the middle range has 12 tiers 
 of seats. The diameter is 317 feet. Population, commune, 
 163,000. 
 
 Catanzaro (ka-tiin-dza'ro). 1. A province in 
 Calabria, Italy: formerly called Calabria U1- 
 teriore II. Area of the province, 2,030 square 
 miles. Population, 498,748. — 2. The capital 
 of this province, situated in lat. 38° 55' N., 
 long. 16° 39' E. It has a castle, cathedral, and 
 museum, and some manufactures. Population, 
 commune, 31,824. 
 
 Catarina Cornaro (ka-ta-re'na lsor-na'ro). An 
 opera by Donizetti, first produced at Naples in 
 1844. This was his last opera. 
 
 Catawba (ka-ta'ba), or Great Catawba. A 
 river in North and South Carolina, called the 
 Wateree in the lower part of its course, which 
 unites with the Congaree to form the Santee 
 31 miles southeast of Columbia. Total length, 
 about 300 miles. 
 
 Catawbas. See Kataba. 
 
 Cateau-Cambresis (ka-to'kon-bra-ze'), Le. A 
 manufacturing town in the department of N ord, 
 France, 18 miles south of Valenciennes: Latin, 
 Castrum Cameracense. it is the birthplace of Mor- 
 tier. Here, April 17, 1794, the Austrians under the Prince 
 of Coburg, and, April 26, under Schwartzenberg, defeated 
 the French. Population, commune, 10,700. 
 
 Cateau-Cambresis, Treaty of. A treaty be- 
 tween France, England, and Spain, April 2-3, 
 1559. France retained Calais. France and Spain re- 
 stored most of their conquests. 
 
 Catel (ka-tel'), Franz. Born at Berlin, Feb. 
 22, 1778: died at Rome, Dee. 19, 1856. A Ger- 
 man painter, distinguished especially for land- 
 scapes. 
 
 Catesby (kats'bi), Mark. Born in London (?) 
 about 1679: died in London, Dec. 23, 1749. An 
 English naturalist. He made in 1712 avoyage to Vir- 
 ginia, whence he returned in 1719 with a rich collection 
 of plants. He made a second voyage to America in 1722, 
 explored the lower part of South Carolina, lived some 
 time among the Indians at Fort Moore on the Savannah 
 River, made excursions into Georgia and Florida, and after 
 a visit to the Bahama Islands returned to England in 1726. 
 He published “The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, 
 and the Bahama Islands” (1731^43), “ Hortus Britanno- 
 Americanus, or a Collection of 85 Curious Trees and 
 Shrubs, the Production „f North America, adapted to the 
 Climate and Soil of Great Britain " (1737), “ On the Mi- 
 gration of Birds " (1747), etc. 
 
 Catha. See Comanche. 
 
 Catharine, or Catherine, Saint. [Also Katlm- 
 
 Catharine de’ Ricci 
 
 rine, Katherine; ME. Katherine, Katerin, F. 
 Catherine; Sp. Catarina, Pg. Catharina, It. Cat- 
 erina, LL. Catharina, LGr. Kadapivr/, from i cadapdc, 
 clear, pure.] According to tradition, a martyr 
 of the primitive church, tortured on the wheel 
 and beheaded at Alexandria by order of the em- 
 peror Maximian, Nov. 25, 307. According to some 
 accounts the torture was prevented by a miracle. The 
 wheel became her symbol. She is commemorated on 
 Nov. 25. 
 
 Catharine (kath'a-rin) I., or Catherine 
 (kath'e-rin). Born at Jakobstadt, Courland, 
 Russia, April 15, 1679 (?) : died at St. Peters- 
 burg, May 17, 1727. Empress of Russia, she 
 married Peter the Great in 1707 ; was acknowledged as his 
 wife in 1712 ; was crowned as his empress in 1724 ; and 
 reigned 1725-27. She was of obscure origin ; was brought 
 up in the family of a Protestant minister at Marienburg, 
 named Gliick ; married a Swedish dragoon; fell into the 
 hands of the Russians at the capture of Marienburg, Aug. 
 23, 1702 ; and eventually became the serf of Prince Men- 
 shikoff, in whose house she attracted the attention of 
 Peter the Great, who made her his mistress in 1703. She 
 rescued him, by bribing the Turkish grand vizir, in 1711, 
 from a dangerous position on the Pruth, when with an 
 army of 38,000 men he was surrounded by 200,000 Turks. 
 During her reign she was led chiefly by the influence of 
 Menshikoff. She founded the Russian Academy of Sci- 
 ences, and fitted out the naval exploring expedition un- 
 der Bering. 
 
 Catharine II., or Catherine. Born at Stettin, 
 Prussia, May 2, 1729 : died at St. Petersburg, 
 Nov. 17, 1796. Empress of Russia 1762-96, 
 daughter of the Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst. she 
 married in 1746 the empress Elizabeth's nephew, who as- 
 cended the throne Jan. 6, 1762, as Peter III. With the 
 assistance of her paramour Gregory Orloif, the hetman 
 Razumovski, Count Panin, and Princess Dashkoff, she 
 brought about the deposition of Peter (who was put to 
 death in prison), and usurped the throne in July, 1762. 
 She participated in the partitions of Poland 1772, 1793, and 
 1796 ; concluded with the Turks in 1774 the peace of Kut- 
 chuk-Kainardji, by which Russia acquired Kinburn, Azov, 
 Yenikale, Kertch, and both Kabardas ; and in 1792 signed 
 the peace of Jassy, by which Russia acquired Otchakov and 
 the country between the Bug and Dniester ; and incorpo- 
 rated Courland in 1795. She improved the administration 
 of the empire, introduced a new code of laws, and en- 
 couraged art and literature. She has been called “the 
 Semiramisof theNorth, "and Voltaire said, with reference 
 to her, “ Light now comes from the North.” 
 
 No sovereign since Ivan the Terrible had extended the 
 frontiers of the Empire by such vast conquests. She had 
 given Russia for boundaries the Niemen, the Dniester, 
 and the Black Sea. Rambaud, History of Russia, II. 127. 
 
 Catharine, or Catherine, of Aragon, Queen of 
 England. Born at Alcald de Henares, Spain. 
 Dec. 15 or 16, 1485: died at Kimbolton, Hunt- 
 ingdon, England, Jan. 7, 1536. A queen ot 
 England. She was the daughter of Ferdinand and 
 Isabella of Spain ; married Ar thur, prince of Wales, in 
 1501 ; married Henry VIII. in 1509 ; and became the mother 
 of Mary (who subsequently ascended the throne of Eng- 
 land) in 1516. About 1527 Henry, who was infatuated 
 with Anne Boleyn, began to take measures to secure a 
 divorce ; and in 1533, application having been made in 
 vain to the Pope, the marriage was declared void by Cran- 
 mer, archbishop of Canterbury. 
 
 Catharine, or Catherine, of Bologna, Saint. 
 Born at Bologna, Italy, Sept. 8, 1413: died at 
 Bologna, March 9, 1463. An Italian saint, lady 
 of honor to Margaret d’Este, and later abbess 
 of the Clarisses. Canonized in 1492. 
 Catharine, or Catherine, of Braganza. Born 
 at the castle of Villa Vi 90 sa, in the province of 
 Alemtejo, Portugal, Nov. 25, 1638: died in 
 Portugal, Dec. 31, 1705. A daughter of John, 
 duke of Braganza, wife of Charles II. of Eng- 
 land, whom she married May 20, 1662. 
 Catharine, or Catherine, of Genoa, Saint 
 (Catharine Fieschi). Bom at Genoa, Italy, 
 1447 : died at Genoa, Sept. 14, 1510. An Italian 
 nun, famous for her charitable deeds during a 
 visitation of the plague. Canonized 1737. 
 Catharine, or Catherine, de) Medici (de ma'- 
 de-che). Born at Florence, 1519 : died at Blois, 
 France, Jan. 5, 1589. Queen of France, regent 
 during the minority of Charles IX., 1560-63. 
 She was the daughter of Lorenzo de’ Medici, duke of Ur- 
 biuo. She married in 1533 the Duke of Orleans (Henry 
 II., 1547-59), by whom she became the mother of Francis 
 II. (1559-60), Charles 15. (1560-74), and Henry III. (1574- 
 1689). During her regency, by the policy of attempting 
 to hold the balance of power between the Huguenots and 
 the Catholic party of the Guises, in accordance with which 
 she intrigued alternately with both parties, she precipi- 
 tated in 1562 the so-called Wars of the Huguenots, which, 
 with interruptions, devastated France until 1596 ; and, on 
 the occasion of the marriage of her daughter Marguerite 
 of Valois with Henry of Navarre, prevailed upon Charles 
 to give the order for the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 
 Aug. 24, 1572. She is said to have plunged her children 
 into licentiousness and dissipation, in order, by unfitting 
 them for mental exertion, to retain her ascendancy over 
 them ; and had till her deatli an important though some- 
 times concealed share in the intrigues and party contests 
 which distracted France. 
 
 Catharine, or Catherine, de’ Ricci (dare'che), 
 Saint. Born at Florence, 1522: died Feb. 2, 
 1589. An Italian saint. She took the veil among the 
 
Catharine de’ Ricci 
 
 Dominican nuns at Prato, Tuscany, in 1535, and was made 
 perpetual prioress at the age of twenty-five. She was 
 canonized in 1716 and is commemorated on the 13th of 
 February. 
 
 Catharine, or Catherine, of Siena, Saint. 
 Born at Siena, Italy, March 25, 1347 : died at 
 Rome, April 29, 1380. An Italian saint, she as- 
 sumed the habit of the third order of St. Dominic in 1365, 
 and obtained so great a fame for sanctity that she was 
 enabled to mediate a peace between the Florentines and 
 Pope Urban VI. in 1378. She was canonized in 1401, and 
 is commemorated on April 30. 
 
 Catharine, or Catherine, of Sweden, Saint. 
 Born 1331: died in Sweden, March 24, 1381. A 
 Swedish saint. She was the daughter of Saint 
 Birgitta, whom she succeeded as abbess of 
 Wadstena. 
 
 Catharine of France, or of Valois. Born at 
 Paris, Oct. 27, 1401 : died at Bermondsey, Eng- 
 land, Jan. 3, 1438. A queen of England, daugh- 
 ter of Charles VI. of France, and wife of Henry 
 V. of England, whom she married in 1420. She 
 married Owen Tudor about 1425 (?). 
 
 Catharine Archipelago. A name sometimes 
 given to the Aleutian Islands. 
 
 Catharine Howard. See Howard, Catharine. 
 
 Catharine Parr. See Parr, Catharine. 
 
 Cathay (ka-tha/). The name given by Marco 
 Polo to a region in eastern Asia, supposed to 
 be northern China. It was one of the countries which 
 Columbus expected to reach by sailing westward, and 
 more than once he believed that he was near it. 
 
 The Persian name Cathay, and its Russian form of Kitai, 
 is of modern origin; it is altered from Ki-tah, the race 
 which ruled northern China in the tenth century, and is 
 quite unknown to the people it designates. 
 
 Williams, Middle Kingdom, I. 4. 
 
 Cathcart (kath-kart/), Sir George. Born at 
 London, May 12, 1794: killed at Inkerman, 
 Crimea, Nov. 5, 1854. A British general, third 
 son of the first Earl Cathcart. He served in the 
 campaigns of 1813-15, being in all the important battles ; 
 was appointed governor and commander-in-chief at the 
 Cape, Jan., 1852; ended the Kaffir war 1852-53; and in 
 1854 was sent as commander of the fourth division to the 
 Crimea, with a dormant commission to supersede Lord 
 Raglan in case of accident to the latter. He wrote “ Com- 
 mentaries : (1850) on the war in Russia and Germany in 
 1812 and 1813. 
 
 Cathcart, William Shaw. Born at Peter- 
 sham, Sept. 17, 1755: died at Cartside, near 
 Glasgow, June 16, 1843. A British general and 
 diplomatist, tenth Baron Cathcart in the Scot- 
 tish peerage, created Viscount (Nov. 3, 1807) 
 and Earl (July 16, 1814) Cathcart in the peer- 
 age of the United Kingdom. He served in the 
 P-e volutionary War 1777-80, and at the bombardment of 
 Copenhagen 1807. He was ambassador to Prussia 1812-14. 
 
 Cathedral (ka-the'dral), The. A poem by 
 James Russel i Lowell, published in 1869. 
 
 Cathelineau (kat-le-no'), Jacques. Bora at 
 Pin-en-Mauges, Maine-et-Loire, France, Jan. 
 5, 1759; died at St. Florent, France, July 11, 
 1793. A French royalist, leader of the Ven- 
 deans in 1793. 
 
 Catherine. See Catharine and Katharine. 
 
 Cathlamet (kath-la'met), or Katlamat. A 
 tribe of North American Indians. Their former 
 habitat was Oregon and Washington on both sides of the 
 Columbia River, near its mouth. See Chinookan. 
 
 Cathlapooya. See Calapooya. 
 
 Catholicon Anglicum. An English-Latin dic- 
 tionary, compiled about 1483. it was edited by Mr. 
 Sidney J. H. Herrtage for the Early English Text Society 
 in 1881. He believes it to have been compiled in the 
 East Riding of Yorkshire. The name “Catholicon" was 
 first used for such a work in a Latin grammar and dic- 
 tionary written by Giovanni dei Balbi, a Genoese monk, 
 frequently caUed Jannensis. It was finished in 1286, and 
 the first edition was printed by Gutenberg in 1460. 
 
 Catholic Majesty. A title of the kings of Spain, 
 assumed at times after the Council of Toledo, 
 and permanently since the time of Ferdinand 
 “the Catholic” 1474—1516. 
 
 Cathos (ka-tos')- A female character in Mo- 
 liere’s “ Les Prdcieuses Ridicules,” who assumes 
 the name Aminte. She affects the fashionable senti- 
 mentality of les prCcieuses. and is finally taken in by a 
 valet who adopts the same style with greater success. 
 
 Catilina (kat-i-li'na), E. Catiline (kat'i-lln), 
 Lucius Sergius. Born about 108 b. c. : killed 
 at FsBsnlse, Italy, 62 b. c. A Roman politician 
 and conspirator. He was of an ancient but impov- 
 erished patrician family. As a partisan of Sulla he ren- 
 dered himself infamous by Ills complicity in the horrors 
 of the proscription, destroying with his own hand his 
 brother-in-law, Q. Csecilius. He was pretor in 68, and 
 governor of Africa in 67. After an abortive attempt, in 
 conjunction with P. Autronius, to murder the consuls 
 elect for 65, with a view to seizing the fasces, and after 
 an unsuccessful candidacy in the consular elections of 64, 
 he organized a wide spread conspiracy against the repub- 
 lic, whose object is said to have been the cancellation of 
 debts, the proscription of the wealthy, and the distribu- 
 tion among the conspirators of all offices of honor and 
 emolument. It was defeated by the vigilance and elo- 
 C.— 15 
 
 225 
 
 quence of Cicero, who was then consul. The rebellion 
 having broken out in Etruria, Oct. 27, Cicero pronounced 
 in the senate, Nov. 8, his first oration against Catiline, 
 which caused the latter to leave the city. On Nov. 9 Cic- 
 ero delivered in the Forum his second Catilinian oration, 
 in which he acquainted the people with the events in the 
 senate and the departure of Catiline from Rome. On Dec. 
 3 documentary evidence of the conspiracy was obtained 
 from an embassy of Allobroges, which had been tampered 
 with by the Catilinarians ; and in the evening Cicero de- 
 livered in the Forum his third oration, in which he ac- 
 quainted the people with the events of the day and 
 the seizure of the conspirators left in Rome. On Dec. 5 
 Cicero delivered in the senate his fourth oration, which 
 was followed by the execution in prison of Lentulus, 
 Cethegus, Statilius, and Galinius. Meanwhile Catiline 
 had assumed command of the revolutionary force, which 
 amounted to about two legions, but was overtaken by the 
 army of the senate as he was attempting to escape into 
 Gaul, and was defeated and slain in the battle which en- 
 sued. 
 
 Catiline’s Conspiracies. 1. A play by Ste- 
 phen Gosson, written before 1579. It was acted, 
 but not printed. — 2. A tragedy by Robert Wil- 
 son and Henry Chettle, perhaps a revised ver- 
 sion of Gosson’s play (1598, Henslow). 
 
 Catiline’s Conspiracy. A tragedy by Ben Jon- 
 son, produced in 1611. Catiline is made inhu- 
 manly ferocious in this play. 
 
 Cat Island (kat l'land),or San Salvador (san 
 sal-va-dor'). An island in the northern part 
 of the Bahama group, West Indies, long iden- 
 tified with Guanahani, Columbus’s first landfall. 
 
 Catley (kat'li), Ann. Born near Tower Hill, 
 London, in 1745: died at Ealing, Dec. 14, 1789. 
 An English singer, she was the daughterof a hackuey- 
 coachman. In 1762sheappearedatVauxhall,andfromthis 
 time her beauty and voice made her not oidy successful 
 but notorious. In 1784 she made her last appearance, 
 having then become the wife of Major-General Francis 
 Lascelles. The ladies eagerly copied her dress, and to 
 be “Catleyfied” was to be dressed becomingly. 
 
 Catlin (kat'lin), George. Bom at Wilkesbarre, 
 Pa., June 26, 1796: died at Jersey City, N. J., 
 Dec. 23, 1872. An American artist, and trav- 
 eler among the North American Indians and in 
 Europe. His chief work is “Hlustrations of the Man- 
 ners, Customs, and Condition of the North American In- 
 dians ” (1841). He painted more than 500 portraits of 
 Indians from life, a unique and valuable collection, now 
 in the United States National Museum at Washington. 
 
 Catmandoo. See Khatmandu. 
 
 Cat Nation. See Erie. 
 
 Cato (ka'to). A tragedy by Addison, produced 
 at Drury Lane Theatre, London, 1713. 
 
 Cato. A pseudonym of Alexander Hamilton. 
 
 Cato Major. See Be Senectute. 
 
 Cato, Marcus Porcius, sumamed Uticensis 
 (from Utica, the place of his death). Born at 
 Rome, 95 b. c. : committed suicide at Utica, 
 North Africa, 46 b. c. A Roman patriot and 
 Stoic philosopher, great-grandson of Cato the 
 Censor. He fought under Gellius Publicola against 
 Spartacus in 72, served as military tribune in Macedonia 
 in 67, and was questor in C5, tribune of the people in 62, 
 and pretor in 54. He supported Cicero against the Cati- 
 linarians, and sided with Pompey against Csesar on the 
 outbreak of the civil war in 49. Alter the battle of Phar- 
 salia he retired to Utica, where he put himself to death 
 on receiving intelligence of the victory of Csesar at Tliap- 
 sus. 
 
 Cato, Marcus Porcius, surnamed “The Cen- 
 sor,” and Priscus. Born at Tusculum, Italy, 
 234 b. c. : died 149 B. c. A Roman statesman, 
 general, and writer. He was questor under Scipio 
 in 204 ; consul in 195 ; served in Spain in 194, and against 
 Antiochus in 191 ; was censor in 184 ; and was ambassador 
 to Carthage in 150. He sought to restore the integrity 
 of morals and the simplicity of manners prevalent in the 
 early days of the republic, and was one of the chief insti- 
 gators of the third Punic war, in his effort to incite to 
 which he for years closed every speech in the senate with 
 the words, “Ceterum censeoCarthaginem esse delendam.” 
 He wrote “De re rustica” (ed. Keil, 1882), and “Origines” 
 (extant in fragments). 
 
 Cato Street Conspiracy, or Thistlewood Con- 
 spiracy, In British history, a- conspiracy un- 
 der the lead of Arthur Thistlewood, which aimed 
 to assassinate Castlereagh and other ministers. 
 The plot was discovered Feb. 23, 1820, at the rendezvous, 
 Cato street, near Edgeware road, London. 
 
 Cats (kats), Jakob. Born at, Brouwershaven, 
 Holland, 1577 : died 1660. A Dutch poet. He 
 studied at Leyden and Orleans, where he received a doc- 
 tor’s degree, and was subsequently advocate in The Hague 
 and in Middelburg. In 1636 he was made pensionary of 
 Holland. He died on his estate near Scheveningen. 
 “Father Cats,” as he was affectionately called, was for 
 generations the favorite poet of the people. His “Hou- 
 welijck” (“Fidelity”) appeared in 1625, “Spieghel van 
 den Ouden en Nieuwen Tijdt ’’ (“ Mirror of the Old and 
 New Time ”) in 1632, “Trouringn ” (“ Wedding Ring ”) in 
 1637. 
 
 Catskill (kats'kil). A town in Greene County, 
 New York, situated on the west bank of the 
 Hudson, 30 miles south of Albany. Population, 
 village, 5,296, (1910). 
 
 Catskill Mountains. A group of mountains 
 in southeastern New York, westof the Hudson, 
 
 Caucasians 
 
 in Greene, Ulster, and Delaware counties, be- 
 longing to the Appalachian system. They are 
 noted for picturesque scenery, and contain many fre- 
 quented summer resorts. Among the chief summits are 
 Slide Mountain (the highest point, 4,205 feet), Kaaterskill 
 High Peak (Mount Lincoln), Overlook Mountain, Hunter 
 Mountain. Also called Katzbere/s, etc. 
 
 Catskin’s Garland, or The Wandering 
 Young Gentlewoman. A ballad, the English 
 f onn in which the story of “Cinderella” is pre- 
 served. The heroine is mad% a scullery-maid 
 and reduced to dress in catskins. 
 
 Cattack. See Cuttack. 
 
 Cattako. See Comanche. 
 
 Cattaro (kat'ta-ro), Slav. Kotor or Kotur. A 
 seaport in Dalmatia, situated on the Boeche di 
 Cattaro in lat. 42° 25' N., long. 18° 46' E. : 
 probably the Roman Ascrivium. It is famous for 
 its picturesque situation. It has a cathedral, and is 
 strongly fortified. It was ceded finally to Austria, 1814. 
 Population, commune, 6,041, (1910). 
 
 Cattegat, or Kattegat (kat'e-gat). A sea pas- 
 sage which separates Sweden from Jutland, 
 and connects the Skager Rack with the Baltic 
 through the Sound and the Great and Little 
 Belts. Length, about 150 miles. Greatest 
 breadth, 85 miles. 
 
 Cattermole (kat'er-mol), George. Bom at 
 
 Dickleborough, Norfolk, England, Aug. 8, 
 1800 : died at Clapham, near London, July 24, 
 1868. An English painter, one of the earliest 
 English water-colorists. He illustrated the 
 “Waverley Novels.” His subjects were chiefly 
 medieval. 
 
 Catti. See Chatti. 
 
 Cattywar, or Kattywar. See Kathiawar. 
 Catullus (ka-tul'us), Caius Valerius. Bom 
 
 at Verona, Italy, 87 (?) B. c. : died about 54 b. c. 
 A celebrated Roman poet. Concerning his personal 
 history little is known, except that he came to Rome at an 
 early age; that he enjoyed the society of the most cele- 
 brated men of his day, including Cicero, Ctesar, and Pollio, 
 and that he was probably possessed of a moderate inde- 
 pendence, although vicious and expensive habits reduced 
 him to pecuniary difficulties. He is remarkable for the 
 versatility of his genius, for the liveliness of his concep- 
 tion, and for his felicity of expression. According to Apu- 
 leius the real name of Lesbia, who forms the theme of 
 most of his amatory poems, was Clodia ; and some critics 
 have, though apparently erroneously, identified her with 
 the sister of the demagogue Clodius slain by Milo. His 
 extant works are 116 poems, lyric, epigrammatic, elegiac, 
 etc. » 
 
 Catulus (kat'u-lus), Caius Lutatius. A Roman 
 
 general. He was chosen consul for the year 242 B. c. 
 When he entered office the first Punic war had been waged 
 since 264 ; and the senate, discouraged by numerous losses, 
 had abandoned the war at sea. He obtained command of 
 a fleet built by wealthy patriots at Rome, and 241 gained 
 the decisive victory at the .Egadian Islands which resulted 
 in a favorable treaty of peace. 
 
 Catulus, Quintus Lutatius. Born about 152 
 B. C.: died 87 b. c. A Roman general. He was 
 consul with Marius 102 B. c., and was associated with him 
 in the victory over the Cimbri, at Vercell*. in 101 B. c. 
 He joined Sulla in the civil war, and, having in conse- 
 quence been proscribed by Marius, committed suicide 
 87 B. 0. 
 
 Catulus, Quintus Lutatius. Died 60 b. c. 
 A Roman politician, son of Quintus Lutatius 
 Catulus. He was consul 78 B. 0 ., and censor 65 B. c. 
 He was a strong supporter of Cicero against the Catili- 
 narian conspiracy, 63 B. c. 
 
 Caturiges (ka-tu'ri-jez). [L. (Csesar) Caturiges, 
 Gr. (Ptolemy) K ardvpryeg, (Strabo) K ardpiyeg) 
 pi. of Caturix, lit. ‘ war-chief.’] A Celtic tribe 
 which dwelt among the Cottian Alps. 
 Catuvellauni (kat-u-vel-la/ni). An ancient 
 British people who lived in the region of 
 Hereford and Bedford, west of the Trinoban- 
 tes and Iceni. The Catuvellaunian state was a cen- 
 tral kingdom formed, or greatly extended, by the con- 
 quests of Cassivellaunus. There are various forms of 
 the name. 
 
 Caub (koub). A town in the province of Hesse- 
 Nassau, Prussia, situated on the Rhine above 
 Oberwesel. The passage of the Rhine was 
 effected here by Bliicher, Jan. 1, 1814. 
 
 Cauca (kou'ka). A department of Colombia. 
 Capital, Popayan. It is very mountainous, 
 being traversed by the Western Cordillera, 
 with the Central Cordillera on its eastern 
 frontier ; and is rich in mines and forests. 
 Cauca. A river in Colombia, between the cen- 
 tral and western Cordilleras of the Andes, join- 
 ing the river Magdalena about lat. 9° N. 
 Length, over 600 miles. 
 
 Caucasia (lta-ka'gia). A general name for the 
 Caucasus region. 
 
 Caucasians (ka-ka/§ianz or ka-kash'ianz). 
 [ML. Caucasiani (L. Caucasii), from Gr. K avna- 
 <Tof.] In Blumenbach’s ethnological system, 
 the highest type of the human family, including 
 nearly all Europeans, the Circassians, Armeni- 
 
Caucasians 
 
 ans, Persians, Hindus, Jews, etc. He gave this 
 name to the race because he regarded a skull he had ob- 
 tained from the Caucasus as the standard of the human 
 type. 
 
 Caucasus (ka'ka-sus). A general government 
 of the Russian empire, lying north of Persia 
 and Asiatic Turkey, east of the Black Sea, and 
 west of the Caspian. It. comprises the northern 
 Caucasus, including the governments or provinces of Stav- 
 ropol, Kuban, and Terek ; and Transcaucasia, including 
 Daghestan, Kutais, Tiflis, Baku, Yelissavetpol, Kars, Ba- 
 tura, and Erivan. Its chief cities are Tiflis and Vladi- 
 kavkaz. Old divisions were Georgia, Mingrelia, Imeritia, 
 Svanetia, etc. The inhabitants are Russians, Armenians, 
 Tatars, Georgians, Mingrelians, Imeritians, Ossets, many 
 mountaineer tribes, etc. The chief natural features of the 
 region are the Caucasus Mountains and the rivers Kur, 
 Rion, Kuban, and Terek. Georgia was annexed in 1801. 
 The Russian war of subj ugation of the mountain tribes 
 continued many years. Shamyl was subdued in 1859. The 
 Tcherkesses submitted in 1864. Russian Armenia was an- 
 nexed iu 1878. Area, 180,603 sq. m. Population, 10,908,400. 
 
 Caucasus. [F. Caucase, G. Ka ukasus."] A 
 mountain system in Russia, between the Black 
 and Caspian seas, extending southeast and 
 northwest, often taken as the conventional 
 boundary between Europe and Asia. The chief 
 summits are Elbruz (18,526 feet) and Kazbek. There are 
 numerous passes, some of them reaching an elevation of 
 10,000-11,000 feet. The glaciers rival those of the Alps, 
 but lakes are almost entirely wanting. Length of the sys- 
 tem, about 800 miles ; greatest width, about 120 miles. It 
 has been very important Historically as a barrier to migra- 
 tions. “It has also preserved . . . fragments of the 
 different peoples who from time to time have passed by 
 it, or who have been driven by conquest into it from the 
 lower country.” Bryce , Transcaucasia and Ararat, p. 51. 
 
 Cauchy (ko-she'), Augustin Louis. Bom at 
 Paris, Aug. 21, 1789: died at Sceaux, May 23, 
 1857. A celebrated French mathematician and 
 poet. His workB include a memoir, “Sur la thf-nrie des 
 ondes " (1815), “ Cours d’analyBe ” (1821), “ Lepons sur le 
 calcul diffdrentiel ” (1826), “Sur Tapplication du calcul de 
 residus, etc.” (1827), etc. 
 
 Caudebec (kod-bek'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Seine-Inf drieure, France, on the Seine 
 20 miles west-northwest of Rouen : the ancient 
 capital of the Pays de Caux. It contains a 
 noted church of the fifteenth and early 
 sixteenth centuries. Population, commune, 
 2,180. 
 
 Caudebec-l&s-Elbeuf (kod-bek Ta-zel-bef'). A 
 manufacturingtownin the department of Seine- 
 Infdrieure, France, near Elbeuf on the Seine, 
 south of Rouen. Population, commune, 9,407. 
 Caudi (ka-6-de')- [Origin unknown.] A deity 
 of the Tehuas or Taos of New Mexico, whose 
 worship played a part in the incantations that 
 preceded the uprising of the Pueblos in 1680. 
 Caudine Forks (ka'din forks), L. Furculse 
 Caudinse (fer'ku-le ka-dl'ne). Two passes in 
 the mountains of ancient Samnium, Italy, lead- 
 ing to an inclosed valley, identified with the 
 Val d’Arpaja (?), or probably with the valley of 
 the Isclero. Here, 321 B. o., the Romans under the 
 consuls Sp. P. Albinus and T. Veturius were forced to 
 surrender to the Samuites under Pontius. The Romans 
 were forced to swear to a treaty of peace, and to give 600 
 Roman equites as hostages, while the whole Roman army 
 was sent under the yoke. The Roman senate refused to 
 approve the treaty, and delivered the consuls to the Sam- 
 nites, who refused to accept them. 
 
 Caudle’s Curtain Lectures, Mrs. A series of 
 lectures (by Douglas Jerrold) inflicted by Mrs. 
 Caudle upon Mr. Caudle after they had gone to 
 bed and the curtains were drawn for the night. 
 Caudry (ko-dre'). A town in the department 
 of Nord, France, 17 miles south-southwest of 
 Valenciennes. Population, commune, 11,066, 
 (1906). 
 
 Caulaincourt (ko-lan-kor'), Armand Augus- 
 tin Louis de, Duke of Vicenza. Born at Cau- 
 laincourt, Somme, France, Dec. 9, 1772: died 
 at Paris, Feb. 19, 1827. A French diplomatist 
 and general. He was ambassador to Russia 1807-11, 
 and minister of foreign affairs 1813-14 and 1815. 
 
 Caulfeild (kal'feld), Janies. Born at Dublin, 
 Aug. 18, 1728: died Aug. 4, 1799. An Irish 
 statesman, fourth Viscount and first Earl of 
 Charlemont. 
 
 Caulfield, James. Born Feb. 11, 1764: died at St. 
 Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, April 22, 1826. 
 An English print-seller and writer, especially 
 noted as a collector of engraved portraits. 
 Caulier (ko-lya'), Madeleine. Died July 24, 
 1712. A French peasant girl noted for bravery 
 during the siege of Lille. On Sept. 8, 1708, she car- 
 ried an important order from the Duke of Burgundy to 
 Marshal Boufflers, commander of the besieged army. She 
 was permitted, as a reward, to enlist in a regiment of dra- 
 goons, and fell in the battle of Denain. 
 
 Caulonia (ka-16'ni-a). [Gr. Kav/^vot KaivLiwa.] 
 An ancient Achtean town, probably on the site 
 of modern Castelvetere, Calabria, Italy, in lat. 
 38° 27' N., long. 16° 25' E. 
 
 226 
 
 Caumont (ko-mon'), Aldrick Isidore Ferdi- 
 nand. Born at St. Vincent-Cramesnil, Seine- 
 Inferieure, France, May 15, 1825. A French 
 jurist and political economist. His chief work 
 is “ Dietionnaire universelde droit commercial 
 maritime” (1855-69). 
 
 Caumont, Arcisse de. Born at Bayeux, France, 
 Aug. 28, 1802 : died at Caen, France, April 15, 
 1873. A French archaeologist. 
 
 Caussade (ko-sad'). A town in the department 
 of Tarn-et-Garonne, France, 13 miles north- 
 east of Montauban. It was a Huguenot strong- 
 hold. Population, commune, 4,379. 
 
 Gausses (kos), The. [F. chaw, limestone.] A 
 group of limestone plateaus in the department 
 of Lozere and the vicinity, southern France, 
 near the head waters of the Tarn. 
 
 Caussin de Perceval (ko-san' de pers-val'), 
 Armand Pierre. Born at Paris, Jan. 13, 1795 : 
 died at Paris, Jan. 15, 1871. A French Orien- 
 talist and historian, a traveler in Syria, and 
 professor of Arabic at the College of France, 
 He was a son of J. J. A. Caussin de Perceval. He wrote 
 “ Essais sur l’histoire des Arabes " (1847), etc. 
 
 Caussin de Perceval, Jean Jacques Antoine. 
 
 Born at Montdidier, France, June 24, 1759 : 
 died July 29, 1835. A French Orientalist and 
 historian. His best-known works are transla- 
 tions from Greek and Arabic. 
 
 Caustic (kas'tik), Colonel. A character in the 
 “Lounger,” a periodical published by Henry 
 Mackenzie 1785-86. 
 
 Cauterets (kot-ra'). A watering-place in the 
 department of Hautes-Pyrenees, France, 28 
 miles southwest of Tarbes. Elevation, 3,055 
 feet. It has hot sulphur springs. 
 
 Caution (ka/shon), Mrs. A character in Wych- 
 erley’s “Gentleman Dancing-Master.” 
 Cautionary Towns. A name given to the four 
 towns in the Netherlands — Briel, Flushing, W al- 
 cheren, Rammekens — held 1585-1616 by Eng- 
 land as security for payment due. 
 
 Cautley (kat'li), Sir Proby Thomas. Born at 
 Stratford St. Mary’s, Suffolk, 1802: died at 
 Sydenham, near London, Jan. 25, 1871. An 
 English colonel of engineers in India, and pa- 
 leontologist. He was especially noted as the superin- 
 tendent of the construction of the Ganges canal, 1843-54. 
 He explored as a geologist the Sivalik range, making 
 large collections of fossils which he presented to the 
 British Museum. He published numerous papers ou scien- 
 tific (chiefly paleontological) topics. 
 
 Cauvery, or Cavery. See Edveri. 
 
 Caux, Marchioness de. See Patti, Adelina. 
 Caux (ko). A territory in Normandy, France, 
 comprised in the department of Seine-Inferi- 
 eure, and situated north of the Seine, bordering 
 the English Channel. Its chief town is Caude- 
 bec. 
 
 Cava (ka/va), La. A town in the province of 
 Salerno, Italy, 26 miles southeast of Naples. 
 The Benedictine abbey of La Trinita contains a remarka- 
 ble collection of parchments, paper MSS., etc. The town 
 is a favorite pleasure-resort Pop., 7,727 ; commune, 23,681. 
 
 Cavaignac (ka- van -yak'), Eleonore Louis 
 Godefroy. Bom at Paris, 1801 : died at Paris, 
 May 5, 1845. A French journalist and republi- 
 can politician, son of J. B. Cavaignac. He was 
 prominent in the events of 1830, 1832, and 1834. 
 Cavaignac, Eugene Louis. Born at Paris, Oct. 
 15, 1802: died at Ournes, near Flee, Sarthe, 
 France, Oct. 28, 1857. A French general, son 
 of J. B. Cavaignac. He served in Algeria 1832-48 ; 
 was governor of Algeria in 1848 ; became minister of war, 
 May, 1848; suppressed the insurrection at Paris as mili- 
 tary dictator, June 23-26 ; was chief of the executive, June- 
 Dee., 1848 ; and was an unsuccessful candidate for presi- 
 dent, Dec., 1848. 
 
 Cavaignac, Jean Baptiste. Born at Gourdon, 
 Lot, France, 1762: died at Brussels, March 24, 
 1829. A French revolutionist, deputy to the 
 Convention in 1792. 
 
 Cavailloil (ka-va-yon'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Vaucluse, France, on the Durance 12 
 miles southeast of Avignon: the ancient Ca- 
 bellio. It .contains a medieval cathedral, and the re- 
 mains of an ancient triumphal arch. Population, com- 
 mune, 9,952. 
 
 Cavalcanti (ka-val-kan'te), Guido. Born at 
 Florence about 1240: died at Florence, Aug., 
 1300. A Florentine poet aud philosopher, a 
 friend of Dante. 
 
 Cavalese (ka-va-la'se). The chief place in the 
 Fiemme valley, southern Tyrol, south-south- 
 east of Botzen. 
 
 Cavalier (kii-va-lya'), Jean. Born at Ribaute, 
 near Anduze, Gard, France, Nov. 28, 1681 : 
 died at Chelsea, near London, May, 1740. A 
 French general, leader of the Camisardsin the 
 Ceveimes 1702-04. 
 
 Cavendish, Thomas 
 
 Cavalieri (ka-va-le-a're), or Cavalleri, Buena- 
 ventura. Born at Milan, 1598: died at Bo- 
 logna, Italy, Dec. 3, 1647. An Italian mathe- 
 matician, celebrated as the inventor of the 
 geometrical “method of indivisibles.” His chief 
 work is “ Geometria indivisibilium continuorum nova 
 quadam ratione promota. ” 
 
 Cavall (ka-val'). _ King Arthur’s dog. 
 
 Cavalleria Rusticana (ka-val-la-re'a rus-te- 
 ka'na). [It., ‘rustic gallantry.’] An opera by 
 Mascagni, first played in Rome May 18, 1890. 
 Cavalli (ka-val'le), Pietro Francesco (origi- 
 nally Caletti-Bruni). Born at Crema, Italy, 
 1599 or 1600: died at Venice, Jan. 14, 1676. 
 An Italian composer, organist, and chapel-mas- 
 ter. He began to compose operas in 1637, and continued to 
 produce them for 32 years. Among them are “Giasone” 
 (1655), “Serse” (1660), “ Ercole amante ” (1662). He is now 
 considered to have been the inventor of the “Da Capo," 
 which was long attributed to Scarlatti. 
 
 Cavan (kav'an) 1. A county in Ulster, Ire- 
 land, lying between Fermanagh and Mon- 
 aghan on the north, Monaghan and Meath on 
 the east, Meath, Westmeath, and Longford on 
 the south, aud Longford and Leitrim on the 
 west. Area, 746 square miles. Population, 
 97,541. — 2. The capital of the county of Cavan, 
 in lat. 54° N., long. 7° 22' W. Population, 2,822. 
 
 Cave (kav), Edward. Bom at Newton, War- 
 wickshire, England, Feb. 27, 1691: died at Lon- 
 don, Jan. 10, 1754. A noted English printer 
 and bookseller. In 1731 he started a printing-office at 
 London under file name of “R. Newton,” and founded the 
 “ Gentleman’s Magazine,” which he edited under the pseu- 
 donym “Sylvanus Urban, Gent.” He began in 1732 the 
 publication of regular reports of parliamentary debates, 
 based on the memory of reporters who had listened to the 
 speeches, and put in proper literary shape by William 
 Guthrie and, after him, for several years, by Dr. Johnson. 
 This publication of these reports brought upon him the 
 censure of Parliament. 
 
 Cave, The. See Adullam, Cave of. 
 
 Cave, William. Born at Pickwell, Leicester- 
 shire, England, 1637 : died at Windsor, Eng- 
 land, July 4, 1713. A noted English divine and 
 patristic scholar. 
 
 Oaveau (ka-vo'). [F., ‘small (wine) cellar.’] A 
 Parisian literary and convivial club, founded in 
 1729, dissolved in 1739, and refounded in 1806 
 and 1834: named from a tavern “Caveau.” 
 
 Cavedoni (ka-va-do'ne), Celestino. Bom at? 
 Levizzano Rangone, near Modena, Italy, May 
 18, 1795: died at Modena, Nov. 26, 1865. An 
 Italian archmologist and numismatist, 
 
 Cavelier (ka-ve-lya'), Pierre Jules. Bom Aug. 
 30, 1814 : died Jan. 28, 1894. A French sculptor. 
 His chief works are “Penelope” (1849), “Truth,” “Abe- 
 lard,” “Cornelia” (all at Paris), etc. 
 
 Cavendish (kav'n-dish or kan'dish). The name 
 under which Henry Jones wrote on whist, etc. 
 
 Cavendish, Lord Frederick Charles. Born 
 at Eastbourne, Nov. 30, 1836 : died May 6, 1882. 
 The second son of William Cavendish, seventh 
 Duke of Devonshire. He was private secretary to 
 Lord Granville 1859-64; member of Parliament 1865-82; 
 private secretary to Mr. Gladstone, July, 1872, to Aug., 1873; 
 financial secretary of the treasury 1880-82 ; and successor to 
 W. G. Forster, as chief secretary to the lord lieutenant of Ire- 
 land, May, 1882. He was assassinated with Under-Secretary 
 Brake while they were walking in Plicenix Park, Dublin. 
 
 Cavendish, Georgiana. Born June 9, 1757: 
 died at London, March 30, 1806. Eldest daugh- 
 ter of the first Earl Spencer, and wife of the 
 fifthDuke of Devonshire, famous for herbeauty, 
 wit, and social influence. 
 
 Cavendish, Henry. Born at Nice, Oct. 10, 1731 : 
 died at London, March 10 (Diet. Nat. Biog.), 
 1810. A celebrated English chemist and physi- 
 cist, eldest son of Lord Charles Cavendish, 
 third son of the second Duke of Devonshire. 
 He studied at Cambridge 1750-53, but did not take his 
 degree. He discovered nitric acid, and was the first who, 
 by inductive experiments, combined oxygen and hydro- 
 gen into water. He published numerous scientific papers, 
 including “Experiments on Air, by Henry Cavendish, Esq. , ” 
 in tiie “ Philosophical Transactions ’’ of the Royal Society, 
 of which he became a member in 1760. 
 
 Cavendish, Spencer Compton. Born July 23, 
 1833: died at Cannes, France, March 24, 1908. 
 Eighth Duke of Devonshire: known, till he 
 succeeded in 1891, as Marquis of Harrington. 
 
 He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and en- 
 tered Parliament for North Lancashire in 1857. He held 
 various offices in the Liberal ministries of his time, and 
 from 1875 to 1880 was leader of his party in the House 
 of Commons. The position of prime minister was offered 
 to him by the Queen in 1880, but was declined. After the 
 secession of Liberals caused by Mr. Gladstone s Home Rule 
 Bill in 1886, he was the recognized leader of the Liberal 
 Unionist party. Lord presidentof the council 1896-1903. 
 
 Cavendish, Thomas. Born in the parish of 
 Trimlay St. Martin, Suffolk, England, about 
 1555 : died at sea in the South Atlantic, June, 
 1592. A noted English navigator and free- 
 booter. Iu 1585 he commanded a ship in the fleet of 
 
Cavendish, Thomas 
 
 Richard Grenville, sent by Raleigh to Virginia. On July 
 21, 1686, he sailed from Plymouth with three small vessels, 
 the Desire, the Content, and the Hugh Gallant (which 
 was sunk in the Pacific) ; touched at Africa and Brazil ; 
 passed the Strait of Magellan, Jan., 1587 ; ravaged the 
 shores of Spanish South America and Mexico, taking many 
 vessels ; and on Nov. 14, 1587, captured a ship from the 
 Philippines with an immense booty. He then crossed the 
 Pacific, and returned by way of the Cape of Good Hope, 
 reaching England Sept. 10, 1588. This was the second 
 circumnavigation of the world. Cavendish undertook a 
 similar voyage in 1591 with five ships ; but, after enduring 
 great hardships, he was unable to pass the Strait of Ma- 
 gellan. His ships were scattered, and he died while at- 
 tempting to return. Only a few of his crew ever reached 
 England. 
 
 Cavendish, Sir William. Born at Cavendish, 
 Suffolk, about 1505: died Oct. 25, 1557. An 
 English politician, treasurer of the royal 
 chamber under Henry VIII., Edward VI., and 
 Mary. He was a younger brother of George 
 Cavendish, biographer of Wolsey. 
 
 Cavendish, William. Born 1592: died Dec. 
 25, 1676. An English statesman and writer, 
 created earl of Newcastle March 7, 1628, and 
 duke of Newcastle March 16, 1665. He was gov- 
 ernor of the Prince of Wales 1638-41 ; rendered important 
 military services to the Royalist cause during the civil war ; 
 fought as a volunteer at Marston Moor; and left England 
 in 1644, returning at the Restoration. He wrote poems, 
 several plays, and two works on horsemanship entitled 
 “la methode et invention nouvelle de dresser les che- 
 vaux " (Antwerp, 1657), and “ A New Method and Extraor- 
 dinary invention todress Horses and work them, according 
 to Nature, etc.” (1667). He was a skilful horse- trainer. 
 
 Cavendish, William. Died March 3, 1626. 
 Second son of Sir William Cavendish by his 
 third wife (afterward Countess of Shrewsbury), 
 created first earl of Devonshire Aug. 2, 1618. 
 Cavendish, William. Bom Jan. 25, 1640: died 
 at London, Aug. 18, 1707. An English noble- 
 man, eldest son of the third Earl of Devon- 
 shire (died 1684), created first duke of Devon- 
 shire and marquis of Hartington May 12, 1694. 
 He erected Chatsworth (1687-1706), the famous 
 seat of the dukes of Devonshire. 
 
 Cavendish, William. Born 1720: died at Spa, 
 Oct. 3, 1764. An English statesman, fourth 
 Duke of Devonshire, lord lieutenant and gov- 
 ernor-general of Ireland 1755 (as Marquis of 
 Hartington until Dee. 5, when he succeeded 
 to the dukedom), and prime minister Nov., 
 1756, -May, 1757. 
 
 Cavendish College. A college of Cambridge 
 University, founded in 1873, opened in 1876, 
 and reconstituted in 1888. • 
 
 Cave of Adullam. See Adullam. 
 
 Cave of Machpelah. See Machpelah. 
 
 Cave of Mammon. The dwelling-place of 
 Mammon, described in the second book of 
 Spenser’s “Faerie Queene.” 
 
 Cave of Trophonius. See Trophonius. 
 
 Cave of the winds. A recess behind the falls 
 of Niagara, between them and the wall of rock : 
 often visited by tourists. 
 
 Caverne de l’Homme Mort. [F., ‘ cave of the 
 dead man.’] See the extract. 
 
 For the determination of the characteristics of this Ibe- 
 rian or Aquitanian race no more typical sepulchre can be 
 selected than the celebrated Caverne de 1' Homme Mort in 
 the Department of the Lozfere. ... In this cave some fifty 
 persons must have been interred, and in fifteen cases the 
 skeletons have been so well preserved as to admit of ac- 
 curate measurement, and even of the determination of 
 the sex. Taylor, Aryans, p. 94. 
 
 Cavery, or Cauvery. See Kdveri. 
 
 Caviana (ka-ve-a'na), or Cavianna (ka-ve- 
 a'na). An uninhabited delta island in Brazil, 
 situated at the mouth of the Amazon under the 
 equator, in long. 50° W. Length, 50 miles. 
 Caviedes (ka-ve-a'THas), Eloi Temistocles. 
 Bom at Raneagua, 1849. A Chilian journalist 
 and author. Among his works are “ Viva San Juan ! ” 
 a novel, and “ Las Islasde Juan Fernandez, "the result of a 
 voyage made in 1883. 
 
 Cavite (ka-ve'ta). A fortified town of the 
 island of Luzdn, in the Philippines, situated 
 on the Bay of Manila about 10 miles southwest, 
 of the city of Manila. Near it a Spanish fleet 
 was defeated by a United States squadron un- 
 der Commodore (Admiral) Dewey, May 1, 1898. 
 Cavour (ka-vor'), Count di (Camillo Benso). 
 Born at Turin, Aug. 10, 1810 : died at Turin, 
 June 6, 1861. A noted Italian statesman. He en- 
 tered the Sardinian Parliament in 1848 ; was a member of 
 D’Azeglio’s cabinet 1850-52 ; became prime minister in 
 1852 ; joined the alliance of the western powers and Tur- 
 key against Russia in 1855 ; sent in the same year a con- 
 tingent of 15,000 Sardinian troops under La Marmora to 
 the Crimea; represented Sardinia at the Congress of 
 Paris in 1856 ; formed an alliance with Napoleon III. 
 against Austria at Plombitres in 1858; carried on, with 
 the assistance of the French, a successful war against 
 Austria in 1859, and in the same year resigned the pre- 
 miership, dissatisfied with the terms of peace imposed 
 by Napoleon at Villafranca. He resumed the premier- 
 
 227 
 
 ship in 1860 ; secretly supported the expedition of Gari- 
 baldi against Sicily in the same year ; and achieved the 
 unification of Italy, except Venice and the Patrimonium 
 Petri, under the scepter of Victor Emmanuel in 1861. 
 Cawdor (ka'dor), or C alder (kal'der). A par- 
 ish in Nairn and Inverness, Scotland, 5 miles 
 southwest of Nairn. Cawdor Castle is the tra- 
 ditional scene of the murder of Duncan by 
 Macbeth, 1040. 
 
 Cawdor, Thane of. In Shakspere’s “Mac- 
 beth,” “a prosperous gentleman ” whose rank 
 was promised to Macbeth by the witches. He 
 was executed by or.der of Duncan for treason. He died 
 nobly : “nothing in his life became him like the leaving 
 it.” Steevens remarks that his behavior corresponds in 
 almost every circumstance with that of the unfortunate 
 Earl of Essex beheaded by Elizabeth. “Such an allusion 
 could not fail of having the desired effect on an audience 
 many of whom were eye-witnesses to the severity of that 
 justice.” The Thane of Cawdor does not appear upon the 
 stage at all, but Macbeth succeeds to his office. 
 
 Cawnpore (kan-por'), or Cawnpur (kan-por'). 
 A district in the Allahabad division, United 
 Provinces, British India. Area, 2,384 square 
 miles. Population, 1,258,868. 
 
 Cawnpore, or Cawnpur. A city in the United 
 Provinces, British India, situated on the 
 Ganges in lat. 26° 28' N., long. 80° 21' E. 
 It is an important military station. Here, in the Sepoy 
 mutiny (June and July, 1857), the Europeans (many of 
 them being women and children) were massacred by the 
 mutineers under Nana Sahib. Population, including can- 
 tonment, 197,170. 
 
 Caxamarca. See Cajamarca. 
 
 Caxton (kaks'ton), Pisistratus. The princi- 
 pal character in “The Caxtons,” by Bulwer. 
 Under this name Bulwer Lytton wrote “My 
 Novel” (the sequel to “ The Caxtons”) and other 
 works. 
 
 Caxton, William. Born in Kent about 1422 : 
 died at Westminster, 1491. The first English 
 printer. He was first apprenticed to a London mercer, 
 Robert Large (Lord Mayor of London 1439-40), and after 
 his master's death (1441) went to Bruges, where he served 
 out the remainder of his apprenticeship (1446), and then 
 established himself as a mercer, becoming about 1465 gov- 
 ernor of the English Association of Merchant Adventurers 
 in that city. In 1469 he began to translate into English 
 the “Recueil des Histoires de Troye” (completed in 1471 
 in Ghent and Cologne), and to supply the great demand for 
 copies of the book set himself to learn the art of printing. 
 The “Recueil, ” the first printed English book, probably ap- 
 peared in 1474, and may have been printed either at Cologne 
 or at the press of Colard Mansion in Bruges. In 1475 he 
 completed and had printed (by Mansion ? ) a translation of 
 a French version of the “ Ludus Scacchorum ” of J. de Ces- 
 solis, under the title “The Game and Playeof the Chesse" 
 — the second printed English book. He left Bruges in 1476, 
 and set up his press in Westminster (the exact site is un- 
 certain), from that time until his death being constantly 
 engaged in translating and printing with several assis- 
 tants, among whom was Wynkyn de Worde, his successor. 
 Caxtons (kaks'tonz), The. A novel by Bulwer 
 Lytton, first published anonymously in ‘ ‘ Black- 
 wood’s Magazine” in 1848, in book form in 
 1850. 
 
 Cayambe (ka-yam-ba'). A volcano in Ecuador. 
 Height, 19,187 feet (Whymper). 
 
 Cayapds (ka-ya-pos'). A tribe of Indians of 
 central Brazil, living about the head waters 
 of the river Araguaya, westward in Matto 
 Grosso and southward in Sao Paulo. During the 
 18th century they often attacked travelers on the way to 
 Cuyaba. A few thousand at most remain in a wild state. 
 By their language they are classed, doubtfully, with the 
 Botocudos. 
 
 Caycos. See Caicos. 
 
 Cayenne (ka-yen' or kl-en'). A seaport and 
 the capital of French Guiana, situated on the 
 island of Cayenne in lat. 4° 56' N., long. 52° 
 20' W. Political prisoners have been banished there at 
 several periods in French history, but at present only col- 
 ored convicts are sent. Population, about 12,600. 
 
 Cayenne. A name often given to French 
 Guiana. 
 
 Cayes (ka), or Aux Cayes (6 ka), orLesCayes 
 (la ka). A seaport on the southern coast of 
 Haiti, in lat. 18° 25' N., long. 73° 30' W. Popu- 
 lation, estimated, 12,000. 
 
 Cayla (ka-la'), Comtesse du (Zo4 Victoire 
 Talon). Born at Boullay-Thierry, near Dreux, 
 France, Aug. 5, 1785: died at St. Ouen, near 
 Paris, March 19, 1852. A favorite of Louis 
 XVIII. of France. After his death (1824) she 
 became a patroness of agriculture and industry. 
 Cayley (ka'li), Arthur. Born Aug. 16, 1821 : 
 died Jan. 26, 1895. A noted English mathemati- 
 cian. He was graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 in 1842, was called to the bar in 1849, and became Sadle- 
 rian professor of pure mathematics in the University of 
 Cambridge in 1803. 
 
 Cayley, Charles Bagot. Born near St. Peters- 
 burg, July 9, 1823: died at London, Dec. 6, 
 1883. An English poet, brother of Arthur Cay- 
 ley the mathematician, known chiefly as a 
 translator of Dante. 
 
 Caylus (ka-liis'). A town in the department 
 
 Ceballos Cortes y Calderon 
 
 of Tarn-et-Garonne, southern France, 24 miles 
 northeast of Montauban. Population, com- 
 mune, 3,770. 
 
 Caylus, Marquise de (Marthe Marguerite de 
 Villette). Born in Poitou, France, 1673 : died 
 April 15. 1729. A French court lady and author. 
 She was the niece of Madame de Maintenon, under whose 
 protection she was educated at the court of Louis XIV., 
 and married, 1686, the Marquis de Caylus, who died 1704. 
 She left a work, much admired for its naxvetd and beauty 
 of style, which was edited by Voltaire, 1770, under the 
 title “Souvenirs de Madame de Caylus." 
 
 Caylus, Comte de (Anne Claude Philippe de 
 Tubieres). Born at Paris, Oct. 31, 1692: died 
 at Paris, Sept. 5, 1765. A French archeolo- 
 gist, son of the Marquise de Caylus. 
 
 Caymans (kI-manz A ). [From cayman, alliga- 
 tor : ‘ Alligator Islands.’] Three islands in the 
 Caribbean Sea, northwest of Jamaica, to which 
 they belong. Grand Ca yman, the largest, is situated in 
 lat. 19° 20' N., long. 81° 20' W. Area of group, 225 square 
 miles. Population, about 6,500. 
 
 Cayster (ka-is'ter), or Caystrus (ka-is'trus). 
 In ancient geography, a river in Lydia, Asia 
 Minor, which flows into the Aegean Sea 35 miles 
 south-southeast of Smyrna: now called Kut- 
 shuk Mendere (Little Meander). Length, over 
 100 mile's. 
 
 Cayuga (ka-yo'ga). [PL, also Cayugas.'] A 
 tribe of North American Indians. The name is 
 derived from that which they gave themselves, “Kwenio- 
 gwe, ” ‘the place where thelocusts were taken out’ (Hewitt). 
 The French name was Goiogouen and the Huron Ouiouen- 
 ronnon, both corrupted from the true tribal name. This 
 tribe was the smallest of the Iroquois Confederacy. They 
 are now distributed between Oklahoma, Wisconsin, and 
 Ontario, Canada, and their total number is about 1,000. 
 See Iroquois. 
 
 Cayuga Lake (ka-yo'ga lak). A lake in central 
 New York, lat. 42° 25'-42° 55' N., long. 76° 45' 
 W . Its outlet is through the Cayuga, Seneca, and Oswego 
 rivers into Lake Ontario. Length, 38 miles. Average 
 width, 2 miles. The chief town on it is Ithaca. 
 
 Cayuse (ka-yos'), or Cailloux (ka-lyo' or ka- 
 yo'), or Willetpoo (wil-et-po'). [PL, also Ca- 
 yuses .] The leading tribe of the Waiilatpuan 
 stock of North American Indians. Their former 
 habitat was the region between the Des Chutes River and 
 the Blue Mountains, Oregon, and also parts of Klikitat 
 and Yakima counties, Washington, south of the Yakima 
 River. About 400 individuals were officially reported in 
 1904. 
 
 Cazal&s (ka-za-las'), Jacques Antoine Marie 
 
 de. Born at Grenade, Haute-Garonne, France, 
 Feb. 1, 1758: died at Engalin, Gers, France, 
 Nov. 24, 1805. A French politician and orator, 
 royalist advocate in the National Assembly of 
 1789. 
 
 Cazembe (ka-zem'be). A country in central 
 Africa, north of Lake Bangweolo : so called 
 from the title of the ruler. It has been divided 
 between the Belgian Kongo and Rhodesia. 
 
 Cazenovia (kaz-e-no'vi-a). A town and village 
 in Madison County, New York, it is the seat of 
 a Methodist seminary. Population, village, 1,861, (1910) ; 
 town, 3,687, (1910). 
 
 Cazin (ka-zaii'), Jean Charles. Born at 
 Samer, Pas-de-Calais, May 25, 1841: died at 
 Lavandon, near Toulon, March 27, 1901. A 
 French painter. He studied with Lecoq de Boisbaudran, 
 and afterward in England. Among his pictures are “La 
 fuite en Egypte ” (1877), “ Le voyage de Tobie ” (1878), etc. 
 
 Cazotte (ka-zot'), Jacques. Born at Dijon, 
 France, Oct. 17, 1719: died at Paris, Sept. 25, 
 1792. A French man of letters. His works include 
 “Olivier" (1763), “Le diable amoureux" (1771), “Le lord 
 impromptu " (1772), etc. He was arrested by the revolu- 
 tionary tribunal and guillotined. 
 
 Ccapac Yupanqui. See Capac Yupanqui. 
 Ceadda, Saint. See Chad. 
 
 Ceara (se-a-ra'). A state in eastern Brazil, 
 lying between the Atlantic Ocean on the north, 
 Rio Grande do Norte and Parahyba on the east, 
 Pernambuco on the south, and Piauhy on the 
 west. Area, 40,247 square miles. Population, 
 849,127. 
 
 Ceawlin (ke-ou'lin). Died 593. A king of the 
 West Saxons, son of Cynric whom he suc- 
 ceeded in 560. He took part in the battle of Beran- 
 byig (Barbury Hill, near Marlborough) in 666; fought 
 and defeated ASthelberht, king of Kent, at Wimbledon in 
 568 ; defeated three British kings at Deorham in 677 ; was 
 defeated in 583 by the Britons ; and in 691 was driven 
 from his throne by a popular revolt. 
 
 Ceballos (tha-bfil'yds), Juan Bautista. Born 
 in Durango, 1811 : died after 1854. A Mexican 
 jurist. He was a member of Congress, and in 1852 was 
 made president of the Supreme Court. On the resigna- 
 tion of Arista he was chosen president »> interim of 
 Mexico, Jan. 6, 1853, and was given extraoi ...nary powers 
 for three months, but resigned on Feo. 7. 
 
 Ceballos Cortds y Calderon (tha-bal'yos kor- 
 tas' e kal-da-ron'), Pedro de: often written 
 Zevallos. Born at Cadiz, June 29, 1715 : died 
 at Cordova, Dec. 26, 1778. A Spanish general. 
 
Ceballos Cort6s y Calderon 
 
 In 1766 he was made governor of Buenos Ayres ; forced 
 the surrender of the Portuguese fort at Colonia de 
 Sacramento, taking 26 English vessels, Nov. 2, 1762; re- 
 turned to Spain in 1767 ; was appointed first viceroy of 
 Buenos Ayres in 1776 ; took Santa Catharina from the 
 Portuguese, Feb., 1777; retook and destroyed the Colonia 
 de Sacramento, which had reverted to the Portuguese by 
 the peace of 1763 ; and returned to Spain in 1778. 
 
 Cebalrai (se-bal'ra-e). [Ar. kalb al-rd'i, the 
 shepherd’s dog.] The fourth-magnitude star 
 ft Serpentis, iu the head of the creature. 
 
 Cebes (se'bez). [Gr. Kefir/g.'] Lived at Thebes, 
 Boeotia, 5th century b. c. A Greek philoso- 
 pher, a friend and pupil of Socrates. He is one 
 of the interlocutors in Plato's “Phaedo.” Three works 
 were ascribed to him, one of which, IlcvaJ (“The Pic- 
 ture"), is a philosophical explanation of a table symboli- 
 cally representing the dangers and vicissitudes of life. 
 
 Cebola. See Zuiii. 
 
 Cebolleta (tha-bol-ya'ta). [Sp., ‘little onion.’] 
 A ranch in central New Mexico, south of the 
 Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad. 
 Some of the most interesting ancient ruins in the South- 
 west are found in the valley in which the ranch is situated. 
 
 Cebri^n y Agustin (sa-bre-an' e a-gos-ten'), 
 Pedro de, Count of Fuenclara, Grandee of 
 Spain, etc. A Spanish administrator of the 18th 
 century. From Nov. 3, 1742, to July 9, 1746, he was 
 viceroy of New Spain (Mexico). Subsequently he was 
 Spanish ambassador to Vienna. 
 
 Cebu (se-bo'), or Zebu (ze-bo'; Sp. pron., in 
 both spellings, tha-bo'). An island in the Phil- 
 ippines, in lat. 9° 30'-ll° N., long. 123°-124° 
 E. Length, 139 miles. Area of province (in- 
 cluding adjacent islands), 1,782 square miles. 
 
 Cecil (ses'il or sis'il), Robert. Born at 
 Westminster (?) about 1563: died at Marl- 
 borough, May 24, 1612. An English states- 
 man, son of William Cecil, Lord Burghley, by 
 his second wife (Mildred, daughter of Sir An- 
 thony Cooke), created earl of Salisbury May 4, 
 1605. 
 
 Cecil, Lord Robert. See Salisbury , Marquis of. 
 
 Cecil, Thomas. Born May 5, 1542 : died Feb. 
 7, 1622. An English nobleman, eldest son of 
 William Cecil, Lord Burghley, by his first wife, 
 created first earl of Exeter May 4, 1605. 
 
 Cecil, William. Bom at Bourn, Lincolnshire, 
 Sept. 13, 1520 : died at London, Aug. 4, 1598. 
 A celebrated English statesman, son of Richard 
 Cecil of Burleigh, Northamptonshire, created 
 baron of Burghley Feb. 25, 1571. He studied 
 at St. John's College, Cambridge, 1535-41, but did not take 
 a degree ; was entered as a student at Gray's Inn, May, 
 1541; married Mary Cheke (died Feb. 22, 1644), sister of 
 John Cheke, the celebrated scholar, May 6, 1542 ; and took 
 as his second wife Mildred, daughter of Sir Anthony 
 Cooke, Dec. 21, 1545. In Nov., 1547, he entered Parlia- 
 ment, and in the same year became secretary to Somerset, 
 who was then protector ; and when his patron fell (1548) 
 was committed to the Tower, where lie remained for two 
 months. He was appointed a secretary of state, Sept. 6, 
 1650, and for the rest of his life occupied a position of 
 great influence successively under Edward VI., Mary, 
 and Elizabeth. It was as chief minister to Elizabeth for 
 forty years that he won his great fame. 
 
 Cecilia (se-sil'i-a). A novel by Madame d’Ar- 
 blay, published in 1782. 
 
 Cecilia, Saint. Died at Rome, 230. A Christian 
 martyr. According to the legend, she was compelled, 
 in spite of a vow of celibacy, to marry a young nobleman. 
 Valerian. She succeeded in converting him to her views 
 and also to Christianity, for which they suffered death. 
 She has generally been considered the patron saint of 
 music, particularly church music, and is represented in 
 art as singing and playing on some musical instrument, 
 or as listening to the music of an angel who has been 
 drawn from heaven by her harmony. Dryden alludes to 
 this in his “Ode for St. Cecilia's Day." Her story is also 
 told by Chaucer in the Second Nun's Tale, one of the “Can- 
 terbury Tales." In the Roman and Anglican calendars 
 her feast is celebrated on Nov. 22. 
 
 Cecilia, Saint. One of the finest paintings of 
 Raphael, in the Accademia at Bologna, Italy. 
 The beautiful figure of the saint, richly clad, occupies the 
 middle of the picture ; she listens entranced to the heav- 
 enly choir of angels above her, while discarded earthly 
 musical instruments lie at her feet. 
 
 Cecilia, Saint. A painting by Rubens, in the 
 Old Museum at Berlin. The saint is playing on a 
 harpsichord and singing, attended by four angels. It is 
 in reality a portrait of the painter’s second wife, Hdlene 
 Fourment. 
 
 Cecilia, Story of Saint. Five celebrated fres- 
 cos by Domenichino, in San Luigi dei Fran- 
 cesi, Rome. The subjects are the saint distributing 
 her clothes among the poor, her contempt for idols, her 
 martyrdom, her reception of the martyr's crown, and her 
 assumption. There are no better examples of Domeni- 
 chino's somewhat cold and academical style. 
 
 Cecropia ’““-kro'pi-a). The widow of the 
 younger u. ther of King Basilius in Sidney’s 
 romance “Arcadia.” 
 
 Cecrops (se'krops). [Gr. Kficpoi/).] In Athe- 
 nian tradition, the first king of Athens, and the 
 introducer of civilization into Greece. He was 
 at first regarded as autochthonous, and as a being whose 
 
 228 
 
 upper half was human and the lower half a dragon ; later 
 he was represented to be of Egyptian origin. 
 
 Cedar Creek (se'dar krek). A stream in the 
 Shenandoah Valley’,' Virginia, which joins the 
 Shenandoah 4 miles from Strasburg. Here, Oct. 
 19, 1864, the Confederates under Early surprised the Fed- 
 erals under Wright. Later in the day the Confederates 
 were defeated by Sheridan. Loss of the Federals, 5,995 ; of 
 the Confederates, 4,200. See Sheridan and Sheridan's Ride. 
 
 Cedar Falls (se'dar falz). A city in Black 
 Hawk County, Iowa, situated on the Cedar 
 River 99 miles west of Dubuque. Population, 
 5,012, (1910). 
 
 Cedar Keys (se'diir kez). A' seaport in Levy 
 County, Florida, on the Gulf of Mexico in lat. 
 29° V N., long. 83° 2' W. it is on Way Key and 
 Atsena Otil Key. It has a trade in sponges, fish, turtles, 
 etc. 
 
 Cedar Mountain (se'dar moun'tan). A hill 
 2 miles west of Mitchell’s Station, Culpeper 
 County, Virginia. Here, Aug. 9, 1862, the Confeder- 
 ates (20,000-25,000) under “Stonewall” Jackson defeated 
 part of Pope’s army (7,500) under Banks. Loss of the 
 Confederates, 1,307 ; of the Federals, 1,400. 
 
 Cedar Rapids (se'diir rap'idz). A city in Linn 
 County, eastern Iowa, situated on the Red Ce- 
 dar River in lat. 41° 58' N., long. 91° 43' W. 
 It is a railway, trading, and manufacturing cen- 
 ter. Population, 32,811, (1910). 
 
 Cedd (ked), or Gedda (ked'da), Saint. Born 
 in Northumbrir, died Oct. 26, 664. An Eng- 
 lish missionary saint, bishop of the East Sax- 
 ons. 
 
 Cedmon. See Csedmon. 
 
 Cedric of Rotherwood (ked'rik ov roTH'er- 
 wud , or Cedric the Saxon. The .guardian of 
 Rowena in Sir Walter Scott’s novel “Ivan- 
 lioe.” 
 
 Cedron. See Eedron. 
 
 Cefalu (cha-fa-lo'). A seaport in the province 
 of Palermo, Sicily, in lat. 38° 1' N., long. 14° 4' 
 E. : the ancient Cephaloedium or Cephaloedis. 
 It has a cathedral and a ruined castle. It was taken 
 by the Arabs in the 9th century. The cathedral, founded 
 in 1131 by King Roger, is one of the finest of Sicilian monu- 
 ments. The front, of Norman character, has a triple porch 
 between two four-tiered towers, a beautiful sculptured 
 portal, and pointed arcades with tooth-molding. The 
 nave has cylindrical columns and wooden roof ; the aisles 
 are vaulted. Choir and apse are lined with magnificent 
 mosaics on gold ground ; the semidome of the apse is oc- 
 cupied by a colossal half-figure of the Saviour. On the 
 north side of the cathedral there is a beautiful cloister of 
 the type of that at Monreale. Population, 12,000. 
 
 Celadon (sel'a-don). 1. A witty, inconstant 
 gallant iu Dryden’s play “ Secret Love, or The 
 Maiden Queen.” He marries the flirt Florimel, with 
 the understanding that they may each have their own way 
 after marriage. 
 
 2. The lover of the beautiful Astree (Astrea) 
 in D’Urfe’s romance “ Astree.” His is one of 
 the stock names for a lover in the French dra- 
 ma. — 3. A sort of generic name in pastoral 
 poetry for a rustic lover, as Ch toe is for his mis- 
 tress. — 4. A character in Thomson’s ‘ ‘ Seasons.” 
 
 Celaense (se-le'ne). [Gr. lie’AaivaL] An ancient 
 city of Phrygia, once of great size and impor- 
 tance. It became a royal residence in the 
 time of Xerxes. 
 
 The site of Celsense, unknown until within these few 
 years, has been determinately fixed by Mr. Hamilton 
 (Asia Minor, vol. i., pp. 498- 500). It is the modern Dee- 
 nair (lat, 38“ 3 , long. 30” 20’). This town, which abounds 
 in remains of high antiquity, is situated near the source 
 of the southern or main stream of the Marauder, and in 
 all respects corresponds to the accounts left of the an- 
 cient Celsense. Rawlinson, Herod., IV. 28, note. 
 
 Celseno (se-le'no). [Gr. Ke/latrA] In clas- 
 sical mythology, one of the Harpies (see Har- 
 pies) ; also, a Pleiad, a daughter of Atlas and 
 Pleione. 
 
 Celseno. [L. Celseno, Gr. KeHuv£>, one of the 
 daughters of Atlas and Pleione.] The (^-mag- 
 nitude star 16 Pleiadum, barely visible with 
 the naked eye. 
 
 Celakovsky. See Czelakowsky. 
 
 Celano, Lake of. See Fucino. 
 
 Celebes (se-la'bes). [From the name of a na- 
 tive people.] The third in size of the East 
 India Islands, situated east of Borneo, about 
 lat. 1° 45'- 5° 45' S., long. 118° 45'-125° E. : a 
 Dutch possession. It is very irregular in shape, with 
 four large peninsulas. Its chief export is coffee. The 
 principal tribes are the Bugis, Macassars, and Alfuras. 
 Menado is the seat of the Dutch resident. Celebes was 
 discovered by the Portuguese in the 16th century ; they 
 were expelled by the Dutch in 1660. Area, 71,470' square 
 miles. Population, estimated, 851,905. 
 
 Celeste (sa-lest') (Celeste-Elliott), Madame. 
 Born at Paris, 1814 (?) : died at Paris, Feb. 12, 
 1882. An actress and noted dancer, she began 
 her professional career, in the latter capacity, at the Bow- 
 ery Theater, New York, Oct., 1827, and afterward danced 
 and acted chiefly in London, visiting America a second 
 time 1834-37. 
 
 Cellini 
 
 Celestial Empire, The. In western countries, 
 a popular name for the Chinese empire, translat- 
 ing the Chinese “Tien Chao” (‘Heavenly Dy- 
 nasty ’). 
 
 Celestials (se-les'tialz), The. The Chinese: 
 from “the Celestial Empire” (which see). 
 
 Gelestma (Sp. tha-les-te'na). A Spanish prose 
 drama in twenty-one acts, or parts, originally 
 called “ The Tragicomedy of Calisto and Meli- 
 boea. ’ Though, from its length and structure, it can 
 never have been represented, its dramatic spirit and 
 movement have left traces that are not to be mistaken of 
 their influence on the national drama ever since. 
 
 The first act, which is much the longest, was probably 
 written by Rodrigo Cota, of Toledo, and in that case we 
 may safely assume that it was produced about 1480. 
 
 Ticknor , Span. Lit., I. 235. 
 
 Celestine (sel'es-tm) I., or Ccelestine (sel'es- 
 tin), Saint. Died at Rome, 432. Bishop of 
 Rome 422—432. He sent legates to the Council of 
 Ephesus, which in 431 condemned the heresy of Nestorius, 
 and is said by some to have sent St. Patrick to Ireland and 
 Palladius to Scotland, although it is not clear that either 
 of these missionaries had any connection with Rome. He 
 is commemorated on April 6. 
 
 Celestine II., or Coelestine (Guido di Gas- 
 tello). Died at Rome, March, 1144. Pope 1143- 
 1144. He absolved Louis VII. of France. 
 Celestine III., or Ooelestine (Giacinto Or- 
 
 sini). Born about 1106 : died at Rome, Jan. 8, 
 1198. Pope 1191-98. lie crowned Henry VI. of 
 Germany in 1191, and confirmed the Teutonic Order in 
 1192. 
 
 Celestine IV. ( Gofer e do Castiglione). Died 
 
 Nov. 19, 1241. Pope, elected Oct. 25, 1241. He 
 reigned only 15 days. 
 
 Celestine V., Saint (Pietro di Murrhone). 
 
 Born in central Italy about 1215 : died at the 
 castle Fumone, in the Campagna, Italy, May 
 19, 1296. He founded the order of the Celestines about 
 1254, and was elected pope, at the age of eighty, July, 
 1294. Being unfitted for this exalted station by his pre- 
 vious life as a hermit and consequent ignorance of the 
 world, he abdicated, Dec., 1294, and was imprisoned at 
 Fumone by Boniface VIII., who feared that, if left at 
 liberty, he might become the occasion of schism. 
 
 Celia (se'li-a). [Fern, of L. Celius.'] 1. A char- 
 acter in Spenser’s “ Faerie Queene,” mother of 
 Faith, Hope, and Charity. She lived in the 
 hospice called Holiness. — 2. In Shakspere’s 
 comedy “As you Like it,” the cousin and de- 
 voted friend of Rosalind, and daughter of the 
 usurping Duke Frederick. She masquerades with 
 Rosalind in the forest of Arden, in the disguise of Aliena, 
 a shepherdess. 
 
 3. A straightforward, affectionate English girl, 
 with no squeamishness, in Beaumont and 
 Fletcher’s play “The Humorous Lieutenant,” 
 made love to by both Antigonus and his son 
 Demetrius. She disguises as Enanthe. — 4. The 
 wife of Corvinoin Jonson’s “Volpone.” — 5. A 
 very young girl in Whitehead's “School for 
 Lovers.” The part was written for Mrs. Cibber, 
 then over fifty years old. 
 
 Celimene (sa-le-man'). 1. An artificial, coquet- 
 tish, but charming and sparkling fine lady in 
 Molidre’s comedy “Le Misanthrope.” She makes 
 Acaste and Clitandre both believe she loves them, but 
 finally consents to marry the “Misanthrope,” Alceste, 
 though declining to seclude herself from the world with 
 him, whereupon he rejects her. Her name is applied pro- 
 verbially to a coquette. 
 
 2. A character in Moliere’s “Les Prficieuses 
 Ridicules,” who has nothing to say. 
 
 Cellamare (chel-la-ma're), Prince of (Antonio 
 Giudice,Duke of Giovenazza). Born at Naples, 
 1657 : died at Seville, Spain, May 16, 1733. A 
 Spanish general and diplomatist, ambassador 
 to France 1715-18. 
 
 Celle (tsel'le). A city in the province of Han- 
 nover, Prussia, situated on the Aller 22 miles 
 northeast of Hannover. It has an ancient ducal 
 castle. Population, commune, 21,390. 
 
 Cellini (chel-le'ne), Benvenuto. Born at Flor- 
 ence, Italy, Nov. 10, 1500: died Feb. 13, 1571. 
 A famous Italian sculptor and worker in gold 
 and silver. He studied with Michelangelo Bandinelli, 
 father of the sculptor Bandinelli, and Marcone the gold- 
 smith. From 1516-17 he worked in Pisa. In 1517 he re- 
 turned to Florence, where he met Torregiano (see Torre- 
 piano), who tried to secure him for his work in England. 
 Benvenuto's loyalty to Michelangelo, however, prevented 
 the engagement. From 1523—10 he was in Rome, occupied 
 entirely with his work as goldsmith. In May, 1627, oc- 
 curred the siege and sack of Rome by the troops of the 
 Constable de Bourbon, in which Cellini assisted in the de- 
 fense of the Castle of St. Angelo, and claimed to have killed 
 Bourbon and wounded the Prince of Orange. At the in- 
 stigation of Bier Luigi Farnese, bastard of Paul III., he 
 was imprisoned in the Castle of St. Angelo, Oct., 1538. 
 The account of his escape, Dec., 1539, is the greatest mar- 
 vel of his marvelous autobiography. From 1540-44 he 
 sojourned in France at the court of Francis I. He had 
 his atelier in the Petit Nesle. (See Petit Hcslc.) At this 
 time his first attempts at sculpture were made, the chief 
 being the Nymph of Fontainebleau. From 1544 to his 
 
Cellini 
 
 death in 1571 he served Cosimo I. and the Medici family 
 in Florence. His story of the casting of the Perseus of 
 the Loggia dei Lanzi at this time has played a great role 
 in literature. His autobiography, one of the most famous 
 of Italian classics, circulated in MS. until it was printed 
 in 1730. It was translated into German by Goethe. The 
 best English translation is by J. A. Symonds. 
 
 Celman, Miguel Juarez. See Juarez Celman. 
 
 Celsius (sel'si-us or sel'shius), Anders. Born 
 at Upsala, Sweden, Nov. 27, 1701: died at Up- 
 sala, April 25, 1744. A Swedish astronomer, 
 nephew of Olaf Celsius, professor of astronomy 
 at Upsala. He introduced, about 1742, the 
 centigrade or Celsius thermometer. 
 
 Celsius, Olaf. Born July 19, 1070: died at 
 Upsala, Sweden, June 24, 1756. A Swedish 
 botanist, uncle of Anders Celsius. He was pro- 
 fessor of theology and Oriental language in the University 
 of Upsala, and rendered himself famous by his researches 
 in regard to the plants mentioned in the Scriptures. He 
 was the instructor and patron of Linnaeus. 
 
 Celsius, Olaf. Born at Upsala, Sweden, Dec. 
 15, 1716: died, at Lund, Sweden, Feb. 15, 1794. 
 A Swedish historian, son of Olaf Celsius (1670- 
 1756). He became professor of history in the University 
 of Upsala in 1747, and bishop of Lund in 1777. He wrote 
 a history of Gustavus I. (1746-53), and a history of Eric 
 XIV. (1774). He was ennobled in 1756. 
 
 Celsus (sel'sus). Lived in the 2d (?) century 
 A. D. A Platonist philosopher. He was the 
 author of a famous treatise against Christianity, 'AMjflijs 
 Aoyos (“ True Discourse ”), the substance of which is pre- 
 served in the “Contra Celsum ” by Origen. 
 
 Celsus, Aulus (or Aurelius) Cornelius. Lived 
 in the first half of the 1st century A. d. A 
 Roman writer, author of a comprehensive en- 
 cyclopedia treating of farming, medicine, mil- 
 itary art, oratory, jurisprudence, and philos- 
 ophy. “Of this only the eight books de medicina have 
 come down to us, being b. 6-13 of the complete work, the 
 only one of this kind in the good age of Koman literature. 
 In those Celsus gives an account of the whole medical 
 system of the time, writing as a layman and following 
 chieny Hippokrates and Asklepiades, with sound judg- 
 ment and in simple, pare diction. The parts dealing with 
 surgery are especially valuable ; next to these the diag- 
 nosis of internal maladies.” Teuffel and Sckwabe, Hist, of 
 Bom. Lit (tr. by Warr), II. 22. 
 
 Celsus, or Cellach (kel'lach), Saint. Born 
 1079: died at Ardpatrick, Munster, Ireland, 
 April 1, 1129. An Irish ecclesiastic, archbishop 
 of Armagh after 1104. 
 
 Celtiberi. See Celtiberia. 
 
 Celtiberia (sel-ti-be'ri-a). [From the Celtiberi. 
 See the def.] In ancient geography, a region 
 in Spain corresponding to the modern south- 
 western Aragon and the greater part of Soria, 
 Cuenca, and Burgos : in an extended application 
 nearly identical with Hispania Citerior. TheCel- 
 tiberi (Celtiberians) were thought to be a mixture of the 
 indigenous Iberians and invading Celts from Gaul (whence 
 their name). They offered a vigorous resistance to Borne, 
 and were finally subdued after 72 B. c. Among their chief 
 towns were N umantia and Segobriga. 
 
 Celtica (sel'ti-ka). The central division of 
 Transalpine Gaul, according to the threefold 
 division of the Gauls by Julius Ctesar (Gauls 
 or Celts, Aquitanians, Belgians). It coincided 
 with the province of Lugdunensis, except that it ex- 
 tended southwestward to the Garonne. 
 
 Celts, or Kelts (selts, kelts). [L. Celtse, from 
 Gr. KD.tcu, a name at first vaguely applied to a 
 Western people, afterward the regular desig- 
 nation of the Celtic race. Origin unknown.] 
 The peoples which speak languages akin to 
 those of Wales, Ireland, the Highlands of Scot- 
 land, and Brittany, and constitute a branch or 
 principal division of the Indo-European fami- 
 lies. Formerly these peoples occupied, partly or wholly, 
 France, Spain, northern Italy, the western parts of Ger- 
 many, and the British islands. Of the remaining Celtic 
 languages and peoples there are two chief divisions, viz., 
 the Gadhelic, comprising the Highlanders of Scotland, 
 the Irish, and the Manx, and the Cymric, comprising the 
 Welsh and Bretons ; the Cornish, of Cornwall, related to 
 the latter, is only recently extinct. 
 
 Amalgamation of race has since been effected to a cer- 
 tain extent; but still in many parts of Wales, Scotland, 
 and Ireland the mass of the population is mainly or en- 
 tirely Celtic. Four Celtic dialects — the Manx, the Gaelic, 
 the Erse, and the Welsh — are spoken in our country ; and 
 the pure Celtic type survives alike in the Bretons, the 
 Welsh, the native Irish, the people of the Isle of Man, 
 and the Scottish Highlanders, of whom the two former 
 represent the Cimbric, and the three latter the non-Cim- 
 bric branch of the nation. Bawlinson, Herod., III. 186. 
 
 The Celts appear to have crossed to Britain from Belgic 
 Gaul. In the neolithic age a race indistinguishable from 
 that of the British round barrows occupied Belgium. 
 
 Taylor, Aryans, p. 81. 
 
 Cemetery Ridge. A low ridge near Gettys- 
 burg, celebrated in the battle of that name. 
 Cempoala (tham-po-aTa). An ancient town of 
 the Totonac Indians of Mexico, not far from 
 the present site of Vera Cruz, and a little back 
 from the coast. It is described as a city of 23 000 in- 
 habitants, with many palaces and temples; but these ac- 
 
 229 
 
 counts are probably exaggerated. In 1619 the Cempoalans 
 gave Cortbs a friendly reception, and some of their chiefs 
 marched with him to Mexico. The inhabitants were re- 
 moved to a mission village near Jalapa about 1600, and 
 the original site of Cempoala is now uncertain, though 
 there is a village with the same name. Also written Cem- 
 poalla, Cempoal, CempohuaX, or Zumpual. 
 
 Cenci (chen'che), Beatrice. Born at Rome, 
 Feb. 12, 1577 : executed at Rome, Sept. 11, 1599. 
 The daughter of Francesco Cenci, a Roman 
 nobleman, and Ersilia Santa-Croce. Her father, 
 a dissipated and passionate man, treated his family with 
 such severity that his second wife Lucrezia Petroni, his 
 eldest son Giacomo, Beatrice, and the two younger sons 
 Bernardo and Paolo, procured his murder at the palace 
 of Petrella in the kingdom of Naples, Sept. 9, 1598. For 
 this crime Lucrezia, Giacomo, and Beatrice were hanged 
 at Borne, Sept. 11, 1599, and Bernardo was condemned to 
 the galleys for life, being, however, pardoned March 20, 
 1606. Paolo died shortly after the murder. At the trial 
 Beatrice's counsel, in order to justify the murder, accused 
 Francesco, apparently without foundation, of having at- 
 tempted the commission of incest upon his client, which 
 has placed her in the light of a martyr. Her tragic end 
 and her patrician birth have made her a favorite theme 
 in poetry and art. She has been made the subject of a 
 tragedy by Shelley, “ The Cenci ” (1819), and of a painting 
 by Guido Beni, in the Barberini palace, Borne. 
 
 Ceneda. See Vittorio. 
 
 Cenimagni (sen-i-mag'nl). [L. (Cassar).] A 
 Celtic people located by Ctesar in the eastern 
 coast region of Britain, north of the Thames. 
 Cenis, Mont. See Mont Cents. 
 
 Oenomani (sen-o-ma'm). [L. (Ctesar) Ceno- 
 mani, Gr. (Polybius) Kevofiavoi.'] A Celtic peo- 
 ple, a part of the army of Bellovesus, who with 
 his sanction crossed the Alps under a legendary 
 leader, Etitovius, and settled north of the Po 
 about, Brescia and Verona according to the de- 
 tailed account of Livy. They were a branch of the 
 Aulerci. Their original seat iu Gaul, where they are 
 called Aulerci Cenomani, was on the Sarthe near Le 
 Mans. The Aulerci were included among the tribes con- 
 stituting the Armorici. 
 
 Centaur. See Centaurus. 
 
 Centaurus (sen-ta'rus). [L., ‘the Centaur.’] 
 An ancient southern constellation, situated be- 
 tween Argo and Scorpio, pictured to represent 
 a centaur holding a Bacchic wand, its brightest 
 star, a Centauri, is the third brightest in the heavens, 
 being a quarter of a magnitude brighter than Arcturus. 
 It is of a reddish color. Its second star, p, a white star, 
 is about as bright as Betelgeuze, and is reckoned the 
 eleventh in the heavens in order of brightness. The two 
 stars are situated near each other on the parallel of 68” 
 south, a little east of the Southern Cross. Centaurus has, 
 besides, two stars of the second magnitude and seven of 
 the third, and is a splendid constellation. 
 
 Centla (sant'la). An ancient town situated 
 near the present Frontera, in Tabasco, south- 
 ern Mexico : scene of the first victory of Cortes, 
 1519. 
 
 Centlivre (sent-liv'er or sent-le'ver), Susan- 
 nah,. Bom in Ireland (?), of English parents, 
 about 1667 : died at London, Dec. 1, 1723. An 
 English actress and dramatist. She is said to have 
 been the daughter of a Mr. Freeman, of Lincolnshire, 
 who removed to Ireland shortly before her birth. About 
 1706 she married Joseph Cenilivre, chief cook to Queen 
 Anne and George I. Among her numerous plays are 
 “The Platonic Lady” (acted 1706), “The Busybody” 
 (acted 1709), “A Gotham Election” (published 1715: 2d 
 ed., 1737, entitled “Humours of Elections"), “A Bold 
 Stroke for a Wife” (acted 1718). 
 
 Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles (son no-vel' no- 
 vel'). [F., ‘ one hundred new tales.’] An old 
 French collection of tales, first printed in folio, 
 by Verard, without date, from a manuscript of 
 the year 1456. Dunlop. 
 
 The Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles are to all intents and 
 purposes prose fabliaux. They have the full licence of 
 that class of composition, its sparkling fun, its truth to 
 the conditions of ordinary human life. Many of them are 
 taken from the work of the Italian novelists, but all are 
 handled in a thoroughly original manner. The style is 
 perhaps the best of ail the late mediaeval prose works, 
 being clear, precise, and definite without the least ap- 
 pearance of baldness or dryness. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 148. 
 
 Cento (chen'to). A town in the province of 
 Ferrara, near the Reno 17 miles north of Bo- 
 logna. Pop., commune, 19,118; town, 4,366. 
 Centoatl (then-to-atl'). In Mexican (Nahuatl) 
 mythology, the goddess (according to some au- 
 thorities a god) of maize, and consequently of 
 agriculture. Her principal feast was in the fourth 
 Mexican month (April-May), and she was also honored iu 
 the eleventh month (Sept.). She was one of the patrons 
 of childbirth. The offerings made to her were generally 
 grain and fruits. Some authorities identify this goddess 
 with Cihuatcoatl, Tiazoltcotl, etc. Also written Cintcotl, 
 Centeutl, Tzintcutl. 
 
 Centones Homerici (sen-to'nez ho-mer'i-si). 
 See the extract. 
 
 Even the life of Christ was put together in Homeric 
 hexameters, called Centones Homerici, which were at- 
 tributed to the Empress Eudocia, and thought worthy of 
 being printed by Aldus (1501), and Stephens (1668), but 
 apparently as Christian literature. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 168. 
 
 Cephalus 
 
 Cento Novelle Antiche (chen'to no-vel'le an- 
 te'ke). [It., ‘ one hundred old tales.’] A col- 
 lection of tales from ancient and medieval 
 history, the romances of chivalry, and the fabli- 
 aux of the trouveres, made in Italy about the 
 end of the 13th century. 
 
 Central Africa, Britisii. The British sphere 
 of influence north of the Zambesi. In 1907 the 
 territory was included in the Nyasaland Pro- 
 tectorate. Population, about 1,000,000. 
 Central America. A name applied collectively 
 to the six republics of Guatemala, Honduras, 
 Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. 
 Central India Agency. The official name for 
 a collection of native states in India, under the 
 control of Great Britain, situated between 
 ’Rajputana and the United Provinces on the 
 north, and the Central Provinces on the south. 
 Chief states, Gwalior, Indur, Bhopal, Rewa. 
 Area, 77,395 square miles. Population, 8,51 0,- 
 317. 
 
 Centralists (sen'tral-ists). [Sp. Centralistas. ] 
 A political party in Mexico which began in 
 1823, was reorganized in 1837, and has ever 
 since been prominent. The Centralists favor a 
 single centralized republican government, and are op- 
 posed by the Federalists, who desire autonomy of the 
 states. The struggles for ascendancy of these two parties 
 have caused most of the civil wars which have desolated 
 Mexico. Temporarily each of the parties or branches of 
 them have been known by other names. Santa Anna 
 was long the leading spirit of the Centralists. Centralist 
 and Federalist parties have been prominent in the affairs 
 of other Spanish-American countries, notably Argentina, 
 Venezuela, and Central America, but they are commonly 
 distinguished by other names. 
 
 Central Park. The principal park in New 
 York, extending from 59th street to 110th street, 
 and from Fifth avenue to Eighth avenue. It was 
 designed by Olmsted and Vaux, and contains, besides nu- 
 merous drives, the Mall, the Croton Beservoirs, Cleopatra’E 
 Needle (the Obelisk - ), the Metropolitan Art Museum, etc. 
 Length, 2J miles. Area, 840 acres. 
 
 Central Provinces. A chief-commissionership 
 of British India, lat. 18°-24° N., long. 77°-84° E. 
 It contains four divisions : Nagpur, Jabalpur, Nerbudda, 
 and Chatisgarh. Its chief town is Nagpur. Area, 82,093 
 square miles. Population, 9,216,185. Connected with the 
 Central Provinces are 15 vassal states : Bastar, Bamra, 
 Patna, etc. Area, 31,188 square miles. Population, 1,631,- 
 140. ‘ 
 
 Centuripe (chen-to're-pe), or Centorbi (chen- 
 tor'be). A town in the province of Catania, 
 Sicily, 20 miles northwest of Catania : the an- 
 cient Centuripse. It has Roman antiquities. It was 
 destroyed by the emperor Frederick II. in 1233. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 11,187. 
 
 Century White. A nickname given to John 
 White (1590-1645), from his work “First 
 Century of Scandalous Malignant Priests, 
 etc.” 
 
 Cenu (sa-no'). The name given about 1515 to 
 a region on the northern coast of South Amer- 
 ica, about midway between Darien and Carta- 
 gena. Enciso, sent from Darien to conquer it (1516), 
 tried to treat with the Indians, but afterward ravaged 
 their country. A second expedition, sent soon after, under 
 Becerra, was entirely destroyed by the natives. 
 
 Ceos (se'os), or Eea (ka'a). [Gr. K tax; or Kmz.] 
 An island of the Cyclades, situated in the 
 ZEgean Sea 13 miles southeast of Attica: the 
 modern Zea, or Tzia. It formerly contained 
 four cities, and was the birthplace of Simon- 
 ides and Bacchylides. It belongs to Greece. 
 Ceos. The capital of the island of Ceos. 
 Cenwalh (kan'walch). Lived about 643-672. 
 Son of Cynegils, whom he succeeded as king of 
 the West Saxons in 643. 
 
 Cepeda (tha-pa/THa), Diego. Born at Torde- 
 siilas about 1495: died at Valladolid, 1549 or 
 1550. A Spanish judge. He wasoidor of the Canary 
 Islands, and subsequently one of the royal audience which 
 accompanied the viceroy Blasco Nuiiez Vela to Peru 
 (1544). There he led the judges in their opposition to 
 Vela, imprisoned him, joined Gonzalo Pizarro, and took 
 part in the battle of Anaquito, where the viceroy was killed 
 (Jan. 18, 1646). Foreseeing Pizarro’s defeat, he deserted 
 him on the battle-field of Sacsaliuana (April 8, 1548), was 
 sent to be tried in Spain, and, it is said, poisoned himself 
 in prison. 
 
 Cephalonia (sef-a-lo'ni-a), ancient Cephalle- 
 nia (sef-a-le'ni-fij, modern Gr. Kephallenia. 
 [Gr. Kttpa/.Arjviaor Kt.fiaAr/vta.] One of the Ionian 
 Islands, west of Greece, forming a nomarchy of 
 Greece. Its surface is mountainous. Its capital is Ar- 
 gostoli. The island was called by Homer Same or Samos. 
 It became subject to Borne in 189 n. c., and later came 
 under Byzantine, Venetian, and Turkish rule, and a Brit- 
 ish protectorate. Area, about 300 square miles. Length, 
 30 miles. Population, 71,235. 
 
 Cephalus (sef'a-lus). [Gr. Kaj>a'A,or.] In Greek 
 mythology, the son of Deion and Diomede, and 
 the husband of Procris or Procno whom he ac- 
 cidentally slew while hunting. 
 
Cephas 
 
 Cephas (se'fas). [Aram., ‘ a rock’ ; Gr. K t?0af.] 
 A surname given by Christ to Simon : rendered 
 in Greek Ih'rpof ( ‘ a rock ’), in Latin Petrus, and 
 in English Peter. 
 
 Cepheus (se'fus). [Gr. Kr/<pevg.] 1. A king of 
 Ethiopia, son of Belus, husband of Cassiopeia, 
 and father of Andromeda. — 2. One of the Ar- 
 gonauts. 
 
 Cepheus. One of the ancient northern constel- 
 lations, preceding Cassiopeia. It is figured to rep- 
 resent the Ethiopian king Cepheus wearing a tiara and 
 having his arms somewhat extended. Its brightest stars 
 are of the third magnitude. 
 
 Cephissus (se-fis'us). [Gr. Kr/fl/eeoc.J In an- 
 cient geography: (a) A river in Phocis and 
 Boeotia, Greece, flowing into Lake Copais (To- 
 polias). (6) A river in Attica, Greece, flowing 
 through the plain of Athens into the Saronic 
 Gulf, (c) A river of Attica, Greece, flowing 
 through the plain of Eleusis into the Gulf of 
 Eleusis. 
 
 Ceracchi (clia-rak'ke), Giuseppe. Born in Cor- 
 sica about 1760: executed at Paris, Jan. 30 (?), 
 1801. An Italian sculptor, conspirator against 
 the life of Napoleon 1800. 
 
 Ceram (se-ram'; Pg. pron. se-ran'), or Zeram, 
 or Serang, or Ceiram (Pg. pron. sa-rah'). 
 An island of the Moluccas, East Indies, lat. 3°~ 
 3° 30' S., long. 128°-131° E. Its inhabitants are 
 
 Malays and Alfuras. It is under Dutch sovereignty. 
 Area, (5,605 square miles. Population, about 100,000. 
 
 Ceramicus (ser-a-ml'kus). [Gr. Kepapeucoc;.'] 
 A large area on the northwest side of ancient 
 Athens : so named from the early gathering in 
 it of the potters, who still affect it, attracted 
 by the presence of water and excellent clay. 
 It was divided into two parts : the Inner Ceramicus, within 
 the walls, traversed by the Dromos street from the Dipylon 
 Gate, and including the Agora ; and the Outer Ceramicus, 
 continuing the first division outside of the walls. The 
 Outer Ceramicus became a favorite place of burial for the 
 Athenians, and here were interred those honored with a 
 public funeral. The tombs were ranged beside and near 
 the various roads which radiated from the Dipylon Gate. 
 Little trace of them remains, except of the unique group 
 upon and near the inception of the Sacred Way to Eleusis : 
 a group which was preserved by being buried in 86 B. c. 
 in the siege-agger of Sulla, and contains historical and 
 plastic memorials of very high value, among them the 
 sculptured monument of Dexileos, who fell before Corinth 
 in 393 B. C., and tombs of Euphrosyne, Hegeso, Aristion, 
 Demetria, and Pamphile. 
 
 CeraiinianMountains(se-ra'ni-anmoun'tanz). 
 [Gr. ra K epavvia opt], L. Ceraunii montes.\ In 
 ancient geography : (a) a range of mountains 
 in the eastern part of the Caucasus system : 
 exact position undetermined. ( b ) A chain of 
 mountains in northwestern Epirus, terminating 
 in the promontory Acroceraunia (which see). 
 
 Cerberus (ser 'be-rus). [Gr. K epBepog.] In 
 Greek mythology, the watch-dog at the entrance 
 to the infernal regions, offspring of Typhaon 
 and Echidna: usually represented with three 
 heads, a serpent’s tail, and a mane of serpents’ 
 heads. 
 
 Cercinitis (ser-si-ni'tis). [Gr. Keputvlnc Mfmj.'] 
 In ancient geography, the lake or enlargement 
 of the river Strymon (in Macedonia), near its 
 mouth : the modern Takinos. 
 
 Cercops (ser'kops). [Gr. K epuioip.'] 1. An an- 
 cient Greek Orphic poet, said to have been the 
 author of a poem, “The Descent into Hades,” 
 also attributed to Prodicus of Samos and others. 
 — 2. A Greek poet of Miletus, a contemporary 
 of Hesiod. To him a poem on the war of iEgimius, king 
 of the Dorians, against the Lapitlue (also attributed to 
 Hesiod), is by some assigned. 
 
 Cerda (ther'da), Tomas Antonio Manrique 
 
 de la, Count of Paredes and Marquis of La 
 Laguna. Born about 1620: died 1688. A Span- 
 ish administrator. lie was a member of the royal 
 council, and from 1680 to 1686 viceroy of New Spain (Mex- 
 ico). During his term the bucaneers sacked Vera Cruz 
 (May, 1683), and committed other ravages. 
 
 Cerda Sandoval Silva y Mendoza, Gaspar 
 
 de la. Born about 1630: died 1697. A Span- 
 ish administrator. In 1688 he was created count of 
 Galve and made viceroy of Mexico, holding the office from 
 Nov., 1688, to July, 1695. He sent expeditions against the 
 French of Santo Domingo and Louisiana, 1690-91, and in 
 1694 Pensacola, Florida, was founded by his orders. He 
 returned to Spain in May, 1696. 
 
 Cerdagne (ser-dany'), Sp. La Cerdana (ther- 
 dan'yii). An ancient countship on both sides 
 of the eastern Pyrenees. Part of it is now in the 
 department of Pyrchu'es-Orientales in France, and part is 
 in Spain. It followed in the later middle ages the for- 
 tunes of Catalonia, and then of Aragon. It was released 
 from homage to France in 1258, was acquired by France 
 in 1462, and was restored to Aragon in 1493. The part to 
 the north of the Pyrenees was ceded to France in 1659. 
 
 Cerdic (ker'dik). Died 534. A Saxon ealdor- 
 man who founded a settlement on the coast 
 of Hampshire, England, in 495 A. D., assumed 
 
 230 
 
 the title of King of the West Saxons in 519, 
 and became ancestor of the English royal line. 
 He defeated the Britons at Charford in 519 ; was himself 
 defeated at Mount Badon, or Badbury, in Dorsetshire, in 
 520; and conquered the Isle of Wight in 530. 
 
 Cerdicsford (ker'diks-ford). The scene of the 
 victory of Cerdic and Cymric over the Britons 
 in 519 : usually identified with Charford (which 
 see). 
 
 Cerdo (ser'do). Born in Syria: lived about 
 137 a. d. A Gnostic teacher, founder of a sect 
 named from him Cerdonians (which see). 
 
 Cerdonians (ser-dd'ni-anz). A Gnostic sect 
 of the 2d century, named from its founder 
 Cerdo. They held that there were two first causes, one 
 good (the unknown father of Jesus Christ) and one evil 
 (the Creator revealed in the law and the prophets), and 
 that one was not subject or inferior to the other. 
 
 Ceres (se'rez). 1. In old Italian mythology, 
 the goddess of grain and harvest, later identi- 
 fied by the Romans with the Greek Demeter. 
 See Demeter. — 2. An asteroid (No. 1) discov- 
 ered by Piazzi at Palermo Jan. 1, 1801. 
 
 Ceres. An antique statue in black and white 
 marble, in the Glyptothek at Munich. The head, 
 arms, and feet are white ; the very thin draperies are in 
 polished black marble. 
 
 Ceret (sa-ra'). A town in the department of 
 Pyren^es-Oi’ientales, Prance, situated on the 
 Tech 17 miles southwest of Perpignan, it was 
 the scene of a Spanish victory over the French April 20, 
 
 1793, and of a French victory over the Spanish April 30; 
 
 1794. Population, commune, 3,841. 
 
 Ceridwen. In Welsh fairy lore, a deity, de- 
 graded into a sorceress, who presides over a 
 mystical caldron, and has a fight in which 
 she and her foe assume different shapes at 
 pleasure. 
 
 Cerignola (cha-ren-yo'la). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Poggia, Italy, in lat. 41° 16' N., long. 
 15° 53' E. Here, April 28, 1503, the Spanish army (about 
 6,300) under Gonsalvo de Cordova defeated the French 
 (6,000) under the Due de NemourB. Lobs of French, 3,000- 
 
 4.000. Population, commune, 34,195. 
 
 Cerigo (cher-e'go), modern Gr. Kytherion. 
 One of the Ionian Islands, situated 8-10 miles 
 south of Laconia, Greece : the ancient Cythera. 
 It contained a shrine of Aphrodite. Area, 
 about 110 square miles. 
 
 Cerimon (ser'i-mon). A physician of Ephesus 
 who saves the life of Thaisa, in Shakspere’s 
 “ Pericles.” 
 
 Cerinthians (se-rin'thi-anz). A sect of early 
 heretics, followers of Cerinthus. 
 
 Cerinthus (se-rin'thus). Born in Egypt: lived 
 probably in the latter part of the 1st century 
 a. d. A Gnostic teacher, founder of the hereti- 
 cal sect of the Cerinthians or Merinthians. 
 
 Cerinthus was the first, of whose tenets we have any 
 distinct statement, who, admitting the truth of Chris- 
 tianity, attempted to incorporate with it foreign and Ori- 
 ental tenets. Cerinthus was of Jewish descent, and edu- 
 cated in the Judsco- Platonic school of Alexandria. Hi3 
 system was a singular and apparently incongruous fusion 
 of Jewish, Christian, and Oriental notions. He did not, 
 like Simon or Menander, invest himself in a sacred and 
 mysterious character, though he pretended to angelic 
 revelations. Like all the Orientals, his imagination was 
 haunted with the notion of the malignity of matter ; and 
 his object seems to have been to keep both the primal 
 Being and the Christ uninfected with its contagion. The 
 Creator of the material world, therefore, was a secondary 
 being, — an angel or angels; as Cerinthus seems to have 
 adhered to the Jewish, and did not adopt the Oriental 
 language. MUman, Hist, of Christianity, II. 59. 
 
 Cerisoles (sa-re-zol'), It. Ceresole (cher-e-zo'- 
 le). A village in Piedmont, Italy, 13 miles 
 northwest of Alba. Here, April 14, 1544, the French 
 under the Due d’Enghien defeated the Imperialists and 
 Spaniards under the Marquis of Guasto. Loss of the Im- 
 perialist army, about 12,000. 
 
 Cerna (ther'na), Vicente. A Guatemalan gen- 
 eral. He was elected president of Guatemala, assuming 
 the office May 24, 1865 ; was reelected in 1869, and held 
 the office until June 29, 1871, when he was defeated and 
 overthrown by Barrios. 
 
 Cerne (ser'ne). In ancient, geography, an isl- 
 and west of Africa, discovered and colonized 
 by the Carthaginian Hanno : perhaps the mod- 
 ern Arguin. 
 
 Cerqueira e Silva, Ignacio Accioli de. See 
 
 Accioli. 
 
 Cerro de Pasco (ther'ro da pas'ko), or Pasco. 
 The capital of the department of Junin, Peru, 
 in lat. 10° 55' S., long. 76° W. : 14,280 feet 
 above the sea.. It owes its existence to the celebrated 
 silver-mines of the vicinity, long among the most produc- 
 tive in the world, and still very rich. Population, about 
 
 14.000. 
 
 Cerro Gordo (ser'ro gor'do; Sp. pron. ther'ro 
 gor'do). [Sp., ‘big mountain.’] A pass by 
 the side of the Rio del Plan, between Vera Cruz 
 and Jalapa, state of Vera Cruz, Mexico, through 
 which passes the principal road from the coast 
 
 Cesnola 
 
 to Mexico by Jalapa. The pass was carried by 
 the American forces, after a severe battle, April 
 17-18, 1847. 
 
 Cerro Largo (ther'ro lar'gd). [Sp., ‘ wide moun- 
 tain.’] A department in northeastern Uruguay. 
 Capital, Melo. Area, 5,753 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 44,806. 
 
 Certaldo (cher-tal'do). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Florence, Italy, 17 miles southwest of 
 Florence. It is the place of the birth and 
 death of Boccaccio. 
 
 Certosa (cher-to'sa). [It., ‘Carthusian Monas- 
 tery.’] A former Carthusian monastery at 
 Pavia, Italy, one of the largest and most splen- 
 did existing. The church, founded in 1396, contains 
 the tomb of Gian Galeazzo Visconti. 
 
 Cervantes Saavedra (ser-van'tez; Sp. pron. 
 ther-viin'tes sa-a-va'dra), Miguel de. Born at 
 Alcala de Henares, about 20 miles from Madrid, 
 Oct. 9(?),1547: died at Madrid, April 23,1616. A 
 celebrated Spanish poet and novelist. His pa- 
 rents were poor, but of a noble family. It is conjectured 
 that he was educated at AlcalA and at the University of 
 Salamanca : little is known of his early year however, ex- 
 cept that he wrote verses when very young. In 1670 he 
 served as chamberlain in the household of Monsieur Aqua- 
 viva (who was afterward cardinal) in Borne. He soon left 
 Borne and volunteered as a common soldier in the expe- 
 dition commanded by Don John of Austria and organized 
 by the Pope and the state of Venice against the Turks. 
 In 1571 he was severely wounded at the battle of Lepanto, 
 losing the use of his left hand and arm for life. He was 
 honorably discharged in 1575. He was captured in re- 
 turning to Spain and passed five years in slavery in Algiers, 
 but was finally ransomed by his family and by “religious 
 charity ” in 1580. Being depressed by adversity and with- 
 out means or friends, he reenlisted and served in Portugal 
 and the Azores. In 1584 he had returned and was mar- 
 ried. After this he lived much at Madrid, where he began 
 to earn his living by authorship, at first by writing plays. 
 In 1583 he went to Seville, where he lived, with some inter- 
 ruptions, until about 1598. Here he was extremely poor, 
 and was even imprisoned as being indebted to the govern- 
 ment. After this there is a tradition that he was sent by 
 the grand prior of the Order of St. John in La Mancha to 
 collect rents due the monastery in Argamasilla. The debt- 
 ors persecuted and imprisoned him, and it is said that 
 here, in indignation and in prison, he began to write “Don 
 Quixote.” In 1603 he went to Valladolid, where he lived 
 poorly as a sort of general agent and amanuensis. Here 
 he prepared the first part of “ Don Quixote” for the press, 
 and printed it at Madrid in 1605 ; here he returned in 
 1606. In 1615 lie published the second part of “ Don 
 Quixote." There was then a difference between the Eng- 
 lish calendar and the Spanish of ten days ; hence he did 
 not, as has been asserted, die on the same day with Sbak- 
 spere (though on the same date). His chief work is “ Don 
 Quixote ” (1605 and 1615). Among his other works are 
 “Galatea, an Eclogue” (1584), “ Novel as Exemplares” 
 (“ Twelve Instructive or Moral Tales,” 1613), and “ Viage 
 del Parnaso Journey to Parnassus," 1614). “ Persiles 
 and Sigismunda, a Northern Bomance,” was published 
 by his widow in 1617. He wrote “ twenty or thirty plays ” 
 according to his own account, some of which are pre- 
 served ; but his genius did not lie in that direction. See 
 Don Quixote. 
 
 Cervera Y Topete (thar-va'ra e to-pa'ta), 
 Pascual, Count de Jerez and Marquis de 
 Santa Ava. Born Feb. 18, 1839 : died at Puerto 
 Real, Spain, April 3, 1909. A Spanish admiral. 
 
 He entered the naval academy at San Fernando in 1851, 
 and served in Morocco, and in the Cuban rebellion 1868- 
 1873. He held the office of minister of marine in 1892. On 
 theoutbreak of the war with the United Stateshe sailed from 
 the Cape Verde Islands with four cruiserB and three tor- 
 pedo-boat destroyers April 29, 1898, entered the harbor of 
 Santiago de Cuba May 19, and lost his entire fleet off that 
 port .1 uly 3, in an attempt to force his way through Admiral 
 Sampson’s blockading squadron. 
 
 Cervin, Mont. See Matterhorn. 
 
 Cesari (cha'sa-re), Antonio. Born at Verona, 
 Italy, Jan. 16, 1760 : died at Ravenna, Italy, 
 Oct. 1, 1828. An Italian philologist. He was 
 the author of a new edition of “ Vooabolario della Crus- 
 ca ” (1806-09), “ Bellezze di Dante " (l«24-26), translations 
 of Terence (1816) and of Cicero’s Epistles (1826-31), etc. 
 
 Cesari, Giuseppe : called II Cavaliere d’ Arpi- 
 no, and II Giuseppino. Born at Rome about 
 1570: died at Rome about 1640. An Italian 
 painter. His chief works are frescos at the 
 Capitol, Rome. 
 
 Cesarotti (che-sa-rot'te), Melchiore. Born at 
 Padua, Italy, May 15, 1730 : died Nov. 4, 1808. 
 An Italian poet and miscellaneous writer. 
 
 His works include a translation of Ossian (1763), 11 Saggio 
 sulla filosofla delle lingue” (1785), etc. 
 
 Cesena (ehe-sa'na). A town in the province of 
 Forli, Italy, 20 miles south of Ravenna : the an- 
 cient C £esena. It has a cathedral, an interesting brick 
 structure of the 14th century, following the type of the 
 cathedral of Florence. It contains sculptures of unusual 
 excellence, of the school of Donatello, especially a St. John 
 and a St. Leonard. Population, 7,623 ; commune, 42,240. 
 
 Cesnola (ches-no'la), Count Luigi Palma di. 
 Born at Rivarolo, near Turin, July29. 1832; died 
 at New York, Nov. 20, 1904. An Italian-Ameri- 
 can archaeologist. Appointed United States consul at 
 Cyprus, he undertook a series of excavations, which re- 
 sulted in the discovery of a large number of antiquities. 
 The collection was purchased in 1873 by the Metropolitan 
 
Cesnola 
 
 Museum (New York), of which he became director in 1879. 
 Author of “Cyprus : its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Tem- 
 ples'' (1877), and “The Metropolitan Museum of Art" 
 (1882). See Cyprus. 
 
 Cespedes (thas'pe-THas or sas'pe-THas), Carlos 
 Manuel de. Born at Bayamo, April 18, 1819 : 
 died March 22, 1874. A Cuban revolutionist. 
 In 1868 he headed an armed revolt which spread until 
 nearly the whole island, except the coast towns, had de- 
 clared against the Spaniards. A congress of the revolu- 
 tionists declared Cuba independent, and elected C6spe- 
 des president (1869). Driven at last to the mountains, 
 Cespedes was shot while resisting capture. 
 
 Cespedes, Pablo de. Born at Cordova, Spain, 
 1538: died at Cordova, July 26, 1608. A Span- 
 ish painter, poet, sculptor, and architect, noted 
 as a colorist. Fragments of his poem ‘ ‘ Arte de 
 la pintura” were published in 1649. 
 
 Cetewayo. See Cettiwayo. 
 
 Cethegus (se-the'gus), Marcus Cornelius. 
 Died 196 b. c. A Roman general. He was curuie 
 edile 213, pretor 211, censor 209, and consul 204. In 
 the next year he commanded as proconsul in Cisalpine 
 Gaul, where, with the aid of the pretor Quintilius Varus, 
 he defeated the Carthaginian general Mago, brother of 
 Hannibal. 
 
 Cetinje, or Cetigne. See Cettinje. 
 
 Cette (set). A seaport in the department of 
 Herault, France, situated on a tongue, of land 
 between the Mediterranean and the Etang de 
 Thau, in lat.43° 25' N., long. 3° 41' E. it is an 
 important commercial center. It exports wines, brandies, 
 and salt. Its port was founded in the 17th century. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 33,892. 
 
 Cettinje (ehet-ten'ya), or Cetinje, or Cettigno 
 (chet-ten'yo), or Cetigne (che-ten' ya), or 
 Cettin (tset-ten'), or Zetinje. The capital of 
 Montenegro, lat. 42° 26' N., long. 18° 59' E. It 
 contains the palace and some institutions. 
 Population, about 4,000. 
 
 Cettiwayo (set-i-wa'yo), or Ketshwayo (ka- 
 ehwa'yo). A Zulu chief, elected at Uiundi in 
 1873. In 1878 he rebelled against British suzerainty. In 
 the war which followed a British regiment was annihi- 
 lated by the Zulus at Isandula, 1879; but General Wolse- 
 ley defeated and captured Cettiwayo the same year. Until 
 1882 Cettiwayo was held captive in Cape Colony. Owing 
 to the efforts of a party which had formed in his favor 
 among friends of the Zulus in South Africa and in Great 
 Britain, he was transferred to England, where he was 
 lionized. England tried to reinstate him as king of the 
 Zulus, but he had lost his prestige. Beset on all sides by 
 hostile chiefs, he had to seek refuge in British territory. 
 More captive than free, he was kept at Ekove until 1884, 
 when he died. 
 
 Cetus (se'tus). [L.,‘ whale.’] A southern con- 
 stellation, the Whale, in advance of Orion. 
 It was anciently pictured as some kind of marine animal, 
 possibly a seal. 
 
 Ceuta (su' ta ; Sp. pron. tha'6-ta), Moorish 
 Sebta. [From Ar. septa , seven: from its Ro- 
 man name ad Septem Fratres.'] A fortified 
 town belonging to Spain, situated on the north- 
 ern coast of Morocco, opposite Gibraltar, in 
 lat. 35° 54' N., long. 5° 17' W. It is amilitaryand 
 penal station, and is built on the ancient Abyla, one of the 
 range “Septem Fratres." It was taken by Belisarius in 
 534, by the West Goths in 618, by the Arabs about 709, 
 and from the Moors by Portugal in 1415. It passed to 
 Spain in 1580. 
 
 Cevallos (tha-val'yos), Pedro Fermin. Born 
 July 7 ? 1812: died May 21, 1893. An Ecuado- 
 rian historian. He was a lawyer, held high judicial 
 posts, and was senator in 1867. Ha wrote “ Resumen de 
 la historia del Ecuador," etc. 
 
 Cevedale (ehe-ve-da'le), Monte, or Zufall 
 (tso'fal), or Fiirkelen (fiir'ke-len). A peak of 
 the Ortler Alps, on the borders of Tyrol and 
 Italy. Height, 12,378 feet. 
 
 Cevennes (sa-ven'). A former province of 
 France, in the northeastern part of Languedoc. 
 Cevennes, Les. [Gr. rd K eyfievov opog (Strabo), 
 L. Cebenna mons: a Celtic name.] A moun- 
 tain-chain in southern France. The Cdvennes 
 proper extend from the Canal-du-Midi northward, includ- 
 ing the mountains of Vivarais, or northern CCvennes, to 
 the Canal-du-Centre, department of Saone-et-Loire. They 
 separate the basins of the Loire and Garonne from those 
 of the Rhone and Sa6ne, and are continued northward by 
 the mountains of Lyonnais and Charolais to the plateau of 
 Langres. They are celebrated as a stronghold of the Prot- 
 estants and Caraisards. The highest peak is Mezenc (5,750 
 feet). Mont Pilat, northern CCvennes, is 4,705 feet high. 
 Ceylon (se-lon' or si-lon'). [F. Ceylan, aucieut 
 Taprobane : from the Pali Silam for Sihalam, the 
 laud of the Sinhalas (the Aryan inhabitants of 
 Ceylon).] An island in the Indian Ocean, a 
 crown colony of Great Britain, south of Hindu- 
 stan, from which it is separated by the Gulf of 
 Manaar and Palk Strait, it is mountainous in the 
 south, and produces coffee, cinchona bark, tea, cinna- 
 mon, cacao, etc. It is celebrated for precious stones. 
 The chief towns are Colombo, Galle, Trincomalee, Kandy, 
 and Jaffna. The leading races are Singhalese, Kandy- 
 ans, Tamils, Moormen, and Veddahs. It is ruled by a 
 governor and executive and legislative councils. In an- 
 cient times it was governed by different native dynasties. 
 The Portuguese took possession of it in the 16th century. 
 It was conquered by the Dutch about 1658, and by the 
 
 231 
 
 British 1795-96, and was formally ceded to Great Britain 
 in 1802. The last king of Kandy was deposed in 1815. 
 Area, 25,332 square miies. Population, 3,988,064. 
 
 Ceyx (se'iks). [Gr. K^.] The son of Heospho- 
 ros, or the Morning Star, and the nymph Phi- 
 lonis : the husband of Alcyone or Halkyone, 
 daughter of the Thessalian iEolus. The pair 
 were arrogant enough to style themselves Zeus and Hera, 
 and were accordingly changed respectively by Zeus into 
 birds of the same name, a diver and a kingfisher. Another 
 story confused Ceyx with a king of Trachis, and dwelt on 
 the tender love of the pair for each other. Ceyx is 
 drowned at sea, and Alcyone finds his body cast upon 
 his native shore. The gods take pity on her grief, and 
 change the husband and wife into kingfishers (alcyones), 
 whose affection for each other in the pairing season was 
 proverbial. ( Seyfferl , Diet, of Classical Antiquities, p. 127.) 
 Their story is told in Chaucer’s “Death of Blanche.” It is 
 conjectured that it was an independent production af- 
 terward abridged and inserted as an episode in “ The 
 Death of Blanche.” Of the original nothing is in exis- 
 tence. 
 
 Chablais (sha-bla'). A former province of 
 Savoy, since 1860 the arrondissement of Tho- 
 non, department of Haute-Savoie, France. 
 Chablis (sha-ble'). A town iu the department 
 of Yonne, France, 11 miles east of Auxerre, 
 noted for the wines produced in its vicinity. 
 Chabot (sha-bo'), Admiral of France. A 
 tragedy by Chapman and Shirley, licensed in 
 1635, printed in 1639. 
 
 Chabot, Francois. Born at St.-Geniez, Avey- 
 ron, France, 1759 : guillotined at Paris, April 
 5, 1794. A French revolutionist, a member of 
 the Convention in 1792. 
 
 Chabot, Philippe de, Comte de Charny et de 
 Busan§ois. Bom about 1480: died June 1, 
 1543. A French general, admiral of France. 
 He successfully defended Marseilles against the Imperi- 
 alists in 1524, was made prisoner at the battle of Pavia in 
 1525, and on his release was appointed admiral to succeed 
 Bonnivet, who was killed in the action. He was sent to 
 Italy in 1529 to negotiate the ratification of the treaty of 
 Cambrai by Charles V. In 1535 he had the chief com- 
 mand of the war against the Duke of Savoy, in the course 
 of which he conquered parts of Savoy and Piedmont, but 
 incurred censure for not having properly followed up his 
 victories. He was in 1541 convicted of fraud against the 
 national treasury, on charges preferred by the constable 
 Montmorency, but was pardoned by the king. He is said 
 to have been the first to suggest the colonization of Can- 
 ada. Also called Admiral de Brion. 
 
 Chabrias (ka'bri-as). [Gr. Xa/3p«zf.] Killed 
 near Chios, 357 b. c. An Athenian general. 
 Being in 388 sent to the assistance of Evagoras of Cyprus 
 against the Persians, he landed on the way in JEgina, 
 and gained by an ambuscade a decisive victory over the 
 Spartan general Gorgopas, who fell in battle. In 378, in 
 a campaign against Agesilaus, he acquired great celebrity 
 by the adoption of a new manceuver, which consisted in 
 receiving the enemy’s attack with spears presented and 
 shields resting on one knee. In 376 he gained a decisive 
 naval victory over the Lacedaemonians at Naxos. On the 
 outbreak of the Social War, 357, he was placed in com- 
 mand of the Athenian fleet, which cooperated with the 
 army under Chares. He was killed at the siege of Chios 
 iu the same year. 
 
 Chabrillan (sha-bre-yon'), Comtesse de More- 
 ton de (Celeste Venard), surnamed Moga- 
 dor. Boru at Paris, Deo. 27, 1824: died there, 
 Feb. 19, 1909. A French actress and writer 
 of novels, operettas, vaudevilles, etc. 
 Cbacabuco (cha-ka-bo'ko). A pass in the trans- 
 verse spur of the Andes, on the northern side 
 of the plain of Santiago, Chile. During the war 
 for independence, General San Martin’s army, which had 
 marched over the Andes, found this pass strongly defended 
 by the Spaniards under Maroto. It was carried by a bay- 
 onet charge led by General O’Higgins, Feb. 12, 1817, thus 
 opening the way for the patriots to Santiago. 
 
 Cfiacatos. See Choctaw. 
 
 Chachapoyas (cha-cha-po'yas). 1. A region 
 of ancient Peru, within the present depart- 
 ment of Amazonas. The inhabitants were noted for 
 their warlike spirit ; they were conquered by the Incas 
 after a long war. Alonso de Alvarado was sent by Pi- 
 zarro to reduce this district in 1535, and was made gov- 
 ernor of it. 
 
 2. A province of Peru, in the department of 
 Amazonas. Capital, Chachapoyas. Previous to 
 
 1832 it was much larger. Chachapoyas borders on the 
 gorge of the Upper Maranon, and the surface is much 
 broken. Area, about 4,300 square miles. Population, 
 about 20,000. 
 
 3. A city of northern Peru, capital of the prov- 
 ince of the same name, and of the department 
 of Amazonas, and episcopal city of the diocese 
 of Chachapoyas. It was founded in 1538, under the 
 name of tSan Juan de las Fronferas de Levanto, by Alonso 
 de Alvarado. Population, about 5,000. 
 
 Chac-Mool, Cbaak-Mool, orChackmool(shiik- 
 
 mol'). A traditional chief or “king” of the 
 Maya Indians of Yucatan. The name was given by 
 Le Plongeon to a statue discovered by him in 1876 at the 
 ruined city of Chichen-Itza in eastern Yucatan, and sup- 
 posed to represent this chief ; but archaeologists are not 
 in accord as to this identity, and the statue is of Mexican 
 rather than of Yucatecan type. It was appropriated by 
 the Mexican government, and is now in the National 
 Museum at Mexico. 
 
 Chaco (cha'ko), Canon de. A long gorge or 
 
 Chagres 
 
 valley in western New Mexico, now deserted, 
 but containing large and well-preserved an- 
 cient ruins. The Pueblo Bonito, Pueblo del Arroyo, 
 etc., are among the most interesting specimens of ancient 
 Indian architecture known in the Southwest. 
 
 Chaco (cha'ko), or Chacu (cha'ko), Gran. 
 [From the Quichua chacu, the animals driven 
 together by a cordon of hunters : in allusion to 
 the numerous Indian tribes of this region.] 
 A vast tract of land in South America, extend- 
 ing from the Paraguay to the Bolivian high- 
 lands, between lat. 20° and 29° S. It is a low 
 
 plain, generally open, with a few isolated hills, and por- 
 tions are flooded every year ; the great rivers Pilcomayo 
 and Bermejo pass through it to the Paraguay. The Chaco 
 region is divided between Argentina, Paraguay, and Bo- 
 livia ; the greater part is very imperfectly known, and in- 
 habited only by savage tribes of Indians. Since 1870 
 considerable settlements have been made in the Argentine 
 Chaco. In the 17th century the name Chaco included the 
 plains as far north as lat. 16“ S. 
 
 Chacon y Castellon (cha-kon' e kas-tel-yon'), 
 Luis. Born at Havana, Cuba, about 1670 : died 
 there in 1716. A Cuban soldier. From 1699 until 
 his death he was governor of the Morro Castle at Havana, 
 and during this time he was thrice ad interim captain- 
 general of the island (Dec., 1702, to May 13, 1706 ; July 8, 
 1707, to Jan. 18, 1708; and' Feb. 18, 1711, to Feb. 4, 1713). 
 In 1707 he led an expedition against the English colonies 
 in Carolina. 
 
 Chaco Stock. See Guaycuru Stock. 
 
 Chactaws. See Clioctaios. 
 
 Chad (chad), or Ceadda (kead'da), Saint. 
 Died March 2, 672. An English ecclesiastic, 
 a Northumbrian by birth, educated at Lindis- 
 farne under St. Aidan. He was made abbot of 
 Lastingham in Deira (664), bishop of York, and later of 
 Mercia. He established the latter see at Lichfield. 
 Chad (chad). [F. Tchad, G. Tschad .] A lake 
 in the Sudan, central Africa, about lat. 12° 
 30'-14° 30' N. It has no outlet. Its chief tribu- 
 tary is the Shari. Length, about 140 miles. It has 
 been explored by Nachtigal, Barth, and others. Also 
 written Tsad. 
 
 Chadband (chad'band), Rev. Mr. A fat and 
 hypocritical minister, much given to platitudes, 
 in Charles Dickens’s “Bleak House.” He is “in 
 the ministry," but is “ attached to no particular denomi- 
 nation.” He has “ a general appearance of having a good 
 deal of train-oil in his system.” 
 
 Chadbourne (chad' bern), Paul Ansel. Born 
 at North Berwick, Maine, Oct. 21, 1823: died 
 at New York, Feb. 23, 1883. An American edu- 
 cator. He was the first president of the Massachusetts 
 Agricultural College at Amherst in 1867 ; president of the 
 University of Wisconsin 1867-70; president of Williams 
 College 1872-81 ; and again president of the Agricultural 
 College in 1882. He wrote “ Natural Theology ” (1867), etc. 
 
 Chaderton (ehad'er-ton), Laurence. Born at 
 Lees Hall, Oldham, Lancashire, about 1536 : 
 died at Cambridge, Nov. 13, 1640. An English 
 Puritan divine, a graduate of Christ’s College, 
 Cambridge, and first master of Emmanuel Col- 
 lege, 1584-1622. He served on the Cambridge 
 committee for drawing up the authorized ver- 
 sion of the Bible. 
 
 Chad’s Ford (chadz ford). See Brandywine. 
 Chasreas and Callirrhoe (ke're-as and ka-lir'- 
 o-e). An old Greek romance by Chariton 
 Aphrodisiensis, only a part of which is extant. 
 
 Chariton of Aphrodisias is the feigned name of the 
 erotic novelist to whom we owe the romance of Chsereas 
 and Callirrhoe. He pretends to have been the secretary 
 of Athenagoras, who is mentioned by Thucydides as a 
 Syracusan orator, the opponent of Hermocrates ; and the 
 daughter of the latter is the heroine of the piece. The 
 romance is less known by its merits than by the very 
 elaborate commentary of which D’Orville made it the 
 vehicle and excuse. The age of the author is not ascer- 
 tained, but it seems to us, from internal evidence, that it 
 belongs to the same school as the romance of Achilles 
 Tatius, and was perhaps suggested by it. We have a re- 
 vival in the tomb, with happier results than that of Juliet, 
 and the usual intervention of robbers. 
 
 K. 0. Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 360. 
 
 [(Donaldson.) 
 
 Chseronea (ker-o-ne'a), or Chaeroneia (ker-o- 
 ne'ya). [Gr. Xaipovua.'] In ancient geography, 
 a town in western Boeotia, Greece, in lat. 38° 
 29' N., long. 22° 50' E. It was the birthplace of 
 Plutarch. Here, 338 B. 0 ., Philip of Macedon defeated 
 the Boeotians and Athenians; and in 86 b. c. Sulla, with 
 30,000-40,000 men, defeated the army of Mithridates (about 
 110,000) under Archelaus. 
 
 Chaffee (chaf 'e ), Adna Romanza. Born at Or- 
 well, O., April 14, 1842. An American general. 
 He entered the army as a private July 22, 1861 ; served in 
 the Civil and Spanish-American wars; was assigned to 
 the command of the United States forces for the relief of 
 the United States legation at Peking, June 24, 1900, and 
 entered the city Aug. 14. He was nominated major-gen- 
 eral Feb. 6, 1901. Retired as lieutenant-general in 1906. 
 
 Chagres (cha'gres). 1. A river in the Isthmus 
 of Panama, which flows into the Caribbean 
 Sea at the town of Chagres. It is now prac- 
 tically absorbed by the Panama Canal. — 2. A 
 seaport in the Republic of Panama, 8 miles 
 southwest of Colon. 
 
Ckahta 
 
 Chahta. See Choctaw. 
 
 Chaille-Long (ska-ya'lon), Charles. Bom at 
 Princess Anne, Somerset County, Md., July 2, 
 1842. An American soldier. He served as a volunteer 
 in the American Civil War, attaining the rank of captain ; 
 and in 1869 received an appointment as lieutenant-colonel 
 in the Egyptian army. He was made chief of staff toGeneral 
 Gordon in 1874, and in the same year was employed on a 
 
 232 
 
 Chalcondyles, Laonicus or Nicolas. Born at 
 
 Athens : died about 1464. A Byzantine histo- 
 rian, ambassador of John VII. Palseologus to 
 the Sultan Murad II. during the siege of Con- 
 stantinople in 1446. He wrote a history of the 
 Byzantine empire 1297-1462 (ed. by Bekker 
 1843). 
 
 diplomatic and geographical mission to the interior of Af- Chaldea (kal-de'a). [In the Old Testament 
 
 Kasdirn, in the Assyrian inscriptions Kaldu for 
 Kaslidu (by the phonetic law of the change of 
 a sibilant before a dental to l). The etymol- 
 ogy of the name is still uncertain: some sug- 
 gest the Assyrian stem lca&ddu , to conquer, so 
 that it would mean ‘ the country of the con- 
 querors.’] In the older inscriptions, middle 
 Babylonia, the tract south of the city of Baby- 
 lon in the direction toward the Persian Gulf: 
 other portions of the country were designated 
 Akkad, Sumir, etc. Later the name Kaldu (like 
 “Land of Kasdirn" in Jer. xxiv. 5, Ezelc. xii. 13) was ex- 
 tended to the whole country of Babylonia, i. e. the terri- 
 tory hounded on the north by Assyria, on the south by the 
 Syrian desert and the Persian Gulf, on the east by Elam, 
 and on the west by Syria. It is not certain to which family 
 of men the Chaldeans belonged, but some have supposed 
 that they were a mixed race composed of Babylonians and 
 Kassites orCossseans. See Century Atlas, Map VIII. 
 
 rica. He resigned his commission in the Egyptian service 
 in 1877, and in 1887 was appointed United States consul- 
 general and secretary of legation in Corea. He has pub- 
 lished “Central Africa ’’ (1876) and “The Three Prophets 
 — Chinese Gordon, the Mahdi. and Arabi Pasha" (1884). 
 
 Chaimas, or Chaymas (chl'maz). An Indian 
 tribe of eastern Venezuela, between the Cu- 
 niana coast and the Orinoco. They are of the Carib 
 stock, and were formerly numerous and powerful, resisting 
 the Spanish invaders with great bravery. In thel6thand 
 17th centuries most of the survivors were gathered into 
 mission villages, and their descendants are now mingled 
 with other tribes. 
 
 Chaitanya (chi-tan'ya). Born at Nadiya, in 
 Bengal, 1485: died 1527. The founder of a sect 
 of V aishna vas f ound in Bengal. His first principle 
 was that all the faithful worshipers of Krishna (Vishnu) 
 were to be treated as equals. Caste was to be subordi- 
 nated to faith in Krishna. “The mercy of God," said 
 
 Chaitanya, “ regards neither tribe nor family. ” While the 
 
 Vedic hymns and Brahmanas rely on works (karma), and , . — 
 
 the Upanishads on abstract meditation and divine know- Chaldean Empire. ihe .Babylonian Bmp ire. 
 ledge, as the path to blessedness, Chaitanya found it in ChaleurS (sha-lorz'), or ChaleUT (sha-ler'), 
 intense devotion, displayed by complete union of the g ay 0 f rj.\ clialeur, heat: named by J. Car- 
 
 spirit with Krishna. He disappeared mysteriously in 1527, tier (1534) from its warmth 1 An inlet of the 
 at the age of forty-two. His followers came to regard ^ler (10.S4) irom its waimtn J An inlet 01 tne 
 — • - ’ Gulf of ©t. .Lawrence, lying between (Quebec on 
 
 him as Krishna incarnate, and his disciples Advaita and 
 Nityananda as manifestations of portions of the same 
 deity. These three leaders are therefore called the three 
 
 the north and New Brunswick on the south. 
 Length, 90 miles. Greatest width, 20 miles. 
 
 great lords (Prabhus). They form the triad of this phase i fe ’ , , i," - , . r\c i 
 
 of Vaishnavism. Chalgrove (chal'grov). A village in Oxford- 
 
 Chaka (cha'ka). See Zulu. 
 
 Chalcedon (kal-se'don). [Gr. Xahcr/Suv.] In 
 
 shire, England, 7 miles southeast of Oxford. 
 Here, June 18, 1643, Prince Rupert defeated the Parlia- 
 mentarians. Hampden was mortally wounded. 
 
 ancient geography, a town in Bithynia, situated «. ... A chains 
 
 on the Bosporus opposite Byzantium, it. was mV t> . +t a 
 
 founded by Megarian colonists about 685 b. c. The fourth Chalkley (chak li), ThOHias. Born at London, 
 
 March 3, 1675: died in Tortola, West Indies, 
 Sept. 4, 1741 . An itinerant preacher of the So- 
 ciety of Friends. He visited the American colonies 
 in 1698, 1700, 1710, and a few years before his death es- 
 
 ,, , ... . 0 . -. ,, . . j. tablished a residence near Philadelphia. 
 
 nally at Nieaea in Sept., 451, but was on account of its , , - , T . . , . 
 
 turbulence transferred to Chalcedon in order that the im- ChalkstOHe (chak ston), Lord. A character 
 penal court and senate might attend in person. It con- in Garricks play “Lethe” which he himself 
 
 ecumenical council, at which Eutychianism was con- 
 demned, was held there in 451 A. D. It was convoked by 
 the emperor Marcianus, and was attended by 630 bishops 
 (mostly from the Orient), the legates of Pope Leo I., and 
 the commissioners of the emperor. It assembled origi- 
 
 rnade famous. 
 
 Challcuchima (chal-ko-ehe'mii), or Chalicu- 
 
 chima (eha-le-ko-che'ma). A Peruvian Indian, 
 said to have been a native of Quito and uncle 
 of Atahualpa. He was one of that Inca's generals in 
 the war with Huascav, and after Atahualpa had been im- 
 prisoned by the Spaniards, Challcuchima was induced to 
 visit him at Cajamarca. He was seized, kept a captive 
 during the subsequent, march of the Spaniards, and finally 
 burned alive near Cuzco on the charge that he was incit- 
 ing an Indian insurrection (Nov., 1533). 
 
 perial court and senate might attend in pen 
 demned the Robber Council (Eutychian)of Ephesus (449), 
 and adopted an orthodox confession of faith. 
 
 Chalkedon was called the city of the blind, because its 
 founders passed by the then unoccupied site of Byzan- 
 tium. Freeman, Hist. Essays, III. 277. 
 
 Chalchihuitlieue (cbal // che-we-tle'kwe). [‘Pet- 
 ticoat of blue-stones.’] In Mexican (Nahuatl) 
 mythology, the goddess of water, and the wife 
 or companion of Tlaloc. [She had many other 
 names. 
 
 Ohalcidice (kal-sid'i-se). [Gr. Xa^KidUt].'] In _ . , ... ...... . .. . 
 
 ancient geography, the chief peninsula of Challemel-Lacour (shal-mel la-kor ), Paul 
 Macedonia, terminating in the three smaller f m _ and - Bom at Ayranches, France May 19 
 peninsulas of Pallene, Sithonia, and Acte, pro- ( ; died at Pans, Oct. -6, 1896. A Irench 
 iecting into the HDgean Sea. It was settled by publicist and politician. He was a deputy 1872, 
 
 Fnhmnne nhmri thp 7th oemturv It f Its chief senator 1876, ambassador to England 1880-82, and mints- 
 Luboeans aoout tne ztn century B. O. Its cniei ter o{ f ore ig„ affairs 1883 ; was reelected senator in 1885 ; 
 
 town was Olyntkus. -a- an( j became president of the Senate in 1893. 
 
 Ohalcidius (kal-sid'i-us). Lived in the 6th (or Challenger Expedition. A British scientific 
 4th?) century a. D. A Platonic philosopher, expedition, under the direction of Prof. Wyville 
 author of a Latin translation of and common- Thomson, for the exploration of the deep sea, 
 tary on the first part of Plato’s “ Timteus.” undertaken on board her Majesty’s ship Chal- 
 
 Chaicis (kal'sis). [Gr. Xa/./ar.] The chief town longer, 1872-76. 
 
 of Eubcea, Greece, situated on the Euripus 34 Challis (chal'is), James. Born at Braintree, 
 miles north of Athens: the modern Egripo, or Essex, Dec. 12, 1803: died at Cambridge, Dec. 
 
 Negropont. It was subdued by Athens in 506 B. c., 
 and was an important trading and colonizing center. 
 Population, commune, 16,950. 
 
 Chalcis had been one of the most important cities in 
 
 3, 1882. An English astronomer and physicist, 
 Plumian professor of astronomy (1836), and di- 
 rector of the observatory (imtil 1861) at Cam- 
 bridge University. 
 
 Greece. It was said to have been originally a colony from J' ; . . n r. j t> 
 
 Athens (Strab. x. p. 651), but shortly acquired complete CiltlllOIlcr (chal on-er), Richard, Horn at 
 independence. In a war which it had maintained with Lewes, Sussex, Sept. 29, 1691 : died at London, 
 
 Eretria, some considerable time before this, all Greece 
 had been concerned on the one side or the other (Thucyd. 
 i. 15, and infra, ch. 9.9). Few cities sent out so many or 
 such distant colonies. The whole peninsula situated be- 
 tween the Thermaic and Strymonic gulfs acquired the 
 name of Chalcidicd, from the number of Chalcidean set- 
 tlements (Thucyd. passim). Seriphus, Peparethus, and 
 others of the Cyclades, were Chalcidean (Seym. Chius, 1. 
 585). Iu Italy and Sicily, the colonies of Chalcis exceeded 
 in number those of any other state. Naxos, Leontini, 
 Catana, ZancR, Rhegium, and Cuma were among them. 
 
 Rawlimon, Herod., III. 275, note. 
 
 Jan. 12, 1781. An English Roman Catholic 
 divine, made bishop of Debra in 1740, and 
 vicar apostolic of London in 1758. He was edu- 
 cated at the English College at Douai, and was professor 
 of philosophy there 1713-20, and vice-president and pro- 
 fessor of divinity 1720-30, returning to London in the 
 latter year. He published alarge number of polemical and 
 theological works, including “The Rheims New Testa- 
 ment and the Douay Bible, with Annotations ” (1749-50). 
 His version of the Douay Bible is substantially that since 
 used by English-speaking Catholics. 
 
 Chaleo (chal'ko). A village of Mexico, on the Chalmers (cha merz) Alexander. Born at 
 east side of Lake Chaleo, about 20 miles south- Aberdeen Scotland, March 29, 1759: died at 
 east of Mexico City. Before the Spanish conquest London, Dec. 10,1834. A Scottish biographer, 
 Chaleo was one of the most important pueblos of the editor, and miscellaneous writer. He is best known 
 Mexican valley. as the editor of the “General Biographical Dictionary” 
 
 Chalcondyles (kal-kou'di-lez), or Chalcocon- Biographical 
 
 Greek grammarian, teacher of 
 gia, Rome, and elsewhere in Italy 
 ence. He wrote a Greek grammar entitled 
 
 viiLc. ne wrore a urees grammar enuueu Hirotemaid mi_ . t) j i a k n „ 
 
 ( 1493 ?), and edited Homer (1488), Isocrates (1493), and Chalmers, Thomas. Born at Last Anstruther 
 Suidas ( 1499 ). Fifeshire, Scotland, March 17, 1780: died ai 
 
 Chamberlain, Joseph 
 
 Morningside, near Edinburgh, May 31, 1847. A 
 celebrated Scottish divine and author. Hewa 3 
 minister at Glasgow 1815-23 ; professor of moral philoso- 
 phy at St. Andrews 1823-28, and of divinity at Edinburgh 
 1828-43; and leader in the secession of 1843 from the 
 Church of Scotland. He wrote “Discourses on Astron- 
 omy "(1817), “Political Economy ” (1832), “Natural The- 
 ology ” (1823), “ Institutes of Theology ” (1847-49), etc. 
 
 Chalone (cha-16'na). A tribe of North Ameri- 
 can Iudians. They formerly resided at and near San 
 Antonio and San Miguel missions, California, where they 
 numbered about 2,600 in the latter part of the last century, 
 but only 12 families were identified in 1889. From these 
 and from the Rumsen were taken one half of the neophytes 
 of Soledad mission, about which the Chalone had been 
 settled in seven villages. See Salinan. 
 
 Chaloner (chal'on-er), Sir Thomas. Bom at. 
 London, 1521: died there, Oct. 14, 1565. An 
 English statesman and writer. He wasambassador 
 to the court of the emperor Ferdinand, 1558 ; later to Philip 
 IT. at Brussels ; and to Spain, 1561. He translated into 
 English the homilies of St. John Chrysostom (1544), Eras- 
 mus's “ Praise of Folie ” (1549), etc. 
 
 Chaloner, Sir Thomas. Born 1561 : died No,y. 
 17, 1615. An English naturalist, son of the pre- 
 ceding. He wrote “A Short Discourse of the most rare 
 Vertue of Nitre ” (1684). He opened the first alum-mine) 
 in England, at Belman Bank, Guisborough, about 1600. Q 
 
 Chaloner, Thomas. Born at Steeple ClaydoU, 
 Buckinghamshire, 1595: died at Middelburg, 
 Zeeland, 1661. A regicide, third son of the 
 younger Sir Thomas Chaloner. He acted as me 
 of the judges of Charles I„ 1648, and was prominent 4n 
 Parliament until the Restoration, when he fled to tile 
 Low Countries. sO 
 
 Chalons-sur-Marne (sha-lon'siir-inarn'). The 
 capital of the department of Marne, Frandfe, 
 situated on the Marne in lat. 48° 58' N., long. 
 4° 21' E. : the ancient Catalaunum (whence the 
 modern name) or Durocatalaunum. it is the sent 
 of a bishopric. It exports champagne, and was formerly) 
 famous for its woolen cloth. According to tradition the 
 great battle in 451, in which Aetius defeated Attila and Jjjs 
 Huns, took place near Chalons : “but there is good reason 
 to think that it was fought fifty miles distant from ChS- 
 lons-sur-Marne, and that it would be more correctly nau#4d 
 the battle of Troyes, or, to speak with complete accuritgfc, 
 the battle of M^ry-sur-Seine” (Hodgkin). The camp- l>f 
 Chalons was established in the neighborhood by NapoloJn 
 III. in 1857, and is now used for manoeuvers. The to#n 
 was taken by the Allies in 1814 and 1815, and by the G«- 
 mans in 1870. The cathedral of Cbdlons is an interesting 
 monument, chiefly of the 13th century, with effective add 
 lofty interior. The west front is of the 17th century. Tlje 
 facade of the north transept, w ith its sculptured and cano- 
 pied portal, has much beauty, and the tracery and but- 
 tresses are admirable. Population, commune, 27,808. .,0 
 
 Chalon-sur-Sadne (sha-lon'siir-sdn'). A city 
 in the department of Saone-et-Loire, Franc-8, 
 situated on the Saone in lat. 46° 48' N., long. 4U 
 
 52' E. : the ancient Cabillonum or Caballinuifi" 
 
 It is an important commercial and manufacturing cent©#, 
 and has an ancient cathedral (of St. Vincent). It was tltfc 
 seat of important church councils in the early mid^£ 
 ages. Later it was the capital of the county of Chalonn^js. 
 Population, 29,951. Also Chdlons-sur-Saone. 
 
 Challis (sha-liis'), or Chaluz. A village in ttye 
 department of Haute-Vienne, France, 20 miles 
 southwest of Limoges. Richard I. of England 
 was mortally wounded at the siege of its ca$0b 
 in 1199. 
 
 Chalybaus (cha-le-ba'os), Heinrich Moritz! 
 
 Born at Pfaffroda, Saxony, July 3, 1796: died 
 at Dresden, Sept. 22, 1862. A German pfijlo- 
 sophical writer, professor at Kiel (1839). f 
 
 Chalybes (kal'i-bez). [Gr. Xa^u/Jef.] In an- 
 cient history : (a) A people in Pontus, near the 
 Black Sea, noted as workers in iron. ( b ) A 
 people living near the head waters of the Eu- 
 phrates. 
 
 Cham (kam), pseudonym of Comte Amedee 
 de Noe (a-ma-da' de nd-a'). [F. for ‘Ham.’] 
 
 Born at Paris, Jan. 26, 1819 : died at Paris. 
 Sept. 5, 1879. A French caricaturist, noted 
 for his illustrations in “Charivari,” etc. 
 
 Chamavi (ka-ma'vi). [L. (Tacitus) Chamavi , 
 Gr. (Ptolemy) Ka/zouoL] A German tribe, ac- 
 cording to Tacitus originally in the Rhine re- 
 gion north of the Lippe, but later further east- 
 ward, adjoining the Bmcteri. Julian, in the 4th 
 century, found them again on the lower Rhine, and drove 
 them back from the western side to the territory after- 
 ward called Hamaland. They were ultimately merged in 
 the Franks. 
 
 Chamba (chum'ba). A feudatory state in 
 British India, in lat. 32° 10'-33° 13' N., long. 
 75°45'-77° 3' E., under the control of the Pan- 
 jab government. Population, 127,834. 
 
 Chamhal (chum-bul'). A river in central In- 
 dia which rises in the Vindhya Mountains, and 
 flows northeast into the Jumna below Etawah. 
 Length, 650 miles. 
 
 Chamberlain ( cham'ber-lan ), Joseph. Born at 
 London, July, 1836. An English statesman, since 
 1886 a leader of the Liberal Unionists. He was 
 mayor of Birmingham 1873-7(5 ; was returned (as a Radical) 
 
Chamberlain, Joseph 
 
 to Parliament from Birmingham in 1870 and has sat for 
 Birmingham, West, since 1885 ; was president of the Board 
 of Trade 1880-85 ; was president of the Local Government 
 Board 1886, and colonial secretary 1895-1903. 
 
 Chamberlain, Joshua Lawrence. Born at 
 Brewer, Maine, Sept. 8, 1828. An American 
 soldier and educator. He served in the Army of the 
 Potomac 1862-65; was governor of Maine 1867-70; and 
 president of Bowdoin College 1871-83. 
 
 Chamberlayne (cham'ber-lan), Edward. Born 
 at Odington, Gloucestershire, Dec. 13, 1616: 
 died at Chelsea, May, 1703. An English writer. 
 .He was a graduate of Oxford (B. A. 1638, M. A. 1641), 
 tutor of Henry Fitzroy, illegitimate son of Charles II., 
 and also to Prince George of Denmark, and one of the 
 founders of the Royal Society. He was the author of 
 “Angliae Notitise, or the Present State of England" (1669, 
 anonymous : the 21st ed., 1708, bears the title “ Magna: 
 Britannia; notitia, or, etc.”), a handbook of English so- 
 ciety and politics, “England’s Wants” (1667), etc. 
 
 Chamber layne, John. Born about 1666: died 
 1723. A younger son of Edward Chamberlayne. 
 He continued his father’s “Magna: Britannise notitia,” 
 translated Brandt’s “History of the Reformation in the 
 Low Countries," etc. 
 
 Chamberlen (cham'ber-len), Hugh. Born at 
 London about 1630 : died after Nov., 1720. An 
 English physician (physician in ordinary to 
 the king, 1673), celebrated as the projector of 
 a financial scheme designed “ to make Eng- 
 land rich and happy,” based on the issue of a 
 large quantity of bank-notes on the security of 
 landed property. 
 
 Chambers (cham'berz), Ephraim. Born at 
 Kendal, England, about 1680 (?) : died at Lon- 
 don, May 15, 1740. An English writer, com- 
 piler of a “ Cyclopaedia, an Universal Dictionary 
 of Arts and Sciences” (1728), the first of its 
 kind in English. 
 
 Chambers, Robert. Born at Peebles, Scotland, 
 July 10, 1802: died at St. Andrews, March 17, 
 1871. A Scottish publisher (at Edinburgh) 
 and writer. He was the author of “ Illustrations of 
 the Author of Waverley" (1822), “ Traditions of Edin- 
 burgh ’’ (1823), “ Walks in Edinburgh ” (1825), “History of 
 the Rebellion of 1745” (1828), “Biographical Dictionaiy 
 of Eminent Scotsmen” (1832-34), “Book of Days "(1862- 
 1864), “Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation” 
 1844: anonymous), etc. The last-named work, the au- 
 horship of which was not discovered until 1884, was an 
 exposition of a theory of development, and quickly be- 
 came famous through both the criticism and the praise 
 which its heterodox views aroused. He was joint editor 
 of “Chambers’s Journal,” and a member of the publishing 
 firm of W. and R. Chambers. 
 
 Chambers, Sir William. Born at Stockholm, 
 1726: died at London, March 8, 1796. A British 
 architect. He rebuilt Somerset House in London, 1776. 
 He wrote “A Treatise of Civil Architecture" (1759). 
 
 Chambers, William. Born at Peebles, Scot- 
 land, April 16, 1800: died at Edinburgh, May 
 20, 1883. A Scottish publisher (head of the 
 firm of W. and R. Chambers) and writer, brother 
 of Robert Chambers. He wrote “ Things as they 
 are in America” (1854), “History of Peebles” (1864), etc. 
 Chambersburg (eham'berz-berg). A borough, 
 capital pf Franklin County, Pennsylvania, 49 
 miles southwest of Harrisburg, it was burned by 
 the Confederates July 30, 1864. Population, 11,800, (1910). 
 
 Chambertin (shon-ber-tan'). A vineyard in 
 the commune of Gevrey, 8 miles south-south- 
 west of Dijon, France. It gives its name to 
 a noted red Burgundy wine. 
 
 Chambery (shon-ba-re'). [If- Ciambcri.] The 
 capital of the department of Savoie, France, 
 in lat. 45° 34' N , long. 5° 53' E. It was the capi- 
 tal of the department of Mont Blanc 1792-1815, and passed 
 with Savoy from Sardinia to France in 1860. Population, 
 commune, 23,027. 
 
 Chamhezi (cham-be'zi). A river in central 
 Africa, rising as the Chasi, and continuin g (south 
 and west otTjake Bangweolo) as the Luapula — 
 the head waters of the Kongo. 
 
 Chambord (shoh-bor'). A village in the de- 
 partment of Loir-et-Cher, France, 11 miles east 
 of Blois. It contains a famous chateau, built by Fran- 
 cois I., a large structure illustrating the application of 
 Renaissance principles to a French medieval type. The 
 most striking feature is the six hugo cylindrical, cone- 
 roofed towers, 60 feet in diameter, with decorated dor- 
 mer-windows and high chimneys. The central tower 
 contains a remarkable double spiral stair, so devised that 
 two sets of persons may ascend and descend at the same 
 time Without meeting; this tower is surmounted by an 
 openwork lantern. The chateau contains 440 rooms, and 
 the stables can receive 1,200 horses. 
 
 ChamDord, Comte de (Henri Charles Fer- 
 dinand Marie Dieudonnd d'Artois, Due do 
 
 Bordeaux). Born at Paris, Sept. 29, 1820: died 
 at Frohsdorf, near Vienna, Aug. 24, 1883. A 
 French Legitimist prince, son of the Due de 
 Berry, and grandson of Charles X., styled Due 
 de Bordeaux before 1830, and sometimes called 
 “Henri V.” 
 
 Chambre Introuvable (shon'br an-tro-vil'bl). 
 [F., ‘ Undiscoverable Chamber.’] A nickname 
 VI. 9 
 
 233 
 
 given to the French Chamber of Deputies, 
 1815-16, noted for its reactionary measures. 
 Chambres Ardentes (shon'br zar-dont'). [F., 
 
 ‘ Fiery Chambers.’] Extraordinary French tri- 
 bunals sometimes convened under the old mon- 
 archy for the trial of cases of malversation, etc. 
 Chambure (shon-bfir'), Auguste Lepelletier 
 de. Born at Vitteaux, Burgundy, France, 
 March 31, 1789 • died at Paris, July 12, 1832. A 
 French officer, surnamed “Le Diable” on ac- 
 count of his audacious bravery. 
 
 Chameleon (ka-me'ie-on), The. A constella- 
 tion invented by Bayer, situated beneath the 
 feet of the Centaur. 
 
 Chamfort (shon-for'), or Champfort, S6bas- 
 tien Roch Nicolas. Bom in Auvergne, France, 
 about 1741: died at Paris, April 13, 1794. A 
 French litterateur, author of “Eloge de Mo- 
 li^re” (1769), the plays “Le marchand de 
 Smyme” (1770),“Mustapha et Z6angir” (1776), 
 etc. 
 
 Chamisso (sha-mes'so), Adelbert von. Born 
 at the castle of Boncourt, in Champagne, Jan. 
 30 (27?), 1781: died at Berlin, Aug. 21, 1838. 
 A German author and poet. He was of an old 
 French family. In 1796 his parents, who had left France 
 in 1790, went to Berlin, where he became a page of the 
 queen. In 1798 he entered the Prussian army, from 
 which he, however, retired in 1808. In 1815 he accom- 
 panied as naturalist the exploring expedition of Count 
 Romantsoff in a journey around the world. He was subse- 
 quently custodian of the botanical collections in Berlin. 
 His most celebrated prose work, “Peter Sehlemihls wun- 
 derbare Geschiehte” (“The Wonderful History of Peter 
 Schlemihl”), appeared in 1814. His poetry comprises 
 popular songs, ballads, and romances. In the last class 
 are included the long poems “Salas y Gomez,” “Matteo 
 Falcone,” “Die Retraite ” (“ The Retreat ”). His collected 
 works appeared first at Leipsic, 1830-49, in six volumes. 
 
 Chamonix (ska-mo-ne'), or Chamouni (ska- 
 mo-ne'), or Chamouny. A valley in the depart- 
 ment of Haute-Savoie, France, at the foot of 
 Mont Blanc, watered by the Arve. it is a cele- 
 brated resort for tourists, and the starting-point for ex- 
 cursions to Mont Blanc, the Mer-de-Glace, Montanvert, 
 Fl^gere, Martigny, etc. Its center is the village of Cha- 
 monix. Length of valley, 12 miles. Elevation, 3,445 feet. 
 It was explored by Pococke and Wyndham in 1743, and 
 later by Saussure and others. 
 
 Chamont. A rough and extremely fiery young 
 soldier of fortune, the brother of Monimia, 
 “the orphan,” in Otway’s tragedy of that name. 
 Chamorro (clia-mor'ro), Fruto. Born in Gua- 
 temala about 1810 : died near Granada, March 
 12, 1855. A Nicaraguan statesman. From April, 
 1853, until his death lie was president of Nicaragua. 
 During a part of tills time his rule was limited to Granada, 
 where he was besieged by revolutionists. 
 
 Champa (ckam'pa). A city in Anga, the pres- 
 ent Bhagalpur or near it. it is said to have been 
 founded by Champa, a descendant of Yayati ; but was 
 named rather from its abundant champa or champaka 
 trees ( Miclielia Champaka), whence it was also called 
 McUini, ‘garlanded, ’ from its being surrounded with cham- 
 paka trees as with a garland (mala). 
 
 Champagne (shon-pany'), or Champaigne 
 
 (shon-pany'), Philippe de. Born at Brussels, 
 May 26, 1602: died at Paris, Aug. 12, 1674. A 
 painter of the Flemish school. His best, works 
 are at Paris, Vincennes, and Vienna. 
 Champagne (sham-pan' ; F. pron. shon-pany'). 
 An ancient government of France, it was 
 hounded by Belgium on the north, Lorraine on the east, 
 Franche-Comtd on the southeast, Burgundy on the south, 
 and Orleanais, Ile-de-France, and Picardy on the west. 
 It is celebrated for its wines. Its chief city is Troyes. It 
 formed the modern departments of Marne, Haute-Marne, 
 Aube, Ardennes, parts of Aisne, Yonne, Seine-et- Marne, 
 and Meuse. In the middle ages it was a countship and 
 one of the great fiefs of France. Some of its counts were 
 noted as poets. Its heiress married Philip the Fair in 
 1284. It was annexed to France in 1335, and incorporated 
 with France in 1361. 
 
 Champagny (shon-pan-ye'), Francois Joseph 
 
 Nomp&re de. Born at Vienna, Sept. 10, 1804: 
 died May 4, 1882. A French publicist, son of 
 the first Due de Cadore. His chief work is 
 “ L’Histoire des Cesars” (1841-43). 
 Champagny, Jean Baptiste Nompbrc de, first 
 Due de Cadore. Born at Roanne, Loire, France, 
 Aug. 4, 1756: died at Paris, July 3, 1834. A 
 French politician and diplomat. He was ambassa- 
 dor at Vienna 1801-04, minister of the interior 1804-07, 
 and minister of foreign affairs 1807-11. 
 
 Champagny, Louis Alix Nompbre de, second 
 Due de Cadore. Born Jan. 12, 1796: died at 
 Boulogne, France, Jan. 27, 1870. A French 
 politician, son of the first Due de Cadore. Ho 
 was ambassador at Rome in 1861. 
 
 Champaran (chum-pa-run'). A district in the 
 Patna division, Behar, British India. Area, 
 3,531 square miles. Population, 1,790,463. 
 Champ-de-Mars (shon'db-m&rs'). [F.,‘ field of 
 Mars , L. Campus Martins .] A large square in 
 the quarter Grenelle of Paris, on the left bank 
 
 Ohampollion Figeac, Jean Jacques 
 
 of the Seine, now used for military exercises. 
 It has been the scene of battles and historical episodes 
 from the 9th century, and of festivals, pageants, exhibitions 
 (of 1867, 1878), etc. Here occurred, July 14, 1790, the “ fete 
 de lafgd&ation " ; July 17, 1791, an attempt at insurrection 
 (“massacres du Champ-de-Mars ”) ; and June 8, 1794, the 
 “ fete it l’Etre supreme.” 
 
 Champ de Mars. [F., ‘field of March.’] In 
 early French institutional history, an annual 
 political and military assembly, held in March. 
 The time of meeting was changed to May in the 8th cen- 
 tury, and thereafterthese assemblies were called “ Champs 
 de Mai.” 
 
 Champeaux (skon-po'), Guillaume de, Latin- 
 ized Campellensis. Born at Champeaux, 
 near Melun, France, toward the end of the 11th 
 century: died 1121. A noted French scholas- 
 tic philosopher, an opponent of Abelard, who 
 was his pupil. 
 
 Champfleury (shon-fle-re'),pseudonyjn of Jules 
 Fleury-Husson. Born at Laon, France, Sept. 
 10, 1821 : died at Sb vres, Dec. 5, 1889. A French 
 novelist and miscellaneous writer. His works in- 
 clude “ Chien-Callou ” (1847), “Les bourgeois de Molin- 
 chart ” (1854), ‘ 1 Histoire de la caricature ” (1865), etc. 
 Champigny (skon-pen-ye'). A village situated 
 on the Marne 5 miles east-southeast of Paris. 
 Here, Nov. 30 and Dec. 2, 1870, occurred battles between 
 the Germans and the French under Ducrot. Loss of the 
 Germans, over 6,000 ; of the French, 10,000 to 12,000. 
 Champion (cham'pi-on), The. A journal which 
 first appeared in 1739, edited by Henry Fielding 
 and a man named Ralph, it is based on the model 
 of the “Spectator” and “Tatler.” Two volumes of the 
 paper were republished in 1741. It ridiculed the Jacobite 
 party. 
 
 Champion’s Hill (ckam'pi-onz hil). A locality 
 in Hinds County, Mississippi, west of Jackson. 
 Here, May 16, 1863, the Federals (32,000) under Grant de- 
 feated the Confederates (about 25,000) under Pemberton. 
 Loss of Federals, 2,457 ; of Confederates, 4,300. Also called 
 battle of Baker’s Creek. 
 
 Champion of the Virgin. An epithet bestowed 
 on St. Cyril, bishop of Alexandria (5th cen- 
 tury), noted as an opponent of Nestorianism. 
 Champlain (sham-plan' ; F. pron. shon-plah'), 
 Samuel de. Born at Brouage, Saintonge, 
 France, 1567 : died at Quebec, Dec. 25, 1635. 
 A French navigator and explorer. He made ex- 
 plorations in Canada and New England 1603-07, founded 
 Quebec 1608, and discovered Lake Champlain 1609. He 
 wrote “ Des sauvages "(1603), “Voyages ’(1613, 1619, 1632). 
 Complete works published 1870. See Century Atlas, Map 4. 
 
 Samuel de Champlain has been fitly called the Father 
 of New France. In him were embodied her religious zeal 
 and romantic spirit of adventure. Before the close of his 
 career, purged of heresy, she took the posture which she 
 held to the day of her death — in one hand the crucifix, in 
 the other the sword. His life, full of significance, is the 
 true beginning of her eventful history. 
 
 Parkman, Pioneers of France, p. 165. 
 
 Champlain (sham-plan'), Lake. [Named for 
 Samuel de Champlain.] A lake between Ver- 
 mont and New York, extending from White- 
 hall, New York, to St. John’s, Canada, its outlet 
 is the Richelieu or Sorel River (into the St. Lawrence), and 
 it is connected with the Hudson by a canal. It was dis- 
 covered by Samuel de Champlain in 1609. On Oct. 11, 1776, 
 a British flotilla defeated the Americans under Arnold. 
 Sept. 11, 1814, an American squadron consisting of 14 ves- 
 sels of all classes, carrying 86 guns and about 860 men, 
 under the command of Captain Macdonough, defeated a 
 British force consisting of 16 vessels of all classes, carry- 
 ing 95 guns and about 1,000 men, under the command of 
 Captain Downie, which supported an invasion of New York 
 by Sir George Prevost. A precipitate retreat of the land 
 force succeeded the battle. Length, about 110 miles. 
 Width, in the northern part, 10 to 12 miles. Elevation 
 above sea-level, 96 feet. 
 
 Champlin (champ'lin), James Tift. Born J une 
 9, 1811 : died March 15, 1882. An American 
 clergyman and teacher, president of Colby 
 University (Waterville, Maine) 1857-72. 
 Champmesle (shon-ma-la'), Charles Chevil- 
 let, Sieur de. Born at Paris, 1645: died there, 
 April 22, 1701. A French dramatic author and 
 comedian. 
 
 Champmesle, Marie Desmares de. Born at 
 Rouen in 1641 (1644?): died at Auteuil, May 
 15, 1698. A French actress, the wife of Charles 
 Champmesle. 
 
 This French lady was the original Hermione, Berenice, 
 Monimia, and Phtdre. These were written expressly for 
 her by Racine, who trained her exactly as Rochester did 
 Elizabeth Barry, — to some glory on the stage, and to some 
 infamy off it. Duran, Eng. Stage, I. 111. 
 
 Champneys (champ'niz), William Weldon. 
 
 Born at London, April 6, 1807 : died at Lich- 
 field, Feb. 4, 1875. An English clergyman and 
 writer, a graduate of Oxford (Brasenose Col- 
 lege), appointed dean of Lichfield Nov., 1868. 
 Champollion (sham-nol'i-on; F. pron. shoii- 
 pol-yon') Figeac, Jean Jacques. Born at 
 Figeac, Lot, France, Oct. 5, 1778 : died at Fon- 
 tainebleau, France, May 9, 1867. A noted 
 French archaeologist, brother of J. F. Champol- 
 
Champollion Figeac, Jean Jacques 
 
 lion. He wrote “Antiquity de Grenoble ’’ (1807), “An- 
 nales des Lagides " (1819) “ Paldographie universelie, etc." 
 (1830-41), “Le palais de Fontainebleau" (1867), etc. 
 
 Champollion, Jean Francois. Born at Fi- 
 geac, Lot, France, Dec. 23, 1790 : died at Paris, 
 March 4, 1832. A celebrated French Oriental- 
 ist, the discoverer of the key to the Egyptian 
 hieroglyphic inscriptions (1822). His chief works 
 are“Prdcisdusysttmehidroglyphique”(1824),“Urammaire 
 dgyptienne" (1836-41), “Dictionnaire dgyptien ” (1841-44), 
 “Monuments de l’Egypte et de la Nubie ” (1835-45). 
 
 Champs-Elysees ( shon' za-le-za' ). [F. , 1 Elysian 
 Fields.’] An avenue, and the gardens surround- 
 ing it, in Paris, extending from the Place de 
 la Concorde 1J miles to the Place de l’Etoile, 
 celebrated as a place of public resort. It was 
 acquired by the crown in 1616, and ceded to 
 the city in 1828. 
 
 Chamunda (cha-mon'da). In Hindu mythol- 
 ogy, an emanation of the goddess Durga, said 
 to have been so named by Durga on account of 
 her destruction of the two demons Chanda and 
 Munda. 
 
 Chanak Kalessi (cha-nak' ka-les-se'). A town 
 in Asiatic Turkey, on the Dardanelles. Pop- 
 ulation, 6,000 (?). 
 
 Chanakya (cha'na-kya). A celebrated Brah- 
 man (the Machiavelli of India) who took a 
 leading part in the overthrow of the Nanda dy- 
 nasty of Magadha, and the elevation of Chan- 
 dragupta to their throne, in 315 B. c. A work upon 
 morals and politics called “Chanakyasutra”is ascribed to 
 him. He is the chief character in the drama “ Mudrarak- 
 shasa ’ (which see). Other names of Chanakya are V ish- 
 nugupta and Kautilya. 
 
 Chanca (chan'ka), Dr. (believed to have been 
 Diego Alvarez Chanca). A Spanish physi- 
 cian, native of Seville, who accompanied Co- 
 lumbus on his second voyage in 1493. He wrote 
 a letter to the cathedral chapter of Seville, giving an 
 account of what he saw, and this is one of the main his- 
 torical authorities for the voyage. Nothing is known of 
 bis previous or subsequent life. 
 
 Chancas (ckiin'kaz). An ancient Indian tribe 
 of Peru, probably of Quichua stock, who occu- 
 pied the valleys of the Andesbetweenthe Apuri- 
 mac and the Mantaro. About the year 1400 
 they were defeated by the Incas, but details are 
 very contradictory and nothing certain is as yet 
 known, even the names of the Inca war-chiefs 
 who alternately lost and won against the 
 Chancas being variously stated. 
 
 Chancellor (ehan'sel-or), Richard, Died Nov. 
 10, 1556. An English navigator. He accompanied 
 Roger Bodenham on a journey to Candia and Ohio in 1550. 
 In 1553 be became captain of the Edward Bonaventure and 
 pilot-general of the expedition which set out in that year 
 uuder the command of Sir Hugh Willoughby in search of 
 a northeast passage to India. Becoming separated from 
 the other ships of the expedition in a gale off the Lofoden 
 Islands, he pushed on alone into the White Sea, whence 
 he made his way overland to Moscow. He obtained valu- 
 able trade concessions from the Russian court in behalf of 
 the English, which led to the organization of the Muscovy 
 Company on his return to England in 1554. He made a sec- 
 ond visit to Moscow in 1555, and was shipwrecked off Pits- 
 ligo, on the coast of Aberdeenshire, on the return voyage. 
 A narrative of his first visit to Moscow, written by Clement 
 Adams, was published in Hakluyt’s “Navigations," and 
 is the first considerable account of the Russian people in 
 the English language. 
 
 Chancellorsvjlle (chan'sel-orz-vil). A post- 
 office in Spotsylvania County, Va., 55 miles 
 northwest of Richmond. Here, May 2—4, 1863, the 
 Confederates (about 65,000) under Lee defeated the Fed- 
 erals (132,000) under Hooker. Loss of the Federals, 16,030 ; 
 of the Confederates, 12,281 (including “ Stonewall " Jack- 
 son). 
 
 Chancery Lane (chan'se-ri liin). A street in 
 London leading from Fleet street to Holborn, 
 and passing by the Inns of Court. 
 
 Chances (chan'sez), The. A comedy by John 
 Fletcher. It was published in 1647, but had been played 
 before 1625. The plot is from “La Senora Cornelia,” a 
 novel by Cervantes. The Duke of Buckingham produced 
 an alteration of it in 1682, and Garrick brought out a sec- 
 ond alteration in 1773. In 1821 a musical drama founded 
 ou it, called “Don John, or the Two Violettas," was pro- 
 duced. The original play had two Constantias. 
 
 Chanda (chan'da). In Hindu mythology, a 
 name of the goddess Durga, applied especially 
 to her incarnation for the purpose of destroy- 
 ing the demon Mahisha. This exploit, which is 
 treated in a section of the Markandeyapurana, is particu- 
 larly celebrated in Bengal at the Durgapuja, or festival 
 held in honor of the goddess toward the close of the year 
 (about Oct. to Nov.). 
 
 Chanda (chan'da). 1. A district in the Nagpur 
 division of the Central Provinces, British India, 
 lat. 20° N., long. 79°-80°E. Area, 10, 156 square 
 miles. Pop., 601,533. — 2. The capital of the 
 Chanda district, in lat. 19° 57' N., long, 78° 58' E. 
 Chandernagor (chan-der-na-gor'). A town and 
 territory in Hindustan, situated on the Hugli 
 20 mil9S north of Calcutta. It was a possession of 
 the French, under the jurisdiction of Pondicherry ; was 
 
 234 
 
 taken by the English in 1757, 1793, etc. ; and was ceded 
 finally to France in 1816. Area, 31 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, about 25,000. 
 
 Chandipatha (ekan-de-pat'lia). [Skt., ‘read- 
 ing or text regarding Oliandi.’] A poem of 
 seven hundred verses, forming an episode of 
 the Markandeyapurana. It celebrates Durga’s 
 victories over the Asuras, and is read daily in 
 the temple of that goddess. 
 
 Chandler (chand'ler), Zachariah. Born at 
 Bedford, N. H., Dec. 10, 1813: died at Chicago, 
 Nov. 1, 1879. An American politician. He was 
 United States senator from Michigan 1857-75 
 and 1879, and secretary of the interior 1875-77. 
 Chandos (ehan'dos), Sir John. Died at Mor- 
 temer, France, Jan. 1, 1370. An English sol- 
 dier. He served at the siege of Cambrai, at Crdcy, and 
 at Poitiers (where he saved ihe life of the Black Prince)', 
 was appointed regent and lieutenant of the King of Eng- 
 land in France about 1361, and constable of Guienne in 
 1362 ; commanded the English forces at the battle of Au- 
 ray (Oct. 6, 1364), and, with John of Gaunt, the English 
 advance-guard at Navarette (April 3, 1367); was made 
 seneschal of Poitiers 1369 ; and died from the effects of a 
 wound received in an engagement at Lussac, Dec. 31, 1369. 
 Chandra (ehan'dra). [Skt.] The moon, either 
 as a planet or as a deity ; hence, any eminent or 
 illustrious person (the moon being regarded as 
 the most beautiful of planets). 
 
 Chandragupta (chan-dra-gop'ta). [Skt., ‘the 
 moon-protected.’] A name identified by Sir 
 William Jones with the “ Saudrokottos ” or 
 “ Sandrokyptos ” of the Greek historians of 
 Alexander. See Sundrocottos. 
 
 Chandrakanta (chau-dra-kan'ta). [Skt., 
 ‘lovely as the moon.’] A fabulous gem, the 
 moon-stone, supposed to be formed from the 
 congelation of the rays of the moon, and to dis- 
 solve under the influence of its light. 
 
 Chandur (chan-dor'), or Chandor (chan-dor'). 
 A fortified town in Bombay, British India, in 
 lat. 20° 20' N., long. 74° 15' E. It was ceded 
 to the British in 1818. 
 
 Chanes (cha-nas'). A South American Indian 
 tribe which formerly occupied the western side 
 of the river Paraguay, about lat. 17° S. They 
 were probably the same as the modern Guan&s (which 
 see). There was another tribe of this name in Uruguay. 
 
 Changarnier (shon-gar-nya/), Nicolas Anne 
 Theudole. Born at Autun, France, April 26, 
 1793 : died at Paris, Feb. 14, 1877. A French 
 general. He was distinguished in Algeria 1839-48 ; was 
 in command in Paris 1848-51 ; was banished for his opposi- 
 tion to Louis Napoleon in 1852 ; aud was with Bazaine in 
 Metz, Oct., 1870. He became a deputy in 1871, and a life 
 senator in 1875. 
 
 Chang-Chau (ehang'ekou'). A city in the 
 province of Fukien, China, 35 miles west of 
 Amoy. It is an important center of the silk 
 trade. 
 
 Chang-Chau. A city in the province of Ki- 
 angsu, China, 60 miles southeast of Nanking. 
 Change Alley (ckanj al'i). An alley in 
 Cornhill, London, formerly Exchange Alley, 
 leading into Lombard street. “ It was the chief 
 centre of the money transactions of the last centur y, when 
 the Stock Exchange was held here at ‘Jonathan’s Coffee 
 House.’ It was the great scene of action in the South 
 Sea Bubble of 1720, by which so many thousands of credu- 
 lous persons were ruined. Another coffee house in this 
 alley which played a great part in the same time of excite- 
 ment was 1 Garraway ’s,’ so called from Garway, its original 
 proprietor. It was here that tea was first sold in Lon- 
 don.” llare, London, I. 362. 
 
 Changeling (chan j ' ling), The. A play by 
 Middleton and William Rowley, acted as early 
 as 1623. 
 
 Changos (chan'gos). A tribe of Indians which, 
 it is believed, once occupied most of the valleys 
 of the Peruvian coast. According to tradition they 
 were driven southward by the invasion of the Chimus, and 
 subsequently of the Incas, and took refuge on the desert 
 coasts between lat. 22’ aud 23" S. There some of their 
 descendants remain, but their language is lost. They 
 are a dwarf race, seldom exceeding five feet in height, and 
 they now live entirely on fish, crustaceans, and seals. 
 They are hospitable, and have never resisted the whites. 
 Changsha (chang-ska'). The capital of the 
 province of Hunan, Chiiia, on the river Siang. 
 It was opened toforeign commerce inl903. Pop., est., 230,000. 
 Channel, The. See English Channel. 
 
 Channel Islands. A group of islands in the Eng- 
 lish Channel, belonging to Great Britain, 7-30 
 miles from the coast of Normandy, France, near 
 the Bay of St. Malo. They comprise Jersey, Guernsey, 
 Alderney, Sark, and a number of islets. They are noted 
 for their picturesque scenery and mild climate, and for 
 their breeds of cattle. The prevailing language is old 
 Norman French. They came under Norman rule early in 
 the 10th century, and were Norman and English after 1066. 
 They are the only part of Normandy which remained to the 
 English after 1204. Area, 75 square miles. Pop., 95,618. 
 
 Channing (chan'ing), Edward Tyrrel. Born 
 at Newport, R. I., Dec. 12, 1790: died at Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., Feb. 8, 1856. An American 
 
 Chapeau de Paille 
 
 scholar, brother of William Ellery Channing. 
 He was one of the founders of the “North 
 American Review ” in 1815. 
 
 Channing, William Ellery. Born at Newport, 
 R. I., April 7, 1780: died at Bennington, Vt., 
 Oct. 2, 1842. An American clergyman, writer, 
 and philanthropist, one of the chief founders 
 of American Unitarianism. He became pastor of 
 the Federal Street Church, Boston, in 1803. His complete 
 works were published in 1848. 
 
 Channing, William Ellery. Born Nov. 29, 
 1818 : died Dec. 23, 1901. An American poet, 
 journalist, and general writer, nephew of Wil- 
 liam Ellery Channing (1780-1842). 
 
 Chanson de Geste (shon-son' de zhest'). [F., 
 
 ‘ song of heroic deeds.’] The name given to 
 epic or narrative poems which first appeared 
 in France about the beginning of the 11th cen- 
 tury. Nearly all the best date from the 12th century. 
 The technical definition of a chanson de geste is “a nar- 
 rative poem, dealing with a subject connected with French 
 history, written in verses of ten or twelve syllables, which 
 verses are arranged in stanzas of arbitrary length, each 
 stanza possessing a distinguishing assonance or rhyme in 
 the last syllable of each line.” Saintsbury, French Lit., ii. 
 Chanson de Roland (shon-son' de ro-lon'), or 
 de Roncevaux (de rons-vo'). [F., ‘song of 
 Roland, or of Roncevaux.’] A French epic 
 poem, or chanson de geste, ascribed to Tke- 
 roulde or Turoldus, a Norman trouvere (11th 
 century ?). It was first published as a whole by JL P. 
 Michel in 1837. TheOxford MS. gives its earliestform. The 
 text of this MS. is probably that of the end of the 11th 
 century ; the date of the MS. probably the middle of the 
 12th. It contains about 4,000 lines, and is the story of the 
 death of Roland with the peers of Charlemagne at Ronce- 
 vaux or Roncesvalles, and Charlemagne’s vengeance. 
 Chant du Depart (shon diida-par'). [F., ‘song 
 of departure.’] A popular French military song 
 by Marie Joseph Chenier. 
 
 Chantahon (shan-ta-bun'). A city in Siam, 
 situated near the Gulf of Siam 150 miles south- 
 east of Bangkok. Population (estimated), 
 5,000. 
 
 Chantal (shon-tal'), Jeanne Franqoise Fre- 
 miot, Baronne de. Born at Dijon, France, Jan. 
 23, 1572: died at Moulins, France, Dec. 13, 1641. 
 A French devotee, founder of the Order of the 
 ★ Visitation at Annecy in 1610. 
 
 Chanticleer (ckan'ti-kler). [Also accom. chant - 
 it-clear (B. Jonson), ME. chanteclere, chaunte- 
 cleer, OF. Chantecler, the name of the cock in 
 the epic of Renart (Reynard the Fox) ; from 
 chanter, sing, and cler, clear : so called from the 
 clearness or loudness of his voice in crowing.] 
 1. The cock in“Reinecke Fuchs.” — 2. The 
 cock who is the hero of the Nun’s Priest’s Tale 
 in Chaucer’s “Canterbury Tales.” 
 
 Chantilly (shon-te-ye'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Oise, Prance, 23 miles north-northeast 
 of Paris. It has noted lace manufactures, is the place 
 of the races of the French Jockey Club, and contains a 
 castle, formerly the property of the family Montmorency, 
 later of the family Conde, of the Due d’Aumale, and 
 now (by gift of the Due d’Aumale) of the French Insti- 
 tute. It was rebuilt by Anne de Montmorency in the 
 16th century ; embellished by the Great Condd in the 17th ; 
 demolished during the revolution ; and rebuilt 1876-82. 
 Population, commune, 5,083. 
 
 Chantilly (shan- til ' i). A village in Fairfax 
 County, Virginia, 20 miles west of Washington. 
 It was the scene of a battle, Sept. 1, 1862, bet ween the Con- 
 federates under Jackson, and a part of Pope’s army under 
 Reno, Stevens, and Kearny (the two latter were killed). 
 Loss of the Federals, 1,300 ; of the Confederates, 800. 
 
 Chantrey (chan'tri), SirFrancisLegatt. Born 
 near Norton, Derbyshire, April 7, 1781: died 
 Nov. 25, 1842. A noted English sculptor and 
 portrait-painter. He is known chiefly for his portrait 
 sculpture, his sitters including many of the most distin- 
 guished men of his time. The greater part of his property 
 was left to the Royal Academy to make provision for its 
 president and to establish a fund for the purchase of the 
 most valuable work in sculpture and painting executed in 
 Great Britain by artists of any nation. 
 
 Chanzy (shon-ze'), Antoine Eugene Alfred. 
 
 Born at Nouart, Ardennes, France, March 18, 
 1823: died at Chalons-sur-Marne, France, Jan. 
 4, 1883. A French general. He became comman- 
 der of division in Oct., 1870, and of the 2d Army of the 
 Loire in Dec., 1870 ; was distinguished in the battles near 
 Orleans, Dec., 1870 ; was defeated at Le Mans, Jan. 10-12, 
 1871 ; and became governor-general of Algeria in 1873. 
 Chaos (slia'os) or Bird Islands (herd i'landz). 
 A group of small islands in Algoa Bay, Cape 
 Colon}', South Africa. 
 
 Chapala (cha-pii'la). A lake situated chiefly 
 in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, in lat. 20° 30' 
 N.. long, about 102°-103° W. Area, over 1,300 
 square miles. 
 
 Chapeau de Paille (sha-po' do pay'). [F., 
 ‘ straw hat.’] A noted painting by Rubens, in 
 the National Gallery, London, it is a half-length 
 portrait of a young girl' robed in black velvet and crim- 
 
Chapeau de Paille 
 
 son, and wearing a broad-brimmed plumed hat which 
 shades the face completely, yet without obscuring its 
 brilliant color. 
 
 Chapelain (shap-lan'), Jean. Born at Paris, 
 Dec. 4, 1595: died at Paris, Feb. 22, 1674. A 
 French poet and litterateur, one of the first 
 members of the French Academy, and influen- 
 tial in determining the character of its labors : 
 author of “La Pucelle” (1656). 
 
 -Chapel Hill (chap'el hil). A town in Orange 
 County, North Carolina, 25 miles west-north- 
 west of Raleigh. It is the seat of the University 
 of North Carolina (founded 1789). Popula- 
 tion, 1,149, (1910). 
 
 Chaplin (chap'lin), Charles. Born at Les An- 
 delys, Eure, France, June 8, 1825: died at Paris, 
 Jan. 30, 1891. A painter and. engraver, of Eng- 
 lish parentage, naturalized in France. He was a 
 pupil of Drolling. He obtained a medal of the second 
 class in 1852, and a medal in 1865. 
 
 Chaplin, Jeremiah. Born at Rowley, Mass., 
 Jan. 2, 1776: died at Hamilton, N. Y., May 7, 
 1841. An American Baptist clergyman and 
 educator, first president of Waterville College 
 (Maine), 1821-33. 
 
 Chapman (chap' man), George. Born near 
 Hitchin, Hertfordshire, about 1559: buried at 
 London, in the parish of St. Giles-in-the-Fields, 
 May 12, 1634. An English poet and dramatist, 
 chiefly celebrated for his translation of Homer. 
 He is said to have studied at Oxford and afterward at 
 Cambridge. He lived in straitened circumstances, but 
 was intimate with Jonson, Fletcher, and other great men 
 of the time. Among his dramatic works are “The Blind 
 Beggar of Alexandria" (printed in 1598), “All Fools" 
 (produced in 1598, printed in 1605), “Eastward Ho” 
 with Jonson and Marston (printed 1605), “The Gentleman 
 Usher” (1606), “Monsieur d’Olive” (1606), “Bussy d’Am- 
 bois " (1607), “ The Revenge of Bussy d’Ambois ” (1613), 
 “ The Conspiracy and Tragedy of Charles, Duke of Byron ” 
 (1608), “May Day* (1611), “The Widow's Tears” (1612), 
 "Caesar and Pompey” (1631), “Alphonsus, Emperor of 
 Germany ” (published in 1654, after his death), “The Ball ” 
 with Shirley (1639), “Tragedy of Chabot, Admiral of 
 France” with Shirley (1639). He completed Marlowe’s 
 fragment of “ Hero and Leander” in 1598. The iirst part 
 of his translation of the Iliad was published in 1598; the 
 whole was not issued before 1609 (entered on the “ Sta- 
 tioners’ Register ’’ in 1611). The translation of the Odys- 
 sey was entered on the “Stationers’ Register” in 1614. 
 Finally, the Iliad and Odyssey were issued together with 
 the date 1616 on Chapman's portrait prefixed. About 1624 
 he issued his translation of the “Batrachomyomacliia ” 
 (“Battle of the Frogs and Mice”). 
 
 Chapman, John Gadsby. Bom at Alexandria, 
 Va., in 1808: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., July 6, 
 1890. An American painter, etcher, and wood- 
 engraver. He was elected national academi- 
 cian in 1836, and lived in Rome 1848-90. 
 Chappe d’Auteroche (shap dot-rosh'), Jean. 
 Born at Mauriac, Cantal, France, March 2, 
 1722: died at San Lucar, California, Aug. 1, 
 1769. A French astronomer. He observed the tran- 
 sit of Venus at Tobolsk in 1761 (“Voyage en SibOrie,” 
 1768), and went to California in 1769 to observe another 
 transit (“Voyage de la Californie,” 1772), but died soon 
 after his arrival. 
 
 Chaptal (shap-tal'), Jean Antoine, Comte de 
 Chanteloup. Born at Nogaret, Lozere, France, 
 June 5, 1756: died at Paris, July 30, 1832. A 
 noted French chemist and politician, minis- 
 ter of the interior 1800-04. He wrote “ Be per- 
 fectionnement des arts chimiques en France" (1800), 
 “ Chimie appliqude aux arts ’’ (1806), etc. 
 
 Chapter Coffee House. A London coffee-house 
 situated at the corner of Chapter-house Court, 
 on the south side of Paternoster Row, noted in 
 the 18th century as the resort of men of letters. 
 
 It was famous for its punch, pamphlets, and good supply 
 of newspapers. It was closed as a coffee-house in 1854, 
 and then altered to a tavern. Tinibs. 
 
 Ohapu (eha-po' or shii-po'). A seaport in the 
 province of Che-Kiang, China, situated on the 
 estuary of the Tsien-tang 55 miles northwest 
 of Ningpo: the port of Hang-chow. It has an 
 important trade, especially with Japan. The heights 
 were stormed by the British, May 18, 1842. 
 Chapultepec (cha-pol-te-pek'). [Nahuatl, 
 
 ‘ bill of the grasshoppers.’] A rocky eminence 
 about 3 miles southwest of the city of Mexico. 
 About 1245, when it was surrounded by swamps, it was 
 occupied by the Aztecs, and subsequently an aqueduct 
 from the hill furnished water to Mexico. It is said by 
 some historians that the Aztec monarchs had a summer 
 residence at Chapultepec, but this has been denied by 
 recent investigators. Like all places strong in position 
 and in natural resources, it was the site of some kind of 
 worship, but no buildings of any kind were erected there 
 previous to the 16th century At the foot of the hill and 
 in the park there are some interesting vestiges of rock- 
 carvings, which date from the first decennium of the 16th 
 century. About 1785 the viceroy of Mexico, Galvez, began 
 the erection of a palace on the Chapultepec hill. This 
 was made in the form of a fort or castle, and was, in fact, 
 intended for a stronghold as well as a summer residence. 
 The building remained unfinished until after the revolu- 
 tion. Under the republic a portion was used for a mili- 
 tary school, and the National Astronomical Observatory 
 was erected on the hill. During the war with the United 
 
 235 
 
 States the castle was stormed by General Pillow, Sept. 
 13, 1847. The emperor Maximilian made Chapultepec his 
 principal palace, and it is now occupied as a summer resi- 
 dence of the president, portions being still reserved for 
 the military school and observatory. The hill is sur- 
 rounded by a beautiful park, a favorite resort of the 
 Mexicans. 
 
 Chara (ka'ra). [L.] Properly, the name of the 
 southern of the two dogs in the constellation 
 of Canes Venatici, but also used as the name 
 of the fourth-magnitude star 8 Canum. 
 Cliaraes (cha-ra'es), or Xaraes, or Jaraes 
 (Ha-ra'es). [From the name of an Indian tribe, 
 possibly the modern Guatos (which see).] The 
 name given in maps of the 16th and 17th cen- 
 turies to a great lake near the center of South 
 America, represented as the source of the Para- 
 guay. The Upper Paraguay is bordered by vast plains 
 which are flooded every year, and are still known as the 
 Charaes marshes or flood-plains. Probably the story of the 
 lake originated with them, but some suppose that it re- 
 ferred to one of the small lakes which communicate with 
 the Paraguay on the western side, between lat.17 0 and 19°30'. 
 The Charaes marshes cover 80,609 square miles, and are 
 now uninhabited. 
 
 Charalois (eha-ra-lwa'). Iu Massinger and 
 Field’s “Fatal Dowry,” a character of dignity 
 and noble daring. 
 
 Gharasiab (cha-ra-se-ab'). A place in Afghan- 
 istan, 10-12 miles south of Kabul. Here, Oct. 
 6, 1879, the British under General (Sir) Thomas 
 Durand Baker defeated the Afghans. 
 
 Charbar. See Chubar. 
 
 Chareas (char'kas). An Indian tribe of south- 
 ern Bolivia, principally in the highlands of 
 Ckuquisaca. They are a branch of the Aymara or 
 Colla stock, and like other tribes of the family are now 
 partially civilized and Christianized. 
 
 Chareas (char'kas). A portion of the old vice- 
 royalty of Peru, nearly corresponding to the 
 modern Bolivia. It was formed into an audiencia in 
 1559, with four auditors or judges, who resided at Chu- 
 quisaca and were responsible to the viceroy at Lima. 
 The desert of Atacama, with its ports, was included in 
 Chareas, and it extended eastward to Paraguay and south- 
 ward to Tucuman. Iu 1776 it was annexed as a province 
 to the new viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres. Chareas was 
 also called L T pper Peru. 
 
 Charcot (shar-ko'), Jean Martin. Born at 
 Paris, Nov. 29. 1825 : died Aug. 16, 1893. A 
 noted French physician . He was particularly noted 
 for his treatment of nervous and mental diseases and for 
 his experiments in hypnotism and mental suggestion at 
 the Salpetritre, where he founded a clinic for nervous 
 diseases in 1880. He published a number of works on the 
 diseases of old age, insanity, hysteria, etc. 
 
 Chardin, Jean Baptiste Simeon. Born at 
 Paris, Nov. 2, 1699: died there, Dec. 6, 1779. 
 A French painter, famous for his work in still 
 life. He was admitted to the Academy in 1728. 
 Charente (sha-ront'). 1. A river in western 
 France which flows into the Bay of Biscay 14 
 miles south of La Rochelle. Length, over 200 
 miles. — 2. A department of western France, 
 lying between Deux-Sbvres and Vienne on the 
 north, Haute-Vienne on the east, Dordogne on 
 the east and south, and Ckarente-Inferieure 
 on the south and west. It is formed chiefly from 
 the ancient Angoumois. It exports brandy (cognac), etc. 
 Capital, Angouleme. Area, 2,305 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 351,733. 
 
 Charente-Inferieure (sha-ront' au-fa-re-er'). 
 A department in western France, lying be- 
 tween Vendde and Deux-S6vres on the north, 
 Charente and Dordogne on the east, Gironde 
 on the south, and the river Gironde and the 
 Bay of Biscay on the west. It is nearly identical with 
 the ancient Saintonge and Aunis. Capital, La Rochelle. 
 Area, 2,791 square miles. Population, 453,793. 
 
 Charenton-le-Pont (sha-ron-ton'le-pon'). A 
 town in the department of Seine, France, sit- 
 uated on the Marne li miles southeast of 
 Paris. Population, commune, 18,372. 
 
 Chares (ka'rez). [Gr.Xdp^f.] DiedatSigeum (?), 
 in Troas, before 324 B. c. An Athenian gen- 
 eral, prominent in the wars from 367-338 B. c. 
 Chares. Born at Lindus, Rhodes : lived about 
 290-280 B. c. A Rhodian sculptor, a pupil of 
 Lysippus (see Lysippus), and sculptor of the 
 Colossus of Rhodes : the founder of the Rhodian 
 school. The Colossus of Rhodes was made to com- 
 memorate the successful defense of that place against 
 Demetrius Poliorcetes in 304 B. C. Tt required 12 years 
 for its completion, and cost $-170,000. It was probably 
 finished before 280 B. c. It represented the Rhodian sun- 
 god, Helios; was over 105 feet high ; and was considered 
 one of the seven wonders of the Old World. Its artistic 
 qualities are unknown. It is said to have been made 
 from the engines of war which Demetrius was obliged 
 to abandon. 
 
 Charette de la Contrie (shii-ret' d6 lii koh- 
 tre'), Frangois Athanase. Born at Couffd, 
 Loire-Infdrieure, France, April 21, 1763 : died 
 at Nantes, France, March 29, 1796. A leader 
 of the Vendean insurgents against the French 
 
 Charlemagne Cycle of Romances 
 
 republic. He placed himself at the head of a force of 
 insurgents in 1793 ; gained a number of victories over the 
 republicans 1793-94 ; signed a treaty of peace, Feb. 15, 
 1795, which lie soon violated ; suffered a decisive defeat 
 at St. Cyr, March 25, 1796; and, being taken prisoner 
 shortly after, was executed at Nantes. 
 
 Charford (char 'ford). A place in Hampshire, 
 England, on the Lower Avon, where Cerdic de- 
 feated the Britons in 519: identified with the 
 ancient Cerdicsford. 
 
 Charge of the Light Brigade. A poem by 
 Tennyson, written in the meter of Drayton’s 
 “Battle of Agineourt.” It commemorates the 
 heroic charge at Balaklava. See Light Brigade. 
 Chariclea (kar-i-kle'a). The heroine of Helio- 
 dorus’s novel “iEthiopica.” See Theagenes and 
 Chariclea. 
 
 Charing Cross (char'ing kros). A cross in 
 memory of Queen Eleanor, erected by Edward I., 
 miles west-southwest of St. Paul’s, London. 
 It was demolished by the Long Parliament in 1647. A copy 
 was erected by the South Eastern Railway Company in 
 1865. In traveling northward to join her husband in 
 Scotland, Eleanor was Beized with a fever at Hardeby, 
 near Grantham in Lincolnshire, and died there Nov. 29, 
 1290. Edward I. followed her corpse in person during a 
 thirteen days’ progress from Grantham to Westminster 
 Abbey ; and wherever the royal bier rested, at the end of 
 each stage, a memorial cross was erected. Thirteen of 
 these monuments once existed ; those of Northampton 
 and Waltham still remain. 
 
 Charioteer or Wagoner, The. See Auriga. 
 Charis (ka ' ris). [Gr. Xaptg, L. Gratia , E. 
 Grace.) In Greek mythology, the personifica- 
 tion of grace and beauty: also regarded as a 
 triad, the three Charites. See Graces. 
 
 In the Iliad Charis is the name given to the spouse of 
 Hephaestus (383) : in the Odyssey, according to a certain 
 portion of it, it is Aphrodite. Moreover Charis seems in 
 the latter poem to have multiplied into Charites (known 
 also to the Hiad, 267), and these have further subsided 
 into handmaids to Aphrodite (Od. 504 and 194). It would 
 therefore appear that Hephaestus in the Iliad had mar- 
 ried one who was the handmaid to hisOdyssean wife, and 
 the Chorizontes thought the relation was an awkward 
 one. Geddes, Problems of the Homeric Poems, p. 54. 
 
 Charisi (cha-re'ze), Judah ben Solomon. A 
 
 Jewish poet who lived in the 13th century in 
 Spain. Among his works most known are his 50 Maka- 
 mat under the title of “ Tachkemoni ” (“Wisdom Town ”), 
 a Hebrew counterpart to the Arabic poems of Hariri. 
 Charite (sha-re-ta'), La. A town in the de- 
 partment of Nievre, France, situated on the 
 Loire 15 miles north-northwest of Nevers. 
 Population, commune, 5,246. 
 
 Charites (kar'i-tez). See Charis and Graces. 
 Charlton (cliar'i-ton). A river in southern 
 Iowa and northern Missouri, which joins the 
 Missouri 60 miles northwest of Jefferson City. 
 Length, about 200 miles. 
 
 Chariton of Aphrodisias (kar'i-ton ov af-ro- 
 dis'i-as). [Gr. Xap'nuv .] Probably the as- 
 sumed name of the Greek author of the romance 
 “Chsereas and Callirrhoe” (which see). Called 
 Aphrodisiensis (of Aphrodisias). 
 
 Charlatan (shar-la-ton'), Le. A novel by Bal- 
 zac, written in 1830. 
 
 Charlemagne (char'le-man; F. pron. sharl- 
 many'), or Charles the Great. [G. Karl der 
 Grosse, It. Carlo Magno, ML. Carolus Magnus .] 
 Born at Liege (Ingelheim, Aachen (?), Salzburg 
 (Bavaria)?), April 2, 742 or 747 : died at Aachen, 
 Germany, Jan. 28, 814. A great king of the 
 Franks and emperor of the Romans. He was the 
 son of Pepin the Short, king of the Franks, on whose 
 death in 768 he acceded to the throne conjointly with a 
 brother Karlman. He usurped the entire government on 
 the death of the latter in 771. In 772 he began a war 
 against the Saxons, the most notable events of which 
 were the storming of Eresburg, the destruction of the 
 Irminsul, the May-field at Paderborn (777), and the sub- 
 mission of the Saxon leader Wittekind (785), and which re- 
 sulted in 804 in the complete subjugation and Christian- 
 ization of Saxony. In 773, at the instance of the Pope, he 
 made war upon Desiderius, king ol the Lombards, who 
 had occupied the Pentapolis and was threatening Rome. 
 He captured the Lombard capital, Pavia, in 774, and the 
 same year incorporated the kingdom ol the Lombards 
 with that of the Franks. In 778 he made an expedition 
 against the Arabs in Spain, which terminated in the de- 
 struction of the Frankish rear-guard under Roland at 
 Roncevaux. He subdued Bavaria in 788 ; conquered the 
 Avars 791-796 ; was crowned emperor at St. Peter's, Dec. 
 . 25, 800 ; and in 808-810 defeated the Danes, whom he com- 
 pelled to retire behind the Eider. His kingdom, for the 
 protection of which he erected in the border districts the 
 so-called marks or margravates, extended at the close of 
 his reign from the Ebro to the Raab, and from the Eider 
 to the Garigliano. He resided chiefly at Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 and by his patronage of letters attracted to his court 
 the scholars Eginhard, Paul Warnefried, and Alenin, the 
 last-mentioned of whom wrote an account of his life en- 
 titled “Vita Carol! Magni.” See Century Atlas, Map XIV. 
 
 Charlemagne. A tragedy in five aets by Le- 
 mercier, first played at the Theatre Frangais, 
 June 27, 1816. 
 
 Charlemagne Cycle of Romances. A series 
 of medieval romances having Charlemagne or 
 
Charlemagne Cycle of Romances 
 
 some one of his twelve peers or paladins as a 
 center. The Frankish heroic ballads were reduced to 
 writing by the order of Charlemagne, and from these simi- 
 lar ballads were written about himself and his warriors. 
 These chansons de geste were arranged as cyclic poems 
 in the 13th century, and maybe divided into three groups : 
 the “Geste of the King" (Charlemagne), the “Geste of 
 Provence or of Garin de Moutglane,” and the “Geste of 
 Doon or Doolin of Mayence.” These are all composed of 
 many parts, but may be described, as a whole, as a mythi- 
 cal history of Charlemagne, his peers, and the wars they 
 undertook. The names and number of the peers vary, 
 but Roland and Oliver are included in each of the series. 
 About 890 a monk of St. Gall wrote a chronicle called ‘ ‘ De 
 Gestis Karoli Magni," and another was written by Bene- 
 dict, a monk of St. Andre, in 968. “ The Pseudo-Chronicle 
 of Turpin " was constructed from the chansons : it was 
 written in Latin by various hands from 1000 to 1150, and 
 was believed to be a genuine history. The first prose ver- 
 sion of Carolingian romance was the “Reali di Francia ” 
 (“ Princes of France ”), written in Tuscan, early in the 14th 
 century. The first printed French prose version of the 
 cycle was that of Bagnyon, 1478. It became very popular. 
 The chronicle of Turpin, however, was reduced to prose 
 early in the 13th century. Among these romances are 
 “Fierabras,” “Garin de liontglane” (“Guerin de Mont- 
 glave "), “Galien le Rhetord,” “ Milles et Amys ” (“Amiles 
 et Amys”), “Ogier le Danois,” “Doon or Doolin of May- 
 ence,” “ Quatre Filz Aymon ” (‘Four Sons of Aymon ’), 
 “Maugis d’ Aigremont," ' iiuon of Bordeaux," and others 
 of widely diifering dates. 
 
 Charlemont (sharl-mon/)- A fortress on tlie 
 Belgian frontier, near Givet, Ardennes, France. 
 See Givet. 
 
 Charlemont, Viscount and Earl of. See 
 
 Caulfield. 
 
 Charleroi (shar-le-rwa'). A city in the prov- 
 ince of Hainaut, Belgium, situated on the Sam- 
 bre 31 miles south of Brussels, it is the center 
 of a coal- and iron-mining district, and has manufactures 
 of iron, glass, etc. It is one of the most important indus- 
 trial towns in Belgium. It was fortified by Vauban. In 
 l<y4 it was captured by the French. Population, 
 27.396. 
 
 Charles (eharlz) I. [L. Carolus, F. Charles, It. 
 Carlo, Sp. Pg. Carlos, G. Karl. Seo Carl.'] Born 
 at Dunfermline, Scotland, Nov. 19, 1600 : died 
 at London, Jan. 30, 1649. A king of England, 
 second son of James I. He became prince of 
 Wales in 1616, and in 1623, accompanied by the Duke of 
 Buckingham, presented in person an ineffectual suit at 
 the court of Madrid for the hand of the infanta Maria. 
 He acceded to the tluone on the death of his father in 
 1625, and in the same year married Henrietta Maria of 
 France. He retained in office the Duke of Buckingham, 
 his father’s unpopular minister, in consequence of which 
 he became involved in a dispute with Parliamentamount- 
 ing in substance to a question of sovereignty. He granted 
 the Petition of Right, June 7, 1628. On the assassination 
 of the Duke of Buckingham in August following, he 
 made Laud and Wentworth his chief advisers. He gov- 
 erned without Parliament from 1629 to 1040, meeting the 
 expenses of government by forced loans, poundage and 
 tonnage, ship-money, and other extraordinary means of 
 revenue. His ecclesiastical policy, which looked, among 
 other things, to the introduction of the Episcopal liturgy 
 in Scotland, provoked the adoption by the Scots of the 
 Solemn League and Covenant, Feb. 28, 1638, and the out- 
 break of a civil war, which terminated without a battle 
 in the Pacification of Dunse or Berwick, June 18, 1639. 
 The war having broken out anew in 1610, he was com- 
 pelled to summon Parliament, which met Nov. 3, 1640. 
 This Parliament, the so-called Long Parliament, impeached 
 Laud and Wentworth (who had been created Earl of 
 Strafford), and proceeded to the redress of grievances. 
 The House of Commons having ordered the publication 
 of the Grand Remonstrance, Dec. 14, 1611, he replied by 
 impeaching and attempting to arrest (Jan. 4, 1642) five of 
 the Parliamentary leaders, failing in which he left Lon- 
 don, Jan. 10, 1642. He raised the royal standard at Not- 
 tingham, Aug. 22, 1642; suffered a decisive defeat at the 
 hands of the Parliamentary forces under Fairfax at Nase- 
 by, June 14, 1615 ; delivered himself to the Scottish army 
 at Newark, May 5, 1646 ; was surrendered to Parliament, 
 Jan. 30, 1647 ; was tried for treason, Jan. 20-27, 1649, and 
 was executed at Whitehall. See Stuart. 
 
 Charles II. Born at St. James’s Palace, Lon- 
 don, May 29, 1630 : died at St. James’s, Feb. 6, 
 1685. A king of England, son of Charles I. 
 He was appointed to the command of the Royalist forces 
 in the western counties of England in the civil war, and 
 after the decisive victory of the Parliamentary army at 
 Naseby left England March 2, 1646, living during his exile 
 chiefly in France and Holland. He was proclaimed king 
 at Edinburgh Feb. 5, 1649 ; arrived in the Firth of Cro- 
 marty June 16, 1650 ; was crowned at Scone Jan. 1, 1651 ; 
 was totally defeated by Cromwell at Worcester Sept. 3, 
 1651; and escaped, after numerous adventures, to F6camp, 
 Normandy, Oct. 16, 1651. Owing to the influence of Gen- 
 eral Monk, he was proclaimed king at Westminster May 
 8, 1660 ; entered London May 29, 1660 ; and was crowned 
 April 23, 166L He married Catherine bf Braganza May 
 20, 1662. He assented at his restoration to the abolition 
 of the feudal rights of knight service, wardship, and pur- 
 veyance, in consideration of a yearly income to the crown 
 of £1,200,000, and to an act of indemnity for all political 
 offenses committed between Jan. 1, 1637, and June 24, 
 1660, from the operation of which act, however, the regi- 
 cides were excluded. 
 
 Charles I., surnamed “The Great.” See Charle- 
 magne. 
 
 Charles (eharlz; F. pron. sharl) II., surnamed 
 “ The Bald ” (F. le Chauve, G. derKahle). Born 
 at Frankfort-on-the-Main, June 13, 823 : died 
 near Mont Cenis, Alps, Oct. 6, 877. King of 
 France and emperor of the Romans, younger 
 
 236 
 
 son of Louis le Debonnaire : as king of France, 
 reckoned as Charles I. Louis died in 840, after di- 
 viding his empire among his sons Lothaire, Louis, and 
 Charles, the last of whom received all of France lying 
 west of the Rhone. Lothaire having claimed the preemi- 
 nence, his brothers united against him, defeated him at 
 FontenayJune 25, 841, and compelled him to accept the 
 treaty of Verdun, concluded in Aug., 843. In 875, on 
 the death of Louis II. of Italy without issue, Charles in- 
 vaded Italy, and after defeating the army of his brother 
 Louis, the rightful heir of Louis II., was crowned emperor 
 by Pope John VIII. at Rome Dec. 25, 875. During his 
 reign France was ravaged by the Normans, who sacked 
 Bordeaux, Tours, Rouen, Orleans, and other cities, includ- 
 ing some quarters of Paris. 
 
 Charles III., surnamed “ The Fat” (F. le 
 Gros, G. der Dicke). Boru 839: died at Nei- 
 dingen, Swabia, Jan. 13, 888. King of France 
 and emperor of the Romans, son of Louis the 
 German : as king of France, reckoned as Charles 
 n. Louis died 876, after dividing his kingdom among 
 his sons Carloman, Louis, and Charles. His brothers dy- 
 ing without lawful issue, Charles inherited their portions. 
 He was crowned emperor in 881, and in 885 became king 
 or regent of France, whose heir, Charles the Simple, was a 
 minor. In Sept., 886, he concluded a humiliating treaty 
 with the Northmen at Paris. He was deposed by Arnuif 
 of Carinthia in 887. 
 
 Charles III., surnamed “ The Simple” (F. le 
 Simple, or le Sot). Born Sept. 17, 879: died at 
 Peronne, France, Oct. 7, 929. A king of France, 
 son of Louis “the Stammerer.” He was crowned 
 in 893 by his partizans in opposition to Eudes, who had 
 been elected king by the nobles in 888 during his minority ; 
 and on the death of the latter in 898 became sole king. 
 In 911 he ceded Normandy to Rollo. 
 
 Charle3 IV., surnamed “ The Fair” (F. le 
 Bel). Bora 1294: died at Vincennes, near 
 Paris, 1328. A king of France, youngest son 
 of Philip “the Fair.” He reigned 1322-28. His sister 
 Isabella was married to Edward II. of England, with whom 
 he was at war concerning the homage for the duchy of 
 Guienne. Isabella having been sent to France to nego- 
 tiate the question, he permitted her to perfect prepara- 
 tions for the dethronement of Edward. 
 
 Charles V., surnamed “The Wise” (F. le 
 Sage). Bom at Vincennes, near Paris, Jan. 21, 
 1337 : died at Vincennes, Sept. 16, 1380. King 
 of France, son of Johu II. He reigned 1364-80. He 
 was lieutenant-general or regent of France, 1356-60, dur- 
 ing the captivity of his father in England. During his 
 reign France recovered nearly all the territory that had 
 been conquered by Edward III., except Calais and Bor- 
 deaux. He was a patron of learning, and founded the 
 Royal Library of Paris. 
 
 Charles VI., surnamed “The Well-Beloved” 
 (F .le Bien-Aime). Born at Paris, Dec. 3, 1368: 
 died at Paris, Oct. 21, 1422. King of France, 
 son of Charles V. He reigned 1380-1422. Being a 
 minor at his accession, the regency was conducted by his 
 uncles the dukes of Anjou, Burgundy, and Berry. He de- 
 feated the Flemings under Philip van Artevelde at Rose- 
 becque Nov. 27, 1382. In 1388 he assumed the govern- 
 ment. Becoming deranged in 1392, a dispute for power 
 arose between the Duke of Burgundy and the Duke of Or- 
 leans, the king’s brother. The ascendancy was gained by 
 the former, who died 1404. His son Jean procured the 
 murder of the Duke of Orleans (1407), which provoked civil 
 war, the so-called war of the Burgundians and Armagnacs. 
 Henry V. of England invaded the country, and Oct. 25, 
 1415, defeated the French at Agincourt. Supported by 
 Queen Isabella, the Burgundians concluded at Troye3 
 May 21, 1420, atreaty withHenry V., according to which he 
 was to be king of France on the death of Charles. 
 
 Charles VII., surnamed. “The Victorious” (F. 
 le Victorieux). Bom at Paris, Feb. 22, 1403: 
 died at Mehun-sur-Yevre, near Bourges, France, 
 July 22, 1481. King of France, sou of Charles 
 VI. He reigned 1422-61. At his accession he found a 
 rival in Henry VI. of England, who claimed the throne by 
 virtue of the treaty of Troyes (see the preceding article). 
 The English were masters of the country north of the 
 Loire, including the capital, and in 1428 invested Orleans, 
 which was delivered by Joan of Arc in 1429. He was 
 crowned atRheims in 1429, and entered Paris in 1437. He 
 effected a reconciliation between the Armagnac and Bur- 
 gundian factions, and regained all of France from the 
 English, except Calais. 
 
 Charles VIII. Bom at Amboise, France, June 
 30, 1470 : died at Amboise, April 7, 1498. King 
 of France, son of Lonis XI. He reigned 1483-98. 
 He invaded Italy in 1494 with a view to conquering Na- 
 ples, which he entered 1495. Ferdinand of Aragon, 
 Maximilian, and the Italian powers having united against 
 him, he left the Duke of Montpensier with a strong force 
 in Naples and returned to France with the remainder of 
 his army, defeating on the way the numerically superior 
 allies at Fornuovo, July 6, 1495. The French were soon 
 after expelled from Naples by the Spaniards. 
 
 Charles IX. Born at St. Germain-en-Laye, 
 near Paris, June 27, 1550: died at Vincennes, 
 near Paris, May 30, 1574. King of France, the 
 second son of Henry II. He reigned 1560-74. Being 
 a minor at his accession, he was placed under the regency 
 of his mother, Catharine de’ Medici. He was declared 
 of age in 1563, but the policy of the government contin- 
 ued to be dictated by his mother, under whose influence 
 he consented to the massacre of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24, 
 1572. 
 
 Charles X. Born at Versailles, France, Oct. 9, 
 1757 : died at Gorz, Austria, Nov. 6, 1836. King 
 of France 1824-30, younger brother of Louis 
 
 Charles I. or VII. 
 
 XVHI. He received at birth the name of Charles Philippe 
 and the title of Comte d’Artois. He joined the royalist 
 emigration of 1789. In 1795, having obtained ships and 
 men from England, he commanded an expedition which 
 was to land on the coast of Brittany and join the Vendean 
 chief Charette, but which resulted in failure through the 
 cowardice of its leader, who did not venture to attempt a 
 landing. He entered Paris with the Allies in April, 1814, 
 and Sept. 16, 1824, succeeded his brother Louis XVIII. 
 His government, whose policy was dictated by the eccle- 
 siastical party, became extremely unpopular. After the 
 defeat of the ministries of Villele and Martignac the king 
 formed an extreme royalist ministry under the Prince 
 de Polignac, Aug. 8, 1829. The Chamber of Deputies 
 voted in March, 1830, an address hostile to the ministers, 
 who, appealing to the country, were defeated. Resolving 
 on a coup d’etat, the king and ministry issued, July 26, 
 1830, a body of ordinances which restricted the freedom 
 of the press, established a new mode of election, and de- 
 clared the recent elections illegal. As a consequence the 
 so-called July revolution, which lasted from July 27-29, 
 broke out, in the course of which Charles was expelled 
 from the throne. 
 
 Charles IV. Born at Prague, Bohemia, May 14, 
 1316: died at Prague, Nov. 29, 1378. Emperor 
 of the Holy Roman Empire, son of John of 
 Luxemburg, king of Bohemia. He reigned 
 1347-78, and published the Golden Bull (which 
 see) in 1356. 
 
 Charles V. Born at Ghent, Flanders, Feb. 24, 
 1500: died at Yuste, near Placencia, Estrema- 
 dura, Spain, Sept. 21, 1558. Emperor of the Holy 
 Roman Empire. He was the son of Philip of Bur- 
 gundy by Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, and 
 was the grandson of the emperor Maximilian I. He be- 
 came king of Spain (as Charles I.) in 1516, was elected 
 emperor in 1519, and was crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle in 
 1520. He attended the diet at Worms 1521, defeated 
 Francis I. at Pavia 15 5. concluded (with him) the peace 
 of Cambray 152 ), held the diet at Augsburg 1533, conquered 
 Tunis 1535, made a fruitless invasion of Provence in 1536- 
 1537, conducted an unsuccessful expedition against Al- 
 giers in 1541, concluded with Francis I. of France the 
 peace of Crespy in 1.544, defeated the forces of the Smal- 
 kaldie League at Muhlberg in 1547, was attacked by Mau- 
 rice of Saxony 1551, and forced to conclude the convention 
 of Passau in 1552, and concluded with the Protestants the 
 peace of Augsburg in 1555. He abdicated the government 
 of the Netherlands (1555) and of Spain (1556) in favor of 
 his son, Philip II., and that of Germany (1556) in favor of 
 his brother, Ferdinand I., to whom at the beginning of his 
 reign he had relinquished the sole sovereignty over the 
 hereditary Austrian dominions, and who had inaugurated 
 Hapsburg rule in Bohemia and Hungary. In the reign of 
 Charles V. the Spaniards conquered Mexico and Peru. 
 He subsequently lived in the monastery of Yuste in 
 Spain. The portraits of this emperor are : (a) A portrait 
 by Titian (15,8), in the Old Pinakothek at Munich. (6) 
 A famous portrait by Titian (1533), in the Royal Museum 
 at Madrid, (c) An equestrian portrait by Titian, in the 
 Royal Museum at Madrid. This is held by many to be 
 the finest portrait ever painted. ( d ) A portrait by Titian, 
 in the Royal Museum at Madrid. The emperor is por- 
 trayed in his privacy, with the marks of illness and care 
 on his face. 
 
 Charles VI. Bom Oct. 1, 1685: died at Vienna, 
 Oct. 20, 1740. Emperor of the Holy Roman 
 Empire, son of Leopold I. He reigned 1711-40. He 
 issued his pragmatic sanction (which see) in 1713, and 
 was pretender to the throne of Spain (as Charles III. : see 
 Spanish Succession, War of) 1700-14. 
 
 Charles VII. (Karl Albrecht). Born at Brus- 
 sels, Aug. 6, 1697: died at Munich, Jan. 20, 
 1745. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, son 
 of Maximilian Emmanuel, elector of Bavaria, 
 whom he succeeded in 1726. a claimant of the 
 Austrian inheritance, he participated in the War of the 
 Austrian Succession, which broke out in 1740, was pro- 
 claimed king of Bohemia in 1741, and was crowned em- 
 peror in 1742. He died during the war. 
 
 Charles I. Born April 20, 1839. King of Ru- 
 mania, son of the Prince of Hohenzollern. He 
 was elected prince of Rumania in 1866, and 
 proclaimed king in 1881. 
 
 Charles I., king of Spain. See Charles V., em- 
 peror. 
 
 Charles II. Born Nov. 6, 1661: died Nov. 1, 
 1700. King of Spain, son of Philip IV. He 
 reigned 1665-1700. He was the last of the Hapsburg line 
 in Spain, and his death was the signal forthe outbreak of 
 the so-called War of the Spanish Succession. See Spanish 
 Sxtccession, War of. 
 
 Charles III. Bom Jan. 20, 1716: died at Ma- 
 drid, Dec. 14, 1788. King of Spain, second son of 
 Philip V. He was king of the Two Sicilies 1735-59, and 
 king of Spain 1759-88. He sided with France in the 
 Seven Years’ War and in the American war of indepen- 
 dence. In 1767 he expelled the Jesuits from Spain and 
 all its dependencies. 
 
 Charles IV. Born at Naples, Nov. 12, 1748: 
 died in Italy, Jan. 19, 1819. King of Spain, son 
 of Charles III. whom he succeeded in 1788. 
 
 He was completely under the influence of his wife, Maria 
 Louisa Theresa of Parma, who in 1792 elevated her favor- 
 ite Godoy to t lie post of prime minister. A revolution 
 having been provoked by the incompetence of the minis- 
 ter, Napoleon embraced the opportunity to expel in 1808 
 the house of Bourbon from Spain. 
 
 Charles I. or VII. (Swerkerson). Died 1167 
 (1168?). King of Sweden. He succeeded his father, 
 Swerker I., asking of Gothland in 1155, and in 1161 assumed 
 the government of Sweden also. The primacy of I psahi 
 
Charles I. or VII. 
 
 was established in his reign (1164). Although the first 
 historical Swedish king of the name of Charles, he is com- 
 monly styled the seventh, in accordance with the Swedish 
 chronicler Johan Magnus, who inserts six mythical kings 
 of that name before him. 
 
 Charles VIII. (Knutsson). Born 1409: died 
 1470. King of Sweden, elected in 1448. He was 
 
 occupied in almost continuous warfare against the Danes, 
 by whom he was twice expelled from the government. 
 
 Charles IX. Born Oct. 4, 1550 : died at Nyko- 
 ping, Sweden, Oct. 30, 1611. King of Sweden, 
 fourth son of Gustavus Vasa. He reigned 
 1604-11. 
 
 Charles X. Gustavus. Born at Nykoping, 
 Sweden, Nov. 8, 1622: died at Gothenburg, 
 Sweden, Feb. 13, 1660. King of Sweden, a 
 cousin of Queen Christina. He reigned 1654-60; 
 defeated the Poles near Warsaw in 1656; invaded Den- 
 mark in 1658 ; and unsuccessfully besieged Copenhagen 
 1658-50. 
 
 Charles XI. Born Nov. 24, 1655: died at 
 Stockholm, April 5, 1697. King of Sweden, son 
 of Charles X. : reigned 1660-97. 
 
 Charles XII. Bom at Stockholm, June 27, 
 1682: killed at Frederikshald, Norway, Dec. 
 11, 1718. A celebrated king of Sweden, son of 
 Charles XL He reigned 1697-1718 ; invaded Denmark 
 in 1700 ; defeated the Russians at Narva, Nov. 30, 1700 ; de- 
 feated the Saxons and Poles 1701-06; was defeated by 
 Peter the Great at Pultowa, July 8, 1709 ; escaped into 
 Turkey, 1709 ; and returned to Sweden in 1714. 
 
 Charles XIII. Bom Oct. 7, 1748 : died Feb. 5, 
 1818. King of Sweden (1809-18) and Norway, 
 second son of Adolphus Frederick. He took part 
 in the revolution of 1772 ; was regent 1792-96; and became 
 king of Norway in 1814. 
 
 Charles XIV. John (originally Jean Baptiste 
 Jules Bernadotte). Born at Pau, France, 
 Jan. 26, 1763: died at Stockholm, March 8, 1844. 
 King of Sweden and Norway 1818-44. He was a 
 French general 1794-1809 ; was French minister of war in 
 1799 ; became a marshal of France in 1804 ; served with 
 distinction at Austerlitz in 1805 ; was elected crown 
 prince of Sweden in 1810 ; and commanded the “ army of 
 the North ” against Napoleon in 1813. 
 
 Charles XV. Born at Stockholm, May 3, 1826: 
 died at Mahno, Sweden, Sept. 18, 1872. King 
 of Sweden and Norway, son of Oscar I. He 
 reigned 1859-72. 
 
 Charles I. Frederick Alexander. Born at 
 Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg, March 6, 1823 : died 
 Oct. 6, 1891. King of Wiirtemberg. He succeeded 
 his father (William I.) in 1864. He sided with Austria in 
 1866, and with Prussia 1870-71. He joined the new Ger- 
 man Empire in 1871. 
 
 Charles I. (of Anjou). Born 1220 : died at Fog- 
 gia, Italy, 1285. King of Naples and Sicily, 
 brother of Louis IX. of France. At the invitation 
 of the Pope he attacked Manfred, king of Naples, who was 
 defeated and slain in the battle of Benevento, Feb. 26, 
 1266, and ascended his throne. He defeated and captured 
 on Lago di Gelano, between Scurcola and Tagliacozzo, Aug. 
 23, 1268, Conradin, who claimed Naples as the son and 
 heir of Conrad IV. His tyranny and extortion provoked 
 a rebellion in Sicily (see Sicilian Vespers ) in 1282, which 
 cost him that island. 
 
 Charles III. (of Durazzo). Born 1345: died 
 at iiuda, Hungary, 1386, A king of Naples. 
 Instigated by Pope Urban VI., he attacked Joanna I., 
 queen of Naples, whom he put to death, and whose throne 
 he ascended 1382. He was chosen king of Hungary 1385, 
 and was killed at Buda in the following year. 
 
 Charles II., sumamed “ The Bad” (F. le Mau- 
 vais). Born 1332 : died 1387. King of Navarre 
 1349-87. 
 
 Charles, Archduke of Austria. Bom at Flor- 
 ence, Sept. 5, 1771: died April 30, 1847. Au 
 Austrian general, third son of the German em- 
 peror Leopold H. He was distinguished as com- 
 manderof the Rhine armies, 1796 and 1799; defeated Mas- 
 sbna at Caldiero in 18J5 ; defeated Napoleon at Aspern, 
 May, 1809 ; and was defeated by him at Wagram, July 5-6, 
 1809. 
 
 Charles, G. Karl Theodor Maximilian Au- 
 gust, Prince of Bavaria. Born at Munich, 
 July 7, 1795: died near Tegernsee, Bavaria, 
 Aug. 16, 1875. A Bavarian general, son of King 
 Maximilian I. He was commander of the Ba- 
 varian contingent in 1866. 
 
 Charles, surnamed “The Bold ” (F. Ic Tcmeraire). 
 Born at Dijon, France, Nov. 10, 1433 : killed at 
 Nancy, France, Jan. 5, 1477. Duke of Bur- 
 gundy 1467-77, son of Philip the Good. He was 
 called at first Comte de Charolais. He conquered Lor- 
 raine in 1475 • and was defeated by the Swiss at Grandson 
 March 2, 1476, at Morat Juno 22, 1476, and at Nancy Jan. 
 5, 1477. 
 
 Charles V., Leopold. Born at Vienna, April 
 3, 1643 : died at Weis, Austria, April 18, 1690. 
 An Austrian general, titular duke of Lorraine. 
 He was distinguished at the relief of Vienna in 1683, and 
 defeated the Turks at llars&ny (or Mollies) in 1687. 
 
 Charles, Mrs. Andrew (Elizabeth Bundle). 
 
 Born about. 1826 : died March 29, 1896. An Eng- 
 lish novelist and general writer. Her works include 
 “Chronicles of the Scnilnberg-Cotta Family" (1863), “Diary 
 
 237 
 
 of Mrs. Kitty Trevylyan ” (1864), “ Draytons and Dave- 
 nants" (1866), “Winifred Bertram" (1866), “Against the 
 Stream ’’ (1873), “ Lapsed but not Lost ’’ (1881), etc. 
 
 Charles. A wrestler in Shakspere’s “As you 
 Like it.” 
 
 Charles. A river in Worcester, Middlesex, and 
 Norfolk counties, Massachusetts, which flows 
 into Boston Harbor at Boston (separating Cam- 
 bridge). Length, about 75 miles. 
 
 Charles Albert. Born Oct., 1798: died at 
 Oporto, Portugal, July 28, 1849. King of Sar- 
 dinia 1831^9. He put himself at the head of the 
 movement for Italian independence in 1848, was defeated 
 by the Austrians at Custozza in the same year, and abdi- 
 cated after his decisive defeat at Novara, March 23, 1849. 
 
 Charles Augustus. Born Sept. 3, 1757 : died 
 at Graditz, near Torgau, Prussia, June 14, 
 1828. Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. 
 He succeeded to the dukedom in 1775 ; belonged to the 
 confederacy of the Rhine 1806-13 ; and was created grand 
 duke in 1815. He formed the friendship of Goethe in 1775. 
 
 Charles de Blois (sbarl de blwa), or de Cha- 
 
 tillon (de sha-te-yon'). Killed at the battle 
 of Auray, 1364. Duke of Brittany, nephew of 
 Philip VI. of France, and claimant to the 
 duchy of Brittany. 
 
 Charles Edward Louis Philip Casimir, 
 
 surnamed “The Young Pretender.” Born at 
 Rome, Dec. 31, 1720 : died at Rome, Jan. 31, 
 1788. The eldest son of the Chevalier de St. 
 George (called James IH. by his Jacobite par- 
 tizans) and Princess Clementine, daughter of 
 Prince James Sobieski. He sailed for Scotland 
 July 13, 1745, to head an insurrection fur the recovery 
 of the British crown for his father, and landed in the 
 Hebrides Aug. 2. The Highlanders flocked to his stan- 
 dard, and lie marched to Edinburgh, defeated the forces 
 sent against him at Prestonpans, captured Carlisle, and 
 marched upon London ; but after reaching Derby he was 
 forced to retreat, and was utterly routed at Culloden, 
 April 16, 1746. 
 
 Charles Emmanuel I., surnamed “ The Great.” 
 Born at Rivoli, Italy, Jan. 12, 1562 : died at 
 Savigliano, Piedmont, July 26, 1630. Duke of 
 Savoy 1580-1630. He acquired Saluzzo in 1601. 
 
 Charles Emmanuel I. (Charles Emmanuel III., 
 Duke of Savoy). Born at Turin, April 27, 1701 : 
 died Feb. 19, 1773. King of Sardinia 1730-73 : 
 as Duke of Savoy, Charles Emmanuel III. He 
 defeated the Austrians at Guastalla, 1734. 
 
 Charles Emmanuel II. Born May 24, 1751 : 
 died at Rome, Oct. 6, 1819. King of Sardinia. 
 He ascended the throne Oct. 16, 1796, and abdi- 
 cated June 4, 1802. 
 
 Charles Grandison (charlz gran'di-son), Sir. 
 A novel by Samuel Richardson, published in 
 1753. See Grandison, Sir Charles. 
 
 Charles Martel (mar-tel') (“The Hammer”). 
 Born about 690 : died at Quierzy-sur-Oise, 
 France, Oct. 22, 741. Duke of Australia, son 
 of Pdpin d’Hdristal. He became mayor of the pal- 
 ace in 719, and defeated the Saracens between Poitiers and 
 Tours in 732. 
 
 Charles Robert. King of Hungary from about 
 1309 till 1342. He belonged to the house of 
 Anjou. 
 
 Charles City Cross Roads. See Fray set’s Farm. 
 
 Charleston (chariz'ton). A seaport, capital 
 of Charleston County, South Carolina, situated 
 on a peninsula between the Ashley and Cooper 
 rivers, in lat. 32° 46' N., long. 79° 56' W. 
 It has a large harbor (defendei by Forts Sumter, Moul- 
 trie, and Castle Pinckney), and is one of the chief com- 
 mercial cities of the South. It exports cotton, rice, 
 lumber, naval stores, fertilizers, etc. It was founded 
 in 1680. A British attack on Sullivan's Island was re- 
 pulsed by Moultrie June 28, 1776. It was unsuccessfully 
 attacked in 1779, and was besieged by Clinton and taken 
 in May, 1780. Charleston was the center of the nullifica- 
 tion movement of 1832-33. It was the place of meeting of 
 the Democratic National Convention of 1860. The Seces- 
 sion Ordinance was passed here Dec. 20, 1S60, and the 
 bombardment of Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861, by tile Con- 
 federates began the Civil War. (See Fort Sumter.) The 
 town was evacuated by the Confederates Feb. 17, 1865. 
 It was visited by an earthquake Aug. 31, 1886. Popula- 
 tion, 58,833, (1910). 
 
 Charleston, sometimes called Kanawha (ka- 
 na'wa). The capital of West Virginia and 
 of Kanawha County, situated on the Great 
 Kanawha River 44 miles from its mouth. It 
 has extensive salt-works and coal-mines. 
 Population, 22,996, (1910). 
 
 Charlestown (charlz' toun). A former city, 
 now the Charlestown district of Boston, sepa- 
 rated from Boston by the Charles River, it 
 contains the State prison, a United States navy-yard, and 
 BunkerHill monument. Itwasscttledin 1629, was burned 
 by the British June 17, 1775, and was incorporated with 
 Boston in 1874. 
 
 Charles Town. The capital of Jefferson Coun- 
 ty, West Virginia, 8 miles southwest of Har- 
 per’s Ferry, and 53 miles northwest of Wash- 
 ington. .John Brown was executed here, Dec. 
 2, 1859. Population, 2,662, (1910). 
 
 Charlottesville 
 
 Charleville (shar-le-vel'). A manufacturing 
 town in the department of Ardennes, France, 
 situated on the Meuse 1 mile north of M6- 
 zieres, and practically a part of that town. 
 Population, commune, 20,702. 
 
 Charlevoix (shar-le-vwa/), Pierre Francois 
 Xavier de. Bom at Saint Quentin, France, 
 Oct. 29, 1682: died at La Fleche, France, Feb. 
 1, 1761. A French Jesuit missionary and his- 
 torian. In 1720 he visited the missions of Canada, 
 where he traveled extensively. Descending the Missis- 
 sippi in 1721, he went from Louisiana to Santo Domingo, 
 returning to France in Dec., 1722. He subsequently trav- 
 eled in Italy. His “ Histoire de laNouvelle France" con- 
 tains the account of his voyages and a history of the Cana- 
 dian and Louisiana missions. He also wrote well-known 
 historical works on Santo Domingo, Paraguay, and Japan. 
 Charlies (ehar'liz). A nickname given to the 
 night-watchmen of London about 1640, from 
 King Charles I., who improved the police system. 
 Charlieu (shar-lye'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Loire, France, 41 miles northwest of 
 Lyons. Population, commune, 5,008. 
 Charlotte (shar'lot). [F. Charlotte, It. Carlotta, 
 Sp. Pg. Carlota, G. Charlotte; from Charles.'] 
 1. In Fielding’s “Mock Doctor,” the daugh- 
 ter of Sir Jasper, who pretends to be dumb to 
 avoid a marriage with Dapper. Her prototype 
 in Moliere’s “ Medecin Malgre Lui”is called 
 Lucinde. — 2. In Bickerstafte’s “Hypocrite,” a 
 lively, giddy girl who finally marries Darnley, 
 though she has been promised to Cantwell 
 the Hypocrite. In Moliere’s “ Tartufe,” from 
 which the play is taken, she is called Mari- 
 anne. — 3. The domestic and simple wife of 
 Albert, and the object of the affections of Wer- 
 ther, in Goethe’s “ Sorrows of Werther.” She 
 is the portrait of a person named Lotte Buff, 
 and is also called Lotte in the novel. — 4. In 
 Cibber’s comedy “The Refusal, or The La- 
 dies’ Philosophy,” the daughter of Sir Gilbert 
 Wrangle and sister of Sophronia, courted by 
 Frankly, with whom she is in love. 
 
 Charlotte (Marie Charlotte Amelie Auguste 
 Victoire Clementine Leopoidine). Bom at 
 Laeken, near Brussels, June 7, 1840. Empress 
 of Mexico. She is the only daughter of Leopold I. 
 of Belgium, and Louise, princess of Orleans ; and married, 
 July 27, 1857, Maximilian, archduke of Austria, whom, on 
 his acceptance of the imperial crown (1864), she accom- 
 panied to Mexico. She was sent by Maximilian in 1866 
 to Napoleon III. and Pius IX. to secure assistance against 
 the republicans. Failing in her mission, and foreseeing 
 the fall of her husband, she became hopelessly insane, and 
 has been confined since 1879 in the care of her family near 
 Brussels. 
 
 Charlotte. The capital of Mecklenburg Coun- 
 ty, North Carolina, in lat. 35° 12' N., long. 80° 
 52' W. The “Mecklenburg Declaration of In- 
 dependence” (which see) was passed here, 
 May, 1775. Population, 34,014, (1910). 
 Charlotte Amalie (shar-lot' a-ma'lye). The 
 seaport of the island of St. Thomas, in the 
 West Indies. Population, about 10,000. 
 Charlotte, Aunt. A pseudonym of Mary Char- 
 lotte Yonge. 
 
 Charlotte Augusta, Princess. Born at Carl- 
 ton House, London, Jan. 7, 1796: died at 
 Claremont, Surrey, England, Nov. 5, 1817. 
 Only daughter of George IV. and Caroline of 
 Brunswick, wife of Prince Leopold of Saxe- 
 Coburg (later King of the Belgians), whom 
 she married May 2, 1816. 
 
 Charlotte Elizabeth. The pseudonym of Mrs. 
 Charlotte Elizabeth (Brown Phelan) Tonna. 
 Charlotte Sophia. Born 1744: died at Kew, 
 Nov. 17, 1818. Ybungest daughter of Charles 
 Lewis, brother of Frederic, duke of Mecklen- 
 burg-Strelitz, and wife of George III. of England. 
 Charlottenburg (shar-lot' ten-boro). [Named 
 from Sophia Charlotte, wife of Frederick I.] 
 A city in the province of Brandenburg, Prus- 
 sia, situated on the Spree 3 miles west of Berlin. 
 It is a municipality, but is practically a part of Berlin. 
 It contains a royal palace, the mausoleum of the recent 
 Hohenzolierns, a technical high school, and a royal porce- 
 lain factory. The royal palace is an extensive group of 
 buildings built in 1699 and later. The total frontage 
 reaches 1,650 feet. The central part is surmounted by 
 an impressive dome, and the interior is decorated in the 
 Louis XV. style. The apartments of Queen Louise are in 
 the Louis XVI. style. Connected with the palace is the 
 mausoleum, witli Doric interior, in which are buried Fred- 
 erick William III. and Queen Louise, and the emperor 
 William I. and empress Augusta. The altar-tombs of the 
 first two, with recumbent figures by Rauch, are justly ad- 
 mired. The city is on the site of the earlier Lietzow. 
 Population, 304,280, (1910). 
 
 Charlottesville (shiir'lots-vil). An indepen- 
 dent city of Virginia, formerly in Albemarle 
 County, 65 miles northwest of Richmond: the 
 seat of the University of Virginia. (See Vir- 
 ginia, University of .) Population, 6,765, (1910). 
 
Charlottetown 
 
 Charlottetown (skar'lot-toun). A seaport 
 and the capital of Prince Edward Island, 
 Canada^, in lat. 46° 14' N., long. 63° 7' W. 
 Population, 11,198, (1911). 
 
 Charmian (char'mi-an). Cleopatra’s favorite 
 waiting-woman in Shakspere’s “ Antony and 
 Cleopatra.” She kills herself after Cleopatra’s 
 death. 
 
 Charmides (kar'ini-dez). [Gr. Xappidr/c-] A 
 dialogue of Plato, the narration by Socrates 
 of a conversation on the subject of temper- 
 ance (moderation or practical wisdom) be- 
 tween himself, Charmides (a beautiful youth 
 renowned for his moderation), Critias, and 
 Chierephon, which took place in Athens at the 
 Palaestra of Ta ureas, near the porch of the 
 King Arehon, immediately after the battle of 
 Potidaea, from which Socrates had just re- 
 turned. Charmides was an Athenian, son of Glaucon, 
 cousin of Critias, and uncle of Plato. 
 
 Channoilth (char'mouth). A village on the 
 coast of Dorsetshire, England, 2 miles north- 
 east of Lyme Regis. It is usually identified with 
 Carrum, the scene of a victory of the Danes over Egbert in 
 835. /Kthelwuii was defeated here by the Danes in 810 or 
 842 (?). 
 
 Charnock (char'nok), Stephen. Born at Lon- 
 don, 1628 : died at London, J uly 27, 1680. An 
 English nonconformist clergy plan, a graduate 
 of Emmanuel College, Cambridge : author of 
 “A Treatise on the Excellence and Attributes 
 of God,” etc. 
 
 Charnwood Forest (charn'wud for'est). An 
 upland tract in the northwestern part of 
 Leicestershire, England. 
 
 Charolais, or Charollais (sha-ro-la'). A for- 
 mer county of France, in the department of 
 Saone-et-Loire. 
 
 Charolais, Comte de. See Charles the Bold. 
 Charolles (sha-rol'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Saone-et-Loire, France, in lat. 46° 
 26' N., long. 4° 18' E. It was the ancient 
 capital of Charolais. Population, commune, 
 3,808. 
 
 Charon (ka'ron). [Gr. Xapov.] In Greek my- 
 thology, the ferryman, a son of Erebus, who 
 transported the souls of the dead (whose bod- 
 ies had been buried) over the rivers of the 
 lower world. His fee was an obolus or danace, and 
 this coin was placed for him in the mouth of the dead 
 previous to burial. 
 
 Charondas (ka-ron'das). [Gr. Xapdmtfof.] Born 
 at Catana, Sicily : lived about 500 B. c. A 
 Sicilian lawgiver who legislated for the cities 
 of Chalcidian origin in Sicily and Italy. 
 Charon’s staircase. See the extract. 
 
 At the middle point of the [Greek] stage, some steps — 
 known as “Charon's staircase,” because the ghost some- 
 times comes up by them — lead down into what we should 
 call the pit. The Greeks call it the orchestra or dancing- 
 place. Jebb, Gr. Lit., p. 76. 
 
 Charras (sha-ra/), Jean Baptiste Adolphe. 
 
 Born at Pfalzburg, Lorraine, Jan. 7, 1810: died 
 at Basel, Switzerland, Jan. 23, 1865. A noted 
 French military writer. His chief work is a 
 “Histoire de la campagne de 1815” (1857). 
 Charriere (sha-ryar'), Madame de Saint-Hya- 
 cinthe de (Isabelle Agnes Van Tuyll). Born 
 at Utrecht, Netherlands, 1740 : died near Neu- 
 chatel, Switzerland, Dec. 27, 1805. A French 
 authoress who wrote under the pseudonym 
 Abbe de la Tour. Her chief works are “Let- 
 tres neufchateloises” (1784), “Caliste, ou let- 
 tres ecrites de Lausanne” (1786). 
 
 Charron (sha-roh.'), Pierre. Born at Paris, 
 1541 : died at Paris, Nov. 16, 1603. A noted 
 French philosopher and Roman Catholic theo- 
 logian. His works include ‘ ‘ Traite des trois 
 veritds” (1594), “ Traits de la sagesse” (1601), 
 etc. 
 
 Charruas (chii-ro'as). The name usually given 
 to a numerous race of Indians who, In the 16th 
 century, occupied the region on both sides of 
 the river Uruguay, ranging to the Parana and 
 the southern coast. The Bohanes, Minuanes, Yaros, 
 and Guenoas were subtribes : but all these names are 
 sometimes applied to the whole group. The Charruas 
 were a dark race, apparently allied to the Chaco tribes. 
 They were wandering hunters and robbers, very savage 
 and treacherous, and waged a destructive war on the 
 Spaniards. Solis, the discoverer of the Plata, was killed 
 by them. They fought principally with the bolas or 
 weighted lasso; later they became skilful horsemen. 
 About 1750 they were partly subdued and formed into 
 villages. The modern Gauchos of Uruguay have much 
 Charrua blood, and portions of the race remain in a nearly 
 pure state. They are much employed as soldiers and 
 herdsmen. 
 
 Charter, The Great. See Magna Charta. 
 Charterhouse (char't&r-hous). [A corruption 
 of Chartreuse ; orig. the name of a village in 
 
 238 
 
 France (ML. Cartusia), near the seat of the orig. 
 monastery of the order, called distinctively La 
 Grande Chartreuse.'] A Carthusian monastery 
 (later a hospital, and a school for boys) in Lon- 
 don, founded in 1371 by Sir Walter Manny and 
 the Bishop of Northburgh. At the dissolution the 
 Charter House was given by Henry VIII. to Sir Thomas 
 Audley, and passed through various hands to Sir Thomas 
 Sutton, who in 1611 endow edit as a charity under the name 
 of the Hospital of King James. This foundation long ex- 
 isted as a hospital for decayed gentlemen and a school for 
 boys. The school was transferred to Godaiming, Surrey, 
 in 1872, and the premises are now occupied by the school 
 of the Merchant Taylors’ Company. The buildings are for 
 the most part of the early 16th century, and the great hall 
 is one of the finest architectural interiors of that time. The 
 great staircase, great chamber, chapel, and cloister are 
 also of much interest. 
 
 Charter Oak, The. A tree celebrated in Amer- 
 ican (legendary) history, which formerly stood 
 in Hartford, Connecticut. According to tradition, 
 when Governor Andros came to Hartford in 1687 to demand 
 of the Assembly the surrender of the colonial charter, 
 the debate in that body over the governor’s demand was 
 prolonged beyond daylight, when suddenly the lights 
 were extinguished, and in the darkness a patriot, Captain 
 Wadsworth, escaped with the charter and hid it in a hol- 
 low oak. There is, however, no contemporary record of 
 this event. The Charter Oak was overthrown by a storm 
 in 1856. 
 
 Chartier (shiir-tya'), Alain. Born at Bayeux, 
 France, about 1392: died about 1430 or 1433 
 (Gaston Paris). A famous French poet and 
 man of letters. He wrote “Le quadrilogue invec- 
 tif," “L’Esp^rance,” ‘‘La belle dame sans mercy,” and 
 numerous other works. His poetry consists mainly of al- 
 legorical and controversial love-poems and moral verse. 
 He is best known by the story that Margaret of Scotland 
 stooped and kissed his lips while he lay asleep, to the 
 astonishment of the attendants, for the poetry and virtu- 
 ous sentiments that had issued from them. 
 
 Chartists (char'tists). A body of political re- 
 formers (chiefly working-men) that sprang up 
 in England about the year 1838. The Chartists ad- 
 vocated as their leading principles manhood suffrage, the 
 abolition of the property qualification for a seat in Parlia- 
 ment, annual parliaments, equal representation, payment 
 of members of Parliament, and vote by ballot, all of which 
 they demanded as constituting the ‘‘people’s charter." 
 The members of the extreme section of the party, which 
 favored an appeal to arms or popular risings if the charter 
 could not be obtained by legitimate means, were called 
 “physical-force men.” The Chartists disappeared as a 
 party after 1849. Also Charterists. 
 
 Charton (shar-toii'), Edouard Thomas. Born 
 at Sens, Yonne, France, May 11, 1807 : died at 
 Paris, Feb. 28, 1890. A French author. He was 
 elected to the Constituent Assembly in 1848, and to the 
 National Assembly at Bordeaux and Versailles in 1871, 
 and became a senator in 1878. He founded the “Magasin 
 Pittoresque” (1833), the "Illustration” (1853), and “Le 
 Tourdu Monde ” (1860). Author of “Les voyageurs an- 
 ciens et modernes ” (1855-57), etc. 
 
 Chartres (shartr). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Eure-et-Loir, France, on the Eure 
 48 miles southwest of Paris : the ancient Au- 
 tricum, later Carnutum. It has a large trade in 
 grain, and is famous for its cathedral, one of the great 
 churches of the world, built in the 12th and 13th centu- 
 ries, and notable for both beauty and solidity. The old- 
 est part is the west front, with three admirably sculp- 
 tured portals, and south tower and spire considered the 
 finest of their type. The elegant and ornate north spire 
 is much later. The great triple porches of the transepts, 
 covered with sculpture, are matchless. The interior is 
 simple, but of most impressive dignity. Over 160 of the 
 great windows retain their 13th-century glass, forming a 
 display of jeweled color unequaled elsewhere. Other 
 remarkable features are the rose of the west front, and 
 the series of sculptures of the life of Christ and of the 
 Virgin, framed in the richest Flamboyant tracery, which 
 adorns the exterior of the choir-screen. Chartres was the 
 capital of the Carnutes, and a center of Druid worship. It 
 was the capital of the county and later duchy of Chartres 
 and capital of Beauce. Henry IV. was crowned here king 
 of France in 1594. It was taken by the Germans, Oct., 
 1870. Population, commune, 23,219. 
 
 Chartres, County of. An ancient district in 
 northern France, comprised in the govern- 
 ment of Orica imis, and partly corresponding 
 to the department of Eure-et-Loir. Capital, 
 Chartres. It was united to Champagne 1125-52, and 
 was purchased by St. Louis in 1234. It was afterward a 
 duchy and a royal appanage. 
 
 Chartres (shartr), Due de (Robert Philippe 
 Louis Eugene Ferdinand d’Orleans). Born 
 at Paris, Nov. 9, 1840 : died Dec. 5, 1910. A 
 French prince, younger brother of the Comte 
 de Paris, and grandson of Louis Philippe. 
 He served in the Italian army 1859, and on General 
 McClellan’s staff 1861-62. After the revolution of Sept. 
 4, 1870, he returned incognito to France, served under an 
 assumed name in General Chanzy’s army, and in 1871, 
 when the National Assembly revoked the law banishing 
 the Orleans family, was appointed major. He became 
 colonel in 1878, and was in command of the 12th Chas- 
 seurs, stationed at Rouen, when by the decree of Feb. 24, 
 1883, he was suspended from the active list: by the law 
 of June 23, 1886, he was expelled from the army. He 
 married Franchise Marie Amalie of Orleans, June 11, 1863, 
 and had issue two daughters and two sons, Prince Henri 
 Philippe Marie (1867-1901) and Prince Jean Pierre Clement 
 Marie (born at Paris, Sept. 4, 1874). 
 
 Chasse 
 
 Chartreuse (shar-trfez'), La Grande. The 
 
 leading Carthusian monastery, situated 13 
 miles northeast of Grenoble, in the depart- 
 ment of Isere, France. It was founded by St. 
 Bruno about 1084. It gives name to the li- 
 queur Chartreuse, manufactured there. 
 
 Chartreuse de Parme (shar-trez' de parm), 
 La. A novel by Stendhal (Beyle), published 
 in 1839. 
 
 Charudes. See Harudes. 
 
 Charybdis (ka-rib'dis). [Gr. Xapvfidis.] In 
 Greek mythology, a sea-monster which three 
 times a day sucks in the sea and discharges it 
 again in a terrible whirlpool : depicted as a 
 maiden above, but ending below in the body of 
 a fish begirt with hideous dogs. Opposite her was the 
 other monster Scylla. In later times they were placed 
 in the Straits of Messina, Scylla being identified with a 
 projecting rock on the Italian side. The name of Charyb- 
 dis is derived by some from Semitic hurobed, ‘hole of per- 
 dition, abyss.’ 
 
 Charyllis (ka-ril'is). In Spenser’s “Colin 
 Clout ’s Come Home Again,” a character in- 
 tended for Lady Anne Compton, one of the six 
 daughters of Sir John Spenser of Althorpe. 
 Chasdai ben Isaac ben Shaphrut (dhas-di' 
 ben i'zak ben shap-rot'). A Jewish statesman 
 and physician in Cordova, Spain, 915-970, body 
 physician and minister of finance under the 
 calif s Abd-er-Rahman III. and Al-Hakim. He was 
 appointed by them Nasi (prince, head) over the Jews in 
 tlie califate. He was a generous promoter of literature, 
 and translated the botanical work of Dioscorides from 
 Latin into Arabic. His correspondence with Joseph, the 
 Jewish king of the Khazar kingdom, near the Caspian 
 Sea, is extant. 
 
 Chase (chits), Philander. Born at Cornish, 
 N. H., Dec. 14, 1775: died at Robin’s Nest, 111., 
 Sept. 20, 1852. An American missionary bishop 
 of the Episcopal Church, one of the founders 
 of Kenyon College, Ohio, and Jubilee College, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Chase, Salmon Portland. Born at Cornish, 
 N. H., Jan. 13, 1808: died at New York, May 
 7, 18715. An American statesman and jurist, 
 nephew of Philander Chase. He was United Statea 
 senator from Ohio 1849-55; governor of Ohio 1856-60; 
 secretary of the treasury 1801-64; and chief justice of 
 the Supreme Court 1864-73. 
 
 Chase, Samuel. Born in Somerset County, 
 Maryland, April 17, 1741: died June 19, 1811. 
 An American jurist, a signer of the Declara- 
 tion of Independence. He was appointed associate 
 justice of the Supreme Court in 1796 ; was impeached for 
 misdemeanor 1804 ; and was acquitted 1805. 
 
 Chase, William Merritt. Born at Franklin, 
 Ind., Nov. 1, 1849. An American painter of 
 portraits, still life, and landscapes. He was a 
 pupil of the schools of the National Academy of New 
 York. In 1871 he went to St. Louis, where he had some 
 success as a portrait-painter, and in 1872 to Germany, 
 where he studied under Biloty at Munich, returning to 
 New York in 1878. He is a member of the National 
 Academy, has been president of the Society of American 
 Artists, and the recipient of many honors at home and 
 abroad. 
 
 Chasidim (cka-se'dim), or Assideans. [Heb., 
 ‘pious ones, pietists.’] A party which arose 
 among the Jews during the period of the Macca- 
 bean struggles. Its object was the defense and main- 
 tenance of the Jewish law in all its particulars against the 
 encroachments of Greek customs (Hellenism). It is not 
 improbable that they were the forerunners of the Essenes. 
 In modern times a similar sect has spread among the 
 Jews of eastern Europe and the Orient, which is supposed 
 to have originated with a certain Israel Baal Shem in the 
 18th century. They strive after a closer communion with 
 God by means of the Kabbalah (‘ mysticism ’) and the 
 mediation of a rabbi or zaddik (‘just man’) whom they 
 believe to be a special favorite of God, and to be endowed 
 with the power of performing miracles by prayer. 
 
 Chasles (skal), Michel. Born at Epernon, 
 Eure-et-Loir, France, Nov. 15, 1793: died at 
 Paris, Dec. 19, 1880. A celebratedFrench geom- 
 eter, professor at the Eeole Polytechnique, and 
 later at the Sorbonne. He was the author of “Aper^u 
 historique sur l’origine et le d^veloppement des mdthodes 
 en g^omdtrie, etc.” (1837), “ Traitii de geombtrie sup6- 
 rieure ” (1852), “ Traitd des sections coniques ” (1865), 
 “Rapport sur les progrfes de la geom6trie ”(1870), etc. He 
 was the victim of a literary forgery (by Irene Lucas) in 
 1867, being persuaded of the genuineness of a large num- 
 ber of forged letters of Pascal, Dante, Shakspere, and 
 others. On those of Pascal he made a report to the 
 Academy. 
 
 Chasles, Victor Euphemion Philar&te. Born 
 
 at Mainvilliers, near Chartres, France, Oct. 8, 
 1798: died at Venice, July 18, 1873. A French 
 literary critic, novelist, and general writer. 
 His essays have been collected in eleven vol- 
 umes, under the title “Etudes de literature 
 compare.” 
 
 Chasse (shiis-sa'), David Hendrik, Baron. 
 Born at Thiel, Netherlands, March 18, 1765: 
 died at Breda, Netherlands, May 2, 1849. A 
 Dutch general. He was distinguished in the French 
 
Chasse 
 
 service in the Peninsular campaign, and in the Dutch ser- 
 vice at Waterloo in 1816, and at Antwerp 1830-32. From 
 his predilection for attacking with the bayonet, he was 
 nicknamed by the soldiers “General Bayonet." 
 
 Chasseloup-Laubat (shfls-lo' lo-ba'), Fran- 
 gois, Marquis de. Born at St. Sernin, Cha- 
 rente-Inffirieure, France, Aug. 18, 1754: died, at 
 Paris, Oct. 10, 1833. A French military engi- 
 neer, distinguished in the campaigns from 
 1792-1812. 
 
 Chasseloup-Laubat, Justin Prudent, Mar- 
 quis de. Born at Paris, 1802: died at Paris, 
 Dec. 17, 1863. A French general and politician, 
 son of Frangois de Chasseloup-Laubat. 
 Chasseloup-Laubat, Justin Napoleon Sam- 
 uel Prosper, Comte de. Born at Alessandria, 
 Italy, March 29, 1805 : died at Versailles, March, 
 1873. A French politician, son of Francois de 
 Chasseloup-Laubat, minister of marine and the 
 colonies 1859-67. 
 
 Chassepot (shas-po'), Antoine Alphonse. 
 
 Bom May 4, 1833 : died Feb. 13, 1905. A French 
 mechanic, inventor of the Chassepot rifle, 
 adopted for the French army in 1866. 
 
 Chasta Costa (clia'sta kos'ta). A tribe of the 
 Pacific division of the Athapascan stock of 
 North American Indians. They formerly lived in 
 about 36 villages along the upper Rogue River, Oregon, 
 and are now on the Siletz reservation, Oregon. Their 
 dialect differs but slightly from that of the Tutu and 
 other tribes on the lower Rogue River. See Athapascan. 
 
 Chaste Maid in Cheapside, A. A play by 
 Middleton, acted about Dec. 25, 1612 (Fleay), 
 printed in 1630. 
 
 Chastel, Jean. See Chdtel, Jean. 
 
 Chastelain (shat -lan'), or Chastellain, 
 
 Georges. Born near Alost, Flanders, about 
 1405: died at Valenciennes (?), Feb. or March, 
 1475. A Flemish chronicler and poet, author 
 of “Chronique des dues de Burgoyne,” etc. 
 His collected works were edited by Kervyn de 
 Lettenhove, 1863-66. 
 
 Chastelard (shat-lar'), Pierre deBoscosel de. 
 
 Bom in Dauphind, France, about 1540: exe- 
 cuted at the Tolbooth, Edinburgh, 1563. A 
 French poet at the court of Francis H. and 
 Mary Queen of Scots, a descendant of the 
 Chevalier Bayard. He was a page in the household 
 of the constable Montmorency, and afterward in that of 
 Marshal Damville. When Mary went to Scotland after 
 the death of her husband, in 1561, Chastelard followed 
 her in the train of Damville who escorted her. He was 
 violently in love with her, and she amused herself with 
 him and his amorous verses. He went back to France, 
 but returned in 1563. His love for her was not without 
 encouragement. He was twice discovered in her bed- 
 chamber ; she pardoned him the first offense, but for the 
 second sacrificed him mercilessly to public opinion, and 
 he was taken to the Tolbooth and hung. 
 
 Chastelard. Atragedyby Swinburne, published 
 in 1865. 
 
 Chasteler (shat-la'), Jean Gabriel Joseph 
 Albert, Marquis du. Bom at Malbais, near 
 Mons, Belgium, Jan. 22, 1763: died at Venice, 
 May 7, 1825. An Austrian general, distin- 
 guished at Wattignies 1793, in Italy 1799, and 
 in the Tyrol 1800, 1805, and 1809. 
 
 Chastellain. See Chastelain. 
 
 Chasteilux (shat-lfi'), Francois Jean, Mar- 
 quis de. Bom at Paris, 1734: died at Paris, 
 Oct. 28, 1788. A French general and author. 
 He served in the Seven Years’and American Revolutionary 
 wars. His chief works are “ De la feiicitC publique” 
 (1772), “Voyages dans l’Amdrique Septentrionale ” (1786). 
 
 Chat, Nation du. See Erie. 
 
 Chateaubriand (sha-to-bre-on'), Frangois 
 Ren6, Vicomte de. Born at St. Malo, 
 France, Sept. 4, 1768: died at Paris, July 4, 
 1848. A celebrated French author and states- 
 man. He entered the army in 1786 ; traveled in America 
 1791-92 ; served in the royalist army at Thionville in Sep- 
 tember, 1792 ; and subsequently emigrated to England, 
 where in 1797 he published “ Essai historique, politique 
 et moral sur les revolutions anciennes et modernes, etc." 
 He returned to France in 1800, and, having been converted 
 by the death of his mother from infidelity to the Roman 
 Catholic faith, published in 1802 a brilliant eulogy of 
 Christianity, entitled “Le genic du christianisme." In 
 1803 he was appointed by Napoleon Bonaparte secretary 
 of legation at Rome, and in Nov. of the same year 
 minister to the republic of Valais, a post which he re- 
 signed on the execution of the Duke of Enghien in 1804. In 
 1814 he supported the Bourbons in a pamphlet entitled “De 
 Buonaparte et des Bourbons." He was created a peer of 
 France in 1815, was ambassador at London in 1822, and 
 was minister of foreign affairs 1823-24. Besides those 
 already mentioned, his chief works are "Atala” (1801), 
 “Rend ” (1802), “Les martyrs" (1809), “Itindraire de Paris 
 h Jerusalem "(1811), “Les Natchez" (1826), “ T.es aventures 
 du dernier des Abencerages” (1826), and “Mdmoires 
 d’outre-tombe " (1849-50). 
 
 Chateaubriant (sha-to-bre-on'). A town in 
 the department of Loire-Infdrieure, France, on 
 the Chdre 35 miles north-northeast of Nantes. 
 It has a castle. An edict against the Protestants, by 
 
 239 
 
 Henry II., was issued here in 1551. Population, com- 
 mune, 7,169. 
 
 Chateaubriant, Comtesse de (Frangoise de 
 Foix). Born about 1490 : died at Chateaubri- 
 ant, France, Oct. 16, 1537. A mistress of Fran- 
 cis I., king of France. 
 
 Chateau-Chinon (sha-to'she-non'). A town in 
 the department of Niesvre, France, 20 miles 
 west-northwest of Autun. 
 
 Chateau de Meillant (sha-to' do ma-yon'). A 
 castle at St. Aniand Montrond, France, now a 
 seat of the Due de Mortemart. It is of very ancient 
 foundation, but received its present great development in 
 the florid Pointed style at the end of the 15th and the be- 
 ginning of the 16th century. It resembles the Maison de 
 Jacques Coeur at Bourges in its many towers, its high 
 roofs and dormers, and its most picturesque and ornate 
 court. The interior is richly fitted out and decorated in 
 the style of the architecture. 
 
 Chateaudun (sha-to-dun'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Eure-et-Loir, France, situated on 
 the Loir 30 miles west-northwest of Orleans: 
 the Roman Castrodunum. Itcontainsacastleofthe 
 former counts of Dunois. It was stormed and burned by 
 the Germans in 1870. Population, commune, 7,147. 
 
 Chateau Gaillard (shii-td' ga-yar'). A cele- 
 brated ruin near Les Andelys, Eure, France, 
 on a cliff 300 feet above the Seine, it was built 
 in 1197 by Richard Coeur de Lion, and was taken by Philip 
 Augustus of France in 1204. The castle proper represents 
 in plan a circle of waved outline, of very massive masonry. 
 Outside rise flanking towers, and on the river side of the 
 circle stands the huge cylindrical donjon, with walls 16 
 feet thick. 
 
 Chateau-Gontier (sha-to'g6n-tya'). A town in 
 the department of Mayenne, France, situated 
 on the Mayenne in lat. 47° 50' N., long. 0° 42' 
 W. It was the scene of a Vendean victory, Oct. 
 27, 1793. Population, commune, 6,975. 
 Chateauguay (sha-to-ga'), Sieur de. See Le- 
 moyne, Antoine. 
 
 Chateaulin (sha-to-lan'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Finistfire, France, 14 miles north 
 of Quimper, on the Aune. Population, com- 
 mune, 4,237. 
 
 Chateaurenault (shii-to-re-no'). A town in 
 the department of Indre-et-Loire, France, 19 
 miles northeast of Tours. Population, com- 
 mune, 4,299. 
 
 Chateauroux (sha-to-ro'). The capital of the 
 department of Indre, France, situated on the 
 Indre in lat. 46° 50' N., long. 1° 42' E. it has 
 manufactures of coarse cloth, woolen goods, etc. It con- 
 tains the Church of St. Andrew. Population, commune, 
 25,437. 
 
 Chateauroux, Buchesse de (Marie Anne de 
 Mailly, Marquise de la Tournelle). Born Oct., 
 1717 : died at Paris, Dec. 8, 1744. A mistress 
 of Louis XV., 1742-44. 
 
 Chateau-Thierry (sha-to'tyar-re'). [L. Cas- 
 trum Theodor tci.\ A town in the department 
 of Aisne, France, situated on the Marne 50 
 miles east by north of Paris, in 1566 it was raised 
 to a duchy by Charles IX. It contains a ruined castle, 
 built by Charles Martel (?). It was the birthplace of La 
 Fontaine. Here, Feb. 12, 1814, Napoleon defeated the Rus- 
 sians and Prussians. Population, commune, 7,347. 
 
 Chatel (aha-tel'), Ferdinand Toussaint Fran- 
 gois. Born at Gannat, Allier, France, Jan. 9, 
 1795 : died at Paris, Feb. 13, 1857. A French 
 religious reformer. He wrote “Profession de 
 foi de l'dglise catholique frangaise” (1831), etc. 
 Chatel, or Chastel (sha-tel'), Jean. Born 
 about 1575: executed at Paris, Dec. 29, 1594. 
 A French fanatic who attempted to assassinate 
 * Henry IV., Dec. 27, 1594. 
 
 Chatelain (shat-lah/), Heli. Born at Morat, 
 Switzerland, 1859 : died at Lausanne, July 22, 
 1908. A Swiss-American Africanist. He came to 
 the United States in 1883, and went to Angola in 1884 as 
 missionary linguist. He became philologist of a United 
 States scientific expedition to West Africa in 1889, and 
 United States commercial agent in 1891. He published 
 “Grammatica do Kimbundu” (1889), “Grundzilge des 
 Kimbundu" (1890), “ Folk-tales of Angola” (1894), etc. 
 
 Chatelain de Coucy et de la dame de Fayel, 
 Histoire du. A French romance, of which the 
 personages were real, written about the begin- 
 ning of the 13th century. It was published with 
 a modern version in 1829 by M. Crapelet. See 
 Coucy. 
 
 Chatelet (shat-la'), Le Grand. [F., ‘the great 
 fort.'] An ancient fortress in Paris, situated 
 on the right bank of the Seine, on the present 
 Place du Chatelet, used for a prison and for 
 courts of justice until 1802, when it was de- 
 stroyed. Its origin is very obscure. It was at first 
 simply a tower commanding the northern approach to the 
 city. There was probably a wooden tower here as early as 
 885. The earliest mention is in a charter of Louis le 
 Jeune in 1147. The Chatelet was the city prison of Paris 
 in the medieval and Renaissance periods, and was one of 
 the most terrible prisons of the Old World. The prisoners 
 were generally of the more or less helpless class of city 
 
 Chaucer, Geoffrey 
 
 malefactors, but occasionally persons of a better class were 
 confined in it. 
 
 Chatelet, Le Petit, [F.,‘ the little fort.’] An 
 ancient fortress in Paris, situated on the left 
 bank of the Seine, near the Hotel-Bieu, used 
 for a prison. It was destroyed in 1782. 
 Chatelet, Marquise du. See I)u Chdtelet. 
 Chatellerault (sha-tel-ro'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Vienne, France, situated on the 
 Vienne 19 miles northeast of Poitiers : the 
 medieval Castrum Heraldi. it is noted for its 
 manufactures of cutlery and firearms. Population, com- 
 mune, 18,180. 
 
 Chatham (chat 'am). A town in Kent, Eng- 
 land, adjoining Rochester on the Medway, 25 
 miles east-southeast of London, it is one of the 
 chief military stations and naval arsenals in England, and 
 is strongly fortified (by the “ Chatham Lines ”). Its royal 
 dockyard (founded by Queen Elizabeth) contains exten- 
 sive docks, wharves, mills, etc. It contains also extensive 
 barracks for infantry, artillery, and engineers. It was 
 attacked by the Dutch fleet under De Ruyter in 1667. 
 Population, 37,057. 
 
 Chatham. A town in Kent County, Ontario, 
 Canada, situated on the Thames 45 miles east- 
 northeast of Detroit. Pop., 10,770, (1911). 
 Chatham, Earl of. See Pitt. 
 
 Chatham Islands. A group of islands in the 
 Pacific Ocean, about lat. 44° S., long. 176° W., 
 connected politically with New Zealand. The 
 chief islands are Chatham, or Wairikaori, and Pitt. They 
 were discovered by Lieutenant Broughton in the English 
 ship Chatham in 1791. Area, 375 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, about 4U0. 
 
 Chatillon (sha-te-yon'). In Shakspere’s “King 
 John,” an ambassador from France. 
 Chatillon-sur-Seine (sha-te-yon'sih'-san'). A 
 town in the department of Cote-d’Or, France, 
 situated on the Seine 44 miles northwest of 
 Dijon. It was an important town in the middle ages. 
 It was the birthplace of Marmont. Population, com- 
 mune, 4,812. 
 
 Chatillon-sur-Seine, Congress or Conference 
 
 of. An unsuccessful conference of the Allies, 
 Feb. 5-March, 1814. The Allies offered Napoleon, 
 through his envoy, CaulaincoUrt, the possession of France 
 with the_ boundaries of 1791. The negotiations came to 
 nothing in consequence of the attitude of Napoleon. 
 Chatimacha. See Chitimachan. 
 
 Chat Moss (chat m6s). A peat bog in Lanca- 
 shire, England, between Manchester and Liver- 
 pool. A railway was built across it by George Stephen- 
 son, 1828-30. Area, about 6,000 acres. 
 
 Chatrian (sha-tre-yon'), Alexandre. S eeErck- 
 mann- Cha tria n. 
 
 Chatsworth (chats'werth). The seat of the 
 Duke of Devonshire, situated on the Derwent 
 about 3 1- miles northeast of Bakewell, Derby- 
 shire, England. This imposing Renaissance palace, 
 500 feet long, was begun in 1688. The interior is lavishly 
 adorned with painting and sculpture, and contains a splen- 
 did collection of drawings by the old masters, some fine 
 old and modern paintings, a Venus by Thorwaidsen, and 
 Canova's Napoleon, Madame Letitia, and Endymion. The 
 formal gardens are famous. They contain elaborate foun- 
 tains and fine conservatories. 
 
 Chattahoochee (ehat-a-lio'ehe). A river in 
 Georgia which forms part of its western boun- 
 dary, and unites with the Flint to form the 
 Appalachicola at the southwestern extremity 
 of the State. Length, over 500 miles. It is 
 navigable to Columbus (over 200 miles). 
 Chattanooga (chat-a-no'ga). The capital of 
 Hamilton County, Tennessee, situated on the 
 Tennessee River in lat. 35° 4' N., long. 85° 
 19' W. it is an important railway and commercial 
 center, with trade in lumber and grain, and manufactures 
 of iron, steel, machinery, cotton, etc. It was a strategic 
 point in the Civil War. Population, 44,604, (1910). 
 
 Chattanooga, Battle of. A series of engage- 
 ments near Chattanooga, Nov. 23-25, 1863. The 
 Federals (about 60,000) under Grant defeated the Con- 
 federates (40,000-50,000) under Bragg. Loss of Federals, 
 5,616 ; of Confederates, 8,684 (6,142 prisoners). See further 
 under Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. 
 Chatterton (chat'er-ton), Thomas. Born at 
 Bristol, England, Nov. 20, 1752 : committed 
 suicide at London, Aug. 25, 1770. An English 
 poet, famous for his precocity and for his liter- 
 ary impostures. See Rowley Poems. 
 
 Chatti (kat'I), or Catti (kat'I). [L. (Tacitus) 
 Chatti, Gr. (Strabo) Xarron] A German tribe, a 
 branch of the Suevi, first mentioned by Strabo. 
 They originally occupied the Taunus legion north of the 
 Main, but were assigned l>y Drusus to the old territory of 
 the Sugambri further northward, back from the Rhine, in 
 the region about the Fulda and the middle Weser. They 
 took part in the rising under Civilis, and were afterward, 
 down into the 3d century, in frequent conflict with the 
 Romans. They were one of tho most powerful of the 
 German inland tribes. Two minor tribes of the Chatti, 
 the Batavi and the Canninefates, were ultimately merged 
 in the Salic Franks. Those left behind in the old territory 
 became, finally, the Hessians, a name which appears early 
 in the 8th century. 
 
 Chaucer (cha'sdr), Geoffrey. [ME. Chaucer, lit. 
 
 ‘ Shoemaker,' from OF. chancier, ML. calcearius, 
 
Chaucer, Geoffrey 
 
 calciurius, a shoemaker, from L. calceus , calcius , 
 a shoe.] Bom at London about 1340: died at 
 London, Oct. 25, 1400. A celebrated English 
 poet. He was the son of a well-to-do London vintner, John 
 Chaucer. He was liberally educated, but there is no cer- 
 tain evidence that he was a student at either Oxford or 
 Cambridge. In the year 1357 he is twice mentioned as 
 being in the service of Prince Lionel, the second son of 
 Edward III. In 1359 he was with the king's army in Brit- 
 tany, where he was taken prisoner. According to his own 
 statement, in 1386, he bore arms for twenty-seven years. 
 In 1367 he is described as a valet of the king's household 
 (‘ ‘ dilectus valettus noster "). About this time it is thought 
 that he married Philippa Roet, the eldest daughter of Sir 
 Payne Roet, the king at arms for Guienne, and a native of 
 Hainault, who came to England in the train of Queen Phi- 
 lippa probably in 1328. ( Morley .) By 1374 Chaucer had been 
 raised to a higher rank, sent on royal embassies to Italy, 
 etc., and called “Esquire” inofficial records. He was also 
 made comptroller of the customs of wools, skins, and tanned 
 hides in London, and received other grants, missions, and 
 pensions. John of Gaunt, the younger brother of Prince 
 Lionel, became the patron of Chaucer: in 1396 married 
 for his third wife Catherine Swinford, a widow, who had 
 been his mistress, and who was the sister of Chaucer’s wife. 
 Erom 1374 to 1386 Chaucer lived in the Gate-house of Aid- 
 gate. In 1378 he was sent again to Italy, after which he was 
 apparently closely confined by his business to London till 
 1385, when he was allowed to have a deputy in the office of 
 comptroller of customs of wool, etc. In 1386 he was elected 
 knight of the shire for Kent, but was dismissed from all 
 his various offices and became poor before the end of the 
 year. By 1399, however, he had, through the patronage of 
 Henry IV., the recently crowned son of John of Gaunt, a 
 sufficient income, and took a fifty-three years' lease of 
 a house on the spot in Westminster where Henry Vil.’s 
 chapel now stands: here, however, he lived less than a 
 year. Among his works are — Genuine works before 
 1380: “Troilus and Cressida,” “The Translation of Boe- 
 thius on the Consolation of Philosophy,” “The Dream of 
 Chaucer" (about 1369), “The Assembly of Fowls,” “Of 
 Queen Anelida and False Arcite,” “The House of Fame,” 
 “Chaucer’s A. B. C., called La Pricre de nostre Dame.” — 
 Genuine works after 1380: “The Canterbury Tales," “The 
 Legend of Good Women,” "The Conclusions of the Astro- 
 labe,” “The Complaint of Mars,” “Good Counsel of Chau- 
 cer,” “Lenvoye to Scogan,” “Chaucer unto his Empty 
 Purse," “Chaucer’s Words unto his own Scrivener."— 
 Genuine works, dates unknown: “The Complaint of Mars,” 
 “The Complaint of Venus” (a translation — Skeat), “The 
 Former Age," “ How Pity is Dead and Buried in a Gentle 
 Heart."— Doubtful works: “The Romaunt of the Rose,” 
 “Orison to the Holy Virgin,” “An Amorous Complaint.” 
 — Spurious works : “A Goodly Ballade of Chaucer,” “The 
 Flower of Courtesy, with a Ballade," “La Belle Dame sans 
 Mercy,” “ The Assemblyof Ladies,” “A Praise of Women,” 
 “The Testament of Love,” “The Lamentation of Mary 
 Magdalen,” “The Remedy of Love,” “A Ballade in Com- 
 mendation of our Lady," “The Plowman’s Tale,' “Balade 
 de bon Consail,” “Against Women Unconstant,” “The 
 Craft of Lovers, a Ballade,” “The Ten Commandments 
 of Love,” “The Nine Ladies Worthy," “Alone Walking,” 
 “Jacke Upland,” “The Tale of Gamelin,” “The Prologue, 
 or the Meriy Adventures of the Pardoner and Tapster at 
 the Inn at Canterbury,” “The Merchant's Second Tale, or 
 the History of Beryn,” “The Testament and Complaint of 
 Cressida ’’ (by Robert Henryson, about 1490), “ The Com- 
 plaint of the Black Knight” (by Lydgate, first half of the 
 16th century), “The Cuckoo and the Nightingale” (about 
 1400, perhaps, but uncertain), “The Letter of Cupid” (by 
 Occleve, 1402), “The Court of Love ” (about 1500), “Chau- 
 cer's Dream,” “The Isle of Ladies’’ (about 1450), and 
 “The Flower and the Leaf” (about 1420). Lounsbury. 
 
 Chaucer, Thomas. Born about 1367: diedMarcli 
 14, 1434. An English statesman, probably eld- 
 est son of Geoffrey Chaucer. He was chief butler 
 of Richard II., constable of Wallingford Castle, steward 
 of the honors of Wallingford and St, Valery and of the 
 Chiltern Hundreds, successor of Geoffrey Chaucer as for- 
 ester of North Petherton Park, Somersetshire, and mem- 
 ber of Parliament 1400-31. He was chosen speaker of the 
 House of Commons in 1407, 1410, 1411, and 1414. He was 
 present at the battle of Agincourt. 
 
 Chaucer of France, The. A name given to 
 Clement Marot. 
 
 Chaucer’s Dream. 1. A name once given to 
 “ The Book of the Duchess,” in which the poet 
 relates his dream. — 2. The title of an inde- 
 pendent poem, first printed by Thomas Speght 
 in the 1597 edition of the works of Chaucer. 
 He prefixed to it a note saying : “ That which heretofore 
 hath gone under the name of his Dreame, is the Book of 
 the Duchesse : on the death of Blanche, Ducliesse of Lan- 
 caster.” 
 
 There is no extant MS. of ibis poem earlier than one at 
 Longleat of about 1550. If the poem be Chaucer's, it is in 
 a late copy, with corruptions of the text, and was an early 
 work of his. I leave its authenticity in question. 
 
 Morley, Eng. Writers, V. 166. 
 
 Chaucer Society, The. A society founded by 
 P. J. Furnivall in 1868 for the purpose of fur- 
 nishing to scholars material (manuscripts, 
 early texts, etc.) relating to Chaucer which 
 was not accessible to the public, and of facili- 
 tating collation. 
 
 Chauci (ka/si). [L. (Pliny) Chauci, Gr. (Strabo) 
 Xaincoi.] A Gorman tribe, first mentioned by 
 Strabo, in the region along the North Sea, on 
 both sides of the Weser from the Ems to the 
 Elbe. Pliny divides them into “greater ’’ and “lesser.” 
 They were brought by Drusus and Tiberius into subjec- 
 tion to the Romans. The name disappears early in the 6th 
 century. They were ultimately merged in the Saxons. 
 Chaudes-Aigues (shod-zag'). A watering- 
 
 240 
 
 place in the department of Cantal, France, lat. 
 44° 50' N., long. 3° E. : the Boman Calentes 
 Aqua). It is noted for its hot springs. 
 Chaudiere(sho-dyar'). [F.,‘ caldron.’] A river 
 in Quebec, Canada, which joins the St. Lawrence 
 7 miles above Quebec. Length, about 120 miles. 
 Chaudi&re Falls. 1. A cataract in the Chau- 
 diere Kiver, near its mouth. Height, about 100 
 feet. — 2. A cataract in the Ottawa Biver, near 
 Ottawa. Height, about 40 feet. 
 
 Chaudi&re Lake. An expanson of the Ottawa 
 Biver, on which Ottawa is situated. 
 Chauffeurs (sho-fer'), or Garrotteurs (ga-ro- 
 ter'). [F., ‘burners’ or ‘ garroters.’] A band 
 of French brigands, organized under the leader- 
 ship of Johann Buckler, sumamed “ Schinder- 
 hannes,” which during the Beign of Terror in- 
 fested the forests of Argeres, near Chartres, and 
 which was dispersed by the consulate in 1803 : 
 so called from the practice of garroting their 
 victims, or of burning ( chauffer ) their feet to 
 make them reveal their treasures. 
 
 Chauliac (sho-lyak'), or Cauliac (ko-lyak'), 
 or Chaulieu (sho-lye'), Gui de. Lived in the 
 second half of the 14th century. A French 
 surgeon, physician at Lyons and later at Avi- 
 gnon. He wrote a noted treatise on surgery, long an 
 authority, “Inventorium, sive collectorium partis chirur- 
 gicalis medici.ise " (published 1489 or 1490). He has left 
 a description of the great plague of 1348. 
 
 Chaulieu (sho-lye'), Guillaume Amfrye de. 
 
 Born at Fontenay, Eure, France, 1639 : died 
 at Paris, June 27, 1720. A French poet and 
 ecclesiastic, a member of the libertine society 
 of the Temple (and called the “Anacreon of 
 the Temple’). He was the author of light verses of an 
 occasional character. His work is closely associated with 
 that of the Marquis de la Fare. 
 
 Chaumette(sho-met'), Pierre Gaspard. Born 
 at Nevers, France, May 24, 1763: guillotined 
 at Paris, April 13, 1794. A French revolu- 
 tionist, appointed attorney of the commune 
 of Paris in 1792. 
 
 Chaumi&re (sho-myar') Indienne, La. [F., 
 
 ‘ The Indian Cottage.’] A philosophical tale 
 by Bernardin de St. Pierre (1791). 
 
 Chaumonot (shd-mo-no'), Pierre Marie Jo- 
 seph. Born near Chatillon-sur-Seine, France, 
 1611: died at Lorette, near Quebec, Canada, 
 Feb. 21, 1693. A French Jesuit missionary 
 among the Indians of Canada. He arrived at Que- 
 bec 1639, and resided among the Hurons until they were 
 dispersed by the Iroquois about 1650. He left a grammar 
 of ihe Huron language, which was published by the Lit- 
 erary and Historical Society of Quebec in 1835. 
 Chaumont (sho-moh'). The capital of the de- 
 partment of Haute-Marne, France, situated be- 
 tween the Marne and Suize in lat. 48° 7' N., 
 long. 5° 7' E. It was formerly the capital of Bassigny. 
 A treaty was made here between the Allies, March 9, 1814. 
 Population, commune, 14,872. 
 
 Chaumont, Treaty of. An offensive and de- 
 fensive alliance against Napoleon I., concluded 
 here between Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, 
 and Bussia, March 9, 1814. 
 
 Chauncy, or Chauncey (chan'si or chan'si), 
 Charles. Born in Hertfordshire, England, 
 1592: died Feb. 19, 1672. The second presi- 
 dent of Harvard College. After having held a pro- 
 fessorate first of Hebrew, then of Greek, in the University 
 of Cambridge, he became vicar of Ware in 1627. He 
 emigrated to New England in 1C38, became a pastor in 
 Scituate, Massachusetts, about 1641, and president of 
 Harvard College in 1654. 
 
 Chauncey, Isaac. Born at Black Bock, Conn., 
 Feb. 20, 1772: died at Washington, D. C., Jan. 
 27, 1840. An American naval officer. He served 
 under Commodores Preble and Rodgers in the war with 
 Tripoli 1804-05, became captain in 1806, and was placed in 
 command of the naval forces on the northern lakes (ex- 
 cept Champlain) in 1812. He carried General Dearborn's 
 army to York (Toronto) in April, 1813, and in October de- 
 feated an English fleet of seven vessels, capturing five, 
 on Lake Ontario. 
 
 Chauny (sbo-ne'). A manufacturing town in 
 the department of Aisne, France, situated ou 
 the Oise 18 miles west of Laon. There are noted 
 glass manufactures at St. Gobain, in the neighborhood. 
 Population, commune, 10,496. 
 
 Chaussard (sho-sar'), Pierre Jean Baptiste. 
 
 Born at Paris, Oct. 8, 1766: died at Paris, Jan. 
 9, 1823. A French poet and miscellaneous 
 writer. He took an active part in the French Revolu- 
 tion, whose theories he advocated in the public prints 
 under the pen-name of Publicola. 
 
 Chautauqua (sha-ta'kwji). A village and sum- 
 mer resort situated on Chautauqua Lake, in 
 western New York: noted as the seat, since 
 1874, of the Chautauqua Assembly. Popula- 
 tion, town, 3,515, (1910). 
 
 Chautauqua Lake. A lake in western New 
 York, 8 miles from Lake Erie. Its outlet, Cone- 
 
 Cheapside 
 
 wango Creek, empties into Alleghany River. Length, 18 
 miles. Height above sea-level, 1,290 feet. 
 
 Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle. 
 
 An association for the purpose of promoting 
 home reading and study, founded in 1878 by 
 Bishop John H. Vincent of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church. It was an outgrowth of the Chau- 
 tauqua summer assemblies. Its organ is “The 
 Chautauquan.” 
 
 Ghauveau (sho-vo'), Pierre Joseph Olivier. 
 
 Born at Quebec, May 30, 1820 : died there, April 
 4, 1890. A Canadian politician and man of 
 letters, premier of Quebec 1867-73. He is the 
 author of a novel, “Charles Guerin” (1853), etc. 
 Chauveau-Lagarde (sho-vo'la-gard'), Claude 
 Francois de. Born at Chartres, France, Jan. 
 21, 1756 : died at Paris, Feb. 28, 1841. A French 
 advocate, noted as the defender of Miranda, 
 Marie Antoinette, Charlotte Corday, and Bris- 
 sot. 
 
 Chauvenet (sho-ve-na'), William. Born at 
 Milford, Pa., May 24, 1819: died at St. Paul, 
 Minn., Dec. 13, 1870. An American mathema- 
 tician, professor in the United States Naval 
 Academy 1845-59. 
 
 Chaux-de-Fonds (sho-de-fon'), La. A town in 
 the canton of Neuehatel, Switzerland, situated 
 in a valley of the Jura 10 miles northwest of 
 Neuehatel. It has manufactures of watches 
 and clocks. Population, 38,028. 
 
 Chavantes (sha-van'tes). An Indian tribe of 
 Brazil, occupying most of the northern part of 
 the state of Goyaz, between the rivers Tocan- 
 tins and Araguaya. They were formerly very pow- 
 erful, and are still numerous, having several large vil- 
 lages. V ery savage and warlike, they have only recently 
 admitted some intercourse with the whites : for years 
 they were tire terror of the neighboring settlements and 
 of travelers. These Indians are generally classed with 
 the Crens or Botocudo stock, believed to be the most an- 
 cient in Brazil. 
 
 Chaves (sha'ves). A town in the province of 
 Traz-os-Montes, Portugal, in lat. 41° 45' N., 
 long. 7° 33' W. : the Boman Aqua) Flavise. It 
 contains hot saline springs. The Tamega is 
 spanned by a Boman bridge. Population, 6,388. 
 Chaves (cha'ves), Francisco de. A Spanish 
 knight who went to America and was with Pi- 
 zarro in the conquest of Peru (1532-33). He was 
 one of those who protested against the death of Atahualpa. 
 Subsequently he became one of Pizarro’s most trusted 
 captains, and about 1539 was sent to settle Conchucas. 
 He was assassinated with Pizarro at Lima, June 26, 154L 
 
 Chaves (sha'ves). Marquis de (Manoel de 
 Silveira Pinto de Fonseca, Count of Ama- 
 rante). Bom at Villareal in Portugal : died at 
 Lisbon, March 7, 1830. A Portuguese general 
 and absolutist politician (1823-28). 
 
 Ohaves (cha'ves), Nuflo de. Born at Truxillo, 
 Estremadura, about 1510: died in the Gran 
 Chaco, 1568. A Spanish soldier. He went with 
 Cabeza de Vaca to Paraguay, marching overland from the 
 Brazilian coast to Asuncion, 1541—12 ; took part in the 
 deposition of Cabeza de Vaca ; and thereafter was a lead- 
 ing and very turbulent spirit in the affairs of Paraguay. 
 
 Chazars (cha'zarz), or Khazars, Kingdom of 
 
 the. A Turanian power in southern Bussia in 
 the first half of the middle ages. It extended as 
 its greatest expansion from the Caspian and lower Volga 
 westward to the Dnieper. It was at its height in the 9th 
 century. For a time the kings of this people professed 
 Judaism, their subjects following them. It is thought by 
 some that the modern Jews of southern Russia are their 
 descendants. 
 
 Chazelles (sha-zel'), Jean Mathieu de. Born 
 
 at Lyons, France, July 24, 1657 : died at Paris, 
 Jan. 16, 1710. A French mathematician, astron- 
 omer, and chartographer, professor of hydrog- 
 raphy at Marseilles. 
 
 Cheadle (che'dl). A town in Cheshire, Eugland, 
 5 miles south of Manchester, of which it is a 
 residential suburb. Population, 9.044. 
 Cheapside (chep'sld). [ME. cliepe, market.] 
 The central, east-and-west thoroughfare of the 
 City of London, originally a large open com- 
 mon in the course of Watling street where the 
 markets and public assemblies were held. Dif- 
 ferent kinds of wares were sold separately, and the names 
 were perpetuated in the streets which were built up 
 where the old booths had stood. In the middle ages 
 Chepe was the great street of the retail trade. It was 
 built with the finest houses in the city, and well supplied 
 with churches, the principal one being St. Mary le Bow, 
 so called from its great vault or bow, on the south side. 
 On the south side also was the stone gallery from which 
 royalty reviewed the tournaments which were held here. 
 There were two crosses in Chepe : the principal one was 
 erected by Edward I. to mark the resting place of his 
 queen, Eleanor of Castile. (See Charing Cross.) The high- 
 way ran through the more southern portion of the market- 
 place, and became known as Cheapside. Before the fire 
 in 1660 it was twice as wide as the present street, and was 
 lined with houses five stories high, each story projecting 
 over the one below, and with high gables. Cheapside is 
 69 leet above tide-water. 
 
Cheatham 
 
 Cheatham (che'tam), Benjamin Franklin. 
 
 Born at Nashville, Tenn., Oct. 20, 1820 : died 
 there, Sept. 4, 1886. A Confederate major- 
 general. He served in the Mexican war ; entered the 
 Confederate army in 1861, and fought at Belmont, Shiloh, 
 
 ’ Chickamauga, Chattanooga, and elsewhere. 
 
 Cheat River (chet riv'er). A river in West 
 Virginia which joins the Monongahela 52 miles 
 south of Pittsburg. Total length, about 150 
 miles. 
 
 Cheats (chets), The. A comedy by John Wil- 
 son, written in 1662. This play was temporarily sup- 
 pressed, it is thought on account of its ridicule of some 
 prominent nonconformist in the part of Scruple. 
 
 Cheats of Scapin (chets ov ska-pah'}, The. A 
 farce by Otway, acted in 1677. It was taken 
 from Moliere’s “Les Fourberies de Scapin.” 
 Chebar (ke'bar). Mentioned in Ezek. i. 3 as 
 a river in the “ land of the Chaldeans,” on the 
 banks of which the Jewish exiles lived. The 
 river or canal is as yet not identified with any of the nu- 
 merous canals of Babylonia mentioned in the cuneiform 
 inscriptions. The view, held formerly, that it was the 
 same as Habor, a river which joins the Euphrates near 
 the site of the ancient Circessium, is now, for philological 
 and geographical reasons, generally abandoned. 
 Cheddar Cliffs (ched'iir klifz). A picturesque 
 group of limestone cliffs in the Mendip Hills, 
 Somersetshire, England, near Wells. Height, 
 500 feet. 
 
 Chedorlaomer (ke-dor-la-6'mer). A king of 
 Elam who; according to Gen. xiv., in the time 
 of Abraham, with his three tributary kings 
 Amraphel of Shinar (Shurnir of the inscrip- 
 tions), Arioch of Ellasar (Larsa), and Tidal of 
 Goyim, invaded Palestine and subdued the 
 five kings of Siddim (around the Dead Sea). 
 For twelve years they remained jn subjection ; in the 
 thirteenth year they rebelled, whereupon Chedorlaomer 
 came again with his three allies and defeated the five 
 kings, pillaging the whole country and carrying away 
 with him Lot, the nephew of Abraham. According to 
 the Assyrian monuments, Elamite kings conquered Baby- 
 lonia and reigned over it during the period between 
 2300 and 2076 B. C. Among the Elamite kings mentioned 
 are Kudur-Mabuk and Kudur-Nahundu. The first calls 
 himself “conqueror of the Westland.” Chedorlaomer, 
 or, as the name would have been read in the ancient Ela- 
 mite language, Kudur-Lagamar, may be put about 2000 
 B. 0. Lagamar is, as ascertained by the Assyrian inscrip- 
 tions, the name of an Elamite deity, and Kudur probably 
 means ‘servant.’ See Century Atlas, Map Till. 
 Ch4dotel (sha-do-tel'). Lived about 1600. 
 A French navigatoi and explorer in Canada. 
 Having been selected to guide the expedition of the 
 Marquis de la Roche to New France, he landed, in 1598, 
 fifty men on Sable Island, whom on his return from an 
 exploring expedition along the coast of Acadia he was 
 compelled by stress of weather to abandon. He was 
 sent to their rescue by the Parliament of Rouen in 1605, 
 but recovered only twelve men, all that survived. 
 Cheduba (ched'uba). An island in the Bay 
 of Bengal, west of Arakan, British India, in 
 lat. 18° 50' N., long. 93° 40' E. It was taken 
 from the Burmese in 1824. Area, 220 square 
 miles. Population, 26,899. 
 
 Cheeryble (cher'i-bl), Frank. The nephew of 
 Charles and Edwin Cheeryble in Charles Dick- 
 ens’s novel “ Nicholas Nickleby.” He marries 
 Kate Nickleby. 
 
 Cheeryble Brothers, The (Charles and Ed- 
 win). Twin brothers, merchants, in Charles 
 Dickens’s story “Nicholas Nickleby.” They are 
 liberal, simple-minded, and noble-hearted, and are friends 
 and patrons of Nicholas Nickleby. Theoriginalsof these 
 characters are said to have been the Grant brothers, cot- 
 ton-spinners, near Manchester. 
 
 Chefoo. See Chifu. 
 
 Chefren. See Khafra. 
 
 Cheggs (chegz), Mr. A market-gardener in 
 Charles Dickens’s “ Old Curiosity Shop,” the 
 successful rival of Dick Swiveller in the affec- 
 tions of Sophy Wackles. 
 
 Chehalis (che-ha'liz), or Tsihalis. A collec- 
 tive name applied to several tribes of the 
 Salishan stock of North American Indians, 
 living on Chehalis River and Shoalwater Bay, 
 Washington. In 1904 there were 147 Chehalis 
 on the Puyallup reservation, Washington. See 
 Salishan. 
 
 Cheke (ehek), Sir John. Bom at Cambridge, 
 England, June 16, 1514: died at London, Sept. 
 13, 1557. A noted English Greek scholar, tutor 
 to Edward VI. He studied at Cambridge (St. John’s 
 College); was professor of Greek there 1540-51 ; was 
 appointed tutor to Prince Edward 1544 ; was knighted 
 1552 ; and became a chamberlain of the exchequer Aug., 
 1552, and a secretary of state June, 1553. He was a zeal- 
 ous Protestant and partizan of Lady Jane Grey, and on 
 Mary’s accession was accused of treason and committed 
 to the Tower, July 27, 1553; but was pardoned Sept. 13, 
 1654, and permitted to travel abroad. In 1556 he was 
 arrested near Antwerp, brought to England, and again 
 thrown into the Tower, where he was induced to renounce 
 his Protestant beliefs. He wrote numerous works in 
 Latin and English. 
 
 C.— 16 
 
 241 
 
 Che-kiang (che'kyang'). A maritime prov- 
 ince of China, lying between Kiang-su on the 
 north, the China Sea on the east, Fu-kien on 
 the south, and Ngan-hui and Kiang-si on the 
 west. Capital, Ilang-chau ; treaty port, Ning-po. The 
 chief foreign export is silk. Area, about 30,670 square 
 miles. Population, 11,580,692. 
 
 Chelamela (chel-a-me'la). A former division or 
 band of the Kalapooian stock of North Amer- 
 ican Indians, probably on Long Tom creek, 
 Oregon. Also La-malle , and Long Tom Indians. 
 See Kalapooian. 
 
 Chelard (she-lar'), Hippolyte Andre Jean 
 Baptiste. Born at Paris, Feb. 1, 1789: died 
 at Weimar, Germany, Feb. 12, 1861. A French 
 composer, author of the operas “Macbeth” 
 (1827 : text by Rouget de Lisle), “ Hermanns- 
 schlacht” (1835), etc. 
 
 Cheliff, or Chelif. See Sheliff. 
 
 Chelius (cha'le-os), Maximilian Joseph von. 
 Born at Mannheim, Baden, Jan. 16, 1794: died 
 at Heidelberg, Baden, Aug. 17, 1876. A noted 
 German surgeon. He wrote “Handbuch der 
 Chirurgie” (1822), etc. 
 
 Chelles (shel), Jean de. A French architect 
 and sculptor. He constructed in 1257 the south- 
 ern portal of Notre Dame de Paris as it exists 
 to-day. 
 
 Chelmsford (chemz'ford). The capital of Es- 
 sex, England, situated on the Chelmer 28 miles 
 northeast of London. Population, 12,580. 
 Chelmsford, Baron. See Thesiger. 
 
 Chelouels. See Naehi. 
 
 Chelsea (chel'si). [Formerly Chelseg, Chelchith, 
 ME. Chelcliitli, AS. Celchyth, also, as the name 
 of another place, Cealchytli, lit. ‘ Chalkport.’] 
 A borough (metropolitan) of London, situated 
 north of the Thames, 3 miles southwest of St. 
 Paul’s. It has been the residence of many celebrated 
 people, including More, Elizabeth, Steele, Swift, Walpole, 
 Rossetti, George Eliot, and Carlyle, it contains the 
 Chelsea Hospital for invalid soldiers, designed by Wren, 
 built 1682-90. Population, “66,404, (1911). 
 
 Chelsea. A city in Suffolk County, Massachu- 
 setts, 3 miles northeast of Boston, separated 
 from Charlestown by the Mystic River, it has 
 manufactures of tiles, pottery, etc. It was settled as Win- 
 nisimmet in 1630, was separated from Boston in 1738, and 
 was incorporated as a city in 1857. Population, 32,452, 
 (1910). 
 
 Chelsea Village. A part of New York: a sec- 
 tion, originally the farm of Clement C. Moore, 
 lying on the west side of the city. Chelsea Square, 
 lying between Ninth and Tenth avenues and 20th and 
 21st streets, still marks part of its site. The General 
 Theological Seminary occupies the square. 
 Cheltenham (chelt'n-am). A watering-place 
 in Gloucestershire, England, situated on the 
 Chelt 8 miles northeast of Gloucester, it con- 
 tains Cheltenham College and other educational institu- 
 tions. Mineral springs were discovered there in 1716. It 
 has been a fashionable resort since the visit of George III. 
 in 1788. Population, 49,439. 
 
 Chelukamanche. See Lakmiut. 
 
 Chelyuskin, Cape. See Severo. 
 
 Chemakum. See Chimakum. 
 
 Chemawawa. See Chemehuevi. 
 
 Chemehuevi (shem-a-hwa've). The southern- 
 most of the Piute tribes of North American 
 Indians. Its habitat formerly was west of the great 
 bend of the Rio Colorado in Nevada and California, and 
 on the east bank of that river in Arizona, between Bill 
 Williams Fork and the Needles. In 1903 there were 300 
 in the Colorado River Indian reservation, Arizona. (See 
 Piute.) Their own name is Tantawas. Also Chemawawa, 
 Chimihuah.ua, Qeniguch, Jeniguich, Simojueve, Teni- 
 quech. 
 
 Chemill6 (she-me-ya'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Maine-et-Loire, France, 20 miles south- 
 west of Angers. Population, commune, 4,171. 
 Chemnitz (chem'nits). A city in the district 
 of Zwickau, kingdom of Saxony, situated on 
 the Chemnitz in lat. 50° 50' N., long. 12° 55' E. 
 It is the chief manufacturing city in Saxony, 
 and one of the most important in Germany. 
 It exports its manufactured goods largely to the 
 United States. Its manufactures include gloves, stock- 
 ings, machinery, cottons, and woolens. It was a free impe- 
 rial city 13th-17th centuries. Population, 286,455, (1910). 
 
 Chemnitz, Bogislav Philipp von. Born at 
 Stettin, Germany, May 9, 1605: died at Hall- 
 stad, Sweden, May 17, 1678. A German histo- 
 rian, councilor and historiographer of Christina 
 of Sweden. He was a grandson of Martin Chemnitz. 
 He wrote “De ratione status in imperio nostro Romano- 
 Germanico, etc.” (1640), “Der kcinigliche schwedische in 
 Deutschland gefiihrte Krieg ’’ (1648). 
 
 Chemnitz, or Kemnitz, Martin. Born at Treu- 
 enbriet.zen, Brandenburg, Germany, Nov. 9, 
 1522 : died at Brunswick, Germany, April 8, 1 586. 
 A noted German Lutheran theologian, super- 
 intendent at Brunswick after 1567, He wrote 
 
 Chenonceaux 
 
 “ Theologice Jesuitarum pnecipua capita ” (1662), “ Examen 
 concilii Tridentini ” (1565-73), “ Loci Theologici "(1691), etc. 
 
 Chemnitzer (chem'nit-ser), Ivan Ivanovitch. 
 
 Born in Archangel, Jan. 16 (N. S.), 1745: died 
 at Smyrna, March 20, 1784. A Russian fabulist: 
 fables published 1778-81 (ed. by Grot 1873). 
 Chexnosh (ke'mosh). The principal deity, or 
 Baal, of the Moabites, in judges xi. 24 Chemosh also 
 appears as the national god of Ammon. Under Solomon 
 his worship was introduced in Judah, but was abolished 
 by Josiah (1 Ki. xi. 7, 2 Ki. xxiii. 13). 
 
 Chemsian. See Tsimsliian. 
 
 Chemulpo (she-mul-po'). A treaty port of Ko- 
 rea, near Seoul. It is the most important of the 
 treaty ports. 
 
 Chenab, or Ohinab (ohe-nab'). The central 
 river of the Panjab, British India, which unites 
 with the Sutlej to form the Panjnad (an eastern 
 affluent of the Indus), in lat. 29° 25' N., long. 
 71° 5' E. Length, about 750 miles. 
 
 Chenango (she-nang'go). A tributary of the 
 Susquehanna, which it joins at Binghamton, 
 New York. Length, about 100 miles. 
 Clienavard (she-na-var'), Paul Joseph. Born 
 Dec. 9, 1808 : died April 12, 1895. A French his- 
 torical painter, a pupil of Delacroix and Ingres. 
 He executed a series of cartoons for the Pan- 
 theon in Paris. 
 
 Chenedolle (shan-do-la'), Charles Julien 
 Lioult de. Born at Yire in 1769: died 1833. 
 A French poet. 
 
 Chf-nedolld was in production, if not in publication, for 
 he published late in life, a precursor of Lamartine, much 
 of whose style and manner may be found in him. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 403. 
 
 Chen6e (sha-na/). A manufacturing suburb of 
 Liege, Belgium, situated at the junction of the 
 Vesdro and Ourthe. Population, 9,906. 
 Chenevix (chen'e-viks), Richard. Born in Ire- 
 land (of French parentage), 1774: died April 
 5, 1830. A chemist, mineralogist, and man of 
 letters, fellow of the Royal Society 1801, and 
 Copley medalist 1803. Besides numerous scientific 
 papers, he wrote “Mantuan Revels "(a comedy), “Henry 
 the Seventh ” (a tragedy), and poems. 
 
 Chenier (sha-nya/), Andre Marie de. Bom at 
 
 Constantinople, Oct. 30, 1762 : guillotined at 
 Paris, July 25, 1794. A celebrated French poet, 
 son of Louis Chenier. According to Sainte-Beuve 
 he is the greatest writer in French classic verse since the 
 days of Racine and Boileau. He went to the College de Na- 
 varre in France; was in the army in 1782 ; in Switzerland 
 and Italy 1783-84 ; in Paris 1784-87; secretary to the French 
 embassy in London till 1790 ; and finally reverted to liter- 
 ary occupations and studies in Paris. Only two poetical 
 compositions of Chdnier were published during his life- 
 time, “Le jeu de pan me h David peintre ” (suggested by 
 the great painter’s “Serment du jeu de paume”), and 
 “Hyrnne aux sohlats de Chateauvieux.” His pamphlet 
 directed against the Jacobin club, “ Avis au peuple fran- 
 gais sur ses vdritables ennemis,” brought him a medal of 
 recognition from Stanislaus, king of Poland. CliCnier's 
 plain words in political matters led to his inscription on 
 the exile list, but he seems to have been of assistance to 
 Malesherbes in preparing the defense of Louis XVI., and 
 to the king himseH in preparing the latter's appeal to the 
 people. March 7, 1794, he was accused of sheltering a 
 political criminal, and was sent to prison. On the 7tli Ther- 
 midor he was one of twenty-four guillotined on a charge 
 of prison conspiracy. “La jeune captive’’ was published 
 Jan. 9, 1795, in the “Ddcade philosophique,”with reprints 
 in “ L’Almanach des muses ” and “ Le magasin encyclopd- 
 dique.” “La jeune Tarentine” came out in the “Mer- 
 cure” of March 22, 1801. In a note to Chateaubriand’s 
 “Gdnie du christianisme” several passages were quoted 
 from the “Eldgies.” Other fragments were inserted by 
 Fayolle in his “Melanges littdraires” (1816). The first 
 complete edition of Chenier's works was made by Latouche 
 in 1819, the second by D. C. Robert, the third and fourth 
 again by Latouche in 1833 and 1839 respectively. Becq 
 de Fouquiferes published the first critical edition in 1862, 
 and the second in 1872. An indifferent edition was given 
 by Gabriel de Chdnier in 1874. Becq de Fouquiferes pointed 
 out its shortcomings in his “Documents nouveaux sur 
 Andrd Chdnier” (1876). He also published in 1881 a re- 
 vised and enlarged edition of Chdnier's “ (Kuvres en 
 prose,” based on the version of Hugo and Lacroix in 1840 ; 
 and finally gave the results of his latest research in his 
 “Lettres critiques d’Andrd Chdnier” (1881). 
 
 Chenier, Louis de. Born at Montfort, France, 
 1723 : died at Paris, May 25, 1796. A French 
 historian. He resided at Constantinople for many years, 
 and was consul-general there until 1764. His works in- 
 clude “ Reclierches historiques surlesMaures et l’histoire 
 de l’empire de Maroc ” (1787), “Revolutions de l’empire 
 Ottoman, etc.” (1789), etc. 
 
 Chenier, Marie Joseph de. Bom at Constan- 
 tinople, Feb. 11, 1764: died at Paris, Jan. 10, 
 1811. A French poet, son of Louis Chenier, 
 lie wrote the tragedy “Charles IX.” (1789), the song 
 “Chant du depart,” “Tibkre,” etc. Ilis complete works 
 were published 1824-26. 
 
 Chenonceaux (she-non- so'). A village in the de- 
 partment of Indre-et-Loire, France, situated 
 on the Cher 19 miles southeast of Tours. It is 
 famous for the castle built under Francois I. in a grace- 
 ful Renaissance style, to which picturesqueness is added 
 by the introduction of medieval round, cone-roofed tow- 
 ers. The beautiful chapel has fine glass, and the old fur- 
 
Chenonceaux 
 
 niture and ornament of the Interior remain in great part. 
 A unique feature is the bridge over the Cher, covered 
 with a range of buildings. 
 
 Ckenooks. See Chinooks. 
 
 Cheops (ke'ops). [Gr. Xeoip.~] See Khufu. 
 
 Chepenafa (che-pe'na-fa). [PL] The Mary 
 River Indians, or Marysville Indians, a hand of 
 the Lakmiut division of the Kalapooian stock of 
 North American Indians. They formerly lived on 
 the forks of St. Mary creek, near Corvallis, Oregon, and 
 are now on Grande Ronde reservation. They number 
 about 25. See Lakmiut. 
 
 Chephren. See Khafra. 
 
 Chepman (chep'man), Waiter. Born about 
 1473: died about 1538. A printer and mer- 
 chant of Edinburgh, the earliest Scottish printer 
 with the exception of Andrew Myllar. 
 
 Chepstow (chep'sto). A town in Monmouth- 
 shire, England, situated on the Wye 13 miles 
 northwest of Bristol. It contains the ruins of Chep- 
 stow Castle, a fortress of the 13th and 11th centuries, with 
 high walls and massive cylindrical towers. There are 
 four interior cour ts. Population, 3,067. 
 
 Cher (sbar). A river of France which joins 
 the Loire near Tours. Length, 215 miles; navi- 
 gable 74 miles. 
 
 Cher. A department of France, lying between 
 Loiret on the north, Nievre on the east, Allier 
 and Creuse on the south, and Indre and Loir- 
 et-Cher on the west. Capital, Bourges. It is a 
 leading industrial department, and is formed from parts 
 of Berry and Bourbonnais. Area, 2,819 square miles. 
 Population, 343,484. 
 
 Cherasco (ka-ras'ko). A town in the province 
 of Cuneo, Italy, near the junction of the Stura 
 and Tanaro, 30 miles south of Turin. 
 
 Cherasco, Armistice of. An armistice con- 
 cluded between Napoleon and Victor Amadeus 
 III. of Sardinia, April 29, 1796. A definite 
 peace followed, May 15, 1796, making great 
 concessions to France. 
 
 Cherasco, Treaty of. A treaty of peace, signed 
 April 6, 1631, which confirmed the treaty of 
 Ratisbon, concluded between Richelieu and 
 Ferdinand II. in 1630. The latter invested the Duke 
 of Nevers with Mantua and Montferrat. Savoy received 
 concessions. The treaty ended the war of the Mantuan 
 Succession. 
 
 Cherbourg (sher'berg; F. pron. shar-bor'). A 
 seaport in the department of Manelie, France, 
 situated on the English Channel in lat. 49° 39' 
 N. , long. 1° 38' W . It is the third naval port of France, 
 and is a strong fortress. It has a roadstead protected by a 
 long dike, a commercial harbor and a naval harbor, and con- 
 tains extensive docks, an arsenal, and naval establishments. 
 It is the Roman Coriallum, Csesaris burgum. After various 
 English occupations it was permanently held by France 
 from 1450. It was planned as a naval station by Vauban, and 
 the works were encouraged by Napoleon I. and completed 
 by Napoleon III. The fortifications were destroyed by the 
 English in 1758. Population, commune, 43,837. 
 
 Cherbuliez (shar-bii-Iya/), Antoine Elisee. 
 
 Born at Geneva, July 29, 1797 : died at Zurich, 
 Switzerland, March 14, 1869. A Swiss politi- 
 cal economist, author of “L’Utilitaire,” etc. 
 Cherbuliez (shar-bii-Iya,'). Charles Victor. 
 Born at Geneva, July 19, 1829: died at Combs, 
 near Melun, July 1, 1899. A French novelist 
 and critic. He began life as a teacher, but resigned his 
 professorship and traveled extensively in the East. On his 
 return he published in the form of a novel the result of his 
 studies in archaeology. The first edition was called “A 
 propos d’un cheval’’ (1860), and the second “Un cheval 
 de Phidias " (1864). Two other works of a similar character, 
 “Le prince Vitale" (1864) and “Be grand ceuvre” (1867), 
 embody his views on the origin, transformation, and des- 
 tiny of this globe. In the “Revue des Deux Mondes” 
 he published a long series of novels, including “ Le comte 
 Kostia " (1863), ‘‘Paule M6rd” (1864), “Le roman d’uuehon- 
 nOte femme ” (1864), “Prosper Ran doce ”(1868), “L’A ven- 
 ture de Ladislas Bolski" (1869), “La revanche de Joseph 
 Noirel” (1872), “Meta Holdenis ” (1873), “Le fiancd de 
 Mile. Saint-Maur" (1876), “Samuel Brohl et Cie ” (1877), 
 “ L’ld^e de Jean Tcterol ” (1878), “Amours fragiles ”(1880), 
 “ Noirs et rouges” (1881), “La ferme du Choquart ” (1883), 
 “ Olivier Maugant ” (1885), “ La bete ” (1887), “ La vocation 
 du Comte Ghislain ”(1888), “Uue gageure "(1890). Among 
 his productions in most recent years are “ L’Art et la na- 
 ture ’’(“ Revue des Deux Mondes,” 1891) and "Le secret 
 du prtcepteur ” (ibid., 1892-93). Both over his own name 
 and under the nom de plume of G. Valbert, Cherbuliez 
 also contributed to the same review several papers on 
 foreign politics and historical literature. These articles 
 have been collected in part and published as “ L’Alle- 
 magne politique depuis la paix de Prague" (1870), “ L’Es- 
 pagne politique ’’ (1874), “ Homines et choses d’Allemagne ” 
 (1877), “ Hommes et choses du temps present ” (1883), and 
 “Profils strangers” (1889). His art criticisms in the 
 “Temps” give an account of the annual art exhibit in 
 Paris, the Salon of 1872. Jliey have been published sep- 
 arately under the title “Etudes de literature et d’art" 
 (1873). Two novels of Cherbuliez have been dramatized, 
 “Samuel Brohl” (1879) and “L’Aventure de Ladislas 
 Bolski ” (1879), but neither scored as a play the success 
 attained in the original form. Cherbuliez was a distant 
 relative of J. J. Rousseau. He took out papers as a 
 Frenchman after 1870. He was elected into the French 
 Academy Dec. 8, 1881. 
 
 Cherchel, or Cherchell (sher-skel'). A seaport 
 in the department of Algiers, Algeria, situated 
 
 242 
 
 on the Mediterranean 54 miles west by south 
 of Algiers. Population, commune, 11,088. 
 
 Cherentes, or Xerentes (sha-ren'taz). An In- 
 dian tribe of Brazil, on the eastern side of the 
 river Tocantins, in Goyaz, southern Maranhao, 
 and portions of Piauby and Bahia. They are 
 closely allied to the Chavantes (which see), and are evi- 
 dently an offspring of that tribe. Like them, they are 
 very savage and warlike. Their numbers are now greatly 
 reduced. 
 
 Cheri (sha-re'), Rose (Rose Marie Cizos). 
 
 Born at Etampes, France, Oct. 27, 1824: died at 
 Passy, near Paris, Sept. 22, 1861. A celebrated 
 French comedian. She first appeared at the Gymnase 
 March 30, 1842. In 1840 the role of Clarisse Harlowe 
 placed her in the first rank of her profession. In May, 
 1847, she married M. Lemoine Montigny, but continued 
 to play under the name of Hose Clithi. 
 
 Cheribon, or Sheribon (sher'i-bon). A sea- 
 port on the northern coast of Java, Dutch East 
 Indies, lat. 6° 45' S., long. 108° 35' E. Popula- 
 tion, estimated at 11,000. 
 
 Cherokee (cher-6-ke'), native Tsalagi. [P1-, 
 also Cherokees.'] An important tribe of North 
 American Indians. The name ( Tsalagi , Tsaragi ) is 
 said to he derived from Choctaw chiluk-ki, ‘cave people.’ 
 They are probably the people known traditionally to the 
 Delawares as Talligewi, a powerful body which once oc- 
 cupied tiie valleys of the Ohio aud Allegheny rivers, and 
 afterward was driven south by the Delawares and Iroquois. 
 When first known to Europeans their center was in the 
 southern Alleghauies, and they occupied the mountains of 
 southern Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, 
 Alabama, and Tennessee. Their chief settlements were 
 on the head waters of the Savannah and Tennessee rivers, 
 and were respectively called Elati Tsalagi, or Lower 
 Cherokee, and Atali Tsalagi, or Upper Cherokee, speaking 
 two different dialects. As the white settlements pressed 
 upon them they retreated westward, until by the treaty of 
 1835 they sold all their remaining country, and the main 
 body removed to a tract assigned to them west of the 
 Mississippi. A considerable number remained behind, 
 and, gradually concentrating in western North Carolina, 
 are now known as the eastern band of Cherokees, number- 
 ing several thousands. Those in Oklahoma number over 
 20,000. Both divisions have a large admixture of foreign 
 blood. See Iroquoicm. 
 
 Cherry (cher'i). [A nickname of Charily.] 1. 
 The daughter of the landlord Boniface in Far- 
 quhar’s ‘‘Beaux’ Stratagem.” — 2. The nick- 
 name of Charity Peeksniif in Dickens’s ‘ ‘ Martin 
 Chuzzlewit.” 
 
 Ghersiphron (ker'si-fron). [Gr. Xepci<j>puv.] 
 Born at Cnossus, Crete: flourished about 576 
 B. c. The first architect of the Artemision at 
 Ephesus. He was associated with his son Metagenes, 
 and with Theodorus. The Artemision was one hundred 
 and twenty years in building, and was finished about 456 
 B. o. This building was later destroyed by fire, and rebuilt 
 about the time of Alexander by Dinocrates. 
 
 Cherso (ker'so). 1. An island in the Adriatic 
 Sea, belongingto Kustenland, Austria-Hungary, 
 inlat. 44°40'-45° 10' N., long. 14° 30' E. Length, 
 40 miles. — 2. The chief town on the Island of 
 Cherso. Population, commune, 8,135, (1910). 
 
 Cherson. See Kherson. 
 
 Chersonesus (ker-so-ne'sus), or Chersonese 
 (ker'so-nes or -nez). [Gr. xepcovr/ooc, a penin- 
 sula.] The Greek name for a peninsula, it was 
 specifically applied to the following : (a) Chersonesus 
 Aurea, the modern peninsula of Malacca, (b) Chersone- 
 sus Cimbrica, the modern peninsula of Jutland (Den- 
 mark). (c) Chersonesus Taurica or Scythica, the modern 
 Crimea (Russia). ( d ) Ciiersonesus Tliracica, the modern 
 peninsula of Gallipoli, between the Hellespont and the 
 Gulf of Melas. 
 
 Chertsey (ches'i or chert'si). [AS. Certes eg, 
 Ceortes ig or eg, Ceort’s island.] A town in Sur- 
 rey, England, situated on the Thames 22 miles 
 southwest of London. It was the ancient capital of 
 the South Saxons. It contained a Beuedictine monastery 
 founded in the 7th century. 
 
 Cherub; The. See Wilfer, Bella. 
 
 Cherubm de la Ronda (sha-ril-ban' de la ron'- 
 da), Don. The Bachelor of Salamanca (which 
 see) in Le Sage’s novel of that name. 
 
 In this work [Le Sage’s “The Bachelor of Salamanca”], 
 Don Cherubim, the Bachelor of Salamanca, is placed iD all 
 different situations of life — a plan which gives scope to 
 the author for satire as various as the classes of men 
 with whom his hero at different times associates. The 
 first part, in which he appears as a tutor, is by much the 
 most novel and entertaining. 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, II. 478. 
 
 Cherubin (sha-ru-ban'). A page in “ Le Mari- 
 age de Figaro,” by Beaumarchais. Timid before 
 the Countess Almaviva, he is extremely forward with Su- 
 zanne. In “La Mfere Coupable” he has overcome this 
 weakness, and is proved to be the rival of Almaviva, the 
 father of his supposed son Leon, and the cause of the 
 “guilty mother’s” tears. 
 
 Cherubini (ka-ro-be'ne), Maria Luigi Carlo 
 Zenobio Salvatore. Born at Florence, Sept. 
 14, 1760: died at Paris, March 15, 1842. A 
 celebrated Italian composer. He studied under 
 Sarti at Bologna, and finally established himself in Paris 
 in 1788. His works include the operas “ Armida ” (1782), 
 
 Chester 
 
 “LaFintaPrincipessa”(1785), “Ifigenia in Aulide”(1787), 
 “Demophon” (1788), “Lodoiska” (1791), “Medde "(1797), 
 “Les deux jounces” (“ Der Wassertrager,” 1800), “Fa- 
 niska”(1806), “ Ali Baba ” (originally “ Koukourgi ” (1793), 
 produced in 1833), “ R equiem in 6” (1817), “ Requiem in 
 D ” (1836). He also wrote many motets, masses, string- 
 quartets, one-act operas, etc. 
 
 Cherusci (ke-rus'i). [L. (Csesar) Cherusci, Gr. 
 (Strabo) Xijpovcnoi . ] A German tribe, in the 
 time of Ctesar dwelling about the middle Weser 
 in territory extending as far east as the Elbe. 
 They were subjugated to the Romans by Drusus and Ti- 
 berius, but rose against Varus under the leadership of 
 their own countryman, Arminius. In the time of Taci- 
 tus they had sunk into comparative unimportance. The 
 name disappears early in the 5 th century. They ultimately 
 became a constituent part of the Saxons. 
 
 Chervin (sher-vah'), Nicolas. Born in the de- 
 partment of Rhone, France, Oct. 6, 1783 : died 
 at Bourbonne-les-Bains, Haute-Marne, France, 
 1843. A French physician. He is noted for re- 
 searches in regard to yellow fever, on which he published 
 several monographs. He also wrote “ Recherclies mt-dico- 
 pbilosophiques sur les causes de la polygamie dans les 
 pays chauds” (1812). 
 
 Cherwell (cher'wel). A small river in Eng- 
 land, which joins the Thames at Oxford. 
 
 Chesapeake (clies'a-pek), The. An American 
 frigate of 38 guns, built at Norfolk, Virginia, in 
 1799. During the campaign of 1812 she cruised in South 
 American waters. In May, 1813, she returned to Boston, 
 and was placed under the command of Captain James 
 Lawrence. The ship was repaired and remanned under 
 his direction, but he was obliged to make up his crew of 
 very unsatisfactory material. The British frigate Shan- 
 non, thirty-eight guns rating, commanded by Captain 
 Philip Vere Broke, was at this time cruising off Boston 
 harbor. Broke had brought his ship to a high state of 
 efficiency. On June 1, 1813, the Chesapeake sailed out of 
 Boston harbor, the Shannon being in sight in the offing. 
 The battle occurred six leagues east of Boston light. Im- 
 mediately after opening fire both ships fell aboard, and 
 Captain Lawrence was mortally wounded. He was car- 
 ried below exclaiming “Don’t give up the ship ! ” Cap- 
 tain Broke boarded the Chesapeake, and at 6.05 P. M., 
 fifteen minutes after the first gun was fired, her flag was 
 struck. 
 
 Chesapeake Bay (ches'a-pek ba). An inlet of 
 tbe Atlantic Ocean, in Virginia and Maryland. 
 It enters the Atlantic between capes Charles and Henry. 
 Its chief affluents are the Susquehanna, Patapsco, Poto- 
 mac, York, Rappahannock, and James. It was first ex- 
 plored by Captain John Smith in 1608. Length, about 200 
 miles. Breadth, 4-40 miles. 
 
 Chesebro (chez'bro), Caroline. Born at Can- 
 andaigua, N. Y., March 30, 1825: died at Pier- 
 rnont, N. Y., Feb. 16, 1873. An American 
 novelist, author of “Dreamland by Daylight” 
 (1851), etc. 
 
 Cheselden (ches'el-den), William. Born at 
 Somei-by, Leicestershire, Oct. 19, 1688: died 
 at Bath, April 10, 1752. A noted English sur- 
 geon. He was celebrated for his “lateral operation for 
 the stone” and for operations upon the eye. He wrote 
 “ The Anatomy of the Human Body ’’ (1713), ‘ ‘ Treatise on 
 the High Operation for the Stone” (1723), “Osteographia, 
 or the Anatomy of the Bones” (1733). A short paper 
 (Phil. Trans., XXXV. 447) upon the case of a boy who was 
 born blind and was couched at about thirteen years of 
 age has been much quoted by psychologists. 
 
 Chesham (ckesh'am). A town in Buckingham- 
 shire, England, 28 miles northwest of London. 
 Population, 7,245. 
 
 Cheshire (chesh'ir), or Chester (ches'ter). A 
 maritime county in western England, lying 
 between Lancashire on the north, Yorkshire 
 on the northeast, Derby and Stafford on the 
 east, Stafford and Shropshire on the south, 
 and Wales and the Irish Sea on the west, its 
 surface is generally level, and its leading pursuit is dairy- 
 farmiug. The chief city is Chester. It was made a county 
 palatine by William the Conqueror. The palatinate court 
 was abolished in 1830. Area (ad. co.), 1,009 square miles. 
 Population (pari, co.), 815,099. 
 
 Chesil Bank (ches'il bangk). A long bar on 
 the English coast between Portland and Brid- 
 port. 
 
 Cheskaya, Gulf of. See Tclieskaya. 
 
 Chesne, Andre du. See Duchesne, Andre. 
 
 Chesney (ches'ni), Francis Rawdon. Born 
 at Annalong, County Down, Ireland, March 16, 
 1789: died at Mourne, County Down, Jan. 30, 
 1872. A British general and engineer. He ex- 
 amined the isthmus of Suez in 1830, and demonstrated 
 the feasibility of a canal across it (his report serving later 
 as the starting-point of De Lesseps), explored the valley 
 of the Euphrates in 1831 ; and later (1835-36) established 
 an overland route to India. He commanded the artillery 
 at the station at Hongkong. China, 1843-47. He published 
 an account of the “Expedition for the Survey of the Rivers 
 Euphrates and Tigris ’’ (1850), etc. 
 
 Chester (ches'ter). [From L. castra, camp. 
 It was the camp of the 20th legion.] The cap- 
 ital of Cheshire, England, situated on the Dee 
 15 miles south-southeast of Liverpool : the Ro- 
 man Deva and Castra, and the Celtic Caer- 
 leon. It has an extensive trade in cheese, etc. It con- 
 tains many Roman antiquities, and is notably medieval 
 in appearance. It has a cathedral which presents every 
 variety of English medieval architecture, from the Nor- 
 
Chester 
 
 man to the last Perpendicular. It has recently been well 
 restored. The exterior is marked by its fine ranges of 
 windows and its square central tower. The interior is 
 very effective, the various architectural styles grouping in 
 • such manner as to contrast agreeably. The nave has mod- 
 ern fan-vaulting in oak. The south transept is as large 
 as the chon-, while the Norman north transept is very 
 small. The choir is of the 13th century ; its 15th-century 
 stalls are elaborately canopied and pinnacled. The Lady 
 chapel is an excellent example of Early English. The 
 dimensions of the cathedral are 355 by 75 feet; length of 
 transepts, 200 ; height of vaulting, 78. The cloister is Per- 
 pendicular ; the rectangular chapter-house and the refec- 
 tory are Early English. Chester was an important Roman 
 military station, was destroyed by iEthelfrith of Northum- 
 bria in 607, and was rebuilt by dSthelflaed. It surren- 
 dered to William the Conqueror in 1070, was long be- 
 sieged by the Parliamentarians, and was taken by them in 
 1646. Population, 39,038, (1911). 
 
 The name of Chester alone proves its Roman antiquity ; 
 it also proves its importance, as having conje to be known 
 as the city or the camp emphatically. Still the name is 
 historically a contraction. The Roman Deva became in 
 later times the Civitas Legionum , the Caerlleon ol the 
 Welsh, the Legeceaster (in several different spellings) of 
 the English. Both names, it will be seen, Welsh and 
 English, translate Civitas Legionum, the two tongues, 
 according to their several habits, placing the qualifying 
 word first in the English name and last in the Welsh. 
 And here we have to distinguish our Caerlleon, our Lege- 
 ceaster, from other places which might easily be con- 
 founded with them. The name of Caerlleon on the Dee 
 is simply the same as Caerlleon on the Usk, and Welsh 
 writers naturally speak of Chester as Caerlleon. 
 
 E. A. Freeman, Eng. Towns and Districts, p. 231. 
 
 Ghester. A city in Delaware County, Pennsyl- 
 vania, situated on the Delaware 12 miles south- 
 west of Philadelphia. It has important manufac- 
 tures of cottons and woolens, and is especially noted for 
 its shipyards. It was settled by Swedes in 1643. Popu- 
 lation, 38,537, (1910). 
 
 Chester, Battle of. A battle in which ASthel- 
 frith of Northumbria defeated (613 [607?]) the 
 Cymry of Strathclyde under Brocmael, prince 
 of Powys. As a result he annexed Chester and the 
 surrounding district, thus sundering the Cymry of Strath- 
 clyde from those of Wales. A thousand Cymric monks, 
 who prayed on the field of battle for their countrymen, 
 were killed by the order of iEthelfrith. 
 
 Chester, Joseph Lemuel. Born at Norwich, 
 Conn., April 30, 1821: died at London, May 26, 
 1882. A noted American genealogist, resident 
 in England after 1858. He engaged in various occu- 
 pations (teacher, clerk, commissioner of deeds, journal- 
 ist), and was aide-de-camp with the rank of colonel to 
 the governor of Pennsylvania (1855-58). His genealogi- 
 cal work was begun in England, “yet when he died he 
 had no superior as a genealogist among English-speaking 
 people” (Diet. Nat. Biog.). He compiled the “Matricu- 
 lations at the University of Oxford,” “The Marriage, Bap- 
 tismal, and Burial Registers of the Abbey of St. Peter, 
 Westminster” (1876), etc. 
 
 Chesterfield (ches'ter-f eld) . A manufacturing 
 town in Derbyshire, England, situated on the 
 rivers Bother and Hipper 11 miles south of 
 Sheffield. Population, 27,185. 
 
 Chesterfield, Earl of. See Stanhope. 
 Chesterfield Inlet. An arm of Hudson Bay 
 in British America, about lat. 64° N., long. 91°- 
 97° W. Length, 200 miles. Greatest breadth, 
 about 25 miles. 
 
 Chester-le-Street (ches'ter-le-stret). A town 
 in Durham, England, 6 miles north of Durham : 
 the Boman Condereum, and later Cuneceastre. 
 Chester Plays, The. A “collection of mys- 
 teries” founded upon “scriptural subjects,” 
 formerly represented by the gilds of Chester 
 at Whitsuntide. They were twenty-four in number, 
 and were played during three days. 
 
 According to the proclamation for the holding of these 
 plays made in the year 1533, they were devised “ of old 
 time by one Sir Henry Erancis, some time monk of this 
 monastery dissolved,” . . . “which plays were (in the 
 14th century) devised to the honor of God by John Arn- 
 way ... to be brought forth, declared and played,” etc. 
 ... A note, written in a later hand, adds to the MS. copy 
 of this proclamation written at the end of the sixteenth 
 century, that Sir John Arnway was mayor of Chester in 
 1327-8, at which time these plays were written by Randal 
 Higgenet, a monk of Chester Abbey, and played openly 
 in Whitsun week. Randal Higgenet is one of the cor- 
 ruptions of the name of Randulph or Ralph Higden, au- 
 thor of the “Polychron icon.” . . . There are several MSS. 
 of the Chester Mysteries, none early. A MS. belonging 
 to the Duke of Devonshire is dated 1581. A MS. once 
 possessed by Mr. Heber was dated 1592. The two MSS. 
 in the British Museum are dated 1600 and 1607 ; that at 
 Oxford is dated 1604. A specimen of these Chester Mys- 
 teries was printed in 1818 by Mr. Markland for the mem- 
 bers of the Roxburghe Club, and in 1831. these and other 
 Mysteries, then unpublished, were described by Mr. Col- 
 lier in his “ History of Dramatic Literature ” ; but the only 
 complete publication of them has been that made for the 
 Shakespeare Society in 1843, when they were edited by 
 Mr. Thomas Wright. 
 
 Morley, English W T riters, IV. 79-86. 
 Chestes. See Sastean. 
 
 Chetco (chet'ko). A tribe of the Pacific divi- 
 sion of the Athapascan stock of North Amer- 
 ican Indians. They formerly lived in nine villages 
 along Chetco River and a tributary in Oregon, and are now 
 on the Siletz reservation, Oregon. See Athapascan. 
 
 Chetemacha. See Chitimachan. 
 
 243 
 
 Chetlessentun. See Tcetlestcan. 
 
 Chettle (chet'l), Henry. Died about 1607. 
 An English dramatist and pamphleteer, son of 
 a dyer of London, and a stationer by trade. 
 He was the author or joint author of a large 
 number of plays. 
 
 Chetwood (chet'wud), William Rufus. Died 
 March 3, 1766. An English dramatist, book- 
 seller, and prompter at Drury Lane Theatre. 
 He was the author of a “ General History of the Stage ” 
 (1749), several dramatic pieces, etc. 
 
 Chevalier (she-va-lya'), Michel. Born at Li- 
 moges, France, Jan. 13, 1806: died at Montpel- 
 lier, France, Nov. 28, 1879. A noted French 
 political economist. His works include “Lettres 
 sur l’Amdrique du Nord”(1836), “Des interets materiels 
 en France” (1838), “Cours d’6conomie politique” (1842- 
 1850), “Essais de politique industrielle ”(1843), “La liberty 
 aux Etats-Unis,” several works on Mexico, etc. 
 
 Chevalier k 1’fipee (she-va-lya/ a la-pa'), Le. 
 A French romance of the 12th century, erro- 
 neously ascribed to Chrestien de Troyes. 
 Chevalier au Cygne (she-va-lya' 6 seny'), Le. 
 [F., ‘The Knight of the Swan/] The title of a 
 group of chansons the members of which bear 
 the separate headings “Antioche,” “Les Ch6- 
 tifs,” “LesEnfances de Godefroy,” etc. “Antio- 
 che, ’’the first of these, which describesthe exploits of the 
 Christian host, first, in attacking and then in defending 
 that city, is one of the finest of the chansons, and is prob- 
 ably in its original form not much later than the events it 
 describes, being written by an eye-witness. Saintsbury, 
 French Lit., p. 20. 
 
 Chevalier de Maison-Rouge (she-va-lya' de 
 ma-zoh'rozh '), Le. [F., ‘ The Knight of the 
 Red House/] A historical novel by Alexandre 
 Dumas, published in 1846. 
 
 Chevalier de Saint George (she-va-lya' de 
 sah zhorzh). A title assumed by James Stuart, 
 the Old Pi’etender. 
 
 Chevalier d’Harmental (she-va'lya dar-mon- 
 tal'), Le. A romance by Alexandre Dumas, 
 published in 1843. He wrote in collaboration with 
 Auguste Maquet, and these two authors produced a play 
 in 1849 with the same title. D’Harmental is the type of 
 exaggerated honor. 
 
 Cheverel (shev'e-rel), Sir Christopher and 
 
 Lady. Two of the principal characters in 
 George Eliot’s novel “ Mr. Gilfil’s Love-Story.” 
 Cheverus (shev'e-rus ; F. pron. she-vriis'), Jean 
 Louis Anne Madeleine Lefebvre de. Born 
 at Mayenne, France, Jan. 28, 1768 : died at 
 Bordeaux, France, July 19, 1836. A French 
 prelate, first Boman Catholic bishop of Boston, 
 Mass., 1808, archbishop of Bordeaux 1827, and 
 cardinal 1836. 
 
 Cheves(chevz),Langdon. Born at Rocky River, 
 S. C., Sept. 17, 1776: died at Columbia, S. C., 
 June 25, 1857. An American politician. He en- 
 tered the House of Representatives in 1811, was speaker 
 1814-15, and was president of the National Bank 1819-22. 
 
 Cheveux Releves. See Ottawa. 
 
 Cheviot Hills (chev'i-ot, or chiv'i-ot, hilz). A 
 mountain-range in Northumberland, England, 
 and in Roxburghshire, Scotland. The highest 
 peak is Cheviot Hill (2, 676 feet). Length, 35 miles. These 
 hills are celebrated in history and romance. 
 
 Chevreul (she-vrel'), Michel Eugene. Born 
 at Angers, France, Aug. 31, 1786: died at Paris, 
 April 9, 1889. A celebrated French chemist. 
 He was chemist at the Gobelins factory 1824-89, and pro- 
 fessor at the Museum of Natural History 1830-83. His 
 scientific works are numerous and important. 
 
 Chevreuse (she-vriiz'), Duchesse de (Marie 
 de Rohan). Born Dec., 1600: died at Gagny, 
 near Paris, Aug. 12, 1679. A French political 
 intriguer. She was the daughterof Hereule de Rohan, 
 due de Montbazon, and was the wife first of Charles 
 d’ Albert, due de Luynes, and, after his death, of the Due 
 de Chevreuse. She was one of the most formidable ene- 
 mies at court of Cardinal Richelieu, by whom she was, 
 however, eventually forced to leave France. On the death 
 of Louis XIII. she returned, but was coldly received by 
 the queen regent, Anne of Austria. Having acted in 
 concert with Cardinal de Retz against Mazarin, she was a 
 second time sent into exile. 
 
 Chevy Chase (ehev'i chas). A famous old 
 English ballad which recounts the incidents of 
 the battle of Otterburn, though not with the 
 exactness of the Scotch ballad “The Battle of 
 Otterburn,” which is historical. The name is 
 variously explained. 
 
 In the warfare against English settlements in France 
 such a raid was called by the Frencli allies of Scotland a 
 cheva uch.'e, and, by a common process, that name was 
 corrupted into Chevy Chase. It lives yet among school- 
 boys as a “ chivy.” Now, since there are in Northumber- 
 land Cheviot Hills as well as an Otterburn, Chevy Chase 
 was interpreted into the Hunting of the Cheviot. The 
 old ballad of tlio “Battle of Otterburn,” or “Chevy 
 Chase”- - the battle of the chevauchAe which was its cause 
 — was therefore recast as, “The Hunting of the Cheviot,” 
 always with some confused sense of identity between one 
 incident and the other. [In the oldest extant version of 
 “Chevy Chase,’’ the name means “the Cheviot hunting- 
 
 Cliiapas 
 
 ground. ” This version is in a manuscript in the Ashmo- 
 lean Collection at Oxford. It was printed by Thomas 
 Heaxne, in the year 1719, in his preface to an edition of 
 William of Newbury's “Chronicle.” Its date seems to be 
 about 1500, and if not the original, it is much nearer to 
 the original than the version given in Percy’s “Reliques." 
 — Note. ) The battle of Otterburn is an incident minutely 
 described by Froissart, but there is no record whatever of 
 any similar battle that arose out of a Hunting on the 
 Cheviots. Morley, English Writers, VI. 233. 
 
 Cheyenne (shi-en'). [PL, also Cheyennes', from 
 Sioux shahiyena, people of alien speech.] A 
 tribe of North American Indians that claim 
 lands watered by the north and south forks of 
 the Platte River. About 1800 they lived in the Black 
 Hills and on the Cheyenne River of Dakota. They are 
 divided into Northern or Upper Cheyennes, now on the 
 Tongue River reservation in eastern Montana, and South- 
 ern Cheyennes, in Oklahoma. The latter own their lands 
 in severalty (1901-02) and are American citizens. In 1904 
 they numbered altogether 3,312. See Algonquian. 
 
 Cheyenne, or Sheyenne, or Shyenne. A river 
 in North Dakota which joins the Red River of 
 the North 12 miles north of Fargo. Length, 
 about 350 miles. 
 
 Cheyenne. The capital of Wyoming, situated 
 in lat. 41° 7' N., long. 104° 50' W. It is an im- 
 
 portant station on the Union Pacific and other railroads, 
 and the headquarters of large cattle companies. Its ele- 
 vation above sea-level is over 6,000 feet. Population, 
 11,320, (1910). 
 
 Cheyne (cha'ne), George. Bora at Methlick, 
 
 Aberdeenshire, 1671 : died at Bath, April 13, 
 1743. A noted British physician. He wrote “A 
 New Theory of Fevers ” (1702), “ Observations on the Gout ” 
 (1720), “The English Malady, Hypochondria” (1733), etc. 
 He began and carried on the practice of Ills profession in 
 London. 
 
 Chezy (sha-ze'), Antoine Leonard de. Born 
 at Neuilly, France, Jan. 15, 1773 : died at Paris, 
 Aug. 31, 1832. A noted French Orientalist, 
 author of various translations from Persian 
 and Sanskrit, etc. 
 
 Chezy, Mme. de (Wilhelmine Christiane von 
 Klencke). Bom at Berlin, Jan. 26, 1783: died 
 near Geneva, 1856. A German poet and nov- 
 elist, wife of A. L. de Ch6zy, and granddaugh- 
 ter of Karsehin. 
 
 Chezy, Wilhelm von. Born at Paris, March 
 21, 1806: died at Vienna, March 14, 1865. A 
 German novelist and general writer, son of 
 A. L. de Chezy. 
 
 Chhandogya (chan-do'gya). In Sanskrit litera- 
 ture, an Upanishad(whick see) of the Samaveda. 
 The name means literally ‘ relating to the cbhandogas ’ 
 (meter-singers), chanters of the Samaveda, and so (as noun) 
 their doctrine. Its object is to explain the various mean- 
 ings which the sacred syllable Om (which see) may as- 
 sume in the mind of the devotee till at last the highest is 
 reached, viz., Brahman the Absolute. 
 
 Chhatisgarh (chut-es-gur'). A division of 
 the Central Provinces, British India, situated 
 about lat. 20°-23° N., long. 81°-83° E. Much 
 of the soil is arid. Area, 21,240 square miles. 
 Population, 2,642,983. 
 
 Chiabrera (ke-a-bra'ra), Gabriello. Born at 
 Savona, Italy, June 8, 1552: died at Savona, 
 Oct. 14, 1637. An Italian lyric poet. 
 
 Chiaja (ke-a'ya), La. [It. chiaja, a dial. form,= 
 Sicilian chiazza for piazza, place, plaza.] A 
 fashionable drive in modem Naples, extending 
 about a mile along the coast between the open 
 Villa Nazionale (a public park) and hotels and 
 other handsome buildings on the other side. It 
 begins at the Largo Vittoria. Its full name is 
 the “ Riviera di Chiaja.” 
 
 Cliiana (ke-a'na). A river in Tuscany, Italy. 
 It is conducted by engineering works partly 
 into the Amo, partly into the Tiber. 
 
 Cliiana, Val di. The level and fruitful valley 
 of the Chiana, near Chiusi. 
 
 Chianti (ke-an'te). A mountain group near 
 Siena, Italy. It gives name to celebrated 
 wines. 
 
 Chiapa, Bishop of. The title of Bartolomd de 
 las Casas, 1544—17. It is often used in speaking 
 of him. 
 
 Chiapanecs (ehe-a-pa-neks'), or Chapanecs 
 (cha-pa-neks'), or Chapas (cha'pas). A race 
 of Indians formerly powerful in that part of 
 southern Mexico which now forms the state of 
 Chiapas. They had considerable and well-built 
 towns, practised agriculture, had made some 
 advances in mechanic arts, and understood 
 picture-writing. The Chiapanecs were never 
 conquered by the Aztecs, but were easily re- 
 duced by the Spaniards. Remains of the tribe exist 
 in central Chiapas, and still speak their own language. The 
 Manguesof Nicaragua and theGuetaresof Costa Rica seem 
 to be ancient offshoots of this race. 
 
 Chiapas (che-it'pas). The sou'cheasternmosfc 
 state of Mexico, lying between Tabasco on the 
 north, Guatemala on the east, tho Gulf of Te- 
 
Chiapas 
 
 huantepec on the south, and Vera Cruz and 
 Oaxaca On the west. The limits with Guatemala are 
 disputed. Chiapas contains antiquities (at Palenque, etc.). 
 Capital, Tuxtla Gutierrez. Area, 27,222 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 436,817, (1910). 
 
 Chiaramonte (ke-a-ra-mon'te). A town in the 
 province of Syracuse, Sicily, 30 miles west of 
 Syracuse. Population, commune, 10,460. 
 Chiari (ke-a're). A town in the province of 
 Brescia, northern Italy, 14 miles west of Bres- 
 cia. Here, Sept. 1, 1701, Prince Eugene of Savoy defeated 
 the French and Spaniards under Villeroi. Population, 
 10,810. 
 
 Chlavari (ke-a'va-re). A seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Genoa, Italy, 21 miles southeast of 
 Genoa. It has varied manufactures. 
 Chiavenna (ke-a-ven'na). [L. Clavenna, G. 
 Cldven or Clefen.~\ A town in the province of 
 Sondrio, Italy, situated on the Mera at the en- 
 trance to the Val Bregaglia, in lat. 46° 19' N., 
 long. 9° 24' E. It is at the junction of the 
 routes over the Spliigen and Maloya. 
 Chibchacum. See Bochica. 
 Chibchas(cheb'chas), orMuyscas(mo-es'kas). 
 A tribe of South American Indians which, pre- 
 vious to the conquest, occupied the highlands 
 east of the Magdalena, from the head waters 
 of that river to the Sierra Nevada de Merida. 
 They were powerful and had attained some degree of civ- 
 ilization, living in large towns and obeying Used though 
 unwritten laws. They were skilful weavers, potters, and 
 goldsmiths, and practised agriculture, planting maize, 
 quinoa, potatoes, and cotton. Their chiefs were heredi- 
 tary in the female line, had absolute power, and were 
 treated with great ceremony. The Chibelias worshiped 
 the sun, stars, and other natural objects. In 1537, while 
 they were engaged in a civil war, the Spaniards under 
 Quesada reached their country. They were quickly con- 
 quered, and adopted the Spanish language and customs. 
 Their descendants, mixed with European blood, form a 
 large part of the present population of Colombia. The 
 word Chibcha, applied to this tribe, is properly the name 
 of their language. They called themselves Muysca, i. e. 
 
 ‘ men.' 
 
 Chibokwe, or Ba-Chibokwe (ba-che-bo'kwe). 
 See Kioko. 
 
 Chicaca. See Chicasa. 
 
 Chicacole. See Cicacole. 
 
 Chicago (shi-ka'go). A city of Cook County, 
 Illinois, situated on Lake Michigan in lat. 41° 
 50' N., long. 87° 37' W. It is the largest city in the 
 State, and the second city in the United States. Its chief 
 quarters are the North, South, and West Sides. It has a 
 vast commerce by many railroads and by the lake, and 
 exports wheat, meat, manufactured goods, etc. It has 
 manufactures of lumber, iron, steel, furniture, clothing, 
 tobacco, liquors, agricultural implements, leather, etc. 
 Among its largest industries are beef-packing and pork- 
 packing. It is the seat of Chicago University, and of sev- 
 eral theological seminaries and other institutions, and has 
 important libraries and art collections. The site was vis- 
 ited by Marquette in 1673. Fort Dearborn was built in 
 1804, evacuated in 1812, and rebuilt in 1816. Chicago was 
 incorporated as a city in 1837. Two thousand one hun- 
 dred acres were burned, with alossof over $190,000,000 (?), in 
 the great fire of Oct. 8-10, 1871. Owing to its position it has 
 been the place of meeting of many national political con- 
 ventions. It was the scene of an anarchist riot (Old Hay- 
 market) May 4, 1886. The most important recent event 
 in its history was the World’s Columbian Exposition in 
 1893, lasting from May 1 to Oct. 30. Population, 2,185,- 
 283, (1910). 
 
 Chicago, University cf. An institution of 
 learning in Chicago, situated between 56th and 
 59th streets. It has an endowment of about 
 $35,000,000 (contributed by Mr. J. D. Rocke- 
 feller and others). It has about 6,000 students, 
 about 380 instructors, and a library of about 
 490,000 volumes. 
 
 Chicaneau (she-ka-no'). One of the principal 
 characters in the comedy “ Les Plaideurs,” 
 by Racine, ne is a tradesman with a mania for going 
 to law, and is the type of the captious, litigious plaintiff, 
 as his name implies. 
 
 Chicasa (chik'a-sa), or Chickasaw (chik'a-sa). 
 [PI., also Chickasaws .] A large tribe or sub- 
 division of North American Indians, chiefly of 
 Mississippi. In the 18th century their villages were 
 about Pontotoc County, and their main landing-place on 
 the Mississippi River was at the present site of Memphis, 
 Tennessee, from which there was a trail 160 miles long 
 to their villages. They now number about 5,000, and are 
 in Oklahoma. Also Chicaca, Chicaho, Chickesaw. 
 Chichele (chich'e-le), or Chicheley (chich'e-li), 
 Henry. Born at Higham Ferrers, Northamp- 
 ton, England, about 1362 : died at Canterbury, 
 England, April 12, 1443. An English prelate, 
 appointed archbishop of Canterbury Feb. 19, 
 1414. He was a graduate of Oxford, and founded 
 All Souls’ College, Oxford, 1437. 
 
 Chichen-Itza (che-chan'et'za), or Chichen. 
 A ruined city of northern Yucatan, 18 miles 
 southwest of Valladolid. Some of the remains in- 
 dicate large buildings with elaborate sculptures, wall- 
 paintings, and hieroglyphics. There is a pyramid 550 feet 
 square and still 70 feet high. The Chichen-Itza ruins are 
 connected with ancient Maya traditions. They have been 
 
 244 
 
 known since the conquest, and have been studied in mod- 
 ern times by Charnay, Ee Plongeon, and other archeolo- 
 gists. Ee Plongeon discovered there the statue which he 
 called Chac-mool (which see). 
 
 Chichester (chich'es-ter). [L. Oissse Castrum., 
 AS. Cissanceaster : the Roman Regnum, de- 
 stroyed in the 5th century by Ella, and restored 
 by his son, Cissa, king of Sussex, from whom 
 it was named.] A city in Sussex, England, 14 
 miles northeast of Portsmouth, it contains a noted 
 cathedral, for the most part a Norman building of the 12(h 
 and 13th centuries, showing many details, as the paired 
 lancets surmounted by quatrefoils of the central tower, 
 which might have been transported bodily from Normandy. 
 The tall, slender spire awkwardly placed on this tower is 
 later. The interior has double aisles and narrow nave, 
 and very beautiful carved choir-stalls. There are Perpen- 
 dicular cloisters, and a late, detached bell-tower. The 
 dimensions are 410 by 91 feet ; width of transepts, 131 ; 
 height of nave, 62. The town was refounded by Cissa in 
 the 6th century. Population, 12,244. 
 
 Chichester, Arthur. Born at Rawleigh, near 
 Barnstable, England, May, 1563. died Feb. 19, 
 1625. An English soldier and statesman, sec- 
 ond son of Sir John Chichester of Rawleigh, 
 made Lord Chichester of Belfast, in the Irish 
 peerage, Feb. 23, 1613. Hewas appointed governor of 
 Carrickiergus and sergeant-major general of the English 
 army in Ireland, and was lord deputy of Ireland from 
 Feb. 3, 1605, to Nov. 29, 1614. After his recall he was ap- 
 pointed lord treasurer of Ireland. 
 
 Chichevache (ME. chech -e-vach'; mod. F. 
 shesh-vash'). [ME., as if from an OF. * chiche- 
 vache, lean cow (from chiche, poor, lean, and 
 vache (L. vacca), a cow); but this is a per- 
 version of the OF. form chicheface, chinche- 
 face (also chinchefache, simulating vaclie, a 
 cow), lit. ‘ ugly face.’] A fabled beast which de- 
 voured patient and submissive wives. The fable, 
 of Old French origin, became a favorite with Middle Eng- 
 lish writers, who made the beast a lean cow (see etymolo- 
 gy), and ascribed her leanness to the scarcity of her pecu- 
 liar diet. They added another beast named Bicorne (/In- 
 come) (literally, *two-horned’), who lived only on patient 
 and submissive husbands, and was in consequence always 
 fat. Eydgate wrote a poem called “Bycorne and Chiche- 
 vache." 
 
 Chichiltieale (che-chel-te-ka'le). [A corruption 
 of the Nahuatl chichiltic-calli, red house.] A 
 name given by the Mexican Indians who fol- 
 lowed Fray Marcos of Nizza to New Mexico in 
 1539 and Coronado in 1540, to a ruined structure 
 built of red earth or clay, near the hanks of the 
 Gila. It has been supposed that it was the Casa Grande, 
 but in all probability it was some ancient ruin near the 
 site of new Fort Grant, in Arizona, along the slopes of 
 Mount Graham. 
 
 Chichimecs (che-che-maks'), or Chichimecas, 
 or Ohichimecos. [Nahuatl of Mexico : deriva- 
 tion doubtful, but possibly from chichiltic, red, 
 and mecayotl, generation.] An ancient term 
 used to designate indiscriminately wild and dan- 
 gerous tribes of Indians. It was also an honorific 
 title, any warrior who distinguished himself by particular 
 ferocity being termed a chichimecatl. Misunderstood folk- 
 lore has given rise to the belief in the immigration into 
 Mexico of a numerous tribe of barbarians under this name 
 at some very ancient time. 
 
 Chick (chik), Mrs. Louisa. Mr. Dombey’s sis- 
 ter in Charles Dickens’s “Dombeyand Son,” 
 a weak and self-satisfied woman who urged 
 the fading Mrs. Dombey to “make an effort.” 
 Chickahominy (chik-a-hom'i-ni). A river in 
 Virginia which joins the James about 40 miles 
 southeast of Richmond. Length, about 75 miles. 
 Near it were fought the battles of Fair Oaks, Mechanics- 
 vilie, Gaines's Mill, Savage’s Station, and Frayser's Farm, 
 1862 ; and Cold Harbor, 1864. See Fair Oaks, Seven Days 
 Battles, Cold Harbor. 
 
 Chickahominy, Battles of the. See Sever 
 Days’ Battles, Fair Oaks. 
 
 Chickamauga (chik-a-ma/ga). A small river 
 which joins the Tennessee about 7 miles above 
 Chattanooga. Near it, Sept. 19, 20, 1863, the Confeder- 
 ates (about 60,000) under Bragg defeated the Federals 
 (55,000-60,000) under Rosecrans. Eoss of the Federals, 
 15,851 ; of the Confederates, 17,804. 
 
 Chickamauga, Rock of. A name given to Gen- 
 eral Thomas, commander of the Federal left 
 wing at Chickamauga, for his stubborn defense 
 of ins position in that battle. 
 
 Chickasaws. See Chicasa. 
 
 Chickasaw Bluffs (chik'a-sa blufs), or Bayou 
 (bl'o). A place near Vicksburg, Mississippi. 
 Here, Dec. 29, 1862, the Federals under Sherman were re- 
 pulsed by the Confederates. Eoss of the Federals, 1,929; 
 of the Confederates, 207. 
 
 Chickenstalker (chik'en-sta-ker), Mrs. An 
 old shopkeeper in Dickens’s story “ The 
 Chimes.” 
 
 Chickesaw. See Chicasa. 
 
 Chicksaw. See Chicasa. 
 
 Chiokweed. See Smallweed, Bartholomew. 
 Chiclana (che-kla'nii). A town in the province 
 
 Childebert 
 
 of Cadiz, Spain, 12 miles southeast of Cadiz. 
 Population, 10,868. 
 
 Chicomecoatl (che-ko-me-ko-atl' ). [‘ Seven ser- 
 pents.’] In Mexican (Nahuatl) mythology, the 
 goddess of abundance and provisions. By some 
 she has been identified with Centoatl, the goddess of 
 maize : both were worshiped at the period of sowing, and 
 offerings of fruits and seeds were made to them. 
 
 Chicomoztoc (che-ko-moth-tok'). [Nahuatl, 
 lit. ‘ seven caves.’] A place where the various 
 branches of the Nahuatl tribe are said to have 
 come out of the center of the earth, or to have 
 separated. The traditions in regard to the real mytho- 
 logical significance of the spot are very indefinite, and its 
 location is doubtful. 
 
 Chicopee (chik'o-pe). A city of Hampden 
 County, Massachusetts, situated at the junction 
 of the Chicopee River with the Connecticut, 
 4 miles north of Springfield. It has manufactures 
 of cotton goods, arms, cutlery, etc. Population, 25,401, 
 (1910). 
 
 Ckiemsee (chem'za). The largest lake in Ba- 
 varia, 40 miles southeast of Munich, noted for 
 its fish. Its outlet is the Alz (into the Inn, thence to 
 the Danube). Length, 7J miles. 
 
 Chieri (ke-a're). A town in the province of 
 Turin, Italy, 8 miles southeast of Turin : the 
 ancient Carea. It has a noted Gothic church. 
 It was a medieval republic. Population, 11,929. 
 Chieti (ke-a'te). 1. A province of eastern 
 Italy, formerly called Abruzzo Citeriore. Area, 
 1,138 square miles. Population, 382,911. — 2. 
 The capital of the province of Chieti, Italy, in 
 lat. 42° 20' N., long. 14° 10' E. : the ancient 
 Teate Marrucinorum. The order of the Tea- 
 tines was founded here in the 16th century. 
 Population, commune, 26,368. 
 
 Chimnch (chif'finch), Master Thomas. A 
 drinking and intriguing minister to the plea- 
 sures of King Charles II., in Scott’s novel 
 “ Peveril of the Peak.” 
 
 Chi-fu, or Chefoo (che-fo'), native Yen-tai. A 
 seaport town in the province of Shan-tung, 
 China, in lat. 37° 32' N., long. 121° 22' E. it 
 is a distributing center of foreign manufactured goods, 
 and exports straw braid, pulse, and silk. A convention 
 between China and Great Britain was signed here in 1876. 
 Population, about 100,000. 
 
 Chigi, Fabio. See Alexander VII., Pope. 
 Chignecto Bay (shig-nek'to ba). An arm at 
 the head of the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 Chigwell (chig'wel). A parish in the county 
 of Essex, England, northeast of London. 
 Chihuahua (che-wa'wa). 1. A state of north- 
 ern Mexico, lying between New Mexico and 
 Texas on the north, Coahuila on the east, Du- 
 rango on the south, and Sonora and Sinaloa cu 
 the west. It is traversed by the Sierra Madre, and is 
 rich in mineral wealth, especially silver. Area, 87,802 
 square miles. Population, 405,265, (1910). 
 
 2. The capital of the state of Chihuah ua, in lat. 
 28° 40 N., long. 106° 30' W. It was founded in 1706. 
 It contains a cathedral. Population, 39,061, (1910). 
 Chikishliar (che-kesh-lyar'). A port in the 
 Transcaspian Territory of Russia, situated on 
 the southeastern shore of the Caspian near the 
 Persian frontier. 
 
 Chilan Baldm (che-lan' ba-lam'), or Childm 
 Balam. A class of priests among the Maya 
 Indians. The “books of Chilan Balam ’’ were written bv 
 these priestB in the language of the Mayas, but in Spanish 
 script. The records contained in them often antedate the 
 conquest. Almost every village had a book, distinguished 
 by the name of the village. A number of these volumes 
 are preserved, one written not later than 1595. 
 
 Chilcat (chil'kat), or Chilcats (-katz) . A tribe 
 of North American Indians. Their habitat is on 
 Chilcat River and Bay and Chilcoot River, in Alaska, ex- 
 tending into British Columbia. They number about, 800. 
 
 Child (child), Francis James. Born at Bos- 
 ton, 1825 : died Sept. 11, 1896. An American 
 scholar. He was educated at Harvard College, and was 
 professor of rhetoric and oratory there from 1851 till 1876, 
 when lie became professor of English literature. His 
 most important work is an edition of “ English and Scot- 
 tish Ballads ” which he first brought out in 1857-59 in 8 
 volumes. 
 
 Child, Mrs. (Lydia Maria Francis). Born at 
 Medford, Mass., Feb. 11, 1802: died at Way- 
 land, Mass., Oct. 20, 1880. An American writer, 
 noted as a supporter of the abolition move- 
 ment. She was editor of the “National Anti-Slavery 
 Standard ’’ 1840-43, and assistant editor till 1844. Her 
 works include “ The Rebels ’’ (1822), “ The American Fru 
 gal Housewife" (1829, a 33d ed. in 1855), “Flowers for 
 Children’’ (1844-46), “ Looking toward Sunset" (1864), 
 “Miria, a Romance of the Republic" (1867), etc., besides 
 her “ Appeal for that Class of Americans called Africans ” 
 (1833), which created much comment. 
 
 Childebert (chil'de-bert; F. pron. shel-de-bar') 
 I. Born about 495 : died 558. Son of Cloths, 
 king of the Franks, whom he succeeded (as 
 king of Paris) in 511. He inherited (624) part of the 
 dominions of his brother Chlodomir of Orleans, and in 
 
Childebert 
 
 conjunction with his brother Clothaire I. of Soissons and 
 his nephew Theudebert I. of Austrasia conquered part of 
 Burgundy in 534 and part of Provence in 536. 
 •Childebert II. Born 570: died 596. Son of 
 Sigebert I. of Austrasia by the West-Gothic 
 princess Brunehilde. Having remained under the 
 regency of his mother, 575-585, he attempted, on reach- 
 ing his majority, to deprive the young son of lfredegunde 
 of Neustria, Clothaire II., of his kingdom, but was himself 
 signally defeated by Fredegunde. 
 
 Cbilde Harold’s Pilgrimage (child har'oldz 
 pil'gri-maj). A poem by Lord Byron, of which 
 the first and second cantos were published in 
 1811, the third in 1816, and the fourth in 1817. 
 Childeric (ehil'de-rik ; F. pron. shel-de-rek') I. 
 Died 481. Father of Clovis, and Frankish king 
 from about 458. He sustained friendly relations with 
 the Romans, who assisted him against the West Goths, 
 the Alamanni, and the Saxons. His tomb was discovered 
 at Tournai in 1653, and contained, among other things, 
 his seal-ring and a number of gold bees, which latter had 
 presumably served to ornament his mantle, and which 
 suggested to Napoleon L the adoption of the bee as an 
 imperial emblem. 
 
 Cbilde Roland. See Boland. 
 
 Childers, Flying. See Flying Childers. 
 
 Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley. Born at 
 London, June 25, 1827 : died Jan. 29, 1896. An 
 English politician. He was first lord of the admiralty 
 1868-71, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster 1S72-73, sec- 
 retary for war 1880-82, chancellor of the exchequer 1882- 
 1885, and home secretary in 1886. 
 
 Childers (ehil'derz), Robert Csesar. Born 1838: 
 died July 25, 1876. An English Orientalist, au- 
 thor of “ Pali-Engli sh Dictionary” (1875), etc. 
 Child of Nature, The. A play by Mrs. Inch- 
 bald, produced at Covent Garden Nov. 28, 1788. 
 It is taken from Madame de Genlis. 
 
 Child of the Sea. The legendary Amadis de 
 Gaul, who, being illegitimate, was set adrift 
 upon the sea in his cradle by his mother to 
 hide her shame. 
 
 Children (ehil'dren), John George. Born at 
 Tunbridge, England, May 18, 1777 : died at Hal- 
 stead Place, Kent, Jan. 1, 1852. An English 
 physicist and naturalist, best known for his 
 experiments in electricity. He was a secretary of 
 the Royal Society 1826-27 and 1830-37, and was librarian 
 in the department of antiquities in the British Museum 
 1816—40. 
 
 Children in the Wood, or Babes in the Wood. 
 
 An old English ballad, of unknown authorship, 
 preserved in Ritson’s, Percy’s, and other col- 
 lections. The ballad was entered in the “ Stationers’ 
 Register ” in 1595. In 1601 a play was published “ of a 
 young child murthered in a wood by two ruffins with the 
 consent of his unkle.” The plot of this play was undoubt- 
 edly derived from the Italian, and the ballad may have 
 been produced from the same source. Child. 
 
 Children of the Mist. A band of Highland 
 outlaws in Scott’s “Legend of Montrose.” 
 There is a famous picture with this title by 
 Landseer. 
 
 Childs (childz), George William. Born at 
 Baltimore, Md., May 12, 1829: died at Phila- 
 delphia, Feb. 3, 1894. Am American publisher 
 and philanthropist. Publisher of the “ Public 
 Ledger ” in Philadelphia 1864-94. 
 
 Chile (ehil'e ; Sp. pron. che'le), or Chili (chil'i). 
 [Probably from the Quiehua chin, cold.] A 
 republic of South America, capital Santiago, 
 lying between Peru on the north, Bolivia and 
 the Argentine Republic on the east, and the 
 Pacific Ocean on the south and west, it haB 
 23 provinces : Aconcagua, Antofagasta, Arauco, Atacamd, 
 Bio- Bio, Cautin, Chiloe, Colchagua, Concepcibn, Coquimbo, 
 Curicb, Linares, llanquihub, Malleco, Maule, Nuble, 
 OHiggius, Santiago, Tacna, Talca, Tarapaea, Valdivia, 
 and Valparaiso, and one territory, Magallanes. It lies 
 between the crest of the Andes on the east and the Paci- 
 fic on the west; in the northern part portions east of 
 the western Andes are included. The mountains ram- 
 ify, connecting with a lower coast-chain, and includ- 
 ing extensive plains and valleys. It exports niter, copper, 
 silver, wool, wheat, etc. The government is a republic 
 under a president and Congress (Senate and Chamber of 
 Deputies). The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. 
 The language is Spanish, and the inhabitants are chietly 
 of Spanish descent. The name Chile was applied by the 
 natives only to the valley of Aconcagua, including Qui- 
 lota ; it was extended by the Spaniards to all their con- 
 quests south of the Atacama desert. During the 17th 
 century the government of Chile included considerable 
 tracts east of the Andes. After the revolution conquests 
 were extended south into Patagonia, and by treaty with 
 Argentina the region was divided between the two coun- 
 tries, the boundary being the Andes. Chile acquired 
 Atacama and a portion of southern Peru by the war of 
 1879-83, waged against Peru and Bolivia. It was invaded 
 by Almagro in 1535; and was first settled by Valdivia 
 in 1541. Long wars with the Araueanians followed. 
 Independence was finally declared Feb. 12, 1818. Area, 
 292,580 square miles. Population, 3,249,279. 
 
 Chi-li (che-le). A province of northern China, 
 lying between Mongolia on the north, the Gulf 
 of Chi-li and Shan-tung on the east, Shan-tung 
 and Ho-nan on the south, and Shan-si on the 
 west. Chief cities, Peking, Tientsin. Area, 
 
 245 
 
 about 115,800 square miles. Population, about 
 20,937,000. 
 
 Chi-li, Gulf of. See Pe-chi-li. 
 
 Chilianwalla. See Chillianwalla. 
 
 Chilka (chil'ka), Lake. A lagoon of India, in 
 Orissa, near the Bay of Bengal. 
 
 Chilian ^(chel-v a n ' ) . The capital of the prov- 
 ince of Nuble, Chile, about lat. 36° 35' S., long. 
 72° 10' W. There are mineral springs in the 
 vicinity. Population, 34,269. 
 
 Chillianwalla, or Chilianwalla (chiFi-an- 
 wal'a). A town in the Panjab, British India, 
 near the river Jhelum, in lat. 32° 45' N., long. 
 73° 35' E. Here, Jan., 1849, a battle occurred between 
 the British army (about 15,000) under Lord Gough, and the 
 Sikhs (about 23,000). It was technically a British victory. 
 Loss of the British force, 2,400. 
 
 Chillicothe (chil-i-koth'e). A city and the 
 county-seat of Ross County, southern Ohio, 
 situated on the Scioto 45 miles south of Co- 
 lumbus. It was the State capital until 1810. 
 Population, 14,508, (1910). 
 
 Chillingham (chil'ing-am). A village in the 
 northern part of Northumberland, England, 
 11 miles northwest of Alnwick. 
 
 Chillingworth (chil'ing-werth), Roger. The 
 injured and malicious husband of Hester 
 Prynne in Hawthorne’s romance “The Scar- 
 let Letter.” 
 
 Chillingworth, William. Born at Oxford, 
 England, Oct., 1602: died at Chichester, Eng- 
 land, Jan. 30, 1644. A noted English divine and 
 controversialist. He was graduated at Oxford (B. A. 
 1620), became a fellow of Trinity College 1628, was con- 
 verted to Romanism about 1630, returned to Protestant- 
 ism 1634, was made a chancellor of Salisbury 1638, and 
 became a member of the P,oyalist army. He was captured 
 by Waller at Arundel Castle, Dec. 9, 1643. The most fa- 
 mous of his works is “The Religion of Protestants, a Safe 
 Way to Salvation, etc.” (1637). 
 
 Chillip (chil'ip), Mr. A mild and gentle little 
 doctor who attended Mrs. Copperfield, in Charles 
 Dickens’s “David Copperfield.” 
 
 Chillon (she-yon'). A castle in Vaud, Switzer- 
 land, at the eastern end of Lake Geneva, itcov- 
 ers an isolated rock on the edge of the lake, and is a 
 very picturesque combination of semicircular and square 
 towers and machicolated curtains grouped about a higher 
 central tower. It is famous in literature and song (Byron), 
 especially as the prison of Bonnivard (1630-36), a defender 
 of Swiss liberties against the Duke of Savoy in the 16th 
 century. The castle is of very early foundation, though, 
 as it now stands, essentially of the 13th century. Some of 
 the rooms preserve curious wooden ceilings, and the mas- 
 sive ribbed vaulting of the two-aisled dungeon-crypt is 
 impressive. It was taken by the Bernese in 1536, and was 
 used for a state prison in the 18th century, and later as an 
 arsenal. 
 
 Chilmari (chil-ina're), Hindustani Chalamari 
 (chal-a-ma're). A town in the district of Rung- 
 pur, Bengal, British India, in lat. 25° 25' N., 
 long. 89° 40' E., on the Brahmaputra. It is the 
 seat of a religious and commercial festival. 
 Ghilo6 (ehe-16-a'). 1. A southern province 
 
 of Chile, including the island of Chilod and 
 the islands to lat. 47° S. Area, 8,580 square 
 miles. Population, 88,619. — 2. An is- 
 land in the province of Chiloe, west of the 
 mainland, discovered by the Spaniards in 1558. 
 Length, 120 miles. Greatest width, 40 miles. 
 The chief town of island and province is An- 
 cud, or San Carlos. 
 
 Chilon (ki'lon), or Chilo (ki'lo). [Gr. Xtiluv, 
 Xi'aojv.] Lived in the first part of the 6th cen- 
 tury b. c. A Spartan, one of the “ Seven 
 Sages” of Greece. He was ephor eponymos at Sparta 
 556 B. c., and is said to have died of joy caused by the vic- 
 tory of his son in boxing at the Olympic games. 
 
 Chilperic (chil'pe-rik) I. Died 584. King of 
 Neustria 561—584. He murdered his second wife, the 
 West-Gothic princess Galeswintha, sister of Brunehilde 
 of Austrasia, in order to marry his mistress Fredegunde, 
 thereby bringing on a war with the husband of Brunehilde, 
 his brother Sigebert 1. of Austrasia. 
 
 Chiltem Hills (chil'tSrn hilz). A range of low 
 chalk hills in Oxfordshire, Bucks, Hertfordshire, 
 and Bedfordshire, England. 
 
 Chiltern Hundreds (chil'tern hun'dredz). The 
 three hundreds of Stoke, Desborougli, and Bo- 
 denharn, in Buckinghamshire. The stewardship of 
 the Chiltern Hundreds (originally an office charged with 
 the suppression of the robbers who infested the Chiltern 
 Hills) is a nominal office, conferred upon a member of 
 Parliament who wishes to resign his seat, such resignation 
 being impossible unless the member is disqualified by the 
 acceptance of a place of honor and profit under the crown, 
 or by some other cause. The place is in the gift of the 
 chancellor of the exchequer. 
 
 Chilula (chil'6-lii). A division of North Amer- 
 ican Indians. They formerly lived in Humboldt 
 County, California, but were removed to the Hupa reser- 
 vation and absorbed. See Weitspekan. 
 
 Chimaera (ki-me'rii). [Gr. Xlpaipa.] In Greek 
 mythology, a fire-breathing monster of divine 
 
 Chimihuahua 
 
 origin (according to Hesiod, a daughter of Ty- 
 phaon and Echidna), having the fore part that 
 of a lion, the middle that of a goat, and the hind 
 part that of a dragon : also represented as having 
 three heads — a lion’s, a goat’s, and a dragon's. 
 It was often shown in art as having a goat's head in the 
 middle of the back and a dragon's head at the end of the 
 tail. It dwelt in Lycia, and was slain by Bellerophon. 
 
 Chimakuan (chim-a-ko'an), A linguistic stock 
 of North American Indians, embracing the 
 Chimakum (from which it is named) and Qui- 
 leute tribes. It formerly occupied the western 
 coast of Puget Sound, from Port Townsend to 
 Port Ludlow, and a small area on the Pacific 
 coast of Washington, thirty miles below Cape 
 Flattery, about CJuileute River. They are the 
 remnant of a once powerful body which occu- 
 pied the entire coast region from Port Town- 
 send to the Quileute country on the Pacific. 
 
 Chimakum (chim'a-kum), more correctly 
 Tsemakum (tsem'a-kum). A tribe of North 
 American Indians which formerly occupied 
 the coast of Puget Sound, Washington, from 
 Port Townsend to Port Ludlow. Their wars with 
 their Salishan neighbors early reduced their number, and 
 in 1853 they amounted to only 90 souls, living in about 
 15 lodges : subsequently placed on the Skokomish reser- 
 vation, Washington. They are now practically extinct. 
 See Chimakuan. 
 
 Chimalakwe (chi-mal'a-kwa). A tribe of 
 North American Indians formerly living on New 
 River, a tributary of the Trinity, California. 
 It was once a comparatively populous tribe, but chiefly 
 through constant aggression by the Hupa, who exacted an 
 annual tribute, was overpowered and as a tribe became 
 extinct. See Chimarikan. 
 
 Chimalpain Quautlehuanitzln (che-mal-pin' 
 kwa-6-tle-wa-ne-tsen'), Juan Bautista de 
 San Anton Munon. Lived in the latter part 
 of the 16th century. A Mexican Indian, a de- 
 scendant of the chiefs of Amecameca. He was 
 educated by the Franciscans, and taught in their college 
 of Santiago Tlatelolco. He wrote several works on ancient 
 Aztec history, and is said to have written one on the con- 
 quest : these are known only in manuscript. The “His- 
 toria delas Conquistas de Hernando Cortes," attributed to 
 him, is merely a translation of Gomara. 
 
 Chimalpopoca (ehe-mal-po-po'ka). The third 
 ruler of ancient Mexico, from 1417 to 1428, or 
 according to other chronologies from 1410 to 
 1422. He was the brother of his predecessor, Huitziii- 
 huitl. He interfered in a quarrel of rival Tepanec chiefs, 
 was seized by one of them, Maxtla, and committed suicide 
 while in confinement. 
 
 Chimanos. See Jumanas. 
 
 Chimarikan (chim-a-re'kan). A linguistic 
 stock of North American Indians, comprising 
 the Chimariko and Chimalakwe tribes, former- 
 ly living on Trinity and New rivers, Trinity 
 County, California. They were once comparatively 
 numerous, but constant oppression by the Hupa Indians, 
 as well as by the early white settlers, has resulted in their 
 extinction as tribes. 
 
 Chimariko (chim-a-re'ko). A tribe of North 
 American Indians which formerly inhabited 
 the hanks of Trinity River, California, from 
 Burnt Ranch northward to the junction of the 
 north and south forks. It was reduced to about six 
 individuals in 1876, and is now probably extinct. See 
 Chimarikan. 
 
 Chimay (she-ma'). A town in the province of 
 Hainaut, Belgium, 32 miles southeast of Mons. 
 It was the place of Froissart’s death. Popula- 
 tion, 3,291. 
 
 Chimay, Princesse de (Jeanne Marie Ignace 
 Ther^se de Cabarrus). Born at Saragossa, 
 Spain, July 31, 1773: died at Brussels, Belgium, 
 Jan. 15, 1835. The daughter of the Comte de 
 Cabarrus, married at an early age to the Marquis 
 de Fontenay, who obtained a divorce from her 
 in 1793. In the same year she made the acquaintance 
 at Bordeaux of Tallien, whom she married, and on whose 
 career in the Convention she exercised a profound influ- 
 ence. Having procured a divorce from Tallien in 1»02, she 
 married in 1805 the Comte de Caraman, who subsequently 
 became prince of Chimay. 
 
 Chimay, Principality of. A small principal- 
 ity in Hainault. It passed in 1804 to the 
 resent possessors (French family De Riquet 
 e Caraman). 
 
 Chimborazo (chim-bo-ra'zo ; Sp. pron. chern- 
 bo-ra'tho). A province of western Ecuador. 
 Capital, Riobamba. Population, 122,000. 
 
 Chimborazo. One of the highest mountains of 
 the Andes, situated in Ecuador in lat. 1° 30' 
 S. , long. 79° W. It was nearly ascended by Humboldt 
 in 1802, and was ascended by Wliymper in 1880. Height 
 (Whymper), 20,498 feet; height above the plain of Quito, 
 about 12,000 feet. 
 
 Chimbne (she-man'). The faithful daughter of 
 Don Gomes in Corneille’s tragedy “ The Cid.” 
 
 Chimes, The. Dickens’s Christmas story for 
 1844. 
 
 Chimihuahua. See Chemehuevi. 
 
Chimu 
 
 246 
 
 Chimu (che'mo). [From the language of Moeh, Chinantecs (che-nan-teks'), or Chinantlas 
 one of the four Indian idioms spoken on the (che-nant'las). An ancient tribe of Mexican 
 
 Peruvian coast.] A name sometimes said to 
 have been the title of the chief of the numer- 
 ous Indian tribe that inhabited the place called 
 “Chan-Chan” a short distance north of Trux- 
 illo; also applied to the whole tribe and to 
 ruins of the settlement occupied by the tribe. 
 
 The Chimu people formed the most numerous of all the 
 local groups to which the Quichuas had given the name of 
 Yuucas. The ruins show that the tribe (which dwelt in 
 one large cluster) possibly had a maximum of 40,000 
 
 Indians who at the time of the conquest occu- 
 pied the Sierra Madre Mountains, about 200 
 miles southeast of Mexico City. They had little 
 civilization, but were bold warriors, using long lances 
 tipped with obsidian or copper. They had been con- 
 quered by the Aztecs, and, anxious to avenge their wrongs, 
 they sent two thousand warriors to aid Cortes in the siege 
 of Mexico. The Chinantecs are now amalgamated with 
 other tribes. Their language, which was very harsh and 
 guttural, has been preserved only in the “ Doctrina " of the 
 missionary Barreda, published in 1730. 
 
 souls. The rums consist of a number of large courts with Chmantila (che-nantla). The ancient name 
 walla as high as 35 feet, made of very large adobes and „ mountainous reo-inn in the northern 
 
 correspondingly thick. Inside of these walls there are i01 mountainous region in the nortnern 
 
 clusters of small houses of mud and usually a more or less part ot the present State ot Oajaca, Mexico, 
 
 central mound of earth with traces of buildings. Three occupied by the Chinantec Indians, 
 
 very tall mounds of adobe, covered by gravel, stand out- Qjjj na g ea ( ehpna ge). That part of the Pacific 
 side of the courts among the iums. 1 here are also gar- i, / 
 
 den beds, inside of the courts as well as outside. It ap- 
 pears as if each court with houses had been the abode of a 
 localized clan. A huge wall surrounds the entire cluster. 
 The water had been carried to this otherwise waterless 
 site by a canal from the Moche stream a few miles dis- 
 tant. Several buildings that have been exposed through 
 
 Ocean which is included between China, Indo- 
 China, Borneo, the Philippines, and Formosa. 
 Its chief indentations are the gulfs of Siam and Tongking. 
 It is noted for its typhoons, and notorious lor piracy. 
 Sometimes the name is used to include also the Yellow 
 Sea. 
 
 desultory excavations show walls decorated with stucco. . . T . 
 
 J ■ - - ht to Chmcha Islands (chm'cha, or, as Sp., chen'cha 
 
 A large number of artefacts are constantly broug 
 light in and about these ruins. These objects show skill 
 and quaint artistic development in cotton textiles and 
 pottery. Some of the latter is black ; but this pottery is 
 also found on the coast of Peru in many other places. 
 
 *The early past of the Chimu tribe is unknown. 
 
 China (chl'na). [F. Chine, Sp. Pg. China, It. Cina, 
 ML. China, Sma, At. Sin; in Gr. , asthe nameof tho 
 people, Xivai, Qivat (Ptolemy), a name of uniden- 
 tified Eastern origin. Another name known to 
 the ancients was L. Serica, Gr. liipcr// (Ptolemy), 
 from L. Seres, Gr. c, the people. In later 
 times Cathay ( Kitai ). Chinese designations, 
 Chung Ewoh (‘Middle Kingdom’)? Chung Hw a 
 Kwoh (‘Middle Flowery Kingdom’), etc.] The 
 
 i'landz). Three small islands in the depart- 
 ment of Lima, Peru, in lat. 13° 40' S., long. 
 76° 20' W., 12 miles from Pisco, long noted for 
 their guano deposits, now exhausted. 
 
 Chinchas (chen'chilz). An ancient people of 
 Peru who occupied the coast valleys south of 
 the Chimu people, and of the present site of 
 Lima. They had attained a considerable de- 
 gree of civilization before they were conquered 
 by the Inca Tupac Yupanqui, about 1450. The 
 cemeteries of the Chinchas were of vast ex- 
 tent, the dead being buried in a sitting position 
 in baskets or sacks. Owing to the dryness of the 
 climate these bodies were naturally desiccated : many 
 
 most important division oftheChineserepublic, have been exhumed, and are the so-called “Peruvian 
 extending from about lat. 18° N. to Mongolia mummies ’’ of the museums. 
 
 and Manchuria on the north, it comprises 18 Chinehaycocha (chen-chi-ko'eha), or Laguna 
 provinces : Chihli, Shantung, Shansi, Shensi, Kansu, Ho- \ i„i.„ 
 
 nan, Anhwei, Kiangsu, Chekiang, Fuhkien, Kiangsi, Hu- de Jun „ m r or Re ,y e3 - A lake in the depart- 
 peh, Hunan, Sz’chuen, Kweichow, Yunnau, Kwangsi, ment of Junin, Peru, in lat. 10 oO 8., long. 
 Kwangtung. The capital is Peking. The surface, except 75°40'W. 
 
 in part in the northeast, is largely mountainous, with . , , , - , - .., ... 
 
 many of the summits attaining an elevation of 10,000- ChinCilfiy-SUyil (chen-chl-so yo), or Chincha- 
 11,000 feet. The chief rivers are the Peiho, Hwangho, SUyu (chen-cha-so'yo). A Quiehua term used 
 Yangtsz’ Kiang, Min, and Pearl. The leading products to designate the regions north of Cuzco, in gen- 
 are rice, tea, silk, cotton, sugar, pulse, cereals, tobacco, era ]_ Jt was not a circumscribed province, 
 coal, iron, copper, etc. The chief exports are tea, silk, straw - - - 
 
 goods, porcelain, etc. The government is administ ered by 
 a president elected by a parliament, the members of which 
 
 only a vague designation of regions visited by 
 the Incas, and lying in the north. 
 
 S m:\hrn\XsLh1ca!°sTstem Chinchero (chen-cha'ro). A village about 15 
 
 are elected by the voters. 
 
 Sinism, Buddhism, and Taoism : the philosophical system , , _ - . ,, 
 
 known as Confucianism is sometimes erroneously classed miles north of Cuzco, Pern. 1 he ruins there 
 with them. The Chinese assign a fabulously early origin are possibly Incan. 
 
 to their nation. Among the semi-mythical kings is Fuhi Q hi t w Chinchu, or ChmcheU (chin- 
 le era of Confucius (in the 6th century B. c.) v . * . . ’ ' 
 
 me more trustworthy. In the 3d century B.C. c ' lu )• -L A name givei 
 
 From about the i 
 the dates become i 
 
 was the Tsin dynasty which built the Great Wall. To it 
 succeeded the Han dynasty when the empire was consoli- 
 dated. Buddhism was introduced in the 1st century A. D. 
 Soon after the empire became disorganized, but was again 
 consolidated about 600. There followed a brilliant period, 
 especially in literature, interrupted by Tatar attacks. 
 Jenghiz Khan occupied the northern portion of the em- 
 
 given to the city of Chang- 
 chau, in Fu-kien, China, 50 miles northeast of 
 Amoy : formerly an important port, and prob- 
 ably identical with the medieval Zaitun or Zay- 
 ton. — 2. A name given by the Spanish and 
 Portuguese (and formerly by the English) to 
 
 - -• Chang-chau (which see), southwest of Amoy. 
 
 pire in 1215, and the Mongol dynasty was fully established /«_ . „€{n„ /A - „i,r;i'..n\ A * 
 
 by Kublai Khan in 1280. The Ming dynasty followed in Chinchilla (chen-chel ya). Atown mthe prov- 
 1368. In the 16th century Portugal obtained a foothold at ince ot Albacete, Spam, lat. 38 54 JN., long. 
 Macao. The recent Manchu dynasty of Tsing acceded in 1° 43' W. 
 
 1644. The empire attained a westward extension in tin- OhinchoD (chen-chon'). A small town in Spain, 
 18th century. The Opium War with Great Britain began Hmlt i 1(an£ .i- Madrid 
 m 1840, and ended in 1842 with the cession of Hong-Kong souuieast. oi mauiiu. 
 
 and the opening of certain treaty ports: ports were opened Chinchon, Count 01. Viceroy of Peru, bee 
 
 to France and the United States in 1844. The Taiping Cabrera ISobadilla Cerda y Mendoza. 
 
 rebellion (which see) broke ou t in 1850, and was su ppressed ChinchoTl (chen-chon'), Ana, CoUnteSS Of. 
 
 in 1864. Meanwhile Anglo-lrench wars in 1856-58 and , , . , \ , An . , • , , „ 
 
 1869-60 resulted in the victory of the allies. China ceded Lorn at Astorga, Castile, m 15 to . died at Car- 
 
 ■ ' ~ * — ■ tagena, Dec., 1639. A Spamsh lady, daughter 
 
 of the eighth Marquis of Astorga. She married 
 Don Luis de Velasco, marquis of Salinas, twice viceroy of 
 Mexico and once of Peru ; arid, after his death, Don Luis 
 Geronymo de Cabrera, count of Chinchon, who was ap- 
 pointed viceroy of Peru in 1629. During her second resi- 
 dence in Lima she was attacked with a tertian ague, and 
 was cured by some powdered Peruvian bark which had 
 been sent to her physician by the corregidor of Loxa, Don 
 Juan Lopez de Canizares. When the countess embarked 
 for Spain she carried a quantity of the bark with her. 
 She died on the voyage, at Cartagena, Dec., 1639, but it 
 was through her cure that the cinchona bark was first in- 
 troduced into Europe. In honor of her Linnaeus named the 
 genus of quinine-bearing plants Cinchona, or, as it should 
 have been written, Chinchona. 
 
 the Amur country to Russia in 1858. In 1881 she recov- 
 ered Kuldja from Russia. War with France 1884-85 ter- 
 minated in favor of the French. In 1894 disturbances in 
 Korea, whither Chinese and Japanese troops were de- 
 spatched, led to the seizure of the Korean government by 
 Japan and a war (declared July 31) between that country 
 and China in which the latter was completely defeated 
 on land and sea. A treaty of peace, which included the 
 payment of a heavy indemnity by China, the cession of 
 Formosa, the independence of Korea, and other conces- 
 sions, was signed April 16, 1895. Toward the end of 1899 
 an uprising headed by the Boxers (which see) against na- 
 tive Christians and foreigners began, which resulted, in 
 June, 1900, in an attack upon the foreign legations in 
 Peking, and the murder of the Japanese secretary of le- 
 gation and the German minister, Baron von Ketteler. 
 
 The legations were besieged and cut ofi fron, communi- Chindwara (chind - wa ' ra). 1. A district in 
 cation with the outside world. Their relief was at once , , , .i , • ■ • ~ , , T , 
 
 - once 
 
 undertaken by their governments. The first Expedition 
 under Admiral Seymour (June 10-26) from Tientsin was 
 unsuccessful, and a second one w as organized. TheTaku 
 forts were taken June 17 ; Tientsin w as recaptured July 
 14 ; and Peking was captured Aug. 14. A revolution in 
 1912 resulted in the abdication of the Manchu dynasty and 
 
 the Nerbudda division of the Central Provinces, 
 British India, situated about lat. 22° N. , long. 
 79° E. Area, 4,631 square miles. Population, 
 407,927. — 2. The chief town of the district of 
 Chindwara. 
 
 the establishment (February 12) of the “Great Republic Chinese (chi-nes' or -nez'). [From China and 
 of China.” Area of China proper, estimated, 1,500,000 _ ese ■ _ chinoiS = Sp. Chino = 
 
 Hflliurfx milpa * with tho torritnrv nf ^in.Tcionrr eorttotimon ^ I 
 
 square miles ; with the territory of Sin-Tsiang, sometimes 
 recognized as a 19th province, about 2,100,000 square miles ; 
 population, 407,000,000. Area of the republic, 4,277,170 
 square miles ; population, estimated, 438,214,000. 
 
 Chinandega (che-nan-da'ga). A town in 
 Nicaragua, Central America, capital of the de- 
 partment of Chinandega, about 20 miles north- 
 west of Le6n. Population, 10,542. 
 
 Pg. cliinez = G. 
 chinesiscli, etc.] 1 . sing, and pi. (plural also 
 formerly Chineses). A native or natives of 
 China ; specifically, a member or members of 
 the principal indigenous race of China proper, 
 as distinguished from other Mongoloids, such 
 as the Manchus, the recent ruling race in the 
 Chinese empire. — 2. The language of China. 
 
 Chinsura 
 
 It is a monosyllabic tongue, and on this ground is gener- 
 ally classed with the other languages of the same character 
 in southeastern Asia, iu Further India and the Himalayas, 
 as constituting the monosyllabic family. It exists in many 
 dialects, of which the so-called Mandarin is the leading 
 and official one. It is composed of only about 500 words, 
 as we should distinguish them iu writing, all of them 
 ending in a vowel-sound or in a nasal, although some of the 
 dialects still retain final mutes, lost in Mandarin. This 
 small body of words, however, is raised to 1,500 by differ- 
 ences of the tone of utterance, as rising, falling, even, 
 abrupt, and so on. The language is without inflection, and 
 even without distinction of parts of speech ; but words are 
 classed as “full” or “empty," according as they are used 
 with their full meaning or as auxiliaries in forming 
 phrases : like our will and have in “I will it,” “ they have 
 it,” on the one hand, and in “they will have seen it,” on 
 the other. Chinese records go back to about 2000 B. c., and 
 the literature is immense and varied. The mode of 
 writing is by signs that represent each a single word iu 
 one of its senses or in a certain set of senses. The signs 
 are of ideographic or hieroglyphic origin ; but the greater 
 part of them at present are compound, and many contain 
 a phonetic element along with an ideographic. They num- 
 ber in the dictionaries about 40,000 ; but only the smaller 
 part of these are in current and familiar use. They are 
 written iu perpendicular columns, and the columns follow 
 one another from right to left. The language and mode 
 of writing havebeen carried to the neighboring nations that 
 have received their culture from China, especially Japan, 
 Corea, and Annam, and have been more or less borrowed 
 or adopted by such nations. 
 
 Chinese Empire. A former empire of Asia, 
 bounded by Asiatic Russia on the north, the 
 Pacific on the east, Tongking and India on the 
 south, and the Pamirs and Asiatic Russia on 
 the west. It includes China proper, or the eighteen 
 provinces, and its dependencies, Manchuria, Mongolia, 
 Tibet, Eastern Turkestan, and Dzungaria- A republican 
 form of government was adopted Feb. 12, 1912. See China. 
 
 Chinese Gordon. See Gordon. 
 
 Chinese Tatary. A name given vaguely to a 
 vast region in the northern and northwestern 
 parts of the Chinese republic, including Mongo- 
 lia, Dzungaria, Eastern Turkestan: sometimes 
 restricted to Eastern Turkestan. 
 
 Chinese Turkestan. A dependency of China, 
 sometimes called Little Bokhara, or East Tur- 
 kestan (which see). 
 
 Ching-hai (ching-hi'), or Chin-hae (chin-hl'). 
 A seaport in the province of Chekiang, China, 
 12 miles northeast of Ningpo. It was taken by 
 the English in 1841. 
 
 Chingiz Khan. See Jenghiz Khan. 
 
 Chingleput (ching-gle-put'), or Chengalpatt. 
 1. A district of India, in Madras. Area, 3,079 
 square miles. Pop., 1,312,122. — 2. The chief 
 town of the district, situated 36 miles south- 
 west of Madras. It was taken by the French in 1751, 
 by Clive in 1752, and was besieged by Hyder Ali 1780-8L 
 
 Chingu River. See Xingu. 
 
 Chin-kiang (chin'kyang'). A cityin the prov- 
 ince of Kiangsu, China, in lat. 32° 10' N., long. 
 119° 28' E., situated at the junction of the 
 Grand Canal with the Yangtsz’. It is a treaty 
 port. It was taken by the English July 21, 
 1842. Population, about 182,000. 
 
 Chingtu (cning-to'). Thecapitalof the province 
 of Szechuen, China, situated on the river Min- 
 Kiaug. 
 
 Chin-India. See Indo-China. 
 
 Chinon (she-non'). A town in the department 
 of Indre-et-Loire, France, situated on the Vi- 
 enne 26 miles southwest of Tours. It contains a 
 ruined castle, a royal residence from the 12th century to 
 the reign of Henry IV. The remains occupy a large rock- 
 platform. The exterior walls are ruinous, except the high 
 towers. The royal apartments are chiefly of the 12th cen- 
 tury, and include armory, kitchen and other commons, 
 the king’s room, the great hall, where Charles VII. first 
 saw Jeanne d’Arc, etc. The great keep is of the 13th cen- 
 tury. Chinon has a considerable trade. Population 
 commune, 6,813. 
 
 Chinook (chi-nuk'), or Tchinuk, or Tsinuk. 
 
 [PI., also Chinooks.'] The principal tribe of 
 the Lower Chinook division of North American 
 Indians. Its former habitat was from Gray’s Bay, Wash- 
 ington, on the north shore of Columbia River to its mouth, 
 and the strip of coast northward as far as and including 
 Shoalwater Bay. There were 100 left in 1857. There still 
 remain three or four families about six miles above the 
 mouth of the Columbia. See Chinookan. 
 
 Cnmookan (chi-nuk' an). [From Chinook and 
 -an.] A linguistic stock of North American 
 Indians, named after the Chinook, the leading 
 tribe. Their former habitat was Oregon and Washing- 
 ton, on both sides of the Columbia River from the Dalles, 
 about 200 miles from its mouth, to the Pacific Ocean, and 
 along the coast in both directions, northward nearly to 
 the northern extremity of Shoalwater Bay, Washington, 
 and southward to about Tillamook Head, Oregon, 20 miles 
 from the mouth of the Columbia River. The stock is di- 
 vided into Upper and Lower Chinook. The principal 
 tribes remaining are the Artsmilsh, Chinook, and Clatsop 
 of the Lower Chinook ; and the Cathlamet, Clackama, 
 Wasco, and Watlala of the Upper Chinook. They number 
 about 300, and are now chiefly on reservations in Oregon 
 and Washington. 
 
 Chinsura (chin-so'ra). A town in Bengal, Brit- 
 ish India, situated on the Hugli 24 miles north 
 
Chinsura 
 
 of Calcutta : the seat of Hugli College, it was 
 settled by the Dutch in 1656, and ceded to the English in 
 1824. It is now included in Hugli (which see). 
 Chintamani (chin-ta'ma-ni). In Sanskrit folk- 
 lore, a “thought jewel”: a jewel that possesses 
 the magic power of securing that to which the 
 possessor has directed his thoughts ; the philoso- 
 pher’s stone. The word appears in the names 
 of a number of manuals and commentaries. 
 See Abhidhana-chintamani. 
 
 Chioggia (ke-od'jit), or Chiozza (ke-ot'sa). A 
 seaport in the province of Venice, Italy, situ- 
 ated on the island of Chioggia, in the Gulf of 
 Venice, 15 miles south of Venice. It was cap- 
 tured by the Genoese in 1379. They were de- 
 feated in 1380 by the Venetians. Population, 
 commune, 30,563. 
 
 Chios (M'os), or Scio (sl'o or she'o). [Turk. 
 Salci-Adassii] An island in the zEgean Sea, 
 west of Asia Minor, in lat. 38° 20' N., long. 
 26° E., formerly celebrated for its wines and 
 
 figs. It forma part of the vilayet Jesairi-Bahri-Sefid, 
 Turkey. It was settled by Ionians ; joined the Athenian 
 Confederation about 477 B. c. ; revolted 412 ; came under 
 Roman dominion in the 2d century B. C. ; and was con- 
 quered by the Genoese in the 14th century, and by the 
 Turks in the 16th century. It was the scene of massacres 
 by the Turks in 1822, and was visited by earthquakes in 
 1881 and 1882. Length, 32 miles. Breadth, 8-18 miles. 
 Population, about 64,000. 
 
 duos, or Kastro. The chief town of the island 
 of Chios, situated on the east coast. It is one of 
 the places which claimed to be the birthplace of Homer. 
 It was nearly destroyed by earthquakes in 1881. 
 Chippawa (chip'a-wa), or Chippewa (chip'e- 
 wa). A manufacturing village in Welland 
 County, Ontario, Canada, 21 miles northwest 
 of Buffalo. Here, July 5, 1814, the Americans (1,900) 
 under the immediate command of Scott defeated the 
 British (2,100) under Riall. Loss of the Americans, 335 ; 
 of the British, 603. 
 
 Chippendale (chip'en-dal), Thomas. Flour- 
 ished about 1760. A noted English furniture- 
 maker. His business was carried on in London. 
 His work is heavier in design and less tasteful 
 than that of Sheraton and other later cabinet- 
 makers. 
 
 Chippenham (chip'n-am). Atown in Wiltshire, 
 England, situated on the Avon 12 miles north- 
 east of Bath. It has trade in grain and cheese, 
 and manufactures cloth, etc. Population, 
 5,074. 
 
 Chippewa. See Ojibwa. 
 
 Chippewa (chip'e-wa), or Ojibway (o-jib'wa). 
 A river of Wisconsin which joins the Missis- 
 sippi 64 miles southeast of St. Paul. Length, 
 over 200 miles. 
 
 ChippewaFalls (ehip'e-wafalz). A lumber city 
 in Chippewa County, western Wisconsin, situ- 
 ated on Chippewa River. Pop., 8,893, (1910). 
 Chippeways. See Ojibwa. 
 
 Chipping Wycombe. See Wycombe. 
 Chiquimula (che-ke-mo'la). The capital of a 
 department of the same name in Guatemala, 
 Central America, situated 62 miles northeast 
 of Guatemala. Population, est., 12,562. 
 Chiquimula Isthmus. The narrow portion of 
 Central America, between the Bay of Honduras 
 and the Pacific. 
 
 ChiquinQUird (che-ken-ke-ra'). A town in 
 Colombia, about 85 miles north of Bogota. 
 It is noted for a shrine of the Virgin which has been 
 visited by 80,000 pilgrims in one year. Population, muni- 
 cipio, 13,116. 
 
 Chi<juitos (che-ke'tos;. (Sp./ little.’ The first 
 whites who visited their country observed that 
 the houses had very low doors, and erroneously 
 supposed that these Indians were below the 
 medium size (hence the name).] A numerous 
 race of Indians in northeastern Bolivia, on 
 the lowlands bordering the affluents of the 
 Madeira and the Paraguay. They were gathered 
 into mission villages in the 17th century, and were readily 
 civilized. The Chiquitos spoke a peculiar language, and 
 were a gentle race, practising agriculture. They were 
 divided into a great number of subtribes, and had no 
 general chief. Other tribes were joined to them in the 
 mission villages, and adopted their language. The de- 
 scendants of all these are the modern Chiquitos of the 
 same region, numbering about 20,000. Most of them 
 still speak their own language. 
 
 Chiricahui (che-re-kii'we). [Opata, properly 
 Chihui-cahui, t urkey-mountain ; from chihui, tur- 
 key, and cahui, mountain.] A mountain-range 
 of southeastern Arizona, south of the Southern 
 Pacific Railroad. During the wars with the Apaches, 
 and earlier, the Chiricahui were the refuge and strong- 
 hold of some of the wildest bands, and they gave their 
 name to that band of the tribe which has become famous 
 in the outbreaks since 1880. See Apaches. 
 
 Chiriguanos (she-re-gwa'nos), or Xiriguanos, 
 or Siriguanos, or Chirihuanos (sbe-re-wa- 
 nos'). An Indian tribe of Bolivia, of the Tupi 
 
 247 
 
 stock. They inhabited the lowlands and valleys south 
 and east of the present site of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and 
 were partially conquered by the Incas of Peru about 1450. 
 In 1572 they repulsed an invasion of the Spaniards under 
 the viceroy Toledo. They were Christianized in the 18th 
 century, and their descendants, to the number of 15,000 
 or more, inhabit the eastern highlands of Bolivia, in the 
 provinces of Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Chuquisaca. 
 
 Chiriqui (che-re-ke'). A lagoon on the north- 
 ern coast of the isthmus of Panama, west of 
 Aspinwall. 
 
 Chiron, or Cheiron (kl'ron). [Gr. Xetpov.] 
 In Greek mythology, a centaur, son of Kronos 
 and Philyra. He was the pupil of Apollo and Artemis, 
 the friend and protector of Peleus, and the instructor of 
 Achilles. He was renowned for his wisdom and skill in 
 medicine, hunting, music, and prophecy. He dwelt on 
 Mount Pelion, and on his death was placed by Zeus among 
 the stars. 
 
 Chiron. A son of Tamora, queen of the Goths, 
 in Shakspere’s (?) “ Titus Andronicus.” 
 Chisedec. See Montagnais. 
 
 Chislehursfc (chiz'l-herst). A village in Kent, 
 England, 9 miles south of London. It was 
 the residence of Napoleon III. 1871-73, and of 
 Eugenie until 1880. 
 
 Chisleu (kis-lu/). The ninth month of the He- 
 brew year, corresponding to No vember-Decem- 
 ber, mentioned in Zach. vii. 1 ; Neh. i. 1 ; 1 Mac. 
 i. 54 and iv. 59; 2 Mae. i. 9, 18, x. 5. in Assyro- 
 Babylonian, from which the Hebrew names of the months 
 are derived, it is Kislimu or Chislev (R. V.). The name is 
 explained by Haupt to mean ‘month of wrath,’ by Fried. 
 Delitzsch ‘month of clouds.’ 
 
 Chiswick (chiz'ik). A suburb of London, in 
 Middlesex, situated on the Thames 6 miles west 
 of Charing Cross. Population, 29,809. 
 Chiswick House. A villa belonging to the 
 Duke of Devonshire, situated at Chiswick. 
 Fox died here in 1806, and Canning in 1827. 
 Chitimachan (shet-i-mash'an). [Choctaw, 
 ‘they possess cooking-vessels.’] A linguistic 
 stock of North American Indians, represented 
 by the Shetimasha, a once populous and pow- 
 erful tribe which inhabited the shores of Grand 
 or Chetimashes Lake, and bayous Plaquemine 
 and Lafourche, Louisiana. In 1718, after a treaty 
 with the French, by whom they were overcome, they re- 
 moved to the mouth of Bayou Lafourche on the Missis- 
 sippi, near the present Donaldsonville, where their vil- 
 lage still existed in 1784. The remnants of the tribe, 
 about 50 half-breeds, are now on Bayou Plaquemine and 
 at Charenton, St. Mary's parish, on the southern shore of 
 Bayou Tfiche. 
 
 Chitradurg (chit-ra-dorg'), or Chitteldrug 
 
 (chit-tel-drog'). The capital of the district of 
 Chitradurg, in Mysore, British India, in lat. 
 14° 13' N., long. 76° 24' E. It contains a re- 
 markable rock-fortress. It was besieged by 
 Hyder Ali in 1776, and taken by him in 1779. 
 Chitrakuta (chit-ra-ko'ta). [‘Bright peak.’] 
 A hill and place of pilgrimage in Banda dis- 
 trict, United Provinces, British India, in lat. 
 25° 13' N., long. 80° 46' E. It was the first habita- 
 tion of Rama and Lakshmana in their exile after leaving 
 Ayodhya, and, as the holiest spot of the worshipers of 
 Rama, was crowded with temples and shrines. 
 
 Chitral (chit-ral'). 1. A small state in the 
 North-West Frontier Province, British India, 
 about lat. 36° N., long. 72° E. — 2. A town in 
 the state, on the Chitral River. 
 
 Chittagong (chit-ta-gong'). 1. A division in 
 Eastern Bengal and Assam, British India. 
 Area, 11,773 square miles. Population, 4, 737, 731. 
 — 2. A district in the Chittagong division, in 
 lat. 21°-23° N., long. 91° 30 '-92° E. Area, 
 2,492 square miles. Population, 1,353,250. — 
 3. A seaport and chief town of the Chittagong 
 district, situated on the Karnafuli in lat. 22° 
 21' N., long. 91° 50' E. It has considerable 
 trade. Also called Islamabad. Population, 
 22,140. 
 
 Chittagong Hill Tracts. A district in the 
 Chittagong division, British India, east of the 
 Chittagong district. Area, 5,138 square miles. 
 Population, 124,762. 
 
 Chittenden (chit'en-den), Martin. Bom at 
 Salisbury, Conn., March 12, 1766: died at Wil- 
 liston, Vt., Sept. 5, 1840. An American poli- 
 tician, governor of Vermont 1813-15. He was 
 a son of Thomas Chittenden. 
 
 Chittenden, Thomas. Born at East Guilford, 
 Conn., Jan. 6, 1730: died at Williston, Vt., 
 Aug. 25, 1797. An American politician, gov- 
 ernor of Vermont 1790-97. 
 
 Chittim (kit'im). See KitUm. 
 
 Chitty (chit'i), Joseph. Born 1776: diod at 
 London, Feb. 17, 1841. A noted English legal 
 writer and special pleader. His works include 
 “ A Treatise on Bills of Exchange ” (1799), “A Treatise on 
 the Law of N ations ” (1812), “ A Treatise on Criminal Law ” 
 (1816), “ A Treatise on Commercial Law ’’ (1818), “Reports 
 
 Chocos 
 
 of Cases on Practice and Pleading, with Motes ” (1820 23), 
 “ On Commercial Contracts ” (1823), “ A Treatise on Medi 
 cal Jurisprudence” (1834), etc. 
 
 Chiusa San Michele (ke-6'sa san me-ka'le). 
 A village 11 miles northeast of Turin, Italy, 
 formerly called the “Gates of Lombardy.” It 
 has a noted Benedictine abbey. 
 
 Chiusi (ke-6'se). A town in the province of 
 Siena, Italy, in lat. 43° 2' N., long. 11° 57' E. : 
 the ancient Clusium (whence the modern name), 
 originally Camars. It has a cathedral and a museum 
 of Etruscan antiquities. It contains an Etruscan necrop- 
 olis, of great extent and variety, remarkable especially 
 for its architectural monuments, which are cut from the 
 rock, tier over tier, in the form of houses with beams and 
 rafters. One tomb has a circular chamber 25 feet iu di- 
 ameter, with a massive column in the middle. Many 
 tombs consist of several chambers, and some are painted 
 with curious friezes representing games, dancing, a feast, 
 etc. Many painted vases, mirrors, bronzes, etc., have been 
 found. The town was one of the twelve confederated 
 Etruscan cities, and the residence of Lais Porsenna. 
 Chivasso (ke-vas'so). ,A town in the province 
 of Turin, Italy, situated on the Po 15 miles 
 northeast of Turin. Its fortifications were de- 
 stroyed by the French in 1804. 
 
 Chivery (chiv'e-ri), John. “ The sentimental 
 son of a turnkey ” in Charles Dickens’s “ Little 
 Dorrit.” He passed his time in composing heartbreak- 
 ing epitaphs. He was very weak and small, hut “ great 
 of soul, poetical, expansive, faithful,” and in love with 
 Little Dorrit. 
 
 Chladni (ehlad'ne), Ernst Florens Friedrich. 
 
 Born at Wittenberg, Prussia, Nov. 30, 1756 : 
 died at Breslau, Prussia, April 4, 1827. A Ger- 
 man physicist, noted for his discoveries in 
 acoustics. His works include ‘‘Entdeckungen fiber 
 die Theorie des Klanges" (1802), “DieAkustik” (1802), 
 “ fiber Feuermeteore ” (1819), etc. 
 
 Chloe (klo'e). [Gr. Xkdr/, the verdant or 
 blooming.] 1. A country maiden in love 
 with Daphnis, in the Greek romance “Daphnis 
 and Chloe,” written in the 4th or 5th century. 
 — 2. Ashepherdess in Sidney’s “Arcadia.” — 3. 
 The ambitious wife of an honest, commonplace 
 citizen in Ben Jonson’s comedy “The Poet- 
 aster.” — 4. A wanton shepherdess in Fletcher's 
 “ Faithful Shepherdess,” intended as a con- 
 trast to the chaste Clorin. 
 
 Chlopicki (chlo-pits'ke), Jozef. Born in Ga- 
 licia, March 24, 1771 : died at Cracow, Sept. 30, 
 1854. A Polish general. He fought on the side of 
 the French in the Napoleonic wars, and joined the Russian 
 service in 1815, but resigned in 1818. He acted as dicta- 
 tor Dec. 5, 1830, -Jan. 23, 1831, in the revolution which 
 broke out at Warsaw Nov. 29, 1830. Having resigned in 
 deference to the opposition aroused by his policy, which 
 sought to attain the objects of the revolution by diplo- 
 macy rather than by war, he fought with distinction 
 against the Russians until wounded in Feb., 1831. 
 Chloris (klo'ris). [Gr. X/.upir : pale, 
 
 pallid.] 1. In Greek mythology, the goddess 
 of flowers, wife of Zephyrus : identified with 
 the Roman Flora. — 2. In Greek legend, a daugh- 
 ter of Amphion and Niobe, who with her bro- 
 ther Amyclas escaped when tho other children 
 of Niobe were slain by Apollo and Artemis. 
 In her terror she turned perfectly white (whence her 
 name). Another name for her was Meliboea. 
 
 Ghlothar. See Clotaire. 
 
 Chmielnicki (chmyel-nits'ke), Bogdan. Born 
 1593 : died Aug. 25, 1657. A Cossack hetman 
 of Polish descent, leader of the Cossack revolt 
 about 1648. 
 
 Choate (chot), Rufus. Born at Essex, Mass., 
 Oct. 1, 1799 : died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, July 
 13, 1859. A distinguished American lawyer, ora- 
 tor, and statesman. He was graduated at Dartmouth 
 in 1819, was admitted to the bar in 1823, was elected a 
 representative to Congress from Massachusetts in 1830, 
 and was reelected in 1832, hut resigned his seat in 1834. 
 In 1841 he became the successor in the Senate of Dauiel 
 Webster, who accepted the office of secretary of state 
 under President Harrison. He remained in the Senate 
 until 1845, when Webster was reelected. 
 
 Chochocois. See Shosholco. 
 
 Chochone. See Shoshoni. 
 
 Choc6 (cho-ko'). A province of the Spanish 
 viceroyalty of New Granada, embracing the 
 Atrato valley and the region westward to the 
 Pacific. It forms a portion of the present de- 
 partment of Canca. 
 
 Chocolate. Paso de. See Paso de Chocolate. 
 Chocolatiere, La Belle. The portrait by Jean 
 Etienne Liotard of Annette Beldauf, a servant 
 in a Vienna caf6. She married the Prince of 
 Dietrichstein. The picture is in the Dresden 
 gallery. 
 
 Chocorua (cho-kor'u-ii). One of the principal 
 outlying peaks of the White Mountains in New 
 Hampshire, north of Lake Winnepesaukee. 
 Height, 3,508 feet. 
 
 Chocos (cho-kos'). A race of South American 
 Indians in western Colombia. They were formerly 
 
Chocos 
 
 scattered over the region from the isthmus of Panama 
 southward probably to lat. 4° N., occupying the Pacific 
 coast, the Atrato valley, and extending eastward in some 
 places to the Cauca. It is probable that other and more 
 warlike tribes were interspersed over the same region. 
 They were divided into many small tribes, and their houses, 
 instead of being gathered into villages, were often scat- 
 tered singly through the forests. It is said that in the 
 marshy Atrato valley they lived in trees. The descendants 
 of the Chocos are either civilized or lead a miserable ex- 
 istence in the marshy forests. 
 
 Choctaw (chok'ta), or Chacatos, or Chactaws, 
 or Chahta. A large tribe or division of Nortli 
 American Indians, whose chief habitat in his- 
 toric times was the middle and north of Missis- 
 sippi. They were engaged on both sides in the French 
 and English contests ending with 1763. They compressed 
 the heads of raaleinfants, whence the term “Flatheads" or 
 “Tfites plates,” used for them by early writers (not to be 
 confounded with the Flatheads of the Salishan stock). 
 Their present lands are in the southeast part of Okla- 
 homa. They number about 18,000: about 9,000 of them 
 are stated to be of pure blood. See Muskhogean. 
 
 Choczin. See Cliotin. 
 
 Chodzko (ehodz'ko), Alexander. Born July 
 11, 1804: died Dec. 20, 1891. A Polish poet, 
 Orientalist, and Slavic scholar. His works in- 
 clude ‘ ‘Grammaire persane ” ( 1852), translations 
 from the Persian and Old Slavic, etc. 
 
 Chodzko, Leonard Jacob. Born at Oborek, 
 near Wilna, Russia, Nov. 6, 1800: died at Poi- 
 tiers, France, March 12, 1871. A Polish his- 
 torian, author of “ La Pologne historique, lit- 
 tdraire, etc.” (1835-37), etc. 
 
 Choephori (kd-ef'o-ri), The. [Gr. Xori<j>6poi, per- 
 sons offering x oa h or libations, to the dead.] A 
 tragedy of zEschylus: so named from the cho- 
 rus bearing vessels with offerings to the tomb 
 of Agamemnon. In it Orestes returns to Argos to 
 avenge the murder of his father Agamemnon, and slays 
 his mother Clytemnestra and her paramour iEgisthus. 
 
 Chcerilus (ker'i-lus). [Gr. Xoipihoc or XoipiX- 
 Jof.] 1. An Athenian tragic poet, a contem- 
 porary of iEscliylus. — 2. A Samian poet of the 
 5th century b. c. 
 
 Chcerilus (of Samos also), a younger contemporary of 
 Herodotus, and said by Plutarch to have been intimate 
 with Lysander, is remarkable for having attempted a great 
 novelty — to relate in the epic form the very subject with 
 which Herodotus founded Greek history. His Perseis sang 
 the struggle of Hellenedom with Persia. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 147. 
 
 Choi. See Khoi. 
 
 Choiseul (shwa-zel'), Cesar, Due de, Sieur du 
 Plessis-Praslin. Born at Paris, Feb. 12, 1598: 
 died at Paris, Dec. 23, 1675. A French general. 
 He distinguished himself at the siege of La Rochelle 1628, 
 served in Piedmont 1636—15, became marshal 1645, and 
 gained the decisive victory of Trancheron over the Span- 
 iards 1648. He commanded the royal forces in the war 
 of the Fronde, and defeated Turenne at Rethel in 1650. 
 He was created duke 1663. Also known as Marshal du 
 Plessis. „ 
 
 Choiseul, or Choiseul-Amboise, Etienne 
 FranQOis, Due de. Born June 28, 1719: died 
 at Paris, May 7, 1785. A French statesman. 
 He entered the army in his youth, aud in 1759 obtained 
 the rank of lieutenant-general. Through the influence of 
 Madame de Pompadour, mistress of Louis XV., he was ap- 
 pointed ambassador to Rome in 1756. Some months after 
 this appointment he succeeded the Abbe Bernis as ambas- 
 sador to Vienna. In Nov., 1758, he was appointed min- 
 ister and created Due de Choiseul (having hitherto been 
 known as Comte de Stainville). 0:i his accession to office 
 he continued the alliance of France with Maria Theresa 
 of Austria in the Seven Years' War. He sought to prose- 
 cute hostilities against England with vigor in Europe, to 
 the neglect of the proper defense of the colonies: a policy 
 which resulted in the loss of Canada and Cape Breton 
 Island to England, and of Louisiana to Spain, at the peace 
 of Paris in 1763. He negotiated the “ Family Compact ” 
 between the Bourbon sovereigns of France, Spain, and the 
 Two Sicilies in 1761, and in 1764 expelled the Jesuits from 
 France. He was dismissed from office in 1770 through the 
 influence of the king’s new mistress, Madame du Barry. 
 
 Choiseul-Gouiner, Comte de (Marie Gabriel 
 Florent Auguste de Choiseul-Gouf&er). 
 
 Born at Paris, Sept. 27, 1752: died at Aachen, 
 Germany, June 20, 1817. A French diplomatist 
 and archaeologist. His chief work is “Voyage 
 pittoresque de la Grece” (1782, new ed. 1841). 
 Choiseul-Praslin (-pra-lan'), Comte Horace 
 Eugene Antoine de. Born Feb. 23, 1837. A 
 French statesman. He was elected representative 
 of Seine-et-Marne to the National Assembly Feb., 1871 ; 
 the same year, in March, he was sent to Italy as minister 
 plenipotentiary, where he remained till November. He is 
 a republican, and supported Thiers. In 1880 he was sec- 
 retary of state in the ministry of foreign affairs. He has 
 been several times reelected to the legislature, and in 1887 
 was sent on a botanical mission to Ceylon and the United 
 States. 
 
 Choisy (shwa-ze'), Francois Timoleon de. 
 
 Born at Paris, Aug. 16, 1644: died Oct. 2, 1724. 
 A French ecclesiastic and litterateur. His works 
 include “ Histoire de France sous les rfegnes de Saint Louis, 
 de Philippe de Valois, etc.” (1750), “Histoire de madame 
 la comtesse des Barres” (1735), “Mdmoires pour servir a 
 i'hlstoire de Louis XIV.” (1727), etc. 
 
 24S 
 
 Choisy-le-Roi (shwa-ze'le-rwa/). A suburb of 
 Paris, situated on the Seine 71 miles south of 
 the city. Population, commune, 13,067. 
 
 Choke (chok), General Cyrus. In Dickens’s 
 “Martin Chuzzlewit,” an American, “one of 
 the most remarkable men in the country,” en- 
 countered by Martin Chuzzlewit. 
 
 Choleric Man, The. A play by Richard Cum- 
 berland, produced in 1774. 
 
 Choles (clio'les). A tribe of American Indians 
 of the Maya stock, formerly very numerous 
 in southeastern Guatemala. After the Spanish con- 
 quest they abandoned their homes, and led a wandering 
 life in the mountains and forests. In the 17th century 
 some of them were induced to live in mission villages, and 
 they gradually became amalgamated with the Spanish- 
 speaking population. Some Indians called Choles, proba- 
 bly of the same stock, now live in Chiapas, Mexico. 
 Cholet (sho-la/). A town in the department of 
 Maine-et-Loire, France, 33 miles southwest of 
 Angers. It lias considerable trade in cattle, and manu- 
 factures of cotton and linen. It was the scene of various 
 conflicts in the V endean wars, including a Vendean defeat, 
 Oct, 17, 1793. Population, commune, 20,427. 
 
 Chollup (chol'up), Major Hannibal. In Dick- 
 ens’s “ Martin Chuzzlewit,’ 5 an American, a 
 worshiper of freedom, lynch-law, and slavery. 
 Cbolmondeley (chum'li), George. Died May 
 7, 1733. The second Earl of Cholmondeley, an 
 English general and poet. 
 
 Cholovone (eho-lo-vo'ne), or Tcholovone, The 
 northern division of the Mariposan stock of 
 North American Indians, formerly on lower 
 San Joaquin River, California. See Mariposan. 
 Cholula (cho-16'la). [Nahuatlof central Mexi- 
 co, probably.] A considerable Indian town of 
 Mexico, inhabited, at the time of tho conquest, 
 by an independent ti'ibe of Nahuatl Indians. 
 It lies about 60 miles southeast of thecity of Mexico, about 
 15 miles from the foot of the great volcano on the east, 
 and, in a direct line, 5 or 6 miles west of the city of Pue- 
 bla. The town of Cholula had, iu 1834, 6,765 inhabi- 
 tants, and the surrounding villages contain nearly five 
 tim s that number. All those villages except two are 
 modern. Previous to the 16th century Cholula had a 
 population of not over 25,000 souls, and these were con- 
 gregated in the central settlement. The tall mound, er- 
 roneously called the “Pyramid of Cholula," was probably 
 a very ancient settlement erected on an artificial basis of 
 sun-dried brick, with a second platform of lesser extent 
 and greater elevation, and a central mound, the average 
 elevation of which is now 170 feet. Of the fate of this 
 prehistoric settlement there are not even definite tradi- 
 tions. There are, besides the great mound, several other 
 sites of ruins in and around Cholula. The average eleva- 
 tion of the district above the sea-level is 7,000 feet. 
 
 Chonos Archipelago (chd'nos ar-ki-pel'a-go). 
 A group of about 120 islands on the coast of 
 Chile, between lats. 44° and 47° S. 
 
 Chons. See Khons. 
 
 Choiltales (chon-ta'les). A department of 
 Nicaragua, Central America, east of Lake Ni- 
 caragua, noted for its mineral wealth. 
 Chontals (chon-talz'), or Chontallis(eh6n-tal'- 
 yes), or Chontales (chon-ta'les). [Nahuatl, 
 ‘strangers,’ ‘foreigners.’] The name given in 
 southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Nicaragua 
 to various Indian tribes which are not ethni- 
 cally related, but were originally distinguished 
 by the Nahuatls as different from themselves. 
 Most of them are now known to ethnologists by 
 other names. 
 
 Chopin (sho-pan'), Frederic Francois. Born 
 at Zelazowa-Wola, near Warsaw, Poland, Feb. 
 22, 1810: died at Paris, Oct. 17, 1849. A cele- 
 brated Polish composer and pianist. His father 
 was French, his mother a Pole. His earliest compositions 
 were dances, mazurkas, polonaises, etc. At nineteen he 
 was a finished virtuoso. His masters were a Bohemian, 
 Zwyny, and Eisner, the director of the School of Music at 
 Warsaw. He began at this age, with his two concertos 
 and some smaller works, to give concerts in Vienna, Mu- 
 nich, and Paris. In the latter place he settled. In 1837 
 beganhis romantic connection with George Sand. In 1838 
 she took him to Majorca for his health, and nursed him 
 there. She depicted him as “Prince Karol ” in her novel 
 “Lucrezia Floriani,” as a “high-flown, consumptive, and 
 exasperating nuisance. " She left him after a friendship of 
 eight years, and he lived in retirement, giving lessons and 
 • composing. His works include two concertos for piano 
 and orchestra, and 27 etudes, 62 mazurkas, and many pre- 
 ludes, nocturnes, rondos, etc., and IS Polish songs. Grove. 
 Choptank (chop'tangk). A river and estuary 
 in eastern Maryland which flows into Chesa- 
 peake Bay about 25 miles southeast of Annap- 
 olis. Length, about 100 miles. It is navigable 
 for 45 miles. 
 
 Chopunnish (cho-pun'ish), or Nimapu (nim'- 
 a-po),or Nez Perce !na per-sa'),orShaliaptan 
 (sha-hap'tan), or Sahaptin (sa-liap'tin). The 
 leading tribe of the Shahaptian stock of North 
 American Indians. Their former habitat (in 1804) 
 was western Idaho, northeastern Oregon, and southeast- 
 ern Washington, on the lower Snake River and its tributa- 
 ries. They crossed the Rocky Mountains to thehead waters 
 of the Missouri. Of late years the Nez Perce (‘pierced 
 noseT have not pierced the nose for ornamental purposes. 
 
 Chowanoc 
 
 These are the people of Chief Joseph, who, during the Nez 
 Percd war, ordered his men not to molest any white non- 
 combatants, including women and children as well as 
 men. They number about 1,500. Most of them are in 
 Idaho. See Shahaptian and Tushepaw. 
 
 Choragic Monument of Lysicrates. See Ly- 
 
 sicrates. 
 
 Chorazin (ko-ra'zin). In New Testament ge- 
 ography, a city of Palestine, situated near the 
 northwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee, 21 
 miles north of Tel Hum : the modern Kerazeh. 
 Choris (cho'ris), Ludwig. Born at Yekaterino- 
 slaff, Russia, March 22, 1795: murdered near 
 Jalapa, Mexico, March 22, 1828. A Russian 
 traveier and painter. He illustrated the works “Voy- 
 age pittoresque autour du monde ” (1821-23), “ Vues et 
 paysages des regions dquinoxiales ” (1826). 
 
 Chorizontes (ko-ri-zon'tez). [Gr. XopiC,ovTcq, 
 the separators.] The separatists, a party among 
 the older critics who maintained that the Iliad 
 and Odyssey were by different authors and be- 
 longed to different ages. 
 
 Chorley (ehor'li). A manufacturing town in 
 Lancashire, England, 8 miles southeast of Pres- 
 ton. Population, 26,852. 
 
 Chorley (ehor'li), Henry Fothergill. Born at 
 Blackley Hurst, near Billinge, Lancashire, Eng- 
 land, Dec. 15, 1808: died at London, Feb. 16, 
 1872. An English journalist, novelist, drama- 
 tist, and poet, musical critic and reviewer for 
 the London “Athenaeum.” His works include 
 “Modern German Music” (1864), and “Thirty Years' 
 Musical Recollections "(1862) ; also a number of unsuccess- 
 ful novels, including “Roccabella,” which was published 
 under the pseudonym “Paul Bell,” and several dramas, 
 among them “Old Love and New Fortune.” 
 
 Choron (sho-roh' ), Alexandre Etienne. Born 
 at Caen, France, Oct. 21, 1771 : died at Paris, 
 June 29, 1834. A French musical writer, 
 teacher, and composer. He wrote “ Prineipes 
 de composition des dcoles d’ltalie” (1808), etc. 
 Chorrillos (chor-rel'yos). A coast city and 
 noted watering-place of Peru, 30 miles south- 
 east of Lima. Here the Peruvians under Iglesias and 
 Caceres were defeated by the Chilians Jan. 13, 1881, Iglesias 
 surrendering with 6,000 men. Population, about 3,000. 
 Chort (chort). [At.] The third-magnitude star 
 6 Centauri. 
 
 Chosroes. See Khusrau. 
 
 Chota (cho'ta), or Chutia, Nagpur (cho'te-a 
 nag-por'). A former division in Bengal, Brit- 
 ish India.. In December, 1911, Chota Nagpur, Orissa, 
 and Behar were united into a lieutenant-governorship. 
 
 Chota, or Chutia, Nagpur Tributary States. 
 
 A former name of certain Indian states. They 
 are the seven tributary states of Chang Bak&r, Koria, Sir- 
 guja, Udaipur, Jashpur (all transferred in 1905 to the 
 Central Provinces), Gangpur, and i'.onui (now attached to 
 Orissa), and the two feudatory states of Kharsawan and 
 Saraikela (area, 602 square miles). 
 
 Chotin (cho-ten'), or Chocim (cho'chim), or 
 Khotin (cho-ten'). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Bessarabia, Russia, situated on the 
 Dniester in lat. 48° 33' N., long. 26° 28' E. 
 The Turks were defeated here by the Poles in 1621 and 
 1673, aud by the Russians in 1739 and 1769. Population, 
 20,070. 
 
 Chotusitz (cho'to-zits), Czech. Chotusice. A 
 
 village near Czaslau, Bohemia, 45 miles south- 
 east of Prague. Here, May 17, 1742, the Prussians 
 under Frederick the Great defeated the Austrians under 
 Charles of Lorraine. Also called battle of Czaslau. 
 
 Chotzim. See Chotin. 
 
 Chouans (sho'anz ; F. pron. sho-on'). [Per- 
 haps from Jean Cottereau, called Chouan, one 
 of their leaders : Chouan being a corruption of 
 chat-huant, a screech-owl.] During the French 
 Revolution, a name given to the royalist insur- 
 gents of Brittany. 
 
 Chouans, Les. A novel by Balzac, published in 
 1829: properly “ Le dernier Chouan.” It has 
 been dramatized. 
 
 Chouman. See Comanche. 
 
 Chouteau (sho-to'), Auguste. Born at New 
 Orleans, 1739: died at St. Louis, Mo., Feb. 
 24, 1829. One of the founders of St. Louis. 
 With his brother Pierre, he joined in August, 1763, the 
 expedition of Lacltde to establish the fur-trade iu the 
 region watered by the Missouri and its tributaries ; and 
 was in command of a party which, Feb. 15, 1764, began 
 the establishment of a trading-post called St. Louis on 
 the site of the present city of that name in Missouri. 
 
 Chouteau, Pierre. Born at New Orleans, 1 749 : 
 died at St. Louis, Mo., July 9, 1849. An Ameri- 
 can pioneer. He was associated with his brother, Au- 
 guste Chouteau, in the founding of St. Louis in 17£L 
 
 Chouteau, Pierre. Born at St. Louis, Jan. 
 19, 1789 : died at St. Louis, Sept. 8, 1865. An 
 American fur-trader, son of Pierre Chouteau. 
 Chowanoc (cho-wan'ok). [Algonquian, ‘ South- 
 landers.’] A tribe of North American Indians 
 formerly on the Chowan River in northeast- 
 ern North Carolina. When first known, 15S4-S5, they 
 
Chowanoc 
 
 were the leading tribe in that region. They joined in the 
 . Tuscarora outbreak in 1711, and afterward the survivors, 
 about 240 in number, were settled on a small reservation 
 on Bennett’s creek. Also Chowanock. See Iroquman. 
 
 Chrestien (kra-te-ah'), Fiorent. Born at Or- 
 leans, France, 1541: died at Vendome, France, 
 1596. A French satirist, composer of Latin 
 verse, and one of the authors of the “Satyre 
 Menippee ” (which see). 
 
 Chrestien, or Chretien, de Troyes (de trwa). 
 Born at Troyes ('?), France, about 1140-50: 
 died before 1191 (?). A noted French poet 
 (trouvere) attached to the courts of Hainault 
 and Champagne and of Philip of Alsace, count 
 of Flanders. Little is known of his life beyond the 
 fact that he was under the patroflage of Mary, daughter 
 of King Louis VII., who was married in 1164 to Henry I., 
 count of Champagne. He was among the first trouvries 
 to write after the model set by the troubadours in southern 
 France, and in his Arthurian legends he set forth t he theo- 
 ries of love as accepted by the noble ladies of his day. His 
 extant Arthurian works are “ Le Chevalier a la Charrette," 
 taken from a prose “ Lancelot du Lac ” (concluded by Geof- 
 frey de Ligny, or Godefroy de Lagny), “Le Chevalier au 
 Lyon,” (attributed by the Abbb de la Hue to Wace), “Erec 
 and Emde " (the same legend that Tennyson used in the 
 “Idylls of the King"), “Le roman de Cligfes or Cliget," 
 “Percevale ” (a work continued by successive versifiers to 
 the extent of some fifty thousand lines, and probably repre- 
 senting in part a work of Robert deBorron). Healsotrans- 
 lated Ovid, and wrote a poem on “ William the Conqueror.” 
 
 Chriemhild. See Kriemhild. 
 
 Christ (krist). [L. Christus, Gr. Xpioror (6 Xpia- 
 rdf, the Anointed).] The Anointed One, the 
 Greek translation of Messiah (Hebrew nid$i a h) : 
 a title of Jesus of Nazareth. 
 
 Christabel (kris'ta-bel). 1. The daughter of 
 the king who secretly betrothed herself to Sir 
 Cauline, in the old ballad of that name. The king 
 discovered it, and Sir Cauline performed prodigies of valor 
 to win her. He was at length killed while freeing her 
 from the soldan, and she “burste her gentle hearte in 
 twayne." 
 
 2. The heroine of Coleridge’s poem of that 
 name, published in 1816. The gentle and pious 
 daughter of Sir Leoline, she is induced by a powerful 
 spell to bring into her father's castle the enchantress who 
 calls herself the Lady Geraldine. 
 
 Christ a la Paille. [F., ‘of the straw.’] A 
 painting by Rubens, in the Museum of Ant- 
 werp, Belgium. It represents the dead Christ lying 
 on a stone bench covered with straw, supported by Joseph 
 of Arimathea, with the Virgin, St. John, and the Magda- 
 len grieving. On the side panels are St. John the Apostle 
 and a Virgin and Child. 
 
 Christ among the Doctors. A highly esteemed 
 painting by Ingres, in the Musde Municipal at 
 Montauban, France. 
 
 Christ bearing the Cross. A celebrated statue 
 by Michelangelo, in Santa Maria sopra Minerva, 
 Rome. 
 
 Christchurch (krist ' cherck). A seaport in 
 Hampshire, England, situated at the junction 
 of the Avon and Stour, 20 miles southeast of 
 Southampton. It contains a priory church. 
 Population, 4,204. 
 
 Christchurch. A city in New Zealand, situ- 
 ated in the county of Selwyn, South Island, in 
 lat. 43° 35' S., long. 172° 35' E. Its haven is 
 Port Lyttelton. Population, with suburbs, 
 67,878. 
 
 Christ Church.' One of the largest and most fash- 
 ionable colleges of Oxford University, founded 
 in 1525 by Cardinal Wolsey as Cardinal College, 
 remodeled as King Henry YIH.’s College in 
 1532, and refounded as Christ Church by Henry 
 VIII. in 1546. The fine Perpendicular gateway to the 
 great quadrangle (“Tom Quad”), which is the largest in 
 Oxford, opens beneath the Tom Tower, whose upper stage 
 was built by Wren in 1682. On the south side of the quad- 
 rangle is the beautiful Perpendicular hall, 115 by 40 feet, 
 and 60 high to the carved oak ceiling. It possesses many 
 fine old and modem portraits. 
 
 Christ Crucified between the Two Thieves. 
 
 A famous fresco by Fra Angelico, in the Con- 
 vent of San Marco, Florenca. The mourning spec- 
 tators include the most prominent figures of the church, 
 and particularly of the order of St. Dominic. 
 
 Christ, Entombment of. A noted painting by 
 Titian, in the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Christian (kris'tian). [L. Christianas, Gr. Xp/a- 
 Tiavdq, F. Chrestien, Chretien, It. Sp. Pg. Cris- 
 tiano, G. Dan. Christian.'] Tho hero of Bun- 
 yan’s “Pilgrim’s Progress” (which see). 
 Christian (kris'tian) I. Born 1426: died at 
 Copenhagen, May 21, 1481. King of Denmark, 
 the founder of the house of Oldenburg in Den- 
 mark. He was a son of Theodoric, count of Oldenburg, 
 and Hedwig, heiress of Schleswig and Holstein. He was 
 elected in 1448 to succeed Christopher lit., who had died 
 the same year without issue, and was crowned king of 
 Norway in 1450. He took possession of the government 
 of Sweden in 1457, but was expelled from the country by 
 Sten Sture in 1470. He was elected duke of Schleswig 
 and count of Holstein 1400, and founded the University of 
 Copenhagen June 1, 1479. 
 
 249 
 
 Christian II. Born at Nyborg, Denmark, July 
 2, 1481 : died at Kallundborg, Denmark, Jan. 
 25, 1559. King of Denmark and Norway 1513-23, 
 surnamed “ The Cruel,” son of John whom he 
 succeeded. He married Isabella, sister of the emperor 
 Charles V., in 1515. He conquered Sweden in 1520 ; but 
 by his massacre of the Swedish nobility at Stockholm the 
 same year provoked an uprising under Gustavus Vasa, 
 which resulted in the liberation of Sweden. He was de- 
 posed in 1623, and driven out of Denmark. He made a 
 descent on Norway in 1531, but was captured in 1532 and 
 detained in prison till his death. 
 
 Christian III. Born 1502: died at Kolding, 
 Denmark, Jan. 1, 1559. King of Denmark and 
 Norway 1534—59. He introduced the Reformation into 
 Denmark and Norway, destroyed the influence of thellanse 
 towns in his dominions, and reduced Norway to a province. 
 Christian iV. Born at Frederiksborg, Den- 
 mark, April 12, 1577 : died at Copenhagen, Feb. 
 28, 1648. King of Denmark and Norway 1588- 
 1648, son of Frederick II. He carried on a success- 
 ful war against Sweden 1611-13. As duke of Holstein he 
 was invited in 1625, in the Thirty Years’ War, to take the 
 lead in the rising of the Protestants in northern Germany. 
 He was defeated by Tilly at Lutter am Barenberge, in 
 Brunswick, Aug.. 1626, and forced to accept the peace of 
 Ltibeck May, 1629. In a second war with Sweden, begun 
 1643, and concluded Aug., 1645, by the peace of Bromse- 
 bro, he lost the Norwegian districts of Jemtlandand Her- 
 jeland, and the islands of Gothland and Osel, and was 
 forced to make other important concessions. He pro- 
 moted commerce and enterprise, founded the Danish set- 
 tlement at Tranquebar in the East Indies, and by his 
 courage and magnanimity acquired in a high degree the 
 favor of his subjects. The well-known ballad “King Kris- 
 tian stood by the lofty Mast” commemorates his heroism 
 in the sea-fight with the Swedes before Kiel, July, 1644. 
 Christian V. Born April 15, 1646: died at 
 Copenhagen, Aug. 25, 1699. King of Denmark 
 and Norway 1670-99, son of Frederick III. He 
 carried on an unsuccessful war against Sweden 1675-79, 
 and published in 1683 a code which bears his name. 
 
 Christian VI. Born Nov. 30, 1699 : died Aug. 
 6, 1746. King of Denmark and Norway 1730- 
 1746, son of Frederick IV. He was completely under 
 the influence of his wife, Sophie Magdalene of Branden- 
 burg-Kulmbach, who squandered his revenue in magnifi- 
 cent building operations, including the palace of Chris- 
 tiansborg. 
 
 Christian VII. Born at Copenhagen, Jan. 29, 
 1749: died at Rendsburg, Holstein, March 13, 
 1808. King of Denmark and Norway 1766- 
 1808, and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein : son of 
 Frederick V. by Louisa, daughter of George II. 
 of England. Christian’s reason having become im- 
 paired as a consequence of dissipation, the royal physi- 
 cian in ordinary, Struensee, supported by tiie queen, 
 Caroline Matilda, sister of George III. of England, ob- 
 tained, through his appointment in 1770 as prime minis- 
 ter, the paramount influence in the government. Stru- 
 ensee was deprived of power Jan. 17, 1772, and put to 
 death (while the queen was banished) by the queen-dow- 
 ager and the minister Ove Hoegh-Guldberg. The crown 
 prince Frederick assumed the government April 14, 1784, 
 and had himself declared regent. 
 
 Christian VIII. Born at Copenhagen, Sept. 
 18, 1786 : died at Copenhagen, Jan. 20, 1848. 
 King of Denmark 1839-48, and Duke of Schles- 
 wig-Holstein and Lauenburg : eldest son of 
 Frederick, stepbrother of Christian VII. He 
 was governor of Norway when the peace of Kiel, con- 
 cluded Jan. 14, 1814, which ceded Norway to Sweden, was 
 repudiated by the Norwegians, Jan. 28, 1814. He came 
 forward as the champion of the national independence, 
 collected an army of 12,000 men, convened a diet at Eids- 
 wold April 10, which adopted a constitution May 17, and 
 was proclaimed king of Norway under the title of Chr is- 
 tian I. May 19, 1814. Unable, however, to maintain his 
 position against the Swedes, supported by the allied 
 power s, he concluded a truce at Moss Aug. 14, and relin- 
 quished the crown Oct. 10, 1814. lie issued a proclama- 
 tion July 8, 1846, in which he declared Schleswig and 
 Holstein to be indissolubly united to Denmark. 
 Christian IX. Bom near Schleswig, April 8, 
 1818: died at Copenhagen, Jan. 21, 1906. King 
 of Denmark 1863-1906: fourth son of Freder- 
 ick, duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg- 
 Gliicksburg. He succeeded Frederick VII. Nov. 15, 
 1863. He proclaimed himself sovereign of Schleswig and 
 Holstein, the succession to which duchies was claimed by- 
 Prince Frederick of Sonderburg-Augustenburg, who was 
 supported by the inhabitants, and on Nov. 18, 1863, he rati- 
 fied a constitution incorporating Schleswig witli Denmark. 
 The Schleswig-Holstein dispute finally involved him in a 
 war with Prussia and Austria, whose forces invaded Schles- 
 wig Feb. 1, 1864, and after an obstinate resistance occupied 
 Jutland. By the treaty of Oct. SO, 1864, Christian formally 
 renounced all claims to Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauen- 
 burg. He had issue Frederick VIII. (bom June 3, 1843); 
 Alexandra, queen of England (born Dec. 1, 1S44); George 
 I., king of Greece (born Dec. 24, 1845); Dagmar, dowager 
 empress of Russia (bom Nov. 26, 1847); Thyra, duchess of 
 Cumberland (born Sept. 29, 1853); Prince Waldemar (born 
 Oct. 27, 1858). 
 
 Christian. Died at Tusculum, Italy, Aug. 25, 
 1183. A German prelate, made archbishop of 
 Mainz Sept., 1165, general of Frederick Bar- 
 barossa in Italy 1167-83. 
 
 Christian, Edward. Died at Cambridge, Eng- 
 land, March 29, 1823. An English jurist, pro- 
 fessor of laws at Downing College, Cambridge. 
 
 Christison 
 
 Christian, Fletcher. Lived in the last half of 
 
 the 18th century. Master’s mate and leader 
 of the mutineers of the Bounty, younger bro- 
 ther of Edward Christian. See Bounty. After the 
 ship reached Tahiti, what became of Christian is not 
 known : according to Adams, the surviving mutineer 
 found on Pitcairn Island, he was murdered by the Tahi- 
 tians. It is jjossible that he escaped and returned to 
 England. 
 
 Christiana (kris-ti-an'ji). [Fern, of Christian.] 
 The wife of Christian, and the chief female 
 character in the second part of Bunyan’s “Pil- 
 grim’s Progress.” She also left the City of De- 
 struction after Christian’s flight. 
 
 Christian Cicero. An epithet given to Lactan- 
 tius. 
 
 Christian Hero, The. A work by Richard 
 Steele^, published in 1701. 
 
 Christiania (kris -te-a'ne-a). [Named from 
 Christian IV. of Denmark.] The capital of 
 Norway, and the chief seaport and city of the 
 country, situated on Christiania Fjord in lat. 
 59° 55' N., long. 10° 44' E. It has a large foreign 
 and coasting trade, and exports lumber, fish, etc. It is 
 the seat of a university, it takes the place of the old 
 medieval and commercial town Oslo, and was founded 
 by Christian IV. in 1624. Population (1900), 227,626. 
 Christiania. A diocese (shift) in southeastern 
 Norway. 
 
 Christiania Fjord (kris-te-a'ne-a fyord). An 
 arm of the sea on the southern coast of Nor- 
 way, south of Christiania. It is very pictu- 
 resque. Length, about 50 miles. 
 
 Christian of Troyes. See Chrestien de Troyes. 
 Christiansand (kris 'te- an -sand). A diocese 
 (stift) in southern Norway. 
 
 Christiansand. [Named from Christian IV. of 
 Denmark.] A seaport and the capital of the 
 diocese of Christiansand, situated on Chris- 
 tiansand Fjord in lat. 58° 10' N., long. 7° 58' E. 
 It has a good harbor and a large trade, and contains a 
 cathedral. It was founded by Christian IV. Population, 
 14,666. 
 
 Christian Seneca. An epithet given to Joseph 
 Hall (1574-1656). 
 
 Christianstad (kris'te-an-etad). A km at the 
 southern extremity of Sweden. Area, 2,486 
 square. miles. Population, 224,596. 
 Christianstad. [Named from Christian IV. of 
 Denmark.] The capital of the lten of Chris- 
 tianstad, Sweden, situated near the Baltic in 
 lat. 56° N., long. 14° 12' E. Its seaport is Ahus. 
 It was founded by Christian IV. of Denmark. Popula- 
 tion, 11,388. 
 
 Christiansted (kris'te-an-sted), or Bassin 
 (bas'sin).. A seaport of the island of Santa 
 Cruz, West Indies, situated in lat. 17° 45' N., 
 long. 64° 41' W. It is the seat of the Danish 
 governor-general. Population, about 5,000. 
 Christiansund (kris'te-an-sond). A seaport in 
 the amt of Romsdal, Norway, built on four 
 islands in lat. 63° 10' N., long. 7° 45' E. It 
 exports fish. Population, 12,050. 
 
 Christian Vergil. An epithet given to Marco 
 Girolamo Vida (1490J-1566). 
 
 Christias (kris'ti-as). An epic poem on the 
 life of Christ, written in Latin (1535) by Marco 
 Girolamo Vida. 
 
 Christie (kris'ti), Alexander. Bom at Edin- 
 burgh, 1807 : died May 5, 1860. A Scottish 
 painter, elected an associate of the Royal Scot- 
 tish Academy in 1848. 
 
 Christina (kris-te'na). Born at Stockholm, Dec. 
 18, 1626: died at Rome, April 19, 1689. Queen 
 of Sweden, daughter of Gustavus II. Adolphus, 
 whom she succeeded in 1632 under a regency 
 composed of the five chief officers of the crown. 
 She assumed the government in 1644, terminated by the 
 treaty of Bromsebro in 1645 the war which had been 
 waged against Denmark since 1643, and contrary to the 
 advice of Oxenstierna hastened the conclusion of peace in 
 Germany. Having in 1649 secured the election of her 
 cousin Charles Gustavus as her successor, she abdicated 
 the throne iu 1664, and shortly after embraced the Roman 
 Catholic faith. She eventually settled in Rome, where 
 she patronized men of letters and science, and collected 
 a library which was purchased after her death by Pope 
 Alexander VIII. 
 
 Christina, Maria. See Maria Christina. 
 Christine de Pisan (kres-ten' de pe-zon'). 
 Born at Venice about 1363: died after 1431. 
 A writer of Italian parentage (daughter of 
 Thomas de Pisan, councilor of the Venetian 
 republic and astrologer of Charles V.), edu- 
 cated in Paris. She wrote “Le livre des faicts et 
 bonnes moeurs de Charles V.," and many poems. 
 
 Christines. See Cristinos. 
 
 Christison (kris'ti-son), Sir Robert. Born July 
 18, 1797 : died Jan. 23, 1882. A noted Scottish 
 physician. lie was professor of medical jurisprudence 
 at Edinburgh 1822-32, and of materia medica and thera- 
 peutics 1832-77. He received a baronetcy in 187L 
 
Christmas Carol, The 
 
 Christmas Carol, The. A Christmas tale by 
 Charles Dickens, which appeared in 1843. 
 Christmas Island (kris'mas i'land). 1. A 
 small island in the Pacific, in lat. 1° 57'N.,long. 
 157° 28' W. It is a British possession. — 2. A 
 small island in the Indian Ocean, about lat. 10° 
 31' S., long. 105° 33' E. Itis a British possession. 
 Christophe, or Cristophe (kres-tof'), Henri. 
 Bom Oct. 6, 1767 : died Oct. 8, 1820. A negro 
 of Haiti. He took part in the revolution of 1790, and 
 became the most trusted general of ToussaintLouverture, 
 serving against the French. Subsequently he commanded 
 under Dessalines in the black republic of northern Haiti, 
 and succeeded him in 1806. War with Potion followed 
 during several years. In 1811 Christophe was proclaimed 
 king of Haiti, and was crowned June 2 as Henri I. His 
 wars with the republic of the south, and rebellions caused 
 by his tyranny, brought about his downfall. Attacked by 
 the rebels, he shot himself at Port au Prince. 
 Christopher (kris'to-fer), Saint. [L. Christo- 
 phorus, Or. Xpiaroipdpoe, Christ-bearer ; It. Cris- 
 toforo, F. Christophe, Sp. Cristoval, Pg. Chris- 
 tovao, G. Christoph. ] A martyr of the 3d cen- 
 tury. He is said to have lived in Syria, and to have 
 been of prodigious height and strength. As a penance 
 for having been a servant of the devil, he devoted him- 
 self to the task of carrying pilgrims across a river where 
 there was no bridge. Christ came to the river one day in 
 the form of a child and asked to be earned over, but his 
 weight grew heavier and heavier till his bearer was nearly 
 broken down in the midst of the stream. When they 
 reached the shore, “Marvel not,” said the child, “for with 
 me thou hast borne the sins of all the world.” Christo- 
 pher is usually represented as bearing the infant Christ 
 and leaning upon a great staff. The Roman and Angli- 
 can churches celebrate his festival on July 25; the Greek 
 Church on May 9. 
 
 Christopulos (kris-top' o-los), Athanasios. 
 
 Born at Kastoria, European Turkey, 1772: died 
 in Wallacbia, Jan. 29, 1847. A Greek iyric poet. 
 His lyrics were published in Paris 1833 and 1841. 
 Christ’s College (krists kol'ej). A college of 
 the University of Cambridge, England, founded 
 in 1505 by Margaret, countess of Richmond. 
 The Tudor arms remain over the gateway, but the build- 
 ings were renovated in the 18th century. The gardens 
 are celebrated for their beauty. 
 
 Christ’s Hospital. Acelebrated school, former- 
 ly in Newgate street, London, known as theBlue 
 Coat School from the ancient dress of the schol- 
 ars, which is still retained. It was founded by Ed- 
 ward Vl.on the site of the monastery of Gray Friars, given 
 by Henry VIII. to the city near the end of his reign for the 
 relief of the poor. The school was moved to Horsham, 
 Sussex, in 1902. 
 
 Christy (kris'ti), Henry. Born at Kingston on 
 the Thames, July 26, 1810: died at La Palisse, 
 France, May 4, 1865. An English ethnologist, 
 noted especially for his exploration of the 
 caves in the valley of the Vezere, in southern 
 France. He began the preparation of a work containing 
 the results of his investigations, which was completed, 
 after his death, by M. Lartet and Professor Rupert- Jones, 
 nnder the title “Reliquife Aquitanicse : being Contribu- 
 tions to the Archaeology and Palaeontology of Pdrigord and 
 the adjacent Provinces of Southern France.” 
 
 Chrodegang (kro'de-gang), or Godegrand 
 (go'de-grand), Saint. Died at Metz, March 6, 
 766. A bishop of Metz. He was a native of Hasba- 
 nia (Belgian Limburg), and was descended from a distin- 
 guished family among the Ripuarian Franks. He was ap- 
 pointed bishop of Metz by Pepin the Short in 742, con- 
 ducted the Pope on a journey from Piome to Gaul in 753, 
 and in 764 brought from Rome the relics which had been 
 presented by the Pope to the churches and monasteries of 
 Gaul. He is the author of the “Vita Canonica,”a rule 
 borrowed in part from that of St. Benedict, and of which 
 there are two versions — an older one intended for the 
 cathedral of Metz, and a more recent one, intended for the 
 church in general. 
 
 Chronicle of Paros. An important Greek his- 
 torical inscription found in the island of Paros, 
 and now preserved among the Arundelian mar- 
 bles at Oxford. It extended originally from the mythi- 
 cal reign of Cecrops, king of Athens, taken as B. c. 1582, 
 to the archonship of Diogenetus, B. c. 264 ; but the end is 
 now lost, and the surviving part extends only to B. C. 355. 
 The chronicle embraces an outline of Greek history, with 
 especial attention to festivals, poetry, and music. Politi- 
 cal and military events are less carefully recorded, many 
 of importance being omitted entirely. 
 
 Chronicle of the Cid. See Cid, 
 
 Chronicle of the Kings of England from the 
 Time of the Romans’ Government unto the 
 Death of King James. The principal work of 
 Sir Richard Baker. It was published in 1643, and its 
 popularity is attested by its many editions, a ninth ap- 
 pearing in 1696. It was continued by another to the time 
 of George I., and issued in 1730. 
 
 Chronicles (kron'i-klz). Two books of the 
 Old Testament, supplementary to the books of 
 Kings. They formed originally one book, the division 
 into two having been made for convenience in the LXX. 
 The name Chronica (Eng. Chronicles), which is given in 
 some copies of the Vulgate, appears to date from Jerome. 
 In the LXX they are called TropaAein-owei'a (‘omitted 
 things’), and in the Hebrew “Journals ” or diaries. They 
 probably consist of materials which may have been in part 
 collected by Ezra, and were revised about the second half 
 of the 4th century B. o. by another, probably a Levite. 
 
 250 
 
 Chronicles of the Canongate. [See Canon- 
 gate .] A collection of stories by Sir Walter 
 Scott. The first series, published in 1827, includes “The 
 Highland Widow,” “Two Drovers," and “The Surgeon's 
 Daughter. ” The second series (“ The Fair Maid of Perth ”) 
 wa3 published in 1828. The tales are supposed to be nar- 
 rated by Mr. Ghrystal Crof tangry, to whom they are told by 
 Mrs. Baliol. 
 
 Chronicles of the Schonberg-Cotta Family 
 
 (shen'berg-kot'ta fam'i-li). A historical novel 
 by Mrs. Charles, published in 1863. 
 
 Chrononhotonthologos (kr6-non // ho-ton-thol'- 
 o-gos). A burlesque by Henry Carey, “the 
 most tragical tragedy ever yet tragedized,” first 
 performed in 1734. It was imitated to some degree 
 from Fielding’s play “Tom Thumb.” Chrononhotonthol- 
 ogos is the King of Queerummania. His name is occa- 
 sionally used as a nickname for any particularly bombastic 
 and inflated talker. See Aldiborontephoscophornio. 
 
 Chrudim (chro'dim). A town in Bohemia, sit- 
 uated on the Chrudinka in lat. 49° 57' N., long. 
 15° 47' E. Population, 14,385, (1910). 
 Chrysal (kris'al), or the Adventures of a 
 Guinea. A novel by Charles Johnstone, pub- 
 lished in 1760. Chrysal is an elementary spirit whose 
 abode is in a piece of gold converted into a guinea. In 
 that form the spirit passes from man to man, and takes 
 accurate note of the different scenes of which it becomes 
 a witness. Tucker-man, Hist, of Eng. Prose Fict., p. 240. 
 
 Chrysalde (kre-zald'). A character in Moliere’s 
 comedy “L’Ecole des femmes.” 
 
 Chrysale (kre-zal'). A good, stupid citizen of 
 the middle class, the husband of Philaminte, 
 in Moliere’s comedy “Les femmes savantes.” 
 See Philaminte. 
 
 Chrysaor (krl-sa'6r or kris'a-or). [Gr. Xpv- 
 caup.1 1. In classical mythology, a son of 
 Poseidon and Medusa, and father (by Callir- 
 rhoe) of the three-headed Geryones and Echid- 
 na. He sprang forth from the head of Medusa 
 when Perseus cut it off. — 2. The sword of 
 Artegal, in Spenser’s “Faerie Queene.” 
 
 Chryseis (kri-se'is). [Gr. Xpv<j7/ig.~] In Ho- 
 meric legend, Astynome, the daughter of Chry- 
 ses, seized as a slave by Agamemnon. When 
 the king refused to give her up, Chryses prayed to Apollo 
 for vengeance, "and the god sent a plague upon the camp 
 of the Greeks, which was not stayed until the maiden was 
 taken back to her father by Odysseus. 
 
 Chryses (kri'sez). [Gr. Xpvcr/g.'] In Homeric 
 legend, a priest of Apollo at Chrysa. 
 
 Chrysippus(kri-sip'us). [Gr. Xpvoimras.] Born 
 at Soli, Cilicia, 280 B. c. . died at Athens, 207 
 b. c. A Greek Stoic philosopher, a disciple of 
 Cleanthes. He invented the logical argument called 
 sorites, and was, next to Zeno, the most eminent philoso- 
 pher of his sect. lie is said to have died from an im- 
 moderate fit of laughter on seeing an ass eating some figs 
 destined for his own supper. “‘Give him a bumper of 
 wine,’ he cried to the old woman who attended him, and 
 was so amused by the incident that he sank under the ex- 
 haustion of his own merriment.” K. O. Muller, Hist, of 
 the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 27. ( Donaldson .) 
 
 Chrysoloras (kris-o-15'ras), Manuel. [Gr. 
 
 Mavovgh 6 Xpvaolupag.'] Born at Constantino- 
 ple (!) about 1355: died at Constance, Ger- 
 many, April 15, 1415. A celebrated Greek 
 scholar, teacher of Greek in Italy. Many distin- 
 guished scholars were his pupils. He wrote “Erotemata 
 sive Qu*stioues,” one of the first Greek grammars used in 
 Italy. 
 
 Chrysopolis (kri-sop'o-lis). [Gr. XpvohKofas, 
 golden city.] An ancient town on the site of 
 the modern Scutari, in Asia Minor. 
 
 Chrysostom (kris'os-tom or kris-os'tom), Saint 
 John. [Gr. xP VG ° CT0 l l0 ^> golden-mouthed.] 
 Born at Antioch, Syria, probably in 347 A. D. : 
 died near Comana, Cappadocia, Sept. 4, 407. 
 A celebrated father of the Greek Church. He 
 was preacher and prelate at Antioch, was patriarch of Con- 
 stantinople 398^404, and was exiled to Cappadocia 404- 
 407. The chief editions of his works are the “Benedic- 
 tine” (13 vols. fol. 1718), and that of the Abb6 Migne (13 
 vols. 1863). He is commemorated in the Greek Church on 
 Jan. 27 and Nov. 13, in the Roman Church on Jan. 27. 
 
 The last of the great Christian sophists who came forth 
 from the schools of heathen rhetoric was John, the son of 
 Secundus, a general in the imperial army, who is gener- 
 ally known by the surname Chrysostomus, given to him, 
 as to the eminent sophist Dio Cocceianus, on account of 
 his golden eloquence. He was born at Antioch, about 
 A. D. 347, and was taught rhetoric in his native city by 
 Libanius, who would gladly have established him in his 
 school as his assistant and successor, if Chrysostom had 
 not been drawn away from secular pursuits by his reli- 
 gious convictions. 
 
 E. O. Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 341. 
 
 [(Donaldson.) 
 
 Chrysostome (kris'os-tom). A character in 
 Cervantes’s “Don Quixote,” a learned man 
 who died for love. 
 
 Chrzanowski(chzba-nov'ske) , Adalbert. Born 
 in the waywodeship of Cracow, 1788: died at 
 Paris, March 5, 1861. A Polish general in the 
 revolution of 1830-31. He was commander of 
 
 Chupas 
 
 the Sardinian armv in the Novara campaign, 
 1849. 
 
 Chuana (chwa'na). A Bantu nation of South 
 Africa, embracing many tribes, and occupying 
 not only British Bechuanaland, but part of 
 the Transvaal. The language is caUed Se-chuana, and 
 differs but dialectally from Se-Suto. The Bechuana are 
 darker, less tall and brave, but more progressive than the 
 Zulus. They build round houses with verandas, and wear 
 a kaross. The western Bechuana are rather pastoral 
 than agricultural. The principal eastern tribes are the 
 Basuto, Ba-tlaka, Ba-Mapela, Ba-Pedi ; the western are 
 the Ba Hlapi, Ba-Tlaro (Kuruman), Ba-Rolong(Maf eking), 
 Ba-Ngwaketsi and Ba-Kuena (Molopolole), Ba-Mangwato, 
 between Ngami and Limpopo (Khama’s people). 
 
 Chuapa (cho-a'pa), or Choapa (cho-a'pa). A 
 river in Chile which separates Coquimbo from 
 Aconcagua, flowing into the Pacific Ocean 100 
 miles north of Valparaiso. Length, 120 miles. 
 
 Cimbar (cho-bar'), or Charbar (char-bar'). 
 
 1 . A bay on the southern coast of Persia, in 
 lat. 25° 20' N., long. 60° 30' E. — 2. A port on 
 the Bay of Chubar. 
 
 Chubb (chub), Thomas. Born at East Harn- 
 ham, near Salisbury, England, Sept. 29, 1679 : 
 died at Salisbury, Feb. 8, 1747. A mechanic 
 apprenticed to a glove-maker, and later assis- 
 tant to a tallow-chandler of Salisbury, noted 
 as a deistical writer. Of his various controversial 
 tracts the best-known is that entitled “ The True Gospel 
 of Jesus Christ Asserted ” (1738). 
 
 Ohuchacas. See Keresan. 
 
 Chucuito, or Chucuyto.or Chuq.uito(cho-kwe'- 
 
 to). A town in southern Peru, situated on Lake 
 Titicaca 15 miles southeast of Puno. Under the 
 Incas this was the most important town of theCollao, and 
 ancient ruins still exist near it. Population, estimated at 
 5,000. 
 
 Chudleigh (chud'le). A town in Devonshire, 
 England, 8 miles southwest of Exeter. 
 
 Chudleigh, Cape. A cape at the enti’ance of 
 Hudson Strait, on the northern coast of Labra- 
 dor. 
 
 Chuffey (ckuf'i). The superannuated clerk who 
 saves the life of old Anthony Chuzzlewit in 
 Dickens’s “Martin Chuzzlewit.” 
 
 Chukiang (eho' kyang'). Same as Pearl 
 River, in China. 
 
 Chumaia (eho-mi'a). A tribe of North Ameri- 
 can Indians living in Eden valley and on the 
 Middle Eel River, California. See Yukian. 
 
 Chumanas. See Jumanas. 
 
 Chumashan (cho'mash-an). A linguistic stock 
 of North American Indians. It embraces a num- 
 ber of coast tribes formerly residing at and about the 
 seats of the missions of San Buenaventura, Santa Bar- 
 bara, Santa Inez, Purissima, and San Luis Obispo, Cali- 
 fornia, and also upon the islands of Santa Rosa and Santa 
 Cruz, and such other of the Santa Barbara islands as were 
 permanently inhabited. Only about 40 individuals of the 
 once populous stock survived in 1884 : the number now is 
 probably less than 20. Chumash, from which the stock 
 name is derived, is the native name of the Santa Rosa 
 islanders. 
 
 Chumawa (cho-ma'wa). An almost extinct 
 tribe of North American Indians. See Palaih- 
 nihan. 
 
 Chumhaba. See Khumbaba. 
 
 Chumbul (chtrm-bul'). See Chambal. 
 
 Chun (tchon), Karl. Born Oct. 1, 1852. A 
 German zoologist. 
 
 Chunar (chun-ar'), or Chunarghur (chun- 
 ar'ger). A fortified town in the district of Mir- 
 zapur, United Provinces, British India, situ- 
 ated on the Ganges 19 miles southwest of 
 Benares. It was taken by the English in 1764. The 
 treaty of Chunar between Hastings and the Nabob of 
 Oudh was concluded in 1781. 
 
 Chunchos (chon'chos). 1. A tribe of Indians 
 in eastern Peru and northern Bolivia, about 
 the head-waters of the Madre de Dios and Hual- 
 laga. They have retained their independence, 
 and are implacable enemies of the whites. 
 Their language >is Arawak, and they call 
 themselves Campas. 
 
 2. The name given by Tschudi to one of the 
 three great aboriginal races which he supposed 
 to have inhabited Pent from very ancient times. 
 The others were the Quichuas and Aymaras. By this 
 classification the name would include not only the Chun- 
 chos proper, but a great number of savage tribes, princi- 
 pally east of the Andes. 
 
 Chungking (ckung-keng'). A city in the prov- 
 ince of Szechuen, China, at the junction of the 
 Kialing with the Yangtsz’. 
 
 Chungu (ch6n'go),orBa-Chungu (bii-chon'go). 
 A Bantu tribe settled on the highland between 
 Lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika, central Africa. 
 
 Chupas (cho'pas). An elevated plain west of 
 Guamanga (now Ayaeucho), Peru, about mid- 
 way between Cuzco and Lima. Here the younger 
 Almagro was finally beaten by the royalist forces under 
 Vaca de Castro, Sept. 16, 1542. See Almagro, Diego de. 
 
Chupra 
 
 Chupra (ehup'ra). The capital of the district 
 of Saran, Behar, British India, situated near 
 the junction of the Gogra and Ganges in lat. 
 25° 47' N., long. 84° 44' E. Population, 
 45,901. 
 
 Chuquisaca (cho-ke-sa'ka). A southeastern 
 department of Bolivia. Area, 26,400 square 
 miles. Population, 237,143. 
 
 Chuquisaca (city). See Sucre. 
 
 Chuquito. See Chucuito. 
 
 Chur (ehor). See Coire. 
 
 Church (cherch), Benjamin. Bom at Duxbury, 
 Mass., 1639 : died at Little Compton, R. I., Jan. 
 17, 1718. An American soldier. He took part in 
 King Philip’s war, including the swamp tight with the Nar- 
 ragansetts, Dec. 19, 1675, and was in command of the party 
 which hunted King Philip todeath Aug. 12, 1676. Under his 
 direction and from his notes his son Thomas compiled 
 “ Enteitaining Passages relating to Philip’s War” (1716). 
 
 Church, Frederick Edwin. Born at Hartford, 
 Conn., May 4, 1826: died at New York, April 
 7, 1900. A noted American landscape-painter, 
 a pupil of Thomas Cole. His best-known works are 
 “Niagara Falls from the Canadian Shore” (1857 : in tho 
 Corcoran Gallery, Washington), “The Heart of the An- 
 des” (1859), “ Cotopaxi ” (1802), etc. 
 
 Church, Frederick Stuart. Born at Grand 
 Rapids, Mich., 1841. An American painter. 
 Church, Sir Richard. Born in the county of 
 Cork, Ireland, 1784: died at Athens, Greece, 
 March 30, 1873. A British soldier, long a 
 military commander and official in the Greek 
 service. He served as ensign in the Egyptian campaign 
 of 1801 ; became captain in the Corsican Hangers 1806 ; 
 was present at the battle of Maida, and took part in the 
 defense of Capri and (as assistant quartermaster-general) 
 in various actions in the Ionian Islands ; and was ap- 
 pointed lieutenant-colonel of a Greek infantry regiment 
 in 1812. When the Greek revolution began, he joined the 
 insurgents (March 7, 1827), aixd possessed great influence 
 as a leader of the movement and as a military commander. 
 He also took part in the revolution of 1843. In that year 
 he was appointed senator, and in 1854 general in the 
 Greek army. 
 
 Church, Sanford Elias. Bom at Milford, N. Y., 
 April 18, 1815: died at Albion, N. Y., May 14, 
 1880. Ait American jurist and politician. He 
 
 was lieutenant-governor of New York 1851-54, and chief 
 justice of the State Court of Appeals 1871-80. 
 
 Churchill (cherch'il), Arabella. Born 1648: 
 died 1730. Eldest daughter of Sir Winston 
 Churchill of Wootton Bassett, Wiltshire, and 
 elder sister of John Churchill, duke of Marl- 
 borough : a mistress of James II. 
 
 Churchill, Charles. Born at Westminster, 
 Feb., 1731 : died on a visit to Boulogne, Nov. 
 4. 1764. An English poet, son of Charles 
 Churchill, rector ot Rainham, Essex. He was or- 
 dained a priest in 1766, and became curate at Raiuliam, and 
 in 1758 of St. John's, Westminster ; wasfor a time a teacher 
 in various schools ; was separated from his wife (Eeb., 
 1761), with whom he had contracted a Fleet marriage at 
 the age of seventeen ; and thereafter devoted himself to 
 literature, becoming famous as a satirist through his “ Ros- 
 ciad ’’ (1761) .which see). He also published “The Apology: 
 addressed to the Critical Reviewers ” (1761), “Night: an 
 Epistle to Robert Lloyd” (1762), “The Ghost," in which 
 Johnson is ridiculed iu connection with the Cock Lane 
 ghost (1762-63), “The Prophecy of Famine: a Scots Pas- 
 toral" (1763), “The Duellist," an assault on the enemies 
 of Wilkes (1763), “The Author ” (1763), “Gotham,” a poet- 
 ical statement of his political opinions (1764), “ The Candi- 
 date ” (1764), etc. He was a friend of Wilkes, and a co- 
 laborer with him on the “North Briton.” 
 
 Churchill, John, first Duke of Marlborough. 
 Bom at Ashe, Musbury, Devonshire, probably 
 June 24, 1650 : died near Windsor, June 16, 1722. 
 A famous English general and statesman. He 
 served for a time as page of honor to the Duke of York 
 (afterward James II.), and iu 1667 obtained a commission 
 as ensign in the Foot Guards. He served under Monmouth 
 in the French army in Flanders in 1672 and subsequently, 
 and commanded under Feversham at Sedgemoor in 1685. 
 He joined William of Orange in Nov., 1688, was made earl of 
 Marlborough in 1689, served on the Continent and in Ire- 
 land 1689-91, and in 1692 was removed from his offices and 
 imprisoned for complicity in Jacobite intrigues. He was 
 restored to favor by William III. in 1698, and wa3 ap- 
 pointed commander-in-chief in Holland in 1701, and cap- 
 tain-general of all the British forces in 1702. During the War 
 of the Spanish Succession, which broke out in 1701, he 
 was, with Eugene of Savoy and Heinsius, pensionaxy of 
 Holland, a leading spirit of the grand alliance of the 
 naval powers and the emperor against France. He con- 
 ducted a successful campaign against the French in 1702, 
 was created duke of Marlborough in 1702, shared witlx 
 Eugene the victory of Blenheim in 1704, defeated Villeroi 
 at Ramillies in 1706, and in conjunction with Eugene 
 gained the victories of Oudenarde in 1708 and Malplaquet 
 in 1709. He was deprived of his command in 1711, in con- 
 seqxxence of the fall of the Whig ministry and the acces- 
 sion to power of the Tories. See life by Coxe (3 vols. 
 1818-19). 
 
 Churchill, Randolph Henry Spencer (called 
 Lord Randolph Churchill). Bom Feb. 13, 
 1849 : died at London, Jan. 24, 1895. An Eng- 
 lish politician, second son of the sixth Duke 
 of Marlborough. He entered Parliament in 1874. He 
 
 251 
 
 was Conservative member of Paxliament for Woodstock 
 1874-85, when he was returned for South Paddington. He 
 was reelected for South Paddington in 1886 and in 1892, 
 was secretary for India in Lord Salisbury’s first ministry 
 (June, 1886, -January, 1886), and in Salisbury’s second min- 
 istry was chancellor of the exchequer and leader of the 
 House of Commons from July to December, 1886. He 
 married Miss Jerome of New York in 1874. 
 
 Churchill. A river in British America which 
 flows through various lakes into Hudson Bay, 
 about lat. 58° 40' N., long. 95° W. Length, 
 about 700 miles. Also called Missinmppi, Eng- 
 lish, and Beaver. 
 
 Church Island (Utah). See Antelope Island. 
 
 Churchyard (cherch'yard), Thomas. Born at 
 Shrewsbury, England, about 1520 : died April, 
 1604. An English poet and miscellaneous wri- 
 ter, and soldier. He was the author of mxmerous 
 tracts and broadsides, “ The Worthines of Wales," a poem 
 (1587), “ The Legend of Shore’s Wife ” (in the 1563 edition 
 of Baldwin’s “Mirror for Magisti-ates ’’), his best-known 
 poem, “Churchyard’s Challenge,” a collection of prose and 
 verse (1593), etc. As a soldier he served in Scotland, Ire- 
 land, the Low Countries, France, and elsewhere. 
 
 Thomas Churchyard was an inferior sort of Gascoigne, 
 who led a much longer if less eventful life. He was 
 about the Court for the greater part of the century, and 
 had a habit of calling his little books, which were numer- 
 ous, and written both in verse and prose, by alliterative 
 titles playing on his own name such as “Churchyard’s 
 Chips,” “Churchyard’s Choice,” and so forth. He was a per- 
 son of no great literary [lower, and chiefly notewoithy be- 
 cause of his long life-after contributing to Tottel’s “ Mis- 
 cellany, ’’which makes him a link between the old literature 
 and the new. Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 18. 
 
 Churruas. Same as Charruas. 
 
 Ohurubusco (ch6-r6-bos'k6). A village about 
 5 miles south of the city of Mexico. During the 
 Mexican war, Aug. 20, 1847 (after the battle of Contreras, 
 which see), about 8,000 United States troops under Scott 
 defeated there a force of 20,000-25,000 Mexicans under 
 Santa Anna. An old convent in the village, garrisoned by 
 about 800 Mexican troops under General Pedro Maria 
 Anaya, was attacked by about 6,000 United States soldiers 
 under Generals Twiggs, Smith, and Worth. The strong 
 convent walls served as a fortress, and it was only carried 
 after a severe battle, the aixxmunition of the defenders 
 being exhausted. The losses were : United States, 1,053 ; 
 Mexico, about 7,000 (including the battle of Contreras). 
 
 Cburwalden (ehor'val-den). A town, noted as 
 a health-resort, in the canton of Grisons, Swit- 
 zerland, 5 miles south of Coire. 
 
 Chusan (cho-san'). The largest island of the 
 Chusan group, situated in the China Sea in 
 lat. 30° 10' N., long. 122° 10' E. It was taken 
 by the English in 1840 and 1860. Capital, 
 Ting-hai. 
 
 Chusan Archipelago. The group of islands of 
 which Chusan is the chief. 
 
 Chutia Nagpur. See Chota Nagpur. 
 
 Chutterpur (chut - ter -por'), or Chattrpur 
 (chat-tr-por'). A city in Bundelkhand, British 
 India, in lat. 24° 55' N., long. 79° 36' E. 
 
 Chuuichupa (cho-we-cho'pa). [Opata.] The 
 region of the sources of the Yaqui River in 
 the Sierra Madre, near the confines of Sonora 
 and Chihuahua, Mexico. 
 
 Chuzzlewit (chuz'l-wit), Anthony. The shrewd 
 and cunning father of Jonas, in Charles Dick- 
 ens’s “Martin Chuzzlewit.” 
 
 Chuzzlewit, Jonas. An unscrupulous, selfish, 
 and overreaching fellow, the cousin of Martin 
 and son of Anthony Chuzzlewit, in Charles 
 Dickens’s “ Martin Chuzzlewit.” His slyness, 
 selfish ignorance, and brutality finally culmi- 
 nate in murder. 
 
 Chuzzlewit, Martin. The grandfather of Mar- 
 tin Chuzzlewit, in Charles Dickens’s novel of 
 that name. 
 
 Chuzzlewit, Martin. A young architect, the 
 principal character in Charles Dickens’s novel 
 of that name. At first dissipated, by dint of many 
 hard knocks from fortune, especially in his dreary Ameri- 
 can adventures witlx Mark Tapley in search of wealth, he 
 reforms and becomes the heir of his rich grandfather. 
 
 Chuzzlewit, Mrs. J onas. See Pecksniff. 
 
 Chyavana (chya-va/na). In Sanskrit mythol- 
 ogy, a Rishi whom, when old, the Ashvins made 
 again a youth. This germ, all that is found in the 
 Rigveda, is variously developed in stories of Chyavana 
 (the later form for the earlier Chyavana) in the Slxata- 
 patha Brahmana and the Mahabharata, a motive of which 
 is to explain how the Ashvins came to share libations of 
 soma. 
 
 Cialdini (cliiil-de'ne), Enrico. Duke of Gaeta. 
 Born at Castelvetro, Modena, Italy, Aug. 10, 
 1811 : died at Leghorn, Sept. 8, 1892. An Ital- 
 ian general, politician, and diplomatist. He 
 served with distinction in tho campaigns of 
 1860-61, and was ambassador to France 1876- 
 1879 and 1880-81. 
 
 Cianga (the-an'tha), Andresde. A Spanish law- 
 yer, a native of Penafiel in the diocese of Pa- 
 leneia. He went with Gasca to Peru in 1546, was 
 made a member of the audience there, and was one of the 
 
 Cicacole 
 
 judges who condemned Gonzalo Pizairo and Can ajal to 
 death. From Jan., 1650, to Sept., 1551, he governed Peru 
 as president of the audience. 
 
 Cibalffi (sib'a-le), or Cibalis (-lis). In ancient 
 geography, a town in Pannonia, near the mod- 
 ern Esseg in Slavonia. Here, in 314, Constan- 
 tine defeated Licinius. 
 
 Cibao (se-bii'o). [Probably from the Indian 
 word ciba, a stone or rock.] A mountainous 
 region in the central part of the island of Santo 
 Domingo. At the time of the conquest it was included 
 in the province of Maguana, governed by Caonabo. The 
 Indians told Columbus that gold was found there, and he 
 supposed it to be the Cipango (Japan) of Marco Polo. 
 Ojeda entered this region in March, 1494, and a consider- 
 able amount of gold was obtained there. 
 
 Cibber (sib'er), or Ciberfc (se'bert), Caius Ga- 
 briel. Born at Flensborg, in Holstein, 1630: 
 died at London, 1700. A Danish sculptor, resi- 
 dent in England, the father of Colley Cibber. 
 Cibber, Colley. Born at London, Nov. 6, 1671 : 
 died there, Dec. 12, 1757. An English actor 
 and dramatist, son of the sculptor C. G. Cibber 
 by his second wife, Jane Colley. He began his 
 career as an actor about 1690, his first recorded appearance 
 being in 1691 at the Theatre Royal, and subsequently 
 played a large number of parts, of many of which he was 
 the original. Among his plays are “Love’s Last Shift” 
 
 S , “She Would and She Would Not” (1702), “The 
 2 ss Husband” (acted 1704), “The Double Gallant" 
 (1707), “The Provoked Husband ”(1728), “The Non-Juror” 
 (acted 1717), etc. He altered and adapted “Richard III." 
 and “ King Lear,” and other plays, the former keeping the 
 stage for a century. In 1730 he was appointed poet 
 laureate. Pope attacked him under the name of “Dul- 
 ness” iu the “Dunciad" (1741). His “Apology lor his 
 Life ” was published in 1740. 
 
 Cibber, Mrs. (Susannah Maria Arne). Bom 
 
 at London, Feb., 1714: died at Westminster, 
 Jan. 30, 1766. A noted English actress and 
 singer, wife of Theophilus Cibber and sister of 
 Thomas Arne. Her first appearance was at the Hay- 
 market in 1732, in the opera “Amelia ’’by Lump4, and her 
 reputation was for several years chiefly founded upon her 
 singing. Iu 173(5 she made her d£but as a tragic actress in 
 the part of Zarah, in Hill’s version of Voltaire’s “Zaire,” 
 and rapidly became famous. 
 
 Cibber, Theophilus. Born Nov. 26, 1703: per- 
 ished in a shipwreck in the Irish Channel, Oct., 
 1758. An English actor and dramatist, son of 
 Colley Cibber. He wrote “The Lover ” (1730), “ Patie 
 and Peggy, or the Fair Foundling ” (1730), “ The Harlot’s 
 Progress, or the Ridotto al Fresco” (1733), “The Auction " 
 (1757), etc. He published an alteration of “ Henry VL ” In 
 April, 1734, he married Susannah Maria Arne, afterward 
 famous as an actress. She abandoned him a few years 
 later. Cibber was a man of unsavory reputation. 
 Cibobe (se-bo-ba/). [Tehua of northern New 
 Mexico.] A mythical place, probably some 
 spring or lagoon in southern Colorado, where, 
 according to the traditions of the Tehuas, their 
 ancestors issued from the interior of the earth 
 to begin their wanderings over its surface. It 
 is the mythical cradle of the tribe. 
 
 Cibola (se' bo-la). [Origin unknown.] The 
 name given by Fray Marcos of Nizza to the 
 cluster of villages occupied by the Zuni tribe in 
 1539. He heard the word in Sonora, and it may 
 have been a corruption of Shiuona, the Zuni 
 name for the range held by that tribe. 
 
 Cibot (se-bo'), Francois Barth61emy Michel 
 Edouard. Born at Paris, Feb. 11, 1799 : died 
 at Paris, Jan. 10, 1877. A French painter, 
 noted especially for historical subjects and land- 
 scapes. 
 
 Cibot, Pierre Martial. Born at Limoges, 
 France, 1727 : died at Peking, China, Aug. 8, 
 1780. A French Jesuit, missionary in China. 
 
 He was the author of many dissertations and treatises, 
 comprised iu the “ Memoiies concemant l’lxistoire deslet- 
 tres, sciences et arts de la Chine.” 
 
 Cibrario (che-bra're-6), Count Giovanni An- 
 tonio Luigi. Born at Turin, Feb. 23, 1802: 
 died at Salo, Brescia, Italy, Oct. 1, 1870. An 
 Italian jurist, historian, and politician, cabinet 
 minister 1852—56. He wrote “ Storia della monarchia di 
 Savoia” (1840-47), “Origini e progressi delle instituzioni 
 della monarchia di Savoia” (1854-65), “Della economia 
 politica del Medio Evo ” (1842), etc. 
 
 Cibyra (sib'i-rii). [Gr. K Ifivpa.'] An ancient 
 town of Phrygia, Asia Minor, tho modern Khor- 
 zum: called Cibyra Magna, to distinguish it 
 from a smaller town of the same name in 
 Pamphylia. Its ruins comprise an odeum, 175 feet in 
 diameter, with thirteen tiers of seats visible aboveground. 
 The front wall is noteworthy, and is practically complete: 
 it has five arched doorways between two square ones. 
 There is also an ancient theater of some size and consid- 
 erable interest, and a stadium, in part excavated from a 
 hillside. There are twenty-one tiers of seats in marble, 
 which remain in place around the cuived end. There was 
 a monumental entrance, consisting of three lofty arches. 
 Cicacole ( sik-a-kol '),or Chicacole (chik-a-kol' ). 
 A town in the district of Ganjam, Madras, 
 British India, situated on the Langulya in lat. 
 18° 17' N., long. 83° 55' E. 
 
Cicely Homespun 
 
 Cicely Homespun. See Homespun. 
 
 Cicero. A surname given to Johann, elector 
 of Brandenburg 1486-99, on account of his elo- 
 quence. 
 
 Cicero (sis'e-ro), Marcus Tullius. Born at Ar- 
 pinurn, Italy, Jan. 3, 106 B. c. : assassinated 
 near Formise, Italy, Dec. 7, 43 b. c. A cele- 
 brated Roman orator, philosopher, and states- 
 man. He served in the Social War in 89 ; traveled in 
 Greece and Asia 79-77 ; was questor in Sicily in 75 ; ac- 
 cused Verres in 70; was edile in 69; pretor 66; and as 
 consul suppressed Catiline’s conspiracy in 63. He was 
 banished in 58, living in Thessalonica, and was recalled 
 in 67. He was proconsul of Cilicia 51-50; joined the 
 Pompeians in 49 ; lived at Brundisium, Sept., 48, -Sept., 
 47 ; pronounced the Philippics against Antony 44-43 ; 
 and was proscribed by the Second Triumvirate and slain 
 in 43. Of his orations 67 are extant (with fragments 
 of 20 more), including “Against Verres” (six speeches, 70 
 B. c. : five of these were never delivered), “Against Cati- 
 line ” (four speeches, 63 B. C. : see Catiline), “ For Archias ” 
 (62 B. C.), “Against Piso ” (55 B. C.), “ For Milo ” (52 B. C. ), 
 “For Marcellus" (46 B. C.), and “Philippics" (which see). 
 His other works include “ Bhetorica,” “De oratore,” “De 
 republica,” “De legibus,” “De flnibus bonorum et malo- 
 ram," “Tusculanse disputationes,” “De natura deorura,” 
 “Cato major," ‘ De divinatione," “Lariius,” “De officiis " 
 (see these titles), etc. There are, besides, four collections 
 of his correspondence. He also wrote poetry, including 
 an epic on M arius. 
 
 Cicero, Quintus Tullius. Born about 102 b. c. : 
 
 killed 43 b. c. A Roman commander, younger 
 brother of Marcus Tullius Cicero, distinguished 
 in Gaul in 54. 
 
 Cicero’s younger brother, Quintus (a. 652/102-711 43), 
 took much interest in literature, especially in poetry, 
 and seems to have resembled his brother in facility of 
 composition, but he never attained any distinction. He 
 undertook an annalistic work, and translated tragedies of 
 Sophokles and the like. We possess by him the Com- 
 mentariolura petitionis, a missive addressed to his brother 
 Marcus, composed early in 691/64, and a few lette' s. 
 
 Teuffel and Schwabe, Hist. Horn. Lit. (tr. by G. C. W. 
 
 [Warr), I. 324. 
 
 Gicogna (che-kon'ya), Emmanuele Antonio. 
 
 Bom at Venice, Jan. 17, 1789: died at Venice, 
 Feb. 22, 1868. An Italian historian and archte- 
 ologist. He wrote “Delle inscrizioni Vene- 
 ziane” (1824-53), etc. 
 
 Cicognara (cke-kon-ya'ra), Count Leopoldo. 
 Born at Ferrara, Italy, Nov. 17, 1767: died at 
 Venice, March 5, 1834. An Italian antiquarian 
 and diplomatist, author of “Storia della scul- 
 t-ura” (1813-18), etc. 
 
 Old (sid; Sp. pron. theTH), The: called also El 
 Campeador (kam-pe-a-dor') (Ruy or Rodrigo 
 Diaz de Bivar). [ Cid , Sp., representing Ar. 
 Seyyid, master: el Campeador, Sp., the cham- 
 pion or challenger.] Born at the castle of 
 Bivar, near Burgos, Spain, about 1040: died 
 at Valencia, Spain, July, 1099. The principal 
 national hero of Spain, famous for his exploits 
 in the wars with the Moors. 
 
 The title of Cid, by which he is almost always known, 
 Is often said to have come to him from the remarkable 
 circumstance that five Moorish kings or chiefs acknow- 
 ledged him in one battle as their Seid, or their lord and 
 conqueror ; and the title of Campeador, or Champion, 
 by which he is hardly less known, though it is commonly 
 assumed to have been given to him as a leader of the 
 armies of Sancho the Second, has long since been used 
 almost exclusively as a mere popular expression of the 
 admiration of his countrymen for his exploits against the 
 Moors. At any rate, from a very early period he has been 
 called El Cid Campeador, or The Lord Champion. 
 
 Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 12. 
 
 In this critical age we are frequently obliged to aban- 
 don with regret the most charming traditions of our 
 childhood’s histories; and the Cid has not been spared. 
 A special book has been written by an eminent Orientalist 
 to prove that the redoubtable Challenger was by no 
 means the hero he was supposed to be: that he was 
 treacherous arid cruel, a violator of altars, and a breaker 
 of his own good faith. Professor Dozy maintains that the 
 romantic history of the Cid is a tissue of inventions, and 
 he has written an account of “the real Cid” to counteract 
 these misleading narratives. He founds his criticisms 
 mainly on the Arabic historians, in whom, despite their 
 national and religious bias, he places as blind a reliance 
 as less learned people have placed in the Chronicle of the 
 Cid. Yet it is surprising how trifling are the differences 
 that can be detected between his “real Cid" and that ro- 
 mantic Chronicle of the Cid, the substance of which was 
 compiled by Alfonso the Learned only half a century 
 after the Cid’s death, and which Robert Southey trans- 
 lated into English in 1805 with such skill and charm of 
 style that bis version has ever since been almost as much 
 a classic as the original. Every one can separate for him- 
 self the obviously legendary incidents in the delightful 
 old Chronicle without any assistance from the Arabic 
 historians, who deal chiefly with one period alone of the 
 Cid’s career; and the best popular account of the hero, in 
 discriminating hands and with due allowances, is still 
 Southey’s fascinating Chronicle. The Cid of the Chron- 
 icle is not at all the same as the Cid of the Romances; 
 and while we cheerfully abandon the latter immaculate 
 personage, we may still believe in the former. 
 
 Poole, Story of the Moors, p. 192. 
 
 Cid, Romances of the. 1. A Spanish poem 
 (“Poema del Cid”) composed by an unknown 
 author about 1200. It consists of more than 3,000 
 
 252 
 
 lines, and is a bold and spirited exhibition of national 
 peculiarities in the chivalrous times of Spain. It was 
 printed first by Sanchez in the first volume of his “ Pot si as 
 Caste-lianas Anteriores al Siglo XV.” (Madrid, 1779-90). 
 Ticknor. 
 
 2. An old poetical Spanish chronicle (“Cronica 
 Rimada de las Cosas de Espana ”), nearly the 
 whole of which is devoted to the history of the 
 Cid. It is later than the “Poema del Cid," and was first 
 published by Michel in the “Jahrbiicher der Literatur,” 
 Vol. CXV., at Vienna in 1846. Both these poems seem 
 built up from older ballads. 
 
 3. The “Chronicle of the Cid,” date unknown, 
 printed in 1512, the same in substance with the 
 history of the Cid in the “General Chronicle of 
 the History of Spain” composed and compiled 
 by Alfonso" the Wise about 1260. — 4. A Spanish 
 tragedy (“Las mocedades del Cid Campeador”) 
 by Guillen de Castro. It appeared in 1618. — 5. 
 A French tragedy (“Le Cid”) by Pierre Cor- 
 neille, represented in 1636. 
 
 Cid Hamet Benengeli. See Benengeli, Cid 
 Hamet. 
 
 Cieneguilla (the-a-na-gel'ya). [Sp., ‘little 
 marsh.’] A place 12 miles west or west-south- 
 west of Santa F6, in New Mexico. Near it are 
 the ruins of an important ancient pueblo of the 
 Tanos. 
 
 Cienfuegos (tlie-en-fwa'gos). A seaport on 
 the southern coast of Cuba, in lat. 22° 12' N., 
 long. 80° 35' W. It exports molasses, sugar, etc. Ou 
 May 11, 1898, a fight occurred here between American 
 vessels and Spanish troops while men of the former were 
 cutting cables. Population, 30,100. 
 
 Cienfuegos, TJicasio Alvarez de. Born at 
 Madrid, Doc. 14, 1764: died at Orthez, France, 
 July, 1809. A Spanish poet and dramatist. 
 His poems were published in 1798. 
 
 Cienfuegos y Jovellanos (the-en-fwa'gos e 
 Ho-vel-ya'nos), Jose. Born at Gigon, Asturias, 
 Spain, 1763: died at Madrid, 1825. A Spanish 
 general. He was a cadet in 1777, served in the French 
 wars, and from April, 1816, to the end of 1819 was cap- 
 tain-general of Cuba. In 1822 he was minister of war, and 
 at the time of his death councilor of war and lieutenant- 
 general and director-general of artillery. 
 
 Cieza (the-a'tha). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of Murcia, Spain, near the Segura north- 
 west of Murcia. 
 
 Cieza de Leon (the-a'tha da la-on'), Pedro de. 
 Born at Llerena, Spain, 1518 : died at Seville, 
 1560. A Spanish soldier, author of the “Co- 
 ronica del Peru.” From about 1534 to 1552 he was 
 with the Spanish armies in America, serving in New 
 Granada and Peru and traveling extensively. His “Co- 
 rdnica,” or history, of Peru was commenced in 1541, and 
 consisted of four parts. Part 1, a general description of 
 the country, was published in 1553 ; and part 2, with a por- 
 tion of part 3, in modern times ; other portions are known 
 in MS., but several books are lost. Cieza de Leon is one 
 of the best authorities on the early history of Peru and the 
 customs of the Incas. 
 
 Cignani (chen-ya'ne), Count Carlo. Borti at 
 Bologna, Italy, May 15, 1628: died at Forli, 
 Italy, Sept. 6, 1719. An Italian painter of the 
 Bolognese school. His chief work is an “As- 
 sumption of the Virgin,” painted in the cupola 
 of the cathedral at Forli. 
 
 Cignaroli (chen-ya-ro'le), Giovanni Bettino. 
 Born at Salo, near Verona, Italy, 1706: died at 
 Verona, Dec. 1, 1770. An Italian painter of 
 the Venetian school. In 1769 he became di- 
 rector of the Academy at Verona. 
 
 Ciguay (se-gwi'), orHiguey (e-gway'). The In- 
 dian name for a portion of the eastern part of 
 the island of Santo Domingo, bordering on Sa- 
 ntana Bay. It was first visited by Columbus in 1493. 
 The natives were warlike, and resisted the Spaniards for 
 some years. 
 
 Cihuacohuatl (se-wa/ko-wa/tl). [Nahuatl, 
 ‘snake-woman.’] 1. Hi Mexican (Nahuatl) 
 mythology, Tonantzin (‘our mother’), the first 
 mother of mankind, who begat twins, male and 
 female, from which sprang the human race. 
 According to Sahagun she was the goddess of adverse 
 things — poverty, toil, sickness, etc. — and the patroness of 
 medicine and abortion. Also written Cihuatcoatl, Cioa- 
 coatl, Civacoatl, etc. 
 
 2. The title of the Mexican civil head chief. It 
 lias lately been suggested that his title may have been 
 Cihua-eoatl, which would signify ‘ twin woman.’ The civil 
 head of the Mexican tribe was elective as well as the war 
 chief, and had, like the latter, religious functions con- 
 nected with his administrative duties. 
 
 Cilicia (si-lish'iii,). [Gr. K t/Wa.] In ancient 
 geography, a province in southeastern Asia 
 Slinor, separated by the Taurus from Lycaonia 
 and Cappadocia on the north, and by the Ama- 
 nus from Syria on the east, and extending to- 
 ward the sea. During the Syrian period many Greeks 
 and Jews settled in Cilicia. It was repeatedly invaded by 
 the Assyrian kings, and was successively under Persian, 
 Macedonian, Syrian, and Roman dominion. The dreaded 
 Cilician pirates were subdued by Pompey 67 B, c. The 
 capital was Tarsus. 
 
 Cimmerian Bosporus 
 
 Cilli (tsil'le), Slovenian Celje. A town in 
 Styria, Austria-Hungary, on the Sann in lat. 
 46° 14' N., long. 15° 15' E. : the Roman Claudia 
 Celeja, founded by Claudius. It is a summer re- 
 sort. It was governed by counts in the later 
 middle ages. Population, 6,993, (1910). 
 Cimabue (che-ma-bo'a), Giovanni. Bom at 
 Florence, 1240: died there, about 1302. A noted 
 Italian painter, called “ The Father of Modern 
 Painting.” He is mentioned as a forerunner of Giotto 
 by Dante, who thereby gives occasion to his own anony- 
 mous commentator, writing in 1334, to make some re- 
 marks upon Cimabue’s fame and ambition, quoted by 
 Vasari. Cimabue practised painting on wall-panels and 
 mosaics. The works accredited to him are simply as- 
 sumed by Vasari without corroborating testimony. They 
 consist of ; (a) Several large Madonnas on panels with gold 
 grounds. The most celebrated is that in the chapel of 
 the Rucellai family in Santa Maria Novella in Florence. 
 There is another in the Louvre, and another in the Ac- 
 cademia at Florence. They are effective from their mild 
 solemnity and simple color, which is lively and clear in 
 the flesh-tints. (6) Frescos in the Church of San Fran- 
 cisco d’Assisi, quite similar to the panels, but slighterand 
 more decorative, (c) Mosaics in the apse of the cathe- 
 dral of Pisa, the only work well authenticated as his by 
 original documents, and probably his last. 
 
 Cima di Jazzi (che'mfi de yat'se). A moun- 
 tain of the Valais Alps, ou the border of Italy, 
 east of Zermatt. Height, 12,526 feet. 
 
 Cimarosa (che-ma-ro'sa), Domenico. Born at 
 Aversa, near Naples, Dec. 17, 1749: died at 
 Venice, Jan. 11, 1801. An Italian composer of 
 opera. His chief opera is “II matrimonio se- 
 greto ” (“ The Secret Marriage,” 1792). 
 
 Cimarron (se-ma-ron'). [Sp., ‘wild.’] A name 
 given to the Canadian River in northern New 
 Mexico (Rio Cimarron ). 
 
 Cimarrones (the-ma-ro'nes). [Sp. dmarron, 
 untamed; whence ultimately E. maroon, ma- 
 rooner .] A name given iu the Spanish colonies 
 of America to fugitive slaves; iu particular, 
 the bands of fugitive negroes who collected on 
 the isthmus of Panama about the middle of the 
 16th century. They numbered many hundred, built 
 walled towns, attacked the Spanish settlements, robbed 
 treasure-trains, and made their name a terror in all parts 
 of the isthmus. Under their chief or “king," Bayano, 
 they resisted the forces of Pedro de Ursua for two years, 
 but were at length obliged to submit. They soou revolt, 
 ed. In 1572 they joined forces with the English adventurer 
 Drake, and for many years they aided the bucaneers in 
 their descents on the isthmus. Finally they became amal- 
 gamated with the Indian tribes. 
 
 Cimbebasie. See Ndonga. 
 
 Cimbri(sim'bri). [L., Gr. Kq//3pot.] An ancient 
 people of central Europe, of uncertain local 
 habitation and ethnographical position. They 
 pushed into the Roman provinces in 113 B. c., and in com- 
 pany with the Teutons and Gauls engaged with and de- 
 feated Roman armies in southern Gaul and elsewhere (the 
 most notable defeat being that of Csepio and Mallius in 
 105 B. C.) until 101 B. c., when they were defeated and 
 vir tually exterminated by Marius on the Raudian fields in 
 northern Italy. The peninsula of Jutland was named from 
 them the Cimbric Chersonese. 
 
 Cimmarians. See Cimmerians. 
 
 Cimmeria (si-me'ri-a). [Gr. K lypepia.'] The 
 
 country of the Cimmerians (which see), fabled 
 to be a place of perpetual darkness. 
 
 .Eschylus places Cimmeria in close proximity to the 
 Palus Mieotis and the Bosphorus; and here in the time 
 of Herodotus were still existing a number of names re- 
 calling tiie fact of the former settlement in these regions 
 of the Cimmerian nation. Eawlinson, Herod., III. 179. 
 
 Cimmerian Bosporus (si-me'ri-an bos'po-rus). 
 The strait between the Black Sea and the Sea 
 of Azoff. The Crimean side was colonized by a Greek 
 expedition from Miletus in 438 B. C. It flourished until 
 absorbed in the dominions of Mitliridates, and for some 
 centuries afterward experienced vicissitudes of hardship 
 and prosperity. Relations which became intimate were 
 early established with Athens, which sent her oil, jewelry, 
 and works of industrial art in return for Crimean wheat. 
 ’l he chief city was Panticapseum, the modern Kertch, the 
 center of the highly important archaiological discoveries 
 which have been yielded by this region as well as by the 
 territory around it. The first systematic excavations were 
 made in 1816. Since 1832 explorations have been regularly 
 conducted by the imperial government, and their results, 
 rich in Greek industrial antiquities, are in the Hermitage 
 Museum in St. Petersburg. The architectural remains 
 are scanty, perhaps the chief of them being the fine revet- 
 ment, in quarry-faced ashler with margin-draft, of the so- 
 called Tumulus of the Czar at Kertch. The sculpture 
 found, too, is scanty in quantity, late in date, and poor in 
 style. The great archaeological wealth of the region lies 
 in its abundant burial tumuli and catacombs. It was the 
 practice of the ancient inhabitants to bury with their dead 
 a large part of their possessions ; hence the remarkable 
 harvest of jewelry, vases, implements, and even textile 
 fabrics and a pair of woman’s leather boots, found in these 
 graves. Littleor nothing discovered isolderthan the4th 
 century B. C. ; the finest specimens of jewelry and pottery 
 are Athenian, and include some of the most beautiful 
 work known in their classes. Many of the vases are dec- 
 orated in brilliant polychrome ; others have gilded orna- 
 ment, and others bear figures in relief. The work of local 
 manufacture is inferior in style, though much of it is 
 very beautiful, and with the advance of time Scythian in- 
 fluence increases. Some of the tomb-chambers bear inter- 
 esting mural paintings. 
 
Cimmerians 
 
 Cimmerians (si-me'ri-anz), or Cimmarians (si- 
 
 ma'ri-anz). [Gr. Kifijitpioi.'] A people dwell- 
 ing north of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azoff 
 (modern South Russia), known already to Ho- 
 mer. Herodotus speaks of “ Cimmerian cities, ” and says 
 that the strait which unites the Azoif Sea to the Black Sea 
 was called Cimmerian Bosporus. In the 7th century, 
 pressed by the Scythians, the Cimmerians invaded the 
 kingdom of Lydia in Asia Minor, and were merged, as it 
 seems, in other nations. Their invasion of Lydia under 
 King Gyges is mentioned in the annals of Esarhaddon 
 (680-668 B. c.) and Asurbanipal (668-626), where they are 
 called Oimir. The Armenians call Cappadocia Gamir, 
 which is probably a reminiscence of the Cimmerian inva- 
 sion in Lydia and Asia Minor. Their name has also sur- 
 vived in the modern Crimea. In the Old Testament they 
 are mentioned by the name of Gomer (Gen. x. 2). Also 
 Kimmerians. 
 
 Cimmerii (si-me'ri-I). See Cimmerians. 
 
 Cimon (sl'mon). [Gr. Kipcov.] Died at Citium, 
 Cyprus, 449 B. c. A celebrated Athenian com- 
 mander, son of Miltiades. He defeated the Persians 
 on sea and land by the Euryinedon in 460, reduced Thasos 
 in 463, and was ostracized about 459-454 (?). 
 
 Cimon. Born at Cleonse, in Ckalcidice. A Greek 
 painter, famous in antiquity. He is mentioned 
 in two epigrams of Simonides. 
 
 Cinaloa. See Sinaloa. 
 
 Cincinnati (sin-si-na'ti). [Originally called 
 Losantiville (said to be from L(ieking) os 
 (‘mouth') anti (‘opposite’) ville, ‘town oppo- 
 site the mouth of the Licking’); later named 
 from the Society of the Cincinnati. ] The capital 
 of Hamilton County, Ohio, on the Ohio in lat. 
 39° 6' N., long. 84° 27' W. : the second city of 
 Ohio and largest of the Ohio valley, surnamed 
 “ The Queen City.” It has an extensive trade by 
 railroad and river. ’Among its leading industries are 
 pork-packing, manufactures of iron, furniture, malt 
 liquors and distilled liquors. It has a large trade in grain 
 and tobacco. Its suburbs are Covington and Newport (in 
 Kentucky). It was founded in 1788, and incorporated as 
 a city in 1814. Population, 363,691, (1910). 
 
 Cincinnati, Society of the. Au association 
 founded by the regular officers of the Conti- 
 nental army at the quarters of Baron Steuben 
 on the Hudson River, in 1783. its name, derived 
 from the Homan dictator L. Quinctius Cincinnatus, was 
 adopted in allusion to the approaching change from mili- 
 tary to civil pursuits. Its chief immediate objects were 
 to raise a fund for the relief of the widows and orphans of 
 those who fell in the Revolutionary War, and to promote a 
 closer political union between the States. Its members 
 were to consist of the officers of the Continental army and 
 of their eldest male descendants, in failure of which col- 
 lateral descendants were to be eligible for membership. It 
 was divided into State societies, including a branch so- 
 ciety in France. It met with considerable opposition on 
 account of its alleged aristocratic tendencies. Its first 
 president was George Washington, who was succeeded by 
 Hamilton and the Pinckneys. It is divided into 13 State 
 societies. The branch society in France, which was organ- 
 ized under the most favorable auspices, was dispersed by 
 the revolution of 1792. 
 
 Cincinnatus (sin-si-na'tus), Lucius Quinctius. 
 Bom about 519 B. c. A Roman legendary hero. 
 He was consul suffectus 460, and distinguished himself as 
 an opponent of the plebeians in the struggle between them 
 and the patricians, 462-464. In 458 a Roman army under 
 L. Minucius having been surrounded by the ASquians in 
 a defile of Mount Algidus, he was named dictator by the 
 senate, whose deputies, despatched to inform him of his 
 appointment, found him digging in the field on his farm 
 beyond the Tiber. He gained a complete victory over 
 the JEquians, and laid down the dictatorship after the 
 lapse of only sixteen days. In 439, at the age of eighty, 
 he was appointed dictator to oppose the traitor Spurius 
 Melius, who was defeated and slain. The details of his 
 story vary. 
 
 Cinco de Mayo (then'ko da ma'yo), Battle of 
 the. [Sp., ‘fifth of May.’] The name given 
 by Mexicans to an action fought May 5, 1862, 
 before Puebla, in which the French under 
 General Lorencez were defeated by the Mexi- 
 cans. This battle did not prevent the establishment 
 of an empire two years later, but it was regarded as a 
 great national triumph, and the anniversary is still cele- 
 brated. 
 
 Cinderella (sin-de-rel'a). [F. Cendrillon, G. 
 Aschenbrodel or Aschenpiittel . ] In a noted fairy 
 tale, abeautif ul girl who acts as ho useholddrudge 
 to her stepmother and sisters. The prince of the 
 country falls in love with her at a ball which she attends 
 dressed by her fairy godmother in magic finery which will 
 vanish at midnight. Fleeing from the palace as the clock 
 strikes, she loses one tiny glass slipper, by means of which, 
 as it would fit no one else, the prince finds and marries 
 her. In the German version, instead of the fairy god- 
 mother two white doves befriend her, and her golden 
 slipper is caught, as she runs from the palace, by pitch 
 spread, by order of the prince, on the staircase. The story 
 is of very ancient, probably Eastern, origin. It is men- 
 tioned in German literature in the 16th century, and a 
 similar legend is told in Egypt of Rhodopis and Psammeti- 
 chus. In F rance, Perrault and Madame d’Aunoy include 
 it in their “Fairy Tales" as “Cendrillon” and “Finette 
 Cendroi," and Grimm also gives it in his “Household 
 Tales." There are many English versions, and it is found 
 in various forms in almost every language in Europe. The 
 glass slipper of the English version should be a fur slipper, 
 the mistake arising in the translation of tair (‘fur’) as if 
 verre (‘ glass '). 
 
 253 
 
 Cineas (sin'e-as). [Gr. Kiveag.] Died, probably 
 in Sicily, about 277 b. c. A Thessalian politi- 
 cian in the service of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus : 
 ambassador to Rome alter the battle of Hera- 
 clea, 280. 
 
 Cinna (sin'a), or La Clemence d’Auguste (la 
 
 kla-mons' do-giist'). A tragedy by P. Corneille, 
 produced in 1640. An anonymous tragedy called 
 “Cinna’s Conspiracy” was taken from this and played at 
 Drury Lane in 1713. Defoe attributed it to Cibber. 
 
 Cinna, Lucius Cornelius. 1. Slain in a mutiny 
 at Brundisium, Italy, 84 B. 0. A Roman gen- 
 eral and statesman, celebrated as a leader of 
 the popular party and an opponent of Sulla. 
 He was consul with Octavius in 87, with Marius in 86, 
 and with Carbo 85-84. 
 
 2. A son of the preceding, pretor in 44 B. c., 
 and brother-in-law of Ctesar. Though he did 
 not join the conspirators against Caesar, he ap- 
 proved of their act. 
 
 Cinna, Gains Helvius. A Roman poet, a friend 
 of Catullus. On the occasion of the funeral of Julius 
 Caesar he was slain by the populace, who mistook him for 
 Lucius Cornelius Cinna. 
 
 Cinnamon (sin'a-mon), Land of. [Sp. Tierra 
 de Canelo .] A name given by the early Span- 
 ish conquerors of Peru to a region east of the 
 Andes, in the forest-covered plains about the 
 Napo, where there were trees with aromatic 
 bark. GonzaloPizarro led an expedition into it in 1541, and 
 returned after two years of terrible suffering. Orellana, 
 deserting him there, became the discoverer of the Ama- 
 zon. The first settlements were made in 1552, but the re- 
 gion is still a wilderness. 
 
 Cinnamus, or Cinamus, or Sinnamus (sin'a- 
 mus), Joannes. [Gr. K ivvapo^, or K iva/jog.] 
 Lived in the 12th century. A distinguished 
 Byzantine historian, a notary of the emperor 
 Manuel Comnenus. He was the author of a history 
 of the period 1118-76, covering the reign of Manuel (to the 
 end of the siege of Iconium) and that of his father Calo- 
 Johannes. 
 
 Cino da Pistoja (che'no da pes-to'ya), origi- 
 nally Guittoncino Sinibaldi. Born at Pis- 
 toja, Italy, 1270: died at Pistoja, Dec. 24, 1336. 
 An Italian jurist and poet, author of a com- 
 mentary on the Justinian Code, “Rime” 
 (published 1864), etc. 
 
 Cinq-Mars, ou une Conjuration sous Louis 
 
 XIII. 1. A historical novel by De Vigny (pub- 
 lished 1826), founded on the life of Cinq- 
 Mars. — 2. An opera by Gounod, first produced 
 at Paris, April 5, 1877. 
 
 Cinq-Mars (san-mar'), Marquis de (Henri 
 Coiffier de Ruze). Born 1620: died at Lyons, 
 France, Sept. 12, 1642. A French courtier. 
 He was at the age of eighteen introduced to the court 
 by Richelieu, and, gaining the favor of Louis XIII., rose 
 quickly to the posts of grand master of the wardrobe and 
 grand master of the horse. Richelieu having refused to 
 countenance his claim to a seat in the royal council and 
 his aspiration to the hand of Maria de Gonzaga, princess 
 of Mantua, Cinq-Mars formed a conspiracy against the 
 cardinal, in the course of which he entered into treason- 
 able communication with Spain ; and with his fellow- 
 conspirator, the youthful De Thou, was beheaded at Lyons. 
 Cinque Ports (single ports). [F.,‘ Five Ports.’] 
 A collective name for the five English channel 
 ports : Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover, Sand- 
 wich. Winchelsea and Rye were added later. They 
 furnished the chief naval contingent until the time of 
 Henry VII. Most of their especial privileges have been 
 abolished. They are governed by a lord warden. 
 Cinthia. See Cynthia. 
 
 Cinthio. See Giraldi, Giovanni. 
 
 Cintra (seii'tra). A town in the district of 
 Lisbon, Portugal, 15 miles northwest of Lis- 
 bon. It contains : ( a ) The Cork Convent, founded by the 
 viceroy of India, Dom Joao de Castro. It consists of about 
 twenty cells, each about five feet square, which as well as 
 the refectory are in part excavated from the rock, and are 
 lined with cork to exclude dampness. (6) A Moorish 
 Castle, an extensive fortification on the hill above the 
 town, inclosing a ruined mosque with traces of ornament 
 in color, and a so-called bath, a curious vaulted reservoir' 
 60 feet long. The inclosed space is now a royal park and 
 garden, (c) The Palace of the Pena, on the summit of the 
 high, steep hill, originally a convent, but given the as- 
 pect of a medieval castle when remodeled as a royal resi- 
 dence. The interesting monastic cloister and chapel re- 
 main; the carved reredos in alabaster is beautiful. Id) 
 The Royal Palace., founded by the Moors, altered and 
 added to later, and finished about 1500. The exterior pre- 
 sents a picturesque combination of Moorish and Pointed 
 features, and is especially characterized by the two enor- 
 mous conical chimneys of the kitchens. There are some 
 interesting rooms, in which historic scenes have been en- 
 acted. 
 
 Cintra, Convention of. A convention con- 
 cluded Aug. 30, 1808, between the French un- 
 der Junot and the English. By its provisions 
 the French evacuated Portugal, and were con- 
 veyed to France in English vessels. 
 
 Cinyumuh. See Tusayan. 
 
 Cione. Andrea di. See Orcagna. 
 
 Ciotai (se-o-tii/), La. A seaport in the depart- 
 
 Cirencester 
 
 ment of Bouches-du-Rhone, France, situated on 
 the Mediterranean 15 miles southeast of Mar- 
 seilles. Population, commune, 12,370. 
 Cipango (si-pang'go), or Zumpango (zum- 
 pang'go). The name given in Marco Polo’s 
 narrative to an island or islands east of Asia, 
 supposed to he the modern Japan. Columbus 
 imagined that the West Indies were outlying 
 portions of it. 
 
 Cipas, Kingdom of. New Granada. See Zipas. 
 Cipias (tse'pe-as). A former Indian tribe of 
 eastern Arizona. Its exact location is unknown as 
 yet, but the name is mentioned by Spanish authors in the 
 17th and 18th centuries. The Zufiis also have traditions 
 concerning the Cipias, and call them Tzipiakwe. The 
 tribe is doubtless extinct. 
 
 Circars (ser-karz'), Northern. A non-official 
 designation for five ancient circars (districts) 
 in the northern part of Madras, British India, 
 in lat. 16°-20° N. 
 
 Circassia (ser-kash'ia). [F. Circassie, NL. Cir- 
 cassia, G. Tscherkessien; Russ. Zemlya Cherke- 
 sov, Circassian land ; Cherkes, a Circassian.] A 
 region in the Caucasus, Russia, lying between 
 the river Kuban on the north, the land of the 
 Lesghians on the east, Mingrelia on the south, 
 and the Black Sea on the west, it includes Great 
 and Little Kabarda, the countries of the Abkhasians and 
 Tsherkessians (Circassians). It was incorporated with 
 Russia in 1829. The Circassians emigrated in large num- 
 bers about 1864. 
 
 Circe (ser'se). [Gr. K ipny.'] 1. In Greek my- 
 thology, an enchantress, daughter of Helios by 
 Perse, living in the island of iEtea. odyBseus in 
 his wanderings came to her home, and was induced to re- 
 main a year with her. she metamorphosed some of his 
 companions into swine. Before she would let him depart 
 she sent him to the lower world to consult the seer Teire- 
 sias. 
 
 2. An asteroid (No. 34) discovered by Chacor- 
 nac at Paris April 6, 1855. 
 
 Circeii (ser-se'yi). [Gr. K ip/caiov.] In ancient 
 geography, a town of Latium, Italy, situated 
 near the sea 57 miles southeast of Rome. It 
 belonged to the Latin League 340 B. c. 
 
 Circeio (clier-cha'yo). A promontory or iso- 
 lated rock on the western coast of Italy, near 
 Terracina: the ancient Circeius Mons, or Cir- 
 casum Promon torium. It was a frequented resort in 
 ancient times. It has some antiquities of the Kornau 
 town Circeii, and abounds in grottoes. 
 
 Circleville (ser'kl-vil). A city and the county- 
 seat of Pickaway County, Ohio, situated on the 
 Scioto 26 miles south of Columbus, it is on tho 
 site of an aboriginal circular fortification (whence the 
 name). Population, 0,744, (1910). 
 
 Circumcellions (s&r-kum-sel'ionz). [From L. 
 circum, around, and cella, ceii.J A party of 
 Donatists in northern Africa, chiefly peasants, 
 in the 4th and 5th centuries: so called because 
 they wandered about in bands from place to 
 place. They persistently courted death, wantonly in- 
 sulting pagans, and challenging all they met to kill them, 
 looking upon such a death as martyrdom. They supported 
 themselves by plunder, and committed so many acts of 
 violence, aggravated by their religious differences from 
 the orthodox, that soldiery often had to be employed 
 against them. They were not entirely extinct till about 
 the close of the 5th century. 
 
 Circumlocution Office. The name by which 
 Dickens in “Little Dorrit” satirizes the red 
 tape of the public-office system in England. 
 Circus Maximus (ser'kus mak'si-mus). The 
 great Roman circus which occupied the hol- 
 low between the Palatine and the Aventine 
 hills. According to tradition, the site was already used 
 for athletic exhibitions and provided with wooden seats 
 under Tarquinius-l'riscus. L nder Csesar and Augustus it 
 was first largely built of stone, and splendidly adorned. 
 The present obelisks of the Piazza del Popolo and of the 
 Lateran ornamented its spina. It was rebuilt by Nero, 
 and again by Domitiau and Trajan, and in its final form is 
 said to have accommodated 385,000 spectators. The site 
 is for the most part covered with modern structures, and 
 the remains are scanty. Some of the vaulted substructions 
 which upheld the seats survive, and there are considera- 
 ble ruins about Santa Maria in Cosmedin of the carceres, 
 or pens, from whicli the racers were started. The length 
 of the arena was 2,200 feet. 
 
 Circus of Romulus or Maxentius. A Roman 
 circus built in 311 A. D., the most perfect an- 
 cient circus surviving, it is 1,5S0 feet long and 260 
 wide. The outer wall remains almost complete, and the 
 central spina, 892 feet long, can be traced throughout 
 At the west end, between two towers, are the chief en- 
 trance and twelve pens ( carcercs ) for competing chariots; 
 the east end is semicircular. 
 
 Cirencester (sis'o-ter), or Cicester. [ME. Cire- 
 cestre, Circestre, Cicctcr, etc., AS. Cirenceastcr, 
 Cyrenceaster, Cyrnceastcr, from * Cyrcn, L. Cori- 
 neum, and ceaster, city.] A town in Glouces- 
 tershire, England, situated on the river Churn 
 16 miles southeast of Gloucester: the Roman 
 Corineum or Durocornovium. It has a large 
 trade in wool. Population, 7,536. 
 
254 
 
 Cirey 
 
 Cirey (se-ra'). A chateau on the borders of 
 Champagne and Lorraine, which Voltaire fitted 
 up iu 1734, and where he lived with Madame 
 dn Chatelet and, occasionally, her husband. 
 Cirrha (sir'a). In ancient geography, the sea- 
 port of Crissa (with which it is often con- 
 founded), in Phocis, Greece. It was destroyed 
 on account of sacrilege in the Sacred War about 
 585 b. c. 
 
 Cirta (ser'ta). [Gr. Kipra; Phen., ‘the city.’] 
 An ancient city of the Massylii, in Numidia, 
 Africa, in lat. 36° 21' N.,long. 6° 35' E., noted 
 as a fortress: the modern Constantine (which 
 see). It was restored by Constantine the Great. 
 Cisalpine Republic. [L. Cisalpinus, from cis, 
 on this side, and Alpes, Alps, ad.j. Alpinus, 
 Alpine.] The state formed by Napoleon Bona- 
 parte in northern Italy in 1797, including the 
 previously formed Cispadane and Transpadane 
 republics, south and north of the Po, with Milan 
 for its capital. It was abolished in 1799, restored in 
 1800, and in 1802 was reconstituted as the Italian Repub- 
 lic. 
 
 Cisleithania (sis-li-tka'ni-a or sis-li-ta'ne-a), 
 or the Cisleithan Division. A name given 
 popularly (not officially) to those crownlands 
 of Austria-Hungary which are represented in 
 the Austrian Reichsrat: so named from the 
 river Leitha, part of the boundary between 
 Austria and Hungary. It comprises Lower Austria, 
 Upper Austria, Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Kiis- 
 tenland, Tyrol and Vorarlberg, Bohemia, Moravia, Sile- 
 sia, Galicia, Bukowina, Dalmatia. Population, 28,507,898, 
 (1910). 
 
 Cisneros (tfies-na'ros), Diego. A Spanish 
 Geronymite friar who went to Lima, Peru, 
 about 1785, and resided there until his death in 
 1812. He had been confessor of the princess Maria Luisa 
 (afterward queen), and her influence gave him the pro- 
 tection of the viceroys. While attending to the business 
 of his order he opened a kind of bookstore, a small circle 
 of advanced thinkers gathered about him, and after en- 
 countering great opposition they succeeded in introducing 
 marked reforms in the universities and schools, and in 
 giving greater liberty to the press. They constantly op- 
 posed the Inquisition. Fray Diego’s library, bequeathed 
 to the university, became the nucleus of the magnificent 
 public library of Lima. 
 
 Cisneros y Latorre, Baltasar Hidalgo de. 
 
 See Hidalgo de Cisneros y Latorre. 
 
 Cispadane (sis-pa'dan) Republic. [FromL. 
 cis, on this side, and Padus, the river Po, adj. 
 Padanus .] A republic formed in 1796 by Napo- 
 leon Bonaparte out of the dominions of Bolo- 
 gna, Ferrara, Modena, and Reggio, andmodeled 
 on that of France. In 1797 it was merged with 
 the Transpadane Republic in the new Cisal- 
 pine Republic. 
 
 Cisplatine (sis-pla'tin) Province. [Sp.Pg.Pro- 
 vincia Cisplatina .] The official name of Uru- 
 guay during the last five years of its union 
 with Brazil (1823 to 1828). Before and after this 
 time it was sometimes called the Cisplatine State (Estado 
 Cisplatino). See Estado Oriental. 
 
 Cissey (se-sa/h Ernest Louis Octave Courtot 
 
 de. Born at Paris, Dec. 23, 1810 : died at Paris, 
 June 15, 1882. A French general and politi- 
 cian. He served with distinction in Algeria, in the Cri- 
 mea, in the Franco-German war, and in the war against 
 the Commune, 1871. He was minister of war 1871-73 and 
 1874-76. 
 
 Cis-Sutlej (sis-sut'lej) States. A name former- 
 ly given to a territorial division of British India, 
 south of the Sutlej. The states are now incor- 
 porated in the Panjab. 
 
 Citania (se-ta'ne-a). A prehistoric village near 
 Braga, in the province of Douro, Portugal. It 
 
 is probably Celtic, and has recently been excavated. There 
 are a number of circular buildings, with granite walls, 
 about 20 feet in diameter, and some of rectangular plan. 
 Streets and buildings are paved, and roofing tiles abound. 
 The circular structures had conical roofs. Two buildings 
 have been restored as specimens. 
 
 Citeaux (se-to'). A village in the department 
 of Cote-d’Or, France, 12 miles south of Dijon. 
 It is celebrated for its abbey, founded 1098, 
 the headquarters formerly of the Cistercian 
 order. 
 
 Cithseron (si-the'ron). [Gr. K iflatpoiv.] Iu an- 
 cient geography, a range of mountains separat- 
 ing Bceotia from Megaris and Attica. It was cel- 
 ebrated in Greek legend, and was sacred to Zeus and to 
 Dionysus. It is now called Elatea. 
 
 Citizen, The. A farce by Arthur Murphy 
 (1763). 
 
 Citizen King. [F. Roi citoycn.\ A name of 
 Louis Philippe, king of the French, who affected 
 popularity. 
 
 Citizen of Geneva. An occasional epithet of 
 J. J. Rousseau. 
 
 Citizen of the World, The. The signature of 
 Oliver Goldsmith in “ Letters from a Chinese 
 
 philosopher residing in London to his friends 
 in the East,” published in 1762. 
 
 Citlahua, or Citlahnatzin. See Cuitlahua. 
 Cittadella (cket-ta-del'la). A small town in the 
 province of Padua, northern Italy, situated on 
 the Brentalla 16 miles north-northwest of Pa- 
 dua. It has a cathedral. 
 
 Citta della Pieve (chet-ta' del'la pe-a've). 
 A town in the province of Perugia, Italy, in 
 lat. 42° 57' N., long. 12° E. : the birthplace of 
 Perugino. It has a cathedral. 
 
 Citta di Gastello (chet-ta' de kas-tel'ld). A 
 town in the province of Perugia, Italy, situ- 
 ated on the Tiber 26 miles north of Perugia. It is 
 on the site oi the ancient Tifernum Tiberinum, destroyed 
 by Totila in the 6th century A. D. It has a cathedral, com- 
 munal palace, and picture-gallery. Population, 6,061. 
 
 Cittaducale (cbet-ta-do-kaTe). A small town 
 in the province of Aquila, Italy, in lat. 42° 24' 
 N., long. 12° 58' E. 
 
 Citta Vecchia (chet-ta' vek'ke-a), or Citta 
 Notabile (no-ta'be-le). A city in the central 
 part of Malta, 6 miles west of Valetta. It was 
 formerly the capital. 
 
 City Gallant, The. See Green's Tu Quoque. 
 City Heiress, The. A play by Mrs. Aphra 
 Behn, copied from Middleton’s “A MadWorld, 
 My Masters,” produced in 1682. 
 
 City Madam, The. A comedy by Massinger, 
 licensed in 1632, printed in 1658. it still keeps 
 the stage In a model n version entitled “Riches.” Fleay 
 thinks that Jonson wrote it. Gifford mentions an old 
 comedy known as “The Cure of Pride." 
 
 City Match, The. A comedy by Jasper Mayne, 
 produced in 1639. 
 
 City Night-Cap, The. A play by Robert Dav- 
 enport, printed in 1661. It was adapted by 
 Mrs. Behn as “ The Amorous Priuce ” in 1671. 
 City of a Hundred Towers. Pavia, Italy. 
 City of Brotherly Love. A nickname of Phil- 
 adelphia, Pennsylvania (named from Philadel- 
 phia in Asia Minor; Gr. ‘biTiafil'kfyna, city of 
 Philadelphus, but taken as tyi\a5ck<j>la, brotherly 
 love). 
 
 City of Churches. Brooklyn, New York : so 
 called on account of the large number of its 
 churches. 
 
 City of Destruction. In Bunyan’s “ Pilgrim’s 
 Progress,” the starting-point of Christian in 
 his journey. 
 
 City of Dreadful Night, The. A poem by 
 James Thomson, published first in the “Na- 
 tional Reformer” in 1874. The title was given also 
 to a volume of stories by Rudyard Kipling, one of which 
 gives its name to the book. 
 
 City of Elms. New Haven, Connecticut: so 
 named from the numerous elms which shade 
 its streets. 
 
 City of God, Of the, L. De Civitate Dei. A 
 
 celebrated work by St. Augustine, written 413- 
 426, and treating of the Christian church. 
 
 City of Magnificent Distances. A name some- 
 times given to Washington, District of Colum- 
 bia, on account of its wide avenues and fine 
 vistas. 
 
 City of Oaks. Raleigh, North Carolina. 
 
 City of Palaces, The. Calcutta. 
 
 City of the Blind. See the extract. 
 
 Chalkedon was called the city of the blind, because its 
 founders passed by the then unoccupied site of Byzan- 
 tium. Freeman, Hist. Essays, III. 277. 
 
 City of the Plague. A poem by John Wilson, 
 published in 1816. 
 
 City of the Prophet. Medina, Arabia, to which 
 Mohammed fled from Mecca in 622. 
 
 City of the Straits. Detroit, Michigan: so 
 named from its geographical situation. 
 
 City of the Sun. Baalbee (which see). 
 
 City of the Violated Treaty. Limerick, Ire- 
 land: so named on account of the frequent in- 
 fringements of the “ Pacification of Limerick,” 
 concluded at, Limerick in 1691. 
 
 City of the Violet Crown. An epithet applied 
 to Athens, the violet being the symbol of that 
 city. 
 
 City of Victory. Cairo, Egypt. 
 
 City Point (sit'i point). A village in Virginia, 
 situated at the junction of the Appomattox 
 with the James, 22 miles southeast of Rich- 
 mond. It was a base of supplies and opera- 
 tions in the Civil War. 
 
 City Politiques (sit'i pol-i-teks'). A comedy 
 by Crowne (1683) in which the Whigs are ridi- 
 culed, and Shaftesbury, Oates, and Sir William 
 Jones are exhibited, the last in the character 
 of Bartoline. Geneste gives the first edition 
 as 1688. 
 
 City Ramble, The. A play adapted from Beau- 
 
 Civil War, American 
 
 mont and Fletcher’s “Knight of the Burning 
 Pestle” by Elkanah Settle. 
 
 City Wit, The, or the Woman wears the 
 Breeches. A comedy by R. Brome, played 
 about 1632, published in 1653 by A. Brome. 
 Ciudad Bolivar. The official name of Angos- 
 tura (vvhich see). 
 
 Ciudad de la Frontera (the-o-daTH' da la 
 fron-ta'ra). [Sp., ‘city of the frontier.’] The 
 ancient name of the city of Chachapoyas, Peru. 
 Ciudad de los Reyes (the-o-daTH' da los ra'- 
 yes). [Sp., ‘city of the kings.’] The name 
 given by Pizarro to the capital of Peru, founded 
 by him in 1535. It was long the official appellation, 
 hut was gradually supplanted by the name Lima, and was 
 seldom used after the 17th century. 
 
 Ciudadela (the-6-dii-da'la). A town in Mi- 
 norca, Balearic Islands, Spain: the former capi- 
 tal. It contains a cathedral, of the 14th century, consist- 
 ing of a single Pointed nave, lofty and spacious though 
 dark, with a square tower crowned by an octagonal spire. 
 
 Ciudad Guzman (the-o-daTH' goth-man'), or 
 Zapotlan el Grande (tha-po-tlan'el gran'de). 
 A city in the southern part of the state of Ja- 
 lisco, Mexico. Population, about 18,000. 
 Ciudad Real (the-o-daTH' ra-al'). [Sp., ‘royal 
 city.’] 1. A province in southern Spain, lying 
 between Toledo on the north, Cuenca and Alba- 
 cete on the east, Jafin and Cordova on the south, 
 and Badajoz on the west. It corresponds nearly to 
 the ancient La Mancha. It is rich in metals. Area, 7,620 
 square miles. Population, 321,580. 
 
 2. The capital of the province of Ciudad Real, 
 in lat. 38° 58' N., long. 3° 58' W. Here, March 
 
 27, 1809, the French under Sebastiani defeated the Span- 
 iards under Urbino. Population, 16,353. 
 
 Ciudad Real. A city in Mexico. See San 
 Cristobal. 
 
 Ciudad Rodrigo (the-o-daTH' rod-re'go). A 
 town and fortress in the province of Salaman- 
 ca, western Spain, situated on the Agueda 48 
 miles southwest of Salamanca. It has a cathe- 
 dral, founded in 1190, which retains much excellent early 
 Pointed work with Romanesque decorative sculpture. 
 The vaulting is in part domical, with ogives. The pic- 
 turesque cloister is of 13th-century architecture on one 
 side, and Flamboyant on the others. It was taken by the 
 English in 1706, by the French in 1707, and by the French 
 (under Masse n a) July, 1810. It was invested by Welling- 
 ton Jan. 8, 1812, and stormed Jan. 19, 1812. (Wellington 
 was created by Spain duke of Ciudad Rodrigo.) Popula- 
 tion, 8,930. 
 
 Civiale (se-vyal'), Jean. Born at Thiezac, Can- 
 tal, France, July, 1792 : died at Paris, June 13, 
 1867. A French surgeon, the discoverer of the 
 operation of lithotrity. He wrote “ De la litho- 
 tritie” (1827), etc. 
 
 Civilis (si-viTis), Claudius. A leader of the 
 Batavian revolt against Rome 69-70 a. d. He 
 was defeated by Cerealis in 70. 
 
 Civilistas (the-ve-les'tas). The name given in 
 Peru to those who oppose the union of military 
 and civil power in the chief magistrate and 
 generally object to the election of army officers 
 to the presidency. Since I860 the Civilistas have be- 
 come a well-defined political party. They call them oppo- 
 nents Militaristas or Militares. 
 
 Civil War, The. The war between Charles I. 
 of England and the party of Parliament. 
 
 Civil War, American, or The War of Seces- 
 sion. A civil war in the United States, 1861-65. 
 Its chief causes were the antlslavery agitation and the 
 development of the doctrine of State sovereignty. The 
 former had been gaining force since the Missouri Compro- 
 mise, and especially since the Wilmot proviso, the Mexican 
 war, the Omnibus Bill, and the Kansas-Nebraska trouble 
 (see these titles). The latter found expression in the Ken- 
 tucky resolutions, nullification, and especially in the teach- 
 ings of Calhoun. The immediate occasion of the war was 
 the election of Lincoln in 1860, which was followed by 
 the secession of 11 States (see Confederate States). Lead- 
 ing events— In 1861: Fort Sumter fired on (April 12); 
 surrender of Fort Sumter (April 13); President Lincoln’s 
 call for volunteers (April 16) ; battles of Bull Run (July 21) 
 and Wilson's Creek (Aug. 10); seizure of Mason and Sli- 
 dell— “the Trent affair” (Nov. S). — In 1862: Battle of 
 Mill Spring (Jan. 19) ; capture of Fort Henry (Feb. 6) ; 
 battle and capture of Fort Donelson (Feb. 13-16) ; battle 
 of the Monitor and Merrimac (March 9) ; captur e of New- 
 bern (March 14) ; battle of Shiloh (April 6, 7) , siege of 
 Yorktown (April-May) ; passage of the New Orleans forts 
 (April 24) ; battles of Williamsburg (May 6) and Fair Oaks 
 (May 31, June 1) ; Seven Days’ Battles — Meclianicsville, 
 Gaines’s Mill, Frayser’s Farm, Malvern (June26-July 1) ; 
 battles of Cedar Mountain ( Aug. 9), (2d) Bull Run (Aug. 
 30), Chantilly (Sept. 1), South Mountain (Sept. 14), Antie- 
 tam (Sept. 17), Iuka(Sept. 19), Corinth (Oct. 4), Fredericks- 
 burg (Dec. 13), and Murfreesboro (Dec. 31-Jail. 2, 1863). — 
 In 1863: Emancipation Proclamation (Jan. 1); battle of 
 Chancellorsville (May 1-4) ; Vicksburg campaign — battles 
 of Grand Gulf (April 29, May 3), Raymond (May 12), Jack- 
 son (May 14), and Champion's Hill (May 16), and the fall 
 of Vicksburg (July 4); battles of Gettysburg (July 1-3), 
 Chiekamauga(Sept. 19, 20), and Chattanooga (Nov. 23-26). 
 —In 1864 : Battles ol the Wilderness and Spotsylvania 
 (May 5-7, etc.) ; battles of Sherman's advance in northern 
 Georgia (May and June) ; battle of Cold Harbor (June 1-3) ; 
 defeat of the Alabama by the Kearsarge (June 19) ; battles 
 of Atlanta (July 20, 22) ; naval victory at Mobile (Aug. 5); 
 
Civil War, American 
 
 oattles of Winchester (Sept. 19) and Cedar Creek (Oct. 19) ; 
 reelection of Lincoln (Nov. 8) ; march through Georgia 
 to the sea (Nov. -Dec.) ; battle of Nashville (Dec. 15, 16). — 
 In 1865 : Surrender of Fort Fisher (Jan. 15) ; battles of 
 Averysboro (March 16), Bentonville (March 19-21), and 
 Five Forks (April 1) ; surrender of Richmond (April 3) ; 
 surrender of Lee's army at Appomattox (April 9) ; surren- 
 der of Johnston’s army (April 26); and the surrender of 
 Kirby Smith (May 26). The tneater of the war was mainly 
 in the Southern and border States. The Federal army 
 numbered about 1,000,000 at the close of the war, and 
 the number of Confederates enrolled during the war was 
 probably about the same. The Federal losses amounted 
 to about 360,000; those of the Confederates to about 
 300,000. 
 
 Civil Wars in France. A play by Dekker and 
 Drayton (1598). 
 
 Civis (siv'is). [L., ‘a citizen.’] The pseudo- 
 nym of Sir Henry Bussell in the London 
 “Times ” (1842-49). 
 
 Civitci Castellana (che-ve-ta' kas-tel-la/na). 
 A town in the province of Borne, Italy, 27 miles 
 north of Borne, on the site of the Etruscan city 
 Falerii. 
 
 Civita di Penne. See Penne. 
 
 Civitavecchia, or Civita Vecchia (che-ve-ta/ 
 vek'ke-a). [It., ' old town.’] A seaport in the 
 province of Borne, Italy, on the Mediterranean 
 in lat. 42° 9' N., long. 11° 48' E. : the ancient 
 Centum Cel he, or Portus Trajani. its port was 
 constructed by Trajan. It was destroyed by the Saracens 
 in the 9th century. Population, 13,427. 
 
 Civitella del Tronto (che-ve-tel'la del tron'to). 
 A small town in the province of Teramo, Italy, 
 8 miles northwest of Teramo. It was the last 
 lace to surrender to the Italians in 1861. 
 ackama (klak'a-ma). A large tribe of the 
 Upper Chinook division of North American 
 Indians. They formerly resided in eleven villages on 
 and about a river of the same name, an eastern branch of 
 the Willamette, in Clackamas County, Oregon. There are 
 about 60 of this tribe at Grande Ronde agency, Oregon. 
 See Chinookan. 
 
 Clackmannan (klak-man'an). 1. The smallest 
 county of Scotland, situated north of the Forth 
 and south of Perthshire. Area, 55 sq. m. Pop. 
 (civil county), 32,019. — 2. The county-seat of 
 the county of Clackmannan, situated 7 miles 
 east of Stirling. 
 
 Claes (klaz*), Balthazar. A philosopher in 
 Balzac’s novel “La recherche de l’absolu.” 
 He gives up his life to a search for the philosopher’s 
 stone, and is the victim of his devotion to science. 
 
 Clahoquaht. See Tlaoikmaht. 
 
 Claiborne (kla'born), or Clayborne, William. 
 
 Bom in Westmoreland, England, 1589 (?) : died 
 in Virginia, 1676 (?). An American colonial 
 politician. He emigrated to Virginia in 1621, and in 
 1625 became secretary of state for the colony. As the 
 agent of Cloberry and Company of London, he established 
 a trading -post in Kent Island in 1831. The trading-post 
 became the nucleus of a flourishing settlement, which in 
 1632 sent a burgess to the General Assembly of Virginia. 
 It was later (1634) claimed by Leonard Calvert, governor 
 of Maryland, as a part of that colony, and was long a sub- 
 ject of disputes resulting in some bloodshed. On the exe- 
 cution of Charles I., Maryland and Virginia proclaimed 
 Charles II., whereupon Claiborne, at his own request, was 
 in 1651 appointed by Parliament member of a commission 
 to reduce those colonies. The commissioners reached 
 Virginia at the head of an English expedition in March, 
 1652, overthrew the Cavalier government, and established 
 a Roundhead government with Richard Bennet as gov- 
 ernor and Claiborne as secretary of state. In 1658, how- 
 ever, the province was restored to Lord Baltimore by the 
 commonwealth. 
 
 Claiborne, William Charles Cole. Born in 
 Sussex County, Virginia, 1775: died at New 
 Orleans, Nov. 23, 1817. AnAmerican politician. 
 He was governor of Mississippi Terr itory 1802-04, of the 
 territory of Orleans 1804-12, and of the State of Louisiana 
 1812-16. He was elected to the United States Senate in 
 1816, but died before taking his seat. 
 
 Clairac (kla-rak'). A town in the department 
 of Lot-et-Garonne, France, situated on the 
 Lot 56 miles southeast of Bordeaux. Population, 
 commune, 2,850. 
 
 Clairaut, or Clairault(kla-ro'), Alexis Claude. 
 Born at Paris, May 13, 1713: died at Paris, 
 May 17, 1765. A celebrated French mathe- 
 matician. He was famous both for the strength and 
 the extraordinary precocity of his genius. At six years 
 of age he is said to have understood L’Hbpital’s treatise 
 on infinitesimals ; at twelve he read before the Academy 
 of Sciences a paper on certain curves which he had dis- 
 covered; and at eighteen he became a member of the 
 Academy. Among his best-known works is his analytical 
 study of the problem “of the three bodies,” and the ap- 
 plication of its results to the study of the moon and of 
 Halley’s comet. He also wrote “Recherches sur lea 
 courbes a double courtmre ” (1731), “ Theorie de la figure 
 de la terre " (1743), “Thoorie de la lune,” etc. (1752), “ Re- 
 cherches sur lea cometes des anm-es 1531, 1007, 1682 et 
 1759” (1760), etc. 
 
 Clairfait. See Clerfayt. 
 
 Clairon (kla-r&n'), Claire Hippolyte Josfephe 
 Legris de Latude, called Mile. Born near 
 Condfe, in Hainault, 1723; died at Paris, Jan. 
 18, 1803. A celebrated French actress. origi- 
 
 255 
 
 nally a comedienne, she became a tragedienne and enjoyed 
 extraordinary popularity. She died in old age, poor and 
 forgotten. Her “Memoires ” were published in 1799. 
 Clairvaux (klar-vo'). A village in the depart- 
 ment of Aube, France, situated on the river 
 Aube 32 miles southeast of Troyes, it is cele- 
 brated for its Cistercian abbey, whose first abbot was St. 
 Bernard, 1115. The abbey buildings are now used for a 
 prison. 
 
 Clallam (klal'am). A tribe of North American 
 Indians formerly living on the south side of 
 Puget Sound, Washington, and on the southern 
 end of V ancouverlsland. They now number about 300 
 souls, and are on the Puyallup reservation, Washington. 
 See Salishan. 
 
 Clamcoefc. See KaranJcawan. 
 
 Ciamecy (klam-se'). A town in the department 
 of Nifevre, France, situated at the junction of the 
 Beuvron with the Yonne, in lat. 47° 28' N., long. 
 3° 31' E. Population, commune, 5,154. 
 Clamet. See Klamath. 
 
 Clandestine Marriage, The. A play by Gar- 
 rick and Colman, produced Feb. 20, 1766. it 
 was largely taken from an unprinted farce, “The False 
 Concord,” by the Rev. James Townley (1764). 
 
 Clap (klap), Thomas. Born at Scituate, Mass., 
 June 26, 1703: died at New Haven, Conn., Jan. 
 7, 1767. An American clergyman and educator, 
 president (rector) of Yale College 1740-66. He 
 was pastor at Windham, Connecticut, 1726-40. 
 Claparede Jkla-pa-rad'), Jean Louis Bene 
 Antoine Edouard. Born at Geneva, April 
 24, 1832: died at Siena, Italy, May 31, 1870. 
 A noted Swiss naturalist. 
 
 Clapham (klap'am). A southwestern suburb 
 of London, situated on the south side of the 
 Thames about 4miles fromWestminster Bridge. 
 Its houses surround a common about 220 acres in extent, 
 once a favorite location for fairs which were abolished in 
 1873. Watford. 
 
 Clapisson (kla-pe-soh'), Antoine Louis. Bom 
 
 at Naples,’ Sept. 15, 1808 : died at Paris, March 
 19, 1866. A French composer of operas, songs, 
 and romances. His works include the operas “La Pro- 
 mise ”(1854), “La Fanchonnette ” (1856), “Madame G re- 
 go ire” (1861), etc. 
 
 Clapperton (klap'er-ton), Hugh. Born at An- 
 nan, Scotland, 1788: died at Sakkatu, Africa, 
 April 13, 1827. An African traveler. He was a 
 lieutenant in the navy when Dr. Oudney and Denham 
 started, in 1822, on their exploration of the Sudan. He 
 accompanied them, and returned with Denham in 1824. 
 In the same year, as commander, he proceeded, with Lan- 
 der and three other assistants, to the mouth of the Niger, 
 and explored its course up to Sakkatu. The “Journal ’’ 
 of this expedition was published in 1829. 
 
 Clara (klar'a). [L. clara, bright, illustrious; 
 It. Cldara, Sp. Pg. Clara , F. Claire. ] 1. The 
 
 Hyacinthe of Moli fere’s “Fourberiesde Scapin” 
 in Otway’s “Cheats of Scapin.” — 2. The lover 
 of Ferdinand in Sheridan’s “Duenna.” 
 
 Clara, Saint. The founder of the order of Cla- 
 risses (which see). 
 
 Clarac (kla-rak'), Charles Othon Frederic 
 Jean Baptiste, Comte de. Born at Paris, 
 June 16, 1777: died 1847. A French antiquary 
 and artist, author of “Musfee de sculpture an- 
 tique et moderne ” (1826-55), etc. 
 
 Clarchen (klar'chen). [G., dim. of Clara.] A 
 simple cottage girl in Goethe’s tragedy “Eg- 
 mont,” in love with that hero. She takes poison 
 when he dies. 
 
 Clare (klar). A maritime county of Munster, 
 Ireland, lying between Galway on the north, 
 Tipperary on the east, Limerick on the south, 
 and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. The county 
 town is Ennis. Area, 1,332 square miles. Population, 
 112,334. 
 
 Clare, Earls of. See Fitz gibbon and Holies. 
 Clare, Ada. Bom at Charleston, S. C., 1836: 
 died at New York, March 4, 1874. The pseu- 
 donym and stage name of Jane McElhenney, 
 an actress and writer. 
 
 Clare, Ada. The friend and charge of Esther 
 Summerson in Charles Dickens’s “Bleak 
 House.” She marries Bichard Carstone. 
 
 Clare, Lady Clare de. An English heiress in 
 Sir Walter Scott’s poem “Marmion,” to obtain 
 whose hand Marmion ruins her lover, Balph 
 de Wilton. 
 
 Clare, Elizabeth de. Died Nov. 4, 1360. The 
 third daughter of Gilbert de Clare, ninth Earl 
 of Clare. She was married three times — first to John de 
 Burgh, son of the second F.arl of Ulster, and after his 
 death to Theobald, Lord Verdon, and again to Robert 
 Damory, baron of Armoy. She was tiro founder of Clare 
 College, Cambridge (originally University Hall). 
 
 Clare, John. Bom at Helpstone, near Pe- 
 terborough, England, July 13, 1793: died at 
 Northampton, England, May 20, 1864. An 
 English poet, son of a poor laborer: surnamed 
 “The Northamptonshire Peasant Poet.” He 
 
 Claretie 
 
 wrote “Poems descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery” 
 (1820), “The Village Minstrel ”(1821), “Shepherd’s Calen- 
 dar ” (1827), and “ The Rural Muse ” (1835). 
 
 Clare, Richard de, or Richard Strongbow. 
 
 Died 1176. The second Earl of Pembroke and 
 strigul. In May, 1170, he went to Ireland with a strong 
 force to aid Dermot, king of Leinster, who had been 
 driven from his kingdom, and captured Waterford and 
 Dublin. He married Eva, daughter of Dermot, and be- 
 came governor of Ireland in 1173. 
 
 Clare, Richard de. Born Aug. 4, 1222: died 
 near Canterbury, July 15, 1262. A powerful 
 English noble, eighth Earl of Clare, also Earl 
 of Hertford and Earl of Gloucester. 
 
 Clare College. A college of the University of 
 Cambridge, founded as University Hall in 1326, 
 and refounded (as Clare Hall) in 1359 by Eliza- 
 beth de Clare (or de Burgh). The college 
 buildings were begun in 1638. 
 
 Clare Island. A small island on the west coast 
 of Ireland. It lies at the entrance of Clew Bay, and 
 forms part of the county of Mayo. 
 
 Claremont (klar'mont). A manufacturing 
 town in Sullivan County, New Hampshire, situ- 
 ated on the Connecticut Biver 45 miles north- 
 west of Concord. Population, 7,529, (1910). 
 Claremont. A palace at Esher, Surrey, Eng- 
 land, about 14 miles southwest of London, built 
 by Lord Clive in 1768. It was the residence of Prince 
 Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (later king of the Belgians) and 
 Princess Charlotte, and of Louis Philippe 1848-50. 
 
 Clarence (klar'ens), Dukes of. [ME. Clarence, 
 from OF. Clarence ; said to be from the MGr. 
 K/l apevr^a (It. Cliiarenza, a once important port 
 in Peloponnesus, which gave his ducal title to 
 the eldest son of the Prince of Aehaia), and to 
 have come into England through Philippa, wife 
 of Edward III. It was first given to Lionel, 
 third son of Edward III. ( Chambers .)] See 
 Plantagenet, and William IV. 
 
 Clarence, Fitzroy. One of the pseudonyms of 
 William Makepeace Thackeray. 
 
 Clarence Strait. A channel between Alaska 
 and Prince of Wales Island. Length, 100 miles. 
 Clarendon (klar'en-don), Earls Of. See Hyde 
 and Villiers. 
 
 Clarendon. A hunting-lodge near Salisbury. 
 England, which gave its name to the Constitu- 
 tions of Clarendon. See Clarendon, Constitu- 
 tions of. 
 
 Clarendon, Assize of. An English ordinance 
 issued in 1166 (12 Hen. n.), which introduced 
 changes in the administration of justice. 
 Clarendon, Constitutions of. Ordinances 
 adopted at the Council of Clarendon in 1164, with 
 a view to fixing the limits between the jurisdic- 
 tion of the civil and ecclesiastical courts, and to 
 abolishing abuses due to the encroachments of 
 the Vatican. They provide that “disputes about ad- 
 vowsons and presentations shall be tried by the King's 
 Court ; that criminous clerks shall be tried by the king's 
 courts, unless the justice sends the case to the ecclesi- 
 astical courts, and clerks thus convicted shall be punished 
 as laymen ; that no clergyman shall quit the realm with- 
 out the consent of the king ; that appeals from ecclesias- 
 tical courts shall go to the king, and, unless he consents 
 that they shall go further, the disputes are to be termi- 
 nated by his order in the court of the archbishop ; that 
 no tenant-in-chief or minister of the king shall he excom- 
 municated without the consent of the king ; that clergy 
 shall hold their lands as tenants-in-ehief, and perform all 
 duties and attend the King’s Court with the other tenants- 
 in-chief ; thatelections of archbishops, bishops, and abbots 
 shall take place by order of the king in the King’s Chapel, 
 and that the man elected shall do homage for his lands 
 before he is consecrated ; and that sons of villeins shall 
 not be consecrated without the consent of their lords ” 
 ( Acland and Pansome, Eng. Folit. History, p. 24). 
 
 Clarendon, Council of. A council held in 1164. 
 
 It was occasioned by the opposition of Thomas Becket to 
 the ecclesiastical policy of Henry II., and comprised the 
 king, the archbishops of Canterbury and York, eleven 
 bishops, forty of the higher nobility, and numerous barons. 
 It enacted the so-called Constitutions of Clarendon, “a 
 sort of code or concordat, in sixteen chapters, which in- 
 cluded not merely a system of definite rules to regulate 
 the disposal of the criminal clergy " (the principal point 
 at issue), “but a method of proceeding by which all quar- 
 rels that arose between the clergy and laity might be sat- 
 isfactorily heard and determined ” (Stubbs, Early Planta- 
 genets). 
 
 Clarendon Press. A printing establishment 
 in Oxford, England ? in which the university 
 has the preponderating influence, it was founded 
 partly with profits from the copyright of Clarendon’s 
 “History of the Rebellion.” 
 
 Clarens (kla-roh'). A village in the canton of 
 Vaud, Switzerland, situated on Lake Geneva 
 near its eastern extremity, northwest of Mon- 
 treux. It is famous as the scene of Rousseau’s 
 “ Nouvelle Hfeloise.” 
 
 Claretie (klar-te'), Arsfeue Arnaud, called 
 Jules. Born at Limoges, France, Dec. 3, 1840. 
 A French novelist and journalist. Ho was in turn 
 war correspondent and dramatic critic, and was appointed 
 director of the Th<55tre Franfais on tho death of M. 
 
Claretie 
 
 Perrin. He was war correspondent of the “Rappel ” and 
 the “Opinion Nationale ” in 1870-71, and wrote several 
 books on the war. He became a member of the Academy 
 in 1889. His works include “Un assassin,” or “Robert 
 Burat” (I 860 ), “ Monsieur le Ministre" (1882), “Le Prince 
 Zilah " (1884), “Puyjoli ” (1890), and other volumes. 
 
 Clari (kla're), Giovanni Carlo Maria. Born 
 
 at Pisa, Italy, 1669: died probably about 1745. 
 An Italian composer. His chief work is a col- 
 lection of vocal duets and trios (1720). 
 
 Clari. Am opera by Halevy, first produced at 
 Paris, Dec. 9, 1828. 
 
 Clari, the Maid of Milan. An opera by Sir 
 Henry Bishop, brought out May 8, 1823. in it 
 “Home, Sweet Home" (words by John Howard Payne) 
 was first introduced. 
 
 Claribel (klar'i-bel). [L. clarus, bright, and bel- 
 lus, fair.] In Spenser’s “Faerie Queene,” the 
 chosen bride of Phaon. She is traduced by Philemon. 
 Phaon slays her, and, finding how he has been deceived, 
 poisons Philemon, ii. 4. 
 
 Claribel, Sir. In Spenser’s “Faerie Queene,” 
 one of four knights who had a fray about the 
 false Florimel. Britomart fights with them, and 
 the combat is “stinted” by Prince Arthur, 
 iv. 9. 
 
 Clarice (klar'is ; F. pron. kla-res' ; It. pron. kla- 
 re'che). [F. for Clarissa. ] The sister of Huon 
 of Bordeaux in the early French and Italian ro- 
 mances. She marries Rinaldo. 
 
 Claridea (kla-re'den), or Glariden (gla-), Pass. 
 A glacier pass in the Swiss Alps, leading from 
 the Maderaner Thai to Staehelberg in Glarus. 
 Elevation, 9,843 feet. 
 
 Claridiana (kla-rid-i-an'a). 1. One of the prin- 
 cipal characters in ‘ ‘ The Mirror of Knight- 
 hood.” After much turmoil and fighting she marries the 
 Knight of the Sun who was also loved by “the fair Linda- 
 brides. ” 
 
 2. The enchanted queen in Mendoza’s Spanish 
 play “ Querer Por Solo Querer” (“To Love lor 
 Love’s Sake ”), translated by Sir Richard Fan- 
 shawe. 
 
 Claridoro (klar-i-do'ro). The rival of Felisbravo 
 in Mendoza’s Spanish play “Querer Por Solo 
 Querer” (“ To Love for Love’s Sake”), trans- 
 lated by Sir Richard Fanshawe. 
 
 Clarin (klar'in), or Clarinda (kla-rin'da). The 
 trusted handmaid of Queen Radigund in Spen- 
 ser’s “Faerie Queene,” v. 5. She betrays her 
 mistress, seeking to divide her from Artegal. 
 Clarinda (kla-rin'da). 1. Waiting- woman to 
 Carniola in Massinger’s play “The Maid of 
 Honour.” — 2. In Fletcher's “Lover’s Pro- 
 gress,” the adroit and unscrupulous waiting- 
 woman of Calista. — 3. In Thomas Shadwell’s 
 comedy “ The Virtuoso,” a niece of the Virtu- 
 oso, in love with Longvil. — 4. The principal 
 female character in Mrs. Centlivre’s play “ The 
 Beau’s Duel,” in love with Colonel Manly. — 
 5. The niece of Sir Solomon Sadlife in Cibber’s 
 comedy “The Double Gallant.” She “blows 
 cold and hot ” upon the passion of Clerimont. 
 Clarington (klar'ing-ton), Sir Arthur. Aprof- 
 ligate, heartless, and avaricious wretch iu 
 “The Witch of Edmonton,” by Dekker, Ford, 
 and others. 
 
 Clarissa (kla-ris'a). The wife of Gripe the 
 money-scrivener in Vanbrugh’s comedy “The 
 Confederacy.” She is a sparkling, luxurious 
 woman with a great admiration for the nobility 
 and gentry. 
 
 Clarissa Harlowe (kla-ris'a har'lo). A novel 
 by Samuel Richardson (published 1748) : so 
 called from the name of its heroine. 
 
 Clarisses (kla-res'), Les. A religious sister- 
 hood of the order of Sainte-Claire, founded in 
 1212. 
 
 Clark (kliirk), Abraham. [The surnames Clark, 
 Clarice, Clerk , Clerke are from dark, clerk, a 
 learned man, a writer, a reader.] Born at 
 Elizabethtown, N. J., Feb. 15, 1726: died at 
 Rahway, N. J., Sept. 15, 1794. An American 
 patriot, one of the signers of the Declaration 
 of Independence. 
 
 Clark, Alvan. Born at Ashfield. Mass., March 
 8, 1808: died at Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 19, 1887. 
 Am American optician, famous as a manufac- 
 turer of telescopes (at Cambridge, Massachu- 
 setts). He was originally an engraver and portrait-paint- 
 er. The firm of Alvan Clark and Sons was founded in 
 1846. He made telescopes for the U Diversity of Mississippi 
 (object-glass 18', inches: finally purchased by the Univer- 
 sity of Chicago), the University of Virginia (26 inches), 
 the United States Naval Observatory at Washington (26 
 inches), the observatory at Pulkowa (30 inches), the Lick 
 Observatory (36 inches), and others. 
 
 Clark, Sir Andrew. Born Oct. 28, 1826 : died 
 Nov. 6, 1893. An eminent Scotch physician. 
 He resided in London. 
 
 Clark, or Clarke, George Rogers. Born in 
 
 256 
 
 Albemarle County, Va., Nov. 19, 1752: died at 
 Locust Grove, near Louisville, Ky., Feb. 13, 
 1818. An American general in the wars against 
 the Indians 1777-82. 
 
 Clark, Sir James. Born at Cullen, Banffshire, 
 Scotland, Dee. 14, 1788: died at BagshotPark, 
 England, June 29, 18 r, 0. A British physician. 
 He was physician iu ordinary to the queen from 1837. He 
 wrote “The Influence of Climate in the Prevention and 
 Cure of Chronic Diseases ” (1829), “ Treatise on Pulmonary 
 Consumption ” (1835), etc. 
 
 Clark, Lewis Gaylord. Born at Otisco, N. Y., 
 1810: died at Piermont, N. Y., Nov. 3, 1873. An 
 American journalist. He was editor of the 
 “Knickerbocker Magazine ” 1834-59. 
 
 Clark, Rev. T. The pseudonym of John Galt. 
 Clark University. A non-sectarian institu- 
 tion opened at Worcester, Massachusetts, in 
 1887. It was named for Jonas Clark, its founder, and is 
 intended rather for the promotion of research than for 
 ordinary collegiate education. 
 
 Clark, or Clarke, William. Born in Virginia, 
 Aug. 1, 1770: died at St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 1, 
 1838. An American commander and explorer, 
 brother of G. R. Clark. He was associated with 
 Lewis in the command of an exploring expedition from St. 
 Louis to the mouth of the Columbia, 1804-06. He was gov- 
 ernor of Missouri Territory 1813-21, and waB superinten- 
 dent of Indian affairs in St. Louis till his death. 
 
 Clark, William George. Born March, 1821: 
 died at York, England, Nov. 6, 1878. An Eng- 
 lish scholar, a graduate of Cambridge, and fel- 
 low and tutor of Trinity College. He was the edi- 
 tor, with Mr. Glover (Vol. I.') and Mi-. Aldis Wright, of the 
 “Cambridge" Shakspere (1863-66), and, with Mr. Wright, 
 of the “Globe” Shakspere, and author of works of travel 
 (“Gazpacho," “The Peloponnesus," etc.) and of poems, 
 “A Scale of Lyrics,” etc. 
 
 Clark, William Tierney. Born at Bristol, 
 England, Aug. 23, 1783: died Sept. 22, 1852. 
 A noted English civil engineer. He was the 
 builder of the old Hammersmith suspension-bridge (taken 
 down 1885), and of the suspension-bridge over the Danube, 
 uniting Pest and Buda (ouilt 1839-49). 
 
 Clark, Willis Gaylord. Born at Otisco, N. Y., 
 1810: died Juno 12, 1841. An American poet 
 and journalist, twin brother of L. G. Clark. He 
 wrote ‘ ‘ Ollapodiana ” for the ‘ ‘ Knickerbocker ” 
 (published 1844). 
 
 Clarke (kliirk), Adam. Born at Moybeg, Lon- 
 donderry County, Ireland, about 1762: died at 
 London, Aug. 26, 1832. An eminent British 
 Wesleyan clergyman and biblical scholar. He 
 wrote “Commentary on the Holy Bible” (1810-26), etc. 
 From 1808 to 1818 he was occupied in editing Rymer's 
 “Foedera." 
 
 Clarke, Sir Alured. Born about 1745: died at 
 Llangollen, Wales, Sept. 16, 1832. An English 
 soldier, appointed field-marshal on the acces- 
 sion of William IV. He served as lieutenant-colonel 
 under Howe in New York 1776; succeeded John Bur- 
 goyne as master-general of the Hessian troops ; was lieu- 
 tenant-governor of Jamaica 1782-90; was stationed at 
 Quebec 1791-93 ; went to India in 1795 ; took part iu the 
 capture of Cape Colony in Sept, of the same year; and 
 succeeded Sir Robert Abercromby as commander-in chief 
 in India May 17, 1798. 
 
 Clarke, Charles Cowden. Born at Enfield, 
 near London, Dec. 15, 1787 : died at Genoa, 
 Italy, March 13, 1877. An English man of let- 
 ters, publisher (a partner of Alfred Novello) 
 and lecturer on Shakspere and other dramatic 
 poets. He married Mary Victoria, daughter of Vincent 
 Novello, J uly 5, 1828. He began to lecture on Shakspere, 
 Chaucer, and other poets and dramatists in 1834, and con- 
 tinued this career until 1856. He was the author of “ Tales 
 from Chaucer ”(1833), “Riches of Chaucer ”(1836), “Shak- 
 speare Characters ” (1863), “ Moliere Characters ” (1865), 
 etc., and joint author with his wife of the “ Shakspeare 
 Key : unlocking the treasures of his style,” etc. (1879), edi- 
 tions of Shakspere, “ Recollections of Writers ” (1878), etc. 
 
 Clarke, Mrs. (Mary Victoria Novello, usually 
 known as Mrs. Cowden Clarke). Born at 
 London, June 22, 1809: died at Genoa, Jan. 
 12, 1898. An English Shaksperian scholar and 
 author, wife of 0. C. Clarke. She published “The 
 Complete Concordance to Shakspere" (1846), which was 
 compiled during the assiduous labor of sixteen years (it 
 does not contain the words of the sonnets and poems), 
 “The Girlhood of Shakspere’s Heroines” (1850), “The 
 Iron Cousin,” a novel (1854), “ Memorial Sonnets” (1888), 
 and other works. 
 
 Clarke, Edward Daniel. Born at Willingdon, 
 Sussex, England, June 5, 1769: died at Lon- 
 don, March 9, 1822. An English traveler and 
 mineralogist, appointed professor of mineral- 
 ogy at Cambridge in 1808, and librarian in 
 1817. His works include “Travels in Various Countries 
 of Europe, Asia, and Africa” (1810-23), and numerous 
 scientific papers. He made important collections of min- 
 erals (purchased by the University of Cambridge), manu- 
 scripts, coins, etc. He brought to England the so-called 
 “Ceres,” a colossal statue (a eistophorus), found at Eleu- 
 sis by Whelerin 1676, and now in the Fitzwilliara Museum. 
 
 Clarke, Henri Jacques Guillaume, Comte 
 d’Hunebourg, Due de Foltro. Born at Landre- 
 
 Classis 
 
 cies, Nord, France, Oct. 17, 1765: died at Neu- 
 vilier, France, Oct. 28, 1818. A marshal of 
 France, minister of war 1815-17. 
 
 Clarke, Hyde. Born at London, Dec. 14, 1815 : 
 died there, March 1, 1895. An English engineer 
 and philologist. His works include “A New and Com- 
 prehensive Dictionary of the English Language” (1853), and 
 numerous philological and ethnological treatises. 
 
 Clarke, James Freeman. Bom at Hanover, 
 N. H., April 4, 1810: died at Jamaica Plain, 
 Mass., June 8, 1888. An American Unitarian 
 clergyman, theologian, and miscellaneous au- 
 thor. He was graduated at Har vard in 1829, preached at 
 Louisville, Kentucky, 1833-40, and founded at Boston in 
 1841 the Church of the Disciples, of which he was pastor 
 until his death. His works include “Christian Doctrine 
 of Forgiveness ” (1852), “Christian Doctrine of Prayer" 
 (1854), “Orthodoxy, its Truths and Errors” (1866), “Ten 
 Great Religions ” (1871), etc. 
 
 Clarke, John. Born in Bedfordshire, England, 
 Oct. 8, 1609: died at Newport, R. I., April 20, 
 1676. An English physician, one of the foun- 
 ders of Rhode Island. He was driven from Massa- 
 chusetts in 1638, and was one of the purchasers of Aquid- 
 neck (Rhode Island) from the Indians. In 1639 he was 
 one of the founders of Newport, where he became pastor 
 of the Baptist church founded in 1644. 
 
 Clarke, John Sleeper (real name John Clarke 
 Sleeper). Born at Baltimore, Md., Sept. 3, 
 1833 : died at Surbiton-on-Thames, England, 
 Sept. 25, 1899. An American comedian. He 
 made his first appearance in Boston in 1851. He married 
 Asia, daughter of Junius Booth, in 1859. In 1864 he un- 
 dertook tlie management of the Winter Garden Theater 
 with William Stuart and Edwin Booth : this he gave up 
 in 1867. In 1833, with Edwin Booth, he bought the Walnut 
 Street Theater in Philadelphia. In 1866 they obtained 
 the lease of the Boston Theater. In Oct., 1867, he ap- 
 peared in London, where, with brief interruptions, lie 
 remained. In 1872 he became proprietor of the Charing 
 Cross Theater, afterward managing the Haymarket. His 
 Doctor Pangloss, Ollapod, Major Wellington de Boots, and 
 Salem Scudder were successful. 
 
 Clarke, MacDonald. Born at New London, 
 Conn., June 18, 1798: died at New York, March 
 5, 1842. An American poet, called, on account 
 of his eccentricities, “The Mad Poet.” A num- 
 ber of collections of his poems have been published, in- 
 cluding “A Review of the Eve of Eternity, and other 
 Poems”(1820), “TheElixirofMoonshine.bytheMad Poet" 
 (1822), “The Gossip” (1825), “Poetic Sketches” (1826), 
 “The Belles of Broadway” (1833), and “Poems” (1836). 
 
 Clarke, Marcus Andrew Hyslop. Born at 
 Kensington, London, April 24, 1846: died at 
 Melbourne, Australia, Aug. 2, 1881. An Austra- 
 lian journalist and novelist. He went to Victoria 
 in 1863. His principal work, a novel, “For the Term of 
 his Natural Life,” was published in 1874. 
 
 Clarke, Mary Anne. Born at London in 1776 : 
 died at Boulogne, June 21, 1852. An English 
 woman of obscure origin, mistress of the Duke 
 of Y ork. She became notorious from the public scandals 
 which grew out of her connection with the duke. She 
 wrote “ The Rival Princes ” (the dukes of York and Kent). 
 She was condemned to nine months’ imprisonment for 
 libel in 1813. After 1815 she lived in Paris. 
 
 Clarke, Samuel. Born at Norwich, England, 
 Oct. 11, 1675: died at London, May 17, 1729. 
 A celebrated English divine and metaphysical 
 writer, son of an alderman of Norwich. He was 
 a graduate of Cambridge (Caius College), and was succes- 
 sively rector of Drayton, near Norwich ; of St. Bennet’s, 
 London, in 1706 ; and of St. James’s, Westminster, in 1709. 
 He was also one of the chaplains of Queen Anne. His most 
 celebrated work is his “Boyle Lectures” (1704-05), pub- 
 lished as “ A Discourse concerning the Being and Attri- 
 butes of God, the Obligations of Natural Religion, and the 
 Truth and Certainty of the Christian Revelation, in answer 
 to Mr. Hobbes, Spinoza, etc.” His metaphysical argu- 
 ment for the existence of God is especially famous, and he 
 also holds a nigh place in the history of the science of 
 ethics. 
 
 Clarke, William. See Clark. 
 
 Clarke’s River, or Clarke’s Fork of the Colum- 
 bia River. [Named for Captain William Clarke.] 
 A river iu Montana, Idaho, and Washington, 
 formed by the Bitter Root and Flathead rivers 
 near the Horse Plain, Montana. It joins the 
 Columbia in lat. 49° 3' N. Total length, in- 
 cluding head stream, about 700 miles. 
 Clarke-Whitfield. See Whitfield. 
 
 Clarkson (klark'son), Thomas. Bom at Wis- 
 beaeh, Cambridgeshire, England, March 28, 
 1760: died at Playford Hall, near Ipswich, 
 England, Sept. 26, 1846. An English abolition- 
 ist, occupied as pamphleteer and agitator 1786- 
 1794. He wrote a “ History of the Abolition of 
 the Slave Trade” (1808), etc. 
 
 Classis (klas'is). [L.] See the quotation. 
 
 The town of Ravenna was already three miles distant 
 from the sea (no doubt owing to a previous alteration of 
 the coast line), but he [Augustus] improved the then exist- 
 ing harbour, to which he gave the appropriate name of 
 Classis, and connected it with the old town by a causeway, 
 about which clustered another intermediate town called 
 Ceesarca. Classis, then, in the days of the Roman em- 
 perors, was a busy port and arsenal — Wapping and Chat- 
 
Classis 
 
 Ham combined — capable of affording anchorage to 260 
 vessels, resounding with all the noises of men “whose cry 
 is in their ships.” Go to it now, and you find one of the 
 loneliest of all lonely moors, not a house, scarcely a cot- 
 tage in sight : only the glorious church of San Apollinare 
 in Classe, which, reared in the sixth century by command 
 of Justinian, still stands, though the bases of its columns 
 are green with damp, yet rich in the unfaded beauty of 
 Its mosaics. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 435. 
 
 Clatsop (klat'sop). A tribe of the Lower Chi- 
 nook division of North American Indians. 
 They formerly lived at Cape Adams, on the south side of 
 Columbia River, Oregon, up that river to Tongue Point, 
 and southward, along the Pacific coast, nearly to Tillamook 
 Head, Oregon. There are still a few survivors residing 
 about six miles above the mouth of the Columbia River 
 in Oregon, and also a few on the Grande Roude reserva- 
 tion in the same State. See Chinookan. 
 
 Claude (Mad; F. pron. klod), Jean. [F. Claude, 
 from L. Claudius .] Born at La Sauvetat, near 
 Agen, France, 1619 : died at The Hague, Nether- 
 lands, Jan. 13, 1687. A celebrated French Prot- 
 estant clergyman and controversialist. He was 
 pastor of La Treyne, then at Saint- Affrique, and then at 
 N lines where he was also professor of theology, and in 1661 
 was prohibited from exercising his ecclesiastical functions. 
 In 1662 he was appointed pastor and professor of theology 
 at Montauban, but was suspended in 1666. He retired to 
 Holland on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. His 
 chief work is a “Defense de la reformation ” (1673). 
 
 Claude d’ Abbeville (klod dab-vel'). Died at 
 Rouen, 1616. A French Capuchin, a native of 
 Abbeville. From 1612 to 1614 hewasa missionary in the 
 French colony of Maranhao, in Brazil. His Histoire de 
 la mission des peres Capucins en lisle de Maragnan” 
 
 lation (Maranhao, 1874). 
 
 Claude Lorrain (klad lo-ran': F. pron. klod lo- 
 rah') (real name, Claude Gelee or Gellee). 
 Born at Chamagne, Vosges, France, 1600 : died 
 at Rome, Nov. 21, 1682. A celebrated French 
 landscape-painter. Taken in 1613 to Rome by a rela- 
 tive, he went thence to Naples, where he spent two years as 
 a pupil of Godfrey Wals, a painter from Cologne. From 
 1619 to 1625 he lived in Rome, working as an apprentice 
 and valet to Agosiino Tassi, who was employed by the 
 Cardinal di Montalto to decorate his palace. After this 
 he returned to Lorraine by Venice and the Tyrol. At 
 Nancy he found employment in decorating the Chapelle 
 des Cannes, for Duke Charles III., with figures and archi- 
 tectural ornaments, until the middle of the year 1627, 
 when he returned to Rome to remain for the rest of his 
 life. By 1634 Claude had become a celebrity in Rome, and 
 had painted many pictures. The “ Liber Veritatis," a col- 
 lection of two hundred outline drawings of his paintings 
 (later engraved and published) was begun about 1634 and 
 finished March 25, 1675. The “Claude Lorrain mirror” is 
 so called from the fancied similarity of its effects to his 
 pictures. 
 
 Ciaudet (Mo -da'), Antoine Francois Jean. 
 
 Born at Lyons, France. Aug. 12, 1797 : died at 
 London, Dec. 27, 1867. A French photographer, 
 resident in London after 1829 : noted for his 
 improvements and inventions in photographic 
 apparatus and processes. 
 
 Claudia (kla'di-a). [L., fern, of Claudius.'] A 
 common Roman female name. 
 
 Claudia gens (kla'di-a jenz). In ancient Rome, 
 a plebeian and patrician clan or house. The 
 patrician Claudii were of Sabine origin, and came to 
 Rome 504 B. c. Their surnames were Csecus, Caudex, 
 Centho, Crassus, Pulcher, Regillensis, and Sabiuus. The 
 surnames of the plebeian Claudii were Asellus, Canina, 
 Centumalus, Cicero, Flamen, and Marcellus. 
 
 Claudian (Ma'di-an). See Claudianus. 
 
 Claudianus (Ma-di-a'nus), Claudius. Bom at 
 Alexandria, Egypt, probably about 365 a. d. : 
 died about 408 (?). A noted Latin poet. He was 
 the panegyrist of Stilicho, Theodosius, Honorius, and 
 others. He wrote panegyrics, epithalamia, “De raptu 
 Proserpina;,” etc. 
 
 Claudia Quinta (kla'di-a kwin'ta). In Roman 
 legend, a woman, probably the sister of Appius 
 Claudius Pulcher. In 206 b. c., when the ship con- 
 veying the image of Cybele stuck fast in a shallow at the 
 mouth of the Tiber and the soothsayers announced that 
 only a chaste woman could move it, she cleared herself 
 from an accusation of incontinency by stepping forward 
 from among the matrons who had accompanied Scipio to 
 receive the image, and towing the vessel to Rome. 
 
 Claudio (kla'di-d). 1. A young Florentine in 
 love with Hero, in Shakspere’s “Much Ado 
 about Nothing.” He falls too easily into belief 
 in Hero’s dishonor. — 2. Tho lover of Juliet in 
 Shakspere’s ‘ ‘ Measure for Measure.” According 
 to an old law, newly pat in force, he is about to be exe- 
 cuted for his intercourse with her, though he considers 
 himself her husband. He is saved by his sister Isabella. 
 
 Claudius (kl&' di-us) I. (Tiberius Claudius 
 Drusus Nero Germanicus). [L., Game’; It. 
 Sp. Claudio, F. Claude.] Born at Lugdunum, 
 Gaul, Aug. 1, 10 B. c. : died 54 a. d. Emperor 
 of Romo 41-54. He was the grandson of Tiberius 
 Claudius Nero and Livia, who afterward married Augustus, 
 and son of Drusus and Antonia, the daughter of Marc An- 
 tony. Being feeble in mind and body, he was excluded 
 from public affairs by his predecessor, although the empty 
 honor of a consulship was bestowed on him in 37 by his 
 nephew Cal igula, on whose murder in 41 he was proclaimed 
 emperor by the pretorian guards. Naturally of a mild and 
 C— 17 
 
 267 
 
 amiable disposition, his accession was signalized by acts of 
 clemency and justice, which, however, under the influence 
 of his third wife, the infamous Valeria Messalina, and his 
 favorites, thefreedmen Narcissus, Pallas, and others, were 
 subsequently obscured by cruelty and bloodshed. He vis- 
 ited Britain in 43. In 49, after the execution of Messalina, 
 who, during his absence at Ostia, had contracted a public 
 marriage with Caius Silus, he married his niece Agrip- 
 pina the younger. She persuaded him to set aside his own 
 son Britannicus, and to adopt her son by a former mar- 
 riage, L. Domitius, as his successor. Repenting of this 
 step soon after, he was poisoned by Agrippina, and L. 
 Domitius ascended the throne under the name of Nero. 
 The famous Claudian aqueduct in Rome is named for 
 him. 
 
 Claudius II. (Marcus Aurelius Claudius, 
 surnamed Gothicus). Born in Dardania or 
 Illyria, 214: died at Sirmium, Pannonia, 270 
 A. D. Emperor of Rome 268-270. He defeated 
 the Alamanni in northern Italy in 268, and de- 
 feated the Goths near Naissus, Moesia, in 269. 
 
 Claudius. 1. The King of Denmark and uncle 
 of Hamlet in Shakspere’s tragedy “ Hamlet.” — 
 2. A servant of Brutus in Shakspere’s “Julius 
 Caesar.” 
 
 Claudius, Appius, surnamed Cascus (‘the 
 Blind’). Died, after 280 B. C. A Roman states- 
 man. He was censor 312-308, and consul 307 and 296. 
 He commenced the Appian Way and completed the Ap- 
 pian aqueduct. From him Roman jurisprudence, oratory, 
 grammar, and Latin prose date their beginning. He 
 abolished the limitation of the full right of citizenship to 
 landed proprietors. 
 
 Claudius (klou'de-os), Matthias. Born in 
 Reinfeld, in Holstein, Aug. 15, 1740: died at 
 Hamburg, Jan. 21, 1815. A German poet. 
 He studied at Jena, and settled afterward in Wandsbeclc, 
 near Altona, where, under the name of Asmus, he pub- 
 lished a weekly periodical, “Der WandsbeckerBote.” He 
 was the author of numerous lyrics, some of which have 
 become genuine folk-songs. A collection of his works 
 with the title “Asmus omnia sua secum portans, Oder 
 Sammtliche Werke des Wandsbecker Boten ” appeared at 
 Hamburg 1775-1812. 
 
 Claudius Crassus (Ma'di-us kras'us), Appius. 
 A Roman consul, decemvir 451-449 b. c. 
 
 Claudius Nero. See Nero. 
 
 Claudius of Turin. Died 839. A bishop of 
 Turin. He was a Spaniard by birth, was a pupil of 
 Felix of Urgel, and was appointed bishop of Turin by 
 Louis le Diibonnaire in 820. He denied that the monastic 
 vow possessed any peculiar merit, that Rome was the 
 special seat of penitence and absolution, and that any 
 special power of loosing and binding had been given to 
 Peter, and rejected the worship of images and relic3. 
 Author of “ Apologeticum atque Rescriptum adversus 
 Theutmirum Abbatem," no copy of which is now known 
 to exist. 
 
 Claudius Pulcher (kla'di-us pul'ker), Appius. 
 Died in Euboea, 46 b. c. A Roman politician, 
 brother of the demagogue Clodius. 
 
 Claus (klaz), Santa. See Nicholas, Saint. 
 
 Clausel (klo-zel'), Bertrand, Comte. Born at 
 Mirepoix, Allege, France, Dec. 12, 1772 : died 
 at Secourieu, near Toulouse, France, April 21, 
 1842. A marshal of France. He served with dis- 
 tinction in the Napoleonic wars, especially in Spain 1810- 
 1813, aud was governor-general of Algeria 1835-37. 
 
 Clausen (klou'zen), Henrik Nikolai. Bom 
 
 at Maribo, Denmark, April 22, 1793: died at 
 Copenhagen, March 28, 1877. A Danish theo- 
 logian. He was professor of theology at Copenhagen 
 1822-76, and state councilor 1848-51. His works include 
 “Katholicismens og Protestantismens Kirkeforfatnitig 
 Lareog Ritus”(1825, “Church Organization, Doctrine, and 
 Ritual of Catholicism and Protestantism”), etc. 
 
 Clausenburg. See Elausenburg. 
 
 Clausewitz (klou'ze-vits), Karl von. Born at 
 Burg, Prussia, June 1, 1780: died at Breslau, 
 Prussia, Nov. 16, 1831. A Prussian officer and 
 military writer. He wrote “tibersicht desFeldzugs 
 von 1813,” etc. (1814), “ Hinterlassene Werke ”(1832-37, in- 
 cluding “ Vom Kriege,” “Der Feldzug von 1796 in ltal- 
 ien,” etc.). 
 
 Clausius (klou'ze-os), Rudolf Julius Emanuel. 
 
 Born at Koslin, Pomerania, Prussia, J an. 2, 1822: 
 died at Bonn, Aug. 24, 1888. A celebrated Ger- 
 man physicist. He became professor of physics in the 
 University of Bonn in 1869, a post which he retained until 
 his death. Author of “ Die mechanische Warmetheorie” 
 (2d ed. 1876-91), “ Uber das Wesen der Warme ” (1857), and 
 “ Die Potentialfunktion und das Potential ” (1859). 
 
 Clausthal, or Klausthal (klous'tal). A town 
 in the province of Hannover, Prussia, situated 
 in the Harz Mountains 44 miles southeast of 
 Hannover. It is noted for its silver- and lead-mines, 
 and is the seat of the mining authorities of the region. 
 Population, commune, 8,631. 
 
 Claveret (lclav-ra'), Jean. Born at Orleans, 
 1590 : died 1666. A French poet, chiefly notable 
 as an adversary and would-be rival of Corneille. 
 He wrote a “Lottre contre le siour Corneille, 
 soi-disant auteur du Cid,” etc. 
 
 Claverhouse, John Graham of. See Graham, 
 John. 
 
 Clavifere (klii-vyar'), Etienne. Born at Gene- 
 va, Jan. 27, 1735: died Dec. 8, 1793. A Revo- 
 
 Clazomense 
 
 lutionary politician and financier, French min- 
 ister of finance in 1792. He was identified with the 
 Girondins, and on their fall was accused and arrested and 
 brought before the Revolutionary tribunal. He commit- 
 ted suicide in prison. 
 
 Clavigero (kla-ve-Ha'ro), Francisco Xavier 
 ( Saverio). Born at V era Cm z, 1731 : died at Bo- 
 logna, Italy, 1787. A Mexican Jesuit historian. 
 He taught rhetoric and philosophy in the principal Jesuit 
 colleges of Mexico, and after the expulsion of his order 
 (1767) founded an academy at Bologna. His “Storia An- 
 tica del Messico” (Cesena, 1780) includes the Aztec period 
 of Mexican history and the conquest, and had an immediate 
 and wide success. It was translated into various lan- 
 guages. His “ Storia della California ” was published after 
 his death (Venice, 1789). 
 
 Clavigo (kla-ve'gb). A tragedy by Goethe, pub- 
 lished June 1, 1774. See Clavijo y Fajardo, Jose. 
 Clavijo, Don. An accomplished cavalier in 
 “Don Quixote,” who was metamorphosed into a 
 crocodile and was disench anted by Don Quixote . 
 Clavijo, Ruy Gonzalez de. Bom at Madrid: 
 died at Madrid, 1412. A Spanish diplomat 
 and traveler in the Orient, ambassador of 
 Henry IH. of Castile to Tamerlane 1403-06. 
 He wrote “Historia del gran Tamerlan 6 Itin- 
 erario,” etc. (printed 1582). 
 
 Clavijo y Fajardo (kla-ve'Ho e fa-nar'do), 
 Jose. Born in the Canary Islands about 
 1730 : died at Madrid, 1806. A Spanish offi- 
 cial (curator of the royal archives), journalist, 
 and translator of Buffon. He is known chiefly 
 from his quarrel (1764) with Beaumarchais on account 
 of the latter’s sister. He was forced to sign an acknow- 
 ledgment of wrong-doing which cost him his honor and 
 his official position. He was made the subject of a tra- 
 gedy by Goethe. See Beaumarchais. 
 
 Clavileno (Ma-ve-lan'yo), El Allgero. [Sp., 
 ‘ the winged pin- (or peg-) timber.’] The wooden 
 horse used by Don Quixote. It was managed 
 by a wooden pin in its forehead. 
 
 Clay (kla), Cassius Marcellus. Bom at White- 
 hall, Madison Co., Ky., Oct. 19, 1810: died there, 
 July 22, 1903. An American politician, son of 
 General Green Clay. He was an antislavery advocate, 
 and United States minister to Russia 1861-62 and 1863-69. 
 
 Clay, Clement Claiborne. Born in Madison 
 County, Ala., 1819: died near Huntsville, Ala., 
 Jan. 3, 1882. An American politician. He was 
 United States senator from Alabama 1854-61, 
 and a Confederate senator and secret agent. 
 Clay, Green. Born in Powhatan County, Va., 
 Aug. 14, 1757 : died Oct. 31, 1826. An Ameri- 
 can general. He defended Fort Meigs against 
 a British force in 1813. 
 
 Clay, Henry. Bom in Hanover County, near 
 Richmond, Va., April 12, 1777: died at Wash- 
 ington, D. C., June 29, 1852. A celebrated 
 American statesman and orator. He was United 
 States senator from Kentucky 1806-07 and 1810-11; was 
 member of Congress from Kentucky 1811-21 and 1823-25 
 (serving as speaker 1811-14, 1815-20, and 1823-25) ; was 
 peace commissioner at Ghent in 1814 ; was candidate for 
 the Pi esidency in 1824 ; was secretary of state 1825-29 ; was 
 United States senator 1831-42 and 1849-52 ; was Whig can- 
 didate for the Pr esidency in 1832 and 1844 ; was the chief de- 
 signer of the “ Missouri Compromise ” of 1820, and of the 
 compromise of 1850; and was the author of (he compro- 
 mise tariff of 1833. Complete works, with biography, 
 edited by Colton (1857). 
 
 Clay, James. Born at London, 1805: died at 
 Brighton, England, 1873. An English author- 
 ity on whist, author of “A Treatise on the 
 Game of Whist by J. C.,” affixed to Baldwin’s 
 “Laws of Short Whist” (1864). He was a 
 member of Parliament from 1847 until 1873. 
 Clayborne, William. See Claiborne. 
 
 Clay Cross (kla kros). A coal- and iron-min- 
 ing center in Derbyshire, England, about 4 
 miles south of Chesterfield. 
 
 Claypole (kla/pol), Noah. Ml-. Sowerberry’s 
 apprentice, a charity hoy and afterward a thief, 
 a character in Charles Dickens’s ‘ ‘ Oliver Twist.” 
 He marries Charlotte, Mrs. Sowerberry’s ser- 
 vant. 
 
 Clays (Mas), Paul Jean. Born at Bruges, Bel- 
 gium, Nov. 27, 1819: died at Brussels, Feb. 
 9, 1900. A Belgian marine-painter, pupil of 
 Gudin. 
 
 Clayton (kla 'ton), John. Born at Fulham, 
 England, 1693: died in Virginia, Dec. 15, 1773. 
 An English-American botanist. The genus 
 Claytonia was named in his honor. 
 
 Clayton, John Middleton. Born at Dagsbor- 
 ough, Sussex County, Del., July 24, 1796: died 
 at Dover, Del., Nov. 9, 1856. An American 
 politician. He was United States senator from Dela- 
 ware 1829-37, 1846-49, and 1851-66. As secretary of state, 
 1849-50, he negotiated the liulwer-CTlayton treaty. 
 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. See Bulwer-Clayton 
 Treaty. 
 
 Clazomenae (kla-zom'e-ne). [Gr. K hi^ofievaL] 
 An ancient Ionian city of Asia Minor, situated 
 
Clazomense 
 
 about 20 miles southwest of Smyrna, near the 
 modern Vnrla. It was the birthplace of Anax- 
 agoras. 
 
 Cleante (kla-ont'). [F.] 1. The lover of An- 
 
 gfdique in Moliere’s “Malade Imaginaire.” — 2. 
 The brother-in-law of Orgon, and brother of 
 Elmire, in Moliere’s “ Tartufe.” He is as genu- 
 inely good as Tartufe is hypocritical. — 3. The 
 son of Harpagon in Moliere’s “L’Avare.” He 
 is in love with Mariane. 
 
 Cleanthe (kle-an'the). The sister of Siphax 
 in Fletcher’s “Mad Lover.” 
 Cleanthes(kle-an'thez). [Gr. K Xeavdr/g.] Bom 
 at Assos, Asia Minor, about 300 B.c. : died at 
 Athens about 220. A Greek Stoic philosopher, 
 a disciple and the successor of Zeno. 
 Cleanthes. 1. The friend of Cleomenes, and 
 captain of Ptolemy’s guard, in Dryden’s tragedy 
 “Cleomenes.” — 2. The son of Leonides in 
 ‘ ‘ The Old Law,” a play by Massinger, Middle- 
 ton, and Rowley: a model of filial piety and 
 tenderness. 
 
 Cleanthis (kle-an'this). A waiting-woman to 
 Alcmena, and wife of Sosia, in Moliere’s “ Am- 
 hitryon.” 
 
 ear (kler), Cape. The southernmost point 
 of Ireland, situated on the island of Clear in 
 lat. 51° 26' N., long. 9° 29' W. 
 
 Clearchus (kle-ar'kus). [Gr. K/Ja/t^or.] Born 
 at Sparta: executed by Artaxerxes, 401 b. c. 
 A Lacedaemonian general. He fought under Min- 
 darus at the battle of Cyzicus 410. In 40s his tyrannous 
 conduct as harmost during the siege of Byzantium by the 
 Athenians led to the surrender of the city by the inhabi- 
 tants during his absence in Asia, whither he had gone to 
 collect a force to raise the siege. In 406 he fought under 
 Callicratidas at the battle of Arginus®. After the Pelo- 
 ponnesian war he persuaded the ephor to send him as 
 general to Thrace to protect the Greeks against the na- 
 tives ; and, having proceeded thither in spite of an order 
 for his recall which overtook him on the way, was con- 
 demned to death. Defeated by a force sent against him 
 under Panthoides, he fled to Cyrus the Younger, under 
 whom he commanded a body of Greek mercenaries in the 
 expedition against Artaxerxes, 401. After the battle of 
 Cunaxa, in which Cyrus was killed, he was treacherously 
 seized, with four other Grecian generals, by Tissaphernes 
 at a conference, and sent to Artaxerxes, who ordered them 
 to be put to death. The surviving Greeks, however, hav- 
 ing chosen new generals, accomplished the famous retreat 
 known as the “ltetreatof the Ten Thousand.” S eeXeno- 
 plum, Anabasis. 
 
 Cleaveland. See Cleveland. 
 
 Cleaveland (klev'land), Parker. Born at 
 Rowley, Mass., Jan. 15, 1780: died at Bruns- 
 wick, Maine, Oct. 15, 1858. An American 
 mineralogist. He was professor in Bowdoin College 
 (Maine) 1805-58. He wrote “Mineralogy and Geology” 
 (1816), etc. 
 
 Cleaver (lde'ver), Fanny. A deformed little 
 dolls’ dressmaker, called “Jenny Wren,” in 
 Charles Dickens’s “Our Mutual Friend.” “My 
 back ’s bad and my legs are queer,” is her frequent excuse, 
 and she always describes herself with dignity as “the 
 person of the house." 
 
 Cleef (klaf), Jan van. Born at Venlo, Nether- 
 lands, 1646: died at Ghent, Belgium, Dec. 18, 
 1716. A Flemish painter. 
 
 Cleef (klaf), or Cleve, Joostor Joas van. Born 
 at Antwerp about 1479: died about 1550. A 
 Flemish portrait-painter, surnamed “Zotte” 
 (‘crazy’). He died insane. 
 
 Cleishbotham (klesh'boTH-am), Jedediah. 
 The assumed compiler of the “Tales of My 
 Landlord,” by Walter Scott. A “Peter Pat- 
 tieson” is credited with the authorship. 
 Cleisthenes(klIs'the-nez),or Clisthenes(klis'- 
 the-nez). [Gr. KXeiadevtic . ] An Athenian poli- 
 tician, son of Megacles, and grandson of Cleis- 
 thenes of Sicyon. He developed in a democratic 
 spirit the constitution of Solon (adopted 594 B. c.) by sub- 
 stituting ten new for four old tribes, with a view to break- 
 ing up the influence of the land-owning aristocracy, the 
 new tribes being composed not of contiguous demes or 
 local communities, but of demes scattered about the 
 country and interspersed with those of other tribes. He 
 was expelled in 507 by Isagoras, leader of the aristocratic 
 party, aided by a Spartan army under Cleomenes; but 
 was recalled in the same year by the populace, which 
 compelled the Spartans to withdraw and sent Isagoras 
 into exile. He is said to have established the ostracism, 
 or power of the sovereign popular assembly to decree, 
 without process of law, by means of a secret ballot, the 
 banishment of any citizen who endangered the public 
 liberty. 
 
 cieland (kle'land), John. Born 1709: died 
 Jan. 23, 1789. An English writer. He was the 
 author of the notorious novel “Fanny Hill, or the 
 Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure” (1748-50), and “Me- 
 moirs of a Coxcomb” (1751). He was consul at Smyrna, 
 and in 1736 was in the service of the East India Company 
 at Bombay. In the latter part of his life he wrote for 
 the stage and also dabbled in philology, 
 cielia (kle'li-a), or Cldlie (kla-le'). A romance 
 by Mademoiselle de Scud6ry, published in 1656, 
 named from its heroine. 
 
 258 
 
 C16menceau (kla-moh-so'), Georges Eugene 
 Benjamin. Born Sept. 28, 1841. A French 
 radical politician. He entered the National Assem- 
 bly in 1871, and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies 
 in 1876. In 1S87 he declined an invitation to form a min- 
 istry. In 1902 he was elected to the Senate, and in 1906 
 he was appointed to the ministry of the interior, and he 
 was premier Oct., 1906-July, 1909. He has published 
 “South America of To-day ” (1911). 
 
 Clemens (klem'enz), Samuel Langhorne: 
 pseudonym Mark Twain. Born at Florida, 
 Mo., Nov. 30, 1835: died at Redding, Conn., 
 April 21, 1910. A noted American humorist. 
 He was apprenticed to a printer at the age of thirteen ; 
 became a pilot on the Mississippi in 1857 ; went to Ne- 
 vada in 1861, and became city editor of the “ Enterprise ” 
 in Virginia City in 1862 ; removed to San Francisco in 
 1865 ; visited the Sandwich Islands in 1866 ; and traveled 
 in Europe and the East in 1867. In 1884 he established at 
 New York the publishing-house of C. L. Webster and Co. 
 His works include “The Innocents Abroad" (1869), 
 “Roughing it”(1872), “ A Tramp Abroad " (1880), “Jump- 
 ing Frog, etc. ” (1867), “The Gilded Age,” conjointly with 
 C. D. Warner (1873 : this has been successfully drama- 
 tized), “ Adventures of Tom Sawyer " (1876), “ Adventures 
 of Huckleberry Finn ” (1884), “ A Yankee at the Court of 
 King Arthur ’ (1889), “Pudd’nhead Wilson" (1893-94 
 (serially) and 1895), “Personal Recollections of Joan of 
 Arc "(1896), “Following the Equator" (1897), “The Man 
 that Corrupted Hadleyburg ” (1900), “ The Jumping Frog ” 
 (1903), “Extracts from Adam’s Diary" (1904), “A Dog’s 
 Tale ”(1904), “Editorial Wild Oats” (1905), “Eve’s Diary” 
 (1906), “The $30,000 Bequest” (1906), “A Horse’s Tale" 
 (1907), “Christian Science” (1907), “Is Shakespeare 
 Dead ? ” (1909), etc. 
 
 Clement (klem ' ent) I., Saint : also called 
 Clemens Romaiius (kle ' menz ro -ma ' nus) 
 (‘the Roman’). Lived in the 1st century 
 A. D. : died probably about 100. Accord- 
 ing to tradition, the third bishop of Rome 
 after St. Peter. Nothing is known with certainty 
 concerning his personal history, except that he was a 
 prominent presbyter of the Christian congregation at 
 Rome immediately after the apostolical age. He is by 
 some identified with the Clement mentioned by Paul in 
 Phil. iv. 3 as his fellow-laborer, by others with the con- 
 sul Flavius Clemens who was put to death by Domitian 
 on a charge of atheism. Tradition has reckoned him 
 among the martyrs; but according to Eusebius and 
 Jerome, he died a natural death in the third year of the 
 reign of Trajan. Numerous writings, most of which are 
 evidently spurious, have been attributed to him. The 
 most celebrated among these are two “Epistles to the 
 Corinthians,” which were held in the greatest esteem by 
 the early Christians. They disappeared from the Western 
 Church after the 5th century, and were rediscovered in the 
 Codex Alexandrinus (a present from Cyrillus Lucaris to 
 Charles I.) by Patricius Junius (Patrick Young), who 
 published them at Oxford in 1633. Another MS. was dis- 
 covered by Philotheos Bryennios in the convent library 
 of the patriarch of Jerusalem, and published in 1S75. 
 
 Clement II. (Suidger). Died at Pesaro, Italy, 
 Oct. 9, 1047. Pope 1046-47. 
 
 Clement III.(Guibert). Died at Ravenna, Italy, 
 1100. An archbishop of Ravenna, elected pope 
 (antipope), through the influence of the emperor 
 Henry IV., in 1080. After having been expelled from 
 Rome, he made his submission to Paschal II. in 1099. 
 
 Clement III. (Paolo Scolari). Born at Rome. 
 Died March, 1191. Pope 1187-91. He preached 
 the third Crusade against the Saracens, who under Saladin 
 had retaken Jerusalem, Oct. 3, 1187. 
 
 Clement IV. (Guy Foulques). Bom at St.Gilles 
 on the Rhone, France: died at Viterbo, Italy, 
 Nov. 29, 1268. Pope 1265-68. He held a high po- 
 sition at the court of Louis IX., when the death of his wife 
 led him to enter the church. He became bishop of Puy 
 1256, archbishop of Narbonne, 1259, cardinal 1261, and was 
 on a journey to England as papal legate when he was ele- 
 vated to the see of Rome, 1265. He favored Charles of 
 Anjou in his conquest of Naples, which had been granted 
 to Charles by the preceding pontiff, Urban IV. 
 
 Clement V. (Bertrand d’Agoust). Born near 
 Bordeaux, France, about 1264 : died at Roque- 
 maure, in Languedoc, France, April 20, 1314. 
 
 , Pope 1305—14. He was elected through the influence 
 of Philip the Fair of France, to please whom he removed 
 the papal residence to Avignon in 1309, and dissolved the 
 order of Templars in 1312. 
 
 Clement VI. (Pierre Roger). Born at Mau- 
 mont, France, 1291 : died at Villeneuve d’ Avi- 
 gnon, France, Dec. 6, 1352. Pope 1342-52. He 
 
 established thejubilee for every fifty years, and purchased 
 Avignon in 1348. During his pontificate Cola di Rienzl 
 attempted to reestablish the republic at Rome. 
 
 Clement VII. (Count Robert of Geneva). Born 
 about 1342 : died at Avignon, Sept., 1394. An 
 antipope elected 1378 in opposition to Urban 
 VI. 
 
 Clement VII. (Giulio de’ Medici). Born at 
 Florence about 1475 : died at Rome, Sept., 1534. 
 Pope 1523-34. He was the illegitimate son of Giuliano 
 de’ Medici, and cousin of Leo X He entered into a league 
 witli France, Venetia, and Milan against the emperor 
 Charles V., and in 1527 Rome was stormed and sacked by 
 the troops of the constable de Bourbon and Clement made 
 prisoner. He was released and fled to Oryieto Dec. 9, 
 1527, but concluded a peace with Charles in 1629, and 
 crowned him emperor at Bologna in 1630. He forbade 
 (1634) the divorce of Henry VIII. of England from Catha- 
 rine of Aragon. 
 
 Clement’s Inn 
 
 Clement VIII. (Algidius Nunos). Antipope 
 1424-29. He resigned in 1429, thus terminat- 
 ing the great Western schism. 
 
 Clement VIII. (Ippolito Aldobrandini). Born 
 at Fano, Italy, 1536 : died March 5, 1605. Pope 
 1592-1605. He absolved Henry IV. of France in 
 1595, and ordered a revised edition (the “ Clem- 
 entine”) of the Vulgate in 1592. 
 
 Clement IX. (Giulio Rospigliosi). Bom at 
 Pistoja, Italy, 1600 : died Dec. 9, 1669. Pope 
 1667-69. He mediated in 1668 the peace of Aix-la-Cha- 
 pelle between Louis XIV. and Spain, and the “Pax Cle- 
 mentina,” which brought the Jansenist controversy to a 
 temporary conclusion. 
 
 Clement X. (Emilio Altieri). Bom at Rome, 
 July 13, 1590 : died July 22, 1676. Pope 1670-76. 
 He was eighty years old at his election, and was completely 
 under the inliuence of his relative Cardinal Paluzzi. Dur- 
 ing his pontificate commenced the controversy with Louis 
 XIV. concerning the enjoyment, during vacancy, of epis 
 copal revenues and benefices, and the right of appoint- 
 ment to such vacancies. 
 
 Clement XI. (Giovanni Francesco Albani). 
 
 Born at Pesaro, Italy, July 22, 1649: died March 
 19, 1721. Pope 1700-21. He was at war with the 
 emperor Joseph I. 1708-09, and published bulls directed 
 against the Jansenists : “ V ineam Domini ”(1705) and “ Uni- 
 genitus ” (1713). 
 
 Clement XII. (Lorenzo Corsini). Born 1652 : 
 died Feb. 6, 1740. Pope 1730-40. He con- 
 demned the Freemasons in 1738. 
 
 Clement XIII. (Carlo della Torre di Rezzoni- 
 
 co). Born at Venice, March, 1693: died Feb., 
 1769. Pope 1758-69. He was elected through the 
 influence of the Jesuits, in whose favor he issued a bull on 
 their expulsion from Portugal and France. In 1768 the 
 French seized Avignon, and the Neapolitans Benevento. 
 
 Clement XIV. (Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio 
 Ganganelli). Born at St. Arcangelo, near 
 Rimini, Italy, Oct. 31, 1705: died Sept. 22, 1774. 
 Pope 1769-74. He suppressed the order of Jesuits by 
 the brief “Dominus ac Redemptor noster” (1773), and 
 founded the Clementine Museum at the Vatican. 
 
 Clement (kla-mon'), Francois. Born at Beze, 
 near Dijon, France, 1714: died March, 1793. A 
 French historian, a Benedictine of Saint-Maur. 
 He compiled from the tables of Maurice d’ Antine the im- 
 portant chronological work “ L’Art de verifier les dates 
 des faits historiques depuis la naissance de Jesus-Christ ” 
 (new revised and improved edition 1784-87). 
 
 Clement, Jacques, called Clemens non Papa 
 
 to distinguish him from Pope Clement VH. 
 Died before 1558. A once celebrated Flemish 
 composer, principally of sacred music: ehief 
 chapel-master to the emperor Charles V. 
 Clement, Jacques. Born at Sorbon, Ardennes, 
 France, about 1565 : killed at St. Cloud, France, 
 July31,1589. A fanatical monk whoassassinated 
 Henry in., with the consent and aid of his re- 
 ligious superior and other members of the 
 “League,” Aug. 1, 1589. He was slain on the 
 spot, and was honored as a martyr by the 
 church. 
 
 C16ment, Jean Pierre. Bom at Draguignan, 
 Var, France, June 2, 1809: died at Paris, Nov. 
 8, 1870. A French political economist and his- 
 torian, member of the French Institute. His 
 works include “Histoire de la vie et de l’administration 
 de Colbert” (1846), “Le gouvernement de Louis XIV.” 
 (1848), “Jacques Cceur et Charles VII." (1853), etc. 
 
 Clement, Justice. A city magistrate in Ben 
 Jonson’s “Every Man in his Humour.” 
 Clement (kla'ment), Knut Jungbohn. Bora 
 in Amrum, Schleswig, Dec. 4, 1803 : died at Ber- 
 gen, N. J., Oct. 7, 1873. A Danish historian, 
 resident in the United States after 1866. He 
 wrote “Die nordgermanische Welt” (1840), 
 “Die Lebens- und Leidensgeschichte der Frie- 
 sen” (1845), etc. 
 
 Clement (klem'ent) of Alexandria (Titus 
 Flavius Clemens). Born, probably at Athens, 
 about 150 a. d. : died in Palestine about 220. 
 A father of the primitive church, head of the 
 catechetical school at Alexandria 190-203, and 
 one of the most noted of the founders of the 
 Alexandrian school of theology. 
 
 Clement of Rome. See Clement I., Bishop of 
 Rome. 
 
 Clementi (kla-men'te), Muzio. Bom at Rome, 
 1752 : died at Evesham, March 9, 1832. An 
 Italian pianist and composer, resident in 
 England after about 1766. His principal work 
 is a series of piano studies, “ Gradus ad Par- 
 nassum” (1817). 
 
 Clementina (klem-en-te'na), Lady. An Italian 
 lady passionately in love with Sir Charles Gran- 
 dison, in Richardson’s novel of that name. When 
 
 she fears that her relatives will separate her from him, 
 she takes the decided step of going mad. Sir Charles, how- 
 ever, marries Miss Byron. 
 
 Clement’s Inn. An inn of court in London, 
 situated at the entrance of Wych street, at the 
 
. Clement’s Inn 
 
 west of the New Law Courts. It was formerly in- 
 tended for the use of patients who came to use the wa- 
 ters of St. Clement’s Well, which was near. Dugdale 
 speaks of it as being in existence in the reign of Edward 
 II, as an inn of chancery. Shakspere speaks of it as the 
 home of “Master Shallow.” It has recently been rebuilt 
 and is the home of the Fabian Society, the Playgoers' 
 Club, and other non-legal societies. 
 
 Clennell (klen'el), Luke. Bom at Ulgham, 
 near Morpeth, Northumberland, England, 
 April 8, 1781 : died Feb. 9, 1840. An English 
 painter and wood-engraver, an apprentice and 
 pupil of Thomas Bewick. 
 
 Cleobis (kle'o-bis). [Gr. Kteo&ig.] See Biton. 
 Cleobulus(kle-o-buTus). [Gr. K/led/loUiOf.] Born 
 at Lindus, Rhodes : died probably after 560 b. c. 
 One of the seven sages of Greece, the reputed 
 author of various riddles and songs. 
 
 Cleofas (kle'6-fas), Don. A high-spirited Span- 
 ish student in lie Sage’s novel “ Le cliable boi- 
 teux.” Asmodeus exhibits to him the fortunes of the 
 inmates of the houses of Madrid by unroofing them. See 
 Asmodeus and Diable boiteux, Le. 
 
 Cleomades (kla-6-ma-das'), Adventures of. 
 
 An early French poem (about the end of the 
 13th century), also known as “ Le cheval de 
 fust” (‘the Wooden Horse’), by Aden^s le Roi. 
 Its central incident is the introduction of a wooden horse, 
 like thatin the “Arabian Nights, "which transportsits rider 
 whithersoever he wishes to go. The poem, notwithstand- 
 ing its length (20,000 lines), enjoyed very great popularity. 
 
 GieombrotUS (kle-om'bro-tus) I. [Gr. K Xed/ifipo- 
 rof.] Killed at Leuctra, 371 B.C. A king of 
 Sparta 380-371. He waged war with the The- 
 bans, and was defeated by them at Leuctra. 
 Cleomedes (kle-o-me'dez). [Gr. A 
 
 Greek astronomer whose birthplace, residence, 
 and era are unknown. He wrote a treatise on astron- 
 omy and cosmography, entitled “ The Circular Theory of 
 the Heavenly Bodies,” in which he maintains that the 
 earth is spherical, that the number of the fixed stars is 
 infinite, and that the moon’s rotation on its axis is per- 
 formed in the same time as its synodical revolution about 
 the earth. His treatise contains also the first notice of 
 the theory of atmospherical refraction. 
 
 Cleomenes (kle-om'e-nez) I. [Gr. K teo/ievyc.] 
 King of Sparta from about 519-491 b. c. He ex- 
 pelled Hippias from Athens in 510. 
 
 Cleomenes III. King of Sparta 236-220 B. C. 
 
 He abolished the ephorate225, waged war with the Achsean 
 League and Macedonia 225-221, and was defeated at Sel- 
 lasia 221. 
 
 Cleomenes. A Sicilian noble in Shakspere’s 
 “ Winter's Tale.” 
 
 Cleomenes, or The Spartan Hero. A play by 
 Dryden. Part of the fifth act is by Southerne. 
 It was acted in 1692. 
 
 Cleon (kle'on). [Gr. KMuv.] Killed at Am- 
 phipolis, Maeedon, 422 b. c. An Athenian dem- 
 agogue. Coming forward shortly after the death of 
 Pericles as leader of the democratic party, he violently op- 
 posed Nicias, the head of the aristocratic party, who ad- 
 vocated peace with Sparta and the conclusion of the Pelo- 
 ponnesian war. Having conducted a successful expedition 
 against the Spartans at Pylos in 425, he was in 422 intrusted 
 with the command of an expedition destined to act against 
 Brasidas in Chalcidice. He was defeated by the latter at 
 Amphipolis, and fell in the flight. He was satirized by 
 Aristophanes in the “Knights” (425), and in other plays. 
 Cleon. In Shakspere’s “ Pericles,” the governor 
 of Tharsus, burned to death to revenge the 
 supposed murder of Marina, 
 cieonte (kla-ont'). The lover of Lucille in 
 MoliSre’s comedy “ Le bourgeois gent.ilhomme.” 
 Cleopatra (kle-o-pa'tra). [Gr.K/Uo7rarpa.] Born 
 at Alexandria, Egypt, ’69 b. o. : died at Alexan- 
 dria, 30 b. C. The last queen of Egypt, daugh- 
 ter of Ptolemy Auletes. She was joint ruler with 
 her brother Ptolemy from 62 to 49, when she was ex- 
 pelled by him. Her reinstatement in 48 by Csesar gave 
 rise to war between Csesar and Ptolemy. The latter was 
 defeated and killed, and his younger brother was elevated 
 to the throne in his stead. Cleopatra lived with Csesar 
 at Rome from 46 to 44, and had by him a son, Csesarion, 
 who was afterward put to death by Octavianii3. She re- 
 turned to Egypt on the murder of Csesar, and in the civil 
 war which ensued sided with the Triumvirate. Antony 
 having been appointed ruler of Asia and the East, she 
 visited him at Tarsus in 41, making a voyage of extraordi- 
 nary splendor and magnificence up the Cydnus. She 
 gained by her charms a complete ascendancy over him. 
 On her account he divorced his wife Octavia, the sister of 
 Octavianus, in 32. Octavianus declared war against her 
 in 3L The fleet of Antony and Cleopatra was defeated in 
 the same year at the battle of Actions, which was decided 
 by the flight of Cleopatra, who was followed by Antony. 
 After the death of Antony, who killed himself on hearing 
 a false report of her death, she poisoned herself to avoid 
 being exhibited in Rome at the triumph of Octavianus. 
 According to the popular belief, she applied to her bosom 
 an ?.sp that had been secretly conveyed to her in a basket 
 of figs. She had three children by Antony. Besides ex- 
 traordinary charms of person, she possessed an active and 
 cultivated mind, and is said to have been able to converse 
 in seven languages. Shakspere’s portrait of her in his 
 “Antony and Cleopatra” is one of the most extraordinary 
 of his creations. 
 
 If Cleopatra’s death had been caused by any serpent, the 
 small viper would rather have been chosen than the large 
 asp ; but the story is disproved by her having decked her- 
 
 259 
 
 self in “the royal ornaments," and being found dead 
 “without any mark of suspicion of poison on her body.” 
 Death from a serpent’s bite could not have been mistaken ; 
 and her vanity would not have allowed her to choose one 
 which would have disfigured her in so frightful a manner. 
 Other poisons were well understood and easy of access, 
 and no boy would have ventured to carry an asp in a bas- 
 ket of figs, some of which he even offered to the guards 
 as he passed ; and Plutarch (Vit. Anton.) shows that the 
 story of the asp was doubted. Nor is the statue carried 
 in Augustus’ triumph which had an asp upon it any proof 
 of his belief in it, since that snake was the emblem of 
 Egyptian royalty ; the statue (or the crown) of Cleopatra 
 could not have been without one, and this was probably 
 the origin of the whole story. [G. W.] 
 
 Jlawlinson, Herod., II. 123, note. 
 
 Cleopatra’s Needles. A pair of Egyptian obe- 
 lisks of pink granite which were transported' 
 from Heliopolis to Alexandria in the eighteenth 
 year of Augustus. One of them was taken to London 
 and set up on the Thames embankment in 1878, and the 
 other was soon after brought to New York aDd erected in 
 Central Park. The latter is 67 feet high to its sharp apex, 
 and 7 feet 7 inches in diameter at the base. It stands on 
 a massive cube of granite, on which it is supported by four 
 great bronze crabs, imitating the ancient originals. It 
 is covered on all its faces with deeply incised hieroglyphs, 
 which present the names of Thothmes III., P.ameses II., 
 and Seti II. (16th-14th centuries B. C.). 
 
 CMopatre (kla-d-pa'tr). A play by Sardou 
 (with Moreau). It was written for Sarah Bern- 
 hardt, and produced in 1890. 
 
 Cieophon (kle'o-fon). [Gr. K Xeoijtojv.] Died 405 
 B. c. An Athenian demagogue, said to have 
 been of Thracian origin . He opposed the oligarchical 
 party, and successfully used his iufluence to prevent peace 
 with Sparta after the battles of Cyzicus (410), Arginusse 
 (406), and Aigospotami (405). He was put to death in 
 405 by the Athenian council. 
 
 Cleopolis (kle-op'o-lis). A name given by 
 Spenser in his “Faerie Queene” to the city of 
 
 London. 
 
 Clerc, Jean Le. See Le Clerc, Jean. 
 
 Clerc (klar), Laurent. Bom at La. Balme, 
 Isere, France, Dec. 26, 1785 : died at Hartford, 
 Conn., July 18, 1869. A deaf-mute, one of the 
 founders, with Gallaudet, of the asylum for 
 the deaf and dumb at Hartford in 1817. 
 
 Clerfayt (kler-fa/), or Clairfait, Comte de 
 (Francois Sebastien Charles Joseph de 
 Crois). Born at Bruille, Hainaut, Low Coun- 
 tries, Oct. 14, 1733: died at Vienna, July 19, 
 1798. An Austrian general. He served with dis- 
 tinction in the Turkish war 1788-91, and at Aldenhoven and 
 Neerwinden 1793, and defeated Jourdan at Hochst Oct. 
 11, 1795. 
 
 Clericis Laicos (kler'i-sis la'i-kos). The open- 
 ing words of a bull published by Pope Boniface 
 VHI. F eb. 25, 1296. It forbade the clergy to pay taxes 
 on church property without the consent of the Holy See. 
 It was abrogated by Clement V. in 1311. 
 
 Clerigo (kla're-go). [Sp., ‘clergyman.’] The 
 name by which Bartolomd de las Casas speaks 
 of himself in his writings. The term is often 
 applied to him by Spanish and English histo- 
 rians. 
 
 Clerimond (kler'i-mond). The sister of Fer- 
 ragus the giant in “Valentine and Orson.” She 
 marries Valentine. 
 
 Clerimont (kler'i-mont). 1. A gay friend of 
 Sir Dauphine in Ben Jonson’s “Epiecene, or the 
 Silent Woman.” — 2. The lover of Clarinda in 
 Cibber’s comedy “ The Double Gallant.” He 
 assists Atall and Careless in their schemes. 
 
 Clerk (klark), John. [For the surname Cleric, 
 see Clark.'] Born at Penicuik, Scotland, Dec. 
 10, 1728 : died at Eldin, near Edinburgh, May 
 10, 1812. A Scottish merchant of Edinburgh. 
 He was the author of an “Essay on Naval Tactics ” (1790 : 
 second and third parts 1797) which gave rise to a heated 
 controversy, due to the claim of the author, supported by 
 Professor Playfair and others, that his plans (which were 
 circulated in manuscript before publication) had been 
 adopted by Admiral Rodney at Dominica, April 12, 1782. 
 
 Clerke (klark), Charles. Born 1741 : died in 
 Kamchatka, Aug. 22, 1779. A British navi- 
 gator. Fie served with Cook, and commanded 
 the squadron after Cook’s death in 1779. 
 
 Clerkeirwell (kler'ken-wel). [‘Clerks’ well’; 
 L . fons clericorum : so called because it was a 
 place of assembly of the parish clerks of Lon- 
 don.] A district in London lying north of the 
 city proper. It formerly bore an evil reputation. Clerk- 
 enwell Green was in the 17th century surrounded by fine 
 mansions, and, among many other noted men, Isaac Wal- 
 ton lived there. Population of civil parish, 63,704. 
 
 Clerk-Maxwell (kliirk-maks'wel), James. 
 Born at Edinburgh, Nov. 13, 1831: died Nov. 5, 
 1879. A celebrated Scotch physicist. He was 
 professor of natural philosophy in Marisclial College, 
 Aberdeen, 1856-60 ; was professor of physics and astron- 
 omy in King’s College, London, 1860-65 ; and became pro- 
 fessor of experimental physics in the University of Cam- 
 bridge in 1871. His works include “Essay on the Stability 
 of Motion of Saturn’s Rings” (1857), “Theory of Heat” 
 (1871), “Electricity and Magnetism ’’ (1873), “ Matter and 
 Motion ’’ (1876), etc. 
 
 Cleveland, John 
 
 Clerk’s Tale, The. A tale told by the Oxford 
 student in Chaucer's “Canterbury Tales.” It 
 is founded upon Boccaccio’s story of Griselda 
 (which see). 
 
 Clermont (kler-moh'). A former county in 
 France, in the government of Ile-de-France. It 
 was situated north of Paris. Capital, Cler- 
 mont-en-Beauvoisis. 
 
 Clermont, Council of. A council (1095) con- 
 vened by Pope Urban II. at Clermont-Ferrand. 
 It was attended by 4 archbishops, 225 bishops, and an im- 
 mense number of lower clergy and laity. It proclaimed 
 the first Crusade, forbade the investiture of bishops by 
 the laity and the assumption of feudal obligations to lay- 
 men by the clergy, and excommunicated Philip I. of 
 France, who had repudiated his queen Bertha, daughter 
 of Robert the Friesian, and espoused Bertrada, the wife of 
 Fulk of Anjou. 
 
 Clermont, The. The steamboat used by Rob- 
 ert Fulton on bis first trip from New York to 
 Albany in 1807, in the beginning of steam navi- 
 gation. 
 
 Clermont d’Ambois. See Ambois, d’. 
 Clermont-de-1’ Oise (kler-moh 'de-lwaz'), or 
 Clermont-en-Beauvaisis (-oh-bo-vwa-ze'). A 
 town in the department of Oise, France, 35 
 miles north of Paris. It is noted for its ancient 
 hotel de ville, also for its castle, and Church of St. Sam- 
 son. Population, commune, 5,488. 
 
 Clermont-Ferrand (kler - mbn ' fe - ron '), or 
 Clermont. The capital of the department of 
 Puy-de-D0me, France, in lat. 45° 46' N., long. 
 3° 6' E. : the Gallic Augnstonemetum (later 
 Averni), the chief town of the region after 
 the overthrow of Gergovia. The first Crusade was 
 preached here at the council in 1095. The town was the 
 birthplace of Gregory of Tours (?), Pascal, and Delille. It 
 contains a museum, a university, the Church of N6tre- 
 Dame-du-Port (Romanesque), and a Gothic cathedral of 
 the 13th century, built in a pure Northern style. The 
 north portal bears excellent sculptures, and both tran- 
 septs possess fine roses. The vaulting of the nave is over 
 100 feet high, and the glass is of great beauty. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 58,363. 
 
 Clermont-L’Herault (kler-mon'la-ro'), or 
 Ciermont-de-Lodeve (-de-lo-dav'). A town 
 in the department of Herault, in southern 
 France, 23 miles west of Montpellier. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 5,140. 
 
 Clery (kla-re'), Jean Baptiste. Born at Jardy, 
 near Versailles, France, May 11, 1759: died at 
 Hietzing, near Vienna, May 27, 1809. An at- 
 tendant of Louis XVI. in his captivity, 1792- 
 1793. He published a “ Journal ” (1798). 
 Clesinger (kla-zah-zha'), Jean Baptiste Au- 
 guste. Born at Besan§on, France, Oct. 22, 
 1814: died at Paris, Jan. 7, 1883. A French 
 sculptor. His works include “Girl Bitten by 
 a Serpent” (1847), “Cleopatra before Csesar” 
 (1869), etc. 
 
 Clevedon (klev'don). A watering-place in 
 Somersetshire, England, west of Bristol on the 
 Bristol Channel. Population, 5,900. 
 Cleveland (klev'land). A mountainous district 
 in the northeastern part of Yorkshire, Eng- 
 land, noted principally for its iron-mines and 
 foundries. 
 
 Cleveland. A lake port, capital of Cuyahoga 
 County, Ohio, situated at the mouth of the 
 Cuyahoga River and on Lake Erie in lat. 41° 
 31' N., long. 81° 42' W. It is the largest city in the 
 State, a great railroad and steamboat center, and the 
 seat of Adelbert College and of the Case School. Its chief 
 export is coal, and it has large iron and steel manufactures 
 and oil-refineries. It was settled in 1796, and was incor- 
 porated as a city in 1835. Population, 500,663, (1910). 
 
 Cleveland, Captain Clement. The pirate in 
 
 Scott’s novel of that name. 
 
 Cleveland, Charles Dexter. Born at Salem, 
 Mass., Dec. 3, 1802 : died at Philadelphia, 
 Aug. 18, 1869. An American author and edu- 
 cator. He published a “Compendium of Eng- 
 lish Literature” (1850), a “Compendium of 
 American Literature ” (1858), etc. 
 
 Cleveland, Duchess of. See Villiers, Barbara. 
 Cleveland, (Stephen) Grover. Born at Cald- 
 *well, N. J., March 18, 1837 : died at Princeton, 
 N. J., June 24, 1908. An American states- 
 man, President of the United States 1885-89 
 ana 1893-97 . ne was assistant districtattorney of Erie 
 County (N. Y.) 1863-66 ; was sheriff of Erie County 1871-74 ; 
 was Democratic mayor of Buffalo in 1882 ; was elected as 
 Democratic candidate for governor of New York in 1882 ; 
 served as governor 188:1-84 ; was elected President of the 
 United States in 1884 ; served as President 1885-89 ; ad- 
 vocated a reduction of the tariff in his message to Con- 
 gress in Dec., 1887 ; was defeated as Democratic candidate 
 for the presidency in 1888 ; was reelected President in 
 1892 ; and in 1893 convened an extra session of Congress, 
 which repealed the purchasing clause of the so-callea 
 Sherman Silver Bill. 
 
 Cleveland, John. Born at Loughborough, Lei- 
 cestershire, June, 1613 : died April 29, 1658. 
 An English poet, an active Royalist during the 
 
Cleveland, John 
 
 civil war, and a satirist of tlie Parliamentary 
 party. lie was graduated (B. A.) at Christ's College, 
 Cambridge, in 1631, and was elected fellow of St. John's 
 College in 1634. He joined the Royalist army at Oxford, 
 and was made judge-advocate, remaining with the garri- 
 son of Newark until its surrender. In 1655 he was arrested 
 and imprisoned at Yarmouth, but was soon released by 
 order of Cromwell. His poems were collected in 1661. 
 
 Clevenger (klev'en-jer), Skobal Vail. Born at 
 Middletown, Ohio, 1812: died at sea, Sept. 23, 
 1843. An American sculptor. 
 
 Cleves (klevz). [F. CUves, D. Kleef, G. Kleve .] 
 An ancient duchy of Germany, lying along the 
 lower Rhine below Cologne, it was united with 
 Mark about 1400, and soon after raised to a duchy. Cleves, 
 Julich, and Berg were united in 1521. The extinction of 
 the Cleves line in 1609, and the outbreak of the “Contest 
 of the Julich Succession,” resulted in 1666 in the cession 
 of Cleves, with Mark, to Brandenburg. In 1801 the part 
 on the left bank of the Rhine, and in 1803 and 1805 the 
 other portions, were ceded to France by Prussia. After the 
 downfall of Napoleon, the duchy, with the exception of 
 lands bordering on the Maas and some districts toward the 
 north, was restored to Prussia, and now forms part of the 
 circle of Dusseldorf. 
 
 Cleves. [G. Kleve, D. Kleef, F. Cleves. \ A town 
 in the Rhine Province, Prussia, in lat. 51° 47' N., 
 long. 6° 9' E., near the Dutch frontier, it has a 
 chalybeate spring, and contains the former palace of 
 Schwanenburg and a collegiate church. It was formerly 
 the capital of the ancient duchy of Cleves. Population 
 10,4t>5. 
 
 Cleves. Princesse de. See Princesse de Cleves. 
 Clew Bay (klo ba). A small inlet of the At- 
 lantic Ocean, on the western coast of Ireland, 
 in County Mayo. 
 
 Clichy-la-Garenne (kle-she'la-ga-ren'). A 
 manufacturing suburb of Paris, situated on 
 the Seine 1 mile north of the fortifications. 
 Population, commune, 41,787. 
 
 Clifford (klif'ord), George. Born at Brougham 
 Castle, Westmoreland, Aug. 8, 1558: died at 
 London, Oct. 30, 1605. An English naval com- 
 mander, third Earl of Cumberland. He fitted 
 out and commanded a number of bucaneering expeditions 
 against the Spaniards in South America, the largest of 
 which consisted of twenty ships and was undertaken in 
 1598. This expedition plundered San Juan de Puerto Rico 
 in J une, but failed to intercept the annual Spanish treasure 
 fleet, and returned to England in Oct., 1593. 
 
 Clifford, Paul. See Paul Clifford. 
 
 Clifford, Rosamond, surnamed “The Fair.” 
 Died about 1176. A daughter of Walter de 
 Clifford (son of Richard Fitz Ponce, ancestor 
 of the great Clifford family), and mistress of 
 Henry II. of England. She appears to have been 
 publicly acknowledged by Henry as his mistress about 
 1175, and on her death was interred in Godstow nunnery. 
 It is said that Hugh, bishop of Lincoln, who visited 
 Godstow in 1191, was offended at the sight of her richly 
 adorned tomb in the middle of the church choir before 
 the altar, and caused its removal, probably to the chapter- 
 house. According to a popular legend, which has no 
 foundation in fact, Henry built a labyrinth or maze to 
 conceal her from Queen Eleanor, who discovered her by 
 means of a silken clue and put her to death. She is com- 
 monly, though erroneously, stated to have been the 
 mother of William Longsword and Geoffrey, archbishop 
 of York. 
 
 Clifford, Thomas. Born at Ugbrooke, near Exe- 
 ter, England, Aug. 1, 1630: died Sept., 1673. 
 An English politician, created first Lord Clifford 
 of Chudleigh April 22, 1672. He was a member 
 of the “Cabal” 1667-73. See Cabal. 
 
 Clifford, Sir Thomas. The lover of Julia in 
 Sheridan Knowles’s play “The Hunchback.” 
 Clifford, William Kingdom Born at Exeter, 
 England, May 4, 1845 : died at Madeira, March 
 3, 1879. A noted English mathematician and 
 philosophical writer. He was a graduate of Trinity 
 College, Cambridge ; fellow of Trinity 1868-71 ; and pro- 
 fessor of applied mathematics at University College, Lon- 
 don, 1871. His works include “ Lectures and Essays ’’ (1879 : 
 ed. by F. Pollock and L. Stephen), “ Mathematical Frag- 
 ments” (1881), “Mathematical Papers" (1882: ed. by R. 
 Tucker), “Common Sense of the Exact Sciences” (1885: 
 ed. and in part written by K. Pearson), and “ Elements of 
 Dynamics.” 
 
 Clifford Pyncheom See Puncheon, Clifford. 
 Clifford’s Inn. One of the inns of chancery 
 in London, named from Robert de Clifford of 
 the time of Edward II., whose town residence 
 it was. It was first used as a law school in the 18th 
 year of Edward III. 
 
 Clifton (klif'ton). A watering-place and suburb 
 of Bristol, Gloucestershire, England, situated 
 on the Avon 1 mile west of Bristol. It is cele- 
 brated for its hot mineral springs. 
 
 Clifton Springs (klif'ton springz). A village 
 and health-resort in Ontario County, New York, 
 29 miles west of Auburn. It contains medicinal 
 springs and a water-cure establishment. 
 
 Clim, or Clym (klim), of the Clough. A cele- 
 brated archer often mentioned in the legends 
 of Robin Hood. 
 
 Clinch (clinch). A river of southwestern Vir- 
 ginia and eastern Tennessee, it unites with the 
 
 260 
 
 Holston to form the Tennessee at Kingston, Tennessee. 
 Length, about 250 miles. 
 
 Clincher (klin'cher). A character in Farquhar’s 
 comedy “The Constant Couple,” also in “Sir 
 Harry Wildair,” its sequel: a pert London pren- 
 tice turned beau, and affecting travel. 
 
 Clinias (klin'i-as). [Gr. KJrm'af.] 1. Killed 
 at the battle of Coronea 447 b. c. An Athe- 
 nian commander, father of Alcibiades, distin- 
 guished at Artemisium 480. — 2. Lived about 
 400 b. c. A Tarentine noted as a Pythagorean 
 philosopher and friend of Plato. 
 
 Clink (klingk), The. A prison which was sit- 
 uated at one end of Bankside, London, it be- 
 longed to the “Liberty of the Clink," a part of the manor 
 of Southwark not included in the grant to the city of Lon- 
 don and under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Winches- 
 ter. The prison was for the delinquents of this manor. It 
 was burned down in the riots of 1780. 
 
 Clinker (kling'ker), Humphrey. A workhouse 
 boy in Smollett’s “ Humphrey Clinker.” He 
 turns out to be a natural son of Mr. Bramble, into whose 
 service he has entered. 
 
 Clint (klint), Alfred. Born at London, March 
 22, 1807 : died at London, March 22, 1883. An 
 English marine-painter, son of George Clint. 
 Clint, George. Born at London, April 12, 
 1770 : died at London, May 10, 1854. An Eng- 
 lish portrait-painter and engraver, son of a 
 London hair-dresser. He was elected an asso- 
 ciate of the Royal Academy in 1821, and re- 
 signed in 1836. 
 
 Clinton. A city in Clinton County, Iowa, situ- 
 ated on the Mississippi River 29 miles north- 
 east of Davenport. It has an extensive lum- 
 ber trade. Population, 25,577, (1910). 
 
 Clinton. A manufacturing town in Worcester 
 County, Massachusetts, situated on the Nashua 
 River 33 miles west of Boston. Population, 
 13,075, (1910). 
 
 Clinton. A village in Oneida County, New 
 York, 8 miles southwest of Utica: the seat of 
 Hamilton College. Population, 1,236, (1910). 
 Clinton (klin'ton), De Witt. Born at Little 
 Britain, Orange County, N. Y., March 2, 1769: 
 died at Albany, N. Y., Feb. 11, 1828. An Ameri- 
 can lawyer and statesman, son of James Clin- 
 ton (1736—1812). He was United States senator from 
 New York 1802 ; mayor of New York 1803-07, 1809-10, 
 and 1811-15, and lieutenant-governor 1811-13 ; candidate 
 for President 1812 ; and governor 1817-23 and 1825-28. 
 He was the chief promoter of the Erie Canal (constructed 
 1817-25). 
 
 Clinton, Edward Fiennes de. Bom 1512: 
 died Jan. 16, 1585. The ninth Lord Clinton 
 and Saye, created earl of Lincoln May 4, 1572. 
 As a royal ward he was married, about 1530, to Elizabeth 
 Blount, widow of Gilbert, Lord Talboys, and mistress of 
 Henry VIII. He served in the naval expedition to Scot- 
 land in 1544 ; commanded the fleet sent to Scotland in 
 1547 ; was appointed governor of Boulogne ; and became 
 lord high admiral May 14, 1550, an office which he held, 
 with an interruption at the beginning of Mary’s reign, 
 until his death. In 1557 he commanded, with the Earl 
 of Pembroke, the English contingent sent to the support 
 of the Spaniards at St. Quentin. 
 
 Clinton, George. Died July 10, 1761. An Eng- 
 lish admiral and colonial governor, second son 
 of the sixth Earl of Lincoln. He was governor 
 of Newfoundland 1732-41, and of New York 
 1741-51. 
 
 Clinton, George. Born at Little Britain, Ulster 
 County, N. Y., July 26, 1739: died at Washing- 
 ton, D. C., April 20, 1812. An American 
 statesman and general, son of Charles Clinton 
 (1690-1773). He was governor of New York 
 1777-95 and 1801-04, and Vice-President 1805-12. 
 Clinton, Sir Henry. Born about 1738: died at 
 Gibraltar, Dec. 23, 1795. An English general. 
 He entered the British army in 1751 ; arrived with Gener- 
 als Howe and Burgoyne at Boston in May, 1775 ; fought at 
 the batt e of Bunker Hill in June, 1775 ; participated in 
 the battle of Long Island in Aug., 1776; stormed Forts 
 Clinton and Montgomery in Oct., 1777 ; succeeded Howe 
 as commander-in-chief in 1778 ; captured Charleston in 
 May, 1780 ; and resigned his command to sir Guy Carleton 
 in 1782. 
 
 Clinton, Henry Fynes. Born at Gamston, Not- 
 tinghamshire, Jan. 14, 1781: died at Welwyn, 
 Oct. 24, 1852. An English classical scholar and 
 chronologist. He was graduated at Oxford (Christ 
 Church) 1803, and was a member of Parliament 1806-26. 
 He wrote “Fasti Hellenici ” and “Fasti Romani," standard 
 works on the civil and literary chronology of Greece and 
 of Rome and Constantinople. He also prepared an epit- 
 ome of the chronology of Greece, and one of that of Rome 
 (published posthumously). 
 
 Clinton, James. Born in Ulster County, N. Y., 
 Aug. 9, 1736 : died at Little Britain, N. Y., Dec. 
 22, 1812. An American general, son of Charles 
 Clinton (1690-1773). He defended Fort Clinton un- 
 successfully in Oct., 1777, against Sir Henry Clinton, and 
 took part in Sullivan’s expedition against the Indians in 
 1779. 
 
 Clio (kli'o). [Gr. K/.e/u, from iMieiv, kMuv, cele- 
 
 Clive, Robert 
 
 brate.] In Greek mythology, the Muse of his- 
 tory : usually represented in a sitting attitude, 
 holding an open roll of papyrus. 
 
 Clio. A pseudonym of Addison, formed from 
 his signatures “ C.,” “ L.,” “I.,” and “0.”in 
 the “ Spectator” : perhaps the initials of Chel- 
 sea, Lpndon, Islington, and the “ Office.” 
 Clissa, or Klissa (klis'sa). A fortified village 
 and strategic point in Dalmatia, Austria-Hun- 
 gary, 8 miles northeast of Spalato. Popula- 
 tion, 5,008, (1910). 
 
 Clissau. See Klissow. 
 
 Clissold (klis ' old), Augustus. Bom near 
 Stroud, Gloucestershire, about 1797 : died at 
 Tunbridge Wells, England, Oct. 30, 1882. A 
 clergyman of the Church of England, identified 
 after 1840 (when he withdrew from the minis- 
 try) with Swedenborgianism. He translated Swe- 
 denborg’s “Principia P„erum Naturalium,” and published 
 numerous works in support of his doctrines. 
 
 Clisson (kles-son' ). A town in the department 
 of Loire-Inferieure, France, situated on the 
 Sfevre 16 miles southeast of Nantes. It has 
 a ruined castle. Population, commune, 
 2,790. 
 
 Clisson, Olivier de. Born in Bretagne about. 
 133G: died at Josselin, in Bretagne, April 24, 
 1407. A constable of France. He became com- 
 panion in arms of Du Guesclin in 1370, and constable in 1380, 
 and commanded the vanguard at the battle of Rosbecq. 
 He was eventually deprived of his honors, but left a repu- 
 tation for great military ability. 
 
 Clitandre ou l’innocence delivree (kle-ton'dr 
 6 le-no-sons ' da-le-vra ' ). A tragicomedy by 
 P. Corneille, produced in 1630. The name Cli- 
 tandre (who is the lover in this play) is frequently given 
 to the lover in old French comedy. 
 
 Clitandre (kle-ton'dr). 1. A man of sense and 
 spirit who makes fun of the “pedants ” in Mo- 
 liere’s “Les femmes savantes,” and loves Hen- 
 riette. — 2. The lover of Angelique in Moliere’s 
 comedy “George Dandin.” — 3. In Moliere’s 
 play “Le misanthrope,” a delightful marquis, a 
 lover of Celimene. — 4. The lover of Lucinde 
 in Moliere’s “ L’ Amour mddecin.” He pretends 
 to be a doctor to cure her. 
 
 Clitheroe (klith'e-ro). A municipal and par- 
 liamentary borough in Lancashire, England, 
 situated on the Ribble 28 miles north of Man- 
 chester. It has cotton manufactures, print- 
 works, etc. Population, 11,414. 
 
 Clitomachus (kli-tom'a-kus), originally Has- 
 drubal (has'dro-bal). [Gr. KJerro/m^of.] Born 
 before 186 b. c. : died after 111 b. c. A Cartha- 
 ginian philosopher. He settled at Athens before 146, 
 and succeeded Carneades as leader of the New Academy 
 in 129. 
 
 Clitoil (kle-ton'). The valet of Dorante in Cor- 
 neille’s “Le menteur” and its sequel: a witty, 
 intelligent rascal. 
 
 Clitophon. See Leucippe. 
 
 Clitor (kli'tor). [Gr. K'/rirop.] In ancient ge- 
 ography, a city of Arcadia, Greece, in lat. 37° 
 54' N., long. 22° 7' E. 
 
 Clitumnus (kli-tum'nus). A river of Umbria, 
 Italy, affluent of the Tinia: the modern Cli- 
 tumno. It is celebrated (especially through the 
 descriptions of the younger Pliny) for its sanc- 
 tity and beauty. 
 
 Clitus, or Cieitus (kli'tus) (Gr. IUetrof), sur- 
 named Melas (Gr. Mi/.ar) (‘the Black ’). Died 
 at Maracanda, Sogdiana, 328 B. c. A Macedo- 
 nian general, a friend of Alexander, whose life 
 he saved at Granicus in 334, and by whom he 
 was slain in a drunken brawl at a banquet. 
 Clitus. In Shakspere’s “Julius Caesar,” a ser- 
 vant of Brutus. 
 
 Clive (kliv), Mrs. (Caroline Meysey-Wigley). 
 
 Born at London, June 24, 1801 : died (from ac- 
 cidental burning) at Whitfield iu Hereford- 
 shire, July 13, 1873. An English writer, au- 
 thor of “Paul Ferroll,” a sensational novel, 
 and other stories ami poems. 
 
 Clive, Catherine or Kitty (Catherine Raftor). 
 Born in 1711 : died at London, Dec. 6, 1785. An 
 actress, the daughter of an Irish gentleman, 
 William Raftor. After a youth of obscurity and pov- 
 erty she came to the notice of Colley Cibber, who was 
 manager of Drury Lane Theatre. He gave her a position 
 in 1727, and by 1731 she had established a reputat ion as a 
 comic actress. She retired from the stage on April 24, 
 1769. She was in Garrick’s company from 1746. She early 
 married George Clive, a barrister, but they separated by 
 mutual consent. Her forte was rattling comedy and op- 
 eratic farce. After her retirement from the stage she 
 lived for many years in a house which Walpole gave her, 
 near Strawberry Hill, and which he called Cliveden. She 
 wrote some small dramatic sketches, only one of which ) 
 “The Rehearsal, or Boys in Petticoats,” was printed (1763). 
 Clive, Robert, Baron Clive of Plassey. Born 
 at Styche, Shropshire, England, Sept. 29, 1725: 
 
. Clive, Robert 
 
 committed suicide at London, Nov. 22, 1774. 
 An English general and statesman. He was the 
 son of an impoverished country squire, and in 1743 was 
 appointed a writer in the service of the East India Com- 
 pany at Madras. War having broken out between the 
 French and the British in India in 1744, he applied for 
 and obtained an ensign's commission in the company’s 
 service in 1747, and in 1748 (the closing year of the 
 war) served under Admiral Boscawen at the unsuccess- 
 ful siege of Pondicherry. During a second war with 
 the French (1751-64) he captured Arcot, and success- 
 fully defended it against a largely superior force of 
 French and natives under Raja Sahib. He visited Eng- 
 land 1753-55, when he returned to India as lieutenant- 
 governor of Fort St. David. In 1756 he commanded an 
 expedition against Suraj ud Dowlah, nawab of Bengal, to 
 avenge the tragedy of the Black Hole at Calcutta. He 
 defeated the nawab near Calcutta (1757), and, after a 
 short interval of peace, inflicted upon him a decisive de- 
 feat at Plassey June 23, 1757, whereupon he deposed the 
 nawab and elevated Mir Jaflier to the throne. He was 
 appointed governor of Bengal in 1758 ; defeated the Dutch 
 near Chinsura in 1769 ; and, owing to ill health, returned 
 to England in 1760, in which year he was raised to the 
 Irish peerage as Baron Clive of Plassey. He was governor 
 of Bengal a second time 1765-67, when he resigned on 
 account of the broken-down condition of his health. His 
 official conduct subsequently became the subject of par- 
 liamentary inquiry, which resulted practically in his favor 
 in 1773. 
 
 Cloaca Maxima (klo-a/ka mak'si-mii). [L., 
 
 ‘ the largest drain.’] The chief drain of ancient 
 Rome, built by Tarquinius Priscus about 600 
 B. c., and still serving its purpose. The outlet on 
 the Tiber is an arch 12 feet high with three concentric 
 tiers of massive voussoirs, admirably fitted without ce- 
 ment. 
 
 Clodion (klo-dyon'), Claude Michel. Born 
 at Nancy, France, Dec. 20, 1738: died March 
 29, 1814. A French sculptor. 
 
 Clodius (klo'di-us). Another form of Claudius 
 (which see). 
 
 Clodpate (klod'pat), Justice. A coarse rustic 
 justice in Shadwell’s comedy “Epsom Wells.” 
 He is public-spirited, but a hater of London. 
 Cloe. See Chloe. 
 
 Closlia (kle'li-a). In Roman legend, a maiden 
 of Rome, delivered as a hostage to Porsena 
 508 (?) b. c. She escaped by swimming across 
 the Tiber. 
 
 Closlia (kle'li-a), or Cluilia, gens (klo-il'i-a, 
 jenz). In ancient Rome, a patrician clan or 
 house of Alban origin, said to have derived its 
 name from Clolius, a companion of Aeneas. 
 According to tradition, the last king of Alba was C. 
 Cluilius or Cloelius, who led an army against Rome in the 
 reign of Xullus Hostilius. 
 
 Clofesho. [AS. Clofes ho or hoo, appar. ‘ Clof ’s 
 Point.’] In early English history, the meeting- 
 place of several ecclesiastical councils in the 
 8th and 9th centuries : identical perhaps with 
 Cliff, in Kent. 
 
 Clogher (kloch'er). A village in Tyrone, Ire- 
 land, 52 miles southwest of Belfast, it has a 
 cathedral, and was formerly the seat of one of the earliest 
 Irish bishoprics. 
 
 Cloister and the Hearth, The. A historical 
 novel by Charles Reade, published in 1861. The 
 hero is the supposed father of Erasmus, and 
 the scenes are mainly in Holland and Italy. 
 Clonfert (klon-fert'). A town in County Gal- 
 way, Ireland, 42 miles east of Galway, formerly 
 the seat of one of the earliest Irish bishoprics. 
 Clonmel (klon-mel'). [Ir.,‘ vale of honey.’] A 
 municipal and parliamentary borough in Coun- 
 ties Waterford and Tipperary, Ireland, situated 
 on the Suir 25 miles northwest of Waterford. 
 It is noted as the birthplace of Sterne and Lady Blessing- 
 ton. Population, 10,167. 
 
 Clontarf (klon-tarf'). A small eastern Suburb 
 of Dublin, Ireland. Here, April 23, 1014, Brian Bo- 
 rohma, king of Ireland, defeated the Danes and the rebels 
 of Leinster. 
 
 Clootz, or Cloots (klots), Jean Baptiste, Baron. 
 Born at Val-de-Grace, near Cleves, Prussia, 
 June 24, 1755: guillotined at Paris, March 24, 
 1794. A French revolutionary enthusiast who 
 assumed the name “ Anacharsis” and the title 
 “ orator of the human race.” He was a mem- 
 ber of the Convention in 1792. See Anacharsis. 
 Cloridano (klo-re-dii/no). The friend of Medoro 
 in Ariosto’s ‘ ‘ Orlando Furioso.” They venture into 
 the field of battle to find among the heaps of slain the 
 body of their lord. 
 
 Clorinda (klo-rin'da). An Amazonian leader 
 in the “Jerusalem ^Delivered” of Tasso, she is 
 of acknowledged prowess in the infidel army, and is be- 
 loved by Tancred, but cares only for the glories of war. 
 Tancred kills her unwittingly in a night attack, and gives 
 her Christian baptism before she expires. 
 
 Cloris (klo'ris). A character in Buckingham’s 
 farce “The Rehearsal.” She drowns herself 
 because Prince Prettyman marries old Joan. 
 Closse (klos), Raphael Lambert. Born near 
 Tours, France, about 1620 : died at Montreal, 
 Canada, Feb. 6, 1662. A French soldier in the 
 
 261 
 
 Indian wars in Canada. He came out with Maison- 
 neuve, governor of Montreal, in 1642, and became sergeant- 
 major of the garrison and notary public. He was acting 
 governor of Montreal during the absence of Maisonneuve 
 in 1666, and was invested with the fief of St. Lambeth in 
 1658. He was killed in a skirmish with the Iroquois. 
 
 Closterman (klos'ter-miin), John (G. Johann 
 Klostermann). Born at Osnabriick, Hannover, 
 1656 : died at London, 1713. A German portrait- 
 painter, resident in England after 1681. 
 Closter-Seven (klos' ter -sev'n), or Kloster- 
 Zeven (klos'ter-tsa'ven), Convention of. A 
 compact concluded at Zeven (a village in Han- 
 nover, Prussia, 24 miles northeast of Bremen), 
 Sept. 8, 1757, between the Duke of Cumber- 
 land and the Due de Richelieu, the French 
 commander. By its terms the Hanoverian 
 army was dispersed. 
 
 Clot (klo), Antoine Barth^lemy, known as 
 Clot Bey. Born at Grenoble, France, Nov. 
 7, 1793 : died at Marseilles, Aug. 28, 1868. A 
 French physician, chief physician to Mehemet 
 Ali in Egypt 1822-49. He wrote “De la peste 
 observee en Egypte” (1840), etc. 
 
 Clotaire (klo-tar') I G. Chlothar (chlo'tar). 
 Bom 497 : died 561. King of the Franks, fourth 
 son of Clovis I. On the death of Clovis in 511, his em- 
 pire was divided among his sons, Theodoric receiving 
 Australia, Clodomir Orleans, Childebert Paris, and Clotaire 
 Soissons. Clotaire succeeded, partly by violence, partly 
 by inheritance, in reuniting the dominions of his father, 
 over which ho ruled 658-561. Also Clothaire. 
 
 Clotaire II., G. Chlothar. Born 584: died at 
 Paris, 629. King of the Franks, son of Chil- 
 peric I., of Soissons, and Fredegonda. He was 
 four months old on the death of his father in 584. The 
 regency was conducted by his mother, who became in- 
 volved in a protracted war with Brunehilde of Anstrasia 
 and Burgundy. The latter was, in 613, betrayed by the 
 nobles of Burgundy into the hands of Clotaire, who put 
 her to death, and possessed himself of her dominions, 
 thus reuniting under his sway the empire of Clovis. 
 
 Cloten (klo'ten). In Shakspere’s “Cymbe- 
 line,” the queen’s son by a former husband. 
 He is rejected by Imogen. In the earlier part of the play 
 (written later) he is a foolish and malicious braggart; but 
 in the fourth act, which belongs to an earlier version, he 
 is not deficient in manliness. 
 
 Clotho (klo'tho). [Gr. K7u06, the spinner, 
 
 from ulalleiv, spin.] In Greek mythology, that 
 one of the three Moirai or Fates who spins the 
 thread of life. See Fates. 
 
 Clotilda (klo - til ' da), Saint, G. Chlothilde 
 (ehlo-tel'de). Born about 475 : died at Tours, 
 France, 545. Queen of the Franks, daughter 
 of Chilperic, king of the Burgundians. Her 
 father, mother, and two brothers were murdered by her 
 uncle Gundebald, joint king of the Burgundians, by 
 whom she was educated in the Christian faith. She mar- 
 ried, 493, Clovis I., king of the Franks, whose conversion 
 from paganism is said to have been accomplished chiefly 
 through her instrumentality. The Roman Church com- 
 memorates her on June 3. 
 
 Clotilda. Died 531. Daughter of St. Clotilda. 
 She married Amalarie, king of the Visigoths. 
 Clotilde, Sainte. A church in Paris, in the 
 Pointed style of the 14th century, begun in 1846. 
 It has lofty pierced spires. The facade has three large 
 sculptured doorways, and the interior is effective, and 
 possesses good sculptures and paintings. The church 
 measures 330 by 105 feet, and 85 from vault to pavement. 
 Cloud (klo), Saint. Clodvald or Chlodvald, 
 youngest son of Clodomir, the son of Clovis. 
 He became a monk. See Saint Cloud. 
 Cloudeslie, William of. See William. 
 
 Clouds (kloudz), The. [L. Nubes, Gr. ai 
 A famous comedy by Aristophanes, strepsiades 
 (‘Turncoat 1 ) sends his spendthrift son Pheidippidesto the 
 phrontistery (‘thinking-shop’) of Socrates, who appears 
 as a sophist, to be reformed by training in rhetoric. 
 Pheidippides refuses to go ; so Strepsiades goes himself, 
 and finds Socrates swinging in a basket observing the sun 
 and ether. Socrates summons the Clouds, his new deities, 
 and undertakes to make a sophist of him and free him 
 from the religion of his fathers. Unfortunate results of 
 his new knowledge show Strepsiades his error, and he 
 abandons Socrates and sets the phrontistery on fire. 
 
 Clouet (klo -a/), Francois, commonly called 
 Janet. Born at Tours about 1500 : died 1571 (?). 
 A French painter, son and pupil of Jean Clouet 
 ( 1485 ? - 1542 ?) . He received letters of naturaliza- 
 
 tion from Francis T. in 1541 when he succeeded his father 
 as painter to the king, and he held the same office under 
 Henry II. and Charles IX. His works include a portrait 
 of the dauphin Francois at Antwerp (1524), a full length 
 portrait of Henry It. in the Louvre (about 1558), and a por- 
 trait of Elizabeth of Austria in the Louvre (about 1570). 
 
 Clough (kluf), Arthur Hugh. Born at Liver- 
 pool, Jan. 1, 1819: died at Florence, Nov. 13, 
 1861. An English poet and author, no went to 
 Rugby in 1829, and was much influenced by Arnold, with 
 whom he was a favorite. In 1837 he went to Oxford; 
 accepted the headship of University Hall, London, in 1849 ; 
 in 1852 came to America; and in 1864 was married in 
 England to the daughter of Samuel Smith of Combe 
 House, Surrey. In 1859 his health began to fail. Among 
 his works are “The Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich’’ (origi- 
 
 Clwyd 
 
 nally Toper-na-Fuosich, 1848), “ Ambarvalia," in conjunc- 
 tion with Thomas Burbidge (1849), with other poems, etc. 
 
 Clout, Colin. See Colin Clout. 
 
 Clove and Orange. An inseparable pair of 
 coxcombs in Jonson’s “Every Man out of his 
 Humour.” Orange is the more humorous of the two ; 
 his small portion of j u ice being squeezed out, Clove serves 
 to stick him with commendations. 
 
 Clovelly (klo-vel'i). A village in Devonshire, 
 England, on Barnstable Bay 16 miles south- 
 west of Barnstable. It is noted for its pictu- 
 resque appearance and the beauty of its en- 
 virons. 
 
 Cloveshoo. See Clofesho. 
 ciovio (kto've-b), Giulio, surnamed Macedo. 
 Born at Grizana, in Croatia, 1498: died at 
 Rome, 1578. An Italian miniaturist. 
 
 Clovis (klo'vis) I,, G. Chlodwig (chlod'vio). 
 [LL. Clovis, a reduced form (Ludovicus being 
 a fuller form) of OHG. Chlodowig, Chlodwig, 
 Hlodivig, G. Ludwig (whence also F. Louis, E. 
 Lewis).] Born about 465: died at Paris, 511. 
 The founder of the Merovingian line of Frank- 
 ish kings. He succeeded his father Childeric as king of 
 the Salic Franks in 481 ; defeated Syagrius near Soissons 
 in 486 ; married the Christian princess Clotilda in 493 ; 
 defeated tlie Alamanni (not, as is wrongly stated, at Tolbi- 
 acum or Zulpich) in 496 ; was baptized by Itemigius the 
 same year, in fulfilment, it is said, of a vow made at this 
 battle ; defeated the Burgundians in 600 ; fixed his court 
 at Paris 607; and defeated the West Goths at Voulon near 
 Poitiers, in 607. 
 
 Clowes (klouz), John. Born at Manchester, 
 England, Oct. 31, 1743: died at Leamington, 
 England, May 29, 1831. A clergyman of the 
 Church of England, rector of St. John’s Church, 
 Manchester, and an influential supporter of 
 Swedenborgianism. He translated Sweden- 
 borg’s treatise “On the Worship and Love of 
 God” (1816). 
 
 Clcyne (kloin). A small town in the county of 
 Cork, Ireland, 15 miles east of Cork. It was 
 formerly an episcopal see, of which Bishop 
 Berkeley was one of the incumbents. 
 
 Club, The. A body of malcontents in the Scot- 
 tish Parliament 1689-90. Its chief members 
 were Montgomery, Ross, and Annandale. 
 Clugny. See Cluny. 
 
 Clumsy (klum'zi), Sir Tunbelly. A country 
 gentleman in Vanbrugh’s play “ The Relapse ” : 
 a coarse, unwieldy boor, the father of Miss 
 Hoyden. He is retained in Sheridan’s “ Trip to 
 Scarborough,” an adaptation of ‘ ‘ The Relapse.” 
 Clunch (klunch). The husband of Old Madge 
 in Peele’s “Old Wives’ Tale.” He leads home 
 three lost travelers, and she tells them a tale. 
 Cluny, or Clugny (klii-ne'). A town in the 
 department of Saone-et-Loire, France, 11 
 miles northwest of Macon. It is celebrated for its 
 Benedictine abbey, founded in the 10th century, and 
 from which the monks were expelled in 1789. The abbey 
 church, now in ruins, was once the greatest in Europe, 
 and was surpassed among cathedrals only by the old St. 
 Peter’s, which was larger by a few feet. It was of mas- 
 sive and imposing Romanesque, with seven towers, double 
 aisles, and double transepts. It was wrecked in the 
 Revolution, and now only one south transept, with its 
 great tower, remains, with two rich chapels. Some of 
 the other abbey buildings have been remodeled and 
 used for other purposes. A normal school was founded 
 here in 1865. Population, commune, 4,244. 
 
 Cluny, Hotel de. A former palace of the ab- 
 bots of Cluny, situated on the Boulevard St.- 
 Michel, Paris. It was built in the 15th century on a 
 part of the Palais des Thermes, and became the property 
 of the state in 1843: a museum of medieval antiquities 
 was placed on exhibition in 1844. 
 
 Cluseret (klii-ze-ra'), Gustave Paul. Bom 
 June 13, 1823: died at Toulon, Aug. 21, 1900. 
 A French officer and communist. He served on 
 General McClellan's staff in 1862, becoming a brigadier- 
 general ; edited the “ New Nation " in New York 1864 ; was 
 war minister of the Commune in Paris April 4-30, 1871 ; 
 fled to England and Mexico ; was condemned to death by a 
 military tribunal in 1872 ; and was amnestied and returned 
 to Paris in 1884. 
 
 Cluses (kliiz). A town in the department of 
 Haute-Savoio, France, situated on the Arve 
 24 miles southeast of Geneva. Population, 
 commune, 2,141. 
 
 Clusium (klo'shium). The Roman name of 
 Chiusi. 
 
 Clutterbuck (klut'er-buk), Captain Cuthbert. 
 
 The name under which Scott assumed to edit 
 “The Monastery,” “The Abbot,” and “The 
 Fortunes of Nigel.” 
 
 Cluver (klo'ver), or Cluverius (klo-ve'ri-us), 
 Philipp. Born at Dantzie, Germany, 1580: died 
 at Leyden, Netherlands, 1 623. A noted German 
 geographer, ne wrote “Introduotio in universam geo- 
 graphiam,” etc. (1629), and other workB. 
 
 Clwyd (klo'id). A small river in North Wales 
 which flows into the Irish Sea at Rhyl, north 
 of St. Asaph. 
 
Clyde 
 
 Clyde (klid). A river in Scotland which is 
 merged in the Firth of Clyde near Greenock. 
 It forms four falls near Lanark. Length, 96 
 miles ; navigable to Glasgow. 
 
 Clyde, Baron. See Campbell, Colin. 
 
 Clyde, Firth, of. The estuary formed by the 
 river Clyde below Greenock (below Glasgow 
 according to some) and by Loch Long, it enters 
 the Irish Sea between the Mull of Kintyre and Kirkcolm 
 Point. It has many watering-places and ship building 
 
 262 
 
 na-kat-sen'). Born about 1495 : died after 1521. 
 An Aztec chief, son of Nezahualpilli, lord of 
 Tezcuco, and brother of Cacama, who was 
 seized by Cortes in 1520. CortAs put another bro- 
 ther, Cuicuitzcatl, in Cacama’s place, but Coanaco claimed 
 the chieftainship of Tezcuco, and after the noche triste 
 he was upheld by the Mexican sovereigns. He seized 
 and massacred a body of Spaniards who were passing 
 through Tez mean territory, buton the approach of Corths 
 (Dec., 1520) he fled to Mexico, where he assisted in the de- 
 fense. He was captured with Guatemotzin, Aug. 13, 1521. 
 
 yards on its banks, and contains the islands of Bute, Coanza (ko-an'za), orKuanza (kwan'za). A 
 Arran, etc. Its greatest width is 37 miles. river in western Africa which flows into the 
 
 Clymene (klim e-ne). [Gr. Kto/ievy.] 1. In Atlantic Ocean in lat. 9° 15' S. Length, about 
 Greek mythology, daughter of Oceanus and goo miles. 
 
 Tethys, wife of lapetus, and mother of Atlas Coarf, or Coary (ko-a-re'). A river of Brazil 
 and Prometheus. 2. Planetoid 104. which joins the Amazon from the south in 
 
 Clymer (kll'mer), George. Born at Philadel- about long. 63° 30' W. 
 phia, 1739: died at Morrisville, Bucks County, * . 
 
 Pa., Jan. 23, 1813. An American politician. Coast Range (host ranj), or Coast Mountains 
 He was one of the signers of the Declaration of Indepen- (kost moun'tanz). 1. A series of mountain- 
 
 dence, and a member of the Constitutional Convention 
 1787. 
 
 Ciym of the Clough. See Clim. 
 Glytemnestra, or Clytssmnestra (klit-em- 
 
 nes'tra). [Gr. K/t vracyv/'/OTpa.] In Greek legend, 
 the daughter of Tyndareus and Leda, and wife 
 of Agamemnon. She was seduced by zEgisthus dur- 
 ing the absence of her husband as leader of the expedi- 
 tion against Troy. According to the version of the legend 
 
 chains extending nearly through the western 
 part of California, nearly parallel with the Pa- 
 cific Ocean. Width, 30-40 miles. The highest 
 peak is Mount San Bernardino (10,630 feet: 
 U. S. G. S.). — 2. A range of low mountains in 
 northwestern Oregon, parallel with the coast. 
 — 3. The mountains of southeastern Brazil, 
 bordering on the Atlantic (Pg. Serra, do Mar). 
 
 most commonly adopted by the tragic poets, she slew her C OcitbricigG (kot'brij). A town in Lanarkshire, 
 husband in the bath on his return from Troy, partly to Scotland, 9 miles east of Glasgow. Its lead- 
 avoid the consequences of her adultery and partly from j n g industry is iron manufacture. Population, 
 jealousy of Cassandra, daughter of Priam, whom at the qc qqi ’ 
 
 taking of Troy Agamemnon had received as his prize, and dO,Joi. 
 by whom he had two sons. She and her paramour were CO-Ttlcin. See Coatlicue. 
 
 in turn put to death by her son Orestes. Coatlicue (ko-a-tle'kwe), Cohuatliciie, or Co- 
 
 Clytie (kli'te), or Clytia (klish'i-ii). [Gr. atlantona. [‘Serpent petticoat.’] InMexican 
 
 KAvru/.] In classical mythology, a nymph be- 
 loved by Apollo, and metamorphosed into a 
 heliotrope. 
 
 Cnidus (ni'dus). [Gr. Kvitiof.] An ancient city 
 of Caria, Asia Minor, situated on the coast in 
 lat. 36° 40' N., long. 27° 20' E. It was settled by 
 the Lacedaemonians, and was a seat of worship of Aphro- 
 dite. On its site are, among other ruins, those of an ancient 
 theater. The cavea is 400 feet in diameter, with 36 tiers 
 
 (Nahuatl) mythology, the mother of Huitzilo- 
 pochtli. She was a woman of Tullawho, seeing a feathery 
 white baU float down from the sky, hid it in her bosom ; 
 shortly after she gave birth to the war-god, fully grown 
 and armed, who attacked the enemies of hi3 mother. 
 According to another legend, Coatlicue was the wife of 
 Mixcoatl. The flower-dealers of Mexico annually made 
 offerings of the early spring flowers to this goddess, or to 
 another of the same name. Also written Coallycue, Coat- 
 lyace, Coatlan, Coatlantonan, etc. 
 
 perfect “ Ooateacoalcos i (kp -at-sa^o-al'kos), or Gpatza- 
 
 structure. Near here, in 394 B. c., the Athenians under CO&iCOS (go-at-sa-ko-al kos). A river m the 
 Conon defeated the Lacediemonians. isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, which flows 
 
 Cnosus, or Gnosus (no'sus), later Cnossus, or into the Gulf of Mexico in lat. 18° 8' N., long. 
 GllOSSUS (nos'us). [Gr, K vucoc, Tvoeot;, Tvua- 94° 20' W. Length, about 150 miles. 
 o<5c.] The ancient capital of Crete, in lat. 35° Cob (kob), Oliver. An illiterate water-carrier 
 20' N., long. 25° 9' E., celebrated in the legends in Ben Jonson’s play “Every Man in his Hu- 
 of Zeus, Minos, Daedalus, and others : the mod- 
 ern Makro Teikho, excavated by Evans. 
 
 Gnut (knot). See Canute. 
 
 Coahuila (ko-a-we'la), or Coahuila de Sara- 
 goza (da sa-ra-go'tha). A state in northern 
 
 mour." Before water from the New River was brought 
 into London the city was chiefly supplied from conduits, 
 generally erected by rich citizens. Water was carried 
 from these by men called “tankard-bearers,” and sold. 
 Cob was one of these, and gave a sort of notoriety to his 
 class from his positionin Jonson’splay. 
 
 Mexico, lying between Texas on the north, Coban (ko-ban'). The capital of the depart- 
 Texas, Tamaulipas, and Nuevo Leon on the ment of Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, in lat. 15° 45' 
 east, San Luis Potosi and Zacatecas on the N., long. 90° 15' W. Population, 30,770. 
 south, and Chihuahua and Durango on the west. Cobb (kob), Howell. Born at Cherry Hill, Ga., 
 Capital, Saltillo. Area, 63,569 square miles. Sept. 7, 1815 : died at New York, Oct. 9, 1868. 
 Population, 367,652, (1910) ._ _ An American politician. He was member of Con- 
 
 Coahuiltecan (ko-a-wel'ta-kan), or Tejano gress from Georgia 1843-51 and 1855-57 (speaker 1849-51), 
 (ta-Ha'no). A linguistic stock of North Amer- governor of Georgia 1851-53, secretary of the treasury 
 iean Indians. It occupied the valley of the lower 1857 - 60 , and president of the Confederate Congress 1861-62. 
 Rio Grande in Texas, and in Coahuila (from which it Cobb, James. Bom in 1756: died in 1818. An 
 was named), Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas in Mexico. It English playwright, author of numerous come- 
 formerly comprised about 2a tribes, but all are extinct & 1 J , ° ’ 
 
 save the Comecrudo, Cotoname, and Pakawa. These are cues, operas, etc. 
 
 represented by a score or more individuals, mainly Come- Cobb, Sylvanus. Born at Norway, Maine, July, 
 crudo. only a few of whom speak their native tongue. 1799: died at East Boston, Mass., Oct. 31, 
 Coalbrookdale (kol'bruk-dal). A coal- and 1866. An American Universalist clergyman 
 iron-producing region in Shropshire, England, and writer. He became in 1838 editor of the “ Christian 
 
 near the Severn. 
 
 Coalitions against France, during the Napo- 
 leonic period. They were the following : The 
 first (1793-97) consisted of England and all the Continental 
 powers except Russia, Swedeu, and Denmark. Bonaparte 
 won the battles of Millesimo, Mondovi, Lodi, Arcole, etc., 
 and dictated the peace of Campo-Fonnio, Oct. 17, 1797. 
 The second (1799-1801) consisted of Russia, Austria, Eng- 
 land, Portugal, Naples, and Turkey. Bonaparte won the 
 battles of Montebello and Marengo ; and Moreau, those of 
 Hbchstadt, Hohenlindeu, and Traun. Peace was con- 
 cluded at Lun6ville Feb. 9, 1801. The third (1805) con- 
 sisted of England, Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Naples 
 against France. Napoleon won the battle of Auster- 
 litz, and dictated the peace of Presburg Dec. 26, 1805. 
 The fourth (1806-1807) consisted of Prussia, Russia, Eng- 
 land, and Sweden. Napoleon won the battles of Jena and 
 Auerstadt, Eylau, and Friedland, and dictated the peace 
 of Tilsit, July, 
 and England, 
 of 100,000,000 
 
 of Aspern and Essling, gained the victory of Wagram, 
 and dictated the peace of Vienna, Oct. il, 1809. The 
 sixth (1813-15) consisted of Russia, Sweden, Austria, Eng- 
 land, and Prussia. Napoleon lost the decisive battles of 
 Leipsic and W aterloo. 
 
 Goan (ko'an), Titus. Bom at Killingworth, 
 Conn., Feb. 1, 1801: died at Hilo, Hawaii, 
 Dec. 1. 1882. An American missionary in Ha- 
 waii 1835-82. 
 
 Coanaco (ko-a-nii'ko), or Coanacatzin (ko-a- 
 
 Freeman,” which position he occupied upward of twenty 
 years. Author of “The New Testament, with Explana- 
 tory Notes ’’ (1864), etc. 
 
 Cobb, Sylvanus, Jr. Born at Waterville, 
 Maine, 1823: died at Hyde Park, Mass., July 
 20, 1887. An American miscellaneous writer, 
 son of Sylvanus Cobb. He wrote “The King's 
 Talisman” (1851), “The Patriot Cruiser” (1859), “Ben 
 llamed ” (1864), etc. 
 
 Cobbe (kob), Frances Power. Born at Dublin, 
 Dec. 4, 1822 : died April 5, 1904. An English au- 
 thor and philanthropist. She wrote “ An Essay on 
 Intuitive Morals "(1855-57), “Broken Lights’’ (1864), “Dar- 
 winism in Morals, and Other Essays" (1872), “The Hopes of 
 the Human Race’’ (1874), “The Moral Aspects of Vivisec- 
 tion” (1875), “The Dutiesof Women’’ (1880), “TheScientific 
 Spirit of the Age" (1888), “Autobiography” (1894), etc. 
 
 ', 1807. The fifth (1809) consisted of Austria , , . will).™ 
 
 , which latter country furnished a subsidy Cobbett (hob et), William. Born at 1 ainham, 
 francs. Napoleon was defeated at the battle Surrey, England, March 9, 1766: died near r arn- 
 
 ham, June 16, 1835. A noted English political 
 writer. He was the son of a peasant, obtained a meager 
 education, enlisted in the army about 1783, obtained his 
 discharge about 1791, and in 1792 emigrated to America. 
 From 1797 to 1799 he published at Philadelphia “ Porcu- 
 pine ’sGazette,” a Federalist daily newspaper. He returned 
 to England in 1800. In January, 1802, he began at London 
 the publication of “Cobbett’s Weekly Political Register,” 
 which, with trifling interruptions, was continued until his 
 death ; and in 1803 began to publish the “ Parliamentary 
 Debates," which in 1812 passed into the hands of T. C. 
 
 Cocadrille 
 
 Hansard. He at first supported the government, bat 
 about 1804 joined the opposition, with the result that he 
 was several times fined for libel, and in 1810 sentenced 
 to imprisonment for two years. He was elected to Parlia- 
 ment as member for Oldham in 1832, and again in 1834. 
 Author of “Porcupine’sWorks”(1801-02), “A Grammarof 
 the English Language ” (1818), a grammar and a diction- 
 ary of the French language, “Cottage Economy” (1821), 
 
 “ The Emigrant's Guide ’’ (1828), “Advice to Young Men 
 and, incidentally, to Young Women ” (1830), etc. 
 
 Cobbler of Preston, The. A musical farce by 
 Charles Johnson, founded on the adventures of 
 Christopher Sly in Shakspere’s “Taming of the 
 Shrew.” It was first acted in 1716, and altered and pro- 
 duced with music in 1817. Another was produced by 
 Christopher Bullock at about the same time. 
 
 Cobbold (kob'old), Thomas Spencer. Bom 
 
 at Ipswich, England, in 1828 : died at London, 
 March 20, 1886. An English naturalist, noted 
 especially for his studies of worms parasitic on 
 man aud animals. He was appointed lecturer on 
 botany at St. Mary’s Hospital, London, 1857 ; on zohlogy at 
 the Middlesex Hospital, 1861 ; and on geology at the Brit- 
 ish Museum, 1868. In 1873 he became professor of bot- 
 any, and later of helminthology, at the Royal Veterinary 
 College. 
 
 Cobden (kob'den), Richard. Born at Hey- 
 shott, near Midhurst, Sussex, England, June 
 3, 1804: died at London, April 2, 1865. An 
 English statesman and political economist, es- 
 pecially noted as an advocate of free trade and 
 of peace, and as the chief supporter of the 
 Anti-Corn-Law League 1839-46. He began, in part- 
 nership with others, the business of calico-printing in 
 1831 ; entered Parliament in 1841 ; visited the United 
 States in 1854 ; and negotiated an important commercial 
 treaty between England and France 1859-60. During the 
 Civil War in the United States he was a supporter of the 
 cause of the North. His “Political Writings ’’ were pub- 
 lished in 1867; his “Speeches on Questions of Public 
 Policy ” (ed. Bright and Rogers) in 1870. 
 
 Cohden Club. An association for the promul- 
 gation of free-trade doctrines, founded in Lon- 
 don in 1866. 
 
 Cobham (kob'am), Eleanor. Died 1443 (?). 
 The second wife of Humphrey, duke of Glou- 
 cester. She had dealings with Roger Bolingbroke, who 
 professed the black art, aud was tried for a conspiracy to 
 kill the king by magic, that her husband might have the 
 crown. She was imprisoned and sentenced to perambu- 
 late the streets for three days bareheaded with a burning 
 taper in her hand. She was afterward imprisoned in 
 Chester Castle, Kenilworth, and the Isle of Man, and is 
 said to have remained in Peel Castle till her death. She 
 is referred to in Shakspere’s 2 Henry VI. it 3. 
 
 Cobham, Lord. See Brooke, Henry, and Old- 
 castle, Sir John. 
 
 Gobi (ko'be). See Gobi. 
 
 Cobija (ko-be'Ha), or Puerto Lamar (pwer'to 
 la-mar'). A seaport on the Pacific Ocean, in 
 lat. 22° 34' S., long. 70° 17' W. It was formerly 
 
 the capital of the Bolivian province of Atacama, but has 
 been held by Chile since 1879. 
 
 Coblenz, or Koblenz, or Coblentz (ko'blents). 
 [L.Jd Confluentes, referring to the junction here 
 of the Rhine and Moselle.] The capital of the 
 Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the west 
 hank of the Rhine, at its junction with the Mo- 
 selle, in lat. 50° 22' N., long. 7° 35' E. It has an 
 important trade in wine, manufactures, aud champagne. 
 It is a strong fortress, and contains the Church of St. 
 Castor, a palace, aud several fine promenades and bridges. 
 It was a Roman station, and later a fort, and suffered in 
 the Thirty Years’ War and in the wars of Louis XIV. For 
 a few years it was the residence of the Elector of Treves, 
 before its occupation by the French in 1794. It became a 
 rendezvous of the French emigres in 1792, and was granted 
 to Prussia in 1815. Population, commune, 53,897. 
 Cobourg or Coburg (ko'berg). A lake port in 
 Ontario, Canada, situated on Lake Ontario 65 
 miles east-northeast of Toronto. Victoria Col- 
 lege, formerly situated here, was removed to 
 Toronto in 1890. Population, 5,074, (1911). 
 Coburg (ko'borg), G. Koburg (ko'boro). [P. 
 Cobourg.] 1. A duchy of Germany, now form- 
 ing with Gotha the state of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. 
 — 2. A city in the duchy, and alternately with 
 Gotha its capital, situated in the valley of the 
 Itz, in lat. 50° 15' N., long. 10° 58' E. It is noted 
 
 for its old castle (atone time the residence of Lather), and 
 the palace of Ehrenburg. Population, commune, 22,488. 
 
 Coburg, or Sase-Coburg(zaks-ko'borG), Prince 
 of (Friedrich Josias). Born 1737: diedFeb., 
 1815. An Austrian general. He commanded against 
 the Turks in 1789, and against the French 1793-94, was 
 victorious at Neerwinden in 1793, and was defeated at 
 Fleurus 1794. 
 
 Coburg Peninsula. A peninsula in the north- 
 ern part of Australia, west of the Gulf of Car- 
 pentaria. 
 
 Cobweb (kob'web). A fairy in Shakspere’s 
 “ Midsummer Night’s Dream.” 
 
 Cocadrille (ko'ka-dril). [One of the early 
 forms of crocodile.] A fabulous monster found 
 in the island of Silha, according to Sir John 
 Mandeville. He describes it as having four 
 feet and short thighs, and great nails like talons. 
 
Cocaigne, The Land of 
 
 Cocaigne, The Land of. See Cockaigne. 
 Cocamas (ko-ka'mas). An Indian tribe of 
 eastern Peru. They live mainly on the southern 
 side of the Amazon, near the frontiers of Brazil. By lan- 
 guage and customs they appear to be of the great Tupi 
 race, probably with some admixture of other tribes. They 
 are agricultural, have long been on friendly terms with 
 the whites, and are rapidly becoming amalgamated with 
 the semi-civilized country population. 
 
 Cocanada (ko-ka-na'da). A seaport in the Go- 
 davery district, Madras, British India, in lat. 
 16° 57' N., long. 82° 14' E. 
 
 Cocceians (kok-se'anz). The followers of John 
 Cocceius or Koch (1603-69), professor of the- 
 ology at Leyden, Holland, who founded the 
 so-called “ Federal” school of theology. He be- 
 lieved that the whole history of the Christian church to 
 all time was prefigured in the Old Testament, and so op- 
 posed the Voetians. 
 
 Cocceius (kok-tsa'yos), Johannes (originally 
 Koch or Koken). Bom at Bremen, Aug. 9, 
 1603 : died at Leyden, Netherlands, N ov. 5, 1669. 
 A Dutch Hebraist and theologian. He became 
 professor of biblical philology at the Academy of Bremen 
 in 1630, professor at the University of Franeker in 1636, 
 and professor of dogmatics at Leyden in 1650. He wrote 
 "Lexicon et commentaries sermonis Heb. et Chald. Vet. 
 Test.” (1669), “Summa doctrinse" (1648), etc. 
 
 With all its defects, the Federal theology of Cocceius is 
 the most important attempt, in the older Protestant the- 
 ology, to do justice to the historical development of reve- 
 lation. IF. R. Smith, Prophets of Israel, p. 375. 
 
 Coccia (kot'cha), Carlo. Born at Naples, 
 April 14, 1789 : died at Novara, Italy, April 
 13, 1873. An Italian composer of operas, can- 
 tatas, and masses. He visited London in 1820, where 
 he was an operatic conductor and also professor of com- 
 position at the Royal Academy, returning to Italy in 
 1828. He again visited England in 1835. 
 
 Cochabamba (ko-cha-bam'ba). 1. A central 
 department of Bolivia. Area, 23,300 square 
 miles. Population, 380,669. — 2. The capital 
 of this department, in lat. 17° 25' S., long. 66° 
 10' W. Population, about 24,512. 
 
 Cochem (ko'chem). A town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, situated on the Moselle 25 
 miles southwest of Coblenz. It has a castle. 
 Cocherel (kosh-rel'). A hamlet 12 miles east 
 of Evreux, France. Here in 1364 the French 
 under Bertrand du Guesclin defeated the forces 
 of England and Navarre. 
 
 Cochet (ko-sha'), Jean Benoit Desire. Born 
 at Sanvic, near Havre, France, March 7, 1812 : 
 died at Rouen, France, June 1, 1875. A French 
 archaeologist, best known from his explorations 
 in Normandy. 
 
 Cochimi (ko-che-me'). Atribe of North Amer- 
 ican Indians. They inhabited a region in 
 Lower California from 26° to about 31° N. lat. 
 See Yuman. 
 
 Cochin (ko-shan'), Charles Nicolas. Born at 
 Paris, Feb. 22, 1715: died at Paris, April 29, 
 1790. A French engraver and art critic. He 
 wrote “Voyage d’ltalie” (1758), etc. 
 
 Cochin, Pierre Suzanne Augustin. Born at 
 Paris, Dec. 12, 1823: died at Versailles, France, 
 March 15, 1872. A French publicist and econ- 
 omist. 
 
 Cochin (ko-ehen' or ko'chin). 1. A feudatory 
 state under the protection of Madras, British 
 India, situated about lat. 10° 30' N., long. 76° 
 30' E. Area, 1,361 square miles. Population, 
 812,025. — 2. A seaport in the Malabar 
 district, Madras, British India, in lat. 9° 58' N., 
 long. 76° 14' E. It was settled by the Portuguese in 
 1503, and was held by the Dutch from 1663 to 1796. 
 Cochin China (ko'chin chl'na). A name some- 
 times used vaguely as nearly identical with 
 Annam, properly restricted to the eastern or 
 ★ maritime part of Annam. 
 
 Cochin China, French or Lower. A French 
 colony lying between Cambodia and Annam 
 on the north, the China Sea on the southeast, 
 and the Gulf of Siam on the west. It includes the 
 delta of the Mekong. It was ceded to France in 1862 
 (province of Vinh-Long 1883). Its chief product is rice. 
 Capital, Saigon. Area, 20,000 square miles. Population, 
 2,968,529. 
 
 Cochitemi. See Cochiti. 
 
 Cochiti (ko-che-te'). A tribe of North Ameri- 
 can Indians inhabiting a pueblo of the same 
 name on the west bank of the Rio Grande, 
 27 miles southwest of Sante F6, New Mexico. 
 The inhabitants formerly successively occupied the Po- 
 trero de las Vacas, the Potrero San M ignel, the now ruined 
 pueblo of Cuapa, and the Potrero Viejo. Number, 300. 
 Cochiti is the aboriginal name of the pueblo. The tribe 
 has also been called Cochitemi, Cochilino. See Keresan. 
 
 Cochitino. See Cochiti. 
 
 Cochituate (ko-chit'u-at), Lake. A small lake 
 in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, 17 miles 
 west of Boston. It is one of the sources of Bos- 
 ton’s water-supply. 
 
 263 
 
 Cochlaeus (ko-kle'us), Johannes (Dobenek). 
 
 Born at Wendelstein, near Nuremberg, 1479 : 
 died at Breslau, Jan. 10, 1552. A German Ro- 
 man Catholic theologian and controversialist. 
 He became secretary to Duke George of Saxony in 1528, 
 and canon at Breslau iu 1539. He was associated at the 
 diet of Augsburg (1530) with Eck, Faber, and Wimpina in 
 the composition of the Refutation of the Augsburg Con- 
 fession ; and, on the death of Eck, was regarded as the 
 leading opponent of the Reformation. 
 
 Cochrane (kok'ran), John Dundas. Born 
 1780: died at Valencia, Venezuela, Aug. 12, 
 1825. A British traveler in Russia and Siberia 
 1820-23. He wrote a “Narrative of a Pedes- 
 trian Journey through Russia and Siberian 
 Tartary” (1824). 
 
 Cochrane, Thomas. Born at Annsfield, in 
 Lanarkshire, Dec. 14, 1775 : died at Kensing- 
 ton, England, Oct. 31, 1860. A Scottish noble 
 (tenth Earl of Dundonald) and British naval 
 commander. He was appointed vice-admiral Nov. 23, 
 1841, admiral March 21, 1851, and rear-admiral of the 
 United Kingdom Oct. 23, 1854. On May 6, 1801, in the 
 Speedy, a small and poorly armed vessel with 54 men, he 
 captured the Spanish frigate Elgamo of 600 tons and 319 
 men. He entered Parliament in 1800. On April 11, 1809, 
 he attacked a French fleet in Aix roads, and destroyed 
 four of the enemy’s vessels. In Feb., 1814, Cochrane was 
 accused of complicity in originating a fraudulent report 
 of Napoleon’s death for speculative purposes, and, though 
 he claimed to be entirely innocent, was imprisoned for 
 a year, fined, and expelled from the navy and from the 
 House of Commons. His constituents stood by him, and 
 at once returned him again to Parliament. Accepting an 
 invitation to organize the infant navy of Chile, he reached 
 Valparaiso Nov., 1818. During the subsequent campaigns, 
 with only one frigate and a few old vessels, he managed to 
 neutralize the powerful Spanish squadron; took Valdi- 
 via in Feb., 1820 ; transported San Martin's army to Peru ; 
 blockaded Callao, and performed the feat of cutting out a 
 Spanish frigate from under the guns of the castle (Nov. 
 6, 1820), and contributed greatly to the capture of Lima. 
 Owing to quarrels with San Martin and the Chilian au- 
 thorities, he left their service, and from March, 1823, to 
 1825 commanded the Brazilian navy : during this time he 
 recovered Bahia anil Maranhao from the Portuguese. Ac- 
 cused of insubordination, he resigned. In 1827 and 1828 
 he commanded the Greek navy, but accomplished nothing. 
 In 1832 he was virtually exonerated from the charges on 
 which he had been imprisoned in 1814, and was restored 
 to the Order of the Bath and to his rank in the British 
 navy. 
 
 Cochut (ko-slni'), AndrA Born at Paris, 1812 : 
 died there, Jan. 18, 1890. A French publicist. 
 
 Cock, The. A famous tavern in Fleet street, 
 London, opposite the Temple. It still retains dec- 
 orations of the period of the early part of the 17th century. 
 Tennyson has immortalized it iu his “Will Waterproof’s 
 Lyrical Monologue.” 
 
 Cock and the Fox, The. A version of Chau- 
 cer’s “Nun’s Priest’s Tale,” by Dryden. 
 
 Cockaigne, Cocagne (ko-kan'). [Also Cock- 
 ayne, etc., in various archaic forms, after ME. 
 cockaigne, cokaygne, cochagne, cokayne, cocaigne, 
 etc., from OP. cocaigne, cokaigne, coquaigne, co- 
 caingne, quoquaingne, F. cocagne (= Sp. cucana, 
 = Pg. cucanha = It. cocagna, cucagna, now 
 cuccagna), profit, advantage, abundance, a time 
 of abundance; pays de cocagne, Land of Co- 
 eagne(It. “ Cocagna, as we say, Luhberland”; 
 “ Cucagna, the epicures or gluttons home, the 
 land of all delights : so taken in mockerie ” — 
 Florio); ML. Cocania, an imaginary country of 
 luxury and idleness; prob. lit. ‘Cake-land.’ 
 Usually associated with cockney, hut there is 
 no original connection.] A fabled land of 
 perfect happiness and luxury, intended to rid- 
 icule the stories of the mythical Avalon, an 
 isle in the west, prevalent in medieval times. 
 Its houses were built of good things to eat ; roast geese 
 went slowly down the streets, turning themselves and in- 
 viting the passers-by to eat them ; buttered larks fell in 
 profusion ; the shingles of the houses even were of cake ; 
 and the rivers ran wine. The English poets of the 16th 
 century called it Luhberland. 
 
 Cockburn (ko'bem), Sir Alexander James 
 
 Edmund. Bom Dec. 24, 1802: died at London, 
 Nov. 21, 1880. A noted British jurist of Scotch 
 descent, lord chief justice of England. He was 
 graduated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he became a 
 fellow in 1829 ; entered Parliament as a Liberal in 1847 ; 
 wasattorney-gcnerall851-Fel)., 1852, and again Dec., 1852,- 
 Nov., 1856 ; and became chief justice of the Common Pleas 
 in 1856, and lord chief justice of England June 24, 1859. 
 As the representative of the British government at the 
 Alabama arbitration at Geneva, he dissented from the 
 award, holding that in the case of the Florida and that of 
 the Shenandoah the responsibility of his government had 
 not been proved. 
 
 Cockburn, Mrs. (Alicia, or Alison, Ruther- 
 ford). Born at Fairnalee, Selkirkshire, about 
 1712: died at Edinburgh, Nov. 22, 1794. A 
 Scottish lyric poet, author of “The Flowers of 
 the Forest” (“I’ve Seen the Smiling of Fortune 
 Beguiling”), and other songs. 
 
 Cockburn, Mrs. (Catherine Trotter). Born 
 at London, Aug. 16, 1679: died May 11, 1749. 
 An English dramatist and philosophical writer, 
 
 Cocoa-tree Club 
 
 wife (1708) of Patrick Cockburn, a clergyman. 
 She wrote “Agnes de Castro ” (acted 1696), “Fatal Friend- 
 ship " (acted 1698), “ Love at a Loss,’’ a comedy (1700), and 
 “Revolutions of Sweden ” (acted 1706). In 1702 she pub- 
 lished an anonymous defense of Locke's philosophizing 
 against the charge of materialism, and later advocated the 
 ethical views of Clarke. 
 
 Cockburn, Sir George. Bom at London, April 
 22, 1772: died at Leamington, England, Aug 
 19, 1853. An English admiral. He served at 
 the reduction of Martinique in 1809, and assisted 
 at the capture of Washington in 1814. 
 Cockburn, Henry Thomas, Lord. Bom at 
 Edinburgh (?), Oct. 26, 1779: died at Bonaly, 
 near Edinburgh, April 26, 1854. A Scottish 
 jurist, appointed a judge of the Court of Ses- 
 sion in 1834, and a lord of judiciary in 1837. 
 His autobiography (“Memorials of his Time”) 
 was published in 1856. 
 
 Cocker (kok'er), Edward. Born probably in 
 Northamptonshire, England, 1631: died 1675. 
 An English engraver and teacher of writing and 
 arithmetic, and collector of manuscripts. He 
 was the author of various works on calligraphy, arithme- 
 tic (“ Tutor to Arithmetic ” (1664), “Compleat Arithme- 
 tician ’’ (before 1669), “ Arithmetic, "edited by John Hawk- 
 ins (1678), etc.), etc. It has been asserted that the famous 
 arithmetic is a forgery by Hawkins. 
 
 Cockeram (kok'ram), Henry. Flourished about 
 the middle of the 17th century. An English 
 scholar (of whose life nothing is known), au- 
 thor of the first published dictionary of the Eng- 
 lish language. The book is entitled “The English 
 Dictionarie, or a New Interpreter of Hard English Words” 
 (1623 ?; 2d ed. 1626 ; 12th ed., revised and enlarged by an- 
 other’s hand, 1670). 
 
 Cockerell (kok'er-el), Charles Robert. Bom 
 
 at London, April 28, 1788 : died at London, Sept. 
 17, 1863. A noted English architect. He became 
 architect of the Bank of England in 1833, and was professor 
 of architecture in the Royal Academy 1840-57. He com- 
 pleted the Hanover Chaptl in Regent street in 1825, built 
 the Taylor Buildings at Oxford 1841 12 , and designed nu- 
 merous other public and private buildings. Author of 
 “Ancient Sculptures in Lincoln Cathedral' (1848), “Ico- 
 nography of the West Front of Wells Cathedral "’(1851), “A 
 Descriptive Account of the Sculptures of the West Front 
 of Wells Cathedral ” (1862), etc. 
 
 Cockermouth (kok'er-mouth). A town and 
 parliamentary borough in Cumberland, Eng- 
 land, situated at the confluence of the Cocker 
 and Derwent, 25 miles southwest of Carlisle. 
 It was the birthplace of Wordsworth. Popu- 
 lation, 5,355. 
 
 Cock Lane Ghost. A noted imposture perpe- 
 trated in 1762 in Cock Lane, Smithfield, Lon- 
 don, by a man named Parsons and his daughter 
 (eleven years old). Knockings and other strange noises 
 were heard, and a “luminous lady,’' supposed to be the 
 ghost of a Mrs. Kent, was seen. Dr. Johnson, among 
 others, visited the house, and was maliciously attacked 
 for his credulity by Churchill in his long poem “The 
 Ghost. ” Parsons was pilloried. 
 
 Cockledemoy (kok'l-de-moi). An adroit and 
 amusing trickster in Marston’s play “The 
 Dutch Courtezan.” 
 
 Cockloft (kok'loft), Pindar. The pseudonym 
 of William Irving in “ Salmagundi.” 
 
 Cockney School, The. A name derisively 
 given by some English critics to a set of writers 
 including Hazlitt, Shelley, Keats, Leigh Hunt, 
 and others. Leigh Hunt was the shining light 
 of this coterie. 
 
 Cockpit (kok'pit), The. 1. A London theater 
 which stood in a narrow court, called Pitt Place, 
 formerly Cockpit alley, running out of Drury 
 Lane. It was erected about 1615, hut pulled down by 
 a mob in 1017. A second theater was built here, called 
 the Phoenix. This again gave place to the Drury Lane 
 Theatre. 
 
 2. See the extract. 
 
 The Master of the Rolls was at that time the presiding 
 Judge of Appeal at the Privy Council, which was com- 
 monly spoken of as “ the Cockpit," because it sat on the 
 site of the old Cockpit at W hitehall. 
 
 Greville, Memoirs, II. 70, note. 
 
 Cockwood (kok'wud), Lady. In Etherege’s 
 comedy “She Would if She Could,” a female 
 Tartufe who hides a disgraceful intrigue under 
 a great pretense of religious devotion. 
 
 Codes (ko'klez), Horatius. A Roman legen- 
 dary hero who with Spurius Lartius and Titus 
 Herminius defended the Sublician bridge at 
 Rome against the entire Etruscan army under 
 Lars Porsena (508? B. c.). 
 
 Coco (ko'ko). A tribe of North American In- 
 dians. See Attacapan. 
 
 Cocoa-tree Club. A noted London club which 
 was the Tory Cocoa-tree Chocolate-house of 
 Queen Anne’s reign, at 64 St. James street. 
 It was converted into a gaming-house and a club, proba- 
 bly before 1746, when the bouse was the headquarters of 
 the Jacobite party, and the resort of the wits of the time. 
 Timbs. 
 
Coco-Maricopas 
 
 Coco-Maricopas. See Maricopas. 
 
 Cocopa (ko'ko-pa). [PL, also Cocopas.'] A 
 tribe of North American Indians. They live in 
 lower California from the mouth of the Colorado River to 
 near the Gila. See Yuman. 
 
 Cocos. See Keeling Islands. 
 
 Cocospera (ko-ko-spa'ra). [From the Pima: 
 
 ‘ place of the dogs.’] A peak in Sonora, Mexico, 
 forming a part of one of the western ramifica- 
 tions of the Sierra Madre. 
 
 Cocu Xmaginaire, Le. See Sganarelle. 
 CocytllS (ko-sl'tus). [Gr. KuKvrdg, from sukvto^, 
 wailing.] 1. A river in Epirus, a tributary of 
 the Acheron: the modern Vuvos. — 2. In clas- 
 sical mythology, a river of Hades, a tributary 
 of the Acheron. 
 
 Codazzi (ko-dat'se), Agustin. Born at Lugo, 
 near Ferrara, Italy, 1792 : died in Colombia, 1859. 
 An engineer and geographer in the northern 
 part of South America. He published at Paris 
 in 1841 “Resumen de la Geografia de Vene- 
 zuela.” 
 
 Coddington (kod'ing-ton), William. Born in 
 Lincolnshire, England, 1601 : died in Rhode 
 Island, Nov. 1, 1678. An English colonist in 
 America, one of the founders of the colony of 
 Rhode Island in 1638, and its governor 1640-47, 
 1648-49, and 1674—76. 
 
 Code Frederic (kod fra-da-rek' ). A codification 
 of the laws of Prussia made by Frederick the 
 Great in 1751. 
 
 Code Napoleon (kdd na-po-la-on'). A compi- 
 lation of the laws of France made under the 
 auspices of Napoleon Bonaparte, first consul 
 and emperor, promulgated 1804—10. it is founded 
 on the civil law, and has been largely copied in other 
 countries where the civil law prevails. 
 
 Code Noir (kod nwar). [F., ‘black code.’] An 
 edict of Louis XIV. of France in 1685, regu- 
 lating the West Indian colonies and the con- 
 dition and treatment of negro slaves and freed 
 negroes. 
 
 Code of 1650. A code of laws compiled for the 
 colony of Connecticut by Roger Ludlow : some- 
 times called Ludlow's Code. 
 
 Code of Justinian, Theodosius. See Justinian, 
 Theodosius. 
 
 Codlin (kod'lin), Tom. A cynical exhibitor of 
 a Punch-and-Judy show, in Charles Dickens’s 
 “ Old Curiosity Shop.” 
 
 Codogno (ko-do'nyo). A town in the province 
 of Milan, Italy, 32 miles southeast of Milan. 
 It is the chief market for Parmesan cheese. 
 Population, commune, 11,594; town, 10,033. 
 Codrington (kod'ring-ton), Sir Edward. Born 
 April 27, 1770: died at London, April 28, 1851. 
 A noted English admiral. He took part in the battle 
 of Trafalgar, Oct. 21, ls05, as commander of the Orion ; 
 was with Cochrane in Chesapeake Bay anil at New Orleans 
 in 1814 ; became vice-admiral 1821, and admiral of the 
 blue 1837 ; and commanded the allied fleet at Navarino 
 Oct. 20, 1827. 
 
 Codrington, Sir Henry John. Born 1808: died 
 Aug. 4, 1877. A British admiral, third son of 
 Admiral Sir Edward Codrington. He took part, 
 as commander of the Talbot, in the bombardment of Acre, 
 Nov. 4, 1840 ; became a rear-admiral in 1887 ; was admiral 
 superintendent at Malta 1858-63; and was appointed ad- 
 miral in 1867, and admiral of the fleet 1877. 
 
 Codrington, Sir William John. Born Nov. 26, 
 1804: died at Heckfield, Hampshire, Aug. 4, 
 1884. A British general, second son of Admiral 
 Sir Edward Codrington. He served in the Crimean 
 war, commanding a brigade at the battle of the Alma, 
 and a division at Inkerman, and succeeded Sir James 
 Simpson as commander-in-chief in the Crimea, Nov. 11, 
 1855, returning to England in 1856, when he was appointed 
 lieutenant-general and general in 1863. He entered Parlia- 
 ment in 1857, and was governor of Gibraltar 1859-65. 
 Codrus (ko'drus). [Gr. Kodpor.] The last king 
 of Athens: reigned (according to tradition) 
 about 1068 B. c. 
 
 Cody (ko'di), William Frederick. Born in 
 Scott County, Iowa, Feb. 26, 1846. Agovernment 
 SCOlit. He became known as “ buffalo Bill ” from the fact 
 that he contracted with the Kansas Pacific Railway to 
 supply its laborers with buffalo meat : in eighteen months 
 he killed 4,280 bulfaloes. In 1872 he was elected a mem- 
 ber of the Nebraska legislature. In 1883 he organized the 
 “ Wild West,” an exhibition of life on the frontier. 
 Coehoorn (ko'horn), or Cohorn (ko'horn), 
 Menno van. Born near Leeuwarden, Fries- 
 land, 1641: died at The Hague, Netherlands, 
 March 17, 1704. A Dutch military engineer, 
 called the Dutch Vanhorn, inventor of the 
 eoehorn 1674. He wrote “Nieuwe Vesting- 
 bouw ” (“New Fortification,” 1685). 
 
 Coel. See Cole, King. 
 
 Coelebs (se'lebz) in Search of a Wife. A 
 
 novel by Hannah More, published in 1809. 
 The name is often applied to any bachelor de- 
 sirous of marrying. 
 
 264 
 
 Ccelestin. See Celestine. 
 
 Ccelestius (se-les'tius). A collaborator of Pela- 
 gius: a native of Ireland (Bretagne?). He was 
 condemned as a heretic by a council at Carthage in 412, 
 but was acquitted by Pope Zosimus in 417. He is said to 
 have been ordained presbyter at Ephesus some time be- 
 tween 412 and 417. 
 
 Coele-Syria, or Cele-Syria (se'le-sir'i-a). [Gr. 
 KotArj Zvpia, Hollow Syria.] A valley in Syria, 
 lying between the Libanus and the Anti-Li- 
 banus, and watered by the Leontes and the 
 Orontes. 
 
 Coelho (ko-el'yo), Duarte de Albuquerque, 
 
 Count of Pernambuco and Marquis of Basto. 
 Born at Lisbon, Dec. 22, 1591 : died at Madrid, 
 Sept. 24, 1658. The eldest son of Jorge de 
 Albuquerque Coelho. In 1627 he was made gover- 
 nor of Pernambuco, a position which lie had, by feudal 
 law, inherited from his father. He was driven out by the 
 Dutch invasion of 1630, and in 1639 went to Spain, resid- 
 ing at Madrid, where he published his “ Memorias diarias 
 de la guerra del Brazil ” in 1654. 
 
 Coelho, Gonqalo. A Portuguese navigator 
 who, in 1488, commanded a ship on the coast 
 of Senegambia. It has been supposed that he had 
 charge of the expedition of 1501 to explore the coast of 
 Brazil, but of this there is no proof. It seems certain, 
 however, that he commanded the six caravels which left 
 Lisbon June 10, 1503, to seek a route to the Moluccas 
 around the southern end of Brazil, then supposed to be 
 an island. One of his ships was wrecked ; two others, 
 one of them having Amerigo Vespucci for commander or 
 pilot, separated from Coelho and returned to Lisbon in 
 June, 15J4. Coelho himself explored as far, at least, as 
 Rio de Janeiro, and only returned in 1506. Nothing fur- 
 ther is known of him. 
 
 Coelho, J orge de Albuquerque. Bom at Olin- 
 da, Pernambuco, April 23, 1539: died, probably 
 at Lisbon, some time after 1596. A Portuguese 
 soldier, second son of Duarte Coelho Pereira. 
 From 1560 to 1565 he was commander of the Portuguese 
 forces in Pernambuco, under his brother, the second dona- 
 tario ; he was captured by French corsairs in 1565 ; was 
 captured by the Moors in Africa at the disastrous battle 
 of Alcacer-Quivir (Aug. 4, 1578); and on the death of his 
 brother inherited the captaincy of Pernambuco. 
 
 Coelho de Albuquerque (ko-el'yo de al-bo- 
 ker'ke), Duarte. Born at Olinda, Pernam- 
 buco, 1537: died in Fez, Africa, about 1579. 
 The eldest son of Duarte Coelho Pereira. He 
 inherited the captaincy of Pernambuco in 1554, and gov- 
 erned it personally from 1560 to 1572. Returning to Por- 
 tugal, he followed Dom Sebastiao to Africa, was taken 
 prisoner by the Moors, and died in captivity. 
 
 Coelho Pereira, Duarte. Born about 1485: 
 died at Olinda, Pernambuco, Aug. 7, 1554. A 
 Portuguese soldier. He was the first to reach Cochin 
 China, and was sent as an ambassador to Siam and China. 
 In 1530 he was sent to the coast of Brazil, where he de- 
 stroyed a French trading establishment. In April, 1534, 
 the new captaincy of Pernambuco was granted to him 
 and his heirs in perpetuity, and he speedily made it the 
 most flourishing colony in Brazil. Olinda, his capital, 
 was founded in 1635. 
 
 Ccelica (se'li-ka). A collection of short poems 
 of different lengths, by Fulke Greville (Lord 
 Brooko). It appeared in a folio volume con- 
 taining other poems in 1633. 
 
 Coello (ko-el'yo), Alonso Sanchez. Born at 
 Benifayro, near Valencia, Spain, about 1520(?) : 
 died at Madrid, 1590. A Spanish painter, es- 
 pecially noted for his portraits. 
 
 Coello, Claudio. Born at Madrid, 1621: died 
 at Madrid, April 20, 1693. A Spanish histori- 
 cal painter. 
 
 Coen (kon), Jan Pieterszoon. Born at Hoorn, 
 Netherlands, Jan. 8, 1587: died at Batavia, 
 Java, Sept. 20, 1629. A Dutch official, gover- 
 nor-general of the Dutch East Indies 1618-23. 
 He founded Batavia in 1619. 
 
 Cceur (ker), Jacques. Born at Bourges, France, 
 about 1400: died in Chios, Nov. 25, 1456. A 
 noted French financier, and merchant in the 
 Levant. He had charge of the coinage and financial 
 affairs of the state from about 1430, and effected important 
 reforms. He was imprisoned 1451-55 on the false charge 
 of having poisoned Agn6s Sorel. 
 
 Coeur d’Alfine (ker da-lan'). [F.,‘ awl-heart.’] 
 An Indian tribe living chiefly in northern Idaho. 
 They give name to a lake, river, and range of mountains 
 in northern Idaho. See Salishan. Their name for them- 
 selves is Skitsicish. 
 
 Coeur de Lion (ker de le-on'). [F., ‘lion’s 
 heart,’ ‘lion-hearted.’] A surname given on 
 account of their valor to Richard I. of England 
 and Louis VIII. of France. 
 
 Coffee-House Politician, The. A comedy by 
 Henry Fielding, published in 1730. 
 
 Coffin (kof'in), Sir Isaac. Born at Boston, 
 Mass., May 16, 1759: died in England, July 23, 
 1839. A British sailor, appointed vice-admiral 
 in 1808, and admiral June 4, 1814. He entered 
 the navy in 1773, and became commander in 1781. In 
 1788 he was accused of signing a false muster, tried by 
 court-martial, found guilty, and dismissed from the navy, 
 but was reinstated. 
 
 Coimbatore 
 
 Coffin, James Henry. Born at Northampton, 
 
 Mass., Sept. 6, 1806: died at Easton, Pa., Feb. 
 6, 1873. An American mathematician and me- 
 teorologist, professor of mathematics and as- 
 tronomy at Lafayette College, Easton. He wrote 
 “ Winds of the Northern Hemisphere ” (1853), and other 
 meteorological works, “ Elements of Conic Sections ” and 
 “Analytical Geometry” (1849), etc. 
 
 Coffin, Long Tom. A sailor in Cooper’s novel 
 “The Pilot,” 
 
 Cogalniceanu (ko-gul-nich-an'), Michael. 
 Born Sept. 6, 1817 : died at Paris, July 1, 1891. 
 A Rumanian statesman and historian. He was 
 president of the cabinet 1863-65, minister of the interior 
 1868-70, minister of foreign affairs 1877-78, minister of the 
 interior 1879-80, and Rumanian ambassador at Paris 1880- 
 1881. He wrote “Histoire de la Valachie et de la Mol- 
 davie ” (1837), etc. 
 
 Coghetti (ko-get'te), Francesco. Bom at 
 Bergamo, Italy, Oct. 4, 1804: died at Rome, 
 April 21, 1875. An Italian painter. His best- 
 known works are the frescos in the basilica in 
 Savona. 
 
 Cogia Hassan Alhabbal (ko'gya has'san al- 
 hab'bal). A story, in “ The Arabian Nights’ 
 Entertainments,” of a poor rope-maker who 
 finds a diamond in a large fish, and becomes 
 rich. 
 
 Cogia Houssam (hos'sam). The captain of the 
 thieves in ‘‘Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves,” 
 in “The Arabian Nights’ Entertainments,” 
 who, under this name, wins the confidence of 
 Ali Baba’s son. 
 
 Cognac (kon-yak'). A town in the department 
 of Charente, France, situated on the Charente 
 23 miles west of Angouleme: the ancient Con- 
 date (in the middle ages Coniacus, later Coi- 
 gnac). It is the center of the brandy trade of the region. 
 Population, commune, 19,409. 
 
 Cognac, Holy League of. A league concluded 
 May 22, 1526, between Pope Clement VII., Fran- 
 cis I. of France, Milan, and Venice, against the 
 emperor Charles V. Henry VIII. was in sympathy 
 with the league, which is also styled the Clementine 
 League. 
 
 Cogniard (kon-yar'), Hippolyte. Born Nov. 
 20, 1807 : died Feb. 6, 1882. A French theatri- 
 cal director and writer of vaudevilles. 
 Cogniard, Theodore. Born April 30, 1806 : died 
 May 14, 1872. A French theatrical director 
 and. writer of vaudevilles in -conjunction with 
 his brother Hippolyte. 
 
 Cogoleto (ko-go-la'to). A town in the province 
 of Genoa, Italy, situated on the coast 15 miles 
 west of Genoa. It is sometimes claimed as the 
 birthplace of Columbus. 
 
 Cogolludo (ko-gol-yo'Do), Diego Lopez de. 
 
 A Spanish Franciscan who lived in Yucatan 
 in the second quarter of the 17th century. His 
 “ Historia de Yucathan" (fol., Madrid, 1688) is a chief au- 
 thority on the history of that country down to 1656. A 
 second edition bears the title “Los tres siglos de la domi- 
 nacion espafiola en Yucatan” (2 vols., Campeche and 
 Merida, 1842-45). 
 
 Cogswell (kogz'wel), Joseph Green. Born at 
 Ipswich, Mass., Sept. 27, 1786: died at Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., Nov. 26, 1871. An American 
 scholar. He was professor of mineralogy and geology 
 at Harvard 1820-23 ; founded, with George Bancroft, the 
 Round Hill School at Northampton, Massachusetts, in 
 1823; edited the “New York Review”; was appointed 
 superintendent of the Astor Library, New York, in 1848; 
 and resigned as superintendent in 1861, and as trustee in 
 1864. 
 
 Cohasset (ko-bas'et). A town and summer 
 resort iu Norfolk County, Massachusetts, situ- 
 ated on Massachusetts Bay 15 miles southeast 
 of Boston. Minot’s Ledge lighthouse lies 1 mile off 
 the coast at this point. Population, 2,585, (1910). 
 
 Cohn (kon), Ferdinand Julius. Born Jan. 24, 
 1828: died June 25, 1898. A noted German 
 botanist, professor of botany at Breslau. 
 Cohnheim (kon'him), Julius Friedrich. Born 
 
 at Demmin, Pomerania, Prussia, July 20, 1839: 
 died at Leipsic, Aug. 14, 1884. A German pa- 
 thologist, noted especially for discoveries in 
 regard to pus-corpuscles. He became professor of 
 pathology and pathological anatomy at Kiel in 1868, at 
 Breslau iu 1872, and at Leipsic iu 1878. 
 
 Cohoes (ko-hoz'). A city in Albany County, 
 New York, situated at the confluence of the 
 Mohawk with the Hudson, 8 miles north of 
 Albany. It has rolling-mills and manufactures of ho- 
 siery and underwear. Its water-power is derived from 
 the Cohoes tails, .0 feet in height. Population, 24,709, 
 (1910). 
 
 Coila (koi'lji) : Latinized from Kyle. A region 
 in Ayrshire, Scotland, celebrated in Burns’s 
 poems. 
 
 Coimbatore (ko - im - ba - tor '), or Koimbatur 
 
 (-tor'). 1. A district in Madras, British India, 
 situated lat. 10° 15'-11° 18' N., long. 76° 39'- 
 
Coimbatore 
 
 78° 14' E. Area, 7,860 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 2,201,752. — 2. The capital of this dis- 
 trict, situated on the river Noyel in lat. 11° 
 N., long. 76° 58' E. Population, 53,080. 
 Coimbra (ko-em'brii). The capital of the dis- 
 trict of Coimbra, in Beira, Portugal, situated 
 (near the ancient Conimbrica) on the Mon- 
 dego in lat. 40° 12' N., long. 8° 25' W. it is 
 
 ths seat of the only university in Portugal, transferred 
 here in 1308 from Lisbon (where it was founded in 1290), 
 and was the scene of the murder of Ines de Castro in 
 1355. It contains the Convent of Santa Cruz, with the 
 tombs of Alfonso Henriques and Sancho I., an old and a 
 new cathedral, and a fine library building connected with 
 the university. Population, 18,144. 
 
 Coimbra. A Brazilian frontier fort and settle- 
 ment on the river Paraguay in lat. 19° 55' S. 
 It was founded in 1775, repulsed an attack of the Span- 
 iards in 1801, and was taken by the Paraguayans in Lee., 
 1864. 
 
 Coin (ko-en'). A town in the province of 
 Malaga, Spain, 20 miles west of Malaga. 
 Population, 12,326. 
 
 Coire (kwar), G. Chur (chor). [It. Coira, Ro- 
 mansh Cuera .] The capital of the canton of 
 Grisons, Switzerland, situated on the Plessur, 
 near the Rhine, in lat. 46° 51' N.,long. 9° 31' E. : 
 the Roman Curia Rhsetorum. it is a very old town, 
 and contains a cathedral, an episcopal palace, and some 
 Roman antiquities. The cathedral is a venerable struc- 
 ture, in parts as old as the 8th century, with a still older 
 crypt. Population, 11,532. 
 
 Gojutepec (ko-no-te-pek'), or Cojutepeque 
 (ko-Ho-te-pa ka). A town in San Salvador, 
 Central America, 10 miles northeast of San 
 Salvador. Population, 10,350. 
 
 Cokayne (ko-kan'), Thomas. Born at Maple- 
 ton, Derbyshire, Jan. 21, 1587 : died at Lon- 
 don, 1638. An English lexicographer, author 
 of an English-Greek lexicon containing deriva- 
 tions and definitions of “ all the words in the 
 New Testament” (1658). He was educated at Ox- 
 ford (Corpus Christi College), but did not take a degree. 
 Luring the latter part of his life he lived in Loudon 
 under the name of Browne. 
 
 Coke (kok, originally kuk), Si’ - Edward. [The 
 surname Coke is another form (archaic spell- 
 ing) of Cook, orig. designating a cook.] Born 
 at Mileham, Norfolk, England, Feb. 1, 1552 : 
 died at Stoke Pogis, Sept. 3, 1634. A noted 
 English jurist. He was speaker of the House of Com- 
 mons 1592-93, attorney-general 1593-94, chief justice of 
 the Common Pleas 1606, and chief justice of the King's 
 Bench 1613. He came into conflict with the king and 
 Bacon on matters touching the royal prerogative, espe- 
 cially the right of granting commendams, and was re- 
 moved from the bench Nov. 15, 1616. Among the noted 
 cases which he conducted as prosecutor are those of Es- 
 sex and Southampton in 1601, of Sir Walter Raleigh in 
 1603 (in which he disgraced himself by the brutality of 
 his language), and of the gunpowder plotters in 1605. In 
 the later part of his life he rendered notable service, in 
 Parliament, to the cause of English freedom, his last 
 important speech being a direct attack on Buckingham. 
 His chief works are his “Reports” (1600-15) and his 
 “Institutes,” which consist of a reprint and translation 
 of Littleton’s “ Tenures” with a commentary (popularly 
 known as “Coke upon Littleton”); the text of various 
 statutes from Magna Charta to the time of James I., with 
 a commentary; a treatise on criminal law ; and a treatise 
 on the jurisdiction of the different law-courts. 
 
 Coke, Thomas. Born at Brecon, South Wales, 
 Sept. 9, 1747 : died at sea, May 2, 1814. A 
 British preacher and missionary, first bishop 
 of the Methodist Episcopal Church (1784). He 
 wrote a “ Commentary on the Holy Scriptures” 
 (1807), “History of the West Indies” (1808), 
 etc. 
 
 Coke, Thomas William. Born May 4, 1752 : 
 died at Longford Hall, Derbyshire, June 30, 
 1842. An English nobleman and Whig poli- 
 tician, created earl of Leicester of Holkham 
 and Viscount Coke Aug. 12, 1837. He was the 
 son of Thomas Wenman, and assumed the name Coke 
 on succeeding to the estate of his maternal uncle, 
 Thomas Coke, earl of Leicester. He is beet known for 
 his improvements in agriculture on his estates about 
 Holkham, Norfolk, especially in the breeds of cattle, 
 sheep, and pigs. 
 
 Cokes (koks), Bartholomew. A foolish young 
 squire in Jonson’s comedy “Bartholomew Fair.” 
 
 Cokes is unquestionably the most finished picture of a 
 simpleton that the mimetic art ever produced. With suf- 
 ficient natural powers to take from us all sense of uneasi- 
 ness at his exposure, he is forever wantoning on the 
 verge of imbecility. His childish but insatiable curios- 
 ity, his eagerness to posse s every object within his 
 reach, his total abandonment of himself to every amuse- 
 ment that offers, his incapacity of receiving more than 
 one of two events at a time, with his anxious fears that 
 the other will escape him, joined to the usual concom- 
 itants of folly, selfishness, cunning, and occasional fits 
 of obstinacy. 
 
 Gifford, Notes to Jonson (Bartholomew Fair), II. 210. 
 
 Colada (ko-lii'THa). [Sp.] The second sword 
 of the Cid. 
 
 Colapur. See Kolhapur. 
 
 VI. 10 
 
 265 
 
 Colban (kol'biin), Madame (Adolfine Marie 
 Schmidt). Born Dec. 18, 1814 : died at Rome, 
 March 27, 1884. A Norwegian novelist. Her 
 
 works include “ Tre Noveller ” (1873), “Tre nye Noveller" 
 (1875), “Jeg lever ” (1877), “Cleopatra" (1880), etc. 
 
 Colberg. See Eolberg. 
 
 Colbert (kol-bar'), Jean Baptiste. Born at 
 Rheims, France, Aug. 29, 1619 : died at Paris, 
 Sept. 6, 1683. A noted French statesman. He 
 was the son of a merchant of Rheims, entered the service 
 of Cardinal Mazarin in 1648, and in 1661, on the death of 
 Mazarin, was appointed by Louis XIV. minister of finance, 
 a post which he held until his death. He introduced ex- 
 tensive fiscal reforms, as a result of which the income 
 of the government was nearly trebled; and encouraged 
 commerce and the industries by imposing a protective 
 tariff, by the building of canals, and by the planting of 
 colonies. He founded the Academy of Inscriptions (1663), 
 the Academy of Sciences (1666), and other institutions for 
 the promotion of art and science. 
 
 Colbert, Jean Baptiste, Marquis de Seignelay. 
 Born at Paris, 1651: died Nov. 3, 1690. A 
 French official, minister of marine: son of J. 
 B. Colbert. 
 
 Colborne (kol'born), Sir John. Born at Lynd- 
 hurst, Hampshire, Feb. 16, 1778: died at Tor- 
 quay, Devonshire, April 17, 1863. An English 
 general. He entered the army in 1794 ; served under 
 Wellington in Portugal, France, and Spain 1809-14 ; fought 
 with distinction at the battle of Waterloo in 1815 ; was ap- 
 pointed lieutenant-governor of Guernsey in 1825 ; and in 
 1830 became lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, a post 
 which he resigned on being promoted to lieutenant-general 
 in 1838. He returned to England in 1839, after having in 
 the mean time quelled the Canadian rebellion, and in the 
 same year was raised to the peerage as Lord Seaton of 
 Seaton in Devonshire. He was promoted general in 1854, 
 was commander of the forces in Ireland 1855-60, and was 
 created field-marshal in 1860. 
 
 Colbrand (kol'brand), or Coldbrand (kold'- 
 brand). A Danish giant, slain by Guy of War- 
 wick. There is some slight foundation of fact 
 in this legend. See Guy of Warwick. 
 
 Colburn (kol'bem), Warren. Born at Ded- 
 ham, Mass., March 1, 1793: died at Lowell, 
 Mass., Sept. 15, 1833. An American mathe- 
 matician, best known as a writer on arithmetic. 
 Colburn, Zerah. Born at Cabot, Vt., Sept. 1, 
 1804: died at Norwich, Vt., March 2, 1840. An 
 American, celebrated during his boyhood as an 
 arithmetical prodigy. 
 
 Colburn, Zerah. Born at Saratoga Springs, 
 N. Y., 1832: died April 26, 1870. An American 
 mechanical engineer, founder (1866) of the 
 journal “Engineering.” 
 
 Colby (kol'bi) University. An institution of 
 learning situated at Waterville, Maine. It 
 was organized in 1820, and previous to 1867 
 was called Waterville College. In 1899 the 
 name was changed to Colby College. 
 Colcampata (kol-kam-pa'ta). [Quichua, ‘ter- 
 race of the granaries.’] A series of artificial ter- 
 races at the foot of the Sacsahuaman hill, north 
 of and overlooking the city of Cuzco, Peru. 
 Colchester (kol'ches-ter). A town in Essex, 
 England, situated on the Colne in lat. 51° 54' 
 N., long. 0° 54' E. : the Roman Camulodunum, 
 and the Anglo-Saxon Colneceaster. it has long 
 been famous for its oyster-fishery, and contains many 
 Roman antiquities, including Roman walls. It has a 
 castle and the ruins of St. Botolph’s Priory and of a Bene- 
 dictine monastery. The castle is the most powerful Nor- 
 man military structure in England. The dimensions of 
 the keep are 168 by 126 feet, and its walls vary in thickness 
 from 11 to 30 feet. In one portion of the walls appears 
 Roman herring-bone work in brick. The chapel is now a 
 museum of Roman antiquities. Camulodunum was the ear- 
 liest Roman colony in Britain, and was destroyed by the 
 Iceni, but rebuilt. Later it became a stronghold, and was 
 taken by Fairfax in 1648. Population, 38,373. 
 
 The grand city of Camulodunum, or, as it is called in 
 the Itinerary, Camalodunum, the capital of the British 
 princes after they had submitted to the Romans, and the 
 first Roman city in the island which was honoured with 
 the rank of a colonia. History speaks of its temples and 
 public buildings; and if, at an early period of its history, 
 it was exposed to attack without walls of defence, that 
 want was so well supplied at a subsequent period, that 
 the ponderous masonry of its walls has endured to the 
 present day, and ought never to have allowed anybody to 
 hesitate in placing the site of this ancient city at Col- 
 chester. Wright, Celt, p. 134. 
 
 Colchester, Baron. See Abbot, Charles. 
 Colchis (kol'kis). [Gr. K ohxfc.] In ancient 
 geography, a country in Asia, lying between 
 the Caucasus on the north, Iberia on the east, 
 Armenia on the south, Pontus on the south- 
 west, and the Buxine on the west : the modern 
 Mingrelia. It was the legendary land of Medea and 
 the Golden Fleece, and its inhabitants were famous for 
 the manufacture of linen. 
 
 Colour (kol'kor). Born in Araueania about 
 1555: died at Santa Cruz de Coya, 1598. An 
 Araucatiian Indian of Chile, grandson of the 
 celebrated chief Caupolican. He was cacique of 
 Angol, and one of the most determined foes of the Span- 
 
 Cole, John William 
 
 iards. In 1592 he was elected toqui or war-chief of the 
 nation. He was killed in an unsuccessful attack on Coya. 
 
 Coldbath Fields (kold'bath. feldz). A part 
 of Middlesex from which the great Coldbath 
 Fields prison took its name. The original house of 
 correction here was built in the reign of James I It 
 was overcrowded and was closed in 1886. 
 
 Col de Balme (kol do balm). A notably pic- 
 turesque Alpine pass on the route between 
 Chamonix in France and Martigny in Switzer- 
 land. Elevation, 7,225 feet. 
 
 Colden (kol 'den), Cadwallader. Born at 
 Dunse, Scotland, Feb. 17, 1688: died on Long 
 Island, N. Y., Sept. 28, 1776. A Scotch-Ameri- 
 can physician, botanist, mathematician, and 
 politician, lieutenant-governor of New York 
 1761-76. He introduced the Linnean system into Amer- 
 ica, and furnishedLinnaeusfwho named the genus Culdenia 
 for him) with descriptions of several hundred American 
 plants. He wrote a “History of the Five Indian Nations 
 of Canada” (1727), and several medical works. 
 
 Colden, Cadwallader David. Born near 
 Flushing ; Long Island, April 4, 1769: died at 
 Jersey City, N. J., Feb. 7, 1834. An American 
 lawyer and politician, grandson of C. Colden. 
 
 Col de Tenda (kol de ten'da). A pass in the 
 mountains of northwestern Italy, near France, 
 30 miles northeast of Monaco, it is often taken as 
 the boundary between the Maritime Alps and the Apen- 
 nines. Elevation, 6,195 feet. 
 
 Cold Harbour (kold har'bor). [Also Cole-Har- 
 bour; corrupted Coal Harbour.'] Avery ancient 
 building in the parish of AlLhallows the Less, 
 near tile Thames. Stow gives a long account of the 
 various merchant princes and great men through whose 
 hands it passed till it came to the Earl of Shrewsbury, who 
 in 1553 changed its name to Shrewsbury House ; the next 
 earl “ took it down, and in place thereof builded a number 
 of small tenements, nowlettenout for great rents to peo- 
 ple of all sorts.” It was at this time a sanctuary for 
 debtors, gamesters, etc. ; lienee the phrase “To take sanc- 
 tuary in Cold Harbour.” 
 
 Cold Harbor. A place in Hanover County, 
 Virginia, 9 miles east-northeast of Richmond, 
 situated near the Chickahominy. It was the scene 
 of two battles during the Civil War : the first, fought .) une 
 27, 1862, is better known as the battle of Gaines’s Mill 
 (which see) ; the second was fought June 3, 1864, and the 
 Confederates (50,000-69,000) under Lee defeated the Fed- 
 eral (150,000) under Grant. Losses (June 1-12): of Fed- 
 erals, 14,931 ; of Confederates, 1,700. 
 
 Coldingharn (kol'ding-am). A village of Ber- 
 wickshire, Scotland, 10 miles northwest of Be r- 
 wick. It contained a famous priory, burned by 
 the Danes about 870. 
 
 Coldstream (kold'strem). A small town in 
 Berwickshire, Scotland, situated on the Tweed 
 12 miles southwest of Berwick. Pop., 1,482. 
 
 Coldstream Guards. A regiment of British 
 foot-guards, first enrolled by General Monk at 
 Coldstream 1659-60. 
 
 Coldstream (kold'strem), Lady Catharine. 
 
 A Scottish woman of quality in Foote’s play 
 “ The Maid of Bath” : a shrewd old woman who 
 tries her hand at match-making. 
 
 Coldstream, Sir Charles. A languid man of 
 fashion in Mathews’s farce “ Used Up.” 
 
 Col du Bonhomme (koldiibo-nom'). [F., ‘good- 
 man’s neck.’] 1. One of the chief passes over 
 the Vosges Mountains on the frontier of France 
 and Alsace southwest of Markirch. Elevation, 
 3,084 feet. — 2. A pass in the Alps, south of 
 Mont Blanc, on the route between Chamonix and 
 Courmayeur (in Italy). Elevation, 7,680 feet. 
 
 Col du Mont-Iseran (kol dii mont-ez-ron'). 
 A pass in the southeastern Alps, between the 
 upper valley of the Isere and that of the Arc. 
 Elevation, 9,085 feet. 
 
 Coldwater (kold'wa/ter). The capital of Branch 
 County, in southern Michigan, situated on Cold- 
 water River in lat. 41° 57' N., long. 85° W. 
 Population, 5,945, (1910). 
 
 Cole (kol), George. Born at Portsmouth, Eng- 
 land, 1810 : died at London, Sept. 7, 1883. An 
 English landscape-painter. 
 
 Cole, Sir Henry. Born at Bath, July 15, 1808: 
 died at London, April 18, 1882. An English 
 official. He was a senior assistant keeper of the rec- 
 ords 1838, became secretary of the committee on penny 
 postage in 1838, edited the “Journal of Design" 1849-52, 
 was a member of the executive committee of the great 
 exhibition of 1851, was the chief manager of the exhibi- 
 tions of 1871-74, became secretary of the School of Design 
 in 1851, and was secretary of the department of practical 
 art 1852 73. He published, under the pseudonym of “Felix 
 Summerly," “The Home Treasury” (1843-44), “Pleasure 
 Excursions to Croydon” (1846), “Westminster Abbey" 
 (1842) , “Canterbury ” ( 1843), “ Hampton Court ” (1843) , etc. 
 
 Cole, John William: pseudonym John Wil- 
 liam Calcraft. Ail English miscellaneous 
 writer. He lias written u Russia and the Russians” 
 (1854), “ Life and Theatrical l imes of Charles Kean ”(1800), 
 and “ The Bride of Laminermoor,” a drama. 
 
266 
 
 Cole, King 
 
 Cole, King. See King Cole. 
 
 Cole, Mrs. A character played by Foote in his 
 comedy “The Mirror,” a procuress whose pre- 
 tended reformation was intended as a slur on 
 the Methodists. She refers to her friend Dr. Squintum, 
 which gave great offense, as he was at once identified with 
 George Whitefield. She was a real person, a “Mother 
 Douglass." 
 
 Cole, Thomas. Born at Bolton-le-Moors, Lan- 
 cashire, England, Feb. 1, 1801 : died at Catskill, 
 N. Y., Feb. 11, 1848. A noted American land- 
 scape-painter. He came with his father to the United 
 States in 1819, settled in Ohio, and in 1825 removed to N ew 
 York. He aspired to be a painter of large historical, or ra- 
 ther allegorical, landscapes ; and some of his productions in 
 this line (as, for instance, those in the New York Histori- 
 cal Society's rooms) will always secure him a respectable 
 place among the followers of the old school. He was a 
 
 *great lover of the Catskills and White Mountains. 
 
 Cole, Timothy. Born at London, April 6, 1852. 
 A noted American wood-engraver, and leader of 
 the new school of wood -engraving. His most im- 
 portant work is “Old Italian Masters, “begun in 1883, pub- 
 lished in 1892 (text by W. J. Stillman). 
 
 Cole, Vicat. Born 1833 : died April 6, 1893. An 
 English landscape-painter. 
 
 Cole, William. Born at Little Abington, Cam- 
 bridgeshire, Aug. 3, 1714: died at Milton, near 
 Cambridge, Dec. 16, 1782. An English clergy- 
 man and antiquary, an authority on the anti- 
 quities of Cambridge and Cambridgeshire. His 
 manuscripts are in the British Museum. 
 
 Colebrooke (kol'bruk), Henry Thomas. Born 
 at London, June 15, 1765: died at London, 
 March 10, 1837. An English Orientalist, cele- 
 brated as the pioneer of the modern study of 
 Sanskrit. 
 
 Coleman (kol'man), Lyman. Born at Middle- 
 field, Mass. , June 14, 1796 : died at Easton, Pa. , 
 March 16, 1882. An American educator and theo- 
 logical writer, professor of Latin and Greek at 
 Lafayette College 1861-68, and of Latin 1868-82. 
 
 Colenso (ko-len'so), John William. Born at 
 St. Austell, Cornwall, Jan. 24, 1814: died at 
 Durban, Natal, June 20, 1883. An English di- 
 vine, appointed bishop of Natal in 1853. He, was 
 educated at Cambridge, aud was tutor in St. John’s Col- 
 lege 1842^6. From that date until 1853 he was vicar 
 of Forncett St. Mary in Norfolk. He published elemen- 
 tary treatises on arithmetic and algebra, volumes of ser- 
 mons, works on the Zulu language, a “Commentary ou 
 St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans’’ (1861), “The Penta- 
 teuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined "(1862-79), 
 etc. His writings on the Old Testament, in which he took 
 very advanced critical ground, awakened great and bitter 
 opposition ; he was excommunicated by Bishop Gray, met- 
 ropolitan of Cape Town (a proceeding afterward declared 
 to be null and void), and was subjected to attacks from 
 many quarters. 
 
 Coleone, Bartolommeo. See Colleoni. 
 
 Colepeper (kol'pep // er), John. Died' in Eng- 
 land, J une 11, 1660. An English royalist poli- 
 tician, first Lord Colepeper, son of Sir John 
 Colepeper of Wigsell, Sussex. He became a mem- 
 ber of the Long Parliament in 1640 ; took part in the pro- 
 ceedings against Strafford ; supported the episcopacy and 
 opposed the Scottish demand for religious union ; became 
 a privy councilor and chancellor of the exchequer Jan. 
 2, 1642 ; and was thenceforth an influential adviser of the 
 king. He followed Charles to York ; fought at the battle 
 of Edgehill ; became master of the rolls Jan. 28, 1643 ; and 
 accompanied the Prince of Wales (Charles II.) to France 
 in 1646. He remained until his death a councilor and 
 active supporter of the prince. 
 
 Colepepper, Captain John. A bully and mur- 
 derer in Sir Walter Scott’s “ Fortunes of Nigel.” 
 He is sometimes known as Peppercul. 
 
 Coleraine (k51-ran'). A municipal borough in 
 County Londonderry, Ireland, situated on the 
 Bann in lat. 55° 8' N., long. 6° 41' W. It is 
 noted for its linen manufactures. Population, 
 6,958. 
 
 Coleridge (kol'rij), Derwent. Born at Kes- 
 wick, England, Sept. 14, 1800: died at Torquay, 
 April 2, 1883. An English clergyman and edu- 
 cator, son of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. He was 
 master of the grammar-school at Helston, Cornwall, 1825- 
 1840; principal of St. Mark's College, Chelsea, 1841-64; 
 and rector of Hanwell 1864-80. 
 
 Coleridge, Hartley. Born at Clevedon, Somer- 
 setshire, Sept. 19, 1796 : died at Rydal, West- 
 moreland, Jan. 6, 1849. An English poet and 
 man of letters, son of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. 
 Hepublished “Biographia borealis ” (1833), republished as 
 “Worthies of Yorkshire and Lancashire” (1836), and an 
 edition of Massinger and Ford (1840), etc. Uis poetical 
 and prose remains were edited by his brother Derwent 
 Coleridge in 1851. His life was one of misfortune, due to 
 an exceptionally sensitive, shy, and ineffectual character. 
 
 Coleridge, Henry Nelson. Born at Ottery St. 
 Mary, England, Oct. 25, 1798: died Jan. 26, 
 1843. An English lawyer and man of letters, 
 nephew of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and hus- 
 band of Sara Coleridge. He became his uncle’s lit- 
 erary executor, and edited several of his works, besides 
 publishing his “Table Talk.” 
 
 Coleridge, Herbert. Born at Hampstead, Eng- 
 land, Oct. 7, 1830: died at London, April 23, 
 1861. An English lawyer and philologist, son 
 of Henry Nelson Coleridge, and grandson of 
 Samuel Taylor Coleridge. He was one of the origi- 
 nal promoters and practically the first general editor of 
 the dictionary at first designed by the Philological Society 
 to supply the deficiencies of Johnson’s and Richardson’s, 
 but which in the hands of later editors has developed into 
 the “ New English Dictionary, on Historical Principles,” 
 in process of publication since 1884. 
 
 Coleridge, John Duke, Baron Coleridge. Born 
 Dec. 3, 1820: died June 14, 1894. An English 
 jurist, son of Sir John Taylor Coleridge. He 
 became chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas in 
 1873, and lord chief justice of England in 1880. 
 
 Coleridge, Sir John Taylor. Born at Tiverton, 
 England, 1790 : died at Ottery St. Mary, Feb. 
 11, 1876. An English jurist, nephew of Samuel 
 Taylor Coleridge, justice of the King’s Bench 
 1835-58. He edited Blackstone’s “Commen- 
 taries” (1825). 
 
 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. Born at Ottery St. 
 Mary, Devonshire, England, Oct. 21, 1772 : died 
 at Highgate, London, July 25, 1834. An Eng- 
 lish poet, philosopher, and literary critic. He 
 studied, with a short interruption, at Cambridge 1791-94, 
 when he left without a degree. Soon after this he formed, 
 with Southey, George Burnett, aud others, the project of 
 establishing a communistic society on the Susquehanna 
 River, a scheme which was never executed owing to want 
 of funds. He married Sara Fricker, the sister of Southey’s 
 wife, in 1795 ; and in the same year settled at Bristol, 
 where the first volume of his poems was published in 1796. 
 He began in 1796 the publication of a weekly periodical, 
 entitled “The Watchman,” of which only ten numbers 
 appeared. In 1798 he published, in conjunction with 
 Wordsworth, the “Lyrical Ballads, "contributing the “An- 
 cient Mariner,” the “ Nightingale,” and two scenes from 
 “Osorio ” (afterward “Remorse”). In 1798 he accepted an 
 annuity of £150 from the brothers Josiah and Thomas 
 Wedgwood, and in the same year went to Germany, where 
 he studied physiology and philosophy some months at the 
 University of Gottingen. He returned to England in 1799, 
 and in 1800 settled at Keswick, the home of Southey and 
 Wordsworth. He was secretary to the governor of Malta 
 1804-05. Subsequently, owing to domestic difficulties, 
 aggravated by his habit of taking opium, he separated 
 from his wife and went to London, where he lectured to 
 fashionable audiences on Shakspere, the fine arts, and 
 cognate subjects. In 1816 he became the guest of Mr. 
 Gillman, a physician of London, in whose house he spent 
 the rest of his life. Among his works are “Remorse, a 
 Tragedy” (1813), “Christabel” (1816), “Biographia Lite- 
 raria ” (1817), “Aids to Reflection in the Formation of a 
 Manly Character ” (1825), etc. “Literary Remains ” edited 
 by H. N. Coleridge (1836-39), complete works edited by 
 Shedd (1853-54). 
 
 Coleridge, Sara. Born at Greta Hall, near 
 Keswick, England, Dec. 22, 1802 : died at Lon- 
 don, May 3, 1852. An English writer, daughter 
 of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and wife (1829) of 
 Henry Nelson Coleridge. She is best known 
 as the editor, after her husband’s death, of her 
 father’s writings. 
 
 Coles (kolz), Cowper Phipps. Born 1819 : lost 
 at sea, Sept. 7, 1870. An English naval officer 
 who served with distinction at Sebastopol in 
 1854. He gave much attention to the construction of 
 turreted ships, and claimed to be the originator (a claim 
 disproved in favor of Ericsson and others) of the monitor 
 type of iron-clad ships. He lost his life by the capsizing 
 of the Captain (a ship of this class constructed under his 
 own supervision) in a gale off Cape Finisterre, in which 
 623 persons were drowned. 
 
 Coles, Edward. Born in Albemarle County, 
 Va., Dec. 15, 1786: died at Philadelphia, July 
 7, 1868. An American politician, governor of 
 Illinois 1823—26. He prevented, after a bitter and pro- 
 tracted struggle, the pro-slavery party from obtaining 
 control of the State. 
 
 Coles, Elisha. Born at Wolverhampton, Eng- 
 land, about 1640 : died at Galway, Ireland, Dec. 
 20, 1680. An English school-teacher, stenog- 
 rapher, and lexicographer. He was the author of a 
 work on shorthand (1674), “An English Dictionary, ex- 
 plaining the difficult terms that are used in divinity, etc.’’ 
 (1676: and several subsequent editions), “A Dictionary, 
 English-Latin and Latin-Enghsh " (1677 : and several later 
 editions), etc. 
 
 Golet (kol'et), John. Born at London, 1466: 
 died at London, Sept. 16, 1519. A noted Eng- 
 lish theologian and classical scholar, dean of 
 St. Paul’s (1505), and founder of St. Paul’s 
 School (1512). h e was the intimate friend of Erasmus 
 and More, and one of the chief promoters of the “new 
 learning” and indirectly of the Reformation. 
 
 Colet (ko-la'), Madame (Louise Revoil). Borg 
 at Aix, France, Sept. 15, 1810 : died at Paris, 
 March 8, 1876. A French poet, novelist, and 
 general writer. Her works include “Les fleurs du 
 midi” '(1837), “Lui, roman contemporain " (1859), “Les 
 devotes du grand monde ” (1873), etc. 
 
 Colfax (kol'faks), Schuyler. Born at New 
 York, March 23, 1823: died at Mankato, Minn., 
 Jan. 13, 1885. An American statesman, Vice- 
 President of the United States 1869-73. He was 
 member (Republican) of Congress from Indiana 1855-69, 
 
 Colle, Charles 
 
 and speaker of the House of Representatives 1863-69. He 
 was implicated in the Credit Mobilier scandal in 1873, 
 but denied the truth of the charges brought against him. 
 
 Colico (kol'e-ko). A town in northern Italy, 
 on Lake Como, situated near its northern ex- 
 tremity 27 miles northeast of Como. 
 
 Coligny, or Coligni (ko-len-ye' or ko-len'ye), 
 Gaspard de. Born at Chatillon-sur-Loing. 
 France. Feb. 16, 1519: killed at Paris, Aug. 24, 
 1572. A celebrated French general and Hugue- 
 not leader, son of Gaspard de Coligny, marshal 
 of France. He was presented at the court of Francis I. 
 by his uncle the constable Anne de Montmorency in 1537, 
 was knighted by Cond6 on the field of Cdrisolles in 1544, 
 became admiral of France in 1562, and was taken prisoner 
 of war by the Spaniards at St. Quentin in 1557. On his re- 
 turn to France he openly embraced Calvinism, and, taking 
 advantage of his official position, made several attempts 
 to establish colonies in America as places of refuge for 
 the Huguenots, including the expedition of Jean Ribault 
 in 1562 and that of Laudonnicre in 1564. Civil war having 
 broken out in 1562, he was chosen second in command of 
 the Huguenot forces. The murder of the Prince of Condd 
 after the battle of Jarnac (1569) placed him at the head of 
 the Huguenot party until superseded by Henry of Navarre, 
 in whose name he fought the disastrous battle of Mon- 
 contour the same year. His victory over the Catholics at 
 Arnay-le-Duc J une 27, 1570, however, resulted in the peace 
 of St. Germain, concluded Aug. 8, 1570. On the occasion of 
 the marriage of Henry of Navarre with Margaret of Valois, 
 sister of Charles IX, he visited Paris, where, although 
 treated with apparent cordiality by the king , he was mur- 
 dered in his chamber in the presence of the Duke of Guise, 
 falling as the first victim of the massacre of St. Bartholo- 
 mew. 
 
 Colima (k5-le'ma). 1 . A state in Mexico, lying 
 between Jalisco on the north, Michoacan on 
 the east, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. 
 Area, 2,272 square miles. Population, 77,704, 
 (1910). — 2. The capital of this state, in lat. 
 19° 12' N., long. 103° 40' W. Population, 
 25,148. — 3. A volcano in the state of Jalisco, 
 Mexico, situated about 40 miles northeast of 
 the city of Colima. It was in eruption in 1869, in 
 1881, and since 1890. Height, about 12,750 feet. 
 — 4. A nevado, or snowy mountain, on the boun- 
 dary of Colima and Jalisco. Height, 14,364 feet. 
 
 Colimas (ko-le'maz). [PL] An Indian tribe 
 of New Granada, which lived on the right bank 
 of the Magdalena River and in the valley of the 
 Rio Negro northwest of the present site of 
 Bogota. They had little civilization, hut built fixed 
 villages. The Colimas, at the time of the conquest, were 
 in alliance with the MuSos, Paniquitas, and other tribes 
 against their common enemies, the Chibchas: probably 
 these tribes were ethnologically related. They resisted 
 the Spaniards fiercely, and were soon destroyed. 
 
 Colin Clout (kol'in klout). A poem by Skel- 
 ton: a satire against the clergy of his time. 
 Colin Clout ’s Come Home Again. A poem by 
 Edmund Spenser, published 1595. Spenser took 
 the name from Skelton, and called himself Colin Clout in 
 all his poems. Colin Clout is also a character in Gay’s 
 pastoral “ The Shepherd’s Week.” 
 
 Colins (ko-lan'), Alexander. Born at Mechlin, 
 Belgium, 1526 : died at Innsbruck, Tyrol, Aug. 
 17, 1612. A Flemish sculptor. His best works 
 are at Innsbruck (mausoleum of Maximilian 
 I., etc.). His works in wood and in ivory are 
 also noted. 
 
 Coll (kol). An island of the Inner Hebrides, 
 Argyllshire, Scotland, lying west of Mull. 
 Length, 13 miles. 
 
 Colla (kol'ya). [From the Indian tribe of the 
 same name.] A name given to the Aymard 
 Indians by the Quichuas. Hence the name 
 ‘ Collao ’ given to the region surrounding Lake 
 Titicaca. 
 
 Collarner (kol'a-mer), Jacob. Born at Troy, 
 N. Y., 1792: died at Woodstock, Vt., Nov. 9, 
 1865. An American politician, postmaster- 
 general 1849-50, and United States senator 
 from Vermont 1855-65. 
 
 Collao (kol-ya'o). A region in southern Peru, 
 embracing the Titicaca basin. The name is 
 also extended to adjacent parts of Bolivia. 
 
 The Collao consists of elevated plains and hilly lands, 
 nowhere less than 12,000 feet above the sea. It is 
 limited on the east and west by two great chains of 
 the Andean system, and northward the Vilcanota cross- 
 range separates it from the basin of Cuzco. The greater 
 part of the Peruvian department of Puno is included in 
 the Collao. 
 
 Collappohyea. See Calapooya. 
 
 Collas (kol'yaz). An Indian tribe of Bolivia, 
 now known as Aymariis (which see). 
 
 Colla-suyu (kol'ya-so'yS). [‘Region of the 
 Colla.’] A name given by the Incas to the 
 southern quarter of their empire, embracing the 
 highlands of Bolivia, and Peru south of Cuzco. 
 
 Colle (kol'le). A small town in Tuscany, Italy, 
 situated northwest of Siena. 
 
 Colle (ko-la'), Charles. Born at Paris, 1709: 
 died there, Nov. 3, 1783. A French song-writer 
 and dramatist. 
 
Colle, Rafaello dal 
 
 Colle (kol'le), Rafaello dal, or Rafaellino 
 
 dal. Born at or near San Sepolcro, Tuscany, 
 about 1490: died about 1540(f). An Italian 
 painter, pupil of Raphael (whence his surname 
 Rafaellino). 
 
 Colleen Bawn(kol'enban),The,or The Brides 
 of Garry-Owen. A play by Dion Boucicault, 
 founded on Gerald Griffin’s novel “The Col- 
 legians.” It was first played on Sept. 10, 1860. A novel 
 with this title was published in 1861. See Collegians, The. 
 
 College de France (ko-lazh' de frons), or Col- 
 lege Royal. An institution of learning founded 
 by Francis I. in 1529. it was designed to promote 
 the more advanced tendencies of the time, and to coun- 
 teract the scholasticism of the university. It at first con- 
 sisted of four chairs for instruction in Greek and Hebrew. 
 Later were added medicine, mathematics, philosophy (in 
 the reign of Henry II.), eloquence, botany, Arabic (Henry 
 III.), and Syriac (Louis XIII.). In 1789 there were 18 
 chairs ; in 1835 there were 24 chairs. There are about 40 
 at the present time. The College Royal, or CoUege de 
 France, was at first dependent upon the university for 
 lecture-rooms. In 1610 a new building was commenced, 
 which has been finished in the present century. 
 
 College Mazarin (ko-lazh' ma-za-ran'). A col- 
 lege iu Paris, founded by Mazarin, March C, 
 1661. He endowed it, and gave it his library of 40,000 
 volumes. The building was erected on the site of the 
 Tour de Nesle by the architect Le Vau, and was finished 
 in 1672. In 1674 the new college was incorporated in the 
 university. Its object was the gratuitous instruction and 
 sustenance of sixty sons of gentlemen living in the four 
 newly acquired provinces, Piguerol, Alsace, La Flandre, 
 and Roussillon ; hence its name “College des Quatre Na- 
 tions ” (‘CoUege of the Four Nations’). 
 
 College of the Four Nations. See College 
 Mazarin. 
 
 College of William and Mary. See William 
 and Mary College. 
 
 Collegians (ko-le'ji-anz), The. A novel by 
 Gerald Griffin, issued anonymously in 1829. 
 In 1861 an edition was produced, illustrated by Phiz, and 
 called “ The Colleen Bawn, or The Collegian’s Wife.” See 
 Colleen Bawn. 
 
 Collegiants (ko-le'ji-ants). A sect founded near 
 Leyden, Holland, in 1619, the societies of which 
 are called colleges. The sect spread rapidly in the 
 Netherlands, and is stiU maintained there and in Hanover. 
 
 Colleoni (kol-la-6'ne), or Coleone (ko-la-o'ne), 
 Bartolommeo. Born at Solza, near Bergamo, 
 1400: died Nov. 4, 1475. A noted Italian mer- 
 cenary commander, the foremost tactician and 
 disciplinarian of the 15th century. He was of an 
 ancient and noble family which exercised a minor sover- 
 eignty over the province of Bergamo. He served in his 
 youth under the principal condottieri, or mercenary gen- 
 erals, of the time ; and in wars between Milan and Venice 
 followed his advantage by serving either side at discre- 
 tion. The Visconti of Milan cast him into prison, and 
 the Council of Ten at Venice conspired for his assassina- 
 tion. In 1454 he finally became generalissimo of the land 
 forces of Venice, and retained this post until his death. 
 He was a patron of the arts. The most notable works 
 which celebrate his greatness are the statue by Verrocchio 
 and Leopardi in Venice, the best equestrian statue iu ex- 
 istence (see Verrocchio and Leopardi ) ; the castle of Mal- 
 paga, near Bergamo, with its frescos ; and the CoUeoni 
 chapel in the Alta Citta at Bergamo, with the tombs of 
 Bartolommeo and his daughter Medea. The statue by Ver- 
 rocchio stands before Santi Giovanni e Paolo in Venice. It 
 was cast in 1496, and is the second equestrian statue of the 
 Italian Renaissance. It characterizes with striking nat- 
 uralism the haughty and formidable mercenary soldier. 
 The rich marble pedestal has Corinthian columns and en- 
 tablature. 
 
 Collet (kol'et), John. Bom at London about 
 1725: died at Chelsea, Aug. 6, 1780. An Eng- 
 lish painter, chiefly of humorous scenes from 
 low life. 
 
 Colleton (kol'e-ton), James. Governor of 
 South Carolina 1686-90. He received with his ap- 
 pointment the dignity of landgrave and 48,000 acres of 
 land. He attempted in vain to enforce the recognition 
 of Locke’s constitution by the colonial parliament. He 
 was deposed and banished by the colonists on the procla- 
 mation of William and Mary, 1690. 
 
 Colletta (kol-let'ta), Pietro. Born at Naples, 
 Jan. 23, 1775: died at Florence, Nov. 11, 1833. 
 A Neapolitan general. He was made intendant of 
 Calabria by Murat in 1808, obtained the rank of general 
 in 1812, wa3 one of the leaders of the constitutional party 
 under the Bourbons, and on the outbreak of the revolu- 
 tion of 1820 was sent as viceroy to Sicily. He was named 
 minister of war in Feb., 1821, but was banished through 
 Austrian intervention and retired to Florence, He wrote 
 “Storia del reame di Napoli 1734-1825” (1834). 
 
 Colliberts (kol-e-bar'). A despised race for- 
 merly existing in several parts of France, after- 
 ward chiefly found in Poitou, where they lived 
 in boats on the rivers, but now nearly extinct. 
 Collier (kol'ybr), Arthur. Born at Langford 
 Magna, Wiltshire, Oct. 12, 1680: died there, 
 1732. An English clergyman and metaphysi- 
 cal writer, rector of Langford after 1704. His 
 chief work is his “Clavis Universalis, or a New Inquiry 
 into Truth, being a Demonstration of the Non-existence 
 or Impossibility of an External World ’’ (1713), in which 
 he propounds a subjective idealism closely resembling 
 that of Berkeley. 
 
 267 
 
 Collier, Jeremy. Born at Stow-cum-Qui, Cam- 
 bridgeshire, Sept. 23, 1650: died at London, 
 April 26, 1726. An English nonjuring cler- 
 gyman, celebrated as a controversialist. He 
 was graduated at Cambridge in 1673, was rector of Amp- 
 ton in Suffolk 1679-85, and removed to London in the lat- 
 ter year, where he was for some time lecturer at Gray’s 
 Inn. A political pamphlet in which he maintained that tiie 
 withdrawal of the king was not an abdication, and that 
 the throne was not vacant, caused his imprisonment for a 
 short time in Newgate in 1688, and in 1692 he was again 
 imprisoned, for political reasons. In 1696 he, with two 
 other nonjuring clergymen, attended Sir John F’riend 
 and Sir William Parkyns (who were condemned to death 
 as conspirators against the life of William) to the scaffold 
 and absolved them, and, having concealed himself to avoid 
 arrest, was outlawed (July 2). He wrote a large number 
 of controversial pamphlets, a “Historical, Geographical, 
 Genealogical, and Poetical Dictionary ” (1701-21), a learned 
 “Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain . . . to the End 
 of the Reign of Charles II.” (1708-14), and the famous 
 “Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the 
 English Stage " (1698). The last work was a vigorous at- 
 tack upon the coarseness of the contemporary theater, 
 and produced a great impression, forcing from Dryden a 
 confession of fault and a declaration of repentance, and 
 unwilling recognition from other dramatists, and initiating 
 a reformation. 
 
 Collier, John Payne. Born at London, Jan. 
 11, 1789: died at Maidenhead, Sept. 17, 1883. 
 An English journalist, lawyer, and Sliakspe- 
 rian critic. He was a reporter for the “Times” 1809- 
 1821, and parliamentary reporter, dramatic and literary 
 critic, and editorial writer for the "Morning Chronicle” 
 1821-47. In 1847 he was appointed secretary of the royal 
 commission on the British Museum, and continued iu 
 that office until 1850, when he returned to Maidenhead. 
 He published a new edition of Dodsley’s “Uld Plays” 
 (1825-27), a “ History of English Dramatic Poetry and 
 Annals of the Stage ” (1831), an edition of Shakspere (1842- 
 1844), “Shakespeare’s Library ’’ (1844), “ABookeof Rox- 
 burghe Ballads ” (1847), “Extracts from the Registers of 
 the Stationers’ Company ” (1848-49), “ The Dramatic 
 Works of Thomas Hey wood” (1850-51), “The Works of 
 Edmund Spenser ’’ (1862), a “Biographical and Critical 
 Account of the Rarest Books in the English Language ” 
 (1865), “An Old Man’s Diary— Forty Years Ago” (1871-72), 
 an edition of Shakspere (1875-78). His able and useful 
 work on the older English literature is marred and brought 
 under general suspicion by a series of literary frauds 
 which he committed, of which the most notable is his use 
 and defense of spurious annotations “ by a seventeenth 
 century hand ” which he professed to have found on the 
 margin of a copy of the second folio Shakspere originally 
 belonging to one “ Thomas Perkins,” and since known as 
 the “Perkins F’olio.” 
 
 Colline Gate (kol'in gat). [L. porta collina.] 
 A gate at the northeastern extremity of ancient 
 Rome. Near here, Nov., 82 b. c., Sulla defeated 
 the Samnites under Pontius. 
 
 Collingwood (kol'ing-wud), Cuthbert. Born 
 at Newcastle-on-Tyne, Sept. 26, 1750 : died at 
 sea near Port Mahon, Balearic Islands, March 
 7, 1810. A noted English admiral, created 
 Lord Collingwood in 1805. He was appointed lieu- 
 tenant for his services, with a party of seamen, at the 
 battle of Bunker Hill ; was promoted to commander (suc- 
 ceeding Nelson) iu 1779 ; served with distinction in com- 
 mand of the Excellent in the battle off Cape St. Vincent 
 Feb. 14, 1797 ; became rear-admiral in 1799, with a com- 
 mand in the Channel fleet, and vice-admiral in 1804; was 
 second in command at the battle of Trafalgar; and on 
 Nelson’s death, in that action, succeeded to the chief 
 command. 
 
 Collingwood. A lake port in Simcoe County, 
 Ontario, Canada, situated on Georgian Bay, 
 Lake Huron, 72 miles northwest of Toronto. 
 Population, 7,090, (1911). 
 
 Collingwood. A northeastern suburb of Mel- 
 bourne, Australia. 
 
 Collins (kol'inz), Anthony. Born at Heston or 
 Isleworth, neap London, June 21, 1676: died 
 at Loudon, Dec. 13, 1729. A noted English 
 deist, a disciple and friend of John Locke. 
 He published “An Essay Concerning the Use of Rea- 
 son ” (1707), “ Priestcraft in Perfection ” (1709), a “ Dis- 
 course on Freethinking ’’ (1713), “A Philosophical En- 
 quiry Concerning Human Liberty ” (1715), “ A Discourse 
 on the Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion ’’ 
 (1724), etc. 
 
 Collins, Charles Allston. Born at Hamp- 
 stead, near London, Jan. 25, 1828: died at 
 London, April 9, 1873. An English painter (of 
 the Preraphaelite school) and writer, brother 
 of William Wilkie Collins. He married the 
 younger daughter of Charles Dickens. 
 
 Collins, John. Born at Bath, England, about 
 1742 : died at Birmingham, England, May 2, 
 1808. An English actor and poet. 
 
 Collins, Mortimer. Born at Plymouth, Eng- 
 land, June 29, 1827 : died at Knowl Hill, Berk- 
 shire, July 28, 1876. An English novelist, poet, 
 and miscellaneous writer. He was mathematical 
 master of Queen Elizabeth's College, Guernsey, 1850 (?)-'.(!, 
 and after 1862 was occupied with literary work at his 
 residence at Knowl Hill. He published “Idyls and 
 Rhymes ’’ (1865), “Sweet Anne Page” (1868), “The Inn 
 of Strange Meetings, and Other Poems’ 1 (1871), “The Se- 
 cret of Long Life ” (1871), etc. 
 
 Collins, Rev. Mr. A character in Jane Aus- 
 
 Collyer, Robert 
 
 ten’s novel “ Pride and Prejudice.” He is a 
 self-conceited toady. 
 
 Collins, William. Born at Chichester, Eng- 
 land, Dec. 25, 1721 : died there, June 12, 1759. 
 An English poet. He was the son of a hatter who 
 was twice mayor of Chichester ; studied at Winchester 
 and at Oxford, where he was graduated B. A. Nov. 18, 
 1743 ; and about 1745 went to London to follow literature 
 as a profession. The later years of his life were ob- 
 scured by insanity. He published “Persian Eclogues” 
 (1742 : republished as “ Oriental Eclogues ” 1757), “ Odes" 
 (1746), etc. His works have been edited by J. Langhorne 
 (1765), Mrs. Barbauld (1797), A. Dyce (1827), and others. 
 
 Collins, William. Born at London, Sept. 8, 
 1788 : died at London, Feb. 17, 1847. A noted 
 English landscape and figure painter, father of 
 William Wilkie Collins. 
 
 Collins, William Wilkie. Born at London, 
 Jan. 8, 1824: died there, Sept. 23, 1889. An 
 English novelist, son of William Collins (1788- 
 1847): author of “ The Dead Secret ” (1857), 
 “ The Woman in White” (1860), “No Name” 
 t 1 862), “ Armadale” (1866), “ The Moonstone ” 
 (1868), “The New Magdalen ”(1873), “Man and 
 Wife” (1870), etc. “No Thoroughfare,” in 
 collaboration with Charles Dickens, appeared 
 as a Christmas story in 1867. 
 
 Collinson (kol'in-son), James. Born at Mans- 
 field, Nottinghamshire, about 1825 : died April, 
 1881. An English painter, one of the original 
 members of the Preraphaelite Brotherhood, 
 which he abandoned about 1850. His work 
 was unimportant. 
 
 Collinson, Peter. Born in Westmoreland (?), 
 England, Jan. 14, 1694: died in Essex, Eng- 
 land, Aug. 11, 1768. An English botanist and 
 natural philosopher. 
 
 Collioure (ko-lyor'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Pyrenees-Orientales, France, situated 
 on the Mediterranean 15 miles southeast of Per- 
 pignan. It has a castle and considerable trade 
 in cork. Population, commune, 2,971. 
 
 Colin (keln), Georg Friedrich Wilibald Fer- 
 dinand von. Born at Orlinghausen, Lippe, 
 Germany, 1766 : died at Berlin, May 31, 1820. 
 A German publicist. His works include “ Ver- 
 traute Briefe,” etc. (1807-09), “ Neue Feuer- 
 briinde ” (1807-08), etc. 
 
 Collombet(ko-16n-ba'), Francois Zenon. Born 
 at Sieges, J ura, France, March 28, 1808 : died at 
 Lyons, Oct. 16, 1853. A French Roman Catho- 
 lic historian and litterateur. He wrote “Histoire 
 de St. Jerome ” (1844), and many other historical and 
 critical works. 
 
 Collop Monday (kol'op mun'da). The day 
 before Shrove Tuesday: named from the cus- 
 tom of eating collops of salted meat and eggs 
 on that day. 
 
 Colloredo (kol-15-ra'do), Rudolf von. Born 
 Nov. 2, 1585 : died Jan. 24, 1657. An Austrian 
 general in the Thirty Years’ War. As field-mar- 
 shal of the imperial army he successfully defended Prague 
 against the Swedes in 1648. 
 
 Colloredo-Mansfeld (kol-lo-ra'do-mans'feld), 
 Hieronymus, Count von. Born at Wetzlar, 
 Germany, March 30, 1775 : died at Vienna, 
 July 23, 1822. An Austrian general, distin- 
 guished in the campaign of 1813. 
 Colloredo-Mels (mels) und Wallsee (val'sa), 
 Count Joseph Maria von. Born at Regens- 
 burg, Bavaria, Sept. 11, 1735: died Nov. 26, 
 1818. An Austrian general. He fought with dis- 
 tinction in the Seven Years’ War, and was minister of 
 state and conference, and director of the council of war 
 1805-09. 
 
 Collot-d’Herbois (ko-16'der-bwa'), Jean Ma- 
 rie. Born at Paris about 1750: died in Cay- 
 enne, South America, Jan. 8, 1796. A French 
 actor and revolutionist, notorious for his bru- 
 tality. He was deputy to the Convention in 1792, and a 
 memberof the Committee of Public Safety in 1793. In Nov., 
 
 1793, he was sent with l ouche as judge to Lyons, by Robes- 
 pierre, and executed his commission with great cruelty. 
 An unsuccessful attempt upon his life was made May 23, 
 
 1794. Having become hostile to Robespierre, he joined the 
 successful conspiracy against him (9 l’hermidor), but was 
 nevertheless expelled from the Convention (April, 1795) 
 and transported. He published “ Almanach du pire G C- 
 rard" (1792). 
 
 Collyer (kol'yer), Joseph. Born at London, 
 Sept. 14, 1748 : died Dec. 24, 1827. A noted 
 English engraver, member of the Royal Acad- 
 emy, and engraver to Queen Charlotte. 
 Collyer, Robert. Born at Keighley, Yorkshire, 
 England, Dec. 8, 1823: died at New York city, 
 Nov. 30, 1912. An American Unitarian min- 
 ister. He was apprenticed to a blacksmith about 1837; 
 emigrated to the United States in 1850, where he followed 
 the trade of a hammer-maker ; joined the Unitarian Church 
 in 1859; became a missionary to Chicago, where in 1860 he 
 founded the Unity Church ; and in 1879 became pastor of 
 the Church of the Messiah in New York city. He wrote “Na- 
 ture and Life ” (1866), “The Life that Now is" (1871), etc. 
 
Coiman, George 
 
 Golman (kol'man), George, the elder. Born 
 at Florence, Italy, 1732: died at Paddington, 
 London, Aug. 14, 1794. An English dramatist. 
 His father, who was envoy at the court of Tuscany, died in 
 1733, and his mother then brought him to London. Wil- 
 liam Pul teney, afterward Earl of Bath, undertook the charge 
 of him and sent him to Westminster School. He went to 
 Oxford, where he was graduated from Christ Church in 1755, 
 and, having been previously entered at Lincoln’s Inn, 
 was called to the bar in the same year. An intimacy with 
 Garrick and a natural taste for literature interfered with 
 his legal work, and he produced a number of plays (at first 
 anonymously) with the assistance of Garrick, who played 
 in them. In connection with the latter he wrote “The 
 Clandestine Marriage, "and a coolness arose between them 
 as to Garrick's part in the cast. In 1767, having received 
 two accessions of fortune, he bought a fourth share in the 
 Covent Garden Theatre. This completely alienated Gar- 
 rick, and annoyed his friends, who wished him to continue 
 in the law. He became acting manager. In 1774 he re- 
 signed the management, and in 1776, having been recon- 
 ciled to Garrick, he bought the Haymarket Theatre from 
 Foote. In 1785 he had a stroke of paralysis, and Anally grew 
 so feeble in mind that he was put under restraint at Pad- 
 dington, where he died. He brought out alterations of 
 many old plays, most of which were successful. Among 
 his own plays are “ Polly Honeycomb ’’ (1760), “ The Jeal- 
 ous Wife" (1761), “The Clandestine Marriage ” (with Gar- 
 rick, in 1776). In 1778 he brought out an edition of 
 Beaumont and Fletcher. His dramatic and miscellaneous 
 works have never been completely collected. 
 
 Coiman, George, the younger. Born Oct. 21, 
 1762: died at London, Oct. 17, 1836. An Eng- 
 lish dramatist, son of G. Coiman the elder. He 
 took charge of the Haymarket when his father’s health 
 failed, but he became involved in pecuniary difficulties 
 and was obliged to live within the rules of the King’s 
 Bench. He was released by George IV., who appointed him 
 lieutenant of the Yeomen of the Guard, a dignity which he 
 sold. The lord chamberlain made him examiner of plays, 
 in which position he was extremely illiberal. Among his 
 best-known plays are “The Poor Gentleman ” (1802), “John 
 Bull ”(1805), “The Heir-at-Law ’’ (1808). He also wrote a 
 good deal of popular humorous poetry, including “My 
 Nightgown and Slippers "(1797), “Broad Grins ” (1802), and 
 “Poetical Vagaries” (1812). He frequently wrote under 
 the name of “Arthur Grilfinhoof e. ” 
 
 Coiman, Samuel. Born at Portland, Maine, 
 1832. An American landscape-painter, a pupil 
 of A. B. Durand. 
 
 Colmar (kol-mar'), or Kolmar (kol'mar). The 
 capital of the district of Upper Alsace, Alsace- 
 Lorraine, situated on the Laueh 39 miles south- 
 west of Strasburg. It contains a museum (formerly a 
 Dominican monastery), and has large manufactures of cot- 
 ton. It was formerly a free imperial city ; was taken by the 
 1'rench in 1673; was ceded to them in 1678; and in the 
 Revolution was made the capital of the department of 
 Haut-Rhin. In 1871 it again became a German city. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 41,971. 
 
 Colne (koln). A town in Lancashire, England, 
 26 miles north of Manchester. It formerly manu- 
 factured woolen goods, an industry which has given place 
 to cotton manufacture. It is a market-town and muni- 
 cipal borough. Population, 23,000. 
 
 Colney Hatch (kol'ni hach). A village in Mid- 
 dlesex, about 6 miles north of London, in which 
 is the Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum, founded 
 in 1851. 
 
 Colocolo (ko-lo-ko'lo). Born about 1490 : killed 
 in the battle of Quiapo, 1560 (according to 
 some authorities, he died about 1570). Au 
 Araucanian chief of southern Chile, celebrated 
 in the “Araucana ” of Ercilla. Probably Ercil- 
 la’s verses gave him undue prominence. 
 Colocotronis. See Kololcotronis. 
 Cologna-Veneta (ko-lon'yii-va-na'ta). A town 
 in the province of Verona, Italy, 20 miles south- 
 east of Verona. 
 
 Cologne (ko-lon'), G. Koln (keln). 1. The capi- 
 tal of the government district of Cologne, situ- 
 ated on the west bank of the Rhine in lat. 50° 
 57' N., long. 6° 57' E.: the Roman Colonia 
 Agrippina. It is the largest city of the Rhine Province, ' 
 a fortress of the first class, the center of the Rhine trade, 
 and one of the principal commercial places in Germany. 
 It has manufactures of eau de Cologne, sugar, tobacco, 
 etc. The principal objects of interest are, besides the 
 cathedral (see below), the Ringstrasse, the Iron Bridge, 
 the Municipal and Archiepiscopal Museums, the Museum 
 of Industrial Art, the Rathaus (Hansa-Saal: see below), 
 the monument of Frederick William III., and the churches 
 of the Minorites, Gross St. Martin, St. Maria im Capitol, St. 
 George, St. Severin, St. Peter, St. Cecilia, Apostles, St. 
 Pantaleon, St. Gereon, St. Ursula (see below), St. An- 
 dreas, Jesuits, and St. Cunibert. The cathedral, one of 
 the great buildings of the world, was begun in 1248 on 
 the site of an earlier church, and was completed only 
 in 1880, after being wholly neglected from the 15th cen- 
 tury until 1823. Its design was inspired by the cathe- 
 dral of Amiens, and all that is best in its architecture is 
 French, while the less admirable features are indige- 
 nous. The cathedral has double aisles, with polygonal 
 chevet, projecting transepts, and two enormous towers 
 and spires at the west end. These, with the facade, have 
 been completed according to the original design of the 
 14th century, which still exists. The towers and spires 
 are so huge as to dwarf the vast cathedral. The facade 
 has three great gabled portals filled with sculpture, and 
 two tiers of huge canopied and traceried windows, to 
 which the towers add two more stages beneath the 
 springing of the spires. The effect is somewhat mechan- 
 ical, and inferior to the best French facades. The tran- 
 
 268 
 
 sept-fagades are of modern design, with rich tracery and 
 arcading, and triple portals, sculptured and canopied. 
 The upper part is too narrow, and its elaborate tracery 
 does not fill the place of the great roses of French churches. 
 The interior is exceedingly impressive : it is notable for its 
 splendid glass, much of it modern, but much of the 13th, 
 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. The fine choir-stalls are 
 of the 15th century. The canopied statues supported on 
 consoles on the pillars of the nave are architecturally a 
 defect. The choir-chapels are of great beauty, and con- 
 tain some admirable paintings and sculptures. The ca- 
 thedral is 468 feet long ; its area, 91,464 square feet. The 
 nave is 48 feet wide and 145 high. The western spires 
 measure 612 feet, and were, until the completion of the 
 cathedral of Ulm, the loftiest existing. The Rathaus, 
 or town hall, is an interesting monument built between 
 the 14th and 16th centuries on Roman foundations. 
 The main structure is of the 14th century, battlemented, 
 with high roof and traceried windows ; the picturesque 
 tower and low spire are of the 15th. The Renaissance 
 portico, in two arcaded stages with engaged Corinthian 
 columns, is an admirable example of the local architectural 
 development. The great Hansa-Saal is adorned with good 
 statues of medieval heroes, and with the emblazoned arms 
 of patricians, burgomasters, and gilds. The Church of 
 St. Ursula is a very early foundation in honor of the 11,000 
 martyred virgins, but often remodeled. The simple Pointed 
 choir has recently been restored to its original f< >rm. There 
 are curious old paintings of the legend of the virgins; and 
 in the treasury, whose walls are covered with elaborate 
 patterns formed of the bones of the virgins, are preserved 
 the beautiful Romanesque shrine of St. Ursula, and a great 
 number of other reliquaries in the form of female heads and 
 busts. Cologne was an ancient town of the Ubii, Oppidum 
 Ubiorum, and a Roman colony founded by Agrippina in 61 
 or 60 A. D. Later it belonged to the Frankish empire, 
 and in the 13th century became a Hanseatic town, and one 
 of the principal commercial centers in Germany. It was 
 a free imperial city, and is noted in the development of 
 German architecture and painting. It was taken by the 
 French in 1794, and was granted to Prussia in 1816. Pop- 
 ulation, 511,042, (1910). 
 
 2. A government district in the Rhine Prov- 
 ince, Prussia. Population, 1.170,708. 
 
 Cologne, Electorate of. A former archbishop- 
 ric and electorate of the German Empire, it ex- 
 tended mainly along the left bank of the Rhine, north 
 and south of Cologne. It was made an archbishopric by 
 Charles the Great in 785, acquired the duchy of Westphalia 
 in 1180, was confirmed one of the seven electorates in 1356, 
 and was secularized in 1801. In 1801 the portion on the 
 left bank of the Rhine became French territory ; that on 
 tlie right baDk passed in 1803 to Besse-Darmstadt, etc. 
 The larger part was granted to Prussia 1814-15. 
 
 Cologne, Three Kings of. In medieval legend, 
 the three magi who followed the Star of Bethle- 
 hem from the East to lay gifts before the infant 
 J esus. Their names were Caspar, Melchior, and Balthazar. 
 It is claimed that their bones are deposited in Cologne 
 Cathedral. <f The three days after New Year’s day bear 
 their names in the calendar, and their memory is pre- 
 served in the feast of the three holy Kings — the Epi- 
 phany. ” Chambers. 
 
 Colomb (ko-loh'), or Columb, Michel. Born 
 at Saint-Paul-de-Ltion, in Bretagne, about 1440: 
 died 1512. The first great sculptor of the French 
 Renaissance. At a very early age he went to Dijon. He 
 settled at Tours 1460-61. In 1472 he received from Louis 
 XI. an order for a bas-relief destined for the Abbaye of 
 Saint-Michel-en -l’Herme, destroyed in 1569. His most 
 important work is the tomb of Francis II., due de Bre- 
 tagne, and his wife, Marguerite de Foix, begun about 1502 
 by the order of Anne, queen of Louis XII., and finished 
 in 1507. It is now in the cathedral of Nantes. 
 
 Colomba (ko-lon' ba). A story by Prosper M6- 
 rimde, published in 1830. 
 
 Colombey (ko-loh-ba'). A place in Lorraine Pa- 
 ntiles east of Metz. Near it occurred the battle of 
 Colombey-Nouilly, Aug. 14, 1870, in which the Germans 
 under Steinmetz checked the French under Bazaiue. The 
 German loss was 4,906 ; that of the French, 3,608. Also 
 called battle of Courcelles, and of Borny. 
 
 Colombia (ko-lom'be-a). The name was first 
 given in 1811 to what is now Venezuela, it was 
 proposed by General Francisco Miranda. It was afterward 
 extended to the confederation of Venezuela, New Granada, 
 and Quito, and was dropped when the union was dissolved. 
 
 ^ Later the old region of New Granada renewed the name. 
 
 Colombia, Republic of. [Formerly United 
 States of Colombia , Sp. Estados Unidos de Co- 
 lombia ; named after Columbus (It. Colombo).'] 
 A republic of South America, lying between 
 Panama and the Caribbean Sea on the north, 
 Venezuela and Brazil on the east, Peru and 
 Ecuador on the south, and the Pacific Ocean 
 on the west. It is traversed by the Andes, and is rich 
 in agricultural and mineral products, among them cold, 
 silver, and coffee. Its chief rivers are the Magdalena and 
 the affluents of the Amazon and Orinoco. The prevailing 
 language is Spanish, and the prevailing religion Roman 
 Catholic. It is divided into thirteen departments, includ- 
 ing Panama, according to the decree issued on April 16, 
 1910. Its capital is Bogota. The government is repub- 
 lican, the executive power being vested in a president, 
 and the legislative in a senate and chamber of represen- 
 tatives. The Spanish power was established here in the 
 first half of the 16th century, and independence was 
 proclaimed in 1811. In 1819 this territory, with Venezuela 
 and Ecuador, formed the Republic of Colombia, from 
 which Venezuela and Ecuador withdrew in 1830. In 1831 
 the republic of New Granada was founded, in 1863 the 
 name “United States of Colombia” was adopted, and in 
 1886 the present constitution was formed. Area, 438,436 
 square miles. Population, about 4,320,000. 
 
 Colombo (ko-lom'bo). A seaport, and the capi- 
 
 Colorado 
 
 tal of Ceylon, situated on the western coast in 
 lat. 6° 55' N., long. 79° 55' E. It was fortified by 
 the Portuguese in 1517, was taken from them by the 
 Dutch in 1656, was ceded to the British in 1796, and is now 
 an important coaling-station. Population, 154,691. 
 
 Coldn (ko-lon'). See Aspinwall. 
 
 Colonel Chabert (ko-lo-nel' sha-bar'), Le. A 
 story by Balzac, written in 1832. 
 
 Colonel Jack, History of. A tale by Defoe, 
 published in 1722. The hero is a pickpocket 
 who winds up his checkered career as a virtu- 
 ous Virginia planter. 
 
 Colonia, or Colonia del Sacramento (ko-lo'- 
 ne-a del sak-ra-men'to). A seaport in Uruguay, 
 situated on the Rio de la Plata opposite Buenos 
 Ayres. 
 
 Colonia Agrippina (kd-16'ni-a ag-ri-pi'na). See 
 
 Cologne. 
 
 Colonization Society. See American Coloni- 
 zation Society. 
 
 Colonna (ko-lon'na). A promontory at the 
 southeastern extremity of Attica, Greece ; the 
 ancient Sunium. 
 
 Colonna (ko-lon'na), Fabio, L. Fabius Co- 
 
 lumna. Bom at. Naples, 1567: died at Na- 
 ples about 1640-50. A Neapolitan scholar and 
 botanist, author of various botanical works. 
 He is considered tbe creator of genera in botany. 
 Colonna, Fabrizio. Died at Naples, 1520. An 
 Italian military leader, lord high constable of 
 Naples. 
 
 Colonna, Marco Antonio. Born 1535: died 
 Aug. 1, 1584. An Italian commander, duke of 
 Paliano. He commanded the papal contingent in 1571 
 at the battle of Lepanto, in which the allied Spanish, Ve- 
 netian, and papal fleets under Don John of Austria gained 
 a decisive victory over the Turks. He was viceroy of 
 Sicily when he died. 
 
 Cololma, Prospero. Born 1452 : died 1523. An 
 Italian general. He commanded the united imperial 
 and papal forces in Lombardy against Francis I. of France 
 1521, and in conjunction with Georg von Freundsberg de- 
 feated Marshal Lautrec at Bicoque 1522. 
 
 Colonna, Vittoxia. Born at Marino, near 
 Rome, 1490: died at Rome, Feb. 25, 1547. A 
 celebrated Italian poet, she was the daughter of 
 Fabrizio Colonna, grand constable of Naples, by his mar- 
 riage with Agnesina di Montefeltro, daughter of Federi- 
 go, duke of Urbino. She was betrothed when four - years 
 old to a boy of the same age, the only son of the Marchese 
 di Pescara. In their nineteenth year they were married 
 at Ischia. Pescara died in Nov., 1525. His wife survived 
 him twenty-two years, spent partly at Ischia, in convents 
 at Orvieto and Viterbo, and, finally, in semi-monastic se- 
 clusion at Home. She was the center of a group of cele- 
 brated men of letters and artists, of whom the foremost 
 was Michelangelo. Her poems consisted mainly of sonnets 
 to the memory of her husband, or on sacred and moral 
 subjects. Michelangelo preserved a large number of 
 them, and composed several madrigals and sonnets under 
 her influence. Vittoria is the only woman who is known 
 to have touched the heart of the great sculptor. 
 Golonsay (kol'on-sa). An island of the Inner 
 Hebrides, in the county of Argyllshire, Scot- 
 land, situated west of Jura and north of Islay. 
 It is noted for its ecclesiastical antiquities. 
 Length, 8 miles. 
 
 Colonus (ko-16'nus), The White Hill of, or 
 Kolonos Hippios (ko-16'nos hip'i-os). A site 
 about 1-) miles northwest of Athens, north of 
 the Academy on the banks of the Cepbissus. It 
 is the birthplace of Sophocles, and is immortalized by his 
 description in the “Gidipus at Colonus.” Upon thehillnow 
 stand the tombs of two noted archaeologists, Ottfried 
 Muller and Charles Lenormant. 
 
 Colorado (kol-o-ra'do). [Named from the Col- 
 orado River.] One of the United States of 
 North America, lying between Wyoming and 
 Nebraska on the north, Nebraska and Kan- 
 sas on the east. Oklahoma and New Mexico on 
 the south, and Utah on the west. It is traversed 
 by the Rocky Mountains in the center and west, the foot- 
 hills of which descend to the eastern “Great Plains." 
 Many of the highest and best-known summits of the 
 Rocky Mountains (Pike’s Peak, Long’s Peak, Sierra Blanca, 
 Mountain of the Holy Cross) are in this State, which is 
 also rifted by deep cafions (Arkansas, Gunnison, Mancos). 
 Its leading industries are mining (gold, silver, lead, etc ), 
 agriculture, and stock-raising, and it is noted as a liealth- 
 lesort. In the production of silver it ranks as the fourth 
 and in gold as the second State of the Union. It has . 9 
 counties, sends 2 senators and 4 representatives to Con- 
 gress, and has 6 electoral votes. Capital, Denver. Its 
 territory formed part of the Louisiana purchase and part 
 of the country acquired from Mexico. Gold was discovered 
 in 1858 ; the Territory was organized in 1861, and was ad- 
 mitted as a State in 1876. Called the Centennial State. 
 Area, 103,658 square miles. Population, 799,024, (1910). 
 
 Colorado, Sp. Rio Colorado. [Sp., ‘colored’ 
 (i. e. red) ‘river.’] 1. A river formed by the 
 union of the Grand and Green rivers in south- 
 eastern Utah. It flows through Utah and Arizona, 
 and separates Arizona from Nevada and California. It 
 empties into the Gulf of California, in Lower Califor- 
 nia, about lat. 32’ N. It is famous for its cafions, of 
 which the most celebrated, the Grand Cafion, situated 
 in the middle course of the river, and explored by the 
 
Colorado 
 
 Powell survey expedition in 1869, has wallB from 4,000 to 
 6,600 feet in height. Length (from source of Green River), 
 about 2,000 miles ; navigable to Callville, 612 miles. Also 
 called Colorado of the YVest. 
 
 2. A river in Texas which flows into Mata- 
 gorda Bay near Matagorda. Length, about 900 
 miles ; navigable, except in summer, to Austin. 
 Called the Eastern Colorado. — 3. A river in the 
 Argentine Republic which flows into the At- 
 lantic Ocean about lat. 39° 50' S., long. 62° 10' 
 W. Length, about 620 miles. 
 
 Colorado Springs (kol-o-ra'do springz). The 
 capital of El Paso County, Colorado, situated 
 64 miles south of Denver. It is a place of su mm er 
 resort, near the foot of Pike's Peak. Population, 29,078, 
 (1910). 
 
 Colorados (ko-lo-ra'dos). [Sp., ‘the Reds.’] 
 A political party of Uruguay. See Blancos. 
 Colossse (ko-ios'e). [Gr. Ko'ooaaat.] In ancient 
 geography, a city in southwestern Phrygia, 
 Asia Minor, situated on the Lycus. It was the 
 seat of a primitive Christian church. 
 Colosseum (kol-o-se'um), or Flavian Amphl 
 theater. [L. Colosseum: said to be named from 
 the colossal statue of Nero which stood near it 
 in the Via Sacra.] An amphitheater in Rome, 
 begun by Vespasian (T. Flavius Sabinus) in 72 
 A. d., and for 400 years the seat of gladiatorial 
 shows. The axes of this chief of amphitheaters are 617 
 and 612 feet ; of the arena, 282 and 177 feet. The exterior 
 was ornamented with four tiers of engaged columns with 
 their entablatures, the lowest three inclosing arches, and 
 the highest walled up, with square windows in every sec- 
 ond intercolumuiation. The material of the interior is 
 stone, of the inner passages and vaults largely brick and 
 concrete. The interior was faced with marble. In the 
 substructions there is a most elaborate system of chambers, 
 passages, dens, and drains. Despite the enormous mass 
 of the existing ruin, it is estimated that two thirds have 
 been carried away in the middle ages and later as build- 
 ing-material. 
 
 Colossus of Rhodes. See Chares of Lindus. 
 Colot (ko-1o'), Laurent. Born near Troyes, 
 France: lived about 1550. A French court 
 surgeon in the reign of Henry H. (1547-59), 
 noted as a lithotomist. 
 
 Colquhoun (ko-hon'), Patrick. Born at Dum- 
 barton, Scotland, March 14, 1745 : died at Lon- 
 don, April 25, 1820. A London police magis- 
 trate and writer on economic subjects. From 
 about 1760 to 1766 he lived in Virginia, was lord provost 
 of Glasgow 1782-83, and from 1789 resided in London, 
 where he became (1792) a police magistrate. He pub- 
 lished a “Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis,” etc. 
 (1795), a “ Treatise on the Population, Wealth, Power, 
 and Resources of the British Empire in every Quarter of 
 the World" (1814), and other works treating especially 
 of the condition and relief of the poor. 
 
 Colt (kolt), Samuel. Born at Hartford, Conn., 
 July 19, 1814: died at Hartford, Jan. 10, 1862. 
 An American inventor. He patented the revolver 
 in 1835, and established a noted manufactory of arms at 
 Hartford in 1852. 
 
 Colton (kol'ton), Charles Caleb. Born at 
 Salisbury, England, about 1780 : died at Fon- 
 tainebleau, April 28, 1832. An English clergy- 
 man and writer. He was a graduate of Cambridge 
 (King’s CoUege), and rector of Kew and Petersham. He 
 led an eccentric life; and committed suicide in preference 
 to undergoing a surgical operation. He published “ Lacon, 
 or many things in few words, addressed to those who 
 think ” (182J-22), etc. 
 
 Colton, Walter. Born at Rutland, Vt., May 9, 
 1797 : died at Philadelphia, Jan. 22, 1851. An 
 American clergyman and writer of voyages, 
 author of “ Ship and Shore” (1835), etc. 
 Columba (ko-lum'ba), Saint. Born at Gartan, 
 Donegal, Ireland, l)ee. 7, 521 : died at Iona, 
 Scotland, June 9, 597. A Celtic missionary in 
 Scotland, surnamed “the Apostle of Caledo- 
 nia,” the founder of the monastery of Iona 
 (about 565). 
 
 Columbanus (kol-um-ba'nus), or Columban 
 
 (ko-lum'ban), Saint. Bom in Leinster, Ire- 
 land, about 543: died at Bobbio, Italy, Nov. 
 21, 615. An Irish missionary in Franco, Swit- 
 zerland, and Italy. He founded the monas’ery of 
 Luxcuil (Vosges) about 590-595, and that of Bobbio (Italy). 
 Columbia (ko-lum'bi-a). [NL., from Colum- 
 bus .] 1. A poetical name of the United States, 
 or of the New World. — 2. See Colombia. 
 Columbia, or Oregon (or'e-gon). A river in 
 North America, the second in size on the Pacific 
 coast. It rises in the Rocky Mountains in British Colum- 
 bia, traverses Washington, flows between Washington and 
 Oregon, and empties into the Pacific Ocean in lat. 46° 15' 
 N„ long. 124° W. Its chief tributaries are Clarke’s Fork 
 and Snake River. It has very important salmon-fisheries. 
 Length, about 1,000 miles. It is navieable to the Cascades 
 (165 miles), from the Cascades to the Dalles (about 50 
 miles), and above the Dalles for small vessels. It was dis- 
 covered in 1792 by Captain Robert Gray, and was explored 
 by Lewis and Clark 1804-05. 
 
 Columbia. 1. A city in Boone County, Mis- 
 souri, 27 miles northwest of Jefferson City. It 
 
 269 
 
 is the seat of the University of the State of Missouri. 
 Population, 9,662, (1910). 
 
 2. A borough in Lancaster County, Pennsyl- 
 vania, situated on the Susquehanna River 24 
 miles southeast of Harrisburg. It is an important 
 lumber-market and seat of manufactures. Population, 
 11,454, (1910). 
 
 3. The capital of South Carolina, in Richland 
 
 Columbus, Diego 
 
 and viceroy in countries acquired by him for Spain, with 
 full powers and a generous share of the revenues. Partly 
 with royal aid, partly with the help of the Pinzons, mer- 
 chants of Palos, three small vessels were fitted out, the 
 Santa Maria as flagship, and the Nina and Piuta, com- 
 manded respectively by Vicente Yaftez Pinzon and Martin 
 Alonzo Pinzon. With these and 120 (or 90V) men Co- 
 lumbus left Palos Aug. 3, 1492. He touched at the 
 
 Canaries, thence steered west, and on Oct. 12 (O. S.), 1492, 
 
 County, situated on the Congaree'River in lat. ° r s ->. discovered the island of Guanahani or 
 
 J - — ” San Salvador, one of the Bahamas, but which one is un- 
 certain. He landed and took possession for Castile, had 
 some intercourse with the natives, and sailed on, discov- 
 ering various islands and coasting part of the northern 
 side of Cuba (Oct. 26-Dec. 22), and Haiti or Hispaniola, 
 everywhere treating amicably with the natives, and ob- 
 taining small quantities of gold and island products. All 
 these lands, he supposed, were outlying parts of Asia. 
 The Santa Maria was wrecked on the Haitian coast, and 
 he left there a colony of 40 men, building a fort called 
 La Navidad in the land of a friendly chief. On Jan. 4, 
 1493, he started to return in the Niua. He narrowly es- 
 caped wreck in severe storms, parted company with the 
 Pinta, touched at the Azores and in Portugal, where he 
 was called to see the king; and finally reached Palos, 
 March 15 (O. S.), 1493. Called to court, he was received 
 with great honor, his privileges confirmed, and ample 
 means given for a new expedition. 
 
 34° N., long. 81° 2' W. It is the seat of the Univer- 
 sity of South Carolina (founded in 1804), became the State 
 capital in 1790, and was burned about the time of its occu- 
 pation by the Federals, Feb. 17, 1865. Population, 26,319, 
 (1910). 
 
 4. The capital of Maury County, Tennessee, 
 situated on the Duck River 42 miles southwest 
 of Nashville. Population, 5,754, (1910). 
 
 Columbia. An American sloop yacht, the suc- 
 cessful defender of the America’s cup in 1899 
 against the Shamrock, and again in 1901 against 
 Shamrock II. Her dimensions are : length on 
 water-line, 89 feet 7£ inches; length over all, 
 131 feet 4 inches ; beam, 24 feet 2 inches. 
 
 Columbia, British. See British Columbia. 
 Columbia, District of. 
 bia. 
 
 He again embarked 
 at Palos, Sept. 25, 1493, with 17 vessels and 1,600 men ; 
 See District of Colvm- discovered Dominica Nov. 3; landed on several of the 
 
 oeo jj.su <o<. VJ c num Caribbee islands and had eneounters w jth the Caribs ; 
 
 coasted Porto Rico; and on Nov. 27 reached the harbor 
 Columbian University. A university ill Wash- Of La Navidad. He found that liis colony had all been 
 ington, D. C., organized in 1821. It has college, ' ly Indians. On a new site, farther east, he 
 
 7 i-4i a ^ ^ i 7 founded Isabella (Dec.), the first European town in the 
 
 law, medical, dental, and graduate depart- New World. After some explorations in the interior he 
 
 meats, the National College of Pharmacy, and made an expedition westward (April, 149i), in which he 
 
 a college of veterinary medicine. Now George coasted the south side of Cuba (supposed by him to be a 
 Wnshimrton TTnivorsitv peninsula of Asia), and after discovering Jamaica re- 
 
 wasmngton university. _ turned to Isabella, Sept. 29, 1494 . Ill treatment by the 
 
 Columbia University. An institution Ot Spaniards caused an insurrection of the Indians, but Co- 
 learning in the City of New York. It was founded himbus defeated them in a great battle on the Vega 
 as King’s College in 1754, took the name Columbia College Real, April 25, 1495. Shortly before he had proposed a 
 ‘ - - - plan for enslaving hostile Indians, for which he has been 
 
 much blamed. There wasmueh suffering and discontent 
 among the colonists, and some of them went to Spain to 
 make complaints ; they were supported by Bishop Fon- 
 seca, an enemy of Columbus, who was at the head of co- 
 lonial affairs; and in 1495 Juan Aguado was sent as a 
 royal commissioner to EspaSola. He collected complaints 
 against the admiral, who, fearing the effect of the report, 
 returned to Spain at the same time with Agnado (March, 
 1496), leaving his brothers in charge. He was well re- 
 ceived by the sovereigns, and the charges dismissed. 
 
 after the Revolution, and that of Columbia University in 
 1896. Barnard CoUege, Teachers College, and the College 
 of Pharmacy, while independent corporations, financially, 
 are educationally integral parts of the University. The 
 institution comprises undergraduate colleges for men and 
 women, three graduate non-professional faculties, a school 
 ot fine arts, and professional schools of law, medicine, 
 mines, engineering, chemistry, education, pharmacy, and 
 journalism, and also a summer session and a system of 
 extension teaching. The value of the material equipment, 
 including a library of 450,000 volumes, is about $37,000,000, 
 
 and there are about 870 officers and 6,000 students (exclu- After much delay he started on a third voyage (May 30, 
 sive of summer session). 1498), in which he kept farther south, discovered Trinidad 
 
 Columbine (kol'um-bin). A conventional char- 
 
 acter in old Italian comedy, first appearing about 
 1560 : the daughter of Pantaloon, or sometimes 
 her coquettish maid-servant. She was the ob- 
 ject of Harlequin’s adoration, and so appears in 
 English pantomime. 
 
 Oolumbretes (kd-lom-bra'tes). A group of small 
 volcanic rocks in the Mediterranean, east of 
 Spain, in lat. 39° 54' N., long. 0° 43' E. 
 
 Columbus (ko-lum'bus), Bartholomew, Sp. 
 
 (July 31), and the lowlands at tiie mouth of the Orinoco 
 (Aug. 1), this being, in all probability, the first discovery 
 of the continent of South America: the Cabots had al- 
 ready seen North America. With much difficulty he passed 
 the two straits between Trinidad and the mainland, and 
 was convinced that the turbid water came from a con- 
 tinental (Asiatic) river. In a report at this time he argues 
 that the earth is pear-shaped and the highest land at) the 
 head of this river, where also is the terrestrial paradise : 
 this, and some other later reports, have been supposed to 
 indicate temporary aberration of mind, caused by sick- 
 ness. On Aug. 30 he reached Santo Domingo, which had 
 been founded during his absence. Some of the colonists, 
 
 Bartolomeo Colon. Born probably in Genoa under Roldan, had rebelled, and Columbus was forced to 
 
 about 1445 : died at Santo Domingo, May, 1515. 
 A brother of Christopher Columbus. He was 
 with Bartolomeu Diaz on the West African coast 1486-87, 
 and went to England in 1488 to interest Henry VII. in his 
 brother’s proj ect. He returned to Spain in 1493, after the 
 admiral bad sailed on his second voyage, but followed 
 him in command of a supply fleet, arriving at Isabella 
 in June, 1493. Theadmiral madehim adelantado,andfrom 
 1496 to 1498 he governed the island during his brother's 
 absence; founded Santo Domingo 1496; subdued an Indian 
 revolt; marched to Xaragud in 1497 ; and in 1498 had the 
 first trouble with Roldan. In 1509 Bobadilla sent him a 
 prisoner to Spain, where he was released with the ad- 
 miral. He was with his brother on the fourth voyage, 
 1502-04, and was the leader where active work was re- 
 quired. In the struggle with Porras at Jamaica he was 
 wounded. After tire admiral’s death ho seems to have 
 been in Rome, and in 1509 he accompanied Diego Colum- 
 bus to Hispaniola, where he held important and lucrative 
 offices. 
 
 make a disgraceful peace with them. Disorders con- 
 tinued, and on Aug. 24, 1500, Francisco de Bobadilla ar- 
 rived as royal commissioner. He deposed Columbus and 
 his brothers and sent them in chains to Spain (Oct., 1500) : 
 they were at once released, but Columbus could not ob- 
 tain a reinstatement in bis dignities; and only after 
 much delay he obtained four caravels for a final explora- 
 tion, in which, it appears, he intended to circumnavi- 
 gate the globe. Leaving Spain May, 1502, he touched at 
 Santo Domingo, thence sailed to Central America, discov- 
 ering Honduras July 30, and coasting to the lslhmus of 
 Panama, seeking for a passage westward. After en- 
 counters with the Indians and a vain attempt to plant a 
 colony (Feb., 1503), he returned to Jamaica. There his 
 ships, worm-eaten and storm-beaten, gave out, and he and 
 his men remained on the island, enduring great suffer- 
 ings : some rebelled, and were subdued after a hard fight. 
 A canoe sent out reached Espaiiola, and at length (June, 
 1504) ships were sent to take them off. Columbus 
 reached Spain Nov. 7, 1504. Queen Isabella, who had al- 
 
 ways befriended him, died soon after. His repeated peti- 
 Columbus, Christopher. [It. Cristoforo Co- dons for reinstatement had no effect, and he passed his 
 
 Inmho Sn (WUt.oral Colon F Christonhp Co- remamm S da y» in poverty and neglect. Re always sup- 
 lomuo, op. vnswvai w on, r . cnnsiopne Co- poS ed that the regions discovered by him were portions of 
 lomb, L. Chnstophorus Columbus.] Born at or Asia. See Century Atlas , Map 67. 
 
 v3n2Sld^S®% a^SUUM* OotambmUleg#, It. Giacomo Colombo: by 
 VaiiaaoHa, tepaiu, May oi M (. - • b.), lotfii. Latin writers called Jacobus. Probably born 
 
 VS^3^£S^SSaXSSgl at Genoa about 1450; dot. aod plac, io/deatb 
 to follow the sea. In 1473 (V) he went to Portugal, where unknown. A brother of Chi istopher Columbus, 
 he married and had a son, Diego ; he also lived in the who accompanied him in the second voyage 
 
 i land of Porto Santo, near Madeira. It is probable that 
 ho joined in some of the Portuguese explorations on the 
 African coast; and there is Borne doubtful evidence of 
 a voyage made to Iceland. Impressed with the idea, 
 founded on the known rotundity of the earth, that Asia 
 might be reached by sailing westward, he proposed to 
 
 (1493), and was at times left in command at 
 Isabella or Santo Domingo. He was sent to Spain 
 with his brothers in 1500, and about that time became 
 a priest. In 1509 he accompanied bis nephew to Santo 
 Domingo, and probably died soon after. 
 
 the Portuguese king to make an expedition in that direc- ColumbllS, Sp. Colon, DiogO. Bom probably 
 
 firm Tt'nilincr ho wpnt. fn Snnin ( I Aftd. r t\ a n H nfFpi-pH flip „ u T AAlCi. A'. , 1 i 
 
 tion. Failing, he went to Spain (1484 \) and offered the 
 enterprise to Ferdinand and Isabella. He was repeatedly 
 put off with promises or rebuffed by adverse reports of 
 those set to inquire into the scheme, and lived in poverty. 
 His brother was sent to ask aid of Henry VII. of England 
 (1488), and Columbus himself was about passing to France 
 when he obtained a personal interview with the sovereigns 
 at Granada. The excessive grants and honors which ho 
 demanded in case of success led to a refusal ; but as he was 
 about leaving Granada his friends made a last effort with 
 the queen, he was recalled, and on April 17, 1492, the king 
 and queen signed a paper in which all the demands of 
 Columbus were agreed to. He was made, for himself and 
 heirs, admiral in all the regions which he might discover, 
 
 at Lisbon about 1476: died at Montalvan, near 
 Toledo, Feb. 23, 1526. A son of Christopher 
 Columbus. In 1492 Queen Isabella made him a page 
 at the Spanish court, where lie remained until alter his 
 father’s death. He was confirmed in 1509 as admiral of 
 the Indies and governor of Hispaniola, but without the 
 title of viceroy. He arrived at Santo Domingo, July 10, 
 1509 ; but the conflicting claims of jurisdiction, and dis- 
 satisfaction with his rule, soon made the position an un- 
 easy one. Velasquez, whom he sent to conquer Cuba in 
 1511, virtually threw off his authority ; the establishment 
 of a royal audience at Santo Domingo restricted his pow- 
 er ; and though, in a visit to Spain, he obtained new favors 
 
Columbus, Diego 
 
 (1520), he was finally called back by the Council of the 
 indies in 1523 to answer charges against him. His wife 
 was left in charge of the government ; but Diego followed 
 the court, vainly seeking redress, until his death. 
 
 Columbus, Ferdinand, Sp. Ferdinando Co- 
 16n. Born in Cordova, Aug. 15, 1488: died 
 at Seville, July 12, 1539. An illegitimate son 
 of Christopher Columbus and Dona Beatrix 
 Henriquez, a lady of Cordova. He was made page 
 of Queen Isabella in 1498 ; was with his father on the 
 fourth voyage, 1502-04 ; and by the admiral’s will received 
 an ample income, afterward increased by royal grants. 
 He amassed a library of over 20,000 volumes, which 
 passed by will to the cathedral chapter of Seville, where 
 it was known as the “Colombina only about 4,000 vol- 
 umes remain. A history of the Indies by him is lost, as 
 is the original Spanish of his biography of his father, which 
 was used by Las Casas. 
 
 Columbus, Sp. Coldn (ko-lon'), Luis. Born at 
 Santo Domingo, 1521 or 1522 : died in Oran, 
 Africa, Feb. 3, 1572. A son of Diego and grand- 
 son of Christopher Columbus. In 1536 he gave up 
 all claims to the title of viceroy, receiving in return the 
 island of J amaica in fief, a large pension, lands in V eragua, 
 and the titles of Duke of Veragua and Marquis of Jamaica. 
 He was captain-general of Hispaniola 1540-51. He was 
 imprisoned in 1559 for having three wives, and in 1565 
 banished to Oran. For descent of the titles, see Vera- 
 gua, Dukes of. 
 
 Columbus. 1. The capital of Ohio, and of 
 Franklin County, situated on the Scioto River 
 in lat. 39° 57' N., long. 83° 3' W. It is an impor- 
 tant railway center and manufacturing place, and is re- 
 markable for its State capitol and other public buildings. 
 It was made the State capital in 1816. Population, 
 181,511, (1910). 
 
 2. The capital of Muscogee County, Georgia, 
 situated on the Chattahoochee River in lat. 32° 
 28' N., long. 85° 5' W. It has manufactures of 
 iron and steel. Population, 20,554,(1910). — 3. 
 The capital of Bartholomew County in southern 
 central Indiana. Population, 8,813, (1910). — 
 4. A city in western Kentucky, situated on 
 the Mississippi River 16 miles south of Cairo. 
 It was a strategic point of the Confederates in 
 1861-62. Pop., 970, (1910). — 5. The county- 
 seat of Lowndes County, eastern Mississippi, 
 situated on the Tombigbee River in lat. 33° 31' 
 N., long. 88° 28' W. Population, 8,988, (1910). 
 Columella (kol-u-mel'ia), Lucius Junius Mo- 
 deratus. Born at Cadiz, Spain: lived about 
 40 A. D. A Roman writer on agriculture. He 
 wrote “De re rustica,” in twelve books (edited by Schnei- 
 der in the “Scriptores rei rusticse,” 1794), and an earlier 
 work on the same subject, of which one book, “De Arbo- 
 ribus,” is extant. 
 
 Column of July, F. Colonne de Juillet (ko- 
 lon' de zhiie-ya'). A monument in Paris, 
 France, erected on the site of the Bastille in 
 1840, in honor of the citizens killed in the at- 
 tacks on the royal government in 1830. it is a 
 Corinthian column of bronze, 13 feet in diameter, rising 
 from a square base and marble substructure, and capped 
 by a gilded statue of the winged Genius of Liberty. Its 
 total height is 154 feet. 
 
 Column of Marcus Aurelius, or Antonine 
 Column. A monument in the Piazza Colonna, 
 Rome, erected in 174 a. d. in honor of the cam- 
 paigns against the Marcomanni. it reproduces 
 the type of the Column of Trajan, and consists of a Homan 
 Doric column of marble raised on a square pedestal, the 
 total height, without the statue of St. Paul of Sixtus V., 
 being 123 feet. The shaft is sculptured in a spiral of 20 
 turns, with reliefs of the wars it commemorates. 
 
 Column of the Congress, F. Colonne du Con- 
 gres (ko-lon' dii kon-gra'). A monument 
 erected in Brussels, Belgium, in commemora- 
 tion of the Belgian constitutional congress of 
 1831. It is a Roman Doric column 147 feet high, on the 
 summit of which stands a statue of Leopold I. P^eliefs 
 on the pedestal represent the Belgian provinces. At the 
 angles stand four female figures in bronze, personifying 
 types of liberty. 
 
 Column of Trajan. A monument in Rome, 
 dedicated in 114 A. d. in honor of the emperor. 
 It is a Roman Doric column of marble, on a square base- 
 ment, the total height, exclusive of the present statue of 
 St. Peter, being 1271 feet. The base bears reliefs of war- 
 like trophies and an inscription ; the entire shaft is occu- 
 pied by vigorous and lifelike reliefs ascending in a spiral, 
 representing Trajan's campaigns. The reliefs contain 
 about 2,500 human figures, besides those of animals and 
 inanimate objects. 
 
 Column of Vendome (von-dom'), F. Colonne 
 Venddme. A monument in the Place Ven- 
 dome, Paris, France. It is a Roman Doric column 
 of masonry incased in bronze, in design imitating the 
 Column of Trajan at Rome, and was erected by Napoleon I. 
 in honor of his victories over the Russians and Austrians 
 in 1805. The shaft is encircled with reliefs referring to 
 the campaigns in question, ascending in a spiral, the 
 height of the figures being 3 feet. The column is sur- 
 mounted by a figure of the emperor. Its height is 142 feet, 
 and its diameter 13 feet. It was overthrown by the Com- 
 mune in 1871, but was restored in 1875. 
 
 Columns of Hercules. See Pillars of Hercules. 
 Columns of St. Mark and St. Theodore. Two 
 
 columns in Venice, situated at the end of the 
 
 270 
 
 Piazzetta toward the Grand Canal. The massive 
 plain cylindrical shafts are of granite, the western pink, 
 the eastern gray, resting on spreading, stepped bases. 
 The capitals are ascribed to a Lombard architect. The 1 
 figure of St. Theodore, with his crocodile, was erected on 
 the western column in 1329. The eastern column bears 
 the famous winged lion of St. Mark, in bronze, with eyes 
 inlaid in precious stones. The existing lion is of the 15th 
 century. 
 
 Colville (kol'vil). A name, of European ori- 
 gin, applied to a Salishan tribe formerly dwell- 
 ing near Kettle Falls on the upper Columbia 
 River, near the Canadian boundary. The tribe 
 numbers (1904 ) 321 persons, dwelling on the Puyallup 
 reservation, Washington. See Salishan. 
 
 Colwell (kol'wel), Stephen. Born in Brooke 
 County, West Va., March 25, 1800: died at 
 Philadelphia, Jan. 15, 1871. An American 
 merchant, economist, and general writer. He 
 wrote “Ways and Means of Payment” (1859), 
 etc. 
 
 Coma Berenices (ko'ma ber-e-ni'sez). [L., 
 ‘hair of Berenice J See Berenice.} An ancient 
 asterism (though not one of the 48 constella- 
 tions of Hipparchus) situated north of Virgo 
 and between Bootes and Leo, and supposed to 
 represent the famous amber hair of Berenice, 
 the wife of Ptolemy Euergetes. 
 
 Comacchio (ko-mak'ke-6). A town in the 
 province of Ferrara, Italy, situated near the 
 Adriatic 29 miles southeast of Ferrara. Popu- 
 lation, 7,672. 
 
 Comana (ko-ma'na). [Gr. ra K dfiava.] 1. In 
 ancient geography, a city of Cappadocia, Asia 
 Minor, situated on the river Sarus. it was noted 
 for its temple to Ma, the moon-goddess. Also called 
 Chryse (‘the Golden’). 
 
 2. In ancient geography, a city of Pontus, Asia 
 Minor, situated about lat. 40° 20' N., long. 36° 
 50' E. It was perhaps a colony of the Cappadocian city, 
 and it was sacred to the same goddess. The modern Gu- 
 menek is on its site. 
 
 Comanche (ko-man'che), or Camanche (ka- 
 man'che). [PI., also Comanches .] A tribe of 
 North American Indians, well known for their 
 martial character. According to tradition and lin- 
 guistic evidence they were formerly neighbors of the 
 Shoslioni in Wyoming. In 1724 they were on upper Kan- 
 sas River, and later were south of Red River, Texas, this 
 southward extension doubtless being due to pressure by 
 Siouan tribes. Their later territory was the extensive 
 plains from the Rocky Mountains eastward into Indian 
 Territory and Texas as far as long. 97% although they 
 raided the country from Kansas southward as far as Du- 
 rango, Mexico (a distance of 800 miles). They agreed to 
 go upon a reservation in 1867, when they numbered about 
 2,500. The Comanche who are now on the Kiowa, Co- 
 manche, and Wichita reservation, Oklahoma, number 
 about 1,400. Their own name is Niim, ‘people.’ Co- 
 manche, a name of unknown signification, was first ap- 
 plied by the Spanish Mexicans, while the French form, 
 Padouea, is adapted from their Sioux name. They also 
 have been known as Chouman, Comande, Kaumains, 
 Neum, Padouea, and Paduca. See Shoshonean. 
 
 Comande. See Comanche. 
 Comayagua(ko-ma-ya'gwa). The capital of the 
 department of Cotnayagua, Honduras, situated 
 on the river Hurnaya if! lat. 14° 28' N., long. 
 87° 39' W. It was the capital of Honduras until 1880. 
 Population, about 5,000. In colonial times it had 18,000 
 inhabitants, but it was burned in 1827, and has never fully 
 recovered. 
 
 Combaconum. See Kumblidkonam. 
 
 Combe (kom), Andrew. Born at Edinburgh, 
 Oct. 27, 1797 : died at Edinburgh, Aug. 9, 1847. 
 A Scottish physician and writer on physiology 
 and phrenology. He founded, with his brother George 
 Combe and others, the “Phrenological Magazine" (1823), 
 of which he remained proprietor until 1837. 
 
 Combe, George. Born at Edinburgh, Oct. 21, 
 1788: died at Moor Park, Farnham, England, 
 Aug. 14, 1858. A Scottish phrenologist : chief 
 work “An Essay ou the Constitution of Man” 
 (1828). 
 
 Combe, William. Born at Bristol, England, 
 1741: died at Lambeth, June 19, 1823. An 
 English writer, author of “Dr. Syntax.” He 
 
 was the godson (or natural son) of a London alderman; 
 was educated at Eton and Oxford (where, however, he did 
 not take a degree); entered the law ; led for some time 
 the life of an adventurer, being successively a soldier, a 
 waiter, a lieutenant, and a cook ; and for the last 43 years 
 of his life resided within the rules of the King’s Bench 
 debtors’ prison. He published a large number of works, 
 including “ The Diaboliad, a poem dedicated to the worst 
 man (Simon, Lord Irnham) in His Majesty’s Dominions ” 
 (1776), “The Devil upon Two Sticks in England ” (1790), 
 “The Tour of Dr. Syntax in search of the Picturesque" 
 (a poem first published in the “Poetical Magazine," and 
 republished 1812), etc. 
 
 Comberback, Silas Tomkyns. The name 
 under which Coleridge enlisted in the 15th Dra- 
 goons. 
 
 Combermere, Viscount. See Cotton. 
 Comecyudo (ko-ma-kro'do). A tribe of North 
 American Indians which live on the lower Rio 
 Grande at Las Prietas, Tamaulipas, Mexico. 
 
 Comines 
 
 Of the 25 survivors in 1886 but seven spoke their native 
 tongue. The name is said to signify ‘raw eaters’ (Sp. 
 come-crudo), in allusion to their practice of cannibalism. 
 Also called Carrizos. See Coahuiltecan. 
 
 Comedie Frantjaise (ko-ma-de' fron-saz'), La, 
 The official name of the Theatre Fran§ais. The 
 Comedie Franpaise practically had its beginning in the 
 Tilda tre de 1 Hotel Bourgogne, established in 1552 and 
 made tlriatre royal under Henry III. in 1588; it was fol- 
 lowed by tile Thdatre du Marais in 1600. A few years after- 
 ward the company of Moliere was established in the great 
 hall of the Hotel Bourbon. In 1660 the Hotel Bourbon was 
 torn down, and in 1661 Moliere was transferred to the 
 theater of the Palais Royal. In 1673 Moliere died ; his 
 company was disbanded and went to the Thd&tre Gudnd- 
 gaud. In 1680 there were three companies in Paris — that 
 of the Hotel Bourgogne, that of the Marais, and the com- 
 pany of Molidre in the Thdatre Gudndgaud : the two latter 
 were amalgamated Oct. 21, 1680, and the Comedie Fran- 
 ijaise organized by lettre de cachet of Louis XIV. as 
 “L’Hdtel des Comddiens du Roi entretenus par Sa Ma- 
 jesty.” The Comedie Fran^aise migrated frequently. In 
 1689 it had its home in the Rue des Fosses St. Germain 
 des Prds (Rue de l’Ancienne Comedie); it was here and in 
 this year that it first took the title of Comedie Fran^aise. 
 In 1770 it removed to the Tuileries, and in 1782 the com- 
 pany played in what is now the Oddon. It was suppressed 
 in the Revolution in 1793, and reconstituted by Napoleon, 
 then first consul, and established in the Theatre Franpais. 
 See Thtdtre Francois. 
 
 Comedie Humaine (ko-ma-de' fi-man'), La. 
 A collection of Balzac’s novels, arranged and 
 connected with laborious classification by him- 
 self to form what be called a “complete soci- 
 ety,” the same persons and their relatives ap- 
 pearing and reappearing. “Each novel is in fact 
 a page of the great work, which would be incomplete with- 
 out it.” It is a picture of the manners and morals of 
 his own time. 
 
 Comedy of Errors, The. A play by Shak- 
 spere, acted at Gray’s Inn, Dee. 28, 1594. its 
 
 real title Is “ Errors." It is thought that another version 
 not entirely by Shakspere was acted about 1590. The origi- 
 nal plot was probably suggested by Plautus’s “Menrechmi” 
 and “Amphitryon,” and more directly by the “ History of 
 Error ’’ acted by the chapel children in 1576. ( Fleay .) 
 
 The plot consists in the extraordinary series of mistakes 
 arising from the likeness between twin brothers, both 
 named Antipholus, and the likeness between their two 
 servants, named Dromio. 
 
 Comely Bank (kum'li bangk). See the extract. 
 
 The Carlyles, at the period of Thomas’s famous visit to 
 Jeffrey in George Street, were living at Comely Bank, in 
 one of a row of two-storied, uninteresting houses, calling 
 themselves “ villa residences,” at the northwest of Edin- 
 burgh, quite out of town even now, and facing a green 
 called Stockbridge Public Park. Carlyle’s cottage is 
 numbered 21. 
 
 Hutton, Literary Landmarks of Edinburgh, p. 65. 
 
 Comenius (ko-me'ni-us) (originally Komen- 
 sky), Johann Amos. Born at Nivnitz or, 
 more probably, at Ungarisch-Brod, Moravia, 
 March 28, 1592 : died in Holland, Nov. 15, 1670. 
 A noted Czechic theologian and educational 
 reformer. He studied theology at Herborn and Heidel- 
 berg, and in 1618 became pastor of a congregation of 
 Moravian Brethren at Fulnek. Expelled by an imperial 
 mandate of 1621, which banished all Protestant pastors 
 from Bohemia, he eventually settled at Lissa, Poland, 
 where he supported himself by teaching. In 1642 he 
 went to Sweden, where, at the invitation of the chancel- 
 lor Axel Oxenstjerna, he prepared a plan for the improve- 
 ment of the educational system of the country. He was 
 in 1648 elected bishop of the Moravian Church at Lissa, 
 where, with an interruption of four years spent at Stiros- 
 Patak, Hungary, he remained until 1657, when Lissa was 
 pillaged and burned by the Poles. He subsequently set- 
 tled at Amsterdam. Among his works are “Janua lin- 
 guarum reserata,” “Orbis pictus,” and “Didactica magna 
 seu omues omnia docendi artificium." 
 
 Comical Gallant, The, or the Amours of Sir 
 John Falstaff. An alteration of “ The Merry 
 Wives of Windsor” by John Dennis, played in 
 1702. 
 
 Comical Lovers, The, or Marriage a la 
 Mode. A comedy by Cibber, produced and 
 printed in 1707. It is made from the comic scenes of 
 Dryden’s “ Secret Love ” and “ Marriage h la Mode." 
 
 Comical Revenge, The, or Love in a Tub. 
 
 A comedy by Sir George Etkeredge, produced in 
 1664. It was published in the same year. 
 
 Comines, or Commines (ko-men'). A town on 
 the Lys 10 miles north of Lille, situated partly 
 in the department of Nord, France, and partly 
 in West Flanders, Belgium. Population, 
 commune, 8,431. 
 
 Comines, or Commines, or Comynes, Philippe 
 
 de. Born at Comines, near Lille, France (or at 
 Renescure, near Hazebrouck), about 1445 : died 
 at Argenton, Deux-Sevres, France, Oct. 18, 
 15H. A noted French statesman and historian. 
 He entered the service of Charles the Bold, and then went 
 over to Louis XI., in whose household he rose to the dig- 
 nity of confidant and counselor. In 1486 he was arrested 
 for political reasons and imprisoned for over two years. 
 At the command of Charles VIII. he was arrested again 
 iater on, and exiled for ten years. After serving his time, 
 he returned to court only to fall into disgrace. Finally he 
 retired into private life and wrote his “ Mdmoires.’’ The 
 “Cronique et liystoire faicte et composite par messire 
 Philippe de Comines ” (Paris, 1524) was written from 1488 
 to 1493. It deals with the history of France between 1464, 
 
Coniines 
 
 when Comines came to the court of Charles the Bold, 
 and 148:t, the date of the death of Louis XI. The sequel, 
 “Croniques du roy Charles huytiesme” (Paris, 1528), was 
 written later than 1497, and contains notes on the wars 
 waged by Charles VIII. between 1494 and 1498. Complete 
 editions have been made by Denis Sauvage (1552), Gode- 
 froy (1649), Lenglet-Dufresnoy (1747), Mademoiselle Du- 
 pont (1840-47), and R. Chantelauze (1881) 
 
 Comitdn (ko-me-tan'), or Comitlan (ko-met- 
 lan'). A town in the state of Chiapas, south- 
 ern Mexico, in lat. 16° 5' N., long. 92° 25' W. 
 Population, 7,000. 
 
 Comite des Etudes du Haut Congo. See In- 
 ternational African Association. 
 
 Comitiuxa (ko-mish'ium). [L., ‘place of assem- 
 bly.’] A paved area in ancient Borne, between 
 the northeastern side of the Forum Romanum 
 and the Curia, where the Comitia Curiata, or 
 assembly of the patricians, met, and where the 
 most important legal cases were tried, it was 
 surrounded with a barrier by Tullus Hostilius. On the 
 Comitium stood the original rostra, or official speakers’ 
 platform, and close to it was the grsecostasis, the platform 
 provided for foreign envoys. 
 
 Commagene (kom-a-je'ne). [Gr.K o/ipaygvi/.'] In 
 ancient geography, a district in northern Syria, 
 between the Euphrates on the east and Cilicia 
 on the west. It was at one time tributary to the As- 
 syrian empire, and was an independent kingdom from 
 65 B. C.-17 A. D. It is called Kummuh in the Assyrian 
 cuneiform inscriptions. 
 
 Commander of the Faithful. [Ar. Emir-al- 
 mu’minin .] A title of the califs, first assumed 
 by Omar 634-644. 
 
 Commemoration Ode. An ode by James Rus- 
 sell Lowell in memory of the members of Har- 
 vard College who had served in the Civil W ar, 
 read at the memorial exercises at Cambridge 
 in 1865. 
 
 Commendation of Our Lady. A ballade once 
 attributed to Chaucer, but erroneously, it is not 
 written in ballade form. Tyrwhitt thinks there is evidence 
 that Lydgate may have written it. 
 
 Commentaries, Csesar’s. See Ceesar, Julius. 
 Commercy (ko-mer-se'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Meuse, France, situated on the 
 Meuse 20 miles east of Bar-le-Duc. It has a 
 castle. Population, commune, 7,836. 
 Commissary (kom'i-sa-ri), The. A comedy by 
 Foote, produced in 1765. 
 
 Committee (ko-mit'e), The. A comedy by Sir 
 R. Howard, printed in 1665. Evelyn saw it played 
 in 1662. It was revised by T, Knight and produced as 
 “The Honest Thieves ” in 1797. 
 
 Commode (ko-mod'). A play by Thomas Cor- 
 neille, played for Louis XIY. at the Louvre in 
 1659. 
 
 Commodian. See Commodianus. 
 Commodianus (ko-mo-di-a'nus). A Christian 
 poet of the first half of the 3d century. Two 
 poems by him are extant, “ Instructiones LXXX adversus 
 gentium deos,’’ and “Carmen Apologeticum,” a defense 
 of Christianity. 
 
 Commodus (kom'5-dus), Lucius JSlius Au- 
 relius (also Marcus Antoninus). Born at 
 Lanuvium, Italy, Aug. 31, 161 A. D. : killed 
 at Rome, Dec. 31, 192. Emperor of Rome ISO- 
 192, son of Marcus Aurelius whom he suc- 
 ceeded. He bought peace of the Germans at the price 
 of a tribute, and, intrusting the direction of the govern- 
 ment to favorites (Perennis, Cleander, Lsetus, and Delec- 
 tus), abandoned himself to dissipation and cruelty. He 
 put to death his wife Crispina and nearly all the public 
 men who had risen to eminence under his father, is said 
 to have appeared as a gladiator in the amphitheater over 
 seven hundred times against defenseless opponents, and 
 to have claimed divine honors, appearing in public as 
 Hercules and demanding to be worshiped as such. He 
 was strangled by the athlete Narcissus, who was intro- 
 duced into his sleeping-apartment by conspirators, chief 
 of whom was the emperor's mistress, Marcia. 
 
 Common (kom'on), Dol. Iu Ben Jonson’s com- 
 edy “The Alchemist,” the mistress of Subtle. 
 Common Sense. A pamphlet by Thomas Paine, 
 published in Philadelphia Jan. 1, 1776. It advo- 
 cated entire separation from England, and its arguments 
 fell in with the prevailing current of feeling, and Bwept 
 waverere along with it. It is described by Washington as 
 “working a powerful change in the minds of many men " 
 (Works, IH. 276). 
 
 Commonwealth of England, The. The des- 
 ignation applied officially to the form of gov- 
 ernment existing in England from the abolition 
 of the monarchy in Feb., 1649, after the execu- 
 tion of Charles I., till the establishment of the 
 protectorate under Cromwell in Dec., 1653, but 
 often loosely used of the whole interval from 
 the death of Charles I. to the restoration of 
 Charles H. in May, 1660. During the former period, 
 or that of the real commonwealth, the government was 
 vested in a Council of State, composed of members of the 
 House of Commons, and the House of Lords was abolished. 
 
 Communes, Seven. See Sette Comuni. 
 
 Communes, Thirteen. See Tredici Comum. 
 
 271 
 
 Comnena, Anna. See Anna Comnena. 
 Comnenus (kom-ne'nus), House of (The Com- 
 
 neni). [MGr. Kbgryvot;.] An illustrious By- 
 zantine family, probably of Italian origin, which 
 acquired historical importance in the 10th cen- 
 tury, and from which descended six emperors 
 of the East, all the emperors of Trebizond, and 
 many statesmen, generals, and authors. See 
 Alexius I., Alexius II., Andronicus I., Isaac I., 
 Manuel I., and Anna Comnena. 
 
 Como (ko'mo). [F. Come, It. Como, L. Comum. ~\ 
 
 1. The capital of the province of Como, Italy, 
 situated at the southern extremity of the Lake 
 of Como, 25 miles north-northwest of Milan, it 
 is picturesquely situated, has a noted cathedral, and man- 
 ufactures silk. The cathedral, one of the finest in northern 
 Italy, was begun in 1696 in an exceUent Pointed style, con- 
 tinued in that of the early Renaissance, and completed in 
 the more ornate Renaissance of the 16th century. The 
 front has round-arched doors, a fine rose, delicate sculp- 
 ture, and rich pinnacles. The Renaissance north doorway 
 is notable. The nave is Pointed, with good vaulting ; the 
 circular choir is classical. There are many beautiful fres- 
 cos, by Quini and Ferrari. It was the birthplace of the 
 elder Pliny, the younger Pliny, and Volta. Population, 
 commune, 38,895. 
 
 2. A province in Lombardy, Italy, bordering 
 on Switzerland. Area, 1,104 square miles. 
 Population, 628,106. 
 
 Como, Lake of, It. Lago di Como (la'go de 
 ko'mo), F. Lac de Come (lak de kom), G. Co- 
 mersee (ko'mer-za). A lake of northern Italy, 
 near the Swiss border: the Roman Lacus Larius. 
 It is traversed by the river Adda, and is famous for its 
 beauty. It is surrounded by mountains, and its shores 
 are bordered with villas. At Bellaggio it is divided into 
 the Lake of Como (proper) and the Lake of Lecco. Length, 
 30 miles. Greatest width, 2^ miles. Depth, 1,330 feet. 
 
 Comoiifort (ko-mon-fort'), Ignacio. Born at 
 Puebla, March 12, 1812 : died near Guanajuato, 
 Nov. 13, 1863. A Mexican soldier and states- 
 man. He joined the revolt against Santa Anna, April, 
 1854 ; was secretary of war under Alvarez, Oct., 1855, 
 and on the retirement of that leader became acting presi- 
 dent; under the constitution of Feb., 1857, was elected, 
 constitutional president, assuming office Dec. 1, 1857. As 
 acting president he crushed a series of revolts led by the 
 church and conservative parties. Soon after his regular 
 election he tacitly encouraged the project of a dictator- 
 ship ; was deposed after hard fighting, and fled the coun- 
 try in Feb., 1858. He returned in 1862, took a prominent 
 part against the French invasion, and was killed by irreg- 
 ular troops or bandits. 
 
 Comorin (korn'o-rin), Cape. The southern ex- 
 tremity of peninsular India, situated in lat. 
 8° 5' N., long. 77° 33' E. 
 
 Comorn. See Eomorn. 
 
 Comoro (kom'o-ro) Islands, or Comores. A 
 group of small islands in the Mozambique Chan- 
 nel, in lat. 11°-13° S., long. 43°-45° E. The chief 
 islands are Great Comoro, Anjuan (Johanna), Mohilla, 
 and Mayotte. All the islands were taken under French 
 protection in 1886. They form a colony under the govern- 
 ment of Madagascar. Area, about 760 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, about 98,000. 
 
 Compagnia della Calza (kom-pan-ye'a del 'lii 
 kal'tsa). [It., ‘Company of the Stocking’: so 
 named from a particular stocking which the 
 members wore.] A society which existed in 
 Italy during the 15th and 16th centuries, for 
 the production of public and private entertain- 
 ments, as games, feasts, and theatrical repre- 
 sentations. In the course of time this society be- 
 came divided into different fraternities, as the Compagnia 
 dei Floridi, Sempiterni, etc., each of which was governed 
 by particular laws and officers, and the members distin- 
 guished by a certain habit. Dunlop, Hist. Prose Fiction, 
 II. 229. 
 
 Company (kum'pa-ni), John. A nickname for 
 the East India Company, originating in India. 
 Compass (kum'pas). A soldier and scholar in 
 Ben Jonson’s comedy “The Magnetic Lady,” 
 “one well read in Men and Manners.” 
 Compiegne (kon-pyan'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Oise, France, situated on the Oise 
 45 miles northeast of Paris: the ancient Com- 
 pendium. It was noted as a favorite royal residence, and 
 its chief building is the royal palace, a large structure 
 founded in Merovingian times and rebuilt in the reign 
 of Louis XV. and later. The interior is especially note- 
 worthy for the furniture and decoration of the apartments 
 fitted out under Napoleon I., and contains a collection of 
 modern paintings. At Compifegne, in 1430, Joan of Arc 
 was taken prisoner. The town has been the seat of sev- 
 eral councils. Population, commune, 16,868. 
 Complaint of Mars. A poem by Chaucer, writ- 
 ten probably after 1380. it is full of astronomical 
 allusions, and contains the story of “the broche” which 
 V ulcan wrought at Thebes. It is supposed to be sung on 
 St. Valentine’s daybya bird. A “Complaintof Venus” has 
 been appended to it. The latter is of a totally different 
 character, and is a translation from the French of Sir Otes 
 de Graunson (Shirley). It is probable that the Venus in 
 both poems refers to the princess Isabel of Spain. 
 
 Complaint of Philomene, The. A poem by 
 George Gascoigne, begun in 1562, but not com- 
 pleted until 1576. 
 
 Comus 
 
 Complaint of Venus, The. A poem by Chaucer, 
 translated by him late in life from the French 
 of Graunson. It is made up of three independent bal- 
 lades : the title was given by the copyists as a counterpart 
 to the “Complaint of Mars,” to which it is appended. 
 Complaint to his Purse. A poem by ( 'haucer, 
 attributed to Occleve. It was printed before 
 the 1532 edition. 
 
 Complaint to Pity. A poem by Chaucer, printed 
 before 1532, and probably written about 1367. 
 Skeat. 
 
 Complete Angler, The. A_ celebrated work 
 by Izaak Walton, published in 1653. 
 Compostela. See Santiago de Compos tella. 
 Compostela (kom-pos-ta/la), Diego Evelino 
 de. * Born at Santiago de Compostela, 1635 : 
 died at Havana, Cuba, Aug. 27, 1704. A Span- 
 ish prelate. He taught theology in the University of 
 Valladolid, and was vicar of various parishes in Spain. 
 In 1685 he was named bishop of Cuba and Florida, a posi- 
 tion which he held until his death. 
 
 Compromise of 1850. See Omnibus Bill. 
 Compton (komp'ton), Henry. Born at Comp- 
 ton Wynyates, Warwickshire, 1632 : died at 
 Fulham, near London, July 7, 1713. An Eng- 
 lish prelate, bishop of London, and youngest 
 son of Spencer Compton, second earl of North- 
 ampton. He studied at Oxford (Queen’s College) and 
 at Cambridge ; was installed canon of Christ Church in 
 1669 ; became bishop of Oxford in 1674, and bishop of 
 London in 1675 ; and was charged with the education of 
 Mary and Anne (later queens), daughters of James, duke 
 of York (James II.). After the accession of James he was 
 tried before Lord Chancellor Jeffreys, as head of the high 
 court of ecclesiastical commission, for disobeying the 
 king (in refusing to suspend John Sharp, dean of Nor- 
 wich), and suspended from the exercise of his episcopal 
 functions ; but was reinstated in 1688. He was a vigorous 
 opponent of Catholicism and an influential supporter of 
 William III. 
 
 Compton, Spencer. Born May, 1601 : killed 
 in the battle of Hopton Heath, March 19, 1643. 
 The second Earl of Northampton, a partizan 
 of Charles I. in his struggle with Parliament. 
 
 He served actively in the king's army, commanding the roy- 
 alist forces at Hopton Heath, where he was slain. 
 
 Compton, Spencer. Born about 1673 : died 
 July 2, 1743. An English politician, third son 
 of the third Earl of Northampton, created Vis- 
 count Pevensey and earl of Wilmington in 
 1730. He was chosen speaker of the House of Commons 
 March 17, 1715, and reelected Oct. 9, 1722. Iu Feb., 1742, 
 he was appointed first lord of the treasury. 
 
 Comtat d’ Avignon (kon-ta' da-ven-yoh') and 
 Gomtat- V enaissin (-ve-na-san'). Two ancient 
 territories of southern France, lying between 
 Daupliine on the north, Provence on the east, 
 the Durance on the south, and the Rhone on the 
 west. They were ceded to the popes in the 13th century, 
 and were united to France in 1791. They correspond nearly 
 to the department of Vaucluse. 
 
 Comte (koht), Isidore Auguste Marie Fran- 
 cois Xavier. Born at Montpellier, France, 
 Jan. 19, 1798 : died at Paris, Sept. 5, 1857. A cele- 
 brated French philosopher, founder of positiv- 
 ism. He studied two years at the Ecole Polytechnique 
 in Paris (having been admitted in 1814), and about 1818 
 became the friend and disciple of Saint-Simon, whose 
 doctrines he undertook to expound in a work entitled 
 “Systeme de politique positive” in 1822. This friend- 
 ship terminated in ,a complete estrangement in 1824. He 
 was tutor at the Ecole Polytechnique 1832-51. His chief 
 works are “ Cours de philosophie positive ” (1830-42), and 
 “Catechisme positiviste” (1852). 
 
 Comte de Boursoufle (koht de bor-so'fl), Le. 
 A comedy by Voltaire, first produced as “ Quand 
 est-ce qu’on me marie?” It was privately played for 
 the first time under that title at the Chateau de Cirey in 
 1734, and again in 1747 at the Chateau d’Anet. It was pro- 
 duced at the Oddon as “Le Comte de Boursoufle” in 1862 
 as a posthumous play of Voltaire. It was really made from 
 the broader parts of Vanbrugh’s “ Relapse.” The Comte 
 de Boursoufle is a Gallicized Lord Foppingtou. 
 
 Comte de Monte-Cristo (kont de moh'te- 
 kres'to), Le. A novel by Alexandre Dumas, 
 published in 1844 : so named from its hero. 
 Comte Ory (koht o-re'), Le. An opera by Ros- 
 sini (words by Scribe and Delestre-Poirson), 
 produced in French at Paris Aug. 20, 1828, and 
 in Italian at London Feb. 28, 1829, and in French 
 June 20, 1849. Both words and music were adapta- 
 tions of works by the same authors written some years 
 before. 
 
 Comtesse d’Escarbagnas (kon-tes' des-kar- 
 biin-yas'),La. A comedy by Moliere, firstplayed 
 for the king at Saint-Germain in 1691. The next 
 year it was played in Paris on Feb. 2. It is a study of 
 provincial manners. 
 
 Comtesse de Kudolstadt (kon-tes' d& rii-dol- 
 stat'), La. A novel by George Sand, a sequel 
 to “Consuelo,” published in 1844. 
 
 Comus (ko'mus). [Gr. Ko/iof.] In later clas- 
 sical mythology, the god of mirth, represented 
 as a winged youth. 
 
Comus 
 
 Comus. A mask by Milton, presented at Ludlow 
 Castle Sept. 29, 1634, before the Earl of Bridge- 
 water. It was printed in 1637, and in his works in 1645. 
 Milton is said to be indebted to Fletcher's “Faithful 
 Shepherdess " for the lyrical portions, and for its central 
 situation to Peele's “Old Wives' Tale.” George Colrnan 
 the elder produced an alteration of it at Covent Garden 
 in 1773. 
 
 Comyn (kum'in), Alexander. Died in 1289. 
 The second Earl of Buchan, constable of Scot- 
 land. 
 
 Comyn, John, the elder. Died about 1300. A 
 Scottish noble, lord of Badenoch, and claimant 
 to the Scottish throne. 
 
 Comyn, John. Died 1306. A Scottish noble 
 and claimant to the throne, son of John Comyn 
 the elder: surnamed “The Red.” He was mur- 
 dered by Robert Bruce. 
 
 Conachar (kon'a-char). The son of the chief 
 of Clan Quhele in Sir Walter Scott’s “Fair Maid 
 of Perth.” After becoming the chief himself 
 he realized that he was a coward, and killed 
 himself in despair. 
 
 Conaire (ko'ne-ri). See the extract. 
 
 A description of Cormac’s person, on the occasion of his 
 entering a great assembly in state, tells us that the equal 
 of his form had never been seen, except that of Conaire 
 the Great, of Conchobar son of Nessa, or of Aengus son 
 of the Dagda. It is remarkable that the ancient writer 
 should mention these tliree, as they are adumbrations 
 of the same god as Cormac. Thus I may here say, with- 
 out anticipating the remarks to be presently made on the 
 Aengus to whom I have alluded, that he was the constant 
 aider and protector of the sun-hero Diarmait, while Co- 
 naire was the subject of one of the most famous epic sto- 
 ries in Irish literature. The plot centers in Conaire's 
 tragic death, which is brought about by the fairies of 
 Eriun, through the instrumentality of outlaws coming 
 from the sea and following the lead of a sort of cyclops 
 called I u gee], said to have been a big, rough, horrid mon- 
 ster with only one eye, which was, however, wider than an 
 ox-hide, blacker than the back of a beetle, and provided 
 with no less than tliree pupils. The death of Conaire at 
 his hands is one of the Celtic renderings of the story which 
 in its Greek form describes the treatment of Zeus by Ty- 
 pho. Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 135. 
 
 Conant (ko'nant), Mrs. (Hannah Chaplin). 
 
 Born at Danvers, Mass., in 1809: died at Brook- 
 lyn, N. Y., Feb. 18, 1865. An American writer, 
 wife of T. J. Conant. Her chief work is a 
 “History of the English Bible” (1856). 
 
 Conant, Thomas Jefferson. Born at Brandon, 
 Yt., Dec. 13, 1802: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 April 30, 1891. An American Baptist clergy- 
 man and biblical critic. He translated Gesenius’s 
 Hebrew grammar (1839), and published annotated versions 
 of “Job (1857), “Matthew” (I860), “Genesis ’’(1868, 1873), 
 “ New Testament, Common Version revised " (1871), “His- 
 torical Books of the Old Testament "(1884), etc. 
 
 Concan, or Konkan (kon'kan), North and 
 South. A maritime region of Bombay, Brit- 
 ish India. It extends from Goa to the mouth of the 
 Daman, along the Indian Ocean, and covers Bombay, 
 Thana, Kolaba, Ratnagiri, the coast of North Kanara, Jau- 
 jira, Savantvadi, and Goa. 
 
 Concarneau (kon-kar-no'). A seaport in the 
 department of Finistere, France, 12 miles 
 southeast of Quimper. Population, commune, 
 8,007. 
 
 Concepci6n (kon-thep-the-on'). 1. A province 
 of Chile, situated about lat. 37° S. Its principal 
 product is wheat. Area, 3,560 square miles. 
 Population, 217,393. — 2. The capital of the 
 above province, situated on the river Bio-Bio 
 in lat. 36° 50' S., long. 73° 6' W. It has been 
 several times destroyed by earthquakes. Pop- 
 ulation, 55,330. 
 
 3. A town in Paraguay. Population, 10,000. 
 Concepcidn del Uruguay (del o-ro-gwi'). A 
 town in the province of Entre Rios, Argentine 
 Republic. Population, 10,000. 
 
 Conceptistas (hdn-thep-tes'tas). See the ex- 
 tract. 
 
 At that time, and very much under the leading influ- 
 ence of Ledesma, there was a well-known party in Spanish 
 literature called the “Conceptistas”; — a sect composed, 
 in a consideralde degree, of mystics, who expressed 
 themselves in metaphors and puns, alike in the pulpit 
 and in poetry, and whose influence was so extensive that 
 traces of it may be found in many of the principal writers 
 of the time, including Quevedo and Lope de Vega. Of 
 this school of the Conceptistas, though Quevedo was the 
 more brilliant master, Ledesma was the original head. 
 
 Ticknor, Span. Lit., III. 15. 
 
 Concha (kon'cha), Jose Gutierrez de la. Born 
 at Cdrdoba, Argentina, June 4, 1809 : died at 
 Madrid, Spain, Nov. 5, 1895. A Spanish gen- 
 eral and statesman. He went to Spain while still 
 a child, entered the army, and attained the grade of mar- 
 shal. He was captain-general of the Basque Provinces 
 1843-46, three times captain-general of Cuba (1849-52, 
 1854-59, and 1874-76), was made senator in 1860, minister 
 to France 1862, minister of war 1863, and was president 
 of the senate 1864-68. In Sept., 1868, Queen Isabella, then 
 in France, appointed him president of the council, with 
 full powers, but he was immediately forced to resign by 
 the revolution which overthrew the monarchy. 
 
 272 
 
 Concha, Manuel de la, Marques de Duero. 
 Born at Cordoba, Argentina, April 25, 1808: 
 killed at the battle of Muro, Spain, June 28, 
 1874. A Spanish general, brother of Jos6 de la 
 Concha, 
 
 Conchagua, Gulf of. Same as Fonseca, Gulf of. 
 
 Conchobar (kon-cho'bar). See the extract. 
 
 In another cycle of stories, which may be called Ulto- 
 nian, the Celtic Zeus finds his representative in Concho- 
 bar mac Nessa, or Conor son of Nessa, king of Ulster. 
 ... As in Cormac’s case, a highly coloured picture is 
 drawn of his reign, which the Euhemerists synchronize 
 with the time of Christ, boldly fixing the Ultonian king’s 
 death on the day of the crucifixion. 
 
 Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 136. 
 
 Conchos (kon'chos). [Sp., ‘Shell river ’(?); 
 from concha, shell (?).] A river which rises in 
 southern Chihuahua and empties into the Rio 
 Grande from the south, opposite Presidio del 
 Norte in Texas. The name was given to the river on 
 account of the many shells found on its shores. The tribe 
 of Conchos afterward derived its name from the stream. 
 
 Conchos (kon'chos). [So called from the Rio 
 Conchos.'] A roving Indian tribe of southern 
 Chihuahua and in part of Coahuila, Mexico, of 
 a low degree of culture. As a tribe it has disappeared, 
 as has also the language, almost totally. The Conchos 
 were converted, in the beginning of the 17th century, by 
 Fray Alonzo de la Oliva. They were first met with about 
 1564 by Francisco de Ibarra. They were always of a mild 
 and tractable disposition. 
 
 Conciergerie (koh-syerzh-re'), La. The old 
 prison of the Palais de Justice in Paris, when 
 the palace, which was originally fortified, was inhabited 
 by the kings of France, the part of the building contain- 
 ing the home of the concierge of the palace received this 
 name. Distinguished personages occupied this office, 
 which, in 1348, was called the “concierge bailli.” It ex- 
 isted till the Revolution, and was one of great responsibil- 
 ity. Among other things, the concierge had charge of all 
 royal prisoners. The Conciergerie became widely known 
 during the Reign of Terror. Three hundred and twenty- 
 eight prisoners were butchered there in one week. The 
 cell occupied by Marie Antoinette was destroyed by the 
 Communists in 1871, but the prison still exists. 
 
 Ooncini, Concino. See Ancre, Marquis <V. 
 
 Concord, (kong'kord). 1. The capital of New 
 Hampshire, situated on the Merrimac in lat. 
 43° 13' N., long. 71° 30' W. It has manufactures 
 of wagons, harnesses, cotton and woolen goods, granite, 
 leather, etc. From 1733 to 1765 it was called Rumford. It 
 became a city in 1853. Population, 21,497, (1910). 
 
 2. A town in Middlesex County, Massachu- 
 setts, situated on the Concord River 17 miles 
 northwest of Boston. It was the residence of Emer- 
 son, Hawthorne, Thoreau, and other men of letters. • The 
 bridge over Concord River was the scene, April 19, 1775, 
 of an engagement between British and Provincial troops 
 in the War of Independence. (See Concord, Battle of, and 
 Lexington.') Concord was the center of the “Tran- 
 scendental ’’ movement about 1835-40, and later the seat 
 of the “ Concord School of Philosophy. ” Pop., 6,421, (1910). 
 
 Concord (Mass.), Battle of. One of the open- 
 ing skirmishes of the American War of Inde- 
 pendence. A body of 800 British soldiers under Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn, detailed to 
 destroy military stores at Concord, met here, on April 
 19, 1775, after a slight engagement at Lexington (which 
 see), an armed force of 300 Provincial troops under 
 Colonel Barrett and Major Buttrick. After a brisk fusil- 
 lade, in which several on both sides were killed and 
 wounded, the British retreated toward Boston by way of 
 Lexington, being harassed by the Provincials on the road 
 till the retreat became a rout. 
 
 Concord, Temple of. See Girgenti. 
 
 Concordat of 1801, The. An agreement con- 
 cluded July 15, 1801, between Napoleon Bona- 
 parte (then first consul) and Pius VII. it rees- 
 tablished the Roman Catholic Church in France, and 
 granted to the government the right of appointing arch- 
 bishops and bishops, who were to be confirmed by the 
 Pope. It went into operation on April 8, 1802, and was 
 abrogated by the passing of Briand bill, Dec. 6, 1905. 
 
 Concordat of 1855, The. An agreement con- 
 cluded at Vienna, Aug. 18, 1855, between Fran- 
 cis Joseph of Austria and Pius IX. it gave the 
 clergy control of public instruction, and placed cases of the 
 canon law, especially marriage affairs, under the jurisdic- 
 tion of ecclesiastical courts. It was abrogated in July, 1870. 
 
 Concordat of Francis I., The. A convention 
 concluded in 1516 between Francis I. of France 
 and Leo X. It replaced the pragmatic sanction of 
 Bourges, a modification of the reformatory decrees of the 
 Council of Basel, which had been adopted at the Assembly 
 of Bourges in 1438, but which had never been recognized 
 by the Pope. It reestablished the annats, referred the 
 causae majores to Rome, and gave to the king the right of 
 nominating bishops. 
 
 Concordat of Worms, The. A convention 
 concluded in 1122 between the emperor Henry 
 V. and Calixtus II. The main point at issue between 
 the emperors and the popes, the matter of the election of 
 bishops and abbots, was settled in favor of the spiritual 
 power, the concordat providing that the investiture should 
 be conferred, not with the ring and staff, but with the 
 scepter. It was provided that the election should take 
 place in the presence of the emperor or his representa- 
 tives; that investiture by the emperor should precede 
 consecration ; and that ecclesiastics holding secular bene- 
 fices should perform feudal services. This instrument 
 
 CondS, Princesse de 
 
 put an end to the contest regarding investiture between 
 the emperor and the Pope, and became a fundamental 
 ordinance of the Holy Roman Empire. 
 
 Concordia (kon-kor'di-a). In Roman mythol- 
 ogy, the goddess of concord. There were sev- 
 eral temples to her in Rome. 
 
 Concordia, Marquis de la. See Abascal. 
 
 Condamine, Charles Marie de la. See La 
 Condamine. 
 
 Conde (kdii-da'), or Conde-sur-Noireau (koh- 
 da'siir-nwa-ro'). A town in the department 
 of Calvados, Normandy, France, situated at 
 the junction of the Noireau and Drouance 25 
 miles southwest of Caen. Population, com- 
 mune, 6,247. 
 
 Oond6, or Conde-sur-l’Escaut (kon-da'siir-les- 
 ko'). A town in the department of Nord, 
 France, situated at the junction of the Hayne 
 and Schelde 8 miles north of Valenciennes. It 
 gave name to the princes of Conde, and was noted for its 
 many sieges. Population, commune, 5,310. 
 
 Conde, Prince de (Henri I. de Bourbon). 
 
 Born at Ferte-sous-Jouarre, Dec. 7, 1552: 
 poisoned at St.-Jean-d’Angdly, France, March 
 5, 1588. A French Protestant leader, son of 
 the first Prince de Conde. 
 
 Conde, Prince de (Henri II. de Bourbon). 
 Born at St.-Jean-d’Ang61y, France, Sept. 1, 
 1588: died at Paris, Dec., 1646. Son of Henri 
 
 I. , prince de Condd, and father of “The Great 
 Conde.” He headed a revolt against the regency dux- 
 ing the minority of Louis XIII., in consequence of which 
 he was imprisoned three years at Vincennes. He subse- 
 quently became a partizan of Richelieu. 
 
 Conde, Prince de (Henri Jules de Bourbon). 
 
 Born at Paris, July 29, 1643: died at Paris, 
 April 1, 1709. Only son of “The Great Condd.” 
 He served wi'h distinction at the siege of Tournay in 1667, 
 and in 1674 participated in the battle of Seneffe, on which 
 occasion he is said to have saved his father’s life. 
 
 Conde (kon'da), Jose Antonio. Born at Para- 
 leja, Cuenca, about 1765 : died at Madrid, Oct. 
 20, 1820. A Spanish Orientalist and historian. 
 He studied at the University of Alcali, and obtained a 
 subordinate position in the Royal Library. Having in 
 1808 identified himself with the French party, he was 
 soon after promoted to librarian in chief by Joseph Bona- 
 parte. He was exiled on the departure of the French, 
 hut returned in 1818 or 1819. His chief work is “ Historia 
 de la dominacion de los Arabes en Espana ” (1820-21). 
 
 Conde (koh-da'), first Prince de (Louis I. de 
 
 Bourbon). Born at Vendome, May 7, 1530: 
 died March 13, 1569. A French general, youn ger 
 brother of Antoine de Bourbon, king of Na- 
 varre. He was one of the leaders in the conspiracy 
 of Amboise, the object of which was to remove Francis 
 II from the influence of the Guises. At the accession of 
 Ch i rles IX. he was appointed governor of Picardy by 
 Catherine de’ Medici. On the massacre of the Huguenots 
 at Vassy by the Duke of Guise iu 1562, he placed himself 
 at the head of a Huguenot army, with the result that he 
 was, after some preliminary successes, captured at the 
 battle of Dreux, being, however, liberated in 1563 by the 
 treaty of Amboise. He was captured at the battle of 
 Jarnac, when, after having surrendered his sword, he was 
 treacherously shot by a Catholic officer. 
 
 Conde, Prince de (Louis II. de Bourbon), 
 
 called “The Great Conde.” Born at Paris, Sept. 
 8, 1621 : died at Fontainebleau, France, Dee. 
 
 II, 1686. A celebrated French general, called 
 during the lifetime of his father (Henri II.) the 
 Due d’Enghien. He defeated the Spaniards at Rocroi 
 May 19, 1643, the Imperialists at Nordlingen Aug. 3, 1645, 
 and the Spaniards at Lens Aug. 20, 1648. In the war of the 
 Fronde he was at first loyal to the regency, but subse- 
 quently joined the Fronde. He defeated the army of the 
 court at Blhueau April 7, 1652, obtained in the same year the 
 chief command of the Spanish army in the war against 
 France, was condemned as a traitor by the Parliament of 
 Paris, but was pardoned and restored to his dignities by 
 the treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659. He conquered Franche- 
 Oomtd in 1668, fought a drawn battle with the Prince of 
 Orange at Seneffe in 1674, and succeeded Turenne as com- 
 mander of the army of the Rhine iu 1675. 
 
 Conde, Prince de (Louis Joseph de Bour- 
 bon). Born at Paris, Aug. 9, 1736: died at 
 Paris, May 13, 1818. A French general, son 
 of Louis Henri, duke of Bourbon. He entered 
 the army at the beginning of the Seven Years’ War, be- 
 came lieutenant-general in 1758, and won a victory at 
 Johannisberg in 1762. During the popular agitation 
 which preceded the French Revolution he strenuously 
 opposed all measures designed to limit the privileges of 
 the nobility and the clergy. He emigrated in 1789, and 
 organized a corps of emigrants, with which lie joined the 
 Austrian army in 1792. After the peace of Campo-For- 
 mioin 1797 he served with his corps in the Russian army 
 until tlie withdrawal of Paul I. from the coalition against 
 France in 1800, when he reentered the Austrian service. 
 Compelled by the peace of Lundville to disband his corps, 
 he retired to England, whence he returned to France on 
 the restoration in 1814. Author of “Essai sur la vie du 
 grand Conde ” (1806). 
 
 Conde, Princesse de (Louise Adelaide de 
 Bourbon). Born at Chantilly, France, Oct. 
 5, 1757 : died at Paris, March 10, 1824. Daugh- 
 ter of Louis Joseph de Bourbon (1736-1818). 
 
Cond6, Princesse de 
 
 She became abbess of Remiremont in 1786, emigrated at 
 the beginning of the French Revolution, and in 1816 re- 
 turned to Paris, where she subsequently founded the re- 
 ligious order of “ l'adoration perpctuelle." 
 
 Conde Alarcos (kon'da a-lar'kos). An old 
 Spanish ballad of unknown authorship. Bowring 
 and Lockhart translated it, and Disraeli wrote a tragedy 
 with this subject and title in 1839. 
 
 Condell (kun'del), Henry. Died at Fulham, 
 England, Dee., 1627. An English actor, and 
 one of the two editors of the first folio edition 
 of Shakspere’s plays. He was a member of the lord 
 chamberlain's company of players, to which Shakspere 
 and Burbage also belonged, and became a partner with 
 the Burbages in the Globe Theatre in 1599. He is men- 
 tioned in Shakspere's will. 
 
 Condell, Henry. Born in 1757 : died at Bat- 
 tersea, June 24, 1824. An English violinist 
 and composer. He wrote overtures, glees, incidental 
 music for plays, and set various musical farces. His glee 
 “ Loud Blowe the Wynds ” took the prize at the Catch 
 Club in 1811. 
 
 Conder (kon'der), Josiah. Born at London, 
 Sept. 17, 1789 : died at London, Dec. 27, 1855. 
 An English bookseller and writer. He edited 
 “ The Modern Traveler” (1825-29), etc. 
 
 Condillac (kon-de-yak'), Etienne Bonnot de. 
 
 Born at Grenoble, France, Sept. 30, 1715 : died 
 near Beaugency, France, Aug. 3, 1780. A noted 
 French philosopher, a leading advocate of 
 sensualism. His works include “Essai sur I’origine 
 des connaissances humaines” (1746), “Traits des sys- 
 t&mes” (1749), “Traitd des sensations” (1754), “Cours 
 d’fStudes ” (1769), “Le commerce et le gouvernement” 
 (1776), “La logique ” (1781), “ Langue des calculs ” (1798). 
 Condom (kon-don'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Gers, France, situated on the Baise 
 in lat. 43° 57' N., long. 0° 22' E. It has 
 a Gothic cathedral. Population, commune, 
 6,435. 
 
 Condorcanqui, JosdGabriel. S eeTupacA/naru. 
 Condorcet (kon-dor-sa'), Marquis de (Marie 
 Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat). Born at 
 Ribemonc, near St. Quentin, France, Sept. 17, 
 1743: died at Bourg-la-Reine, near Paris, April 
 7, 1794. A celebrated French philosopher 
 and mathematician. He was a deputy to the Legis- 
 lative Assembly in 1791, and its president 1792, and a 
 deputy to the Convention in 1792, where he sided with the 
 Girondists. After the fall of the latter he was accused 
 Oct. 3, 1793) with Brissot, and went into hiding in Paris 
 or eight months to save his life. He found shelter with 
 a Madame Vernet. He then left the city, but was arrest- 
 ed at Clamart, near Bourg-la-Reine, and imprisoned. The 
 next morning he was found dead, probably from poison. 
 He contributed to the “ Encyclopedic,” and wrote “ Es- 
 quisse d un tableau historique des progrts de 1’esprit 
 humain "(1794), and various mathematical works. 
 
 Conduitt (kun'dit), John. Born at London, 
 1688: died there, May 23, 1737. An English 
 financier and economist, the successor of Sir 
 Isaac Newton as master of the mint (1727), and 
 his nephew by marriage. 
 
 Conecte, or Connecte (ko-nekt'), Thomas. 
 Burned at Rome, 1434. A French Carmelite 
 monk, famous as a preacher of moral reforms 
 among the clergy and laity. He was put to 
 death on a charge of heresy. 
 
 Conestoga (kon-es-to'ga). [PL, also Conesto- 
 gas; ‘at the place of the immersed pole.’] A 
 tribe of North American Indians formerly liv- 
 ing in Pennsylvania and Maryland, on the lower 
 Susquehanna River and at the head of Chesa- 
 peake Bay. In 1675 they held land on the eastern bank of 
 the Potomac River in Maryland. They were close allies 
 of the Dutch and Swedes, but less constant to the English 
 of Maryland. The Iroquois, warring continuously with 
 them, pressed them about 1675 against the tribes to the 
 south and west, and involved them in war with Maryland 
 and Virginia, when a portion abandoned their country and 
 fled to the Roanoke, but were forced to submit to the Iro- 
 quois and return to the Susquehanna. See Iroquoian. 
 
 Conewango Creek (kon-o-wong'go krek). A 
 stream in western New York and Pennsylvania. 
 It is the outlet of Chautauqua Lake, and joins the Alle- 
 gheny River at Warren, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Coney Island (ko'ni l'land). A seaside resort 
 at the southwestern extremity of Long Island, 
 10 miles south of New York. It comprises the 
 Manhattan, Brighton, and West End beaches, and has 
 been developed since 1874. 
 
 Confederagao do Equador (kon-fe-de-ra-san' 
 doa-kwa dor'). [Pg.,‘ League of the Equator.’] 
 The name given to a political league formed 
 at Pernambuco, Brazil, in 1824, with the object 
 of throwing off allegiance to the emperor, and 
 establishing a republic. The revolt was proclaimed 
 by Manuel de Carvalho Paes de Andrade and his associ- 
 ates on July 2, 1824. Rio Grande do Norte, Ceard, and 
 Parahyba adhered to it, and Carvalho was made acting 
 president. The revolutionists were conquered after some 
 fighting in Oct., 1824. 
 
 Confederation Centro- Americana (kon-fa- 
 THa-ra-the-on' then'tro-a-ma-re-ka'na). [Sp., 
 ‘ Central- American Confederation.’] A political 
 o .— 18 
 
 273 
 
 league formed at Chinandega, Nicaragua, July 
 27, 1842, by the delegates of Nicaragua, Hon- 
 duras, and Salvador. It was the result of an attempt 
 to reunite the states of the Central American Republic, 
 which had lately been dissolved. The scheme was to form 
 a confederation of the states, with an executive officer 
 called a supreme delegate, assisted by a delegate from 
 each state. The plan was rejected by Guatemala; and 
 though the confederacy installed a government, it was so 
 little regarded by the states that it never had any political 
 effect. After a year or two it was discontinued. This 
 abortive attempt is often called the “Pacto de Chiuan- 
 dega.” 
 
 Confederacy, The. A comedy by Sir John 
 Vanbrugh, produced Oct. 30, 1705. it is a play of 
 contrivance and intrigue, and is said to be adapted from 
 Banco urt’s “ Modish Citizens ” Bourgeois ii la mode ”). 
 
 Confederate States of America. A confed- 
 eracy of eleven States which seceded from the 
 United States in 1860 and 1861 and formed a 
 government. The legislative power was vested in a 
 senate of 26 members, 2 from each State (Kentucky and 
 Missouri being represented), and a representative house 
 of 106 members. Among the leading events in its history 
 were the passage of ordinances of secession by South 
 Carolina, Dec. 20, 1860 ; Mississippi, Jan. 9, 1861; Florida, 
 Jan. 10; Alabama, Jan. 11; Georgia, Jan. 19; Louisiana, 
 Jan. 26; Texas, Feb. 1; meeting of provisional congress, 
 Montgomery, Alabama, Feb. 4 ; adoption of provisional 
 constitution, Feb. 8; inauguration of provisional Presi- 
 dent Jefferson Davis and Vice-President Alexander H. 
 Stephens, Feb. 18, 1861 ; adoption of a permanent consti- 
 tution, March 11 ; bombardment and occupation of Fort 
 Sumter, April 12-14 ; passage of secession ordinances by 
 Virginia, April 17 ; Arkansas, May 7 ; Tennessee, May 6 ; 
 passage of secession ordinances by North Carolina, May 
 21 ; removal of the capital to Richmond, J uly 20 ; election 
 of Davis and Stephens as president and vice-president for 
 six years, Nov. 6, 1861, and their inauguration Feb. 22, 
 1862 ; final adjournment of congress, March 18, 1865 ; oc- 
 cupation of Richmond by the Federals, April 3 ; surrender 
 of Lee’s army, April 9, 1865 ; surrender of J olinston’s army, 
 April 26, 1865. The eleven seceding States were readmit- 
 ted to the Union from 1866 to 1870. Compare Civil War. 
 
 Confederation, Articles of. In United States 
 history, the compact or constitution adopted by 
 the Continental Congress in 1777, and ratified 
 by the separate colonies within the next four 
 years. The government formed under this compact, 
 which went into effect on March 1, 1781, was without an 
 executive and judiciary, consisting simply of a congress 
 of one house, in which each State had one vote. It was 
 empowered to declare war and peace, make treaties with 
 foreign powers, direct the land and naval forces in time 
 of war, make requisitions upon the separate States for their 
 quota of the money necessary for national expenses, regu- 
 late the value of coin, control the postal service, etc. As 
 it had no power to enforce its laws upon the States, it soon 
 fell into contempt, and on March 4, 1789, expired by limi- 
 tation under the provisions of the present Constitution. 
 
 Confession d’un Enfant du Si^cle, La. [F., 
 
 ‘ The Confession of a Child of the Century.’] 
 A prose work by Alfred de Musset, published 
 in 1836. In it he says he endeavors to show how he 
 suffered for three years from the malady of the age — 
 doubt, disillusion, skepticism, and debauchery — and to 
 point out to others a way of escape. 
 
 Confessions of an English Opium-Eater. A 
 
 partly autobiographical work by De Quincey, 
 published in 1821. 
 
 Confessions of Saint Augustine, The. The 
 
 memoirs of Saint Augustine, written by him- 
 self. They are divided into 13 books ; the first 10 treat 
 of the bad actions of his life, of his conversion, of the 
 love of pleasure, of glory, and of science. The last 3 are 
 an interpretation of the beginning of the book of Genesis. 
 
 Confessions, Les. An autobiographical work 
 by Jean Jacques Rousseau, it is in 12 volumes, 
 6 of which were written at Wootton, England, 1766-67, 
 and 6 at Dauphind and at Trye, France, 1768-70. It was 
 his intention that they should not be published till 1800, 
 as the persons alluded to in them were living ; but those in 
 charge of the MS. published the first 6 volumes in 1781- 
 1782. In 1788 a new edition appeared, containing the whole. 
 
 Confines, Audience of the. [Sp. J udiencia de los 
 Confines .] The supreme Spanish court of Cen- 
 tral America. It was established in 1542, and held its first 
 sitting at Gracias X Dios in 1545 ; the seat was changed 
 to Guatemala in 1549, transferred to Panama in 1564, and 
 returned in 1670 to Guatemala, where it remained until the 
 revolution. Its jurisdiction at first embraced Chiapas, 
 Yucatan, all of Central America, and the isthmus; at 
 the end of the 16th century the isthmal portion was trans- 
 ferred to the new audience of Panama. The Audience of 
 the Confines frequently appointed temporary governors. 
 It is often spoken of as the “Audience of Guatemala.” 
 
 Conflans-l’Archeveqiie (kon-floh'larsk-vak'). 
 A village situated 3 miles southeast of Paris. 
 
 Here, in 1465, Louis XI. signed a treaty making certain con- 
 cessions to the leaders of the “League of the Public Good.” 
 
 Conflans (koh-floh'), Treaty of. A treaty con- 
 cluded in Oct., 1465, between Louis XI. of 
 France and the dukes of Bourbon, Brittany, 
 and Burgundy, according to which Normandy 
 was ceded to the Duke of Berry, and the “War 
 of the Public Good ” ended. It was confirmed 
 by the treaty of Peronne, 1468. 
 
 Confucius (kon-fu' shuts). [Latinized form of 
 Chin. K'ung-fu-tzu (last syllable is also written 
 -fee, -tee, etc.), ‘ Kung the philosopher.’] Born 
 in the principality of Lu (now included in 
 
 Conkling 
 
 Shantung), China, 550 or 551 b. c. : died 478 
 B. c. A celebrated Chinese philosopher. He 
 was descended from anillustriousbut impoverished family, 
 and in his youth was successively keeper of stores and 
 superintendent of parks and herds to the chief of the dis- 
 trict in which he lived. In his twenty-second year he be- 
 came a teacher, and in his fifty-second was made chief 
 magistrate of the city of Chung-tu. He was subsequently 
 appointed minister of crime by the Marquis of Lu, but in 
 his fifty-sixth year retired from office in consequence of 
 the intrigues of a neighboring prince. After thirteen 
 years of travel he returned in 483 to Lu, where he spent 
 the rest of his life in completing his literary undertak- 
 ings and in teaching. Apart from his maxims, which 
 were recorded by his disciples, he wrote “ Ch’un-chiu " 
 (“Spring and Autumn ’) and the “Four Books.” 
 
 Congaree (kong-ga-re'). A river in South 
 Carolina, formed by the junction of the Broad 
 and Saluda rivers at Columbia. It unites with 
 the Wateree to form the Santee. 
 
 Conger (kon'ger), Edwin Hurd. Born in Knox 
 Co., 111., March 7, 1843: died at Pasadena, Cal., 
 May 18, 1907. An American politician and 
 diplomat. He was a Republican member of Congress 
 1885-91, and minister to Brazil 1891-93, and was again ap- 
 pointed minister to Brazil 1897, but was transferred to 
 China 1898. He was in Peking during the siege of the 
 legations, and conducted the negotiations on the part of 
 the United States after the capture of the city by the allies. 
 
 Congleton (kong'gl-ton). A municipal borough 
 in Cheshire, England, situated on the river 
 Dane 21 miles south of Manchester. Its lead- 
 ing industry is the manufacture of silk. Popu- 
 lation, 10,707. 
 
 Congleton, Baron. See Parnell, Henry Brooke. 
 Congo. See Kongo, and Kongo State. 
 
 Congo, or Congo Grande. See Sao Salvador. 
 Congo Frangais (k6h-go' fron-sa'). See Kongo, 
 French. 
 
 Congreve (kong'grev), Richard. Born at 
 Leamington, England, Sept. 4, 1818 : died at 
 Hampstead, England, July 5, 1899. An Eng- 
 lish essayist and philosophical writer. 
 Congreve, William. Born at Bardsey, near 
 Leeds, England, 1670 (baptized Feb. 10) : died 
 at London, Jan. 19, 1729. An English drama- 
 tist, one of the greatest writers of comedy. 
 Soon after his birth his parents removed to Ireland, where 
 his father became commander of the garrison at Youghal 
 and also agent of the Earl of Cork. He was educated at a 
 school in Kilkenny (where Swift was one of his school- 
 fellows) and at Trinity College, Dublin. After a brief 
 period devoted to the study of law, he applied himself 
 chiefly to literature until about 1700, but after this year 
 wrote little or nothing. He filled several unimportant of- 
 fices — that of com missioner for licensing hackney-coaches, 
 from July, 1695, to Oct., 1707 ; that of commissioner of 
 wine licenses from Dec., 1705, to Dec., 1714 ; and that of 
 secretary for Jamaica from 1714. His plays include “ The 
 Old Bachelor” (acted Jan., 1693), “The Double Dealer" 
 (Nov., 1693), “Love for Love ’’(April, 1695), “The Mourn- 
 ing Bride ” (1697), and “The Way of the World "(1700). Be- 
 • sides his plays he wrote a novel (his first literary work) 
 entitled “Incognita, or Love and Duty reconciled"; a 
 reply to Jeremy Collier’s attack upon him in his work on 
 the immorality of the stage, called “ Amendments of Mr. 
 Collier’s False and Imperfect Citations" ; and a few pro- 
 logues aDd unimportant operas. The first collected edition 
 of his works was published by him in 1710. He is celebrated 
 especially for the brilliancy of his style and the wit and 
 vigor of his dialogues. His work is marred by the almost 
 total absence of fine moral feeling, as well as by the 
 coarseness common in his day. 
 
 Congreve, Sir William. Born at Woolwich, 
 England, May 20, 1772: died at Toulouse, 
 France, May 16, 1828. An English engineer, 
 best known as the inventor of the Congreve 
 rocket. He was appointed, April, 1814, comptroUer of 
 the royal laboratory at Woolwich, in which office he suc- 
 ceeded his father, Lieutenant-General Sir William Con- 
 greve. He published a number of works on economical 
 and technological topics. 
 
 Coni. See Cuneo. 
 
 Conibos (ko-ne'bos). A tribe of Indians in 
 eastern Peru, inhabiting a region on the mid- 
 dle course of the river Ucayaie. 
 Coningsburgh, Thane of. See Athclstane. 
 Coningsby (kon'ingz-bi). A political novel by 
 Benjamin Disraeli, published in 1844. 
 Conington (ko'ning-ton), John. Bom at Bos- 
 ton, England, Aug. 10, 1825: died there, Oct. 
 23, 1869. An English classical scholar, a gradu- 
 ate of Oxford, where he became, in 1854, pro- 
 fessor of the Latin language and literature. 
 He published an edition and translation of the "Agamem- 
 non ’’ of -35schylus(1848), an edition of the “ Clioephori” of 
 ASschylus (1857), a translation, in verse, of the “Odes of 
 Horace ’’ (1863), a translation in ballad meter of Vergil’s 
 “iEneid ” (1866), an edition of Vergil, etc. 
 
 Coniston (kon'is-ton) Lake. A lake in Lan- 
 cashire, England, one of the system of the Eng- 
 lish lake district, 6 miles southwest of Amble- 
 side. Length, 5-J miles. 
 
 Coniston Old Man. A mountain near the head 
 of Coniston Lake. Height, 2,575 feet. 
 Conkling (kongk'ling), Roscoe. Born at Al- 
 bany, N. Y., Oct. 30, 1829: died at New York, 
 April 18, 1888. An American politician. He 
 
Conkling 
 
 was member of Congress (Republican) from New York 
 1859-63 and 1865-67, and was United States senator from 
 New York 1807-81, when he resigned in consequence of a 
 dispute with President Garfield concerning the Federal 
 patronage in the State of New York, which he and his col- 
 league, Thomas C. Platt, claimed the right to control. The 
 President having appointed William H. Robertson, an op- 
 ponent of Conkling, to the collectorship of the port of New 
 York, the latter opposed the confirmation of the appoint- 
 ment. by the Senate, on the ground that he and his col- 
 league had not been consulted by the President as to the 
 disposition of the collectorship. On the confirmation of 
 the appointment, both lie and his colleague resigned their 
 seats with a view to administering a rebuke to the Presi- 
 dent by securing a prompt reelection, but were defeated 
 by Warner Miller and Elbridge G. Lapham. 
 
 Conn, The Shaughraun in Dion Boueieault’s 
 play of that name: a gay, careless good-for- 
 nothing. 
 
 Conn (kon), Lough. A lake in County Mayo, 
 Ireland. 
 
 Connaught (kon'at). [Ir. Connacht.] The west- 
 ernmost province of Ireland, lying between the 
 Atlantic Ocean on the north and west, Ulster 
 and Leinster on the east, and Munster on the 
 south. It comprises the counties Galway, Mayo, Sligo, 
 Roscommon, and Leitrim. It ceased to be a kingdom and 
 was divided into counties or shires about 15b0. Popula- 
 tion, 646,932. 
 
 Connecticut (ko-net'i-kut). A State in New 
 England, and one of the 13 original States of the 
 American Union, lying between Massachusetts 
 on the north, Rhode Island on the east, Long 
 Island Sound on the south, and New York on 
 the west. It is divided into 8 counties, and has 5 
 representatives, 2 senators, and 7 electoral votes. Its sur- 
 face is hilly. Its chief rivers are the Thames, Connecti- 
 cut, and Housatonic, the valley of the Connecticut being 
 its most fertile region. Its chief agricultural products are 
 cereals and tobacco, and its leading manufactures are hard- 
 ware, firearms, silks, cotton and woolen goods, and clocks. 
 The capital is Harlford. It was settled by the Dutch at 
 Hartford in 1633, and by Massachusetts colonists in the 
 Connecticut valley in 1633-36. Separate English colonies 
 were formed at Saybrook between 1636 and 1614, and at 
 New Haven in 1638. Charles II. granted a charter to the 
 Connecticut and New Haven colonies in IC62, and their 
 union was soon after completed. The present constitu- 
 tion was adopted in 1818. The Pequot war occurred in 
 1637. The State is often nicknamed the “Nutmeg State,” 
 from an alleged custom of its merchants of manufacturing 
 nutmegs out of wood; also called the “Land of Steady 
 Habits," from the stringency of the so-called “ Blue Laws,” 
 which enjoined a rigid code of morals on its inhabitants. 
 Area, 4,820 square miles. Population, 1,114,756, (1910). 
 
 Connecticut River. [Ind. QuoneJctacat, long 
 river.] A river of New England, which rises 
 in northern New Hampshire, separates Ver- 
 mont from New Hampshire, flows through Mas- 
 sachusetts and Connecticut, and empties into 
 Long Island Sound at Saybrook, in lat. 41° 16' 
 N. , long. 72° 21' W. On it are situated Northampton, 
 Holyoke, Springfield, Hartford, and Middletown. Length, 
 about 345 miles ; navigable for small vessels to Hartford, 
 Connellsville (kon'elz-vil). A borough of Fay- 
 ette County, Pennsylvania, situated on the 
 Youghiogheny River 58 miles southeast of 
 Pittsburg. It is noted for its coke manufac- 
 ture. Population, 12,845, (1910). 
 
 Connemara (kon-e-ma'ra). A district in the 
 western part of Galway, Ireland, noted for its 
 picturesque scenery. 
 
 Conner (kon'er), David. Born at Harrisburg, 
 Pa., about 1792: died at Philadelphia, Pa., 
 March 20, 1856. An American naval com- 
 mander. He served in the War of 1812 and in 
 the Mexican war. 
 
 Connoisseur (kon-i-sur' or -ser'), The. A peri- 
 odical begun on Jan. 31, 1754, by George Col- 
 man the elder and Bonuell Thornton, and 
 continued weekly for three years. In this peri- 
 odical in 1756 appeared the first publications of William 
 Cowper. His first paper was on “ Keeping a Secret.” 
 
 Connor (kon'or), or O’Connor (6-kon'or), Ber- 
 nard. Born in the county of Kerry, Ireland, 
 about 1666: died at London, Oct., 1698. Au 
 Irish physician and historian. He was the author 
 of “ Dissertationes Medico- Physic® ”(1695), “Evangeliura 
 Medici,” etc. (1697) (written to prove that the miracles of 
 Christ and his apostles can be explained on natural 
 grounds), a “ History of Poland ”(1698), etc. He received 
 his technical education in France, was appointed physi- 
 cian to King John Sobieski, lectured on contemporary 
 medical discoveries at Oxford, and acquired a high repu- 
 tation as a practitioner. 
 
 Connubio (kon-no'he-o). [It., ‘marriage.’] In 
 Sardinian politics, the union of the left-center 
 faction ( under Rattazzi), in the chamber, with 
 the right-center (under Cavour), about 1852. 
 Conolly(kon'ol-i), John. Born at Market Raseu, 
 Lincolnshire, England, May 27, 1794: died at 
 Hanwell, near London, March 5, 1866. An Eng- 
 lish physician. He was professor of the practice of 
 medicine in University College, London, 1828-30, and di- 
 rector of the insane asylum at Hanwell 1839-44, where he 
 introduced the principle of “ non-restraint ” (i. e., the aban- 
 donment of restraint by strait-waistcoats and the like) 
 in the care of the patients. His humanitarian labors were 
 widely influential. 
 
 274 
 
 Conoil (ko'non). [Gr. K6vuv.] Died, probably 
 in Cyprus, after 392 b. c. An Athenian com- 
 mander. He served in the Peloponnesian war, defeated 
 the Spartan fleet off Cnidus in 394, and restored the forti- 
 fications of Athens and the Piraeus in 393. 
 
 Conoy (ko'noi). A tribe of North American 
 Indians, first known as Piscataway, living in 
 1634 on the Piscataway River in Maryland. Its 
 name is possibly a form of Kanawha. See 
 Alyonquian. 
 
 Conqueror (kong'ker-or), The. A popular sur- 
 name of William I. of England. 
 
 Conquest (kong'kwest), Mrs. A character in 
 Cibber’s comedy “Love’s Last Stake.” 
 
 Conquest of Granada, The. 1. The second 
 title of “Almanzor and Almahyde” by Dryden, 
 by which it is usually known. — 2. A chronicle 
 by Washington Irving, published in 1829. 
 
 Conquista, La, Duke of. See Castro y Figueroa 
 Salazar, Pedro de. 
 
 Conrad (kon'rad) I. [ML. Conradus, from 
 OHG. Kuonrat, Chuonrat, It. Conrado, Corrado, 
 Sp. Conrado, G. Konrad, AS. Cenred : ‘hold in 
 counsel.’] Died Dec. 23, 918. King of Germany 
 911-918. On the extinction of the Carolingian house in 
 Germany with the death of Louis the Child in 911, the 
 election fell upon Conrad, duke of Franconia. During his 
 reign the country was invaded by the Danes, Slav^ and 
 Magyars, and he was constantly at war with his own sub- 
 jects in a vain endeavor to enforce the recognition of his 
 sovereignty, especially from Henry, duke of Saxony, son 
 of Otto the Illustrious. 
 
 Conrad II. Died at Utrecht, June 4, 1039. 
 King of Germany 1024-39, and Roman emperor, 
 called “The Saiian”: founder of the Franco- 
 nian or Saiian dynasty. He marched into Italy 
 1026, brought the rebellious cities of Pavia and Ravenna 
 to submission, and was crowned emperor at Rome 1027. 
 He put down a rebellion of his stepson Ernst, duke of 
 Swabia, 1025-30, made an inroad into Hungary 1030, re- 
 gained Lusatia from the Poles 1031, and made himself 
 master of Burgundy (i. e., the kingdom of Arles) 1033-34. 
 He marched into Italy a second time 1030, but was com- 
 pelled by the successful opposition of Milan to acknow- 
 ledge by the constitution of May 28, 1037, the hereditary 
 character of all Italian fiefs, whether held immediately 
 of the crown or not. 
 
 Conrad III. Born 1093: died at Bamberg, 
 Germany, Feb. 15, 1152. King of Germany 
 1138-52, founder of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. 
 He was elected in an irregular manner by the party op- 
 posed to the house of Saxony, which gave rise to a war 
 with the rival candidate Henry the Proud, duke of Saxony 
 and Bavaria. The war was continued after Henry’s death 
 (1139) by his brother Welf VI., whence arose the party 
 names of the Ghibellines (Italian corruption of the name 
 of the Hohenstaufen castle Waibllngen) and the Well's or 
 Guelphs. Conrad defeated Welf at Weinsherg in 1140, and 
 took part (1 147-f 9) in the second Crusade. 
 
 Conrad IV. Born at Andria, Italy, April 25 (or 
 27), 1228 : died at Lavello, Italy, May 21, 1254. 
 King of Germany, second son of Frederick II. 
 whom he succeeded in 1250. The imperial crown 
 was contested by William, count of Holland, who main- 
 tained himself by the aid of the Guelphs. In 1251 Conrad 
 undertook an expedition into Italy to enforce his right of 
 succession to the crown of the Two Sicilies. He is said to 
 have died of poison, leaving his infant son Conradin as the 
 last heir of his race. The throne was occupied as regent 
 by his illegitimate brother Manfred. See Manfred. 
 
 Conrad (kon'rad), Karl Emanuel. Bom at 
 Berlin, March 30, 1810 : died at Cologne, July 
 12, 1873. A German architectural painter and 
 aquarellist. His chief work is the “ Cathedral 
 of Cologne” (in the Vatican). 
 
 Conrad, Marquis of (Tyre and ?) Montferrat. 
 Died at Tyre, April 28, 1192. A famous Cru- 
 sader. He successfully defended Tyre against Saladin 
 in 11S7 ; married Isabella, a younger daughter of Amalric 
 I. of Jerusalem, in 1190; and at the time of his death by 
 the hand of an assassin had just been elected king of 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 Conrad (kon'rad), Robert Taylor. Born at 
 Philadelphia, June 10, 1810 : died at Philadel- 
 phia, June 27, 1858. An American jurist and 
 dramatist. He published the tragedy of ‘ ‘ Ayl- 
 mere ” in 1852. 
 
 Conrad, Timothy Abbott. Born in New Jer- 
 sey, 1803 : died at Trenton, N. J., Aug. 8, 1877. 
 An American paleontologist. He was paleontolo- 
 gist of the New York Geological Survey 1838—41. His works 
 include “ Fossil Shells of the Tertiary Formations of 
 North America" (1832), “Paleontology of the State of 
 New York” (1838-40). 
 
 Conrade (kon'rad). A follower of Don John 
 in Shakspere’s “Much Ado about Nothing”: 
 the bastard brother of Don Pedro. 
 
 Conradin (kon'ra-den) (Conrad V.). Bornnear 
 Landshut, Germany, March 25, 1252 : beheaded 
 at Naples, Oct. 29, 1268. Duke of Suabia, son 
 of Conrad IV.. and last of the Hohenstaufen. 
 In 1268 he failed in an attempt to recover the Two Sici- 
 lies from the usurper Charles of Anjou ; was captured at 
 Tagliacozzo ; and was executed. 
 
 Conrart (kon-rar'), Valentin. Born at Paris, 
 1603: died Sept. 23, 1675. A French litterateur, 
 
 Constable, Henry 
 
 one of the founders of the French Academy, of 
 which he was secretary 1634-75. 
 
 Conring ("kon'ring), Hermann. Born at Nor- 
 den, East Friesland, Nov. 9, 1606: died at 
 Helmstedt, Brunswick, Dec. 12, 1681. AGerman 
 physician, scholar, writer on jurisprudence, 
 and miscellaneous author. He became professor of 
 natural philosophy at Helmstedt 1632, of medicine 1636, 
 and later of politics. In 1660 he became privy councilor 
 of the Duke of Brunswick. He was (1658) private physi- 
 cian of Charles X. Gustavus of Sweden. He wrote “De 
 origine juris Germanici ” (1643), “ Exercitationes derepub- 
 lica Germanica ” (1675), etc. 
 
 Consalvi (kon-siil've), Ereole. Boru at Rome, 
 June 8, 1757 : died at Rome, Jan. 24, 1824. A 
 Roman cardinal and statesman. He was secretary 
 of state to Pius VII. 1800-06 and 1814-23, and concluded a 
 concordat with Napoleon in 1801. 
 
 Conscience (koh-syohs'), Hendrik. Born at 
 Antwerp, Dec. 3, 1812 : died at Brussels, Sept. 
 10,1883. A Flemish novelist. He was first a teacher, 
 then entered the army as a volunteer. In 1845 he became 
 professor at the University of Ghent, and in 1868 custodian 
 of the Wiertz Museum in Brussels. In 1837 appeared his 
 first novel (the first, also, in modern Flemish), “In’t Won- 
 derjaer 1566” (“In the Year of Marvels 1566”). It was 
 followed, the same year, by “Phantazy,” a volume of 
 short stories, and in 1838 by the novel “ De leeuw van 
 Vlaanderen” (“The Lion of Flanders”). In 1841 he was 
 made secretary of the Academy of Arts at Antwerp, which 
 position he held until 1854. In 1857 he became a civil 
 official in Courtray. His most celebrated works are sto- 
 ries of Flemish life. Among them are “Hoe men schilder 
 wordt” (“How One becomes a Painter,” 1843), “ De arme 
 edelman ” (“ The Poor Nobleman,” 1851), “Het geluk van 
 ryk te zyn ” (“ The Good Fortune to be Rich,” 1855). More 
 recent are, among others, “De burgemeester van Luik - 
 (“ The Burgomaster of Liege "), "De junge Dokter” (“The 
 Young Doctor"), “Benjamin van Vlaanderen," the last 
 from 1880. 
 
 Conscience Whigs. A faction of the Whig 
 party in Massachusetts who were opposed to 
 the Cotton Whigs on the slavery question, 
 about 1850. 
 
 Conscious Lovers, The. A comedy by Steele, 
 
 S roduced in 1722. It was taken from Terence’s “An- 
 ria.” In this play Steele attempted to free the stage 
 from its indecencies. 
 
 Consensus Genevensis (kon-sen'sus jen-e- 
 ven'sis). A confession of faith, drawn up by 
 Calvin, which was dedicated by the pastors of 
 Geneva to the syndics and council of the city, 
 Jan. 1, 1552. It was occasioned by Galvin's dispute 
 with Bolsec, who denied the doctrine of reprobation, and 
 was designed to unite the Swiss churches on the subject 
 of predestination, but failed to acquire symbolical author- 
 ity outside Geneva. 
 
 Consensus Tigurinus (kon-sen'sus tig-u-ri'- 
 nus). A confession of faith drawn up in 1549 
 at Zurich (L. Tigurium) by Calvin, in concert 
 with Bullinger and the pastors of Zurich, for 
 the purpose of uniting the Swiss churches on 
 the doctrine of the Lord’s Supper. It was pub- 
 lished in 1551, and was adopted by all the Re- 
 formed cantons except Bern. 
 
 Conservative Club, The. A London political 
 club established in 1840. The number of mem- 
 bers is 1,300. 
 
 Conservative Party, The. See Tories. 
 Considerant (kon-se-da-roh'), Victor. Born 
 Oct. 12, 1808: died Dec. 27, 1893. A French 
 socialist, a disciple of Fourier. He was accused 
 of high treason in 1849, and fled to Belgium ; from there he 
 went to Texas, where (after returning once to Brussels) 
 he sought to establish a socialistic society near San An to- 
 nio. He returned to France in 1869. His works include 
 “La destinbe sociale" (1834-38), etc. 
 
 Consolato del Mare (kon-so-la'to del ma're). 
 [It. , lit. ‘ consulate of the sea.’] A code of mar- 
 itime law, supposed to be a compilation of the 
 law and trading customs of various Italian 
 cities, as Venice, Genoa, Pisa, and Amalfi, 
 together with those of the cities with which 
 they traded, as Barcelona, Marseilles, etc. its 
 precise date is unknown, but a Spanish edition of it was 
 published at Barcelona at the end of the 13th or the be- 
 ginning of the 14th century. It has formed the basis of 
 most of the subsequent compilations of maritime law. 
 
 Constable (kun'sta-bl), Archibald. Born at 
 Carnbee, Fifeshire, Scotland, Feb. 24, 1774 : 
 died at Edinburgh, July 21, 1827. A noted 
 Scottish publisher, founder of the “Edinburgh 
 Review” (1802), and publisher of most of the 
 works of Sir Walter Scott from 1805 until he 
 became bankrupt in 1826. The failure of Constable 
 and Co., with that of James Ballantyne and Co., printers, 
 involved Scott in a loss of £120,000. He edited the “Chron- 
 icle of Fife, being the Diary of John Lamont of Newton from 
 1649 to 1672 "(IS 10), and wrote a“ Memoir of George Heriot. " 
 Constable, Henry. Born at Newark, England, 
 1562 : died at Liege, Belgium, Oct. 9, 1613. An 
 English poet, son of Sir Robert Constable of 
 Newark. He was graduated at Cambridge (St, John’s 
 College) in 1580; became a Roman Catholic; and for th 
 greater part of his later life resided in Paris occupied with 
 political affairs, and especially with schemes for promot- 
 ing the interests of Catholicism. In 1603 he came to Lon- 
 
Constable, Henry 
 
 don, and was for a short time confined in the Tower. He 
 published in 1692 a collection of 23 sonnets entitled “Di- 
 ana : the Praises of his Mistress in certaine sweete Son- 
 nets by H. C." 
 
 Constable, John. Born at East Bergholt, in 
 Suffolk, England, June 11, 1776: died at London, 
 March 30, 1837. A noted English landscape- 
 painter. His father was a miller. In 1799 he became 
 a student at the Royal Academy ; in 1802 exhibited his 
 first picture; in 1819 became an associate of the Royal 
 Academy; and in 1829 became a royal academician. He 
 was thoroughly English : no foreign master influenced 
 him, and rustic life furnished his inspiration and material. 
 He obtained little recognition in his own country during 
 his lifetime, but was highly appreciated in France, where 
 his work produced a notable effect. 
 
 Constance (kon'stans). [ME. Custance, OF. 
 Custance, F. Constance, Sp. Costenza, Costanza, 
 Pg. Constancia, It. Costanza, G. Constanze, L. 
 Constantia, lit. ‘ constancy.’] 1 . In Chaucer’s 
 “Man of Law’s Tale,” the unjustly accused 
 daughter of the Roman emperor. She is cleared 
 and married to King Alla. — 2. In Shakspere’s 
 “King John,” the mother of Arthur, duke of 
 Bretagne. — 3. The Northern Lass, in Brome’s 
 play of that name. — 4. The daughter of None- 
 such, in love with Loveby, in Uryden’s play 
 “The Wild Gallant.” — 5. The daughter of 
 Fondlove in Sheridan Knowles’s comedy “The 
 Love Chase.” Her love-affair with Wildrake is 
 not unlike that of Benedick and Beatrice. — 6. 
 The daughter of the Provost of Bruges, in G. 
 W. Lovell’s play of that name. She goes mad 
 and dies when legally proved to be a serf. 
 Constance, or Custance, Dame Christian. A 
 rich and beautiful widow in Udall’s play ‘ ‘ Ralph 
 Roister Doister.” 
 
 Constance de Beverley. See Beverley. 
 Constance. The southeasternmost district of 
 Baden. Area, 1,610 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 311,318. 
 
 Constance, G. Konstanz (kon'stants), some- 
 times Kostnitz (kost'nits). A city of Baden, 
 situated on Lake Constance, at its outlet into 
 the Untersee arm, in lat. 47° 38' N., long 9° 
 11' E. It is noted for its cathedral and its merchants’ 
 hall (Kaufhaus). The cathedral was founded in the 11th, 
 but rebuilt early in the 16th century. The conspicuous 
 tower and spire are modern. The doors of the chief en- 
 trance bear remarkable carvings of the life of Christ in 20 
 oaken panels dating from 1470. The richly sculptured 
 stalls are of the same date. There are other interesting 
 sculptures, and a handsome fragment of the cloister. In 
 the 6th century Constance became the seat of a bishopric, 
 which was secularized in 1803. It was an imperial city in 
 the middle ages, but was annexed to Austria about 1548, 
 and was ceded to Baden in 1805. Here Huss (1415) and 
 Jerome of Prague (1416) died at the stake. Population, 
 24,807. 
 
 Constance, Council of. An important council 
 of the Roman Catholic Church, held 1414—18. 
 Its objects were the healing of the papal schism, the sup- 
 pression ot the Bohemian heresy, and the reformation of 
 the church. It condemned to death Huss in 1416, and 
 Jerome of Prague in 1416, and elected Martin V. as pope in 
 1417. 
 
 Constance, Treaty of. A treaty of peace con- 
 cluded between Frederick Barbarossa and the 
 Lombard League in 1183, at the expiration of 
 the truce established after the defeat of the em- 
 peror at Legnano in 1176. Frederick renounced all 
 the regalian rights which he claimed in the cities of the 
 League, including those of levying war, erecting fortifica- 
 tions, and administering civil and criminal justice. The 
 cities acknowledged the overlordship of the emperor, 
 which carried with it the obligation to furnish the cus- 
 tomary tributes of provision during his residence in Italy, 
 to suffer the chief magistrates in every city to receive the 
 investiture of office from an imperial legate, and to ac- 
 cept in every city an imperial judge of appeal in civil 
 causes. 
 
 Constance, Lake of, G. Bodensee (bo'den-za). 
 A lake lying between Switzerland, Baden, 
 Wiirtemberg, Bavaria, and Vorarlberg: the 
 Latin Brigantinus Lacus. The northwestern nar- 
 rowed arm is frequently known as the Uberlingersee ; the 
 western arm is called the Untersee or Zellersee. It is 
 traversed by the Rhine. Length, 40 miles ; greatest 
 breadth, 6-8 miles. Area, 208 square miles. Elevation 
 above sea-level, 1,306 feet. Depth, 960 feet. 
 
 Constancio (kon-ston'se-o), Francisco Solano. 
 
 Born at Lisbon, 1777 : died at Paris, Dec. 21, 
 1846. A Portuguese physician and author. 
 He traveled extensively in Europe and North America; 
 was diplomatic agent of Portugal in Paris 1820 ; and was 
 minister to Washington 1822-29. Subsequently he resided 
 in Paris. Constancio’s works are now little esteemed. 
 The best-known are his “Novo diccionario critico e ety- 
 mologico da lingua Portugueza" (1830 and 1844) and 
 “Historia do Brasil” (2 vols. 1839). 
 
 Constans (kon'stanz) I., Flavius Julius. 
 
 Born about 320: died near Illiberis (Helena), 
 Gaul, 350. Roman emperor, youngest of the 
 three sons of Constantine the Great and 
 Fausta. He received, in the division of the empire in 
 337, Italy, Africa, and western Illyricum. In 340, hav- 
 ing successfully resisted the invasion of his brother Con- 
 
 275 
 
 stantine, who fell in battle, he made himself master of the 
 whole West. In 350 Magnentius usurped the throne, and 
 Constans was slain by his emissaries. 
 
 Constans II., Flavius Heraclius (originally 
 Heraclius). Born Nov. 7, 630: killed at Syra- 
 cuse, July 15, 668. Emperor of the East 641- 
 668, son of Constantine III. In his reign the Sara- 
 cens conquered Rhodes, and the Lombards most of the 
 Byzantine dominions in northern Italy. He favored the 
 Monothelites, and, in order to put an end to the contro- 
 versy between them and the orthodox, issued an edict 
 which forbade all religious discussion. 
 
 Constans. The grandfather of King Arthur, 
 celebrated in the Arthurian romances. 
 
 Constant (kon'stant). The lover of Lady Brute 
 in Vanbrugh’s comedy “ The Provoked Wife.” 
 Constant (koh-ston'), Jean Joseph Benjamin. 
 Born at Paris, June 10, 1845: died there, May 26, 
 1902. AFrenchpainter. He studied underCabanel at 
 the Ecole des Beaux Arts, and in 1869 exhibited his first pic- 
 ture, “Hamlet et leRoi,” at the Salon. He exhibited “Trop 
 tard"(1870), “Samson et Delilah" (1872), “Bouchersmaures 
 h Tanger"(1873), “Carrefour h Tanger” (1874), “Mohamed 
 
 11., le 29 Mai, 1453” (1878), “Favorite de T£mir" (1879), 
 “La vengeance du ch^rif ” (1885), “ Victrix" (1890), etc. 
 
 Constant de Eebecque, Henri Benjamin. 
 
 Bom at Lausanne, Switzerland, Oct. 25, 1767 : 
 died at Paris, Dec. 8, 1830. A French political 
 writer, orator, and politician. He settled in 1795 
 at Paris as the prot^gd of Madame de Stael, and was a 
 member of the Tribunate 1799-1802, when he was banished 
 by Napoleon Bonaparte. He returned in 1814, but accepted 
 office under Napoleon during the Hundred Days, with the 
 result that on the return of the Bourbons he was again 
 compelled to go into exile, whence he returned in 1816. 
 He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies 1819-30. 
 His chief works are “Cours de politique constitution- 
 nelle” (1818-20) and “De la religion considdrde dans sa 
 source, sa forme et son developpemeut ” (1823-25). 
 
 Constantina (kon-stan-te'na). A town in the 
 province of Seville, Spain. Population, about 
 
 10 . 000 . 
 
 Constantine (kon'stan-tin) I. (Flavius Vale- 
 rius Aurelius Constantinus), surnamed 
 “The Great.” Born at Naissus (Nissa), Upper 
 Moesia, in Feb., 274 (288?) a. d. : died at Nico- 
 media, Bithynia, May 22, 337. Roman emperor. 
 He was the eldest son of the Augustus Constantius Clilorus 
 by his first wife Helena, and was appointed Caesar at the 
 death of his father in 306. About 308 he was recognized 
 as Augustus by the Augustus Maximian, whose daughter 
 Fausta he married (his first wife having died). In 310 
 (309?) he putto death Maximian, who was implicated in a 
 plot to excite a rebellion among his subjects. He de- 
 feated in 312, near Rome, the Augustus Maxentius, who 
 was killed in the pursuit. Before this battle, according to 
 tradition, the sign of a cross appeared in the heavens, with 
 the inscription, “In hoc signo vinces,” which induced him 
 to adopt the labarum as his standard. In 323 he became 
 sole Augustus by a decisive victory at Chrysopolis (Scu- 
 tari) over his colleague Licinius, who subsequently sur- 
 rendered and was treacherously murdered. He caused 
 Christianity to he recognized by the state, convened the 
 Council of Nice in 325, and in 330 inaugurated Constanti- 
 nople as the capital of the Roman Empire. In 324 he put 
 to death his eldest son Crispus for high treason. According 
 to a tradition, which appears to be without historical foun- 
 dation, Crispus was the victim of an intrigue on the part 
 of his stepmother Fausta, who was suffocated in a bath as 
 soon as Constantine discovered the innocence of Crispus. 
 
 Constantine II. (Flavius Claudius Constan- 
 tinus). Born at Arles, Gaul, Feb., 317 : killed 
 near Aquileia, Italy, 340. Emperor of Rome, 
 second son of Constantine the Great. He received, 
 in the division of the empire in 337 between the three sons 
 of Constantine, Gaul, Britain, Spain, and part of Africa. 
 Being dissatisfied with his share, he invaded the domin- 
 ions of his brother Constans, but was defeated and killed 
 at Aquileia in 340. 
 
 Constantine IV. (Flavius Constantinus), 
 surnamed Pogonatus (‘ the Bearded’). Died 
 685. Emperor of the East 668-685, son of Con- 
 stans II. He repulsed (by means of the recently invented 
 Greek fire) the Saracens before Constantinople 672-679, and 
 assembled in 680 the sixth general council at Constanti- 
 nople, by which the Monothelites were condemned and 
 peace restored to ttie church. 
 
 Constantine V., surnamed Copronymus (ko- 
 pron'i-mus). Born at Constantinople, 719: 
 died off Selymbria, Thrace, Sept. 14, 775. 
 Emperor of the East 741-775, son of Leo III. 
 He defeated in 743 Artavasdes, who had usurped the gov- 
 ernment, and assembled a council in 754 which condemned 
 the worship of images. 
 
 Constantine VI. (Flavius Constantinus). 
 
 Born 771: killed at Constantinople about 797. 
 Byzantine emperor 780-797, the last of the Isau- 
 rian emperors. He was the son of Leo IV., whom he 
 succeeded under the regency of his mother Irene. During 
 his reign a council held at Nicsea in 787 restored the wor- 
 ship of images. He was put to death by order of his mother, 
 who usurped the government. 
 
 Constantine VII., surnamed Porphyrogenitus 
 
 (p6r // fi-ro-jen'i-tus) (‘born in the purple’). 
 Born 905: poisoned Nov. 15, 959. Byzantine 
 emperor, son of Leo VI. whom he succeeded 
 911. The government was usurped in 919 by Romanus 
 Lecaperius, who administered it — Constantine being nomi- 
 nally his colleague — till 944, when he was deposed by his 
 own son, and Constantine became sole ruler. He was 
 noted for humanity and for his success in arms, chiefly 
 
 Constantinople 
 
 against the Arabs in Syria. He was poisoned by his son 
 and successor, Romanus II. He was a liberal patron of 
 learning, and himself holds a high rank in literature as 
 the author of a treatise on the government and one on 
 the themes or provinces of the empire (“De adminis- 
 trando imperio” and “ De thematibus ”), and other works. 
 
 Constantine XIII. Palseologus. [Gr. 6 Wa'/,ai6- 
 X oyof.] Born 1394: died May 29, 1453. By- 
 zantine emperor 1448-53, the last emperor of 
 Constantinople. He was killed at the taking 
 of the city by Mohammed II. 
 
 Constantine I. Died 879. A king of Scotland 
 (north of the Forth and Clyde), reigning at 
 Scone after 863. 
 
 Constantine II. Died 952. A king of Scot- 
 land (north of the Forth and Clyde) from 900 
 to 943, when he resigned the throne to Malcolm, 
 grandson of Constantine I. 
 
 Constantine Nikolayevitch (son of Nicholas). 
 Born at St. Petersburg, Sept. 21, 1827: died 
 Jan. 24, 1892. Grand Duke of Russia, younger 
 brother of the czar Alexander H. He com- 
 manded the fleet in the Baltic 1854-55, and 
 was governor of Poland 1862-63. 
 
 Constantine Pavlovitch (son of Paul). Boru 
 at St. Petersburg, May 8, 1779: died at Vitebsk, 
 Russia, June 27, 1831. A grand duke of Rus- 
 sia, younger brother of the czar Alexander I. 
 He served with distinction under Suvaroff in Italy in 
 1799, was present at the battle of Austerlitz 1805, accom- 
 panied Alexander I. in the campaigns of 1812-14, and was 
 appointed commander-in-chief in Poland in 1815. He 
 married in 1820 a Polish lady, the Countess Johanna 
 Grudzinska, having obtained a divorce from his first wife, 
 the Princess Juliana of Saxe-Coburg; and renounced his 
 right of succession to the Russian throne Jan. 26, 1822. 
 His strict military rule provoked an insurrection in Poland 
 (Nov. 29, 1830). In the war which followed he played a 
 subordinate part, and retired to Vitebsk, where be died 
 of cholera. 
 
 Constantine (kon-ston-ten'). The eastern- 
 most department of Algeria, lyiDg between the 
 Mediterranean on the north, Tunis on the east, 
 and Algiers on the west. Area, 73,929 square 
 miles. Population, 2,025,044. 
 
 Constantine. The capital of the department 
 of Constantine, Algeria, situated in lat. 36° 21' 
 N., long. 6° 35' E. : the ancient Cirta. The sea- 
 port for its foreign trade is Philippeville. Constantine is 
 a great trading center, especially for grain. It was re- 
 built by Constantine, and was captured by the French 
 1837. Population, commune, 58,435. 
 
 Constantinople (kon-stan-ti-no'pl), Turk. 
 Stambul (stam-bol'), or Istambul (is-tam- 
 bol'). [Gr. Kuvaravrlvov noAir, city of Constan- 
 tine ; Turk. Constantinieh ; the ordinary Turkish 
 name is Stambul or Istambul, a corruption of 
 the Greek elg rf/v ndXtv, ‘ into the city.’] The 
 capital of the Ottoman empire, situated in Eu- 
 ropean Turkey in lat. 41° N., long. 28° 59' E., 
 on the Bosporus, the Golden Horn, and the 
 Sea of Marmora. It is the chief commercial center 
 of the Levant, and since 188S has had railroad connection 
 with the rest of Europe. It contains the sultan’s palace 
 (seraglio), and is noted for its mosques (see below). Its 
 chief sections are Pera, Galata, Stambul (or Constantino- 
 ple proper), and Scutari (the latter celebrated in history 
 for its military hospitals during the Crimean war). In 330 
 A. D. Constantine the Great made Byzantium (see Byzan- 
 tium) the capital of the Roman Empire, and the city was 
 henceforth called Constantinople. F'rom 395 Constanti- 
 nople was the capital of the Byzantine (Eastern) Empire. 
 It was repeatedly besieged by the Saracens ; and was taken 
 by the Latins in 1203 and 1204, by Michael Palseologus in 
 1261, and by the llurks May 29, 1453. Tcheragan Serai, 
 the chief of the imperial palaces, finished in 1867 by Ab- 
 dul- Aziz in the style of the new Turkish Renaissance. It 
 is a building of great size, of marble, of a luxury and mag- 
 nificence in its interior decoration and arrangement 
 which are unexcelled in Europe, and almost surpass be- 
 lief. Its chief facade, about 2,400 feet long, is mirrored in 
 the Bosporus. See also Bajazet, Mosque of; Irene, Church 
 of St.; Reservoir of the 1,001 Columns; Sophia, Church of 
 Santa Suleiman, M osque of. Population, with suburbs, 
 about 1,106,000. 
 
 The dominion of the Old Rome had come of itseU ; its 
 dominion was the effect, not of any settled plan, but of the 
 silent working of historical causes. The first chief who 
 fenced in the Palatine with a wall did not dream that his 
 hill-fortress would become the head of the world. He did 
 not dream that it would become the head of Italy, or even 
 the head of Latium. But theprince who fenced in the New 
 Rome, the prince who bade Byzantium grow into Constan- 
 tinople, did design that his younger Rome should ful fil the 
 mission that had passed away from the elder Rome. He de- 
 signed that it should fulfil it more thoroughly than Milan, 
 or Trier, or Nikomedeia could fulfil it. And his will has 
 been carried out. He called into being a city which, while 
 other cities have risen and fallen, has for fifteen hundred 
 years, in whatever hands, remained the seat of Imperial 
 rule ; a city which, as long as Europe and Asia, as long as 
 land and sea, keep their places, must remain the seat of 
 Imperial rule. The other capitals of Europe seem by her 
 side things of yesterday, creations of accident. Some 
 chance a few centuries back made them seats of govern- 
 ment till some other chance may cease to make them seats 
 of government. But the city of Constantine abides, and 
 must abide. Over and over again has the possession of 
 that city prolonged the duration of powers which must 
 otherwise have crumbled away. In the hands of Roman, 
 
Constantinople 
 
 Frank, Greek, and Turk, her Imperial mission has never 
 left her. The eternity of the elder Rome is the eternity 
 of a moral influence ; the eternity of the younger Rome is 
 the eternity of a city and fortress fixed on a spot which 
 nature itself had destined to be the seat of the empire of 
 two worlds. Freeman, Hist. Essays, III. 261. 
 
 Constantinople, Conference of. A conference 
 of the six great powers and Turkey for the 
 purpose of preventing war between Turkey and 
 Russia, which was championing the cause of 
 the Christian insurgents in the Balkan Penin- 
 sula. The conference was formally opened Dec. 23, 1876, 
 after a preliminary conference between the great powers 
 (Dec. 11-21). The powers demanded of the Porte admin- 
 istrative autonomy under Christian governors for Bosnia, 
 Herzegovina, and Bulgaria ; and proposed the erection of 
 an international commission with power to enforce by 
 arms the decisions of the conference. These demands 
 were rejected by the Turks Jan. 18, 1877, whereupon the 
 conference dissolved, Jan. 20. 
 
 Constantinople, Councils of. These councils 
 
 include: (<t)The second ecumenical council, convened 
 hereby the emperor Theodosius 381 A. D. Its chief object 
 was the settlement of the Arian difficulties. ( b ) The fifth 
 ecumenical council, convened by Justinian 553. Its object 
 was the condemnation of the “three chapters.” (c) The 
 sixth ecumenical council, held 680-681. Its object was 
 the condemnation of the Monothelites, (d) The eighth 
 ecumenical council, held 869. Its object was the condem- 
 nation of Photius. 
 
 Constantius (kon-stan'shius) I., Flavius Va- 
 lerius, surnamed CMorus (‘ the Pale’)- Born 
 probably 250 A. D. : died at York, England, July 
 25, 306. Emperor of Rome, father of Constan- 
 tine the Great. March 1, 293, the joint emperors, or 
 Augusti, Diocletian and Maximian associated with them- 
 selves Constantius Chlorus and Galerius as junior part- 
 ners under the title of Csesars. Gaul, Spain, and Britain 
 were allotted to the former, who was required to repu- 
 diate his wife Helena and marry Theodora, the daughter 
 of Maximian. After the abdication of Diocletian and 
 Maximian in 305, he ruled as Augustus, or joint emperor, 
 with Galerius until his death in Britain while on an expe- 
 dition against the Piets. 
 
 Constantius II., Flavius Julius. Born at 
 Sirmium, Pannonia, Aug. 6, 317 : died at Mop- 
 socrene, Cilicia, Nov. 3, 361. Romau emperor, 
 third son of Constantine the Great (second son 
 by his second wife Fausta). The will of Constan- 
 tine the Great divided the empire among his three sons 
 Constantine, Constantius, and Constans under the title of 
 Augusti, and his nephews Dalmatius and Hanmbalianus 
 under the titles of Caesar and Nobilissimus, respectively. 
 On the death of Constantine in 337 Constantius ordered, or 
 permitted, the murder of Dalmatius and Hannibalianus, 
 and the empire was redivided between himself and his 
 brothers. Constantine received Gaul, Spain, Britain, and 
 part of Africa ; Constantius Thrace, Macedonia, Greece, 
 the Asiatic provinces, and Egypt; and Constans Italy, 
 western Ulyricum, and the rest of Africa. In 340 Con- 
 stans repelled an invasion of Constantine, who fell in 
 battle, and made himself master of the West; but was 
 himself deposed and slain in 350 by the usurper Magnen- 
 tius. Constantius made war in 351 ou the latter, whom 
 he defeated at Mursa, on the Drave, in 351, and in Gaul iu 
 353, after which he was master of the whole empire. He ap- 
 pointed his cousin Julian Caesar and commander in Gaul 
 355, and visited Rome 357. He favored the Ariaus, and 
 banished the orthodox bishops. He died while marching 
 to attack Julian, who had been proclaimed emperor by 
 his soldiers. 
 
 Constant Maid, The. A play by Shirley, printed 
 in 1640 (reprinted in 1667 with the second title 
 “Love will find out the Way”). 
 
 Constanza (kon-stan'za). A gay and sportive 
 girl, in Middleton’s “Spanish Gipsy,” who fol- 
 lows her father into exile disguised as a gipsy, 
 Pretiosa : a sort of Rosalind. 
 
 Constellation. A vessel of thp United States 
 
 navy. She was built in 1708, and under command of Com- 
 modore Truxton in 1799 captured the French Insurgente. 
 
 Constituent Assembly. See National Assembly. 
 Constitution (kon-sti-tu'shon) (Old Iron- 
 sides). An American frigate of 1,576 tons and 
 44 guns rating (actual armament 32 long 24- 
 pounders and 20 32-pounder carronades), built 
 at Boston in 1797. The United States and President 
 were sister ships of the same rating. Her first commander 
 was Captain Isaac Hull. At the declaration of war, June 
 18, 1812, the Constitution was at Annapolis. July 17 she 
 fell in with a squadron composed of Shannon (38 guns), 
 Africa (64), iEolus (32), Belvidera (36), and Guerrifere (38), 
 commanded by Commodore Philip Vere Broke. Her es- 
 cape from this fleet, in a chase which lasted three days in 
 an almost dead calm, is considered one of the greatest 
 feats of seamanship of the war. Aug. 19, 1812, in lat. 41 
 41' N., long. 55° 48' W., she fought the Guerrifere. The 
 battle lasted from 5 to 7 P. M., when the Guerrifere surren- 
 dered and was burned. The Constitution returned to 
 Boston ; Captain Hull resigned, and was succeeded by 
 Captain Baiubridge of the Constellation. She sailed from 
 Boston Oct. 26, 1812, and Dec. 29 fell in with the frigate 
 Java (38 guns), Captain Lambert, off the coast of Brazil in 
 lat. 13° 6' S., long. 31° W. The battle lasted from 2 to 
 5 P. M., when the Java surrendered. Feb. 20, 1815, she 
 fought and captured the Cyaneand Levant (20 and 18guns). 
 Sept., 1830, it was proposed by the secretary of the navy to 
 dismantle the ship and sell her. This excited much public 
 indignation, which found expression in the poem “Old Iron- 
 sides, ”hy Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sept. 15, 1830. She 
 was afterward used as a school-ship, later for a receiving- 
 ship at Portsmouth, N. H.,and in 1897 was taken to Boston. 
 Constitution Hill, An elevation near Buck- 
 
 276 
 
 ingham Palace, London. Three attempts upon the 
 life of Queen Victoria were made here by insane or idiotic 
 persons in 1840, 1842, and 1849. Hare. 
 
 Constitution of the United States. Bee Fed- 
 eral Constitution. 
 
 Consuelo (kon-so-a'lo ; F. pron. kon-su-a'lo). 
 A novel by George Sand, published in 1842. 
 Consulate, The. In French history, the gov- 
 ernment which existed Nov. 9, 1799, -May 18, 
 1804. Napoleon was First Consul, and his associates 
 were Cambacerfes and Lebrun. See Napoleon. 
 
 Contarini, Gasparo. Born at Venice Oct. 16, 
 1483 : died at Bologna, Italy, Aug. 24, 1542. An 
 Italian cardinal (1535), bishop of Bologna, and 
 diplomatist. He was papal legate at the Diet of Ratis- 
 bon, where he endeavored to effect a reconciliation be- 
 tween the Protestants and Catholics. 
 
 Contarini, Giovanni. Born at Venice, 1549: 
 died there, 1605. A Venetian painter. He 
 went to Vienna in 1580, where he practised por- 
 trait-painting. 
 
 Contarini Fleming. A psychological romance 
 by Benjamin Disraeli, published in 1832. 
 
 Contention between the two Famous Houses 
 of York and Lancaster, See Henry VI., sec- 
 ond and third parts. 
 
 Conte Ory (kon'te o're), II. See Comte Ory. 
 Contes Drolatiques (koht dro-la-tek'). [F., 
 ‘ Humorous Tales.’] A collection of stories by 
 Balzac, written in the manner and orthography 
 of the 16th century. They are extremely broad, in 
 the style of Rabelais, being “written for the diversion 
 of the Pantagruelists and no others." They came out in 
 three parts, in 1832, 1833, and 1837. 
 
 Conti (kon-te), Prince de (Armand de Bour- 
 bon). Born at Paris, Oct. 11, 1629: died at 
 Pezenas, France, Feb. 21, 1666. Younger 
 brother of “The Great Conde,” and founder of 
 the house of Conti. He took part in the wars of the 
 Fronde, at first with the “old Fronde” against his brother, 
 and later with the “ young Fronde ” in company with his 
 brother, with whom he was arrested in 1650. He was 
 finally reconciled to the court, and married a niece of 
 Cardinal Mazarin. In the Spanish war (1654) he captured 
 Villafranca andPuycerda, and in 1657 commanded unsuc- 
 cessfully in Italy. He was a man of weak character, en- 
 tirely under the control of his sister, the Duchesse de 
 LonguevUle. 
 
 Conti, Prince de (Francois Louis de Bour- 
 bon). Born at Paris, April 30, 1664: died Feb. 
 22, 1709. A distinguished French general, son 
 of the Prince de Conti (1629-66). 
 
 Continental Congress. A legislative body 
 representing the colonies of North America. 
 What is known as the first Continental Congress, with 
 delegates from all the colonies but Georgia, met in Phila- 
 delphia Sept. 6, 1774, and lasted until Oct. 26, 1774; the 
 second, in which all were represented, met in Philadelphia 
 May 10, 1775, and adjourned Dec. 12, 1776; the third met 
 in Baltimore Dec. 20, 1776, and lasted until the Articles of 
 Confederation went into operation March 1, 1781. The 
 Congress declared independence, carried on the war, and 
 in many respects governed the country. 
 
 Continental Divide. See Divide. 
 
 Contrat Social (kon-tra' so-se-al'). [F., ‘Social 
 Contract.’] A political work by J. J. Rous- 
 seau, published in 1762. The influence of this book 
 on the literature and life of the period was remarkable. 
 Its theories were at the foundation of Jacobin politics. 
 
 Contreras (kon-tra'ras). A hamlet of Mexico, 
 about 8 miles southwest of the city of Mexico. 
 Here, Aug. 19-20, 1847, the Americans under 
 Scott defeated the Mexicans. See, further, 
 Churubusco. 
 
 Contreras, Pedro Moya de. See Moya y Con- 
 treras. 
 
 Contreras, Rodrigo de. Born at Segovia about 
 1495: died, probably in Peru, after 1557. A 
 Spanish cavalier who married the daughter of 
 Pedrarias, and in 1531 was appointed governor 
 of Nicaragua. He sent an expedition which explored 
 Lake Nicaragua and its outlet, and reached Nombre de 
 Dios by that route. There the men were seized by the 
 governor, Robles, who tried to appropriate the region dis- 
 covered, but was driven out. Subsequently Contreras got 
 into disputes with the bishop and with the Audience of 
 the Confines. Charges were made against him, and his 
 encomiendas were confiscated (1549). After vainly seek- 
 ing redress in Spain, he went to Peru. 
 
 Contrexeville (kon-treg-za-vel'). A watering- 
 place in the department of Vosges, France, 26 
 miles west of Epinal. 
 
 Convention, The. See National Convention, 
 The. 
 
 Conway (kon'wa), or Aberconway (ab'er-kon- 
 wa). A town in Carnarvonshire, North Wales, 
 situated near the mouth of the Conway, 37 miles 
 southwest of Liverpool. It is noted for its wail and 
 castle, a highly picturesque fortress witli an admirable 
 group of 8 cylindrical towers, built in 1284 by Edward I. 
 The towers were originally surmounted by cylindrical tur- 
 rets, four of which survive. The banqueting-hall was a 
 fine room 130 feet long. Queen Eleanor’s oratory possesses 
 a graceful oriel-window. Population, 4,681. 
 
 Cook, Edward Dutton 
 
 Conway. 1. A small river in North Wales 
 which flows into Beaumaris Bay. It is noted 
 for its scenery. — 2. A township in Carroll 
 County, New Hampshire, situated on the Saco 
 56 miles northeast of Concord. It contains the 
 summer resort of North Conway. Population 
 3,413, (1910). 
 
 Conway, Frederick B. Born at Clifton, Eng- 
 land, Feb. 10, 1819 : died at Manchester, Mass., 
 Sept. 7, 1874. An English actor. He first appeared 
 on the American stage as Charles Surface in 1850. In 1852 
 he married Miss Crocker, a sister of Mrs. D. P. Bowers. 
 
 Conway, Henry Seymour. Born 1721: died at 
 London, Oct. 12, 1795. An English soldier and 
 Whig politician, second son of the first Lord 
 Conway, brother of Francis Seymour Conway, 
 marquis of Hertford, and cousin of Horace 
 Walpole. He early entered the army ; was a member of 
 Parliament 1741-84 ; took part in the battle of Fontenoy 
 as aide-de-camp to the Duke of Cumberland, and in the 
 battle of Culloden ; became secretary to the lord lieuten- 
 ant of Ireland (Lord Hartington) 1754 ; was promoted ma- 
 jor-general 1756 ; commanded the unsuccessful expedition 
 against Rochefort 1757 ; became secretary of state under 
 Rockingham 1765; moved the repeal of the Stamp Act 
 Feb., 1766; retained his office under the Bail of Chatham ; 
 resigned Jan., 1768, and was appointed field-marshal Oct. 
 12, 1793. He was a vigorous opponent of the policy of the 
 British government toward the American colonies. 
 Conway, Hugh. The pseudonym of Frederick 
 John Fargus. 
 
 Conway, Moncure Daniel. Born in Stafford 
 County, Va., March 17, 1832: died at Paris, 
 Nov. 15, 1907. A clergyman and writer. 
 
 At first a Methodist minister, he subsequently became a 
 Unitarian, and was for a time pastor of a Unitarian church 
 at Washington, District of Columbia. He was minister of 
 the South Place Religious Society in London 1863-84. Au- 
 thor of “ The Rejected Stone" (1861), “ Testimonies con- 
 cerning Slavery" (1864), “The Earthward Pilgrimage" 
 (1870), “Christianity" (1876), “Idols and Ideals” (1877), 
 “ Demonology and Devil-Lore ” (1878), “ Thomas Carlyle ” 
 (1881), etc. 
 
 Conway, Thomas. Born in Ireland, Feb. 27, 
 1733 : died about 1800. A general in the Ameri- 
 can service in the Revolutionary War. He in- 
 trigued with members of the board of war and other influ- 
 ential persons 1777-78 to have Washington superseded by 
 Gates —the so-caUed “ Conway Cabal.” He was afterward 
 made govemorof Pondicherry and the French settlements 
 in Hindustan. 
 
 Conway Cabal. See under Conway, Thomas. 
 Conybeare (kun'i-bar), John. Born at Pinhoe, 
 near Exeter, England, Jan. 31, 1692: died at 
 Bath, England, July 31, 1755. An English di- 
 vine, bishop of Bristol. He wrote a noted polemical 
 work, “A Defence of Revealed Religion ” (1732), directed 
 against Tindal. 
 
 Conybeare, John Josias. Born at London, June, 
 1779 : died at Blackheath, near London, June 
 10, 1824. An English divine, scholar, and scien- 
 tific writer. He was a graduate of Oxford, where he be- 
 came professor of Anglo-Saxon iu 1807, and professor of 
 poetry in 1812. He was also vicar of Batheaston in Somer- 
 setshire. His works include papers on chemistry and 
 geology, and “ Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon Poetry,” edited 
 after his death by his brother William. 
 
 Conybeare, William Daniel. Born at London, 
 June 7, 1787: died at Itchenstoke, near Ports- 
 mouth, Aug. 12, 1857. An English geologist and 
 divine, younger brother of J. J. Conybeare, ap- 
 pointed dean of Llandaff in 1844. He published 
 notable papers on various geological and pale- 
 ontological topics. 
 
 Cony-Catcher (ko'ni- or kun'i-kach'er), Cuth- 
 bert. The pseudonym under which was written, 
 in 1592, “The Defence of Conny-Catching,” 
 an attack on Robert Greene and his several 
 books on “Conny-catching,” etc. It is thought 
 that Greene himself wrote it. 
 
 Conyngton (kon'ing-tdn), Richard. Died 1330. 
 An English schoolman, a graduate of Oxford, 
 chosen in 1310 provincial of the Franciscan 
 order in England. His best-known work is a 
 commentary on the “ Sentences” of Peter Lom- 
 bard. 
 
 Gooch Behar. See Kuch Behar. 
 
 Cook (kuk), Charles. Born at London, May 
 31, 1787: died at Lausanne, Switzerland, Feb. 
 21, 1858. AnEnglishclergyman,oneof the foun- 
 ders of Methodism in France and Switzerland. 
 Cook, Clarence Chatham. Born at Dorchester, 
 Mass., Sept. 8, 1828 : died at Fishkill Landing, 
 N. V., June 2, 1900. An American journal- 
 ist and writer on art. He also wrote “ The Central 
 Park ” (1868), the text of a heliotype reproduction of 
 Durer’s “Life of the Virgin ” (1874), “The House Beau- 
 tiful” (1878), and edited) with notes, the translation of 
 Lubke’s “History of Art,” 7th German edition (1878). 
 Cook, Edward Dutton. Born at London, Jan. 
 30, 1829: died there, Sept. 11, 1883. An Eng- 
 lish novelist and general writer, dramatic 
 critic for the “Pall Mall Gazette” and the 
 “World,’ and contributor to the first two vol- 
 
Cook, Edward Dutton 
 
 277 
 
 Coote, Sir Eyre 
 
 umes of the “Dictionary of National Biogra- 
 phy.” He published “Paul Poster’s Daughter ” (1861), 
 ‘ The Trials of the Tredgolds ” (1864), and various other 
 novels and works on the stage. 
 
 Cook, Eliza. Born at London about 1818 : died 
 at Thornton Hill, Wimbledon, Sept. 23, 1880. 
 An English poet. She wrote for various English 
 periodicals, and in 1840 published “Melaia, and other 
 Poems.” In 1849 she began to publish “Eliza Cook's 
 Journal,” intended to advance mental culture. Among 
 her books are “Jottings from my Journal" (1860) and 
 “New Echoes” (1864) ; and among her single poems are 
 “ The Old Arm-Chair,” “ O why does the white man follow 
 my path ? ” “ The Old Farm Gate, ” “ Old Songs, “ etc. 
 Cook, James. Born at Marton, Yorkshire, Oct. 
 27, 1728: killed in Hawaii, Peb. 14, 1779. A 
 celebrated English navigator, the son of a 
 Yorkshire farm-laborer. He entered the navy as 
 able seaman in 1755 ; was appointed master of the Mer- 
 cury in 1759, and sailed for America, where he was oc- 
 cupied in surveying the channel of the St. Lawrence; 
 and became marine surveyor of the coast of Newfound- 
 land and Labrador in 1763. In May, 1768, he was ap- 
 pointed lieutenant and placed in command of the En- 
 deavour which carried a party of scientists to Tahiti to 
 observe the transit of Venus. During this voyage, which 
 lasted from Aug. 25, 1768, to June 12, 1771, New Zealand 
 was explored, and the east coast of Australia. Cook was 
 raised to the rank of commander Aug., 1771, and on July 
 13, 1772, started with two ships, the Resolution (which he 
 commanded) and the Adventure, on another voyage of ex- 
 ploration in the Pacific, which lasted (for the Resolution) 
 until July 29, 1775, and during which an attempt was 
 made to discover the reported great southern continent, 
 and New Caledonia was discovered. On Aug. 9, 1775, he 
 became captain, and on July 12, 1776, began his last voy- 
 age with the Resolution (which he again commanded), 
 and the Discovery under Captain Charles Clerke. The 
 object of the expedition was to discover a passage from 
 the Pacific round the north of America. During his 
 northward voyage the Sandwich Islands were rediscovered 
 (1778), and shortly after his return to them (Jan., 1779) he 
 was murdered by the natives. See The Century Atlas, 
 Map 3£. 
 
 Cook, Mount. The highest peak in New Zea- 
 land, situated on the western side of South 
 Island. It was first ascended in 1882. Height, 
 12,300 feet. 
 
 Cooke, George Frederick. Born at Westmin- 
 ster, England, April 17, 1756: died at New 
 York, Sept. 26, 1811. An English actor. He 
 first appeared on the stage in 1776 at Brentford. His 
 principal parts were Richard III., Iago, and Shylock, Sir 
 Giles Overreach, Sir Archy McSarcasm, and Sir Pertinax 
 McSycophaut. 
 
 Cooke, Hesiod. A nickname of Thomas Cooke. 
 Cooke, Jay. Bom at Sandusky, Ohio, Aug. 
 10, 1821: died at Ogontz, Pa., 'Feb. 16, 1905. 
 An American banker and financier. He opened 
 in Philadelphia, Jan. 1, 1861, the banking-house of Jay 
 Cooke & Company and became the principal financial 
 agent of the Federal Government during the Civil War. 
 In this capacity he negotiated loans to a value of about 
 $2,000,000,000. His house failed in 1873 through the build- 
 ing of the Northern Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Cooke, John Esten. Born at Winchester, Va., 
 Nov. 3, 1830 : died in Clarke County, Va., Sept. 
 27,1886. An American novelist. He wrote stories 
 of Virginia life, among which are “ Leather Stocking and 
 Silk” (1854), “The Virginia Comedians” (1854), “Henry 
 St. John, Gentleman” (1859), “Surrey of Eagle’s Nest” 
 (1866), “Fairfax" (1868), “Virginia Bohemians” (1879), 
 “ Virginia : a History of the People ” (1883). He also wrote 
 the life of Stonewall Jackson (1863) and of General R. E. 
 Lee (1871), besides a number of stories, sketches, and 
 verses. 
 
 Cooke, Josiah Parsons. Born at Boston, Mass., 
 Oct. 12, 1827: died at Newport, R. I., Sept. 3, 
 1894. A distinguished American chemist, pro- 
 fessor of chemistry at Harvard from 1850. He 
 published “ Elements of Chemical Physics ” (1860), “ First 
 Principles of Chemical Philosophy” (1868), “The New 
 Chemistry ” (1872 : revised 1884), “Chemical and Physical 
 Researches ’’ (1881), etc. 
 
 Cooke, Rose Terry. Born at West Hartford, 
 Feb. 17, 1827: died at Pittsfield, Mass., July 
 18, 1892. An American author, she married 
 Rollin H. Cooke in 1873. Among her works are “Poems 
 by Rose Terry ’’ (1860), “ Somebody’s Neighbors ” (1881), 
 “Steadfast," a novel (1889), “Poems by Rose TerryCooke, 
 complete” (1888). Her most characteristic short stories 
 were those of New England rural life. 
 
 Cooke, Thomas. Born at Braintree, Essex, 
 Dec. 16, 1703: died at Lambeth, Dec. 20, 1756. 
 An English writer, best known as the author 
 of a translation of Hesiod (from which he ob- 
 tained the nickname of “Hesiod Cooke”). He 
 also published translations of Terence and other Latin 
 and Greek authors, a poem entitled “The Battle of the 
 Poets” (which, with some criticisms of Pope’s Greek, 
 brought down upon him the wrath of that poet, who ridi- 
 culed him in the “Dunciad”), and various dramatic 
 works. He succeeded Amhurst in the editorship of “ The 
 Craftsman.” 
 
 Cooke, Thomas Simpson. Born at Dublin, 
 1782 : died at London, Feb. 26, 1848. A musi- 
 cal Composer and singer. He was the principal 
 tenor at the Drury Lane Theatre, and took entire charge 
 of the music there in 1821. Among the many works he 
 composed or adapted, “Love’s Ritornella,” a song from 
 “The Brigand,” is his best-known composition. 
 
 Cooke, Sir William Fothergill. Born at Eal- 
 ing, Middlesex^ 1806: died June 25, 1879. An 
 English electrician, the associate of Wheat- 
 stone from 1837 till 1843 in perfecting the elec- 
 *trie telegraph. 
 
 Cook Islands (kuk i'landz), or Hervey Isl- 
 ands (her'vi i'landz). An archipelago in the 
 South Pacific, in lat. 18°-22° S., long. 157°- 
 163° W. The group, consisting of 6 principal islands, 
 was discovered by Captain Cook in 1773, and was annexed 
 by Great Britain in 1888. The natives have been con- 
 verted to Christianity since 1823. The chief island is 
 Raratonga, with a population of about 2,500. 
 
 Cookkoo-oose. See Kusan. 
 
 Cook’s Peak (kuks pek). A prominent peak, 
 8,300 feet high, in Grant County, New Mexico, 
 north of Deming. 
 
 Cook’s Tale, The. One of Chaucer’s “Canter- 
 bui’y Tales.” It is an unfinished poem, and a spurious 
 ending was added to it in the folio of 1687. This ending 
 consisted of only 12 lines, and was rejected by Urry or his 
 successors. He added, however, “ The Tale of Gamelin,” 
 which followed “The Cook's Tale,” and has been generally 
 asserted to be also told by the cook : this is not now con- 
 sidered to he by Chaucer. (See Gamelyn.) The cook was 
 Roger or Hodge of Ware, who went with the pilgrims and 
 was the only man save the miller who became drunk on 
 the way. The story of “The Cook’s Tale ” is that of Perkin 
 Revelour, an idle, riotous London prentice. 
 
 Cook Strait (kuk strat). A sea passage sepa- 
 rating the North Island from the South Island, 
 New Zealand. It was discovered by Captain 
 Cook in 1769. Greatest width, 80 miles. 
 
 Cool as a Cucumber. A farce by William 
 Blanchard Jerrold, first played in 1851. 
 
 Cooley (ko'li), Thomas McIntyre. Born at 
 Attica, N. Y., Jan. 6, 1824: died Sept. 12, 1898. 
 A noted jurist. He was admitted to the bar in 1846; 
 became professor of law in the University of Michigan in 
 1859; was in 1864 elected justice of the Supreme Court of 
 the State to fill a vacancy ; was chief justice 1868-69 ; was 
 reelected for a full term of eight years in 1869 ; retired 
 from the bench in 1885 ; became professor of constitutional 
 and administrative law in the University of Michigan in 
 1881, and subsequently became professor of American his- 
 tory, lectureron constitutional law, and dean of the School 
 of Political Science. He was chairman of the United States 
 Commissioners of Interstate Commerce. His chief works 
 are “A Treatise on the Constitutional Limitations which 
 rest upon the Legislative Power of the States of the Ameri- 
 can Union ’’ (1868), “A Treatise on the Law of Taxation ” 
 (1876), “A Treatise upon Wrongs and their Remedies” 
 (Vol. I., 1878), and “The General Principles of Constitu- 
 tional Law in the United States ” (1880). 
 
 Cooley, William Desborough. Died at Lon- 
 don, March 1, 1883. An English geographer, 
 author of various works on the history of geo- 
 graphical discovery, especially in Africa. 
 Coolidge (ko'lij), Susan. A pseudonym of Sa- 
 rah Chauncey Woolsey. 
 
 Coomassie. See Kumassi. 
 
 Cooper (ko'per or kup'er), Anthony Ashley. 
 Born at Wimborne St. Giles, Dorsetshire, July 
 22, 1621: died at Amsterdam, Jan. 21, 1683. A 
 noted English statesman, son of Sir John Cooper 
 of Rockborne, Hampshire, created Baron Ash- 
 ley in 1661, and first earl of Shaftesbury and 
 Baron Cooper of Pawlet in 1672. At first he sup- 
 ported the cause of Charles I., but in 1644 went over to 
 the Parliamentary side, was appointed field-marshal with 
 the command of a brigade of horse and foot Aug. 3, 1644, 
 and took an active part in the struggle, capturing Corfe 
 Castle April, 1646. He was an adherent of Cromwell in 
 the parliaments of 1653 and 1654, but soon broke with him 
 and remained an active supporter of the Parliamentary 
 cause, opposing Lambert and Fleetwood and aiding Monk. 
 After the Restoration he continued to take a prominent 
 part in political affairs. He was a member of the “Cabal,” 
 and became lord chancellor Nov. 17, 1672, but was dis- 
 missed from office Nov. 9, 1673. From that time he was 
 the leader of the Parliamentary opposition to the court 
 party, and a prominent supporter of the anti-Catholic 
 agitation. He was arrested on a charge of high treason, 
 and acquitted. Later he joined the Monmouth conspiracy, 
 and fled the country. He was active in colonial affairs, 
 and was one of the nine to whom Carolina was granted, 
 March 24, 1663. It was at his suggestion that Locke 
 drew up a constitution for that colony (1669). 
 
 Cooper, Anthony Ashley. Bom at London, 
 Feb. 26, 1671: died at Naples, Feb. 15, 1713. 
 An English moralist, third earl of Shaftesbury: 
 author of “Characteristics of Men, Manners, 
 Opinions, and Times” (1711). r n this are included 
 a “Letter concerning Enthusiasm,” “Sensus Communis : 
 an Essay concerning Wit and Humour, ’’ “An Enquiry con- 
 cerning Virtue,” ete. 
 
 Cooper, Anthony Ashley. Born at London, 
 April 28, 1801 : died at Folkestone, Kent, Oct. 
 1, 1885. A noted English philanthropist, seventh 
 earl of Shaftesbury. He entered Parliament as Lord 
 Ashley in 1826, and succeeded to the earldom on the death 
 of his father in 1861. He was a promoter of many philan- 
 thropic projects, and was president of (he British and 
 Foreign Bible Society, the Evangelical Alliance, etc. 
 
 Cooper, Charles Henry. Bora at Great Mar- 
 low, Bucks, England, March 20, 1808: died 
 March 21, 1866. An English biographer and 
 antiquary, a lawyer by profession, resident in 
 Cambridge. His chief work is “ Athenae Cantabrigi- 
 
 enses " (1858-61), consisting of biographies of noted per- 
 sons who were educated or incorporated at Cambridge 
 University. 
 
 Cooper, James Fenimore. Born at Burling- 
 ton, N. J., Sept. 15, 1789: died at Cooperstown, 
 N. Y., Sept. 14, 1851. An American novelist. 
 He was the son of William Cooper, who in 1788 founded 
 the settlement of Cooperstown on Otsego Lake, removing 
 thither with his family in 1790. In 1803 he entered Yale 
 College, where he remained three years. He became a 
 midshipman in the navy in 1808, married Susan De Lancey 
 in 1811, and in the same year resigned his commission in 
 the navy. In 1820 he published anonymously a novel, en- 
 titled “Precaution," which attracted some attention. In 
 1821 he published “The Spy,” which met with a success 
 unprecedented in American literature. His chief novels 
 are “ The Spy ” (1821), “ The Pioneers ” (1823), “ The Pilot" 
 (1824), “ The Last of the Mohicans ” (1826), “The Prairie " 
 (1827), “The Pathfinder” (1840), and “The Deerslayer” 
 (1841). 
 
 Cooper, John. Born at Bath before 1810: died 
 at Tunbridge Wells, July 13, 1870. An English 
 actor. 
 
 Cooper, Peter. Born at New York, Feb. 12, 1791: 
 died at New York, April 4, 1883. An American 
 inventor, manufacturer, and philanthropist. 
 He was the son of a hatter, obtained a meager education, 
 and learned the trade of a carriage-maker. He conducted 
 witli success various commercial and industrial enter- 
 prises, including the establishment of the Canton Iron 
 Works at Canton, Maryland, in 1830, whicli resulted in 
 the accumulation of a fortune. In 1876 he was Greenback 
 candidate for President. He is, however, chiefly known 
 as the founderof the Cooper Union (which see), the corner- 
 stone of which was laid in 1854, and which was completed 
 five years later. 
 
 Cooper, Samuel. Born at London, 1609: died 
 there, May 5, 1672. A noted English miniatu- 
 rist, called by Walpole “ Yandyck in little.” 
 He was a pupil of his uncle John Hos kin s. 
 Cooper, Susan Fenimore. Born 1813: died 
 Dec. 31, 1894. An American writer, daughter 
 of J. F. Cooper. 
 
 Cooper, Thomas. Born at Leicester, England, 
 March 20, 1805 : died at Lincoln, July 15, 1892. 
 An English chartist, skeptic, poet, and author. 
 He lectured on political and historical subjects, and in 
 1859 he became a Baptist preacher. He wrote “ The Pur- 
 gatory of Suicides” (1845), his autobiography in 1882, etc. 
 
 Cooper, Thomas Sidney. Born at Canterbury, 
 England, Sept. 26, 1803: died there, Feb. 7, 1902. 
 An English painter of animals and landscapes. 
 Cooper, Thomas Thorn ville. Born at Bish- 
 opwearmouth, England, Sept. 13, 1839: died 
 at Bamo, Burma, April 24, 1878. An English 
 traveler in Australia, India, China, and Tibet. 
 He was murdered by a Sepoy of his guard. 
 Cooper. A river in South Carolina, uniting 
 with the Ashley at Charleston to form Charles- 
 ton harbor. Length, about 40 miles. 
 
 Cooper’s Hill. A poem by Sir John Denham, 
 first published in 1642, and published in its 
 final form in 1665. Pope, who imitated Denham, 
 also wto to in praise of “ Cooper’s Hill ” in his poem 
 “ Windsor Forest. 
 
 Cooperstown (ko'perz-toun or kiip'erz-toun). 
 A village and summer resort in Otsego County, 
 central New York, situated on Otsego Lake 62 
 miles west of Albany. It was founded by the 
 father of J. F. Cooper. Population, 2,484, (1910). 
 Cooper Union. An institution in New York 
 city, founded by Peter Cooper for the instruc- 
 tion of the working-classes of New York, 
 opened in 1859. The plan of education provides for 
 free schools, reading-rooms, lecture-courses, art galleries 
 and collections. Also called Cooper Institute. 
 
 Coorg. See Eurg. 
 
 Coornhert (kdrn'hert), Dirk Volkerszoon. 
 
 Born at Amsterdam, 1522: died at Gouda, 1590. 
 A Dutch author and poet. After 1540 he lived in 
 Haarlem as an engraver and etcher, and became (1561) 
 there notary and (1562) secretary to the city. Against 
 religious freedom, the great question of the day, he wrote a 
 vast number of tracts and pamphlets, many of which have, 
 besides, a political character. In this connection he was 
 in 1567 imprisoned and then banished: several times 
 afterward he was forced to flee. He finally settled in 
 Gouda. His principal prose work, “Zedekunst, dat is Wel- 
 levens Kunst ” (“ Ethics, that is the Art ol W ell Living ”), 
 appeared in 1586. Among his poetical works are “Abra- 
 hams Uytgang ” (“ The Death of Abraham ”), “ Comedie 
 van de Bfinde van Jericho ’’(“Comedy of the Blind Man 
 of Jericho ”). In his prose writings, particularly, he may 
 be said to have established, with Marnix de St. Aldegonde, 
 the literary language of Holland. 
 
 COOS. See Kusan. 
 
 Coosa. See Creelc. 
 
 Coosa (ko'sa). A river in Georgia and Ala- 
 bama, formed by the junction of the Ooste- 
 naula and Etowah at Rome, Georgia, it unites 
 with the Tallapoosa to form the Alabama 8 miieB north 
 of Montgomery. Length, about 350 miles. 
 
 Coosadi. See Koasati. 
 
 Coosliatties. See Koasati. 
 
 Cootanie. See Kitunahan. 
 
 Coote (kot), Sir Eyre. Bom at Ash Hill, County 
 Limerick, Ireland, 1726: died at Madras, April 
 
Coote, Sir Eyre 
 
 278 
 
 26, 1783. A British general, distinguished for Copenhagen, Battle of. A victory gained near 
 his services in India. He went to India in 1754 ; Copenhagen by the British fleet under Nelson 
 was present at the capture of Calcutta in 1756, and (as a over the Danish fleet, April 2, 1801. 
 
 Copernicus (ko-per'ni-kus). [A Latinized form 
 ot Koppernigk, Kopernik .] Born at Thom, Prus- 
 
 tenant-colonel in Jan., 1759. In this year hetook command 
 of the troops in the Madras Presidency, defeated the 
 French under Lally at Wandewash Jan. 22, 1760, and cap- 
 tured Pondicherry Jan., 1761, putting an end to the French 
 power in India. From 1762 till 1769 he resided in Eng- 
 land, returning to India in the latter year as commander- 
 in-chief of the Madras Presidency, an office which he re- 
 signed in 1770, again returning to England. He was 
 appointed commander-in-chief in India in April, and pro- 
 moted lieutenant-general in Aug., 1777. In March, 1779, 
 he assumed command in Calcutta, and on July 1, 1781, 
 at Porto Novo, with a force consisting of 2,000 Europeans 
 and 6,000 Sepoys, defeated Hyder Ali with an army of 
 40,000 men. 
 
 Coote, Sir Eyre. Born 1762 : died about 1824. 
 
 A British soldier, nephew of Sir Eyre Coote 
 the noted general in India. He served as ensign Cophetua (ko-fet'u-a) 
 in the battle of Brooklyn and in other campaigns of the 1 1 ‘ ' ’’ ’’ 
 
 Revolutionary War until the surrender of Yorktown ; be- 
 came major-general and commander of Dover in 1798 ; 
 led an expedition to cut the sluices at Ostend, and was 
 captured by the French, in 1798 ; served in the battle of 
 Bergen in 1799, and in the Egyptian campaign in 1800 ; and 
 
 sia, Feb. 19, 1473: died at Frauenburg, Prus 
 sia, May 24, 1543. The founder of modern 
 astronomy. He was probably of German descent. He 
 entered the University of Cracow in 1491, studied law 
 at Bologna 1495-1500, was appointed canon of the chap- 
 ter of Frauenburg in 1497, lectured on astronomy at 
 Rome in 1500, studied medicine at Padua about 1501, 
 and became doctor decretorum at Ferrara in 1503. The 
 rest of his life was spent chiefly at Frauenburg in the per- 
 formance of his duties as canon and in the practice of 
 medicine. He published in 1543 an exposition of his 
 system of astronomy, which has since received the name 
 of the Copernican, in a treatise entitled “ De orbium coe- 
 lestium revolutionibus." 
 
 In ballad poetry, a 
 legendary African king who wooed and mar- 
 ried Penelophon, a beggar maid. The ballad is 
 preserved in Percy's “Reliques.” It has various titles. 
 Cophetua is alluded to by Shakspere (who calls the girl 
 Zenelophon) and Ben Jonson. Tennyson has also writ- 
 
 was~appointed lieutenant-general and lieutenant-governor _ ten . a short poem on the subject, 
 and commander-in-chief of the island of Jamaica in 1805. vOpiapO (ko-pe-a-po ). the capital of the 
 He was dismissed from the army on a charge of indecent province of Atacama, Chile, in lat. 27° 22' S., 
 conduct. long. 70° 22' W. It is the center of a mining 
 
 Coote, Richard. Born 1636: died at New York, re gi 0 n. Population 10 287 
 March 5, 1701. An English official, created first Copleston (kop'lz-ton),’ Edward. Born at 
 earl of Bellamont, m the peerage of Ireland, oflwell, Devonshire',' England, Feb. 2, 1776: 
 Nov. 2, 1689. He was appointed colonial governor of died near Chepstow, England, Oct. 14, 1849. 
 
 *• prelate «„d antho, appointed pro- 
 
 fessor or poetry at Oxtord m 1802, and bishop 
 
 piracy. He, with others, fitted out the Adventure for Cap- 
 tain Kidd, who was given special powers to arrest pirates. 
 Kidd's own piratical acts led Bellamont to arrest him at 
 Boston, where he had come under a promise of safety, and 
 send him to England for trial. See Kidd. 
 
 Copacabana (kd-pa-ka-Ba'na). A peninsula 
 in the southern part of Lake Titicaca, crossed 
 by the boundary line between Peru and Bolivia. 
 
 of Llandaff and dean of St. Paul’s in 1828. He 
 wrote “ Praalectiones” (1813), “ Enquiry into 
 the Doctrines of Necessity and Predestina- 
 tion ” (1821), etc. 
 
 Copley (kop'li), Sir Godfrey. Died at London 
 If is trapezoidal in form, high and rocky, and j. n ^ arone t, donator of a 
 
 joined to the mainland by a very narrow isth- f, “ T d ot / ld0 . ln tru ? t for he ?°yal Society 
 mils Tfs area mav qo „ ot London for improving natural knowledge.” 
 
 ‘ s - » e f) b square miles. Copaca- The flrst award was mad(J in 1731 the second in 173i 6 In 
 
 m f th f e 1 T’ and . contaln8 J. ulnB 1736 the bequest was converted into a gold medal to be 
 mostly obliterated on the surface. Known m modern times awa rded annually 
 for its chapel with a supposed miraculous painting of the 
 
 Vii gin, visited yearly by thousands of pilgrims. OoplGy, JOllIl oingiGtOIl. Horn at Boston, 
 
 Copdn (ko-pan'). An ancient ruin of ^ss., July 3 1737 : died at London, Sept. 9 
 northwestern Honduras, on the Copdn River 181 f‘ A noted Anglo-American painter ot 
 
 The remains are of unknown antiquity and very extern Plaits and historical pieces. His parents (Rich 
 
 antiquity and very exten- 
 sive, stretching for about two miles along the river. The 
 buildings are of stone, embracing a temple over 600 feet 
 long, with many sculptured figures. The Copiln ruins 
 take their name from a modern town to the east of them. 
 This was an Indian stronghold, and was taken after a fierce 
 struggle by the Spaniards under Hernando de Chaves in 
 1530. 
 
 ard Copley and Mary Singleton) were natives of Ireland 
 of English origin. His birth took place immediately 
 after the arrival of his parents in America. He began, 
 with very little instruction, to paint portraits. While 
 still in Boston he sent works (among them the “Boy 
 with Squirrel ") to the exhibition of the Society of Arts 
 in London, and in 1767 was made a member of that 
 
 Cope. Edward Drinkpr Born at PVn’WlolrA,;.-, society at the suggestion of Benjamin West. In 1774 
 Jul V -s i 84(1- i L , he went to Eur °P e - passing through London to Rome, 
 
 lSQV a’ . Philadelphia, April 12, and visited Germany, the Netherlands, and Paris, return- 
 
 1897. A noted American biologist and paleon- in s t0 London at the end of the year 1775, where he estab- 
 tologist, professor of eeolos’V in the TTn-iwv^+v fished himself. In 1776 he exhibited a conversation or por- 
 of Pennsylvania , bJ . , e miy trait group. In 1777 he was made associate of the Royal 
 
 ences in Haverfnrd* rwuJT*! o^°^ SSOr , of natural sci - Academy, and in 1779 a full member. One of his most 
 became rnlenntnWiot^i 6 '?? 1 8(4-67, and subsequently important works is the “Death of Lord Chatham,” for 
 legist to the Dinted States Geological which he refused 1,500 guineas, and exhibited it privately. 
 
 Born at Boston, 
 in England, Oct. 
 English jurist and 
 statesman, son of J. S. Copley (1737-1815), 
 created Baron Lyndhurst in 1827. He was grad- 
 uated at Cambridge University (Trinity College), became 
 a “ traveling fellow ” of the university, and visited the 
 United States in 1795-96. He rose rapidly at the bar, en- 
 tered Parliament in 1818, became solicitor-general June, 
 1819, was attorney-general 1824-26, and was lord chan- 
 cellor 1827-30, 1834, and 1841-15. 
 
 i, , „ , , 1 America " (1869-70), “ Relation 
 
 of Man to Tertiary Mammalia” (1876), “Origin of the Fit- 
 test, etc. besides numerous elaborate memoirs on the 
 extinct vertebrates of North America, principally of the 
 Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits. 
 
 Copehan (ko-pa/han). [From kapeti, stream or 
 river.] A linguistic stock of North American 
 
 Indians, embracingthe Patwin and Wintu tribes , 
 
 (which see), with their numerous branches, in Copmanhursfc, The Clerk of. Friar Tuck, in 
 California. Its habitat extended from Mount Shasta-*- the Robin Hood stories. 
 
 to Suisun and San Pablo bays, being bounded on the east Connpp (ko-na'l Franonis F.dmiard Tnaphim 
 
 by the Sacramento and lower Pitt river-vallevs. and on A i r ° •’ f 1 g n V 01 S JbClOUarCl doacnim 
 
 (called FranQOis). Born at Pans, Jan. 12, 1842 : 
 died there, May 23, 1908. A French writer. 
 He made his reputation first as a poet. He was made in 
 1878 archiviste of the Comedie Francaise, and was elected 
 to the Academy in 1884. He was made officer of the Legion 
 of Honor in 1888. He published a number of volumes of 
 poems, prose sketches, and romances. Among his plays 
 are“Le passant” (1869), “Faisce que dois " (1871), “ Le 
 luthier de Cremone ” (1877), “ La guerre de cent ans ' (with 
 M. d’Artois, 1878), “ Madame de Maintenon ’’ (1881), “ Lea 
 Jacobites " (1885), “Pour la couronne” (1895). His col- 
 lected plays were published 1873-86. 
 
 ,, . . . , — valleys, and on 
 
 the west by an irregular line extending from San Pablo 
 Bay to Clear Creek, John’s Peak, the coast-range, and the 
 head waters of the Trinity and Klamath rivers. 
 
 Copeland (kop'land), Ralph. Born Sept. 3, 
 1837 : died Oct. 27, 1905. A British astronomer, 
 professor in the University of Edinburgh and 
 astronomer royal to Scotland. 
 
 Copenhagen (ko-pen-ha'gen). [Dan. Ejoben- 
 havn, G. Kopenhagen, F. Copenhague: ‘cheap- 
 haven,’ L_e. ‘ trade-harbor.’ Sir George Stephens 
 
 uses the Eng. form Cheapinghayen.’] The capital Coppee, Henry. Born Oct., 1821 : died March 
 ot Denmark, situated on the island of Zealand 22, 1895. An educator and author. He was 
 and the adjoining island of Amager, on the strait assistant professor of geography, history, and ethics at 
 ot the Sound and the Kn Ivebodstrand, in la t. 55° West Point 1850-55 ; professor of English literature in the 
 41' N., long. 12° 35' E.: the Roman Hafllia University of Pennsylvania 1855-66; president of Lehigh 
 It is the commercial center of Denmark It has a lame University 1866-76, when he exchanged this position for 
 trade in grain, wool, butter, leather, etc., and some manu- He was made a regent of the Smith- 
 
 factures of machinery, porcelain, etc. It contains the | om . ar > InsbtnHon in 1874, and published Elements of 
 Royal Picture-gallery, Christianborg Palace (Royal Libra- Ulenients of Rhetoric (1859) “ Lectures 
 
 ry), the National Theater, the Thorwaldsen Museum the ? n ' Literature , l 187 ?). He also published a “ His- 
 Prinsens Palais (with the Museum of Northern A dinub the P on< l ues ‘ of U>am>.v the Arab-Moors" 11881), 
 
 ties, Ethnographical Museum, etc.), the Vor Fruekirke _ be8ldea various works on military drill, etc. 
 and the University. The city was founded in the 12 tli Copper Captain, The. See Perez, Michael. 
 
 with Frederiksberg, 514,134. 
 
 British 
 
 America which flows into an inlet of the Arctic 
 
 Coquimbo 
 
 Ocean in lat. 67° 40' N., long. 115° 30' W. 
 Length, about 400 miles. 
 
 Copper River (Alaska). See Atna River. 
 Coppet (ko-pa'). A village in the canton of 
 Vaud, Switzerland, situated on Lake Geneva 
 9 miles north of Geneva. It was the residence 
 of Neeker and of Madame de Stael. 
 
 Coptic (kop'tik). [NL. Copticus, ML. Cophti, 
 Copts.] The language of the Copts, descended 
 from the ancient Egyptian (of the Hamitic 
 family of languages), and used in Egypt till 
 within the last two centuries, but now super- 
 seded as a living language by Arabic. The two 
 chief dialects are the Memphitic and Thebaic. It is still 
 the liturgical language of the Coptic (Egyptian Monophy- 
 site) Church, but the lections are read in Arabic as well as 
 Coptic. 
 
 The ancient Egyptian language was nothing but Coptic 
 written in hieroglyphs, or rather Coptic was but the lan- 
 guage of the Pharaohs transcribed in Greek characters. 
 
 Marietta, Outlines, p. 167. 
 
 CoptOS (kop'tos). [Gr. Kottt6c or Ko7tt<j.] In 
 ancient geography, a city of Egypt, situated on 
 the Nile in lat. 26° N. : the modern Kobt or 
 Keft. 
 
 Copts (kopts). [Also written Copht (ML. Cophti, 
 pi.); vernacular Kubt, Ktibti, Ar. Qobt, Kibti. 
 Origin uncertain: variously referred to Gr. 
 AiyvTTToc, Egypt ; or to Gr. Ko-rbf, Korrrcj, mod. 
 Kobt or Keft, an ancient town of Egypt, near 
 Thebes; or to Gr. TaKo/?m/f, Jacobite.] The 
 native Egyptians ; the Egyptian Christians, es- 
 pecially those of the sect of Monophysites. The 
 Copts are descendants of the ancient Egyptians, and for- 
 merly spoke the Coptic language. After the Council of 
 Chalcedon (A, D. 451) the majority of Egyptian Christians 
 separated from the orthodox church, and have ever since 
 had their own succession of patriarchs. Their number is 
 now very small. The Abyssinian or Ethiopia Church is a 
 part of the Coptic communion, and its abuna or metran is 
 always chosen and consecrated by the Coptic patriarch. 
 
 Coquelin (kok-lan'), Benoit Constant. Born 
 at Boulogne-sur-Mer, Jan. 23, 1841: died at 
 Pont aux Dames, Seine-et-Marne, Jan. 27, 1909. 
 A noted French actor. He made his first appearance 
 at the Theatre Framjais in 1860, and became societaire 
 in 1864. His greatest success was in French classic com- 
 edy. He was also celebrated as a reciter of poetry. He 
 published various works in relation to poetry and the 
 dramatic art : “ L’Art et le comedien ” (1880), “ Moliere et 
 le misanthrope ” (1881), “ Les comediens par un comedien ” 
 (1882), “Tartufe" (1884), “L’Art de dire le monologue" 
 (1884 : with his brother), etc. 
 
 Coquelin, Ernest Alexandre Honore. Born 
 at Boulogne-sur-Mer, May 16, 1848 : died at 
 Suresnes, Feb. 8, 1909. A French actor, 
 brother of Benoit Constant Coquelin. He made 
 his debut at the Od6on, but in 1868 joined his brother 
 at the Framjais, and was made societaire in 1879. He 
 played nearly all the comic parts in the older plays, and 
 in modern comedy such parts as Frederic in “L’Ami 
 Fritz,” and Ulrich in “Le sphinx.” He wrote, under the 
 name of Pirouette as well as his own, various monologues 
 or books on the subject of monologues, as “ Le monologue 
 moderne ” (l881), “La vie humoristique " (1883), “Pirou- 
 ette ” (1888), etc. 
 
 Coquelin, Jean. Born Dec. 1, 1865. A French 
 
 actor, son of Bonoit Constant Coquelin. 
 Coquerel (kok-rel'), Athanase Josud. Born 
 at Amsterdam, June 16, 1820: died at Fismes, 
 Marne, France, July 24, 1875. A French Prot- 
 estant clergyman, and theological and histori- 
 cal writer, son of A. L. C. Coquerel. He wrote 
 “Jean Calas et sa famille” (1858), “Libres 
 etudes” (1867), etc. 
 
 Coquerel, Athanase Laurent Charles. Born 
 
 at Paris, Aug. 25, 1795 : died at Paris, Jan. 10, 
 1868. A French Protestant clergyman (in Jer- 
 sey, Amsterdam, Leyden, Utrecht, and Paris) 
 and theological writer. He was a member of the 
 Constituent and Legislative assemblies (1848-49). He 
 wrote “ Biographie sacr6e,” etc. (1825-26), “ Orthodoxie 
 moderne ” (1842), “ Christologie ” (1858), etc. 
 
 Coquerel, Charles Augustin. Born at Paris, 
 April 17, 1797 : died at Paris, Feb. 1, 1851. A 
 French theological writer, brother of A. L. C. 
 Coquerel. He wrote “L’Histoire des bglises 
 du desert, etc.” (1841), etc. 
 
 Coques, or Cocx (kok), Gonzales. Born at 
 Antwerp, 1614 : died at Antwerp, April 18, 1684. 
 A Flemish portrait-painter, noted for his family 
 groups. 
 
 Coquillart (ko-ke-yar'), Guillaume. Born in 
 
 Champagne, France: died about 1490. AFrench 
 poet, author of ‘ ‘ Les droits nouveaux,” in octo- 
 syllabic verse, and other poems. Complete 
 works published 1847. 
 
 Coquimbo (ko-kem'bo). 1. A province of 
 northern Chile, lying between Atacama on the 
 north, Argentine Confederation on the east, 
 Aconcagua on the south, and the Pacific Ocean 
 on the west. Its chief product is copper. 
 Area, 13,457 square miles. Population, 
 
• Coquimbo 
 
 175,021. — 2. The seaport of La Serena (capital 
 of the province of Coquimbo), in lat. 29° 54' S., 
 long. 71° 15' W. Population, 15,996. 
 
 Cor Caroli (kor kar'o-li). [NL., ‘the heart 
 of Charles/] A yellowish star of the third mag- 
 nitude, below and behind the tail of the Great 
 Bear, designated by Flamsteed as 12 Canum 
 Venaticorum, but treated as a constellation on 
 the globe of Senex (London, 1740), and by some 
 other English astronomers. 
 
 Cor Hydrse (kor M'dre). [L.,‘tke heart of 
 Hydra.’] A star of the second magnitude, in 
 the southern constellation Hydra. 
 
 Cor Leonis (kor le-6'nis). [L., ‘ the heart of the 
 lion.’] Another name for Regulus, a star of 
 the first magnitude iu the constellation Leo. 
 Cor Scorpionis (kor skor-pi-6'nis). [L., ‘the 
 heart of the scorpion.’] Another name for An- 
 tares, a star of the first magnitude in the zodi- 
 acal constellation Scorpio. 
 
 Cora (ko'ra). In Sheridan’s “Pizarro,” the wife 
 of Alonzo,’ the commander of Ataliba’s troops. 
 Cora. See Cori. 
 
 Cora (ko'ra). [PL, also Coras.] A division 
 of the Piman stock of North American Indians, 
 embracing the Cora proper and a number of 
 lesser tribes. They inhabit the territory contiguous to 
 the Rio de San Pedro, extending from the Rio Grande de 
 Santiago to lat. 23°, and long. 104° to 100° \V. (except a 
 small area occupied by the Huichola), in the Sierra de 
 Nayarit, Jalisco, Mexico. Although hostile, they are agri- 
 culturists. See Piman. 
 
 Coral Sea (kor'al se). That part of the Pacific 
 Ocean extending from Australia to the New 
 Hebrides. 
 
 Coram (ko'ram), Thomas. Born at Lyme 
 Regis, England, about 1668 : died at London, 
 March 29, 1751. An English philanthropist. 
 He established the hospital for foundlings in 
 London in 1740. 
 
 Corambis (ko-ram'bis). The name of Polonius 
 in the first quarto Hamlet (1603). in the German 
 play (“ Fratricide Punished ”) supposed to be the ground- 
 work of the 1603 quarto, it is spelled Corambus. 
 
 Coranine. See Coree. 
 
 Coray (ko-ra'), Adamantios. Born at Smyrna, 
 April 7, 1748 : died at Paris, April 6, 1833. A 
 noted Greek scholar. He endeavored to bring about 
 the political regeneration of Greece by means of educa- 
 tion ; and with this object in view published excellent 
 editions of the Greek authors, which have been collected 
 in the “BibliothCque helRnique,” 1805-26. 
 Coraz6n(ko-ra-thon'). [Sp., ‘heart.’] Amoun- 
 taiu in the Andes of Ecuador, 15,871 feet high 
 (Whymper). 
 
 The mountain Corazon has received its name from a re- 
 semblance it is supposed to have to a heart. It is a prom- 
 inent object from Machachi, placed almost exactly mid- 
 way between Atacazo and illiniza. 
 
 Whymper, Travels amongst the Great Andes of the 
 
 [Equator, p. 108. 
 
 Corbeil (kor-bay'). A town in the department 
 of Seine-et-Oise, France, situated at the junc- 
 tion of the Essonne and Seine 17 miles south 
 of Paris. It has a large trade. Population, 
 commune, 9,902. 
 
 Corbenic. In the “ Romance of the Graal,” the 
 castle built as a shrine for the Holy Graal by 
 the leper king Galafres after he has been con- 
 verted and christened Alphasan. 
 
 Corbet (kor'bet), Richard. Bom at Elwell, 
 Surrey, 1582: died at Norwich, England, July 
 28, 1635. An English prelate and poet, elected 
 bishop of Oxford in 1624, and translated to the 
 see of Norwich in 1632. He was an intimate friend 
 of Ben Jonson, and was noted for his convivial habits. The 
 first collected edition of His poems was published in 1647 ; 
 some of them were published separately in 1648, under 
 the title “Poetica Stromata.” 
 
 Corbett (kor'bet), Boston. Born at London, 
 1832. The slayer 'of the assassin of Abraham 
 Lincoln. He came to the United States, and took the 
 name of “ Boston" from the city in which he was baptized. 
 He enlisted in the 12th regiment of New York State militia, 
 and later was a sergeant in the 16th New York cavalry. 
 He fired upon John Wilkes Booth at the time of his cap- 
 ture (April 26, 1865), and killed him. He afterward be- 
 came insane, and was confined in an asylum in Kansas. 
 He escaped from the asylum, May 26, 1888, and has not 
 been heard from since that month. 
 
 Corbie (kor-be'). A town in the department 
 of Somme, France, situated on the Somme 10 
 miles east of Amiens. Population, commune, 
 4,424. 
 
 Corbould (kor'bold), Henry. Born at London, 
 Aug. 11, 1787: died at Robertsbridge, Sussex, 
 Dec. 9, 1844. An English landscape- and min- 
 iature-painter and book-illustrator, son of Rich- 
 ard Corbould. 
 
 Corbould, Richard. Born at London, April 
 18, 1757 : died at London, July 26, 1831. An 
 English painter and book-illustrator. 
 
 279 
 
 Corcoran Art Gallery. An art gallery at 
 Washington, District of Columbia, established 
 and endowed by William Wilson Corcoran, it 
 was conveyed to a board of trustees for the benefit of the 
 public in 1869, and contains a collection of bronzes, casts, 
 and statues, and a gallery of paintings. 
 
 Corcyra (kor-si'ra). [Gr. Kepuvpa (Herod. 
 Thuc.), or lidpKvpa (Strabo).] The ancient 
 name for Corfu. 
 
 Cordara (kor-da'ra), Giulio Cesare. Born at 
 Alessandria, Italy, Dec. 17, 1704: died at Ales- 
 sandria, May 6, 1785. An Italian poet, and 
 historiographer of the Jesuits. 
 
 Cordatus (kor-da'tus). A character in Jon- 
 son’s comedy “Every Man out of his Humour” 
 who with Mitis performs the part of a critic with 
 explanation and comment, always present on 
 the scene, but standing aside. 
 
 Corday d’Armont (ct Armans) (kor-da/ dar- 
 mon'), Marie Anne Charlotte (Charlotte 
 Corday). Born at St. Saturnin, Orne, France, 
 July 27, 1768: died at Paris, July 17, 1793. A 
 French heroine. She was of noble birth ; was edu- 
 cated iu a convent at Caen ; and, influenced by the writ- 
 ings of th e philosophes, especially Voltaire and the Abbd 
 Raynai, embraced the principles of the French Revolu- 
 tion. Filled with horror at the excesses of the Reign of 
 Terror, she repaired to Paris July 1, 1793; and July 13, 
 1793, having gained admission to the chamber of Marat, 
 the most bloodthirsty of the Terrorists, stabbed him to 
 death while in his bath. She was tried by the Revolu- 
 tionary tribunal, and was sent to the guillotine. 
 Cordelia (kor-de'lia). [F. CordeUe .] The 
 
 youngest daughter of King Lear in Shakspere’s 
 tragedy of that name. She offends him by the lack 
 of violence in her protestations of love for him, and he 
 disinherits her. When, however, he is ill-treated, mad- 
 dened, and turned out by his elder daughters, to whom 
 he had given everything, she comes with an army to 
 dethrone them, but is taken captive, and is killed in 
 prison. Lear in a last outburst kills the slave who hung 
 her, and dies upon her body. 
 
 Cordes (kord). A small town in the depart- 
 ment of Tarn, France, 15 miles northwest of 
 Albi. It has interesting medieval ramparts 
 and buildings. 
 
 Cordi&re (kor-dyar'), La Belle. [F., ‘ The Beau- 
 tiful Rope-maker.’] A surname of Louise Labe 
 (see Labe), wife of one Perrin, a rope-maker. 
 Cordilleras (kor-dil-ya'riiz). [Sp. Cordillera, 
 a chain or ridge of mountains, formerly also a 
 long, straight, elevated tract of land.] A name 
 applied to various portions of the central 
 mountain systems of America, as the Cordil- 
 leras of Mexico, of Central America, of the 
 United States (Rocky Mountains), and of South 
 America (Andes). It was first given to the ranges of 
 the Andes (“las Cordilleras de los Andes,” the chains of 
 the Andes), then to the continuation of these ranges into 
 Mexico and further north. For convenience, it is now 
 agreed among physical geographers to call the complex 
 of ranges embraced between and including the Rocky 
 Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, and their extension 
 north into British Columbia, the Cordilleras ; those ranges 
 occupying a similar continental position in South America 
 are called simply the Andes. The entire western moun- 
 tain side of the continent of North America is called the 
 CordiUeran region. In its broadest part it has a develop- 
 ment of a thousand miles east and west, and embraces, 
 besides the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra, a large num- 
 ber of subordinate mountain-chains, some of which are 
 little, If at all, inferior to such chains as the Pyrenees in 
 length and elevation. 
 
 In course of time it became apparent that the two 
 “parallel Cordilleras,” which according to geographers 
 are the great feature of the country, do not exist. The 
 axis of the Andes of Ecuador, part of the backbone of 
 South America, runs nearly north and south ; and towards 
 the western edge of the main chain there is a sequence 
 of peaks more or less in a line with each other. On the 
 east of these summits there is a succession of basins, of 
 different dimensions and at various elevations, and the 
 nearest mountains on the eastern side occur at irregular 
 distances. There is no such thing as one great valley In 
 the interior of Ecuador. The mountains Pasochoa and 
 Ruminaliui are the only two whichli q parallel to the others 
 on the western side. The main chain of the Andes was 
 created by upheaval at some remote date, but no one can say 
 when this movement occurred, or whether it was an affair 
 of a year or was spread over thousands of years. All of 
 the Great Andes of the Equator rise out of, or upon and 
 above, the main chain. 
 
 Whymper, Great Andes of the Equator, p. 335. 
 
 Cordoba (kor'do-Bii,). 1. A province in the 
 Argentine Republic, situated about lat. 29° 
 30 -35° S., long. 62°-66° W. Area, 62,160 square 
 miles.. Population, 546,844. — 2. The capital 
 of the above province, situated on the Primero 
 in lat. 31° 24' S., long. 64° 13' 26 // W. (obser- 
 vatory). It is an important commercial center, and 
 the seat of a university and national observatory. Popu- 
 lation, 61,947. 
 
 3. A town in the state of Vera Cruz, Mexico, 
 55 miles west of Vera Cruz. Population, 8,136. 
 Cdrdoba, or Cordova, Francisco Hernandez 
 (or Fernandez) de. Date of birth unknown : 
 died at Santo Espiritu, Cuba, May or June, 
 1517. A Spanish soldier and explorer. He went 
 
 Coree 
 
 to Cuba with Velasquez in 1511, acquired wealth there, 
 and in Feb., 1517, commanded an expedition of 3 ves- 
 sels with 110 men, fitted out as a private speculation. 
 Sailing westward, he discovered Yucatan, followed the 
 coast around to beyond Campeche, and noticed many signs 
 of a higher civilization than had before been found in 
 America. AtChampotan C<5rdoba was severely wounded 
 in a fight with the Indians. He crossed over to Florida, 
 thence returned to Cuba, and died of his wounds shortly 
 after. See Century Atlas, Map 4. 
 
 Cordova (kor'do-va), officially Cordoba (kor'- 
 do-Ba). [F. Cordoue .] 1. The capital of the 
 
 province of Cordova, Spain, situated on the 
 Guadalquivir in lat. 37° 52' N., long. 4° 50' 
 W. : the Punic Karta-tuba, and the Roman 
 Corduba or Patricia. It is famous for its manufac- 
 tures of leather and of silverware. It contains many 
 Moorish antiquities, and is celebrated for its cathedral. 
 (See below.) It was rebuilt after its partial destruction 
 by Caesar, and colonized. It was the birthplace of Seneca, 
 Lucan, and Averroes, and from 756 to 1031 was the capital 
 of the western califate. It was the most famous center 
 of learning and literature in western Europe in the middle 
 ages, and had about 1,000,000 inhabitants. It was taken 
 by Ferdinand III. of Castile in 1236, and was stormed by 
 the French under Dupont in 1808. The cathedral, the old 
 mosque of Abd-er-Rahman I., was begun in the 8th cen- 
 tury, and finished in 1001. In plan it is nearly square, 
 with 18 ranges of columns, many of them antique, sup- 
 porting low horseshoe-arcades, above which a second tier 
 of arches carries the modernized vaulting. The original 
 Moorish mihrab and its successor remain, and present 
 wonderful examples of decoration in sculpture and mosaic. 
 In the middle of the mosque a rich Renaissance choir was 
 built iu 1526, but the interpolation is lost in the vastness 
 of the structure. There are many admirable Moorish 
 doors, and other features, all together making this remark- 
 able building one of the finest existing specimens of Mo- 
 hammedan architecture. The beautiful Court of Oranges, 
 on the north, forms the cloister of the cathedral. Popula- 
 tion, 58,275. 
 
 2. A province in Andalusia, Spain. Area, 
 5,299 square miles. Population, 455,859. — 3. 
 See Cordoba. 
 
 Cordova, Diego Fernandez de. See Fernan- 
 dez de Cordova. 
 
 Cordova, Francisco Hernandez de. Born 
 about 1475: died at Leon, Nicaragua, March, 
 1526. A Spanish soldier and explorer, in 1514 
 he went to the Isthmus of Panama with Pedrarias, and 
 in 1524 was sent by him to take possession of Nicaragua in 
 defiance of the rights of the discoverer, Gil Gonzalez de 
 Avila. Cordova founded Granada, Leon, and other towns, 
 explored the lake, and found its outlet. He sent his lieu- 
 tenant, Hernando de Soto, against Gil Gonzalez in Hon- 
 duras ; but on the arrival of Cortbs in Honduras sought 
 to transfer his allegiance to him, and subsequently tried 
 to set up an independent government. Pedrarias, bear- 
 ing of the defection, came to Nicaragua, seized Cordova, 
 and had him beheaded. 
 
 Cordova, Gonsalvo Hernandez de. Bom at 
 
 Montilla, near Cordova, Spain, March 16, 1453 : 
 died at Granada, Spain, Dec. 2, 1515. A cele- 
 brated Spanish general, surnamed “The Great 
 Captain.” He served with distinction in the wars against 
 Portugal and the Moors, and conducted the negotia- 
 tions which finally resulted in the union of Granada with 
 Castile. In 1495 he expelled the French from Naples, for 
 which service he was created duke of Sant’ Angelo by 
 Ferdinand II. He conquered Ostia for the Pope in 1497, 
 and 1502-03 defended Barietta against the French, whom 
 he defeated at Cerignola and on the Garigliano in 1503. 
 
 Cordova, Jorge. Born at La Paz, 1822: died 
 there, Oc-t. 23, 1861. A Bolivian revolutionist. 
 He was an ignorant soldier who acquired some importance 
 by his marriage with the daughter of President Belzii. 
 The revolutionists who drove out Belzu in 1855 proclaimed 
 Cordova in his place, and he held the position until 1858, 
 when he was deposed by another outbreak. His rule was 
 humane, but he showed little energy. He was shot dur- 
 ing the disorders of 1861. 
 
 Cordova, Pedro de. Born in 1483 : died at 
 Santo Domingo, June 28, 1525. A Spanish Do- 
 minican, vicar of the first colony of his order in 
 Hispaniola in 1510. He and his companions preached 
 against Indian slavery in 1511, and in 1512 Cordova went 
 to Spain to meet the junta which was employed in fram- 
 ing new laws with relation to the services of the Indians. 
 In 1513 he sent a missionary colony to the coast of Vene- 
 zuela, and when the missionaries were killed in 1515, Cor- 
 dova went himself to establish another colony. He was 
 a friend of Las Casas. 
 
 Cordova y Figueroa (kor'do-va e fe-ga-ro'a), 
 Pedro de. Born at Concepcion, 1692: died 
 there, probably after 1770. AChilean historian. 
 He was a soldier, served in Araucania, and was alcalde of 
 Concepcion about 1740. His “ Historiade Chile "includes 
 the conquest and settlement to 1717, and was the most 
 complete history of the country up to its date. The 
 manuscript was preserved at Madrid, and it was first pub- 
 lished from a copy in the “Coleccion de Historiadores de 
 Chile.” 
 
 Corea. See Korea. 
 
 Coreal (ko-ra-al'), Francisco. The name ap- 
 pended to the “Voyage aux Indes Occidentales,” 
 published in Paris 1727. The author claimed to 
 have been born in Cartagena in 1648, and to have traveled 
 over nearly all of Spanish and Portuguese America. The 
 work is generally believed to be fictitious. 
 
 Coree (k5're). A tribe of North American In- 
 dians formerly occupying the peninsula south 
 of the Neuse River, North Carolina. The name 
 
Coree 
 
 probably means ‘they are separate.' They joined in the 
 outbreak of 1711, and the survivors were settled in Hyde 
 County, North Carolina, until they became extinct. Also 
 ★called Coranine. See Iroquoian. 
 
 Corelli (ko-rel'i), Marie. Born in England in 
 1864. A British novelist. She is of Italian and 
 Scotch parentage, and' was adopted in her infancy by 
 Charles Mackay, the poet. She has written “A Romance 
 of Two Worlds" (1886), “Thelma" (1887), “Ardath” 
 (1889), “Barabbas" (1893), “The Mighty Atom" (1896). 
 “The Master Christian" (1900), “Temporal Power” (1902), 
 “God’s Good Man” (1904), etc. 
 
 Corentyn (ko-ren-tin'). [ Corantijn of the Dutch 
 colonists.] A river of South America which 
 separates British and Dutch Guiana, it flows 
 into the Atlantic Ocean in lat. 6° N., long. 57° W. Length, 
 400 miles ; navigable 150 miles. 
 
 Corfe Castle (korf kas'l). A town in Dorset, 
 England, 18 miles east of Dorchester, it was 
 the scene of the murder of Edward the Martyr in 978. 
 Corfinium(k6r-fln / i-um). In ancient geography, 
 a town in central Italy, near the modern Sol- 
 mona. It was the capital of the Peligni, and of the con- 
 federates in the Social War (90-88 B. c.). 
 
 Corfu (kor-fo'). 1. A nomarchy of Greece, 
 comprising Corfu, Paxo, etc. Area, 288 
 square miles. Population, 99,571. — 2 . 
 The northernmost and largest of the Ionian 
 Islands, situated west of Albania: the ancient 
 Corcyra or Kerkyra. Its surface is mountainous, 
 and its principal exports are olives and wine. Length, 
 40 miles. Greatest breadth, 20 miles. 
 
 3 . A seaport, capital of Corfu, on the eastern 
 coast in lat. 39° 37' N., long. 19° 56' E. : the 
 ancient Corcyra or Kerkyra. It has steam commu- 
 nication with Mediterranean ports. Corfu was colonized 
 by Corinth in 734 B. C. It defeated Corinth, in the first 
 recorded naval battle, in 665 B. c. ; was an ally of Athens 
 in the Peloponnesian war; was conquered by Rome in 
 229 B. C., and came under Venetian rule in 1386. The 
 island formed part of the Ionian Republic from 1815 to 
 1864. The town was defended by the Venetians against 
 the Turks in 1716. Population, commune, 29,032. 
 
 Cori (ko're). A town in the province of Rome, 
 Italy, situated 30 miles southeast of Rome : the 
 ancient Cora. It contains many Roman antiquities, 
 including Corinthian columns, fragments of walls, and a 
 temple of Hercules, so called, a Roman-Doric structure 
 of the time of Sulla, of unusual grace and artistic feeling. 
 The entire prostyle portico (prostasis) of 4 by 3 columns 
 remains, with its entablature and low pediment. The 
 shafts, with 20 flutes, have a height of 7 diameters with- 
 out base or capital ; triglyphs occupy the angles of the 
 frieze, in Greek fashion. The doorway of the cella is 
 richly framed and ornamented. 
 
 Corin (ko'rin). A shepherd in Shakspere’s 
 comedy “As you Like it.” 
 
 Corineu3. See Gogmagog. 
 
 Corinium (ko-rin'i-um). An important town 
 in ancient Britain : the modern Cirencester. 
 Corinna (ko-rin'a). [Gr. Kdptwa .] Born at 
 Tanagra, Bceotia, Greece : lived in the first part 
 of the 5th century B. C. A Greek lyric poet, 
 sometimes called a Theban from her long resi- 
 dence in Thebes. She was a contemporary and in- 
 structor of Pindar, from whom she is said to have won 
 the prize five times at the public games. A few frag- 
 ments of her poems have been preserved. “There were 
 three of the name of Corinna, all skilled in letters. One 
 was of Thebes, one of Thespis, and the third of Corinth. 
 The last lived at the time, and is supposed to have been 
 the favourite, of Ovid ; but the most famous was she who, 
 in a trial of poetry, conquered the great poet Pindar. Her 
 glory seems to have been fully established by the public 
 memorial of her picture exhibited in her native city, and 
 adorned with a symbol of her victory. Pausanias, who 
 saw it, supposes her to have been one of the handsomest 
 women of her age. Time has left us only a few scraps 
 of Corinna's poetry." Orlando Furioso, bk. xx., note. 
 Corinna. A name given by Dryden to Mrs. 
 Thomas with whom he had a correspondence. 
 She fell into distress and became one of Curll’s 
 authors, furnishing him with a fictitious ac- 
 count of Dryden’s funeral. 
 
 Corinne OU i’ltalie (ko-ren' 6 le-ta-le'). [F., 
 
 ‘ Corinne or Italy.’] A novel by Madame de 
 Stael, published in 1807. 
 
 Corinth (kor'inth). [Gr. K dpivdoq, L. Corin- 
 thus . ] A city of Greece, situated near the 
 Isthmus and Gulf of Corinth in lat. 37° 54' N., 
 long. 22° 52' E. : the modern Gortho. it was 
 
 originally called Ephyre (E^iipij), and was noted in ancient 
 times as a center of commerce, literature, and art. It 
 was founded about 1350 B. C. ; was conquered by the Dori- 
 ans in the 11th century ; colonized Corcyra anil Syracuse 
 in 731 ; prospered under the tyrant Periander about 600 ; 
 sided with Sparta in the Peloponnesian war against 
 Athens, and later (395-387) engaged in the “Corinthian 
 war” against Sparta ; was defeated by Sparta in 394 ; was 
 held by the Macedonians until 243, when it joined the 
 Achaean League, of which it was the capital; was captured, 
 sacked, and burned by the Romans, under Mummius, in 
 146 ; and was rebuilt by Julius Caesar in 46 B. c. In modern 
 times it has been taken and retaken by Turks and Vene- 
 tians, was destroyed by an earthquake in 1858, and was 
 rebuilt on a site 3 miles distant (New Corinth). Popula- 
 tion, commune, 14,867. 
 
 Corinth. A city in northeastern Mississip- 
 pi, 90 miles east by south of Memphis, it was 
 
 280 
 
 an important strategic point in the Civil War, and was be- 
 sieged by the Federals under Halleck May, 1862, and 
 evacuated by the Confederates under Beauregard May 29. 
 Here, Oct. 3, 4, the Federals (over 20,000) under Rosecrans 
 defeated the Confederates (28.000) under Van Dorn and 
 Price. Reported loss of the Federals, 2,520 ; of the Con- 
 federates, 4,838. Population, 5,020, (1910). 
 
 Corinth, Gulf of. See Lepanto, Gulf of. 
 
 Corinth, Isthmus of. An isthmus which 
 connects the Morea with central Greece. 
 It is now pierced by a canal. Width, 4-8 
 miles. 
 
 Corinthia (ko-rin'thi-a). In ancient geogra- 
 phy, a division of Greece, lying between the 
 Gulf of Corinth on the north, Megaris on the 
 northeast, the Saronic Gulf on the east, Argo- 
 lis on the south, and Argolis and Sieyonia on 
 the west. 
 
 Corinthians (ko-rin'thi-anz), First and Second 
 Epistles to the. Epistles of Paul, of which 
 the first was composed at Ephesus in the spring 
 of 57, and the second at some place in Mace- 
 donia in the summer or autumn of the same 
 year. 
 
 Coriolanus (ko // ri-o-la'nus), the surname of 
 Cnaeus (less correctly Caius) Marcius. Lived 
 in the first half of the 5th century B. C. A 
 Roman legendary hero, represented as the 
 champion of the patricians, and afterward as 
 leader of the V olscians against Rome. He was 
 the conqueror of the Yolscian Corioli (whence 
 his surname). 
 
 Coriolanus. 1 . A tragedy by Shakspere, pro- 
 duced probably in 1608, and founded on North’s 
 “Plutarch.” In the play the mother of Caius (Cnaeus) 
 Marcius Coriolanus is Volumnia, not Veturia, and his wife 
 is Virgilia, not Volumnia as in the original. John Dennis 
 produced a play in 1705 founded on “Coriolanus,” which 
 he called “The Invader of his Country, or the Fatal Re- 
 sentment. ” 
 
 2. A tragedy by James Thomson, left in man- 
 uscript by him, brought upon the stage by Sir 
 George Littleton. It was published in 1748 or 
 1749. 
 
 Corioli (ko-ri'o-11). In ancient geography, a 
 city of Latium, Italy. It gave name to Coriolanus, 
 by whom it was conquered 493 (?) B. C. Its exact site is 
 unknown, but is probably at Monte-Giove, near Ariccia. 
 
 Corisca. In Guarini’s “ Pastor Fido,” a woman 
 ruined by town life, contrasted with the Arca- 
 dian maidens. 
 
 Ooritavi (ko-ri-ta'vi), or Coritani (ko-ri-ta'- 
 ni). An ancient British tribe which occupied 
 territory that included the modern Lincoln 
 and Leicester. 
 
 Strabo also, speaking of the Coritavi, a British tribe in 
 Lincolnshire, after mentioning their yellow hair, says, 
 “to show how tall they are, I saw myself some of their 
 young men at Rome, and they were taller by six inches 
 than any one else in the city.” I. Taylor, Aryans, p. 76. 
 
 Cork (kork). 1. The southernmost county of 
 Munster, Ireland. It lies between Limerick on the 
 north, Tipperary on the northeast, Waterford on the east, 
 the Atlantic Ocean on the south, and Kerry on the west. 
 It is the largest county of Ireland, having an area of 2,890 
 square miles. Population (incl. co. borough), 404,611. 
 
 2. A city, capital of the above county, situated 
 on the Lee, near its mouth, in lat. 51° 54' N., 
 long. 8° 28' W. Its lower port is Queenstown. It is 
 the third city in Ireland, exports butter, live stock, provi- 
 sions, leather, etc., and is the seat of Queen’s (now Uni- 
 versity) College. It was founded about 600; was fortified 
 by the Danes ; was surrendered by its king to Henry II. in 
 1172; and was besieged and taken by Cromwell in 1649, 
 and by Marlborough in 1690. Population, 76,122. 
 
 Cork, Earls of. See Boyle. 
 
 Corleone (kor-la-6'ne). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Palermo, Sicily, 21 miles south of Pa- 
 lermo. Population, commune, 14,803. 
 
 Corliss (kor'lis), George Henry. Bom at Eas- 
 ton, N. Y., July 2, 1817 : died at Providence, 
 R. I., Feb. 21, 1888. An American inventor and 
 manufacturer, noted as a designer of steam- 
 engines. He first patented improvements in 
 engines in 1849. 
 
 Cormac (kor'mak). Born 836 : died 908. A 
 king of Cashel, Ireland, who reigned 900-908. 
 
 He perished in a battle on the site of the present Bally- 
 moon, in the latter year. A glossary of Irish words called 
 “ Sanas Chormaic,” “ the most venerable monument of the 
 literature of Munster and the earliest Irish dictionary," 
 is attributed to him. 
 
 The oldest extant fragment of the glossary is in the 
 “Book of Leinster,” a manuscript of about A. D. 1200, and 
 the oldest complete manuscript (Royal Irish Academy, 
 H. and S. No. 224, s. 3167) is of the 15th century. Some 
 Irish writers state that the glossary was part of a large 
 work known as “Saltair Chaisil.” This has been gener- 
 ally attributed to Cormac, but there are no safe grounds 
 for believing it to be his, or indeed for regarding it as 
 anything but an ancient collection of transcripts such as 
 the existing “ Lebor na Huidri. ” The “Sanas Chormaic ” 
 was first printed by Whitley Stokes in 1862. 
 
 Die. Nat. Biog., XII. 221. 
 
 Cormac Mac Art. Died 260. A kiug of Ire- 
 
 Cornelius 
 
 land 218-254, grandson of Conn of the Hun- 
 dred Battles. 
 
 Cormenin (kor-me-nan'), Vicomte de (Louis 
 Marie de la Haye). Born at Paris, Jan. 6, 
 1788: died at Paris, May 6, 1868. A noted French 
 jurist and political writer. He was the author of 
 numerous books and pamphlets, including “ Questions de 
 droit administratif ” (1822), “Etudes sur les orateurs par- 
 lementaires ” (1838), etc. 
 
 Cormontaigne (kor-mon-tahy), Louis de. Born 
 1695 : died in Lorraine, Oct. 20, 1752. A French 
 military engineer. His works were published 
 1806-09. 
 
 Cornaro(kor-na'ro), Caterina. Born at Venice, 
 1454: died at Venice, July 5,1510. Queen of 
 Cyprus. She married in 1472 James of Lusignan, king 
 of Cyprus, on whose death in 1473 she succeeded to the 
 throne. She abdicated in favor of the Republic of Venice 
 in 1489. 
 
 Cornaro, Caterina, at Venice. A sumptuous 
 painting by Hans Makart, in the National Gal- 
 lery at Berlin. The Queen of Cyprus, enthroned, re- 
 ceives the homage of Venetian patricians. There is evi- 
 dent aim to reproduce Titian’s grouping and splendor of 
 color. 
 
 Cornbury, Viscount. See Hyde. 
 
 Corneille (kor-nay'), Pierre. Born at Rouen, 
 June 6, 1606: died at Paris, Sept. 30, 1684. Acele- 
 bratedFrenchdramatist. Hewasgraduatedwithhigh 
 honors from the Jesuit College of his native city, studied 
 law, and was admitted to the bar June 18, 1624. His first 
 comedy, “ Mfclite," was intrusted to a comedian who put it 
 on the stage between 1628 and 1630, and scored a marked 
 success. Corneille immediately wrote a second play, “ Cli- 
 tandre,” this time a tragicomedy of most extravagant and 
 absurd nature, produced about 1631 or 1632. Thereupon he 
 made a return to pure comedy with “La veuve" (1633), “La 
 galerie du palais" (1633), “La suivante” (1634), “ La place 
 royale ” (1634), and “L'Hlusion comique” (1636). This 
 series was interrupted by the tragedy ‘ ‘ llddde ” (1635), bar- 
 ring which Corneille passes at once from simple comedy 
 to sublime tragedy. “Le Cid,” appearing toward the close 
 of 1636 or the beginning of 1637, marks a new era in the 
 history of the French stage. This masteipiece failed, nev- 
 ertheless, to secure universal recognition, and was the 
 cause of the famous “ querelle du Cid ” raised by the French 
 Academy. The year 1640 witnessed the production of two 
 new tragedies, “Hprace”and “Cinna.” “ Poly eucte,” fre- 
 quently looked upon as Corneille’s greatest work, was 
 produced in 1642. “La mort de Pompee ” and Corneille's 
 finest comedy, “Le menteur, ’’ appeared in 1642,“ Theodore ” 
 and “La suite du menteur” in 1645, and “Rodogune" in 
 1646. Corneille issued “ H6raclius ’’ in 1647, “ Andromtde " 
 and “Don Sanche d’Aragon ” in 1650, “ Nicomide ” in 1651, 
 and “ Pertharite ” in 1653. This last play was not a success, 
 and Corneille ceased to write for the stage for six or seven 
 years, concentrating his energies on rendering “L’lmi- 
 tation de Jesus-Christ ” into verse (1661-66). In 1659 he 
 was induced to return to the old work, and brought out 
 “(Edipe,” “ La toison d’or,” and “Sertorius” (1662), “So- 
 phonisbe ” (1663), and “ Othon ” (1664). His works during 
 the latter part of his life deserve mention simply for the 
 name of their author: they are “Agdsilas” (1666), “At- 
 tila " (1667), “ Tite et Berenice ” (1670), “ Pulcherie ’'(1672), 
 and “Surdna” (1674). Corneille ranks with Descartes as 
 the first to free the French language and thought from the 
 restrictions due to Greek and Latin influences. 
 Corneille, Thomas. Born at Rouen, Aug. 20, 
 1625: iliedatLes Andelys,Dec.8,1709. AFrench 
 dramatist and miscellaneous writer, younger 
 brother of Pierre Corneille. His plays (which num- 
 ber over40) include “Ariane” (1672), “Lefestinde Pierre" 
 (1673), “Le comte d’Essex" (1678), etc. 
 
 Cornelia (kor-ne'lia). [L., fem. of Cornelius; 
 It. Cornelia, F. Cornelie, G. Cornelia .] Lived 
 in the 2d century B. C. A Roman matron, 
 daughter of the elder Scipio Africanus, wife 
 of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, and mother 
 of the tribunes Tiberius and Caius Gracchus: 
 celebrated for her accomplishments and vir- 
 tues. 
 
 Cornelia gens (kor-ne'li-ji, jenz). A celebrated 
 patrician and plebeian clan or house in an- 
 cient Rome. The patrician family names previous 
 to the empire were Arvina, Blasio, Cethegus, Cinna, Cos- 
 sus, Dolabella, Lentulus, Maluginensis, Mammilla, Meren- 
 da, Merula, Rufinus, Scapula, Scipio, Sisenna, and Sulla. 
 The plebeian family names were Balbus and Gall us. 
 
 Cornelian Laws, L. Leges Cornelia (le'jez 
 kor-ne'li-e). The body of laws introduced at 
 Rome by the dictator L. Cornelius Sulla about 
 80 b. c.,’ with a view to restoring the aristo- 
 cratic form of government, whose integrity had 
 been destroyed by the democratic legislation 
 of the Gracchi and of Marius. 
 
 Cornelius (kor-ne'lius). [L. ; It. Sp.I’g. CorneUo, 
 F. Cornelius, G. Cornelius .] A Roman centurion, 
 stationed at Cmsarea, whom Peter, in conse- 
 quence of a special revelation, received into 
 the communion of the Christian church direct- 
 ly by baptism, without circumcision (Acts x.). 
 Cornelius. Born at Rome : died at Civita 
 Vecehia, 253. Elected bishop in March, 251, to 
 succeed Fabianus. The Novatians having refused to 
 recognize his election, and having chosen their leader No- 
 vatianus in his stead, Cornelius convened a councU at 
 Rome in 25], which confirmed his election. He was ban- 
 ished by the emperor Callus to Civith Vecchia, where, 
 according to some (late) accounts, he suffered martyrdom. 
 
Cornelius 
 
 Cornelius. 1. A courtier in Shakspere’s tra- 
 gedy “Hamlet.” — 2. A physician in Shak- 
 spere’s play “ Cymbeline.” — 3. The friend of 
 Faustus in Marlowe’s play “Dr. Faustus.” 
 Cornelius (kor-na'le-os), Karl Adolf. Born at 
 Wurzburg, Bavaria, March 12, 1819: died at 
 Munich, Feb. 10, 1903. A German historian. 
 
 He became professor of history in the University of Bonn 
 in 1854, and in the University of Munich in 1850. His 
 works include “ Geschichte des miinsterischen Aufruhrs " 
 (1855-60), “Kurfurst Moritz von Sachsen gegeniiber der 
 Fiirstenverschworung im Jahre 1550-51 " (1807), etc. 
 
 Cornelius Nepos. See Nepos. 
 
 Cornelius, Peter von. Born at Diisseldorf, 
 Prussia, Sept. 23, 1783 : died at Berlin, March 
 
 6, 1867. A German painter, leader of the new 
 school of German art. He worked in Rome 1811-19, 
 and In the latter year took charge of the academy at 
 Diisseldorf. From 1825—41 he labored chiefly at Munich, 
 and after 1841 at Berlin. His chief works are frescos in the 
 Glyptothek and Ludwigs irche in Munich, and cartoons 
 for the Campo Santo in Berlin. 
 
 Cornell (k6r-nel') ; Ezra. Born at Westchester 
 Landing, N. Y., Jan. 11, 1807 : died at Ithaca, 
 N. Y., Dec. 9, 1874. An American philanthro- 
 pist. He followed the occupation of mechanic and 
 miller at Ithaca, N. Y., 1S28-41, and subsequently amassed 
 a fortune, chiefly as a contractor for the erection of tele- 
 graph lines. He was a member of the State Assembly in 
 1862 and 1863, and was a member of the State Senate 18G4- 
 
 1867. He is chiefly known as the founder of Cornell Uni- 
 versity (which see). 
 
 Cornell University. An institution of learn- 
 ing situated at Ithaca, N. Y. Its curriculum com- 
 prises courses in arts, literature, philosophy, science, agri- 
 culture, civil and mechanical engineering, history, political 
 science, etc., and extended graduate courses. It was 
 founded by Ezra ComeU (see above), and was opened in 
 
 1868. Its library contains about 380,000 volumes. 
 
 Cornelys (kor-na'lis), Theresa. Born at Venice 
 in 1723 : died in the Fleet Prison, Aug. 19, 1797. 
 A noted manager of public assemblies in Car- 
 lisle House, London. At one time she had the di- 
 rection of all the theaters in the Austrian Netherlands. 
 Besides the management of balls, concerts, and masquer- 
 ades, she also sang. She fell into obscurity after a noto- 
 rious life, and under the name of Mrs. Smith sold ass's 
 milk at Knightsbridge for some time before her death. 
 Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Corneto (kor-na'to), or Corneto-Tarquinia. 
 
 A town in the province of Rome, Italy, 44 
 miles northwest of Rome. It contains a castle, 
 palace, and many Etruscan and Roman antiquities. Re- 
 markable Etruscan tombs and the site of the old city of 
 Tarquinii are in the vicinity. It is the seat of a bishop. 
 Population, town, 5,440 ; commune, 7,219. 
 
 Cornhert, Dirk. See Coornhert. 
 
 Cornhill (korn'hil). One of the principal Lon- 
 don streets, once a corn-market. “ The two great 
 ornaments of mediaeval Cornhill were the Tun, a round- 
 house or temporary prison, and the Standard, a water 
 conduit, and point of measurement" (the latter was in 
 use in the second year of Henry V.). 
 
 Comiani (kor-ne-a'ne), Count Giovanni Bat- 
 tista. Born at Orzi-Nuovi, near Brescia, 
 Italy, Feb. 28, 1742: died at Orzi-Nuovi, Nov. 
 
 7, 1813. An Italian literary historian and 
 poet. His chief work is “ I secoli della lettera- 
 tura italiana” (1804—13). 
 
 Corniche (kor-nesh'), La, It. Cornice (kor- 
 ne'che). [‘The cornice.’] A celebrated coast- 
 road along the Riviera of France and Italy from 
 Nice to Genoa. 
 
 Cornimont (kor-ne-moh'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Vosges, France, 22 miles south- 
 east of Epinal. Population, commune, 
 5,463. 
 
 Corning (kor'ning). A city in Steuben County, 
 New York, situated on the Chemung River 
 13 miles west of Elmira. Population, 13,730, 
 (1910). 
 
 Corn-Law Rhymer. Ebenezer Elliott, author 
 of “ Corn-Law Rhymes.” 
 
 Corn-Laws, The. In English history, a series 
 of laws, extending from 1436 to 1842, regulating 
 the home and foreign grain-trade of England. 
 Until the repeal of the corn-laws, the grain-trade, both 
 export and import, was the subject of elaborate and 
 varying legislation, which consisted in levying protective 
 or prohibitory duties, or in imposing restrictive conditions, 
 or in granting government bounties for the encourage- 
 ment of exportation. After a prolonged agitation for the 
 repeal of the corn-laws by the Anti-Corn-Law League (or- 
 ganized in 1839), Parliament in 1846, under the ministry 
 of Sir Robert Peel, passed an act for a large immediate 
 reduction of the duty on imported grain, and providing 
 for a merely nominal duty after 1849, which was subse- 
 quently entirely removed. 
 
 Corno, Monte. See Gran Sasso d’ltalia. 
 Oornouaille (kor-no-ay'). A part of Brittany, 
 France, in the vicinity of Quimper. 
 
 Cornu (kor-nii'), Sebastien Melchior. Bom 
 at Lyons, France, 1804: died at Longpont, 
 Seine-et-Oise, France, Oct., 1870. A French 
 
 d iainter, a pupil of Ingres, 
 omutus (kor-nu'tus), or Phurnutus, Lucius 
 
 281 
 
 Annseus. Born at Leptis, Libya : died after 68 
 A. d. A Roman Stoic philosopher, and com- 
 mentator on Aristotle. 
 
 Cornwall (korn'wal). [ME. Cornwale, Corn- 
 wayle, AS. Cornwealas, Cornwall, prop, the 
 name of its inhabitants, from Corn-, repr. a 
 Celtic name, and wealas, foreigners, i. e. Celts 
 (hence Wales).] 1. The southwestern county 
 of England, lying between Devonshire on the 
 east and the Atlantic on the north, west, and 
 south. Its chief industries are mining (tin, copper, 
 china-clay) and fishing (principally for pilchards). It con- 
 tains many antiquities. It was conquered from the Brit- 
 ons by the West Saxons from the 8th to the 10th century, 
 and was made a duchy and appanage of the princes of W ales 
 in 1337. In early times it was called West Wales. Area, 
 including the Scilly Islands (ad. co.), 1,357 square miles. 
 Population (parL co.), 322,334. 
 
 2. A port of entry in Ontario, Canada, situated 
 on the St. Lawrence, opposite the frontier of 
 New York, about lat. 45° N. Pop., 6,598, (1911). 
 
 Cornwall. The husband of Regan in Shak- 
 spere’s tragedy “King Lear”: a “gloomy, la- 
 conic, and powerful ” man, inflexible in his de- 
 cisions. 
 
 Cornwall, Barry. See Procter, Bryan Waller. 
 
 Cornwall, Earl of. See Plantagenet. 
 Cornwallis (korn-wol'is), Caroline Frances. 
 
 Born in 1786: died at Lidwells, in Kent, Jan. 
 8, 1858. An English writer, daughter of Wil- 
 liam Cornwallis, rector of Wittersham and El- 
 ham in Kent. She wrote “Philosophical Theories and 
 Philosophical Experience, by a Pariah" (1842), and other 
 works in the series entitled “Small Books on Great Sub- 
 jects.” Her “Letters” were published in 1804. 
 
 Cornwallis, Charles. Born at London, Dec. 
 31, 1738 : died at Ghazipfur, British India, Oct. 
 5, 1805. An English soldier and statesman, the 
 second Earl Cornwallis, created Marquis Corn- 
 wallis Aug. 15, 1792. He entered the army in 1756 ; 
 took part in the battles of Minden, Vellinghausen, Wil- 
 helmstadt, and others (1758-62) ; was elected member of 
 Parliament in Jan., 1760, and entered the House of Lords in 
 June, 1763, where he acted with the Whigs ; and was chief 
 justice in eyre south of the Trent 1766-69. In 1775 he was 
 promoted major-general, and in Feb., 1776, was sent with 
 seven regiments to reinforce the English army in America. 
 He joined Sir William Howe at Halifax, and served under 
 him in the campaign on Long Island and about New York. 
 In Sept., 1777, he gained the battle of Brandywine and 
 occupied Philadelphia, and in April, 1778, was promoted 
 lieutenant-general and appointed second in command to 
 Sir Henry Clinton, then commander-in-chief in America. 
 At Camden, Aug. 16, 1780, he defeated General Gates ; won 
 the battle of Guilford Court House March 15, 1781; and 
 surrendered to Washington at Yorktown Oct. 19, 1781. He 
 was appointed governor-general of India and Commander- 
 in-chief in Feb., 1786; waged successful war with Tippu 
 Saib 1791-92 ; and resigned his offices in 1793 and returned 
 to England. In 1795 he was appointed master-general of 
 the ordnance, with a seat in the cabinet ; and was viceroy 
 and commander-in-chief in Ireland from May, 1798, till his 
 resignation, Feb., 1801, suppressing the rebellion of the 
 former year. The treaty of Amiens was negotiated by him 
 in 1802, and in 1805 he again went to India as governor- 
 general and commander-in-chief. 
 
 Cornwall-on-the-Hudson (korn'wal -on- tiio- 
 kud'son). A town and summer resort in Or- 
 ange County, New York, situated on the Hud- 
 son north of West Point. 
 
 Coro, or Santa Ana de Coro (san'ta an'ya da 
 ko'ro). The capital of tho state of Falcon, 
 Venezuela, situated near the Bay of Coro in 
 lat. 11° 27' N., long. 69° 48' W. It was founded 
 in 1527, and until 1578 was the capital of the 
 province of Venezuela. Population, about 
 9,000. 
 
 Coroados (ko-ro-a'dijs). The name given to sev- 
 eral different Indian hordes in Brazil. ( a ) A wan- 
 dering tribe in western Sao Paulo, Paranh, and Rio Grande 
 do Sul. They were formerly numerous and powerful, but 
 are now reduced to a few thousands. Until very recently 
 they have kept up a predatory war with the whites. The 
 name in this case is Portuguese, meaning ‘tonsured,’ and 
 refers to their custom of removing the hair from the top 
 of the head, leaving a ring around the crown. (6) A tribe 
 of Matto Grosso, living mainly on the Upper Sao Louren^o 
 River. They are probably the remains of the powerful 
 tribe known in the 18th century as Corods or Acrods, the 
 name having been corrupted to its present form. These 
 Indians, now reduced to a few hundreds, have fixed vil- 
 lages and practise agriculture. They have frequently 
 raided the settlements of Matto Grosso, but in 1887 made 
 peace with the whites, (c) A horde on the Parahyba 
 River, allied to the Puris. 
 
 Coromandel Coast (kor-o-man'del kost). A 
 name formerly applied to that part of the 
 eastern seaboard of the Indian peninsula which 
 lies between Calimere Point (lat. 10° 17' N.) 
 and the mouths of the Krishna (15° 45' N.). 
 Corombona (ko-rom-bo'na), Vittoria. The 
 “white devil” in Webster’s tragedy of that 
 name. Having fascinated the Duke of Bracchiano, she 
 renounces everything for pleasure. At her instigation he 
 procures the deaths of her husband and the duchess. 
 She is brought before the Tribunal and arraigned for these 
 murders, but her guilt is not proved, ahd she retires to 
 a house of Convertites from which Bracchiano secretly 
 
 Corpus Christi College 
 
 takes her and marries her. He is shortly poisoned by the 
 emissaries of the Great Duke, and she is stabbed by her 
 brother Flamineo in revenge for Bracchiano s failure to 
 advance him, he having instigated his sister to her course 
 of conduct to that end. The trial scene is one of great 
 power. “Step by step, like a soldier brought to bay with 
 his back against a wall, she defends herself, refuting and 
 defying advocates and judges, incapable of blenching or 
 quailing, clear in mind, ready in word, amid insults and 
 proofs, even menaced with death on the scaffold.” Taine, 
 English Literature, I. 286. 
 
 Corona (ko-ro'na), De. [L., ‘on the crown’; 
 Gr. irepl 2.Tf<pavov.] An oration by Demosthe- 
 nes, delivered 330 B. C. See Demosthenes. 
 Corona Australis (ko-ro'na as-tra'lis). [L., 
 ‘the southern crown.’] An ancient southern 
 constellation, about the knee of Sagittarius, 
 represented by a garland. 
 
 Corona Borealis (ko-ro'na bo-re-a'lis). [L., 
 
 ‘ the northern crown.’] An ancient northern 
 constellation, between Hercules and Bootes, 
 represented by a garland and two streamers. 
 Coronado (ko-ro-na/THo), Carolina. Born at 
 Almendralejo, Badajoz, Spain, 1823. A Span- 
 ish poet and novelist. She married Horatio 
 J. Perry, an American, about 1840. 
 
 Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de. Bom at 
 Salamanca about 1500: died in Mexico after 
 1542. A Spanish soldier. Probably he went to 
 Mexico in 1535 with the viceroy Mendoza, who in 1539 ap- 
 pointed him governor of Nueva Galicia. In 1540 he headed 
 an expedition to the north in search of Cibola and the 
 Seven Cities, crossing what is now New Mexico and part 
 of Texas, and almost reaching the Missouri. He returned 
 with a remnant of his force. See Century Atlas, Map 4. 
 
 Coronado, Juan Vasquez de. Bom at Sala- 
 manca about 1525: drowned at sea, Oct., 1565. 
 A Spanish administrator. He went to Guatemala 
 in 1550 ; was made alcalde mayor of San Salvador and 
 Honduras and, later, of Nicaragua, aDd in 1562 was ap- 
 pointed to the same office in Costa Rica. He explored 
 the whole country, and founded Cartago in 1563. In 1564 
 he went to Spain, where, in recognition of his work, he 
 was named hereditary captain-general of Costa Rica. He 
 was shipwrecked and drowned while returning. 
 
 Coronation (kor-6-na'shon), The. A play, li- 
 censed 1635 as by Shirley, and claimed by him 
 as his own in a list of his plays published by 
 him in 1652. On the title-page of its first edition, 
 printed 1640, it was attributed to Fletcher, and is included 
 in the earlier editions of Beaumont and Fletcher's works. 
 (Ward.) There is no reason for supposing that Fletcher 
 had any hand in it. Bullen. 
 
 Coronation Gulf. An inlet of the Arctic Ocean, 
 in British America, south of Wollaston Land 
 and west of Kent Peninsula. 
 
 Coronea (kor-o-ne'a). [Gr. Kop6veia.~\ In an- 
 cient geography, a small town in Boeotia, 
 Greece, situated west of Lake Copais. It was 
 famous for two battles, in one of which (447 B. c.) the 
 Boeotians defeated the Athenians, and in the other (394 
 B. o.) the Spartans under Agesilaus defeated the Thebans 
 and other allied Greeks. 
 
 Coronelli (kd-ro-nel'le), Marco Vincenzo. 
 
 Bom at Ravenna, Aug. 10, 1650: died at Ven- 
 ice, Dec., 1718. An Italian ecclesiastic and 
 geographer, cosmographer of the Venetian Re- 
 public, professor of geography at Venice, and 
 general of the Minorite order. He published a 
 large numberof mapsandgeographical works, andfounded 
 the Accademia degii Argonauti. 
 
 Corot (ko-ro'), Jean Baptiste Camille. Born 
 at Paris, July 28 (?), 1796: died there, Feb. 22, 
 1875. A celebrated French landscape-painter. 
 He was a pupil of Michallon and Bertin. He first ex- 
 hibited at the Salon of 1827 (“Vue prise h Narni,” “La 
 Campagne de Rome ”). Among his most remarkable pic- 
 tures are “Vue d’ludie ” (1834), “Souvenirdcsenvironsde 
 Florence” (1839), “La danse des nymphes” (1S51), “Le 
 Christ au Jardin des Oliviers ” (1849), “ Soleil couchant 
 dans le Tyrol” (1850), “Matin,” “Soirde” (lb55), “Soleil 
 couchant” (1857), “Dante et Virgil ” (1850), “Orph£e," 
 “Le repos” (1861), “La solitude” (1866), “Pastorale” 
 (1873), “ Biblis ” and “ Plaisirs du soir” (1875), etc. 
 
 Corporal, The Little. [F. Le Petit Caporal.'] 
 A nickname of Napoleon I. 
 
 Corporal Trim. See Trim. 
 
 Corporal Violet. [P. Caporal la Violette .] A 
 nickname of Napoleon I. The name was given by 
 his friends in France while he was in exile, signifying 
 their hope that he would return with the violets in the 
 spring. He was also called “Papa la Violette” (“Papa 
 Violet”). 
 
 Corpus Christi (kor'pus kris'te). [L., ‘body of 
 Christ.’] A seaport and the capital of Nueces 
 County, Texas, situated on Corpus Christi Bay 
 in lat. 27° 49' N., long. 97° 21' W. Population, 
 8,222, (1910). 
 
 Corpus Christi College. 1. A college of Cam- 
 bridge University, founded in 1352 by a com- 
 bination of the gilds of Corpus Christi and the 
 Blessed Virgin Mary. A part of the original 
 buildings remains. Also called Benet College. 
 — 2. A college of Oxford University, founded 
 in 1516 by Richard Fox, bishop of Winchester. 
 Its statutes were issued in 1517. 
 
Corpus Christi Day 
 
 Corpus Christi Day. A festival of the Roman 
 Church in honor of the Consecrated Host, 
 founded by Pope Urban IV. in 1264. it is held 
 on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday. It is still in the 
 English calendar. Religious plays were formerly per- 
 formed in the streets by crafts or trade companies on 
 Corpus Christi Day in England and also on the Continent. 
 Lope de Vega raised them to a high level in Spain. A 
 Corpus Christi gild was formed in 1408 in York to cele- 
 brate the day with a procession, but this had nothing to 
 do with the performance of the plays. See Coventry Plays 
 and York Plays. 
 
 Corpus juris (kor'pus jo'ris). [L., ‘the body 
 of the law.’] See the extract. 
 
 In the East Justinian created the so-called Corpus iuris. 
 This consists of two principal, parts, the law of the Jurists 
 (ius vetus) and the Imperial law (ius principale), the 
 latter of which was first executed (a. 528 sq. ; revised and 
 remodelled version a. 534). A commission was appointed 
 for this purpose, the chief member being Tribonianus 
 (546). The constitutions of the Emperors were again 
 sifted from the extant collections and from the addi- 
 tions thereto, abridged and united in the twelve books 
 of the Codex Iustinianus. The extracts from the ius vetus 
 were arranged in 50 books called Digesta, a. 530-533. On 
 the basis of the new legislation a new manual was like- 
 wise elaborated by Tribonian, Theophilos and Dorotheos, 
 the four books of Institutiones, chiefly after Gaius. To 
 these collections of Justinian were added subsequent or- 
 dinances, Novell®, in several private collections, from a. 
 533 to about the end of the century, mostly in Greek. 
 Though Justinian, in causing these collections to be made, 
 besides the craving to immortalise his name, was gov- 
 erned by the autocratic idea of establishing mechanical 
 uniformity, foreclosing controversies among the lawyers 
 and debarring the judge from the exercise of his individ- 
 ual opinion, still it was he who rescued the treasures of 
 ancient jurisprudence, otherwise doomed to destruction, 
 rendered possible an historical treatment of Roman law 
 by his Digest, and laid the foundation of all further de- 
 velopment of that law. 
 
 Teuffel and Schwabe, Hist, of Rom. Lit. (tr. by Warr), 
 
 [II. 542. 
 
 Corral (kor-ral'), Poinciano. Born in Costa 
 Rica about 1810 : died at Granada, Nicaragua, 
 Nov. 8, 1855. A Central American general. He 
 defeated Castellon early in 1855, and Walker in June of 
 that year. In October he gave in his adherence to Walker 
 and Rivas, and was made minister of war ; but he was de- 
 tected in a correspondence with the legitimist leaders, 
 accused by Walker, tried, and shot. 
 
 Correa da Serra (kor-ra'a da ser'ra), Jose 
 Francisco. Born at Serpa, Portugal, June 6, 
 1750 : died at Caldas da Rainha, Portugal, Sept. 
 11, 1823. A Portuguese naturalist, historian, 
 and politician. He edited the first three vol- 
 umes of the “Collec§ao de livros ineditos da 
 historia Portugueza” (1790-1816). 
 
 Correggio (kor-red'jo), Antonio Allegri da. 
 Born at Correggio, near Modena, Italy, 1494: 
 died there, March 5, 1534. A famous Italian 
 painter of the Lombard school, probably a pu- 
 pil of Francesco Bianchi at Modena. His life was 
 
 passed within the confines of Lombardy, in Correggio, 
 Modena, and Parma. It is more than doubtful whether 
 he ever visited Rome. “In facility of handling, in abso- 
 lute mastery of the difficulties of foreshortening, in the 
 management of light and shade as distributed over vast 
 spaces and affecting multitudes of figures, this great mas- 
 ter has no rival.” Perkins. 
 
 Correze (kor-raz'). A department of France, 
 lying between Haute-Vienne and Creuse on the 
 north, Puy-de-Dome and Cantal on the east, 
 Lot on the south, and Dordogne on the west. 
 It formed part of the ancient Limousin. Cap- 
 ital, Tulle. Area, 2,272 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 317,430. 
 
 Corrib (kor'rib), Lough. The second largest 
 lake in Ireland, situated in the counties of 
 Galway and Mayo. It receives the waters of 
 Lough Mask, and has its outlet in the Corrib 
 River. 
 
 Corriehie (kor-rich'i). A moor situated west 
 of Aberdeen, Scotland. It was the scene of a 
 victory of the Earl of Moray over the Earl of 
 Huntly in 1562. 
 
 Corrientes (kor-re-en'tes). 1. A province of 
 the Argentine Republic, lying south of Para- 
 guay and west of Brazil and Uruguay. Area, 
 32,580 square miles. Population, 319,386. — 2. 
 The capital of the above province, situated on 
 the Parand in lat. 27° 29' 8., long. 58° 49' W. 
 It has some river trade. Founded in 1588. 
 Population, 18,000. 
 
 Corrievrekin (kor-i-vrek'in), or Coryvreckan 
 
 (-an). A dangerous whirlpool or sound be- 
 tween Jura and Searba, off the coast of Argyll- 
 shire, Scotland. 
 
 Corril (kor'il), Daniel. Bom 1777 : died at 
 Madras, India, Feb. 5, 1837. An English mis- 
 sionary in India, appointed archdeacon of Cal- 
 cutta in 1823, and first bishop of Madras in 
 1835. He went to India as an army chaplain in 1806, 
 and from the first added the labors of a missionary to his 
 official duties. He founded several missions. 
 
 Cony (kor'i). A city of Erie County, Pennsyl- 
 
 282 
 
 vania, situated 28 miles southeast of Erie. It 
 has been developed since 1861 by the discovery 
 of petroleum. Population, 5,991, (1910). 
 Corsair (kor'sar), The. A poem by Byron, pub- 
 lished in 1814. 
 
 Corsairs. [FromPg. corsa, a course or cruise.] 
 Sea-robbers, chiefly from the Barbary coast, 
 who infested the Mediterranean for many cen- 
 turies. 
 
 From the days when Barbarossa defied the whole 
 strength of the Emperor Charles V., to the early part of 
 the present centuiy, when prizes were taken by Algerine 
 rovers under the guns, so to say, of all the fleets of Europe, 
 the Corsairs were masters of the narrow seas, and dictated 
 their own terms to all comers. Nothing but the creation 
 of the large standing navies of the present age crippled 
 them ; nothing less than the conquest of their too con- 
 venient coasts could have thoroughly suppressed them. 
 During these three centuries they levied blackmail upon 
 all who had any trading interest in the Mediterranean. 
 The Venetians, Genoese, Pisans in older days, the Eng- 
 lish, French, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, and American Gov- 
 ernments in modern times, purchased security by the pay- 
 ment of a regular tribute, or by the periodical presenta- 
 tion of costly gifts. The penalty of resistance was too well 
 known to need exemplification. Thousands of Christian 
 slaves in the bagnios at Algiers bore witness to the conse- 
 quences of an independent policy. So long as the nations 
 of Europe continued to quarrel among themselves, instead 
 of presenting a united line of battle to the enemy, such 
 humiliations had to be endured ; so long as a Corsair raid 
 upon Spain suited the policy of France; so long as the 
 Dutch, in their jealousy of other states, could declare that 
 Algiers was necessary to them, there was no chance of the 
 plague subsiding ; and it was not till the close of the great 
 Napoleonic wars that the Powers agreed, at the Congress 
 of Aix la Chapelle in 1818, to act together, and do away 
 with the scourge of Christendom. And even then little 
 was accomplished till France combined territorial ag- 
 grandizement with the r61e of a civilizing influence. 
 
 Poole, Story of the Barbary Corsairs, p. 3. 
 
 Corse (kors), John Murray. Born at Pitts- 
 burg, Pa., April 25, 1835: died at Winchester, 
 April 27, 1893. An American general. He 
 entered West Point in 1853, but left before graduating, 
 and studied law. At the outbreak of the Civil War he 
 entered the Union army as a major of volunteers. He 
 commanded a division at Memphis: was commissioned 
 brigadier-general in 1163 ; served in the Chattanooga cam- 
 paign ; participated in the battles of Chickamauga and 
 Missionary Ridge ; “held the fort” at Allatoona, against 
 a largely superior force of the enemy, Oct. 5, 1864 ; was 
 made brevet major-general in 1864 ; and commanded a 
 division in Sherman’s march to the sea. He was collector 
 of internal revenue at Chicago 1867-69, and was subse- 
 quently postmaster of Boston. 
 
 Cor Serpentis (kor ser-pen'tis). [L. (NL.), 
 ‘the heart of the serpent’: cor = E. heart .] 
 The second-magnitude star a Serpentis, more 
 often called Unukalhai. 
 
 Corsica (kor'si-ka). [F. Corse.'] An island in 
 the Mediterranean, forming a department of 
 France : the Greek Cyrous (Kvpvoc;). it is sepa- 
 rated from Sardinia to the south by the Strait of Bonifacio, 
 and lies about 50 miles S.W. of Tuscany. Its surface is 
 mountainous, its highest summit being Monte Cinto. 
 It exports wine, olive-oil, timber, etc. The capital is 
 Ajaccio, and the chief town Bastia. The language is 
 Italian. It was acquired by the Romans at the end of the 
 first Punic war, and was held successively by the Vandals, 
 Goths, Franks, Saracens, and PisanB, and from the 14t.h 
 century by the Genoese. It was acquired by France in 
 1768. The revolt of the Corsican Paoli in 1793 placed Cor- 
 sica under British rule ; but it was regained by France 
 in 1796. It is noted for its vendettas. It was the birth- 
 place of Napoleon I. Length, 114 miles. Width, 62 miles. 
 Area, 3,367 square miles. Population, 291,160. 
 
 Corsican Brothers, The. A translation by 
 Boucicault of a popular French play, “Les 
 fr&res corses.” The plot turns on the mys- 
 terious sympathy between Louis and Fabian 
 dei Franchi, who are twin brothers. 
 
 Corso (kor'so). One of the principal streets of 
 Rome. It extends for nearly a mile from the Piazza del 
 Popolo, and is the chief scene of the annual carnival. 
 
 Corssen (kors'sen), Wilhelm Paul. Bom at 
 Bremen, Germany, Jan. 20, 1820 : died at Lich- 
 terfelde, near Berlin, June 18, 1875. A Ger- 
 man philologist. His works include “Uber Aussprache, 
 Vokalismus, und Betonung der lateinischen Sprache ” 
 (1S58-59), “Kritische Beitrage zur lateinischen Formen- 
 lehre ” (1863), etc. 
 
 Cort (kort), Cornells. Born at Hoorn, Nether- 
 lands, after 1530 : died at Rome, 1578. A 
 Dutch engraver. His works include noted en- 
 gravings after Titian, Raphael, and other 
 masters. 
 
 Cort (kort), Henry. Born at Lancaster, Eng- 
 land, 1740: died 1800. An English iron-master, 
 called the “father of the iron-trade.” He was 
 the inventor of the process of “puddling," and of the 
 “ puddle-rolls ” used to draw out the puddled ball of iron 
 into bars. 
 
 Corte (kor'te). A town in Corsica, 35 miles 
 northeast of Ajaccio. It was the headquarters 
 of Paoli’s government in the 18th century. 
 Population, commune, 5,188. 
 Cortenuova-(kor-te-no-6'va). A village in the 
 province of Bergamo, Italy, about 32 miles 
 
 Cortes, Sea of 
 
 east of Milan. Here, in 1237, the emperor 
 Frederick II. defeated the Lombards. 
 Cortereal (kor-ta-ra-al'), Gaspar. Born about 
 1450. A Portuguese navigator. He explored 
 Labrador and Newfoundland in 1500, and in 1501 under- 
 took a second voyage to the same regions, in the course of 
 which he died. 
 
 Cortes (kor'tes). [Sp., ‘courts.’] 1. The na- 
 tional assembly or legislature of Spain, con- 
 sisting of a senate and chamber of deputies. 
 The Senate is composed of not over 360 members, one half 
 princes of the blood, grandees, and certain ex-qtficio and 
 nominated members, and one half elected. The Chamber 
 of Deputies is composed of members in the proportion of 
 one for every 50,000 inhabitants, elected for five years. 
 
 2. The former parliament of Portugal. It con- 
 sisted of an upper house of hereditary and nominated 
 princes, peers, and bishops, and a lower house elected by 
 the people. The constitution of 1911 substituted 2 elected 
 chambers. 
 
 Cortes (kor-tas'), or Cortez (kor'tez), Her- 
 nando, or Hernan, or Fernando. Born at 
 Medellin, Estremadura, Spain, 1485: died at 
 Castillejo de la Cuesta, near Seville, Dec. 2, 
 1547. A famous Spanish soldier, the conqueror 
 of Mexico. In 1504 he went to Espanola, and in 1511 to 
 Cuba where he married. In 1518 Velasquez gave him 
 command of 12 vessels and 508 soldiers, destined to follow 
 up Grijalva's Mexican discoveries. Suspecting disloyalty, 
 V elasquez wished to recall him at the last moment, but 
 Cortes evaded him and finally left Cuba Feb. 18, 1519. 
 Rounding Yucatan, he had conflicts with the Indians of 
 Tabasco; landed and founded Vera Cruz in April ; and in 
 Aug. began his march to Mexico City, notwithstanding the 
 remonstrances of the messengers of Montezuma, the chief 
 or “emperor" of that city. Montezuma did not directly 
 resist him, but he had to fight several severe battles (Sept.) 
 with the independent Tlascalans, who eventually joined 
 him with a large force. At Cholula (Oct.) he massacred a 
 great number of natives as a punishment for a real or sup- 
 posed conspiracy, and on Nov. 8 marched over the lake 
 causeways into Mexico, Montezuma coming out to meet 
 him. The Spaniards were hospitably lodged, and received 
 rich presents; but on the rumor of an uprising Cortdsseized 
 and held Montezuma as a hostage. Velasquez having sent 
 Fanfilo de Narvaez in pursuit of Cortes, the latter left 150 
 men under Alvarado, made a rapid march, defeated and 
 captured Narvaez at Cempoala May 28, 1520, and enlisted 
 most of his men. On his return he found the Spaniards 
 closely besieged by the Mexicans, who had at last risen in 
 arms. Cortes and his men were allowed to march in, but 
 the fight was at once resumed. The captive Montezuma 
 was killed by a shower of stones while attempting to par- 
 ley; and on the night of June 30 the Spaniards tried to leave 
 the city secretly. They were discovered, and lost half their 
 force, and most of the treasure they had collected, in a 
 fierce battle on one of the causeways ; still hotly pursued, 
 they fought another great battle at Otumba July 7, finally 
 escaping into Tlascala. Here Cortes reorganized his army, 
 receiving many Indian allies ; and, aided by ships which 
 he built on the lakes, began the siege of Mexico in May, 
 1521. Under Guatemotzin the city was desperately de- 
 fended, and most of it was leveled with the ground before 
 it was taken : Guatemotzin was captured Aug. 13, 1521. 
 After this success, Cortds was empowered by the emperor 
 to conquer all of New Spain, and in 1623 he was made 
 governor. Mexico was rebuilt. Expeditions were sent in 
 various directions, and navigation of the Pacific com- 
 menced. To settle disorders in Honduras, Cortds marched 
 overland to that region (Oct., 1524, to April, 1526), enduring 
 terrible sufferings. During this long absence his enemies 
 gained power: he was deposed from the governorship 
 J uly, 1526, and in 1528 went to Spain to seek redress. Charles 
 V. received him with high honor : he was made marquis 
 of the Valley of Oaxaca (Mexico) and military captain-gen- 
 eral of New Spain, but was not restored to the governor- 
 ship. His first wife having died, hemarried aladyof noble 
 birth, and in 1530 returned to Mexico, where he lived in 
 great splendor on the vast estates granted to him. But 
 the machinations of his enemies continued ; his explora- 
 tions of the west coast (1533-39) were greatly hampered ; 
 and in 1540 he again went to Spain to seek redress. In 1541 
 he was with the emperor in the Algerine campaign. 
 Charles refused or put off his demands, and, despairing of 
 redress, Cortds was about going back to Mexico, when he 
 died. His honors, by failure of the direct line with his 
 great-grandson, have "passed to the dukes of Terranova and 
 Monteleone, in Sicily ; his Mexican estates have several 
 times been sequestrated, but portions are now held by the 
 heirs. See Century Atlas, Map 4. 
 
 Cortes, Jose Domingo. Born about 1830 : died 
 1884. A Chilean author. He was long a journalist, 
 subsequently attache at Brussels, and finally government 
 director of libraries in Bolivia. Among his numerous 
 biographical and historical works are the “Diccionario 
 biogrdfico Americano," “Poetas Americanos,” “Historia 
 de Bolivia,” and “ Estadistica bibliografica de Bolivia.” 
 
 Cortes, Martin. Born in Mexico, 1532: died 
 in Spain, Aug. 13, 1589. The legitimate son 
 of Hernando Cortes. He went to Spain in 1540. was 
 liberally educated, followed the court of Philip II. to 
 Flanders and England, and served with distinction in the 
 army. He inherited the title of Marques del Valle, and 
 most of the Mexican estates were restored to him. In 
 1562 he went to Mexico, where he lived in great splendor 
 until July, 1566, when he was accused of conspiring with 
 the brothers Avila to make himself king. (See Avila, 
 Alonzo de.) He was sent to Spain, but was exonerated 
 after several years. His illegitimate brother, of the same 
 name, was involved in the accusation and horribly tor- 
 tured. 
 
 Cortes, Sea of. A name given, in maps and 
 books of the 16th century, to the Gulf of Cali- 
 fornia, in honor of Hernando Cortds, one of its 
 first explorers. 
 
Corteze, II 
 
 Corteze (kor-ta'ze), II. [It., ‘ The Courteous.’] 
 A famous Italian book of manners, written by 
 Baldassare Castiglione. It was translated into 
 English in 1561 by Sir Thomas Hoby. 
 
 Cortina (kor-te'nii). The chief place in the 
 Val Ampezzo, southern Tyrol, near the Italian 
 frontier. 
 
 Cortland (kort'land). The capital of Cortland 
 County, New York, 32 miles south of Syracuse. 
 Population, 11,504, (1910). 
 
 Cortona (kor-to'nii). [L.; Gr. K opr ova.] A 
 town in the province of Arezzo, Italy, 50 
 miles southeast of Florence. It ia noted for its 
 Etruscan and other antiquities, and its ancient walls. It 
 has a cathedral, and was the birthplace of Luca Signo- 
 relli. It was one of the twelve confederate Etruscan 
 cities. 
 
 Coruna, Conde de la. See Mendoza, Lorenzo 
 Suarez de. 
 
 Corunna (ko-run'a), Sp. La Coruna (la k5- 
 rdn'ya). [P. La Co rogue.] A province in 
 Galicia, Spain, lying between the Atlantic on 
 the north and west, Lugo on the east, and 
 Pontevedra on the south. Area, 3,051 square 
 miles. Population, 653,556. 
 
 Corunna, or Coruna, La, OE. “ The Groyne.” 
 A seaport, capital of the province of Corunna, 
 situated in lat. 43° 23' N., long. 8° 25' W.: 
 the Roman Brigantium (in the middle ages 
 Coronium). It exports cattle, peat, sardines, etc. It was 
 the sailing-port of the Armada in 1588 ; was taken by 
 Drake in 1589 ; and was the scene, Jan. 16, 1809, of the 
 battle of Corunna, in which 14,000 British troops under 
 Sir John Moore, on their retreat before the french, de- 
 feated 20,000 of the enemy under Soult. The British 
 commander was killed, but the defeat of the French 
 army secured the retreat of his army. Population, 47,- 
 085. 
 
 Oorvei, or Corvey (kor'vi). An old and cele- 
 brated German Benedictine abbey about 1 ) 
 miles from Hoxter on the Weser. it was founded 
 in the reign of Louis the Pious, 813, by his uncles Adelhard 
 and Wala. Its first occupants were monks from Corbie 
 (whence the name Corbeia Nova) in Picardy. 
 
 Corvin-Wiersbitzki (kor ' ven -vers - bit 'ske), 
 Otto Julius Bernhard. Born at Gumbinnen, 
 Prussia, Oct. 12, 1812: died at Wiesbaden, 
 March 2, 1886. A German politician, journal- 
 ist, and miscellaneous writer. He published 
 “Illustrirte Weltgeschichte” (1844-51), etc. 
 Corvino (kor-ve'no). A merchant, the hus- 
 band of Celia, in Ben Jonson’s comedy “ Vol- 
 pone” : a mixture “of wittol, fool, andknave.” 
 Out of pure covetousness he falls into Mosca’s 
 plot to give his wife up to Yolpone. 
 
 Corvinus, Matthias. See Matthias L. Corvinus. 
 Corvisart-Desmarets (kor-ve-zar'da-ma-ra'), 
 Baron Jean Nicolas de. Born at Dr6court, 
 Ardennes, France, Feb. 15, 1755 : died at Cour- 
 bevoie, near Paris, Sept. 18, 1821. A noted 
 French physician. He wrote “ Essai sur les 
 maladies du coeur, etc.” (1808), etc. 
 
 Corvus (kdr'vus). [L., ‘a raven.’] An ancient 
 southern constellation, the Raven. It presents 
 a characteristic configuration of four stars of the 
 second or third magnitude. 
 
 Corvus, Marcus Valerius. See Valerius. 
 Corwin (kor'win), Thomas. Born in Bourbon 
 County, Ky., July 29, 1794: died at Washington, 
 D. C., Dec. 18, 1865. An American statesman 
 and orator. He entered Congress in 1831. He was 
 governor of Ohio 1840—12, United States senator from 
 Ohio 1845-50, secretary of the treasury 1850-53, member 
 of Congress 1859-61, and United States minister to Mexico 
 1861-64. 
 
 Coryate, or Coryat (kor'yat), Thomas. Born 
 at Odeombe, Somerset, about 1577: died at 
 Surat, India, Dec., 1617. An English traveler. 
 He made a journey through France, Savoy, Italy, Swit- 
 zerland, and other countries of the Continent in 1608, an 
 account of which was published in 1611 under the title 
 "Coryat’s Crudities." In 1612 he started on a tour of the 
 East, and visited Palestine, Persia, and India, in which 
 last-named country he fell a victim to disease. 
 Corybantes (kor-i-ban'tez). The priests of the 
 goddess Rhea in Phrygia, whose worship they 
 celebrated by orgiastic dances. 
 
 Corydon (kor'i-don). 1. A shepherd in Ver- 
 gil’s seventh eclogue, and in Theocritus; hence, 
 a conventional name in pastoral poetry for a 
 shepherd or a rustic swain. — 2. A shepherd in 
 Spenser’s “Faerie Queene,” in love with Pas- 
 torella. — 3. A shoemaker of Constantinople, in 
 Scott’s “Count Robert of Paris.” — 4. A shep- 
 herd in Spenser’s “Colin Clout.” 
 
 Corygaum, or Koregaon. A place south of 
 Poona, India, the scene of a British victory 
 over the Mahrattas in 1818. 
 
 Coryvreckan. See Corrievrelcin. 
 
 Cos, or Kos (kos). [Gr. K£>c, K6ug, mod. Gr. 
 KCrr/r ; It . Stanko, Stanchio.] An island in the 
 Algean Sea, belonging to Turkey, situated west 
 
 283 
 
 of Asia Minor in lat. 36° 50' N., long. 27° 5' E. 
 It is celebrated as the birthplace of Apelles, Ptolemy 
 PhiladelphuB, and Hippocrates, and also for its vineyards. 
 Area, about 95 square miles. Population, about 10,000. 
 
 Cosa (ko'sa), Juan de la. Date of birth un- 
 known: died near the Bay of Cartagena, Nov., 
 1509. A Spanish navigator, one of the most 
 skilful of his time. He was with Columbus in the 
 voyage of 1492 and during the exploration of Cuba, and 
 he made at least five voyages to the northern coast of 
 South America: viz., with Ojeda, May, 1499, to June, 
 1600; with Bastidas, Oct., 1500, to Sept., 1502; in com- 
 mand of successful expeditions in search of gold, etc., 
 1504 to 1606, and 1507 to 1508 ; and finally with Ojeda in 
 1509, when he was killed by the Indians. Of La Cosa’s 
 charts two or three have come down to us. His map of 
 the New World, made in 1500, is the oldest known. It is 
 now the property of the Spanish government. 
 
 Cosigiiina (ko-se-gwe'na). A volcano at the 
 extreme western end of Nicaragua, situated on 
 a peninsula between the Gulf of Fonseca and 
 the Pacific. It is less than 4,000 feet high, but is re- 
 markable for one of the most violent eruptions ever re- 
 corded. This began on Jan. 20, 1835, and lasted three 
 days: the cloud of ashes darkened the country for a dis- 
 tance of from 50 to 100 miles from the crater; near the 
 base they lay several feet thick, and were carried by the 
 wind to Jamaica, Oajaca in Mexico, and Bogota in Co- 
 lombia. The explosions are said to have been heard in 
 Mexico City. 
 
 Cosenza (ko-sen'dzii). 1. A province in Ca- 
 labria, Italy. Also called Calabria Citeriore. 
 Area, 2,568 square miles. Population, 488,637. 
 — 2. The capital of the province of Cosenza, 
 Italy, situated in lat. 39° 19' N., long. 16° 18' 
 E.: the ancient Consentia. It contains a cathedral, 
 castle, court-house, many old palaces, etc. The city suf- 
 fers severely from earthquakes. Alaric died near here in 
 410. Population, commune, 21,545. 
 
 Cosette (ko-set'). In Victor Hugo’s “Les Mi- 
 serables,” the daughter of Fantine, adopted by 
 Jean Valjean. Her name is given to the sec- 
 ond part of the story. 
 
 Cosin (kuz'in), John. Born at Norwich, Eng- 
 land, Nov. 30, 1594: died at London, Jan. 15, 
 1672. A noted English divine and writer. He 
 
 was appointed master of Peterhouse, Cambridge, in 1635, 
 vice-chancellor of Cambridge University in 1639, dean of 
 Peterborough in 1640, and bishop of Durham in 1660. He 
 was a churchman of the school of Laud, and an active 
 Koyalist during the civil war; and in 1644 was obliged to 
 retire to Paris, where he became chaplain to the house- 
 hold of Queen Henrietta Maria. After the Restoration he 
 returned to England, and rose to a position of great influ- 
 ence in the church. 
 
 Cosmas (kos'mas) and Damian (da'mi-an), 
 Saints. Two martyrs famous in the Eastern 
 Church. They worked as physicians and missionaries. 
 They were martyred in Cilicia under Diocletian. A basil- 
 ica was built in their honor at Constantinople by Justin- 
 ian, and one at Home by Felix II. 
 
 Cosmas, surnamed Indicopleustes. [Gr. Ko<r- 
 pag IvOiKOTrTievorrjg (‘the Indian voyager’).] 
 Lived in the 6th century a. d. An Egyp- 
 tian monk and traveler, author of a work on 
 geography and theology, “Topographia Chris- 
 tiana.” 
 
 Cosmati (kos-ma'te). A family or school of 
 sculptors in Rome who originated the scheme 
 of decorated architecture called “Cosma- 
 tesque” about the middle of the 12th century. 
 It flourished for more than 150 years. The beauty of 
 the work depends mainly upon the skdful combination of 
 mosaics, disks of porphyry, and many-colored marbles 
 found among the ruins of Rome. The principal members 
 of the family were Piero, Odericus, Giovanni, Adeodatus, 
 and Pasquale. Examples of their work are the Duomo of 
 Civita Castellana, the cloisters of San Paolo, and the por- 
 tico and pulpit of San Lorenzo. 
 
 Cosmo. See Medici. 
 
 Cosmos (koz'mos). [Gr. uicpog, order.] A 
 “physical description of the universe” by 
 Alexander von Humboldt, published 1845-58. 
 
 Cosmos Club. A club in Washington, D. C., 
 composed chiefly of scientific men, organized 
 in 1878. The club is located at the southeast corner of 
 Lafayette Place and II street, in the house formerly occu- 
 pied by Dolly Madison. 
 
 Cossa (kos'sa), Luigi. Born at Milan, May 27, 
 1831 : died at Pavia, May 10, 1896. An Italian po- 
 litical economist, professor at Pavia from 1858. 
 
 Cossacks (kos'aks). [Said to be of Tatar ori- 
 gin. ] A military people inhabiting the steppes 
 of Russia along the lower Don and about the 
 Dnieper, and in lesser numbers in eastern Rus- 
 sia, Caucasia, Siberia, and elsewhere. Their 
 origin is uncertain, but their nucleus is supposed to have 
 consisted of refugees from the ancient limits of Russia, 
 forced by hostile invasion to the adoption of a military 
 organization or order, which grew into a more or less free 
 tribal existence. Their independent spirit has led to 
 numerous unsuccessful revolts, ending in their subjec- 
 tion, although they retain various privileges. As light 
 cavalry they form an element in the Russian army very 
 valuable in skirmishing operations and in the protection 
 of the frontiers of the empire. 
 
 Cossacks, The. A novel by L. Tolstoi, published 
 1852. It was translated into English in 1878. 
 
 Costello, Dudley 
 
 Cossacks, Province of the Don. See Don 
 
 Cossacks, Province of the. , 
 
 Cosse (ko-sa'), Charles de (Comte de Brissac). 
 
 Born in Anjou, France, about 1505 : died at 
 Paris, Dec. 31, 1563. A marshal of France. 
 He was present at the siege of Naples in 1528, served 
 against the English and Imperialists in Champagne and 
 Flanders 1544-16, and became grand master of the artil- 
 lery in 1547, and marshal of France in 1550. 
 
 Cosseans (ko-se'anz). A wild and warlike 
 people formerly inhabiting the Zagros Moun- 
 tains northeast of Babylon. They are mentioned 
 by Polybius, Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, and others, and 
 are probably identical with the Nairn or Kahishi of the 
 cuneiform inscriptions. About the year 1500 B. c. they 
 invaded Babylonia, ruling the country for several centu- 
 ries ; and as late as the time of Sennacherib (705-681) 
 an expedition against them is recorded. Possibly they, 
 and not the Ethiopians, are meant by Cush (to be read 
 Cash) in many passages of the Old Testament : e. g., Gen. 
 x. 7, 8, where, among the descendants of “Cush, ’ Nim- 
 rod and the founders of other Semitic tribes appear. 
 Cossimbazar (kos // sim-ba-zar'). A former im- 
 portant city of India, near Murshidabad. 
 Cossovo. See Kosovo. 
 
 Cossutius (ko-su'shius). A Roman architect 
 who, under Antiochus Epiphanes (175 to 164), 
 built a large part of the temple of .Zeus at 
 Athens, begun in the time of Pisistratus and 
 finished in that of Hadrian. 
 
 Costa (kos'ta), Claudio Manuel da. Born 
 at Carmo, Minas Geraes, June 6, 1729: died at 
 Villa Rica (now Ouro Preto), 1789. A Brazil- 
 ian poet. He was a lawyer in Villa Rica. In 1789 he 
 was arrested for taking part in the conspiracy of Ti- 
 radentes, and a few days after he committed suicide in 
 prison. His name was declared infamous and his goods 
 were confiscated, but his sonnets and songs, published 
 long after his death, have placed him in the first rank 
 among Portuguese poets. 
 
 Costa, Sir Michael. Bom at Naples, Feb. 4, 
 1810: died at West Brighton, England, April 
 29, 1884. A noted musician, composer of 
 operas, oratorios, ballets, etc., and musical 
 director. He wrote the oratorios “ Eli ” (1855), “ Naa- 
 man ’’ (1864), etc. The greater part of his life was spent 
 in England. 
 
 Costa Cabral (kos'ta ka-bral'), Antonio Ber- 
 nardo da, Duke of Tbomar. Born at Fornos 
 de Algodres, Beira, Portugal, May 9, 1803 : died 
 at San Juan de Flor, Sept. 1, 1889. A Portu- 
 guese statesman. He was minister of justice and ec- 
 clesiastical affairs 1839-42, and of the interior 1842-46 In 
 the latter year he was overthrown by a popular uprising 
 against his tyranny and misgovemment. He was prime 
 minister again 1849-51. 
 
 Costa Carvalho (kos'ta kiir-val'yo), Jos6 da. 
 Born at Penha, Bahia, Feb. 7, 1796 : died at 
 Rio de Janeiro, Sept. 18, I860. A Brazilian 
 statesman. He was a member of the constituent as- 
 sembly of 1822, and deputy in several successive parlia- 
 ments. At first an ardent liberal, lie went over to the 
 conservatives in 1838. He was senator from 1839. and or- 
 ganized the conservative cabinet of 1848. This ministry 
 is remarkable in South American history as having directed 
 the war which ended in the downfall of Rosas. Costa Car- 
 valho was successively named baron, viscount, and mar- 
 quis of Monte Alegre. 
 
 Costanoan (kos-ta'no-an). [From Sp. costano, 
 coastman.] A linguistic stock of North Amer- 
 ican Indians, whose territory extended from 
 the Golden Gate, California, to a point below 
 Monterey Bay, and thence to the mountains 
 in the vicinity of Soledad Mission, its eastern 
 boundary followed an irregular line from the southern 
 end of Salinas Valley to Gilroy Hot Springs and the upper 
 waters of Conestimba Creek ; thence along the San Joa- 
 quin to its mouth. The northern boundary was formed 
 by Suisun Bay, Carquinez Straits, San Pablo and San 
 Francisco bays, and the Golden Gate. Prior to the Span- 
 ish mission period the stock was numerous, consisting of 
 the Ahwaste, Altahmo, Aulintac, Carquin, Mutsun, Ol- 
 hone, Romonan, Rumsen, Thamien, and Tulomo tribes. 
 There were about 30 survivors at Santa Cruz and Mon- 
 terey in 1888. 
 
 Costard (kos'tard). A character in Shakspere’s 
 “ Love’s Labour ’s Lost,” a clownish peasant. 
 Costa Rica (kos'ta re'ka). [Sp./ the rich coast.’] 
 One of the republics of Central America, bound- 
 ed by Nicaragua on the north, the Caribbean 
 Sea and Panama on the east and southeast, 
 and the Pacific Ocean on the west and south- 
 west. Capital, San Josd. The surface is generally 
 mountainous, ana the chief exports are bananas and coffee. 
 The production of cacao is steadily increasing. The lan- 
 guage is Spanish ; the religion is Roman Catholic ; and 
 the government is republican, the executive being a 
 president and congress consisting of a single house. Costa 
 Rica was discovered by Columbus in 1502. Diego de Nicuesa 
 failed in an attempt to colonize it in 1509. The first set- 
 tlement was made by Francisco Hernandez in 1523, and 
 the country was conquered 1526-05. Independence was 
 declared in 1821, and the territory formed part of the 
 federal republic of Central America from 1823 to 1839. 
 Area, about 23,000 square miles. Population, 388,266. 
 
 Costello (kos-tel'o), Dudley. Born in Sussex, 
 England, 1803: died at London, Sept. 30, 1865. 
 A British soldier, novelist, journalist, and mis- 
 
Costello, Dudley 
 
 cellaneous writer. He wrote “A Tour through the 
 Valley of the Meuse, with the Legends of the Walloou 
 Country and (the Ardennes” (1845), “ Piedmont and Italy, 
 from the Alps to the Tiber” (1859-61), etc. He served as 
 ensign in the West Indies, retiring on half pay in 1828; 
 later he was foreign correspondent of the “ Morning Her- 
 ald ” and the “Daily News. 
 
 Costello, Louise Stuart. Born in Ireland, 1799 : 
 died at Boulogne, April 24, 1870. A British 
 writer and miniature-painter, sister of Dudley 
 Costello. She wrote “Songs of a Stranger” (1825), “A 
 Summer among the Bocages and Vines” (1840), “Gabri- 
 elle, or Pictures of a Reign " (1843), “ The Hose Garden of 
 Persia " (1845), etc. 
 
 Coster, or Koster (kos'ter), Laurens Janszoon. 
 
 [ Laurens son of Jan, surnamed (D.) Koster, 
 the sexton.] A citizen of Haarlem who, ac- 
 cording to Hadrianus Junius in his “Batavia” 
 (1588), invented the art of printing with mov- 
 able types about 1440 (?). The claims of Coster 
 (whose identity is uncertain) to the discovery have been 
 maintained with great confidence by the Dutch and in 
 other quarters, but are probably invalid. See Ovtenberg. 
 
 There is no mention of Coster as a printer earlier than 
 the year 1550, when it was placed on a pedigree then made 
 for Gerrit Thomaszoon, one of Coster’s descendants, who 
 had kept an inn in the house declared to be the birthplace 
 of the art of printing. Here it is said of an ancestor who 
 was Coster's son-in-law, Thomas Pieterzoon, that “his 
 second wife was Lourens Janszoon Coster's daughter, who 
 brought the first print into the world in the year 1146.” 
 The figure 6 in that entry has been partially rubbed out 
 and transformed into 0. Observation of this fact caused 
 Dr. V an der Linde to make particular search in the archives 
 of the town and church of Haarlem, and he found, extend- 
 ing over the years from 1441, entries of payments to Lou- 
 rens Janszoon Coster (son of a Jan Coster who died in 
 1436), for oil and soap, and for the tallow candles burnt 
 during each year in the Town Hall. After 1447, Lourens 
 Janszoon Coster, having given up his business as a tallow 
 chandler to his sister, Ghertruit, Jan Coster’s daughter, 
 turned tavern-keeper. He was paid in 1451 for wine sent 
 to the burgomaster ; in 1454 he was credited with seven- 
 teen guilders for “ a dinner offered to the Count of Ooster- 
 vant, on the 8th day of October, 1453, at Lou Coster’s”; in 
 1475 Lourens Janszoon Coster paid a fine for buyten drinck- 
 en (drink off the premises) ; and the last entry is that in 
 1 483 he paid ferry-toll for his goods when he left the town. 
 The books of an old Haarlem dining association, the Holy 
 Christmas Corporation, represent Lourens, the son of Jan 
 Coster, inheriting a chair in the Corporation from his 
 father in 1436, and having given up the chair in 1484, with 
 due appearance in 1497 of Gerrit Thomaszoon, who re- 
 tained also the inn, as a successor to this festive inheri- 
 tance. Lourens Janszoon Coster, the man first credited in 
 Gerrit Thomaszoon's pedigree with the invention of print- 
 ing, was, therefore, first a chandler, then a prosperous 
 tavern-keeper ; the wine vessels cast out of his types were 
 the old pewter flagons proper to the tavern ; and this man 
 lias been wrongly confounded with Lourens Janszoon, 
 whose name was not Coster, but who was a rich wine 
 merchant and innkeeper, town councillor, sheriff, trea- 
 surer and governor of the Hospital, who died in 1439. 
 
 Morley, English Writers, VI. 279. 
 Costigan (kos'ti-gan), Captain. In Thacke- 
 ray’s “Pendennis,” a rakish, shabby-genteel old 
 ex-army officer. 
 
 Costigan, Emily or Milly. In Thackeray’s 
 novel “ Pendennis,” a commonplace but beau- 
 tiful and industrious actress in the provincial 
 theater, with whom Arthur Pendennis falls in 
 love. She is twenty-six, he eighteen. Her 
 stage name is Fotheringay. 
 
 Cosway (kos'wa), Richard. Born at Tiverton, 
 Devonshire, 1740 : died at London, July 4, 1821. 
 An English artist, especially noted as a minia- 
 ture-painter. He resided during the greater part of 
 his life in London, where he was very successful in the 
 practice of his art, gaining especially the patronage of 
 people of fashion. 
 
 Cota (ko'ta), Rodrigo Cola de (Maquaque). 
 
 Bom at Toledo, Spain: lived in the 15th cen- 
 tury. A Spanish poet. He was the reputed author 
 of the first act of the romantic drama “Celestina”(1480), 
 of the satire “ Coplas de Mingo Revulgo,” and of a “ Dia- 
 logo eutre el Amor y un viejo.” 
 
 Cotabanama(ko-ta-ba-na'ma),orCotubanama 
 
 (ko-to-ba-na'ma). Died at Santo Domingo, 
 1504. An Indian cacique of Higuey, the east- 
 ern province of Haiti. He rose against the Span- 
 iards in 1502, and again in 1504. Finally defeated, he took 
 refuge in a cave in the island of Saona, was discovered, 
 taken to Santo Domingo, and hanged. 
 
 Cote-d’Or (kot'dor'). A department in Bur- 
 gundy, Prance, lying between Aube on the 
 north, Haute-Marne on the northeast, Haute- 
 Saone and Jura on the east, Sa6ne-et-Loire on 
 the south, and Yonne and Nievre on the west. 
 It is especially noted for its wines, the vineyards producing 
 which are largely situated in the COte-d’Or Mountains, a 
 range (height, about 2,000 feet) which forms a link in the 
 chain of elevations connecting the CMvennes with the 
 Vosges. Capital, Dijon. Area, 3,391 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 357,959. 
 
 Cotelier (kot-lya'), Jean Baptiste. Born at 
 Niraes, 1629: died at Paris, Aug. 12, 1686. An 
 eminent French Hellenist. He was professor of 
 Greek in the Royal College of Paris 1676-86, and was the 
 author of “ Monuments Ecclesia Graecae” (1677-86). 
 Cotentin (ko-ton-tan'). An ancient territory 
 in Normandy, France, forming the larger part 
 
 284 
 
 of the department of Manche. its capital was Cou- 
 tances. It was settled by the Normans and annexed to 
 Normandy apparently in the reign of the second Duke of 
 Normandy (William Longsword). 
 
 Cotes (kots), Roger. Born at Burbage, Leices- 
 tershire, England, July 10, 1682: died at Cam- 
 bridge, England, June 5, 1716. A noted English 
 mathematician. He was a graduate of Cambridge 
 (Trinity College), and Plumian professor (1706) of astron- 
 omy and natural philosophy at that university. He was a 
 friend of Newton, and aided him in preparing the edition 
 of the “ Principia” which appeared in 1713, for which he 
 also wrote the preface. Their correspondence was pub- 
 lished in 1850. He published only one scientific treatise 
 (“Logometria”) during his life; his papers were edited 
 by Robert Smith and published in 1722. 
 
 Cotes-du-N ord (kot'dii-nor'). A department 
 in Brittany, France, lying between the English 
 Channel on the north, Ille-et-Vilaine on the 
 east, Morbihan on the south, and Finistere on 
 the west. Its leading industries are the raising of 
 horses and cattle, fishing, and the production of hemp and 
 flax. Capital, St. Brleuc. Area, 2,786 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 611,506. 
 
 Coteswold. See Cotswold. 
 
 Cotgrave (kot'grav), Randle. Born in Che- 
 shire, England : died about 1634. An English 
 lexicographer, author of a French-English dic- 
 tionary, still important in the study of English 
 and French philology, first published in 1611 
 (second edition in 1632, with an English-French 
 dictionary by Robert Sherwood; other editions, 
 revised and enlarged by James Howell, in 1650, 
 1660, and 1673). He studied at Cambridge (St. John’s 
 College), and later became secretary to William Cecil, 
 Lord Burghley. 
 
 Cotben. See Kothen. 
 
 Cotin (ko-tan'), Charles. Born at Paris, 1604; 
 died at Paris, Jan., 1682. A French preacher 
 and author. He was councilor and almoner to the 
 king, and became a member of the French Academy May 
 3, 1055. Having incurred the enmity of Boileau by criti- 
 cizing with great asperity, at the Hotel de Rambouillet, 
 some of his early productions, he was exposed to ridicule 
 by the latter and by Molifere, who satirized him in “Les 
 femmes savantes” under the character of Trissotin. Au- 
 thor of “ Poesies chrOtiennes” (1657). 
 
 Cotman (kot'man), Jobn Sell. Born at Nor- 
 wich, England, May 16, 1782: died at London, 
 July 24, 1842. An English landscape-painter 
 and etcher, best known from his architectural 
 drawings. He published “Specimens of Norman and 
 Gothic Architecture in the County of Norfolk" (1817 ; 50 
 plates), “A Series of Etchings illustrative of the Archi- 
 tectural Antiquities of Norfolk” (1S18: 60 plates), etc. 
 He also executed the plates for Dawson Turner's “ Archi- 
 tectural Antiquities of Normandy” (1822). 
 
 Cotonam (ko'to-nam). A former tribe of 
 North American Indians, living above the 
 mouth of the Rio Grande on both sides of the 
 present Texas-Mexico border. A few survivors re- 
 sided at La Noria Rancheria, Hidalgo County, Texas, in 
 1888, and at Las Prietas in Tamaulipas, Mexico. See 
 Coahuiltecan. 
 
 Cotopaxi (ko-to-paks' i ; Sp. pron. ko-to-pa'- 
 He). A volcano in the Andes, situated 45 miles 
 southeast of Quito, Ecuador. It is the highest 
 active volcano known, and was first ascended by Reiss in 
 1S72, and later by Stubel in 1873, and Whymper in 1880. 
 Noted eruptions occurred in 1533, 1698, 1738, 1744, 1768, 
 1855, 1877, and later. Height (Whymper), 19,613 feet. 
 
 Cotrone (ko-tro'na). A seaport in the province 
 of Catanzaro, Italy, situated on the Ionian Sea 
 in lat. 39° 8' N., long. 17° 9' E. : the ancient 
 Croton or Crotona. It contains an old castle. It was 
 colonized by Achseans about 710 B. 0., and became one of 
 the most important cities of Magna Grsecia, noted for its 
 devotion to athletic sports, and at one time the seat of the 
 Pythagorean school. The Crotoniats destroyed the city 
 of Sybaris in 510 B. C., but were defeated by the Locrians 
 at the river Sagras about 480 B. c., and later fell to Syra- 
 cuse. Crotona was colonized by the Romans 194 B. c. 
 
 Cotswold (kots'wold), or Coteswold (kots'- 
 wold), Hills. A range of hills in the northern 
 part of Gloucestershire, England, extending 
 southwest and northeast. Highest point, 
 Cleeve Hill, 1,134 feet. 
 
 Cotswold lion. A sheep. 
 
 Cotta (kot'ta), Bernbard von. Born at Klein- 
 Zillbach, Germany, Oct. 24, 1808 : died at 
 Freiberg, Saxony, Sept. 14, 1879. A German 
 geologist, professor at the School of Mines in 
 Freiberg 1842—74. His works include “ Geognostische 
 Wanderungen " (1836-38), “ Geologie der Gegenwart” 
 (1866), “ Der Altai ’L1871), etc. 
 
 Cotta, Jobann Friedrich. Born at Tiibingen, 
 Wtirtemberg, May 12, 1701: died at Tiibingen, 
 Dec. 31, 1779. A German theologian, professor 
 of theology and history at Tiibingen 1739-79. 
 His chief work is “ Entwurf einer ausfiihrlichen Kirchen- 
 historie des Neuen Testaments” (1768-73). 
 
 Cotta, Jobann Friedrich, Baron Cottendorf. 
 Born at Stuttgart, Wtirtemberg, April 27, 1764 : 
 died at Stuttgart, Dec. 29, 1832. A German 
 publisher, the friend and publisher of Goe- 
 the, Schiller, and other celebrated writers. He 
 
 Cottonian Library 
 
 founded the “Horen” (1795), and the “ Allgemeine Zei» 
 tung ” (1798. Stuttgart). 
 
 Cottar's Saturday Night. A poem by Robert 
 Burns, first published in a volume of poems in 
 1786. 
 
 Cottbus. See Kottbus. 
 
 Cottenbam, Earl of. See Pepys, Charles Chris- 
 topher. 
 
 Cottereau (kot-ro'), Jean, called Jean Chouan. 
 
 Born at St. Berthevin, Mayenne, France, Oct. 
 30, 1757 : killed near Laval, France, July 29, 
 1794. Leader of the insurgent royalists (Chou- 
 aus) in Brittany and the neighboring regions 
 in 1793-94. 
 
 Cottin (ko-tan'), Madame (Sophie Risteau). 
 Born March 22, 1770: died at Paris, Aug. 25, 
 1807. A French novelist. Her best-known work ia 
 “ Elisabeth, ou les Exiles de Siberie ’’ (1806). 
 
 Cottin, Alaric. A nickname given to Frederick 
 the Great by Voltaire. 
 
 Cottle (kot'l), Amos Simon. Born in Glouces- 
 tershire, England, about 1768 : died at London, 
 Sept. 28, 1800. An English writer, elder brother 
 of Joseph Cottle. He wrote “ Icelandic Poetry, or the 
 Edda of Saemund translated into English Verse ” (1797), 
 and other poems. 
 
 Cottle, Joseph. Bornl770: died at Bristol, June 
 7, 1853. An English bookseller and poet, a 
 friend of Coleridge, Southey, and Wordsworth, 
 and the publisher of several of their works. 
 His poetry (“Malvern Hills” (1798), “John the Baptist” 
 (1801), “ Alfred ” (1801), “ The Pali of Cambria ” (1809), 
 “Messiah ” (1815)), which was of inferior quality, is now 
 known chiefly as an object of Byron’s sarcasm. He also 
 wrote “Early Recollections, chiefly relating to Samuel 
 Taylor Coleridge ” (1837). 
 
 Cotton (kot'n), Bartholomew de. An English 
 historian, a monk of Norwich. He was the author 
 of the “ Historia Anglicana ” in three books, of which the 
 first is taken literally from Geoffrey of Monmouth, the sec- 
 ond (taken in part from Henry of Huntingdon) comprises 
 the history of England from 449 to 1298, while the third 
 is an abstract and continuation of the “De gestis pontifl- 
 cum ” of William of Malmesbury. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Cotton, Charles. Born at Beresford, Stafford- 
 shire, England, April 28, 1630 : died at Westmin- 
 ster, Feb., 1687. An English poet, best known as 
 the translator of Montaigne’s “Essays” (1685). 
 He published anonymously “ Scarronides, or the First 
 Book of Virgil Travestie ” (1664 : reprinted with the fourth 
 book in 1670), a translation of Corneille’s “Horace” (1671), 
 “A Voyage to Ireland in Burlesque,” a poem (1670), a 
 translation of Gerard’s “ Life of the Duke of Espernon ’’ 
 (1670) and of the “Commentaries of De Montluc, Marshal 
 of France ’’ (1074), a “second part” (ou fly-fishing) to the 
 fifth edition of Walton’s “Complete Angler” (1676), etc. 
 A collection of his poems was published in 1689. 
 
 Cotton, George Edward Lynch. Born at Ches- 
 ter, England, Oct. 29, 1813: drowned at Koosh- 
 tea, India, Oct. 6, 1866. An English educator 
 and prelate, bishop of Calcutta 1858-66. He was 
 appointed in 1837 assistant master at Rugby, and as such 
 figures in “Tom Brown’s School-days.” 
 
 Cotton, John. Bom at Derby, England, Dec. 4, 
 1585: died at Boston, Mass., Dec. 23, 1652. A 
 Puritan clergyman who emigrated from Eng- 
 land and settled in Boston in 1633, sometimes 
 called “the Patriarch of -New England.” He 
 drew up, at the request of the General Court, an abstract 
 of the laws of Moses, entitled “Moses, his Judicials,” 
 which he handed to the court in October, 1636 ; and is said 
 to have introduced in New England the practice of keep- 
 ing the Sabbath from Saturday evening to that of Sunday. 
 
 Cotton, Sir Robert Bruce. Born at Denton, 
 Huntington, England, Jan. 22, 1571: died May 
 6, 1631. A noted English antiquary, a gradu- 
 ate of Cambridge (Jesus College) in 1585, famous 
 as the fouuder of the Cottonian Library, now in 
 the British Museum. He was an ardent collector of 
 manuscripts in many languages, coins, and antiquities 
 of all kinds, and ids library was consulted and his aid ob- 
 tained by Bacon, Jonson, Speed, Camden, and many other 
 men of learning of that day. His collection of original 
 documents became so great as to be regarded as a source of 
 danger to the government, and after he had fallen into 
 disfavor at court, on political grounds, an opportunity 
 was found of placing liis library under seal (1629), and he 
 never regained possession of it. His son. Sir Thomas 
 Cotton, succeeded in obtaining it, and it remained in the 
 family (though open to the use of scholars and, in 1700, 
 of the public) until 1707, when it was purchased by the 
 nation. It was kept at various places, suffering consider- 
 able damage by fire Oct. 23, 1731, until the founding of 
 the British Museum (1753), when it was transferred to that 
 institution. Cotton was knighted in 1603, and created a 
 baronet in 1611. 
 
 Cotton, Sir Stapleton, first Viscount Comber- 
 mere. Bom in Denbighshire, Wales, Nov., 1773 : 
 died at Clifton, England, Feb. 21, 1865. A 
 British general, distinguished in India, and in 
 the Peninsular war, especially at Salamanca 
 1812. He was governor of Barbados, and commander- 
 in-chief of the Leeward Islands 1817-20, commander-in- 
 thief in Ireland 1822-25, and commander-in-chief in India 
 1825-30. He captured Bhartpur in 1826. 
 
 Cottonian Library. See Cotton, Sir Robert 
 
 Bruce. 
 
Cotys 
 
 Cotys (ko'tis), or Cotytto (ko-tit'o). [Gr. ICo- 
 tvi;, K otvttu.] In Greek mythology, a Thracian 
 goddess. Her festival, the Cotyttia, was riotous 
 and, later, licentious. It was celebrated on hills. 
 Cotys. [Gr. Korur.] King of Thrace 382-358 
 B. c. He was an enemy of the Athenians. 
 Couch (koueh), Richard Quillar. Born at Pol- 
 perro, Cornwall, England, March 14, 1816: died 
 at Penzance, England, May 8, 1863. An Eng- 
 lish naturalist. 
 
 Coucy fko-se'), Raoul or Renaud de, known 
 as the Chatelain de Coucy (see Coucy-le-Chd- 
 teau). A chevalier and French poet who is 
 said to have perished about 1200 in a combat 
 with the Saracens. He is the hero of a popular le- 
 gend to the effect that when dying he ordered hia heart 
 to be sent to his mistress, the Lady of Fayel, whose hus- 
 band intercepted it and forced her to eat it. She made a 
 vow never to eat again, and died of starvation. See Chdte- 
 lain de Coney. 
 
 Coucy-le-Chateau (ko-se'le-sha-to'). A vil- 
 lage in the department of Aisne, Franee, 15 
 miles southwest of Laon. It is noted for the 
 ruins of its feudal castle. 
 
 Coues (kouz), Elliott. Born at Portsmouth, 
 N. H., Sept. 9, 1842 : died Dec. 25, 1899. A 
 noted American ornithologist and biologist. 
 His works include “Key to North American Birds’’ (1st 
 ed. 1872), “Field Ornithology” (1874), “Check-List of 
 North American Birds” (1882), etc. He contributed the 
 definitions of biological and zoological terms to “The Cen- 
 tury Dictionary ” (1S89-91), and edited Lewis and Clark's 
 travels, with extended notes (1893). 
 
 Coulanges (ko-lonzh'), Numa Denis Fustel de. 
 Born at Paris, March 18, 1830: died in 1889. 
 A French historical writer. His works include 
 “ La cit6 antique” (1864), “Histoire des institutions poli- 
 tiques de l’ancienne France ” (1875). 
 
 Coulin (ko'lin). A giant in Spenser’s ‘‘Faerie 
 Queene.” 
 
 Coillmiers (kol-mya'). A village in the de- 
 partment of Loiret, France, 13 miles north- 
 west of Orleans. Here, Nov. 9, 1870, the French 
 (80,000) under Aurelle de Paladines defeated the first 
 Bavarian army corps (16,000) under General Von der Tann. 
 The loss of the French was 1,500 ; that of the Bavarians 
 about 1,300. 
 
 Coulomb (ko-lon'), Charles Augustin de. 
 
 Born at Angouleme, France, June 14, 1736: 
 died at Paris, Aug. 23, 1806. A French physi- 
 cist, noted for experiments on friction and re- 
 searches in electricity and magnetism. He 
 invented the torsion balance. 
 
 Coulommiers (ko-lom-mya'). A town in the 
 department of Seine-et-Marne, France, situ- 
 ated on the Grand Morin 33 miles east of Paris. 
 Population, commune, 6,891. 
 
 Council Bluffs (koun'sil blufs). The county- 
 seat of Pottawattamie County, Iowa, situated 
 on the Missouri River opposite Omaha. It is an 
 important railway and trading center. Popu- 
 lation, 29,292, (1910). 
 
 Council Of Ancients. In French history, the 
 upper chamber of the French legislature 
 (Corps L6gislatif) under the constitution of 
 1795, consisting of 250 members, each at least 
 forty years old. 
 
 Council of Basel. See Basel , Council of. 
 Council of Blood, The. In the history of the 
 Netherlands, a court established by the Duke 
 of Alva to suppress the popular agitation 
 against the religious and political tyranny of 
 Philip II. It held its first session Sept. 20, 1567, and 
 put to death 1,800 persons in less than three months, the 
 counts of Egmont and of Hoorn being among its victims 
 (1568). 
 
 Yet, strange to say, this tremendous court . . . had not 
 been provided with even a nominal authority from any 
 source whatever. The King had granted it no letters 
 patent or charter, nor had even the Duke of Alva thought 
 it worth while to grant any commissions, either in his own 
 name or as Captain-General, to any of the members com- 
 posing the board. The Blood-Council was merely an in- 
 formal club, of which the Duke was perpetual president, 
 while the other members were all appointed by himself. 
 
 Motley, Dutch Republic. 
 
 Council of Carthage, Chalcedon, etc. See 
 Carthage , Clialcedon, etc. 
 
 Council of Five Hundred. In French his- 
 tory, during the government of the Directory 
 (1795-99), an assembly of 500 members, form- 
 ing the second branch of the legislative body, 
 the first branch being the Council of Ancients. 
 Council of Seville. See Casa de Contratacion. 
 Council of State. [F. Conseil d’fltat.] In 
 France, an advisory body existing from early 
 times, but developed especially under Philip 
 IV. (1285—1314) and his sons. It was often modi- 
 fied, particularly in 1497, and in 1630 under Richelieu, and 
 played an important part during the first empire. Under 
 the present republican government it comprises the min- 
 isters and about 90 other members, part of whom are 
 nominated by the president, and the remainder are 
 elected by the Legislative Assembly. Its chief duties are 
 
 285 
 
 to give advice upon various administrative matters and 
 legislative measures. 
 
 Council of Ten. In the ancient republic of 
 Venice, a secret tribunal instituted in 1310 and 
 continuing down to the overthrow of the re- 
 public in 1797. it was composed at first of 10 and 
 later of 17 members, and exercised unlimited power in 
 the supervision of internal and external affairs, often 
 with great rigor and oppressiveness. 
 
 Council of the Indies. A body created in 
 1511, by King Ferdinand, for the regulation 
 of Spanish colonial affairs. Its powers were con- 
 firmed and enlarged by Charles V. and his successors 
 until they covered every branch of administration. It 
 nominated and removed viceroys and governors, bishops 
 and archbishops; made or approved all laws relating to 
 the colonies, appointed the audiences, which were the 
 supreme courts in all criminal affairs, and was itself the 
 last court of appeal in civil cases ; regulated the condition 
 of the Indians ; and, in fact, represented the crown in all 
 matters relating to America and the East Indies. Its seat, 
 after the first few years, was in Madrid. 
 
 Counter, The. The name anciently given to 
 two prisons under the rule of the sheriffs of 
 London, one in the Poultry and one in Wood 
 Street. There was another in Southwark which had 
 the same name. This name was formerly a frequent sub- 
 ject of jokes and puns. Baret, in the “Alvearie” (1573), 
 speaks of one who had been imprisoned as singing “ his 
 counter-tenor,” and there are various similar allusions in 
 the 17th-century dramatists. 
 
 Count Fathom. See Ferdinand. 
 
 Count Julian. A tragedy by Walter Savage 
 Landor, published in 1812. 
 
 His [Landor’s] first dramatic effort, made after a stormy 
 and ill-regulated experience of fifteen years, was the 
 gloomy but magnificent tragedy of “ Count Julian ” [1812]. 
 Like Shelley’s “Cenci,” Byron’s “Manfred, ’’and Coleridge’s 
 adaptation of “ Wallenstein,” it is a dramatic poem rather 
 than a stage drama of the available kind. Compared with 
 kindred productions of the time, however, it stands like 
 the “Prometheus" among classic plays; and as an expo- 
 sition of dramatic force, a conception of the highest man- 
 hood in the most heroic and mournful attitude, — as a 
 presentment of impassioned language, pathetic sentiment, 
 and stern resolve, — it is an impressive and undying poem. 
 
 Stedman, Viet. Poets, p. 41. 
 
 Count Robert of Paris. A novel by Sir Walter 
 Scott, published in 1831. The scene is laid in the 
 11th century, when Godfrey of Bouillon was before Con- 
 stantinople at the head of the Crusaders. Count Robert 
 was a French Crusader, one of the most famous and reck- 
 less of the period. 
 
 Country Girl, The. 1. A comedy attributed 
 to Antony Brewer, produced iu 1647. John 
 Leanerd reprinted it in 1677, under the title of 
 “ Country Innocence,” as his own. — 2. An al- 
 teration of Wycherley’s comedy “The Country 
 Wife” by Garrick, who produced it in 1766. 
 
 Country House, The. A comedy by Vanbrugh, 
 produced in 1705. It was translated from the 
 French of Dancourt. 
 
 Country Lasses, or The Custom of the Manor. 
 
 A play by Charles Johnson, produced in 1715. 
 It was partly taken from Fletcher and Massinger’s “ Cus- 
 tom of the Country,” and Middleton’s “A Mad World, my 
 Masters.” John Philip Kemble used it in his “Farm 
 House ” (1789), and Kendrick in “ The Lady of the Manor. ” 
 
 Country Party. In English history, a politi- 
 cal party, in the reign of Charles II., which op- 
 posed the court and sympathized with the 
 nonconformists. It developed into the Peti- 
 tioners, and later into the Whig party. 
 
 Country Wife, The. A comedy by Wycherley, 
 produced in 1673. It, was taken from Moliere’s 
 “L’Ecole des maris ” and “ L’Ecole des femmes” (“ School 
 for Husbands,” “School for Wives”). 
 
 Country Wit, The. A comedy by Crowne, pro- 
 duced in 1675. The plot was partly from Mo- 
 liere’s “ Le Sicilien.” 
 
 Coupar-Angus (ko'par-ang'gus). A town in 
 Perthshire and Forfarshire, Scotland, situated 
 northeast of Perth. 
 
 Coupler (kup'ler), Mrs. A match-maker or go- 
 between in Vanbrugh’s play “The Relapse,” 
 and in Sheridan’s “ Trip to Scarborough.” 
 
 Courbet (kor-ba/), Gustave. Born at Ornans, 
 Doubs, France, June 10, 1819: died at La Tour 
 de Peilz, Vaud, Switzerland, Dec. 31, 1877. A 
 celebrated French painter, chief of the realists. 
 He studied theology at Besanpon, but abandoned it for the 
 study of art, which he pursued at Paris under Steuben 
 and Hesse. He was especially influenced by the Flemish 
 and Venetian masters. He became a member of the Com- 
 mune in 1871, and directed the destruction of the column in 
 the Place Venddme. On the fall of the Commune he was 
 imprisoned, and later was condemned to pay the cost of 
 reerecting the column. He escaped to Switzerland. 
 
 Courbevoie (kor-be-vwa'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Seine, France, situated on the 
 Seine i { miles northwest of the fortifications 
 of Paris. Population, commune, 31,191. 
 
 Courcelles (kor-sel'). A village of Lorraine, 
 situated near Metz. For battle of Courcelles, 
 see Colombey. 
 
 Courier de Mere (ko-rya' de ma-ra'), Paul 
 Louis. Born at Paris, Jan. 4, 1772 : assassinated 
 
 Court Mantel 
 
 near Vdretz, Indre-et-Loire, France, Aug. 18, 
 1825. A French Hellenist and political writer. 
 He studied at the Artillery School iu Chalons, and served 
 in the army 1792-1809. In the latter year he went to Italy, 
 and in 1812 returned to France and lived upon his estate 
 at Veretz. He edited Longus in 1810, and published 
 “Pamphlets des Pamphlets’’ (1824), etc. His collected 
 works were published in 1834. 
 
 Courland (kor'land), G. Kurland (kor'land). 
 [F. Courlande.'] A government of Russia, the 
 southernmost of the Baltic provinces. It is 
 bounded by the Gulf of Riga and I.ivonia (separated by the 
 Diina) on the north, Vitebsk (separated by the Diina) on 
 the east, Kovno on the south, and the Baltic on the west. 
 Its surface is mostly level, and abounds in lakes, but in 
 parts is hilly. Three fourths of the inhabitants are Letts, 
 but the land proprietors are mainly German. The pre- 
 vailing religion is Protestant. Courland came under the 
 control of the Teutonic Order in the middle of the 13th 
 century ; became a hereditary duchy and fief of Poland 
 in 1561 or 1562; and passed to Russia in 1796. It is 
 being Russified like the other Baltic provinces. Cap- 
 ital, Mitau. Area, 10,535 square miles. Population, 727, • 
 300. 
 
 On the western shore of the Gulf of Riga and on the 
 Baltic, the Korses, who give their name to Courland, are 
 to be found. Rambaud, Russia, L 28. 
 
 Courmayeur (kor-ma-yer'), or Ccrmajeur. 
 
 [It. Cormaggiore .] A village in northwestern 
 Italy, near the foot of Mont Blanc. 
 
 Cours (kor). A town in the department of 
 Rhone, France, 33 miles northwest of Lyons. 
 It manufactures cloth. Population, commune, 
 5,718. 
 
 Course of Time, The. A religious poem by 
 Robert Pollok, published in 1827. 
 
 Court (kort). In Shakspere’s “Henry V.,” a 
 soldier in the king’s army. 
 
 Court (kor), Antoine. Born at Villeneuve-de- 
 Berg, Vivarais, France, May 17, 1696: died at 
 Lausanne, Switzerland, June 15,1760. A French 
 Protestant clergyman, the chief restorer of the 
 Reformed Church in France. 
 
 Courtall (kort'al). A man of gallantry in Mrs. 
 Cowley’s comedy “ The Belle’s Stratagem.” 
 Court and City. A comedy adapted from 
 Steele’s “Tender Husband” and Mrs. Frances 
 Sheridan’s “ Discovery,” produced by Richard 
 Brinsley Peake. 
 
 Court Beggar, The. A play by Richard Brome, 
 produced in 1632, printed in 1653. 
 
 Court de Gebelin (korde zhab-lah'), Antoine. 
 Born at Nunes, Prance, 1725: died at Paris, 
 May 10, 1784. A noted French scholar, son of 
 Antoine Court. His works include “Le monde primi- 
 tif analyst et compard avec le monde moderne "(1776-84), 
 “Affaires de l’Angleterre et de l’Am^rique ” (1776), “ Let- 
 tre sur le magn^tisme animal ” (1783), “ Histoire natu- 
 relle de la parole, ou grammaire universelle,” etc. 
 
 Courtenay (kert'na), Edward. Born about 
 1526: died at Padua, Sept., 1556. An English 
 noble, the Earl of Devonshire, son of Henry 
 Courtenay, marquis of Exeter and earl of 
 Devonshire. He was committed to the Tower with his 
 father (see Henry Courtenay) in 1538, attainted in 1539, 
 and released and restored in blood in 1553. Later he be- 
 came an aspirant for the hand of Queen Mary, and on 
 her choosing Philip II. turned his attention to the Prin- 
 cess Elizabeth. He was suspected of complicity in 
 Wyatt’s rebellion, and was again sent to the Tower 
 (1554), but was released on parole and exiled. 
 
 Courtenay, Henry. Born about 1496 : beheaded 
 on Tower Hill, Dec. 9, 1538. An English noble, 
 earl of Devonshire and marquis of Exeter. He 
 was arrested on a charge of treason in Nov., 1538, tried, 
 condemned, and executed. 
 
 Courtenay, William. Born at Exeter, Eng- 
 land, about 1342: died at Maidstone, Kent, 
 July 31, 1396. An English prelate, archbishop 
 of Canterbury 1381-96, fourth son of Hugh 
 Courtenay, earl of Devon, and Margaret Bohun, 
 daughter of the Earl of Hereford. He studied at 
 Oxford, became chancellor of the university in 1367, was 
 consecrated bishop of Hereford in 1370, and was translated 
 to the see of London in 1376. He was an opponent of 
 Lollardism and the prosecutor of Wyclif. See Wyclif. 
 
 Courtes Oreilles. [F., ‘ short ears.’] See Ot- 
 tawa. 
 
 Courtly (kort 'li). Charles. In Dion Bouci- 
 cault’s comedy “London Assurance,” a fash- 
 ionable young man about town. He is the son of 
 Sir Harcourt Courtly, who persists in believing him a 
 studious, retiring boy. Charles succeeds in securing the 
 heart and hand of the heiress who has been promised to 
 his father. 
 
 Courtly, Sir Harcourt. In Dion Boucicault’s 
 comedy “ London Assurance,” an elderly fop 
 devoted to fashion, and betrothed to a young 
 heiress, Grace Harkaway, who finally rejects 
 him and marries his son Charles. 
 
 Courtly, Sir James. In Mrs. Cent.livre’s com- 
 edy “The Basset-Table,” a gay, airy, witty, and 
 inconstant gentleman, devoted to gaming. 
 Courtly Nice, Sir. See Sir Courtly Nice. 
 Court Mantel. See Boy and the Mantle. 
 
Courtney Melmoth 
 
 Courtney Melmoth. See Melmotli, Courtney. 
 Court of Lions. A celebrated court in the Al- 
 hambra. See the extract. 
 
 Perhaps the most celebrated portion of the entire palace 
 [Alhambra] is the Court of the Lions, which occupies a 
 space somewhat smaller than that of the Court of the 
 Myrtles. One hundred and twenty-eight white marble 
 columns, arranged by threes and fours in symmetrical 
 fashion, support galleries which rise to no very lofty 
 height; but the extreme gracefulness and elegance of 
 their varied capitals, the delicate traceries, the remnants 
 of gold and colour, the raised orange-shaped cupolas, the 
 graceful minarets, the innumerable arches, beautiful in 
 their labyrinthine design, the empty basin into which the 
 twelve stiff and unnatural “lions ” once poured their con- 
 stant streams of cooling waters, the alabaster reservoir, 
 constitute a whole that poetry and romance have lauded 
 even to extravagance. Poole, Story of the Moors, p. 227.. 
 
 Court of Love, The. A poem attributed to 
 Chaucer by Stowe, and inserted in the 1561 edi- 
 tion, but believed to be of later origin. 
 Courtois (kor-twa/), Jacques, It. Jacopo Cor- 
 tese: called le Bourguignon, It. II Borgo- 
 gnone. Born at St. Hippolyte, Doubs, Trance, 
 1621: died at Rome, Nov. 14, 1676. A French 
 battle-painter. In 1655 he became a lay bro- 
 ther of the Jesuit order, and thereafter painted 
 sacred subjects. 
 
 Courtois, Gustave Claude Etienne. Born at 
 Pusey, Haute-Saone, France, March 18, 1852. 
 A French painter, especially of portraits: a 
 pupil of G6r6me. He obtained the second grand prix 
 de Rome in 1877, and a gold medal and the decoration of 
 the Legion of Honor at the exposition of 1889. 
 
 Court Party. In English history, a political 
 party, in the reign of Charles II., which sup- 
 ported. the policy of the court. Its successor 
 was the party of the Abhorrers, and later the 
 Tories. 
 
 Courtrai, or Courtray (kor-tra'), Flem. Kort- 
 ryk (kort/rik). A city in the province of West 
 Flanders, Belgium, situated on the Lys in lat. 
 50° 49' N., long. 3° 15' E. : the ancient Corto- 
 riacum. It manufactures linen, lace, etc., and contains 
 a noted town hall (finished in 1528) and the Church of 
 Notre Dame. Here, July 11, 1302, 20,000 Flemings de- 
 feated 47,000 French under Robert of Artois in the “Bat- 
 tle of the Spurs." It has several times been taken by the 
 French. Population, 35,200. 
 
 Court Secret, The. A play by Shirley, printed 
 in 1653, not acted till after the Restoration. 
 Courtship of Miles Standish. A poem by 
 Longfellow, published in 1858. See Standish, 
 Miles. 
 
 Court Theatre, The. A theater in Sloane 
 Square, London. It was opened in Jan., 1871, for the 
 lighter order of dramas. The building, which was origi- 
 nally erected in 1818 as a chapel, replaced an older theater. 
 
 Cousin (ko-zan'), Jean. Born at Soucy, near 
 Sens, 1501 : died at Sens about 1590. A French 
 painter, engraver, and sculptor, noted espe- 
 cially for his paintings on glass and minia- 
 tures. 
 
 Cousin, Victor. Born at Paris, Nov. 28, 1792: 
 died at Cannes, France, Jan. 13, 1867. A noted 
 French philosopher and statesman. He began 
 lecturing at the Sorbonne in 1815 ; traveled in Germany 
 in 1817 ; was deprived of his position at the Sorbonne for 
 political reasons in 1820 ; traveled again in Germany in 
 1824, and was arrested at Dresden and imprisoned for a 
 short time at Berlin; regained his position in 1828; and 
 became a member of the Council of Public Instruction in 
 1830, and minister of public instruction in 1840. As a 
 philosopher he was at first a follower of the Scottish psy- 
 chological school, but later under German influences de- 
 veloped a kind of eclecticism. His works include “Frag- 
 ments philosopliiques” (1826-28), “Cours d'histoire de la 
 philosophie ” (1827-40), “Corn s d’histoire de la philosophie 
 moderne” (1841), “Cours d’histoire de la philosophie mo- 
 rale au XVIII s sifecle" (1840-41), “Du vrai, du beau, et du 
 bien” (1854),“ Des penseesde Pascal ” (1842), “ Madame de 
 Longueville” (1853), “Histoire gdndrale de la philoso- 
 phie ” (1864), etc. 
 
 Cousine Bette, La. A novel by Balzac. See 
 Balzac. 
 
 Cousin Michael (kuz'n mi'kel) or Michel. A 
 nickname for the German people. 
 Cousin-Montauban (ko-zan'mont-o-bon'). See 
 Palikao, Comte de. 
 
 Cousin Pons (ko-zah' pons), Le. A novel by 
 Balzac. See Balzac. 
 
 Cousins (kuz'nz), Samuel. Born at Exeter, 
 England, May 9, 1801: died at London, May 7, 
 1887. An English mezzotint engraver. 
 Coussemaker (kos-ma-kar'), Charles Edmond 
 Henri de. Born at Bailleul, Nord, France, 
 April 19, 1805: died at Lille, France, Jan. 11, 
 1876. A French magistrate, and writer on the 
 history of music. His works include “Histoire de 
 l’harmonie au moyen Age ” (1852), “Chants populaires des 
 Flamands de France ” (1856), “L’Art harmonique au XII s 
 et XIII e sieclrs ” (1865), etc. 
 
 Coustou (kos-to'), Guillaume. Born at Lyons, 
 April 25, 1677 : died at Paris, Feb. 20, 1746. A 
 French sculptor, younger brother of Nicholas 
 
 286 
 
 Coustou. He won the grand prix de sculpture in 1697, 
 and was sent to Rome. He became celebrated for his bold 
 and independent style. Among his works are the alle- 
 gorical figures of the Ocean and the Mediterranean at 
 Marly, the colossal statue of the Rhone at Lyons, those 
 of Bacchus, Minerva, Hercules, and Pallas, and agreat num- 
 ber of bas-reliefs. His son Guillaume Coustou (born 1716 : 
 died July 13, 1777) was also a sculptor of note. 
 
 Coustou, Nicholas. Born at Lyons, Jan. 9, 
 1658: died at Paris, May 1, 1733. A French 
 Sculptor. He learned the rudiments of his art from his 
 father, a wood-carver, and at eighteen entered the atelier 
 of Coyzevox, then president of the Academy of Painting 
 and Sculpture in Paris. He won the grand prix de sculp- 
 ture in 1682, and went to Rome. Among his works are a 
 Descent from the Cross, at Notre Dame ; the colossal Seine 
 and Marne, in the Tuileries Gardens; and many statues in 
 the Tuileries and Versailles. He became a member of 
 the Academy in 1693. „ 
 
 Coutances (ko-tons'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Manche, France, 40 miles south of Cher- 
 bourg: the Roman Constantia (whence the 
 name ) . It has a noted cathedral, one of the chief churches 
 of Normandy. The front is fine, with large recessed 
 portal, great traceried window opening on the nave, 
 graceful arcades and rosettes, and the tall spires charac- 
 teristic of Normandy. There is a high central tower and 
 lantern. The interior is beautifully proportioned, and 
 the vistas formed by the openings of the choir-chapels 
 are highly picturesque. The vaulting and decorative ar- 
 cading are notably good. Coutances was the ancient cap- 
 ital of Cotentin, and suffered in the Norman, English, and 
 religious wars. Population, commune, 6,824, 
 
 Couthon (ko-ton'), Georges. Born at Orcet, 
 near Clermont, France, 1756 : guillotined at 
 Paris, July 28, 1794. A French revolutionist. 
 He was deputy to the Legislative Assembly in 1791, and 
 to the Convention in 1792, and was one of the Triumvi- 
 rate with Robespierre and Saint-Just. The three were 
 executed at the same time. 
 
 Coutras (ko-tra/). A town in the department 
 of Gironde, France, on the Dronne 25 miles 
 east of Bordeaux. Here, Oct. 20, 1587, a victory was 
 gained by Henry of Navarre over the Leaguers. It con- 
 tained a noted castle, now destroyed. Population, com- 
 mune, 4,406. 
 
 Coutts (kots), Thomas. Born at Edinburgh, 
 Sept. 7, 1753 : died at London, Feb. 24, 1822. 
 An English banker, the founder, with his 
 brother James, of the London banking-house of 
 Coutts and Co. He was the son of Lord Provost John 
 Coutts of Edinburgh. His third daughter, Sophia, mar- 
 ried Sir Francis Burdett. 
 
 Couture (ko-tiir'), Thomas. Born at Senlis, 
 France, Dec. 21, 1815: died near Paris, March 
 30, 1879. A noted French painter, a pupil of 
 Gros and Delaroehe. He won the second grand prix 
 de Rome in 1837. He first exhibited in the Salon in 1S40 
 (“ Jeune VenCtien apres une orgie ”). Among his works 
 are “L’Enfant prodigue,” “ line veuve,” “ Le retour des 
 champs” (1843), “ Le trouvere ” (1844), “ Joconde ” (1847), 
 etc. His chief work is “ Les Romains de la decadence ” 
 (1847). 
 
 Covent Garden (kuv'ent gar'den). [For Con- 
 vent Garden.~\ A space in London, between 
 the Strand and Longaere, which as early as 
 1222 was the convent garden belonging to the 
 monks of St. Peter, Westminster, it was origi- 
 nally called Fr re Pye Garden. (Hare.) At the Dissolu- 
 tion it was granted with neighboring properties, by Ed- 
 ward VI., to Edward, duke of Somerset. After his at- 
 tainder in 1552 it went to John, earl of Bedford. The 
 square was laid out for Francis, earl of Bedford, and 
 partly built by Inigo Jones, whose church, St. Paul’s, Cov- 
 ent Garden, still remains. The holdings of the Bedfords 
 in this neighborhood were enormous. At one time its 
 coffee-houses and taverns became tire fashionable loung- 
 ing-places for the authors, wits, and noted men of the 
 kingdom. Dryden, Otway, Steele, Fielding, Peg Woffing- 
 ton, Kitty Clive, Samuel Foote, Booth, Garrick, and others 
 were among its frequenters. See Covent Garden Market. 
 
 Covent Garden Journal. A biweekly peri- 
 odical issued in Jan., 1752, by Henry Fielding, 
 under the name of “ Sir Alexander Draweansir, 
 Knight, Censor of Great Britain.” It was dis- 
 continued before the end of the year. 
 
 Covent Garden Market. A vegetable, fruit, 
 and flower market held in Covent Garden. 
 The space began to be used for this purpose early in the 
 17th century by the venders from the villages near by. 
 The market finally grew into a recognized institution, 
 but till 1828 it was an unsightly assemblage of sheds and 
 stalls. About that time the Duke of Bediord erected the 
 present buildings. In 1859 a flower-market covered with 
 glass was built on the south side of the opera-house. 
 
 Covent Garden Theatre. A theater in Bow 
 street, Covent Garden, built by John Rich, the 
 famous harlequin of Lincoln’s Inn Theatre, in 
 1731. It was opened, under the dormant patent granted 
 by Charles II. to Sir William Davenant, with Congreve’s 
 comedy “ The Way of the World, ” Dec. 7, 1732. There was 
 no first appearance at this house of any importance until 
 that of Peg Woffington in “The Recruiting Officer,” Nov. 
 8,1740. In 1746 Garrick played here. During Rich’s man- 
 agement pantomime reigned supreme. Rich died in 1761, 
 leaving the theater to his son-in-law John Beard the vo- 
 calist. In 1767 it was sold to George Colman the elder, 
 Harris, Rutherford, and Powell for £60,000. On March 15, 
 1773, Goldsmith's play “She Stoops to Conquer” was 
 brought out here. In 1774 Harris undertook the manage- 
 ment alone. In 1803 John Kemble bought a one-sixth 
 share in the patent-right from Harris for £22,000, and 
 
 Coviello 
 
 became manager. In Sept., 1808, the house was burned. 
 Eight months later it was rebuilt, according to the design 
 of Smirke the ar chitect, in imitation of the Par thenon (the 
 pediment by Flaxman), at a cost of £300,000. John Philip 
 Kemble was still manager. On account of the great expense 
 of the undertakingKemble raised the price of admission and 
 built an extra row of boxes which he leased for £12,000 (?). 
 This brought about the famousO. P. (old price) riots, which 
 lasted sixt y -one days and resulted in a general reduction. 
 On June 29, 1817, John Kemble was followed by Charles 
 Kemble. In 1822 the theater was thrown into chancery. 
 In 1847 it commenced a new career as “The Royal Italian 
 Opera House,” but on March 4, 1856, it was burned down. 
 It was rebuilt and the present house opened May 15, 
 1858. 
 
 Coventry (kuv'en-tri). A city in Warwickshire, 
 England, 17 miles southeast of Birmingham. 
 It has manufactures of motor cars, bicycles, watches, and 
 ribbons, and was formerly celebrated for its woolens (“ Cov- 
 entry true blues "). Its chief buildings are the churches of 
 St. Michael, the Trinity, and St. John, Christchurch, and 
 St. Mary's Guildhall. According to legend it obtained its 
 municipal rights from Leofric about 1044 by the ride of 
 Godiva. (See Godiva.) It was formerly celebrated for 
 the Coventry mystery plays. Population, 106,377, (1911). 
 Coventry, John. Pseudonym of John William- 
 son Palmer. 
 
 Coventry Plays. A series of forty-two religious 
 plays acted at Coventry from an early date till 
 about 1591. The first mention of them is in 1416. These 
 plays were some of them written in 1468, but the title is 
 thought to be of later date. This title terms the plays 
 “Ludus Coventrise s. Ludus Corpus Christi,” and Corpus 
 Christi plays were performed at Coventry in the 15th and 
 16th centuries. Clerical authorship is suspected in many 
 ofthem, from the style of writing employed. (Ward.) They 
 are far more regular in form than the Chester plays (doubt- 
 less written for tradesmen by tradesmen), and their versi- 
 fication and diction much better. They are to be classed 
 among the mysteries, although they contain one element 
 of the moralities. 
 
 Sir William Dugdale, in his “History of Warwickshire," 
 printed in 1656, speaks of the Coventry plays as “being 
 acted with mighty state and reverence by the friars of this 
 house, who had theatres for the several scenes, very large 
 and high, placed upon wheels and drawn to all the emi- 
 nent parts of the city,” and he referred to the Cotton MS. 
 for authority as to the nature of their plays. The series 
 known as the “ Coventry Mysteries ” may possibly have be- 
 longed to the Coventry Grey Friars, and the Grey Friars 
 may have acted in the streets one set of Mysteries, the 
 Guilds another, though the practical difficulties in the way 
 of believing that they did so are considerable. Certain it 
 is that the plays now called ‘ ‘ Coventry Mysteries ” are not 
 those which were acted by the Guilds of Coventry. 
 
 Morley, English Writers, IV. 114. 
 
 Coverdale (kuv'er-dal), Miles. Born in the 
 North Riding of Yorkshire in 1488 : died in Feb. , 
 1568. The first translator of the whole Bible 
 into English. He studied at Cambridge, was ordained 
 priest in 1514 at Norwich, and joined the Austin friars at 
 Cambridge. About 1526 he. assumed the habit of a secular 
 priest, and, leaving the convent, devoted himself to evan- 
 gelical preaching. In 1531 he took his degree as bachelor 
 of canon law at Cambridge. He was probably on the 
 Continent the greater part of the time until 1535. In this 
 year his translation of the Bible from Dutch and Latin ap- 
 peared with a dedication to Henry VIII. In 1538 he was sent 
 by Cromwell to Paris to superintend a new English edition 
 of the Bible. This was known as “The Great Bible.” A 
 second “Great Bible,” known as “Cranmer’s Bible” (1540), 
 was also edited by him. He returned from Paris in 1539, 
 but in 1540, on the execution of Cromwell, he was obliged 
 to leave England, and shortly after married Elizabeth 
 Macheson. This repudiation of the celibacy of the priest- 
 hood identified him with the Reformers. He lived at Tu- 
 bingen for a short time, and was made doctor of divinity. 
 From 1543 to 1547 he lived at Bergzabern (Beux-Ponts) as 
 Lutheran minister and schoolmaster. In 154S he returned 
 to England, and was appointed chaplain to the king through 
 Cranmer’s influence. In 1551 he was appointed bishop of 
 Exeter, of which office he was deprived in 1553 and went 
 again to Bergzabern. It has been said that he assisted in 
 preparing the Geneva Bible. In 1559 we find him again in 
 England. In 1563 he received from Cambridge the degree 
 of doctorof divinity, and obtained the living of St. Magnus, 
 near London Bridge. In 1566 he resigned this office on ac- 
 count of his objection to the enforced strict observance of 
 the liturgy. He continued preaching, however, and was 
 followed by crowds. 
 
 Coverdale, Miles. The relater of events in 
 Hawthorne’s “Blithedale Romance”: a charac- 
 ter which has many points of intellectual af- 
 finity with Hawthorne himself. 
 
 Coverley (kuv'er-li), Sir Roger de. The chief 
 character in the club professing to write the 
 “Spectator”: an English country gentleman. 
 He was sketched by Steele and developed by 
 Addison. 
 
 Sir Roger de Coverley is not to be described by any pen 
 but that of Addison. He exhibits, joined to a perfect 
 simplicity, the qualities of a just, honest, useful man, 
 and delightful companion. . . . Addison dwelt with ten- 
 derness on every detail regarding him, and finally described 
 Sir Roger’s death to prevent any less reverential pen from 
 trifling with his hero. 
 
 Tuekerman, Hist, of Prose Fiction, p. 182. 
 
 Covielle (ko-ve-el'). The valet of C16onte in 
 Moliere’s comedy “Le bourgeois gentil- 
 homme.” His subtle inventions win the hand 
 of Lucille for his master. 
 
 Coviello (ko-ve-el'lo). The conventional clown 
 in old Italian comedy. 
 
Covilham 
 
 Coviiham, or Covilhao (ko-vel-yan'), Pedro 
 de. Born at Covilhao, Portugal, about 1450 : 
 died in Abyssinia about 1540 (?). A Portu- 
 guese navigator. He was sent by John II. of Portu- 
 gal to Asia, in 1487, in search of the legendary Prester 
 John. Having visited the principal towns of Abyssinia 
 and Malabar, and sent home a report of his journey, he 
 presented himself in 1490 at the court of Alexander, 
 prince of Abyssinia, who treated him with great kindness, 
 but constrained him to remain in the country. His re- 
 port is said to have been of use to Vasco da Gama in the 
 discovery of the route to India round the Cape of Good 
 Hope. 
 
 Covilhao (ko-vel-yan')- A town in the prov- 
 ince of Beira, Portugal, in lat. 40° 19' N., long. 
 7° 31' W. It is noted for its cloth manufactures. 
 Population, 15,439. 
 
 Covington (kuv'iug-ton). A city in Kenton 
 County, Kentucky, situated on the Ohio River, 
 at the mouth of the Licking, opposite Cincin- 
 nati. It has manufactures of iron, tobacco, etc., and 
 is connected by a suspension- bridge with Cincinnati. 
 Population, 53,270, (1910). 
 
 Cowell (kou'el), Edward Byles. Born Jan. 23, 
 1826 : died Feb. 9, 1903. An English Sanskrit 
 scholar, appointed professor at the Presidency 
 College, Calcutta, in 1864, and Sanskrit pro- 
 fessor at Cambridge, England, in 1867. 
 
 Cowell, John. Bom at Ernsborough. Devon- 
 shire, England, 1554 : died at Cambridge, Eng- 
 land, Oct. 11, 1611. An English jurist. He was 
 regius professor of civil law at Cambridge 1594-1611, 
 master of Trinity Hall in 1598, and vice-chancellor of the 
 university in 1603 and 1604. He was the author of a legal 
 dictionary entitled “The Interpreter, a booke containing 
 the signification of words . . . mentioned in th 3 Law- 
 
 writers or statutes, etc.” (1607). Certain passages in the 
 book offended both the Commons and the king ; the 
 author was summoned before the council in 1610, and his 
 dictionary was burned by the common hangman. 
 
 Under the heading “King” Cowell wrote: “He is 
 above the law by his absolute power, and though for the 
 better and equal course in making laws, he do admit the 
 Three Estates unto Council, yet this in divers learned 
 men’s opinions is not of constraint, but of his own benig- 
 nity, or by reason of the promise made upon oath at the 
 time of his coronation.” 
 
 Acland and Ransom?, Eng. Polit. Hist., p. 84. 
 
 Cowell, Joseph Leathley. Born near Tor- 
 quay, Aug. 7, 1792 : died near London, Nov. 
 13,1863. An English actor. His real name was Wit- 
 chett. He painted portraits, and was a clever and popular 
 actor. He published an amusing autobiography in 1844. 
 His daughter Sidney Frances (Mrs. H. L. Bateman) was 
 the mother of Kate Bateman. 
 
 Cowes, East and West. See East Cowes and 
 West Cowes. 
 
 Cowgate (kou'gat), The. A noted and once 
 fashionable street in Edinburgh Old Town. 
 The suburb with this name, situated on the southern side 
 of the city in a valley, through which the street runs, was 
 first inclosed within the walls in 1513. 
 
 Cowichan (kou' we-ehan). A name given col- 
 lectively to those Salishan tribes which for- 
 merly occupied the southeastern side of Van- 
 couver Island, the opposite mainland, and the 
 intervening islands, all speaking nearly related 
 dialects. They are now on the Cowichan res- 
 ervation, under the Fraser River agency, Brit- 
 ish Columbia. See Salislian. 
 
 Cowley (kou'li, formerly ko'li), Abraham. 
 Born at London, 1618: died at Chertsey, Sur- 
 rey, July 28, 1667. An English poet, seventh 
 and posthumous child of Thomas Cowley, a sta- 
 tipner. He studied at Westminster and at Cambridge 
 (B. A. 1639, M. A. 1642); retired to Oxford (St. John's Col- 
 lege) in 1643 ; identified himself with the Royalists, and 
 followed the queen to France in 1646, where he remained 
 in the service of the exiled court until 1656 ; returned to 
 England in the latter year; and finally settled (1665) at 
 Chertsey. He enjoyed during his lifetime a high reputa- 
 tion as a poet, which rapidly declined after his death. 
 The first collected edition of his works appeared in 1668. 
 Cowley, Richard. See Wellesley, Marquis of 
 (second Earl of Mornington). 
 
 Cowley, Mrs. (Hannah Parkhouse). Bom at 
 Tiverton, Devonshire, 1743: died there, March 
 11, 1809. An English poet and dramatist, 
 daughter of a bookseller of Tiverton, and wife 
 of a .captain in the service of the East India 
 Company. She was the author of “The Runaway” 
 (acted Feb., 1776), “The Belle’s Stratagem ’’ (acted Feb., 
 1780), “A Bold Stroke for a Husband ” (acted Feb., 1783), 
 etc. Under the pseudonym “Anna Matilda,” which has 
 become a synonym for sentimentality, she carried on a 
 poetical correspondence in the “World” witli Robert 
 Merry, who adopted the signature “Della Crusca. ’’ 
 Cowlitz (kou'lits). A tribe of North American 
 Indians which formerly lived on Cowlitz River, 
 at its mouth, and on the Columbia River, Wash- 
 ington. They were confederated in 1853 with the Up- 
 per Chehalis, their total number then being about 160. 
 See Salishan. 
 
 Cowpens (kou'penz). A village in Spartan- 
 burg County, northwestern South Carolina, 8 
 miles northeast of Spartanburg. Here, Jan. 17 , 
 1781, the Americans (about 1,000) under Morgan defeated 
 
 287 
 
 1,100 British under Tarleton. The loss of the Americans 
 was 72 ; that of the British, 800-900. 
 
 Cowper (ko'per or kou'per), Edward. Born in 
 1790: died at Kensington, Oct. 17, 1852. An 
 English inventor of various important improve- 
 ments in printing processes, including the sys- 
 tem of inking-rollers and (with Applegath) the 
 four-cylinder printing-machine. He became 
 professor of mechanics at King’s College, Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Cowper, William. Died Oct. 10, 1723. An Eng- 
 lish statesman and jurist, created Baron Cowper 
 of Wingham, Kent, Nov. 9, 1706, and Viscount 
 Fordwiehe and Earl Cowper March 18, 1718. 
 
 He entered Parliament in 1695 ; became lord keeper and 
 privy councilor in 1705; served on the commission which 
 drew up the Act of Union in 1706; became the first lord 
 high chancellor of Great Britain May 4, 1707 ; presided at 
 the trial of Dr. Sacheverell in 1710 ; resigned his office in 
 Sept., 1710 ; was reappointed in Sept., 1714 ; and again re- 
 signed in 1718. He was a member of the Royal Society. 
 Cowper, William. Born at Great Berkhamp- 
 stead, Hertfordshire, Nov. 15, 1731: died at 
 East Dereham, Norfolk, April 25, 1800. A cele- 
 brated English poet, son of John Cowper, D. D., 
 rector of Great Berkhampstead. He was educated 
 at Westminster School, where he remained from his tenth 
 to his eighteenth year, was entered at the Middle Temple 
 in April, 1748, and was called to the bar in June, 1754. 
 In 1759 he was appointed a commissioner of bankrupts. 
 He early showed symptoms of melancholia, and in 1763 
 anxiety with regard to his fitness to fill an office which 
 had been offered him brought on an attack of suicidal 
 mania which necessitated a temporary confinement in a 
 private asylum at St. Albans. In June, 1765, he removed 
 to Huntingdon, remaining there, in the family of the Rev. 
 Morley Unwin, until 1767, when, Unwin having died, he 
 removed with Mrs. Unwin to Olney in Buckinghamshire, 
 where he lived until Nov., 1786, removing then toWeston, 
 a neighboring village. He was subject to repeated attacks 
 of mental disease, which showed itself, as at first, in a 
 tendency to suicide and religious melancholy, and in his 
 later years became a permanent condition of insanity. 
 He published “ Anti-Thelyphthora,” a reply to a defense 
 of polygamy so named (1781), “Poems” (1782), “The 
 Task,” with “Tirocinium,” “John Gilpin,” and an “Epis- 
 tle to Joseph Hill” (1785), “Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey” 
 (1791), “The Power of Grace Illustrated," a translation of 
 six letters from Van Lierto John Newton (1792), “Poems" 
 (1798), and sixty-seven of the “Olney Hymns” (1779). 
 After his death appeared “Poems,” chiefly from the 
 French of Madame Guyon (1801), a translation of the 
 Latin and Italian poems of Milton (1808), an edition of 
 Milton (1810), and some early poems (1825). 
 
 Cox (koks), David. [The surname Cox or Coxe 
 is another spelling of Codes, a patronymic (gen- 
 itive) form of Cod;. ] Born near Birmingham, 
 England, April 29,1783: diedatHarborneHeatli, 
 near Birmingham, June 7,1859. A noted English 
 landscape-painter, son of a Birmingham black- 
 smith. Among his best-known pictures are “Washing 
 Day ” (1843), “The Vale of Clwyd” (1846), “Peace and War” 
 (1846), “Going to the Hay-field,” “The Challenge” (1853), 
 “The Summit of the Mountain ” (1853), etc. 
 
 Cox, Sir Georg& William. Born at Benares in 
 1827 : died at Walmer, Kent, Feb. 9, 1902. An 
 English clergyman and historian. His works in- 
 clude “Life of St. Bouiface” (1853), “Tales from Greek My- 
 thology” (1861), “A Manual of Mythology, etc." (1867), 
 “The Mythology of the Aryan Nations ” (1870), “A History 
 of Greece” (1874), “A General History of Greece from the 
 Earliest Period to the Death of AlexandertheGreat”(1876), 
 “ History of the Establishment of British Rule in India ” 
 (1881), “ Introduction to the Science of Comparative My- 
 thology and Folk Lore” (1881), “Life of Bishop Colenso ” 
 (1888). With Brande he published “A Dictionary of 
 Science and Literature ” (1862-72). 
 
 Cox, Jacob Dolson. Born at Montreal, Canada, 
 Oct. 27, 1828: died at Magnolia, Mass., Aug. 
 4, 1900. An American general and politician. 
 He served in West Virginia 1861-62, at Antietam in 1862, 
 and in Georgia and Tennessee in 1864. He was governor 
 of Ohio 1866-68, and secretary of the interior 1869-70. 
 
 Cox, Kenyon. Born at Warren, Ohio, Oct. 27, 
 1856. An American painter, son of General 
 J acob D. Cox. He studied three years at the McMicken 
 Art School in Cincinnati. In 1876 he went to the Academy 
 of Fine Arts in Philadelphia, and in 1877 to Paris, where 
 he studied first under Carolus Duran, and later under Ca- 
 banel and Gdrdrne, in the Ecole des Beaux Arts, where he 
 remained about three years. In 1883 he established himself 
 in New York. 
 
 Cox, Richard. Born at Whaddon, Buckingham- 
 shire, England, 1500: died July 22, 1581. An 
 English prelate, appointed bishop of Ely in 
 1559. He was translator of the Acts of the Apostles and 
 of Paul’s Epistle to the Romans for the “ Bishops’ Bible.” 
 
 Cox, Samuel Hanson. Born at Rahway, N. J., 
 Aug. 25, 1793: died at Bronxville, Westchester 
 County, N. Y., Oct. 2, 1880. An American Pres- 
 byterian clergyman. He was ordained in 1817 ; be- 
 came pastor of the Spring Street Church in New York in 
 1821, and of the Laight Street Church in 1825 ; and professor 
 of pastoral theology at Auburn in 1834. In 1837 he became 
 pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 He was professor of ecclesiastical history for many years 
 in the Union Theological Seminary. In 1862 he retired 
 from active service in the church, but frequently preached 
 and lectured. He favored the antislavery movement, 
 though not its extreme measures, and took a strong con- 
 servative position with regard to the Southern question. 
 He was a fine and powerful orator. 
 
 Cozumel 
 
 Cox, Samuel Sullivan. Bom at Zanesville, 
 Ohio, Bept. 30, 1824: died at New York, Sept. 
 10, 1889. An American politician and diplo- 
 matist. He became editor of the Columbus, Ohio, 
 “Statesman "in 1853, and gained the sobriquet of “Sunset ’’ 
 Cox by an extremely rhetorical description of a sunset 
 which he printed in that journal. He was a Democratic 
 member of Congress from Ohio 1857-65 ; from New York 
 city 1869-73 and 1875-85 ; was United States minister to 
 Turkey 1885-86; was, on his return to New York, elected 
 to Congress to fill a vacancy ; and was reelected in 1888. 
 Author of “A Buckeye Abroad ” (1852), “Eight Years in 
 Congress ” (1865), “ Three Decades of Federal Legislation ” 
 (1886), etc. 
 
 Coxcie, or Cocxie (kok'se), or Coxis, Michael. 
 
 Bom at Mechlin, Low Countries, 1499 : died at 
 Mechlin, March 5, 1592. A Flemish painter. 
 His best-known work is a copy of the “Adoration of the 
 Lamb” by the brothers Van Eyck. 
 
 Coxcomb (koks'kom), The. A play by Beau- 
 mont, Fletcher, and Rowley {"!), produced in 
 1612 and published in 1647. 
 
 Coxcox. See the extract. 
 
 The Noah of the Mexican tribes was Coxcox, who, with 
 his wife Xochiquetzal, alone escaped the deluge. They 
 took refuge in the hollow trunk of a cypress (aliuehuete), 
 which floated upon the water, and stopped at last on top 
 of a mountain of Culhuacau. They had many children, 
 but all of them were dumb. The Great Spirit took pity 
 on them, and sent a dove, who hastened to teach them to 
 speak. Fifteen of the children succeeded in grasping the 
 power of speech, and from these the Toltecs and Aztecs 
 are descended. Hale , Story of Mexico, p. 22. 
 
 Coxe (koks), Arthur Cleveland. Born at Mend- 
 ham, N. J., May 10, 1818 : died July 20, 1896. An 
 American clergyman of the Protestant Episco- 
 pal Church. He became assistant bishop of western 
 New York in 1863, bishop iu 1865. Author of “Saul, a Mys- 
 tery, and Other Poems” (1845), “Halloween, a Romaunt, 
 with Lays Meditative and Devotional ”(1869), “The Ladye 
 Cliaco”(1878), “Institutes of Christian History ” (1887), etc. 
 Coxe (koks), Tench. Born at Philadelphia, 
 May 22, 1755: died at Philadelphia, July 17, 
 1824. An American political economist. He 
 wrote “View of the United States” (1794), etc. 
 Coxe, William. Born at London, March 7, 
 1747 : died at Bemerton, Wiltshire, England, 
 June 8, 1828. An English clergyman, historian, 
 and biographer. He was appointed rector of Bemer- 
 ton in 1788, of Stourton in 1800, and of Fovant, Wiltshire, 
 in 1811, and archdeacon of Wiltshire in 1804. He wrote 
 “ A History of the House of Austria ” (1807), “ Memoirs of 
 Sir Robert Walpole ” (1798), etc. 
 
 Coyne (koin), Joseph Stirling. Born at Birr, 
 King’s County, Ireland, 1803 : died at London, 
 July 18, 1868. An Irish humorist and play- 
 wright, author of a number of successful farces 
 and other works. 
 
 Coyotero (ko-yo-te'rd). [So called from their 
 eating the prairie wolf (?).] 1. The Pinal 
 
 Coyotero, or Tonto Apache. — 2. One of the 
 four subtribes of the Gileno, or Gila Apache : 
 also called Sierra Blanca Apache, or White 
 Mountain Apache, from their habitat. These 
 Coyotero are a mountain tribe, dwelling southeast of the 
 Pinal Coyotero, and beyond the Gila River. See Gilefio. 
 
 Coypel (kwii-pel'), Antoine. Born at Paris, 
 April 11, 1661: died at Paris, Jan. 1, 1722. A 
 French painter, son of Noel Coypel. 
 
 Coypel, Charles Antoine. Born at Paris, 
 June 11, 1694: died June 14, 1752. A French 
 painter, son of Antoine Coypel. 
 
 Coypel, Noel. Born at Paris, Dec. 25, 1628: 
 died at Paris, Dec. 21, 1707. A French painter, 
 an imitator of Poussin. His best-known work is the 
 “Martyrdom of St. James,” in Notre Dame, Paris. 
 
 Coypel, Noel Nicolas. Born at Paris, Nov. 18, 
 1692: died at Paris, Dec. 14, 1734. A French 
 painter, stepbrother of Antoine Coypel. 
 Coysevox (kwas-voks'), Antoine. Born at 
 Lyons, Sept. 29, 1640: died at Paris, Oct. 10, 
 1720. A French sculptor of Spanish origin. 
 He went to Paris and entered the atelier ol Lerambert, 
 the celebrated sculptor, painter, and poet. He copied 
 many antiques in marble, among them the Venus di 
 Medici and the Castor and Pollux. In 1667 he was called 
 to Strasburg to execute the decorations of the palace 
 of the Cardinal Prince de Fiirstenberg. He returned to 
 Paris in 1671, where he enjoyed the personal friendship 
 of Louis XIV., who gave him large commissions at Ver- 
 sailles, then in process of construction. In 1687 he made 
 the statue of Louis XIV. at the Hdtel de Ville; also an 
 equestrian statue of the king for the city of Rennes in 
 Bretagne. In 1701 he made the two winged horses for 
 the entrance to the Tuileries gardens. Among his works 
 are portrait-statues (Condo at Chantilly, the Dauphine 
 Adelaide of Savoie as Diane Chasseresse, the kneeling 
 statue of Louis XIV. at Notre Dame), the tomb of Maz- 
 arin in the Eglise des Quatre Nations, and the monument 
 to Colbert at Saint-Eustache. 
 
 Cozeners (kuz'n-6rz), The. A comedy by 
 Samuel Foote, produced in 1774. See Aircastle. 
 Cozumel (ko-tho-mal'). An island 9 miles east 
 of the coast of Yucatan, it is 24 miles long by 7 
 wide, low and flat, and bordered by reefs. When discov 
 ered by Grijalva (1518) and visited by Cortes (1519), it was 
 
Cozumel 
 
 inhabited by Maya Indians, and remains of their temples 
 and houses stiU exist. At present the island has no per- 
 manent inhabitants. 
 
 Cozzens (kuz'nz), Frederick Swartwout. 
 
 Born at New York, March 5, 1818 : died at 
 Brooklyn, Dec. 23, 1869. An American mis- 
 cellaneous writer. He was for many years a wine- 
 merchant in New York city, and published in connection 
 with his business a trade paper called “ The Wine Press." 
 He wrote the “ Sparrowgrass Papers ” (1856). 
 
 Crab (krab). The crusty guardian of the for- 
 tune of Buck in Foote’s comedy “The Eng- 
 lishman returned from Paris.” 
 
 Crab. The dog of Launce in Shakspere’s 
 “ Two Gentlemen of Verona.” 
 
 Crabb (krab), George. Born at Palgrave, Suf- 
 folk, Dec. 8, 1778: died at Hammersmith, near 
 London, Dec. 4, 1851. An English lawyer and 
 legal and miscellaneous writer, best known as 
 the author of a “ Dictionary of English Syno- 
 nymes ” (1816). 
 
 Crabbe (krab), George. Born at Aldeburgh, 
 Suffolk, Dec. 24, 1754 : died at Trowbridge, 
 England, Feb. 3, 1832. An English poet. After 
 having failed as a surgeon in his native town, he re- 
 moved in 1780 to London, where, through the patronage of 
 Burke, he was rescued from extreme poverty and enabled 
 to publish “The Library" and other works, which gave 
 him an established position in literature. He was for a 
 number of years chaplain to the Duke of Rutland, and in 
 1789 became rector of Muston and Allington. His chief 
 works are “The Library” (1781), “The Village” (1783), 
 “The Newspaper" (1785), “The Parish Register" (1807), 
 and “ Tales of the Hall ’’ (1819). 
 
 Crabeth (kra'bet), Dirk. Born at Gouda, Ne- 
 therlands : died about 1601. A Dutch painter 
 on glass. 
 
 Crabeth, Wouter. Born at Gouda, Nether- 
 lands : uied about 1581. A Dutch painter on 
 glass, brother of Dirk Crabeth. 
 
 Crabshaw (krab'sha), Timothy. In Smollett’s 
 “ Sir Launcelot Greaves,” a whipper-in, plow- 
 man, and carter, selected as a sqtiire by Sir 
 Launcelot when on his knight-errant expedi- 
 tion. He rode a vicious cart-horse named 
 Gilbert. 
 
 Crabtree (krab'tre). A mischief-maker in Sheri- 
 dan’s comedy “The School for Scandal.” 
 
 Crabtree, Cadwallader. A cynical deaf old 
 man, a friend of Peregrine Pickle, in Smollett’s 
 novel of that name. 
 
 Cracow (kra/ko). [Pol. Krakow , G. Krakau, 
 F. Cracovie, ML. Cracovia ; from Krakus (?) : 
 see below.] The second city of Galicia, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, situated at the junction of the 
 Eudowa and Vistula in lat. 50° 4' N., long. 19° 
 56' E., at the head of navigation of the Vistula. 
 It is an important commercial center and a fortress of the 
 first class. It contains a noted castle, cathedral (see 
 below), university, the Church of St. Mary, Franciscan 
 and Dominican churches, the Tuchhaus (cloth-hall), and 
 the Czartoryski Museum. Near here is the Kosciuszko 
 Hill. The city is said to have been founded by the mythi- 
 cal Krakus. It was the capital of Poland from 1320 to 
 about 1609, and the place of coronation of her kings till 
 the 18th century. It was captured by the Bohemians in 
 1039, by the Mongols in 1241, by the Swedes in 1658 and 
 1702, and by the Russians in 1768. It came to Austria in 
 the last partition of Poland in 1795. It was a part of the 
 duchy of Wars iw. By the Congress of Vienna it was 
 made the capital of the Republic of Cracow. On the in- 
 surrection of 1846 it was annexed to Austria. The cathe- 
 dral, consecrated in 1359, is the burial-place of the kings 
 and national heroes of Poland. The chapels contain a 
 number of magnificent monuments and notable sculp- 
 tures, among them a Christ Blessing, by Thorwaldsen. 
 In the middle of the church is the silver shrine of St. 
 Stanislaus, supported by angels. There is a Romanesque 
 crypt. Population, 150,318, (1910). 
 
 Craddock (krad'ok), Charles Egbert. The 
 
 pseudonym of Miss Mary N. Murfree. 
 
 Cradle of Liberty. See Faneuil Hall. 
 Cradock (krad'ok), Sir. A knight in the Ar- 
 thurian legends : the only one in the whole 
 court whose wife was chaste. See Boy and the 
 Mantle. 
 
 Craft of Lovers, The. A poem attributed to 
 Chaucer by Stowe, but now denied to be his. 
 Crafts (krafts), Samuel Chandler. Born at 
 Woodstock, Vt., Oct. 6, 1768: died at Crafts- 
 bury, Vt., Nov. 19, 1853. An American politi- 
 cian, governor of Vermont 1828-31. 
 
 Crafts, William. Born at Charleston, S. C., 
 Jan. 24, 1787 : died at Lebanon Springs, N. Y., 
 Sept. 23, 1826. An American lawyer and poet. 
 Craftsman (krafts'man), The. A political 
 periodical, originated in 1726 by Nicholas Am- 
 burst under the signature of “Caleb D’ Anvers 
 of Gray’s Inn.” Bolingbroke and Puiteney joined 
 their forces to his, and it gained a high reputation and 
 proved a very powerful organ of the opposition to Sir 
 Robert Walpole. 
 
 Craig, Isa. See Knox, Isa C. 
 
 Craig (krag), John. Born about 1512 : died 
 1600. A Scottish reformer, friend and succes- 
 
 288 
 
 sor of Knox. He at first refused to publish the banns 
 between Queen Mary and Bothwell, but finally consented. 
 
 Craig, Sir Thomas. Born 1538 : died at Edin- 
 burgh, Feb. 26, 1608. A Scottish jurist and 
 Latin poet. He was the author of a treatise on feudal 
 law, “Jus feudale” (1603), still a standard authority in 
 Scotland. 
 
 Craigengelt (kra-gen-gelt'), Captain. An ad- 
 venturer in Sir Walter Scott’s novel “ The 
 Bride of Lammermoor.” He is the friend of 
 Frank Hayston, and the enemy of the Master 
 of Ravenswood. 
 
 Craigenputtock (kra-gen-put'och). A farm 
 about 15 miles from Dumfries, Scotland, which 
 for some years was the home of Thomas Car- 
 lyle. It belonged to Mrs. Carlyle before her marriage, 
 and in May, 1828, they first went there to live, leaving it 
 and returning from time to time. Here much of Carlyle’s 
 most brilliant work was done. 
 
 Craik (krak), George Lillie. Bom at Kenno- 
 way, Fifeshire, Scotland, in 1798: died at Bel- 
 fast, June 25, 1866. A Scottish historian and 
 general writer, appointed professor of English 
 literature and history at Queen’s College, Bel- 
 fast, inl849. Author of a “Compendious History of Eng- 
 lish Literature and of the English Language ’’ (1861), etc. 
 
 Craik, Georgiana Marian (Mrs. A. W. May). 
 
 Born at London, April, 1831: died at St. 
 Leonard’s, Nov. 1, 1895. An English novelist, 
 daughter of the above. Her works include “River- 
 stone” (1867), “Lost and Won” (1859), “Winifred’s Woo- 
 ing” (1862), “Mildred” (1868), “Sylvia’s Choice” (1874), 
 “ Hilary’s Love-Story ” (1880), “Godfrey Helstone” (1884), 
 “Patience Holt ” (1891), etc. 
 
 Craik, James. Bom in Scotland, 1731 : died in 
 Fairfax County, Va., Feb. 6, 1814. A Scottish- 
 American physician. He accompanied Washington 
 in the expedition against the French and Indians in 1754; 
 served as physician under General Braddock in 1755 ; en- 
 tered the medical service of the Continental army 1775 ; 
 and became the family physician of Washington, whom 
 he attended in his last illness. On his authority rests the 
 anecdote of the Indian chief who, at Braddock’s defeat, 
 discharged his rifle fifteen times at Washington without 
 effect, and who years after made a long journey to see the 
 man whom he supposed to enjoy a charmed existence. 
 
 Craik, Mrs. (Dinah Maria Mulock), usually 
 known as Miss Mulock. Born at Stoke-upon- 
 Trent, England, 1826: died at Shortlands, Kent, 
 Oct. 12, 1887. An English novelist and poet. 
 She was the author of “The Ogilvies ” (1849), “The Head 
 of the Family "(1861), “ Agatha's Husband "(1853), “ John 
 Halifax, Gentleman " (1867), “A Life for a Life ’’ (1859), 
 “A Noble Life” (1866), “A Brave Lady" (1870), “Han- 
 nah " (1871), etc. She published a volume of poems in 
 1859, and “Thirty Years' Poems "in 1881, besides many 
 children’s books, fairy tales, etc. She married George 
 Lillie Craik, Jr., in 1864. 
 
 Crail (krai). A seaport of Fifeshire, Scotland, 
 situated on the North Sea 31 miles northeast 
 of Edinburgh. In medieval -times it was a 
 royal residence. Population, 1,068. 
 
 Crailsheim (krils'him). A town in Wiirtem- 
 berg, situated on the Jagst 48 miles northeast 
 of Stuttgart. 
 
 Cramer (kra'mer), Johann Andreas. Born at 
 Johstadt, Saxony, Jan. 27, 1723: died at Kiel, 
 Holsteiu, June 12, 1788. A German religious 
 poet and pulpit orator. His collected poems 
 were published 1782-83, and his posthumous 
 poems 1791. 
 
 Cramer, John Baptist. Born at Mannheim, 
 Baden, Feb. 24, 1771: died at London, April 
 16, 1858. A composer and distinguished pian- 
 ist, son of Wilhelm Cramer: author of studies 
 for the piano, etc. 
 
 Cramer, Karl Friedrich. Born at Quedlin- 
 burg, Prussia, March 7, 1752: died at Kiel, 
 Holstein, Dec. 8, 1807. A German writer, son 
 of Johann Andreas Cramer. 
 
 Cramer, Wilhelm. Born at Mannheim, 1745 : 
 died at London, Oct. 5, 1799. A distinguished 
 German violinist, resident in London after 
 1772. 
 
 Crampel (kron-pel'), Paul. Bom in France, 
 1863 : died April, 1891. An African explorer. 
 He began his African career in 18S6, under S. de Brazza. 
 In 1888-89 he made a successful journey from MadiviUe, 
 on the Ogowe River, through the Fan country to Corisco 
 Bay. In 1890 the Comity de l’Afrique Francaise sent him 
 to Lake Chad in order to connect the French Sahara with 
 the French Kongo. At the head of 30 Senegalese soldiers 
 and 250 carriers, and assisted by 3 Europeans, he left Stan- 
 ley Pool on Aug. 15, 1890. From Bangi, the last European 
 post on the Mobangi River, he marched northward as far 
 as El Kuti, between lat. 9“ and 10“ N. Here he was aban- 
 doned by most of his carriers, and while attempting to 
 force his way to the north fell a victim to the fanaticism 
 of the Senoussi Moslems. Of his white companions, one 
 died, one was killed, and only one, Mi-bout, escaped to the 
 coast. 
 
 Crampton’s Gap (kramp'tonz gap). A pass 
 in the South Mountain, Maryland. See South 
 Mountain. 
 
 Cranach, or Kranach (kran'ak or krii'niich), 
 
 Cranstoun 
 
 or Kronach (kron'ak or kro'nach), Lucas. 
 Born at Kronach, near Bamberg, Germany, 
 1472: died at Weimar, Germany, Oct. 16, 1553. 
 A noted German painter and engraver. He be- 
 came in 1504 court painter to the elector Frederick the 
 Wise, of Saxony. He was elected burgomaster of Witten- 
 berg in 1537 and in 1540. His best-known works are altar- 
 pieces in Weimar, Wittenberg, and elsewhere. 
 
 Cranach, Lucas, the younger. Born at Witten- 
 berg, Germany, Oct. 4, 1515: died at Weimar, 
 Jan. 25, 1586. A German painter, son of Lucas 
 Cranach (1472-1553). 
 
 Cranbrook (kran'bruk). A town in Kent, Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Cranbrook, Earl of. See Hardy, Gathorne. 
 Cranch (kranch), Christopher Pearse. Born 
 at Alexandria, Va., March 8, 1813: died at 
 Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 20, 1892. An American 
 landscape-painter, poet, and translator, son of 
 William Cranch. He entered the ministry, but re- 
 tired in 1842 to devote himself to art. Among his more 
 noted pictures are “ October Afternoon ” (1867), “Venice" 
 (1870), “Venetian Fishing-boats" (1871). He published 
 “Poems" (1844), “The Bird and the Bell, etc.” (1875), 
 “Ariel and Caliban” (1887), etc., and prose tales for 
 children, which he illustrated. 
 
 Cranch, William. Born at Weymouth, Mass., 
 July 17, 1769: died at Washington, D. C., Sept. 
 1, 1855. An American jurist, chief justice of 
 the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia 
 1805-55. 
 
 Crane (kran), Ichabod. A country schoolmas- 
 ter in Irving’s ‘ ‘ Legend of Sleepy Hollow.” He 
 is the lover of Caterina Van Tassel, and is frightened out of 
 the country-side and the way of his rival by his adventure 
 with the latter disguised as the Headless Horseman. 
 “The cognomen of Crane was not inapplicable to his per- 
 son. He was tall, but exceedingly lank, with narrow 
 shoulders, long arms and legs, hands that dangled a mile 
 out of his sleeves, feet that might have served for shovels, 
 and his whole frame most loosely hung together. His 
 head was small, and flat at top, with huge ears, large green 
 glassy eyes, and a large snipe nose, so that it looked like 
 a weathercock, perched upon his spindle neck, to tell 
 which way the wind blew. To see him striding along the 
 profile of a hill on a windy day, with his clothes bagging 
 and fluttering about him, one might have mistaken him 
 for the genius of famine descending upon the earth, or 
 some scarecrow eloped from a corn-field.” Washington 
 Irving, The Sketch-Book (Sleepy Hollow). 
 
 Crane, Walter. Born at Liverpool, 1845. An 
 English painter, known by his illustrations for 
 children’s books, and decorative designs. 
 
 Cranganore (kran -ga- nor'). A port on the 
 Malabar coast, British India, in lat. 10° 14' N., 
 long. 76° 10' E. It was early held by the Portuguese, 
 and later by the Dutch (16th-18th centuries). It is the 
 traditional scene of the labors of St. Thomas. 
 
 Cranmer (kran'mer), Thomas. Born at As- 
 lacton, Nottinghamshire, July 2, 1489 : died at 
 Oxford, March 21, 1556. Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury. He was educated at Cambridge, where he took the 
 degree of B. A. in 1512 and that of M. A. in 1515. In 1529 
 he obtained the favor of Henry VIII. by proposing that, in 
 order to avoid the necessity of an appeal to Rome, the 
 question of the king’s marriage with Catharine of Aragon 
 should be referred to the universities. He was appointed 
 chaplain to the king, and in 1530 accompanied the Earl of 
 Wiltshire on a mission to the Pope in reference to the di- 
 vorce. In 1532 he was sent on a mission to the emperor in 
 Germany, and in the same year infringed the rule of the 
 Roman Catholic Church by marrying a niece of Osiander. 
 He was appointed archbishop of Canterbury in 1533, and 
 in the same year pronounced the marriage of Henry with 
 Catharine of Aragon invalid. He abjured his allegiance 
 to Rome in 1535, became a member of the regency for 
 Edward VI. in 1547, and in 1548 was head of the commis- 
 sion which composed the first Eng] ish prayer-book. 1 He 
 invited a number of distinguished foreign Protestants to 
 settle in England, including Peter Martyr, Ochino, Bucer, 
 and Alasco the Pole. He was induced by Edward AH. in 
 1553 to sign the patent which settled the crown on Lady 
 Jane Grey to the exclusion of Mary and Elizabeth, and 
 was in consequence committed to the Tower for treason 
 on the accession of Mary. He was subsequently tried for 
 heresy, and in spite of numerous recantations (which he 
 repudiated at his execution) was sentenced to the stake. 
 
 Crannon, or Cranon (kran'dn). [Gr. Kpayv&v, 
 Kptrnin.] In ancient geography, a city in Thes- 
 saly, Greece, about 10 miles southwest of La- 
 rissa (exact site not known). Here, 322 B. c., 
 Antipater defeated the confederated Greeks. 
 
 Cranon (called also Ephyra) was a city in the part of 
 Thessaly known as Pelasgiotis (Hecat. Fr. 112 ; Steph. 
 Byz. ad voc.). It stood in a fertile plain, remarkable alike 
 for its cereal crops (Liv. xlii. 61, 65) and for its pasturage 
 (Theocr. xvi. 38). Its exact site cannot well be fixed ; but 
 the plain in which it stood is undoubtedly that which lies 
 south of the low ridge bet ween Larissa and Fersala (Phar- 
 salia), watered by the Enipeus, or Apidanus (Fersaliti). 
 
 Rawlinson, Herod., III. 504, note. 
 
 Crans. See Ges. 
 
 Cranston (kranz'ton), John. Died March 12, 
 1680. Governor of Rhode Island 1678-80. 
 
 Cranston, Samuel. Died 1727. Governor of 
 Rhode Island 1698-1727 : son of John Cranston. 
 
 Cranstoun (kranz'ton), Henry. A character 
 in Sir Walter Scott’s poem “The Lay of the 
 Last Minstrel.” He personates William of Deloraine 
 
Cranstoun 
 
 289 
 
 Credit Mobilier 
 
 In the trial by combat, and, winning, reconciles the Lady 
 of Branksome, his hereditary foe, to his marriage with her 
 daughter Margaret. 
 
 Grantor (kran'tor). [Gr. Kpavrop.] Born at 
 Soli, Cilicia : lived about 325 b.c. A philoso- 
 pher of the Old Academy, the first commenta- 
 tor on Plato. He wrote a treatise “On Grief," from 
 which Cicero borrowed extensively in his “Tusculan Dis- 
 
 d jutations.” 
 
 ranworth, Baron. See RolJe._ 
 
 Cranz, or Krantz (krants), David. Born 1723: 
 died at Gnadenfrei, Silesia, June 6, 1777. A 
 German Moravian historian. He became secretary 
 to Count Zinzendorf in 1747, was afterward sent on a 
 mission to Greenland, whence he returned 1762, and in 
 1766 was appointed pastor at Rixdorf, near Berlin. He 
 wrote “Histone von Gronland ” (1765), and “Alte und 
 neue Briider-Historie Oder kurze Geschichte der evan- 
 gelischen Briider-Uuitat ’’ (1771). 
 
 Craon (kron). A town in the department of 
 Mayenne, Prance, 18 miles southwest of Laval. 
 Population, commune, 3,977. 
 
 Craonne (kra-on'). A village in the depart- 
 ment of Aisne, France, 13 miles southeast of 
 Laon. Here, March 7, 1814, Napoleon checked 
 the allied army under Blucher and Wintzin- 
 gerode. 
 
 Crapaud (kra-po'), Jean or Johnny. [P. cra- 
 paud, toad.] A nickname for a Frenchman. 
 Crashaw (krash'a), Richard. Born at Lon- 
 don, 1616 (1612, Grosart) : died 1649 (1650 ?). 
 An English poet. He was educated at Charter House 
 and at Cambridge, where in 1637 he became a fellow of 
 Peterhouse. He was, however, deprived of his fellowship 
 for not taking the covenant in 1644, and was driven out of 
 the country. He went to Rome, having joined the Ro- 
 man Church. A canonry at Loretto was procured for him 
 in 1649 (1650 ?). There were suspicions that he was poi- 
 soned. He belonged to the anti-Puritan school which in- 
 cluded Herrick, Carew, and Herbert. His secular and 
 religious poems were collected and published as “ Steps 
 to the Temple ” and “ The Delights of the Muses ” in 
 1646. His latest religious poems were published in 1652 
 and called “Carmen Deo Nostro.” 
 
 Orassus (kras'us), Lucius Licinius. Born 140 
 B. c. : died 91 b.c. A Boman orator and states- 
 man. He was consul in 95, and censor in 92. 
 He is one of the chief speakers in Cicero’s 
 “De Oratore.” 
 
 Crassus Dives (dl'vez), Marcus Licinius. 
 Bora probably about 114 B. c. : died 53 B. c. 
 A Roman general and statesman. He served 
 under Sulla in the civil war with Marius, and profited by 
 the liberality of his chief, and by the opportunities which 
 the war offered for speculations in confiscated property, 
 to amass a colossal fortune, which he utilized to further 
 his political ambition. He suppressed the servile insur- 
 rection under Spartacus in 71, was elected consul with 
 Pompsy in 70, was censor in 65, formed with Caesar and 
 Pompey the First Triumvirate in 60, was elected consul 
 with Pompey in 55, obtained (for five years! the province 
 of Syria in 54, and in 53 undertook an expedition against 
 the Parthians, in the course of which he suffered a terrible 
 defeat at Carrhse in Mesopotamia. He was treacherously 
 killed in an interview with a Persian satrap. 
 
 Cratchit (krach'it), Bob. Scrooge’s poor clerk 
 in Charles Dickens’s “Christmas Carol”: a 
 cheerful, unselfish fellow, the father of “ Tiny 
 Tim.” 
 
 Cratchit, Tim: known as “ Tiny Tim.” A lit 
 tie cripple in Dickens’s “Christmas Carol.” 
 Crater (kra'ter). [L.,‘avase’; from Gr. Kparr/p.] 
 An ancient southern constellation, south of Leo 
 and Virgo. It is supposed to represent a vase 
 with two handles and a base. 
 
 Crater, The. A novel by Cooper, published in 
 1847. 
 
 Crater Lake. A small lake in Oregon, situated 
 in the midst of the Cascade Mountains, it is 
 remarkable for its wall of perpendicular rock (1,000-2,000 
 feet high). With the adjoining district it is included in 
 the Crater Lake National Park. 
 
 Craterus (krat'e-rus). [Gr. KparepSr.] Killed 
 in Cappadocia, 321 B. c. A Macedonian gen- 
 eral. He served with distinction under Alexander the 
 Great, and was co-ruler with Antipater in the government 
 of Macedonia, Greece, etc., 323-321. 
 
 Crates (kra/tez). [Gr. Kparr/f.] 1. An Athe- 
 nian comic poet who flourished about 440 b. c. 
 He was said to have first been an actor in the 
 plays of Cratinus. — 2. An Athenian (flourished 
 about 270 b. c.), the pupil and successor of 
 Polemo in the Academy. The friendship of the two 
 was famous in antiquity, and they were said to have been 
 buried in the same tomb. 
 
 3. Born at Mallus in Cilicia : lived about 150 
 b. c. A Greek grammarian, founder of the 
 Pergamene school of grammar. His chief 
 work is a commentary on Homer, of which a 
 few fragments remain. — 4. Bora in Thebes: 
 lived about 320 b. C. A Greek Cynic philoso- 
 pher, a disciple of Diogenes. 
 
 Cratinus (kra-tl'nus). [Gr. Kparivor.] A fa- 
 mous Athenian comic poet (about 520-423 b. c.). 
 
 He exhibited twenty-one plays, and was victor nine times, 
 triumphing once over Aristophanes. He was “ the real 
 C.— 19 
 
 originator — the .ffischylus — of political comedy” (Ma- 
 haffy). The titles and many fragments of his plays have 
 survived. 
 
 Cratippus (kra-tip'us). [Gr. Kparnriror.] 1. 
 Lived about 400 b. c. A Greek historian, the 
 continuator of the history of Thucydides. — 
 2. Lived about 45 b. c. A Peripatetic philoso- 
 pher of Mytilene. He was the friend and instructor 
 of Cicero, who accounted him one of the first philosophers 
 of the Peripatetic school. He accompanied Pompey in hi3 
 flight after the battle of Pharsalia, and endeavored to 
 comfort and rouse him by engaging him in philosophical 
 discourse. He opened a school at Athens about 48 B. o., 
 which was attended by many eminent Romans, including 
 Brutus during his stay in Athens after the murder of 
 Csesar. He is thought to have written a work on divina- 
 tion. 
 
 Cratylus (krat'i-lus). [Gr. K parvlog.'] A Greek 
 philosopher, an elder contemporary of Plato. He 
 was a disciple of Heracleitus. Plato introduces him as the 
 principal speaker in one of his dialogues (the “ Cratylus ’’). 
 
 Craufurd (kra'ferd), Quintin. Bom at Kil- 
 winnock, Scotland, Sept. 22, 1743: died at 
 Paris, Nov. 23, 1819. A Scottish essayist, long 
 in the service of the East India Company, and 
 after 1780 (except 1791-1802) resident in Paris. 
 In the early days of the Revolution he was a friend of the 
 French royal family, and took a prominent part in their 
 attempt to escape from Paris. He wrote “Sketches re- 
 lating chiefly to the History, Religion, Learning, and Man- 
 ners of the Hindoos” (1790), “Secret History of the King 
 of France, and his Escape from Paris in June, 1791” (first 
 published in 1885), “Essais sur la littorature franfaise, 
 etc.” (1803), etc. 
 
 Craufurd, Robert. Bom May 5, 1764: died at 
 
 Ciudad Rodrigo, Jan. 24, 1812. A noted Eng- 
 lish general. He served in India 1790-92, on the Con- 
 tinent with the Austrians until 1797, with Suvaroff in 
 Switzerland in 1799, in South America in 1807, and in the 
 siege of Ciudad Rodrigo during the Peninsular campaign. 
 
 Cravant (krfi-von'), or Crevant (kre-von'). 
 A village in the department of Yonne, France, 
 10 miles southeast of Auxerre. Here, D23, the 
 allied English and Burgundians under the Earl of Salis- 
 bury defeat ju the allied French and Scotch. 
 
 Craven, Countess of. See Berkeley, Elisabeth. 
 
 Craven. A district in the West Riding of 
 Yorkshire. 
 
 Crawford (kra/ford), Edmund Thornton. 
 Born atCowden, near Dalkeith, Scotland, 1806: 
 died at Lasswade, Scotland, Sept. 27, 1885. A 
 noted Scotch painter of landscapes and marines. 
 
 Crawford, Francis Marion. Born at Lucca, 
 Italy, Aug. 2, 1854: died at Sorrento, Italy, 
 April 9, 1909. An American novelist, son of 
 Thomas Crawford the sculptor. He studied at 
 Cambridge, England, and later at Heidelberg and Rome. 
 In 1879 he went to India and edited the Allahabad “ In- 
 dian Herald." He returned to America in 1880, and after 
 that lived chiefly in Italy. His novels include “ Mr. 
 Isaacs "(1882), “ Dr. Claudius "(1883), “To Leeward "(1884), 
 “ A Roman Singer ” (‘ 384), “ An American Politician ” 
 (1384), “ Zoroaster ” (1835), “ A Tale of a Lonely Parish ” 
 (1886), “ Saracinesca ” (1887), “Marzio’s Crucifix ’’ (1887), 
 “PaulPatoff "(1887), “With the Immortals" (1888), “Grei- 
 fonstein ” (1889), “ Sant’ Ilario ” (1889), “ A Cigarette- 
 Maker’s Romance ” (1890), “The Witch of Prague ” (1891), 
 “Khaled” (1891), “The Three Fates ” (1892), “The Ral- 
 stons ” (1S95), “ Casa Braccio ” (1895), “Via Crucis ” (1899), 
 “Marietta” (1901), “ Soprano ” (1905), etc. 
 
 Crawford, Nathaniel Macon. Born near Lex- 
 ington, Ga., March 22, 1811: died near Atlanta, 
 Ga., Get. 27, 1871. An American Baptist cler- 
 gyman and educator. 
 
 Crawford, Thomas. Bom at New York, March 
 22, 1814 : died at London, Oct. 10, 1857. An 
 American sculptor. His works include “Armed Lib- 
 erty," bronze doors (all in Washington); Beethoven, bust 
 of Josiah Quincy, “Orpheus” (all in Boston); Washington 
 (in Richmond), etc. 
 
 Crawford, William Harris. Born in Amherst 
 County, Va., Feb. 24, 1772 : died at Ellerton, 
 Ga., Sept. 15, 1834. An American states- 
 man. He was United States senator from Georgia 1807- 
 1813, minister to France 1813-15, secretary of war 1815-16, 
 secretary of the treasury 1816-25, and candidate for the 
 presidency 1824. 
 
 Crawford Notch. A pass in the White Moun- 
 tains, southwest of the Presidential Range. 
 
 Crawfordsville (kra'fordz-vil). A city and 
 the county-seat of Montgomery County, Indi- 
 ana, 44 miles northwest of Indianapolis : the 
 seat of Wabash College (non-sectarian). Pop- 
 ulation, 9,371, (1910). 
 
 Crawfurd (kra'ferd), John. Bom in Islay; 
 Scotland, Aug. 13, 1783 : died at London, May 
 11, 1868. A British Orientalist and ethnologist. 
 His chief work is a “History of the Indian 
 Archipelago” (1820). 
 
 Crawley (kra/li). The name of a well-known 
 family in Thackeray’s novel “Vanity Fair.” 
 Sir Pitt Crawley, the head of the family, is a rich but sor- 
 did old man, fond of low society : to his house Becky 
 Sharp goes as governess. She makes herself so attractive 
 that he offers to marry her, when she is obliged to ac- 
 knowledge her secret marriage with Rawdon Crawley, 
 his youngest son. The latter is a blackleg and a gambler, 
 
 but is fond of his wife and has a certain honor of his own. 
 Mr. Pitt Crawley is a prig with “hay-colored whiskers 
 and straw-colored hah.” “He was called Miss Crawley 
 at Eton, where his younger brother Rawdon used to lick 
 him violently.” The second Lady Crawley, a pale and 
 apathetic woman, is a contrast to her sister-in-law, the 
 little, eager, active, black-eyed Mrs. Bute Crawley. The 
 Rev. Bute Crawley is a “tall, stately, jolly, shovel-hatted 
 man, ” a horse-racing parson whose wife writes his sermons 
 for him. Miss Crawley, the sister of Sir Pitt and the Rev. 
 Bute, is a kind and selfish, worldly and generous old 
 woman, “who had a balance at her banker's which would 
 have made her beloved anywhere.” 
 
 Grayer (kri'yer), Gaspar de. Bora at Ant- 
 werp, Nov. 18, 1584: died at Ghent, Jan. 27, 
 1669. A Flemish painter. His best-known 
 works are “St. Catharine” in Ghent, and Ma- 
 donnas in Munich, Vienna, etc. 
 
 Crayford (kra/ford). A village in Kent, Eng- 
 land, about 13 miles southeast of London. It 
 is usually identified with Creccanford, where 
 in 457 (!) Hengist defeated the Britons. 
 
 Crayon (kra'on), Geoffrey, Gent. The pseu- 
 donym of Washington Irving in his “ Sketch- 
 Book,” etc. 
 
 Crazy Castle. The nickname of Skelton Castle, 
 the house in Yorkshire of John Hall Stevenson, 
 who wrote a series of broad stories which he 
 called “Crazy Tales.” Stevenson was the kinsman 
 of Sterne, and the Eugenius of “Tristram Shandy.” “ One 
 part of Crazy Castle has had effects which will last as long 
 as English literature. It had a library richly stored in old 
 folio learning, and also in the amatory reading of other 
 days. Every page of ‘Tristram Shandy’ bears traces of 
 both elements.” Bagehot, Lit. Studies, II. 117. 
 
 Creakle (kre'kl), Mr. In Charles Dickens’s 
 ‘ ‘ David Copperfield,” the principal of the school 
 at Salem House where David Copperfield was 
 sent : a man of fiery temper who could speak 
 only in a whisper. 
 
 Creasy (kre'si), Sir Edward Shepherd. Bom 
 
 at Bexley, Kent, England, Sept. 12, 1812: died 
 at London, Jan. 27, 1878. An English histo- 
 rian. His works include “Fifteen Decisive Battles of 
 the World ” (1852), “Rise and Progress of the English 
 Constitution” (1856), “History of the Ottoman Turks” 
 (1856), etc. 
 
 Creation (kre-a'shon), The. 1. A poem by 
 Blaekmore, published in 1712. — 2. An oratorio 
 by Haydn, produced at Vienna 1798. 
 
 Crebillon (kra-be-von'), Claude Prosper Jo- 
 lyot de. Born at Paris, Feb. 14, 1707 : died at 
 Paris, April 12, 1777. A French novelist, son 
 of P. J. de Crebillon. 
 
 Crebillon, Prosper Jolyot de. Born at Dijon, 
 France, Jan. 13, 1674: died at Paris, June 17, 
 1762. A noted French tragic poet. He lived long 
 in neglect and want, was appointed censor in 1735, and re- 
 ceived a place in the Royal Library in 1745. In 1731 he 
 became a member of the Academy. His plays include 
 “La mort des enfants de Brutus,” “Idomenfie” (1705), 
 “Atrde et Thyeste” (1707), “Rhadamiste et ZSnobie” 
 (1711), “Electre” (1709), “Xerxfes” (1714), “S^miramis” 
 (1717), “Pyrrhus” (1726), “Catilina” (1748), and “Le Tri' 
 umvirat ” (1754). Another play, “ Cromwell," was not 
 completed. 
 
 Crecy (kra-se), or Cressy (kres'i). A village 
 in the department of Somme, northern France, 
 30 miles northwest of Amiens. Here, Aug. 26, 1346, 
 the English under Edward III. (about 30,000-40,000) de- 
 feated the French army under Philip VI. (about 70,000). 
 The loss of the French was about 30,000. 
 
 Credi (kra/de), Lorenzo di. Born at Florence, 
 Italy, 1459: died at Florence, Jan. 12, 1537. 
 A Florentine painter. He was originally a gold- 
 smith, but turned to painting, which he studied under A. 
 Verrocchio. His most noted painting is a Nativity, in the 
 academy at Florence. 
 
 Crediton (kre'di-ton). A town in Devonshire, 
 England, situated on the Creedy 8 miles north- 
 west of Exeter. It was the birthplace of St. 
 Boniface. Population, 3,974. 
 
 Credit Mobilier (kred'it mo-be'lier; F. pron. 
 kra-de' mo-be-lya'). [F., lit. ‘personal credit ’: 
 credit, credit; mobilier, personal (of property), 
 from mobile, movable.] 1. In French history, a 
 banking corporation formed in 1852, under the 
 name of the “ Societc Gene rale du Credit Mo- 
 bilier,” with a capital of 60,000,000 francs, for 
 the placing of loans, handling the stocks of 
 all other companies, and the transaction of a 
 general banking business. It engaged in very ex- 
 tensive transactions, buying, selling, and loaning in such 
 a manner as to bring into one organized whole all the 
 stocks and credit of France, and was apparently in a most 
 prosperous condition until it proposed to issue bonds to 
 the amount of 240,000,000 francs. This amount of paper 
 currency frightened financiers, and the government for- 
 bade its issue. From this time the company rapidly de- 
 clided, and closed its affairs in 1867, with great loss to all 
 hut its proprietors. 
 
 2. In United States history, a similar corpora- 
 tion chartered in Pennsylvania in 1863 with a 
 capital of $2,500,000. In 1867, after passing into new 
 hands, and increasing its stock to $3, 750, 000, it became a new 
 company for the building of the Union Pacific Railroad. 
 
Credit Mobilier 
 
 For a few years it paid large dividends, and its stock rose 
 In value. In a trial in Pennsylvania in 1872 as to the 
 ownership of some stock, it was shown that certain con- 
 gressmen secretly possessed stock, and both houses of 
 the Congress that met in December of that year ap- 
 pointed committees of investigation. The Senate com- 
 mittee recommended the expulsion of one member, hut 
 the Senate did nothing. The House committee recom- 
 mended the expulsion of two of its members, but the 
 House, instead, passed resolutions of censure. 
 
 Credner (krad'ner), Hermann. Born at Gotha, 
 Oct. 1, 1841. A noted German geologist, pro- 
 fessor at Leipsic from 1870. He traveled in North 
 America 1864-68. Among his scientific publications the 
 most notable are those relating to glacial problems. 
 
 Credulous (kred'u-lus), Justice, and Mrs. 
 
 Bridget (brij'et). An ignorant, good-natured 
 pair in Sheridan’s farce “ St. Patrick’s Day.” 
 They are fooled by the scheming lieutenant who marries 
 their daughter Lauretta. Mrs. Bridget is a kind of Mi’s. 
 Malaprop. She speaks of a soldier “ like a colossus, with 
 one leg at New York and the other at Chelsea Hospital ” 
 (St. Patrick's Day, i. 2). 
 
 Cree (kre), or Cristineaux, or Knistineaux. 
 
 An important tribe of North American Indians, 
 who live principally in Manitoba, Saskatche- 
 wan, Alberta, etc. They number about 15,000. 
 See Algonquian. 
 
 Creech (krecli), Thomas. Born at Blandford, 
 Dorsetshire, England, 1659: committed suicide, 
 June, 1700. An English writer, translator of 
 “Lucretius” (1682). 
 
 Creed, Nicene. See Nicene Creed. 
 
 Creed, The Apostles’. See Apostles’ Creed. 
 Creedmoor (kred'mor). A village in Queen’s 
 County, New York, situated on Long Island 13 
 miles east of New York city. It contains the 
 rifle-range of the National Itifle Association. 
 Creek, or Kreek (krek). [PL, also Creeks.] 
 A powerful confederacy of North American 
 Indians which in historic times occupied the 
 greater part of Alabama and Georgia. The con- 
 federacy seems to have existed in 1640, and to have then 
 embraced at least the following named tribes : Abika 
 (or Coosa), Okfiiski, Kasi'hta, and Kawita; afterward the 
 Alibamu, Hitchiti, Koasdti, Taskigi, Yuchi, and Y&masi. 
 During the 18th century the only important conflict be- 
 tween the settlers and these tribes was with the Y&masi, 
 which was instigated by the Spaniards ; but the Creek 
 war in 1813-14 was serious, and resulted in the cession to 
 the United States of the greater part of the Creek land. 
 Between 1835 and 1843 occurred the Seminole war, which 
 was very costly in life and money to the United States 
 government. The Creek “ Nation ” now holds lands in 
 Oklahoma, and is well organized. The population, which 
 contains many of mixed blood, is about 11,000. Also called 
 Maskoki, Muskoki, Mascogee, Mobilian. See Muskho - 
 gean. 
 
 Crefeld, or Krefeld (kra'feld). A city in the 
 Rhine Province, Prussia, 12 miles northwest of 
 Dusseldorf. It has a royal textile academy, is the 
 chief seat of the velvet and silk manufacture of Germany, 
 and exports its fabrics largely to Great Britain, the United 
 States, etc. It was acquired by Prussia from the house 
 of Nassau in 1702. Here, on June 23, 1758, Ferdinand of 
 Brunswick defeated the French under the Count of Cler- 
 mont. Population, 129,219, (1910). 
 
 Creil (kray). A town in the department of 
 Oise, France, situated on the Oise 30 miles 
 north of Paris. Population, commune, 
 9,272. 
 
 Crelle (krel'le), August Leopold. Born at 
 Eiehwerder, near Wriezen, Prussia, March 11, 
 1780 : died at Berlin, Oct. 6, 1855. A German 
 mathematician and engineer. 
 
 Crema (kra'ma). A town in the province of 
 Cremona, Italy, situated on the Serio 24 miles 
 southeast of Milan. It has a cathedral and an ancient 
 castle. It was besieged and destroyed by Frederick Bar- 
 barossa in 1160. Population, 8,000. 
 
 Cremera (krem'e-ra). In ancient geography, a 
 small river of Etruria which joins the Tiber 
 a few miles north of Rome. It is the traditional 
 scene of the defeat of the Fabii in 477 (?) B. C. 
 Cremieux (kra-mye'), Isaac Adolphe. Born 
 at Nimes, France, April 30, 1796 : died at 
 Passy, Paris, Feb. 10, 1880. A French jui-ist 
 and politician, of Hebrew descent, minister of 
 justice 1848 and 1870-71. He was appointed 
 life senator in 1875. 
 
 Cremnitz. See Eremnitz. 
 
 Cremona (kre-mo'na; It. pron. kra-mo'na). 
 1. A province of Lombardy, Italy, bordering 
 on the Po. It has manufactures of silk. 
 Area, 678 square miles. Population, 333,164. 
 — 2. The capital of the above province, situ- 
 ated on the Po in lat. 45° 8' N., long. 10° 1' E. 
 It contains a cathedral (see below), the Palazzo Puliblico, 
 and the Torrazzo, the highest tower in northern Italy (396 
 feet). It has important silk manufactures, and has long 
 been celebrated for the manufacture of violins and vio- 
 las, in which the Amati family, Stradivarius, and others, 
 from the 16th to the 18th century, achieved repu- 
 tation. In the 16th century it had a school of art. It 
 is an ancient Gallic town; was colonized by the Ho- 
 mans about 219 a 0. ; was destroyed by Vespasian’s troops 
 
 290 
 
 69 A. D. ; and flourished in the middle ages. The cathedral 
 was begun in 1107. The front, in alternate courses of 
 red and white marble, has a tine doorway, with columns 
 resting on lions ; the north transept has a similar porch. 
 The interior is rich in good frescos. The Lombard bap- 
 tistery is octagonal, with arcaded interior and an octagonal 
 font of red marble. Population, commune, 37,693. 
 Cremorne Gardens. A former place of amuse- 
 ment in London, situated near Battersea Bridge 
 north of the Thames. They were closed in 1877. 
 Crens (kranz), or Guerens (gwa-ranz'). [Boto- 
 eudo, ‘ old ones,’ ‘ ancients.’] The name given 
 by Von Martius to the extensive group of Bra- 
 zilian Indians to which the Botocudos belong. 
 See Botocudos. Some ethnologists call them Tapu- 
 yos, a name given to them by the Tupis. All the tribes 
 of the Crens stock are savages of a low grade. Among 
 the more important ones, besides the Botocudos, are the 
 Carahds, Cayapds, Chavantes, Cherentes, and Ges. The 
 stock is believed to be the most ancient in Brazil, and it 
 has been connected with the human remains found in 
 caverns with the bones of extinct animals. 
 
 Creole State. The State of Louisiana. 
 
 Creoii (kre'on). [Gr. K piuv.] 1. In Greek 
 
 legend, a king of Corinth, father of Glauce 
 or Creusa, the wife of Jason. — 2. A king of 
 Thebes, contemporary with (Edipus. 
 Crepy-en-Laonnais (kra-pe ' on-la-o-na'), or 
 Crespy. A village in the department of Aisne, 
 France, 6 miles northwest of Laon. Here was 
 signed, Sept. 18, 1544, a treaty of peace between Francis 
 I. of France and the emperor Charles V. The former 
 renounced claims to Lombardy, Naples, and the suzerainty 
 of Flanders and Artois; the latter renounced claims to 
 Burgundy. 
 
 Crescent City. New Orleans: so named from 
 its position on a bend of the Mississippi River. 
 Crescentini (kre-shen-te'ne), Girolamo. Born 
 atUrbania,nearUrbino, Italy, Feb. 2, 1766: died 
 at Naples, April 24, 1846. A celebrated Italian 
 singer (mezzo-soprano) and composer, profes- 
 sor at the Royal College of Music at Naples 
 from 1816. 
 
 Crescentius (kres-sen'shius), or Cencius (sen'- 
 shius). Died 998. A leader of the popular fac- 
 tion at Rome. Having obtained the dignity of consul 
 980, he usurped the government, and announced his in- 
 tention of restoring the ancient republic. He opposed 
 Pope Gregory V., who was elected through the influence 
 of the emperor Otto III., and, supported by the Byzan- 
 tine court, put forward John XVI. as antipope. He was 
 defeated by Otto at St. Angelo, April 29, 998, and put to 
 death. According to the legend Crescentius was revenged 
 by his widow Stephania or Theodora, who, having suc- 
 ceeded in gaining the confidence and the love of the em- 
 peror, put him to death by poison. 
 
 There he (the emperor) put the rebel Crescentius, in 
 whom modern enthusiasm lias seen a patriotic republi- 
 can who, reviving the institutions of Alberic, had ruled as 
 consul or senator, sometimes entitling himself Emperor. 
 
 Bryce, Holy Roman Empire. 
 
 Crescenzi (kre-shen'dze), Pietro. Born at 
 Bologna, Italy, 1230 : died at Bologna, 1307 (?). 
 An Italian writer on agriculture, author of 
 “Opus ruralium commodorum” (1471), one of 
 the first of printed books, etc. 
 
 Crescimbeni (kre - shem- ba ' ne), Giovanni 
 Mario. Born at Macerata, Italy, Oct. 9, 1663: 
 died March 8, 1728. An Italian poet and liter- 
 ary historian, one of the founders of the “ Ar- 
 cadian Academy ” (1690) : author of “ L’Istoria 
 della volgar poesia ” (1698), etc, 
 
 Crespi (kres'pe), Giovanni Battista, called 
 II Cerano (from his birthplace). Born at 
 Cerano, Piedmont, Italy, 1557 : died at Milan, 
 1633. An Italian painter. His best works are 
 in Milan. 
 
 Crespi, Giuseppe Maria, surnamed Lo Spa- 
 gnuolo (‘the Spaniard’). Born at Bologna, 
 Italy, 1665: died at Bologna, July 16, 1747. An 
 Italian painter. 
 
 Crespo (kres'po), Joaquin. Boi-n in Miranda 
 about 1845: died April 17, 1898. A Venezuelan 
 politician. He succeeded Guzman Blanco as president 
 (beingelected ashis candidate) Feb. 20, 1882, to Feb. 20, 1886. 
 In 1892 he headed a revolt against Palacio, occupied Cara- 
 cas Oct, 7, 1892, and soon after was elected president. A new 
 constitution was adopted June, 1893, and under it Crespo 
 was inaugurated president for four years, March 14, 1894. 
 
 Crespy (kra-pe'). See CrSpy-en-Laonuais. 
 Cressid (kres'id), or Cressida (kres'i-da). 
 The mythical daughter of a Trojan priest Cal- 
 chas, whose infidelities make her name a by- 
 word for faithlessness. See Troilus and Cres- 
 sida. 
 
 As far as can be made out, the invention of Cressid 
 (called by him, and for some time afterwards, Briseida, 
 and so identified with Homer’s Briseis) belongs to Benoist 
 de Ste. More, a trouvfere of the twelfth century, who wrote 
 a Roman de Troieof great length, as well as averse chroni- 
 cle of Normandy. The story is told by Benoist in no small 
 detail, and the character of Briseida (which Dryden has 
 entirely spoilt by making her faithful) is well indicated. 
 After Benoist, Guido delle Colonne reproduced the story 
 in a very popular Latin work, the HistoriaTrojana. Cressid 
 
 Creuznach 
 
 is here still Briseida, or rather Briseis. From Guido the 
 story passed to Boccaccio, who seems himself to be re- 
 sponsible for the character of Pandarus, and from Boccac- 
 cio to Chaucer. “Lollius,” alluded to by Chaucer, is be- 
 lieved to be a misnomer. 
 
 Saintsbury, note in Dryden’s Troilus and Cressida (Scott’s 
 
 [ed., revised 1884). 
 
 Cressid, or Creseide, Testament of, and its con- 
 tinuation The Complaint of Creseide. Poems 
 by Robert Henryson, attributed by Stowe (1561) 
 to Chaucer. 
 
 Cressingham (kres'ing-am), Lady. In Mid- 
 dleton’s play “Anything for a Quiet Life,” a 
 whimsical and attractive woman whose caprices 
 are accounted for by her desire to reconcile her 
 husband and stepson and to benefit them both. 
 Cresswell (kres'wel), Sir Cresswell. Born at 
 Newcastle, England, 1794: died at London, 
 July 29, 1863. An English jurist, first judge of 
 the English Divorce Court (1858). 
 
 Cressy. See Crecy. 
 
 Crest (krest). A town in the department of 
 Drome, southeastern France, situated on the 
 Drome 15 miles southeast of Valence. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 5,660. 
 
 Creston (kres'ton). A manufacturing town in 
 Union County, Iowa. Population, 6,924, (1910). 
 Creswick (kres'wik), Thomas. Born at Shef- 
 field, England, Feb. 5, 1811 : died at Bayswater, 
 London, Dec. 28, 1869. An English landscape- 
 painter. His subjects were chiefly English ru- 
 *ral scenery. 
 
 Crete (kret), It. Candia (kan'di-a ; It. pron. 
 kan'de-a). [Gr. Kpyry, 'L. Creta, F. Candia; 
 mod. Gr. Kriti, Turk. Kirit.] An island in the 
 Mediterranean, situated southeast of Greece 
 and southwest of Asia Minor, it is a part of the 
 Turkish empire, but since December, 1898, has been ad- 
 ministered by a High Commissioner for the four powers 
 France, Great Britain, Italy, and Russia. Its surface is 
 mostly mountainous, and it produces wheat, fruit, wool, 
 and wine. The chief towns are Khania and Megalo Kas- 
 tron. Its inhabitants are mainly of Greek descent. Crete 
 was connected with legends of Zeus and Minos, and was 
 celebrated in antiquity for its laws. It was subdued by 
 the Romans under Metellus in 67 B. C. ; conquered by 
 Saracens 823; and later was a part of the Byzantine em- 
 pire. It was ceded to Venice in 1204. Its conquest by 
 the Turks was completed in 1669. Its people took part in 
 the Greek war of independence. The government was ad- 
 ministered by Egypt from 1830 to 1840. The island has 
 been the scene of many revolts. In 1896-97 an effort was 
 made by a part of the population, aided by Greek troops, 
 to free the island from Turkish rule and annex it to Greece. 
 This was opposed by the great powers, who established a 
 pacific blockade of the island. As a result of defeat in 
 the Greco-Turkish war, the Greeks were obliged to with- 
 draw’. Length, 160 miles. Greatest width, 35 miles. 
 Area, 3,365 square miles. Population, 330,000. 
 
 Cretin (kra-tan'), Guillaume. A French poet 
 who lived in the reigns of Charles VHL, Louis 
 XH., and Francis I. 
 
 But the leader of the whole was Guillaume Crdtin (birth 
 and death dates uncertain), whom his contemporaries ex- 
 tolled in the most extravagant fashion, and whom a single 
 satirical stroke of Rabelais has made a laughing-stock for 
 some three hundred and fifty years. The rondeau ascribed 
 to Raminagrobis, the “ vieux poete fram;ais ” of Pan tagruel, 
 is Cretin’s, and the name and character have stuck. Cre- 
 tin was not worse than his fellows ; but when even such 
 a man as Marot could call him a pobte sov.verain, Rabelais 
 no doubt felt it time to protest in his own way. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 165. 
 
 Creusa (kre-u'sa). In classical legend, the 
 daughter of Priam, and wife of gEneas. 
 
 Creuse (krez). 1. A department of central 
 France, lying between Indre and Cher on the 
 north, Allier and Puy-de-Dome on the east, 
 Correze on the south, and Haute-Vienne on the 
 west. It was formed from the ancient Haute-Marche 
 and small portions of Limousin, Bourbonnais, Poitou, and 
 Berri. Capital, Gueret. Area, 2,163 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 274,094. 
 
 2. A river in central France which joins the 
 Vienne. 
 
 Creusot, or Creuzot (kre-zo'), Le. A town in 
 the department of Saone-et-Loire, France, 13 
 miles southeast of Autun. It is the seat of Schnei- 
 der and Co.’s iron-works, and has other extensive manufac- 
 tures of cast-iron, steel, manufactured iron, locomotives, 
 etc. Population, commune, 33,437. 
 
 Creutz, Count Gustaf Philip. Born in Finland, 
 1731: died Oct. 30, 1785. A Swedish politician 
 and poet. He was appointed ambassador to Madrid in 
 1763, and three years later was transferred to I’aris. where 
 he became intimate with Franklin, with whom he con- 
 cluded a treaty of commerce between Sweden and the 
 United States April 3, 1783. 
 
 Creuzer (kroit'zer), Georg Friedrich. Born at 
 Marburg, Prussia, March 10, 1771 : died at Hei- 
 delberg, Baden, Feb. 16, 1858. A Germau philol- 
 ogist and archaeologist, appointed professor of 
 philologyat Marburg in 1802, and at Heidelberg 
 in 1807. He founded the Philological Seminary at Heidel- 
 berg in 1807. His chief work is “ Symbolik und Mytholo- 
 gie der alien Volker, besonders der Griechen ” (1810-12). 
 
 Creuznach. See Ereuznach. 
 
Creuzot, Le 
 
 Creuzot, Le. See Creusot. 
 Crevant-sur-Yonne (kra-von'siir-yon' ), Battle 
 of. See Cravant. 
 
 Crevaux (kre-vo'), Jules Nicolas. Born at 
 Lorquin, Lorraine, April 1, 1847 : died in the 
 Gran Chaco, Bolivia, April 24, 1882. A French 
 surgeon and traveler, in 1876, being stationed in 
 French Guiana, he began explorations in the interior, twice 
 crossing to the Amazon; later he explored the Japuri 
 branch of the Amazon, and traveled on the Orinoco. In 
 1881 he left Buenos Ayres with a number of companions, 
 having planned an extended trip through the center of 
 South America ; but while ascending the river Pilcomayo 
 all the company but two were killed by the Indians. The 
 results of his explorations have been published in the 
 “ Tour du monde,”and in the “proceedings ” of various sci- 
 entific societies. 
 
 Cr&vecceur (krav-ker'). A former fort near 
 Herzogenbuscli, Netherlands, situated at the 
 
 d unction of the Dieze and Meuse, 
 revecceur, Hector Saint-John de. Born 
 at Caen, France, 1731: died near Paris, 1813. 
 A French agriculturist. He emigrated to America 
 in 1764, and settled on a farm near New York. In 1780, 
 while about to sail for Europe, he was arrested at New 
 York by the British on the suspicion of being a spy, and 
 was detained several months. Returning from Europe 
 in 1783, he was for many years French consul at New York, 
 and enjoyed the friendship of Washington and Franklin. 
 He wrote “Lettres d’un cultivateur am^ricain ’’ (1784), 
 and “ Voyage dans la haute Pennsylvania et dans l’dtat de 
 New York ” (1801). 
 
 Crevecceur, Philippe de. Died at La Bresle, 
 near Lyons, France, 1494. A French general. 
 He commanded the French at the battle of Guinegate 
 (1479), in which he was defeated by Maximilian of Austria 
 with a large force of Flemings ; and became marshal of 
 France in 1492. 
 
 Crevier (kra-vya/), Jean Baptiste Louis. 
 
 Bom at Paris, 1693 : died at Paris, Dec. 1, 1765. 
 A French historian and man of letters. He con- 
 tinued Rollin's “Histoire romaine,” and wrote “ Histoire 
 des empereurs Jusqu’a Constantin” (1750-56), “ llh£to- 
 riqne frangaise " (1765), etc. 
 
 Crevillente (kra-vel-yen'ta). A town in the 
 province of Alicante, Spain, 18 miles south- 
 west of Alicante. Population, 10,726. 
 
 Crewe (kro). A town in Cheshire, England, 31 
 miles southeast of Liverpool. It is an important 
 railway center, and the seat of manufactures of railway 
 rolling-stock, etc. Population, 42,074. 
 
 Crewler (kro'ler). The name of a family in 
 Dickens’s “David Copperfield.” The Rev. Hor- 
 ace Crewler is a poor clergyman with a large family, and 
 a wife who has lost the use of her legs — when anything 
 annoys or excites her it goes to her legs directly. Sophy, 
 the fourth daughter, is an unselfish girl who finally mar- 
 ries Tommy Traddles. 
 
 Creyton (kra'ton), Paul. A pseudonym of 
 J. T. Trowbridge. 
 
 Cribb (krib), Tom. Born at Hanham, Glouces- 
 tershire, England, July 8, 1781 : died at Wool- 
 wich, May 11, 1848. An English champion 
 pugilist, known as “the Black Diamond” (from 
 his occupation as a coal-porter). 
 
 Cricca (krek'ka). In Tomkis’s comedy “Al- 
 bumazar,” the honest servant of Pandolfo. 
 Crichanas (kre-sha-nas'). An Indian tribe of 
 the state of Amazonas, Brazil, north of the 
 Amazon, near the Rio Branco. They are of Carib 
 stock. As a result of their struggles with the Brazil- 
 ian frontier settlements, they have been almost exter- 
 minated. 
 
 Crichton (kri'ton), James (styled “The Ad- 
 mirable Crichton”). Born in Scotland, Aug. 
 19, 1560 : killed at Mantua, Italy, J uly 3, 1583 (? ). 
 A Scottish scholar and adventurer, celebrated 
 for his extraordinary accomplishments, and 
 attainments in the languages, sciences, and 
 arts. At the age of seventeen he started upon his travels 
 on the Continent. He was then the reputed master of 
 twelve languages. He enlisted in the French army about 
 1577. In 1579 he resigned and went to Italy. Here many 
 debates both public and private were arranged for him, 
 in all of which he was victorious except with Mazzoni. 
 He wrote Latin odes and verses with ease, and his skill as 
 a swordsman was highly lauded. Iu 1581 he disputed 
 with the professors of the university at Padua on their 
 interpretation of Aristotle. A misadventure led to his 
 being denounced as a charlatan, whereupon be challenged 
 the university, offering to confute their Aristotelian in- 
 terpretations and to expose their errors in mathematics. 
 The disputation lasted four dajjp, and Crichton was com- 
 pletely successful. He won his first laurels in Mantua by 
 killing in a duel a far-famed swordsman. His death took 
 place there in a midnight street attack. Crichton is said 
 to have recognized the leader of the brawlers as his pupil, 
 the son of the Duke of Mantua, and having drawn his 
 sword upon him to have offered it to him by the handle ; 
 whereupon the prince seized it and stabbed him to the 
 heart. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Crichton, The. A London artistic, scientific, 
 and literary club, established in 1872. 
 
 Crichton, The Admirable. See Crichton, 
 James. 
 
 Cricket on the Hearth, The. A tale by Charles 
 Dickens, published in 1845. The singing-match 
 between a tea-kettle and a cricket on a carrier's hearth- 
 
 291 
 
 stone, in which the latter comes out ahead, gives its name 
 to the book. “To have a cricket on the hearth is the 
 luckiest thing jn the world.” 
 
 Crieff (kref). A town in Perthshire, Scotland, 
 16 miles west of Perth. Population, 
 5,208. 
 
 Crillon (kre-y&n/), Louis des Balbes de Ber- 
 
 ton de. Born at Murs, Provence, France, 1541 : 
 died at Avignon, France, Dec. 2, 1615. A cele- 
 brated French general, called “L’Homme sans 
 pent'” (‘the fearless’). He fought against the Hu- 
 guenots in the civil wars, taking part in the battles of 
 Rouen, Dreux, St. Denis, Jarnac, Moncontour, and St. 
 Jean d’Angely ; served as a Knight of Malta under Don 
 John of Austria at Lepanto in 1571 ; and held a high com- 
 mand in the army of Henry III. during the war of the 
 League 1580-89. After the death of Henry III. he entered 
 the service of Henry IV., under whom he fought at the 
 battle of Ivry in 1590, and from whom he received the 
 title “ le brave des braves.” 
 
 Crillon-Mahon (kre-yon'ma-on'), Louis des 
 Balbes de Berton, Due de. Born 1718 : died at 
 Madrid, 1796. A French general. He served with 
 distinction at Fontenoy 1745, and in the Seven Years' 
 War. Later he passed into the Spanish service, conquered 
 Minorca 1782, and was made captain of the Spanish armies 
 and duke of Mahon. His “ Mbmoires ” were published iu 
 1791. 
 
 Crimea (kri-me'a). [Russ. Kryrn or Krvm, F. 
 Crimee.] A peninsula in the government of 
 Taurida, southern Russia, nearly surrounded 
 by the Black Sea and Sea of Azoff : the ancient 
 Taurica Chersonesus. In the northern portion its 
 surface is a plain, but south of the river Salghir it is 
 mountainous. Its inhabitants are principally Russians 
 and Tatars. Capital, Simferopol. Its ancient inhabitants 
 were the Cimmerians, afterward called Taurians. It was 
 the seat of the kingdom of Bosporus (which see), and 
 was frequently overrun in the middle ages. It became a 
 dependency of Turkey in 1475, was annexed to Russia in 
 1783, and in 1854-55 was the scene of the Crimean war 
 (which see). Area, 9,700 square miles. 
 
 Crime and Punishment. A novel by Dostoyev- 
 sky, published in 1866. 
 
 Crimean War. A war waged 1853-56 between 
 Russia and the allied forces of Turkey, France, 
 Great Britain, and Sardinia. It arose through the 
 demand on the part of Russia for a protectorate over the 
 Greek subjects of the sultan. Among its leading events 
 are : battle of Sinope 1853 ; Russian occupation of the 
 Danubian principalities 1854; battle of the Alma Sept. 20, 
 1854 ; beginning of the siege of Sebastopol Oct., 1854 ; 
 battle of Balaklava Oct. 25 ; battle of Inkerman Nov. 5 ; 
 attacks on Sebastopol June, 1855 ; battle of Tchernaya 
 Aug. 16 ; storming the Malakoff Sept. 8 ; fall of Sebastopol 
 Sept. 11 ; and the capture of Kars by the Russians Nov. 
 28, 1855. The war was closed, and its issues decided, by 
 the treaty of Paris (which see), March 30, 1856. 
 
 Crimisus (kri-mi'sus), or Crimissus (kri-mis'- 
 us). In ancient geography, a river in western 
 Sicily, probably near Segesta. Here, 339 b. c., Ti- 
 moleon with 11,000 men defeated 70,000 Carthaginians. 
 
 Crimmitschau, or Crimmitzschau (krim'mit- 
 shou). A manufacturing town in Saxony, sit- 
 uated on the Pleisse 36 miles south of Leipsic. 
 Its leading industries are spinning and weav- 
 ing. Population, commune, 23,419. 
 
 Crinan (kre'nan) Canal. A canal through the 
 peninsula of Argyllshire, connecting Loch 
 Fyne with the Sound of Jura. Length, 9 miles. 
 Cringle, Tom. See Scott, Michael. 
 
 Cringle (kring'gl) ; Tom. The pseudonym of 
 William Walker, in his works on Australia. 
 Cripple Creek (krip'l krek). A mining town, 
 capital of Teller County, Colorado, about 30 
 miles southwest of Colorado Springs, at the 
 base of Pike’s Peak. Population, 6,206, (1910). 
 Cripple of Fenchurcli. See Fair Maid of the 
 Exchange. 
 
 Cripplegate (krip'l-gat), or Crepel-gate. An 
 
 old London gate. It was the fourth from the western 
 end of the wall. The original gate was probably built by 
 King Alfred when he restored the walls, 886 A. D. Stow 
 says that in 1010, when the body of Edmund the Martyr, 
 king of the East Angles, was borne through this gate, many 
 lame persons who were congregated there to beg rose up- 
 right and were cured by its miraculous influence. The 
 postern was afterward a prison for debtors and common 
 trespassers. It was rebuilt in 1244 and in 1491, and in the 
 fifteenth year of Charles II. it was repaired and a foot-pos- 
 tern made. The rooms over the gate were used by the 
 city water-bailiff. Cripplegate was pulled down in 1760. 
 
 Crish. Kringle. See Criss Ki/ngle. 
 
 Crisp (krisp), Charles Frederick. Born at Shef- 
 field, England, Jan. 29, 1845: died at Atlanta, Ga., 
 Oct. 23, 1896. An American politician. He served 
 as a lieutenant in the Confederate army in the Civil War ; 
 was admitted to the bar in 1866 ; was appointed solicitor- 
 general of the southwestern judicial district in 1872; was 
 reappointed for a term of four years in 1873 ; was appointed 
 judge of the Superior Court of the same district in 1877 ; 
 was elected by the general assembly to the same office in 
 1878 ; was reelected judge for a term of four years in 1880 ; 
 resigned in 1882 ; was a Democratic representative from 
 Georgia from the Forty-eighth through the Fifty-third Con- 
 gress; and was speaker of the House in the Fifty-second 
 and Fifty-third Congresses. 
 
 Crispi (kris'pe), Francesco. Born at Ribera, 
 Sicily, Oct. 4, 1819: died at Palermo, Aug. 11, 
 
 Critias 
 
 1901. An Italian statesman. He studied law, and 
 in 1846 settled at Naples. He served as a major under 
 Garibaldi atCalataflini in 1860 ; was returned by Palermo 
 to the first Italian Parliament in 1861 ; became president 
 of the Chamber of Deputies in 1876 ; was minister of the 
 interior 1877-78; and was prime minister 1887-91, and 
 again 1893-96. 
 
 Crispin (kris'pin), Saint. [L. Crispinus, Cris- 
 pianus, having curly hair ; F. Crispin, Crepin, 
 It. Crispino, Crispo, Sp. Crispo.\ A Christian 
 martyr, a member of a noble Roman family, 
 who with his brother Crispinianus fled to Sois- 
 sons and took up the trade of a shoemaker. He 
 is said to have been so desirous of helping the poor that he 
 stole leather to make shoes for them. He was put to death 
 about 287 by being beheaded. He is the patron saint 
 of shoemakers. His day in the Roman and Anglican 
 churches is Oct. 25. 
 
 Crispin (kris'pin; F. pron. kres-pan'). An im- 
 pudent, boasting, and witty valet, a ready assis- 
 tant in the love-affairs of his master : a conven- 
 tional character in French comedy, introduced 
 apparently from the Italian comedy by Poirsou 
 about 1654. If Poirson was not creator of the charac- 
 ter, he played it remarkably, and his costume has come 
 down to this time. 
 
 Crispin, Gilbert. Died about 1117. An Eng- 
 lish scholar and prelate, abbot, of Westminster. 
 Two of his works have survived, “Vita Herluini,” the 
 chief authority for the early history of Bee, and “ Dispu- 
 tatio Judsei cum Christiano,” a dialogue between a Jew 
 and the author. 
 
 Crispin, Rival de son Maitre. A comedy by 
 Le Sage, produced in 1707. 
 
 Crispinella (kris-pi-nel'a). In Marston’s play 
 “ The Dutch Courtezan,” a sparkling, lively 
 girl, the opposite of her sister Beatrice. 
 
 Little Crispinella (though even less choice in her lan- 
 guage than Shakspere’s Beatrice) is one of the most 
 sparkling figures of Elisabetlian comedy, and in adequate 
 hands would prove a source of genuine delight to any 
 audience. Ward. 
 
 Crispino e la Comare (kres-pe'no a la ko- 
 ma're). [It., ‘The Shoemaker and the Fairy 
 Godmother.’] A comic opera by Luigi Ricci, 
 first produced at Venice in 1850. Federico Ricci 
 assisted his brother in its composition. The words are by 
 Piave. 
 
 Crispinus (kris-pi'nus). In Ben Jonson’s 
 “Poetaster,” a bad poet wbo gives its title to 
 the play. He is intended for Marston, with whom Jon- 
 son had a quarrel at the time. “ He is represented as a 
 coarse-minded, ill-conditioned fellow, albeit of gentle pa- 
 rentage, who, like the bore encountered by Horace in the 
 Via Sacra, is prepared to adopt the meanest stratagems 
 in order to gain admittance to the society of courtiers 
 and wits." Bullen. 
 
 Crispus (kris'pus), Flavius Julius. Died 326 
 A. d. Eldest son of Constantine the Great and 
 Minervina. He was made Csesar in 317, and consul in 
 318. He distinguished himself in a campaign against 
 the Franks and in the war against Licinius, over whom 
 he gained a great naval victory in the Hellespont in 323. 
 He was put to death by his father on a charge of high 
 treason. 
 
 Crissa (kris'a), or Crisa (kri'saj, or Cirrha 
 (sir'a). [Gr. K plena, K pica, Kip pa. - ] In an- 
 cient geography, a city of Phocis, Greece, sit- 
 uated southwest of Delphi. It was styled by Ho- 
 mer “the divine.” It is often confounded with its port, 
 Cirrha. 
 
 Criss Kingle (kris' king'gl). [Also Kriss Kin- 
 gle, Kriss Kringle; corrupt forms of *Christ- 
 Icindel (cf. criss-cross for Christ-cross), from the 
 G. * Christ-kindel or * Christ-kindlein or Christ- 
 kindchen, the little Christ-child, dim. of Christ- 
 kind, the Christ-child.] The Christ-child. 
 
 Cristineaux (kres-ti-no'). See Cree. 
 
 Cristinos (kres-te'nos). In Spanish history, 
 the partizans of Donna Maria Christina (Sp. 
 Cristina), regent for her daughter Isabella Ma- 
 ria II. 1833-40. Ferdinand VII., who married Chris- 
 tina in 1829, repealed the Salic law of succession, intro- 
 duced by Philip V. 1713, in accordance with which females 
 could inherit the throne only in case of the total extinction 
 of the male line ; and by a decree of March, 1830, called 
 the pragmatic sanction, established the old Castilian law 
 in accordance with which the daughters and granddaugh- 
 ters of the king take precedence of his brothers and neph- 
 ews. The pragmatic sanction was not recognized by the 
 king’s brother, Don Carlos, who, supported by the clericals 
 or absolutists, began a civil war on the death of Ferdinand, 
 1833. See Carlists. 
 
 Cristobal Colon (kris-to'bal ko-lon'). A Span- 
 ish armored cruiser, bought from the Italian 
 government, of 6,840 tons displacement and a 
 trial speed of 20 knots. In the battle of Santiago, 
 July 3, 1898, under Captain Emilio Diaz Moreu, it was the 
 last Spanish ship to surrender, being forced ashore by the 
 Brooklyn and the Oregon at Rio Tarquino. 
 
 Crites (kri'tez). [Gr. spiri/c, a judge.] A man 
 of “straight judgment and a strong mind,” in 
 Jonson’s play “Cynthia’s Revels.” He is supposed 
 to have been designed by Jonson as a picture of himself. 
 
 Critias (krit'i-as). [Gr. Kpm'af.] An Athe- 
 nian orator and politician, a pupil of Socrates, 
 
Critias 
 
 and one of the thirty tyrants (404 B. c.) : noted 
 for his dissolute life, rapacity, and cruelty. He 
 perished in the battle of Munychia. Plato introduces 
 him in a dialogue (a fragment) which bears his name. 
 
 Critic (krit'ik), The. A farce by Richard 
 Brinsley Sheridan, produced Oct. 30, 1779. It 
 is an imitation of Buckingham’s “Rehearsal.” 
 
 Criticon (krit'i-kon). See the extract. 
 
 The most remarkable work of Gracian, however, is his 
 “ Criticon," published in three parts, between 1650 and 
 1653. It is an allegory on human life, and gives us the 
 adventures of Critilus, a noble Spaniard, wrecked on the 
 desert island of Saint Helena, where he finds a solitary 
 savage, who knows nothing about himself, except that he 
 has been nursed by a wild beast. After much communi- 
 cation in dumb show, they are able to understand each 
 other in Spanish, and, being taken from the island, travel 
 together through the world, talking often of the leading 
 men of their time in Spain, but holding intercourse more 
 with allegorical personages than with one another. 
 
 Ticknor, Span. Lit., III. 222. 
 
 Criticus. See Crites. 
 
 Critique de L’Ecole des femmes (kre-tek' de 
 la-kol' da fam). A brilliant short play by Mo- 
 lihre, acted in 1663. It introduces contempo- 
 rary society criticizing his ‘ ‘ Ecole des femmes.” 
 
 Critique of Pure Reason. [G. Eritik der reinen 
 Vernunft .] A famous philosophical work by 
 Kant, published in 1781. a second and revised edi- 
 tion appeared in 1787: the later editions are reprints of this. 
 The changes introduced in the second edition have been 
 the occasion of much discussion among German philoso- 
 phers, many maintaining that they showan essential altera- 
 tion of Kant’s doctrines. Kant himself, however, declared 
 that they were made solely to secure greater clearness. 
 
 Crito (kri'to). [Gr. Kpirui\] Lived about 400 
 B. c. An Athenian, a friend and follower of 
 Socrates. He is a prominent character in the 
 dialogue by Plato named for him. 
 
 Critolaus (krit-6-la'us). [Gr. K ptroAaof.] 1. 
 Died 146 B. C. An Achtean demagogue, last 
 strategus of the Achaean League, defeated by 
 Metellus at Scarphea in 146. — 2. A Greek 
 Peripatetic philosopher of the 2d century B. c. 
 
 Crittenden (krit'n-den), George Bibb. Bom 
 at Russellville, Ky., March 20, 1812: died at 
 Danville, Ky., Nov. 27, 1880. An American 
 major-general, son of J. J. Crittenden. He served 
 throughout the Mexican war. At the outbreak of the 
 Civil War he joined the Confederate service with the rank 
 of brigadier-general, and was shortly promoted major- 
 general. He was placed in command of southeastern 
 Kentucky and a part of eastern Tennessee in Nov., 1861. 
 He was defeated at Mill Springs, Jan. 19, 1862. 
 
 Crittenden, John Jordan. Born in Woodford 
 County, Ky., Sept. 10, 1787 : died near Frank- 
 fort, Ky., July 26, 1863. An American politi- 
 cian. He graduated at William and Mary College in 
 1807, and was subsequently admitted to the bar. He 
 served in the War of 1812; was a member of the State 
 House of Representatives in 1816 ; was United States 
 senator from Kentucky 1817-19, 1835-41 ; was attorney- 
 general under Harrison and Tyler March 6-Sept. 13, 1841 ; 
 was United States senator 1842-48 ; was governor of Ken- 
 tucky 1848-50; was attorney general under President Fill- 
 more 1850-53; was United States senator 1855-61; r.nd wao 
 member of Congress (Unionist) 1861-63. 
 
 Crittenden, Thomas Leonidas. Born at Rus- 
 sellville, Ky., May, 1819: died at Annandale, 
 Staten Island, N. Y.,Oct. 23, 1893. An Ameri- 
 can general, son of J. J. Crittenden. He served 
 in the Mexican war ; became brigadier-general of volun- 
 teers in the Union army Oct. 27, 1861 ; commanded a di- 
 vision at the battle of Shiloh April 6 and 7, 1862 ; was pro- 
 moted major-general July 17, 1862 ; commanded a corps 
 at the battles of Stone River Dec. 31, lS62,-Jan. 3, 1863, 
 and Chickamauga Sept. 19-20, 1863; and was brevetted 
 brigadier-general March 2, 1867. 
 
 Crittenden Compromise. A measure urged 
 in the United States Senate by John J. Crit- 
 tenden 1860-61, providing for the reestablish- 
 ment of the slave-lino of 36° 30' N., and for the 
 enforcing of the fugitive-slave laws. 
 
 Croagh Patrick (kro'ach pat'rik), or Reek. 
 A mountain near Westport, County Mayo, Ire- 
 land, noted in the story of St. Patrick. 
 
 Croaker (kro'ker), Mr. and Mrs. A strongly 
 contrasted pair in Goldsmith’s “The Good-Na- 
 tured Man.” He Is gifted in saying sadly the most 
 cutting things ; she is both merry and spiteful 
 
 Croaker and Co. The pseudonym under which 
 Joseph Rodman Drake and Fitz-Greene Hal- 
 leck wrote the “Croaker Pieces” in the New 
 York “Evening Post,” 1819. 
 
 Croatia (kro-a'shia). [F. Croatie, G. Eroatien, 
 Russ. Eroatsiya, etc. ; from Croat, F. Croate, 
 G. Eroate.'] A titular kingdom in Austria-Hun- 
 gary, which with Slavonia forms a separate divi- 
 sion in the Hungarian part of the monarchy, it 
 is bounded by Carniola, Styria, and Hungary (separated by 
 the Drave) on the north, by Slavonia and Bosnia on the east, 
 by Bosnia and Dalmatia on the south, and by the Adriatic, 
 Fiume, and Carniola on the west. It is traversed by the 
 Save and by prolongations of the Alps. Its soil is produc- 
 tive. Capital, Agram. The inhabitants are principally 
 
 292 
 
 Croats. Croatia belonged in great part to the Roman prov- 
 ince of Pannonia. It was overrun by the East Goths ; was 
 conquered by Justinian ; was overrun by the Avars ; and 
 was settled by the Croats in the 7th century. The region 
 was at first called Chrobatia. The dukes rose to consid- 
 erable power in the 10th century, and about the middle 
 of the 11th century the ruler figures as king of Croatia 
 and Dalmatia. The country was annexed by Hungary in 
 1091. The Hapsburgs, as kings of Hungary, began to rule 
 in 1527, but their dominion was long contested by the 
 Turks. The ban of Croatia, Count Jellachich, was in re- 
 bellion against Hungary 1843^9. (See Croatia and Sla- 
 vonia, below, and Jellachich.) 
 
 Croatia, Turkish. The northwestern division 
 of Bosnia (which see). 
 
 Croatia and Slavonia (sla-vo'ni-a). A land 
 of the Hungarian division of the Austro-Hun- 
 garian monarchy. It comprises Croatia and Slavonia, 
 and in it is incorporated the chief part of the former mili- 
 tary frontier. Capital, Agram. Its inhabitants are chiefly 
 Slavs of the Serbo-Croatian race. Their religion is mainly 
 Roman Catholic and Greek. It sends 3 delegates to the 
 upper house and 40 delegates to the lower house of 
 the Hungarian Reichstag, and has a Diet (Landtag) of 90 
 members. It was separated from Hungary and made a 
 crownland in 1849, but was reunited to Hungary in 1868. 
 Area, 16,423 square miles. Population, 2,416,304. 
 
 Croats (kro'atz). [See Croatia.) The Slavonic 
 race which inhabits Croatia, and from which it 
 takes its name. 
 
 Crockett (krok'et), David. Born at Lime- 
 stone, Tenn., Aug. 17, 1786: killed at Fort 
 Alamo, San Antonio de Bexar, Texas, March 6, 
 1836. An American pioneer, hunter, and politi- 
 cian. He was member of Congress from Tennessee 
 1827-31, 1833-35, and served in the Texan war. He pub- 
 lished his autobiography in 1834. He was a fine shot and 
 an eccentric humorist, and the story is told of his having 
 treed a coon which, when he recognized Crockett, called out 
 to him : 1 ‘ Don’t shoot, colonel ; I’ll come down, as I know 
 I’m a gone coon.” This story was originally told of a 
 Captain Scott who was a famous shot ( Scheie de Fere). 
 Hotten in his Slang Dictionary says that the phrase ori- 
 ginated in the fact that “in the American war” a spy 
 dressed in racoon-skins took refuge in a tree and ad- 
 4 tdressed an English rifleman in the same words. 
 
 Crockett, Samuel Rutherford. Bom at Little 
 Duchrae, near New Galloway, Scotland, Sept. 
 24, 1860. A Presbyterian minister and novelist. 
 He was educated at Edinburgh University and at the New 
 Theological College, Edinburgh ; and was minister of the 
 Free Church at Penicuick from 1886 until he resigned his 
 charge to devote himself to authorship. His principal 
 works are “The Stickit Minister” (1893), “The Raiders" 
 (1894), “The Lilac Sunboimet” (1894), “Mad Sir Uchtred 
 of the Hills ”(1894), “ Play- Actress ” (1894), “The Men of the 
 Moss-Hags” (1895), “Bog-Myrtle and Peat” (1895), “The 
 Gray Mail” (1896), “Sweetheart Travellers” (1896), “Cleg 
 Kelly ” (1896), “A Galloway Herd” (1896), “Lad’s Love” 
 (1897). His first book was published as “Dulce Cor: the 
 Poems of Ford Bereton." 
 
 Crockford’s (krok'fordz). A famous gaming 
 club-house at No. 50 on the west side of St. 
 James street, London, opposite White's, it 
 was built by William Crockford, originally a fishmonger, 
 in 1827. He is said to have made a large fortune by gam- 
 bling. He died May 24, 1844, but the house was reopened 
 in 1849 for the Military, Naval, and Country Service 
 Club. It was closed again in 1851. It was for several 
 years a dining-house, “The Wellington," and is now the 
 Devonshire Club. 
 
 Crocodile (krok'5-dil), Lady Kitty. In Foote’s 
 “Trip to Calais,” a hypocritical, intriguing 
 woman of quality, intended to satirize the no- 
 torious Duchess of Kingston, whose trial for 
 bigamy was just coming on. The influence of the 
 duchess was sufficient to stop the production of the play. 
 See Trip to Calais. 
 
 Crocodilopolis (krok // o-di-lcp ' o-lis). [Gr. 
 K poKoSeiTaov trdfac, city of crocodiles,] 1. Ar- 
 sinoe. — 2. Athribis, in ancient Egypt. 
 
 Crossuc (kre'sus). [Gr.Kpofew;.] Akingof Lydia, 
 son of Alyattes whom he succeeded in 560 B. c. 
 He subjugated the Ionian, gEolian, and other neighboring 
 peoples, and at the close of his reign ruled over the region 
 extending from the northern ahd western coasts of Asia 
 Minor to the Halys on the east and the Taurus on the 
 south. According to Herodotus, he was visited at the 
 height of his power by Solon, to whom he exhibited his 
 innumerable treasures, and who, when pressed to ac- 
 knowledge him as the happiest of mortals, answered, 
 “Account no man happy before his death.” Deceived by 
 a response of the oracle at Delphi to the effect that, if he 
 marched against the Persians lie would overthrow a great 
 empire, he made war in 546 upon Cyrus, by whom he was 
 defeated in the same year near Sardis and taken prisoner. 
 He was, according to Herodotus, doomed to he burned 
 alive, but as he stood upon the pyre he recalled the words 
 of Solon, and exclaimed “Solon! Solon! Solon!" De- 
 sired by Cyrus to state upon whom he was calling, he re- 
 lated the story of Solon, which moved Cyrus to counter- 
 mand the order for his execution, and to bestow upon him 
 distinguished marks of favor. 
 
 Croft (kroft), Herbert. Born at Great Thame, 
 Oxfordshire, Oet. 18,1603: died at Hereford, 
 May 18, 1691. Bishop of Hereford. He was origi- 
 nally intended for the Roman Catholic priesthood, but 
 eventually took holy orders in the Churcli of England, 
 having obtained the degree of B. D. at Oxford in 1636. He 
 became chaplain to Charles I, about 1640, canon of Windsor 
 in 1641, and dean of Hereford in 1644 ; was deprived of his 
 preferments during the Rebellion (which were restored to 
 him on the accession of Charles II.), became bishop of 
 
 Cromarty 
 
 Hereford in 1662, and was dean of the Chapel Royal 
 1668-70. His chief work is “ The Naked Truth, or the 
 True State of the Primitive Church ” (1675). 
 
 Croft, William. Born at Nether Eatington, 
 Warwickshire, England, 1678: died at London, 
 Aug. 14, 1727. An English composer of sacred 
 music. His collection of anthems, “Musica 
 Sacra,” was published 1724. 
 
 Croftangry (krof 'tang-gri), Chrystal. The 
 imaginary author of Scott’s “Chronicles of the 
 Canongate.” He gives his autobiography in 
 some of the introductory chapters. 
 
 Croghan (kro'gan), George. Bom near Louis- 
 ville, Ky., Nov. 15, 1791: died at New Orleans, 
 Jan. 8, 1849. An American officer, distin- 
 guished at the defense of Forts Meigs and 
 Stephenson, 1813. 
 
 Croisic (krwa-zek'), Le. A seaport and water- 
 ing-place in the department of Loire-Inferieure, 
 France, 16 miles west of St. Nazaire. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 2,462. 
 
 Croix (krwa), Carlos Francisco de, Marques de 
 Croix. Bom at Lille, in Flanders, 1699: died at 
 V alencia, 1786. A Spanish gen eral and adminis- 
 trator. He served with distinction in the army ; was 
 commandant at Ceuta and Puerto de Santa Maria, captain- 
 general of Galicia, and viceroy of New Spain (Mexico) 
 from Aug., 1766, to Sept., 1771. His administration was 
 able and prosperous. In 1770 he was advanced to the 
 rank of captain-general in the army. After his return 
 from Mexico he was made viceroy of Valencia, an office 
 which he held until his death. 
 
 Croix, Teodoro de. Born at Lille, Flanders, 
 about 1730: died at Madrid, April 8, 1791. A 
 Spanish soldier. From 1766 to 1771 he served in 
 Mexico under his brother, the Viceroy de Croix, as com- 
 mandant of the interior provinces and of Sonora. From 
 April, 1784, to March, 1790, he was viceroy of Peru, and is 
 known as an upright, kind-hearted, and religious ruler. 
 He instituted various reforms in the laws affecting the 
 Indians. 
 
 Croizette (krwa-zet'), Sophie Alexandrine 
 Oroisette, called. Born March 19, 1847 : died 
 March 19, 1901. A noted French actress, she 
 was admitted to the Conservatoire in 1867, and made her 
 debut in 1869. In 1873 she was made an associate of the 
 ( 'omedie Frangaise, of which she was the jeune premiere. 
 In 1881 she retired from the stage, and in 1885 married 
 an American banker named Stern. 
 
 Croke (kruk), or Crocus (kro'kus), Richard. 
 Born at London, probably in 1489 : died there, 
 Aug., 1558. An English scholar and diplo- 
 matist. He took the degree of B. A. at Cambridge in 
 1510; studied Greek under Grocyn at Oxford, and under 
 Hieronymus Aleauder at Paris (about 1513) ; lectured on 
 Greek at Louvain, Cologne (about 1515), and Leipsic(1515- 
 1617) ; began to lecture on Greek at Cambridge in 1518 ; was 
 ordained priest in 1519 ; was fellow of St. John s College in 
 1523 ; was sent in 1529 by Cranmer to Italy to collect the 
 opinion of Italian canonists in reference to the king's 
 divorce ; became lector of Long Buckby, Northampton- 
 shire, in 1531; and was subdean of King’s College, Oxford, 
 1532-45. His most notable publications are an edition of 
 Ausonius (1515), and a translation of the fourth book of 
 Theodore Gaza’s Greek grammar (1516). 
 
 Croker (kro'ker), John Wilson. Born in Gal- 
 way, Ireland, Dec. 20, 1780: died at Hampton, 
 near London, Aug. 10, 1857. A British poli- 
 tician and general writer, leading contributor 
 to the “Quarterly Review” after 1809: editor 
 of Boswell’s “Life of Johnson” (1831). 
 Croker, Thomas Crofton. Bom at Cork, Ire- 
 land, Jan. 15, 1798: died at London, Aug. 8, 
 1854. An Irish antiquary. He wrote “Researches 
 in the South of Ireland ” (1824), “The Fairy Legends and 
 Traditions of the South of Ireland ” (1825), “The Adven- 
 tures of Barney Mahoney ’’ (1852), etc. 
 
 Croly (kro'li), David Goodman. Born at New 
 York, Nov. 3, 1829 : died there, April 29, 1889. 
 A journalist. He wrote a “History of Recon- 
 struction” (1868), a “Primer of Positivism” 
 (1876), etc. 
 
 Croly, George. Born at Dublin, Aug. 17, 
 1780 : died at London, Nov. 24, 1860. An Irish 
 divine, poet, novelist, and miscellaneous writer. 
 His chief novel is “ Salathiel ’’ (1829), principal poem, 
 “Paris in 1815” (1817), “Catiline,” a tragedy (1822), “Mars- 
 ton," a romance (1846), “Life and Times of George IV.” 
 (1830). 
 
 Croly, Jane Cunningham. Born at Market. 
 Harborough, England, Dec. 19, 1831: died at 
 New York, Dec. 23, 1901. A writer under the 
 name of “ Jennie June,” well known for her ef- 
 forts for the advancement of women, she called 
 together the Woman’s Congress in New York in 1856, and 
 in 1868 founded “Sorosis,” and was its president 1868-70 
 and 1876-86. She married David Goodman Croly in 1857. 
 Cromarty (krom'iir-ti). 1. A county of north- 
 ern Scotland, comprising Cromarty proper, 
 situated south of Cromarty Firth, and 10 de- 
 tached portions in Ross-shire, with which it is 
 united for most purposes. Area, estimated, 
 370 square miles. — 2. Chief town of the above 
 county, situated on Cromarty Firth 16 miles 
 northeast of Inverness. Population, 1,233. 
 
Cromarty Firth 
 
 Cromarty Firth (ferth). An inlet of the North 
 Sea, connecting with Moray Firth, and nearly 
 surrounded by Cromarty and Ross. 
 
 Crome (krom), John. Born at Norwich, Eng- 
 land, Dec. 22, 1768: died there, April 22, 1821. 
 A noted English landscape-painter. He was the 
 son of a poor weaver, and began life as a doctor’s assis- 
 tant, and apprentice to a coach- and sign-painter. He 
 early began to study painting directly from nature in the 
 environs of his native town ; later found an opportunity 
 to study drawing ; and obtained entrance to a neigh- 
 boring collection of paintings, where he found some good 
 Flemish pictures. In 1803 he created the Norwich Society 
 of Arts. At the annual exhibitions of this society he ex- 
 hibited many of his works, rarely sending them to the 
 Royal Academy at London. His pupils and associates, 
 among whom were Stark and Cotman, acquired distinction, 
 and formed with him the “school of Norwich." 
 Cromer, Lord. See Baring, Evelyn. 
 Crompton (kromp'ton), Samuel. Born at Fir- 
 wood, near Bolton, England, Dec. 3, 1753 : died 
 at Hall-in-the-Wood, near Bolton, June 26, 1827. 
 An English mechanic, inventor of the spinning- 
 mule in 1779. 
 
 Cromwell (krum'wel or krom'wel). A drama by 
 Victor Hugo, published in 1827. This was his 
 first dramatic venture, and was not intended 
 to be acted. 
 
 Cromwell, Henry. Born at Huntingdon, Eng- 
 land, Jan. 20, 1628: died at Soham, Cambridge- 
 shire, England, March 23, 1674. A younger son 
 of Oliver Cromwell, lord deputy in Ireland 1655- 
 1657, and lord lieutenant 1657-59. 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver. Born at Huntingdon, Eng- 
 land, April 25, 1599 : died at Whitehall, Lon- 
 don, Sept. 3, 1658. Lord Protector of the Com- 
 monwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 
 He studied at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, 1616-17, 
 was elected member of Parliament for Huntingdon in 
 1628, and in 1640 was returned by Cambridge to the Short 
 and Long Parliaments. He was appointed captain of 
 Parliamentary horse in 1642, and colonel in 1643. In 
 
 1643, by enlisting only men of religion, chiefly Indepen- 
 dents, he organized a model regiment which, on account 
 of its invincible courage, came to be known as the Iron- 
 sides. He fought with distinction at Marston Moor July 
 2, 1644, and at the second battle of Newbury Oct. 27, 
 
 1644 , was promoted to lieutenant-general, on the reorgani- 
 zation (after plans furnished by him) of the army, in June, 
 1645 ; commanded the right wing of the Parliamentary 
 army at Naseby June 14, 1645, and took Basing House 
 Oct. 14, 1645. On the rupture in 1647 between the army, 
 which was controlled by the Independents, and Parlia- 
 ment, which was controlled by the Presbyterians, he sided 
 with the army, and supported the measures by which 
 the Independents obtained control of Parliament. He 
 suppressed an insurrection in Wales in 1648, defeated the 
 Scotch royalists at Preston Aug. 17-19, 1648, and, as a 
 member of the High Court, signed the death-warrant 
 of Charles I. in Jan., 1649. On the establishment of the 
 Commonwealth in 1649 he obtained, by virtue of his posi- 
 tion as leader of the Independents and ruling spirit in the 
 army, the actual control of the government. He under- 
 took an expedition against Ireland Aug. 15, 1649; stormed 
 Drogheda Sept. 10, 1649; was appointed captain-general 
 and commander-in-chief of all the forces of the Common- 
 wealth June 26, 1650; defeated the Scotch royalists at 
 Dunbar Sept. 3, 1650, and at Worcester Sept. 3, 1651 ; 
 expelled the Rump Parliament April 20, 1653 ; and was 
 appointed by the council of officers Lord Protector of 
 the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 
 His protectorate was marked by religious toleration, by 
 advantageous commercial treaties with foreign nations, 
 and by successful wars with the Dutch, with Algiers, 
 Tunis, and Tripoli, and the Spaniards. See Carlyle's 
 “Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell,” Foster's 
 “Life of Cromwell," and Guizot’s “History of the Revo- 
 lution ” and “History of England under Cromwell.” 
 
 Cromwell, Richard. Born at Huntingdon, 
 England, Oct. 4, 1626 : died at Cheshunt, near 
 London, July 12, 1712. Sou of Oliver Crom- 
 well, whom he succeeded as Lord Protector 
 Sept., 1658. He resigned May, 1659. 
 Cromwell, Thomas, Earl of Essex. Born prob- 
 ably about 1485: died at London, July 28, 1540. 
 An English statesman, the son of a blacksmith. 
 He served in his youth in the French army in Italy, and 
 after his return to England became a lawyer. He was 
 appointed collector of the revenues of the see of York by 
 Wolsey in 1514 ; became a member of Parliament in 1523 ; 
 was appointed privy councilor by Henry VIII. in 1531 ; 
 and was made chancellor of the exchequer in 1533. In 
 1535 he was appointed vicar-general of the king to carry 
 into effect the Act of Supremacy, in which capacity he 
 began in 1536 the suppression of the monasteries and the 
 confiscation of their property. He became lord privy 
 seal in 1536, and lord high chamberlain of England in 
 1539, and was created earl of Essex in 1540. In 1539 he 
 negotiated the marriage of Henry VIII. with Anne of 
 Cleves, which took place in Jan., 1540. Having fallen 
 under the king's displeasure, partly on account of his 
 advocacy of this marriage, he was attainted by Parlia- 
 ment and beheaded on the charge of treason. 
 
 Cromwell, The Life and Death of Thomas, 
 
 Lord. An anonymous play, printed in 1613, 
 at one time attributed to Shakspere. It was 
 entered on the Stationers’ Register in 1602. 
 
 Cromwell Surveying the Body of Charles 
 I. in its Coffin. A masterpiece of Paul Dela- 
 roche, in the Mus6e at Nimes, France. 
 
 Cronaca (kron'a-ka), Simone Pollajuolo. 
 
 293 
 
 Born at Florence, 1457: died 1508. An Italian 
 architect, surnamed “II Cronaca” (‘the chroni- 
 cler ’) from his habit of story-telling, on account 
 of some misdemeanor he was obliged to flee from Flor- 
 ence to Rome, where he busied himself with the antique 
 monuments. Returning to Florence, he completed the 
 Strozzi Palace, begun by Benedetto da Majano. His mas- 
 terpiece (1504) is the Church of San Bartolommeo in San 
 Miniato, which was much admired by Michelangelo. He 
 also built the great hall of the Palazzo Vecchio. He be- 
 came a disciple of Savonarola. 
 
 Cronholm(kron'holm), Abraham Peter. Bom 
 
 at Landskrona, Sweden, Oct. 22, 1809. died at 
 Stockholm, May 27, 1879. A Swedish historian. 
 His chief work is “Sveriges Historia under 
 Gustaf H. Adolfs regering” (1857-72). 
 
 Cronstadt. See Kronstadt. 
 
 Cronus (kro'nus), or Cronos (-nos). [Gr. 
 Kpdvog.'] In Greek mythology, a Titan, son of 
 Uranus and Ge. At the instigation of his mother, 
 he emasculated his father for having thrown the Cy- 
 clopes (who were likewise the children of Uranus and 
 Ge) into Tartarus. He thereupon usurped the govern- 
 ment of the world, which had hitherto belonged to his 
 father, but was in turn dethroned by Zeus. He was the 
 husband of Rhea, by whom he became the father of Hestia, 
 Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus. He was iden- 
 tified with Saturnus by the Romans. 
 
 Croo-boys or Croo-men. See Kru. 
 
 Crook (kruk), George. Born near Dayton, Ohio, 
 Sept. 8, 1828 : died at Chicago, 111., March 21, 
 1890. An American soldier. He graduated at West 
 Point in 1852, and entered the regular army, in which he 
 attained the rank of major-general April 6, 1888. Sept. 
 13, 1861, he was appointed to a colonelcy in the volunteer 
 service, in which he rose to the brevet rank of major- 
 general July 18, 1864 ; he was mustered out Jan. 15, 1866. 
 He commanded the national forces in W est Virginia in 
 July and Aug., 1864; was in the engagements at Snicker’s 
 Ferry July 19, and Kernstowu July 24; cooperated with 
 General Sheridan in the Shenandoah valley from Aug. 
 till Dec. of the same year ; was in the battles at Ber- 
 ryville, Opequan, Fisher’s Hill, Strasburg, and Cedar 
 Creek ; and commanded the cavalry of the Army of the 
 Potomac March 26-April 9, 1865. After the war he did 
 duty among the hostile Indians in Idaho and Arizona. 
 After the massacre of General Custer’s command he pur- 
 sued the Sioux to Slim Buttes, Dakota, where he defeated 
 them. In 18s6 lie conducted the campaign against the 
 Apaches under Geronimo, whom he brought to a stand 
 near San Bernardino, Mexico, but resigned his command 
 before the conclusion of hostilities. 
 
 Crooked Island (kruk'ed i'land). An island 
 
 *of the Bahamas, south of Watling Island. 
 
 Crookes (kriiks), Sir William. Born at London, 
 June 17, 1832. A noted English chemist and 
 physicist. He discovered thallium in 1861, and in- 
 vented the radiometer in 1874. He founded tne “Chemi- 
 cal News” in 1859, lias edited the “Quarterly Journal of 
 Science” since 1864, and has published “Select Methods 
 of Chemical Analysis ’ (1880), etc. Knighted June, 1897. 
 
 Crooks (kriiks), George Richard. Born at 
 Philadelphia, Feb. 3, 1822: died at Madison, 
 N. J., Feb. 20, 1897. An American journalist 
 and Methodist clergyman. He published with 
 Schem a “ Latin-English Lexicon” (1858). 
 
 Croppies (krop'iz). A name given to the re- 
 publican party in Ireland in 1798, who wore 
 their hair cropped in imitation of the French 
 revolutionists. ( LecJcy .) The name was ap- 
 plied to the Roundheads in 1642. 
 
 Cropredy Bridge. A locality near Banbury, 
 England, the scene of a Royalist defeat of the 
 Parliamentarians under Waller, June 29, 1644. 
 
 Cropsey (krop'si), Jasper Francis. Born Feb. 
 18, 1823: died June 22, 1900. An American 
 landscape-painter, a pupil of Edward Maury. 
 He entered the National Academy in 1851. 
 
 Croquemitaine (krok-me-tan' ). [From croquer, 
 to eat, crunch.] A French legendary monster 
 with which nurses frighten children. L’Epine in 
 1863 published a “L^gende de Croquemitaine," a romance 
 relating to the adventures of a certain Mitaine, a god- 
 daughter of Charlemagne. 
 
 Crosby Hall or Place. An ancient house in 
 Bishopsgate street, London. The site was leased 
 from Alice Ashfield, prioress of St. Helen’s, in 1466 by Sir 
 John Crosby, a grocer and lord mayor. He built the 
 beautiful Gothic palace of which the banqueting-hall, the 
 throne-room and council-room still remain in Bishopsgate 
 within. The hall is now used as an eating-house, and 
 is famous for its beautiful wooden roof. The mansion 
 covered a large part of what is now Crosby Place or 
 Square. Richard of Gloucester lived here at the death 
 of Edward IV., and here held his levees before his usurpa- 
 tion of the crown. It was afterward bought by Sir Thomas 
 More, who wrote here the “Utopia” and the “Life of 
 Puchard III.” Crosby Hall is the central feature of Shak- 
 spere’s London. Shakspere himself had a residence in the 
 neighborhood. It is one of the very few medieval dwell- 
 ing-houses still existing in London. It was restored in 1836, 
 after having been used for various purposes. 
 
 Crosby (kroz'bi), Howard. Born at New 
 York, Feb. 27, 1826 : died there, March 29, 1891. 
 An American Presbyterian clergyman. He was 
 graduated at the University of New York in 1844; be- 
 came professor of Greek there about 1851 ; was professor 
 of Greek in Rutgers College, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 
 1859-63 ; was pastor of the Fourth Avenue Presbyterian 
 Church at New York from 1863 until his death ; was eban- 
 
 Crowe, Captain 
 
 cellor of the University of New York 1870-81 ; was a 
 member of the American committee for the revision of 
 the New Testament ; and was one of the chief instru- 
 ments in effecting the organization (1877) of the Society 
 for the Prevention of Crime, of which he became presi- 
 dent. 
 
 Crosland ( kros'land), Mrs. (Camilla Toulmin). 
 
 Born at London, June 9, 1812: died at Dulwich, 
 Feb. 16, 1895. An English poet and writer. 
 Cross (kros), Mrs. (Mary Ann, or Marian, 
 Evans) : pseudonym George Eliot. Born at 
 Arbury Farm (Chilvers Coton), Warwickshire, 
 England, Nov. 22, 1819: died at 4 Cheyne 
 Walk, Chelsea, London, Dec. 22, 1880. A cele- 
 brated English novelist. She was educated at Nun- 
 eaton and Coventry. In 1841 she moved with her father 
 (Robert Evans, agent for Mr. Francis Newdigate of Arbury 
 Hall) to Coventry. In 1851 she became assistant editor of 
 “ The Westminster Review,” and retained that position till 
 1853. She lived with George Henry Lewes from 1854 until 
 his death in 1878, a connection which they regarded as a 
 marriage. On May 6, 1880, she married John Walter Cross 
 under the name of Mary Ann Evans Lewes. She died 
 within the year, and was buried by the side of George 
 Henry Lewes in Highgate Cemetery. She published 
 (anonymously at first, afterward uuder her real name) 
 a translation of Strauss’s “Life of Jesus ” (1846), “The Es- 
 sence of Christianity” (translated from Feuerbach “by 
 Marian Evans” in 1854), and, under the pseudonym of 
 George Eliot, “Scenes of Clerical Life" (1858), “Adam 
 Bede" (1859), “The Mill on the Floss” (1860), “Silas 
 Marner, the Weaver of Raveloe” (1861), “Romola” 
 (1862-63), “Felix Holt the Radical ” (1866), “The Spanish 
 Gypsy” (a poem, 1868), “Agatha" (a poem, 1869), “Mid- 
 dlemarch, a study of Provincial Life ’ (1871-72), “ The 
 Legend of Jubal, and Other Poems" (1874), “Daniel 
 Deronda” (1876), “Impressions of Theophrastus Such’’ 
 (1879). After her death in 1883, a poem, “ How Lisa loved 
 the King," was published, and “Essays and Leaves from 
 a Note-book ” in 1884. Her life was written by her hus- 
 band, John Walter Cross, and published in 1884. 
 
 Cross, Sir Richard Assheton. Born at Red Scar, 
 Lancashire, England, May 30, 1823. An Eng- 
 lish politician, home secretary 1874-80 and 1885- 
 1886, secretary of state for India 1886-92 and 
 lord privy seal 1895-1900. He was raised to 
 the peerage as Viscount Cross in 1886. 
 
 Crosse (kros), Andrew. Born at Broomfield, 
 Somerset, England, June 17, 1784: died there. 
 July 6, 1855. An English electrician, noted for 
 his experiments in electro-crystallization. 
 Cross Keys (kros kez). A place in Rocking- 
 ham County, Virginia, 20 miles northeast of 
 Staunton. Here, June 8, 1862, a battle took place be- 
 tween Jackson's army (about 8,000) under Ewell, and the 
 Eederals (about 18,000) under Fremont. The lo&3 of the 
 Federals was 625; that of the Confederates, 287. 
 
 Croswell (kroz'wel), Edwin. Born at Cats- 
 kiil, N. Y., May 29, 1797 : died at Princeton, 
 N. J., June 13, 1S71. An American journalist 
 and politician. He was editor of the “Albany Argus" 
 1823-54, and a member of the “Albany Regency.” 
 
 Croswell, Harry. Born at West Hartford, 
 Conn., June 16, 1778: died at New Haven, 
 Conn., March 13, 1858. An American Feder- 
 alist, journalist, and clergyman, uncle of Edwin 
 Croswell. 
 
 Crotch (kroch), William. Born at Norwich, 
 England, July 5, 1775: died at Taunton, Eng- 
 land, Dec. 29, 1847. An English composer, or- 
 ganist of St John’s College, Oxford, and pro- 
 fessor of music in the university, and later 
 (1822) principal of the Royal Academy of Music. 
 Crotchet Castle (kroch'et kas'l). A novel by 
 Thomas Love Peacock, published in 1831. 
 Croton (kro'ton), or Crotona (kro-to'na). [Gr. 
 KpdraiJ.] The ancient name of Cotrone (which 
 see). There is a Greek temple of Hera Lakinia (Juno of 
 the Lakinian promontory) at the extremity of Capo della 
 Colonna. This famous shrine has been greatly damaged by 
 vandalism and earthquakes, but its platform of masonry 
 and theresultsof excavations supply datafor a partial res- 
 toration. It was of the 5th century b. c., Doric, hexastyle, 
 with 14 columns on the flanks, and an interior range of 
 4 columns before the pronaos. Some of the marble pedi- 
 ment-sculptures have been found. 
 
 Croton. A river of southeastern New York 
 which joins the Hudson 32 miles north of New 
 York city, which it supplies with water through 
 the Croton aqueduct (the old one was opened 
 for use in 1842: the new (and chief) one was 
 completed in 1890). 
 
 Crousaz (kro-za'), Jean Pierre de. Born, at 
 Lausanne, Switzerland, April 13, 1663: died 
 March 22, 1748. A Swiss philosopher and math- 
 ematician. His chief work is a treatise on logic (1712 : 
 several later editions). He was a voluminous but not an 
 important writer. 
 
 Crow, or Raven, The. See Corvus. 
 
 Crowdero (krou-de'ro). [A humorous name, 
 from crowd, a fiddle.] A character in Butlers 
 “Hudibras”: a fiddler, and the leader of the mob. 
 Crowe (kro), Captain. A whimsical, impatient 
 merchant captain in Smollett’s “ Sir Launcelot 
 Greaves.” He insists upon being a knight er- 
 rant with the latter. 
 
Crowe, Eyre Evans 
 
 Crowe, Eyre Evans. Born at Redbridge, South- 
 ampton, March 20, 1799 : died at London, Feb. 
 25, 1868. An English journalist, historian, and 
 novelist. His chief work is a “History of 
 France” (5 vols. 1858-68). 
 
 Crowe, Mrs. ( Catharine Ann Stevens). Born 
 at Borough Green, Kent, England, about 1800 : 
 died in 1876. An English writer, principally 
 known by her writings on the supernatural : 
 author of “Night Side of Nature” (1848), 
 “ Spiritualism and the Age we Live in” (1859), 
 and several novels. 
 
 Crowe, Mrs. See Bateman, Kate Josephine. 
 Crowe, William. Born at Midgelram, Berk- 
 shire, England, in 1745: died at Bath, Feb. 9, 
 1829. An English clergyman and poet. He was 
 eccentric, but a popular preacher. He wrote “ Lewes- 
 don Hill” (1788), “A Treatise on English Versification” 
 (1827), and published several volumes of sermons and ora- 
 tions, etc. 
 
 Crowfield (krd'feld), Christopher. An occa- 
 sional pseudonym of Mrs. Harriet Beecher 
 Stowe. 
 
 Crowley (kro'li), or Crole, or Croleus, Robert. 
 
 Born in Gloucestershire, 1518 (?) : died at Lon- 
 don, June 18, 1588. An English author, printer, 
 and divine. He was educated at Oxford, embraced the 
 doctrines of the Reformation, and about 1549 set up a 
 printing-press at Ely Rents, Holborn, which he conducted 
 three years. He was archdeacon of Hereford 1559-67, and 
 vicar of St. Lawrence Jewry, London, 1576-78. His typo- 
 graphical fame rests chiefly on three impressions which 
 he made in 1550 of the “ Vision of Piers Plowman.” His 
 most notable works are “ An Informacion and Peticion 
 agaynst the Oppressours of the Pore Commons of this 
 Realme ” (1548), “The Voyce of the Laste Trumpet, etc." 
 (1549), "The Way to Wealth, etc." (1550), “Pleasure and 
 Payne, Heaven and Hell ; Remember these Foure, and all 
 shall be W ell ” (1551), and “ One and Thyrtye Epigrammes ” 
 (1550). 
 
 Crown, Oration on the. [Gr. irepl oretpavov ; L. 
 de corona .] The most celebrated oration of 
 Demosthenes, delivered in 330 B. C. Ctesiphonhad 
 proposed that Demosthenes should be publicly crowned 
 with a golden crown, as a reward for public services ren- 
 dered after the battle of Chaeronea, and for this was in- 
 dicted by JSschines as the proposer of an illegal act. In 
 the oration Demosthenes defended his own acts and char- 
 acter, and attacked HSschines, who was defeated. 
 
 Crown Diamonds. The English version of 
 Auber’s “Les Diamants de la Couronne” (1844). 
 Crown Point (kroun point). A town in Essex 
 County, New York, situated on Lake Cham- 
 plain 90 miles north of Albany. It was strongly 
 fortified iu the last century, was abandoned by the French 
 in 1759, and was taken from the British by the Americans 
 under Warner, May, 1775, Population, 1,690, (1910). 
 Crowne (kroun), John. Died in 1703 (?). A 
 British dramatist. Among other plays he wrote 
 “The Country Wit ” (1675), “City Politiques” (played about 
 1683), “Sir Courtly Nice, or It Cannot be” (1685), “The 
 Married Beau, etc." (1694), etc. Some of his plays held 
 the stage for a century. 
 
 Crowquill (kro'kwil), Alfred. The pseudonym 
 of Alfred Henry Forrester, an English humor- 
 ist and artist. Charles Robert Forrester, his 
 brother, also used it 1826-44. See Forrester. 
 Crows. See Absarolca. 
 
 Crowther (kro'THer), Samuel Adjai. Born 
 in Yoruba : died in 1891. The first negro bishop 
 of the Church of England. He was carried off and 
 sold into slavery in 1821. With many others he was freed 
 by a British man-of-war in 1822, and landed at Sierra 
 Leone, where he attended school and soon distinguished 
 himself. His higher education he received in England. 
 He accompanied the first and second Niger expeditions, 
 and published an account of the latter. In 1864 he was or- 
 dained “ Bishop of the Niger,” and proved himself worthy 
 of the office. Ills hooks in and on the Niger languages 
 give him a prominent place among African linguists. 
 Croydon (kroi'dpn). [In Doomsday Croindene, 
 chalk hill.] A suburb of London, in Surrey, 
 England, 10 miles south of London. It has a 
 ruined palace of the archbishops of Canterbury, 
 used by them from the Conquest until 1757. 
 Population, 169,559, (1911). 
 
 Croyland (kroi'land), or Growiand (kro'land). 
 A town in the southern part of Lincolnshire, 
 England, situated on the Welland 8 miles north- 
 east of Peterborough. It contains the ruins of 
 a famous abbey founded byH3tbelbaldof Mercia 
 in the 8th century. 
 
 Croysado (kroi-sa'do), The Great. In Butler’s 
 “ Hudibras,” a character intended for Lord 
 Fairfax. 
 
 Crucifixion, The. Of the paintings of this sub- 
 ject the following are among the most notable: 
 (a) A large painting by Lucas Cranach in the Stadtkirehe 
 at Weimar, Germany. It contains portraits of the artist 
 and of Luther and Melanchthon on the right, and on the 
 left Christ overcomes Satan in the form of a Protean mon- 
 ster. (6) A small painting by A 1 bel t D irer (1506), in the 
 museum at Dresden, (c) An impressive painting by Man- 
 tegna, in the Louvre, Paris. Christ is between the two 
 thieves ; St. John and the holy women wait in grief on 
 the left, and a body of soldiers cast lots for the garment 
 on the right. This picture is part of the predella of the 
 
 294 
 
 altarpiece of San Zenone, Verona; two other parts are in 
 the Mus^e at Tours, (d) A noted painting by Van Dyck, 
 in St. Michael’s, at Ghent, Belgium, A mounted soldier 
 holds out the sponge to Christ with his spear ; St. Johii 
 and the Marys are grouped below, and angels appear 
 above, (e) A painting called “Lecoupdelance, "by Rubens, 
 in the museum at Antwerp, Belgium. The time is even- 
 ing ; the three crosses stand side by side on Mount Cal- 
 vary. Christ is already dead, and a mounted soldier is 
 piercing his side with a spear. The three Marys and St. 
 John are grouped at the foot of the cross. This is said to 
 be the most carefully finished painting executed by Ru- 
 bens. (/) A fresco of Perugino, in the chapter-house of 
 Santa Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi, Florence. It is divided 
 into three parts by architectural framework. In the cen- 
 tral part, beneath the crucified Christ, are the two Marys; 
 on the right are Sts. John and Bernard ; on the left is an 
 impressive figure of the Virgin, with St. Benedict. (< 7 ) A 
 painting by Tintoret, in the Scuola di San Rocco, at Ven- 
 ice. It is this painter’s masterpiece. 
 
 Cruciger (krot'sio-er), or Creuziger (kroit'sio- 
 er), or Creutzinger (kroit'sing-er), Easpar. 
 Born at Leipsic, Jan. 1, 1504: died at Witten- 
 berg, Germany, Nov. 16, 1548. A German Prot- 
 estant theologian, a co-worker with Luther in 
 the translation of the Bible. He became a preacher 
 at Wittenberg in 1528, and professor of philosophy (later 
 of theology) in the university. 
 
 Cruden (kro'den), Alexander. Born at Aber- 
 deen, Scotland, May 31, 1701: died at London, 
 Nov. 1, 1770. A London bookseller, author of a 
 famous “Concordance of the Holy Scriptures ” 
 (1/37). He was eccentric to the verge of insanity. He 
 believed himself to have been specially appointed by God 
 to correct the morals of the British nation, and accord- 
 ingly assumed the title of “Alexander the Corrector” 
 (probably suggested to him by his work as corrector of the 
 press). 
 
 Crudor (kro'dor), Sir. In Spenser’s “Faerie 
 Queene,” a knight who insists that Briana shall 
 supply him with enough hair, consisting of la- 
 dies’ curls and knights’ beards, to purfle his 
 cloak before he will marry her. Sir Calidore 
 overthrows him, and her raid on the passers-by 
 is stopped. 
 
 Oruel Brother, The. A tragedy by Sir William 
 Davenant, printed in 1630. 
 
 Cruel Gift, The. A tragedy by Mrs. Centlivre, 
 produced in 1716. 
 
 Cruikshank (kruk'shank), George. Born at 
 London, Sept. 27, 1792: died Feb. 1, 1878. A 
 noted English artist and caricaturist. He was 
 the son of Isaac Cruikshank, who was also a caricaturist. 
 He began his career as an illustrator of children’s books, 
 and his satirical genius first found expression in “The 
 Scourge,” a periodical published between 1811-10. At this 
 time his caricatures were in the style of Gillray, but 
 about 1819 he began to illustrate books and developed a 
 style of his own. Among his caricatures those of Napoleon, 
 the impostures of Joanna Southcott, the corn-laws, the 
 domestic infelicities of the regent and his wife, etc., are 
 noted. InlS27 William Hone issued a collection of Cruik- 
 shank’s caricatures in connection with the latter scandal, 
 which he called “Facetiae and Miscellanies.” Some of 
 his best illustrations were for Scott and for a translation 
 of German fairy tales. In 1823 he issued his designs for 
 Chamisso’s “Peter Schlemihl.” His arrangement with 
 Dickens began with “Sketches by Boz” iu 1836. He de- 
 signed also for Richard Bentley (1837^43) and Harrison 
 Ainsworth (1836-44). “TheBottle”(eight plates, 1847) and 
 “The Drunkard’s Children ’’ (eight plates, IS . 8 ) were the 
 first products of his satirical crusade against drunkenness. 
 He continued to produce etchings, etc., in rapid and bril- 
 liant succession till his eighty-third year: three years 
 after this he died. He wrote variouspamphlets and squibs 
 and started several magazines of his own, and in his later 
 years undertook to paint in oils. His most celebrated 
 effort in this line is a large picture called “The Wor- 
 ship of Bacchus, or the Drinking Customs of Society ” 
 (1862). The painting is in the National GaUery. 
 
 Cruikshank, (Isaac) Robert. Born at Lon- 
 don, Sept. 27, 1789: died March 13, 1856. An 
 English caricaturist and miniature-painter, 
 elder brother of George Cruikshank. 
 
 Cruikshank, William Cumberland. Bom at 
 Edinburgh in 1745: died at London, June 27, 
 1800. A Scottish anatomist. He wrote “ Anat- 
 omy of the Absorbent Vessels” (1786), etc. 
 
 Cruillas, Marquis of. See Monserrat, Joaquin. 
 
 Crummies (krum'lz), Vincent. Iu Charles 
 Dickens’s “Nicholas Nickleby,” an eccentric 
 actor and manager in a cheap theatrical com- 
 pany. He is the father of two boys and a girl, also in 
 the profession : the last is the “ infant phenomenon.” 
 
 Cruncher (krun'eker), Jerry. Man of all work 
 at Tellson’s banking-house, who spent his 
 nights as a “resurrection man” : a character in 
 Charles Dickens’s “Tale of Two Cities.” 
 
 Crupp (krup), Mrs. In Charles Dickens’s “Da- 
 vid Copperfield,” David’s landlady. She is af- 
 flicted with “spazzums.” 
 
 Crusades, The. In medieval history, a number 
 of expeditions undertaken by the Christians of 
 Europe for the recovery of the Holy Land from 
 the M ohammedans. The crusading spirit was aroused 
 throughout Europe in 1095 by the preaching of the monk 
 Peter the Hermit, who with Walter the Penniless set out 
 in 1096 with an immense rabble, which was for the most 
 part destroyed on the way. The first Crusade, properly 
 
 Cruz y Goyeneche 
 
 so called, under Godfrey of Bouillon, 1096-99, resulted in 
 the capture of Jerusalem and the establishment of a 
 Christian kingdom in Palestine ; the second, 1147^9, 
 preached by St. Bernard, was unsuccessful ; the third, 
 1189-92, led by the princes Frederick Barbarossa of Ger- 
 many, Richard the Lion-hearted of England, and Philip 
 Augustus of France, failed to recover Jerusalem, which 
 the Mussulmans had taken in 1187; the fourth, 1202-04, 
 ended in the establishment of a Latin empire at Constan- 
 tinople, under Count Baldwin of Flanders ; the fifth, 1228- 
 1229, under the emperor Frederick II., the sixth, 1248-50, 
 under St. Louis (Louis IX. of France), and the seventh 
 and last, 1270-72, also under St. Louis, were all unsuccess- 
 ful. There were other expeditions called crusades, in- 
 cluding, in 1212 , “ the children’s crusade,” in which many 
 thousands perished by shipwreck or were enslaved. 
 
 Cruse (kru-sa'), Christian Frederic. Born at 
 Philadelphia, 1794: died at New York, Oct. 5, 
 1865. An American Episcopalian clergyman 
 and scholar. He translated Eusebius’s “Ec- 
 clesiastical History” (1833). 
 
 Crusenstolpe (kro'zen-stol-pe), Magnus Ja- 
 kob. Born at Jonkoping, Sweden, March 11, 
 1795: died at Stockholm, Jan. 18, 1865. A 
 Swedish publicist, historical writer, and nov- 
 elist. His works include the historical novel 
 “Morianen” (1840-44), etc. 
 
 Crusius (kro'ze-os), Christian August. Born 
 at Leuna, near Merseburg, Prussia, Jan. 10, 
 1715 : died at Leipsic, Oct. 18, 1775. A German 
 philosopher and theologian, professor of the- 
 ology at Leipsic. He was noted as an oppo- 
 nent of the Wolfian school. 
 
 Crusoe, Robinson. See Botnnson Crusoe. 
 
 Crustumerium (krus-tu-me'ri-um). In ancient 
 geography, a city of Latium, Italy, situated a 
 few miles northeast of Rome. 
 
 Cruveilhier (krii-va-ya/), Jean. Born at 
 Limoges, France, Feb. 9, 1791: died at Jus- 
 sac, Haute-Vienne, France, March 6, 1874. A 
 French physician and anatomist. His chief 
 work is “Anatomie patliologique du corps hu- 
 main” (1828-42). 
 
 Cruvelli (kro-vel'le) (Criiwell), Sophie. Born 
 at Bielefeld, Prussia, March 12, 1826 : died at 
 Nice, France, Nov. 6, 1907. A German singer. 
 Her family wae originally Italian. She was successful in 
 Vienna, and later in Paris and London. In 1854 she ap- 
 peared at the Grand Opera iu Paris, in Verdi’s “Sicilian 
 Vespers,” which was written for her. In 1856 she married 
 Baron Vigier, and left the stage. 
 
 Crux (kruks). [L., ‘a cross.’] The Southern 
 Cross, the most celebrated constellation of 
 the southern heavens. It was erected into a con- 
 stellation by Royer in 1679, hut was often spoken of as a 
 cross before ; there even seems to be an obscure allusion 
 to it iu Dante. It is situated south of the western part 
 of Centaurus, east of the keel of Argo. It is a small 
 constellation of four chief stars arranged in the form of 
 a cross. Its brightest star, the southernmost, is of about 
 the first magnitude ; the eastern, half a magnitude fainter ; 
 the northern, of about the second magnitude ; and the 
 western, of the third magnitude and faint. The constel- 
 lation owes its striking effect to its compression : for it 
 subtends only about 6 ° from north to south, and still less 
 from east to west. It looks more like a kite than across. 
 All four stars are white except the northernmost, which 
 is of a clear orange-color. It contains a fifth star of the 
 fourth magnitude, which is very red. 
 
 Cruz (kroth), Jose Maria de la. Bom at Con- 
 cepcion, April 21, 1801 : died near the same 
 place, Nov. 23, 1875. A Chilian general. As a 
 hoy he was a cadet in the revolutionary army, serving in 
 most of the campaigns. He rapidly rose in rank ; became 
 general of division in 1839 ; was twice minister of war and 
 marine; was chief of staff in the Peruvian campaign of 
 1838, and held various other important positions. In 
 1851 he was the liberal candidate for president, but his 
 opponent, General Montt, was elected. General Cruz then 
 headed a revolt in the southern provinces, but was finally 
 defeated at the battle of Loncomilla, Dec. 8 , 1851. He 
 was pardoned, and thereafter lived in retirement on his 
 estate. 
 
 Cruz, Juana Ines de la. Born at Mexico, Nov. 
 12, 1651: died at Mexico, April 17, 1695. A 
 Mexican poet, a nun of the Convent of San G4- 
 ronimo : sometimes called “ The Tenth Muse.” 
 
 Cruz, Ramdn de la. Bom at Madrid, 1731: 
 died after 1791. A Spanish dramatist. His 
 chief works are farces. 
 
 Cruz, San Juan de la. Born at Fontiveros, 
 Old Castile, Spain, 1542 : died at Ubeda, Spain, 
 Dec. 14, 1591. A Spanish mystical poet and 
 prose-writer. He belonged to the Carmelite order. 
 He became prior at Granada, and later vicar-provincial 
 for Andalusia. 
 
 Cruz y Goyeneche (kroth e go-ya-na'che), 
 Luis de la. Born at Concepcion, Aug. 25, 
 1768: died Oct. 14. 1828. A Chilian general. 
 During the colonial period he held important civil offices, 
 and in 1806 made, at his own expense, an exploration of 
 the Andes. His report of this journey was published in 
 the Angelis collection at Buenos Ayres in 1835. He was 
 one of the leaders of the revolution of 1810, and com- 
 manded a division of the patriot army, but was captured 
 and imprisoned until released by the victories of 1817. 
 Subsequently he was commandant at Talca, and, during 
 the absence of O’Higgins, acting president of Chile ; took 
 part in the Peruvian campaign, and received the title of 
 
Cruz y Goyeneche 
 
 grand marshal from Peru ; was a member of the constit- 
 uent congress of Chile in 1826, and was minister of marine 
 at the time of his death. 
 
 Cry of the Children, The. A poem by Mrs. 
 Browning. 
 
 Crystal Palace. A building of iron and glass, 
 erected in Hyde Park, London, for the great 
 exhibition of 1851, and reerected at Syden- 
 ham, near London, 1852-53, opened 1854. It was 
 designed by Sir Joseph Paxton, and is used for popular 
 concerts and other entertainments, as well as a perma- 
 nent exhibition of the art and culture of various nations. 
 The nave is 1,608 feet long, the central transept 390 by 
 120 feet, and 175 high, and the south transept 312 feet 
 long. A corresponding north transept was burned in 
 1866. The great nave, adorned with plants and statues, 
 presents a unique vista. On either side are ranged 
 courts, in which are reproduced the architecture and 
 sculpture of different civilizations. In 1853 a similar 
 but much smaller building called the Crystal Palace was 
 erected for the World's Fair in New York, on Sixth Ave- 
 nue between 40th and 42d streets. The ground is now a 
 public park. 
 
 Csaba (chob'o), Hung. B§k6s-Csaba (ba'kash- 
 chob'o). A town in the county of Bekes, Hun- 
 gary, in lat. 46° 41' N., long. 21° 8' E. Pop- 
 ulation, 37,547. 
 
 Csokonai (cho'ko-noi), Vit6z Mili&ly. Born 
 at. Debreczin, Hungary, Nov. 17, 1773: died 
 there, Jan. 28, 1805. A Hungarian poet. His 
 works include “ Magyar-Musa ” (1797), “ i)orottya,"a mock- 
 heroic poem (1804), “ Anacreontic Poems ” (1803), comedies, 
 etc. 
 
 Csoma. (cho'mo), Alexander, Hung. Csoma, 
 Sandor. Born at Koros, Transylvania, 1798 (?) : 
 died at Darjiling, in the Himalayas, April 11, 
 1842. A Hungarian traveler and philologist. 
 
 He began his travels in central Asia in 1820 ; and resided 
 in Kan am, Tibet, 1827-30. In 1831 he went to Calcutta. 
 He published a “ Tibetan-English Dictionary ”(1835), a 
 “ Grammar of the Tibetan Language ” (1834), etc. 
 
 Ctesias (te'shias). [Gr. KrZ/ctar.] Born at 
 Cnidus, Caria, Asia Minor: died after 398 b. c. 
 A Greek historian, physician at the court of 
 Artaxerxes Mnemon. He wrote a history of Persia 
 (nepcrucd) in 24 books, fragments of which are extant, and 
 a treatise on India ('IrSisa), parts of which also survive. 
 There are meager abridgments of both works by Photius. 
 
 Ctesias, an abstract of whose works is preserved by 
 Photius, is very frequently quoted by ancient authors. 
 He was a Greek physician who accompanied the expedi- 
 tion led against Artaxerxes by his brother, the younger 
 Cyrus. Though a few years younger, he was contempo- 
 rary with Herodotus : his testimony therefore brings the 
 series of evidences up to the very time of our author. 
 Ctesias, having fallen into the hands of the Persians at 
 the battle of Cunaxa, was detained at the court of Arta- 
 xerxes, as physician, during seventeen years; and it seems 
 that, with the hope of recommending himself to the favour 
 of “ the great king," and of obtaining his own freedom, he 
 undertook to compose a history of Persia, with the ex- 
 press and avowed design of impeaching the authority of 
 Herodotus, whom, in no very courteous terms, he accuses 
 of many falsifications. The jealousy and malice of a lit- 
 tle mind are apparent in these accusations. Nothing can 
 be much more inane than the fragments that are pre- 
 served of this author’s two works — his History of Persia 
 and his Indian History ; yet, though possessing little in- 
 trinsic value, they serve an important purpose in furnish- 
 ing very explicit evidence of the genuineness and gen- 
 eral authenticity of the work which Ctesias laboured to 
 depreciate. If the account given by Herodotus of Per- 
 sian affairs had been altogether untrue, his rival wanted 
 neither the will nor the means to expose the imposition. 
 But while, like Plutarch, he cavils at minor points, he 
 leaves the substance of the narrative uncontradicted. 
 
 Taylor, Hist. Anc. Books, p. 287. 
 
 Ctesibius (te-sib'i-us). [Gr. K Ttjaifttos.'] Born 
 at Alexandria : lived probably about 250 b. c. 
 An Alexandrian physicist noted for his me- 
 chanical inventions. He is said to have invented a 
 clepsydra, a hydraulic organ, and other mechanical con- 
 trivances, and to have first applied the expansive force 
 of air as a motive power. 
 
 Ctesiphon (tes'i-fon). [Gr. Kn/otQ&v.'] In an- 
 cient geography, a city of Mesopotamia, situ- 
 ated on the Tigris, opposite Seleucia, 20 miles 
 southeast of Bagdad . It was one of the chief cit ies of 
 the Parthian and later Persian kingdoms. Its site is now 
 occupied by ruins. 
 
 What encouragement the arts found from his [Chos- 
 roes I.] patronage we may learn from the remains of the 
 great palace he erected at Ctesiphon. . . . The central 
 arch of this wonderful structure is 85 feet high, 72 feet 
 wide, and 115 feet deep. Although nothing now exists of 
 this palace but the facade, we may judge from this what 
 must have been the size and beauty of the structure be- 
 fore it had been destroyed by time and war. 
 
 Benjamin, Story of Persia, p. 231. 
 Ctesiphon. [Gr. Kt ij<n<pZjv.'] Lived in the 4th 
 century b. c. An Athenian who proposed that 
 Demosthenes should be honored with a crown, 
 and for this was prosecuted by Aeschines and 
 defended by Demosthenes.' See Crown, Oration 
 on the. 
 
 Cuaray (kwa-ri'). [Tigua name of central New 
 Mexico.] A village (pueblo) of Tigua Indians, 
 situated in Valencia County, New Mexico, on 
 the southern edge of the salt-basin of the Man- 
 Zano. It was abandoned in 1672 on account of the hos- 
 
 295 
 
 tility of the Apaches. The ruins of a large church of stone 
 stand by the side of those of the village. The Mission of 
 Cuaray was founded about 1640. 
 
 Cuauhtemoc. See Guateniotzin. 
 
 Cuba (ku'ba; Sp. pron. ko'ba). [Of native 
 
 ★origin. See Cubanacan.'] An island (the lar- 
 gest in the West Indies) situated in lat. 19° 
 40'-23° 33' N., long. 74°-85° W., north of the 
 Caribbean Sea and southeast of the Gulf 
 of Mexico. It is separated from Florida on the north 
 by the Strait of Florida, from Haiti on the east by the 
 Windward Passage, and from Yucatan on the west by the 
 Channel of Y ucatan. It is traversed from east to west by 
 mountains. Its leading industries are the raising of sugar 
 and tobacco. The inhabitants are chiefly of Spanish and 
 African descent ; the prevailing religion is Roman Catho- 
 lic, and the prevailing language is Spanish. From its dis- 
 covery until 1898 it belonged to Spain, forming with its 
 dependencies a captaincy-general, and sending, after 1878, 
 deputies to the Spanish Cortes. Capital, Havana. It was 
 discovered by Columbus in October, 1492 (and named by 
 him Juana) ; was conquered by the Spaniards in 1511 ; was 
 held by the English 1762-63 ; was the object of various 
 filibustering expeditions from 1849 ; and was the scene of 
 rebellions 1868-78 and 1895-98. In 1898 it was freed from 
 Spanish domination by the act of the United States. See 
 Spanish- American War. It was proclaimed a republic 
 May 20, 1902. Slavery was abolished in 1880. Length, 
 730 miles. Average width, 50 miles. Area, 45,883 square 
 miles. Population, 2,048,980, including the Isle of Pines, 
 and other smaller islands. 
 
 Cubanacan (ko-bii-na-kan'). A region, or pos- 
 sibly a village, in the interior of Cuba : so called 
 by the Lucayan Indians who were with Colum- 
 bus when he discovered the island. From the simi- 
 larity of sounds, Columbus, supposing himself to be on the 
 coast of Asia, imagined that this must be the city of Ku- 
 blai Khan, the Tatar sovereign spoken of by Marco Polo. 
 
 Cubango (ko-bang'go), or Tonke (ton'ke). A 
 river in Africa which flows into Lake Ngami. 
 
 Cubas, Antonio Garcia. See Garcia Cubas. 
 
 Cubillo (ko-Bel'yo), Alvaro de Aragon. A 
 
 Spanish dramatic poet, born in Grenada toward 
 the end of the 16th century. He was a volumi- 
 nous writer and successful dramatist. 
 
 Cuchan (ko-chan'). A tribe of North American 
 Indians, living in California near and above the 
 junction of the Gila River with the Colorado. 
 They are attached to the Yuma agency in California, 
 and to the San Carlos agency in Arizona. Also called 
 Yuma or Umah. See Yuman. 
 
 Cuckoo and the Nightingale, The. A poem 
 which appeared in the printed editions of Chau- 
 cer of the 16th century. When first printed it 
 had following it a ballade with an envoy. There is no- 
 thing to indicate that they are by the same person. Tyr- 
 whitt, who considered the poem Chaucer's, could not 
 accept the ballade. The weight of evidence is against 
 Chaucer's authorship of the poem. In the Bodleian MS. 
 it is called “The Boke of Cupide God of Love"; another 
 MS. is headed “Liber Cupidinis.” It is based on a pop- 
 ular superstition that he will be happy in love during 
 the year who hears the nightingale before he hears the 
 cuckoo. 
 
 Cucuta (ko'ko-ta), San Jose de. A town in 
 Santander, Colombia, situated about lat. 7° 30' 
 N., near the frontier of Venezuela- Popula- 
 tion, about 10,000. 
 
 Cuddalore (kud-da-lor'), or Gudalur. A sea- 
 port in Madras, British India, situated on the 
 Bay of Bengal, at the mouth of the Pennar, in 
 lat. 11° 46' N., long. 79° 46' E. it was taken by 
 
 the French in 1758, by the English in 1760, and retaken 
 by the French in 1782 ; was the scene of a repulse of the 
 English in 1783 ; and was finally acquired by the English 
 in 1785. 
 
 Cuddapah. See Eadapa. 
 
 Cuddy (kud'i). 1. A shepherd with whom 
 Colin Clout conducts his arguments in Spen- 
 ser’s “Shepherd’s Calendar.” — 2. A shepherd 
 in love with Buxorna in Gay’s “ Shepherd’s 
 Week.” — 3. The name given to an ass or a 
 donkey. 
 
 Cudlip (kud'lip) Mrs. (Annie Thomas). Born 
 at Aldborough, Suffolk, England, Oct. 25, 1838. 
 An English novelist, she married, 1867, the Rev. 
 Pender Hodge Cudlip, then curate of Yealmpton, later 
 vicar of Sparkwell, Devonshire. Her first novel, “The 
 Cross of Honour,” appeared in 1863. 
 
 Cudworth (kud'werth), Ralph. Born at Alter, 
 Somerset, England, 1617 : died at Cambridge, 
 England, J une 26, 1688. An English philoso- 
 pher and divine, ne became in 1645 regius professor 
 of Hebrew at Cambridge, a position which he retained 
 until his death. His chief works are “ True Intellectual 
 System of the Universe” (1678), “Treatise concerning 
 Eternal and Immutable Morality” (1731). 
 
 Cuenca (kwan'ka). 1. A province in New 
 Castile, Spain, lying between Guadalajara on 
 the north, Teruel and Valencia on the east, 
 Albacete on the south, Ciudad Real and To- 
 ledo on the west, and Madrid on the north- 
 west. Area, 6,636 square miles. Population, 
 249,696. — 2. The capital of the above province, 
 situated on the Jucar in lat. 40° 4' N., long. 
 2° 14' W. it has a celebrated cathedral, and was for- 
 merly the seat of silver manufactures, and noted in lit- 
 
 Culenborg 
 
 erature. It was sacked by the Carlists in 1874. Most of 
 the interior of the cathedral is of early-Pointed architec- 
 ture, with finely sculptured capitals, two rose-windows 
 in the transepts, and much good glass. The Chapels and 
 furniture are of Renaissance work. Jasper of great beauty 
 and variety is profusely used for ornament. Population, 
 11,424. 
 
 3. The capital of Azuay, Ecuador, situated in 
 lat. 2° 50' S., long. 79° 10' W. It contains a 
 cathedral. Properly Santa Ana de Cuenca. 
 Population, about 30,000. 
 
 Cuernavaca (kwer-na-va'ka). The capital of 
 the state of Morelos, Mexico, 47 miles south of 
 the city Of Mexico. It was an ancient Indian town, 
 was captured by Cortes before the siege of Mexico, and 
 became his favorite residence. The emperor Maximilian 
 had a country-seat here. Population, 12,668, (1910). 
 
 Cueva, Francisco Fernandez de la. See Fer- 
 nandez de la Cueva. 
 
 Cueva Henriquez Arias de Saavedra (kwa'va 
 en-re'keth a're-as da sa-a-va'Dra), Baltazar 
 de la, Count of Castellar and Marquis of Mala- 
 gon. Born at Madrid, 1626 : died there, April 3, 
 1686. A younger son of the seventh Duke of 
 Albuquerque. His titles came to him by marriage. 
 He held various important posts, was ambassador to Ger- 
 many, councilor of state and afterward of the Indies, and 
 from Aug., 1674, to July, 1678, viceroy of Peru, Chile, and 
 Tierra Firme. His rule was prosperous, and he remitted 
 large surplus revenues to Spain ; but an attempt to relax 
 the commercial monopolies caused an outcry against him. 
 He was ordered to turn over the government to the Bishop 
 of Lima, and was held in light captivity during nearly two 
 years while the charges against him were tried. In the 
 end he was exonerated, returned to Spain, and resumed 
 his seat in the Indian council untU his death. 
 
 Cueva (kwa'va), Juan de la. Born at Seville, 
 Spain, about 1550: died about 1608. A Spanish 
 poet. His works include “Primera parte de las come- 
 dias y tragedias ” (1583-88), “ La conquista de la B(-tica ” 
 (1603), “Ejemplar poetico (1605). 
 
 Cuevas de Vera (kwa'vas da va'ra). A town 
 in the province of Almeria, Spain. Popula- 
 tion, 20,562. 
 
 Cufa (ko'fa). In medieval history, a city on 
 the Euphrates, near Ctesiphon : a leading city 
 of the califate in the 7th and 8th centuries. 
 Cuffey. A name given to negroes. 
 
 Cugerni. See Gugerni. 
 
 Cuicatlcin (kwe-kat-lan'). A river in south- 
 ern Mexico, in the state of Oajaca; the Rfb 
 Grande de Cuicatlan. 
 
 Cuicatecos (kwe-ka-ta'kos). [From Nahuatl 
 Cuicatl, a song.] A native tribe of the pres- 
 ent state of Oaxaca in Mexico. They speak a 
 language distinct from the Nahuatl. 
 Cuitlahuatzin (kwet-la-wat-zen'), or Citla- 
 huatzin. Born about 1470 : died at Mexico, 
 Sept, or Oct., 1520. A brother of Montezuma. 
 After Montezuma had been seized by the Spaniards (1520), 
 Cuitlahuatzin was for a time in their power. He was 
 elected war-chief before the death of Montezuma, and im- 
 mediately organized an attack on the Spanish quarters, in 
 which Montezuma himself was killed. Cuitlahuatzin 
 directed the Aztec forces during the Spanish retreat, and 
 soon after was elected in Montezuma's place. He died of 
 a pestilence a few weeks after. 
 
 Cujacius (ku-ja'shius) (Jacques de Cujas). 
 Born at Toulouse, France, 1522: died at Bour- 
 ges, France, Oct. 4, 1590. A celebrated French 
 jurist. He studied under Arnaud Ferrier at the Uni- 
 versity of Toulouse, where in 1547 he began a course of 
 instruction on the Institutes of Justinian. In 1555 he 
 was caUed to the University of Bourges, whence he re- 
 moved to Valence in 1557. After several changes he 
 returned in 1577 to Bourges, where he passed the rest of 
 his life. He wrote commentaries on the Institutes of 
 Justinian, the Pandects and Decretals, including emen- 
 dations of the text of legal and other manuscripts, under 
 the title of “ Observationes et emendationes.” An incom- 
 plete collection of his writings, edited by himself, was 
 published in 1577. The first complete edition was pub- 
 lished by Fabrot in 1658. 
 
 Cujas (kii-zhas'), Jacques de. See Cujacius. 
 Cujavia (ku-ja/vi-a). A division of the ancient 
 kingdom of Poland, situated north and east of 
 Great Poland and west of Masovia. It lies on 
 both sides of the Vistula, south and west of Thorn. It 
 belongs partly to Prussia and partly to Russian Poland. 
 It was annexed to the kingdom of Poland early in the 
 14th century. 
 
 Culdee (kul'de). [From ML. Culdei, pi., also in 
 accom. form Colidei, as if ‘ worshipers of God ’ 
 (from L. colere, worship, and deus, a god) ; also, 
 more exactly, Keldei, Keledei, from Ir. ceilede 
 (= Gael, cuilteach), a Culdee, appar. from ceile, 
 servant, and De, of God, gen. of Dia, God.] A 
 member of a fraternity of priests, constituting 
 an irregular monastic order, existing in Scot- 
 land, and in smaller numbers in Ireland and 
 Wales, from the 9th or 10th to the 14th or 15th 
 century. 
 
 Culebra (ko-la'bra). [Sp./ snake.’] A valley 
 in northern New Mexico, near the confines of 
 Colorado ; also, the surrounding mountains. 
 Culenborg. See Kuilenburg. 
 
Culiacan 
 
 Ouliacan (ko-le-a-kan'). The capital of the 
 state of Sinaloa, Mexico, situated on the river 
 of the same name, in lat. 24° 50' N., long. 107° 
 20' W., on the site of the Aztec city Hucieol- 
 huacan. Population, 13,578, (1910). 
 
 Cullen (kul'en). A town in Banffshire, Scot- 
 land, situated on Moray Firth. 
 
 Cullen, Paul. Born in County Kildare, Ireland, 
 April 27, 1803 : died at Dublin, Oct. 24, 1878. 
 An Irish prelate, appointed archbishop of Ar- 
 magh in 1849, of Dublin in 1852, and cardinal 
 priest in 1866. 
 
 Cullen, William. Born at Hamilton, Scotland, 
 April 15, 1710 : died near Edinburgh, Feb. 5, 
 1790. A Scottish physician and chemist. 
 Cullera (kol-ya'ra). A port in the province of 
 Valencia, Spain, situated on the Jucar 23 
 miles south-southeast of Valencia. Popula- 
 tion, 11,947. 
 
 Culloden (ku-16'den), or Drummossie (drurn- 
 mos'i), Moor. A moor about 5 miles east of 
 Inverness, Scotland. Here, April ie (O. s.), 27 (N. s.), 
 1746,theRoyalists (about 10,000) under the Duke of Cumber- 
 land defeated the Highlanders (about (5,000) under Charles 
 Edward, the Young Pretender. 
 
 Cullum (kul'um), George Washington. Born 
 at New York, Feb. 25, 1809 : died there, Feb, 
 28, 1892. An American soldier and military 
 writer. He was graduated at the United States Mili- 
 tary Academy in 1833, and entered the engineer corps; 
 was employed in a number of engineering operations dur- 
 ing the Civil War, including the fortification of Nash- 
 ville, Tenn., in 1864 ; and was superintendent of the 
 United States Military Academy Sept. 8, 1864, to Aug. 28, 
 1866. He was brevetted major-general March 13, 1865. 
 He published “ Biographical Register of the Officers and 
 Graduates of theUnited States Military Academy at West 
 Point " (1868). 
 
 Cully (kul'i), Sir Nicholas. A foolish, gulli- 
 ble knight in Etherege’s comedy “The Comi- 
 cal Revenge, or Love in a Tub.” 
 
 Culm. See Kulm. 
 
 Culpeper (kul'pep-er), John. A colonial poli- 
 tician. He headed an insurrection in North Carolina in 
 1678, which deposed the president and deputies of the pro- 
 prietaries, and established a new government. 
 
 Culpeper, or Colepeper. Lord Thomas. Died 
 in England in 1719. A colonial governor of 
 Virginia. In conjunction with Lord Arlington he re- 
 ceived in 1673 from Charles II. a grant of the colony of 
 Virginia, of which he acted as governor 1680-83. 
 
 Culpeper, or Fairfax. The capital of Culpeper 
 County, Virginia, 62 miles west-southwest of 
 Washington. Population, 1,795, (1910). 
 Culprit Fay, The. A poem by Joseph Rodman 
 Drake, written in 1810. It relates the adven- 
 tures of a fairy who expiates his sin in loving a 
 mortal maid. 
 
 Culross (kul-ros'). A village in Fifeshire, 
 Scotland, situated on the Firth of Forth near 
 Dunfermline. 
 
 Cumae (ku'me). [Gr. Kv/ar/, Kov/icu.'] In ancient 
 geography, a city on the coast of Campania, 
 Italy, 10 miles west of Naples. It was founded by 
 a Greek colony from Cyme, in Euboea, about 1000 B. c., 
 was one of the chief Greek cities of Italy until the 5th cen- 
 tury B. c., and became a Roman municipium in 338 B. c. It 
 contained the cavern of the “Cumseau Sibyl," and has 
 some remnants of antiquity, including a Roman amphi- 
 theater, imperfectly excavated, but displaying 21 tiers of 
 seats. The axes of the greater ellipse are 315 and 255 feet, 
 of the arena 240 and 180 feet. Its inhabitants founded 
 Naples and Pozzuoli. 
 
 The very precise statement of Eusebius, who assigns the 
 foundation of Cumae to the year 1050 B. c., cannot perhaps 
 be accepted as historical, hut there is no reason for dis- 
 trusting the tradition recorded by Strabo that Cumae was 
 the earliest Greek settlement in either Sicily or Italy. 
 
 I. Taylor, The Alphabet, II. 133. 
 
 Cumana (ko-ma-na'), or Santa lues de Cu- 
 mana (san'ta, e-nes' da ko-ma-na'). A seaport 
 in Sucre, Venezuela, situated at the mouth of 
 the river Manzanares, in lat. 10° 27' N., long. 
 64° 11' W . Cumana was founded by missionaries in 1512, 
 abandoned and refounded in 1523 (as Toledo laNueva), 
 and is the oldest European city in South America. It 
 has suffered greatly from earthquakes. Population, 12,- 
 057. 
 
 Cumanas (kd-ina-nas'), Cumanagotos (ko-ma- 
 na-go'toz), or Cumanacotos. An Indian tribe 
 of northern Venezuela, dwelling to the west of 
 CumaniL They formerly occupied several hundred 
 miles of the coast, including Ctimand, and extended inland 
 among the mountains. Much of the earlier history of 
 Venezuela consists of the efforts of the missionaries to 
 civilize these Indians, and their struggles with the Spanish 
 slave-hunters. The Cumanas were related by language to 
 the Carib stock, had fixed villages, practised agriculture, 
 and were bold and skilful warriors. Most of them are 
 now civilized, and have been merged in the country popu- 
 lation of Venezuela. 
 
 Cumania (ku-ma'ni-a), or Rumania (ko-ma'- 
 ni-a), Great. A district in Hungary, beyond 
 the Theiss,now included in the county Jazygien- 
 Gross-Kumanien-Szolnok. 
 
 296 
 
 Cumania, Little. A district of Hungary, this 
 side the Theiss, comprising several detached 
 divisions, now included in the county Pest- 
 Pilis-S61t-Klein-Kumanien. 
 
 Cumans (ku'manz). A Ugric tribe which in- 
 vaded Hungary in the 11th (?) century, it was 
 subdued and Christianized by the Hungarians in the I3th 
 century, and is now Magyarized. 
 
 Cumberland (kum'ber-land). 1. A county in 
 northwestern England, lying between Solway 
 Firth and Scotland on the north, Northumber- 
 land and Durham on the east, Westmoreland 
 and Lancashire on the southeast and south, 
 and the Irish Sea on the west, its surface is moun- 
 famous in the southwest and east, and low in the north. 
 The southwestern district is celebrated for its picturesque 
 scenery (Lakes Ullswater, Bassenthwaite, Derwentwater, 
 Thirlmere, etc.). It has mines of lead, iron, coal, plumbago, 
 and other minerals. Capital, Carlisle. Area (ad. co.), 
 1,520 square miles. Population (pari, co.), 2(50,933. 
 
 2. The capital of Alleghany County, Maryland, 
 situated on the Potomac in lat. 39° 39' N., 
 long. 78° 47' W. The Cumberland coal region lies to 
 the west. The city has some trade, and manufactures of 
 iron and glass. Population, 21,839, (1910). 
 
 3. A southern tributary ot the Ohio, it rises in 
 the Cumberland Mountains, in eastern Kentucky, flows 
 through Kentucky and Middle Tennessee, reenters Ken- 
 tucky, and joins the Ohio at Smithland, 43 miles east of 
 Cairo. Length, about 650 miles ; navigable to Nashville, 
 (nearly 200 miles). 
 
 Cumberland, Army of tbe. A Union army in 
 the American Civil War. it was organized in 1861 
 by Don Carlos Buell, commander of the department of the 
 Ohio, and was originally known as the Army of the Ohio. 
 On the erection of the department of the Cumberland, Oct. 
 24, 1862, under the command of W. S. Rosecrans, it was 
 transferred to that department, and was renamed the Army 
 of the Cumberland. Rosecrans relieved Buell of the com- 
 mand of the army at Louisville, Kentucky, Oct. 30, 1862; 
 took up his headquarters in Nashville, Tennessee, in Nov., 
 1862 ; defeated Bragg at Stone Paver, Dee. 31-Jan. 3, 1862- 
 1863 (which gave him possession of Murfre sboro) ; drove 
 Bragg from Middle Tennessee in a nine days’ campaign 
 around Tullahoma, June 24- July 3, 1863 ; and was defeated 
 by Bragg at Chickamauga, Sept. 19-20, 1863. The depart- 
 ment of the Cumberland was made part of the military 
 division of the Mississippi, under command of General 
 Grant, in Oct., 1863, when Rosecrans was relieved of com- 
 fnand by George H. Thomas, and the Army of the Cum- 
 berland ceased to be an independent command. 
 
 Cumberland, Duke of. See Ernst August, King 
 of Hannover. 
 
 Cumberland, Duke of, William Augustus. 
 
 Born at London, April 15, 1721 ; died at Wind- 
 sor, England, Oct. 31, 1765. An English gen- 
 eral, younger son of George II. He fought at Det- 
 tingen in 1743 ; commanded at Fontenoy in 1746, uud at 
 Culloden in 1746 ; was defeated at Lawfeld in 3747, and at 
 Hastenbeck in 1757 ; and concluded the Couvention of 
 Closter-Seven in 17 7. 
 
 Cumberland, Prince of. The title formerly 
 bestowed on the successor to the crown of Scot- 
 land when declared in the king’s lifetime. The 
 crown was originally not hereditary. The title is given to 
 Malcolm in “ Macbeth ” by his father Duncan. 
 
 Cumberland, Richard. Born at London, July 
 15, 1631: died at Peterborough, England, Oct. 
 9, 1718. An English divine and moral philoso- 
 pher. His chief work is “ De legibus naturae,” 
 etc. (1672). 
 
 Cumberland, Richard. Born at Cambridge, 
 England, Feb. 19, 1732: died at Tunbridge 
 Wells, May 7, 1811. An English dramatist, 
 great-grandson of Richard Cumberland. His 
 plays include “ The Brothers " (1769), “ The West-Indian ” 
 (1771), “The Fashionable Lover” (1772), “The Wheel of 
 Fortune ” (1795), etc. 
 
 Cumberland, The. A United States sloop of 30 
 
 guns. She was sunk by the Confederate iron-clad ram 
 Merrimac (Virginia) on March 8, 1862, off Newport News, 
 Hampton Roads, Virginia. She went down with all on 
 board and her colors flying, and most of her crew perished. 
 Her commander was Lieutenant George U. Morris. 
 
 Cumberland Gap. A pass in the Cumberland 
 Mountains, situated on the border between 
 Kentucky and Tennessee, 45 miles northeast of 
 Knoxville. It was an important strategic point 
 in theCivilWar. El., 1,315 feet (L.&N.R.R.). 
 
 Cumberland Mountains. A range in the Ap- 
 palachian system, separating Kentucky from 
 Virginia, and extending southwesterly through 
 eastern Tennessee. Width, about 50 miles. 
 The region is rich in minerals. 
 
 Cumberland Peninsula. The eastern part of 
 Baffin Land, in the Arctic regions, bordering 
 on Davis Strait. 
 
 Gumbrae, or Cumbray (kum-bra'), Great and 
 Little. Two islands belonging to Buteshire, 
 Scotland, situated in tbe Firth of Clyde south- 
 east of Bute. 
 
 Cumbre Pass. See TJspallata Pass. 
 
 Cumbria (kum'bri-a). In early British history, 
 the Cymric lands between the Clyde and the 
 Ribble, in the west of the island ; or, the south- 
 ern portion of that region. 
 
 Cunningham 
 
 Gumming (kum'ing), John. Born in Aberdeen- 
 shire, Scotland, Nov. 10, 1807 : died at London, 
 July 5, 1881. A Scottish clergyman and writer. 
 His works include “Apocalyptic Sketches” (1849), “The 
 Great Tribulation ”(1869), “Destiny of Nations ”(1864), etc. 
 
 Cumming, Roualeyn George Gordon-. Born 
 March 15, 1820 : died at Fort Augustus, Inver- 
 ness, Scotland, March 24, 1866. A Scottish 
 traveler and sportsman, surnamed “the Lion- 
 hunter.” He lived in South Africa 1843-48, and wrote 
 "Five Years of a Hunter's Life in the Far Interior of South 
 Africa ” (1850). 
 
 Cummins (kum'inz), George David. Born near 
 Smyrna, Del., Dec. 11, 1822: died at Luther- 
 ville, Md., June 26, 1876. An American clergy- 
 man. He left the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1873, 
 and became the first bishop of the Reformed Episcopal 
 Church. 
 
 Cummins, Maria Susanna. Born at Salem, 
 Mass., April 9, 1827 : died at Dorchester, Bos- 
 ton, Oct. 1, 1866. An American novelist. She 
 wrote “The Lamplighter” (1853), etc. 
 Cumnock (kum'uok ; local pron. kum'nok), Old. 
 A town in Ayrshire, Scotland. 
 
 Cumnor Hall (kmn'nqr hal). An old manor- 
 house in the environs of Oxford, now destroyed. 
 Scott made it famous as Cumnor Place in “Kenilworth." 
 W. J. Meickle wrote a ballad called “Cumnor Hall,’' which 
 is a lament for Amy Robsart. 
 
 Cunard (ku-nard'), Sir Samuel. Born at Hali- 
 fax, Nova Scotia, 1787 : died at London, April 
 28, 1865. A civil engineer and merchant, 
 founder of the Cunard line of steamships. The 
 first voyage was made by the Britannia from Liverpool 
 to Boston, July 4-19, 1840. Cunard was made a baronet 
 in 1859. 
 
 Cunaxa (ku-nak'sa). [Gr. K ovva^a.\ In ancient 
 geography, a place near the Euphrates, prob- 
 ably about 75 miles northwest of Babylon. 
 Here, 401 B. c., a battle took place between Artaxerxes, 
 king of Persia (with 400,000-1,000,000 men), and Cyrus 
 the younger (with 100,000 Asiatics aided by l:',000 Greeks). 
 Cyrus was defeated and slain ; the Greek contingent was 
 successful. See Anabasis. 
 
 Cunctator (kungk-ta'tor). [L., ‘the delayer.’] 
 A surname of Quintus Fabius Maximus, given 
 him on account of his cautious military tactics 
 against Hannibal. 
 
 Cundinamarca (kon-de-na-mar'ka). A depart- 
 ment in the eastern central part of Colombia. 
 Capital, Bogot4. It is in part an elevated plateau 
 with a temperate climate. 
 
 Cundwali. idee Khandwa. 
 
 Cun ego (ko-na'g5), Domenico. Bom at Verona, 
 Italy, 1727 : died at Rome in 1794. An Italian 
 engraver. His most noted work is an engraving of 
 Michelangelo’s “Last Judgment.” 
 
 Cunegond (G. Kunigunde), Saint. Died March 
 3, 1038. Wife of the emperor Henry II. According 
 to the legend she disproved a charge of conjugal infidelity 
 by passing unhurt through an ordeal of fire. After the 
 death of her husband in 1024 she retired to the cloister of 
 Kaufungen, nearCassel. 
 
 Cunegonde (kii-na-gond'). In Voltaire’s novel 
 “Candide,” the priestess of Candide. 
 
 Cunene (ko-na'ne). A river in western Africa 
 which flows into the Atlantic north of Cape 
 Frio. Length, about 600 miles (?). 
 
 Cuneo (ko-na/o). A province in Piedmont, 
 Italy. Area, 2,868 square miles. Population, 
 660,868. 
 
 Cuneo, or Coni (ko'ne). The capital of the 
 province of Cuneo, Italy, situated at the junc- 
 tion of the Gesso and Stura in lat. 44° 24' N., 
 long. 7° 32' E. It was founded about 1120. 
 Population, commune, 27,065. 
 
 Cimha Barbosa (kon'ya bar-bo'za), Januario. 
 Born at Rio de Janeiro, July 10, 1780: died there, 
 Feb. 22, 1846. A Brazilian priest, author, and 
 politician. He was a renowned pulpit orator, and taught 
 philosophy w’th success. He was one of the earliest 
 advocates of Brazilian independence ; was several times 
 chosen deputy; edited the government journal; wasdirec- 
 tor of the national library, and one of the founders of the 
 Instituto Historico e Geographico ; and was widely known 
 as a journalist and a poet, generally in the satirical vein. His 
 best-known poems are “Nicteroy ” and “ Garimpeiros.” 
 
 Cunha Mattos (kon'ya mat'tos), Raymundo 
 Jose da. Born at Faro, Algarve, Portugal, 
 Nov. 2, 1776: died at Rio de Janeiro, March 2, 
 1839. A Portuguese-Brazilian soldier and au- 
 thor. He joined an artillery regiment in 1790 ; served 
 under General Forbes in the Roussillon campaign ; was 
 stationed on the island of Sao Thomd, near the African 
 coast, 1798-1816 ; and w r ent to Brazil in 1817. He became 
 field-marshal in 1834. He published accounts of his travels 
 in Brazil ; historical works on Sao Thomd, Minas Geraes, 
 and Goyaz ; a digest of military law ; an account of the 
 attack and defense of the city of Porto; and many papers 
 and maps, all of great value. He was one of the founders 
 of the Brazilian instituto Historico e Geographico. 
 
 Cunningham (kun'ing-am), or Cunninghame. 
 
 The northern division of Ayrshire, Scotland, 
 north of the Irvine. 
 
Cunningham, Sir Alexander 
 
 Cunningham (kun'ing-am), Sir Alexander. 
 
 Born Jan. 23, 1814: died Nov. 28, 1893. An 
 English military engineer and archaeologist, 
 son of Allan Cunningham. He served in India 
 1834-85. His works include “ An Essay on the Arian Or- 
 der of Architecture ’’ (1846), “ Ladali, Physical, Statistical, 
 and Historical” (1846), “Book of Indian Eras" (1883), etc. 
 
 Cunningham, Allan. Born at Keir, Dum- 
 friesshire, Scotland, Dec. 7, 1784 : died at Lon- 
 don, Oct. 30, 1842. A Scottish poet and gen- 
 eral writer. He was apprenticed to a stone-mason ; 
 went to London in 1810, and became a reporter and a writer 
 on the “ Literary Gazette”; and in 1814 became secretary 
 to the sculptor Chantrey, a position which he retained 
 until his death. He wrote “ Traditional Tales of the 
 Peasantry ” (1822), “The Songs of Scotland, Ancient and 
 Modern " (1825), “ Lives of the Most Eminent British 
 Painters, Sculptors, and Architects” (1829-33), several 
 romances, etc. 
 
 Cunningham, Peter. Born at London, April 
 1, 1816: died at St. Albans, England, May 18, 
 1869. An English antiquary and litterateur, 
 son of Allan Cunningham. Hewrote a “Handbook 
 of London” (1849), and edited the works of Drummond, 
 Goldsmith, etc. 
 
 Cunningham, William. Born at Hamilton, 
 Scotland, Oct. 2, 1805 : died at Edinburgh, Dec. 
 14, 1861. A Scottish clergyman and theologian, 
 one of the founders of the Free Church. He be- 
 came professor of theology in the Free Church College in 
 1843, professor of church history in 1845, and principal in 
 1847. He wrote “Historic Theology ”(1862), etc. 
 
 Cunobeline (ku'no-be-lin), or Cunobelijxus 
 
 (-li'nus). A semi-mythical king of the Silures, 
 the father of Caractacus. He is often confused with 
 Cymbeline, whose adventures are related by Shakspere, 
 who borrowed the name from Holinshed. 
 
 Cuntisuyu (kon'te-so'yo), or Conde-suyu 
 (kon'de-so'yo). The western quarter of the 
 regions controlled by the Incas, extending from 
 Cuzco west and southwest to the coast, it de- 
 
 rived its name from Cunti, a small region just west of 
 Cuzco, which was early conquered by the Incas. 
 
 Cup (kup), The. A poetical drama by Lord 
 Tennyson, brought out at the Lyceum Theatre, 
 London, in 1881. 
 
 Cupar (ko'par), or Cupar-Fife (-fif ). A town, 
 the capital of Fifeshire, Scotland, situated on 
 the Eden 27 miles north of Edinburgh. Popu- 
 lation, 4,483. 
 
 Cupid (kfi'pid). [L. Cupido, a personification 
 of cupido ( cupidin -), desire, passion, from cu- 
 pere, desire.] In Roman mythology, the god 
 of love, identified with the Greek Eros, the son 
 of Hermes (Mercury) and Aphrodite (Venus). 
 He is generally represented as a beautiful boy with wings, 
 carrying a bow and a quiver of arrows, and is often spoken 
 of as blind or blindfolded. The name is often given in 
 art. to figures of children, with or without wings, intro- 
 duced, sometimes in considerable number, as a motive of 
 decoration, and with little or no mythological allusion. 
 
 Cupid, The Letter of. A poem by Hoceleve 
 (Occleve) dated 1402, two years after Chaucer's 
 death: attributed in the 1532 edition to Chau- 
 cer. 
 
 Cupid and Psyche (sl'ke). An episode in the 
 ‘ ‘ Golden Ass ” of Apuleius. The beauty of Psyche, 
 the youngest of three daughters of a certain king, and the 
 homage paid to it, arouse the wrath of Venus, who com- 
 mands Cupid to avenge her. In the attempt he falls in 
 love with Psyche : she is borne to a lovely valley where 
 every night Cupid, always invisible, visits her and com- 
 mands her not to attempt to see him. Urged by her sis- 
 ters and by her own curiosity, she violates this command, 
 and is abandoned by the god. After toilsome wanderings 
 in search of her lover, and many sufferings, she is endowed 
 with immortality by Jupiter and united to Cupid forever. 
 
 Whatever may be the concealed meaning of the alle- 
 gory, the story of Cupid and Psyche is certainly a beautiful 
 fiction. Of this, the number of translations and imita- 
 tions may be considered as a proof. Mr. Rose, in the 
 notes to his version of Partenopex de Blois, has pointed 
 out its striking resemblance to that romance, as also 
 to the Three Calendars, and to one of the Persian Tales. 
 The prohibition of Cupid, and the transgression of Psyche, 
 has suggested the Serpentin Vert of Mad. d’Aulnoy ; in- 
 deed the labours to which Psyche is subjected seem to 
 be the origin of all fairy tales, particularly Gracieuse et 
 Percinet. The whole story has also been beautifully versi- 
 fied by Marino in his poem l'Adone. Cupid is introduced 
 in the fourth book relating it for the amusem ent of Adonis, 
 and he tells it in such a manner as to form the most pleas- 
 ing episode of that delightful poem. I need not mention 
 the well-known imitation by Fontaine, nor the drama of 
 Psyche, which was performed with the utmost magnifi- 
 cence at Paris in 1670, and is usually published in the 
 works of Moli&re, but was in fact the effort of the united 
 genius of that author, Corneille, Quinault, and Lulli. Nor 
 have the fine arts less contributed to the embellishment 
 of this fable : the marriage of Cupid and Psyche has fur- 
 nished Raphael with a series of paintings which are 
 among the finest of his works, and which adorn the walls 
 of the Famese Palace in the vicinity of Rome. 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 110. 
 
 Cupid and Psyche. An antique copy in mar- 
 ble, in the Capitol, Rome, of a Greek original 
 of Hellenistic date, representing a boy and a 
 girl embracing. Cupid is nude, Psyche draped 
 from the hips down. 
 
 VI. 11 
 
 297 
 
 Cupid in Waiting. A comedy by William 
 Blanchard Jerrold, produced July 17, 1871. 
 
 Cupid’s Revenge. A play by Beaumont and 
 Fletcher. It was acted in 1612 , and published in 1615. 
 It was attributed, but wrongly, to Fletcher alone. Fleay 
 thinks that N. Field also assisted in it. It resembles Sid- 
 ney’s “Arcadia” in some respects. 
 
 Cura (ko'ra), Ciudad de or Villa de. A town 
 in northern Venezuela, southwest of Caracas. 
 
 Curasao (ko-ra-sa/o), or Curazao, or Curaqoa 
 
 (ko-ra-so'a). 1. An island of the Dutch West 
 Indies, situated in the Caribbean Sea, north of 
 Venezuela, in lat. 12° 20' N., long. 69° W. it 
 exports salt, and gives its name to a liqueur. It was 
 settled by the Spaniards in 1527, and was taken by the 
 Dutch in 1634. Area, 212 square miles. Population, 30,- 
 883. 
 
 2. A Dutch colony, comprising all the Dutch 
 Antilles. Capital, Willemstad. Area, 403 square 
 miles. Population, 52,088. 
 
 Curan (kur'an). In Shakspere’s “King Lear,” 
 a courtier. 
 
 Curate of Los Palacios (los pa-la'the-os). The 
 Spanish historian Andres Bernaldez. 
 
 Curci (kor'che), Carlo Maria. Born at Na- 
 ples, Sept. 4, 1809: died at Villa Careggi, near 
 Florence, June 8, 1891. A Roman Catholic 
 theologian and writer on church politics. He 
 entered the order of the Jesuits in 1826, and wa3 editor of 
 the “Civiltk cattolica” 1850-53. He was in 1877 expelled 
 from his order on account of liis opposition to the policy 
 of the Pope toward the Italian government. He subse- 
 quently recanted, however, and was restored to member- 
 ship in the order. He published “ Lezioni esegetiche e 
 morali sopra i quattro evangeli " (1874-76), “ II moderno 
 dissidio tra la Chiesa e l’ltalia ” (1877), “La nuova Italia 
 ed i vecchi zelanti ” (1881), etc. 
 
 Cure de Meudon (kii-ra/ de me-ddh'), Le. A 
 name often given to Rabelais. He had a charge 
 at Meudon in his later years. 
 
 Cure for a Cuckold. A play by Webster, as- 
 sisted by Rowley, published in 1661. {Ward.) 
 Fleay thinks it was probably by Middleton and 
 Rowley. 
 
 Cures (ku'rez). In ancient geography, a city of 
 the Sabines, 24 miles northeast of Rome, in the 
 vicinity of the modern Correse : a legendary 
 city of Numa and Tatius. 
 
 Curetes (ku-re'tez). In Greek mythology, at- 
 tendants of Zeus, properly in Crete: often 
 wrongly identified with the Corybantes, the Ca- 
 biri, etc. 
 
 Cureton (kur'ton), William. Born at West- 
 bury, Shropshire, England, 1808: died June 
 17, 1864. An English Orientalist. He was ap- 
 pointed to a position in the Bodleian Library in 1$34 ; un- 
 dertook the cataloguing of Arabic books and MSS. in the 
 British Museum in 1837 (the .first part of the catalogue 
 appeared in 1846) ; and became chaplain to the queen in 
 1847, and canon of W estminster and pastor of St. Marga- 
 ret’s in 1849. He is best known from his work in classify- 
 ing and, in part, editing the important collection of Syriac 
 MSS. obtained by the British Museum from the monas- 
 teries of Nitria 1841-43. His most important discovery 
 was a MS. of the “Epistles of Ignatius to Polycarp,” 
 which he edited in 1845. He also discovered parts of a 
 Syriac version of the gospels, differing from the Peshito 
 version, and now known as the “ Curetonian Gospels.” 
 
 Curiatii (ku-ri-a'shi-i). In Roman legend, 
 three brothers from Alba Longa, who fought 
 against the three Horatii. See Horatii. 
 
 Curicaneha (ko-re-kan 'eha) , or Coricancha ( ko- 
 re-kan'cha). [Quichua, ‘court of gold.’] The 
 great temple called the Temple of the Sun, at 
 Cuzco, Peru. According to tradition it was founded 
 by Manco Capac. It was probably used as a palace by 
 the earlier Incas, and was later turned into a temple. 
 The great Inca chief Yupanqui adorned the interior with 
 gold. The temple opened on a large square : It was 
 290 feet long by 62 feet broad, and included the principal 
 temple, various minor rooms, and the garden of golden 
 flowers. The interior was partly lined with thin gold. 
 An elliptical gold plate on the wall was an emblem of 
 the deity, and it was flanked by gold and silver plates 
 representing the sun and moon, The roof was an elab- 
 orate thatch. The temple was partly despoiled by order 
 of Atahualpa to satisfy the Spanish demand for gold ; the 
 Spaniards completed its destruction, and the church and 
 convent of Santo Domingo were built on the site. Por- 
 tions of the original walls are still visible, forming part 
 of the convent structure. 
 
 Curico (ko-re-ko'). 1- A province of Chile, 
 south of Colehagua. Area, 2,978 square miles. 
 It is mountainous in the east and west. Pop- 
 ulation, 107,217. — 2. The capital of the above 
 
 d province. Population, 17,573. 
 urio (ku'ri-o), Cains Scribonius. 1. Died 
 53 B. c. A Roman general and politician. 
 He was the first Roman general to reach the Danube in 
 Mcesia, about 73 B. C. 
 
 2. Killed at Utica, Africa, 49 B. C. Son of 
 Caius Scribonius Curio: a partizan of Csesar in 
 the civil war. 
 
 Curio. A gentleman in attendance on the 
 Duke of Illyria, in Shakspere’s “Twelfth 
 Night.” 
 
 Curtana 
 
 Curiosities of Literature, The. A work by 
 
 Isaac D’Israeli. It was issued anonymously, the first 
 volume in 1791, a second in 1793, a third in 1817, a fourth 
 and fifth in 1823, and a sixth and last in 1824. 
 
 Curious Impertinent, The. An episode in 
 Cervantes’s “ Don Quixote.” Crowne wrote a play, 
 “ The Married Beau, or The Curious Impertinent," the 
 plot of which is taken from this. 
 
 Curium, (ku'ri-um). [Gr. K ovpiov.) An ancient 
 city of Cyprus, west of the river Lycus, said to 
 have been founded by the Argives. its ruins con- 
 tain a Phenician temple, remarkable especially for its 
 crypt of four rock-hewn chambers, about 23 feet in diam- 
 eter, connected by doors and a gallery. The objects in 
 gold and silver constituting the “ Treasure of Curium," 
 in the Metropolitan Museum, New York, were found in 
 these chambers. 
 
 Curius Dentatus, Manius. See Dentdtus. 
 
 Curll (kerl), Edmund. Born in 1675: died at 
 London, Dec. 11, 1747. A notorious London 
 bookseller. He lived by piratical publishing, and he 
 achieved a reputation for issuing obscene literature which 
 
 . was the origin of the word Curllicism. In 1716 he had a 
 quarrel witli Pope, who pilloried him in the “Dunciad." 
 He published a number of standard works, however ; but 
 of his biographies Arbuthnot said they had added a new 
 terror to death. 
 
 Curragh (kur'raeh or kur'ra), or The Curragh 
 Of Kildare (kil-dar'). A plain in County Kil- 
 dare, Ireland, 27 miles southwest of Dublin, it 
 
 is the property of the crown, and is the seat of a military 
 camp and of a celebrated race-course. 
 
 Curran (kur ' an), John Philpot. Born at 
 Newmarket, County Cork, Ireland, July 24, 
 1750 : died at Brompton, near London, Oct. 14, 
 1817. A noted Irish orator. He studied at Trin- 
 ity College, Dublin, and at the Middle Temple, London, 
 and in 1775 was admitted to the Irish bar. In 1783 he 
 entered the Irish Parliament, where he joined the oppo- 
 sition, of which Grattan was the leader. When the gov- 
 ernment instituted its bloody series of prosecutions 
 against the leaders of the Irish insurrection of 1798, he 
 appeared for the prisoners in nearly every case, and con- 
 ducted the defense with extraordinary boldness and abil- 
 ity. He was master of the rolls in Ireland 1806-14, when 
 he retired to private life. See “ Life of Curran,” by his 
 son, W. H. Curran (1819); “Curran and his Contempora- 
 ries,” by Charles Phillips (1818) ; and “ Curran’s Speeches ” 
 (1806). 
 
 Current River (kur'ent riv'er). A river in 
 southeastern Missouri which joins the Black 
 River near Pocahontas, Randolph County, 
 northeastern Arkansas. Length, over 200 
 miles. 
 
 Currer Bell. See Bell, Currer. 
 
 Currie (kur'i), James. Born at Kirkpatrick- 
 Fleming, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, May 31, 1756 : 
 died at Sidmouth, England, Aug. 31, 1805. A 
 Scottish physician. He wrote “ Medical Reports on 
 the Effects of Water,” etc. (1797-1805), and edited Burns's 
 works (1800). 
 
 Cursa (ker'sa). [Ar. al-kursa , the chair or 
 throne.] The third -magnitude star /3 Eridani, 
 situated at the beginning of the river, very 
 near Orion. 
 
 Curse of Kehama, The. A poem by Southey, 
 first published in 1810. 
 
 Curse of Scotland, The. The name given to 
 the nine of diamonds in playing-cards. There 
 are various explanations of the name : a probable one traces 
 It to the groups of nine lozenges in the coat of arms of the 
 Dalrymple family, one of the members of which, the Mas- 
 ter (afterward Earl) of Stair, played an important part in 
 the massacre of Glencoe. 
 
 Cursor, Papirius. See Papirius Cursor. 
 
 Cursor Mundi (ker'sor mun'dl). [L., ‘the 
 runner or courier of the world’; translated in 
 one ME. MS. ‘the Cursur o the world,’ in another 
 ‘the Cours of the werlde.’ The last expresses 
 the real intention of the title.] A poem 
 written about 1320, and founded on Ctedmon’s 
 paraphrase of Genesis. It ran through the course 
 of the world from the creation to doomsday. The whole 
 poem has been printed by the Early English Text Society 
 (ed. by Dr. Richard Morris). 
 
 Curtain (ker'tan), The. A London playhouse 
 established in Shoreditch in 1576. it is thought 
 that Shakspere acted here in his own plays. It remained 
 open until the accession of Charles I., after which the 
 drama gave way to exhibitions of athletic feats. It is 
 said that it was called The Curtain because here the green 
 curtain was first used; in 1678 Aubrey calls it “The 
 Green Curtain.” The name is still maintained in “Cur- 
 tain Road.” The Church of St. James stands near the 
 site, and a stained-glass window was placed at its west 
 end in 1886 to commemorate the association with Shak- 
 spere. 
 
 Curtain Lectures. See Caudle. 
 
 Curtana (ker-ta'na), Courtain (kor-tan ), or 
 Curtein (ker-tan'). [L. curtus, broken, short- 
 ened.] The name originally given to the sword 
 of Roland, of which, aecordingto the tradition, 
 the point was broken off in testing it. The name 
 is also given to the pointless sword carried before the 
 kings of England at their coronation, and emblematically 
 considered as the sword of mercy. It is also called the 
 sword of Edward the Confessor. 
 
Curtatone 
 
 298 
 
 Curtatone (kor-tii-to'ne). A village in the lat. 42° 56' N., long. 17° 10' E. It contains a 
 province of Mantua, Italy, 4 miles west of ^cathedral. Population, commune, over 6,000. 
 Mantua. Here, Hay 29, 1848, about 19,000 Austrians Curzon (ker'zon), George Nathaniel. Bom 
 under Radetzky defeated 5, 000-<j,000 Italians. at Kedleston, England, Jan. 11, 1859. An 
 
 Curtin (ker'tin), Andrew Gregg. BornatBelle- English statesman and publicist. Hewasunder- 
 fonte, Pa., April 22, 1817: died Oct. 7, 1894. secretary of state for India 1891-92; under-secretary for 
 An American politician, governor of Pennsyl- foreign affairs 1895-98; was Viceroy of India 1898- 
 vnnin ISfil 07 Minister tnlliiwia 1800-7° mem ' 1904 ' and again 1904-05, was created Baron Curzon of 
 vama l»bi-t>/, minister 10 Itussia imv 14, mem Kedleston in 1898, and an earl in 1911. He has written 
 Der of Congress from .Pennsylvania lool— o7. “Russia in Central Asia,” “ Persia and the Persian Ques- 
 Curtis (ker'tis). [The name Curtis, also Cur- tion,” and “Problems of the Far East." 
 tiss, Curtice, represents ME. curteis, courteis, @ usai See Alexander John, Prince of Rumania, 
 now courteous .] A character m bhakspere s 0 uga (ku'za), or Cusanus (ku-za'nus), Niko- 
 coniedy" The Taming of^ This part laus (originally Nikolas ChrypfFs or Krebs). 
 
 was originally described in the dramatis personae as a 
 serving-man, but it is now played as an old woman, the 
 housekeeper of Petruchio. 
 
 Curtis, Benjamin Robbins. Born at Water- 
 town, Mass., Nov. 4, 1809: died at Newport, 
 R. I., Sept. 15, 1874. An American jurist, as- 
 
 Born at Rues, near Trier, Germany, 1401 : died 
 at Todi, near Spoleto, Aug. 11, 1464. A noted 
 ecclesiastic and philosophical writer, appointed 
 cardinal in 1448. His chief philosophical work 
 is “De docta ignorantia.” 
 
 sociate justice of the United States Supreme Cush (kush). [Gr. Xoiif.] In the Old Testa- 
 Court 1851-57 : brother of G. T. Curtis. He pub- A 
 
 lished “Reports of Cases in the Circuit Courts of the U. S.” 
 
 (1854), “Decisions of the Supreme Court,” “Digest of the 
 Decisions of the Supreme Court” (to 1854), etc. 
 
 Curtis, George Ticknor. Born at Watertown, 
 
 Mass., Nov. 28, 1812 : died at New York, March 
 28, 1894. An American lawyer and legal wri- 
 ter. His works include “The law of Copyright ” (1847), 
 
 “The Law of Patents” (1849, 4th ed. 1873), “life of Daniel 
 Webster" (1870), “last Years of Daniel Webster ” (1878), 
 
 “ A History of the Origin, Formation, and Adoption of the 
 Constitution of the United States" (1855-68), “Constitu- 
 tional History of the United States,” etc. (1889, 1896). 
 
 Curtis, George William. Born at Providence, 
 
 R. I., Feb. 24, 1824: died on Staten Island, 
 
 N. Y., Aug. 31, 1892. A noted American jour- 
 nalist, orator, publicist, and author. He lived In 
 the community at Brook Farm, remaining there 18 months ; 
 traveled abroad 1846-50 ; on his return in the latter year 
 became connected with the New York “Tribune"; was 
 connected with “Putnam's Monthly" 1852-57; and be- 
 came editor of the “Easy Chair” (“Harper’s Magazine") 
 in 1864, and in 1863 of “ Harper's Weekly "(founded 1857). 
 
 He was an influential advocate of civil-service reform. In 
 1871 he was appointed by Grant one of the commissioners 
 to draw up rules for the regulation of the civil service, 
 but resigned on account of differences with the President. 
 
 He was president of the New York State Civil Service 
 League in 1880, and of the National Civil Service Reform 
 
 ment : (a) The eldest son of Ham. (6) A geographical 
 
 and ethnographical term usually rendered Ethiopia in the 
 Vulgate and Septuagint. Cush corresponded probably 
 to Upper Egypt and northern Nubia, including, perhaps, 
 part of Abyssinia and southern Arabia. Also Kush. 
 
 The southern zone is described before the middle. 
 “The sons of Ham,” it is said, “were Cush, and Mizraim, 
 and Phut, and Canaan.” Cush embraces not only the 
 Ethiopia of the classical geographers, but also the south- 
 western coast of Arabia and the opposite coast of Africa 
 as well. It thus corresponds to the land of Pun of the 
 Egyptian monuments, as well as to Kesli or Ethiopia. It 
 was inhabited for the most part by a white race whose 
 physical characteristics connect them with the Egyptians 
 [p. 51]. . . . The name Cush was of Egyptian origin. 
 Kash vaguely denoted the country which lay between the 
 First Cataract and the mountains of Abyssinia, and from 
 the reign of Thothmes I. to the fall of the Twentieth 
 Egyptian Dynasty t he eldest son of the Egyptian monarch 
 bore the title of “Royal Son” or Prince of Kash. In the 
 reign of Meneptah, the Pharaoh of the Exodus, one of 
 these Princes of Kash had the name of Mes, and may thus 
 have originated the Jewish legend reported by Josephus, 
 according to which Moses, the adopted son of an Egyp- 
 tian princess, conquered the land of Cush [p. 143]. . . . 
 Kas or Cush was thus, properly speaking, the region 
 known as Ethiopia to the geographers of Greece and 
 Rome. But it was only by degrees that the name came to 
 cover so wide an extent of country. At the outset it de- 
 noted only a small district on the southern side of the 
 Second Cataract. Sayce, Races of the 0. T., p. 144. 
 
 League from its foundation until his death. He wrote 
 “Nile Notes of a Howadji” (1851), “ Howadji in Syria" rjnohimr (kiish'incr) finish P.m-r, 
 
 (1852), “Lotus-Eating” (1852), “Potiphar Papers” (1853), , USllln G „ k * t.. , v V^To. 
 
 at Salis- 
 
 “Prue and I "(1856), “Trumps" (1862), “From the Easy 
 Chair" (1891), “Washington Irving” (1891). 
 
 Curtise (kor-tes'). The little bound in the tale 
 of “Reinecke Fuchs.” 
 
 Curtius (kor'tse-os), Ernst. Born at Liibeck, 
 Germany, Sept. 2, 1814: died July 11, 1896. A 
 noted German archaeologist and historian, pro- 
 
 bury, Mass., Jan. 17, 1800: died at Newbury- 
 port, Mass., Jan. 2, 1879. An American jurist, 
 politician, and diplomatist. He was member of 
 Congress from Massachusetts 1835-43, United States com- 
 missioner to China 1843-44, colonel and brigadier-general 
 in the Mexican war 1847, attorney-general 1853-57, counsel 
 before the tribunal of arbitration in Geneva 1871-72, and 
 minister to Spain 1874-77. 
 
 fessor in the University of Berlin from 1863. Cushing, Luther Steams. Born at Lunen- 
 His works include “Peloponnesos (1851-52), “Gnechische i. Tyr„„„ June 22 1S0T- died at Rnstori 
 Geschichte” (1857-67, English translation by Ward 1868- »urg, mass., dune laud . cnea at Boston, 
 1873), “Die Ionier vor der ionisclien Wanderung” (1855), June 22, 185b. An American lawyer. His best- 
 « Attische Studien ” (1863-64), etc. known works are “ Rules of Proceeding and Debate in 
 
 Curtius, Georg. Born at Liibeck, Germany, Deliberative Assemblies " (1844 : known as “Cushing’s 
 i “i it j. i , tt , j ’ Manual ), and “Law and Practice of Legislative Assem- 
 
 April 16, 1820: died at Hermsdorf, Germany, blies”(i 855 ). 
 
 Aug. 12, 1885. A German philologist, brother „ ,. , T > . nr 
 
 of Ernst Curtius, professor of classical philol- °“' Mass., 
 
 ogy at Leipsic from 1862. He wrote “Griechische Mareh 24 -. 1725: died Feb 28 1788. An Amer- 
 Scliulgrammatik ” ( 1852 ), “Grundziige der griechischen lean politician, speaker of the Massachusetts 
 Etymologie” (1858-62), etc. House of Representatives 1763, and lieutenant- 
 
 Curtius (ker'shi-us), Marcus. A Roman legen- governor of Massachusetts 1779-88. 
 dary hero. In 362 b. c., a chasm having been formed Cushing, William. Born at Scituate, Mass., 
 in the Forum by an earthquake, the soothsayers announced March 1, 1732: died at Scituate, Sept. 13, 1810. 
 
 a ’ 1 American jurist, appointed associate jus- 
 the oracle when Marcus Curtius, a noble youth, stepped tice of the 1 1 lilted States Supreme Couit m 1(89. 
 forward and, declaring that the state possessed no greater flushing, William Barker. Born in Wiscon- 
 
 treasure than a brave citizen in arms, leaped, mounted on 
 his steed and in full armor, into the chasm, which closed 
 after him. 
 
 Curtius Rufus, Quintus. A Roman historian, 
 of the time of Claudius, author of a history of 
 Alexander the Great. 
 
 Curupira (ko-ro-pe'ra). The name 
 Brazilian Indians of the Tupi race to a mythi- 
 cal being, generally described as a dwarfish 
 man having his feet turned backward. He is 
 said to wander in the woods, where he kills and devours 
 persons who are lost. The hunter who finds his tracks 
 and tries to run away from him is deceived by the direc- 
 tion of the footprints, and hastens to his own destruction. 
 
 The Curupira myth is found in all parts of Brazil, is very 
 ancient, and is connected with many goblin tales, some 
 of which have been published. 
 
 Curvetto (ker-vet'o). An old libertine, affecting 
 youth, in Middleton’s play “Blurt, Master Con- 
 stable.” He is the butt of many practical jokes. 
 
 Curwen (ker' wen), John. Born at Heckmond- 
 wike, Yorkshire, England, Nov. 14, 1816: died 
 at Heaton Mersey, near Manchester, England, 
 
 May 26, 1880. An English teacher of singing 
 by the tonic sol-fa system. Cushman 
 
 Ourzola (kor'dzo-la). 1. An island of the 
 Adriatic Sea, belonging to Dalmatia, situated 
 near lat. 43° N. Length, about 25 miles. — 2. 
 
 The chief town of the above island, situated in 
 
 sin, Nov., 1842: died at Washington, D. C., 
 Dec. 17, 1874. An American naval officer, 
 noted on account of his exploit in blowing up 
 the Confederate iron-clad ram Albemarle at 
 Plymouth, North Carolina, on the night of Oct. 
 
 o-iven bv 27 > 1864 ’ See Alhemarle - 
 'a mvthn- Cushites (kush'Its). The descendants of Cush; 
 
 the inhabitants of Cush. In Gen. x. 6, Cush appears 
 as the first son of Ham, while in verse 7 Dedan and Seba, 
 Arabic tribes, are enumerated among the descendants of 
 Cush, and in verse 8 Nimrod, who is represented as the 
 founder of the Babylonian kingdom, appears as the son of 
 Cush. There are evidently two kinds of Cushites in the 
 Old Testament, either two different races, or at least differ- 
 ent settlements. The first are identical with the Kash, 
 Kish, or Kesh of the Egyptian monuments, a name desig- 
 nating a reddish or reddish- brownish people living be- 
 tween Egypt and Abyssinia, and between (he Nile and the 
 sea : in the Assyrian inscriptions called Kusu or Miluchu. 
 The Greek name Ethiopia comprised originally the dark- 
 colored peoples of the southern countries of Africa and Asia 
 at large ; later it was confined to the Nile territory south of 
 Egypt. The other division of the Cushites is to be looked 
 for in the East, and is perhaps identical with the Kashi or 
 Kash of the inscriptions. See Cosseans. 
 
 (kush'man), Charlotte Saunders. 
 
 Born in Boston, July 23, 1816 : died in Boston, 
 Feb. 18, 1876. An American actress. She first ap- 
 peared at New Orleans, at the age of nineteen, as Lady Mac- 
 beth. She acted with Macready in New York 1842-43, and 
 In Boston in 1844. She played at the Princess’s Theatre in 
 
 Cuthah 
 
 London in the autumn of 1844, and in 1845 was very suc- 
 cessful as Bianca. In December, 1846, she appeared as 
 Romeo at the Haymarket, her sister Susan playing Juliet. 
 She reappeared in America, Oct. 8, 1849, at the old Broad- 
 way Theater, New York, as Mrs. Haller. Her principal 
 characters were Romeo, Wolsey. Hamlet, and Claude 
 Melnotte. In 1852 she announced her intention of retir- 
 ing from the stage, but occasionally acted until her last 
 illness. Meg Merrilies and Nancy Sykes were her strong- 
 est melodramatic parts. 
 
 Cushman, Robert. Born in England about 
 1580 : died in England, 1625. An English 
 merchant, one of the founders of the Plymouth 
 colony. 
 
 Cusis (ku'sis). A fabulous country in Sir John 
 Mandeville’s “ Voiage and Travaile.” The peo- 
 ple of this country have but one foot, so large that it casts 
 a shadow over the whole body, and with this one foot they 
 make wonderful Bpeed. 
 
 Oust (kust), Robert Needham. Born at Cock- 
 ayne-Hatley, Bedfordshire, England, 1821 : died 
 at London, Oct. 28, 1909. A noted Orientalist 
 and Africanist. He entered the civil service of India 
 in 1843, and retired in 1869. After that date he resided in 
 London. His principal works are “ Sketch of the Modem 
 Languages of the East Indies” (1878), “Linguistic and 
 Oriental Essays ” (1880-91), “ Sketch of the Modern Lan- 
 guages of Africa” (1883), “Notes on Missionary Subjects” 
 (1887), “ Africa Rediviva” (1891). 
 
 Custance. See Constance. 
 
 Custer (kus'ter), George Armstrong. Born at 
 New Rumley, Ohio, Dec. 5, 1839: died in Mon- 
 tana, June 25, 1876. An American soldier. He 
 was graduated at West Point in 1861, and was assigned to 
 duty as lieutenant in the United States cavalry. He led 
 a brigade of volunteers in the battle of Gettysburg July 
 1-3, 1863 ; was appointed to the command of a division of 
 cavalry in the volunteer service Sept. 30, 1864, and took 
 part in the Richmond campaign in 1864, in the Shenan- 
 doah campaign from 1864-65, and in the pursuit of Lee’s 
 army after the evacuation of Richmond in 1865. He was 
 mustered out of the volunteer service, with the rank of 
 major-general, in 1866, and in the same year was appointed 
 lieutenant-colonel, with the brevet rank of major-general, 
 in the regular army. He commanded an exploring expe- 
 dition to the Black Hills in 1874. He led with his regi- 
 ment General Terry's column in the expedition against 
 the Sioux Indians in 1876. Coming upon a large Indian 
 encampment on the Little Big Horn River, Montana, he 
 divided his regiment into several detachments, one of 
 which under Major Reno was ordered to attack the enemy 
 in the rear, while he himself advanced with five compa- 
 nies in front. Major Reno was driven back, and the In- 
 dians concentrated upon Custer, who was killed together 
 with his whole force. 
 
 Custine (kiis-ten'), Adam Philippe de, Count. 
 Born at Metz, Feb. 4, 1740 : guillotined at Paris, 
 Aug. 28, 1793. A noted French soldier. He 
 fought under Soubise in the Seven Years’ War, and was 
 quartermaster-general of the French forces in America 
 1778-83, being present at the surrender of Yorktown, Vir- 
 ginia, 1781. He was deputed to the States-General in 1789, 
 and in 1792 was appointed to the command of an army. 
 He took Spires Sept. 29, and Mainz Oct. 21, 1792 ; but 
 failing in the campaign of 1793 to relieve Mainz, which 
 had been recaptured by the Allies, he was executed on the 
 charge of conspiring to effect a counter-revolution. 
 
 Custine, Marquis Astolphe de. Born at Nieder- 
 willer (Meurthe), France, Mareh 18, 1790: died 
 near Pau, France, Sept. 29, 1857. A French 
 writer and traveler, grandson of Adam P. de 
 Custine. He wrote “ M ('moires et voyages,” 
 etc. (1830), “La Russie en 1839” (1843), etc. 
 Custis (kus'tis), George Washington Parke. 
 Born at Mount Airy, Md., April 30, 1781: died 
 at Arlington House, Fairfax County, Virginia, 
 Oct. 10, 1857. An American writer, adopted 
 son of George Washington. 
 
 Custom of the Country, The. A play by 
 Fletcher and Massinger, produced before 1628 
 and printed in 1647. It is partly from a story of Cer- 
 vantes and partly from a story in Cintliio’s “Hecatom- 
 mithi. ” “Love makes a Man,” by Cibber, and “Country 
 Lasses,” by Charles Johnson, were partly taken from it. 
 
 Custom of the Country, The. A play by Mrs. 
 Centlivre, produced in 1715. It was originally a 
 farce called “A Bickerstaff’s Burial,” said, doubtfully, to 
 be founded on one of Sinbad’s voyages. 
 
 Custozza (kos-tod'za), or Custoza (kos-tot'sii). 
 A village in the province of Verona, Italy, 11 
 miles southwest of Verona. It was the scene of 
 two battles: (1) On July 25, 1848, the Austrians (about 
 
 33.000) under Radetzky’ defeated the Sardinians (about 
 
 25.000) under King Charles Albert. (2) On June 24, 1866, 
 the Austrians (75,000?) under the archduke Albert de- 
 feated the Italians (130,000?) under Victor Emmanuel. 
 
 Ciistrin. See Kiistrin. 
 
 Cutch. See Kachh. 
 
 Cutch Gundava. See Kachh Gundava. 
 
 Cuthah (ku'tha). A city in Babylonia whence 
 Shalmaneser Iv. (727-722 B. c.) brought colo- 
 nists into Samaria (2 Ki. xvii. 24). These Cutheans, 
 mingling with other peoples, became the progenitors of 
 the Samaritans. In the cuneiform inscriptions the city is 
 often mentioned under the name of Kutu. It was situated 
 a little to the east of Babylon, and is now represented by 
 the ruins of Tel Ibrahim. The statement (2 Ki. xvii 30) 
 that the principal god of the Cutheans was Nergal (the 
 god of war) is confirmed by the inscriptions. Nebuchad- 
 nezzar (604-561) records that he restored the temple of 
 Nergal in the city of Cuthah. 
 
Cuthbert 
 
 Cutbbert (kuth'bert), Saint. Died at Fame, 
 Northumbria, March 20, 687. A noted English 
 monk. He was prior of Melrose 661-664, and 
 in 664 of Lindisfarne, and bishop of Lindis- 
 farne 685-687. 
 
 Cutler (kut'ler), Manasseh. Born at Kill- 
 ingly, Conn., May 13, 1742 : died at Hamilton 
 Mass., July 28, 1823. An American botanist 
 and Congregational clergyman, one of the 
 founders of Marietta, Ohio, in 1788. 
 
 Cutler, Timothy. Born at Charlestown, Mass., 
 about 1684 : died at Boston, Aug. 17, 1765. An 
 American clergyman, president of Yale Col- 
 lege 1719-22. 
 
 Cutpurse (kut'pers), Moll. The nickname of 
 a notorious woman (real name Mary Frith) 
 who was born in London in 1589 according to 
 her life published anonymously in London 
 1662, but according to Malone in 1584. She was 
 a riotous “ thief, pickpocket, bully, prostitute, procuress, 
 fortune-teller, receiver of stolen goods, and forger of 
 writings," and nearly always wore a man’s dress. She is 
 said to have been the first woman who used tobacco. She 
 was introduced by Middleton and Dekker as the chief 
 personage (but in reformed character) in their play “ The 
 Roaring Girl.” Field also introduces her in his play 
 “Amends for Ladies." 
 
 Cuttack (kut-tak'), or Cattack, or Katak. 1. 
 
 A district in the Orissa division, Bengal, Brit- 
 ish India, bounded on the east and southeast 
 by the Bay of Bengal. Area, 3,654 square miles. 
 Population, 2,062,758. — 2. The capital of the 
 above district, situated on the river Mahanadi 
 in lat. 20° 29' N., long. 85° 52' E. It was taken 
 from the Mahrattas by the British in 1803. 
 Population, 51,364. 
 
 Cutter of Coleman Street, Tbe. A play 
 by Abraham Cowley, performed in 1661 and 
 printed in 1663. This comedy was originally called 
 “The Guardian," and was written for the entertainment 
 of Prince Charles as he passed through Cambridge in 1641. 
 
 Cuttle (kut'l), Captain Edward. In Dick- 
 ens's “Dombey and Son,” “a kind-hearted, 
 salt-looking ” old retired sailor with a hook in 
 place of his right hand. He is a friend of Sol Gills, 
 the ships’ instrument-maker. One of his favorite expres- 
 sions is “ When found, make a note on.” 
 
 Cuvier (kii-vya'), Frederic. Born at Mont- 
 b61iard, Doubs, France, June 27, 1773: died 
 at Strasburg, July 25, 1838. a French naturalist, 
 brother of Georges. He became director of the menage- 
 rie of the Jardin des Plantes in 1804, and in 1827 was ap- 
 pointed professor of comparative anatomy at the Jardin des 
 Plantes. He wrote “Des dents des mammiferes, consid- 
 ering comrae caracteres zoologiques ” (1825), and (in co- 
 operation with Geoff roy St. Hilaire) “Hi3toire naturelle 
 des mammif&res ” (1819-39). 
 
 Cuvier, Baron Georges Leopold Chretien 
 Frederic Dagobert. Born at Montb&liard, 
 Doubs, France, Aug. 23, 1769 : died at Paris, 
 May 13, 1832. A celebrated French natural- 
 ist, the founder of the science of comparative 
 anatomy. He was educated at the gymnasium at Mont- 
 beliard and the Academia Carolina at Stuttgart ; was tu- 
 tor in the family of the Comte d’Hericy 1788-94 ; became 
 assistant professor of comparative anatomy at the Mus§e 
 d’Histoire Naturelle in 1795, member of the National In- 
 stitute in 1795, professor of natural history in the College 
 de France in 1800, perpetual secretary of the Academy of 
 Sciences in 1803, and councilor of the Imperial University 
 in 1808; was appointed councilor of state by Napoleon in 
 1814; was admitted to the French Academy in 1818 ; was 
 president of the Committee of the Interior 1819-32; received 
 the title of baron in 1820 ; was appointed superintendent 
 of the Faculty of Protestant Theology in 1822; was made 
 grand officer of the Legion of Honor in 1826; and was cre- 
 ated a peer of France in 1831. His chief works are “ Le 
 rtgne animal” (“TheAnimal Kingdom,” 1817), “Anatomie 
 comparte ” (1800-05), “ Recherches sur les ossements fos- 
 siles ” (1812), “ Histoire naturelle des poissons,” conjointly 
 with Valenciennes (1828-49). Cuvier was a persistent 
 opponent of the evolutionary doctrines advanced by 
 Lamarck and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. 
 
 Cuxhaven.or Kuxhaven (kuks-ha'vn ; G. pron. 
 koks'ha-fen). A seaport in the state of Ham- 
 burg, Germany, situated at the mouth of the 
 Elbe 57 miles northwest of Hamburg, it is now 
 united with Ritzebiittel. It is a sea-bathing resort, and 
 contains a castle. Population, 11,145. 
 
 Cuyab4 (kwe-ya-ba'), or Cuiabd. 1. A river 
 in western Brazil which joins the Paraguay, 
 through the Sao Louren^o, about lat. 18° S. 
 It is navigable to the town of Cuyabd. — 2. The 
 capital of the province of Matto Grosso, Bra- 
 zil, situated on the river Cuyaba. Population, 
 34,393. 
 
 Cuyahoga (ki-a-ho'ga). A river in northern 
 Ohio which flows into Lake Erie at Cleveland. 
 Length, 80-90 miles. 
 
 Cuyatnunque (kwe-ya-mon'ka). [Tehua of 
 northern New Mexico, signifying ‘the village 
 of the rolling stone.’] An Indian pueblo of the 
 Tehuas, 15 miles northwest of Santa F6, on the 
 banks of the stream of Tezuque. it was aban- 
 doned in 1696, and is now a ruin. A severe engagement 
 
 299 
 
 was fought near the place, in 1694, between the Span- 
 iards and the Tehua Indians who had risen against Diego 
 de Vargas. 
 
 Cuyo (ko'yo). A region of Spanish South 
 America, situated east of the Andes, and ex- 
 tending from about lat. 23° to 35° 3' S., and 
 eastward, in parts, to long. 63° W. it was originally 
 settled from Chile, and remained a province of that cap- 
 tain-generalcy until 1776, when it was united to the new 
 viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres. The limits were never defi- 
 nitely fixed, and the name is now obsolete. 
 
 Cuyp, or Kuyp (koip), Albert. Born at Dort, 
 Netherlands, 1605 : died at Dort, 1691. A Dutch 
 landscape-painter. 
 
 Cuyp, Jakob Gerrits. Born 1575: died 1651. 
 A Dutch painter, father of Albert Cuyp. 
 
 Cuza. See Alexander John, Prince of Rumania. 
 Cuzco (koz'ko). [Quichua, ‘navel’ or ‘center,’ 
 a name first given to the city.] 1 . A department 
 of Peru. Area, 156,270 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 328,980. — 2. The capital of the above 
 department, situated in lat. 13° 31' S., long. 
 72° 5' W., about 11,380 feet above sea-level. 
 It contains a cathedral, several convents, etc. It was 
 founded, according to tradition, by Manco Capac in the 
 11th century ; was the capital of the empire of the Incas ; 
 and was noted for its Temple of the Sun (see Curican- 
 cha ) and the so-called fortress of the Incas (see Sac- 
 sahuana). It was entered by Pizarro Nov. 15, 1533, and 
 was besieged and partly burned by Manco Inca in 1536. 
 Population, est., 10,000-15,000. 
 
 Cyaxares (si-aks'a-rez). King of the Modes 
 625—584 B. C. In the cuneiform inscriptions his name 
 is Uvakshatara. He may be considered as the founder of 
 Media’s power and greatness. After repelling the hordes 
 of the Scythian invasion, he captured (608 B. c.), in alliance 
 with Nabopolassar, viceroy of Babylonia, Nineveh, and 
 destroyed the Assyrian empire. Toward the west Cyaxa- 
 res conquered Armenia, and thus extended his dominion 
 as far as the river Halys in Asia Minor. He even at- 
 tempted the conquest of Lydia on the other side of the 
 Halys, but had to desist on account of an eclipse which 
 took place during the battle (585). 
 
 Cybele (sib'e-le), or Rhea (re'ii). In Greek 
 mythology, the wife of Cronos (Saturnus), and 
 mother of the Olympian gods : hence called 
 the “Great Mother of the Gods.” The original 
 home of her worship was Phrygia (Asia Minor). Her priests 
 were called Corybantes, and her festivals were celebrated 
 with wild dances and orgiastic excesses amid the resound- 
 ing music of drums and cymbals. She was conceived as 
 traversing the mountains in a chariot drawn by lions. 
 From Asia her worship came to Greece, and during the 
 second Punic war in 264 B. c. it was introduced into Rome, 
 where the Megalesia, later also the Taurobolia and Crio- 
 bolia, were celebrated in her honor. The oak, pine, and 
 lion were sacred to her. She is usually represented en- 
 throned between lions, with a diadem on her head and a 
 small drum or cymbal, the instrument used in her rites, in 
 her hand. See also Atys. 
 
 Cyclades (sik'la-dez). [Gr. Kvk?i aSeg, from nv- 
 K/lof, a circle.] A group of islands belonging to 
 Greece, situated in the iEgean Sea : so called 
 from the belief that they formed a ring about 
 Delos. Among the better known islands are Andros, 
 Tenos, Ceos, Syros, Naxos, Paros, etc. They now form, 
 with neighboring islands, the nomarchy of Cyclades. 
 Capital, Hermopolis. Area, 923 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 130,378. 
 
 Cyclic poets, The. The authors of Greek epic 
 poems, composed between 800 B. c. and 550 B. C., 
 relating to the Trojan war and the war against 
 Thebes. See Epic cycle. Among these poems are 
 “Cypria” (“The Cyprian Lays"), “ /Ethiopia " (“The Lay 
 of /Ethiopia "), “The Sack of Troy,” “The Little Iliad," 
 “Nostoi” (“The Homeward Voyages”), “Telegonia” 
 (“The Lay of Telegonus”) (all belonging to the Trojan 
 cycle), and the “Thebais” and the “Epigoni” (belonging 
 to the Theban cycle). A few fragments of these poems 
 are extant. 
 
 Cyclops (si'klops), or Cyclopes (si-klo'pez). 
 [Gr. pi. Kl>/c/L)7ref,the round-eyed.] In Greek my- 
 thology, a race of one-eyed giants, represented 
 in the Homeric cycle of legends as Sicilian 
 shepherds. See Polyphemus. 
 
 Cydippe. See Acontius. 
 
 Cydnus (sid'nus). In ancient geography, a 
 river of Cilicia, Asia Minor, which flows into 
 the Mediterranean Sea about 12 miles south 
 of Tarsus : now called Tersus. 
 
 Cydonia (si-do'ni-a). [Gr. Kvduvla or Ktriaxwf.] 
 In ancient geography, a city on the northwest- 
 ern coast of Crete, near the site of the modern 
 Canea (which see). 
 
 Cygnus (sig'nus). [L.,‘ the Swan.’] An ancient 
 northern constellation representing a bird 
 called a swan by Ovid and others, and now 
 always so considered. 
 
 Cymbeline (sim'be-lin). A drama by Shak- 
 spere, produced probably about 1609 or 1610 : so 
 called from one of the chief characters, a semi- 
 mythical king (Cunobeline) in Britain. Part of 
 the play was no doubt derived from Holinshed ; the part 
 relating to Iacliimo is in Boccaccio’s “Decameron.” It 
 was first published in the folio of 1623. Garrick pro- 
 duced his alteration in 1762. 
 
 Cymocles. See Pyrocles. 
 
 Cynthus 
 
 Oymry, or Kymry (kim'ri). [W. Cymry, pi. of 
 Cymro, a Welshman; cf. Cymru, ML. Cambria, 
 Wales. The origin of the name is unknown: 
 some connect it with W. cymmer, a confluence 
 of waters; cf. aber, invcr-. J The name given 
 to themselves by the Welsh. in it h wider applica- 
 tion the term is often applied to that division of the Celtic 
 race which is more near ly akin with the Welsh, including 
 also the Cornishmen and the Bretons or Armoricans, as 
 distinguished from the Gadhelic division. Also written 
 Cyrnri, Cwinry. 
 
 Cynsegirus (sin-e-ji'rus). [Gr. Kvvaiyupoc.~\ An 
 Athenian soldier, brother of Aeschylus. He dis- 
 tinguished himself at the battle of Marathon 490 B. c., in 
 which, according to Homer, he pursued the Persians to 
 the sea, and, having seized one of their triremes to pre- 
 vent its putting otf, fell with his right hand severed. 
 Later writers add that, having lost both his hands, he 
 seized the vessel with his teeth. 
 
 Cynewulf (kin'e-wulf). Lived probably in 
 the 8th century A. D. A Northumbrian (?) poet. 
 He was a scop or bard, but there is no evidence that he 
 was a priest. He was the author of “Elene,” “Juliana,” 
 “Crist 1 ’ (?), “Riddles” (?), perhaps of “PhceDix,” “Guth- 
 lac"; and the reputed author of the “Wanderer,” etc. Even 
 “Beowolf ” has been credited to him. 
 
 Cynewulf the poet was unknown until the runes were 
 read by which he had worked his name into his poem of 
 “ Elene.” Those runes were first read in the year 1840 by 
 two independent workers — by Jacob Grimm in his edition 
 of “Andreas "and “ Elene,” and by John Mitchell Kemble 
 in his essay upon Anglo-Saxon Runes, published that year 
 in the " Ai-chseologia. ” Each discoverer of the name en- 
 deavored to find who Cynewulf was, and when he lived. 
 Grimm placed him in the 8th century. Kemble' placed 
 him in the end of the 10th century and the beginning of 
 the 11th, by suggesting that he was the Cynewulf who was 
 Abbot of Peterborough between the years 992 and 1006, 
 who succeeded Aelfeage as Bishop of Winchester in the 
 year 1006. Harley, English Writers, II. 206. 
 
 Cynics (sin'iks). [See Cynosarges.'] A sect of 
 Greek philosophers founded by Antisthenes 
 of Athens (born about 444 B. c.), who sought 
 to develop the ethical teachings of Socrates, 
 whose pupil he was. The chief doctrines of the Cynics 
 were that virtue is the only good, that the essence of vir- 
 tue is self-control, and that pleasure is an evil if sought 
 for its own sake. They were accordingly characterized 
 by an ostentatious contempt of riches, art, science, and 
 amusements. The most famous Cynic was Diogenes of 
 Sinope, a pupil of Antisthenes, who carried the doctrines 
 of the school to an extreme and ridiculous asceticism, and 
 is improbably said to have slept in a tub which he carried 
 about with him. 
 
 Cynosarges (si-no-siir'jez). A gymnasium of 
 very early foundation in ancient Athens, com- 
 bined with a sanctuary of Hercules, and pos- 
 sessing a grove. The philosopher Antisthenes taught 
 here, and his school was hence called the Cynic. The 
 Cynosarges lay somewhat high up on the southern slope 
 of Lycabettus ; its site is now occupied by the Monastery 
 of the AsomatOn and the British and American schools of 
 archaeology. 
 
 Cynoscephalse (sin-os-sef 'a-le). [Gr. Kwoc 
 K&jiaAai, dog’s heads.] Heights in Thessaly, 
 Greece, 10-20 miles southeast of Larissa. Here, 
 
 364 B. C., the Thebans under Pelopidas defeated Alexander 
 of Phene ; and in 197 B. C. the Romans under Flamininus 
 defeated Philip V. of Macedon. 
 
 Cynosura (si-no-su'rii). [Gr. Kvvoaovpa, dog’s 
 tail.] 1. In Greek mythology, a nymph of 
 Ida, and nurse of Zeus, metamorphosed into 
 the constellation Ursa Minor. — 2. The con- 
 stellation of the Little Bear, containing the 
 star which is now, but was not then, the pole- 
 star (which forms the tip of the tail), and thus 
 often the object to which the eyes of mariners 
 were directed. 
 
 Cynthia (sin'thi-ii). 1. One of the names of 
 Artemis or Diana, the moon-goddess, derived 
 from Mount Cynthus in Delos, her birthplace. 
 The name is given in Spenser’s “Colin Clout ’s Come Home 
 Again " and in Fletcher s “ Purple Island ” to a sort of 
 personification of Queen Elizabeth. Raleigh also sang 
 her praises as Cynthia in his poem of that name, of which 
 we have only a few books. Ben Jonson, under the same 
 name, flatters her in “Cynthia’s Revels.” 
 
 2. In Congreve’s “Double Dealer,” a flippant 
 fine lady, the daughter of Lord and Lady Pli- 
 ant, in love with Mellefont. 
 
 Cynthiana (sin-thi-a'na). The county-seat of 
 Harrison County, Kentucky, situated on the 
 South Licking River 48 miles south of Cincin- 
 nati. It was the scene of engagements in Morgan’s raids 
 in 1862 and 1864. Population, 3,603, (1910). 
 
 Cynthia’s Revels, or The Fountain of Self- 
 Love. A “comicall satyre” by Ben Jonson, 
 acted by the Children of the Queen’s Chapel in 
 1600. It was printed in quarto in 1601 (Bullen), 
 in folio in 1616, the latter with large additions. 
 Cynthius (sin'thi-us). An epithet of Apollo, 
 the sun-god, as the moon-goddess is called 
 Cynthia. 
 
 Cynthus (sin'thus). In ancient geography, a 
 mountain in Delos, from which are derived 
 Cynthia and Cynthius, the surnames, respec- 
 tively, of Artemis and Apollo. 
 
Cynuria 
 
 Cynuria (sl-nu'ri-a). [Gr. Kvvovpca.] In ancient 
 geography, a district in the eastern part of the 
 Peloponnesus, situated on the Gulf of Argolis. 
 It probably corresponded to the region near the 
 modern Astros. 
 
 Cynuria, or Cynosuria, as it is called by Thucydides (iv. 
 66 and v. 41), was the border territory between Sparta and 
 Argos upon the coast. It was a small tract consisting of 
 a single valley (that of Luka) and of the adjoining hills ; 
 but it was of great importance, as commanding the passes 
 which formed the natural communication between the 
 two countries. Hence it was for so long a time an object 
 of contention between them. Rome finally adjudged it to 
 Argolis. Rawlinson, Herod., IV. 313, note. 
 
 Cyparissus (sip-a-ris'us). [Gr. Vv-apioaoc.^ In 
 Greek mythology, a youth, a son of Telephus. 
 He accidentally killed his favorite stag, and was so over- 
 come with gr ief that Apollo metamorphosed him into a 
 cypress. 
 
 Cypria (sip'ri-a), or Cyprian Lays (sip'ri-an 
 laz). One of the poems of the Trojan cycle, 
 anciently attributed to Homer, and later to 
 Stasinus, or Hegesias, or Hegesinus : so named 
 either from the home of the author (Cyprus), or 
 because it celebrated the Cyprian Aphrodite. 
 It served as an introduction to the Iliad, relating the 
 first nine years of the siege of Troy. 
 
 Cyprian (sip'ri-an), Saint (Thascius Cascilius 
 Cyprianus). [L. Cyprianus, of Cyprus.] Be- 
 headed at Carthage, Sept. 14, 258. An ecclesi- 
 astic and martyr of the African Church, elected 
 bishop of Carthage in 248. He was converted to 
 Christianity at an advanced age. His festival was origi- 
 nally kept on Holy Cross Day, and was transferred to Sept. 
 16. The present English calendar gives him Sept. 20, 
 which was at one time also given to another Saint Cyprian 
 of Antioch, the magician. 
 
 Cyprus (si'prus). [Gr. K virpos, F. Chypre, G. 
 Cypern, It. Cipro, Turk. Kibris.~\ One of the 
 largest islands of the Mediterranean, situated 
 in its eastern corner, south of Cilicia, with the 
 range of the Lebanon on the east and that of 
 Taurus on the north. Its name is supposed to be de- 
 rived from its rich mines of copper (Gr. xvnpos). It was 
 celebrated in antiquity as the birthplace and favorite 
 abode of Aphrodite, and was famous for its beauty and 
 wealth, but also for its licentiousness. It was early settled 
 by Phenicians, who were followed by Greeks. Its princi- 
 pal cities were Paphos on the western coast (a center of the 
 cult of Aphrodite), Salamis on the eastern, Cition on the 
 southeastern, and Amathus on the southern. In the center 
 of the island were the Phenician mining cities Tamassus 
 and Idalium, with the celebrated grove of Aphrodite. For 
 a time Cyprus was tributary to Assyria. Its name in the 
 cuneiform inscriptions is Yatnan, and Sargon (722-705 B. c.) 
 relates that seven kings from this island (probably the 
 chiefs of the Phenician colonies) brought him costly gifts 
 and “kissed his feet," i. e. acknowledged his sovereignty. 
 He in turn presented them with a marble stele containing 
 a full-length sculptured portrait of himself, and an inscrip- 
 tion commemorating his principal deeds. This monument 
 was found in 1846, well preserved, near T.arnaka (the an- 
 cient Cition), and is at present in the Royal Museum of 
 Berlin. Cyprus was in succession subject to Persia, Mace- 
 don, and Egypt, and in 67 B. c. became a Roman province. 
 In the middle ages it belonged alternately to the Byzantine 
 empire and the Saracens, and from 1192 formed a kingdom 
 ruled by the house of Lusignan. In 1489 Caterina Cornaro 
 transferred the sovereignty to Venice. In 1571 it was taken 
 by the Turks. Cyprusisadministered by England, according 
 to ? convention between Turkey and England in 1878. Its 
 chief officer is a high commissioner, and there is partial 
 self-government. Capital, Nicosia. Area, 3,584 square 
 miles. Population, 237,022. In 1869 Lang discovered a bilin- 
 gual inscription, in Cypriote and Phenician writing, which 
 supplied thekey to the ancientCypriote alphabet. Opinions 
 on the source and origin of this ancient alphabet, which is 
 syllabic, are divided. Dr. Deeke, for instance, derives it 
 from the Assyro-Babylonian cuneiform alphabet, which is 
 also syllabic; while ProfessorSayce, followed by \V. Wright, 
 would see its ultimate source in the supposed Hittite hie- 
 roglyphic inscriptions found throughout Asia Minor. (See 
 Hitiites.) Cyprus is frequently mentioned in the New 
 Testament (Acts iv. 36, xiii. 4), and is often referred to in 
 the Old Testament by the name of Chittim (which see). A 
 large number of antiquities were unearthed there by Gen- 
 eral di Cesnola, which are now in the Metropolitan Mu- 
 seum, New York. His explorations have been the subject 
 of much discussion and skepticism. 
 
 Cypselus (sip'se-lus). [Gr. Khpe/.or.^ A tyrant 
 of Corinth about 655-625 b. c. 
 
 Cyrenaica (sir-e-na'i-kfi), or Pentapolis (pen- 
 tap'o-lis). In ancient geography, a country in 
 northern Africa, lying between the Mediterra- 
 nean on the north, Marmarica on the east, 
 the desert on the south, and Syrtis Major on the 
 west. It corresponded nearly to the modern Barca, and 
 was noted for its fertility. It was settled by Therians 
 about 631 B. 0 . ; was subject to Egypt from 321 B. C. ; formed 
 with Crete a Roman province in 67 B. c. ; and was ruined by 
 invasions of Persians and Saracens in the 7th century A. p. 
 
 Cyrenaics (si-re-na'iks). [From K vpgpy, Cy- 
 rene.] A school of Greek hedonistic philoso- 
 phers, founded by Aristippus of Cvrene, a dis- 
 ciple of Socrates. 
 
 Cyrene (si-re'ne). [Gr. Kr/w/iv?.] In Greek my- 
 thology, a nymph, mother of Aristreus. 
 
 Cyrene. [Gr. K vpyvr).'] In ancient geography, 
 the principal city of Cyrenaica, situated about 
 10 miles from the Mediterranean, in lat. 32° 45' 
 
 300 
 
 N., long. 21° 50' E. It was founded by Therians, 
 under Battus, about 631 B. c. (see Cyrenaica), and was a 
 seat of Greek learning and culture. The modern Ghrennah, 
 on its site, contains many antiquities. It was the birth- 
 place of Aristippus, Eratosthenes, and other celebrated 
 men. 
 
 Cyril (sir'il), Saint, of Alexandria. [L. Cyril- 
 lus, Gr. K hpiA/Mc, lordly.] Born at Alexandria : 
 died at Alexandria, J une, 444. An ecclesiastic 
 and theologian. He succeeded his uncle Theophilus 
 as archbishop of Alexandria in 412. Animated by an in- 
 temperate zeal for the cause of orthodoxy, he despoiled 
 the Novatians of their church property, and expelled the 
 Jews from the city. He is said to have instigated his 
 monks to murder the pagan philosopher Hypatia (415 ?). 
 He began in 428 to oppose the doctrines of Nestorius, and 
 in 431 presided over the Council of Ephesus, at which 
 Nestorius was condemned as a heretic. His works, chiefly 
 controversial, were edited by Aubert in 1638. He is com- 
 memorated as a saint in the Greek, Roman, and Anglican 
 churches on Jan. 28. 
 
 Cyril, Saint, of Jerusalem. Born at or near Jeru- 
 salem about 315 : died about 386. An ecclesiastic 
 and orthodox controversialist . He succeeded Maxi- 
 mus as bishop of Jerusalem in 360. He carried on a contro- 
 versy with Acacius, an Arian bishop of Caesarea, who pro- 
 cured his deposition in 367. After various changes of 
 fortune, he was finally restored in 381. His works, which 
 consist chiefly of catechetical lectures, were edited by 
 Touttde in 1720. 
 
 Cyril, Saint (or Constantine). Born at Thes- 
 salonica about 820 : died Feb. 14, 869 (?). A 
 scholar and prelate, surnamed “the Apostle 
 of the Slavs.” He engaged with his brother Methodius 
 in missionary labors among the Moravians, Bulgarians, 
 and other Slavic nations. He introduced the “ Cyrillic ” 
 alphabet into the Old Slavic language. 
 
 Cyril Lucar (Cyrillus Lucaris). Born in 
 Crete, 1572 : strangled at Constantinople, 1638. 
 A reforming prelate of the Greek Church. He 
 became patriarch of Constantinople in 1621, and sent the 
 “Codex Alexandrinus ” to England in 1628. 
 
 Cyropaedia (sUro-pe-di'a), The. [Gr. K vpov 
 ■jraideia, the education of Cyrus.] A work of 
 Xenophon, in eight books, describing the edu- 
 cation of Cyrus, the founder of the Persian 
 empire, his great deeds, and his dying advice to 
 his sons and ministers. 
 
 Education of Cyrus [Cyropsedia], a very diffuse polit- 
 ical novel, in which he sets forth his ideal picture as a 
 biography of the older and greater Cyrus, in opposition to 
 the dreams of Plato and other theoretical politicians of 
 the day. This work, which is the longest and most am- 
 bitious of Xenophon’s writings, but consequently the most 
 tedious and the least read, seems to be our earliest speci- 
 men of a romance in Greek prose literature. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., II. 280. 
 
 Cyrrhestica (si-res'ti-ka). In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a region in northern Syria, west of the 
 Euphrates and south of Commagene. 
 
 Cyrus (sl'rus). [Gr. Kvpor ; in the Old Testa- 
 ment Korcsit ; in the cuneiform inscriptions 
 Kurash, Kurshu; OPers. Euros.'] Died 529 B. c. 
 The founder of the Persian empire, called 
 “The Great.” His birth and early youth are sur- 
 rounded by myths and legends (see Mandane ). The in- 
 formation obtained from the inscriptions, among them a 
 cylinder of Cyrus himself discovered in the ruins of Baby- 
 lon and Sepharvaim (Sippara), combined with the accounl s 
 of the Greek historians (Herodotus, Xenophon, and Ctesi- 
 phon), may be summarized as follows : He calls himself 
 on his cylinder son of Cambyses, grandson of Cyrus and 
 great-grandson of Shishpish (Theispes), “Kings of An- 
 shan.” Aushan is evidently identical with Anzan, the plain 
 of Susa, and stands for Elam, which was conquered by 
 Theispes, the son of Achsemenes, founder of the dynasty. 
 In 54 J Cyrus, after conquering Ecbatana, dethroned Asty- 
 ages, king of Media, and united Media with Persia. He 
 then directed his arms against the Lydian kingdom of 
 Croesus (who made an offensive and defensive alliance 
 with Nabonidus, king of Babylonia, and Amasis, king of 
 Egypt), defeated him, and captured the capital Sardis. 
 The ensuing years Cyrus used for consolidating his power 
 in the conquered countries. In 638 he marched with a 
 great army into Babylonia. Sepharvaim (Sippara) was 
 captured without fighting; Nabonidus, who defended it, 
 fled; and two days afterward Babylon itself, which was 
 held by Nabonidus’s son Belshazzar, fell into the hands of 
 the conqueror, likewise “without battle and tight," as he 
 records. According to Eusebius, Nabonidus after the fall 
 of Babylon fortified himself in Borsippa; the city was be- 
 sieged by Cyrus; and after it had capitulated he treated it 
 and Nabonidus himself with mercy, allowing the latter to 
 make his residence in Carmania. It is certain that he 
 showed great generosity and consideration to the con- 
 quered capital (Babylon), sparing its inhabitants and their 
 religious feelings : he even represented himself as having 
 been called by Merodach (Marduk), the god of the city, to 
 avenge his neglect at the hands of the preceding kings. 
 Cyrus’s attitude to the Jewish exiles in Babylonia is known 
 from the Old Testament (Ezra i.). He permitted them to 
 return to their own country, rebuild Jerusalem, and re- 
 store the temple, and even returned to them the vessels 
 of the temple which were carried away by Nebuchadnez- 
 zar. His death, like his birth, is somewhat shrouded in 
 legend. The most common view is that he fell in battle 
 with the Messagetes on the river Jaxartes. 
 
 There is much reason to believe that the tomb of Cyrus 
 still exists at Murg-Aub, the ancient Pasargadae. On a 
 square base, composed of immense blocks of beautiful 
 white marble, rising in steps, stands a structure so closely 
 resembling the description of Arrian, that it seems scarcely 
 
 Czechs 
 
 possible to doubt its being the tomb which in Alexander’s 
 time contained the body of Cyrus. It is a quadrangular 
 house, or rather chamber, built of huge blocks of marble, 
 5 feet thick, which are shaped at the top into a sloping 
 roof. Internally the chamber is 10 feet long, 7 wide, and 
 8 high. There are holes in the marble floor, which seem 
 to have admitted the fastenings of a sarcophagus. The 
 tomb stands in an area marked out by pillars, whereon 
 occurs repeatedly the inscription (written both in Persian 
 and in the so-called Median), “I am Cyrus the king, the 
 Achsemenian.” Rawlinson, Herod., I. 333, note. 
 
 Cyrus, surnamed “ The Younger.” Died40lB. c. 
 Son of Darius Notkus, king of Persia, and Pa- 
 rysatis. He sought to overthrow his brother Artaxerxes, 
 attacked him with the aid of the ten thousand Greeks (see 
 Anabasis), and perished on the battle-field of Cunaxa. 
 
 Cyrus, Le Repos de. See Repos. 
 
 Cyrus, Les Voyages de. See Voyages. 
 Cytherea (sitli-e-re'a), or Cythera (si-the'ra). 
 [Gr. Kvdepeia, KvOr/pr/, from Kvdypa, Cythera.] 
 In classical mythology, surnames of Aphrodite, 
 from the island of Cythera, or from Cythera in 
 Crete. 
 
 Cythna (sitk'na). A character in Shelley’s 
 
 d ioem “The Revolt of Islam.” 
 yzicus (siz'i-kus), or Cyzicum (-kum). [Gr. 
 K£)f«of.] In ancient geography, the peninsula 
 projecting from Mysia, Asia Minor, into the 
 Sea of Marmora ; also, the Greek town on its 
 isthmus. Among its ruins are : (a) A Roman amphi- 
 theater of the 2d century A. V. The ruins still rise to a 
 height of 65 feet, built of rubble faced with rusticated 
 masonry in granite. There are 32 arched entrances in the 
 lower story) The longer axis of the ellipse is 325 feet. 
 ( b ) A temple of Hadrian, dedicated A. D. 167, and greatly 
 admired in antiquity. It was a Corinthian peripteros of 
 6 by 15 columns, of white marble. The cella was small, 
 without pronaos or opisthodomos ; there were 4 interior 
 rows of columns in front, and 2 behind. The temple 
 measured 112 by 301 feet; the cella 70 by 140. The col- 
 umns were 7 feet in base-diameter and 70 high (the high- 
 est of any classical temple). The pediments and the cella 
 were richly adorned, (c) An ancient theater, apparently 
 contemporaneous with the amphitheater, in part built up 
 of rough masonry and faced with marble. The diameter 
 is 328 feet. 
 
 Czacki (chats'ke), Tadeusz. Born at Poryck, 
 Volkynia, Poland, Aug. 28, 1765: died at Dubno, 
 Volkynia, Feb. 8, 1813. A Polish writer, and 
 promoter of education in Poland. His chief 
 work is one on the laws of Lithuania and Po- 
 land (1800). 
 
 Czajkowski (ehl-kov'ske), Michal. Born 
 1808 : died 1886. A Polish novelist, and gen- 
 eral in the Turkish service. His works include 
 “Wernyhora” (1838), and other novels of 
 Ukranian and Cossack life. 
 
 Czarniecki (charn-yets'ke), or Czarneeki, 
 Stefan. Born in Poland, 1599 : died at Soko- 
 lowka, Volkynia, Poland, 1665. A Polish gen- 
 eral, distinguished in the war against the 
 Swedes 1655-58, and in that against the Rus- 
 sians and Cossacks 1660-65. 
 
 Czars of Russia, The. The first independent 
 Russian prince to assume the title of czar was 
 Ivan IV., “the Terrible,” who was crowned 
 Czar of Moscow in 1547. The following rulers of 
 Russia have borne the title czar or czarina: Ivan IV., 
 1533-84 ; Feodor I., 1584-98 ; Boris, 1598-1605 ; Basil, 1606- 
 1613 ; Michael (Romanoff), 1613-45 ; Alexis, 1645-76 ; Feo- 
 dor, 1676-82 ; Ivan V. and Peter I., 1682-89 ; Peter I., 1689- 
 1725; Catharine I., 1725-27; Peter II., 1727-30; Anne, 
 1730-40; Ivan VI., 1740-41; Elizabeth, 1741-62; Peter 
 III., Catharine II.. 1762-96; Paul I., 1796-1801; Alexan- 
 der I., 1801-25; Nicholas I., 1825-56; Alexander II., 1855- 
 1881 ; Alexander III., 1881-94 ; Nicholas II., 1894-. 
 Czartoryski (cliar-to-ris'ke), Prince Adam 
 Casimir. Born about 1734 : died at Sieniawa, 
 Galicia, Austria, March 19, 1823. A Polish 
 politician and general, a candidate for the 
 Polish throne in 1763. 
 
 Czartoryski, Prince Adam George. Born at 
 Warsaw, Jan. 14, 1770: died at Montfermeil, 
 near Paris, July 15, 1861. A Polish general 
 and politician, son of A. C. Czartoryski. He was 
 in the Russian ministry of foreign affairs 1802-05, and was 
 president of the Polish provisional government in 1830, 
 and of the national government in 1831. 
 
 Czartoryski, Princess Isabella (Countess of 
 Flemming). Born at Warsaw about 1746: 
 died at Wysoek, Galicia, Austria, June 17, 
 1835. A Polish writer and patriot, wife of A. 
 C. Czartoryski. 
 
 Czaslau (chas'lou). A town in Bohemia, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, situated 44 miles southeast of 
 Prague. For battle of Czaslau, see Cliotusitz. 
 Czechs (checks or cheks). [Also written Csech, 
 Tsech, Tschech (prop., according to the orig., 
 *Chekh), from Boliem. (Czech) Chekh (the first 
 letter being ch (also written 6), pron. ch, and the 
 last kh, pron. ch) = Russ. Chckhu = Slov. Cheh 
 = Upper Sorbian Chekli, Lower Serbian Tsekli 
 (whence Hung. Cseli), a Czech.] The members 
 of the most westerly branch of the great Slavic 
 family of races, the term including the Bohe- 
 
Czechs 
 
 mians, or Czechs proper, the Moravians, and the 
 Slovaks. They number nearly 7,000,000, and 
 live chiefly in Bohemia, Moravia, and northern 
 Hungary. 
 
 Czegled (tse'glad). A town in the county of 
 Pest, Hungary, 43 miles southeast of Buda- 
 pest. Population, 30,106. 
 
 Czelakowski, or Celakovsky ( che-la-kov'ske), 
 Frantisek Ladislav. Born at St.rakonitz, Bo- 
 hemia, March 7, 1799 : died at Prague, Aug. 5, 
 1852. A Bohemian poet and philologist. He 
 published “Centifolia” (1840), collection of 
 Slavic folk-songs (1822-27), etc. 
 Czenstochowa (chens - to - cho 'va). [Russ. 
 
 Tschenstochoiv, G. Czenstocliau.'] A town in 
 the government of Piotrkow, Poland, situated 
 on the Warta in lat. 50° 50' N., long. 19° 5' E. 
 
 It has a noted monastery. It was successfully defended 
 against the Swedes in 1655. Population, 55,400. 
 
 301 
 
 Czermak (cher'mak), Jaroslaw. Born at 
 Prague, Bohemia, Aug. 1, 1831 : died at Paris, 
 April 23, 1878. A Bohemian historical painter, 
 brother of J. N. Czermak. His best-known 
 works are paintings of life in Montenegro and 
 Herzegovina. 
 
 Czermak, J ohann Nepomuk. Born at Prague, 
 Bohemia, June 17, 1828: died at Leipsic, Sept. 
 16, 1873. A noted Bohemian physiologist. He 
 introduced the use of the laryngoscope. 
 Czernowitz (cher ' no - vits), or Czernowice 
 (cher-no-vit'se). The capital of Bukowina, 
 Austria-Hungary, situated on the Pruth, in lat. 
 48° 17' N., long. 25° 57' E. It has considerable 
 trade and manufactures, and contains a university, archi- 
 episcopal palace, and Greek cathedral. Population, 86,870, 
 (1910). 
 
 Czerny (cher'ne), George, or Kara George 
 (“Black George”), originally George Petro- 
 
 Czuczor 
 
 vitch. Born in Servia about 1776 : murdered 
 near Semendria, Servia, July, 1817. The Ser- 
 vian leader in the rising against the Turks 
 1804 : driven from Servia in 1813. 
 
 Czerny, Karl. Born at Vienna, Feb. 21, 1791 : 
 died at Vienna, July 15, 1857. An Austrian 
 pianist and composer. 
 
 CzolgOSZ (chul'gosh), Leon F. Born at Detroit 
 in 1873: executed at Auburn, N. Y., Oct. 29, 
 1901. An American assassin, of Polish origin. 
 Influenced by anarchistic teaching, he shot President 
 McKinley in the Temple of Music of the Pan-American 
 Exposition at Buffalo, N. Y., Sept. 6, 1901. 
 
 Czuczor (tso'tsor), Gergely. Born at And6d, 
 Neutra, Hungary, Dec. 17, 1800: died at Pest, 
 Sept. 9, 1866. A Hungarian poet and lexicog- 
 rapher. His best-known poems are “Battle 
 of Augsburg” (1824), and “Diet of Arad” 
 (1828). 
 
abaiba (da-bi'ba), or Dabay- 
 be (da-bi'ba), or Davaive 
 (dii-vi'va), or Abibe (a-be'- 
 be). A name given in the 
 early part of the 16th century 
 to a region south of the Isth- 
 mus of Panama, somewhere 
 in the vicinity of the Atrato 
 River. It was probably the appel- 
 lation of a chief, or his title, transferred by the Spaniards 
 to the territory over which he ruled. According to re- 
 ports Dabaiba contained a temple lined with gold, where 
 human sacrifices were made. Balboa vainly searched for 
 this temple in 1512 and 1515, and it was long an object 
 of the Spanish expeditions. 
 
 Dabbat (dab'bat). [Ar. ddbbatu ’l-ard, the rep- 
 tile of the earth.] In Mohammedan belief, “a 
 monster who shall arise in the last day, and 
 shall cry unto the people of the earth that man- 
 kind have not believed in the revelations of 
 God.” According to the traditions he will be the third 
 sign of the coming resurrection, and will come forth from 
 the mountain of Sufah. Hughes, Diet, of Islam. 
 
 Dabih ( da/be). [Ar. sa' d-al-ddbih, the slayer’s 
 lucky star: “Fortuna mactantis” of Ulugh 
 Beigh.] The third-magnitude star fi Capri- 
 corni. Originally the Arabs applied the name 
 to the two stars a and /?. 
 
 Dablon (da-bloh'), Claude. Born at Dieppe, 
 France, 1618: died at Quebec, Sept. 20, 1697. 
 A French Jesuit missionary. He arrived in New 
 France in 1655, accompanied Druillettes in 1661, was with 
 Marquette on Lake Superior in 1668, and was appointed 
 superior of the missions of the Upper Lakes in 1670. He 
 edited the “ Relation ” of 1671-72, and compiled an ac- 
 count of Marquette’s journey (published in the “Discov- 
 ery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley,” by John 
 Gilmary Shea, 1853). 
 
 Dacca (dak'a), or Dhaka (dha'ka). 1. A divi- 
 sion in Eastern Bengal and Assam, British 
 India. Area, 15,937 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 10,793,988. — 2. A district in the above 
 division. Area, 2,782 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 2,649,522. — 3. The capital of the district 
 of Dacca, situated on the river Buriganga in 
 lat. 23° 43' N., long. 90° 24 ' E. It was formerly 
 of great importance, being for many years the chief city of 
 Bengal. It was noted for its muslin. Population, 90,542. 
 
 Dachstein (dach'stin). One of the chief peaks 
 of the North Limestone Alps, in the Salzkam- 
 mergut, Austria-Hungary, about 18 miles south 
 of Ischl. Height, 9,830 feet. It is one of the 
 highest peaks of this group. 
 
 Dacia (da'shi-a). [L. Dacia, Gr. Aania; from 
 Dad, Gr. A anoi, Aanoi, Adoc, the inhabitants.] 
 
 1. A province of the Roman Empire, lying 
 between the Carpathian Mountains on the 
 north, the Theiss on the west, the Danube 
 on the south, and the Dniester on the east. 
 It corresponded to modern Rumania, Transylvania, part 
 of Hungary, and perhaps also Bukowina. The inhabi- 
 tants were the Geta; or Daci. It was invaded by Alex- 
 ander the Great in 335 B. C. , by Lysimachus about 292 
 B. c., and its people defeated the generals of Domitian 
 81-96 A. D. It was conquered by Trajan in 101 and suc- 
 ceeding years, and made a Roman province. It was aban- 
 doned by the B,omans in the reign of Aurelian, 270-275. 
 
 Trajan now formed the lands between the Theiss and the 
 Danube, the Dniester and the Carpathian Mountains, into 
 the Roman province of Dacia. The last province to be 
 won was the first to be given up ; for Aurelian withdrew 
 from it, and transferred its name to the Moesian land im- 
 mediately south of the Danube. 
 
 Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 70. 
 
 Cut off, as it has been for so many ages, from all Roman 
 influences, forming, as it has done, one of the great high- 
 ways of barbarian migration, a large part of Dacia, namely 
 the modern Rouman principality, still keeps its Roman 
 language no less than Spain and Gaul. In one way the 
 land is to this day more Roman than Spain or Gaul, as its 
 people still call themselves by the Roman name. 
 
 Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 71. 
 
 2. A diocese in the northern part of the later 
 Roman prefecture of Ulyrieum (Servia and 
 western Bulgaria). 
 
 Dacier (dii-sya'), Andre. Born at Castres, 
 France, April 6, 1651: died at Paris, Sept. 18, 
 1722 A French classical scholar and acade- 
 mician. He translated (for the use of the 
 Dauphin) Valerius Flaccus, Horace, Epicte- 
 tus, Aristotle’s “Poetics,” etc. 
 
 Dacier, Madame (Anne Tanneguy-Lefevre). 
 
 Born at Saumur, France, March, 1654 : died at 
 Paris, Aug. 17, 1720. A French classical scholar, 
 wife of Andre Dacier. She translated the Iliad. 
 (1699), the Odyssey (1708), and other Greek 
 and Latin classics. 
 
 Da Costa (da kos'ta), Izaak. Born at Am- 
 sterdam, Jan. 14, 1798: died at Leyden, Neth- 
 erlands, April 28, 1860. A Dutch poet and 
 Protestant theologian. His works include “ Prome- 
 theus ” (1820), “ Poezii ” (1821-22), “ Feestliederen ” (1828), 
 “Bagar” (1840), and various historical and theological 
 treatises. 
 
 Dacota. See Dakota. 
 
 Dacre, Lord. See Fiennes. 
 
 Dacres (da'kerz), Sir Richard James. Born 
 1799 : died at Brighton, England, Dec. 6, 1886. 
 A British field-marshal. He served in the Crimean 
 war, commanding the royal horse-artillery at the battle 
 of the Alma, and the artillery at the battle of Balaklava. 
 
 Dacres, Sir Sidney Colpoys. Born at Totnes, 
 Devon, Jan. 9, 1805: died at Brighton, March 
 8, 1884. A British admiral. He entered the navy 
 in 1817 ; became a captain in 1840 ; commanded the Sans 
 Pared in the operations before Sebastopol, including the 
 bombardment of Oct. 17, 1854; was placed in charge of 
 the port of Balaklava Oct. 27, 1854; and was appointed 
 captain of the fleet in the Mediterranean in 1859, com- 
 mander-in-chief in the Channel in 1863, first sea lord in 
 1868, and admiral in 1870. 
 
 Dactyls (dak'tilz), or Dactyli (dak'ti-li), or 
 Daktyloi (-loi). [Gr. Ad/cnAot.] In classical 
 mythology, supernatural and magical beings 
 living on Mount Ida in Phrygia, the discover- 
 ers of iron and copper and of the art of work- 
 ing them. They were transferred, in the legends, to 
 Mount Ida in Crete, and were there identified with the 
 Curetes, Corybantes, etc. Their number, originally three, 
 was increased, in various accounts of them, to ten, and 
 even to one hundred. 
 
 Dadu. See Ramman. 
 
 D8edalus(de'da-lus or ded'a-lus). [Gr. A aiSa/iog.] 
 In Greek legend, an Athenian, son of Metion and 
 grandson of Erechtheus. He was regarded as the per- 
 sonification of all handicrafts and of art, and as such was 
 worshiped by artists' gilds in various places, especially in 
 Attica, and was a central figure in various myths. He 
 was said to have made various improvements in the fine 
 arts, including architecture, and to have invented many 
 mechanical appliances, as the ax, the awl, and the bevel. 
 For the murder of his nephew Talos, of whose inventive 
 skill he was jealous, he was driven to Crete, where he con- 
 structed the famous labyrinth, in which he, with his son 
 Icarus, was confined for furnishing the clue of it to Ari- 
 adne. (In another legend a different account of his im- 
 prisonment is given.) Escaping, he and Icarus fled over 
 sea on wings of wax which he had made. Icarus soared 
 too near the sun, his wings melted, and he fell into the 
 sea, which was called for him the Icarian. Many archaic 
 wooden images were, in historic times, believed to be the 
 work of Daedalus. 
 
 Daegsastan, Battle of. A victory gained in 
 603 by the Northumbrian king zEtnelfrith over 
 the Scots under Aidan, near the river Tees (?). 
 Daendels (dan'dels), Herman Willem. Bom 
 at Hattem, Gelderland, Netherlands, Oct. 21, 
 1762: died on the Gold Coast, Africa, May 2, 
 
 1818. A Dutch general, and governor-general 
 of the Dutch East Indies 1808-11. He took part 
 in the revolutionary agitation in the Netherlands in 1787, 
 and was obliged to seek refuge in France. In 1793 he 
 aided Dumouriez in the expedition against Holland, as 
 colonel of a body of foreign volunteers; and in 1794 served 
 with Pichegru as general of brigade. After this campaign 
 he entered the service of the Batavian Republic as lieu- 
 tenant-general, and in 1799 commanded a division in the 
 successful resistance to the Anglo-Russian invasion. In 
 1806 he entered the service of the King of Holland, and 
 was made marshal in 1807. He served also in the Russian 
 campaign in 1812, and in 1814 was made governor of the 
 Dutch colonies on the Gold Coast. 
 
 Dafirah (da-fe'rii). [Ar. al-dafirah, the tuft of 
 hair at the end of an animal’s tail.] A rarely 
 used name for the star/3 Leonis, usually known 
 as Dcnebola. 
 
 Da Gama, Vasco. See Gama, Vasco da. 
 Daggerwood, Sylvester. See Sylvester Dag- 
 gerioood. 
 
 Daggett (dag'et), David. Born at Attlebor- 
 ough, Mass., Dec. 31, 1764: died at New Haven, 
 Conn., April 12, 1851. An American jurist, 
 United States senator from Connecticut 1813- 
 
 1819. 
 
 Daggett, Naphtali. Born at Attleborough, 
 Mass., Sept. 8, 1727 : died at New Haven, Conn., 
 Nov. 25, 1780. An American clergyman, presi- 
 dent pro tempore of Yale College 1766-67. 
 
 Daghestan (da-ges-tan'). [Turk., ‘mountain- 
 land.’] A province of the Caucasus, Russia, 
 bordering on the Caspian Sea. The chief town is 
 Derbent. It submitted to Russia in 1859, and was the 
 scene of an insurrection 1877-78. Area, 11,471 square miles. 
 Population, 626,500. 
 
 Dagnan-Bouveret (dan-yoh'bov-ra'), Pas- 
 cale Adolphe Jean. Born at Paris, Jan. 7, 
 1852. A French painter, a pupil of Gerome. 
 He obtained the second grand prix de Rome in 1876. His 
 pictures first appeared in the Salon in 1877. He has ob- 
 tained several medals, one of the first class in 1880. 
 
 Dago (da'go). [Said to be a corruption by 
 American and English sailors of the frequent 
 Sp. name Diego (== E. Jack, James, ult. LL. 
 Jacobus): applied from its frequency to the 
 whole class of Spaniards.] Originally, one 
 born of Spanish parents, especially in Loui- 
 siana: used as a proper name, and now ex- 
 tended to Spaniards, Portuguese, and Italians 
 in general. [U. S.] 
 
 Dago (da'go). An island in the Baltic, near the 
 southern entrance of the Gulf of Finland, be- 
 longing to Esthonia, Russia. 
 
 Dagobert (dag'o-bert; F. pron. da-go-bar') 
 I, Born about 602: died 638. King of the 
 Franks, son of Clotaire II., by whom he was 
 appointed king of Austrasia in 622, and whom 
 he succeeded as king of the Franks in 628. 
 He founded the abbey of St. Denis, and reduced to writ- 
 ing the customary laws of the barbarian tribes in his 
 kingdom. During his reign the empire of the Franks 
 attained a wide extent, namely, from the Weser to the 
 Pyrenees, and from the Western Ocean to the frontiers of 
 Bohemia. 
 
 Dagobert, Chanson du roi. [F., ‘ Song of King 
 Dagobert.’] A popular French song concern- 
 ing King Dagobert I. and his favorite counsel- 
 or, Saint Eloi. It was in existence before the revolu- 
 tion of 1789. It is a satirical series of couplets sung to a 
 hunting chorus, and has been modified to suit various 
 political epochs. In 1814 it became immensely popular 
 on account of the verses against Napoleon and the Rus- 
 sian campaign. It was forbidden by the police, but was 
 revived on the return of the Bourbons. Every other 
 stanza begins “Le bon roi Dagobert.” 
 
 Dagon (da'gon). A deity mentioned in the 
 Old Testament as the national god of the 
 Philistines, and as worshiped especially in Gaza 
 and Ashdod (Judges xvi. 23, and 1 Sam. v.). 
 The name is usually derived from Hebrew dag (fish), and 
 it is assumed that Dagon was depicted as half man and 
 half fish, and had his female counterpart in Derketo, who 
 was worshiped in Ashkelon (Ascalon). 1 Sam. v. 4 would 
 seem to favor this view. On the other hand, Assyro-Baby- 
 lonian mythology also knows a divinity Dagan ; but there 
 he is, etymologically at least, not connected with the 
 fish, as the Assyrian word for fish is not dag but nun : 
 the meaning of the name Dagan has not as yet been de- 
 termined. At the same time the Babylonian historian 
 Berosus gives an account of such a being, half man and 
 half fish, under the name Oannes, who in the beginning of 
 history emerged at intervals from the sea and taught the 
 Babylonians civilization. This Oannes of Berosus is iden- 
 tified by some scholars with Ea of the Assyro-Babylonian 
 pantheon, the god of the ocean ; and is conceived as a 
 human figure with the skin of a fish on his shoulders as 
 a garment, a representation of which is often met on the 
 early monuments. In Phenicia the name of the god 
 was connected with dagan, corn, and is accordingly ren- 
 dered into Greek in the fragments of Philo Byhlius by 
 <rtTos. Dagon was then considered as the god of agricul- 
 ture, a function which is also emphasized in the Oannes 
 of Berosus. 
 
 Dagonet (dag'o-net), or Daguenet (dag'e-net), 
 Sir. In Arthurian romances, the fool of King 
 Arthur, who “loved him passing well and 
 made him knight with his own hands.” He was 
 buffeted and knocked about a good deal, and is frequently 
 alluded to by the dramatists of Shakspere’s time ana 
 later. 
 
 Daguerre (dii-gar'), Louis Jacques MandA 
 
 Born at Cormeilles, Seine-et-Oise, Nov. 18, 
 1789: died at Petit-Brie-sur-Mame, July 12, 
 1851. A French painter, and inventor (with 
 Nifepce) of the daguerreotype process. He was 
 at first in the internal revenue service, then devoted him- 
 self to scene-painting, in which he attained celebrity, 
 and in 1822, with Bouton, opened the Diorama in Paris 
 
 302 
 
Daguerre 
 
 (burned 1839). In the successful study of the problem of 
 obtaining permanent pictures by the action of sunlight 
 he was anticipated by Nicdphore Niepce, who began his 
 investigations in 1814, and communicated some of his re- 
 sults to Daguerre, who was then occupied with the sub- 
 ject, in 1820: the tw'o worked together from 1829 until 
 Niepce’s death in 1833. Daguerre's perfected process was 
 communicated to the Academy of Sciences by Arago, Jan. 
 9, 1839. 
 
 D’Aguesseau. See Aguesseau. 
 
 Dahak. See Azhi Dahaka. 
 
 Dahl (dal), Conrad. Bom near Trondhjetn, 
 Norway, June 24, 1843. A Norwegian poet 
 and novelist, chaplain of the jail at Akerslius 
 since 1885. He is best known for his repre- 
 sentation of Norwegian peasant life. 
 
 Dahl, Johann Kristen Clausen. Born at 
 Bergen, Norway, Feb. 24, 1788 : died at Dres- 
 den, Oct. 14, 1857. A Norwegian landscape- 
 painter. 
 
 Dahl, Michael. Born at Stockholm, Sweden, 
 in 1656 : died at London, Oct. 20, 1743. A 
 Swedish portrait-painter. He was a pupil of the 
 Danish painter Klocker, and in 1688 settled at London, 
 where he acquired an extensive patronage among the no- 
 bility and at court. He painted the portraits of the prin- 
 cess (afterward queen) Anne and Prince George, the por- 
 trait of Charles XI. of Sweden at Windsor, and the series 
 of portraits of admirals at Hampton Court. 
 
 Dahl, Vladimir Ivanovitch: pseudonym Ko- 
 sak Luganski. Born at St. Petersburg, 1801 : 
 died at Moscow, Nov. 3, 1872. A Russian nov- 
 elist, philologist, and litterateur. He published 
 a "Dictionary of the Living Russian Tongue” 
 (1861-66), etc. 
 
 Dahlak, or Dahlac (da-lak'), or Dahalak 
 
 (da-ha-lak'). [Ar. Salej. ] A group of islands 
 in the Red Sea, off the seaport of Massowa, 
 now belonging to Italy. 
 
 Dahlbom (diil'bom), Anders Gustaf. Born at 
 Forssa, East Gothland, Sweden, March 3, 1806 : 
 died at Lund, Sweden, May 3, 1859. A Swedish 
 entomologist. His chief work is “ Hymenop- 
 tera europma prsecipue borealia” (1845). 
 
 Dahlgren (dal'gren), John Adolf. Born at 
 Philadelphia, Nov. 13, 1809: died at Washing- 
 ton, D. C., July 12, 1870. A noted American 
 rear-admiral. He became lieutenant in 1837, and was 
 assigned to ordnance duty at Washington in 1847. While 
 there he introduced important improvements in the naval 
 armament, including a gun of his own invention, which 
 bears his name. He became commander in 1855 ; made 
 in 1857 an experimental cruise with the sloop of war 
 Plymouth, to test the practicability of employing his 
 eleven-inch gun at sea ; resumed command of the ord- 
 nance department at Washington in 1858 ; was made chief 
 of the bureau of ordnance July 18, 1862; became rear- 
 admiral Feb. 7, 1863 ; and in July following was placed 
 in command of the South Atlantic blockading squadron. 
 He conducted the naval operations in Charleston harbor 
 which began July 10, 1863, and ended Sept. 7, 1863, in the 
 course of which, in cooperation with the land forces un- 
 der General Gillmore, he took Morris Island and Fort 
 Wagner, and silenced Fort Sumter, but failed to capture 
 Charleston. He led a successful expedition up the St. 
 John’s River in Feb., 1864, to aid in throwing a military 
 force into Florida, cooperated with Sherman in the cap- 
 ture of Savannah Dec. 21, and entered Charleston with 
 General Schimmelpfennig on its evacuation in Feb., 1865. 
 He published various technical works. 
 
 Dahlgren (dal'gren), Karl Fredrik. Bom at 
 Stens-Bruk, near Norrkoping, Sweden, June 
 20, 1791 : died at Stockholm, May 2, 1844. A 
 Swedish poet, novelist, and humorist. His 
 complete works were published 1847-52. 
 Dahlmann (dal'man), Friedrich Christoph. 
 Bom at Wismar, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, May 
 13, 1785 : died at Bonn, Prussia, Dec. 5, 1860. 
 A noted German historian and statesman, ap- 
 pointed professor at Kiel in 1812, at Gottingen 
 in 1829, and at Bonn in 1842. He was » member of 
 the National Assembly at Frankfort 1848-49. His works 
 include “Quellenkundederdeutschen Geschichte "(1830), 
 “Geschichte von Dan emark ’’ (1840-43), “Geschichte der 
 englischen Revolution ’’ (1844), “ Geschichte der franzo- 
 sischen Revolution ” (1845), etc. 
 
 Dahlstjerna (dal-sher'na), Gunno Eurelius. 
 
 Born at Ohr, Dalsland, Sweden, Sept. 7, 1661: 
 died in Pomerania, Sept. 7, 1709. A Swedish 
 poet. He wrote “Kungaskald” (1697), an 
 elegy on the death of Charles XL, and a poem 
 on Charles XII. and Peter the Great. 
 
 Dahn (dan), Felix. Born at Hamburg, Feb. 
 9, 1834: died at Breslau, Jan. 3, 1912. A Ger- 
 man historian and poet. He studied history and 
 jurisprudence at Munich and Berlin. In 1857 he became 
 docent in the faculty of law at the University of Munich, 
 and in 1862 was made professor. The succeeding year he 
 went in the same capacity to Wiirzburg. In 1872 he be- 
 came professor of law at the University of Konigsberg, 
 and in 1888 at Breslau. His most important works are, 
 in history, “Die Kttnige der Germanen" (“The Kings of 
 the Germans," 1861-92), “ Urgeschichte der germanischen 
 und romanischen Volker ’(“ Primitive History of the Ger- 
 manic and Romance Peoples," 1881-90); in law, “Die 
 Vernunftim Recht ’’(“Reason in Law,” 1879). A volume 
 of poems, “Gediclite," appeared in 1857, and a second 
 collection in 1873; “Balladen und Lieder" (“Ballads and 
 
 303 
 
 Songs ’’) in 1878. He was the author of several romances : 
 the principal one, “Ein Kampf um Rom ” (“ A Struggle 
 for Rome”), appeared in 1876, in four volumes; “Odhins 
 Trost” (“Odin’s Consolation”) in 1880. He wrote, also, 
 a number of dramas, among them “ Markgraf Riideger von 
 Bechelaren ’’ (1875). 
 
 Dahlia (daH'na), or Dehna (daH'na). A large 
 unexplored desert in southern central Arabia, 
 extending from Nejd to Hadramaut. 
 
 Dahomey (da-ho'mi). A French dependency 
 in West Africa, capital Porto Novo, extending 
 from the Slave Coast inland to the French mili- 
 tary territories. On the west it borders on the Togo; 
 on the east, on Lagos and northern Nigeria. The French 
 occupied the coast in 1851, and in 1894 annexed the whole 
 kingdom of Dahomey. Until 1900 the kingdom of Abomey 
 was allowed to exist, but in that year the king was seized 
 and exiled to the Kongo. The colony is administered by 
 a lieutenant-governor, subject to the governor-general of 
 French West Africa. The land is low and unhealthy. The 
 chief export is palm-oil. The Dahomeyans are intelligent, 
 active, and polite. The hecatombs of human victims for 
 which they are (notorious are due to their superstition 
 rather than to their cruelty. The Dahomeyans are also 
 called Fon. Their language is closely allied to Ewe. 
 Area, about 40,000 square miles. Population, about 655,000. 
 Dahra ( da'ra) . A mountainous region in north- 
 ern Algeria, situated about lat. 36° 15' N., long. 
 0°-l° E. In its caverns about 600-600 Kabyles were 
 suffocated by order of the French commander Colonel 
 P^lissier in 1845. 
 
 Daidalos. See Dsedalws. 
 
 Daille (da-ya'), Latinized Dallseus (da-le'us), 
 Jean. Bom at Chatellerault, France, Jan. 6, 
 1594: died at Charenton, near Paris, April 
 15, 1670. A French Protestant divine and con- 
 troversialist, a voluminous writer. His chief work 
 is “ Traite de l’emploi des saints pores pour le jugement 
 des dilferends qui sont aujourd’hui en la religion " (1632 : 
 Latin trans. 1656). 
 
 Daily Courant, The. The first British daily 
 paper. It was begun March 11, 1702. 
 Daimbert (dan-bar' ),or Dagobert(da-go-bar'). 
 Died in Sicily, 1107. First Latin patriarch of 
 Jerusalem. He became archbishop of Pisa in 1092, and 
 commanded the Pisan and Genoese army in the first Cru- 
 sade. He was elected patriarch of Jerusalem in 1099. 
 Daimiel (di-me-el'). A town in the province of 
 Ciudad Real, Spain, situated 20 miles north- 
 east o? Ciudad Real. Population, 11,825. 
 Daimio (dl'myo). [Chino-Jap., ‘ great name.’] 
 The title of the chief feudal barons or territo- 
 rial nobles of Japan, vassals of the mikado: 
 distinguished from sliomio (‘little name’)) 
 the title given to the hatamoto, or vassals of 
 the shogun. Though exercising independent author- 
 ity in their own domains, the daimios acknowledged the 
 mikado as the legitimate ruler of the whole country. 
 During the Tokugawa shogunate (1603-1868) the daimios 
 gradually became subject to the shoguns, who compelled 
 them to live in Yedo, with their families and a certain 
 number of their retainers, for six months of every year, 
 and on their departure for their own provinces to leave 
 their families as hostages. The number of daimios dif- 
 fered at different times, according to the fortunes of war 
 and the caprice of the shoguns. Just before the abolition 
 of the shogunate there were 255, arranged in five classes, 
 with incomes ranging from 10,000 to 1,027,000 koku of rice 
 per annum. In 1871 the daimios surrendered their lands 
 and privileges to the mikado, who granted pensions pro- 
 portioned to their respective revenues, and relieved them 
 of the support of the samurai, their military retainers. 
 These pensions have since been commuted into active 
 bonds, redeemable by government within thirty years from 
 date of issue. The title has been abolished, and that of 
 kuicazotm bestowed upon court and territorial nobles 
 alike. 
 
 Dainty (dan'ti), Lady. A fashionable, frivo- 
 lous fine lady in Cibber’s comedy “ The Double 
 Gallant.” “Dogs, doctors, and monkeys are 
 her favorites.” She is courted by Careless. 
 
 Daircell, or Taircell, or Moiling. Died 696. An 
 
 Irish saint. According to an Irish account of his life, 
 he was the illegitimate son of Faelan, a farmer at Luachair 
 (now Slieve Lougher), near Castle Island, Kerry. His 
 mother, when she found herself about to give birth to a 
 child, fled to the wilderness, where she was prevented 
 from strangling her new-born babe only by a dove sent 
 from heaven, which flapped its wings in her face. He 
 was educated by St. Brendan of Clonfert, who gave him 
 the name of Daircell (‘ gathering ’),.in allusion to the man- 
 ner in whicli the dove “gathered ” him to her with her 
 wings. Once, when collecting alms for St. Brendan’s 
 Church, he was attacked by a band of robbers, who threat- 
 ened to kill him. He made his escape by making three 
 leaps, in which he passed over the whole of Lougher and 
 landed in the third inclosure of the church, whereupon 
 he received the name of Moiling (from tinge, leaps) of 
 Lougher. He founded the church of Tech Moiling, or St. 
 Mullens, at Ross Broc (?), and is the reputed author of a 
 Latin manuscript of the four gospels, preserved in Trinity 
 College, Dublin. 
 
 Daisy (da'zi), Solomon. The bell-ringer of 
 Chigwell, in Charles Dickens’s “ Barnabv 
 Rudge”: a rusty little fellow who seems all 
 eyes. 
 
 Daisy Miller (da'zi mil'er). A novel by 
 Henry James, published in 1878. 
 
 Daitya (dit'ya). [‘Son of Diti.’] In Hindu 
 mythology, a race of demons and giants who 
 
 Dalecarlia 
 
 warred with the gods and interfered with sacri- 
 fices; Titans. 
 
 Dajo (da-jo'). [PL] A Nigritic tribe of the 
 eastern Sudan, southeast of the Kuka, with 
 whom they have some remote affinity. 
 
 Dakiki, Abu Mansur Muhammad. Lived 
 about 1000 a. d. A Persian poet, from Tus 
 or Bokhara, author of many odes and sonnets. 
 Dakiki had completed a thousand distichs of the Book of 
 Kings when he was murdered. Firdusi represents him as 
 appearing to him in a dream, and asking him to incorpo- 
 rate in his work the fragment. To Dakiki Firdusi ascribed 
 the portion of the Shahnamah relating to Gushtasp and 
 Zartusht (Zoroaster). 
 
 Dakota (da-ko'ta). [From the Dakota Indians.] 
 A former territory of the United States. See 
 North Dakota and South Dakota. 
 
 Dakota (da-ko'ta). [PL, also Dakotas: ‘con- 
 federated.’] A division of the Siouan stock 
 of North American Indians, composed of the 
 Dakota proper and the Assiniboin. Their former 
 habitat was in Montana and the adjacent part of the 
 Northwest Territory of British North America, as well as 
 in North and South Dakota and Minnesota. The Dakota 
 proper, or Sioux, were originally in seven gentes, whence 
 the name by which they sometimes call themselves, Otceti 
 Cakowin (‘ The Seven Council fires’). These seven gen- 
 tes have become the primary divisions of the Dakota, and 
 areasfollows: M dewakantonwan, Waqpekute, Sisitonwan, 
 Waqpetonwan, Ihaiiktonwan, Ihanktonwanna, and Titon- 
 wan. The Mdewakantonwan were the original Isanyati 
 or Santee, but at present the Waqpekute also are called by 
 that name. These original divisions have developed into 
 at least 126, excluding those of the Waqpekute, which have 
 not been acquired. The present number of the Dakota is 
 about 26,000, and the Assiniboin number about 3,000. 
 (See Siouan.) Also Dakota h. 
 
 Dalayrac (da-la-riik'), Nicolas. Bom at Muret, 
 Haute-Garonne, France, June 13, 1753: died 
 at Paris, Nov. 27, 1809. A noted French com- 
 poser of comic operas. His works include “ Le 
 petit souper" (1781), “Le corsaire”(l783), “Nina ’’ (1786), 
 “ Le poete et le musicien ” (1809), etc. 
 
 Dalbeattie (dal-be'te). A town in Kirkcud- 
 bright, Scotland, situated 13 miles southwest 
 of Dumfries. Population, 3,462. 
 
 Dalberg (dal'berG), Emmerich Joseph. Born 
 at Mainz, Hesse, May 30, 1773 : died at Herrns- 
 heim, near Worms, April 27, 1833. A peer of 
 France, son of Baron Wolfgang Heribert Dal- 
 berg. He was created duke of Dalberg by Na- 
 poleon in 1810, and peer by Louis XVIII. in 1815. 
 Dalberg, Karl Theodor Anton Maria von. 
 Born at Hernsheim, near Worms, Hesse, Feb. 
 8, 1744: died at Ratisbon, Bavaria, Feb. 10, 
 1817. A German prince, prelate, and littera- 
 teur, last archbishop-elector of Mainz. He was 
 prince-primate of the Confederation of the 
 Rhine 1806-13. 
 
 Dalby (dal 'hi), Isaac. Born in Gloucester- 
 shire, England, 1744: died at Farnham, Surrey, 
 England, Feb. 3, 1824. An English mathema- 
 tician, employed in the survey of England after 
 1791. 
 
 Dale (dal), David. Bornat Stewarton, Ayrshire, 
 Jan. 6, 1739: died at Glasgow, March 17, 1806. 
 A Scottish philanthropist. He was the founder 
 and first proprietor of the Lanark mills, since made 
 famous by their connection with his son-in-law, the 
 socialist Robert Owen. About 1770 he retired from the 
 established church of Scotland, and founded a new com- 
 munion on congregational principles, known as the Old 
 Independents, of which he was chief pastor. He was 
 noted as a munificent benefactor of the poor. 
 
 Dale (dal), Richard. Born near Norfolk, Va., 
 Nov. 6, 1756: died at Philadelphia, Feb., 1826. 
 An American commodore.’ He served as first lieu- 
 tenant under Paul Jones on the Bon Homme Richard 
 in the battle with the Serapis, Sept. 23, 1779, and com- 
 manded a squadron in the Mediterranean 1801-02, during 
 the hostilities with Tripoli. 
 
 Dale, Robert William. Born Dec. 1, 1829 : died 
 March 13, 1895. An English Congregational 
 clergyman and author. He became associate pastor 
 of the Congregational Church at Carr’s Lane, Birmingham, 
 in 1853, and sole pastor in 1859. He was for a number of 
 years editor of the “Congregationalist,” and was chair- 
 man of the Congregational Union of England and Wales 
 1868-69. In 1877 he delivered at Yale College a series of 
 lectures on preaching (the first Englishman appointed to 
 the Lyman Beecher Lectureship). He has written “ The 
 Jewish Temple and the Christian Church ” (1863), “Ser- 
 mons on the Ten Commandments” (1871), and “The 
 Atonement ” (1874), etc. 
 
 Dale, Sir Thomas. Died at Masulipatam, Brit- 
 ish India, 1619. A colonial governor of Vir- 
 ginia. He became marshal of Virginia in 1609, and in 
 1611 succeeded De la Warr as governor, being relieved by 
 Sir Thomas Gates in the same year. He was governor 
 a second time 1614-16, when he returned to England, 
 taking with him Thomas Rolfe and Rolfe’s wife Poca- 
 hontas. His administrations, which were characterized 
 by great severity, were attended by order and prosperity. 
 
 Dalecarlia (da-le-kiirTe-a), Sw. Dalarna (da'- 
 liir-na). A former province of Sweden, corre- 
 sponding to the laen of Kopparberg or Fahlun. 
 Its surface is mountainous. Its people took the leading 
 part in the independence movement under Gustavus Vasa. 
 
Dal-Elf 
 
 Dal-Elf (dal'elf'). A river formed by the union 
 of the Oster and Wester Dal-Elf, which flows 
 into the Gulf of Bothnia 58 miles north of Up- 
 sala. Length, about 250 miles. 
 
 D’Alembert. See Alembert. 
 
 Dalgarno (dal-gar'no), George. Born at Aber- 
 deen, Scotland, about 1627 : died at Oxford, 
 England, Aug. 28, 1687. A British scholar and 
 writer, inventor of a deaf-mute alphabet. He 
 wrote “Deaf and Dumb Man’s Tutor” (1680), 
 etc. 
 
 Dalgarno, Lord. A malevolent young man in 
 Sir Walter Scott’s “Fortunes of Nigel.” He is 
 the secret enemy of Nigel and the favorite of Prince 
 Charles. Having heartlessly betrayed the Lady Hermione, 
 he is compelled by the king to do her justice. After 
 leaving court in disguise, he is murdered. 
 
 Dalgetty (dal'get-i), Captain Dugald. A sol- 
 dier of fortune in Scott’s “Legend of Mon- 
 trose.” He has been a divinity student in his youth, 
 and is now a mercenary. He is courageous, and not un- 
 trustworthy if well paid. The original is said to have 
 been a man named Munro who belonged to a band of 
 Scotch and English auxiliaries in Swinemiinde (1630). 
 
 Dalhousie (dal-hou'zi), Earls of. See Ramsay. 
 Dallas (da-le'as). A town in the province of 
 Aimerfa, southern Spain, situated west of Al- 
 meria. Population, 7, 136. 
 
 Dalida (dal'i-da). See the extract. 
 
 The Dalila of the Book of Judges is throughout “ Halil a ” 
 in the Vulgate, but is “Dalida” in Chaucer, and “Dalida” is 
 the form used iu Wyclifs Bible. Chaucer uses the form 
 “Dalida” in the “Monk’s Tale” and in “The Book of the 
 Duchess.” It is not, perhaps, without significance that 
 “ Dalida” was the form used in “ The Court of Love.” 
 
 Harley, Eng. Writers, V. 305. 
 
 Dalin (da'lin), Olof von. Born at Vinberga, in 
 Halland, Sweden, Aug. 29, 1708: died at Drott- 
 ningholm, Aug. 12, 1763. A Swedish histo- 
 rian and poet. He was the son of a clergyman. He 
 studied at Lund, and subsequently entered one of the 
 public offices in Stockholm. He began his literary career 
 by the publication of a weekly journal, “Den Svenska 
 Argus ” (“ The Swedish Argus ”), modeled after the “Spec- 
 tator,” which he issued anonymously 1733-34. This was 
 followed by “Tankar om Kritiker” (“Thoughts about 
 Critics "), and, after his return from a tour through Ger- 
 many and France, by the satiric prose allegory “Sagan 
 om Hasten”(“Tlie Stoij of the Horse”), and the satiric 
 poem “Aprilverk om var herrliga t id ” (“April-work of 
 Our Glorious Time ’’). A didactic epos, “ Svenska Friheten,” 
 appeared in 1742. In 1751 he was made tutor to the 
 crown prince, and ennobled. In 1753 he was made privy 
 councilor. In 1756, suspected of being concerned in the 
 revolution of that year, he was banished the court, but 
 returned in 1761. During this period he was engaged 
 upon his principal work, “Svea Rikes Historia ” (“ History 
 of the Kingdom of Sweden ”), which extends down to the 
 end of the reign of Charles IS. His collected literary 
 works, “Samlade Vitterhetsarbeten,” appeared in 1767, in 
 6 vols.; “Svea Rikes Historia,” in 4 vols., 1747-62. 
 Dalkeith (dal-keth'). A town in the county 
 of Edinburgh, Scotland, situated between the 
 north and south Esk, 64 miles southeast of 
 Edinburgh. Dalkeith Palace (the residence of the 
 Duke of Buccleuch) is in the vicinity. It is a municipal 
 and police borough. Population, 6,753. 
 
 Dali (dal), William Healey. Born at Boston, 
 Mass., Aug. 21, 1845. An American naturalist. 
 He took part in the international telegraph expedition in 
 1865; was assistant to the United States Coast Survey 
 1871-84; and was paleontologist to the United States Geo- 
 logical Survey 1884-1909. His works include “Alaska and 
 its Resources” (1870), “Scientific Results of the Explora- 
 tion of Alaska by the Parties under the Charge of W. H. 
 Dali ” (1876), etc. 
 
 Dallseus. See Daille, Jean. 
 
 Dallas (dal'as). 1. AvillageinPauldingCounty, 
 northwestern Georgia, situated 30 miles north- 
 west of Atlanta. Near here, at New Hope Church, 
 Pickett’s Mill, Pumpkin Vine Creek, etc., there was con- 
 tinued fighting between the Federals under Sherman and 
 the Confederates under Johnston, May 25-29, 1864. 
 
 2. The capital of Dallas County, in northern 
 Texas, situated on the Trinity River. It has 
 increased very rapidly, and is a railroad center, with 
 important trade and manufactures. Population, 92,104, 
 (1910). 
 
 Dallas (dal'as), Alexander James. Born in 
 Jamaica, June 21, 1759: died at Trenton, N. J., 
 Jan. 16, 1817. An American statesman, secre- 
 tary of the treasury 1814-16. He was the son of a 
 Scottish physician resident in Jamaica. Having studied 
 law in England, he emigrated from Jamaica to Philadel- 
 phia in 1783 ; was admitted to the bar in 1785 ; served for 
 a number of years as secretary of the commonwealth of 
 Pennsylvania ; was attorney for the eastern district of 
 Pennsylvania 1801-14; and was secretary of the United 
 States treasury 1814-16, discharging (1815-16) also the func- 
 tions of secretary of war. During his administration of 
 the treasury department a new national bank was incor- 
 porated (April 3, 1816), consistent with recommendations 
 submitted by him to Congress. He published “Reports 
 of Cases ruled and adjudged by the Courts of the United 
 States and of Pennsylvania, before and since the Revolu- 
 tion” (1790-1807), “Features of Jay’s Treaty” (1796), and 
 “ Exposition of the Causes and Character of the War of 
 1812-15." 
 
 Dallas, George Mifflin. Born at. Philadelphia, 
 July 10, 1792: died at Philadelphia, Dec. 31, 
 
 304 
 
 1864. An American statesman, son of Alex- 
 ander James Dallas. He was United States senator 
 from Pennsylvania 1831-33, minister to Russia 1837-39, 
 Vice-President of the United States 1845-49, and minister 
 to England 1856-61. 
 
 Dallas, Robert Charles. Born at Kingston, 
 Jamaica, 1754: died at Ste.-Adresse, Nor- 
 mandy, Nov. 20, 1824. A British author. He 
 was educated in England ; returned, on coming of age, to 
 Jamaica to take possession of the estates left him by his 
 father ; and eventually settled in England. He is noted 
 chiefly for his intimacy with Byron, to whom he gave lit- 
 erary advice, and for whom he acted as agent in dealings 
 with publishers. He wrote “Recollections of the Life of 
 Lord Byron from the year 1808 to the end of 1814,” which 
 was edited by his son A. R. C. Dallas in 1824 (?). 
 
 Dalles (dalz). [F. dial. (Canadian) dalle, a 
 gutter, drain; ult. connected with E. dale 
 and dell.'] A succession of rapids in the 
 Columbia River, near the city of The Dalles : 
 also the neighboring heights (see the quota- 
 tion). “The Dalles . . . [have] an elevation of only 
 about 100 feet. At the Dalles ... is the beginning, in 
 this direction, of the volcanic plateau of the Columbia.” 
 (j. D. Whitney, in Encyc. Brit., 9th ed., XXIII. 800.) 
 Dalles is also the name for cascades in the Wisconsin 
 River and in the St. Louis River in Minnesota. 
 
 Dalles, The. A city, capital of Wasco County, 
 Oregon, situated near the Dalles or cataract 
 of the Columbia, 72 miles east of Portland. 
 Population, 4,880, (1910). 
 
 Balling and Bulwer, Baron. See Bultoer. 
 Ballmeyer ( dal ' mi-er ) , J ohann Heinrich. Born 
 atLoxten, near Versmold, Westphalia, Sept. 6, 
 1830: died Dec. 30, 1883. A German optician. 
 He came to England in 1851; became a manufacturer of 
 telescopes at London in 1859 ; was elected a fellow of the 
 Royal Astronomical Society in 1861; and patented a single 
 wide-angle photographic lens in 1864. Author of “On 
 the Choice and Use of Photographic Lenses.” 
 
 Dali’ Ongaro (dal ong'ga-ro), Francesco. Born 
 at Mansue, Treviso, Italy, 1808 : died at Naples, 
 Jan. 10, 1873. An Italian poet, novelist, and 
 political agitator. His “ Novelle vecchie e 
 nuove” were published in 1869. 
 
 Dalmatia (dal-ma'shi-a). [G. Dalmatien, F. Dal- 
 matie.] A crownland and titular kingdom in 
 the Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, it 
 is bounded by Croatia on the north, Bosnia, Herzegovina, 
 and Montenegro on the east, and by the Adriatic on the 
 south and west. Its surface is mountainous, and many 
 islands lie along the coast. The leading occupations c f its 
 inhabitants are fishing, seafaring, ship-building, raising 
 live stock, and the production of wine and olives. Capital, 
 Zara. It sendsllmembers to the Austrian Reichsrat, and 
 has a Diet of 43 members. The prevailing religion is 
 Roman Catholic. A large majority of the inhabitants are 
 Serbo-Croatians, and there are many Italians on the coast. 
 Dalmatia formed part of the Roman diocese of Illyricum. 
 It was overrun by the Goths and Avars, and in the 7th 
 century by the Slavs. A Croatian kingdom of Dalmatia 
 existed in the 11th century. From the 11th century Dal- 
 matia fluctuated between Hungary and Venice until finally 
 the greater part became Venetian. By the treaty of 
 Campo-Formio in 1797 it was given to Austria ; in 1805 it 
 was ceded to France, and was retroceded to Austria in 1814. 
 It was the scene of insurrections 1869-70, and In 1881. 
 Area, 4,940 square miles. Population, 646,062, (1910). 
 
 The earlier Hlyrian war is recorded in the second book 
 of Polybios. Appian has a special book on the Illyrian 
 wars. In him (chap, xi.) we get our first notice of Dalma- 
 tia as such; the name is not to be found in Polybios. 
 There is also a shorter notice in Strabo. 
 
 Freeman, Hist. Essays, III. 30, note. 
 
 Dalou (da-lo'), Jules. Bom at Paris, Dec. 31, 
 1838: died there, April 15, 1902. AFrench sculp- 
 tor. He studied under Duret at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, 
 and assisted Carpeaux. He sent his first work to the Salon 
 in 1867. On account of complicity with the Commune in 
 1871 he was obliged to leave Paris, and went to London, 
 where he was appointed professor of sculpture at South 
 Kensington. He returned to Paris, and was associated with 
 Aub6 (see AuM ) in competition for the monument to the 
 Constitutional Assembly. Their scheme was unsuccess- 
 ful, but Dalou’s sketch for a relief upon thedesign attracted 
 theattention of Gambetta and Turquet, and was developed 
 into the great bas-relief of Mirabeau and De Dreux-Brez5 
 in the National Assembly, which won the medal of honor 
 in the Salon of 1883. It was accompanied by another bas- 
 relief called “ Le triomphe de la rdpublique,” now in the 
 Hdtel de Ville. His project of the monument to the re- 
 public in the Place de la Republique won the second prize, 
 and was ordered by the state for La Place des Nations. 
 Dalriada. 1. A former name for a district in 
 the northern part of Antrim, Ireland, now called 
 “The Route.” — 2. A former name for that 
 part of Argyllshire, Scotland, settled by Dalriad 
 Scots from Ireland in 498. The Dalriad Scots and 
 Piets were united in one kingdom by Kenneth MacAlpin 
 about 846. 
 
 Dairy (dal-ri'). A small town in Ayrshire, 
 Scotland, situated on the Garnock 21 miles 
 southwest of Glasgow. 
 
 Dalrymple (dal-rim'pl), Alexander. Born at 
 
 New Hailes, near Edinburgh, July 24, 1737: 
 died June 19, 1808. A Scottish hydrographer. 
 He became a writer in the East India Company’s ser- 
 vice in 1752, and in 1762 was appointed to the command 
 of the London, with instructions to open the trade with 
 Sulu. He returned to England in 1765, and was appointed 
 hydrographer to the East India Company in 1779, and 
 
 Dalyell 
 
 hydrographer to the admiralty in 1795. Author of “Ac- 
 count of Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean before 
 1764 ” (1767), “ Historical Collection of South Sea Voy- 
 ages” (1770-71), etc. 
 
 Dalrymple, Sir David, Lord Hailes. Born at 
 Edinburgh, Oct. 28, 1726: died Nov. 29, 1792. 
 An eminent Scottish judge and author. He was 
 educated at Eton and at Utrecht ; was admitted to the 
 Scottish bar in 1748 ; was raised to the bench of the Court 
 of Session with the title of Lord Hailes in 1766; and in 
 1776 became a judge of the justiciary or criminal court. 
 His most notable works are “ An Inquiry into the Secon- 
 dary Causes which Mr. Gibbon has assigned to the Rapid 
 Growth of Christianity ” (1786), and “ Annals of Scotland ” 
 (from Malcolm Canmore to Robert I., 1776 : continued to 
 the accession of the house of Stuart, 1779). 
 
 Dalrymple, Sir James, first Viscount Stair. 
 Bom in Garrick, in May, 1619 : died at Edin- 
 burgh, Nov. 25, 1695. A Scottish lawyer and 
 statesman. He was educated at Glasgow and Edin- 
 burgh ; became professor of logic, morals, and politics in 
 the University of Glasgow in 1641; was admitted to the 
 Scottish bar in 1648 ; was appointed a judge of the Court 
 of Sessions by Cromwell in 1657; was reappointed by 
 Charles II. in 1661 ; became president of the court in 1670 ; 
 was admitted to the Scottish Parliament in 1672 ; fled in 
 1682 to Holland to avoid the consequences of refusing to 
 take the test oath ; supported William of Orange in 1688 ; 
 was created Viscount Stair, Lord Glenluce and Stranraer, in 
 1690. His chief work is “Institutions of the Law of Scot- 
 land ” (1681). 
 
 Dalrymple, Sir John, first Earl of Stair. Born 
 in 1648 : died Jan. 8, 1707. A Scottish lawyer 
 and statesman, son of Sir James Dalrymple. 
 He was admitted to the Scottish bar in 1672 ; was appoint- 
 ed king’s advocate by James II. in 1685 ; supported in 
 1688 the cause of Wiliiam of Orange, whose chief adviser 
 in Scottish affairs he became ; was sworn privy councilor 
 under Queen Anne in 1702 ; and was created earl of Stair 
 in 1703. He is noted chiefly for his connection with the 
 massacre of the Macdonalds of Glencoe, which was under- 
 taken by his advice in 1692. 
 
 Dalrymple, John, second Earl of Stair. Bom 
 at Edinburgh, July 20, 1673 : died there, May 9, 
 1747. A Scottish general and diplomatist. He 
 was educated at Leyden ; is said to have served in various 
 subordinate grades throughout the wars of William III. 
 in Flanders ; became aide-de-camp to the Duke of Marl- 
 borough in 1703 ; commanded a brigade at the siege of 
 Lille and at the battle of Malplaquet ; was commissioned 
 general in 1712; was appointed minister plenipotentiary 
 to Paris in 1715 ; was raised to the rank of ambassador in 
 1719 ; was recalled in 1720 ; was created field-marshal in 
 1742; and was made general of the marines in 1746. He 
 is noted chiefly for the princely style in which he sup- 
 ported his mission at Paris, and for the comprehensive 
 and invaluable information which he remitted in his de- 
 spatches concerning the secret intrigues of the French 
 court and of the friends of the Pretender. 
 
 Dalsland (dals'land). A district in the laen of 
 Elfsborg, Sweden, situated on the Norwegian 
 frontier. 
 
 Dalton (dal'ton). The county-seat of Whit- 
 field County, northwestern Georgia, situated 
 28 miles southeast of Chattanooga. Near here, 
 May 9, 1864, an engagement took place between part of 
 Sherman's army and the Confederates. Population, 5,324, 
 (1910). 
 
 Dalton, John. Born at Dean (?), Cumberland, 
 in 1709: died at Worcester, July 22, 1763. An 
 English poet and divine. He took the degree of 
 B. A. at Oxford in 1730, and that of M. A. in 1734; was 
 appointed a canon of Worcester cathedral in 1748, and 
 about the same time obtained the rectory of St. Mary-at- 
 Hill, London. His most notable work is an adaptation of 
 Milton’s “Comus” for the stage, which was published hi 
 1738, under the title “Comus, a Mask, now adapted to the 
 Stage, as altered from Milton's Mask.” 
 
 Dalton, John. Born at Eaglesfield, Cumber- 
 land, Sept. 6, 1766: died July 27, 1844. An 
 English chemist and natural philosopher. He 
 was the son of a poor weaver; acquired an education 
 chiefly by private study ; began to teach in 1778 ; was in 
 1793 appointed professor of mathematics and natural 
 philosophy in New College, Manchester (which was re- 
 moved to York in 1799) ; became a member of the Liter- 
 ary and Philosophical Society of Manchester in 1794 ; was 
 elected a fellow of the Royal Society iu 1822 ; and was 
 chosen corresponding member of the Paris Academy of 
 Sciences in 1816, and foreign associate in 1830. He per- 
 fected about 1804 the atomic theory, which he propounded 
 in 1810 in a work entitled “A New System of Chemical 
 Philosophy.” He suffered from color-blindness, and on 
 Oct. 31, 1794, read a paper before the Manchester Literary- 
 and Philosophical Society, in which he gives the earliest 
 account of that peculiarity, which is known from him as 
 Daltonism. 
 
 Dalton, J ohn Call. Born at Chelmsford, Mass. , 
 Feb. 2, 1825: died at New York city, Feb. 12, 
 1889. An American physiologist. He was pro- 
 fessor of physiology in the College of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons in New York city 1855-83, and was emeritus pro- 
 fessor and president of the college from 1883 until his 
 death. He wrote a “Treatise on Human Physiology" 
 (1859), a “ Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene ’’(1868), etc. 
 
 Dalyell(dal-yel' ), orDalzell(dal-zel' ) , Thomas. 
 Born about 1599 : died Aug. 23, 1685. A British 
 general. He participated in the Royalist rebellion in the 
 highlands of Scotland in 1654 ; entered the Russian service 
 about 1655; returned toEngland on the invitation of Charles 
 II. in 1665 ; was appointed commander-in-chief in Scotland 
 in 1666 ; was sworn a privy councilor in 1667; entered Parlia- 
 ment in 1678 ; and in 1681 was commissioned to enroll the 
 celebrated regiment of the Scots Greys. 
 
Dalzel 
 
 Dalzel (dal-zel' ), Andrew. Born at Kirkliston, 
 Linlithgowshire, Oct. 6, 1742: died Dec. 8, 
 1806. A Scottish classical scholar. He studied 
 at the University of Edinburgh ; was for some years tutor 
 in the Lauderdale family; was appointed professor of Greek 
 in Edinburgh University in 1772; assisted in the founding 
 of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1783 ; and became 
 principal clerk to the General Assembly in 1789. Author 
 of “ 'AraAe/cra ' EAAip-tKd ijcrorora sive Collectanea Graeca Mi- 
 nora ” (1789), “ ’AraAeKTa 'EAA^rtKa pei^ora sive Collectanea 
 Gneca Majora” (1805), etc. 
 
 Daman (da-man'), Pg. Damao (da'man). A 
 seaport and settlement belonging to Portugal, 
 situated on the western coast of India 100 miles 
 north of Bombay. It was acquired by Portugal in 
 1558. Population of settlement, 41,671. 
 
 Daman. A region on the border of British 
 India and Afghanistan, situated between the 
 Indus and the Suliman Mountains. 
 
 Damara (da-mii'ra). [Fern, dual of Hottentot 
 daman (a term of abuse).] The name of two 
 tribes of German Southwest Africa. The Cattle- 
 Damara are the same as the Herero (which see). The 
 Hill-Damara, who are subject to the Hottentots and have 
 adopted their language, differ from them in race. Some 
 say they are Bushmen, but they seem to be Bantu, and 
 related to the Ovambo. See Khoilchoin, and German 
 Southwest Africa. 
 
 Damaraland (da-ma'ra-land). A region in 
 the northern part of the German dependency 
 of German Southwest Africa (which see), its 
 recent name is German (Deutsch) Damaraland. The Brit- 
 ish officials withdrew from the territory in 1880, except 
 from Walfisch Bay, and it was annexed by Germany in 
 1884. 
 
 Damascenus, Joannes. See John of Damascus. 
 Damascenus, Nicolaus. See Nicholas of Da- 
 mascus. 
 
 Damascius (da-mash'i-us). [Gr. Aa/rho/c/or.] A 
 Neoplatonist of the 6th century a. d. when 
 the school of philosophy at Athens was closed by the em- 
 peror Justinian in 529, he, with other Neoplatonists, emi- 
 grated to Persia. 
 
 Damascus (da-mas'kus). [Ileb. Dameseq, Assvr. 
 Dimasqu, Ar. DimiSq or Esh Shdm, F. Damas.~\ 
 Formerly the capital and most important city 
 of Syria, situated in the fertile valley of Ccele- 
 Syria, east of the Anti-Lebanon, on the edge 
 of the desert. On account of its beautiful fertile sur- 
 roundings, its lofty position, and its richness in fresh 
 water, Damascus has been praised in antiquity and in 
 modern times as the “paradise of the earth,” “the eye 
 of the desert,” and “ the pearl of the Orient.” Originally 
 a Hittite city, it became the capital of Syria, and a great 
 part of the country was called by its name. (For its his- 
 tory, see Aram.) In modern times it became prominent 
 by the massacre of Christ ians in 1860. It retained a certain 
 importance through all the periods of history, and is even 
 now the seat of the Turkish wali (governor), and has a 
 population of about 260,000. In the Old Testament the 
 name of Damascus occurs as early as the history of Abra- 
 ham (Gen. xiv. 15, xv. 2). After the time of David, Damas- 
 cus often came into sharp collision with Israel. In the 
 New Testament Damascus is known especially from the 
 history of Paul (Acts ix.). 
 
 Damaskios. See Damascius. 
 
 Damasus (dam'a-sus) I., Saint. Born prob- 
 ably about .306" (304?) : died 384. Bishop of 
 Borne 366-384. His election was contested by the 
 deacon Ursinus, who was expelled by force of arms. He 
 opposed Arianism, which was condemned in two synods 
 at Rome, one in 368 and another in 370. He is commemo- 
 rated as a saint on Dec. 11. 
 
 Damaun. See Daman. 
 
 Damayanti. [Skt.] The wife of Nala, and the 
 heroine of the tale of Nala and Damayanti, an 
 episode of the Mahabharata. See Nala. 
 Dambach (dam 'bach). A small town in 
 Alsace, situated 25 miles southwest of Stras- 
 burg. 
 
 D’Amboise. See Amboise. 
 
 Dambolo (dam-bo'lo), or Dambul (dam-bol'). 
 A village in Ceylon, situated about 40 miles 
 northwest of Kandy. It is noted for Buddhistic 
 cave-temples. 
 
 Dame aux Camelias (dam 6 ka-ma-lya'), La. 
 [F., ‘Lady of the Camellias.’] A novel by 
 Alexandre Dumas the younger, published in 
 1848, and dramatized by him in 1852. The Eng- 
 lish version of the play is called "Camille,” and that is 
 the name of the heroine. The original French character 
 is Marguerite Gautier. 
 
 Dame Blanche (dam blohsh), La. [F., ‘The 
 White Lady.’] A comic opera by Boieldieu 
 (libretto by Scribe), first produced at Paris 
 Dec. 10, 1825. It was played in English as 
 “The White Maid,” Jan. 2, 1827. 
 
 Dame Durden. See Durden. 
 
 Darner (da'mer), Anne Seymour. Born in 
 1749 : died May 28, 1828. An English sculptor, 
 daughter of Henry Seymour Conway, she mar- 
 ried John Damer in 1767. She executed in 1785 two heads, 
 one of the river Thames and the other of the river Isis, for 
 a bridge at Henley, near her father’s house at Park Place, 
 which have been much admired. She also produced a 
 statue of George III. and a bust of Nelson. 
 
 Dametas. See Damcctas. 
 
 C. — 20 
 
 305 
 
 Damian. See Cosmas. 
 
 Damian (da'mi-an). 1 . A youth in Chaucer’s 
 “Merchant’s Tale” in the “Canterbury Tales.” 
 He languishes for and obtains the love of May, 
 the young wife of old January. — 2. A young 
 squire in Scott’s “Ivanhoe,” an aspirant for 
 the holy Order of Templars. 
 
 Damiarius (da-mi-a'nus), Peter (Pietro Dami- 
 ani or Damiano). Born at Ravenna, Italy, 
 1007 : died at Faenza, Italy, Feb. 22, 1072. A 
 Roman Catholic ecclesiastic, in 1035 he became 
 a hermit at Fonte Avellano, near Gubbio, in Umbria, and 
 was soon head of all the surrounding hermits and monks. 
 He was noted for his asceticism, and established a system 
 of self-flagellation which was later extended among the 
 monastic orders and the Flagellants. He was also influ- 
 ential as a reformer, condemning simony and marriage of 
 the clergy. He was made bishop of Ostia and cardinal in 
 1058, and was the adviser and censor of a number of popes. 
 His works include epistles, sermons, lives of saints, ascetic 
 tracts, and poems. 
 
 Damien (da-myan'), Father: Joseph de Veu- 
 ster. Born in Belgium, Jan. 3, 1840: died 
 April 15, 1889. A Roman Ca tholic missionary 
 who devoted bis life (from 1873) to the welfare 
 of the lepers on the island of Molokai, Hawaii. 
 He became a leper in 1885. 
 
 Damiens (da-myan'), Robert Francois. Born 
 near Arras, France, 1715: executed at Paris, 
 March 28, 1757. A man of low character, who 
 had been both a soldier and a domestic servant, 
 who made an unsuccessful attempt upon the life 
 of Louis XV., Jan. 5, 1757. Damiens approached 
 the king at Versailles, as he was entering his carriage, and 
 succeeded in stabbing him. The punishment inflicted 
 upon him was most brutal. His right hand was burned in 
 a slow fire ; his flesh was torn with pincers and burned 
 with melted lead ; resin, wax, and oil were poured upon 
 the wounds ; and he was torn to pieces by four horses. 
 
 Damietta (dam-i-et'ta). [Ar. Damidt.] A city 
 of Lower Egypt, situated between the Damietta 
 branch of the Nile and Lake Menzaleh, 7 miles 
 from its mouth, near the ancient Tamiathis. it 
 
 was besieged and taken by the Crusaders in 1218-19, and 
 in 1249. .Population, 29,354. 
 
 Damietta branch. The chief eastern mouth 
 of the Nile. 
 
 Damiotti (It. pron. da-me-ot'te), Dr. An Ital- 
 ian charlatan who exhibits the magic mirror 
 in Scott’s ‘ ‘ Aunt Margaret’s Mirror.” 
 
 Damiri (da-me're), or Demiri (de-me're), Ke- 
 mal al-din Mohammed ibn Isa. Born at 
 Cairo, about 1345: died at Cairo, 1405. An 
 Arabian jurist and naturalist, author of a “Life 
 of Animals.” 
 
 Damiron (da-me-ron'), Jean Philibert. Born 
 at Belleville, Rhone, France, May 10, 1794: died 
 at Paris, Jan. 11, 1862. A French writer on phi- 
 losophy, professor of the history of philosophy 
 in the Faculty des Lettres, Paris. He was the au- 
 thor of “ Essal sur 1’histoire de la philosophie en France au 
 XIX® sifecle ” (1828), “ Cours de philosophie ” (1831), “ Essai 
 sur l’histoire de la philosophie en France au XVII® sii> 
 cle ” (1846), etc. 
 
 Damis (da-mes'). An impetuous youth in Mo- 
 liere’s play “ Tartufe,” the son of Orgon. 
 
 Damkina (dam-ki'na). [Akkad., ‘lady of the 
 earth.’] In Assyro-Babylonian mythology, wife 
 of Ea, the god of the ocean, whose center of wor- 
 ship was in Eridu (modern Abu Shah-rein), in 
 Damascius Dauke. 
 
 Damnation de Faust (dam-na-syon' de foust), 
 La. An opera or. dramatic story in four parts 
 by Berlioz, first produced at Paris in 1846. 
 
 Damocles (dam'o-klez). [Gr. Aa/ro/db/f.] 1 . 
 Lived in the first half of the 4th century b. c. 
 A Syracusan, a courtier of Dionysius the elder. 
 Cicero relates that Damocles, having extolled the good 
 fortune of Dionysius, was invited by the tyrant to taste 
 this royal felicity, and that, in the midst of a splendid 
 banquet and all the luxury of the court, on looking up he 
 beheld above his head a sword suspended by a single 
 horse-hair. 
 
 2. The king of Arcadia in Greene’s “Arcadia.” 
 See Sephestia. 
 
 Bamodar (da-mo'dar), or Damudar (da-mo'- 
 dar). A river of Bengal, India, which joins the 
 Hugli below Calcutta. Length, about 368 miles. 
 
 Damcetas (da-me'tas). [Gr. A a/romzf.] A 
 herdsman in Theocritus and Vergil; hence, in 
 pastoral poetry, a rustic. Sir Philip Sidney intro- 
 duces in his “Arcadia” a foolish country clown by that 
 name, which afterward seems to have become proverbial 
 for folly. 
 
 Damon (da'mqn). [Gr. Aa/mw.] 1 . Lived in the 
 first half of the 4th century b. c. A Pythago- 
 rean of Syracuse, celebrated for his friendship 
 with Pythias (or Phintias), a member of the 
 same sect. Pythias plotted against the life of Diony- 
 sius I. of Syracuse, and was condemned to die. As Pythias 
 wished to arrange his affairs, Damon offered to place him- 
 self in the tyrant's hands as his substitute, and to die 
 in his stead should he not return on the appointed day. 
 At the last moment Pythias came back, and Dionysius 
 
 Dan 
 
 was so struck by the fidelity of the friends that he par- 
 doned the offender, and begged to be admitted into their 
 fellowship. 
 
 2. A goatherd in Vergil’s Eclogues; hence, in 
 pastoral poetry, a rustic. 
 
 Damon and Phillida (fil'i-da). A pastoral 
 farce by Cibber, produced in 1729, and pub- 
 lished anonymously the same year. 
 
 Damon and Pithias (pith'i-as). A play by 
 Richard Edwards, printed in' 1571. Its main 
 subject is tragic, but it calls itself a comedy. 
 Ward. 
 
 Damon and Pythias (pith'i-as). A tragedy 
 by John Banim and Richard Lalor Sheil, pro- 
 duced in 1821. 
 
 Damoreau (da-mo-ro'), Madame (Laure Cin- 
 thie Montalant: also known as Mademoiselle 
 Ginti, and Cinti-Damoreau). Born at Paris, 
 Feb. 6, 1801: died at Paris, Feb. 25, 1863. 
 A noted French singer. Iu 1819 she made her first 
 appearance as Cherubino in “LeNozze di Figaro” in Paris. 
 In 1822 she appeared in London, and in 1826 at the Grand 
 Opera, Paris. From this time she sang both in Europe 
 and the United States with assured success until 1856, 
 when she retired from the stage. In 1834 she was made 
 professor of singing at the Conservatoire, Paris. 
 
 Damour. See Tamyras. 
 
 Dampier (dam'per), William. Born at East 
 Coker, Somerset, England, June. 1652 : died at 
 London, March, 1715. An English freebooter, 
 explorer, and author. His seafaring life began in 
 1668, and until 1691 he led a life of the wildest adventure, 
 generally as a sailor on various piratical cruises on the 
 western coast of America and elsewhere. During this 
 time he circumnavigated the globe. In 1697 hepublished 
 his “Voyage round the World,” and this was supplement- 
 ed by a second volume of travels in 1699. In 1699 he was 
 given command of a ship in which he again went round 
 the world, exploring the coasts of Australia and New 
 Guinea. He started again on a privateering cruise with 
 two ships in 1703, but accomplished little, and his com- 
 pany was broken up ; he reached England, after a third 
 circumnavigation, 1707. Subsequently he was pilot of 
 the privateer Duke, and again went round the world. 
 Besides his travels he published a well-known “ Discourse 
 on the Winds.” The following were named for him ; 
 
 Dampier Archipelago. A group of small isl- 
 ands situated northwest of Australia, about lat. 
 20° 30' S., long. 116°-117° E. 
 
 Dampier Island. A small island off the north- 
 east coast of Papua. 
 
 Dampier Land. A maritime district in west 
 Australia, in lat. 17°-18° S. 
 
 Dampier strait. 1. A strait on the northwest 
 of Papua, separating that island from Wai- 
 giu. — 2. A strait on the northeast of Papua, 
 separating Papua from New Britain. 
 
 Bampierre (don-pyar'), Auguste Henri Marie 
 Picot, Marquis de. Born at Paris, Aug. 19, 
 1756: died near Vicogne, Nord, France, May 
 9, 1793. A French revolutionary general, dis- 
 tinguished in the campaigns of 1792-93. 
 
 Damply (dam'pli), Widow. A character in 
 Garrick’s play “ The Male Coquette.” 
 
 Damrosch (dam'rosh), Leopold. Born at Po- 
 sen, Prussia, Oct. 22, 1832: died at New York, 
 Feb. 15, 1885. A noted conductor, solo violin- 
 ist, and composer. He settled in New York in 1871, 
 and was instrumental in the establishment of German 
 opera at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York. He 
 was its director, as well as of the Oratorio and Symphony 
 societies and the Arion, until his death. 
 
 Damrosch, Walter. Born at Breslau, Prussia, 
 Jan. 30, 1862. Musician, son of the above, 
 He has been director of the Oratorio Society and conduc- 
 tor of the New York Symphony Society. 
 
 Damsel of Brittany. A surname of Eleanor 
 of Brittany, niece of King John of England, and 
 sister of Arthur, count of Brittany. She was 
 imprisoned by John, and died 1241. 
 
 D’Amville (dam'vil). The Atheist in Cyril 
 Tourneur’s ’play “ The Atheist’s Tragedy.” 
 
 Dan (dan). [Heb., ‘judge.’] 1. A son of Jacob 
 by Bilhah. Gen. xxx. 6. — 2. A Hebrew tribe. 
 The portion allotted to the Danites, as described in Josh, 
 xix., was the small but fertile hilly tract west of Benja- 
 min and northwest of Judah to the sea, including the 
 cities of Japho, Ekron, Gathrimmon, etc. But though the 
 tribe of Dan was originally one of the strongest numeri- 
 cally, counting 62,000 to 64,000, it was not equal to the 
 task of expelling the Ammonites, and later the Philistines, 
 from that territory, and only for a time prevailed with the 
 help of Ephraim and Judah. In consequence of this, part 
 of the tribe migrated to the extreme north of the coun- 
 try, and conquered the city of Laish, henceforth called Dan 
 (see below). That part which remained in the south, 
 from which thehero Samson descended, disappeared from 
 history, and seems to have been absorbed, by the tribe of 
 Judah. 
 
 3. The city formerly called Laish, and named 
 Dan after its Capture by the Danites. it is sit- 
 uated on the slopes of Hermon, not far from the modern 
 Banias (still called Tel-el-Kadi, ‘hill of the Judge’), and 
 is often mentioned in the Old Testament as the most 
 northern landmark of Palestine, in the formula “from 
 Dan to Beersheba.” It contained a sanctuary with an 
 image the exact nature of which is not known. At the 
 
Dan 
 
 division of the kingdom Jeroboam put up there one of the 
 “calves.” It is first mentioned in Gen. xiv. 14 as the 
 place at which Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, and his four 
 allies were overthrown and defeated by Abraham. The 
 occurrence in this account of the name which was given to 
 the place many centuries later is variously explained. If 
 the Dan of Gen. xiv. is identical with that of Judges xviii. , 
 and if the account of Gen. xiv. is authentic, the name Dan 
 may have been later inserted in the MS. for Laish, when 
 the latter was superseded by the former. 
 
 Dan. A river of Virginia and North Carolina 
 which unites with the Staunton at Clarksville, 
 Va., to form the Roanoke. Length, about 200 miles. 
 Dana (da'na), Charles Anderson. Born at 
 Hinsdale, N. H., Aug. 8, 1819: died at West Is- 
 land, near Glen Cove, L. I., Oct. 17, 1897. An 
 American journalist and man of letters. He was 
 one of the leaders in the Brook Farm Association in 1842 ; 
 was connected with the New York “Tribune ” 1847-62 ; was 
 assistant secretary of war 1864-65 ; and became editor of 
 the New York “ Sun ” in 1868. He published “ Household 
 Book of Poetry” (1857), etc., and edited, with Ripley, the 
 “American Cyclopaedia.” 
 
 Dana, Edward Salisbury. Born at New Ha- 
 ven, Conn., Nov. 16, 1849. An American min- 
 eralogist and physicist, son of J. D. Dana. He 
 was assistant professor of natural philosophy at Yale Uni- 
 versity until 1890, when he became professor of physics. 
 
 Dana, Francis. Born at Charlestown, Mass., 
 June 13, 1743: died at Cambridge, Mass., April 
 25, 1811. An American jurist, diplomatist, and 
 politician, son of Richard Dana. He was min- 
 ister to Russia 1781-83, and chief justice of 
 Massachusetts 1791-1806. 
 
 Dana, Janies Dwight. Born at Utica, N.Y., Feb. 
 12,1813: died atNewHaven, Conn., April 14, 1895. 
 A noted geologist and mineralogist, professor at 
 Yale from 1850. IiewasgraduatedatYaleinl833;trav- 
 eled in the Mediterranean as mathematical instructor of 
 midshipmen in theUnited States navy 1833-35;was assistant 
 to Professor Silliman at Yale 1835-38 ; and took part in the 
 Wilkes exploring expedition 1838-42. His important “Re- 
 ports " of the expedition (on geology, corals, and crusta- 
 ceans) were published 1846-54. His works include “Sys- 
 tem of Mineralogy" (1837), “Manual of Geology ” (1862), 
 
 “ Text Book of Geology for Schools and Academies ”(1864), 
 “Corals and Coral Islands” (1872), “Characteristics of 
 Volcanoes” (1890), etc. 
 
 Dana, Richard. Born at Cambridge, Mass., 
 July 7, 1700: died May 17, 1772. An American 
 lawyer and patriot. He was a prominent memberof 
 the Boston bar, and, as a supporter of the popular cause, 
 frequently presided over the Boston town meetings be- 
 tween 1763 and 1772, and otherwise took a prominent part 
 in the movements which preceded the Revolution. 
 
 Dana, Richard Henry. Born at Cambridge, 
 Mass., Nov. 15, 1787 : died at Boston, Feb. 2, 
 1879. An American poet and essayist, son of 
 Francis Dana. He studied at Harvard 1804-07 (ex- 
 pelled in the latter year); was admitted to the bar in 
 1811; was associate editor of the “North American Re- 
 view ” 1818-20 ; and conducted the serial “ The Idle Man ’’ 
 1821-22. He published “ Buccaneer, and Other Poems ” 
 (1827), etc., and wrote ten lectures on the characters of 
 Shakspere and delivered them in 1839-40. He published 
 his collected works in prose and verse in 1850. 
 
 Dana, Richard Henry. Born at Cambridge, 
 Mass., Aug. 1, 1815: died at Rome, Italy, Jan. 
 6, 1882. An American jurist, politician, and 
 author, son of R. H. Dana (1787-1879). in 1834 
 he shipped before the mast for a voyage on the Pacific to 
 restore his health. From this voyage came “Two Years 
 Before the Mast” (1840). He was one of the founders 
 of the Free-Soil party 1848. Among his other works are 
 “ The Seamen’s Friend ” (1841), and an edition of Wheat- 
 on's “Elements of International Law ” (1866). 
 
 Dana, Samuel Luther. Born at Amherst, 
 N. H., July 11, 1795: died at Lowell, Mass., 
 March 11, 1868. An American chemist and 
 agricultural writer. He was employed as chemist to 
 the Merrimac Print Works at Lowell upward of thirty 
 years, and invented a new method of bleaching cotton, 
 which was generally adopted. 
 
 Danae (dan'a-e). [Gr. A avdy.] In Greek my- 
 thology, the daughter of Acrisius of Argos, and 
 mother of Perseus by Zeus, who visited her, 
 while she was shut up in a brazen tower by her 
 father, in the form of a shower of gold. She was 
 shut up with her child in a chest, thrown into the sea, 
 and carried by the waves to the island of Seriphos. From 
 various difficulties she was in the end rescued by Perseus 
 and brought back to Greece. Many of the representa- 
 tions of her in art are famous. Among them are : (a) A 
 painting by Rembrandt, in the Hermitage Museum, St. 
 Petersburg. Danae lies, undraped, on a bed covered with 
 green silk ; her unloosed girdle has fallen to the floor. 
 An old woman is in attendance behind the curtains, (ft) 
 A painting by Correggio, in the Palazzo Borghese, Rome. 
 She reclines smiling on her couch, while Cupid before her 
 holds out a fold of the drapery over her knees to catch 
 the golden shower, (c) A masterpiece of Titian in the 
 Museo Nazionale, Naples. Danae reclines on a couch 
 while the golden shower falls upon her. (cl) A painting 
 by Titian, in the Imperial Gallery at Vienna. Danae lies, 
 nude, on a cushioned conch ; the golden rain falls from 
 a cloud over her, in which the face and hand of Jupiter 
 appear. An old woman seeks to catch some of the shower 
 in a dish. 
 
 Danai (dan'a-i), or Danaoi (-oi). [Gr. A avaoL] 
 In ancient Greek history, the Argives : used by 
 
 306 
 
 Homer to denote the Greeks generally. See 
 Danaus. 
 
 Danaides (da-na'i-dez). [Gr. AaroMsf.] In 
 Greek legend, the fifty daughters of Danaus, 
 by whose command they slew their husbands. 
 According to later writers, they were con- 
 demned in Hades to pour water into sieves. 
 See Danaus. 
 
 Danakil (d;i-na-kel'). A Hamitic tribe of the 
 Ethiopian branch, settled in the arid region be- 
 tween Abyssinia, Massowa, and Oboek. They 
 claim to be Arabs and Mohammedans, hut are really pa- 
 gan. Their native name is Afar. Also called Dankali. 
 
 Danakil, Country of the. A region in east- 
 ern Africa, lying between the Red Sea on the 
 east and Abyssinia on the west: also called 
 Afar country. 
 
 Danaus (dan'a-us). [Gr. Aavaor.] In Greek 
 legend, a son of Belus and grandson of Posei- 
 don, the founder of Argos, and ancestor of the 
 Danai. He was the brother of iEgyptus. 
 Danbury ( dan 'bu-ri ) . A city in Fairfield County, 
 Connecticut, 52 miles northeast of New York. 
 It is noted for its hat manufactures. It was burned by 
 the British in 1777. Population, 20,234, (1910). 
 
 Danby (dan'bi), Francis. Born at Wexford (?), 
 Ireland, Nov. 16, 1793: died at Exmouth, Eng- 
 land, Feb., 1861. An English historical and 
 landscape painter. 
 
 Dance (dans), George. 1700-68. An English 
 architect, designer of the Mansion House, Lon- 
 don, in 1739. 
 
 Dance, George. Born about 1740: died at Lon- 
 don, Jan. 14, 1825. An English architect and 
 artist, son of George Dance. He designed New- 
 gate Prison, London, in 1770. 
 
 Dance, Nathaniel. Bom 1734: died at Carn- 
 borougli House, near Winchester, England, Oct. 
 15, 1811. An English painter, son of George 
 Dance (died 1768). 
 
 Dance of Death, Dance of Macaber (ma-ka'- 
 
 ber). [F. Danse Macabre, L. Chorea Macha- 
 heeorum.] Originally, a kind of morality or al- 
 legorical representation intended to remind the 
 living of the power of death, it originated in the 
 14th century in Germany, and consisted of dialogues be- 
 tween Death and a number of typical followers, which 
 were acted in or near churches by the religious orders. 
 Soon after it was repeated in France. It became extraor- 
 dinarily popular, and was treated in every possible way, 
 in pictures, bas-reliefs, tapestry, etc. Death is made 
 grotesque and a sort of “horrid Harlequin,” a skeleton 
 dancer or musician playing for dancing, leading all man- 
 kind. A dramatic poem which grew out of this was 
 imitated in Spain in 1400 as “La Danza General de los 
 Muertos.” In 1425 the French, having illustrated each 
 verse, had the whole series painted on the wall of the 
 churchyard of the Monastery of the Innocents, where they 
 acted the drama. In 1430 the poem and pictures were 
 produced in London, and not long after at Salisbury (1460), 
 Wortley Hall in Gloucestershire, and other places. In 
 Germany it attained its greatest popularity. The drama 
 was acted until about the middle of the 15th century, 
 when the pictures became the main point of interest. 
 There is a picture of this kind in the Marienkirche at 
 Liibeck, and one was on the cloister wall of Klingenthal, 
 a convent at Basel, both of the 14th century : the latter 
 disappeared in 1805. One in the Campo Santo at Pisa is 
 ascribed to Orcagna. In the reign of Henry VI. a pro- 
 cessional Dance of Death was painted around the cloisters 
 of old St. Paul’s in London. Holbein has left fifty-three 
 sketches for engraving, the originals of which are in St. 
 Petersburg: these he called “Imagines Mortis”; they 
 are, however, independent, and do not represent a dance. 
 Lydgate wrote a metrical translation of the poem for the 
 chapter of St. Paul’s, to be placed under the pictures in 
 the cloister. Various explanations of the name Macaber 
 or Macabre have been given. 
 
 The name “ Macabre ” probably arose from the associa- 
 tion of this subject with a painting that illustrated a 
 thirteenth-century legend of the lesson given by certain 
 hideous spectres of Death to three noble youths when 
 hunting in a forest. They afterwards arrived at the cell 
 of St. Macarius, an Egyptian anchorite, who was shown 
 in a painting by Andrew Orgagna presenting them with 
 one hand a label of admonition on the vainglory of life, 
 and with the other hand pointing to three open coffins. 
 In one coffin is a skeleton, in one a king. 
 
 Morley, English Writers, VI. 109. 
 
 Dancourt (don-kor'), (Florent Carton). Bom 
 
 at Fontainebleau, France, Nov. 1. 1661 : died at 
 Courcelles-le-Roi, Berry, France, Dec. 7, 1725. 
 A French comedian and playwright. His plays 
 deal almost exclusively with the middle class. Among 
 them are “Le chevalier a la mode” (1687), “Les bour- 
 geoises de quality ” (1700), “ Les trois cousins ” (1700). 
 
 Dandie Dinmont. See Dinmont, Dandle. 
 Dandin, George. See George Dandin. 
 
 Dandin (don-dan'), Perrin. A name given to 
 an ignorant and preposterous judge in Racine’s 
 “Les plaideurs” and in La Fontaine’s “Fa- 
 bles,” taken from Rabelais’s “Perrin Dendin.” 
 Dandolo (dan'do-lo), Andrea. Bornl310: died 
 Oct. 7, 1354. Doge of Venice 1343-54. He joined 
 
 in 1343 the Crusade proclaimed by Clement VI. against the 
 Turks, which ended in a peace advantageous to Venice in 
 
 Daniel 
 
 1346. He waged almost continuous war with Genoa 1348- 
 1354. He wrote “Chronicon Venetum,” a Latin chronicle 
 of Venice, which terminates with the year 1339. 
 
 Dandolo, Enrico. Born at Venice about 1108 : 
 died at Constantinople, June 14, 1205. Doge of 
 Venice 1192-1205. He was the leader of the Vene- 
 tians and Crusaders in the capture of Constantinople 
 1203 and 1204. He went as ambassador to the Byzantine 
 court in 1173, and was blinded by order of the emperor 
 Manuel. 
 
 Dandolo, Count Vincenzo. Born at Venice, 
 Oct. 26, 1758: died there, Dec. 13, 1819. An 
 Italian chemist and economist. He wrote “ Fonda- 
 menti della fisico-chimica” (1796), “Discorsi sulla pasto- 
 rizia, etc.” (18u6), etc. 
 
 Dane (dan), Nathan. Born at Ipswich, Mass., 
 Dec. 27, 1752: died at Beverley, Mass., Feb. 15, 
 1835. An American jurist. He drafted the ordi- 
 nance relating to the government of the territory north- 
 west of the Ohio 1786-87, and published “Abridgment and 
 Digest of American Law ” (1823-29). 
 
 Danelagh, or Danelaw (dan'la). [Also Dane- 
 lagh, Danelage. etc., after ME. or ML. transcrip- 
 tions of the AS. ; AS. Dena lagu, law of the 
 Danes: Dena, gen. of Dene, the Danes; lagu, 
 law.] That part of England where the Danish 
 influence was paramount during the 9th and 
 10th centuries. It corresponded to the modern shires 
 York, Lincoln, Nottingham, Derby, Leicester, Rutland, 
 Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambridge, Huntingdon, North- 
 ampton, Buckingham, Bedford, and Herts. 
 
 Danes (danz). [From ME. Dane (after ML. 
 Dani, etc.), Dene, from AS. Dene , pi., =D. 
 Deen — Gr. Dane, etc.,=Icel. Danir, pi., = Dan. 
 Dane, pi. Daner, also Dan-sk — Sw. Dan-sk ; first 
 in LL. Dani, pi.; ult. origin unknown.] The 
 natives of Denmark. They were first described 
 early in the 6th century as on the western coast of the Cim- 
 brian peninsula, in territory formerly occupied by the 
 Heruli, whither, according to Jordanes, they had come 
 from Scandinavia. The Old Danish language is preserved 
 in numerous runic inscriptions, the oldest of which date 
 from the Viking age (700-1050), and in literature from the 
 13th century. Three principal dialectic groups are dis- 
 tinguished, which are typically represented by the dialects 
 of Scania in southern Sweden, Zealand, and Jutland. The 
 Zealand dialect became the literary form at about the time 
 of the Reformation, from which period modern Danish 
 dates. 
 
 Danewerk (dan'e-verk), Dan. Dannevirke. 
 
 [‘Danes’ work.’] An ancient intrencliment or 
 wall erected by King Gottrik in the 9th cen- 
 tury as a protection of Denmark against inva- 
 sion from the south. It extended from the Schlei 
 to the Treene. It was strengthened in the 10th century 
 and later, and was captured from the Danes by the Prus- 
 sians April 23, 1848. 
 
 Dangeau (don-zho'), Philippe de Courcillon, 
 
 Marquis de. A French soldier, aide-de-camp 
 to Louis XIV. whom he attended in all his 
 campaigns. He wrote a voluminous journal, covering 
 'the period from 1684 to 1720, and giving in minute detail 
 the occurrences and the etiquette of the court of Louis. 
 Dangle (dang'gl). An amateur critic, in Sheri- 
 dan’s farce “ The Critic,” whose peculiarities 
 are agreeably described by his wife in the first 
 scene ; supposed to he a satire on Thomas 
 Vaughan, a playwright. 
 
 And what have you to do with the theatre, Mr. Dangle? 
 Why should you affect the character of a critic? I have 
 no patience with you ! Haven’t you made yourself the 
 jest of all your acquaintance by your interference in mat- 
 ters where you have no business? Are not you called a 
 theatrical quidnunc, and a moek Msecenas to second-hand 
 authors? Sheridan, The Critic, i. 
 
 Danican (da-ne-kon'), Francois Andre, usual- 
 ly known as Philidor. Born at Dreux, France, 
 Sept. 7, 1726: died at London, Aug. 31, 1795. 
 A noted French chess-player and musical com- 
 poser, author of “Analyse du jeu des dchecs” 
 (1777). 
 
 Daniel (dan'yel). [Heb., ‘my judge is God.’] 
 One of the prophets of the Old Testament. 
 
 According to the book which bears his name, he (prob- 
 ably being of royal or noble descent) was carried off cap- 
 tive to Babylon in the third year of Jehoiakim (605 B. e.), 
 and with three other Israelitish youths of noble blood, 
 Hauaniah, Mishael, and Azariah, was instructed in the lan- 
 guage and learning of the Babylonians and educated for 
 the king’s service. They refrained from defiling them- 
 selves by partaking of the food of the king. Daniel was 
 especially gifted with “understanding in all visions and 
 dreams,” and successfully exercised this gift by interpret- 
 ing disquieting dreams of Nebuchadnezzar, and the mys- 
 terious writing on the wall which disturbed the revelry 
 of Belshazzar (Dan. v. 5). At the accession of Darius he 
 was made “one of the three presidents” of the empire. 
 He was divinely delivered from the lions’ den into which 
 he was thrown for refusing to obey a decree of the king 
 forbidding any one to ask a petition of God or man for 
 thirty days except the king. He was still prosperous un- 
 der Cyrus. In the third year of Cyrus he saw the vision 
 on the bank of the Tigris, and this is the last notice about 
 him in the Old Testament. He is referred to by Ezekiel 
 as a patt ern of righteousness and wisdom. In addition to 
 his Hebrew name, a Babylonian one, Beltesliazzar (which 
 see), was given him. Legends about him grew up, as in 
 the apocryphal additions to the biblical book which bears 
 his name, “Bel and the Dragon,” the story of Susanna and 
 
Daniel 
 
 Daniel, etc. According to Mohammedan tradition, Daniel 
 returned to Palestine, where he held the government of 
 .Syria, and finally died at Susa, where his tomb is still 
 shown, and is visited by crowds of pilgrims. 
 
 Daniel, Book of. A book which in the English 
 Bible, as in all other translations, follows Eze- 
 kiel as the fourth of the greater prophets, while in 
 the original Hebrew Bible it has its place in the 
 third division of the Canon, the Hagiographa. 
 It is generally divided into two parts. The first, chapters 
 i.-vi., contains historical incidents ; the second, chapters 
 vii.-xii., visions. Chapters ii. 4-vii., inclusive, are written 
 in Aramaic : the rest in Hebrew. The authenticity and 
 historical character of the book were early called in ques- 
 tion. Porphyry, in his discourses against the Christians, 
 and most modern critics relegate the book in its present 
 shape, on historical and linguistic grounds, to the period 
 of the persecutions of Antiochus Epiphanes (about 167 
 B. c.). The writer exhibits a familiarity with the history 
 of that period, while his historical references to the time 
 in which Daniel is supposed to have lived are vague and 
 in many instances incorrect: as, for instance, that Nebu- 
 chadnezzar was the father of Belshazzar, that the latter was 
 the last Babylonian king, and that Darius, and not Cyrus, 
 was the successor of N abonidus in the rule over Babylonia, 
 The language of the book contains numerous Persian and 
 Greek words which point to a time when these empires 
 had long been established. The object of the author may 
 have been to encourage his people to constancy and faith- 
 fulness in the desperate struggle for their country and 
 faith, showing them how the constancy and fidelity of 
 Daniel and his three companions were rewarded, and re- 
 vealing to them the glorious future which is to follow 
 their present sufferings. This, however, does not exclude 
 a historical basis of the narratives contained in the book ; 
 and it is not impossible that a Daniel similar to the one 
 described in the book not only existed during the exile, 
 but that also some written materials were extant from him, 
 which the author of the 2d century cast, together with the 
 traditions, into a literary form, with a special view to the 
 circumstances of his own time. 
 
 Daniel (dan-yel'), Arnaud. See the extract. 
 
 Of the troubadours themselves none is mentioned with 
 higher praise than Arnaut Daniel. Petrarch calls him 
 gran maestro d'aniore, the “great master of love, whose 
 novel and beautiful style still (i. e. about the middle of 
 the fourteenth century) does honor to his country " ; and 
 Dante, in his philological and metrical treatise “ De vul- 
 gari eloquio,” declares himself indebted to Arnaut for the 
 structure of several of his stanzas. The “sestina,” for in- 
 stance, a poem of six verses in which the final words of 
 the first stanza appear in inverted order in all the others, 
 is an invention of this troubadour adopted by Dante and 
 Petrarch, and, most likely through the medium of French 
 models, by Mr. Swinburne. Hueffer, Troubadours, p. 45, 
 
 Daniel, Gabriel. Born at Rouen, France, Feb. 
 8, 1649 : died at Paris, June 23, 1728. A French 
 Jesuit historian and theologian, author of a 
 famous “Histoire de France ”(1713), etc. 
 Daniel (da'ne-el), Hermann Adalbert. Bom 
 at Kothen, Germany, Nov. 18, 1812: died at 
 Leipsic, Sept. 13, 1871. A German geographer 
 and theologian. He wrote “Thesaurus hym- 
 nologieus” (1841-56), “Lehrbuch der Geogra- 
 phic” (1845), etc. 
 
 Daniel (dan'yel), Samuel. Born probably 
 near Taunton, Somerset, England, 1562: died 
 at Beckington, Somerset, Oct. 14, 1619. An 
 English poet and historian, author of “Books 
 of the Civil Wars” (1595-1609), “Musophilus ” 
 (1599), etc.; in prose, “History of England” 
 (1612). Called by William Browne “ The Well- 
 languaged D.” 
 
 Daniel Deronda (dan'yel de-ron'da). A novel 
 by George Eliot. It appeared in eight monthly parts, 
 beginning in February, 1876, and as a whole in 1877. The 
 book unfolds the author’s conceptions of social growth, 
 the strength of tradition, and the impelling force of na- 
 tionality. See Deronda. 
 
 Daniell (dan'yel), John Frederick. Born at 
 London, March 12, 1790: died at London, 
 March 13, 1845. An English physicist and 
 chemist, inventor of a hygrometer (about 1820). 
 His works include “Meteorological Essays" (1823), “In- 
 troduction to Chemical Philosophy” (1839), etc. 
 
 Daniell, Samuel. Born at London in 1775 
 (1777?): died in Ceylon, Dec., 1811. An Eng- 
 lish artist and traveler, brother of William 
 Daniell. 
 
 Daniell, Thomas. Bom 1749 : died at London, 
 March 19, 1840. An English landscape-painter 
 and engraver, best known by his illustrations 
 of works on Eastern subjects. 
 
 Danish War, The. See Schleswig-Holstein War, 
 The. 
 
 Danites (dan 'its). 1. The members of the He- 
 brew tribe of Dan. See Dan . — 2. The members 
 of a secret organization in the Mormon Church, 
 who are sworn to support the heads of the 
 church in everything that they say or do, whe- 
 ther right or wrong. 
 
 Dannat (dan'at), William T. Bom at New 
 York in 1853. An American figure-painter. 
 He studied at Munich and Florence, and with Munkacsy 
 at Paris, and received the third-class medal at Paris in 
 1883. Commander of the Legion of Honor, 1900. 
 
 Dannecker (dan'nek-er), Johann Heinrich 
 
 von. Bom at Waldenbuch, near Stuttgart, 
 
 307 
 
 Oct. 15, 1758: died there, Dec. 8, 1841. A Ger- 
 man sculptor. In 1771 he entered the Karlsschule at 
 Stuttgart, where he was associated with Schiller. He de- 
 signed at an early age some statues of children and cary- 
 atides which still adorn the chateau of Stuttgart and 
 Hohenheim. Appointed court sculptor (1780) to Duke 
 Charles of Wiirtemberg, he went to Paris, where he 
 studied with Pajou. In 1785 he went to Home, where he 
 met Canova, Goethe, and Herder. His statue of Ceres 
 and Bacchus procured him admission to the academies of 
 Milan and Bologna. On his return to Stuttgart (1790), he 
 was appointed professor at the academy. His most fa- 
 mous work is a statue of Ariadne on a panther. Among 
 his other works are a statue of Sappho, a bust of Schiller, 
 a bust of Gluck (1809), etc. 
 
 Dannemora, or Danemora (da-ne-mo'ra). A 
 small parish in the laen of Upsala, Sweden, 
 situated 28 miles northeast of Upsala. It is 
 celebrated for its iron-mines (the best in Swe- 
 den). 
 
 Dannemora (dan-e-mo'ra). A town in Clinton 
 County, northeastern New York, situated 12 
 miles west of Plattsburg. It is the seat of 
 Clinton State prison. Population, 4,203, (1910). 
 Dannevirke, Dannewerk. See Danewerk. 
 
 Dansville (danz'vil). A village in Livingston 
 County, western New York, situated 63 miles 
 southeast of Buffalo. It is the seat of a water- 
 cure establishment. Population, 3,938, (1910). 
 Dantan (don-ton'), Antoine Laurent. Bom at 
 St. Cloud, Dec. 8, 1798 : died there, May 31, 1878. 
 A French sculptor, a pupil of Bosio. 
 
 Dantan, Jean Pierre. Born at Paris, Dec., 
 1800': died at Baden-Baden, Sept., 1869. A 
 French sculptor, brother of A. L. Dantan, noted 
 especially for grotesque busts. 
 
 Dantas (dan'tas), Manuel Pinto de Souza. 
 Born in Bahia about 1825: died Jan. 15, 1894. 
 A Brazilian politician of the liberal party. 
 He was senator from 1879, minister of j ustice in 1880, and 
 of the interior in 1882, and prime minister from June 6, 
 1884, to May 7, 1885. He brought forward a bill for email- 
 , cipation, which, though lost at the time, led to complete 
 abolition of slavery three years later. 
 
 Dante (dan'te; It. pron. dan'te) (originally Du- 
 rante) Alighieri (a-Ie-gi-a'ri). Born at Flor- 
 ence in May, 1265: died at Ravenna, Italy, 
 Sept. 14, 1321. A celebrated Italian poet. His 
 father, Alighiero degli Alighieri, was of an ancient family. 
 (The name is also spelled Aldigeri, Alaghieri, Aligeri.) 
 He was a jurisconsult, and a member of the Guelph 
 party. After its defeat at the battle of Montaperti, he 
 went into exile. Dante, as he was called after the Floren- 
 tine fashion of abbreviation, was, however, born in Flor- 
 ence. In the ninth year of his age he first saw Beatrice 
 Portinari, then only eight years old, who inspired him 
 with that romantic passion, or as some think impersonal 
 and platonic love, which he narrates in the “ Vita Nuova ” 
 and the “Divina Commedia." Beatrice was married in 
 1287 to Messer Simone de’ Bardi, and died shortly after, at 
 the age of twenty-four. Dante expresses no disappoint- 
 ment at her marriage, and seems to have had no desire for 
 any intimate relation with her. About two years after 
 her death he married Gemma Donati. He became pas- 
 sionately absorbed in the love of country, and at the age 
 of twenty-four fought on the side of the Guelpbs at the 
 battle of Cainpaldino. He was intrusted with several 
 foreign missions, and became an important factor in the 
 Florentine government. His political ideas changed grad- 
 ually, and from being an ardent Guelph and Florentine 
 he became “ the first Italian,” as has been said ; conceived 
 a plan of general organization for the advancement of 
 Italy; and endeavored to reconcile theGuelphsandGliibel- 
 llnes. On the 15th of June, 1300, Dante was elected one 
 of the priors of Florence. The struggles and riots of the 
 Bianchi and Neri resulted in the destruction of half of 
 Florence, Dante’s house being pillaged and destroyed in 
 his absence at Rome, to which city the Bianchi had sent 
 him on an embassy. The Neri succeeded in establishing 
 a government of their own, and passed a sentence of tem- 
 porary banishment against him in 1302. He succeeded 
 in obtaining aid from various courts, especially from Della 
 Scala, lord of Verona, his friend, who was the chief of 
 the Gliibellines. In 1303 an unsuccessful attempt was 
 made to take possession of Florence, and, humiliated by 
 his exile and failures, Dante withdrew from a public ca- 
 reer, and passed the rest of his life in wandering from one 
 city to another, watching, and endeavoring to guide, the 
 course of events from various retreats. About 1320 he 
 went to Ravenna, and on his return from a mission to 
 Venice fell ill, and, being worn out by failure and dis- 
 appointment, died at the age of fifty-six years. He spent 
 the years from 1304 to 1306 in study, and all his works 
 except the “Vita Nuova ” were written in solitary exile 
 His chief work is the “ Divina Commedia " (which see) 
 The “Vita Nuova" is practically the history of his love 
 for Beatrice. It was probably finished about 1300. The 
 ‘ Convito,” or Banquet, is almost a continuation of (he 
 “Vita Nuova.” It gives much information about his life, 
 and throws light on the “Divina Commedia.” These 
 were written in Italian. “De vulgari eloquio sive idio- 
 mate ” is a Latin treatise on the Italian language or vul- 
 gar idiom. It was begun in 1304, and is alluded to in the 
 “Convito.” “ De mouarchia,”a treatise containing Dante’s 
 creed as a Ghibelline, was written between 1310 and 1314. 
 There is a famous portrait of the poet as a young man, 
 by Giotto, on the wall of the Bargello in Florence. It was 
 injured by time and vandalism, and has been too much 
 restored ; fortunately, a tracing of it was made before this 
 by an Englishman, and this tracing has been published by 
 the Arundel Society. It and a death-mask are the only 
 authentic likenesses of Dante. 
 
 There are fair grounds for believing that he [Dante] 
 himself visited Oxford. Villani states that Dante, who 
 
 Danville 
 
 was one of his contemporaries and neighbors at Florence, 
 “went to the University (stvdio) at Bologna and then at 
 Paris, and in other parts of the world.” Boccaccio, a little 
 later in point of time, mentions incidentally that Dante 
 visited England as well as France ; and Giovanni da Se- 
 ravalle, Bishop of Fermo, writing in 1416, states posi- 
 tively that Dante studied the liberal arts at Padua and 
 Bologna, and theology at Oxford and Paris. Some indi- 
 rect evidence in support of this may be found in the “ Di- 
 vina Commedia,” which contains a description of the coast 
 of Flanders, an allusion to Westminster Abbey, and sev- 
 eral scattered notices of English affairs. A close resem- 
 blance has also been traced between some of Dante’s 
 opinions and those of Roger Bacon, the great English 
 philosopher. The date of Dante’s undoubted sojourn at 
 Paris must be placed either between the years 1287 and 
 1289, or between 1308 and 1314. Lyte, Oxford, p. 89. 
 
 Dantes (don-tas'), Edmond. The Count of 
 Monte Cristo, in Dumas’s novel of that name. 
 He appears, for the furtherance of his re- 
 venge, as Lord Wilmore and the Abbe Busoni. 
 
 Danti (dan'te), Vincenzo. Born at Perugia: 
 died May 24, 1576. An Italian goldsmith, sculp- 
 tor, military architect, and poet. He made the 
 "Decapitation of St. John ’* over the door of the baptis- 
 tery at Florence, and the statue of Pope Julius III. at Pe- 
 rugia. 
 
 Danton (don-ton'), Georges Jacques. Bom at 
 Arcis-sur-Aube, France, Oct. 28, 1759 : guillo- 
 tined at Paris, April 5, 1794. A celebrated 
 French revolutionist. He was the leader of the 
 attack on the 'Pufferies, Aug. 10, 1792 ; was minister 
 of justice in Aug. ■ was implicated in the “September 
 massacres"; moved the formation of the Revolutionary 
 tribunal March, 1793 ; and was a member of the Com- 
 mittee of Public Safety April-Sept., 1793. He overthrew 
 Hebert and his party with the aid of Robespierre, and was 
 in turn overthrown by the latter. He was an orator of 
 great power. 
 
 Dan Tucker (dan tuk'er). A negro song with 
 the refrain “ Out o’ de way, ole Dan Tucker” : 
 said to refer to Captain Daniel Tucker of Vir- 
 ginia, second governor of Bermuda. 
 
 Dantzic, or Dantsic (dant'sik). [G. Danzig, 
 Pol. Gdansk, L. Gedanum.~\ A seaport, capital 
 of the province of West Prussia, Prussia, situ- 
 ated on the Vistula 3 miles from its mouth, and 
 on the Mottlau and Radaune, in lat. 54° 21' N., 
 long. 18° 39' E. It contains the Altstadt, Rechtstadt, 
 Vorstadt, Niederstadt, Langgarten, and the Speicher Isl- 
 and, and is a strong fortress. It is one of the principal 
 ports of Germany, andnext to Odessa had the largest grain- 
 trade in Europe. Its chief buildings are the Rathaus, 
 the Exchange (Artushof or Junkerhof), the Church of St. 
 Mary, and a Franciscan monastery (with a museum). It 
 was the capital of the duchy of Pommerellen. The town 
 is mentioned as early as 997. It passed to the Teutonic 
 Order about 1309, and for a time was a Hanseatic city. 
 It came under the supremacy of Poland in 1454, but re- 
 tained a large amount of independence. By the second 
 partition of Poland it passed to Prussia in 1793. It was 
 besieged and taken by the French under Lefebvre in 1807 • 
 was made a commonwealth in 1807 ; was besieged by the 
 Allies in 1813, and taken (1814) after an eleven months' 
 siege. It was restored to Prussia in 1814. Population 
 commune, 169,305, (1910). 
 
 Danube (dan' ub). [G. Donau, Hung. Duna, 
 L. Danuvius, later Danubius, Gr. A avov/Stog.2 
 The largest river of Europe next to the Volga, 
 formed by the union of the Breg and Brigach 
 near Donaueschingen in southern Baden: the 
 Roman Danubius, or (in its lower course) Ister. 
 It flows through 'Wiirtemberg, Bavaria, and Austria-Hun- 
 gary; separates Austria-Hungary and Rumania on the 
 north from Serviaand Bulgaria on the south ; and empties 
 into the Black Sea by three principal mouths, about lat. 
 44° 50'-45’ 25' N. Navigable to Ulm. Its chief tributaries 
 are, on theright bank, the Iller, Lech, Isar, Inn, Enns, Raab, 
 Drave, Save, Morava, and Timok ; on the left bank, the 
 Altmtfffl, Naab, Regen, March, Waag, Gran, Theiss, Teraes, 
 Schyl, Aluta, Arjish, Yalomitza, Sereth, and Prutli. Area 
 of basin, about 300,000 square miles. Length, 1,770 miles. 
 
 Danube Navigation Commission, Interna- 
 tional. A commission appointed by the treaty 
 of Paris in 1856, and several times continued. 
 It has great authority over the Danube mouths, in con- 
 structing engineering works, making local regulations, 
 etc., and to a less extentover the Danube as far up as the 
 Iron Gates. 
 
 Danubian (da-nu'bi-an) Principalities. The 
 former principalities' of Moldavia and Walla- 
 chia, now forming the kingdom of Rumania. 
 
 D’ Anvers (dan'verz), Caleb. The name as- 
 sumed by Nicholas Amhurst as editor of “The 
 Craftsman ” ( 1726) in connection with Pulteney 
 and Bolingbroke. 
 
 Danvers (dan'verz). A town in Essex County, 
 Massachusetts, situated 17 miles northeast of 
 Boston. It is the seat of the State insane asy- 
 lum. Population, 9,407, (1910). 
 
 D’Anville. See Anville. 
 
 Danville (dan'vil). The name of several towns 
 in the United States, (a) A city and the county-seat 
 of Vermilion County, Illinois, situated on the Vermilion 
 River in lat. 40° 7’ N., long. 87° 38' W. It is a railway and 
 coal-mining center. Population, 27,871, (1910). (b) The 
 
 county-seat of Boyle County, central Kentucky, 39 miles 
 south of Frankfort. Population, 5,420, (1910). (e) A bor- 
 ough and the county-seat of Montour County, Pennsyl- 
 vania, situated on the north branch of the Susquehanna 
 
Danville 
 
 61 miles north ol Harrisburg. It is noted for its iron 
 manufactures. Population, 7,517, (1910). ( d ) An indepen- 
 
 dent city of Virginia, formerly in Pittsylvania County, sit- 
 uated on the Dan in lat. 36° 34' N., long. 79° 20 ' W. : the cen- 
 ter of a tobacco-growing district. Population, 19,020, (1910). 
 
 Danzig. See Dantsic. 
 
 Daphnae (daf'ne) (town). See Daphne, 2. 
 
 Daphne (daf'ne). [Gr. Adcpvr/, the laurel.] 1. 
 In Greek mythology, a nymph, daughter of the 
 river-god Peneius, or, in other accounts, of La- 
 don, an Arcadian. Her lover Leucippus pursued 
 her in woman’s clothing, and was killed by the nymphs 
 at the instigation of Apollo. When the god in turn pur- 
 sued her, she entreated that she might be transformed 
 into the bay-tree, and he granted her petition. 
 
 2. The first Italian opera, as distinguished 
 from a musical drama. It was produced by the So- 
 ciety of the Alterati in Florence, in a private house, in 
 1596. The music was by Giulio Caccini and Jacopo Peri 
 (who both invented recitative), the words by Ottavio Ri- 
 nuccini. Opitz made a German translation of the text, 
 and Heinrich Schtitz wrote new music for it. This was 
 the first German opera, and was produced April 13, 1627, 
 at Torgau, at the court of the elector John George I. 
 
 3. An asteroid (No. 41) discovered by Gold- 
 schmidt at Paris, May 22, 1856. 
 
 Daphne. 1. In ancient geography, a famous 
 grove and sanctuary of Apollo, situated about 
 5 miles southwest of Antioch, Syria. It was 
 established by Seleueus Nicator. — 2. A town 
 in ancient Egypt, about 25 miles from Pelu- 
 sium : the Talipenes of the Bible, and the 
 modern Tel Defenneh. Its site has been ex- 
 plored. Also Daphnae. 
 
 Dapkni, Convent of. See Athens (Greece). 
 
 Daphnis (daf'nis). [Gr. AafAg.'] 1. In Greek 
 mythology, a shepherd, son of Mercury and a 
 Sicilian nymph. He was protected by Diana, and loved 
 the chase. Pan gave him lessons in singing and on the 
 flute, and the Muses endowed him with a love of poetry, 
 and he is said to have originated bucolic poetry. He was 
 turned into a stone according to one legend; according to 
 another his eyes were torn out by a nymph for his infi- 
 delity to her, and he threw himself in despair into the 
 sea. In ancient pastoral poetry his name was frequently 
 given to shepherds. 
 
 2. A gentle shepherd in Beaumont and Fletch- 
 er’s play “The Faithful Shepherdess.” — 3. 
 An idyl by Gesner (1756). 
 
 Dapliriis and Chloe (klo'e). A Greek pastoral 
 romance attributed to Longus (4th or 5th cen- 
 tury A. D.), a Greek sophist. It recounts the loves 
 and pastoral life of Daphnis, foster-son of Lamon, a goat- 
 herd, and Chloe, foster-daughter of Dryas, a shepherd. 
 The manuscript of Mont-Oassin, taken to Florence, does 
 not name the author. It is known principally through 
 the French version of Amyot (1559), revised by Courier. 
 It has been translated and imitated in all European 
 languages. Tasso’s “Aminta," Montemayor’s “Diana,” 
 d’Urfd’s “Sireine," St. Pierre’s “Paul and Virginia,” and 
 Allan Ramsay’s “ Gentle Shepherd’’ are founded on it. 
 
 Da Ponte (da pon'te), Lorenzo. Born at Ce- 
 neda, near Venice, March 10, 1749: died at New 
 York, Aug. 17, 1838. An Italian librettist and 
 author. He wrote the words to Mozart’s “ Fi- 
 garo ” and “Don Giovanni.” 
 
 Dapper (dap'er). In Ben Jonson’s comedy “The 
 Alchemist,” a greedy and credulous lawyer’s 
 clerk who desires a “fly” (a spirit or familiar) 
 of the Alchemist to enable him to cheat at 
 horse-races by giving him prior information. 
 
 Dapperwit. A vain, foolish, and boastful rake 
 in Wycherley’s “Love in a Wood.” 
 
 Dappes (dap), Vallee des. A small valley in 
 the Jura, canton of Vaud, Switzerland. It was 
 a subject of dispute between France and Swit- 
 zerland 1815-62. 
 
 Dapple (dap'l). The name of Sancho Panza’s 
 ass m Cervantes’s romance “Don Quixote.” 
 Darab ( da-r ab ' ) , orDar abgher d (da-riib-gerd ' ) , 
 or Darabjird (da-rab-jerd'). A city in the 
 province of Farsistan, Persia, in lat. 28° 55' N., 
 long. 54° 25' E. It is sometimes identified with 
 the ancient Pasargadae. 
 
 Daras (da'ras). An ancient town of Mesopo- 
 tamia, situated near Nisibis. It was a frontier 
 post of the Eastern Empire against Persia in 
 the 6th century A. D. 
 
 Darbhangah (da-ban'ga), or Durbunga (dur- 
 bun'ga). 1. A district in Bengal, British In- 
 dia, intersected by lat. 26° N., long. 86° E. 
 Area, 3,348 square miles. Population, 2,912,611. 
 — 2. The capital of the above district. Popu- 
 lation, 66,244. 
 
 D’Arblay, Madame. See Arhlay. 
 
 Darboy (diir-bwa'), Georges. Born at Fayl- 
 Billot, Haute-Marne, France, Jan. 16, 1813: 
 shot at Paris, May 24, 1871. A French prelate, 
 archbishop of Paris 1863-71. He was arrested 
 and assassinated by the Communists. 
 
 Darby (dar'bi), John Nelson. Born at Lon- 
 don, Nov. 18,1800: died at Bournemouth, Hants, 
 England, April 28, 1882. An English theologi- 
 
 308 
 
 cal writer, for a time a minister of the Church 
 of England: one of the founders of the Ply- 
 mouth Brethren, or Darbyites. See Plymouth 
 Brethren. 
 
 Darby and Joan. A married pair who are said 
 to have lived in the 18th century in the West 
 Biding of Yorkshire, noted traditionally for 
 their long and happy married life. There is a 
 ballad on the subject called “The Happy Old Couple," 
 supposed to have been written by Henry Woodfall, though 
 it has been attributed to Prior. A poem “Dobson and 
 Joan,” by “Mr. B.,’’ is published with Prior’s poems. 
 
 Dare, Jeanne. See Joan of Are. 
 
 Darcet (dar-sa'), Jean. Born Sept. 7, 1725: 
 died at Paris, Feb. 13, 1801. A French chem- 
 ist, director of the manufactory at Sevres. 
 Darcet, Jean Pierre Joseph. Born at Paris, 
 Aug. 31, 1777 : died Aug. 2, 1844. A French 
 chemist, son of the preceding. He effected 
 improvements in the manufacture of powder. 
 
 Darcy (dar'si), Mr. The lover of Elizabeth 
 Bennet, in Miss Austen’s “Pride and Preju- 
 dice.” See Bennet. 
 
 Dardanelles (dar-da-nelz'). A strait connect- 
 ing the Sea of Marmora with the iEgean Sea, 
 and separating the peninsula of Gallipoli from 
 Asia Minor: the ancient Hellespont. It is de- 
 fended by castles at Tchanak-Ivalessi (known as the Castle 
 of Asia : see extract below), Kilid-Bahr(known as the Cas- 
 tle of Europe), and at the Jigean entrance. It was crossed 
 by Xerxes in 480 B. c., and by Alexander the Great in 334 B. o. 
 The passage was forced by the British fleet under Admiral 
 Duckworth in 1807. It was closed against foreign men-of- 
 war by stipulations of 1841, 1866, 1871, and 1878, but was 
 passed by a British fleet in Feb., 1878, to protect Constanti- 
 nople from the Russians. In 1891 an agreement between 
 Kussia and the Porte was reached, by which the ships of the 
 so-called volunteer fleet of Russia, bearing the flag of the 
 merchant marine, are allowed free passage of the Darda- 
 nelles; but when they carry convictsorsoldiers,noticeof this 
 fact must he given to the Porte. Length, about 45 miles. 
 Average width, 3to 4 miles ; narrowest point, about 1| miles. 
 
 About H m. below the western point of that bay [Maito 
 (Madytus)j are the famous Castles of the Dardanelles. The 
 castles, Chanatc-kalesi, the earthenware castle, from a cel- 
 ebrated manufacture, or Sidtantih-kalesi, on the Asiatic 
 side (known as the Castle of Asia], and Khilid-bahri, or 
 Khiluli-bahar (the lock of the sea), on the European shore 
 [known as the Castle of Europe], are called by the Turks 
 Boghaz-hissarlari , and by the Franks the Old Castles of 
 Anatolia and Roumelia. Chanatc-kalesi, commonly called 
 Dardanelles, is a town of 2,000 houses, on a flat point op- 
 posite the European fort. Khilid-bahri is built on the 
 side of a projecting hill, and its castle is of less importance 
 than that of Chanatc-kalesi. The equipment of the forts 
 both on the European and Asiatic sides has recently been 
 entirely reorganized. On the Asiatic side the fort of Sul- 
 tanieli has been armed with Krupp guns, which will com- 
 mand a large section of the Straits both above and below 
 the town. Some distance below the town a40-tou Krupp 
 gun has been mounted behind earthworks. Above the 
 town are also batteries, one of which on the Najara Bour- 
 nou point has a heavy Krupp gun. On the European side 
 the fort of Khilid-bahri, situated at the foot of a steep 
 hill, has 15 large Krupp guns, and both above and below 
 it are newly-constructed earthworks heavily armed. The 
 barrow of Hecuba, or Cynossema, where the Athenians 
 erected atrophy after their victory towards the end of the 
 Peloponnesian war (Thucydides, viii. ), is, or was, close to 
 the European castle. 
 
 Murray, Handbook for Turkey, etc., p. 128 (ed. 187S). 
 
 Dardani (dar'da-ni). [Gr. Aap6avoi.~\ 1. An an- 
 cient Illyrian people of the southern highland 
 of Mossia. They became subject to the Mace- 
 donians under the Antigoni, and later to the 
 Romans. — 2. The inhabitants of Dardania (1), 
 mentioned in the Iliad. 
 
 Dardania (dar-da'ni-a), or Dardanice. [Gr. 
 
 A apSavia, from the Dardani.] 1. In ancient 
 geography, a territory in Mysia, with uncertain 
 boundaries. It is mentioned, indefinitely, in 
 the Iliad. — 2. A district in the southwestern 
 part of Mcesia. It was made a province by Dio- 
 cletian. 
 
 Dardanius (dar-da'ni-us). Servant to Brutus 
 in Shakspere’s tragedy “Julius Caisar.” 
 
 Dardanus (dar'da-nus). [Gr. Adpdavoc.'] In 
 Greek legends, a son of Zeus and Electra, and 
 mythical ancestor of the Trojans. 
 
 Dardanus, or Dardanum (-num). [Gr. A dpSavos 
 or Adp6ai>ov.~] In ancient geography, a city of 
 Mysia, Asia Minor, situated on the Hellespont 
 about 9 miles southwest of Abydos. 
 
 Darden (dar'den), Miles. Born in North Caro- 
 lina, 1798: died in Henderson County, Tenn., 
 Jan. 23, 1857. An American noted for his size. 
 His height was 7 feet 6 inches, and his weight 
 (at death) about 1,000 pounds. 
 
 Dardistan (dar-dis-tan' ). [’Land of the Dardu,’ 
 an Aryan race.] A region in central Asia. (See 
 the quotation.) Also Jahistan (‘land of the reb- 
 els’). 
 
 Dardistan appears to be simply a convenient but some- 
 what misleading name employed by our geographers to 
 express a large tract inhabited by different Aryan races 
 of somewhat similar type. It includes the districts of 
 Astor and Gilgit, . . . the little kingdoms of Hunza and 
 
 Darius I. 
 
 Nagar, Yasin, the independent republics of the Indus val- 
 ley, and other countries south of the Hindu Koosh. 
 
 E. F. Knight, Where Three Empires Meet, p. 268. 
 
 Daredevil (dar'dev'T). The Atheist in Otway’s 
 comedy of that name . He is a cowardly, boasting fel- 
 low, who when in danger forgets his principles and says 
 “two dozen paternosters within a half hour.” 
 
 Dares (da/rez). [Gr. Adp^f.] A priest of He- 
 phtestus in Troy, mentioned in the Iliad. The 
 authorship of a lost work on the fall of Troy, a pretended 
 Latin translation of which was written about the 6th (?) 
 century A. D. was attributed to him in antiquity. 
 
 Dar-es-Salaam (dar-es-sa-lam'). The capital 
 of German East Africa. It has an excellent har- 
 bor, but is unhealthy. It rivals Bagamoyo as a meeting- 
 place of the caravans from the lake region. It was ceded 
 by the Sultan of Zanzibar to the German East African Com- 
 pany in 1885. 
 
 Dareste de la Chavanne (da-rest' de la Sha- 
 vian ' ) , Antoine Elisabeth Cleophas. Born at 
 Paris, Oct. 28, 1820 : died at Lucenay-les-Aix, 
 France, Aug. 6, 1882. A French historian, au- 
 thor of “ Histoire de France” (1865-73), etc. 
 
 Dar-fertit (dar-fer-tet'). A region in central 
 Africa, south of Darfur. 
 
 Darfur (dar'for), or Darfor (dar'for). A coun- 
 try in the eastern part of the Sudan, Africa, 
 situated about lat. 10°-16° N., long. 21°-28° E. 
 It is inhabited by negroes and Arabs, and the religion 
 is Mohammedan. Its chief towns are El-Fasher and 
 Kobeh. It was conquered and annexed to Egypt in 1874, 
 but revolted in 1882. Area, estimated, 150,000 square 
 miles. Population, estimated, 750,000. 
 
 Darfur, to the west of Kordofan, is within the limits of 
 the Anglo- Egyptian Sudan and pays tribute, but the man- 
 agement of its internal affairs is left almost entirely to 
 its hereditary Sultan. 
 
 Statesman's Year-Book, 1910, p. 1304. 
 
 Dargaud (dar-go'), Jean Marie. Born at Pa- 
 ray le-Monial, Saone-et-Loire, France, Fet*. 22, 
 1800 : died Jan. 5, 1866. A French historian 
 and litterateur. His chief work is a “Histoire 
 de la liberty religieuse en France” (1859). 
 
 Dariel Pass (da-re-el' pas). The chief pass in 
 the Caucasus Mountains, situated in the central 
 part of the chain. It is traversed by a military road, 
 the route between Tiflis and Vladikavkaz. It is probably 
 the ancient Caucasian or Iberian Gates. Elevation, about 
 6,000 feet. 
 
 Darien (da'ri-en). A seaport in McIntosh 
 County, Georgia, situated near the mouth of 
 the Altamaha Biver in lat. 31° 22' N., long. 81° 
 26' W. It exports lumber. Population, 1,391, 
 (1910). 
 
 Darien, Colony of. An unsuccessful Scottish 
 settlement on the Isthmus of Panama, founded 
 by William Paterson. It was chartered by the Scot- 
 tish Parliament in 1695 ; the enterprise was begun in 1698 ; 
 and the settlement was abandoned in 1700. 
 
 Darien (da'ri-en; Sp. pron. da-re-en'), Gulf of. 
 A branch of the Caribbean Sea, lying north of 
 the republic of Colombia and east of the Isth- 
 mus of Panama. See Urabd. 
 
 Darien, Isthmus of. See Panama, Isthmus of. 
 
 The name is also used, in a restricted sense, for that por- 
 tion of the Isthmus of Panama (or Darien) which forms a 
 narrow neck between the Gulf of Darien and the Gulf of 
 San Miguel. 
 
 Darinel (dar'i-nel). A comic shepherd, a char- 
 acter introduced into “ Florisel de Niquea,” the 
 tenth book of “Amadis de Gaul.” He strongly 
 excited the rage of Cervantes. 
 
 Darius (da-ri'us) I. [Gr. A apejoc", in the Old 
 Testament Daryavesli; in the cuneiform inscrip- 
 tions Daryavush or Daryamush ; OPers. Da- 
 rayavush.\ Son of Hystaspes, and fifth in the 
 descent from Achsemenes. He succeeded Camhyses 
 on the Persian throne 521-486, after defeating the Magian 
 Gaumata, who claimed to be Bardiya (the Greek Smerdis), 
 brother of Camhyses. A record of his reign is given by 
 himself in the long trilingual inscriptions of Behistun 
 (which see). Besides the revolt in Persia itself, caused 
 by the impostor Gaumata, be had to suppress two upris- 
 ings in Babylonia, led by Nidintu-Bel and Arachu, who 
 gave themselves out for Nebuchadnezzar, son of Naboni- 
 dus : in consequence of these uprisings he caused the 
 fortifications of Babylon to be torn down. The other 
 countries also fell away in turn, but at last were brought 
 to submission. After restoring order in the empire he 
 turned his attention to reorganization and reforms of the 
 administration. He divided the whole land into twenty 
 satrapies, introduced regular taxation and uniformity of 
 coinage, constructed roads, and founded a kind of postal 
 system by placing stations and relays with saddled horses 
 at regular intervals on the road between Susa and Sardis. 
 To the capitals Susa in Elam, Ecbatana in Media, and 
 Babylon, he added Persepolis in Persia proper, which was 
 destroyed by Alexander the Great, but of which imposing 
 ruins have survived. On account of his attention to trade 
 and industry he was called “the Huckster." His expedi- 
 tion over the Bosporus and Danube into Scythia was un- 
 successful. Toward the East he extended bis supremacy 
 to the Indus, and compelled North Africa to pay him trib- 
 ute. Under him began also the great struggle between 
 Persia and Greece (battle of Marathon in 490). Histomb 
 is hewn in the rock at a place called Nakkshi-Rnstem, near 
 Persepolis, and is adorned with sculptures and inscrip- 
 tions complementing those of Behistun. Darius I. is re- 
 
Darius I. 
 
 ferred to in the Old Testament in connection with the 
 building of the temple of Zerubbabel. In the second year 
 of his reign he allowed the resumption of the building, 
 and in the sixth it was completed (Ezra. vi. 15). 
 
 Darius II., surnamed Nothus. [Gr. vuthc, a 
 bastard.] Persian king 425 (424)-405 (404) B. c. 
 Darius III., surnamed Codomannus. The last 
 king of Persia, 336-330 B. C., when he was de- 
 throned by Alexander the Great. 
 
 Darjiling, or Darjeeling (dar-jel'ing). 1. A. dis- 
 trict in the Bhagalpur division, Bengal, British 
 India, situated about lat. 27° N., long. 87° 59'- 
 88° 53' E. Area, 1,164 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 249,117. — 2. A town and sanatorium in 
 the above district, situated in lat. 27° 3' N., 
 long. 88° 19' E. It is the chief health-station 
 in Bengal. Elevation, about 7,000 feet. 
 
 Dark and Bloody Ground, The. An alleged 
 translation of the Indian word Kentucky, and a 
 name given to that State in allusion to its early 
 associations with'Indian warfare. 
 
 Dark Continent, The. Africa. 
 
 Dark Lady, The. A woman, mentioned in 
 Shakspere’s later sonnets, who has been 
 thought to be Mary Fitton, a maid of honor (in 
 1595) to Queen Elizabeth. She was the mistress 
 of William Herbert, earl of Pembroke, who is celebrated 
 in the earlier sonnets. Others have suggested Penelope, 
 lady Rich. 
 
 Darlaston (dar'las-ton). A town in Stafford- 
 shire, England, 4 miles southeast of Wolver- 
 hampton. It is noted for its iron manufac- 
 tures. Population, 15,395. 
 
 Darley (dar'li), Felix Octavius Carr. Born at 
 Philadelphia, June 23, 1822: died at Claymont, 
 Del., March 27, 1888. An American artist, 
 noted as an illustrator. He illustrated Judd’s 
 novel “Margaret” (1856), and the works of 
 Dickens, Cooper, Irving, etc. 
 
 Darley Arabian, The. One of the three East- 
 ern stallions from which all horses in the stud- 
 book trace descent. See Byerly Turk and Go- 
 dolphin Barb. He was imported about 1700 by a Mr. 
 Darley, of Yorkshire, through his brother, an English 
 agent in the Levant. He was brought from Aleppo, 
 which has always been the point of export for full- 
 blooded Arab horses, and was probably Keheilen (the 
 Arab equivalent of “thoroughbred," applied to all horses 
 bred in A1 Khamish, or the five great strains). He was 
 the sire of Flying Childers and Bartlett’s Childers, the 
 sire of Squirt, the sire of Marske, the sire of Eclipse, the 
 founder of the chief male line of thoroughbreds. 
 
 Darling (dar'ling), Grace. Born at Bambor- 
 ough, Northumberland, England, Nov. 24, 1815: 
 died Oct. 20, 1842. An English heroine who 
 aided in rescuing five persons from the wreck 
 of the “Forfarshire” steamer near Lougstone 
 lighthouse, Fame Islands, Sept. 7, 1838. 
 Darling. 1 . A river in Australia which rises 
 in southeastern Queensland, flows through New 
 South Wales, and joins the Murray in lat. 34° 5' 
 S., long. 141° 53' E. Also called Calewatta and 
 Barman. Length, about 1,100 miles ; naviga- 
 ble about 400 (?) miles. — 2. A range of low 
 mountains in western Australia, running paral- 
 lel to the coast. 
 
 Darlington (dar'ling-ton), William. Born at 
 Birmingham, Pa., April 28, 1782: died at West 
 Chester, Pa., April 23, 1863. An American 
 botanist and politician. He was elected to Congress 
 as a Democrat in 1815, and again in 1819 and in 1821. He 
 wrote “ Flora Cestrica ” (1837), etc. 
 
 Darlington. A town in Durham, England, sit- 
 uated on the Skerne 18 miles south of Durham. 
 It has manufactures of woolens and carpets, and was the 
 terminus of the Stockton and Darlington Railway, the 
 oldest railway in the world (opened in 1825). Population, 
 44,511. 
 
 Darmesteter (dar-me-ste-tar'), James. Bom 
 March 28, 1849: died Oct. 19, 1894. A noted 
 French Orientalist, professor of Iranian lan- 
 guages and literature at the College de France 
 from 1885. He was the author of numerous 
 works on Oriental subjects. 
 
 Darmstadt (darm'stat). The capital of the 
 grand duchy of Hesse, Germany, situated in 
 the province of Starkenburg, 16 miles south of 
 Frankfort-on-the-Main. It has some trade and man- 
 ufactures, and contains a castle (with a large library, pic- 
 ture-gallery, and collections), and a statue and column 
 of Louis I. It passed to Hesse in 1479, became the capi- 
 tal in 1567, and greatly developed under the grand duke 
 Louis I. Population, commune, 83,123. 
 
 Darnetal (dar-na-tai'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Seine-Inf6rieure, France, situated on 
 the Aubette 2£ miles east of Rouen. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 6,920. 
 
 Darnley (darn'li), Lord (Henry Stuart). Born 
 in England, Dec. 7, 1545 : killed near Edinburgh, 
 Feb. 9-10, 1567. The second husband of Mary 
 Queen of Scots He was the son of the Earl of Lennox, 
 and was cousin-german to Mary, whom he married J uly 29, 
 1565. He was treated at first with much kindness by the 
 
 309 
 
 queen, who promised to induce the Scottish Parliament 
 to grant him a crown matrimonial ; but eventually alien- 
 ated her affections by his stupidity, insolence, and profli- 
 gacy, and especially by his participation in the murder 
 of her favorite, the Italian secretary Rizzio (March 9, 1566). 
 While convalescent from an attack of the smallpox he 
 was removed to a solitary house called the Kirk of Field, 
 near Edinburgh, which was blown up with gunpowder by 
 the Earl of Bothwell, apparently with the queen’s know- 
 ledge, on the night of Feb. 9-10, 1567. 
 
 Daroca (da-ro'ka). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of Saragossa, Spain. 
 
 Dar Runga (dar ron'ga). A negro kingdom and 
 vassal state of Wadai, in central Africa, situ- 
 ated south of Wadai, about lat. 10° N. 
 Darshana (dar'sha-na). In Hindu philosophy, 
 “demonstration .” The Shaddarshanas, or six demon- 
 strations, are the six schools of Hindu philosophy. These 
 are the Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sankhya, Yoga, Purvamima- 
 risa, Uttaramimarisa. 
 
 Dart (dart). A river of Devonshire, England, 
 about 35 miles long, rising in Dartmoor and flow- 
 ing into the English Channel. Dartmouth is on 
 its estuary. 
 
 Dartford (dart'ford). A manufacturing town 
 in Kent, England, situated on the Darent 15 
 miles southeast of London. Wat Tyler’s re- 
 bellion commenced here in 1381. Population, 
 18,614. 
 
 Dartle (dar'tl), Rosa. In Charles Dickens’s 
 “David Copperfield,” Mrs. Steerforth’s excit- 
 able companion, in love with Steerforth. She 
 has a scar on her face, caused by Steerforth in 
 his youth. 
 
 Dartmoor (dart'mor). A granitic moorland re- 
 gion in Devonshire, England, situated north of 
 Plymouth. It abounds in British antiquities, and is the 
 seat of a military prison (opened in 1809) where American 
 seamen were detained in the War of 1812, and where French 
 prisoners of war were confined during the wars with Napo- 
 leon. Elevation, about 1,500 feet above sea-level. Length, 
 25 miles. Breadth, 15 miles. 
 
 Dartmouth (dart'muth), A seaport in Devon- 
 shire, England, situated at the entrance of the 
 Dart into the English Channel, 26 miles south of 
 Exeter. It was an important seaport in the 
 middle ages. Population, 6,579. 
 
 Dartmouth College. An institution of learn- 
 ing situated at Hanover, New Hampshire, 
 founded by Eleazer Wheelock. it was chartered 
 1769, and opened 1770. It has about 1,200 students and 120 
 instructors, and a library of 108,000 volumes and 22,000 
 pamphlets. It is non-sectarian. See Legge, William. 
 
 Dartmouth College, Case of. In the history 
 of American jurisprudence, a ease which de- 
 rives great importance from its hearing on 
 the law of corporations. It originated in a dispute 
 between the president and trustees of Dartmouth College. 
 The former, having been removed from office by the lat- 
 ter, appealed to the legislature of New Hampshire, which 
 passed a bill amending the charter of the college, where- 
 by a new corporation was created under the title of 
 Dartmouth University, the property of the college being 
 vested in the new corporation. The college trustees 
 brought action in the Court of Common Pleas in 1817 to 
 recover the property. The case came by appeal before 
 the Supreme Court of the United States, which in 1819 
 rendered a decision in favor of the trustees. The deci- 
 sion held that a charter is a contract between the State 
 and the corporation created by the charter, and that, as 
 the States are prohibited by the Constitution from pass- 
 ing any laws impairing the obligations of contracts, char- 
 ters are unalterable except by consent of the corpora- 
 tions created by them. The plaintiffs were represent ed by 
 Daniel Webster. 
 
 Daru (da-rfl'), Comte Napoleon. Born at Paris, 
 June 11, 1807 : died there, Feb. 19, 1890. A 
 French politician, son of P. A. Daru. He was 
 vice-president of the Legislative Assembly 1850-51, and 
 minister of foreign affairs in 1870. 
 
 Daru, Comte Pierre Antoine Noel Bruno. 
 
 Born at Montpellier, France, Jan. 12, 1767: 
 died at Becheville, near Meulan, France, Sept. 
 5, 1829. A French statesman and historian. 
 He was, although an adherent of the principles of the 
 French Revolution, detained in prison 1793-94 ; became 
 intendant-general of the army of the Danube about 1795 ; 
 became councilor of state about 1805 ; became minister of 
 state in 1811 ; and became a member of the Chamber of 
 Peers in 1819. His chief work is “Histoire de la rdpub- 
 lique de Venise” (1819-21). 
 
 Darwar. See Dharwar. 
 
 Darwen. See Over Barmen. 
 
 Darwin (dar'win), Charles Robert. Born at 
 Shrewsbury, England, Feb. 12, 1809: died at 
 Down, Kent, April 19, 1882. A celebrated Eng- 
 lish naturalist, founder of the “Darwinian” 
 theory of evolution. He was the grandson of Eras- 
 mus Darwin ; studied at Edinburgh and Cambridge ; was 
 naturalist to H. M. S. Beagle, Captain Fitz Roy, on a voy- 
 age of exploration around the world 1831-36 ; married his 
 cousin Emma Wedgwood in 1839 ; and in 1842 took up his 
 residence in the secluded village of Down, in Kent, where 
 he devoted himself to a life of study and scientific re- 
 search. He published in 1859 his chief work, “On the 
 Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the 
 Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life,” in 
 which he propounded his theory of biological evolution, 
 called the “Darwinian theory.” He also wrote “ Narrative 
 
 Daubeny 
 
 of the Surveying Voyages of H. M. S. Adventure and Bea- 
 gle ” (published as Vol. III. of the reports of Captains Fitz 
 Roy and King, 1839; second edition, “Journal of Re- 
 searches into the Natural History and Geology of the Coun- 
 tries visited during the Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle,” 1846 ; 
 third, “A Naturalist’s Voyage,” 1860), “Zoology of the 
 Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle” (1840—43, edited by Darwin), 
 “The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs ’’(first part 
 of “The Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle,” 1842), 
 “Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands visited, 
 etc.” (second part of the “ Geology, etc.,” 1844), “ Geological 
 Observations on South America” (third part of the “Ge- 
 ology, etc.,” 1846), “ On the Various Contrivances by which 
 Orchids are fertilized by Insects, etc.” (1862), “ The Move- 
 ments and Habits of Climbing Plants” (1865), “The Vari- 
 ation of Animals and Plants under Domestication ” (1868), 
 “The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex ’’ 
 (1871), “The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Ani- 
 mals ” (1872), “Insectivorous Plants ” (1875), “The Effects 
 of Cross and Self Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom ’’ 
 (1876), “Different Forms of Flowers” (1877), “The Power 
 of Movement in Plants ” (1880), “ The Formation of Vege- 
 table Mould through the Action of Worms, with Observa- 
 tions on their Habits ” (1881), and a number of monographs, 
 etc. 
 
 Darwin, Erasmus. Born at Elston, Notting- 
 ham, England, Dec. 12, 1731: died at Derby, 
 England, April 18, 1802. An English natu- 
 ralist, and poet, grandfather of Charles Dar- 
 win. He wrote the poem “ The Botanic Garden ” in 1781 ; 
 the second part, “Loves of the Plants,” appeared in 1789 ; 
 the first part, “The Economy of Vegetation,” appeared in 
 1792. This was satirized in the “Anti- Jacobin,” by Canning, 
 in the “ Loves of the Triangles.” In 1794-96 he published 
 “ Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life,” and in 1799 “ Phy- 
 tologia, or the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening.” 
 
 Darwin, Mount. One of the chief peaks in 
 Tierra del Fuego, in King Charles’s South 
 Land. Height, 6,800 feet. 
 
 Dasent (da'sent), Sir George Webbe. Born 
 in St. Vincent, W. I., May 22, 1817 : died near 
 Ascot, Berks, June 11, 1896. A lawyer and 
 author, best known as a student of Scandinavian 
 literature: from 1845-70 he was one of the as- 
 sistant editors of the London “Times.” He 
 published a translation of “The Prose or Younger Edda” 
 (1842), “Popular Tales from the Norse ” (1859), “Saga of 
 Burnt Njal” (1861), “ The Vikings of the Baltic” (1875). 
 
 Dash (dash), La Comtesse. The pseudonym of 
 Gabrielle Anne de Cistemes de Coutiras, Mar- 
 quise de Saint-Mars. See Saint-Mars. 
 Dashakumaracharita. [Skt., ‘the adventures 
 of the ten princes.’] A hook of stories by 
 Dandin. 
 
 Dasharatha (da-sha-ra'-tha). In Hindu my- 
 thology, a prince of the Solar race, son of Aja, 
 a descendant of Ikshwaku and king of Ayo- 
 dhya. Of his three wives, Kaushalya bore Rama, Kaikeyi 
 Bharata, and Sumitra Lakshmana and Shatrughna. Rama 
 partook of half the nature of Vishnu, Bharata of a quarter, 
 and the other two shared the remaining fourth. 
 
 Dasbur (da-skor ' ) . A locality in Egypt, situated 
 west of the Nile and directly south of the Great 
 Pyramids. It is noted for its pyramids, two of stone 
 and two of unbumed brick. The northernmost, of stone, 
 is of remarkable size, measuring about 700 feet square, 
 originally 720, and 342^ feet high, now 326. There is a 
 series of three chambers beneath it. The sides of the other 
 stone pyramid are built in two angles, like a curb-roof. 
 Most of the exterior casing of this pyramid remains, and 
 the interior chamber beneath it is 80 feet high. 
 
 Dasbwood (dash'wud), Elinor and Marianne. 
 
 Two sisters in Miss Austen’s novel “Sense 
 and Sensibility.” Elinor represents “Sense,” 
 as opposed to Marianne’s “ Sensibility,” or ex- 
 aggerated sentiment. 
 
 D’Asumar (da-su-mar'), Count. A character 
 in Le Sage’s “Gil Bias.” 
 
 Datcbery (dach'er-i), Dick. A mysterious per- 
 son with white hair and a military air who ap- 
 pears inexplicably in Cloisterham, in Charles 
 Dickens’s “Mystery of Edwin Drood.” 
 
 Datban (da'than). In Old Testament history, 
 a Reubenite chieftain, son of Eliab, who joined 
 the conspiracy of Korah. 
 
 Datis (da'tis). [Gr. Ad-nf.] A Median general 
 who, with Artaphernes, commanded the army 
 of Darius which was defeated at Marathon. 
 Datiya (da'te-ya), or Datia (da'te-a). A town 
 in the Bun delkh and, British India, in lat. 25°40' 
 N., long. 78° 28' E. Population, 24,071. 
 
 Daub (doup), Karl. Born at Cassel, Germany, 
 March 20, 1765: died at Heidelberg, Baden, 
 Nov. 22, 1836. A German Protestant theolo- 
 gian, professor of theology at Heidelberg from 
 1795. His works include “Lehrbuch der Katechetik” 
 (1801), “Theologumena” (1806), “Diedogmatisclie Theolo- 
 gie jetziger Zeit ” (1833), etc. 
 
 Daubenton (do-bon-toii'), Louis Jean Marie. 
 
 Born at Montbard, Cote-d’Or, France, May 29, 
 1716: died at Paris, Dee. 31, 1799(Jan. 1, 1800?). 
 A noted French naturalist. He was the eoliabora- 
 tor of Buffon in the first part of his “ Histoire naturelle,” 
 and author of numerous scientific treatises and mono- 
 graphs. 
 
 Daubeny (dob'ne or da'be-ni), Charles Giles 
 Bridle. Born at Stratton, Gloucestershire, 
 
Daubeny 
 
 England, Feb. 11. 1795: died Dec. 13, 1867. An 
 English geologist and chemist : chief work, “De- 
 scription of Volcanoes” (1826). 
 
 D’Aubigne. See Merle d’Aubigne. 
 
 D’Aubigne, Theodore Agrippa. See Aubigne. 
 Daubigny (do-ben-yi'), Charles Francois. 
 Born at Paris, Feh. 15, 1817 : died there, Feb. 
 19, 1878. A celebrated French landscape-paint- 
 er, a pupil of Paul Delaroche. In 1838 he made 
 his ddbut at the Salon with a view of Notre Dame and the 
 Isle St. Louis, and was continuously represented in the 
 Salons, except those of 1812-46. At the Salon of 1850-51 
 he exhibited "The Washerwomen of the River Oullins," 
 “ The Vintage," and other works, which created a sensa- 
 tion among artists and connoisseurs. He also painted 
 “The Harvest” (1851-57), “The Lake of Gylieu” (1852-53), 
 "The Lock of Optevoz” (1855), “The Graves of Viller- 
 ville ” (1859), “ The Banks of the Oise ’’ (1859), etc. J uly 15, 
 1859, he was made chevalier of the Legion of Honor. 
 D’Aubusson. See Aubusson. 
 
 Daudet (do-da'), Alphonse. Bom at Nimes, 
 May 13, 1840 : died at Paris, Dec. 16, 1897. A 
 French humorist and novelist. He went to school 
 at Lyons, and then served a tutorship for two years. In 
 1857 he settled in Paris, and published shortly afterward 
 a collection of poems, “Les anioureuses.” The “ Figaro ” 
 published his account of a tutor's hardships, “ Les gueux 
 de province.’’ A series of papers contributed to the same 
 journal came out in book form as “ Le chaperon rouge ” 
 (1861). A second collection of poems, “ La double conver- 
 sion,” was published in 1859. Daudet wrote his “Lettres 
 sur Paris” to “Le Petit Moniteur ” under the nom de 
 plume of Jehan de l isle in 1865. His “Lettres de nion 
 moulin,” signed with the name Gaston-Marie, were ad- 
 dressed to “ LEvdnement ’’ in 1866. Daudet’s publications 
 include “Le petit chose" (1868), “Lettres ii un absent” 
 (1871), “ Les aventures prodigieuses de Tartarin de Taras- 
 con ” (1872), “Les petits Robinsons des caves" (1872), 
 “ Contes du lundi "(1873), “Contes etr^cits ”(1873), “Robert 
 Helmont ” (1874), “Les femmes d’artistes ” (1874),“Fromont 
 jeune et Risler aliri ” (1874), “Jack” (1876), “Le nabab" 
 (1877), “Les rois en exil”(1879), “Contes choisis, la fantai- 
 sie et l’histoire ” (1879L “Numa Roumestan ” (1881), “Les 
 cigognes" (1883), “L EvangCliste” (1883), “ Sapho” (1884), 
 “Tartarin sur les Alpes ” (1885), “ La belle Nivernaise” 
 (1886), “Trente aus de Paris ”(1887), “LTmmortel” (1888),. 
 “ Port Tarascon ” (1890). Either unassisted or in collabo- 
 ration with others he dramatized a number of his works, 
 leaving to them their original title. In like manner he 
 brought out “La derni^re idole" (1862), “Les absents" 
 (1863), “LTEillet blanc ” (1864), “Le frere aim) ” (1868), 
 “ L'Arlesienne ” (1872), “ Lise Tavernier ” (1872), and finally 
 “ La lutte pour la vie,” based on his novel “ LTmmortel.” 
 
 Daudet, Louis Marie Ernest. Born at Nimes, 
 France, May 31, 1837. A French journalist, 
 historian, and novelist, brother of Alphonse 
 Daudet. He wrote “Histoire des conspirations royal- 
 istes du Midi,” etc. (1881), “ Histoire de la restauration ” 
 (1882), “ Histoire de l'dmigration” (1886-89), etc. Among 
 his numerous novels are “ThTfese” (1859), “Fleur de 
 pfelid ” (1872), “Daniel de Kerfons” (1878), “Dolores” 
 (1879), “ DCfroqu4 ”(1882), “ Gisble Rubens ” (1887), etc. 
 
 Daudin (do-dan'), Frangois Marie. Born at 
 Paris, March 25, 1774: died at Paris, 1804. A 
 noted French naturalist, author of numerous 
 works on the various branches of zoology. 
 Daughter (da'ter), The. A play in verse by 
 J. Sheridan Knowles, produced in 1836. 
 Daughter of the Regiment, The. See Fille du 
 Regiment. 
 
 Daughters of the American Revolution. A 
 
 patriotic society organized at Washington, 
 D. C., Oct. 11, 1890. Any woman is eligible fur mem- 
 bership who is descended from a man or woman, of rec- 
 ognized patriotism, who rendered material aid to the 
 cause of independence. 
 
 Daughters of the Revolution. A patriotic 
 society organized in New York city, Aug. 20, 
 1891. Membership is restricted to women who are lineal 
 descendants of an ancestor who was in actual military or 
 naval service under any of the thirteen colonies or States, 
 or of the Continental Congress ; or are descendants of one 
 who signed the Declaration of Independence, or of an of- 
 ficial who actually assisted in establishing American in- 
 dependence and became liable to conviction of treason 
 against the government of Great Britain. 
 
 Daulatabad. See Dowletabad. 
 
 Daulatshah (dou-lat-sha'). A Persian writer 
 of the 15th century, author of the biography of 
 the celebrated poets of Persia. 
 
 Daulis (da'lis). [Gr. AariUf.] In ancient geogra- 
 phy, a city of Phoeis, Greece, situated 12 miles 
 east of Delphi. It was the scene of the myth of Tereus, 
 Philomela, and Procue. 
 
 Daumas (do-mas'), Melchior Joseph Eugene. 
 
 Born Sept. 4, 1803 : died near Bordeaux, France, 
 May 6, 1871. A French general and diplomat, 
 and writer on Algeria. He was consul in Algeria 
 1837-39, and was occupied with important administrative 
 duties daring the struggle with Abd-el-Kadir. He wrote 
 “Le Sahara algerien,” etc. (1845), “ Les chevaux du Sahara 
 et les mceurs du desert ” (5th ed. 1858), etc. 
 
 Daumer (dou'mer), Georg Friedrich. Born at 
 Nuremberg, Bavaria, March 5, 1800: died at 
 Wurzburg, Bavaria, Dec. 13, 1875. A German 
 poet and philosophical writer. 
 
 Daumier (do-mya'), Honors. Born at Mar- 
 seilles, Feb. 20, 1808: died Feb. 11, 1879. A 
 French caricaturist. His father was a glazier who 
 
 310 
 
 published a small volume of verses in 1823. In 1832 
 Honors was condemned to six months imprisonment (or 
 a lithograph disrespectful to Louis Philippe. He subse- 
 quently joined “Charivari,” founded by Philipon. He be- 
 came completely blind between 1850 and I860. 
 
 Daun (doun), Count Leopold Joseph Maria 
 von. Born at Vienna, Sept. 24, 1705 : died at 
 Vienna, Feb. 5, 1766. A noted Austrian field- 
 marshal. He was distinguished in the Turkish war 
 1737-39. and in the Silesian wars 1741-42, 1744-45; defeated 
 Frederick the Great at Kolin in 1757, and at Hochkirch in 
 1758 ; captured Fink’s army atMaxen in 1759 ; and was de- 
 feated by Frederick at Torgau in 1760. 
 
 Daunou (do-no'), Pierre Claude Frangois. 
 
 Born at Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, Aug. 18, 1761: 
 died at Paris, June 20, 1840. A French historian 
 and politician. He was deputy to the Convention 1792- 
 1795 first president of the Council of Five Hundred in 1795, 
 and a member of the Tribunate 1800-02. His chief work 
 is “Cours d etudes historiques” (1842-49). 
 
 Dauphine (da'fin), Sir Eugene. In Ben Jon- 
 
 son r s comedy “ Epiccene, or the Silent Woman,” 
 the lively and ingenious nephew of Morose. He 
 concocts the plot by which a portion of his uncle's money 
 is given to him and his debts are paid. See Epiccene. 
 
 Dauphine (do-fe-na/), E. Dauphiny (da'fl-ni). 
 [ML. Delphinatus ; from dauphin, Pr. dalfin, a 
 dolphin. The lords of the province bore three 
 dolphins on their crest.] An ancient prov- 
 ince of France, bounded by the Rhone on the 
 west and north, by Savoy on the north, Piedmont 
 on the east, Provence on the south, and Comtat- 
 V enaissin on t he southw est. Its territory form ed the 
 departments Isfere, Drome, and Hautes- Alpes. Its capital 
 wa$ Grenoble. Its surface is generally mountainous. In 
 the middle ages it belonged to the kingdom of Arles. 
 Later the counts of Vienne became prominent, and in 1349 
 it was sold to France, hut guarded some of its liberties for 
 many years. From it is derived the title of the dauphin. 
 Daura (dou'rii). See Hama. 
 
 Daurat. See Dorat. 
 
 Dauria (da-6're-a), or Daur (da-or'). A region 
 in Trans-Baikal, Siberia, situated southeast of 
 Lake Baikal on the Chinese frontier. 
 
 Davalos (da-va'los), Gil Ramirez. Born at 
 Baeza, Castile, about 1505 : died at Riobamba, 
 near Quito, after 1561. A Spanish soldier. Hewent 
 to Peru with the viceroy Mendoza in 1551, was corregidor 
 of Cuzco in 1553, and was expelled from the city by Giron 
 and his followers. He took part in the campaign against Gi- 
 ron, and in 1556 was made justicia mayor of Quito, subdued 
 the Canaris Indians in 1557, and from 1558 to 1561 wasgover- 
 nor of Quijds, or the Land of Cinnamon, on the river Nalio. 
 He founded there Baeza, Archidona, and other towns. 
 Davenant (dav'e-nant), Charles. Born 1656: 
 died Nov. 6, 1714. An English writer on po- 
 litical economy, son of Sir William Davenant. 
 Davenant, or D’ Avenant, Sir William. Born 
 at Oxford, England, Feb., 1606: died at Lon- 
 don. April 7, 1668. An English poet and dram- 
 atist. Oldys is chiefly responsible for the story that 
 Davenant was the son of Shakspere, which seems to rest 
 mainly on the fact that the latter used the inn of John 
 Davenant (the father of William) at Oxford on his jour- 
 neys to and from Warwickshire. About 1620 Davenant 
 became page to the Duchess of Richmond, and then to 
 Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke. In 1628, after the murder of 
 Greville, he began to write plays, etc. In 1638 he was made 
 poet laureate. About this time he had a severe illness 
 which resulted in the loss of his nose, a fact frequently 
 adverted toby the witty writers of the time. He was man- 
 ager of Drury Lane Theatre for a time, but, becoming im- 
 plicated in the various intrigues of the civil war, he fled 
 to France. Returning in 1643, he was knighted at the 
 siege of Gloucester. He was imprisoned for two years in 
 the Tower for political offenses, and expected to be hanged. 
 While there he published “Gondibert ” (1651). This epic 
 poem consisted of fifteen hundred four-line stanzas. After 
 the Restoration he was in favor at court, and continued to 
 write till his death. Among his plays are “Albovine,” 
 published in 1629, “The Cruel Brother ” (1030), “The Just 
 Italian” (1630), “The Wits” (1636), “The Unfortunate 
 Lovers ” (1643), “ The Siege of Rhodes ” (1656), “ Love and 
 Honor ” (1649), “Law against Lovers” (played in 1662), 
 “The Rivals” (played in 1664), etc. He produced altera- 
 tions of “The Tempest" (with Dryden, 1667) and of “Mac- 
 beth” (printed 1674) and “Julius Caesar.” 
 
 Davenport (dav'en-port). A city and the 
 county-seat of Scott County, Iowa, situated on 
 the Mississippi in lat. 41° 30' N., long. 90° 38' 
 W., opposite Rock Island. It is an important 
 distributing center. Population, 43,028, (1910). 
 Davenport, John. Born at Coventry, England, 
 about 1598: died at Boston, Mass., March 13, 
 1670. A Puritan clergyman who emigrated to 
 Boston in 1637. He was one of the founders of 
 the New naven colony in 1638. 
 
 Daventry (dav'en-tri; commonly dan'tri). A 
 town in Northamptonshire, England, 12 miles 
 west of Northampton. Population, 3,780. 
 D’Avezac. See Avezac. 
 
 David (da'vid). [Heb., ‘ beloved one.’] The sec- 
 ond king of Israel, 1033-993 B. C. : horn at Bethle- 
 hem, as the seventh and youngest son of J esse of 
 the tribe of J udah. About t he age of 18, while still shep- 
 herd of his father’s flocks, he was secretly anointed king of 
 Israel by the prophet Samuel. Later he came into close per- 
 sonal relation with Saul the king, but incurred his bitter en- 
 mity. The Philistine giant Goliath was slain by David in 
 
 David II. 
 
 single combat. His successes and the praises accorded 
 to him by the people aroused the suspicion and the jeal- 
 ousy of Saul (whose daughter Michal he married), which 
 subsequently turned into deadly hatred, so that he was 
 often in jeopardy of his life. He first sought refuge with 
 Samuel, then with the priests in Nob, which resulted in 
 their massacre by Saul, and was finally driven to seek 
 safety with the enemies of his people, the Philistines. 
 There rallied around him “men who were in distress, in 
 debt, and discontented.” At the head of these freebooters 
 or outlaws he undertook many expeditions and fought 
 many skirmishes, which made him increasingly popular 
 with the people. All this time he was pursued by Saul, 
 whose mind became more and more darkened : twice the 
 king came into his power, but because of his awe of the 
 “ anointed of the Lord ” he did not avail himself of these 
 opportunities (1 Sam. xxiv. 4 if., xxvi. 7 ff.). He was com- 
 pelled to become the vassal of the Philistine king Achish 
 of Gath, who gave him for his support Ziklag on the fron- 
 tier of Philistia. From here he undertook expeditions 
 against the nomadic tribes of the border, while Achish 
 believed that they were directed against Israel (1 Sam. 
 xxvii.). The Philistines gathered a large army against 
 Israel. In the battle of Gilboa (which see) Saul and his 
 host lost their lives. To David, who was then about thirty 
 years old, the crown now fell. For seven and a half years 
 his reign was limited to Judah, with his seat at Hebron, 
 while the other tribes were under the scepter of Ishbo- 
 sheth, son of Saul, residing in Mahanaim, east of the Jor- 
 dan. Ishbosheth, however, was murdered, and all the 
 tribes recognized David asking : overthewholeof Israelite 
 reigned for thirty-three years. He removed his residence 
 from Hebron to Jerusalem, which he took from the Jehu- 
 sites, and there established himself in the “city of David,” 
 the oldest quarter of Jerusalem, on Mount Zion. Here also 
 the temporary sanctuary was put up (2 Sam. vi.), which 
 made the city the political and religious center of the na- 
 tion, and gave to David's reign a genuine royal character. 
 Through a series of successful wars against the Philis- 
 tines, Ammonites, Moabites, Edomites, Syrians, Amale- 
 kites, etc., and by the introduction of a regular adminis- 
 tration and organization of court and army, he became the 
 real founder of the monarchical government of Israel. The 
 constitution of the tribes remained intact, but the military 
 organization was a national one. Each tribe sent a con- 
 tingent of men (over twenty years of age) to the national 
 army, which stood under one commander-in-chief, Joab, 
 David’s nephew. The body-guard was formed, it seems, 
 of foreigners, the Cherethites and Pelethites (supposed to 
 be Philistines). The nucleus of the army consisted of the 
 band of heroes ( gibborim >) who rallied about David while 
 he was still an exile. The king presided over judicial 
 cases, and was surrounded by a regular staff of military 
 and administrative counselors and officers. David was also 
 the actual founder of a sanctifying, divine worship, refining 
 and enriching it by the influence of music and psalmody. 
 The last period of his reign was much darkened by national 
 misfortunes and domestic rebellions — the rebellion of his 
 son Absalom, the uprising of Sheba ben Bishri, a drought 
 and famine lasting three years, and a pestilence induced 
 by the counting of the people. Even in his last days, 
 when he was prostrated with the infirmities of age, his 
 son Adonijah attempted to secure the succession to which 
 David had appointed Solomon. This rebellion, however, 
 like all the others, was successfully repressed, and David 
 died peacefully at the age of seventy. He became the ideal 
 king of Israel, the pattern and standard by which all suc- 
 ceeding rulers were measured, the prototype of the last 
 perfect ruler, the Messiah, who is sometimes simply called 
 David. As regards the Psalms, modern criticism denies 
 him the authorship of many psalms bearing in the bibli- 
 cal Book of Psalms the superscription “of David.” But 
 there is no reason for entirely disconnecting David from 
 this kind of Hebrew poetry. The probability is that not 
 only did the psalm-poetry develop and flourish under his 
 favor, but also that he himself composed many hymns. 
 David, or Dewi, Saint. Died in 601. The pa- 
 tron saint of W ales. He was bishop of Menevia (after- 
 ward called St. David s), where he founded a monastery. 
 According to an account which has no historical founda- 
 tion, he was appointed metropolitan archbishop of Wales 
 at a synod held at Brefi. He is commemorated as a saint 
 on the 1st of March. 
 
 David. 1 . A colossal statue by Michelangelo, in 
 the Accademia, Florence. The youthful hero stands 
 in a position of repose, holding his sling in his left hand 
 and a pebble in the right. The form is still undeveloped 
 and boyish, but full of power. 
 
 2. A statue by Donatello, in the Bargello, 
 Florence. David stands resting, nude, with his shep- 
 herd’s hat on his head, and his left foot resting on the 
 helmeted head of Goliath, whose sword he still holds. 
 
 David. The name given to Charlemagne by 
 Alcuin in the learned academy established at 
 the former’s court. See Flaccus. 
 
 David I. Died at Carlisle. England, May 24, 1153. 
 King of Scotland, son of Malcolm Canmore. He 
 succeeded his brother Edgar as earl or prince of Cumbria 
 in 1107, and ascended the throne of Scotland on the death 
 of Alexander I. in 1124. He refused to recognize Stephen 
 as king of England, and invaded that country in support 
 of the claim of Mathilda who was his niece, but was sig- 
 nally defeated at the Battle of the Standard at Cutton Moor, 
 near Northallerton, Aug. 22, 1138. 
 
 David II. Born at Dunfermline, Scotland, 
 Marc-h 5, 1324: died at Edinburgh, Feb. 22, 1371. 
 King of Scotland, son of Robert Bruce whom 
 he succeeded in 1329 under the regency of the 
 Earl of Moray. The incompetent Earl of Mar having 
 succeeded to the regency on the death of Moray in 1332, 
 the kingdom was invaded by Edward Baliol, who seized 
 the throne with the assistance of Edward 111. of England. 
 David took refuge in France 1334— tl, when he was restored 
 by the successes of his adherents Sir Alexander Murray of 
 Bothwell, Robert the steward of Scotland, and Sir William 
 the knight of Liddesdale. He invaded England in 1346, 
 was defeated and captured at Neville's Cross, Oct. 17 of that 
 year, and was detained in captivity until 1367. 
 
David 
 
 311 
 
 Davout 
 
 David (da-veth'). The capital of the province 
 of Chiriqui, Panama, situated on the Isthmus 
 of Panama, near the Pacific coast and the fron- 
 tier of Costa Rica. 
 
 David (dii-ved'), F61icien Cesar. Born at Ca- 
 denet, Vaucluse, France, April 13, 1810: died 
 at St. Germain, near Paris, Aug. 29, 1876. A 
 French composer. He early became a disciple of St. 
 Simon and of Enfantin. In 1833 he went to the East. He 
 remained in obscurity till 1844, when tie brought out his 
 chief work, a choral symphony, “ Le desert. ” 
 
 David (da'ved), Ferdinand. Born at Hamburg, 
 Jan. 19, 1810: died near Klosters, Grisons, Swit- 
 zerland, July 18, 1873. A noted German violin- 
 ist, teacher, and composer, leader of the band at 
 the Gewandhaus, Leipsic, 1836-73. Among his 
 pupils were Joachim and Wilhelmj. 
 
 David (da-ved'), Jacques Louis. Born at 
 Paris, Aug. 30, 1748: died at Brussels, Dec. 
 29, 1825. A historical painter, pupil of Bou- 
 cher and Yien, and founder of the French clas- 
 sical school. He was educated at the College des 
 Quatre Nations. In 1775 he won the grand prix de Rome 
 after three unsuccessful attempts, and remained in Rome 
 until 1780, when he returned to Paris, and was elected 
 associate member of the Academy (full member in 1783). 
 The first picture composed under the influence of his clas- 
 sical ideas was “Belisarius.” He was made court painter 
 to Louis XVI., and in 1784 painted for him the “Horatii.” 
 He entered heartily into the Revolution ; was associated 
 with Robespierre ; and voted for the death of the king. 
 After Robespierre’s downfall he was imprisoned for seven 
 months. On his release he painted the “ Rape of the 
 Sabines.” Napoleon made him court painter. 
 
 David, Pierre Jean, called David d’ Angers. 
 
 Born at Angers, France, March 12, 1789 : died 
 at Paris, Jan. 5, 1856. A French sculptor. He 
 executed works for the Pantheon (Paris). 
 
 David, Toussaint Bernard, or'Emeric-David. 
 
 Born at Aix, in Provence, Aug. 20, 1755: died 
 at Paris, April 2, 1839. A noted French ar- 
 chaeologist. He became ‘'docteur en droit” at Aix in 
 1775, and went to Paris to complete his studies in juris- 
 prudence. A prolonged visit to Italy developed a taste 
 for the arts. He occupied himself with law, business, 
 and archeological studies until the Revolution, when he 
 escaped death by flight (1793). After the 9th Thermidor 
 he returned to Paris, and in 1800 won the first prize of the 
 Institute with his essay on the causes of the perfection of 
 sculpture in antiquity. On April 11, 1816, he was elected 
 member of the Institute. On Oct. 14, 1825, he was called 
 to take part in the continuation of “L’Histoire littdraire 
 de France.” His principal works are “Recherche sur 
 Part statuaire, considerd chez les auciens et les mo- 
 dernes” (Memoirs of 1800), “Discours historique sur la 
 peinture moderne,” “Discours historique sur la gravure 
 en bois,” “Discours historique sur la sculpture frangaise,” 
 “ Histoire de la peinture au moyen Age,” etc. 
 
 David Copperfield (da'vid kop'er-feld). A 
 novel by Charles Dickens, it came out in twenty 
 monthly parts, the first of which appeared in May, 1849. 
 It was Dickens’s favorite work : in it he portrayed in 
 many important scenes his own history. The character 
 from whom the book takes its name is a timid boy re- 
 duced to stupidity and finally to desperation by a cruel 
 stepfather, Mr. Murdstone, by whom also his mother, a 
 weak, affectionate woman, is crushed. He is sent at ten 
 years of age to a warehouse in London, and employed in 
 rough work at a trifling salary. Unable to bear this life, 
 he ruirs away to his father’s aunt, Miss Betsey Trotwood, 
 an eccentric but kind-hearted woman, who adopts him. 
 He becomes an author, and marries a childish, ■affection- 
 ate little woman, Dora Spenlow, whom he calls his “child 
 wife.” After her death he marries Agnes Wickfield. 
 Davideis (da-vid'e-is). An epic poem by Cow- 
 ley, on the subject of David, king of the He- 
 brews, published in 1656. 
 
 David Elginbrod. A novel by George Mac- 
 donald, published in 1863. 
 
 David Garrick (gar'ik). A play translated by 
 T. W. Robertson from a French play, “Sulli- 
 van,” in 1864. 
 
 Davids(da'vidz), Thomas William Rhys. Bom 
 
 at Colchester, England, May 12, 1843. An Eng- 
 lish lawyer and Orientalist. He studied at the Uni- 
 versity of Breslau ; was appointed writer in the Ceylon civil 
 service in 1866; was admitted to the bar in 1877 ; and be- 
 came editor of the journal of the Pali Text Society (1883), 
 professor of Pali and Buddhist literature in University 
 College, London, in 1882, and professor of comparative re- 
 ligion at Manchester in 1904. Author of “ On the Ancient 
 Coins and Measures of Ceylon ” (1874), “ Buddhism : being 
 a Sketch of the Life and Teachings of Gautama the Bud- 
 dha ” (1877), etc. 
 
 Davidson, Harry. Born at Philadelphia, Pa., 
 March 25, 1858. An American wood-engraver. 
 
 Among his works are “ Israel” (after Kenyon Cox), “ Can- 
 terbury Cathedral” (Pennell), “An Old Mill” (Castaigne). 
 
 Davidson(da'vid-sqn),LucretiaMaria. Bornat 
 Plattsburg, N. Y., Sept. 27, 1808 : died at Platts- 
 burg, Aug. 27, 1825. An American poet. “ Amir 
 Khan and other poems ” was published in 1829. 
 Davidson, Margaret Miller. Born at Platts- 
 burg, N. Y., March 26, 1823 : died at Saratoga, 
 N. Y., Nov. 25, 1838. An American poet, sis- 
 ter of Lucretia Maria Davidson. The works of 
 the two sisters were published in 1850. 
 Davidson, Samuel. Born near Ballymena, Ire- 
 
 land, 1807 : died April 1, 1898. An English 
 biblical scholar, author of “Introduction to 
 the New Testament” (1848-51). 
 
 Davidson, William. Born in Lancaster Coun- 
 ty, Pa., 1746: killed at Cowan’s Ford, Mecklen- 
 burg County, N. C., Feb. 1, 1781. An American 
 brigadier-general in the Revolution. He was de- 
 tached by General Greene to interrupt the passage of Corn- 
 wallis across the Catawba, Jan. 31, 1781, and fell in the 
 engagement on the following day. 
 
 Davies (da'viz), Charles. Born at Washing- 
 ton, Litchfield County, Conn., Jan. 22, 1798: 
 died at Fishkill Landing, N. Y., Sept. 18, 1876. 
 An American mathematician, author of a series 
 of mathematical text-books. Professor at Co- 
 lumbia College 1857-65. 
 
 Davies, John. Born at Hereford, 1565 (?) : died 
 at London, 1618 (buried July 6). An English 
 writing-master and poet. He was said to be a skil- 
 ful penman, and some specimens of his work are pre- 
 served. Among his works are “Mirum in Modum,”etc. 
 (1602), “ Microcosmos,” etc. (1603), “ The Wittes Pilgrim- 
 age ’’ and “ The Scourge of Folly” (1610 or 1611), “ Wit’s 
 Bedlam ” (1617). 
 
 Davies, Sir John. Born at Tisbury, Wiltshire, 
 1569 (baptized April 16) : died Dec. 8, 1626. An 
 English poet. He was called to the bar in 1595, dis- 
 barred in 1598, and readmitted in 1601. In that year he 
 was returned to Parliament for Corfe Castle. In 1603 he 
 was made solicitor-general for Ireland, and in 1606 suc- 
 ceeded to the position of attorney-general for Ireland. In 
 1614, and again in 1621, he was member of Parliament for 
 Newcastle-under-Lyme. For the last ten years of his life 
 he was a sergeant-at-law in England. He waB made chief 
 justice in 1626, but died before taking possession of the 
 office. Among his works are “Orchestra” (on dancing, 
 1596), “Nosce Teipsum” (1599), “Hymns to Astrsea” (1599), 
 acrostics to Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Davies, Samuel. Born in New Castle County, 
 Del., Nov. 3, 1724: died at Princeton, N. J., 
 Feb. 4, 1761. An American Presbyterian cler- 
 gyman, president of the College of New Jersey 
 (Princeton) 1759-61. 
 
 Davies, Thomas. Bom about 1712: died at 
 London, May 5, 1785. An English bookseller. 
 He tried acting from time to time, but without success. 
 He introduced Boswell to Johnson in 1763 : the latter was 
 particularly kind to him. He republished a number of 
 old authors, including William Brownie, Sir John Davies, 
 Lillo, and Massinger. In 1785 he published his “ Dramatic 
 Miscellanies. * 
 
 Daviess (da'vis), Joseph Hamilton. Born in 
 Bedford County, Va., March 4, 1774: died near 
 Tippecanoe, Ind., Nov. 8, 1811. An American 
 lawyer, mortally wounded at the battle of Tip- 
 pecanoe, Nov. 7, 1811. 
 
 Davila (dfi've-la), Enrico Caterino. Born 
 near Padua, Italy, Oct. 30, 1576: killed near 
 Verona, Italy, Aug. 8, 1631. An Italian soldier 
 and historian. His ancestors, from 1464, bore the title 
 of Constable of Cyprus ; and from this island his father 
 was driven when it was captured by the Turks. Davila, 
 when seven years of age, was taken to France, became a 
 page of Catharine de’ Medici, and later fought in the civil 
 wars until the peace of 1598. He was appointed governor 
 of Crema in 1598, and on his way to that place in 1631 was 
 assassinated by a man with whom he had had a dispute 
 about post-horses. His chief work is “ Storia delle guerre 
 civili di Francia ” (1630). 
 
 Davila y Padilla (da ' ve - la e pa - del ' ya), 
 Agustin. Born at Mexico, 1562 : died at Santo 
 Domingo, 1604. A Mexican prelate and histo- 
 rian. He was prior of the Dominican convent at Puebla 
 de los Angeles, and a celebrated lecturer on theology. 
 From 1599 until his death lie was bishop of Santo Domingo. 
 His principal work, “ Historia de la provincia de Santiago 
 de Mejico,” is a history of his order in Mexico and Florida, 
 with much of general interest. First published at Madrid 
 1596, it was republished at Valladolid 1634, with the title 
 “ Varia historia de la Nueva Espana y Florida.” 
 
 Davin (da-van'), Felix. A pseudonym used by 
 Balzac in the introduction to the “Etudes 
 philosophiques.” 
 
 Da Vinci, Leonardo. See Vinci, Leonardo da. 
 
 Davis (da'vis), Charles Henry. Bom at Bos- 
 ton, Mass., Jan. 16, 1807 : died at Washington, 
 D. C., Feb. 18, 1877. An American naval offi- 
 cer. He entered the navy in 1823, obtained the rank of 
 commander in 1854, and served as chief of staff and cap- 
 tain of the fleet in the expedition under Dupont which 
 captured Port Royal, South Carolina, in 1861. Having in 
 the mean time been placed in command of the Mississippi 
 gunboat flotilla, he gained a victory over a Confederate 
 fleet off Fort Pillow, May 10, 1862, and another, June 6, 
 1862, before Memphis, whose surrender he received on 
 the same day. He was promoted to the rank of rear-ad- 
 miral Feb. 7, 1863. He wrote “ The Coast Survey of the 
 United States ” (1849), and “Narrative of the North Polar 
 Expedition of the U. S. S. Polaris ” (1876). 
 
 Davis, David. Born in Cecil County, Md., 
 March 9, 1815 : died at Bloomington, 111., June 
 26, 1886. An American statesman and jurist. 
 
 He was associate justice of the United States Supreme 
 Court 1862-77, United States senator from Illinois 1877- 
 1883, and acting Vice-President 1881-83. 
 
 Davis, Edwin Hamilton. Born in Ross Coun- 
 ty, Ohio, Jan. 22, 1811 : died at New York, May 
 15, 1888. An American physician and archae- 
 
 ologist. His works include “ Monuments of the Missis- 
 sippi Valley” (in “Smithsonian Contributions to Know, 
 ledge,” 1848), etc. 
 
 Davis, Garret. Born at Mount Stirling, Ky., 
 Sept. 10, 1801: died at Paris, Ky., Sept. 22, 
 1872. Au American politician, United States 
 senator from Kentucky 1861-72. 
 
 Davis, Henry. Born at East Hampton, N. Y., 
 Sept. 15, 1771: died at Clinton, N. Y., March 
 8, 1852. An American clergyman and educa- 
 tor, president of Middlebury College 1809-17, 
 and of Hamilton College 1817-33. 
 
 Davis, Henry Winter. Born at Annapolis, 
 Md., Aug. 16, 1817 : died at Baltimore, Md., 
 Dec. 30, 1865. An American politician. He was 
 a Republican member of Congress from Maryland 1855- 
 1861 and 1863-65. Author of “The War of Ormuzd and 
 Ahriman in the Nineteenth Century” (1853). 
 
 Davis, Jefferson. Born in Christian County, 
 Ky., June 3, 1808: died at New Orleans, La., 
 Dec. 6, 1889. An American statesman. He 
 graduated at W est Point in 1828 ; was Democratic member 
 of Congress from Mississippi 1845-46 ; served in the Mex- 
 ican war 1846-47 ; was United States senator from Mis- 
 sissippi 1847-51 ; was secretary of war 1853-57 ; was United 
 States senator 1857-61 ; resigned his seat Jan. 21, 1861 ; 
 was inaugurated provisional president of the Confederacy 
 Feb. 18, 1861, and president Feb. 22, 1862 ; was arrested 
 near Irwinsville, Georgia, May 10, 1865 ; was imprisoned in 
 Fortress Monroe, Virginia, 1865-67 ; and was amnestied 
 1868. He wrote “ Rise and Fall of the Confederate Gov- 
 ernment ” (1881). 
 
 Davis, Jefferson C. Bom in Clarke County, 
 Ind., March 2, 1828: died Nov. 30, 1879. A 
 Union general in the American Civil War. He 
 served in the Mexican war 1846-47 ; was stationed at Fort 
 Sumter when it was bombarded by the Confederates April 
 12-13, 1861 ; commanded a division at Pea Ridge March 
 7-8, 1862, at Stone River Dec. 31, 1862, -Jan. 3, 1863, and 
 at Chickamauga Sept. 19-20, 1863; and led a corps in 
 Sherman’s march to the sea in 1864. 
 
 Davis, or Davys, John. Born at Sandridge, 
 Devonshire, England, about 1550 ; killed in the 
 Strait of Malacca, Dec. 29, 1605. An English 
 navigator. He commanded expeditions in search of the 
 northwest passage in 1685, 1586, and 1587, on the first of 
 which he discovered Davis Strait. He discovered the Falk- 
 land Islands in 1592. He took service in 1604 as pilot in the 
 Tiger, Captain Sir Edward Michelbome, destined for a voy- 
 age to the East Indies, on which he was killed by Japa- 
 nese pirates. See Century Atlas, Map 4. 
 
 Davis, John. Born at Plymouth, Mass., Jan. 
 25, 1761: died at Boston, Jan. 14, 1847. An 
 American jurist. He was appointed comptroller of 
 the United States treasury in 1795, and in 1801 became 
 judge of the United States District Court in Massachu- 
 setts. He was the youngest member in the convention 
 of 1789 which adopted the Federal constitution, and sur- 
 vived all the other members. 
 
 Davis, John Chandler Bancroft. Born at 
 Worcester, Mass., Dec. 29, 1822: died at Wash- 
 ington, D. C., Dec. 27, 1907. A jurist and diplo- 
 matist. He was agent of the United States at the Ge- 
 neva tribunal 1871-72, and minister to Germany 1874-77. 
 
 Davis, Sir John Francis. Born at London, 
 1795 : died near Bristol, Nov. 13, 1890. An Eng- 
 lish diplomatist, and writer on China, author 
 
 *of “The Chinese” (1836), etc. 
 
 Davis, Richard Harding. Born at Philadel- 
 phia, April 18, 1864. An American journalist 
 and author. He has written “Gallegher, and Other 
 Stories” (1891), “Van Bibber and Others” (1892), “The 
 West from a Car Window” (1892), “Exiles, and Other 
 Stories” (1894), “Our English Cousins” (1894), “Rulers 
 of the Mediterranean ” (1894), “ Princess Aline ” (1896), 
 “Cinderella, and Other Stories” (1896), “Three Gringos 
 in Venezuela and Central America” (1896), “ Soldiers of 
 Fortune” (1897), etc. 
 
 Davis, Thomas Osborne. Born at Mallow, 
 Oct. 14, 1814: died at Dublin, Sept. 16, 1845. 
 An Irish poet and politician. He graduated at 
 Trinity College in 1836 ; was admitted to the bar in 1838 ; 
 became joint editor with John Dillon of the “Dublin 
 Morning Register ’’ in 1841 ; and founded, with Duffy and 
 Dillon, the “ Nation ” in 1842. He joined in 1839 the Re- 
 peal Association, within which organization he founded 
 the party of Young Ireland in opposition to O’Connell’s 
 leadership. His poems, collected after his death, form a 
 volume of Duty’s “Library of Ireland” for 1846. 
 
 Davison (da'vi-son), William. Died Dec., 
 1608. A British diplomatist. As a secretary of state 
 he procured Elizabeth’s signature to the death-warrant of 
 Mary Queen of Scots in 1587. 
 
 Davis Strait (da'vis strat). An arm of the At- 
 lantic, separating Greenland from Cumberland 
 Peninsula, and connecting Baffin Bay with the 
 Atlantic. Width in the narrowest part, about 
 200 miles. Named for its discoverer, John Davis. 
 
 D’Avolos (dav'o-los). In Ford’s “Love’s Sacri- 
 fice,” the duke’s secretary (modeled on Shak- 
 spere’s Iago), a spy and “ pander to the bad 
 passions of others.” 
 
 Davos (da'vos). An Alpine valley in the can- 
 ton of Grisons, Switzerland, 15 miles south- 
 east of Coire. Its chief place is Davos-Platz, 
 a noted health-resort having an elevation of 
 5,000 feet. 
 
 Davout (da-vo') (often erroneously written 
 
Davout 
 
 Davoust), Louis Nicolas, Due d’Auerstadt 
 and Prince d’Eckmiihl. Born at Annoux, 
 Yonne, France, May 10, 1770: died at Paris, 
 June 1, 1823. A noted French marshal. He 
 
 was a lieutenant in a cavalry regiment in 1788 ; served 
 as chief of battalion under Dumouriez 1792-93 ; was brig- 
 adier-general in the army of the Moselle ; fought under 
 Pichegru and Moreau in the army of the Rhine ; went to 
 Egypt and fought with distinction, especially at Abukir ; 
 was made general of division in 1804 ; and fought at Aus- 
 terlitz (1805), Auerstadt (1806), Eckmuhl, Wagram (1809), 
 and in the Russian campaign (1812). He was minister of 
 war during the “ Hundred Days ” in 1815. He became 
 duke of Auerstadt in 1808, and prince of Eckmiilil in 1809. 
 Davus (da'vus). A conventional name for a 
 slave in Latin comedies. 
 
 Davy (da'vi), Sir Humphry. Born __at Pen- 
 zance, Cornwall, England, Dec. 17, 1778: died 
 at Geneva, May 29, 1829. A celebrated English 
 chemist. He was the son of a wood-carver at Penzance, 
 studied at the Penzance grammar-school, and finished his 
 education under the Rev. Dr. Cardew at Truro. In 1795 he 
 was apprenticed to John Bingham Borlase, a prominent 
 surgeon at Penzance. He was appointed an assistant in 
 the laboratory of Beddoes’s Pneumatic Institution at Bris- 
 tol in 1798 ; became assistant lecturer in chemistry at the 
 Royal Institution, London, in 1801; was promoted profes- 
 sor in 1802 ; was made director of the laboratory in 1805 ; 
 discovered the decomposition of the fixed alkalis in 1807 ; 
 was knighted in 1812 ; resigned his professorship at the 
 Royal Institution in 1813; invented the safety-lamp in 
 1815 ; was created a baronet in 1818 ; and was elected presi- 
 dent of the Royal Society in 1820. His chief works are 
 “ Elements of Chemical Philosophy ” (1812), and “ Ele- 
 ments of Agricultural Chemistry “ (1813). 
 
 Davy Jones. See Jones, Davy. 
 
 Daw (da), Sir David. A foolish baronet in 
 Cumberland’s “Wheel of Fortune.” 
 
 Daw, Sir Joim. In Ben Jonson’s comedy 
 “Epicoene, or The Silent Woman,” a cowardly, 
 foolish coxcomb. 
 
 Dawes (daz), Henry Laurens. Born at Cum- 
 mington, Mass., Oct. 30, 1816: died at Pittsfield, 
 Mass., Feb. 5, 1903. An American politician, 
 member of Congress from Massachusetts 1857- 
 1875, and Republican U. S. senator 1875-93. 
 Dawes, William Rutter. Born at London, 
 March 19, 1799: died at Haddenham, Bucks, 
 Feb. 15, 1868. An English astronomer. He was 
 educated at the Charter House school 1811-13 ; settled as a 
 surgeon at Liverpool in 1826 ; was for a time pastor of an 
 independent congregation at Ormskirk, Lancashire ; had 
 charge (1839-44) of the observatory at South Villa, Regent’s 
 Park, London, belonging to George Bishop ; fitted up an 
 observatory at Camden Lodge, near Cranbrook, Kent, in 
 1845 ; and discovered fifteen new double stars 1840-59. 
 Bawison (da've-son), Bogumil. Born at War- 
 saw, May 15, 1818 : died near Dresden, Feb. 1, 
 1872. A Polish actor, of Hebrew descent. He 
 first appeared in America in 7866. ne at one time played 
 Othello to Edwin Booth's Iago. He played both tragic 
 and comic parts. 
 
 Dawkins (da/kinz), John. A young pickpocket 
 in the employ of Fagin, in Charles Dickens’s 
 “Oliver Twist”: called “the Artful Dodger” 
 from his expertness. 
 
 Dawkins, William Boyd. Born at Butting- 
 ton, Welshpool, Montgomeryshire, Wales, Dec. 
 26, 1838. An English geologist and paleontolo- 
 gist, author of “Cave-Hunting” (1871), “Early 
 Man in Britain” (1880), etc. 
 
 Dawlish (da'lish). A watering-place in Devon- 
 shire, England, situated on the English Channel 
 10 miles south of Exeter. Population, 4,003. 
 Dawson (da'son). A mining city of Yukon, 
 Canada, situated on the Yukon River, near the 
 Klondike gold-fields. Population, 3,013,(1911). 
 Dawson (da'son), Bully. A notorious London 
 sharper, a contemporary of Etherege, living 
 in the 17th century. 
 
 Dawson, Captain Janies. A young volunteer 
 officer, of good family, in the service of the 
 Young Pretender. Ho was hanged, drawn, and quar- 
 tered, and his heart burned, July 30, 1746, for treason. 
 His betrothed wife was present, and, when all was over, 
 died in the arms of a friend. Shenstone made this the 
 subject of a ballad, “Jemmy Dawson.” 
 
 Dawson, Sir John William, Born at Pictou, 
 Nova Scotia, Oct., 1820 : died at Montreal, Nov. 
 19, 1899. A Canadian geologist and naturalist. 
 He was principal of McGill College and Uni- 
 versity 1855-93. His works include “Acadian 
 Geology” (1855), etc. 
 
 Dax (daks). A town in the department of 
 Landes France, situated on the Adour in lat. 
 43° 44' N., long. 1° 3' W. : the Roman Aqu® 
 Tarbellic®, or AqufO. It is a noted watering-place 
 and winter resort, and is celebrated for its hot baths. It 
 was the ancient capital of the Tarbelli ; was conquered by 
 tne Goths, Franks, Vasoons, Charlemagne, the Normans, and 
 the Saracens, and in the later middle ages was held by the 
 English. Population, commune, 11,210. 
 
 Day (da), Henry Noble. Bom at Washington, 
 Conn., Aug. 4, 1808: died at New Haven, 
 Conn., Jan. 12, 1890. An American educator 
 and philosophical writer. He became professor of 
 
 312 
 
 sacred rhetoric in Western Reserve College in 1840, and 
 president of the Ohio Female College in 1854, and Re- 
 moved to New Haven in 1864. He was a nephew of Jere- 
 miah Day. His works include “ Logic " (1867), “Ethics” 
 (1876), “Ontology ” (1878), etc. 
 
 Day, Jeremiah. Bom at New Preston, Conn., 
 Aug. 3, 1773 : died at New Haven, Conn., Aug. 
 22, 1867. An American mathematician, presi- 
 dent of Yale College 1817-46. He published 
 an '‘Algebra” (1814), “Navigation and Sur- 
 veying” (1817), etc. 
 
 Day, John. Lived about 1600. An English 
 dramatist and poet. He was educated at Cambridge, 
 and from 1598 collaborated with Haughton, Chettle, 
 Dekker, and others in numerous plays, all of which re- 
 mained unprinted except “ The Blind Beggar of Bednal 
 Green. ” His chief work is “ The Parliament of Bees ” (1607). 
 
 Day, Mr. In Sir R. Howard’s play “ The Com- 
 mittee,” the chairman of the committee, a kind 
 of Tartufe, under the thumb of his wife. 
 
 Day, or Daye, Stephen. Born at London about 
 1610 : died at Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 22, 1668. 
 A pioneer of printing in New England. He was 
 one of three pressmen engaged in 1638 by the Rev. Joseph 
 Glover to operate a printing press which he was about to 
 introduce into the colony of Massachusetts. Glover died 
 on the voyage. The press was set up in the house of Rev. 
 Henry Dunster, first president of Harvard College. The 
 first book printed in the British-American colonies was 
 issued from it in 1640: “The whole Booke of Psalmes, faith- 
 fully translated into English metre.” See Bay Psalm Book. 
 Day, Thomas. Born at London, June 22, 1748 : 
 died Sept. 28, 1789. An English author. He was 
 educated at Oxford and the Middle Temple, and in 1775 
 was admitted to the bar. Having inherited a competent 
 fortune, he did not seek practice, but devoted himself to 
 literature and to the study of philosophy. He married 
 Miss Esther Milnes in 1778, and in 1781 settled on a farm at 
 Anningsley, Surrey, where he wrote his chief work, “His- 
 tory of Sandford and Merton ” (1783-89). 
 
 Dayr-el-Bahari. See Der-el-Baliri. 
 
 Dayton (da'ton). 1. A city and the county- 
 seat of Montgomery County, Ohio, situated on 
 the Great Miami River 48 miles northeast of 
 Cincinnati. It has manufactures of railway- 
 cars, paper, stoves, etc. Population, 116,577, 
 (1910). — 2. A city in Rhea County, East Ten- 
 nessee. Population, 1,991, (1910). 
 
 Dayton, Elias. Born at Elizabethtown, N. J., 
 July, 1737 : died at Elizabethtown, July 17, 
 1807. An American revolutionary officer. He 
 served throughout the War of the Revolution, and partici- 
 pated in the battles of Springfield, Monmouth, Brandy- 
 wine, and Yorktown. After the war he was made major- 
 general of militia in New Jersey, and was a member of 
 the Continental Congress 1787-88. 
 
 Dayton, Jonathan. Born at Elizabethtown, 
 N. J., Oct. 16, 1760: died at Elizabethtown, 
 Oct. 9, 1824. An American politician, son of 
 Elias Dayton. He was speaker of the national House 
 of Representatives 1795-99, and United States senator from 
 New Jersey 1799-1805. 
 
 Dayton, William Lewis. Born at Basking- 
 ridge, N. J., Feb. 17, 1807 : died at Paris, France, 
 Dec. 1, 1864. An American jurist and states- 
 man, nephew of Jonathan Dayton. He was asso- 
 ciate judge of the Supreme Court of New Jersey 1838-42, 
 United States senator from New Jersey 1842-51, Republican 
 candidate for Vice-President 1856, and minister to France 
 1861-64. 
 
 Daza (da'za). A tribe of the Sahara. 
 
 Daza (da'tha), Hilarion. Bom at Sucre about 
 1838. A Bolivian general and politician. His 
 father's name, which he dropped, was Grossoli. From 185S he 
 took part in various revolutionary disturbances until May, 
 1876, when he was proclaimed president of Bolivia. Owing 
 to the seizure of Atacamahe declared war on Chile, March 1, 
 1879, and in April joined the Peruvian forces at Tacna ; but 
 .his incompetence and cowardice led to a mutiny of the 
 troops (Dec. 27, 1879), and this was quickly followed by a 
 revolution at La Paz, by which Campero was declared presi- 
 dent. He was killed by a Bolivian mob March 1, 1894. 
 Dazzle (daz'l). In Dion Boucicault’s comedy 
 “ London Assurance,” a man who lives by his 
 wits, and cleverly contrives to be an invited 
 guest at Oak Hall, the home of Squire Harkaway. 
 Deacon (de'kn), Thomas. Born in 1697 : died 
 at Manchester, Feb. 10, 1753. An English phy- 
 sician and nonjuring bishop. He became a priest 
 in 1716, settled at Manchester as a physician in 1719 or 
 1720, and about 1733 was consecrated a nonjuring bishop by 
 Bishop Archibald Campbell. He published “ The Doctrine 
 of the Church of Rome concerning Purgatory proved to be 
 contrary to Catholic Tradition ” (1718), “ A Full, True, and 
 Comprehensive View of Christianity ” (1747), etc. 
 
 Dead Heart, The. A play by Watts Phillips, 
 produced in 1859. It was revised by Walter 
 Herries Pollock for Henry Irving in 1889. 
 Dead Sea (ded se). [LL. Mare Mortuum, Ar. 
 Balir-Lut, F. Mer Morte, G. Todtes-Meer.) A 
 salt lake in Palestine, situated 16 miles south- 
 east of Jerusalem in the ancient “Vale of Sid- 
 dim” : the Lacus Asphaltites of the ancients, 
 and the Sea of the Plain or of the Arabah, Salt 
 Sea, or East Sea of the Scriptures, its waters 
 are intensely salt, and of great specific gravity. Its prin- 
 cipal tributary is the Jordan, but it has no outlet, and its 
 
 Deane, Charles 
 
 surface is 1,292 feet below the level of the Mediterrauecu. 
 Length, 47 miles. Width, 6 to 9£ miles. Depth varies from 
 1,300 feet to 3 or 4 feet in the shallowest section. 
 
 Dead Souls. A novel by Gogol, which appeared 
 in 1842. He began to write it in 1837, and left it unfln- 
 ished, destroying the concluding portions in a fit of reli- 
 gious mania. A certain Dr. Zahartchenko, of Kieff, pub- 
 lished in 1857 a continuation of it. An English transla- 
 tion, entitled “ Tchitchikoff’s Journeys, or Dead Souls,” by 
 Isabel F. Hapgood, was published in New York in 1886. 
 
 At the time of serfdom a Russian proprietor’s fortune 
 was not valued according to the extent of his lands, but 
 according to the number of male serfs which were held 
 upon them. These serfs were called “souls.” . . . The 
 proprietor paid the capitation tax for all the souls on his 
 domain ; but as the census was rarely taken it happened 
 that he had long to pay for dead serfs, until a new official 
 revision struck them out from among the number of the 
 living. It is easy to see what these dead souls must have 
 cost a proprietor whose lands had been visited by famine, 
 . . . and his interest in getting rid of them wiLl be expli- 
 cable. What seems more surprising is that there were 
 people ready to purchase them. 
 
 Dupuy, Great Mastersof Russian Literature(trans.),p.84 
 Tchitchikoff, the hero of the book, an ambitious and evil- 
 minded rascal, made this proposition to himself : “I will 
 visit the most remote corners of Russia, and ask the good 
 people to deduct from the number on their lists every serf 
 who has died since the las.t census was taken. They will be 
 only too glad, as it will he to their interest to yield up to me 
 a fictitious property, and get rid of paying the tax upon it. 
 I shall have my purchase registered in due form, and no 
 tribunal wUl imagine that I require it to legalize a sale of 
 dead men. When I have obtained the names of some thou- 
 sands of serfs, I shall carry my deeds to some hank in St. 
 Petersburg or Moscow, and raise a large sum on them. 
 Then I shall be a rich man, and in condition to buy real 
 peasants in flesh and blood.” 
 
 I)e Vogiii, Russian Novelists (trans ), p. 75. 
 
 Deadwood (ded'wud). A city, and the county- 
 seat of Lawrence County, South Dakota, sit- 
 uated in the Black Hills in lat. 44° 21' N., 
 long. 103° 43' W. It is an important trading center 
 and mining town, gold and silver having been discovered 
 in the vicinity in 1874. Population, 3,6o3, (1910). 
 
 Dese Matres (de'e ma'trez). [L., lit. ‘god- 
 desses mothers.’] See the extract. 
 
 We now come to a class of divinities which have a pecu- 
 liar interest in connection with the early history of our 
 island, the deities of the auxiliary races who formed so 
 important an element of its population. Among these 
 we must place, first, a class of deities commonly known by 
 the title of the dese matres. Altars and inscriptions to 
 these deities are very numerous in Belgic Gaul and Ger- 
 many, and more especially along the banks of the Rhine, 
 where they are often called matronee instead of matres, 
 and they seem to have belonged to the Teutonic race. 
 Not more than one altar to these deities has, I believe, 
 been found in Italy, and we do not trace them in the 
 classic writers. AVhen the doe matres are figured on the 
 altars or other monuments, they are always represented 
 as three females, seated, with baskets or bowls of fruit 
 on their knees, which were probably emblematical of the 
 plenty which they were believed to distribute to mankind. 
 
 Wright, Celt, p. 28L 
 
 Deak (da'ak), Ferencz. Born at Sojtor, Zala, 
 Hungary, Oct. 17, 1803 : died at Budapest, Jan. 
 29, 1876. A Himgarian statesman. He entered 
 the Reichstag in 1832 ; was minister of justice in 1848 ; and 
 was the chief instrument in the construction of the Aus- 
 tro-Hungarian monarchy on the dualistic basis in 1867. 
 
 Deal (del). A seaport and sea-bathing resort 
 in Kent, England, situated on the Downs 8 
 miles northeast of Dover. It was formerly one of 
 the Cinque Ports, and contains Deal Castle. Near here 
 Julius Csesar is supposed to have made his first landing 
 
 + in 56 B. C. Population, 10,581. 
 
 De Amicis (de a-me'ches), Edmondo. Born 
 at Oneglia, Italjq Oct. 21, 1846: died at Bor- 
 dighera, Italy, March 11, 1908. An Italian 
 writer of travels. He was in the Italian army 1865-70, 
 and fought at the battle of Custozza in 1866. His works 
 include “ Ricordi di Londra” (1874), "L'Olanda” (1874), 
 “Marocco" (1875), “Constantinople” (1877), “Pagine 
 sparse” (1877), “Ricordi di Parigi," “Cuore " (1886), etc. 
 
 De Amicitia (de am-i-sish'ia), or Lselius (le'li- 
 us). [L., ‘on friendship.’] A treatise by Cicero, 
 in the form of a conversation between Ltelius 
 and his sons-in-law, C. Fannius and Q. Mucius 
 Scaovola, devoted to the praise of friendship. 
 
 Dean (den), Amos. Born at Barnard, Vt.., Jan. 
 16, 1803: died at Albany, N. Y., Jan. 26, 1868. 
 An American jurist. He became chancellor and pro- 
 fessor of history in the University of Iowa in 1855. He 
 has published “Medical Jurisprudence” (1854), “Bryant 
 and Stratton’s Commercial Law ” (1851), etc. 
 
 Dean, Forest of. A forest in Gloucestershire, 
 England, situated between the lower Wye and 
 the Severn, southwest of Gloucester. It is in part 
 a crownland, and is noted for its production of coal and 
 iron. Its chief trees are oaks and beeches. 
 
 Dean, Julia. Born July 22, 1830: died at New 
 York, March 6, 1868. An American actress. She 
 first appeared at the Bowery Theater as Julia in “The 
 Hunchback.” She was the original Norma in Epes Sar- 
 gent’s “ Priestess,” and also the original Leonor in Boker’s 
 tragedy “Leonor de Guzman." She married Dr. Hayne in 
 1855, from whom she was divorced. 
 
 Deane (don), Charles. Born at Biddeford, 
 Maine, Nov. 10, 1813 : died at Cambridge. Mass., 
 Nov. 13, 1889. An American historical student. 
 
Deane, Charles 
 
 After having been a merchant in Boston for many years, 
 he retired from business in 1864, and settled at Cambridge, 
 Mass. He collected a valuable library of books relating 
 to early New England history, and edited “Bradford’s His- 
 tory of Plymouth Plantation” (1856), “Wingfield’s Dis- 
 course of Virginia ” (1860), and other historical documents. 
 Deane, Henry. Died at Lambeth, Feb. 15, 1503. 
 Archbishop of Canterbury. He was chief of the Eng- 
 lish commissioners who concluded the marriage treaty be- 
 tween Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. of England, and 
 James IV. of Scotland, in 1502. 
 
 Deane, Lucy. In George Eliot’s novel “ The 
 Mill on the Floss,” a pretty, amiable girl, the 
 cousin and rival of Maggie Tulliver. 
 
 Deane, Richard. Bom in 1610: died June 3, 
 1653. An English admiral, and one of the regi- 
 cides. 
 
 Deane, Silas. Born at Groton, Conn., Dec. 24, 
 1737 : died at Deal, England, Sept. 23, 1789. An 
 American statesman and diplomatist. He was 
 a delegate from Connecticut to the Continental Congress 
 1774-76, and was sent to France as a secret financial and 
 political agent in 1776. Having been charged (unjustly) 
 with using his position to advance his own interests, he 
 was recalled by Congress in 1777. 
 
 Dean of St. Patrick’s (Dublin). Specifically, 
 Jonathan Swift. See Swift. 
 
 Deans (denz), Douce Davie. A cow-feeder in 
 Scott’s novel “ The Heart of Midlothian.” He 
 is the father of Jeanie and Effle, and is distracted between 
 his religious principles as an ardent Cameraman and his 
 desire to save his daughter Effie’s life. 
 
 Deans, Effie or Euphemia. In Scott’s “ Heart 
 of Midlothian,” a beautiful and erring girl, the 
 half-sister of Jeanie Deans. She is tried for the 
 murder of her illegitimate child, which had disappeared. 
 She will make no confession, and is sentenced to be 
 hanged. Through the elforts of her sister she is pardoned 
 and banished for fourteen years. She flees from her angry 
 father, and her lover, Staunton, marries her. She is edu- 
 cated and becomes a court beauty, and finally, after ten 
 years of social success, retires from the world on account 
 of the death of her husband. 
 
 Deans, Jeanie. The heroine of Scott’s novel 
 “The Heart of Midlothian, ” the half-sister of 
 Effie Deans. In her devotion to her sister she walks all 
 the way to London to obtain pardon for Effie from the 
 queen. Her good sense, calm heroism, and disinterested- 
 ness move the Duke of Argyll to procure her the desired 
 interview, which is successful. 
 
 Dearborn (der'bom), Henry. Born at Hamp- 
 ton, N.H., Feb. 23, 1751: died at Roxbury, Mass., 
 June 6, 1829. An American general and poli- 
 tician. He served through the Revolution ; was secre- 
 tary of war 1801-09; captured York (Toronto) in 1813; and 
 was minister to Portugal in 1822-24. 
 
 Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell. Born 
 at Exeter, N. H., March 3, 1783 : died at Rox- 
 bury, Mass., July 29, 1851. An American poli- 
 tician, son of Henry Dearborn. He was collector 
 of the port of Boston 1812-29 ; was elected to the Massa- 
 chusetts legislature in 1829 ; became a State senator in 
 1830 ; was in 1831 elected to Congress, where he served one 
 term ; and was made adjutant-general of Massachusetts in 
 1835, from which post he was removed in 1843 for having 
 furnished arms to Rhode Island during Dorr’s rebellion. 
 He was mayor of Roxbury from 1847 until his death. He 
 wrote “ Internal Improvements and Commerce of the 
 West” (1809). 
 
 Death of Blanche. See Book of the Duchess. 
 Death of Caesar. A painting by Gdrome (1867), 
 in the gallery of J. J. Astor, New York. Caesar’s 
 body lies at the foot of Pompey’s statue ; the conspirators, 
 still holding their daggers, are grouped in the background, 
 and all the senators but one have fled from their seats. 
 
 Death of General Wolfe, The. A painting by 
 Sir Benjamin West (1771), in Grosvenor House, 
 London. The general lies on the ground supported and 
 surrounded by soldiers, one of whom holds the union jack. 
 In the distance a soldier runs toward the group, bearing a 
 captured French flag. 
 
 Death of Marlowe, The. A tragedy by R. H. 
 Horne, published in 1837. 
 
 Death’s Jest Book, or The Fool’s Tragedy. 
 
 A tragedy by T. L. Beddoes, published in 1850. 
 It is the true story of the stabbing of a duke in the 13th 
 century by his court fool. 
 
 Death Valley (deth val'i), or Amargosa Des- 
 ert (a-mar'go-sa dez'ert). A desert region in 
 Inyo County, eastern California, near the Ne- 
 vada frontier, lying, at its lowest part, 427 
 (Merriam) feet below the sea-level. 
 
 Deauville (do-vel'). A watering-place in the 
 department of Calvados, France, adjoining 
 Trouville. 
 
 Debatable Land. A region on the border of 
 England and Scotland, between the Esk and 
 Sark, formerly claimed by both kingdoms. 
 Debbitch (deb'ich), Deborah. In Sir Walter 
 Scott’s novel “Peveril of the Peak,” the gov- 
 ernante of Alice Bridgenorth. She was co- 
 quettish and deceitful. 
 
 Debit and Credit. See Soil und Haben. 
 Deborah (deb'o-ra). [Heb./abee.’] A prophet- 
 ess and judge of Israel. She lived on Mount Ephraim, 
 between Ramah and Bethel. She aummoned Barak to de- 
 liver the tribes under her jurisdiction from the tyranny 
 
 313 
 
 of Jabin, prophesied for him success, and sang a famous 
 song of triumph after the victory (Judges v.). This song is 
 considered by critics to be one of the most ancient pieces 
 in the Old Testament. 
 
 But the priestess of Artemis still continued to be called 
 “a bee,” reminding us that Deborah or “Bee” was the 
 name of one of the greatest of the prophetesses of ancient 
 Israel; and the goddess herself continued to be depicted 
 under the same form as that which had belonged to her 
 in Hittite days. Sayce, Hittites, p. 79. 
 
 Deborah. A German drama by S. H. Mosen- 
 tlial, the original of “Leah.” 
 
 De Bow (de bo), James Dunwoody Brown- 
 son. Born at Charleston, S. C., July 10, 1820 : 
 died at Elizabeth, N. J., Feb. 27, 1867. An 
 American journalist and statistician. He es- 
 tablished “De Bow’s Commercial Review” in 
 New Orleans in 1846. 
 
 Debreczin (de'bret-sin), Magyar Debreczen. 
 A royal free city situated in the county of 
 Hajduken, Hungary, in lat. 47° 32' N., long. 
 21° 37' E. It is one of the chief places in Hungary, 
 and an important commercial center, having four annual 
 fairs and a noted horse-market. It contains a Protestant 
 college, and in 1849 was the seat of the Hungarian revolu- 
 tionary government. Population, 92,000, (1910). 
 
 Debrosses (de-bros'), Charles. Bom at Dijon, 
 France, Feb. 17, 1709 : died at Paris, May 17, 
 1777. A French man of letters. He wrote 
 “ Lettres sur Herculaneum ” (1750), “ Lettres 
 sur l’ltalie,” etc. 
 
 De Bry, Theodore. See Bry. 
 
 Decameron (de-kam'e-ron). [It. II Decame- 
 rone ; from Gr. desa, ten, and yyepa, day.] A 
 famous collection of 100 tales, by Boccaccio, 
 published in 1353. Of these tales ten are represented 
 as told each day for ten days, near Florence, during the 
 plague of 1348. They were written from 1344 to 1350, and 
 are preceded by a masterly description of the plague at 
 Florence. They range from the pathetic to the grossly 
 licentious. “ There are few works which have had an equal 
 influence on literature with the Decameron of Boccaccio. 
 Even in England its effects were powerful. From it 
 Chaucer adopted the notion of the frame in which he has 
 inclosed his tales, and the general manner of his stories, 
 while in some instances, as we have seen, he has merely 
 versified the novels of the Italian. In 1566, William Payn- 
 ter printed many of Boccaccio’s stories in English, in his 
 work called the ‘ Palace of Pleasure.’ This first translation 
 contained sixty novels, and it was soon followed by an- 
 other volume, comprehending thirty-four additional tales. 
 These are the pages of which Shakspere made so much 
 use. From Burton’s ‘Anatomy of Melancholy ’ we learn 
 that one of the great amusements of our ancestors was 
 reading Boccaccio aloud, an entertainment of which the ef- 
 fects were speedily visible in the literature of the country.” 
 Dunlop, Hist. Prose Fiction, II. 148. 
 
 The seven imaginary ladies and three gentlemen whom 
 Boccaccio supposed to shut out the horrors of the great 
 plague of Florence, in 1348, by enjoying themselves in a 
 garden with a ten-day feast of story-telling, presented — 
 in the best and easiest, though nearly the first, Italian 
 prose — among their hundred tales the choice tales of the 
 day from the French fabliaux, from incidents of actual 
 life, or from whatever source was open to the author. 
 Even the machinery in which the tales are set came 
 from the East, and had existed in a Latin form two centu- 
 ries before. The number of the stories also was per- 
 haps determined by the previous existence of the “Cento 
 Novella Antiche. ” Motley, English Writers, I. 22. 
 
 Decamps (Je-kon'), Alexandre Gabriel. Born 
 at Pans, March 3,1803: died (as the result of 
 an accident) at Fontainebleau, Aug. 22, 1860. 
 A noted French painter, a pupil of Abel de 
 Pujol. He visited Greece and the coast of Asia in 1827, 
 and all his later wbrk exhibits his preference for Oriental 
 subjects. 
 
 De Candolle. See Candolle. 
 
 DecapoliS (de-kap'o-lis). [Gr. AenaTrdXic, the 
 ten cities.] The name of an ancient confed- 
 eration of cities west and east of the Jordan, 
 inhabited for the most part by a non-Jew- 
 ish population which probably enjoyed certain 
 privileges and franchises. Pompey put them un- 
 der the immediate jurisdiction of the governor of Syria. 
 Among the cities belonging to this confederacy are 
 enumerated Scythopolis (Beth-Shean), on the west of the 
 Jordan ; on the east, Hippos on the Sea of Galilee, Pella, 
 Gadara, Philadelphia (Rabboth-Ammon), Canatha, and 
 Uerasa (Galasa). See Century Atlas, Map XI. 
 
 Decatur (de-ka'ter). The name of several towns 
 and cities in the United States, the principal of 
 which are : (a) A town in Morgan County, northern 
 Alabama, situated on the Tennessee River. Population, 
 4,228, (1910). (b) The county-seat of De Kalb County, 
 
 Georgia, situated 8 miles northeast of Atlanta. (For battle 
 of July 20, 1864, see Peachtree Creek.) Population, 2,466, 
 (1910). (c) A city and the county-seat of Macon County, 
 
 Illinois, situated on the Sangamon River 38 miles east of 
 Springfield. Population, 31,140, (1910). 
 
 Decatur, Stephen. Born at Newport, R. I., 
 1751: died at Frankford, near Philadelphia, 
 Nov. 14, 1808. An American naval officer. He 
 
 was placed in command of the Delaware in 1798, and 
 afterward commanded a squadron on the Guadeloupe 
 station. He was discharged in 1801. 
 
 Decatur, Stephen. Born at Sinnepuxent, Md., 
 Jan. 5, 1779 : died nearBladenshurg, Md., March 
 
 Decius 
 
 22, 1820. An American naval officer, son of 
 Stephen Decatur. He entered the navy as a midship- 
 man in 1798, and became a lieutenant in 1799. He gained 
 distinction in the Tripolitan war by surprising and burning 
 in the harbor of Tripoli, Feb. 16, 1804, the frigate Phila- 
 delphia, which had been captured by the enemy. For this 
 exploit he was promoted captain, his commission being 
 made to date from Feb. 16, 1804. At the beginning of the 
 war of 1812 he commanded the frigate United States, which 
 captured the British frigate Macedonian Oct. 25, 1812. 
 Attempting, Jan. 15, 1815, to leave the port of New York, 
 which was blockaded by the British, his vessel, the Presi- 
 dent, was pursued by four British vessels, and after a sharp 
 engagement with the Endymion compelled to surrender. 
 He commanded in 1815 the expedition against the Dey of 
 Algiers, who was forced to renounce all claims to tribute 
 from the United States. He was killed in a duel with 
 James Barron. 
 
 Decazes (de-kaz'), Elie, Due. Born at St. Mar- 
 tin-de-Laye, Gironde, France, Sept. 28, 1780: 
 died at Decazeville, France, Oct. 24, 1860. A 
 French jurist and statesman. He became minister 
 of police Sept. 24, 1815, and premier and minister of the 
 interior in 1818. He resigned in 1820, and became ambassa- 
 dor at London. He was raised to a hereditary dukedom 
 in the same year, and founded Decazeville about 1827. 
 
 Decazes, Louis Charles Elie Amanieu, Due. 
 Born at Paris, May 9, 1819: died at his Chateau 
 La Grave, Gironde, SepL 16, 1886. A French 
 statesman, eldest son of Elie Decazes. He was 
 minister of foreign affairs 1873-77. 
 Decazeville (de-kaz-vel' ). A town in the de- 
 partment of Aveyron, France, in lat. 44° 33' 
 N., long. 2° 13' E. It is noted for iron manu- 
 factures, and is the center of the Aveyron 
 coal-fields. Population, commune, 12,961. 
 Deccan(dek'kan),orDekhan(dek'han). [Hind. 
 dalcshin , the south.] A non-official designa- 
 tion for the peninsular portion of India lying 
 60 uth of the river Nerbudda, between the Bay 
 of Bengal on the east and the Arabian Sea on 
 the west ; in a restricted sense, the country 
 between the Nerbudda on the north and the 
 Kistna on the south. 
 
 Decebalus (de-seb'a-lus). [Gr. AescpaXoc, chief 
 or king : a title of honor among the Dacians, 
 borne by several of their kings.] Died about 
 106 A. D. A Dacian king, at war with the Ro- 
 mans in the reigns of Domitian and Trajan. 
 Deceleia (des-e-le'ya). [Gr. A e/ceilrM.] In an- 
 cient geography, a city and strategic point in 
 Attica, Greece, situated 14 miles northeast of 
 Athens. It was occupied by theLacedfemonians 
 from 413 to 404 B. c. 
 
 Decelea was situated on the mountain-range north of 
 Athens (Parnes), within sight of the city, from which it 
 was distant 120 stades, or about 14 miles. The road from 
 Athens to Oropus and Tanagra passed through it. 
 
 Jtawlinson, Herod., III. 471, note. 
 Deceleian War (des-e-le'yan war). A name 
 frequently given to the third or final stage of 
 the Peloponnesian war, on account of the oc- 
 cupation of Deceleia. 
 
 December ( de-sem'ber). [L.,‘ the tenth month.’] 
 That month of the year in which the sun touches 
 the tropic of Capricorn at the winter solstice, 
 being then at its greatest distance south of 
 the equator; the twelfth and last month ac- 
 cording to the modern mode of reckoning time, 
 having thirty-one days. In the Roman cal- 
 endar it was the tenth month, reckoning from 
 March. Abbreviated Dec. 
 
 Decem virate (de-sem'vi-rat). In Roman his- 
 tory, the commission of ten, presided over by 
 Appius Claudius, sent about 450 B. c. to Greece 
 to study Greek law and codify the Roman law. 
 It was renewed the next year, and drew up the Twelve 
 Tables (which see). During its existence it superseded 
 provisionally the regular machinery of government, and 
 was overthrown on account of its tyranny by a- popular 
 insurrection. See Virginia. 
 
 Deception Island (de-sep'shon i'land). A vol- 
 canic island in the South Shetland group, south 
 of Cape Horn. 
 
 Decbamps (de-shon'), Adolpbe. Born at 
 Melle, Belgium, June 17, 1807: died near Ma- 
 nage (near Brussels), July 19, 1875. A Belgian 
 Catholic statesman. He became a member of the 
 second chamber 1834, governor of the province of Luxem- 
 burg 1841, and minister of public works 1843, and was 
 minister of foreign affairs 1845-46. 
 
 Decbamps, Victor Auguste. Born at Melle, 
 Belgium, Dec. 6, 1810 : died at Mechlin, Sept. 
 28, 1883. A Belgian Redemptorist and Ultra- 
 montane leader, brother of Adolphe Decbamps. 
 He became bishop of Namur in 1805, archbishop of Mechlin 
 in 1867, and cardinal in 1875. 
 
 De Charms, or De Charmes (de shiirmz), Rich- 
 ard. Born at Philadelphia, Oct. 17, 1796: died 
 at Philadelphia, March 20, 1864. An American 
 Swedenborgian clergyman and author. 
 
 Decius (de'shi-us), Caius Messius Quintus 
 Trajanus. Born at Budalia, Pannonia : killed 
 in battle with the Goths, near the Danube, 
 
Decius 
 
 251a. D. Emperor of Rome 249-251. Having been 
 sent by the emperor Philippusto restore subordination in 
 the revolted army of Mcesia, he was compelled by the 
 army to assume the purple and march against Philippus, 
 who fell in battle near Verona in 249. He was defeated 
 and slain in 251, near Abricium, by the Goths, who had in- 
 vaded his dominions. During his reign a bloody persecu- 
 tion of the Christians took place. 
 
 Decius Mus (mis), Publius. 1. Killed at tbe 
 battle of Vesuvius, 340 b. c. A Roman plebeian 
 consul, distinguished in the first Samnite and 
 Latin wars. — 2. Killed at the battle of Senti- 
 num, 295 B. C. A Roman consul, son of Decius 
 (died 340). — 3. Killed at the battle of Aseu- 
 lum (?), 279 B. C. A Roman consul, son of 
 Decius (died 295). 
 
 De civitate Dei (de siv-i-ta'te de'I). [L.,‘on 
 the city of God.’] A celebrated treatise by 
 Augustine. Its theme is the permanence of the City of 
 God. “ which abideth forever ” : a thought made doubly 
 impressive by the overthrow of Home, the “eternal city,’’ 
 by Alaric. 
 
 Decize (de-sez'). A town in the department of 
 Nievre, France, situated on an island in the 
 Loire 18 miles southeast of Nevers : the an- 
 cient Decetia. It has a ruined chateau. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 5,080. 
 
 Decken (dek'ken), Karl Klaus von der. Bom 
 at Kotzen, Brandenburg, Germany, Aug. 8, 
 1833: died 1865. An African explorer. Until 
 I860 he was in the military service. In that year he sailed 
 from Hamburg to East Africa, and gave the rest of his 
 life and means to the exploration of what is now British 
 East Africa. His first attempt was fruitless. On his sec- 
 ond expedition, 1861-62, he explored Lake Jipe and Kili- 
 manjaro. In 1864 he led a great expedition to the explo- 
 ration of the Sabaki, Tana, and Jub rivers. On the lat- 
 ter; he and almost all his companions were killed by the 
 Somalis. His material was published in “K. K. v. der 
 Decken’s Reisen in Ost-Afrika” (1869-79). His collections 
 were given to the National Museum of Berlin. 
 
 Decker, Jeremias de. See DeJcker. 
 
 Decker, Thomas. See Dekker. 
 
 Declaration of Independence. The public 
 act by which the Continental Congress on 
 July 4, 1776, declared the American colonies 
 to be free and independent of Great Britain. 
 A resolution of independence was offered by R. H. Lee, 
 June 7, 1776. The committee appointed to draft the dec- 
 laration consisted of Jefferson, Eranklin, John Adams, 
 Roger Sherman, and R. R. Livingston, and the document 
 was written for the most part by Jefferson. It was signed 
 by 56 members. 
 
 Declaration of Independence, Mecklenburg. 
 
 See Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. 
 
 Declaration of Right. An affirmation of the 
 ancient constitutional rights of the English 
 nation, prepared by the convention of the 
 Commons, assented to by the Lords, and by 
 William and Mary (who thereupon were de- 
 clared king and queen, Feb. 13), in Feb., 1689. 
 It was confirmed by Parliament as the Bill of 
 Rights in Dec., 1689. 
 
 Ddcle (dakl), Lionel. Born in May, 1859 : died 
 March 1, 1907. A French traveler and ethno- 
 logical collector. Accompanied by Ph. de Lalaing, he 
 started in July, 1891, from Mafeking, Bechuanaland, and 
 visited Palapye, Shesheke, failed to enter the Ba-rotse 
 country, returned to Matebeleland and Mashonaland, 
 where he explored the subterranean lakes of Sinoya, and 
 again reached the Zambesi on his way to Nyassa, 1892. 
 Thence he proceeded up the shire to Lakes Nyassa and 
 Tanganyika (1893), and came out by Zanzibar (1894). 
 
 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. A 
 
 celebrated history by Edward Gibbon, pub- 
 lished 1776-88. 
 
 De consolatione philosophise (de kon-so-la- 
 shi-6'ne fil-o-so'fi-e). [L., ‘ on the consola- 
 tion of philosophy.’] A celebrated Latin work 
 in prose and verse, written by Boethius about 
 525 A. D. It was translated into Anglo-Saxon by Alfred 
 the Great. Chaucer translated it into English prose be- 
 fore 1382. Caxton published it in 1480. See Boethius. 
 
 Boethius was not put to death at once, but was kept 
 nearly a year in prison. After his condemnation he wrote 
 that famous book, “ The Consolation of Philosophy," which 
 is the only one of all his works that still finds readers. 
 It is not exactly a literary masterpiece, but as a book 
 written from the heart, as the record of the meditations 
 by which a brave and high-minded man consoled him- 
 self when, fallen suddenly from the height of wealth and 
 power to the lowest abyss of misery, he was looking for- 
 ward to an ignominious death, it has a deep interest, and 
 will always be counted among the worlds classics. It 
 has been translated into every language in Europe ; and 
 amongst the English translators have been King Alfred, 
 Chaucer, and, we are told, Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Bradley, Story of the Goths, p. 183. 
 
 Decumates Agri (dek-fi-ma/tez ag'ri). [L., 
 from decuma, tithe: tithe lands.] The name 
 given by the Romans to the lands east of the 
 Rhine and north of the Danube. About the 
 beginning of the 2d century A. D. they were in- 
 corporated in the Roman Empire as a part of 
 Rhsetia. 
 
 We have seen that the history of Rome in her western 
 provinces was, from an early stage of the Empire, a 
 struggle with the Teutonic nations on the Rhine and the 
 
 314 
 
 Danube. We have seen that all attempts at serious con- 
 quest beyond those boundaries came to nothing. The 
 Roman possessions beyond the two great rivers were mere 
 outposts for the better security of the land within the 
 rivers. The district beyond them, fenced in by a wall and 
 known as the Agri Decumates, was hardly more than 
 such an outlying post on a great scale. 
 
 Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 84. 
 
 Dedan (de'dan). [Heb., perhaps ‘beloved,’ 
 ‘darling.’] 1. A son of Raamak, son of Cush, 
 son of Ham (Gen. x. 7), and his descendants. 
 — 2. A son of Jokshan, grandson of Abraham 
 and Keturah (Gen. xxv. 3). In the prophets the 
 Dedanites are referred to as being settled now in Edom 
 (Idumea), now on the Persian Gulf. Some scholars (Gesen- 
 ius, Winer) infer that the Cushite Dedanites anil those 
 from Keturah were in some way amalgamated by in- 
 termarriage, and formed a widely spread trading tribe. 
 There are still ruins of a city in the northern Hedjas (see 
 Arabia) bearing the name of Dedan. 
 
 Dedham (ded'am). The capital of Norfolk 
 County, Massachusetts, situated 10 miles south- 
 west of Boston. Population, 9,284, (1910). 
 
 Dedlock (ded'lok), Lady. The wife of Sir 
 Leicester Dedlock in Dickens’s novel “Bleak 
 House ”: a haughty woman of fashion, secretly 
 consumed with terror, shame, and remorse, she 
 has an illegitimate child, Esther Summerson, but marries 
 Sir Leicester, who is ignorant of her history. Her secret 
 becomes known to Mr. Tulkinghorn, her husband’s legal 
 adviser, who tells her of his design to reveal it to him. 
 She leaves home and dies from exposure and remorse at 
 the gate of the graveyard where Captaiu Hawdon, the 
 father of her child, is buried. 
 
 Dedlock, Sir Leicester. An extremely cere- 
 monious and stately old baronet in Dickens’s 
 novel “ Bleak House.” He is perfectly honorable, 
 but prejudiced to the most unreasonable degree, with a 
 genuine affection and admiration for Lady Dedlock. 
 
 Dee (de). [L. Deva (which see).] 1. A river 
 
 in North Wales and Cheshire, flowing past Ches- 
 ter into the Irish Sea northwest of Chester. 
 Length, 70 miles. — 2. A river in Kincardine- 
 shire and Aberdeenshire, Scotland, flowing 
 into the North Sea at Aberdeen. Length, 87 
 miles. — 3. A river in Kirkcudbrightshire, Scot- 
 land, which flows into the Solway Firth at 
 Kirkcudbright Bay. Length, 48 miles. 
 
 Dee, John. Born at London, July 13, 1527 : died 
 in Dec., 1608. An English mathematician and 
 astrologer. He took the degree of B. A. at Cambridge 
 in 1545 ; was appointed one of the foundation fellows of 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1546 ; lectured on the Ele- 
 ments of Euclid at Paris about 1550 ; returned to England 
 in 1551 ; was prosecuted on the charge of magic about 1555; 
 gave exhibitions of magic at the courts of various princes 
 in Poland and Bohemia 1583-88 ; and was appointed warden 
 of Manchester College in 1595. He was patronized by 
 Queen Elizabeth, who received instruction from him in as- 
 trology in 1564. According to the “Athense Cantabrigien- 
 ses ” he wrote 79 works, most of which have never been 
 printed. His mostnotable work is “ Monas Hieroglyphica” 
 (1564). 
 
 Deeg, or Dig (deg). A fortified place in British 
 India, in lat. 27° 25’ N., long. 77° 15' E. it was 
 captured by the British in 1804. It contains a palace 
 built by Suraj Mull toward the middle of the 18th cen- 
 tury. The portion completed is about 700 feet square, 
 and is traversed by a garden with beautiful architectural 
 adornment. The north pavilion contains a fine audience 
 hall, 77 by 54) feet, divided by a central range of arches. 
 An adjoining"side of the court is occupied by a great hall 
 108 by 87 feet, open on two sides and including four ranges 
 of columns with arcades edged with sharply cut cusps. 
 The cornices are particularly noteworthy : they are wide- 
 spreading, often double, and supported by very richly 
 sculptured brackets. 
 
 Deems (demz), Charles Force. Born at Balti- 
 more, Md., Dec. 4, 1820: died at New York 
 city, Nov. 18, 1893. An American clergyman 
 and writer, pastor of the Church of the Stran- 
 gers in New York city. He founded the Ameri- 
 can Institute of Christian Philosophy in 1881. 
 
 Deep River (dep riv'er). A river of North 
 Carolina which unites with the Haw to form 
 the Cape Fear River 26 miles southwest of 
 Raleigh. Length, over 100 miles. 
 
 Deer (der), Old. A village in Aberdeenshire, 
 Scotland, about 30 miles north of Aberdeen. 
 It is noted for an ancient manuscript (“ Book of Deer ”) 
 containing St. John’s gospel and parts of the other three, 
 belonging formerly to the old abbey, and now in the 
 Cambridge University library. 
 
 Deerfield (der'feld). A town in Franklin Coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, situated at the junction of 
 the Deerfield River with the Connecticut, 32 
 miles north of Springfield. It was sacked and 
 burned by French and Indians in 1704 ; and South Deer- 
 field was the scene of the “ Bloody Brook massacre " in 
 1675. Population, 2,209, (1910). 
 
 Deerfield River. A small western tributary of 
 the Connecticut in Massachusetts. 
 
 Deerslayer (der'sla // 6r), The. A novel by 
 Cooper, published in 1841. (See Leatherstock- 
 ing.) It is the first of the “Leatherstocking 
 Tales,” though published last. 
 
 D6es, or D6s (da'asli or dash). The capital of 
 the county of Szolnok-Doboka, in Transylvania, 
 
 De Forest 
 
 Hungary, situated on the Szamos 32 miles north- 
 east of Klausenburg. Population, 9,646. 
 
 Defarge (de-farzh'), Ther^se. In Dickens's 
 “Tale of Two Cities,” the wife of Ernest De- 
 farge, the keeper of a wine-shop : a type of the 
 remorseless women of the St. Antoine quarter 
 during the French Revolution. 
 
 Defence of Poesie, The. The title given to Sir 
 Philip Sidney’s “Apologie for Poetrie” when 
 printed for the second time in the third edition 
 of the “Arcadia” in 1598. 
 
 Defence of P oetry. A volume in verse by Isaac 
 D’Israeli, published in 1790 : his first work. 
 
 Defender (de-fen'der). A sloop-yacht built at 
 Bristol, R. I., by the Herreshoifs, and owned 
 by C. Oliver Iselin and others. Her length on 
 load water-line is 88.45 feet. She defeated 
 Valkyrie III. in competition for the America’s 
 cup, Sept., 1895. See Valkyrie III. 
 
 Defender of the Faith. [L. Fidei Defensor .] 
 A title conferred in 1521 by Pope Leo X. upon 
 Henry VIII. of England, in recognition of the 
 latter’s treatise “Assertio septem sacramento- 
 rum” (1521), retained by succeeding English 
 sovereigns. 
 
 Defender of the Faith of God. A title as- 
 sumed by Abd-er-Rahman in 929. 
 
 Defenneh. See Tel Defenneh. 
 
 Defensa, Partido de la. See Blancos. 
 
 Deffand, or Defiant (def-fon'), Marquise du 
 (Marie de Vichy-Chamrond). Born at the 
 Chateau de Chamrond, France, in 1697: died 
 at Paris, Sept. 24, 1780. A witty and cynical 
 Frenchwoman, a leader in Parisian literary and 
 philosophical circles. She was married to the Marquis 
 du Deffand in 1718, but soon separated from him and lived 
 somewhat notoriously. In 1763 she became blind. She 
 is noted for her correspondence with Voltaire, Hinault, 
 Montesquieu, Horace Walpole, and other great men of 
 her time. 
 
 Defiance (de-fl'ans). A city and the county- 
 seat of Defiance County, northwestern Ohio, 
 situated on the Maumee 50 miles southwest of 
 Toledo. Population, 7,327, (1910). 
 
 De finihus (bonorum et malorum) (de fin'i-bus). 
 [L., ‘of the boundaries (of good and evil).’] 
 A treatise in five books by Cicero, in the form 
 of a dialogue, consisting in a presentation of 
 the doctrines of the Greek schools concerning 
 good and evil. It was written 45 B. c. 
 
 De Flores (de flo'rez). In Middleton’s play 
 “ The Changeling,” an ill-favored, broken gen- 
 tleman in the service of Vermandero, the fa- 
 ther of Beatrice- Joanna. He loves Beatrice, who 
 loathes him. Trusting in his devotion and poverty, she 
 induces him to murder Alonzo de Pivacquo, to whom her 
 father has betrothed her though she loves Alsemero. In 
 a powerful scene he declares to her that she shall never 
 marry Alsemero unless she first yields tc him. He never 
 relents, and after killing Beatrice dies triumphant, by his 
 own hand, when the double discovery of the liaison and 
 murder is made. “He is a study worthy to be classed 
 with Iago, and inferior only to Iago in their class.” 
 Saintsbury. 
 
 Defoe (sometimes written De Foe) (de-fo'), 
 Daniel. Born at London, probably in 1661: 
 died at London, April 26, 1731. A celebrated 
 English novelist and political writer. His father, 
 whose name originally was Foe, was a butcher in St. 
 Giles, Cripplegate. Daniel changed it to De Foe, or Defoe, 
 about 1703. Little is known of his early life. He aban- 
 doned the idea of being a dissenting minister, went into 
 business in 1685, and in 16S8 was with King William’s 
 army. He traveled a good deal on the Continent. In 
 1692 be became bankrupt, but afterward paid his debts. 
 He then secured a position as secretary to a pantile fac- 
 tory, and was accountant to the commissioners on glass 
 duties. From 1698 he distinguished himself as a pam- 
 phleteer in favor of William in.’s policy. His ironical 
 treatise “The Shortest Way with the Dissenters ” in 1703 
 occasioned his arrest, and he was sentenced to be fined, to 
 stand three times in the pillory, and to be “imprisoned 
 during the Queen’s pleasure.” During this imprisonment 
 he wrote constantly, and began his “Review," a newspaper 
 issued at first once, afterward twice, and ultimately thrice, 
 a week. It was published from Feb. 19, 1704, to June 11, 
 1713. During this time he also wrote about eighty other 
 works. In 1704 he was released and went to St. Edmund's 
 Bury and then back to London, where he took a prominent 
 part in political intrigue. Finding himself generally ob- 
 jected to as a time-server and turncoat, he made an apol- 
 ogy, “An Appeal to Honour and Justice" (1715), which 
 did not remove the impression. From this time until his 
 death he wrote industriously, “Robinson Crusoe" appear- 
 ing in 1719. Among his other novels are “Life and Adven- 
 tures of Duncan Campbell" (1720), “Captain Singleton" 
 (1720), “ The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll Flanders " 
 (1722), “Journal of the Plague Year" (1722 : 2d ed., enti- 
 tled “The History of the Great Plague in London,” 1754), 
 “History of Colonel Jack" (1722), “Roxana” (1724), etc. 
 Among Lis political writings are “The True-Born English- 
 man" (1701), “The Shortest Way with the Dissenters” 
 (1702), “Political History of the Devil ’’ (1726), etc. See his 
 Life by Minto (1879), in “ English Men of Letters" series. 
 
 De Forest (de for'est), John William. Born 
 March 31, 1826: died July 18, 1906. An Amer- 
 ican novelist, miscellaneous writer and soldier. 
 
De Forest 
 
 He served through the Civil War from 1861 to 1866, in the 
 Southwest, and with Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley. 
 He received the brevet rank of major. From 1866 to 
 1868 he was adjutant-general of the veteran reserve 
 corps. Among his works are “ History of the Indians of 
 Connecticut," etc..(1863), “Oriental Acquaintance” (1856), 
 “Seacliff” (1869), “Miss Ravenel’s Conversion” (1867), 
 “The Oddest of Courtships," etc. (1881), and many mili- 
 tary sketches, essays, etc. 
 
 Deformed Transformed, The. A drama by 
 Byron, published in 1824. It was partly founded 
 on Goethe’s “Faust.” 
 
 De G6rando. See Gerando. 
 
 Deggendorf (deg'gen-dorf). A town in Lower 
 Bavaria, situated on the Danube 30 miles 
 northwest of Passau. It has long been cele- 
 brated as a shrine for pilgrims. Population, 
 7,211. 
 
 De Grasse. See Grasse. 
 
 De Haas. See Haas. 
 
 Dehn (dan), Siegfried Wilhelm. Born at Al- 
 tona, Germany, Feb. 25, 1799: died at Berlin, 
 April 12, 1858. A German musical writer, 
 librarian of the musical works in the royal 
 library in Berlin 1842-48. 
 
 Dehra Dun (deh'ra, don). A district in the 
 Meerut division of the United Provinces, 
 British India, situated about lat. 30°-31° N., 
 long. 78° E. Area, 1,209 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 178,195. 
 
 De imitatione Christi (de im-i-ta-shi-6'ne 
 kris'ti). A religious treatise commonly as- 
 cribed to Thomas a Kempis, but about which 
 there has been much controversy: it places the 
 rule of life in seclusion and renunciation, other 
 candidates have been put forward, among them John Ger- 
 son, the famous chancellor of the University of Paris, and 
 an unidentified John Gersen, abbot of Vercelli (supported 
 by the Benedictines), whose name appears as that of the 
 author in one manuscript. For Gerson are brought forward 
 a number of early MSS. and editions in France and Italy. 
 “In favour of Thomas a Kempis has been alleged the testi- 
 mony of many early editions bearing his name, including 
 one about 1471 which appears to be the first, as well as a 
 general tradition from his own times, extending over most 
 of Europe, which has led a great majority (including the 
 Sorbonne itself) to determine the cause in his favour. It 
 is also said that a manuscript of the treatise De Imita- 
 tione bears these words at the conclusion: ‘Finitus et 
 completus per manum Thomm de Kempis, 1441'; and that 
 in this manuscript are so many erasures and alterations 
 as to give it the appearance of his original autograph. 
 Against Thomas a Kempis it is urged that he was a pro- 
 fessed calligrapher or copyist for the College of Deventer ; 
 that the Chronicle of St. Agnes, a contemporary work, 
 says of him : Scripsit Bibliam nostram totaliter, et multos 
 alios libro3 pro domo et pro pretio ; that the entry above 
 mentioned is more like that of a transcriber than of an 
 author ; that the same chronicle makes no mention of his 
 having written the treatise De Imitatione, nor does it ap- 
 pear in an early list of works ascribed to him." Hallam, 
 Introd. to Bit. of Europe, II. ii. § 63. 
 
 Deimos (dl'mos). [Gr. 6 ei/tog, fear, terror; per- 
 sonified in the Iliad, and later regarded as a 
 son of Ares (Mars).] A satellite of Mars, re- 
 volving about its primary in thirty hours and 
 eighteen minutes. It was discovered by Pro- 
 fessor Asaph Hall, of Washington, in Aug., 1877. 
 
 Deinokrates. See Dinocrates. 
 
 Deloces (de-i'o-sez). [Gr. A t/'16k7/c.\ Accord- 
 ing to Herodotus, the founder of the Median 
 dynasty (about 709-656 B. c.), and the builder 
 of Ecbatana. 
 
 Deiotarus (de-i-ot'a-rus). [Gr. Ar/ioTapog.\ 
 Died about 40 B. c. A tetrarch and king of 
 Galatia, and an ally of the Romans. He was 
 defended before Csesar by Cicero 45 b. c. 
 
 De’iphobus (de-if'o-bus). [Gr. A^/0o/3of.] In 
 classical legends, a Trojan warrior, son of 
 Priam and Hecuba. He appears in Shakspere’s 
 “ Troilus and Cressida.” 
 
 Deipnosophists (dip-nos'o-fists). [From Gr. 
 kunvooo<f)icTai, Deipnosophistse, the name of a 
 work of Athenteus (see the def.): lit. ‘the 
 learned men at dinner,’ from Sdnvov, dinner, 
 and copier fc, a learned man.] See the extract. 
 
 The Deipnosophists, or “learned guests,” of A th emeus 
 is a polyliistorical work chiefly made up of extracts from 
 books in the library of Alexandria, and put into the form 
 of a dialogue, or series of dialogues, supposed to have been 
 carri d on in the house of a learned and opulent Homan 
 named Larensius or Laurentius, during an entertainment 
 prolonged through many days. The guests are twenty- 
 nine in number, and not only draw upon their memory 
 for quotations suggested by incidents of the feast, but are 
 expected by their entertainer to come furnished with ex- 
 cerpts from the best authors, which are produced and 
 read when the occasion offers. This machinery enables 
 Athenseus to give a sort of framework and external cohe- 
 rency to the carefully arranged contents of his- note book ; 
 but, as in the well-known English books called “ the Doc- 
 tor” and “the Pursuits of Literature,” the ventilation of 
 the author's learning is the main object of the book. The 
 work begins, like several of Plato's dialogues, with a con- 
 versation between Athenmus and a friend of his, one 
 Timocrates, to whom he narrates “ the discourses of the 
 learned men," with all their quotations and extracts ; and 
 he sometimes interrupts the supposed dialogue, in order 
 
 315 
 
 to address himself directly to Timocrates. Among the 
 supposed guests are some of the most eminent men of the 
 day, especially Masurius Sabinus, a descendant of the great 
 jurist of the Augustan age, and himself one of the leading 
 lawyers in the reign of Alexander Severus ; Ulpian, whose 
 death is supposed to take place soon after the enter- 
 tainment ; and Galen of Pergamum, “ who has published 
 so many writings on philosophy and medicine as to sur- 
 pass all his predecessors, and who is equal in style to any 
 of the ancients.” These “learned guests” pour forth an 
 unbroken stream of quotations extending through fifteen 
 books, and touching on every subject which could be 
 suggested by a banquet, and many others which are 
 brought in by the head and shoulders, so that the work is 
 a complete treasury of information on Greek literature, 
 especially poetry, natural history, medicine, public and 
 social usages, philology and grammar. The authors quoted 
 by Athenmus are about 800, of whom about 700 would have 
 been unknown but for him ; and he sometimes gives us 
 as many as 60 quotations from one author. The titles of 
 books which he mentions are about 2,500, and he tells 
 us himself that he had made extracts from more than 800 
 comedies belonging to the period of the middle comedy 
 only. The extent to which this one book has contributed 
 to repair tixe ravages of time, and especially to save choice 
 fragments from the wreck of the great Alexandrian Mu- 
 seum, in which Athenmus pursued his studies, is shown by 
 the test to which Schweighaeuser appeals, namely, that 
 if we look into any collection of the fragments of Greek 
 poets, we shall see how large a proportion is due to the 
 Deipnosophists. 
 
 K. O. Muller , Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 285. 
 
 [(Donaldson.) 
 
 Deira (de'i-ra). In the 6th century A. D., an 
 Anglian kingdom in the present Yorkshire, 
 England, extending from the Humber to the 
 Tees. Itwas united with Bernicia toform the kingdom 
 of Northumbria about 600, and was later created an 
 earldom. 
 
 Deir-el-Bahari. See Der-el-Bahri. 
 
 Dejanira (dej-a-ni'ra), or Deianeira (de-ya- 
 m'ra). [Gr. Atjiaveipa.] In Greek mythology, 
 a daughter of GSneus and Althsea, sister of 
 Meleager and wife of Hercules, she inadver- 
 tently caused his death by giving him the blood-steeped 
 shirt of Nessus to wear — the latter having told her that 
 she could compel the love of any one wearing it. It 
 burned him to death, and she killed herself for sorrow. 
 
 Dejazet (da-zha-za/ ), Pauline Virginie. Bom 
 
 at Paris, Aug. 30, 1798 : died at Paris, Dec. 1, 
 1875. A celebrated French actress, she went 
 on the stage almost from her cradle. She appeared for the 
 last time Oct. 2, 1875. 
 
 Dejean (de-zhon'), Pierre Francois Aime 
 Auguste, Comte. Born at Amiens, France, 
 Aug. 10, 1780: died at Paris, March 18, 1845. 
 A French soldier and entomologist. He served 
 with distinction at Ligny and Waterloo, and was ap- 
 pointed general in 1810, aide-de-camp of Napoleon in 
 1813, and general of division in 1814. He was the author 
 of a catalogue of his collection of insects (1821-33), “ His- 
 toire g6n4rale des coleopteres ” (1825-39), etc. 
 
 De Kalb (de kalb), Baron Johann (properly Jo- 
 hann Kalb). Born at Huttendorf, near Bay- 
 reuth, Bavaria, June 29,1721: died near Camden, 
 S. C., Aug. 19, 1780. A general in the American 
 Revolution . He entered the French service in 1743, and 
 the American service in 1777, and was mortally wounded 
 at Oamden Aug. 16, 1780. He was a peasant by birth. 
 
 Dekker (dek'er), Eduard Douwes: pseudo- 
 nym Multatuli. Born at Amsterdam, March 
 2, 1820: died at Nieder-Ingelheim, Feb. 19,1887. 
 A Dutch writer. His works include “ Max Havelaar ” 
 (1860), and other works on the Dutch Indies. 
 
 Dekker, or Decker (dek'er), Jeremias de. 
 
 Born at Dort, Netherlands, about 1610: died 
 at Amsterdam, 1666. A Dutch poet, author of 
 a satire, “ Lof der Geldzucht ”(“ Praise of Ava- 
 rice”). His collected works were published 
 in 1726. 
 
 Dekker, or Decker, Thomas. Born at Lon- 
 don about 1570 (?): died at London (?) after 
 1637. An English dramatist, collaborator of 
 Middleton, Webster, Massinger, Rowley, etc. 
 Little is known of his life. He is first noticed in Hens- 
 lowe’s Diary in 1598 : in Feb. of that year he was im- 
 prisoned in the Counter. Between 1598 and 1602 he wrote 
 eight plays alone and many others in collaboration. In 
 1602 he published “ Satiromastix, or the V ntrussing of the 
 Humorous Poet,” a satirical attack on Ben Jonson, with 
 whom a quarrel had broken out before 1600, when Jon- 
 son reflected upon him in “Every Man out of his Hu- 
 mour” and “Cynthia’s Revels.” In 1601 Jonson attacked 
 Dekker and Marston vigorously in “The Poetaster.” 
 “Satiromastix” was Dekker’s retort. From 1613 to 1616 
 he seems to have been imprisoned in the King’s Bench 
 prison. He wrote many pamphlets ridiculing the fol- 
 lies of the times, and in the plays written with others 
 he excelled in good shop scenes and those laid in inns, 
 taverns, and suburban pleasure-houses. He also had a 
 poetical and luxuriant fancy. He wrote alone “ The 
 Gentle Craft” (produced in 1599: published anonymously 
 in 1600 as “The Shoemaker’s Holiday, or the Gentle 
 Craft"), “Bear a Brain ” (1599), “Old Fortunatus” (1600), 
 etc.; and, with Chettle, “Troilus and Cressida,” “Aga- 
 memnon,” and “ The Stepmother's Tragedy ” (1699) ; with 
 Chettle and Haughton, “Patient Grissel” (1603); with Day 
 and Haughton, “The Spanish Moor’s Tragedy” (1600). 
 With Webster and others he joined in 1602 in a play in 
 two parts on Lady Jane Grey, which probably appeared 
 as “The Famous History of SirThomasWyat" inl607. The 
 first part of “The Honest Whore,” etc., he wrote with 
 Middleton in 1604. The earliest edition known of the 
 
 De la Ram6e 
 
 second part is dated 1630, and there is nothing to show 
 that Middleton was concerned in it. “The Seven Deadly 
 Sins of London ” he published in 1606, and “ News from 
 Hell ” in the same year. He also wrote “ Westward Ho ! ’’ 
 before 1605, “Northward Ho!” (1607), “The Bellman of 
 London ’’ (1608), “Lanthorne and Candlelight" (the second 
 part of “The Bellman” 1608), “The Gull's Hornbook” 
 (1609), “The Roaring Girl,” with Middleton (1611), “If 
 it be not Good the Devil is in it” (1612), “The Virgin 
 Martyr,” with Massinger (1622), “Match Me in London” 
 (published 1631). “The Sun’s Darling,” with Ford, was 
 published in 1656 (the lyrical portions are thought to be 
 Dekker’s) ; “The Witch of Edmonton,” with F’ord and 
 Rowley, probably written in 1621, published in 1658 ; and 
 in 1637 Dekker republished “Lanthorne and Candlelight” 
 as “English Villainies”; this was the last of his numerous 
 works, the most important of which have been mentioned, 
 and it is thought that he died shortly after its publica- 
 tion. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 De Kock (de kok), Paul. See Koch, Charles 
 Paid de. 
 
 De la Beche (de la bash), Sir Henry Thomas. 
 Born near London, 1796 : died at London, April 
 13, 1855. An English geologist. He wrote 
 “ The Geological Observer” (1851), etc. 
 
 Delaborde(de-la-bord'), Henri, Vicomte. Born 
 at Rennes, May 2, 1811 : died at Paris, May 18, 
 1899. A French painter and writer on the his- 
 tory of art. He was a pupil of Paul Delaroche. His 
 principal works in painting are “La conversion de Saint- 
 Augustine,” and “La mort de Sainte Monique ” (1838). 
 As a historian he published numerous and notable works, 
 especially on the Renaissance. He was collaborator with 
 Charles Blanc on the “ Histoire des peintresde toutes les 
 dcoles.” He wrotealso “Lagravure ” (1882), “Lagravure 
 en Italie” (1883), and “L 1 Academic* des Beaux-Arts, etc.” 
 (1891), etc. 
 
 Delacroix (de-la-krwa'), Ferdinand Victor 
 
 Eugene. Born at Charenton-St.-Maurice,near 
 Paris, April 26, 1799: died at Paris, Aug. 13, 
 1863. A noted French painter, a leader of the 
 “romantic” school. Among his works are “Dante 
 et Virgile ’’ ( 1822 ), “Massacre de Chios" (1824), “Femmes 
 d’ Alger " (1834), “Prise de Constantinople” (1841). 
 
 De Lacy. See Lacy. 
 
 De Laet, Johannes. See Laet. 
 
 Delagoa Bay (del-a-go'a ba). An inlet of the 
 Indian Ocean, on the southeastern coast of 
 Africa, about lat. 26° S. It was discovered by the 
 Portuguese in 1498. In 1823 the natives ceded it to the 
 Englishman Owen ; but by arbitration of President Mac- 
 Mahon of France it was in 1875 awarded to Portugal. It 
 is the terminus of a railway connecting the Transvaal with 
 the seaboard. 
 
 Delambre (de-loh'br), Jean Baptiste Joseph. 
 
 Born at Amiens, France, Sept. 19, 1749: died 
 at Paris, Aug. 19, 1822. A noted French as- 
 tronomer, appointed permanent secretary of 
 the Institute in 1803, and professor at the Col- 
 lege de France in 1807. His works include “His- 
 toire de l’astronomie ” (1817*27), “M^thodes analytiques 
 pour la determination d’un arc du m^ridien ” (1799), 
 “Base du systeme m^trique decimal, ou mesure de l’arc 
 du mdridien compris entre les parall4les de Dunkerque et 
 Barcelone, execute en 1792 et ann^es suivautes par MM. 
 
 *M£chain et Delambre, etc.” (1806-10), etc. 
 
 Deland (de-land'), Mrs. (Margaretta Wade 
 Campbell). Bom at Allegheny, Pa., Feb. 
 23,1857. An American writer. Among her works 
 are “The Old Garden and other Verses” (1886), “John 
 Ward, Preacher ” (1888), “ Mr. Tommy Dove ” (1893), 
 “Philip and his Wife” (1894), “Old Chester Tales” (1898), 
 “Dr. Lavender's People" (1903), “The Common Way” 
 (1904), “ The Awakening of Helena Richie ” (1906), etc. 
 
 Delane (de-lan'), John Thaddeus. Born at 
 London, Oct. 11, 1817 : died Nov. 22, 1879. An 
 English journalist, son of W. F. A. Delane : 
 editor of the London “Times” 1841-77. 
 Delane, William Frederick Augustus. Born 
 about 1793: died July 29, 1857. An English 
 journalist, manager of the London “Times.” 
 
 Delany (de-la'ni), Mrs. (Mary Granville). 
 Born May i4, 1700, at Coulston, Wilts : died at 
 Windsor, April 15, 1788. An English woman of 
 literary tastes. She first married Alexander Pendarves, 
 and afterward became the wife of Patrick Delany. She was 
 the friend of the Duchess of Portland, and was called his 
 “ dearest Mrs. Delany” by George III. He gave her a house 
 in Windsor, and a pension of £300 a year. She presented to 
 the queen some of the “paper mosaic” for which she was 
 famous, and became a great favorite with the royal family. 
 She left six volumes of autobiography and letters, which 
 contain much interesting gossip of the society of the time. 
 
 Delany, Patrick. Born in Ireland about 1685 : 
 died at Bath, May 6, 1768. A popular preacher, 
 afterward dean of Down, in Ireland. He is 
 noted as having been the intimate friend of Swift. In 1757 
 he began to publish apaper called the “Humanist,” advo- 
 cating the prevention of cruelty to animals. He wrote 
 “Reflections on Polygamy,” etc. (1738), “The Life and 
 Reign of David, King of Israel” (1740-12), “A Humble 
 
 ★Apology for Christian Orthodoxy" (1761), etc. 
 
 De la Ram6e (de la rii-ma'), Louise; pseudo- 
 nym Ouida. Born at Bury St. Edmunds, Eng- 
 land, in 1840: died at Viareggio, Italy, Jan. 25, 
 1908. An English novelist, of French extrac- 
 tion. Her works include “Strathmore” (1865), “Chan- 
 dos” (I860), “Idalia” (1867), “Tricotrin” (1808), “Pas* 
 carel " (1873), “ Ariadne ”(1880), “Moths " (1880), “ Princess 
 Napraxine ’*(1884), etc. 
 
De la Rive 
 
 De la Rive. See La Rive. 
 
 Delaroche (de-la-rosh '), Paul (Hippolyte). 
 
 Born at Paris, July 17, 1797 : died there, Nov. 4, 
 1856. A French historical and portrait painter. 
 He began by studying landscape under Watelet, which he 
 gave up for history after entering the studio of Baron Gros. 
 He first attracted attention by his picture of “ Joash saved 
 from Death by Jehoshabeth ” (1822). He received the gold 
 medal in 1824, became knight of the Legion of Honor in 
 1828, officer in 1834, member of the Institute in 1832, and 
 professor at the Academy in 1833. The following year he 
 went to Italy, pnd on his return painted the famous hemi- 
 cycle of the Bcole des Beaux Arts. At the time of his 
 second visit in July, 1844, he was made a member of the 
 Academy of St. Luke. 
 
 Delarue (de-la-rii'), Gervais, Abbe. Born at 
 Caen, France, 1751: died 1835. A French his- 
 torian and antiquarian, professor in the Uni- 
 versity of Caen. He wrote "Essais historiques surles 
 bardes/les jongleurs et les trouvferes normands et anglo- 
 normands ” (1834), etc. 
 
 De la Rue, Warren. Born in Guernsey, Chan- 
 nel Islands, Jan. 18, 1815: died at London, April 
 19, 1889. An English astronomer and physi- 
 cist, best known for the application of pho- 
 tography to astronomy. He was the collaborator 
 of Balfour Stewart and Loewy in “Researches 
 on Solar Physics.” 
 
 Delaunay (de-lo-na/), Charles Eugene. Born 
 at Lusigny, Aube, France, April 9, 1816: 
 drowned near Cherbourg, France, Aug. 5, 1872. 
 A French astronomer, author of “ Theorie de 
 la lune ” (1860-67), etc. 
 
 Delaunay, Le Vicomte. See Girardin, Delphine 
 de. 
 
 De Launay, Mademoiselle. See Staal, Ra- 
 ronne de. 
 
 Delavigne (de-la-veny'), Jean Frangois Casi- 
 
 mir. Born at Havre, France, April 4, 1793 : 
 died at Lyons, France, Dec. 11, 1843. A French 
 dramatist and poet. He began hia studies in his na- 
 tive city, and completed them in Paris. As early as 1811 
 he attracted the attention of Napoleon Bonaparte by his 
 “ Dithyrambe sur la naissance du roi de P^ome. ” He com- 
 peted twice, but without success, for prizes of the French 
 Academy : his subjects were in 1813 “Charles XII. k Nar- 
 va,” and in 1815 “ Ddcouverte de la vaccine.” The events 
 connected withNapoleon’s downfall led Delavigne to write 
 three elegies, “ Les Messdniennes.” Two of these, viz. 
 “Waterloo” and “La devastation du musde,” were sub- 
 sequently published with an article “Sur le besoin de 
 s'unir aprfes le dbpart des strangers,” and in this form 
 they widely attracted attention and favor. ‘ ‘ La vie ,et la 
 mort de Jeanne d'Arc,” “ Tyrtee,” “Le voyageur,” “ A Na- 
 poldon,” and “Lord Byron," were well received in 1824. 
 The following year was spent in Italy, where Delavigne 
 wrote the “ Nouvelles Messdniennes. ” After the stormy 
 days of the revolution of July, 1830, he composed “La 
 Parisienne,” set to music by Auber ; also the “ Dies irae 
 de Kosciusko” and “La Varsovienne.” In 1843, in col- 
 laboration with his brother Germain, Casimir Delavigne 
 wrote the libretto to Haldvy’s opera “Charles VI.” His 
 contributions to the stage include the “ Vepres siciliennes” 
 (1819), “Les comddiens”(1820), “Le paria” (1821), “L’Ecole 
 des vieillards ’’ (1823),“ La princesse Aurdlie ” (1828),“ Ma- 
 rino Faliero” (1829), “Louis XI.” (1832), “Les enfants 
 d'Edouard ” (1833), “Don Juan d’Autriclie” (1835), “Une 
 famille au temps de Luther ” (1836), “ La popularity ” (1838), 
 “ La tille du Cid” (1839), and “Le conseiller rapporteur” 
 (1840). He was elected to the French Academy Feb. 24, 
 1825. His works were edited in full by his brother in 1845, 
 1855, and 1863. A separate reprint of his poems and plays 
 was also made in 1863. 
 
 Delaware (del'a-war). [PL, also Delawares.'] 
 A division of the North American Indians, 
 classed as a tribe, but in many respects a con- 
 federacy. They formerly occupied the valley of the 
 Delaware River in Pennsylvania, and the greater part of 
 New Jersey and Delaware. The name was given by the 
 English from the river where they were found, their coun- 
 cil-fire being near the site of Philadelphia. They call 
 themselves Lenni-Lenape (‘ original men * or ‘preeminent 
 men’). The French called them Loups (‘ wolves’), from 
 their chief totemic division. In 1726 they refused to join 
 the Iroquois in a war upon the English, and were stigma- 
 tized by the Iroquois as “women.” In 1742 and later they 
 were pressed successively to the Susquehanna and Ohio 
 rivers, afterward to Missouri and Arkansas. Most of them 
 are now in Oklahoma, connected with the Cherokees. 
 Their number is about 1,000. See Algonquian. 
 
 Delaware (del'a-war). 1. One of the Middle 
 States, aud, next to Rhode Island, the smallest 
 State of the American Union, lying between 
 Pennsylvania on the north, Delaware River and 
 Bay (separating it from New Jersey) and the 
 Atlantic Ocean on the east, and Maryland on 
 the south and west. The surface is generally level, 
 but hilly in the north. The leading productions are 
 wheat, Indian corn, and fruit (especially peaches). The 
 State is divided into three counties ; the capital is Dover, 
 and the chief place Wilmington. It sends one represen- 
 tative and two senators to Congress, and has 3 electoral 
 votes. It was permanently settled by Swedes under Peter 
 Minuit in 1638 ; passed under the rule of the Dutch in 
 1655, and of the English in 1664. In 1682 it became united 
 with Pennsylvania ; in 1703 it received a separate assem- 
 bly, but had a governor in common with Pennsylvania 
 until the Revolution. It is one of the thirteen original 
 States, and was the first State to ratify the Federal Con- 
 stitution, Dec. 7, 1787. It was a slave State, but sided 
 with the Union in the war of 1861-65. Area, 2,050 square 
 miles. Population, 202,322, (1910). 
 
 316 
 
 2. A river of the United States which rises in 
 Delaware County, New York, and separates 
 Pennsylvania and Delaware on the west from 
 New York and New Jersey on the east, it ex- 
 pands into Delaware Bay about 40 miles below Philadel- 
 phia. On its banks are Trenton, Easton, Philadelphia, 
 Camden, Chester, and Wilmington. Its chief tributaries 
 are the Lehigh and Schuylkill, on the west. Length, 350 
 miles ; navigable for ocean steamships to Philadelphia ; 
 tidal as far as Trenton. 
 
 3. A city and the county-seat of Delaware 
 County, Ohio, situated on the Whetstone (Olen- 
 tangy) River 23 miles north of Columbus. It 
 is the seat of Ohio Wesleyan University. Pop- 
 ulation, 9,076, (1910). 
 
 Delaware, Lord. Bee Delawarr. 
 
 Delaware Bay. An arm of the Atlantic Ocean 
 and estuary of the Delaware River, which sep- 
 arates Delaware from New Jersey. Its entrance 
 to the Atlantic, between Capes May and Henlopen, is 
 about 13 miles in width. Length, about 55 miles. Great- 
 est width, about 25 miles. 
 
 Delaware Water Gap. A village aud sum- 
 mer resort in Monroe County, Pennsylvania, 
 65 miles northwest of New York. Also, the name 
 of the adjoining gorge, 2 or 3 miles in length, by which 
 the Delaware River passes through the Kittatinny Moun- 
 tain (between walls 1,400 feet in height). 
 
 Delawarr, or Delaware, Baron. See West. 
 Delbriick (del'briik), Martin Friedrich Ru- 
 dolf. Born at Berlin, April 16, 1817 : died there 
 Feb. 1, 1903. A Prussian statesman. He entered 
 the ministry of commerce in 1848, and was president of 
 the chancery of the North German Confederation 1867-70, 
 and of the imperial chancery 1871-76. 
 
 Delectable Mountains, The. A range of 
 mountains in Bunyan’s “Pilgrim’s Progress,” 
 from which a view of the Celestial City is to be 
 bad. They are “Emmanuel’s Land,” and the sheep 
 that feed on them are those for whom he died. See 
 Isa. xxxiii. 16, 17. 
 
 Delemont (de-la-mon'), G. Delsberg (dels'- 
 bero). A small town in the canton of Bern, 
 Switzerland, situated on the Some 18 miles 
 southwest of Basel. 
 
 Delescluze (de-la-kliiz'), Louis Charles. Bom 
 
 at Dreux, France, Oct. 20, 1809: killed at the 
 barricades, Paris, May 28, 1871. A French 
 journalist and political agitator, leader of. the 
 Commune of Paris March-May, 1871. 
 
 Delessert (de-le-sar'), Baron Benjamin. Born 
 at Lyons, Feb. 14, 1773 : died at Paris, March 
 1, 1847. A French naturalist and philanthro- 
 pist. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies 
 1817-38, and contributed largely to the introduction of 
 savings-banks in France. He was a collaborator of De 
 Candolle in the publication of “ leones selectee planta- 
 rum ” (1820-46). 
 
 Delfshaven (delfs-ha/ven), or Delftshaven 
 (delfts-ha'ven). A seaport in the province of 
 South Holland, Netherlands, situated on the 
 Maas 2 miles southwest of Rotterdam, of 
 which, since 1886, it has formed a part. Here, 
 July 22, 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers embarked for 
 Southampton. 
 
 Delft (delft). A town in the province of South 
 Holland, Netherlands, situated on the Schie 5 
 miles southeast of The Hague. It was formerly 
 (16th to 18th century) celebrated for the manufacture of 
 pottery and porcelain, and the industry has been revived. 
 It contains some interesting buildings, the old and new 
 churches, Prinsenhof and Stadhuis. It was the birthplace 
 of Grotius, and the place of assassination of William the 
 Silent in 1584. Population, commune, 34,388. 
 
 Delhi (del'hi), or Dehli (da'le). 1. A province 
 and chief-commissionership of British India, 
 constituted October 1, 1912. — 2. The capital of 
 British India (proclaimed December 12, 1911: 
 occupied December 23, 1912), situated on the 
 Jumna in lat. 28° 39' N., long. 77° 15' E. The 
 
 city of Indraprastha (which see) is said (Mahabharata) to 
 have been built near the site of Delhi in the 15th century 
 B. C. Delhi was captured by Mohammed of Ghor in 1193 
 A. D., and a few years later became the capital of a Mo- 
 hammedan monarchy. It was sacked by Timur in 1398, 
 and captured by Baber in 1526. Delhi became the cap- 
 ital of the Mogul empire, and was rebuilt by Shah Jehan 
 in 1638-58. It was sacked by Nadir Shah in 1739, and 
 occupied by the British under Lake in 1803, although it 
 continued to be the residence of the titular Grand Mogul 
 down to 1857. It was captured by the Sepoy mutineers 
 May 11, 1857, and was besieged in June by the British 
 and retaken Sept. 20, 1857. Among the notable structures 
 in Delhi are : (a) The tomb of Humayun Shah, completed 
 by his successor Akbar in the second half of the 16th cen- 
 tury. The plan is about square ; the tomb-chamber is 
 octagonal, with great canopied portals on four of its sides 
 and smaller octagonal chambers on the four others. The 
 central space is covered by a graceful dome. The decora- 
 tion is much simpler than that of the later Mogul archi- 
 tecture, consisting chiefly of keeled arcades of different 
 sizes framed in rectangular panels. ( b ) The palace built 
 by Shah Jehan in the middle of the 17th century. It 
 has been called the most splendid of Oriental palaces. 
 The massive towered wall incloses an area of about 1,600 
 by 3,200 feet. The main entrance opens on a noble vaulted 
 hall 375 feet long, from which are reached in succession 
 
 Della Crusca, Accademia 
 
 two spacious courts. On the second of these faces the 
 hall of public audience, an open arcaded structure with 
 scalloped arches and coupled columns in the exterior 
 range. On another court, toward the river, is the hall of 
 private audience (Dewan i-Khas), similar to the first, but 
 with square piers to its arches and beautiful inlaying in 
 colored stones. On the river side stands also the Rung 
 Mehal, or Painted Hall, an admirable structure, which in- 
 cludes a bath, (c) The J&mi Musjid, or Great Mosque, 
 built by Shah Jehan in the middle of the 17th century. It 
 is very large, and the grouping of the three lofty monu- 
 mental gates and the kiosked angle towers of its court 
 with the lofty minarets, the great entrance-arch, and the 
 three fine bulbous domes of the sanctuary produces an 
 unusually impressive architectural effect. The court is 
 raised on a high basement, and is surrounded by graceful 
 open arcades. The minarets rise from the ends of the 
 facade of the mosque proper, and between them and the 
 central arch there are on each side five fine arcades sur- 
 mounted by paneling in red sandstone and white marble. 
 Above the cornice are placed a range of close-set, round- 
 headed battlements. Population, 232,837. 
 
 Delia (de'li-a). [Gr. A rfkia.] 1. A name given 
 to Artemis, from the island of Delos, her birth- 
 place. Similarly Apollo, the sun-god, was 
 called Delius. — 2. A shepherdess in Vergil’s 
 Eclogues. 
 
 Delian Confederacy. See Delos, Confederacy of. 
 
 Delight of Mankind. An epithet of the em- 
 peror Titus. 
 
 Delilah (de-li'la). [Heb., ‘weak,’ ‘feeble’; Gr. 
 t\a?/i/jj.] A woman of the valley of Sorek, mis- 
 tress of Samson. She discovered the secret of 
 Samson’s strength, and betrayed him to the 
 Philistines. Judges xvi. 
 
 Delille, or Delisle (de-lel'), Jacques. Born at 
 Aigueperse, Puy-de-Dome, France, June 22, 
 1738: died at Paris, May 1, 1813. A French di- 
 dactic poet and translator. His works include 
 “Les jardins” (1782), “Lapiti6”(1803),atrans- 
 lation of Vergil’s Georgies (1769), etc. 
 
 Jacques Delille and his extraordinary popularity form, 
 perhaps, the greatest satire on the taste of the eighteenth 
 century in France. His translation of the Georgies was 
 supposed to make him the equal of Virgil, and brought 
 him not merely fame, but solid reward. His principal 
 work was the poem of “Les Jardins," which he followed 
 up with others of a not dissimilar kind. Though he emi- 
 grated he did not lose his fame, and to the day of his 
 death was considered to he the first poet of France, or to 
 share that honour with Lebrun- 11 Pindare.” Delille has 
 expiated his popularity by a full half century of contempt, 
 and his work is, indeed, valueless as poetry. 
 
 Saintsl/ury, French Lit., p. 398. 
 
 Deliniers-Bremont. See Liniers y Bremont. 
 
 Deliro (de-le'rd). A character in Ben Jonson’s 
 comedy “Every Man out of his Humour”: a 
 good, doting citizen, a fellow sincerely in love 
 with his own wife, and so wrapt with a conceit 
 of her perfections that he simply holds himself 
 unworthy of her. 
 
 Delisle (de-lel'; often Anglicized to de-lil'), 
 Guillaume. Born at Paris, Feb. 28, 1675 : died 
 there, Jan. 25, 1726. A French scientist, one of 
 the foimders of modern geography. 
 
 Delisle, Joseph Nicolas. Born at Paris, April 
 4, 1688 : died at Paris, Sept. 11, 1768. A French 
 astronomer, brother of Guillaume Delisle. His 
 works include “ M^moires pour servir k l’histoire et au 
 progres de l’astronomie,” etc. (1738), “Mdmoire sur les 
 nouvelles decouvertes au nord de la Mer du Sud ” (1752), 
 etc. 
 
 Delitzsch (da'litsh). A town in the province 
 of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Lobber 12 
 miles north of Leipsic. Population, com- 
 mune, 10,940. 
 
 Delitzsch, Franz. Born at Leipsic, Feb. 23, 
 1813: died there, March 4, 1890. A noted Ger- 
 man exegete and Hebraist. He became professor 
 of theology at Rostock in 1846, at Erlangen in 1850, and at 
 Leipsic in 1867. He represented strict Lutheranism. His 
 numerous works include commentaries on “Habakkuk” 
 (1843), “Genesis” (1852), “Hebrews" (1857), “Psalms" 
 (1859-60), “Job” (1864), etc.; also “Sakrament des wah- 
 ren Leibes und Blutes Jesu Christi ” (1844), “System der 
 
 ★biblischen Psychologie ” (1855), etc. 
 
 Delitzsch, Friedrich. Born at Erlangen, Ba- 
 varia, Sept. 3, 1850. A German Assyriologist, 
 son of Franz Delitzsch, appointed professor of 
 Assyriology at Leipsic in 1877, at Breslau in 
 1893, and at Berlin in 1899. His works include 
 an Assyrian grammar, etc. 
 
 Delium (de'li-um). [Gr. &y?.cov.] In ancient 
 geography, a place in Boeotia, Greece, situated 
 on the coast 24 miles north of Athens. Here, 
 424 B. c., the Boeotians defeated the Athenians. 
 
 Delius (de'li-us). [Gr. A yDo?.] A surname of 
 Apollo, from his birthplace in Delos. 
 
 Delius (da'le-os), Nikolaus. Born at Bremen, 
 Germany, Sept. 19, 1813 : died at Bonn, Nov. 
 18, 1888. A German philologist and Shakspe- 
 rian scholar, professor at Bonn 1855-80: author 
 of a critical edition of Shakspere (1854-61 and 
 1882), etc. 
 
 Della Crusca, Accademia. See Accademia delta 
 
 Crusca. 
 
Della Cruscan School 
 
 Della Cruscan School (del'a krus'kan skol). 
 A small clique of English poets of both sexes 
 Who originally met in Florence about 1785. 
 Their productions, which were affected and sentimental, 
 were published in England in the “ World ” and the “Ora- 
 cle.” They were attacked by Gifford (1794-96) in 'The 
 Baviad" and “The Mseviad” (which see). Robert Merry 
 adopted the pseudonym “ Della Crusca,” Mrs. Hannah 
 Cowley “Anna Matilda ” (which see), and Edward Jerning- 
 ham “The Bard.” These, with Edward Topham, the Rev. 
 Charles Este, James Boswell, Mrs. Piozzi, and others, 
 formed the school. They took their name from the Flor- 
 entine Accademia della Crusca (which see). 
 
 Dellys (del-lez'). A small seaport in Algeria, 
 situated east of Algiers. 
 
 Delmar (del'mar), Alexander. Born at New 
 York, Aug. 9, 1836. An American political 
 economist, statistician, and mining engineer. 
 He was the founder of the “Social Science Review,” and 
 its editor from 1804-60. In 1867 he was director of the 
 Bureau of Statistics, and in the same year president of the 
 Washington Statistical Society. His works include “ Gold 
 Money and Paper Money ” (1862), “ Essays on Political Econ- 
 omy ” (1865), ‘ ‘ What is Free Trade? ” (1868), “The Resources, 
 etc., of Egypt ” (1874),, “ History of the Precious Metals” 
 (1880), “A History of Money, etc." (1885), etc. 
 
 Delmonte y Tejada (dal-mon'ta e ta-na'da), 
 Antonio. Born at Santiago de los Caballeros, 
 Santo Domingo, Sept. 29, 1783: died at Hava- 
 na, Nov. 19, 1861. A Spanish- American histo- 
 rian. Driven from his country in 1804 by the revolution- 
 ists, he resided in Havana after 1806, practising law and 
 occupying several government positions. The first vol- 
 ume only of his “Historia de Santo Domingo” was pub- 
 lished in Havana 1853. 
 
 Delolme (de-lolm'), Jean Louis. Born at Ge- 
 neva, 1740: died in Switzerland, July 16, 1806. 
 A Swiss constitutional writer. Having offended 
 the Genevan government by the publication of a pamphlet 
 entitled “ Examen des trois points des droits, ’’ he emigrated 
 to England, where he lived many years. He returned to 
 Switzerland in 1775. His works include “Constitution de 
 l’Angleterre”(1771), of which an English translation, pre- 
 pared by himself, appeared in 1775 as “ The Constitution 
 of England.” 
 
 De Long (de long), George Washington. Born 
 at New York, Aug. 22, 1844: died in Siberia, 
 Oct. 30, 1881. An American explorer. He was 
 graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 1865, 
 and obtained the rank of lieutenant in 1869, and of lieu- 
 tenant-commander in 1879. He accompanied Captain D. 
 L. Braine on his Arctic expedition in 1873. Having been 
 appointed to the command of the Jeannette, fitted out by 
 James Gordon Bennett, Jr., for a three years' voyage of 
 exploration in the Arctic waters, and placed under the 
 authority of the United States government, he sailed from 
 San Francisco, July 8, 1879, and proceeded to Cape Serdze 
 Kamen, Siberia, whence he steamed northward until beset 
 by the ice in about 71° 35' N., 175° W., Sept. 5, 1879. The 
 vessel drifted to the northwest, and was crushed in 77° 
 15' N., 155° E., June 13, 1881. With fourteen others he 
 reached the mouth of the Lena, Siberia, where the whole 
 party perished of cold and starvation, except two men 
 sent forward to obtain relief. His body and those of 
 his companions were discovered March 23, 1882, by Chief 
 Engineer George W. Melville, who with nine companions 
 had been detached and had succeeded in reaching a small 
 village on the Lena. See Century Atlas, Map 3. 
 
 Deloraine (del-o-ran'), William of. In Sir 
 
 Walter Scott’s poem “Lay of the Last Min- 
 strel,” a borderer and trusty vassal of the 
 Buccleuch family. He is sent by the Ladye of Brank- 
 some to fetch the magic book from the tomb of Michael 
 Scott, the wizard. 
 
 Delord (de-lor'), Taxile. Bom at Avignon, 
 France, Nov. 25, 1815: died at Paris, May 16, 
 1877. A French journalist, historian, and poli- 
 tician . His chief work is a “ Histoire du second 
 empire” (1868-75). 
 
 Delorme, or de Lorme (do lorm), Marion. 
 Born near Chalons- sur-Marne (Blois?), 1613: 
 said to have died at Paris, 1650. A celebrated 
 French courtezan, mistress of the Marquis de 
 Cinq-Mars. In 1650 she was ordered to be arrested by 
 Mazarin for her complicity in the Fronde, and was found 
 dead by the officers. This, however, is thought to have 
 been a ruse. She is even said to have lived to the age of 
 137 years. She was the friend of Ninon de l’Enclos. Victor 
 Hugo wrote a novel with her name as title, and Bulwer 
 introduces her in his play “ Richelieu ’’ ; she was also the 
 subjectofadrama, “Cinq-Mars” (1826), by Alfred de Vigny. 
 
 De l’Orme (do lorm), Philibert. Born at Lyons, 
 about 1510 : died at Paris, Jan. 8, 1570. A noted 
 French architect. He was court architect un- 
 der Henry II. 
 
 Delos (de'los), modern Gr. Mikra Dilos (‘lit- 
 tle Delos’). [Gr. Azy/.or.] The smallest island 
 of the Cyclades, situated in the .ZEgean Sea in 
 lat. 37° 23' N., long. 25° 18' E. : the ancient 
 Asteria or Ortygia. According to Greek legends it 
 was originally a floating island, and was the birthplace 
 of Apollo and Artemis. It was the seat of a great sanc- 
 tuary in honor of Apollo, one of the most famous religious 
 foundations of antiquity. From the time of Solon, Athens 
 sent an annual embassy to the Delian festival. (See Delos, 
 Confederacy of.) In 454 n. C. the sacred treasure of Delos 
 was removed to the Athenian Acropolis. The island was 
 an Athenian dependency down to the Macedonian period, 
 when it became semi-independent, and in the 2d century 
 B. o. it again became subject to Athens. The city of De- 
 los was made a free port by the Romans and developed 
 
 317 
 
 into a great commercial mart. The sanctuary of Apollo 
 has been excavated by the French school at Athens since 
 1873. The work has advanced slowly, and is not yet 
 complete ; but it has been pursued with little interrup- 
 tion, and ranks as one of the chief achievements of its 
 kind. The buildings described lie for the most part within 
 the Inclosure or temenos of Apollo, which is of trapezi- 
 form shape, and about 650 feet to a side. In addition to 
 the interesting finds of architecture and sculpture, epi- 
 graphical discoveries of the highest importance have been 
 made, bearing upon history and particularly upon the 
 ceremonial and administration of the sanctuary. 
 
 Delos, Confederacy of. A Hellenic league, 
 formed probably about 477 B. C., with, its politi- 
 cal center at Athens and its treasury at Delos 
 (removed later to Athens). It was formed by 
 Athens and various other maritime states (riEgina, Me- 
 gara, Naxos, Thasos, Lesbos, Chios, Samos, etc.). Many of 
 them were soon absorbed by Athens, and the league de- 
 veloped into an Athenian empire. 
 
 Delpech (del-pesh'), Jacques Matthieu. Born 
 at Toulouse, France, about 1775 : murdered at 
 Montpellier, France, Oct. 29, 1832. A French 
 surgeon, author of “ Traitd de l’orthomorphie ” 
 (1828-29), etc. 
 
 Delphi (del'fi), modern Kastri. [Gr. A etyoi.] 
 In ancient geography, atowninPhocis, Greece, 
 situated 6 miles from the Corinthian Gulf, at 
 the foot of Mount Parnassus: the seat of a 
 world-renowned oracle of Pythian Apollo, the 
 most famous of antiquity. The oracle was of pre- 
 historic foundation, and was still respected when silenced 
 by Theodosius at the end of the 4th century A. D. Through 
 the gifts of states and individuals who sought or had ob- 
 tained the aid of the oracle, the Delphic sanctuary became 
 enormously rich, not only in architecture and works of 
 art, but in the precious metals. Its treasures of the last 
 kind were plundered in antiquity, and Nero and other 
 emperors robbed it of an almost incredible number of 
 statues and other art works. There is, however, reason 
 to hope that much in the way of sculpture, architecture, 
 and historical inscriptions will be found by the French 
 official excavators who began work in 1892. But little ex- 
 ploration had before been possible, because the village of 
 Kastri covered the site of the sanctuary. The village has 
 now been removed, preparatory to the French exploration. 
 Besides the splendid temple of Apollo, the inclosure of 
 the sanctuary contained a theater, the council-house, the 
 Lesche, the Portico of the Athenians, a number of treasu- 
 ries belonging to different states, and almost innumerable 
 statues and other votive offerings. Buildings only second 
 in importance were ranged outside of the inclosure. 
 
 Delpllin Classics. [From L. delphinus, a dol- 
 phin (whence F- dauphin).'] An edition of the 
 Latin classics prepared by order of Louis XIV. 
 for the use of the Dauphin (“In usum Del- 
 phini,” ‘for the use of the Dauphin’): first 
 works published in 1674 under direction of Bos- 
 suet and Huet. They are sometimes called 
 “dauphins.” 
 
 Delphinus (del-fi'nus). [L., ‘a dolphin.’] One 
 of the ancient constellations, representing a 
 dolphin. It is situated east of Aquila. 
 
 Delpit (del-pe'), Albert. Bom at New Orleans, 
 Jan. 30, 1849: died at Paris, Jan. 4, 1893. A 
 French dramatist, journalist, and poet. Among 
 his plays are “Jean Nu-Pieds”(1875) and “Les chevaliers 
 de la patrie ” (1873). He afterward published a novel, “ Le 
 fils de Coralie ” (which was successful and was drama- 
 tized 1879), “Le pere de Martial” (1881), and “La mar- 
 quise " (1882), “Passion&nent,” a comedy (1889), “Comma 
 dans la vie ” and “ Tous les deux” (1890). 
 
 Delsarte (del-sart'), Francois Alexandre 
 Nicolas Cheri. Born Dec. 19, 1811 : died 
 July 19, 1871. A French musician and teacher, 
 noted for his studies of the art of oratorical, 
 musical, and dramatic expression. 
 
 Delta (del'ta). Any tract of land, inclosed by 
 the mouths of a river, in shape like the Greek 
 letter delta (A) ; specifically, the delta of the 
 Nile. 
 
 Herodotus considers the Delta to end at Heliopolis (ii. 
 7), which brings the point of the Delta nearly opposite the 
 present Shoobra. Here the river separated into three 
 branches, the Pelusiac or Bubastite to the E., the Canopic 
 or Heracieotic to the W., and the Sebennytic, which ran 
 between them, continuing in the same general line of di- 
 rection northward which the Nile had up to this point, 
 and piercing the Delta through its centre. The Tanitic, 
 which ran out of the Sebennytic, was at first the same as 
 theBusiritic, but afterwards received the name of Tanitic, 
 from the city of Tanis (now San), which stood on its east- 
 ern bank ; and between the Tanitic and Pelusiac branches 
 was the isle of Myecphoris, which Herodotus says was op- 
 posite Bubastis (ii. 166). The Mendesian, which also ran 
 eastward from the Sebennytic, passed by the modern 
 town of Mansoorah, and thence running by Mendes (from 
 which it was called), entered the sea to the W. of the 
 Tanitic. The Bolbitine mouth was that of the modern 
 Rosetta branch, as the Bucolic or Phatmetic was that of 
 Damietta, and the lower parts of both these branches were 
 artificial, or made by the hand of man ; on which account, 
 though Herodotus 'mentions seven, he confines the num- 
 ber of the mouths of the Nile to five. These two artificial 
 outlets of the Nile are the only ones now remaining, the 
 others having either disappeared, or being dry in most 
 places during the summer. 
 
 Rawlinson, Herod., II. 26, note. 
 
 Deluc (de-b'ik'), Guillaume Antoine. Born at 
 Geneva, 1729: died at Geneva, Jan. 26, 1812. 
 A Swiss naturalist, brother of J. A. Deluc. 
 
 Demetrius 
 
 Deluc, Jean Andre. Born at Geneva, Feb. 8, 
 1727 : died at Windsor, England, Nov. 7, 1817. 
 A Swiss geologist and physicist. His works in- 
 clude “ Recherches sur les modifications de ! ’atmosphere " 
 (1772), “ Lettres physiques et morales sur l’histoire de la 
 terre ” (1778-80), “ Traits Mementaire de geologic " (1809), 
 etc. 
 
 Delyannis (de-li-an'is), or Delijannis, Theo- 
 dore. Born in 1826: died June 13, 1905. A 
 Greek statesman. From 1863 he was frequently in 
 office as minister of foreign affairs, finance, or the interior. 
 He represented Greece at the Congress of Berlin, and ob- 
 tained an extension of Greek territory on the Thessalian 
 frontier. He was premier 1885-86, 1890-92, 1895-April, 
 1897, 1902-03, and 1904-05. He was assassinated. 
 
 Demaratus (dem-a-ra'tus). [Gr. Ar/papa-or.] 
 A Spartan king of the Eurypontid line, who 
 reigned from about 510 to 491 B. C. He shared 
 with his colleague Cleomenes the command of the army 
 sent in 510 to assist the Athenians in expelling Hippias. 
 He was deposed in 491 by Cleomenes, who elevated Leo- 
 tychides to his place. The last years of his life were spent 
 at the court of Xerxes, whom he accompanied on the ex- 
 pedition against Greece in 481-480. 
 
 Demas (de'mas). [Gr. A r/pa;, perhaps a contrac- 
 tion of A r/pt/rpiog, Demetrius.] A companion, 
 for a time, of St. Paul. See 2 Tim. iv. 10, 11. 
 
 Demavend (dem-a-vend'), or Damavand (dam- 
 a-vand'). An extinct volcano, the highest 
 mountain of the Elburz range, situated in north- 
 ern Persia about 50 miles northeast of Teheran. 
 Height, 18,200 feet, or 19,400 (?) feet. 
 
 Dembea. See Tzana. 
 
 Dembe Wielke (dem'beve-el'ke). A village in 
 Poland, situated on the Vistula near Warsaw. 
 Here, March 31, 1831, the Poles under Skrzynecki defeated 
 the Prussians under Diebitsch-Sabalkanski. 
 
 Dembinski (dem-bin'ske), Henryk. Born at 
 or near Cracow, May 3, 1791: died at Paris, 
 June 13, 1864. A Polish general. He served in 
 
 the Polish revolution 1830-31; conducted a celebrated re- 
 treat through Lithuania in 1831 ; was commander of the 
 Hungarians in 1849 ; and lost the battles of KXpolna and 
 Temesvar in 1849. 
 
 Demerara ( dem-6-ra'ra), or Demerary ( ri). 1 . 
 A river in British Guiana which flows into the 
 Atlantic Ocean at Georgetown. Length, about 
 200 miles; navigable about 70 miles. — 2. A 
 county of British Guiana, formerly a separate 
 colony. 
 
 Demeter (de-me'ter). [L., from Gr. Ay/z^p, 
 Doric A apartjp, usually explained as for *Trjpi/Trjp, 
 from yfj, = Doric da, earth, and p>'/T7/p= E. mother; 
 but the identification of da, which is found in- 
 dependently only in a few exclamatory phrases, 
 with yi), earth, is very doubtful.] In ancient 
 Greek mythology, the goddess of vegetation 
 and of useful fruits, protectress of social order 
 and of marriage : one of the great Olympian 
 deities. She Is usually associated, and even confounded, 
 in legend and in cult, with her daughter Persephone 
 (Proserpine) or Kora, whose rape by Hades (Pluto) sym- 
 bolizes some of the most profound phases of Hellenic mys- 
 ticism. The Romans of the end of the republic and of 
 the empire assimilated to the Hellenic conception of De- 
 meter the primitive Italic chthonian divinity Ceres. 
 
 Demeter of Cnidus. A Greek statue of the 
 school of Scopas, now in the British Museum, 
 London. The figure is seated, fully draped. 
 
 Demetrius (de-me'tri-us) I., surnamed Poli- 
 orcetes ( ‘ Taker of Cities,’ or ‘ Besieger ’) . [Gr. 
 A r/pyrpiog, belonging to Demeter; F. Demetrius, 
 Sp. Pg. Demetrio.] Born about 338 B. C. : died 
 at Apamea, Syria, 283 b. c. King of Macedonia 
 294-287, son of Antigonus. He liberated Athens and 
 Megara in 307, defeated Ptolemy in 306, unsuccessfully be- 
 sieged Rhodes 306-304, and was defeated at Ipsus in 301. 
 
 Demetrius II. Died about 229 b. c. King of 
 Macedonia, son of Antigonus Gonatas, whom he 
 succeeded about 239. 
 
 Demetrius I., surnamed Soter (‘the Savior’). 
 Born about 187 B. c. : killed about 150 b. C. 
 King of Syria from about 162 B. C., grandson 
 of Antiochus the Great. 
 
 Demetrius II., surnamed Nicator. Killed at 
 Tyre about 125 B. C. King of Syria, son of 
 Demetrius I. 
 
 Demetrius III. King of Syria 94-88 b. c., son 
 of Antiochus Grypus. 
 
 Demetrius I., Buss. Dmitri or Dimitri. Killed 
 
 at Moscow, May 17, 1606. A usurper of the 
 throne of Russia 1605-06, usually called Pseudo- 
 Demetrius. 
 
 Demetrius II. Murdered Dec. 11, 1610. A 
 usurper of the throne of Russia 1607-10. 
 
 Demetrius. 1. In Shakspere’s “Midsummer 
 Night’s Dream,” a Grecian gentleman, in love 
 with Hermia. — 2. In Shakspere’s (?) “Titus 
 Andronicus,” a son of Tamora, queen of the 
 Goths. — 3. In Shakspere’s “ Antony and Cleo- 
 patra,” a friend of Antony. — 4. The son of 
 the king in Fletcher’s “Humorous Lieuten- 
 ant,” in love with Celia. 
 
Demetrius Fannius 
 
 Demetrius Fannius. In Ben Jonson’s play 
 “The Poetaster,” a shifty “dresser of plays 
 about the town here,” intended to humiliate 
 Thomas Dekker, with whom Jonson had a 
 quarrel. 
 
 Demetrius Phalereus ( ‘ of Phalerus ’)• Born at 
 Phalerus, Attica, 345 B. c. : died in Upper Egypt, 
 283. An Athenian orator and politician. He en- 
 tered public life about 325 as a supporter of Phocion, and 
 in 317 was placed by Phocion’s successor, Cassander, at the 
 head of the administration of Athens. Expelled from 
 Athens in 307 by Demetrius Poliorcetes, he retired to the 
 court of Ptolemy Lagi at Alexandria, where he devoted 
 himself wholly to literary pursuits. He was exiled by 
 Ptolemy’s successor to Upper Egypt, where he is said to 
 have died of the bite of a snake. 
 
 Demidof, or Demidov (de-me'dof), Akinfi. 
 Died about 1740. A Russian manufacturer, 
 son of Nikita Demidof. 
 
 Demidof, Prince Anatol Nikolaievitch. 
 
 Born at Moscow, 1812 : died at Paris, April 29, 
 1870. A Russian noble and philanthropist, 
 son of N. N. Demidof. 
 
 Demidof, Nikita. Born about 1665 : died after 
 1720. A Russian manufacturer, founder of the 
 family of Demidof. The son of a serf, he rose into 
 favor under Peter the Great by his skill in the manufac- 
 ture of arms. He established the first iron-foundry in 
 Siberia in 1099, and received a patent of nobility in 1720. 
 
 Demidof, Count Nikolai Nikititch. Born at 
 St. Petersburg about 1773 : died at Florence, 
 1828. A Russian capitalist. 
 
 Demidof, Paul Grigoryevitch. Born at Re- 
 val, Russia, 1738 : died at Moscow, 1781. A 
 Russian scholar and patron of science. 
 Demir-Hissar (da-mer'his-sar'). [‘Iron Cas- 
 tled] A small town in European Turkey, situ- 
 ated about 50 miles northeast of Salonika. 
 Demme (dem'me), Hermann Christoph Gott- 
 fried: pseudonym Karl Stille. Born at 
 Miiklhausen, Thuringia, Germany, Sept. 7, 1760: 
 died at Altenburg, Germany, Dec. 26, 1822. A 
 German poet and novelist, author of “Pachter 
 Martin und sein Vater” (1792-93), etc. 
 Demme, Wilhelm Ludwig. Born at Miihl- 
 hausen, Thuringia, March 20, 1801: died at 
 Wurzburg, Bavaria, March 26, 1878. A German 
 jurist, son of H. C. G. Demme. He wrote 
 “ Buch der Verbrechen” (1851), etc. 
 
 Demmin (dem'men). A town in the province 
 of Pomerania, Prussia, situated on the Peene 
 in lat. 53° 54' N., long. 13° E. it is an ancient 
 Wendish town, and was frequently taken and retaken by 
 Swedes and Germans in the 17th century. Population, 
 commune, 12,636. 
 
 Democedes (dem-os'e-dez). Born at Crotona, 
 Magna Grsecia, Italy: lived in the second half 
 of the 6th century B. C. A Greek physician. 
 Demochares (de-mok'a-rez). [Gr. Ar/fioxappq. \ 
 An Athenian orator, nephew of Demosthenes. 
 He came forward in 322 B. c. as an orator of the anti- 
 Macedonian party, and after the restoration of democracy 
 by Demetrius Poliorcetes in 307 became the leader of the 
 popular party. He was several times expelled by the anti- 
 democratic party, returning the last time in 287 or 286. 
 He was sent as ambassador to Lysimaehus about 282, and 
 disappears from view in 280. 
 
 Democratic Party. In United States history, 
 a political party which arose about 1792. it was 
 called first the .Republican, later the Democratic-Repub- 
 lican, and afterward simply the Democratic Party. It has 
 opposed a strong central government, and has generally 
 favored a strict construction of the Constitution. It has 
 controlled the executive or the national government un- 
 der the following administrations : Jefferson’s, Madison’s, 
 Monroe’s, Jackson s, Van Buren’s, Polk’s, Pierce’s, Bu- 
 chanan’s, Cleveland’s, and Woodrow Wilson’s. Its prin- 
 cipal founder was Jefferson. It may be regarded as the 
 successor of the Anti-Federalist party. 
 
 Democritus (de-mok'ri-tus). [Gr. At/pdapiToc.] 
 Born at Abdera, Thrace, about 460 B. C. : died 
 about 357 B. C. A Greek philosopher, surnamed 
 “The Abderite” and “The Laughing Philoso- 
 pher.” He inherited an ample fortune, which enabled 
 him to visit the chief countries of Asia and Africa in pur- 
 suit of knowledge. He adopted and expanded the atomistic 
 theory of Leucippus, which lie expounded in a number of 
 works, fragments only of which are extant. He is said to 
 have been of a cheerful disposition, which prompted him 
 to laugh at the follies of men (hence the surname “The 
 Laughing Philosopher''). According to tradition he put 
 out his eyes in order to be less disturbed in his philo- 
 sophical speculations. 
 
 Democritus Junior. The pseudonym under 
 which Robert Barton published his “Anatomy 
 of Melancholy” (1621 ). 
 
 Demodocus (de-mod 'o-kus). [Gr. A q/MoKor.] 
 In the Odyssey, a famous bard who, during the 
 stay of Ulysses at the court of Alcinous, de- 
 lighted the guests by recounting the feats of 
 the Greeks at Troy and singing the amours of 
 Ares and Aphrodite. 
 
 Demogeot (dem-o-zhd'). Jacques Claude. 
 
 Born at Paris, July 5, 1808 : died there, Jan. 
 9, 1894. A French literary historian and mis- 
 
 318 
 
 cellaneous writer, professor at the Sorboune. 
 His chief work is a “ Histoire de la litterature 
 francaise” (1851). 
 
 De Moivre. See Moivre. 
 
 Demonio (de-mo'ne-o), II. [It., ‘The Demon.’] 
 An opera by Rubinstein, words by Wiskowa- 
 toff from Lermontofi’s poem. It was produced 
 at St. Petersburg Jan. 25, 1875, and at London 
 June 21, 1881. 
 
 De Montfort (de mont'fort). A tragedy by 
 Joanna Baillie, produced in 1800. 
 
 De Morgan (de mor'gan), Augustus. Born at 
 Madura, Madras, June 27, 1806: died at London, 
 March 18, 1871. A noted English mathemati- 
 cian and logician. He was educated at Cambridge 
 and Lincoln’s Inn, and was professor of mathematics in 
 London University 1828-31, and In University College, 
 London, 1836-66. Author of “Elements of Arithmetic” 
 (1831), “Elementsof Algebra” (1835), “ Elementsof Trigo- 
 nometry ” (1837), “Essay on Probabilities ” (1838), “ Differ- 
 ential and Integral Calculus " (1842), “ Formal Logic ” 
 (1847), and “Budget of Paradoxes ’’ (1872). 
 
 Demosthenes (de-mos'the-nez). [Gr. A r/poa- 
 Oivr/c.] Died at Syracuse, 413 b. c. An Athe- 
 nian general. In 425 he defended Pylos against the 
 Spartans, and made the dispositions by which the enemy 
 was forced to capitulate, although the glory of the ex- 
 ploit was claimed by Cleon, who relieved him in the com- 
 mand. He commanded under Nicias in the unsuccessful 
 expedition against Syracuse in 413. Having been cap- 
 tured in the retreat, he was put to death by order of the 
 Syracusan assembly. 
 
 Demosthenes. [Gr. Arjiioadbri^.'] Born at Pte- 
 ania, Attica, in 384 or 383 B. c. : died in 322 
 B. c. The greatest of Greek orators. He is said 
 to have been the pupil of the orator Isaeus, and entered 
 public life as a speaker in the popular assembly in 355. In 
 351 he delivered the first of a splendid series of orations 
 directed against the encroachment of Philip of Macedon, 
 three of which are specifically denominated “Philippics.” 
 In 346 he served as a member of the embassy which con- 
 cluded with Philip the so-called peace of Philocrates. 
 As Philip immediately after broke this treaty, Demos- 
 thenes came forward as the leader of the patriotic party 
 in opposition to the Macedonian, which was headed by 
 -dfschines. In 340 he caused a fleet to be sent to the re- 
 lief of Byzantium, which was besieged by Philip. On the 
 outbreak of the Amphictyonic war, he persuaded the 
 Athenians to form an alliance with Thebes against Philip, 
 who defeated the allies at Chasronea in 338, and usurped 
 the hegemony of Greece. He was one of the leaders of 
 the unsuccessful rising which took place on the death of 
 Philip in 336 ; was exiled by the Macedonian party in 324 ; 
 was recalled by the patriotic party on the outbreak of a 
 fresh rising at the death of Alexander in 323 ; and on the 
 capture of Athens by Antipater and Craterus in 322 fled 
 to Calauria, near Argolis, where he took poison to avoid 
 capture. His chief orations are three “ Philippics ” (351, 
 344, 341), three “Olynthiacs” (349, 349, 348), “On the 
 Peace ” (346), “On the Embassy” (343), “On the Affairs of 
 the Chersonese ” (341), “ On the Crown ” (330). The first 
 printed collective edition of his orations is that published 
 by Aldus at Venice in 1504. The best modern editions 
 are those by Bekker (1823), Sauppe and Baiter (1841), Din- 
 dorf (1846-61), and Whiston (1859-68). See Schafer's 
 “ Demosthenes und seine Zeit” (1856-58). There is a por- 
 trait-statue of Demosthenes, one of the finest of antiquity, 
 in the Vatican, Rome. The expression of the close- 
 bearded face is anxious, but full of strength and high 
 resolve. The position is easy, the clothing a full, plainly 
 draped himation. 
 
 Demotika, or Demotica (de-mot'i-ka). A 
 town in Rumelia, European Turkey, situated 
 on the Maritza 23 miles south of Adrianople. 
 Population, estimated, 8,000-10,000. 
 
 Dempster (demps'ter), Janet. A woman, in 
 George Eliot’s novel “Janet’s Repentance,” 
 who is rescued from a passion for drink by her 
 friend and pastor. 
 
 Dempster, John. Born at Florida, Fulton 
 County, N. Y., Jan. 2, 1794: died at Evanston, 
 111., Nov. 28, 1863. An American Methodist 
 clergyman, founder of biblical institutes at 
 Concord, New Hampshire, and Evanston, Hli- 
 nois. 
 
 Dempster, Thomas. Born at Cliftbog, Aber- 
 deenshire, Scotland, Aug. 23, 1579 (?): died 
 near Bologna, Italy, Sept. 6, 1625. A Scottish 
 scholar. He was educated at the Jesuit seminary at 
 Douay and at the University of Paris, and about 1619 was 
 appointed professor of humanities in the University of 
 Bologna. Author of “Historia ecclesiastica gentis Sco- 
 torum ” (1627). 
 
 Denain (de-nah’). A town in the department 
 of Nord, Prance, situated at the junction of 
 the Selle and Schelde, 7 miles southwest of 
 Valenciennes. It has considerable manufactures, and 
 there are coal-mines in the neighborhood. Here the 
 French under Marshal Villars defeated the Allies under 
 Prince Eugene, July 24, 1712. Population, commune, 
 24,564. 
 
 De natura deorum (de na-tu'rii, de-6'rum). 
 [L., ‘on the nature of the gods.’] Dialogues 
 by Cicero, in three books, treating of the exis- 
 tence, nature, and providence of the gods. 
 
 Denbigh (den 'hi). 1. A maritime coimty of 
 
 North Wales, lying between the Irish Sea and 
 Flint on the north, Flint, Chester, and Salop 
 on the east, Montgomery and Merioneth on the 
 
 Denis, Saint 
 
 south, and Merioneth and Carnarvon on the 
 west. It is rich in minerals, and contains prehistoric 
 Romauand Celtic antiquities. Area(ad. co.), 665.7 square 
 miles. Population (pari, co.), 129,942. 
 
 2. The capital of the above county, situated on 
 the Clwyd 22 miles west of Chester. It has a 
 ruined castle, which was taken by the Parlia- 
 mentarians in 1645. Population, 6,438. 
 
 Denderah, or Dendera (den'der-a). A town in 
 Upper Egypt, situated on the Nile in lat. 26°9' 
 N., long. 32° 39' E. : the ancient Tentyra or 
 Tentyris. It is celebrated for its temple of Hathor, 
 which, notwithstanding its late date (it was begun by the 
 11th Ptolemy, and the great pronaos was added only 
 under Tiberius), is one of the most interesting buildings 
 in Egypt, owing to its almost perfect preservation, even 
 to the roof. The imposing hexastyle pronaos has four 
 ranges of Hathoric columns; on its ceiling is a noted 
 sculptured zodiac, combining Egyptian and classical ele- 
 ments. Next to the pronaos is a hypostyle hall of six col- 
 umns, from which three chambers open on each side, and 
 beyond this is a vestibule before a large hall in which 
 stands an isolated cella. This hall is surrounded by a 
 series of chambers, one of which in the middle of the 
 back wail contained the emblematic sistrum of the god- 
 dess. The whole interior surface is sculptured, the art, 
 however, being inferior. On the roof there is a small six- 
 chambered temple to the local divinity Osiris-An. 
 
 On the celebrated zodiac of Dendera, the date of which 
 is believed to be about 700 B. c., the signs of the zodiac are 
 exhibited in a primitive pictorial form, which leaves no 
 doubt as to their significance. Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 7. 
 
 Dendermonde (den-der-mon'de),F. Termonde 
 (ter-mohd'). A fortified town in the province 
 of East Flanders, Belgium, situated at the junc- 
 tion of the Dender and Schelde, 17 miles north- 
 west of Brussels. In 1667, being besieged by Louis 
 XIV., the town was defended by opening its sluices and 
 flooding the adjacent country. It was captured by Marl- 
 borough in 1706, and by the French in 1745. Population, 
 10,173. 
 
 Dendin (don-dan'), Perrin. An ignorant peas- 
 ant, applied to as a judge, in Rabelais’s “ Pan- 
 tagruel.” His method was to let people fight till they 
 were tired of it — a satire on lawyers who prefer the ruin 
 of their client to the slightest concession. He loved eating 
 and drinking, and settled the disputes of his neighbors 
 while indulging these tastes. 
 
 Deneb (den'eh). [Ar. danab, the tail.] A word 
 used as the name of several stars, in reference 
 to their situation in the constellation to which 
 they respectively belong. The principal are 
 the following: («) Deneb Algedi (den'eb al'je-de). 
 [Ar. al-jedi, the goat.] The third-magnitude star 6 Cap- 
 ricomi. ( 6 ) Deneb Algenubi (den'eb al-je-nu lie). [Ar. 
 a.l-jen&bi, the southern.] The third-magnitude star 17 
 Ceti, at the root of the monster’s tail, (c) Deneb-al-Okab 
 (den'eh-al- 6 -kab'). [Ar. al-'oqdb, the eagle.] The third- 
 magnitude star f Aquilse. The name is also applied to e 
 Aquilfe, close by. (d) Deneb al-ShemaU (den'eb al-she- 
 ma'le). [Ar. al-sem&li, the northern.] The fourth-mag- 
 nitude star t Ceti, at the tip of the northern fluke of the 
 monster’s tail, (e) Deneb Cygni (den'eb sig'ni). [Ar. and 
 L., ‘the tail of the swan.’] The bright second-magnitude 
 star a Cygni, otherwise known as Arided. (/) Deneb 
 KaitOS (den'eb ki'tos). [ A r. qitns is an Arabic trans- 
 literation of the Gr. icijros, L. Ceti, of the whale.] The 
 third-magnitude Btar /3 Ceti, at the tip of the southern 
 fluke of the tail. Otherwise called Diphda. 
 
 Denebola (de-neb'o-la). [Ar. danab al-asad, 
 the tail of the lion.] The second-magnitude 
 star /S Leonis, also sometimes called Dafirah and 
 Serpha. 
 
 Denham (den'am), Dixon. Born at London, 
 Jan. 1, 1786: died in Sierra Leone, May 8, 1828. 
 An African explorer. As a British officer he took 
 part in the continental wars against Napoleon I. In 1821 
 he was sent to Africa with Dr. Oudney and Clapperton. 
 From Tripoli they went over Murzuk and Fezzan to Lake 
 Chad, and stayed some time at Kuka, the capital of Bornu. 
 In a war with the conquering Fulbe, Denham was taken 
 prisoner, but contrived to escape. After exploring the 
 south end of Lake Chad, he accompanied Clapperton to 
 Sokoto, and returned in 1824. He died in 1828 as lieuten- 
 ant-governor of Sierra Leone. See Century Atlas, Map 109. 
 
 Denham, Sir John. Born at Dublin, 1615 : died 
 at London, in March, 1669. An English poet. 
 He took up arms for the king when the civil war began, 
 and was made governor of Farnham Castle, from which 
 he was driven and sent a prisoner to London. His for- 
 tunes varied, but revived at the Restoration. He was 
 falsely accused in 1667 of murdering his wife by a poi- 
 soned cup of chocolate. Author of “ The Sophy ” (a tra- 
 gedy, 1642), “Cooper’s Hill” (a poem, 1642), “Cato Major” 
 (from Cicero, 1648), etc. 
 
 Denia (da'ne-ii). A seaport in the province of 
 Alicante, Spain, situated on the Mediterra- 
 nean in lat. 38° 50' N., long. 0° 7' E. It 
 exports raisins. Population, 12,431. 
 
 Denina (da-ne'na), Carlo Giovanni Maria. 
 Born at Revello, near Saluzzo, Italy, Feb. 28, 
 1731: died at Paris, Dec. 5, 1813. An Italian 
 historian. He was professor at Turin and later at Ber- 
 lin, became university librarian at Turin in 1800, and was 
 imperial librarian at Paris after 1804. He wrote “ Istoria 
 delle rivoluzioni d’ltalia ’’ (1769-72), etc. 
 
 Denis,oi Denys(den'is;F. de-ne'), Saint. Apos- 
 tle to the Gauls, and patron saint of France, 
 beheaded, according to the legends, at Paris, 
 272 a. D. 
 
Denis, Jean Ferdinand 
 
 Denis(de-ne'), Jean Ferdinand. Born at Paris, 
 Aug. 13, 1798: died there, Aug. 2, 1890. A French 
 author. He traveled in America from 1816 to 1821, and 
 subsequently in Spain and Portugal, with the object of 
 studying the literature of those countries. After 1838 he 
 was prominently connected with the libraries of Paris, 
 especially the Sainte Genevifeve, of which he became con- 
 servator in 1S41, and administrator in 1865. He wrote nu- 
 merous works, historical and descriptive, on Brazil, the 
 Platine States, Guiana, and Portugal, and on the literature 
 of Portugal and Spain ; also a great number of biographi- 
 cal and historical articles for various encyclopedic works, 
 and a series of historical novels. 
 
 Denis, Louise (Mignot). Bom about 1710 : died 
 in 1790. The niece, companion, and friend of 
 Voltaire. In 1738 she married M. Denis, who died in 
 1744. In 1754 she returned to Voltaire’s house, which she 
 kept for him until his death in 1778. In 1779, when in 
 her seventieth year, she married a Sieur du Vivier, who 
 was about sixty. She wrote several works and a play, 
 “ La coquette punie,” but her literary labors are forgotten 
 in the memory of her relation to Voltaire. 
 
 Denis, Saint, Battle of. See Saint-Denis. 
 Denis Duval (den 'is du-val'). An unfinished 
 novel by Thackeray, published in 1864, after 
 his death. 
 
 Denison (den'i-son). A city in Grayson County, 
 northern Texas, in lat . 33° 40' N. , long. 96° 32' W. 
 It has a large trade. Population, 13,632, (1910). 
 Denizli (den-iz-le'), or Denislii (den-is-le'). A 
 town in Asiatic Turkey, in lat. 37° 45' N., long. 
 29° 10' E. 
 
 Denman (den'man), Thomas, first Baron Den- 
 man. Born at London, Feb. 23, 1779 : died at 
 Stoke Albany, Northampton, England, Sept. 
 22, 1854. A noted English jurist. He defended 
 Queen Caroline in 1820, and was attorney-general 1830-32, 
 +and lord chief justice of the King's Bench 1832-50. 
 
 Denmark (den 'mark). [AS Denemearc , F. 
 Danemark, Dan. Danmark, G. Danemark, Icel. 
 Danmork, march, or boundary, of the Danes.] 
 A kingdom in northern Europe, comprising part 
 of the peninsula of Jutland, and a group of isl- 
 ands of which the principal are Zealand, Fiinen, 
 Laaland, Bornholm, Falster, Langeland, and 
 Moen. Its surface is generally level. The capital is 
 Copenhagen. The government is a constitutional heredi- 
 tary monarchy, with a Eigsdag composed of an upper 
 house (Landsthing) of 66 members and a lower house 
 ( Polkething) of 114 members. The established religion is 
 Lutheran. The army numbers (on a war footing) 
 about 60,000. Its foreign possessions are the Faroe 
 Islands, Iceland, Greenland south of latitude 73“ N., 
 and Santa Cruz, St. Thomas, and St. John, islands forming 
 the Danish West Indies. In the early middle ages it was 
 famous as the home of pirates. The different kingdoms 
 in Denmark became consolidated into one in the 9th 
 century. During this period Christianity was intro- 
 duced, being confirmed in the reign of Canute (died 
 1035), who reigned also over England and Norway. It 
 was separated from the other kingdoms after Canute's 
 death. Danish conquests extended over the Baltic Wends 
 in the 12th and 13th centuries, and for short periods over 
 Esthonia, Riigen, and various German districts. Norway, 
 Sweden, and Denmark were united by the Union of Kalmar 
 in 1397, but Sweden was finally separated from Denmark in 
 1523. Protestantism was introduced in the middle of the 
 16th century, and the country took part, on the Protestant 
 side, in the Thirty Years' War. Dago, Osel, and Goth- 
 land were lost to Sweden in 1645, as were also the Danish 
 possessions in southern Sweden in 1658. Absolute power 
 was obtained by the kings in 1660. Denmark having as- 
 sumed a position of armed neutrality with respect to Eng- 
 land, her fleet was attacked and defeated by Nelson in 1801, 
 and in 1807 the British bombarded Copenhagen. Norway 
 was ceded to Sweden in 1814. (For the relations with Schles- 
 wig and Holstein, see those names.) The Schleswig-Hol- 
 stein war in 1864, waged unsuccessfully by Denmark against 
 Prussia and Austria, resulted in the loss of Schleswig- 
 Holstein and Lauenburg. The present constitution was 
 adopted in 1866, and recent history has been marked by a 
 constitutional struggle between the government and the 
 people. Area, including the Faroe Islands, 16,592 square 
 miles. Population, including the Faroe Islands, 2,605,268. 
 
 Dennewitz (den'ne-vits). A village in the 
 province of Brandenburg, Prussia, 41 miles 
 southwest of Berlin. Here the Prussians under 
 Biilow, with the aid of Russians and Swedes under Berna- 
 dotte, defeated the French army under Ney, Sept. 6, 1813. 
 Dennie (den'i), Joseph. Born at Boston, Mass., 
 Aug. 30, 1768: died at Philadelphia, Jan. 7, 1812. 
 An American journalist : edited the “Portfolio” 
 (in Philadelphia) 1801-12. 
 
 Dennis (den'is). 1. Servant to Oliver in Shak- 
 spere’s “As you Like it.” — 2. A hangman in 
 Dickens’s novel “ Bamaby Budge.” 
 
 Dennis, John. Born at London, 1657 : died 
 Jan. 6, 1734. An English critic. He graduated at 
 Cambridge with the degree of B. A. in 1679, and devoted 
 himself to literature. He wrote a number of indiffer- 
 ently successful plays, but is chiefly remembered as a 
 critic, in which character he incurred the enmity ef Pope, 
 by whom he was ridiculed in the “Dunciad.” Among 
 the collective editions of his works are "Miscellanies in 
 Prose and Verse ” (1693), and “ Works ” (1702). 
 
 Denon (de-non'), Baron Dominique Vivant. 
 Born at Chalon-sur-Saone, France, Jan. 4, 
 1747 : died at Paris, April 27, 1825. A French 
 artist, archaeologist, diplomatist, and adminis- 
 
 319 
 
 tl'ator. He wrote " Voyage dans la Basse et la Haute- 
 Egypte " (1SU2), “Monuments des arts du dessin, etc." 
 (1829). 
 
 Dentatus (den-ta'tus), Manius (or Marcus) 
 Curius. Lived in the first part of the 3d 
 century B. C. A Roman tribune, consul, pre- 
 tor, and censor, celebrated as a model of the 
 early Roman virtues of simplicity, frugality, 
 and patriotism. He defeated Pyrrhus in 275, 
 and the Samnites and Lucanians in 274. 
 
 Dent Blanche (don blohsh). [F., ‘white 
 tooth.’] A mountain in the Alps of Valais, 
 Switzerland, situated north of the Matterhorn. 
 Height, 14,318 feet. 
 
 Dent de Jaman (don de zha-mon'). A moun- 
 tain in Vaud, Switzerland, situated east of the 
 Lake of Geneva. Height, 6,165 feet. 
 
 Dent de Vaulion (don de vo-lyon'). A peak of 
 the Jura, in Switzerland, 18 miles northwest 
 of Lausanne. Height, 4,880 feet. 
 
 Dent du Midi (don dii me-de'). [F., ‘south 
 tooth.’] A mountain in the canton of Valais, 
 Switzerland, situated northwest of Martigny. 
 Height, 10,750 feet. 
 
 D’Entrecasteaux Channel (don-tr-kas-to' 
 chan'el). A strait between Tasmania and 
 Bruni Island to the south. 
 
 D’Entrecasteaux Islands. A group of small 
 islands lying east of Papua, belonging to Great 
 Britain. 
 
 D’Entrecasteaux Point. A cape at the south- 
 western extremity of Australia. 
 
 Denver (den'ver). The capital of Colorado and 
 of Denver County, situated on the South 
 Platte, in lat. 39° 47' N., long. 105° W. it is an 
 
 important railway and commercial center, and has large 
 smelting-works. It was first settled in 1858-59, and has 
 become noted for its dry climate. It is often called the 
 “ Queen City of the Plains.” Population, 213,381, (1910). 
 
 Denzil (den'zil), Guy. In Sir Walter Scott’s 
 poem “ Rokeby,” the chief of a marauding band 
 made up from both Cavaliers and Roundheads. 
 Deoband (de'o-band). A town in the Saharan- 
 pur district, United Provinces of British India. 
 Population, 20,167. 
 
 De Officiis(de o-fish'i-is). [L., ‘of duties.’] A 
 treatise in three books, by Cicero, on moral obli- 
 gations, written about 44 B. C. “ The moral views 
 are those of a practical politician, and for this very reason 
 not much higher than the conventional Roman stan- 
 dard. " 
 
 D’Eon, Chevalier. See Eon, Charles Genevieve, 
 etc. 
 
 Deoprag. See Devaprayaga. 
 
 DeOratore(de or-a-to're). [L.,‘ of the orator.’] 
 A rhetorical work by Cicero, in three books, 
 written (55 B. 0.) in the form of a dialogue, the 
 principal characters being L. Crassus and M. 
 Antoninus. “The work is far from attaining the dra- 
 matic art of a Platonic dialogue; nevertheless it ranks 
 with the most finished productions of Cicero on account 
 of its varied contents and its excellent style." 
 
 Deorham (de-or'hiim), At this place (identi- 
 fied with Dereham, Gloucestershire, England) 
 Ceawlin, king of the West Saxons, defeated the 
 Britons in 577. 
 
 Depazzi (da-pad'ze). A character in Shirley’s 
 play “The Humorous Courtier.” 
 
 The outrageously idiotic Depazzi, whose self-delusion 
 endures to the last (after he has been offered the choice of 
 “four or five several deaths,” not one of which he can be 
 “got to accept”), is at last brought to saying “I forgive 
 your highness, I.” Ward . 
 
 Depew (de-pu'), Chauncey Mitchell. Born at 
 Peekskill, N. Y., April 23, 1834. An American 
 lawyer, orator, and politician. He was graduated 
 at Yale in 1856 ; was a member of the New York Assembly 
 1861-62 ; was secretary of state for New York 1863-65 ; and 
 in 1869 became counselfor the New York Central Railroad, 
 of which he was president 1885-99. He was an unsuccess- 
 ful candidate for the Republican nomination for Presi- 
 dent in 1888, and was senator from New York 1899-1911. 
 
 De Peyster (de pis'ter), Abraham. Born at 
 
 New Amsterdam (New York), July8, 1658 : died 
 at New York, Aug. 10, 1728. An American 
 merchant and official, son of Johannes De 
 Peyster. He was mayor of New York 1691-95, and 
 afterward became chief justice of the province and presi- 
 dent of the king’s council. By virtue of the latter post he 
 was acting governor in 1701. 
 
 De Peyster, Arent Schuyler. Born at New 
 York, June 27, 1736 : died at Dumfries, Scotland, 
 Nov., 1832. A Royalist officer, grandson of 
 Abraham De Peyster. He commanded at Detroit, 
 Mackinac, and various places in Upper Canada during the 
 Revolutionary War, and by his tact and conciliatory mea- 
 sures succeeded in detaching the Indians of the Northwest 
 from the colonists and allying them with the British. 
 
 De Peyster, Johannes. Born at Haarlem, Hol- 
 land : died at New York about 1685. A Dutch 
 colonist in New Amsterdam, where he settled 
 in 1640. 
 
 Derbent 
 
 De Peyster, John Watts.. Bom at New York, 
 March 9, 1821 : died there, May 4, 1907. An 
 American military and historical writer. His 
 works include a “ History of the Life of Leonard Torsten- 
 son ” (1855), “ History of Carausius, the Dutch Augustus 
 and Emperor of Britain ” (1858), and “ The Thirty Years' 
 War : With Special Reference to the Military Operations 
 and Influence of the Swedes ” (1884). 
 
 D’Epinay, Madame. See Epinay, Madame d'. 
 Depit amoureux (da-pe' a-mo-re'), Le. [F., 
 ‘The Loving Spite.’] A comedy by MoliOre, 
 produced at Montpellier in 1654, and at Paris 
 in 1658. It was not printed until 1663. Many authors 
 have adapted and rearranged it. The subject is partly 
 borrowed from “ L’lntdressd ” of Nicolo Secchi. 
 
 Deposition from the Cross, with the Virgin, 
 the Magdalen, St. John, Joseph of Arimathea, 
 and Nicodemus. A painting by Perugino, in 
 the Accademia, Florence. The expression and dif- 
 ferentiation of character in the group of mourners is mas- 
 terly. The painting is among Berugino’s best. 
 
 Depping (dep'ping), Georges Bernard. Bom 
 
 at Munster, Germany, May 11, 1784: died at 
 Paris, Sept. 5, 1853. A French historian, of 
 German parentage. He wrote ‘‘Histoire g6n6rale de 
 l’Espagne ” (1811), “Histoire du commerce entre le Levant 
 etl’Europe '’(1832), “ Histoire de la Normandie " (1835), etc. 
 Depres. See Josquin Desprez. 
 
 Depretis (da-pra'tes), Agostino. Born atMez- 
 zana-Corte-Bottaroni, near Stradella, Italy, 
 Jan. 31, 1813: died there, July 29, 1887 An Ital- 
 ian statesman, premier 1876-77, 1877-78, 1878- 
 1879, 1881-87. 
 
 De Prie (de pre), Jaques. A supposed beggar 
 in Ben Jonson’s comedy “ The Case is Altered.” 
 He is a miser, and is in reality Melun, steward to the old 
 Chamont. He somewhat resembles Shylock, loving both 
 his ducats and his daughter. 
 
 Deptford (det'ford). Formerly a town in Kent 
 and Surrey, England, now a borough (metropol- 
 itan) of London, situated on the south bank of 
 the Thames, 3^ miles southeast of St. Paul’s: 
 long noted for its dockyard, which was closed 
 in 1869. Population, 109,498, (1911). 
 
 De Quincey (de kwin'zi), Thomas. Born at 
 Greenheys, Manchester, Aug. 15, 1785 : died at 
 Edinburgh, Dec. 8, 1859. An English essayist 
 and miscellaneous writer. He was the son of 
 Thomas De Quincey, a wealthy merchant, who died about 
 1792. He was sent to the Manchester grammar-school in 
 1801, but ran away in the following year, and, after a pe- 
 destrian tour in Wales, lived some time in extreme pov- 
 erty in London. He subsequently studied at Oxford, 
 without taking a degree. About 1808 he made the ac- 
 quaintance of Coleridge and Wordsworth, which induced 
 him to settle at Grasmere. He married Margaret Simp- 
 son in 1816. Some years later he lost his fortune, and in 
 1821 went to London in search of literary work. During 
 his stay at Oxford he had contracted the habit of opium- 
 eating, which grew upon him to such an extent that at 
 one time he took 340 grains daily, and which eventually 
 disabled him from protracted application to literary work. 
 In 1821 he made his experience with this drug the basis 
 of a narrative, entitled “ Confessions of an English Opium- 
 Eater,” which appeared in the “London Magazine," and 
 which established his reputation. He subsequently wrote 
 much for “Blackwood’s Magazine" and the “Edinburgh 
 Literary Gazette,” and eventually took up his residence at 
 Edinburgh. His only separate publications were “Kloster- 
 heim" (1832), and “Logic of Political Economy" 1 1844). 
 Themostcomplete edition of his works appeared in 1862-65. 
 Dera Ghazi Khan (der'a gliii-ze' khan). 1. A 
 district in the Multan division of the Panjab, 
 British India, west of the Indus, and intersected 
 by lat. 30° N., long. 70° 30' E. Area, 5,306 
 square miles. Population, 471,140. — 2. The 
 chief town of the above district, on the In- 
 dus in lat. 30° 3' N., long. 70° 47' E. Popula- 
 tion, with cantonment, 23,731. 
 
 Dera Ismail Khan (der'a es-ma-el' khan). 1. 
 A district in the North-West Frontier Province, 
 British India, intersected by lat. 32° N., long. 
 71° E. Area, 3,780 square miles. Population, 
 247,857. — 2. The chief town of the above dis- 
 trict, near the Indus, in lat. 31° 49' N., long. 
 70° 55' E. Pop., with cantonment, 31,737. 
 Derajat (der-a-jat'). A plain between the In- 
 dus and the Suliman mountains, in the Panjab 
 and the North-West Frontier provinces. 
 Derayeh (de-ri'e), or Deraiyeh. A ruined 
 town in Nejd, Arabia, situated about lat. 24° 
 40' N., long. 46° 20' E. It was the capital of 
 the Wahabis until its destruction in 1818. 
 Derbe (der'be). [Gr. A epf3r/.\ In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a town of Lycaonia, Asia Minor, near 
 the border of Cilicia, and on the highway from 
 Cilicia to Iconium. 
 
 Derbent (der-bent'), or Derbend (der-bend'). 
 A seaport in Daghestan, Russia, situated on 
 the Caspian Sea in lat. 42° 2' N., long. 48° 16' 
 E. Near here commences the Derbent wall ("Caucasian 
 wall ” or “ Alexander’s wall"). The town was taken by 
 the Mongols about 1220, and by the Russians in 1722 and 
 1796 ; and was formally incorporated with Russia in 1813. 
 Population, 11,635. 
 
Derby 
 
 Derby (dar'bi or der'bi). [Dan. I)eora-by.] 1. 
 Derbyshire, a midland county of England, 
 lying between Cheshire and Yorkshire on the 
 north, Nottingham and Leicester on the east, 
 Leicester on the south, and Cheshire and Staf- 
 ford on the west. It is noted for the picturesque 
 scenery of the highlands, or High Peak region. It con- 
 tains lead, iron, coal, etc. Area (ad. co.), 1,014 square 
 miles. Population (pari, co.), 620,322. 
 
 2. The capital of Derbyshire, England, situ- 
 ated on the Derwent in lat. 52° 56' N., long. 1° 
 29' W. It has manufactures of silk, porcelain, iron, spar, 
 cotton, etc. It anciently belonged to Peveril, an alleged son 
 of William I., and was one of the Five Boroughs of the 
 Danes. It was the southernmost point reached by the 
 Young Pretender in 1745, and was the birthplace of Samuel 
 Richardson. It returns two members to Parliament. 
 Population, 123,433, (1911). 
 
 3. (der'bi). A city (from 1894) in New Haven 
 County, Connecticut, situated at the junction 
 of the Naugatuck with the Housatonic, 9 miles 
 west of New Haven. It comprises the former 
 towns of Derby and Birmingham. Popula- 
 tion, 8,991, (1910). 
 
 Derby, Earls of. See Stanley. 
 
 Derby (der'bi), Elias Haskett. Bom at Salem, 
 Mass., Aug. 16, 1739: died at Salem, Sept. 8, 
 1799. An American merchant in the India and 
 China trade, prominent in the equipment of pri- 
 vateers during the Revolutionary War. 
 
 Derby, Elias Haskett. Bom at Salem, Mass., 
 Jan. 10, 1766: died at Londonderry, N. H., 
 Sept. 16, 1826. An American merchant, son 
 of E. H. Derby (1739-99). He introduced me- 
 rino sheep into the United States. 
 
 Derby, Elias Haskett. Born at Salem, Mass., 
 Sept. 24, 1803 : died at Boston, March 30, 1880. 
 An American lawyer and writer, son of E. H. 
 Derby (1766-1826). 
 
 Derby, George Horatio : pseudonym John 
 Phoenix. Born at Dedham, Mass., April 3, 
 1823: died at New York, May 15, 1861. An 
 American soldier and humorist. He was a gradu- 
 ate of West Point, and served in the Mexican war, after 
 which he had various positions in the topographical bu- 
 reau at Washington, finally becoming a captain of engi- 
 neers and having charge of lighthouse construction on the 
 southern coast. Author of “ Phcenixiana” (1855) and 
 “The Squibob Papers” (1859). 
 
 Derby, Orville Adelhert. Born at Kelloggs- 
 ville, N. Y., July 23, 1851. An American geolo- 
 gist. He was graduated at Cornell University, and was 
 instructor there 1873-75 ; made short visits to Brazil 
 1870 and 1871; and in 1875 took a place on the Brazilian 
 geological commission. Since that time he has been en- 
 gaged in geological and geographical work in Brazil, act- 
 ing on various commissions, and for some years as curator 
 of the geological department of the national museum. 
 He was chief of the geographical and geological survey of 
 Sao Paulo 1886-1904, and since 1907 has been chief of the 
 geological survey of Brazil. 
 
 Derby (dar'bi), The. A race for three-year- 
 olds at Epsom, established in 1780 by the Earl 
 of Derby. The first Derby was won by Diomed, the 
 property of Sir Charles Bunbury. “ Derby Day ’’ is the last 
 Wednesday of May (sometimes the first of J une). It is the 
 great Cockney holiday. The Derby has been twice won by 
 fillies : in 1801 by Eleanor and in 1857 by Blink Bonny, each 
 of which also won the Oaks of her year. The course is now 
 1 mile, 4 furlongs, 29 yards, wide at the start an d with steep 
 ascent, then level for three furlongs, descending again to 
 “Tattenham Corner," where it turns and goesstraighthome. 
 The “2,000 guineas,” the Derby, and the St. Leger consti- 
 tute the “ triple crown," which has been won by West 
 Australian, Gladiateur, Lord Lyon, Ormonde, Common, 
 Isinglass, Galtee More, Flying Fox, Diamond Jubilee, 
 Rock Sand, etc. Rice. 
 
 Dercetas (der'se-tas). A friend of Antony in 
 Skakspere’s “Antony and Cleopatra.” 
 
 Derceto (der-se'to). [Gr. Aep/cerA] The prin- 
 cipal Philistine female deity, worshiped es- 
 pecially in Ascalon. She was represented in the form 
 of a woman terminating in a fish, and is considered the 
 female counterpart of Dagon. She was a nature goddess, 
 the principle of generation and fertility, and corresponds 
 in her attributes and the mode of her worship to Ashtoreth 
 (Astarte) of the Canaanites and Syrians (the Assyro- Baby- 
 lonian Ishtar). Also Derketo. See Atargatis'. 
 
 Dereham (der'am). A small town in Norfolk, 
 England, 16 miles west of Norwich. 
 
 Der-el-Bahri (der-el-bah're), or Deir-el-Ba- 
 hari (dar-el-ba' ha-re). A locality west of 
 Thebes, Egypt, near the western bank of the 
 Nile, famous for its ruins. Among the ruins is a 
 temple built by Hatshepsu, sister of Thothmes II. and III. 
 (about 1600 B. c.). The inclosure is preceded by a dromos 
 1,600 feet long, between lines of sphinxes, at the end of 
 which rose two obelisks. The inner court is entered by a 
 fine granite pylon, and behind it is the temple itself. The 
 plan is peculiar, as the buildings extend up the slope of 
 the mountain in stages connected by flights of steps. The 
 masonry is of a beautiful fine limestone, and the sculptures 
 are of great importance, representing especially sacrificial 
 scenes, military triumphs and captives, and payment of 
 tribute. A number of the inner chambers and passages 
 are covered with pseudo-vaulting of stones corbeled out 
 from the walls. Here, in 1881, Maspero made by chance 
 a remarkable archeological discovery — that of a number 
 
 320 
 
 of mummies of the Pharaohs, including those of some of 
 the most famous of Egyptian kings, among them Thoth- 
 mes II. and Thothmes III., the conqueror of Assyria, 
 Seti I., and the great Raineses II., the “Pharaoh of the 
 Oppression.” These mummies are in remarkable preser- 
 vation, and supply a not inadequate picture of the fea- 
 tures of the sovereigns in life. The discovery was made 
 through a quarrel of some Arabs, who had found a pit 
 near the Sheikh Abd-el-Gournah hill, and were surrep- 
 titiously removing the contents. The mummies had evi- 
 dently been brought from the royal tombs, which lie at 
 no great distance, and placed in this pit for safety during 
 some threatened danger. They are now preserved in the 
 Gizeh Museum, Cairo. A second important discovery of 
 concealed mummies was made in 1891. 
 
 De Republica (de re-pu'bli-ka). [L., ‘of the 
 Republic.’] A philosophical political treatise in 
 six books, by Cicero, in the form of a dialogue 
 between Africanus the younger (in whose gar- 
 dens the scene is laid), C. Radius, and others. 
 
 The theme is the best form of government and the duty 
 of the citizen. It was written about 54-51 B. 0. About 
 one third of it has survived. 
 
 De rerum natura (de re'rum na-tu'ra). [L., 
 4 of the nature of things.’] A didactic poem 
 by Lucretius. 
 
 Dereyeh. See Derayeh. 
 
 Derfflinger (derf'fling-er), Georg von. Born at 
 Neuhofen, Upper Austria, March 10, 1606 : died 
 at Gusow, near Kiistrin, Prussia, Feb. 4, 1695. 
 A Brandenburgian general in the Thirty Years’ 
 War. He served at the battles of Warsaw (1656) and 
 Fehrbellin (1675), and in the campaign against the Swedes 
 1678-79. 
 
 Derg (dero), Lough. 1. An expansion of the 
 Shannon, separating Connaught from Mun- 
 ster, Ireland. Length, about 24 miles. — 2. A 
 lake in County Donegal, Ulster, Ireland, 6 miles 
 east of Donegal. It contains a shrine, St. Patrick’s 
 Purgatory, situated at first on Saint’s Island, but now on 
 Station Island. Length, about 3 miles. 
 
 Derham (der'am), William. Bora at Stoul- 
 ton, near Worcester, England, Nov. 26, 1657 : 
 died at Upminster, near London, April 5, 1735. 
 An English divine and natural philosopher. 
 His chief works are “ Physico-Theology” (1713), 
 “ Astro-Theology” (1715),“ Christo-Theology” 
 (1730). 
 
 Dermody (der'mo-di), Thomas. Born at En- 
 nis, County Clare, Ireland, Jan., 1775: died at 
 Sydenham, near London, July 15, 1802. An 
 Irish poet. He published “Poems” (1792), “Poems, 
 Moral and Descriptive” (1800), and “Poems on Various 
 Subjects " (1802). His works were published as “ The 
 Harp of Erin ” in 1807. 
 
 Dernier Chouan (der-nya/ sho-on'), Le. [F., 
 4 The Last Chouan.’] A novel by Balzac, pub- 
 lished in 1829: sometimes called “LesChou- 
 ans.” 
 
 Deronda (de-ron'da), Daniel. The hero of 
 George Eliot’s novel 44 Daniel Deronda.” He is 
 a Hebrew, and when he discovers his parentage he resolves 
 to devote his whole life to restoring the Jewish nation to 
 ★its lost political position. 
 
 Deroulede (da-ro-lad'), Paul. Bom at Paris, 
 Sept. 2, 1846. A noted French man of letters 
 and politician. In 1882 he organized the League of 
 Patriots (La Ligue des Patriotes), which had many ramifi- 
 cations throughout France. In 1884, when Boulanger 
 became minister of war, he endeavored to excite feeling 
 against Germany, and furthered a vigorous foreign policy. 
 The league under his direction gave Boulanger a large 
 majority in the election of Jan. 27, 1889, and after the 
 condemnation of the latter Drioultde was elected Boulan- 
 gist deputy. 
 
 Derr (der or dar), or Dehr. A town in Upper 
 Egypt, situated on the Nile about lat. 22° 40' 
 N. It is noted for a small rock-temple of 
 Rameses n. 
 
 Derry. See Londonderry. 
 
 De Ruyter. S© e Buyter. 
 
 Derwent (der'went). The name of several riv- 
 ers, as follows : (a) A river of Cumberland, England, 
 which flows into the Irish Sea 7 miles north of Whitehaven. 
 Length, over 30 miles. (5) A river of Derbyshire, England, 
 which joins the Trent 7 miles southeast of Derby. It is 
 noted for its scenery. Leugth, about 50 miles, (c) A river 
 of Yorkshire, England, which joins the Ouse 15 miles 
 southeast of York. Length, over 60 miles, (d) A river in 
 Tasmania which rises in Lake St. Clair, and flows into the 
 ocean a short distance below Hobart. Length, 130 miles. 
 Derwentwater (der'went-wa"ter). One of the 
 chief lakes in the Lake District, in Cumberland, 
 England, lying directly south of Keswick. It 
 is an expansion of the river Derwent. Length, 
 3 miles. 
 
 Derwentwater, Earl of. See Badcliffe. 
 Derzhavin (der-zhii'ven), Gabriel Romano- 
 viteh. Born at Kazan, Russia, July 14, 1743: 
 died at Svanka, near Novgorod, Russia, July 
 21 (N. S.), 1816. A Russian lyrical poet. His 
 best-known poem is “ One to God ” (1784), besides which 
 he wrote “Felicia," “Monody on Prince Mestcherski,” 
 “ The Nobleman," “ The Taking of Ismail," “ The Taking 
 of Warsaw," etc. His works were published 1810-15. 
 
 Desaguadero (des-a-gwa-THa'ro). 1 A river 
 
 Descent from the Cross 
 
 in Bolivia, the outlet of Lake Titicaca, which 
 flows into Lake Aullagas (with, no outlet). 
 Length, 190 miles. — 2. A plateau in southern 
 Peru and western Bolivia, a depression between 
 two ranges of the Andes. It includes Lakes Aullagas 
 and Titicaca. Also called the Titicaca Basin, or Plateau 
 of Bolivia, or Altiplanicie. It is the highest table-laud in 
 the world except that of Tibet. 
 
 Desaix de Veygoux (de-sa' de va-go') (or Voy- 
 goux), Louis Charles Antoine. Born at 
 St.-Hiiaire-d’Ayat, near Riom, Puy-de-Dome, 
 France, Aug. 17, 1768: killed at Marengo, 
 Italy, June 14, 1800. A noted French general. 
 He served in the battle of the Pyramids 1798, conquered 
 Upper Egypt 1798-99, and decided the victory at Marengo. 
 
 Desaugiers (da-zo-zhya' ), Marc Antoine 
 Madeleine. Born at Frejus,Var, France, Nov. 
 17, 1772 : died at Paris, Aug. 9, 1827. A French 
 song-writer and author of vaudevilles. 
 
 Desault (de-zo'), Pierre Joseph. Born at 
 Magny-Vernois, Haute-Sa6ne, France, Feb. 6, 
 1744: died at Paris, June 1, 1795. A French 
 surgeon and anatomist. 
 
 Desbarres (da-bar'), Joseph Frederick Walsh 
 or Wallet. Bom 1722: died at Halifax, Nova 
 Scotia, Oct. 24, 1824. An English officer and 
 hydrographer. He published “Atlantic Nep- 
 tune” (1777), etc. 
 
 Desbordes-Valmore (da-bord'val-mor'), Mar- 
 celine Felicite J osephe. Bom at Douai, J une 
 20, 1786: died July 23, 1859. A French poet 
 and singer. She married the actor Francois Prosper 
 Lanchantin, who was called Valmore, in 1817. Her poetry 
 is distinguished for sweetness and pathos, without atfeqta- 
 tion. Author of “Elegies et romances” (1818) and “Ele- 
 gies et poesies nouvelles ” (1824). 
 
 Desborough (dez'bur-o), Colonel. The “bru- 
 tally ignorant ” brother-in-law of Cromwell in 
 Scott’s novel 44 Woodstock.” 
 
 D’Escarbagnas, Countess. See Comtesse d’Es- 
 carbagnas. 
 
 Descartes (da-kart'), Rene (Latinized Renatus 
 Cartesius). Born at La Haye, Touraine, 
 France, March 31, 1596: died at Stockholm, 
 Feb. 11, 1650. A celebrated French philoso- 
 pher, founder of Cartesianism and of modern 
 philosophy in general. He was graduated at six- 
 teen from the Jesuit college of La ileche, spent five 
 years in Paris (1613-17), and then roamed about in search 
 of knowledge in Germany, Italy, Holland, and Poland. 
 In 1628 he attended the siege of'La Rochelle as a volun- 
 teer. From 1629 to 1649 he led a retired Ufe in Holland, 
 spreading and defending his philosophical ideas. He 
 finally went to Stockholm on the invitation of Queen 
 Christina of Sweden ; five months later he died there of 
 pneumonia. The work that has made him famous as a 
 philosopher is a short treatise entitled “Discours de la 
 nrithode " (Leyden, 1637). It was published in French 
 together with three essays in support of his theories, 
 “La dioptrique,” “Les m6t^ores,” and “La g6om6trie.” 
 In it he revolutionized the science of thought. Descartes 
 himself published during his lifetime “Meditationes de 
 prima philosophia ” (Paris, 1641 ; Amsterdam, 1642 ; trans- 
 lated into French, 1647), “Principia philosophise” (Am- 
 sterdam, 1644), “ Traite des passions de l'ame ” (Amster- 
 dam, 1649), and a polemic pamphlet entitled “Epistola 
 Renati Descartes ad Gisbertum Voeitum” (Amsterdam, 
 1643). After his death his friends published his “De 
 l’homme" (1664), “Traitdde la formation du foetus " (1664), 
 “Le monde ou traitd de la lumiere de Descartes” (1664), 
 “Lettres” (1657-67), and “Opuscula posthuma, physica 
 et mathematica” (Amsterdam, 1701). Descartes ranked 
 among the foremost mathematicians of his day. A sep- 
 arate reprint was made of his geometry, and the work 
 itself was translated into Latin in 1649, and reedited in 
 1659 with notes and comments. In this form it consti- 
 tuted a classic standard throughout Europe, and pre- 
 sented an entirely new basis for the study of algebra and 
 geometry. 
 
 Descent from the Cross. 1. A painting by 
 Sodoma (Bazzi) (1504), in the Accademia at 
 Siena, Italy. The group of mourning women is espe- 
 cially admired for the beauty of its conception and exe- 
 cution. 
 
 2. A fine painting by Gerard David, in the 
 Chapelle du Saint Sang at Bruges, Belgium. 
 The Virgin and Mary Salome are grouped with St. John 
 about the body of Christ, which is supported by Nicode- 
 mus. In the background the cross is seen. The Magda- 
 len and Joseph of Arimathea are painted on the wings. 
 
 3. A noteworthy painting by Cavazzola, in the 
 Pinaeoteca at Verona. It unites the naturalism 
 of the 15th century with the freedom of the following 
 period. With its companion pieces, the “Bearing of the 
 Cross ” and the “Agony in the Garden," it is the painter’s 
 masterpiece. 
 
 4. A painting by Correggio, in the Pinaeoteca 
 at Parma, Italy. — 5. A painting by Titian, in 
 the Accademia, Venice. It has been injured by 
 restoration, but shows great invention and power of ex- 
 pression. It is remarkable as having been painted in 
 Titian’s ninety-ninth year (1576), the year of his death. 
 
 6. A painting by Rubens (1614), considered his 
 masterpiece, in Antwerp cathedral, Belgium. 
 The body has been detached and is being lowered by men 
 on ladders ; it is received below by St. John, beside whom 
 kneel Mary Salome and the Magdalen. The Virgin stands 
 behind. 
 
Deschamps 
 
 Deschamps (da-shon'), Eustache, called Mo- 
 rel. Born at Vertus, Marne, France, in the first 
 part of the 14th century. A French poet. He 
 was the author of ballades (1.175 in number), rondeaux, 
 virelais, etc.; of one long poem, the “Miroir de mariage 
 and of “ Art de dieter ” (a treatise on French rhetoric and 
 prosody). _ 
 
 Deschamps de Saint Amand, Emile. Born 
 at Bourges, Feb. 20, 1791: died at Versailles, 
 April, 1871. A French poet. 
 
 Deschanel, Emile Augustin Etienne Martin. 
 
 Born Nov. 14, 1819: died Jan. 26, 1904. A 
 French writer and journalist, in 1842 he was 
 made professor of rhetoric at Bourges, and shortly after 
 occupied the same chair at Paris. He entered journalism 
 as a liberal, and was imprisoned and exiled in 1851. He 
 returned in 1859, and became one of the editors of the 
 “Journal des Ddbats.” In 1876 he was elected to the 
 chamber as a republican, and in 1881 he was elected a 
 senator for life. He publislieda number of anthologieswith 
 comments, “Les courtisanes grecques,” “Be mal qu'on a 
 dit des femmes,’’ “Be bien qu’on a dit des femmes,” etc. 
 (1855-58), “Ba vie des combdiens’’ (1860), “Etudes sur 
 Aristophane ” (1867), “ Be peuple etlabourgeoisie” (1881), 
 “ Benjamin Franklin ” (1882). From 1882 to 1886 he pub- 
 lished his lectures at the College de France, called “Be 
 romanticism des classiques,” much enlarged and revised. 
 Deschapelles (da-slia-pel'). Born 1780: died 
 1847. A celebrated whist-player. He published 
 a treatise on whist in 1839. 
 
 Desclee (da-kla'), Aimee Olympe. Born Nov. 
 18, 1836 : died at Paris, March 9, 1874. A French 
 actress. She excelled in the modern dramas 
 “Frou-Frou,” “Diane de Lys,” etc. 
 Desdemona (dez-de-mo'na). In Shakspere’s 
 tragedy “Othello,” the wife of Othello the 
 Moor, and the daughter of Brabantio, a Vene- 
 tian senator. Othello smothers her in an outburst of 
 rage produced by a belief in her unfaithfulness, carefully 
 instilled by Iago. According to Malone, the first woman 
 name unknown) who appeared in any regular drama per- 
 ormed the part of Desdemona. 
 
 The one characteristic which belongs to Desdemona, 
 that highest charm of the womanly nature, which Iago 
 names not, because he knows it not or believes not in it : 
 namely, her humility, her harmless ingenuousness, her 
 modesty and innocence. The miiTor of this soul has never 
 been darkened by the breath of an impure thought ; it ab- 
 hors her to speak the mere word of sin ; her name is clear 
 and “ fresh as Dian’s visage.’’ The genuineness of her soul 
 and mind culminates — and this is the highest point of 
 her nature — in a perfect freedom from suspicion too 
 deeply rooted in her for this suspicious world. 
 
 Oervinus , Shakespeare Commentaries (tr. by F. E. Bunnett, 
 
 led. 1880), p. 616. 
 
 Desd4n con el desd6n, El. [‘Disdain met 
 witli disdain.’] A play by Moreto (1618-69), 
 the idea of which was taken from Lope de Vega. 
 It is not known when it was first produced, but it is still 
 played, and is one of the four classical pieces of the older 
 Spanish drama. Under the title of “Donna Diana” it is 
 familiar in Germany, and in 1864 Mr. Westland Marston 
 produced it under the same name in England, his version 
 being a translation of that of Schreyvogel. Molifere’s ver- 
 sion, “Ba prir.cesse d’Elide," was a failure. Count Carlo 
 Gozzi produced it in Italian as “Ba Principessa Filosofla 
 o il Contraveleno ” (“ The Philosophical Princess or the 
 Antidote ”). 
 
 Desdichado (des-di-cha'do). [‘Disinherited.’] 
 Li Sir Walter Scott’s novel “Ivanhoe,” the de- 
 vice assumed by Ivanhoe in the tournament at 
 Ashby. 
 
 De senectute (de sen-ek-tu'te), or Cato Major 
 (ka'to ma'jor). [L.,‘on old age.’] A short 
 treatise by Cicero, in the form of a conversa- 
 tion, devoted to the praise (in the person of 
 Cato the censor) of old age. It was written 
 45 or 44 b. C. 
 
 Desenzano (da-sen-za'no). A small town in 
 northern Italy, situated at the southern end of 
 the Lake of Garda, 16 miles southeast of Brescia. 
 Deseret (dez-e-ret'). The name of Utah in its 
 earlier history, under which various attempts 
 were made to gain for it admittance to the 
 Union. 
 
 Desertas (da-ser'tas), Las. A gin up of small 
 islands in the Atlantic, lying southeast of 
 Madeira. 
 
 Deserted Village, The. A poem by Oliver 
 Goldsmith, begun m 1768 and published in 1770. 
 It is an elegant version of the popular declamation of the 
 time against luxury and depopulation. 
 
 Desfontaines (da-foh-tan'), Rene Louiche. 
 
 Born at Tremblay, Ille-et-Vilaine, France, Feb. 
 14, 1750 : died at Paris, Nov. 16, 1833. A French 
 botanist. His chief work is “ Flora Atlantica ” 
 (1798-1800). 
 
 Deshouli&res (da-zo-lyar'), Madame (Antoi- 
 nette de Ligier de la Garde). Born at Paris, 
 Jan. 1, 1638 : died at Paris, Feb. 17, 1694. One 
 of the chief female poets of France, author of 
 verse, for the most part of the occasional order 
 (idyls, odes, elegiacs, songs, etc.), and two un- 
 successful tragedies. 
 
 Desiderius (des-i-de'ri-us). The last king of the 
 Lombards: reigned 756-74. 
 c.— 21 
 
 321 
 
 DSsirade (da-ze-r&d'), La, or Deseada (des- 
 e-a'da). An island of the French West Indies, 
 situated 9 miles east of Guadeloupe, of which 
 it is a dependency. Area, 10 square miles. 
 Population, 1,399. 
 
 Desjardins, Catherine. See Filledieu, Ma- 
 dame de. 
 
 Des Moines (de moin). 1. A river in Iowa 
 which rises in southwestern Minnesota, and 
 joins the Mississippi at the southeast extremity 
 of Iowa, 4 miles below Keokuk. Bength, from 
 the union of the east aud west forks (in Humboldt County, 
 Iowa), about 300 miles ; total length, about 600 miles ; 
 navigable to the city of Des Moines. 
 
 2. The capital of Iowa, and county-seat of Polk 
 County, situated on the Des Moines River in lat. 
 41° 36' N., long. 93° 39' W. It has a considerable 
 trade, and is a center of extensive and varied manufac- 
 tures. It became the State capital in 1857. Population, 
 86,368, (1910). 
 
 Desmond, Earls and Countesses of. See Fitz- 
 gerald. 
 
 Desmoulins (da-mo-lan'), Benoit Camille. 
 
 Born at Guise, Aisne, France, 1760: guillotined 
 at Paris, April 5, 1794. A celebrated French 
 revolutionist, prominent as a pamphleteer and 
 journalist. In 1789 his impassioned harangues 
 contributed powerfully to the popular excite- 
 ment which culminated in the storming of the 
 Bastille. He was a deputy to the Convention 
 in 1792. 
 
 Desnovers (da-nwa-ya'), Baron Auguste Gas- 
 pard Louis Boucher. Born at Paris, Dec. 20, 
 1779: died at Paris, Feb., 1857. A French 
 engraver. His best-known works are copies 
 after Raphael (“ La belle jardiniere ” and the 
 “Transfiguration,” etc.). 
 
 Desolation Island. See Kerguelen Land. 
 Desolation Land (des-o-la'shon land), or 
 Desolation Island. The northwesternmost 
 island of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago. It 
 has belonged to Chile since 1881. 
 
 Desor (da-zor'), Eduard. Born at Friedrichs- 
 dorf, near Homburg, Prussia, Feb. 11, 1811: 
 died at Nice, France, Feb. 23, 1882. A Swiss 
 geologist, zoologist, and archasologist. 
 
 De Soto (da so'to), Hernando. See Soto, Her- 
 nando de. 
 
 Despair ( des-par ' ), Giant. A giant in Bunyan’s 
 “Pilgrim’s Progress” who takes Christian and 
 Hopeful while they are asleep and imprisons 
 them in his dungeons in Doubting Castle. 
 Despard (des'pard), Edward Marcus. Born 
 in Queen’s County, Ireland, in 1751: died Feb. 
 21, 1803. An Irish conspirator. He entered the 
 army in 1766, obtained the rank of captain about 1780, and 
 in 1784 was appointed superintendent of his Majesty’s 
 affairs in the Spanish peninsula of Yucatan. Having been 
 dismissed from this office on a frivolous charge, he organ- 
 ized a conspiracy against the government, in consequence 
 of which he was arrested Nov. 16, 1802, and hanged at 
 Eondon. 
 
 Despenser (de-spen'ser), Hugh le. Died Aug. 
 4, 1265. A justiciar of England. He first appears 
 in 1256, when he was intrusted with Harestan Castle, Derby- 
 shire. The first mention of him as justiciar is found in 
 the Fine Rolls in 1261. He joined the baronial party at 
 the outbreak of the war with Henry III. in 1263, and fell 
 in the battle of Evesham. 
 
 Despenser, Hugh le. Born about 1262: died 
 Oct. 27 ("?), 1326. An English court favorite. He 
 was the son of the justiciar Hugh le Despenser, who fell 
 in the baronial ranks at Evesham. He was with the 
 king in Gascony in 1294, was present at the battle of Dun- 
 bar in 1296, accompanied the expedition to Flanders in 
 1297, was sent on a mission to Pope Clement V. at Byons 
 in 1305, and was created earl of Winchester in 1322. On 
 the death of the favorite PierS Gaveston in 1312, he became 
 the leader of the court party in opposition to the baronial, 
 and together with his son Hugh le Despenser obtained a 
 complete ascendancy over Edward II. The unscrupulous 
 manner in which the favorites used their power to further 
 schemes of self-aggrandizement caused them to be ban- 
 ished 1321-22, and brought about a rising of the barons 
 under Queen Isabella in 1326, which ended in the deposi- 
 tion of the king and the execution of the favorites. The 
 elder Despenser was captured at the surrender of Bristol, 
 where he was tried and executed on the charge of treason. 
 
 Despenser, Hugh le. Died Nov., 1326. An Eng- 
 lish court favorite, son of Hugh le Despenser, 
 earl of Winchester. He was appointed chamberlain 
 to Edward II. in 1313. Originally an adherent of the ba- 
 ronial party, he joined his father (whom see) in the sup- 
 port of the king about 1317, and obtained in an especial 
 degree the royal favor. He was banished with his father 
 in 1321, returning with him in 1322. On the rising of the 
 barons under Queen Isabella in 1326, caused by the inso- 
 lence and self-seeking of himself and his father, he fled 
 with Edward from Bondon, Oct. 2, 1326, but was captured 
 at Blantrissaint Nov. 16, 1326, and was tried and executed 
 on the charge of treason. 
 
 Des Periers, Bonaventure. See Hcptameron. 
 Des Plaines (da plan), or Aux Plaines (6 
 plan). A river in southeastern Wisconsin and 
 northeastern Illinois, which unites with the 
 
 Detaille 
 
 Kankakee to form the Illinois 40 miles south- 
 west of Chicago. Length, about 150 miles. 
 Despoblado (daz-pd-bla'do). [Sp., ‘uninhab- 
 ited.’] The name given in the Andean regions 
 of South America to any barren plateau which 
 is so high and cold as to be practically unin- 
 habitable. Also called Putta. Specifically— (a) In 
 southern Peru, the region between the central and west- 
 ern Cordilleras, an undulating tract from 14,000 to 18,000 
 feet high, with a general breadth of about 150 miles, nar- 
 rowing northward and extending southward on the borders 
 of Chile and Bolivia. (6) A desert plateau in southern 
 Bolivia (department of Potosf), on the borders of Argen- 
 tina. 
 
 Desportes (da-port'), Philippe. Born at Char- 
 tres, 1546: died Oct. 5, 1606. A French poet, 
 ecclesiastic, and diplomatist, a disciple of Ron- 
 sard, sumamed by his contemporaries “ the 
 French Tibullus.” 
 
 Dessaix (de-sa'), Joseph Marie. Born at 
 Thonon, Haute-Savoie, France, Sept 24, 1764 : 
 died Oct. 26, 1834. A French general in the 
 Napoleonic wars, surnamed by Napoleon “ L’ln- 
 trdpide” after the battle of Wagrarn (1809). 
 Dessalines (de-sa-len'), Jean Jacques. Bom 
 at Grande Riviere, 1758: died near Port-au- 
 Prince, Oct. 17, 1806. A negro revolutionist of 
 Haiti. He was a slave, joined the servile insurrection 
 of 1791, rose to be second in command under Toussaint 
 Eouverture, and fought against the mulattos ; he was 
 notorious for savage courage and cruelty. In 1802 he re- 
 sisted Beclerc’s army in the west, but finally submitted. 
 After Toussaint had been carried to France he headed 
 another revolt, and, aided by the English, drove out the 
 French (1803). On Jan. 1, 1804, he was proclaimed gover- 
 nor-general of Haiti for life, and on June 16, 1805, empe- 
 ror, as Jean Jacques I. His despotism incited hatred, and 
 he was eventually waylaid and killed. 
 
 Dessau (des'sou). The capital of Anhalt, Ger- 
 many, situated on the Mulde near its junction 
 with the Elbe, in lat. 51° 50' N., long. 12° 14' 
 E. It contains the ducal palace (with art collections), 
 several other art collections, and the Schlosskirche. It 
 was founded by Albert the Bear, and was the birthplace 
 of Moses Mendelssohn. Population, commune, 65,134. 
 
 Dessolles, or Dessolle (de-sol'), Marquis Jean 
 Joseph. Paul Augustin. Born at Auch, Gers, 
 France, Oct. 3, 1767 : died at Paris, Nov. 4, 
 1828. A French general and politician. He 
 served with distinction under Moreau in Italy in 1799, 
 in Germany in 1800, and was minister of foreign affairs 
 1818-19. 
 
 De Stael, Madame. See Stael, de. 
 
 D’Este. See Este, d’. 
 
 De Stendhal. Pseudonym of Marie Henri Beyle. 
 Desterro (daz-ter'ro), or Nossa Senhora do 
 Desterro, or Santa Catharina ; now Flori- 
 anopolis. A seaport and the capital of the 
 state of Santa Catharina, Brazil, situated on the 
 western side of the island of Santa Catharina. 
 It is a secondary military and naval station. 
 Population, about 16,000. 
 
 Destiny (des'ti-ni). A novel by Miss Ferrier, 
 dedicated to Sir Walter Scott, and published 
 anonymously in 1831. 
 
 Destouches (da-tosh'), Philippe Nericault. 
 Born at Tours, France, April, 1680: died 
 near Melun, France, July 4, 1754. A noted 
 French dramatist. His works include “Be curieux 
 impertinent” (1710), “Be philosophe marie ” (1727), “Be 
 glorieux ” (1732), etc. 
 
 Destouches wrote seventeen comedies ; and, if bulk and 
 general merit of work are taken together, he deserves the 
 first place among the comic dramatists of the century in 
 France. Saintsbury, French Bit., p. 409. 
 
 Destutt de Tracy (de-stut' de tra-se'), Comte 
 Alexandre Cesar Victor Charles. Born at 
 Paris, Sept. 9, 1781: died at Paray-le-Fr(5sil, 
 Allier, France, March 13, 1864. A French offi- 
 cer, politician, and writer : son of Antoine 
 Destutt. 
 
 Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude, 
 Comte de Tracy. Born at Paris, July 20, 
 1754: died March 10, 1836. A French philoso- 
 pher, deputy to the Constituent Assembly in 
 1789. His chief works are “laments d’id^ologie ” 
 (1801-16), “Commentaire sur l’esprit des lois”(1811 and 
 1819). 
 
 Desvres (da'vr). A town in the department of 
 Pas-de-Calais, France, 12 miles east of Bou- 
 logne. Population, commune, 4,939. 
 
 Detaille (de-tay'), Jean Baptiste Edouard. 
 
 Born at Paris, Oct. 5, 1848. A French battle- 
 painter. During the Franco-Prussian war he was the 
 secretary of General Pajol, and later of General Appert. 
 Many of his pictures show the result of his studies from 
 life at this period. Among them are “ En Retraite”(1873), 
 “Charge du 9 «'» cuirassiers ii Morsbronn ’’ (1874), “Be re- 
 giment qui passe ” (1875), “Salut aux blessds "(1877), “ Be 
 iv ve ” (1888), “Charge du l or hussards” (bought for the 
 Luxembourg in 1891). Besides some minor illustrations 
 he furnished designs in 1885-88 for a book containing aU 
 the types and uniforms of the French army. 
 
Detmold 
 
 Detmold (det/mold). The capital of Lippe, Ger- 
 many, situated on the Werre 46 miles south- 
 west of Hannover, it lias a Residenz-Schloss and a 
 New Palace, and is the birthplace of Freiligrath. Three 
 miles southwest is the Grotenburg (height 1.160 feet) with 
 the Hermanns Denkmal. See Hermanns Venkmal. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 13,272. 
 
 Detmold, Johann Hermann. Born at Han- 
 nover, Germany, July 24, 1807 : died there, 
 March 17, 1856. A German politician and satiri- 
 cal writer. He was elected to the national assembly 
 in 184S, and in 1849 was for a short time minister of justice 
 and of the interior. He wrote “ Anleitung zur Kunstken- 
 nerschaft”(1833), “Randzeichnungen”(lS43), and “Thaten 
 und Meinungen des Herrn Piepmeier ' (1849). 
 
 De Tocqueville. See Tocqueville. 
 
 Detroit (de-troit'). [From F. detroit, strait.] 
 A port of entry and the capital of Wayne Coun- 
 ty, Michigan, situated on the Detroit River in 
 lat. 42° 20' N., long. 83° 5' W. It is the first city 
 in Michigan, and has a large American and Canadian 
 trade in grain, wool, copper, pork, etc. Among its chief 
 manufactures are car-wheels. It was first visited by the 
 French in 1670 ; settled by them under Cadillac in 1701 ; 
 taken Dy the British in 1760; besieged by Pontiac 1763-64 ; 
 ceded to the United States in 1783, but not occupied until 
 1796 ; surrendered by Hull to the British in 1812 ; and re- 
 covered by the United States in 1813. It was the State 
 capital from 1837 to 1847. Population, 465,766, (1910). 
 Detroit River. A river which flows from 
 Lake St. Clair into Lake Erie, and separates 
 Michigan from the province of Ontario, Can- 
 ada. Length, about 25 miles. 
 
 Dettingen (det'ting-en). A village in Lower 
 Franconia, Bavaria, situated on the Main 16 
 miles southeast of Frankfort. Here, June 27, 1743, 
 the Anglo-German army under George II. of England de- 
 feated the French under Noailles. 
 
 Deucalion (du-ka/li-on). [Gr. A ema/utw.] In 
 Greek legend, a king of Phthia in Thessaly, a 
 son of Prometheus and Clymene, who with his 
 wife Pyrrha was saved from a deluge sent by 
 Zeus. On the advice of his father he built a wooden 
 chest in which he and his wife were saved. After float- 
 ing for nine days he landed on Mount Parnassus and sac- 
 rificed to Zeus. To renew the human race, destroyed by 
 the deluge, he and Pyrrha were directed to veil their 
 faces and throw behind them the bones of their mother. 
 Through a misunderstanding they threw stones, and those 
 thrown by Deucalion became men and those thrown by 
 Pyrrha women ; and with these Deucalion founded a king- 
 dom in Locris. 
 
 Deuteronomy (du-te-ron'o-mi). [LGr. Sevrepo- 
 voutov, the second law.] The fifth and last book 
 of the Pentateuch, containing the last discourses 
 of Moses, delivered in the plain of Moab. it be- 
 gins with a recapitulation of the events of the last month 
 of the forty years’ wandering of the Israelites in the des- 
 ert (i.-iv. 40) ; then follows the main body of the book, set- 
 ting forth the laws which were to regulate the Israelites 
 when they should become settled in the promised land ; 
 while chapters xxvi.-xxxiii. contain the farewell speeches 
 of Moses. Deuteronomy is a manual of religion and social 
 ethics. Compared with the other books of the Pentateuch 
 it is distinguished by a warm, oratorical tone. The laws 
 of the preceding books are modified, and their presenta- 
 tion is more spiritual and ethical. On account of these 
 differences Deuteronomy is now assigned by many critics 
 to a diiferent author and date from the rest of the Penta- 
 teuch. Owing to the fact that the so-called reformation 
 of King Josiah appears to carry out the principles of 
 Deuteronomy, it is concluded that “ the book of the law ” 
 discovered by the priest Hilkiah in the temple in 622 B. C., 
 which began the reformation of Josiah, was Deuteronomy. 
 But its composition must certainly have originated at an 
 earlier date. This is put by many critics in the reign of 
 Menasseh, 698-643 B. 0. 
 
 Deutsch (doich), Emmanuel Oscar Mena- 
 
 hem. Born at Neisse, Prussia, Oct. 28, 1829: 
 died at Alexandria, Egypt, May 12, 1873. A 
 German Orientalist, of Hebrew descent, assis- 
 tant in the British Museum library. 
 Deutsch-Brod (doich'brot). A town in Bohe- 
 mia. situated on the Sazawa 60 miles southeast 
 of Prague. Population, commune, 8,529, (1910). 
 Deutsch-Krone (doich'kro'ne). A town in the 
 province of West Prussia, Prussia, 62 miles 
 north of Posen. Population, 7,516. 
 
 Deutz (doits). A town in the Rhine Province, 
 Prussia, situated on the east “bank of the Rhine 
 opposite Cologne (of which it is now a part) : 
 the Roman Divitia, later (after the 10th cen- 
 tury) Tuitium. Population, 16,136. 
 
 Deux Amis (de-za-me'), Les. [F-, ‘the two 
 friends.’] A play by Beaumarchais, produced 
 in 1770. 
 
 Deux-Ponts (de-pon'). [F., ‘two bridges.’] 
 See Zweibriicken. 
 
 Deux-S&vres (de-savr'). [F., ‘two Sevres’: 
 from the two rivers Sevre Nantaise and Se vre 
 Niortaise.] A department of France, bounded 
 by Maine-et-Loire on the north, Vienne on the 
 east, Charente and Charente-Infdrieure on the 
 south, and Vendde on the west. Capital, Niort. 
 The department was formed chiefly from parts of Poitou, 
 Aunis, and Saintonge. Area, 2,337 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 339,466. 
 
 322 
 
 Deva (da'va). [Skt., ‘heavenly,’ and, as a sub- 
 stantive, ‘ god.’] A deity. The Devas were 
 later reckoned as 33: 12 Adityas, 8 Vasus, 11 
 Rudras, and 2 Asvins. 
 
 Deva (de'va). The ancient name of Chester 
 (which see), and also of the Dee. 
 
 Deva (da'vo). A small town iu Transylvania, 
 Hungary, situated on the Maros 37 miles south- 
 west of Karlsburg. 
 
 Devanagari (da-va-na'ga-re). [Skt., ‘of the city 
 of the gods or Brahmans.’] The mode of writ- 
 ing Sanskrit employed in Hindustan proper, and 
 alone adopted by European scholars : a name of 
 doubtful origin and value. 
 
 Devaprayaga (da-va-pra-ya'gii), or Deoprag 
 (da-6-prag' ). A sacred city of the Hindus, sit- 
 uated in Tehri, United Provinces, India, in lat. 
 30° 10' N., long. 78° 37' E., where the Alak- 
 nanda and Bhagirathi unite to form the Ganges. 
 Devarshis (da-viir'shiz). [Skt.] In Hindu re- 
 ligion, Devarishis or sages who have attained 
 perfection upon earth, and have been exalted as 
 demigods to heaven. 
 
 Devens (dev'ens), Charles. Born at Charles- 
 town, Mass., April 4, 1820 : died at Boston, Jan. 
 7, 1891. An American jurist and general. He 
 served with distinction in the Army of the Potomac 1861- 
 1865, and was attorney-general of the United States 1877- 
 18sl. 
 
 Deventer (de'ven-ter), or Demter (dem'ter). 
 A town in the province of Overyssel, Nether- 
 lands, situated on the Yssel 22 miles northeast 
 of Arnhem. It produces “Deventer honey- 
 cakes,” butter, iron, etc. (See the extract.) 
 Population, 26,212. 
 
 A proof of this character was given in an institution of 
 considerable influence both upon lear ning and religion, 
 the college or brotherhood of Deventer, planned by Gerard 
 Groot, but not built and inhabited till 1400, fifteen years 
 after his death. The associates of this, called by different 
 names, but more usually Brethren of the Life in Common 
 (Gemeineslebens), or Good Brethren and Sisters, were dis- 
 persed in different parts of Germany and the Low Coun- 
 tries, but with their head college at Deventer. They bore 
 an evident resemblance to the modern Moravians, by their 
 strict lives, their community (at least a partial one) of 
 goods, their industry in manual labour, their fervent devo- 
 tion, their tendency to mysticism. Hallam, Lit., p. 75. 
 
 De Vere (de ver'), Sir Aubrey. Born at Cur- 
 ragh Chase, County Limerick, Ireland, Aug. 28, 
 1788: died there, July 5, 1846. An Irish poet. 
 He was the eldest son of Sir Vere Hunt, and took the an- 
 cestral name of De Vere in 1832 by letters patent. He pub- 
 lished “Julian the Apostate ”(1822), “The Song of Faith,” 
 etc. (1842), “Mary Tudor” (1847: posthumously pub- 
 lished), etc. 
 
 De Vere. Aubrey Thomas. Born at Curragh 
 Chase, County Limerick, Ireland, Jan. 10, 1814 : 
 died there, Jan. 20, 1902. An Irish poet, son of 
 Sir Aubrey De Vere. He wrote “ The Waldenses,” 
 etc. (1842), poems iu 1843, 1853, 1857, 1861, 1864, “Irish 
 Odes ” (1869), “ Alexander the Great ” (1874), ‘ ‘ Legends of 
 the Saxon Saints " (1879), etc. His prose works consist of 
 “English Misrule and Irish Misdeeds” (1848), “Pleas for 
 Secularization ” (1867), “The Church Establishment of Ire- 
 land ” (1867), etc., and several volumes of essays (1887-89). 
 
 De Vere, Maximilian Scheie. Born near 
 
 Wexio, Sweden, Nov. 1, 1820: died 1898. An 
 American philologist, professor in the Univer- 
 sity of Virginia. He published “Comparative Philol- 
 ogy” (1853), “Stray Leaves from the Book of Nature” 
 (1856), “Americanisms,” etc. (1871), “ Romance of Amer- 
 ican History ” (1872), a number of translations from Spiel- 
 hagen, and “ Myths of the Rhine,” translated from X. B. 
 Sain tine (1874]. 
 
 Devereux (dev'e-ro). A novel by Bulwer, pub- 
 lished in 1829. 
 
 Devereux, Penelope. A lady loved by Sir 
 Philip Sidney, and celebrated by him under the 
 name of Stella. See Astrophel. 
 
 Devereux, Robert, second Earl of Essex. Born 
 at Netherwood, Herefordshire, England, Nov. 
 10, 1567 : beheaded at London, Feb. 25, 1601. 
 An English nobleman, son of the first Earl of 
 Essex, and a favorite of Queen Elizabeth. He 
 
 was appointed in 1585 general of the horse to the expedi- 
 tion sent under Leicester to the aid of the States-General. 
 In 1587 he attended the court of Queen Elizabeth, who at 
 this time began to show him unmistakable signs of atten- 
 tion. He married the widow of Sir Philip Sidney in 1590, 
 became a privy councilor in 1593, commanded the land 
 forces in the expedition against Cadiz in 1596, was ap- 
 pointed earl marshal of England in 1597, and became 
 chancellor of Cambridge University in 1598. In 1599 he 
 was appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland, in which post 
 he aroused the queen’s anger by the failure of his opera- 
 tions against the Irish rebels. He returned to England to 
 lay hisdefensebefore thequeen in person, and, failing tore- 
 gain his standing at court, formed a conspiracy to compel 
 her by force of arms to dismiss his enemies in the council. 
 He was arrested and executed on the charge of treason. 
 
 Devereux, Robert, third Earl of Essex. Born 
 at London, 1591: died Sept. 14, 1646. An Eng- 
 lish general, son of the second Earl of Essex. 
 He was appointed general of the Parliamentary army on 
 the outbreak of the civil war in 1042 ; fought the Royalist 
 forces in the drawn battle of Edgehill in 1642 ; captured 
 
 Devil upon Two Sticks, The 
 
 Reading, relieved Gloucester, and gained the first battle 
 of Newbury in 1643 ; lost his army in the unsuccessful 
 campaign in Cornwall in 1644 ; and resigned his command 
 on the passage of the Self-Denying Ordinance in 1645. 
 
 Devereux, Walter, first Earl of Essex. Born 
 in Carmarthenshire, Wales, probably in 1541 : 
 died at Dublin, Sept. 22, 1576. An English 
 nobleman. He raised in 1569 a troop of soldiers to assist 
 in suppressing the northern rebellion under the earls of 
 Northumbria and Westmoreland, for which service he was 
 created earl of Essex in 1572. He made an unsuccessful 
 attempt to subdue and colonize Ulster 1573-76. 
 
 Deveron (dev'e-ron). A river in Aberdeen- 
 shire and Banffshire, Scotland, which flows into 
 Moray Firth at Banff. Length, about 60 miles. 
 
 Devi (da've). In Hindu mythology, “the god- 
 dess ” or Mahadevi ( ‘ the great goddess’), wife of 
 the god Shiva and daughter of Himavat (that is, 
 the Himalaya Mountains). She is mentioned under 
 a number of names in the Mahabharata, but is specially 
 developed in the Puranas. As the Shakti or female energy 
 of Shiva, she has two characters, one mild, the other 
 fierce, and it is under the latter that she is especially wor- 
 shiped. She has various names, referring to her various 
 forms. In her terrible form she is Durga (‘the inacces- 
 sible’). It is in this character that bloody sacrifices are 
 offered to her, that the barbarities of the Durgapuja and 
 Charakpuja are perpetrated, and that the orgies of the 
 Tantrikas are held in her honor. 
 
 De Vigny. See Vigny. 
 
 Devil (dev'l), The. A noted tavern in Fleet 
 street, London, near Temple Bar. The Apollo 
 Club was held here. It was presided over by Ben Jon- 
 son. Shakspere, Beaumont, Fletcher, and other celebrities 
 frequented it. The tavern has been absorbed by Child’s 
 Bank, one of the oldest banks in London, which occupied 
 the next house. 
 
 Devil, The White. See White Devil. 
 
 Devil and his Dam, The. See Grim the Col- 
 lier of Croyden. 
 
 Devil is an Ass, The. A comedy by Ben Jon- 
 sou, first acted in 1616. Jouson evidently had in 
 mind the title of Dekker’s play (published 1612) “If it 
 he not Good the Devil is in it ” ; the devil in Jonson’s 
 play being an ass in comparison to the characters who 
 buffet and completely overreach him. 
 
 Devil of Dowgate, The, or Usury Put to Use. 
 
 See Night-Walker, The (by Fletcher). 
 
 Devil of Edmonton. See Merry Devil of Ed- 
 monton. 
 
 Deville, Sainte-Claire. See Sainte-Claire De- 
 ville. 
 
 Devil’s Bridge. A stone bridge over the Reuss, 
 in the canton of Uri, Switzerland, on the St. 
 Gotthard Pass, near Andermatt. It was partly 
 destroyed by the French in 1799. A new bridge (near 
 the original one) was built 1828-30. 
 
 Devil’s Bridge, or Pont-y-Mynach (pont-e- 
 mun'ach). A bridge over the gorge of the 
 Mynach, near Aberystwith, in Wales. 
 
 Devil’s Dyke. An ancient earthwork, 18 feet 
 high (of prehistoric date), in Cambridgeshire, 
 England, extending from Reach to Wood-Dit- 
 ton. There is another natural “Devil’s Dyke” 
 near Brighton, England. 
 
 The Devil’s Dyke, as this barrier is called, is clearly a 
 work of defence against enemies advancing from the 
 Fens ; and as a defence to the East Anglians it was of 
 priceless value, for, stretching as it did from a point 
 where the country became fenny and impassable to a 
 point where the woods equally forbade all access, it 
 covered the only entrance to the country they had won. 
 But if the dyke he the work of the conquerors of this part 
 of the coast, its purely defensive character shows that 
 their attack was at an end ; and that it was rather as as- 
 sailants than as a prey that they regarded the towns of 
 Central Britain. Green, Making of England, p. 51. 
 
 Devil’s Lake. A lake in the northeastern part 
 of North Dakota. Length, 50 miles. 
 
 Devil’s Law-Case, The. A romantic comedy 
 by Webster, printed in 1623. 
 
 Devil’s Parliament. [L. Parliamentum Dia- 
 holiCUm .] A nickname given to the English 
 Parliament which met at Coventry, England, 
 in 1459. It attainted the leading Yorkists. 
 
 Devil's Thoughts, The. A short poem by Cole- 
 ridge and Southey, sometimes known as “The 
 Devil’s Walk.” 
 
 The famous “Devil’s Thoughts” had appeared in its 
 first form on 6 Sept. 1799. The first three stanzas of four- 
 teen were by Southey. This amusing doggerel was re- 
 printed in Coleridge's “Sibylline Leaves” (1817), and in 
 his collected poems. 1829 and 1834, with due statement of 
 Southey’s share. It was imitated by Byron and claimed 
 for Porson. In Southey’s poems it is reprinted w ith many 
 additional stanzas, including some referring to the Porson 
 story. Diet. Nat. Biog., XI. 308. 
 
 Devil’s Wall. A popular name for the south- 
 ern portion of the Roman fortification called 
 the Pfahlgraben (which see). 
 
 Devil upon Two Sticks, The. A comedy by 
 Foote, first played May 30, 1768, and printed in 
 1778. Foote took it from Le Sage’s “Le diable 
 boiteux,” and himself played the part of the 
 devil. See Asmodeus. 
 
Devizes 
 
 323 
 
 Devizes (de-vi'zez). [Formerly also De Vies writer. His works include “ Human Nature,” 
 ( whence the mistaken forms The Vies, The Vise , “Human Life,” “Unitarian Belief,” etc. 
 
 The Vises) ; ME. * Devises , ML. Divisse, orig. Cas- De Winter (de vm'ter), Jan Willem. Born 
 tram Divisarum, city of the borders (ML. di- in Texel, Netherlands, 1750: died at Paris, June 
 visee) 1 A town in Wiltshire, England, 27 miles 2, 1812. A Dutch admiral, commander at the 
 southeast of Bristol. It has a trade in grain, battle of Camperdown, Oct. 11, 1797. 
 Population, 6,532. DeWitt (de vit'), Cornelius. Born at Dort, 
 
 Devon. See Devonshire. Netherlands, 1623: murdered at The Hague, 
 
 Devonport (dev'on-port). A seaport and mu- Aug. 20, 16/2. A Dutch politician and naval 
 nicipal and parliamentary borough in Devon- officer, brother of Jan De Witt, 
 shire, England, situated on the estuary of the De Witt, Jan. Born at Dort, Netherlands, 
 Tamar, known as the Hamoaze, 2 miles west Dec. 25, 1625 : murdered at The Hague, Aug. 
 of Plymouth. It has an important naval arsenal, and is ^0, 1672. A Dutch statesman. He became grand 
 noted for its dockyards Until 1824 it was called 1'lym- pensionary of Holland in 1653; terminated the war with 
 outlx Dock. Population, 81,694, (1911). England (which had broken out in 1652) by a treaty with 
 
 npvnn«hire frlev' on-shir) or Devon (dev'onh Cromwell in 1654 ; carried on a war with England 1665-67 ; 
 ,M,° n o 1Te , 9 a o nr procured the passage of the Perpetual Edict (directed 
 
 [ML. Devenschire , AS. Defend SClV, shire ot the Q g a i n8 t the house of Orange) in 1668 ; and in 1668 nego- 
 Devons (Defends), the inhabitantsof theregion- J tiated with England and Sweden the Triple Alliance, 
 A maritime county of southwestern England, which frustrated the design of Louis XIV. to annex the 
 
 1-vinir hptwpon Bri-stol Uhannel on the west and Spanish Netherlands. He was overthrown by the Orange 
 lying between Bristol tmannei on . tne west aim v in and wjth his brother Cornelius was murdered 
 
 north, Somerset and Dorset on the northeast £ t The Hague by an infuriated mob. 
 and east, the English Channel on the south- Dewsbury (duz'beF'i). A town in the West 
 east and south, and Cornwall on the west. jj iding ot - Yorkshire, England, situated on the 
 Dartmoor and the \ale of Exeter are noted natural tea* & D .. , , q , , T , • ,, 
 
 tures. Its chief mineral products are copper and tin, and Calder 8 miles southwest of Leeds. It IS the 
 the county is noted for its cattle and cider. County town, center ol til© siioduy niclii'ufjictu.re. x opula.tiODj 
 Exeter. Area (ad. co.), 2,598 square miles. Population 28,060. 
 
 (pari, co.), 661,314. Dexileus (dek-sil'e-us), Monument of. Amon- 
 
 Devonshire, Earl and Duke of. See Blount, ument on the Street of Tombs at Athens, it is 
 .. . Cnmenrlieli a beautiful stele hearing in relief a youthful horseman 
 
 ovurienap, Luueriuisn. who has ridden down an en . Dexileus fell before 
 
 Devonshire Club. A Liberal club at 50 St. Corinth in 394-393 b. 0 . 
 
 James street, London, established in 1875. Dexippus (deks-ip'us), Publius Herennius. 
 Devonshire House. A house in Piccadilly, [Gr. A^Trof.] Died about 280 a. d. A Greek 
 London, near Berkeley street. It is the residence historian. He commanded a band of patriots in 262 
 of the Duke of Devonshire, and was for more than a cen- against the Goths or Scythians who invaded Greece and 
 tury one of the headquarters of the leaders of the Whig captured Athens. He wrote an account of this invasion, 
 party. entitled 2 taiduco., fragments of which are extant. 
 
 Devrient (dev-ryoh'), Gustav Emil. Born Dexter (deks'ter). A dark-bay trotting gelding 
 at Berlin, Sept. 4, 1803: died at Dresden, Aug. with white legs and a blaze, by Hambletonian 
 7,1872. A German actor, brother of K. A. (10), dam Clara, by Seely’s American Star. June 
 Devrient 21 , 1867, he won the fastest trotting record in 2:171, and 
 
 Devrient,' Karl August. Born at Berlin, April t0 Maid (2:14) in 1874. 
 
 5, 1797: died at Lauterberg, in the Harz, Ger- Dexter, Henry Martyn. Bom at Plympton, 
 many, Aug. 3, 1872. A German actor, nephew ^ ass ’> : I s e w Bedford, 
 
 of Ludwm Devrient Mass., Nov. 13, 1890. An American Congrega- 
 
 Devrient," Ludwig. Born at Berlin, Dec. 15, tional clergyman .and historian, editor of the 
 1784: died at Berlin, Dec. 30, 1832. A noted f Congregationalist (at Boston) 185 1-66 and 
 Pc-ma n ’ trom 186/. His works include “The Voice of the 
 
 german actor. Bible," etc. (1858), “Congregationalism,” etc. (1865), 
 
 Devrient, Philipp Eduard. Born at Berlin, “Church Polity of the Puritans,” etc. (1870), “The Con- 
 Aug. 11, 1801 : died at Karlsruhe, Baden, Oct. gregationalism of the last Three Hundred Years,’’ etc. 
 4. 1877. A German actor, dramatic writer, (1880: this has la bibliography of over '7, .(^titles) “Com- 
 »»d playwright : brother of Karl Aogu.t Devi 
 
 nent. HlS chief work IS a “Geschicllte der teenth Century” and “A History of the Old Plymouth 
 deutschen Schauspielkunst ” (1848-74). Colony” were in preparation at his death. 
 
 Dewangiri (da-wiin-ge're), or Diwangiri (de- Dexter, Samuel. Born at Boston, May 14,1761: 
 wan-ge're). A place on the boundary of the died at Athens, N. Y., May 4, 1816. An Amer- 
 Kamrup district, Eastern Bengal and Assam, in ican jurist and politician, secretary of war in 
 lat. 26° 52' N., long. 91° 28' E. The scene of engage- 1800, and secretary of the treasury in 1801. 
 ments between the Bhutias and English troops in 1865. Deyra Dun. See Dehra Dun. 
 
 D Ewes (duz), Sir Simonds. Born at Coxden, Dhalim (Tna'lim). [Ar. zalim, the ostricli. See 
 Dorsetshire, England, Dec. 18, 160*,: died at Beid.] The bright third-magnitude star (i Eri- 
 Stow Langtoft Hall, Suffolk, April 8, 1650. An dani: the brightest in that part of the constel- 
 English antiquary and chronicler. He collected lation which is visible in Europe. More often 
 journals of all the Parliaments during the reign of Queen „„ii. J ,i 
 
 Elizabeth (published 1682). His manuscripts were sold, called ( ill set (winch see). 
 
 after his death, to Sir Kobert Harley (afterward Earl of Dhammapada (dham-ma-pa da). [Pall, ‘pre- 
 
 cepts of the law,’ or ‘ steps of the law.’] A por- 
 tion of the Buddhist Scriptures, the second di- 
 vision of the Khuddakanikaya, or Collection of 
 Short Treatises. It is translated by Max Miil- 
 ler in the “Sacred Books of the East,” Yol. X. 
 
 Oxford), and are now in the British Museum. 
 
 De Wette (de wet'te or vet'te), Wilbelm Mar- 
 tin Leberecbt. Born at Ulla, near Weimar, 
 
 Germany, Jan. 12, 1780: died at Basel, Switzer- 
 land, June 16, 1849. A celebrated German 
 Protestant theologian and biblical critic, pro- Dhanvantari (dhan-van'ta-ri). [Skt.] 1. A 
 fessor at Heidelberg 1807-10, at Berlin 1810- Vedic deity to whom offerings at twilight were 
 1819, and at Basel 1822-49. His chief works are made in the northeast quarter.— 2. The phy- 
 “ Beitrkgezur Einleitung in das Alte Testament "(1806-07), sician of thegods. — 3. A celebrated physician, 
 “Kommentar iiber die Psalmen” ( 1811 ), “ Lehrbuch der one of “ the nine gems” of the court of Vikrama. 
 
 hebraisch-j'udischeu Archaologie” (1814), “liber Religion ni.., T . , , , , . , , , , 
 
 und Theologie” (1815), “ Lehrbuch der Christlichen Dog- Ljll&r (clhai). 1. A treaty state in Central 
 raatik” (181S-16), etc. India, situated about lat. 21° 55'-25° 23' N., 
 
 Dewey (du'i), Chester. Born at Sheffield, long. 74° 41 '-76° 33' E. It is under the Bhopa- 
 Mass., Oct. 25, 1784: died at Rochester, N. Y., war agency.— 2. The capital of the above 
 Dec. 15, 1867. An American clergyman and state. Population, about 18,000. 
 botanist. " Dharmashastra (dhar-ma-shas'tra). [Skt., ‘a 
 
 Dewey, George. Born at Montpelier, Vt., law-book.’] The whole body of Hindu law; 
 
 Dec. 26, 1837. An American admiral. He was 
 graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 
 1858 ; served under Farragut as lieutenant on the Missis- 
 sippi in 1862 ; and took part in the attack on Fort Fisher 
 1864-66. He was promoted lieutenant-commander in 
 March, 1865 ; commander in 1872; captain in 1884 ; com- 
 modore in 1896 ; rear-adiniral in 1898 ; and admiral in 1899. 
 .He has served on the Lighthouse Board, and has been chief 
 tf the Bureau of Equipment and president of the Board 
 of Inspection and Survey. Having been placed in com- 
 mand of the Asiatic Station, on May 1, 1898, a few days 
 after the outbreak of the war with Spain, he destroyed 
 the Spanish fleet off Cavite In the Bay of Manila. On 
 Aug. 13 his fleet aided the troops under General Merritt 
 in the capture of Manila. 
 
 Dewey, Orville. Bom at Sheffield, Mass., 
 March 28, 1794 : died at Sheffield, March 21, 
 1882. An American Unitarian clergyman and 
 
 more especially, the laws ascribed to Manu, 
 Yajnavalkya, and other inspired sages. These 
 works are generally in three parts : (1) achara, rules of 
 conduct; (2) vyavahara, judicature; (3) prayashchitta, pen- 
 ance. The inspired lawgivers are spoken of as eighteen, 
 hut forty-two are mentioned. Manu and Yajnavalkya stand 
 at their head. A general collection of the Dharmashas- 
 tras has been printed at Calcutta by Jivananda under the 
 title of Dharmashastrasangraha. 
 
 Dharwar (dhar'war), or Darwar (dar'war), or 
 Dharwad (dhar'wad). 1. A district in Bom- 
 bay, British India, intersected by lat. 15° N., 
 long. 75° 30' E. It produces cotton. — 2. The 
 chief town of the above district, situated in 
 lat. 15° 27' N., long. 75° 1' E. It was taken by 
 Hyder Ali in 1778, and retaken by the Mahrattas in 1791. 
 Population, 31,279. 
 
 Dial, The 
 
 Dhawalaghiri (dha-wal-a-ge'ri), or Dhwal- 
 agiri (dhwal-a-ge'ri). A peak of the Hima- 
 layas, in Nepal, in lat. 29° 10' N., long. 82° 
 55' E. Height, 26,826 feet. It was once sup- 
 posed to be the highest mountain in the world, 
 but now takes fourth or fifth position. 
 
 Dhegiha (dha'ge-ha). [‘On this side.’] A di- 
 vision of the Siouan stock of North American 
 Indians, composed of five tribes — the Ponka, 
 Omaha, Kwapa, Osage, and Kansa — number- 
 ing abdut 4,000. See Siouan. 
 
 Dholpur (dhol-por'). A native state of Rajpu- 
 tana, India, under British supervision and a 
 Jat dynasty, situated about lat. 26° 45' N., 
 long. 78° E. Area, 1,197 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 270,973. 
 
 Dhritarashtra (dhri-ta-rash'tra). [Skt., ‘whose 
 kingdom is firm.’] The eldest son of Vichitra- 
 virya or Yyasa, and brother of Pandu. He had 
 by Gandhari a hundred sons, of whom the eldest was Duryo- 
 dhana. Dhritarashtra was blind, and Pandu was affected 
 with a disease supposed from his name, “ the pale,” to be 
 leprosy. The two brothers renounced the throne, and the 
 great war recorded in the Mahabharata was fought be- 
 tween their sons, one party being called Kauravas from 
 an ancestor Kuru, the other Pandavas from their father 
 Pandu. 
 
 Dhurjati (dkor-ja'te). [Skt., ‘having heavy, 
 matted locks.’] A name of Rudra or Shiva. 
 Dliyani Buddha (dhya'nibud'dha). [Skt. dJiya- 
 na, VaM jhana, meditation.] The earlier Buddhism 
 teaches that above the worlds of the gods there are six- 
 teen Brahmalokas, ‘ worlds of Brahma,’ one above another. 
 Those who attain on earth to the first, second, or third 
 dhyanas, or stages of ‘ mystic meditation,’ are reborn in the 
 lower of these worlds, three being assigned to each stage or 
 dhyana. Those who attain the fourth enter the tenth and 
 eleventh Brahmalokas. The remaining five are assigned 
 to those who attain to the third path on earth, and who will 
 reach Nirvana in the new existence, the third path being 
 that of those who will never return to this world, in whose 
 hearts, the last remnants of sensuality and malevolence 
 being destroyed, not the least low desire for one’s self, or 
 wrong feeling toward others, can arise. To each of these 
 five groups of worlds the Great Vehicle assigns a special 
 Buddha, called Dhyani Buddha. These five Buddhas corre- 
 spond to the last four Buddhas, including Gautama, and 
 the future Buddha, Maitreya (see Bodhisatlva). Each of 
 these human Buddhas has his corresponding Bodhisattva 
 and Dhyani Buddha, the latter being his pure and glori- 
 ous counterpart in the mystic world, free from the debas- 
 ing conditions of the material life. The material Buddha 
 is only the emanation of a Dhyani Buddha living in the 
 ethereal mansions of mystic trance. 
 
 Diable, Robert le. See Bobert, etc. 
 
 Diable boiteux (de-a'bl bwa-te'), Le. [F., 
 ‘ The Lame Devil.’] A satirical romance by Le 
 Sage, published in 1707. It was an imitation of a 
 Spanish work entitled “El diablo cojuelo,” written by 
 Luis Velez de Guevara, and first printed in 1641, and of 
 other satires (by Cervantes and otliers) long current. In 
 Guevara’s production, “ the student Don Cleofas, having 
 accidentally entered the abode of an astrologer, delivers 
 from aglass bottle, in which he had been confined by the 
 conjurer, the devil (diablo cojuelo), who is a spirit nearly 
 of the same description as the Asmodde (“diable boi- 
 teux ”) of Le Sage, and who, in return for the service he 
 had received from the scholar, exhibits to him the inte- 
 rior of the houses of Madrid.” (Dunlop, Hist, of Prose 
 Fict., II. 477.) “ In the French version . . . an additional 
 human interest is imparted by a fire, in which the good- 
 natured and grateful demon takes the shape of Cleofas 
 in rescuing a young lady ofhigh birth, and thereby secures 
 for his liberator a prosperous marriage.” (Saintsbury, 
 French Lit.) The whole work is in dialogue form. Foote 
 took from it his play “The Devil on Two Sticks." The 
 title “ Le diable boiteux ” has been given to a number of 
 other publications, newspapers, etc. See Asmodeus. 
 Diablerets (dyab-le-ra'). A group of moun- 
 tains in Switzerland, on the borders of Vaud, 
 Valais, and Bern, northeast of St. Maurice. 
 Highest point, 10,650 feet. 
 
 Diablintes (di-a-blin'tez), or Diablindi (-di). 
 A tribe of northwestern Gaul, allies of the Ve- 
 neti against Csesar in 56 b. c. They lived 
 probably near Le Mans. 
 Diadochi(di-ad'o-ki). [Gr. d/ado^ot, successors.] 
 The Macedonian generals of Alexander the 
 Great who, after his death in 323 b. c., divided 
 his empire. 
 
 DiadumeilOS (di-a-du'me-nos). [Gr. SiaSovfievoCj, 
 binding up his hair.] An athlete binding his 
 brow with a fillet, a good Roman reproduction 
 of a famous statue by Polyclitus, found at Vai- 
 son, Prance, and now in the British Museum. 
 Diafoirus (de-a-fwa-riis'). The name of the 
 physician in M olihre’s “ Malade imaginaire” 
 to whose son Thomas Argan wishes to betroth 
 his daughter Angelique. The father is very 
 comical, and the son, full of folly and erudi- 
 tion, no less so. 
 
 Diagoras (di-ag'o-ras). [Gr. Aiay6pac,] Born in 
 Melos, JEgean Sea : lived last half of 5th century 
 B. c. A Greek philosopher, accused by the Athe- 
 nians of impiety: sumamed “The Atheist.” 
 Dial, The. An American literary quarterly and 
 organ of the Transcendentalists (published at 
 
Dial, The 
 
 Boston), edited by Margaret Fuller, assisted by 
 Ripley, Emerson, and others, 1840-42, and by 
 Emerson 1842-44. 
 
 Dialogue of Death. A book by William Bul- 
 lein, published 1564-65. The whole title is, “ A Dia- 
 logue bothe pleasaunte and pietifull, wherein is a goodly 
 regimente against the fever Pestilence, with a consolacion 
 and comfort against death." 
 
 Diamantina(de-a-man-te'na), formerly Tejuco 
 (ta-zho'ko). A town in the state of Minas 
 Geraes, Brazil, in lat. 18° 25' S., long. 43° 25' 
 W. It is the center of a diamond district, dis- 
 covered about 1728 and now little worked. 
 Population, municipio, 46,572. 
 
 Diamantino (de-a-man-te'no). A town in the 
 state of Matto Grosso, Brazil, situated near the 
 headwaters of the Paraguay, in lat. 14° 24' S., 
 long. 56° 7' W. It is the center of an abandoned 
 diamond district. Population, 2,726. 
 Diamond, or Dyamond (dl'a-mond). One of 
 three brothers, sons of the fairy Agape, in 
 Spenser’s “Faerie Queene.” When he is slain 
 by Camballo, his strength passes into his sur- 
 viving brothers. 
 
 Diamond Necklace Affair, The. In French 
 history, a celebrated episode which discredited 
 the court. A necklace (valued at about $300,000), ori- 
 ginally ordered for Madame du Barry, was 1783-84 nego- 
 tiated for by Cardinal de Bohan through an intermediary, 
 the adventuress Countess de Lamotte. The cardinal, who 
 hoped to gain the affection of Marie Antoinette, was duped 
 by pretended signatures of the queen. It was believed 
 (probably with injustice) that the queen was involved in 
 the affair. 
 
 Diamond State, The. Delaware. 
 
 Diana (dl-an'a or di-a'na). An ancient Italian 
 divinity, goddess of the moon, protectress of 
 the female sex, etc., later identified with the 
 Greek Artemis. 
 
 Diana. See Diana Enamorada. 
 
 Diana. [F .Diane.'] 1. A character in D’Urfe’s 
 “ Astrea,” taken from the “ Diana Enamorada” 
 of Montemayor. — 2. In Shakspere’s “All’s 
 Well that Ends Well,” the daughter of the 
 Florentine widow with whom Helena lodges. 
 She reconciles Bertram and Helena by a 
 stratagem. 
 
 Diana, or Die, Vernon. See Vernon. 
 
 Diana, Temple of (in Ephesus). See Ephesus. 
 Diana and Actseon. A painting by Titian 
 (1559), in Bridgewater House, London. The hun- 
 ter and his dogs come suddenly upon the startled goddess 
 and her nymphs at the bath. Diana looks angrily at 
 the intruder, but has not yet taken action. 
 
 Diana and Callisto. A painting by Titian, in 
 Bridgewater House, London. The goddess sits on 
 a bank beside a stream, and at her command several of 
 her nymphs hold the offending Callisto forcibly, while 
 another tears away her drapery. 
 
 Diana Enamorada (de-a'na a-na-mo-ra'THa). 
 [Sp., ‘Diana enamoured.’] The chief work of 
 Jorge de Montemayor: an important pastoral 
 romance, the most popular one published in 
 Spain since “Amadisof Gaul.” it was first printed 
 at Valencia in 1542. It was left unfinished, but in 1564 
 Antonio Perez of Salamanca wrote a second part. In the 
 same year Gaspar Gil Polo of Valencia wrote another con- 
 tinuation. There were many other imitations. Sir Philip 
 Sidney translated some of the short poems. The original 
 work was modeled to a degree on Sannazaro’s ‘ Arcadia.” 
 Diana of France, Duchesse de Montmorency 
 and d’Angouleme. Born at Piedmont, Italy, 
 1538: died Jan. 3, 1619. An illegitimate daugh- 
 ter of Henry II. of France, who played an in- 
 fluential part in French politics. Her mother 
 was a Piedmontese. 
 
 Diana of Poitiers, Comtesse de Breze, Duchesse 
 de Valentinois. Born Sept. 3, 1499: died at 
 Anet, Orl6anais, France, April 22, 1566. A 
 mistress of Henry II. of France, noted for her 
 influence at the French court. She was a member 
 of a noble family of Dauphin^, and married (1512) Louis 
 de Br6z6, grand seneschal of Normandy, who died in 1531. 
 
 Diana of Versailles. A celebrated Greek statue 
 in the Louvre, Paris, commonly regarded as 
 a companion piece to the Apollo Belvedere, 
 though inferior in execution. The goddess is ad- 
 vancing, clad in the short Dorian tunic and himation 
 girded at her waist; she looks toward the right, as with 
 raised arm she takes an arrow from her quiver. 
 
 Diana witli her Nymphs. A painting by 
 Domenichino, in the Palazzo Borghese, Rome. 
 The goddess stands in the middle, with bow and quiver ; 
 one nymph has just transfixed a pigeon raised as a mark 
 on a pole; others bear in a dead stag. There is great 
 variety in the attitudes and motives, and the landscape 
 background is pleasing. 
 
 Dianora and Gilberto. One of Boccaccio’s 
 tales, the fifth novel of the tenth day of the 
 Decameron. Chaucer took his “ Franklyn’s 
 Tale ’’from this story. ( Morley .) See Franklin’s 
 Tale. 
 
 324 
 
 Diarbekir (de-ar-be-ker' ), or Diarbekr (de-ar- 
 bekr'). 1. A vilayet in Asiatic Turkey, in the 
 valleys of the upper Tigris and upper Eu- 
 phrates. Population, 471,500. — 2. The capital 
 of the above vilayet, situated near the Tigris 
 in lat. 37° 56' N., long. 40° 9' E. : also called 
 Kara Amid : the ancient Amida. It is a trading 
 center, and has manufactures of red and yellow morocco, 
 etc. It was a Roman colony about 230 A. D., was sacked 
 by Timur near the end of the 14th century, and was cap- 
 tured by the Turks in 1515. Population, estimated, about 
 34,000. 
 
 Diary of an Ennuy^e. A diary by Mrs. Jame- 
 son (Anna Murphy), published in 1826. 
 
 Diary of a Late Physician. See Passages from 
 the Diary, etc. 
 
 Dias, Antonio GonQalves. See Gonsalves Dias. 
 Dias (de'as),Bartholomeu. Born aboutl450(?): 
 died May 12 ('?), 1500. A Portuguese navigator. 
 He was a gentleman of the royal household, and in 1486 
 was made commander of one of two small vessels (Infante 
 commanding the other) destined to explore the coast 
 of Africa. They passed the farthest point attained 
 by Diego Cam ; followed the coast to about lat. 26° S. ; 
 thence sailed south in the open sea for thirteen days, suf- 
 fering greatly from cold ; turned eastward in search of 
 land, and, not finding it, bore to the north, striking the 
 coast east of the Cape of Good Hope, and following it to a 
 point beyond Algoa Bay. The sailors refused to go far- 
 ther ; and, after taking possession of the land for Portugal, 
 they returned around the cape and reached home in safety. 
 Some accounts say that Dias was driven beyond the cape 
 by a storm without observing it : in any case, he and his 
 companions were the first to double the south end of 
 Africa. In 1497 Dias sailed with the expedition of Gama, 
 hut remained trading on the West African coast. In 1500 
 he commanded a ship in Cabral’s fleet, and was lost in a 
 storm after leaving the Brazilian coast. 
 
 Diavolo, Fra. See Fra Diavolo. 
 
 Diaz, Bernal. See Diaz del Castillo. 
 
 Diaz (de'ath), Porfirio. Born in Oaxaca, Sept. 
 15, 1830. A Mexican general and statesman. 
 He served as a soldier in the war with the United States 
 in 1847, led a battalion against Santa Anna in 1854, and 
 in 1858 adhered to Juarez and the liberal party. In 1861 
 he was a deputy, but soon took the field and won a vic- 
 tory over the reactionist Marquez. During the French 
 invasion he was one of the leaders of the defense, was 
 captured at Puebla, May, 1863, hut escaped, and headed 
 the army of resistance in Oaxaca. Forced to surrender, 
 Feb., 1865, he again escaped and raised new forces. After 
 the withdrawal of the French army he rapidly gained 
 ground against Maximilian’s generals, taking Puebla April 
 2, 1867, and finally entering Mexico June 21, 1867. Soon 
 after he was a candidate for the presidency, but Juarez 
 was elected. General Diaz kept up a continual opposition 
 to Juarez, and his successor, Lerdo, and headed several re- 
 volts. In 1876 he finally drove Lerdo out, and in May, 
 1877, became president of Mexico. He quickly restored 
 order and started an era of prosperity for the country. 
 Not being by the constitution eligible to immediate re- 
 election, he was succeeded by his friend General Gonzalez 
 Dec., 1880. He was again elected in 1884, and reelected in 
 1888, 1892, 1896, 1900, 1904, and 1910, the constitution having 
 been amended to permit this. Resigned May 25, 1911. 
 
 Diaz de Armendaris (de'ath da ar-men-da'- 
 rSs_), Lope, Marquis of Cadereita. Born in 
 Quito about 1575 : died, probably at Badajoz, 
 after 1641. A Spanish naval officer and ad- 
 ministrator. He commanded various fleets from 1603 to 
 1623. He was ambassador to Germany and Spain, major- 
 domo to Queen Isabel de Borbon, and viceroy of Mexico 
 1635—40. Subsequently he was bishop of Badajoz. 
 
 Diaz de la Pena (de'ath da la pan'ya), Nar- 
 cisse. Born at Bordeaux, Prance, Aug. 20, 
 1807: died at Mentone, France, Nov. 19, 1876. 
 A noted French landscape and genre painter 
 of the Fontainebleau school. He made his ddbut 
 at the Salon in 1831. In 1S44 he obtained a medal of the 
 third class, in 1816 one of the second class, and in 1848 
 one of the first class. He became a chevalierof the Legion 
 of Honor in 1851. 
 
 Diaz del Castillo (de'ath del kas-tel'yo), Ber- 
 nal. Born at Medina del Campo about 1492 : 
 died in Guatemala about 1581. A Spanish sol- 
 dier and author. He went, as a common soldier, to 
 Darien with Pedrarias in 1514 ; thence crossed to Cuba ; 
 was with Cordoba in the discovery of Yucatan in 1517, and 
 with Grijalva in 1518 ; subsequently joined Cortes ; served 
 through the conquest of Mexico 1519-21 ; settled at 
 Coatzacoalcos ; in 1524 rejoined Cortes in the Honduras 
 campaign. Diaz settled in Guatemala, at Santiago de Ios 
 Caballeros, where about 1556 he began writing his “ His- 
 toria de la Conquista de Nueva Espafia,” covering the 
 period 1614-68. It was first published at Madrid in 1632 
 by Friar Alonzo Remon. The original was preserved in the. 
 archives of Guatemala and was published by Garcia in 1904. 
 
 Diaz de Solis, Juan. See Soils. 
 
 Dibdin (dib'din), Charles. Born at South- 
 ampton, England, March, 1745 : died at Lon- 
 don, July 25, 1814. An English song-writer 
 and composer, especially noted for sea-songs. 
 He went on the stage as a “singing actor” when about 
 fifteen years old, and soon began to write operas and other 
 dramatic pieces, for which lie sometimes wrote the words 
 as well as the music, and in which he also played. In 
 1787 he began his series of “table entertainments,” “of 
 which he was composer, narrator, singer, and accompany. 
 ist. ” Nearly all his best songs — “The Flowing Can,” 
 “Ben Backstay,” “Tom Bowling,” etc. — were written by 
 him for these entertainments, which were called “The 
 
 Dick Tinto 
 
 Whim of the Moment," “Oddities," “The Wags,” “The 
 Quizzes, ” etc. He wrote several novels and “The His- 
 tory of the Stage” (about 1800), his own “Professional 
 Life” (1803), poems, etc., and about seventy operas and 
 musical dramas. 
 
 Dibdin, Charles Isaac Mungo. Bom in 1768 : 
 died in 1833. An English dramatist and song- 
 writer, son of Charles Dibdin. 
 
 Dibdin, Thomas. Born at London, March 21, 
 1771 : died at London, Sept. 16, 1841. An Eng- 
 lish song-writer and dramatist, son of Charles 
 Dibdin. 
 
 Dibdin, Thomas Frognall. Born at Calcutta, 
 1776: died at Kensington, Nov. 18, 1847. An 
 English bibliographer, nephew of Charles Dib- 
 din. He published “Bibliomania” (1809-11), 
 “ Typographical Antiquities of Great Britain” 
 (18i0-19_), etc. 
 
 Dibon (cli'bon). 1. A city of Moab which was 
 fortified by the Gadites (Num. xxxii. 3, 34), but 
 allotted to the tribe of Reuben (Josh. xiii. 9, 17) : 
 the modern Dhiban, situated east of the Jordan 
 and north of the Aroer. In 1868 the stele of the 
 Moabite king Mesha (2 Ki. iii. 4) was discovered 
 there. — 2. A place in southern Judea, toward 
 Edom (Neh. xi. 25), probably identical with 
 Dimonah of Josh. xv. 22. 
 
 Dibong (de-bong'). One of the chief head 
 streams of the Brahmaputra. 
 
 Dibutades (di-bu'ta-dez). A Greek sculptor 
 of Sicyon, the reputed inventor of work in re- 
 lief. 
 
 Bicsearchus(di-se-ar'kus). [Gr. A/Katapxor.] A 
 Greek geographer, historian, and philosopher 
 of the 4th century B. C. : a disciple of Aristotle. 
 Fragments of his “Life of Hellas” (an account of the 
 geography and political and social life of Greece) have 
 been preserved. 
 
 Dice (dl'se), or Dike (dl'ke). [Gr. A b%] In 
 Greek mythology, the personification of justice, 
 daughter of Zeus and Themis (law). 
 
 Dicey (di'si), Albert Venn. Born 1835. An 
 English jurist, brother of Edward Dicey. He was 
 graduated at Balliol College, Oxford, in 1858 ; was called 
 to the bar in 1863 ; and was professor of English law at Ox- 
 ford 1882-1909. He has published “Lectures Introductory 
 to the Study of the Law of the Constitution ’’(1886), etc. 
 
 Dicey, Edward. Born at Claybrook Hall, Lei- 
 cestershire, England, May, 1832 : died at Lon- 
 don, July 7, 19il. An English journalist. He 
 
 was graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1854 ; was 
 called to the bar at Gray’s Inn in 1875 ; and was editor of 
 the London “Observer” 1870-89. He wrote “Rome in 
 1860” (1861), “Cavour : a Memoir ” (1861), “Six Months in 
 the Federal States ’’ (1863), “The Schleswig-Holstein War " 
 (1864), “The Battle-Fields of 1866” (1866), “England and 
 Egypt" (1881), “The Egypt of the Future ”.(1907), etc. 
 
 Dichtungund Wahrheit a/us Meinem Leben. 
 
 [G., ‘poetry and truth from my life.’] A not 
 entirely trustworthy autobiographical history of 
 Goethe’s life, from his birth till his settlement 
 at Weimar. The first five hooks appeared in 1811, the 
 next five in 1812, and the third instalment in 1814 ; the con- 
 clusion appeared after Goethe’s death. 
 
 Dick(dik), Mr. Amildly demented gentleman, 
 whose real name is Richard Babley, in Dickens’s 
 “David Copperfield.” 
 
 Dick, Thomas. Bom near Dundee, Scotland, 
 Nov. 24, 1774: died at Brough ty Ferry, near 
 Dundee, July, 1857. A Scottish writer on as- 
 tronomical and religious subjects. He pub- 
 lished “ The Christian Philosopher” (1823), etc. 
 Dick Amlet. See Amlet, Dick. 
 
 Dickens (dik'enz), Charles. Born at Landport, 
 near Portsmouth, England, Feb. 7, 1812: died 
 at Gadshill, near Rochester, England, June 9, 
 187 0. A celebrated English novelist. He was the 
 son of John Dickens, who served as a clerk in the navy pay- 
 office and afterward became a newspaper reporter. He re- 
 ceived an elementary education in private schools, served 
 for a time as an attorney’s clerk, and in 1835 became re- 
 porter for the “London Morning Chronicle." In 1833 he 
 published in the “Monthly Magazine” his first story, en- 
 titled “ A Dinner at Poplar Walk,” which proved to be the 
 beginning of a series of papers printed collectively as 
 “Sketches by Boz” in 1836. He married Catherine, 
 daughter of George Hogarth, in 1836. In 1836-37 he pub- 
 lished the “ Pickwick Papers,” by which his literary repu- 
 tation was established. He became editor of “House- 
 hold Words” in 1850, and of “All the Year Round ” in 
 1859, and visited America in 1842 and 1867-68. His chief 
 works are “ Pickwick Papers ” (1837), “Oliver Twist ” 
 (1838), “Nicholas Nickleby” (18:;8-39), "Master Hum- 
 phrey’s Clock ’’(including “Old Curiosity Shop ’’and “Bar- 
 naby Pudge,” 1840-41), “American Notes ” (1842), “Christ- 
 mas Carol ” (1843), “ Martin Chuzzlewit ” (1843-44), 
 
 “Chimes” (1844). “ Cricket on the Hearth ”(1S45), “Dom- 
 hey and Son” (1S4C— IS), “David Copperfield” (1849-50), 
 “Bleak House” (1852-53), “Hard Times” (1854), “Little 
 Dorrit ” (1855-57), “Tale of Two Cities” (1859), “Uncom- 
 mercial Traveler” (1860), “Great Expectations” (1860-61), 
 “Our Mutual Friend" (1864-65), “Mystery of Edwin 
 Drood ” (1870, unfinished). See his “Life ” by John For- 
 ster (1871-74),“ Dickens Dictionary," by Pierce (1872), “ Let- 
 ters of Dickens” (1880). 
 
 Dick Tinto. See Tinto, Dick. 
 
Dickinson, Anna Elizabeth 
 
 Dickinson (dik'in-sou), Anna Elizabeth. Bom 
 at Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 28, 1842. An Ameri- 
 can lecturer and advocate of woman suffrage, 
 labor reform, etc. She lectured during the Civil War 
 on war issues, and afterward generally on pol itical subjects, 
 “Women's Work and Wages,” etc. In 1876 she went on 
 the stage, but did not meet with success. She wrote a play, 
 “An American Girl ” (1880), and “What Answer?” (a novel, 
 1868), “ A Paying Investment ” (1876), “A ltagged Register 
 of People, Places, and Opinions" (1879). 
 
 Dickinson, Emily. Born at Amherst, Mass., 
 Dee. 10, 1830: died there, May 15, 1886. An 
 American poet. She was the daughter of Edward 
 Dickinson, treasurer of Amherst College. Her life was one 
 of singular seclusion. Her poems were published in 1890 
 and in 1892, and her letters in 1894. 
 
 Dickinson, John. Born at Crosia, Talbot 
 County, Md., Nov. 13, 1732: died at Wilming- 
 ton, Del., Feb. 14, 1808. An American states- 
 man. He was a member of the Colonial Congress of 
 1766, and of the first Continental Congress 1774, of the Fed- 
 eral Convention of 1787, and president of Pennsylvania 
 1782-85. He wrote the “ Fabius ’’ letters in 1788, and was 
 the founder of Dickinson College. 
 
 Dickinson College. An institution of learning 
 situated at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, founded by 
 John Dickinson in 1783. After 1833 it was 
 controlled by the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 It is now non-sectarian. 
 
 Dick’s Coffee House. An old coffee-house, 
 formerly No. 8 Fleet street (on the south side, 
 near Temple Bar), originally “Richard’s”: 
 named from Richard Torner, or Turner, to 
 whom the house was let in 1680. The coffee-room 
 retained its old paneling, and the staircase its original bal- 
 uaters. Richard's, as it was then called, was frequented 
 by Cowper when he lived in the Temple. Timbs. 
 
 Dickson (dik'son), Samuel Henry. Born at 
 Charleston, S. C., Sept. 20, 1798: died at Phila- 
 delphia, March 31, 1872. An American physi- 
 cian and medical writer. He was professor of the 
 practice of medicine in Jefferson Medical College, Phila- 
 delphia, from 1858 until his death. He wrote “ Dengue : 
 its History, Pathology, and Treatment ” (1826), etc. 
 
 Dicquemare (dek-mar'), Jacques Francois 
 Abb6. Born at Havre, France, March 7, 1733 : 
 died March 29, 1789. A French naturalist and 
 astronomer, professor of experimental physics 
 at Havre. He invented several instruments 
 used in astronomy and navigation. 
 
 Dictum of Kenilworth. An award made be- 
 tween King Henry III. and the Commons in 
 1266 during the siege of Kenilworth, it reestab- 
 lished Henry’s authorily ; proclaimed amnesty ; annulled 
 the provisions of Oxford; and provided that the king 
 should keep the charter to which he had sworn. 
 
 Dictys (dik'tis) Cretensis (‘of Crete’). [Gr. 
 AiKTvg.'] The reputed author of a narrative of 
 the Trojan war, entitled (in the pretended Latin 
 translation of Q. Septimius) “ Ephemeris Belli 
 Trojani,” the introduction to which represents 
 him as a follower of Idomenens. This narrative was 
 one of the chief sources from which the heroic legends of 
 Greece passed into the literature of the middle ages. It 
 was probably composed by Septimius about 300 A. D. 
 Didache. See Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. 
 Didapper (di'dap-er), Beau. In Fielding’s “Jo- 
 seph Andrews,” a rich, weak-minded fop. 
 Diddler (did'ler), Jeremy. A needy sponge 
 in Kenney’s farce “ Raising the Wind”: a type 
 of the swindler. He does everything at other people’s 
 expense, particularly dining. He devours his friends’ 
 food and borrows their money withamusing nonchalance. 
 Diderot (de-dro'), Denis. Born at Langres, 
 Haute-Marne, France, Oct. 5, 1713: died at 
 Paris, July 30, 1784. A celebrated French phi- 
 losopher and writer. His father, a cut or by trade, 
 gave him a classical education. After completing his 
 studies in Paris, he spent two years in a law office, but 
 devoted most of his time to Greek, Latin, mathematics, 
 Italian, and English. Thereby he incurred his father’s 
 displeasure, and was cut off without a cent. He gave 
 lessons in mathematics, and, when at the lowest ebb of 
 fortune in 1743, married. His literary labors date from 
 this same period. In 1743 he published “ Histoire de la 
 Grfece ’’ (3 vols.), translated from Temple Stanyan ; and in 
 1746-48 “ Dictionnaire universel de inedecino, de chimie, 
 de botanique,” etc. (6 vols.), translated with the aid of 
 three collaborators from Robert James. This latter pub- 
 lication gave him the idea of the great work, in which he 
 associated with himself the mathematician d’Alembert, 
 “L’Encyclop6die,”a repository of the results of scientific 
 research in the middle of the 18th century. The publica- 
 tion was repeatedly checked in its progress, and was car- 
 ried over more than twenty years (1751-72). To the twen- 
 ty-eight volumes published w ithin that period were joined 
 six volumes of addenda (1776-77), and two volumes of 
 tables (1780). Diderot received financial support from 
 Catherine II. of Russia, who bought his valuable library 
 but left him the use of it during his lifetime. He went 
 to St. Petersburg in 1773-74, to return thanks to the 
 “northern Semiramis." Among his works are “Pens^es 
 philosophiques” (1746), “Bijoux indiscrets ” (1748), “M4- 
 moire sur diffdrerits sujets de mathCmatiques ” (1748), 
 “Lettre sur les aveugles ii l’usage de ceux qui voient” 
 (1749),“ L’Histoire et le secret de la peinture en cire ” (1757), 
 “ Le fils naturel” (1757), "Le pore de famille” (1768), 
 “Entretien d’un pfere avec ses enfants” (1773), “Les deux 
 amis de Bourbonne ’’ (1773), "Voyage en Hollande,” “ Pro- 
 Jet d’une university pour la Russie,” “ Le reve de d’Alem- 
 
 325 
 
 bert,” “Jacques le fataliste," "La religieuse,” “ Le Neveu 
 de Rameau,” “Essai sur les regnes de Claude et de N6- 
 ron " (1778 and 1782), etc. Diderot’s art criticisms in the 
 “ Salons " (1763-69) are of superior merit, and his corre- 
 spondence with Mademoiselle Volland affords the best 
 available insight into the character of the writer as a man. 
 
 Diderot ranks in point of originality and versatility of 
 thought among the most fertile thinkers of France, and 
 in point of felicity and idiosyncrasy of expression among 
 the most remarkable of her writers. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 481. 
 
 Didius Salvius Julianus (did'i-us sal'vi-us 
 jo-li-a'nus), Marcus, called later Marcus 
 Didius Commodus Severus Julianus. Died 
 at Rome, June 1, 193 A. D. Emperor of Rome 
 March- June, 193. He served with distinction in the 
 army, and twice held the consulship, the last time in 179. 
 On the murder of the emperor Pertinax by the pretorian 
 guards in 193, the guards sold the imperial dignity to Did- 
 ius, who had as his competitor Sulpicianus, the father-in- 
 law of Pertinax. His elevation was not recognized by 
 Septimius Severus, who marched with an army against 
 Rome, whereupon the pretorian guards hastened to pur- 
 chase the favor of Severus by putting the emperor to death. 
 Dido (di'do). [Gr. AM.] A surname of the 
 Phenician goddess of the moon (Astarte), who 
 was worshiped as the protecting deity of the 
 citadel of Carthage. The goddess was ill later time 
 confounded with the Tyrian Elissa, founder of Carthage. 
 See Elissa, Aineid. 
 
 Dido, Queen of Carthage, The Tragedy of. 
 
 A tragedy by Marlowe, published in. 1594. 
 Nashe is said to have finished it after Mar- 
 lowe’s death. Dido has been the subject of many plays 
 iu English and in French — notably by JodeUe in 1552, La 
 Grange in 1576, Hardy in 1603, Scudery in 1636, and Franc 
 de Pompignan in 1734. Cristobal de Virnes, a Spanish 
 poet of the 15th century, and Metastasio in Italian, also 
 wrote tragedies on the subject. See Didome. 
 
 My own opinion is, that the play is in the main by Mar- 
 lowe, and that Nashe’s work lay chiefly in completing cer- 
 tain scenes which Marlowe had sketched in the rough. 
 
 Bullen, Introd. to Marlowe’s Works, p. xlvii. 
 
 Dido building Carthage. A large painting 
 by Turner, in the National Gallery, London. 
 The scene is on a river-bank, with classical buildings in 
 ’course of erection. Dido and her attendants are seen on 
 the left. 
 
 Didone Abandonata (de-do'ne a-ban-do-na'- 
 ta). [It., ‘Dido Forsaken.’] A tragedy by 
 Metastasio, produced in Naples in 1724: his 
 first dramatic work, it had great success, and is 
 probably the best modern play on the subject. It has 
 been set to music by more than forty composers. 
 
 Didot (de-do'), Ainbroise Firmin-. Born at 
 Paris, Dec. 7, 1790 : died at Paris, Feb. 22, 1876. 
 A French publisher, son of Firmin Didot. He 
 published wiih his brother Hyacinthe many important 
 works, including “Bibliotheque des auteurs grecs,” “L’U ui- 
 vers pittoresque,” “ Nouvelle biographic ginerale,” etc. 
 
 Didot, Firmin. Born at Paris, April 14, 1764 : 
 died April 24, 1836. A noted French publisher, 
 printer, type-founder, and author : brother of 
 Pierre Didot. 
 
 Didot, Frangois. Born at Paris, 1689 : died Nov. 
 2, 1757. A French printer and bookseller, 
 founder of the firm of Didot at Paris in 1713. 
 Didot, Francois Ambroise. Born at Paris, 
 Jan. 7, 1730 : died July 10, 1804. A French 
 printer and publisher, son of Frangois Didot, 
 celebrated for improvements in type-founding 
 and printing. 
 
 Didot, Henri. Born 1765 : died 1852. A French 
 type-founder, son of Pierre Francois Didot: 
 published editions in microscopic types. 
 
 Didot, Hyacinthe Firmin-. Born at Paris, 
 March 11, 1794 : died at Dandon, Orne, France, 
 Aug. 7, 1880. A French publisher, brother of 
 Ambroise Firmin-Didot, and his business as- 
 sociate after 1827. 
 
 Didot, Pierre. Born Jan. 25, 1760: died Dec. 
 31, 1853. A French publisher and printer, 
 eldest son of F. A. Didot. He published “Vir- 
 gil” (1798), “Horace” (1799), “Racine” (1801- 
 1805), and other classics. 
 
 Didot, Pierre Frangois. Bom at Paris, July 
 9, 1732: died Dec. 7, 1795. A French printer, 
 publisher, and paper-maker, brother of F. A. 
 Didot. 
 
 Didron (de-dron'), Adolphe Napoleon. Born 
 at Hautvillers, Marne, France, March 13, 1806: 
 died at Paris, Nov. 13, 1867. A French archae- 
 ologist, author of “Manuel d’iconographie 
 chretienne” (1845), etc. 
 
 Didymus (did'i-mus). [Gr. Awhyzof, the twin.] 
 A surname of the apostle Thomas. 
 
 Didymus. Lived in the second half of the 1st 
 century B. C. An Alexandrian grammarian and 
 critic. He was a follower of the school of Aristarchus, 
 and a contemporary of Cicero and the emperor Augus- 
 tus. His works, consisting chiefly of compilations, cov- 
 ered a great variety of subjects, and were estimated by 
 Seneca at four thousand ; none of them is extant. 
 
 Didymus, surnamed “ The Blind.” Born 308, 
 
 Dies Iras 
 
 309, or 314 a. d. : died 394, 395, or 399. An Alex- 
 andrian scholar and theologian. He lost his sight 
 in childhood, but nevertheless became one of the most 
 learned men of his time. He was a teacher in the cate- 
 chetical school of Alexandria upward of ttfty yeais, and 
 numbered among his pupils Jerome, Palladius, Ambrose 
 of Alexandria, Evagrius, and Isidore of Pelusium. He 
 opposed the Arians with great spirit, but supported Ori- 
 gen. His extant works include a treatise on the Trinity, 
 translated into Latin by Jerome. 
 
 Die (de). A town in the department of Dron^e, 
 southeastern France, situated on the Drome 27 
 miles southeast of Valence: the ancient Dea 
 Vocontiorum. The Porte de St. Marcel is a relic 
 of the ancient town. Pop., commune, 3,651. 
 Diebitsch Sabalkanski (de'bich sa-bal-kan'- 
 ske), Count Ivan Ivanovitch (originally 
 Hans Karl Friedrich Anton von Diebitsch 
 und Harden). Born at Grossleippe, near Bres- 
 lau, Prussia, May 13, 1785 : died at Kleczewo, 
 near Pultusk, Poland, June 10, 1831. A Rus- 
 sian general. He served with distinction at Leipsic in 
 1813; took Varna in 1828, and Silistria in 1829; crossed 
 the Balkans in 1829 (hence surnamed “Sabalkanski," 
 ‘Balkan-crosser’), and commanded against the Poles at 
 Grochow and Ostrolenka 1831. 
 
 Diedenhofen (de'den-ho-fen), F. Thionville 
 
 (te-on-vel'). A fortified town in Lorraine, 
 Alsace-Lorraine, Germany, situated on the Mo- 
 selle 18 miles north of Metz, it was taken by the 
 French in 1558 and 1643, and was bombarded by the Ger- 
 mans Nov. 22-24, and taken Nov. 25, 1870. Population, 
 commune, 11,948. 
 
 Diefenbach (de'fen-bach), Lorenz. Born at 
 Ostheim, Hessen, Germany, July 29, 1806 : died 
 at Darmstadt, March 28, 1883. A German phi- 
 lologist, ethnologist, and novelist, librarian at 
 Frankfort 1865-76. His works include “Celtica” 
 (1839 — 4:2), “Origines Europsese " (1861), “ Vergleichendes 
 Worterbuch der gothisclien Sprache ” (1846-51), “Vor- 
 schule der Vblkerkunde” (1864), the novel “Ein Pilger 
 und seine Genossen ” (1851), etc. 
 
 Dieffenbach, Johann Friedrich. Born at Ko- 
 nigsberg, Prussia, Feb. 1, 1795: died at Berlin, 
 Nov. 11, 1847. A German surgeon, professor 
 at Berlin from 1832. He wrote “Die opera- 
 tive Chirurgie” (1844-48). 
 
 Diego (de-a'go). [Sp., from LL. Jacobus, Jacob, 
 whence ult. E. Jacob, Jack, and James.] A 
 waggish sexton in Fletcher and Massinger’s 
 “Spanish Curate.” He longs for a less healthy 
 parish and more funerals. 
 
 Diego, Don. See Formal, James. 
 
 Diego Garcia (de-a'go gar-se'a). An island 
 of the Chagos group, in the Indian Ocean. 
 Diego Suarez (swa'ras). A French colony in 
 the northern part of Madagascar, on the Bay of 
 Diego Suarez. It is the seat of the governor. 
 Population, about 4,500. 
 
 Dieguenos (de-a-gwa'nyos). A collective name 
 for the tribes of North American Indians 
 dwelling in the region about San Diego, Cali- 
 fornia. Number, about 300. 
 
 Diekirch (de'kireh). A small town in Luxem- 
 burg, 18 miles north of Luxemburg. 
 
 Diel du Parquet (de-el' dii par-ka'), Jacques. 
 Born in France about 1600 : died at Saint 
 Pierre, Martinique, Jan. 3, 1658. A French sol- 
 dier and administrator. He was governor of Marti- 
 nique from 1638. 
 
 Dielman (del'man), Frederick. Born at Han- 
 over, Germany, Dec. 25, 1847. An American fig- 
 ure-painter. He was president of the National 
 Academy of Design, 1889-1909, and has been 
 professor of descriptive geometry and drawing 
 in the College of the City of New York, 1903-. 
 Dieppe (de-ep'). [OF. Dieppe , prob. from an 
 OLG. form represented by AS. dype, D. diep, 
 depth, the deep.] A seaport in the department 
 of Seine-Infdrieure, France, situated on the 
 English Channel, at the mouth of the Arques, 
 in lat. 49° 56' N., long. 1° 5' E. It is a celebrated 
 watering-place, is the terminus of the Dieppe-Newhaven 
 channel route, and contains a castle and the Church of St. 
 Jacques. It has some trade, especially in fish. Toward 
 the close of the middle ages it had a large commerce, and 
 sent expeditions to Africa, etc. It suffered severely in the 
 English and religious wars : was bombarded by the English 
 and Dutch July, 1694; and was occupied by the Germans 
 in 1870-71. Population, commune, 23,629. 
 
 Diersheim (ders'him). A village in Baden, 
 situated near the Rhine 8 miles northeast of 
 Strasburg. Here, April 20, 1797, the French 
 under Moreau defeated the Austrians. 
 
 Dies Irse (dl'ez I're). [L., ‘day of wrath.’] A 
 sequence appointed in the Roman missal to be 
 sung between the Epistle aud the Gospel in 
 masses for the dead : named from its first words. 
 
 It was written probably by Thomas de Celano, the friend 
 of Saint Francis of Assisi, and is a hymn in triple rimed 
 stanzas. Its subject is the day of judgment. The transi- 
 tion from the terror of the day of wrath (dies irse) to 
 hope in salvation is used “ as a natural preparation to the 
 
Dies Iras 
 
 concluding prayer for eternal rest.” Sir Walter Scott's 
 translation in “The Lay of the Last Minstrel," beginning 
 “ 0 day of wrath, 0 dreadful day," is well known. There 
 have been numerous versions and translations. The au- 
 thor of the old ecclesiastical melody to which it is sung 
 is not known, but it was adapted to the words at the time 
 they were written. It has been a popular subject with 
 modern composers, notably Colonna, Bassani, Cherubini, 
 Berlioz, Verdi, and Gounod in “Mors et Vita." It is also 
 introduced with magnificent effect in Mozart’s “Re- 
 quiem.” Grove. 
 
 This old Latin chant was accepted by the Roman Church 
 as one of the sequentia of the requiem, before the year 
 1385. The original text is engraved upon a marble tablet 
 in the Church of St. Francesco in Mantua. The present 
 form of the chant is supposed to have been given by Felix 
 Hammerlin (in the early part of the 15th century), who 
 omitted the former opening stanzas and added some others 
 at the close. In this form it has appeared in the Catholic 
 missals since the Council of Trent. The chant has been 
 translated upwards of seventy times into German, and fif- 
 teen times into English. One of the closest versions, of 
 the few in which the feminine rhymes are retained, is 
 that of Gen. John A. Dix. Taylor, Notes to Faust. 
 
 Dieskau (des'kou), Ludwig August. Born in 
 Saxony, 1701 : died near Paris, Sept. 8, 1767. 
 A German general in the French service. He 
 
 became brigadier-general of infantry and commander of 
 Brest in 1748, and in 1755 was sent to Canada with the rank 
 of major-general to conductthe campaign against the Eng- 
 lish. With 1,200 Indians and Canadians and 200 regulars 
 he undertook an expedition against Fort Edward in 1755. 
 He was opposed by William Johnson, with 2,200 men, en- 
 camped on Lake George. Having ambushed and routed 
 a detachment of 1,000 men under Colonel Ephraim Wil- 
 liams, he was himself totally defeated and captured in 
 the ensuing attack on the British camp. 
 
 Diest (dest). A fortified town in the province 
 of Brabant, Belgium, situated on the Demer 32 
 miles northeast of Brussels. Population, about 
 8 , 000 . 
 
 Diesterweg (des'ter-veG), Friedrich Adolf 
 
 Wilhelm. Born at Siegen, Westphalia, Prus- 
 sia, Oct. 29, 1790: died at Berlin, July 7, 1866. 
 A German educator and writer on pedagogics. 
 He was a teacher in various institutions at 
 Worms, Frankfort, Elberfeld, Mors, and Berlin. 
 Diet of Augsburg, Frankfort, Nuremberg, 
 etc. See Augsburg, Frankfort, Nuremberg, etc. 
 Dieterici (de-te-ret'se), Friedrich Heinrich. 
 Born at Berlin, July 6, 1821 : died there, 
 Aug. 18, 1903. A German Orientalist and 
 philosophical writer, son of K. F. W. Dieterici. 
 He published “Chrestomathie ottomaue" (1854), and 
 various works on Arabic philosophy and literature, etc. 
 
 Dieterici, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm. Bom at 
 
 Berlin, Aug. 23, 1790: died at Berlin, July 29, 
 1859. A noted German statistician and politi- 
 cal economist, director of the Prussian bureau 
 of statistics from 1844. His works include “Sta- 
 tistische Ubersicht der wichtigsten Gegenstande,” etc. 
 (1838-57), “Der Volkswohlstand im preussischen Staate” 
 (1846), etc. 
 
 Dietrich(de'trich), Christian Wilhelm Ernst. 
 
 [See Theodonc.] Born at Weimar, Germany, 
 Oct. 30, 1712: died at Dresden, April 24 (23?), 
 1774. A German painter and engraver, noted 
 especially for landscapes. 
 
 Dietrich von Bern (fon bern). In German 
 legend, Theodoric the Great, king of the East 
 Goths, whose residence was at Verona (Bern). 
 His life and adventures are the subject of the Old Norse 
 Thidreks saga, “Saga Thidhreks konungs af Bern,” also 
 called the Vilkina saga, whose material is from German 
 sources, and is an element in various Middle High German 
 poems, among them the “ Nibelungenlied,” “Biterolf,” 
 the “Rosengarten,” and “Ermenrichs Tod.” His birth 
 and death are mysterious : he is descended from a spirit, 
 and disappears, ultimately, on a black horse. His name 
 is still preserved in popular legends. In the Lausitz the 
 “Wild Huntsman," the mythical being who rides in furious 
 haste across the heavens in violent storms, is called Dietrich 
 von Bern. The name is also given to “Kneclit Ruprecht.” 
 Many large buildings in different parts of Italy, among 
 them the amphitheater in Verona and the Castle of St. 
 Angelo in Rome, have been popularly asoribed to him. 
 
 Dietrichson (de'trik-son), Lorentz Henrik 
 
 Segelcke. Bom at Bergen, Norway, Jan. 1, 
 1834. A Norwegian critic and poet, professor 
 of the history of art at the University of Chris- 
 tiania from 1875. His works include “Omrids af den 
 uorske Poesies Historie” (1866-69, “Outline of the His- 
 tory of Norwegian Poetry ’’), etc. 
 
 Dietz, or Diez (dets). A small town in the 
 province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated on 
 the Lahn 19 miles east of Coblenz. 
 
 Dietz, Feodor. Born at Neunstetten, Baden, 
 May 29, 1813 : died at Gray, Haute-Saone, 
 France, Dec. 18, 1870. A German historical and 
 battle painter. His works include “Death of 
 Gustavos Adolphus,” “ Storming of Belgrade,” 
 etc. 
 
 Diez, Friedrich Christian. Born at Giessen, 
 Hesse, Germany, March 15, 1794: died at Bonn, 
 Prussia, May 29, 1876. A noted German philol- 
 ogist, the founder of Romance philology : pro- 
 fessor at Bonn from 1830. Among his works are 
 
 326 
 
 “ Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen ” (1836-42), “ Ety- 
 mologisches Worterbuch der romanischen Sprachen" 
 (1853), etc. 
 
 Difficulty, The Hill. A hill ill Bunyan’s “Pil- 
 grim’s Progress ” encountered by Christian in 
 his journey to the Celestial Country. 
 
 Digby (dig'bi). A small seaport, and seat of the 
 herring fishery, situated in Nova Scotia on An- 
 napolis basin, 17 miles southwest of Annapolis. 
 Digby, Sir Everard. Born May 16, 1578: died 
 Jan. 30, 1606. An English conspirator. He in- 
 herited large estates in Rutland, Leicestershire, and Lin- 
 colnshire from his father, Everard Digby of Stoke Dry, 
 Rutland ; and in 1603 was knighted by James I. He was 
 one of the leading conspirators in the “Gunpowder Plot” 
 (1605), being intrusted with the task of preparing for a ris- 
 ing in the midland counties to take place simultaneously 
 with the destruction of the Parliament house. He was 
 apprehended on the discovery of the plot, and was executed 
 at London. 
 
 Digby, Sir Kenelm. Born at Gothurst, Bucks, 
 England, 1603: died at London, June 11, 1665. 
 An English natural philosopher and student of 
 the occult sciences. He was the son of the conspira- 
 tor Sir Everard Digby ; was educated in the Roman Catho- 
 lic faith ; was in 1643 banished from England as an ad- 
 herent of the Royalist cause ; and subsequently became 
 chancellor to Queen Henrietta Maria, which post he re- 
 tained after the Restoration. Author of “Observations 
 upon Religio Medici” (1643), “A Treatise of the Nature 
 of Bodies ” (1644) , “ A Treatise declaring the Operations 
 and Nature of Man’s Soul,” etc. (1644), and “A Discourse 
 concerning the Vegetation of Plants” (1661). 
 
 Digby, Kenelm Henry. Born 1800: died 
 March 22, 1880. An English antiquarian. He 
 graduated, with the degree of B. A., at Cambridge in 1819, 
 and spent most of his subsequent life in literary pursuits 
 at London. His chief works are “The Broad Stone of 
 Honour, or Rules for the Gentlemen of England ” (1822, 
 anonymous ; enlarged edition, with second title omitted, 
 1826-27), and “ Mores Catholici, or Ages of Faith ” (1831- 
 1840). 
 
 Digest of Justinian. See Corpus Juris. 
 Diggers. [That is, ‘root-diggers,’ ‘root-eaters.’] 
 A name given to a number of tribes of North 
 American Indians in California, Oregon, Ida- 
 ho, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona, which speak 
 widely different languages and comprise a 
 number of distinct linguistic stocks. The name 
 is used especially to designate the Bannock, Piute, and 
 other Shoshonean tribes known to use roots extensively 
 for food, and who are hence “ diggers ” (in English) ; but 
 it is a coincidence that the terminal syllables dika or tika 
 are common in Shoshonean band and tribal names. See 
 Shoshulco. 
 
 Digges (digz), Leonard. Died about 1571. 
 An English mathematician. He was the son of 
 James Digges of Digges Count, in the parish of Barham, 
 Kent; studied at Oxford without taking a degree; and in- 
 herited a competent fortune, which enabled him to devote 
 himself to scientific pursuits. His chief work is “A Booke 
 named Tectonicon, briefly showing the exact measuring 
 and speedie reckoning all manner of land, squares, tim- 
 ber, stone, etc. ” (1556). 
 
 Digges, Thomas. Died Aug. 24, 1595. An 
 English mathematician, son of Leonard Dig- 
 ges. He graduated, with the degree of B. A., at Cam- 
 bridge in 1551 ; became a member of Parliament in 1572 ; 
 and was muster-master-general of her Majesty’s forces 
 in the Low Countries 1586-94. His works include “A 
 Geometrical Practice, named Pantometria” (1571), “A 
 Prognostication . . . contayning . . . Rules to judge the 
 Weather by the Sunne, Moone, Stars,” etc. (1578), and 
 “An Arithmeticall Militare Treatise, named Stratioticos ” 
 (1579). 
 
 Diggon (dig'on). [A variant of Diccon, dim. 
 of Dick.'] A traveled shepherd in Spenser's 
 “ Shepherd’s Calendar.” 
 
 Diggory (dig'o-ri). A loutish servant, in Gold- 
 smith’s comedy “ She Stoops to Conquer.” 
 Dighton (dl'ton). A town in Bristol County, 
 Massachusetts, near Taunton. Near it is the 
 Dighton Rock, with an inscription formerly (and 
 erroneously) attributed to the Northmen. 
 Digne (deny). The capital of the department of 
 Basses-Alpes, France, situated on the Bffione 
 in lat. 44° 6' N., long. 6° 13' E. : the ancient 
 Dinia. It contains a cathedral and a church 
 of Notre Dame. Population, commune, about 
 7,500. 
 
 Dignity and Impudence. A paint ing by Sir 
 
 Edwin Landseer, in the National Gallery, Lon- 
 don. It is a group consisting of a large, solemn-looking 
 bloodhound and a pert Scotch terrier. 
 
 Digoin(de-gwan'). A town in the department of 
 Saone-et-Loire, France, situated on the Loire 
 35 miles east of Moulins. Population, com- 
 mune, 6,705. 
 
 Dihong (de-hong'). Aname given to the Brah- 
 maputra in its middle course. 
 
 Dijon (de-zkon'). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Cote-d’Or, France, situated at the 
 junction of the Ouehe and Suzon in lat. 47° 19' 
 N., long. 5° 3' E. : the Roman Divio, Dibio, or 
 CastrumDivionense (whence the modern name). 
 It is an important fortified town and the emporium for 
 Burgundy wines, and has considerable manufactures and 
 
 Dimetian Code 
 
 a large trade in grain, etc. It contains a cathedral of St. 
 Bdnigne (see below), the churches of Notre Dame and of St. 
 Michel, an old ducal palace (now the h6tel de vUle, with 
 an important museum), a palais de justice, and remnants 
 of the castle and convent of Chartreuse. In early history 
 it was a Roman camp, and it was burned by the Saracens 
 in the 8th century. It had its counts and was the capital 
 of Burgundy from the 12th century to 1477, when it passed 
 to France. It was besieged by the Swiss in 1513, was 
 occupied (after a struggle) by the Germans from Oct. 31 
 to Dec. 27, 1870, and was subsequently defended by Gari- 
 baldi against the Germans in Jan., 1871. The cathedral 
 is of moderate size, but noteworthy for its excellent de- 
 sign and the beauty of its 13th-century tracery and orna- 
 ment. The west front has a good porch and 2 low towers. 
 Behind the choir are the ruins of a curious circular chapel 
 of the 11th century. Population, commune, 74,113. 
 
 Diksmuide. See Dixmude. 
 
 Dilettanti Society, The. A London society 
 devoted to the encouragement of a taste for the 
 fine arts, founded in 1734. 
 
 Dilke (dilk), Charles Wentworth. Born Dec. 
 8, 1789: died Aug. 10, 1864. An English jour- 
 nalist, editor of the London “A then® um ” ( 1830- 
 1846), and of the “ Daily News” (1846-49). He 
 wrote much on the Letters of Junius. 
 
 Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth. Bom at Lon- 
 don, Feb. 18, 1810 : died at St. Petersburg, May 
 10, 1869. Son of C. W. Dilke : promoter of the 
 exhibition of 1851, commissioner to the New 
 York exhibition 1853, and one of the royal com- 
 missioners for the London exhibition 1862. He 
 was made a baronet in 1862. 
 
 Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth. Born at Chel- 
 sea, London, Sept. 4, 1843 : died at London, 
 Jan. 26, 1911. A Radical politician and author. 
 He graduated at Cambridge in 1866 ; was called to the bar 
 in 1866 ; was elected member of Parliament for Chelsea 
 in 1868 ; was appointed under-secretary of state for for- 
 eign affairs in 1880 ; became president of the Local Gov- 
 ernment Board with a seat in the cabinet in 1882. He 
 lost his seat, in Parliament in 1886, but again became a 
 member in 1892. He published “ Greater Britain ’’ (1868), 
 “Parliamentary Reform” (1879), “Present Condition of 
 European Politics” (1887), “The British Army” (1888), 
 “ Problems of Greater Britain ” (1890), “ Imperial De- 
 fense" (with Spenser Wilkinson), “British Empire” 
 (1898), etc. 
 
 Dillenburg (dil'len-borG). A small town in the 
 province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, 41 miles 
 northeast of Coblenz. It was the birthplace 
 of William of Orange. 
 
 Dillenius (dil-la'ne-os), or Dillen (dil'len), Jo- 
 hann Jakob. Born at Darmstadt, Germany, 
 1687 : died at Oxford, England, April 2, 1747. 
 A celebrated German botanist, professor at 
 Oxford from 1728. He wrote “Catalogus Plantarum 
 Sponte circa Gissam Nascentium ’’ (1719), “Hortus Eltha- 
 mensis ” (1732), “ Historia muscorum " (1741). 
 
 Dillingen ( dil'ling-en). A town in Swabia and 
 Neuburg, Bavaria, situated on the Danube 23 
 miles northwest of Augsburg. It was formerly 
 the seat of a university. Population, about 
 6 , 200 . 
 
 Dillmann (dil'man), Christian Friedrich Au- 
 gust. Born April 25, 1823: died July 4, 1894. 
 A German Orientalist and Protestant theolo- 
 gian, an authority on the Ethiopian language 
 and literature and Old Testament criticism: 
 professor at Berlin from 1869. His works include 
 a grammar (1857) and lexicon (1865) of the Ethiopian lan- 
 guage, commentaries on Job, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, 
 etc. 
 
 Dillon (dil'on), Charles. Born in England in 
 1819: died there, June 27, 1881. An English 
 actor. He excelled in the romantic drama, in 
 such parts as Belphegor. 
 
 Dillon, John. Born 1851. An Irish politician, 
 one of the leaders of the Irish National party. 
 He entered Parliament in 1880, and was impris- 
 oned 1881-82 and again in 1891. 
 
 Dilman (dil-man'). A town in the province of 
 Azerbaijan northwestern Persia, 73 miles west 
 of Tabriz. Population, estimated, 6,000 (?). 
 
 Dilmun (dil-mon'). An ancient city situated on 
 an island, or rather peninsula, in the Persian 
 Gulf, now included in the lowlands of the coast. 
 Sargon II., king of Assyria 722-705 B. 0., relates on his mo- 
 nolith, found in Cyprus, that he received from Uperi, king 
 of Dilmun, gifts and homage. 
 
 Diman (dl'man), Jeremiah Lewis. Born at 
 Bristol, R. I., May 1, 1831 : died at Providence, 
 R. I., Feb. 3, 1881. An American historical 
 writer and Congregational clergyman, professor 
 of history at Brown University. He wrote 
 “ Theistie Argument” (1879), “Orations and 
 Essays” (published 1882). 
 
 Dimanche (de-monsh'), Monsieur. [F., ‘Mr. 
 Sunday.’] In Mol ie re’s “Don Juan” or “Le 
 festin de Pierre,” a tradesman who tries to col- 
 lect money due him, but is never allowed to 
 even ask for it, being constantly interrupted. 
 
 Dimetian Code (di-me'slii-an kod). See ex- 
 tract on following page. 
 
Dimetian Code 
 
 The custom [that the youngest child should have the 
 dwelling-house when the property came to division] ap- 
 pears in Wales in what was probably its most primitive 
 form. According to the laws of Hoel the Good, dating 
 from the tenth century at latest, the inheritance was to 
 be so divided that the homestead, with eight acres of land 
 and the best implements of the household, should fall to 
 the youngest son. The different editions of these laws are 
 contained in the Dimetian Code for South Wales, and in 
 the Venedotian Code for “Gwynnedd" or the northern 
 parts of the principality. 
 
 Elton, Origins of Eng. llist., p. 181. 
 
 Dimitri (de-me'tre), or Dmitri (dme'tre). The 
 Russian form of Demetrius (which see). 
 
 Dimitri Roudine (de-me'tre ro-den'). A novel 
 by Turgenieff, published in 1855. It has been 
 translated into French, German, and English. 
 Dimitri is a cosmopolitan who affects to scorn Russian 
 habits. He is the victim of his own error, and his disciples 
 fall away from him. 
 
 Dimmesdale (dimz'-dal), Arthur. A Puritan 
 clergyman in Hawthorne’s tale “The Scarlet 
 Letter.” He has a delicately sensitive nature, unable 
 to bear the strain of the concealment of liis sin with Hester 
 Prynne, and equally unable to confess it and bear public 
 obloquy. 
 
 The Puritan clergyman, reverenced as a saint by all his 
 flock, conscious of a sin which, once revealed, will crush 
 him to the earth, watched with a malignant purpose by 
 the husband whom he has injured, unable to summon up 
 the moral courage to tear off the veil and make the only 
 atonement in his power, is undoubtedly a striking figure, 
 powerfully conceived and most delicately described. 
 
 Leslie Stephen, Hours in a Library, p. 223. 
 
 Dimoch, or Dymoch, or Dymoke, or Dimocke 
 
 (dim'ok). The name of a Lincolnshire family 
 which has held since 1377 the feudal office of 
 “champion of England.” 
 
 Dimsdale (dimz'dal), Thomas. Born in Essex, 
 England, May 6, 1712 : died in Hertford, Eng- 
 land, Dec. 30, 1800. An English physician, 
 known chiefly as an advocate of inoculation for 
 the smallpox. He took up the practice of medicine at 
 Hertford, and in 1767 published “ The Present Method of 
 Inoculation for the Small Pox,” which obtained for him in 
 1768 an invitation to St. Petersburg to inoculate the em- 
 press Catherine and the grand duke Paul. 
 
 Dinah (di'na). [Heb., ‘judged’ or ‘avenged.’] 
 The daughterof Jacob by Leah. SeeGen.xxx., 
 xxxiv. 
 
 Dinah, Aunt. In Sterne’s “ Tristram Shandy,” 
 the aunt of Walter Shandy, who occupies him- 
 self with schemes for spending the money she 
 leaves him. 
 
 Dinah Morris. See Morris. 
 
 Dinajpur (de-na,j-por') ; or Dinagepore (de-naj- 
 por'). 1, A district in the Rajshahi division, 
 Eastern Bengal and Assam, British India, in- 
 tersected by lat. 25° 30' N., long. 88° 30' E. 
 Area, 3,946 square miles. Population, 1,567,- 
 080. — 2. The capital of the above district. 
 Population, 13,430. 
 
 Dinan (de-non'). Atownin the department of 
 Cotes-du-Nord, France, situated on the Ranee 
 29 miles northwest of Rennes. It was defended 
 against the English by Du Guesclin in 1359. 
 Population, commune, 11,078. 
 
 Dinant. In Fletcher and Massinger’s “Little 
 French Lawyer,” a gentleman who formerly 
 loved and still pretends to love Lamira. 
 Dinant (de-non' or de-nant'). A town in the 
 province of Namur, Belgium, situated on the 
 Meuse 14 miles south of Namur, it is fortified, 
 and was formerly noted for its copper and brass wares. It 
 was sacked by the Burgundians in 1466, and by the Trench 
 in 1564 and 1675. Population, 7,581. 
 
 Dinapur (de-na-por'). A town in the district 
 of Patna, Bengal, British India, situated on the 
 Ganges 5 miles west of Patna, it is an important 
 military station, and was the scene of the mutiny of the 
 Sepoy regiments in July, 1857. Population, 33,699. 
 
 Dinaric Alps (di-nar'ik alps). [Named from 
 Dinara, the highest summit.] A name given 
 to those mountain-ranges in Dalmatia, Bosnia, 
 Herzegovina, and Croatia which are clearly a 
 continuation of the main Alpine system. 
 Dinarzade. The sister of Scheherazade in “The 
 Arabian Nights’ Entertainments.” She passes the 
 night in the bridal chamber, and asks her sister daily, just 
 before daybreak, to relate for the last time one of her 
 “agreeable tales." Sets Scheherazade. 
 
 Dindigal (din-di-gal'), or Dindigul (din-di- 
 gul'). A small town in Madras, British India, 
 in lat. 10° 22' N., long. 77° 59' E. 
 
 Dinding Isles (din-ding' ilz). An administra- 
 tive division of the British colony of Straits 
 Settlements, situated on the western side of the 
 Malay peninsula about lat. 4° 20' N. 
 
 Dindorf (din'dorf), Wilhelm. Born at Leip- 
 sic, Jan. 2, 1802: died at Leipsic, Aug. 1, 1883. 
 A noted German classical philologist. He was 
 one of the collaborators in the revision of Stephanus’s “The- 
 saurus linguae Grsecse” (1831-65), and edited “Demosthe- 
 nes" (1846-51), “Poete Bccenici Grseci " (1830), etc. 
 
 327 
 
 Dindymene (din-di-me'ne). [Gr. AtvAv/n/vr/, of 
 Dindymum.] Cybele. Also called “the Din- 
 dymenian mother.” 
 
 Dindymum (din'di-mum). [Gr. A Mvpov.\ Inan- 
 cient geography, a mountain in Galatia, sacred 
 to Cybele. 
 
 Dingelstedt (ding'el-stet), Franz von. Born 
 at Halsdorf, Hesse, Germany, June 30, 1814: 
 died at Vienna, May 15, 1881. A German poet, 
 novelist, and theatrical director. His works in- 
 clude “Lieder eines kosmopolitisclien Naehtwachters ” 
 (l841), “ Nacht und Morgen ” (1851), the tragedy “ Das 
 Haus des Barneveldt ” (1850), the novels “ Unter der 
 Erde ” (1840), “ Die Amazone ” (1868), etc. 
 
 Dingwall (ding'wal). The capital of Ross- 
 shire, situated on Cromartv Eirtli 11 miles 
 northwest of Inverness. Population, about 
 2,500. 
 
 Dinias and Dercyllis (din'i-as and der-sil'is). 
 The chief characters of an old Greek novel 
 entitled “Of the incredible Things in Thule.” 
 
 The book called “Wonders beyond Thule” was written by 
 oneAntonius Diogenes, who probably lived in Syria in the 
 2nd century before Christ, though it was the opinion of 
 Photius that the work was written soon after the death of 
 Alexander the Great. It was current as late as the 9th 
 century, when its twenty-four volumes were summarised 
 by the Patriarch Photius, who compressed the works of 
 nearly three hundred authors into one volume to beguile 
 the tedium of a residence in Bagdad. Our knowledge of 
 the novel is gained partly from this epitome and partly 
 from the fragments which can be gathered from the later 
 classical writings. The plot turns on the loves and adven- 
 tures of a Syrian maiden and Dinias, a traveller from Ar- 
 cadia, the story of whose lives was recorded in a manu- 
 script which Alexander the Great was supposed to find in 
 their tomb. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 78. 
 
 Dinka (din'ka). A great Nigritic tribe dwell- 
 ing on both sides of the White Nile between 
 6° and 12° north latitude. Their territory is a vast 
 and fertile plain covering 60,000 square miles. They differ 
 from the Shilluk and Nuer (with whom they largely inter- 
 live, but whom they hate) by their higher stature, promi- 
 nent foreheads, and their black, almost bluish, complex- 
 ion. They are intelligent, skilful in the making of house- 
 hold articles, and frugal. Like the Shilluk, they are both 
 pastoral and agricultural. Each village is under a chief 
 who has little authority and recognizes no suzerain. The 
 Dinka language is said to be related to that of the Bari, 
 and to have prefixes like the Bantu tongues. 
 Dinkard(den-kiird'). [Pahlavi: properly Dino- 
 karto, the deeds or enactments of the religion.] 
 The largest and most important Pahlavi work 
 in existence, containing a vast amount of in- 
 formation regarding the legends, writings, doc- 
 trines, and customs of the Zoroastrian religion. 
 
 In its present state much of the work consists of a descrip- 
 tive catalogue of the contents of the original compilation, 
 interspersed with extracts in detail. . The date of its lat- 
 est revision must have been subsequent to the Moham- 
 medan conquest of Persia. 
 
 Dinkelsbiihl (dink'els-biil). A small town in 
 Middle Franconia, Bavaria, situated on the 
 Wornitz 44 miles southwest of Nuremberg. It 
 was formerly a free imperial city. 
 
 Dinmont (din'mont), Dandie (Andrew). A 
 Border farmer m Sir Walter Scott’s novel 
 “Guy Mannering”: the grateful friend of 
 
 Brown, who had saved his life. Sent by Meg Mer- 
 rilies, he protects Brown in the Portanferry jail, and after 
 their escape helps him, under the guidance of Meg, to 
 capture Hatteraick. He is theowner of Mustard and Pep- 
 per, the progenitors of the Dandie Dinmont terriers. 
 
 According to Mr. Shortreed, this good man [Willie El 
 liotj of Millburnholm was the great original of Dandie 
 Dinmont. As he seems to have been the first of these up- 
 land sheep farmers that Scott ever visited, there can be 
 little doubt that he sat for some parts of that inimitable 
 portraiture ; and it is certain that the James Davidson 
 who carried the name of Dandie to his grave with him, and 
 whose thoroughbred deathbed scene is told in the Notes 
 to Guy Mannering, was first pointed out to Scott by Mr. 
 Shortreed himself, several years after the novel had es- 
 tablished the man's celebrity all over the Border; some 
 accidental report about his terriers, and their odd names, 
 having alone been turned to account in the original com- 
 position of the tale. But I have the best reason to be- 
 lieve that the kind and manly character of Dandie, the 
 gentle and delicious one of his wife, and some at least of 
 the most picturesque peculiarities of the manage at Char- 
 lieshope, were filled up from Scott’s observation, years 
 after this period, of a family with one of whose members 
 he had, through the best part of his life, a close and affec- 
 tionate connexion. To those who were familiar with him, 
 I have perhaps already sufficiently indicated the early 
 home of his dear friend, William Laidlaw, among “ the 
 braes of Yarrow.” Lockhart, Life of Scott, I. 117. 
 
 Dinocrates (di-nok'ra-tez). [Gr. A eivoKpart/c.'] 
 The ablest of the architects of Alexander the 
 Great. He planned the new city of Alexandria, and re- 
 built the Artemisium of Ephesus after its destruction by 
 fire. This architect appears under eight different names 
 given by Brunn. 
 
 Dinorah (de-no'ra). The original Italian title 
 of an opera by Meyerbeer, first produced at 
 Paris as “Le pardon de Ploermel,” April 4, 
 1859. 
 
 Dinter (din'ter), Friedrich. Born at Borna, 
 Saxony, Feb. 29, 1760: died at Konigsberg, 
 
 Diodorus 
 
 Prussia, May 29, 1831. A German writer on 
 pedagogics, professor of theology at Konigs- 
 berg from 1822. His chief work is the “ Schul- 
 lehrerbibel ” ( 1825-28). 
 
 Dinwiddie (diu'wid-i), Robert. Bom in Scot- 
 land in 1693 : died at Clifton, England, 
 
 July 27, 1770. A British official, lieutenant- 
 governor of Virginia 1752-58. Shortly after his ap- 
 pointment he transmitted a report to the Board of Trade, 
 recommending the annexation of the Ohio Valley and the 
 erection of forts to secure the western frontier against the 
 French. In 1753 he despatched George Washington to 
 the French forts on the Ohio and Allegheny to remon- 
 strate with their commanders for taking possession of 
 British territory, and was subsequently one of the most 
 sti'enuous supporters of the old French and Indian war. 
 
 Diodes (dl'o-klez). [Gr. Am/c/l^f.] A Syra- 
 cusan popular leader, the reputed (chief) au- 
 thor of a code of laws named for him. 
 
 Diodes Carystius (‘of Carystus’). A cele- 
 brated Greek physician of the 4th century B. c., 
 bom at Carystus in Euboea. 
 
 Diocletian (dl-o-kle'shian) (Caius Aurelius 
 Valerius Diocl’etianus : surnamed Jovius). 
 Born at Dioclea (whence his name), Dalmatia, 
 245 A. D. : died near Salona, Dalmatia, 313. 
 Emperor of Rome. He entered the army at an early 
 age, and, although of obscure origin, rose to important 
 commands under Probus, Aurelian, and Carus. On the 
 death of Numerianus, joint emperor with Carinus, he was 
 proclaimed emperor by the army at Chalcedon in 284, 
 and advanced against Carinus who was killed by one of 
 his own officers. In 286 he adopted Maximian as his 
 colleague in the government. In 292 the joint emperors 
 appointed Galerius and Constant.ius Chlorus as their asso- 
 ciates. Diocletian and Maximian retained the title of 
 Augusti, while Galerius and Constantius were denomi- 
 nated Cfesars. Each of the rulers was independent iu the 
 local administration of his province, but the three junior- 
 rulers acknowledged Diocletian as the head of the em- 
 pire. The empire was divided among them as follows : 
 Diocletian received Thrace, Egypt, Syria, and Asia, with 
 Nicomedia as his capital; Maximian, Italy, Africa, Sicily, 
 and the islands of the Tyrrhenian Sea, with Milan as his 
 capital; Galerius, Illyricum and the countries of the 
 Danube, with Sirmium as his capital ; and Constantius, 
 Britain, Gaul, and Spain, with Treves as his capital. 
 Diocletian subdued a revolt in Egypt in 296; Constantius 
 restored the allegiance of Britain in the same year; and 
 Galerius forced the Persians to sue for peace in 297. In 
 303 Diocletian, persuaded, it is said, by the false accusa- 
 tions of Galerius, ordered a general persecution of the 
 Christians throughout the empire. He abdicated in 305, 
 compelling Maximian to do the same, and retired to Sa- 
 lona in Dalmatia, w here he spent his remaining years in 
 the cultivation of his gardens. Diocletian and Maximian 
 were succeeded as Augusti by Galerius and Co istantius, 
 who in turn appointed Severus and Maximinus Csesar; . 
 
 Diocletian inaugurated the period of the Partnership 
 
 Emperors. Himself borne to power by something not 
 very unlike a mutiny of the troops on the Persian fron- 
 tier, he nevertheless represented and gave voice to the 
 passionate longing of the world that the age of mutinies 
 might cease. With this intention he remodelled the in- 
 ternal constitution of the state and moulded it into a 
 bureaucracy so strong, so stable, so wisely organised, that 
 it subsisted virtually the same for more than a thousand 
 years, and by its endurance prolonged for many ages the 
 duration of the Byzantine Empire. 
 
 Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 15. 
 
 Diocletian, Baths of. Baths in ancient Rome 
 founded by Maximian at the junction of the 
 Quirinal and Viminal hills, and dedicated 305- 
 306 A. D. A plan was made by Palladio in the 16th cen- 
 tury, but the remains, though scattered over an area a mile 
 in circuit, are now very scanty, apart from the splendid 
 tepidarium, now the Church of Sta. Maria degli Angeli, 
 and one of the domical halls which occupied the angles, 
 now the Church of San Bernardo. 
 
 Diodati (de-6-da'te), Domenico. Bom at Na- 
 ples, 1736: died at Naples, 1801. An Italian 
 archaeologist. His works include “De Christo 
 grasce loquente exercitatio” (1767), etc. 
 
 Diodati, Giovanni. Born at Geneva, June 6. 
 1576: died at Geneva, Oct. 3, 1649. A Swiss 
 Protestant theologian, professor of Hebrew 
 and later of theology at Geneva. He trans- 
 lated the Bible into Italian (1607). 
 
 Diodorus (dl-o-do'rus), surnamed Siculus (‘of 
 Sicily’). [Gr. AMopot;.] Born at Agyrium, 
 Sicily: lived in the second half of the 1st cen- 
 tury B. C. A Greek historian, author of a 
 history in 40 books entitled a “ Historical Li- 
 brary” (Biphodr/nr/). See the extract. 
 
 The historical library of Diodorus consisted of forty 
 books, divided into three great sections. The first of 
 these sections, containing the mythical period down to 
 the taking of Troy (which he places with Apollodorus 
 408 years before the commencement of the Olympiads, 
 i. e. in B. c. 1138) , occupies the first six books. The second 
 section, from the seventh to the eighteenth book, con- 
 tains a chronological histoiy from the taking of Troy to 
 the death of Alexander the Great. The third period, oc- 
 cupying tlie twenty-three remaining books, carries the 
 history down to the British expedition of Julius Caesar. 
 Of these forty books, we have only a portion complete, 
 namely books 1-5, containing the history of the Egyptians, 
 Assyrians, .Ethiopians, and Greeks; and books 11-20, 
 containing the period from the invasion of Xerxes down 
 to the year B. c. 302. The rest of the work is either lost 
 
Diodorus 
 
 altogether, or represented only by a sorioB of fragments 
 and extracts, of which the most considerable refer to 
 books 3IM0. The following is n general analysis of the 
 remains of Diodorus: — Book I. On Egypt; its mythology, 
 geography, and history ; Its laws, literature, and customs ; 
 and the Greeks who have travelled in the country. II. 
 The legendary history of Assyria, from kilims to Harda- 
 napalus ; the Modes, Chuldeans, Indians, Scythians, Hy- 
 perboreans, Arabians, witli an account of the island of 
 Ceylon. HI. On the ^Ethiopians, and other nations of 
 Libya. IV. The mythology of Greece. V. On the Greek 
 Islands, and the Phenlcian settlements in the Mediterra- 
 nean. lie also treats of the islands of the Atlantic, and 
 of Arabia and its seas. XI. From the invasion of Xerxes 
 (01. 75, 1) down to the war of Cyprus (01. 82 2), witli 
 contemporary notices of Sicily, Egypt, ami Romo. XII. 
 From the war of Cyprus (01. 82, 8) to that of Syracuse 
 
 01. 01, 1), with notices of Sybaris, of Charondas, and Za- 
 eueus, and tile Decemvirato at Romo. XIII. From the 
 war between Syracuse and Athens (01. 01, 2) down to that 
 between Syracuse and the Carthaginians (01. 93, 4). XIV. 
 From the time of the thirty tyrants (01. 04, 1) to tire taking 
 of Romo by the Gauls (01. 98, 2). XV. From the war be- 
 tween Artaxerxes and Evagoi as (01. 08, 3) to the accession 
 of Philip (01. 105, 2). XVI. Reign of Philip of Macedon. 
 XVII. Reign of Alexander the Great. XVIII. Successors 
 of Alexander down to the domination of Agathocles in 
 Sicily (01. 115, 3 )l XIX. Events in Greece, Sicily, and 
 Italy down to the battle of Himera (01. 117, 2). XX. 
 From tire war of Agathocles in Sicily (Ol. 117, 3) down to 
 the coalition against Antigonus (Ol. 119, 3). 
 
 K. 0. Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 117. 
 
 [( Donaldson.) 
 
 Diogenes (di-oj'e-nez). [Gr. A loytvyg.'] Born 
 at Sinope, Asia Minor, about 412 B. C. : died at 
 Corinth, 323. A Greek Cynic philosopher, fa- 
 mous for his eccentricities. He emigrated to Athens 
 in his youth, became the pupil of Antisthenes, and lived, 
 according to Seneca, in a tub. While on a voyage from 
 Athens to TEgina, he was captured by pirates who ex- 
 posed him for sale on the slave-market in Crete. When 
 asked what business he understood, he replied, “How to 
 command men,” and requested to be sold to some one 
 in need of a master. He was purchased by Xeniades, a 
 wealthy citizen of Corinth, who restored him to liberty, 
 and in whose house he passed his old age. At Corinth 
 he was, according to tradition, visited by Alexander the 
 Great. Alexander inquired whether he could oblige him 
 in any way. "Yes,” replied Diogeues; “stand from be- 
 tween me and the sun." 
 
 Diogenes, Antonius. The author of the ro- 
 mance “Dinias and Dercyllis” (which see). 
 Diogenes Laertius (la-er'shi-us). [The sur- 
 name A atpTLOQ or Aaepnebc; is probably from 
 his birthplace (?) Laerte in Cilicia.] Lived 
 probably about 200 A. D. A historian and bi- 
 ographer, author of lives of the Greek philos- 
 ophers in 10 books, from the early schools to 
 the Epicureans. His work is chiefly valued as 
 containing information preserved nowhere else. 
 Diogenes Of Apollonia. Born at Apollonia, 
 Crete : lived in the 5th century B. C. A Greek 
 natural philosopher, a pupil of Anaximenes. 
 Diomed (di'o-med). See Diomedes. 
 
 Diomed. A chestnut thoroughbred horse, foaled 
 in 1777, by Florizel, dam by Spectator, second 
 dam by Blank, third dam by Childers. Florizel 
 by Hero traces directly to Byerly Turk. Diomed won 
 the first Derby in 1780, and died in 1807. He was the sire 
 of Duroe, sire of American Eclipse, also the sire of Sir 
 Archy sire of Timoleon, 3ire of Boston, sire of Lexington. 
 
 Diomed, Villa of. See Pompeii. 
 
 Diomede Islands (di'o-med I'landz). A group 
 of small islands in Bering Strait. 
 
 Diomedes (dl-o-me'dez). [Gr. AiopyS/jg.'] 1. 
 In Greek legend, a king of Argos, and one of 
 the most famous of the Greek warriors at the 
 siege of Troy. He was the son of Tydeus who fell in 
 the expedition against Thebes. He went with Sthenelus 
 and Euryalus to Troy as the commander of a fleet of 
 80 ships carrying warriors from Argos, Tiryns, Her- 
 mione, Asine, Trcezene, Eionse, Epidaurus, iEgina, and 
 Mases. He was, next to Achilles, the bravest of the 
 Greeks before Troy, and fought with the most dis- 
 tinguished among the Trojans, including Hector and 
 zEneas. 
 
 2. A legendary Thracian king, son of Ares. — 3. 
 In Shakspere’s “Antony and Cleopatra,” an 
 attendant of Cleopatra. — 4. In Shakspere’s 
 “ Troilus and Cressida,” a Grecian commander. 
 
 Dion (di'on). [Gr. Atwv.] Born at Syracuse, 
 about 408 B. 0. : assassinated at Syracuse, 354 
 or 353 b. c. A Syracusan philosopher, a dis- 
 ciple of Plato. He expelled Dionysius the 
 Younger from Syracuse in 356, and became 
 ruler of the city in 355. 
 
 Dion. 1. A Sicilian noble in Shakspere’s “Win- 
 ter’s Tale.” — 2. The father of Euphrasia in 
 Beaumont and Fletcher’s “Philaster.” 
 
 Dion Cassius (kash'i-us), surnamed Cocceia- 
 nus (from some person named Coceeius or 
 Coeceianus, perhaps his grandfather). Born 
 at Nicsea, Bithynia, about 155 a. d. : died at 
 Nicsea, after 230. A celebrated historian of 
 Rome. He was consul about 220 and 229, and 
 wrote in Greek a history of Rome in 80 books. 
 See the extract. 
 
 328 
 
 The great work of Dion Cassius was a history of Rome 
 . . . from the foundation of the city to the year A. b. 220. 
 Besides this, a number of works, now lost or incorporated 
 in his history, are attributed to him by Suidas and others. 
 The history consisted of eighty books, of which Books 
 XXXVII.-LX. have come down to us complete or nearly 
 bo, the remainder of the work being represented by 
 fragments of different kinds. In the loth century, when 
 the whole work was in existence, excerpts were made 
 from it by the order of Constantine Forphyrogenitus, 
 and in the 12th century Zonaras undertook an abridg- 
 ment of the first 20 books, which, with those from the 
 3Gth book to the end, wero then extant. The latter part 
 of the work, from the 30th to the 80th book, had been 
 abridged in the 11th century by a monk named Joannes 
 Xipliilinus. There are detached fragments, more or less 
 considerable, of the 35th and 30th books, referring to the 
 campaign of Lueullus against Mithridates, and Fompey’s 
 war with the pirates. On the other hand, there are many 
 gaps in the 37th, 66th, 60th, 67th, 68tli, 59th, and 60th 
 books. The work was continued down to the time of 
 Constantine the Great by some Christian writer, who i3 
 supposed to have been Joannes Antiochenus. 
 
 K. O. Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 251. 
 
 [{Dunaldson.) 
 
 Dion Chrysostomus (kri-sos'to-mus). [Gr. 
 
 XpucrdoTo/zo?. ] Born at Prusa, Bithynia, about 
 50 a. D. : died at Rome about 117. A Greek 
 rhetorician and philosopher. His 80 extant ora- 
 tions were edited by Reiske 1784. 
 
 Dione (di-6'ne). [Gr. Aidno?.] 1. In Greek my- 
 thology, a female Titan, daughter of Oceanus 
 and Tethys, and mother by Zeus of Aphrodite. 
 — 2. A pastoral tragedy by John Gay, published 
 in 1720. — 3. The fourth satellite of Saturn, dis- 
 covered by Cassini, March, 1684. 
 
 Dionysia (di-6-nis'i-a). [Gr. Aiovvcua.'] An- 
 cient Greek festivals in honor of Dionysus. Of 
 these, those of Athens were the most important, and are 
 generally held to have been four in number : the Lesser 
 or Rural Dionysia, the Lenrea, the Anthesteria, and the 
 Greater or City Dionysia. It now seems proved, how- 
 ever, that the Lensea and the Anthesteria were, in historic 
 times at least, identical, and merely interchangeable 
 names for the festival which centered about the Lenseum, 
 or sanctuary of Dionysus in the Marshes, whose shrine 
 was opened on only one day in the year. The date of 
 this festival was from the 11th to the 13th of Anthesterion 
 (about March 2-4). The Lesser Dionysia were a wine- 
 feast of very early origin, held throughout the Attic denies 
 between the 8th and 11th of Poseideon (about Dec. 19-22), 
 accompanied by drinking, boisterous processions, and 
 dramatic performances, of which those at the Piraeus had 
 the chief reputation. The Greater Dionysia were cele- 
 brated in Athens, probably from the 9th to the 13th of 
 Elaphebolion (about March 28-April 2). On the first day 
 there was a grand procession and a feast, besides a choral 
 dance around the Altar of the Twelve Gods in the Agora ; 
 on the second day were held lyrical contests between 
 choruses of boys and men ; and on the last three days 
 dramatic contests in the Dionysiac theater. 
 
 Dionysius (dl-o-nish'i-us), surnamed “The 
 Elder.” [Gr. Kiovbaior, from Ai6vvoog, Diony- 
 sus: the name has become Denis (which see).] 
 Born about 430 b. c. : died at Syracuse, 367. 
 Tyrant of Syracuse. He contrived in 405 to have 
 himself appointed sole general of the forces of the re- 
 public in the war against Carthage, whereupon he sur- 
 rounded himself with a strong body-guard of mercenaries 
 and usurped the government. He strengthened his posi- 
 tion by marrying the daughter of the deceased party 
 leader Hermocrates, and concluded peace with Carthage 
 in 404. He declared war against Carthage in 397, and was 
 besieged in 396 in Syracuse by the Carthaginians, who 
 were compelled by pestilence and a successful sally of the 
 Syracusans to raise the siege after an investment of eleven 
 months. He concluded an advantageous peace in 392. He 
 captured Rhegium in 387, and Croton in 379, which gave 
 him a commanding influence among the Italian Greeks. 
 His power and influence are said to have exceeded those 
 of any other Greek before Alexander the Great. He en- 
 couraged letters, invited Plato to his court, and himself 
 gained the chief prize at the Lensea with a play entitled 
 “ The Ransom of Hector.” 
 
 Dionysius, surnamed “The Younger.” Born 
 about 395 B. c. : died at Corinth (?) after 343. 
 Tyrant of Syracuse, a relative of Dion, and 
 son of Dionysius the Elder whom he succeeded 
 in 367. He was expelled in 356, restored in 
 346, and finally expelled in 343. 
 
 Dionysius, Saint. Born at Alexandria in the 
 last part of the 2d century A. D. : died at Alex- 
 andria, 265. A theologian, called “the Great,” 
 bishop of Alexandria about 247. Ho was con- 
 verted. by Origen. Only fragments of his works 
 remain. 
 
 Dionysius, Pg. Diniz. Bom at Lisbon, Oct. 
 9, 1261: died at Santarem, Portugal, Jan. 7, 
 1325. Kingof Portugal 1279-1325. He founded 
 the University of Coimbra. 
 
 Dionysius Exiguus (eks-ig'u-us). [L., ‘the 
 Little.’] Born in Scythia: lived in the 6th 
 century A. d. A monk and scholar of the 
 Western Church who, in his “Cyclus pascha- 
 lis,” introduced the anmmciation of the birth 
 of Christ as the starting-point of modern chro- 
 nology, thus establishing the Christian or 
 Dionysian era. He placed the birth of Christ 
 from three to six years too late. 
 
 Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Born at Hali- 
 
 Dipsodes, The 
 
 carnassus, Caria: died at Rome about 7 B. o. 
 A Greek rhetorician and historian, author of a 
 history of Rome (Archseologia). 
 
 Dionysius of Halicarnassus (25 B. 0.), In his Archeology, 
 i. o. Early History, of Rome to 264 B. C., aimed at writing 
 an Introduction to Polybius. He maintains, on fanciful 
 grounds, that the Romans, who deserve to rule the world, 
 are no “barbarians," but of Greek descent. We have 
 Books I.-X., going down to 450 B. c., and fragments of 
 Book XI. He did a better work in his rhetorical writ- 
 ings, and above all in his excellent essays on the Greek 
 orators. Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 148. 
 
 Dionysius Periegetes (per // i-e-;je'tez). [Gr. 
 II epir/yr/Tijs, a guide, cicerone, or showman : so 
 named from the title of his book. See the def.] 
 Lived about the 4th (1st?) century A. d. The 
 author of a geographical poem, “Periegesis” 
 (Gr. Ylepd/yyo^ r?/f yijg, a geographical descrip- 
 tion of the earth). 
 
 Dionysius the Areopagite. An Athenian, a 
 member of the Areopagus, converted by St. 
 Paul about 50 A. D. He was the reputed author of 
 several Greek treatises (“The Celestial Hierarchy," “The 
 Ecclesiastical Hierarchy,” “Concerning the Names of 
 God,” “ Of Mystical Theology,” “ Epistles ” and a Liturgy) 
 which appeared in the 6th century and were probably 
 written in the 5th. They have been the subject of much 
 theological and critical discussion. 
 
 Dionysus (di-6-nl'sus). [Gr. AiAvmog or AiLvv- 
 cof.] In Greek mythology, the god of wine. 
 He was, according to the common tradition, the son of 
 Zeus and Semele, the daughter of Cadmus of Thebes. 
 Hera, jealous of the attention which Zeus bestowed on 
 Semele, persuaded her in the guise of a friendly old 
 woman to request him to approach her in the same ma- 
 jesty in which he approached his wife. Zeus appeared in 
 thunder and lightning, with the result that Semele in her 
 fright gave birth to Dionysus, whom Zeus rescued from 
 the flames and sewed up in his thigh until he came to 
 maturity. He was brought up by Ino and Athamas at 
 Orchomenos ; spent many years in wandering about the 
 earth, introducing the cultivation of the vine ; and even- 
 tually rose into Olympus. He was also called, both by the 
 Greeks and the Romans, Bacchus, i. e. the riotous god, 
 which was originally a surname of Dionysus. 
 
 Dionyza (di-o-nl ' zii). In Shakspere’s “Peri- 
 cles,” the wife of Cleon, governor of Tharsus. 
 She attempts the murder of Marina, and with 
 her husband is burned to death in revenge. 
 Diophantus (di-6-fan'tus). [Gr. Acfyavrof.] 
 Lived at Alexandria, probably in the 4th cen- 
 tury a. D. A Greek mathematician, reputed in- 
 ventor of algebra. His chief work is “ Arith- 
 metiea” (edited by Fermat, 1670). 
 
 Dioscorides (dUos-kor'i-dez), Pedacius (pe- 
 da'shi-us) or Pedanius (pe-da'ni-us). [Gr. 
 AioGKovpidT/c, surnamed Jledaiaog or Iledc mof.] 
 Born probably at Anazarba, Cilicia: lived in 
 the 1st or 2d century A. D. A Greek physician, 
 author of a treatise on materia medica. 
 Dioscuri (di-os-ku'ri). [Gr. Ai6nuovpoi.\ Cas- 
 tor and Pollux, according to Greek legends 
 the sons of Leda and Zeus, or of Leda and 
 Tyndareus (whence their patronymic Tyndari- 
 dse), and brothers of Helen. See Castor and 
 Pollux. 
 
 Dioscurus (di-os-ku'rus). Died at Gangra, 
 Paphlagonia, 454. Bishop of Alexandria 444- 
 451. Having sided with the heretic Eutyches against 
 Flavian, bishop of Constantinople, he convoked a synod 
 at Ephesus in 449, which sustained the former and con- 
 demned the latter. This synod, over which he presided, 
 was conducted with so much violence that it was stigma- 
 tized as the “Robber Synod.” He was condemned and 
 deposed by the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon In 451. 
 Diospolis (di-os'po-lis). [Gr. Aidowohg, city of 
 Zeus.] See Lydda. 
 
 Diospolis. Thebes in Egypt; hence, Diospolite 
 dynasty, a Theban dynasty. See Thebes. 
 Diotima (di-o-ti'ma). [Gr. Afonya.) A priest- 
 ess of Mantmea, the reputed teacher of Soc- 
 rates, mentioned in Plato’s “Symposium.” She 
 is probably fictitious. 
 
 Diphda (dif'da). [Ar. difda’ al-thdni, the sec- 
 ond frog, the star Fomalhaut being the first.] 
 An often used name for the star Ceti. Also 
 called Dencb Kaitos. 
 
 Diphilus (dif'i-lus). [Gr. A/0(ta>?.] Born at 
 Sinope. One of the chief Athenian poets of 
 the New Comedy, a contemporary of Menander. 
 He is said to nave written a hundred plays. 
 Fragments of his works are extant. 
 Diplomacy. A play adapted by Bolton and 
 Savile Rowe from Sardou’s “Dora,” produced 
 in 1878. 
 
 Dippel (dip'pel), Johann Konrad. Born at 
 Frankenstein, near Darmstadt, Germany, Aug. 
 10, 1673 : died at Berleburg, PrOssia, April 25, 
 1734. A German mystic and alchemist. Ho 
 invented Dippel’s animal oil, and discovered 
 Prussian blue. 
 
 Dipsodes(dip'sodz),The. [Gr.dv0<Mw, thirsty.] 
 A people in Rabelais’s “Gargantua and Panta- 
 
Dipsodes, The 
 
 329 
 
 grut 1. 1 hoy were ruled by King Amirohe, and lina. it oxtomls from near Norfolk 30 to 40 mlloa south- 
 
 man v of them were giants. Pantagruel sub- word. It contains Lako Drummond, and is traversed by 
 dued them. tl »0 Dismal Swamp canal, which commots Chesapeake Bay 
 
 Dipylon Gate (dip'i-lou gat), The. [Or. 6ii tv- ^,^ emarle Sound - Part of 1110 8W “»'P •*»» beon re- 
 Aof, double-gated.] The chief gatowav of ail- , \ t-> 
 
 cient Athens, traversing the walls on the north- ^?* 8ma8 ( <ps m as), or Desmas (des mas). '\ he 
 west side a. n« i 1 . 7. legendary name of the penitent thief crucified 
 
 west siue. As Its name Indicates, it was In facta double with fliriat l| n „i„5 l, 
 
 Kate, consisting of a strongly fortified rectangular court Jurist, lie is also sometimes known as 
 
 between an outer and an Inner portal. Each portal also Memos and Jh/smas. 
 
 was double, having two doors, each U\ feet wide, sepa- Disowned, The. A novel by Bulwer Lytton 
 rated by a central pier. The foundations of this gate, published in 1829 ’ 
 
 alone among those of ancient Athens, survive in great /j- 5 ,.K t>„ ■„ ™ .• T7 ,„ , , T) 
 
 part, ami from it toward the southwest, extends a beauti- Israeli (uiz-ra li), Benjamin, Dari of Bea- 
 
 ful stretch of the original wall of Themistocles, built under consheld. Born at London, December 21, 
 Peloponnesian menace after the drunk victories over the 1804.- diod nf. f.nndnn Am-il 1(1 iubi a.. 
 
 tauviipiliui (Mill Vi i IIVUIIOIUC ICO, DUilt UIIUol 
 
 Peloponnesian menace after the Greek victories over the 
 Persians in 480 and 479 B. o. This wall, in its contrasted 
 construction of admirably fitted blocks and rough stones, 
 confirms literary witness to the haste of work spurred on 
 by emergency. The Dipylon is identical with the Sacred 
 Gate, and among the .roads diverging from it is the Sacred 
 Way to Eleusis. It was long held that an opening in tho 
 wall immediately southwest of the Dipylon was the Sacred 
 Gate, but Dorpfeld has shown that this was a passage for 
 the stream which he identifies as the Eridanus. 
 
 Dirae (di're). The Furies. See Furise. 
 
 Dirce (d6r'se). [Gr. A!pn^.~\ Iu Greek mythol- 
 ogy, the second wife of Lycus, put to death 
 
 1804: died at London, April 19, 1881. An 
 English statesman and novelist, son of Isaac 
 D’Israoli. He entered tho nouse of Commons in 1837, 
 and becamo one of the leaders of tho Young England 
 party, and leader of the Protectionist Tories against Peel 
 from about 1846. Ue was chancellor of the exchequer 
 and leader of the house in 1862 and 1868-59; became 
 chancellor of tho exchequer in 1866 ; carried the Reform 
 Bill of 1867; became premier in 1868; resigned in 1868 • 
 was premier 1874-80 ; was created earl of Beaconsfleld in 
 1876 ; and was plenipotentiary at the Congress of Berlin 
 In 1878. His administration was noted for its aggressive 
 foreign policy (in regard to the Eastern Question, India 
 
 by Ampliion and Zethus, sons of^Antiope, in ronsthnUnn^ nsaK-i .‘ <vil ) dic / i .^° n of the British 
 cm tYwv» Vipv*. ill 4 - ~ 4 ? 4 . 1 , • Constitution (1835) (the theories of which were afterward 
 
 revenge lor her ill tieatment of their mother, expounded in “Coningsby ’’ and “Sybil ’’), “Vivian Grey ” 
 bee Antiojje. Shewas bound to the horns of a bull and (1626: second part in 1827), “The Young Duke" (1831), 
 
 “Contarini Fleming ” (1832), “The Wondrous Tale of Al- 
 roy” (1833), “Rise of Iskander," “Revolutionary Epic" 
 (1834), “Letters of Runnymede” (1836), “ Venetia ” (1837), 
 “ Henrietta Temple " (1837). “Tragedy of Count Alarcos ” 
 (1839), “Coningsby" (1844), “Sybil’' (1845), “Tailored” 
 (1847), “Life of Lord George Bentinck ” (1852), “Lothair” 
 
 - - • — x* — (1870), “Endymion” ( 1880 ). 
 
 Drumaire, Nov. 9). It succeeded the Convention. D’lsraeli Isaac Born nt Enfield Eon-land Mao- 
 During this period occurred the campaigns of Napoleon , S’ at RnReld , Lngland, May, 
 
 1766: died at Bradenham House, Bucks, Eng- 
 land, Jan. 19, 1848. An English miscellaneous 
 writer. His chief works are “ Curiosities of Literature ” 
 (1791-1834, 6 vols.), “Miscellanies" (1796), “Calamities of 
 Authors ” (1812), “ Quarrels of Authors ” (1814), “Essay on 
 the Literary Character" (1795), “Charles I.” (1828-31), 
 “ Amenities of Literature ” (1841). 
 
 dragged to death. Her execution is represented in the 
 famous group “ Farnese Bull” (which see). Her body 
 was changed by Dionysus into a well on Mount Cithaeron. 
 
 Directory, The. The body of five men who 
 held the executive power in France from 
 Nov. 1, 1795, to the coup d’etat of 1799 (18th 
 Brumaire, Nov. 9). It succeeded the Convention. 
 
 During this period occurred the campaigns of Napoleon 
 in Italy and Egypt, and other campaigns in Germany, 
 etc. ; French influence became powerful in Italy and 
 Switzerland ; the treaty of Campo-Formio was concluded 
 with Austria ; and France was nearly embroiled in a war 
 with the United States. The personnel (Barras, Carnot, 
 
 La R6veillere-L6peaux, Letourneur, and Rewbell) of the 
 
 Directory was modified by a coup d’etat, 18th Fructidor •• Amenities 
 
 (Sept. 4), 1797, in which the republicans triumphed over Diqq (dis) A town in Norfolk Unrrla-nd oo 
 the reactionaries. Toward the close of the period the U n7.Vh 7# A d , 7- ^5 ~ 2 
 
 Directory became discredited by defeats in Italy, and was ^lles north of Ipswich. Population, 3,745. ^ 
 overthrown byNapoleon and succeeded by the Consulate. Distaffina (dis-ta-fl'na). The beloved of Bom- 
 Dirschau (der'shou), Pol. Szczewo (shchev'o). bastes Furioso in Rhodes’s burlesqtie opera of 
 A town in the province of West Prussia, Prus- that name. She jilted Bombastes for the king, 
 sia, sitiiated on the Vistula 19 miles southeast Distaff’s Day, Saint. The 7th of January : so 
 of Dantzic. Population, commune, 14, 184. called because on that day the women who have 
 
 Dis (dis). In Roman mythology, a name of kept the Christmas festival till Twelfth Day (the 
 Pluto, and hence of the lower world. 6th) return to their distaffs, or ordinary work. 
 
 Disco (dis'ko). An island belonging to Den- -As a distaff is also called a rock, it is sometimes 
 mark, situated in Baffin Bay, west of Green- called Rock Day. 
 
 land, in lat. 69° 30' N. It contains tbe harbor Distant Prospect of Eton College, Ode on a. 
 of Godhavn. A poem by Thomas Gray, written in 1742, pub- 
 
 Disco Bay. A bay on the west coast of Green- Ijshed anonymously by Dodsley in 1747. 
 land, southeast of Disco Island. Distich (dis'tik), Dick. A poet and satirist 
 
 Discobolus (dis-kob ' o-lus). [Gr . SioKopdXog, met in a madhouse by Sir Launcelot Greaves, 
 thrower of the discus.’] An antique copy, in in Smollett’s novel of that name. Pope used 
 the Vatican, Rome, of a famous statue by My- this signature in “The Guardian.” 
 ron. The body is bent forward and turned toward the Distressed Mother, The. A tragedy by Am- 
 right as the heavy discus is swung back, wonderful art brose Philips, produced in 1712. It was adapted 
 being shown in the choice and expression of the moment from Racine’s “Andromaone.” 
 of repose when, the backward motion completed, the pow- TVotrooooo TBo A i7 , , 
 
 erful cast forward is on the point of execution. Distresses, Ihe. A play by Davenant, thought 
 
 Discordia (dis-kor'di-a). In Roman mythology, I^ikuq 10 as “ Tlle s P auis k L °v- 
 
 the goddess of dissension, corresponding to Sie tyt% - 1C m - e ? t 1 ?~ n mi 
 
 Greek Eris s Dlstna(des'trea), Dora, Countess. The pseu- 
 
 Discours de la methode. See Descartes. of Helene Ghika ’ Princess K°ltzoff Mas- 
 
 Discovery, The. 1 . A small ship which, under n i v,- i ru- mi 
 
 command of Captain George Waymouth, was of Columbia (ko-lum bi-a). The fed- 
 
 sent out by the East India Company to “find ®ral district which contains the national capital 
 
 til© passage best to lve towards th© nn t»4q nv ^ otates. It lies on the eastern bank of 
 
 TkP nil! n towaras tn© parts or the Potomac, between Maryland and Virginia, and con- 
 kingdom of Cataya or China, or th© back© tains, besides the city of Washington, with Georgetown 
 
 ~ ~ C A * » - - TTormim m'llni.An T 4- in , , ~ M .. 4 U .A__v . «• x . , , l 
 
 side of America.” She sailed with the Godspeed 
 from the Thames May 2, 1602, intending to make the coast 
 of Greenland ; but the voyage had no important result 
 though Waymouth probably paved the way for Hudson’s 
 discovery. In April, 1610, the latter sailed in the Dis- 
 covery, and entered the strait which bears his name in 
 June. Early in August he entered Hudson Bay. He 
 spent three months in exploring it, and in November the 
 vessel was frozen in. In June of the following year she 
 was released, and shortly after a mutiny occurred. Hud- 
 son and others were set adrift, and were never again seen. 
 The Discovery was taken home by the mutineers, and 
 
 various villages. It is under the control of the F’ederal 
 Government through 3 commissioners appointed by the 
 President and confirmed by the Senate. It was formed of 
 cessions made by Maryland in 1788 and Virginia in 1789, 
 comprising 100 square miles. It was organized in 1790- 
 1791, and the seat of government was removed thither in 
 1800. Washington was incorporated in 1802 . The Virgin- 
 ian portion (west of the Potomac) was retroceded in 1846. 
 Territorial government was established in 1871, a provi- 
 sional government succeeded in 1874, and the present form 
 was established in 1878. Area, 70 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 331,069, (1910). See Washington. 
 
 xne discovery was laicen nome Dy the mutineers, and uuu > <wr,uoy, (lai'J). see n asrangton. 
 
 ^‘’w 3 she w !) 3 a " ain sent , to the Northwest Dithinarsclien (dit'mar-shen), or Ditmarsh 
 
 with the Resolution under command of Sir Thnmna vn » V • n , . 
 
 with the Resolution under command of Sir Thomas 
 Button. He discovered Nelson’s River, which he called 
 Port Nelson, and several points. In 1615 the Discovery 
 set out with William Baffin and Robert Bylot, and again 
 in 1616. In both these voyages many important discov- 
 eriesand explorations were made. See Hudson, Henry. 
 
 (dit'marsh). A territory in western Holstein, 
 in the province of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, 
 situated between tbe Elbe and the Eider. It 
 was incorporated in Holstein in 1559, and an- 
 nexed to Prussia in 1866. 
 
 Dixmude 
 
 Dive Bouteille (dev btf-tfiy'), La. [F., ‘the 
 divine bottle.'] An oracle to which Panurge in 
 “ Rabelais” makes a long journey in order to 
 determine whether he shall marry. The oracle 
 responds with one word, “Trlnq.” The Order of the Dive 
 Bouteille was Instituted In Franco in the lotli century by 
 tho most ‘illuBtriouB drinkers'' in honor of JtabclaiB, and 
 in order to put in practice their “pantagruel ism." 
 Diver, The. A poem by Schiller. 
 
 Dives (di'vez). [L., ‘wealthy.’] See Lazarus. 
 Dives Cdev). A small town in tho department 
 of Oalvados, France, 17 miles southwest of Le 
 
 avio. It was formerly a seaport of some importance. 
 
 Divide, Continental. The elevated ridge or 
 wator-parting in tho Rocky Mountain region of 
 the United States which separates the streams 
 tributary to the Pacific Ocean from those tribu- 
 tary to the Atlantic ; in a more restricted sense, 
 a portion of the main divide, in the Yellowstone 
 National Park, where it has about its narrowest 
 crest. 
 
 Divina Commedia (de-ve'na kom-ma'de-a). 
 [‘Divine Comedy.’] A celebrated epic poem 
 by Dante, in 3 parts — Inferno (Hell), Purga- 
 torio (Purgatory), Paradiso (Paradise) — writ- 
 ten during tbe period 1300-18. it has been trans- 
 lated into English by Cary, Longfellow, Norton, and others. 
 Dante called it a comedy only because the ending was 
 not tragical, and the epithet divine was given to it iu ad- 
 miration. 
 
 And so the spiritual sense of these works [the “ Vita Nu- 
 ova ’’ and “ Convito ’’] proceeds by definite steps upward to 
 the higher mysteries of the “Divina Commedia." Here, 
 after the early days of faith and love, and when, after the 
 first passage of emotions of youth to the intellectual en- 
 joyments of maturer years, enthusiasm also for philosophy 
 has passed away, Dante, or the Soul of Man repr seuted 
 in his person, passes through worldly life (the woo I of the 
 first canto of the “Divine Comedy ”) into sin, and, h rough 
 God’s grace, to a vision of his misery — to the “HeU. ’ But 
 by repentance and penance — “ Purgatory the marks of 
 
 me seven deadly sins are effaced from his forehead, and 
 the bright vision of Beatrice, Heavenly Love, whose hand- 
 maids are the seven virtues, admonishes him as he attains 
 to “Paradise.” There Beatrice the Beatifler, Love that 
 brings the Blessing, is his guide to the end of the soul’s 
 course, the glory of the very presence of the Godhead, 
 where a love that is almighty rules the universe. 
 
 Morley, English Writers, III. 404. 
 
 Divine Doctor, The. [L. doctor divinus.'] A 
 surname of Ruysbroeek. 
 
 Divine Tragedy, The. A poem by Longfellow, 
 published in 1871. 
 
 Divitiacus (div-i-tl-a'kus). An „Eduan noble, 
 brother of Dumnorix. He was an ally of Rome, and 
 a warm personal friend of Caesar. He was fKe guest of 
 Cicero during a political visit to Rome. He rendered ser- 
 vices to Caesar against Ariovistus and against the Belgse. 
 Through his intercession Dumnorix’s treason in 58 b o 
 was pardoned by Caesar. 
 
 Dix (diks), Dorothea Lynde. Born at Hamp- 
 den, Me., April 4, 1802 : died at Trenton, N. J., 
 July 19, 1887. An American philanthropist, 
 noted for her exertions in behalf of paupers, 
 the insane, and prisoners. She published sev- 
 eral children’s books, and in 1845 “Prisons 
 and Prison Discipline.” 
 
 Dix, John Adams. Born at Boscawen, N. H., 
 July 24, 1798 : died at New York, April 21, 1879. 
 An American statesman and general. He was 
 United States senator from New York 1845-49- was sec- 
 retary of the treasury in 1861 ; served during the Civil 
 War 1861-65 ; was minister to France 1866-69 ; and was 
 governor of New York 1873-75. 
 
 Dix, Mount. One of the principal summits of 
 the Adirondacks, New York. Height, 4, 842 feet. 
 Dixie (dik'si). A popular name of the Southern 
 States of the AmericanUnion. See Dixie’s Land. 
 Dixie's Land. Said to have been originally a 
 negro name for New York or Manhattan Island, 
 later applied to the South. The phrase originated 
 in New York early in the 19th century : it developed into 
 a song, or rather into many songs, the refrain usually con- 
 taining the word “Dixie ” or “Dixie’s Land. ’’ In the South 
 Dixie is regarded as meaning the Southern States, the 
 word being supposed to be derived from “ Mason and 
 Dixon’s line,” which formerly divided the free and slave 
 States. It is said to have first come into use there when 
 Texas joined the Union, and the negroes sang of it as 
 “Dixie.” 
 
 In the popular mythology of New York City, Dixie was 
 the Negro’s paradise on earth in times when slavery and 
 the slave-trade were flourishing in that quarter. Dixie 
 owned a tract of land on Manhattan Island, and also a 
 2 ’ On (7 nf t h o nexed to Prussia in 1866. large number of slaves; and his slaves increasing faster 
 
 f- r Steam-vessels of the British polar Diti (di * t[) In Hindu ravtho l 0 „ v of than his land, an emigration ensued, such as has taken 
 
 expedition (under Captain Sir Georee Nares) - . A . °"T’ tie name or place j n Virginia and other States. Naturally, the Negroes 
 
 who left it for distant parts looked to it as a place of un- 
 alloyed happiness, and it was the “old Virginny "of the 
 Negroes of that day. nence Dixie became synonymous 
 with an ideal locality combining ineffable happiness and 
 every imaginable requisite of earthly beatitude. 
 
 Bryant, Songs from Dixie’s Land, note. 
 
 expedition (under Captain Sir George Nares) 
 of 1875-76: the other was the Alert. 
 
 Disentis, or Dissentis (des'en-tis). A village 
 in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, situated 
 on the Further Rhine 35 miles southeast of 
 
 Lucerne. It is noted for its Benedictine ab- r , 
 
 bey, founded about 614, from which it received (dlt , 5 n) ’ “^PHrey Born at Salisbury, 
 
 ’*• ■ England, May 29, 1675 : died Oet. 15, 171o. An 
 
 a goddess without any distinct character. The 
 name is formed by popular etymology from A diti, as if 
 that were A-diti (‘not-Diti ’), as sura from asura. In epic 
 poetry Diti is a daughter of Daksha and wife of Kashyapa. 
 The race of Daityas, or implacable enemies of the gods, are 
 described as her progeny or descendants. 
 
 the name Muster (L. Monasterinm.) 
 
 Dismal Swamp, Great. A morass in south- 
 eastern Virginia and northeastern North Caro- 
 VI. 12 
 
 English mathematician. He wrote “General Laws 
 of Nature and Motion ” (1705), “An Institution of Flux- 
 ions ” (1706), etc. 
 
 Dixmude (de-mud'), Flem. Diksmuide. A 
 small town in the province of West Flanders, 
 Belgium, situated on the Yser 20 miles south- 
 west of Bruges. 
 
Dixon, George 
 
 Dixon (dik'son), George. Died about 1800. 
 Au English navigator. He served as a petty officer on 
 the Resolution during Cook’s last voyage. In 1785 he was 
 appointed to the command of the Queen Charlotte in Na- 
 thaniel Portlock’s exploring expedition along the north- 
 western coast of America. He was detached for the pur- 
 pose of independent exploration, May 14, 1787, and shortly 
 after discovered the Queen Charlotte Islands. He pub- 
 lished “ A Voyage round the World ” (1789). 
 
 Dixon, William Hepwortb. Bom at Newton- 
 Heath, England, June 30, 1821 : died at London, 
 Dec. 27, 1879. An English author and journal- 
 ist, editor of the “ Athenasum” 1853-69. He wrote 
 “ New America ” (1867), “Spiritual Wives ” (1868), “Free 
 Russia ” (1870), “Her Majesty’s Tower” (1869-71), etc. 
 Dixon Entrance. A sea passage, west of Brit- 
 ish Columbia, which separates Prince of Wales 
 Island from the Queen Charlotte Islands. 
 Dixville Notch (diks'vil noch). A noted ravine 
 in the northern part of New Hampshire, near 
 Colebrooke. 
 
 Dixwell (diks'wel), John. Born 1608: died at 
 New Haven, Conn., March 18, 1689. An English 
 regicide, a refugee in America after the Res- 
 toration. 
 
 Dizful (dez-fol'), or Desful (des-fol'). A city 
 in the province of Khuzistan, Persia, situated 
 on the river Diz in lat. 32° 10' N., long. 48° 
 35' E. Population, estimated, 30,000. 
 
 Dizzy (diz'i). 1. A character in Garrick’s play 
 “The Male Coquette.” — 2. A nickname of Ben- 
 jamin Disraeli. 
 
 Djinnestan, or Jinnestan (jin-nes-tan'). The 
 land of the Djinns or Jinns in Persian and 
 Oriental fairy lore. 
 
 Dmitri. See Dimitri. 
 
 Dmitrief (dme ' tre - ef), Ivan Ivanovitch. 
 
 Born in the government of Simbirsk, Russia, 
 Sept. 20 (N. S.), 1760: died at Moscow, Oct. 
 15 (N. S.), 1837. A Russian poet and politi- 
 cian, minister of justice 1810-14. He was the 
 author of a translation of La Fontaine’s fables, 
 etc. 
 
 Dmitrof (dme'trof). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Moscow, Russia, 43 miles north of 
 Moscow. Population, 5,600. 
 
 Dmitrovsk (dme'trovsk). A town in the gov- 
 ernment of Orel, Russia, in lat. 52° 29' N., 
 long. 35° 15' E. Population, 5,600. 
 
 Dnieper (ne'per; Russ. pron. dnyep'er), or 
 Dniepr (ne'pr). A river of Russia, after the 
 Volga, and Danube the largest in Europe: the 
 classical Borysthenes, and the later classical 
 Danapris, the Turkish Uzi. It rises in the govern- 
 ment of Smolensk, and flows into the Black Sea by the 
 Dnieper Liman, east of Odessa. Its leading tributaries 
 are the Desna, Soj, Pripet, and Berezina. Kieff and Yeka- 
 terinoslaft are on its banks. Length, about 1,200 miles ; 
 navigable from Dorogobush. 
 
 Dniester (nes'ter; Russ. pron. dnyes'ter), or 
 Dniestr (nes'tr). A river in Galicia and Rus- 
 sia which rises in the Carpathian Mountains, 
 and flows into the Black Sea 30 miles south- 
 west of Odessa: the ancient Tyras or Danas- 
 tris, the Turkish Turla. Length, about 800 
 miles. Its navigation is interrupted at the 
 Yarnpol rapids. 
 
 Doab (do-ab'), or Buab. [‘Two rivers.’] In 
 India, a name given to a tract of country be- 
 tween two rivers. It is applied especially to the region 
 between the Ganges and the Jumna, of great fertility, 
 about 500 miles in length. 
 
 Doane (don), George Washington. Bom at 
 
 Trenton, N. J., May 27, 1799: died at Burling- 
 ton, N. J., April 27, 1859. An American bishop 
 of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He pub- 
 lished “Songs by the Way” (1824), etc. 
 Dobberan. See Doberan. 
 
 Dobbin (dob'in), Major William. A modest 
 young officer in Thackeray’s novel “Vanity 
 Fair.” He marries Amelia Sedley after the 
 death of her first husband, George Osborne. 
 Dobbins, Humphrey. A rough but grateful 
 servant in Colman’s comedy “ The Poor Gentle- 
 man.” 
 
 Dobell (do-bel'), Sydney Thompson. Bom at 
 
 Cranbrook, Kent, England, April 5, 1824: died 
 at Nailswortk, Gloucester, Aug. 22, 1874. An 
 English poet. He was a wine merchant at Cheltenham 
 from 1848 until his death, nis works (a complete edition 
 of which appeared in 1875-76) include “The Roman" 
 (1850), “Balder” (1854), and “England in Time of War” 
 (1856). 
 
 Dobeln (de'beln). A town in the kingdom of 
 Saxony, situated on the Mulde 28 miles west 
 of Dresden. Population, commune, 18,908. 
 Doberan (do'be-ran), or Dobberan (dob'ber- 
 an). A town and watering-place in the grand 
 duchy of Mecklenburg-Sckwerin, Germany, 
 situated near the Baltic 9 miles west of Ros- 
 tock. 
 
 330 
 
 Dobereiner (de'be-ri-ner), Johann Wolfgang. 
 
 Born near Hof, Bavaria, Dec. 15, 1780 : died 
 at Jena, Germany, March 24, 1849. A German 
 chemist. He was professor of chemistry, pharmacy, 
 and technology in the University of Jena from 1810 until 
 his death. He discovered that spongiform platinum has 
 the property of igniting hydrogen. Author of “Zur pneu- 
 matischen Chemie ” (1821-26), etc. 
 
 Doboobie. See Alasco. 
 
 Dobrentei (de'bren-ta-e), Gabor. Born at 
 Nagyszollos, Hungary, Dec. 1, 1786: died near 
 Budapest, March 28, 1851. A Hungarian 
 scholar and poet. He published “Old Monu- 
 ments of the Magyar Language” (1838-46). 
 
 Dobrizboffer (do'brits-bof-er), Martin. Born 
 at Gratz, in Styria, Sept. 7, 1717 : died at Vi- 
 enna, July 17, 1791. A Jesuit missionary and 
 author. From 1749 until the expulsion of the Jesuits 
 in 1767 he resided in Paraguay, and seven years of this 
 period were passed among the savage Abipones Indians. 
 After 1767 he resided in Vienna, where he published his 
 Latin “ Historia de Abiponibus equestri ” in 1784. A Ger- 
 man edition appeared in the same year, and an English 
 translation by Sara Coleridge in 1822, with the title “An 
 Account of the Abipones” (London, 3 vols. 8vo). The 
 book is of great ethnological value. 
 
 Dobrowsky (do-brov'ske), Joseph. Born at 
 Gyermet, near Raab, Hungary, Aug. 17, 1753: 
 died at Briinn, Moravia, Jan. 6, 1829. A noted 
 Hungarian philologist, the founder of Slavic 
 philology. He became a member of the order of Jesuits 
 in 1772. His works include “Gescliichte der bdhmisclien 
 Sprache und iiltern Literatur ” (1792), “ Institutiones lin- 
 gua) slavicse dialecti veteris” (1822), “Scriptores rerum 
 Dohemicarum ” (1783-84), etc. 
 
 Dobrudja, or Dobrudscba (do-bro 'ja). [Bulg. 
 Dobritch .] The southeastern portion of Ru- 
 mania, bounded on the east by the Black Sea, 
 on the north and west by the Danube, and on 
 the south by Bulgaria. It is a marsh and steppe re- 
 gion, and is traversed by the ancient wall of Trajan. It 
 was occupied temporarily by the Russians in 1828 and 
 1854, and by the French in 1854, and was incorporated in 
 Rumania in 1878. Area, 6,102 square miles. Population, 
 267,808. 
 
 Dobschau (dob'shou), Hung. Dobsina (dob'- 
 she-no). A small town in the county of Gomor, 
 Hungary, noted for its ice-cavern. 
 
 Dobson (dob'son), Austin. Born at Plymouth, 
 England, Jan.' lS, 1840. An English poet. He 
 has published “Vignettes in Rhyme,” etc. (1873-80), 
 “ Proverbs in Porcelain ” (1877), “ Old World Idyls ” (1883), 
 “ Thomas Bewick,” etc. (1884), “ At the Sign of the Lyre” 
 (1885), “Ballade of Beau Brocade,” etc. (1892). He has 
 also written the life of Sir Richard Steele (“ English Wor- 
 thies,” 1886), “Oliver Goldsmith” (“ Great Writers," 1888), 
 “Eighteenth Century Vignettes” (1892,-94,-96), “De 
 Libris” (1908). 
 
 Dobson, William. Born at London, 1610 : died 
 at Oxford, 1646. An English portrait and his- 
 torical pai nter, a pupil and imitator of Van Dyck 
 whom he succeeded as painter to Charles I. He 
 painted the portraits of Charles I., the Prince 
 of Wales, Prince Rupert, and various courtiers. 
 
 Doce (do'sa), Rio. A river of Brazil which 
 flows into the Atlantic Ocean in lat, 19° 35' S. 
 Length, over 600 miles ; navigable for 90 miles. 
 
 Dockum. See Doklcum. 
 
 Doctor, Tbe. A romance by Southey, published 
 in 1834, in 7volumes. It was at first published anony- 
 mously, and he explicitly denied his authorship. In it he 
 exhibits his vast store of learning in a rambling maimer. 
 
 Doctor’s Tale, The. One of Chaucer’s “Can- 
 terbury Tales,” told by the Doctor of Physic. 
 The Roman story of Virginia in it was expanded from the 
 same story in the “Roman de laRose,” though the account 
 purports to be direct from Livy. See Appius and Virgin ia. 
 
 Doctor Syntax. See Tour of, etc. 
 
 Doctor Dodipoll (dok'tor dod'i-pol). A comedy 
 the author of which is unknown (1600). Dr. 
 Dodipoll is a foolish, doddering creature. 
 
 Doctor of Alcantara, The. An opera by Julius 
 Eichberg, produced in 1862. 
 
 Doctor of tbe Incarnation. A title bestowed 
 on Cyril of Alexandria. 
 
 Dod (dod), Charles Roger Phipps. Born in Ire- 
 land, May 8, 1793: died Feb. 21. 1855. Compiler 
 of the “Parliamentary Companion” (1832-). 
 
 Dodd (dod), James William. Born in London 
 about 1740: died 1796. An English actor. He 
 was a member of Garrick’s company, and was especially 
 successful as Sir Andrew Agueclieek and Abel Drugger. 
 
 Dodd, William. Born at Bourne, Lincolnshire, 
 England, May 29, 1729 : died June 27, 1777. An 
 English clergyman and author. He studied at Cam- 
 bridge, was ordained deacon in 1751, and was appointed 
 chaplain to the king in 1763. In 1777 he forged the name 
 of Lord Chesterfield, his former pupil, to a bond for 
 £4,200, and in spite of the efforts of Dr. Johnson and other 
 influential persons was executed at London. He wrote 
 “Beauties of Shakspere” (1752), “Thoughts in Prison” 
 (1777), etc. 
 
 Doddridge (dod'rij), Philip. Born at London, 
 June 26, 1702 : died at Lisbon, Oct. 26, 1751. An 
 English dissenting clergyman. He was pastor of an 
 
 Dodwell, Henry 
 
 Independent congregation at Northampton from 1729 
 until his death. He is known chiefly as the author of 
 “ Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul ’’ (1746) and 
 “The Family Expositor " (6 volumes, 1739-56), and for his 
 hymns. 
 
 Doderlein (de'der-lin), Ludwig. Born at Jena, 
 Germany, Dec. 19, 1791: died at Erlangen, Nov. 
 9, 1863. A German classical philologist, pro- 
 fessor at Erlangen from 1819. His works include 
 “ Lateinische Synonymen und Etymologien ” (1826-38), 
 “Homerisches Glossarium” (1850-58), editions of Tacitus, 
 Horace, and the Hiad, etc. 
 
 Dodge (doj), Mary Abigail : pseudonym Gail 
 Hamilton. Born at Hamilton, Mass., 1830: died 
 at Wenham, Mass., Aug. 17, 1896. An American 
 writer. Her works include “ Country Li ving and Country 
 Thinking ”(1862), “Gala Days” (1863), “New Atmosphere ” 
 (1864), “Woman's Wrongs, etc.” (1868), “Twelve Miles from 
 aLemon’’(lS73), “Our Common School System ”(1880), etc. 
 
 Dodge, Mrs. (Mary Elizabeth Mapes). Born 
 at New York, Jan. 26, 1831; died at Onteora 
 Park, Tannersville, N. Y., Aug. 21, 1905. An 
 American authoress, editor of the “St. Nicho- 
 las ’’magazine 1873-1905. She wrote “HansBrinker, 
 or the Silver Skates ” (1865), “Donald and Dorothy ” (1883), 
 “Along the Way” (poems, 1879), “The Land of Pluck” 
 (1894), “When Life is Young " (1894), etc. 
 
 Dodge, Theodore Ayrault. Born at Pittsfield, 
 Mass., May 28, 1842: died Oct. 26, 1909. An 
 American soldier and author. He served through 
 the Civil War and in the War Department, rising: to the 
 rank of brevet colonel. He retired in 1870. Among his 
 works are : “Chaneellorsville ” (1881), “ Civil War” (1883), 
 “A Chat in the Saddle” (1886), “Alexander” (1890), 
 “Hannibal” (1891), “Caesar” (1892), “Riders of Many 
 Lands” (1894), “ Gustavus Adolphus” (1890-95), and “Na- 
 poleon ” (1904-1907). 
 
 Dodge, William Earl. Born at Hartford, Conn., 
 Sept. 4, 1805: died at New York, Feb. 9, 1883. 
 An American merchant and philanthropist, 
 noted for his efforts in behalf of the freedmen, 
 temperance, foreign missions, etc. 
 
 Do dger (do j ' er ) , The Artful. See Dawkins, John . 
 Bodgson (doj'son), Charles Lutwidge: pseu- 
 donymLewisCarroll. Bornat Daresbury, Che- 
 shire, Jan. 27, 1832: died at Guildford, Surrey, 
 Jan. 14, 1898. A mathematician and writer, 
 mathematical lecturer at ChristChurch, Oxford, 
 1855-81. HewTote “A Syllabus of Plane and Algebraical 
 Geometry” (1860), “Guide to the Mathematical Student,” 
 etc. (1864), “Elementary Treatise on Determinants” 
 (1867), “Euclid and his Modern Rivals" (1879), “Curiosa 
 Mathematica,” etc. (1888), and several children’s books 
 under the pseudonym of Lewis Carroll: “Alice's Adven- 
 tures in Wonderland”(1865), “Through the Looking Glass,” 
 etc. (1871), “ The Hunting of the Snark ’’ (1876), etc. 
 
 Dodington (dod'ing-ton), George Bubb (later 
 Baron Melcombe). Born in Dorset, England, 
 1691 : died at Hammersmith, July 28, 1762. An 
 English politician. He was the son of George Bubb, 
 but adopted the name of Dodington on inheriting an estate 
 in 1720 from an uncle of that name. In 1715 he entered 
 Parliament, where he acquired the reputation of an as- 
 siduous place-hunter. He was created Baron Melcombe 
 of Melcombe Regis, Dorsetshire, in 1761. He patronized 
 men of letters, and was complimented by Edward Young, 
 Fielding, and Richard Bentley. He left a diary covering 
 the period from 1749 to 1761, which was published in 1784. 
 Dodipoll. See Doctor Dodipoll. 
 
 Dodo (do'do). The name of a deity (discovered 
 on the Moabite Stone) wbo is supposed to have 
 been worshiped by the ten tribes alongside of 
 Yabveh. ( Sayce .) This is, however, very un- 
 likely. 
 
 Dodona (do-do'na). [Gr. Aw<5<iw/.] In ancient 
 geography, a city of Epirus, probably situated 
 near tbe modern Mount Olytzika, southwest of 
 Janina. It was the seat of the oldest Greek 
 oracle, dedicated to Zeus. 
 
 Dods (dodz), Meg. The landlady of the inn, 
 in Sir Walter Scott’s “St. Ronan’s Well.” 
 Dodsley (dodz'li), Robert. Born probably at 
 Mansfield, Nottingham, England, in 1703 : died 
 at Durham, England, Sept. 23, 1764. An Eng- 
 lish bookseller and author. He wrote a number of 
 plays, poems, songs, and other works, but is best known 
 for his “Select Collection of Old Plays,” which was pub- 
 lished in 1744 in 12 volumes, beginning with a morality play. 
 
 Dodson (dod'son). The family name of the 
 three aunts in George Eliot’s “Mill on the 
 Floss,” Aunt Pullet, Aunt Glegg, and Aunt 
 Tulliver. Their inherited customs and peculiarities are 
 amusing, and are always referred to with respect by the 
 phrase “No Dodson ever did ’’ so and so. 
 
 Dodson and Fogg. In Charles Dickens’s “ Pick- 
 wick Papers,” the legal advisers of Mrs. Bardell 
 in the celebrated breacb-of-promise ease. 
 Dodwell (dod'wel), Edward. Bom about 1767: 
 died at Rome, May 13, 1832. An English anti- 
 quarian and artist. He published “Classical and 
 Topographical Tour through Greece” (1819), “Cyclopean 
 or Pelasgic Remains in Greece and Italy ” (1834), etc. 
 
 Dodwell, Henry. Born at Dublin, Oct,, 1641: 
 died at Shottesbrooke, Berkshire, England, 
 June 7, 1711. A British classical scholar and 
 
Dodwell, Henry 
 
 controversialist. He studied at Trinity College, Dub- 
 lin ; removed to London in 1074 ; and was Camden professor 
 of history at Oxford 1688-91. His chief work is “ De ve- 
 teribus grascorum romanorumque cyclis ’’ (1701). 
 
 Doe (do), John. The name of the fictitious 
 plaintiff in actions of ejectment. See Roe, 
 Richard. 
 
 Doeg (do'eg). [Heb., ‘fearful.’] 1. The chief 
 of the herdsmen of Saul. He slew fourscore 
 and five priests of Nob. — 2. In the second 
 part of Dryden and Tate’s “Absalom and 
 Achitophel,” a character intended to represent 
 Elkanah Settle. 
 
 Does (dos), Jacobus van der. Born at Amster- 
 dam, March 4, 1623: died at Sloten, Nov. 17, 
 1673. A Dutch landscape and animal painter. 
 Dogali (do-ga'le). A place near Massowah, 
 eastern Africa. Here, Jan. 26, 1887, the Italian force 
 under (lend was defeated and nearly destroyed by the 
 Abyssinians under Ras Alula. 
 
 Dogberry (dog'ber-i). An absurd constable in 
 Shakspere’s “Much Ado about Nothing.” 
 Doge’s Palace. The palace of the doges of Ven- 
 ice. The present building was begun by Marino Faliero 
 in 1354, but only the south and west facades retain their 
 characteristic Pointed architecture. The basement is a 
 noble and massive arcade with cylindrical columns ; above 
 this is another arcade, with twice the number of columns, 
 and graceful, sharp-cusped arches with a range of quatre- 
 foils above them. The upper part of the building is a 
 square mass, with later enriched balconies in the middle 
 of each facade, broad pointed windows irregularly placed, a 
 line of small circles above, and flamed battlements. The 
 superstructure is in itself too heavy, but is rendered effec- 
 tive by the color of its diaper- work of pink and white mar- 
 ble. The aUegorical and biblical sculptures of the capitals 
 of the lower arcade and of the three angles of the palace 
 are famous. The great entrance, the Porta della Carta, the 
 court, and the Giants’ Staircase with its colossal figures of 
 Mars and Neptune are excellent works of the Renaissance. 
 The halls of the interior are adorned with the masterpieces 
 of Tintoret, Titian, Paolo Veronese, and other great Vene- 
 tians. 
 
 Doggerbank (dog'er-bangk). A sand-bank in 
 tbe North Sea, in about lat. 54°-55° 30' N., long. 
 1°— 5° E. It was the scene of an indecisive naval battle 
 between the English under Sir Hyde Parker and the Dutch 
 in 1781. It is noted for its extensive and valuable fisheries. 
 Doggett (dog'et), Thomas. Born at Dublin: 
 died Oct. (Sept. 21? 22?), 1721. An English 
 actor. He was before the public from 1691 to 1713. He 
 established in 1716 a prize in the Thames rowing-match, 
 given every year on the 1st of August. It was an orange- 
 colored livery and a badge, and was given in honor of 
 George I. The custom is still kept up under the super- 
 vision of the Fishmongers’ Company. 
 
 Doggrell (dog'rel). A foolish poet in Cowley’s 
 play “The Guardian.” He was omitted in “The 
 Cutter of Coleman Street,” a revision. 
 
 Dog of Montargis, The. See Aubry de Mont- 
 didier. 
 
 Dogs (dogz or dogz), Isle of. A peninsula 
 in southeastern London, projecting into the 
 Thames opposite Greenwich, and cut off by 
 the canal of the West India Docks. 
 
 Dokkum, or Dockum (dok'kom). A small 
 town in Friesland, Netherlands, in lat. 53° 19' 
 N., long. 6° E. 
 
 Doko (do'ko). See Pygmies. 
 
 Dol(dol). A town in the department of Ille- 
 et-Vilaine, France, 14 miles southeast of St. 
 Malo. Here, in 1793, the Vendeans repulsed the repub- 
 licans. It has a cathedral of the 13th century, with square 
 chevet, and clustered columns some of whose shafts are 
 detached. There is some good glass, interesting details 
 of design, sculpture of exceptional delicacy considering 
 the material (granite), and two fine porches. Population, 
 commune, 4,588. 
 
 Dolabella (dol-a-bel'ji), Publius Cornelius. 
 
 Bom about 70 B. C. : died at Laodicea, Asia 
 Minor, 43 B. C. A Koman patrician, noted 
 chiefly as the son-in-law of Cicero. Ruined by 
 his profligate habits, he sought to restore his fortunes by 
 joining the standard of Caesar in the civil war. He com- 
 manded Csesar’s fleet in the Adriatic in 49, and in 48 par- 
 ticipated in the battle of Pharsalus. He obtained the 
 consulship after the death of Caesar in 44. At first he 
 acted in support of the senate, but was subsequently in- 
 fluenced by bribery to join the party of Antony, ne re- 
 ceived from Antony the province of Syria as his procon- 
 sulate, but was defeated at Laodicea by Cassius. He was, 
 at his own request, killed by one of his soldiers in order 
 not to fall into the hands of the enemy. 
 
 Dolce (dol'che), Lodovico. Born at Venice 
 about 1508: died at Venice, 1568. An Italian 
 poet and miscellaneous and voluminous writer. 
 He was by profession a corrector of the press, 
 and died in great poverty. 
 
 Dolci (dol'che), or Dolce (dol'che), Carlo or 
 Carlino. Born at Florence, May 25, 1616 : died 
 there, Jan. 17, 1686. A Florentine painter of 
 religious subjects, a pupil of Jacopo Vignali. 
 Dol Common. See Common. 
 
 Dole (dol). A town in the department of Jura, 
 France, situated on the Doubs 27 miles south- 
 east of Dijon : the ancient Dola Sequanorum. 
 
 331 
 
 It was the ancient capital of Franche-Comtd, resisted the 
 French in 1479, and was finally ceded to France in 1678. 
 Population, commune, 14,838. 
 
 Dole, La. One of the highest mountains of 
 the Jura, situated in the canton of Vaud, near 
 the French border, 17 miles north of Geneva. 
 Height, 5,505 feet- 
 
 Dolet (do-la'), Etienne. Born at Orleans, 
 France, 1509: hanged and then burned at 
 Paris, Aug. 3, 1546. A French scholar and 
 printer, condemned as an atheist. 
 
 Among these latter there is one who was in many ways 
 a typical representative of the time. Etienne Dolet was 
 born at Orleans in 1509, lived a stormy life diversified by 
 many quarrels, literary and theological, did much service 
 to literature both in Latin and French, and, falling out 
 with the powers that were, was burnt (having first been, 
 as a matter of grace and in consequence of a previous 
 recantation, hanged) in the Place Maubert, at Paris, on his 
 birthday, August 3, 1544 [stc]. Dolet had written many 
 Latin speeches and tractates in the Ciceronian style — 
 that of a curious section of humanists who entertained an 
 exclusive and exaggerated devotion to Cicero. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 233. 
 
 Dolgelly, Dolgelley (dol-geth'li). The chief 
 town of Merionethshire, North Wales, situated 
 on the Wnion in lat. 52° 44' N., long. 3° 53' W. 
 Population, 2,437. 
 
 Dolgoruki (dol-go-ro'ke), Ivan Alexeiovitch. 
 
 Executed at Novgorod, Russia, Nov. 6, 1739. A 
 Russian noble, accused of conspiracy against 
 the Czarina Anna. 
 
 Dolgoruki, Ivan Mikhailovitch. Born April 
 18, 1764: died Dec. 16, 1823. A Russian poet. 
 He was governor of Vladimir from 1802-12. The 
 first edition of his poetical works appeared in 
 1806. 
 
 Dolgoruki, Katharina Michailowna, Prin- 
 cess Jurjeffskaya. The second wife (July 31, 
 1880) of Alexander II. , emperor of Russia. She 
 published, under the pseudonym Victor Lafertd, “Alex- 
 andre II.: details inedits sur sa vie intime et sa inort” 
 (1882). 
 
 Dolgoruki, Peter Vladimirovitch. Born at 
 Moscow, 1807: died at Berne, Switzerland, Aug. 
 17, 1868. A Russian writer, exiled on account 
 of his work “La verite sur la Russie” (1860). 
 Dollallolla (dol-a-lol'a), Queen. The wife of 
 King Arthur and mother of Huneamunca in 
 Fielding’s burlesque ‘ ‘ Tom Thumb,” altered by 
 O’Hara. She is entirely faultless, except that she is a 
 little given to drink, is a little too much of a virago 
 toward her husband, and is in love with Tom Thumb. 
 Dollar (dol'ar). A small town in Clackmannan- 
 shire, Scotland, 11 miles east of Stirling. 
 Dollar Law (dol'ar la). A mountain in the 
 county of Peebles, Scotland, situated about 
 10 miles southwest of Peebles : 2,680 feet in 
 height. 
 
 Dollart (dol'art),-The. [D. I)ollard.\ An arm 
 of the North Sea at the mouth of the Ems, be- 
 tween the province of Hannover, Prussia, and 
 the province of Groningen, Netherlands. It was 
 formed by inundations in 1277 and subsequently. Length, 
 10 miles. Breadth, 4-8 miles. 
 
 Dollier de Casson (dol-ya' de kas-son'), Fran- 
 cois. A French missionary in Canada. He 
 spent a winter among the Nipissings about 1668, and in 
 1669 accompanied La Salle on an exploring expedition to 
 the Ohio River. He separated from the expedition in the 
 same year, with the object in view of establishing a mis- 
 sion among the Pottawattamies who inhabited the region 
 of the upper lakes ; but, finding the field occupied by 
 the Jesuits, returned to the Sulpician seminary at Mon- 
 treal. He wrote a “Histoire de Montreal.” 
 
 Dollinger (del'ling-er), Ignaz. Born at Bam- 
 berg, Bavaria, May 24, 1770: died at Mimich, 
 Jan. 14, 1841. A German physiologist and 
 comparative anatomist, professor successively 
 at Bamberg, Wurzburg, Landshut, and Mimich. 
 He wrote “Grundzlige der Physiologic” (1835), “ Werth 
 und Bedeutung der vergleichenden Anatomie” (1814), 
 etc. 
 
 Dollinger, Johann Joseph Ignaz von. Born 
 at Bamberg, Bavaria, Feb. 28, 1799: died at 
 Munich, Jan. 10, 1890. A celebrated German 
 theologian, son of Ignaz Dollinger, a leader in 
 the “Old Catholic” movement. He published 
 “Kirche und Kirchen, Papstthum und Kirchenstaat ’’ 
 (1861), “Papstfabelri des Mittelalters ” (1868), etc., and op- 
 posed decrees of the Vatican council 1869-70. He was 
 excommunicated 1871. 
 
 Dolliver Romance, The. A fragment by Haw- 
 thorne, the beginning of which was published 
 in the “Atlantic Monthly” July, 1864. 
 Dollond (dol'ond), John. Born at London, 
 June 10, 1706 : died at London, Nov. 30, 1761. 
 An English optician, the inventor of the achro- 
 matic telescope (1757-58). 
 
 Dollond, Peter. Born Feb. 24, 1730: died at 
 Kensington, July 2, 1820. An English optician, 
 son of John Dollond. 
 
 Doll’s House, A. A translation of a play (“Et 
 
 Domdaniel 
 
 Dukkehjem”) by Henrik Ibsen, produced in 
 London in 1889. The original play was brought 
 out in Christiania about 1879. 
 
 Doll Tearsheet. See Tearsheet. 
 
 Dolly’s (dol'iz). A well-known tavern in Pa- 
 ternoster Row, London, dating from the time 
 of Queen Anne. 
 
 Dolly Varden. See Far den. 
 
 Dolomieu (do-lo-mye'), Deodat Guy Sylvain 
 Tancrede Gratet de. Born at Dolomieu, Isere, 
 France, June 24, 1750: died at Cliateauneuf, 
 Saone-et-Loire, France, Nov. 26, 1801. A noted 
 French geologist and mineralogist. His works 
 include “Voyage aux ties de Lipari ” (1783), “Mdmoires 
 sur les lies Ponces ” (1788), “ Pliilosophie mindralogique ” 
 (1802), etc. Dolomite was named for him. 
 
 Dolomite Mountains (dol'o-mit moun'tanz). 
 [ Dolomite (mineral), from the geologist Dolo- 
 mieu.'] A group of limestone mountains in the 
 Alps, in southern Tyrol, on the Italian frontier. 
 Highest peak, Marmolada (about 11,000 feet). 
 Dolon-nor (doTon-nor'),or Lama-miao(lii'ma- 
 me-ou'). A city in Mongolia, situated north 
 of Peking in lat. 42° 16' N. It is renowned for its 
 metal-work, especially for copper, iron, and bronze statues 
 (of divinities, etc.), and other works of art. Population, 
 about 30,000. 
 
 Dolopathos. A French romance of adventure, 
 the work of Herbers, a trouvere of the 13th 
 century. He says that he translated it from an old 
 Latin manuscript of Dom .1 chans, a monk of the Abbaye 
 d’Hauteselve or HauteseiUe. The subject and style both 
 show Oriental influence. It is thought that it is a form 
 of the old romance “ The Seven Wise Men.” 
 
 Dolores (do-16'res). A river in Colorado and 
 Utah, a tributary of the Grand River. It flows 
 through a canon 3,000 feet in depth. Length, 
 about 250 miles. 
 
 Dolores, Grito de. [Sp., lit. ‘cry of Dolores.’] 
 The first signal of revolt against Spanish rule 
 in Mexico, and hence the visible beginning of 
 the war for independence. On Sept. 16, 1810, the 
 parish priest of Dolores, in Guanajuato, Miguel Hidalgo y 
 Costilla, headed a band which freed some political pris- 
 oners. Hidalgo, after celebrating mass in the church, 
 proclaimed a revolt : the raising of a banner was greeted 
 with loud shouts against the government, and the outbreak 
 soon assumed formidable proportions. 
 
 Dolores Hidalgo, formerly Dolores. A city in 
 the northern part of the state of Guanajuato, 
 Mexico, near the Rio de la Laja. Population, 
 about 7,000. See Dolores, Grito de. 
 
 Dolorous Garde. See Joyeuse Garde. 
 Dolorous Valley (dol'o-rus val'i). See the ex- 
 tract. 
 
 Edinburgh, or rather its Castle, appears also under the 
 name of Castrum Puellarum, in the Charters, and of the 
 Castle of Maidens and Dolorous Valley, in the Romances. 
 
 Stuart Glennie, Arthurian Localities, III. 1. 
 
 Domas y Valle (do'mas e viil'ya), Jose. Born 
 at Cartagena, Spain, about 1717 : died at Guate- 
 mala City, Oct. 9, 1803. A*Spanish naval officer 
 and administrator. He distinguished himself as chief 
 of squadron on the coasts of Spain and Italy ; commanded 
 fleets in the West Indies during the war with England 
 1778-80; was at the taking of Pensacola 1781, and the 
 siege of Gibraltar 1783. From 1786 to 1794 he was gover- 
 nor of Panama, and from 1794 to 1801 captain-general of 
 Guatemala. 
 
 Domat, or Daumat (do-ma'), Jean. Born at 
 Clermont, Auvergne, France, Nov. 30, 1625 : 
 died at Paris, March 14, 1696. A French jurist, 
 author of “Les lois civiles dans leur ordre 
 naturel” (1689-97), etc. 
 
 Dombey and Son (dom'bi and sun). A novel 
 by Dickens, issued in numbers, the first of 
 which appeared in Oct., 1846. it was brought 
 out in one volume in 1848. The original title was “ Deal- 
 ings with the Firm of Dombey and Son, Wholesale, Re 
 tail, and for Exportation.” Sir. Dombey, the father of 
 little Paul and Florence, is a cold, unbending, pompous 
 merchant. His chief ambition is to perpetuate the firm- 
 name. After the death of his only son, little Paul, and 
 the loss of his money, however, his obstinacy and pride 
 are abated. Little Paul, the “son ” in the title of the firm, 
 is a delicate child who dies young. Florence, his devoted 
 sister, marries Walter Gay, a clerk in her father’s bank. 
 Edith Dombey, the beautiful and scornful second wife of 
 Mr. Dombey, elopes with Carker, his manager. 
 
 Dombrowski (dom-brov'ske), or Dabrowski 
 
 (da-brov'ske), Jan Henryk. Born at Pierszo- 
 wice, near Cracow, Aug. 29, 1755 : died at Wina- 
 Gora, Posen, Prussia, June 6, 1818. A Polish 
 general. He served in the campaign of 1792-94 ; organ- 
 ized the Polish legion at Milan in 1797 ; and served with 
 distinction at Friedland in 1807, against the Austrians in 
 1809, and in the campaigns of 1812-13. 
 
 Domdaniel (dom-dan'yel). In the continuation 
 of the Arabian Tales, a seminary for evil ma- 
 gicians founded by the great magician Hal-il- 
 Maugraby. It was an immense cavern “under the 
 roots of the ocean " off the coast of Tunis, the resort of 
 evil spirits and enchanters. It was Anally destroyed. 
 Southey makes its destruction the theme of his “Thalaba.” 
 
Dome de Chasseforet 
 
 Dome de Chasseforet (dom de shas-fo-r&'). 
 The central point of the Vanoise range, in 
 the Tarentaise Alps, in southeastern France. 
 Height, 11,800 feet. 
 
 Domenech (dom-e-nek'), Emmanuel Henri 
 Dieudonn6. Born at Lyons, France, Nov. 4, 
 1825 : died 1905. A French traveler and 
 writer. He was an honorary canon of Mont- 
 pellier, with the title of abbe. 
 
 Domenichino (do-men-e-ke'no), Domenico 
 Zampieri. Born at Bologna, Italy, Oct. 21, 
 1581 : died at Naples, April 15, 1641. A noted 
 Italian painter. Among his works are “Communion 
 of St. Jerome "(in the Vatican),” Martyrdom of St. Agnes ” 
 (in Bologna), “ Diana and her Nymphs ’’ (in Eome), “ Adam 
 and Eve,” etc. 
 
 Domesday Book. See Doomsday Book. 
 Domett (dom'et), Alfred. Born at Camber- 
 well Grove, Surrey, May 20, 1811 : died Nov. 2, 
 1887. An English poet and colonial statesman. 
 He was educated at Cambridge, and called to the bar in 
 1841. In 1842 he went to New Zealand, where he filled 
 many of the chief offices of the colony. In 1871 he re- 
 turned to England, where he died. He was the intimate 
 friend of Robert Browning, who writes of him in “War- 
 ing” and “The Guardian Angel.” Among his works are 
 volumes of poems published in 1833 and 1839. His “ Christ- 
 mas Hymn” appeared in “Blackwood’s Magazine” about 
 that time. In 1872 he published “Ranolf and Amolia,” 
 and in 1877 “Flotsam and Jetsam.” He also wrote several 
 official publications relating to N ew Zealand. 
 
 Domeyko (dd-ma'ko), Ignatius. Born at 
 Niedzviadka, Lithuania, July 31, 1802: died at 
 Santiago de Chile, Jan. 23, 1889. A Polish 
 scientist. He was involved in the Polish revolt of 1830 ; 
 was compelled to leave the country, taking refuge in 
 Paris ; and was for several years engaged in mining work 
 in Alsace. On invitation of the government of Chile he 
 went to that country in 1838, founded a school of chem- 
 istry and mineralogy at Coquimbo, and was professor at 
 the University of Santiago from 1839, and rector from 1867. 
 Through his influence improved methods of mining were 
 introduced into Chile, and the resources of the country 
 greatly developed. Besides numerous scientific papers and 
 class-books, he wrote “La Araucania y sus habitantes” 
 (Santiago, 1845); a book on Chile in the Polish language; 
 etc. 
 
 Domfront (don-fron'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Orne, France, situated on the Varenne 
 20 miles north of Mayenne. It has a ruined castle, 
 and was long one of the chief Norman strongholds. It 
 was captured by William the Conqueror in 1048. and was 
 often besieged in the English and religious wars. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 4,663. 
 
 Domingue (do-mang'), Michel. A Haitian 
 general and politician, of African race. He be- 
 came president of the republic in June, 1874, and after a 
 period of almost unequaled anarchy and tyranny directed 
 against the mulatto party was forced to resign in 1875. 
 
 Dominic (dom'i-nik), Saint: called de Guzman. 
 Born at Calahorra, Old Castile, Spain, 1170: 
 died at Bologna, Italy, Aug. 6, 1221. The 
 founder of the order of the Dominicans. He 
 
 studied at the University of Palencia, and in 1194 became 
 a canon of the cathedral at Osma. In 1204 he removed 
 to Languedoc, where he preached with much vehemence 
 against the Albigenses and founded the order of the Do- 
 minicans, which received the papal confirmation in 1216. 
 He was subsequently appointed magister sacri palatii at 
 Rome. 
 
 Dominica (dom-i-ne'ka), F. La Dominique 
 
 (dom-e-nek'). Anislandin the Lesser Antilles, 
 West Indies, belonging to Great Britain, it is 
 situated north of Martinique and south of Guadeloupe, 
 and is intersected by lat. 15" 30' N., long. 61° 25' W. Capi- 
 tal, Roseau. The island, which is of volcanic origin, was 
 discovered by Columbus in 1493 ; was ceded by France to 
 England in 1763 ; but was occupied by France 1778-83 and 
 later. It forms part of the colony of the Leeward Isl- 
 ands. Chief products, coffee, fruit, cocoa, sugar. Length, 
 29 miles. Breadth, 16 miles. Area, 291 square miles. Pop- 
 ★ ulation, 28,894. 
 
 Dominican Republic, often, but incorrectly, 
 called Santo Domingo or San Domingo. [Sp. 
 Republica Dominicana .] A republic occupying 
 the eastern andlarger part of the island of Santo 
 Domingo, or Haiti, in the West Indies. It is broken 
 
 by several mountain-chains, and in the interior there are 
 elevated plains (especially the Vega Real) of great fertility 
 and beauty. The majority of the inhabitants are of mixed 
 Spanish, Indian, and negro blood, with some of pure Afri- 
 can descent, and comparatively few whites. Spanish is 
 the common language, though French and English are 
 spoken in the coast towns. Roman Catholicism is the 
 prevailing religion, but other cults are tolerated. Agricul- 
 ture, cattle-raising, and timber-cutting are almost the only 
 industries. The principal exports are sugar, cacao, coffee, 
 tobacco, hides, and cabinet woods. The republic was 
 formed in 1844, after a revolution by which it was sepa- 
 rated from Haiti. From 1801 to 1865 it was held by Spain. 
 In 1869 the president (Baez) signed with President Grant 
 a treaty of annexation with the United States, which the 
 Senate at Washington refused to ratify. There have been 
 various wars with Haiti, political revolutions, and changes 
 of the constitution. By the present constitution (adopted 
 1908) the president is elected for six years by an electoral 
 college, and there is a national congress elected by 
 restricted suffrage. The capital of the republic is Santo 
 Domingo. Area, 19,325 square miles. Population (esti- 
 mated), 673,611. 
 
 Dominie Sampson. See Sampson. 
 
 332 
 
 Dominis (dom'e-nes), Marco Antonio de. 
 
 Born iu the island of Arbe, Dalmatia, 1566: 
 died at Rome, Sept., 1624. An Italian theolo- 
 gian and natural philosopher. He wrote “ De 
 republica ecclesiastica ” (1617), “ De radiis vi- 
 sus et lucis in vitris perspectivis et iride” 
 (1611), etc. 
 
 Domino Noir (do-me-no' nwar), Le. [F., ‘ The 
 Black Domino.’] A comic opera by Auber, 
 words by Scribe, first produced in Paris in 
 1837. 
 
 Domitian (do-mish'ian) (Titus Flavius Do- 
 mitianus Augustus). Born at Rome, Oct. 
 24, 51 a. d. : died at Rome, Sept. 18, 96. Ro- 
 man emperor 81-96 : the second son of Vespa- 
 sian and Flavia Domitilla, and the brother of 
 Titus whom he succeeded. He undertook a cam- 
 paign against the Chatti in 83, in the course of which he 
 began the construction of a boundary wall between the 
 Danube and the Rhine. This wall was guarded by sol- 
 diers settled upon public lands (agri decumatcs ) along 
 its course. He carried on unsuccessful wars against the 
 Dacians under Decebalus 86-90, when he purchased peace 
 by the promise of a yearly tribute. He recalled Agricola, 
 whose victories in Britain, 78-84, aroused his jealousy. 
 The last years of his reign were sullied by cruelty and 
 tyranny. He was murdered by the freedman Stephanus, at 
 the instance of the empress Domitia and several officers 
 of the court, who were in fear of their lives. 
 Domitilla. In Shirley’s play “ The Royal Mas- 
 ter,” a girl of fifteen years who, in an innocent 
 delusion, fixes her love upon the king, mistak- 
 ing his promise to provide her with a husband 
 for a proof of personal affection. 
 
 Domitilla (dom-i-til'jj), Flavia. 1. The first 
 wife of Vespasian. She had three children, 
 Titus, Domitian, and Domitilla. — 2. Wife or 
 niece of the consul Flavius Clemens, said to 
 have been banished to Pandataria by Domitian. 
 She is regarded as a saint in the Roman Catho- 
 lic Church. 
 
 Domleschg (dom'leshk). A valley along the 
 lower part of the Hinterrhein, in the canton of 
 Grisons, Switzerland, south of Coire. 
 
 Domo d’Ossola (do'mo dos'so-la). A town in 
 the province of Novara, Italy, situated on the 
 Toce at the Italian end of the Simplon Pass, 
 near the Swiss frontier. Population, com- 
 mune, 5,016. 
 
 Domremy-la-Pucelle (don-ra-meTa-pii-sel'), 
 or Domremy. A village in the department 
 of Vosges, France, situated on the Meuse 29 
 miles southwest of Nancy. It is celebrated as 
 the birthplace of Joan of Are. 
 
 Don (don). The name of several rivers, the 
 chief of which are : (a) A river of Russia which rises 
 in the government of Tula and flows into the Sea of Azoff 
 in lat. 47° 15' N., long. 39° 2(1 E. : the ancient Tanais. Its 
 chief tributary is the Donetz. Length, about 1,300 mileB ; 
 navigable for about 700 miles, (b ). A river in the West 
 Riding of Yorkshire, England, which joins the Ouse 18 
 miles south of York. Length, 55 miles ; navigable to 
 Sheffield (39 miles), (c) A river of Aberdeenshire, Scot- 
 land, which flows into the North Sea 1) miles north of 
 Aberdeen. Length, about 80 miles. 
 
 Donaghadee (don^a-cha-de'). A seaport in 
 County Down, Ireland, situated on the North 
 Channel 16 miles northeast of Belfast. 
 Donalbain (don'al-ban). In Shakspere’s “ Mac- 
 beth,” son of Duncan, king of Scotland. 
 Donaldson (don'ald-son), Sir James. Born at 
 Aberdeen, Scotland, April 26, 1831. A Scottish 
 Hellenist. He became principal of the united colleges 
 of St. Salvator and St. Leonard in the University of St. 
 Andrews in 1886, and in 1890 principal of the university. 
 He has edited, in conjunction with Alexander Roberts, 
 “ The Ante-Nicene Christian Library ’’ (1867-72), and is the 
 author of “Critical History of Christian Literature and 
 Doctrine from the Death of the Apostles to the Nicene 
 Council " (1864-66). Knighted, 1907. 
 
 Donaldson, John William. Bom at London, 
 June 7, 1811 : died at London, Feb. 10, 1861. An 
 English classical philologist and biblical critic. 
 His works include “New Cratylus” (1839), 
 “ Varronianus” (1844), “ Jashar” (1854). 
 Donaldson, Thomas Leverton. Born at Lon- 
 don, Oct. 19, 1795 : died there, Aug. 1, 1885. An 
 English architect and author. He was professor of 
 architecture in University College, London, 1841-65, and 
 emeritus professor from 1865 until his death. His works 
 include “Pompeii” (1827), and “A Collection of the Most 
 Approved Examples of Doorways from Ancient Buildings 
 in Greece and Italy” (1833). 
 
 Donar (do'nar). The German form of Thor. 
 Donashhen Labrath (do-nash' hen lab-rath'). 
 A Jewish grammarian and poet of the 10th 
 century, native of Bagdad. He lived and wrote in 
 Fez, and was an opponent of Menachem ben Saruk : both 
 of them may be considered as among the earliest scien- 
 tific Hebrew grammarians. Donash was the first to apply 
 the Arabic meter to Hebrew verse. 
 
 Donatello (don-a-tel'lo) (properly Donato di 
 Niccolo di Betto Bardi). Born at Florence 
 about 1386: died at Florence, Dec. 13, 1466. 
 
 Donatus, .(Elius 
 
 A b lorent.iue sculptor, one of the leading re- 
 storers of Sculpture in Italy. His work may be 
 divided into three periods: (a) That of realism ( 1410 - 24 ). 
 The statues of the Campanile at Florence (including the 
 famous Zuccone and Poggio), the St. John of the National 
 Museum, and the bust of Niccolo da Uzzano, characterize 
 this period. (6) That (1425-33) marked by the partnership 
 with the sculptor-architect Michelozzo, with whose assist- 
 ance he made the mausoleum of Pope John XXIII. in the 
 baptistery at Florence, that of Cardinal Brancacci at Na- 
 ples, and that of Bartolommeo Aragazzi in. the Duomo at 
 Montepulciano, and the bas-reliefs of the pulpit at Prato, 
 (c) That (1433-66) in which the influence of antiquity be- 
 came prominently manifested, as shown in the David and 
 the Cupid in bronze at the National Museum in Florence, 
 and numerous other productions. He may be considered 
 as the precursor of Michelangelo. 
 
 Donatello. A character in Hawthorne’s ‘ ‘ Mar- 
 ble Faun,” a young Tuscan count whose like- 
 ness to the statue of the faun by Praxiteles 
 gives the title to the hook. He is rumored to be a 
 descendant of an ancient faun, and is described in the 
 opening of the tale as possessed only of the happy, spon- 
 taneous life of such creatures. He impulsively commits 
 murder for the sake of Miriam whom he loves, and is 
 awakened to the higher responsibilities and life of man by 
 his remorse and his passion. 
 
 Donati (do-na'te), Giovanni Battista. Born 
 at Pisa, Italy, Dec. 16, 1826 : died at Florence, 
 Sept. 20, 1873. A noted Italian astronomer. 
 He discovered the comet named for him, June 
 2, 1858. 
 
 Donation of Constantine. A medieval forgery, 
 of unknown date and origin, which pretends to 
 he an imperial edict issued by Constantine the 
 Great in 324 conferring the sovereignty of Italy 
 and the West on the papal see. it was probably 
 composed about the middle of the 8th century. “ It telfs 
 how Constantine the Great, cured of his leprosy by the 
 prayers of Sylvester, resolved, on the fourth day from his 
 baptism, to forsake the ancient seat for a new capital on 
 the Bosphorus, lest the continuance of the secular gov- 
 ernment should cramp the freedom of the spiritual, and 
 how he bestowed therewith upon the Pope and his suc- 
 cessors the sovereignty over Italy and the countries of the 
 West. But this is not all, although this is what histo- 
 rians, in admiration of its splendid audacity, have chiefly 
 dwelt upon. The edict proceeds to grant to the Roman 
 pontiff and his clergy a series of dignities and privileges, 
 all of them enjoyed by the Emperor and his senate, all of 
 them shewing the same desire to make the pontifical a 
 copy of the imperial office. The Pope is to inhabit the 
 Lateran palace, to wear the diadem, the collar, the purple 
 cloak, to carry the sceptre, and to be attended by a body 
 of chamberlains. Similarly his clergy are to ride on white 
 horses, and receive the honours and immunities of the 
 senate and patricians. ” Bryce, Holy Roman Empire. 
 
 Donatists (don'a-tists). [From Donatus the 
 Great.] An early Christian sect in Africa 
 which originated in a dispute over the election 
 of Caecilian to the see of Carthage, a. d. 311, 
 occasioned by his opposition to the extreme 
 reverence paid to relics of martyrs and to the 
 sufferers for the Christian faith called confes- 
 sors, and by the rivalry of Secundus, primate of 
 Numidia. Secundus and the Numidian bishops de- 
 clared Ciecilian’s consecration invalid because conferred 
 by Felix of Aptunga, whom they charged with being a 
 traditor. They excommunicated Caecilian and his party, 
 and made one Majorinus bishop in opposition. The name 
 Donatist came either from Donatus of Casae Nigrae, who 
 headed the party of Majorinus at the Lateran Council in 
 313, where it was condemned, or (more probably) from 
 Donatus the Great, who succeeded Majorinus in 315, 
 and under whom the schism became fixed. Repressed 
 under Constans, the Donatists revived under the favor of 
 Julian the Apostate. Repressive measures, provoked by 
 their frequent acts of fanatical violence, were resorted to 
 from time to time. These measures, internal schisms, 
 the conciliatory conduct of the orthodox clergy at a con- 
 ference held at Carthage in 411, and the arguments of St. 
 Augustine caused many to abandon Donatism, and the 
 sect became insignificant, though not entirely extinct till 
 the 7th century. The Donatist party held that it con- 
 stituted the whole and only true church, and that the 
 baptisms and ordinations of the orthodox clergy were in- 
 valid, because they were in communion with traditors. 
 They therefore rebaptized and reordained converts from 
 Catholicism. 
 
 Donatus (do-na/tus). Bishop of Caste Nigrae 
 during the Diocletian persecution, and leader 
 of a party which courted martyrdom with fanat- 
 ical enthusiasm, and regarded with horror the 
 “traditors,” or those who to escape their per- 
 secutors delivered up to them the sacred hooks. 
 This division was the starting-point of tire Donatist 
 schism, though the party was named from Donatus the 
 Great. 
 
 Donatus, surnamed “The Great.” Bishop of 
 Carthage 315, elected by the rigorists or op- 
 ponents of the moderate party or “traditors” 
 (see Donatists) to succeed Majorinus who 
 had been elected by them in opposition to 
 Caecilian, elected by the moderates and de- 
 posed by the rigorists in a council assembled 
 at Carthage. It was for this Donatus that the 
 Donatist party was named. 
 
 Donatus, jElius. Lived in the middle of the 
 4th century A. D. A Roman grammarian and 
 rhetorician. Of his works we possess a Latin grammar. 
 
Donatus, £!lius 
 
 “Are grammatical’ a commentary on Terence, and the 
 preface and introduction (with other fragments) of a com- 
 mentary on Vergil. 
 
 The only block-book without pictures of which we have 
 any knowledge is the Donatus [the full title of the book 
 is Donatus de octibus partibus oratwnis, or Donatus on 
 the Eight Parts of Speech. It is sometimes designated 
 as Donatus pro puenlis, “Donatus for Little Boys”], or 
 Boys’ Latin Grammar. It received its name from its 
 author, JSlius Donatus, a Roman grammarian of the 
 fourth century, and one of the instructors of St. Jerome. 
 The block-book is but an abridgment of the old grammar : 
 as it was usually printed in the form of a thin quarto, it 
 could with propriety be classified among primers rather 
 thau with books. When printed in the largest letters, it 
 occupied but thirty-four pages; when letters of small 
 size were used, it was compressed within nine pages. 
 
 De Vinne, Invention of Printing, p. 254. 
 
 Donau (do'nou). The German name of the 
 Danube (which see). 
 
 Donaueschingen (do , nou-esh // ing-en). A small 
 town in the Black Forest, in Baden, 30 miles 
 east of Freiburg, situated at the union of the 
 Brigach and Brege. It contains the palace of 
 the Prince of Fiirstenberg. 
 
 Donaumoos (do'nou-mos). A marshy district 
 in Bavaria, lying south of the Danube, near 
 Ingolstadt. Formerly called Schrobenheimer 
 Moos. 
 
 Donauworth (do'nou-vert). A small town in 
 Swabia and Neuburg, Bavaria, situated at the 
 junction of the Wornitz and Danube, 25 miles 
 north of Augsburg. It was formerly an imperial city ; 
 was outlawed in 1607 ; was taken by Gustavus Adolphus 
 in 1632, and by Ferdinand II. in 1634 ; and was incorpo- 
 rated with Bavaria in 1714. Here, Oct. 6, 1805, the French 
 under Soult defeated the Austrians under Mack. The 
 battle-field of Blenheim is in the vicinity. 
 
 Don Benito (don ba-ne'to). A town in the 
 province of Badajoz, Spain, in lat. 38° 55' N., 
 long. 5° 52' W. Population, 16,565. 
 
 Don Carlos (don kar'los). 1. A tragedy by 
 Otway, produced in 1676. The story is taken from 
 the Abbd de St. Real, and the plot is simpler than in 
 Schiller’s play. 
 
 I think we should be justified in calling "Don Carlos" the 
 best English tragedy in rhyme; by one leap the young 
 Oxonian sprang ahead of the veteran Dryden, who there- 
 upon began to “ weary of his long-loved mistress, rhyme.” 
 
 Oosse. 
 
 2. A play by Schiller, completed in 1787. — 3. 
 An opera by Costa, words by Tarantini, pro- 
 duced in London June 20, 1844. — 4. An opera 
 by Verdi, words by Mery and Du Locle, first 
 produced at Paris March 11, 1867. 
 
 Doncaster (dong 'kas -ter). [AS. Donecester, 
 * Doneceaster, from L. Danum and AS. ceaster, 
 city.} A town in the West Biding of York- 
 shire, England, situated on the Don: the ancient 
 Danum, and the Saxon Donecester (whence the 
 modern name). It is the scene of the St. Leger and 
 other races (in September). Population, 28,932. 
 
 Don Cesar de Bazan (don sa-zar' de ba-zofi'). 
 
 1. A French comedy by Dumanoir and Den- 
 nery, from an episode in Victor Hugo’s play 
 ‘ ‘ Buy Bias,” produced in 1844. The comedy is also 
 played in English. Don CAsar is the ruined Count of Ga- 
 rofa : he assumes the nam e of Zaf ari, and retains in his rags 
 his frank, gay nonchalance. 
 
 2. A comic opera by Massenet, first produced 
 at Paris Nov. 30, 1872. 
 
 Don Cossacks (don kos'aks), Province of the. 
 
 A government in southern Bussia, situated in 
 the valley of the lower Don. Capital, Novo 
 Tcberkask. Area, 63,532 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 3,259,400. 
 
 Donderberg (don'der-berg), or Dunderberg 
 (dun'der-berg). [‘ Thunder Mountain.’] The 
 chief mountain at the southern entrance to the 
 Highlands of the Hudson, New York, opposite 
 Peekskill. Height, 865 feet(U. S. G. S.). 
 Donders (don'ders), Frans Cornelis. Born at 
 Tilburg, Netherlands, May 27, 1818: died at 
 Utrecht, March 24, 1889. A Dutch oculist. 
 His chief work is " Anomalies of Accommodation and Re- 
 fraction of the Eye ’’ (published by the Sydenham Society, 
 1865). 
 
 Dondo (don'dd). A town of Angola, West 
 Africa, situated on the right bank of the Coanza 
 Biver, and at the head of river navigation, a 
 few miles from Cassoalala, a station of the 
 Loanda Bailroad. It is the terminus of several cara- 
 van roads, and the principal market of the Cazengo coffee. 
 Population, about 5,000. 
 
 Dondra Head (don'dra, hed). The southern- 
 most cape of Ceylon. 
 
 Donegal (don'e-gal). A maritime county of 
 Ulster, Ireland, lying between Lough Foyle, 
 Londonderry, and Tyrone on the east, Tyrone, 
 Fermanagh, Leitrim, and Donegal Bay on the 
 south, and the Atlantic Ocean on the north and 
 West. Its surface is generally mountainous. Capital, 
 Lifford. Area, 1,870 square miles. Population, 173 - 
 722. 
 
 333 
 
 Donegal Bay. An inlet of the Atlantic Ocean on 
 the western coast of Ireland, in lat. 54° 30' N. 
 Donelson (don 'el -son), Andrew Jackson. 
 Born near Nashville, Tenn., Aug. 25, 1800: died 
 at Memphis, Tenn., June 26, 1871. An Ameri- 
 can diplomatist and politician. He was United 
 States minister to Prussia 1846-49, and was the unsuccessful 
 candidate of the American party for Vice-President in 1856. 
 Donelson, Fort. See Fort Donelson. 
 
 Donetz, or Donez (do-nets'). A river in Bussia, 
 the chief tributary of the Don, which it joins 
 in lat. 47° 35' N., long. 41° E. Length, about 
 500-600 miles. 
 
 Dongan (dong'gan), Thomas (afterward Earl 
 of Limerick). Born at Castletown, County Kil- 
 dare, Ireland, 1634: died at London, Dec. 14, 
 1715. Colonial governor of New York 1683-88. 
 Dongan Charter. A charter for the city of 
 New York, granted by Thomas Dongan, lieu- 
 tenant-governor and vice-admiral of New York 
 and its dependencies under James II. of Eng- 
 land, dated April 27, 1686. It remained in force 
 until 1730. An early charter of the city of Albany, by the 
 same authority, is known by the same name. 
 
 Don Garcia (don gar-se'a). A tragedy by Al- 
 fieri, produced in 1785. It is drawn from the history 
 of the Medici family. Don Garcia was one of the sons of 
 Cosimo I. 
 
 Don Garcie de Navarre (de na-var'). A play 
 by Moliere. 
 
 [It] may be called Molifere’s only failure. He styles it a 
 comAdie Mroique, and it is in fact a kind of anticipation 
 of Racine’s manner, but applied to less serious subjects. 
 The play is monotonous and unrelieved by action. 
 
 Saint sbtiry , French Lit., p. 309. 
 Don Giovanni (don jo-van'ne). An opera by 
 Mozart, first produced at Prague Oct. 29, 1787. 
 The words were by Da Ponte. See Don Juan. 
 Dongola (dong'go-la). A province of the An- 
 glo-Egyptian Sudan. Capital Merowe. It was 
 captured by the Mahdi, but was regained by the Egyp- 
 tian army under General Kitchener, March-Sept., 1896. 
 
 Dongola, New, native Ordeh. A town in 
 Nubia, situated on the Nile, in lat. 19° 10' N. 
 It was built about 1820, and is the largest town of the 
 province of Dongola. It was abandoned by the Anglo- 
 Egyptian forces to the Mahdists in 1886, and was recap- 
 tured by the Egyptian army under General Sir Herbert 
 Kitchener, Sept. 23, 1896. 
 
 Dongola, Old. A ruined town of Nubia, situ- 
 ated on the Nile 76 miles southeast of New 
 Dongola. 
 
 Doniphan (don'i-fan), Alexander William. 
 
 Born in Mason County, Ky., July 9, 1808: died 
 at Bichmond, Mo., Aug. 8_, 1887. An American 
 officer in the Mexican war. He conducted a 
 regiment of Missourians from Va.lverde, New 
 Mexico, to Chihuahua, Dec., 1846, -March, 1847. 
 Donizetti (do-ne-dzet'te), Gaetano. Born at 
 Bergamo, Italy, Nov. 25 (29?), 1797 : died at Ber- 
 gamo, April8, 1848. Acelebratedltalian operatic 
 composer. He composed about 65 operas, among which 
 are “Anna Bolena” (1830), "L’Elisire d’Amore" (1832), 
 
 ‘ ‘ Lucia di Lammermoor ’’ (1835), “ Lucrezia Borgia ” (1834), 
 “LaFavorita’’(1840), “ La Fille du Regiment,” afterward 
 “LaFiglia del Reggimento ’’ (1840), “LindadiChamounix” 
 (1842), and “ Don Pasquale ” (1843). 
 
 Don Juan (don ju'an; Sp. pron. don Ho-an'). 
 A partly legendary character of Spanish origin. 
 Don Juan Tenorio, who lived in the 14th century, the son 
 of an illustrious family of Seville, killed the commandant 
 Ulloa after having seduced his daughter. The Franciscan 
 monks, wishing to put an end to the debaucheries of Don 
 Juan, enticed him to their monastery and killed him, giv- 
 ing out that the statue of his victim (which had been 
 erected there), incensed at an insult offered him (in the 
 plays he is jeeringly invited to supper), had come down 
 and dragged him to hell. Both Spanish and Italian plays 
 were written on the subject, and Dorimond introduced 
 him to the French stage. Don Juan is the type of skeptical 
 libertinism, and as such has been made the subject of the 
 drama" El burladorde Sevilla” (“The Deceiver of Seville”), 
 by Tellez (Tirso de Molina) (17th century) ; of Moliere’s 
 comedy “Don Juan, ou le festin de Pierre" (1665); of 
 Mozart’s opera “Don Giovanni” (which see); of Byron’s 
 poem “Don Juan" (1819-24); of Grabbe’s German drama 
 “ Don Juan und Faust ’’ (1828) ; and of works by Corneille, 
 Shadwell, Zamora, Goldoni, Gluck, Dumas, Zorilla, etc. 
 Don Juan. An incomplete poem by Byron, 
 written in 1818 and published 1819-24. 
 
 Don ’Juan, ouLe Festin de Pierre (le fes-tan' 
 de pyar'). [F. : see the def.] A comedy by 
 Molilre, first played in 1665. i n 1673 it was turned 
 into verse by Thomas Corneille. The second title is a 
 mistake of Dorimon who first introduced Don Juan to the 
 French stage in 1658 in a play called “Le festin de Pierre ” 
 (“ The Feast of Pierre "), which he translated from the Span- 
 ish phrase “ El convidadodepiedra"(le convid de pierre, ‘the 
 stone guest,’ referring to the statue of the commandant 
 [see Don Juan] whom he named Pierre to explain it). 
 Moliere, finding the title established, adopted it. 
 
 Donna del Lago (don'na del la'go), La. [It., 
 
 * The Lady of the Lake.’] An opera, based on 
 Scott’s poem, by Bossini, first produced at 
 Naples Oct. 4, 1819. 
 
 Donndorf (don'dorfV, Karl Adolf. Born at 
 Weimar, Germany, Feb. 16, 1835. A German 
 
 Don Quixote 
 
 sculptor, professor of sculpture at the art school 
 in Stuttgart from 1877. 
 
 Donne (don), John. Born at London, 1573 : died 
 at London, March 31, 1631. An English poet 
 and divine. He studied at Oxford and Lincoln’s Inn, 
 and in 1696 was appointed secretary to Sir Thomas Eger- 
 ton, keeper of the great seal, which office he lost about 
 1600 by a clandestine marriage with the lord keeper’s niece. 
 In 1610 he published a work entitled “Pseudo-Martyr,” 
 which procured for him the favor of James I., who per- 
 suaded him to take holy orders in 1615, made him a royal 
 chaplain in the same year, and in 1621 appointed him to 
 the deanery of St. Paul’s. Besides his poems, a collec- 
 tive edition of which appeared in 1633, and his theological 
 writings, the most notable of his works is “ Btaddraros. 
 A Declaration of that Paradoxe or Thesis, That Self-homi- 
 cide is not so naturally Sin, that it may never be other- 
 wise,” etc. (1644). 
 
 Donnelly (don'el-i), Ignatius. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, Nov. 3, 1831: died at Minneapolis, Jan. 
 1, 1901. An American author and politician. 
 He was admitted to the bar, and in 1857 removed to 
 Minnesota, where he was elected lieutenant-governor in 
 1859 and in 1861. He was a Republican member of Con- 
 gress from Minnesota 1863-69. Author of “The Great Cryp- 
 togram : Francis Bacon’s Cipher in the so-called Shake- 
 spere Plays "(1887), “Atlantis" (1882), “Ragnarok ’’(1883). 
 
 Donner (don'ner), Georg Raphael. Bom at 
 
 Essling, Austria, May 25, 1692: died at Vienna, 
 Feb. 15, 1741. A noted Austrian sculptor. He 
 entered the imperial service in 1724, and in 1729 that of 
 Prince EsterhAzy. His greatest works are the fountain on 
 the Mehlmarkt and the fountain of Perseus at the old 
 town hall, Vienna. 
 
 Donner Lake (don'er lak). A small lake in 
 Nevada County, eastern California, in the 
 Sierra Nevada. 
 
 Donnithorne (don'i-thorn), Arthur. In George 
 Eliot’s novel “Adam Bede,” a vain, weak, 
 good-natured young man, whose remorse for 
 Hetty’s ruin lies chiefly in his chagrin at being 
 found out and losing the approbation of his ac- 
 quaintances. 
 
 Donnybrook (don'i-bruk). A former village in 
 County Dublin, Ireland, now a part of Dublin. 
 It was formerly famous for its fair (held in August), pro- 
 verbial for its good-humored rioting, established under 
 King John (1199-1216), and suppressed in 1855. 
 
 Donoso (do-no'so), Justo. Born at Santiago, 
 1800 : died at La Serena, Feb. 22, 1868. A Chilean 
 bishop. Hewasrectorof a theological seminaryin Santi- 
 ago, lecturer at the university, and judge of the ecclesiasti- 
 cal court. He was named bishop of Ancud in 1844, and was 
 translated to the see of La Serena in 1855. His works on ca- 
 nonical law are authoritative throughout South America. 
 
 Donoso Cortes (kor-tas'), Juan Francisco 
 Maria de la Salud, Marquis of Valdegamas. 
 Born at El-Valle, Estremadura, Spain, May 6, 
 1809: died at Paris, May 3, 1853. A Spanish 
 politician, diplomatist, and writer. His works 
 include “Consideraciones sobre la diplomaeia” 
 (1834), “La ley electoral, etc.” (1835), etc. 
 Donovan (don'o-van), Edward. Died at Lon- 
 don, Feb. 1, 1837. An English naturalist con- 
 cerning whose personal history little is known 
 except that he was in early life possessed of a 
 considerable fortune, which enabled him to 
 travel and make collections of objects in natu- 
 ral history. His chief work is “General Illus- 
 trations of Entomology.” 
 
 Don Pasquale (don pas-kwa'le). An opera by 
 Donizetti, first produced at Paris Jan. 4, 1843. 
 Don Quixote (Sp. pron. don ke-Ho'te; E. don 
 kwiks'ot). A Spanish romance by Cervantes, 
 printed at Madrid in two parts, the first in 1605, 
 the Second in 1615. In 1614, when the second part 
 was nearly completed, an impudent attempt to malign the 
 character of Cervantes was made by Alonso Fernandes de 
 Avellaneda of Tordesillas (thought to be a pseudonym of 
 Luis de Aliaga), who produced a pretended continuation 
 of the first part. Translations of “Don Quixote” have 
 appeared iu every European language, including Turkish. 
 The principal English translations are those of Shelton 
 (1612-20), Motteux (1719), Jarvis (1742), Smollett (1755), 
 Bowie (1781), Ormsby (1885), Watts (1888). The book is 
 named from its hero, Don Quixote de la Mancha, a Spanish 
 country gentleman, who is so imbued with tales of chivalry 
 that he sets forth with his squire Sancho Panza in search of 
 knightly adventure with very amusing results. At the be- 
 ginning of the work Cervantes announces it to be his sole 
 purpose to break down the vogue and authority of books 
 of chivalry, and at the end he declares anew that he had 
 “had no other desire than to render abhorred of men the 
 false and absurd stories contained in books of chivalry,” 
 exultiug in his success as an achievemeut of no small mo- 
 ment. See Cervantes. 
 
 These two (Don Quixote and Sancho Panza] sally forth 
 from their native village in search of adventures, of which 
 the excited imagination of the knight, turning windmills 
 into giants, solitary inns into castles, and galley-slaves 
 into oppressed gentlemen, finds abundance, wherever he 
 goes ; while the esquire translates them all into the plain 
 prose of truth with an admirable simplicity, quite uncon- 
 scious of its own humor, and rendered the more striking 
 by its contrast with the lofty and courteous dignity and 
 magnificent illusions of the superior personage. There 
 could, of course, be but one consistent termination to ad- 
 ventures like these. The knight and his esquire suffer a 
 series of ridiculous discomfitures, and are at last brought 
 
Don Quixote 
 
 home, like madmen, to their native village, where Cer- 
 vantes leaves them, with an intimation that the story oi 
 their adventures is by no means ended. 
 
 Ticknor, Span. Lit., II. 141. 
 
 Don Quixote in England. A comedy by Field- 
 ing, produced in 1734. 
 
 Don Saltero’s Coffee House. A noted bouse 
 formerly standing in Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, 
 London. It contained not only an eating-house but a 
 museum of natural curiosities. It was founded by John 
 Salter about 1690. It was torn down in 1866. Walford. 
 Don Sanche d’Aragon. A comedy by Cor- 
 neille, produced in 1650. It was partly taken from 
 a Spanish play “El Palacio confuso.” Don Sanche, the 
 heir to the throne of Aragon, is supposed to be dead. He 
 appears as Don Carlos, and believes himself to be the son 
 of a fisherman. 
 
 Don Sebastiano (don sa-bas-te-a'no). An 
 opera by Donizetti, first produced at Paris in 
 1843. 
 
 Doo (do), George Thomas. Born at Christ- 
 church, Surrey, England, Jan. 6, 1800: died at 
 Sutton, Surrey, Nov. 13, 1886. An English en- 
 graver and painter. He was historical engraver in 
 ordinary to William IV. 1836-37, and to Queen Victoria in 
 1842. His first published engraving, “ The Duke of York,” 
 appeared in 1824. 
 
 Doolin, or Doon, de Mayence. A French 
 chanson de geste of the 14th century, adapted 
 as a prose romance in the 15th century, it was 
 first published in 1601. Alxinger, a German poet, made 
 in 1787 a translation in the form of an epic poem. Doolin, 
 or Doon, was the son of Guy of Mayence, and the ancestor 
 of Ogier the Dane. 
 
 Doomsday Book. [Written archaically Domes- 
 day Book, from ME. Domesdeie Book, etc.: so 
 called because its decision was regarded as 
 final.] A book containing a digest, in Latin, 
 of the results of a census or survey of England 
 undertaken by order of William the Conqueror, 
 and completed in 1086. It consists of two volumes 
 in vellum, a large folio containing 382 pages and a quarto 
 containing 450. They form a valuable record of the 
 ownership, extent, and value of the lands of England (1) 
 at the time of the survey, (2) at the date of bestowal 
 when they had been granted by the king, and (3) at the 
 time of Edward the Confessor; the numbers of tenants 
 and dependents, amount of live stock, etc., were also re- 
 turned. The book was long kept under three different 
 locks in the exchequer, along with the king's seal, but is 
 now kept in the Public .Record Office. In 1783 an edi- 
 tion, printed from types made for the purpose, was is- 
 sued by the British government. The counties of North- 
 umberland, Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Durham 
 were not included in the survey. There existed also 
 local doomsday books. 
 
 Doon (don). A river in Ayrshire, Scotland, 
 which flows through Loch Doon and falls into 
 the Firth of Clyde 2 miles south of Ayr. It is 
 celebrated in the poetry of Burns. Length, 
 about 30 miles. 
 
 Doornick (dor'nik). The Flemish name of 
 Tournay, Belgium, whence the English word 
 dornick. See Tournay. 
 
 Dor. See Bongo. 
 
 Dora (do'ra). 1. A play by Sardou, produced 
 in 1877, and played in English imder the title 
 “ Diplomacy.” — 2. A poem by Lord Tennyson. 
 Dora Baltea (do'ra. bal'ta-a). A tributary of 
 the Po in Piedmont, Italy. It rises in the Mont 
 Blanc group, and joins the Po eastof Turin. Length, about 
 100 miles. 
 
 Dora d’lstria (do'ra des'tre-a), pseudonym of 
 Helene Ghika, Princess Koltzoff Massalsky. 
 Born at Bukharest, Rumania, Feb. 3 (N. S.), 
 1828 : died at Florence, Nov. 17, 1888. A Ruma- 
 nian writer. Among her works are “La vie monas- 
 tique dans l’dglise orientate ’’ (1855), “La Suisse alle- 
 mande” (1856), “Les femmes en Orient” (1860), “Des 
 femmes par uue femme ” (1864), etc. 
 
 Dorado (do-ra'do). A small southern constel- 
 lation, created by Bayer, north of the great 
 Magellanic cloud. 
 
 Dorado, El. See El Dorado. 
 
 Dorak-el-Atik (dS'rak-el-a-tek'). A town in 
 the province of Khuzistan, Persia, situated 
 about lat. 30° 40' N., long. 49° E. Population, 
 estimated, 6,000-12,000. 
 
 Doralice(do-ra-le'che). 1. A tale, an old form of 
 the Cinderella story, in Straparola’s “Nights,” 
 i. 4. — 2. The daughter of the King of Granada 
 in Ariosto’s “ Orlando Furioso.” She becomes the 
 wife of Mandricardo, but is also loved by Rodomont, to 
 whom she had been betrothed. After the death of Man- 
 dricardo she is willing to give herself to his victor Rogero. 
 3. An opera by Mercadante, first produced at 
 Vienna in 1824.— 4 (dor'a-lis). The wife of 
 Rhodophil in Dryden’s comedy “ Marriage a la 
 Mode,” remarkable for her brilliant philosophy 
 of flirtation in the last act. 
 
 Doran (do'ran), John. Born at London, March 
 11, 1807: died at London, Jan. 25, 1878. An 
 English journalist and miscellaneous writer. 
 
 334 
 
 He was editor of “ Notes and Queries ” from 1869 until his 
 death. His works include “ Lives of the Queens of Eng- 
 land of the House of Hanover" (1855), and “Their Majes- 
 ties’ Servants ” (1860). 
 
 Dorante (do-roiit' ). The name of three courtly 
 and witty gallants, somewhat differing in char- 
 acteristics, in Moliere’s comedies “Le bour- 
 geois gentilhomme” (where he is a count en- 
 amoured of the Marquise Dorimene), “ L’Ecole 
 des femmes,” and “Les facheux.” 
 
 Dorante. The Liar in Corneille’s comedy “Le 
 menteur.” He surpasses even the women of the play 
 in dissimulation. He seems to lie in a spirited manner for 
 the sake of lying, not from self-interest. In the sequel 
 to “The Liar " (“Suite du menteur") he has reformed. 
 
 Dora Riparia (do'ra re-pa're-a). A head 
 stream of the Po, which it joins near Turin. 
 Dora Spenlow. See Spenlow, Dora. 
 
 Dorastus and Fawnia. See Pandosto. Dorastus 
 is the original of Shakspere's Florizel in “ The Winter’s 
 Tale.” 
 
 Dorat, or Daurat (do-ra'), Jean, L. Auratus. 
 
 Born at Limoges, France, about 1508: died 
 at Paris, Nov. 1, 1588. A French poet and 
 scholar, a member of the “Pleiade,” called by 
 his contemporaries “the modern Pindar.” He 
 was appointed professor of Greek in the Royal 
 College in 1560. 
 
 Dorax (do'raks). A renegade in Dryden’s tra- 
 gedy “Don Sebastian”: a noble Portuguese, 
 formerly Don Alonzo de Sylvera, governor of 
 Alcazar. He has been thought to be the best 
 of Dryden’s tragic characters. 
 
 D’Orbigny, Alcide. See Orbigny. 
 
 Dorcas (dor'kas). [Gr. do/wor, gazelle.] In the 
 New Testament (Acts ix. 36), a woman who 
 was full of good deeds, and made coats and gar- 
 ments for the poor; hence a Dorcas Society, a 
 society for supplying the poor with garments. 
 Dorcas. In Shakspere’s “Winter’s Tale,” a 
 shepherdess. 
 
 Dorcas Zeal. See Zeal. 
 
 Dorchester (dor'ehes-ter). [ME. * Dorchestre, 
 AS. Dornwara coaster, city of the people of 
 Dorset; from Dorn-ssete, Dor sate, Dorset. See 
 Dorset.'] The chief town of Dorset, England, 
 situated on the Frome in lat. 50° 44' N., long. 
 2° 27' W. : the ancient Durnovaria. The remains 
 of a Roman amphitheater and other antiquities are in the 
 vicinity. It was the scene of Jetfreys’s " bloody assize,” 
 1685. Population, 9,458. 
 
 Dorchester. [ME. Dorchestre, Dorcestre, AS. 
 Dorceaster, Dorce-ceaster, Dorces ceaster, Dorca- 
 ceaster (ML. reflex Durocastrum).] A village 
 in Oxfordshire, England, situated near Oxford, 
 important in the early middle ages. 
 Dorchester. Formerly a town of N orf oik Coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, situated on Massachusetts 
 Bay 4 miles south of Boston. It was annexed 
 to Boston in 1870. 
 
 Dorchester, Baron. See Carleton. 
 
 Dordogne (dor-don'; F. pron. dor-dony'). 1. 
 A river of France which joins the Garonne 14 
 miles north of Bordeaux. Length, 305 miles ; 
 navigable for steamships to Libourne. — 2. A 
 department of France, lying between Haute- 
 Vienne on the north, Correze and Lot on the 
 east, Lot-et-Garonne on the south, and Cha- 
 rente, Charente-iiifcrieure, and Gironde on the 
 west. It is noted for its production of minerals, wines, 
 and truffles. Capital, P(Srigueux. It corresponds to the 
 former P^rigord and parts of Limousin, Angoumois, and 
 Saintonge. Area, 3,550 square miles. Population, 
 447,052. 
 
 Dordrecht (dor'drecht), or Dort (dort). A 
 town in the province of South Holland, Nether- 
 lands, situated on an island of the Maas 11 
 miles southeast of Rotterdam. It is a seaport, 
 and has extensive trade in timber. It contains a museum 
 and the Groote Kerk. It was built in the 11th century, 
 and is reputed to be the oldest city in the Netherlands. 
 Dordrecht was the leading Dutch commercial center in 
 the middle ages ; the independence of the United Prov- 
 inces was declared here in 1572 ; it was the seat of the 
 Synod of Dort (which see) 1618-19. Population, com- 
 mune, 45.723. 
 
 Dore, Mont. See Mont Dore. 
 
 Dore (do-ra'), Paul Gustave. Born at Stras- 
 burg, Jan. 6, 1832 : died at Paris, Jan. 23, 1883. 
 A French artist. From 1848, when he made his first 
 series of sketches for the “Journal pour Rire,” he exe- 
 cuted a great number of designs, paintings, and statues, 
 and in 1850 had made his reputation. In 1861 he was dec- 
 orated with the cross of the Legion of Honor. He illus- 
 trated “tEuvres de Rabelais" (1854), “L^gende du Juif 
 errant” (1856), “Contes drolatiques de Balzac" (1855), 
 “ Contes de Perrault" (1861), “ Essais de Montaigne " (1867), 
 “ Voyage aux Pyr^ndes de M. Taine ’’ (1869), “ Divina Corn- 
 media de Dante” (1861), “Don Quichotte” (1863), “The 
 Bible ” (1865-66), “ Fables de La Fontaine ” (1867), Tenny- 
 son’s poems “Elaine ’’and “Vivien ”(1866-68), etc. Among 
 his oil-paintings are “ Paolo and Francesca da Rimini,” 
 “Rebel Angels cast down” (1866), “Gambling-Hall at 
 
 Dornbirn 
 
 Baden-Baden,” “The Neophyte” (1868), “The Triumph 
 of Christianity,” “ Christ leaving the Pnetorium, ’ etc. 
 Doria (do're-a), Andrea. Born at Oneglia, 
 Italy, Nov. 30, 1468 : died at Genoa, Nov. 
 25, 1560. A celebrated Genoese admiral and 
 statesman. He was styled the “Liberator of Genoa,” 
 which he freed from the French in 1528. He served with 
 distinction against the Turks, and achieved the cap- 
 ture of Tunis in 1535. There is a celebrated portrait of 
 him, by Sebastiano del Piombo, in the Palazzo Doria, 
 Rome. 
 
 Doria Palace. See Palazzo Doria. 
 
 Doricourt (dor'i-kort). A brilliant man of the 
 world in Mrs. Cowley’s comedy “The Belle’s 
 Stratagem.” His wit, humor, and courtliness make 
 him the fashion, while his taste for French piquancy ren- 
 ders him impervious to the charm of English beauty. 
 See Hardy , Loetitia. 
 
 Dorigen (dor'i-gen). In Chaucer’s “Frank- 
 lin’s Tale,” the faithful wife of Arviragus. She 
 was beloved by Aurelius, “a lusty squire,” and to escape 
 his importunity said she would never listen to him till 
 all the rocks on the sea-shore were removed. He having 
 by magic removed them, Arviragus sacrificed her to her 
 promise. When Aurelius beheld her gentle obedience to 
 her husband’s overstrained sense of honor, he gave her 
 back her word. Chaucer took the story from Boccaccio’s 
 “Dianora and Gilberto.” 
 
 Dorimant (dor'i-mant). In Etlierege’s comedy 
 “ The Man of Mode, or Sir Fopling Flutter,” a 
 witty and fashionable libertine, intended as 
 a portrait of the Earl of Rochester. 
 
 Dorimene (do-re-man'). 1. In Moliere’s “Le 
 cocu imaginaire,” the wife of Sganarelle. A Do- 
 rimtne is also introduced in a later play, “ Le mariage 
 force,” where she consents to marry Sganarelle, who is 
 much older than she, with the intention of deceiving him. 
 2. A lady of rank in Moliere’s comedy “Le 
 bourgeois gentilhomme,” loved by Dorante. 
 Dorinda (do-rin'dii). 1. In Guarini’s “ Pastor 
 Fido,” an impulsive, passionate girl. Also 
 Dorine. — 2. The sister of Miranda in Dryden 
 and Davenant’s version of “ The Tempest.” 
 Like Miranda, she has seen no man but her 
 father. — 3. In Farquhar’s comedy “ The Beaux’ 
 Stratagem,” the daughter of Lady Bountiful. 
 She falls in love with and marries Aimwell, 
 whose stratagem to win a rich wife thus suc- 
 ceeds. 
 
 Dorine (do-ren'). 1. See Dorinda, 1. — 2. In 
 Moliere’s comedy “ Tartufe,” the caustic but 
 faithful waiting-woman of Marianne. This 
 name was given in the old French theatrical 
 nomenclature to an intriguing soubrette. 
 Doris (do'ris). [Gr. Augic.] 1. In classical my- 
 thology, the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. 
 She married her brother Nereus, and her fifty daughters 
 were called the Nereides. The name Doris is sometimes 
 given to the sea by the poets, as by Vergil. 
 
 2. An asteroid (No. 48) discovered by Gold- 
 schmidt at Paris, Sept. 19, 1857. 
 
 Doris. [Gr. Auprc.] In ancient geography : (a) 
 A territory of central Greece, surrounded 
 by Phocis, Locris, iEtolia, and Malls : a valley 
 between CEt.a and Parnassus, (b) A part Of 
 the coast of Caria, Asia Minor. 
 
 Dorking (dor'king). A town in Surrey, Eng- 
 land, 22 miles southwest of London, it is famous 
 for its breed of fowls, and is the scene of the fictitious 
 “ Battle of Dorking ” (which see). Population, 7,670. 
 
 Dorking, Battle of. (“ The Battle of Dorking, 
 or Reminiscences of a Volunteer.”) An im- 
 aginary narrative of an invasion and conquest 
 of England by a foreign army, written by Gen- 
 eral Sir George T. Chesney in 1871. It called at- 
 tention to the need of an improved system of national 
 defense, and attracted much notice. 
 
 Dorleans, or D’Orleans (dor-la-on'), Louis. 
 Born at Paris, 1542: died at Paris, 1629. A 
 French poet and satirist. In 1594 be was prose- 
 cuted by Henry IV., and fled to Antwerp, remaining in 
 exile nine years. 
 
 Dormitor (dor-me-tor'), or Durmitor (dor-me- 
 tor'). The highest summit in the mountains 
 of Montenegro. Height, 8,294 feet. 
 
 Dorn (dorn), Heinrich Ludwig Edmund. Born 
 at Konigsberg, Prussia, Nov. 14, 1804 : died at 
 Berlin, Jan. 10, 1892. A German operatic com- 
 poser, conductor of the Royal Opera in Berlin 
 1847-68. His chief opera is “Die Nibelungen” 
 (1854). 
 
 Dorn, Johann Albrecht Bernhard. Born at 
 
 Scheuerfeld, Coburg, Germany, May 11, 1805 : 
 died at St. Petersburg, May 31, 1881. A Ger- 
 man Orientalist, professor (1835), and later 
 (1843) chief librarian of the imperial public 
 library at St. Petersburg. His works include “ His- 
 tory of the Afghans” (1829-36), “Uber die Sprache der 
 Afghanen ’’ (1840), “ Chrestomathy of the Pushtu or Af- 
 ghan Language" (1847), “Caspia" (1875), etc. 
 
 Dornbirn (dorn'bern). A town in Vorarlberg, 
 Austria-Hungary, situated near Lake Con- 
 stance 7 miles south of Bregenz. Population, 
 commune, 16,241, (1910). 
 
Dorner 
 
 Dorner (dor'ner), Isaak August. Born at 
 Neuhausen, near Tuttlingen, Wiirtemberg, 
 June 20, 1809: died at Wiesbaden, Prussia, 
 July 8, 1884. A noted German Protestant the- 
 ologian, professor at Berlin from 1862. His chief 
 works are " Entwickelungsgeschichte der Lehre von der 
 Person Christi" (1839, 1845-56; “History of the Develop- 
 ment of the Doctrine of the Person of Christ,” 1859), 
 “Geschichte derprotestantischen Theologie ” (1867), “Sys- 
 tem der christlichen Glaubenslehre ’’ (1880-81). 
 
 Dornoch (dor'noch). The capital of the county 
 of Sutherland, Scotland, situated on Dornoch 
 Firth in lat. 57° 53' N. It contains a cathedral. 
 Dornroschen (dorn'res-chen). [G., ‘little 
 thorn-rose.’] The German name of “ The 
 Sleeping Beauty” (which see). 
 
 Domton (dfim'ton), Harry. The son of Old 
 Dornton in Holcroft’s ‘ ‘ Road to Ruin.” His ex- 
 ploits give the name to the play. He is saved from ruin 
 by Sulky, his father’s friend. 
 
 Domton, Old. A fond, confiding, but justly of- 
 fended father in Holcroft’s “Road to Ruin.” 
 Dorogobush (do-ro-go-bosh'). A town in the 
 government of Smolensk, Russia, situated on 
 the Dnieper in lat. 54° 55'N., long. 33° 15' E. 
 Population, 6/700. 
 
 Dorogoie, or Dorohoiu (do-ro-ho'e). A town 
 in Moldavia, Rumania, situated in lat. 48° N., 
 long. 26° 22' E. Population, 12,690. 
 
 Doron (do ron). A character in Greene’s 
 “ Menaphon,” which Simpson, in his “School 
 of Shakespeare,” attempted to identify with 
 Shakspere. 
 
 Dorotea (do-ro-ta' a). [‘Dorothea.’] A dra- 
 matic prose romance by Lope de Vega, writ- 
 ten in his youth, but revised by him with care, 
 and first printed in 1632. He calls it “the most 
 beloved of his works.” The career of the hero Fernando 
 is to some degree autobiographical. 
 
 Dorothea (dor-o-the'd). [Gr. Aupodta, gift of 
 God; F. Dorothee , It. Sp. Dorotea , Pg. Dorothea, 
 G. Dorothea. Diminutive, Dol or Dolly.'] 1. A 
 virgin martyr. She was tortured and decapitated in 
 the persecution of Diocletian. Her festival is celebrated 
 Feb. 6 in the Roman Church. She was said to have sent 
 roses and apples miraculously from paradise to a doubt- 
 ing spectator of her martyrdom, Theophilus, who jestingly 
 asked her to do so. He was converted by this miracle, 
 tortured, and afterward decapitated. Dorothea was intro- 
 duced as a character of much grace and tenderness by 
 Massinger and Dekker in “ The Virgin Martyr.” 
 
 2. A very beautiful and unfortunate woman in 
 an episode of Cervantes’s “Don Quixote.” — 3. 
 The principal female character in Goethe’s 
 poem “Hermann und Dorothea.” — 4. The 
 “peerless Queen of Scots” in Greene’s play 
 “ James the Fourth.” She escapes from her unfaith- 
 ful husband in man’s attire. War is made on account of 
 her disappearance, and she returns and gives herself up 
 to insure peace for her country. 
 
 5. In Fletcher’s comedy “Monsieur Thomas,” 
 a bright, affectionate English girl, the sister of 
 Monsieur Thomas. — 6. See Dorotea. 
 Dorothea. A vessel which was sent under com- 
 mand of Captain Buchan, with the Trent under 
 Franklin, in 1818, on an expedition to the Arc- 
 tic regions. 
 
 Dorothea Brooke. See Brooke. 
 
 DorothetlS (do-ro'the-us). Lived in the 6th cen- 
 tury. A jurist in Berytus, Syria : one of the 
 compilers of Justinian’s “Digest.” 
 
 Dorozsma (do'rozh-mo), or Dorosma (do'rosh- 
 mo). A town in the county of Csongrdd, Hun- 
 gary, 4 miles northwest of Szegedin. Popula- 
 tion, 15,014. 
 
 Dorp (dorp). A manufacturing town in the 
 Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the Wup- 
 per 17 miles northeast of Cologne: united 
 Jan. 1, 1889, with Solingen. 
 
 Dorpat (dor'piit), or Dorpt (derpt). [Russ. 
 Derpt, ORuss. Yurief, Esthonian Tartolin .] 
 A city in the government of Livonia, Russia, 
 situated on the Embach in lat. 58° 24' N., long. 
 26° 42' E. it is noted for its university (founded by 
 Gustavus Adolphus in 1632), which contains a celebrated 
 observatory and a library of over 400,000 volumes and 
 pamphlets. It was conquered by the Teutonic Order in 
 the 13th century, and in the 14th century became one of 
 the Hanse towns. Population, 43,700. 
 
 Dorr (dor), Benjamin. Bom at Salisbury, 
 Mass., March 22, 1796: died at Germantown, 
 Pa., Sept. 18, 1869. An American clergyman 
 of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He was 
 rector of Christ Church, Philadelphia, from 1837 until his 
 death His works include “The History of a Pocket 
 Prayer-Book, Written by Itself," “ A Memoir of John 
 Fanning Watson,” etc. 
 
 Dorr, Thomas Wilson. Bom at Providence, 
 R. I., Nov. 5, 1805: died there, Dec. 27, 1854. 
 An American politician. He was a member of the 
 assembly of Rhode Island 1833-37 ; was the leader of 
 “ Dorr’s rebellion ” (which see) ; was elected governor by 
 the “Suffrage party ” in 1842 ; was convicted of high trea- 
 son and sentenced to perpetual imprisonment in 1844 ; 
 
 335 
 
 was released under a general anyiesty act in 1847 ; and 
 was restored to his civil rights in 1851. 
 
 Dorrego ( dor-ra'go ), Manuel. Born at Buenos 
 Ayres, 1787 : died there, Dec. 13, 1828. An Ar- 
 gentine statesman. In Aug., 1827, he was elected 
 governor of Buenos Ayres. His efforts to establish aeon- 
 federation of the provinces were at first successful, and 
 the war with Brazil was brought to a close (1828), both 
 countries recognizing the independence of Uruguay. The 
 revolt of Lavalle drove Dorrego from Buenos Ayres : he 
 was defeated in an attempt to recover the city, captured, 
 and shot without trial. 
 
 Dorriforth (dor'i-forth). In Mrs. Inchbald’s 
 “Simple Story,” a Roman Catholic priest. He 
 is the guardian of Miss Milner who falls in love with him. 
 He becomes the Earl of Elmwood, is released from his 
 vows, and marries her. 
 
 Dorrit (dor'it), Amy, called Little Dorrit. 
 
 In Charles Dickens’s “ Little Dorrit,” the un- 
 selfish daughter of the debtor William Dorrit, 
 born in prison. 
 
 Dorrit, William. The father of Little Dorrit, 
 in Charles Dickens’s story of that name: a 
 weak, selfish, good-looking man confined in the 
 Marshalsea prison for a long time for debt, and 
 hence called “The Father of the Marshalsea.” 
 Dorr Rebellion, The. In United States history, 
 a revolutionary movement under the leadership 
 of T. W. Dorr to introduce a new State consti- 
 tution in Rhode Island. It was caused by dissatis- 
 faction with the existing fundamental law (a charter 
 granted by Charles II. in 1663), which placed a heavy 
 property qualification on the suffrage. A party, the so- 
 called Suffrage party, was organized under the leadership 
 of T. W. Dorr in 1840. It held a mass-meeting at Provi- 
 dence July 5, 1841, and authorized the calling of a con- 
 stitutional convention, which met at Providence Oct. 4, 
 1841. The constitution proposed hv this convention was 
 submitted to the people Dee. 27-29, 1841, and received a ma- 
 jority (?) of the popular vote. A government with Doit at 
 its head was elected under this constitution April 18, 1842. 
 It made an unsuccessful attempt to seize the arsenal at 
 Providence May 18, 1842, and was dispersed June 25, 1842. 
 
 D’Orsay. See Orsay. 
 
 Dorset (dor'set). [ME. Dorsete, AS. Dorseete, 
 Dornsmte, prop, the name of the inhabitants, 
 from dorn-, dor-, W. dv.fr, water, and ssete, set- 
 tlers.] A county of England, lying between 
 Somerset and Wilts on the north, Hants on the 
 east, the English Channel on the south, and 
 Devonshire and Somerset on the west, it is trav- 
 ersed by chalk downs, and is noted for its breed of sheep. 
 It contains many British and Roman antiquities. Area 
 (ad. co.), 977 square miles. Population (pari, co.), 202,936. 
 
 Dorset, Earl of. See Sackville. 
 
 Dort. See Dordrecht. 
 
 Dort (dort), Synod of. An assembly of the 
 Reformed Church of the Netherlands, with 
 delegates from England and other countries, 
 convened by the State s-General for the purpose 
 of deciding the Arminian controversy, and held 
 at Dort (Dordrecht) 1618-19. It condemned the 
 doctrines of the Arminians or Remonstrants. 
 Dortmund (dort'mond). A city in the province 
 of Westphalia, Prussia, situated near the Eni- 
 scher in lat. 51° 31' N., long. 7° 28' E. it is the 
 centerof a mining region, and has manufactures of railway 
 machinery, etc. It was mentioned in the 9th century, 
 and was a free imperial city and Hanseatic town, and the 
 seat of the supreme court of the Velimgericht. It was an- 
 nexed to Prussia in 1815. Population, 212,862, (1910). 
 Dorus (do'rus). [Gr. Aupof.] In Greek mythol- 
 ogy, the ancestor of the Dorians, generally rep- 
 resented as the son of Hellen by the nymph 
 Orseis. 
 
 Dorus, In Sidney’s romance “Arcadia,” the 
 name under which Musidorus, in the disguise of 
 a shepherd, pretends to love Mopsa. 
 
 Dorus, Prince. See Prince Dorus. 
 
 Dory (do'ri), Jolm. 1. See John Dory . — 2. A 
 vociferous and faithful servant of Sir George 
 Thunder, in O’Keefe’s “Wild Oats.” 
 Dorylseum (dor-i-le'um). [Gr. AopvXaeov.] The 
 ancient name of Eski-Shehr (which see). Here, 
 July 1, 1097, the Crusaders under Bohemond, Tancred, 
 Robert of Normandy, Godfrey of Bouillon, and others, de- 
 feated Soliman, the Turkish sultan of Iconium. 
 
 Doryphorus. See Polycletus. 
 
 Dositheans (dd-sith'e-anz). A Samaritan sect, 
 named from Dositheus, a false Messiah, who 
 appeared about the time of Christ. The sect, 
 though small in numbers, existed for several centuries. 
 Dost Mohammed Khan(dostm6-ham'edkhiin). 
 Born about 1770 : died June 9, 1863. Amir of 
 Kabul. He ascended the throne in 1826. In 1839 the 
 India government, being determined to chastise him on 
 account of his refusal to become an ally of the British, 
 sent an army into Afghanistan, drove him from his throne, 
 and placed Shah Shujah upon it. In 1841 an insurrection 
 broke out in Kabul, and in 1842 the British army was mas- 
 sacred in its retreat. This was followed by a second in- 
 vasion by the British, who decided to reinstate Dost Mo- 
 hammed (1842). He captured Herat from the Persians in 
 1863. 
 
 Dostoyevsky (dos-to-yef'ske), Peodor Mi- 
 khailovitch. Born at Moscow, Oct. 30, 
 
 Doubs 
 
 1821: died Feb. 12, 1881. A Russian 
 novelist and journalist. He was arrested for par- 
 j ticipation in a conspiracy in 1849, and condemned to 
 death. His sentence was commuted to exile, and he was 
 pardoned on the accession of Alexander II. His works 
 include “The Poor People" (1846), “The Degraded and 
 Insulted” (1861), “Memoirs from the House of Death,” 
 also published as “Buried Alive” (his memories of Si- 
 beria, 1858), “Crime and Punishment” (1866), etc. 
 
 Dot (dot). See Peerybingle, Mrs. 
 
 Dothan (do-than'). In Scripture geography, a 
 place in Samaria, Palestine, situated 10 miles 
 north of Sheehem. 
 
 Dotheboys Hall (do'the-boiz hal). [‘Do-the- 
 boys Hall’; implying that the boys are taken 
 in and ‘done for.’] The Yorkshire school in 
 Dickens’s “ Nicholas Nickleby,” kept by Mr. 
 Squeers, in which Nicholas served a short time 
 as an under-master. The exposure of the methods of 
 schools of this class by Dickens led to the reformation or 
 abolition of many of them. 
 
 Dotterel (dot'ter-el), Mrs. A character in Gar- 
 rick’s play “The Male Coquette.” 
 
 Douai, or Douay (do-a'). [L. DuacumJ, A 
 town in the department of Nord, France, sit- 
 uated on the Scarpe 18 miles south of Lille. 
 It was formerly an important fortress. In the middle 
 ages it belonged to the counts of Flanders, and after 1384 
 to the dukes of Burgundy. It formed part of the Spanish 
 Netherlands and was conquered by the French in 1667. 
 It contained (1562-1793) a Roman Catholic university 
 founded by Philip II., and has a noted seminary for Eng- 
 lish priests, founded in 1560. At Douai was printed the 
 English version of the Bible for Roman Catholics. It has 
 manufactories of cotton, linen, lace, paper, leather, em- 
 broideries, delftware, glass, salt, etc., and contains a num- 
 ber of breweries and distilleries. Pop., commune, 33,247. 
 
 Douarnenez (dwar-ne-na'). A seaport in the 
 department of Finistere, France, 21 miles south- 
 east of Brest. It is noted for its sardine fish- 
 eries. Population, commune, 13,568. 
 
 Douay. See Douai. 
 
 Douay (do-a'), Charles Abel. Born at Besan- 
 con, France, March, 1809 : killed at the battle of 
 Weissenburg, Aug. 4, 1870. A French general, 
 distinguished at the storming of the Malakoff 
 in 1855, and at Solferino in 1859. 
 
 Douay, Felix Charles. Born at Besan§on, 
 France, Aug. 24, 1816: died at Paris, May 4, 
 1879. A French general, brother of Charles 
 Abel Douay, distinguished at Sedan in 1870, and 
 in the struggle with the Communists in 1871. 
 Douban (do-ban'). In the story of “The Greek 
 King and Douban the Physician,” in “The 
 Arabian Nights’ Entertainments,” a physician 
 who cures the king of leprosy. Believing him to 
 be a traitor, the king orders his execution. Douban gives 
 the king a book, assuring him that his head, after it is cut 
 off, will answer any questions if he will first read a certain 
 line on the sixth page. The pages are poisoned, and the 
 king, moistening his fingers to turn them, instantly dies. 
 Scott introduces a royal slave and physician of this name 
 in “Count Robert of Paris.” 
 
 Doubleday (dub'l-da), Abner. Born at Ball- 
 ston Spa, N. Y., June 26, 1819 : died at Mend- 
 ham, N. J., Jan. 26, 1893. An American gen- 
 eral. He graduated at West Point in 1842 ; served in the 
 Mexican war ; was appointed brigadier-general in the 
 Union army Feb. 3, 1862 ; commanded a division at the bat- 
 tle of Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862 ; and was made major-gen- 
 eral of volunteers Nov. 29, 1862. 
 
 Doubleday, Edward. Born at Epping, 1811 : 
 died at London, Dec. 14, 1849. An English 
 naturalist. He was appointed an assistant in the Brit- 
 ish Museum in 1839, with special charge of the collections 
 of butterflies and moths. His chief work is ‘ * On the Gen- 
 era of Diurnal Lepidoptera.” 
 
 Double Dealer, The. A comedy by Congreve, 
 produced in 1693. See McLskwell. 
 
 Double Falsehood, The. A play published by 
 Theobald in 1728 as by Shakspere. It is founded 
 
 on the story of Cardenio in Don Quixote,” and is thought 
 to have been very probably written by Shirley. Ward. 
 
 Double Gallant, The, or The Sick Lady’s 
 Cure. A comedy produced in 1707, compiled 
 by Colley Cibber from Mrs. Centlivre’s “Love 
 at a Venture” (which owed something to 
 Thomas Corneille’s “Le galant double”) and 
 Burnaby’s “The Lady’s Visiting Day” and 
 “The Reformed Wife.” 
 
 Double Marriage, The. A tragedy by Fletcher, 
 assisted by Massinger, apparently produced 
 after Burbage’s death, which took place in 
 March, 1619. It was printed in 1647. 
 
 Doubs (do). [L. Dubis.2 1. A river of east- 
 
 ern France which joins the Saone at Verdun. 
 Length, 267 miles. — 2. A department of east- 
 ern France, lying between Haute-Saone and 
 Belfort on the north, Switzerland on the east 
 and south, and Jura and Haute-Saone on the 
 west. It is traversed by the Jura. Capital, Besancon. 
 The department was formed from part of the ancient 
 F’ranche-Comtd. Area, 2,052 square miles. Population, 
 298,438. 
 
Doubs, Falls of the 
 
 Doubs, Falls of the. [F. Saut du Doubs.] A 
 noted cataract in the Doubs, on the border of 
 France and Switzerland, 13 miles northwest of 
 Neuchatel. Height, 86 feet. 
 
 Doubtful Heir, The. A romantic comedy by 
 Shirley, originally produced at Dublin under 
 the title of “ Rosania, or Love’s Victory,” and 
 licensed in 1640 under that name. 
 
 Doubting Castle. The abode of Giant De- 
 spair, in Bunyan’s “Pilgrim’s Progress,” in 
 which he locked up Christian and Hopeful. 
 Douce (dous), Francis. Born at London, 1757 : 
 died at London, March 30, 1834. An English an- 
 tiquarian. He was for a time keeper of the manuscripts 
 in the British Museum, in which capacity he took part in 
 cataloguing the Lansdowne MSS., and in revising the cata- 
 logue of Harleiau MSS. Having been left one of the re- 
 siduary legatees of the sculptor Nollekens in 1823, he came 
 into possession of a competent fortune, which enabled him 
 to make a fine collection of books, manuscripts, prints, 
 and coins. This collection was bequeathed to the Bodleian 
 Library. His chief work is “ Illustrations of Shakspere ” 
 (1807). 
 
 Dougal(do'gal). A wild, shock-headed follower 
 of Rob Roy, in Scott’s novel of that name. 
 Doughty (do'ti), Thomas. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, July 19, 1793: died at New York, July 
 24, 1856. Aji American landscape-painter. 
 Douglas (dug'las). A tragedy by the Rev. 
 John Home, first produced in Edinburgh Dec. 
 14, 1756. It is partly founded on a Scottish 
 ballad, “Childe Maurice.” See Norval. 
 
 “Douglas” was first produced upon the regular stage 
 on the 14th of December, 1756, at the Canongate Theatre 
 (of which there is no sign now), in Play-house Close, 200 
 Canongate. According to tradition, however — and very 
 misty tradition — it was performed privately some time 
 before at the lodgings of Mrs. Sarah Warde, a professional 
 actress, who lived in Horse Wynd, near the foot of the 
 Canongate, and with the following most astonishing ama- 
 teur cast: Lord Randolph, Rev. Dr. Robertson (principal 
 of the University of Edinburgh); Glenalvon, Dr. David 
 Hume (historian); Old Norval, Rev. Dr. Carlyle (minister 
 of Musselburgh); Douglas, Rev. John Home (the author 
 of the tragedy); Lady Randolph, Dr. Ferguson (professor 
 of moral philosophy in the University of Edinburgh); 
 Anna (the Maid), Rev. Dr. Hugh Blair (minister of the 
 High Church of Edinburgh). Adam Ferguson as Lady 
 Randolph and Hugh Blair as Anna must have added an 
 unexpectedly comic element to the tragedy. It is not 
 more than justice to say that Dugald Stewart, the biog- 
 rapher of Principal Robertson, asserts that the Randolph 
 of this cast “never entered a play-house in his life.” 
 
 Hutton, Literary Landmarks of Edinburgh, p. 28. 
 
 Douglas (dug'las). 1. A seaport and the capi- 
 tal of the Isle of Man, situated on the eastern 
 coast in lat. 54° 10' N., long. 4° 27' W. It is a 
 noted watering-place. Population, 19,223. — 
 2. A village in Lanarkshire, Scotland, 8 miles 
 southwest of Lanark. In the neighborhood 
 are St. Bride’s Church and the ruins of old 
 Douglas Castle. 
 
 Douglas, Archibald, fourth Earl of Douglas. 
 Died Aug. 17, 1424. A Scottish nobleman, 
 second son of Archibald, third Earl of Douglas. 
 He was captured by the English in a border raid in 1402, 
 and was kept a prisoner until 1408. In 1423 he commanded 
 a Scottish army sent to the support of the French against 
 the English, and in the same year was created duke of 
 Touraine by Charles VII. of France. He fell in the battle 
 of Verneuil, in France. 
 
 Douglas, Archibald, fifth Earl of Angus : sur- 
 named “Bell the Cat.” Died 1514. A Scot- 
 tish nobleman, son of George, fourth Earl of 
 Angus. He was one of the disaffected nobles who over- 
 threw and murdered James III.’s favorite, the Earl of 
 Mar, in 1482. At a meeting of the nobles to concert a 
 plan of attack on the favorite. Lord Gray compared the 
 meeting to that of the mice in the fable who proposed 
 to string a bell round the cat’s neck, and asked, with refer- 
 ence to the favorite, “ Who will bell the cat?” Douglas 
 answered, “I will bell the cat” (whence his surname). 
 He was chancellor of the kingdom 1493-98. In Scott’s 
 poem “Marmion” he is represented as entertaining Mar- 
 mion and Lady Clare at his castle by command of the king. 
 
 Douglas, Archibald, sixth Earl of Angus. 
 Died, in Jan., 1557. Grandson of the fifth earl. 
 He married in 1514 Margaret, widow of James IV. and 
 sister of Henry VIII., by whom he had Margaret, countess 
 of Lennox, the mother of Damley. 
 
 Douglas, David. Born at Scone, Scotland, 
 1798; killed in the Hawaiian Islands, July 12, 
 1834. A Scottish botanist. He visited the United 
 States as botanical collector for the Royal Horticultural 
 Society in 1823, and subsequently made several scientific 
 journeys in America, spending the years 1829-32 chiefly 
 in California. He contributed a number of papers to scien- 
 tific journals. 
 
 Douglas, Ellen. The daughter of the outlawed 
 James Douglas, in Sir Walter Scott’s poem 
 “The Lady of the Lake.” Going to Stirling with 
 the signet ring given her by the Knight of Snowdon (the 
 king), she obtains the pardon of father and lover, though 
 the generous king himself had loved her in disguise. 
 Douglas, Gawain or Gavin. Born about 1474: 
 died at London in Sept., 1522. A Scottish poet, 
 younger son of the fifth Earl of Angus. He ap- 
 pears to have studied at St. Andrews 1489-94, and became 
 bishop of Dunkeld in 1515. He was subsequently ban- 
 
 336 
 
 ished for political reasons, and was well received at the 
 court of Henry VIII.' of England. His chief work is a 
 translation of the iEneid into Scottish verse (1513, printed 
 1553). 
 
 Douglas, George, fourth Earl of Angus. Died 
 1462. A Scottish nobleman. He remained loyal to 
 James II. in a rising of his kinsmen against the king, and 
 commanded the royal forces at the battle of Arkinholm 
 May 1, 1455, in which the insurgents were defeated. He 
 received as a reward large grants of land from the confis- 
 cated estates, and may be regarded as the founder of the 
 position of the earls of Angus as border chiefs. 
 
 Douglas, George. In Sir Walter Scott’s novel 
 “ The Abbot,” the seneschal of Lochleven Cas- 
 tle during his father’s absence. Falling in love 
 with his prisoner, Mary Queen of Scots, he aids her es- 
 cape, and dies at the battle of Langside. 
 
 Douglas, Sir Howard. Born at Gosport, Eng- 
 land, July 1, 1776 : died at Tunbridge Wells, 
 England, Nov., 1861. An English general and 
 military writer : author of a “ Treatise on Naval 
 Gunnery” (1820), etc. 
 
 Douglas, Sir James, called “The Good Sir 
 James” and “The Black Douglas.” Killed in 
 Spain, probably Aug. 25, 1330. A Scottish 
 nobleman. He joined the standard of Bruce in 1306, 
 and commanded the left wing of the Scottish army at the 
 battle of Bannockburn, June 24, 1314. In accordance 
 with the dying request of Bruce, he set out on a journey 
 to the Holy Land, carrying with him Bruce’s heart in- 
 cased in a casket of gold. Arrived in Spain, he offered his 
 services to Alfonso, king of Castile and Leon, against the 
 Saracens of Granada, and fell in battle. 
 
 Douglas, James, second Earl of Douglas. Died 
 in 1388. A Scottish nobleman, son of William, 
 first Earl of Douglas. He commanded a force of 
 300 horse and 2,000 foot which ravaged the eastern border 
 in 1388, and probably on the 19th of Aug. in that year 
 (on the 9th according to the English chroniclers, on the 
 15th according to Froissart) defeated a superior force of 
 the levy of the northern counties under Lord Henry 
 Percy at Otterburn, himself falling at the moment of vic- 
 tory. His fame is celebrated in the Scottish ballad “The 
 Battle of Otterburn” and the English ballad “Chevy 
 Chase.” 
 
 Douglas, James, ninth Earl of Douglas. Died 
 at Lindores, Scotland, July 14, 1488. Last Earl 
 of Douglas. He headed a rebellion against James II. 
 of Scotland 1452-55, in consequence of which he was ban- 
 ished and deprived of his estates. 
 
 Douglas, John. Born at Pittenweem, Fife, 
 Scotland, July 14, 1721: died at Salisbury, 
 England, May 18, 1807. A British prelate and 
 general writer. He was appointed bishop of Carlisle 
 in 1787 (being translated to Salisbury in 1791) and dean of 
 Windsor in 1788. Among his works are “ Milton vindi- 
 cated from the Charge of Plagiarism ’’ (1751), and a book 
 attacking Hume's argument on the miracles, entitled 
 “ The Criterion ” (1762). 
 
 Douglas, Stephen Arnold. Born at Brandon, 
 Vt., April 23, 1813: died at Chicago, June 3, 
 1861. An American Democratic politician. He 
 learned the trade of a cabinet-maker, but afterward stud- 
 ied law and was admitted to the bar. He was elected a 
 judge of the Supreme Court of Illinois in 1841; was a 
 member of Congress from Illinois 1843-47 ; and was United 
 States senator 1847-61. He advanced the doctrine of pop- 
 ular or “squatter” sovereignty in relation to slavery in 
 the Territories, and reported the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in 
 1854. He was an unsuccessful candidate of the Democratic 
 party for the presidency in 1860. He was nicknamed “The 
 Little Giant.” 
 
 Douglas, Sir William. Killed in 1353. A 
 Scottish nobleman. He sided with David II. against 
 Edward Baliol, and obtained as a reward the lordship 
 of Liddesdale, whence he was surnamed “The Knight of 
 Liddesdale.” He was killed during a hunt in Ettrick forest 
 by his kinsman William, lord (afterward earl) of Douglas. 
 
 Douglas, William, first Earl of Douglas. Died 
 in 1384. A Scottish nobleman, nephew of “the 
 good Sir James.” He was trained in arms in France ; 
 returned to Scotland about 1348 ; recovered his paternal 
 estates from the English; conducted numerous raids on 
 the English border ; was, along with the Earl of March, ap- 
 pointed warden of the east marches about 1356 ; and was 
 created earl of Douglas by David II. in 1358. 
 
 Douglas, William, eighth Earl of Douglas. 
 Died in 1452. A Scottish nobleman, son of 
 James, seventh Earl of Douglas. He conspired 
 against James II., by whom he was decoyed by a safe- 
 conduct to Stirling Castle and put to death. 
 
 Douglass, David Bates. Born at Pompton, 
 N. J., March 21, 1790 : died at Geneva, N. Y., 
 Oct., 1849. An American engineer. He was 
 engaged on the Croton aqueduct 1833-36, on 
 Greenwood cemetery (Brooklyn) 1837-40. 
 
 Douglass, Frederick. Bom 1817: died Feb. 
 20, 1895. A noted American orator and 
 journalist. He was the son of a negress by a white man, 
 and was bom a slave on the plantation of Colonel Edward 
 Lloyd. Having escaped from his master in 1838, he even- 
 tually settled at New Bedford, Massachusetts, and in 1841 
 became an agent of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Soci- 
 ety, a post which he retained four years. He founded in 
 1847, at Rochester, New York, “The North Star," the title 
 of which was changed to “ Frederick Douglass’ Paper,” and 
 which was continued a number of years. In 1869 he 
 founded at Washington, District of Columbia, “The New 
 National Era,’’ which he turned over to his sons Lewis 
 and Frederick. He was United States marshal for the 
 District of Columbia 1877-81, recorder of deeds in the 
 
 Dover 
 
 District 1881-86, and United States minister to Haiti 1889- 
 1891. He also published “ The Life and Times of Frederick 
 Douglass, from 1817 to 1882, Written by Himself ’’ (1882). 
 Doullens (do-lon'). A town in the department 
 of Somme, France, situated on the Authie 19 
 miles north of Amiens. It is a manufacturing 
 town, and contains a citadel. Population, 
 commune, 5,927. 
 
 Douloureuse Garde. [F.] See Joyeuse Garde. 
 Doune (don). A village in Perthshire, Scot- 
 land, situated on the Teith 7 miles northwest of 
 Stirling. It contains the ruined Doune Castle. 
 Dour (dor). A manufacturing town in the 
 province of Hainault, Belgium, 9 miles south- 
 west of Mons. Population, 12,198. 
 
 Dourdan (dor-don'). A town in the department 
 of Seine-et-Oise, France, 25 miles southwest of 
 Paris. It contains a church and a ruined castle. 
 Population, 3,207. 
 
 Douro. See Duero. 
 
 Dousa (dou'sa), Janus: Latinized from Jan 
 Van der Does. Born at Noordwijk, near Ley- 
 den, Netherlands, Dec. 6, 1545: died at Noord- 
 wijk, Oct,., 1604. A Dutch scholar, poet, his- 
 torian, and patriot. He defended Leyden 1574-75, aud 
 became first curator of the University of Leyden in 1575. 
 He published 11 Annals of Holland” (1599), etc. 
 
 Dousabel (do'sa-bel), or Dowsabel (dou'sa- 
 bel). [F. douce et belle, sweet and pretty.] A 
 common name for a rustic sweetheart in old 
 pastoral poems. 
 
 Dousterswivel (dos'ter-swiv-el), Herman. In 
 Sir Walter Scott’s novel “The Antiquary,” a 
 German adventurer who tricks Sir Arthur 
 Ward our by a pretended magical discovery of 
 treasure, and is himself similarly tricked by 
 Ochiltree. The nickname Dousterswivel was 
 given to Spurzheim. 
 
 Douville (do-vel'), Jeafi Baptiste. Born at 
 Hambie, Mancbe, France, Feb. 15, 1794: died in 
 Brazil about 1837. A French adventurer. He 
 published in 1832 a book entitled "Voyage au Congo et 
 dans l’intdrieur de l’Afrique ^quinoxiale,” which purport- 
 ed to be an account of explorations made by himself in 
 central Africa between 1828 and 1830. The gold medal of 
 the Geographical Society at Paris was awarded to him for 
 the most important discovery in 1830, and he was made 
 secretary of the society for 1832. It was, however, shown 
 that the “Voyage ” was a mere fabrication based on early 
 Portuguese expeditions. 
 
 Douw, or Dow (dou), Gerard. Born at Leyden, 
 N etberlands, April 7, 1613: died at Leyden, Feb. , 
 1675. A noted Dutch painter of genre scenes, 
 a pupil of Rembrandt. His best-known work is 
 the “Woman Sick of the Dropsy,” at the Louvre. 
 Dove (dov). A river in England which forms 
 part of the boundary between Derby and Staf- 
 ford, and joins the Trent 3 miles northeast of 
 Burton. Length, about 45 miles. It is cele- 
 brated in the writings of Izaak Walton. 
 
 Dove. A pinnace of about 50 tons, one of the 
 vessels (the other being the Ark) in which Lord 
 Baltimore sent out a colony of “gentlemen ad- 
 venturers,” including his brothers George and 
 Leonard Calvert, to Maryland in 1633. They 
 landed at St. Clement’s Island in the Potomac 
 in 1634. 
 
 Dove, Doctor. The chief character in Southey’s 
 “Doctor.” 
 
 Dove, Lady. In Cumberland’s play “The 
 Brothers,” a termagant and the mother of So- 
 phia Dove, who is the principal female char- 
 acter. 
 
 Dove (dd'fe), Heinrich Wilhelm. Born at 
 Liegnitz, Prussia, Oct. 6, 1803 : died at Berlin, 
 April 4, 1879. A German physicist, professor 
 at Berlin from 1829 : noted for his researches in 
 meteorology and electricity. His chief works are 
 “ Meteorologische Untersuchungen ” (1837), “ Uber die 
 nicht-periodischen Anderungen der Temperaturverteil- 
 ung ” (1840-59), etc. 
 
 Dove, Richard Wilhelm. Born at Berlin, Feb. 
 27, 1833 : died at Gottingen, Sept. 18, 1907. A 
 German canonist, son of Heinrich Wilhelm 
 Dove: professor successively at Tubingen 
 (1862), Kiel (1865), and Gottingen (1868). He 
 was elected a deputy to the Reichstag in 1871. 
 Dovedale (duv'dal). The picturesque valley of 
 the Dove in Derbyshire and Staffordshire, Eng- 
 land, northwest of Burton. 
 
 Dover (do'ver). [ME. Dover, Dovere, AS. Dofre, 
 Dofcre, F. Douvres, LL. Dubris, Dubrse; perhaps 
 from W. dwfr, etc., water.] 1. A seaport in 
 Kent, England, situated on the Strait of Dover 
 in lat. 51° 7' N., long. 1° 18' E. : the French 
 Douvres, and the Roman Dubrae or Dubris. it 
 is the chief of the Cinque Ports, a favorite health-resort 
 and sea-bathing place, and the terminus of packet-lines to 
 Calais and Ostend, and is on one of the main lines between 
 London and the Continent. Its chief points of interest 
 include Dover Castle, Shakespeare Cliff, and the Admiralty 
 
Dover 
 
 Pier. It was burned by the Normans in 1066 ; became an 
 Important naval station ; resisted the French in 1216 ; and 
 fell into the hands of the Parliamentarians in 1642. It is 
 strongly fortified. Population, 41,794. 
 
 2. The capital of Delaware and county-seat of 
 Kent County, situated on Jones Creek in lat. 
 39° 8' N., long. 75° 32' W. It has fruit-pre- 
 serving industries. Population, 3,720, (1910). 
 — 3. A city and the county-seat of Strafford 
 County, New Hampshire, situated on the 
 Cocheco 11 miles northwest of Portsmouth. 
 It has manufactures of prints, cotton and woolen goods, 
 shoes, etc., and is the second oldest town in the State, 
 having been settled in 1623. Population, 13,247, (1910). 
 
 4. A town in Morris County, New Jersey, about 
 32 miles northwest of New York. Population, 
 7,468, (1910). 
 
 Dover, Strait of, F. Pas de Calais. A strait 
 separating England from France, and connect- 
 ing the English Channel with the North Sea: 
 the Roman Fretum Gallicum, orFretumOceani. 
 Width at Dover, 21 miles. Steamers cross daily 
 from Dover to Calais and to Ostend. 
 
 Dover, Treaty of. A secret treaty concluded 
 May 22, 1670, at Dover, between Charles II. and 
 Louis XIV. The former was to aid in the designs of 
 France against Holland, and the latter was to furnish sub- 
 sidies and troops. The province of Zealand and the adja- 
 cent islands were to be reserved for England. Charles was 
 to receive 35200,000 a year if he declared himself a Roman 
 Catholic. 
 
 Dovre (do'vre), or Dovrefjeld (do'vre-fyeld). 
 A spur of the Scandinavian Mountains, situated 
 in Norway about lat. 62°-63° N. It separates 
 northern and southern Norway. Highest peak 
 (Snehaettan), 7,570 feet. 
 
 Dow, Gerard. See Douw. 
 
 Dow (dou), Lorenzo. Born at Coventry, Conn., 
 Oct. 16, 1777: died at Washington, D. C., Feb. 
 2, 1834. An American itinerant preacher, of 
 the Methodist belief. He made two missionary tours 
 in England and Ireland — one in 1799 and one in 1805. He 
 was noted for his eccentricities of manner and dress. His 
 “Journal and Miscellaneous Writings” were edited by 
 John Dowling in 1836. 
 
 Dow, N eal. Born at Portland, Maine, March 20, 
 1804 : died there, Oct. 2, 1897. An American 
 advocate of prohibition. He drafted the noted 
 “ Maine (prohibitory) Law ’’ in 1851, and was the candidate 
 ★ of the Prohibition party for President in 1880. 
 
 Dowden (dou'den) Edward. Born at Cork, 
 Ireland, May 3, 1843 : died at Dublin, April 4, 
 1913. A British critic and poet, professor of 
 the English language and literature at Trinity 
 College, Dublin, 1867-1913, and commissioner 
 of national education, Ireland, 1896-1901. He 
 published “ 8hakespere,l)is Mind and Art ’ ’(1875), “ Poems ” 
 (1876),“ Studies in Literature : 1789-1877 "(1878),“ Southey ’’ 
 (1880), Shakspere's sonnets with notes," Shelley ”(1886), etc. 
 
 Dowgate (dou'gat). The original water-gate 
 of the city of London. 
 
 It was situated at the mouth of the Wallbrook where it 
 enters the Thames, and just under the great Roman cita- 
 del. The Watling St. or Pretorian way crossed the river 
 here by a Trajectus before the London Bridge was built. 
 
 Loftie, History of London, 1884. 
 
 Dowlatabad (dou-la-ta-bad'), or Daulatabad. 
 A city and fortress in Hyderabad, India, in lat. 
 19° 57' N., long. 75°13' E. : the ancient Deoghir 
 or Deoghur. It is noted for its strong position 
 on an isolated rock. 
 
 Dowler (dou'ler), Captain. A retired military 
 man in Dickens’s “Pickwick Papers,” noted 
 for his bluster and brag, and his extraordinarily 
 fierce and disjointed manner of talking. 
 
 Down (doun). A maritime county in Ulster, 
 Ireland, lying between Antrim and Belfast 
 Lough on the north, the Irish Sea on the east 
 and southeast, and Armagh on the west. 
 It is one of the leading agricultural counties. Capital, 
 Downpatrick. Area, 957 square miles. Population, 205,889. 
 Downes (dounz), John. Born at Canton, Mass., 
 1786 (1784 ?) : died at Charlestown, Mass., Aug. 
 11, 1855. An American naval commander. He 
 served as lieutenant in the Essex under Captain Porter 
 in the War of 1812, and commanded the Epervier in the 
 war against Algiers. In 1832 he obtained command of a 
 squadron in the Pacific Ocean, and bombarded Quallah 
 Batoo, on the coast of Sumatra, in retaliation for an out- 
 rage committed on an American vessel. He commanded 
 the navy-yard at Boston 1837-42 and 1850-52. 
 
 Downing (dou'ning), Andrew Jackson. Born 
 at Newburg, N. Y., Oct., 1815: drowned near 
 Yonkers, N. Y., July 28, 1852. An American 
 landscape-gardener and pomologist. He pub- 
 lished “ Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening" 
 (1841), “Cottage Residences” (1842), “Fruits and Fruit 
 Trees of America" (1845), etc. 
 
 Downing, Major Jack. The pseudonym of 
 Seba Smith, in his letters in Yankee dialect. 
 Downing, Sir George. Born probably in Aug., 
 1623 : died in 1684. An English soldier and 
 politician. He emigrated with his parents to New Eng- 
 land in 1638, but subsequently returned to England, and 
 in 1650 waB scout-master-general of Cromwell's army in 
 0.— 22 
 
 337 
 
 Scotland. He was appointed resident at The Hague in 
 1657, in which office he was retained by Charles II. on 
 the Restoration in 1660. He was created a baronet in 
 1663. Downing street, Whitehall, derives its name from 
 him. 
 
 Downing, Sir George. Born about 1684: died 
 in Cambridgeshire, June 10, 1749. The founder 
 of Downing College: grandson of Sir George 
 Downing (d. 1684). He was a member of the Parlia- 
 ments of 1710 and 1713, and kept his seat from 1722 until 
 his death. 
 
 Downing College. A college in Cambridge 
 University, England, founded by the will of 
 Sir George Downing (dated 1717). It was char- 
 tered in 1800, and opened in 1821. 
 
 Downing street. A street in the west end of 
 London, leading from Whitehall. It contains the 
 treasury building and the foreign office (hence the name 
 Downing street has come to be used for the administration). 
 
 The south side of Downing street is formed by the mag- 
 nificent pile of modern Italian buildings by Sir Gilbert 
 Scott, erected in 1868-73 to include the Home Office, For- 
 eign Office, Colonial Office, and East India Office. 
 
 Mare, London, II. 223. 
 
 Downpatrick (douu-pat'rik). The capital of 
 County Down, Ireland, situated near Strang- 
 ford Lough 21 miles southeast of Belfast. It 
 is reputed to be one of the oldest towns of Ire- 
 land. Population, 2,993. 
 
 Downright (doun'rit). A rude but manly and 
 consistent squire in Ben Jonson’s comedy 
 “Every Man in his Humour.” He is coura- 
 geous, of plain words and plain actions. 
 Downs. See North Downs and South Downs. 
 Downs, Battle of the. An indecisive battle 
 between the English and Dutch fleets, in the 
 first days of June, 1666, off the eastern coast of 
 Kent. The English were commanded by Monk, and the 
 Dutch by De Ruyter and Trornp. It is sometimes claimed 
 as an English victory. 
 
 Downs, The. A portion of the North Sea east 
 of Kent, England, forming a roadstead pro- 
 tected by Goodwin Sands. 
 
 Dowse (dous), Thomas. Born at Charlestown, 
 Mass., Dec. 28, 1772 : died at Cambridgeport, 
 Mass., Nov. 4, 1856. An American book-col- 
 lector. He bequeathed his collection to the 
 Massachusetts Historical Society. 
 
 Dowton (dou'ton), William. Born at Exeter, 
 1764: died at Brixton, Surrey, 1851. An Eng- 
 lish actor. He made his first appearance in 1781, and 
 came to New York in 1836. He had two sons, William and 
 Henry, both of whom became actors. The former after- 
 ward became a brother of the Charter House, and died 
 there at the age of nearly ninety. 
 
 Doyen (dwa-yan'), Gabriel Francois. Born at 
 
 Paris, 1726: died at St. Petersburg, June 5, 
 ★1806. A French painter, a pupil of Van Loo. 
 Doyle (doil), Sir A. Conan. Born at Edinburgh 
 in 1859. A Scottish novelist and physician. 
 Among his works are “ Micah Clarke, A Study in Scarlet," 
 “The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes’' (two series), “The 
 Refugees,” “The White Company,” “The Great Boer War,” 
 “The Hound of the Baskervilles,” “Return of Sherlock 
 Holmes.” 
 
 Doyle (doil), Richard. Born at London, 1824: 
 died at London, Dec. 11, 1883. An English ar- 
 tist. He was a member of the staff of “Punch" 1843- 
 1850. Among his best-known works are the illustrations 
 to Thackeray’s “ Newcomes” (1853-55), and aseries of elfin 
 scenes entitled “ In Fairy-Land ” (1870). 
 
 Dozy (do'ze), Reinhart. Born at Leyden, 
 Netherlands, Feb. 21, 1820 : died May 3, 1883. 
 A Dutch Orientalist and historian, professor 
 of history at Leyden from 1850. His works include 
 “ Ilistoire des Musulmans d’Espagne,” etc. (1801), “Re- 
 cherches sur l’histoire et la litterature d’Espagne pendant 
 le moyen age” (1849), “Supplement aux dictionnaires 
 arabes” (1877-81), etc. 
 
 Drachenfels (drach'en-felz). [G., ‘dragon’s 
 rock.’] The steepest of the Siebengebirge 
 range of mountains, situated on the eastern 
 bank of the Rhine, near Konigswinter. it is now 
 ascended by a mountain railway. In its side is the Drach- 
 enhohle (dragon’s cave), where lived the legendary dragon 
 ★slain by Siegfried. Height, 1,065 feet. 
 
 Drachmann (drach'man), Holger Henrik Her- 
 
 holdt. Born at Copenhagen, Oct. 9, 1846: 
 died at Hornbak, Denmark, Jan. 14, 1908. A 
 Danish poet and author. From 1866 to 1870 he 
 studied art in Copenhagen. In 1872 he published a vol- 
 ume of poems. This was followed by “ Damipede Melo- 
 dier" (“Repressed Melodies," 1875), “Sange ved Havet" 
 (“Songs by the Sea," 1877), “Ranker og Roser" (“Vines 
 and Roses ") and “ Ungdom i Digt og Sang ” (“ Y'outh in 
 Poetry and Song," 1879). The romantic poems “ Prindses- 
 sen og det halve Kongerige " (“ The Princess and Half the 
 Kingdom ’) and “ Oesten for Sol og Vesten for Maane" 
 (“East of the Sun and West of the Moon") appeared in 
 1878 and 1880 respectively. In prose he wrote, among 
 other long stories, “En Overkomplet” (1876), “Tannhau- 
 ser" (1877). The shorter tales “Ungt Blod " (“Young 
 Blood ”) and “ Paa Somands Tro og Love " (“On a Sailor’s 
 Word ") appeared in 1877 and 1878 respectively. The moBt 
 popular of his proBe works is the series of sketches “ De- 
 rovar fra Graendsen ” (“ From the Frontier,” 1877). A trans- 
 lation of Byron's “ Don J uan " appeared in 1881. 
 
 Drake, Sir Francis 
 
 Draco (dra'ko), or Dracon (dra'kon). [Gr. 
 ApaKuv. ] Lived in the last half of the 7th century 
 B. C. An Athenian legislator. He formulated the 
 first written code of laws for Athens in 624 or about 621 
 B. c. On account of the number of offenses to which it 
 affixed the penalty of death, his code was said to have been 
 written in blood. 
 
 Draco. [L., ‘the dragon.’] An ancient northern 
 constellation. The figure is that of a serpent with 
 several small coils. It appears at a very ancient date to 
 have had wings in the space now occupied by the Little 
 Bear. 
 
 Dracontius (dra-kon'shi-us), Blossius JUmil- 
 ius. A Christian poet of the 5th century, an 
 advocate in Carthage. 
 
 One of the most gifted African poets is Blossius .Emi- 
 lius Dracontius of Carthage, by whom we possess a Chris- 
 tian didactic poem “De laudibus dei” in three hooks, 
 short epics of which the subjects are taken either from 
 ancient legends (“Hylas,” “Raptus Helena;,” “Medea”) 
 or from rhetorical school exercises (“Verba Herculis," 
 “Deliberativa AchUlis,” “ Controversia de statua viri 
 fortis two epithalamia, and an elegiac poem (“ Satis- 
 factio”)in which the author asks pardon of the Vandal 
 king Gunthamund (a. 4S4-496) for having written a poem 
 in honour of one of his enemies instead of himself. 
 
 Teuffel and Schwabe, Hist, of Rom. Lit. (tr. by Warr), 
 
 [II. 503. 
 
 Draft Riot. A riot in New York city, July 13- 
 16, 1863, against the enforcement of the draft 
 for the Federal army. During its progress several 
 negroes were murdered and many maltreated. The riot, 
 which cost about a thousand lives and the destruction of 
 considerable property, was finally suppressed by the police 
 and military. 
 
 Dragon of Wantley, The. An old ballad, pre- 
 served by Percy, which describes the victory 
 over this dragon (who devoured damsels, 
 houses, trees, etc.) by More of More Hall, who 
 provided himself with armor covered with 
 spikes. It is a parody on some ancient Kiempevise. 
 In a key appended to the ballad in the improved edition of 
 the “ Reliques,” an attempt is made to explain it as an 
 allegory. Henry Carey produced a burlesque opera with 
 this title, Oct. 26, 1737 : the music was by J. F. Lampe. 
 Dragonades (drag-o-nadz'). [Also written 
 Dragoonades; from F. dragonnade, from dragon, 
 a dragoon : from the use of dragoons in such per- 
 secutions.] A form of persecution inflicted by 
 the government of Louis XIV. upon the French 
 Protestants in the period preceding the revoca- 
 tion of the edict of Nantes. It consisted in bil- 
 leting troops upon the inhabitants as a means 
 of converting them, license being given to the 
 soldiery to commit all manner of misdeeds. 
 Dragontea (dra-gon-ta'a), La. A poem by Lope 
 de Vega on the subject of Sir Francis Drake’s 
 last expedition and death. 
 
 The Dragontea, however, whose ten cantos of octave 
 verse are devoted to the expression of this national hatred, 
 may be regarded as its chief monument. It is a strange 
 poem. It begins with the prayers of Christianity, in the 
 form of a beautiful woman, who presents Spain, Italy, 
 and America in the court of Beaven, and prays God to 
 protect them all against what Lope calls “ that Protestant 
 Scotch pirate.” It ends with rejoicings in PanarnA be- 
 cause “the Dragon,” as he is called through the whole 
 poem, has died, poisoned by his own people, and with the 
 thanksgivings of Christianity that her prayers have been 
 heard, and that “the scarlet lady of Babylon” — meaning 
 Queen Elizabeth — has been at last defeated. 
 
 Ticknor, Span. Lit., II. 171. 
 
 Draguignan (dra-gen-yon'). The capital of 
 the department of Var, France, situated in lat. 
 43° 33' N., long. 6° 28' E. Population, com- 
 mune, 9,770. 
 
 Dragut (dra'got), or Torglrad (tor'gbod). Died 
 at Malta, July 23, 1565. A Turkish corsair. He 
 was a native of Asia Minor, and became a lieutenant of 
 Kheyr-ed-Din, on whose death in 1546 he became governor 
 of Tripoli. He defeated the Spaniards at Gerbes in 1560, 
 and was killed at the siege of Malta. 
 
 Drake (drak), Daniel. Born at Plainfield, N. J., 
 Oct. 20, 1785: died at Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov. 
 5,1852. An American physician. He published 
 a “Treatise on the Principal Diseases of the Interior 
 Valley of North America” (1850-54), etc. 
 
 Drake, Sir Francis. Born probably at Tavis- 
 tock, Devonshire, about 1540: died off Porto 
 Bello, Jan. 28, 1596 (N. S.). An English naval 
 
 hero. In 1567-68 he commauded a small vessel, one of two 
 which escaped from the destruction of Sir John Hawkins's 
 fleet by the Spanish. He visited the West Indies and the 
 Spanish main in 1570 and 1571, and became convinced that 
 the towns there would fall an easy prey to a small armed 
 force. Accordingly, in 1572, he fitted out what was properly 
 afreebooting expedition, England being then at peace with 
 Spain. With only 3 vessels and 100 men he took Ncmbre de 
 Dios and an immense treasure ; but he was badly wounded 
 in the attack, and his men abandoned both town and trea- 
 sure. In return he burned a Spanish vessel at Cartagena, 
 captured many ships, and intercepted a train loaded with 
 silver on the isthmus. He also crossed to Panama, and 
 was the first English commander who saw the Pacific. 
 From his return, in Aug., 1573, to Sept., 1576 , Drake served 
 under the - Earl of Essex in Ireland. In Dec., 1577, he 
 started on another freebooting expedition, in which he 
 passed the Strait of Magellan, obtained an immense booty 
 on the Pacific coast of Spanish America, crossed the Pa- 
 
Drake, Sir Francis 
 
 cific, and returned to England by way of the Cape of Good 
 Hope, arriving in Sept., 1580. This was the first English 
 circumnavigation of the globe. Queen Elizabeth knighted 
 Drake on his own ship, and gave him important com- 
 mands. In 1584-85 he was a member of Parliament. 
 Prom 1585 to 1586 he commanded a powerful expedition to 
 the West Indies and the Spanish main, in which he took 
 and ransomed Santo Domingo and Cartagena, ravaged the 
 coasts of Florida, and on his way back brought off the 
 remnant of the English Virginia colony. In 1587 he made 
 a descent on the coast of Spain, and destroyed numerous 
 unfinished vessels intended for the Spanish Armada, be- 
 sides capturing a -rich Portuguese East Indiaman. In 
 July, 1588, he commanded under Lord Howard in the 
 combat with the Spanish Armada, and next year he was 
 one of the commanders in a descent on the Spanish and 
 Portuguese coasts, which proved unsuccessful. For sev- 
 eral years thereafter he was engaged in peaceful pursuits, 
 and in 1593 was again elected to Parliament. In 1595 he 
 commanded another West India expedition, which met 
 with little success, and in which both he and Sir John 
 Hawkins died. See Century Atlas, Map 4. 
 
 Drake (dra'ke), Friedrich. Bom at Pyrmont, 
 Waldeck, Germany, June 23, 1805: died at Ber- 
 lin, April 6, 1882. A noted German sculptor, 
 best known from bis portrait-statues (Fred- 
 erick William III. and others). 
 
 Drake (drak), Joseph Rodman. Bom at New 
 York, Aug. 7, 1795: died at New York, Sept. 21, 
 1820. An American poet, author of “The Cul- 
 prit Fay” (1816), “ The American Flag” (1819). 
 
 Drake, Nathan. Born at York, England, 1766 : 
 died at Hadleigh, Suffolk, England, June 7, 
 1836. An English physician and author. He 
 practised medicine at Hadleigh, in Suffolk, from 1792 
 until his death. His most notable work is “Shakspere 
 and his Times” (1817). 
 
 Drake, Samuel Gardner. Born at Pittsfield, 
 N. H., Oct. 11, 1798: died at Boston, June 14, 
 1875. An American antiquarian. He published 
 “Book of the Indians ”(1833), “History and Antiquities 
 of Boston ” (1856), ‘ ‘ Early History of New England ” (1864), 
 “Annals of Witchcraft in the United States ’’ (1869), “ His- 
 tory of the French and Indian War ” (1870), etc. 
 
 Drakenberge (dra'ken-ber-ge), or Drakens- 
 berg, or Kathlamba. A range of mountains 
 in South Africa. It lies partly on the border between 
 Cape Colony and Natal on one side and Basutoland and 
 the Orange Free State on the other, and culminates in 
 Champagne Castle (10,367 feet) and Mont aux Sources 
 (about 11,000 feet). 
 
 Drakenborch (dra'ken-bordh), Arnold. Born 
 at Utrecht, Netherlands, Jan. 1, 1684: died at 
 Utrecht, Jan. 16, 1748. A Dutch philologist. 
 He edited “Silius Italicus” (1717), “Livy” 
 (1738^6), etc. 
 
 Drake’s Bay. An indentation of the Pacific 
 in Marin County, California, northwest of San 
 Francisco. 
 
 Drama of Exile, A. A poem by Mrs. Brown- 
 ing, published in 1844. 
 
 Dramatic Poesy, Essay of. A work by Dry- 
 den (1667), written in the form of a dialogue 
 between four friends: Neander (Dryden), Lisi- 
 deius (Sedley), Crites (Sir Robert Howard), and 
 Eugenius (Buckburst: or Dorset, according to 
 Prior). 
 
 Dramburg (dram'borG). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Pomerania, Prussia, 50 miles east of 
 Stettin. Population, 6,107. 
 
 Drammen (dram'men). A seaport in the amt 
 of Buskerud, southern Norway, situated on the 
 Drammens Elv 22 miles southwest of Chris- 
 tiania. It has an extensive commerce, its principal ex- 
 port being timber ; and it has manufactures of beer, to- 
 bacco, leather, etc. It was partly destroyed by fire in 
 1866. Population, 23,093. 
 
 Drams Elv (dramz elv), or Drammens Elv 
 (dram'menz elv). A river in southern Norway, 
 the outlet of Lake Tyrifjord. It flows into 
 the Drammen Fjord at Drammen. Length, 163 
 miles. 
 
 Dranesville (dranz'vil). A village in Fairfax 
 County, Virginia, 21 miles northwest of Wash- 
 ington. Here, Dec. 20, 1861, part of the Army of the Poto- 
 mac under Ord defeated the Confederates under Stuart. 
 
 Drangiana (dran-ji-a/na), or Drangiane. [Gr. 
 Apayyiavr/.\ In ancient geography, a region in 
 central Asia, in the modern southwestern Af- 
 ghanistan and eastern Persia. 
 
 Draper (dra'per), Henry. Born in Prince Ed- 
 ward County, Va., March 7, 1837: died at New 
 York, Nov. 20, 1882. An American scientist, 
 son of J. W. Draper, especially noted for his 
 labors in celestial photography. 
 
 Draper, John William. Born at St. Helen’s, 
 near Liverpool, England, May 5, 1811 : died at 
 Hastings-on-the-Hudson, N. Y., Jan. 4, 1882. 
 A chemist, physiologist, and historian, noted 
 for researches in spectrum analysis, photogra- 
 phy, etc. He emigrated to America in 1832 ; graduated 
 in the medical department of the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania in 1836 ; was appointed professor of chemistry in 
 the University of New York in 1837; and was president 
 of the Medical College 1850-73. He continued to lecture 
 
 338 
 
 at the university until 1881. He wrote “Text Book on 
 Chemistry” (1846), and on “Natural Philosophy" (1S47), 
 “ Human Physiology ” (1856),“ History of the Intellectual 
 Development of Europe ” (1862), “ History of the American 
 Civil War” (1867-70), “Scientific Memoirs” (1878). 
 
 Draper, Lyman Oopeland. Born at Hamburg 
 (now Evans), Erie County, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1815: 
 died at Madison, Wis., Aug. 26, 1891. An Ameri- 
 can antiquarian. He was corresponding secretary of 
 the State Historical Society at Madison, Wisconsin, 1853- 
 1887, with the exception of two years (1858-59), when he 
 was State superintendent of instruction. Editor of “ Col- 
 lections of the State Historical Society ” (1853-87). 
 Draper, Sir William. Born at Bristol, Eng- 
 land, 1721 : died at Bath, England, Jan. 8, 1787. 
 An English officer. He took the degree of B. A. at 
 King's College, Cambridge, in 1740, and was subsequently 
 fellow of his college. In 1744 he entered the army, and 
 in 1762 commanded, with the rank of brigadier-general, a 
 successful expedition against Manila. He published iu 
 1769 a letter, dated Jan. 26 of that year, defending the Mar- 
 quis of Granby against the aspersions of “Junius,” which 
 led to a spirited controversy. He was promoted major- 
 general in 1772. The correspondence between Draper and 
 “Junius " was published separately under the title of “ The 
 Political Contest ” (1769). 
 
 Drapier’s Letters. A series of letters pub- 
 lished in 1724 by Dean Swift, under the pseu- 
 donym M. B. Drapier. They were directed against 
 the acceptance in Ireland of a copper coinage the patent 
 for supplying which had been accorded to William Wood, 
 who with the Duchess of Kendal, the king s mistress 
 (who obtained him the privilege), was to divide the profit 
 arising from the difference between the real and the 
 nominal value of the halfpence (about 40 per cent.). Owing 
 to the public excitement raised by these letters the patent 
 was canceled. Wood was compensated with a pension, 
 and Swift gained a popularity which he never lost till his 
 death. A large reward was offered at the time for the 
 discovery of the author. 
 
 Draupadi (drou'pa-de). [Skt.] Daughter of 
 Drupada, king of Panchala, and wife of the 
 five Pandu princes. She plays an important 
 part in the story of the Mahahharata. 
 
 Drave (dra've), G. Drau (drou). A river in 
 Austria-Hungary : the ancient Dravus. It rises 
 in Tyrol, traverses Carinthia and Styria, forms the boun- 
 dary between Hungary and Croatia-Slavonia, and joins the 
 Danube, 14 miles east of Essek. Its chief tributary is the 
 Mur. Length, 465 miles ; navigable for steamers from 
 Bares (about 95 miles). 
 
 Dravida (dra'vi-da). The country in which 
 the Tamil language is spoken, extending from 
 Madras to Cape Comorin. 
 
 Drawcansir (dra'kan-ser). In Buckingham’s 
 burlesque “The Rehearsal,” a boasting and 
 vainglorious bully. Almanzor, Dryden’s favorite hero, 
 was parodied in this character. The name has become a 
 synonym for a braggart. 
 
 Drawcansir, Sir Alexander. A name assumed 
 by Fielding in conducting the “ Co vent Garden 
 Journal” in 1752. 
 
 Drayton (dra'ton), Michael. Born at Harts- 
 hill, Warwickshire, England, 1563: died at Lon- 
 don, 1631. A noted English poet. He was buried 
 in Westminster Abbey, and his epitaph is said to be by 
 Ben Jonson. His chief works are ‘ ‘ Mortimeriados ’’ (1596 : 
 this afterward appeared with many alterations as “The 
 Baron s' Wars, ” 1603), “ England’s Heroical Epistles ” (15970, 
 “Poems, Lyric and Pastoral” (1605, containing “The Ballad 
 of Agincourt"), “Poly-Olbion” (1613-22), “Nymphidia ” 
 (1627), “ The Muses’ Elysium ” (1630). 
 
 Drayton, William Henry. Bom at Drayton 
 Hall, on the Ashley River, S. C., Sept., 1742: 
 died at Philadelphia, Sept. 3, 1779. An Ameri- 
 can patriot. He became chief justice of South Carolina 
 in 1776, and in the same year delivered to the grand jury 
 a charge which gave great impetus to the cause of inde- 
 pendence. lie was a member of the Continental Congress 
 from 1778 until his death. 
 
 Dream, The. A short poem by Lord Byron, 
 composed at Diodati in 1816. 
 
 Dream, Chaucer’s. A poem, probably spuri- 
 ous, added by Speght in 1598 to his edition of 
 Chaucer. The proper title is “The Isle of Ladies." 
 (Not the same as “The Dream of Chaucer," which is genu- 
 ine.) 
 
 Dream of Chaucer, The. See Chaucer’s 
 Dream. 
 
 Dream of Eugene Aram, The. A poem by 
 Hood, published in 1829. See Aram, Eugene. 
 Dream of Fair Women, A. A poem by Lord 
 Tennyson. 
 
 Drebliel (dreb'bel), Cornelis van. Born at 
 Alkmaar, Netherlands, 1572: died at London, 
 1634. A Dutch natural philosopher. He pub- 
 lished “ De natura elementorum” (1621), etc. 
 Dred (dred). A novel by Mrs. Harriet Beecher 
 Stowe, published in 1856. It shows the state of 
 alarm and misery in which the slave-owners (as well as 
 slaves) lived. Dred is a runaway negro living in the Dis- 
 mal Swamp. A new edition, called “Nina Gordon,” was 
 published in 1866. 
 
 Dred Scott Case. In American history, a cel- 
 ebrated decision by the Supreme Court of the 
 United States, which derived its importance 
 from its bearing on the constitutionality of the 
 
 Drew, Mrs. 
 
 Missouri Compromise of 1820. Dred Scott, a Mis- 
 souri slave who had been taken to the territory covered 
 by the Missouri Compromise, and had therefore sued for 
 his freedom, was sold to a citizen of another State. He 
 then transferred his suit from the State to the Federal 
 courts, under the power given to the latter to try suits be- 
 tween citizens of different States ; and the case came by 
 appeal to the Supreme Court. The decision of the Su- 
 preme Court, which was published in 1857, put Scott out 
 of court on the ground that a slave, or the descendant of a 
 slave, could not be a citizen of the United States or have 
 any standing in Federal courts. The opinion of the chief 
 justice also attacked the validity of the Missouri Com- 
 promise, on the ground that one of the constitutional 
 functions of Congress was the protection of property ; 
 that slaves were recognized by the Constitution as prop- 
 erty ; and that Congress was therefore bound to protect 
 slavery in the Territories. 
 
 Dreiherrnspitz (drl'hern-spitz). One of the 
 chief peaks of the Hohe Tauern, Austrian Alps, 
 southwest of the Gross-Yen ediger. Height, 
 11,480 feet. 
 
 Drelincourt (dre-lan-kor'), Charles. Born at 
 Sedan, France, July 10, 1595: died at Paris, 
 Nov. 3, 1669. A French Protestant clergyman. 
 He wrote “Consolations de l’ame fidele contre 
 les frayeurs de la mort” (1651), etc. 
 
 DrentHe, or Drente (dren'te). A province of 
 the Netherlands, lying between Groningen on 
 the north and northeast, Prussia on the east, 
 Overyssel on the south, and Friesland and 
 Overyssel on the west. Area. 1,030 square 
 miles. Population, 172,892. 
 
 Drepanum (drep'a-num), or Drepana (-na). 
 [Gr. ro Aptnavov, ra Apetrava.^ The ancient 
 name of Trapani (which see). Here, 249 b. c., the 
 Carthaginian admiral Adherbal defeated the Homan fleet 
 under Publius Claudius. 
 
 Dresden (drez'den). [F. Dresde . ] The capital 
 of the kingdom of Saxony, situated on both 
 sides of the Elbe, in lat. 51° 3' N., long. 13° 44' 
 
 T’ 7 7 0 
 
 It comprises the Altstadt, Friedrichstadt, Neustadt, 
 Antonstadt, etc. It has considerable trade by the Elbe, 
 and diversified manufactures, and is celebrated for its art 
 collections, which are among the richest in the world. 
 These include the Museum (containing the picture-gal- 
 lery, engravings, and drawings), the Zwinger (containing 
 the mineralogical, zoological, and ethnographical collec- 
 tions), the Palace (with the Green Vault: which see), the 
 Museum Johanneum (collection of porcelain and historical 
 museum), and the J apanese Palace (collection of antiquities 
 and royal library). Dresden was an ancient Slavic town, 
 and was mentioned as early as 1206. It became the resi- 
 dence of the Saxon sovereigns in 1485, and was greatly de- 
 veloped under Augustus II. and Augustus III. It was 
 bombarded by the Prussians in 1760, and was occupied by 
 them in 1866. Here, Aug. 26-27, 1813, the French (about 
 120,000) under Napoleon defeated the Allies (about 200,000), 
 under Schwarzenberg. Population, commune, 546,882, 
 (1910). 
 
 Dresden, Treaty of. A treaty concluded Dec. 
 25, 1745, between Prussia, Austria, and Saxony, 
 ending the second Silesian war. Frederick the 
 Great was confirmedin the possession of Silesia. 
 Dreux (dre). An ancient county in northern 
 France, west of Paris, whose chief town was 
 Dreux. 
 
 Dreux. A town in the department of Eure-et- 
 Loir, France, situated on the Blaise 45 miles 
 west of Paris : the Roman Durocasses or Drocse. 
 It contains a ruined castle, hotel de ville, Church of St. 
 Pierre, and the Chapelle Koyale (the burial-place of the 
 Orleans family). The chapel was completed by Louis 
 Philippe. It consists of a dome 80 feet high and 43 in 
 diameter, surrounded by an elaborately pinnacled and 
 traceried screen in the Pointed style. The interior dis- 
 plays superb glass and magnificent tombs, with statues by 
 the best sculptors of the century. It was formerly the 
 capital of the county of Dreux. It was besieged and taken 
 by Henry IV. in 1593, and was taken by the Germans Nov., 
 1870. Population, commune, 9,928. 
 
 Dreux, Battle of. Dec. 19, 1562, Montmorency 
 with about 15,000 men defeated an equal num- 
 ber of Huguenots under Condd, who was taken 
 prisoner. 
 
 Drew (dru), Daniel. Born at Carmel, N. Y., in 
 1788: died at New York, Sept. 19, 1879. An 
 American capitalist. He gave large sums to Methodist 
 schools and colleges, and founded the Drew Ladies’ Sem- 
 inary at Carmel, and the Drew Theological Seminary at 
 Madison, N. J. (1866). The latter has 135 students, 8 in- 
 structors, and a library of 30,000 volumes. 
 
 Drew, John. Born at Dublin, Sept. 3, 1825: 
 died at Philadelphia, May 21, 1862. An Irish- 
 American comedian. He made his first appearance 
 in 1845 in New York, and in 1852 in Philadelphia, where 
 he became a great favorite. In 1853 he became (with Wil- 
 liam Wheatley) manager of the Arch Street Theater. He 
 played in England in 1855, in California in 1858, in Austra- 
 lia in 1859, and made his last appearance in 1862. 
 
 Drew, John. Born at Philadelphia, 1853. An 
 American comedian, son of John Drew (1825- 
 1862). He is successful in light comedy. 
 Drew, Mrs. (Louisa Lane). Born at London, 
 Jan. 10, 1820 : dicdatLarchmofat, N. Y., Aug. 31, 
 1897. The wife of John Drew (1825-62). She 
 married Henry Hunt, a singer, in 1836, and after separat- 
 ing from him married George Mossop, an Irish actor, who 
 died iu 1849. Iu 1850 she married John Drew. She went 
 
Drew, Mrs. 
 
 on the stage very young, came to America in 1828, and acted 
 in all the important cities inthecountry. Inl861sbebecame 
 sole manager of the Arch Street Theater in Philadelphia. 
 
 Drew, Samuel. Born at St. Austell, Cornwall, 
 England, March 6, 1765 : died at Helston, Corn- 
 wall, March 29, 1833. An English Methodist 
 clergyman and theologian. He wrote “Essay on 
 the Immateriality and Immortality of the Soul ” (1802), 
 
 * ‘ Essay on the Identity and General Resurrection of the 
 Body ” (1809). 
 
 Drexel (dreks'el), Anthony J oseph. Born at 
 Philadelphia, fa., in 1826: died at Karlsbad, 
 June 30, 1893. An American banker, son of 
 Francis Martin Drexel. He founded the Drexel 
 Institute of Art, Science, and Industry in Philadelphia 
 (1891). 
 
 Drexel, Francis Martin. Born at Dombirn, 
 Austrian Tyrol, April 7, 1792 : died June 5, 1863. 
 A banker. He founded the banking house of 
 Drexel and Co. at Philadelphia (1837). 
 Dreyfus (dra-fiis'), Alfred. A captain, of J ew- 
 ish descent, in the French army. He was con- 
 victed (by a secret military tribunal) in 1894 of having 
 divulged state secrets to a foreign power, and was sen- 
 tenced to penal servitude for life. He was imprisoned on 
 Devil’s Island, French Guiana. The efforts to obtain a 
 revision of his case involved men prominent in all 
 branches of the government service and agitated France 
 for years. He was accorded a second trial at Rennes, 
 Aug. 7-Sept. 9, 1899, and was recondemned and sentenced 
 to ten years’ Imprisonment, but was pardoned. The de- 
 cision of the court of cassation, announced J uly 12, 1906, 
 quashed the verdict of the Rennes tribunal and completely 
 vindicated Dreyfus. Promoted major, 1906. 
 
 Dreyschock (drl'shok), Alexander. Born at 
 Zack, Bohemia, Oct. 15, 1818: died at Venice, 
 April 3, 1869. A pianist and composer, profes- 
 sor (from 1862) of the pianoforte at the con- 
 servatory of St. Petersburg, director of the 
 imperial school of theatrical music, and court 
 pianist. 
 
 Dreyse (drl'ze), Johann Nikolaus von. Born 
 at Sommerda, Prussia, Nov. 20, 1787 : died Dee. 
 9, 1867. A German mechanician, inventor of 
 the muzzle-loading needle-gun (1827), and of the 
 breech-loader (1836). 
 
 Driburg (dre'borG). A watering-place in the 
 province of Westphalia, Prussia, 11 miles east 
 of Paderborn. 
 
 Drin (dren). A river in Turkey which flows 
 through northern Albania, and empties into 
 the Adriatic near Alessio. Length, about 200 
 miles. 
 
 Drina (dre'na). A river which rises in Monte- 
 negro, flows through Bosnia and along the 
 Servian-Bosnian frontier, and joins the Save at 
 the frontier of Servia, Bosnia, and Slavonia. 
 Length, about 300 miles. 
 
 Drisfieen City. A name popularly given to the 
 city of Cork. A drisheen is an article of food made of 
 the serum of the blood of sheep mixed with milk and 
 seasoned with pepper, salt, and tansy. Wheeler. 
 
 Drogheda (droch'e-dii). [‘ The bridge over the 
 ford.’] A seaport in Leinster, Ireland, situ- 
 ated on the Boyne 26 miles north of Dublin. 
 
 Until 1898 it formed with the surrounding district (9 square 
 miles) a county. “ Poynings’s Law ” (see Drogheda , Stat- 
 ute of) waB passed here in 1494. The town was defended 
 against O’Neill 1641-42 ; was stormed by Cromwell and the 
 garrison massacred Sept., 1649 ; and surrendered to Wil- 
 liam III. after the battle of the Boyne (which see), 1690. 
 Population, 12,760. 
 
 Drogheda, Statute of. A statute passed by the 
 parliament of Drogheda, Sept. 13, 1494, com- 
 monly called Poynings’s Act (or Law), from the 
 name of its author, the lord deputy of Ireland, 
 Sir Edward Poynings. It enacted that no Irish par- 
 liament should be held without the consent of the King of 
 England, and that no bill could be brought forward in an 
 Irish parliament without his approval. It was repealed 
 in 1782. 
 
 Drogio (dro'ji-d). A name given by Antonio 
 Zeno to an imaginary country said to be south 
 and west of Estotiland. It was of vast extent, and 
 has been thought to include Nova Scotia and New England. 
 Drohobycz (dro'ho-biich). A town in Galicia, 
 Austria-Hungary, situated in lat. 49° 23' N., 
 long. 23° 28' E. It has considerable trade 
 and salt-works. Population, commune, 35,886, 
 (1910). 
 
 Droifrwich (droit'ich). A town in Worcester- 
 shire, England, 6 miles northeast of Worcester, 
 famous for its salt-springs: a market-town 
 and municipal borough. Population, 4,201. 
 Drome (drom). A department of France, lying 
 between IsSre on the north, Is&re and Hautes- 
 Alpes on the east, Basses- Alpes on the south- 
 east, and Vaucluse on the south, and sepa- 
 rated by the Rh6ne from Ardeehn on the west. 
 Its chief products are wine and silk. Capital, Valence. 
 It was formed from portions of Dauphin^, Provence, and 
 Comtat-V enaissin. Area, 2,532 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 297,270. 
 
 Dromio of Ephesus and Dromio of Syracuse. 
 
 o 339 
 
 In Shakspere’s “ Comedy of Errors,” twin bro- 
 thers, servants respectively of Antipholus of 
 Ephesus and Antipholus of Syracuse. The Dro- 
 mio of Ephesus is a stupid servant, the Dromio of Syra- 
 cuse a witty one. See Comedy of Errors. 
 
 Dromore (dro'mor). A town in County Down, 
 Ireland, on the Lagan 16 miles southwest of 
 Belfast. It has a cathedral. Population, 2,307. 
 Drona (dro'na). [Skt.] The teacher of the mil- 
 itary art to the Kaurava and Pandava princes. 
 In the great war of the Mahabharata he sided with the 
 Kauravas, and after the death of Bhishma became their 
 commander-in-chief. 
 
 Brontheim. See Trondhjem. 
 
 Brood, Edwin. See Mystery of Edwin Brood. 
 Broste-Hiilshoff, Baroness Annette Elisa- 
 beth von. Born at Hulshoff, near Munster, 
 Prussia, Jan. 10, 1797 : died at Morsburg, on 
 Lake Constance, May 24, 1848. A German 
 poet. She published “Poems” (1837, etc.), 
 “Das geistliche Jahr” (1852), etc. 
 Drottningholm (drot'ning-holm). [‘Queen’s 
 Island.’] A Swedish royal palace near Stock- 
 holm, on the island of Lofo in Lake Malar. 
 It was built for. Queen Hedwig Eleonora (died 1715), and 
 was improved by Oscar I. 
 
 Brouais (dro-a'), Jean Germain. Born at 
 Paris, Nov. 25, 1763: died at Rome, Feb. 13, 
 1788. A French historical painter, a pupil of 
 David. 
 
 Brouet (dro-a'), Jean Baptiste. Born at 
 Sainte-Menehould, Marne, France, Jan. 8, 1763 : 
 died at Macon, France, April 11, 1824. A 
 French revolutionist. He caused the arrest of Louis 
 XVI. at Varennes June 21, 1791, and was a member of 
 the Convention in 1792 and of the Council of Five Hun- 
 dred in 1795. 
 
 Brouet, Jean Baptiste, Comte d’Erlon. Born 
 at Rheims, France, July 29, 1765: died at 
 Paris, Jan. 25, 1844. A marshal of France, 
 distinguished in the Napoleonic wars, particu- 
 larly at Jena 1806, and Friedland 1807 : gov- 
 ernor-general of Algeria 1834-35. 
 
 Brouyn de Lhuys (dro-an' de lues'), Edouard. 
 Born at Paris, Nov. 19, 1805: died at Paris, 
 March 1, 1881. A French diplomatist and pol- 
 itician. He was minister of foreign affairs Dec. 20, 
 1848,- June 2, 1849; Jan. 10-24, 1851; July 28, 1852, -May 
 3, 1855; and Oct., 1862, -Sept. 1, 1866. 
 
 Broysen (droi'sen), Johann Gustav. Bom 
 
 at Treptow, Pomerania, Prussia, July 6, 1808: 
 died at Berlin, June 19, 1884. A German his- 
 torian, professor at Berlin from 1859. His works 
 include “ Geschichte der preussischen Politik ” (1855-85), 
 translations of “ JEschylus ” (1832) and “ Aristophanes ” 
 (1836), “Geschichte Alexanders des Grossen" (1833), 
 “Geschichte des Hellenismus” (1836-43), etc. 
 
 Droz (dro), Frangois Xavier Joseph. Bom 
 
 at Besaneon, France, Oct. 31, 1773 : died at 
 Paris, Nov. 5, 1850. A French moralist and 
 historian. He published “Histoire du rfegne de Louis 
 XVI. ’’ (1839-42), “De la philosophie morale ’’ (1823), etc. 
 Droz, Gustave. Born at Paris, June 9, 1832 : 
 died Oet. 22, 1895. A French novelist. His 
 
 works include “Monsieur, raadame, et b£be” (1866), “Entre 
 nous ” (1867), “ Le cahier bleu de Mile. Cibot ” (1868), “ Une 
 femme genante” (1875), “ Tristesses et sourires ” (1884), 
 “L’Enfant” (1885), etc. 
 
 Droz, Henri Louis Jacquet. Born at La Chaux- 
 
 de-Fonds, Switzerland, Oct. 13, 1752: died at 
 Naples, Nov. 18, 1791. A Swiss mechanician, 
 son of Pierre Jacquet Droz. 
 
 Droz, Pierre Jacquet. Born at La Chaux-de- 
 Fonds, Switzerland, July 28, 1721 : died at 
 Bienne, Switzerland, Nov. 28, 1790. A Swiss 
 mechanician, especially noted for the construc- 
 tion of a writing automaton. 
 
 Druid (dro'id), Dr. The Welsh tutor of Lord 
 Abberville, in Cumberland’s play “The Fashion- 
 able Lover.” 
 
 Druids (dro'idz). [Of Old Celtic origin.] 1. 
 The priests or ministers of religion among the 
 ancient Celts of Gaul, Britain, and Ireland. 
 The chief seats of the Druids were in Wales, Brittany, 
 and the regions around the modern Dreux and Chartres 
 in France. The Druids are believed to have possessed 
 some knowledge of geometry, natural philosophy, etc. 
 They superintended the affairs of religion and morality, 
 and performed the office of judges. The oak is said to 
 have represented to them the one supreme God, and the 
 mistletoe when growing upon it the dependence of man 
 upon him ; and they accordingly held these in the high- 
 est veneration, oak-groves being their places of worship. 
 They are said to have had a common superior, who wa9 
 elected by a majority of votes from their own members, 
 and who enjoyed his dignity for life. The Druids, as an 
 order, always opposed the Romans, but were ultimately 
 exterminated by them. 
 
 2. The members of a society called the United 
 Ancient Order of Druids, founded in London, 
 in 1781, for the mutual benefit of the members, 
 and now comprising numerous lodges, called 
 groves, in America, Australia, Germany, and 
 elsewhere. 
 
 Druses 
 
 Drumclog (drum-klog'). A place in Lanark- 
 shire, Scotland, 16 miles south by east of 
 Glasgow. Here, June 1 (O. S.), 1679, the Scot- 
 tish Covenanters defeated the Royalists. 
 
 Drummer, The, or the Haunted House. A 
 
 play by Addison. It was first played in March, 1716, 
 and not known to be Addison’s till Steele published the 
 fact, after the author’s death. Doran , Eng. Stage, I. 231. 
 
 Drummond (drum'ond), James, Earl of Perth. 
 Born in 1648: died at St. Germain, France, March 
 11,1/ 16. A Scottish nobleman. He was appointed 
 chancellor of Scotland by Charles II. in 1684, and was re- 
 tained in office on the accession of James II., whose chief 
 agent he became in the Koman Catholic administration 
 of Scotland. He was banished on the deposition of James. 
 
 Drummond, James, Earl of Perth. Born in 
 1675: died at Paris in 1720. A Scottish noble- 
 man, son of James Drummond (1648-1716), earl 
 of Perth. He participated in the Jacobite rising of 
 1715-16 in Scotland, during which he conducted an un- 
 successful expedition against Edinburgh Castle and led 
 the cavalry at the battle of Sheriffmuir. He escaped 
 from Montrose with the Pretender in 1716. 
 
 Drummond, Henry. Born Dec. 5, 1786: died 
 at Albury, Surrey, Feb. 20, 1860. An English 
 politician and general writer. He was for many 
 years partner in Drummond’s bank, London ; was member 
 of Parliament for Plympton Earle, Devon, 1810-13, and for 
 West Surrey from 1847 until his death ; founded the pro- 
 fessorship of political economy at Oxford in 1825; and.was 
 one of the founders of the Catholic Apostolic Church, in 
 which he held the rank of apostle, evangelist, and prophet. 
 Among his works are “Condition of Agricultural Classes" 
 (1842) and “ History of Noble British Families ’’ (1846). 
 
 Drummond, Henry. Born at Stirling, Scot- 
 land, 1851: died at Tunbridge Wells, March 
 11, 1897. A Scottish clergyman and author. 
 He was appointed lecturer on natural history and science 
 in the Free Church College, Glasgow, in 1877. He has 
 written “Natural Law in the Spiritual World” (1883), 
 “Tropical Africa" (1888), etc. 
 
 Drummond, Thomas. Born at Edinburgh, 
 Oct. 10, 1797 : died at Dublin, April 15, 1840. 
 A British engineer, inventor of the Drummond 
 light (1825). 
 
 Drummond, William, of Hawthornden. Born 
 at Hawthornden, near Edinburgh, Dec. 13, 
 1585: died at Hawthornden, Dec. 4, 1649. A 
 Scottish poet. He took the degree of M. A. at the 
 University of Edinburgh in 1605, and studied law at 
 Bourges and Paris 1607-08. On succeeding his father, John 
 Drummond, as laird of Hawthornden in 1610, he retired 
 to his estate, and devoted himself to literature and me- 
 chanical experiments. He published “ Tears on the Death 
 of Meliades” (1613), “Poems ”(1616), “Notes of Ben Jon- 
 son’s Conversations,” “Flowers of Zion," and “Cypress 
 Grove ” (1623). 
 
 Drummond, Sir William. Bom in Scotland 
 about 1760: died at Rome, March 29, 1828. A 
 British diplomatist and writer. He published 
 “ Origines, or Remarks on the Origin of several Empires, 
 States, and Cities ” (1824-29), etc. 
 
 Drummond Island. The westernmost island 
 of the Manitoulin group in Lake Huron. It 
 belongs to Chippewa County, Michigan. 
 
 Drummond Lake. A lake in southeastern 
 Virginia, in the middle of the Great Dismal 
 Swamp. 
 
 Drunken Parliament, The. A nickname of 
 the Scottish Parliament which met in 1661. 
 
 Drupada (dro'pa-da). [Skt.] The King of Pan- 
 chala, father of Dlirishtadyumna and Krishna, 
 called Draupadi. He was beheaded on the fourteenth 
 day of the great battle by Drona, who on the next day was 
 killed by Dhrishtadyumna. 
 
 Drury (dro'ri) Lane. A street in London, near 
 the Strand, with which it communicates through 
 Wych street. “It is one of the great arteries of the 
 parish of St. Clement Danes, an aristocratic part of Lon- 
 don in the time of the Stuarts. It takes its name from 
 Drury House, built by Sir William Drury in the time of 
 Henry VIII. Near the entrance of Drury Lane from the 
 Strand, on the left, an old house, now a Mission House, 
 stiU exists, which stood in the Lane witli the old house of 
 the Drurys’, before the street was built. . . . The re- 
 
 spectability of Drury Lane began to wane at the end of 
 the seventeenth century.” Hare , London, II. 94. 
 
 Drury Lane Theatre. One of the principal 
 theaters of London, situated on Russell street 
 near Drury Lane. It was opened under Killigrew’s 
 patent 1663 ; rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren and reopened 
 in 1674 ; and reopened 1794 and 1812. 
 
 Drury’s Bluff (dro'riz bluf). A point on the 
 James River, near Fort Darling, 8 miles south 
 of Richmond, Virginia. Here, May 16, 1864, the Con- 
 federates under Beauregard repulsed the Federals under 
 Butler. Loss (May 12 -16) of the Federals, 3,012; of the 
 Confederates, 2,500. 
 
 Druses (dro'zez). [Turk. Bruzi.\ Apeopleand 
 religious sect of Syria, living chiefly in the 
 mountain regions of Lebanon and Anti-Libanus 
 and the district of Hauran. The only name they 
 acknowledge is Unitarians ( Muahidin ) ; that by which 
 they are known to others is probably from Ismail Darazi 
 or Durzi, who was their first apostle in Syria. They are 
 fanatical and warlike, and have had bloody conflicts with 
 their neighbors the Maronites. 
 
Drusilla 
 
 Drusilla (dro-sil'a). 1. A daughter of Ger- 
 manicus and Agrippina, and sister and mistress 
 of Caligula. — 2. The daughter of Caligula hy 
 his wife Caesonia. — 3. A daughter of Herod 
 Agrippa I., wife first of Azizus, king of Emesa, 
 and then of Felix, procurator of Judea. She 
 is mentioned in Acts xxiv. 24. 
 
 Drusilla, Livia. The wife of Augustus and 
 mother of Tiberius. 
 
 Drusius (dro'se-os), Johannes (Jan van der 
 Driesche). Born at Oudenarde, Flanders, 
 June 28, 1550: died at Franeker, Friesland, Feb. 
 12, 1616. A Dutch Orientalist and exegete. 
 Drusus, Arch of. See Arch of Drusus. 
 
 Drusus (dro'sus) Caesar. Born about 10 b. c. : 
 died 23 a. d. Son of Tiberius and Vipsania. He 
 quelled a mutiny of the legions in Fannonia in 14 ; was 
 consul in 15; was appointed governor of Illyricum in 16; 
 was consul in 21 ; and in 22 was invested with the tribu- 
 nicia potestas, whereby he was declared heir apparent to 
 the throne. lie was poisoned by the favorite Sejanus, who 
 aspired to the succession. 
 
 Drusus, Marcus Livius. Died probably 109 b. c. 
 
 A Roman politician. He was tribune of the plebs con- 
 jointly with Caius Gracchus in 122, his election having been 
 procured by the senate, whose members were alarmed at 
 the democratic innovations of thelatter. In collusion with 
 the senate he opposed his veto to the bills brought forward 
 by his colleague, and introduced instead bills of similar 
 import, but making more extravagant concessions, which 
 were passed by the senate. He was consul ir. 112, and while 
 governor of Macedonia, which he obtained as his province, 
 defeated the Thracian Scordisci. 
 
 Drusus, Marcus Livius. Died at Rome, 91 b. c. 
 A Roman politician, son of Marcus Livius 
 Drusus. He became in 91 tribune of the plebs, whose 
 favor he won by largesses of corn and by the introduction 
 of a bill providing for a new division of the public lands. 
 This bill, together with another which restored to the 
 senate the places on the juries of which it had been de- 
 prived by C. Gracchus, was passed by the comitiae, but 
 declared null and void by the senate. He was assassinated 
 as he was about to bring forward a proposal to bestow the 
 citizenship on the Italians. His death gave the signal for 
 the outbreak of the Social War. 
 
 Drusus, Nero Claudius. Born 38 b. c. : died 
 in Germany, 9 b. c. A Roman general, brother 
 of Tiberius. He was the son of Livia by Tiberius Clau- 
 dius Nero, and was born shortly after the marriage of his 
 mother with the emperor Augustus. He was adopted, to- 
 gether with his brother Tiberius, by the emperor ; and at 
 an early age married Antonia, the daughter of Marcus 
 Antonius. He subdued a revolt in Gaul in 13, and, start- 
 ing in 12 from the left bank of the Rhine, undertook four 
 campaigns in Germany proper, in the course of which he 
 led the Roman armies to the Weser and the Elbe. He died 
 on the way back, in consequence of a fall from his horse. 
 
 Dryander (drii-an'der), Jonas. Born in Swe- 
 den, 1748: died at London, Oct. 19, 1810. A 
 Swedish botanist. He catalogued the library of 
 Sir Joseph Banks 1796-1800. He was also li- 
 brarian to the Royal Society. 
 
 Dryasdust (dri'as-dust), Rev. Dr. A prosy 
 person who is supposed to write the introduc- 
 tory letters to several of Scott’s novels. He also 
 writes the conclusion to “ Redgauntlet.” The name was 
 used by Carlyle as a synonym for dreary platitude (espe- 
 cially in historical writing). 
 
 Drybob (dri'bob). In Thomas Shadwell’s com- 
 edy “ TheHumourists,” a fantastic coxcomb and 
 would-be wit. 
 
 Dryburgb (dri'bur-6) Abbey. A highly pic- 
 turesque ruin 4 miles southeast of Melrose, 
 Scotland, whose fragments exhibit excellent 
 Norman and Early English architectural de- 
 tails. It contains the tomb of Sir Walter 
 Scott. 
 
 Dryden (dri'den), John. Born at the vicarage 
 of Aldwinkle" All Saints, Northamptonshire, 
 England, Aug. 9 (?), 1631: died at London, May 
 1, 1700. A celebrated English poet and dram- 
 atist. He was graduated at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, in 1054. In 1603 he married Lady Elizabeth How- 
 ard, the sister of his friend Sir Robert Howard. Original- 
 ly a Parliamentarian, he went over to the Royalist side, 
 and was poet laureate and historiographer royal 1670-88. 
 In 1679 he had a quarrel with Rochester, which caused 
 him to be cudgeled in the street by masked bravos. The 
 unsettled state of public feeling after the Popish plot, 
 which induced him to write his series of satires (of which 
 “Absalom and Achitophel” was the first), brought down 
 upon him a storm of libels. He was converted to Roman 
 Catholicism in 1686, but his sincerity has been impugned. 
 His critical writings were numerous and on various sub- 
 jects. He wrote many prologues, epilogues, and dedica- 
 tions, and after his conversion to Roman Catholicism em- 
 ployed his pen in defense of his faith. His chief poems 
 are “ Heroic Stanzas ” on the death of Cromwell (1659), 
 “AstrseaRedux, "celebrating theRestoration(1660),“ Annus 
 Mirabilis " (1667), “Absalom and Achitophel ” (1681 : the 
 second part with Tate, 1682), “The Medal” (1682), “Mac- 
 Fleeknoe” (1682), “Religio Laici” (1682), “The Hind and 
 the Panther” (1687), “Translation of Virgil” (1697), “Alex- 
 ander’s Feast” (1697); also translations of Juvenal, Ovid, 
 etc. His chief plays are “The Indian Emperor,” “Al- 
 manzor and Almahide, or the Conquest of Granada,” 
 “Aurengzebe,” “All for Love,” “Secret Love, or The Maid- 
 en Queen," “Sir Martin Mar-all,” “ Don Sebastian,” “An 
 Evening's Love, or The Mock Astrologer,” “ Marriage a la 
 Mode,” “ The Kind Keeper,” “ Amboyna," “ The Spanish 
 
 340 
 
 Friar," “ Tyrannic Love,” and others. His life is in John- 
 son's “ Lives of the Poets. ” His works were edited by Scott 
 in 18 volumes (1808). 
 
 Dryfesdale (drifz'dal), Jasper. In Sir Wal- 
 ter Scott’s novel “The Abbot,” the revenge- 
 ful old steward at Lochleven Castle, who en- 
 deavors to poison Queen Mary and her atten- 
 dants. 
 
 Dryope (dri'o-pe). [Gr. Aped-//.] In Greek 
 mythology, a shepherdess, daughter of Dryops 
 or of Eurytus. She was the playmate of the Hama- 
 dryads, and was changed by them into a poplar. By 
 Apollo she was the mother of Amphissus. 
 
 Dry Tortugas (dri tor-to'gaz). A group of coral 
 keys iu the Gulf of Mexico, about lat. 24° 36' N., 
 long. 82° 54' W., included in Monroe County, 
 Florida. A penal station was established on 
 one of them, at Fort J eif erson, during the Civil 
 War. 
 
 Dualla (do-al'a). The principal tribe, of Bantu 
 stock, in the German Kamerun, West Africa. 
 Formerly slave-dealers, the Dualla are still given to trade, 
 acting as middlemen between the whites on the coast and 
 the natives of the interior. Owing to missionary efforts 
 there are several native churches ; many natives can read, 
 and a few have acquired wealth. They are ruled by petty 
 chiefs, and subject to the German governor. The Ba-sa and 
 Ba-kume are neighbors of the Dualla in the Kamerun. 
 See Kamerun. 
 
 Duane (do-an'), William. Born near Lake 
 Champlain, N. Y., 1760 : died at Philadelphia, 
 Nov. 24,1835. An American journalist and politi- 
 cian. He was educated in Ireland, and lived a number of 
 yearsin India and England. He returned to America in 1795, 
 and from 1798-1822 was editor of the “Aurora,” published 
 at Philadelphia, which under his management became 
 the leading newspaper of the Democratic party. He pub- 
 lished “A Military Dictionary ” (1810), “A Visit to Colum- 
 bia ” (1826 : the record of a trip to South America in 1822- 
 1823), etc. 
 
 Duane, William John. Born at Clonmel, Ire- 
 land, May 9, 1780 : died at Philadelphia, Sept. 
 26, 1865. An American lawyer and politician, 
 son of William Duane. He was appointed secretary 
 of the treasury by President Jackson in 1833, but was dis- 
 missed in the same year for refusing to remove the gov- 
 ernment deposits from the United States Bank without 
 authority from Congress. 
 
 Duarte (du-ar'te). A brave but vainglorious 
 man in Fletcher and Massinger’s “Custom of 
 the Country.” Cibber introduces him in a somewhat 
 modified form in his “Love makes a Man,” taken from the 
 former play. 
 
 Duarte Coelho. See Coelho. 
 
 Duban (dii-bon'), Jacques Felix. Born at Pa- 
 ris, Oct. 14, 1797: died at Bordeaux, France, 
 Dec. 20, 1870. A French architect. From 
 1848-54 he was architect of the Louvre. 
 
 Du Barry. See Barry. 
 
 Du Bartas. See Bartas. 
 
 Du Baudrier (dii bo-dre-a'), Sieur. A pseudo- 
 nym of Swift in “A New Journey to Paris” 
 
 (1711). 
 
 Dubbhe, or Dubhe (dob'he). [Ar. dubli, a bear.] 
 The bright second-magnitude star a Uvsse Ma- 
 joris, the northern one of the “ two pointers ” 
 in the constellation. 
 
 Du Bellay. See Bellay. 
 
 Dublin (dub'lin). [Ir. Dubh-linn, black-pool, 
 orig. the name of that part of the river Liffey 
 on which the city now stands.] 1 . A maritime 
 county in Leinster, Ireland, bounded by the 
 Irish Sea on the east, Wicklow on the south, 
 Meath and Kildare on the west, and Meath on 
 the northwest. Area, 342 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 157,568. — 2. The capital of Ireland, 
 situated on the Liffey at its entrance into 
 Dublin Bay, in lat. (of observatory) 53° 23' N., 
 long. 6° 20' W. It has a large trade ; its chief manu- 
 factures are porter, whisky, and poplin. It contains Dublin 
 Castle, Trinity College, a Roman Catholic University, the 
 Bank of Ireland (formerly the Parliament House), the Cus- 
 tom House, Phoenix Park, and the Four Courts. It was 
 probably the Eblana of Ptolemy. It was seized by the 
 Danes in the 9th century, and was taken by Strongbow in 
 1171. Its castle was commenced in 1205. A massacre of 
 the English residents occurred on Black Monday in 1209. 
 The city was occupied by William III. iu 1689. It was the 
 scene of a conspiracy in 1798, of Emmet’s insurrection 
 in 1803, and of the Phoenix Park political assassinations 
 (see Cavendish , Lord Frederick), May 6, 1882. Popula- 
 tion, with suburbs, 403,030, (1911). 
 
 Dublin, University of. See Trinity College. 
 
 Dublin Bay. All inlet of the Irish Sea. Length, 
 about 8 miles. 
 
 Dublin Castle. An ancient fortification of the 
 13th century, in the city of Dublin. It is now 
 restored, and is the residence of the viceroy. 
 
 Diibner (diib'ner), Friedrich. Born at Hor- 
 selgau, near Gotha, Germany, Dec. 20, 1802 : 
 died near Paris, Dec. 13, 1867. A German classi- 
 cal philologist and critic. He was professor at the 
 gymnasium in Gotha 1826-31, and in 1832 went to Paris 
 to take part in the editing of Stephanus's “ Thesaurus lin- 
 gua; Grace*.” 
 
 Dubuisson 
 
 Dubno (dob'no). A town in the government of 
 Volhynia, Russia, in lat. 50° 25' N., long. 25° 
 47' E. Population, 15,700. 
 
 Dubois (dii-bwa'), Baron Antoine. Born at 
 Gramat, Lot, France, 1756: died at Paris, 
 March, 1837. A French surgeon, noted as an 
 obstetrician. He accompanied Napoleon in 
 the Egyptian campaign. 
 
 Dubois, Guillaume. Born at Brives-la-Gail- 
 larde, Correze, France, Sept. 6, 1656: died at 
 Versailles, France, Aug. 10, 1723. A French 
 cardinal and statesman. He was councilor of state 
 in 1715 ; negotiated the triple alliance between England, 
 France, and Holland in 1717 ; and was prime minister in 
 1722. . 
 
 Dubois, Jacques, Latinized Sylvius. Born at 
 Amiens, 1478: died at Paris, Jan. 13, 1555. A 
 French physician, professor of medicine at the 
 Royal College (now College de France). His 
 collected works were published in 1530. 
 Dubois, Jean Antoine. Born at St. Rameze, 
 Ard&che, France, 1765 : died at Paris, Feb. 7, 
 1848. A French missionary. He published a “ De- 
 scription of the Character, etc., of the People of India, 
 etc.” (London, 1816), “ Pantchatantra, ou les cinq ruses, 
 fables de Wichnou-Sarma, etc." (1826). 
 
 Dubois, John. Born at Paris, Aug. 24, 1764: 
 died Dec. 20, 1842. A French-American bishop 
 of the Roman Catholic Church. He founded 
 Mount St. Mary’s College, Emmettsburg, Mary- 
 land, in 1809. 
 
 Dubois, Paul. Born July 18, 1829: died May 
 23, 1905. A noted French sculptor and painter. 
 At eight years of age he entered the College Louis-le- 
 Grand in Paris. After leaving college he took up the 
 study of law, which he abandoned later for sculpture, en- 
 tering (1856) the studio of Toussaint. In 1859 he went to 
 Rome. In 1864 he exhibited a bronze statue of the young 
 John the Baptist. Among his works are the sculptures on 
 the tomb of General Lamoricifere in the cathedral of Nantes. 
 He was director of the Ecole des Beaux- Arts 1878-1905. 
 
 Dubois, Paul Antoine. Born at Paris, Dec. 
 7, 1795: died at Paris, Dec., 1871. A French 
 obstetrician, son of Antoine Dubois. 
 
 Du Boisgobey. See Boisgobey. 
 
 Du Bois-Reymond (dii bwa-ra-mon'), Emil. 
 Born at Berlin, Nov. 7, 1818: died there, Dec. 
 26, 1896. A noted German physiologist. He 
 became professor of physiology in the LTniversity of Ber- 
 lin in 1855, and in 1867 was elected perpetual secretary 
 of the Academy of Sciences at Berlin. He is best known 
 from his researches and discoveries in animal electricity 
 and the functions of the nerves. His works include “Un- 
 tersuchungen iiber tierisclie Elektricitat ” (1848-84), “ Ge- 
 sammelte Abhandlungen zur allgemeinen Muskel- und 
 Nervenphysik ” (1875-77), etc. 
 
 Dubos (dii-bo'), Jean Baptiste. Born at Beau- 
 vais, France, Dec., 1670: died at Paris, March 
 23, 1742. A French critic, historian, and diplo- 
 mat. His works include “Reflexions critiques sur la 
 pofeie et la peinture” (l719),“Histoire critique de l’etab- 
 lissement de la monarchie franqaise dans les Gaules” 
 (1734), etc. 
 
 Dubose (dii-bosk'). In “The Lyons Mail” (for- 
 merly Stirling’s “The Courier of Lyons”), a 
 brutal highwayman who murders the courier 
 and robs the mail. His extraordinary likeness to 
 the mild and noble-minded Lesurques causes the latter to 
 be arrested for the crime. Henry Irving has been success- 
 ful in the dual part, playing both characters. 
 Dubossary (do-bos-sa'ri). A town in the gov- 
 ernment of Kherson, Russia, situated on the 
 Dniester in lat. 47° 17' N.,long. 29° 10' E. Popu- 
 lation, 13,276. 
 
 Dubovka (do-bof'kii). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Saratof, Russia, situated on the Volga 
 in lat. 49° 15' N., long. 44' 50' E. Population, 
 16,370. 
 
 Dubray (dti-bra'), Vital Gabriel. Born at 
 Paris, Feb. 27, 1818: died there, Oct. 4, 1892. 
 A French sculptor, a pupil of Ramey. His best- 
 known works are 16 reliefs in bronze for the memorial to 
 Joan of Arc at Orleans, and portraits of Napoleon III., 
 Josephine, and others. 
 
 Dubs (dobz), Jakob. Born at Affoltern, near 
 Zurich, Switzerland, July 26, 1822: died at 
 Lausanne, Switzerland, Jan. 13, 1879. A Swiss 
 statesman and jurist, president of the confed- 
 eration in 1864. 
 
 Dubufe (dii-biif'), Claude Marie. Born at 
 Paris about 1790: died at Paris, April 21, 
 1864. A French painter. 
 
 Dubufe, Edouard. Born at Paris, March 30, 
 1820: died at Versailles, Aug. 11, 1883. A 
 French historical and portrait painter, son of 
 Claude Marie Dubufe. He was a pupil of his 
 father and of Delaroche. 
 
 Dubufe, Edouard Marie Guillaume. Born 
 at Paris, May 16, 1853 : died May 27, 1909. A 
 French painter, son of Bdouard Dubufe. 
 Dubuisson (dii-bue-soh'), Paul Ulrich. Bom 
 at Laval, France, 1746: guillotined at Paris, 
 
Dubuisson 
 
 March 23, 1794. A French dramatist of infer- 
 ior merit. He was a violent revolutionist, a 
 follower of Hubert, whose fortunes he shared. 
 Dubuque (do-buk'). The county-seat of Du- 
 buque County, Iowa, situated on the Missis- 
 sippi in lat. 42° 29' N., long. 90° 44' W. it is 
 
 the center of a lead district, and an important commer- 
 cial city, with a large trade in lumber and grain. It is 
 the oldest place in the State (settled 1833). Population, 
 38,494, (1910). 
 
 Due (diik), Joseph Louis. Born at Paris, Oct. 
 25, 1802: died Jan. 22, 1879. A French archi- 
 tect. His chief work is the Palace of Justice 
 in Paris. 
 
 Ducamp, or Du Camp (dii-koh'), Maxime. 
 Born at Paris, Feb. 8, 1822: died there, Feb. 9, 
 1894. A French author, journalist, traveler, and 
 artist. He was on e of the founders of the “Revue: de Paris ” 
 (1851 : suppressed in 1858), and has been a contributor to 
 the “Revue des Deux Mondes.” His chief work is “Paris: 
 ses oiganes, ses fonctions, sa vie ” (1869-75). 
 
 Du Cange (dii konzh'), or Ducange, Sieur 
 (Charles du Fresne or Dufresne). Born at 
 Amiens, France. Dec. 18, 1610: died at Paris, 
 Oct. 23, 1688. A noted French philologist and 
 historian. He published “Glossarium ad scriptores 
 mediae et infimae latinitatis ” (1678), “ Glossarium ad scrip- 
 tores mediae et infimae graecitatis” (1688), “Histoire de 
 l’empire de Constantinople sous les empereurs framjais ” 
 (1657), “ Historia Byzantina ” (1680), etc. 
 
 Ducange, Victor Henri Joseph Brahain. Born 
 at The Hague, Nov. 24, 1783: died at Paris, 
 Oct. 15, 1833. A French novelist and dramatist. 
 His works include “Agathe" (1819), “ Valentine” (1821 : 
 an attack on the Royalists which brought a six months’ 
 imprisonment), “TAonide” (1823), “Marc Loricot " (1832), 
 etc. He was several times imprisoned. 
 
 Ducarel (dii-ka-rel'), Andre Coltee. Born in 
 Normandy, France, about 1713: died at Lon- 
 don, May 29, 1785. An English antiquarian. 
 His chief work is “Anglo-Norman Antiquities” 
 (1754-67). 
 
 Ducas (do'kas), Michael. Lived in the second 
 half of the 15th century. A Byzantine his- 
 torian. He wrote a history of the Byzantine empire for 
 the period 1341-1462 (first printed at Paris in 1649). 
 
 Ducasse (dii-kas'), Jean Baptiste. Born at 
 Bern about 1640: died in France, July, 1715. 
 A French naval commander, in 1691 he was made 
 governor of the French colony in Santo Domingo. He 
 attacked and laid waste the English settlements in Jamaica 
 in 1694. His own colony was ravaged by the English in 
 1695, and in 1697 he commanded the land forces in the ex- 
 pedition which sailed from Santo Domingo and took Car- 
 tagena. In Aug. , 1702, he fought with the English fleet of 
 Ben bow for four days, Benbow finally retiring. He served 
 in Spain during the War of Succession, and commanded 
 the naval forces in the attack on Barcelona in 1714. 
 
 Du Casse, Pierre Emmanuel Albert, Baron. 
 Born at Bourges, 1813 : died at Paris, March 15, 
 1893. A French soldier and military writer. 
 He was placed on the general staff in 1854, and for a time 
 was adjutant to Prince Jfirome Napoleon. He has pub- 
 lished numerous works on military affairs and on French 
 military history. 
 
 Ducato (do-ka/to), Cape. A cape at the south- 
 ern extremity of Santa Maura, Ionian Islands, 
 Greece. 
 
 Duccio di Buoninsegna (do'eho de bwon-en- 
 sen'ya). A Sienese painter. He is first heard of in 
 1282, and was then a master in Siena. His famous altar- 
 piece in the cathedral of Siena was begun in 1308, and on 
 its completion was conveyed, like the Rucellai Madonna of 
 Cimabue, from the workshop to the church in solemn pro- 
 cession to the sound of bell and drum. He adheres to the 
 Byzantine types and motives, but enriches them by more 
 pleasing proportions and better executed hands and feet. 
 
 Du Chaillu (dii cha-yii'), Paul Belloni. Born 
 at Paris, July 31, 1835 : died at St. Petersburg, 
 April 30, 1903. An African explorer, son of a 
 French trader of Gabun, West Africa. In 1851, 
 
 when quite young, he made some exploratory tours around 
 his father’s trading factory, and became acquainted with 
 the customs of the Mpongwe. In 1855 he came to America, 
 which he made his home. Under the auspices of the Acad- 
 emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, he undertook a 
 botanic and zoologic exploration of the Ogowe basin. This 
 he continued successfully for four years. His accounts of 
 the gorillas and Obongo dwarfs were contradicted by Gray 
 and Barth, but later explorations have confirmed them. 
 In 1861 he published his “ Explorations and Adventures 
 in Equatorial Africa.’’ In 1863 he started on a second ex- 
 ploration? he visited the Ngunye Falls and Ashango-land, 
 and returned in 1865. His principal works are “A Journey 
 to Ashango-land” (1867), “My Apingi Kingdom" (1870), 
 “ The Country of the Dwarfs ” (1872), “The Land of the 
 Midnight Sun ’’ (1881). This last book was the result of 
 a several years' stay in Sweden and Lapland. 
 
 Du Chatelet (dii chat-la'), Marquise (Gabri- 
 elle Bmilie le Tonnelier de Breteuil). Born 
 at Paris, Dec. 17, 1706: died at Lunovillo, 
 France, Aug. 10, 1749. A French author and 
 scholar, mistress of Voltaire. 
 
 Duchesne (dii-shan'), Andre. Bom at tle-Bou- 
 chard, Touraine, France, 1584: died May 30, 
 1640. A noted French historian. He published 
 numerous works, among them “ Historic Francorum scrip- 
 tores ”(1636-49), “ Historia: Normannorum scriptures an- 
 tiqui ” (1619), etc. 
 
 341 
 
 Duchesne, Jean Baptiste Joseph. Born at 
 Gisors, Eure, France, Dee. 8, 1770: died at 
 Gisors, March 25, 1856. A French enamel and 
 miniature painter. 
 
 Duchesne, P6re. See Hebert, Jacques Bene. 
 
 Duchess, The. The pseudonym of Mrs. Mar- 
 garet Argles Hungerford. 
 
 Duchess of Devonshire. 1 . A portrait by Sir 
 Joshua Reynolds, at Althorp Park, England. 
 The figure is shown in full length, wearing a plumed 
 turban, and about to descend a flight of steps. 
 
 2. A noted portrait by Gainsborough, stolen 
 from Agnew’s galleries, London, in 1876, and 
 recovered in 1901. The duchess is represented stand- 
 ing in a garden walk, and wearing a broad-brimmed 
 plumed hat. 
 
 Duchess of Malfi, The. A tragedy by Webster, 
 played about 1612, printed in 1623. There is a 
 dramatic version of the story among Lope de Vega’s works, 
 and it forms the subject of one of Bandello’s “Novelle.” 
 It is Webster s most popular play, the one oftenest read, 
 and the most original. The crime for which the duchess is 
 reduced by her family to insanity and death is her secret 
 marriage with her steward whom she loved. 
 
 This refinement of a noble mind by suffering is the key- 
 note to the Duchess of Malfy, and the wretchedness that 
 comes upon her only illuminates and purifies her lovely 
 character. ... In Webster’s version the Duchess is pre- 
 sented before us as a woman of supreme rank and high 
 spirit, whose power of mind and healthiness of purpose 
 have kept her uncontaminated by the frivolous conven- 
 tionality of a court life. She dares to act for herself ; 
 though a sovereign, she does not forget she is a woman, 
 and sees nothing ignoble in the faithful love of a subject. 
 
 Gosse, Seventeenth Century Studies, p. 55. 
 
 Bosola. ... I’ll describe her [the Duchess], 
 
 She’s sad, as one long us’d to’t, and she seems 
 Rather to welcome the end of misery, 
 
 Than shun it ; a behaviour so noble, 
 
 As gives a majesty to adversity : 
 
 You may discern the shape of loveliness 
 More perfect in her tears than in her smiles : 
 
 She will muse for hours together ; and her silence, 
 Methinks, expresseth more than if she spake. 
 
 Webster, Duchess of Malfi. 
 
 Ducis (dii-se'), Jean Francois. Born at Ver- 
 sailles, France, Aug. 22, 1733: died at Ver- 
 sailles, March 31, 1816. A French dramatic 
 poet, best known as an adapter of “Hamlet” 
 and others of Shakspere’s plays to the French 
 stage. His best original work is “Abufar” 
 (1795). 
 
 Duckworth (duk'werth), Sir John Thomas. 
 
 Born at Leatherhead, Surrey, England, Feb. 
 28, 1748: died at Devonport, England, Aug. 
 31, 1817. An English admiral. He commanded a 
 vessel under Lord Howe in the action with the French 
 off Ushant, June 1, 1794 ; was appointed rear-admiral of 
 the white in 1799; was made commander-in-chief at Ja- 
 maica in 1803 ; directed the operations which led to the 
 surrender of the French under Rochambeau in Santo Do- 
 mingo ; was promoted vice-admiral in 1804 ; defeated a 
 French squadron off Santo Domingo Feb. 6, 1806 ; was pro- 
 moted admiral in 1810 ; was created a baronet in 1813 ; 
 and was commander-in-chief at Newfoundland 1810-13. 
 
 Duclos (dii-klo '), Charles Pinot. Born at. 
 Dinan, Brittany, France, Feb. 12, 1704 : died 
 at Paris, March 26, 1772. A noted French his- 
 torian and man of letters. His earliest works were 
 romances, among them “Confessions du Comte de ...” 
 (1742). He also published “ Considerations sur les mceurs 
 de ce si&cle ” (1749), “ M^moires secrets des r&gnes de 
 Louis XIV. et de Louis XV.” (1791), etc. As secretary of 
 the Academy he supervised the publication of its cele- 
 brated dictionary. 
 
 Ducornet (dii-kor-na'), Louis Cesar Joseph. 
 
 Born at Lille, France, Jan. 10, 1806: died at 
 Paris, April 27, 1856. A French historical and 
 portrait painter, a pupil of Gerard. He was 
 horn without arms. 
 
 Du Croisy (dii krwa-se'). The lover in Mo- 
 liM-e’s “Les prdcieuses ridicules.” He and La 
 Grange, his friend, send their valets, disguised as le Mar- 
 quis de Mascarille and le Vicomte de Judelet, to make 
 love to “les pr^cieuses ” and teach them that fine phrases 
 do not make a gentleman. 
 
 Ducrot (dii-kro'), Auguste Alexandre. Born 
 at Nevers, France, Feb. 24, 1817 : died at Ver- 
 sailles, France, Aug. 16, 1882. A French gen- 
 eral. He received command of the 1st division of the 
 1st army corps under MacMahon at the beginning of the 
 Franco-German war (1870), and served at the battle of 
 Worth, and at Sedan where he was taken prisoner. He 
 went to Pont-k-Mousson on parole, but (led to Paris 
 where he took command of the second army. He made 
 unsuccessful sorties Sept. 19, Oct. 21, and Nov. 30-Dec. 4, 
 1870, and Jan. 19, 1871 (battle of Mont VaRrien). He was 
 given command of the 8th army corps by Thiers in Sept., 
 1872. 
 
 Ducrotay de Blainville (dii-kro-ta' de Man- 
 vel'), Henri Marie. Born at Arques, near 
 Dieppe, France, Sept. 12, 1778 : died near 
 Paris, May 1, 1850. A French naturalist. He 
 
 published “ Faune frangaise” (1821-30), “ De l’organisa- 
 tion des animaux ” (1822), " Osteographie ” (1839-49), etc. 
 
 Duddon (dud'on). A small river on the border 
 of Cumberland and Lancashire, England, flow- 
 ing into the Irish Sea 20 miles northwest of 
 
 Dudley Diamond, The 
 
 Lancaster. It is celebrated in the poetry of 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 Du Deffand. See Deffand. 
 
 Duderstadt (do'der-stat). A small town in 
 the province of Hannover, Prussia, 14 miles east 
 of Gottingen. 
 
 Dudevant (diid-von'), Mme. (Armandine Lu- 
 cille Aurore Dupin). See Sancl, George. 
 Dudley (dud'li). A town in Worcestershire, 
 England, 8 miles west-northwest of Birming- 
 ham. Noted for iron manufactures. Near it are the 
 ruins of Dudley Castle. Population, 51,092, (1911). 
 
 Dudley, Arthur. A pseudonym of Madame 
 Blaze de Bury. 
 
 Dudley, Benjamin Winslow. Born in Spott- 
 syl vania County, Va., April 12, 1785: died at 
 Lexington, Ky., Jan. 20, 1870. An American 
 surgeon, especially noted as a lithotomist. 
 Dudley, Charles Edward. Born at Johnson 
 Hall, Staffordshire, England, May 23, 1780 : died 
 at Albany, N. Y., Jan. 23, 1841. An Ameri- 
 can politician, United States senator from New 
 York 1829-33. Dudley Observatory (Albany) 
 was founded by his widow. 
 
 Dudley, Sir Edmund. Born about 1462 : exe- 
 cuted at London, Aug. 18, 1510. An English 
 politician. He was educated at Oxford and at Gray’s 
 Inn, is said to have been made a privy councilor at 
 twenty-three, and was chosen speaker of the House of 
 Commons in 1504. He was employed as a fiscal agent by 
 Henry VII., and incurred popular odium by the rigor with 
 which he enforced the extortionate claims of the crown. 
 On the death of Henry VII. in 1509, he was beheaded on 
 the charge of treason, in company with Sir Richard Emp- 
 son, another of Henry VII. ’s fiscal agents. 
 
 Dudley, Lord Guildford. Executed at Lon- 
 don, Feb. 12, 1554. Son of the Duke of Northum- 
 berland. He married Lady Jane Grey May 21, 1553. 
 He was implicated in his father’s ill-starred attempt to 
 place Lady Jane on the throne on the death of Edward 
 VI. (July 6, 1553), and was executed on the charge of 
 treason. 
 
 Dudley, John, Duke of Northumberland and 
 Earl of Warwick. Born 1502: beheaded Aug. 
 22, 1553. An English politician and soldier, 
 son of Sir Edmund Dudley. He was made warden 
 of the Scottish marches and great admiral by Henry VIII. 
 in 1542, and was created earl of Warwick and high cham- 
 berlain of England on the accession of Edward VI. in 
 1547. In 1549 he overthrew the protector Somerset, and 
 assumed the chief control of the government. He was 
 created duke of Northumberland in 1561. With the ob- 
 ject in view of transferring the crown from the Tudors to 
 his own family, he persuaded Edward VI. to grant letters 
 patent excluding Edward's sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, 
 from the succession and appointing Edward’s cousin, Lady 
 Jane Grey, heir presumptive to the crown, whereupon he 
 married Lady Jane to his son, Guildford Dudley. At the 
 death of Edward, he found himself unable to prevent the 
 accession of Mary, and was executed for treason. 
 Dudley, Joseph. Born at Roxhury, Mass., 1647 : 
 died at Roxhury, April 2, 1720. An American 
 politician. He took part in the battle with the Narra- 
 gansetts in 1675 ; was one of the commissioners for the 
 united colonies of New England 1677-81 ; was appointed 
 president of New England in 1686; was appointed chief 
 justice of the Supreme Court in 1687 ; was chief justice of 
 New York 1690-93; and was governor of Massachusetts 
 1702-15. 
 
 Dudley, Paul. Bom Sept. 3, 1675 : died at 
 Roxhury, Mass., Jan. 21, 1751. An American 
 jurist, son of Joseph Dudley. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1690, and studied law at the Temple in Lon- 
 don. He was made chief justice of Massachusetts in 
 1745. He is known chiefly as the founder of the Dudleian 
 Lecture at Harvard College, for the erection of which he 
 bequeathed £100. 
 
 Dudley, Robert, Earl of Leicester. Born June 
 24, 1532 or 1533 : died at Cornbury, Oxfordshire, 
 England, Sept. 4, 1588. An English courtier, 
 politician, and general, son of John Dudley, 
 duke of Northumberland. He participated in the 
 attempt of his father and brother to place Lady Jane 
 Grey on the throne at the death of Edward VI. in 1553, 
 and was in consequence sentenced to death on the charge 
 of treason in 1554, but was pardoned later in the same 
 year. On the accession in 1668 of Elizabeth, whose affec- 
 tions he had gained during the ascendancy of his father 
 at the court of Edward VI., he became her chief favorite, 
 and intrigued, though unsuccessfully, to obtain the consent 
 of the great nobles to a marriage, in the interest of which 
 project he was said to have procured the murder of his 
 wife Lady Amy (1560). He was created earl of Leicester 
 in 1564, and in 1575 entertained Queen Elizabeth with 
 great magnificence at Kenilworth. In 1585 he was ap- 
 pointed to the command of the English army sent to the 
 aid of the States-General against the Spaniards, but was 
 recaUed in 1587, owing to incompetence. He was, how- 
 ever, restored to favor on his return, and in 1588 was ap- 
 pointed lieutenant and captain-general of the queen's 
 armies and companies to resist the Spanish Armada. 
 Dudley, Thomas. Born at Northampton, Eng- 
 land, 1576 : died at Roxhury, Mass., July 31, 
 1653. A colonial politician. He came to Mas- 
 sachusetts as deputy governor in 1630 : governor 
 1634-35, 1640-41, 1645-46, 1650-51. 
 
 Dudley Diamond, The. A diamond found in 
 Africa in 1868, and bought from Nie Kirk, the 
 
Dudley Diamond, The 
 
 master of the man who found it, by Hunt and 
 Roskell for £12,000. The Earl of Dudley bought it 
 from them for £30,000. It is heart-shaped, extremely bril- 
 liaut, and weighs 44 !> carats cut : originally it weighed 88£ 
 carats. Brewer. 
 
 Dudon (do'don). A knight in Ariosto’s “Or- 
 lando Furioso.” 
 
 Dudu (do-do'). In Byron’s “ Don Juan,” a pen- 
 sive beauty of seventeen. 
 
 A kind of sleeping V enus seemed Dudu. vi. 42. 
 
 Dudweiler (dod'vi-ler). A commune in the 
 Rhine Province, Prussia, 4 miles north-north- 
 east of Saarbrficken. Pop., commune, 19,433. 
 Duel after the Masquerade. A painting by 
 G6rome, now in the Walters collection at Bal- 
 timore. The duellists and their seconds have come 
 direct from a masked ball : one, dressed as a clown, lias 
 been severely wounded, and his adversary, an Indian, 
 hurries away, attended by a harlequin, to his carriage. 
 Duellist (du'el-ist), The. A comedy by Wil- 
 liam Kenrick, produced in 1773. Three editions 
 were printed in the same year. 
 
 Duellists, The. A play by Douglas Jerrold, 
 written in 1818. It was rechristened “ More Fright- 
 ened than Hurt"; was played at the Sadler’s Wells Theatre, 
 April 30, 1821 ; was afterward translated into French, 
 played in Paris, retranslated by Mr. Kenney, and played 
 at the Olympic as “Fighting by Proxy.” It contained 
 much sparkling dialogue and a good plot of the low-com- 
 edy kind. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Duenna (du-en'a), The. A comedy inter- 
 spersed with songs, a musical melange though 
 sometimes called an opera, by Sheridan, pro- 
 duced in 1775 (?). The plot was taken from Wycher- 
 ley’s comedy “The Country Wife.” Linley, Sheridan's 
 father-in-law, wrote the music for the songs. It was acted 
 75 times in one season. 
 
 Duer (du'er), John. Born at Albany, N. Y.,Oct. 
 7, 1782: died on Staten Island, N. Y., Aug. 8, 
 1858. An American jurist. He published “Law 
 of Representations in Marine Insurance” (1S45), “Law 
 and Practice of Marine Insurance" (1845-46), “Duers 
 Report s. " 
 
 Duer, William Alexander. Born in New York, 
 Sept. 8, 1780 : died May 30, 1858. An Ameri- 
 can jurist, brother of John Duer, president of 
 Columbia College 1829-42. He wrote “Consti- 
 tutional Jurisprudence of the United States” 
 (1856), etc. 
 
 Duero (do-a'ro), Pg. Douro (do'ro). A river 
 in Spain and northern Portugal which rises in 
 the province of Soria, Spain, forms part of the 
 boundary between the two countries, and flows 
 into the Atlantic Ocean 3 miles west of Oporto : 
 the Roman Dtmus (whence the modern name). 
 Length, about 500 miles ; navigable 90 miles. 
 Duessa (du-es'sa). [L. duo, two, andfem. -essa.] 
 A loathsome old woman, in Spenser’s “Faerie 
 Queene,” who under the guise of Fidessa, a 
 young and beautiful woman, typifies the false- 
 hood and treachery of the Church of Rome. 
 In book v, canto 38, she more especiaUy represents Mary 
 Queen of Scots as the type of Romish hostility to Eliz- 
 abeth. She deceives and nearly ruins the Red Cross 
 Knight ; but all her ignominy and loathsomeness are laid 
 bare by Arthur who is sent by Una to the rescue. She is 
 taken from Ariosto’s “Alcina,” and the scene where the 
 “false Duessa” is stripped of her disguise is literally 
 translated from the “ Orlando Furioso." 
 
 Dufaure (dfi-for'), Jules Armand Stanislas. 
 
 Born at Saujon, Charent-e-Inferieure, France, 
 Dec. 4, 1798: died at Paris, June 28, 1881. A 
 French statesman. He was minister of the interior 
 Oct. 13-Dec. 20, 1848, and June 2-Oct. 31, 1849; minister 
 of justice Feb. 19, 1871,-May 24, 1873, and March 11, 1875, 
 Aug. 12,1876; and premier March 9-Dec. 2, 1876, and Sept. 
 14, 1877, -Feb. 1, 1879. 
 
 Duff (duf ), Alexander. Bom at Moulin, Perth- 
 shire, Scotland, April 25, 1806: died at Edin- 
 burgh, Feb. 12, 1878. A Scottish missionary 
 in India, belonging to the Church of Scotland, 
 later to the Free Church. He wrote ‘ ‘ India and. 
 India Missions” (1839), etc. 
 
 Dufferin and Ava (duf'er-in and a'va), Mar- 
 quis of. See Blackwood, Frederick Temple Ham- 
 ilton. 
 
 Duffy (duf'i)j Sir Charles Gavan. Born at 
 Monaghan, Ireland, April 12, 1816: died at Nice, 
 Feb. 9, 1903. An Irish journalist and politician. 
 He aided in 1842 in founding the “Nation,” an organ of 
 the Young Ireland party, and was a member of Parliament 
 1852-56, when he emigrated to Australia. He was prime 
 minister of Victoria 1871-73. He published “Guide to 
 the Land Law of Victoria” (2d ed. 1862), “ Young Ireland : 
 a Fragment of Irish History, 1840-50 ” (1880), “ Four Years 
 of Irish History, 1845-49 ” (1883), etc. 
 
 Duf our (dii-for'), Guillaume Henri. Born at 
 Constance, Baden, Sept. 15, 1787 : died at Con- 
 tamines, near Geneva, July 14, 1875. A Swiss 
 general, chartographer, and military writer. 
 He suppressed the Sonderbund insurrection in 1847 ; 
 and superintended the preparation of a topographical 
 map of Switzerland (published 1842-65). He wrote “Md- 
 moires sur l’artillerie des anciens et sur celle du moyen 
 age ” (1840), etc. 
 
 342 
 
 Dufour, Jean Marie Leon. Born at St.-Sever, 
 Landes, France, 1782 : died at St.-Sever, April 
 18, 1865. A French entomologist. 
 
 Dufour Spitze (dii-for' spit'se). The highest 
 peak of Monte Rosa (which see). 
 
 Dufoy (du-foi'). An impertinent French ser- 
 vant in Etherege’s comedy “ The Comical Re- 
 venge, or Love in a Tub.” He is the subject of 
 the comical revenge, being fastened in a wooden tub with 
 holes for the head and arms by some women, as a pun- 
 ishment for his boasting and railing against their sex. 
 
 Dufrenoy (dti-fra-nwa'), Pierre Armand. 
 
 Born at Sevran, Seine-et-Oise, France, Sept, 5, 
 1792 : died at Paris, March 20, 1857. A noted 
 French mineralogist and geologist. He was the 
 collaborator of Elie de Beaumont in the preparation of a 
 general geological map of France (published 1841), and 
 author of various geological monographs. 
 
 Du Fresne. See Du Cange. 
 
 Dufresnoy (dti-fra-nwa'), Charles Alphonse. 
 Born at Paris, 1611: died at Villiers-le-Bel, 
 near Paris, 1665. A French painter and poet, 
 author of a Latin poem “De arte graphica” 
 (1668). 
 
 Dufresny (dfi-fra-ne' ), Charles Riviere. Born 
 at Paris, 1654: died there, Oct. 6, 1724. AFrench 
 dramatist, a descendant of “La Belle Jardi- 
 niere,” a mistress of Henry IV. He wrote a 
 number of comedies, in some of which Regnard 
 collaborated. 
 
 Dugdale (dug'dal), Sir William. Born at Shu- 
 stoke, Warwickshire, England, Sept. 12, 1605: 
 died at Shustoke, Feb. 10, 1686. A noted Eng- 
 lish antiquary. He wrote “Monasticon Anglicanum” 
 (1655-73), “Antiquities of Warwickshire ” (1656), “ Baronage 
 of England ” (1675-76), “History of St. Paul’s Cathedral” 
 (1658), etc. 
 
 Duguay-Trouin (dfl-ga-tro-an'), Rend. Born 
 at St.-Malo, France, June 10, 1673: died at 
 Paris, Sept. 27, 1736. A French naval officer 
 and general. From 1691 to 1697 he commanded a pri- 
 vateer, and in the latter year entered the French navy. 
 Among his noted deeds were the capture of an English 
 convoy in 1707, and the capture and sack of Rio de Janeiro, 
 Sept., 1711. He subsequently served with the army, at- 
 taining the rank of lieutenant-general. 
 
 Du Guesclin, or Duguesclin (dti-ga-klah'), 
 Bertrand. Born near Rennes, Brittany, 
 France, about 1320: died at Chateauneuf-de- 
 Randon, Languedoc, July 13, 1380. A French 
 commander, distinguished in the campaigns 
 against the English and Pedro the Cruel. He 
 gained the battle of Cocherel, May, 1364, and lost that of 
 Auray, Sept. , 1364. He was made comte de Longueville and 
 marshal of Normandy in 1364, and constable of France in 
 1370. 
 
 Du Halde (dfl aid), Jean Baptiste. Born at 
 Paris, Feb. 1, 1674: died at Paris, Aug. 18, 1743. 
 A French Jesuit and geographer. He published 
 “ Description gdographique, etc., de la Chine et de la Tar- 
 tarie chinoise” (1735), etc. 
 
 Duhamel (dfi-a-mel'), Jean Marie Constant. 
 
 Born at St.-Malo, France, Feb. 5, 1797 : died 
 at Paris, April 29, 1872. A French mathema- 
 tician, author of “ Cours d’analyse” (1840-41), 
 “ Cours de m6canique” (1845), “Des mflthodes 
 dans les sciences du raisonnement ” (1866-72). 
 
 Duhamel du Monceau (dtt-a-mel' dfl moh-so'), 
 Henri Louis. Born at Paris, 1700: died at 
 Paris, Aug. 12, 1781. A noted French author- 
 ity on botany and agriculture. He wrote “ De 
 la physique des arbres ” (1758), etc. 
 
 Duhr (dor). [Ar. zuhr al-’asad, the back of the 
 lion.] The third-magnitude star 6 Leonis, on the 
 rump of the animal. Sometimes called Zosma. 
 
 Duhring (dfl'ring), Eugen Karl. Born at Ber- 
 lin, Jan. 12, 1833. A German political econo- 
 mist and philosophical writer, a disciple of 
 Henry C. Carey. He has published “Kritisclie 
 Geschichte der Nationalokonomie und des So- 
 zialismus” (1871), etc. 
 
 Duhshasana (doh-sha'sa-na). [Skt., ‘hard to 
 rule.’] One of the hundred sons of Dhrita- 
 rashtl’a. When the Pandavas lost their wife Draupadi 
 in gambling with Duryodhana, Duhshasana dragged her by 
 the hair and otherwise ill-used her : for this Bhima vowed 
 he would drink his blood, a vow performed on the six- 
 teenth day of the great battle. 
 
 Duida (dwe'da). A precipitous mountain in 
 southern Venezuela, situated near the Orinoco 
 about lat. 3° 20' N., long. 66° 15' W. Height, 
 about 8,500 feet. 
 
 Duilius (du-il'i-us), Cams. Lived in the 3d 
 century B. C. A Roman general, consul in 260 
 B. c. He defeated the Carthaginians near My ho 
 in 260. This was the first naval success gained 
 by Rome. 
 
 Duisburg (do'is-borG). A city in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, near the Rhine 15 miles 
 north of Dfisseldorf : the Roman Castrum. it, is 
 
 the center of important coal, timber, and grain trade, and 
 has manufactures. Population, commune, 227,076, (1910). 
 
 Duluth 
 
 Duiveland (doi've-lant). An island, properly 
 the eastern part of the island of Schouwen, in 
 the province of Zealand, Netherlands. 
 
 Dujardin (dfl-zhar-dan'), Felix. Born at Tours, 
 France, April 5, 1801 : died at Rennes, France, 
 April 8, 1860. A French naturalist, professor 
 at Rennes from 1839. He is best known from 
 his investigations on the Infusoria. 
 
 Dujardin, Karel. Born at- Amsterdam about 
 1625: died at Veniee, Nov. 20, 1678. A Dutch 
 painter. 
 
 Dukas. See Ducas. 
 
 Duke Humphrey’s Walk. See Humphrey. 
 
 Duke of Exeter's Daughter, The. The rack, 
 which the Duke of Exeter introduced as an en- 
 gine of torture in the Tower of London in 1447. 
 
 Duke of Guise, The. A tragedy by Dryden 
 and Lee, published in 1682. it was an attack on 
 Shaftesbury and Monmouth. In “The Vindication,” by 
 Dryden alone, he did what he could to excuse himself. 
 
 Duke of Milan, The. A tragedy by Massin- 
 ger, produced in 1623. It is a variation of the theme 
 of Shakspere’s “ Othello. ” The duke is a passionate, weak 
 man, without Othello’s noble traits. 
 
 Duke’s Mistress, The. A play by Shirley, 
 produced in 1636. 
 
 Duke’s Motto, The. An adaptation of Paul 
 Feval’s play“Le bossu,” by John Brougham, 
 produced in 1863. Fechter played the duke ; 
 Brougham, Carriekfergus. 
 
 Duke’s Theatre. A London theater which was 
 built in 1660. It was destroyed in 1666 in the great 
 fire, and rebuilt in 1671 by Sir Christopher Wren. It stood 
 until 1720, and was on the site of the Salisbury Court 
 Theatre. 
 
 Dukinfield, or Duckinfield (duk'in-feld). A 
 town in Cheshire, England, on the Tame 7 miles 
 east of Manchester. It has important cotton 
 manufactures. Population, 18,929. 
 
 Dulaure (dfi-ldr'), Jacques Antoine. Born at 
 Clermont-Ferrand, France, Sept. 3, 1755: died 
 at Paris, Aug. 19, 1835. A French archaeolo- 
 gist and historical writer, a member of the 
 National Convention. He published “ Histoire 
 civile, physique et morale de Paris” (1821-22), 
 etc. 
 
 Dulcamara (dol-ka-ma'ra), Doctor. A char- 
 latan in Donizetti’s opera “ L’Elisir d’Amore” 
 (“ The Elixir of Love ”). 
 
 Dulce (dol'sa or dol'tha). 1. A river in the 
 Argentine Republic which rises in the province 
 of Tucuman, becomes salty, and is finally lost 
 in the salt-marshes of Lake Porongos, lat. 29° 
 30' S., long. 63° W. In its lower course it is 
 called the Saladillo. — 2. A gulf on the Pacific 
 coast of Costa Rica, Central America. — 3. A 
 lake in Guatemala, in lat. 15° 25' N. , long. 89° 
 15' W., which communicates with the Bay of 
 Honduras by the short river Dulce. Length, 
 about 30 miles. Also called Golfo Dulce and 
 Lake Izdbal or Yzabal. 
 
 Dulce y Garay (dol'tha e ga-ri'), Domingo, 
 
 Marquis of Castell-Florit. Born at Sotes, Lo- 
 grono, May 7, 1808 : died at Amelie-les-Bains, 
 France, Dec., 1869. A Spanish general and 
 administrator. He took part in the Carlist war, and 
 aided the revolution of 1854, being then captain-general 
 of Catalonia. From Dec., 1862, to May, 1866, he was cap- 
 tain-general of Cuba, and distinguished himself by his 
 activity in suppressing the slave-trade. He was again 
 captain-general of Cuba in June, 1869, but the success of 
 the insurrection and his ill health forced him to resign. 
 
 Dulcigno (dol-chen'yo). [Turk. Olgun, Alba- 
 nian Ulkjin.'i A seaport in Montenegro, situ- 
 ated on the Adriatic Sea in lat. 41° 56' N., 
 long. 19° 12' E. : the ancient Olcinium. Here the 
 Venetians were defeated by the Turks Aug. 4, 1718 ; the 
 place was stormed by the Montenegrins in 1878, and ceded 
 by Turkey to Montenegro in 1880. Population, estimated, 
 5,000. 
 
 Dulcinea del Toboso (dul-sin'e-a del to-bo'- 
 zo; Sp. pron. dol-the-na'a del to-bo'so). The 
 lady beloved by Don Quixote in Cervantes’s 
 romance. Her real name was Aldonza, but Don Quix- 
 ote was of opinion that Dulcinea was more uncommon 
 and romantic (from dulce, sweet); and, as she was born 
 at Toboso, he made her a great lady on the spot with the 
 “ del.” 
 
 Du Lhut (dfl lot), Daniel Greysolon. Born in 
 
 France about 1645 (?) : died near Lake Superior, 
 1709. A noted pioneer. He came to Canada about 
 1670, and became a trader and a leader of bushrangers. 
 He established the sites of Detroit and Fort William, helped 
 in the Canadian war against the Senecas 1687, and against 
 the Iroquois 1689, and commanded Fort Frontenac 1695. 
 Duluth is named after him. 
 
 Duluth (du-loth'). A city and lake port in St. 
 Louis County, Minnesota, situated on Lake Su- 
 perior in lat. 46° 48' N., long. 92° 6' W. : the 
 lake terminus of the Northern Pacific Railway. 
 It has an extensive trade in wheat, and consid- 
 erable ship-building. Population, 78,466,(1910). 
 
Dulwich 
 
 Dulwich (dul'ich). A suburb of London, situ- 
 ated in Surrey 5 miles south of St. Paul’s, it 
 is the seat of Duiwich College, founded by Edward Alleyn 
 and opened in 1619. The college contains a noted picture- 
 gallery. See Alleyn. 
 
 Dumain (du-man'). A French lord in atten- 
 dance on the King of Navarre, in Shakspere’s 
 “Love’s Labour’s Lost.” 
 
 Dumanoir (dii-man-war'), Philippe Frangois 
 Pine]. Born in Guadeloupe, West Indies, July 
 31, 1806: died at Pau, France, Nov. 16, 1865. A 
 Freneh playwright, noted particularly as a 
 writer of vaudevilles. 
 
 Dumarsais (dii-inar-sa'), Cesar Chesnau. 
 Bom at Marseilles, France, July 17, 1676: died 
 at Paris, June 11, 1756. A French grammarian 
 and writer on philosophy, author of “Traite 
 des tropes,” etc. 
 
 Dumas (do-ma'; F. pron. dii-ma'), Alexandre 
 Davy de la Pailleterie, known as Alexandre 
 Dumas p6re. Born at V illers-Cotterets, Aisne, 
 France, J uly 24, 1802 : died at Puys, near Dieppe, 
 Dec. 5, 1870. A noted French dramatic author 
 and novelist. His father, General Alexandre de la Paille- 
 terie Dumas, was the natural son of the Marquis Alexandre 
 Davy de la Pailleterie, a rich colonist of Santo Domingo, 
 and of anegress whose name was Dumas. Hecame to Paris 
 in 1823, and obtained a clerkship through the assistance of 
 General Foy. One of his first essays was an “Eldgie but la 
 raort du General Foy ” (1825). As his name attracted atten- 
 tion, it was often attached to books with which he himself 
 had had either very little or nothing to do. Both indepen- 
 dently and in collaboration with others, Dumas wrote for 
 the stage many plays which are collected in the “ Theatre ’’ 
 (6volumes, 1834-36; 15 volumes, 1863 74). He took an active 
 part in the revolution of 1830. After- the insurrection of 
 June, 1832, he traveled, and published a number of books 
 as the result of his journeys. He published three col- 
 lections of stories: “Nouvelles contemporaines " (1826), 
 “Souvenirs d’Antony” (1835), and “La salle d’armes” 
 (1838). His novels were composed either independently 
 or in collaboration with others, and include “Le capi- 
 taine Paul ” (1838), “Acte ” (1839), “ Aventures de John 
 Davy” (1840), “Le capitaine Pamphile" (1840), “Maitre 
 Adam le Calabrais” (1840), “Othon l’archer” (1840), 
 “ Praxtde ” (1811), “Aventures de Lyderic ” (1842), 
 “Georges ” (1843), “ Ascanio ” (1843), “ Le chevalier d’Har- 
 mental" (1843), “Fernande” (1844), “Amaury” (1844), 
 “Gabriel Lambert” (1814), “ Le ch&teau d'Eppstein ” 
 (1844), “Cdcile ” (1844), “ Les trois mousquetaires” (1844 : 
 with its sequels, “Vingt ans aprfcs ” (1845) and “Dix ans 
 plus tard ou le vicomte de Bragelonne ” (1848-50)), “ Le 
 comte de Monte-Cristo ” (1844-45), “Les frferes corses” 
 (1845), “Une fille du regent” (1845), “La reine Margot" 
 (1845), “ La guerre des femmes" (1845-46), “Le chevalier 
 de Maison-Rouge” (1846), “La dame de Monsoreau ” 
 (1846) and its sequel “Les quarante-cinq ” (1848), “ Le 
 batard de Mauieon "(1840),“ Memoir e d’un infidecin (1846- 
 1848: with its sequels “Ange Pitou” (1853) and “La 
 comtesse de Charny” (1853-55)), “Les mille et un fan- 
 tdmes” (1849), “La femme au collier de velours” (1851), 
 “ Olympe de Clfeves” (1852), “ in Gil Bias en Californie ” 
 (1852), “Isaac Laquedem ” (1852), “Le pasteur d’Ash- 
 bourn ” (1853), “El saltdador” (1853), “Conscience l’inno- 
 cent" (1853), “ Catherine Blum ” (1854), “ Ingenue " (1854), 
 “’Lea Mohicans de Paris” (1864-55) and its sequel “Salva- 
 tor” (1855-59), “Les compagnons de Jehu "(1857), “Les 
 louves de Machecoul" (1859), “Madame de Chamblay” 
 (1863), “La San Felice” (1864-65), and “Les Blancs et les 
 Bleus ” (1867-68). He published also a number of works 
 embodying personal reminiscences of himself and of his 
 friends, and various historical studies. 
 
 Dumas, Alexandre, known as Alexandre Du- 
 mas fils. Born at Paris, July 27, 1824: diedNov. 
 27, 1895. A Freneh dramatic author and novelist, 
 son of Alexandre Dumas. His first poems, published 
 in “ La Chronique ” (1842), appeared later as “ laches de j eu- 
 nesse”(1847). Twoothercollectionsof hisyouthful writings 
 were given out at a later date, viz., “Therfese ” (1875) and 
 « Entr’actes ” (1878-79). Among his novels are “Aventures 
 de quatre femmes et d’uu perroquet” (1847), “C5sarine” 
 (1848), “La dame aux cameiias ” (18i8\ “Le docteur Ser- 
 van ” (1849), “ Antonine ” (1849), “ Tristan le Roux ” (1819), 
 “ Henri de Navarre ” (1850), “ Trois hommes forts ” (1850), 
 “Les deux Frondes ” (1851), “Diane de Lys” (1851), “Le 
 regent Mustel” (1852), “Contes et nouvelles ”(1853), “Un 
 cas de rupture ” (1854), “ La dame aux perles ” (1854), 
 “ L' Affaire Clemenceau, mdmoire de l'accuse ” (1866), etc. 
 His writings for the stage have been gathered together in 
 an edition of six volumes (1868-79), and reedited in 18S2- 
 1886. They include “La dame anx earn'd i as ”(1852), “Diane 
 de Lys” (1853), “Le demi-monde” 0 855), “La question 
 d’argent” (1857), “Le fils naturel” (1858), “Un pore pro- 
 digue” (1859), “L’Ami des femmes” (1864), “Les id6es 
 de Mme. Aubray” (1867), “Une visite de noces” (1871), 
 “La princesse Georges” (1871), “La femme de Claude” 
 (1873), “Monsieur Alphonse” (1873), “ L’Etrangbre ” (1876), 
 “La princesse de Bagdad” (1881), “Denise” (1885), 
 “ Francillon ” (1887). Dumas fils lias also adapted or col- 
 laborated in “ Le marquis de Villemer ” (1864), “Le sup- 
 plice d'une femme" (1865), “Heioi'se Paranquet" (1866), 
 “ Le fllleul de Pompignac” (1869), “La jeunesse de Louis 
 XIV.” (1874), “Les Danicheff ” (1876), “La comtesse Ro- 
 mani ” (1876), and “ Joseph Balsamo ” (1878). He has also 
 published “Lettre sur les choses du jour” (1871), 
 “ L'Homme-Femme ” (1S72), “ Question du divorce " (1880), 
 and “Recherche de la patemite” (1883). He was elected 
 a member of the French Academy Jan. 30, 1874. 
 
 Dumas, Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie. 
 
 Born at J6r6mie, Santo Domingo, March 25, 
 1762: died at Villers-Cotterets, France, Feb. 
 26, 1806. A French general, son of Marquis 
 Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie and a negress. 
 He was distinguished In the wars of the Revolution and of 
 
 Buncansby Head « 
 
 des assemblies legislatives” (1815), “ Preuves judiciaires” 
 (1823), “De l’organisation judieiaire," etc. (1828). 
 
 Dumont d’Urville (dur-veP), Jules Sebastien 
 Cesar. Born at Conde-sur-Noireau, Calvados, 
 France, May 23, 1790: killed near Paris, May 
 8, 1842. A French navigator and rear-admiral. 
 He took part 1819-20 in an expedition to the Grecian 
 archipelago and the Black Sea, and circumnavigated the 
 globe as commander of two expeditions (“Astrolabe,” 
 1826-29, and “Zelie,” 1837-40). He wrote narratives of 
 his voyages. 
 
 Dumouriez (dfi-mo-rya'), Charles Frangois. 
 
 Born at Cambrai, France, Jan. 25, 1739 : died at 
 Turville Park, near Henley-on-Thames, Eng- 
 land, March 14, 1823. A celebrated French gen- 
 eral. He served in the Seven Years’ War ; obtained the 
 rank of captain in 1763 ; served as quartermaster-general 
 in the expedition against Corsica in 1768 ; was sent by 
 Choiseul to Poland on a secret mission in 1770; and was 
 promoted major general in 1788. At the beginning of the 
 French Revolution he pronounced in favor of political re- 
 form without abandoning his loyalty to the court, and in 
 1792 held for a short period each the ministries of foreign 
 affairs and of war. He was subsequently appointed to the 
 command of the north as lieutenant-general underMarshal 
 Luckner, and in conjunction with Kellermann inflicted a 
 decisive defeat on the troops of the coalition at Valmy 
 Sept. 20, 1792. He conducted an expedition against the 
 Austrian Netherlands 1792-93, in the course of which he 
 gained a victory over the Austrians at Jemmapes Nov. 6, 
 
 1792, but was signally defeated at Neerwinden March 18, 
 
 1793. Estranged from the republican party by the exe- 
 cution of the king, he was recalled by the Convention, 
 when he fled to the Austrian camp, and passed the rest of 
 his life in exile. 
 
 Leven andCiyde. 13 miles northwest of Glasgow. Dima (dfi'na), or Southern Dwina (dve-na'): 
 Its most important industry is the building of iron called by tbe R uss i ans the Western Dwina. 
 
 [Russ. Dvina, Lettish Daugawafi] 1. A river 
 of Russia which rises in the government of 
 Tver, and flows into the Gulf of Riga 5 miles 
 north of Riga. Length, 500-600 miles; navi- 
 
 343 
 
 the Directory, and was called by Napoleon “the Hora- 
 tius Codes of the Tyrol.” He commanded the French 
 cavalry in the Egyptian expedition. 
 
 Dumas, Jean Baptiste Andre. Born at Alais, 
 Gard, France, July 14, 1800: died at Cannes, 
 France, April 11, 1884. A distinguished French 
 chemist and physiologist, professor of organic 
 chemistry in the Ecole de Medecine, Paris 
 (1834). He published “ TraitO de chimie ap- 
 plique aux arts” (1828-45), and various other 
 works. 
 
 Dumas, Comte Matthieu. Bom at Montpel- 
 lier, France, Dec. 23, 1753: died at Paris, Oct. 
 16, 1837. A French general and historian. 
 He wrote “Precis des Ovenements militaires” 
 (1816-26), etc. 
 
 Du Maurier (dii mo-rya'), George Louis Pal- 
 mella Busson. Born at Paris, March 6, 1834: 
 died at London, Oct. 8, 1896. An English artist. 
 He was educated in Paris, and came to England at the age 
 of 17, studying later at Paris with Gleyre. He was noted 
 for his illustrations in “Punch” and other periodicals. 
 He wrote and illustrated “ Peter Ibbetsen ” (1892), 
 “Trilby” (1894), and “The Martian” (1897). 
 
 Dumbarton (dum-bar'ton). 1. A county of 
 Scotland, bounded by Perthshire on the north, 
 Stirling and Lanark on the east, the Clyde on the 
 south, and Argyll and Loch Long on the west. 
 Area, 246 square miles. Population (civil 
 county), 113,870. — 2. A seaport and the capital 
 of Dumbarton, situated at the junction of the 
 
 steamers. Itcontainsacelebrated castle. Population, 19, 864. 
 
 Dumbarton Castle. A celebrated fortress over- 
 hanging the river Clyde in Scotland. It has 
 been called the Gibraltar of Scotland. 
 
 Dumbiedikes (dum-bi-dlks'). An awkward 
 Scottish laird in Scott’s novel “The Heart of 
 
 gable only for small vessels. — 2. See Dwina. 
 
 Mid-Lothian.” He wants to marry Jeanie Deans, DuSa (d^no^' The Hungarian name of the 
 but on DeiDg refused promptly marries another, j) 
 
 A nickname of Thomas Aqui- Diinaburg 
 
 (dii'na-borG). A city and fortress 
 as in ear y 1 © • , , in the government of Vitebsk, Russia, situated 
 
 Dumdum (dum-dum ) A town and military sta- on thc \ )iilia in lat . 550 54' N ’ v long . £ 6 o 29 < E 
 
 tion ^ miles northeast of C alcutta, Blitish India. 1 1 was founded by Livonian knights in the 13 th century, 
 Dumeril (dii-ma-rel ) , Andre Marie Constant, and incorporated in Russia in 1772. It is strongly fortified. 
 Born at Amiens, France, Jan. 1, 1774: died at Population, 78,ioo. 
 
 Paris, Aug. 2, 1860. A French physician and Duna-Foldvar (do'no-feld'var). A town in 
 zoologist. He published “Erpetologie gone- the county of Tolna, Hungary, on the Danube 
 
 48 miles south of Budapest. Population, 
 12,117. 
 
 Dunbar (dun-bar'). A seaport in Haddington- 
 shire, Scotland, near the mouth of the Firth of 
 Forth, 27 miles east of Edinburgh. It has a 
 ruined castle, celebrated in Scottish history. It was be- 
 sieged by the English in 1336. Queen Mary was abducted 
 thither by Bothwell in 1567. Population, 3,581. 
 
 shire, Scotland, situated on the Nith in lat. 55° Dunbar, Agnes, Countess of. Born 1312 (?) : 
 5' N., long. 3° 36' W. It was the place of Bums’s died in 1369. A Scottish heroine, known as 
 death It has manufactures of tweeds, hosiery, etc anda “Black Agnes” from her dark skin. She is noted 
 Airfare PoprUation^lLOSL “ y border for her successful defense of Dunbar Castle in 1337-38. 
 
 Dumfries, or Dumfriesshire (dum-fres'shir). Dunbar, Battle of. 
 
 A county of southern Scotland, lying between 
 
 rale” (1835-51), etc. 
 
 Dumeril, Auguste Henri Andre. Born at 
 Paris, Nov. 30, 1812: died at Paris, Nov. 12, 
 1870. A French naturalist, son of Andr6 Marie 
 Constant Dumeril. He wrote “Histoire natu- 
 relle des poissons” (1865-70), etc. 
 
 Dumfries (dum-fres'). The capital of Dumfries- 
 
 vrx. A battle, April 27, 1296, 
 in which the Scots under John Baliol were de- 
 
 Lanark, Peebles, and Selkirk on the north, 
 Roxburgh on the northeast, Cumberland on the 
 southeast, Solway Firth and Kirkcudbright on 
 the south, and Ayr and Kirkcudbright on the 
 west. It contains the valleys of Eskdale in the east, 
 Annandale in the center, and Nithsdale in the west. Its 
 leading occupation is the rearing of livestock. Area, 1,072 
 square miles. Population (civil county), 72,569. 
 
 feated by the English under Warrenne, earl of 
 Surrey, with the result that Baliol resigned the 
 crown of Scotland, and that the government 
 was placed in the hands of an English regent. 
 This name is also given to the battle between the Parlia- 
 mentary army under Cromwell and the Scottish Royalists 
 under Leslie, which was fought near Dunbar Sept. 3, 1650, 
 and in which the Scots were totally defeated. 
 
 _ , _ Dunbar, William. Born, probably in East Lo- 
 
 Dfimicben (du'me-chen),_ Johannes. Born at thian, Scotland, about 1460: died about 1525. 
 Weissholz, Silesia, Oct. 1 o , 1833: died at Stras- A Scottish poet. His works include “The Thistle and 
 burg, Feb. 7, 1894. A German Egyptologist, the Rose ”(1503), “The Golden Targe,” “Dance of the Seven 
 He was appointed professor of Egyptology at Strasburg Deadly Sins,” “Merle and Nightingale.” 
 in 1872, and published “ Bauurkunde der Tempelanlagen Dunbarton. See Dumbarton. 
 
 B "”H an , e A ‘«r *? p ? rthsM, S; 
 
 derinschriften ” ( 1866 ), “ Historische Inschriften altagyp- Scotland, situated oil the Allan 5 miles north, 
 tischer Denkmaler” (1867-69), “Resultate einerauf Befehl of Stirling. It has a noted cathedral. 
 
 Sr. Majestat des KSnigs Wilhelm von Preussen 1868 nach Duncan (dung'kan) I. King of Scotland. 
 Agypten gesendeten archaologisch-photog.aphiBchen Ex- JJe succe J ed (o * the t hr ’ ne about 10 f 4 , and was assassi- 
 peaition (lb/ 1 ), etc. , . t> ’ nated by Macbeth, near Elgin, in 1040 or 1089. He ap- 
 
 Dummer (dum'mer), Jeremian. Born at Bos- peara in Shakspere’s “Macbeth.** 
 ton, Mass., about 1680: died at Plaistow, Eng- Duncan, Adam, first Viscount Camperdown. 
 land, May 19, 1739. An American scholar.' He Born at Lundie, Scotland, July 1. 1731: died 
 was agentfor Massachusetts in England 1710-21 and wrote in Scotland, Aug. 4, 1804. A British admiral. 
 “ Defence of the New Engan aer&(-). He gained the victory of Camperdown over the 
 
 Dumnonx (dnm'no-nks). . Killed m Gaul 54 Dut f h fleet) 0ct . 41/1797. 
 
 B. c. A chief of the Aklui, brother of Dmtia- Dlmcan) j obn . Born at Gilcomston, near Aber- 
 
 ® US- , .... a.,. T Ti- j i xr deen, Scotland, 1796: died at Edinburgh, Feb. 
 
 Dumont (du-mon ) Jean. Died at Vienna, 26 ^ 70> A Scottish Hebraist and clergyman 
 
 1726. _ A French publicist and historical writer f ’ the Presbyteriall Church . 
 
 historiographer to the Emperor. He published -p. Tbomao Born at Kiuclaven Perth 
 
 “Nouveau voyage au Levant” (1694), “Mteioires poli- DllllCan, lUOmaS. Horn at Hinc aven, 1 eittl- 
 
 tiques pour servir k la parfaite intelligence de l’histoire sllire, Scotland, May 24, 1807 . died at Fdm- 
 
 de la paix de Ryswick ” (1699), etc. burgh, May 25, 1845. A Scottish historical 
 
 Dumont Pierre Etienne Louis. Born at and portrait painter. Among his best-known works 
 Geneva. July 18, 1759: died at Milan, Sept. 29, /dlntJur’// atl 63 
 
 1829. A Swiss scholar, literary coadjutor of j) uri cansby Head (dung'kanz-bi bed). The 
 
 northeastern extremity of Scotland, near John 
 “Thdorie des peines et des recompenses ’’ (1811), “ Tactique 0 Gl oat s Mouse. 
 
• Dunciad, The 
 
 Dunciad (dun'si-ad), The. A satirical poem by 
 Alexander Pope ( 1728-41), directed again st vari- 
 ous contemporary writers. The goddess of dullness 
 elects Theobald poet laureate of that realm. Owing to a 
 quarrel between Cibber and Pope, the latter substituted 
 Cibber for Theobald in the fourth part, published in 1741. 
 The bestowal of the laureateship on Cibber may have 
 added to Pope's venom. 
 
 Duncker (dong'ker), Karl. Born at Berlin, 
 March 25, 1781: died at Berlin, July 15, 1869. 
 A German publisher in Berlin. 
 
 Duncker, Max Wolfgang. Born at Berlin, 
 Oct. 15, 1811: died at Ansbach, July 21, 1886. 
 A German historian, son of Karl Duncker. He 
 was professor at Halle 1842-57, and at Tubingen 1857-59. 
 In the latter year he entered the service of the govern- 
 ment. His works include “Origines Germanic®” (1840), 
 “ Geschichte des Altertums ” (1852-57 : 6th ed. 1878-83), 
 etc. 
 
 Dundalk (dun-dak'). A seaport in County 
 Louth, Ireland, situated on the river Castle- 
 town, near its mouth, in lat. 54° N., long. 6° 
 24' W. Population, 13,076. 
 
 Sir John de Bermingham, the victor of Athenry, push- 
 ing northward at the head of 15,000 chosen troops, met 
 the younger Bruce at Dundalk. The combat was hot, 
 short, and decisive. The Scots were defeated, Edward 
 Bruce himself killed, and his head struck off and sent to 
 London. Lawless , Story of Ireland, p. 110. 
 
 Dundas (dun- das'). A town in Wentworth 
 
 County, Ontario, Canada, situated on Burling- 
 ton Bay at the western extremity of Lake On- 
 tario. Population, 4,299, (1911). 
 
 Dundas, Henry, first Viscount Melville. Born 
 at Edinburgh, April 28, 1742: died May 28, 
 1811. A British statesman. He was lord advocate 
 of Scotland 1775-83. He was an intimate friend and trusted 
 lieutenant of Pitt, during whose first administration he 
 was home secretary (1791-94) and secretary of war (1794- 
 1801). In 1802 he was raised to the peerage as Viscount 
 Melville by Addington ; and in 1804, on the accession of 
 Pitt’s second ministx-y, was appointed first lord of the admi- 
 ralty. He was impeached in 1806 on the charge of ap- 
 propriating public money, but was acquitted by the House 
 of Lords. During the impeachment he resigned his posi- 
 tion in the cabinet. 
 
 Dundas Islands (dun-das' i'landz). A group 
 of islets off the eastern coast of Africa, about 
 lat. 1° S. 
 
 Dundas strait (dim -das' strat). A strait 
 which separates Melville Island from Coburg 
 Peninsula in northern Australia. 
 
 Dundee (dun-de'). A seaport in Forfarshire, 
 Scotland, on the Firth of Tay in lat. 56° 27' N., 
 long. 2° 58' W. : the third city in Scotland. 
 It has important commerce and extensive docks, and is 
 the center of the British linen and jute manufacture. It 
 is the seat of a university college. During the Reforma- 
 tion it was called the “ Scottish Geneva. ” It was stormed 
 by the Marquis of Montrose in 1645, and by Monk in 1651. 
 Population, 169,409. 
 
 Dundee, Viscount. See Graham. 
 Dunderberg. See Donderberg. 
 
 Dundonald, Earl of. See Cochrane. 
 Dundreary (dun-drer'i), Lord. An indolent, 
 foolish, and amusing Englishman in Tom Tay- 
 lor’s comedy “Our American Cousin.” To this 
 part originally only 47 lines were given ; but E. A. Sothern, 
 to whom it was assigned, introduced various extrava- 
 gances to suit himself. He became famous in it, and the 
 whole play hinged on it. 
 
 Dundrennan (dun-dren'an) Abbey. An an- 
 cient monastery near Kirkcudbright in Scot- 
 land. It was built in 1140, and is now in ruins. 
 Dundrum Bay (dun'drum ba). A bay of the 
 Irish Sea, on the coast of the County Down, 
 Ireland. 
 
 Dunedin (dun-e'din). [See Edinburgh.'] A 
 poetical name of Edinburgh. 
 
 Dunedin. A seaport of the South Island, New 
 Zealand, on Otago Harbor in lat. 45° 52' S., 
 long. 170° 33' E. : the chief commercial city of 
 New Zealand. It was founded in 1848. Gold 
 was discovered in its neighborhood in 1861. 
 Population, 24,879. 
 
 Dunes (dunz), Battle of the. A victory gained 
 by the allied French and English under Tu- 
 renne over the Spaniards, on the sands (dunes) 
 near Dunkirk, June 4 (O. S.), 1658. 
 Dunfermline (dun-ferm'lin). A town in Fife- 
 shire, Scotland, 14 miles northwest of Edin- 
 burgh. It has a noted abbey and was formerly a royal 
 residence. Here Charles II. signed the Covenant in 1650. 
 Population, 25,250. 
 
 Dunfermline, Baron. See Abercromby. 
 Dungannon (dun-gan'on). A town in County 
 Tyrone, Ireland, 35 miles west-southwest of 
 Belfast. It was the ancient seat of the O’Neills. 
 Dungarvan (dun-gar'van). A town in County 
 Waterford, Ireland, 38 miles northeast of Cork. 
 Population, 4,850. 
 
 Dungeness (dunj-nes'). A headland at the 
 southern extremity of Kent, England, south- 
 east of Rye. 
 
 344 
 
 Dungi (dun-ge'). A Babylonian king of about 
 the 27th century B. C. His capital was in Ur. Many 
 temples are extant undertaken by him and his father 
 and predecessor Urgur, who called themselves “Kings of 
 Ur, Kings of Shumir (Shinar) and Akkad (Accad).” 
 
 Dunglison (dung 'gli- son), Robley. Born at 
 Keswick, England, Jan. 4, 1798 : died at Phila- 
 delphia, April 1, 1869. An American physician 
 and medical writer, author of “Dictionary of 
 Medical Science and Literature ” (1833). 
 
 Dunkeld (dun-keld'). A town in Perthshire, 
 Scotland, situated on the Tay 13 miles north- 
 northwest of Perth. It was a seat of the Culdees 
 8th-12th century. The cathedral, built in the 14th and 
 15th centuries, is roofless except the choir, which has 
 lately been restored and serves as the parish church. 
 There is a square western tower, with turrets. 
 
 Dunkirk (dun'kerk). [F .Dunkerque, G.Biinkir- 
 chen, church on the dunes.] A seaport in the 
 department of Nord, France, situated on the 
 Strait of Dover in lat. 51° 2' N., long. 2° 22' 
 E. it is an important fortress, aDd has an extensive 
 trade. It was founded near the Church of St. Eloi, by 
 Baldwin, count of Flanders, in 960 ; was burned by the 
 English in 1388 ; belonged successively to Flanders, Bur- 
 gundy, and Spain ; was captured from the Spaniards by 
 the English in 1540 ; was conquered by the French in 1568 
 and restored to Spain ; was besieged and taken by Condd 
 in 1646 ; and was retaken by the Spaniards in 1652. In 
 consequence of the battle of Dunkirk or the Dunes, it was 
 ceded to England in 1658. It was sold by Charles II. to 
 Erance in 1662, and was unsuccessfully besieged by the 
 Duke of York in 1793. Population, commune, 38,287. 
 
 Dunkirk. A city and lake port in Chautauqua 
 County, New York, situated on Lake Erie 35 
 miles southwest of Buffalo. It is the terminus 
 of a division of the Erie Railway. Population, 
 17,221, (1910). 
 
 Dunlap (dun'lap), William. Born at Perth 
 Amboy, N. J., Feb. 19, 1766: died Sept. 28, 
 1839. An American painter and author. He 
 published a “History of the American Theatre” (1832), 
 “Arts of Design in the United States" (1834), etc. 
 
 Dun-le-Roi (dun'le-rwa/), or Dun-sur-Auron 
 
 (dun'siir-o-ron'). A town in the department 
 of Cher, France, situated on the Auron 17 miles 
 southeast of Bourges. It has manufactures and 
 coal-mines. Population, commune, 4,123. 
 
 Dunloe Cave. See Gap of Dunloe. 
 
 D unmail Raise (dun-mal' raz). A pass in the 
 Lake District of England, situated on the bor- 
 ders of Westmoreland and Cumberland, on the 
 route between Ambleside and Keswick. Ele- 
 vation, 780 feet. 
 
 Dunmore (dun-mor'). A borough in Lacka- 
 wanna County, Pennsylvania, situated 2 miles 
 east-northeast of Scranton. Population, 17,- 
 615, (1910). 
 
 Dunmow (dun'mou), Great. A town in Essex, 
 England, situated on the Chelmer 31 miles 
 northeast of London : with Little Dunmow it 
 is famous in connection with the Dunmow 
 flitch of bacon (which see). 
 
 Dunmow Flitch, The. A flitch of bacon award- 
 ed to any married pair who could take oath at 
 the end of the first year and a day of their 
 married life that there had not only been no 
 jar or quarrel, but that neither had ever wished 
 the knot untied. The custom, it is said, was origi- 
 nated in the Priory of Little Dunmow, England, by Robert 
 Fitzwalter, in 1244. The first recorded presentation of the 
 bacon is dated 1445 (Chartulary of Dunmow Priory). The 
 flitch of bacon has been claimed as late as 1906. 
 
 Dunnottar Castle (dun-not'tar kas'l). A ru- 
 ined castle in Kincardineshire, Scotland, situ- 
 ated near the North Sea If miles south of 
 Stonehaven. The existing structure dates 
 from 1392. 
 
 Dunois (dii-nwa/), Jean, Comte deDunois: sur- 
 named “The Bastard of Orleans.” Born at 
 Paris, Nov. 23, 1402: died at St. Germain-en- 
 Laye, near Paris, Nov. 24, 1468. A natural son 
 of Louis, duke of Orleans, and Mariette d’En- 
 ghien, celebrated for his military prowess and 
 his' gallantries. He defended Orleans 1428-29, con- 
 quered Normandy and Guienne from the English, and 
 joined the “League of the Public Good” (1466). He is 
 introduced in Scott’s “Quentin Durward." 
 
 Dunoon (dun-on'). A watering-place in Argyll- 
 shire, Scotland, situated on the Firth of Clvde 
 9 miles west of Greenock. Population, 
 6,772. 
 
 Dunrobin Castle (dnn-rob'in kas'l) The seat 
 of the Duke of Sutherland, near Golspie, Scot- 
 land. The building is modern, but incorporates 
 remains of an 11th-century stronghold. 
 
 Duns, or Dunse (duns). A burgh in Berwick- 
 shire, Scotland, 13 miles west of Berwick. 
 Population, 2,206. 
 
 Dunsinane (dun-si-nan'), or Dunsinnan (dun- 
 sin'an). One of the Sidlaw Hills in Perthshire, 
 Scotland, 9 miles northeast of Perth. Height, 
 
 Dupetit-Thouars, Abel Aubert 
 
 1,012 feet. Here, 1054, Siward, earl of North- 
 umberland, defeated Macbeth. 
 
 Duns Scotus(dunz sko'tus), Joannes, surnamed 
 Doctor Subtilis. Born at Dunse, Scotland, 
 about 1265 (?) : died at Cologne, Nov. 8, 1308 (?). 
 A famous scholastic. He was the founder of the 
 scholastic system called Scotism, which long contended 
 for supremacy among the schoolmen with the system 
 called Thomism, founded by Thomas Aquinas. Nothiug 
 is known with certainty concerning his personal history. 
 According to the commonly accepted tradition, he was 
 born at Duns or Dunse, Berwickshire, Scotland, about 
 1265 ; was a fellow of Merton College, Oxford ; became a 
 Franciscan friar ; was chosen professor of theology at Ox- 
 ford in 1301 ; removed in 1304 to Paris, where, in a disputa- 
 tion on the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary he 
 displayed so much ingenuity and resource as to win the 
 title of Doctor Subtilis, and where he rose to the position 
 of regent of the university ; and died at Cologne, Ger- 
 many, Nov. 8, 1308, while on a mission in the interest of 
 his order. His name, I)uns, Dunse, Dunce, came to be used 
 as a common appellative, ‘ a very learned man,’ and, being 
 applied satirically to ignorant and stupid persons, gave 
 rise to dunce in its present sense. 
 
 Dunstable (dun'sta-bl). A town in Bedford- 
 shire, England, 33 miles northwest of London. 
 It is noted for manufactures of straw-plait hats 
 and bonnets. Population, 5,157. 
 
 Dunstan (dun'stan), Saint. Born near Glaston- 
 bury, England, 924 or 925 : died at Canterbury, 
 England, May 19, 988. Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury. He was the son of Heorstan, a West-Saxon noble, 
 and was brought up at the abbey of Glastonbury and at the 
 court of ^Ethelstan. He was appointed abbot of Glaston- 
 bury by Edmund not later than 945. He became the chief 
 adviserof Eadred (reigned 946-955), butwasbanishedbyEad- 
 red’s successor, the young king Eadwig, whose ill will he 
 incurred by refusing to consent to a marriage between him 
 and zElfgifu: and by rudely bringing him back to the ban- 
 queting-hall when, at his coronation, he left it for her 
 society. He was recalled by Eadwig’s successor, Eadgar, 
 by whom he was created archbishop of Canterbury in 959 
 and restored to political power. He retained his influence 
 at court during the reign of Eadward, but appears to have 
 lost it on the accession of ^Ethelred II. in 978. 
 
 Dunster (dun'ster)> Henry. Born in Lanca- 
 shire, England, about 1612: died at Scituate, 
 Mass., Feb. 27, 1659. The first president of 
 Harvard College. He was inaugurated in 1640, 
 and resigned in 1654. 
 
 Dunton (dun'ton), John. Born at Graffham, 
 Huntingdonshire, England, May 4, 1659: died 
 1733. An English bookseller and author. He 
 wrote “Life and Errors of John Dunton" (1705), “Letters 
 from New England ” (published 1867), etc. 
 
 Diintzer (dunt'ser), Johann Heinrich Jo- 
 seph. Born at Cologne, July 12, 1813 : died 
 there, Dec. 16, 1901. A German literary his- 
 torian and philologist, librarian of the Roman 
 Catholic Gymnasium of Cologne from 1846. 
 He published numerous critical works on Goethe, “Homer 
 und der epische Cyclus ” (1839), etc. 
 
 Dupain (dfi-pan'), Edmond Louis. Born at 
 Bordeaux, Jan. 13, 1847. A French historical 
 and genre painter, a pupil of Cabanel and GuA 
 Dupanloup (du-pon-lo'), Felix Antoine Phi- 
 libert. Bom at St. -Felix, near ChambAy, 
 France, Jan. 3, 1802: died Oct. 11, 1878. A 
 French prelate. He was made bishop of Orleans in 
 1849 ; was elected deputy to the National Assembly in 
 1871 ; and became a life senator in 1875. 
 
 Du Parquet, Jacques Diel. See Biel du Par- 
 quet. 
 
 Dupaty (dfi-pa-te'), Charles Marguerite Jean 
 Baptiste Mercier. Bom at La Rochelle, 
 France, May 9, 1746: died at Paris, Sept. 17, 
 1788. A French jurist. He wrote “ Reflexions 
 historiques surles lois criminelles” (1788), etc. 
 Dupe (dup), Lady. An old lady in Dryden’s 
 comedy “ Sir Martin Mar-all.” 
 
 Duperrey (du-pe-ra'), Louis Isidor. Born at 
 Paris, Oct. 21, 1786: died Sept. 10, 1865. A 
 French naval officer and scientist. He served as 
 hydrographer in the Uranie, under De Freycinet, who 
 made explorations in the North Pacific 1817-20 ; and 
 1822-25 commanded a scientific expedition to Oceania and 
 South America. He determined the positions of the 
 magnetic poles and the figure of the magnetic equator. 
 Author of the volumes on hydrography and physical 
 science in “Voyage autour du rnonde, execute par ordre 
 du roi sur la corvette La Coquille pendant les armtes 
 1822, 1823, 1824, et 1825 ” (1826-30). 
 
 Duperron (dii-pe-ron'), Jacques Davy. Born 
 at St.-Lo, France, Nov. 15, 1556: died at Paris, 
 Sept. 5, 1618. A French cardinal, instrumental 
 in converting Henry TV. to Catholicism. 
 Dupes, Day of. [F. Journie des Bupes.] A 
 name given tc Nov. 11, 1630, when the enemies 
 of Richelieu were foiled in their intrigues 
 against him with the king. 
 
 Dupetit-Thouars (dup-tg'to-ar'), Abel Au- 
 bert. Born at Saumur, France, Aug. 3, 1793 : 
 died at Paris, March 17, 1864. A French rear- 
 admiral. He circumnavigated the globe 1837-39, and 
 extended a French protectorate over Tahiti and the Mar- 
 quesas Islands in 1842, and over the entire Society group 
 in 1843. 
 
Dupetit-Thouars, Louis Marie Aubert 
 
 Dupetit-Thouars, Louis Marie Aubert. Born 
 at Bournois, near Saumur, France, Nov. 5, 
 1758: died at Paris, May 11, 1831. A French 
 botanist and traveler. He visited Mauritius, 
 Madagascar, and Reunion 1792-1802. 
 
 Dupin (dii-pan'), Andr6 Marie Jean Jacques: 
 called “The Elder.” Born at Varzy, Nievre, 
 France, Feb. 1, 1783: died at Paris ? Nov. 10, 
 1865. A French lawyer and politician. lie 
 was president of the Chamber of Deputies 1832-40, and of 
 the Legislative Assembly 1849-51. 
 
 Dupin, Baron Pierre Charles Frangois. Bom 
 
 at Varzy, Nibvre, France, Oct. 6, 1784: died at 
 Paris, Jan. 18, 1873. A French political econo- 
 mist and politician, brother of A. M. J. J. 
 Dupin. He published “Voyages dans la Grande-Bre- 
 tagne ” (1820-24), “ Forces productives des nations ” (1S51), 
 etc. 
 
 Dupleix (dii-plaks'), Joseph Francois. Born 
 at Landrecies, Nord, France, Jan. 1, 1697: 
 died at Paris, Nov. 10, 1763. A French gen- 
 eral, governor-general of the French East 
 Indies 1742-54. 
 
 Duplessis (dii-ple-se'), Georges Victor An- 
 toine Gratet-. Born at Chartres, March 19, 
 1834: died March 26, 1899. A French critic 
 and historian of art, custodian of the depart- 
 ment of prints in the National Library. He 
 published numerous works. 
 Duplessis-Mornay. See Mornay. 
 
 Duplin (dup'lin), or Dupplin. A moor in 
 Perthshire, Scotland, 7 miles southwest of 
 Perth. Here, 1332, Edward Baliol defeated the 
 Scottish Royalists under the Earl of Mar. 
 Dupongeau (du-pon'so ; F. pron. dii-pim-so'), 
 Peter Stephen. Bom at lle-de-Re, France, 
 June 3, 1760 : died at Philadelphia, April 1, 
 1844. A French- American lawyer and philolo- 
 gist. He published “Memoir on the Indian 
 Languages of North America” (1835), etc. 
 Dupont (dii-pon'), or Dupont de l’Eure (dii- 
 pon' de ler), Jacques Charles. Born at Neu- 
 bourg, Eure, Feb. 27, 1767 : died on his estate, 
 Rouge Pierre, Normandy, March 3, 1855. A 
 French politician. He became president of the im- 
 perial court at Rouen in 1811 ; was a member of the Cham- 
 ber of Deputies 1817-48; was minister of justice about six 
 months in 1830 ; and was president of the provisional gov- 
 ernment formed in Feb., 1848. 
 
 Dupont, Pierre. Bom at Lyons, France, April 
 23, 1821t died at Lyons, France, July 24, 
 1870. A French lyrical poet. He was collaborator 
 on the dictionary of the Academy 1842-47. His works in- 
 clude “ Les deux anges " (1842 : crowned by the Academy), 
 “Les bceufs” (1846), “Le chant des nations,” “Le chant 
 des ouvriers,” etc. 
 
 Pierre Dupont . . . seemed at one time likely to be a 
 poet of the first rank, but unfortunately wasted his talent 
 in Bohemian dawdling and disorder. His songs were the 
 delight of the young generation of 1848, and two of them, 
 
 “ Le Chant des Ouvriers ” and “ Les Boeufs,” are still most 
 remarkable compositions. Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 548. 
 
 Dupont (du-pont'), Samuel Francis. Born at 
 Bergen Point, N. J., Sept. 27, 1803: died at 
 Philadelphia, June 23, 1865. An American ad- 
 miral, grandson of Dupont de Nemours. He 
 entered the navy as a midshipman in 1815 ; was promoted 
 commander in 1842 ; commanded the Cyane during the war 
 with Mexico ; and at the outbreak of the Civil W ar became 
 president of a board convened at Washington to devise a 
 plan of naval operations against the Confederate States. 
 He commanded the naval expedition which, in conjunc- 
 tion with a land army under General Thomas W. Sher- 
 man, captured Port Royal, South Carolina, Nov. 7, 1861; 
 was promoted rear-admiral in 1862 ; was repulsed in an 
 attack on Fort Sumter, April 7, 1863; and was relieved 
 of his command July 5, 1863. 
 
 Dupont de l’Etang (dii-pon' de la-ton'), Comte 
 Pierre. Born at Chabanais, Charente, France, 
 July 14, 1765: died at Paris, March 7, 1840. 
 A French general, distinguished at Marengo 
 and other battles, especially Friedland (1807). 
 He capitulated at Baylen in 1808. 
 
 Dupont de Nemours (dii-pon' de ne-mor'), 
 Pierre Samuel. Bom at Paris, Dec. 14, 1739: 
 died near Wilmington, Del., Aug. 6, 1817. A 
 French political economist and politician. He 
 assisted Turgot 1774-76 ; was a deputy to the States-Gen- 
 eral in 1789; and became a member of the Council of the 
 Ancients in 1795. He wrote “ Physiocratie, ou constitution 
 naturelle du gouvemement le plus avantageux au genre 
 humain ” (1768), “ Philosophie de l univers ” (1796),' etc. 
 Diippel (diip'pel). A village in ‘Schleswig, 
 Prussia, opposite Sonderburg, 28 miles north- 
 northeast of Schleswig. The allied German troops 
 were defeated here by the Danes May 28, 1848, and again on 
 June 5. The redoubts were stormed by the Saxons and 
 Bavarians April 13, 1849, and by the Prussians April 18, 1864. 
 Diippel, Lines of. A chain of Danish fortifi- 
 cations west of Sonderburg in the island of 
 Alsen. They were stormed by the Prussians 
 April 18, 1864. 
 
 Duprat (dii-pra'), Antoine. Born at Issoire, 
 Puy-de-Dome, France, Jan. 17, 1463: died at 
 
 345 
 
 Rambouillet, France ; July 9, 1535. A French 
 cardinal and politician. He became chancel- 
 lor and prime minister in 1515. 
 
 Duprat, Pascal Pierre. Born at Hagetmau, 
 Landes, France, March 24, 1815: died Aug. 
 17, 1885. A French politician and journalist. 
 He took part in the February revolution in 1848 ; founded, 
 with Lamennais, “ Le peuple constituant ” ; opposed the 
 coup d’etat in 1851, and was arrested and obliged to 
 leave France ; edited various journals ; was a member of 
 the National Assembly in 1871, and, later, of the Chamber 
 of Deputies ; and was sent as ambassador to Chile in 1883, 
 and died on the return journey. 
 
 Duprato (dii-pra-to'), Jules. Born at Nimes 
 in 1827 : died at Paris, May 19, 1892. A French 
 composer. He gained the Roman prize in 1848, and be- 
 came professor of harmony at the Conservatoire in 1866. 
 Among his operas are “Les trovatelles ” (1864), “Pa- 
 querettes” (1856), “Salvator Rosa” (1861), “Le cerisier” 
 (1874), etc. 
 
 Dupray (dii-pra'), Louis Henri. BomatSedan, 
 Nov. 3, 1841: died in April, 1909. A French 
 military painter. 
 
 Dupr6 (dii-pra'), Giovanni. Bom at Siena, 
 Italy, March 1, 1817 : died at Florence, Jan. 10, 
 1882. An Italian sculptor. Among his works are 
 “Abel” and “Cain” (Pitti Palace, Florence), “Sappho,” 
 “ Giotto,” the Wellington monument, etc. 
 
 Dupre, Jules. Born at Nantes, France, April 
 5, 1812 : died at L’Isle Adam, Oct. 6, 1889. A 
 noted French landscape-painter. He was original- 
 ly a porcelain-painter in lus father’s manufactory. At the 
 age of eighteen he went to Paris, where his talent was at 
 once recognized. In 1831 he sent his first picture to the 
 Salon. In 1833 he went to England and also to Berry with 
 Jules Andrf; and Troyon. In 1849 he was made chevalier 
 of the Legion of Honor, and officier in 1870. He received 
 a second-class medal at the Exposition Universelle in 1867, 
 a second-class medal in 1883, and a medal of honor at the 
 Exposition Universelle in 1889. He spent his winters in 
 Paris from 1876-82. He was the first and last of the group 
 of Fontainebleau artists of 1830, called the Romantic or 
 Natural School (Rousseau, Delacroix, Corot, Diaz, Millet, 
 Troyon, etc.). His studio was for some years in the Abbey 
 of Saint Pierre in the forest of Fontainebleau, and after- 
 ward in L’lsle Adam. Several of his pictures are in the 
 Luxembourg Museum, one at Lille, and a number are 
 owned in the United States. 
 
 Duprez (dii-pra'), Caroline (Madame Van den 
 Heuvel). Born at Florence, 1832 : died at Pau, 
 France, April 17, 1875. A French opera-singer, 
 daughter of G. L. Duprez. 
 
 Duprez, Gilbert Louis. Born at Paris, Dec. 6, 
 1806: died Sept. 23, 1896. A French tenor 
 singer and composer. He published “L’Art 
 du chant” (1845), etc. 
 
 Dupuis (dii-piie'), Adolphe. Born at Paris, 
 Aug. 16, 1824: died at Nemours, Oct. 25, 1891. 
 A French actor. 
 
 Dupuis, Charles Frangois. Born at Trie-le 
 Chateau, Oise, France, Oct. 16, 1742: died at Is- 
 sur-Tille, Cote-d’Or, France, Sept. 29, 1809. A 
 French scholar and man of letters. He wrote 
 “ L’Origine de tous les cultes, ou la religion 
 universelle” (1795), etc. 
 
 Dupuytren (dii-piie-tran'), Baron Guillaume. 
 Born at Pierre-Buffiere, Haute-Vienne, France, 
 Oct. 6, 1777 : died at Paris, Feb. 8, 1835. A 
 noted French surgeon and anatomist. 
 Duquesne (dii-kan'), Marquis Abraham. Bora 
 at Dieppe, France, 1610: died at Paris, Feb. 2, 
 1688. A French naval commander, distin- 
 guished in the wars against the Spanish and 
 Dutch. He defeated the combined Spanish and Dutch 
 fleets under De Ruyter off the Sicilian coast April 21, 
 1676. 
 
 Duquesne, Fort. A fort formerly on the site of 
 Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, erected by the French 
 in 1754. It was taken by the English 1758. See 
 Braddock. 
 
 Duquesnoy (dfi-ka-nwa'), Frangois, or Fran- 
 gois Flamand. Born at Brussels, 1594 : died at 
 Leghorn, July 12, 1646. A Dutch sculptor, son 
 of an excellent sculptor from whom he received 
 his first lessons. At an early age he made the figure of 
 Justice on the portal of the Chancellerie at Brussels, and 
 two angels for the door of the Jesuit church. In 16i9 he 
 was sent by the archduke Albert to study in Rome. He 
 is especially famous for the children which he executed 
 in marble and bronze, but more frequently in ivory, for 
 drinking-cups, etc. The sculpture of the Baldachino at 
 St. Peter’s is by him. His friend Le Poussin recommended 
 him to Richelieu, and he was on the point of starting for 
 Paris when he was poisoned by his brother (Jdrdme Du- 
 quesnoy, born 1612 : burned for unnatural crime Oct. 24, 
 1654), also a very clever sculptor. 
 
 Dura Den (do'ra den ). A small glen near St. An- 
 drews, Fifeshire, Scotland, noted for the num- 
 ber of the fossil fish found in its sandstone. 
 Duran (do -ran'), Agustin. Bom at Madrid, 
 Oct. 14, 1789: died there, Dec. 1, 1862. A Span- 
 ish critic and litterateur. He wrote “ Sobre la deca- 
 dencia del teatro espanol” (1828), etc., and edited old 
 Spanish romances and comedies. 
 
 Duran (dfi-roh'), Carolus- (Charles Emile 
 Auguste Durand). Born at Lille, July 4, 1837. 
 
 Durbin 
 
 A French genre and portrait painter, a pupil of 
 Souchon. He studied in Paris, and afterward in Italy 
 and Spain. He has painted portraits, especially of women, 
 with great success, and is also a sculptor. He received 
 medals in 1866, 1869, 1870, 1878, and 1879. 
 
 Durance (du-rohs'). A river of southeastern 
 Europe which joins the Rhone 3 miles south- 
 west of Avignon: the Roman Druentia. 
 Durand (dii-ron'), Madame (Alice Marie Ce- 
 leste Fleury) : pseudonym Henry Greville. 
 Born Oct. 12, 1842 : died May 26, 1902. A French 
 novelist. She wrote “Dosia” (1876), “So- 
 nia ” (1877), etc. 
 
 Durand (du-rand'), Asher Brown. Born at 
 South Orange, N. J., Aug. 21, 1796 : died there, 
 Sept. 17, 1886. An American landscape-painter 
 and engraver. 
 
 Durandana (do-ran-da'na). The sword of 
 Roland (Orlando). It is also called Durandal , 
 Durenda, Durindana, etc. 
 
 He (Roland) had fought all day in the thickest of the 
 fray, dealing deadly blows with his good sword Durenda ; 
 but all his prowess could not save the day. So, wounded 
 to death, and surrounded by the bodies of his friends, he 
 stretched himself on the ground, and prepared to yield up 
 his soul. But first he drew his faithful sword, than which 
 he would sooner have spared the arm that wielded it, 
 and saying, “ O sword of unparalleled brightness, excel- 
 lent dimensions, admirable temper, and hilt of the whit- 
 est ivory, decorated with a splendid cross of gold, topped 
 by a berylline apple, engraved with the sacred name of 
 God, endued with keenness and every other virtue, who 
 now shall wield thee in battle, who shall call thee master? 
 He that possessed thee was never conquered, never 
 daunted by the foe ; phantoms never appalled him. Aided 
 by the Almighty, with thee did he destroy the Saracen, 
 exalt the faith of Christ, and win consummate glory. O 
 happy sword, keenest of the keen, never was one like 
 thee ; he that made thee, made not thy fellow ! Not one 
 escaped with life from thy stroke.” And lest Durenda 
 should fall into the hands of a craven or an infidel, Roland 
 smote it upon a block of stone and brake it in twain. 
 Then he blew his horn, which was so resonant that all 
 other horns were split by its sound ; and now he blew it 
 with all his might, till the veins of his neck burst. And 
 the 
 
 blast of that dread horn, 
 
 On Fontarabian echoes borne, 
 reached even to King Charles’s ear as he lay encamped 
 and ignorant of the disaster that had befallen the rear- 
 guard eight miles away. Poole, Story of the Moors, p. 36. 
 
 Durandarte (do-ran-dar 'te). A legendary 
 Spanish hero whose exploits are related in 
 old Spanish ballads and in “Don Quixote,” II. 
 23. He was the cousin of Montesinos, and was killed at 
 the battle of Roncesvalles. One of the ballads, a frag- 
 ment, can be traced to the “Cancionero” of 1511, and one, 
 “Durandarte, Durandarte,” to the old “Cancioneros Gene- 
 rates.” Ticknor. 
 
 Durandus (du-ran'dus), Gulielmus (Guil- 
 laume Durantis or Durand). Born at Pui- 
 misson, near B6ziers, France, 1237: died at 
 Rome, Nov. 1, 1296. A prelate and jurist, 
 sumamed “The Speculator.” He wrote “Specu- 
 lum judiciale” (1474), “Rationale divinorum officiorum ” 
 (1459), etc. 
 
 Durango (do-ran'go). 1. A state of northern 
 Mexico, lying between Chihuahua on the north, 
 Coahuila on the east, Zacatecas and the terri- 
 tory of Tepic oh the south, and Sinaloa on the 
 west. Area, 38,009 square miles. Population, 
 436,137, (1910). — 2. The capital of the state 
 of Durango, situated near the foot of the Sierra 
 Madre Mountains. Also called Victoria, for- 
 merly Guadiana. Population, 34,085, (1910). 
 — 3. A small town in the province of Biscay, 
 Spain, 14 miles southeast of Bilbao. It is a 
 military stronghold. 
 
 Durante (do-ran'te), Francesco. Born at 
 Frattamaggiore, near Naples, March 15, 1684: 
 died at Naples, Aug. 13, 1755. An Italian com- 
 poser of sacred music. In 1742 he succeeded 
 Porpora at the Conservatory of Santa Maria di 
 Loreto at Naples, where he died. 
 
 Durantis (dii-ron-tes'), Guillaume. See Du- 
 randus. 
 
 Durazzo. A facetious and lively old man in 
 Massinger’s play “The Guardian.” He is the 
 guardian of Caldoro. 
 
 Durazzo (dii-rat'so). [F. Duras, It. Durazzo, 
 Turk. Dratsli, Slav. Durtz ; from L. Dyrrha- 
 chiurn.] A seaport in the vilayet of Scutari, 
 European Turkey, situated on the Adriatic in 
 lat. 41° 20' N., long. 19° 26' E.: the ancient 
 Epidamnus, later Dyrrhackium. It was founded by 
 Corcyreans about 625 B. c., and became the terminus of a 
 great Roman road. Csesar was repulsed here by Pompey 
 48 B. C. ; and here Robert Guiscard defeated the emperor 
 Alexius in 1081, and took the city in 1082. 
 
 Durban, or D’Urban (der'ban'). A city in 
 Natal, South Africa, situated near Natal Bay 
 in lat. 29° 52' S., long. 31° 2' E. It is the terminus 
 
 of the railway to the interior. Population, 67,842. 
 
 Durbin (dOr'bin), John Price. Born in Bour- 
 bon County, Ky., 1800: died at Philadelphia, 
 
Durbin 
 
 Oct. 18, 1876. An American clergyman of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, president of Dick- 
 inson College 1834-45. He was secretary of the 
 Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
 1850-72. He wrote “Observations in Europe” (1844), 
 “ Observations in Egypt, etc.” (1845). 
 
 Durden (der'den), Dame. A notable housewife 
 in a 'famous English song: hence the nickname 
 given to the careful and conscientious Esther 
 Summerson in Dickens’s “Bleak House.” 
 
 Durdles (der'dlz), Stony. “A stone-mason, 
 chiefly in the gravestone, tomb, and monument 
 way, and wholly of their color from head to 
 foot,” in Charles Dickens’s “Mystery of Edwin 
 Drood.” He is usually drunk, and has wonder- 
 ful adventures in the crypt of the cathedral. 
 
 Diiren (dxi'ren). Atown in the Rhine Province, 
 Prussia, situated on the Roer 23 miles south- 
 west of Cologne : the ancient Marcodurum. 
 It has manufactures of cloth, iron, paper, etc. It was 
 the scene of a victory of Civilis over the Ubii in 69 A. D. ; 
 and was the seat of councils and assemblies in the 8th 
 century. Population, commune, 29,771. 
 
 Durenda. See Durandana. 
 
 Diirer (dii'rer), Albrecht. Born at Nuremberg, 
 Bavaria, May 21, 1471 : died there, April 6, 
 1528. A famous German painter and engraver, 
 the founder of the German school. He was the son 
 of a goldsmith who first instructed him in his trade and then 
 apprenticed him to the painter Michael Wolgemuth for 
 three years and a half, after which (1490) he visited Stras- 
 burg and Basel. In 1494 he married Agnes Frey, and in 
 the autumn of that year went to Italy, where he was much 
 impressed by the works of Mantegna. He probably worked 
 in the studio of Wolgemuth until 1497, when he removed to 
 an atelier of his own. From 1505 to 1507 he lived in Venice. 
 Then followed his most active years in Nuremberg. From 
 1512 he worked for the emperor Maximilian, who made 
 liim his court painter, and whom he attended at Augsburg 
 in 1518 as deputy for his native city to the assembled Diet. 
 In 1521-22 he visited the Netherlands. He attended the 
 coronation of Charles V. at Aix-la-Chapelle, and obtained 
 the appointment of court painter before his return to 
 Nuremberg, where he continued to work until his death. 
 He may be regarded as the inventor of etching. As a de- 
 signer of woodcuts and an engraver he ranks higher than 
 as a painter. His woodcuts number nearly 200, including 
 “ The Apocalypse ” (16 subjects), “The Greater Passion ” 
 (12 subjects), and “The Lesser Passion ” (37 subjects). His 
 copperplates number over 100, including “Melancholia,” 
 “ Death and the Devil,” “ The Little Passion ” (16 subjects), 
 “ St. Jerome in his Study," etc. Among his paintings are 
 “Adoration of the Trinity ” (Vienna), “Adam and Eve” 
 (Florence), “ Four Apostles ” (Nuremberg), etc. He wrote 
 “Von Menschlicher Proportion ” (1528), and works on 
 “ Measurement ” (1525) and “ Fortification ” (1527). Diirer 
 never employed fresco, although he furnished the designs 
 for the mural decorations of the city hall at Nuremberg, 
 the “Calumny of Apelles" and the “Triumph of Maxi- 
 milian.” 
 
 D’Urfe, Honor!. See TJrfe, !>'. 
 
 Durfee (der'fe), Job. Born at Tiverton, R. I., 
 Sept. 20, 1790 : died there, July 26, 1847. An 
 American jurist and philosophical writer, chief 
 justice of Rhode Island Supreme Court 1 835—4-7. 
 He wrote “Panidea” (1846), etc. 
 
 D’Urfey (der'fl), Thomas, called “Tom 
 D’Urfe)’.” Born in Devonshire, England, in 
 1653: died at London, 1723. An English 
 dramatist and humorous poet. His songs were 
 published as “Pills to Purge Melancholy” 
 (1719-20). 
 
 Durga (dor'ga). [Skt.,‘ the inaccessible.’] In 
 Hindu mythology, the wife of Shiva. See Devi. 
 
 Durham (dnr'am). [ME. Durem, Duresme, 
 altered from Dunholm, AS. Dunholm (ML. 
 reflex Dunholmum , Dunelmum, Dunelmia), hill- 
 isle, from dun, hill (down), and holm, island: 
 applied orig. to the rocky peninsula on which 
 the first church was built.] 1. A county in 
 northern England, lying between Northumber- 
 land on the north, the North Sea on the east, and 
 Westmoreland and Cumberland on the west. 
 It is separated from Yorkshire by the Tees on the south. 
 It is mountainous in the west, is rich in minerals, particu- 
 larly coal and lead, and is noted for its breed of cattle. 
 It was a county palatine until 1836. Area (ad. co.), 1,001 
 square miles. Population (pari, co.), 1,187,361. 
 
 2. The capital of the county of Durham, situ- 
 ated on the Wear in lat. 54° 46' N., long. 1° 
 35' W. It contains a castle founded in 1072 by William 
 the Conqueror, and rebuilt by Bishop Hugh of Puiset a 
 hundred years later. The interior possesses many fea- 
 tures of interest, as the beautiful Norman arcade, door, 
 and gallery, the Norman chapel beneath the 14th-century 
 keep, the refectory of the 14th century, and a 17th-cen- 
 tury carved staircase of oak. The castle is now occupied 
 by Durham University. The cathedral of Durham is a 
 monument of great intrinsic importance, which is en- 
 hanced by its imposing position on the brink of a steep 
 hill above the river Wear. The west front is flanked by 
 two massive square towers, and a tower of similar form 
 rises high over the crossing. The present church was 
 founded at the end of the 11th century, and was practi- 
 cally completed by the middle of the 12th. The Lady 
 chapel or Galilee is later, and the curious east transept 
 called the Nine Altars, at the eastern extremity of the 
 choir, is of the early 13th. The cloister is Perpendicular. 
 The Norman interior is exceedingly impressive. The 
 piers of the nave are alternately cylindrical and square, 
 
 346 
 
 with engaged shafts ; the former are covered with zigzag 
 and other line-patterns. The altar-screen and episcopal 
 tin-one are of the 14th century, the stalls of the 17thi 
 The eastern or Nine Altars transept is architecturally 
 beautiful, and is very skilfully joined to the older work. 
 The Galilee chapel, projecting in front of the western 
 facade, has four interior walls resting on round chevron- 
 molded arches which spring from slender clustered col- 
 umns, the whole supporting the roof in a manner rather 
 Saracenic than Northern. The dimensions of the cathe- 
 dral are 510 by 80 feet, length of transepts 170, height of 
 vaulting 70, of central tower 214. The old monastic build- 
 ings are still almost complete, and are of high interest. 
 Durham was, perhaps, a Roman station. It became the 
 seat of the old bishopric of Lindisfarne in 995, and its 
 bishops were, in the middle ages, nearly independent 
 rulers over the palatinate of Durham. Population, 
 14,679. 
 
 3. A city in Durham Comity, North Carolina, 
 north west of Raleigh. It h as important tobacco 
 manufactures. Population, 18,241, (1910). 
 Durham, Earl of. See Lambton. 
 
 Durham Book, The. See the extract. 
 
 The Durham Gospels, too, known as St. Cuthbert’s or 
 the Durham Book, belonging to the close of the seventh 
 century, have Northumbrian Saxon glosses of the age of 
 those of the P.itual upon their Latin text. 
 
 Morley, English Writers, II. 175. 
 
 Durham Letter, The. A letter written in 1850 
 by Lord John Russell (premier) to the Bishop 
 of Durham, denouncing the newly established 
 Roman Catholic hierarchy in England and 
 Wales, and the ritualistic tendencies in the 
 Church of England. 
 
 Durham Station. A place in North Carolina, 
 29 miles northwest of Raleigh. Here, April 26, 
 1S65, the Confederate general J. E. Johnston surrendered 
 with 29,924 men to General W. T. Sherman. 
 
 Durinda, Durindana. See Durandana. 
 Diiringsfeld (dii'rings-feld), Ida von. Born at 
 Militsch, Silesia, Prussia, Nov. 12, 1815: died 
 at Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg, Oct. 25, 1876. A Ger- 
 man poet and novelist. Her works includo 
 “ Skizzenaus der vornehmen Welt” (1842-45), 
 “Antonio Foscarini” (1850), etc. 
 
 Diirkheim (diirk'hlm). A town in the Palat- 
 iuate, Bavaria, 13 miles west of Mannheim. It 
 is frequented for its grape-cure and salt baths. 
 Population, commune, 6,362. 
 
 Durlach (dor'lach). A town in Baden, situ- 
 ated on the Pfinz 3 miles east of Karlsruhe. 
 It was formerly the capital of Baden-Durlach. 
 Population, commune, 12,706. 
 
 Duroc (dii-rok'), Gerard Christophe Michel, 
 Due de Friuli. Born at Pont-a-Mousson, 
 near Nancy, France, Oct. 25, 1772: died near 
 Markersdorf, Saxony, May 22, 1813. A French 
 general and diplomatist. He became in 1796 aide- 
 de-camp to Bonaparte, whom he accompanied to Egypt 
 in 1798. He took a prominent part in the overthrow 
 of the Directory in 1799, and was employed by the first 
 consul in diplomatic missions to Berlin, St. Petersburg, 
 Stockholm, and Copenhagen. He accompanied the em- 
 peror in the campaigns of 1805-06 and 1807, and was mor- 
 tally wounded by his side near Markersdorf. He was the 
 favorite officer of Napoleon. 
 
 Durostorus (du-ros'to-rus), or Durostorum 
 
 (-rum). The Roman name of Silistria. 
 Diirrenstein (diir'ren-stin), or Diirnstein 
 (diirn'stln), or Tirnstein (tirn'stin). A vil- 
 lage in Lower Austria, situated on the Danube 
 41 miles west-northwest of Vienna. Richard i. 
 of England was imprisoned in its castle 1192-93. It was 
 the scene of a battle between the Russians and the French 
 under Mortier in 1805. 
 
 Dur Sharrukin (dor shar-ro-ken'). [Assyr., 
 ‘ fortress of Sargon.’] A city of Assyria, north- 
 east of Nineveh, built by Sargon II. : the mod- 
 ern Khorsabad. 
 
 Duruy (dii-riie'), Jean Victor. Born Sept. 11, 
 1811: died Nov. 25, 1894. A French historian 
 and statesman, minister of public instruction 
 1863-69. In the latter year he became senator. His 
 works include “Histoire ties Romains, etc.” (1843-44), 
 “Histoire de France” (1852), “Histone de la Grece au- 
 cienne” (1862), “Histoire moderne” (1863), “Histoire des 
 Grecs" (1887-89). Several of his works form part of the 
 “Histoire universelle ” published under his direction. 
 
 Durvasas (dor'va-sas). [Skt.,‘ ill-clothed.’] A 
 sage noted for irascibility. Many fell under his 
 curse. In Kalidasa’s drama he curses Shakuntala for 
 keeping him waiting at the door, and so causes the sepa- 
 ration between her and King Dushyanta. 
 
 Durward (der' ward), Quentin. A young 
 archer of the Scottish Guard in Scott’s novel 
 “ Quentin Durward.” After many adventures 
 he marries Isabelle de Croye. 
 
 Duryodhana (dor-yo'dha-na). [Skt., ‘hard to 
 conquer.’] Eldest son of Dhritarashtra, and 
 leader of the Kaurava princes in the great war 
 of the Mahabharata. Upon the death of his brother 
 Panda, Dhritarashtra took his five sons, the Pandava 
 princes, to his own court., and had them educated with his 
 hundred sons. Jealousies sprang up, and Duryodhana 
 took a special dislike to Bhima from his skill in the use of 
 the club. He poisoned Bhima, who was restored to life by 
 the Nagas. He was the occasion of the exile of the Pau- 
 
 Dutertre 
 
 davas. After their return he won in gambling from Yu- 
 dhishthira everything he had, including his own freedom 
 and that of his brothers, and his wife Draupadi. The re- 
 sult of the gambling was a second exile of thirteen years. 
 In the great battle he fell by the hand of Bhima, who had 
 vowed to break his thigh in consequence of the insult to 
 Draupadi. 
 
 Duse (do'sa), Eleanora. Born at Vigevano, 
 1859. An Italian tragedienne. She is the grand- 
 daughter of Luigi Duse who established the Garibaldi 
 Theater at Padua. She began to play, when hardly twelve 
 years old, in wandering companies and minor theaters, 
 until she compelled recognition by her admirable tragic 
 genius in Naples. She played in the United States 1893. 
 Juliet, Francesca da Rimini, CarniUe, Fernande, etc., are 
 her most important parts. 
 
 Dushenka (do'slien-ka). A romantic poem 
 by Bogdanovitch, published in 1775. 
 Dushrattu (dosh-rat'tu), or Tushrattu (tosh- 
 rat'tu). A king of Mitani mentioned in the Tel- 
 el-Amarna tablets. From his diplomatic correspon- 
 dence with the Egyptian king Amenophis III. (of the isth 
 dynasty: about 1500 B. c.), it appears that there existed an 
 old friendship between Egypt and Mitani, and that Amen- 
 ophis had married Dushrattu’s daughter. 
 
 Dushyanta (dosh-yan'ta). [Skt.] A king of 
 the lunar race, and descendant of Puru and 
 husband of Shakuntala, by whom he had a son 
 Bharata. The loves of Dushyanta and Shakuntala, her 
 separation from him, and her restoration through the dis- 
 covery of his lost ring in the belly of a fish, form the plot 
 of Kalidasa's drama “Shakuntala.” 
 
 Dussek (do'shek), Johann Ludwig. Born at 
 Czaslau, Bohemia, Feb. 9, 1761: died at St.- 
 Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, March 20, 1812. 
 A Bohemian pianist and composer. 
 Diisseldorf (diis'sel-dorf). 1. A city in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, situated on the east bank of 
 the Rhine in lat. 51° 13' N., long. 6° 46' E. it 
 is an important commercial and manufacturing town, and 
 is especially noted for its school of art (landscape and re- 
 ligious painting), founded in 1767, and developed under 
 Cornelius and Schadow. Its famous picture-gallery was 
 removed to Munich in 1805. It contains the electoral 
 palace, the Church of St. Lambert, the Church of St. An- 
 drew, the Kunsthalle, and a Realschule. It is the birth- 
 place of Heine and Cornelius. Diisseldorf belonged to 
 the grand duchy of Berg in Napoleonic times. It was an- 
 nexed to Prussia in 1815. Pop., commune, 356,733, (1910). 
 2. A government district in the Rhine Prov- 
 ince, Prussia. Population, 3,118,548. 
 Dustwick (dust'wik), Jonathan. The pseu- 
 donym under which Tobias George Smollett 
 wrote “ The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker” 
 (1794). 
 
 Dutch (duch). 1. The Teutonic or Germanic 
 race ; the German peoples generally : used as 
 plural, (a) The Low Germans, particularly the people 
 of Holland, or the kingdom of the Netherlands; the Dutch- 
 men ; the Hollanders : called specifically the Low Dutch : 
 used as plural. (6) The High Germans ; the inhabitants of 
 Germany ; the Germans : formerly called specifically the 
 High Dutch: used as plural. 
 
 2. The Teutonic or Germanic language, in- 
 cluding all its forms, (a) The language spoken in 
 the Netherlands; the Hollandish language (which differs 
 very slightly from the Flemish, spoken in parts of the 
 adjoining kingdom of Belgium) : called distinctively Low 
 Dutch. ( h ) The language spoken by the Germans ; Ger- 
 man ; High German: formerly and still occasionally called 
 distinctively High Dutch. 
 
 Dutch Courtezan, The. A comedy by Mars- 
 ton, printed in 1605. 
 
 Dutch East India Company. See East India 
 
 Company. 
 
 Dutchman’s Fireside, The. A novel by J. K. 
 
 Paulding, published in 1831. 
 
 Dutch West India Company. A commercial 
 association formed in the Netherlands in 1621. 
 Among other Important grants it received from the gov- 
 ernment the exclusive right of trading with a large part 
 of the coasts of America and Africa, planting colonies, 
 building forts, employing soldiers and fleets, and making 
 treaties, as well as attacking the colonies and commerce 
 of Spain and Portugal. This company took charge of the 
 colonies of the Dutch in Brazil, New Netherlands (finally 
 given up in 1664), the West Indies, Guiana, and the Gold 
 Coast of Africa. Its powerful fleets made numerous de- 
 sceuts on the coasts of Spanish and Portuguese America, 
 captured ships, and obtained an immense amount of 
 booty. Owing to the expense of its wars and the loss of 
 some of the colonies, the company was dissolved in 1674. 
 A new one was formed in 1675, and existed until 1791, 
 but was never very prosperous. 
 
 Dutens (dii-ton'), Louis. Born at Tours, 
 France, Jan. 15, 1730 : died at London, May 23, 
 1812. A French antiquary, numismatist, and 
 miscellaneous writer. He published “Recherches 
 stir l origine des d^couvertes attributes aux modemes” 
 (1766), “Memoires d un voyageur qui se repose” (1806), 
 etc., and edited Leibnitz’s works (1769). 
 
 Dutertre (dii-tar'tr), Jean Baptiste. Born at 
 Calais, 1610: died at Paris, 1687. A French Do- 
 minican missionary and author. He served in the 
 army and navy before joining the Dominicans in 1635; 
 from 1640 to 1657 most of his time was spent in the 
 French Antilles, where he witnessed many events of the 
 Carib wars. Ilis “ Histoire gtntrale des lies Saint Chris- 
 tophe, de la Guadeloupe, etc.” (1654) was enlarged and 
 republished as “Histoire gtntrale des Antilles habittea 
 par les Francjais ” (Paris, 1667-71, 4 vols. 4to). 
 
Dutrochet 
 
 Dutrochet (dii-tro-sha'), Rene Joachim Henri. 
 
 Born at N6on, Poitou, Prance, Nov. 14, 1776: 
 died at Paris, Feb. 4, 1847. A French physi- 
 ologist and physicist. He wrote “ Nouvelles re- 
 eherches sur l’endosmose et l’exosmose” (1828), 
 etc. 
 
 Dutteeah. See Datiya. 
 
 Du uzu. See Tammuz . 
 
 Duval (dil-val'), Claude. Bom at Domfront, 
 Normandy, in 1643 : executed at Tyburn, Jan. 
 21, 1670. A noted highwayman. His adven- 
 tures form the subject of a number of novels 
 and ballads. 
 
 Duval, Jules. Born at Rodez, Aveyron, France, 
 1813 : killed in France, Sept. 20, 1870. A French 
 political economist. He published ‘ ‘ Histoire de 
 l’emigration europeeune, asiatique et africaine 
 au XIX fcme sitiele” (1862), etc. 
 
 Duveneck (du'ven-ek), Frank. Born at Cov- 
 ington, Ky., Oct. 9, 1848. An American figure- 
 painter, a pupil of Dietz and of the Munich 
 schools. National Academician, 1906. 
 Duvergier de Hauranne (dii-ver-zhya' db 6- 
 ran'), Jean. Bom at Bayonne, France, 1581: 
 died at Paris, Oct. 11, 1643. A French Janeen- 
 ist theologian, abbe of St. Cyran. He became 
 director of Port Royal in 1636. 
 
 Duvergier de Hauranne, Prosper. Bom at 
 Rouen, France, Aug. 3, 1798 : died in the Cha- 
 teau Herry, near Samerques, Cher, France, May 
 19, 1881. A French royalist politician and pub- 
 licist. He was imprisoned by Napoleon in 1851, and ban- 
 ished for a brief period. He published “ Histoire du gou- 
 vemement parlementaire en France ” (1857-72), etc. 
 
 Duvemey (dii-ver-na'), Guichard Joseph. 
 
 Born Aug. 5, 1648: died Sept. 10, 1730. A 
 French anatomist. 
 
 Duvernois (dii-ver-nwii'), Clement. Born at 
 Paris, April 6, 1836: died there, July 8, 1879. 
 A French politician and publicist. 
 
 Duvernoy (dii-ver-nwa'), Georges Louis. 
 Bom at Montbeliard, France, Aug. 6, 1777 : 
 died at Paris, March 1, 1855, A French natu- 
 ralist, a collaborator of Cuvier. 
 
 Duveyrier (dfi-va-rya'), Anne Honore Jo- 
 seph : pseudonym Melesville. Born at Paris, 
 Nov. 13, 1787 : died at Paris, Nov., 1865. A 
 French dramatist, a collaborator of Scribe and 
 others. 
 
 Duveyrier, Charles. Born at Paris, April 12, 
 1803: died at Paris, Nov. 10, 1866. A French 
 dramatic author. He was an adherent of Saint- 
 Simonism. 
 
 Duveyrier, Henri. Born at Paris, Feb. 28, 1840 : 
 killed himself at Sevres, April 25, 1892. An Af- 
 rican explorer and geographer. He made a prelim- 
 inary tour to the Sahara, March-April, 1857, and published 
 valuable contributions to Berber ethnology and linguis- 
 tics (1859). In 1858 he undertook, in the service of the 
 French government, his exploration of the Sahara, which 
 lasted until 1861. He did much to extend French influ- 
 ence. In 1874 he made another expedition to the south 
 of Tunis; in 1876 he was sent ou a political mission to 
 Morocco. Most of his works are found in German and 
 French scientific journals. His principal book is ^Ex- 
 ploration du Sahara” (1864). 
 
 Duxbury (duks'bu-ri). A town in Plymouth 
 County, Massachusetts, situated on the coast 
 31 miles southeast of Boston. It is the terminus 
 of the French Atlantic cable, laid from Brest in 
 1869. Population, 1,688, (1910). 
 
 Duyckinck (dl'kingk), Evert Augustus. Bom 
 at New York, Nov. 23, 1816: died there, Aug. 
 13, 1878. An American author. He published, 
 conjointly with his brother, a “ Cyclopaidia of American 
 Literature ” (l856 : supplement 1865). 
 
 Duyckinck, George Long. Born at New York, 
 Oct. 17, 1823: died there, March 30, 1863. An 
 American biographer and critic, brother of 
 E. A. Duyckinck. 
 
 Duyse (doi'ze), Prudens van. Bom at Den- 
 dermonde, Belgium, Sept. 17, 1804: died at 
 Ghent, Belgium, Nov. 13, 1859. A Flemish poet 
 and essayist, curator of the archives at Ghent : 
 poems collected in “ Vaderlandsche Poezy” 
 (1840), “Het Klaverblad” (1848), etc. 
 
 Dvorak (dvor'zhak), Anton. Born at Miihl- 
 hausen, Bohemia, Sept. 8, 1841: died at Prague, 
 May 1, 1904. A Bohemian composer, in 1873 
 his hymn “ Die F.rben des Weissen Berges," for chorus and 
 orchestra, brought him before the public. He soon re- 
 ceived astate stipend. He conducted his “Stabat Mater” 
 in London in March, 1884, and in the autumn of the same 
 year at the Worcester musical festival. He was director 
 of the National Conservatory of Music in New York 
 1892-95, and of the Conservatorium at Prague 1901- 
 1904. Among his works are the operas “Der Konig 
 und der Kohler" (produced in 1874), “Die 
 
 347 
 
 DickschadeT’ (1882), “Wanda” (1876), “Der Bauer ein 
 Schelm " (1877), “Dimitrije ” (1882). These were all pro- 
 duced at Prague. He also wrote a series oi pianoforte 
 duets “ Slavische Tanze ’’ (1878), a collection of vocal duets 
 “Klange aus Mahren,” “ Ziegeuuerlieder,” etc., “The 
 Spectre’s Bride," a cantata (1885) , “St. Ludmila,” an orato- 
 rio (1886), “Requiem Mass” (1891), a symphony entitled 
 “From the New World ” (produced at New York 1893), a 
 number of symphonies (No. 3 is the best-known), concer- 
 tos, string quartets, songs, impromptus, intermezzos, cham- 
 ber music, etc. He introduced two original Bohemian 
 forms, the “Dumka" (elegy)andthe “Furiant”(ascherzo), 
 in his symphonies and chamber music. 
 
 Dwanilsb (dwa/misli). A name properly be- 
 longing to a small tribe of North American In- 
 dians near Seattle, Washington, and improperly 
 given collectively to a number of distinct 
 bands in the neighborhood. See Salishan. 
 
 Dwaraka (dwa'ra-ka), or Dwarka (dwar'ka), 
 or Jigat (je-gat/). A town in Baroda state, 
 India, in lat. 22° 22' N., long. 69' 5' E., cele- 
 brated as the residence of Krishna, and a 
 sacred Hindu city. 
 
 Dweller of the Threshold, The. In BulwePs 
 “Zanoni,” a powerful and malignant being, 
 
 Whose form of giant mould 
 No mortal eye can fixed behold. 
 
 Dwight (dwlt), Harrison Gray Otis. Bom at 
 
 Conway, Mass., Nov. 22, 1803 : killed in a rail- 
 road accident in Vermont, Jan. 25, 1862. An 
 American Congregational clergyman, mission- 
 ary to the Armenians. 
 
 Dwight, John Sullivan. Born at Boston, 
 Mass., May 13, 1813 : died at Boston, Sept., 
 1893. An American musical critic, editor of 
 “Dwight’s Journal of Music” (published in 
 Boston) 1852-81. 
 
 Dwight, Sereno Edwards. Born at Greenfield 
 Hill, Conn., May 18, 1786 ; died at Philadelphia, 
 Nov. 30, 1850. An American Congregational 
 clergyman and author, sou of Timothy Dwight : 
 president of Hamilton College 1833-35. He 
 wrote “The Hebrew Wife* (1836), “Life of Edwards” 
 (1830), and edited Edwards's works (1820). 
 
 Dwight, Theodore. Born at Northampton, 
 Mass., Dec. 15, 1764: died at New York, June 
 12, 1846. An American journalist and poli- 
 tician, brother of Timothy Dwight. He served 
 as Federalist representative from Connecticut in the 9th 
 congress, Dec. 1, 1806, -March 3, 1807; was secretary of the 
 Hartford Convention in 1814 ; and founded about 1817 the 
 “New York Daily Advertiser," with which he was con- 
 nected until 1835. 
 
 Dwight, Theodore. Born at Hartford, Conn., 
 March 3, 1796: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., Oct. 
 16, 1866. An American author, son of Theo- 
 dore Dwight. He wrote a “History of Con- 
 necticut” (1841), etc. 
 
 Dwight, Theodore William. Born at Cats- 
 kill, N.Y., July 18, 1822 : died at Clinton, N. Y., 
 June 29, 1892. An American jurist. He was 
 graduated at Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, in 
 1840, and was professor of municipal law in Columbia Col- 
 lege 1858-91, when be became professor emeritus. He 
 published “ Argument in the Court of Appeals in the Hose 
 Will Case” (1863), and “Cases extracted from the Report 
 of the Commissioners of Charities in England, and the 
 Disposition of Property for Charitable and Public Uses ” 
 (1864). 
 
 Dwight, Timothy. Born at Northampton, 
 Mass., May 14, 1752: died at New Haven, 
 Conn., Jan. 11, 1817. An American Congrega- 
 tional divine, educator, and author, a grand- 
 son of Jonathan Edwards: president of Yale 
 College 1795-1817. He wrote “Theology Explained 
 and Defended ” (1818-19), “ Travels in New England and 
 New York” (1821-22), etc., and the poems “Conquest of 
 Canaan ’’ (1785) and “ Greenfield Hill " (1794). 
 
 Dwight, Timothy. Born at Norwich, Conn., 
 Nov. 16, 1828. An American scholar, grandson 
 of Timothy Dwight (1752-1817). He was graduated 
 at Yale College in 1849 ; studied divinity at Yale 1851-55, 
 and at Bonn and Berlin 1856-58 ; became professor of sacred 
 literature and New Testament Greek in the divinity school 
 at Yale in 1858 ; was appointed president of Yale College 
 in 1886 (resigned 1899) ; and was a member of the New 
 Testament Revision Company. He lias published “ The 
 True Ideal of an American University ’* (1872), etc. 
 
 Dwina (dwe'na), or Dvina (dve-na') : called 
 also the Northern Dwina. A river of north- 
 ern Russia, formed by the union of the Su- 
 khona and Witchegda in the government of Vo- 
 logda, flowing into the Dwina Bay of the White 
 Sea 25 miles below Archangel . Length, includ- 
 ing the Witchegda, about 1,000 miles. 
 
 Dwina, Western or Southern. See Dtina. 
 
 Dyak (di'ak). [PI., also Dyalts. ] A native 
 race of Borneo, usually believed to he its abo- 
 rigines. Their own name is Olo-Ngaju. They are small 
 in stature ; are brown-haired and gray-eyed ; live in huts 
 
 Dzungaria 
 
 built on piles ; and are especially noted tor their custom 
 of head-hunting. 
 
 Dyamond, or Diamond. See Diamond. 
 
 Dyce (dis), Alexander. Bom at, Edinburgh, 
 June 30, 1798 : died at London, May 15, 1869. 
 A British literary critic and Shaksperian 
 scholar. He took the degree of A. B. at Oxford in 1819, 
 entered the ministry about 1822, abandoned the clerical 
 profession in 1825, and devoted himself to literature. He 
 edited a number of English classics, including Peele(1828- 
 1839), Beaumont and FI etcher (1843-46), and Webster (1830), 
 but is chiefly known for his edition of Shakspere (1857). 
 Dyce, William. Born at Aberdeen, Scotland, 
 Sept. 19, 1806: died at Streatham, England, 
 Feb. 14, 1864. A British historical painter, 
 founder of the Preraphaelite movement in the 
 English school of painting. He graduated with 
 the degree of A.M. at the University of Aberdeen in 
 1822 ; exhibited his first picture, “ Bacchus nursed by the 
 Nymphs of Nyssa,” at the Royal Academy, London, in 
 1827 ; painted a “Madonna and Child ” in the Preraphael- 
 ite style of painting in 1828 : lived as a portrait-painter at 
 Edinburgh 1830-37 ; was head-master of the School of De- 
 sign at Somerset House, London, 1840-43 ; was appointed 
 professor of fine arts in King’s College, London, in 1844 ; 
 and painted the cartoon “ Baptism of Ethelbert ” for the 
 House of Lords in 1846. He published “Theory of the 
 Fine Arts" (1844), “The National Gallery, its Formation 
 and Management ” (1853), etc. 
 
 Dyer (di'er), Sir Edward. Died in 1607. An 
 English poet and courtier. He was employed in 
 several embassies by Queen Elizabeth, by whom he was 
 knighted in 1596. He was the friend of Raleigh and Sidney, 
 and wrote a number of pastoral odes and madrigals. He is 
 known chiefly as the author of a poem descriptive of con- 
 tentment, beginning “My mind to me a kingdom is” (set 
 to music in William Byrd’s “Psalmes, Sonets, and Songs,” 
 1588). 
 
 Dyer, George. Born at London, March 15, 1755 : 
 died at London, March 2, 1841. An English 
 scholar. He graduated at Cambridge University in 1778, 
 and subsequently became pastor of a dissenting congrega- 
 tion at Cambridge. Having abandoned the clerical pro- 
 fession, he settled in 1792 at London, where be devoted 
 himself to literature. His chief works are “History of the 
 University and Colleges of Cambridge ”(1814) and “Privi- 
 leges of the University of Cambridge ” (1824). 
 
 Dyer, John. Born at Aberglasney, Carmar- 
 thenshire, Wales, 1700 : died July 24, 1758. Au 
 English poet. He became vicar of Calthorp, Leices- 
 tershire, in 1741, and subsequently held several livings in 
 Lincolnshire. He published “ Grongar Hill” (1727), “Ru- 
 ins of Rome ’* (1740), “ The Fleece ” (1757). 
 
 Dyer, or Dyar, Mrs. Mary. Died at Boston, 
 Mass., June 1, 1660. A Quaker fanatic. She was 
 twice banished from the Massachusetts colony on pain of 
 death, and, as she persisted in returning, was hanged on 
 Boston Common. 
 
 Dyer, Thomas Henry. Born at London, May 
 4, 1804: died at Bath, Jan. 30, 1888. An Eng- 
 lish historian. He was for some time employed as a 
 clerk in the West India House, aud eventually devoted 
 himself wholly to literature. He wrote “History of Mod- 
 em Europe ” (1861-64), “A History of the City of Rome ” 
 (1865), etc. 
 
 Dyfed (duv'ed). The old British name of the 
 country of the Dimette, a region in the south- 
 west of Wales. 
 
 Dying Alexander. A head, held to be a Greek 
 original of Hellenistic date, very remarkable 
 for the intensity of its expression of pain, and 
 of admirable execution. 
 
 Dying Gaul, The, formerly called The Dying 
 Gladiator. A celebrated antique statue of 
 the Pergamene school, in the Capitoline Mu- 
 seum, Rome. The warrior, nude, sits on the ground 
 with bowed head, supporting himself with his right arm. 
 The statue is especially fine in the mastery of anatomy 
 displayed, and in its characterization of the racial type. 
 
 Dymond (dl'mond), Jonathan. Bom at Exe- 
 ter, England, Dee. 19, 1796 : died May 6, 1828. 
 An English author. He followed the occupation of a 
 linen-draper at Essex, where in 1825 he founded an auxil- 
 iary society of the Peace Society. His chief work is 1 ‘ Essays 
 on the Principles of Morality” (1829). 
 
 Dyveke (du've-ke), or Duveke, L. Columbula 
 (kol-um'bu-la). [‘ Little Dove.’] Born at Am- 
 sterdam, 1491 : died, probably by poison, 1517. 
 The mistress of Christian II. of Denmark. Chris- 
 tian met her in 1607 at Bergen, where her mother kept a 
 small inn. She accompanied him to Oslo as his mistress, 
 a relation which she maintained even after his elevation 
 to the throne in 1513, and his marriage to Isabella, sister 
 of the emperor Charles V., in 1515. She has been made the 
 subject of a tragedy by Samsoe (18th century), and of va- 
 rious novels and poems L 
 
 Dyrrhachium (di-ra'ki-um). The Roman name 
 of Durazzo. 
 
 Dysart (di'zart). A seaport in Fifeshire, Scot- 
 land, situated on the Firth of Forth 12 miles 
 north-northeast of Edinburgh. Population, 
 3,539, 
 
 Dyur (dyor). See ShilluJc. 
 
 Dzungaria. See Sungaria. 
 
a (a/a). One of the supreme 
 gods of the Assyro-Babylo- 
 uians, enumerated in the first 
 triad of the 12 great gods. 
 He is the god of the ocean and the 
 subterranean springs. As god of 
 the people he is also “lord of pro- 
 found wisdom ” and counsel, and 
 patron of sciences and arts. His 
 wife was Damkina(‘ lady of the earth’), and both are iden- 
 tified with Oaos and Dauke of Damascius. Their son was 
 Merodach (Marduk). The city of Eridu (modern Abu Shah- 
 rein) was especially sacred to him. In spite of his promi- 
 nent place in the pantheon, Ea seems not to have held an 
 important position in the cult of the Assyro-Babylonians. 
 Ea-bani (a-a-ba'ne). One of the heroes in the 
 so-called Izdubar legends, or the Babylonian 
 Nimrod epic. He is depicted as a bull-man living in 
 the desert. Enticed by sensual pleasure, he comes to Erech 
 (modern Warka), and with his assistance Izdubar (or, as 
 his name is now read, Gilgamesh) slays Khumbaba, the 
 Elamite usurper of the thr one of Erech. But Ishtar, in 
 her wrath against Izdubar for refusing her love, causes 
 him to be stricken with a dire disease and his friend Ea- 
 bani to die. Izdubar betakes himself to his ancestor Pir- 
 napishtim, who “at the mouth of the rivers lives with the 
 gods," by whom he is cured of his leprosy and also en- 
 dowed with the gift of immortality, and on his return to 
 Erech implores the gods for the restoration of Ea-bani to 
 life. His prayer is answered : Ea-bani returns from the 
 nether world, and relates his experiences there. 
 
 Eachard (ech'ard), John. Born in Suffolk, 
 1636 (?): died at Cambridge, July 7, 1697. An 
 English divine and satirical writer. He was chosen 
 master of Catharine Hall, Cambridge University, in 1676, 
 and vice-chancellor of the university in 1679 and 1696. 
 He wrote “ The Grounds and Occasions of the Contempt 
 of the Clergy and Religion ” (1670 : anonymous), etc. 
 
 Eadbald. See JEthelbald. 
 
 Eadbert (ed'bert), or Eadberbt (e-ad'bercht), 
 Saint. Bishop of Lindisf arne 688 : the successor 
 of Saint Cuthbert. 
 
 Eadburga (ed'ber-ga), or Eadburgh (e-ad'- 
 borch). Lived about 800. Daughter of Offa, king 
 of Mercia, and wife of Brihtric (Beorhtric), king 
 of the West Saxons. She attempted to poison a favorite 
 of Brihtric, but the cup was accidentally drained by her hus- 
 band. She fled to Charlemagne, who appointed herabbess 
 of a nunnery, a post from which she was later dismissed for 
 immorality. She died a beggar in the streets of Pavia. 
 
 Eadfrid(ed'frid),orEadfrith(e-ad'frith). Died 
 721. Bishop of Lindisfarne 698-721. 
 
 Eadie (e'di), John. Born at Alva, Stirling- 
 shire, Scotland, May 9, 1810 : died at Glasgow, 
 June 3, 1876. A Scottish theologian and bibli- 
 cal critic, appointed professor of biblical liter- 
 ature in the United Secession Divinity Hall 1843. 
 
 He wrote commentaries on Ephesians, Colossians, Philip- 
 pians, and Galatians (1854-09), “ Bible Cyclopaedia ” (1848), 
 “ The English Bible : an external and critical History of va- 
 rious English Translations of Scripture, etc. ”(1876), etc. 
 
 Eadmer, orEdmer (ed'mer). Died 1124 (?). An 
 English historian, a monk of Canterbury and a 
 companion and intimate friend of Anselm. He 
 was the author of the “ Historia Novorum,” and of lives of 
 Anselm, Dunstan, and others. 
 
 Eads (edz), James Buchanan. Born at Law- 
 renceburg, Ind., May 23, 1820: died at Nassau, 
 New Providence, Bahama Islands, March 8,1887. 
 An American engineer. He designed and construct- 
 ed a number of United States ironclads and mortar-boats 
 for use on the Mississippi River during the Civil War ; con- 
 structed the steel arch bridge across the Mississippi at St. 
 Louis 1867-74 ; and was subsequently employed by Con- 
 gress in deepening and rendering permanent the channel 
 of the Mississippi by means of jetties, according to a plan 
 proposed by himself. 
 
 Eadward. See Edward. 
 
 Eadwine. See Edwin. 
 
 Eaglehawk (e'gl-hak). A mining town in Vic- 
 toria, Australia, about 100 miles northwest of 
 Melbourne. 
 
 Eagle of Brittany, The. A surname of Ber- 
 trand Du Guesclin. 
 
 Eagle of Divines, The. A surname of Thomas 
 Aquinas. 
 
 Eagle of Meaux, The. A surname of Bossuet. 
 
 Eagle Pass (e'gl pas). A place in Maverick 
 County, southwestern Texas, on the Rio Grande 
 about 140 miles southwest of San Antonio. 
 Here the Mexican International Railroad meets 
 the Southern Pacific. 
 
 Eagle’s Nest. A celebrated rock, about 1,200 
 feet in height, among the Killarney lakes in the 
 county of Kerry, Ireland. Wheeler, Familiar 
 Allusions, p. 155. 
 
 Ealing (e'ling). A town in Middlesex, England, 
 9 miles west of St. Paul’s, London. It is the 
 birthplace of Huxley. Population, 33,031. 
 Ealred of Rievaux. See Ethelred. 
 
 Eames(amz), Emma. Bornat Shanghai, China, 
 Aug. 13, 1867. An American soprano singer. 
 She made her first appearance as Juliet in Gounod's opera 
 “Romeo and Juliet,” at the Grand Opera House, Paris, in 
 1889 ; and mar ried Mr. Julian Story, Aug. 1, 1891. 
 
 Eamuses. See Yamasi. 
 
 Eanfled (en'fled), or Eanflsed (e-an'flad). Born 
 April 17, 626. Daughter of Eadwine, king of 
 Northumbria, and wife of Oswiu, king of North- 
 umbria. She was baptized in infancy by Bishop 
 Paulinus, and was the first Northumbrian to re- 
 ceive the rite. 
 
 Eardwulf (e-ard'wulf), or Eardulf (er'dulf). 
 Died 810. King of Northumbria 796-810. He 
 was driven from the throne in 808, but was re- 
 stored in 809. 
 
 Earine (e-ar'i-ne). In Ben Jonson’s “ The Sad 
 Shepherd," a beautiful shepherdess, beloved by 
 HSglamour. 
 
 Earle (erl), John. Born at York, England, 
 about 1601 : died at Oxford, England, Nov. 17, 
 1665. An English divine, appointed bishop of 
 Worcester in 1662, and translated to the see of 
 Salisbury in 1663. He wrote various poems f “ On the 
 Death of Beaumont, 1616," ‘ Hortus Mertonensis, written 
 while a fellow of Merton College, etc.) and “Microcos- 
 mographie, or a Peece of the World Discovered in Essayes 
 and Characters ” (1628 : anonymous), a humorous work 
 which enjoyed great popularity. 
 
 Earle, John. Born at Churchstow, South Devon, 
 Jan. 29, 1824: died at Oxford, Jan. 31, 1903. An 
 English scholar. He graduated at Oxford in 1845 ; be- 
 came a fellow of Oriel in 1848; was appointed professor of 
 Anglo-Saxon in 1849 for 5 years ; and was college tutor in 
 1852. He was presented to the rectory of Swanswick, near 
 Bath, in 1857, and was prebend of Wanstow in Wells Ca- 
 thedral in 1871 and rural dean of Bath 1873-77. He was 
 reelected professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford in 1876, the 
 professorship having been made permanent. Among his 
 works are “ Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel ” (1865), 
 “ The Philology of the English Tongue " (1866), “ Book for 
 the Beginner in Anglo-Saxon’’ (1866), “English Plant 
 Names, etc." (1880), “ Anglo-Saxon Literature ” (1884), 
 “A Hand Book to the Land Charters, etc.” (1888), “ Eng- 
 lish Prose, etc.’’ (1890), etc. 
 
 Earle, Pliny. Born at Leicester, Mass., Dec. 
 17, 1762: died at Leicester, Nov. 19, 1832. An 
 American inventor. His chief invention was 
 a machine for making cards for cotton- and 
 wool-carding. 
 
 Earle, Pliny. Born at Leicester, Mass., Dec. 
 31, 1809: died at Northampton, Mass., May 18, 
 1892. An American physician and writer on 
 the treatment of the insane, son of Pliny Earle 
 (1762—1 832). He was appointed professorof psychology 
 in Berkshire Medical Institution at Pittsfield, Mass., in 
 1852, and was superintendent of the Massachusetts State 
 Hospital for the Insane 1864-85, when he retired. Author 
 of “A Visit to Thirteen Asylums for the Insane in Europe’’ 
 (1839) and “The Curability of Insanity” (1887). 
 
 Earle, Thomas. Born at Leicester, Mass., April 
 21, 1796 : died at Philadelphia, July 14, 1849. An 
 American lawyer and writer, son of Pliny Earle. 
 He practised his’ profession at Philadelphia many years ; 
 was an influential member of the State constitutional 
 convention in 1837 ; and was the vice-presidential candi- 
 date of the Liberty party in 1840. 
 
 Earlom (erTom), Richard. Born at London, 
 1743 : died there, Oct. 9, 1822. An English mez- 
 zotint engraver. 
 
 Early (er'li), Jubal Anderson. Born in Frank- 
 lin County, Va., Nov. 3, 1816: died at Lynch- 
 burg, Va., March 2, 1894. An American general. 
 He graduated at West Point in 1837, and served as a lieu- 
 tenant in the Florida war 1837-38, when he resigned his 
 commission and became a lawyer in Virginia. In the war 
 with Mexico he served as a major of volunteers 1847-48. 
 He was appointed to a colonelcy in the Confederate ser- 
 vice at the beginning of the Civil War, and commanded a 
 division of Lee’s army at Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863. Hav- 
 ing been ordered to the valley of tire Shenandoah in 1864, 
 he invaded Maryland, defeated General Lewis Wallace at 
 348 
 
 Monocacy Junction July 9, and threatened Washington 
 J uly 11. Toward the end of July he sent a body of cavalry 
 on a raid into Pennsylvania, which destroyed Chambers- 
 hurg. He was defeated by Sheridan at W incliester Sept. 19, 
 and at Fisher’s Hill Sept. 22. He -surprised the Union 
 forces at Cedar Creek Oct. 19 in the absence of General 
 Sheridan, who returned in time to rally his troops and gain 
 a decisive victory. He was relieved from the command in 
 the valley of the Shenandoah in 1865. Author of “A Me- 
 moir of the Last Year of the War for Independence in the 
 Confederate States ” (1867). 
 
 Earn (6rn). A tributary of the Tay in Scot- 
 land, the outlet of Loch Earn. 
 
 Earn, Loch. A lake in western Perthshire, 
 Scotland, northeast of Loch Katrine. Length, 
 6^ miles. 
 
 Earth (erth). [Usually, hut without much 
 probability, referred to *ar, plow.] The 
 terraqueous globe which we inhabit. It is one of 
 the planets of the solar system, being the third in order 
 from the sun. The figure of the earth is approximately 
 that of an ellipsoid of revolution or oblate spheroid, the 
 axes of which measure 12,756,506 meters and 12,713,042 
 meters, or 7,926 statute miles and 1,041 yards and 7,899 
 statute miles and 1,023 yards, respectively, thus making 
 the compression 1 : 293 : but these dimensions have a prob- 
 able error of at least 200 yards, and a much greater possible 
 error. The purely astronomical methods, as distinguished 
 from geodetic, indicate a slightly smaller compression of 
 about jJj. The radius of the earth, considered as a 
 sphere, is 3,958 miles. The mean density of the whole 
 earth is 5.5, or about twice that of the crust, and its interior 
 is perhaps metallic. The earth rotates upou its axis in 
 one sidereal day, which is 3 minutes and 65.91 seconds 
 shorter than a mean solar day. Its axis remains nearly 
 parallel to itself, but has a large but slow gyration which 
 produces the precession of the equinoxes. The whole 
 earth revolves about the sun in an ellipse in one sidereal 
 year, which is 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, and 9 seconds. 
 The ecliptic, or plane of the earth's orbit, is inclined to the 
 equator by 23° 27’ 12" .68 mean obliquity for Jan. 0, 1890, 
 according to Hausen. The earth is distant from the sun 
 about 93,000,000 miles. 
 
 Earthly Paradise, The. A collection of nar- 
 rative poems by William Morris, 1868-71. 
 
 Easdale, or Eisdale (ez'dal). An island in the 
 Firth of Lorn, west of Argyllshire, Scotland. 
 
 East (est), The. 1. In the Bible, the countries 
 southeast, east, and northeast of Palestine, as 
 Moab, Ammon, Arabia Deserta, Assyria, etc. — 
 2. The countries comprised in the Eastern or 
 Byzantine empire. — 31 In church history, the 
 church in the Eastern Empire and countries 
 adjacent, especially those on the east, as “ the 
 West” is the church in the Western Empire. — 
 
 4. One of the four great prefectures into which 
 the Roman Empire was divided in its later 
 history. It comprised the dioceses of Asia, Pontus, 
 the East, and Egypt, and the diocese of Thrace (from the 
 Agean to the Danube). 
 
 5. A diocese in the prefecture of the East, in 
 the later Roman Empire. It was somewhat 
 more comprehensive than Syria. — 6. In mod- 
 ern use, Asia ; the Orient (which see). 
 
 East Africa, British. A British protectorate 
 in Africa, fronting on the Indian Ocean from 
 the equator to about lat. 5° S. On the northeast 
 and north it is bounded by the Italian protectorate of 
 Somaliland and Abyssinia; on the southwest and south, 
 by German East Africa and Lake Victoria Nyanza, with 
 boundaries settled by agreements of 1886 and 1890. West- 
 ward it extends to the Uganda Protectorate, and north- 
 westward to the Anglo- Egyptian Sudan. After the sur- 
 render of the charter of the East Africa Company to the 
 British government iu 1895, the territory was divided for 
 administrative purposes into the East Africa Protecto- 
 rate, the Uganda Protectorate, and the Protectorate of 
 Zanzibar. (See Zanzibar.) The capital is Nairobi, and 
 the chief port Mombasa. Area of Ibea (the part formerly 
 under the Imperial British East Africa Company) and the 
 vague “Hinterland,” over 1,000,000 square miles; present 
 area, about 240,000 square miles. 
 
 East Africa, German. A German dependency 
 in Africa, acquired in 1885-90, and administered 
 by an imperial governor. On the north it borders 
 on British East Africa. (See above.) It fronts on the In- 
 dian Ocean. Southward it is bordered by Portuguese 
 East Africa (line settled by agreements of 1886 and 1890), 
 and by Rhodesia (settled by treaty with Great Britain 
 1890). Westward it borders on the Belgian Kongo. The 
 possessions of the sultan of Zanzibar on the coast were 
 purchased by the Germans in 1890. Area, about 384,180 
 square miles Population, about 10,000,000. 
 
 East Africa, Portuguese. A Portuguese de- 
 pendency in East Africa, formed in 1891 out 
 
East Africa, Portuguese 
 
 of the colony of Mozambique under the name 
 of Estado d’ Africa Oriental. It is administered by 
 a commissioner. It is bounded north by German East 
 Africa, south and west by the British possessions and 
 spheres of influence (delimited in 1891), and by the Trans- 
 vaal. It fronts on the Indian Ocean. Portuguese set- 
 tlements on the eastern coast of Africa began early in 
 the 18th century. When the partition of the country 
 began, Portugal came into collision with Great Britain, 
 but the rival claims were adjusted in 1891. The capi- 
 tal of the province is Lorenzo Marques. Area, 293,400 
 square miles. Population, about 3,120,000. 
 
 East Africa Company, British. See British 
 East Africa Company, Imperial. 
 
 East Africa Company, German. A German 
 company founded in 1885 for the exploitation 
 of the German Sphere of Influence. 
 
 East Anglia (est ang'gli-a). An ancient Eng- 
 lish kingdom, corresponding to the modern Nor- 
 folk and Suffolk. Redwald was its first historical king 
 (about 593-617) ; its last under-king was Edmund (killed 
 870). It formed later a part of the Danelagh, and was one 
 of the four earldoms of Canute. 
 
 East Anglian. A general term for the dialects 
 of England spoken in the eastern districts (those 
 northeast of London). 
 
 Eastbourne (est'bern). A watering-place in 
 Sussex, England, situated on the English Chan- 
 nel 19 miles east of Brighton. It is strongly 
 fortified. Population, 52,544, (1911). 
 
 East Cape (est kap). 1. A capo at the eastern 
 extremity of Madagascar. — 2. A cape at the 
 eastern extremity of the North Island of New 
 Zealand. — 3. [Russ. Vostokhni. J A cape in 
 Siberia, the easternmost headland in Asia, 
 projecting into Bering Strait in lat. 66° N., 
 long. 169° 44' W. 
 
 Eastcheap (est'chep). [ME. Estchepe, Eastern 
 Market. See Cheap side.] Originally, the east- 
 ern market-place of the city of London, located 
 at the junction of Watling street and Ermine 
 street. It was quite large, including tho site of modem 
 Billingsgate and Leadenhall markets. Eastcheap is now 
 a small street running east and west near the northern 
 end of London Bridge. 
 
 East Cowes (est kouz). A small town in the 
 Isle of Wight, England, opposite West Cowes. 
 Near it is the royal residence of Osborne. 
 
 East End (est end). That part of London 
 which lies east of the Bank, including a large 
 and thickly settled region noted for its poverty. 
 Easter Island (es'ter i'land). An island in 
 the eastern Pacific, west of Chile, in lat. 27° 
 30' S., long. 109° 30' W. It is noted for its 
 gigantic prehistoric statues. 
 
 Eastern Archipelago. See Malay Archipelago. 
 Eastern Empire (es'tern em'plr), or Byzan- 
 tine Empire (biz'an-tin or bi-zan'tin em'pir), 
 or Greek Empire (grek em'pir) : also called 
 the Lower Empire. The eastern division of 
 the Roman Empire, and, after 476, the Roman 
 Empire itself, with its capital at Constantino- 
 ple, and with greatly varying boundaries, it in- 
 cluded at its greatest extent southeastern Europe, western 
 Asia, northern Africa, part of Italy, and various islands. 
 After 800 its rival in the West was the Empire of the 
 West, and the Roman Empire of the German nation. 
 The leading facts in its history are : foundation of Con- 
 stantinople 330 A. D. ; final separation of the Eastern and 
 Western empires on the death of Theodosius, 395 ; reign 
 of Justinian, 527-565; reign of Heraclius (restoration of 
 the Roman power, duel with Persia, beginning of the 
 Saracen conquests), 610-641 ; reign of Leo the Isauriau, 
 717-741 ; the Macedonian dynasty (Basil I., Constantine 
 VII., Nicephorus II., John I., Basil II., etc.), 867-1057; 
 dynasty of Comnenus (Alexius I., Crusades, Manuel I., 
 etc.) { 1081-1185 ; Isaac II. (Angelus), 1185-95; fall of the 
 empire under Alexius III., conquest of Constantinople, 
 and division of the empire by the Venetians and Crusa- 
 ders, 1203-04 ; Latin empire at Constantinople, 1206-61 ; 
 the Greek empire continued at Niciea, 1204-61 ; the Greek 
 empire at Constantinople reestablished under the dy- 
 nasty of Palaeologus, 1261 ; overthrow of the empire un- 
 der Constantine XI., and capture of Constantinople by 
 the Turks under Mahomet n., 1453. 
 
 Eastern Question, The. The collective namo 
 given to the several problems or complications 
 in the international politics of Europe growing 
 out of the presence of the Turkish power in 
 the southeast. 
 
 Eastern Rumelia (es'tern ro-me'lia). The 
 southern portion of Bulgaria, it lies south of the 
 Balkans, and south and east of Bulgaria proper. It was 
 formed by the treaty of Berlin (1878) out of Turkish ter- 
 ritory, and made an autonomous province with a Turk- 
 ish-appointed governor-general. By the revolution of 
 Sept. 17, 1885, the government was overthrown, and union 
 with Bulgaria proclaimed. The new arrangement was 
 recogrized by Turkey in 1886. The chief city is Philip, 
 popolis. Area, 13,700 square miles. Population, about 
 1,175,000. Also known as Southern Bulgaria. 
 
 Eastern states. A popular designation of the 
 six New England States : Maine, New Hamp- 
 shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
 and Connecticut. 
 
 Eastern Turkestan. Same as East Turkestan. 
 
 349 
 
 Eastern War. See Crimean War. 
 
 East Flanders. See Flanders, East. 
 
 East Friesland (est frez'land). A region in 
 the western part of the province of Hannover, 
 Prussia: formerly a principality. It included ori- 
 ginally the Dutch province of Groningen, and northern 
 Oldenburg. It passed to Prussia in 1744, to Holland in 
 1807, to Hannover in 1815, and to Prussia in 1866. 
 
 East Goths. See Ostrogoths. 
 
 Easthampton (est-hamp'ton). A manufactur- 
 ing town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, 
 12 miles north-northwest of Springfield. It is 
 the seat of Williston Seminary. Population, 
 8,524 (1910). 
 
 East Hartlepool (est har'tl-pol). A seaport in 
 Durham, England, 16 miles east-southeast of 
 Durham. Population, 22,723. 
 
 East India Company. The name of various 
 mercantile associations formed in different 
 countries in the 17th and 18th centuries for the 
 purpose of conducting under the auspices of the 
 government a monopoly of the trade of their re- 
 spective countries with the East Indies, (a) The 
 Danish East India Company was organized in 1618 ; was 
 dissolved in 1634 ; was reorganized in 1670 ; and w as finally 
 dissolved in 1729, when its possessions, the chief of which 
 was Tranquebar on the Coromandel coast, were ceded to 
 the government, (b) The Dutch East India Company was 
 formed by the union of several smaller trading compa- 
 nies March 20, 1602. It received from the state a monopoly 
 of the trade on the further side of the Strait of Magellan 
 and of the Cape of Good Hope, including the right to 
 make treaties and alliances in the name of the States- 
 General, to establish factories and forts, and to employ sol- 
 diers. It founded Batavia in Java on the site of a native 
 city in 1619, and in the middle of the 17th century held 
 the principal seats of commerce throughout the Indian 
 archipelago, including Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, and Bor- 
 neo, and had flourishing colonies in South Africa. It was 
 dissolved and its territories transferred to the state Sept. 
 12, 1795. (c) The English East India Company, com- 
 
 posed originally of London merchants, was incorporated 
 by Queen Elizabeth Dec. 31, 1600, under the title of “The 
 Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading 
 with the East Indies.’’ It obtained from the court of 
 Delhi in 1612 the privilege of establishing a factory at 
 Surat, which continued to be the chief British station in 
 India until the organization of Bombay. In 1645 it re- 
 ceived permission of the natives to erect Fort St. George 
 at Madras. In 1661 it was invested by Charles II. with 
 authority to make peace and war with infidel powers, 
 erect forts, acquire territory, and exercise civil and crimi- 
 nal jurisdiction in its settlements. In 1668 it obtained a 
 grant of the island of Bombay, which formed part of the 
 dower of Catharine of PortugaL In 1675 it established a 
 factory on the Hugli in Bengal, which led to the founda- 
 tion of Calcutta. In 1749 it inaugurated, by the expul- 
 sion of the Rajah of Tanjore, a series of territorial con- 
 quests which resulted in the acquisition and organization 
 of British India. A government board of control was 
 established by Parliament in 1784, and in 1858 the com- 
 pany relinquished altogether its functions of government 
 to the crown. ( d ) The French East India Company was 
 founded by Colbert in 1664. It established a factory at 
 Surat in Aug., 1675, and acquired Pondicherry, which be- 
 came the capital of the French possessions on the Coro- 
 mandel coast. It was dissolved Aug. 13, 1769, when its 
 territories were ceded to the crown, (e) The Swedish 
 East India Company was formed at Gothenburg, Sweden, 
 in 1741, and was reorganized in 1806. 
 
 East India United Service Club. A London 
 club established in 1848. The club-house is at 
 16 St. James’s Square, London. 
 
 East Indies. [F< irmerly somel imps East Indies: 
 so called in distinction from the newly dis- 
 covered countries in America, supposed at first 
 to be remoter parts of India, and called the 
 West Indies or West Indias. See West Indies .] 
 A vague collective name for Hindustan, Farther 
 India, and the Malay Archipelago. 
 
 Eastlake (est'lak), Sir Charles Lock. Bom at 
 Plymouth, England, Nov. 17, 1793: died at Pisa, 
 Italy, Dec. 24, 1865. An English painter. He 
 lived at Rome 1817-30, and at London 1830-55 ; was keeper 
 of the National Gallery 1843-47 ; was president of the Royal 
 Academy from 1850 until his death ; and was knighted in 
 1850. His best painting is “Pilgrims in Sight of Rome ’’ 
 (1828). 
 
 East Liverpool. A town in Columbiana County, 
 Ohio, situated on the Ohio River 35 miles north- 
 west of Pittsburg. It has manufactures of pot- 
 tery. Population, 20,387, (1910). 
 
 East London. A seaport in Cape Colony, lat. 
 33° 2' S., long. 27° 55' E. Population, 25,220. 
 East Lothian. Same as Haddingtonshire. 
 
 East Main. A portion of the Northwest Ter- 
 ritories of Canada, lying east of Hudson Bay 
 and west of Labrador proper. 
 
 East Main. A river in Canada which flows 
 into James Bay. Length, about 400 miles. 
 Eastman (est'man), Charles Gamage. Born 
 at Fryeburg, Maine, June 1, 1816 : died at Bur- 
 lington, Vt., 1861. An American poet and jour- 
 nalist. He was for many years proprietor and editor of 
 the “Vermont Patriot," published at Montpelier, Vermont. 
 In 1848 he published a volume of poetry. 
 
 Eastman, Mrs. (Mary Henderson). Born at 
 Warrenton, Va., in 1817. An American novel- 
 ist, wife of Seth Eastman. Among her works are 
 
 Eaton, Theophilus 
 
 “Dacotah’’(1849),“ Romance of Indian Life ”(1852), “Aunt 
 Phillis’s Cabin ’’ (1852),“ Tales of Fashionable Life "(1856). 
 
 Eastman, Seth. Born at Brunswick, Maine, 
 Jan. 24,1808: died at Washington, D.C., Aug. 31, 
 1875. An American brigadier-general. He was 
 employed (1860-55) in the bureau of the commissioner of 
 Indian affairs to illustrate the work entitled “History, 
 Condition, and Future Prospects of the Indian Tribes of 
 the United States,” published by order of Congress 1850- 
 1857. 
 
 East New York. The easternmost district of 
 Brooklyn. 
 
 Easton (es'ton). A city and the capital of 
 Northampton County, Pennsylvania, situated 
 at the junction of the Lehigh with the Dela- 
 ware, 52 miles north of Philadelphia, it has 
 considerable manufactures, is the center of an iron-ore 
 region, and is the seat of Lafayette College. Population 
 28,523, (1910). 
 
 Easton, Nicholas. Born in England, 1593: died 
 at Newport, R. I., Aug. 15, 1675. A colonial 
 governor of Rhode Island. He came from Wales in 
 1634, and resided successively at Ipswich (Massachu- 
 setts), Newbury (Massachusetts), Hampton (New Hamp- 
 shire), and Newport (Rhode Island). He was governor 
 of the united colonies of Rhode Island and Providence 
 1650-52. 
 
 East Orange. A city of Essex County, New 
 Jersey. Population, 34,371, (1910). 
 
 Eastport (est'port). A seaport in Washington 
 County, Maine, situated on Moose Island in 
 Passamaquoddy Bay, in lat. 44° 54' N., long. 
 66° 59' W. It is the easternmost town of the 
 United States. Population, 4,961, (1910). 
 East River. A strait between New York and 
 Brooklyn, connecting Long Island Sound with 
 New York Bay. Length to the entrance of the Harlem, 
 9 miles ; to Fort Schuyler, 16 miles. Width between New 
 York and Brooklyn, ) to J mile. 
 
 East River Bridge. See Brooklyn Bridge. 
 
 East Saginaw. A city in Saginaw County, 
 Michigan, situated on Saginaw River, it is a 
 center of the lumber and salt trade. It is now consoli- 
 dated with Saginaw (which see). 
 
 East Saint Louis. A town in Saint Clair 
 County, Illinois, situated on the Mississippi 
 opposite Saint Louis. Population, 58, 547, 
 (1910). 
 
 East Saxons. See Saxons and Essex. 
 
 Eastern Shore. The part of Maryland which 
 lies east of Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 East Turkestan (also known formerly as 
 Chinese Turkestan or Little Bokhara). 
 A dependency of China in central Asia. 
 The Thian-Shan Mountains separate it from Asiatic 
 Russia : Sungaria lies on the north ; the Kwen-Lun 
 Mountains separate it from Tibet and Kashmir on the 
 south; and the Pamirs and Asiatic Russia are on the 
 west. The chief river is the Tarim ; the chief city, Yar- 
 kand. It forms a part of the Chinese province of Sin-kiang. 
 Length, about 1,250 miles. Area, 431,800 square miles. 
 Population, estimated, 580,000. 
 
 Eastward Ho ! A comedy written chiefly by 
 Chapman and Marston, with contributions by 
 Jonson. It was written and acted during the winter 
 of 1604-05, and was entered upon the Stationers’ Register 
 Sept. 4, 1605. The authors were imprisoned for satirizing 
 the Scots in this play, and sentenced to have their ears and 
 noses split. Jonson, though not responsible for the ob- 
 noxious passages, gave himself up with his friends. At a 
 feast given by him after their delivery, his mother drank 
 to his health and exhibited a package of “ lusty, strong 
 poison” which, had the sentence of mutilation been car- 
 ried out, she was to “ have mixt in the prison among his 
 drink,” and to have first drunk of it herself {Fleay). The 
 play was revived in 1751 as “The Prentices,” and in 1775 
 as “Old City Manners." 
 
 Easy (e'zi), Sir Charles. The “ careless hus- 
 band ” in Cibber’s comedy of that name. He is 
 dissolute and lazy, but not entirely vicious, and is finally 
 brought back to the path of virtue by Lady Easy, his wife. 
 She makes it a point never to ruffle him with jealousy. 
 
 Easy, Midshipman. See Mr. Midshipma n Easy. 
 Eaton (e'ton), Daniel Cady. Bom at Fort 
 Gratiot, Mich., Sept. 12, 1834: died at New Ha- 
 ven, June 29, 1895. An American botanist, 
 grandson of Amos Eaton. He graduated in 1857 at 
 Yale College, in which institution he became professor of 
 botany in 1864. He published “Ferns of the Southwest” 
 (“United States Geological Survey,” Vol. VI, 1878) and 
 “ Ferns of North America” (1878-79). 
 
 Eaton, George W. Bom at Henderson, Hun- 
 tingdon County, Pa., July 3, 1804: died at 
 Hamilton, N. Y., Aug. 3, 1872. An American 
 educator and Baptist clergyman. He was presi- 
 dent of Madison University (Hamilton) 1856-68, and of 
 Hamilton Theological Seminary 1861-71. 
 
 Eaton, Nathaniel. Died in London after 1660. 
 The first head-master of Harvard College. He 
 was appointed in 1637. In 1639 he was fined 100 marks 
 for gross brutality to one of his ushers, Nathaniel Briscoe, 
 whereupon lie fled to Virginia, leaving debts to the 
 amount of £1,000. 
 
 Eaton, Theophilus. Died at New Haven, 
 Conn., Jan. 7, 1658. First governor of the 
 colony of New Haven. He came in 1637 from Lon- 
 don to New England with John Davenport, whom he as- 
 
Eaton, Theophilus 
 
 sisted in the purchase of Quinipiak from the Indians as a 
 site for the colony of New Haven, which was planted in 
 1638. In 1639 he was elected governor of the colony, which 
 post he retained until his death. 
 
 Eaton, William. Born at Woodstock, Conn., 
 Feb. 23, 1764: died at Brimfield, Mass., June 1, 
 1811. An American officer and adventurer, 
 consul at Tunis 1799-1803. He was subsequently 
 appointed United States naval agent to the Barbary states, 
 and during the Tripolitan war organized a movement 
 among the natives to restore Hamet, the brother of the 
 reigning pasha, Yussuf Caramalli. With the assistance 
 of the American squadron he took Derne in 1805, and was 
 about to march on Tripoli when peace was concluded 
 between the United States and the reigning bey. 
 
 Eaton, Wyatt. Born at Philipsburg, Canada, 
 May 6, 1849 : died at Newport, R. I. , June 7, 1896. 
 An American figure and portrait painter. He 
 studied at the National Academy of Design in New York, 
 and with Gri'Ome in Paris. 
 
 Eau Claire (o klar). [F., ‘ clear water.’] A 
 city in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin, situated 
 on the Chippewa River 83 miles east by south 
 of St. Paul. It has an important lumber trade. 
 Population, 18,310, (1910). 
 
 Eaus Bonnes (6 bon). [F., ‘good waters.’] A 
 watering-place in the department of Basses- 
 Pyrenees, France, about 28 miles south of Pau. 
 It is noted for its springs (chlorid of sodium). 
 Eauze (oz). A town in the department of Gers, 
 France, 29 miles northwest of Auch. It is on 
 the site of the Roman Elusa. Population, 
 commune, 3,797. 
 
 Ebal (e'bal). A mountain in Palestine, form- 
 ing the northern side of the fertile valley in 
 which lies Nablus, the ancient Sheckem. Mount 
 Ebal rises to the height of 2,986 feet(or, according to some, 
 3,077 feet). From Ebal the curse for disobedience to the 
 law was pronounced, the blessing for obedience being 
 given from Mount Gerizim, which lies opposite on the 
 south of the valley. Upon Ebal Joshua erected the first 
 altar to Jehovah after conquering Canaan. Its modern 
 Arabic name is Jebel Eslamiyah. 
 
 Ebbsfleet (ebz'flet). A hamlet in the Isle of 
 Thanet, Kent, England, 3J miles west-south- 
 west of Ramsgate. It was the landing-place of 
 Hengist and Horsa in 449, and of St. Augustine in 597. 
 
 Ebel (a'bel), Hermann Wilhelm. Born at 
 Berlin, May 10, 1820: died at Misdroi, Pom- 
 erania, Prussia, Aug. 19, 1875. A German 
 philologist, especially distinguished in Celtic 
 philology: professor at Berlin from 1872. His 
 chief work is a revision of Zeuss’s “Grammatiea 
 celtica” (1871). 
 
 Ebeling (a'bel-ing), Adolf. Born at Hamburg, 
 Oct. 24, 1827 : died July 23, 1896. A German 
 writer. He traveled in Brazil; lived in Paris as a teacher 
 and newspaper correspondent till 1870 ; and then lived suc- 
 cessively in Diisseldorf, Cologne, Metz, Cairo, and Cologne. 
 His works include “Lebende Bilder aus dem modernen 
 Paris" (1866-76), “Bilder aus Cairo " (1878), etc. 
 Ebeling, Christoph Daniel. Born at Garmis- 
 sen, near Hildesheim, Prussia, Nov. 20, 1741: 
 died at Hamburg, June 30, 1817. A German 
 geographer. He contributed to Biiscking’s 
 “Erdbeschreibung” the volumes on America 
 (1794-1816). 
 
 Ebelsberg (a/belz-berG), or Ebersberg (a'berz- 
 bero). A small place in Upper Austria, on the 
 Traun southeast of Linz, where the French in 
 May, 1809, defeated the Austrians. 
 
 Ebenezer (eb-e-ne'zer). [Heh.,‘ stone of help.’] 
 A stone set up by Samuel, after a defeat of the 
 Philistines, as a memorial of divine aid. 
 
 Eber. See Heber. 
 
 Eberbach (a'ber-bach). A small town in Baden, 
 on the Neckar 14 miles east of Heidelberg. 
 Eberhard (a'ber-hart) I. Born Dec. 11, 1445: 
 died Feb. 24, 1496. First Duke of Wiirtemberg, 
 1495. He consolidated the country, framed its 
 constitution, and established the University of 
 Tubingen (1477). 
 
 Eberhard, Christian August Gottlob. Born 
 at Belzig, Prussia, Jan. 12, 1769: died at Dres- 
 den, May 13, 1845. A German poet and prose- 
 writer. He wrote “ Hannchen und die Kiichlein ” (1822 : 
 a domestic idyl), “Der erste Mensch und die Erde” (1828), 
 etc. 
 
 Eberhard, Johann August. Born at Halber- 
 stadt, Prussia, Aug. 31, 1739 : died Jan. 6, 1809. 
 A German philosopher, professor at Halle from 
 1778. He published “Neue Apologie des Sok- 
 rates” (1772), etc. 
 
 Eberhard, Konrad. Born at Hindelang, Ba- 
 varia, Nov. 25, 1768: died at Munich, March 
 13, 1859. A German sculptor. His most nota- 
 ble works are at Munich. 
 
 Eberl (a'berl), Anton. Born at Vienna, June 
 13, 1766: died there, March 11, 1807. A Ger- 
 man pianist and composer. 
 
 Eberle (eb'er-le), John. Born at Hagerstown, 
 Md., Dec. 10, 1787 : died at Lexington, Ky., 
 
 350 
 
 Feb. 2, 1838. An American physician and 
 medical writer. 
 
 Ebers (a'bers), Carl Friedrich. Born at Cas- 
 sel, March 20, 1770: died at Berlin, Sept. 9, 
 1836. A German musical composer. 
 
 Ebers, Emil. Born at Breslau, Dec. 14, 1807 : 
 died at Beuthen on the Oder, 1884. A German 
 painter. 
 
 Ebers, Georg. Born at Berlin, March 1, 1837 : 
 died at Tutzing, Bavaria, Aug. 7, 1898. A 
 German Egyptologist and novelist. He first 
 studied jurisprudence at Gottingen, then Oriental lan- 
 guages and archeology at Berlin. In 1865 he became do- 
 cent in Egyptian language and antiquities at the Univer- 
 sity of Jena ; in 1870 he was called to Leipsic as professor 
 in the same field. His first work, “Agypten und die 
 Bucher Moses ”(“ Egypt and the Books of Moses"), ap- 
 peared 1867-68. In 1869-70 he made a journey to Egypt, 
 which was repeated in 1872-73, when he discovered the 
 so-called “Papyrus Ebers,” published in 1874 under the 
 title “ Papyrus E., ein hieratisches Handbuch der agyptis- 
 chen Medizin.” “ Durch Gosen zum Sinai” (“Through 
 Goshen to Sinai ”) appeared in 1872 ; “Agypten in Wort und 
 Bild ”(“ Egypt in Word and Picture ”)in 1878. Among his 
 romances are “Eine agyptische Konigstoehter " (“An 
 Egyptian Princess,” 1864), “ Uarda ” (1877), “Homo Sum ” 
 (1878), “Die Schwestern” (“The Sisters," 1880), “Der Kai- 
 ser" (“The Emperor,” 1881), “Serapis” (1885), “Die Nil- 
 braut ” (1887), “ Joshua ” (1889), etc. 
 
 Eberswalde (a'berz-val-de). A town in the 
 province of Brandenburg, Prussia, 28 miles 
 northeast of Berlin. Pop., commune, 23,833. 
 
 Ebert (a'bert), Adolf. Born at Cassel, Prussia, 
 June 1, 1820 : died July 1, 1890. A German Ro- 
 mancephilologist,professoratLeipsicfroml862. 
 
 Ebert, Friedrich Adolf. Born at Taucha, near 
 Leipsic, July 9, 1791: died at Dresden, Nov. 
 13, 1834. A German bibliographer. He was li- 
 brarian at Wolfenbiittel (1823), and later (1825) at Dresden. 
 His principal work is an “ Allgemeines hibliographisches 
 Lexikon ” (1821-30). 
 
 Ebert, Karl Egon von. Born at Prague, Bohe- 
 mia, June 5, 1801 : died there, Oct. 24, 1882. A 
 German poet. 
 
 Ebingen (a'bing-en). A town in the Black 
 Forest jcircle, Wiirtemberg. Population, com- 
 mune., 10,008. 
 
 Ebionites (e'bi-on-its). [From LL. Ebionitee, 
 pi., Gr. ’E [hovaioi, from Heb. ’ ebyonim (pi. of 
 ’ebyon), lit. ‘the poor’; the origin of the appli- 
 cation of the name is uncertain.] A party of 
 Judaizing Christians which appeared in the 
 church as early as the 2d century, and disap- 
 peared about the 4th century. They agreed in (a) 
 the recognition of Jesus as the Messiah, (b) the denial of 
 his divinity, (c) belief in the universal obligation of the 
 Mosaic law, and ( d ) rejection of Paul and his writings. 
 The two great divisions of Ebionites were the Pharisaic 
 Ebionites, who emphasized the obligation of the Mosaic 
 law, and the Essenic Ebionites, who were more speculative 
 and leaned toward Gnosticism. 
 
 Eblis (eb'lis), or Tblis (ib'lis). In Arabian my- 
 thology, the chief of the evil spirits. Beckford 
 introduces him in “ Vathek.” See Azazel. 
 
 His person was that of a young man whose noble and 
 regular features seemed to have been tarnished by malig- 
 nant vapours. In his large eyes appeared both pride and 
 despair ; his flowing hail' retained some resemblance to 
 that of an angel of light. In his hand, which thunder had 
 blasted, he swayed the iron sceptre that causes the mon- 
 ster Ouranabad, the Afrits, and all the powers of the 
 abyss to tremble. Beckford, V athek, p. 192. 
 
 Eblis, Hall of. See the extract. 
 
 In the midst of this immense hall, a vast multitude was 
 incessantly passing, who severally kept their right hands 
 on their hearts [which were on fire], without once regard- 
 ing anything around them. They had all the livid paleness 
 of death. Their eyes, deep sunk in their sockets, resem- 
 bled those phosphoric meteors that glimmer by night in 
 places of interment. Some stalked slowly on, absorbed in 
 profound reverie; some, shrieking with agony, ran furiously 
 about, like tigers wounded with poisoned arrows; whilst 
 others, grinding their teeth in rage, foamed along, more 
 frantic than the wildest maniac. Beckford, Vathek, p. 191. 
 
 Eboli (a'bo-le). A town in the province of Sa- 
 lerno, Italy, 45 miles east-southeast of Naples. 
 Population, commune, 12,407. 
 
 Eboli, Princess of (Anna de Mendoza). Born 
 in June, 1540: died at Pastrana, Spain, Feb. 
 2, 1592. Daughter of Don Diego Hurtado de 
 Mendoza, viceroy of Peru, and mistress of 
 Philip II. of Spain. She married in 1559 the favorite 
 Rui Gomez de Silva, prince of Eboli. While mistress of 
 the king she sustained similar relations to the minister 
 Antonio Perez. She was, in consequence of a political in- 
 trigue, betrayed by Escovedo, the secret agent at the court 
 of Don John of Austria. Escovedo being murdered soon 
 after by Perez, she was suspected of complicity in the 
 crime, and was banished from court in 1579. She figures 
 as one of the characters in Schiller’s “Don Carlos.” 
 
 Eboracum ( e-bor 'a-kum ) , or Eburacum (e-bur '- 
 a-kum). The Roman name of York. 
 
 Eburacum is the spelling given in the Itinerary of An- 
 toninus, in Ptolemy, and in the geographer of Ravenna, 
 while an inscription formerly found in York, but not pre- 
 served, as well as the Roman historians who mention this 
 place, call it Eboracum. The weight of authority, how- 
 
 Echidna 
 
 ever, seems to be turned in favour of the former by an in- 
 scription more recently discovered, and certainly reading 
 EBVR. Wright, Celt, p. 128. 
 
 Ebrard (a'brart), Johann Heinrich August. 
 
 Born at Erlangen, Bavaria, Jan. 18, 1818 : died 
 there, July 23, 1888. A German clergyman of 
 the Reformed Church, and theological and 
 miscellaneous writer. 
 
 Ebro (a'bro). [Jj. Iberus, F. Ehre.} A river in 
 Spain which rises in the province of Santander 
 and flows into the Mediterranean in lat. 40° 42' 
 N., long. 0° 51' E. Length, about 440 miles. 
 Saragossa is situated on it. 
 
 Ecbatana (ek-bat'a-na), or Agbatana (ag- 
 bat'a-na), or Achmetha (ak'me-tka). [An- 
 cient Persian Hangmatdna ; in Babylonian in- 
 scriptions Agamatanu or Agamtanu; modern 
 Hamaddn.'] The capital of Media, built, accord- 
 ing to the Greeks, by Deioces. it was captured and 
 plundered by Cyrus in 649 B. C., and waB used by the Per- 
 sian monarch3 as a summer residence. Alexander the 
 Great spent some months there in 324 B. c. It is men- 
 tioned in the Bible (Ezra vi. 2) as the place in which the 
 decree of Cyrus permitting the Jews to rebuild the temple 
 was found. Hamadan is one of the most important cities 
 of modern Persia. 
 
 Eccard (ek'kard), Johannes. Born at Mubl- 
 hausen, Thuringia, in‘1553 : died at Konigsberg 
 in 1611. A German musician, noted as a com- 
 poser of church music. In 1589 lie was made kapell- 
 meister to the margrave of Brandenburg at Konigsberg ; 
 in 1608 he was given the same position under the Kurfurst 
 at Berlin. He wrote both sacred music and songs. 
 
 Ecce Horno (ek'se ho'mo). [L., ‘behold, the 
 man!’] The name given (from the words of 
 Pilate) to representations of Christ with the 
 crown of thorns. Among the best-known paintings 
 of this subject is one by Titian (1543), in the Imperial 
 Gallery at Vienna. Christ, bleeding and crowned with 
 thorns, is led out from the palace above a flight of steps 
 by soldiers. Below are a mocking company of soldiers 
 and people, in which a portrait of the sultan Suliman is 
 conspicuous. 
 
 Ecce Homo : A Survey of the Life and Work 
 of Jesus Christ. The chief work of Professor 
 John Robert Seeley of Cambridge, England, it 
 was first published anonymously in 1865. It created much 
 excitement among various Protestant denominations, and 
 elicited a number of replies. 
 
 Eccelino da Romano. See Ezzelino da Ro- 
 mano. 
 
 Ecclefechan (ek-l-fech'an). A village in Dum- 
 fries, Scotland, 13 miles east of Dumfries. It 
 is noted as the birthplace of Thomas Carlyle. 
 Ecclemaeh. See Eslen. 
 
 Ecclesfield (ek'lz-feld). A manufacturing town 
 in Yorkshire, England, near Sheffield. 
 Ecclesiastes, or The Preacher. [Gr. eKKfycn- 
 acTiKOc, a member of the ecclesia (emilr/crta), an 
 ecclesiast: a translation of Heb. qolieletli .'] A 
 book of the Old Testament, traditionally as- 
 cribed to Solomon, but probably of later date. 
 Eccleston (ek'lz-ton), Samuel. Born in Kent 
 County, Md., June 27, 1801: died at George- 
 town, D. C., April 21, 1851. An American prel- 
 ate of the Roman Catholic Church. He became 
 archbishop of Baltimore in 1834. 
 
 Ecclesiazusse (ek-kle-zi-a-zu'se). A comedy of 
 Aristophanes, exhibited in 392 B. C. in it the 
 
 women meet in parliament (whence the name), and de- 
 cide to take control of the state, with community of goods 
 and husbands. The play is inferior in literary quality, 
 and is marked by obscenity. 
 
 Ecgberht. See Egbert. 
 
 Echeetee. See Sitcliiti. 
 
 Echeloot (e'cke-lot). A tribe of the Upper 
 Chinook division of North American Indians, 
 first encountered by Lewis and Clarke near 
 the Dalles of the Columbia River, and probably 
 extinct. See Chinookan. 
 
 Echenique (a-cha-ne'ka), Jose Rufi.no. Born 
 at Puno, 1808 : died at Arequipa, Oct. 18, 1879. 
 A Peruvian general and statesman. He served 
 under Santa Cruz, but after the defeat at Yungay (Jan., 
 1839) he gave his allegiance to Gamarra. In 1843 he was 
 one of the leaders of the revolt against Vivanco. He was 
 elected president of Peru April 20, 1851. Revolts against 
 him, beginning in 1853, resulted in his defeat by Castilla 
 and exile, Jan., 1855. He returned in 1862; aided in the 
 defense of Callao in 1866 ; and was again a presidential can- 
 didate in 1872. 
 
 Eclieverria (a-cha-va-re'ii), Esteban. Bom 
 in Buenos Ayres, 1809: died at Montevideo, 
 1851. An Argentine poet. He published lyrical 
 poems and others, including “La Cautiva,” “El Angel 
 Caido," and “Elvira.” He was banished by the dictator 
 Rosas. 
 
 Echeverria, Francisco Javier. Boi^in Jalapa, 
 July 25, 1797 : died at Mexico, Sept. 17, 1852. A 
 Mexican financier. He was secretary of the treasury 
 in 1834, again in 1838, and finally from 1839 to 1841. In 
 1839 he succeeded in funding the Mexican debt. He was 
 acting president for a short time in 1841. 
 
 Echidna (e-kid'nil). [Gr. va.] In Greek 
 mythology, a monster half maiden, half ser- 
 
Echidna 
 
 351 
 
 Eden, William 
 
 pent, daughter of Chrysaor and Callirrhoe (or of 
 Tartarus and Ge), and mother of the Chimseras, 
 the Sphinx, Cerberus, and other monsters. She 
 was slain by Argos while sleeping. 
 
 Echinades (e-kin'a-dez). In ancient geography, 
 a group of islands west of Acarnania in Greece, 
 situated about lat. 38° 25' N., now reunited, in 
 part, to the mainland. 
 
 Echo (ek'd). [Gr. ’II^w.] Iu Greek mythology, 
 a nymph who by her prattling prevented Hera 
 from surprising her husband Zeus in the com- 
 pany of the nymphs. The goddess punished her by 
 condemning her never to speak first and never to be silent 
 when any one else spoke. She pined away to a bodiless 
 voice (echo) for love of Narcissus. 
 
 Echo Canon (ek'd kan'yon). A remarkable 
 canon in the Wahsatch Mountains in northern 
 Utah, traversed by the Union Pacific Railroad. 
 Echo Lake. The name of various small sheets 
 of water, (a) A lake in New Hampshire, in the Fran- 
 conia Notch. (6) A lake near North Conway, New Hamp- 
 shire. 
 
 Echternach (ecli'ter-naeh). A town in Luxem- 
 burg, on the Sure 18 miles northeast of Lux- 
 emburg. It has a noted abbey church. The yearly 
 religious “dancing-procession,” or dance-feast, held at 
 Whitsuntide, is celebrated. It is said to have originated 
 in an effort to prevent a return of an epidemic which vis- 
 ited the place in the 8th century. 
 
 Echuca (e-cho'ka). A town in Victoria, Aus- 
 tralia, at the junction of the Campaspe and 
 Murray. 
 
 Ecija (a'the-Ha). A city in the province of Se- 
 ville, Spain, situated on the Jenil 47 miles east- 
 northeast of Seville: the Roman Astigi or 
 Augusta Firma in. Bsetica. Population, about 
 24,500. 
 
 Eck (ek), Johann von (originally Maier or 
 Mayr). Born at Eck, Bavaria, Nov. 13, 1486: 
 died at Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Feb. 10, 1543. A 
 German theologian, one of the most active op- 
 ponents of Luther and the Reformation. He be- 
 came professor of theology at Ingolstadt in 15:0. He dis- 
 puted at Leipsic with Karlstadt and Luther in 1519, and 
 procured the papal bull against Luther in 1520. 
 
 Eckermann (ek'er-man), Johann Peter. Born 
 at Winsen, Hannover, Sept. 21, 1792: died at 
 Weimar, Dec. 3, 1854. A German writer, a 
 friend and literary executor of Goethe. , He is 
 known chiefly from his “Oespraehe mit Goethe” (“Con- 
 versations with Goethe,” 1836-48). 
 
 Eckersberg (ek'erz-bero), Christopher Wil- 
 helm. Born at Varnas, near Apenrade, Schles- 
 wig, Jan. 2, 1783: died at Copenhagen, July 22. 
 1853. A Danish historical and marine painter. 
 Eckert (ek'ert), Thomas Thompson. Born at 
 St. Clairsville, Ohio, April 23, 1825: died at 
 Long Branch, N. J., Oct. 20, 1910. An Ameri- 
 can telegraphist. He organized the military telegraph 
 service of the United States in 1862 ; was brevetted briga- 
 dier-general in 1865 ; was assistant secretary of -war 1866- 
 1867 ; and became president of the Atlantic and Pacific 
 Telegraph Company in 1875, president of the American 
 Union Telegraph Company in 1880, and vice-president and 
 general manager of the Western Union Telegraph Com- 
 pany in 1881, and president in 1893. 
 
 Eckford (ek'ford), Henry. Born at Irvine, 
 Scotland, March 12, 1775: died at Constantino- 
 ple, Nov. 12, 1832. An American ship-builder. 
 He came to New York city in 1796 ; was employed by the 
 United States government to construct ships of war on 
 the Great Lakes during the War of 1812 ; was appointed 
 naval constructor in the United States navy-yard at Brook- 
 lyn in 1820 ; and in 1831 became chief naval constructor 
 for the Ottoman empire. 
 
 Eckhardt (ek'hart), or Eckart, The trusty. 
 
 [G. der treue Eckhardt.'] An old man in Ger- 
 man traditionary lore, in the legend of Frau 
 Holle or Holde (Venus). He appears in the Mans- 
 feld country on the evening of Maundy Thursday with a 
 white staff to save the people from the furious host which 
 travels in Holle's train. His duties differ in different 
 traditions. Sometimes he is the companion of Tannhau- 
 ser, and has even been considered to be the same person. 
 He is also said to be in the service of Holle, and to sit out- 
 side the Venusberg to warn passing knights of the dan- 
 gers therein, to which the enamoured Tannhauser had 
 abandoned himself. He is. also doomed to abide at the 
 Venusberg till the judgment. 
 
 Eckhart, or Eckart, or Eckardt: generally 
 styled Meister. Bom, probably at Strasburg, 
 about 1260: died about 1328. The founder of 
 German mysticism. He was accused of heresy in 1327, 
 but denied the charge and appealed to the Pope, who de- 
 dared in 1329 (bull “ In Ccena Domini,” March 27) that 
 Eckhart’s doctrines were partly heretical. 
 
 Eckmiilil (ek'iniil), or Eggmiihl. A village of 
 Lower Bavaria, situated on the Grosse Labor 
 13 miles south-southeast of Ratisbon. Here, 
 
 April 22, 1809, Napoleon defeated the Austrians under 
 the archduke Charles. For his part in the battle Davout 
 was created prince of Eckmiihl. 
 
 Eclemach. See Eslen. 
 
 Eclipse (e-klips'). [So named because be was 
 foaled during the eclipse of 1764.] A famous 
 race-horse, a descendant, in the male line, of 
 
 the Darley Arabian. He was a chestnut horse with 
 a blaze and one white leg. American Eclipse was an 
 American horse foaled in 1814. 
 
 Eclympasteyre. A name gwen by Chaucer in 
 “ The Book of the Duchess” to the heir of Mor- 
 pheus, the god of sleep. 
 
 “Morpheus, and Eclympasteyre 
 That was the god of slepes heyre.” 
 
 It is supposed to be a name of his own invention. Frois- 
 sart uses the same name in his “Paradis d’Amour,” but 
 he is merely copying Chaucer. Slceat. 
 
 Ecnomus (ek'no-mus). [Gr. ’'E/euo/zof.] A hill 
 near the modern Lieata, southern coast of Sicily. 
 Here, 311 B. c., the Carthaginians defeated the Syracusan 
 tyrant Agathocles. Near here, 256 B. c., the Homan fleet 
 defeated the Carthaginians. 
 
 Ilcole des Femmes, L‘ (la-kol' da fam'). [F., 
 ‘ The School of Wives.’] A comedy by MoliSre, 
 produced Dec. 26, 1662. 
 
 Incole des Femmes, Critique de F. [F., ‘ Cri- 
 tique of the School of Wives.’] A play by 
 Molidre, retorting ou the critics of his play, and 
 particularly the critical marquis, his favorite 
 butt, produced June 1, 1663. 
 
 Ecole des Maris, L’ (la-kol' da ma-re'). [F., 
 ‘ The School of Husbands.’] A comedy by Mo- 
 lidre, produced in 1661. Sganarelle, as the guardian 
 of a young girl, is the hero of this play, the plot of which 
 is partly taken from Terence, Boccaccio, and Lope de Vega. 
 
 Ecole Polytechnique. A French school of 
 technology, founded by decree of the Conven- 
 tion, March 11, 1794. From its origin and object of its 
 foundation it was devoted to instruction in purely scien- 
 tific and technical branches, such as artillery, military 
 and civil engineering, the building of roads and bridges, 
 ship-building, etc. There were at first 360 students, and 
 the course was 3 years. The number was later decreased 
 to 200, and the term shortened to 2 years. After gradua- 
 tion the students choose between a military and a civil 
 career. The military students go to the Ecole d’Appli- 
 cation at Fontainebleau for two years, after which they en- 
 ter the army as lieutenants of artillery or engineers. The 
 others enter various special schools in Paris, such as the 
 licoledes Ponts et Chauss^es, Ecole Sp4ciale des Mines, 
 Ecole Centrals des Arts et Manufactures, etc. 
 
 Economy (e-kon'd-mi). A township 17 miles 
 northwest of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania: it was 
 the seat of a community of Harmonists. Pop- 
 ulation, 860, (1910). 
 
 fjcorcheurs (a-kor-sher'), Les. Bands of armed 
 adventurers who, favored by the Hundred 
 Years’ War, ravaged France and Belgium iu 
 the 15th century, beginning about 1435. Among 
 their leaders were Villandras and Crabannes the Bastard. 
 They were called Ecorcheurs, or flayers, probably because 
 they “ not only waylaid and plundered their victims, but 
 stripped them of every vestige of clothing, leaving them 
 nothing but their shirts.” 
 
 fScrins (ak-ran'), Barre des. The highest peak 
 of the Pelvoux range, in the Alps of Dau- 
 phind, France. Height, 13,460 feet. 
 
 Ecselen. See Eslen. 
 
 Ecstatic Doctor. A surname of Ruysbroeck. 
 
 Ector (ek'tor), or Hector, Sir. In the Arthur- 
 ian romance, a faithful knight who with his wife 
 brought up the infant Arthur. He was the 
 father of Sir Kay. 
 
 Ector, or Hector, de Maris, Sir. In Arthurian 
 romance, the brother of Sir Lancelot. He mourned 
 his death with a bitter lament, and afterward went with 
 Sir Bois and seven other knights to the Holy Land, where 
 
 ★ they died on a Good Friday. 
 
 Ecuador (ek'wa-dor; Sp. pron. a-kwa-dor'). 
 [Sp. Bepublica del Ecuador, Republic of the 
 Equator.] A republic of South America, lying 
 between Colombia on the north, Peru on the 
 south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. East- 
 ward its claims extend to the confines of Brazil, but Co- 
 lombia and Peru dispute all the territory to the eastern 
 base of the Andes. At present the actual jurisdiction 
 of Ecuador extends to about long. 73° W., on the river 
 Napo, and does not include any part of the Marafion or 
 upper Amazon. The country is traversed from north to 
 south by the Andes, which form a continuous eastern 
 range and a roughly parallel but mucli broken western 
 range, containing some of the highest peaks in South Amer- 
 ica and numerous volcanoes. Between the mountains there 
 are several high table-lands or basins. The coast regions 
 and those east of the mountains are low, hot, and covered 
 in great part with forest. The principal products and ex- 
 ports are cacao, hides, coffee, nuts, andrubber. The inhabi- 
 tants are whites (of Spanish descent), Indians, and mixed 
 races. The executive is vested in a president elected for 4 
 years, and congress consistsof 2 chambers. Therearel6prov- 
 inces besides the Galapagos Islands (Territory of Galapa- 
 gos). The Roman Catholic is the state religion, and the 
 only one tolerated. Capital, Quito. At the time of the con- 
 quest the greater part of Ecuador was subject to the Incas 
 of Peru. It was conquered by the Spaniards 1533-34, and 
 under the name of Kingdom of Quito was a presidency at- 
 tached to the viceroyalty of Peru. The Spanish rulers 
 being expelled with the aid of Bolivar 1822-23, the country 
 was united to the Colombian Confederation until 1830, 
 when it seceded and adopted its present name. Since then 
 it has suffered greatly from political revolutions. ' The 
 present constitution was adopted in 1897. Area, about 
 116,000 Bquare miles. Population, about 1,500,000. 
 
 Edam (e'dam). A town in the province of 
 
 North Holland, Netherlands, situated near the 
 Zuider Zee 11 miles northeast of Amsterdam. 
 It is noted for its cheese, and has a trade in 
 timber. Population, 6,444. 
 
 Edda (ed'a). [ON. Edda, poetics. Etymolo- 
 gically connected with ON. odhr, poetry, meter, 
 mind, soul.] A work written (in prose and 
 verse) by Snorri Sturleson (born 1178 : died by 
 assassination 1241), containing the old mythol- 
 ogy of Scandinavia and the old rules for verse- 
 making ; also, a collection of ancient Icelandic 
 poems. The name Edda (whether given by Snorri him- 
 self is not known) occurs in the inscription of one of the 
 manuscripts of the work. Snorri's Edda as it was origi- 
 nally written consisted of three parts : the Gylfaginning 
 (delusion of Gylfl), an epitome of the old mythology; 
 Skaldskaparmal (art of poetry), an explanation of poetical 
 expressions and periphrases ; and Hattatal (list of meters), 
 a laudatory poem on the Norwegian king Hakon Hakons- 
 son, and Jarl Skuli, in which all forms of verse used in the 
 old poetry are exemplified. To this was ultimately added 
 a Formali (preface), and the Bragaroedhur (sayings of 
 Bragi), describing the origin of poetry, and in some manu- 
 scripts Thulur, or a rimed glossary of synonyms, lists of 
 poets, etc. The work was intended as a handbook of 
 poets. In the year 1643 the Icelandic bishop Brynjulf 
 Sveinsson discovered a collection of old mythological 
 poems which was erroneously ascribed to Saemund Sig- 
 f usson (born 1056 : died 1133), and hence called from him 
 Saemundar Edda hins Frodha, the Edda of Ssemund 
 the Learned. The poems that compose this Edda are of 
 unknown origin and authorship. They are supposed to 
 have been collected about the middle of the 13th century, 
 but were composed at widely different periods down from 
 the 9th century, to the first half of which the oldest is to 
 be assigned : hence the name now given to this collec- 
 tion, the Elder or Poetic Edda, in distinction from the 
 Younger or Prose Edda of Snorri, to which alone the 
 name Edda legitimately belonged. The Elder Edda is 
 usually considered to include 32 poems (some of them 
 fragmentary). 
 
 Eddy, Mrs. (Mary Baker G.). Bom at Bow, 
 Concord, N. H., July 16, 1822: died at Newton, 
 Mass., Dec. 3,1910. The founder of Christian 
 Science. She began to teach Christian Science in 1867, 
 organized the first Church of Christ, Scientist, in Boston, 
 in 1879, was ordained its pastor in 1881, and founded the 
 Massachusetts Metaphysical College (chartered 1881). Her 
 works include “Science and Health, with Key to the 
 Scriptures" (the Christian Science text-book ; first edition 
 1875), “Unity of Good” (1887), “No and Yes" (1887), 
 “Rudimental Divine Science " (1890), “Retrospection and 
 Introspection ” (1891), “ Manual of the Mother Church ” 
 (1895), “ Truth versus Error ” (1905), etc. 
 
 Eddystone (ed'i-ston) Bocks. [‘Whirlpool 
 rooks.’] A reef in the English Channel, south 
 of Cornwall, in lat. 50° 10' 49 // N., long. 4° 16' 
 W. On them a famous lighthouse was erected 1696-99, 
 and has been rebuilt in 1706, 1756-59, and 1879-82. In the 
 present structure the light (159,600 candle-power) is 133 
 feet above the sea, and can be seen for 17 £ miles. 
 
 Eden (e'den). [Traditionally derived from 
 Heb. 'ederi, delight, pleasure, probably con- 
 nected with Babylonian edinu, field or park.] 
 In biblical history, the name of the first abode 
 of man, in the midst of which a garden, the 
 garden of Eden (the “paradise”), was planted. 
 The position of Eden is described in Gen. ii. 8 ff. by four 
 rivers that go out from it, and by the countries they sur- 
 round or pass in their course. Of these two, the Euphrates 
 and Tigris (Hebrew Berath and Hiddekel), are the well- 
 known rivers of Mesopotamia ; the other two, Pishon and 
 Gihon, have been identified with various streams. One of 
 the latest hypotheses, that of Friedrich Delitzsch, assumes 
 that the narrator in Genesis thought Eden located near 
 the city of Babylon and meant by the rivers Pishon and 
 Gihon twocanais; he also attempts toidentifytliecountries 
 mentioned in this passage with territories in that region. 
 Eden. A river in Westmoreland and Cumber- 
 land, England, which flows into Solway Firth 
 8 miles northwest of Carlisle. 
 
 Eden, George, Earl of Auckland. Born near 
 Beckenham, Kent, Aug. 25, 1784: died Jan. 1, 
 1849. An English statesman, son of William 
 Eden, first Lord Auckland. He was president of 
 the Board of Trade and master of the mint in Lord Grey's 
 cabinet (1830-34), first lord of the admiralty 1834 and 1835, 
 and governor-general of India 1835-42. He ordered the 
 deposition of Dost Mohammed ill 1838, and thus com- 
 menced the Afghan war. He was created earl of Auck- 
 land in 1339. 
 
 Eden, Rickard. Born about 1521: died 1576. 
 An English translator. He studied at Cambridge ; 
 held a position in the treasury 1544-46 ; was private secre- 
 tary to Sir W. Cecil 1552 ; and was appointed to a place in 
 the English treasury of Prince Philip of Spain in 1554, a 
 position which he lost soon after, owing to an accusation 
 of heresy. In 1562 he entered the service of a French 
 nobleman, with whom he traveled extensively. Eden's 
 name as a translator is appended to many books on geog- 
 raphy, travels, navigation, etc. Among these are “ A 
 Treatyse of the Newe India” (1553 : a translation of part of 
 Munster's “Cosmographia”), which is the first intelligible 
 description in English of America; and “Decades of the 
 Newe World” (1555: mainly a translation of Peter Martyr’s 
 work). 
 
 Eden, William. Born April 3, 1744 : died May 
 28, 1814. The first Lord Auckland, son of Sir 
 Robert Eden of Winderstone Hall, Durham. 
 He entered Parliament in 1774 ; was one of the commis- 
 sioners sent to America in 1778 ; held various offices in 
 the ministry ; was employed to negotiate a commercial 
 
Eden, William 
 
 treaty and other agreements with France 1786-87 ; and 
 was ambassador to Spain and to Holland. He was raised 
 to the peerage in 1789. He wrote “ Principles of Penal 
 Law " (1772), “History of New Holland ” (1787), etc. 
 Edenhall (e'dn-hal). The seat of the Mus- 
 graves of Cumberland, England, near Penrith. 
 Eden Hall, Luck of. See Luck of Eden Hall. 
 Edenkoben (a-den-ko'ben). A town in the 
 Palatinate, Bavaria, 15 miles west-southwest 
 of Spires. Near it is the royal villa Ludwigs- 
 hohe, built in 1846. Population, 5,144. 
 
 Eden of Germany. An epithet of Baden. 
 Edessa (e-des'sa), or JEgx (e'je). In ancient 
 geography, the early capital of Macedonia, rep- 
 resented by the modern Vodena, 47 miles west- 
 northwest of Saloniki. 
 
 Edessa. A city in Mesopotamia, in the vilayet 
 of Aleppo, Turkey, in lat. 37° 13' N., long. 38° 
 25' E. : the modern Urfa or Orfa. Its ancient 
 name was also Antiochia or Callirrhoe. It became the 
 capital of an independent kingdom in 137 B. c., and under 
 Trajan was made tributary to Home. In the 4th and 6th 
 centuries it was an important seat of Christian learning. 
 It belonged to Mohammedan powers, except in the 11th 
 century, when it was held by the Byzantine empire, and 
 in 1097-1144, when it was held by the Crusaders and was the 
 capital of a Latin principality of Edessa. It was sacked 
 by the Turks in 1147, and was finally possessed by them 
 in 1637. Population, estimated, 40,000. 
 
 Edfu (ed'fo). A town in Upper Egypt, situated 
 near the left bank of the Nile in lat. 24° 59' N. : 
 the ancient Apollinopolis Magna, Coptic Atbo. 
 The celebrated temple of Edfu is the most perfect exist- 
 ing example of an ancient Egyptian religious edifice. It 
 was begun by Ptolemy III. Euergetes in 237 B. c. The 
 entrance is by a massive double pylon 250 feet wide and 
 115 high, from which the strong inclosing wall is carried 
 around the temple. Within the pylon lies the great court 
 with its peristyle of columns. Behind it lies the hypostyle 
 hall, to the rear of which is a second hall with 3 ranges 
 of 4 columns, from which opens the double vestibule of 
 the isolated sanctuary, on the passage around which are 
 placed, as usual, a number of small chambers. The abun- 
 dant sculptures, though in style mere imitations of the 
 older Pharaonic work, are from their subjects both inter- 
 esting and instructive. The length of the temple is 450 
 feet. 
 
 Edgar (ed'gar), or Eadgar. Born 944: died 
 J uly 8, 975. A king of England, son of Edmund 
 ( Eadmund) and FElfgilu. He ascended the throne 
 in 959 as successor to his brother Eadwig (Edwy). He 
 ruled the whole nation (W est Saxons, Northumbrians, and 
 Mercians), and his quiet reign gained for him the surname 
 “ The Peaceful." He is said to have ceded Lothian 
 (northern Bernicia) to Kenneth of Scotland. 
 
 Edgar. In Shakspere’s “King Lear,” the son 
 of the Earl of Gloster. 
 
 Edgar. See Ravenswood, Edgar. 
 
 Edgar, Sir John. A pseudonym of Sir Richard 
 Steele, under which he conducted “The Thea- 
 tre” from Jan., 1720, till April, 1720. 
 
 Edgar, or Eadgar, AEtheling. [AS. setheling, 
 the prince.] Born in Hungary before 1057 : 
 died in the first part of the 12th century. An 
 English prince, grandson of Edmund Ironside. 
 Edgartown (ed'gar-toun). The chief town of 
 Dukes County, Massachusetts, situated on Mar- 
 tha’s Vineyard 74 miles south-southeast of 
 Boston. It is a summer resort. Population, 
 1,191, (1910). 
 
 Edgecote (edj'kot). A place in Northampton- 
 shire, England, 17 miles southwest of North- 
 ampton. Here, July 26, 1469, the insurgents 
 under Robin of Redesdale defeated the royal- 
 ists under the Earl of Pembroke. 
 
 Edgehill (ej'hil). A ridge in Warwickshire, 
 England, situated 12 miles south of Warwick. 
 Here, Oct. 23, 1642, was fought the first battle of the civil 
 war, between the Royalists under Charles I. and the Par- 
 liamentarians under the Earl of Essex : result indecisive. 
 Edgeworth (ej'werth), Maria. Born at Black 
 Bourton, Oxfordshire, Jan. 1, 1767 : died at 
 Edgeworthstown, Longford, Ireland, May 22, 
 1849. An English novelist, daughter of Richard 
 Lovell Edgeworth. She wrote, in conjunction with 
 her father, “Essays on Practical Education ’’ (1798) and 
 an “ Essay #n Irish Bulls ” (1802). Her chief independent 
 works are “Castle Rackrent" (1800), “Belinda” (1801), 
 “ Moral Tales ” (1801), “ Popular Tales ” (1804), “ TaleB of 
 Fashionable Life” (1809-12), “Leonora” (1806), “Patron- 
 age” (1814), “Ormond” (1817), and “Helen” (1834). 
 
 Edict of Nantes. See Nantes, Edict of. 
 
 Edin. A poetical name of Edinburgh. 
 Edinburgh (ed'n-bur-6), or Edinburghshire, 
 or Mid-Lothian. A county of Scotland, lying 
 between the Firth of Forth on the north, Had- 
 dington, Berwick, and Roxburgh on the east, 
 Selkirk, Peebles, and Lanark on the south, and 
 Linlithgow on the northwest. Area, 366 square 
 miles. Population (civil county), 488,647. 
 Edinburgh (ed'n-bur-6). [Formerly Edinbo- 
 row, Edinbro, ME. Edinburgh, Edenborow, 
 earlier Edwinesburch, Edwinesburg, AS. *Edd- 
 wines burh, Edwin’s castle.] The ancient cap- 
 of Scotland, in the county of Edinburgh, 
 les south of the Firth of Forth, in lat. 
 
 352 
 
 55° 57' N., long. 3° 12' W.: often called “the 
 modem or northern Athens,” both from its to- 
 pography and as a. seat of learning. See Dune- 
 din. It is noted for its picturesque situation on ridges 
 near Calton Hill and Arthur’s Seat. It is the seat of the 
 judicial and administrative government of the country, 
 and an important publishing and literary center. It con- 
 tains a university, castle, Holyrood Palace, Scott monu- 
 ment, St. Giles’s Church, the Parliament House (with the 
 Advocates’ Library), the Royal Institution, the National 
 Gallery, St. Mary’s Cathedral, and various charitable and 
 educational institutions. The castle, a citadel and palace, 
 occupies a high rock in the middle of the city. The 
 exterior has been greatly modified, but much in the in- 
 terior remains as of old, including some of the royal 
 apartments and the Romanesque chapel. Here are pre- 
 served the royal regalia of Scotland. The Parliament 
 House is now occupied by the Supreme Law Courts. It 
 is a large Renaissance building, with porticos of Ionic 
 columns over an arcaded and rusticated basement. The 
 great hall has a handsome roof of oak, and contains in- 
 teresting portraits and statues. The cathedral (St. Giles’s 
 Church) was founded in the 12th century, but the pres- 
 ent structure is of the 15th. The interior has high nave- 
 pillars and Pointed arches. The transept is Norman, with 
 massive piers supporting the tower. The fine recessed 
 and sculptured west doorway is modern, St. Mary’s Ca- 
 thedral, the masterpiece of Sir G. Gilbert Scott, was com- 
 pleted 1879. It is a spacious structure in the Early Eng- 
 lish style, with an imposing central spire 295 feet high. 
 Edinburgh was fortified by the Northumbrian king Edwin 
 (whence its name Edwin's Burgh) about 617 ; succeeded 
 Perth as the capital 1437 ; was taken and sacked by the 
 English in 1544, and again (by Cromwell) in 1650 ; and was 
 occupied by the Young Pretender in 1745. It is famous in 
 the literary history of the last half of the 18th and first half 
 of the 19th century, through its connection with Hume, 
 Robertson, Dugald Stewart. Adam Smith, Bums, Scott. 
 Wilson, the “Edinburgh Review,” etc. Population, 
 320,315, (1911). 
 
 Edinburgh, Duke of. See Alfred. 
 
 Edinburgh, University of. A famous seat of 
 learning, founded in 1582 by James VI. Itcom- 
 prises the faculties of arts, science, divinity, law, and medi- 
 cine. Its library contains over 260,000 volumes and 8,000 
 manuscripts. There are about 50 professors, besides lec- 
 turers, and the number of matriculated students is about 
 3,300. Conjointly with the University of St. Andrews it 
 sends a member to Parliament. The large university 
 building is of the 18th century. The medical school oc- 
 cupies a magnificent modern Renaissance building. 
 
 Edinburgh Review. A literary and political 
 review, founded at Edinburgh in 1802 by Jef- 
 frey, Sydney Smith, Brougham, Horner, and 
 others. 
 
 A knot of clever lads (Smith was 31, Jeffrey 29, Brown 
 24, Horner 24, and Brougham 23) met in the third (not, as 
 Smith afterwards said, the “ eighth or ninth ”) storey of 
 a house in Edinburgh, and started the journal by acclama- 
 tion. Leslie Stephen, Hours in a Library, III. 140. 
 
 Edison (ed'i-son), Thomas Alva. Born at 
 Milan, Ohio, Feb. 11, 1847. A celebrated Amer- 
 ican inventor. He became at the age of twelve a news- 
 boy on the Grand Trunk Line running into Detroit, and 
 subsequently a telegraph operator. He came in 1871 to 
 New York, where he perfected the duplex telegraph (1872), 
 and invented the printing telegraph for gold and stock 
 quotations, for the manufacture of which latter appliance 
 he established a workshop at Newark, N. J. In 1876 he 
 removed to Menlo Park, N. J., and later to West Orange, 
 N. J., where he has devoted himself to inventing. Among 
 his inventions are his system of duplex telegraphy (which 
 he subsequently developed into quadruplex and sextuplex 
 transmission), the carbon telephone transmitter, the micro- 
 tasimeter, the aerophone, the megaphone, the phonograph, 
 the kinetoseope, and the incandescent electric lamp. 
 
 Edisto (ed'is-to). A river in South Carolina, 
 formed by the union of the north and the south 
 branch, and flowing into the sea by two chan- 
 nels about 25 miles southwest of Charleston. 
 Length, over 150 miles. 
 
 Edith (e'dith). [ME. Edith (ML. Editha), AS. 
 Eddgith."] Died at Winchester, Dec. 19, 1075. An 
 Anglo-Saxon queen. She was the daughter of God- 
 wine, earl of Wessex, and married Edward the Confessor 
 in 1045, receiving Winchester and Exeter as her morning 
 gift. She is said to have planned the murder of Gospatric, 
 one of the king’s thegns, in 1064, at the instigation of her 
 brother Tostig, earl of Northumberland. She founded a 
 church at Wilton, which was consecrated in 1065; and on 
 the death of her husband retired to Winchester, in the 
 quiet possession of which she was allowed to remain by 
 William the Conqueror. 
 
 Edith. 1 . One of the principal characters in 
 Beaumont and Fletcher’s “ Bloody Brother.” — 
 2. The Maid of Lorn in Scott’s poem 1 ‘ The Lord 
 of the Isles.” 
 
 Edith Dombey. See Dombey. 
 
 Ediya (ed-e'ya). The black tribes which in- 
 habit the island Fernando Po, West Africa. 
 Physically degenerate, they also live in a very low state of 
 culture. They speak a Bantu language which is related 
 to those of the fronting mainland and subdivides itself 
 into a number of dialects. Some authors call it Fernan- 
 dian. From their form of salutation, the Ediya are gen- 
 erally known by the name of Bubis. Those who have 
 adopted Christianity are making progress in civilization. 
 
 Edmonton (ed'mon-ton). An urban district in 
 Middlesex, England, north of London. 
 
 Edmonton. The capital of Alberta, Canada, 
 on the N. Saskatchewan River. Pop., 24,900. 
 Edmonton, The Witch of. See Witch, etc. 
 
 Edrei 
 
 Edmund (ed'mund), or Eadmund, Saint. [AS. 
 
 Eadmund, L. Edmundus, F. Edmond, It. Ed- 
 mondo, Sp. Pg. Edmundo .] Born about 840: 
 killed by the Danes 870. King of East Anglia 
 855-870. 
 
 Edmund, Saint. Bom at Abingdon, England, 
 Nov. 20, probably between 1170 and 1175 : died 
 at Soisy, France, Nov. 16, 1240. Archbishop 
 of Canterbury. He was the son of one Edward or Rei- 
 nald Rich, studied at Oxford and Paris, and in 1233 was 
 appointed archbishop of Canterbury. He came forward 
 as a champion of the national church against papal en- 
 croachment ; but, finding himself unable to resist the ap- 
 pointment of 300 Italians to as many English benefices, 
 abandoned his archiepiscopal see in 1240 and took refuge 
 in the monastery of Pontigny, in France. He died at Soisy, 
 whither he had gone for the benefit of his health, and was 
 canonized in 1247. He is also called Edmund Rich and 
 Edmund of Pontigny. 
 
 Edmund I., or Eadmund, surnamed Magnifi- 
 cus (‘the Magnificent’). Born about 922: 
 killed at Pucklechurch, Gloucester, England, 
 May 26, 946. King of the West Saxons and 
 Mercians. He was the son of Edward the Elder, and 
 half-brother of Athelstan whom he succeeded in 940. He 
 subdued Cumbria (945), which he bestowed on Malcolm I. 
 of Scotland. He was killed by a robber named Liofa 
 while keeping the feast of St. Augustine of Canterbury at 
 Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire. The robber having en- 
 tered the hall unbidden, the king ordered a cup-bearer to 
 remove him, and when the robber resisted came to the 
 cup-bearer’s relief. In the struggle that ensued he was 
 stabbed to death with a dagger. 
 
 Edmund II., or Eadmund, surnamed Iron- 
 side. Born probably about 989: died, prob- 
 ably at London, Nov. 30, 1016. King of the 
 West Saxons. He was the son of Ethelred “the Un- 
 ready,” whom he succeeded in April, 1016. After many 
 victories over the Danes, he was defeated in a bloody 
 battle at Assandun (Ashington) in Essex by Canute, with 
 whom he was forced to divide his kingdom, provision 
 being made, it is said, that the survivor should be sole 
 king. He retained Wessex, Essex, East Anglia, and Lon- 
 don, while Canute received Northumberland and Mercia. 
 His death, which was probably due to natural causes, has 
 been attributed by later tradition to poison administered 
 by Eadric Streona at the instance of Canute. After his 
 death Canute took possession of the whole kingdom. 
 
 Edmund. In Shakspere’s “King Lear,” a bas- 
 tard son of the Earl of Gloster. 
 
 Edmunds (ed'mundz), George Franklin. 
 Born at Richmond, Vt., Feb. 1, 1828. An Amer- 
 ican statesman. He was a Republican senator from 
 Vermont to Congress 1866-91 ; was a member of the Elec- 
 toral Commission in 1877 ; and was president pro tem. of 
 the Senate 1882-85. He is the author of the Edmunds Act 
 of 1882 for the suppression of polygamy in U tah, and of an 
 act passed in 1887 pertaining to the same subject. 
 
 Edmunds, John. A felon, the principal char- 
 acter of the tale “The Convict’s Return,” in 
 Charles Dickens’s “Pickwick Papers.” 
 
 Edohwe (ed'6-hwa). A tribe or division of 
 North American Indians, formerly living on 
 Klamath River, Siskiyou County, California, 
 where a few now remain. In 1851 it had 24 
 villages, with an estimated population of 1,440. 
 See Sastean. 
 
 Edom (e'dom), or Idumea (id-u-me'a). [Heb., 
 ‘ reddish,’ 1 muddy.’] The region in the lowland 
 south of the Dead Sea, bounded on the west by 
 the desert of Paran, and on the northeast by the 
 mountains of Moab : the modern Wadi el Arabah 
 and the surrounding mountainous country, ex- 
 tending southward to the Ailanitic Gulf, and 
 including the seaports Elath and Eziongeber. 
 
 The most important cities of this rugged barren territory 
 were Bozrah, the capital Maon, Phunon, and Sela, after- 
 ward called Petra, from which the whole district was 
 named Petrsea. The Edomites were descendants of Esau, 
 the brother of Jacob, and were, therefore, designated as 
 “brothers of Israel” (Num. xx. 14, Deut. ii. 4, 8), but be- 
 came later the hereditary enemies of Israel: Saul attacked 
 them (1 Sam. xiv. 47) and subdued them (2 Sam. viii. 13). 
 After the division of the Israelitish kingdom they came 
 under the supremacy of Judah, but made frequent and 
 sometimes successful attempts to regain their indepen- 
 dence. They were for the last time subjected by Uzziah 
 about the middle of the 8th century B. c. Tiglatli-Pile- 
 ser III. made (about 743) Kaus Malik, king of Edom, tribu- 
 tary. Esarhaddon (6S0-668) mentions KauS Gabri of Edom 
 among the tributary kings. In the time of Nebuchad- 
 nezzar (604-561) Edom, still ruled by a king, was attacked 
 by the Babylonians. During the captivity they took pos- 
 session of portions of Judea, while their own territory was 
 occupied by Arabic tribes, the Nabathaeans, and was called, 
 after the city of Petra, Arabia Pet nea. The Hasmonean 
 king John Hyrcanus took Dora and Morissa and forced the 
 Idumeans to accept Judaism about 130 B. C. Afterward 
 they became the rulers of the Jews in the person of An- 
 tipater and his descendants the Herodians. The last king 
 of this race, Herod Agrippa II., died about 100 A. V., but 
 the name of Idumea vanishes from history with the fall 
 of Judea. See Century Atlas, Map XI. 
 
 Edred, or Eadred (ed'red). Died at Frome, Eng- 
 land, Nov. 23, 955. A king of England, young- 
 est son of Edward the Elder and Eadgifu, and 
 brother of Edmund I. whom he succeeded in 946. 
 
 His government was controlled by his mother and Dun- 
 stan ; his reign was marked by revolts in Northumbria. 
 
 Edrei (ed're-i). [Heb., ‘strong,’ ‘mighty.’] 
 
Edrei 
 
 In Old Testament history, the capital of Og, 
 king of Bashan. Near it Og was defeated by the Israel- 
 ites The city was with the territory assigned to the tribe 
 of Manasseh. 
 
 Edric (ed'rik), or Eadric. Put to death by 
 Canute, 1017. An English nobleman, ealdor- 
 man of Mercia, chief adviser of ^Ethelred the 
 Unready. 
 
 Edrisi. See Idrisi. 
 
 Edrisites. See Idrisites. 
 
 Edward (ed'ward), surnamed “The Elder.” 
 [AS. Eadweard, guardian of property, L. Ed- 
 vardus, F. Edouard, It. Eduardo, Edoardo, Odo- 
 ardo, Sp. Eduardo, Pg. Eduardo, Duarte, G. Edu- 
 ard. ] Died at Farndon, Northamptonshire, in 
 924. King of the "West Saxons, son of Alfred 
 the Great whom he succeeded in 901. He de- 
 feated his cousin Ethelwald, who disputed his title to the 
 throne. On the death of his sister Ethelfleda (EIlleda), the 
 widow of .-Etlielred, ealdorman of Mercia, he incorporated 
 Mercia (which had long acknowledged the overlordship of 
 the West-Saxon kings) with Wessex. He completed the 
 conquest of the Danelagh, or Five Boroughs of the Danes, 
 conquered East Anglia and Essex, and received the sub- 
 mission of Strathclyde and all the Scots. At his death he 
 ruled Wessex, Kent, and Sussex by inheritance ; Mercia, 
 Essex, and East Anglia by conquest ; and Northumberland, 
 Wales, Scotland, and Strathclyde as overlord. 
 
 Edward, surnamed “ The Martyr.” Born prob- 
 ably in 963: murdered March 18, 978. King 
 of the West Saxons, son of Edgar whom he suc- 
 ceeded in 975. He was elected by the witan through 
 the influence of Saint Dunstan, primate of England, in spite 
 of the measures taken by his stepmother, Elfrida, to secure 
 the crown for her son /Ethelred. He was murdered by her 
 order, and was succeeded by his stepbrother, /Etlielred II. 
 
 Edward, surnamed “The Confessor,” from his 
 reputed sanctity. Born at Islip, Oxfordshire, 
 about 1004: died Jan. 5, 1066. King of the West 
 Saxons, son of /Ethelred II. and Emma of Nor- 
 mandy. He lived chiefly in Normandy during the Dan- 
 ish supremacy, and was elected to the throne of his fa- 
 ther through the influence of Godwine, earl of Wessex, 
 on the death of Harthacnut, in 1042. Remarried Edgitha, 
 daughter of Godwine, in 1045. He died without issue, and 
 was succeeded by his wife's brother Harold, whose title was 
 disputed by William, duke of Normandy. A notable event 
 of his reign was the compilation, in 1070, of the so-called 
 “Lawsof Edward the Confessor.” He was canonized in 1161. 
 
 Edward I., surnamed “Longshanks.” Born at 
 Westminster, England, June 17-18, 1239: died 
 at Burgh-on-the-Sands, near Carlisle, England, 
 July 7, 1307. King of England 1272-1307. He 
 was the son of Henry III. and Eleanor of Provence. In 
 1254 he married Eleanor of Castile. He took an active 
 part in the struggle between his father and the barons, 
 inflicting a decisive defeat on their leader, Simon deMont- 
 fort, at Evesham in 1265. He engaged, 1270-72, in the 
 seventh Crusade, and was returning from the Holy Band 
 when he heard of his accession to the throne. He reached 
 England in 1274, in which year he was crowned. In 1277 
 he began the conquest of Wales, which had become prac- 
 tically independent during the barons’ wars, and in 1284 
 annexed that country to England. He expelled the Jews 
 from England in 1290. On the death of the Maid of Nor- 
 way, granddaughter of Alexander III. of Scotland, the 
 Scottish estates were unable to decide between the two 
 chief claimants to the throne, Baliol and Bruce, with the 
 result that Edward was appointed arbitrator. He decided 
 in favor of Baliol, whose homage he received. In 1294 he 
 became involved in a war with France, which formed an 
 alliance with Scotland. In 1296 he defeated the Scots at 
 Dunbar, compelled Baliol to resign the crown, carried the 
 Scotch coronation-stone to London, and placed Scotland 
 under an English regent, who was, however, defeated by 
 the patriot Sir William Wallace in 1297. Edward defeated 
 the Scots under Wallace in the battle of Falkirk, July 22, 
 1298. In 1303 he concluded the peace of Amiens with 
 France, having married in 1299 Philip IV.’s sister, Marga- 
 ret. Invading Scotland in 1303, he received the submission 
 of Bruce, and in 1305 he ordered the execution of Wallace, 
 who had been betrayed to the English. He died on the 
 way to Scotland, where a new insurrection had placed 
 Bruce on the throne in 1306. Among the chief internal 
 events of his reign were the publication of the first stat- 
 ute of Winchester in 1275 ; the separation of the old King’s 
 Court into three tribunals (the Court of Exchequer, Court 
 of King’s Bench, and Court of Common Pleas) ; the de- 
 velopment of the jurisdiction of the Royal Council (later 
 the Star Chamber) and of the chancellor ; the publication 
 of the statute of mortmain in 1279, and the statute of Win- 
 chester in 1285 ; and the summons in 1295 of the first per- 
 fect Parliament. 
 
 Edward II. Bom at Carnarvon, "Wales, April 
 25, 1284: murdered a't Berkeley Castle, near 
 Gloucester, England, Sept. 21, 1327. King of 
 England 1307-27. He was the fourth son of Edward I. 
 by his first wife, Eleanor of Castile. He was created in 
 1301 the first Prince of Wales. On his accession to the 
 throne he recalled his favorite, Piers Gaveston, who had 
 been banished by Edward I. He married Isabella of France 
 in 1308. The insolence of Gaveston having aroused the 
 anger of the barons, the favorite was banished through 
 their influence in 1308, only to be shortly recalled by the 
 king. In 1310, in consequence of the incompetence of 
 Edward, who was completely under the ascendancy of 
 Gaveston, the government was intrusted by the barons to 
 21 ordainers, who procured the passage of the ordinances 
 of the Parliament of 1311, in accordance with which Gaves- 
 ton was exiled, and provisions were made for annual Par- 
 liaments and for the reform of administrative abuses. In 
 1312 the barons brought about the execution of Gaveston, 
 who had been recalled by the king. In 1314 Edward was 
 defeated by the Scots under Robert Bruce at the battle of 
 C.— 23 
 
 353 
 
 Bannockburn (June 24). The exile of his new favorites, 
 the two Despensers, by Parliament in 1321 involved him 
 in a war with the barons, who were defeated at the battle 
 of Boroughbridge in 1322. In 1323, after an unsuccessful 
 invasion of Scotland, he concluded a peace for thirteen 
 years with Bruce, whose assumption of the royal title was 
 passed over in silence. His queen, Isabella, having in 1326 
 been sent to France to negotiate with Charles IV. concern- 
 ing the English fiefs in France, intrigued with Roger Mor- 
 timer and other disaffected barons, landed in England in 
 1326, captured Bristol, executed the Despensers, and im- 
 prisoned Edward, who was deposed by Parliament and 
 murdered in Berkeley Castle. 
 
 Edward III. Born at Windsor, England, Nov. 
 13, 1312: died at Shene (Richmond), England, 
 June 21, 1377. King of England 1327-77. He 
 was the son of Edward II. and Isabella of France. On 
 the deposition of his father, he was proclaimed king un- 
 der a council of regency, the actual government being 
 exercised by the queen and her favorite, Roger Mortimer. 
 He married Philippa of Hainault in 1328, and in the same 
 year concluded the treaty of Northampton with the Scots, 
 in which P„obert Bruce was recognized as king. In 1330 he 
 took the government into his own hands, securing the ex- 
 ecution of Mortimer and imprisoning the queen-mother. 
 On the death of Bruce in 1329, Edward Baliol seized the 
 crown, to the exclusion of Bruce’s infant son David. Baliol 
 did homage to Edward, and a revolt of the nobles drove 
 him across the border. Edward defeated the national party 
 at Halidon Hill in 1333, and restored Baliol. In 1338 he 
 became involved in a war with France(the Hundred Years’ 
 War), whose throne he claimed in right of his mother. 
 In 1346, at the battle of Neville’s Cross, his army defeated 
 the Scots under David II. (Bruce), who had recovered the 
 Scottish throne in 1342 ; the Scots, however, succeeded in 
 maintaining their independence. He gained with his son, 
 the Black Prince, the victory of Crdcy over the French in 
 1346, and reduced Calais in 1347, while the Black Prince 
 gained the battle of Poitiers in 1356. In 1360 he concluded 
 with the French the peace of Bretigny, by which he re- 
 nounced the French crown and Normandy, Anjou, Maine, 
 and Touraine, in return for the cession in full sovereignty 
 to England of Aquitaine, Ponthieu, Guisnes, and Calais. 
 He subsequently, in a war with Charles V. , lost all his pos- 
 sessions in France, with the exception of Bordeaux, Calais, 
 and Bayonne. During his reign occurred several visita- 
 tions of the “black death” (1348-49, 1361, and 1369). 
 Edward IV. Bom at Rouen, France, probably 
 April 28, 1441 : died April 9, 1483. King of 
 England 1461-83. He was the son of Richard, duke 
 of York, and Cecily Nevill, daughter of the Earl of 
 Westmoreland. He was known as the Earl of March pre- 
 vious to his accession, and played a prominent part in the 
 struggle of his house (the house of York) with that of 
 Lancaster for the possession of the throne. In conjunc- 
 tion with the Earls of Salisbury and Warwick he defeated 
 the Lancastrians tinder Henry VI. at Northampton in 1460, 
 and took the king prisoner. His father, the Duke of 
 York, was defeated and killed at the battle of Wakefield 
 later in the same year, whereupon Edward succeeded to 
 the title, defeated the Lancastrians at the battle of Morti- 
 mer’s Cross in 1461, and was proclaimed king at London 
 March 4, 1461. The early part of his reign was dis- 
 turbed by constant attempts of the Lancastrians to re- 
 gain the throne. In 1464 he secretly married Elizabeth 
 Grey, daughter of Richard Woodville, Baron Elvers, and 
 widow of Sir John Grey, a Lancastrian, which caused a 
 revolution under the Earl of Warwick, who joined forces 
 with the Lancastrians and proclaimed the deposed and 
 captive Henry VI. king. Edward suppressed the rising 
 in the battles of Barnet (April 14, 1471) and Tewkesbury 
 (May 4, 1471), in the former of which Warwick was slain. 
 Edward V. Bom in Westminster Abbey, Nov. 
 2 or 3, 1470: murdered in the Tower of London 
 in 1483. King of England April-June, 1483. 
 He was the son of Edward IV. by Elizabeth Woodville. 
 He succeeded to the throne under the regency of his 
 uncle Richard, duke of Gloucester, who secretly put him 
 and his brother to death and usurped the government. 
 Edward VI. Born at Hampton Court, Eng- 
 land, Oct. 12, 1537 : died at Greenwich, near 
 London, July 6, 1553. King of England 1547- 
 1553. He was the son of Henry VIII. by his third queen, 
 Jane Seymour, and succeeded to the throne under the re- 
 gency of his uncle, the Duke of Somerset, who was sup- 
 planted about 1550 by the Duke of Northumberland. 
 During his reign occurred the publication of the 42 
 articles of religion and the introduction of the Book of 
 Common Prayer. Before his death he was induced by the 
 Duke of Northumberland to assign the crown to Lady 
 Jane Grey, to the exclusion of Mary and Elizabeth. 
 
 Edward VII. Born at Loudon, Nov. 9, 1841 : 
 died there, May 6, 1910. The eldest son of 
 Victoria : Hug of Great Britain and Ireland and 
 emperor of India 1901-10. See Albert Edward. 
 Edward, Prince of Wales, called “ The Black 
 Prince.” Bom at Woodstock, July 15, 1330 : 
 died at Westminster, June 8, 1376. Son of 
 Edward III. He fought with distinction at Crecy in 
 1346 ; gained the victory of Poitiers in 1356 ; was created 
 prince of Aquitaine and Gascony in 1363 ; defeated the Cas- 
 tilians at Navarrete in 1367 ; and stormed Limoges in 1369. 
 Edward I. A play by Peele, printed in 1593. 
 
 This work . . . marks the transition from the Chronicle 
 Histories ... to the Histories of Shakspere. 
 
 Ward, Hist. Dram. Lit. 
 
 Edward II. A tragedy by Marlowe, entered on 
 the Stationers’ Register July 6. 1593. it was prob- 
 ably written about 1590, but was not published till 1598, 
 afterMarlowe’sdeath. diaries Lamb remarks that “the re- 
 luctant pangs of abdicating royalty in Edward furnished 
 hints which Shakspere since improved in his Richard III.’’ 
 
 Edward III. A tragedy attributed to Mar- 
 lowe, founded on Holinshed’s “Chronicle,” 
 
 Eeckhout 
 
 acted in 1590. It was entered on the Stationers’ Re- 
 gister in 1595 ; was printed anonymously in 1596 ; and at 
 one time was attributed to Shakspere. 
 
 Edward IV. A play by Ileywood, printed in 
 
 Edwardes (ed'wardz), Sir Herbert Benjamin. 
 
 Born at Frodesley, Shropshire, England, Nov. 
 12, 1819: died at London, Dec. 23, 1868. An 
 English general and author, distinguished in 
 the Sikh wars in India 1845-49. He published 
 “A Year on the Punjab Frontier” (1851), etc. 
 Edwards (ed'wardz), Amelia Blandford. 
 Born at London in 1831 : died a t Weston-super- 
 Mare, Somerset, April 15, 1892. An English 
 novelist, miscellaneous writer, and Egyptolo- 
 gist. She showed talent for drawing and music, and in 
 1853 began to write for periodicals, and devoted herself 
 from 1880 to archaeological studies. In 1883 she became 
 the honorary secretary of the Egyptian exploration fund. 
 She received the title of doctor of philosophy from Colum- 
 bia College, New York, and lectured on the antiquities of 
 ®gypt, etc., in 18S9 and in succeeding years in the United 
 States. “A Thousand Miles up the Nile” (1877) was il- 
 lustrated from her own sketches. Among her novels are 
 “Barbara’s nistory ” (1864), “Lord Brackenbury” (1880), 
 “Debenham’s Vow ”(1870), “Half a Million of Money,” 
 “Miss Carew ” (1865), “Hand in Glove,” etc. She also 
 wrote “A Summary of English History” (1856), “An 
 Abridgment of French History ” (1858), “ Pharaohs, Fel- 
 lahs, and Explorers” (1891), etc., and in 1865 published 
 a volume of ballads. 
 
 Edwards, Bryan. Bom at Westbury, Wilt- 
 shire, May 21, 1743: died at Southampton, July 
 15, 1800. An English West India merchant 
 and historian. He lived in Jamaica, finally returning 
 to England in 1792. He established a hank at Southamp- 
 ton, and in 1796 was elected to Parliament. He is best 
 known for his “History of the British Colonies in the 
 West Indies,” of which the first two volumes were pub- 
 lished in 1793 : later editions are greatly enlarged, the 
 best being that of 1S19. Ilis “ Historical Survey of St. 
 Domingo,” first published in 1797, is generally appended 
 to the later editions of the “History.” 
 
 Edwards, George. Born at Stratford, Essex, 
 England, April 3, 1693: died at Plaistow, near 
 London, July 23, 1773. An English naturalist. 
 He published a “ History of Birds ” (1745-51), “Gleanings 
 of Natural History ” (1758-64 : 3 volumes additional to 
 the “ History ”), etc. 
 
 Edwards, Henri Milne. See Milne Edwards. 
 Edwards, Jonathan. Born at. East Windsor, 
 Conn., Oct. 5, 1703: died at Princeton, N. J., 
 March 22, 1758. An eminent American theo- 
 logian and metaphysician. He was pastor of the 
 Congregational Church at Northampton, Massachusetts, 
 1727-50 ; missionary to the Indians at Stockbridge, Massa- 
 chusetts, 1751-58 ; and president of Princeton College in 
 1758. He published “A Treatise concerning the Religious 
 Affections” (1716), “Qualifications for Full Communion 
 in the Visible Church (1749), “An Essay on the Freedom 
 of the Will” (his most celebrated work, published 1754), 
 “ Doctrine of Original Sin Defended ” (1758), “ History of 
 the Redemption ” (1772). 
 
 Edwards, Jonathan, called “The Younger.” 
 Born at Northampton, Mass., May 26, 1745: 
 died at Schenectady, N. Y., Aug. 1, 1801. An 
 American Congregational clergyman, son of 
 Jonathan Edwards. He was president of Union 
 College (Schenectady) 1799-1801. 
 
 Edwards, Justin. Bom at Westhampton, 
 Mass., April 25, 1787 : died at Virginia Springs, 
 Va., July 23, 1853. An American clergyman, 
 author of various tracts on temperance, etc. 
 Edwards, Matilda Barbara Betham-. Born 
 at Westerfield, England, 1836. An English 
 writer, noted as a novelist. Forherworkson France 
 (editions of Arthur Young’s “Travels,” etc.) she was in 
 1891 made Officier de l’lnstruction Publique de France. 
 Edwards, Bichard. Born in Somersetshire, 
 England, about 1523: died Oct. 31, 1566. An 
 English dramatist. Tn 1561 he was appointed mas- 
 ter of the Children of the Chapel. He wrote a drama “ Da- 
 mon and Pythias ” (1571 : reprinted by Dodsley), and a 
 number of poems, some of which appeared in “The 
 Paradyse of Daynty Devises ” (1576). 
 
 Edwin (ed'win), or Eadwine. Born probably 
 in 585 : died in 633. King of Northumbria 617- 
 633, son of King Ella of Deira. He was the fifth 
 Bretwalda, and his overlordship extended over all Teu- 
 tonic Britain except Kent. He was defeated and slain 
 in the battle of neath field in 633 by the rebellious Mer- 
 cians under Penda in alliance with Cadwallon of Wales. 
 During his reign Christianity was introduced into North- 
 umbria. 
 
 Edwin and Angelina. A ballad by Oliver 
 Goldsmith, privately printed originally for the 
 Countess of Northumberland. The ballad was 
 first published in “The Vicar of Wakefield,” 
 and is also called “The Hermit.” 
 
 Edwin and Emma. A ballad by Mallet, writ- 
 ten in 1760. 
 
 Edwin Drood. See Mystery of Edwin Drood. 
 Edwy (ed'wi), or Eadwig, surnamed “The Fair.” 
 Born about 940 : died 959. Son of Edmund I. 
 He became king of Wessex 955. 
 
 Eeckhout (ek'hoiit), or Eckhout, Gerbrand 
 
Eeckhout 
 
 van den. Born at Amsterdam, Aug. 19, 1621 : 
 died at Amsterdam, Sept. 29, 1674. A Dutch 
 painter, a pupil of Rembrandt. 
 
 Eecloo (a-klo'). A town in the province of 
 East Flanders, Belgium, 12 miles northwest of 
 Ghent. Population, 13,316. 
 
 ~F.fi k (ef'ik). An African tribe dwelling around 
 the estuary of the Cross and Old Kalabar rivers 
 in West Africa. It largely consists of a fusion of va- 
 rious tribal elements brought in by the slave-trade. The 
 country is ruled by a few wealthy native freemen and mer- 
 chants, styled “kings,” whose extensive trade in palm-oil 
 is dependent on the labor of numerous slave subjects. 
 Under Scottish Presbyterian missionaries the Efik people 
 have made encouraging progress in Christianity and civ- 
 ilization. The mission press has issued a considerable lit- 
 erature in Efik. This language has preserved few Bantu 
 elements, and is generally classed with the Nigritic branch. 
 Iboko and Ibibio are its principal dialects. Duketown, one 
 of the largest native settlements of the West Coast, was 
 the capital of the British Oil Rivers Protectorate. The 
 neighboring Creektown is also an important place. It is 
 said that the export of slaves from this region and Bonny 
 used to equal that of all the rest of Upper Guinea. 
 
 Ega. See Teffe. 
 
 Egalite (a-gal-i-ta'), Philippe. [F., ‘ equality.’] 
 The name given during the French Revolution 
 to Louis Philippe Joseph, due d’Orleans. See 
 Orleans. 
 
 Egan (e'gan), Pierce. Born at London 1772 (?) : 
 died there, Aug. 3, 1849. An English writer 
 on sports. He was the author of a monthly serial, 
 
 “ Boxiana : or Sketches of modern Pugilism ” (1818-21), 
 “Life in London, ’’ a serial illustrated by George and Isaac 
 R. Cruikshank (1821), etc. 
 
 Egan, Pierce. Born at London, 1814: died 
 July 6, 1880. An English novelist and artist, 
 son of Pierce Egan the elder. He wrote “Wat 
 Tyler” (1851), “Paul Jones” (1842), “The Snake in the 
 Grass " (1858), etc. 
 
 Egana (a-gan'ya), Juan. Born at Lima, Peru, 
 1769: died at Santiago, Chile, April 13, 1836. 
 A Chilian jurist, statesman, and author. He took 
 an active part in the revolution of 1810, and was a leading 
 spirit in the first Chilian congress ; was imprisoned by the 
 Spaniards in 1814 at Juan Fernandez; was released in 
 1817 ; and shortly after was again a member of the Chilian 
 congress. Among his numerous published works are 
 “Tratados juridicos,” “Descripcion geologica y mineralo- 
 gies de Chile,” “ Memorias politicas," and “ Tratado de ed- 
 ucacion.” His writings have been collected in lOvolumes. 
 Egba (eg'ba). A tribe of Toruba. See Abeo- 
 kuta. 
 
 Egbert (eg'bert). [AS. Ecgberht.] Bom about 
 775 : died 839. King of Wessex 802-839. He 
 
 received the submission of Mercia and Northumberland 
 in 829, and became lord of all England. 
 
 Egbo (eg'bo). A secret society among the 
 Efik tribe of Old Kalabar, West Africa. The 
 Egbo-men form the aristocracy ■and rule the country. 
 They have an annual festivity in which an ox is slaugh- 
 tered and allowed to putrefy before it is eaten. The 
 principal participants wear masks and paint their bodies. 
 Egede (a'ge-de), Hans, surnamed “The Apostle 
 of Greenland.” Born in Senjen, Norway, Jan. 
 31, 1686: died in the island of Falster, Den- 
 mark, Nov. 5, 1758. A Norwegian missionary. 
 He was stationed 1721-36 among the Eskimos of Green- 
 land, where in 1721 he founded the colony of Godthaab. 
 He became superintendent of the Greenland mission in 
 1740, and resided many years at Copenhagen. He wrote 
 several works on the history of Greenland. 
 
 Egede, Paul. Born in Vaagen, Norway, 1708 : 
 died at Copenhagen, 1789. A Norwegian mis- 
 sionary, son of Hans Egede. He was stationed in 
 Greenland 1734-40 ; succeeded his father as superinten- 
 dent of the Greenland mission ; and lived many years in 
 Copenhagen. He completed a translation, begun by his 
 father, of the New Testament into the Eskimo language. 
 He also compiled a catechism and a ritual in that lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Eger (a'ger). A river in Bohemia which joins 
 the Elbe 33 miles northwest of Prague. Length, 
 160 miles. 
 
 Eger. [Bohem. Click."] A city in Bohemia, situ- 
 ated on the Eger in lat. 50° 5' N., long. 12° 22' 
 E. It contains a castle, built by Frederick Barbarossa 
 about 1180 on a rock above the river, and long an imperi- 
 al and royal seat, now forming an imposing ruin. There 
 is a double chapel, Romanesque in the lower story and 
 Pointed above. Eger was the scene of Wallenstein’s mur- 
 der in 1634. It was formerly a free imperial city and a 
 fortress. Population, 27,949, (1910). 
 
 Eger (in Hungary). See Erlau. 
 
 Egerdir (eg-er-der'), or Egirdir. A lake in the 
 vilayet of Konieh, Asia Minor, in lat. 38° N. 
 Length, about 30 miles. 
 
 Egeri. See Agcri. 
 
 Egeri, Lake. See Ageri, Lake. 
 
 Egeria, or Nigeria (e-je'ri-a). 1. In Roman 
 mythology, one of the Camenae, by whom Numa 
 was instructed with regard to the forms of 
 worship he was to introduce. — 2. An asteroid 
 (No. 13) discovered at Naples by De Gasparis, 
 Nov. 2, 1850. 
 
 “-on (ej'er-ton), Francis. Born 1736: died 
 ndon, March 3, 1803. The third and last 
 
 354 
 
 Duke of Bridgewater, younger son of the first 
 duke by his second wife. He is notable as the pro- 
 jector of a canal from Worsley to Manchester (the first' in 
 England, throughout its course entirely independent of a 
 natural stream), and of one from Manchester to Liver- 
 pool. He was surnamed “ The Father of British Inland 
 Navigation.” 
 
 Egerton, Francis. Born at London, Jan. 1, 
 1800: died there, Feb. 18, 1857. An English 
 politician and man of letters, first Earl of Elles- 
 mere (known as Francis Leveson-Gower until 
 1833), son of George Granville Leveson-Gower, 
 marquis of Stafford and duke of Sutherland. 
 He was a member of Parliament 1822-46 ; a lord of the 
 treasury in 1827 ; under-secretary of state for the colonies 
 in 1828 ; chief secretary for Ireland 1828-30 ; and secretary 
 at war in 1830. He was created Viscount Brackley of 
 Brackley and Earl of Ellesmere of Ellesmere in 1846 ; and 
 was president of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1849, and of 
 the Royal Geographical Society 1854-55. He wrote “Medi- 
 terranean Sketches ” (1843), etc. 
 
 Egerton, Francis Henry, eighth Earl of Bridge- 
 water. Born Nov. 11, 1756: died at Paris, Feb. 
 11, 1829. An English nobleman and clergy- 
 man, founder, by his will, of the “Bridgewater 
 Treatises” (which see). 
 
 Egerton, Sir Thomas, Baron Ellesmere and 
 Viscount Brackley. Bom in Cheshire, England, 
 about 1540 : died at London, March 15, 1617. 
 An English jurist, lord chancellor of England 
 1603-17. 
 
 Egeus (e-je'us). The father of Hermia in Shak- 
 spere’s “Midsummer Night’s Dream.” 
 
 Egg (eg), Augustus Leopold. Born at London, 
 May 2, 1816: died at Algiers, Algeria, March 
 26, 1863. An English painter of historical and 
 genre scenes. 
 
 Egga (eg'a). A town in Gando, in the British 
 Niger Territories, on the lower Niger. Popu- 
 lation, 10,000-15,000 (?). 
 
 Eggischhorn (eg'ish-horn). A mountain in the 
 Alps, near the head of the Rhone valley, canton 
 of Valais, Switzerland. Height, 9,625 feet. 
 Eggleston (eg'l-stqn), Edward. Born at Ve- 
 vay, Ind., Dec. 10, 1837: died at Joshua’s Rock, 
 Lake George, N. Y., Sept. 2,1902. An American 
 author. In 1856 he became a Methodist preacher, and 
 was editor at different times of “The Little Corporal,” 
 “The Sunday School Teacher," the New York “Inde- 
 pendent,” “ Hearth and Home,” etc. In 1879 he retired 
 from the pastorate of the Church of the Christian Endea- 
 vor in Brooklyn, N. V., and devoted himself entirely to 
 literature. His chief works of fiction are “ The Hoosier 
 Schoolmaster” (1871), “The End of the World” (1872), 
 “The Mystery of Metropolisville ” (1873), “The Circuit 
 Rider” (1874), “Roxy” (1878), “The Hoosier School- 
 boy" (1883), “The Graysons” (1887), “ The Faith Doctor ” 
 (1891), “Duffels” (1893). He also wrote a “Household 
 History of the United States ” (1888), a “History of the 
 United States for Schools” (1888), and a “First Book of 
 American History.” 
 
 Eggmiihl. See Eckmuhl. 
 
 Egilsson (a'gilz-son), Sveinbjorn. Born at 
 Innri-Njardrik, Iceland, 1791 : died at Reykja- 
 vik, Iceland, Aug. 17, 1852. An Icelandic philol- 
 ogist. His chief work is a “ Lexicon poeticum 
 antiquse lingua; septentrionalis ” (1854-60). 
 Egina. See JEgina. 
 
 Eginhard. See Einhard. 
 
 Egirdir. See Egerdir. 
 
 Eglamore (eg'la-mor), or Eglamour, Sir. A 
 
 valiant knight and heroic champion of the 
 Round Table, in the Arthurian cycle of ro- 
 mances. There is a popular ballad which re- 
 counts how he “slew a terrible huge great 
 monstrous dragon.” 
 
 Eglamour (eg'la-mor). In Shakspere’s “Two 
 Gentlemen of Verona,” the agent for Sylvia’s 
 escape. 
 
 Eglantine (eg'lan-tin). In the story of “Val- 
 entine and Orson,” the bride of Valentine and 
 daughter of King Pepin. 
 
 Eglantine, Madame. In Chaucer’s ‘ ‘ Prioress’s 
 Tale,” the prioress. 
 
 Full well she sang the service divine, 
 
 Entunbd in her nose full seemfely. 
 
 And French she spoke full fair and fetisly, 
 
 After the school of Stratford-atte-Bow ; 
 
 For French of Paris was to her unknow. 
 
 Egypt 
 
 time governor of Flanders and Artois, and was a member 
 of the council of state under Margaret of Parma. Al- 
 though a Catholic and a courtier, he opposed the absolute 
 government which Philip II. attempted to introduce into 
 the Netherlands under cover of religion. He was treach- 
 erously seized by the Duke of Alva Sept. 9, 1567, and exe- 
 cuted in company with the Count of Hoorn. 
 
 Egmont. A tragedy by Goethe, published 1788. 
 Egmont, Mount. An extinct volcano in the 
 North Island, New Zealand, situated about lat. 
 39° 16' S., long. 174° 5' E. It was discovered by 
 Cook Jan. 13, 1770, an* named in honor of Count Egmont. 
 Height, 8,300 feet. » 
 
 Egremont (eg'r-mont). A town of Cumber- 
 land, England, on the Ehen south of White- 
 haven. Population, 5,761. 
 
 Eguiara y Eguren (a-ge-a'rfi e a-go-ran'), 
 Juan Jose. Born in Mexico City about 1695 : 
 died there, Jan. 29, 1763. A Mexican author. 
 He took orders, and was professor of theology and rector 
 of the University of Mexico. His most important work is 
 the “BibliotecaMexicana,”abibliographical dictionary, of 
 which only a part was printed (Mexico, 1755). He also wrote 
 
 ^numerous philosophical and theological treatises, etc. 
 
 Egypt (e'jipt). [Heb. Mizraim, Assyr. Mugur, 
 Ar. Migr, Coptic Kerne, Gr. AlyvirroQ, L. JEgyptus, 
 F. Egypte, G. Agypten, It. Egitto.] 1. A country 
 in northeastern Africa, now a dependency of 
 Tui-key, famous for the great antiquity and 
 former splendor of its civilization. It is bounded 
 by the Mediterranean on the north, and extends south- 
 ward, including the delta and the valley of the Nile, to 
 the first cataract (lat. 24° 6' N.). On the east it is bounded 
 by the Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea, and on the west by 
 the desert. It includes also the Sinaitic peninsula and a 
 strip on the western coast of Arabia. The present south 
 era limit of its possessions is in the neighborhood of tin 
 second cataract. Egypt proper consists practically of tils 
 delta and a narrow strip on each side of the Nile. Th 
 soil has been celebrated for its productiveness, due to the 
 inundations of the river, and it was long the granary ot 
 Rome. Modern Egypt has 15 mudiriyehs or provinces, 
 with Cairo as the capital and Alexandria as the seaport. 
 The government is a hereditary viceroyalty, ruled by a khe. 
 dive, subordinate to Turkey. The inhabitants are Egyp- 
 tians (fellaheen, town-people, and Bedawin), Nubians, 
 Abyssinians, Levantines, Turks, negroes, Armenians, Jews, 
 and Europeans. The leading religion is Mohammedan, 
 but there are many Copts. The prevailing language is 
 Arabic. The history of ancient Egypt was given by Mane- 
 tbo under 31 dynasties. (See Manetho.) These dynasties 
 are thus grouped by Mariette : the Ancient Empire, dynas- 
 ties I.-XI. ; the Middle Empire, dynasties XI. -XVIII. ; 
 the New Empire, dynasties XVIII.-XXXI. The 1st dy- 
 nasty was founded by Menes in 5004 B. c., according to 
 Mariette. During the early dynasties Memphis was the 
 center, and in the time of the 4th occurred the buiiding of 
 the Pyramids (about 4000 B. c. — Mariette). The construc- 
 tion of Lake Moeris and the Labyrinth are assigned to the 
 12th dynasty. Thebes now became the center, and later 
 the invasion of the Hyksos occurred (in the 15th dynasty). 
 After a period of confusion and obscurity Egypt was united 
 under the great Theban 18th dynasty, and under this and 
 the 19th reached its highest point in extent and in the 
 grandeur of its monuments. Among the great sover- 
 eigns were Thothmes III., Seti I., and RamesesII. The 
 “Pharaoh of the Exodus” has frequently been identified 
 with Menephtali of the 19th dynasty, and the date stated 
 approximately at about 1300 B. C. With the next dynasty 
 began the decline. There were some revivals of power, anil 
 in the 7th and 6th centuries Greek settlements began : but 
 in 527 B. c. Egypt was conquered by Cambyses, and this 
 Persian dynasty ranks as the 27th. From 406 B. C. native 
 rulers again held power, but in 340 B. c. a short-lived Per- 
 sian dynasty (the 31st and last of Manetho) began; this was 
 overthrown in 332 B. c. by Alexander the Great. After his 
 death Egypt was ruled by his general Ptolemy and Ptole- 
 my’s successors down to the death of Cleopatra (30 B. c.), 
 when Augustus annexed it to the Roman Empire. Egypt 
 was an important center of Christianity. In about 640 it 
 was conquered by the Saracens, and formed in later times 
 part of the Ommiad and Abbasside empires. The Fatixnites 
 ruled it from 909 to 1171, and thereafter the Ayubites until 
 1250 : to these succeeded the Mamelukes, who* in turn were 
 overthrown by the Turks under Selim I. in 1517. Egypt 
 was invaded by Bonaparte in 1798, but the French were ex- 
 pelled in 1801. In 1806 Mehemet Ali became pasha, and 
 the country developed greatly. A successful war with 
 Turkey was cut short in 1840 by the intervention of the 
 powers. In 1869 the Suez Canal was opened. From 1879 
 France and England exercised a joint supervision over the 
 khedive ; but a native revolt, begun under Arabi Pasha in 
 1881 and suppressed by England in 1882, was followed in 
 1883 by the abolition of the joint control, and the appoint- 
 ment of an English financial adviser. The Mahdists in 
 the Sudan revolted in 1881-85, and in spite of the resist- 
 ance of Gordon at Khartum and the campaigns of Wolseley 
 and others the provinces south of the second cataract were 
 lost. By the campaigns of 1896-99 the authority of the 
 government was reestablished. Area, 400,000 sq. m. : of the 
 settled laud surface, 12,013 square miles. Pop., 11,189,978. 
 
 Eglinton, Earl of. See Montgomerie. 
 
 Eglon (eg'lon). Iu Old Testament history, a 
 king of the Moabites who captured Jericho and 
 occupied it for 18 years, during which he op- 
 pressed the Hebrews and obliged them to pay 
 tribute. 
 
 Egmont (eg'mont), or Egmond, Lamoral, 
 
 Count of Egmont and Prince of Gavre. Born 
 at La Hamaide, Hainaut, Nov. 18, 1522: died 
 at Brussels, June 5, 1568. A Flemish general 
 and popular hero. He fought under Charles V. in 
 Algiers, Germany, and France, and led the cavalry at St. 
 Quentin in 1657, and at Gravelines in 1558. Ho was for a 
 
 JEgyptus was in old times the name of the Nile, which 
 was so called by Homer (Odys. iv. 477 ; xiv. 257) : and Strabo 
 (xvii. p. 691) says the same was the opinion of Nearchus. 
 Manetho pretends that the country received the name 
 from JEgyptus, a surname of King Sethos(or Sethi). Aris- 
 totle thinks that “.Egypt was formerly called Thebes," 
 and Herodotus states, in opposition to the opinion of 
 the “Ionians," that “Thebes (i. e. the Tliebaid) had of 
 old the name of Egypt.” And if this is not confirmed by 
 the monuments, the word “Egypt” was at all events con- 
 nected with Coptos, a city of the Thebaid. From Kebt, 
 Koft, or Coptos, the modem inhabitants have been called 
 Copts : its ancient name in hieroglyphics was Kwbt-lior; 
 and Mr. Poole is evidently right in supposing this to be 
 the same as the Biblical Caphtor. He thinks the name 
 “ Egypt” is composed of Ala," land," and ribrTos ; and is to 
 
Egypt 
 
 be traced in the Ai-Caphtor, “land (or coast) of Caplitor,” in 
 Jeremiah (xlvii. 4). The word Coptitic is found in a Gnostic 
 papyrus, supposed to be of the second century (see note3 
 on ch. 83). Egypt is said to have been called originally 
 Aetia, and the Nile Aetos and Siris. Upper Egypt, or the 
 Thebaid, has even been confounded with, and called, 
 Ethiopia : perhaps too by Pliny (vi. 35 ; see notes on ch. 
 110); Nahum (iii. 9) calls Ethiopia and Egypt the strength 
 of No (Thebes); and Strabo says (i. p. 57) that Menelaus’ 
 journey to Ethiopia really meant to Thebes. The modern 
 name Musr or Misr is the same as the Biblical Mizraim, 
 
 1. e. “the twoMisrs,” applied to Egypt, which corresponds 
 to “ the two regions ” of the sculptures ; but the word Misr 
 does not occur on the monuments. 
 
 Rawlinson, Herod., II. 23. 
 
 2. A diocese of the prefecture of the East, in 
 the later organization of the Roman Empire. 
 
 Egyptian Expedition, The. An expedition 
 undertaken by the French against Egypt in 
 1798-1801, with the ultimate object of attacking 
 the British empire in India. It was commanded by 
 Napoleon Bonaparte ; sailed from Toulon with 35,000 men 
 May 19, 1708 ; conquered Malta June 12, 1798 ; defeated the 
 Mamelukes in the battle of the Pyramids July 21, 1798; 
 captured Cairo July 22, 1798; suffered the loss of its fleet 
 by the victory of Nelson at Abukir Aug. 1, 1798; and in 
 1799 invaded Syria, but was in the same year repulsed by 
 the Turks and the English at St. Jean d’Acre, and retreated 
 to Cairo. In Aug., 1799, Bonaparte returned to France, 
 leaving in command Klfiber, who was murdered in 1800, 
 and was succeeded by Menou. Menou concluded a treaty 
 with the English at Cairo in 1801, in accordance with 
 which Egypt was restored to the Ottoman Porte, and the 
 French army transported to France by the English fleet. 
 
 Egyptian Princess, An. [G.Agyptische Konigs- 
 tochter .] A novel by Ebers (1864). The scene 
 is laid in Egypt and Persia about 522 b. c. 
 Egyptian Thief, The. Thyamis, the lover of 
 Chariclea, referred to in Shakspere’s “Twelfth 
 Night,” v. 1. 
 
 Ehatisaht (a-ha'ti-sat), or Ayhuttisaht (a- 
 
 hot'i-sat). A tribe of North American In- 
 dians, living about Esperanza Inlet, west coast 
 of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. They 
 number about 100. See Aht. 
 
 Ehingen (a'ing-en). Atown in Wiirtemberg, on 
 the Danube 15 miles southwest of Ulm. 
 Ehrenberg (a'ren-berG), Christian Gottfried. 
 Born at Delitzsch, Prussia, April 19, 1795: died 
 at Bei-lin, June 27, 1876. A German naturalist, 
 especially noted for his studies of Infusoria. 
 He wrote “Die Infusionstierchen als volikommene Or- 
 ganismen ” (1838), “Mikro-Geologie ” (1854). 
 Ehrenbreitstein (a-ren-brit'stin). A town in 
 the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the 
 Rhine opposite Coblenz, it is noted for its for- 
 tress, situated on an almost inaccessible rock 385 feet 
 above the river. It was taken by the French in 1631, by 
 the Imperialists in 1637, and by the French in 1799. Pop- 
 ulation, 5,020. 
 
 Ehrenfeld (a'ren-feld). A manufacturing sub- 
 urb of Cologne. Population, 37,869. 
 Eibenstock (i'ben-stok). A town in the king- 
 dom of Saxony, in the Erzgebirge in lat. 50° 29' 
 N., long. 12° 36' E. It is noted for its tambour 
 embroidery. Population, 8,724. 
 
 Eichberg (Ik'bera), Julius. Born at Diissel- 
 dorf in 1824: died at Boston, Jan. 19, 1893. A 
 German-American composer. He was professor in 
 the Conservatoire at Geneva. In 1857 he went to N ew York, 
 and in 1859 to Boston, where he was director of the orches- 
 tra at the Boston Museum for seven years. In 1867 he 
 established the Boston Conservatory of Music, of which he 
 remained the head until his death. He composed, among 
 other works, four operettas : “ The Doctor of Alcantara,” 
 “The Rose of Tyrol," “The Two Cadis," and “A Night 
 in Rome.” 
 
 Eichendorff (i'chen-dorf), Joseph von. Born 
 at Lubowitz (his father’s estate), near Ratibor, 
 in Silesia, March 10, 1788: died at Neisse, Nov. 
 26, 1857. A German poet and author, in 1813- 
 1815 he served in the War of Liberation, first as a volun- 
 teer and later as an officer, and after the war was govern- 
 ment counselor at Dantzic and Konigsberg. In 1831 he 
 went to Berlin. He wrote “Ahnung und Gegenwart” 
 (“ Presage and Presence," 1815), the dramatized fairy tale 
 “Krieg den Philistem” (“War on the Philistines,” 1824), 
 the novel “Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts” (“From 
 the Life of a Good-for-Nothing,” 1826). A first collec- 
 tion of poems appeared in 1837. His complete poetical 
 works, “SammtlichepoetischeWerke,” were issued at Ber- 
 lin in 1842, in 4 volumes ; “Vermischte Schriften " (“Miscel- 
 laneous Writings”) at Paderborn, 1866, in 5 volumes. 
 
 Eicbborn (Ich'hom), Jobann Gottfried. Born 
 at Dorrenzimmem, in Hohenlohe-Ohringen, 
 Germany, Oct. 16, 1752: died at Gottingen, June 
 27, 1827. A German scholar, historian, and bib- 
 lical critic, professor at Gottingen from 1788. 
 Among his critical works are “Einleitung in das Alte 
 Testament” (1780-83), “Einleitung in das Neue Testa- 
 ment” (1804-14). 
 
 Eicbborn, Karl Friedricb. Born at Jena, Ger- 
 many, Nov. 20, 1781 : died at Cologne, July 4, 
 1854. A German jurist, son of J. G. Eichhorn. 
 His chief work is ‘ ‘ Deutsche Staats- und Rechts- 
 geschichte” (1808-23). 
 
 Eicbstadt (ich'stet), or Eicbstatt (Ich'stet), 
 
 355 
 
 originally Eistet. A town in Middle Franconia, 
 Bavaria, situated on the Altmiihl 38 miles south 
 of Nuremberg. It has a cathedral and Walpurgis 
 church. It was formerly an independent bishopric, secu- 
 larized in 1802. Population, 7,701. 
 
 Eicbwald (Ich'vald), Karl Eduard. Born at 
 Mitau, Russia, July 4 (O. S.), 1795: died at St. 
 Petersburg, Nov. 10, 1876. A Russian natural- 
 ist, author of “Zoologia specialis” (1829-31), 
 “Die Urwelt Russlands” (1840-47), etc. 
 
 Eider (i'der). A river in Schleswig-Holstein, 
 Prussia, which flows into the North Sea about 
 25 miles north of the mouth of the Elbe. Length, 
 115 miles. 
 
 Eifel(i'fel),Tbe. A volcanic mountain and pic- 
 turesque region in western Germany, between 
 the valleys of the Rhine, Moselle, and Roer. It is 
 divided into the Schnee-Eifel and the Vorder- 
 Eifel. Height of the Hohe Acht, 2,490 feet. 
 Eiffel (i'fel; F. a-fel'), Alexandre Gustave. 
 Born at Dijon, Dec. 15, 1832. A noted Fi-ench 
 engineer. His best-known work is the Eiffel 
 Tower (which see). 
 
 Eiffel Tower. A tower, 984 feet high, bililt of 
 iron framework, in the Champ-de-Mars, Paris, 
 for the exhibition of 1889. The general form is that 
 of a concave pyramid. The base consists of 4 inclined 
 piers set at the angles of a square of 336 feet. The piers 
 are connected on the sides of the square by huge arches. 
 After rising about 600 feet, the 4 piers are merged into 
 one. There are 3 platforms at different heights ; the top 
 one, over 900 feet from the ground, is surrounded by a 
 balcony and covered with a glass pavilion 54 feet square. 
 Above this rises the lantern, which is fitted for scientific 
 observations. 
 
 Eiger (I'ger). One of the highest mountains of 
 the Bernese Oberland, Switzerland, northeast 
 of the Jungfrau. Height, 13,042 feet. 
 
 Eigg (eg), or Egg (eg). One of the Hebrides 
 islands, belonging to In verness-sliire, Scotland, 
 south of Skye and southeast of Rum. Length, 
 6| miles. 
 
 Eighteen Hundred and Seven, or Friedland. 
 
 A large painting by Meissonier (1876), now in 
 the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. 
 It represents a regiment of cuirassiers passing at a gallop 
 in a grain-field before .Napoleon, who sits on a white horse 
 at the left, attended by his marshals and staff. 
 
 Eikon Basilike (I'kon ba-sil'i-ke). [Gr., ‘royal 
 likeness.’] A book describing the sufferings 
 of Charles I. of England, published in 1649. 
 It is usually attributed to Bishop Gauden. 
 Eikonoclastes (i-kon-q-klas'tez). [‘ The Icon- 
 oclast.’] A pamphlet written by Milton in 
 answer to Gauden’s ‘ ‘ Eikon Basilike.” 
 
 Eildon Hills (el'donhilz). Three peaks in Rox- 
 burghshire, Scotland, near Melrose, famous in 
 Scottish legend. Height, 1,385 feet. 
 Eileitbyia, or Hebent. In ancient geography, 
 a town in Egypt, on the Nile between Edfu and 
 Esneh, on the site of the modern El-Kab: one 
 of the oldest of Egyptian towns. It is now 
 noted for its rock-tombs and -temples. 
 Eilenburg (l'len-boro). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Saxony, Prussia, situated mainly on an 
 island in the Mulde, 14 miles northeast of Leip- 
 SlC. It contains an ancient castle (Ilburg), a frontier for- 
 tress against the Wends. Population, commune, 15,725. 
 
 Eimeo (i'me-o), or Aimeo, or Morea. One of 
 the Society Islands, belonging to France (since 
 1880), situated in the Pacific Ocean in lat. 17° 30' 
 S., long. 150° 10' W. Population, about 1,600. 
 Einbeck (in'bek), or Eimheck (im'bek). A 
 town in the province of Hannover, Prussia, 
 situated 37 miles south of Hannover, it was 
 
 founded by pilgrims to a chapel at Munster which con- 
 tained notable relics (blood of Christ). It was formerly 
 famous for its Eimbecker beer (from which the name bock 
 beer is derived). Population, commune, 8,709. 
 
 Eia feste Burg (in fes'te boro). [G., ‘ a strong 
 fortress.’] The first words of a hymn by Martin 
 Luther (“ Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott ”), a ver- 
 sion of Psalm xlvi. The hymn was probably written 
 in 1527. The tune seems to have appeared in Kophl's 
 “Psalmen und geistliche Lieder,” probably in 1538. The 
 form now used is by Sebastian Bach, given in various can- 
 tatas, and differing slightly from Luther's original. The 
 words have also been modernized. 
 
 Einhard (in'hard), incorrectly Eginhard. Born 
 in Austrasia about 770: died at Seligenstadt 
 on the Main, Germany, March 14, 840 ("?). A 
 Frankish scholar and biographer of Charles 
 the Great. He was of noble birth, and was educated at 
 the monastery of Fulda. He removed not later than 796 
 to the court of Charles the Great, by whom he was ap- 
 pointed minister of public works, and was sent in 806 as 
 imperial legate to Rome. He was retained in office by 
 Louis le Debonnaire, to whose son Lothaire he became 
 tutor in 817. He retired in 830 to Mulinheim (which he 
 named Seligenstadt), where he erected a monastery. He 
 was married to Imma who was the sister of Bernhard, 
 bishop of Worms, but who was transformed by later tradi- 
 
 Elagabalus 
 
 tion into a daughter of Charles the Great. He wrote a life 
 of Charles the Great (“Vita Caroli Magtii”). 
 Einsiedeln (In'ze-deln). [G., equiv. to L. soli- 
 tarivm , a hermitage : according to the legends, 
 St. Meinrad (9th century) lived here as a her- 
 mit.] A town in the canton of Schwyz, Switz- 
 erland, 22 miles east-northeast of Lucerne, it 
 is one of the most celebrated of pilgrim resorts. The mon- 
 astery ( monasterium eremitarum) was founded in the 9th 
 century, and in 1294 received the standing of a principality 
 from the emperor Rudolph. The buildings of the monas- 
 tery have suffered many rebuildings, the last early in the 
 18th century ; and, though of greatextent, the architecture 
 is in an uninteresting Italian style. The large church has 
 two slender towers ; its interior is tawdry with gilding and 
 ornament in questionable taste. In its portraits, library, 
 and material resources, the venerable monastery is still 
 rich. Population, 8,489. 
 
 Eirene. See Irene. 
 
 Eisenach (I'ze-nach). A town in Saxe-Weimar- 
 Eisenaeh, Germany, situated at the junction 
 of the Nesse and Horsel in lat. 50° 58' N., 
 long. 10° 19' E. It is the birthplace of J. S. Bach, 
 and is associated with the early days of Luther. Near it 
 is the Wartburg. It was formerly the capital of Saxe- 
 Eisenach. Population, commune, 36,153. 
 
 Eisenberg (l'zen-berG). A town in the duchy 
 of Saxe-Altenburg, Germany, situated 33 miles 
 southwest of Leipsic. Pop., commune, 9,956. 
 Eisenerz (I'zen-ertz). A town in Styria, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, 20 miles northwest of Brack, 
 famous for its iron-mountain. Population, 
 commune, 7,557, (1910). 
 
 Eisenlohr (I'zen-lor), August. Born at Mann- 
 heim, Baden, Oct. 6, 1832 : died at Heidelberg, 
 Feb. 24, 1902. A German Egyptologist, pro- 
 fessor of Egyptology at Heidelberg. He pub- 
 lished “Der grosse Papyrus Harris” (1872), etc. 
 Eisenlohr, Wilhelm. Bom at Pforzheim, Ba- 
 den, Jan. 1, 1799: died at Karlsruhe, Baden, 
 July 10, 1872. A German physicist, professor 
 of physics in the Polytechnic Institute at 
 Karlsruhe 1840-65. His chief work is “Lehr- 
 buch der Physik” (1836). 
 
 Eisenstadt (i'zen-stat), Hung. Kis-Marton. 
 A town in the county of Odenburg, Hungary, 
 25 miles south of Vienna. It contains the cas- 
 tle of Prince Esterhazy. Population, 
 3,067. 
 
 Eisfeld (is'feld). A town in Saxe-Meiningen, 
 Germany, on the Werra 23 miles east-southeast 
 of Mein ingen. 
 
 Eisleben (is'la-ben). A town in the province 
 of Saxony, Prussia, 39 miles west-northwest of 
 Leipsic. It is the center of a copper- and silver-mining 
 region. It was the birthplace of Luther and the place of 
 his death. Population, commune, 25,121. 
 
 Eisteddfod (I-steTH'vod). [Welsh, 1 a sitting of 
 learned men.’] An annual musical and literary 
 festival and competition which originated in 
 the triennial assembly of Welsh bards: the lat- 
 ter dates back to an early period. An Eisteddfod 
 is mentioned as having been held in the 7th century. They 
 are now held every year at various places in Wales. Con- 
 certs and competitions for prizes are still held ; but, ex- 
 cept that they take place in Wales and retain some ancient 
 forms, they are no longer strictly national. Grove. 
 
 Eitherside (e'THer-sidorl'THer-sid), Sir Paul. 
 Li Ben Jonson’s comedy “The Devil is an Ass,” 
 a hard, unfeeling justice and superstitious wise- 
 acre. 
 
 Eitherside, Sergeant. A character in Maek- 
 lin’s “Man of the World.” 
 
 Ekaterinburg. See Yekaterinburg. 
 Ekaterinodar. See Yekaterinodar. 
 Ekaterinograd. See Yekaterinograd. 
 EkateTinoslaff. See Yekaterinoslaff. 
 
 Ekhmim. See Aklimim. 
 
 Ekkehard (ek'ke-hart). A historical novel by 
 Seheffel, published in 1857. The scene is laid in 
 the 10th century. 
 
 Ekron (ek'ron). [Heb., ‘uprooting.’] One of 
 the five chief cities of the Philistines, situ- 
 ated 12 miles northeast of Ashdod : the modern 
 Altir. It contained an oracle. “According to the As- 
 syrian inscriptions, when most of the towns in Palestine 
 revolted on the death of Sargon, Padi, king of Ekron, 
 remained faithful. His subjects, however, rebelled and 
 handed him over to King Hezekiah, at Jerusalem, who re- 
 tained him a prisoner until he was released and reseated 
 on the throne by Sennacherib.” Smith, Diet, of the Bible. 
 
 Elagabalus (e-la-gab'a-lus), or Heliogabalus 
 (heHi-o-gab'a-lus) (originally Vanns Avitus 
 Bassianus). Born at Emesa, Syria, 205 a. d. : 
 died 222. Emperor of Rome. He was the son of 
 Sextus Varius Marcellus and Julia Sosemias, and first cou- 
 sin of Caracalla. He became while very young a priest in 
 the temple of the sun-god Elagabalus at Emesa. Being 
 put forward as the son of Caracalla, he was proclaimed 
 emperor by the soldiers in 218, in opposition to Macrinus 
 who was defeated on the borders of Syria and Plienicia in 
 the same year. He gave himself up to the most infamous 
 debauchery, and abandoned the government to his mother 
 
Elagabalus 
 
 and grandmother. He adopted his cousin, Bassianus Alex- 
 tanus, who succeeded to the throne as Severus Alexander. 
 He was put to death at Rome by the pretorians. 
 
 Elah (e'la), Valley of. [Heb., ‘valley of the 
 terebinth.’] The valley in which the Israel- 
 ites were encamped when the duel between 
 David and Goliath occurred : the modern Wady 
 Es-Sunt. 
 
 Elaine (e-lan 7 ). In the Arthurian legends : (a) 
 The half-sister of King Arthur. She bore a son, 
 Mordred, to Arthur. (b) The daughter of King 
 Pelles. She was the mother of Lancelot’s son 
 Sir Galahad, (c) The “lily maid of Astolat” 
 who pined and died for Lancelot. Tennyson 
 makes her story the subject of his “Elaine.” 
 (d) The daughter of King Brandegoris, who 
 bore a child to Sir Bors de Ganis. In Malory’s 
 “Arthur” the statement is so worded that Elaine might be 
 the name of the child, (e) The wife of Ban of 
 Benoic (Brittany), mother of Sir Lancelot. 
 She was also called Elein. 
 
 Elam (e'lam). [In the Assyro-Babylonian in- 
 scriptions Elamtu, highland ; OPers. Uvadsha 
 (from which the modern Chusistan arose), with 
 the Greeks K mala (Herodotus), Susiana (during 
 the Macedonian period), andElymais (Strabo).] 
 The country and ancient empire east of the 
 lower Tigris, south of Media, and north of the 
 Persian Gulf. Itis acountryof fertile and picturesque 
 mountains, valleys, and ravines, the only flat tract being on 
 the shores of the Persian Gulf ; and was in very high an- 
 tiquity the seat of a mighty empire of which Susa was the 
 capital. The oldest historical information about Elam is 
 that it subjugated Babylonia about 2300-2076 B. C. The 
 Elamite dynasty is identical with the Median of Berosus, 
 which ruled over Babylonia about 2300-2076 B. C. Among 
 these Elamite kings is also very probably to be counted 
 Chedorlaomer ( Kudur-Lagamaru ) of Gen. x i V. The next 
 historical notice is that Elam was subdued by Nebuchad- 
 nezzar I. , king of Babylonia, about 1130 B. 0. From the 8th 
 century B. c. on, Elam was connected with the rivalry be- 
 tween Assyria and Babylonia, supporting the latter against 
 the former. Elam was defeated by Sargon in 721 and 710, 
 and by Sennacherib in several campaigns, especially in the 
 decisive battle at Halule on the Tigris about 691. In 645 
 Asurbanipal destroyed Susa. Soon after this catastrophe 
 Elam is met with under the dominion of Theispes. In 
 union with Media and Persia it helped to bring about the 
 fall of Assyria and Babylonia. It shared thenceforth the 
 fate of the other Assyrian provinces, and had no history of 
 its own. The ancient Elamites were notSemites. This is as- 
 certained by the names of their kings, which are alien to 
 all of the Semitic dialects, and by their representations 
 on the monuments, which exhibit a type widely different 
 from the Semitic. The enumeration of Elam among the 
 sons of Shem in Gen, x. 22 may perhaps be accounted for 
 by the fact that the Elamit e valley was early settled by the 
 Semites, who predominated over the non-Semitic element 
 of the population, and also by the fact that the Elamites 
 had for more than two centuries the upper hand in 
 Semitic Babylonia. See Century Atlas, Map VIII. 
 
 El-Araish. (el-a-rish 7 ), or El-Arish (el-a-resh 7 ), 
 or Larache. A seaport in Morocco, situated 
 on the Atlantic in lat. 35° 13' N., long. 6° 9' 
 W. Population, about 10,000. 
 
 El-Arish (el-a-resli 7 ). A town of Egypt on the 
 Syrian frontier, situated on the Mediterranean 
 in lat. 31° 7' N., long. 33° 46 7 E. It was taken by 
 the French in 1799, and retaken in 1799. A convention 
 was signed here between Kleber and the grand vizir in 
 1800. 
 
 Elath (e'lath), classical Milana. In scriptural 
 geography, a town of Idumaea, situated at the 
 head of the Gulf of Akabah. It was taken by David, 
 and was the headquarters of Solomon’s fleet. It was for- 
 tified by Uzziah. 
 
 Elathasi (el-a-tha/si). [Ar., probably corrupted 
 from al athdfi, the tripod.] The fifth-magni- 
 tude star f Draconis. The name is of rare oc- 
 currence. 
 
 Elba (el'bii). [Gr. AlOnAeta, Aidant/, L. Ilva, 
 Ilua. ] An island belonging to the province of 
 Leghorn, Italy, situated in the Mediterranean, 
 east of Corsica, and about 54 miles fromTuscany. 
 Its surface is generally mountainous. It produces iron 
 and other minerals, wine, and fruit. The chief town is 
 Porto Ferrajo. Elba was granted as a residence and do- 
 minion to Napoleon, May 4, 1814, and he continued to live 
 there until Feb. 26, 1815. It reverted to Tuscany in 1815. 
 Length, 18 miles. Area, about 140 square miles. ’ Popula- 
 tion, 24,213. 
 
 Elbe (el 7 be). [= F. Elbe, It. Elba, from G. 
 Elbe, OHG. Elba, Alba, Bohem. Labe, L. Albis, 
 Gr. ’A/./hf, "Alfitoq. ] A river of northern Eu- 
 rope: the Roman Albis. It rises in the Riesenge- 
 birge, Bohemia, flows through Bohemia and Germany, 
 generally in a northwesterly direction, and empties into 
 the North Sea about 65 miles below Hamburg. Its chief 
 tributaries are the Moldau, Eger, Mulde, Saale, and Havel 
 (with the Spree). On its banks are Dresden, Torgau, Wit- 
 tenberg, Magdeburg, and Hamburg. Length, about 725 
 miles: navigable for ocean vessels to Hamburg, and for 
 others to Melnik in Bohemia (over 500 miles). 
 
 Elberfeld (el'ber-feld). A city in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, on the Wupper 24 miles 
 northeast of Cologne. It forms with Barmen (which 
 adjoins it) Elberfeld-Barmen, one of the most important 
 manufacturing centers in Europe. Among the manu- 
 factures of the two cities are ribbons, chemicals, lace, 
 
 356 
 
 thread, silk, cotton, etc. Population, commune, 170,066, 
 (1910). 
 
 Elberich. See Oberon. 
 
 Elbeuf (el-bef 7 ). A town in the department 
 of Seine- In ferieure, France, on the Seine 13 
 miles south-southwest of Rouen. It has im- 
 portant cloth manufactures. Population, com- 
 mune, 18,729. 
 
 Elbing (el'bing). A town in the province of 
 West Prussia, situated on the Elbing, near the 
 Frisches Haff, 34 miles southeast of Dantzic. 
 
 It is a manufacturing and trading center. It was a colony 
 from Liibeck. Population, commune, 55,627. 
 
 Elbingerode (el 7 bing-e-ro-de). A mining town 
 in the province of Hannover, Prussia, situated 
 in the Harz 15 miles southwest of Halberstadt. 
 Population, about 3,000. 
 
 Elbow (el'bo). In Shakspere’s “ Measure for 
 Measure,” a constable, an inferior Dogberry. 
 
 Elbruz (el-broz 7 ), or Elburz (el-bdrz 7 ). Arange 
 of mountains in northern Persia, connected 
 with the Caucasus and mountains of Armenia 
 on the west, and with the Paropamisan Moun- 
 tains on the east. Highest summit, Mount 
 Demavend (which see). 
 
 Elbruz, or Elburz. The highest mountain of 
 the Caucasus, situated in lat. 43° 21' N., long. 
 42° 25 7 E. Height, about 19,000 feet. 
 
 El Caney (el ka'na). A town of Cuba, situ- 
 ated about 3 miles northeast of Santiago. A 
 
 battle occurred here July 1, 1S98, between the Spanish 
 and the United States troops, in which the latter were 
 victorious. 
 
 Elcano, Juan Sebastian de. See Gano, Juan 
 Sebastian del. 
 
 El Capitan (elkiip-i-tan 7 ). [Sp.,‘ the captain.’] 
 One of the most noted heights surrounding the 
 Yosemite Valley. It rises 3,300 feet above the 
 valley. 
 
 Elcesaites (el-se'sa-its), or Elkesaites (el-ke 7 - 
 sa-Its). A party or sect among the Jewish Chris- 
 tians of the 2d century. They derived their name 
 from Elkasai or Elxai, either their founder or leader, or 
 the title of the book containing their doctrines, which 
 they regarded as a special revelation. Their belief and 
 practices were a mixture of Gnosticism and Judaism, 
 with much that was peculiar. They were finally con- 
 founded with the Ebionites. 
 
 Elche (el'che). A town in the province of Ali- 
 cante, Spain, in lat. 38° 14 7 N., long. 0°42 7 W , 
 noted for the cultivation of date-palms : the 
 ancient Ilici. It has many Roman inscrip- 
 tions. Population, 27,308. 
 
 Elchingen (el 7 ching-en). A village in Bavaria, 
 situated near the Danube 7 miles northeast of 
 Ulm. Here, Oct. 14, 1805, the Austrians were 
 defeated by Ney (created afterward due d’El- 
 chingen). The battle was followed by the ca- 
 pitulation of Ulm. 
 
 Eldon, Earl of. See ★ Scott, John. 
 
 El Dorado (el do-ra/do). [Sp., ‘the gilded.’] 
 A fabulous city of great wealth (Manoa) which, 
 during the 16th, 17th, and part of the 18th 
 centuries, was supposed to exist somewhere in 
 the northern part of South America. Beginning 
 about 1532, great numbers of expeditions were made by the 
 Spaniards in search of this phantom : the explorers suffered 
 terrible hardships, and hundreds died. The conquest and 
 settlement of New Granada resulted from the quest; the 
 mountain regions of Venezuela, the Orinoco and Amazon, 
 and the preat forests east of the Andes, were made known to 
 the world ; and later in the 16th century the English, led 
 or sent by Sir Walter Raleigh, penetrated into Guiana, 
 obtaining a claim on that country which resulted in their 
 modern colony. The story of El Dorado arose from a 
 yearly ceremony of an Indian tribe near Bogota. Accord- 
 ing to the story, the chief of Guatavita on the highlands of 
 Bogota (Colombia) was periodically smeared with oil or 
 balsam, and then covered with gold-dust until his whole 
 body had a gilded appearance, after which he threw gold, 
 emeralds, etc., into a sacred lake and then bathed there. 
 This ceremony ceased upon the conquest of the tribe of 
 Guatavita by the Muysuas; but the tradition of the ex- 
 traordinary function remained and gradually spread very 
 far, though it appeared in a more or less distorted form. 
 In common and poetical language the name El Dorado 
 has been transferred to the city or country which was the 
 object of the quest. 
 
 Eldsicll (el-dzik 7 ). [Ar. el dij (Ulugh Beigh), 
 the byeua. ] A rarely used name for the third- 
 magnitude star t Draconis. 
 
 Eleanor (el 7 a-nor), or Alienor, of Aquitaine. 
 
 [It. Eleonora, G. Eleonore, F. Alienor. See 
 Helen .] Born 1122 (?) : died at Fontevrault, 
 Maine-et-Loire, Prance, April 1. 1204. Heir- 
 ess of the duchy of Guienne. She married Louis 
 VII. of France in 1137, was divorced in 1152, and married 
 Henry II. of England in 1152. She was imprisoned by 
 him 1173-89. 
 
 Eleanor of Castile. Died at Grantham, Eng- 
 land, Nov., 1290. Sister of Alfonso X. of Cas- 
 tile, and wife of Edward I. of England. 
 
 Eleanor of Provence. Died at Amesbury, Eng- 
 land, 1291. Daughter of the Countof Provence, 
 and wife of Henry HI. of England. 
 
 Eleusis 
 
 Eleatics (e-le-at'iks). [From Elea, Gr. ’E tea, 
 L. also Yelia and Helia.~\ A school of Greek 
 philosophy founded by Xenophanes of Colo- 
 phon, who resided in Elea, or Velia, in Magna 
 Grtecia. The most distinguished philosophers of this 
 school were Parmenides and Zeno. The main Eleatic doc- 
 trines are developments of the conception that the One, 
 or Absolute, alone is real. 
 
 Eleazar (el-e-a'zar). [Heb., ‘ God hath helped.’] 
 The third son of Aaron, and his successor as 
 high priest. 
 
 Eleazar. 1. In “Lust’s Dominion,” a lustful 
 and revengeful Moor, passionately loved by 
 the sensual Queen of Spain. In his villainies 
 he resembles Marlowe’s “Jew of Malta.” — 2. 
 A famous magician in Le Sage’s “Gil Bias.” 
 
 Eleazar Williams. See_ Williams. 
 
 Electioneer (e-lek-sho-ner 7 ). A bay horse by 
 Hambletonian (10), dam Green Mountain Maid, 
 foaled May 2, 1868: died Dee. 2, 1890. He waB 
 second only to Hambletonian (10) as a trotting sire. He 
 was owned by Senator Stanford of California. 
 
 Elective Affinities. See Wahlverwandschaften. 
 Electoral Commission, The. In United States 
 history, a board of commissioners created by 
 act of Congress (approved Jan. 29, 1877) for 
 the purpose of deciding disputed cases in the 
 presidential election of 18/6. Its members were 
 justices of the United States Supreme Court Nathan 
 Clifford (president of the commission), S. F. Miller, S. J. 
 Field, W. Strong, and J. P. Bradley; senators G. F. 
 Edmunds, O. P. Morton, F. T. Frelinghuysen, T. F. Bay- 
 ard, and A. G. Thurman (replaced later by Kernan) ; and 
 representatives H. B. Payne, E. Hunton, J. G. Abbott, 
 G. F. Hoar, and J. A. Garfield. It was in session Feb. 1- 
 March 2, 1877 ; and its decisions resulted in the seating 
 of Rutherford B. Hayes, the Republican candidate. The 
 electoral votes in dispute were those of Louisiana, South 
 Carolina, Florida, and Oregon. The members of the com- 
 mission voted on party lines (8 Republicans and 7 Demo- 
 crats). 
 
 Electoral Rhine Circle. See Lower Rhine 
 Circle. 
 
 Electra (e-lek 7 tra). [Gr. ’I lUnrpa.] 1. In 
 Greek legend, the daughter of Agamemnon and 
 Clytemnestra, and sister of Orestes. The events 
 of her life have been dramatized by iEschylus, by Sopho- 
 cles in his “Electra.” by Euripides in his “Electra," and 
 by various modern poets. See Orestes. 
 
 2. In Greek mythology, one of the seven Plei- 
 ades. — 3. The 44-magnitude star 17 Pleiadum. 
 
 Electrides (e-lek'tri-dez). [Gr. al ’lV.eKTpi<Ux 
 vijcroi.] 1. In Greek legend, the Amber Islands 
 (where the trees weep amber), situated at the 
 mouth of the fabulous Eridauus (later identi- 
 fied with the Po). — 2. See the extract. 
 
 But the later Greeks have called all the islands from 
 Jutland to the Rhine “Electrides,” or Amber Islands; and 
 some say that there are others called Scandia, Dumni, and 
 Bergi, and Nerigo, the largest of all, from which the voy- 
 age to Thule is made. 
 
 Pliny (quoted in Elton's Origins of Eng. Hist. , p. 41). 
 
 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. An 
 
 elegiac poem by Thomas Gray, published in 
 1751. It went through 11 editions in a short time and 
 has been many times pirated, imitated, and parodied. It 
 has also been translated into Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Ital- 
 ian, Portuguese, French, and German, and there are sev- 
 eral polyglot editions. 
 
 Eleonora (el-e-o-no'ra). The daughter of Geof- 
 froy, third son of Henry II. of England. Geoffroy 
 was duke of Brittany through his wife Constance, the 
 daughter and heiress of Duke Conan IV. Hence Eleonora 
 was called “ The Damsel of Brittany.” 
 
 Eleonora. A poem written by Dryden, in 1692, 
 in memory of the Countess of Abingdop. 
 
 Eleonora of Este. Born June 19, 1537: died Feb. 
 10, 1581. An Italian princess, a friend of Tasso. 
 
 Elephanta (el-e-fan 7 ta) Island, Hind. Ghara- 
 puri. A small island in Bombay harbor, 6 miles 
 east of Bombay, famous for its eaves with Hindu 
 sculptures. 
 
 Elephantine (el-e-fan-ti'ne). [Gr. ’T./.etpavrivr/ 
 j^crof.] In ancient geography, an island in the 
 Nile, opposite Syene (Assuan), in lat. 24° 7 7 N. : 
 the modern Gezeeret- Assuan. From it came kings 
 of the 5th dynasty. (See Egypt.) It contains monuments 
 of Thothmes III. and Amenhotep III., and a Nilometerof 
 Ptolemaic date. 
 
 Eleusis (e-lu'sis). [Gr. ’E/.ewt/V.] A deme of 
 Attica, Greece, the seat of a very ancient cult 
 of Demeter, and of the famous Eleusinian mys- 
 teries. The most important monuments lay within the 
 sacred inclosure, which consisted of a spacious terrace on 
 the eastern slope of the Acropolis, surrounded by a mas- 
 sive wall. The precinct was entered by two propylsea or 
 monumental gateways in succession, and its chief building 
 was the temple of the mysteries, whose unique architec- 
 ture and successive transformations, as well as those of the 
 entire precinct, have been revealed by the excavations of 
 the Archaeological Society of Athens, prosecuted at inter- 
 vals since 1882. The propyla;a were two monumental gate- 
 ways to the sacred inclosure. The lesser propyl/ea con- 
 stituted a comparatively simple structure, with three 
 doorways separated by an tie, before which stood ornate col- 
 umns. The greaterwere a reproduction, by Appius Claudius 
 Pulcher in 48 B. c., of the famous propyltea of the Athenian 
 
Eleusis 
 
 Acropolis. The temple (sekos) of the mysteries of Demeter 
 and Kora was rebuilt in the 5th century B. c. and altered 
 later. It measured within 178 by 170 feet, and was sur- 
 rounded along the walls by 8 tiers of step-seats for spec- 
 tators of the ceremonies. In every side except the north- 
 east there were two doors. Along the southeast side was 
 carried the great Doric portico of Philon, of 12 by 2 col- 
 umns. 
 
 Eleusis, Bas-relief Of. A work of high, artistic 
 importance in the National Museum, Athens. 
 
 It represents Demeter, Kora, and Triptolemus, and is most 
 delicate in execution and expression. It dates from the 
 early 5th century B. c. 
 
 Eleuthera (e-lu'the-ra). An island of the Ba- 
 hamas, east of the Andros group. 
 Eleutheropolis (e-lu-the-rop'o-lis), or Betho- 
 gabris (beth-o-gab'ris). [Gr. ’Ehevdepo-nrdXic;, 
 free city.] In ancient geography, a town in 
 Palestine, 22 miles southwest of Jerusalem: 
 the modern Beit-Jibrin. 
 
 Eleutherus (e-lu'the-rus). Bishop of Rome 
 174-186 : an opponent of the Montanists. 
 Eleutherus. [Gr. ’EAeiOqoof.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a river of Phenicia, the modern Nahr 
 el-Kebir (‘ Great River’), north of Tripoli. On 
 its banks Jonathan the Asmonean met and de- 
 feated Demetrius. 
 
 Elevation of the Cross. 1. A painting by 
 Rubens (1610), in Antwerp cathedral, Belgium. 
 The cross is being raised to position by a number of men 
 pushing in front and others hauling by a rope behind. 
 On the side panels are seen the holy women, soldiers, and 
 the execution of the two thieves. 
 
 2. A painting by Van Dyck (1632), in Notre 
 Dame at Courtrai, Belgium. Christ is already fixed 
 on the cross, which is being put in position by four men, 
 attended by soldiers. 
 
 Elfleda, Elflida. See JSthelfleda. 
 
 Elfrida (el-fri'da). [AS. JElfthryth.'] Born about 
 945 (?) : died about 1000. The second wife of Ed- 
 gar, king of England, whom she married about 
 964. She was the mother of TEthelred the 
 Unready. 
 
 El Gallo. See San Rafael. 
 
 Elgin (el'gin), or Moray. A maritime county 
 of northern Scotland, lying between Moray 
 Firth and the North Sea on the north, Banff on 
 the east and southeast, Inverness on the south- 
 west, and Nairn on the west. Area, 476 square 
 miles. Population (civil county), 44,808. 
 Elgin. The capital of Elginshire, Scotland, sit- 
 uated on the Lossie in lat. 57° 38' N., long. 3° 
 19' W. It contains a cathedral, founded 1224, but greatly 
 damaged by fire and partly rebuilt toward the end of the 
 14th century. The architecture is chiefly Early Eng- 
 lish. The ornament is rich, and the tracery of especial 
 beauty. There are two western towers, and a good chap- 
 ter-house. Population, 8,260. 
 
 Elgin (el 'jin). A city in Kane and Cook coun- 
 ties, Illinois, situated on the Fox River 35 
 miles west-northwest of Chicago, it has im- 
 portant manufactures of watches, and of butter and cheese. 
 Population, 25,976, (1910). 
 
 Elgin, Earl of. See Bruce. 
 
 Elgin (el'gin) Marbles. A collection of Greek 
 sculptures comprising the bulk of the surviv- 
 ing plastic decoration of the Parthenon, and a 
 caryatid and column from the Erechtheum, and 
 recognized as containing the finest existing pro- 
 ductions of sculpture. The marbles, now in the 
 British Museum, were brought from Athens between 1801 
 and 1803 by the Earl of Elgin. The Parthenon sculptures 
 were executed under the direction of Phidias, about 440 
 B. C. The collection includes remains of the pediment 
 statues in the round, a great part of the frieze, in low re- 
 lief, about 525 feet long, which surrounded the exterior of 
 the cella, and 15 of the metopes of the exterior frieze, 
 carved in very high relief with episodes of the contest 
 between the Centaurs and the Lapiths. Among the chief 
 of the pediment figures are the grand reclining figure of 
 Theseus, Iris with wind-blown drapery, and the group of 
 one reclining and two seated female figures popularly 
 called the “Three Fates." The cella frieze represents 
 the idealized Panathenaic procession to the Acropolis, 
 made up of youthful cavalrymen, chariots, led sacrificial 
 victims, young girls with utensils, magistrates, and spec- 
 tators, who set out from the southwest angle of the cella 
 and proceed by both long sides to the east front, where in 
 presence of an assembled company of the gods the chief 
 priest prepares to perform his solemn rites. The exceed- 
 ingly low relief of this frieze is carried out with great skill. 
 
 El-Golea (el -go -la, 'a). A town and caravan 
 station in southern Algeria, in lat. 30° 35' N., 
 long. 3° 10' E. 
 
 El Hakim, Adonbeck. See Saladin. 
 
 Elhanan (el-ha'nan). [Heb.,‘God is gracious.’] 
 According to 2 Sam. xxi. 19, the slayer of the 
 brother of Goliath. 
 
 Eli(e'li). [Heb., ‘elevation.’] A Hebrew judge 
 and high priest. He failed to punish the sins of his 
 two sons Hophni and Phinehas, and the destruction of his 
 house ensued. At the news of a defeat of the Israelites 
 by the Philistines, in which his sons were killed and the 
 ark of the covenant taken, he fell backward from his seat 
 and broke his neck. He judged Israel forty years, and was 
 ninety-eight years old when he died. 
 
 Eli. An oratorio by Sir Michael Costa, with 
 
 357 
 
 words 'bv Bartholomew, produced at the Bir- 
 mingham festival, Aug. 29, 1855. 
 
 Elia (e'li-a). The pseudonym of Charles Lamb 
 in his essays contributed to the “London Mag- 
 azine,” commencing in 1820. They were collected 
 as “Essays of Elia" in 1823, and “Last Essays of Elia" in 
 1833. The name was that of a clerk in the South Sea 
 House, which Lamb remembered having heard there as 
 a boy, and was at first used as a jest at the end of “Rec- 
 ollections of South Sea House,” the first of his essays. 
 The Bridget and James Elia of the essays are Mary and 
 John Lamb, the brother and sister of the author. 
 
 Eliab (e-li'ab). [Heb./ my God is father.’] The 
 name of several persons mentioned in the Old 
 Testament, including David’s eldest brother. 
 Eliab. ALajisyden and Tate’s “Absalom and 
 Acliil <l^H~jenry Bennet, earl of Arlington. 
 Eliakim (enr a-kim). [Heb., ‘ God establishes.’] 
 In the Oid Testament, the name of several 
 persons, of whom the most notable is the son 
 of Hilkiah and master of Hezekiah’s household. 
 Elian’s Well, Saint. See Saint Elian's Well. 
 Eliante (a-lyont'). In Molihre’s comedy “ The 
 Misanthrope,” a reasonable, lovable girl : con- 
 trasted with C61imene, the coquette. 
 
 Elias (e-li'as). See Elijah. 
 
 Elias, Mount Saint. See Saint Elias, Mount. 
 Elias Levita (“the Levite”). Born near Nu- 
 remberg, Bavaria, about 1470: died at Venice, 
 1549. A Hebrew scholar. He wrote a critical com- 
 mentary on the biblical text “ Massoreth Hammassoreth ” 
 (1538), etc. His full name was Elias ben Asher Halevi. 
 Elidure (el'i-dor). A mythical king of Britain, 
 brother of Artegal or Arthgallo. 
 
 Elie de Beaumont (a-le' de bo-mon'), Jean 
 Baptiste Armand Louis Leonce. Born at 
 Canon, Calvados, France, Sept. 25, 1798 : died 
 at Canon, Sept. 22, 1874. A celebrated French 
 geologist. He became professor of geology at the Ecole 
 des Mines in 1829, and at the Collfege de France in 1832, 
 and perpetual secretary of the Academy of Sciences in 
 1853. He published “ Carte gdologique de France ” (1843), 
 “Recherches sur quelques-unes des revolutions de la sur- 
 face du globe” (1829-30), “Notices sur les systhmes de 
 montagnes " (1852), etc. 
 
 Eliezer (el-i-e'zer). [Heb./ God is help.’] In 
 the Old Testament, the name of several persons. 
 The most notable are : (a) The chief servant of Abraham, 
 called Eliezer of Damascus. (5) The second son of Moses 
 and Zipporah. 
 
 Eligius (e-lij'i-us), or Eloi (a-lwa/), Saint. 
 Born near Limoges, France, about 588 : died 
 Dec. 1, 659. Bishop of Noyon. He came to Paris 
 in 610, and gained the favor of Clotaire II. and Dagobert 
 . I. both by his skill as a goldsmith and by bis piety, which 
 he displayed in founding churches and monasteries and 
 in distributing alms to the poor. Although a layman, he 
 was made bishop of Noyon by Clovis II. in 641 (640 ?). 
 Elihu (e-li'hu). [Heb., ‘God is He.’] The 
 name of several persons in the Old Testament, 
 of whom the most notable is one of the friends 
 of Job. He describes himself as the youngest 
 of the interlocutors. 
 
 Elijah (e-li'ja). [Heb., ‘Yahveh is my God’; 
 in the New Testament Elias, Gr. ’H/tLaf.] A 
 Hebrew prophet of the 9th century B. c. An 
 account of him is given in 1 Ki. xvii.-xxi., 2 Ki. i.-xi., and 
 2 Chron. xxi. 12-15. He appears before Ahab, king of Is- 
 rael (who had given himself up to the idolatry of his 
 Phenician wife Jezebel), and predicts a great drought. 
 Compelled to seek refuge in flight and concealment, he is 
 miraculously fed by ravens in the torrent-bed of the stream 
 Cherith, and by the widow of Zarephath, whose dead son 
 he restores to Ufe. In the extremity of the famine he re- 
 appears before Ahab, before whom he calls down fire from 
 heaven to consume a sacrifice to Jehovah, with the result 
 that the king orders the extermination of the prophets of 
 Baal, who are unable to call down fire to consume the of- 
 ferings to Baal. He then puts an end to the drought by 
 prayers to Jehovah. Later he denounces Ahab and Jeze- 
 bel for having despoiled and murdered Naboth, and is 
 eventually carried to heaven in a chariot of fire. 
 
 Elijah. Au oratorio by Mendelssohn, with words 
 from the Old Testament. He was assisted by Shu- 
 bring in selecting the words, and by Bartholomew with the 
 English words. It was first performed at Birmingham, 
 Aug. 26, 1846. 
 
 Elim (e'lim). A station in the wanderings of 
 the Israelites, noted for its fountains : not 
 identified. 
 
 Elimelech (e-lim'a-lek). [Heb., ‘ God is king.’] 
 In the Old Testament, the husband of Naomi. 
 Elio (a-le'o), Francisco Javier. Born in Pam- 
 plona, March 4, 1767 : died at Valencia, Sept. 
 4, 1822. A Spanish general. In 1805, having at- 
 tained the grade of colonel, he was sent to the Rio de la 
 Plata, and given command of the forces operating against 
 the English. In April, 1810, he was recalled to Spain, but 
 returned at the end of the year as viceroy of Buenos Ayres, 
 appointed by the Spanish junta of the regency. The 
 junta of Buenos Ayres refused to recognize his commis- 
 sion, war followed, and Elio was besieged in Montevideo, 
 but eventually arranged a treaty with the revolutionists 
 by which both parties recognized the authority of Ferdi- 
 nand VII. and the unity of the Spanish nation, and agreed 
 to refer their differences to the Spanish Cortes (Oct. 20, 
 1811). Elio was recalled to Spain two months after, and 
 
 Elishah 
 
 in 1812 and 1813 commanded against the French in Cata- 
 lonia and Valencia, winning a series of brilliant victories. 
 In 1814 he was made governor and captain-general of Va- 
 lencia and Murcia. The revolution of 1820 caused his 
 deposition and imprisonment. Some of his friends made 
 an armed attempt to liberate him : the plot failed, and Elio, 
 accused of instigating it, was found guilty by a court mar- 
 ★ tial and executed. 
 
 Eliot (el'i-ot), Charles William. Born at 
 Boston, Mass., March 20, 1834. An American 
 educator. He was graduated at Harvard in 1853, be- 
 came professor of analytical chemistry in the Massachu- 
 setts Institute of Technology in 1865, and was president 
 of Harvard College 1869-1909. He has published “ A 
 Compendious Manual of Qualitative Chemical Analysis ' 
 (1874), etc. 
 
 Eliot, George. See Cross, Mrs. 
 
 Eliot, or Elliot, George Augustus, first Baron 
 Heathfield. Born at Stobs, Roxburghshire, Scot- 
 land, Dec. 25, 1717 : died at Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 July 6, 1790. An English general. He became 
 in 1775 governor of Gibraltar, which he defended against 
 the Spaniards and French 1779-83. He was raised to the 
 peerage as Lord Heathfield, baron of Gibraltar, in 1787. 
 Eliot, Sir J ohn. Born at Port Eliot, on the Ta- 
 mar, England, April 20, 1592 : died in the Tower 
 of London, Nov. 27, 1632. An English patriot. 
 He was educated at Oxford, studied law in London, and 
 in 1625, as a member of the first Parliament of Charles I. , 
 came into prominence by the vehemence and irresistible 
 eloquence with which he supported the measures of the 
 constitutional party. As the leader of the opposition in 
 the second Parliament (1626) he was sent to prison, in com- 
 pany with Sir Dudley Digges, by the king ; but was released, 
 together with Sir Dudley, when Parliament refused to 
 proceed to business without them. In the third Parlia- 
 ment (1628-29) he had a principal share in drawing up the 
 Remonstrance and the Petition of Right. He was arrested 
 on the dissolution of Parliament in 1629, and sentenced, on 
 a charge of conspiracy against the king, to a fine of £2,000, 
 and to imprisonment until he should acknowledge his 
 guilt. 
 
 Eliot, John. Born at Nasing, Essex, England, 
 1604: died at Roxbury, Mass., May 20, 1690. 
 A missionary to the Indians of Massachusetts, 
 surnamed “the Apostle of the Indians.” His 
 principal work is a translation of the Bible into the Indian 
 language (1661-63). He also wrote an Indian catechism 
 (1653) and grammar (1666). 
 
 Eliot, John. Bom at Boston, May 31, 1754: 
 died at Boston, Feb. 14, 1813. An Ameri- 
 can clergyman and biographer. He published 
 the “ New England Biographical Dictionary ” 
 (1809), etc. 
 
 Eliphalet (e-lif'a-let), or Eliphelet. [Heb., 
 ‘ God is deliverance.’] The name of several 
 persons in the Old Testament, of whom the 
 most notable are two sons of David. 
 
 Eliphaz (el'i-faz). The chief of the three friends 
 of Job, surnamed “the Temanite.” 
 
 Elis (e'lis), or Eleia (e-le'ya). [Gr. T HAtf, Doric 
 ’A/Uf.] In ancient geography, a country in the 
 western part of the Peloponnesus, Greece, ly- 
 ing between Achaia on the north, Arcadia on 
 the east, Messenia on the south, and the Ionian 
 Sea on the west. It comprised three parts : Elis 
 proper or Hollow Elis, Pisatis, and Triphylia. It contained 
 the temple of the Olympian Zeus. It forms with Achaia 
 a nomarchy of modern Greece. 
 
 £lisa (a-le-sa'). An opera by Cherubini, words 
 by Saint-Cyr, produced in Paris Dec. 13, 1794. 
 Elisa. See Elissa. 
 
 Elisabeth. See Elizabeth. 
 
 Elisabeth, ou Les Exiles en Siberie. [F., 
 ‘Elizabeth, or the Exiles in Siberia.’] A ro- 
 mance by Madame Cottin, published in 1806. 
 The subject is the same as Xavier de Maistre’s “Jeune Si- 
 bdrienne ’’ — a young girl going on foot from Siberia to St. 
 Petersburg to beg for the pardon of her exiled father. 
 
 Elisabetta, Regina d’Xnghilterra. [It., ‘Eliza- 
 beth, Queen of England.’] An opera by Ros- 
 sini, written in 1815 for the San Carlos at Na- 
 ples, and produced March 10, 1822, in Paris. 
 
 Elisavetgrad, or Elisabethgrad. See Yelisa- 
 vetgrad. 
 
 Elisavetpol, or Elisabethpol. See Yelisavetpol. 
 fllise (a-lez'). In Moliere’s “L’Avare” (‘The 
 Miser’), the daughter of Harpagon, in love 
 with Valere. 
 
 Elisena (el-i-se'na). In the Spanish cycle of 
 romances, a princess of Brittany, the mother 
 of Amadis of Gaul. 
 
 Elisha (e-li'sha). [Heb., ‘God is salvation.’] 
 Lived in the 9th century b. c. A Hebrew pro- 
 phet, the attendant and’ successor of Elijah. 
 Elishah (e-li'sha). In Gen. x. 4, the eldest son 
 of Javan: identified with the AEolians, with 
 Sicily, and with the north coast of Africa. 
 
 Cyprus, too, would seem to be meant in Genesis, since 
 we are told that the “sons of Javan” were Elishah and 
 Tarshish, Kittim and Dodanim. Elishah is doubtless 
 Hellas, not Elis, as has been sometimes supposed ; in 
 Ezek. xxvii. 7 it is said that “blue and purple" were 
 brought to Tyre “from the isles of Elishah,” that is to say, 
 from the isles of Greece. Sayce, Races of the 0. T., p. 47. 
 
358 
 
 Elisire d’Amore, L’ 
 
 Elisire d’Amore, L'. [‘The Elixir of Love.’] 
 
 An opera by Donizetti, first produced at Milan 
 in 1829 or 1832 (Grove). The English version was 
 called “ The Love Spell,” and was produced at Drury Lane 
 in 1839. 
 
 Elissa (e-lis'sa), or Elisa. Under the surname 
 Dido, the heroine of the fourth book of Vergil’s 
 zEneid. According to the tradition she was the daugh- 
 ter of King Matgen, grandson of Eth-Baal of Phenicia. 
 She was married to her uncle Sicharbaal or Sicharbas 
 (the Greek Acerbas and the Sychteus of V ergil). After her 
 husband was murdered by her brother Pygmalion, she 
 set out at the head of Tyrian colonists to Africa, where 
 she founded Carthage. To escape wedding the barbarian 
 king Tarbas she erected a funeral pyre and stabbed her- 
 self upon it. According to Vergil her death was due to 
 her despair at her desertion by zEneas. In the popular 
 mind she became confounded with Dido, a surname of 
 Astarte as goddess of the moon, who was also the goddess 
 of the citadel of Carthage. 
 
 Elissa. In Spenser’s “Faerie Queene,”tlie eld- 
 est of three sisters who were always at odds. 
 See Medina. 
 
 Eliud (e-ll'ud). A Jew mentioned in the ge- 
 nealogy of Christ. 
 
 Eliza (e-li'za). See Elisabeth. 
 
 Elizabeth (e-liz'a-beth). [Heb., prob. ‘God 
 of the oath ’ ; Gr. ’E '/ucdper, ’Eknnafier, also 
 ’E/.iadfkd ; F. Elisabeth, It. Elisabetta, G. Elisa- 
 beth.'] The wife of Aaron. 
 
 Elizabeth. The wife of Zacharias and mother 
 of John the Baptist. She remained childless till the 
 decline of life, when an angel foretold to her husband the 
 birth of a son. The angel Gabriel discovered the fact of 
 this miraculous conception to the Virgin Mary, as an as- 
 surance of the birth of the Messiah. See Mary. 
 
 Elizabeth, Saint, of Hungary. Born at Pres- 
 burg, Hungary, 1207 : died at Marburg, Ger- 
 many, Nov. 19, 1231. Daughter of Andrew H. 
 of Hungary, and wife of Louis, landgrave of 
 Thuringia, celebrated for her sanctity. 
 
 Elizabeth. Born at Greenwich, near London, 
 Sept. 7, 1533: died at Richmond, near London, 
 March 24, 1G03. Queen of England 1558-1603. 
 She was the daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn ; 
 was brought up in the Protestant faith ; studied the classi- 
 cal languages under Roger Ascham ; and is said to have 
 been proficient in French and Italian. On her accession 
 she appointed as secretary of state Sir William Cecil (later 
 Baron Burleigh), who remained her chief adviser or forty 
 years, until his death in 1598. She repealed the Roman 
 Catholic legislation of the previous reign, reenacted the 
 laws of Henry VIII. relating to the church, published the 
 Thirty-nine Articles (1563), and completed the establish- 
 ment of the Anglican Church. In 1564 she concluded the 
 treaty of Troyes with France, by which she renounced her 
 claims to Calais in consideration of 220,000 crowns. In 
 1587 she signed the death-warrant of Mary Queen of Scots, 
 who, expelled by a rebellion of her subjects, had taken 
 refuge in England in 1568, and who, by means, it is said, of 
 forged documents, had been involved by the government 
 in a conspiracy of Savage, Ballard, Babington, and others 
 against Queen Elizabeth. In 1588 her admiral Howard, 
 assisted by Drake, Hawkins, Frobisher, Winter, and Ra- 
 leigh, defeated the Spanish Armada in the English Chan- 
 nel, and prevented an invasion of England. Her reign, 
 which was one of commercial enterprise and of intellectual 
 activity, was made illustrious byShakspere, Sidney, Spen- 
 ser, Bacon, and Ben Jonson. 
 
 Elizabeth, or Isabella, of Valois, Queen of 
 Spain. Bom at Fontainebleau, France, April 
 13, 1545 : died at Madrid, Oct. 3, 1568. Daugh- 
 ter of Henry II. of France, and wife of Philip 
 II. of Spain. 
 
 Elizabeth, or Isabella, Queen of Spain. Born 
 at Fontainebleau, France, Nov. 22, 1602: died 
 at Madrid, Oct. 6, 1644. Daughter of Henry 
 IV. of France, and wife of Philip IV. of Spain. 
 
 Elizabeth,^ Madame (Elisabeth Philippine 
 Marie Helkne). Born at Versailles, France, 
 May 3, 17614 : guillotined at Paris, May 10, 1794. 
 A French princess, sister of Louis XVI. 
 
 Elizabeth, Charlotte. See Charlotte Elisabeth. 
 
 Elizabeth, Pauline Ottilie Luise, Queen of 
 Rumania: pseudonym Carmen Sylva. Born 
 at Neuwied, Dec. 29, 1843. Daughter of Prince 
 Hermann of Wied, and wife of Charles of Ru- 
 mania, whom she married Nov. 15, 1869. she 
 has published “Sappho” ( 1880 ), “Hammerstein ” (1880), 
 “ Stiirme ” (“ Storms,” 1881), “ Leidens Erdengang ” 
 (■' Sorrow on Earth,” 1882), etc. In 1882 she published in 
 French “Les pensees d'une reine,” revealing her name; 
 “ Pelesch Marc hen.” etc. (1883), “Le pic aux regrets” 
 (Paris, 1884), “Es Klopft” (“Some One Knocks,” 1887: 
 this was translated into French in 1889, with a preface by 
 Pierre Loti). She has also written with Madame Chrem- 
 nitz, under the signatures “ Ditto " and “Idem,” “Aus 
 zwei Welten ” (1882) and “ Astra” (1886). 
 
 Elizabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Orleans. 
 Born at Heidelberg, Baden, May 27, 1652 : died 
 at St. -Cloud, France, Dec. 8, 1722. A Palatine 
 princess, second wife of Philip, duke of Or- 
 leans (brother of Louis XIV.). 
 
 Elizabeth Christine, Queen of Prussia. Born 
 Nov. 8, 1715: died Jan. 13, 1797. A princess 
 of Brunswick, wife of Frederick the Great, 
 whom she married June 12, 1733. 
 
 Elizabeth Farnese, Queen of Spain. Born 
 Oct. 25, 1692 : died 1766. A princess of Parma, 
 wife of Philip V. of Spain. 
 
 Elizabeth Petrovna. Born Dec. 18, 1709 : died 
 Jan. 5, 1762. Empress of Russia 1741-62, 
 daughter of Peter the Great and Catharine I. 
 She took part against Frederick the Great in the Seven 
 Y ears’ W ar, in the cour se of which her army entered Berlin 
 (1760) and pressed him so hard that lie would probably 
 have been overcome by the Allies except for her timely 
 death. She founded the University of Moscow, and the 
 Academy of Fine Arts at St. Petersburg. 
 
 Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia. Born 
 at Falkland, Scotland, Aug., 1596 : died at Lon- 
 don, Feb. 13, 1662. Daughter of James VI. of 
 Scotland (James I. of England), jn^^vife of 
 Frederick, elector palatine (latetB^HJT of Bo- 
 hemia). She was grandmother o^George I. 
 Elizabeth Woodville. Born probably in 1437 : 
 died at Bermondsey, June 8, 1492. Queen of 
 Edward TV. of England, and daughter of Sir 
 Richard Woodville. After the death of her first hus- 
 band, Sir John Grey, she married in 1464 Edward IV., by 
 whom she became the mother of Edward V. and Eliza- 
 beth, queen of Henry VII. 
 
 Elizabeth. A city and the county-seat of 
 Union County, New Jersey, situated near New- 
 ark Bay and Staten Island Sound, 12 miles 
 west-southwest of New York. Population, 
 73,409, (1910). 
 
 Elizabeth, Cape. A headland in Maine, pro- 
 jecting into the Atlantic 8 miles south of Port- 
 land. 
 
 Elizabeth City. The county-seat of Pasquo- 
 tank County, North Carolina, situated on Pas- 
 quotank River 39 miles south of Norfolk. 
 
 A naval victory was gained here by the Federals under 
 Commodore Rowan, Feb. 10, 1862. Population, 8,412, (1910). 
 
 Elizabeth Islands. A group of 16 small isl- 
 ands, forming the town of Gosnold, Dukes 
 County, Massachusetts, lying between Buz- 
 zard’s Bay and Vineyard Sound. 
 
 Elizondo (a-le-thon'do). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Navarre, Spain, situated on the Bidas- 
 soa 22 miles northeast of Pamplona. 
 El-Jezireh (el-je-ze're). See the extract. 
 
 The plain of Mesopotamia, now known as El-Jezireh, is 
 about 260 miles in length, and is intersected by a single 
 mountain-ridge, which rises abruptly out of the plain and, 
 branching off from the Zagros range, runs southward and 
 eastward under the modern names of Sarazur, Hamrin, 
 and Sinjar. Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 91. 
 
 El-Kab (el-kab'). A place on the Nile north 
 of Edfu, on the opposite hank. 
 El-Karidab(el-kar'i-dab). [Ar.] Avery rarely 
 used name for the third-magnitude star d Sa- 
 gittarii, more commonly called Ka us media. 
 Elkhart (elk'hart). A city in Elkhart County, 
 Indiana, situated at the junction of the Elk- 
 hart and St. Joseph rivers, in lat. 41° 40' N., 
 long. 85° 55' W. It has considerable manu- 
 factures. Population, 19,282, (1910). 
 
 Elk Mountains, and West Elk Mountains. 
 Ranges of mountains in western Colorado, 
 west of the Saguache range. Height of Castle 
 Peak, 14,259 feet. 
 
 Ella. See JElla. 
 
 Elland (el'land). A town in Yorkshire, Eng- 
 land, on the Calder 9 miles southwest of Brad- 
 ford. Population, 10,412. 
 
 Ellandun (el'lan-don). [AS. Elian dun, prob. 
 Ella’s well.] A place in Wiltshire, England, 
 near Wilton, where Egbert defeated the Mer- 
 cians in 825 (or 823). 
 
 Ellangowan, Laird of. See Bertram, Godfrey. 
 Ellasar (el-la'sar). A city or district in Meso- 
 potamia, the king of which (Arioch) was allied 
 with Chedorlaomer in his expedition against 
 the cities in the valley of Siddim (Gen. xiv. 
 1, 9). It is identified by most Assyriologists with the 
 Babylonian Larsa, situated about half-way between Ur 
 (modern Mughier) and Erech (Warka), on the left bank of 
 the Euphrates, now represented by the ruins of Senkereh. 
 Ellaury (el-you're), Jos A Bom in Montevideo 
 about 1831: died Dec., 1894. An Uruguayan 
 statesman. He was a lawyer, took part In politics, and 
 in March, 1874, was elected president. In Feb., 1875, he 
 was deposed by a military revolution. 
 
 Ellen Douglas. See Douglas, Ellen. 
 
 Ellen’s Isle. An island in Loch Katrine, Scot- 
 land. It is famous in early romance, and Scott makes it 
 the favorite haunt of the Lady of the Lake. 
 
 Ellenborough, Baron and Earl of. See Law. 
 Ellery (el'er-i), William. Born at Newport, 
 R. I., Dec. 22, 1727 : died at Newport, Feb. 15, 
 1820. An American politician, one of the 
 signers of the Declaration of Independence. 
 Ellet (el'et), Charles. Born at Penn’s Manor. 
 Bucks County, Pa.., Jan. 1, 1810: died at Cairo, 
 111., June 21, 1862. An American engineer. 
 
 Ellis, George 
 
 He introduced the use of wire suspension-bridges into 
 America, erecting one at Fairmount, Pennsylvania, in 1842, 
 and another across the hi iagara below the falls in 1847. He 
 became a colonel of engineers in the Union army during 
 the Civil War, and converted a fleet of Mississippi steam- 
 ers into rams with which he sank or disabled several Con- 
 federate vessels off Memphis June 6, 1862. 
 
 Ellet, ilrs. (Elizabeth Fries Lummis) Bom 
 
 at Sodus Point, N. Y., Oct., 1818: died at New 
 York, June 3, 1877. An American author, wife 
 of W. II. Ellet. She wrote “ The Women of the 
 American Revolution” (1848), etc. 
 
 Ellet, William Henry. Born at New York, 
 1806: died at New York, Jan. 26, 1859. An 
 American chemist. 
 
 Ellice Islands (el'is I'landz). A group of small 
 coral islands in the South Pacific, north of the 
 Fiji Islands, and northwest of Samoa. They 
 were discovered by Captain Peyster, an Ameri- 
 can, in 1819. 
 
 Ellichpur (el-ich-por'). 1. A former district 
 in Berar, British India, intersected by lat. 21° 
 20' N., long. 77° 30' E. Area, 2,605 square 
 miles. Population, 297,403. Now incorpor- 
 ated in th e Amraoti distri ct. — 2. The chief town 
 of the Amraoti district, Berar. Pop., 26,082. 
 Ellicott (el'i-kot), Charles John. Bom April 
 25, 1819: died Oct. 15, 1905. An English bibli- 
 cal commentator, bishop of Gloucester and 
 Bristol 1863-97 and of Gloucester 1897-1905. 
 He was Hulsean lecturer at Cambridge University in 1859. 
 His lectures appeared as “On the Life of Our Lord Jesus 
 Christ," and he also published, besides minor works, a 
 series of “Critical and Grammatical Commentaries" on 
 most of the Pauline epistles. He was for eleven years 
 chairman of the scholars who produced the revised version 
 of the New Testament. 
 
 Ellicott City. The county-seat of Howard 
 County, Maryland, situated on the Patapsco 8 
 miles west of Baltimore. It is the seat of SL Charles’s 
 and Rock Hill colleges (both Roman Catholic). It was for- 
 merly named Ellicott’s Mills. Population, 1,151, (1910). 
 
 Elliot (el'i-ot), George Augustus. See Eliot. 
 Elliotson (ei'i-ot-son), John. Born at London, 
 Oct. 29, 1791: died at London, July 29, 1868. 
 An English physician and physiologist. He wrote 
 “Principles and Practice of Medicine” (1839), “Human 
 Physiology ” (1840), etc. 
 
 Elliott ( el'i-ot), Char les Loring. Bom at Scipio, 
 N. Y., Dec., 1812: died at Albany, N.Y., Aug. 25, 
 1868. An American portrait-painter: elected 
 national academician in 1846. 
 
 Elliott, Charles Wyllys. Born at Guilford, 
 Conn., May 27, 1817 : died Aug. 20, 1883. An 
 American miscellaneous writer. He published 
 “Saint Domingo, etc.” (1855), a “New England History” 
 (1857), “Book of American Interiors ” (1876), " Pottery and 
 Porcelain " (1877). 
 
 Elliott, Ebenezer. Born at Masborough, York- 
 shire, England, March 17, 1781 : died near 
 Barnsley, England, Dec. 1, 1849. An English 
 poet, surnamed “the Corn-Law Rhymer.” Author 
 of “Corn-Law Rhymes” (1831), “The Village Patriarch” 
 (1829), “The Ranter,” “The Splendid Village,” etc., and 
 many misceUaneous poems. 
 
 Elliott, Sir Henry Miers. Bom at Westmin- 
 ster, 1808 : died at Simon’s Town, Cape of Good 
 Hope, Dec. 20, 1853. An English historian, 
 long in the service of the East India Company. 
 He wrote a supplement to Wilson’s “Glossary of Indian 
 Terms,” “Bibliographical Index to the Historians of Mu- 
 hammedan India ” (Vol. 1, 1849), “History of India,” etc. 
 (in 8 volumes, 1867-77), etc. 
 
 Elliott, Jesse Duncan. Born in Maryland, 
 July 14, 1782: died at Philadelphia, Dec., 1845. 
 An American naval officer. He was second in 
 command under Commodore Perry at the battle of Lake 
 Erie, Sept. 10, 1813, and the following month succeeded 
 Perry in the command on Lake Erie. He commanded the 
 sloop of war Ontario in Decatur’s squadron employed against 
 Algiers in 1815. 
 
 Elliott, Stephen. Born at. Beauf ort, S. C., Nov. 
 11, 1771: died at Charleston, S. C., March 28, 
 1830. An American botanist. He published 
 4 ‘ Botany of South Carolina and Georgia ” ( 1821- 
 1824), ete. 
 
 Elliott, Stephen. Born at Beaufort, S. C., Aug. 
 31, 1806 : died at Savannah, Ga., Dec. 21, 1866. 
 An American bishop of the Protestant Episco- 
 pal Church, son of Stephen Elliott. 
 
 Elliott, ‘William. Bom at Beaufort, S. C., 
 April 27, 1788: died at Beaufort, Feb., 1863. 
 An American politician and writer. 
 
 Ellis (el'lis), Alexander John (originally 
 Sharpe). Born at Hoxton, near London, June 
 14,1814: died at London. Oct. 28,1890. A noted 
 English phonetician and mathematician. He 
 wrote “Alphabet of Nature” (1845), “The Essentials of 
 Phonetics” (1848), “On Early English Pronunciation,” 
 with especial reference to Shakspere and Chaucer (1869- 
 1871), etc. 
 
 Ellis, George. Bom at London, 1753 : died 
 April 10, 1815. An English author. He published 
 
Ellis, George 
 
 •‘Specimens of the Early English Poets” (1790: the sixth 
 edition in 1851), “ Specimens of Early English Romances 
 in Metre ” (1805 : edited by Halliwell in 1848), etc. 
 
 Ellis, George Edward. Born Aug. 8, 1814: 
 died Dec. 20, 1894. An American Unitarian 
 clergy in an. Hs was pastor of the Harvard Unitarian 
 Church, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 1840-69, and was pro- 
 fessor of systematic theology in Harvard Divinity School 
 1857-63. He wrote “ A Half-Century of the Unitarian Con- 
 troversy ” (1857), and contributed to the “Narrative and 
 Critical History of America,” edited by Justin Winsor. 
 Ellis, Sir Henry. Born at London, Nov. 29, 
 1777 : died at London, Jan. 15, 1869. An Eng- 
 lish antiquarian, chief librarian of the British 
 Museum 1827-56. He edited Brand’s “Popular An- 
 tiquities” (1813) and, with others, Dugdale's “Monasti- 
 con ” (1817-33), wrote the introduction to “ Domesday 
 Book ” (1816), and published “Original Letters Illustrative 
 of English History ” (1824-4G). 
 
 Ellis, Robinson. Born at Banning, Kent, Eng- 
 land, Sept. 5, 1834. An English classical philol- 
 ogist, Corpus professor of Latin literature at 
 Oxford, 1893-. He has edited and translated “Catul- 
 lus,” and in 1876 published a “Commentary on Catullus.” 
 In 1881 he published an edition of Ovid’s “ Ibis.” 
 
 Ellis, Mrs. (Sarah Stickney). Born at London, 
 1812: died at Hoddesdon, Herts, June 16, 1872. 
 An English authoress, wife of William Ellis 
 (1794-1872). She wrote “Women of England” 
 (1838), “Daughters of England” (1842), etc. 
 Ellis, William. Born at London, Aug. 29, 1794 : 
 died at Hoddesdon, Herts, England, June 9, 
 1872. An English missionary in Polynesia. 
 
 He published “Missionary Narrative of a Tour through 
 Hawaii ” (1827), “ Polynesian Researches ” (1829), “ History 
 of Madagascar” (1838), “Three Visits to Madagascar” 
 (1858), and other works on missions. 
 
 Ellis, William. Born Jan. 1, 1801 : died at Lon- 
 don, Feb. 18, 1881. An English writer on social 
 science. He became an assistant underwriter of the In- 
 demnity Marine Insurance Company in 1824, and chief 
 manager in 1827. He founded (1848-52) five schools, which 
 he named Birkbeck schools. Author of “ Outlines of Social 
 Economy ” (1846), “ Education as a Means of Preventing 
 Destitution'’ (1851), and “ Philo- Socrates ” (1861). 
 
 Ellison (el'i-son), Mrs. A character in Field- 
 ing’s “Amelia.” 
 
 Elliston (el'is-ton), Robert William. Born at 
 Bloomsbury, London, April 7, 1774: died at 
 Blackfriars, London, July 8, 1831. A celebrated 
 English actor and manager. He made his first ap- 
 pearance April 14, 1791, at the Bath Theatre as Tresscl 
 in “ Richard III.,” and after a career showing great versa- 
 tility and power, together with many excesses and absur- 
 dities, he died the first comedian of his day. Some of his 
 best characters in comedy were Doricourt, Charles Surface, 
 Rover, and Ranger, and in tragedy Hamlet, Romeo, and 
 Hotspur. 
 
 Ellora, or Elora (e-16'ra), or Elura (e-lo'rii). 
 A town in Hyderabad, British India, in lat. 20° 
 21' N., long. 75° 10' E. It contains a Dravidian rock- 
 cut temple, anterior in date to 1000 A. D., remarkable not 
 only in itself, but because the rock is cut away outside as 
 well as inside, leaving the monument isolated and com- 
 plete throughout. It consists of a central sanctuary or 
 vimana, with a pyramidal roof about 80 feet high, pre- 
 ceded by an inclosed porch of 16 columns, before which are 
 2 isolated pylons in succession, reached by bridges. The 
 court is surrounded by a peristyle within which there is a 
 series of cells. The sculptured decoration is elaborate, 
 combining geometrical and arabesque motives with figure- 
 sculpture. 
 
 Ellore (e-lor'), orElur (e-lor'). A town in the 
 Kistna district, Madras, British India, situated 
 in lat. 16° 43' N., long. 81° 7' E., 304 miles 
 from Madras. Population, 33,521. 
 
 Ellsworth (elz'werth). A city and the county- 
 seat of Hancock County, Maine, situated on 
 the Union River 20 miles southeast of Bangor. 
 Population, 3,549, (1910). 
 
 Ellsworth, Ephraim Elmer. Born at Me- 
 chanicsville, N. Y., April 23, 1837 : shot at Alex- 
 andria, Va., May 24, 1861. An American officer 
 of Zouaves at the beginning of the Civil War. 
 He removed to Chicago at an early age, and became a solici- 
 tor of patents. He accompanied Lincoln to Washington in 
 March, 1861. In April, 1861, he organized in New York city 
 a Zouave regiment of firemen(the 11th NewYork), of which 
 he became colonel. He occupied Alexandria, Virginia, with 
 his regiment May 24, 1S61. Seeing a Confederate flag flying 
 from the Marshall House, he ascended to the roof to re- 
 move it, and on descending was shot by James T. Jackson, 
 the keeper of the hotel. 
 
 Ellsworth, Oliver. Born at Windsor, Conn., 
 April 29,1745: died at Windsor, Nov. 26, 1807. 
 An American jurist and statesman . Ho was United 
 States senator from Connecticut 1789-96, chief justice of 
 the United States Supreme Court 1796-1800, and envoy ex- 
 traordinary to France 1799. 
 
 Ellsworth, William Wolcott. Born at Wind- 
 sor, Conn., Nov. 10, 1791: died at Hartford, 
 Conn., Jan. 15, 1868. An American politician 
 and jurist, son of Oliver Ellsworth. He was 
 governor of Connecticut 1838-42. 
 
 Ellul (el'ul). [Etym. uncertain.] The sixth 
 month of the Hebrew year, corresponding to 
 
 359 
 
 Aug.-Sept. In Assyro-Babylonian, from which the 
 names of the months were adopted by the Jews, its form 
 is Ululu. 
 
 Ellwangen (el'vang-en). A town in the Jagst 
 circle, Wurtemberg, situated on the Jagst 45 
 miles east-northeast of Jagst. It was formerly 
 an ecclesiastical principality. It has an old 
 church. Population, about 5,000. 
 
 Ellwood (el'wud), Thomas, Born at Crowell, 
 Oxfordshire, England, 1639: died at Amersham, 
 March 1, 1714. An English Quaker, friend of 
 Milton. He wrote “Sacred History of the Old 
 Testament and New Testament” (i.705-09), his 
 autobiography (1714), etc. 
 
 Elm (elm). A village near Glarus in Switzer- 
 land, noted for the fatal landslip of the 
 Tsehingelberg, Sept. 11, 1881. 
 
 Elmalu (el-ma'lo), or Almali (al-ma'le), A city 
 of the vilayet Konieh, Asiatic Turkey. Popu- 
 lation, about 12,000. 
 
 Elm City. New Haven, Connecticut : so named 
 from the number and beauty of its elms. 
 
 Elmes (elmz), James. Born at London, Oet. 
 15, 1782: died at Greenwich, near London, 
 April 2, 1862. An English architect and writer 
 upon art. He published “Sir Christopher Wren 
 and his Times ” (1823), “Dictionary of the Fine 
 Arts” (1826), etc. 
 
 Elmet (el'met). A small British kingdom con- 
 quered by Edwin, king of Northumbria, about 
 625. 
 
 The kingdom of Elmet then answered .roughly speaking, 
 to the present West Riding of Yorkshire. 
 
 Green, Making of England, p. 247. 
 
 El Mina (el me'na). The seaport of Tripoli in 
 Syria. Population, about 7,000. 
 
 Elmina (el -rue 'nit), Pg. Sao Jorge da Mina 
 (san zhor'zhe da me'na,). A town on the Gold 
 Coast, West Africa, in lat. 5° 5' N., long. 1° 21' 
 W . It was founded by the Portuguese ; was conquered 
 by the Dutch in 1637 ; and was transferred to the British 
 in 1872. The native name is Bena. Pop., about 4,000. 
 
 Elmira (el-ml'ra). A city and the eonnty-seat 
 of Chemung County, New York, situated on the 
 Chemung River in lat. 42° 7' N., long. 76° 51' 
 W. It has important manufactures of iron, etc., and is 
 the seat of Elmira Female College and of the State refor 
 matory. Population, 37,176, (1910). 
 
 Elmire (el-mer'). In Molifire’s “Tartufe,” the 
 young wife of Orgon and sister of Cleante. 
 
 Elmo, Castle of Saint. A castle at Naples 
 and a fort at Malta, said to he so named from 
 Ermo, an Italianized corruption of Erasmus (a 
 Syrian martyr of the 3d century). 
 
 Elmoran (el-mo-ran'). The native name of the 
 Masai. 
 
 Elmore (el'mor), Margaret. In Lovell’s play 
 “Love’s Sacrifice,” Matthew Elmore’s daugh- 
 ter, who gives the name to the play by sacri- 
 ficing her lover, giving him up because of her 
 father’s guilt. 
 
 Elmshorn (elmz'horn). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, 19 miles 
 northwest of Hamburg. It has important 
 manufactures and trade. Population, com- 
 mune, 13,984. 
 
 Eimsley (elmz'li), Peter. Born 1773: died at 
 Oxford, March 8, 1825. An English philologist, 
 principal of St. Alban Hall, Oxford, and pro- 
 fessor of ancient history in the university 
 1823-25. He is known chiefly for his critical 
 studies of Sophocles and Euripides. 
 
 Elnasl (el-nas'l). [Ai\ el nagl, the arrow-point.] 
 The third-magnitude star y Sagittarii, some- 
 times called Warula. 
 
 Elnathan (el' na- than). [Heh., ‘God hath 
 
 given.’] The maternal grandfather of Jehoia- 
 chin. 
 
 Elne (eln). A town in the department of Py- 
 renees-Orientales, France, 13 miles southeast 
 of Perpignan: the ancient Hliberis, later He- 
 lena. It has a cathedral. Population, com- 
 mune, 3,026. 
 
 El-Obeid (el-ob-ad'). The principal town of 
 Kordofan, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, in lat. 13° 
 11' N. Before its occupation by the Mahdi (1883), El- 
 Obeid was the great market of the Egyptian trade in gums 
 and ostrich feathers. Now these articles go to Tripoli by 
 way of Wadai. Near here, Nov. 3 (and the following days), 
 1883, the Mahdists exterminated an Egyptian army under 
 Hicks Pasha. The town came under Anglo-Egyptian con- 
 trol in 1899. Population, est., 10,000. 
 
 Eloi, Saint. See Eligius. 
 
 Elomire (a-ld-mer'). An anagram under which 
 Moliere was attacked by Le Boulanger de Chal- 
 lussay, an unknown author, in a scurrilous 
 play “Elomire hypocondre, ou les mddecins 
 venges” (1670). In 1603, in a play “Zdlinde," by De 
 
 Eltekeh 
 
 Villiers, various persons of quality meet and attack the 
 reputation of Elomire (Moliere). 
 
 Eloquent, The Old Man. An epithet of Isoc- 
 rates, S. T. Coleridge, J. Q. Adams, and others. 
 Elora. See Ellora. 
 
 El Paso (el pa'so). [Sp., ‘the pass.’] A city 
 in El Paso County, Texas, situated on the Rio 
 Grande opposite El Paso del Norte. Popula- 
 tion, 39,279, (1910). 
 
 El Paso del Norte (el pa'so del nor'ta). [Sp., 
 ‘the pass of the north.’] A town in the state 
 of Chihuahua, Mexico, situated on the Rio 
 Grande in lat. 31° 45' N., long. 106° 32' W. 
 Population, about 8,000. Now Ciudad Ju&rez. 
 Elphin (el'fin). A town in Roscommon, Ireland, 
 15 miles north of Roscommon. It is the seat of 
 a bishopric. 
 
 Elphinstone (el'ftn-ston), George Keith, Vis- 
 count Keith. Born at Elphinstone Tower, near 
 Stirling, Jan. 7, 1746: died at Tullyallan, March 
 10, 1823. A British admiral. He was in 1800 ap- 
 pointed commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean, where 
 he took Malta and Genoa. He subsequently cooperated 
 with Abercromby in the military operations in Egypt, ob- 
 tained the rank of admiral in 1801, and in 1814 was created 
 Viscount Keith of the United Kingdom. 
 
 Elphinstone, Mountstuart. Born Oct. 6, 1779 : 
 died at Limpsfield, Surrey, England, Nov. 20, 
 1859. An English statesman and historian, one 
 of the chief founders of the Anglo-Indian em- 
 pire. He entered the civil service of the East India 
 Company in 1796 ; was appointed ambassador to the court 
 of Kabul in 1808 ; was resident at the court of Poona 1810- 
 1817 ; and was governor of Bombay 1819-27. Author of 
 “Account of the Kingdom of Cabal” (1815) and “History 
 of India ” (1841). 
 
 Elphinstone, William. Born at Glasgow in 
 1431 : died at Edinburgh, Oct. 25, 1514. A Scot- 
 tish prelate and statesman. He graduated with the 
 degree of M. A. at the University of Glasgow in 1452, and 
 subsequently studied law at the University of Palis, where 
 he lectured for a time on this science. He returned to 
 Glasgowinl474; was appointed bishop of Aberdeen in 1483; 
 became lord privy seal in 1492 ; and in 1494 obtained a papal 
 bull for the founding of King’s College at Aberdeen, which 
 was completed in 1506. 
 
 El Rosario (el ro-sa/re-d). A town in the state 
 of Sinaloa, Mexico, 35 miles southeast of Ma- 
 zatlan. 
 
 Elsass and Elsass-Lothringen (el'zas-lot'ring- 
 en). The German names for Alsace and Alsace- 
 Lorraine respectively. 
 
 Elshender (el'sben-der). [Scotch form of Alex- 
 ander .] The Black Dwarf in Scott’s novel of 
 that name. Also called “ Canny Elshie.” 
 
 Elsie Venner. A novel by Oliver Wendell 
 Holmes, published in 1861. 
 
 Elsinore (el-si-nor'), Dan. Helsingor (hel'sing- 
 ger). A seaport in Zealand, Denmark, on the 
 narrowest part of the Sound, lat. 56° 2' N., 
 long. 12° 38' E. It is a commercial town, contains the 
 fortress of Kronborg, and is associated with the story of 
 “Hamlet.” Sound dues were here collected from all for- 
 eign (except Swedish) ships to 1857. Population, about 
 14,500. 
 
 Elsmere, Robert. See Robert Elsmere. 
 Elspeth (el'speth). [A contraction of Elisa- 
 beth .] In Scott’s “Antiquary,” the old mother 
 of Saunders Mucldebackit. She is apathetic and 
 deaf, and keeps secret the crime of her mistress, in which 
 she had assisted, till just before her death. 
 
 Elssler (elz'ler), Fanny. Born at Vienna, June 
 23, 1810: died there, Nov. 27, 1884. A noted 
 dancer. She was the daughter of Johann Elssler, 
 Haydn’s factotum. She abandoned the stage in 1851. Her 
 sister Therese (1808-78), also a dancer, contracted a mor- 
 ganatic marriage with Prince Adalbert of Prussia. 
 Elster (el'ster), or Bad-Elster (bfid'el'ster). 
 A watering-place in the kingdom of Saxony, 
 south of Plauen, near the Bohemian frontier. 
 Elster, Black. A river in central Germany 
 which joins the Elbe near Wittenberg. Length, 
 about 130 miles. 
 
 Elster, White. A river in central Germany 
 which joins the Saale near Halle. Length, 
 about 120 miles. 
 
 Elswick (elz'wik). A manufacturing suburb 
 of Newcastle-on-Tyne, England. 
 
 El Teb (el teb'). A locality between Tokar and 
 Trinkitat, in the eastern Sudan, in the vicinity 
 of Suakim. Here, Feb. 29, 1884, the British under Gen- 
 eral Graham defeated the Mahdists under Osman Digma. 
 Eltekeh (el'te-ke). In ancient geography, one 
 of the cities on the border of Dan: the modern 
 Beit Likia. Near here Sennacherib defeated an Egyp- 
 tian army which was coming to the relief of Ekron. 
 
 When the Jewish embassy arrived at Lachish, the Egyp- 
 tian party seems still to have been in the ascendant. In 
 spite of the prophet’s warning, envoys had been sent to 
 Egypt (Isa. xxx. xxxi.), and had returned full of confi- 
 dence in an alliance, which yet was to be to them not 
 “an help nor profit, but a shame and also a reproach." 
 The battle of Eltekeh dissipated their hopes. This was 
 
Eltekeh 
 
 fought after the capture of Laehish, when Sennacherib 
 was endeavouring to take the neighbouring fortress of 
 Libnah (2 Kings xix. 8, 9). 
 
 Sayce, Anc. Monuments, p. 147. 
 
 Eltham (el'tham). A town in Kent, England, 
 7 miles southeast of London. It contains the 
 ruins of Eltham Palace (formerly a royal resi- 
 dence). 
 
 Elton (el'ton). A salt lake in Astrakhan, Rus- 
 sia, in lat. 49° N., long. 4C° 40' E. : noted for 
 its production of salt. Length, 10 miles. 
 Eltville (elt'vel), or Elfeld (el'feld). A town 
 in the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, on 
 the Rhine between Bingen and Mainz: the 
 Roman Altavella. It was formerly the capital 
 of the Rheingau. Population, about 4,000. 
 Elvas (al'vas). A fortified town in the district 
 of Portalegre, province of Alemtejo, Portugal, 
 11 mile.s west of Badajoz (Spain). It is the strong- 
 est fortress in Portugal, and was a strategic point of 
 great importance in the Peninsular war. Population, 
 13,981. 
 
 Elvira (el-vi'rii). 1. In Dryden’s "Spanish 
 Friar,” a young wife who by the aid of the 
 Spanish friar attempts to intrigue with Lo- 
 renzo, who turns out to be her brother. — 2. 
 The sister of Don Duarte in Cibber’s ‘ 1 Love 
 makes a Man.” — 3. The mistress of Pizarro 
 in Sheridan’s (Kotzebue’s) "Pizarro.” — 4. The 
 name of the principal female character in Au- 
 ber’s opera “ Masaniello,” Bellini’s “ Puritani,” 
 and Verdi’s "Ernani,” and in Moliere’s "Don 
 Juan.” 
 
 Elwend (el-wend'), or Elwund (el-wond'), or 
 Arwand (ar-wand'). A mountain in north- 
 western Persia, a few miles south of Hamadan 
 (Ecbatana): the ancient Orontes. Height, 
 about 11,000 feet. 
 
 Elwes (el'wes), or Meggott (meg'ot), John. 
 Born at Westminster, April 7, 1714 : died at 
 Marcham, Berkshire, Nov. 26, 1789. A noted 
 English miser, son of a brewer named Meg- 
 gott. Elwes was his mother's name, which he took in 
 1750. He inherited wealth and was well educated, but 
 was controlled by a morbid disinclination to spend money 
 upon his personal wants, which manifested itself in vari- 
 ous extraordinary ways. In other respects he was not il- 
 liberal, and he was extravagant iu speculation and gaming. 
 Ely (e'li). [ME. Ely, Eli, AS. Elig, eel island, 
 from *el, lei, eel, and ig, island.] A city in Cam- 
 bridgeshire, England, 15 miles north-northeast 
 of Cambridge. It contains a famous cathedral, a build- 
 ing of great she, begun in 1083. The nave and west tower 
 were completed toward the end of the 12th century, and the 
 west porch or galilee dates from about 1215. The N orman 
 choir was replaced by the existing presbytery in the middle 
 of the 13th century, and the octagonal central lantern was 
 finished in 1328. The large Lady chapel adjoining the north 
 transept, with elaborate vaulting and ornate arcading 
 under the large windows, was built in the middle of the 
 14tli century. The exterior of the church is distinguished 
 by its high, castellated west tower. Under the tower is 
 a curious galilee or entrance- porch, which opens into an 
 unfinished west transept. The nave is imposing, with its 
 long ranges of Norman arches and its lofty triforium- 
 gallery. Its roof is of wood. The vaulting of the octa- 
 gon forms the only existing Pointed dome of its type. 
 The presbytery is among the most excellent achieve- 
 ments of Decorated work. The cathedral measures 520 
 by 77 feet ; length of transept, 178J ; height of nave, 62 ; 
 of choir-vaulting, 70. Population, 7,713. 
 
 Ely, Isle of. A marshy plain iu Cambridge- 
 shire, England, north of the Ouse. It forms part 
 of Bedford Level. It was a stronghold of the Saxons un- 
 der Hereward. 
 
 Ely Chapel. The chapel of the former palace 
 of the bishops of Ely, in the city of London. 
 It is a fine example of Decorated architecture. 
 Elymais (el-i-ma'is). In ancient geography, a 
 region in western Asia. The name was used 
 either as an equivalent of Elam or for a part of it. 
 Elymas (el'i-mas). [Gr. ’EUyzaf. ] A sorcerer, 
 whose real name was Bar-Jesus, mentioned in 
 the New Testament (Acts xiii. 6). 
 
 Elyot (el'i-ot), Sir Thomas. Born probably 
 in Wiltshire, before 1490 : died at Carlton, 
 Cambridgeshire, March 20, 1546. An English 
 scholar and diplomatist. He was educated at home. 
 In 1511 he was clerk of assize on the western circuit, and 
 in 1523 Cardinal Wolsey gave him the position of clerk of 
 the privy council. He was sheriff of Oxfordshire and 
 Berkshire in 1527. In 1531 he published “The Boke 
 named the Governour,’’ whicli related to the education 
 of statesmen and was dedicated to Henry VIII. This se- 
 cured royal patronage, and he was appointed ambassador 
 to Charles V. In 1535 he was again sent to the emperor, 
 following him to Naples. He was member of Parliament 
 for Cambridge iu 1542. He also wrote “ Of the Know- 
 ledge which maketh a Wise Man" (1533), “Pasquil the 
 Playne ” (1533), “The Castel of Helth " (1534), “Biblio- 
 theca" (a Latin and English dictionary, 1038), “Defence 
 of Good Women ”(1545), etc. 
 
 Ely Place (e'li plas). A place on Holborn 
 Hill, London, the entrance to which is almost 
 opposite St. Andrew’s Church. The town house 
 of the bishops of Ely stood here, and the place was en- 
 
 360 
 
 tered by a great gateway built by Bishop Arundel in 
 1388. John of Gaunt died here, and during the Common- 
 wealth it was used as a prison and a hospital for wounded 
 soldiers. In 1772 it was tom down, and a chapel of the 
 13th century is all that remains. 
 
 Elyria (e-lir'i-a). The county-seat of Lorain 
 County, Ohio, situated on the Black River 25 
 miles west-southwest of Cleveland. Popula- 
 tion, 14,825, (1910). 
 
 filysee (a-le-za'), Palace of the. [E., ‘ Elysi- 
 um.’] A palace in Paris, built in 1718, and 
 since the reign of Louis XV. the property of 
 the state. It was used as a private residence by Napo- 
 leon I. and Napoleon III., to escape the publicity of the 
 Tuileries ; and during the republic of 1848 it was the of- 
 ficial residence of the President, as it is under the pres- 
 ent republic. 
 
 Elysian Fields. A name given to a region near 
 the ancient town of Baite, Italy, which is par- 
 ticularly fertile and delightful, and is therefore 
 supposed to resemble the ElysianFields of Greek 
 mythology. See Champs-Elysees and Elysium. 
 
 Elysium (e-liz'ium). The abode of the souls of 
 the good and of heroes exempt from death, in 
 ancient classical mythology. It is described, par- 
 ticularly by later poets, as a place of exceeding bliss. Some 
 have thought it to be in the center of the earth, some in the 
 Islands of the Blest, and some in the sun or mid air. In 
 the Odyssey it is a plain at the end of the earth ‘ ‘ where 
 life is easiest to man. No snow is there, nor yet great 
 storm nor any rain.” It is often called the Elysian Fields. 
 
 Elze(el'tse), Friedrich Karl. Born at Dessau, 
 Anhalt, Germany, May 22, 1821: died at Halle, 
 Jan. 21, 1889. A German literary critic, pro- 
 fessor of the English language and literature 
 at Halle from 1875. He published critical editions of 
 “ Hamlet” (1857, 1882), of Chapman’s “ Alphonsus,” and 
 of Rowley’s “When you see me,” etc., “Essays on Shak- 
 spere," “William Shakspere” (1876: English translation 
 1888), “ Notes on Elizabethan Dramatists ’’ (1880-84), etc. 
 
 Elzevir (el'ze-ver), or Elsevier, or Elzevier 
 
 (el'ze-ver). A famous family of Dutch print- 
 ers, celebrated especially for their editions of 
 classical authors, and of French authors on 
 historical and political subjects (a series known 
 as “ Les petites r6publiques”). The original name 
 was Elsevier or Elzevier: in Latinized form it was El- 
 zeverius, which was finally corrupted into Elzevir. 
 Louis, the founder of the family, was born at Louvain, 
 near Brussels, about 1540, and died at Leyden, Feb. 4, 
 1617. The first book he printed was “ J. Drusii Ebraica- 
 rum qusestionum, sive qurestionum ac responsionum libri 
 duo ”(1583), but the first book he published at his own 
 risk was a Eutropius by P. Merula(1592). He had seven 
 sons, five of whom followed his profession: Matthieu 
 (1564(5?)-1640), Louis (1566(7?)-1621(')), Gilles (died 1651), 
 Joost (1575(6?>-1617(?)), and Bonaventure (1583-1652). The 
 last was the most celebrated. In 1626 he took into part- 
 nership his nephew Abraham, a son of Matthieu. In 1647 
 Jean (1622-61), sou of Abraham, joined them, and after 
 their death Daniel (1626-80), son of Bonaventure, came 
 into the firm. He left it in two years, and Jean continued 
 alone till his death. Daniel went to Amsterdam in 1654, 
 and entered into partnership with Louis (1604-70), the 
 third of his name. The latter had established a printing- 
 press there in 1638. Isaac, a son of Matthieu, established 
 a press in Leyden which was in existence from 1616 to 
 1625. The last printers of the name were Peter, grandson 
 of Joost, who printed a few volumes at Utrecht between 
 1667 and 1672, and Abraham, the son of Abraham the first, 
 who was university printer at Leyden 1681-1712. 
 
 Many of the Elzevir editions bear no other typographi- 
 cal mark than simply the words Apud Elzeverios, or Ex 
 officina Elseveriana, under the rul/rique of the town. 
 Isaac took as typographical mark the branch of a tree sur- 
 rounded by a vine branch bearing clusters of fruit, and 
 below it a man standing, with the motto non solus. The 
 third Louis adopted Minerva with an olive branch, and 
 the motto ne extra oleas. When the Elseviers did not 
 wish to put their name to their works they generally 
 marked them with a sphere, but of course the mere fact 
 that a work printed in the 17th century bears this mark 
 is no proof that it is theirs. The total number of works 
 of all kinds which bear the name of the Elseviers is 1213, 
 of which 968 are in Latin, 44 in Greek, 126 in French, 32 
 in Flemish, 22 in the Eastern languages, 11 in German, and 
 10 in Italian. Encyc. Brit. 
 
 Emanuel. See Immanuel. 
 
 Emanuel (e-mun'u-el) I., Pg. Manoel (raa-no- 
 el'), surnamed “The Great” and “The Happy.” 
 Born May 31, 1469: died at Lisbon, Dec. 13, 
 1521. King of Portugal, cousin of John II. 
 whom he succeeded in 1495. He promoted the 
 expeditions of Vasco da Gama, Cabral, Corte- 
 real, and Albuquerque. 
 
 Emanuel, Paul. In Charlotte Bronte’s novel 
 " Villette,” a lecturer in Madame Beck’s school. 
 
 Emanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy. Born at 
 Chamtriry, Savoy, July 8, 1528: died Aug. 30, 
 1580. An Italian general, son of Charles III. 
 of Savoy. He entered the service of the emperor 
 Charles V. in 1548, and in 1553 obtained command of the 
 imperial army in the war against the French, whom he 
 defeated at Saint-Quentin in 1557. He recovered by the 
 treaty of Cateau-Cambrtsis, concluded April 3, 1559, the 
 duchy of Savoy, which had been taken by Francis I. of 
 France from Charles III. 
 
 Emba (em'ba). A river in Uralsk, Asiatic 
 Russia, which flows into the Caspian Sea from 
 the northeast. 
 
 Emilia Galotti 
 
 Embla. See Ask. 
 
 Embrun (oh-brun' ) . A town in the department 
 of Hautes-Alpes, France, near the Durance, 19 
 miles east of Gap : the ancient Ebrodunum. 
 It has a medieval cathedral. Population, 
 commune, 3,752. 
 
 Embury (em'bur-i), Philip, Born at Bally- 
 garan, Ireland, Sept. 21, 1729: died at Camden, 
 Washington County, N. Y., Aug., 1775. The 
 first Methodist preacher in America. He began 
 preaching in New York city in 1766. 
 
 Emden (em'den), or Embden (emb'den). A 
 seaport in the province of Hannover, Prussia, 
 situated on the Dollart, near the mouth of the 
 Ems, in lat. 53° 22' N., long. 7° 12' E. It became 
 a free imperial city under Dutch protection in 1595, and 
 passed to Hannover in 1815. Population, commune, 20,754. 
 
 Emerald Hill (em'e-rald hil). A suburb of 
 Melbourne, Australia, 14 miles south of that 
 city. 
 
 Emerald Isle (em'e-rald 51), The. Ireland: so 
 named on account of its verdure. 
 
 Emeric-David (am-rek'da-ved'), Toussaint 
 Bernard. Born at Aix, France, Aug. 20, 1755 : 
 died at Paris, April 2, 1839. A French archse- 
 ologist and critic. Hepublished “Recherchessur l’art 
 statuaire, etc.” (crowned by the Institute 1800, published 
 1805), “Jupiter” (1833), etc. 
 
 Emerson (em'er-son), George Barrell. Born 
 at Kennebunk, Maine, Sept. 12, 1797 : died at 
 Newton, Mass., March 14, 1881. An American 
 educator, and writer on education. He taught at 
 Boston many years, and in 1831 assisted in the organization 
 of the Boston Society of Natural History, of which he be- 
 came president in 1837. He wrote a “Report on the Trees 
 and Shrubs Growing Naturally in the Forests of Massachu- 
 setts” (1846). 
 
 Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Bom at Boston, 
 Mass., May 25, 1803: died at Concord, Mass., 
 April 27, 1882. A celebrated American essay- 
 ist, lecturer, and poet. He graduated at Harvard 
 College in 1821, and was a Unitarian clergyman in Boston 
 1829-32. In 1833-34 he commenced his career as lecturer 
 (which continued between thirty and forty years) on such 
 subjects as “Human Culture,” “Human Life,” “The Phi- 
 losophy of History,” “The Times,” “The Present Age,” 
 etc. Iu 1834 he settled at Concord, and edited “ The Dial ’’ 
 1842-44. He was the author of “Nature” (1836), “Es- 
 says" (1841 and 1844), “Poems" (1846), “Representative 
 Men ” (1850),“ Memoirs of Margaret Fuller” (1852), “ Eng- 
 lish Traits ” (1856), “Conduct of Life "(I860), “May Day, 
 and Other Pieces ” (1867), “Society and Solitude” (1870), 
 “Letters and Social Aims” (1876), “Poems" (1876). He 
 also compiled and edited " Parnassus,” a volume of poems 
 “ selected from the whole range of English Literature. ” 
 
 Emerson, William, Born at Hurworth, near 
 Darlington, England, May 14, 1701 : died at 
 Hurworth, May 20, 1782. An English mathe- 
 matician. 
 
 Emesa (era'e-sa). See Homs. 
 
 Emigres (a-me-gra'), Les. [F., ‘ the emigrants.’] 
 In French history, the royalists who left France 
 in 1789 and succeeding years, and took refuge 
 in Germany, Switzerland, Great Britain, and 
 other countries. Part of them fought against the 
 French revolutionary armies, and many had their head- 
 quarters at Coblenz. Some returned during the consul- 
 ate or empire, others not until the Restoration. Nearly 
 aHhad lost their property, but after the Restoration some 
 of them received for a few years a government grant. 
 
 Emile (a-mel'), or De l’education (de la-dii- 
 ka-syon'). [F./ of education.’] A treatise on 
 education, in the form of a romance, by Jean 
 Jacques Rousseau, published in 1762: named 
 from its chief character. 
 
 Emilia (a-mel'e-a), L. Emilia (e-mil'i-a). 
 [The Roman province Emilia was named from 
 the censor Aimilius Lepidus, builder of the Via 
 iEmilia.] A division of northern Italy forming 
 a compartimento, lying south of the Po and 
 north of Tuscany. It comprises the provinces of Bo- 
 logna, Ferrara, Forli, Modena, Parma, Piacenza, Ravenna, 
 and Reggio nell’ Emilia. Area, 7,990 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 2,548,550. 
 
 Emilia (e-mil'i-a). [L. IEmilia, fem. of Aim i- 
 lius.'] 1. A character in Chaucer’s " Knight’s 
 Tale,” Dryden’s "Palamon and Arcite,” Beau- 
 mont and’ Fletcher’s “ Two Noble Kinsmen,” 
 and other versions of the same story. She is a 
 very beautiful woman, loved by both Palamon and Arcite, 
 and won by the former. The name is variously spelled 
 Emelie, Emelye, Emily, etc. 
 
 2. In Shakspere’s tragedy “ Othello,” the wife 
 of Iago. She reveals his perfidy, and he kills 
 her. — 3. An attendant on Hermione in Shak- 
 spere’s “ Winter’s Tale.” — 4. The woman loved 
 by Peregrine Pickle, in Smollett’s "Adventures 
 of Peregrine Pickle.” • 
 
 Emilia Galotti (a-me'le-ii ga-lot'te). AJragedy 
 by Lessing, produced in Germany in 1772, and 
 produced on the English stage by Thompson 
 in 1794. 
 
Emilian Way 
 
 Emilian Way. See Via JEmilia. 
 
 Emilio. See Mmilius. 
 
 Emily (em'i-li). [F. Itmilie, It. Sp. Pg. Emilia, 
 G. EmilicJ] 1. Tho heroine of Mrs. Radcliffe’s 
 “Mysteries of Udolpho.” By her dread of real dan- 
 gers she is skilfully made to believe in unreal ones. 
 
 2. In Dickens’s “ David Copperfleld,” Mr. Peg- 
 gotty’s niece, called “Little Emily.” She is af- 
 fianced to Ham Peggotty, and is afterward betrayed by 
 Steerforth. 
 
 flminence Grise (a-ine-nons' grez), L’. JF., 
 
 ‘ The Gray Cardinal.’] A painting by Gerome, 
 now in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, it 
 
 represents the noted confessor of Cardinal de Richelieu 
 descending a palace Btaircase, feignedly oblivious of the 
 cringing before him and the gestur es of hatred behind him 
 of a body of brilliant courtiers. 
 
 Emin Pasha (a'men pash'a) or Bey (ba) (Ed- 
 uard Schnitzel 1 ). Born at Oppeln, Germany, 
 March 28, 1840 : killed near Nyangwe by the 
 Arabs in 1892. A noted African explorer. 
 Born of Jewish parents, he became a Protestant in 1840, 
 and professed Islamism when he entered the service of 
 Mohammedan governments. After studies in medicine 
 and ornithology he went, in 1865, to Turkey, where he ac- 
 companied a high official in his journeys until 1873. In 
 1875 he made a short visit to Germany. In 1876 he joined 
 Gordon Pasha, then governor of the Sudan, explored the 
 Nile up to Lake Albert, and visited Mtesa in 1877. In 
 1878 he was made bey and governor of the Equatorial 
 Provinces. In a few years he raised his ruined prov- 
 inces to relative prosperity, made rich scientific collec- 
 tions, and completed the accounts of Schweinfurth and 
 Junker. From 1883 he was cut off, by the Mahdi, from 
 communication with Egypt, and his position soon became 
 precarious. Stanley went to his relief, and both reached 
 the east coast in 1889. In the service of Germany he re- 
 turned to the lakes in 1890, accompanied by Dr. Stuhl- 
 mann and Lieutenant Langheld. He established the sta- 
 tion of Bukoba, and left it in charge of Lieutenant Lang- 
 held. With Dr. Stuhlmann he then proceeded westward, 
 intending, despite contrary orders, to make his way to 
 the west coast by way of the Shari. At Momfu, west of 
 Albert Nyanza, the rebellion of his carriers compelled 
 him to change his route (1891). Dr. Stuhlmann returned 
 to the coast with the richest harvest of scientific data 
 ever gathered by an African expedition. Emin was killed 
 by the Arabs, by order of Chief Kibonge, near Nyangwe, 
 in October, 1892. Two of the murderers confessed their 
 crime to R. Dorsey Mohun, United States agent in the 
 Kongo Free State, in April, 1894. 
 
 Emma (em'a). A novel by Jane Austen, pub- 
 lished in 1816. 
 
 Emmanuel, or Emanuel (e-man'u-ol). See 
 Immanuel. 
 
 Emmanuel College. A college of Cambridge 
 University, founded in 1584, on the site of a 
 convent of the Black Friars, by Sir Walter Mild- 
 may for the defense of Puritanism. Some of the 
 buildings of the convent were adapted to the uses of the 
 college. The chapel was built by Wren. Over the cloister 
 there is agallery of portraits. The library possessesmany 
 treasures. 
 
 Emmanuel’s Land. See Delectable Mountains. 
 
 Emmaus (em'a-us or e-ma'us). [Gr.’E y.uaovg.'] 
 In scriptural geography, a village of Palestine 
 not far from Jerusalem. Its exact position is un- 
 known. It was long identified with a city (Emmaus, later 
 Nicopolis, modern AmwJs) about 20 miles from Jerusa- 
 lem. 
 
 Emmendingen (em'men-ding-en). A town in 
 tho circle of Freiburg, Baden, situated near the 
 Elz 10 miles north of Freiburg. Here, Oct. 19, 
 1796, the Austrians defeated the French under 
 Moreau. Population, commune, 7,533. 
 
 Emmenthal (em'men-tal). A valley iu the can- 
 ton of Bern, Switzerland, east of Bern, noted 
 for its fertility and beauty. It is traversed by 
 a tributary of the Aare, the Emme. The 
 chief town is Langnau. 
 
 Emmerich, (em'mer-ich). A town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, situated on the Rhine, near 
 the Dutch frontier, in lat. 51° 50' N., long. 6° 
 14' E. : the ancient Embrica. It has a min- 
 ster. Population, commune, 12,562. 
 
 Emmet (em'et), Robert. Born at Dublin iu 
 1778: hanged at Dublin, Sept. 20, 1803. An 
 Irish revolutionist, brother of Thomas Addis 
 Emmet. He was, like his brother, a leader of the United 
 Irishmen, and in July, 1803, put himself at the head of an 
 unsuccessful rising in Dublin. He escaped to the Wick- 
 low Mountains, but returned to take leave of his affianced, 
 Sarah Curran, with the result that he was captured and 
 hanged. His attachment to Miss Curran is celebrated 
 by Moore in his famous poem “She is far from the land 
 where her young hero sleeps.” 
 
 Emmet, Thomas Addis. Born at Cork, Ire- 
 land, April 24, 1764 : died at New York, Nov. 14, 
 1827. An Irish lawyer and politician, brother 
 of Robert Emmet. He was admitted to the Irish bar 
 in 1790, was elected secretary of the Society of United 
 Irishmen in 1795, and became one of the directors of the 
 society in 1797. He was implicated in the rebellion of 
 1798, in which year he was arrested, together with the 
 other directors. He was imprisoned until 1802, and in 
 1804 emigrated to New York, where he practised law, and 
 in 1812 became attorney-general of the State. 
 
 Emmez. See J ernes. 
 
 VI. 13 
 
 361 
 
 Emmitsburg (em'its-berg), or Emmetsburg 
 (em'ets-berg). A town in Frederick County, 
 Maryland, 48 miles northwest of Baltimore. It 
 is the seat of Mount St. Mary’s College (Roman 
 Catholic). Population, 1,054, (1910). 
 
 Emmons (em'onz), Nathanael. Born at East 
 Haddam, Conn., April 20, 1745: died at Frank- 
 lin, Mass., Sept. 23, 1840. An American Con- 
 gregational clergyman and theologian. His 
 collected works were published in 1842. 
 
 Emory (em'o-ri), William Hemsley. Born in 
 Maryland, Sept. 9, 1811: died at Washington, 
 D. C., Dec. 1, 1887. An American soldier. He 
 graduated at West Point in 1831; became lieutenant of 
 topographical engineers in 1838; served on the staff of 
 General Kearny during the Mexican war ; was appointed 
 brigadier-general of volunteers March 17, 1862 ; com- 
 manded a division under General Banks in Louisiana in 
 1863 ; commanded the 19th army corps in the Red River 
 expedition in 1864 ; and fought with distinction at Ope- 
 quan Creek, Sept. 19, 1864, and at Fisher's Hill, Sept. 22, 
 1864. He wrote “ Notes of a Military Reconnoissance in 
 Missouri and California" (1848), and “Report on the 
 United States and Mexican Boundary Survey" (1858-59). 
 Emory College. An institution of learning at 
 Oxford, Georgia, incorporated in 1836. It is 
 under the control of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church (South). 
 
 Empedocles (em-ped'o-klez). [Gr. ’E/otc<5 o- 
 K/'r/f.] Born at Agrigentum, Sicily: lived about 
 490-430 B. C. A Greek philosopher, poet, and 
 statesman. He was a supporter of the democratic party 
 in his native city against the aristocracy, and possessed 
 great influence through his wealth, eloquence, and know- 
 ledge. He followed Pythagoras and Parmenides in his 
 teachings. He professed magic powers, prophecy, and a 
 miraculous power of healing, and came to have, in popu- 
 lar belief, a superhuman character. He was said to have 
 thrown himself into the crater of Etna in order that, 
 from his sudden disappearance, the people might believe 
 him to be a god. 
 
 The figure of Empedocles of Agrigentum, when seen 
 across the twenty-three centuries which separate us from 
 him, presents perhaps a more romantic appearance than 
 that of any other Greek philosopher. This is owing, in a 
 great measure, to the fables which invest his life and death 
 with mystery, to his reputation for magical power, and to 
 the wild sublimity of some of his poetic utterances. Yet, 
 even in his lifetime, and among contemporary Greeks, he 
 swept the stage of life like a great tragic actor, and left to 
 posterity the fame of genius as a poet, a physician, a pa- 
 triot, and a philosopher. 
 
 Symonds, Studies of the Greek Poets, I. 207. 
 
 Empedocles on Etna. A classical drama by 
 Matthew Arnold, published in 1853 and 1867. 
 Empire City. A name sometimes given to 
 New York as the metropolis of the Empire 
 State. 
 
 Empire State. A name popularly given to New 
 York on account of its leading position in re- 
 spect of population, wealth, and industrial en- 
 terprises. 
 
 Empoli (em'po-le). A town in the province of 
 Florence, Italy, on the Arno 15 miles west- 
 southwest of Florence. Population, com- 
 mune, 20,404. 
 
 Emporia (em-po'ri-a). The county-seat of 
 Lyon County, Kansas, situated on the Neosho 
 River 52 miles southwest of Topeka. Popula- 
 tion, 9,058, (1910). 
 
 Empson (emp'son), or Emson, Sir Richard. 
 Executed at London, Aug. 17, 1510. An English 
 
 S olitician. He was associated with Edmund Dudley in 
 le execution of the obnoxious financial policy of Henry 
 VII., and became the object of popular hatred by the rigor 
 with which he collected the taxes and penalties due to the 
 crown. After the death of Henry he was executed with 
 his associate on the charge of treason. 
 
 Empusa (em-pu'sii). [(irWynovoa, one-footed.] 
 In Greek legend, a cannibal monster sent by 
 Hecate (under various forms) to frighten trav- 
 elers. The Lamke were reckoned among the Empusse. 
 An Empusa is mentioned in “The Frogs ” of Aristophanes, 
 and also in the life of Apollonius Tyanteus by Philostratus, 
 and Goethe introduces one in the second part of “ Faust.” 
 The last has not the same habit of transformation as the 
 others, but surpasses them all in her hideous appearance 
 and her cannibalistic habits. 
 
 Ems (emz). [Gr. (Strabo) ’Auaalac, (Ptolemy) 
 ’A/idaiot ; ; L. Amisia, Amisius, later Emisa, E me- 
 sa.'] A river of Prussia which rises in West- 
 phalia near Paderborn, and flows through the 
 Dollart into the North Sea at the Dutch fron- 
 tier. Length, 200 miles. 
 
 Ems, or Bad Ems (bad emz). A town and 
 watering-place in the province of Hesse-Nas- 
 sau, Prussia, on the Lahn 7 miles southeast of 
 Coblenz. It is one of the most frequented health-re- 
 sorts in Germany, on account of its hot mineral springs. 
 Here occurred the famous interview, July 13, 1870, be- 
 tween William I. of Prussia and the French ambassador 
 Benedetti, which precipitated the Franco-German war. 
 Population, 6,791. 
 
 Emser (em'zer), Hieronymus. Born at Ulm, 
 Germany, March 26, 1477 : died at Dresden, 
 Nov. 8, 1527. A German theologian. He became 
 
 Encyclopedic 
 
 in 1504 secretary to Duke George of Saxony, who gave him 
 a benefice in Dresden. An account of the disputation at 
 Leipsic (1519), which he gave in an open letter addressed 
 to John Zack of Prague, occasioned a violent controversy 
 with Luther. He attacked Luther’s translation of the 
 Bible, and published in 1527 a translation of the New 
 Testament after the Vulgate. 
 
 Enambuc (a-non-biik'), or Esnambuc, Pierre 
 Vandrosflue Diel d’. Bom, probably at 
 Dieppe, about 1570 : died on the island of St. 
 Christopher (St. Kitts), West Indies, Dec., 
 1636. The founder of the French West Indian 
 colonies. He engaged in privateering cruises, and in 
 1625 established a colony on St. Christopher, at the same 
 time that the crew of an English vessel settled there. 
 D’Enarnbuc was aided by Richelieu, and though his colony 
 was driven out for a time by the Spaniards (1629), and 
 passed through many vicissitudes, it ultimately prospered. 
 He founded others in various islands. 
 
 Enanthe (e -nan' the). [See ( Enanthe .] In 
 Fletcher’s “Humorous Lieutenant,” the name 
 under which Celia disguises herself. 
 
 Enara (a-na'rii), or Enare (a-na'ra), Lake. 
 A large lake in the extreme northern part of 
 Finland, with an outlet into the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 Enarchus(e-nar'kus). In Sidney’s “ Arcadia,” 
 the King of Macedon. He is the father of Pyro- 
 eles and uncle of Musidorus. 
 
 Enarea (e-na'ra-a). A region in the Galla 
 country, Africa, south of Abyssinia, about lat. 
 8° 30' N., long. 37° E. 
 
 Encalada, Manuel Blanco. See Blanco En- 
 calada. 
 
 Enceladus (en-sel'a-dus). [Gr. ’Ey/cr^adof.] 
 1. In Greek mythology, one of the hundred- 
 armed giants, a son of Tartarus and Ge. — 2. 
 The second satellite of Saturn, discovered by 
 Herschel Aug. 28, 1789. 
 
 Enchanted Horse, The. A fabulous horse in 
 “ The Arabian Nights’ Entertainments.” Firouz 
 Schah, the Prince of Persia, is carried by the enchanted 
 horse to the palace of the Princess of Bengal, and persuades 
 her to return with him. The Indian who owns the horse 
 abducts her. The Sultan of Kashmir rescues her. Firouz 
 Schah follows them, disguised as a dervish, and by a clever 
 ruse gains possession of princess and horse. 
 
 Enchanted Island, The. Dryden's alteration 
 of Shakspere’s “Tempest.” 
 
 Encina, or Enzina (en-the'na), Juan de la or 
 
 del. B orn at or near Salamanca, Spain, about 
 1469 : died at Salamanca, 1534. A Spanish poet, 
 founder of the Spanish drama. He was for a time 
 in the household of the first Duke of Alba ; went to Rome, 
 entered the church, and became chapel-master to Leo 
 X.; visited the Holy Land; and became prior of Leon. 
 He published a collection of his dramatic and lyric poems, 
 “ Cancionero ” (1496 : enlarged 1509). 
 
 Enciso (en-the'so), Martin Fernandez de. 
 
 Born about 1470: died after 1528. A Spanish 
 lawyer. He went to America with Bastidas in 1500, 
 and settled as a lawyer at Santo Domingo. In 1609 he 
 joined the enterprise of Ojeda for colonizing Tierra 
 Firme. Ojeda sailed in Nov., 1509, and Enciso followed 
 with another ship in May, 1510. Ojeda having left the 
 colony, Enciso took command of the survivors and found- 
 ed Antigua (Darien), but he was soon deposed and ban- 
 ished by Balboa and others. He went to Spain, and in 
 1514 returned to Darien as alguacil mayor of Pedrarias’s 
 expedition. Late in 1514 he led an expedition against the 
 Indians of Cemi. Probably he soon returned to Spain. 
 Iu 1519 he published there his “Suma de geografia,” 
 which gives the first account in Spanish of the New 
 World. 
 
 Encke (eng'ke), Johann Franz. Born at Ham- 
 burg, Sept. 23, 1791: died at Spandau, near 
 Berlin,. Aug. 26, 1865. A German astronomer. 
 
 He becameinl825 secretary of the Academyof Sciences and 
 director of the Observatory in Berlin. He is best known 
 from his investigation of the comet named for him. 
 
 Encke’s Comet. A comet discovered by Pons 
 at Marseilles, Nov. 26, 1818, and more fully 
 investigated by J. F. Encke, for whom it was 
 named. 
 
 Encratites (en'kra-tats). [Gr. ’E vKpaTirat, lit. 
 
 ‘ the self-disciplined,’ ‘ continent.’] In the early 
 history of the church, especially among the 
 Gnostics, those ascetics who refrained from 
 marriage and from the use of flesh-meat and 
 wine. They were members of various heretical sects, al- 
 though sometimes spoken of as a distinct body founded 
 by the apologist Tatian of the 2d century. They were 
 also called Continents. 
 
 Encyclopaedia Britannica (en-si-klo-pe'di-a 
 bri-tan'i-ka). An English “ dictionary of arts, 
 sciences, and general literature,” first pub- 
 lished, in parts, at Edinburgh 1768-71: last 
 (11th) edition 1910. The 10th edition comprised 
 eleven supplementary volumes, including an 
 atlas and an index to the whole work (1902-3). 
 
 Encyclopedia, The. See Encyclopedic. 
 
 Encyclopedic (oh-se-klo-pa-de') : full title, 
 “Dictionnaire raisonnd des sciences, des arts 
 et des metiers” (‘Methodical Dictionary of 
 the Sciences, Arts, and Trades ’). A French 
 encyclopedia. See the extract. 
 
Encyclopedic 
 
 It was a French translation, by John Mills, of Cham- 
 bers’s “Cyclopaedia " which originally formed the basis 
 of that famous “ Encyclopedic ” which, becoming in the 
 hands of D’Alembert and Diderot the organ of the most 
 advanced and revolutionary opinions of the time, was the 
 object of the most violent persecution by the conservative 
 party in church and state, and suffered egregious mutila- 
 tions at the hands not only of hostile censors but of timor- 
 ous printers. So thoroughly was it identified with the 
 philosophic movement of the time that the term encyclo- 
 pidiste became the recognized designation of all at- 
 tached to a certain form of philosophy. Appearing at 
 Paris in 28 vols. between 1751 and 1772, it was followed 
 by a supplement in 5 vols. (Amst. 1776-77), and an ana- 
 lytical index in 2 vols. (Paris, 1780). Voltaire’s “Ques- 
 tions sur l’Encyclopddie ’’ (1770) formed a kind of critical 
 appendix. La Porte’s “ Esprit de l’Encyclopddie ’* (Paris, 
 1768) gave a resume of the more important articles, and un- 
 der the same title Hennequin compiled a similar epitome 
 (Paris, 1822-23). Chambers' s Encyc., IV. 335. 
 
 Encyclopedists, or Encyclopsedists (en-si- 
 klo-pe'dists). The collaborators in the ency- 
 clopedia of Diderot and D’Alembert (1751-65). 
 The Encyclopedists as a body were the exponents of the 
 French skepticism of the 18th century. 
 
 Endeavor, Tile. A British ship commanded by 
 Captain Cook, then lieutenant. It was sent out 
 in 1768 by the Royal Society to the Pacific to observe the 
 transit of Venus. Captain Cook returned in 1771, having 
 made important explorations and discoveries. See Cook, 
 James. 
 
 Endeavor strait. [Namedfrom the Endeavor, 
 Captain Cook’s ship.] A strait in north Aus- 
 tralia, east of the Gulf of Carpentaria, between 
 Cape York and Wolf Island. 
 
 Ender (en'der), Johann. Bom at Vienna, 
 Nov. 3, 1793 : died at Vienna, March 16, 1854. 
 An Austrian historical and portrait-painter. 
 Enderby Land (en'der-bi land). [First dis- 
 covered by Dirk Gherritsz (1599), and named 
 for him : later (1831) named by the English 
 captain Biscoe of the whaler Tula for his em- 
 ployers.] A district in the Antarctic region, 
 about lat. 67° S., long. 50° E. 
 
 Endicott, or Endecott (en'di-kot), John. Born 
 at Dorchester, England, about 1588: died at 
 Boston, Mass., March 15, 1665. A governor of 
 the Massachusetts colony. He emigrated to Amer- 
 ica in 1628; conducted an expedition against the Pequot 
 Indians in 1636; and was made deputy governor in 1641, 
 governor in 1644, and major-general of the colonial troops 
 in 1645. From 1649 until his death he was governor, except 
 in 1650 and in 1654, when he was deputy governor. He was 
 a zealous Puritan, and persecuted the Quakers, four of 
 whom were executed in Boston under his administration. 
 
 Endicott, William Crowninshield. Born at 
 Salem, Mass., 1827: diedat Boston, May 6, 1900. 
 An American politician and jurist. He was 
 judge of the Massachusetts Supreme Court 1873- 
 1882, and Democratic secretary of war 1885-89. 
 Endimion. See Endymion. 
 
 Endlicher (end'lich-er), Stephan Ladislaus. 
 Born at Presburg, Hungary, June 24, 1804; 
 died at Vienna, March 28, 1849. A noted Hun- 
 garian botanist and linguist, professor of bot- 
 any at the Vienna University from 1840. 
 He published “Genera plantarum” (1831-41), 
 “Synopsis coniferarum ” (1847), etc. 
 
 Endor (en'dor). [Heb., ‘spring of Dor.’] In 
 scriptural geography, a village in Palestine, 
 near Tabor, 13 miles southwest of the Sea of 
 Galilee. Here Saul consulted a female soothsayer 
 (“witch of Endor”) ou the eve of his last engagement with 
 the Philistines. 
 
 Endymion (en-dim'i-on). [Gr. ’Eiriiydaw.] In 
 Greek legend, a beautiful youth whom, while 
 he was sleeping in a cave on Mount Latmus, Se- 
 lene (the moon) kissed. The legends about him vary 
 greatly. He is described as aking, and also as a shepherd 
 and a hunter, and various accounts of his parentage are 
 given. He had asked Zeus for immortality, eternal slum- 
 ber, and undying youth, and had fallen asleep on Latmus, 
 never to awake. 
 
 Endymion. A poem by John Keats, published 
 in 1818. 
 
 Endymion. A novel by Benjamin Disraeli, 
 Lord Beaconsfield, published in 1880. 
 Endymion, Sleeping. A classical statue in 
 Parian marble, found in Hadrian’s Villa at 
 Tivoli, and now in the National Museum at 
 Stockholm, Sweden. 
 
 Eneas. See Mneas. 
 
 Enfantin (oh-f on-tan'), Barthelemy Prosper. 
 
 Bom at Paris, Feb. 8, 1796 : died there, Aug. 
 31, 1864. A French socialist, one of the lead- 
 ers of Saint-Simonism. He published “Traite 
 d’deonomie politique” (1830), “La religion 
 saint-simonienne ” (1831), etc. 
 
 Enfant Prodigue (oh-fon' pro-deg'). [F., ‘Prod- 
 igal Child.’] An opera by Auber, libretto by 
 Scribe, produced at Paris in 1850. 
 
 Enfants de Dieu (oh-fon' de die). [F.,‘ Chil- 
 dren of God.’] The Camisards. 
 
 Enfield (en'feld). 1. A town of Middlesex, 
 
 362 
 
 England, within the metropolitan district of 
 London. It contains the ruins of a royal palace. Near it 
 is a government factory of small arms. Pop., 42,738. 
 
 2. A town in Hartford County, Connecticut, 
 situated on the Connecticut River 14 miles 
 north-northeast of Hartford, it has noted manu- 
 factures of carpets and powder. It contains a community 
 of Shakers. Population, 9,719, (1910). 
 
 Enfield, William. Born at Sudbury, England, 
 March 29, 1741: died at Norwich, England, 
 Nov. 3, 1797. An English dissenting divine. He 
 published “Preacher’s Directory” (1771), “The Speaker" 
 (177 4), and other compilations. 
 
 Engadine (en-ga-den'). [G. Engadin, Bomansh 
 Engiadina.'] A valley in the canton of Grisons, 
 Switzerland, traversed by the Inn, noted for 
 its health-resorts and liigh elevation, it is di- 
 vided into the Upper and Lower Engadine, and is sur- 
 rounded by mountains. It contains Sils, Silvaplana, St. 
 Moritz, Samaden, Pontresina, Tarasp, etc. The prevailing 
 language is Romansh. Length, 60 miles. 
 Engagement, The. In English history, an 
 agreement between Charles I. and the Scottish 
 commissioners, made at Newport, Isle of Wight, 
 Dec. 26, 1647. The Scottish army was to restore 
 Charles, who consented to an establishment of 
 Presbyterianism in England. 
 
 Engedi (en-ge'di or en'ge-dl). [Heb.,‘ spring 
 of the goat.’] In scriptural geography, a place 
 abounding in caverns, situated on the western 
 shore of the Dead Sea, 26 miles southeast of 
 Jerusalem : the modern Ain-Jidy. In the desert 
 of Engedi David hid from Saul. 
 
 Engelberg (eng'el-berG). A health-resort in 
 the canton of Unterwalden, Switzerland, south 
 of Lucerne. It has a Benedictine abbey. 
 Engelhardt(eng'el-hart), Johann Georg Veit. 
 Born at Neustadt (an-der-Aisch), Nov. 12, 1791 : 
 died at Erlangen, Sept. 13, i855. A German 
 church historian. He became professor of theology at 
 Erlangen in 1822. He published “ Die angeblichen Schrif- 
 ten des Areopagiten Dionysius, ubersetzt und mit Abliand- 
 lungen begleitet” (1823), “Handbuch der Kirchenge- 
 schichte " (1838), and “ Dogmengeschichte ’’ (1839). 
 Engelmanil (eng'el-man), George. Bom at 
 Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, Feb. 2, 1809: 
 died at St. Louis, Mo., Feb. 13, 1884. A Ger- 
 man-Ameriean botanist and physician. 
 Enghien (on-gian'). 1. A town in the province 
 of Hainaut., Belgium, 18 miles southwest of 
 Brussels. It has manufactures of lace. Popu- 
 lation, 7,414. — 2. A watering-place near 
 Paris on the north. 
 
 Enghien, Due d’ (Louis Antoine Henri de 
 Bourbon-Conde). Born at Chantilly, Oise, 
 France, Aug. 2, 1772 : executed at Vincennes, 
 near Paris, March 21, 1804. A French prince, 
 son of Louis Henri Joseph, duke of Bourbon. 
 
 He emigrated from France in 1789, and fought under his 
 grandfather, the Prince of Conde, 1792-1801, when he re- 
 tired to private life at Ettenheim in Baden. Here he was 
 arrested March 15, 1804, though on neutral territory, by 
 French troops under orders from Napoleon. He was tried 
 before a military tribunal during the night of March 20-21, 
 on the charge of complicity iu the conspiracy of C’adoudal 
 against the life of Napoleon, and, although no evidence 
 was taken, was sentenced and shot at Vincennes at day- 
 break March 21, 1804. This proceeding excited general 
 indignation throughout Europe, and, aside from its moral 
 aspect, is considered one of the gravest political blunders 
 which Napoleon committed. Fyffe. 
 
 Engis (on-zhe'). See the extract. 
 
 A more favourable specimen of this type is the cele- 
 brated skull (index, 7052) which was found seventy miles 
 south-west of the Neanderthal in a cavern at Engis, ou the 
 left bank of the Meuse, eight miles south-west of Lifege. 
 It was embedded in a breccia with remains of the mam- 
 moth, the rhinoceros, and the reindeer. It has usually 
 been referred to the quaternary period, but as a fragment 
 of pottery was found in the same deposit it is possible 
 that the contents of the cave may have been swept in by 
 water, so that the skull may be only of neolithic age. 
 
 Taylor, Aryans, p. 107. 
 
 England (ing' gland). [Early mod. E. also Eng- 
 land, Inglond, ME. England, Englond, Inglond, 
 earlier Englelond , AS. Engla-land, land of the 
 Angles ; G. England, F. Angleterre, It. Inghil- 
 terra, Sp. Pg. Jnglatcrra, D. Engeland. ] A 
 country of Europe, which forms with Wales 
 the southern portion of the island of Great 
 Britain. It is hounded by Scotland (partly separated by 
 the Tweed, Cheviot Hills, and Solway Firth) on the north ; 
 the North Sea on the east; the Strait of Dover and the 
 English Channel (separating it from France) on the south; 
 and the Atlantic Ocean, Bristol Channel, Wales, and the 
 Irish Sea on the west. It includes the Isle of Wight and 
 a few smaller islands. The surface is generaUy level or 
 undulating in the east, south, and center ; and mountain- 
 ous in the northwest (Lake District), near the Welsh border, 
 and in the southwest. The highest mountain is Scafell 
 Pike (3,210 feet). The chief river-systems are those of 
 the Thames, Humber, and Severn. It has important agri- 
 culture, but its chief interests are commercial, manufac- 
 turing, and mining. It (with the rest of Great Britain) has 
 almost a monopoly of the ocean carrying-trade of the world. 
 The largest commercial cities are London. Liverpool, Man- 
 chester, Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield, Bristol, and Brad- 
 
 English Channel 
 
 ford. The chief manufactures are cotton and woolen 
 goods, iron and steel, hardware, leather, etc. Its mineral 
 products are iron and coal, tin, copper, etc. England has40 
 counties (Northumberland, Durham, York, Cumberland, 
 Westmoreland, Lancashire, Cheshire, Stafford, Derby, Not- 
 tingham, Lincoln, Norfolk, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Rut- 
 land, Leicester, Shropshire, Hereford, Worcester, Warwick, 
 Northampton, Bedford, Suffolk, Essex, Hertford, Middle- 
 sex, Buckingham, Oxford, Gloucester, Monmouth, Wilt- 
 shire, Berkshire, Surrey, Kent, Sussex, Hampshire, Dorset, 
 Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall); its capital is London, 
 and its government a constitutional hereditary monarchy. 
 The Anglican Church is established, and there are many 
 Protestant dissenting bodies and a large following of the 
 Roman Catholic Church. (For its foreign possessions, see 
 Great Britain.) There are some monuments of its prime- 
 val inhabitants before the Celts, of whom, however, but 
 little Is known. Among the leading events in English his- 
 tory are invasions by Julius Csesar, 65 and 54 B. c., sub- 
 jugation of the Celtic Britons by the Romans, 43 A. D. and 
 succeeding years (Agricola’s campaigns, 78-84); abandon- 
 ment by the Romans, 410; invasions by the Jutes, Angles, 
 and Saxons, beginning in 449 (?) and extending through the 
 6th century ; Christianity introduced from Rome in 597, 
 and from Scotland soon after ; the early English kingdoms 
 of Kent, Northumberland, Mercia, Wessex, East Anglia, 
 etc., merged under Egbert of Wessex as “king of the Eng- 
 lish ” in 827 ; division of England between Alfred and the 
 Danes by the treaty of Wedmore, 878 ; consolidation of the 
 country under Edward, Athelstan, etc., in the 10th cen- 
 tury ; second Danish invasion under Sweyn, about 1000 ; 
 rule of Canute the Dane and his sons, 1016-42 ; Norman 
 conquest under William 1., 1066; commencement of the 
 Plantagenet line under Henry II., 1154 ; separation of 
 Normandy and other French provinces, about 1204 ; grant- 
 ing of Magna Charta, 1215 ; beginnings of parliamentary 
 government, about 1264-65; Hundred Years’ War, about 
 1337-1453 ; kings of house of Lancaster, 1399-1461 ; kings 
 of house of York, 1461-85 ; Wars of the Roses, 1455-85 ; 
 Tudor dynasty (beginning with Henry VII.), 1485 ; intro- 
 duction of the Reformation under Henry VIII. and Ed- 
 ward VI., Roman Catholic worship restored by Mary, 
 Church of England restored by Elizabeth (1558-1603) ; ac- 
 cession of the Stuart line and personal union with Scot- 
 land under James I., 1603 ; beginnings of the colonial em- 
 pire, 17th century; civil wars between Charles I. and 
 Parliament, 1642-48; period of the Commonwealth and 
 Protectorate, 1649-59 ; restoration of the monarchy under 
 Charles II., 1660; revolution of 1688, and accession of 
 William of Orange and Mary, 1689 ; Act of Settlement, 
 1700-01 ; union with Scotland, 1707 ; accession of the Hano- 
 verian dynasty (with George I.), 1714 , large territorial 
 acquisitions in America and India, 1763 ; loss of the United 
 States, 1783 ; union with Ireland, 1801 ; wars with France, 
 1793-1802, 1803-14, and 1815 ; passage of Catholic Emanci- 
 pation Act, 1829 ; Electoral Reform Acts, 1832, 1867-68, and 
 1884-85 ; abolition of slavery, 1833 ; accession of Victoria, 
 and separation of Hanover, 1837 ; Afghan war, 1838-42 ; Chi- 
 nese war, 1810-42 ; Chartist agitation, Irish agitation (about 
 1845) ; repeal of the English Corn-Laws, 1846 ; Crimean war, 
 1864-56 ; Chinese wars, 1856-58 and 1860 ; Indian mutiny, 
 1857-58 ; act for disestablishment of the Irish Church, 1869 ; 
 Irish Land Act, 1870; Elementary Education Act, 1870; 
 Ashantee war, 1873-74 ; Afghan war, 1878-80 ; Zulu war, 
 1S79 ; Transvaal war, 1881 ; Irish Land Act, 1881 ; wars in 
 Egypt and Sudan. 1882-85. and in South Africa, 1899-1902. 
 Area, 50,851 square miles. Population, with Wales, 
 36,075,269. See Great Britain, Wales, Scotland, Ireland. 
 
 England, John. Bom at Cork, Ireland, Sept. 
 23, 1786 : died at Charleston, S. C., April 11, 
 1842. An Irish-American prelate of the Roman 
 Catholic Church, appointed first bishop of 
 Charleston 1820. 
 
 England, S. A pseudonym under which Rich- 
 ard Porson published some of his more ephem- 
 eral articles. It was adopted in ridicule of 
 Ireland and his pretended discoveries. 
 England’s Helicon. An anthology published 
 in 1600. 
 
 Englefield (eng'gl-feld), Battle of. A battle 
 at Englefield, Berkshire, England, 871, in which 
 the English under the ealdorman Ethelwulf 
 defeated the Danes. Sidroc, one of the Dan- 
 ish jaris, was slain. 
 
 Englewood (eng'gl-wud). A city of Bergen 
 County, New Jersey, 14 miles north of New 
 York. Population, 9,924, (1910). 
 
 English (ing'glish), George Bethnne. Bom 
 at Cambridge, Mass., March 7, 1787 : died at 
 Washington, D. C., Sept. 20, 1828. An Ameri- 
 can adventurer and writer. He joined Ismail 
 Pasha in an expedition against Sennaar in 1820, and gained 
 distinction as an officerof artillery. He published a “Nar- 
 rative of the Expedition to Dongola and Sennaar” (1822X 
 English, Thomas Dunn. Born at Philadel- 
 phia, June 29, 1819 : died at Newark, N. J., 
 April 1, 1902. An American poet and novelist. 
 After having been a lawyer and a journalist he took up 
 the practice of medicine in 1859. He published “ Poems ” 
 (1855), “ American Ballads ’’ (1879), “ Boys' Book of Rattle 
 Lyrics, etc." (1885), and was the author of the poems “ Ben 
 Bolt” and “The Gallows-Goers.” 
 
 English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. A 
 
 satirical poem by Byron, directed against those 
 who had put him, as he imagined, on the de- 
 fensive. It was published in 1809, and was said by him- 
 self, in the edition of 1816, to be a “miserable^ record of 
 misplaced anger and indiscriminate acrimony.” 
 
 English Channel (ing'glish ehan'el), F. La 
 Manche (la monsh). An ami of the Atlantic 
 Ocean which separates England from France, 
 and communicates with the North Sea through 
 the Strait of Dover. Greatest width, about 100 miles. 
 
English Channel 
 
 Principal islands, the Channel Islands (which see). It has 
 played a very important pait in English and French his- 
 tory. It was the scene of the fight with the Armada, of 
 the battle of La Hogue, etc. 
 
 English East Africa, etc. See British East 
 Africa, etc. 
 
 English Harbour (ing'glisli liiir'bor). A sea- 
 port of Antigua, British West Indies. 
 Englishman in Paris, The. A comedy by 
 Foote, produced iu 1753, and printed in 1756. 
 Both Macklin and Foote played Buck in this 
 
 llnglishman Returned from Paris, The. A 
 
 comedy by Foote, produced in 1756. 
 
 English Merchant, The. A comedy by George 
 Colman the, elder. It was founded on Vol- 
 taire’s “ L’Ecossaise,” and was produced at 
 Drury Lane Feb. 21, 1767. 
 
 English Monsieur, The. A play by James 
 Howard, produced in 1666 and printed in 1674. 
 The principal character, Frenchlove, admires everything 
 French, even to the “French step" with which a F'rench 
 lady scornfully walks away after rejecting him. 
 
 English Pale. See Pale. 
 
 English River (ing'glish riv'er). 1. Same as 
 Churchill River. — 2. An estuary in Delagoa 
 Bay, South Africa. 
 
 Engstligenthal (engs'tle-gen-tal), or Adelbo- 
 
 den (a,' del-bo-den). An Alpine valley in the can- 
 ton of Bern, Switzerland, connecting with the 
 Kanderthal, 15 miles southwest of Interlachen. 
 Enguera (en-gwa'ra). A town in the province 
 of Valencia, eastern Spain, 43 miles southeast 
 of Valencia. Population, 5,746. 
 
 Enid (e'nid). A character originally appearing 
 in the romance of “ Erec and finide ” by Ckres- 
 tien de Troyes. This was probably his first poem. She 
 reappears in the “Geraint of theMabinogion,” and Tenny- 
 son has used her Story in “Geraint and Enid,” one of his 
 “ IdyUs of the King.” 
 
 Enif (en'if). [Ar. enf, the nose.] The bright 
 third-magnitude star e Pegasi, in the nose of 
 the hippogriff. 
 
 Enim (e'nim), or Enin (e'nin). A fabulous 
 country of great wealth, which in the 16th and 
 17th centuries was supposed to exist somewhere 
 on the tributaries of the upper Amazon. Various 
 expeditions were made in quest of it. In 1635 a Peruvian 
 adventurer called Francisco Bohorquez asserted that he 
 had actually visited Enim and seen the king in a palace 
 adorned with gold and precious stones. Bohorquez agreed 
 to lead a party to this country, but was arrested after com- 
 mitting various atrocities in the Indian missions. 
 
 Enimagas (a-ne-ma'gas), or Imacos (e-mi'- 
 kos), or Inimacas (e-ne-ma/kas). A savage 
 tribe of Indians in northern Argentina, on the 
 east side of the Pilcomayo. They are classified 
 with the Mataco stock. 
 
 Enkhuizen (enk'hoi-zen). A seaport in the 
 province of North Holland, Netherlands, on the 
 Zuvder Zee 28 miles northeast of Amsterdam. 
 It was an important commercial and fishing 
 town about 1600. Population, 7,039. 
 
 Enna (en'a), or Henna (hen'a). The ancient 
 name of Castrogiovanni. it was called the navel of 
 Sicily, from its position in the centerof the island. It was 
 connected with the myth of Persephone, and was from 
 ancient times a seat of the worship of Demeter. It be- 
 longed to the Carthaginians, and fell into the hands of 
 the Romans in the first Punic war. In 859 it was taken 
 by the Saracens, and in 1080 came into the possession of 
 the Normans. 
 
 Ennemoser (en'e-mo-zer), Joseph. Born at 
 Hintersee, Tyrol, Nov. 15, 1787 : died at Egern 
 by the Tegernsee, Upper Bavaria, Sept. 19, 
 1854. A Tyrolese writer on medicine and phi- 
 losophy. He published “ Der Magnetismus” 
 (1819), etc. 
 
 Ennis (en'is). The capital of County Clare, 
 Ireland, situated on the river Fergus 20 miles 
 northwest of Limerick. Population, 5,093. 
 Enniscorthy (en-is-kor'thi). A town in County 
 Wexford, Ireland, situated on the Slaney 13 
 miles northwest of Wexford. It was taken by Crom- 
 well in 1649, and by the insurgents in 1798. Population, 
 5,458. 
 
 Enniskillen (en-is-kil' en). The capital of 
 County Fermanagh, Ulster, Ireland, situated 
 on an island between Upper and Lower Lough 
 Erne, in lat. 54° 21' N., long. 7° 39' W. For 
 the battle (1689), see Newtown Butler. Popu- 
 lation, 5,412. 
 
 Enniskilleners (en-is-kil'en-erz). The 6th 
 Dragoons in the British service : so named 
 from its origin among the defenders of Ennis- 
 killen in 1689. 
 
 Ennius (en'i-us), Quintus. Bom at Rudite in 
 Calabria, 239 B. c. : died at Rome (f), 169 b. c. 
 A famous Roman epic poet, one of the founders 
 of Latin literature. He served in the Roman army in 
 Sardinia (204 B. c.), and there met M. Porcius Cato, who 
 
 363 
 
 brought him to Rome, where he taught Greek and trans- 
 lated Greek plays. He gained Roman citizenship in 184. 
 He was the author of Annales" (in 18 books, only frag- 
 ments of which survive), an epic poem on the early history 
 of Rome, designed as a pendant to the Homeric poems ; of 
 tragedies ; and of miscellaneous poems in various meters. 
 "He was a missionary of culture and free thought, and 
 he turned the Roman language and poetry into the paths 
 in which they continued for centuries afterwards." 
 
 Ennodius (e-no'di-us), Magnus Felix. Born 
 at Arles or Milan, about 473: died at Pavia, 
 July 17, 521. Bishop of Pavia (Ticinum). He 
 was raised to the bishopric about 511, and was sent by the 
 Pope to Constantinople in 515 and in 517 for the purpose 
 of negotiating a union between the Eastern and Western 
 churches, in which he failed. The best printed edition 
 of his works, which include some poems and letters, a 
 panegyric on Theodoric, a defense of Pope Symmachus, 
 and a life of Saint Epiphanius of Pavia, is that by Sir- 
 mondi (Paris, 1611). 
 
 Enns, or Ens (ens). A river of Austria which 
 joins the Da nube near the town of Enns. It sep- 
 arates, in part, Upper Austria (“ob der Enns ") from Lower 
 Austria (“unter der Enns "). Length, about 125 miles. 
 Enns. A town in Upper Austria, on the Enns 
 near the Danube, 9 miles southeast of Linz: 
 the Roman Laureacum. Population, commune, 
 4,436 (1910). 
 
 Enobarbus (en -6 -bar 'bus). In Shakspere's 
 “Antony and Cleopatra,” a friend of Antony. 
 He is a blunt, rough-spoken man, with a sort of 
 humorous sagacity. 
 
 Enoch (e'nok). [Heb., ‘dedication.’] 1. One 
 of the patriarchs, the son of Jared and father 
 of Methuselah. He lived 365 yearB, and “was trans- 
 lated that he should not see death.” (Heb. xi. 6, Gen. 
 V. 24). 
 
 2. The eldest son of Cain. A city which Cain 
 built was named for him. 
 
 Enoch Arden (e'nok ar'den). A poem by Alfred 
 Tennyson, published in 1864, named from its 
 hero, a sailor who returns from an enforced 
 absence of years to find that his wife, thinking 
 him dead, has married his friend. For her 
 sake he does not reveal himself, and dies bro- 
 ken-hearted. 
 
 Enos (e'nos). [Heb.] Son of Seth and grand- 
 son of Adam. 
 
 Enos (a'nos). A seaport in the vilayet of Adri- 
 anople, Turkey, situated on the iEgean Sea 
 in lat. 40° 41' N., long. 26° 4' E. : the ancient 
 iEnus. Population, estimated, 6,000-7,000. 
 Enriquez. See Henriquez. 
 
 Enschede (ens'ehe-da). A town in the province 
 of Overyssel, Netherlands, in lat. 52° 13' N., 
 long. 6° 53' E. It has important cotton manu- 
 factures. ^Population, commune, 33,548. 
 Enschede. A noted Dutch family of printers 
 and type-founders. Isaac Enschede, its founder, es- 
 tablished a press in Haarlem in 1703. His son Johannes 
 (July 10, 1708, -Nov. 21, 1780) succeeded him in the business 
 and was the most noted member of the family. Ills col- 
 lection of dies and matrices (of the 15th-17th centuries), 
 only part of which is preserved, was famous. The busi- 
 ness (an extensive one) is still carried on. 
 
 Ensisheim (en'sis-him). A town in Upper Al- 
 sace, Alsace-Lorraine, situated on the Bl 16 
 miles south of Colmar. Population, about 3,000. 
 Entlebuch (ent'li-boeh). A pastoral valley in 
 Switzerland, west of Lucerne. 
 
 Entombment, The. A painting by Raphael 
 (1507), in the Palazzo Borghese, Rome. The 
 
 body of Christ is borne by two men, attended by St. John, 
 St. Joseph of Arimathea, and the holy women. The com- 
 position is remarkably skilful, and the expression of emo- 
 tion dramatic. 
 
 Entragues, Catherine Henriette de Balzac 
 
 de. See Verneuil, Marquise de. 
 Entrecasteaux. See D’Entrecasteaux. 
 Entrecasteaux (ontr-kas-to'), Joseph Antoine 
 Bruni d’. Born at Aix, France, 1739 : died at 
 sea, July 20, 1793. A French navigator. He en- 
 tered the naval service in 1754, became commander of 
 the French fleet in the East Indies iu 1785, and was ap- 
 pointed governor of Mauritius and the Isle of Bourbon in 
 1787. In 1791 he was sent, with the rank of rear-admiral, 
 in search of the lost navigator La Pdrouse. He failed in 
 the main object of his expedition, but made important ex- 
 plorations along the east coast of New Caledonia, the west 
 and southwest coast of New Holland, and the coast of Tas- 
 mania, accounts of which have been published by De la 
 Billardiere (1800), De Rossel (1808), and De Frdmenville 
 (1838). 
 
 Entre-Minho-e-Douro (en'tre - men'yo - e - do'- 
 ro). A province in the northern part of Portugal, 
 noted for its fruitfulness. It contains 3 districts : 
 Vianna do Castello, Braga, and Porto. Area, 2,790 square 
 miles. 
 
 Entre Rios (en'tra re'os). [Sp., ‘between riv- 
 ers.’] A province in the Argentine Republic, 
 lying between the Parand on the west and south 
 and the Uruguay (separating it from Uruguay) 
 on the east, and bounded by Corrientes on the 
 north. Tt chief industry is the rearing of live stock. 
 Capital, Parand. Area, estimated, 28,784 square miles. 
 Population, estimated, 406,867. 
 
 Ephesus 
 
 Eavermeu (on-ver-me'). A small town in the 
 department of Seine-Inferieure, France, 10 
 miles east of Dieppe. It contains many anti- 
 quities. 
 
 Enzeli (en-zel'e). A port in the province of 
 Gilan, Persia, situated on the Caspian Sea 
 about 17 miles northwest of Resht. 
 
 Enzeli, Lake. An arm of the Caspian Sea, sit- 
 uated near Enzeli. 
 
 Enzina. See Encina. 
 
 Enzio (en'ze-o). Bom at Palermo about 1225: 
 died in prison at Bologna, Italy, March 14, 
 1272. An illegitimate son of the emperor Fred- 
 erick n. of Germany, and titular king of Sar- 
 dinia. He defeated the Genoese near Meloria, May 3, 
 1241, and was defeated and imprisoned by the Bolognese 
 in 1249. _ 
 
 Eoise (e-oi'e). [Gr. al ’H oiai : so called because 
 each sentence began with rj n'ir/, ‘ such was she .’] 
 See the extract. The work was attributed to 
 Hesiod. 
 
 This poem, the “ Eoiae ” . . . , celebrated the heroines of 
 Boeotia and Thessaly from whose union with gods had 
 sprung heroes; and formed a fourth book to the “Catalogue 
 of Women,” an epic history of Dorian and iEoliau women. 
 
 Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 45. 
 
 Eolus. See yEolus. 
 
 £on de Beaumont (a-6n' de b5-mon'), Charles 
 Genevieve Louis Auguste Andrd Timothde 
 
 d’ (generally called the Chevalier d’Eon). 
 Bora at Tonnerre, Yonne, France, Oct. 5, 1728: 
 died at London, May 21, 1810. A French diplo- 
 matist., a secret agent of Louis XV. He served 
 the king at the court of the empress Elizabeth of Russia 
 1765-60, and later in London. He was particularly noted 
 for his success in assuming a female disguise. 
 
 Eos (e'os). [Gr. ’Hd>f.] In Greek mythology, 
 the goddess of the dawn, daughter of Hyperion, 
 and sister of Helios and Selene : called by the 
 Romans Aurora. 
 
 Eostra (eos'tra). [AS. Eostra (Beda), for Eds- 
 tre. Cf. AS. easier, OHG. dstara, Easter. ] The 
 goddess of spring (the dawn of the year). Her 
 cult was probably common to the West-Germanic tribes, 
 although no specific mention is made of her except among 
 the Anglo-Saxons. The name has been perpetuated in 
 Easter, which is supposed to have been originally applied 
 to the spring festival held in her honor. 
 
 Eothen (e-6'then). [Gr. ijudev, from the dawn.] 
 A book of travels in the East, by Alexander 
 William Kinglake, published 1844. 
 
 Eotvos (et-vesh), Baron J6zsef. Bom at 
 Budapest, Hungary, Sept. 13, 1813: died at Bu- 
 dapest, Feb. 2, 1871. A Hungarian novelist, 
 publicist, statesman, and orator, minister of 
 worship and public instruction 1867-71. He 
 wrote the novels “Karthausi” (“The Carthusian," 1838), 
 “A - falu’ jegyzoje” (“ The Village Notary,” 1844), “Mag- 
 yarorszag 1514-ben ” (“Hungary in 1514,” 1847). 
 
 Epaminondas(e-pam-i-non'das). [Gr. ’Etrozzw- 
 v<.)i<6<k;, ’ETroiuvuvdar. ] Bom about 418 B. C.: died 
 at Mant.inea, Arcadia, Greece, 362 B. c. A fa- 
 mous Theban general and statesman. He de- 
 feated the Spartans at Leuctra in 371 ; invaded the Pelo- 
 ponnesus; founded Megalopolis (in Arcadia); and was 
 victorious and was mortally wounded at Mantinea in 362. 
 Epanomeria (a-pa-no-ma-re'ii). A town on the 
 island of Santorini (Thera), in the Grecian Ar- 
 chipelago. It is remarkable for its position on 
 irecipitous rocks. 
 
 peries (a-par'yes), Hung. Eperjes (e'per- 
 yesh). The capital of the county of Saros, 
 Hungary, situated on the Tarcza in lat. 48° 
 59' N., long. 21° 17' E. It was founded by a Ger- 
 man colony, and was the scene of the execution of Prot- 
 estants by the Imperialist G'aratta in I6S7. Population, 
 ,14,447. 
 
 Epernay (a-per-na'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Marne, France, situated on the Marne 
 19 miles northwest of Chalons-sur-Marne. it is 
 the chief center of the trade in champagne, the wine be- 
 ing stored here in vaults in the chalk rock. Population, 
 commune, 21,637. 
 
 Ephesiaca. See Hahrocomas and An th in . 
 Ephesians. An epistle ascribed to St. Paul, 
 forming one of the books of the New Testa- 
 ment. Both the authorship of the epistle and the church 
 to which it was really addressed are in dispute. 
 
 Ephesus (ef'e-sus). [Gr.'E(j)edOf.] In ancient 
 geography, one of the twelve Ionian cities of 
 Asia Minor, in Lydia, situated on the Cayster, 
 near its mouth, in lat. 37° 57' N., long. 27° 21' 
 E. It was conquered by Lydia, Persia, Alexander the 
 Great, and the Romans. It was celebrated for its temple 
 of Artemis, and as a great commercial city, but was un- 
 important in the middle ages. It was a place of residence 
 of Paul, and the seat of the third general council in 431, 
 and of the Rubber Synod in 449. On its site are Ayasa- 
 luk and other small villages. Among its ruins are: (a) 
 The great theater mentioned in Acts xix. 23. It is Greek 
 in plan, with Roman modifications. The cavea, 495 feet 
 in diameter, hastwo precinctions, with 11 cunei in the two 
 lower ranges, and 22 in the highest, which is skirted by 
 a colonnaded gallery. The orchestra is 110 feet in diam- 
 
Ephesus 
 
 eter, and the proscenium 22 feet wide. ( b ) The odeum, 
 ascribed to the 2d century a. I). In plan it is a half- 
 circle 163 feet in diameter. There is one precinction, 
 with 6 cunei below and 10 above it, and a rich Corinthian 
 gallery around the top. The orchestra is 30 feet in diam- 
 eter ; the stage has 5 doors and Corinthian columns, (c) 
 A stadium, ascribed to the time of Augustus. It is 850 
 feet long and about 200 wide. The north side and semi- 
 circular east end are supported on vaulted substructions, 
 the south side on the rock of the hillside. A double col- 
 onnade was carried along its entire length, and communi- 
 cated with the upper gallery of the stadium by a series 
 of stairways. ( d ) A temple of Artemis (Diana of the Ephe- 
 sians), a famous sanctuary founded in the 6th century 
 B. o., and rebuilt in the 4th. The temple was Ionic, dip- 
 teral, octastyle, with 21 columns on the flanks, and mea- 
 sured 161 by 3421 feet. The base-diameter of the columns 
 was 6 feet, their height 55. The base-drums of 36 col- 
 umns of the front and rear were beautifully sculptured 
 with figures in relief : there are examples in the British 
 Museum. The cella had interior ranges of columns, 
 Ionic in the lower tier, Corinthian above. 
 
 Ephesus, Council of. 1 . The third ecumenical 
 council, called by Theodosius II. in connection 
 with Yalentinian III., held at Ephesus under 
 the direction of Cyril of Alexandria in 431 a. d. 
 It opened with 160 bishops (increased to 198), and included 
 for the first time papal delegates from Home, who were 
 instructed not to mix in the debates, but to sit as judges 
 over the opinions of the rest. It condemned the heresy 
 of Nestorius without stating clearly the correct doctrine. 
 2. The so-called Robber Council, convoked by 
 Theodosius, held at Ephesus under the presi- 
 dency of Dioscurus of Alexandria in 449. It in- 
 cluded 135 bishops. It reinstated Eutyches in the office 
 of priest and archimandrite, from which he had been ex- 
 pelled by the Synod of Constantinople (448), and deposed 
 Flavian, patriarch of Constantinople, who was so roughly 
 handled that he died of his injuries shortly after. 
 
 Ephialtes (ef-i-al'tez). [Gr. ’Eipia'Anjc.'] In clas- 
 sical mythology, a blind giant who was deprived 
 of his left eye by Apollo, and of his right by 
 Hercules. 
 
 Ephialtes. Died 456 b. c. An Athenian states- 
 man and general. He was the friend and partizan of 
 Pericles, and was the principal author of a law which 
 abridged the power of the Areopagus and changed the 
 government of Athens into a pure democracy. He was, 
 according to Aristotle, assassinated by Aristodicus of Ta- 
 nagra, at the instance of the oligarchs. 
 
 Ephorus (ef'o-rus). [Gr. ’’Eoopor, ] Born at 
 Cum® : lived in the first half of the 4th century 
 B. c. A Greek writer, author of a universal 
 history, fragments of which have been pre- 
 served. 
 
 Ephraem (e'fra-em) Syrus (‘the Syrian '). 
 Born probably at Nisibis, Mesopotamia, about 
 308 a. d. : died at Edessa, Mesopotamia, about 
 373. A theologian and sacred poet of the Syr- 
 ian Church. The chief edition of his works 
 was published at Rome 1732-43. 
 
 Ephraim (e'fra-im). [Heb., ‘ double fruitful- 
 ness.'] 1. In Old Testament history, the younger 
 son of Joseph, and founder of the tribe of 
 Ephraim. — 2. One of the twelve tribes of Is- 
 rael : so called from its founder, Ephraim, the 
 son of Joseph. It occupied a central position in Pales- 
 tine, being bounded on the east by the Jordan, on the 
 west by the Mediterranean and the tribe of Dan, on the 
 south by the tribe of Benjamin, and on the north by that 
 of Manasseh. After the death of Saul the tribe of Ephraim, 
 together with all the other tribes except Judah, recog- 
 nized Eslibaal (Ishbosheth) as legitimate king in op- 
 position to David ; but on the murder of Eshbaal submit- 
 ted in common with the other tribes to the hegemony of 
 Judah under David. On the death of Solomon it revolted 
 (probably about 975 B. C.) under Jeroboam from Rehoboam, 
 the son of Solomon, and formed, in conjunction with all 
 the tribes except Judah, Simeon, part of Benjamin, and 
 the Levites. a separate kingdom, which retained the name 
 of Israel, and adopted Shechem as its capital. This king- 
 dom was destroyed by the Assyrians in 722 B. c. 
 
 Ephthalites. The White Huns. See Runs. 
 
 Epic Cycle, The. See the extracts. 
 
 There was a mass of songs and legends about Troy which 
 the two great epics left untouched. This material was 
 worked up, between 776 B. c. and 650 B. c., by a number 
 of epic poets of the Ionian school, who aimed at linking 
 their poems with tire Iliad and Odyssey as introductions 
 or continuations. In later times, compilers of mythology 
 used to make abstracts iu prose from these epics, taking 
 them in the chronological order of the events, so as to 
 make one connected story. Such a prose compilation was 
 called an epic cycle (or circle), and the compilers them- 
 selves were called cyclic writers. In modern times the 
 name “ cyclic ” has been transferred from the prose com- 
 pilers to the poets. Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 37. 
 
 It was once commonly believed that the remaining epic 
 poets equally avoided touching upon one another, that 
 they composed their own poems upon a fixed chronologi- 
 cal plan, each resuming where the other had finished, and 
 so completing an account of what is called the epic cycle, 
 from the birth of Aphrodite in the “Cypria" down to the 
 conclusion of the “Nostoi,” or “Telegonia," of Eugammon. 
 But it seems clearly made out now that no such fixed sys- 
 tem of poems existed; that the authors, widely separated 
 in date and birthplace, were no corporation with fixed tra- 
 ditions ; that they did overlap in subject, and repeat the 
 same legends ; and that the epic cycle does not mean a 
 cycle of poems, but a cycle of legends, arranged by the 
 grammarians, who illustrated them by a selection of poems, 
 or parts of poems, including, of course, the Iliad and Odys- 
 sey, and then such other epics as told the whole story of 
 
 364 
 
 the Thebian and Trojan wars, down to the conclusion of 
 
 the heroic age. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 86. 
 
 Epicharmus (ep-i-kar'mus). [Gr. ’Errixappoc.] 
 Born in the island of Cos about 540 b. C. : died 
 at Syracuse at an advanced age (ninety or 
 ninety-seven). A Greek comic poet. At an early 
 age he' was carried to Megara, in Sicily, and thence, when 
 Megara was sacked by Gelon, to Syracuse. Thirty-five 
 titles of his comedies are extant, and he is said to have 
 written 52 plays. 
 
 The notice that he [Epicharmus] added letters to the 
 alphabet arises either from some later letters being first 
 adopted in his works, or from his intimacy with Simonides 
 at Syracuse. It is not impossible, as Simonides did adopt 
 some additions, that he persuaded Epicharmus to spread 
 their use in copies of his very popular plays. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 402. 
 
 Epicoene (ep'i-sen), or The Silent Woman. 
 
 [Gr. c7riicou>oc, of either gender, promiscuous.] 
 A comedy by Ben Jonson, produced iu 1609. 
 Epicoene was a supposed silent woman who really spoke 
 softly and in monosyllables. She was brought to Morose, 
 who had an insane horror of noise, by his nephew who 
 wished to play him a trick. After the wedding Epicoene 
 scolds, screams, and develops into a virago; but after many 
 noisy, rough tricks and jokes which drive Morose to the 
 verge of distraction, he is relieved by his nephew Sir 
 Dauphine, who, in consideration of the payment of his 
 debts and the promise of a proper allowance, reveals the 
 trick, which is that Epicoene is really a boy in disguise : 
 consequently there never was a “ silent woman.” Colman 
 the elder wrote a version of this play. It was produced 
 by Garrick in 1776. 
 
 Epictetus (ep-ik-te'tus) of Hierapolis. [Gr. 
 
 ’E 7 riK.Tr/T 0 g.'] A celebrated Stoic philosopher. 
 He was a native of Hierapolis in Phrygia, was a freedman 
 of Epaphroditus (the freedman and favorite of Nero), was 
 apupil of Musonius Rufus, and taught philosophy at Rome 
 until 94 (81?) A. D., when he removed to Nicopolis in Epi- 
 rus, in consequence of an edict of Domitian banishing the 
 philosophers from Rome. Although he left no written 
 works, his essential doctrines are preserved in a manual 
 compiled by his pupil Arrian. He taught that the sum of 
 wisdom is to desire nothing but freedom and contentment, 
 and to bear and forbear ; that all unavoidable evil in the 
 worldis onlyapparentand external; andthatourhappiness 
 depends upon our own will, which even Zeus cannot break. 
 
 Epicure Mammon, Sir. See Mammon. 
 Epicurus (ep-i-ku'rus). [Gr. ’Em'/coupof.] Born 
 in Samos, 342 B. c. : died at Athens, 270 b. c. 
 The founder of the Epicurean school of philos- 
 ophy. He was the son of Neocles, an Athenian cleruch 
 settled in Samos, and belonged to the Attic dome of Gar- 
 gettus (whence he is sometimes called the Gargeitian). He 
 is said to have studied under Xenocrates at Athens, and 
 subsequently taught at Mytilene and Lampsaeus. In 3J6 
 he opened a school in a garden at Athens, where he spent 
 the remainder of his life. He is said to have written 
 about 300 volumes, fragments only of which are extant. 
 His will, 4 epistles, and a list of 4 t propositions containing 
 the substance of his ethical philosophy, have been pre- 
 served by Diogenes Laertius. He taught that pleasure is 
 the only possible end of rational action, and that the ulti- 
 mate pleasure is freedom. He adopted the atomistic 
 theory of Democritus, while bringing into it the doctrine 
 of chance. 
 
 Epidamnus (ep-i-dam'nus). An ancient name 
 of Durazzo. See Dura, zzo. 
 
 Epidaurus (ep-i-da'rus). [Gr. ’En Mavpoc.] 1. 
 A maritime town of Illyricum. It was destroyed 
 some time after the reign of Justinian, and was replaced 
 by Ragusa. It was a Roman colony. 
 
 2. A town on the eastern coast of Pelopones- 
 sus, in the district called Argolis under the 
 Romans. Throughout the flourishing period of Grecian 
 history it was an independent state, possessing a small 
 territory (’EiriSavpia), bounded on the west by the Argeia, 
 on the north by the Corinthia, on the south by the Trce- 
 zenia, and on the east by the Saronic Gulf. {Smith.) Itwas 
 the most celebrated seat of the ancient cult of -Escula- 
 pius. The sanctuary occupied a valley among hills, at 
 some distance from the city. An inner inclosure con- 
 tained a temple to 2Eseulapius, the architecturally impor- 
 tant tholos of Polycletus, extensive porticos which served 
 as hospitals to the sick who came to seek the aid of the 
 god and his priests, and many votive offerings. Outside 
 of this inclosure were the stadium, one of the most im- 
 portant of ancient theaters, a gymnasium, propylaea, and 
 other buildings, the arrangements for the collection and 
 distribution of water being especially not eworthy. Almost 
 all our knowledge of this sanctuary comesfrom the exten- 
 sive excavations conducted by the Archsoological Society 
 of Athens since 1881. A museum was completed in 1910. 
 
 Epidaurus Limera (li-me'ra). [Gr. ’Emdavpot; 
 if Aiiirjpa. ] In ancient geography, a town on 
 the eastern coast of Laconia, Greece, 22 miles 
 north-northwest of Cape Malea. 
 
 Epigoni (e-pig'o-m). [Gr. kmyovoi, descen- 
 dants.] In Greek mythology, the seven sons 
 of the seven Argive chiefs who had unsuccess- 
 fully attacked Thebes. The Epigoni, ten years after 
 the first attempt, defeated the Thebans and avenged their 
 fathers. This was supposed to have occurred shortly be- 
 fore the Trojan war. 
 
 Epigoni. A Greek epic poem of the Theban 
 cyme, by Antiruachus of Claros, relating to the 
 renewal of the mythical war ^between Argos 
 and Thebes by the ‘‘descendants” of its heroes. 
 Epimenides (ep-i-men'i-dez). [Gr. ’Eiri/ievid^.} 
 Lived in the 7th century b. C. A Cretan poet 
 and prophet. 
 
 Eponym Canon 
 
 Epimetheus (ep-i-me'thus). [Gr. ’Eiri/ar/devt;, 
 afterthought.] In Greek mythology, the bro- 
 ther of Prometheus and husband of Pandora. 
 Although warned by his brother, he accepted Pandora as 
 a gift from Zeus, with the result that through her curi- 
 osity she liberated evils peculiar to man, which Prome- 
 theus had concealed in a vessel. 
 
 fipinac (a-pe-nak'). A town in the department 
 of Saone-et-Loire, France, 11 miles east-north- 
 east of Autun. It is the center of a coal-min- 
 ing region. Population, commune, 4,877. 
 Spinal (a-pe-nal'). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Vosges, France, situated on the Mo- 
 selle in lat. 48° 10' N., long. 6° 26' E. it has 
 some manufactures, and contains the departmental mu- 
 seum and a library. It was occupied by the Germans 
 Oct. 12, 1870. Population, commune, 29,058. 
 
 Spinal Glossary. An Anglo-Saxon and Old- 
 Saxon glossary preserved at Epinal, France. 
 It was originally from the Abbey of Moyen Moutier, near 
 Lenones. “ The type of its writing is of the time of the 
 Culdee3 ; its letters being of First-English, as written by 
 the Celtic priests who laboured for tbe conversion of the 
 English. It is ascribed by Mr. Sweet to the end of the 
 seventh century." ( Morley .) Mr. Sweet has edited a fac- 
 simile of this glossary, published at London in 1883. 
 
 fipinay (a-pe-na'), Madame de la Live d’ 
 (Louise Florence Petronille Tardieu d’Es- 
 clavelles). Born at Valenciennes, March 11, 
 1726: died April 17, 1783. A French author, 
 an intimate friend of Grimm and Jean Jacques 
 Rousseau. For the latter she erected a cottage, the 
 Hermitage, in the garden of her chateau, La Chevrette, 
 near Montmorency. Her “M6moires et correspondance ” 
 was published in 1818, and her collected works in 1869. 
 Epiphanius (ep-i-fa'ni-us), Saint. Bom near 
 Eleutheropolis, Palestine, about 315 A. d. : died 
 at sea near Cyprus, 403. A father of the East- 
 ern Church. He became in 367 bishop of Constantia 
 (the ancient Salamis) in Cyprus. He took a prominent part 
 in the theological controversies of his day, and was pres- 
 ent at the synods of Antioch (376) and Rome (382), where 
 questions pertaining to the Trinity were debated. He died 
 on the return voyage from Constantinople, whither he had 
 gone to oppose the heresy of Origen. He wrote a treatise 
 against heresies entitled “Panarion,” a dogmatical work 
 entitled “Ancoratus,” etc. 
 
 Epipsychidion (ep-i-psi-kid'i-on). [‘A little 
 poem on the soul’; from Gr. en t. upon, ipvxv, 
 soul, and dim. -idtov.'] A poem by Shelley, pub- 
 lished in 1821. 
 
 Epirus, or Epeiros (e-pi'rus). [Gr. ”H7r«pof.] 
 In ancient geography, that part of northern 
 Greece which lies between Illyria on the north, 
 Macedonia and Thessaly on the east, iEtolia, 
 Acarnania, and the Ambraeian Gulf on the south, 
 and the Ionian Sea on the west (to the Acroce- 
 raunian promontory). In earlier times the name 
 was given to the entire western coast southward to the 
 Corinthian Gulf. The kingdom of Epirus was at its height 
 under Pyrrhus (295-272 B. C.). It was ravaged by .Emilius 
 Paulus in 167 B. c. ; was a part of the Roman Empire 146 
 B. C.-1204 A. D. ; was overrun by Albanians in the 14th cen- 
 tury ; was conquered by the Turks in the 15th century ; 
 and now forms part of the Turkish vilayet Janina, and 
 part of the territory ceded to Greece in 1881. 
 Episcopius (ep-is -ko'pi-us) (Latinized from 
 Bisschop or Bischop), Simon. Born at Am- 
 sterdam, Jan. 1, 1583 : died at Amsterdam, April 
 4, 1643. A Dutch theologian, one of the leaders 
 of Arminianism. He published “Confessio” 
 (1621), “Apologia ” (1629),“ Institutiones Theo- 
 logical, ” etc. 
 
 Epistolas Obscurorum Virorum. [L., ‘Letters 
 of Obscure Men.’] A collection of forty-one 
 anonymous letters, first published in 1515, satir- 
 izing the ignorance, hypocrisy, and licentious- 
 ness of the Roman Catholic monastics at the 
 time of the Reformation. It was occasioned by the 
 controversy between Reuclilin and Pfefferkorn, a converted 
 Jew, who advocated the destruction, as heretical, of the 
 whole Jewish literature, except the Bible, and who was 
 supported by the Dominicans of Cologne. The authorship 
 of the letters Is attributed by some to Ulrich von Hutten, 
 Crotus, and Bnschius. 
 
 Epithalamium (epM-tha-la'mi-um). A poem 
 by Spenser, published in 1595 : a marriage song 
 for his own bride. 
 
 For splendour of imagery, for harmony of verse, for deli- 
 cate taste and real passion, the “ Epithalamium ” excels all 
 other poems of its class. 
 
 Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 87. 
 
 Eponym Canon (ep'o-nim kari'on). The name 
 given by Assyriologists to the list of archons 
 or chief magistrates in Assyria. This office of 
 archon, called in Assyrian limmu, passed in rotation every 
 year to different high dignitaries. Each king was limmu 
 in the second year of his reign, and he was followed by 
 the general of the army, or tartan. The limmu gave the 
 name to the year in which he held this office (hence the 
 term eponymus, in Greek ‘ one from whom somebody or 
 something is named ’). Documents and events were dated 
 with these names (as in Rome with the names of the con- 
 suls of each year). The lists of the limmus were carefully 
 and accurately kept. The custom probably goes back to 
 a remote date, but the four lists of limmus found which 
 are known by the name of Eponym Canon cover the 
 
Eponym Canon 
 
 years 911-660 B. c. As each king was limmu in the second 
 year of his reign, the Eponym Canon became of the great- 
 est importance for the chronology of the Assyrian kings. 
 Further and still more interesting information has been 
 derived from these tables, which contain alongside of the 
 name of the limmu a short notice of the principal events 
 of his year. Thus, for instance, during the reign of Asur- 
 dan III. (772-754) an eclipse of the sun in Nineveh is re- 
 corded, and according to the calculations of the astron- 
 omers such an eclipse took place on the 15th of J tine, 763, so 
 that this notice is of prime importance for early chronology. 
 Epping (ep'ing). A town in the county of 
 Essex, England, 16 miles northeast of London. 
 Population, 3,789. 
 
 Epping Forest. A royal forest in southwestern 
 Essex, England, formerly called Waltham For- 
 est. Its area formerly was about 60,000 acres : it now 
 contains 5,600 acres, preserved by London, and opened to 
 the public as a pleasure-ground in 1882. 
 
 Epremenil. See Espremesnil. 
 
 Epsom (ep'sorn). [Supposed to be equivalent 
 to Ebba’s home : so named from Saint Ebba, 
 queen of Surrey, a. d. 600.] A market-town in 
 the county of Surrey, 15 miles southwest of 
 London. In 1618 the mineral spring from which Epsom 
 salts were first made was discovered, and in the latter part 
 of the 17th century Epsom became a fashionable resort, 
 and remained so until 1736, when the tide turned to Bath 
 and Cheltenham. It was especially affected by Charles II. 
 Races were run on the downs a mile and a half south of 
 the town probably as early as the reign of James I., but its 
 importance as a race-course begins with the establishment 
 of the Oaks and the Derby in 1779 and 1780. The spring 
 meeting occurs yearly about the middle of April, and the 
 Derby and Oaks are run about the end of May. Population, 
 10,915. 
 
 Epsom Wells. A comedy by Thomas Shad- 
 well, produced in 1675. 
 
 Epworth (ep'werth). A small town in Lincoln- 
 shire, England, 24 miles northwest of Lincoln : 
 the birthplace of John Wesley. 
 
 Equador, ConfederaQao do. See Confederarao 
 do Equador. 
 
 Era of Good Feeling. In United States his- 
 tory, a name given to the period from 1817 to 
 about 1824, which was marked by internal har- 
 mony and the absence of strong party feeling. 
 £rard (a-rar'), Sebastien. Born at Stras- 
 burg, April 5, 1752: died at Passy, near Paris, 
 Aug. 5, 1831. A French manufacturer of 
 pianofortes, harps, and organs. He invented the 
 double-action harp in 1808, and made improvements in 
 pianos and organs. 
 
 Erasistratus (er-a-sis'tra-tus). Born probably 
 in the island of Ceos: lived about 300 b. c. A 
 Greek physician and anatomist. 
 
 Erasmus (e-raz'mus), Desiderius (originally 
 Gerhard Gerhards(‘ Gerhard’s son’),D. Geert 
 Geerts). [Gr. epaopiog, beloved, desired : the 
 L. desiderius has the same sense.] Bom at 
 Rotterdam, probably Oct. 28, 1465 : died at 
 Basel, Switzerland, July 12, 1536. A famous 
 Dutch classical and theological scholar and 
 satirist. He was the iHegitimate son of Gerhard de 
 Praet, was left an orphan at the age of thirteen, and was 
 defrauded of his inheritance by his guardians, who com- 
 pelled him to enter the monastery of Stein. He entered 
 in 1491 the service of the Bishop of Cambray, under whose 
 patronage he was enabled to study at the University of 
 Paris. He subsequently visited the chief European coun- 
 tries, including England (1498-99 and 1510-14), and in 
 1521 settled at Basel, whence he removed to Freiburg in 
 Breisgau in 1529. Refusing all offers of ecclesiastical pre- 
 ferment, he devoted himself wholly to study and literary 
 composition. He aimed to reform without dismember- 
 ing the Roman Catholic Church, and at first favored, but 
 subsequently opposed, the Reformation, and engaged in a 
 controversy with Luther. His chief performance was an 
 edition of the New Testament in Greek with a Latin 
 translation, published in 1516. Besides this edition of the 
 New Testament his most notable publications are “Col- 
 loquies” and “Encomium Morise.” A collective edition 
 of his works was published by Le Clerc 1703-06. 
 
 Eraste (a-rast'). 1. The exasperate!! lover in 
 Moliere’s comedy “Les faeheux” (‘ The Bores’). 
 
 He has an appointment with Orphise whom he loves, and 
 every person in the play comes in and prevents it. 
 
 2. The lover of Julie in Moliere’s “M. de 
 Pourceaugnac.” — 3. The lover of Lucille in 
 Moliere’s comedy “ Le depit amoureux,” usu- 
 ally called “Lovers’ Quarrels” in English. 
 Erastians (e-ras'tianz). Those who maintain 
 the doctrines held by or attributed to Thomas 
 Erastus, a German polemic (1524^83), author of 
 a work on excommunication, in which he pro- 
 posed to restrict the jurisdiction of the church. 
 Erastianism, or the doctrine of state supremacy in eccle- 
 siastical matters, is often, but erroneously, attributed to 
 him. 
 
 Erastus (e-ras'tus), Thomas (Grecized from 
 Lieber or Liebler). [Gr. ipaordr, lovely, be- 
 loved.] Born at Auggen, near Badenweiler, 
 Germany, 1524 : died at Basel, Switzerland, 1583. 
 A physician and Protestant controversialist. 
 His chief work, a collection of theses on excom- 
 munication, was published in 1589. 
 
 365 
 
 Erato (er'a-to). [Gr. E parti.] In Greek my- 
 thology, the Muse of erotic poetry. lit art she 
 is often represented with the lyre. 
 Eratosthenes (er-a-tos'the-nez). [Gr. ’E paroc- 
 Oivr/i;.] Born at Cyrene, Africa, about 276 b. c. : 
 died about 196 b. c. An Alexandrian astrono- 
 mer, geometer, geographer, grammarian, and 
 philosopher: “the founder of astronomical ge- 
 ography and of scientific chronology.” He mea- 
 sured the obliquity of the ecliptic, and introduced a 
 method of computing the earth’s magnitude. Fragments 
 of his“ Geographica ” (Few ypa^iKa) are extant. 
 
 Erbach (er'bach). A small town in the province 
 of Starkenburg, Hesse, situated in the Oden- 
 wald 21 miles southeast of Darmstadt, it has a 
 
 castle, and was formerly the seat of an independent count- 
 ship. Population, about 3,000. 
 
 Ercilla y Zuniga (ar-thel'ya e thon-ye'ga), 
 Alonso de. Born at Madrid, Aug. 7, 1533 : died 
 there, Nov. 29, 1595(f) . A Spanish soldierandpoet. 
 In 1554 he took service withJeronymo de Alderete, who had 
 been appointed governor of Chile. He led an adventu- 
 rous life in South America until 1562, when he returned to 
 Spain. In 1569 he published the first part of “ La Arau- 
 cana” (followed later by the second and third parts), the 
 finest heroic poem in the Spanish language. It has also his- 
 torical value. 
 
 Erckmann-Chatrian (erk'miin - sha - tre - oh' ) . 
 The signature of the literary collaborators 
 Emile Erckmann (born May 20, 1822: died 
 March 14, 1899) and Louis Gratien Charles Alex- 
 andre Chatrian (born at Soldatenthal, Meurthe, 
 Dec. 18, 1826: died at Rainey, Seine, Sept. 3, 
 1890). In 1847 these two men became associated in lit- 
 erary labors, the former writing chiefly and the latter ed- 
 iting and adapting for the stage. Among their first pub- 
 lications are “Science et gf'nie ” and “ Schinderhannes ” 
 (1850), and many short stories. The series of novels to 
 which Erckmann-Chatrian owe, in great part, their repu- 
 tation includes “Le Fou Yegof ” (1862), “Madame Thd- 
 rese, ou les volontaires de 1792 ” (1863), “ Histoire d’un con- 
 Bcrit de 1813 ” and “L’Ami Fritz ” (1864), “Waterloo” and 
 "Histoire d’un homme du peuple” (1865), “La guerre" 
 and “ La maison forestiere ’’ (1866), and many others. Their 
 dramatic compositions and adaptations are “Georges, ou 
 le chasseur des ruines” (1848), “L’Alsace en 1814 ” (1860), 
 “LeJuif polonais ” (1869), “L’Ami Fritz”(1876), “Madame 
 Therese ” (1882), “ Les Rantzau " (1882), etc. Erckmann 
 claims the sole authorship of the novel “Les brigands 
 des Vosges il y a soixante ans’’(1850), a totally different 
 version of which was published by him in “ La Revue 
 de Paris” under the title “ L’Hlustre docteur Matheus ” 
 (1857). Since Chatrian’s death, Erckmann has contributed 
 to “Le Temps” two publications, “Kaleb et Khora”and 
 “La premiere campagne du grand-p're Jacques,” the 
 latter being the first in a series of stories dealing with 
 the wars of the empire. 
 
 Ercles (er'klez). A corruption of Hercules. 
 
 Bot. . . . Yet my chief humour is for a tyrant: I could 
 play Ercles rarely, or a part to tear a cat in, to make all 
 split . . . This is Ercles’ vein, a tyrant’s vein : a lover is 
 more condoling. Shak., Midsummer Night’s Dream. 
 
 [Ercles — Hercules — was one of the roarers of the old 
 rude stage. Thus Greene, in his “Groatsworth of Wit,” 
 1592 : “The twelve labours of Hercules have I terribly 
 thundered on, the stage.” Hudson, Note to M. N. D.) 
 
 Ercta (erk'ta), or Ercte (-te). [Gr. E 'ipurr/, 
 ’Ep/cr#.] In ancient geography, a mountain in 
 northern Sicily, about 4 miles north of Paler- 
 mo : the modem Monte Pellegrino, it was a 
 stronghold of Hamilcar Barca in the last part of the first 
 Punic war. 
 
 Erdelyi (er'dal-ye), J&nos. BomatKapos,Ung, 
 Hungary, 1814: died at S&rospatak, Zemplin, 
 Hungary, Jan. 23, 1868. A Hungarian writer. 
 His chief works are collections of Hungarian 
 folk-songs (1846-48) and folk-tales (1855). 
 Erdmann (erd'man), Axel Joachim. Born at 
 Stockholm, Aug. 12, 1814: died at Stockholm, 
 Dec. 1, 1869. A Swedish geologist and miner- 
 alogist. 
 
 Erdmann, Johann Eduard. Born at Wolmar, 
 Livonia, Russia, June 13, 1805 : died at Halle, 
 June 12, 1892. A German philosopher, pro- 
 fessor at Halle. He published “Versuch finer wis- 
 senschaftlichen Darstellung der Geschichte der neuern 
 Philosophie ” (1834-53), etc. 
 
 Erdmann, Otto Linne. Born at Dresden, April 
 11, 1804: died at Leipsic, Oct. 9, 1869. A Ger- 
 man chemist. He published “Lehrbuch derChemie” 
 (“Manual of Chemistry,” 1828), etc., and founded the 
 “Journal fur praktische Chemie” in 1834. 
 
 Erebus (er'e-bus), or Erebos (-bos). [Gr. ”Epc- 
 /3of.] In Greek mythology, the son of Chaos 
 and brother of Nyx. 
 
 Erebus. An active volcano in Victoria Land, 
 Antarctic regions, about lat. 78° S., long. 168° E. 
 Height, about 13,000 feet (Shackleton). 
 
 Erec (eVek) and Enid (e'nid). See the extract 
 and Enid. 
 
 One of the most beautiful of these metrical tales is 
 “Erec and Enide,” by Chrestien de Troyes. Erec van- 
 quishes a knight who had insulted an attendant of Queen 
 Geneura at a national hunt. After the battle, Erec dis- 
 covered on the domains of the person he had conquered 
 his beautiful niece, called Enide, who resided near her 
 uncle’s castle, but had been allowed by him to remain in 
 the utmost poverty. Erec marries this lady, and soon 
 
 Eric the Red 
 
 forgets all the duties of chivalry in her embraces ; his 
 vassals complain bitterly of his sloth, and Enide rouses 
 him to exertion. Attended by her alone, he sets out in 
 quest of adventures, of which a variety are related. 
 
 Btinlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 264. 
 
 Erech (e'rek). One of the four cities of the 
 kingdom of Nimrod, in Shinar or Babylonia: 
 the Greek Orclioe. It was identical with Uruk of the 
 inscriptions, and is now represented by the mound of 
 ruins of Warka, situated on the left bank of the Euphrates 
 southeast of Babylon. It was one of the oldest seats of 
 Babylonian civilization, and had a college of learned priests 
 and a large library. It was also the chief seat of the wor- 
 ship of Ishtar as the evening star, and of Nana. Accord- 
 ing to an inscription of Asurbanipal (668-626 B. 0 .) Erech 
 was, in 2280 B. C., invaded by the Elamite king Kudur- 
 nachundi, who carried off the image of Nana to Elam, 
 where it remained for 1.635 years, till he (Asurbanipal), in 
 645, at the conquest of Susa, returned it to its ancient seat. 
 Around the ruins of Erech are found many tombs, so that 
 it would seem that it served as a kind of necropolis. 
 
 Erechtheum (e-rek-the'um). An Ionic temple 
 in Athens dating from the end of the 5th cen- 
 tury b. c., remarkable for its complex plan and 
 architectural variety, as well as for its techni- 
 cal perfection. It included a shrine to Athena Polias 
 (as guardian of the city), altars to several other divinities, 
 the tomb of Erechtheus (whence its name), the salt spring 
 evoked by Poseidon, and several other peculiarly sacred 
 memorials. The shrine of Athena faced the east, and bad 
 the form of a prostyle hexastyle cella. On the north side, 
 at a lower level, there is a portico of four by two delicately 
 sculptured columns, with access by a monumental door- 
 way to a hall traversing the building behind the cella of 
 Athena. The west wall of this hall was formed of a high 
 basement-wall, upon which stood four piers having on 
 their outer face the form of Ionic semi-columns. The 
 wall is usually restored as having windows in the interco- 
 lumniations. At the west end of the south side is the 
 famous Porch of Caryatids, whose rich entablature rests 
 on the heads of six female figures, four in front, ranking 
 as the finest of architectural sculptures. On the west side 
 of the temple was the inclosure in which grew the mirac- 
 ulous olive-tree of Athena, and in which lived the priest- 
 esses and the high-born maidens who were selected every 
 year to serve the goddess. 
 
 Erechtheus (e-rek'thus), or Erichthonius 
 
 (e-rik-tho'ni-us). In Greek legend, a son of 
 Hephaestus, and an autochthonous hero of 
 Athens : often confounded with another of the 
 same name, sometimes represented as his 
 grandson. 
 
 Eregli (e-reg'li), or Erekli (e-rek'li). A town 
 in the vilayet of Kastamuni, Asiatic Turkey, 
 situated on the Black Sea in lat. 41° 17' N., 
 long. 31° 25' E. : the ancient Heraclea. It is 
 the center of a coal-mining region. Popula- 
 tion, about 4,000. 
 
 Eretria (e-re'tri-a). [Gr. ’E perpia.'] In ancient 
 geography, a city on the island of Euboea, 
 Greece, 29 miles north of Athens, it was a rival 
 of Chalcis, was destroyed by the Persians in 490 B. c., and 
 was afterward rebuilt. An ancient theater has been ex- 
 cavated on its site by the American School at Athens. The 
 cavea is supported on an artificial embankment. It was 
 divided by radial stairways into 11 cunei, and is 266 feet 
 in diameter. The orchestra, 811 feet in diameter, pre- 
 sents a highly important feature, here first recognized, in 
 an underground passage leading from its center to the in- 
 terior of the stage-structure. This explains several ob- 
 scurities in the classical drama. 
 
 Erfurt (er'fort). A city in the province of Sax- 
 ony, Prussia, situated on the Gera in lat. 50° 
 58' N., long. 11° 1' E. It is famous for its horticulture, 
 and has varied manufactures. It contains a noted cathe- 
 dral, a church of St. Severus, and an Augustine monasteiy 
 which has a cell once occupied by Luther. The town was 
 founded very early, and was a memberof the Hanse League. 
 It was ah object of strife between Saxony and tire electorate 
 of Mainz, and passed finally to the latter. It was acquired 
 by Prussia in 1802, was taken by the French in 1806, and 
 waB ceded to Prussia in 1815. It had a university from 
 the 14th century to 1816. In 1808 it was the scene of a con- 
 ference between Napoleon, Alexander I., and German 
 princes, and in 1850 was the seat of the German Unions- 
 parliament. Population, commune, 111,498, (1910). 
 
 Eric (e'rik), Sw. Erik (a'rik), Saint. Died near 
 Upsala, Sweden, May 18, 1160. King of Sweden, 
 elected to the throne of Upper Sweden in 1150. 
 He undertook in 1157 a crusade against the heathen Finns, 
 part of whom he conquered and baptized. Soon after his 
 return to Upsala he was attacked by the Danish prim e 
 Magnus Hendrikson, and fell in battle. 
 EricXIV.-King of Sweden. Born Dee. 13, 1533: 
 poisoned Feb. 26, 1577. Son of Gustavus Vasa 
 whom he succeeded in 1560. He elevated bis mis- 
 tress, Katrina M&nsdotter, to the throne, after having 
 made unsuccessful overtures of marriage to Queen Eliza- 
 beth of England and Mary Queen of Scots. His violence 
 and misgovernment caused his deposition in 1568 by a 
 conspiracy of the nobles headed by his brothers John and 
 Charles. He was, according to tradition, put to death in 
 prison by poison. 
 
 Eric the Red. The founder of the first Norse 
 Settlement in Greenland ( .’). According to the Ice- 
 landic sagas, he killed a man in Norway and fled to 
 Iceland, whence he was sent into temporary banishment 
 for a similar outrage ; whereupon, in 982, he set sail 
 toward the west in quest of a strange land sighted in 876 
 by the Norse sea-rover Gunnhiom. He discovered the 
 country which he named Greenland, and lived there three 
 
Eric the Red 
 
 366 
 
 Erpenius 
 
 years, when he returned to Iceland for colonists and sup- 
 plies for a permanent settlement, which he founded ap- 
 parently in 985. 
 
 Ericht (er'icht), Loch. A lake in Scotland, sit- 
 uated on and near the border of Perthshire and 
 Inverness-shire. It is the outlet to Loch Ran- 
 noch and the Tay. Length, nearly 15 miles. 
 
 Erichthonius. See Erechtheus. 
 
 Ericson (er'ik-son), Leif. A Norse adventurer, 
 son of Eric the Red. According to the Icelandic sagas, 
 he sailed from Greenland with 35 companions about 1000 
 A. D., in quest of a strange land to the west which had been 
 sighted in 986 by the Norseman Bjarni Herjulfson. He dis- 
 covered the country which he named Vinland from the 
 grape-vines he found growing in it, and spent a winter 
 there. The coast on which he landed has been variously 
 identified — by some as that of Labrador or N ewfoundlaud, 
 and by others as that of New Eugland. 
 
 Ericsson (er'ik-son), John. Born in the parish 
 of Pernebo, Wermland, Sweden, July 31, 1803: 
 died at New York, March 8, 1889. A famous 
 Swedish-American engineer and inventor. He 
 went to England in 1826, and to the United States in 1839. 
 He constructed the caloric engine in 1833 ; applied the 
 screw to steam navigation 1836-41 ; and invented the tur- 
 reted ironclad Monitor 1862. (See Monitor.) His later 
 inventions include a solar engine, the torpedo-boat De- 
 stroyer, etc. 
 
 Ericsson, Nils. Born Jan. 31, 1802: died at 
 Stockholm, Sept. 8, 1870. A Swedish engineer, 
 brother of John Ericsson. He became second lieu- 
 tenant in the engineer corps of the Swedish army in 1823; 
 was promoted lieutenant in 1828, captain in 1830, and 
 major in 1832 ; and in 1850 was appointed colonel in the 
 mechanical corp3 of the navy. He was director-in-chief 
 of the state railways 1855-62, and was knighted in 1851. 
 
 Eridanus (e-rid'a-nus). [Gr. ’HptSavdg.'] In 
 Greek legend, the name of a large river in 
 northern Europe, later identified with the 
 Rhone, or, usually, with the Po. It was con- 
 nected with the myth of Phaethon. See Pltae- 
 thon. 
 
 Eridu (a'ri-do). An ancient city in Babylonia, 
 the modern Abu Shahrein, situated on the left 
 bank of the Euphrates, not far from Mugheir, 
 nearly opposite to the Arabic city Suk es- 
 Sheyuh. It was the principal seat of Ea, the 
 Assyro-Babylonian god of the ocean. 
 
 Erie (e'ri). A tribe of North American Indians 
 formerly living in western New York and along 
 the southern shore of Lake Erie from the Gene- 
 see to the Cuyahoga River in Ohio. The word is 
 derived from their Huron name, signifying ‘ it is long- 
 tailed,' referring to the panther, from which the French 
 called them Nation du Chat. In 1653 the Senecas con- 
 quered and absorbed them. See Iroquoian. 
 
 Erie. A city, port of entry, and county-seat of 
 Erie County, Pennsylvania, situated on Lake 
 Erie in lat. 42° 8' N., long. 80° 6' W. its chief 
 industry is iron manufacture, and it has a large trade. It 
 occupies the site of Fort de la Presqu’isle, built about 
 1749. Population, 66,525, (1910). 
 
 Erie, Lake. The southernmost and shallowest 
 of the Great Lakes, lying between Ontario on 
 the north, New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio 
 on the south and southeast, and Michigan on 
 the west. It communicates with Lake St. Clair by the 
 Detroit Paver at its upper end, and discharges its waters 
 into Lake Ontario by the Niagara River. It receives the 
 Maumee. On its banks are Buffalo, Cleveland, Sandusky, 
 and Toledo. Length, about 250 miles. Average breadth, 
 about 40 miles. Area, 10,000 square miles. Height above 
 sea-level, 564 feet. 
 
 Erie, Lake, Battle of. A naval victory gained 
 near Put-in-Bay, Lake Erie, Sept. 10. 1813, by 
 the American fleet (9 vessels, 54 guns, 490 
 men ) under O. H. Perry over the British fleet 
 
 *(6 vessels, 63 guns, 502 men) under Barclay. 
 
 Erie Canal. The chief canal in the United 
 States, extending from the Hudson River at 
 Albany to Lake Erie at Buffalo, its construction 
 was due mainly to the efforts of De Witt Clinton 1817-25. 
 Its present length is 3501 miles. Width at surface, 70 feet; 
 at bottom, 66 feet. Depth, 7 feet. 
 
 Erigena (e-rij'e-na), Johannes Scotus. [Eri- 
 gena, born in Ireland.] Born probably in Ire- 
 land between 800 and 815 : died probably about 
 891. A noted scholar of the Carlovingian period. 
 He came to the court of Charles the Bald before 847, and 
 became director of the palatial school, during the incum- 
 bency of which office his chief literary work was done. 
 He is said by William of Malmesbury and others to have 
 been invited to England by Alfred the Great (about 883?), 
 to have been appointed teacher at the school of Oxford and 
 abbot of Malmesbury, and to have been killed by his own 
 pupils. His chief work was the translation of Dionysius 
 Areopagita, and the consequent introduction of Neopla- 
 tonism into western Europe. The most notable of his 
 original productions is “De Divisione Naturm” (edited by 
 Gale 1681, Schliiter 1838, and Floss 1853). 
 
 Erigone(e-rig'o-ne). [Gr. ’ll gty6vg.\ In Greek 
 mythology, the daughter of Icarius. She was 
 changed to a constellation (the Latin Virgo). 
 
 Erin (e'rin). See Ireland. 
 
 Erinna(e-rin'a). [Gr. ”IIp/wa.] Born atRhodes 
 orTelos: lived about 600 b. c., dying at the age of 
 nineteen. A celebrated Greek poetess, a friend 
 
 of Sappho, and her companion in Mytilene. 
 Fragments of a poem, entitled “The Spindle,” and some 
 epigrams are all that remain of her work. 
 
 Erinyes (e-rin'i-ez). [Gr. ’E pivveg.] In Greek 
 mythology, female divinities, avengers of ini- 
 quity. According to Hesiod they are daughters of Ge 
 (earth), sprung from the blood of the mutilated Uranus ; 
 according to others, of night and darkness. They were 
 also called the Eumenides and, by the Romans, Furiae or 
 Dir®. In later times their number was limited to three, 
 Alecto (‘the unresting’), Megajra (‘the jealous’), and Ti- 
 siphone (‘ the avenger ’). 
 
 Eriphyle (er-i-fi'le). [Gr. ’E pupvTir/.'] In Greek 
 mythology, the wife of Amphiaraus and sister 
 of Adrastus. She was slain by her son Alcmaeon for 
 persuading his father to join the expedition against Thebes, 
 in which he met his death. 
 
 Eris (e'ris or er'is). [Gr. ’’Epic.] In Greek my- 
 thology, the goddess of discord, sister of Ares 
 and, according to Hesiod, daughter cf Nyx. 
 In revenge for not having been invited to the nuptials of 
 Peleus and Thetis, she threw among the guests a golden 
 apple bearing the inscription “To the Fairest." Adispute 
 arose between Aphrodite, Hera, and Athena concerning 
 the apple, whereupon Zeus ordered Hermes to take the 
 goddesses to Mount Gargarus, to the shepherd Paris, who 
 should decide the dispute. He awarded the apple to 
 Aphrodite, who in return assisted him in carrying off the 
 beautiful Helen from Sparta, which gave rise to the Tro- 
 jan war. In V ergil Discordia takes the place of Eris. 
 Erith (er'ith). A town in Kent, England, on 
 *the Thames 13 miles east of London. 
 
 Eritrea (a-re-tra'a). The official name, since 
 1890, of the Italian colony on the Red Sea. 
 The first annexation by Italy was that of Assab in 1880. 
 Massowah is the chief port ; Asmara is the seat of govern- 
 ment. The population of Eritrea is estimated at 450,000. 
 The boundaries on the coast are Cape Kaear and Cape Du- 
 meirah. As a result of the defeat of the Italians at 
 Adowa 1896, the extent of the colony toward the interior 
 has been much restricted. (For inland boundaries, see 
 supplement.) The chief industry is pearl-fishing. Area, 
 about 45,800 square miles. 
 
 Erivan (er-i-van'). A government of Trans- 
 caucasia, Russia, north of Persia and Turkey. 
 
 It occupies a mountainous plateau and is drained by the 
 Aras. It is known also as Russian Armenia, and was ceded 
 to Russia by Persia in 1828. Area, 10,725 square miles. 
 Population, 931,000. 
 
 Erivan. The capital of the government of Eri- 
 van, situated on the Sanga in lat. 40° 12' N., 
 long. 44° 31' E. It was stormed by the Paissian gen- 
 eral Paskevitch in 1827. It contains the palace of the 
 Persian viceroys, now appropriated to the needs of the 
 Russian authorities, a large building with several courts. 
 One of the halls has been restored in the original style, 
 and is decorated with paintings of Persian heroes, as 
 Abbas Mirza and Nadir Shah, and with inlaid work in 
 colored glass. In one of the courts stand two mosques. 
 The larger dates from the 17th century, and is incrusted 
 within and without with brilliantly enameled tiles, those 
 covering the dome being blue. Population, 29,006. 
 Erkelenz (er'ke-lentz). A small town in the 
 Rhine Province, Prussia, 24 miles northeast 
 of Aix-la-Chapelle. Population, 5,407. 
 Erlangen (er'lang-en). A university town in 
 Middle Franconia, Bavaria, situated on the 
 Regnitz 11 miles north-northwest of Nurem- 
 berg. It has manufactures of gloves, hosiery, beer, etc. 
 It was developed largely by French refugees, and was 
 ceded to Bavaria in 1810. Population, commune, 23,737. 
 
 Erlau (er'lou), Hung. Eger (eg'er). The cap- 
 ital of the county of Heves, Hungary, situated 
 on the Erlau in lat. 47° 55' N,, long. 20° 22' E. 
 
 It has a cathedral, and is noted for its led wines. It 
 was unsuccessfully besieged by the Turks in 1552, but 
 afterward came under Turkish sway. Population, 
 25,893. 
 
 Erl-King (erl'king), G. Erl-Konig (erl'ke-nie). 
 [Dan. etle-konge, elver-konge, king of the elves.] 
 In German legend, a goblin who haunts the 
 forests and lures people to destruction. He is 
 particularly addicted to destroying children. This is the 
 subject of Goethe’s well known poem. 
 
 Erman (er'man), Georg Adolf. Born at Ber- 
 lin, May 12, 1806: died July 12, 1877. A Ger- 
 man physicist, son of Paul Erman : professor 
 of physics at Berlin from 1834. He conducted 
 magnetic observations in a journey round the earth, de- 
 scribed in “Reise um die Erde” (1833-42). 
 
 Erman, Paul. Born at Berlin, Feb. 29, 1764: 
 died there, Oct. 11, 1851. A German physicist, 
 professor of physics at Berlin from the found- 
 ing of the university (1810). 
 
 Ermine, or Ermyn (er'min), street. A Roman 
 road from London northward to Lincoln and 
 Y ork. It left London at Bishopsgate, where a branch, the 
 Vicinal Way, was thrown off to Essex. The first stop- 
 ping-place ou the northern road was Adflnes, in Hertford- 
 shire; thence it went to Durolipons, now Godmanches- 
 ter, on the Ouse; thence to Durobrivae, near the village 
 of Castor ; thence due north to Causenna?, now Ancaster ; 
 thence to Lindum or Lincoln; thence to Segelocum, now 
 Littleborough; thence toDanum, now Doncaster ; thence 
 to Calcaria, the modern Tadcaster ; and thence to Ebora- 
 cum or York. From York it went northward to the wall 
 of Hadrian. 
 
 Erminia (er-min'i-ii). The principal female 
 character in Tasso’s “ Jerusalem Delivered.” 
 
 She loved Tancred, and cured him of his 
 wounds. 
 
 Ermland (erm'land), or Ermeland (erm'e- 
 land), Pol. Warmia (var'me-a). A district in 
 the western part of the province of East Prus- 
 sia, Prussia. Its bishopric, of the Teutonic Or- 
 der, was ceded to Poland in 1466. 
 
 Ernani (er-na'ne). An opera by Verdi, first 
 produced at Venice in March, 1844. Itwas found- 
 ed on Victor Hugo’s “ Hernani.” When it was produced 
 in France in 1846, the title was altered to “ H Broscritto ’’ 
 and the characters were made Italian at Victor Hugo's 
 request. 
 
 Erne (ern), Lough. A lake in County Fer- 
 managh, Ulster, Ireland, consisting of the up- 
 per or southern lake (12 miles in length), and 
 the lower or northern (20 miles in length). It 
 is traversed by the river Erne. 
 
 Ernest August, G. Ernst August, Duke of 
 Cumberland. Born at Kew, near London, 
 June 5, 1771: died Nov. 18, 1851. King of 
 Hanover 1837-51, fifth son of George III. of 
 England. He was created duke of Cumberland in 1799 ; 
 commanded the Hanoverian army in the campaigns of 
 1813 and 1814 against Napoleon; was made field-marshal 
 in the British army in 1815 ; married Frederica Caroline 
 Sophia Alexandrina, daughter of the Duke of Mecklen- 
 burg-Strelitz, in 1815 ; and on the accession of Queen 
 Victoria to the throne of England succeeded under the 
 Salic law to that of Hanover. He immediately revoked 
 the liberal constitution granted by William IV. in 1833, 
 but granted another, based on popular representation, in 
 1840. 
 
 Ernesti (er-nes'te), Johann August. Born 
 at Tennstedt, Thuringia, Germany, Aug. 4, 
 1707: died at Leipsic, Sept. 11, 1781. A noted 
 German philologist and theologian, professor 
 at the University of Leipsic from 1742. He 
 edited various classical authors, including Cicero (1737- 
 1739), and wrote “ Institutio Interpretis Novi Testamenti ” 
 (1761). 
 
 Ernesti, Johann Christian Gottlieb. Bom 
 
 at Arnstadt, Thuringia, Germany, 1756 : died 
 at Kahnsdorf, near Leipsic, June 5, 1802. A 
 German classical scholar, nephew of J. A. 
 Ernesti. 
 
 Ernestine Line. The older of the two lines of 
 the house of Saxony. It was founded by Ernest, 
 elector of Saxony (died 1486), and held possession of elec- 
 toral Saxony until 1547, when the bulk of the Ernestine 
 dominions and the electoral dignity were transferred to 
 the Albertine line. It consists at present of the houses 
 of Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Cohurg-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, and 
 Saxe-Altenburg. See Albertine line and other names 
 mentioned. 
 
 Ernest Maltravers (er'nest mal-trav'erz). A 
 novel by Bulwer, published in 1837. 
 
 Ernst (emst), Heinrich Wilhelm. Born at, 
 Briinn, Moravia, Austria-Hungary, 1814 : died 
 at Nice, Prance, Oct. 8, 1865. A noted Ger- 
 man violinist and composer. 
 
 Ernulf (er'nulf), or Arnulf (ar'nulf). Born in 
 France, 1040: died March 15, 1124. An Eng- 
 lish prelate, abbot of Peterborough 1107-14, 
 and bishop of Rochester 1114-24. He was edu- 
 cated at the famous monastery of Bee, and was a close 
 friend of Lanfranc and Anselm. He was an authority on 
 canon law, and left a large number of documents bearing 
 on English ecclesiastical and legal history (“Textus Rof- 
 fensis,” preserved in Rochester cathedral). 
 
 Eroica Symphony, The. The third and great- 
 est of Beethoven’s symphonies. It was first per- 
 formed publicly in Vienna April 7, 1805, and was con- 
 ducted by Beethoven. Its original title was “Bonaparte," 
 hut when Napoleon assumed the title of emperor, Bee- 
 thoven lost faith in him and changed the title of his 
 symphony. It is in full “Sinfonia eroica, composta per 
 festeggiare il souvenire di un grand' uomo : dedicata a 
 Sua Altezza Serenissima il Principe di Lobkowitz da Luigi 
 van Beethoven. ” 
 
 Eros (e'ros). [Gr. Epw?.] 1. In Greek mythol- 
 ogy, the god of love. According to Hesiod he is the 
 offspring of Chaos, coeval with Earth and Tartarus, and 
 the companion of Aphrodite : in later myths he is the 
 youngest of the gods, son of Aphrodite and Ares or 
 Hermes, represented as a thoughtless aud wayward child, 
 armed by Zeus with bow and arrows or flamiug torch. In 
 the older view he was regarded as one of the creative 
 powers of nature, the principle of union among the diverse 
 elements of the world, more especially as the power of 
 sensuous love, and also of devoted friendship. He was 
 worshiped at Thespis in Boeotia, where a festival, the 
 Erotidia or Erotia, was celebrated every five years in his 
 honor. 
 
 2. An asteroid discovered in 1898, remarkable 
 from the fact that the greater part of its orbit 
 lies within that of Mars. 
 
 Eros. In Shakspere’s “ Antony and Cleopatra,” 
 the freed slave of Antony. He is devoted to An- 
 tony, and kills himself with his own sword when ordered 
 by Antony to slay him in fulfilment of an oath. 
 Erostratus. See Herostratus. 
 
 Erpenius (er-pe'ni-us) (Latinized from Van 
 Erpe), Thomas. BomatGorkum, Netherlands, 
 Sept. 11, 1584: died at Leyden, Nov. 13, 1624. A 
 noted Dutch Orientalist and traveler, a friend 
 
Erpenius 
 
 of Scaliger and Casaubon. He was professor of Ara- 
 bic and later of Hebrew at Leyden, and was the author of 
 an Arabic grammar (1613), a Hebrew grammar (1621), etc. 
 £rrai (er-ra'e). [Ar. ar-ra’i, the shepherd.] 
 The third-magnitude star y Cephei, in the king’s 
 right foot. 
 
 Errazuriz (ar-ra'tho-reth), Federico. Bom at 
 Santiago, March 27, 1825: died there, July 20, 
 1877. A Chilean statesman. Under President Pe- 
 rez (1861) he was minister of justice, religion, and pub- 
 lic instruction, and later of war and marine. In the lat- 
 ter position he directed the war with Spain in 1865. From 
 1871 to 1876 he was president of Chile. He published 
 “La Constitucion de 1828” and “ Los Pincheiras,” histori- 
 cal studies. 
 
 Errazuriz, Isidoro. Born at Santiago. A 
 Chilean journalist. He became editor of “El Consti- 
 tucional" in 1861, and founded “La Patria” in Valparaiso 
 in 1863. Since 1867 he has been almost constantly a mem- 
 ber of the Chamber of Deputies. In April, 1893, he was 
 made minister of the interior, but was compelled to resign 
 in August, owing to HI feeling caused by his support of 
 Mr. Egan, the American minister. 
 
 Errors, Comedy of. See Comedy of Errors. 
 Ersch (ersh), Johann Samuel. Bom at Gross- 
 glogau, Prussia, June 23, 1706: died at Halle, 
 Prussia, Jan. 16, 1828. A German bibliographer 
 and encyclopedist, the founder of German bib- 
 liography. In association with J. G. Gruber, he origi- 
 nated the “ Allgemeine Encyklopadie der Wissenschaften 
 und Kunste ” (1818-90). 
 
 Erskine (hrsk'in), Ebenezer. Born at Dry- 
 burgh, Berwickshire, Scotland, June 22, 1680: 
 died at Stirling, Scotland, June 2, 1754. A 
 clergyman of the Established Church, and after- 
 ward of the Secession Church in Scotland. A 
 sermon which, as moderator of his synod, he preached at 
 Stirling, Oct. 18, 1732, caused such dissatisfaction, from his 
 censure of prevailing doctrinal errors and of tyrannous 
 exercise of patronage, that he and three adherents, William 
 Wilson, Alexander Moncrieff, aud James Fisher, were in 
 Nov., 1733, removed from their pastorates. These four 
 “Secession Fathers," the earliest dissenters from the na- 
 tional church, formed themselves into a presbytery at 
 Gairney Bridge, Kinross-shire, Dec. 5, 1733. 
 
 Erskine, John. Bom in 1695 : died at Cardross, 
 near Dumbarton, Scotland, March 1, 1768. A 
 Scottish jurist. His chief works are “ Principles of 
 the Law of Scotland ” (1754) and “Institute of the Law 
 of Scotland” (1773). 
 
 Erskine, John. Bom at Edinburgh, June 2, 
 1721: died at Edinburgh, Jan. 19, 1803. A 
 Scottish clergyman and theological writer, son 
 of John Erskine (1695-1768). He was the leader 
 of the evangelical party of his time, and edited for publi- 
 cation in Scotland the works of Jonathan Edwards and 
 other Americans. 
 
 Erskine, Ralph. Bom March 15, 1685 : died at 
 Dunfermline, Scotland, Nov. 6, 1752. A Scot- 
 tish clergyman, brother of Ebenezer Erskine. 
 He was the author of “Gospel Sonnets,” which 
 reached the 25th edition in 1795. 
 
 Erskine, Thomas, of Linlathen. Born at Edin- 
 burgh, Oct. 13, 1788: died there, March 20, 1870. 
 A Scottish theological writer. He wrote “In- 
 ternal Evidence for the Truth of Revealed Re- 
 ligion” (1820). 
 
 Erskine, Thomas, Baron Erskine. Born at 
 Edinburgh, Jan. 10, 1750: died at Almondell, 
 near Edinburgh, Nov. 17, 1823. A British 
 jurist and forensic orator. He was the youngest 
 son of the tenth Earl of Buchan. He attained celebrity 
 as a pleader in supporting charges of corruption advanced 
 against Lord Sandwich, and subsequently distinguished 
 himself especially in his defense of Stockdale (1789), 
 Thomas Paine (1792), and Hardy, Horne Tooke, etc. (1794). 
 He represented Portsmouth in the House of Commons 
 from 1790 till raised to the peerage as Baron Erskine, of 
 Restormel, on his being made lord chancellor in Lord 
 Grenville’s administration (Feb., 1806, -April, 1807). 
 Erstein (er'stln). A town in Alsace, on the 
 D1 13 miles south-southwest of Strasburg. 
 Population, commune, 5,837. 
 
 Ertang (er'tang). See the extract and Marti. 
 
 But Manee went a step further. He avowed himself to 
 be the Paraclete or Comforter foretold by the Saviour, 
 and composed a gospel which he called the Ertang, which 
 was illustrated by pictures drawn by his own hand : he 
 claimed that the Ertang should take precedence of the 
 Hew Testament. It was this false move that really led 
 to the violent opposition which the Christian church dis- 
 played towards the Persian prophet. 
 
 Benjamin, Story of Persia, p. 186. 
 
 Ertoghrul (er'to-grol). Died in 1288. A Tur- 
 kish chief, father of Othman the founder of the 
 Ottoman empire. He was the chief of a band of Oghuz 
 Turks which had left Khorasan under his father, and which 
 under the leadership of Ertoghrul entered the service of 
 Ala-ed-Din, sultan of Iconium. He defeated a mixed army 
 of Greeks and Mongols in a great battle between Brusa 
 and Yenischeer. 
 
 Erycina (er-i-si'na). [Gr. ’E pvKivr/ : from Mount 
 Eryx, in Sicily.] A surname of Aphrodite or 
 Venus. 
 
 Erymanthus (er-i-man'thus). [Gr. ’Epty/mbof.] 
 A mountain-range on the border of Arcadia 
 
 367 
 
 and Achaia, Greece, the haunt of the fabled Ery- 
 manthian boar, killed by Hercules. 
 
 Erythrse (er'i-thre). [Gr. ’E pvdpai.'] In ancient 
 geography, an Ionian city of Asia Minor, situ- 
 ated opposite Chios 35 miles west of Smyrna. 
 Erythrsa. See Eritrea. 
 
 Erythraean Sea. [L. Mare Eryffirseum , or Mare 
 Bubrum, Red Sea.] In ancient geography, a 
 name given to the Arabian Sea, or to the Indian 
 Ocean including the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. 
 Eryx (e'riks). [Gr. ”E prf.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a city and mountain in western Sicily, 
 the modern Monte San Giuliano, 41 miles west 
 of Palermo. It contained a temple of Venus. It was 
 captured by Pyrrhus in 278 B. c., and was held by Hamil- 
 car in the first Punic war. See Monte San G-iuliano. 
 Erzerilin (erz-rom'). 1. A vilayet of Asiatic 
 Turkey, bordering on Transcaucasia, Russia. 
 Area, 19,180 square miles. Population, 
 645,700. — 2. The capital of the vilayet of 
 Erzerum, situated on the Kara-Su (the north 
 branch of the Euphrates), over 6,000 feet above 
 sea-level, in lat. 39° 56' N., long. 41° 15' E. it 
 is an important trading center and fortress, and is noted 
 for its metal-work. Its early name was Theodosiopolis. 
 It belonged in the middle ages to the Byzantine empire, 
 the Arabs, the Seljuks, and the Mongols in turn. In 1829 
 it was taken by the Russian general Paskevitch, but was 
 restored to ttie Turks. It was surrendered to the Russians 
 in Feb., 1878, but was again restored to the Turks. Pop- 
 ulation, estimated, 38,900. Also spelled Erzeroum, Erz- 
 room. 
 
 Erzgebirge (erts'ge-ber-ge), or Ore Moun- 
 tains. A range of mountains on the border 
 between Saxony and Bohemia, extending from 
 the Elbe to the Fichtelgebirge. Highest summit, 
 the Keilberg, 4,080 feet. Length, about 90 miles. They 
 are celebrated for their mineral deposits. 
 
 Esarhaddon (e-sar-had'on). [Assyr. Akur-aha- 
 iddin, Asur has given a brother.] King of As- 
 syria 680-668 B. c., the son and successor of 
 Sennacherib. The reign of this king marks the high- 
 est glory and power of the Assyrian empire. He first had 
 to quell the disturbance caused by the assassination of his 
 father at the hands of his sons Adrammelech and Sharezer 
 (2 Ki. xix. 37, Isa. xxxvii. 38). Then he restored the city 
 of Babylon, which had been destroyed by his father. His 
 expeditions extended from Media to Cilicia, and from the 
 frontier of Elam to Arabia, and reached even to Egypt. 
 Among the kings subject to him he enumerates, in his 
 prism-inscription of 673, Baal, king of Tyre, Manasseh of 
 Judah, Kausgabri of Edom, Muzuri of Moab, etc. Three 
 years before this he destroyed Sidon. His most signifi- 
 cant conquest was that of Egypt. After several campaigns 
 he defeated Tarku (biblical Tirhakah), the third of the 
 25th or Ethiopian dynasty, in the battle of Memphis (871), 
 and practically converted Egypt and Ethiopia into an As- 
 syrian province. He drove the Ethiopians out of Egypt, 
 divided the country into districts, and placed over them 
 submissive though mostly native rulers, chief among whom 
 was Necho, who was put over Sais and Memphis. He 
 added then to his many titles that of “ King of Kings of 
 Lower and Upper Egypt and Ethiopia. ” Like all the Sar- 
 gonides, Esarhaddon' was a great builder. Besides the 
 restoration of Babylon may be mentioned his great palace 
 in Nineveh, for the construction of which 22 subject 
 kings had to provide the material, and which, as the ex- 
 cavations in the mounds of Kuyunjik and Nebi-yunus 
 have shown, was adorned with winged lions and hulls and 
 sphinxes. In 668 Esarhaddon abdicated in favor of his 
 son Asurbanipal. See Century Atlas, Map Till. 
 Esau(e's&). [Hob., ‘ hairy,’ ‘ rough.’] The son of 
 Isaac and Rebekah, and elder brother of Jacob. 
 He was the ancestor of the Edomites. 
 Escalera (es-ka-la/ra), Antonio de. Born in 
 Toledo, Spain, 1506 : died in Ciudad Real de 
 Guayra, Sept. 6, 1575. A Spanish priest who 
 went to Paraguay with Cabeza de Vaca in 1540, 
 and was active there as a leader of explora- 
 tions and conquests. He founded Ciudad Real de 
 Guayra, and after 1570 resided there. He wrote several 
 memoirs relating to the conquest, which have been pub- 
 lished by the Madrid Academy of History. 
 
 Escalona, Duke of. See Lopes Paelieco Ca- 
 brera y Bobadilla, Diego. 
 
 Escalus (es'ka-lus). 1. In Shakspere’s “ Mea- 
 sure for Measure,” an old lord. — 2. In Shak- 
 spere’s “Romeo and Juliet,” the Prince of 
 Verona. 
 
 Escanes (es'ka-nez). A lord of Tyre, in Shak- 
 spere’s “Pericles.” 
 
 Eschenbach, Wolfram von. See Wolfram von 
 Eschenbach. 
 
 Eschenburg (esh'en-borG), Johann Joachim. 
 
 Born at Hamburg, Dec. 7, 1743 : died at Bruns- 
 wick, Germany, Feb. 29, 1820. A German lit- 
 erary historian, professor at the Carolinum in 
 Brunswick: a friend of Lessing. He translated 
 Shakspere’s plays (1775-82 and 1798-1806). 
 Eschenmayer (esh'en-ml-er), Karl August. 
 Born at Neuenburg, Wiirtemberg, July 4, 1768: 
 died at Kirchheim nnter Teck, Wiirtemberg, 
 Nov. 17, 1852. A German metaphysician, pro- 
 fessor of philosophy and medicine, and later of 
 practical philosophy, at Tiibingen 1811-36. He 
 wrote “Religionsphilosophie ”(1818-24), etc. 
 
 Esher 
 
 Escholzmatt (esh'olts-mat). A village in the 
 canton of Lucerne, Switzerland, 20 miles south- 
 west of Lucerne. 
 
 Eschscholtz (esh'sholts), Johann Friedrich 
 von. Born at Dorpat, Russia, Nov. 12, 1793: 
 died there, May 19, 1834. A German traveler 
 and naturalist, professor of anatomy at Dorpat. 
 He accompanied, as physician aud naturalist, Kotzebue’s 
 expeditions 1815-18 and 1823. He published “ Zoolog is chei 
 Atlas ” (1829-33), “ System der Acalephen ” (1829), etc. 
 
 Eschscholtz Bay. [Named for J. F. von 
 Eschscholtz.] Apart of Kotzebue Sound, on 
 the western shore of Alaska. 
 
 Eschwege (esh'va-ge) An ancient town in the 
 province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated on 
 the Werra 26 miles southeast of Cassel. It 
 contains acastle. Population, commune, 11, 841. 
 Eschwege, Wilhelm Ludwig von. Born near 
 Eschwege, Hesse, Nov. 15, 1777 : died at Wolfs- 
 anger, near Cassel, Feb. 1, 1855. A German 
 mineralogist. In 1803 he was put in charge of govern- 
 ment iron-works in Portugal, and in 1809 followed the 
 court to Brazil, where he was made director of gold mines 
 and curator of the government mineralogical cabinet. 
 From 1829 to 1834 he resided in Germany; subsequently 
 (to 1850) he was again in the employ of Portugal as a min- 
 ing engineer, attaining the rank of lieutenant-field-mar - 
 shal. His principal works are “ Journal von Brasilien " 
 (1818-19), “Pluto Brasiliensis” (1833), and “Beitrage zur 
 Gebirgskunde Brasiliens” (1832). 
 
 Eschweiler (esh'vi-ler). A town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, situated on the Inde 8 miles 
 northeast of Aix-la-Chapelle. It has foundries 
 and important factories. Population, com- 
 mune, 23,624. 
 
 Escobar (es-ko-bar'), Patricio. A Paraguayan 
 politician, minister of war 1874, and president 
 of the republic Nov. 25, 1886, -Nov. 25, 1890. 
 Escobar y Mendoza (es-ko-bar' e men-do'za), 
 Antonio. Born at Valladolid, Spain, 1589: 
 died July 4, 1669. A Spanish Jesuit, celebrated 
 as a casuist, especially for his doctrine that 
 purity of intention justifies actions in them- 
 selves immoral and even criminal. He wrote 
 “San Ignacio de Loyola” (1613: a heroic poem), “Liber 
 Theologise moralis, etc.” (1644), etc. 
 
 Escobedo (es-ko-ba/do), Mariano. Born in 
 Nuevo Leou, Jau. 12, 1827 : died May 22, 1902. 
 A Mexican general. He joined the army during the 
 Mexican war (1847), and distinguished himself as a briga- 
 dier-general in resistingthe French in vasionl861-63. Early 
 in 1865 he entered northern Mexico from theUnited States, 
 and took Monterey. Advancing against Maximilian’s 
 forces, he defeated Miramon at San Jacinto, Feb. 1, 1867, 
 and, being made eomrnander-in-chief of the republican 
 armies, defeated and captured the emperor Maximilian at 
 Queretaro, May 15, 1867. He signed the order for Maxi- 
 milian’s execution, June 16. From Aug. to Nov., 1876, he 
 was minister of war under Lerdo, and he went with him 
 into exile. In 1880 he again accepted office under the 
 government, but retired in 1884. 
 
 Escocezes (as-ko-sa'zaz). [Sp., ‘Scotchmen.’] 
 A political party in Mexico which was promi- 
 nent from 1826 to 1829. It was so called because its 
 principal leaders were members of the Scottish Rite Lodge 
 of freemasons. The Escocezes were centralists, and were 
 accused of favoring a foreign dynasty. Nicolas Bravo be- 
 came the leader of the party. 
 
 Escorial (es-ko'ri-al), less properly Escurial 
 (es-ku'ri-al). [Sp . el Escorial.'] A celebrated 
 building in Spain, situated 27 miles northwest 
 of Madrid, containing a monastery, palace, 
 church, and mausoleum of the Spanish sover- 
 eigns. The edifice originated in a vow to St. Lawrence 
 made by Philip II. at the battle of St.-Quentin (1567), and 
 was erected in 1663-84. Its general form is that of a grid- 
 iron (in memory of St. Lawrence’s martyrdom), the length 
 being about 780 feet and the breadth about 620. It is cele- 
 brated lor its paintings and library. 
 
 Escosura (es-ko-so'ra), Patricio de la. Born 
 at Madrid, Nov. 5, 1807: died Jan. 22, 1878. A 
 Spanish statesman and writer. 
 
 Esdraelon (es-dra-e'lon or es-dra'e-lon), or 
 Plain of Jezreel, The scriptural name for a 
 valley in Palestine extending from MountGilboa 
 westward to Mount Carmel. It has been a noted bat- 
 tie-field in ancient and modern times, from Gideon’s victory 
 over the Midianitesto Napoleon’s over the Turks (1799). 
 Esdras (ez'dras). The Greek form of the name 
 Ezra. 
 
 Esdras, Books of. The first two of the books 
 of the Apocrypha (which see). The first book con- 
 sists, to a large extent, of matter compiled or transcribed 
 from the books of Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah. The 
 second is mainly of an apocalyptic character. 
 
 Esens (il'zenz). The chief place in Harlinger- 
 land, province of Hannover, Prussia, 15 miles 
 north-northeast of Aurich. 
 
 Eshbaal (esh-ba'al). See Islibosheth. 
 
 Eshcol (esh'kol). ”[Heb.,‘abunch’ or ‘cluster.’] 
 A valley near Hebron, in Palestine, from which 
 the spies sent by Moses to search out the land 
 (Num. xiii.) brought hack fine grapes and other 
 fruits. 
 
 Esher (esh'er). A village in Surrey, England, 
 
Esher 
 
 368 
 
 15 miles southwest of London. Claremont 
 Palace is in the vicinity. 
 
 Eshref. See Ashraf. 
 
 Esk (esk). 1. A river in Dumfriesshire, Scot- 
 
 land, flowing into the Solway Firth in Cumber- 2 smarc ] 1 (es'march), Johannes Friedrich Au- 
 land, 7 miles northwest ot Carlisle. Cengtn, y 0 n. Born at Tonning, Schleswig-Hol- 
 
 in 10 volumes. He wrote, among other operas, “ II Soli- 
 tario ” (1841) and “ Pedro el Cruel " (published about the 
 same time). 
 
 Eslen (es'len). A former tribe of North Amer- 
 ican Indians. See Esselenian. 
 
 about 45 miles.— -2. A small river in Edin- 
 burghshire, Scotland, formed by the North 
 Esk and South Esk, and flowing into the Firth 
 
 gust von. Born at Tonning, 
 stein, Prussia, Jan. 9, 1823: died at Kiel, Feb. 
 23, 1908. A noted German military surgeon, 
 an authority especially on gunshot-wounds. 
 
 Esquivel 
 
 the east, Rio de Janeiro on the south, and Mi- 
 nas Geraes on the west. Capital, Victoria. Area, 
 17,312 square miles. Population of the state, 
 209,783. 
 
 Espiritu Santo (es-pe're-to san'to). 1. A 
 small island in the Gulf of California, near the 
 southern extremity of Lower California. — 2. 
 The largest island of the New Hebrides group, 
 in the Pacific. Length, 75 miles. — 3. A cape 
 at the northern extremity of Tierra del Fuego. 
 
 of Forth 6 miles east of Edinburgh. Esmeralda (es-ma-ral'da ; E. pron. ez-me-ral'- E “ " The son of Ama- 
 
 Esk, North. A river on the border ot Forfar m q. In Victor Hugo’s novel “ Notre Dame JVh 0 J, 
 
 and Kincardine, Scotland, which flows into the 
 North Sea 4 miles north of Montrose. Length, 
 29 miles. 
 
 Esk, South. A river of Forfarshire, Scotland, 
 which flows into the North Sea at Montrose. 
 Length, 49 miles. 
 
 Eski-Djumna (es-ke-jom'na), or Eski-Djuma- 
 ya (es'ke-jo'ma-ya). A town in Bulgaria, 19 
 miles west of Shurnla. Population, 8,926. 
 
 Eskilstuna (esk'il-sto-na). A town in the laen 
 of Nykoping (or Sodermanland), Sweden, sit- 
 uated on the Eskilstuna River 55 miles west of 
 
 , .. - . ,, . . „ . _ , „ ,, dis of Gaul and Oriana, in the old romances, 
 
 de Paris, a dancing-girl whose in end was the g e j g ca j] e ^ the Black Knight, from the color of his armor, 
 goat Capriella. Quasimodo loves her and tries The story of his exploits, by Montalvo, is the first sequel to 
 to protect her, but she is executed as a witch, the four books of “Amadis of Gaul,” or the fifth book. 
 
 — 2. An opera, the words arranged from Victor Espremesnil, or Epremenil (a-pra-ma-nel'), 
 Hugo’s libretto by Theo. Marzials and Albert Jean Jacques Duval d\ Born at Pondicher- 
 Randegger, music by A. Goring Thomas. It ry, India, 1746: died at Paris, April 23, 1794. 
 
 was produced in London March 26, 1883. 
 Esmeraldas (es-ma-ral'd&s). 1. A river of 
 Ecuador which flows into the Pacific 120 miles 
 northwest of Quito. — 2. A province of north- 
 western Ecuador. Capital, Esmeraldas. Popu- 
 
 lation, estimated, 14,600. 
 
 Stockholm. The place is mentioned in the Esmond (ez'mond), Beatrix. In Thackeray’s 
 thirteenth century. It rose into importance Esmond.” ». nanrioious. heart- 
 
 in the reign of Charles X. (1654-60). its manu- 
 factures of iron, cutlery, and guns have gained for it the 
 name of the Swedish Sheffield. Population, 27,444. 
 
 novel “Henry Esmond,” a capricious, heart- 
 less, and brilliant beauty. She is the first love of 
 Henry Esmond, her kinsman, but aspires to the position 
 of a royal mistress. Failing to attain this, she tries to 
 marry an old duke: he is killed, and she sinks from one 
 grade to another, till she finally marries her brother's 
 tutor, for whom she secures by intrigue the rank of a 
 bishop. 
 
 See Henry Esmond, and 
 
 Eskimauan (es'ki-mou-an). [From Algonkin 
 eskimantik, eaters of raw flesh.] A linguistic 
 stock of North American Indians whose habi- 
 tat extends coastwise from eastern Greenland Esmond, Henry, 
 to western Alaska and to the eastern extremity Ccistlewood. 
 of Asia, a distance of over 5,000 miles. The Esmun (es'mon), or Eshmmi (esh mon). [‘the 
 winter or permanent villages are usually along the coast, eighth.’] A Phenician divinity, SO named as 
 The interior is also visited for hunting reindeer and other y y , rr added to the seven Cabiri, or the seven 
 animals, though the natives rarely penetrate inland , . worshioed bv the Phenieians. 
 
 farther than 50 miles, a strip of coast 30 miles wide repre- planets worsnipea oy tue vnenicians. 
 
 average area of Eskimauan occupancy, ihe EsmilUclZcir (os-moii-ti zur). L Ks 1111111 I13.S 
 
 senting the average ; . . 
 
 stock comprises the Greenland, Labrador, middle, Alas- 
 kan, and Asiatic groups. The Aleutians speak a language 
 that may be distantly related to the Esquimo. Of the 20 
 principal villages of the Greenland Eskimo, 17 are on 
 the eastern coast, where settlements have extended to 
 lat. 74° 30'. On the west coast villages extend to Smith 
 Sound in lat. 78° 18', while in Grinnell Land permanent 
 habitations have been found in lat. 81° 44'. The Labra- 
 dor group has 4 prominent villages and a number of 
 lesser settlements reaching as far south as Hamilton Inlet 
 (lat. 55° 30') : formerly their villages extended to Belle 
 Isle Strait (lat. 50“ 30'). The middle Eskimo inhabit 20 
 
 helped/] A Phenician king of the second half 
 of the 4th century B. C. His sarcophagus, discovered 
 in 1855, furnished the longest extant Phenician inscrip- 
 tion. He describes himself as king of the two Sidons, son 
 of King Tabnit and grandson of King Esmunazar. The 
 inscription contains principally a warning against the 
 desecration of the tomb, and describes the construction 
 of several temples to Ashtoreth, Esmun, and other Sido- 
 nian deities. Possibly Esmunazar ruled between the de- 
 struction of Sidon by the Persians in 352 and the downfall 
 
 ^ of the Persian empire in 330. 
 
 permanent vfll’ages.lheir range extending from the south- Esnell, or Esne (es'ne). A town in Upper 
 era extremity of Ellesmere Land, Jones Sound, nearly to Egypt situated on the Nile in lat. 25° 17' N. : 
 
 th? ancient Latopolis or Lato It contains the 
 group. The range of this group extends from near the rums of an ancient temple. 1 opuiation, 
 Mackenzie River westward and southward over almost about 15,000. 
 the entire coast as far as Atna or Copper River, where the •p £ , An .jj™ 
 
 Kolusehan domain begins. The Point Barrow Eskimo do ,/"■ 
 
 not penetrate far inland, but to the south the tribes reach ijSpaua. Bee opam. , 
 
 to the head waters of the Nunatog and Koyuk rivers, Espanola (es-pan-yo la). [bp., ‘little bpam/J 
 visiting the coast only to trade. The Aleutian group, qip e name given by Columbus to the island of 
 
 H a iti , disc o ve r e d by him i ^1492 . ^ English authors 
 
 the Rnflqiftns and the introduction of the fur-trade, their corrupted it to Hispaniola. In old Latin maps the island 
 territory has greatly diminished. Atka and Unalashka is called Hispamre insula. Santo Domingo is a later desig- 
 are its principal villages. The stock is represented in nation, derived from the city of that name, 
 northeastern Asia by the Yuit, of Chukchi Peninsula, EsparterO (es-par-ta'ro), Baldomero, Duke of 
 who are comparatively recent arrivals from the American Victoria. Born at Granatula, Ciudad Real, 
 coast. The number of the Eskimo is estimated at 34 000, Q • -p , 97 , Snniu 
 
 distributed as follows: Greenland group, 10,872; Lab- Spam, Beb. 27, 1/J2. lUed at loOgrono, bpain, 
 • - — Jan. 9, 18v9. A Spanish general and states' 
 
 A French politician. As a prominent member of the 
 Parliament of Paris he defended in 1788 the privileges of 
 that body against royal encroachment, with the result 
 that he was committed to custody. Having been deputed 
 to the States-General by the noblesse of Paris in 1789, he 
 supported the royal cause ; and in 1791, at the close of 
 the National Assembly, of which he was a member, he for- 
 mally protested against the new constitution. He was 
 sent to the guillotine by the Revolutionary tribunal. 
 
 Esprit des Lois (es-pre' da lwa). [F.,‘ Spirit 
 of the Laws.’] A celebrated philosophical 
 work by Montesquieu, published at Geneva in 
 1748. 
 
 The title may be thought to be not altogether happy, 
 and indeed rather ambiguous, because it does not of itself 
 suggest the extremely wide sense in which the word law 
 is intended to be taken. An exact, if cumbrous, title for 
 the book would be “ On the Relation of Human Laws and 
 Customs to the Laws of Nature." The author begins 
 somewhat formally with the old distinction of politics into 
 democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy. He discusses the 
 principles of each and their bearings on education, on 
 positive law, on social conditions, on military strength, 
 offensive and defensive, on individual liberty, on taxa- 
 tion and finance. Then an abrupt return is made from 
 the effects to the causes of constitutions and polity. The 
 theory of the influence of physical conditions, and espe- 
 cially of climate, on political and social institutions — a 
 theory which is perhaps more than any other identified 
 with the book — receives special attention, and a some- 
 what disproportionate space is given to the question of 
 slavery in this connection. From climate Montesquieu 
 passes to the nature of the soil, as in its turn affecting 
 civil polity. He then attacks the subject of manners and 
 customs as distinct from laws, of trade and commerce, 
 of the family, of jurisprudence, of religion. The book 
 concludes with an elaborate examination of the feudal 
 system in France. Throughout it the reader is equally 
 surprised at the varied and exact knowledge of the au- 
 thor, and at his extraordinary fertility in general views. 
 This fertility is indeed sometimes a snare to him, and 
 leads to rash generalisation. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 476. 
 
 Espronceda (es-pron-tha'da), Jose de. Born 
 near Almendralejo, Badajoz, Spaih, 1810 : died 
 at Madrid, May 23, 1842. A Spanish poet and 
 revolutionary politician. He wrote the poems “El 
 estudiante de Salamanca " and “ El Diablo mundo," a his- 
 torical romance “Don Sancho Saldafiajetc. 
 
 Born in Wash- 
 
 rador group. 2,000; middle or Baffin Land group, 1,100; 
 Alaskan group, 20,000. The number of the Yuit or 
 Asiatic group is small. 
 
 Eskimaux. See Eskimauan. 
 
 Eskimo (es'ki-mo), or Eskimos (-moz). 
 
 Eskimauan. 
 
 Eski-Sagra(es'ki-sa'gia),orEski-zaghra(-za'- 
 
 gra). [Bulg. Stara-Zagora or Zeleznik. ] A 
 town in Eastern Rumelia, Bulgaria, in lat. 42° 
 26' N., long. 25° 38' E. General Gourko was 
 repulsed here by Suleiman Pasha, July 31- 
 Aug. 1, 1877. 
 
 Espy (es'pi), James Pollard^ 
 
 ington County, Pa., May 9, 1785: died at Cin- 
 cinnati, Jan. *24, 1860. 'An American meteor- 
 ologist. He published ‘ ‘ Philosophy of Storms ” 
 
 man, distinguished in the war agatus/tlm ^ 
 
 Carl sts 183EU39. He was regent 1841-43, and 7 Arragon). b ezBorjayArragon 
 
 Esquiline (es'kwi-hu) Hill. [L. Mons esquili- 
 nus.'] The central hill of the three which form 
 
 premier 1854-56. 
 
 >' ,eG Espiet(es-p.ya'). In the Charlemagne romances, 
 a dwarf. Though over a hundred years old, he 
 seems to he a child. He is a false enchanter. 
 Espinasse, Mademoiselle de 1’. See Lespinasse. 
 Espinel (es-pe-nel'),' Vicente. Born at Honda, 
 Spain, Dee., 1551: died at Madrid, 1634. A 
 Spanish poet and novelist. He wrote “Vida del 
 Escudero Marcos de Obregon ” (1618), which served in a 
 
 Eski-Shehr (es'ki-shehr'). A town in the Vila- measure as the foundation of Le Sage's “Gil Bias.' 
 yet of Khodavendikyar, Asiatic Turkey, situ- Espinhago (as-pen-ya'so), Serra do. A range 
 ated on the Pursak in lat. 39° 44' N., long. 30° of mountains of eastern Brazil, a branch of 
 
 the Mantiqueira chain, running northward on 
 
 ated on 
 
 30' E., noted for hot baths: the ancient Dory- 
 
 lseum of Phrygia. It exports meerschaum. It was the 
 scene of a defeat of the Seljuk Turks by the Crusaders in 
 1097. Population, estimated, 20,000 Espinosa (es-pe-no'sa), Gaspar de. Bom at 
 
 Esla (es'la). A river m northwestern Spain Mod inn. dol Ca.mnn about 1475 : died at Cuzco. 
 
 the eastern side of the group of Seven Hills of 
 ancient Rome. It lies between the Viminal on the 
 north and the Cselian on the south, and east of the Pala- 
 tine. It is divided from east to west by a depression. On 
 the part to the north, called the Mons Cespius, stands 
 Sta. Maria Maggiore ; on that to the south, the Mons Op- 
 plus, rise San Pietro in Vincoli and the Thermae of Titus. 
 Here, too, were the houses of Horace, Vergil, and Proper- 
 tius. Between the Esquiline and the Palatine stands the 
 ColossdUm. , 
 
 Esquimalt (es-kwi 'malt). A town m British Co- 
 lumbia, 3 miles southwest of Victoria, noted as 
 a naval station. 
 
 the east side of the valley of the river Sao Fran- Esquimaux. See Eskimauan 
 cisco. Its highest peak is Caraga (6,414 feet). — ■ - - 
 
 which joins the Douro a few miles west of 
 Zamora. Length, about 150 miles. 
 
 Eslaba (es-la'ba), Sebastian de. BorninEguil- 
 lor, Feb., 1698: died at Madrid, Jan., 1759. A 
 Spanish soldier. He distinguished himself in the ser- 
 vice of Philip V., became lieutenant-general in 1738, and 
 from 1740 to 1744 was viceroy of New Granada. He for- 
 tified the port of Cartagena in that country, and from 
 Jt 
 
 Medina del Campo about 1475 : died at Cuzco, 
 Peru, Aug. or Sept,, 1537. A Spanish lawyer 
 and soldier. He went to Darien in 1514 as aiguazil 
 mayor, or chief justice. Balboa was tried before him in 
 1314, and later, in 1317 or 1519, when he was condemned to 
 death. Espinosa led many expeditions against the Indi- 
 ans, and in 1518, acting for Pedrarias, founded Panama. 
 After visiting Spain lie was a crown officer at Santo Do- 
 mingo, but was frequently at Panama. 
 
 Born in Quito, 1815: died 
 
 March to .Tune, 1741, defended it brilliantly against the Espinosa, J avier. 
 
 English. Returning to Spain in 1744, he was made cap- A statesman of Ecuador. On the overthrow 
 
 tain general, and was for several years minister of war. of Carrion (1868 ) he wa s made president, but the revolt of 
 Eslava (es-lii'va), Miguel Hllanon. Born Moreno and the conservatives forced him to resign in 
 near Burlada, Spain, Oct. 21, 1807 : died at 1809. _ 
 
 Madrid, July 23, 1878. A noted Spanish mu- Espirito Santo (es-pe're-to san tp) [Pg-, Holy 
 sician and composer. His principal work is “Lira Spirit.] A maritime state o lazi , \mg 
 Satro-HBpaiia," a collection published in Madrid in 1869 between Balna on the north, the Atlantic oil 
 
 Esquirol (es-ke-rol'), Jean fltienne Domi- 
 nique. Born at Toulouse, France, Jan. 4, 
 1772 : died Dec. 12, 1840. A French physician, 
 noted for his reforms in the treatment of the 
 insane. He published “Des maladies men- 
 tales ” (1838), etc. 
 
 Esquiros (es-ke-ros'), Alphonse Henri. Bom 
 at Paris, May 23, 1812: died at Versailles, 
 France, May 12, 1876. A French poet, histo- 
 rian, and politician. He wrote “Les Hirondelles " 
 (1834), “Charlotte Corday” (1840), “L'Evangile du peu- 
 ple” (1840), “Histoire des Montagnards ” (1847), “ His- 
 toire des martyrs de la libertd " (1S51), “L’Angleterre et 
 la vie anglaise” (1859-70), etc. 
 
 Esquivel (es-ke-vel'), or Esquibel (es-ke-Bel'), 
 Juan de. Born in the last half of the 15th 
 century. A Spanish soldier. He is said to have 
 been with Columbus on the second or third voyage. In 
 
Esquivel 
 
 1502 he went to Hispaniola with Ovando, and in 1504 was 
 sent against the revolted Indians in the province of Hi- 
 guey. In 1509, by order of Diego Columbus, he conquered 
 and colonized Jamaica, ruling there for some years. 
 
 Essay on Criticism, An. A poetical essay by 
 Alexander Pope, published 1711. 
 
 Essay on Man, An. A didactic poem by Alex- 
 ander Pope, published 1732-34. 
 
 Essek (es'sek), or Esseg (es'seg). [Slav. Osjek, 
 Hung. Essik.'] The capital of Slavonia, and a 
 free imperial city of Austria-Hungary, situated 
 on the Drave in lat. 45° 33' N., long. 18° 42' E. 
 Population, 24,930. 
 
 Esselen. See Eslen. 
 
 Esselenian (es-se-le'ni-an). A linguistic stock 
 of North American Indians which formerly 
 inhabited about 20 villages on a narrow strip 
 of the coast of California, from Point El Sur 
 southward about 30 miles to the vicinity of 
 Santa Lucia Mountain. The stock comprised but a 
 single tribe, the Eslen, of which two women were the only 
 known survivors in 1888. 
 
 Essen (es'sen). A city in the Rhine Province, 
 Prussia, near the Ruhr 19 miles northeast of 
 Diisseldorf. It is the center of a large coal-mining dis- 
 trict, and contains the famous Krupp cast-steel works. 
 Its Munsterkirche, consecrated in 873, is one of the oldest 
 of German churches. There is a western choir, which is 
 octagonal like the similar feature at Aix-la-Chapelle, and 
 there is an 11th-century eastern crypt. The Pointed nave 
 and choir are of 1316. The early-Romauesque cloister is 
 noteworthy. Population, commune, 293,000, (1910). 
 
 Essen, Count Hans Henrik. Born at Kafyel&s, 
 West Gothland, Sweden, Sept. 26, 1755: died 
 at Udde walla, Sweden, June 28, 1824. A Swe- 
 dish field-marshal. He defended Stralsund against 
 the French in 1807, and was governor of Norway 1814- 
 1816. 
 
 Essenes (e-senz'). [ L L . Essen i , f ro m Gr.’Ecroyvoq 
 also ’Eaaaloi ; ulterior origin uncertain.] A Jew- 
 ish sect of the 2d century b. c., supposed to have 
 sprung from the Chasidim, the zealous religio- 
 political party that originated during the strug- 
 gles of the Maecabean period against Hellenistic 
 invasions. The Essenes, however, refrained from all po- 
 litical and public affairs, forming a kind of religious order. 
 Their ideal was to attain the highest sanctity of priestly 
 consecration. To this end they separated themselves 
 from the world, and lived in settlements in the desert 
 west of the Dead Sea. Most of them lived there in com- 
 munism and celibacy. Other peculiarities were disap- 
 proval of oaths and war, strict observance of the Sabbath, 
 and, especially, scrupulous attention to the Levitical 
 laws of cleanliness. Their name is said to be derived 
 from their frequent bathing. Their asceticism evolved 
 a theoretical mysticism, and miraculous cures and exor- 
 cisms were ascribed to them. Their external symbols 
 were the white garment, apron, and shovel. They never 
 gained any hold on Judaism, and their number never ex- 
 ceeded 4,000. Their relation to Christianity, and their in- 
 fluence on it, are much discussed points. 
 
 Essequibo (es-se-ke'bo). 1. A river of British 
 Guiana, flowing into the Atlantic about lat. 7° 
 N., long. 58° 36' W. Length, 620 miles; navi- 
 gable 50 miles. — 2. A county of British Gui- 
 ana, formerly a separate colony. 
 
 Essex (es'seks). [ME. Essex, Essexe, Estsexe, 
 Eastsexe, AS. Edst-Seaxe, East Saxons, orig. 
 the name of the inhabitants. Cf. Wessex, > Sus- 
 sex. \ A county in eastern England, lying be- 
 tween Cambridge and Suffolk on the north, 
 the North Sea on the east, the Thames (which 
 separates it from Kent) on the south, and Here- 
 ford and Middlesex on the west. The surface is 
 generally level, and the soil fertile. It is noted especially 
 For its wheat and barley. The county town is Chelmsford. 
 Area (ad. co.), 1,523 sq. m. Pop. (pari, co.), 1,085,771. 
 Essex. A frigate of 860 tons, built at Salem, 
 Massachusetts, in 1799. She was of 32 guns rating 
 (actual armament, 46 guns). She left New York on July 3, 
 1812, commanded by Captain David Porter. Among her 
 midshipmen was David Glasgow Farragut, then eleven 
 years old. On Aug. 13 she fought and captured the Alert. 
 She doubled Cape Horn, and on March 13, 1813, entered the 
 harbor of Valparaiso. From this time until Jan. 12, 1814, 
 she operated entirely in the Pacific, where she was the 
 first American war-ship to appear. On Feb. 8, 1814, she 
 was blockaded in Valparaiso harbor by the Phoebe (36 guns 
 rating), commanded by Captain Hillyar, and the Cherub 
 (18 guns rating"), commanded by Captain T. T. Tucker. She 
 fought these ships in a storm March 28, 1814. The battle 
 lasted from 4 to 7.20 P. M., when she surrendered. . 
 
 Essex, Earls of. See Bohun, Capel, Cromwell, 
 Devereux, Mandeville. 
 
 Essex, James. Born at Cambridge, England, 
 Aug., 1722: died there, Sept. 14, 1784. An 
 English architect. He restored and altered many pub- 
 lic buildings, including the cathedrals of Ely and Lincoln, 
 and designed the Ramsden building at St. Catherine’s 
 College (1757), the stone bridge at Trinity College (1766), 
 and the chapel of Sidney Sussex College (1784), all at 
 Cambridge. 
 
 Essex, Timothy. Born at Coventry, England, 
 about 1765: died at London, Sept. 27, 1847. 
 An English composer and teacher of music. 
 Essex, William. Bom 1784 (?): died at 
 Brighton, England, Dec. 29, 1869. An English 
 enamel-painter. 
 
 c.— 24 
 
 369 
 
 Essex Junto. Ill United States history, a name 
 (first used about 1781) which was chiefly ap- 
 plied to a group of extreme Federalist leaders, 
 mostly connected with Essex County, Massa- 
 chusetts, about the end of the 18th and begin- 
 ning of the 19th century. During the presidency 
 of Johu Adams they were adherents of Hamilton rather 
 than of the President. Later the name was applied to 
 the Federalists in general. 
 
 EssipofF (es-e-pof'), Madame Annette. Born 
 at St. Petersburg, Feb. 1, 1850. A Russian 
 pianist. She appeared in London in 1874, and in America 
 in 1876. She was (1889-92) wife of Leschetitzky. 
 
 Essling (es'ling). A village near Vienna which 
 gave its name, with Aspern, to the battle of 
 May 21 and 22, 1809. See Aspern, Battle of. 
 Esslingen (es'ling-en). A town in Wiirtem- 
 berg, situated on the Neckar 9 miles east-south- 
 east of Stuttgart. It has manufactures of machinery, 
 cottons, champagne, etc. Formerly a free imperial city, it 
 was incorporated with Wurtemberg in 1802. Population, 
 commune, 29,172. 
 
 Estado Cisplatino. See Estado Oriental del 
 Uruguay and Cisplatine Province. 
 
 Estado Oriental del Uruguay (es-ta'do o-re- 
 an-tal' del o-ro-gwi'), generally abbreviated to 
 Estado Oriental. [Sp., Eastern State of Uru- 
 guay.’] One of the names given to the region 
 now embraced in the Republic of Uruguay. This 
 
 designation and Estado Cisplatino, or Cisplatine State, were 
 used officially from about 1814 until 1823. During the last 
 twoyears Uruguay was united to Brazil. From 1823tol828 
 the official name was Provincia Cisplatina, but Provincia 
 Oriental was commonly used. With the independence of 
 1828 the country became, officially, the Repiiblica Oriental 
 del Uruguay, but the name Estado Oriental was long re- 
 tained in a semi-official way, and is still sometimes used. 
 
 Estaing (es-tan'), Charles Hector, Comte d’. 
 Born in Auvergne, 1729 : died at Paris, April 
 28, 1794. He was a brigadier-general under 
 Lally Tollendal in the expedition to India in 
 1758, and was wounded and taken prisoner at 
 the siege of Madras. Returning to France, be became 
 lieutenant-general of naval forces in 1763. In 1778 he com- 
 manded a squadron sent to aid the North American colo- 
 nies against the English, and in Aug. of that year made 
 an unsuccessful attempt to recover Rhode Island from the 
 English. Later he went to the West Indies, failed in an 
 attempt to take St. Lucia, but conquered Grenada, and St. 
 Vincent was taken by his orders. Byron’s fleet, which at- 
 tempted to recover Grenada, was driven back to St. Kitts. 
 In Oct., 1779, in conjunction with the American general 
 Lincoln, he made an unsuccessful attack on Savannah. 
 He was put to death by the Revolutionary tribunal in 1794. 
 Estakewach (a-stak-e'wach). An almost ex- 
 tinct tribe of North American Indians. The 
 name is derived from a word meaning ‘hot 
 spring.’ See Palaihnihan. 
 
 Estcourt (est'kort), Richard. Born at Tewkes- 
 bury, 1668: died in Aug., 1712. An English 
 actor. The history of his early life is obscure. About 
 1695 he was playing in Dublin. In 1704 he fir st appeared 
 on the English stage, where he played many important 
 characters, such as Falstaff, Sir Joslin Jolly, and Old Bel- 
 lair ; he also created many comedy parts, and wrote several 
 plays. He was the first provedor of the Beefsteak Club, 
 and in the “Tatler” he is described under the name of 
 “ Tom Mirror. ” 
 
 Este(es'te). A town in the province of Padua, 
 Italy, situated 17 miles southwest of Padua: 
 the ancient Adeste. It is noted for its castle (rocca) 
 and leaning campanile. The rocca, the seat of the Este 
 family, built in 1343 and strengthened by the Scaligers, is a 
 battlemented medieval fortress with a mighty keep. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 10,962. 
 
 Este. One of the oldest and most celebrated 
 of the princely houses of Italy, according to 
 modem genealogists a branch of the house of 
 the Guelphs. It traces its origin to Oberto II., mar- 
 grave of Casal Maggiore, the youngest son of the margrave 
 Oberto I., imperial count palatine in Italy under the em- 
 peror Otto I. Oberto’s grandson, Azzo II., was invested 
 by the emperor Henry III. with Este and other Italian 
 fiefs, was created duke of Milan, and adopted the name 
 of Este. His two sons Welf IV. and Fulco I. became the 
 founders, respectively, of a German and an Italian branch 
 of the house of Este, the German branch being in modern 
 times represented by the houses of Brunswick and Han- 
 over. The Italian branch furnished the leaders of the 
 party of the Guelphs in Italy in the 13th and 14th centu- 
 ries, its chief seats being at Ferrara, Modena, and Reggio. 
 Borso received the title of duke of Modena and Reggio 
 from the emperor Frederick III. in 1452, and that of duke 
 of Ferrara from Pope Paul II. The male line of the Ital- 
 ian branch of the house of Este became extinct at the 
 death of Hercules III. in 1803. His only daughter, Maria 
 Beatrice, married Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, third 
 son of the emperor Francis I., who became the founder 
 of the Austrian branch of the house of Este, the male line 
 of which became extinct in 1875. 
 
 Estella (as-tel'ya). A town in the province of 
 Navarre, northern Spain, situated on the Ega 
 28 miles southwest of Pamplona, in 1833-39 it 
 was a stronghold of the Carlists, and again in 1873-76, 
 when it was their headquarters. They designated it La 
 Ciudad Sagrada (the Holy City’). Its subjection by 
 Primo de Rivera hastened the end of the insurrection. 
 Population, 5,736. 
 
 Estepa (as-ta'pa). A manufacturing town in 
 the province of Seville, Spain, situated 59 miles 
 
 Estrada, Alonzo de 
 
 east of Seville : the ancient Astapa or Ostipa. 
 Population, 8,591. 
 
 Estepona (as-ta-po'na). A seaport in the 
 province of Malaga, Spain, situated on the 
 Mediterranean 46 miles southwest of Malaga. 
 Population, 9,310. 
 
 Esterhazy von Galantha ( es'ter-ha-zi fon ga- 
 lan'ta), Prince Nikolaus von. Bom 1765: 
 died at Como, Italy, Nov. 24, 1833. A Hunga- 
 rian magnate, noted as a patron of the arts 
 and sciences. He was a grandson of Nikolaus 
 Joseph von Esterli&zy. 
 
 Esterhazy von Galantha, Prince Nikolaus 
 Joseph von. Bom Dec. 18, 1714: died at Vi- 
 enna, Sept. 28, 1790. A Hungarian general, 
 diplomatist, and patron of letters and the arts, 
 especially music: grandson of Paul von Es- 
 terh&zy von Galantha. 
 
 Esterhazy von Galantha, Prince Paul IV. 
 von. Bom at Eisenstadt, Hungary, Sept. 7, 
 1635 : died March 26, 1713. A celebrated Hun- 
 garian general. He served with distinction in the 
 wars against the Turks 1663-86 ; became a cavalry general 
 in 1667 ; was created a prince of the Holy Roman Empire 
 in 1687 ; and was palatine of Hungary 1687-97. 
 
 Esterh&zy von Galantha, Prince Paul Anton 
 von. Born March 11, 1786: died at Ratisbon, 
 Bavaria, May 21, 1866. An Austrian diploma- 
 tist, son of Nikolaus von Esterhazy. He was ap- 
 pointed minister at Dresden in 1810, and ambassador at 
 Rome in 1814 ; was ambassador at London 1815-18, 1830- 
 1838 ; and was Hungarian minister of foreign affairs a 
 short time in 1848, in the Batthyanyi ministry. 
 
 Esther (es'ter). [From Pers. stara, star.] The 
 Persian name of the queen from whom one 
 of the Old Testament books takes its name. 
 Her Hebrew name was Hadassah (‘myrtle ’) She is rep- 
 resented in that book as the daughter of Abihail, cousin 
 and adopted daughter of Mordecai, of the tribe of Ben- 
 jamin. She was made queen in place of Vashti by King 
 Ahasuerus (Xerxes, 480-465 B. c.), and in this position was 
 able to protect her people against the hostile contrivances 
 of Haman, in memory of which deliverance the feast of 
 Purim is still celebrated. 
 
 Esther. An oratorio by Handel, the words by 
 S. Humphreys from Racine’s “Esther.” It was 
 written for the Duke of Chandos, and was first 
 performed at Cannons, near London, Aug. 29, 
 1720. 
 
 Esther (es-tar'). A play by Racine, with music 
 by Moreau, written for the pupils of St. Cyr at 
 the request of Madame de Maintenon. It was 
 acted with great pomp and ceremony by the 
 school-girls before the king. 
 
 Esthonia (es-tho'ni-a), or Wiroma. [G, Esth- 
 land, Estland, or Esililand, F. Esthonie : from 
 the J3stii.~] A government of Russia, one of 
 the three so-called Baltic Provinces, it is bounded 
 by the Gulf of Finland on the north, by St. Petersburg on 
 the east, by Livonia on the south, and by the Baltic on the 
 west. The island of Dago belongs to it. Manufactures and 
 commerce are increasing. The capital is Reval. The bulk 
 of the inhabitants are Esthonians, a Finnish race which 
 has occupied the region from prehistoric times. The no- 
 bility and many of the town residents are Germans. The 
 prevailing religion is Protestant. Esthonia was acquired 
 by the Danes in the early part of the 13th century, passed 
 to the Livonian Knights in 1346, and on the dissolution of 
 the order in 1561 fell to Sweden. It was acquned by Rus- 
 sia in 1721. Area, 7,605 square miles. Population of Es- 
 thonia, 459,700. 
 
 Estienne, or Etienne (a-tyen') (L. Stephanus), 
 
 Robert. Born at Paris in 1503 : died at Geneva, 
 Sept. 7, 1559. A celebrated French printer and 
 scholar. He became head of a printing establishment in 
 Paris about 1526, was appointed l oyal printer to Francis I. 
 in 1539, and removed to Geneva about 1552. He published 
 numerous editions of the Greek and Latin classics, many 
 ol which were enriched with notes by himself ; various edi- 
 tions of theBible(especially of the New Testament, 1650) ; 
 and a Latin-French dictionary (the first of the kind) com- 
 piled by himBelf, entitled “Thesaurus linguae Latin®’’ 
 (1532). 
 
 Estienne, or Etienne (L. Stephanus), Henri. 
 
 Born at Paris in 1528: died at Lyons in March, 
 1598. A celebrated French printer and scholar, 
 son of Robert Estienne. He established a press at 
 Paris about 1556, and on his father’s death in 1559 appears 
 to have removed to Geneva and to have taken charge of 
 bis father’s establishment. He edited and printed nu- 
 merous editions of the Greek and Latin classics, com 
 piled the celebrated “ Thesaurus lingu® Gr®cse ” (1672), 
 and wrote “Apologie pour Hdrodote ” (1566), ‘ 1 Traits de 
 la conformity du Frangais avec le (tree,” “ Prdcellence de 
 lalangue framjaise,” and “ Nouveaux dialogues de langue 
 franchise italianisd," etc. 
 
 Estmere. See King Estmere. 
 
 Estotiland. A mythical region supposed, sev- 
 eral centuries ago, to lie in the northern part of 
 North America, near the Arctic circle. 
 Estrada (as-trii'da), or Strada, Alonzo de. 
 Died in Mexico about 1530. A Spanish officer, 
 said to have been a natural son of King Ferdi- 
 nand. In 1524 he went to Mexico as royal treasurer, 
 and he was one of those left in charge of the govern- 
 
Estrada, Alonzo de 
 
 ment when Cortes went to Honduras, 1524-26. In 1527 he 
 was acting governor, and exiled Cortds from the city, be- 
 sides opposing him in many ways. 
 
 Estrada, Jose Dolores. Born in Matagalpa, 
 1787: died near Granada, Aug. 12, 1869. A Nica- 
 raguan general. He served under Chamorro 1851-54, 
 and participated in the defense of Granada in the latter 
 year. He fought against Walker, and defeated him at San 
 Jacinto, Sept. 14, 1856. In 1869, notwithstanding his great 
 age, he was appointed commander-in-chief against the 
 revolutionists ; he defeated them several times, but died 
 before the campaign was ended. 
 Estrees(es-tra'),Gabrielle d’. Born 1571 : died 
 at Paris, April 10, 1599. A mistress of Henry 
 IV. of France, celebrated for her scandalous life 
 and luxury, and for her beauty, she married, at 
 the wish of* the king, M. Liancourt-Damerval, but soon 
 separated from him. Later she acquired the titles mar- 
 quise de Monceaux and duchesse de Beaufort. 
 
 Estrella (esh-tra'la), Serra da. A mountain- 
 chain in Beira, Portugal, the loftiest in that 
 country. Highest point, 6,540 feet. 
 Estremadura (esh-tra-ma-do'ra). A province 
 of Portugal. It lies between Beira on the north and 
 east, Aiemtejo on the east and south, and the Atlantic on 
 the west, and comprises the three districts Leiria, San- 
 tarem, and Lisbon. Area, 6,937 square miles. Population, 
 1,231,418. 
 
 Estremadura (es-tra-ma-Do' ra). A former 
 province of Spain, corresponding to the mod- 
 ern provinces of Badajoz and Caceres. It lay 
 between Leon on the north, New Castile and La Mancha 
 on the east, Andalusia on the south, and Portugal on the 
 west. 
 
 Estremoz (esb-tra-mos'). A town in the district 
 of Evora, province of Aiemtejo, Portugal, in lat. 
 38° 51' N., long. 7° 33' W„ In its neighborhood 
 are celebrated marble-quarries. 
 
 Estrildis (es-tril'dis), or Estrild (es'trild). 
 The mythical daughter of a German king, 
 loved by King Locrine, and the mother by him 
 of Sabrina. The story is narrated by Geoffrey 
 of Monmouth. 
 
 Eszek. See Esselc. 
 
 Eszterhazy. See Ester-hazy. 
 
 Etah (e'ta). A district in the Agra division, 
 United Provinces, British India, intersected 
 by lat. 27° 40' N., long. 79° E. Area, 1,737 
 square miles. Population, 863,948. 
 
 Etamin (et'a-min), or Efcanin (-nin). [Ar. 
 el tannin, the dragon.] The second-magnitude 
 Greenwich zenith-star y Draconis. Sometimes 
 .called Rasaben. 
 
 Etampes (a-tonp'). A town in the department 
 of Seine-et-Oise, France, 29 miles south-south- 
 west of Paris. It contains a feudal tower, “Guinette," 
 dating from the 12th century, and was the birthplace of 
 Etienne Geoffroy St. Hilaire. Population, commune, 
 9,245. 
 
 Etampes, Duchesse d’ (Anne de Pisseleu 
 d’Heilly). Born about 1508: died after 1575. 
 A mistress of Francis I. of France. 
 
 Etawah (e-ta'wii). 1. A district in the Agra 
 division, United Provinces, British India, in- 
 tersected by lat. 26° 40' N., long. 79° E. Area, 
 1,691 square miles. Population, 806,798. — 
 2. The capital of the Etawah district, situated 
 near the Jumna 70 miles southeast of Agra. 
 Population, 42,570. 
 
 Etchita. See HitcMti. 
 
 Etchmiadzin (ech-myad-zen'). A monastery 
 in a village (Vagharshapad) of Russian Arme- 
 nia, 12 miles west of Erivan. It is the resi- 
 dence of the catholicos or primate of the Arme- 
 nian Church. 
 
 Eteooles (e-te'o-klez). [Gr. ’E Teoiilrjg.} In 
 Greek legend, a king of Thebes, son of CEdipus 
 and Jocaste, and brother of Polynices and An- 
 tigone. He had agr eed to surrender the throne to his 
 brother in alternate years, but broke his promise. This 
 led to the expedition of the “Seven against Thebes” to 
 seat Polynices on the throne. 
 
 Eternal City, The. An epithet of Rome. 
 Etex (a-teks'), Antoine. Born at Paris, March 
 20, 1808: died there, July 14, 1888. A French 
 sculptor and painter, a pupil of Ingres in draw- 
 ing and of Pradier in sculpture, in 1828 he won 
 the second grand prix in sculpture. Among his statues are 
 Cain (a colossal group), Leda, Charlemagne, St. Augustine, 
 etc. He executed the groups “ 1814 ’’ and “ 1815 ” for the 
 Arc de l'Etoile. 
 
 Eth-. See TEth-. 
 
 Ethandun ( eth-an-don' ) . The scene of a victory 
 of Alfred the Great over the Danes in 878. It 
 has been identified with Eddington, Wiltshire. 
 Ethbaal (eth-ba'al). [Assyr., ‘with Baal’: 
 called by the Greeks Eid«/3aAof, ’WaflaAor, Itho- 
 balus.] A king of Tyre. He was the father of Jeze- 
 bel, the wife of Allah, king of Israel. In the Assyrian 
 Inscriptions he is called Tuba'lu. Ethbaal II. is men- 
 tioned in the annals of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Baby- 
 lonia. Josephus represents him as king of Sidon as well 
 as of Tyre. 
 
 370 
 
 Ethelred (eth'el-red ), Ailred, orEalred. Born 
 
 in 1109 : died June 12, 1166. An English eccle- 
 siastical writer. He was educated at the Scottish 
 court, entered the Cistercian order, and became abbot of 
 Revesby in Lincolnshire, and afterward of Rievaulx in 
 Yorkshire. His works include “ Historia de Vita et Mi- 
 raculisS. Edwardi.” “Genealogia Regum Anglorum," “De 
 Bello Standardi,” and “Historia de Sanctimoniali do Wat- 
 ton ” (which have been published in Sir Roger Twysden’s 
 “ Historia? Anglican® Scriptores decern ” (1652). His theo- 
 logical works were collected by Richard Gibbons. The 
 “Margaritae Vita” attributed to him is not his work. 
 
 Etherege (eth'er-ej), George. Flourished about 
 1588. An English classical scholar. He was born 
 in Oxfordshire, studied at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 
 and was licensed to practise medicine in 1545. He was 
 regius professor of Greek at Christ Church, Oxford, 1547- 
 1550 and 1554-59. His health was seriously impaired by 
 frequent imprisonments during a period of thirty years on 
 account of his adherence to the Roman Catholic faith. He 
 was living in 1588, but his death is not recorded. His 
 works include a Latin translation of Justin Martyr, various 
 poems in Greek and Latin, the Psalms of David in Hebrew 
 verse set to music, and a manuscript copy of musical com- 
 positions. 
 
 Etherege, Sir George. Born 1635 (?): died 1691. 
 An Euglish dramatist. The facts of his early life are 
 obscure. In 1676 he was obliged to leave the country with 
 Rochester on account of a disgraceful brawl, but before 
 1685 had obtained diplomatic employment. He was sent 
 to The Hague by Charles II., and in 1685 to Ratisbon by 
 James II. He disgusted the Germans by his habits of 
 debauchery and breaches of etiquette. In 1688 he retired 
 hastily to Paris, where Luttrell reports that he died. He 
 wrote “The Comical Revenge ’’ (1664), “ She Would if She 
 Could ” (1668), and “ The Man of Mode, or Sir Fopling 
 Flutter ” (1676). He was the inventor of the comedy of 
 intrigue. 
 
 Two more atrocious libertines than these two men [Eth- 
 erege and Sir Charles Sedley] were not to be found in the 
 apartments at Whitehall, or in the streets, taverns, and 
 dens of London. Yet both were famed for like external 
 qualities. Etherege was easy and graceful, Sedley so re- 
 finedly seductive of manner that Buckingham called it 
 “ witchcraft,” and Wilmot “his prevailing, gentle art,” I, 
 humbler witness, can only say, after studying their works 
 and their lives, that Etherege was a more accomplished 
 comedy-writer than Sedley, but that Sedley was a greater 
 beast than Etherege. Doran , Eng. Stage, 1. 140. 
 
 Ethiopia, or ^Ethiopia (e-thi-6'pi-a), Heb. 
 
 Cush. [L. TEthiopia, Gr. Alfhoiria (sc. yy or 
 X&pa), from AWiorp, an Ethiopian.] In ancient 
 geography, a country south of Egypt, corre- 
 sponding to the kingdom of Meroe, from the 
 neighborhood of Khartum northward to Egypt. 
 In a more extended sense it comprised Nubia, northern 
 Abyssinia, Sennaar, and Kordofan. It was closely con- 
 nected with Egypt, Conquered by Egyptian kings of the 
 12th dynasty, lost in the period of the Hyksos, and recon- 
 quered under the 18th dynasty, it remained with Egypt 
 until after the 20th dynasty. An Ethiopian founded the 
 25th Egyptian dynasty. Under Psammetichus (7tli cen- 
 tury B. (I. ) many Egyptians emigrated to Ethiopia. It was 
 ruled by a female dynasty, the Candaces, about the Chris- 
 tian era. 
 
 Etienne (a-tyen'), Charles Guillaume. Born at 
 Chamouilly (Haute-Marne), Jan. 6, 1778: died 
 at Paris, March 13, 1845. A French dramatist, 
 poet, and journalist. His first important work was 
 ‘‘Le reve,” an opera, with music by Gresuick (1799), which 
 had such success as to induce him to devote himself to the 
 drama, producing a great number of plays, among which 
 is the comedy “Brueys et Palaprat” (1807). In 1810 his 
 best play, “ Les deux "entires,” appeared. A short diver- 
 tissement, “line matinde du camp ou les petits bateaux,” 
 followed in 1804 by another, “ Une journde au camp de 
 Bruges,” induced the Duke of Bassano to appoint him his 
 private secretary. He accompanied him to Germany and 
 Poland. On his return he first became connected with the 
 “ Journal de l'Empire.” He was a member of the Cham- 
 ber of Deputies, signed the Address of the 221 in 1820, and 
 later was a member of the Chamber of Peers. He was 
 also the author of a number of political pamphlets and of 
 a “ Histoire du thdatre frangais ” (1802). 
 
 fitienne du Mont (a-tyen' dii mM), St. [F., 
 
 ‘ Saint Stephen of the Mount.’] A noted florid- 
 Point.ed church in Paris, founded in 1517. The 
 west front was added by Henry IV. The church is famous 
 for its graceful rood-loft in carved stone, which spans the 
 nave in a low arch from opposite pillars around which 
 wind its two spiral stairs. The church possesses some 
 beautiful glass, and the rich 13th-century shrine of Ste. 
 Genevieve. 
 
 Etiquette (a-te-ket'), Madame. A nickname 
 given to the Duchesse de Noailles, the mistress 
 of ceremonies at the court of Marie Antoinette. 
 
 Etive (et'iv), Loch. An inlet of the sea in the 
 north of Argyllshire, Scotland, northeast of 
 Oban. Length, 19 miles. 
 
 Etna (et'na), Sicilian Mongibello (mon-je-bel'- 
 16). [L. 2 Etna , Gr. A irvy, Airva, burning moun- 
 
 tain.] The chief mountain in Sicily, and the 
 highest volcano in Europe, situated in the east 
 of the island, north of Catania, lat. 37° 44' N., 
 long. 15° E. It figured in Greek mythology in the le- 
 gends of Enceladus and Hephaestus. Among the most 
 important of the eruptions, more than 80 of which have 
 been recorded, are those of 1169, 1669, 1693, 1755, 1792, 
 1852, 1865, 1879, 1886, and 1892. Height, 10,758 feet. 
 
 £t0ges (a-tozh'). A village in the department 
 of Marne, France, 16 miles south-southwest of 
 
 Etymologicum Magnum 
 
 Elpernay. An indecisive battle between Napoleon and 
 the Allies was fought here Feb. 14, 1814. 
 
 litoile du Nord (a-twal' dii nor), L’. [F., ‘The 
 Star of the North.’] An opera by Meyerbeer, 
 first produced at Paris, Feb. 16, 1854. It was 
 called “La Stella del Norte” when produced in 
 England in 1855. 
 
 Eton (e'ton). A village of about 3,300 inhabi- 
 tants in Buckinghamshire, England, situated 
 on the Thames, opposite Windsor, 22 miles 
 west of London. Eton College, one of the most famed 
 of English public schools, was founded in 1440 by Henry 
 VI. The low and picturesque battlemented and towered 
 brick buildings inclose two courts, which communicate by 
 a vaulted passage. The large Perpendicular chapel forms 
 the south side of the outer quadrangle. The new quad- 
 rangle was finished in 1889. 
 
 ^tourdi (a-tor-de'), L’. [F., ‘The Heedless 
 
 One.’] A comedy by Molifere, presented at 
 Lyons 1653. 
 
 Etretat (atr-ta'). A watering-place in the de- 
 partment of Seine-Inferieure, France, on the 
 English Channel 14 miles north-northeast of 
 Havre. 
 
 Etruria (e-tro'ri-a). [L. Etruria, Hetruria, Gr. 
 E rpovpia (the reg. Gr. name being Tv'p/jr/via), 
 the country of the Etrusci, Etruscans. Hence 
 Tuscan, Tuscany.'] In ancient geography, a 
 division of Italy which extended along the 
 Mediterranean, and was separated from Um- 
 bria, the Sabine territory, and Latium by the 
 Tiber, and from Liguria by the Apennines. 
 It nearly corresponds to modern Tuscany. It contained 
 a confederation of 12 cities — probably Veii, Clusium, 
 Tarquiuii, Falerii, Caere, Volsinii, Cortona, Perusia, Ar- 
 retium, Vulci, Volaterrse, and Vetulonia. The Etruscans 
 developed as a great naval power, influential in northern 
 and central Italy, and had possessions on the Po and in 
 Campania. Etruscan kings ruled at an early time in 
 Rome (probably till about 500 B. c.). The Etruscans were 
 defeated by Syracuse in a naval battle in 474 B. c., and 
 suffered from tire invasion of the Gauls about 400. Veii 
 was lost to Rome in 396. Defeat by Rome at the Vadi- 
 monian Lake in 283 was followed by the fall of Tarquiuii 
 and the other Etrurian cities. 
 
 Etruria. A village in Staffordshire, England, 
 noted as the seat of the Wedgwood potteries. 
 
 Etruria, Kingdom of. A kingdom formed by 
 Napoleon from the grand duchy of Tuscany in 
 1801, and bestowed upon the Crown Prince of 
 Parma. It was annexed to France in 1808. 
 
 Etrurians (e-tro'ri-anz), or Etruscans (e-trus'- 
 kanz). The ancient inhabitants of Etruria, 
 the modern Tuscany. See Etruria. 
 
 The Etrurians are the most mysterious people of an- 
 tiquity. We meet them in the sculptured chronicles of 
 ancient Egypt as the Tursha, and in the pages of the ear- 
 liest Greek writers as the Tyrrhenes, or Turseni. Accord- 
 ing to ancient tradition, they came from Lydia in prehis- 
 toric times, and colonized Latium. Certain details of 
 their costumes and customs appear to be identical with 
 those of Lydia, and the legend is probably based upon 
 fact. But until the inscriptions of Etruria can be read, 
 we are not likely to solve this problem. The Etruscan 
 characters closely resemble the archaic alphabets of Asia 
 Minor; but no scholar has yet succeeded in identifying 
 more than proper names and the names of deities. 
 
 Edwards, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 91. 
 
 Lately the discovery of an inscription on the island of 
 Lemnos seems to render probable the identity of the 
 Etruscans with the Pelasgian Tyrrhenians of the Mediter- 
 ranean. La Saussaye, Science of Religion, p. 324. 
 
 Ettlingen (et'ling-en). A town in Baden, 44 
 miles south of Karlsruhe, it has manufactures of 
 paper, etc., and is noted for its Roman antiquities. Here 
 the French under Moreau defeated the Austrians under 
 Archduke Charles, July 9 aud 10, 1796. Population, com- 
 mune, 8,669. 
 
 Ettmiiller (et'miil-ler), Ernst Moritz Ludwig. 
 
 Born at Gersdorf, near Lobau, Saxony, Oet. 5, 
 1802 : died near Zurich, Switzerland, April 15, 
 1877. A German philologist, professor of the 
 German language and literature in the gym- 
 nasium at Zurich. He edited Middle High German 
 and Old Low German texts, and published works on Norse, 
 an Anglo-Saxon chrestomathy (1850), an Anglo-Saxon lexi- 
 con (1851), etc. 
 
 Ettrick (et'rik). A river in Selkirkshire, Scot- 
 land, which joins the Tweed near Selkirk. 
 Length, 32 miles. The tract of woodland on 
 and adjoining it was formerly known as the 
 Ettrick Forest. 
 
 Ettrick Shepherd, The. A name given to 
 James Hogg. 
 
 Etty (et'i), William. Born at York, England, 
 March 10, 1787 : died there, Nov. 13, 1849. An 
 English painter of historical subjects. 
 
 Etymologicum Magnum (et // i-mo-loj'i-kum 
 mag'num). [ML., tr. Gr. rd tTv/to?nyiK6v yiya, 
 the great dictionary.] See the extract. 
 
 The remaining great lexicon of the Byzantine age, the 
 Etymologicum Magnum, as it is called, does not pnzzle us 
 by assuming the name of any definite author. It may, in- 
 deed, be doubted whether there was not more than one 
 compilation bearing this name, and whether it denoted 
 more than a bookseller's or scribe’s coUection and edition 
 
Etymologicum Magnum 
 
 of divers glossaries made up from the works of the most 
 eminent grammarians. The work has already appeared 
 in two different forms, derived from manuscripts of two 
 different classes : the one, which is sometimes called the 
 Etymologicum Sylburgianum, because the first critical re- 
 vision was that which Sylburg founded ou the original 
 publication of Marcus Musurus ; the other, which is termed 
 the Etymologicum Gudianum , because it was derived by 
 Sturz from a manuscript at Wolfeubuttel, belonging origi- 
 nally to Marquard Gude. There is, indeed, reason to sup- 
 pose that the work published by Musurus got its title of 
 Etymologicum Magnum from its first editor or from its 
 printer Calliergus. The age of the work may, however, 
 with some probability, be assigned to the 10th century or 
 thereabouts. It may be best described as a farrago of ex- 
 tracts from the most esteemed grammarians, copied sla- 
 vishly and arranged in alphabetical order. 
 
 K. 0. Miiller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 387. 
 
 [( Donaldson . ) 
 
 Etzel (et'sel). In German heroic legend, the 
 name of Attila, king of the Huns. See Attila. 
 Eu (e). A town in the department of Seine- 
 Inf&rieure, France, situated on the Bresle, near 
 its mouth, 17 miles east-northeast of Dieppe. 
 It has a famous chateau, a favorite residence of Louis 
 Philippe, and still in possession of the Orleanist family. 
 A medieval countship of Eu had its seat here. Population, 
 commune, 5,743. 
 
 Eu, Comte d’ (Louis Philippe Marie Fer- 
 dinand Gaston d’Orl^ans). Born at Neuilly, 
 France, April 28, 1842. The eldest son of the 
 Due de Nemours, and grandson of Louis Phi- 
 lippe. He married the Princess Imperial of Brazil Oct. 
 15, 1864. In 1869 and 1870 he commanded the Brazilian 
 forces in Paraguay, bringing the war to a successful ter- 
 mination. 
 
 Eu, Comtesse d’ or Condessa de. See Isabel 
 de Braganqa. 
 
 Euboea (u-be'ii). [Gr. E vflota, It. Xegroponte, 
 Turk. Egripo.] The largest island belonging 
 to Greece, in the Aegean Sea. it lies to the east of 
 Phocis, Boeotia, and Attica, from which it is separated by 
 the Strait of Euripus. It is traversed by mountains, Delphi 
 reaching the height of 6,726 feet. The chief towns were 
 Chalcis and Eretria. It was subdued by Athens after the 
 Persian wars. The Turks took it from the Venetians in 
 1470. Its length is about 98 miles ; its greatest width, 30 
 miles. Eubosa and some adjoining small islands form a 
 nomarchy with a population of 116,903. 
 
 Eubulides (u-bti'li-dez) of Miletus. [Gr. 
 Eii ; 3ou/(Vb/f.] Lived in the 4th century B. c. A 
 Greek philosopher of the Megaric school. 
 Eucbaris (u'ka-ris). In Fenelon’s “Tel6- 
 maque,” one of Calypso’s nymphs with whom 
 Telemaque falls in love. Mentor removes him from 
 the island to get him out of her way. She is said to be 
 meant for Mademoiselle de Fontanges, a favorite, for a 
 short time, of Louis XIV. 
 
 Eucbites (u'klts). [LGr. ivxirai, from Gr. 
 eiixl/, prayer.] A sect which arose in the 4th 
 century in the East, particularly in Mesopo- 
 tamia and Syria. Its members attached supreme im- 
 portance to prayer and the presence of the Holy Spirit, led 
 an ascetic life, and rejected sacraments and the moral law. 
 The sect continued until the 7th century, and was for a 
 short time revived a few centuries later. Its members 
 are also called Adelphians, Enthusiasts, Eustathians, Mes- 
 salians, etc. 
 
 Euclid (u'klid). [Gr. liv lAiiih/r.'] Lived at Alex- 
 andria about 300 b. c. A famous Greek geome- 
 ter. His principal work is the “ Elements ” (2r oixeia), 
 in 13 books, parts of whicli have been largely used as a 
 text-book for elementary geometry down to the present 
 time. The editions and translations of this work have 
 been very numerous. 
 
 Euclid of Megara. Born probably in Megara, 
 in the middle of the 5th century b. c. A Greek 
 philosopher, a disciple of Socrates, and the 
 founder of the Megaric school. 
 
 Eudes (ed), or Odo (o'do), Count of Paris. Died 
 in 898. King of France 887 (888)-898. He de- 
 fended Pari3 against the Northmen underKollo in 885-886, 
 and on the deposition of Charles the Fat, in 887, was elected 
 king of France by a party among the nobles. In 893 Charles 
 the Simple, son of Louis II. ‘ the Stammerer,' was set up as 
 rival king, and Eudes was compelled to cede to him the 
 country between the Seine and the Rhine. 
 
 Eudes I. Died in Cilicia, March 23, 1103. Duke 
 of Burgundy. He fought under the standard of Al- 
 fonso VI., king of Castile and Leon, against the Saracens 
 in 1087. He afterward departed on a crusade to the Holy 
 Land, and died in Cilicia. 
 
 Eudes II. Died in 1162. Duke of Burgundy. 
 He compelled Thibaut of Champagne to do hom- 
 age for the county of Troy in 1143. 
 
 Eudes III. Died at Lyons, July 6, 1218. Duke 
 of Burgundy. He took paid in 1209 in the crusade 
 against the Albigensians, and in 1214 commanded the right 
 wing of the French army at the battle of Bouvines. 
 Eudes IV. Died at Sens in 1350. Duke of 
 Burgundy. He married the daughter of Philip, 
 king of France, in 1318. 
 
 Eudes. Bom 665: died 735. Duke of Aqui- 
 taine and Vasconie (Gascony). His dominions 
 were invaded by the Saracens under Abd-er-Rahman, who 
 were repulsed with the aid of Charles Martel at Poitiers 
 in 732. 
 
 Eudes. Died in 1037. Count of Champagne. 
 
 371 
 
 He was defeated and killed in an attempt to 
 make himself master of Lorraine. 
 
 Eudes de Montreuil (ed de mon-trey')- Died 
 1289. A French sculptor, architect, and engi- 
 neer. He went to the Holy Land in 1248, and in 1260-51 
 constructed the fortifications of Jaffa. In 1254 he re- 
 turned to Paris. In 1262 he built the Church of the Cor- 
 deliers, and that of the Chartreux in 1276. In the Church 
 of the Cordeliers he was accorded sepulture, and erected 
 his own tomb with life-size statues of himself and his two 
 wives. This monument was described in the reign of 
 Henry II. It was destroyed in 1580. 
 
 Eudeve. See Opata. 
 
 Eudocia (u-do ' shia). [Gr. E vSoKia, esteem, 
 honor.] Born at Athens about 393: died at Jeru- 
 salem about 460. A Roman empress. She was the 
 daughter of the sophist Leontius, or, as lie is also called, 
 Heraclitus of Athens, who gave her a careful education. 
 She married the emperor Theodosius II. in 421, having 
 previously exchanged her original name Athenais for Eu- 
 docia at baptism. Having supplanted the emperor's sister, 
 Pulcheria, in the administration of the government, she 
 effected the convention of the so-called Robber Council of 
 Ephesus in 449, at which Flavian, the patriarch of Con- 
 stantinople, was deposed by the Eutychians. Shortly 
 after this the emperor took up the cause of the orthodox 
 party, iu consequence of which, as well as of his jealousy, 
 she was banished to Jerusalem in 449. She wrote a num- 
 ber of poems, including a paraphrase of the Octateuch. 
 Eudocia. A Byzantine empress, wife of Con- 
 stantine XI., and afterward of Romanus IV. 
 At his death in 1067 Constantine bequeathed the empire to 
 her and their three young s ns, Michael VII., Andronicus 
 I., and Constantine XII. Although bound by oath not to 
 marry again, she espoused Romanus in 1068, and made him 
 a colleague in the empire with herself and her sons, where- 
 upon Joannes Ducas, brother of Constantine XI., made 
 Michael VII. sole emperor, and banished Eudocia to a 
 convent. A dictionary of history and mythology, en- 
 titled ’I utvia, or “Collection (or Bed) of Violets,” ascribed 
 to her is of much later origin. 
 
 Eudoxia (u-dok'si-a). [LGr. E vSgfia, good re- 
 port, honor.] A Byzantine empress, daughter 
 of the Frank Bauto. She married in 395 Arcadius, 
 by whom she became the mother of Theodosius II., or 
 “the Younger.” . She acquired a complete ascendancy 
 over her husband, and procured the exile of Chrysostom, 
 patriarch of Constantinople, who inveighed against the 
 avarice and luxury of the court. 
 
 Eudoxia. Born at Constantinople, 422. A Ro- 
 man empress, daughter of Theodosius II. She 
 married in 438 or 437 Valentinian III. , who was murdered 
 by Petronius Maximus in 455. Compelled to marry the 
 usurper, she called in Genseric, king of the Vandals, who 
 took Rome and carried off Eudoxia and her two daughters, 
 Eudocia and Placidia, to Carthage. Maximus was killed 
 in the flight. Eudoxia was after some years sent to Con- 
 stantinople with an honorable escort. 
 
 Eudoxians (u-dok'si-anz). The followers of 
 Eudoxius, patriarch of Constantinople and an 
 extreme Arian of the 4th century: same as 
 Anomceans, Aetians, and Eunomians. 
 
 Eudoxius (u-dok'si-us). [Gr. Ewiofiof.] Died 
 370. A patriarch of Constantinople. He became 
 bishop of Antioch in 347, and patriarch of Constantinople 
 in 360. He was an Arian and the leader of the Eudoxians. 
 
 Eudoxus (u-dok'sus) of Cnidus. [Gr. EwJofof.] 
 Bom about 409 B. C. : died about 356 b. c. A 
 Greek astronomer, geometer, aud physician. He 
 is said to have been the first to introduce the use of the 
 celestial globe into Greece, to have corrected the length of 
 the year, and to have adduced the fact that the altitude 
 of the stars changes with the latitude as a proof of the 
 sphericity of the earth. 
 
 Eudoxus of Cyzicus. Born at Cyzicus, Asia 
 Minor: lived in the second half of the 2d cen- 
 tury b. C. A Greek navigator in the Egyptian 
 service, said to have circumnavigated Africa 
 from the Red Sea to the Strait of Gibraltar. 
 Euemerus. See Evemerus. 
 
 Euergetes (u-er'je-tez). [Gr. E vepyhr/g, bene- 
 factor.] A Greek title of honor assumed by 
 several kings of Egypt. See Ptolemy. 
 
 Eufaula (u-fa'la). A city of Barbour County, 
 Alabama, situated on the Chattahoochee in 
 lat. 31° 53' N., long. 85° 10' W. It exports 
 cotton. Population, 4,259, (1910). 
 
 Eugamon (u'ga-mon). [Gr. Evyapwv.] A Greek 
 cyclic poet of Cyrene (about 566 b. c.), author 
 of the “ Teiegonia” (which see). 
 
 Euganean Hills (u-ga'nf-an hilz). A chain of 
 volcanic hills in northeastern Italy, southwest 
 of Padua. Highest point, 1,890 feet. 
 
 Eugene (u-jen'), Prince (Franpois Eugene de 
 Savoie-Carignan). [Gr. evyevt/c, well-born; L. 
 Eugenius, F. Eugene, It. Sp. Pg. Eugenio, G. 
 Eugenius, Eugeni] Born at Paris, Oct. 18, 
 1663 : died at Vienna, April 21, 1736. A cele- 
 brated Austrian general. He was the son of Prince 
 Eugene Maurice de Savoie-Carignan, comte de Soissons, 
 by Olympia Mancini, a niece of Cardinal Mazarin. He 
 was intended for the church, and when about ten was 
 created abb6 of Carignan. Being refused a commission 
 in the French army by Louis XIV., he entered ilie ser- 
 vice of Austria, with the rank of colonel, in 1683. He was 
 in 1696 appointed commander-in-chief of the imperial 
 army against the Turks, whom he totally defeated at 
 Zenta in 1697, and compelled to accept the peace of Carlo- 
 witz in 1699. At the outbreak of the War of the Spanish 
 
 Eulenspiegel 
 
 Succession, he invaded Italy, defeated Catinat at Carpi 
 and Villeroi at Chiari iu 1701, and fought a drawn battle 
 with Vendome at Luzzara in 1702. After suppressing an 
 insurrection under the younger Rakoczy in Hungary, he 
 joined Marlborough in Germany, where their allied forces 
 defeated the Frencli and Bavarians at Blenheim Aug. 13, 
 1704. He returned in 1705 to Italy, where, by a victory 
 over Marsin and the Duke of Origans at Turin, Sept. 7, 
 1706, he expelled the French from Italy. In cooperation 
 with Marlborough in the Netherlands and in northern 
 France, he won the battle of Oudenarde in 1708, captured 
 Lille in 1708, and gained the victory of Malplaquet in 1709. 
 He negotiated tire peace of Rastadt with France in 1714. 
 The war with the Turks having broken out anew, he de- 
 feated the latter at Peterwardeiu in 1716 and at Belgrad in 
 1717, and forced them to accept the peace of Passarowitz 
 in 1718. 
 
 Eugene Aram. A novel by Bulwer Lytton, 
 published in 1832. Hood’s poem on the same 
 subject is called “ The Dream of Eugene Aram.” 
 See Aram, Eugene. 
 
 Eugene de Beauharnais. See Beauharnais. 
 Eugenia (u-je'ni-a). [Fern, of Eugenius ; F. Eu- 
 genie. ] 1. A female name, the feminine of 
 
 Eugenius . — 2. An asteroid (No. 45) discovered 
 by Goldschmidt at Paris, June 26, 1857. 
 Eugenie (6-zha-ne') (Maria Eugenia de Guz- 
 man, Countess of Teba). [See Eugenia.] Born 
 at Granada, Spain, May 5, 1826. The second 
 daughter of Cyprien, Count of Montijo and 
 Duke of Peneranda, and wife of Napoleon III. 
 whom she married Jan. 29, 1853. After the fall 
 of the empire she fixed her residence at Chislehurst, Kent, 
 England ; later (1880) at Farnborough Hill. 
 
 Eugenie (u-je'ni), Sir Dauphine. In Ben Jon- 
 son’s “Epicoene, or the Silent Woman,” the 
 witty and impecunious nephew of Morose. 
 See Epicoene. 
 
 Eugenie Grandet (e-zha-ne' gron-da'). A novel 
 by Balzac, written in 1833, published in 1834. 
 Tlie heroine, Eugdnie, is sacrificed to the cold-blooded 
 avariciousness of her father. This is one of Balzac's best 
 novels. 
 
 Eugenius (u-je'ni-us) I., Saint. [See Eugene.] 
 Born at Rome : died there, June 1, 657. Pope 
 654-657. 
 
 Eugenius II. Born at Rome : died there, Aug. 
 27, 827. Pope 824-827. 
 
 Eugenius III. Born at Pisa, Italy: died at 
 Tivoli, Italy, July 8, 1153. Pope 1145-53. He 
 was expelled from Rome by the populace, which, incited 
 by the preaching of Arnold of Brescia, sought to restore 
 the ancient republic ; and was enabled by the aid of 
 Roger of Sicily to return in 1149. Compelled in the fol- 
 lowing year to abandon Rome once more, he afterward 
 lived mostly at Segni. During his reign the second Cru- 
 sade took place (11-17-49), chiefly through the instrumen- 
 tality of his teacher, St. Bernard of Clairvaux. 
 
 Eugenius IV. (Gabriel Condolmieri). Born 
 at Venice, 1383: died at Rome, Feb. 23, 1447. 
 Pope 1431-47. He became involved in a contest with 
 the Council of Basel (opened March 12, 1431). Having 
 ordered the dissolution of this body and the convening 
 of another council at Ferrara in 1437, he was deposed in 
 1439 by the Council of Basel, which set up an antipope in 
 the person of Felix V., the schism thus produced continu- 
 ing till the death of Eugenius. He signed with the em- 
 peror John Palaeologus a convention for the reunion of 
 the Greek and Latin churches in 1439. 
 
 Eugenius. Iu Sterne’s “ Tristram Shandy,” the 
 friend and mentor of Yorick. 
 
 Eugippius, or Eugyppius (ii-jip'i-us). An 
 
 Italian monk. He was a pupil of St. Severinus of 
 Noricum, whose remains were brought about 488 to Cas- 
 trum Lucullanum, near Naples, there to form the nu- 
 cleus of an abbey of which Eugippius became the second 
 abbot. He wrote a life of St. Severinus (511), which is an 
 important source of early German history. 
 
 Eugubine (u'gu-bin) Tables. [From the place 
 of their discovery, the ancient Iguvium, later 
 Eugubium, modern Giibbio.] Seven brazen 
 tablets containing inscriptions, discovered near 
 Gubbio, Italy, in 1444, and now preserved there. 
 They form the chief monument of the ancient Umbrian 
 language. Four of the tablets are wholly Umbrian, one 
 is partly Umbrian and partly Latin, and two are Latin. 
 The inscriptions relate to the acts of a corporation of 
 priests. 
 
 Euhemerus. See Evemerus. 
 
 Eulalia (u-la'li-a), Saint. [Gr. EvXaXia, fair 
 speech; F . Eulaiie.] A Roman virgin martyr, 
 tortured to death during the persecution of 
 Diocletian in 308. 
 
 Eulengebirge (oi'len-ge-ber'ge). A mountain 
 group of the Sudetic chain, southwest of Bres- 
 lau. Its chief point is the Hohe Eule, 3,325 
 feet high. 
 
 Eulenspiegel (oi'len-spe-gel), Till or Tyll. 
 
 [G., ‘ owl-glass.’] The name of a German 
 of the 14th century who was probably born at 
 Kneitlingen, near Brunswick, and buried at 
 Molln (according to a history of his life written 
 in North Germany in 1483 and translated into 
 High German and printed about 1550). Only a 
 small part of the deeds attributed to him are possibly his 
 own. The name, is merely the center about which have 
 been grouped popular tales describing the mischievous 
 
Eulenspiegel 
 
 pranks of a vagabond of peasant origin. The stories have 
 been widely translated. A recent edition is that of 
 Leipsic, 1854, by Lappenberg, who erroneously assumes 
 Thomas Murner to have been the author of the book. 
 
 Euler (oi'ler), Leonhard. Born at Basel, Swit- 
 zerland, April 15, 1707 : died at St. Petersburg, 
 Sept. 7 (O. S.), 1783. A celebrated Swiss mathe- 
 matician. He was a pupil, at Basel, of Jean Bernoulli. 
 On the invitation of the empress Catherine he went 
 to St. Petersburg, where he became (1730) professor of 
 physics, and later (1733) succeeded Daniel Bernoulli in 
 the academy. During the later years of his life he was 
 partly and in the end wholly blind, but conducted his 
 elaborate calculations mentally. He published “ Mechau- 
 ica” (1736-42), “Theoria motuum planetarum et cometa- 
 i urn " (1744), “Introductio in analysin inflnitorum ” (1748), 
 “ Institutiones calculi differentialis” (1755), “Instituliones 
 calculi integralis” (1768-70), “Dioptrica” (1769-71). “An- 
 leitung zur Algebra ” (1770), “ Opuscula analytica ' (1783- 
 1785), “ Lettres h une princesse d’Allemagne ” (1768-72), 
 etc. 
 
 EumaeilS (u-me'us). [Gr. E vpxuop.] The faith- 
 ful swineherd of Ulysses, a character in the 
 Odyssey. 
 
 Eumenes (u'me-nez). [Gr. Mbptvr/c.] Born at 
 Cardia, Thrace, about 301 b. C. : put to death 
 in Gabiene, Elymais, 316 b. c. One of the suc- 
 cessors of Alexander the Great. He defeated 
 Craterus in 321, and was betrayed by his soldiers 
 to Antigonus. 
 
 Eumenes II. Died 159 (?) b. c. King of Per- 
 gamus 197-159 (?) B. C. He was the son of Attalus 
 I. whom he succeeded. He cultivated the friendship of 
 the R omans, whom he assisted in the war against Antiochus 
 the Great, He was present in person at the decisive battle 
 of Magnesia, and, on the restoration of peace, was rewarded 
 by the addition of Mysia, Lydia, and Phrygia tohis kingdom. 
 He was a patron of learning, and founded at Pergamus one 
 of the famous libraries of antiquity. 
 
 Eumenides (u-men'i-dez). [Gr. ’Ev/ieviStx, the 
 gracious ones.] A euphemistic name for the 
 Erinyes in Greek mythology. 
 
 Eumenides, The. A tragedy of iEschylus, form- 
 ing the third of the great trilogy (“Agamem- 
 non,” “Choephori,” “Eumenides”) exhibited 
 at Athens in 458 B. c. 
 
 Eumolpus (u-mol'pus). [Gr. Hv/io'Atvo^, the good 
 chanter.] In Greek mythology, a priestly bard, 
 reputed founder of the Eleusinian mysteries. 
 Eunapius (u-na/pi-us). [Gr. Ebrdmof;.] Born 
 at Sardis, 347 a. d. A Greek sophist. He was a 
 
 pupil of Proaeresius of Athens, where he lived during the 
 later part of his life. He was a Neoplatonist and a violent 
 opponent of Christianity. He appears to have lived till 
 the reign of the emperor Theodosius the younger. He 
 wrote “ Lives of Philosophers and Sophists,” still extant. 
 Eunice (u'nis). [Gr. Etu hkt/, happily victorious.] 
 The mother of Timothy (2 Tim. i. 5). 
 
 Eunomia (u-no'ini-a). [Gr. E vvopta.] 1. In 
 Greek mythology, one of the Horas. — 2. An as- 
 teroid (No. 15) discovered by De Gasparis at 
 Naples, July 29, 1851. 
 
 Eunomians (u-no'mi-anz). The followers of 
 Eunomius. See Eunomius. 
 
 Eunomius (u-no'mi-us). [Gr. E bvdpioi;.] Born 
 at Dacora, Cappadocia : died there, about 392. 
 Bishop of Cyzieus and leader of the Anomoeans or 
 Eunomians. He was a pupil of Aetius, and an extreme 
 Arian. His chief work is an “Apology” (English transla 
 tion by Whiston, 1711). See Aetius. 
 
 Eunuchus (u-nu'kus). [L., from Gr. evvovxoc, 
 a eunuch.] A comedy by Terence, founded in 
 great part upon the play of the same name by 
 Menander. 
 
 Terence has suggested many modern subjects. The Eu- 
 nuchus is reflected in the “ Bellamira” of Sir Charles Sedley 
 and “ Le Muet ” of Brueys ; the Adelphi in Moliere’s 
 “ficole des Maris” and Baron’s “ L’Ecole des Pferes”; and 
 the Phorndo in Moliere’s “Les Fourberies de Scapin.” 
 
 Cruttwell, Hist, of Roman Lit. p. 54. 
 
 Eupatoria (u-pa-to'ri-a), or Kosloff (kos-lov'). 
 A seaport in the Crimea, in the government of 
 Taurida, Russia, situated on Kalamita Bay 41 
 miles north of Sevastopol, it was occupied by the 
 Allies in 1854-5(i, and was unsuccessfully attacked by the 
 Russians Feb. 17, 1855. Population, 21.500. 
 
 Eupatridae (u-pat'ri-de), The. [Gr. E marpidai, 
 the well-born.] The land-owning aristocracy 
 in ancient Athens (Attica), as distinguished 
 from the Geomori or peasants, and the Demiurgi 
 or artisans. On the abolition of royalty they found 
 themselves in exclusive possession of political rights, which 
 were gradually curtailed, notably by Solon (594 B. c.) and 
 Cleisthenes(509 B. c.), until in the time of Pericles Athens 
 was transformed into a pure democracy. 
 
 Eupen (oi'pen), F. Neau (na-o'). A manu- 
 facturing town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, 
 10 miles south-southwest of Aix-la-Chapelle. it 
 
 was ceded by Austria to France in 1801, and passed to 
 Prussia in 1815. Population, commune, 13,694. 
 
 Euphemia (u-fe'mi-a). [Gr. E vtyipua, of good re- 
 port; P. Euphemie, It. Sp. Pg. Eufemia .] A fe- 
 male name. 
 
 Euphorbus (u-for'bus) [Gr. v.hipopftor.] In 
 Greek mythology, a brave Trojan, son of Pan- 
 
 372 
 
 thous and brother of Hyperenor. He was slain by 
 Menelaus, who dedicated Euphorbus’s shield in the tem- 
 ple of Hera, near Mycenae. Pythagoras professed to be 
 animated by his soul. 
 
 Euphorion (u-fo'ri-on). [Gr. E v<popixjv.] Born at 
 Chalcis, Eubcea, 274 B. c. : died in Syria, prob- 
 ably about 200 b. c. A Greek grammarian and 
 poet : fragments edited by Meineke. 
 Euphranor (u-fra'nor). [Gr. EvQpuvup.] Born 
 near Corinth : lived in the middle of the 4th 
 century B. c. A Greek statuary and painter. 
 His treatises on symmetry and color were much used by 
 Pliny in the compilation of his 35th book. Lucian ranks 
 his sculpture with that of Phidias, Alcamenes, and Myron, 
 and his painting with that of Apelles, Parrhasius, and 
 Aetion. 
 
 Euphrasia. See Bellario. 
 
 Euphrasia (u-fra'zhia). [Gr. E vtppaota, of good 
 cheer.] The Grecian Daughter in Murphy’s 
 tragedy of that name. She is the daughter of Evan- 
 der, a king of Sicily, who is imprisoned and starved by the 
 tyrant Djonysius. She succors him with milk from her 
 own breast, and finally stabs the tyrant and restores her 
 father to his throne. 
 
 Euphrates (u-fra'tez). [Assyr. Purattu, Heb. 
 Per a th, OPers. Uf rates, Ar. Fur at, Gr. E vippar^, 
 VjbfpljTrjr. ] A great Mesopotamian river which 
 has its origin in the Armenian mountains. 
 It is formed from the East Euphrates (Murad-Su), which 
 rises northeast of Erzerum, and a branch rising northwest 
 of Lake Van. The united river then makes a wide circuit 
 westward, breaks through the mountain-chain of the Tau- 
 rus, enters the terrace region at the modern Birejik, and 
 turns in a meandering course toward the Tigris. In the 
 neighborhood of Bagdad these two rivers approach one 
 another, and there the Babylonian canal-system begins. 
 In its lower course, below Babylon, the Euphrates has 
 changed its bed, shifting more and more westward. Ac- 
 cording to notices in classical authors, confirmed by the 
 inscriptions, it came in ancient time nearer Sippara 
 (Sepharvaim, modern Abu-Habba) and Uruk (modern 
 Warka) than now ; and it did not empty into the sea, 
 united with the Tigris, through the Shalt el-Arab, as at 
 present. As late as the time of Sennacherib (705-681 B. c.) 
 and his successors, the twin rivers flowed separately into 
 the Persian Gulf, which extended then at least as far as 
 Corna. Babylon has been rightly termed “ the gift of Eu- 
 phrates and Tigris.” The soil is formed from the alluvial 
 deposits of these rivers, and this formation still continues. 
 During the winter months the Euphrates lias but little 
 water in its bed ; but in the spring, and especially toward 
 the summer solstice, it swells by the melting of the snow 
 of the mountains, which often causes disastrous floods. 
 In Gen. ii. 14 the Euphrates is mentioned as one of the 
 four rivers of paradise. 
 
 Euphronius (u-fro'ni-us). In Shakspere’s “An- 
 tony and Cleopatra,” an ambassador from An- 
 tony to Caesar. 
 
 Euphrosyne (u-fros'i-ne). [Gr. E vQpoouvt/, 
 mirth.] 1. In Greek mythology, one of the 
 three Charites or Graces. — 2. An asteroid (No. 
 31) discovered by Ferguson at Washington, 
 Sept. 2, 1854. 
 
 Euphues (u'fu-ez), or the Anatomy of Wit. 
 
 [Gr. libfu/jc;, well-grown, goodly.] A novel by 
 John Lyly, published in 1578-79. This book 
 and its successor, “Euphues and his England,” pub- 
 lished 1580-81, brought into prominence and into further 
 use the affected jargon, full of conceits and extravagances, 
 used by the gallants of Elizabeth’s court. Euphues is an 
 Athenian youth who embodies the qualities implied in 
 liis name. He is elegant, handsome, amorous, and roving. 
 “Rosalynde, or Euphues’ Golden Legacy ”is a similar novel 
 by Thomas Lodge. See Rosalynde. 
 
 Euphues, his Censure to Philautus, etc. A 
 
 pamphlet by Robert Greene, published in 1587, 
 and intended as a continuation of Lyly’s “Eu- 
 phues.” 
 
 Euphues Shadow, the Battaile of the Senses. 
 
 A pamphlet by Thomas Lodge, edited by Greene 
 and published in 1592. 
 
 Eupolis (u'po-lis). [Gr. Eturoibf.] An Athe- 
 nian comic jioet (born 449 B. c.), a contemporary 
 and rival of Aristophanes. He is said to have been 
 drowned in the battle of Cynossema, 411 B. c. 
 
 That he [Eupolis] was brilliant in his wit, and refined in 
 liis style, is plain from the fact that he co-operated with 
 Aristophanes in his “Knights," of which the last parabasis, 
 beginning from v. 1290, is recorded by the scholiast to have 
 been his composition. He afterwards may have quarrelled 
 with Aristophanes, for they satirised one another freely. 
 In style and in genius he stood nearest to his great rival, 
 and his comedies seem to have possessed most, if not all, 
 of the features which make the Aristophanic comedy so 
 peculiar in literature. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 430. 
 Eupompus (u-pom'pus). [Gr. Erfl-o/nrof.] Born 
 at Sicyon : lived in the 4th century b. c. A 
 Greek painter, founder of the so-called Sicyo- 
 nian school of painting. The work of Eupompus 
 and his successor Pamphilus was to introduce the charac- 
 teristics of Doric sculpture into painting. 
 
 Eurasia (u-ra'sliia or -zliia). [Eui\ope) and 
 Asia.'] The continental mass made up of Eu- 
 rope and Asia : not generally recognized as a 
 geographical designation. 
 
 Eure (er). A department of France, capital 
 Evreux, forming part of the old province of 
 Normandy. It is bounded by Seine-Infdrieure on the 
 
 Europe 
 
 north, Oise and Seine-et-Oise on the east, Eure-eDLoir 
 on the south, Orne on the southwest, and Calvados on 
 the west. Area, 2,330 square miles. Population, 330,- 
 140. 
 
 Eure. A river of northern France which joins 
 the Seine 10 miles south of Rouen. Length, 
 about 120 miles. 
 
 Eure-et-Loir (er'a-lwar'). A department of 
 France, capital Chartres, formed from parts of 
 the ancient OrlAtnais, Perche, and Normandy. 
 Its boundaries are Eure on the north, Seine-et-Oise on the 
 east, Loiret on the southeast, Loir-et-Cher and Sarthe on 
 tile south, and Ome on the west. It has been called “ the 
 granary of France." Area, 2,291 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 273,823. 
 
 Eureka (u-re'kii). The county-seat of Eureka 
 County, Nevada, situated about lat. 39° 30' N., 
 long. 116° W. It has silver- and lead-mines. 
 Population, precinct, 661, (1910). 
 
 Eureka. A seaport, city, the capital of Hum- 
 boldt County, California, situated on Hum- 
 boldt Bay in lat. 40° 48' N., long. 124° 10' W. 
 Population, 11,845, (1910). 
 
 Euric (u'rik), or Evaric (ev'a-rik), L. Evari- 
 CUS (ev-a-ri'kus). Died 484" or 485 A. D. A 
 king of the West Goths. He was a younger son of 
 Theodoric I., and obtained the government in 466 by the 
 murder of his brother Theodoric II. He conquered the 
 whole of the Spanish peninsula, with the exception of the 
 northwestern corner, which he allowed the Suevic kings 
 to hold as his vassals, and destroyed the smaU remnant of 
 Roman dominion in Gaul, t hereby raising the West-Gothic 
 kingdom to its highest point of power. 
 
 Euripides (u-rip'i-dez). [Gr. Evpimdip;.] Born 
 in Salamis,’ probably Sept. 23, 480 b. c. : died 
 in 406 B. C. A celebrated Athenian tragic poet. 
 He was the son of Mnesarchus and Cleito, who appear to 
 have fled from Athensto Salamis on theinvasion of Xerxes, 
 and was, according to popular tradition, born in that island 
 on the day of the battle of Salamis. He studied physics 
 under Anaxagoras and rhetoric under Prodicus, and at 
 about the age of twenty-five produced the “Peliades,” the 
 first of liis plays wliich was acted. He is said to have gained 
 the first prize in five dramatic contests, the first of which 
 occurred in 441. He left Athens for the court of Archelaus, 
 king of Macedonia, about 408, owing, it is said, to the ridi- 
 cule thrown upon him by the populace in consequence of 
 the attacks of Sophocles and Aristophanes. He died at the 
 Macedonian court (according to doubtful tradition being 
 torn to pieces by a pack of hounds set upon him by two 
 rival poets, Arrhidasus and Crateuas) and was buried with 
 great pomp by Archelaus, who refused a request of the 
 Athenians for his remains. He wrote 76 plays, of which 
 the following 18 are extant: “ Alcestis,” “Medea,” “Hip- 
 polytus,” “Hecuba, ’’“Andromache,” “Ion,” “Suppliants," 
 “Heracleid®,” “Heracles Mainomenos," “Iphigenla 
 among the Tauri,” “Troades,” “Helena,” “Phceniss®," 
 “Electra,” “Orestes,” “ Iphigenia at Aulis,” “Batch®," 
 and “Cyclops.” 
 
 Euripus (u-ri'pus). [Gr. Evpinog, a narrow chan- 
 nel, esp. the one here mentioned.] The narrow- 
 est portion of the channel which separates 
 Eubcea from the mainland. Width at the nar- 
 rowest part, opposite Chalcis, 120 feet. It is 
 remarkable for its changes of current. 
 
 The name Euripus applies, strictly speaking, only to the 
 very narrowest part of the channel between Euboea and 
 the mainland (Thucyd. vii. 29 ; Strab. ix. 585), which is 
 opposite to the modern town of Egripo, where the bridge 
 now stands. Rawlimon, Herod., IV. 308, note. 
 
 Europa (u-ro'pa), or Europe (-pe). [See Eu- 
 rope.] In Greek mythology, a daughter of 
 Phoenix, or of Agen or, sister of Cadmus, and 
 mother by Zeus of Minos and Rhadamanthus. 
 She was borne over the sea to Crete by Zeus, who assumed 
 the form of a white bull. See Io. 
 
 The bull, whose form was assumed by Zeus in order to 
 carry off Europa, a Phoenician damsel, was seen to be the 
 bull of Ann, the Semitic Heaven god, the same bull which 
 we recognize in the constellation Taurus ; and Europa, the 
 “broad-faced ” maiden, is only another form of Istar, the 
 broad-faced moon, instead of being identical with Urvasi, 
 the Vedic dawn-maiden. Taylor, Aryans, p. 302. 
 
 Europa and the Bull. A painting by Titian 
 (1562), in Cobham Hall, near Rochester, Eng- 
 land. Europa is being carried through the waves on the 
 bull’s back ; one Cupid follows, supported by a dolphin, 
 and two fly above. Europa’s maidens are seen on the 
 distant shore. 
 
 Europe (u'rop). [From Semitic ercb, darkness, 
 evening, properly sunset, 4 the land of the set- 
 tingsun’; Gr. Evpdrry, L. Europa.] l.Thesmall- 
 est grand division of the eastern continent, it 
 is bounded by the Arctic Sea on the north, the Atlantic 
 on the west, and the Sea of Marmora, Black Sea, and the 
 Mediterranean on the south. On the cast its boundaries 
 toward Asia are generally taken as the Caucasus, the Cas- 
 pian, the Ural River, the" Ural Mountains, and the Kara. 
 Length, southwest and northeast, 3,400 miles. Breadth, 
 north and south, 2,400 miles. It lies within lat. 71° 11' N. 
 (North Cape) and lat. 35° 59' N.(Cape Tarifa), and long. 9' 31' 
 W. and long. 66° E. Population, 380,000,000. Area, 
 3,754,282 Bquare miles. In literature the name occurs first 
 in the Homeric hymn to Apollo, and denotes there the coun- 
 try north of the Peloponnesus, i. e. Thraeia. The know- 
 ledge of Europe possessed by the ancients was, as in all 
 geographical matters, very deficient. It started from the 
 coasts of the Mediterranean, and remained for a long time 
 confined to the three southern peninsulas and the shores 
 of the Euxine. In Herodotus the Phasis is considered as 
 tlie boundary between Asia and Europe. Later it is the 
 
Europe 
 
 Tanais. The interior of Spain, Gaul, and the countries 
 north of the Alps were opened only through the Roman 
 conquests. Scandinavia and northern Sarmatia remained 
 in obscurity throughout antiquity. From a geographical 
 point of view Europe is alarge peninsula, sent forth by Asia 
 to the west. It is a grand division of the globe, not so 
 much from its large extent as from its having long been 
 the center of human culture and civilization. Its geo- 
 graphical conditions also gave it an advantage over the 
 other parts of the globe. It is characterized by a certain 
 symmetry and proportion, and by a rich variety of geo- 
 logical, geographical, and climatic conditions. 
 
 Europe, as a geographical term, not improbably desig- 
 nated at first merely the plain of Thebes. 
 
 Taylor , The Alphabet, II. 19, note. 
 
 2. A province of the later Roman Empire, im- 
 mediately about Constantinople. Freeman. 
 Eurotas (u-ro'tas). [Gr. Evpuraq, prob. ‘black 
 river.’] In ancient geography, a river of La- 
 conia, Greece, flowing into the Mediterranean 
 25 miles southeast of Sparta : the modern Iri or 
 Iris. Length, about 45 miles. 
 
 Eurus (u'rus). [L. Eurus, Gr. Evpog, the east 
 wind, connected with ewf, L. Aurora, the 
 dawn.] The east wind. 
 
 Euryanthe (u-ii-an'the). An opera by Weber, 
 first produced at Vienna in 1823. 
 
 Eurybiades (u-ri-bi'a-dez). The leader of the 
 Spartan naval contingent, and nominal com- 
 mander of the united fleet of the allied Greek 
 states, in the defensive campaign in 480 b. c. 
 against the Persians, whom he defeated in the 
 battles of Artemisium and Salamis. 
 
 Eurydice (u-rid'i-se). [Gr. F.upvdho/.] In Greek 
 mythology, the wife of Orpheus. She died from 
 the bite of a serpent, whereupon Orpheus descended into 
 Hades, and by the charms of his lyre persuaded Pluto to 
 restore her to life. He did this on condition that she 
 should walk behind her husband, who should not look 
 back until both had arrived in the upper world. Orpheus, 
 overcome by anxiety, looked round only to behold her 
 caught back into the infernal regions. 
 
 Eurydice. 1. Wife of Amyntas II., king of 
 Macedonia, and mother of Philip. — 2. A Mace- 
 donian princess, granddaughter of Perdiecas 
 III. of Macedonia. 
 
 Eurydice. 1. An opera by Caccini and Peri, 
 first produced at Florence in 1600. The words 
 were by Rinuccini, and this, with “ Dafne ’’ by the same 
 composers, was the beginning of modern opera. See 
 Daphne. 
 
 2. A tragedy by Mallet, produced Feb. 22, 
 1731, at Drury Lane, and revived in 1759. 
 Eurymedon (fi-rim'e-don). [Gr. Ebpcpcduv.] 
 Killed near Syracuse, 413 B. C. An Athenian 
 general in the Peloponnesian war. 
 Eurymedon. A small river in Pisidia andPam- 
 phylia, Asia Minor, which flows into the Medi- 
 terranean : the modem Capri-Su. Near its mouth, 
 460 or 465 B. c., the Greeks under Cimon defeated the 
 Persian fleet and army. 
 
 Eurynome (u-rin'o-me). [Gr. EvpvvSgt/.] In 
 Greek mythology, a daughter of Oeeanus. Ac- 
 cording to Hesiod she was the mother, by Zeus, 
 of the Charites or Graces. 
 
 Eusebians (u-se'bi-anz). The followers of Euse- 
 bius of Nicomedia, an Arian bishop of Constan- 
 tinople in the 4th century a. d. See Arians. 
 Eusebius (u-se'bi-us) of Caesarea, surnamed 
 Pamphili. [From Gr. evae/F/g, pious.] Born 
 probably at Caesarea, Palestine, about 264 a. d.: 
 died there, about 340. A celebrated theologian 
 and historian, sometimes called “the Father 
 of Church History.” He was appointed bishop of 
 Caesarea about 315, and in 325 attended the Council of 
 Nicaea, where he was appointed to receive the emperor 
 Constantine with a panegyrical oration, and to sit at his 
 right hand. His complete works have been edited by 
 Migne (1856-57). 
 
 Eusebius of Dorylseum. A Greek theologian 
 of the 5th century. He held some office about the 
 imperial court at Constantinople, when he took holy or- 
 ders, in consequence, it is said, of a controversy with 
 Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople. He subsequently be- 
 came bishop of Dorylieum, and distinguished himself by 
 his zeal against the Eutychians. 
 
 Eusebius of Emesa. Died at Antioch about 
 360 a. d. An ecclesiastic of the Greek Church. 
 He was a native of Edessa in Mesopotamia, and became 
 bishop of Emesa in Syria. He wrote several books enu- 
 merated by Jerome, which are now lost. A number of 
 homilies commonly attributed to him are probably spu- 
 rious. 
 
 Eusebius of Nicomedia. Died at Constanti- 
 nople, 341 A. D. An Arian bishop who held in 
 
 succession the sees of Berytus, Nicomedia, and 
 Constantinople. He was banished from Nicomedia in 
 consequence of a refusal to sign the condemnation of 
 Anus pronounced by the Council of Nicaea in 325, but was 
 restored through the influence of Constantia, sister of 
 Constantine. He procured the convening of the Council 
 of Tyre which condemned Athanasius in 334, and effected 
 the restoration of Arius. 
 
 Eusebius of Samosata. Died about 379. An 
 orthodox prelate. He became bishop of Samosata, 
 his native place, probably before 361 A. D. He refused, 
 
 373 
 
 contrary to the emperor’s command, to give up some 
 documents intrusted to him proving the election of Mele- 
 tius as bishop of Antioch, which were demanded by the 
 Arians for the purpose of annulling the election. He was 
 banished about 371, but was restored in 378. He was 
 killed by an Arian who threw a stone at him from the 
 roof of a house. 
 
 Euskirchen (ois'kereh-en). A town in the 
 Rhine Province, Prussia, near the Erft 22 
 miles south by west of Cologne. Population, 
 commune, 11,347. 
 
 Eustace (us'tas) the Monk. [From Gr. ev- 
 
 oradiog, steadfast, strong; ML. Eustathius, F. 
 Eustaclie, Eustathe, It. Eustazio, Eustachio .] A 
 French freebooter of the 13th century. He was 
 for a time seneschal of the Count of Boulogne, and even- 
 tually became the leader of a band of pirates who fought 
 in turn for France and for England, according as their in- 
 terest was best served. He was captured while bringing 
 a squadron to the support of Louis, son of Philip Augus- 
 tus, who had been proclaimed king of England, and was 
 executed as a pirate and traitor. He was long remem- 
 bered on the coasts of France and England for his cruelty 
 and daring exploits, and is the hero of a ballad, written 
 shortly after his death, which attributes to him the power 
 of magic. 
 
 Eustache (es-tash.'), St. Alarge church in Paris, 
 of unique architecture, begun in 1532 upon the 
 constructive principles of the late-Pointed style, 
 but with the exterior forms and decoration of 
 the Renaissance. The arches are semicircular, the 
 buttresses are classical pilasters, and the piers are super- 
 posed combinations of columns of different orders. The 
 interior is well proportioned and impressive ; it has 
 double aisles, and is 348 feet long and 144 wide. The nave 
 is 108 feet high. There are excellent frescos in the 
 chapels. 
 
 Eustachio (a-os-ta'ke-o), orEustachius (us-ta/- 
 ki-us), Bartolommeo. Born at San Severino, 
 Ancona, Italy: died Aug., 1574. An Italian 
 anatomist, professor of anatomy at Rome, and 
 physician to the Pope. He described the Eustachian 
 tube and Eustachian valve. His “Tabuhe anatomic® ” 
 was published in 1714. 
 
 Eustathians (us-ta'thi-anz). 1. The orthodox 
 faction in Antioch in the 4th century A. D., who 
 objected to the replacing of Eustathius, bishop 
 of Antioch, by an Arian. — 2. An extreme as- 
 cetic sect of the 4th century A. d., probably so 
 called from Eustathius, bishop of Sebaste in 
 Pontus. 
 
 Eustathius (us-ta'thi-us) of Antioch. [Gr. 
 
 Emradiog. See Eustace .] Born at Side, Pam- 
 phylia: died at Philippi, Macedonia, about 
 340 (?). A Greek prelate, an opponent of 
 Arianism. 
 
 Eustathius of Thessalonica. Born at Constan 
 tinople: diedat Thessalonica, 1194(f). AGreek 
 classical scholar and religious reformer, arch- 
 bishop of Thessalonica. His chief work was a com- 
 mentary on Homer which, “besides serving to elucidate 
 the Greek language by many important criticisms, drawn 
 from sources that have since been lost, contains, like the 
 works of Photius and Suidas, innumerable references to 
 the Greek classics, and thus furnishes the means of ascer- 
 taining the integrity and the genuineness of the text of 
 those authors, as they are now extant” ( Taylor , Hist. 
 Anc. Books, p. 85). 
 
 Eustis (us'tis), William. Born at Cambridge, 
 Mass., June 10, 1753: died at Boston, Feb. 6, 
 1825. An American physician and politician. 
 He was secretary of war 1809-13, and governor 
 of Massachusetts 1823-25. 
 
 Eutaw Springs (u'ta springz). A place in South 
 Carolina, near the Santee about 50 miles north- 
 west of Charleston. It was the scene of a battle, Sept. 
 8, 1781, between about 2,000 Americans under Greene and 
 about 2,300 British under Stewart. The American loss 
 was 535, the Brit ish about 630. It is described as a techni- 
 cal British victory. 
 
 Euterpe (u-ter'pe). [Gr. Evrepir/i, the well- 
 pleasing.] 1. In classical mythology, one of 
 the Muses, a divinity of joy and pleasure, the 
 patroness of flute-players. She invented the double 
 flute, and favored rather the wild and simple melodies of 
 primitive peoples than the more finished art of music, and 
 was thus associated more with Bacchus than with Apollo. 
 She is usually represented as a virgin crowned with flow- 
 ers, having a flute in her hand, or with various musical 
 instruments about her. 
 
 2. An asteroid (No. 27) discovered by Hind at 
 London, Nov. 8, 1853. 
 
 Euthydemus (u-thi-de'mus). [Gr. Ebdvdr/poc.] 
 A dialogue of Plato, the narration by Socrates 
 of a conversation which took place at the Ly- 
 ceum between himself, the sophists Euthyde- 
 mus and Dionysodorus, Crito, Cleinias, and 
 Ctesippus. Its theme is virtue and instruction in vir- 
 tue, and it is a satire upon the sophists and the older 
 philosophy. 
 
 Eutin (oi-ten'). The chief town in the princi- 
 pality of Lubeck, belonging to Oldenburg, Ger- 
 many, 19 miles north of Lubeck. it was anciently 
 the seat of a bishopric. It is associated with Voss and 
 Count Stolberg, and is the birthplace of Weber. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 5,402. 
 
 Eutropius (u-tro'pi-us). [LL., from Gr. Evrpd- 
 
 Evans, Augusta J. 
 
 ttioc, versatile or well-disposed.] Died about 
 370 (?) a. D. A Roman historian, author of a 
 concise history of Rome (“Breviarium ab urbe 
 condita”) from the founding of the city to the 
 death of Jovian, 364 A. D., long in popular use. 
 
 Eutropius, surnamed “ The Eunuch.” A By- 
 zantine statesman. He was a chamberlain in the 
 household of Arcadius on the latter’s accession to the 
 throne as emperor of the East in 395 A. p. In the same 
 year he persuaded the young emperor to marry Eudoxia, 
 <laughter of the Frank Buuto, instead of the daughter of 
 the minister Rufinus. After the murder of Rufinus in 
 395 by Gainas, in which he was probably an accomplice, 
 he obtained control of the government. He was elevated 
 to the rank of a patrician in 398, and was made consul in 
 399. At the instance of Eudoxia and Gamas he was sur- 
 rendered in 389 to the rebellious Goths in Asia Minor. 
 
 Eutyches (u'ti-kez). [Gr. E vrvxye.] Lived in 
 the 5th century A. d. A heresiareh of the East- 
 ern Church, founder of the sect of the Euty- 
 chians. The heresy was condemned at the 
 Council of Chalcedon in 451. 
 
 Eutychians (u-tik'i-anz). The followers or 
 those holding the doctrine of Eutyches. He 
 taught that Christ had but one nature, the divine, so that 
 it was proper to say that God had been crucified for us. 
 He was an opponent of Nestorius, and the founder of the 
 sect of Monophysites. 
 
 Euxine (uk'sin), The. See Black Sea. 
 
 Eva (e'va), Little. [See Eve.] In Mrs. Stowe’s 
 “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” the daughter of St. 
 Clare: a child whose friendship for Uncle Tom 
 and whose early death form an important part 
 of the novel. 
 
 Evagoras (e-vag'o-ras). [Gr. E vayopac.] Killed 
 374 b. c. A king of Salamis, in Cyprus, from 
 about 410-374 b. c. 
 
 Evagrius (e-vag'ri-us), surnamed Scholasti- 
 CUS. [Gr. E iiaypiog.] Born at Epiphania, Ccele- 
 Syria, about 536: died after 594. A Syrian 
 church historian, author of an “Ecclesiastical 
 History.” 
 
 Evald, (a'vald), Johannes. Born at Copenha- 
 gen, Nov. 18, 1743 : died at Copenhagen, March 
 17, 1781. A celebrated Danish lyric poet. He 
 studied theology at the University of Copenhagen, but left 
 suddenly to enter the Prussian military service. He soon, 
 however, deserted to the Austrians, and after a year and a 
 half again deserted and returned to Copenhagen and re- 
 sumed his studies. His first work, “Lykkens Temple” 
 (“The Temple of Fortune”), an allegorical narrative in 
 prose, appeared in 1764. A poem on the death of King 
 Frederick V. (1766) established his fame as a lyric poet. A 
 lyrical drama, “Adam og Eva "(“Adam and Eve "), appeared 
 in 1769 ; a prose tragedy, “ Rolf Krage,” in 1770. In 1774 
 appeared the tragedy “Balders Dod " (“ Balder’s Death ”), 
 the first Danish drama written in iambic pentameter. His 
 greatest work, “ Fiskerne ” (“The Fishermen ”), written in 
 1778, is a dramatized description of fisher life. It con- 
 tains some of his best lyrics, among them “ Kong Kristian 
 stod ved hoien Mast " (“ King Christian stood by the lofty 
 Mast "), which has become a national song. He left an un- 
 completed autobiography, “Johannes Ewalds Levnet og 
 Meninger ” (“ Johannes Ewald’s Life and Opinions ”). His 
 complete works, “ Samtlige Skrifter,” appeared in Copen- 
 hagen 1850-55, 6 vols. 
 
 Evan (ev'an). See the extract. 
 
 The story [of the King of Thule] next appears in a legal 
 form, familiar to the student of Blackstone. In this shape 
 it recounts the oppressions of “ Evenus,” or “King Evan 
 the Third,” or “Evan the Sixteenth,” according to various 
 versions, who at some time before the Christian era made 
 a law appropriating - the wives of his subjects to himself ; 
 but, after a quarrel which lasted for about 1,100 years, the 
 barbarous tribute was, at the request of King Malcolm’s 
 queen, commuted for a money payment. It has been dis- 
 covered after much research that the ancient king, his 
 law and its repeal, are all equally mythical. But the story 
 remained down to recent times the stock example of the 
 horrors of the feudal system. 
 
 Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 84. 
 
 Evander (e-van'der). [Gr. E vavSpoc.] In clas- 
 sical legend, a son of Hermes, and the leader of 
 an Arcadian colony into Latinm 60 years before 
 the Trojan war. 
 
 Evangelical Alliance, The. The name of an 
 association of Christians belonging to the Evan- 
 gelical denominations. It was organized by a world’s 
 convention in London in 1846, and its object is to promote 
 Christian intercourse between the different orthodox 
 Protestant denominations, and more effective cooperation 
 in Christian work. Branches exist in all countries where 
 there are considerable Protestant communities. Several 
 general conferences have been held, in which reports were 
 received concerning the religious condition of the world. 
 Among the most important results obtained by the alliance 
 is the establishment of a week of prayer, the week com- 
 mencing with the first Sunday of January in each year, 
 now largely observed throughout Protestant Christendom. 
 
 Evangeline (e-van 'je-lin). [F. Evangeline, NL. 
 Evangelina, from Gr. evayyelot;, bringer of good 
 news.] An idyllic poem by Longfellow, pub- 
 lished in 1847: named from its heroine. It is 
 founded on the removal of the Acadians by the British 
 in 1755. Evangeline is accidentally parted from her lover, 
 Gabriel, whom she seeks hopelessly but faithfully all her 
 life, as he seeks her. They pass near one another many 
 times, but never meet until he is dying in a hospital many 
 years after. 
 
 Evans, Augusta J. See Wilson, Mrs. 
 
Evans, Frederick William 
 
 Evans (ev'anz), Frederick William. Born 
 
 June 9, 1808 : died March 6, 1893. An elder in 
 the Shaker denomination, and writer on reli- 
 gious subjects. He emigrated to America in 1820, and 
 m 1830 joined the community of Shakers at Mount Leba- 
 non, N. Y., of which he was presiding elder from 1855. 
 He published “A Short Treatise on the Second Appearing 
 of Christ in and through the Order of the Female ” (1853), 
 “Autobiography of a Shaker” (1869), “Religious Com- 
 munion ’’ (1871), etc. 
 
 Evans, Sir George De Lacy. Bom at Moig, 
 County Limerick, Ireland, Oct. 7, 1787 : died at 
 London, Jan. 9, 1870. A British general. He 
 
 served against the French in the Spanish peninsula 1812- 
 1814, and against the Americans at Baltimore, Washington, 
 and New Orleans in 1814-15 ; commanded the British legion 
 sent to suppress the Carlist rebellion in Spain 1835-37 ; 
 commanded a division of the British army in the Crimea 
 1854-55 ; and was promoted general in 1861. 
 
 Evans, Sir Hugh. In Shakspere’s “Merry 
 Wives of Windsor,” a ludicrous, officious, and 
 simple-minded Welsh parson. 
 
 Sir was formerly applied to the inferior clergy as well 
 as to knights. Fuller in his “Church History” says: “Such 
 priests as have Sir before their Christian name were men 
 not graduated in the university : being in orders, hut not 
 in degrees ; while others, entitled ‘ masters,’ had com- 
 menced in the arts.” Besides Sir Hugh, Shakespeare has 
 Sir Oliver Mar-text, the Vicar, in “As You Like It,” Sir 
 Topas in “Twelfth Night,” and Sir Nathaniel, the Curate, 
 in “Love’s Labour’s Lost.” Hudson, note to M. W. of W. 
 
 Evans, John. A colonial deputy governor of 
 Pennsylvania under William Penn 1704—09. He 
 was not a Quaker, and quarreled continually with the 
 Assembly, which refused to raise troops against the French 
 and Indians. 
 
 Evans, Mary Ann. See Cross, Mrs. 
 
 Evans, Oliver. Born at Newport, Del., 1755 : 
 died at New York, April 21, 1819. An American 
 mechanician and inventor. He invented machinery 
 used in milling, the application of which to mills worked 
 by water-power effected a revolution in the manufacture 
 of flour, and is said to have invented the first steam-engine 
 constructed on the high-pressure system, the drawings and 
 specifications of which he sent to England about 1795. He 
 wrote “ Young Millwright’s and Miller’s Guide ”(1795), etc. 
 Evans, William. Died in 1632. A giant, a porter 
 of Charles I. He was nearly 8 feet high, and is in- 
 troduced in Fuller’s “ Worthies” and in Scott’s “Peveril 
 of the Peak.” 
 
 Evanson (ev'an-son), Edward. Born at War- 
 rington, Lancashire, England, April 21, 1731: 
 died at Colford, Devonshire, England, Sept. 
 25, 1805. An English clergyman and contro- 
 versialist. He became vicar of South Minims in 1768, 
 and rector of Tewkesbury in 1769. In 1778 he resigned his 
 living, and opened a school at Mitcham. He wrote “ Dis- 
 sonance of the Four Generally Received Evangelists ” 
 (1792), etc. 
 
 Evanston (ev'an-ston). A city and township 
 in Cook County, Illinois, situated on Lake 
 Michigan 12 miies north of Chicago, it is the 
 
 seatof the Northwestern University (Methodist Episcopal: 
 in part in Chicago), and of Garrett Biblical Institute. 
 Population, city, 24,978, (1910). 
 
 Evansville (ev'anz-vil). A city of Indiana, the 
 capital of Vanderburg County, situated on the 
 Ohio in lat. 37° 58' N., long. 87° 35' W. It is an 
 
 important shipping point, and has a large trade in tobacco, 
 grain, etc., and extensive manufactures. Pop., 69,647,(1910). 
 
 Evarts (ev'arts), Jeremiah. Bom at Sunder- 
 land, Vt., Feb. 3, 1781 died at Charleston, S.C., 
 May 10, 1831. An American editor and mission- 
 ary secretary. He became editor of the “PanopliBt” 
 (Boston) in 1810, and of the “Missionary Herald” (Boston) 
 iu 1820, and was corresponding secretary of the American 
 Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions 1821-31. 
 
 Evarts, William Maxwell. Born at Boston, 
 Mass., Feb. 6, 1818: died at New York, Feb. 
 28, 1901. An American lawyer and statesman, 
 son of Jeremiah Evarts. He graduated at Yale in 
 1837, and was admitted to the New York bar in 1840. He 
 was counsel for President Johnson in the latter’s impeach- 
 ment trial before the United States Senate in 1868 ; United 
 States attorney-general under President Johnson 1868-69; 
 United States counsel at the Geneva tribunal in 1872 ; 
 counsel for the Republican party before the United States 
 Electoral Commission of 1877 ; secretary of state under 
 President Hayes 1877-81 ; and Republican United States 
 senator from New York 1885-91. 
 
 Eve (ev). [ME. Eve, AS. Efe, F. ike, Sp. Pg. It. 
 Eva, G. Eva, LL. Eva, Heva, Gr. Era, E via (in 
 LXX translated Z ufj, life), Ar. Haicwd, Heb. 
 Havvdh, living, life.] The first woman, the 
 mother of the human race, according to the 
 account of the creation in Genesis. 
 
 Evelina (ev-e-li'na). [Dim. of Eva, Eve.] A 
 novel by Madame d’Arblay (Frances Burney), 
 published in 1778, named from its principal 
 character. 
 
 It was for a long time believed that Miss Burney was 
 only seventeen when she wrote “ Evelina.” If so, it was 
 indeed an extraordinary book ; but the question depended 
 upon the exact period of her birth ; and when Croker ed- 
 ited “ Boswell’s Life of Johnson,” he took the pains, most 
 properly and naturally one would think, to ascertain the 
 fact by examining the parish register of the town where 
 
 374 
 
 she was born, and it turned out that she was twenty-six 
 when “Evelina" was published. 
 
 Forsyth, Novels and Novelists of the 18th Cent., p. 317. 
 
 Evelyn (ev'e-lin), John. Born at Wotton, Sur- 
 rey, England, Oct. 31, 1620: died at Wotton, Feb. 
 27, 1706. An English author. He was the second 
 son of Richard Evelyn ; was admitted a student at the 
 Middle Temple in 1637 ; and received the honorary degree 
 of D. C. L. in 1669. The years 1641-47 he passed principally 
 in travel, with occasional returns to England. For a short 
 time he joined the king’s army. He was a strong Royal- 
 ist, and in 1649 published a translation of La Mothe le 
 Vayer’s “ Of Liberty and Servitude, ” with a Royalist pre- 
 face, for which he was “threatened.” In 1652, thinking 
 the cause of the Royalists hopeless, he settled at Sayes 
 Court, Deptford, the estate of his wife’s father, Sir Richard 
 Browne, ambassador at Paris. He lived here till 1694, when 
 he went to Wotton to live with his elder brother. At the 
 death of the latter, in 1699, the estate became his, and he 
 passed the rest of his life here. At both places he devoted 
 himself to gardening. He was in favor at court after the 
 Restoration, and held some minor offices. He was much 
 interested in the Royal Society, of which he was a fellow 
 in 1661, one of the council in 1662, secretary 1672. He ob- 
 tained for it the Arundelian library in 1678, and for the 
 University of Oxford the Arundelian marbles in 1667, both 
 from the Duke of Norfolk. He was treasurer of Green- 
 wich Hospital 1695-1703. Among his works are “The State 
 of France, etc. ’’ (1652), “ A Character of England ’’ (1659), 
 “ Apology for the Royal Party, etc. ” (1659), “ Fumif ugium ’’ 
 (1661), “Sculptura, etc.” (1662), “Sylva, etc.” (1664), “Ka- 
 lendarium Hortense ” (1664), “Numismata, etc.” (1697), 
 “The Complete Gardener ’’ (translated from the French of 
 Quintinie, 1698), etc. His memoirs, first published in 
 1818-19, edited by William Bray, contain his letters and 
 diary. 
 
 Evemerus (e-vem'e-rus), or Euemerus (u-em'- 
 e-rus), or Euhemerus (ii-hem'e-rus). [Gr. 
 Ei^/rrpof.] Lived iu the second half of the 4th 
 century B. C. A Greek mythographer. He wrote 
 a “Sacred History ”(’Iepd ’ Xvaypafyri), in which he gave an 
 anthropomorphic explanation of current mythology. 
 
 The most famous of the later theories was that of Eu- 
 emerus (316 B. c.). In a kind of philosophical romance, 
 Euemerus declared that he had sailed to some No-man ’s- 
 land, Panchoea, where he found the verity about mythical 
 times engraved on pillars of bronze. This truth lie pub- 
 lished in the Sacra Historia, where he rationalised the 
 fables, averring that the gods had been men, and that the 
 myths were exaggerated and distorted records of facts. 
 
 Lang, Myth., etc., I. 15. 
 
 Evening’s Love, An, or The Mock Astrolo- 
 ger. A comedy by Dryden, acted and printed 
 in 1668. it was taken in part from the younger Cor- 
 neille’s “Le feint astrologne,” a version of “El astrologo 
 fingido”(by Calderon), and from Moliere’s “D£pit amou- 
 reux.” 
 
 Evenus (e-ve'nus). In ancient geography, a 
 river of iEtolia, Greece, flowing into the Gulf 
 of Patras 7 miles southeast of Missolonglii: 
 the modern Fidaris. Length, 50-60 miles. 
 
 Everdingen (ev'er-ding-en), Aldert or Allart 
 van. Born at Alkmaar, Netherlands, 1621: 
 died at Amsterdam, 1675. A Dutch marine and 
 landscape painter and etcher. 
 
 Everest (ev'er-est), Sir George. Born atGwern- 
 vale, Brecknock, Wales, July 4, 1790: died at 
 Greenwich, near London, Dee. 1, 1866. A Brit- 
 ish surveyor, superintendent of the trigono- 
 metrical survey of India in 1823, and surveyor- 
 general of India in 1830. Mount Everest was 
 named in his honor. 
 
 Everest, Mount. [Named from the English 
 engineer Sir George Everest.] The highest 
 known mountain of the globe, situated in the 
 Himalayas, in Nepal, in lat. 27° 59' N., long. 
 86° 56' E. Height, 29,002 feet. 
 
 Everett (ev'er-et), A city in Middlesex 
 County, Massachusetts, 3 miles north of Bos- 
 ton. Population, 33,484, (1910). 
 
 Everett, Alexander Hill. Born at Boston, 
 Mass., March 19, 1790 : died at Canton, China, 
 May 29, 1847. An American diplomatist and 
 author. He was charge d’affaires in the Netherlands 
 1818-24, minister to Spain 1825-29, and commissioner to 
 China 1846-47. He published “Europe, etc.”(1821), “New 
 Ideas ou Population ” (1822), “America, etc.” (1827). 
 
 Everett, Edward. Born at Dorchester, Mass., 
 April 11, 1794: died at Boston, Jan. 15, 1865. 
 A celebrated American statesman, orator, and 
 author, brother of A. H. Everett. He was pro- 
 fessor of Greek at Harvard College 1819-25 ; editor of the 
 “ North American Review ” 1820-24 ; member of Congress 
 from Massachusetts 1826-35 ; governor of Massachusetts 
 1836-40 ; minister to England 1841-45 ; president of Har- 
 vard College 1846-49 ; secretary of state 1852-53 ; and 
 United States senator from Massachusetts 1863-54. He 
 was the candidate of the Constitutional Union party for 
 Vice-President in 1860. His “Orations and Speeches” 
 were published 1850-69. 
 
 Everett, or Washington, Mount. One of the 
 
 highest summits of the Taconic Mountains, in 
 the southwestern corner of Massachusetts. 
 Height, 2,624 feet. 
 
 Everglades (ev'er-gladz). A swampy unin- 
 habited region in Dade, Lee, and Monroe 
 counties, southern Florida. 
 
 Exarchate of Ravenna 
 
 Evergreen. The pseudonym of Washington 
 Irving in “Salmagundi.” 
 
 Eversley (ev'erz-li). A village in Hampshire, 
 England, 8 miles southeast of Reading. Charles 
 Kingsley was rector there for over 30 years. 
 Every Man in his Humour. A comedy by Ben 
 Jonson, first acted in 1598, and published in 
 1601 (quarto: folio 1616). In its first form, with 
 Italian characters, it was acted in 1596. 
 
 Every Man out of his Humour. A comedy 
 by Ben Jonson, first produced in 1599, and pub- 
 lished in 1600 (quarto : folio 1606). He called 
 it “ a comical satire.” 
 
 Evesham (evz'hamor evz'am). [AS. Eofesham.'] 
 A town in Worcestershire, England, situated on 
 the Avon 14 miles southeast of Worcester. Here 
 the royalists under Prince Edward (afterward Edward I.) 
 defeated the baronial forces under Simon de Montfort, Aug. 
 4, 1265. Simon and his son Henry were killed, and the 
 barons party was broken up. Population, 7,101. 
 
 Evian-les-Bains (a-vyoh'la-ban'). A town in 
 the department of Haute-Savoie, France, on 
 the Lake of Geneva opposite Lausanne. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 3,112. 
 
 Evil Merodach (e'vil mer'o-dak). [Babylo- 
 nian Avel or Am el Marduk, man (i. e. ‘servant’) 
 of the god Merodach.] Son of Nebuchadnez- 
 zar, king of Babylon 561-559 B. C. He released 
 the Judean king Jehoiachin from prison, after 37 years’ 
 confinement, and honored him above all the vassal kings. 
 He was killed in a rebellion led by his sister’s husband, 
 Neriglissar (Nergalsharezer), who then seized the Baby- 
 lonian crown. According to Berosus he rendered himself 
 odious by his arbitrary and unwise rule. 
 
 Evora (a'vo-ra). The capital of the province 
 of Alemtejo, Portugal, 76 miles east by south 
 of Lisbon. It contains remains from the Roman city 
 of Ebora. The cathedral is an interesting church of the 
 13th century, with rose-windows in the transepts, and a 
 west porch or narthex containing tombs and opening 
 into the nave by a fine sculptured doorway ; the interior 
 has clustered columns, and there is a later Pointed clois- 
 ter. A Roman triumphal arch, in masonry of large blocks, 
 is in good preservation. A Roman temple of Diana, a 
 Corinthian structure 40 by 68 feet, is unusually well pre- 
 served. It is hexastyle prostyle, with a deep pronaos, 
 having 3 columns on each flank in addition to the angle- 
 column. The sculpture and details are of good execu- 
 tion. 
 
 Evre’JX (a-vre'). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Eure, France, situated on the Iton in 
 lat. 49° N., long. 1° 7' E. It manufactures tools, 
 hosiery, etc., and has a cathedral. Near by is Vieil-Ev- 
 reux, with Roman antiquities, on the site of the Roman 
 Mediolanum. It was the seatof a Norman county. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 18,971. 
 
 Evreux, Yves d\ See Yves d’ivreux, 
 
 Ewald (a'valt), Georg Heinrich August. 
 
 Born at Gottingen, Prussia, Nov. 16, 1803: died 
 at Gottingen, May 4, 1875. A celebrated Ger- 
 man Orientalist and biblical critic. He was pro- 
 fessor of philology at Gottingen 1827-37, at Tubingen 
 1838-48, and again at Gottingen 1848-67. Both in 1837 
 and in 1867 he was removed from his position at Gottingen 
 for political reasons. He published a “Hebrew Gram- 
 mar ’’(1827), “ Geschichte des Volkes Israel ” (1843-1859), 
 “Alterthumer des Volkes Israel" (1848), and works of 
 scriptural exegesis and criticism. 
 
 Ewald, Johannes. See Evald. 
 
 Ewbank (u'bangk), Thomas. Born at Barnard 
 Castle, Durham, England, March 11, 1792 : died 
 at New York, Sept. 16, 1870. An American 
 manufacturer and writer on mechanics. He 
 published “An Account of Hydraulic and other 
 Machines ” (1842), etc. 
 
 Ewe (a-wa/). An important African nation 
 which occupies the region between the Volta 
 River and Yoruba, in western Africa. By the na- 
 tives this region is called Ewe-me, i. e. * home of the Ewe.’ 
 The nation is subdivided into five tribes, and the lan- 
 guage into as many dialects : the Mahe, on the upper Volta 
 River; the Dahomey; the Weta, usually called Whydah or 
 Popo ; the Anfiie, between the Weta and Ashanti and be- 
 longing to the King of Peki ; and the Anlo, on the east 
 bank of the Volta. Politically this nation and country are 
 subject to Dahomey, England, France, and Germany. 
 
 Ewell (n'el), Richard Stoddard. Born in the 
 District of Columbia, Feb., 1817: died near 
 Spring-Hill, Tenn., Jan. 25, 1872. A gen- 
 eral in the Confederate service. He served with 
 distinction at the battles of Bull Run, Gettys- 
 burg, the Wilderness, etc. 
 
 Ewing (u'ing), John. Born at Nottingham, 
 Md., June 22, 1732 : died at Philadelphia, Sept. 
 8, 1802. An American Presbyterian clergyman, 
 provost of the University of Pennsylvania 
 1779-1802. 
 
 Ewing, Thomas. Born in Ohio County, Va., 
 Dec. 28, 1789: died at Lancaster, Ohio, Oct. 26, 
 1871. An American politician. He was United 
 States senator (Whig) from Ohio 1831-37, secretary of 
 the treasury 1841, secretary of the interior 1840-50, and 
 United States senator 1850-51. 
 
 Exarchate of Ravenna. See Ravenna, Ex- 
 archate of. 
 
Excalibur 
 
 Excalibur (eks-kal'i-ber), orExcalibar, or Es- 
 calibor. The sword of the mythical King Ar- 
 thur. Arthur received it from the hands of the Lady of 
 the Lake. It had a scabbard the wearer of which could 
 lose no blood. Some versions of the romance call it “ Mi- 
 randoise.” There seems, however, to have been also an- 
 other sword called Excalibur in the early part of the story. 
 This was the sword, plunged deep into a stone, which could 
 be draw'n forth only by the man who was to be king. After 
 two hundred knights had failed, Arthur drew it out with- 
 out difficulty. 
 
 Excelsior Geyser. One of the largest geysers 
 in the world, in the Yellowstone National Park, 
 Wyoming. It has thrown a column of water to 
 a height of from 200 to 300 feet. 
 
 Excursion, The. A didactic poem by William 
 Wordsworth, forming part of the “Recluse,” 
 published in 1814. 
 
 Exe (eks). [ME. Exe, AS. Exa, recorded in Exan 
 ceaster, Exeter, and Exan mutha, Exmouth.] 
 A river in Somerset and Devon, England, flow- 
 ing into the English Channel 10 miles south- 
 southeast of Exeter. Length, 54 miles. 
 Exeter (eks'e-ter). [ME. Exeter, Excetre, Exces- 
 ter, Excestre, AS. Exanceaster, Eaxcceaster, city 
 of (on) the Exe.] 1 . A cathedral city, the capi- 
 tal of Devonshire, England, on the Exe, near 
 its mouth, in lat. 50° 43' N., long. 3° 31' W. it is 
 a seaport, and has some foreign trade. It manufactures 
 gloves and agricultural machinery. It is said to be the old- 
 est English city having continuous existence. Itwas taken 
 by William I. in 1068, was unsuccessfully besieged by 
 Perkin Warbeck in 1497 and by Cornish insurgents in 
 1549, and was taken by Prince Maurice in 1643, and by 
 Fairfax in 1646. Thecathedral, which is 408feet in length 
 by 76 in breadth, was founded in the 12th century, but in 
 its present form dates, except the two Norman transept- 
 towers (with one exception the only example of transept- 
 towers in England), from between 1280 and 1394. The 
 west front presents a strange design, its lower portion 
 being an imitation in stone of a wooden screen, with three 
 tiers of statues in niches ; above is a large window with 
 good tracery. The interior is rich and effective, with fine 
 arches, vaulting with central rib and very numerous radi- 
 ating ribs, and interesting medieval tombs and bishop's 
 throne. Population, 48,660, (1911). 
 
 John Shillingford tells us that Exeter was a walled city 
 before the Incarnation of Christ; and, though it is not 
 likely to have been a walled city in any sense that would 
 satisfy either modern or Roman engineers, it is likely 
 enough to have been already a fortified post before Caesar 
 landed in Britain. Freeman, Eng. Towns, p. 61. 
 
 2. A town in Rockingham County, New Hamp- 
 shire, situated on the Exeter River 13 miles 
 southwest of Portsmouth. It is the seat of 
 Phillips Academy (which see). Population, 
 4,897, (1910). 
 
 Exeter Book, The. [L. Codex Exoniensis.\ A 
 collection of Anglo-Saxon poems given by Bish- 
 op Leofric to the library of the cathedral of 
 Exeter, England, between 1046 and 1073. it “ con- 
 tains pieces apparently detached which are now regarded 
 as forming a connected poem upon Christ, by Cynewulf 
 (hymns to the Saviour-, to the Virgin, to the Trinity, on 
 the Nativity, Ascension, and Harrowing of Hell) ; also 
 hymns of praise and thanksgiving ; poems on the Day of 
 Judgment and the Crucifixion, and on Souls after Death ; 
 a short sermon in verse ; and the ‘ Legend of St. Guthlac,’ 
 a metrical paraphrase of the Latin ‘Life of St. Guthlac,’ by 
 Felix, a monk of Croyland Abbey” ( Morley , Eng. Writers, 
 II. 199). It also contains a paraphrase of the “Song of 
 Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah,” “The Phoenix, ” “Le- 
 gend of St. Juliana,” “ The Wanderer,” “ The Seafarer,” a 
 poem on Christian morality, “ Widsith,” “The Wonders of 
 Creation, ” “ The Panther,” “ The Whale,” “ The Address of 
 the Soul to the Body,” “ Song of Deor the Bard,” and a col- 
 lection of riddles. The book was first published by the 
 London Society of Antiquaries in 1842 as “ Codex Exoni- 
 ensis, etc.” 
 
 Exeter College. A college at Oxford, England, 
 founded by Walter de Stapeldon, bishop of Exe- 
 
 375 
 
 ter, in 1314. The endowment was Increased by Sir 
 William Petre in 1565. The buildings have been often re- 
 stored, and are in part modern. 
 
 Walter de Stapeldon, Bishop of Exeter, was the founder 
 of the college which now bears the name of that see. In 
 April, 1314, he conveyed the rectory of Gwinear, in Corn- 
 wall, to the Dean and Chapter of Exeter, on condition that 
 they should apply the income to the maintenance of twelve 
 scholars studying philosophy at the University; and he 
 purchased for these scholars two houses in the parish of 
 St. Peter in the East, at Oxford, known respectively as 
 Hart Hall and Arthur Hall. The original members of the 
 foundation were placed in Hart Hall, which in consequence 
 received for a while the name of Stapeldon Hall. It was 
 not long, however, before the Bishop resolved to provide 
 them with a more comfortable abode. In October, 1315, 
 he bought a tenement called St. Stephen’s Hall, an ad- 
 joining tenement called La Lavandrie, and a third to the 
 east of them, situated just within the town wall, between 
 the Turl and Smith Gate. Thither the twelve scholars 
 removed, and the name of Stapeldon Hall was transferred 
 to the little group of buildings which thus became the 
 nucleus of Exeter College. Lyte, Oxford, p. 137. 
 
 Exeter Hall. A building on the Strand, Lon- 
 don, used for religious, charitable, and musical 
 assemblies. It was pm-chased for the Young 
 Men’s Christian Association in 1880. 
 
 Exmoor (eks'mor). A hilly moorland and marshy 
 region in western Somerset and northern Dev- 
 on, England. It is noted for its breed of ponies and 
 for wild deer. The scene of Blackmore’s novel “ Lorna 
 Doone ” is laid in it. Highest point (Dunkery Beacon), 
 1,707 feet. 
 
 Exmouth (eks'muth). [ME. Exemuth, AS. Exan 
 mutlia, mouth of the Exe.] A town and wa- 
 tering-place in Devonshire, England, situated 
 at the mouth of the Exe, 10 miles southeast of 
 Exeter Population, 10,485. 
 
 Exmouth, Viscount. See Pellew. 
 
 Exodus (ek'so-dus). [Gr. from t£, out, 
 
 and 666c, a way.] The second book of the Old 
 Testament. It takes its name from the deliverance 
 (which it describes) of the Israelites from their bondage 
 under the Pharaohs, and their departure from Egypt. 
 
 Exploits (eks-ploits') River. The largest river 
 in Newfoundland. It lias a northeasterly course, and 
 falls into the Bay of Exploits, in Notre Dame Bay. Length, 
 200 miles. 
 
 Expounder of the Constitution. An epithet 
 popularly applied to Daniel Webster. 
 
 Expunging Resolution. A resolution intro- 
 duced into the United States Senate by T. H. 
 Benton of Missouri, to erase from the journal 
 the censure passed by the Senate on Presi- 
 dent Jackson, March 28, 1834, relating to the 
 bank controversy. It was first introduced in 
 1834, and was carried Jan. 16, 1837. 
 
 Exterminator, The. [Sp. El Exterminador.'] 
 A surname of Montbars, a French adventurer. 
 See Montbars. 
 
 Exton (eks' ton), Sir Pierce of. A minor 
 character in Shakspere’s “ King Richard II.” 
 
 Exurnas (eks-6'maz). A group of islands cen- 
 trally situated in the Bahamas. The Great 
 Exuma has a fine harbor. Population, about 
 3,000. 
 
 Eyam (e'am or i'am). A village in Derbyshire, 
 England, southeast of Castleton. Its population 
 was nearly exterminated in the plague of 1665- 
 1666. 
 
 Eyck (ik), Hubert van. Born at Maaseyck, 
 near Liege, in 1366 : died at Ghent, Flanders, 
 Sept. 18, 1426. A noted Flemish painter. 
 
 Eyck, Jan van. Born at Maaseyck about 
 1386: died at Bruges, Flanders, July 9, 1440. 
 A Flemish painter, brother of Hubert van 
 Eyck, and court painter of Philip the Good, 
 duke of Burgundy. 
 
 Ezzelino 
 
 Eyck, Margarete van. Lived in the first part 
 of the 15th century. A Flemish painter, sister 
 of Hubert and Jan van Eyck. 
 
 Eye (I). A town in Suffolk, England, 18 miles 
 north of Ipswich. Population, 2,004. 
 
 Eye (i'e), Johann Ludolf August von. Born 
 at Fiirstenau, Hannover, May 24, 1825 : died 
 at Nordhausen, Jan. 13, 1896. A German art 
 historian. His chief work is “Leben und Wirken Al- 
 brecht Diirers " (1860). 
 
 Eyemouth (i'mouth). Afishingtownin Berwick- 
 shire, Scotland, 8 miles northwest of Berwick. 
 Population, 2,377- 
 
 Eye of the Baltic. The island of Gothland. 
 
 Eylau (i'lou), or Prussian Eylau. A town in 
 the province of East Prussia, Prussia, 22 miles 
 south-southeast of Konigsberg. An indecisive 
 battle was fought here Feb. 8, 1807, between the French 
 (about 80,000) under Napoleon and the Russians and Prus- 
 sians (about 70,000) under BennigBen and Lestocq. The loss 
 of each side amounted to about 18,000. Pop., about 3,000. 
 
 Eyre (ar), Edward John. Born August, 1815 : 
 died Nov. 30, 1901. An English colonial gov- 
 ernor. He explored Australia 1840-41, and was 
 governor of Jamaica 1864-66. See Century 
 Atlas, Map 115. 
 
 Eyre, Jane. See Jane Eyre. 
 
 Eyre, Lake. [Named from the English traveler 
 in Australia, Edward John Eyre.] A salt lake 
 in South Australia, about lat. 28°-29° S., long. 
 137° E. Length, about 95 miles. 
 
 Eyria (l'ri-a) Peninsula. A peninsula in South 
 Australia, northwest of Spencer Gulf. 
 
 Eyzaguirre (ay-tha-ger're), Agustin. Born at 
 Santiago, 1766: died there, July 19, 1837. A 
 Chilean statesman. He was a member of the govern- 
 ment junta in 1813. From 1814 to 1817 he was imprisoned 
 by the Spaniards at Juan Fernandez. After the overthrow 
 of O’Higgins (Jan., 1823), Eyzaguirre was a member of the 
 temporary junta. Elected vice-president soon after, he 
 was acting president Sept., 1826, to Jan., 1827, when he 
 was deposed by a military mutiny. 
 
 Ezekiel (e-ze'ki-el). [Heb.,‘ God will strength- 
 en.’] Bom in Palestine about 620 B. c. : died 
 after 572 b. c. A Hebrew prophet, author of 
 the book of Ezekiel. He was carried captive to Baby- 
 lonia in 597, and commenced his career as a prophet in 597. 
 
 Ezida (a'zi-da). [Akkadian e-zida, the eternal 
 house.] The chief sanctuary of Nebo (Nabu), 
 the Assyro-Babylonian god of wisdom and lit- 
 erature (mentioned in Isa. xlVi. 1), in Borsippa, 
 the modern mound of Birs Nimrud, not far 
 from Babylon. The temple was constructed of seven 
 platforms piled one on another, each square in shape and 
 somewhat smaller than the preceding one. The top one 
 served as an observatory. It is supposed that this tower- 
 like structure, called in the inscriptions ziqqurat, is alluded 
 to in the story of the “tower of Babel ” in Genesis. He- 
 rodotus gives a description of it, but considered it to be a 
 sanctuary of Bel. 
 
 Ezion-Geber (e'zi-on-ge'ber), or Ezion-Gaber 
 
 (e'zi-on-ga'ber). In scripture geography, a port 
 on the Elanitic Gulf of the Red Sea. It was 
 a rendezvous of the fleets of Solomon and Je- 
 hoshaphat. 
 
 Ezra(ez'ra). [TIeb.,‘help’; Gr. "Ecfipaf.] Lived 
 in the middle of the 5th century B. c. A Hebrew 
 scribe and priest. He conducted an expedition from 
 Babylon to Palestine about 458, and car ried out important 
 reforms at Jerusalem. To him have been ascribed the 
 revision and editing of the earlier books of Scripture, the 
 determination of the canon, and the authorship not only 
 of the books that bear his name and that of N ehemiah, but 
 also of the books of Chronicles and Esther. 
 
 Ezzelino (et-ze-le'no), or Eccelino (a-che-le'- 
 no), da Romano. Born at Onara, near Treviso, 
 Italy, April 26,1194: died Sept., 1259, An Italian 
 Ghibelline leader. 
 
bel (fa'bel), Peter. A per- 
 son, buried at Edmouton in 
 the reign of Henry VII., 
 around whom the tradition 
 grew that he had sold his soul 
 to the devil and then cheated 
 him out of it. He was made 
 the hero of the play “The 
 Merry Devil of Edmonton.” 
 
 Faber (fa'ber), Basilius. [L. faber, smith.] 
 Born at Sorau, Prussia, 1520: died at Erfurt, 
 Germany, probably in 1576. A German classical 
 scholar, author of “Thesaurus eruditionis scho- 
 lastic®” (1571), etc. 
 
 Faber (fa'ber), Frederick William. Bom at. 
 
 Calverley, Yorkshire, England, June 28, 1814: 
 died Sept. 26, 1863. An English hymn-writer. 
 
 He was a clergyman of the Anglican Church until 1845, and 
 afterward became a priest of the Roman Catholic Church. 
 A complete edition of his hymns was published in 1861. 
 
 Faber, George Stanley. Born at Calverley, 
 Yorkshire, Oct. 25, 1773: died near Durham. 
 Jan. 27, 1854. Au English divine and contro- 
 versialist, uncle of F. W. Faber. He graduated at 
 Oxford, and became a fellow and tutor of Lincoln College 
 in 1793. He was successively curate of Calverley, vicar of 
 Stockton-upon-Tees, rector of Redmarshall , rector of Long 
 Newton, and master of Sherburn Hospital. He wrote “Horas 
 Mosaic®, etc.” ( 1801 ), “A Dissertation on the Mysteries of 
 the Cabiri, etc.” (1803), works on the prophecies, etc. 
 
 Faber (fa'ber), Johann, surnamed Malleus 
 Haereticorum (L., ‘hammer of heretics’). 
 Born at Leutkireh, Wiirtemberg, 1478: died at 
 Vienna, 1541. A German controversialist and 
 opponent of the Reformation. 
 
 Faber (fa'ber), John. Born at The Hague 
 aboutl660: died at Bristol, England, May, 1721. 
 A Dutch mezzotint engraver, resident in Eng- 
 land after 1687 (?). 
 
 Faber, John. Born 1695 (?) : died at London, 
 May 2, 1756. An English mezzotint engraver, 
 a son of John Faber (1660-1721). 
 
 Faber ( fa-bar ' ), or Lefbbvre (le-favr' ) , J acques, 
 surnamed Stapulensis (from his birthplace). 
 Born at Etaples, France, about 1450: died at 
 Ndrac, Lot-et-Garonne, France, 1537. A French 
 scholar and reformer, vicar (1523) of the Bishop 
 of Means. He wrote commentaries on tiie works of 
 Ar istotle, and translated some of the books of the Bible 
 into French (1523-30). 
 
 Fabia gens (fa'bi-a jenz). In ancient Romo, a 
 patrician clan or house, probably of Sabine ori- 
 gin, which traced its descent from Hercules and 
 the Arcadian Evander. Its family names under the 
 republic were Ambustus, Buteo, Dorso, Labeo, Licinus, 
 Maximus, Pictor, and Vibulanus. 
 
 Fabian. See Fabyan. 
 
 Fabian (fa'bi-an). In Sbakspere’s “ Twelfth 
 Night,” a servant to Olivia. 
 
 Fabius (fa'bi-us), The American. A name 
 given to Washington, whose tactics were simi- 
 lar to those of Fabius the Cunctator. 
 
 Fabius, The French. A name given to Anne, 
 due de Montmorency, grand constable of 
 France. 
 
 Fabius Maximus Rullianus, Quintus. Died 
 about 290 b. c. A Rorpan general. He was con- 
 sul six times, the first time in 322 and the last in 206, and 
 was dictator in 315. He distinguished himself in the third 
 war against (he Satellites, over whom and their allies he 
 gained the decisive victory of Sentinum in 295. 
 
 Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, Quintus, sur- 
 named Cunctator (‘the Delayer’). Died 203 
 B. C. A Roman general. He was consul for the 
 first time in 233, when by a victory over the Ligurians he 
 obtained the honor of a triumph. In 218 he was at the 
 head of the legation sent by the Roman senate to demand 
 reparation of Carthage fortlie attack on Saguntum. After 
 the defeat of the consul Flaminius by Hannibal at Tlira- 
 symenus, he was, in 217, appointed dictator. Avoiding 
 pitched battles (whence his surname Cunctator, ‘delayer’), 
 he weakened the Carthaginians by numerous skirmishes. 
 Dissatisfaction having arisen at Rome with this method of 
 carrying on the war, a bill was passed in the senate divid- 
 ing the command between the dictator and his master 
 of the horse, Minucius, who engaged with Hannibal, and 
 would have been destroyed if Fabius had not hastened to 
 his assistance. Fabius was succeeded in command by the 
 consuls Paulus .-Lmilius and Terentius Varro, who, adopt- 
 
 ing a more aggressive policy, were totally defeated at the 
 battle of Canine in 216. He was consul for the fifth time 
 in 209, when he inflicted a severe loss on Hannibal by the 
 recapture of Tarentum in southern Italy. 
 
 Fabius Pictor (fa'bi-us pik'tor), Quintus. A 
 
 Roman historian. He served in the Gallic war in 225 
 B. c., as also in the second Punic war, and was sent to 
 Delphi, after the battle of Cannae in 216, to consult the ora- 
 cle as to how the Roman state could propitiate the gods. 
 He was the author of a history of Rome including the 
 period of the second Punic war. This history, which is 
 now lost, was written in Greek, and was highly esteemed 
 by the ancients. 
 
 Fable for Critics, A. A poem by James Russell 
 Lowell, in which he satirically reviews the 
 winters and critics of America. It was pub- 
 lished in 1848. 
 
 Fabre (fabr), Ferdinand. Born at Bedarieux, 
 Hdrault, France, in 1830 : died at Paris, Feb. 11, 
 1898. A French novelist. He was made con- 
 servator of the Mazarin Library in 1883. 
 
 Fabre, Francois Xavier Pascal. Born at Mont- 
 pellier, Franco, April 1, 1766 : died at Mont- 
 pellier, March 16, 1837. A French historical 
 painter. 
 
 Fabre d’Eglantine (fabr da-gloh-ten'), Phi- 
 lippe Francois N azaire. Born at Carcassonne, 
 France, Dec. 28, 1755: guillotined at Paris, 
 April 5, 1794. A French dramatist and revolu- 
 tionist. He wrote numerous comedies, among them 
 “ Le Philinte de Moliere ” (1790), which insured him high 
 rank as a dramatic writer ; “ L’lntrigue 6pistolaire " (1791) ; 
 “ Le convalescent de qualite ' (1791) ; etc. In the revolu- 
 tionary movement he joined the party of Danton, and per- 
 ished with it. The name d'Eglantine he assumed from a 
 golden eglantine (wild rose) which he received as a prize 
 in his youth from the Academy of the Floral Games at 
 Toulouse. 
 
 Fabretti (fa-bret'te), Ariodante. Born Oct. 1, 
 1816 : died Sept. 16, 1894. An Italian archasolo- 
 gist and historian, professor of archceology and 
 director of the museum of antiquities at Turin. 
 He became a senator in 1889. 
 
 Fabretti, Raffaelle. Bom at Urbino, Italy, 
 1618: died at Rome, Jan. 7, 1700. An Italian 
 antiquary, custodian of the archives of the Castle 
 of St. Angelo. He wrote “De aquis et aquse- 
 ductibus veteris Rom® ” (1680), “ Inscriptionum 
 antiquarum explicatio, etc.” (1699). 
 
 Fabriano (fa-bre-a'nd). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Ancona, Italy, 36 miles southwest of 
 Ancona. It is the seat of a bishopric, and has paper 
 manufactures. Population, commune, 21,096. 
 
 Fabriano, Gentile da. Born at Fabriano, Italy, 
 about 1370: died at Rome about 1450. An 
 Italian painter. 
 
 Fabrice (fa-bres'), Georg Friedrich Alfred, 
 
 Count von. Born at Quesnoy, France, in 1818 : 
 died at Dresden, March 25, 1891. Minister of 
 war to the King of Saxony. He became prime min- 
 ister in 1876 and minister of foreign affairs in 1882, and 
 was created count in 1881. 
 
 Fabricius (fa-brish'i-us). In Le Sage’s “Gil 
 Bias,” a verbose and inexplicable writer. His 
 object was to reduce the simple to the unintel- 
 ligible. 
 
 Fabricius (fa-bret'se-os), Georg (originally 
 Goldschmid). [L. Fabricius, name of a Roman 
 gens, from faber, smith.] Born at Chemnitz, 
 Saxony, April, 1516: died at Meissen, Saxony, 
 1571. A German scholar, poet, and arc-h®olo- 
 gist. 
 
 Fabricius (fa-brisli'i-us), or Fabrizio (fa-bret'- 
 se-o), Hieronymus, surnamed Ab Aquapen- 
 dente (L. : from Aquapendente, his birthplace). 
 Born at Aquapendente, Papal States, Italy, 
 1537 : died at Padua, Italy, May, 1619. A cele- 
 brated Italian anatomist and surgeon. His 
 works were edited by Albinus (1737). 
 
 Fabricius (fa-bret'se-os), Johann Albert. 
 Born at Leipsic, Nov. 11, 1668: died at Ham- 
 burg, April 30, 1736. A German scholar, noted 
 for the universality of his knowledge. He wrote 
 “ Bibliotheca gncca” (1705-28), “Bibliotheca latina” (1697), 
 “Bibliotheca mediae et infinite aetatis ” (1734), “ Bibliotheca 
 ecclesiastica ” (1718), “ Bibliographia autiquaria” (1713), 
 etc. 
 
 Fabricius, Johann Christian. Born at Ton- 
 
 376 
 
 dem, Schleswig, Jan. 7, 1745: died at Kiel, 
 Holstein, March 3, 1808. A noted Danish en- 
 tomologist. His chief work is “ Systema entomologiae ” 
 (1775 : enlarged edition 1792-94, with a supplement 1798). 
 
 Fabricius Luscinus (fa-brish'i-us lu-si'nus), 
 Caius. Died after 275 b. c. A Roman consul 
 and general, noted for his incorruptibility. He 
 was ambassador to Pyrrhus in 280. 
 
 Fabroni (fa-bro'ne), or Fabbroni, Angelo. 
 Born at Marradi, Tuscany, Italy, Sept. 25, 1732: 
 died at Florence (Pisa ?), Italy, Sept. 22, 1803. 
 An Italian biographer. His chief work is 
 “ Vitro Italorum doctrina excellentium” ( 1778— 
 1805). 
 
 Fabrot (fa-bro'), Charles Annibal. Born at 
 Aix, France, Sept. 15, 1580: died at Paris, Jan. 
 16, 1659. A French jurisconsult and writer on 
 the civil law. He published “ Basilicon libri LX, Car. 
 Ann. Fabriotus latine vertit et Graoce edidit ” (1647), “The- 
 opliili institutiones ” (1683\ etc. 
 
 Fabvier (fa-vya'), Charles Nicolas, Baron. 
 Born at Pont-a-Mousson, Dec. 15, 1783 : died at 
 Paris, Sept. 15, 1855. A French general. He 
 entered the army in 1804, and served with distinction in 
 the Napoleonic wars. In 1823 he went to the assistance 
 of the Greeks, to whom he rendered essential service in 
 the organization of their army. He resigned from the 
 Greek service in 1828. He wrote “Journal des operations 
 du 6^ me corps pendant la campagne de 1814 en France” 
 (1819). 
 
 Fabyan (fa'bi-an), Robert. Died probably Feb. 
 28, 1513. An English chronicler. He appears to 
 have followed the trade of a clothier in London, where he 
 became a member of the Drapers’ Company and alderman 
 of the ward of Farringdon Without, besides holding in 
 1493 the office of sheriff. He wrote a chronicle of Eng- 
 land from the arrival of Brutus to his own day, entitled 
 “The Concordance of Histories,” which was first printed 
 by Pynson in 1516 under the title “The New Chronicles 
 of England and France.” Subsequent editions, with addi- 
 tions and alterations, were published by Rastell (1533), 
 Reynes (1542), and Kingston (1559). 
 
 Fabyan’s (fa'bi-anz). A hotel and summer re- 
 sort in the White Mountains, New Hampshire, 
 9 miles west of Mount Washington. 
 
 Faccio(fa'cho), Franco. Bom at Verona, March 
 8, 1840: died at Monza, July 23, 1891. An Ital- 
 ian musician . After the death of Mariani, he was con- 
 sidered the best leader of orchestra in Italy. 
 
 Faccio (fa'cho), Nicolas. Born at Basel, Feb. 
 16, 1664: died April 28 or May 12, 1753. A 
 Swiss mathematician of Italian descent. He 
 went to London, where, after having obtained a fourteen- 
 year patent for the sole use in England of an invention 
 for piercing rubies to receive the pivots of the balance- 
 wheel of watches, he entered into partnership with the 
 French watchmakers Peter and Jacob de Beaufrd. He 
 was a protdgS of Newton, and wrote a number of learned 
 treatises, including “Lettre a M. Cassini . . . touchant 
 une lumiere extraordinaire qui paroit dans le ciel depuis 
 quelques ann6es" (1686). 
 
 Facciolati (fa-cho-la'te), or Facciolato (-to), 
 Jacopo. Born at Torreglia, near Padua, Italy, 
 Jan. 4, 1682: died at Padua, Aug. 26, 1769. An 
 Italian philologist, professor of philosophy at 
 Padua. He cooperated with Forcellini in the compila- 
 tion of the Latin dictionary “Totius latinitatis lexicon," 
 which appeared under their names (1771, and later edi- 
 tions). 
 
 Face (fas). In Ben Jonson’s play “The Al- 
 chemist,” a servant of Lovewit. He is left in 
 charge of his house, where all the deviltries of the play 
 take place. He becomes the confederate of Subtle, the 
 (pretended) alchemist, and of Dol Common, his mistress. 
 He is a daring, cheating, spirited schemer of great au- 
 dacity. In the house he is Subtle’s understrapper and 
 varlet; outside he takes the part of a Paul’s man and 
 brings in dupes to Subtle. On the return of his master 
 he is discovered, but makes terms with him. 
 
 Fackeux (fa-slie'), Les. [F., ‘The Bores.’] A 
 comedy by Moli&re, first represented at Van, 
 before the king, in 1661. 
 
 Facino Cane (fa-che'no ka'ne). A story by 
 Balzac. It was written in 1836, and describes 
 his struggles with poverty. 
 
 Faddiley (fad'i-li). A place near Nantwich, 
 Cheshire, England, regarded as identical with 
 Fethan-Seag, the scene of a battle (584) in 
 which Ceawlin was defeated by the Britons. 
 
 Faddle (fad'l). In Moore’s play “The Found- 
 ling,” a knavish fop, intended to satirize Rus- 
 sell, a well-known social favorite of the day. 
 
Fadladeen 
 
 Fadladeen (fad-la-den'). In Moore’s metrical 
 romance ‘ ‘ Lalla I'iookh, ” the grand chamberlain 
 of the harem. He is an infallible judge of everything, 
 from the penciling of a Circassian’s eyelids to the deepest 
 questions of science and literature. 
 
 Fadladinida (fad-la-din'i-da). In Carey’s bur- 
 lesque “Chrononhotonthologos,” the Queen of 
 Queerummania and wife of King Chrononhoton- 
 thologos. Her conduct is easy in the extreme. 
 Faed (fad), John. Born at Burley Mill in 1819: 
 died at Gatehouse of Fleet, Scotland, Oct. 22, 
 1902. A Scottish genre and landscape painter, 
 brother of Thomas Faed. 
 
 Faed, Thomas. Born at Burley Mill, Kirkcud- 
 brightshire. Scotland, June 8,1826: died at Lon- 
 don, Aug. 17, 1900. A Scottish painter. Among 
 
 his paintings, which are mostly delineations of Scottish 
 life, are “Sir Walter Scott and his Friends ” (1849), “The 
 Mitherless Bairn "(1855), “Jeanie Deans and the Duke of 
 Argyll ” (1868), “ School Board in the North ” (1881), etc. 
 Faenza (fa-en'za). A walled city in the prov- 
 ince of Ravenna, Italy, on the Lamone (or 
 Amone) : the ancient Faventia. it is noted for its 
 manufacture of silk and paper, and formerly of faience, 
 which is named from it. It has a cathedral and picture- 
 gallery, and was defended by a citadel. It was the birth- 
 place of Torricelli. The cathedral (duomo) is a large and 
 handsome Renaissance basilica, containing some good 
 paintings and sculptured tombs. The shrine of San Sa- 
 vino, the earliest local bishop, by Benedetto da Majano 
 (1472), consists of an altar, above which is the sarcophagus, 
 with six reliefs of scenes from the saint’s life, and other 
 sculptures. Population, city, 13,966 ; commune, 40,370. 
 
 Faerie Queene (fa'e-ri kwen), or Fairy (far'i) 
 Queen, The. An allegorical poem of chivalry 
 by Edmund Spenser. The original plan comprised 12 
 books. Of these I. -III. were published in 1590, and IV.-VT. 
 in 1596. Fragments of later books were published in 1611. 
 
 Spenser’s letter to Raleigh appended to the fragment 
 of “The Faerie Queene,” “expounding his whole intention 
 in the course of this work,” said only that “ he laboured 
 to pourtraict in Arthure, before he was king, the image 
 of a brave knight, perfected in the twelve moral vertues, 
 as Aristotle hath devised, the which is the purpose of the 
 first twelve books; which if I flnde to be well accepted, I 
 may be perhaps encouraged to frame the other part, of 
 polliticke vertues, in his person after that hee came to be 
 king. ” It was left for the reader to discover how grand 
 a design was indicated by these unassuming words. Spen- 
 ser said that by the Faerie Queene, whom Arthur sought, 
 “I mean glory in my generall intention, but in my par- 
 ticular I conceive the most excellent and glorious person 
 of our soveraine the queene, and her kingdom in Faery- 
 land." Morley, English Writers, IX. 317. 
 
 Twelve knights, representing twelve virtues, were to 
 have been sent on adventures from theCourtof Gloriana, 
 Queen of Fairyland. The six finished books give the le- 
 gends (each subdivided into twelve cantos, averaging fifty 
 or sixty stanzas each) of Holiness, Temperance, Chastity, 
 Friendship, Justice, and Courtesy: while a fragment of 
 two splendid “ Cantos on Mutability” is supposed to have 
 belonged to a seventh book (not necessarily seventh in 
 order) on Constancy. Legend has it that the poem was 
 actually completed ; but this seems improbable, as the 
 first three books were certainly ten years in hand, and the 
 second three six more. The existing poem, comprehend- 
 ing some four thousand stanzas, or between thirty and 
 forty thousand lines, exhibits so many and such varied 
 excellences that it is difficult to believe that the poet could 
 have done anything new in kind. 
 
 Saintsbury , Hist, of Elizabethan Lit,, p. 88. 
 
 Faesulse (fes'u-le). The ancient name of Fiesole. 
 Fafnir (faf'ner). [ON. Fdfnir.'] In the Old 
 Norse version of the Siegfried legend, a son of 
 the giant Hreidmar (ON. Hreidhmarr). He was 
 the possessor of the treasure originally owned by Andvari 
 and afterward called the hoard of the Nibelungs, upon 
 which he lay in the guise of a dragon. He was slain by 
 Sigurd, who thus became the owner of the hoard. 
 
 Fag (fag). In Sheridan’s comedy “The Rivals,” 
 the lying and ingenious servant of Captain 
 Absolute. 
 
 Fagin (fa'gin). In Charles Dickens’s “Oliver 
 Twist,” a villainous old Jew, an employer of 
 thieves and pickpockets, a receiver of stolen 
 goods, and the abductor of Oliver Twist. He 
 is finally sentenced to death for complicity in 
 a murder. 
 
 Fagnani (fan-ya'ne), Joseph. Born at Naples, 
 Dec. 24, 1819: died at New York, May 22, 1873. 
 An Italian- American portrait-painter. 
 
 Fagotin (fa-go-tan'). A very clever monkey, 
 well known in Paris in Molierc’s time, and often 
 alluded to in the literature of that period. 
 Fahey (fa'hi), James. BornatPaddington, April 
 16,1804: died at London, Dec. 11, 1885. AnEng- 
 lish water-color painter, chiefly of landscapes. 
 Fahie, Sir William Charles. Born 1763: died 
 at Bermuda, Jan. 11, 1833. A British vice-ad- 
 miral. ne was descended from an Irish family settled 
 at St. Christopher’s; joined the navy in 1777; participated 
 as commander in the capture of the Danish West India 
 Islands in Dec., 1807, and in the reduction of Martinique 
 in Feb., 1809; and served as commodore in (he reduction 
 of Guadeloupe in Feb., 1810. He was appointed vice-ad- 
 miral July 22, 1830. 
 
 Fahien (fa-he-en'). A Chinese Buddhist monk 
 who made a pilgrimage to India, about 399 
 A D., to carry back to China complete copies of 
 
 377 
 
 the Yinaya, or rules of discipline, for the order. 
 He wrote a valuable account of his travels, which lasted 
 fourteen years. It has been translated by Beal, Giles, and 
 Legge. 
 
 Fahlcrantz (fal'krants), Christian Erik. Born 
 at Stora-Tuna, Dalecarlia, Sweden, Aug. 30, 
 1790 : died at Westerns, Sweden, Aug. 6, 1866. 
 A Swedish poet and polemical writer, author 
 of “Noach’s Ark,” a poem (1825-26), etc. 
 
 Fahlcrantz, Karl Johann. Born at Stora-T una, 
 Dalecarlia, Sweden, Nov. 29, 1774: died at 
 Stockholm, Jan. 1, 1861. A Swedish landscape- 
 painter, brother of C. E. Fahlcrantz. 
 
 Fahlun. See Falun. 
 
 Fahrenheit (fa'ren-hit), Gabriel Daniel. Born 
 at Dantzic, Prussia, May 14, 1686 : died in the 
 Netherlands, Sept. 16, 1736. A German physi- 
 cist. He introduced the use of mercury in the thermom- 
 eter about 1714, and devised the Fahrenheit thermomet- 
 ric scale. 
 
 Faidherbe (fa-darb'), Louis Leon Cesar. 
 
 Born at Lille, France, June 3, 1818 : died at 
 Paris, Sept. 28, 1889. A French general. He 
 became governor of Senegal in 1854. In 1863, while serv- 
 ing in Algeria, he was made brigadier-general, and soon 
 after he was again governor of Senegal. He returned to 
 Algeria in 1865. In the Franco-Prussian war he was in- 
 trusted by Gambetta with the command of the army of 
 the north, but was defeated by Von Goeben at Bapaume, 
 Jan. 3, 1871, and St. Quentin, Jan. 19. lie was elected 
 senator in 1879. He published a series of important 
 works on the geography, anthropology, and philology of 
 Senegal and Algeria. 
 
 Faido (fi'do). A small place in the canton of 
 Ticino, Switzerland, on the Ticino and the St. 
 Gotthard Railway, southeast of Airolo. It is 
 the capital of the Leventina. 
 
 Faillon (fa-ydn'), Michel Etienne. Born at 
 Tarascon, France, 1799: died at Paris, Oct. 25, 
 1870. A French Sulpician, a writer on Cana- 
 dian history and biography. 
 
 Failly (fa-ye'), Pierre Louis Charles Achille 
 de. Born at Rozoy-sur-Serre, Aisne, Franco, 
 Jan. 21, 1810: died in Compiegne, Nov. 15, 
 1892. A French general. He entered the army in 
 1828 ; served with distinction, first as brigadier-general, 
 then as general of division, in the Crimean war ; fought at 
 the battle of Solferino in 1859 ; and was commander of the 
 French troops seut to the relief of the Pope in 1867, but 
 was not present at the defeat of Garibaldi at Mentana, He 
 was appointed to the command of the 5th army corps at 
 the beginning of the Franco-Prussian war. During the bat- 
 tles of Spicheren and Worth (Aug. 6, 1870), he remained 
 inactive at Bitsch ; and Aug. 30, 1870, was defeated near 
 Beaumont, in consequence of which the Germans were 
 enabled to cut off MacMahon’s retreat. He was super- 
 seded in his command by General Wimpffen on the day 
 of the battle of Sedan, Sept. 1, 1870, immediately before 
 the fight. Author of “ Campagne de 1870 : operations et 
 marches du corps ” (1871). 
 
 Fainall (fan'al). Iu Congreve’s comedy “The 
 Way of the World,” a scoundrel in love with 
 Mrs. Marwood. 
 
 Faineant (fa-na-oit'), Le Noir. [F., ‘ The Black 
 Sluggard.’] In Scott’s “ Ivanlioe,” the name 
 given to the Black Knight (Richard Cceur de 
 Lion) on account of his behavior during a 
 tournament, in which, however, he finally con- 
 quers. 
 
 Fainwell, or Feignwell (fan'wel), Colonel. In 
 
 Mrs. Centlivre’s comedy “A Bold Stroke for a 
 Wife,” an ingenious gallant who is in love with 
 Mrs. Lovely’s person and fortune. Hetakesvari- 
 ous disguises to win her from her several guardians, among 
 them that of “Simon Pure,” by means of which he secures 
 her. See Pure, Simon. 
 
 Fairbairn (far'bam), Andrew Martin. Bom 
 
 near Edinburgh, Scotland, Nov. 4, iud8: died 
 at London, Feb. 9, 1912. A Scottish theologian 
 and metaphysician. He was principal of Airedale 
 College, Bradford, England (1877), and in 1886 was ap- 
 pointed the first principal of the extra-university Mans- 
 fold Co 11 —- at. Oxford (p^^itn, inon\ Ue was tbe 
 author of “Studies in the Philosophy of Religion and His- 
 tory " (1876), “ The City of God ” (1882), and other works. 
 
 Fairbairn, Patrick. Born at Greenlaw, Ber- 
 wickshire, Scotland, Jan. 28, 3805 : died at Glas- 
 gow, Aug. 6, 1874. A Scottish clergyman and 
 theological writer. He was professor and ultimately 
 principal of the Free Church College at Glasgow, and pub- 
 lished “Typology of Scripture” (1845), “Hermeneutical 
 Manual ” (1858), etc. 
 
 Fairbairn, Sir Peter. Born at Kelso, Scotland, 
 Sept., 1799: died Jan. 4, 1861. A Scottish en- 
 gineer, inventor, and manufacturer. He invented 
 machines used in spinning wool and flax, and founded an 
 extensive establishment at Leeds for the manufacture of 
 these and other machines and tools. 
 
 Fairbairn, Sir ¥/illiam. Born at Kelso, Rox- 
 burghshire, Feb. 19, 1789: died at Moor Park, 
 Surrey, Aug. 18, 1874. A noted Scotch engineer. 
 Commencing life as a day-laborer, he >vas apprenticed to 
 a millwright in 1804, and in 1817 started an engineering 
 business in Manchester. He had ship-building works at 
 Mill wall, London, 1835-49. As a practical engineer he is 
 best known as the designer of the rectangular tube, un- 
 
 Fairfax, Thomas 
 
 supported by chains, which is the distinctive feature of 
 the Britannia bridge built across the Menai Strait. He 
 was made a baronet in 1869. 
 
 Fairbanks (far'bangks), Erastus. Born at 
 Brimfield, Mass., Oct. 28, 1792: died at St. 
 Johnsbnry, Vt., Nov. 20, 1864. An American 
 manufacturer and politician. He patented the 
 “Fairbanks scales" in 1831. He was governor of Vermont 
 1852-53 and 1860-61. 
 
 Fairchild (far'cbild), James Harris. Born at 
 Stockbridge, Mass., Nov. 25, 1817 : died March 
 19,1902. An American educator. He was gradu- 
 ated in 1838 at Oberlin College, Ohio, where he w;is tutor 
 1838-42, professor oflanguages 1842-47, professor of mathe- 
 matics 1847-58, professor of moral philosophy and theol- 
 ogy 1858-66, and president 1866-89. He wrote “Moral 
 Philosophy, or A Science of Obligation ’’ (1869), “ Needed 
 Phases of Christianity ’’ (1875), etc., and edited “Memoirs 
 of Charles G. Finney" (1876). 
 
 Fairchild, Lucius. Born at Franklin Mills 
 (Kent), Portage County, Ohio, Dec. 27, 1831: 
 died May 23, 1896. An American general and 
 politician. He was admitted to the bar in I860, and at 
 the beginning of the Civil War became a captain of vol- 
 unteers in the Union army. He led, as colonel of the 2d 
 Wisconsin, a charge on Seminary Hill at the battle of 
 Gettysburg, in which he lost his left arm ; and was pro- 
 moted brigadier-general Oct. 19, 1863. He was governor 
 of Wisconsin 1866-72, United States consul at Liverpool 
 1872-78, consul-general at Paris 1878-80, and minister to 
 Spain 1880-82. He was elected commander-in-chief of the 
 Grand Army of the Republic in 1886. 
 
 Fair Em (far em). A play printed in 1631. it 
 has been ascribed to Shakspere for the single reason that 
 in Garrick’s collection was a volume, which once belonged 
 to Charles II., containing this and other doubtful plays, 
 and marked on the hack “Shakspeare, Vol. I." 
 
 Fair Example, The, or The Modish Citizens. 
 
 A play by Estcourt, taken from the same source 
 as Vanbrugh’s “Confederacy.” It was per- 
 formed at Drury Lane in 1703. 
 
 Fairfax (far'faks), Edward. [The surname 
 Fairfax, ME. Fairfax, Fayrefax, etc., means 
 ‘fair-haired.’] Born at Denton, Yorkshire: died 
 Jan. , 1635. An English poet, a son of Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax. He wrote a translation of Tasso’s “Gerusa- 
 lemme Liberata” (1600), and 12 eclogues. 
 
 Fairfax, Ferdinando, second Baron Fairfax. 
 Born March 29, 1584: died March 14, 1648. A 
 Parliamentary leader in the civil war. He repre- 
 sented the county of York in the Long Parliament, iu 
 which he acted with the popular party ; and at the begin- 
 ning of the civil war was appointed to the command of 
 the Parliamentary forces in Yorkshire. He was defeated 
 by Newcastle on Adwalton Moor, near Bradford, June 30, 
 1643, and was besieged by the same general at Hull Sept. 
 2-Oct. 11, 1643, when he raised the siege by a successful 
 sally. He defeated Colonel John Bellasis at Selby April 
 
 11, 1644, and, joining forces with the Scots, was stationed 
 with his army on the right of the Parliamentary line at 
 Marston Moor, July 2, 1644, where he gave way before 
 the onslaught of Prince Rupert, who was in turn defeated 
 by Cromwell. 
 
 Fairfax, Robert. Born Feb., 1666: died Oct. 17, 
 1725. A British rear-admiral. He commanded a 
 vessel in the English fleet at the reduction of Gibraltar, 
 July 23, and in the battle of Malaga, Aug. 13, 1704. He was 
 made rear-admiral iu 1708. 
 
 Fairfax, Thomas, third Baron Fairfax. Born 
 at Denton, Yorkshire, Jan. 17, 1612 : died Nov. 
 
 12, 1671. A celebrated Parliamentary leader in 
 the civil war in England. He was the son of Fer- 
 dinando, second Lord Fairfax ; was educated at St. John’s 
 College, Cambridge ; and learned the art of war under Sir 
 Horace Vere in the Low Countries. At the outbreak of the 
 civil war he was appointed second in command of the Par- 
 liamentary forces in Yorkshire ; captured Wakefield May 
 21, 1643 ; and commanded the horseof the right wing at the 
 battle of Marston Moor. He was appointed commander- 
 in-chief of the Parliamentary army Jan. 21, 1645, and in 
 April of the same year organized the “ New Model.” He 
 defeated Charles I. at Naseby June 14, 1645 ; defeated Gor- 
 ing at Langport, Somersetshire, July 10, 1645; reduced 
 Bristol Sept. 10, 1645 ; and took Oxford June 20,1646. He 
 disapproved of the seizure of the king by Joyce, but was 
 forced by the attitude of the army to acquiesce in this mea- 
 sure as well as in “Pride’s Purge ” and in the execution of 
 the king. On the establishment of the Commonwealth, he 
 was reappointed commander-in-chief of all the forces in 
 England and Ireland, March 30, 1649, but resigned, June 25, 
 1650, on account of conscientious scruples about invading 
 Scotland. During the rest of the Commonwealth period, 
 and during the Protectorate, he lived in retirement at Nun 
 Appleton, Yorkshire. He represented Yorkshirein R ichard 
 Cromwell’s Parliament, in which he acted with the opposi- 
 tion. Having in Nov., 1659, entered into negotiations with 
 Monk for the restoration of Charles II., he placed himself 
 at the head of an army, and, Jan. 1, 1660, took possession of 
 York, and later in the same year was chosen to head the 
 commissioners of the two houses sent to the king at The 
 Hague. He left two autobiographical works: “ A Short 
 Memorial of the Northern Actions during the War there, 
 from the Year 1642 till 1644," and “Short Memorials of some 
 Things to be cleared during my Command in the Army.” 
 
 Fairfax, Thomas, sixth Baron Fairfax. Born 
 at Denton, Yorkshire, 1692: died near Winches- 
 ter, Va., March 12, 1782. An American colonist. 
 His paternal estates in Yorkshire having been sold to sat- 
 isfy the creditors of his father, Thomas, fifth Lord Fairfax, 
 he emigrated in 1746 or 1747 to America, where he had in- 
 herited the northern neck of Virginia, between thePotomac 
 and the Rappahannock, and whore he eventually built a 
 residence, called Greenway Court, near Winchester. He 
 
Fairfax, Thomas 
 
 was a friend of Washington to whom (then a youth of little 
 over sixteen) he intrusted the surveying and mapping of 
 his property in the Shenandoah valley. He was a firm 
 loyalist 
 
 Fairfield (far'feld). A town in Fairfield County, 
 Connecticut, situated on Long Island Sound 21 
 miles southwest of New Haven, it contains the 
 villages of Southport, Greenfield Hill, Black Rock, etc. It 
 was burned by Tryon in 1779. Population, 6,134, (1910). 
 Fairford (far'ford), Alan. In Scott’s novel 
 “ Redgauntlet,” the devoted friend and corre- 
 spondent of Darsie Latimer, When Darsie was miss- 
 ing, Fairford searched for him through many dangers un- 
 til he found him. Lockhart says that Scott unquestionably 
 portrayed himself in this character. 
 
 Fair Head. A promontory in County Antrim, 
 at the northeastern extremity of Ireland. 
 
 Fair Helen of Kirkconnell. A popular ballad. 
 
 It is founded on the story that a lady, Helen Bell or Irving 
 (the name is disputed), the daughter of the Laird of Kirk- 
 connell in Dumfriesshire, while meeting her lover clandes- 
 tinely in the churchyard of Kirkconnell, saw another and 
 rejected lover taking aim at him. She threw herself before 
 him, was shot, and died in his arms. A mortal combat be- 
 tween the two lovers followed, and the murderer was killed. 
 The ballad is in two parts — an address by the lover to his 
 lady, and the lament of the lover over her grave. There are 
 several versions. 
 
 Fairholt (far'holt), Frederick William. Bom 
 
 at London, 1814: died at Brompton, London, 
 April 3, 1866. An English artist and antiquary. 
 He illustrated a number of works, including Chatto's “Trea- 
 tise on Wood Engraving ” and Halliwell s “ Life of Shak- 
 spere,” and published “ Costume in England ”(1846), “The 
 Home of Shakespeare ” (1847), “Tobacco : its History and 
 Associations ' (1859), etc., and edited “A Dictionary of 
 Terms in Art ” (1854). 
 
 Fairies, The. An operatic adaptation of Shak- 
 spere’s “Midsummer Night’s Dream,” produced 
 in 1755. It was attributed to Garrick, but he 
 denied its authorship. 
 
 Fair Isle. A small island situated between the 
 Orkneys and Shetlands, Scotland. It is nearer 
 the former group, but belongs to the latter. 
 Fair Jilt, The. A novel by Aphra Behn. It 
 recounts experiences in the life of the writer. 
 Fairlegh (far'li), Frank. The pseudonym of 
 F. E. Smedley, the author of ‘ 1 Frank Fairlegh ” 
 and “ Lewis Arundel,” two novels published in 
 “Sharpe’s London Magazine,” of which Smed- 
 ley was the editor 1848-49. 
 
 Fair Maid of the Exchange, The. A play at- 
 tributed to Thomas Heywood, printed in 1607. 
 The second title is “ The Pleasant Humours of 
 the Cripple of Fenchurch.” 
 
 Fair Maid of the Inn, The. A posthumous 
 comedy by Fletcher, finished by Massinger and 
 perhaps Rowley, licensed in 1626, and printed 
 in 1647. The plot is partly from one of Cer- 
 vantes’s novels. 
 
 Fair Maid of Kent, The. Joan, the daughter 
 of Edmond Plantagenet, earl of Kent. 
 
 Fair Maid of Norway, The. Margaret, daugh- 
 ter of Eric II. of Norway, and granddaughter 
 of Alexander HI. of Scotland. 
 
 Fair Maid of Perth, The. A historical novel 
 by Scott, published in 1828, named from a sur- 
 name of its heroine, Catherine Glover, it is one 
 of the “Chronicles of the Canongate," professedly related 
 by Chrystal CroftangTy. The scene is laid at Perth during 
 the reign of Robert III. of Scotland. 
 
 Fairmount Park (far'mount park). A park in 
 Philadelphia, covering 2,791 acres. The Schuylkill 
 River and Wissahickon Creek run through it. In 1876 the 
 Centennial Exhibition was held within its limits. It con- 
 tains a number of historic houses. 
 
 Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines. A place 7 miles 
 east of Richmond, Virginia. Here, May 31 and June 
 1, 1862, the Federal forces under McClellan defeated the 
 Confederates under J. E. Johnston. The loss of the Fed- 
 erals was 5,031 ; of the Confederates, 6,134. 
 fair Penitent, The. A tragedy by Rowe, pro- 
 duced in 1703. It was founded on Massinger’s “Fatal 
 Dowry,” and was a “wholesale felony.” Mrs. Barry was 
 the original representative of Calista, “ The Fair Penitent,” 
 a part which she created in her forty-fifth year, and which 
 was one of her greatest tragic triumphs. See Calista. 
 
 Fair Quaker of Deal, Tlie, or The Humours 
 of the Navy. A comedy by Charles Shadwell, 
 published in 1710. 
 
 Fair Rosamond. See Clifford, Rosamond. 
 Fairscribe (far'skrib). The imaginary legal 
 friend who with his daughter Kate is of assis- 
 tance to Chrystal Croftangry in writing Scott’s 
 “Chronicles of the Canongate.” 
 
 Fairservice (far'ser // vis), Andrew. In Scott’s 
 novel “Rob Roy,” a gardener. He is shrewd 
 but cowardly, and, though discharged as a nui- 
 sance, will not go. 
 
 Fair Sidea (far si-de'a), The. A play composed 
 or compiled by Jakob Ayrer, a German. It was 
 supposed by Tieck to be the source of Shakspere’s “Tem- 
 pest,” but was probably published later. 
 
 It cannot be said that there is really any ground com- 
 mon to “The Tempest" and to “The Fair Sidea." One or 
 
 378 
 
 two mere points of contact there are, but they are points 
 of altogether minor, nay, of minimum, importance. 
 
 Furness, Shak.Var., Pref., p. x. 
 
 Fairweather (far'weTH // er), Mount. Amoun- 
 tain in Alaska, about lat. 58° 45' N., long. 137° 
 10' W. Height, 15,292 feet. 
 
 Fairy Queen, The. See Faerie Qucene. 
 Faiseur (fa-zer'), Le. [E., ‘The Speculator.’] 
 A play by Balzac. See Mercadet. 
 
 Faithful (fath'ful). A character in the first 
 part of Bunyan’s “Pilgrim’s Progress.” He 
 is put to death at Vanity Fair. 
 
 Faithful, Jacob. See Jacob Faithful. 
 Faithfull, Emily. Born at Headley, near Guild- 
 ford, England, in 1835: died at Manchester, May 
 31,1895. An English philanthropist. She was an 
 advocate of the claims of women to remunerative employ- 
 ment, and did much to secure it for them. She founded 
 a printing establishment (1860) for their employment as 
 compositors, and started the “ Victoria Magazine ” in 1863. 
 She was also a successful lecturer, and published “ Three 
 Visits to America " (1884). 
 
 Faithful Shepherdess, The. A pastoral drama 
 by Fletcher, published probably in 1609. it was 
 somewhat influenced by the Italian pastorals, especially 
 by Guarini's “Pastor Fido.” Milton obtained some hints 
 for “Comus”from it. 
 
 The delightful pastoral of “ The Faithful Shepherdess,” 
 which ranks with Jonson’s “Sad Shepherd” and with 
 “ Comus” as the three chiefs of its style in English. 
 
 Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 262. 
 
 Faithorne (fa/ thorn), William. Born at Lon- 
 don in 1616 : died at London in May, 1691. An 
 English engraver, noted especially for his por- 
 traits. 
 
 Faithorne, William. Bom at London in 1656 : 
 died after 1700. An English engraver, son of 
 William Faithorne (1616-91). 
 
 Faizabad, or Fyzabad (fi-za-bad'). 1. A di- 
 vision in Oudh, British India. Area, 12,113 
 square miles. Population, 6,855,991. — 2. A 
 district in the Faizabad division, situated in 
 lat. 26 3 -27° N., long. 81°-83° E. Area, 1,740 
 square miles. Population, 1,225,374. — 3. The 
 capital of the Faizabad district, situated near 
 the Gogra in lat. 26° 47' N., long. 82° 10' 
 E. It was the capital of Oudh in the middle of the 18th 
 century, and was one of the centers of the mutiny of 
 1857. Population, 76,085. 
 
 4. The capital of Badakshan, central Asia, on 
 a tributary of the Amu-Daria. 
 
 Falaba (fa-la' ba). A native town in western 
 Africa, situated about 180 miles northeast of 
 Free Town. 
 
 Falaise (fa-laz'). A town in the department 
 of Calvados, France, on the river Ante 22 miles 
 south-southeast of Caen. It was taken from the 
 English in 1450, and was besieged and taken from the 
 Leaguers by Henry IV. The castle, the birthplace of 
 William the Conqueror, is a very large and imposing Nor- 
 man fortress, with outer walls strengthened by cylindri- 
 cal towers, and a huge rectangular keep. Population, 
 commune, 7,014. 
 
 Falashas (fa-la' shas). [Abyssinian, ‘stran- 
 gers,’ ‘immigrants.’] A tribe of Abyssinia 
 which professes the Jewish religion, and claims 
 descent from Hebrew immigrants who followed 
 the Queen of Sheba. Their name is derived from the 
 Ethiopic falasa, a stranger. In the middle ages they 
 formed a conquering kingdom, but finally were overcome 
 by the Christian Abyssinians, and now live scattered in 
 small colonies. Their sacred books are written in Geez; 
 their dialects are identical with those of their surrounding 
 peoples. They are an industrious and peaceful people, 
 numbering about 60,000. 
 
 Falces, Marquis of, Viceroy of Mexico. See 
 Peralta, Gaston de. 
 
 Falcon (fal-kon'). A maritime state of Vene- 
 zuela. Zulia has been several times united 
 with it. Area, 36,212 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 173,968. 
 
 Falcon (fa/kn or fal'kon). A ship commanded 
 by Sir Walter Raleigh in Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s 
 expedition to America in 1578. The other ships 
 were soon obliged to return, but Raleigh reached the Cape 
 Verde Islands. Owing to scarcity of provisions, he was 
 obliged to turn hack, and reached England in May, 1679. 
 Falcon, The. A famous London tavern, on the 
 Bankside. It is said to have been patronized 
 by Shakspere and his company. It was taken 
 down in 1808. 
 
 Falcon (fal-kon'), Juan Crisostomo. Born on 
 the peninsula of Paraguana, province of Coro 
 (now state of Falcon), 1820: died on the island 
 of Martinique, April 29, 1870. A Venezuelan 
 general. In 1858 he headed the federalist revolution, 
 which, alter a desultory war of five years, was successful. 
 He was made president of Venezuela in 1863, and in 1864 
 sanctioned a federal constitution. Driven out by the Azul 
 revolution, July, 1867, he went to Europe; was recalled 
 after the counter-revolution of 1869, and died while re- 
 turning. 
 
 Falconbridge. See Favlconbridge. 
 
 Falcone (fal-ko'ne), Aniello. Born at Naples, 
 
 Falke, Johannes Friedrich Gottlieb 
 
 1600 : died at Naples, 1665. An Italian battle- 
 painter. 
 
 Falconer (fak'ner or fa'kon-er), Hugh. Born 
 at Forres, Elginshire, Feb. 29,1808: died at Lon- 
 don, July 31, 1865. A Scottish paleontologist and 
 botanist. Graduating M. A. at Aberdeen in 1828, and 
 M. D. at Edinburgh in 1829, he went out to India as assist- 
 ant surgeon in the Bengal establishment of the East India 
 Company in 1830 ; obtained charge of the botanic garden 
 at Saharanpur in 1832 ; visited England 1842-47 ; superin- 
 tended the work of preparing for exhibition the Indian 
 fossils in the British Museum 1844-47 ; returned to India 
 as superintendent of the Calcutta Botanical Garden and 
 professor of botany in the Calcutta Medical College in 
 1847 ; and retired from the Indian service in 1855. The 
 genus Falcone ria is named after him. 
 
 Falconer, William. Born Feb. 11, 1732 : died 
 in 1769. A Scottish poet. He was the sou of a bar- 
 ber in Edinburgh ; became a servant to Archibald Camp- 
 bell who discovered and encouraged his literary tastes ; 
 and was lost at sea in the frigate Aurora, of which he was 
 purser. His chief poem is the “ Shipwreck, ” published in 
 1762. He also published “The Universal Marine Diction- 
 ary "(1769 ; revised and enlarged by Dr. William Burney, 
 1815). 
 
 Falconer, William. Born at Chester, England. 
 Feb. 23, 1744: died at Bath, Aug. 23, 1824. An 
 English physician and miscellaneous writer. In 
 1770 he began to practise medicine at Bath, where he was 
 physician to the Bath General Hospital 1784-1819. He 
 published “P.emarks on the Influence of Climate, . . . Na- 
 tureof Food, and Wayof Lifeon . . . Mankind" (1781), “A 
 Dissertation on the Influence of Passions upon Disorders 
 of the Body ” (1788), etc. _ 
 
 Falconet (fal-ko-na' ), Etienne Maurice. Born 
 at Vevay, 1716: died'at Paris, Jan. 4, 1791. A 
 French sculptor and writer, a pupil of Lemoine. 
 In 1766 he was called by Catharine II. to St. Petersburg to 
 execute a colossal equestrian statue of Peter the Great. 
 
 Falczi, or Falczy (fal'she). A small place in 
 Rumania, situated on the Pruth. See Pruth, 
 Peace of the. 
 
 Faleme (fa-la'ma). A river in Senegambia, 
 flowing north and joining the Senegal about lat. 
 14° 45' N. Length, probably about 200 miles. 
 Falerii (fa-le'ri-i). [L. Falerii, Gr. <ka\epioi,$ate- 
 piov, connected with Palisci, the inhabitants.] 
 In ancient geography, a city of Etruria, Italy, 
 situated about 28 miles north of Rome, on the 
 site of the modern Civita Castellana. It be- 
 longed to the Etruscan Confederation, and was 
 destroyed by the Romans 241 B. c. 
 
 Falernus Ager (fa-ler'nus a'jer). [L., ‘the 
 Falemian field or district.’] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a fertile territory in Campania, Italy, sit- 
 uated north of the Vulturnus, from 20 to 25 
 miles north of Naples. It was celebrated for 
 its wines. 
 
 F alguiere (f al-gyar ' ), Jean Alexandre J oseph. 
 
 Bom at Toulouse, France, Sept. 7, 1831: died at 
 Paris, April 19, 1900. A French genre painter 
 and sculptor, a pupil of Jouffroy, member of 
 the Institute 1882. Among his works are “The 
 Wrestlers" (1874), “Slaughter of a Bull” (1881), “Fan 
 and Poignard ” (1882), “ Acis and Galatea” (1885). 
 
 Falieri (fa-le-a're), Marino. Born at Venice, 
 1278 (1274 ?) : died there, April 17, 1355. A doge 
 of Venice. He commanded in 1346 the Venetian troops 
 at the siege of Zara in Dalmatia, and was elected doge in 
 1354. He conspired with the plebeians against the patri- 
 cians, with a view to usurping the supreme power in the 
 state, and was executed for treason. In the Hall of the 
 Grand Council in the Palace of the Doges, Venice, where 
 the portraits of the doges are displayed, the place of his 
 portrait is occupied by a tablet- He has been made the 
 subject of tragedies by Byron (1820) and Casimir Dela- 
 vigne (1829), and of a novel by Hoffmann (“Doge und 
 Dogaressa ’ ’). 
 
 Falisci (fa-lis'i). The inhabitants of Falerii; 
 the Faliscans. 
 
 Falk (falk), Johannes Daniel. Born at Dant- 
 zic, Prussia, Oct. 28, 1768 : died at Weimar, 
 Germany, Feb. 14, 1826. A German philan- 
 thropist and writer, founder of the Falksehes 
 Institut (for abandoned and neglected children) 
 at Weimar in 1813. 
 
 Falk, Paul Ludwig Adalbert. Born at 
 Metschkau, Silesia, Prussia, Aug. 10, 1827 : died 
 at Hamm, Westphalia, July 7, 1900. A Prus- 
 sian statesman and jurist. He was Prussian min- 
 ister of public worship aud instruction 1872-79, in which 
 capacity he was instrumental in carrying the so-called 
 May laws (1873-75), aimed at the Roman Catholic hierarchy. 
 
 Falke (fal'ke), Jakob. Born June 21,1825: 
 died June 12, 1897. A German historian of 
 art and civilization, brother of J. F. G. Falke. 
 
 Hi s works include “ Die ritterliche Gesellschaftim Zeital- 
 ter des Frauenkultus ” (1863), “Geschichte des modernen 
 Geschmacks ” (1866), “ Geschichte des fiirstlichen Hauses 
 Lichtenstein ’ (1863-83), “Hellas und Rom " (1880), "Ge- 
 schichte des Geschmacks im Hittelalter ” (1893), etc. 
 
 Falke, Johannes Friedrich Gottlieb. Born 
 
 at Ratzeburg, Prussia, April 20, 1823 : died at 
 Dresden, March 1, 1876. A German historian. 
 His works include “Geschichte des deutseben Handels 
 (18f)iMJ0), “Die llansa” (1862), “Geschichte des deutschen 
 Zollwesens * (I860), etc. 
 
Falkirk 
 
 Falkirk (fal'kerk). [ME. Fawkirk, prob. from 
 faw, fauch, pale red (a var. of fallow), and 
 kirk, church.] A burgh in Stirlingshire, Scot- 
 land, 24 miles west by north of Edinburgh. For- 
 merly it was celebrated tor its trysts or cattle-fairs. It is 
 united with Airdrie, Hamilton, Lanark, and Linlithgow to 
 form the Falkirk district of burghs, which returns one 
 member to Parliament. The Scots under Wallace were 
 defeated here July 22, 1298, and Charles Edward, the 
 “ Young Pretender," defeated the English under General 
 Hawley on Falkirk Moor, Jan. 17, 1746. Pop., 29,271. 
 Falkland (fak'land). A royal burgh in Fife- 
 shire, Scotland, 22 miles north of Edinburgh : 
 noted for its ancient royal palace. Popula- 
 tion, 809. 
 
 Falkland. A romance by Bulwer Lytton, pub- 
 lished anonymously in 1827. 
 
 Falkland. The principal character in Godwin’s 
 novel “Caleb Williams.” His chief thought is to 
 preserve his honor from stain. He stabs his enemy Tyr- 
 rel in the back, in a moment of passion, and allows two 
 innocent persons to hang for the murder. From that 
 time his desire is for concealment. Caleb Williams, his 
 secretary, discovers the secret, and is pursued by the hire- 
 lings of Falkland. He finally accuses the latter, who con- 
 fesses the crime and dies of shame. In “ The Iron Chest,” 
 a dramatization by Colman, he is Sir Edward Mortimer. 
 
 The character of Falkland, the chief actor, which is 
 formed on visionary principles of honour, is perhaps not 
 strictly an invention, as it closely resembles that of Sha- 
 mont in Beaumont and Fletcher’s “Nice Valour.” But 
 the accumulated wretchedness with which he is over- 
 whelmed, the inscrutable mystery by which he is sur- 
 rounded, and the frightful persecutions to which he sub- 
 jects the suspected possessor of his dreadful secret are 
 peculiar to the author, and are represented with a force 
 which has not been surpassed in the finest passages and 
 scenes of poetic or dramatic fiction. 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, II. 573. 
 
 Falkland, or Faulkland. In Sheridan’s com- 
 edy “The Rivals,” the lover of Julia. 
 Falkland, Viscount. See Cary, Lucius. 
 Falkland Islands. [F. Malouines, Sp. Mal- 
 vinas.] A group of islands in the South At- 
 lantic, belonging to Great Britain, situated 
 east of Patagonia in lat. 51°-52°45' S., long. 57° 
 30'— 62° W. It comprises East and West Falkland and 
 about 100 smaller islands. The chief settlement is Stan- 
 ley. The islands were discovered by John Davis in 1592, 
 were settled by the French in 1763, and were seized by the 
 English in 1765, and later by the Spanish. They have been 
 a British possession since 1833. Dependencies of the col- 
 ony are South Georgia, the South Shetlands, the South Ork- 
 neys, Graham’B Land, and the Sandwich group. Area, 
 6,500 square miles. Population, over 3,000. 
 
 Falkner (fak'ner), Thomas. Born at Manches- 
 ter, England, Oct. 6, 1707 : died at Plowden 
 Hall, Shropshire, Jan. 30, 1784. An English 
 Jesuit missionary. He was surgeon on a slave-ship, 
 and sailed to Africa and thence to Buenos Ayres, where 
 he fell sick and was cared for by the Jesuits: he joined 
 their order in 1732, and was a missionary in Paraguay and 
 Tucuman, and from 1740 among the Indians of Patagonia. 
 After 1767 he lived in England. His own writings are 
 probably lost, but a compilation from them was published 
 in 1774 as “ A Description of Patagonia and the Adjoining 
 Parts of South America.” 
 
 Falkoping (fal'che-ping). A town in the laen 
 of Skaraborg, southern Sweden, 58 miles north- 
 east of Gothenburg. Here, in 1389, Albert, king of 
 Sweden, was defeated by Margaret, queen of Denmark and 
 Norway, who by this victory united the three Scandina- 
 vian kingdoms under one ruler. Population, 4,306. 
 
 Fallmerayer (fal'me-ri-er), Jakob Philipp. 
 
 Born at Tschotsch, near Brixen, Tyrol, Dec. 
 10, 1790: died at Munich, April 26, 1861. A 
 German historian and traveler in the East. His 
 works include “Geschichte des Kaisertums Trapezunt” 
 (1831), "Geschichte der Halbinsel Morea im Mittelalter” 
 (1830-36), “Fragmente aus dem Orient” (1845). 
 
 Fall of Mortimer, The. A fragment of a tra- 
 gedy by Ben Jonson. 
 
 Falloppio (fal-lop'pe-o), or Fallopia (fal-lo'- 
 pe-a), L. Fallopius (fa-lo' pi -us), Gabriello. 
 Born at Modena, Italy, 1523: died at Padua, 
 Oct. 9, 1562. A celebrated Italian anatomist, 
 professor of anatomy successively at Ferrara, 
 Pisa, and Padua. His collected works were published 
 at V enice in 1584 (3 vols.). The Fallopian tube was named 
 from him. 
 
 Falloux (fa-lo'), Comte Alfred Frederic Pierre 
 
 de. Bom at Angers, France, May 11, 1811 : 
 died there, Jan. 7, 1886. A French politician 
 and author, minister of public instruction 1848- 
 1849. He published “Mme. Swetchine, sa vie 
 et ses oeuvres” (1859), etc. 
 
 Fallows (fal'oz), Fearon. Bom at Cocker- 
 mouth, Cumberland, July 4, 1789: died at Si- 
 mon’s Bay, July 25, 1831. An English astron- 
 omer. He was educated at Cambridge, and in 1820 was 
 made director of an astronomical observatory at the Cape 
 of Good Hope, a position which he retained until his 
 death. He wrote “A Catalogue of nearly all the Princi- 
 pal Fixed Stars between the Zenith of Cape Town, Cape 
 of Good Hope, and the South Pole, reduced to the 1st of 
 Jan., 1824,” which was presented to the Royal Society in 
 1824. 
 
 Fall River (fal riv'er). A city and port of en- 
 
 379 
 
 try in Bristol County, Massachusetts, situated 
 on Mount Hope Bay, at the mouth of Taunton 
 River, 45 miles southwest of Boston. It is cele- 
 brated for its manufactures, especially of cotton. It was 
 incorporated as a town in 1803, and as a city in 1854. 
 Steamers ply between Fall River and New York. Popu- 
 lation, 119,295, (1910). 
 
 Falls City. A name given to Louisville, Ken- 
 tucky, from the rapids or falls of the Ohio 
 River near the city. 
 
 Falmouth (fal'muth). A seaport and watering- 
 place in Cornwall, England, on Falmouth Bay 
 in lat. 50° 9' N., long. 5° 4' W. It has a good har- 
 bor, and was formerly of considerable importance, espe- 
 cially as a station for mail-packets. The harbor is com- 
 manded by Pendennis Castle. Population, 11,789. 
 
 False Bay (fals ba). An arm of the ocean on 
 the southern coast of Cape Colony, South Africa, 
 east of the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 False Friend, The. A comedy by Vanbrugh, 
 printed in 1702. 
 
 Falsen (fal'sen), Christian Magnus. Bom at 
 
 Opslo, near Christiania, Norway, Sept. 17, 1782 : 
 died at Christiania, J an. 13, 1830. A Norwegian 
 jurist, politician, and historian. He published a 
 "History of Norway to 1319" (1823-24), a biography of 
 Washington (1821), etc. 
 
 False One, The. A play by Fletcher and Mas- 
 singer, written about 1620, and printed in 1647. 
 It is an indirect imitation of Shakspere’s “ Antony and 
 Cleopatra,” dealing with the fortunes of Julius Caesar in 
 Egypt. Cleopatra is represented as in her youth. 
 
 False Point (fals point). A cape, harbor, and 
 lighthouse in Cuttock district, Bengal, British 
 India, lat. 20° 20' N., long. 86° 47' E. 
 
 Falstaff (fal'staf). 1. A comic opera by Balfe, 
 produced in London in 1838. The words are by 
 Maggione. — 2. An opera by Nicolai, produced 
 at London in 1864. It was originally brought out in 
 Berlin in 1849 under the name “Die lustigen Weiber von 
 Windsor" (“ The Merry Wives of Windsor”). 
 
 3. An opera by Verdi, produced at Milan Feb. 
 9, 1893. 
 
 Falstaff, Sir John. A celebrated character in 
 Shakspere’s historical play “Henry IV.” (1st 
 and 2d parts), and also in “ The Merry Wives of 
 Windsor.” He is a very fat, sensual, and witty old 
 knight; a swindler, drunkard, and good-tempered liar; 
 and something of a coward. Falstaff was originally called 
 Sir John Oldcastle. The first actor of the part was John 
 Heminge. 
 
 Shakespeare found the name of John Oldcastle in the 
 . . . older play of “ Henry V. ” ; in the Chronicle he found 
 a John Oldcastle, who was page to the Duke of Norfolk 
 who plays a part in "Richard II.” ; and this, according to 
 Shakespeare, his Falstaff (Oldcastle) had been in his youth. 
 When the poet wrote his “Henry IV.” he knew not who 
 this Oldcastle was, whom he had rendered so distinct with 
 the designation as Norfolk’s page ; he was a Lord Cobham 
 [Sir John Oldcastle, known as the good Lord Cobham], who 
 had perished as a Lollard and Wickliffite in the persecu- 
 tion of the church under Henry V. The Protestants re- 
 garded him as a holy martyr, the Catholics as a heretic ; 
 the latter seized with eagerness this description of the fat 
 poltroon, and gave it out as a portrait of Lord Cobham, who 
 was indeed physically and mentally his contrast. The fam- 
 ily complained of this misuse of a name dear to them, and 
 Shakespeare declared in the epilogue to “Henry IV.” that 
 Cobham was in his sight also a martyr, and that “ this was 
 not the man.” At the same time, he changed the name to 
 Falstaff, but this was of little use ; in spite of the express 
 retraction, subsequent Catholic writers on church history 
 still declared Falstaff to be a portrait of the heretic Cob- 
 ham. But it is a strange circumstance that even now un- 
 der the name of Falstaff another historical character is 
 again sought for, just as if it were impossible for such a 
 vigorous form not to be a being of reality. It was referred 
 to John Fastolfe, whose cowardice is more stigmatised in 
 “ Henry VI.” than history justifies ; and this too met with 
 public blame, although Shakespeare could have again as- 
 serted that he intended Fastolfe as little as Cobham. 
 Oervinus, Shakespeare Commentaries (tr. byF. E. Bunnett, 
 
 [ed. 1880), p. 300. 
 
 Falster (fal'ster). An island in the Baltic Sea, 
 belonging to Denmark, situated south of Zea- 
 land. It is noted for its fertility. The chief town is 
 Nykjobing. Area (including Hasselo), 179 square miles. 
 Population, 36,029. 
 
 Falun, or Fahlun (fa'lon). The capital of Kop- 
 parberg laen, Sweden, situated in lat. 60° 35' 
 N., long. 15° 35' E. In the vicinity are noted mines 
 of copper, gold, and silver. It is sometimes called “ the 
 Treasury of Sweden.” Population, 11,080. 
 
 Famagusta (fa-ma-gos'ta), or Famagosta (fa- 
 ma-gos'ta). A ruined city on the eastern coast 
 of Cyprus, in lat. 35° 8' N., long. 33° 59' E., 
 the Roman Fama Augusta, founded on the 
 site of an ancient city Arsinoe. It was important 
 in the middle ages, and was taken by the Turks in 1571. 
 Population, 3,825. 
 
 Famars (fa-miir'). A small town near Valen- 
 ciennes, France, noted for remains of an old 
 Roman colony. 
 
 Family Compact. [F. Facte de Famille.] A 
 name given to three treaties in the 18th cen- 
 tury between the French and Spanish Bourbon 
 dynasties, especially to the last of the three, in 
 
 Fanshawe 
 
 1761, in consequence of which Spain joined with 
 France in the war against Great Britain. The 
 branch house of Bourbon ruling in Italy was also included 
 in this alliance. 
 
 F amily of Love, The. A comedy by Middleton, 
 produced in 1608. It was a satire on a Puritan 
 sect. 
 
 Family Party, The. An aristocratic political 
 party in Quebec, Canada, about 1835. 
 
 Fan (fang). A powerful African nation of the 
 French Kongo (Gabun). They now extend north to 
 Batanga, and up the Livindo River into German Kamerun. 
 Since the beginning of the 19th century they have moved 
 gradually and steadily from the highland of the Sanga 
 basin down to the coast, and the Mpongwe seem to be 
 doomed to disappear before them. The Fan are hunters, 
 and are traders in ivory and rubber. The old men still 
 practise cannibalism secretly. The Fan are lighter in 
 color than their Bantu-negro neighbors, and their imple- 
 ments also show an independent type. They are intelli- 
 gent, and learn quickly the white man’s ways. Some think 
 they are related to the Nyam-Nyam ; others have sug- 
 gested their identity with the Giaghi or Jagas of Portu- 
 guese historians : but the Jagas were Ba-teke. The Fan 
 language is Bantu, though mixed with other elements. 
 Also called Fangwe, Mpongwe, Oshiba, and Pahouins by 
 the French. 
 
 Fanariots, or Phanariots (fa-nar'i-ots). [From 
 Fanar, Turk. Fener, a quarter of the old city of 
 Constantinople, named from alight-tower(NGr. 
 <f>avapi) which it formerly contained.] The Greek 
 inhabitants of Fanar, Constantinople ; in a re- 
 stricted use, the Greek official aristocracy, 
 which formerly possessed great political in- 
 fluence at Constantinople. 
 
 Fanciful, Lady. A vain and malicious fine lady 
 in Vanbrugh’s comedy “The Provoked Wife.” 
 She is impertinent, capricious, and open to flattery, and is 
 the villain of the plot. 
 
 Faneuil (fan'el or fun' el), Peter. Born at New 
 Rochelle, N. Y., 1700 : died at Boston, Mass., 
 March 3, 1743. An American merchant, the 
 founder of Faneuil Hall. 
 
 Faneuil Hall. A market-house, containing a 
 hall for public assemblies, in Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts, built by Peter Faneuil 1740-42. it was 
 burned in 1761, rebuilt by the town in 1763, and enlarged 
 in 1805. It was a meeting-place of American patriots dur- 
 ing the Revolutionary period, and is hence called “the 
 Cradle of Liberty.” 
 
 Fanfani (fan-fa'ne), Pietro. Born at Pistoja, 
 Italy, April 21, 1815 : died at Florence, March 
 4, 1879. An Italian philologist and lexicogra- 
 pher. He published ‘ ‘Vocabolario della lingua 
 italiana” (1856), “Vocabolario dell’ nso tos- 
 cano” (1863), etc. 
 
 Fang (fang). A sheriff’s officer in Shakspere’s 
 “ Henry IV.,” part 2. 
 
 Fang, Mr. A police magistrate in Dickens’s 
 “ Oliver Twist.” He is an outrageous and brutal man, 
 so fair a likeness to Justice Laing, a police magistrate in of- 
 fice at the time of publication, that the latter was removed 
 from his position by the Home Office. Dickens’s Diet. 
 
 Fanning (fan'ing), David. Born in Wake 
 County, N. C., about 1756 : died at Digby, Nova 
 Scotia, 1825. A Tory partizan leader in the 
 Revolutionary War. 
 
 Fanning, Edmund. Born on Long Island, N.Y., 
 in 1737 : died at London, Feb. 28, 1818. A colonial 
 politician and Tory leader in the Revolutionary 
 War. He graduated at Yale College in 1757, and after- 
 ward practised law in Hillsborough, North Carolina. He 
 accompanied Governor Tryon to New York as his private 
 secretary in 1771 ; was appointed by the crown surveyor- 
 general in 1774 ; and in 1777 raised and commanded a corps 
 of 460 loyalists. He became lieutenant-governor of the 
 island of St. John, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in 1787 ; was 
 lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island 1799-1804 ; 
 and was made a general of the British army in 1808. 
 
 Fanning Islands. [From Captain Edmund Fan- 
 ning, an American sailor, their discoverer.] A 
 group of islands in the Pacific, extending from 
 Palmyra to Christmas Island, about lat. 2°-6° 
 N., long. 158°-162° 30' W. Fanning Island, one 
 of the group, was annexed by Great Britain in 
 1888. 
 
 Fannius, Demetrius. See Demetrius. 
 
 Fanny (fan'i). The heroine of Fielding’s novel 
 “Joseph Andrews.” 
 
 Fanny, Lord. Lord Hervey (1694—1743), vice- 
 chancellor, so nicknamed on account of the 
 effeminacy of his habits. 
 
 Fanny Fern. See Fern, Fanny. 
 
 Fanny Price. See Price. 
 
 Fano (fa'no). A town in the province of Pe- 
 saro e Urbino, Italy, situated on the Adriatic in 
 lat. 43° 50' N., long. 13° 1' E. : the ancient Fa- 
 num Fortunes, later Colonia Julia Fanestris. 
 
 It has a cathedral, a fine theater, and remains of a trium- 
 phal arch to Augustus. Population, commune, 24,848. 
 
 Fanshawe (fan'sha). An early tale by Na- 
 thaniel Hawthorne, published anonymously in 
 1826. 
 
Fanshawe, Catherine Maria 
 
 Fanshawe, Catherine Maria. Born at Shab- 
 den, July 6, 1765: died at Putney Heath, April 
 17, 1834. An English poet. Her home was much 
 frequented by the literary men of the day. Limited edi- 
 tions of her “ Memorials ” (which contained most of her 
 poems) and of her “ Literary Remains" appeared in 1865 
 and 1876 respectively. 
 
 Fanshawe, Sir Richard. Born at Ware Park, 
 Hertfordshire, iu June, 1608 : died at Madrid, 
 June 26, 1666. An English diplomatist and au- 
 thor. He was appointed secretary to Lord Aston, am- 
 bassador to Spain, in 1635; joined Charles I. at Oxford in 
 the beginning of the civil war; was made secretary of 
 war to Prince Charles about 1644 ; was captured at the 
 battle of Worcester, Sept. 3, 1651 ; was made master of 
 requests and secretary of the Latin tongue to Charles II. 
 at the Restoration ; was appointed ambassador to Portu- 
 gal in 1661 ; was made a privy councilor in 1663 ; and was 
 sent as ambassador to Spain in 1664. His chief work 
 is “ The Lusiad, or Portugal’s Historicall Poem, written in 
 the Portugall Language by Luis de Camoens and now 
 newly put into English by Richard Fanshawe, Esq." 
 (1655). 
 
 Fanti (fan'te), Manfredo. Born at Carpi, 
 Modena, Italy, Feb. 24, 1808 : died at Florence, 
 April 5, 1865. An Italian general. He joined the 
 
 revolutionary movement of 1848-49 ; served in the Cri- 
 mean war; and was minister of war and marine 1860-61. 
 
 Fantine (fern-ten'). In Victor Hugo's “Les 
 Miserables,” the unfortunate mother of Cosette. 
 Fantin-Latour (foh-tan' la-tor'), Ignace Henri 
 Jean Theodore. Born Jan. 14, 1836: died 
 Aug. 25, 1904. A French designer of litho- 
 graphs and painter of portraits, allegorical 
 subjects, and flowers. 
 
 Taraday (lar'a-da), Michael. Born at New- 
 ington Butts, Sept. 22, 1791: died at Hampton 
 Court, Aug. 25, 1867. A famous English physi- 
 cist aud chemist. When a journeyman bookbinder 
 he was led, through hearing some of Sir Humphry Davy’s 
 lectures, to devote himself to the study of chemistry, and 
 in 1813 was appointed Davy’s assistant in the laboratory 
 of the Royal Institution. He was made director of the 
 laboratory in 1825, and professor of chemistry in the in- 
 stitution in 1833. His researches and discoveries in chem- 
 istry are noteworthy, but the great additions made by 
 him to the range of human knowledge were mostly in the 
 related sciences of electricity and magnetism. Especially 
 notable are his discoveries of magneto-electric induction 
 in 1831 and the magnetization of light in 1845. In 1846 he 
 discovered diamagnetism. He published “Chemical Ma- 
 nipulation " (1S27), “ Experimental Researches in Elec- 
 tricity ” (1844-55),“ Experimental Researches in Chemistry 
 and Physics" (1859), “ Chemical History of a Candle" 
 (1861), “ Various Forces in Nature,” etc. 
 
 Farallones (fii-ral-yo'nes) Islands. A group 
 of small islands in the Pacific, situated about 
 35 miles west of San Francisco. 
 
 Faraone (fa-ra-o'na), or Taracone (ta-ra-ko'- 
 na). The southern branch of the Vaquero of 
 Benavides, the Jicarilla being the northern 
 branch. Both belong to the Apache group of North 
 American Indians. In 1799 the Faraone were between 
 the Rio Grande del Norte and the Rio Pecos. In 1882 
 they were west of New Mexico, in the Sierras del Diablo, 
 Chanate, and Pilares. See Querecho. 
 
 Farebrother (far'bruTH // er), Rev. Camden. 
 
 In George Eliot’s novel “ Middlemarch,” an un- 
 popular rector. 
 
 Fareham (far'am). A watering-place in Hamp- 
 shire, England, situated on Portsmouth har- 
 bor 5 miles northwest of Portsmouth. Popu- 
 lation, 8,246. 
 
 Farel (fa-rel'), Guillaume. Born near Gap, 
 Dauphind, France, 1489: died at Neuchatel, 
 Switzerland, Sept. 13, 1565. A noted French 
 Reformer anditinerant preacher i n Switzerland. 
 He was a pupil of Faber Stapulensis. In 1523 he published 
 anonymously a French translation of the New Testament. 
 He introduced, in 1530, the Reformation into Neuchatel, 
 and settled at Geneva in 1532. In spite of a bitter and 
 protracted opposition, he procured the establishment of 
 the Reformation by the Genevan Great Council of Two 
 Hundred, Aug. 27, 1535. He induced John Calvin to 
 settle at Geneva in 1536, and was banished with him in 
 1538. In 1538 he became pastor at Neuchatel. 
 Farewell (far'wel'), Cape. The southernmost 
 extremity of Greenland, in lat. 59° 49' N., long. 
 43° 54' W. 
 
 Far from the Madding Crowd. A novel by 
 Thomas Hardy, published 1874. The title is 
 taken from a line in Gray’s “Elegy.” 
 
 Fargo (far'go). A city in Cass County, North 
 Dakota, on the Red River of the North. It has 
 considerable trade and manufactures. Popu- 
 lation, 14,331, (1910). 
 
 Fargo, William George. Bom at Pompey, 
 N. Y., May 20, 1818: died at Buffalo, N. Y., 
 Aug. 3, 1881. An American expressman. He 
 organized in 1843, in connection with Henry Wells and 
 Daniel Dunning, an express company under the name of 
 Wells and Company, which was changed to Livingston 
 and Fargo in 1845, and in 1850 was amalgamated with the 
 American Express Company, of which he was secretary 
 until its consolidation with the Merchants’ Union Express 
 Company in 1868, when he became president. In 1851, 
 with Henry Wells and others, he formed a company under 
 
 380 
 
 the name of Wells, Far'go, and Company, to carry on an 
 express business between New York and San Francisco. 
 He was mayor of Buffalo 1862-66. 
 
 Fargus (far'gus), Frederick John: pseudonym 
 Hugh Conway. Born at Bristol, Dee. 26, 1847 : 
 died at Monte Carlo, May 15, 1885. A British 
 novelist. He was for a time a student on hoard the 
 school-frigate Conway; studied subsequently in a private 
 school at Bristol ; and in 1868, on the death of his father, 
 succeeded to the latter’s business as an auctioneer at 
 Bristol. He wrote “Called Back” (1883), “Dark Days” 
 (1884), etc. 
 
 Faria, Abbe. See Monte Cristo, Count of. 
 Faria e Sousa (fa-re'a e so'za), Manoel de. 
 Born near Pombeiro, Portugal, March 18, 1590 : 
 died at Madrid, June 3, 1649. A Portuguese- 
 Spanish historian and poet. His chief works are 
 commentaries on the “Lusiad ’’ (1639), “Epitome de las his- 
 torias portuguesas” (1628), works on Portuguese Asia, 
 Europe, and Africa, poems, etc. 
 
 Farias, Valentin Gomez. See Gomez Farias. 
 Faribault (far-i-bo'). The county-seat of Rice 
 County, Minnesota, situated at the junction of 
 the Straight and Cannon rivers, 46 miles south 
 of St. Paul. Population, 9,001, (1910). 
 Faridkot (fur-ed-kot'). A native state in the 
 Panjab, British India, intersected by lat. 30° 40' 
 N., long. 74° 50' E. Population, 124,912. 
 Faridpur , or Furidpur ( fur-ed-por' ) ,orFureed- 
 pore ?fur-ed-por'), or Dacca Jelalpur (dak'ka 
 jel-ul-por'). A district in the Dacca division, 
 Bengal, British India, situated about lat. 23°- 
 24° N., long. 90° E. The chief product is rice. 
 Area, 2,281 square miles. Population, 1,937,- 
 646. 
 
 Faridun (fa-ri-don'), or Feridun (fer-i-don'). 
 In Persian legend, an Iranian king, one of the 
 chief heroes of the Shahnamah : son of Abtin 
 (who was grandson of Jamshid) and Firanak. 
 Learning that a sou had been horn to Abtin who was des- 
 tined to dethrone him, Zohak (see Zohak) caused Abtin to 
 be killed, hut Firanak escaped with Faridun and reared him 
 on Mount Alburz. Summoned by Hawaii to overthrow Zo- 
 hak, Faridun took Zohak’s capital on the Tigris, captured 
 Zohak and bound him on Mount Damavand, and reigned 
 long and prosperously. He had three sons, Salm, Tur.and 
 Iraj. To Salm he awarded his western dominions, and to 
 Tur the eastern, while he chose Iraj, the youngest, to suc- 
 ceed him. The elder brothers conspired against Iraj, and 
 Tur slew him. The son of Iraj, Minuchihr, afterward 
 avenged him by slaying Salm and Tur. 
 
 Farina (fa-re'na). A town on the coast of 
 Tunis, about 25 miles north of Tunis, near the 
 site of the ancient Utica. Population, about 
 1,400. 
 
 Farinata degli Uberti (fa-re-ua'ta del'ye 
 o-ber'te). A leader of the Ghibelline faction at 
 Florence in the 13th century. Having been exiled 
 with other chiefs of his party from Florence, he recovered 
 the city in 1260 with the assistance of Manfred, king 
 of Sicily, who lent him a considerable body of German 
 cavalry. He rejected the proposition of his own party to 
 raze Florence to the ground, and is immortalized by Dante 
 as the savior of his country. 
 
 Farinato (fa-re-na'to), or Farinati (fa-re-na'- 
 te), Paolo. Born at Verona, Italy, about 1525 : 
 died at Yerona, 1606. An Italian painter. His 
 chief work is the “Miracle of the Loaves” (in 
 Verona). 
 
 Farinelli (fa-re-nel'le) (Carlo Broschi). Born 
 at Naples, Jan. 24, 1705 : died at Bologna, Italy, 
 Sept. 15, 1782. A celebrated Italian soprano, 
 “ the most remarkable singer, perhaps, who has 
 ever lived” (Grove). He sang in Vienna (1724, 1728, 
 1731) and England (1734), and was a favorite at the Span- 
 ish court. 
 
 Faringdon (far'ing-don). A small town in Berk- 
 shire, England, 16 miles west of Oxford. It was 
 a royal Saxon residence. 
 
 Farini (fa-re'ne), Luigi Carlo. Born at Russi, 
 near Ravenna, Italy, Oct. 22, 1812: died at 
 Quarto, near Genoa, Aug. 1, 1866. An Italian 
 statesman and historian, president of the cabi- 
 net 1862-63. His chief work is “Storia dello 
 stato Romano dall’ anno 1814 al 1850” (1850). 
 Farley (far'li), Charles. Born at London in 
 1771: died there, Jan. 28, 1859. An English 
 actor and dramatist. He made his appearance as a 
 page at Covent Garden, London, in 1782, and subsequently 
 played with much success the characters of Sanguinback 
 in “Cherry and Fair Star,” Grindoff in “The Miller and 
 his Men,” Jeremy in “Love for Love,” and Lord Trinket 
 in “ The Jealous Wife.” He is said to have been without 
 a rival in his day as a theatrical machinist. He retired 
 from the stage in 1834. He wrote “The Magic Oak : a 
 Christmas Pantomime” (1799), “Aggression, or the Hero 
 ine of Yucatan ” (1805), etc. 
 
 Farley, James Lewis. Born at Dublin, Sept. 
 9, 1823 : died at London, Nov. 12, 1885. An Irish 
 author. He was for a time chief accountant of the Bei- 
 rut branch of the Ottoman Bank, and in I860 was appointed 
 accountant-general of the State Bank of Turkey at Con- 
 stantinople, which subsequently became merged in the 
 Imperial Ottoman Bank. He wrote “ Banking in Turkey ’ 
 (1863), “ Turkey : a Sketch of its Rise, Progress, and Pres- 
 ent Position ” (1866), “ Modern Turkey ” (1872), “ Turks and 
 
 Farnese Juno 
 
 Christians: a Solution of the Eastern Question” (1876), 
 “Egypt, Cyprus, and Asiatic Turkey” (1878), etc. 
 Farmer (far'mer), Hugh. Born near Shrews- 
 bury, England, 1714: died at London, Feb., 
 1787. An English dissenting clergyman and 
 scholar. He published “Christ’s Temptation in the 
 Wilderness” (1761), “Dissertation on Miracles" (1771), 
 “Demoniacs of the New Testament” (1775), etc. 
 
 Farmer, John. Born at Chelmsford, Mass., 
 June 12, 1789: died at Concord, N. H., Aug. 13, 
 1838. An American genealogist. He published 
 “Genealogical Register of the First Settlers of 
 New England” (1829), etc. 
 
 Farmer, Richard. Born at Leicester, England, 
 Aug. 28, 1735: died at Cambridge, England, 
 Sept. 8, 1797. An English scholar. He was edu- 
 cated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, of which college 
 he was appointed master in 1775. His only published 
 work is a scholarly paper entitled “Essay on the Learning 
 of Shakspeare ” (Cambridge, 1767). 
 
 Farmer George. A nickname of George III. of 
 England on account of his simple appearance 
 and manners. He is also said to have derived 
 actual profit from a farm near "Windsor. 
 Farmers’ Alliance. In United States politics, 
 an organization devoted to the interests of 
 farmers, founded about 1873. it absorbed the 
 Farmers’ Union and the Agricultural Wheel, and devel- 
 oped rapidly, especially in the West and South, about 
 1885-90. In 1890 it elected several governors and other 
 State officers and congressmen. In May, 1891, it united 
 at Cincinnati with several industrial organizations, and 
 formed the People’s Party (which see). 
 
 Farmer’s Boy, The. A poem by Robert Bloom- 
 field, published in 1800. 
 
 Farmington (far'ming-ton). The county-seat 
 of Franklin County, Maine, 30 miles northwest 
 of Augusta. Population, town, 3,210, (1910). 
 Farnaby (far'na-bi), Thomas. Born about 
 1575: (lied at Sevenoaks, June 12, 1647. An 
 English classical scholar. He matriculated at Mer- 
 ton College, Oxford, in 1590, but left the university and 
 studied at a Jesuit college in Spain. He wrote, at the re- 
 quest of Charles I., a Latin grammar entitled “Systema 
 Grammaticura,” in 1641, to replace the one in use in the 
 public schools. 
 
 Fame, or Farn (farn), or Fern, or Fearne (fern ) 
 Islands. A group of small islands in the North 
 Sea, off Bamborough in Northumberland, Eng- 
 land. They were the scene of Grace Darling’s 
 heroic rescue. 
 
 Farnese, Alessandro. See Paul III. (Pope). 
 Farnese (It. pron. far-na'se), Alessandro. 
 Born at Rome, 1545: died at Arras, France, Dec. 
 3, 1592. Duke of Parma and Piacenza, son of 
 Ottavio Farnese and of Margaret of Austria : 
 a general in the Spanish service. He served with 
 distinction, under Don John of Austria, at Lepanto in 
 1571 ; was made governor of the Low Countries iu 1578 ; 
 gained overthe southern provinces ; took Antwerp in 1585 , 
 forced Henry of Navarre to raise the siege of Paris in 
 1590 ; and relieved Rouen in 1592, where he was mortally 
 wounded. 
 
 Farnese, Elizabeth. See Elizabeth Farnese. 
 Farnese, Ottavio. Born 1520: died 1586. Duke 
 of Parma and Piacenza, son of Pier Luigi Far- 
 nese whom he succeeded in 1547. 
 
 Farnese, Pier Luigi, Duke of Parma and Pia- 
 cenza. Killed Sept. 10, 1547. The son of Pope 
 Paul III. He was created duke in 1545. 
 Farnese Bacchus. A celebrated Greek torso of 
 the 4th century B. C., in the Museo Nazionale, 
 Naples. The fonns are fine, and the modeling simple 
 yet highly expressive of the voluptuous nature of the god. 
 It is of the school of Praxiteles. 
 
 Farnese Bull. A large group of Greek sculp- 
 ture of the Trallian school (3d century B. C.), 
 in the Museo Nazionale, Naples, it represents 
 the chastisement of Dirce by her stepsons for her treat- 
 ment of their mother Antiope, by binding her to the horns 
 of a bull. It is much restored, but is very remarkable for 
 its composition and execution. It was discovered in the 
 baths of Caracalla in 1546. 
 
 Farnese Flora. A celebrated antique statue 
 in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. The goddess 
 holds her Ionian tunic with her right hand as she steps for- 
 ward, the motive being a familiar one in archaic statues of 
 Venus. The figure is remarkable for its grace, despite its 
 height of 11) feet. 
 
 Farnese Hercules. A celebrated Greek statue 
 In the Museo Nazionale, Naples. The demigod 
 is represented undraped, leaning on his club. The bearded 
 head is somewhat small, and the muscular development 
 prodigious. It dates from the early empire. 
 
 Farnese Homer. An antique bust in the Museo 
 Nazionale, Naples. It is admirable in execution, and 
 remarkable for the profound intellectuality of its expres- 
 sion. It is perhaps the finest example of its familiar type, 
 which is that universaUy associated with Homer. 
 Farnese Juno. A colossal antique bust of Juno 
 (Hera), in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. The 
 expression is one of calm repose, high and unbending. 
 The hair is bound with a simple fillet. It has been demon- 
 strated that this bust is a copy of the type of Polycletus 
 (420 IS. C.). 
 
Farnese Minerva 
 
 Farnese Minerva. A Greek statue of Pallas 
 (Athene Parthenos), found at Velletri, and now 
 in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. The type is that 
 of the great statue of the Parthenon. The goddess wears 
 the Attic helmet with a sphinx and two figures of Pegasus, 
 and the segis on her breast. The arms are restored : the 
 right is extended to hold the Victory, and the left raised 
 to sustain the spear. 
 
 Farnese Palace. A celebrated palace of the 
 Farnese in Rome, founded in the first part of 
 the reign of Leo X. It was begun by San Gallo the 
 younger, was continued by Michelangelo, and was com- 
 pleted by Giacomo della Porta. It is adorned with frescos 
 by Annibale Caracci. 
 
 Farnham (farn 'am). A town in Surrey, Eng- 
 land, 37 miles southwest of London. Popula- 
 tion, 6,124. 
 
 Farnham, Mrs. (Eliza Woodson Burhans). 
 
 Born at Rensselaerville, N. ¥., Nov. 17, 1815: 
 died at New York, Dec. 15, 1864. An Ameri- 
 can philanthropist and authoress, wife of T. J. 
 Farnham. She was matron in the State prison at Sing 
 Sing 1844-18. She wrote “Life in Prairie Land,” etc. 
 
 Farnham, Thomas Jefferson. Born in Ver- 
 mont, 1804: died in California, Sept., 1848. 
 An American traveler on the Pacific coast of 
 North America. 
 
 Farn worth (farn' werth). A manufacturing 
 
 town in Lancashire, England, 2£ miles south- 
 east of Bolton. Population, 25,925. 
 
 Faro (fa'ro). A seaport and the capital of the 
 province of Algarve, Portugal, in lat. 37° N., 
 long. 7° 51' W. The cathedral, a large church whose 
 nave-vaulting springs from lofty cylindrical columns, is 
 apparently a Roman basilica altered by the Moors. Popu- 
 lation, 11,789. 
 
 Faro, Capo del. A promontory forming the 
 northeastern extremity of Sicily, 8 miles north- 
 east of Messina : the ancient Pelorum Promon- 
 torium. 
 
 Farochon (fa-ro-shon'), Jean Baptiste Eu- 
 gene. Born at Paris, 1807 : died there, July 1, 
 1871. A French sculptor and medallist. 
 
 Faroe, or Faro (fa'ro), Islands. [Dan. Farderne, 
 sheep islands.] A group of 24 islands belonging 
 to Denmark, situated in the Atlantic between 
 the Shetlands and Iceland, intersected by lat. 
 62° N., long. 7° W . Seventeen of the islands, including 
 Stromb, Ostero, Sydero, Vaagb, Sando, and Bordo, are in- 
 habited. The capital is Thorshavn. The language is a dia- 
 lect of the Norse. The islands were colonized by Norwe- 
 gians in the 9th century. Area, 540 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 16,349. 
 
 Farquhar (far'kwar), George. Born at London- 
 derry, 1678: died April, 1707. An Dish drama- 
 tist. He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, 1694-95, be- 
 came a corrector of the press, and appeared on the stage 
 at Dublin, apparently without success. Heremoved to Lon- 
 don in 1697 or 1698, and in 1699 his first play, “Love in a 
 Bottle," was successfully produced at Drury Lane. He ob- 
 tained a lieutenant’s commission from the Earl of Orrery, 
 possibly in 1702, and saw some service, which enabled him 
 to write the “ Recruiting Officer," produced in 1706, one of 
 his most successful plays. He married in 1703, and died 
 in great poverty, leaving a widow and two daughters. Be- 
 sides the plays already mentioned, he wrote “A Constant 
 Couple " (1699), “Sir Harry Wildair ” (1701), “The Incon- 
 stant, or the Way to Win Him ”(1702), “The Twin Rivals” 
 (1702), “The Stage Coach ”(1704), and “The Beaux’ Strata- 
 gem ” (1707). 
 
 Farr (far), William. Boru at Kenley, Shrop- 
 shire, England, Nov. 30, 1807 : died April 14, 
 1883. An English statistician. 
 
 Farragiit (far'a-gut), David Glasgow. Born 
 at Campbell’s Station, Tenn., July 5, 1801 : died 
 at Portsmouth, N. H., Aug. 14, 1870. A cele- 
 brated American admiral. He was the son of George 
 Farragut, a Spaniard who emigrated to America in 1776 
 and fought in the Continental army in the Revolutionary 
 War. He was adopted by David Porter, who procured for 
 him an appointment as midshipman in the United States 
 navy in 1810, and under whom he served in the Essex 
 when she was captured by the Phoebe and the Cherub in 
 the harbor of Valparaiso, March 28, 1814. He was pro- 
 moted lieutenant in 1825, commander in 1841, and captain 
 in 1855. In Jan., 1862, he was appointed commander of 
 a naval armament destined, together with a land force 
 under General Benjamin F. Butler, for the reduction of 
 New Orleans. He sailed from Hampton Roads Feb. 2, 1862, 
 and on April 18, 1862, began the bombardment of the lower 
 defenses of New Orleans, Forts Jackson and St. Philip. 
 He passed the forts on the night of April 23-24, and after 
 destroying the Confederate fleet, consisting of gunboats 
 and the iron-clad ram Manassas, compelled the surrender 
 of the city on April 25, which was followed by that of the 
 forts on April 28. He turned the city over to General But- 
 ler May 1, 1862. On June 28, 1862, he attacked the bat- 
 teries at Vicksburg, which he succeeded in passing, only to 
 find the city impregnable to attack on the riverfront. On 
 July 15 he once more ran the batteries, and returned to 
 New Orleans. He was promoted rear-admiral July 16, 1862. 
 On March 14, 1803, he attempted to run the batteries of 
 Port Hudson with a fleet of vessels and gunboats to assist 
 General N. P. Banks in his siege of that place, but suc- 
 ceeded in passing only with his flagship, the Hartford, and 
 a gunboat which was lashed to her side. On Aug 5, 1864, 
 supported by a land force under General Gordon Granger, 
 he passed Forts Morgan and Gaines, at the entrance to 
 Mobile Bay, and after a desperate struggle captured the 
 
 381 
 
 Confederate ironclad Tennessee. Although unable to cap- 
 ture the city of Mobile, on account of shoal water and 
 obstructions in the channel, the object of his expedition, 
 which was toputan end to the blockade-running at Mobile, 
 was effectively accomplished. Forts Gaines and Morgan 
 surrendered soon after. In Dec., 1864, Congress created 
 for him the rank of vice-admiral, and in 1866 that of ad- 
 miral. 
 
 Farrakhabad (fur-ruk-a-bad'), or Farrukha- 
 bad, or Furruckabad. 1. A district in the 
 Agra division, United Provinces, British India 
 intersected by lat. 27° N., long. 79° 30' E. 
 Area, 1,685 square miles. Population, 925,812. 
 — 2. The capital of the district of Farrakha- 
 bad, situated near the Ganges in lat. 27° 24' 
 N., long. 79° 34' E. The Mahrattas were defeated 
 here by Lake in 1804, and the place was held by mutineers 
 1857-58. Population, 67,338. 
 
 Farrant (far'ant), Richard. Born 1530 (?) : 
 died at Windsor, 1585. An English composer. 
 He was organist and master of the choristers at St. George’s 
 Chapel, Windsor, 1564-69, when he was reinstated as a gen- 
 tleman of the Chapel Royal, a position which he had pre- 
 viously held. He subsequently, however, returned to 
 Windsor. He has been erroneously credited with the 
 authorship of the anthem “Lord, for thy tender mercies’ 
 sake.” Among his genuine works are a service given bv 
 Tudway in G minor, called “Farrant’s High Service,’’ and 
 two anthems “Call to remembrance ” and “ Hide not thou 
 thy face.” 
 
 Farrar (far'ar), Frederic William. Born at 
 Bombay, Aug. 7, 1831 : died at Canterbury, 
 March 22, 1903. An English clergyman, educa- 
 tor, theologian, and philological writer. He was 
 educated at the University of London and at Cambridge; 
 wasordained in 1854; washead-master of MarlboroughCol- 
 iege 1871-76 ; was select preacher to Cambridge University 
 in 1868 and 1874-75; was appointed a canon of Westminster 
 Abbey and rector of St. Margaret’s in 1876 ; and became 
 archdeacon of Westminsterin 1883,anddean of Canterbury 
 1896. He published the following works of fiction : “Eric, 
 etc.” (1858), “ Julian Home ” (1859), “ S. Winifred's, etc.’’ 
 (1863). His theological works are “ Witness of History to 
 Christ" (1871), “Life of Christ” (1874), “Life and Work of 
 St. Paul” (1879), “Early Days of Christianity" (1882), etc. 
 
 Farrar, Mrs. (Eliza Ware Botch). Born about 
 1792 : died at Springfield, Mass., April 22, 1870. 
 An American writer, wife of John Farrar. She 
 wrote “ The Young Lady’s Friend” (1837), etc. 
 Farren (far'en), Elizabeth or Eliza. Born in 
 1759 (?) : died at Knowsley Park in 1829. An 
 English actress. She went on the stage very early, and 
 played with success until April 8, 1797, when she retired 
 from the stage. On if ay 1, 1797, she married the Earl of 
 Derby. She was a rival of Mrs. Abington. 
 
 Farren, Ellen or Nelly. Died April 28, 1904. A 
 burlesque actress, daughter of Henry Farren. 
 Farren, Henry. Born in 1826 (?): died in 1860. 
 An English actor, son of William Farren. He 
 played in England and America, and at the time of his 
 death was the manager of a. theater in St. Louis. 
 
 Farren, William. Born May 13, 1786: died at 
 London, Sept. 24, 1861. An English actor. He 
 first appeared at theTheatre Royal, Plymouth, about 1806, 
 played subsequently at Dublin, and in 1818 appeared as 
 Sir Peter Teazle at Covent Garden, London, where he 
 played at one or another of the principal theaters until 
 his retirement in 1855. 
 
 Farrer (far'er), Henry. Born at London, March 
 23, 1843: died Feb. 24, 1903. A landscape 
 and marinepainter and etcher. He came to Amer- 
 ica in 186L He was best known for his etchings. 
 
 Fars (fars), or Farsistan (far-sis-tan' ). A prov- 
 ince of southern Persia : the ancient Persia. 
 It is bounded by Irak-Ajemi on the north, Kirmanon the 
 east, Laristan on the southeast, the Persian GuU on the 
 southwest, and Khuzistan on the northwest. The capital 
 is Shiraz, and the chief port Bushire. 
 
 Farsan (far-san') Archipelago. A group con- 
 sisting of two islands and several islets in the 
 Red Sea, on the Arabian side about lat. 17° N. 
 Farther India. See India, Further. 
 Farukhabad. See Farrakhabad. 
 
 Fasa (fa'sa). 1 A town in the province of Far- 
 sistan, Persia, 85 miles southeast of Shiraz. 
 Fasano (fa-sa'no). A town in the province of 
 Bari, Italy, 36 miles northwest of Brindisi. 
 Population, commune, 16,848. 
 
 Fasher (fash'er). The capital of Darfur, in the 
 Sudan, Africa. 
 
 Fashion (fash'on), Sir Novelty. In Cibber’s 
 “Love’s Last Shift,” “a coxcomb that loves to 
 be the first in all foppery.” Vanbrugh metamor- 
 phosed him into Lord Foppingtou in ‘ The Relapse.” 
 
 The interest of the audience in Sir Novelty does not 
 centre in him as an unprincipled rake (he is, however, 
 sufficiently unscrupulous), as it is attracted towards him 
 as a “beau,” a man of fashion, who professes to see no- 
 thing tolerable in himself, solely in order to extort praise 
 for his magnificence from others. ... He is the first 
 man who was ever called “beau,” which title he professes 
 to prefer to “right honourable,” for the latter is inherited, 
 while the former is owing to his surprising mien and un- 
 exampled gallantry. Doran, Eng. Stage, II. 20. 
 
 Fashion, Tom. Ill Vanbrugh’s comedy “The 
 Relapse,” the younger brother of Lord Fop- 
 pington (formerly Sir Novelty Fashion). He 
 
 Fatal Marriage, The 
 
 personates his brother to get possession of 
 Miss Hoyden and her fortime. See Hoyden. 
 Fashionable Lover, The. A play by Cum- 
 berland, produced in 1772. 
 
 Fashionable Tales, or Tales of Fashionable 
 Life. Tales by Miss Edgeworth. The first instal- 
 ment appeared in 1809, and the last in 1812. They com- 
 prise “Ennui,” “The Dun,” “Manoeuvring,” “ Alraeria," 
 ‘ Vivian,” “The Absentee,” “Madame de Fleury,” and 
 “Emilie de Coulanges.” 
 
 Fashoda(fa-sho'da). A town in the Shilluk coun- 
 try, Africa, on the White Nile about lat. 9° N. 
 
 Fassa (fas'sa). The upper part of the Avisio 
 valley in southern Tyrol, noted for the Dolo- 
 mite Mountains. 
 
 Fasti (fas'ti). [L. (sc. dies, days), pi. oifastus, 
 lit. ‘on which one may speak’: used absolutely 
 for a day on which court can be held, a court- 
 day.] See the extract. 
 
 The Pontifices, who possessed the art of keeping account 
 of the time, arranged also the fasti, i. e. a list of the days 
 for “awards ” or the administration of the law ( dies agendi, 
 dies fasti), this being part of the table of each month (Ka- 
 lendarium), enumerating also the feasts, games, markets, 
 sacrifices, etc., falling on each day, to which were gradu- 
 ally joined first the anniversaries of disasters, and then 
 other short notices of historical events, as well as obser- 
 vations on the rising of certain constellations. After 
 these fasti had been made public, private persons also 
 undertook the compilation of fasti in the shape of tables 
 or books, and they became the subjects of learned discus- 
 sions. After the introduction of the Julian era (709/45) 
 these publications became again official, and were made 
 by the Emperor in his quality of pontifex maximus. We 
 possess a number of fragments of calendars which were 
 engraved or wr itten (painted) at Rome and in neighbour- 
 ing Italian towns, and which extend from the 8tli century 
 U. c. to the time of Claudius (from a. 723/31 B. C. to 804/51 
 A. B.). When the new chronology had become suffi- 
 ciently familiar, the industry of private persons found 
 there a new field. There are still two complete calendars 
 in existence, an official one of the 4th century written 
 by Furius Dionysius Pliilocalus A. D. 354, and a Christian 
 revision of the official calendar composed by Polemius 
 Silvius (a. d. 448 sq.). From denoting lists of days and 
 months, the name of fasti was also transferred to iists of 
 years containing the names of the chief annual magis- 
 trates (fasti consulares), the triumphs held in each year 
 (fasti triumphales), and the priests (fasti sacerdotales). 
 Fragments of fasti in this sense of the woxd have likewise 
 come down to us, and of these the fasti capitolini are by 
 far the most important. 
 
 Teuffel and Schwabe, Hist. Rom. Lit. (tr. by Warr), I 106. 
 
 Fasti. A poetical Roman calendar by Ovid. 
 
 Fasti Capitolini (fas'ti kapH-to-lI'ni). [L., 
 ‘fasti of the Capitol.’ See Fasti.] Marble tab- 
 lets containing a register of the Roman con- 
 suls and other chief magistrates, excavated 
 at Rome in 1546 or 1547, and preserved in the 
 Capitol. 
 
 Fastnet (fast 'net) Light. A lighthouse off 
 Cape Clear, County Cork, Ireland, in lat. 51° 
 23' N„ long. 9° 36' W. 
 
 Fastolf (fas'tolf), Sir John. Born probably in 
 1378: died at Caister, Nov. 5, 1459. An Eng- 
 lish soldier and benefactor of Magdalen College, 
 Oxford. He was a page of Thomas Mowbray, duke of 
 Norfolk, and afterward entered the service of Thomas of 
 Lancaster (duke of Clarence), Henry IV. ’s second son, who 
 became lord deputy of Ireland in 1401. He was appointed 
 by Henry V. custodian of the castle of Veii es in Gascony 
 in 1413 ; became lieutenant of Normandy and governor of 
 Maine and Anjou in 1423 ; took John II [duke of Alen^on, 
 prisoner at the battle of Verneuil in 1424, and was created 
 a knight of the Garter in 1426. On Feb. 12, 1429. during 
 Lent, while convoying provisions, consisting chiefly of 
 herrings, to the English before Orleans, he repulsed an 
 attack of a largely superior French force under the Comte 
 de Clermont at Rouvray (“the Battle of the Herrings’), 
 and June 18, 1429, was defeated with Talbot at J’atay. 
 He retired from military service in 1440. He left a legacy 
 for the founding of a college at Caister, which was di- 
 verted by papal authority to Magdalen College, Oxford. 
 He is supposed by some to be the original of Shakspere s 
 Sir John Falstaff. See Falstaff. 
 
 Fata Morgana (fa'ta mor-ga'na). The fay or 
 fairy Morgana, the sister of King Arthur, in me- 
 dieval romance. She lived in the Isleof Avalon, where 
 Ogier the Dane was taken and became her lover. In “ Or- 
 lando Innamorato” she appears as a personification of 
 Fortune. She is subject only to Demogorgon. She is also 
 called “ Morgaine ” (and “Morgan ”) “la f6e’’and “Morgue 
 la fay.” The name Fata Morgana is given to a mirage seen 
 in the Strait of Messina, superstitiously supposed to be 
 caused by Morgana. 
 
 Fatal Curiosity. 1 . An episode in Cervantes’s 
 “ Don Quixote.” It relates to the excessive trial 
 of a wife’s faith fulness. — 2. A tragedy by Lillo, 
 published in 1737. It has been imitated in “The Ship- 
 wreck,” and was altered and reproduced by Colinan, senior, 
 in 1782. 
 
 Fatal Discovery, The. A play by John Home, 
 produced by Garrick in 1769. 
 
 Fatal Dowry, The. A tragedy by Massinger 
 and Field. It was produced in 1632, and was 
 pillaged by Rowe in his “Fair Penitent.” 
 Fatal Marriage, The, or The Innocent Adul- 
 tery. A tragedy by Southerne, acted in 1694. 
 On its revival in 1757 the comic under-plot was omitted, 
 and the play was ufterward renamed “ Isabella." 
 
Fates, The 
 
 Fates (fats), The. [L. Fata .] In Roman my- 
 thology, the Parcae, or destinies personified, 
 corresponding to the Greek Mcerte (which see). 
 Fath All. See Fetli Ali. 
 
 Father Hubherd’s Tales, or The Ant and the 
 Nightingale. A coarse hut humorous attack 
 on the vices and follies of the times, partly in 
 prose and partly in verse, by Thomas Middleton. 
 It was suggested by Spenser’s “ Prosopopoia, or Mother 
 Hubberd’s Tale." It was published in 1604. 
 
 [The title of “ Father of ” so-and-so is given to many per- 
 sons, often without reason or historical accuracy. The 
 following list contains some of the most common titles of 
 this sort.) 
 
 Father of Angling, The. Izaak Walton. 
 Father of Comedy, The. Aristophanes. 
 Father of Ecclesiastical History, The. Eu- 
 sebius of Caesarea. 
 
 Father of English Cathedral Music, The. 
 Tallis. 
 
 Father of English Poetry, The. Chaucer. 
 Father of English Prose, The. Roger Ascham. 
 Father of Epic Poetry, The. Homer. 
 Father of French History, The. Andre Du- 
 chesne. 
 
 Father of German Literature, The. Lessing. 
 Father of Good Works. A surname of Mo- 
 hammed II., sultan of Turkey. 
 
 Father of Greek Music, The. Terpander. 
 Father of Greek Tragedy, The. JEschylus. 
 Father of History, The. Herodotus. 
 
 Father of Jests, The. Joseph Miller. 
 
 Father of Letters, The. Francis I. of France: 
 so named as a patron of literature. 
 
 Father of Lies, The. Satan. 
 
 Father of Medicine, The. Hippocrates. 
 Father of Moral Philosophy, The. Thomas 
 Aquinas. 
 
 Father of Music, The. Palestrina. 
 
 Father of Orthodoxy, The. Athanasius. 
 Father of Peace, The. A title given by the 
 senate of Genoa to Andrea Doria. 
 
 Father of Ridicule, The. Rabelais. 
 
 Father of the Faithful, The. Abraham. 
 Father of the Marshalsea, The. See Dorrit, 
 Mr. William. 
 
 Father of the People. A title assumed by the 
 kings of Denmark during the period of absolu- 
 tism. 
 
 Father of Waters. The Mississippi. 
 
 Father Prout. See Mahony, Francis. 
 
 Fathers, The, or The Good-natured Man. A 
 play by Fielding, brought to light 24 years after 
 his death. 
 
 Fathers, The Apostolic. Those fathers of the 
 church who were during any part of their lives 
 contemporary with the apostles. They are six : 
 Barnabas (lived about A. D. 70-100), Clement of Rome (died 
 about 100), Hennas (lived probably about the beginning of 
 the 2d century), Ignatius (died probably 107), Papias (lived 
 probably about 130), and Polycarp (died 155). 
 
 Fathers and Sons. A novel by Turgenieff, 
 published in 1862. In it theoretic nihilism is pre- 
 sented and defined. The destructive skepticism of the 
 medical student Bazarotf, “the new man,” in whom Tur- 
 genietf portrayed the spirit of a new epoch, aroused much 
 hostility against him. 
 
 “A nihilist,” said Nicholas Petrovi tell, . . . “signifies a 
 man who . . . recognizes nothing?" “ Or rather who re- 
 spects nothing,” said Paul Petrovitch. . . . “A man who 
 looks at everything from a critical point of view," said 
 Arcadi. “Does not that come to the same thing? ” asked 
 bis uncle. “No, not at all; a nihilist is a man who bows 
 before no authority, who accepts no principle without ex- 
 amination, no matter what credit the principle has.” 
 
 Turgenieff . , Fathers and Sons (tr. by Schuyler), v. 
 
 Fathigarh (fut-e-garh'), or Futtigarh (fut-te- 
 garh'). A town and station in the division of 
 Agra, United Provinces, British India, situated 
 on the Ganges about 3 miles east of Farrakha- 
 bad. 
 
 Fathipur (fut-e-por'), or Futtehpur (fut-te- 
 por ' ) . 1 . A district in th e Allahabad division , 
 
 United Provinces, British India, intersected 
 by lat. 26° N., long. 80° 45' E. Area, 1,618 
 square miles. Population, 686,391. — 2. The 
 capital of the district of Fathipur, situated in 
 lat. 25° 56' N., long. 80° 50' E. Population, 
 19,281. 
 
 Fathom, Count. See Ferdinand , Count Fathom. 
 Fatima (fa/ te-ma). 1. Born at Mecca, Arabia, 
 about 606: died at Medina, Arabia, 632. A 
 daughter of Mohammed by his first wife, Kadi- 
 jah, and wife of Ali. She had three sons, Al-Hasan, 
 Al-Husein, and Al-Muhsin. The last died in infancy. From 
 the two former were descended the Saiyides. She was 
 called by the Prophet one of the four perfect women. 
 
 2. In “Aladdin or the Wonderful Lamp,” the 
 enchantress. — 3. In the story of Bluebeard, 
 the seventh and last wife. She is said to per- 
 sonify female curiosity. 
 
 382 
 
 Fatimites (fat'i-mlts), or Fatimides (fat'i- 
 midz). An Arabian dynasty of califs which 
 reigned over northern Africa and Syria, 909- 
 1171. They professed to trace their descent from Fatima, 
 the daughter of Mohammed. The califate was established 
 by Obeid-allah, and he had 13 successors. Their reign in 
 Egypt began in 969. 
 
 Fattore, II. See Penhi. 
 
 Fatwa (fut'wa). A town iu Bengal, British 
 India, situated on the Ganges at its junction 
 with the Pumpun, near Patna. 
 
 Faubourg St.-Antoine, St.-Germain, etc. See 
 St.-Antoine, etc. 
 
 Faucher (fo-sha'), L6on. Born at Limoges, 
 France, Sept. 8, 1803 : died at Marseilles, Dec. 
 14, 1854. A French economist and politician, 
 a leading advocate of free trade. He was min- 
 ister of public works and of the interior 1848-49, and 
 minister of the interior in 1851. His chief works are 
 “ Recherches sur l’or et sur l’argent ” (1843), “Etudes sur 
 l’Angleterre ” (1845). 
 
 Fauchet (fo-sha'), Claude. Bom at Paris, July 
 3, 1530 : died at Paris, 1601. A noted French 
 antiquarian and historian. He wrote “Les an- 
 tiquitez gauloises et frangoises, etc.” (1579), “Recueil de 
 l’origine de la langue et poCsie frangoise, etc.” (1581), etc. 
 His collected works were published at Paris in 1610. 
 
 Fauchet, Claude. Born at Domes, Nievre, 
 France, Sept. 22, 1744: guillotined at Paris, 
 Oct. 31, 1793. A French bishop (of Calvados), 
 journalist, and revolutionist. He was deputy to the 
 Legislative Assembly in 1791, and to the Convention in 
 1792. He edited “La Bouche de Fer” and the “Journal 
 des Amis.” His support of the church and his alliance 
 with the Girondins led to his death. 
 
 Faucigny (fo-sen-ye'). A district in the de- 
 partment of Haute-Savoie, France, south of 
 Chablais and west of the Swiss canton of Va- 
 lais. It was a medieval lordship, and passed in 1355 to 
 the house of Savoy. 
 
 Faucilles (fo-sey'), Les Monts. A range of 
 hills in eastern France, connecting the Vosges 
 Mountains with the plateau of Langres. High- 
 est point, about 1,600 feet. 
 
 Faucit (fa'sit), Helen, Lady Martin. Bom in 
 1817 : died Oct. 31, 1898. An English actress. 
 She made her first appearance at London, in 1836, as Julia 
 in “The Hunchback." She afterward gained success in 
 Juliet, Portia, Desdemona, and other Shaksperian roles, 
 and created the leading female characters in “The Lady 
 of Lyons," “Money," “Richelieu,” and many other plays. 
 In 1851 she married Mr. Theodore (now Sir Theodore) 
 Martin. Her last appearance was in 1879, at the opening 
 of the Memorial Theatre at Stratford-on-Avon. She wrote 
 a work “On Some of the Female Characters of Shakspere." 
 
 Faujas de Saint-Fond (fo-zha' de sah-foh'), 
 Barthelemy. Bom at Montelimart, Drome, 
 France, May 17, 1741: died at Paris, July 19, 
 1819. A French geologist and traveler. He 
 published “ Les volcans dteints du Vivarais et 
 du Velay ” (1778), etc. 
 
 Faulconbridge (fa'kn-brij), Lady. A charac- 
 ter in Shakspere’s “ King John.” 
 Faulconbridge, Philip. Half-brother (illegit- 
 imate) to Robert Faulconbridge in Shakspere’s 
 “ King John.” 
 
 Faulconbridge, Robert. A character in Shak- 
 spere’s “ King John.” 
 
 Faulhorn (foul'horn). A peak of the Bernese 
 Alps, in the canton of Bern, Switzerland, south 
 of the Brienzer See. Height, 8,803 feet. 
 Faulkland. See Falkland. 
 
 Faulkner’s (fak'nerz) Island. A small island 
 in Long Island Sound, near Guilford, Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 Faun of Praxiteles. The finest surviving copy 
 of the celebrated original : in the Capitoline 
 Museum, Rome. The youth leans on a tree-stump, 
 nude except for a panther-skin over the shoulder. The 
 face betrays his rude kinship by little except the unusual 
 hollow in the nose and the slightly pointed ears. 
 
 Faunus. See Parasitaster. 
 
 Faure (for), Francois F61ix. Born at Paris, 
 Jan. 30, 1841 : died at Paris, Feb. 16, 1899. A 
 Fre n ch statesman . He was president of the chamber 
 of commerce at Havre, and during the Franco-German 
 war served in the garde mobile against the Commune. 
 He was elected in 1881 to the chamber as a republican ; 
 was in the ministry of commerce under Gambetta and 
 Jules Ferry ; was minister of marine under Dupuy ; and 
 was elected president of France Jan. 17, 1895. 
 
 Faure, Jean Baptiste. Bom at Moulins, 
 France, Jan. 15, 1830. A noted French bary- 
 tone singer and composer. He made his d6but at 
 the Op6ra Comique Oct. 20, 1852. In 1857 he was for a 
 short time professor of singing at the Conservatoire, Paris. 
 In 1859 he married Mademoiselle Lefebvre, an actress at 
 the Opera Comique. 
 
 Faure, Madame (Constance Caroline Le- 
 febvre). Bora at Paris, Dec. 21, 1828: died 
 1905. A French vocalist, wife of J. B. Faure. 
 
 Fauriel (fo-re-el'), Claude Charles. Born at 
 St. -Etienne, France, Oct. 21, 1772: died at 
 
 Faustus 
 
 Paris, July 15, 1844. A French philologist, 
 historian, critic, and politician. He published 
 “Histoire de la Gaule rneridionale sous la domination 
 des conqu6rants germains ” (1836), “ Histoire de la croi- 
 sade contre leshtrdtiques albigeois” (translated from the 
 Provengal, 1837), “Histoire de la litterature provengale" 
 (1846), “Dante et les origines de la langue et de la lite- 
 rature italienne ” (1854). 
 
 Faust (foust). 1. A tragedy by Goethe, com- 
 menced in 1772, and published as “Faust, ein 
 Fragment ” in 1790. Part 1, complete, was published 
 as “Faust, eine Tragodie” in 1S08 ; part 2, finished in 
 1831, was published in 1833. It has been translated into 
 English by Bayard Taylor, Blackie, Anster, Hayward, 
 Martin, and others (nearly 40 in all). Goethe accomplished 
 the transformation of Faust from a common necromancer 
 and conjurer into a personification of humanity, tempted 
 and disquieted, but at length groping its way to the 
 light. See Goethe. 
 
 2. An opera by Gounod (words, after Goethe, 
 by Carre and Barbier), represented at the The- 
 atre Lyrique, Paris, March 19, 1859. — 3. An 
 opera by Spohr, first produced at Frankfort in 
 1818. The words, which do not follow Goethe’s 
 play, are by Bernhard. 
 
 Faust (foust), Johann. See Fust. 
 
 Faust, or Faustus (fas'tus), Doctor Johann. A 
 person bora at Kundling ( Knittlingen ) ,Wiirtem- 
 berg, or at Roda, near Weimar, and said to have 
 died in 1538. He was a man of licentious character, a ma- 
 gician, astrologer, and soothsayer, who boasted of perform- 
 ing the miracles of Christ. It was believed that he was car- 
 ried off at last by the devil, who had lived with him in the 
 form of a black dog. The legends of Faust were gathered 
 from the then recent traditions concerning him in a book 
 which appeared at the book-fair at Frankfort-on-tbe- 
 Main in 1587. It was called “ The History of Dr. Faustus, 
 the Notorious Magician and Master of the Black Art, 
 etc.” Soon after its appearance it became known in Eng- 
 land. “A metrical version of it into English was licensed 
 by Aylmer, Bishop of London, before the end of the year. 
 In 1688 there was a rimed version of it into German, also 
 a translation into Low German, and a new edition of the 
 original with some slight changes. In 1589 there ap- 
 peared a version of the first German Faust book into 
 French, by Victor Palma Cayet. The English prose ver- 
 sion was made from the second edition of the original, 
 that of 1588, and is undated, but probably was made at 
 once. There was a revised edition of it in 1592. In 1592 
 there was a Dutch translation from the second German 
 edition. This gives the time of the carrying off of Faustus 
 by the devil as the night between the twenty-third and 
 twenty-fourth of October, 1538. The English version also 
 gives 1538 as the year, and it is a date, as we have seen, 
 consistent with trustworthy references to his actual life. 
 Marlowe's play (‘ The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus ’) 
 was probably written in 1588, soon after the original story 
 had found its way to England. He treated the legend as a 
 poet, bringing out with all his power its central thought — 
 man in the pride of knowledge turning from his GcM.” 
 (Morley, Eng. Writers, IX. 254.) This play was brought to 
 Germany about the beginning of the 17th century, and, after 
 passing through various developments on the stage, finally 
 became a puppet-play, which is still in existence. Les- 
 sing wrote parts of two versions of the story. Midler, the 
 painter, published two fragments of his dramatized life of 
 Faust in 1778. Goethe’s tragedy (which see) was not pub- 
 lished till 1808. Klinger published a romance “Faust’s 
 Leben, Thaten und Hollenfahrt ” (1791 : Borrow trans- 
 lated it in 1826). Klingemann published a tragedy on the 
 subject (1815), Heine a ballet “Der Doctor Faust, ein 
 Tanzpoem” (1851), and Lenau an epic “Faust” (1836). 
 W. G. Wills adapted a play from Goethe’s “Faust,” which 
 Henry Irving produced in 1885. Calderon’s play “El 
 Magico Prodigioso ” strongly resembles Goethe's and Mar- 
 lowe’s plays, though founded on the legend of St. Cyprian. 
 
 Fausta (fas'ta), Cornelia. Bom about 88 b. c. 
 A daughter of the Roman dictator L. Cornelius 
 Sulla by his fourth wife, Csecilia Metella. she 
 married at an early age C. Memmius, by whom she was 
 divorced. In 65 B. c., she married T. Annius Milo. She 
 was notorious for her conjugal infidelity. The historian 
 Sallust is said to have been one of her paramours. 
 
 Fausta, Flavia Maximiana. Died probably 
 in 326. A Roman empress, daughter of the 
 emperor Maximianus Herculius. She married in 
 307 Constantine the Great, by whom she was the mother 
 of Constantinus, Constantius, and Constans. She is said 
 to have induced Constantine by false accusations to put 
 Crispus, his eldest son by a former marriage, to death, 
 and to have been suffocated in a heated bath by order of 
 her husband, in consequence of the discovery of the inno- 
 cence of Crispus. 
 
 Faustin I. See Soulouque. 
 
 Faustina (fas-tl'na), Annia, sumamed Junior. 
 [L. Faustina, from faustus, fortunate.] Died 
 near Mount Taurus, Asia Minor, 175 a. d. A 
 Roman empress, daughter of Antoninus Pius by 
 Annia Galeria Faustina. She married Marcus Au- 
 relius in 145 or 146. She surpassed her mother in profligacy, 
 and is said to have incited by her intrigues the unsuccess- 
 ful rebellion of Avidius Cassius. 
 
 Faustina, Annia Galeria, sumamed Senior. 
 Born about 104 a. d. : died 141. A Roman em- 
 press. She married Antoninus Pius before his elevation 
 to the throne in 138, and died in the third year of his 
 reign. She was noted for her profligacy. A temple dedi- 
 cated to her memory in the Via Sacra may still be seen in a 
 perfect state of preservation. There is a colossal bust of 
 her in the Vatican, Rome. It is a well-characterized piece 
 of portrait-sculpture, and a good example of the best 
 works of Roman art. 
 
 Faustus. See Faust. 
 
Fauvelet 
 
 Fauvelet (fov-la'), Jean Baptiste. Born at 
 Bordeaux, Prance, June 9, 1819. A French 
 painter of genre scenes and flowers. 
 
 Favara (fa-va'ra). A town in the province of 
 Girgenti, Sicily, 4 miles southeast of Girgenti. 
 Population, 20,398. 
 
 Favart (fa-var'), Charles Simon. Born at 
 Paris, Nov. 13, 1710: died at Belleville, near 
 Paris, May 12, 1792. A French dramatist and 
 writer of comic operas. 
 
 Favart, Madame (Marie Justine Benoite du 
 Ronceray). Born at Avignon, France, June 15, 
 1727: died at Paris, April 22, 1772. A French 
 actress and writer, wife of C. S. Favart. 
 Favart, Marie (Pierette Ignace Pinaud). 
 Born at Beaune, France, Feb. 16, 1833 : died at 
 Paris, Nov. 11, 1908. A noted French actress 
 
 She made her debut, in 1848, at the Comedie Frangaise, of 
 which in 1854 she was made a member. She resigned in 
 188L In 1883 she made a tour in Russia with Coquelin, 
 and played in classic comedy, notably in “Tartufe.” She 
 created many original parts. 
 
 Faventia (fa-ven'shi-a). The Roman name of 
 Faenza (which see). 
 
 Faversham (fav'er-sham), or Feversham 
 (fev'er-sham). A town in Kent, England, on 
 a branch of the Swale 44 miles east-southeast 
 of London. It was formerly the 6eat of a cele- 
 brated abbey. Population, 11,290, 
 
 Favignana (fa-ven-ya'na). The largest of the 
 iEgates Islands, west of Sicily: the ancient 
 iEgusa. 
 
 Favonius (fa-vo'ni-us). In Roman mythology, 
 the west wind personified : the same as Zephyrus. 
 Favorinus (fav-o-ri'nus). Born at Arelate, 
 Gaul : lived about 125 a. D. A rhetorician and 
 sophist, a friend of the emperor Hadrian. He 
 adopted the skepticism of the Academy. 
 Favorita (f a-vo-re ' ta ) , La. [It., ‘The Favorite.’] 
 An opera by Donizetti, first produced at Paris 
 in 1840. 
 
 Favras (fa-vra'), Marquis de (Thomas de 
 
 Mahy). Born at Blois, France, March 26, 1744 : 
 died at Paris, Feb. 19, 1790. A French con- 
 spirator. At the outbreak of the French Revolution he 
 was an officer in the Swiss body-guard of the Count of 
 Provence, afterward Louis XVIII. He was suspected of 
 organizing a counter-revolution to place the couut on the 
 French throne, and was hung. 
 
 Favre (favr), Gabriel Claude Jules. Born at 
 Lyons, March 21, 1809: died at Versailles, 
 France, Jan. 19, 1880. A noted French states- 
 man and orator. He was the leader of the democratic 
 opposition to the second empire 1863-68, and minister of 
 foreign affairs 1870-71. He wrote “Rome et la r^publique 
 framjaise ” (1871), “ Le gouvernement de la defense nation- 
 ale ” (1871-75). 
 
 Fawcett (fa/set), Henry. Born at Salisbury, 
 England, Aug. 26, 1833: died at Cambridge, 
 Nov. 6, 1884. A noted English statesman and 
 political economist. He graduated B. A. at Trinity 
 Hall, Cambridge, in 1856; studied law at Lincoln’s Inn, 
 London ; and was accidentally blinded Sept. 17, 1858. He 
 became professor of political economy at Cambridge in 
 1863, a position which he retained until his death. In 
 1867 he married Miss Millicent Garrett of Aldeburgh, Suf- 
 folk, who during the rest of his life shared his intellectual 
 and political labors. He was Liberal member of Parlia- 
 ment for Brighton 1865-74, and for Hackney 1874-84. In 
 1880 he became postmaster-general in Gladstone’s gov- 
 ernment, and introduced numerous reforms in the postal 
 service, of which the most important was the parcels post 
 of 1882. He published a “Manual of Political Economy” 
 (1863), “Mr. Hare’s Reform Bill Simplified and Explained" 
 (I860), “The Leading Clauses of a New Reform Bill ” 
 (I860), “The Economic Position of the British Labourer" 
 (1865), “Pauperism: its Causes and Remedies ”(18711, “Es- 
 says and Lectures on Social and Political Subjects ,f (1872 : 
 including eight essays by Mrs. Fawcett), “Speeches on 
 Some Current Political Questions” (1873), “Free Trade 
 and Protection ” (1878), “Indian Finance ” (1880), “State 
 Socialism and the Nationalisation of Land ” (1883), and 
 “ Labour and Wages ” (1884). 
 
 Fawcett, John. Born Aug. 29, 1768 : died 1837. 
 An English actor and dramatist. He appeared at 
 Covent Garden, London, in 1791, and maintained his con- 
 nection with that theater until his retirement from the 
 stage in 1830. A number of play3 were written especially 
 for him by Colman the younger, the most notable of which 
 was the “ Heir-at-Law,” in which he appeared as Dr. Pan- 
 gloss. He wrote “ Obi, or Three-fingered .Tack ” (produced 
 at theHaymarket in 1800), “Pbrouse "(1801), “Fairies' Rev- 
 el ’’ (produced at the Hay market in 1802), “ The Enchanted 
 Islhrid ’’ (produced at the Haymarket in 1804), etc. 
 
 Fawkes (faks), Guy. Bom at York, Eng- 
 land, 1570: died Jan. 31, 1606. An English 
 conspirator. He was the son of Edward Fawkes, a 
 notary of the ecclesiastical courts. Guy left England in 
 1593 for Flanders, where he became a soldier in the Span- 
 ish army. He returned to England on the accession of 
 James I., and in 1604 became associated with Catesby, 
 Thomas Percy, Thomas Winter, John Wright, and others in 
 the so-called “gunpowder plot,” the object of which was 
 to kill the king and the members of Parliament. The con- 
 spirators managed to fill a cellar under the Parliament 
 house with barrels of gunpowder, which was to be ex- 
 ploded by Fawkes at the opening of Parliament, Nov. 5, 
 
 383 
 
 1605. He was arrested as he was entering the cellar on 
 the night of Nov. 4-5, and after trial was executed with 
 several of his accomplices. 
 
 Fawkner (fak'ner), John Pasco. Born Oct. 
 20, 1792: died Sept. 4, 1869. An Australian 
 journalist. He went from England to Van Diemen’s 
 Land in 1804 with his father, a convict. In 1835 he settled 
 with others on the site of the present city of Melbourne, 
 and in 1838 started the “Melbourne Advertiser,” which 
 was suppressed by the government in consequence of fail- 
 ure to comply with the press laws. In 1839 he began the 
 “Port Philip Patriot,” which, after changing its name to 
 the “ Daily News," was amalgamated with the “Argus" 
 in 1852. He became a member of the council of Victoria. 
 
 Fawnia (fa'ni-a). In Greene’s “ Dorastus and 
 Fawnia” (afterward called “Pandosto”), the 
 lady loved by Dorastus. She is the original of 
 Shakspere’s Perdita. 
 
 Faxardo. See Saavedra. 
 
 Fay (fi or fay), Andreis. Born at KoMny, 
 county of Zemplin, Hungary, May 30, 1786 : 
 died at Pest, July 26, 1864. A Hungarian poet 
 and general writer, author of “Mesdk” (“Fa- 
 bles,” 1820), etc. 
 
 Fay (fa), Charles Alexandre. Bom at St.- 
 Jean Pied de Port, Basses-Pyrdnees, France, 
 Sept. 23, 1827. A French general. He entered 
 the army in 1847 ; served as aide-de-camp to General Bos- 
 quet in the Crimean war, and as lieutenant-colonel on the 
 staff of Marshal Bazaine in the Franco- Prussian war ; and 
 was captured at the capitulation of Metz. He became 
 general of division in 1885. He,has written “ Souvenirs de 
 la guerre de CrimCe " (1867), “Etude sur la guerre d’Alle- 
 magne enl866” (1867), “ De la loi militaire ” (1870), “Jour- 
 nal d’un officier de l’armde du Rhin ’’ (1871), etc. 
 
 Fay (fi), Joseph. Bom at Cologne, Aug. 10, 
 1813: died at Diisseldorf, July 27, 1875. A 
 German painter. 
 
 Fay (fa), Theodore Sedgwick. Born at New 
 York, Feb. 10, 1807 : died at Berlin, Nov. 24, 
 1898. An American miscellaneous writer and 
 diplomatist. He became associate editor of the “ New 
 York Mirror” in 1828 ; was secretary of the American lega- 
 tion at Berlin 1837-53 ; and was minister resident at Bern, 
 Switzerland, 1853-61, when he retired to private life. 
 Author of “Great Outlines of Geography ” (1867). 
 
 Fayal (fi-al'; Pg. pron. fi-al'). One of the 
 Azores Islands, forming part of the district of 
 Horta. It exports oranges. The capital is 
 Horta. Area, 63 square miles. 
 
 Faye (fa), Eerve Auguste Etienne Alban. 
 
 Bora at St. -Benoit-du-Sault,Indre, France, Oct. 
 5, 1814: died at Paris, July 4, 1902. A French 
 astronomer. On Nov. 22, 1843, he discovered 
 a new comet, which was named from him. 
 
 Fayette, Madame de La. See La Fayette. 
 
 Fayetteville (fa-et'vil). The capital of Cum- 
 berland County, North Carolina, situated on the 
 Cape Fear River 50 miles south-southwest of 
 Raleigh. Population, 7,045, (1910). 
 
 Fayrer (fa'rer), Sir Joseph. Born at Plymouth, 
 England, Dec. 6, 1824 : died May 21, 1907. An 
 English surgeon-general in the Indian army. 
 He wrote a work on the poisonous snakes of India, w hich 
 was published by the Indian government in 1872, and Was 
 also the author of other works and of numerous papers on 
 medical subjects in special relation to India. 
 
 Fayum, or Fayoum (fi-onP). A province of 
 Egypt, west of the Nile and southwest of Cairo. 
 It is well watered and very fertile. In the northwest part 
 of it is the large lake Birket el-Kurun, and the ancient lake 
 Moeris (which see) was in it. Area, 669 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 441,583. 
 
 Mr. Petrie has brought to light Tin the Fayum] the earli- 
 est Greek alphabetical signs yet discovered ; for the most 
 ancient specimens of the Greek writing previously known 
 are the rock-cut and the lava-cut inscriptions found in the 
 very ancient cemeteries of Santorin and Thera, and the 
 famous Greek inscription cut upon the leg of one of the 
 colossi at Abh-Simbel. The Abfl-Simbel inscription is 
 contemporaneous with the Forty-seventh Olympiad, and 
 Lenormant attributes the oldest of the Theran inscrip- 
 tions to the 9th century before Christ. But the potsherds 
 found by Mr. Petrie in the Fayum carryback the history 
 of the alphabet to a period earlier than the date of the 
 Exodus, and six centuries earlier than any Greek inscrip- 
 tions known. Edwards, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 79. 
 
 Fazio (fat'se-o). A tragedy by Dean Milman, 
 first produced, without his knowledge, as “ The 
 Italian Wife.’’ In 1818 it was brought out with great 
 success at Covent Garden. The plot is from a story in 
 the “Annual Register" for 1795. See Bianca. 
 
 Fazogl, or Fassogl (fii-zd'gl). A territory in 
 the eastern Sudan, situated on the Blue Nile 
 about lat. 11°-12° N. 
 
 Fazy (fa-ze'), James. Born at Geneva. May 12, 
 1796: died there, Nov. 5, 1878. A Swiss states- 
 man and journalist. He was the head of the provi- 
 sional government at Geneva in 1846, and author of“ Essai 
 d ’un prdeis de l’histoire de la rdpublique de Genfcve ” (1838), 
 etc. 
 
 Fea (fa/a), Carlo. Born at Pigna, near Nice, 
 Feb. 2, 1753: died at Rome, March 18, 1836. 
 An Italian ecclesiastic and archaiologist. He 
 published “ Miscellanea filologica, critica ed an- 
 tiquaria” (1790), etc. 
 
 Feckenham 
 
 Fear (fer), Cape. A promontory on the Atlantic 
 coast, forming the southern point of Smith’s 
 Island, in the south of North Carolina. The po- 
 sition of the light-ship is lat. 33° 35' N., long. 77° 60' W. 
 Cape Fear - River, which enters the ocean here by two 
 channels separated by Smith’s Island, is formed by the 
 union of the Deep and Haw rivers in Chatham County, 
 North Carolina, and flows in a southeasterly direction. 
 The entrances to it were blockaded during the Civil War. 
 Length, about 250 miles; navigable to Fayetteville (120 
 miles). 
 
 Fearne (fern), Charles. Bom at London, 1742 : 
 died at Chelmsford, Feb. 25, 1794. An English 
 jurist. His chief work was “ An Essay on Con- 
 tingent Remainders” (1772). 
 
 Feast of Rose Garlands, The. A painting by 
 Albert Diirer (1506), in the museum at Prague, 
 Bohemia. The Virgin, with the Child on her knee, is 
 enthroned beneath a green canopy upheld by angels. 
 Other angels hold a diadem over her head, and still others 
 crown with roses the attendants of the emperor and the 
 Pope, who kneel at the right and left. The Virgin crowns 
 the emperor, and the Child is about to place a garland on 
 the Pope’s head. At the Virgin's feet an angel plays on 
 a viol. 
 
 Feather (feTii'er) River. A river of northern 
 California, formed by its North and Middle 
 Forks, flowing south, and joining the Sacra- 
 mento 18 miles above Sacramento. Length, 
 over 200 miles. 
 
 Featherstone (feTH'er-ston), Peter. In George 
 Eliot’s novel “Middlemarch,” an old miser who 
 delights in tormenting his expectant relatives. 
 Featley (fet'li), or Fairclough (far'kluf), 
 Daniel. Bom at Charlton-upon-Otmoor, Ox- 
 fordshire, March 15, 1582 : died at Chelsea Col- 
 lege, April 17, 1645. An English controver- 
 sialist and devotional writer. He was chaplain to 
 Sir Thomas Edmondes, English ambassador at Paris, 1610- 
 1613, and acted subsequently as domestic chaplain to 
 Abbot, archbishop of Canterbury, by whom he was ap- 
 pointed rector of Lambeth in 1619. He became rector of 
 Acton, Middlesex, in 1627. During the civil war he was 
 suspected of acting as a spy for the king. 
 
 February (feb'ro-a-ri). [L. Februarius (sc. men- 
 sis ), the month of expiation, fro m februa, pi., a 
 Roman festival of purification and expiation 
 celebrated on the 15th of that month, sacred to 
 the god Lupercus (hence sumamed Februus), 
 pi. of februum, a means of purification : a word 
 of Sabine origin.] The second month of the 
 year, containing twenty-eight days inordinary 
 years and twenty-nine in leap-years. When intro- 
 duced into the Roman calendar, it was made the last month, 
 preceding January ; but about 460 B. c. it was placed 
 after January, and made the second month. In later reck- 
 onings which began the year with March, it was again the 
 last month. Abbreviated Feb. 
 
 February, Revolution of. In French history, 
 the revolution of 1848. An outbreak on the evening 
 of Feb. 23 led to the abdication of King Louis Philippe on 
 the 24th, and this was followed the same day by the for- 
 mation of a provisional government and the declaration 
 of a republic. 
 
 Fecamp (fa-koh'). A seaport and watering- 
 place m the department of Seine-Inferieure, 
 France, situated on the English Channel 22 
 miles northeast of Havre. The abbey church, of the 
 13th century, is one of the chief monuments of the Bene- 
 dictine monks. The exterior is plain, but the interior, 
 though simple, is very effective from its great size, excel- 
 lent proportions, and the grace of its series of pointed 
 arches. There are some good tombs of abbots, and curious 
 sculptures of scriptural scenes. Population, commune, 
 16,737. 
 
 Fechner (feeh'ner), Gustav Theodor. Born 
 at Gross-Sahrchen, near Muskau, Prussia, April 
 19, 1801 : died at Leipsic, Nov. 18, 1887. A Ger- 
 man physicist, one of the founders of psycho- 
 physics. He was professor of physics at the University 
 of Leipsic 1834-39, when he was compelled to resign on ac- 
 count of an affection of the eyes. He subsequently taught 
 natural philosophy, anthropology, and esthetics. His chief 
 works are “Nanna, oder uberdas Seelenleben der Pflan- 
 zen ” (1848), “Zend-Avesta, Oder iiber die Dinge des Him- 
 mels und des Jenseits ”..(1851), “liber die Seelenfrage ” 
 (1861), “Vorschule der Asthetik" (1876), “Die Tagesan- 
 siclit gegeniiberder Nachtansicht” (1879), “Elemente der 
 Psycliophysik ” (1860), “ In Sachen der Psychophysik ” 
 (1877), etc. 
 
 Fechter (fech'ter), Charles Albert. Bom at 
 
 London, England, Oct. 23, 1824 : died at Quakers- 
 town, Pa., Aug. 5, 1879. A noted actor. His 
 father was a native of France, though of German lineage ; 
 his mother was born in Flanders, of Italian descent. From 
 1848 till 1860 he played on the French stage, where he was 
 very successful as Arraand Duval, in “La dame aux carad- 
 lias," a part which he created. In 1860 he appeared in 
 London as Ruy Bias, and afterward in melodrama. In 
 1870 he came to America. After various vicissitudes he 
 retired to a farm in Pennsylvania, where he died. He ex- 
 celled in melodrama. 
 
 Feckenham (fek'en-am), or Fecknam (fek'- 
 nam), John de. "Born in Feckenham Forest, 
 Worcestershire, about 1518 : died at Wisbeach, 
 Cambridgeshire, 1585. An English Roman 
 Catholic divine, last abbot of Westminster 
 (1556). He was private chaplain and confessor to Queen 
 
Feckenham 
 
 Alary. During the persecution of the Protestants he was 
 much occupied with striving to convert them, and, failing 
 in this, he often befriended them. 
 
 Federal Constitution, The. The fundamental 
 or organic law of the United States, it was 
 framed by the Constitutional Convention which met in 
 Philadelphia May 25, 1787, and adjourned Sept. 17, 1787, 
 and it went into effect March 4, 1789, having been ratified 
 by eleven of the thirteen States, the others, North Caro- 
 lina and Rhode Island, ratifying it Nov. 21, 1789, and May 
 29, 1790, respectively. 
 
 Federal District (Mexico). See Mexico. 
 Federalist (fed'e-ral-ist), The. A collection of 
 essays in favor and in explanation of the United 
 States Constitution, first issued in serial form, 
 Oct., 1787, -April, 1788, in the “Independent 
 Journal” of New York, where they were col- 
 lected in book form with the title “The Fed- 
 eralist.” They were written by Hamilton, Mailison, and 
 Jay shortly after the Constitution was published. The joint 
 signature of the authors was at first “ A Citizen of New 
 York ” ; a little later it was changed to “ Publius.” Eighty- 
 five essays were published, of which 29 are by Madison 
 (on his own authority), 51 by Hamilton, and 6 by Jay. 
 They did much to secure the adoption of the Constitution. 
 
 Federalists (fed'e-ral-ists), The. 1. In United 
 States history, a political party formed in 1787 
 to support the Federal Constitution. Among its 
 leaders were Hamilton and John Adams, and it controlled 
 the executive of the national government under the ad- 
 ministrations of Washington and Adams. From 1789 it 
 favored a broad construction of the Constitution, and a 
 strongly centralized government. It opposed the War of 
 1812, and after that time ceased to be of importance in na- 
 tional politics ; but it figured for some years longer in 
 local New England politics. 
 
 2. [Sp. Fcderalistas .] A political party of 
 
 Mexico. See Centralists. 
 
 Federici (fa-da-re'che), Camillo (Giovanni 
 Battista Viassolo). Born at Turin, April, 
 1749: died at Padua, Dec. 23, 1802. An Italian 
 dramatist. 
 
 Federmann (fa'der-man), Nicholas (old au- 
 thors write Fredeman, Frideman, etc.). 
 Born at Ulm, Swabia, 1501: died either in a 
 shipwreck or at Madrid, Spain, about 1543. A 
 South American traveler. From 1529 to 1532 he was 
 in Venezuela in the employ of the Welsers of Augsburg, 
 and made an extended exploration in the interior, of which 
 he wrote an account, first published in 1557. lie was again 
 in Venezuela in 1534 as lieutenant of George of Spires. 
 The latter started for the interior, leaving orders for Fe- 
 dermann to follow. Instead of doing so, he began inde- 
 pendent explorations, wandered for several years north of 
 the Orinoco, and finally reached the country of the Chib- 
 chas of New Granada. This region had already been partly 
 conquered by Gonzalo Quesada, and it is said that Feder- 
 mann was bribed by Quesada to relinquish his claim to the 
 conquest. He returned to Europe, where the Welsers 
 disgraced him for his treachery to George of Spires. 
 Fedor. See Feodor. 
 
 Fddora (fa-do'rii). A play by Sardou, produced 
 at Paris in 1882. It was translated by Herman 
 Merivale, and produced in English in 1883. 
 Feeble (fe'bl). In Shakspere’s “Henry IV.,” 
 part 2, one of Falstaff’s recruits, characterized 
 by Falstaff as “most forcible feeble.” 
 
 Feejee. See Fiji. 
 
 Feenix (fe'niks), Cousin. In Charles Dickens's 
 “Dombey and Son,” a well-preserved society 
 man, very youthful in appearance : a bachelor, 
 and the cousin of Edith Granger. 
 
 Fehmarn. See Femern. 
 
 Fehrbellin (far-bel-len'). A small town in the 
 province of Brandenburg, Prussia, 33 miles 
 northwest of Berlin. Here the Prussians under the 
 Great Elector defeated the Swedes under Wrangel, June 
 18 (28 N. S.), 1675. 
 
 Feignwell. See Fainwell. 
 
 Fei.i6 (fa-zho'), Diogo Antonio: commonly 
 called Padre Peijo. Born at Sao Paulo, Aug., 
 1784: died there, Nov. 10, 1843. A Brazilian 
 priest and statesman. He was minister of justice 
 July 4, 1831, to July 20, 1832, senator from 1833, and from 
 Oct. 12, 1835, to Sept. 18, 1837, regent of Brazil. He was a 
 pronounced liberal, even advocating the abolition of the 
 celibacy of the clergy. 
 
 Feilding (fel'ding), Robert: called BeauFeil- 
 ding. Died May 12, 1712. An English rake of 
 the period of the Restoration. He became notori, 
 ous for his amours at the court of Charles II., where he 
 was known as “handsome Feilding.” He afterward be- 
 came a Roman Catholic, and was given a regiment by 
 James II., whom he accompanied to Ireland. He sat for 
 Gowran in the Irish Parliament of 1689 ; was in Paris in 
 1692 ; and in 1696 returned to England, where lie was for 
 a time committed to Newgate. He married one Mary 
 Wadsworth, Nov. 9, 1705, supposing her to be a wealthy 
 lady (Mrs. Deleau), whose hair-dresser he had bribed to 
 bring about a marriage. Nov. 25, 1705, he married the 
 Duchess of Cleveland, the former mistress of Charles II., 
 and was in consequence convicted of bigamy. He was de- 
 scribed by Steele as Orlando in the “ Tatler ” (Nos. 50 and 
 51, 1709). 
 
 Feitama (fi'ta-ma), Sybrand. Born at Amster- 
 dam, Dec., 1694: died at Amsterdam, June, 
 1758. A Dutch poet and translator from the 
 French. 
 
 384 
 
 Feith (fit), Rhijnvis. Born at Zwolle, Nether- 
 lands, Feb. 7, 1753 : died there, Feb. 8, 1824. A 
 Dutch poet and general writer. His works include 
 “ Het Graf ” (1792), “ Oden eu Gedichten ” (1796), the trage- 
 dies “Thirza,” “Johanna Gray,” “Ines de Castro," etc. 
 Fejer (fe'yar), Gyorgy. Born at Keszthely, 
 county of Zala, Hungary, April 23, 1766: died 
 at Pest, July 2, 1851. A Hungarian historian 
 and general writer. His chief work is “ Codex 
 diplomaticus Hwngariaj” (1829-44). 
 
 Felanitx (fa-la-nech'), or Felaniche (fa-la- 
 nech'e). A town in Majorca, Balearic Islands, 
 Spain, 27 miles east-southeast of Palma. Pop- 
 ulation, 11,294. 
 
 Feldberg (feld'berG). The highest summit in 
 the Black Forest, Baden, Germany. It com- 
 mands a fine prospect. Height, 4,900 feet. 
 Feldberg, The Great. The highest summit 
 of the Taunus range, near Wiesbaden, Ger- 
 many. Height, 2,900 feet. 
 
 Feldkirch (feld'kirch). A town in Vorarlberg, 
 Austria-Hungary, situated on the HI in lat. 47° 
 12' N., long. 9° 35' E. It occupies a strong 
 strategic position. Population, commune, 
 5,057, (1910). 
 
 Felegyhaza (fa'ledy-ha-zo). A town in the 
 county of Pest-Pilis-S61t, Hungary, in lat. 46° 
 42' N., long. 19° 52' E. Population, 33,408. 
 Felibien (fa-le-byan'), Andre. Born at Char- 
 tres, France, May 8, 1619: died at Paris, June 
 11, 1695. A French architect, poet, and writer 
 (especially on art). His chief work is “ Entretiens 
 surles vies et sur les ouvrages des plus excellents pein- 
 tres ” (1666-88). 
 
 Felibien, Michel. Born at Chartres, France, 
 Sept. 14, 1666 : died at Paris, Sept. 25, 1719. A 
 French historian, son of Andr6 Felibien. He 
 wrote a “ Histoire de l’abbaye royale de Saint-Denis ” 
 (1706), etc. 
 
 Felibres (fa-lebr'), Les. [Pr., of unknown ori- 
 gin ( ‘ book-makers ' f ) . J A brotherhood of mod- 
 ern Provencal poets. It was originated by Joseph 
 Roumanille, who revived Provencal as a literary language, 
 about 183.i. He was followed by Ftodtiric Mistral and five 
 other poets, all living in or near Avignon. In time this 
 brotherhood came to be a great literary society, with 
 affiliated organizations in other parts of France and in 
 Spain. Among the members have been Aubanel, Brunet, 
 Camille Raybaud, Mathieu, and Felix Gras. The brother- 
 hood of the Friibrige was formally founded May 21, 1854. 
 
 Felice (fe-le'che), Fortunato Bartolommeo. 
 
 Born at Rome, Aug. 24, 1723: died at Yverdon, 
 Switzerland, Feb. 7, 1789. An Italian writer, 
 author of an encyclopedia (1770-80), etc. 
 Felicitas, Saint. See Perpetua, Saint. 
 Felisbravo. A prince of Persia in Sir Richard 
 Fanshawe’s translation of “Querer Por Solo 
 Querer” (“To Love for Love’s Sake”), a ro- 
 mantic drama written in Spanish by Mendoza, 
 1649. A favorite character. Lamb. 
 
 Felix (fe'liks) I., Saint. [L., ‘ happy,’ ‘ fortu- 
 nate ’ ; F. Felix, It .Felice, Sp. Felix, Pg. Felix, G. 
 D. Felix ; fern. Felicia.) Bishopof Rome. Accord- 
 ing to the “Acta Sanctorum " he reigned 269-274, and was 
 martyred in the persecutions under Aurelian. 
 
 Felix II. Died in 365. Pope, according to some, 
 355-358. He was chosen by the Arian party to succeed 
 Liberius, who had been banished. On the return of Libe- 
 rius he was expelled from Rome. 
 
 Felix III. Pope 483-492. He excommunicated the 
 Patriarch of Constantinople in 484 or 485, which act pro- 
 duced the first schism between the Eastern and (he W estern 
 Church. 
 
 Felix IV. Pope 526-530. Ho was elevated to the 
 papal see through the influence of Theodoric, 
 king of the East Goths. 
 
 Felix V., Pope. See Amadeus Fill, (of Savoy). 
 Felix, Antonius. A Roman procurator of Judea. 
 He was a freedman of Antonia, mother of (lie emperor 
 Claudius I., and was the brother of the latter’s favorite, 
 the freedman Pallas. He was appointed procurator of 
 Judea about 55, and governed his province from Caesarea, 
 whither St. Paul was sent to him for trial after his arrest 
 in Jerusalem (Acts xxiii. 23, 24). He married Drusilla, 
 daughter of Agrippa I. and wife of Azizus, king of Emesa, 
 whom he induced her to desert ; and procured the assas- 
 sination of the high priest Jonathan, who had offended 
 him by unpalatable advice. He was recalled about 60 
 A. D., and was saved from the consequences of his tyranny 
 and extortion by the intercession of his brother with the 
 emperor Nero. 
 
 Felix (fa-les'), Celestin Joseph. Born at Neu- 
 ville-sur-Escaut, near Valenciennes, France, 
 June 28, 1810 : died at Lille, July 6, 1891. A 
 French Jesuit preacher. 
 
 Felix (fe'liks), Don. In Mrs. Centlivre’s com- 
 edy “ The Wonder, or a Woman keeps a Secret,” 
 a Portuguese gentleman in love with Violante. 
 His lively jealousy is roused by Violante’ s unusual accom- 
 plishment of keeping another's secret. Garrick played 
 this part on his last appearance. 
 
 Felix, Minucius. See Minucius Felix. 
 
 Felix Holt, the Radical. A novel by George 
 Eliot, published in 1866. 
 
 Feltre, Due de 
 
 Felixmarte of Hyrcania. An old Spanish ro- 
 
 mance. It was one of those said to be in Don Quixote's 
 library. 
 
 Eefore God, your worship should have read what I have 
 read concerning Felixmarte of Hyrcania, who with one 
 back-stroke cut asunder five giants in the middle, as if 
 they had been so many bean-cods. 
 
 Don Quixote (tr. by Jarvis), I. iv. 5. 
 
 Felix of Urgel. Died early in the 9th century. 
 A bishop of Urgel (Spain), a champion of the 
 adoption heresy. 
 
 Felix of Valois. Bom in Valois, France, April 
 19, 1127 : died at the monastery of Cerfroi, on 
 the border of Brie and Valois, Nov. 4, 1212. 
 A French monk, one of the founders of the 
 Trinitarians. 
 
 Fell (fel), John. Born probably at Longworth, 
 Berkshire, June 23, 1625 : died July 10, 1686. 
 An English scholar and prelate. Hewas educated 
 at Oxford, served under the king’s standard in the civil 
 war, and was made dean of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1660, 
 and bishop of Oxford in 1675. His chief work is " The In- 
 terest of England Stated,” etc. (1659). He is said to have 
 edited “ A Paraphrase and Annotations upon the Epistles 
 of St. Paul ” (1675), often quoted as Fell’s Paraphrase. He 
 was satirized by Tom Brown in the epigram beginning “I 
 do not like you, Dr. Fell,’’ said to have been paraphrased 
 from Martial’s “Non amo te, Sabidi.” 
 
 Fellahs (fel'az), or Fellahin (fel'a-hen). A 
 name, signifying ‘ tiller,’ applied to the agri- 
 cultural class of Egypt, which forms three 
 fourths of the whole population. The Fellahs are 
 the descendants of the ancient Egyptians. They have given 
 up their own language, the Coptic, for the Arabic, and have 
 for the most part adopted Islam. In physical appearance 
 they have preserved (he old Egyptian type. They are me- 
 diurnsized and well formed, and have a reddish-brown com- 
 plexion, narrow forehead, round face, strong, short nose 
 with wide nostrils, full lips, a solid chest, and black, but 
 not woolly, hair. 
 
 Fellatahs (fel-la'taz), or Foulahs (fo'laz), na- 
 tive Fulbe (fol'be). A negro race inhabit- 
 ing the valley of the Middle Niger and other 
 regions in the Sudan and in western Africa. The 
 prevailing religion is Mohammedanism. The 
 numbers are estimated at 6,000,000-8,000,000. 
 Fellenberg (fel'len-berG), Philipp Emanuel 
 von. Born at Bern, Switzerland, June 27, 1771 : 
 died at Bern, Nov. 21, 1844. A Swiss philan- 
 thropist and educator. He established agricul- 
 tural and other schools at Hofwyl, near Bern. 
 Feller (fel'ler), Frangois Xavier de. Born at 
 Brussels, Aug. 18, 1735 : died at Ratisbon, Ba- 
 varia, May 23, 1802. A Belgian writer. He pub- 
 lished “Biographie universelle, ou dictionnaire historique 
 et littdraire” (1781), etc. 
 
 Fellowes (fcl'oz), Sir Thomas. Born at Mi- 
 norca in 1778: died April 12, 1853. A British 
 rear-admiral. He entered the navy in 1797, and was 
 promoted commander in 1809. He commanded the Dart- 
 mouth, of 42 guns, in the British fleet at Navarino, Oct. 20, 
 1827, where an attempt made by him to remove a Turkish 
 fire-ship was the immediate cause of the battle. He was 
 knighted in 1828, and was promoted rear-admiral in 1847. 
 
 Fellows (fel'oz), Sir Charles. Born at Not- 
 tingham, Aug., 1799: died at London, Nov. 
 8, 1860. An English traveler and archaeologist. 
 In 1838 and subsequent years he explored parts of Asia 
 Minor, discovering, among other ancient sites, the ruins of 
 Tlos and of Xanthus in Lycia. His collection illustrating 
 Lycian archaeology is now in the British Museum. He 
 published several works on the Eycian explorations. 
 
 Felltham (fel'tham), Owen. Bom at Mutford, 
 Suffolk, probably in 1602 : died at Great Bil- 
 ling, Northamptonshire, in 1668. An English 
 author. He was either secretary or chaplain in the fam- 
 ily of the Earl of Thomond, at Great B.lling, in Northamp- 
 tonshire. He pul dished at the age of eighteen, “ Resolves, 
 Divine, Mo rail, Politicall, by Owin Felltham,” a collection 
 of a hundred short essays, dedicated to Lady Dorothy 
 Crane. He was an ardent Royalist, and in a poem entitled 
 “ Epitaph to the Eternal Memory of Charles the First . . . 
 Inhumanly murthered by a perfidious Party of His preva- 
 lent Subjects,” refers to Charles as “ Christ the Second.” 
 
 Felsing (fel'sing), Georg Jakob. Bom at 
 
 Darmstadt, Germany, July 22, 1802: died at 
 Darmstadt, June 9, 1883. A German engraver. 
 Felton (fel'ton), Cornelius Conway. Born at 
 West Newbury, Mass., Nov. 6, 1807 : died at 
 Chester, Pa., Feb. 26, 1862. An American 
 classical scholar, president of Harvard Uni- 
 versity 1860-62. His chief work is “Greece, 
 Ancient and Modem” (1867). 
 
 Felton, John. Hanged at Tyburn, Nov. 28, 
 1628. An English assassin. He entered the army 
 at an early age, and served as a lieutenant under Sir Ed- 
 ward Cecil at Cadiz in 1625. Made reckless by poverty, 
 and inflamed by the reading of the Remonstrance of Par- 
 liament, he assassinated, Aug. 23, 1628, the Duke of Buck- 
 ingham, who had refused him the command of a company. 
 Felton, Septimius. See Scptimius Felton. 
 Feltre (fel'tre). A small town in the province 
 of Belluno, Italy, 45 miles north-northwest of 
 Venice. 
 
 Feltre, Due de. See Clarke, H. J. G. 
 
Female Quixote, The 
 
 Female Quixote, The. A novel by Mrs. Len- 
 nox, published in 1752. It was intended to ridicule 
 the novels of the romantic school of Gomberville and 
 Scud^ry. 
 
 The heroine, Arabella, the only child of a widowed and 
 misanthropic marquis, is supposed to be brought up in 
 seclusion in the country, where she has access to a library 
 full of old romances, by which her head is almost as much 
 turned as that of the Knight of La Mancha was by the 
 same kind of study. She takes a young gardener in her 
 father's service for a nobleman in disguise, and is with 
 difficulty undeceived when he gets a thrashing for stealing 
 carp from a pond. 
 
 Forsyth, Novels and Novelists of the 18th Cent., p. 155. 
 
 Femern (fa'mern), or Fehmarn (fa'marn). 
 An island in the Baltic, belonging to the prov- 
 ince of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, 42 miles 
 northeast of Liibeck. Population, about 10,000. 
 Femme de Trente Ans (fam de front oh), La. 
 [F., ‘ The Woman of Thirty.'] A novel by Bal- 
 zac, published in 1831. 
 
 Femmes Savantes (fam sa-vont'), Les. [F., 
 ‘ The Learned Women.’] A comedy by Moliere, 
 first played in 1672. It was adapted from ‘ ‘ Les 
 pr6cieuses ridicules,” and satirized female pe- 
 dantry. 
 
 Femynye, or Feminee (fem-i-ne'). In medie- 
 val romance, the kingdom of the Amazons. 
 Gower and Chaucer refer to it. 
 
 Fenchurch (fen'cherch), The Cripple of. A 
 cripple, in Heywood’s “Fair Maid of the Ex- 
 change,” who performs feats of valor, and with 
 whom the “fair maid” is in love. She is persuaded 
 by him to transfer her affections to a younger and un- 
 crippled man. 
 
 Fen Country, or The Fens. That part of 
 eastern England which formerly abounded in 
 fens, now in great part drained. See Bedford 
 Level. 
 
 Fenelon (fan-ion') (Bertrand de Salignac, 
 
 Marquis de La Mothe-Fenelon). Died 1599. A 
 French diplomatist at the English court about 
 1568—75. He wrote “Le siege de Metz en 1552 ”(1553), 
 
 ‘ Lettres au Cardinal de Ferrare sur le voyage du roi aux 
 Pays-Bas de l’empereur en l’an 1654” (1554), “ Mdmoires 
 touchant l’Angleterre et la Suisse, etc." (1659), etc. 
 
 F6nelon (Franqois de Salignac de La Mothe- 
 Fenelon). Boru at Chateau de Fenelon, Dor- 
 dogne, France, Aug. 6, 1651 : died at Cambrai, 
 France, Jan. 7, 1715. A celebrated French prel- 
 ate, orator, and author. He became preceptor of 
 the sons of the dauphin in 1689, and was appointed arch- 
 bishop of Cambrai in 1695. His works include “ Les aven- 
 tures de T<jlcmaque ” (1699), “ Dialogues des morts ” (1712), 
 “TraitC de l’Cducation des filles" (1688), “Explication des 
 maximes des saints ” (1697), etc. His collected works were 
 edited by Lecltre (38 vols., 1827-30). 
 
 Fdnelon (Gabriel Jacques de Salignac, Mar- 
 quis de La Mothe-Fdnelon). Born 1688: killed 
 at the battle of Raucoux, Belgium, Oct. 11, 1746. 
 A French general and diplomatist, nephew of 
 Archbishop Fenelon. 
 
 Fenians (fe'ni-anz; in def. 1 also fen'i-anz). 
 [In the first sense also written Fennians and 
 Finnians ; formed, with Latin suffix -ian, from 
 Ir. Feinn, Feinne, oblique case of Ir. Fiann, pi. 
 Fianna : see def. 1.] 1. A modern English 
 
 form of Irish Fiann, Fianna, a name applied in 
 Irish tradition to the members of certain tribes 
 who formed a militia of the ardrigh or king of 
 Eire or Erin (the Fianna Eirionn, or champions 
 of Erin). The principal figure in the Fenian legends is 
 Finn or Fionn, who figures as Fingal in the Ossianic 
 publications of McPherson, in which the name of Ossian 
 stands for Oisin, son of Finn. The Fenians, with their 
 hero Finn, while probably having a historical basis, be- 
 came the center of a great mass of legends which may 
 be compared with the legends of “King Arthur” and the 
 “Round Table." In the Ossianic version the Fenians are 
 warriors of superhuman size, strength, speed, and prowess. 
 Also Fian, Fion. 
 
 2. An association of Irishmen known as the 
 Fenian Brotherhood, founded in New York in 
 1857 with a view to secure the independence 
 of Ireland. The movement soon spread over the United 
 States and Ireland (where it absorbed the previously ex- 
 isting Phoenix Society), and among the Irish population 
 of Great Britain, and several attempts were made at insur- 
 rection in Ireland, and at invasion of Canada from the 
 United States. The association was organized in district 
 clubs called “circles,” presided over by “centers,” with a 
 “ head center ” as chief president, and a general “senate” : 
 an organization afterward modified in some respects. Be- 
 tween 1863 and 1872 eleven “national congresses" were 
 held by the Fenian Brotherhood in the United States, 
 after which it continued in existence as a secret society. 
 
 Fennell (fen'el), James. Born Dec. 11, 1766: 
 died June 14, 1816. An English actor and dram- 
 atist. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, and at 
 Lincoln’s Inn, London, and in 1787 appeared at the Theatre 
 Royal, Edinburgh, ne subsequently played in London, and 
 about 1793 emigrated to America. lie published “ Linda 
 and Clara, or the British Officer ’’ (1791), and an “ Apology ” 
 for his life (1814). 
 
 Fenris (fen'ris). [ON.] In Old Norse my- 
 thology, a water-demon in the form of a gigan- 
 
 385 
 
 tie wolf: hence also called Fenris-wolf (ON. 
 Fenrisulfr). He was the son of Loki and the giantess 
 Angurboda (ON. Anyrbodha), and the brother of the Mid- 
 gard serpent and the goddess Hel. He was fettered by 
 the gods, but freed himself at Ragnarok and slew Odin. 
 He was, in his turn, slain by Vidar (ON. Vidharr), Odin’s 
 son. 
 
 Fens, The. See Fen Country. 
 
 Fenton (fen'ton). In Shakspere’s “Merry Wives 
 of Windsor,” a gentleman in love with Anne 
 Page. He intends to marry her for her money 
 alone, but her charms subdue him. 
 
 Fenton, Edward. Died in 1603. An English 
 navigator. He accompanied Sir Martin Frobisher on 
 his second and third northwest voyages in 1577 and 1578 
 respectively, and in 1582-83 commanded an expedition in 
 search of the northwest passage, in which he was accom- 
 panied by William Hawkins (junior) and John Drake. 
 
 Fenton, Elijah. Born at Shelton, Staffordshire, 
 May 20, 1683: died Aug., 1730. An English 
 poet. He graduated with the degree of B. A. at Jesus 
 College, Cambridge, in 1704, and subsequently was for a 
 time head-master of the grammar-school at Sevenoaks. 
 He assisted Pope in the translation of the Odyssey. He 
 wrote a tragedy “Mariamne” (acted in 1723), in which he 
 was assisted by Southerne. 
 
 Fenton, Sir Geoffrey. Died at Dublin, Oct. 19, 
 1608. An English translator and politician. He 
 was the son of Henry Fenton of Fenton in Nottingham- 
 shire, and was for many years principal secretary of state 
 in Ireland, being knighted for his services in this capacity 
 by Queen Elizabeth in 1589. His chief work is a transla- 
 tion of a number of novels from Boaisteau and Bellefor- 
 est’s “ Histoires tragiques, extraictes des ceuvres italiennes 
 de Bandel [Bandello]," published under the title of “Cer- 
 taine Tragicall Discourses written oute of French and 
 Latine by Geffraie Fenton,” etc. (1567). 
 
 Fenton, Lavinia. Born in 1708: died in 1760. 
 An English actress. She was the daughter of a naval 
 officer named Beswick. Her mother afterward married a 
 man named Fenton. She made her first appearance in 
 1726, and was successful especially as Polly Peacham in 
 “The Beggar's Opera.” She married the Duke of Bol- 
 ton in 1751, after living with him for many years before 
 the death of his wife, which took place in that year. 
 
 Fenton, Reuben E. Born at Carroll, N. Y. , July 
 
 I, 1819 : died at Jamestown, N. Y., Aug. 25, 1885. 
 An American politician, governor of New York 
 1865-69, and United States senator from New 
 York 1869-75. 
 
 Fenwick (fen'wik), George. Died March 15, 
 1657. An English colonial official. He settled at 
 the mouth of the Connecticut River as agent for the pa- 
 tentees and governor of the fort of Saybrook in 1639. The 
 fort having been sold to the colony of Connecticut in 1644, 
 he returned to England in 1645. He served in the Parlia- 
 mentary army during the civil war, was made governor 
 of Leith and Edinburgh Castle in 1650, and was one of the 
 eight commissioners appointed in 1651 for the government 
 of Scotland. He was also appointed one of the commis- 
 sioners for the trial of Charles I., but did not act. 
 
 Fenwick, Sir John. Beheaded on Tower Hill, 
 Jan. 28, 1697. An English conspirator. He was 
 descended from a Northumberland family ; served in the 
 army,in which he obtained the rank of major-general (1688); 
 and entered Parliament in 1677. He was arrested in 1696 
 for complicity in a plot against the life of William III., 
 and caused a sensation by accusing Marlborough, Godol- 
 phin, Russell, Shrewsbury, and other leaders of the Whig 
 party of treasonable negotiations with the Jacobites. 
 
 Feodor (fa'o-dor) I. Ivanovitch. [Russ. Fedor 
 = E. Theodore, from Gr. O- odupof.] Born May 
 
 II, 1557: died Jan. 7, 1598. Czar of Russia 
 March 18, 1584,— Jan. 7, 1598. During his reign the 
 church of Russia was declared independent of the Patri- 
 arch of Constantinople, and a separate Russian patriarch- 
 ate established. He was the last of the house of Rurik. 
 
 Feodor II. Alexievitch. Born in 1589 : mur- 
 dered June 10, 1605. Czar of Russia April 5- 
 June 10, 1605, son of Boris Godunoff. 
 
 Feodor III. Bom June 8, 1656: died at Moscow, 
 April 27, 1682. Emperor of Russia, eldest son 
 of the emperor Alexis, whom he succeeded in 
 1676. 
 
 Feodosia(fa-o-do , se-a),orKaffa(kaf'fa). [Tatar 
 Kefe.\ A seaport and watering-place in the 
 Crimea, government of Taurida, Russia, about 
 lat. 45° 5' N., long. 35° 20' E. The Greek colony 
 of Theodosia was founded here by Milesians. The place 
 was the seat of an extensive trade in the middle ages, its 
 population reaching 150,000. It was held by the Genoese 
 from the 13th to the 15th century, and by the Turks from 
 1475 until 1774, when it was ceded' to Russia. Population, 
 27,426. 
 
 Feramorz (fer'a-morz). In Moore’s “Lalla 
 Rookh,” a young poet. He is Aliris, the sultan of 
 Lower Bucharia, who is betrothed to Lalla Rookh. He 
 wins her heart in his disguise, and reveals himself only 
 when she is led into his presence as a bride. 
 
 Ferdinand (fer'di-nand) I., surnamed “The 
 Just.” [F. Ferdinand, Fcrrand, It. Ferdinando, 
 Ferrando, Sp. Hernando, Fernando, G. Ferdi- 
 nand.'] Born 1379 : died 1416. King of Aragon 
 1412-16. ne was a prominent supporter of the antipope 
 Benedict XIII. at the beginning of the Council of Con- 
 stance (1414-18), but after the deposition of John XXIII. 
 and the abdication of Gregory XII. he was in 1415 induced 
 by the emperor Sigismund to withdraw his support in the 
 interest of the unity of the church. 
 
 Ferdinand VII. 
 
 Ferdinand II., King of Aragon. See Ferdinand 
 V., King of Castile. 
 
 Ferdinand (fer'di-nand; G. pron. fer'de-nand) 
 I. Born at Vienna, April 19, 1793: died at Frague, 
 June 29, 1875. Emperor of Austria, son of Fran- 
 cis I. whom he succeeded March 2, 1835. He 
 inherited a weak constitution, mentally and physically, 
 which compelled him to abandon the administration of 
 the government to others, especially to the imperial chan- 
 cellor Metternich, whose absolute and reactionary policy 
 provoked the revolution of 1848. He abdicated in favor 
 of his nephew Francis Joseph, Dec. 2, 1848. 
 
 Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick. See Bruns- 
 wick, Duke of ( Ferdinand ). 
 
 Ferdinand I., surnamed “ The Great.” Died at 
 Leon, Spain, Dec. 27, 1065. King of Castile and 
 Leon . He was the second son of Sancho III. of Navarre, 
 who acquired possession of Castile in 1028. He was in- 
 vested by his father in 1033 with the sovereignty of 
 Castile, which was created an independent kingdom. 
 He defeated Bermudo of I. on at Lantada, near Rio Car- 
 rion, in 1037, whereupon he became king of Leon also. 
 He fought with success against the Moors, extending the 
 Christian frontiers from the Duero to the Mondego, and 
 reducing to vassalage the rulers of Toledo, Saragossa, 
 and Seville. He assumed the title of emperor of Spain 
 in 1056. 
 
 Ferdinand II. Died 1188. King of Leon 1157- 
 1188, son of Alfonso VIII. His repudiation of Urraca, 
 his wife, involved him in a war with his father-in-law, Al- 
 fonso I. of Portugal, whom he defeated and captured at 
 Badajoz in 1167. He gained a brilliant victory over the 
 Moors at Santarem about 1181. During his reign the great 
 military order ol Alcantara was chartered (1177) by Pope 
 Alexander III. 
 
 Ferdinand III., surnamed “The Saint.” Born 
 about 1200: died 1252. King of Castile and 
 Leon, son of Alfonso IX. of Leon by Beren- 
 garia, sister of Henry I. of Castile. He became 
 king of Castile on the death of Henry in 1217, and suc- 
 ceeded his father as king of Leon in 1230. He captured 
 Ubeda from the Moors in 1234, Cordova in 1236, Jaen in 
 1246, and Seville in 1248. He was canonized by Clement 
 X. in 1671, and is commemorated on May 30. He caused 
 to be collected and to be translated into the vulgar tongue 
 the “Forum Judicum," or code of Visigothic laws, which 
 forms one of the oldest specimens of Castilian prose. Dur- 
 ing liis reign a law was passed (1230) which made of Leon 
 and Castile a single inseparable kingdom. 
 
 Ferdinand IV. Born 1285: died 1312. King 
 of Castile and Leon, son of Sancho IV. whom 
 he succeeded in 1295. 
 
 Ferdinand V. (II. of Aragon and Sicily, in. of 
 Naples), 'surnamed “The Catholic.” Born at 
 Sos, Aragon, March 10, 1452 : died at Madriga- 
 lejo, Estremadura, Spain, Jan. 23, 1516. King 
 of Castile. He was the son of John II. of Navarre and 
 Aragon, who associated him with himself in the govern- 
 ment of Aragon in 1466, and in 1468 declared him king 
 of Sicily. In Oct., 1469, he married Isabella, sister of 
 Henry IV. of Castile, and heiress of that throne. Ferdi- 
 nand and Isabella were, on the death of Henry in 1474, 
 recognized as joint sovereigns of Castile by the nobles and 
 the junta of Segovia ; but a strong party, including the 
 Marquis of Villena, the grand master of Calatrava, and 
 the Archbishop of Toledo, supported by Alfonso V. of 
 Portugal and Louis XI. of France, declared in favor of 
 Juana “la Beltraneja” (i. e., daughter of Beltran), whom 
 Henry had in his will acknowledged as his legitimate 
 child and designated as hi3 successor. Ferdinand de- 
 feated Alfonso at Toro, with the result that the whole of 
 Castile submitted to Isabella and her consort in 1479. He 
 succeeded his father in Aragon in the same year (Navarre 
 going to his sister Leonora de Foix). In 1482 he resumed 
 the war against the Moors, which resulted in the conquest 
 of Granada in 1492. He joined in 1495 the emperor, the 
 Pope, and the states of Milan and Venice against Charles 
 VIII. of France, who was expelled from Naples, and Fer- 
 dinand ascended the Neapolitan throne in 1504. On the 
 death of Isabella, Nov. 26, 1504, he was proclaimed regent 
 of Castile. In 1511 he formed an alliance with Venice 
 and Pope Julius II. for the expulsion of the French from 
 Italy. Navarre, on l he other hand, entered into an alli- 
 ance with France. This gave him a pretext for invading 
 Navarre, which was conquered in 1512, and incorporated 
 with Castile in 1516. He thus united under his sway the 
 four kingdoms into which Spain was at this time divided 
 (Aragon, Castile, Granada, and Navarre), besides Sicily 
 and Naples. The chief events of his reign, besides those 
 already mentioned, were the establishment of the Inqui- 
 sition at Seville (1480), the annexation to the crown of the 
 grand-mastership of the military orders of Calatrava (1487), 
 Alcantara (1494), and San Jago (1499), the expulsion of the 
 Jews (1492), and the discovery of America by Columbus. 
 
 Ferdinand VI. Born Sept. 23, 1712: died at 
 Villaviciosa, Aug. 10, 1759. King of Spain, son 
 of Philip V. whom he succeeded in 1746. He 
 was a party to the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (Oct., 1748), 
 which terminated the War of the Austrian Succession 
 (1740-48). He maintained a strict neutrality on the out- 
 break of the Seven Years’ War in 1756, notwithstanding 
 the overtures both of England and of France, the former 
 of which offered Gibraltar and the latter Minorca as the 
 price of his assistance. Of a weak constitution and a mel- 
 ancholy temperament, he withdrew as far as practicable 
 from European politics, abandoning the government to 
 his ministers Ensenada, Carvajal, and Wall, who took into 
 their counsels the queen Barbara, daughter of John V. of 
 Portugal, the royal confessor Rabago, and the singer Fari- 
 nelli, who acquired an extraordinary influence over the 
 king. On the death of the queen in 1758, lie fell into an 
 extreme melancholy, which developed into insanity. 
 
 Ferdinand VII. Born at San Udefonso, near 
 Madrid, Oct. 14, 1784: died at Madrid, Sept. 
 
Ferdinand VII. 
 
 29, 1833. King of Spain, son of Charles IV. 
 He ascended the throne March 19, 1808, a popular revo- 
 lution at Aranjuez having compelled his father to abdi- 
 cate. On May 6, 1808, he was forced by Napoleon to re- 
 nounce his throne, and was interned at Valencay until 
 March, 1814, when he returned to Spain. He abolished 
 the liberal constitution of 1812, restored the Inquisition, 
 and complied generally with the demands of the Abso- 
 lutist or Apostolical party. A revolution restored (March 
 
 9, 1820) the constitution of 1812. which was abolished 
 through French intervention in 1823. He abolished the 
 Salic law by the pragmatic sanction of March 29, 1830. See 
 Carlos, Don ( Carlos Maria Jose Isidoro de Bourbon). 
 
 Ferdinand I. Born at Alcala, Spain, March 
 
 10, 1503: died at Vienna, July 25, 1564. Em- 
 peror of the Holy Roman Empire, younger 
 brother of the emperor Charles V. He married 
 in 1521 the princess Anna of Hungary, on the death of 
 whose brother, Louis II., in 1526, he was elected king of 
 Bohemia and Hungary. His title to the throne of Hun- 
 gary was disputed by John Zdpolya, who, supported by 
 the Turks, obtained possession of a part of the country. 
 He became in 1521 president of the council of regency ap- 
 pointed to govern Germany during the emperor’s absence 
 in Spain, was elected king of the Homans in 1531, and be- 
 came emperor on the abdication of Charles in 1558. He 
 exerted himself, but with little success, to settle the reli- 
 gious disputes between the Protestants and the Roman 
 Catholics in Germany. He negotiated the treaty between 
 the emperorand the elector Maurice of Saxony in 1552. In 
 1519 Charles and Ferdinand succeeded Maximilian I. in 
 the Austrian dominions, and in 1521-22 Charles relin- 
 quished his share in this sovereignty to his brother. 
 
 Ferdinand II. Born at Gratz, Styria, July 9, 
 1578: died at Vienna, Feb. 15, 1637. Emperor 
 of the Holy Roman Empire. He was the son of 
 Charles, duke of Styria, by Maria of Bavaria, and cousin 
 of the emperor Matthias whom he succeeded as king of 
 Bohemia in 1617, as king of Hungary in 1618, and as em- 
 peror in 1619. In 1619 he was deposed from the throne of 
 Bohemia by the Protestant estates of that kingdom, who 
 were irritated by infringements of the “ Majestatsbrief ” 
 of 1609, and who chose as his successor the elector pala- 
 tine Frederick V., head of the Protestant Union and of 
 the German Calvinists. He allied himself with Maxi- 
 milian, duke of Bavaria, head of the Catholic League, with 
 Spain, and with the Lutheran elector of Saxony. Frederick 
 having been overthrown in the battle on the White Moun- 
 tain, near Prague (Nov. 8, 1620), Ferdinand destroyed the 
 “ Majestatsbrief ” and extirpated Protestantism in Bohe- 
 mia. His whole reign was occupied with the war against 
 the Protestants (Mausfeld, Christian of Brunswick, Chris- 
 tian IV. of Denmark, and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden); 
 but before his death, owing to the murder of Wallenstein, 
 the opposition of Richelieu, and the ability of the Swedish 
 generals, he lost all hope of crushing Protestantism. See 
 Thirty Years’ War. 
 
 Ferdinand III. Born at Gratz, Styria, July 11 
 (or 13), 1608: died at Vienna, April 2, 1657. 
 Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, son of 
 Ferdinand II. On the assassination of Wallenstein in 
 1634, he was invested with the nominal command of the im- 
 perial army, the real command being exercised by Gal las, 
 and took part in the victory over the Swedes at Nordlingen 
 Sept. 6, 1634. He signed the peace of Westphalia Oct. 24, 
 1648. He succeeded his father in Hungary, Bohemia, the 
 archduchy of Austria, etc., and in the empire in 1637. 
 Ferdinand I., etc., Eings of Leon. See Ferdi- 
 nand /., etc., Kings of Castile. 
 
 Ferdinand I. Born about 1424 : died Jan. 25, 
 1494. King of Naples, illegitimate son of Al- 
 fonso V. of Aragon. Pope Calixtus III. refused to 
 recognize his title to the kingdom, which his father had 
 bequeathed him in 1458 ; and John of Anjou, thinking to 
 regain the throne of his ancestors, attacked and defeated 
 him July 7, 1460. He made his peace with the successor 
 of Calixtus, Pius II., and, with the aid of the Albanian 
 chief Scanderbeg, inflicted a decisive defeat on John of 
 Anjou atTroja Aug. 18, 1462. 
 
 Ferdinand II. Born July 26, 1469 : died Oct. 
 7, 1496. King of Naples 1495-96, son of Alfonso 
 
 11, and grandson of Ferdinand I. His father abdi- 
 cated in his favor on the invasion of his dominions by 
 Charles VIII. of France. Naples was occupied by the 
 French, and Ferdinand had to flee, but regained his throne 
 by the aid of Gonsalvo de Cordova, the great general of 
 F’erdinand V. of Castile. 
 
 Ferdinand III., King of Naples. See Ferdi- 
 nand V. of Castile. 
 
 Ferdinand IV., King of Naples. See Ferdi- 
 nand 7., Bang of the Two Sicilies. 
 
 Ferdinand I. Born about 1345 : died in 1383. 
 King of Portugal 1367-83. On the death of Pedro in 
 1369, he claimed the throne of Castile, which was seized by 
 Henry of Trastamara, illegitimate brother of Pedro. He 
 renounced his claim in 1371, after some indecisive fight- 
 ing. He was the lastof the direct Burgundian line, which 
 had reigned in Portugal from about 1112. He was suc- 
 ceeded by his natural brother John, grand master of the 
 order of Avis. 
 
 Ferdinand II. Born at Vienna, Oct. 29, 1816 : 
 died Dec. 15, 1885. Titular king of Portugal, 
 son of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. He 
 married Maria II. of Portugal in 1836, and was 
 regent 1853-55. 
 
 Ferdinand I. (IV. of Naples). Born at Naples, 
 Jan. 12, 1751: died there, Jan. 4, 1825. King 
 of the Two Sicilies, son of Charles III. of Spain. 
 
 He reigned in Naples 1769-1806 and 1815-25 (the interval 
 being occupied by the French domination), and in Sicily 
 1759-1825. He consolidated his states as the Two Sicilies 
 in 1816. 
 
 Ferdinand II. Born at Palermo, Jan. 12, 1810: 
 
 386 
 
 died at Naples, May 22, 1859. King of the Two 
 Sicilies 1830-59, son of Francis I. whom he suc- 
 ceeded. His oppressive and despotic reign provoked nu- 
 merous political disturbances, which culminated in 1848 
 in a popular rising in Sicily. This rising was quelled in 
 1849 by the bombardment of the principal cities, an expe- 
 dient which acquired for him the epithet of “Bomba." 
 His treatment of political suspects was made the subject 
 of two letters addressed to the Earl of Aberdeen by Mr. 
 Gladstone, who visited Naples in 1850. 
 
 Ferdinand III. Born at Florence, May 6, 1769: 
 died at Florence, June 18, 1824. Grand Duke of 
 Tuscany and Archduke of Austria, younger son 
 of therfemperor Leopold II. whom he succeeded 
 as grand duke in 1790. He reigned until 1799, 
 and from 1814 to 1824. 
 
 Ferdinand IV. Born June 10, 1835 : died at 
 Salzburg, Jan. 17, 1908. Grand Duke of Tus- 
 cany, son of Leopold II. whom he succeeded in 
 1859. 
 
 Ferdinand. 1. In Shakspere’s “Tempest,” the 
 son of the King of Naples, and lover of Miranda. 
 — 2. In Shakspere’s comedy “Love’s Labour's 
 Lost,” the King of Navarre. — 3. In Webster’s 
 “Duchess of Malfi,” the Count of Calabria and 
 brother of the duchess. He is a cynical villain, 
 who murders his sister who has injured his fam- 
 ily pride . — 4 . In Sheridan’s ‘ ‘ Duenna, ” the lover 
 of Clara. 
 
 Ferdinand, Count Fathom, Adventures of. A 
 
 novel by Smollett, published in 1753 : so called 
 from the name of its hero, who is a repulsive 
 scoundrel. 
 
 Ferdusi. See Firdausi. 
 
 Fere (far), La. A town in the department of 
 Aisne, France, situated on the Oise 14 miles 
 northwest of Laon. It has an artillery school. 
 Population, commune, 4,745. 
 
 Fere Ghampenoise (far shonp-nwaz'), La. A 
 town in the department of Marne, Frauce, 22 
 miles southwest of Chalons-sur-Marne. Here, 
 March 25, 1814, the Allies defeated the French. 
 
 Ferentino (fa-ren-te'no). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Rome, Italy, 42 miles southeast of 
 Rome : the ancient Ferentinum. It has a cathedral, 
 built upon the ancient acropolis, and considerable remains 
 of the ancient fortifications. Population, city, 8,072 ; com- 
 mune, 12,398. 
 
 Ferento (fa-ren'to). A ruined city in central 
 Italy, about 5£ miles north of Viterbo: the 
 Etruscan Ferentum. It contains extensive Etruscan, 
 Roman, and medieval remains, where there have been re- 
 cent excavations. The ancient theater is of particular in- 
 terest. Ferento was the birthplace of the Emperor Otho. 
 
 Ferghana (fer-glia'na),or Fergana (fer-ga'na). 
 A province of the Russian general government 
 of Turkestan, central Asia, in the upper valley 
 of the Sir-Daria, about lat. 39°30'-42° N., long. 
 70°-74° E. It corresponds to part of the ancient Sog- 
 diana, and wa9 formed from the khanate of Khokand by 
 Russia in 1876. Area, 35,446 square miles. Population, 
 1,865,000. 
 
 Fergus (fer'gus) I. A mythical king of Scot- 
 land. According to a fictitious chronology he was the 
 son of Fereliard, first king of Scotland ; came to Scotland 
 from Ireland about 330 B. C. to repel an invasion of the 
 Piets and Britons ; and was drowned on his return off Car- 
 rickfergus, which was named after him. 
 
 Fergus. See Fcrracute. 
 
 Ferguson (fer'gu-sqn), Adam. Born at Logie- 
 rait, Perthshire, June 20, 1723: died at St. An- 
 drews, Feb. 22, 1816. A Scottish philosopher 
 and historian. He graduated M. A. at the University 
 of St. Andrews in 1742 ; served as a military chaplain 1745- 
 1754 ; became prof essor of natural philosophy in Edinburgh 
 University in 1759; and was professor of mental and moral 
 philosophy in the same university 1764-85. In the latter 
 year he became professor of mathematics. He published 
 “ Essay on Civil Government" (1766), “Institutes of Moral 
 Philosophy ” (1772), “ History of the Progressand Termina- 
 tion of the Roman Republic” (1782), and “Principles of 
 Moral and Political Science ” (1792). 
 
 Ferguson, James. Born at the Core of Mayen, 
 near Rothieinay, Banffshire, April 25, 1710: 
 died at London (?), Nov. 16, 1776. A Scottish 
 astronomer. In 1743 he settled in London, where he 
 followed the profession of a portrait-painter and that of a 
 popular lecturer on scientific subjects, chiefly astronomy. 
 He wrote “Astronomy explained on Sir Isaac Newton’s 
 Principles ” (1756), etc. 
 
 Ferguson, Robert, surnamed “ The Plotter.” 
 Died in 1714. A Scottish conspirator and politi- 
 cal pamphleteer. He removed to England about 1655, 
 and was appointed to the living of Godmersham, Kent, from 
 which he was expelled by the Act of Uniformity in 1662. 
 He was concerned in the Rye House plot to assassinate 
 Charles II. in 1683, and in 1696 was implicated in a similar 
 conspiracy against William III. He wrote a “ History of 
 the Revolution ”(1706), “ Qualifications requisite in a Min- 
 ister of State ” (1710), etc. 
 
 Ferguson, Sir Samuel. Bom at Belfast, March 
 10, 1810 : died at Howth, County Dublin, Aug. 
 9, 1886. An Irish poet and antiquary. He grad- 
 uated B. A. at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1826 ; was ad- 
 mitted to the Irish bar in 1838 ; and was queen’s counsel 
 
 Fernandes Pinheiro 
 
 1859-67, when he was appointed deputy keeper of the pub- 
 lic records of Ireland. He was knighted in 1878. He col- 
 lected all the known Ogham inscriptions of Ireland, and 
 wrote “Lays of the Western Gael " (1865), “ Congal, an Epic 
 Poem in Eive Books " (1872), “ Poems ” (1880), etc. 
 
 Fergusson (fer'gu-son), James. Born at Ayr, 
 Jan. 22, 1808: died Jan. 9, 1886. A Scottish 
 writer on architecture. He acquired a fortune as a 
 manufacturer of indigo in India, and retired from business 
 to devote himself to archaeological studies. He was gen- 
 eral manager of the Crystal Palace Company 1856-58. His 
 chief works are “The Illustrated Handbook of Architec- 
 ture, etc.” (1855), “A History of the Modern Styles of Ar- 
 chitecture ” (1862), and “Eire- and Serpent- Worship, or Il- 
 lustrations of Mythology and Art in India in the First and 
 Fourth Centimes after Christ, etc.” (1868). 
 
 Fergusson, Robert. Born at Edinburgh, Sept. 
 
 5, 1750 : died Oct. 16, 1774. A Scottish poet. 
 He studied several years at St. Andrews University, and 
 became an extracting clerk in the commissary clerk’s office 
 at Edinburgh. He published “ Poems by R. Fergusson ’’ 
 (1773). 
 
 Fergusson, Sir William. Born at Prestonpans, 
 March 20, 1808: died at London, Feb. 10, 1877. 
 A noted Scottish surgeon, elected president of 
 the Royal College of Surgeons in 1870. He was 
 educated at Edinburgh. In 1843 he was elected a fellow 
 of the Royal Society. He published “Practical Surgery” 
 (1842), etc. 
 
 Ferid-Eddin. See Attar. 
 
 Feridoon. See Faridun. 
 
 Ferishtah, or Ferishta. See Firishtah. 
 
 Ferland (fer-Ion'), Jean Baptiste Antoine. 
 
 Born at Montreal, Dec. 25, 1805: died at Que- 
 bec, Jan. 8, 1864. A Canadian historian. He 
 was ordained priest in 1828, became professor of history in 
 Laval University at Quebec in 1855, and was elected dean 
 of the faculty of arts in 1864. He wrote “Cours d histoire 
 du Canada" (Vol. 1, 1861; Vol. II by Laverdiere, 1865). 
 
 Fermanagh (fer-man'a). A county in Ulster, 
 Ireland, hounded by Donegal on the northwest, 
 Tyrone on the northeast, Monaghan on the east, 
 Cavan on the south, and Leitrim on the west. 
 It is traversed by Lough Erne. The chief town is Ennis- 
 killen. Area, 715 square miles. Population, 65,430. 
 
 Fermat (fer-ma'), Pierre de. Born at Beau- 
 mont-de-Lomagne, near Montauban, France, 
 Aug., 1601: died at Toulouse, France, Jan. 12, 
 1665. A celebrated French mathematician. 
 He studied law at Toulouse, and practised his profession 
 there. Priority in the discovery of the principle of the 
 differential calculus, as against both Newton and Leibnitz, 
 was claimed for him by D'Alembert, Lagrange, and others. 
 His collected works were published in 1679. 
 
 Fermo (fer'md). A town in the province of 
 Ascoli Piceno, Italy, lat. 43° 11' N., long. 13° 
 43' E. : the ancient Firinum. It was a Roman colony, 
 and has remnants of the Roman wall. Population, com- 
 mune, 20,703. 
 
 Fermor (fer 'mor), Arabella. The lady the theft 
 of whose curl was the subject of Pope’s “ Rape 
 of the Lock.” She was the daughter of James Fermor 
 of Tusmore, and married Francis Perkins of Ufton Court, 
 near Reading. She died in 1738. The adventurous noble- 
 man who stole the lock was Lord Petre. 
 
 Fermor, Henrietta Louisa, Countess of Pom- 
 fret. Died Dec. 15, 1761. An English letter- 
 writer. She was the daughter of John, second Baron 
 Jeffreys of Wem, Shropshire, and married Thomas Fermor. 
 second Baron Leominster (later Earl of Pomfret), in 1720. 
 Her letters were published in “Correspondence between 
 Frances, Countessof Hartford (afterward Duchess of Somer- 
 set), and Henrietta Louisa, Countess of Pomfret, between 
 . . . 1738 and 1741 ” (1805). 
 
 Fermoy (fer-moi'). A town in County ’Cork, 
 Ireland, situated on the Blackwater 19 miles 
 northeast of Cork. Population, 6,126. 
 
 Fern (fern), Fanny. The pseudonym of Mrs. 
 Sara Payson Willis (Farrington, Eldredge) 
 Parton. 
 
 Fernandes (fer-nan'des), Alvaro. A Portu- 
 guese navigator who explored the western 
 coast of Africa about 1446. 
 
 Fernandes, Joao. A Portuguese navigator 
 who about 1446 explored the northwestern coast 
 of Africa, and penetrated into the interior of 
 the continent by way of the Rio do O 1110 . 
 
 Fernandes Coutinho (fer-nan'des ko-ten'yo), 
 Vasco. Born at Alemquer, Portugal, about 
 1490: died at Espirito Santo, Brazil, 1561. A 
 Portuguese soldier. He served until 1522 in India, and 
 in June, 1534, received the grant in perpetuity of a portion 
 of the Brazilian coast corresponding to the present state of 
 Espirito Santo. Leaving Portugal with about 70 colonists, 
 lie founded the town of Espirito Santo, near the modern 
 Victoria, in May, 1535. The colony suffered greatly from 
 the wars with the Indians and from quarrels. Vasco Fer- 
 nandes gave himself up to drunkenness and vice, and 
 finally, in 1569, renounced all his rights. He died in 
 complete poverty. 
 
 Fernandes Pinheiro (fer-nan'des pen-ya'e-ro), 
 Jose Feliciano. Born at Santos, May 9, 1774: 
 died at Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, June 
 
 6, 1847. A Brazilian statesman and author. 
 
 He was president of Rio Grande do Sul 1823-25, and min- 
 ister of justice Oct., 1825, -Nov., 1827. In 1827 he was cre- 
 ated viscount of Sao Leopoldo, and entered the senate. 
 His most important writings are “ Annaes da provinciade 
 
Fernandes Pinheiro 
 
 Sao Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul" (2 vols., 1819 and 1822; 
 revised 1839), and “Memoria sobre os limites do Brazil," 
 with various historical papers in the Revista do Institute 
 Historico, of which society he was one of the founders. 
 In politics he was a conservative. 
 
 Fernandes Vieira (ve-a'ra), Joao ; Born in the 
 island of Madeira, 1613: died at Olinda, Per- 
 nambuco, Brazil, Jan. 10, 1681. A Portuguese 
 
 soldier. From 1630 he lived in Pernambuco, and in June, 
 1645, he headed a revolt against the Dutch, joined the other 
 Portuguese leaders, and carried on war with the Dutch 
 until Jan. , 1654, when they were driven out. Subsequently 
 he was governor of Parahyba, and from 1658 to 1661 gov- 
 ernor of Angola in Africa. 
 
 Fernandez (fer-nan'deth), Juan. Born prob- 
 ably at Cartagena, Spain, in 1538 : died in the 
 district of Ligna, Chile, about 1602. A Spanish 
 navigator. For many years he sailed vessels between 
 Peru and Chile, and found that by keeping far out on the 
 ocean he could shorten the time required for his cruises. 
 He discovered several islands, among others the one which 
 bears his name : this he reached about 1563. 
 
 Fernandez, Juan Felix. See Victoria, Guada- 
 lupe. 
 
 Fernandez, Prospero. Born at San Jos6, July 
 18, 1834 : died there, March 12, 1885. A Costa 
 Rican soldier. He served against Walker in Nicaragua 
 1855-57, attained the rank of general, and in 1881 was made 
 general-in-chief. From Aug. 10, 1882, until his death he 
 was president of Costa Rica. 
 
 Fernandez de Castro(fer-nan'detb da kas'tro), 
 Manuel. Born at Madrid, Dec. 25, 1825: died 
 there, May 7, 1895. A Spanish geologist. From 
 1859 to 1869 he was engaged in mining and geological work 
 in Cuba and Santo Domingo. In the latter year he was 
 made professor at the Madrid School of Mines, and after 
 1873 he was the director of the commission of the geologi- 
 cal map of Spain. An extended series of works was issued 
 under his direction by the geological commission. 
 
 Fernandez de Castro Andrade y Portugal 
 
 (an-dra'da e por-to-gal'), Pedro. Born in 1634: 
 died at Lima, Dec. 6, 1672. A Spanish noble- 
 man, tenth count of Lemos, grandee of Spain, 
 and a descendant of King Sancho TV. He was 
 viceroy of Peru from Nov., 1667, until his death. 
 Fernandez de Cordova (fer-nan'deth da kor'- 
 do-va), Diego. Marquis of Guadalcazar, vice- 
 roy of New Spain (Mexico) Oct., 1612, -March, 
 1621. and viceroy of Peru July, 1622,-Jan., 1629. 
 In both countries lie had much trouble with French and 
 Dutch corsairs, and in Peru his term was marked by a 
 bloody war of miners at Potosi. After his return to Spain 
 (1629), he resided near Cordova. 
 
 Fernandez de Enciso, Martin. See Enciso. 
 Fernandez de la Cueva (fer-nan'deth da la 
 kwa'va), Francisco. Lived in the 17th century. 
 Duke of Albuquerque. From Aug., 1653, to Sept., 
 1660, he was viceroy of New Spain (Mexico), and subse- 
 quently viceroy of Sicily. 
 
 Fernandez de la Cueva Henriquez (en-re'- 
 keth), Francisco. Duke of Albuquerque, vice- 
 roy of Mexico Nov. 27, 1702, to Jan. 15, 1711. 
 The town of Albuquerque, New Mexico, founded 
 at this time, was named in his honor. 
 Fernandez de Navarrete, Martin. See Na- 
 varre tc. 
 
 Fernandez de Palencia (fer-nan'deth da pa- 
 lan'the-a), Diego. Born at Palencia about 1520 : 
 died at Seville about 1581. A Spanish soldier 
 and historian. He served in Peru from about 1545 to 
 1560 or later, and was a personal witness of many events, 
 especially during the revolt of Giron. Appointed histori- 
 ographer in 1556, he began to write a history, subsequently 
 enlarged and finished in Spain, and published at Seville as 
 “ Primera y segunda parte de la historia del Peru.” It in- 
 cludes the periods of the rebellions of Gonzalo Pizarro and 
 Giron. 
 
 Fernandez de Piedrahita, Lucas. See Piedra- 
 hita. 
 
 Fernandez de Taos (fer-nan'deth da ta'os). 
 [Not San Fernando de Taos, as it is sometimes 
 called.] A Spanish settlement founded in the 
 latter half of the 18th century in the valley of 
 Taos in northern New Mexico, it contains about 
 1,500 inhabitants, and lies 3 miles from the Indian village. 
 In 1766 the settlement was surprised and almost wiped 
 out by the Comanches. The insurrection of 1848 began at 
 Fernandez de Taos, where Governor Charles Bent was one 
 of its first victims. See itTaos. 
 
 Fernandez Madrid(fer-nan'dethma-TnrfcTii'), 
 Jose. Born at Cartagena, Feb. 9, 1789: died 
 near London, June 28, 1830. A New Granadan 
 physician, author, and statesman. He joined the 
 
 revolutionists in 1810, was elected to Congress, and after 
 the resignation of Torres was made president of New 
 Granada, March 14, 1816. The victories of the Spaniards 
 soon forced him to resign. Tie published poems, two 
 tragedies, “Atala” and “Guatimozin,” and medical and 
 other works. 
 
 Fernandina (fer-niin-de'na). [Named in honor 
 of Ferdinand of Castile.] A name officially 
 given to the island of Cuba about 1508. Colum- 
 bus hud called it Juana, and the name was changed in ac- 
 cordance with the desire of the king. It appears on some 
 old maps and in Spanish authors of the period, but was 
 soon supplanted by the Indian name Cuba. 
 
 387 
 
 Fernandina (fer - nan - de ' na). A seaport on 
 Amelia Island, Nassau County, northeastern 
 Florida, situated 26 miles northeast of J ackson- 
 ville, in lat. 30° 40' N., long. 81° 28' W. It has 
 
 a flue harbor, and a line of steamships to New York, and 
 exports timber and naval stores. Population, 3,482, (1910). 
 
 Fernando (fer-nan'd5). [See Ferdinand."] 1. 
 In Cervantes’s “Don Quixote,” the faithless 
 friend of Cardenio. — 2. In Massinger and Flet- 
 cher’s comedy “ The Laws of Candy,” the lover 
 of Annophel. — 3. In Southerne’s “Fatal Mar- 
 riage,” a character who for his own good is 
 made to believe he has been dead and buried 
 and in purgatory. — 4. In Sheridan Knowles’s 
 “ John of Procida,” tbe son of John of Procida. 
 He was killed in the Sicilian Vespers. 
 Fernando de Noronha (fer-nan'do de no-ron'- 
 ya). An island in the Atlantic, belonging to 
 Brazil, situated about lat. 3° 50' S., long. 32° 
 40' W. It is the seat of a Brazilian penal sta- 
 tion. 
 
 Fernando Po (E. fer-nan'do po'; Sp. fer-nan'- 
 do po'). An island in the Bight of Biafra, West 
 Africa, in lat. 3° 46' N., long. 8° 47' E. (light- 
 house). Its surface is mountainous. The chief place is 
 Port Clarence. The island was discovered by the Portu- 
 guese in 1471, and was ceded in 1778 to Spain, which now 
 occupies it. There was an English settlement here 1827- 
 1834. Area, 799 square miles. Population, about 25,000. 
 Fernandyne (fer'nan-den). In Lodge’s “Rosa- 
 lynde,” the character from which Jacques du 
 Bois in “ As you Like it ” is taken. 
 
 Fernel (fer-nel'), Jean. Born at Clermont-en- 
 Beauvoisis, France, about 1497 : died there, 
 April 26, 1558. A noted French physician and 
 medical writer, professor of medicine at Paris : 
 sumamed “the Modern Galen.” 
 
 Ferney, or Fernex (fer-na'). A village in the 
 department of Ain, France, 4 miles northwest 
 of Geneva. Voltaire resided here 1758-78. 
 Ferney, The Patriarch of. Voltaire. 
 
 Fernig (fer-neg'), Felicite de (Madame Van 
 der Walen). Born at Mortagne, Nord, France, 
 about 1776 : died after 1831. Fernig, The- 
 ophile de. Born at Mortagne about 1779 : died 
 at Brussels about 1818. Two French sisters 
 who, assuming male attire, enlisted in 1792 in 
 a company of the National Guards commanded 
 by their father, and distinguished themselves 
 by their bravery in battle. Felicite married 
 M. Van der Walen, a Belgian officer, whose life 
 she had saved. 
 
 Fernkorn (fern'korn), Anton Dominik. Born 
 at Erfurt, Prussia, March 17, 1813 : died at 
 Briinnlfeld, near Vienna, Nov. 16, 1878. A Ger- 
 man sculptor and bronze-founder. His best- 
 known work is a statue of the archduke Charles, 
 in Vienna. 
 
 Fernow (fer 'no), Karl Ludwig. Born at 
 Blumenhagen, Brandenburg, Prussia, Nov. 19, 
 1763 : died at Weimar, Germany, Dec. 4, 1808. 
 A German writer on art, professor (extraordi- 
 nary) at Jena 1802, and librarian to the duch- 
 ess Amalie at Weimar 1804. 
 
 Feron (fa-ron'), Firmin Eloi. Born at Paris, 
 Dec. 1, 1802: died at Confians, Seine-et-Oise, 
 April 24, 1876. A French painter. He obtained 
 the first medal in 1835. 
 
 Feronia (fe-ro'ni-a). In Italian mythology, a 
 goddess of Sabine origin, hut chiefly worshiped 
 in Etruria, regarded especially as the patroness 
 of freedmen, and called by the Greeks a goddess 
 of flowers. Her most celebrated shrine is at 
 the foot of Mount Soracte in Etruria. 
 Ferozabad (fe-ro-za-bad'), or Firozabad. A 
 town in the United Provinces, British India, 
 east of Agra. Population, 16,849. 
 
 Ferozepore. See Firozpur. 
 
 Ferozeshah, or Ferozshah (fe-roz-shah'), A 
 village in the Panjab, British India, situated 
 near Firozpur. Here, Dec. 21, 1845, the British 
 under Sir Hugh Gough defeated the Sikhs. 
 Ferrabosco, or Ferabosco (fer-a-bos'ko), Al- 
 fonso. Am Italian musical composer of the 16th 
 century. He appears to have settled in England, per- 
 haps at Greenwich, before 1567. He subsequently returned 
 to I taly. He published a book of madrigal3 in 1542 (a sec- 
 ond in 1587) and of motets in 1644, both at Venice. He had 
 several friendly contests with W. Byrd as to the best set- 
 ting of madrigals, and also in writing “each to the number 
 of 40 parts upon the plain-song of Miserere.” 
 
 Ferrabosco, or Ferabosco, Alfonso. Born at 
 Greenwich, England, about 1580: died in 1628 (?). 
 An Italian luteuist and musical composer, son 
 of the preceding. He received his musical education 
 at Bologna, became musical instructor to Prince Henry in 
 1605, and in 1626 was appointed composer in ordinary to 
 Charles I. He published “ Ayres” (1600) and “ Lessons ” 
 (for viols, 1600). 
 
 Ferrabosco, Alfonso. Died in 1661. An Italian 
 
 Ferrari, Giuseppe 
 
 musical composer at the court of Charles I. of 
 England. He was the son of Alfonso Ferra- 
 bosco (died 1628 ?). 
 
 Ferracute (fer'a-kut), or Ferragus (fer'a-gus), 
 It. Ferrau (fer-rou'). A giant celebrated in 
 medieval romance. He appears with various attri- 
 butes, in the story of “ Valentine and Orson,” as Ferracute. 
 He has in his castle an enormous brazen head which an- 
 swers any question put to it. In some romances he is a 
 Portuguese giant ; in others a Spanish knight ; in others a 
 Saracen ; in ail of enormous strength, arid invulnerable 
 till Orlando vanquishes him. 
 
 While in Navarre, it is reported to Charles that a Syrian 
 giant of first-rate enormity, called Ferracutus (the Ferrau 
 of the Italians), has appeared at Nagera. This creature 
 possessed most exuberant proportions : he was twelve cu- 
 bits high, his face was a cubit in length, and his nose a mea- 
 sured palm. As soon as Charles arrived at Nagera, this 
 unwieldy gentleman proposed a single combat, but the 
 king was so little tempted by a personal survey that he 
 declined his offer. Ogerius the Dane was therefore selected 
 as the Christian champion : but the giant, trussing him 
 under one arm, carried him off to the town, and served a 
 succession of knights in a similar manner. Orlando at 
 length went out against him. The Saracen, as usual, 
 commenced the attack by pulling his antagonist from the 
 saddle, and rode off with him, till Orlando, exerting all 
 his force, seized him by the chin, and both fell to the 
 ground. When they had remounted, the knight, thinking 
 to kill the pagan, only cut off the head of his horse. Fer- 
 rau being now on foot, Orlando struck a blow on his arm 
 that knocked the sword from his hand ; on which the giant 
 slew his adversary’s horse with a pat of his fist. After 
 this the opponents fought on foot, and with swords, till 
 towards evening, when Ferrau demanded a truce till next 
 day. Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 278. 
 
 Ferragus. 1. See Ferracute . — 2. An extraor- 
 dinary beggar in a novel of the same name in 
 Balzac’s “ Sehnes de la vie parisienne.” He is the 
 captain of a mysterious association called “Les Treize," 
 appears in society as a diplomat, and murders a young 
 gentleman who is obnoxious to the Treize by causing a slow 
 poison to be put on his hair. 
 
 Ferrand (fe-roh'), Comte Antoine Francois 
 Claude. Born at Paris, July 4, 1751 : died at 
 Paris, Jan. 17, 1825. A French royalist politi- 
 cian (emigrated Sept., 1789), publicist, and his- 
 torian. He wrote “De l’esprit de l’histoire ” 
 (1802), etc. 
 
 Ferrand, Marie Louis, Baron and Count of. 
 Born at Besanijon, Oct. 12, 1753: died at Palo 
 Fincado, Santo Domingo, Nov. 7, 1808. A 
 French general. He served in the American revolu- 
 tion and in the French army of the West, and in 1802 
 joined Leclerc in the Santo Domingo expedition. The 
 disasters of 1802 and 1803 left him in command of the 
 remnants of the French army. He retreated to Santo Do- 
 mingo city, where he withstood a siege by Dessalines, and 
 succeeded iu holding the eastern end of the island for 
 several years. Bonaparte made him captain-general of 
 Santo Domingo. In 1808 a Spanish force from Porto Rico 
 invaded the island. Ferrand was defeated, and shot him- 
 self on the battle-field. 
 
 Ferrandina (fer-ran-de'na). A town in the 
 province of Potenza, Italy, situated 35 miles 
 southeast of Potenza. Population, about 7,- 
 500. 
 
 Fer rat (fer'iir), Nicholas. Died at Little Gid- 
 ding, Huntingdonshire, Dee. 4, 1637. An Eng- 
 lish theologian. 
 
 Ferrara (fer-ra'ra). 1. A province in the com- 
 partimento of Emilia, Italy, lying south of the 
 Po and west of the Adriatic. The surface is 
 flat. Formerly the main portion of the duchy of Ferrara 
 (formed 1471) was under the house of Este. It was an- 
 nexed to the Papal States in 1598, and to Sardinia in 
 1860. Within the province are the lagoons of Comacchio. 
 Area, 1,012 square miles. Population, 292,279. 
 
 2. The capital of the province of Ferrara, situ- 
 ated on the Po di Volano in lat. 44° 50' N., long. 
 11° 37' E. It contains a university, and was noted for 
 its school of painting in the 15th century, and as a literary 
 center in the 16th century. The castle, formerly the ducal 
 ■ palace, is a square battlemented fortress of brick, built in 
 1386, with a moat and bridges, and towers at the comers. 
 The wall-paintings which originally ornamented the ducal 
 apartments are gone, except some very good ones by Dosso 
 Dossi. The cathedral (duomo) was consecrated in 1136. The 
 rich facade is one of the best of Italian medieval exteriors. 
 It is solid below, with a great round-arched porch with 
 columns resting on curious figures supported on Hons, 
 and has above several tiers of beautiful arcades. The in- 
 terior was spoiled in the 17th century, but contains good 
 inlaid choir-stalls and some handsome pictures. There is 
 a fine Renaissance arcaded campanile, in red and white 
 marble. Population, commune, 82,310. 
 
 Ferrara-Florence, Council of. A church coun- 
 cil which, openingat Ferrara in 1438, was trans- 
 ferred to Florence in 1439 on account of a 
 plague. It proclaimed the union of the Greek and Ro- 
 man churches in 1439. The last sitting was at Rome in 
 1445. 
 
 Ferrari (fer-ra're), Gaudenzio. Bom at Val- 
 duggia, near Novara, Italy, about 1484 : died at 
 Milan, 1546. An Italian painter. His works 
 are principally at Varallo and elsewhere in 
 northern Italy. 
 
 Ferrari, Giuseppe. Born at Milan, 1812: died 
 at Rome, July 1, 1876. An Italian philosophical 
 writer and historian. 
 
Ferrari, Luigi 
 
 Ferrari, Luigi. Born at Venice, 1810: died 
 there, May 12, 1894. An Italian sculptor. 
 Ferr6 (fe-ra 7 ), Theophile Charles. Born at 
 Paris, 1845: executed near Paris, Nov. 28, 1871. 
 One of the leaders of the French Commune in 
 1871. 
 
 Ferreira (fer-ra'e-ra), Antonio. Born at Lis- 
 bon, 1528: died there, 1569. A noted Portu- 
 guese poet, surnamed “the Portuguese Hor- 
 ace.” He wrote “lues de Castro,” a tragedy, etc. 
 
 Ferreira, Alexander Rodriquez. See Rodri- 
 quez Ferreira. 
 
 Ferrel (fer'el), William. Born in Bedford (now 
 Fulton) County, Pa., Jan. 29, 1817 : died at May- 
 wood, Kansas, Sept. 18, 1891. An American me- 
 teorologist. He graduated at Bethany College in 1844, 
 and held an appointmenton theCoastSurvey 1867-82, when 
 he was appointed professor of meteorology in the Signal 
 Office at Washington, a position which he held four years. 
 He invented a maxima and minima tidal predicting ma- 
 chine, and wrote “ Converging Series expressing the Ratio 
 between the Diameter and the Circumference of a Circle" 
 (1871), “Popular Essays on the Movements of the Atmos- 
 phere ” (1882), “The Motions of Fluids and Solids on the 
 Earth ’8 Surface " (1882), “Temperature of the Atmosphere 
 and Earth's Surface" (1884), etc. 
 
 Ferrers (fer'erz), Earl. See Shirley, Laurence. 
 Ferrers. George. Born at St. Albans, Hert- 
 fordshire, about 1500: died January, 1579. An 
 English poet and politician. He was educated at 
 Cambridge, was a member of Lincoln's Inn, and repre- 
 sented Plymouth in Parliament from 1642. On his being 
 arrested the same year as surety for a debt, the House of 
 Commons demanded his release by virtue of the constitu- 
 tional right of its members to freedom from arrest (except 
 for treason, felony, or breach of the peace). The sheriffs 
 and jailers resisting the demand, the House of Commons 
 sent them to the Tower, this being the first occasion on 
 which the house acted independently in vindication of its 
 privilege. Ferrers took part with W. Baldwin in the pro- 
 duction of the series of historical poems entitled “ Mirrour 
 for Magistrates. " 
 
 Ferret (fer'et). 1. In Ben Jonson’s comedy 
 “The New Inn,” the servant of Lovel: a quick, 
 nimble, and insinuating fellow, with an advan- 
 tageous knowledge of human nature. — 2. In 
 Smollett’s “ Sir Launcelot Greaves," a charac- 
 ter who never smiles, never speaks in praise 
 of any one, and never gives a direct answer. 
 Ferrex and Porrex. See Gorboduc. 
 
 Ferrier (fer'i-er), James Frederick. Born at 
 Edinburgh, June 16, 1808: died at St. Andrews, 
 June 11, 1864. A Scottish metaphysician. He 
 studied at Edinburgh and Oxford, and was professor of 
 civil history at Edinburgh 1842, and of moral philosophy 
 and political economy at St. Andrews 1845. He wrote 
 “Institutes of Metaphysic ”(1854), etc. His “Lectures on 
 Greek Philosophy ” were published posthumously (1866). 
 
 Ferrier, Susan Edmonstone. Born at Edin- 
 burgh, Sept. 7, 1782: died there, Nov. 5, 1854. 
 A Scottish novelist. She was the friend of Scott, 
 whom she visited in 1811, 1829, and 1831. Her chief works 
 are “Marriage," to which Miss Clavering, niece of the 
 Duke of Argyll, contributed a few pages (1818), “The In- 
 heritance" (1824), and “Destiny" (1831). 
 
 Ferriferes (fer-yar'). A village in the depart- 
 ment of Seine-et-Mame, France, 13 miles east 
 of Paris. It contains a chateau of the Rothschilds, the 
 scene of an interview between Bismarck and Jules Favre, 
 Sept., 1870. 
 
 Ferro (fer'ro), Sp. Hierro (yer'ro). The west- 
 ernmost of the Canary Islands, situated in lat. 
 27° 45' N., long. 18° W. The conventional meridian 
 of Ferro (a dividing line between the eastern and western 
 hemispheres), used as the zero meridian by German, and 
 for a time by Portuguese and Spanish, geographers, cor- 
 responds to long. 17° 40' W. of Greenwich. Area, 106 square 
 miles. 
 
 Ferrol (fer-rol'), El. A seaport in the province 
 of Coruna, Spain, situated on the Bay of Betan- 
 zos in lat. 43° 29' N., long. 8° 13' W. it is noted 
 
 for its naval arsenal. It was unsuccessfully attacked by 
 the English in 1799, and was taken by the French in 1809. 
 Population, 25,281. 
 
 Ferry (fe-re') ? Jules. Born at St. Die, Vosges, 
 France, April 5, 1832 : died at Paris, March 17, 
 1893. A French statesman. He was minister of pub- 
 lic instruction 1879-80, premier 1880-81, minister of public 
 instruction in 1882, and premier 18S3-85, and was elected 
 president of the Senate in 1893. His name is associated 
 with the French policy of adventure in Africa and Asia. 
 Fersen (fer'sen), Axel, Comte de. Bom at 
 Stockholm. Sept. 4, 1755 : murdered at Stock- 
 holm, June 20, 1810. A Swedish marshal. He ac- 
 companied Louis XVI. to Varennes in 1791. He was killed 
 by the populace, on the (false) suspicion that he, with his 
 sister, had caused the death of Prince Christian of Hol- 
 stein- Augustenburg. 
 
 Ferstel (fer'stel), Heinrich von. Born at 
 Vienna, July 7, 1828 : died at Grinzing, near 
 Vienna, July 14, 1883. An Austrian architect. 
 Fert6-sous- J ouarre (fer-ta'so-zho-ar'), La. A 
 town in the department of Seine-et-Marne, 
 France, on the Marne 36 miles east of Paris: 
 noted for quarries. Population, commune, 
 4,841. 
 
 FerumbraB. See Fierabras. 
 
 388 
 
 Fesca (fes'ka), Alexander Ernst. Bom at 
 
 Karlsruhe, Baden, May 22, 1820: died at Bruns- 
 wick, Germany, Feb. 22, 1849. A German com- 
 poser, son of Friedrich Ernst Fesca. He com- 
 posed much popular chamber music, etc. 
 Fesca, Friedrich Ernst. Born at Magdeburg, 
 Prussia, Feb. 15, 1789 : died at Karlsruhe, Baden, 
 May 24, 1826. A German composer and violinist. 
 He wrote two operas, “ Cantemir " and “Leila, "and a num- 
 ber of quintets, quartets, overtures, and chorales and other 
 sacred music. 
 
 Fescennine Songs. Ancient Roman popular 
 songs ■ so named from the town of Feseennium 
 in southern Etruria. They were sung at rustic 
 merrymakings, festivals, and later especially at 
 weddings. 
 
 Fesch (fesh), Joseph. Born at Ajaccio, Cor- 
 sica, Jan. 3, 1763 : died at Rome, May 13, 1839. 
 A French ecclesiastic, half-brother of Lastitia, 
 mother of Napoleon I. He became archbishop 
 of Lyons 1802, and cardinal 1803. 
 
 Fessenden (fes'en-den), Thomas Green. Born 
 at Walpole, N. H., April 22, 1771: died at Bos- 
 ton, Nov. 11, 1837. An American journalist, 
 poet, and miscellaneous writer. 
 
 Fessenden, William Pitt. Born at Boscawen, 
 N. H., Oct. 16, 1806: died at Portland, Maine, 
 Sept. 8, 1869. An American statesman, United 
 States senator (Republican) from Maine 1854- 
 1864 and 1865-69, and secretax-y of the treasury 
 1864-65. 
 
 Fessler (fes'ler), Ignaz Aurelius. Born at 
 Czurendorf, Hungary, May 18, 1756 : died at 
 St. Petersburg, Dec. 15, 1839. A Hungai-ian 
 historian and ecclesiastic (Capuchin), pi’ofessor 
 of Oi'iental languages and hermeneutics at the 
 University of Lemberg. He wrote “ Geschiclite 
 der Ungarn” (1815-25), etc. 
 
 Fessler, Joseph. Born at Lochau, Vorarlberg, 
 Austria-Hungary, Dec. 2, 1813 : died at St. Pol- 
 ten, Lower Austria, April 25, 1872. An Austriaxx 
 prelate and scholar. He published “ Institu- 
 tiones patrologicre ” (1850-52), etc. 
 
 Feste (fes'te). In Shakspere’s “Twelfth Night,” 
 Olivia’s clown. 
 
 Festin de Pierre, Le. See Don Juan. 
 
 Festus (fes'tus). A poem by Philip James 
 Bailey, published 1839. 
 
 Festus, Porcius. A Roman procurator in Pales- 
 tine about 60—62 A. D. He refused to put the apos- 
 tle Paul in the power of the Jews, and, after giving him a 
 hearing in the presence of Herod Agrippa IT., sent him to 
 Rome in consequence of his appeal to Ca-sar. 
 
 Festus, Sextus Pompeius. A Latin lexicog- 
 rapher who lived perhaps in the middle of the 
 2d century after Christ. He epitomized a glossary 
 of Latin words and phrases entitled “DeVerborum Slg- 
 nificatu," by M. Verrius Flaccus, which is now lost. This 
 epitome, which is known as “Sexti Pompeii Festi deVer- 
 borum Significations, ” and which is of importance on ac- 
 count of the light which it throws on obscure points in 
 Latin grammar and Roman antiquities, was abridged in 
 the 8 th century by Paulus Diaconus. 
 
 Feth Ali (feth a/16), or Fath Ali (fath a'le), or 
 Futteh Ali (fot'te a'le). Bom about 1762 
 (1765?): died at Ispahan, Persia, Oct. 20, 1834. 
 Shah of Persia 1797-1834. He became involved in 
 a war with Russia in 1803 concerning the sovereignty of 
 Georgia, whose ruler had transferred his allegiance from 
 Persia to Russia. He purchased peace in 1813 by aban- 
 doning his claim. In 1826 lie took advantage of the recent 
 death of the czar Alexander to renew the war, but was com- 
 pelled by the peace of 1828 to make an additional cession 
 of territory (Persian Armenia). 
 
 Fethan-Seag. See Faddiley. 
 
 Fetis (fa-tes'), Edouard. Bom at Bouvignes, 
 Belgium, May 16, 1812: died at Brussels, Jan. 
 31, 1909. An art critic, son of Francois J. Fetis. 
 He was librarian of the Bibliotheque Royale, Brussels, 
 professor of esthetics to the Acadeinie des Beaux Arts, 
 art critic of the “ Independance Beige,” and published 
 and edited a number of works on art. 
 
 Fetis, Frangois Joseph. Born at Mons, Bel- 
 gium, March 25, 1784: died at Brussels, March 
 26, 1871. A Belgian composer and writer on 
 music. His works include “ Methode Ckmentaire, etc." 
 (1824), “Traitd complet de la theorie et de la pratique 
 de l’hannonie” (1844), “ Trait <1 du contrepoint et de la 
 fugue” (1824), “Biographie universelle des musiciens" 
 (1835-44), “Histoire gCnCral e de la musique” (1869-70), 
 etc. He published the “Revue Musicale 1 from 1827-35. 
 He composed four or five operas, much sacred music, and 
 a good deal of pianoforte music. 
 
 Fetter Lane. A street in London running from 
 Fleet street to Holborn Viaduct. 
 
 During the middle ages Fetter Lane slumbered ; but it 
 woke up on the breaking out of the Civil War, and in 1643 
 became unpleasantly celebrated as the spot where Wal- 
 ler’s plot disastrously terminated. . . . One of the pleas- 
 antest memories of Fetter Lane is that which connects it 
 with the school-days of Charles Lamb. Dryden and Otway, 
 it is said, lived opposite each other in Fetter Lane. 
 
 Thomburj/, Old and New London, I. 94. 
 
 Feydeau 
 
 Feucheres (fe-shar'), Baronne de < Sophie 
 Dawes or Daws). Born in the Isle of Wight 
 about 1795: died iu England, Jan. 2, 1841. A 
 woman of low birth, mistress of Louis Henri 
 Joseph de Bourbon, prince de Conde (1756- 
 1830). She married Baron de Feucheres in 
 1818, and was separated from him in 1822. 
 Feuchtersleben (f oich'ters-la-ben) , Ernst von. 
 Born at Vienna, April 29, 1806: died at Vienna, 
 Sept. 3, 1849. An Austrian physician, poet, 
 and philosopher. He became dean of the medical 
 faculty at Vienna in 1844, and in 1848 was under-secretary 
 of state in the ministry of public instruction. His works 
 include “Lehrbuch der arztlichen Seeleukunde” (1845), 
 “Zur Diatetik der Seele” (1838), and “Gedichte” (1836). 
 Feuerbach (foi'er-bach), Anselm von. Born 
 at Spires, Sept. 12, 1829 : died at Venice, Jan. 
 4, 1880. A German historical painter. He was a 
 pupil of F. W. von Schadow, and held a professorship in 
 the Academy of Vienna 1873-77. 
 
 Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas. Born at Lands- 
 hut, Bavaria, July 28, 1804: died near Nurern- 
 berg, Bavaria, Sept. 13, 1872. A German phi- 
 losopher, son of P. J. A. von Feuerbach. He 
 habilitated as privat-docent at Erlangen in 1828, but aban- 
 doned teaching in 1832. His chief works are “ Das Wesen 
 des Christenthums " (1841), “Das Wesen der Religion ” 
 (1845), and “Theogonie nachden Quellen des klassischen, 
 hebraischen, und cliristlichen Altertums” (1875). 
 
 Feuerbach, Paul Johann Anselm von. Bom 
 
 at Hainichen, near Jena, Germany, Nov. 14, 
 1775: died at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Prussia, 
 May 29, 1833. A German jurist. He became pro- 
 fessor at Jena in 1801, professor at Kiel in 1802, and pro- 
 fessor at Landshut in 1804; removed to Munich to ac- 
 cept a position in the department of justice there in 
 1805 ; was ennobled and made privy councilor in 1808 ; 
 became second president of the Court of Appeal at Bam- 
 berg in 1S14 ; and became president of the Court of Ap- 
 peal at Anspach iu 1817. He drew up the Bavariau crim- 
 inal code which was introduced in 1813, and wrote “Rritik 
 des natiirlichen Rechts als Propadeutik zu einer Wisseu- 
 sehaft der natiirlichen Reehte” (1796), “Lehrbuch des 
 gemeinen, in Deutschland geltenden peinlichen Rechts ” 
 (1801), “Merkwiirdige Kriminalrechtsfalle ” (1808-11), “K. 
 Hauser, ein Beispiel eines Verbrechens am Seelenleben " 
 (1832), etc. 
 
 Feuillants (fe-yoh'), Les. A political club es- 
 tablished at Paris during the Revolution, it 
 was at first called the Club of 1789, receiving its later 
 name from the convent of the Feuillants, where it held its 
 meetings. 
 
 Feuilles d’Automne (fey do-ton'). [F., ‘Au- 
 tumn Leaves.’] A collection of lyric poems by 
 Victor Hugo, published in 1831. 
 
 Feuillet (f6-ya'), Louis. Bom at Mane, iu 
 Provence, 1660: died at Marseilles, April 18, 
 1732. A French scientist and traveler. Aided 
 by royal bounty, he made two extended expeditions to the 
 West Indies and the northern and western coasts of South 
 America (1703-11), taking careful observations to rectify 
 the existing maps, and studying plants, antiquities, etc. 
 The results were published in several large works. In 
 1724 the French Academy of Sciences employed him to 
 determine the exact longitude of the island of Ferro. 
 
 Feuillet, Octave. Born at St.-Lo, Manche, 
 France, Aug. 11, 1821: died at Paris, Dec. 29, 
 1890. A French novelist and dramatist. After 
 graduating from the College Louis-le-Grand in Paris, he 
 studied law and engaged in literary work. In collabora- 
 tion with Paul Bocage he, wrote for the stage “Un bour- 
 geois de Paris " (1845), “Echec et mat” (1846), “Palma, 
 ou la nuit du Vendredi-Saint” (1847), “La vieillesse de 
 Richelieu ” (1848), “ York ” (1852), “ Sctnes et proverbes" 
 (1851), “ Scenes et comedies” (1854), “ La grise ’ (1854), “Le 
 roman d un jeune homme pauvre"(1858), “Redemption" 
 (1860), “ Les portraits de la marquise " (1862), “Montjoye ' 
 (1863), “ La belle au bois dormant "(1865), “Le cas de con- 
 science” (1867), “Julie ” (1869), “L Acrobate” (1873), "Le 
 sphinx" (1874), “La clef d’or "(1878), “ Un roman parisien " 
 (1883), and “(Jhamillac”(1886). His novels are “Bellah' 
 (1852), “Le roman d'un jeune homme pauvre" (1858), 
 “Histoire de SibyUe” (1862), “Monsieur de Camors" 
 (1867), “Julia de Trecoeur" (1872), “Un mariage dans le 
 monde"(1875), “Les amours de Philippe "and “Le journal 
 d'une femme ” (1877), “ Histoire d une Parisienne ” (1882), 
 “La veuve,” “Le voyageur," “Le divorce de Juliette," 
 “Charybde et Scylla,” and “Le curl' de Bourron” (1884), 
 “La morte" (1886), and “Honneur d’artiste” (1890). The 
 French newspaper name feuiUeton was first used for his 
 serial writings in newspapers. 
 
 Feurs(fer). A town in the department of Loire, 
 France, on the Loire 31 miles west of Lyons. 
 It was the capital of the old division Forez. 
 Population, commune, 3,983. 
 
 Feval (fa-val'), Paul Henri Corentin. Born 
 at Rennes, France, Sept. 27, 1817: died at 
 Paris, March 8, 1887. A French novelist, 
 author of “Les myst&res de Londres” (1844), 
 “Le fils du diable” (1846), “Le bossu” (1858), 
 “Le chevalier de Keramour” (1874), “Les mer- 
 veilles du Mont St. Michel” (1879), etc. 
 Feversham. See Faversham. 
 
 Feydeau (fa-d5'), Ernest Airu4. Born at Paris, 
 March 16, 1821: died at Paris, Oct. 29, 1873. 
 A French novelist and miscellaneous writer. 
 Among his novels are “Fanny” (1858), “Silvie" (1861), 
 “Un dCbut k l'opdra " (1863), “La comtesse de Chalis, 
 etc. "(1868), etc. He wrote several comedies, and “ Du luxe 
 
Feydeau 
 
 des femmes, etc." (1866), “ Histoire des usages funebres, 
 etc.” (1857-61), “L’Allemagne en 1871" (1872), and other 
 works. 
 
 Feyjoo y Montenegro (fa-e-Ho' e mon-ta-na'- 
 gro), Frey Benito. Boru at Cardamiro, near 
 Orense, Spain, Oct. 18, 1676: died at Oviedo, 
 Spain, Sept. 26, 1764. A noted Spanish critic 
 and scholar, a Benedictine monk. He published 
 “ Teatro critico universal ” (1726-60), “Cartas 
 eruditas y curiosas” (1760), etc. 
 
 Still, when, in 1726, Feyjod printed a volume of essays 
 connected with his main purpose, he was able to com- 
 mand public attention, and was encouraged to go on. He 
 called it “The Critical Theatre" ; and in its different dis- 
 sertations — as separate as the papers in “The Spectator,” 
 but longer and on graver subjects — he boldly attacked 
 the dialectics and metaphysics then taught everywhere in 
 Spain ; maintained Bacon’s system of induction in the 
 physical sciences ; ridiculed the general opinion in rela- 
 tion to comets, eclipses, and the arts of magic and divina- 
 tion ; laid down rules for historical faith, which would ex- 
 clude most of the early traditions of the country ; showed 
 a greater deference for woman, and claimed for her a 
 higher place in society, than the influence of the Spanish 
 Church willingly permitted her to occupy ; and, in all re- 
 spects, came forth to his countrymen as one urging ear- 
 nestly the advancement of education, the pursuit of truth, 
 and the improvement of social life. Eight volumes of this 
 stirring work were published before 1739, and then it 
 stopped, without any apparent reason. But in 1742 Fey- 
 job began a similar series of discussions, under the name 
 of “ Learned and Inquiring Letters," which he finished in 
 1760, with the fifth volume, thus closing up the long series 
 of his truly philanthropical, as well as philosophical, la- 
 bors. Ticknor , Span. Lit., III. 272. 
 
 Fez (fez), Ar. F§,S (fas). 1. A former sultan- 
 ate in the northern part of Morocco, annexed 
 to Morocco in the middle of the 16th century. 
 — 2. The capital of Morocco, situated in lat. 
 34° 6' N., long. 4° 58' W. It is an important commer- 
 cial center, is celebrated as a holy city, and was formerly 
 noted as a seat of learning. Population, about 140,000. 
 
 Fezzan (fez-z&n'). The southernmost division 
 of the former Turkish vilayet of Tripoli in 
 northern Africa, situated about lat. 24°-30° 
 N., long. 11°-18° E. : the ancient Phazania, or 
 land of the Garamantes. It consists of a desert in- 
 closing many oases. It became subject to Tripoli in 1842. 
 The capital is Murzuk. Area, about 156,000 square miles. 
 Population, about 50,000-80,000. 
 
 Fezziwig (fez'i-wig). The name of a family in 
 Dickens’s “Christmas Carol.” it comprises a jolly 
 old father, a mother (“one vast substantial smile"), aird 
 three fair daughters. 
 
 Fiacre (fe-a'ker; F.pron. fy;i'kr),orFiachrach, 
 Saint. Died at Breuil, near Paris, F ranee, about 
 670. The patron saint of gardeners. He was a 
 native of “Ireland, the country of the Scots," and lived 
 many years at Breuil (near Paris), where he erected an ora- 
 tory to the Virgin Mary. He is celebrated as a worker of 
 miraculous cures, and is commemorated on the 30th of 
 Aug. An inn at Paris, which was known as the Hotel de 
 St. Fiacre, is said to have been (about 1650) the first sta- 
 tion for the hire of carriages ; hence the origin of the 
 word fiacre for a hackney-coach. 
 
 Fiammetta (fe-a-met'ta). In the works of Boc- 
 caccio, the name given to Maria (daughter of the 
 King of Naples), beloved by him. She is the 
 subject of his romance entitled “Amorosa 
 Fiammetta.” 
 
 Fichel (fe-shel'), Benjamin Eugene. Born at 
 Paris, Aug. 30, 1826: died there, Feb. 1, 1895. A 
 French genre painter, pupil of Paul Delaroche. 
 Fichte (fich'te), Immanuel Hermann von. 
 Born at Jena, Germany, July 18, 1797 : died at 
 Stuttgart, Aug. 8, 1879. A German philosopher, 
 BOD of J. G. Fichte. He was professor of philosophy 
 at Bonn 1836-42, and at Tubingen 1842-67. He published 
 “System der Ethik" (1850-53), “Anthropologie" (1856), 
 “ Psychologic " (1864), etc. 
 
 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb. Born at Eammenau, 
 near Kamenz, in Upper Lusatia, Germany, May 
 19, 1762: died at Berlin, Jau. 27, 1814. A cele- 
 brated German metaphysician. He was the son of 
 a poor weaver. He attended school at Pforta.and studied 
 subsequently at the universities of Jena and Leipsic. His 
 first philosophical work, “ Kritik aller Offenbarung " (“ The 
 Critique of All Revelation ”), appeared in 1792. In 1793 he 
 became professor of philosophy at Jena. The following 
 year appeared his principal work, “Grundlage der ge- 
 8ammten Wissenschaftslehre ” (“Fundamental Principles 
 of the Whole Theory of Science”). After 1799, with the 
 exception of the summer of 18C5 (when he delivered a 
 course of lectures at Erlangen), and a part of the disastrous 
 years 1806-07, he lived in Berlin, where, during the winter 
 of 1807-08, he delivered the celebrated “Reden an die 
 deutsche Nation” (“Addresses to the German Nation”). 
 At the opening of the University of Berlin in 1810 he was 
 made professor of philosophy, and was the second rector 
 of that institution. Ilis complete works were published 
 by his son (1845-46) in 8 vols. 
 
 Fichtelgebirge (fich'tel-ge-ber'ge). [G., ‘ pine 
 mountains.’] A m ountain group in Upper Fran- 
 conia, Bavaria, situated northeast of Bayreuth. 
 Highest peak, the Schneeberg, 3,444 feet. 
 Ficino (fe-che'no), Marsilio. Born at Florence, 
 Oct. 19, 1433: died near Florence, Oct. 1, 1499. 
 An Italian physician and Platonic philosopher. 
 He wrote “ Theologia Platonica” (1482), etc. 
 
 389 
 
 Fick (fik), Adolf. Born at Cassel, Prussia, 
 Sept. 3, 1829 : died Aug. 21, 1901. A German 
 physiologist, professor of physiology at Zurich 
 in 1856, and at Wurzburg from 1868. His works 
 include “Die medizinische Physik” (1857), “Kompen- 
 dium der Physiologic ’ (1860), “Anatomie und Physiologie 
 derSinne” (1862), etc. 
 
 Fick, August. Born at Petershagen , near Min- 
 den, Prussia, May 5, 1833. A German philol- 
 ogist, professor of comparative philology at 
 Gottingen 1876-88, and at Breslau 1887. He 
 has published “ Vergleichende Worterbuch 
 derindogermanischen Sprachen” (4th ed. 1890, 
 1894), etc. 
 
 Ficoroni (fe-ko-ro'ne) Cist. A cylindrical 
 bronze box found near Palestrina, and pre- 
 served in the Museo Kircheriano, Rome. It is 
 important because its incised decoration, representing 
 the victory of Polydeuces (Pollux) over Amyous, is per- 
 haps the finest surviving production of Greek graphic art. 
 The box is over feet high, and rests on three feet ; the 
 handle of the cover is formed by a group of Bacchus with 
 two satyrs. 
 
 Ficquelmont (fe-kel-mon'), Count Karl Lud- 
 wig von. Born at Dieuze, Lorraine, March 
 23, 1777 : died at Venice, April 7, 1857. An 
 Austrian general and diplomatist, minister of 
 foreign affairs in 1839 and 1848. 
 
 Fidele (fi-de'le or fi-dal'). The name assumed 
 by Imogen, in Shakspere’s “ Cymbeline,” when 
 disguised as a boy. 
 
 Fidelia (fi-de'li-ii). [From L. fidelis, faithful.] 
 
 1. In Wycherley’s “Plain Dealer,” a young girl 
 disguised as a boy, Fidelio, who follows Manly. 
 She is a sort of imitation of Shakspere’s Viola. — 
 
 2. The Foundling in Moore’s play of that name. 
 
 Fidelio (fe-da/iyo). An opera by Beethoven, 
 
 first produced in Vienna Nov. 20, 1805. It was 
 Beethoven’s only opera, and was several times altered by 
 him. The words were adapted from Bouilly’s comic 
 opera “Lconore, ou T amour conjugal,” but it was never 
 played under the name of “ Lconore,” though Beethoven 
 wished to call it so. Three editions of the pianoforte 
 score are, however, printed with that title. The “Leo- 
 nora Overtures” were written for “Fidelio.” Leonora, 
 the wife of Florestan, a state prisoner, assumes the dis- 
 guise of a boy, Fidelio, to save her husband's life. 
 
 Fidense (fi-de'ne). In ancient geography, a 
 city of Latium, situated on the Tiber 5 miles 
 northeast of Rome. The site is occupied by 
 the modern Castel Giubileo. 
 
 Fides (fi'dez). [L., ‘faith.’] An asteroid (No. 
 37) discovered by Luther at Bilk, Oct. 5, 1855. 
 
 Fiebres (i’e-a'bres). [Sp., ‘ fevers.’] A nick- 
 name given in Guatemala, and to some extent 
 in other Central American countries, to the 
 liberal party. It was in common use from the period 
 of independence until 1850 or later. The liberals were 
 sometimes called Anarquistas by their opponents. Op- 
 posed to Aristocratas or Serviles. See Serviles. 
 
 Field (feld), Cyrus West. Born at Stock- 
 bridge, Mass., Nov. 30, 1819 : died at New 
 York, July 12, 1892. The founder of the At- 
 lantic Cable Company, son of David Dudley 
 Field (1781-1867). He established in 1840 a paper- 
 business at New York, from the active management of 
 which he retired in 1853 with a fortune. He organized 
 about 1854 the New York, Newfoundland, and London 
 Telegraph Company, which connected the American con- 
 tinent with Newfoundland by a submarine cable in 1856. 
 In 1866 he organized the Atlantic Telegraph Company, 
 which, with the assistance of the English and United 
 States governments, succeeded after two failures in laying 
 a submarine cable between Ireland and Newfoundland. 
 The first public message was sent by Queen Victoria to 
 the President Aug. 16, 1858; the cal le ceased to work 
 Sept. 1 following. The submerging of a new cable was 
 begun in 1865. It broke in 1865, after 1,900 kilometers 
 had been paid out. Finally, in 1866, the laying of another 
 cable was accomplished, and July 29 of that year an over- 
 ocean telegram was received in the United States. The 
 cable lost in 1865 was recovered and completed later in 
 1866. The Great Eastern was employed as a transport in 
 the submerging of the last two cables. 
 
 Field, David Dudley. Born at East Guilford, 
 Conn., May 20, 1781: died at Stockbridge, Mass., 
 April 15, 1867. An American clergyman and 
 historical writer. He wrote “A History of the Town 
 of Pittsfield, in Berkshire County, Massachusetts” (1644), 
 and “Genealogy of the Brainerd Family” (1857). 
 
 Field, David Dudley. Born at Haddam, Conn., 
 Feb. 13, 1805: died at New York, April 13, 1894. 
 An American jurist, son of David Dudley Field 
 (1781-1867). He graduated at Williams College in 1825; 
 was admitted to the bar in 1828 ; served as head of the 
 commission instituted in 1857 to prepare a political, penal, 
 and civil code for the State of New York ; and retired from 
 the practice of law in 1885. He published “ Draft Out- 
 
 ★ lines of an International Code” (1872), etc. 
 
 Field, Eugene. Born at St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 
 2, 1850: died Nov. 4, 1895. An American jour- 
 nalist and poet. He was connected with the press in 
 Missouri and Colorado 1873-83. In 1883 lie became a 
 member of the staff of the Chicago “Daily News.” 
 
 Field, Henry Martyn. Born April 3, 1822: 
 died Jan. 26, 1907. An American clergyman, 
 journalist (editor of “The Evangelist”), and 
 
 Fields 
 
 writer, son of David Dudley Field (1781-1867). 
 He wrote “From Egypt, to Japan ” (1877), “Among the 
 Holy Hills ” (1882), and other books of travel. 
 
 Field, Inspector. A shrewd detective officer 
 in Charles Dickens’s “On Duty with Inspector 
 Field,” taken from life. 
 
 Field, John. Born at Dublin, July 26, 1782 : 
 died at Moscow, Jan. 11, 1837. A British com- 
 poser and pianist. He was a pupil of Clementi, whom 
 he accompanied to Russia in 1802, and subsequently taught 
 music at St. Petersburg and at Moscow, where he settled 
 between 1824 and 1828. He is chiefly remembered for his 
 “Nocturnes,” to which those of Chopin are said to owe 
 much both in form and spirit. 
 
 Field, Nathaniel. Born in the parish of St. 
 Giles, Cripplegate, in 1587 : died in 1633. An 
 English actor and dramatist. He is chiefly remem- 
 bered as the author of “A Woman is a Weathercock" 
 (1612), and “ Amends for Ladies” (1618), and as the joint 
 author with Massinger of “The Fatal Dowry” (1632). 
 
 Field, Stephen Johnson. Born at Haddam, 
 Conn., Nov. 4, 1816 : died at Washington, D. C., 
 April 9, 1899. An American jurist, son of 
 David Dudley Field (1781-1867). He was chief 
 justice of California 1859-63, was associate justice of the 
 United States Supreme Court 1803-97, and was a member 
 of the Electoral Commission in 1877. 
 
 Field Codes. A series of codes intended to em- 
 body all the general laws of the State of New 
 York (prepared by a commission appointed in 
 New York, of which Mr. David Dudley Field 
 was the chief member), several of which were 
 in substance adopted in that State, and all of 
 which have been adopted in a number of other 
 States. Chief among the reforms of the law introduced 
 by these codes was the substitution of a single procedure 
 in place of the technical forms and distinctions of common- 
 law actions and equity suits, and the admission of part ies 
 and interested persons to testify as witnesses. 
 
 Fielding (fel'ding), Anthony Vandyke Cop- 
 ley. Born about 1787 : died at Worthing, 
 Sussex, England, March 3, 1855. An English 
 painter in water-colors, noted chiefly for his 
 marines and landscapes. He became a full member 
 of the Society of Painters in Water-colours in 1813, was 
 appointed secretary of the society in 1818, and was presi- 
 dent from 1831 until his death. 
 
 Fielding, Henry. Born at Sharphatn Park, near 
 Glastonbury, Somersetshire, April 22, 1707 : 
 died at Lisbon, Oct. 8, 1754. A celebrated 
 English playwright and novelist. He was the son 
 of Edmund Fielding (afterward a general in the army) 
 and Sarah, daughter of Sir Henry Gould of Sharphain 
 Park ; studied at Eton, at Leyden, and at the Middle Tem- 
 ple, London ; was admitted to the bar in 1740 ; was ap- 
 pointed a justice of the peace for Westminster in 1748. 
 being afterward qualified to act for Middlesex ; and was 
 elected chairman of quarter sessions at Hicks’s Hall in 
 1749. Among his works are: plays, “Love in Several 
 Masques” (1728), “The Temple Beau” (1730), “The Mod 
 ern Husband ” (1732), “ The Mock Doctor ’’ (1732), and 
 “The Miser” (1733), adaptations from Molitre, “Tom 
 Thumb ’’(a burlesque, 1730), “The Intriguing Chamber- 
 maid” (1734), “ The Wedding Day” (1743: translated into 
 German 1759), etc.; novels, “Joseph Andrews" (1742), 
 “Jonathan Wild the Great” (1743), “Tom Jones” (1749), 
 “Amelia" (1751), etc. Healso wrote “Journal of aVoyage 
 to Lisbon," published in 1755 after his death, and a number 
 of miscellanies and poems. He contributed to the “Cham- 
 pion ” and other periodicals, and published the “ True Pa- 
 triot" from Nov., 1746, to June, 1746, and the “Jacobite’s 
 Journal ” from Dec., 1747, to Nov., 1748. 
 
 Fielding, Sarah. Born at East Stour, Dorset- 
 shire, Nov. 8, 1710: died at Bath, England, 
 1768. An English author, sister of Henry Field- 
 ing. Among her works are “ The Adventures of David 
 Simple in Search of a Faithful Friend ” (1744), and a trans- 
 lation of Xenophon’s “Memoirs of Socrates: with the De- 
 fence of Socrates before his Judges" (1772). 
 
 Field of Blood. [It. Campo di Sangue .] A name 
 given in Italy to the ancient battle-field of 
 Cannae. See Cannae. 
 
 Field of March. See Champ de Mars. 
 
 Field of May. See Champ de Mars, 2. 
 
 Field of Peterloo. See Peterloo. 
 
 Field of the Cloth of Gold. A plain near 
 Ardres, department of Pas-de-Calais, France, 
 the scene of a meeting between Francis I. of 
 France and Henry VIII. of England, 1520 : so 
 called from the magnificence of the display. 
 Field of the Forty Footsteps. See the extract. 
 
 The fields behind Montagu House were, from about the 
 year 1680 until towards the end of the last century, the 
 scenes of robbery, murder, and every species of depravity. 
 
 . . . Tradition had given to the superstitious at that period 
 [1800] a legendary story, of the period of the Duke of Mon- 
 mouth’s rebellion, of (wo brothers who fought in this field 
 so ferociously as to destroy eacli other ; since which their 
 footsteps formed from the vengeful struggle were said to 
 remain, . . . nor could any grass or vegetable ever be pro- 
 duced where these “forty footsteps "were thus displayed. 
 This extraordinary area was said to he at the extreme ter- 
 mination of the north-east end of Upper Montagu Street. 
 They were built over about 1800. Rimbault. 
 
 Fields (feldz), James Thomas. Born at Ports- 
 mouth, N. H., Dec. 31, 1817 : died at Boston, 
 April 24, 1881. An American publisher and 
 author. He was successively a partner in several book 
 
Fields 
 
 firms at Boston, and edited the “Atlantic Monthly ” 1862- 
 1870. He wrote “Yesterdays with Authors” (1872), and 
 edited, in conjunction with E. P. Whipple, “The Family 
 Library of British Poetry, from Chaucer to the Present 
 Time, 1350-1878 ” (1878). 
 
 Fiennes (fe-enz'), James, Baron Saye and Sele. 
 Died July 4, 1450. An English nobleman. He 
 was the second son of Sir William de Fiennes ; served in 
 the French wars ; was made constable of Hover and war- 
 den of the Cinque Ports in 1147 ; was created a baron, 
 with the title of Lord Saye and Sele, in 1447 ; was in 1447 
 appointed constable of the Tower of London ; and was 
 made lord treasurer in 1449: He was beheaded by the mob, 
 in the insurrection under Cade in 1450. 
 
 Fiennes, Thomas, ninth Baron Dacre. Born 
 in 1517 : executed at Tyburn, June 29, 1541. 
 An English nobleman. He was one of a party of 
 youths who engaged in a poaching frolic in the park of 
 Mr. Nicholas Pelham at Laughton, April 30, 1541 ; and one 
 of the park keepers was mortally wounded in a scuffle. 
 The whole poaching party was, apparently under pressure 
 from the king, prosecuted for murder, and Lord Dacre 
 and three of his companions were condemned to death. 
 
 Fierabras (fe-a-ra-bra/). [From L. ferrum, 
 iron, as in the name Bras-de-Fer: in English, 
 Sir Fencm.br as. ] One of the paladins of Charle- 
 magne. He gave his name to the most popular of the 
 French Charlemagne romances. It remains in a Proven- 
 gal version and a French version, in two MSS. of the 14th 
 century and two of the 15th. A prose version of it was 
 printed at Geneva in 1478, and Cax ton’s “ Lyf of the Noble 
 and Crysten Prynce, Charles the Grete,” printed in 1485, 
 was a translation from that French prose version of Fie- 
 rabras. M. Gaston Paris has pointed out that Fierabras 
 is an expansion of an earlier poem, “Balau,” with the 
 scene of action changed to Spain, and with improvements 
 in the story. The poem of “Balan " appears in English as 
 the romance of “The Sowdon of Babylon." “ Sir Ferum- 
 bras " is a translation from the later “Fierabras, the work 
 of an ecclesiastic of Exeter, after 1077" ( Morley , Eng. 
 Writers, VI. 67). 
 
 Fierabras. An opera by Franz Schubert, com- 
 posed in 1823, but never produced. It is said 
 to contain his best work. 
 
 Fieschi (fe-es'ke), Joseph Marie. Born at 
 Murato, Corsica, Dec. 3, 1790: executed at 
 Paris, Feb. 19, 1836. A Corsican adventurer 
 who made an attempt on the life of Louis 
 Philippe, July 28, 1835. 
 
 Fiesco (fe-es'ko). A tragedy by Schiller, pub- 
 lished in 1783. 
 
 Fiesco, Giovanni Luigi, Count of Lavagna. 
 Bom at Genoa about 1524: drowned at Genoa, 
 Jan. 2, 1547. A Genoese noble, a leading con- 
 spirator against Andrea Doria, Jan., 1547. He 
 is the subject of the tragedy “ Fiesco,” by 
 Schiller, 1783. 
 
 Fiesole (fe-a'so-le). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of Florence, Italy, 3 miles northeast of 
 Florence : the ancient Fassube. It has straw-plait- 
 ing industries. An old Etruscan city, it contains Etrus- 
 can and Roman antiquities. It was the headquarters of 
 Catiline 63-62 B. c., and was the scene of the victory of 
 Stilicho over the Teutonic invaders under Radagais about 
 406. La Badia, a monastery, designed by Brunelleschi, fin- 
 ished in 1466, is one of the most beautiful monastic foun- 
 dations of the Renaissance. There are two most graceful 
 cloisters, each in two arcaded tiers. The church is in 
 large part the original Romanesque structure, with a 
 dome at the crossing, a cradle-vault, and delicate sculp- 
 ture and paneled incrustation. The Roman theater is in 
 excellent preservation. The semicircular cavea has 19 
 tiers of seats in position, in part rock-hewn, with several 
 radial stairways, vaulted substructions, and fine en- 
 trance-arches at the wings. The diameter is 220 feet, 
 that of the orchestra 69. The cathedral was founded 
 in 1028, and altered in the 13th century. There are 3 
 aisles, divided by 14 antique columns of different sizes 
 and orders, and a transept with domed crossing. Struc- 
 ture and ornament are closely similar to those of San 
 Miniato, Florence. The Salutati Chapel contains a beau- 
 tiful relief and a bust by Mino da Fiesole (1466). 
 
 Fiesole, Giovanni Angelico da, generally 
 called Fra Angelico (real name Guido, or 
 Guidolino, da Pietro, called Giovanni on tak- 
 ing orders). Born at Vecchio, in the province 
 of Mngello, Italy, 1387 : died near Borne, March 
 18 (?), 1455. A celebrated Italian painter of 
 religious subjects. He seems to have been early im- 
 ressed by the Miniaturists. In 1407 he entered, with his 
 rother Benedetto, a miniaturist, the Dominican convent 
 in Fiesole. From 1409 to 1418 he lived at Foligno and 
 Cortona ; from 1418 to 1436 at Fiesole ; from 1436 to 1445 
 at Florence (in the convent of San Marco); and from 1445 
 to 1455 at Rome. His most important works are the fres- 
 cos at Orvieto (1447), and the decoration of the Chapel of 
 the Saint-SacrementintheVatican. The Florentine period 
 was most productive of easel-pictures, which include the 
 “ Coronation of the Virgin ” now in the Louvre, the same 
 subject (a favorite one) now in the Uffizi, a “Last Judg- 
 ment,” etc. He is especially celebrated for the spirituality 
 and mystical charm of his saints and angels. The mon- 
 astery of San Marco, now the Museo di San Marco, was 
 decorated by Fra Angelico and his pupils, and some of 
 his best frescos are there. 
 
 Fi6v6e (fya-va/), Joseph. Born at Paris, April 
 8, 1767.: died at Paris, May 7, 1839. A French 
 journalist, novelist, and (royalist) political 
 writer. He wrote the romances “La dot de 
 Suzette” (1798) and “Fr6d6ric” (1799). 
 
 Fife (fif). A maritime county of Scotland, it 
 
 390 
 
 is bounded by the Firth of Tay on the north, the North 
 Sea on the east, the Firth of Forth on the south, and 
 Perth, Kinross, and Clackmannan on the west. The lead- 
 ing manufacture is linen. Area, 504 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation (civil county), 218,840. 
 
 Fife Ness (fif nes). A promontory inFifeshire, 
 Scotland, in lat. 56° 17' N., long. 2° 35' W. 
 Fifine at tile Fair. A poem by Browning, pub- 
 lished in 1872. 
 
 Fifth Avenue. The principal residence street of 
 New York (now in its lower part largely devoted 
 to business), extending from Washington Square 
 to Harlem Biver, a distance of about 61 miles. 
 Fifth Monarchy Men. A sect of millenarians 
 of the time of Cromwell, differing from other 
 Second-Adventists in believing not only in a 
 literal second coming of Christ, but also that 
 it was their duty to inaugurate this kingdom 
 by force. This kingdom was to be the fifth and last in 
 the series of which those of Assyria, Persia, Greece, and 
 Rome were the preceding four; hence their self-assumed 
 title. They unsuccessfully attempted risings against the 
 government in 1657 and 166L 
 
 Figaro, (fe'gii-ro). A character introduced by 
 Beaumarchais in his plays “Le barbier de Se- 
 ville,” “ Le mariage de Figaro,” and “ La mere 
 coupable ” : used later by Mozart, Paisiello, and 
 Bossini in operas. In the “ Barbier ” he is a barber ; 
 in the “Mariage ” he is a valet. In both he is gay, lively, 
 and courageous ; his stratagems are always original, his 
 lies witty, and his shrewdness proverbial. He is a type 
 of intrigue, adroitness, and versatility. In the “Mere 
 coupable” he has become virtuous and has lost his verve. 
 He also appears in Holcroft’s “Follies of a Day," taken 
 from Beaumarchais’s “ Mariage de Figaro." 
 
 Figaro, Le. A satirical Parisian journal, founded 
 in 1826, discontinued in 1833, and refounded by 
 Villemessant in 1854. 
 
 Figaro, Le Mariage de. See Mariage. 
 
 Figaro, Le Nozze di. See Nozze. 
 
 Figeac (fe-zhiik'). A town in the department 
 of Lot, France, situated on the C616 in lat. 44° 
 37' N., long. 2° 3' E. It has two old churches, 
 and was the birthplace of Champollion. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 5,870. 
 
 Fig for Momus, A. Satires by Lodge, printed 
 in 1595. 
 
 Fighting Joe Hooker. A popular nickname 
 for General Joseph Hooker. 
 
 Fighting Parson, The. A nickname of W. G. 
 Brownlow. 
 
 Fighting Prelate, The. A surname given to 
 Henry Spenser, a warlike bishop of Norwich 
 (reign of Bichard II., 1377-99). 
 
 Fighting TemJraire, The. See Temeraire. 
 Figueira (fe-ga'e-ra). A watering-place in the 
 province of Beira, Portugal, at the mouth of the 
 Mondego, 24 miles west of Coimbra. 
 
 Figueira, Luiz. Born at Almoddvar, Alemtejo, 
 Portugal, 1574: died on the island of Marajd, at 
 the mouth of the Amazon, July 3, 1643. A Jes- 
 uit missionary. Most of his life was spent among the 
 Indians of northern Brazil, and he was rector of the col- 
 lege at Pernambuco for four years. He published a gram- 
 mar of the Tupi language. 
 
 Figueras (fe-ga'ras). A town in the province 
 of Gerona, Spain, in lat. 42° 16' N. , long. 2° 53' E. 
 It is noted for its citadel, which was taken by the French 
 in 1794, 1808, 1811, and 1823. Population, 10,714. 
 
 Figueras y Moracas (e mo-ra'kas), Estanis- 
 lao. Born at Barcelona, Spain, Nov. 13, 1819 : 
 died at Madrid, Nov. 11, 1882. A Spanish re- 
 publican statesman, president of the executive 
 Feb.-June, 1873. 
 
 Figueroa (fe-ga-ro'a), Cristoval Suarez de. 
 
 Born at Valladolid, Spain, near the end of the 
 16th century: died about 1650 (?). A Spanish 
 writer, author of a pastoral romance, “La con- 
 stante Amarilis” (1609), etc. 
 
 Figueroa, Francisco de. Born at Alcala de 
 Henares, Spain, about 1540: died there, about 
 1620. A Spanish poet and soldier. 
 
 Figueroa, Francisco Acuna de. Born in Mon- 
 tevideo, 1791: died there, Oct. 6, 1862. AnUru- 
 guayan poet. He was a treasury official under the 
 Spanish government of his native city during its siege by 
 the republicans, 1812-14, and wrote a diary in verse of the 
 events of the time. When the city was taken (June, 1814) 
 he emigrated to Rio de Janeiro, returning in 1818 and re- 
 suming his place in the treasury. In 1840 he was made 
 director of the library and museum. He wrote numerous 
 poems and epigrams of a political character in favor of 
 the legitimate government, which are still widely read. In 
 1867 they were collected with the title “Mosaico Poetico." 
 
 Figueroa, Pedro Pablo. Bom at Copiapd, Dec. 
 25, 1857. A Chilean author and journalist. He 
 
 has published numerous biographical works and romances, 
 and sketches of Chilean country life. 
 
 Figuier (fe-gytV), Louis Guillaume. Born 
 Feb. 15, 1819: died Nov. 9, 1894. A French 
 naturalist, best known as a popularizer of sci- 
 ence. His works include “Exposition et histoire des 
 principales dtoouvertes scientifiques modernes "(1851-67), 
 “Histoire du merveilleuxdansles temps modernes "(1869- 
 
 Finality John 
 
 1862), “ Tableau de la nature " (1862-71, 10 vols., in various 
 departments of science),.“Les nouvelles conquetes de la 
 science ” (1883-85), etc. 
 
 Fiji, or Feejee (fe'je), native Viti (ve'te), Isl- 
 ands. An archipelago in the South Pacific, 
 belonging to Great Britain, situated about lat. 
 16°-21°S., long. 177°E.-178° W. The islands num- 
 ber over 200, of which the largest are Viti Levu and Vanua 
 Levu. The surface is generally mountainous. The inhabi- 
 tants, formerly cannibals, have been converted to Chris- 
 tianity by Wesleyan missionaries. The leading export is 
 sugar. The islands were discovered by Tasman in 1643, 
 became a British possession in 1874, and are a crown colony. 
 Rotumah was added to the colony In 1880. Area of the 
 group, 7,435 square miles. Population of the colony, 
 130,891. 
 
 Filangieri (fe-lan-ja're), Carlo. Bom at La 
 Cava, near Salerno, Italy, May 10, 1784: died 
 at Portiei, near Naples, Oct. 14, 1867. An Ital- 
 ian general, son of Gaetano Filangieri, premier 
 of the Two Sicilies 1859-60. 
 
 Filangieri, Gaetano. Born at Naples, Aug. 18, 
 1752 : died at Naples, July 21, 1788. A noted 
 Italian publicist. He published “La scienza 
 della legislazione ” (1780-88), etc. 
 
 Filarete (fe-lii-ra'te) (Antonio Averulino). 
 Bom at Florence about 1410: died at Borne, 1470. 
 A Florentine architect and sculptor. Among his 
 earlier works were the bronze doors of St. Peter’s at Rome. 
 In 1451 he went to Milan, where he designed the great hos- 
 pital. The cathedral of Bergamo was begun by him and 
 finished by Fontana. His curious work on architecture, 
 written in theform of a Utopian romance and dedicated to 
 Piero di Medici, dates from 1464 or 1465. The MS. is in 
 the Magliabeechian Library at Florence. 
 
 Filch (filch). A pickpocket in Gay’s “ Beggars’ 
 Opera.” 
 
 Filelfo (fe-lel'fo), L. Philelphus, Francesco. 
 
 Born at Tolentino, near Ancona, Italy, July 25, 
 1398; died at Florence, July 31, 1481 (?). An 
 Italian humanist. At the age of eighteen he was ap- 
 pointed professor of eloquence at Padua. He went to Con- 
 stantinople to perfect himself in the Greek language in 
 1420, with a diplomatic mission from the Venetians, and 
 was afterward employed on others to Amurath II. and the 
 emperor Sigismund. 
 
 Filicaja (fe-le-ka'ya), Vincenzo da. Born at 
 Florence, Dec. 30, 1642: died there, Sept. 24, 
 1707. An Italian lyric poet and jurist, espe- 
 cially noted for his odes and sonnets. His works 
 were published in 1707. 
 
 Filida (fe'le-da). A Spanish romance published 
 in 1582 by Luis Galvez de Montalvo. It passed 
 through a number of editions, and is still popu- 
 lar. 
 
 Filipepi, Sandro. See Botticelli. 
 
 Fillan (fil'an), Saint. Lived in the 8th cen- 
 tury. An Irish missionary to Argyllshire and 
 Perthshire in Scotland. Alleged relics of the 
 saint are preserved at Edinburgh. 
 
 Fille du Regiment (fey dii ra-zhe-mon'), La. 
 [F.; It. La Figlia del Beggimento, the daugh- 
 ter of the regiment.] An opera by Donizetti, 
 first produced in Paris Feb. 11, 1840. 
 
 Fillmore (fil'mor), Millard. Bora at Summer 
 Hill, Cayuga County, N.Y., Feb. 7, 1800: died at 
 / Buffalo, N. Y., March 8, 1874. The thirteenth 
 President of the United States. He was the son 
 of Nathaniel Fillmore, a farmer; learned the trade of a 
 fuller ; was admitted to the bar in 1823, and took up prac- 
 tice at Aurora, New York ; was a member of the New York 
 State House of Representatives 1829-32 ; served as a Whig 
 member of Congress from New York 1833-35 and 1837-41 ; 
 was comptroller of the State of New Y T ork 1847-49; was 
 elected Vice-President on the Whig ticket headed by 
 Taylor in 1848 ; became President by the latter’s death 
 July 9, 1850, retiring from office March 4, 1853 ; and was 
 defeated as the National- American candidate for President 
 in 1856. Duringhis presidential administration his oppo- 
 nents had a majority in both Houses of Congress. He ap- 
 pointed Daniel Webster secretary of state, and approved 
 Clay’s Compromise Bill of 1850. 
 
 Filocopo (fe-lo-ko'po), II. A prose romance by 
 Boccaccio. It is a version of the old French 
 metrical romance “Flore et Blanchefleur.” 
 Filostrato (te-16'stra-to), 11. A narrative poem 
 by Boccaccio. T t was written in 1344, and is the origi- 
 nal of Chaucer's “Troilus and Cressida,” some of which is 
 a literal translation. 
 
 Filumena (fil-u-me'nii), or Filomena, Saint. A 
 saint of the Boman Catholic Church whose wor- 
 ship dates from 1802. In that year a grave was dis- 
 covered with the inscription “Lumenapaxte cymfl,” which 
 was deciphered to spell “ Pax tecum, Filumena.’’ The oc- 
 cupant of the grave was received as a saint, and was noted 
 for her miraculous powers of healing the sick by interces- 
 sion. Longfellow gave the name to Florence Nightingale, 
 partly because of her labors among the sick and dying at 
 Scutari, and partly on account of the resemblance between 
 Filumena anil the Latin Philomela (nightingale). Brewer. 
 
 Finale nell* Emilia (fe-na'le nel a-me'le-ii). 
 A small town in the province of Modena, Italy, 
 situated on the Panaro 22 miles northeast of 
 Modena. 
 
 Finality (fi-nal'i-ti) John. A nickname given 
 to Lord John Bussell. He always spoke of the 
 Beform Bill of 1831 as “ a finality.” 
 
Finch, Anne 
 
 Finch (finch), Anne, Countess of 'Winchelsea. 
 Died Aug. 5, 1720. An English poet, wife of 
 Heneage Finch, fourth Earl of Winchelsea. She 
 was celebrated by Pope under the name of Ardelia. She 
 wrote a poem “ Spleen ’’ (1701 : republished 1709 as “ The 
 Spleen, a Piudarique Ode, etc."), and “ Miscellany Poems ’’ 
 (1713). 
 
 Finch, Daniel. Born 1647 : died Jan. 1, 1730. 
 An English Tory politician, second Earl of Not- 
 tingham and sixth Earl of Winchelsea. He en- 
 tered Parliament in 1673 ; was first lord of the admiralty 
 Feb. -May, 1684; supported the plan for a regency on the 
 flight of James ; was secretary of state 1688-93 and (for 
 the second time) March, 1702-04; and later came to the 
 support of the Whigs. 
 
 Finch, Heneage. Born at Eastwell, Kent, Dee. 
 23, 1621 ; died Dec. 18, 1682. An English states- 
 man and jurist, created earl of Nottingham in 
 1681. He became solicitor-general in June, 1660 ; was 
 one of the prosecuting counsel in the trial of the regi- 
 cides ; was made lord keeper of the seals in Nov., 1673 ; 
 and became lord chancellor in 1674. 
 
 Finch, Sir Henry. Died Dec. 5, 1631. An Eng- 
 lish politician, elected speaker of the House of 
 Commons Feb., 1626. 
 
 Finch, Sir John. Born Sept. 17, 1584 : died Nov. 
 27, 1660. An English politician, Baron Finch 
 of Fordwich. He was elected speaker of the House of 
 Commons in March, 1628, and was appointed chief justice 
 of the Court of Common Pleas in Oct., 1634, and lord keeper 
 in Jan., 1640. He was chiefly responsible, in the trial of 
 Hampden, for the decision of the judges that the king’s 
 course in the matter of ship-money was constitutional. 
 Finden (fin'den), William. Born 1787 : died at 
 London, Sept. 20, 1852. An English engraver. 
 Findhorn (find'horn). A river in Scotland, 
 flowing into Moray Firth about 12 miles west 
 of Elgin. Length, 62 miles. 
 
 Findlater (fin'la-ter), Andrew. Born at Aber- 
 dour, Aberdeenshire, Dec., 1810; died at Edin- 
 burgh, Jan. 1, 1885. A Scottish literary writer. 
 He was the editor of the earlier editions of 
 “Chambers’s Encyclopaedia.” 
 
 Findlay (find 7 la). The capital of Hancock 
 County, northwestern Ohio, on Blanchard’s 
 Fork of Auglaise River. It is remarkable for the 
 stores of natural gas in its neighborhood. Population, 
 14,858, (1910). 
 
 Findlay (fin'la), Alexander George. Born at 
 London, Jan. 6, 1812: died at Dover, England, 
 May 3, 1875. An English geographer, hydrog- 
 rapher, and meteorologist. He published atlases 
 of “Ancient and Comparative Geography Coasts and 
 Islands of the Pacific Ocean,” various nautical directories, 
 charts, etc. 
 
 Fine-ear (fin'er). One of Fortunio’s attendants 
 in the fairy tale of that name. He could hear 
 the grass grow. 
 
 Finetta (fi-net'ta). A fairy tale by the Com- 
 tesse d’Aulnoy. It is a version of Cinderella. 
 Fingal ( fing'gal). An epic poem in six books, pub- 
 lished by Macpherson in 1762. it purports to have 
 been written by Ossian the son of Fingal, and translated 
 from the Gaelic by Macpherson. See Ossian and Fionn. 
 Fingal’s Cave. A basaltic grotto in the island 
 of Staffa, 7 miles west of Mull, Scotland, entered 
 by an arch 65 feet in height. Length of the 
 cave, 200 feet. 
 
 Fini. See Masolino. 
 
 Finiguerra (fe-ne-gwer'ra), Maso. Lived in 
 the middle of the 15th century. A Florentine 
 goldsmith and worker in niello, the reputed in- 
 ventor of copperplate engraving. 
 
 The introduction of copper-plate printing is attributed 
 to Maso Finiguerra, a goldsmith of Florence, who is sup- 
 posed to have made his first print about the year 1452. It 
 cannot be proved that Finiguerra was the inventor, for 
 prints by this method were made in Germany as early as 
 1446. De Viri.no, Invention of Printing, p. 27. 
 
 Finistere (fin-is-tar'). [ML. finis term, end of 
 the land.] The westernmost department of 
 France, capital Quimper, bounded by the Eng- 
 lish Channel on the north, Cotes-du-Nord and 
 Morbihan on the east, and the Atlantic Ocean 
 on the south and west; part of the ancient 
 Brittany. It has important fisheries, and contains lend 
 and other minerals. Area, 2,729 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 795,103. 
 
 Finisterre (fin-is-tar'), Cape. The westernmost 
 headland of Spain, projecting into the Atlantic 
 Ocean in lat. 42° 52' 45" N., long. 9° 15' 32"W. 
 (lighthouse). English naval victories were gained off 
 this cape by Anson over the French , 1747, and by Calder and 
 Strahan over the French and Spaniards, 1805. 
 
 Fink, or Finck (fink), Friedrich August von. 
 
 Born at St relit/., Germany, Nov. 25, 1718: died 
 at Copenhagen, Feb. 22, 1766. A Prussian gen- 
 eral. He surrendered to the Austrians at Max- 
 en, Nov. 21, 1759. 
 
 Finlaison (fin'la-son), John (family name Fin- 
 lay son). Born at. Thurso, Caithness, Aug. 27, 
 1783 ; died at London, April 30, 1860. An Eng- 
 lish statistician and actuary. 
 
 391 
 
 ★ 
 
 Finland (fin'land). [Icel. Pinnland, Sw. Dan. 
 Finland, G. Filmland, F. Finlande, land of the 
 Finns, NL. Finnia. The Finnish name is Suomi 
 or Suomenmaa, swampy land.] A grand duchy 
 of the Russian empire, lying northwest of Russia 
 proper, north of the Gulf of Finland, east of 
 the Gulf of Bothnia, and bordering on Norway 
 and Sweden. The surface is generally low, and the 
 country abounds in lakes. Two chief exports are timber 
 and butter. The chief city is Helsingfors. The great ma- 
 jority of the inhabitants are Finns ; there is also a large 
 Swedish element. The administration is vested in a na- 
 tional parliament, consisting of one chamber of 2C0 mem- 
 bers. The prevailing religion is Lutheran. The Swedish 
 conquest of Finland began under Eric in 1157, and was com- 
 pleted in the 13th century. Russia acquired a small part 
 of it in 1721, and the whole in 1809. Area, 125,784 square 
 miles. Population, 2,968,600. 
 
 Finland, Gulf of. An arm of the Baltic Sea, 
 extending eastward about 250 miles, between 
 Finland on the north and the governments of 
 Esthonia and St. Petersburg on the south. 
 Finlay (fin'la), George. Born at Faversham, 
 Kent, Dee. 21, 1799 : died at Athens, Greece, 
 Jan. 26, 1875. A noted English historian. He 
 
 joined Lord Byron in Cephalonia, and for a time de- 
 voted himself to the Greek cause. He resided long in 
 Greece, and his life was spent in the study of Greek his- 
 tory. He was “ a great historian of the type of Polybius, 
 Procopius, and Machiayelli, a man of affairs who has 
 qualified himself for treating of public transactions by 
 sharing in them, a soldier, a statesman, and an econo- 
 mist” (Diet. Nat. Biog.). He published “Greece under 
 the Romans ” (1844), “Greece to its Conquest by the Turks ” 
 (1851), “ Greece under Ottoman and Venetian Domina- 
 tion ” (1856), and “ The Greek Revolution ” (1861), which 
 were combined (1877) under the title “A History of Greece 
 from its Conquest by the Romans to the Present Time ” 
 (edited by H. F. Tozer). 
 
 Finlay, John. Born at Glasgow, Dec., 1782: 
 died at Moffat, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, Dec. 
 8, 1810. A Scottish poet and prose-writer. 
 He published “ Scottish Historical and Romantic Ballads, 
 etc." (1808), a life, of Cervantes, and an edition of Adam 
 Smith's “ Wealth of Nations.” 
 
 Finlayson (fin'la-son), George. Born at Thurso, 
 Scotland, 1790: died at sea, 1823. A British 
 army surgeon and naturalist. He accompanied, 
 as naturalist, a mission to Siam and Cochin 
 China 1821-22. 
 
 Finlayson Channel. A channel between the 
 mainland of British Columbia and Princess 
 Royal Island. Length, 24 miles. 
 
 Finley (ftn'li), James Bradley. Bom in North 
 Carolina, July 1, 1781 : died at Cincinnati, Sept. 
 6, 1856. An American itinerant clergyman of 
 the Methodist Church. He was a missionary to the 
 Wyandotte Indians 1821-27, and retained the superinten- 
 dency of tile Wyandotte mission until 1829. He wrote a 
 “History of the Wyandot Mission ”(1840), and “Personal 
 Reminiscences Illustrative of Indian Life ” (1857). 
 Finley, Samuel. Born in County Armagh, Ire- 
 land, 1715 : died at Philadelphia, July 17, 1766. 
 An American Presbyterian clergyman, presi- 
 dent of Princeton College, N. J., 1761-66. 
 Finmarken (fin'mar-ken). A bailiwick (amt) 
 of Norway, and the northernmost portion of 
 Europe. Area, 17,918 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 33,387. 
 
 Finn (fin), Henry J. Born at Sydney, Cape 
 Breton, 1782: lost in Long Island Sound, Jan. 
 13, 1840. An American comedian. 
 
 Finney (fin'i), Charles Grandison. Born at 
 Warren, Litchfield County, Conn., Aug. 29, 
 1792 : died at Oberlin, Ohio, Aug. 16, 1875. An 
 American revivalist and educator, president 
 of Oberlin College (Ohio) 1852-66. He published 
 “Lectures on Revivals” (1835), “Lectures to Professing 
 Christians ” (1836), “ Sermons ” (1839), “ Theology ” (1846). 
 Finns (finz). [Also Fins ; ME. Finnes, AS. Fin- 
 nas, Icel. Finnar, Sw. Dan. Finner, ML. Fenni, 
 perhaps identical with L. Finni, Gr. Fivvot, the 
 name of an obscure northern tribe mentioned 
 by Tacitus and Ptolemy.] The natives of Fin- 
 land; the Finlanders ; specifically, that branch 
 of the Finnic race which inhabits Finland and 
 other parts of northwestern Russia. They call 
 themselves Suomi or Suomaldiset. 
 
 The Finnish branch of the Mongolian race to which the 
 Laps, F’ins, Esths, and Livonians belong possessed proba- 
 bly in past ages a large part of Northern Europe, and was 
 driven out more and more by the immigrations of Ger- 
 manic tribes, or became mixed with them. Tacitus already 
 mentions the Fins in his Germania, but he could only ob- 
 tain obscure reports about their mira feritas. The nation 
 of the Fins is the principal stem of this branch. 
 
 La Saussaye, Science of Religion, p. 302. 
 Finsbury (finz'ber-i). Aborough (metropolitan) 
 of London lying north of the Thames. As a par- 
 liamentary borough it is bounded by St. Pancras on the 
 west, Islington on the north, Shoreditch on the east, and 
 the City and Strand on the south, and consists of three 
 distinct constituencies — Central, Holborn, and East. 
 The district was once the great prebendal manor of Holy- 
 well, and was leased by its incumbent in 1315 to the mayor 
 and commonalty of the city for an annual rent of 20 shil- 
 lings ; this lease ran out in 1867. Loftie. 
 
 Firminy 
 
 In 1498 all the gardens which had continued time out 
 of mind without Moorgate, to wit, about and beyond the 
 lordship of Finsbury, were destroyed, and of them was 
 made a plain field to shoot in. It was called Finsbury 
 field, in which there were three windmills, and here they 
 usually shoot at twelve score. (Stow, 1633, p. 913.) In 
 Jonson s time this was the usual resort of the plainer citi- 
 zens. People of fashion, or who aspired to be thought so, 
 probably mixed but little in those parties ; and hence we 
 may account for the indignation of Master Stephen at 
 being suspected of such vulgarity. An idea of a similar 
 kind occurs in Shakspeare : “ As if thou never walk'dst 
 further than Finsbury." Henry IV. First Part, act iii. sc. i. 
 Gifford, Note to Jonson’s “ Every Man in his Humour, ” p. 4. 
 
 Finsbury Park. A London park of about 120 
 acres, laid out on the old grounds of Hornsey 
 Wood House. 
 
 Finsteraarborn (fin'ster-ar-hom). The high- 
 est peak of the Bernese Alps, about 40 miles 
 southeast of Bern, Switzerland. Height, 14,026 
 feet. 
 
 Finsterwalde (fin'ster-val-de). A manufactur- 
 ing town in the province of Brandenburg, Prus- 
 sia, 40 miles north of Dresden. Population, 
 commune, 11,685. 
 
 Fionn, or Finn, or Find. The principal figure in 
 the Fenian legends. He had a historic original, who 
 seems to have been a commander of mercenaries in the 
 last half of the 3d century. He figures as Fingal in Mac- 
 pherson’s Ossianic poems. See Fenians. 
 
 Fiorelli (fe-6-rel'le), Giuseppe. Born June 8, 
 1823: died Jan. 29, 1896. A noted Italian archte- 
 ologist. He had charge of the excavations at Pompeii 
 1845-49, and was made superintendent of the antiquities 
 and the explorations in lower Italy in 1860. In that year 
 also he became professor of archaeology at Naples, and in 
 1862 director of the National Museum there. 
 
 Fiorentino (fe-6-ren-te'nd), Pier Angelo. Bom 
 
 at Naples, 1806 : died at Paris, May 31, 1864. An 
 Italian author, a collaborator of Dumas pere. 
 
 Fiorenzuola (fe-o-ren-zo-o'la). A small town 
 in the province of Piacenza, Italy, 13 miles 
 southeast of Piacenza. 
 
 Fiorillo (fe-6-ril'lo) , Johann Dominicus. Bom 
 
 at Hamburg, Oct. 13, 1748 : . died at Gottingen, 
 Sept. 10, 1821. A German painter and histo- 
 rian of art. He wrote “Geschichte der zeichnendeu 
 Kiinste ” (1798-1808), “ Geschichte der zeichnenden Kiinste 
 in Deutschland und den vereinigten Niederlanden "(1815- 
 1817), etc. 
 
 Fiote (fyo'te). The Kongo language. 
 
 Firbolgs. One of the earliest races of Ireland, 
 in the legendary history of the country. 
 
 In Ireland there were the same two races, which are 
 graphically described by McFirbis in his Book of Genealo. 
 gies. One race, which he calls the Fir-Bolg, had dark 
 hair and eyes, small stature and slender limbs, and con- 
 stituted the despised servile class of the Irish people. 
 They belong, says Mr. Skene, “ to the same class with the 
 Silures, and may be held to represent the Iberian race 
 which preceded the Celtic.” The other race, called the 
 Tuatha De Danann by McFirbis, was tall, with golden or 
 red hair, fair skin, and blue or blue-grey eyes. 
 
 Taylor, Aryans, p. 78. 
 
 Firdausi, Firdusi, etc. See A lul Kasim Mansur. 
 
 Fire Island (fir i'land). A summer resort off 
 the southern coast of Long Island, New York, 
 about 40 miles east of New York. 
 
 Firenzuola (fe-ren-zo-6'la), Agnolo (Angelo 
 Giovannini). Born at Florence, Sept. 28, 1493: 
 died about 1545. An Italian poet and miscel- 
 laneous writer. 
 
 Firishtah (fe-resli'ta) (Mohammed Kasim 
 Ilindushah). A Persian historian, bom about 
 1550 at Astrabad, who was commissioned by 
 Ibrahim Adil Shah (1585-1628) to write a his- 
 tory of the Mohammedan dynasties of India. 
 He is one of the most trustworthy of Oriental 
 historians. 
 
 Firkowitsch (fer'ko-vich), Abraham. Bom at 
 Lutzk, Volhvnia, Russia, Sept. 27, 1786: died 
 at Jufut-Kale, Crimea, Russia, June 7, 1874. A 
 Hebrew archaeologist. He was a Karaite, and was 
 accused of altering inscriptions for the purpose of advan- 
 cing the claims of that sect. 
 
 Firmicus Maternus (fer'mi-kus ma-ter'nus), 
 Julius or Villius. A Christian controver- 
 sialist. He wrote, about 347, a refutation of paganism, 
 entitled “De errore profanarum religionum," the first 
 printed edition of which was published at Strasburg by 
 Matthias Flaccius in 1562. 
 
 Firmicus Maternus, Julius or Villius. A 
 
 Latin author. He wrote, about 354 A. D., an introduc- 
 tion to judicial astrology, according to the discipline of 
 the Egyptians and Babylonians, entitled “Mathesis,” the 
 first printed edition of which was published at Venice by 
 Bivilacqua in 1497. The treatise is composed in a spirit 
 hostile to Christianity, which disproves (or at least renders 
 improbable) the alleged identity of its author with the 
 Christian controversialist of the same name. 
 
 Firmilian (fer-mil'i-an). A “spasmodic tra- 
 gedy” by W. E. Aytoun. 
 
 Firminy (fer-me-ne'). A manufacturing town 
 in the department of Loire, France, near St.- 
 Ftienne. Population, commune, 17,944. 
 
Firm Island 
 
 Firm Island. An enchanted island in the ro- 
 mance of “ Amadis de Gaul.” Amadis took Oriana 
 there after the defeat of his enemies, and there their 
 nuptials were celebrated. See Oriana. 
 
 Firouz Schah (fe'roz sha). In “The Enchanted 
 Horse” in “The Arabian Nights’ Entertain- 
 ments,” the son of the King of Persia. He wins his 
 bride by means of the enchanted horse, which could carry 
 its rider in a second to any desired spot. 
 
 Firozpur (fe-roz-por'), or Ferozepore (fe-roz- 
 por'). 1. A district in the Jullundur division 
 of the Panjab, British India, intersected by 
 lat. 31° N., long. 75° E. Area, 4,302 square 
 miles. Population, 958,072. — 2. The capital 
 of the district of Firozpur, situated about lat. 
 30° 58' N., long. 74° 37' E. It has an im- 
 jortaut arsenal. Population, 49,341. 
 irozshah. See Ferozeshah. 
 
 First Gentleman of Europe. A popular sur- 
 name of George IV. of England. 
 
 First Grenadier of France. Latour d’Au- 
 vergne. 
 
 First Love. A comedy by Richard Cumberland, 
 produced in 1796. 
 
 Fisch (fesh), George. Born at Nyon, Switzer- 
 land, July 6, 1814: died at Vallorbes, Switzer- 
 land, July 3, 1881. A French Protestant cler- 
 gyman. 
 
 Fischart (fish'art), Johann. Born at Mainz in 
 the middle of the 16th century : died at Forbach 
 about 1590. A German satirist and Reformer. 
 He was educated at Worms, and subsequently traveled ex- 
 tensively. In 1574 he was made doctor of law at Basel, 
 and afterward lived in Strasburg, Spires, and Forbach. 
 He was a voluminous writer, and, after Luther, the most 
 prominent and powerful advocate of Protestantism. In 
 1572 appeared a versified history of “Till Eulenspiegel,” 
 “Aller Praktik Grossmutter” (“ The Grandmother of all 
 Prognostication ’’), a satire on the prophetic calendars of 
 the day, and “ Claus Narr." In 157.1 appeared “ Fluliatz ” 
 (“ Flea-hunt. ’’), a comic poem. In 1575 appeared his prin- 
 cipal work, an imitation of Rabelais’s “Gargantua,” “Af- 
 fentheurliche, Naupengeheurliche Geschichtklitterungr.” 
 The following year appeared the narrative poem “Gluck- 
 haft Sell i rf ’’ (“Fortunate Ship”). His “ Podagrammische 
 Trostbiichlein ” (“Book of Comfort in Gout") dates from 
 1577, “Ehzuchtbuchlein" (“Marriage Book”) from 1578. His 
 polemic writings were written both in Latin and in Ger- 
 man. In the vernacular are “ Bienenkorb ” (“ Beehive,” 
 1579), directed against the Church of Rome, and “ Jesuiter- 
 hutlein’’(“ Jesuit Hat," 1580), against the Jesuits. He also 
 wrote a number of psalms and hymns. 
 
 Fischbach (fish'bach), Johann. Born at Gra- 
 venegg, Austria, April 5, 1797 : died' at Munich, 
 June 19, 1871. An Austrian painter. 
 
 Fischer (flsh'er), Ernst Kuno Berthold. Born 
 at Sandewalde, Silesia, Prussia, July 23, 1824: 
 died at Heidelberg, July 4, 1907. A German 
 historian of philosophy, professor at Jena and 
 (1872) at Heidelberg. His chief work is “Ge- 
 schichte der neuern Philosophic” (1852-77). 
 Fischer von Erlach (fon er'lach), Johann 
 Bernhard. Born at Gratz, March 15, 1656 : 
 died at Vienna, April 5, 1723. An Austrian archi- 
 tect. Among his chief works are the palace of 
 Schonbrunn and the Karlskirche, Vienna. 
 Fischer von Erlach, Josejph Emanuel. Born 
 at Vienna, 1695: died at Vienna, June 29, 1742. 
 An Austrian architect, son of Johann Fischer 
 von Erlach. 
 
 Fischer von Waldheim (valt'him), Gotthelf. 
 Born at Waldheim, Saxony, Oct. 15, 1771 : died 
 at Moscow, Oct. 18, 1853. A German-Russian 
 zoologist and geologist, director of the Museum 
 of Natural History in Moscow. 
 
 Fish (fish), Hamilton. Born at New York, Aug. 
 3, 1808: died at Garrison’s, Putnam County, 
 N. Y., Sept. 7, 1893. An American statesman, 
 son of Nicholas Fish. He graduated at Columbia 
 College in 1827; was admitted to the bar in 1830; served 
 as a Whig member of Congress from New York 1843-45 ; 
 was State senator in 1847 ; was governor of New York 
 1849-51; served as United States senator from New York 
 1851-57; joined the Republican party about 1854 ; was 
 secretary of state under Grant 1869-77 ; and was a member 
 of the Joint High Commission which negotiated the treaty 
 of Washington between the United States and Great Brit- 
 ain in 1871. 
 
 Fisher (flsh'er), Alvan. Born at Needham, 
 Mass., Aug. 9, 1792: died at Dedham, Mass., 
 Feb., 1863. An American painter. 
 
 Fisher, Charles. Born in Suffolk, England, 
 1816: died at New York, June 10, 1891. An 
 English actor. He made his first appearance in Lon- 
 don in 1844, and in New York in 1852. He was successful 
 in the old comedies, particularly in such parts as Falstaff, 
 Sir Peter Teazle, Old Adam, Laroque in “The Romance of 
 a Poor Young Man,” and Triplet in Reade’s “ Masks and 
 Faces.” 
 
 Fisher, George. Born at Sunbury, Middlesex, 
 July 31, 1794: died May 14, 1873. An English 
 astronomer. He accompanied a polar expedition (in 
 the ships Dorothea and Trent) in 1818, during wjiich he 
 made important pendulum experiments at Spitzbergen ; 
 and went as chaplain and astronomer witli Parry to ex- 
 
 392 
 
 plore the northwest passage 1821-23, obtaining important 
 scientific results. 
 
 Fisher, George Park. Born at Wrentham, 
 Mass., Aug. 10, 1827: died at Litchfield, 
 Conn., Dec. 20, 1909. An American clergyman 
 and ecclesiastical scholar. Appointed professor of 
 ecclesiastical history in the Divinity School at Yale Uni- 
 versity in 1861. He wrote “ Essays on the Supernatural Ori- 
 gin of Christianity” (1865), “History of the Reformation" 
 (1873), “Beginnings of Christianity " (1877), “Grounds of 
 Theistic and Christian Belief ” (1883), “Outlines of Univer- 
 sal History ” (1886), “ The History of the Christian Church ” 
 (1887), and “Manual of Christian Evidences” (1888). 
 
 Fisher, John. Born at Beverley, Yorkshire, 
 England, 1459 (?) : beheaded on Tower Hill, 
 London, June 22, 1535. An English prelate 
 and scholar, bishop of Rochester, and a leader 
 of the papal party. He graduated at Cambridge (B. 
 A. 1487), and became vice-chancellor of the university in 
 1501, and professor of divinity in 1503. He was elected 
 chancellor of the university in 1504 (and repeatedly 
 reelected), and became bishop of Rochester in Oct. of 
 the same year. From 1505 to 1508 he was president of 
 Queens’ College. He was one of the most prominent sup- 
 porters of the new learning, and a friend of Erasmus (who 
 visited Cambridge at his invitation) ; but was hostile to 
 the Reformation. He opposed the doctrine of royal su- 
 premacy and the divorce of Henry VIII., and was the con- 
 fessor and chief adviser of Queen Catharine. He was 
 duped by the Nun of Kent (see Barton, Elizabeth), and was 
 condemned to imprisonment and forfeiture of goods, but 
 escaped with a fine of .£300. His refusal to comply with 
 the Act of Succession and the Act of Supremacy led to 
 his conviction of treason and his execution. 
 
 Fisher, John. Born at Hampton, England, 1748: 
 died at London, May 8, 1825. An English di- 
 vine, appointed bishop of Exeter in 1803 and 
 of Salisbury in 1807. 
 
 Fisher’s Hill (fisli'erz hil ). A place near Win- 
 chester, Frederick County, Virginia. Here, Sept. 
 22, 1864, the Federals under Sheridan defeated the Con- 
 federates under Early. The loss of the former was about 
 1,300 ; of the latter, 528. 
 
 Fishes, Miraculous Draught of. See Miracu- 
 lous Draught of Fishes. 
 
 Fishkill (fish'kil). A town in Dutchess County, 
 New York, situated on the Hudson 54 miles 
 north of New York. It contains the villages of 
 Fishkill-on-the-Hudson, Matteawan, etc. Pop- 
 ulation, 13,858 (1910). 
 
 Fisk (fisk), Wilbur. Born at Brattleboro, Vt., 
 Aug. 31, 1792: died at Middletown, Conn., Feb. 
 22, 1839. An American clergyman and educator, 
 first president of Wesleyan University (Middle- 
 town, Connecticut) 1831-39. 
 
 Fiske (fisk), John (originally Edmund Fiske 
 Green). Born March 30, 1842: died July 4, 
 1901. An American historical writer. He gradu- 
 ated at Harvard College in 1863, and at the Harvard law 
 school in 1865 ; was university lecturer on philosophy at 
 Harvard 1869-71 ; was assistant librarian there 1872-79 ; 
 and lias lectured on American history at Washington Uni- 
 versity, St. Louis, Missouri, at LTniversity College, London, 
 and at the Royal Institution. Among his works are “Myths 
 and Myth-makers, etc. ”(1872), “Outlines of Cosmic Philos- 
 ophy, based on the Doctrine of Evolution” (1874), “The 
 Unseen World" (1876), “ The Discovery of America" (1892), 
 “The Beginnings of New England ’’ (1889), “The Ameri- 
 can Revolution ” (1891), “Excursions of an Evolutionist” 
 (1883), “The Idea of God, etc." (1885), “The Critical Period 
 of American History, 1783-89 ” (1888), etc. 
 
 Fitch (fich), Ebenezer. Born at Norwich, Conn., 
 Sept. 26, 1756 : died at West Bloomfield, N. Y., 
 March 21, 1833. An American clergyman and 
 educator, first president of Williams College 
 (Williamstown, Massachusetts) 1793-1815. 
 
 Fitch, John. Born at Windsor, Conn., Jan. 21, 
 1743: committed suicide at Bardstown, Ky., 
 July 2, 1798. An American inventor. He con- 
 structed steamboats, the first of which was launched on 
 the Delaware River in 1787. 
 
 Fitch, Ralph. Lived in the second half of the 
 16th century. An English traveler in India 
 and the East 1583—91. He made an overland journey 
 down the Euphrates valley toward India. An account of 
 his travels was published by Hakluyt. 
 
 In 1606 was produced Shakespeare’s “ Macbeth” ; there 
 we read (act i. 3), “ Her husband ’s to Aleppo gone, master 
 of the Tiger.” This line, when compared with the opening 
 passage of Fitch's narrative, is too striking to be regarded 
 as a mere coincidence, and is also one of the clearest pieces 
 of evidence known to us of Shakespeare’s use of the text 
 of Hakluyt. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Fitchburg (fich 'berg). A city of Worcester 
 County, Massachusetts, situated on a branch of 
 the Nashua River, 41 miles northwest of Boston. 
 It manufactures machinery, etc. Population, 
 37,826, (1910). 
 
 Fitzalan (fits-al'an), Edmund. Born 1285: 
 died 1326. An English nobleman, Earl of 
 Arundel. 
 
 Fitzalan, Henry. Born 1511 (?) : died 1580. An 
 English statesman and soldier, twelfth Earl of 
 Arundel. He became deputy of Calais in 1540 ; stormed 
 Boulogne Sept. 1 1, 1544 ; became lord chamberlain in 1645 ; 
 on the fall of Somerset, in 1549, was appointed one of the 
 
 Fitzgibbon 
 
 guardians of King Edward VI. ; and filled important of- 
 fices (though several times in disgrace) under Elizabeth, to 
 whose hand he at one time aspired. 
 
 Fitzalan, Richard. Born 1307 (?) : died 1376. 
 An English soldier and statesman, Earl of Arun- 
 del and Warenne. He played a conspicuous part in the 
 wars of Edward III. and in the politics of that reign. At 
 Crbcy he commanded the second division of the English 
 army. 
 
 Fitzalan, Richard. Born 1346 : died 1397. An 
 English naval and military commander, Earl of 
 Arundel and Surrey. On March 24, 1387, he, with 
 Nottingham, defeated a Spanish, Flemish, and French 
 fleet off Margate, and captured nearly 100 vessels laden 
 with wine. He was one of the most prominent of the 
 enemies of Richard II., and conspired against him. He 
 was arrested by the king, was convicted of treason, and 
 was decapitated on Tower Hill. He was revered by the 
 people as a martyr. 
 
 Fitzalan, Thomas. Born 1381: died Oct. 13, 
 1415. An English soldier and statesman, Earl 
 of Arundel and Sm’rey. He was conspicuous as a 
 supporter of the throne in the wars and the politics of the 
 reigns of Henry IV. and Henry V. 
 
 Fitzdottrel (fits- dot 'rel). In Ben Jonson’s 
 “The Devil is an Ass,” a simple but conceited 
 Norfolk squire. He develops into an impostor. 
 The name alludes to the foolishness of the dot- 
 terel. 
 
 Fitzdottrel is one of those characters which Jonson de- 
 lighted to draw, and in which he stood unrivalled, a gull, 
 i. e., a confident coxcomb, selfish, cunning, and conceited 
 Qifford, Notes to “The Devil is an Ass.” 
 
 Fitzgerald (fits-jer'ald), Lord Edward. Bora 
 at Carton Castle, near Dublin, Oct. 15, 1763: 
 died in prison at Dublin, June 4, 1798. An Irish 
 politician and revolutionist, fifth son of the 
 first Duke of Leinster. He served in the army in 
 Ireland and in 1781 in America, and was wounded at the 
 battle of Eutaw Springs. Later he served in New Bruns- 
 wick ; went to Detroit, where he was admitted into the 
 Bear tribe ; and descended the Mississippi to N ew Orleans. 
 He returned to England ; was removed from the army for 
 attending a revolutionary banquet; and joined the United 
 Irishmen, in whose treasonable conspiracy he took a lead- 
 ing part. He was arrested, and died from a wound in- 
 flicted by one of his captors. 
 
 Fitzgerald, Lady Edward. Born at Fogo Isl- 
 and, Newfoundland, about 1776 : died at Paris, 
 Nov., 1831. The wife of Lord Edward Fitz- 
 gerald, whom she married in 1792. Though, ac- 
 cording to general repute, she was the daughter of "Ma- 
 dame de Genlis and the Duke of Orleans (Philippe “l£ga- 
 lite ”), it appears that her parents’ name was Sims, and 
 that she was sent to Paris in 1782 as a companion to the 
 children of the duke. She was married under the name 
 of Anne Stephanie Caroline Sims, but is best known by 
 her pet name “ Pamela. ” 
 
 Fitzgerald, Edward. Born at Bredfield House, 
 near Woodbridge, Suffolk, March 31, 1809: died 
 at Merton, Norfolk, June 14, 1883. An English 
 poet and translator. He published “Euphranor: a 
 Dialogue on Youth” (1851), “Polonius: a Collection of 
 Wise Saws and Modern Instances” (1852), a translation of 
 six dramas of Calderon (1853), a translation of the “Quat- 
 rains ” of Omar Khayyam (1859 : his most celebrated work), 
 and other translations. 
 
 Fitzgerald, Lady Elizabeth, sumamed “The 
 Fair Geraldine.” Bom at Maynooth, Ireland, 
 1528 (?) : died 1589. The youngest daughter of 
 the ninth Earl of Kildare. To her Henry Howard, 
 earl of Surrey, addressed a series of songs and sonnets, 
 first published in Tottel’s “ Miscellany ” in 1557. She mar- 
 ried, when about fifteen years old, Sir Anthony Browne, 
 who died in 1548, and about 1552 the Earl of Lincoln (Ed- 
 ward Fiennes de Clinton). 
 
 Fitzgerald, Katherine, Countess of Desmond. 
 Died 1604. The second wife of Thomas Fitz- 
 gerald, twelfth Earl of Desmond, noted for her 
 great age . According to tradition she lived to be about 
 140 years old, and she was probably upward of 104 when 
 she died. 
 
 Fitzgerald, Thomas, tenth Earl of Kildare. 
 Born 1513: executed at Tyburn, Feb. 3, 1537. 
 An Irish nobleman, put to death for treason. 
 On the report that Iris father, the ninth Earl of Kildare, 
 had been executed in the Tower, he renounced his alle- 
 giance and headed an unsuccessful rebellion. 
 
 Fitzgerald, William. Born at Lifford, Lim- 
 erick, Ireland, Dec. 3, 1814: died at Killaloe, 
 Nov. 24, 1883. An Irish divine, professor at 
 Trinity College, Dublin, 1847-57, bishop of Cork 
 1857-62, and bishop of Killaloe 1862-83. He 
 published numerous works, including an edition 
 of Butler’s “Analogy” (1849). 
 
 Fitzgerald, William Thomas. Born in Eng- 
 land, of Irish parentage, about 1759: died at 
 Paddington, a suburb of London, July 9, 1829. 
 A British poet, now known chiefly from a ref- 
 erence to him in Byron’s “English Bards and 
 Scotch Reviewers.” 
 
 Fitzgibbon (fits-gib'on), John, Earl of Clare. 
 Born near Donnybrook, Ireland, 1749: died 
 Jan. 28, 1802. A British jurist, appointed lord 
 chancellor of Ireland in 1789, and created earl 
 
Fitzgibbon 
 
 of Clare in 1795. He was also made (1799) a peer of 
 Great Britain as Baron Fitzgibbon. He played an impor- 
 tant part in Irish politics. 
 
 Fitzherbert (fits-her'bert), Sir Anthony. Born 
 at Norbury, Derbyshire, 1470: died there, May 
 27, 1538. An English jurist and legal writer. 
 
 His most important work is “La Graunde Abridgement” 
 (1514), “the first serious attempt to reduce the entire law 
 to systematic shape” (Diet. Nat. Biog.). 
 
 Fitzherbert, Mrs. (Maria Anne Smythe). 
 
 Born at Bambridge, Hampshire, England, J uly, 
 1756: died at Brighton, March 29, 1837. Wife 
 of George IV. of England. She married Edward 
 Weld in 1775, and was left a widow in the same year ; mar- 
 ried Thomas Fitzherbert (died 1781) in 1778 ; and became 
 the wife of the Prince of Wales (George IV.) Dec. 21, 1785. 
 The marriage to the prince was invalid; but she main- 
 tained her connection with him, with the consent of her 
 church (Roman Catholic), even after his marriage with 
 Caroline of Brunswick. 
 
 Fitzherbert. Thomas. Born at Swynnerton, 
 Staffordshire, 1552 : died at Rome, Aug. 7, 1640. 
 An English Jesuit, rector of the English College 
 at Rome 1618-39. He published a number of 
 controversial works. 
 
 Fitzherbert, William. Died 1154. An Eng- 
 lish prelate, elected archbishop of York in 1142. 
 He was canonized by Pope Honorius in 1227. 
 Fitzjames (fits-jamz'), James, Duke of Ber- 
 wick. Born at Moulins, France, Aug. 21, 1670: 
 died at Philippsburg, June 12, 1734. A noted 
 soldier, illegitimate son of James, duke of York 
 (James H.), and Arabella Churchill, sister of 
 the Duke of Marlborough. He was educated in 
 France. In 1687 he was created duke of Berwick ; later 
 served under the Duke of Lorraine in Hungary; was made 
 governor of Portsmouth ; and in 1688 tied with his father 
 to France. He promoted the attempt to replace James 
 on the throne by a descent on Ireland ; was present at the 
 battle of the Boyne ; and became commander-in-chief of 
 the king's forces in Ireland. In 1691 he joined the French 
 army, in which he rose to the rank of marshal, becoming 
 a French subject in order to secure this promotion. He 
 fought in Flanders, under Boufflers, in 1702 ; commanded 
 the French army in Spain in 1704 ; captured Nice in 1706 ; 
 and defeated the allied English and’ Portuguese at Al- 
 manza in 1707. He was killed at the siege of Philippsburg. 
 Fitzosbern (fits-oz'bern), William. Died 1071. 
 A Norman noble, a friend and prominent sup- 
 porter of William the Conqueror, created by 
 him earl of Hereford. He was one of the chief pro- 
 moters of the Conquest, fought at the battle of Hastings, 
 and acted as viceroy during the absence of William. He 
 was killed at the battle of Cassel in 1071. 
 
 Fitzpatrick (fits-pat'rik), Mrs. A character 
 in Fielding’s “Tom Jones.” 
 
 Fitzpatrick, Rickard. Bom Jan., 1747: died 
 at London, April 25, 1813. A British soldier, 
 politician, and wit, second son of the first Earl 
 of Upper Ossory : best known as the intimate 
 friend of Charles James Fox. He became a mem- 
 ber of Parliament in 1774 ; served in the war of the Amer- 
 ican Revolution 1777-78 ; became chief secretary for Ire- 
 land in 1782 ; and was appointed secretary at war 1783. He 
 was one of the authors of the “Bolliad.” 
 
 Fitzroy (fits-roi' ), Augustus Henry, third Duke 
 of Grafton. Born Oct. 1, 1735 : died at Euston 
 Hall, Suffolk, March 14, 1811. An English states- 
 man. He was secretary of state for the northern depart- 
 ment, July, 1765,-May, 1766, and became first lord of the 
 treasury in the administration of Pitt in July, 1766. As a 
 result of Pitt’s illness, Grafton was the head of the ministry 
 after Sept., 1767. He resigned in Jail., 1770. 
 
 Fitzroy, Henry, first Duke of Grafton. Born 
 Sept. 20, 1663: died Oct. 9, 1690. An illegiti- 
 mate son of Charles II. of England, by Barbara 
 Villiers, countess of Castlemain. He obtained 
 considerable distinction as a soldier, and was mortally 
 wounded in the attack on Cork under Marlborough. 
 
 Fitzroy, Robert. Born at Ampton Hall, Suf- 
 folk, July 5, 1805 : died at London, April 30, 1865. 
 A British naval officer. From 1828 to 1830, and again 
 from 1831 to 1836, he commanded the Beagle in extended 
 surveys of the South American coast and in the circum- 
 navigation of the globe. During the second trip Charles 
 Robert Darwin accompanied him as naturalist. The Geo- 
 graphical Society awarded its gold medal to Fitzroy in 
 1837. in 1839 he published “Narrative of the Survey- 
 ing Voyages of H. M. ships Adventure and Beagle,” in 
 3 vols. (the third by Darwin). lie was governor of 
 New Zealand 1843-45, and superintendent of the Woolwich 
 dockyard 1848-49, and held other important posts. Sev- 
 eral well-known works on navigation and meteorology 
 were published by him, and he is regarded as the founder 
 of the modern meteorological service. Pressure of work 
 connected with his duties as chief of the meteorological 
 service of the Board of Trade caused his mind to give way, 
 and he committed suicide. 
 
 Fitzstephen (fits-ste'ven), William. Died 
 about 1190. A clerk, friend, and biographer of 
 Thomas Becket. His “ Vita Sancti Thom® ” was first 
 printed in 1723 (in Sparkes’s “ Historic Anglican® Scrip- 
 tores "). 
 
 Fitzurse (fits-ers'), Reginald. Lived in the 
 second half of the 12th century. One of the 
 murderers of Thomas Becket. He took the leading 
 part in the assault. The murderers were finally banished 
 to the Holy Land, and are said to have died there, near 
 Jerusalem, and to have been burled in Jerusalem before 
 VI. 14 
 
 393 
 
 the door of the Church of the Templars. Fitzurse is also 
 said to have gone to Ireland, founding there the McMahon 
 family. 
 
 Fitzurse, Lord Waldemar. In Sir Walter 
 Scott’s novel “Ivankoe,”a follower of Prince 
 John. 
 
 Fitzwalter (fits-wal'tfer), Robert. Died 1235. 
 An English noble, a leader of the barons in their 
 struggle with King John. 
 
 Fitzwilliam (fits-wil'yam), Edward Francis. 
 Born at Deal, Kent, Aug. 2, 1824: died at Lon- 
 don, Jan. 19, 1857. An English composer, best 
 known as a writer of songs. 
 
 Fitzwilliam, Fanny Elizabeth. Born at Do- 
 ver, England, 1801: died at London, Nov. 11, 
 1854. An English actress, wife of Edward Fitz- 
 william, an actor. She visited the United States 
 in 1837, and again a few years later. 
 Fitzwilliam, William Wentworth. Born May 
 30, 1748 : died Feb. 8, 1833. An English states- 
 man ("Whig), second Earl Fitzwilliam (1756). He 
 
 was lord lieutenant of Ireland for a short time (Jan. -March 
 25) in 1795. 
 
 Fitzwilliam Museum. A museum at Cam- 
 bridge University, founded by Richard, seventh 
 and last Viscount Eitzwilliam, who bequeathed 
 to the university (1816) his collection of books,, 
 paintings, illuminated manuscripts, engrav- 
 ings, etc., with the dividends of £100,000 South 
 Sea annuities for the erection of a building, 
 which was begun in 1837. The collection of ancient 
 printsisoneot the most valuable in existence. Amuseum 
 of classical archeology (containing a notable collection of 
 casts) is connected with the museum. 
 
 Flume (fe-o'me). [MHG. Sanlct-Veit-am-Flaum, 
 Serbo-Croatian BieJca, L. Tersattica Vitopolis , 
 later Fan um Sancti Fiti ad FlumenJ] A seaport 
 and royal city of Hungary, situated on the Gulf 
 of Quarnero in lat. 45° 19' N., long. 14° 27' E. 
 It is the only seaport in Hungary, has large and increasing 
 trade and some manufactures, and contains a cathedral. 
 It was annexed to the Hapsburg possessions in 1471, and 
 passed to Hungary in 1779. It belonged for some years 
 to France in the Napoleonic time. Since 1870 it has been 
 under direct Hungarian rule. Population, 38,955. 
 
 Five Boroughs, The. In Early English history, 
 Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Stamford, and Not- 
 tingham. They were underDanish rule till their 
 conquest by Edward and Ethelfleda. completed 
 in 922. 
 
 Five Forks (fiv forks). A place in Dinwiddie 
 County, Virginia, 11 miles southwest of Peters- 
 burg. Here, April 1, 1865, the Federals under Sheridan 
 defeated part of Lee’s army. The loss of the Federals was 
 884 ; of the Confederates, 8,500. 
 
 Five Gallants, The, or Five Witty Gallants. 
 
 A comedy by Middleton, licensed and produced 
 in 1607. 
 
 Five Hours, Adventures of. See. Adventures 
 of Five Hours. 
 
 Five Hundred, Council of the. One of the two 
 
 legislative bodies established in France by the 
 constitution of 1795. It was overthrown by Na- 
 poleon Nov. 10, 1799. 
 
 Five Members, The. In English history, the 
 five members of Parliament — Hampden, Pym, 
 Holies, Haselrig, and Strode — who were lead- 
 ers in the opposition to Charles I. in the Long 
 Parliament, and whom he attempted to arrest 
 Jan. 4. 1642. 
 
 Five Nations, The. See Iroquois. 
 
 Five Points, The. A locality in New York, 
 northeast of the City Hall, at the intersection 
 of Baxter, Park, and Worth streets, formerly 
 noted as a center of vice and crime. 
 
 Fives (fev). A village of France, in the suburbs 
 of Lille, now annexed to that city. 
 
 Fix (files or feks), Theodore. Born at Soleure, 
 Switzerland, 1800 : died at Paris, July 31, 1846. 
 A Swiss political economist, of French (Hugue- 
 not) descent. He wrote “Observations sur l’etat des 
 classes ouvriferes" (1846), “Revue mensuelle d’Cconomie 
 politique ” (1833-36), etc., and contributed to the “ Journal 
 des Economistes,” etc. 
 
 Flaccus (flak'us). The name assumed by Alcuin 
 in the learned academy established at the court 
 of Charlemagne. 
 
 Flaccus, Caius Valerius. A Roman poet of the 
 time of Vespasian, author of a heroic poem, 
 “ Argonautica ” (8 hooks), a free imitation of 
 Apollonius of Rhodes. 
 
 Flaccus, Quintus Horatius. See Horace. 
 Flacius (fla'shi-us) (Latinized from Vlacich), 
 Matthias, surnamed Illyricus (‘the Illyr- 
 ian’). Born at Albona, Istria, March 3, 1520: 
 died at Frankfort-on-the-Main, March 11, 1575. 
 A noted German Protestant scholar and con- 
 troversialist. He was a pupil of Luther at Wittenberg, 
 and was professor of Hebrew there 1544-49, when he with- 
 drew on account of his opposition to the AugBhurg and 
 Leipsic Interims. In 1557 lie was appointed to a prof essor- 
 
 Flameng, Marie Auguste 
 
 ship at Jena, but was deprived of his office in 1561 on a 
 charge of Manicheism. He was the principal collaborator 
 on the “Centuri® Magdeburgenses ’ (Basel, 1559-74), the 
 first history of the church written from the Protestant 
 point of view. Its plan was conceived by him. He also 
 wrote the “ Clavis scriptur® sacr® ” (1567), which forms the 
 basis of biblical hermeneutics. 
 
 Flacourt (flii-kor'), Etienne de. Born at Or- 
 leans, France, 1607 : died at sea, June 10, 1660. 
 A French governor of Madagascar 1648-55. 
 He published “Histoire de la grande isle Madagascar" 
 (1658: second, enlarged edition 1661), “ Dictionnaire de la 
 langue de Madagascar ” (1658). 
 
 Flagellants (flaj'e-lants). [From L. Jlagel- 
 lan(t-)s, ppr. of flagcltare, whip, scourge.] A 
 body of religious persons who believed that by 
 whipping and scourging themselves for religious 
 discipline they could appease the divine wrath 
 against their sins, and the sins of the age. An asso- 
 ciation of flagellants founded about 1260 spread through- 
 out Europe, its members marching in processions, publicly 
 scourging their own bare bodies till the blood ran. Having 
 by these practices given rise to great disorders, they were 
 suppressed ; but the same scenes were repeated on a larger 
 scale in 1348 and several subsequent years, in consequence 
 of the desolating plague called the “black death ” These 
 flagellants claimed for their scout gings the virtue of all the 
 sacraments, and promulgated other heresies. There have 
 beenalsofraternitiesof flagellants authorized by the Roman 
 Catholic Church. Some flagellants have held doctrines 
 opposed to the Roman Catholic Church, and approximat- 
 ing those of Protestantism. 
 
 Flagellum Dei (fla-jel'um de'i). [L., ‘scourge 
 of God.’] A surname of Attila. See the extract. 
 
 This title, “ Flagellum Dei," occurs with most wearisome 
 frequency in the medieval stories about Attila ; and where- 
 soever we meet with it, we have a sure indication that we 
 are off the ground of contemporaneous and authentic his- 
 tory, and have entered (he cloud-land of ecclesiastical my- 
 thology. Later and wilder developments in this direction 
 attributed to him the title of “grandson of Nimrod, nur- 
 tured in Engedi, by the grace of God Kingof Huns, Goths, 
 Danes, and Medes, the terror of the world.” There may 
 have been a tendency, as Mr. Herbert thinks, to identify 
 him with the Anti-Christ of the Scriptures, but this is not 
 proved, and is scarcely in accordance with the theological 
 idea of Anti-Christ, who is generally placed in the future 
 or in the present rather than in the past. 
 
 Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, II. 196. 
 
 Flaget (fla-zha/), Benedict Joseph. Bom at 
 
 Contournat, Auvergne, France, Nov. 7, 1763 : 
 died at Nazareth, Ky., Feb. 11, 1850. A French- 
 American bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. 
 He emigrated to America in 1792, and was consecrated 
 bishop of Bardstown, Kentucky, in 1810. The seat of his 
 diocese was removed from Bardstown to Louisville in 1841. 
 Flagg (flag), Wilson. Born at Beverley, Mass., 
 Nov. 5, 1805 : died at North Cambridge, Mass., 
 May 6, 1884. An American naturalist. He 
 wrote “Birds and Seasons of New England” 
 (1874), etc. 
 
 Flagon (flag'on), Moll. In Burgoyne’s comic 
 opera “The Lord of the Manor,” a low camp- 
 follower. The part was first played by Dicky Suett. 
 Liston also played it, the character not being one that 
 could be played by a woman. Genest says that Burgoyne 
 took it from Steele’s Kate Matchlock in “ The Funeral." 
 
 Flahaut (fla-o'), Comtesse de. See Souza- Bo- 
 telho. 
 
 Flahaut de la Billarderie (fla-o' dolabe-yard- 
 re'), Comte Auguste Charles de. Born at 
 Paris, April 21, 1785: died there, Sept. 1, 1870. 
 A French general and diplomatist. He was made 
 general of brigade and aide-de-camp to Napoleon I. in 
 1813, and served with distinction at the battles of Leipsic, 
 Hanau, and Waterloo. He was appointed minister pleni- 
 potentiary to Berlin in 1831, and was ambassador to Vienna 
 1841-48. He was made senator in 1853. 
 
 Flambard (flam' hard), Rannulf or Ralph. 
 Died Sept. 5, 1128. A Norman bishop of Dur- 
 ham and justiciar, the chief minister of William 
 Rufus. He was held to be responsible for most 
 of the iniquities of that reign. 
 
 Flamborough (flam' bur-o). In Goldsmith’s 
 “Vicar of Wakefield,” the name of a farmer 
 and his family. 
 
 Flamborough Head. A headland on the coast 
 of Yorkshire, England, in lat. 54° 6' 58''' N., long. 
 0° 4' 51" W. (lighthouse). Height, 450 feet. 
 Flameng (fla-mang'), Franqois. Born atParis, 
 Dec. 6, 1856. A French historical and portrait 
 painter, son of Leopold Flameng the engraver. 
 
 He was a pupil of Oabanel, E. Iledouin, and Jean Paul 
 Laurens. His picture “The Girondins Summoned” took 
 a prize in the Salon of 1879. 
 
 Flameng, Leopold Joseph. Born at Brussels, 
 Nov. 22, 1831: died at Courgent, Prance, Sept. 
 4,1911. A noted French engraver. He was born 
 of French parents, and went to France in 1853. He ex- 
 hibited at the Salon from 1859, and engraved or etched 
 many of the best pictures of Rembrandt, Murillo, Rubens, 
 Leonardo da Vinci, Scheffer, Rida, Cabanel, Gainsborough, 
 Toulmouche, Munkaczy, Ingres, and others. 
 
 Flameng, Marie Auguste. Born at Metz, .J uly 
 ) 7, 1843 : died at Paris, 1893. A French painter. 
 He was a pupil of Duhufe, Mazerolle, Puvis de 
 Chavannes, E. Delaunay, and others. 
 
Flamineo 
 
 Fiamineo (fla-min'e-o). In Webster’s tragedy 
 “The White Devil,” the brother of Vittoria 
 Corombona, the “white devil.” He is an incar- 
 nation of selfish depravity : the most beautiful and poetic 
 ideas and words in the play are nevertheless put in his 
 mouth. 
 
 FI am ini a. (fla-me'ne-a). A province of Italy, 
 near the Flaminian Way, in the division of the 
 country under the later Roman Empire. 
 
 Flaminian Way (fla-min'i-an wa), or Via Fla- 
 minia (vi'a fla-min'i-a). One of the oldest and 
 most famous highways of ancient Rome, it ex- 
 tended in a direct line from Rome to Ariminum (Rimini), 
 and was built by the censor Caius Flaminius in 220 n. c. Its 
 superintendence was held to be so honorable an office that 
 Augustus himself assumed it in 27 B. C., as Julius Csesar 
 had been curator of the Appian Way. Augustus restored 
 it through its entire extent, in commemoration of which 
 triumphal arches were erected to him over the road at 
 Ariminum and at Rome ; the arch at the former place still 
 exists. Much of the old pavement survives, together with 
 many tombs by the roadside. 
 
 Flamininus (flam-i-nl'nus), Titus Quintius. 
 Born about 230 B. C. : died about 174 b. c. A 
 Roman general and statesman. He was consul in 
 198, defeated Philip V. of Macedon at Cynoscephalse in 
 197, and proclaimed at Corinth the freedom of Greece 
 in 196. 
 
 Flaminius (fla-min'i-us). Servant to Timon 
 in Shakspere’s “Timon of Athens.” 
 
 Flaminius, Caius. Died 217 b. c. A Roman 
 general and politician. He was tribune of the people 
 in 232, in which year he procured the passage of a law dis- 
 tributing the Ager Gallicus Picenus among the plebeians. 
 He pacified the Insubres while consul in 223, and while 
 censor in 220 constructed two celebrated public works 
 which bore his name: the Circus Flaminius and the Via 
 Flaminia. During his second consulate he was totally 
 defeated by Hannibal at Lake Trasimene in 217, and fell 
 in the battle. 
 
 Flaminius, Caius. A Roman general, son of 
 Caius Flaminius. He was elected pretor in 193 b. c., 
 and obtained Hispania Citerior as his province. After 
 having subdued the Triniates and the Apuani, two Ligu- 
 rian tribes, he employed his soldiers in the construction 
 
 *of a military road from Botionia to Arretium. 
 
 Flammarion (fla-ma-re-oii'), Camille. Born 
 at Montigny-le-Roi, Haute-Marne, France, Feb. 
 25, 1842. A noted French astronomer, in 1882 
 he took charge of an observatory at Juvisy, near Paris. 
 He has written “ La plurality des mondes habites ” (1862), 
 “ Les mondes imaginaires etles mondes reels’ 1 (1864), “Les 
 merveilles celestes " (1865), “ Catalogue des dtoiles doubles 
 ct multiples en raouvement” (1878), “ Astronomie popu- 
 late” (1880), “Les Ctoiles, etc. ’ (1881), “Le tnonde avant 
 la creation dol’liomme”(1886), “Uranie” (1889), etc. 
 
 Flammock’s Rebellion. A rebellion which 
 broke out in Cornwall, England, under Thomas 
 Flatnmock in 1497, occasioned by the impo- 
 sition of a tax to defray the cost of a Scottish 
 war. The insurgents marched on London, but were de- 
 feated at Blackhealh June 17, 1407. Their leaders, in- 
 cluding Flammock, were executed June 28. 
 
 Flamsteed (flam'sted), John. BornatDenby, 
 near Derby, England, Aug. 19, 1646 : died at 
 Greenwich, Dec. 31, 1719. A famous English 
 astronomer, appointed the first astronomer 
 royal March 4, 1675. lie is especially noted for the 
 importance of his observations, many of which were 
 turned to account by Newton. He became a bitter en- 
 emy of N ewton. 
 
 Flamsteed’s ‘‘British Catalogue” is styled by Baily 
 “one of the proudest productions of the Royal Observa- 
 tory at Greenwich.” Its importance is due to its being 
 the first collection of the kind made with the telescope 
 and the clock. Its value was necessarily impaired by de- 
 fective reduction, and Flamsteed’s neglect of Newton's 
 advice to note the state of the barometer and thermome- 
 ter at the time of his observations rendered it hopeless to 
 attempt to reduce from them improved results by modern 
 processes of correction. The catalogue showed besides 
 defects attributable to the absence of the author's final 
 revision. Sir William Herschel detected errors so nu- 
 merous as to suggest the need of an index to the original 
 observations printed in the second volume of the “His- 
 toria Coelestis.” Miss Herschel undertook the task, and 
 showed, by recomputing the place of each star, that Flam- 
 steed had catalogued 111 stars which he had never ob- 
 served, and observed 560 which he had not catalogued 
 (“Phil. Trans.,” LXXX VII. 293). Her catalogue of these in- 
 edited stars was published by order of the Royal Society in 
 1798 ; they were by Baily in 1829 arranged in order of right 
 ascension, and identified (all but seventy) by comparison 
 with later catalogues (“ Memoirs Royal Astr. Soe.,’’ I V. 129). 
 
 Did. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Flanders (flan'derz). [ME. Flaunders, Flaun- 
 deres, Flaundres, F. Flandre, G. Flanderen, ML. 
 Flandria, D. Vlaanderen, Flem. Vlaenderen.] An 
 ancient country of Europe, extending along the 
 North Sea from the Strait of Dover to the mouth 
 of the Schelde, and corresponding to parts of 
 the present departments of Nord and Pas-de- 
 Calais, France, the provinces of East and West 
 Flanders, Belgium, and the southern part of the 
 province of Zealand, Netherlands, it formed part 
 of NeustriabythepeaceofVerdun(813). Baldwin became 
 the first count of Flanders in 862. Flemish cities became 
 very important in the middle ages, and the citizens main- 
 tained a long struggle against French influence under 
 Jacob and Philip van Artevelde and other leaders. The 
 country was united to Burgundy in 1384 through the 
 
 394 
 
 marriage of Philip of Burgundy to Margaret of Flanders. 
 It passed in 1477 to Austria through the marriage of Maxi- 
 milian to Mary of Burgundy. In 1529 it was freed from 
 homage to France. Part of it passed to Holland in 1648, 
 and part was acquired by France in 1659, 1668, 1678, and 
 1713. The remainder followed the fortunes of the Aus- 
 trian Netherlands, and in the new kingdom of Belgium 
 forms the provinces of East and West Flanders. 
 
 Flanders, East. A province of Belgium, hound- 
 ed by the Netherlands on the north, Antwerp 
 and Brabant on the east, Hainaut on the south, 
 and West Flanders on the west. Itisnotedfor 
 its development of agriculture and manufactures. Area, 
 1,158 square miles. Population, 1,029,971. 
 
 Flanders, French. A former province of 
 France, corresponding generally to the mod- 
 ern department of Nord. 
 
 Flanders, Henry. Born at Plainfield, N. H., 
 1826. An American legal writer. He has prac- 
 tised law in Philadelphia since 1850. He has published 
 “ Lives of the Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of 
 the United States ” (1855-58), and an “Exposition of the 
 Constitution of the United States ” (1860). 
 
 Flanders, Moll. See Fortunes of Moll Flanders. 
 Flanders, West. A province of Belgium, 
 bounded by the North Sea on the northwest, 
 the Netherlands and East Flanders on the east, 
 Hainaut on the southeast, and France on the 
 > south and southwest. Area, 1,249 square miles. 
 Population, 805,236. 
 
 Flandin (flon-dan'), Eugene Napoleon. Born 
 at Naples, Aug. 15, 1809 : died 1876. A French 
 archaeologist and painter. He wrote “ Etudes sur 
 la sculpture perse,” “Relation du voyage en Perse” 
 (1843-54), “Monuments de Ninive” (1846-50), etc. 
 
 Flandrin (flon-dran'), Jean Hippolyte. Born 
 
 at Lyons, France, March 23, 1809 : died at 
 Rome, March 21, 1864. A French historical 
 painter, a pupil of Ingres. He is best known for 
 his decorative paintings in the churches of St. -Germain- 
 des-Prds and St.-Vincent-de-Paul in Paris. 
 
 Flandrin, Jean Paul. Born at Lyons, May 8, 
 1811: died at Paris, March 9, 1902. A French 
 landscape-painter, brother of J. H. Flandrin, 
 He was a representative of the school of French 
 classical landscape-painting. 
 
 Flannen (flan'en) Islands, or The Seven 
 Hunters. A group of uninhabited islets west 
 of Lewis in the Hebrides, Scotland. 
 
 Flash (flash), Captain. In Garrick’s play 
 “ Miss in her Teens,” a cowardly braggart. 
 Flash, Sir Petronel. In Chapman, Marston, 
 and Jonson’s comedy “ Eastward Hoe,”aknight 
 adventurer. He is eager to escape from town 
 to the untried land of Virginia. 
 
 Flatbow. See Kitunahan. 
 
 Flatbush (flat'bush). A town in Kings County, 
 Long Island, New York, contiguous to Brook- 
 lyn on the southeast. It was the scene of part of the 
 battle of Long Island, Aug. 27, 1776. Annexed to Brook- 
 lyn in 1894 ; incorporated iu the city of New York 
 1897. 
 
 Flateyjarbok (flat'ey-yar-bok). [ON., ‘book of 
 Flatey.’] An Icelandic manuscript, named from 
 the island Flatey off the northern coast of Ice- 
 land, where it was owned inthe 17th century, it 
 contains a collection of sagas bearing upon the lives and 
 times of the Norwegian kings Olaf Tryggvason and Olaf 
 the Saint : at the end are annals down to the year 1394. It 
 is the most extensive of Icelandic MSS., and one of the 
 principal sources of information concerning the discovery 
 of America by the Norsemen. It was written between the 
 years 1380 and 1395 by two Icelandic priests. In 1662 it 
 came as a present from Bishop Brynjulf of Iceland to King 
 Frederick III. of Denmark. It is preserved iu the Royal 
 Library in Copenhagen. 
 
 Flathead (flat'hed) Lake, or Selish (se'li.sh) 
 Lake. A lake in Missoula County, Montana, 
 about lat. 48° N., long. 114° 15' W. Its outlet 
 falls into Clarke's Fork. Length, about 30 miles. 
 Flatheads. See Choctaws and Salislian. 
 Flattery (flat'er-i), Cape. A cape in the north- 
 western part of Washington, projecting into the 
 Pacific Ocean in lat. 48° 23' 20" N., long. 124° 
 44' 30" W. (lighthouse). 
 
 Flaubert (flo-bar'), Gustave. Born at Rouen, 
 Dec. 12, 1821 : died at Croisset, near Rouen, 
 May 8, 1880. A French writer and novelist. 
 He is regarded as the master of naturalism. He traveled 
 in Brittany, Greece, Syria, Egypt, etc., and undertook to 
 relate his travels, but went no further than an opening 
 paper entitled “ A bord de la Cange.” In 1857 he pub- 
 lished in “La Revue de Paris” the novel “Madame Bo- 
 vary," and in “ L’ Artiste ” “ La tentation de Saint Antoine.” 
 The former gave rise to considerable litigation, Flaubert 
 being ultimately cleared of a charge of immorality in liter- 
 ature. In 1858 he visited the site of ancient Carthage, 
 and in 1862 published “Salammbo.” This was followed 
 in 1869 by “ L’Education sentimentale, roman d’un jeune 
 homme,” and in 1877 by “ Trois contes." Flaubert's plays, 
 “ Le Candidat ” and “ Le chateau des occurs, were failures : 
 they were published after his death in “La Vie Moderne " 
 (1885). His other posthumous publications are “ Bonvard 
 et Pdcuchet ” (in “ La Revue Politique et Littoraire”), 
 “ Lettres k George Sand ” (1884), “ Par les champs et par 
 les graves,” reminiscences of Brittany in “ LeGauIois,"an 
 essay on Rabelais, a voluminous correspondence, etc. 
 
 Flaxman 
 
 Flauto Magico, II. See Zauberflote. 
 
 Flavel (flav'el), John. Boi'n at Bromsgrove, 
 Worcestershire, England, about 1630; died at 
 Exeter, June 26, 1691. An English Presbyterian 
 clergyman and devotional writer. His best- 
 known work is “Husbandry Spiritualized” 
 (1669). 
 
 Flavian (fla'vi-an), L. Flavianus (fla-vi-a'nus), 
 ofAntioch. 1. Died 404 a. d. Bishop of Antioch 
 381-404. He was appointed by the Synod of Constanti- 
 nople, which was composed exclusively of Oriental bishops, 
 to succeed Meletius. This action perpetuated the schism 
 which at the time divided the orthodox church at Antioch, 
 as the bishops of Egypt and the W est refused to withdraw 
 their support from Paulinas, bishop of the opposite faction. 
 2. Died at Petra, Arabia, 518. Bishop of Anti- 
 och 498-512. He was deposed by the emperor Anasta- 
 sius through the machinations of theMonophysiteXenias, 
 bishop of Hierapolis, who intimidated him into anathema- 
 tizing the decrees of the orthodox council held at Chalce- 
 don in 451. 
 
 Flavian of Constantinople. Died at Hypepe, 
 Lydia, Aug. 11, 449. Bishop of Constantinople 
 from about 447 to 449. He procured the excom- 
 munication of the heretic Eutyches at a synod held at 
 Constantinople in 448, but was himself deposed and ex- 
 communicated by the Eutychian party at the synod 
 known as the Robber Synod, held at Ephesus in 449. He 
 died a few days after, in consequence, it is said, of bodily 
 injuries sustained at the synod. He was canonized by the 
 Council of Chalcedon in 451. 
 
 Flavian Emperors, or Flavian Caesars, The 
 
 Roman emperors Vespasian and his sons Titus 
 and Domitian, who belonged to the house of 
 Flavius. 
 
 The Flavian Emperors ought, perhaps, hardly to be 
 classed together, so little was there in common between 
 the just, if somewhat hard, rule of Vespasian, or the two 
 years’ beneficent sway of Titus, “the delight of the human 
 race,” and the miserable tyranny of Domitian. But the 
 stupendous Colosseum, the Arch of Titus, and the Amphi- 
 theatre at Verona serve as an architectural landmark to fix 
 the Flavian period in the memory; and one other charac- 
 teristic was necessarily shared by the whole family, the 
 humble origin from which they sprang. After the high- 
 born Julii and Claudii, the descendants of pontiffs and 
 censors, noblemen delicate and fastidious through all 
 their wild debauch of blood, came these sturdy sons of 
 the commonalty to robe themselves in the imperial purple ; 
 and this unforgotten lowness of their ancestry, while it 
 gave a touch of meanness to the close and frugal govern- 
 ment of Vespasian, evidently intensified the delight of 
 Domitian in setting his plebeian feet on the necks of all 
 that was left of refined or aristocratic in Rome. 
 
 Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 6. 
 
 All the more strange does it seem, when we consider 
 the humble extraction of these Emperors, that their name 
 should have remained for centuries the favorite title of 
 Emperors no way allied to them iu blood, a Claudius 
 (Gothicus), a Constantine, a Theodosius, and many more 
 having prefixed the once ignoble name of Flavius to their 
 own. And hence, by a natural process of imitation, the 
 barbarian rulers who settled themselves within the limits 
 of the Roman Empire in the 4th and 5th centuries, Bur- 
 gundian, Lombard, Visigoth, adopted the same mysteri- 
 ously majestic fore-name, unconsciously, as we must sup- 
 pose, selecting the very epithet which best described their 
 own personal appearance, yellow-haired sons of the north 
 as they were, among the dark-colored Mediterranean 
 populations. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, L 7. 
 
 Flavigny (fla-ven-ye'), Valerien. Born near 
 Laon, France: died at Paris, April 29, 1674. A 
 noted French Orientalist, professor of Hebrew 
 in the College of France. 
 
 Flavius (fla'vi-us). 1. In Shakspere’s “ Julius 
 Caesar,” a Roman tribune. — 2. In Shakspere’s 
 “Timon of Athens,” the faithful steward of 
 Timon. 
 
 Flavius, Cneius. An early writer on Roman 
 
 law. He was the son of a freedman, and became secre- 
 tary to Appius Claudius Coccus. He obtained possession 
 of the forms and technicalities pertaining to the law of 
 practice, the knowledge of which was confined to the pa- 
 tricians and pontiffs, and published them in a collection 
 known as the “JusFlavianum." He was afterward made a 
 senator by Appius Claudius, and was elected curule edile 
 in 303 B. c. Also called Caius and Annum. 
 
 Flaw (fla). In Foote’s comedy “The Cozeners,” 
 one of the cozeners or cheats. 
 
 Flaxman (flaks'man), John. Born at York, 
 England, July 6, 1755: died at London, Dec. 7, 
 1826. A famous sculptor and draftsman. His 
 father was a molder, and kept a shop in Covent Garden for 
 the sale of plaster images. By his own efforts he learned 
 enough Greek and Latin to read the poets. At fifteen 
 he entered the Royal Academy. In 1770 he exhibited a 
 figureof Neptuuein wax. In Aug., 1787, he went to Italy 
 for seven years. During this period were made the illus- 
 trations of the Odyssey, and to jEschylus and Dante. He 
 was elected associate of the Royal Academy in 1797, and full 
 member in 1S00. Front this time until the end of his life 
 he executed many works, among which one of the most 
 celebrated is the Shield of Achilles front the description 
 of Homer. He was appointed professorof sculpture at the 
 Royal Academy in 1810. 
 
 Nature, so prodigal to the English race in men of genius 
 untutored, singular, and solitary, lias given us but few 
 seers who, in the quality of prolific invention, can be 
 compared with Flaxman. For pure conceptive faculty, 
 controlled by unerring sense of beauty, we have to think 
 of Pheidias or Raphael before we find his equal. 
 
 Symonds, Studies of the Greek Poets, I. 177. 
 
Fleance 
 
 Fleance (fle'ans). In Shakspere’s ‘'Macbeth,” 
 the son of Banqno. See Banquo. 
 
 Fl&che (flash), La. A town in the department 
 of Sarthe, France, on the Loir 29 miles north- 
 east of Angers. It has a noted military college. 
 Population, commune, 10,663. 
 
 F14chier (fla-shya'), Esprit. Born at Pernes, 
 Vaucluse, France, June 10, 1632: died at Mont- 
 pellier, France, Feb. 16, 1710. A French pulpit 
 orator, made bishop of Nitnes in 1687. He is 
 
 noted especially for his funeral orations. His complete 
 works were published in 1782. 
 
 Flecknoe (flek'no), Richard. Born apparently 
 in Ireland : died about 1(578. A British poet and 
 playwright of slight merit. He furnished Dryden 
 with the name “MacFIecknoe,” under whieli he satirized 
 Shadwell. 
 
 Fleece’em (fles'm), Mrs. In Foote’s play “ The 
 Cozeners,” a cheat and confederate of Flaw. 
 
 Mrs. Grieve, the woman who had extorted money on 
 pledge of procuring government appointments, and who 
 had not only deceived Charles Fox, by pretending to be 
 able to marry him to an heiress, but had lent him money 
 rather than miss his chariot from her door, was fair game, 
 and was well exposed, in Mrs. Fleecem. 
 
 Doran, Eng. Stage, II. 126. 
 
 Flee from the Press. A short poem by Chaucer, 
 printed before the folio of 1532. it is sometimes 
 known as “Truth,” “Balade de bone Conseyl,” “Good 
 Counsel of Chaueer ” (Shirley), and “ Balade that Chaucier 
 made on his Deeth-bedde” (“probably a mere bad guess,” 
 Skeat). 
 
 Fleet Prison, The. An old London prison, for- 
 merly standing on the east side of the Fleet 
 brook, where it now runs under Farringdon 
 street. It was nearly eight hundred years old when it 
 was destroyed in 1846. It was called the "gaol of the 
 Fleet ” in the time of Richard I., and was a debtors' prison 
 as early as 1290. It was used also as a state prison for 
 religious and political offenders till 1641, when it was re- 
 served entirely for debtors. It was burned by Wat Ty- 
 ler's men in 1381. In 1666 it was burned in the Great Fire, 
 and again in 1780 by rioters. In the 17th and early part 
 of the 18th century persons wishing to be married secretly 
 came within the rules of the Fleet, where degraded clergy- 
 men were easily found, among the debtors, to perform the 
 ceremony. This was stopped by act of Parliament in 
 1764. Attention was called to the outrageous treatment 
 of the prisoners in 1726, when the warden was tried for 
 murder. 
 
 Fleet street. A London street running from 
 Ludgate Circus to the Strand and the West 
 End. It is named from the Fleet brook. In the early 
 chronicles of London many allusions are made to the 
 deeds of violence done in this street. The London pren- 
 tices waged war against young students in the Inns of 
 Court, etc. By the time of Elizabeth the street had be- 
 come a favorite spot for shows of all descriptions : “pup- 
 pet-shows and monsters ” are frequently alluded to. It is 
 now one of the busiest streets of London. 
 
 Fleet, The. [Early mod. E. and ME. Flete, the 
 stream.] A tidal stream which flowed by the 
 western wall of old London City. The creek took its 
 rise in the clay bedseastof thellampstead Hills. At Battle 
 Bridge, near King’s Cross, it entered a deep valley between 
 high clay banks, from which it did not emerge until it 
 reached the river. In Roman times the only road from the 
 city westward crossed the Fleet by a bridge from Snow Hill, 
 Newgate, to Holborn Hill (High Holborn). Later another 
 was made opposite Ludgate, and this crossing was called 
 Fleet Bridge. The road which led to it was called Fleet 
 street (which see). The tidal portion of the Fleet was navi- 
 gable in the reign of Edward I. The brook is now a main 
 sewer of London, and empties into the Thames at Black- 
 friars Bridge. The allusion to the Fleet ditch in the liter- 
 ature of the 16th and 17th centuries is accounted for by the 
 fact that the water from the bed of the brook or river 
 having been diverted from its course, the offal, etc., thrown 
 into it was not carried off, and became a nuisance. 
 Fleetwood (flet'wud). A seaport and water- 
 ing-place in Lancashire, England, situated on 
 Morecambe Bay 36 miles due north of Liver- 
 pool. Population, 12,082. 
 
 Fleetwood, Charles. Died 1692. An English 
 Parliamentary general, lord deputy of Ireland 
 1654-55. He married Bridget Ireton, daughter of Oli- 
 ver Cromwell and widow of Henry Ireton, in 1652. 
 Fleetwood, William. Born at London, Jan. 
 1, 1656: died at Tottenham, near London, Aug. 
 4, 1723. An English bishop (of St. Asaph 1708, 
 and of Ely 1714) and pulpit orator. 
 
 Flegel (flS'gel), Robert. Born at Wilna, Ger- 
 many, Oct., 1855: died at Brass, West Africa, 
 Sept. 11, 1886. An African explorer, in 1875 he 
 went to Lagos as clerk in aGerman trading factory. When 
 an English expedition went up the Niger and Binue riv- 
 ers, he accompanied it in the Henry Venn, and took a 
 survey of both rivers. The German- African Association 
 commissioned him to explore Sokoto and Nupe in 1880. 
 He proceeded overland to Loko, on the Bhiue; reached 
 Yola, the capital of Adamawa, in 1882 ; and discovered the 
 Ngaundere source of the Binue. In 1883 he revisited Ada- 
 mawa, but failed in his attempt to reach the Kongo by 
 that route. On his return to Germany in 1884, he urged 
 the occupation of the Binue basin by German commerce 
 and authority. With imperial support he undertook a 
 third expedition to Adamawa, but the Royal Niger Com- 
 pany frustrated his efforts. He was recalled, and died at 
 Brass, in 1880. 
 
 F14g4re (fla-jar'). A height in the Alps of 
 
 395 
 
 Mont Blanc, northeast of Chamonix, celebrated 
 for its view. Height, 5,925 feet. 
 
 Fleischer (fli'sher), Heinrich Leberecht. Born 
 at Schandau, Saxony, Feb. 21, 1801: died at 
 Leipsic, Feb. 10, 1888. A noted German Ori- 
 entalist, professor of Oriental languages at 
 Leipsic from 1836. He published editions of Abul- 
 feda’s “Historia ante-islamica ” (1831), Beidhfiwi’s com- 
 mentary on the Koran (1846-48),“ Grammatik der lebenden 
 persischen Sprache ” (founded on the grammar of Moham- 
 med Ibrahim ; 2d ed. 1876), etc. 
 
 Fleming (flem'ing), John. Born near Bath- 
 gate, Jan. 10, 1785: died at Edinburgh, Nov. 18, 
 1857. A Scottish clergyman and naturalist. 
 He was professor of natural philosophy in Aberdeen Uni- 
 versity 1834-43, and of natural science in the Free Church 
 College, Edinburgh, from 1845. He wrote “Philosophy 
 of Zoology” (1822), “The Temperature of the Seasons” 
 (1851), and many scientific papers. 
 
 Fleming, Lady May. In Sir Walter Scott’s 
 novel “The Abbot,” a maid of honor to Mary 
 Queen of Scotland, imprisoned with her at 
 Lochleven. 
 
 Fleming, Margaret. Born Jan. 15, 1803: died 
 Dec. 19, 1811. The daughter of James Flem- 
 ing of Kirkcaldy, Scotland. She was the pet of Sir 
 Walter Scott, and was a remarkably precocious child. 
 Her diary and poems are exceedingly quaint. Her life 
 was written by Dr. John Brown : “Pet Marjorie : a Story 
 of Child Life Fifty Years Ago ” (1858). 
 
 Fleming, Paul. Born at Hartenstein, Saxony, 
 Oct. 5, 1609 : died at Hamburg, April 2, 1640. 
 A German poet. He studied medicine at Leipsic. The 
 Thirty Years’ War drove him to Holstein, where he soon 
 joined an embassy of the Duke of Schleswig- Holstein to 
 Moscow, and afterward (1635) another to Ispahan. He was 
 above all a lyric poet, and wrote both in German and in 
 Latin. Among his poems is the well-known hymn “In 
 alien meinen Thaten.” His collected works, which are both 
 secular and religious in character, were published after 
 his death under the title “ Teutsche Poemata ” (1642). 
 
 Fleming, Paul. The principal character in 
 Longfellow’s prose romance “Hyperion.” 
 
 Fleming, or Flemmynge, Richard. Born at 
 Crofton, Yorkshire: died at Sleaford, Jan., 1431. 
 An English prelate. He was bishop of Lincoln 
 1419, and founder of Lincoln College, Oxford, 
 1427. 
 
 Fleming, Rose. In Dickens’s “ Oliver Twist,” 
 a gentle girl who marries Harry Maylie. 
 
 Flemings (flem'ingz). The natives of Flanders, 
 an ancient countship now divided between Bel- 
 gium, France, and the Netherlands ; specifically 
 the members of the Flemish race, nearly allied 
 to the Dutch both in blood and in language. 
 
 Flemish (flem'ish). The language spoken by 
 the Flemings. The Flemish language is a form of 
 that Low German of which the Dutch is a type. The chief 
 external difference between Dutch and Flemish is in the 
 spelling — the spelling of Dutch having been reformed and 
 simplified in the present century, while Flemish retains in 
 great part the archaic features of 16th-century spelling. 
 
 Flensburg(flens'borG), Dan. Flensborg (flens'- 
 borG). A seaport and commercial town in the 
 province of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, on the 
 Flensburg Fjord, situated in lat. 54° 47' N., 
 long. 9° 26' E. Population, commune, 53,771. 
 
 Flers (flar). A town in the department of 
 Orne, France, situated in lat. 48° 44' N., long. 
 0° 35' W. It has cotton manufactures. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 13,704. 
 
 Fleshly School, The. A name given to a num- 
 ber of English poets — Swinburne, Morris, Ros- 
 setti, and others — by R. W. Buchanan in the 
 “ Contemporary Review.” 
 
 Flestrin (fles'trin), Quinbus. The Man-Moun- 
 tain : the name which the Lilliputians gave to 
 Gulliver. 
 
 Fleta (fle'ta). An anonymous Latin book on 
 English law, written about 1290. From a statement 
 in the one extant manuscript, that “this book may well be 
 called Fleta because it is written in Fleta,” it is inferred 
 that it was written by a prisoner in the Fleet. 
 
 Fletcher (fleeh'er), Andrew, of Saltoun. [The 
 surname Fletcher means ‘ arrow-maker.’] Born 
 at Saltoun, Haddingtonshire, 1655: died at Lon- 
 don, Sept., 1716. ASeottish politician and politi- 
 cal writer. He was a prominent member of the 
 Scottish Parliament under Charles II. and Wil- 
 liam III. 
 
 Fletcher, Giles. Born at Watford, Hertford- 
 shire, about 1549 : died at London, March, 
 1611. An English civilian and poet, father of 
 Giles (the younger) and Phineas Fletcher. He 
 was graduated at King’s College, Cambridge, of which he 
 became a fellow in 1568. In 1588 he was sent as ambassa- 
 dor to Russia, and published an accountof that country in 
 1591, which was suppressed. It was called “ Of the Russe 
 Commonwealth, etc.” It was abridged, and passages were 
 suppressed by Hakluyt and Purclias, and reprinted as “The 
 History of Russia, etc." (1643), and also, with the original 
 title, for the Hakluyt Society (1856). He also wrote “ Licia : 
 Poems of Love, etc.” (1593), etc. 
 
 Fletcher, Giles (the younger). Bom 1588 (?) : 
 
 Fletcher, Phineas 
 
 died 1623. An English poet, younger son of 
 Giles Fletcher. He wrote “ Christ’s Victoria, 
 etc.” (1610), etc. 
 
 Fletcher, James Cooley. Bom at Indianapolis, 
 1823. An American missionary and author. 
 From 1851 to 1865 he made several extended journeys in 
 Brazil as a missionary, and for a time lie acted as secretary 
 of the United States legation atRiode Janeiro. His “Brazil 
 and the Brazilians” was first published with thejointnames 
 of D. P. Kidder and J. C. Fletcher, and was founded on the 
 “ Sketches in Brazil ” of the former author : later editions 
 bear only Fletcher’s name. He was United States consul 
 at Oporto 1869-73, and subsequently missionary to Naples. 
 Since 1877 he has resided at Indianapolis. 
 
 Fletcher, John. Born at Rye, Sussex, England, 
 Dec., 1579: died at London, Aug., 1625. An 
 English dramatist and poet. He was the intimate 
 friend and literary partner of Francis Beaumont. They 
 wrote together from about 1606 till 1616, living together 
 for a part of that time. 
 
 The stage tradition that Beaumont was superior in judg- 
 ment to Fletcher is supported by sound criticism. In the 
 most important plays that they wrote together Beaumont’s 
 share outweighs Fletcher’s, both in quantity and in qual- 
 ity. Beaumont had the firmer hand and statelier manner : 
 his diction was more solid; there was a richer music in his 
 verse. Fletcher excelled as a master of brilliant dialogue 
 and sprightly repartee. In the management of his plots 
 and in the development of his characters he was careless 
 and inconsistent. But in his comedies the unceasing live- 
 liness and bustle atone for structural defects ; and in tra- 
 gedy his copious command of splendid declamation recon- 
 ciles us to the absence of rarer qualities. A. II. Bullen. 
 
 To Fletcher alone may be assigned the plays “The Faith- 
 ful Shepherdess” (printed about 1609), “Wit Without 
 Money ’’ (played not earlier than 1614, printed 1639), “ Bon- 
 duca” and “ Valentinian ” (played before 1619, printed 
 1647), “ The Loyal Subject ” (licensed 1618, printed 1647), 
 “ The Mad Lover ’’(played before 1619, printed 1647), “The 
 Humorous Lieutenant" (probably played later than 1619, 
 printed 1647), “ Women Pleased ” (probably played about 
 1620, printed 1647), “ The Island Princess ’’ and “ The Pil- 
 grim ’’ (presented at court 1621, printed 1647), “The Wild- 
 goose Chase ” (presen ted at court 1621, printed 1652), “ Mon- 
 sieur Thomas ” (printed 1639), “ The Woman’s Prize ” (played 
 before 1633), “A Wife for a Month" (played before 1624, 
 printed 1647), “ Rule a Wife and have a Wife ” (played in 
 1624, printed 1640), “ The Chances ” (played before 1625, 
 printed 1647). To Beaumont and Fletcher, “The Woman 
 Hater” (licensed and printed 1607), “The Scornful Lady “ 
 (played probably 1609, printed 1616), “The Maid’s Tragedy ” 
 (played not later than 1611, printed 1619), “ Philaster ” 
 (played not later than 1611, printed 1620), “ A King and No 
 King ” (licensed 1611, printed 1619), “Four Plays in One ” 
 (played as early as 1608 (Fleay), printed 1647), “ The Knight 
 of the Burning Pestle” (written probably before 1611, 
 printed 1613), “Cupid's Revenge” (printed in 1615: Fleay 
 thinks Field assisted), “The Coxcomb” (played in 1613 or 
 earlier, printed 1647). To Fletcher and Massinger and 
 others, “ The Honest Man’s Fortune ” (played 1613, printed 
 1647: Field perhaps assisted), “The Knight of Malta" 
 (played before 1619, printed before 1647), “Thierry and 
 Theodoret ’’ (written probably about 1616, printed 1621 : 
 some other author is thought to have assisted), “The Queen 
 of Corinth ” (played before 1619, printed 1647 : Middleton 
 and Rowley appear to have written some of it), “Sir John 
 Van Olden Barnavelt" (played in 1619, printed by Bullen 
 in his “Collection of Old English Plays” in 1882), “The 
 Little French Lawyer ” (written about 1620, printed 1647), 
 “ A Very Woman ” (played probably 1621, printed in 1656), 
 “ The Custom of the Country ” (mentioned in 1628 as an old 
 play, printed 1647), “The Double Marriage” and “The 
 False One ” (written about 1620, printed 1647), “ Beggar’s 
 Bush ” (played 1622, printed 1647), “ The Prophetess ” and 
 “The Sea Voyage” (licensed 1622, printed 1647), “The 
 Elder Brother ’’ (printed 1637), “ The Lovers' Progress ” 
 (printed 1647), “The Spanish Curate "(licensed 1622, printed 
 1647), “Love’s Pilgrimage ’’(printed 1647: probably nearly 
 all by Fletcher), “ The Nice Valor, or The Passionate Mad- 
 Man ” (perhaps written before 1624, printed 1647 : Fleay 
 thinks Middleton rewrote much of it), “The Laws of Candy” 
 (printed 1647 : largely by Massinger)," The Fair Maid of the 
 Inn ” (licensed 1626, printed 1647 : with Rowley), “ The Two 
 Noble Kinsmen ” (printed 1634, as by Fletcher and Shak- 
 spere). Doubtful plays, “ The Captain ’’(written before 1613, 
 printed 1647 : Fletcher had assistance, probably either 
 Jonson or Middleton), “Wit at Several Weapons" (played 
 about 1614, printed 1647 : shows traces of Middleton and 
 Rowley), “ The Bloody Brother ” (printed probably 1639 : 
 perhaps written by Fletcher and Jonson and revised by 
 Massinger), “ Love’s Cure ” (written probably about 1623, 
 printed 1647 : probably by Massinger and Middleton (Bul- 
 len), Beaumont and Fletcher altered by Massinger (Fleay)), 
 “The Maid in the Mill” (played in 1623: with Rowley), 
 “The NigBt- Walker, or The Little Thief” (played 1634, 
 printed in 1640 as by Fletcher: probably an alteration by 
 Shirley of an older play), “ The Coronation ” (printed in 
 1640 as by Fletcher, licensed in 1635 by Shirley who claimed 
 it). “ The Noble Gentleman ” (licensed 1626, printed 1647: 
 Fletcher is thought to have had no hand in it, or in “ Faith- 
 ful Friends ”), “ The Widow ” (written about 1616, printed 
 1652 : thought by Bullen to be probably wholly by Middle- 
 ton). (Diet. Nat. Biog.) See Beaumont. 
 
 Fletcher (originally De la FlecMre), John 
 William. Born at Nyon, Switzerland, Sept. 
 12, 1729: died at Madeley, England, Aug. 14, 
 1785. An English clergyman and writer. Fletcher 
 
 of Madeley was a contemporary and fellow-laborer of John 
 Wesley, and was a man of remarkable personal influence 
 from his saintly life, his earnest preaching, and his devoted 
 pastoral work. 
 
 Fletcher, Phineas. Born at Cranbrook, Kent, 
 England, April, 1582: died about 1650. An 
 English poet, son of Giles Fletcher. His chief 
 works are “Sicelides,” a pastoral play (1614, printed 1631) ; 
 “The Purple Island, or the Isle of Man, together with Pis- 
 catory Eclogs and other Poetical Miscellanies ” (1633) ; etc. 
 
Fleuranges 
 
 Fleuranges (fle-i’onzh'), Seigneur de (Robert 
 de la Marck). Born at Sedan, France, 1491 : 
 died at Longjumeau, near Paris, Dec., 1537. A 
 French marshal and historian. He wrote ‘ ‘ His- 
 toire des choses memorables depuis 1499 jusqu’- 
 en l’an 1521,” etc. 
 
 Fleur d’£pine (tier da-pen'). A story by Count 
 Antony Hamilton. It is a burlesque on the pop- 
 ular taste of the time for Oriental fiction. 
 
 Fleur et Blanchefleur. See Flore et Blanche- 
 fleur. 
 
 Fleurus (fle-riis'). A town in the province of 
 Hainaut, Belgium, 15 miles west of Namur, it 
 is noted for three battles : here Duke Christian of Bruns- 
 wick and Count Mansfeld defeated the Spaniards, Aug. 29, 
 1622 ; the French under Luxembourg defeated the Allies 
 under the Prince of Waldeck, July 1, 1690; and the 
 French under Jourdan defeated the Austrians under Co- 
 burg, June 26, 1794. The battle of Ligny (J une 16, 1815) 
 was also fought in the neighborhood. Population, 7,171. 
 
 Fleury (fle-re'), Andr6 Hercule de. Born at 
 Lod&ve, Herault, France, June 22, 1653: died 
 at Issy, near Paris, Jan. 29, 1743. A French 
 statesman and prelate. He became a member of the 
 council in 1723 and cardinal in 1726, and was prime minis- 
 ter 1726-43. 
 
 Fleury, Claude. Born at Paris, Dec. 6, 1640: 
 died there, July 14, 1723. A noted French ec- 
 clesiastic and historian. His chief work is 
 “ ilistoirc eccl6siastique” (1691-1720). 
 
 Fleury, Emile Felix. Born at Paris, Dec. 23, 
 1815 : died there, Dec. 11, 1884. A French gen- 
 eral and diplomatist. 
 
 Flibbertigibbet (fliMer-ti-jib'et). 1. A fiend 
 named by Edgar in Shakspere’s “King Lear.” 
 — 2. A name given to Dickon Sludge, a char- 
 acter in Scott's novel “ Kenilworth.” 
 
 Fliedner (fled'ner), Theodor. Born at Epstein, 
 Nassau, Prussia, Jan. 21, 1800: died at Kaisers- 
 werth, near Diisseldorf, Prussia, Oct. 4, 1864. A 
 German Protestant clergyman and philanthro- 
 pist. He founded the institution of deaconesses 
 at Kaiserswerth in 1836. 
 
 Fliegende Hollander (fle'gen-de hol'len-der), 
 Der. [‘ The Flying Dutchman.’] An opera by 
 Wagner, produced in Dresden Jan. 2, 1843. The 
 libretto is by Wagner himself, with some sug- 
 gestions from Heine. 
 
 Flight into Egypt, The. A painting by Murillo 
 (about 1648), in the collection of the Duchesse de 
 Gall i era, Paris. The Virgin, mounted on an ass and 
 facing the spectator, looks down at the sleeping Child, 
 whom she holds in her lap. 
 
 Flimnap (flim'nap). The Lilliputian premier in 
 Swift’s “Voyage to Lilliput.” He was designed 
 as a satire on Sir Robert Walpole. 
 
 Flinck (flink), Govaert. Born at Cleves, Prus- 
 sia, Jan. 25, 1615 : died at Amsterdam, Feb. 2, 
 1660. A Dutch painter, a pupil of Rembrandt. 
 Flinders (flin'dferz), Matthew. Born at Bon- 
 ington, Lincolnshire, March 16, 1774: died at 
 London, July 19, 1814. An English navigator. 
 He explored the coast of Australia (1801-03), and published 
 “Voyage to Terra Australis " (1814). 
 
 Flinders Range. A range of mountains in 
 South Australia, north of Spencer Gulf. 
 
 Flint (flint). 1. A maritime county of Wales. 
 It is bounded by the Irish Sea on the north, Cheshire on 
 the east, and Denbigh on the south and west, and is the 
 smallest of the Welsh counties. Area(ad. co.), 254. 7 square 
 miles. Population (pari, co.), 81,700. 
 
 2. A seaport, capital of Flint County, on the 
 Dee estuary 13 miles southwest of Liverpool. 
 Population, 4,625. 
 
 Flint. A river in western Georgia, uniting at 
 the southwestern extremity of the State with 
 the Chattahoochee to form the Appalachicola. 
 Length, about 350 miles. It is navigable to 
 Albany. 
 
 Flint. A city and the capital of Genesee County, 
 Michigan, 56 miles northwest of Detroit. Pop- 
 ulation, 38,550, (1910). 
 
 Flint, Austin. Born at Petersham, Mass., Oct. 
 20, 1812 : died at New York, March 13, 1886. An 
 American physician and medical writer. He was 
 graduated in the medical department of Harvard College 
 in 1833, settled at New York in 1859, and was president 
 of the New York Academy of Medicine 1872-85, and of the 
 American Medical Association in 1884. Among his works 
 are “A Practical Treatise on the Diagnosis, Pathology, and 
 Treatment of Diseases of the Heart ” (1859), “A Treatise on 
 the Principles and Practice of Medicine "(1866), and “ Man- 
 ual of Auscultation and Percussion ” (1876). 
 
 Flint, Austin. Born at Northampton, Mass., 
 March 28, 1836. An American physician and 
 physiologist, son of Austin Flint (1812-86). He 
 was graduated at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, 
 in 1857 ; was appointed professor at the Bellevue Hospital 
 Medical College in 1861 ; was surgeon-general of the State 
 of New York 1874-78 ; and has been professor of physiology 
 at Cornell University Medical College since 1898. He has 
 published “ A Text-Book of Human Physiology " (1876), etc. 
 
 396 
 
 Flint, Sir Clement. A cynical but kind-hearted 
 old bachelor in Burgoyne’s play “ The Heiress.” 
 Flint, Solomon. In Foote’s play “ The Maid of 
 Bath,” a rich, miserly old man. He is described 
 as an “old, fusty, shabby, shuffling, money-loving, water- 
 drinking, mirth-marring, amorous old hunks.” He is in- 
 tended to satirize a Mr. Walter Long, who treated Miss 
 Linley (Mrs. R. B. Sheridan) ungallantly. 
 
 Flint, Timothy. Born at Reading, Mass., July 
 11,1780: diedat Salem, Mass., Aug. 16,1840. An 
 American Congregational clergyman and au- 
 thor. He published “Recollections of Ten Years passed 
 in the Mississippi Valley "(1826), “ Geography and History 
 of the Western States" (1828), etc. 
 
 Flintwinch (flint'winch), Jeremiah. InCharles 
 Dickens’s “Little Dorrit,” the sinister and in- 
 triguing servant of Mrs. Clennam. 
 
 Flip (flip). In Charles Shadwell’s comedy “The 
 Fair Quaker of Deal,” an illiterate commodore. 
 He is a drunken “sea-brute,” contrasted with 
 Mizen the “ sea-fop.” 
 
 Flippant (flip'ant), Lady. In Wycherley’s com- 
 edy “Love in a Wood,” an affected widow. She 
 is on the lookout for a husband, but declaims 
 against marriage. 
 
 Flippanta (fli-pan'ta). In Vanbrugh’s “Con- 
 federacy,” a lady’s-maid. She is shameless and 
 witty. 
 
 Flite (flit), Miss. In Dickens’s “Bleak House,” 
 “a curious little old woman,” deranged by long 
 waiting for the settlement of her suit in chan- 
 cery. 
 
 Floberge (flo-barzh'). The sword of Renaud 
 de Montauban. 
 
 Flodden (flod'n). A hill in Northumberland, 
 England, 12 miles southwest of Berwick. At its 
 base ou Sept. 9, 1513, the English (32,000) under the Earl 
 of SurreydefeatedtheScots(30,000)underJamesIV. The 
 loss of the English was from 3,000 to 4,000 ; that of (he Scots 
 is variously given as from 5,000 to 12,000. The king and 
 many of the nobles were among the slain. 
 
 Flodoard 016-do-ar'), orFrodoard (fro-do-ar'). 
 Born at Epernay, France, 894 : died March 28, 
 966. A French chronicler who was for a time 
 keeper of the episcopal archives at Rheims. 
 He wrote a history of the church of Rheims, and a chroni- 
 cle of France from 919 to 966. 
 
 Flood (flud), Henry. Born 1732 : died at Farm- 
 ley, County Kilkenny, Dec. 2, 1791. An Irish 
 orator and politician. He entered the Irish Parlia- 
 ment in 1759, and was soon recognized as the leader of the 
 opposition. He joined the government forces in 1775, 
 when he was made vice-treasurer of Ireland and given a 
 seat in the Irish privy c< >unciL Removed from these posts 
 in 1781, he returned to the opposition, which now followed 
 the lead of his rival Grattan. He subsequently became a 
 member of the English Parliament. 
 
 Flor (flor), Roger di. Died at Adrianople, 1306 
 (1307 ?). A military adventurer. He was the 
 second son of a German falconer in the service of the em- 
 peror Frederick II., named Robert Blum, who adopted the 
 Italian name of Flor and married an heiress of Brindisi. 
 He entered the order of the Temple, but was degraded 
 from his rank for misconduct at the siege of Acre. He 
 entered the pay of Frederick of Aragon, king of Sicily, who 
 made him vice-admiral of Sicily, and in whose service he 
 gained great distinction. In 1302, at the close of the long 
 war which Frederick waged against the house of Anjou at 
 Naples for the possession of Sicily, he induced the dis- 
 charged mercenaries, mostly Catalans and Aragonese, to 
 enterthe service of the Byzantine emperor Andronicus II. 
 against the Turks. These troops, which constituted an 
 army of 6,000 men known as the Catalan Grand Com- 
 pany, arrived at Constantinople under his leadership 
 in 1303, and in 1304 relieved Philadelphia, w hich was in- 
 vested by the Turks. Roger married Maria, granddaugh- 
 ter of Andronicus II., in 1303, and in 1306 was created 
 Csesar. He was assassinated by George, the general of 
 the Alan mercenaries. 
 
 Flora (flo'ra). [L., from flos (flor-), flower.] 
 1. In early Italian and Roman mythology, the 
 goddess of flowers and spring. — 2. An asteroid 
 (No. 8) discovered by Hind at London, Oct. 18, 
 1847. 
 
 Flora. A painting by Titian, in the Uflizi, 
 Florence. It is a portrait of a woman, half un- 
 draped, with i oosened hair, and flowers in her 
 hand. 
 
 Flora McFlimsey. See McFlimserj. 
 
 Flora Temple (flo'ra tem'pl). A bay trotting 
 mare, foaled in 1845, by a Kentucky hunter, 
 dam Madame Temple. She held the world’s 
 trotting record of 2: 19f for many years. 
 Flordelise, or Flordelis (flor'de-lis). The wife 
 of Brandimart, in both Boiardo’s and Ariosto’s 
 “Orlando.” She searches long for him, rd after his 
 death takes up her abode in his tomb, where she lives till 
 her own death, which soon occurs. 
 
 Flordespina (flor-des-pe'na), or Flordespine 
 
 (fior'des-pln). A princess in both Boiardo’s and 
 Ariosto’s “Orlando.” She loves Bradamant, 
 being deceived by her armor and taking her for 
 a knight. 
 
 Floreal (flo-ra-al'). [Revolutionary F., from 
 "L. flos ( flor-), flower.] The name adopted by 
 
 Florence 
 
 the National Convention of the first French re- 
 public for the eighth month of the year, in the 
 years 1 to 7 it extended from April 20 to May 19 inclusive, 
 and in the years 8 to 13 from April 21 to May 20. 
 
 Flore et Blanchefleur. An early 1 rench met- 
 rical romance of which the theme is the love of 
 a young Christian prince for a Saracen slave- 
 girl who has been brought up with him. she is 
 sold into a fresh captivity to remove her from him, but he 
 follows her and rescues her unharmed from the harem of 
 the Emir of Babylon. (Saint sbury.) Boccaccio used the 
 story in his prose “ II Filocopo." Konrad Fleck translated 
 it into German. There are four English versions known, 
 none perfect. The Early English Text Society has printed 
 one of them. Also known as Fleur et Blanchefleur. 
 Florence (flor'ens). [It. Firenze and formerly 
 Fioreuza, F. Florence, G. Florenz, L. Florentia , 
 flowery city, from florere, bloom, flower, flour- 
 ish.] The capital of the province of Florence, 
 Italy, situated on both sides of the Arno, at the 
 foot of spurs of the Apennines, in lat. 43° 46' 4 / '' 
 N.,long. 11°15' 22" E. (observatory): called “La 
 Bella” ( ‘ tile beautiful’). It is famous for its art col- 
 lections (Uflizi and Pitti Palace galleries), and the beauty 
 of its situation and environs, and has been celebrated for 
 centuries as the leading center of Italian literature and art. 
 Other objects of interest are the Ponte Vecchio; the Piazza 
 della Signoria, on which are the Palazzo Vecchio and the 
 Loggia dei Lanzi ; the Piazza del Duorao, with the cathe- 
 dral, baptistery, and campanile ; the archaeological mu- 
 seum, national museum, academy of fine arts, Dante’s 
 monument, museum of San Marco; the palaces of the 
 Strozzi, Corsini, and others ; the Casclne, Boboli Gardens, 
 and Square Michelangelo. (For the principal churches, 
 •see below.) The city was the birthplace of Dante, the resi- 
 dence of Boccaccio and the Humanists (Bruni, Poggio, etc.), 
 and the scene of the labors of Cimabue, Gioito, Gadai, 
 Aretino, Brunelleschi, Luca della Robbia, Ghiberti, Dona- 
 tello, Lippi, Ghirlandaio, Fra Angelico, Leonardo da Vinci, 
 Raphael, Michelangelo, Andrea del Sarto, and other dis- 
 tinguished artists. Florence rose to prosperity in the 12th 
 century, when the inhabitants of Fiesole removed thither, 
 and in time became a great commercial center. It was 
 the scene of continual struggles between the Guelphs and 
 Ghibellines in the 18th century. It took the leading part 
 in the Renaissance movement. The Medici family be- 
 came paramount under Cosimo de’ Medici in 1434, and 
 Florence was at its height under Lorenzo de’ Medici, 1469- 
 1492, and later. Under the lead of Savonarola it was a 
 “ theocratic republic ” about 1495-98. The Medici, ex- 
 pelled in 1494, were restored in 1512, banished in 1527, 
 and again restored in 1530 after a siege by the emperor 
 Charles V. In 1532 they became dukes of Florence. In 
 1569 the history of Florence merges in that of Tuscany, of 
 which it was the capital. It was the capital of the kingdom 
 of Italy 1865-71. The cathedral (duomo of Santa Maria 
 del Fiore) was begun by Arnolfo di Cambio in 1296. After 
 he had laid the foundations the work was interrupted un- 
 til 1334 when the painter Giotto di Bondone was made 
 architect. He began the campanile and completed the 
 first story with its sculpture. In 1355 Francesco Talenti 
 began the reconstruction of the building on an enlarged 
 plan. Under his superintendence a model was made for 
 the dome. In 1417 the building was completed to the 
 round windows of the drum. The dome itself was built 
 by the architect Bruncllescni, and was completed in 1461. 
 The cathedral is 556 feet in extreme length, 342 feet in ex- 
 treme width, and 382 feet in extreme height. The fa- 
 cade was added by De Fabris in 1875-87. The Church of 
 Santa Croce, begun in 1294 by Arnolfo, is 460 feet long 
 and 134 wide. This is the Pantheon of Florence : among 
 its chief tombs are those of Michelangelo and Leonardo 
 (Bruni) Aretino. Church and cloister are full of monu- 
 ments of artistic or historic interest. Among the frescos 
 are some of Giotto’s finest works, and a fine series of 
 the Nativity by Taddeo Gaddi. San Lorenzo is one of 
 the earliest of Renaissance churches, begun in 1425 by 
 Brunelleschi. It is famous for the monuments by Michel- 
 angelo of Giuliano andLorenzo de’ Medici in its Sagrestia 
 Nuova. Each has a seated idealized statue of the de- 
 ceased in a niche above, and below a sarcophagus on 
 which are two nude, half-reclining figures, one male 
 and one female. The figures on the tomb of Giuliano 
 represent Day and Night ; those on that of Lorenzo, 
 Aurora and Twilight. They are of herculean propor- 
 tions, yet full of repose, and rank among the most famous 
 works of sculpture. The Night has been called Michel- 
 angelo’s masterpiece. Or San Michele is a curious Gothic 
 church, built in 1284 by Arnolfo as a market and granary. 
 It is in three stories, the two upper one9 being vaulted 
 from a massive central column. The open arcades of 
 the original market were closed, and received beautiful 
 traceried windows. Between the arcades are inserted 
 14 niches in marble containing some of the best of Flor- 
 entine statues by Verrocchio, Ghiberti, Donatello, and 
 others. The interior contains the splendid tabernacle of 
 Orcagna in white marble, and beautiful reliefs illustrating 
 the life of the Virgin and the Virtues. San Miniato al 
 Monte is a notable church rebuilt in 1013, and illustrating 
 the transition from the Roman basilica plan to the normal 
 Romanesque. Santa Maria Novella is a church of the 13th 
 century, a fine example of the Italian Pointed. The cam- 
 panile is lofty, with pediments and spire. The glory of 
 the church is its frescos by Cimabue, Ghirlandaio, and 
 Orcagna. The Church of Santa Maria del Carmine 
 is architecturally of little interest since the fire of 1771, 
 but famous for its Brancacci chapel adorned with frescos 
 by Masaccio and Filippino Lippi illustrating the stor- 
 ies of Adam and Eve and of St. Peter. The Badia is 
 the church of a former Benedictine monastery, rebuilt in 
 the 17th century : but the exterior of the 13th-century 
 east end remains almost perfect. The church contains 
 superb sculptured tombs and other works by Mino da 
 Fiesole. The beautiful campanile of Giotto is one of the 
 architectural ornaments of Florence. The Bargeilo, or the 
 palace of the Podesta of the Florentine Republic, built in 
 the 13th century and restored after a fire a century later, 
 is a massive building of hewn stone. The great rooms 
 and halls are splendidly restored in the style of the 14th 
 
Florence 
 
 century, and are appropriated to the Museo Nazionale. 
 The Certosa, or Carthusian monastery, founded in 1341 by 
 Niccolo Acciajuoli and built by Orcagna, but altered in the 
 Renaissance, presents the appearance of a medieval for- 
 tress. The church has an inlaid pavement of marble, good 
 frescos, and handsome carved stalls. Population, com- 
 mune, 227,000. 
 
 Florence. The province in the compartimento 
 of Tuscany, Italy, in which the city of Florence 
 is situated. Area, 2,265 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 991,121. 
 
 Florence. A city in Lauderdale County, in the 
 northwestern corner of Alabama, on the Ten- 
 nessee River. It has iron manufactures. Pop- 
 ulation, 6,689, (1910). 
 
 Florence. A former post-village of Hampshire 
 County, Massachusetts, now a part of the city 
 of Northampton. It is situated on the Mill 
 River and has manufactures of sewing-silli, 
 tooth-brushes, etc. 
 
 Florence, Council of. See Ferrara-Ftorence, 
 Council of. 
 
 Florence, William Jermyn. Bom at Albany, 
 July 26, 1831: died at Philadelphia, Nov. 19, 
 1891. An American comedian. His family name 
 was Conlin. He made his first appearance on the stage iu 
 1849, in Richmond, as Tobias in “The Stranger,” and came 
 to New York in 1850. In 1853 he married Malvina Pray, 
 whose sister married Barney Williams. He wrote several 
 Irish and Yankee plays, and he and his wife began to ap- 
 pear as stars in such plays, he as an Irishman and she as a 
 Yankee girl. Among his best characters were Bob Brierly 
 in “The Ticket-of-Leave Man,” Obenreizer in “No Thor- 
 oughfare,” and the Hon. Bard well Slote in “The Mighty 
 Dollar.” For a time before his death he played with Joseph 
 Jefferson, acting Sir Lucius O’Trigger in “The Rivals," 
 and Zekiel Homespun in “The Heir-at-Law.” 
 
 Florence of Worcester. Died July 7, 1118. 
 An English chronicler, a monk of Worcester. 
 His (Latin) “ Chronicle " (first printed in 1592) is founded 
 on a chronicle of Marianus, an Irish monk, and ends with 
 the year 1117. It has been translated by T. Forester. 
 
 Florencia (flo-ren'the-a), Francisco de. Born 
 in Florida, 1620 : died in Mexico, 1695. A Jesuit 
 author. He was a well-known teacher and preacher in 
 Mexico, and from 1688 was employed in Europe on impor- 
 tant business connected with his order. His most impor- 
 tant work is “Historia de la provincia de la Compafiia de 
 Jesus de Nueva Espafia” (first volume only published in 
 Mexico, 1694). He also published numerous biographical 
 and historical works. 
 
 Flores (flo'rez). In “The Beggar’s Bush,” by 
 Fletcher and others, the son of the King of the 
 Beggars. He becomes a rich merchant at Bruges. He 
 appears also in “The Merchant of Bruges,” an adaptation 
 of the “Beggar’s Bush.” 
 
 Flores (flo'res). The westernmost of the Azores 
 Islands. Its port, Santa Cruz, is situated in lat. 
 39° 27' N., long. 31° 9' W. 
 
 Flores, or Floris (flo'ris) : native name of west- 
 ern part, Mangerai (man-ga-ra'e) ; of eastern 
 part, Ende (en'da). One of the smaller islands 
 of the East India Archipelago, lying south of 
 Celebes and east of Sumoawa. There is a Dutch 
 settlement, Larantuca, on the eastern coast. Area, about 
 6,000 square miles. Population (chiefly Malay), estimated, 
 250,000. 
 
 Flores (flo'raz), Antonio. Born in Quito, 1833. 
 An Ecuadorian statesman. He has been prominent 
 in Congress, has held numerous important diplomatic 
 posts, and as a soldier has taken part in various civil wars, 
 generally on the side of good government. He was presi- 
 dent of Ecuador 1888-92. 
 
 Flores, Cirilo. Born in 1779 : died at Quezal- 
 tenango,Oct. 13, 1826. A Guatemalan politician. 
 He was a liberal leader, president of the constituent as- 
 sembly 1823, and vice-president under Juan Barrundia, 
 Sept., 1824. By the imprisonment of Barrundia, Sept. 6, 
 1826, he became acting president of Guatemala, but was 
 soon after murdered by a mob of religious fanatics. 
 
 Flores, Juan Jos6. Born at Puerto Cabello, 
 Venezuela, July 19, 1800: died in Ecuador, 
 1864. A Spanish- American general and states- 
 man. He was elected the first president of Ecuador in 
 1830. In 1835 he was succeeded by Rocafuerte, but con- 
 tinued virtually to rule as commander of the army, and 
 was reelected president in 1839 and again in 1843. In 1840 
 and 1841 he assisted the government of New Granada 
 against the revolutionists, taking the field in Pasto ; and 
 he suppressed many revolts in Ecuador during his differ- 
 ent terms. In 1845 fresh revolts broke out, and, though 
 the insurgents were beaten, General Flores found it pru- 
 dent to resign. He left the country, and only returned in 
 1863 to take part in the war against the dictator Franco. 
 After Franco’s overthrow Flores accepted the office of vice- 
 president, and in 1864 commanded the army for the sup- 
 pression of a rebellion incited by Franco. 
 
 Flores, Venancio. Born in 1809: assassinated 
 at Montevideo, Feb. 19, 1868. An Uruguayan 
 general and politician. He was a leader of the party 
 called “ Colorados ” in the revolt against Oribe in 1863. 
 He was elected president March, 1854 : hut Oribe com- 
 menced a counter-revolt Sept., 1855, and in the end both 
 Oribe and Mores resigned their claims to prevent further 
 war. Flores retired to Buenos Ayres, where he was an offi- 
 cer under Mitre. Returning in April, 1863, he led the Colo- 
 rados in a revolt against President Berro and his successor 
 Aguirre. Brazil, having declared war against Aguirre, sup- 
 
 397 
 
 ported Flores, and in 1865 Aguirre was forced to resign. 
 Flores was made provisional governor, and in 1866 was 
 elected president of Uruguay. He joined Brazil and the 
 Argentine Republic in the war against Paraguay, taking 
 personal command of his troops in the campaigns of 1865 
 and 1866. 
 
 Flores Sea. That part of tbe ocean lying south 
 of Celebes and north of the chain of islands 
 from Flores to Timor inclusive. 
 
 Florestan (llor'es-tan), Fernando. In Beetho- 
 ven’s opera “ Fidelio,” the husband of Leonora. 
 To save him she disguises herself as a boy, 
 Fidelio. 
 
 Florestine (flo-res-ten'). The goddaughter of 
 Count Alma viva in Molibre’s comedy “ La mere 
 coupable.” 
 
 Florez (flo'reth), Enrique. Born at Valladolid, 
 Spain, Feb. 14, 1701 : died at Madrid, Aug. 20, 
 1773. A Spanish historian and antiquarian. 
 His chief work is “Espafia sagrada, teatro geogr&fico- 
 histdrico de la iglesia de Espafia ” (1747-73). 
 
 Florian (flo'ri-an), Saint. Born in Austria, 
 about 190: martyred by drowning in the Enns 
 near Loreh, 230. A German martyr who be- 
 came about 1183 the patron saint of Poland. 
 His feast is celebrated May 4. 
 
 Florian (flo-ryon'), Jean Pierre. Claris de. 
 Born at the Chateau de Florian, near Anduze, 
 Gard, France, March 6, 1755 : died at Sceaux, 
 near Paris, Sept. 13, 1794. A French romancer, 
 dramatist, and fabulist. His works include “Fables ” 
 (1792), the romances “Galatbe ” (1783b “ Numa Pompilius " 
 (1786), etc. 
 
 Florian’s. A celebrated caf 6 in V enice. it is on 
 the piazza of St. Marco, and is named from its founder, Flo- 
 riano. It is about two hundred years old. It is now the 
 rendezvous chiefly of strangers in Venice, but was formerly 
 the headquarters of the most illustrious men of the city 
 and of Italy. 
 
 Florida (flor'i-da). [From Sp. Florida (pron. 
 flo-re'Da), a name given to the country by Ponce 
 de Leon because he discovered it on Easter day, 
 called in Spanish Pascua florida or de flores, 
 flowery Easter; or, as some say, on account 
 of the profusion of flowers he saw (‘flowery 
 land’).] The southeasternmost State of the 
 United States, capital Tallahassee, bounded 
 by Georgia and Alabama on the north, the 
 Atlantic Ocean on the east, Florida Strait and 
 the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and the Gulf of 
 Mexico and Alabama on the west, it consists chiefly 
 of a peninsula. The surface is generally level. The lead- 
 ing products are corn, tobacco, timber, oranges, and other 
 semi-tropical fruits. It has had a great recent develop- 
 ment as a winter health-resort. The State has 48 counties, 
 sends 2 senators and 4 representatives to Congress, and has 
 6 electoral votes. It was discovered by Ponce de Leon in 
 1513 ; settled by Huguenots in 1562, and permanently set- 
 tled by Spaniards at St. Augustine in 1565 ; and ceded to 
 Great Britain in 1763, to Spain in 1783, and to the United 
 States in 1819. The Americans took possession in 1821. It. 
 was the theater of the Seminole wars. The State was ad- 
 mitted to the Union in 1845, seceded Jan. 10, 1861, and was 
 readmitted in 1868. Area, 58,680 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 752,619, (1910). 
 
 Florida. The first of the commerce-destroyers 
 built in England for the Confederate govern- 
 ment. She left Liverpool March 22, 1862, and received 
 her armament at the Bahamas Aug. 7. Her battery con- 
 sisted of 2 seven-inch and 6 six-inch guns. She ran the 
 blockade into Mobile Sept. 4, 1862, and out Jan. 16, 1803. 
 Her cruising-ground extended from New York to Bahia, 
 Brazil. On Oct. 7, 1864, in the harbor of Bahia, in viola- 
 tion of the rights of neutrals and under the guns of a Bra- 
 zilian corvette, she was captured by the Wachusett (sister 
 ship to the Kearsarge), commanded by Captain Napoleon 
 Collins. She was taken to Hampton Roads, where she was 
 afterward sunk by a collision, 
 
 Florida-Blanca (flo-re'Da-blan'ka), Count of 
 (Jos6 Monino). Born at Murcia, Spain, 1728: 
 died at Seville, Spain, Nov. 20, 1808. A Spanish 
 statesman, premier 1777-92. 
 
 Florida Keys (flor'i-da kez). A group of small 
 islands and reefs south of Florida, extending in 
 a crescent-shaped chain from near Oape Florida 
 to the Dry Tortugas. They belong to Monroe 
 and Dade counties, Florida. 
 
 Florida Strait. A sea passage separating Flor- 
 ida from Cuba and the Bahamas, and connect- 
 ing the Gulf of Mexico with the Atlantic Ocean. 
 It is traversed by the Gulf Stream. 
 
 Floridia (flo-re'de-a). A town in the province 
 of Syracuse, Sicily, 7 miles west of Syracuse. 
 Population, 12,067. 
 
 Florimel (flor'i-mel). 1. Iu Spenser’s “Faerie 
 Queene,” a chaste and “goodly’ lady, represent- 
 ing the complete charm of womanhood. A coun- 
 terfeit Florimel was made of snow, mixed with “ fine mer- 
 cury and virgin wax,” by a witch. It was impossible to tell 
 the real from the false Florimel. The latter created much 
 mischief till the enchantment was dissolved and she melted 
 into nothingness. The real Florimel loved Marinel, but 
 her love was not returned. He finally, however, relented 
 and married her. The real Florimel had a girdle, the ces- 
 tns of Venus, lost by her when she yielded to Mars. It 
 could be worn by no woman who was unchaste. 
 
 Flower, Roswell Pettibone 
 
 2. The principal character in Fletcher and Row- 
 ley’s “ Maid in the Mill.” To disgust an unwelcome 
 lover who decoys her to his house, she assumes the role 
 of an abandoned woman. She is rescued, and her inno- 
 cence is proved. 
 
 3. In Dryden’s play “The Maiden Queen,” a 
 maid of honor and a saucy flirt. This was one 
 of Nell Gwyn’s best characters. See Celadon. 
 
 Florinda (flo-rin'dii). The principal female 
 character in Sheil’s tragedy “The Apostate.” 
 Florinda. In Spanish tradition, the daughter of 
 Count J ulian, the governor of Ceuta. See Mian. 
 Florio (flo'ri-6), John. Born at London about 
 1553 : died at Fulham, near London, 1625. An 
 English lexicographer and author, son of an 
 Italian who settled in England. He published 
 “ First Fruits, etc. “(dialogues in English and Italian, 1578), 
 “ Second Fruits, etc.” (mainly dialogues, 1591), and an 
 Italian-English dictionary called “A Worlde of Wordes" 
 (1598), which was issuedagain, revised and enlarged, under 
 the title “Queen Anna’s New World of Words ” (1611). He 
 also translated Montaigne’s “ Essays ” (1603). 
 
 Floripes. In the Charlemagne romances, the 
 sister of Sir Fierabras, and wife of Guy, the 
 nephew of Charlemagne. 
 
 Floris (flo'ris) (De Vriendt), Frans. Bom at 
 Antwerp about 1520: died at Antwerp, Oct. 1, 
 1570. A Flemish painter. 
 
 Florismart (flor'is-mart). One of Charle- 
 magne’s peers, the friend of Roland . 
 
 Florizel ( flor'i-zel). 1 . The Prince of Bohemia, 
 in love with Perdita, in Shakspere’s “ Winter’s 
 Tale.” SeeDorastus . — 2. Anickname of George 
 IV., from the fact that he assumed this name, 
 when Prince of Wales, in his letters to Mrs. 
 Robinson, an actress who had made a hit in 
 the part of Perdita. 
 
 Florizel, or Florisel, de ITiquea. One of the 
 
 supplemental parts of the romance “Amadis 
 of Gaul,” by Feliciano de Silva. Florizel is the 
 son of Amadis of Greece and Niquea. 
 
 Florizel and Perdita. A stage adaptation , by 
 Garrick, of Shakspere’s “Winter’s Tale.” It 
 was produced Jan. 21, 1756. Garrick played 
 Leontes. . 
 
 Floras (flo'rus). Lived at the beginning of the 
 2d century a. D. A Roman historian, author 
 of ai> abridgment of Roman history to the 
 time of Augustus (“Epitome de gestis Romano- 
 rum”), founded chiefly on Livy. He has been 
 (incorrectly?) identified with the rhetorician 
 and poet P. Annius Floras. 
 
 Floras, sumamed Magister and Diaconus. 
 Died about 860. A Roman Catholic theologian . 
 He was head of the cathedral school at Lyons. He at- 
 tacked Johannes Scotus Erigena in a work entitled “Ad- 
 versus J. S. Erigena: erroneas deflnitiones liber. ’’ Among 
 his other works is a volume of miscellaneous poems enti- 
 tled “Carmina varia.” 
 
 Floras, Gessius. A Roman procurator of Judea. 
 He was a native of Clazomeme, and was appointed in 64 
 or 65 A. D. through the influence of his wife Cleopatra 
 with the empress Poppsea. His rapacity and cruelty pro- 
 voked the last rebellion of the Jews, which resulted in 
 the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus in the year 70. 
 
 Flotow (flo'to), Friedrich von. Born at 
 Teutendorf, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany, 
 April 26, 1812: died at Darmstadt, Germany, 
 Jan. 23, 1883. A German composer of operas. 
 His works include “Alessandro Stradella” (1837 : rewritten 
 1844), “Le Naufrage de la Mfiduse ” (1839), “Martha, 
 oder der Markt zu Richmond" (1847), “India” (1853), 
 “L’Ombre " (1869 : reproduced in London as “The Phan- 
 tom ’’). 
 
 Flourens (flo-roh'), Gustave. Born at Paris, 
 Aug. 4, 1838: killed at Rueil, near Paris, April 
 3, 1871. A French social democrat and politi- 
 cal writer, son of M. J. P. Flourens : a member 
 of the Commune in 1871. 
 
 Flourens, Leopold Emile. Bom at Paris, April 
 27, 1841. A French politician, son of Marie Jean 
 Pierre Flourens. He was director of public worship 
 1879-81 and 1882-85, and was minister of foreign affairs 
 1886-88. 
 
 Flourens, Marie Jean Pierre. Born at Mau- 
 reilhan, Heraiilt, France, April 15, 1794: died 
 at Montgeron, near Paris, Dec. 6, 1867. A cele- 
 brated French physiologist. He became professor 
 of comparative anatomy at the Royal Botanical Garden in 
 Paris in 1830, and in 1832 at the museum. In 1833 he 
 became perpetual secretary of the Academy of Sciences, 
 and in 1840 was elected a member of the French Academy. 
 His works include “ Experiences sur le systfeme nerveux ” 
 (1825), “De la longbvite "(1864), etc. 
 
 Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces; or, the 
 
 Wedlock, Death, and Marriage of Advocate 
 Siebenkiis. A work by J, P. F. Richter, pub- 
 lished 1796-97. 
 
 Plower, Roswell Pettibone. Born at Theresa, 
 Jefferson County, N. Y., Aug. 7, 1835: died at 
 Eastport, Long Island, N. Y., May 12, 1899. An 
 American politician. He was a Democratic member 
 of Congress from New York 1881-83 and 1889-91, and was 
 governor of New York 1891-94. 
 
Flower, Sir William Henry 
 
 Flower, Sir William Henry. Born at Strat- 
 ford-on-Avon, Nov. 30, 1831: died at London, 
 July 1, 1899. A distinguished English zoologist. 
 He studied medicine at University College, London, served 
 as an army assistant surgeon in the Crimean war, and, re* 
 turning to London, held various official positions till, in 
 1881, lie was appointed director o £ the natural history de- 
 partment of the British Museum, now located at South 
 Kensington. He was made K. C. B. in 1892. He wrote “Os- 
 teology of the Mammalia," and many scientific memoirs. 
 
 Flower and the Leaf, The. A poem added by 
 Speght to his edition of Chaucer (1598). it 
 professes to be written by a gentlewoman who pays hom- 
 age to the “worth that wears the laurel.” It is believed 
 from internal evidence not to he Chaucer s. There were two 
 pieces on this subject written by Eustache Deschamps, the 
 nephew of Machault, sometimes attributed to the latter. 
 Dryden produced a version of “The Flower and the Leaf,” 
 but it lacks the simplicity and concentrated feeling of the 
 earlier poem. 
 
 Flower of Courtesy, The. A poem attributed 
 to Chaucer by Thynne, assigned by Stow to 
 Lydgate. 
 
 Flower of Kings, The. A surname of King 
 Arthur. 
 
 Flowery Kingdom, The. China (which see). 
 Floyd (floid), John Buchanan. [The surname 
 Floyd , like Find, Fludd, is another form of the 
 Welsh name Lloyd .] Bom in Pulaski County, 
 Va., 1807 : died at Abingdon, Va., Aug. 26, 1863. 
 An American politician and Confederate gen- 
 eral. He was governor of Virginia 1850-53; wasappointed 
 secretary of war in 1857 and resigned in Dec., I860; com- 
 manded at Fort Donelson, escaped Feb. 16, 1862, and was 
 relieved of his command. 
 
 Floyd, William. Born in Suffolk County, N.Y., 
 Dee. 17, 1734: died at Western, Oneida County, 
 N. Y., Aug. 4, 1821. An American politician, 
 a signer of the Declaration of Independence. 
 Floyer (floi'er), Sir John. Born at Hintes, 
 Staffordshire, 1649: died at Lichfield, Feb. 1, 
 1734. An English physician and author. He 
 wrote “Treatise on the Asthma” (1698), “4>appaxo-Bdo-a- 
 l os ’’ (1687, 1690), etc. Several of his works were “ printed 
 for ’’ the father of Hr. Samuel Johnson. 
 
 Fludd (flud), or Flud, Robert. Born at Bear- 
 sted, Kent, 1574: died at London, Sept. 8, 1637. 
 An English physician and mystical philosopher. 
 He wrote several treatises in defense of the 
 fraternity of the Rosy Cross. 
 
 Fliielen (flii'e-len). A lake port in 1 h»‘ canton 
 of Uri, Switzerland, at the southern extremity 
 of Lake Lucerne, on the St. Gotthard Railway. 
 Fluellen (flo-el'en). [Another form of the W. 
 Llewelyn .] In Shakspere’s “ Henry V.,” a pe- 
 dantic but courageous Welsh captain. 
 
 Fliigel (flii'gel), Gustav Lebrecht. Born at 
 Bautzen, Saxony, Feb. 18, 1802: died at Dres- 
 den, July 5, 1870. A German Orientalist. He 
 catalogued the Oriental manuscripts in the Vienna library. 
 His chief work is an edition of the dictionary of Haji- 
 Khalfa (1835-58). 
 
 Fliigel, Johann Gottfried. Born at Barby, 
 near Magdeburg, Prussia, Nov. 22, 1788: died 
 at Leipsic, June 24, 1855. A German lexicog- 
 rapher. He was lector of English at the University of 
 Leipsic, and consul of the United States in that city. His 
 c hief work is a “Complete English-German and German- 
 English Dictionary ” (1830). 
 
 Flume (flom). The. A gorge in the Franconia 
 Mountains, in Lincoln, Grafton County, New 
 Hampshire, noted for its picturesqueness. At 
 one point it is only about 10 feet in width. 
 Flushing (flush 'ing). [Dutch Vlissingen, F. 
 Flessinguc. ] A seaport and sea-bathing resort 
 in the province of Zealand, Netherlands, on the 
 southern coast of the island of Walcheren, sit- 
 uated at the mouth of the West Schelde in lat. 
 51° 27' N., long. 3° 36' E. A line of steamers plies 
 between Flushing and Queenborough in England. It 
 took a leading part in the war of independence (1572), and 
 was bombarded and taken by the British in 1809. Popu- 
 lation, 18,893. 
 
 Flushing. A village and town in Queens 
 County, Long Island, New York, situated on 
 Flushing Bay, Long Island Sound. It has been 
 incorporated in the city of New York. Popu- 
 lation, about 16,500, (1910). 
 
 Flute (flot). In Shakspere’s “ Midsummer 
 Night’s Dream,” a bellows-mender. He plays 
 the part of Thisbe in the interpolated play. 
 Flutter (flut'er). In Mrs. Cowley’s comedy 
 “ The Belle’s Stratagem,” a good-natured, irre- 
 sponsible beau, devoted to telling gossiping 
 stories about which he remembers correctly 
 everything except the facts. 
 
 Flutter, Sir Fopling. In Etherege’s com- 
 edy ‘ ‘ The Man of Mode, or Sir Fopling Flut- 
 ter,” an affected and fashionable fop. He is in- 
 tended to imitate Hewit, the reigning exquisite of the 
 hour. According to his own account, a complete gentle- 
 man " ought to dress well, dance well, fence well, have a 
 genius for love lett ers, an agreeable voice for a chamber, be 
 very amorous, something discreet, but not over-constant.” 
 
 398 
 
 Fly (fll). In Ben Jonson’s comedy “ The New 
 Inn,” a parasite of the inn. He had been a stroll- 
 ing gipsy, but was promoted to be “inflamer of reckon- 
 ings " for the landlord — a euphemism for making out 
 the bills. 
 
 Fly. A large river in the southern part of New 
 Guinea, which empties into the Gulf of Papua. 
 It rises in Victor Emmanuel Mts., and is navi- 
 gable for upward of 600 miles. 
 
 Flygare. See Car/e'n. 
 
 Flying Childers (fli'ing chil'derz). A bay 
 race-horse, a descendant of Darley’s Arabian, 
 foaled in England about 1715. He was never 
 beaten. 
 
 Flying Dutchman, The. 1. In the supersti- 
 tions qf seamen, a spectral ship supposed to 
 haunt the seas in stormy weather near the 
 Cape of Good Hope. There are various legends as to 
 the reason why it can never enter port. See Vanderdecken. 
 2. See Fliegende Hollander, Der. 
 
 Flying-fish, The. See Piscis Yolans. 
 
 Fochabers (foch'a-berz). A village in Moray- 
 shire, Scotland, situated on the Spey 10 miles 
 east-southeast of Elgin. It has an important edu- 
 cational institution, and Gordon Castle, the seat of the 
 Duke of Richmond and Gordon, is in the neighborhood. 
 
 Fcedera. [L., ‘ Treaties.’] A work, edited by 
 Thomas Rymer, intended to contain all the ex- 
 isting documents relating to alliances and state 
 transactions between England and other coun- 
 tries from 1101 to the time of publication. He 
 
 died after having issued 15 volumes(1704-13).but left mate- 
 rial down to the end of the reign of James I. This was 
 edited by his assistant, Robert Sanderson, who issued two 
 volumes in 1715-17, and the last three in 1726-35. This 
 brought it down to 1654. The complete title is “ Fcedera, 
 Conventioues, Literse, et cujuscumque generis Acta Pub- 
 lica inter Reges Anglise et alios quosvis Imperatores, Re- 
 ges, Pontifices, Principes, vel communitates, ab ineunte 
 Sseculo Duodecimo, viz. ab anno 1101, ad nostra usque 
 Tempora habita aut tractata.” It is usually known as 
 “Rymer’s Foedera.” See Rymer. 
 
 Fogaras (fo'go-rosh). The capital of the 
 county of Fogaras, Hungary, situated on the 
 Aluta in lat. 45° 47' N., long. 24° 54' E. Pop- 
 ulation, 6,457. 
 
 Fogelberg (fo'gel-berG), Bengt Erland. Born 
 
 at Gothenburg, Sweden, Aug. 8, 1786 : died at 
 Triest, Austria-Hungary, Dee. 22, 1854. A Swe- 
 dish sculptor. His subjects were taken chiefly 
 from Scandinavian and Greek mythology. 
 
 Foggia (fod'jii). 1. A province in the com- 
 partiinento of Apulia, Italy, lying along the 
 Adriatic. Former name, Capitanata. Area, 
 2,688 square miles. Population, 454,095. — 2. 
 The capital of the province of Foggia, situated 
 in the Apulian plain in lat. 41° 28' N., long. 15° 
 32' E. It has a cathedral, built about the end of the 12 th 
 century. Here Manfred, regent of the Two Sicilies, assisted 
 by the Saracens, defeated the papal troops, Dec. 2, 1254 . 
 Population, commune, 53,151. 
 
 Foggo (fog'o), James. Born at London, June 
 11, 1789 : died there, Sept. 14, 1860. A British 
 historical painter. 
 
 Fogo (fo'go). A volcanic island of the Cape 
 Verd group, intersected by lat. 15° N., long. 
 24° 30' W. 
 
 F6hr (fer). One of the North Frisian Islands, 
 situated in the North Sea 40 miles west-north- 
 west of Schleswig, belonging to the province 
 of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia. 
 
 Foible (foi'bl). In Congreve’s comedy “The 
 Way of the World,” the intriguing waiting- 
 woman of Lady Wishfort. 
 
 Foigard (fwa-gar'). In Farquhar’s “Beaux’ 
 Stratagem,” a vulgar Irishman who pretends 
 to be a French priest to further his villainies. 
 He is discovered by his brogue. After the first repre- 
 sentations the part of Count Bellair was cut out, and his 
 words were added to the part of Foigard. 
 
 Foix (fwa). [From L. Fuxum .] An ancient 
 government of southern France, corresponding 
 nearly to the department of Ariege. it formed 
 a countship in the middle ages, and was ruled by the 
 Foix family from the 11th century. It was annexed to Na- 
 varre in 1484, and passed to France with Navarre in 1589. 
 
 Foix. The capital of the department of Ari&ge, 
 France, on the Ariege 44 miles south of Tou- 
 louse: formerly the capital of the county of Foix. 
 It has a picturesque castle. Population, com- 
 mune, 6,750. 
 
 Foix, Gaston, Comte de: surnamed Phoebus. 
 Born 1331: died 1391. Count of Foix 1343-91. 
 He derived his surname either from the beauty of his per- 
 son or fi om a golden sun which he bore in his escutcheon. 
 He fought against the English in 1345, and assisted in the 
 rescue of the royal princesses from the Jacquerie at Maux 
 in 1358. He maintained a splendid court, which has been 
 described by Froissart, and was passionately fond of the 
 chase, on the subject of which he wrote a treatise known 
 as “Miroir de Phehus des dOduicts de la chasse, etc.” 
 
 Foix, Gaston de (1489-1512). See Nemours, 
 Due de. 
 
 Foix, Paul de. Born 1528 : died at Rome, May 
 
 Follen, Karl 
 
 15, 1584. A French diplomatist and prelate, 
 made archbishop of Toulouse in 1576. He was 
 ambassador at the court of Queen Elizabeth of England 
 1561-65, negotiating the treaty of Troyes. Later he at- 
 tempted to negotiate a marriage between Elizabeth and 
 the Duke of Anjou. From 1579 until his death he was 
 ambassador at Rome. Some of his diplomatic letters 
 have been published. 
 
 Foix, Raymond Roger, Comte de. Ruled 
 1188-1223. He accompanied Philip Augustus to the 
 Holy Land in 1190. He afterward supported Raymond 
 of Toulouse and the Albigenses against the Crusaders 
 under Simon de Montfort. 
 
 Foix, Roger Bernard, Comte de: surnamed 
 “The Great.” Ruled 1223—41, son of Raymond 
 Roger. He continued the alliance of his father with the 
 house of Toulouse against the Crusaders in the wars of the 
 Albigenses. He was in 1229 forced to make his submis- 
 sion to the crown, which had taken up the cause of the 
 Crusaders. He eventually assumed the monastic habit, 
 and died in the abbey of Bolbone. 
 
 Foix, Roger Bernard, Comte de. Ruled 1265- 
 1303. He was noted as a troubadour. He carried on 
 unsuccessful wars against Philip III. of France and Peter 
 III. of Aragon, and became involved in a feud with the 
 house of Armagnac. 
 
 Foker (fo'ker), Harry. In Thackeray’s novel 
 “Pendennis,” a school friend of Arthur Pen- 
 dennis. 
 
 Fokien. See Fuhkien. 
 
 Fokshani (fok-shii'ne). A city in Rumania, 
 situated on the river Milkov in lat. 45° 45' N., 
 long. 27° 10' E. Here the Austrians and Russians un- 
 der Coburg and Suvaroft defeated the Turks, July 31, 1789. 
 Population, 24,652. 
 
 Folard (fo-lar'), Jean Charles, Chevalier de. 
 Born at Avignon, France, Feb. 13, 1669: died 
 at Avignon, March 23, 1752. A French soldier 
 and military writer. He wrote “ Histoire de Polybe 
 avec commentaires ” (1727-30 : best edition 1753), “ Nou- 
 velles d^couvertes sur la guerre ” (1T24), etc. 
 
 Foldvar (feld'var). See Duna-Foldvar. 
 Folengo (fo-len'go), Teofilo: pseudonym Mer- 
 lino Coccajo. Born at Cipada, a former vil- 
 lage near Mantua, Italy, Nov. 8, 1491 : died at 
 Santa Croce di Campese, near Bassano, Dec. 9, 
 1544. An Italian poet, especially noted as an 
 early and successful cultivator of macaronic 
 verse. He became a Benedictine at sixteen years of age, 
 hut abandoned the order for a wandering and licentious 
 life in 1515, returning to it later. 
 
 Foley (fo'li), John Henry. Born at Dublin, 
 May 24, 1818: died at Hampstead, near Lon- 
 don, Aug. 27, 1874. An Irish sculptor. Among 
 his more notable statues are those of Egeria and Caracta- 
 cus, and the equestrian statues of Canning, Hardinge, and 
 Outram. 
 
 Folgefond (lol'ge-fon). A plateau of ice and 
 snow in southwestern Norway, near the Har- 
 danger Fjord, in lat. 60° N. Height, 3,000- 
 5,000 feet. 
 
 Folger (fol'jer), Charles James. Born at Nan- 
 tucket, Mass., April 16, 1818: died at Geneva, 
 N. Y., Sept. 4, 1884. An American jurist and 
 politician . He was judge of the New York Court of Ap- 
 peals 1871-81, and was secretary of the United States trea- 
 sury 1881-84, under President Arthur. He was defeated as 
 candidate for governor of New York in 1882 (by Cleve- 
 land) by a majority of nearly 200,000. 
 
 Foligno (fo-len'yo), or Fuligno (fo-len'yo). A 
 cathedral town in the province of Perugia, Italy, 
 19 miles southeast of Perugia : the ancient Ful- 
 ginium or Fulginia. Population, 9,511. 
 
 Folio (fo'lio), Tom. The name in the “ Tatler,” 
 No. 158, under which Addison is said to have 
 introduced Thomas Rawlinson. 
 Foliot(fol'i-ot), Gilbert. Died in 1187. An Eng- 
 lish prelate. After having been successively prior of 
 Cluny, prior (?) of Abbeville, and abbot of Gloucester, he 
 was appointed bishop of Hereford in 1147, and in 1163 was 
 translated to the.see of London. He was a favorite of Henry 
 II. and a bitter opponent of the primate Thomas Becket, 
 by whom he was twice excommunicated. 
 
 Folkes (folks), Martin. Born at London, Oct. 
 29, 1690: died June 28, 1754. An English anti- 
 quary, and writer on numismatics. 
 Folkestone, or Folkstone (fok'ston). A sea- 
 port and watering-place in Kent, England, sit- 
 uated on the Strait of Dover 7 miles west-south- 
 west of Dover. It is the terminus of a steam-packet 
 route to Boulogne. It was the birthplace of Dr. William 
 Harvey. Population, 30,650. 
 
 Follati. See Atfalali. 
 
 Follen (fol'len), Latinized Follenius (fo-le'ni- 
 us), August, later Adolf Ludwig. Born at 
 Giessen, Germany, Jan. 21, 1794: died at Bern, 
 Switzerland, Dec. 26, 1855. A German poet. 
 He edited “Bildersaal deutscher Diehtung” 
 (1828-29). 
 
 Follen, Karl. Born at Romrod, Upper Hesse. 
 Germany, Sept. 3, 1795: lost in Long Isl- 
 and Sound, Jan. 13, 1840. A German-Amer- 
 ican clergyman and writer, brother of A. L. 
 Follen. He was driven from Germany, and finally from 
 
Follen, Karl 
 
 399 
 
 Switzerland, on political grounds, and in 1830 became pro- 
 fessor of German at Harvard College. He perished in the 
 burning of a Sound steamer. 
 
 Folles Avoines. See Menominee. 
 
 Follett (fol'et), Sir William Webb. Born at 
 Topsham, near Exeter, England, Dec. 2, 1798: 
 died at London, June 28, 1845. An English ju- 
 rist. He was solicitor-general 1 834-55 and 1841— 
 1844, and attorney-general 18 44 - 1 5. 
 
 Folliott, Dr. One of the principal characters 
 in Peacock’s “Crotchet Castle.” 
 
 Folly wit (fol' i-wit). A gay young prodigal 
 whose tricks upon his grandfather, Sir Bounte- 
 ous Progress, form the plot of Middleton’s 
 comedy “ A Mad World, My Masters.” 
 
 Fomalhaut (fo'mal-o). [Ar. fum al-hiit, mouth 
 of the fish.] The name in general use for the 
 1.3 magnitude star a Piscis Australis. 
 
 Fonblanque (fon-blangk'), Albany. Born at 
 London, 1793: died there, Oct. 13, 1872. An 
 English journalist. He was editor of the London 
 “Examiner," and his “England under Seven Administra- 
 tions " (1837) is a collection of the best of his articles pub- 
 lished originally in that newspaper. 
 
 Fonblanque, JohnSamuel Martin de Grenier. 
 
 Bom at London, March, 1787 : died at London, 
 Nov. 3, 1865. An English soldier and lawyer, 
 brother of Albany Fonblanque. He took part m 
 the War of 1812, was present at the capture of Washing- 
 ton, and was taken prisoner at New Orleans. He wrote, 
 with J. A. Paris, “Medical Jurisprudence” (1823). 
 
 Fond du Lac (fondulak). [F., ‘foot of the 
 lake.’] A city and the capital of Fond du Lac 
 County, Wisconsin, situated at the southern 
 end of Lake Winnebago, 60 miles north-north- 
 west of Milwaukee. It has a large trade in 
 lumber. Population, 18,797, (1910). 
 
 Fondi (fon'de). A town in the province of 
 Caserta, Italy, 56 miles northwest of Naples: 
 the ancient Fundi. It was noted in ancient times 
 for the Caecuban wine, and has some ancient and medieval 
 remains. It was burned by Khair-ed-Din (EarbarosBa) in 
 1534. Population, 9,930. 
 
 Fondlewife (fon'dl-wlf). In Congreve’s comedy 
 “The Old Bachelor,” a doting old man, de- 
 ceived by his outwardly quiet and submissive 
 
 middle ages one of the chief residences of the kings of 
 France. It is of great extent, the buildings, which dis- 
 play various types of Renaissance architecture, inclosing 
 six courts. The chief entrance is by a monumental flight 
 of steps of horseshoe plan. The apartments, magnificent 
 in their decoration and furnishings, were fitted up under 
 different reigns since that of Francis I., and are of great 
 historic and artistic interest as preserving intact their 
 original character. Some of the mural paintings are by 
 Primaticcio. The gardens are fine, and the park and forest 
 world-famous. This was the favorite residence of Napo- 
 leon I., who abdicated here in 1814. The forest of Fon- 
 tainebleau (42,500 acres) is considered the most beautiful 
 in France. It has become the resort of the modern French 
 school of landscape-painters, many of them living at Bar- 
 bison, Chailly, Marlotte, and other villages near. Among 
 the original painters of this school, which was founded by 
 Theodore Rousseau, are Corot, Duprd, Daubigny, and Diaz. 
 Troyon, Francois Millet, Courbet, Charles LeRoux, Fleury, 
 V6ron, Flers, Eugene Lavielle, Riou, and many others are 
 noted exponents of its style. The revocation of the Edict 
 of Nantes was signed at Fontainebleau in 1685, as were also 
 the peace preliminaries between Great Britain, France, 
 Spain, and Portugal in 1762. Population, commune, 14,190. 
 
 Fontainebleau, Peace of. A treaty concluded 
 at Fontainebleau, Nov. 8, 1785, between the em- 
 peror and the Dutch. The former renounced his 
 claim to the right of free navigation of the Schelde beyond 
 his own dominion, as well as his pretension to Maestricht 
 and the adjacent territories, receiving 10,000,000 guilders 
 as compensation. 
 
 Fontaines (ton-tan'), Comtesse de (Marie 
 Louise Charlotte de Pelard de Givry). Died 
 in 1730. A French novelist, she wrote “Histoire 
 d’Amdnophys, prince de Lydie” (1725), “Histoire de la 
 comtesse de Savoie ” (1726), etc. Her complete works 
 were published in 1812. 
 
 Fontana (fon-ta/na), Carlo. Born at Bruciato, 
 near Como, Italy, about 1634: died at Rome, 
 1714. An Italian architect. 
 
 Fontana, Domenico. Born at Mili, near Como, 
 Italy, 1543: died at Naples, 1607. An Italian 
 architect. He erected the obelisk near St. Pe- 
 ter’s in 1586, and built the Lateran Palace, Vati- 
 can Library, etc. 
 
 Fontana, Lavinia. Born at Bologna, Italy, 
 about 1552 : died at Bologna, 1614. An Italian 
 portrait-painter, daughter of Prospero Fontana. 
 
 Fontana, Prospero. ~ Born at Bologna, Italy, 
 about 1512: died at Rome, 1597. An Italian 
 
 wife. 
 
 Fondlove (fond'luv), Sir William. An am- 
 orous, garrulous old gentleman in Sheridan 
 Knowles’s comedy “The Love Chase.” He is 
 pursued by the widow Green. 
 
 Fonseca (fon-sa'ka), Gulf or Bay of. An inlet 
 of the Pacific, bordering on San Salvador, Hon- 
 duras, and Nicaragua. Length, about 45 miles. 
 Also called Gulf of Conchagua. 
 
 Fonseca, Juan Rodriguez de. Bom at Toro, 
 near Seville, 1441: died at Burgos, Nov. 4, 
 1524. A Spanish ecclesiastic and administrator. 
 He was successively archdeacon of Seville, bishop of 
 Badajoz, Palencia, and Conde, archbishop of Rosario in 
 Italy, and bishop of Burgos, besides being head chaplain 
 to Queen Isabella and afterward to Ferdinand. He is 
 known principally for the control which he exercised over 
 all business relating to the New World. This began with 
 the preparations for the second voyage of Columbus in 
 1493, and, except during the regency of Ximenes, was 
 continued until his death. The Council of the Indies was 
 organized by him in 1511, and he was its first chief. Bishop 
 Fonseca opposed Columbus, Cortds, and Las Casas in many 
 matters, and he used his position unscrupulously for the 
 benefitof himself and his friends. He favored Magalhaes. 
 Fonseca (fon-sa'ka,) , Manuel Deodoro da. Born 
 in Alagoas, Aug. 5, 1827 : died at Rio de Janeiro, 
 Aug. 23, 1892. A Brazilian general and politi- 
 cian. In 1889, having been lightly punished for alleged 
 insubordination, he joined other military malcontents in a 
 plot against the government. The emperor, Pedro II. , was 
 deposed(Nov. 15, 1889) and a republic proclaimed, Fonseca 
 being placed at the head of the provisional government. 
 A constitutional assembly met Jan. 20, 1891, adopted a fed- 
 eral constitution, and on F eb. 25 elected Fonseca president 
 for four years. He opened the first legislative congress 
 June 15, 1891, but a violent opposition to the government 
 was soon manifested, and congress was dissolved by the 
 president Nov. 4. Opposition and disorder continued, and 
 on Nov. 23 Fonseca was forced to resign, the vice-presi- 
 dent, Peixoto, taking his place. 
 
 Fonseca (fon-sa'ka), Marchioness of (Eleo- 
 nora Pimentel). Born at Naples about 1768 
 (1758?) : died at Naples, July 20, 1799. A Nea- 
 politan patriot. She married the Marquis of Fonseca 
 in 1784. She sympathized with the French republicans, 
 and was an active adherent of the popular party in Naples. 
 During the ascendancy of the latter 1798-99 she founded 
 and edited the anti-royalist “ Monitore Napoletano.” She 
 was executed on the restoration of the Neapolitan mon- 
 archy. 
 
 Fontaine, Jean de la. See La Fontaine. 
 Fontaine (fon-tan'), Pierre Francois Leo- 
 nard. Born at I’ontoise, near Paris, Sept. 20, 
 1762 : died at Paris, Oct. 10, 1853. A French 
 architect, a collaborator of Percier. Ho exe- 
 cuted the Arch of the Carrousel (Paris), etc. 
 Fontainebleau (fon-tan-blo'). A town in the 
 department of Seine-et-Marne, France, 37 miles 
 south-southeast of Paris. The palace was from the 
 
 painter. 
 
 Fontanes (fon-tan'), Marquis Louis de. Born 
 at Niort, France, March 6, 1757 : died at Paris, 
 March 17, 1821. A French politician and poet, 
 made president of the Corps Legislatif in 1804. 
 His collected works were published in 1839. 
 
 The chief importance of Fontanes in literature is derived 
 not from any performances of his own, but from the fact 
 that lie was appointed intermediary between Napoleon 
 and the men of letters of the time, and was able to exer- 
 cise a good deal of useful patronage. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 401. 
 
 Fontanges (fon-tonzh'), Duchesse de (Marie 
 Angelique de Scorailie de Roussille). Born 
 1661: died at Paris, June 28, 1681. A mistress 
 of Louis XIV. 
 
 Fontarabia. See Fuenterrabia. 
 
 Fontenailles (font-nay'), or Fontenay. A vil- 
 lage in the department of Yonne, France, near 
 Auxerre : the ancient Fontanetum. Here, in 841, 
 Charles the Bald and Louis the German defeated the em- 
 peror Lothaire. 
 
 Fontenay-le-Comte(f6ht-uaTc-k6ht'). A town 
 in the department of Vendee, France, 27 miles 
 northeast of La Rochelle. It suffered in the Hu- 
 guenot and Vendean wars. Population, com- 
 mune, 10,326. 
 
 Fontenelle (foitt-nel'), Bernard le Bovier de. 
 
 Born at Rouen, France, Feb. 11, 1657: died at 
 Paris, Jan. 9, 1757. A French advocate, philoso- 
 pher, poet, and miscellaneous writer. He was 
 the nephew (through his mother) of Corneille, and was 
 “one of the last of the Pricieux, or rather the inventor of 
 a new combination of literature and gallantry which at 
 first exposed him to not a little satire ” ( Saintsbury ). He 
 wrote “ Poesies pastorales ’’ (1688), “ Dialogues des molts " 
 (1083), “Entretiens sur la plurality des mondes” (1686), 
 “Histoire des oracles ” (1687), “Eloges des acadCmiciens ’’ 
 (delivered 1099-1740). 
 
 Fontenoy (font-nwa'). A village in the prov- 
 ince of Hainaut, Belgium, 5 miles southeast of 
 Tournai. Here, May 11, 1745, the French (about 70,000) 
 under Marshal Saxe defeated the allied English, Dutch, 
 Hanoverians, and Austrians (about 50,000) under the Duke 
 of Cumberland. The loss on both sides was very great. 
 
 Fontevr ault (f on-t e-vro ' ) . A place in the depart- 
 ment of Maine-et-Loire, France, 9 miles south- 
 east of Saumur. The abbey church, consecrated in 
 1119, is an important example of the domical church. In 
 the south transept are fine tombs, with portrait-effigies, 
 of the first Plautagenet sovereigns of England. 
 
 Fonthill (font'hil) Abbey. A magnificent resi- 
 dence built onLansdowne Hill, near Bath, Eng- 
 land, by Beckford, the author of “ Vathek.” Its 
 marked peculiarity was a tower 280 feet high. 
 
 During the progress of the building the tower caught 
 fire, and was partly destroyed. The owner, however, was 
 present, and enjoyed the magnificent burning spectacle. 
 
 Forbach 
 
 It was soon restored ; but a radical fault in laying the 
 foundation caused it eventually to fall down, and leave 
 Fonthill a ruin in the lifetime of its founder. 
 
 IF. North, Memoir in Beckford’s “Vathek," p. 9. 
 
 Foochow. See Fu-chau. 
 
 Foolahs. See Fellatalis. 
 
 Fool in Fashion. See Love’s Last Shift. 
 
 Fool of Quality, The. A novel published by 
 Henry Brooke in 1766. It was republished by 
 Charles Kingsley in 1859. 
 
 John Wesley “bowdlerized” the “Fool of Quality,” 
 striking out such passages as he did not like, and then pub- 
 lished it during the author’s lifetime as the “ History of 
 Harry, Earl of Moreland," which was long believed by the 
 Wesleyans to be the work of the great John himself. 
 
 Forsyth, Novels and Novelists of the 18th Cent., p. 171 . 
 
 Fool’s Revenge, The. A tragedy by Tom Tay- 
 lor, founded on Victor Hugo’s play “Le roi 
 s’amuse.” It was produced in 1857. The opera 
 “Rigoletto” is taken from the same source. 
 
 Foota Jallon. See Futa Jallon. 
 
 Foota Toro. See Futa Toro. 
 
 Foote (fut), Andrew Hull. Born at New Haven, 
 Conn., Sept. 12, 1806: died at New York, June 
 26, 1863. An American admiral, son of S. A. 
 Foote. He captured the Canton forts in 1856, and Fort 
 Henry Feb. 6, 1862, and commanded the naval force at 
 Fort Donelson Feb. 14, 1862, and at the reduction of 
 Island No. 10, March-April, 1862. 
 
 Foote, Maria, Countess of Harrington. Born 
 in 1797 : died Dec. 27, 1867. An English actress, 
 the daughter of a Samuel Foote who claimed 
 descent from the famous actor, she retired from 
 the stage in 1831, on her marriage with Charles Stanhope, 
 earl of Harrington. 
 
 Foote, Mary (Hallock). Born at Milton, N. Y., 
 N ov. 19, 1847. An American novelist and artist. 
 She lived for a number of years in California, Idaho, and 
 Colorado ; and her novels, illustrated by herself, are pic- 
 tures of Western life and scenery. Among them are 
 “The Led- Horse Claim,” “John Bodewin’s Testimony,” 
 “Coeur d’Alene,” “The Chosen Valley,” “The Desert and 
 the Sown,” “The Royal Americans” (1910). She has also 
 published collections of short stories. 
 
 Foote, Samuel. Born at Truro, England, 1720 : 
 died at Dover, England, Oct. 21, 1777. An Eng- 
 lish dramatist and actor. He first appeared on the 
 stage in 1744. In 1747 he opened the Haymarket Theatre 
 with a mixed entertainment, in which he played Fondle- 
 wife in “The Careless Plusband ” (a farce taken from Con- 
 greve’s “Old Bachelor”), and other parts, principally in 
 “Diversions of the Morning,” which he wrote and acted 
 himself. His talent for mimicry was his chief gift, and 
 he employed it upon prominent personages of the day in 
 his satirical entertainments “Tea at 6(30," “Chocolate 
 in Ireland,” “An Auction of Biotures,” etc. In 1776 he 
 caricatured the notorious Duchess of Kingston in the 
 “Trip to Calais,” an act which subjected him to much op- 
 position and to an indictment. Among his plays are “The 
 Knights" (1749), “ Taste ’’ (1752), “The Englishman in 
 Paris" (1753), “The Englishman Returned from Paris” 
 (1756), “The Author" (1757), “The Minor” (1760), “The 
 Orators ” (1762), “The Mayor of Garratt ” (1763), “ The Pa- 
 tron ’’ (1764), “The Commissary” (1765), “ The Devil upon 
 Two Sticks” (1768), “The Lame Lover” (1770), “The Maid 
 
 ’ of Bath” (1771), “The Nabob” (1772), “The Bankrupt" 
 (1773), “The Cozeners" (1774), “The Capuchin” (1776: an 
 alteration of the “Trip to Calais ”). He also wrote a num- 
 ber of witty prose tracts, etc. From his scathing wit he 
 was known as “the English Aristophanes.” 
 
 Foote, Samuel Augustus. Born at Cheshire, 
 Conn., Nov. 8, 1780: died there, Sept., 1846. An 
 American politician. He was United States senator 
 from Connecticut 1827-33, and governor of Connecticut iu 
 1834. He introduced “Foote’s Resolution ” (which see) 
 Dec., 1829. 
 
 Foote’s Resolution. A resolution introduced 
 into the United States Senate by S. A. Foote, 
 Dec. 29, 1829. It instructed the committee on public 
 lands to inquire into the expediency of limiting the sale of 
 public lands for a certain period to those which had al- 
 ready been offered for sale. It occasioned the famous de- 
 bate in the Senate between Webster and Hay ne in Jan., 1830. 
 
 Fopling Flutter, Sir. See Flutter, Sir Fopling. 
 
 Foppa (fop'pli), Vincenzo. Born at Brescia, 
 Italy, at the beginning of the 15th century : 
 died at Brescia, 1492. An Italian painter. 
 
 Foppington (fop'ing-ton),Lord. IuVanbrugb’s 
 comedy “The Relapse,” a foolish fine gentle- 
 man, a further development of Colley Cibber’s 
 Sir Novelty Fashion in “Love’s Last Shift.” 
 He also appears (as Lord Foppington) in Cibber’s “Care- 
 less Husband, ' and in Sheridan’s “Trip to Scarborough,” 
 an alteration of “ The Relapse. ” 
 
 Lord Foppington, in the “Relapse,” is a most splendid 
 caricature : lie is a personification of the foppery and folly 
 of dress and external appearance in full feather. He 
 blazes out and dazzles sober reason with ridiculous osten- 
 tation. Still I think this character is a copy from Ether- 
 ege’s Sir Fopling Flutter; and upon the whole, perhaps, 
 Sir Fopling is the more natural grotesque of the two. 
 
 tlazLiil, Eng. Poets, p. 107. 
 
 Fop’S Fortune, The. See Love Malccs the Man. 
 
 Forbach (for'bach). A town in Lorraine, Ger- 
 many, 33 miles east-northeast of Metz. Popu- 
 lation, 8,628. For the battle of Aug. 6, 1870, 
 see Spicheren. 
 
Forbes, Alexander Penrose 
 
 Forbes (fdrbz), Alexander Penrose. Born at 
 Edinburgh, June 6, 1817: died at Dundee, Scot- 
 land, Oct. 8, 1875. A Scottish clergyman and 
 theological writer. He was the son of Lord Medwyn, 
 a Scottish j udge, and spent several years of liis youth in 
 the Indian civil service. Returning to England, he studied 
 theology and took orders, and in 1848 was elected bishop 
 of Brechin in the Scottish Episcopal Church. His advo- 
 cacy of High-Church yiews led to much controversy and 
 incurred ecclesiastical censure. 
 
 Forbes, Archibald. Born in Morayshire, Scot- 
 land, April 17, 1838 : died at London, March 30, 
 1900. A British journalist, noted as corre- 
 spondent (especially as war correspondent) of 
 the London “Daily News.” He wrote “My Ex- 
 periences of the War between France and Germany,” and 
 other sketches of military life. 
 
 Forbes, Duncan, of Culloden. Born near Inver- 
 ness, Nov. 10, 1685 : died Dec. 10, 1747. A Scot- 
 tish judge and patriot. He was made lord advocate 
 in 1725, and lord president of the Court of Session in 1737. 
 He rendered efficient service to the government in the ris- 
 ings of 1715 and 1745-46, while exercising and advocating 
 humanity in dealing with the rebels. 
 
 Forbes, Edward. Born at Douglas, Isle of 
 Man, Feb. 12, 1815: died at Wardie, near Edin- 
 burgh, Nov. 18, 1854. An English naturalist and 
 paleontologist, professor of natural philosophy 
 in Edinburgh University 1854. He wrote a "His- 
 tory of British Star- Fishes” (1841), “History of British 
 Mollti6ca ’’ (conjointly with Hanley, 1852), and many valu- 
 able biological memoirs. 
 
 Forbes, Edwin. Born at New York, 1839 : died 
 at Flatbush, L. I., March 6, 1895. An Amer- 
 ican landscape and genre painter, best known 
 for his drawings made during the Civil War. 
 
 Forbes, James David. Bom at Edinburgh, 
 April 20, 1809 : died at Clifton, England, Dec. 
 31, 1868. A Scottish scientist. He was professor 
 of natural philosophy 1833-60, and later principal of the 
 United College of St. Andrews. He is noted for discov- 
 eries in regard to the movement of glaciers and the polar- 
 ization of heat. He wrote “Travels through the Alps of 
 Savoy” (1843), “Norway and its Glaciers” (1853), and a 
 ‘ Dissertation on the Progress of Mathematical and Phys- 
 ical Science” for the 8th edition of the “Encyclopaedia 
 Britannica. ” 
 
 Forbes, Sir John. Born at Cuttlebrao, Banff- 
 shire, Scotland, Dec. 18, 1787 : died Nov. 13,1861. 
 A British physician and medical writer. He was 
 editor, in conjunction with Drs. Tweedie and Conolly, of 
 the “ Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine ” (1832-35). 
 
 Forbin (for -bah'), Claude de. Born at Gar- 
 danne, near Aix, France, Aug. 6, 1656: died 
 near Marseilles, March 4, 1733. A French naval 
 commander. He accompanied the ambassador Chau- 
 mont to Siam in 1685 ; was admiral and general-in-chief to 
 the King of Siam 1686-87; and 1702-10 served as chef d’es- 
 cadre in the French navy. He wrote “ MAmoires,” edited 
 and published by Reboulet in 1730. 
 
 Forbonius and Prisceria (f6r-bo'ni-us and pri- 
 se'ri-a), Delectable History of. A romance 
 in prose and verse by Thomas Lodge (1584). 
 
 Force (fors), Peter. Born at Passaic Falls, 
 N. J., Nov. 26, 1790: died at Washington, D. C., 
 Jan. 23, 1868. An American antiquarian. He 
 was editor of the “ National Journal,” Washington, District 
 of Columbia, 1823-30, and was mayor of Washington 1836- 
 1840. His chief work is “American Archives, a Documen- 
 tary History of the English Colonies in North America” 
 (1833-63), compiled and published by order of Congress. 
 A collection of 22,000 books and 40,000 pamphlets, most of 
 them rare, which lie made in connection with this work, 
 was purchased by Congress in 1867. 
 
 Force Bill. 1. A bill passed by Congress to 
 enforce the tariff. It was occasioned by the ordinance 
 passed by South Carolina Nov. 24, 1832, nullifying the tariff 
 acts of 1828 and 1832, and became law March 2, 18 , 3. Also 
 called the “Bloody Bill.” 
 
 2 . A bill for the protection of political and civil 
 rights in the South, passed in 1870. — 3. A bill 
 with the same purpose as the preceding, passed 
 in 1871. — 4. A popular name for the Lodge 
 election bill, which passed the Republican 
 House of Representatives in 1890, but failed to 
 pass the Senate in 1891. It became a leading party 
 measure. Itwasdesigned “toamendandsupplementthe 
 election laws of the United States, and to provide for the 
 more efficient enforcement of such laws, and for other 
 purposes.” 
 
 Forced Marriage, The. 1. A tragicomedy by 
 Mrs. Aphra Behn (1671). — 2. A tragedy by 
 John Armstrong (1754). 
 
 Forcellini (for-ehel-le'ne), Egidio. Born near 
 Feltre, Belluno, Italy, Aug. 26, 1688: died at 
 Padua, April 4, 1768. A noted Italian lexicog- 
 rapher, a pupil and collaborator of Faceiolati. 
 He began the “ Totius latinitatis lexicon, etc.,” in 1718, 
 and completed it with Facciolati’s aid in 1753. It was 
 published at Padua in 1771. 
 
 Forchhammer (torch' ham -mer), Johann 
 Georg. Born at Husum, near Schleswig, July 
 26, 1794: died at Copenhagen, Dec. 14, 1865. A 
 Danish mineralogist, chemist, and geologist, 
 professor of mineralogy at the University of Co- 
 penhagen. He published “Dcnmarks geog- 
 nostisko Forhold” (1835), etc. 
 
 400 
 
 Forchhammer, Peter Wilhelm. Born Oct. 
 23, 1801: died Jan. 9, 1894. A noted German 
 classical archroologist and mythologist, brother 
 of J. G. Forchhammer. He became professor 
 at Kiel in 1837. 
 
 Forchheim (forch'him). A town in Upper 
 Franconia, Bavaria, at the junction of the Wie- 
 sent with the Regnitz, 18 miles north of Nu- 
 remberg. It is of importance historically as a 
 fortified place and a seat of diets. Popula- 
 tion, 8,417. 
 
 Forckenbeck (for'ken-bek), Max von. Born 
 at Miinster, Oct. 21, 1821 : died at Berlin, May 
 26, 1892. A Prussian politician. He became a 
 member of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies in 1858, and 
 of the House of Peers in 1873 ; and in 1867 entered the 
 Reichstag, of which he was president 1874-79. He was 
 one of the founders of the National Liberal party in 1866, 
 and in 1884 joined the Freisinnige party. He was chief 
 mayor of Berlin from 1878 until his death. 
 
 Ford (ford), John. Born at Usington, Devon- 
 shire, England, 1586 (baptized April 17): died 
 after 1639. AnEnglish dramatist. Little is known 
 of his life except that he was a member of the Middle 
 Temple and not dependent on his pen for his living, and 
 that he was popular with playgoers. He apparently re- 
 tired to Ilsington to end his days. His principal plays 
 are “The Lovers’ Melancholy” (printed 1629), “’TisPity 
 She’s a Whore "(1633), “The Broken Heart ”(1633), “Love’s 
 Sacrifice” (1633), “The Chronicle History of Perkin War- 
 beck” (1634), “The Fancies Chaste and Noble" (1638), 
 “The Lady's Trial” (1639), “The Sun’s Darling” (with 
 Dekker, 1656), “The Witch of Edmonton” (with Dekker, 
 Rowley, etc., 1658). His works were collected by Weber 
 in 1811, by Gifford in 1827, and by Dyce (Gifford) in 1869. 
 
 Ford, Master. A well-to-do gentleman i n Shak- 
 spere’s “Merry Wives of Windsor.” He assumes 
 the name of Master Brook, and induces Falstaff to confide 
 to him his passion for Mistress Ford and his success in 
 duping Ford her husband. 
 
 Ford’s jealousy is managed with great skill so as to help 
 on the plot, bringing out a series of (he richest incidents, 
 and drawiug the most savoury issues from the mellow, 
 juicy old sinner upon whom he is practising. 
 
 Hudson , Introd. to M. W. of W. 
 
 Ford, Paul Leicester. Born at Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 1865 : died at New York, May 8, 1902. An 
 American author. He wrote “The Honorable Peter 
 Stirling " (1894), “ The True George Washington ’’ (1896), 
 “ The Story of an Untold Love ’’ (1897), “ The Many-sided 
 Franklin” (1899), “Janice Meredith” (1899), “Wanted : a 
 Matchmaker” (1900), “ A House Party” (1901), “Wanted : 
 a Chaperon" (1902), “Love Finds the Way” (1904), 
 “Thomas Jefferson” (1904), “His Version of It "(1905), 
 “ A Warning to Lovers ’’ (1906), etc. 
 
 Ford, Richard. Born at London, 1796: died at 
 Heavitree, near Exeter, 1858. An English trav- 
 eler and author. He wrote a “Handbook for Travelers 
 in Spain ” (1845), oue of the first and best (and in its origi- 
 nal form the fullest) of Murray’s Handbooks. 
 
 Fordham (for'dam). Formerly a village of 
 West Farms, New York, now a part of New 
 York city, 12 miles north of the City Hall. It is 
 the seat of St. J ohn’s College (Roman Cath olic ) . 
 
 Ford’s Theater. A former theater in Wash- 
 ington. President Lincoln was assassinated there April 
 14, 1865. It was afterward used by the government for 
 the record divi ion of the War Department. It collapsed 
 June 9, 1893, and a number of lives were lost. 
 
 Fordun (for-dun'j, John of. Died after 1384. 
 A Scottish chronicler who wrote a history of 
 Scotland down to his own time, entitled “Chro- 
 nica Gentis Scotorum,” which was continued 
 by Walter Bower under the title of “ Seoti- 
 chronicon.” 
 
 Foreland (for'land), North. A headland in 
 Kent, England, 66 miles east of London, in lat. 
 51° 22' 28" N., long. 1° 26' 48" E. (lighthouse). 
 Near it occurred the naval drawn battle, June, 1666, be- 
 tween the English under Albemarle and the Hutch under 
 De Kuyter. 
 
 Foreland, South. A headland in Kent, Eng- 
 land, projecting into the Strait of Dover, 4 
 miles northeast of Dover, in lat. 51° 8' 23" N., 
 long. 1° 22' 22" E. (lighthouse). 
 
 Foresight (for 'sit). In Congreve’s comedy 
 “Love for Love,” an old man with a fondness 
 for “judicial astrology.” He is made up of dreams, 
 nativities, and supers! itioiis of all kinds, and is always 
 searching for omens. He has a hypocritical, vicious wife. 
 
 Forest Cantons. A collective name for the 
 cantons of Lucerne, Sehwyz, Uri, and Unter- 
 walden, in Switzerland. 
 
 Forest City, The. A name given to Cleveland, 
 Ohio, on account of the number of its shade- 
 trees. 
 
 Forester (for'es-ter), Frank. A pseudonym of 
 Henry William Herbert. 
 
 Foresti (fo-res'te), E. Felice. Born near Fer- 
 rara, Italy, about 1793 : died at Genoa, Sept. 14, 
 1858. An Italian patriot. He was thrown into 
 prison in 1819 for conspiring against the Austrian govern- 
 ment, and was detained in captivity until 1835, when he 
 was exiled to America. He became professor of the Italian 
 language and literature in Columbia College, and in 1858 
 
 Formigny 
 
 was appointed United States consul to Genoa. He wrote 
 “ Crestomazia italiana ’’ (1847), etc. 
 
 Forey (fo-ra'), Elie Frederic. Born at Paris, 
 Jan. 10, 1804: died there, June 20, 1872. A 
 French marshal. He took an active part in the coup 
 d’etat, Dec. 2, 1851 ; was prominent in the Crimean and 
 Italian wars ;,and from July, 1862, to Oct., 1863, commanded 
 the French expedition against Mexico. During this pe- 
 riod he captured Puebla, May 17, 1863, occupied Mexico 
 City, and formed a provisional government. 
 
 Forez (fo-ra'). An ancient territory of France, 
 in the former government of Lyonnais, corre- 
 sponding in large part to the department of 
 Loire. It was a county in the middle ages, and was 
 united to the crown under Francis I. in 1532. 
 
 Forfar (for'far), or Angus (ang'gus). A mari- 
 time county of Scotland. It is bounded by Aberdeen 
 and Kincardine on the north, the North Sea on the east, 
 the Firth of Tay on the south, and Perth on the west ; and 
 is the chief seat of Scottish linen manufacture (at Dun- 
 dee). Area, 875 square miles. Population (civil co. ), 284,078. 
 Forfar. The capital of ForfarsMre, Scotland, 
 situated in the valley of Strathmore 13 miles 
 north-northeast of Dundee. It has manufactures 
 of linen. It was an ancient royal residence, and is a royal 
 burgh, and also a parliamentary burgh, belonging to the 
 Montrose group. Population, 12,061. 
 
 Forge (forj), Anatole de la. Born in 1821: died 
 at Paris, June 6, 1892. A French historian. He 
 became a journalist in 1848 ; was prefect of the Aisne ; and 
 was wounded at St. -Quentin. He was made director of the 
 press in the ministry of the interim (1877), was elected 
 to the Chamber of. Deputies in 1881, and sat till 1889. He 
 wrote a “History of the Republic of Venice,” “Public 
 Instruction in Spain,” etc. 
 
 Forges-les-EailX (forzh'la-zo'). A town in the 
 department of Seine-Inffirieure, France, 24 
 miles northeast of Rouen. It was formerly 
 noted for its cold chalybeate springs. 
 
 Forio (fo're-o). A small town on the north- 
 western coast of the island of Ischia, Italy. 
 Forkel (for'kel), Johann Nikolaus. Born at 
 Meeder, near Coburg, Germany, Feb. 22, 1749: 
 died at Gottingen, Prussia, March 17, 1818. A 
 German writer on music, director of music at 
 the University of Gottingen from 1778. His 
 chief work is “Allgemeine Literatur der Mu- 
 sik ” (1792). 
 
 For 11 (for-le'). 1. A province in Emilia, Italy, 
 bordering on the Adriatic. Area, 725 square 
 miles. Population, 295,353. — 2. The capital 
 of the province of Forli, situated on the old 
 H3milian Way in lat. 44° 14' N., long. 12° 2' 
 E. : the ancient Forum Livii. it has a pseudo- 
 classical cathedral and a picture-gallery. The citadel, a 
 picturesque castle of the 14th and 15th centuries, was the 
 scene of the courageous exploits of Catharina Sforza, 
 widow of Girolamo Riario. Forli was a republic in the 
 later middle ages, and was annexed to the Papal States in 
 1504. Population, commune, 43,708. 
 
 Forli, Melozzo da. Born at Forli, Italy, about 
 1438 : died 1494. An Italian painter, noted foi 
 his skill in foreshortening. 
 
 Formal (for'mal), James. In Wycherley’s 
 comedy “ The Gentleman Dancing Master,” an 
 old, rich merchant, also known as Don Diego. 
 He is deeply imbued with Spanish customs, and unsuc- 
 cessfully undertakes to keep his daughter shut up and 
 away from men. 
 
 Forman (for'man), Simon. Born at Qtiid- 
 hampton, Dec. 30, 1552 : died at London, Sept. 
 12, 1611. An English astrologer and quack. 
 He practised his profession with some success, though 
 several times imprisoned, and was finally implicated in 
 the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury. He died before the 
 transaction became public. Jonson alludes to his love- 
 philters, etc., in his “Epiccene.” He wrote a book “The 
 Grounds of the Longitude, etc.” (1591), and left several 
 diaries and “The Booke of Plaies,” etc., with accounts of 
 early performances. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Former Age, The. A poem by Chaucer, discov- 
 ered by Bradshaw. It was first printed by Morris 
 in 1866. It is a metrical portion of Chaucer’s transla- 
 tion of Boethius, probably written after the prose trans- 
 lation was finished. 
 
 Formes (for'mes), Karl Johann. Born Aug. 
 7, 1810: died Dec. 15, 1889. A German bass 
 singer. 
 
 Formey (for'mi), Johann Heinrich Samuel. 
 
 Born at Berlin, May 31, 1711: died at Berlin, 
 March 7, 1797. A German philosophical and 
 miscellaneous writer, of French (Huguenot) de- 
 scent, professor of oratory (1736) and philos- 
 ophy (1739) at the French College in Berlin, and 
 perpetual secretary of the Berlin Academy 
 (1748). 
 
 Formia (for'me-ii). A town in the province of 
 Caserta, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Gaeta 
 44 miles northwest of Naples: the ancient For- 
 inite, formerly Mola di Gaeta. Population, 
 8,108. 
 
 Formigny (for-men-ye'), or Fourmigni (for- 
 men-ye'). A village in the department of Cal- 
 vados, France, near Bayeux. Here, in 1450, the 
 English were defeated by the French with a loss of about 
 4,000. 
 
Formorians 
 
 Formorians (for-mo'ri-anz). See the extract. 
 
 The first people, then, of whose existence in Ireland we 
 can be said to know anything are commonly asserted to 
 have been of Turanian origin, and are known as “ Forroo- 
 rians." As far as we can gather, they were a dark, low- 
 browed, stunted race, although, oddly enough, the word 
 Formorian in early Irish legend is always used as synony- 
 mous with the word giant. They were, at any rate, a race 
 of utterly savage hunters and fishermen, ignorant of metal, 
 of pottery, possibly even of the use of fire ; using the stone 
 hammers or hatchets of which vast numbers may be seen 
 in every museum. Lawless, Story of Ireland, p. 5. 
 
 Formosa (for-mo'sa), Chin. Taiwan (ti'wan'). 
 [Pg., ‘the beautiful.’] An island east of 
 China, forming, until ceded to Japan 1895, 
 the province of the same name in China. It is 
 traversed by mountains. Its products are tea, sugar, coal, 
 etc. The chief towns are Tamsui, Taiwan, and Kelung. 
 It is inhabited by Chinese and aborigines (Malayan, Ne- 
 grito). The western part of the island was colonized by 
 the Chinese about 200 years ago. It was the principal 
 scene of warfare in the war of France with China in 1884- 
 1885 ; was blockaded by the French fleet, and in part oc- 
 cupied by the French ; and was the theater of several 
 combats (the French being led by Admiral Courbet) in 1885. 
 Length, 235 miles. Area, 13,458 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 3,039,751. 
 
 Formosa. A territory of the Argentine Repub- 
 lic, in the Gran Chaco region, between the riv- 
 ers Paraguay, Pilcomayo, and Bermejo. Capi- 
 tal, Formosa. It was created in 1884 by a division of 
 the old territory of Chaco. Area, 41,402 square miles. 
 Civilized population, 13,995. 
 
 Formosa Bay, or Ungama (ong-ga'ma) Bay. 
 An indentation on the eastern coast of Africa, 
 about lat. 2° 30' S. 
 
 Formosa Strait. The channel which separates 
 Formosa from the mainland. Breadth at the 
 narrowest part, about 90 miles. 
 
 Formosus (for-mo'sus). Bora about 816 : died 
 896. Pope 891—896. He was a missionary among the 
 Bulgarians about 866. He crowned Arnulf of Carintliia 
 emperor in 896. 
 
 Fomarina(for-na-re'na),La. [It., ‘The Baker- 
 ess.’] A picture by Raphael, painted about 
 1509, now in the Palazzo Barberini, Rome, it 
 represents a half-nude woman seated in a wood. On her 
 bracelet is written “Raphael Urbinas.” It is commonly 
 called “Raphael's Mistress,” the name “F'ornarina” hav- 
 ing been given to it about 1750. She is said to have been 
 Margherita, the daughter of a baker. There are two other 
 pictures to which this name has been given, both by Se- 
 bastian del Piombo, and each hasbeen attributed to Raphael, 
 and under this supposition has been engraved. One is 
 now in the Old Museum at Berlin, and the other is in the 
 Ufiizi, Florence (dated 1512). 
 
 Fornax (for'naks). [L., ‘ an oven.’] A south- 
 ern constellation, invented and named by La- 
 caille in 1763. It lies south of the western part of Eri- 
 danuk, and, as Us boundaries are at present drawn, contains 
 no star of greater magnitude than the fifth. 
 
 Forney (for'ni), John Weiss. Born at Lan- 
 caster, Pa., Sept. 30, 1817 : died at Philadelphia, 
 Dec. 9, 1881. An American journalist and 
 politician. He was editor of the Philadelphia “ Press” 
 1857-77, clerk of the United States Houseof Representatives 
 1851-55 and 1859-61, and secretary of the United States 
 Senate 1861-68. 
 
 ForilOVO (for-no'vo). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of Parma, Italy, situated on the Taro 10 
 miles southwest of Parma. Here, July 6, 1495, the 
 French under Charles VIII. defeated the Italians under 
 Gonzaga, and secured the retreat of the French army. 
 Forobosco (fo-ro-bos'ko). A cheating mounte- 
 bank in “The Fair Maid of the Inn,” by Fletcher 
 and others. 
 
 Forres (for'es). A royal burgh in Elginshire, 
 Scotland, 12 miles west of Elgin. Population, 
 4,313. 
 
 Forrest (for ' est ) , Edwin. Born at Phil adelphia, 
 March 9, 1806 : died there, Dee. 12, 1872. A cele- 
 brated American actor. He first appeared on the 
 regular stage in 1820 as Douglas in Home’s play of that 
 name. His first notable success was in New York, where 
 he played “ Othello ” in 1826. In 1836 he appear ed in Lon- 
 don as Spartacus in “ The Gladiator.” After this he played 
 with success both in England and America, until in 1S45 
 in London he was hissed in “Macbeth.” He attributed 
 this hr Macready’s influence, and shortly after, when the 
 latter was playing Hamlet in Edinburgh, Forrest stood up 
 in his box and hissed violently. It is believed that this 
 was the original cause of the Astor Place riot in 1849, of 
 which the immediate occasion was the attempt of For- 
 rest s admirers to prevent Macready from appearing in the 
 Astor Place Opera House. His last appearance in New 
 York was in Feb., 1871, and in March of that year he ap- 
 peared for the last time as an actor in Boston. He after- 
 ward, however, gave Shnksperian readings, which were not 
 successful. He left his house in Philadelphia as a home 
 for aged actors. Here also he collected a large dramatic 
 library. One of his most characteristic parts was Aylmere 
 in “Jack Cade,” which was written for him by Robert T. 
 Conrad. Among his great parts were Lear, Coriolanus, 
 Othello, Virginius, Damon, Spartacus, Tell, etc. 
 
 Forrest, Nathan Bedford. Born at Chapel 
 Hill, Tenn., July 13, 1821: died at Memphis, 
 Tenn., Oct. 29, 1877. An American cavalry com- 
 mander in the Confederate service during the 
 Civil War. He participated, as brigadier-general, in the 
 battle of Chickaraauga, Sept. 19-20, 1863, and as major- 
 O.— 26 
 
 401 
 
 general commanded the troops which captured Fort Pil- 
 low, April 12, 1864. He was promoted lieutenant-general 
 in Feb., 1865, and surrendered on the 9th of May in the 
 same year. 
 
 Forrest, Thomas. Died in India about 1802. 
 An English navigator. He entered the service of the 
 East India Company probably about 1748. He discovered 
 Forrest Strait (which received its name from him) in 1790, 
 and made several voyages of exploration. He wrote “A 
 Voyage to New Guinea and the Moluccas from Balam- 
 bangan . . . during the years 1774-5-6 " (1779), “A Journal 
 of the Ether Brig, Capt. Thomas Forrest, from Bengal to 
 Quedah, in 1783” (1789), “A Voyage from Calcutta to the 
 Mergui Archipelago” (1792), “A Treatise on the Monsoons 
 in East India ” (1782). 
 
 Forrester (for'es-ter), Alfred Henry : pseudo- 
 nym Alfred Crowquill. Born at London, Sept. 
 10, 1804: died there, May 26, 1872. An English 
 author and artist. He was a younger brother of 
 Charles Robert Forrester, with whom he shared the use of 
 the pseudonym Alfred Crowquill. He contributed sketches 
 to Vols. IX, III, and IV of “ Punch,” and illustrated nu- 
 merous works. 
 
 Forrester, Charles Robert. Born at London, 
 1803: died there, Jan. 15, 1850. An English au- 
 thor. He was an elder brother of Alfred Henry Forrester, 
 and with him used the pseudonym Alfred Crowquill ; he 
 also wrote under the name of Hal Willis. Among his works 
 are "Absurdities in Prose and Verse, written and illus- 
 trated by Alfred Crowquill ” (1827), and “Phantasmagoria 
 of Fun ” (1843), both of which were illustrated by his 
 brother. 
 
 Forrester, Fanny. A pen-name of Miss Emily 
 Chubbuck, wife of the missionary Adoniram 
 Judson. 
 
 Forsete (for-set'e), or Forseti (for-set'e). In 
 Norse mythology, the god of justice, son of 
 Balder. 
 
 ForskM (for'sk&l), Peter. Born at Helsingfors, 
 Finland, Jan. 11, 1732: died at Yerim, Arabia, 
 July 11, 1763. A Swedish naturalist and trav- 
 eler. He was a pupil of Linnaeus, on whose recommenda- 
 tion he was appointed by Frederick V. of Denmark in 
 1731 naturalist to a scientific expedition to Egypt and 
 Arabia, which was fitted out by the Danish government 
 and placed under the conduct of Niebuhr. He died while 
 engaged in this enterprise, and the following works, edited 
 by Niebuhr, appeared posthumously : “ Fauna orientalis” 
 (1775), “Flora mgyptiaco-arabica ” (1775). 
 
 Forst (forst), formerly Forsta (for ' sta) or 
 Forste (for'ste). A town in the province of 
 Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on the Neisse 
 62 miles northeast of Dresden: annexed to 
 Prussia 1815. Population, commune, 33,752. 
 
 Fdrster (fer'ster), Ernst. Born at Mimchen- 
 gosserstadt, on the Saale, Germany, April 8, 
 1800: died April 29, 1885. A German painter and 
 writer on art. He wrote “Geschichte der deutschen 
 Kunst" (1851-62), “Denkmaler der deutschen Baukunst, 
 Bildnerei, und Malerei ”(1855-69), “ Vorschule zur Kunst- 
 geschichte ” (1862), etc. 
 
 Forster (for-star'), Francois. Born at Locle, 
 Switzerland, Aug. 22, 1790: died at Paris, June 
 27, 1872. A French engraver of portraits and 
 historical pictures. 
 
 Forster (fer'ster), Friedrich. Born at Miinchen- 
 gosserstadt, Sept. 24, 1791: died at Berlin, Nov. 
 8, 1868. A German historian, soldier, poet, and 
 journalist, brother of E. Forster. He published 
 works on Wallenstein, Frederick the Great, re- 
 cent Prussian history, etc. 
 
 Forster, Heinrich. Born at Grossglogau, Prus- 
 sia, Nov.24, 1800: diedat Johannisberg, Austrian 
 Silesia, Oct. 20, 1881. A German Roman Catholic 
 irelate and pulpit orator, bishop of Breslau, 
 orster (for'ster), Johann Georg Adam, com- 
 monly called Georg Forster. Born at Nassen- 
 huben, near Dantzic, Prussia, Nov. 27, 1754: 
 died at Paris, Jan. 10, 1794. A German natu- 
 ralist, traveler, and author, son of J. R. Forster. 
 He accompanied Cook on his second voyage in 1772. 
 Among his works are “A Voyage round the World” (1777), 
 “Kleine Schriften” (1789-97), “Ansichten vom Nieder- 
 rhein, Brabant, etc.” (1790). 
 
 Forster, Johann Reinhold. Born atDirsehau, 
 Prussia, Oct. 22, 1729: diedat Halle, Prussia, 
 Dee. 9, 1798. A German traveler and naturalist. 
 He accompanied Cook on his second voyage in 1772, and 
 published “ Observations made during a Voyage round 
 the World,’* etc. (1778), etc. 
 
 Forster (for'ster), John. Born at Newcastle, 
 April 2, 1812: died Feb. 2, 1876. An English 
 historian and biographer. He studied at University 
 College ; was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 
 1843; became editor of the “Examiner” in 1847; was 
 appointed secretary to the commissioners of lunacy in 
 1855 ; and was made a commissioner of lunacy in 1861, a 
 position which he resigned in 1872. He bequeathed “the 
 Forster Collection ” to the nation. It is now at South 
 Kensington. It consists of 18,000 books, many manu- 
 scripts (including nearly all the original manuscripts of 
 Dickens's novels), 48 oil-paintings, and a large number of 
 drawings, engravings, etc. His works include ‘ ‘ Historical 
 and Biographical Essays ” (collected in 1858), “ Life of 
 Sir John Eliot ” (expanded 1864), “Life of Landor ” (1869), 
 “Life of Dickens” (1872-73-74), etc. He wrote a number 
 of other biographies, and contributed masterly articles to 
 the leading periodicals. 
 
 Fort Donelson 
 
 Forster (fer'ster), Wilhelm. Born at Griin- 
 berg, Silesia, Prussia, Dee. 16, 1832. A German 
 astronomer. He succeeded Encke as director 
 of the Berlin Observatory 1865-1904. 
 
 Forster (for'ster), William. Born at Totten- 
 ham, near London, March 23, 1784: died in 
 Blount County, Tenn., Jan. 27, 1854. An Eng- 
 lish philanthropist and minister of the Society 
 of Friends, father of W. E. Forster. 
 
 Forster, William Edward. Born at Bradpole, 
 Dorset, July 11, 1818: died at London, April 5, 
 1886. An English politician. He followed, in part- 
 nership with William Fison, the business of a vraoien 
 manufacturer at Bradford from 1842 until his death ; was 
 Liberal member of Parliament for Bradford 1861-85, and 
 for the central division of Bradford from 1885 until his 
 death ; was under-secretary of state for the colonies 1865- 
 1866 in the government of Lord Russell ; was vice-president 
 of the committee of the Council on Education 1868-74 in 
 the government of Gladstone ; and was chief secretary for 
 Ireland 1880-82 in the government of Gladstone. 
 
 Forsyth (f6r-sith' ), John. Bom at Fredericks- 
 burg, Va., Oct. 22, 1780: died at Washington, 
 D. C., Oct. 21, 1841. An American politician. 
 He was United States senator from Georgia 1818-19 and 
 1829-34 ; was governor of Georgia 1827-29; and was secre- 
 tary of state 1834— tl under Presidents Jackson and Van 
 Buren. 
 
 Forsyth, Sir Thomas Douglas. Born at Bir- 
 kenhead, Oct. 7, 1827 : died at Eastbourne, Dec. 
 17, 1886. An English official in India. He en- 
 tered the Bengal service in 1848. In 1872 he was charged 
 with the suppression of an insurrection of the Kuka sect 
 under Ram Singh at Malair Kotla. Before his arrival 
 Cowan, the commissioner of Ludhiana, had executed a 
 number of the insurgents. This action was approved by 
 Forsyth, with the result that both were removed from 
 office. Forsyth was in 1875 sent as envoy to the King of 
 Burma, from whom he obtained an acknowledgment of 
 the independence of the Karen states. 
 
 Forsyth, William. Born at Greenock, Oct. 25, 
 1812 : died at London, Dec. 26, 1899. An Eng- 
 lish lawyer and historian. He graduated B. A. at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1834 ; proceeded M. A. in 
 1837 ; was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1839 ; 
 became queen’s counsel in 1857 ; and was a member of Par- 
 liament for Marylebone 1874-80. Among his works are a 
 “ History of Trial by Jury ” (1852), “ Napoleon at St. He- 
 lena ” (1853), “ Life of Cicero ” (1864), “ Novels and Novel- 
 ists of the Eighteenth Century ” (1871). 
 
 Fortaleza (for-ta-la'za), often but incorrectly 
 called Gear cl (se-a-ra'). A seaport and the cap- 
 ital of the province of Ceard, Brazil, lat. 3° 43' 
 S. Jong. 38° 31'W. Population ,municipio, 48, 369. 
 
 Fort Augustus. A village and former mili- 
 tary station of Inverness-shire, Scotland, at the 
 southern extremity of Loch Ness. 
 
 Fort Benton. A small town in Choteau County, 
 northern Montana, on the Missouri River: an 
 important center of the' fur-trade. 
 
 Fort Bowyer. A former fort near Mobile, Ala- 
 bama. It was attacked Sept. 16, 1814, by a British land 
 force of 730 troops and 200 Creek Indians, assisted by a 
 naval force. The garrison, which consisted of 134 men, 
 repelled the attack with the loss of 5 killed and 4 wounded. 
 The British lost 162 killed and 70 wounded. 
 
 Fort Caswell. A fort on Oak Island, at the 
 mouth of Cape Fear River, North Carolina, held 
 by the Confederates till 1865. 
 
 Fort Clinton. A fort in the highlands of the 
 Hudson, south of West Point, during the Revo- 
 lutionary War. 
 
 Fort Craig, Battle of. A battle at Fort Craig, 
 New Mexico, Feb. 21, 1862, during the Civil 
 War, in which a Union force of 3,810 men un- 
 der Colonel E. R. S. Canby was defeated and 
 driven within the fort by the Confederate gen- 
 eral H. H. Sibley. 
 
 Fort Dearborn. A fort, established by the 
 UnitedStates government (1804), which became 
 the nucleus of Chicago. See Chicago. 
 
 Fort de France (for de froiis), formerly Fort 
 Royal. A seaport and the capital of the island 
 of Martinique, French West Indies, situated in 
 lat. 14° 36' N., long. 61° 4' W. Population, 
 27,069. 
 
 Fort de 1’Ecluse (for de la-kliiz'). A fort on 
 the Rhone, west of Geneva, guarding the en- 
 trance to France from Switzerland. 
 
 Fort Dodge. The capital of Webster County, 
 Iowa, situated on the Des Moines River 70 
 miles northwest of Des Moines. Population, 
 15,543, (1910). 
 
 Fort Donelson. A fortification in northwest- 
 ern Tennessee, situated on the Cumberland 
 River 63 miles west-northwest of Nashville, it 
 was invested by General Grant Feb. 12-14, 1862. Having 
 sustained a bombardment by the Federal gunboats under 
 Commodore Foote Feb. 14, the garrison (which numbered 
 about 18,000 effectives) made an unsuccessful sortie Feb. 
 15. The fort was surrendered by Genera! Buckner Feb. 16 : 
 his senior officers, Generals Floyd and Pillow, escaped by 
 the river. The Federals numbered 15,000 at the in ‘gin- 
 ning of the investment, and about 27,000 at the surrender. 
 
Fort Donelson 
 
 The Federal loss (army and navy, Feb. 14-16) was 510 
 killed, 2,152 wounded, and 224 missing ; the Confederate 
 loss was about 2,000 killed and wounded, and 13,000 cap- 
 tured. 
 
 Fort Douglas. A United States military post, 
 3 miles east of Salt Lake City. 
 
 Fort Duquesne. See Pittsburg. 
 
 Fort Edward. A village in Washington County, 
 New York, situated on the Hudson 39 miles 
 north of Albany. It was an important post during 
 the French and Indian war. Population of township, 
 5,740, (1910); of village, 3,762, (1910). 
 
 Fortescue (for 'tes-ku), Sir Faithful. Died 
 near Carisbrooke in May, 1666. A Royalist com- 
 mander in the civil war in England. He served 
 as a major in the Parliamentary army at the battle of 
 Edgehill, during which engagement he deserted witli his 
 troop to the royal standard. He subsequently com- 
 manded a regiment of royal infantry, served under the 
 Marquis of Ormonde in Ireland in 1647, and on the acces- 
 sion of Charles II. was reinstated as constable of Carrick- 
 fergus, and created a gentleman of the privy chamber. 
 
 Fortescue, George. Born at London about 
 1578 : died in 1659. An English essayist and 
 poet. He was the son of Roman Catholic parents, and 
 was educated at the English College of Douay and at the 
 English College at Rome. His chief work is “Ferise 
 Academic®, auctore Georgio de Forti Scuto Nobili Anglo ” 
 (1630). He is also credited with the authorship of the 
 anonymous poem “The Sovles Pilgrimage to Heavenly 
 Hierusalem " (1650). 
 
 Fortescue, Sir John. Died about 1476. An 
 English j urist. He was made chief j ustice of the King’s 
 Bench in 1442. As a Lancastrian lie followed Queen Mar- 
 garet to Flanders in 1463; returned to England in 1471; 
 was captured at the battle of Tewkesbury, and accepted 
 a pardon from Edward IV. His most notable works are 
 “De Laudibus Legum Angliae,” first printed in 1537, and 
 “ On the Governance of the Kingdom of England ” (also 
 entitled “The Difference between an Absolute and Lim- 
 ited Monarchy'’ and “De Dominio Regali et Politico”), 
 first printed in 1714. 
 
 Fortescue, Sir John. Died Dec. 23, 1607. An 
 English politician. He was a cousin of Queen Eliza- 
 beth. He was appointed to superintend the studies of 
 Elizabeth about 1553, and was made keeper of the great 
 wardrobe on her accession in 1558, chancellor of the ex- 
 chequer in 1589, and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster 
 in 1601. On the accession of James I. in 1603 he was de- 
 prived of the chancellorship of the exchequer, but re- 
 tained in his other offices. In 1604 he was defeated by 
 Sir Francis Goodwin in a parliamentary election for Buck- 
 ingham. The clerk of the crown refused to receive the 
 return of Goodwin on the ground that he was an outlaw, 
 whereupon Fortescue was elected by virtue of a second 
 writ. The House of Commons recognized the election of 
 Goodwin as legal. A dispute between the king and the 
 Commons in reference to the election resulted, under the 
 guise of a compromise, in a victory for the Commons, who 
 have since regularly exercised the right to decide oil the 
 legality of returns. 
 
 Forteviot (for-te'vi-ot). A former town near 
 Perth, Scotland, noted as the old capital of the 
 Piets. 
 
 Fort Fisher. A fortification between Cape 
 Fear River and the Atlantic, situated 18 miles 
 south of Wilmington, North Carolina. It was 
 attacked by the Federals under Terry Jan. 13, and was 
 carried by storm Jan. 15, 1865. The Federal loss (Jan. 13- 
 15) was 955 ; the Confederate, 2,483. 
 
 Fort Garry. See Winnipeg. 
 
 Fort George. A fortress in Inverness-shire, 
 Scotland, situated on the Moray Firth 12 miles 
 northeast of Inverness : built in 1748. 
 
 Forth (forth). A river of Scotland which, ris- 
 ing on and near Ben Lomond, flows east and 
 merges in the Firth of Forth at Alloa. The es- 
 
 tuary of the Forth (the Firth of Forth), an inlet of the 
 North Sea, extends from Alloa eastward about 50 miles. 
 Length, 65 miles. 
 
 Forth, Firth of. See Forth. 
 
 Forth Bridge, The. A bridge erected (1882- 
 1889) by the North British Railway across tho 
 Firtli of Forth at Queensferry, Scotland: the 
 largest bridge yet built. The two main spans are 
 each 1,710 feet long, and are formed of two cantalivers 
 each 680 feet long, united by a girder of 350 feet span in 
 the clear. Each of these spans is 114) feet longer than 
 that of the Brooklyn Bridge. The steel towers which 
 support the cantalivers are 360 feet high, and the clear 
 height above high water is 151 feet. The total length is 
 8,296 feet, and the cost was 816,000,000. The metal-work 
 which constitutes the superstructure of the bridge is 
 wholly flue Siemens steel (about 54,000 tons). 
 
 Fort Hamilton. A fort on Long Island, situ- 
 ated on the eastern side of the Narrows at the 
 entrance to New York harbor. 
 
 Fort Henry. A fortification in northwestern 
 Tennessee, situated on the Tennessee River 
 11 miles west of Fort Donelson. It was captured 
 Feb. 6, 1862, by the Federal gunboats under Commodore 
 Foote, acting in conjunction with a land force under Gen- 
 eral Grant. 
 
 Fortinbras (for 'tin -bras). In Shakspere’s 
 “Hamlet,” the Prince of Norway. He conspires 
 to recover the lands and power lost by his father. He is 
 usually left out qf the acted play. 
 
 Fort Independence. A fort on Castle Island : 
 one of the defenses of the harbor of Boston. 
 Fort Jackson. A fort in Louisiana, situated 
 
 402 
 
 on the Mississippi 57 miles southeast of New 
 Orleans. It. was strongly fortified by the Confederates 
 during the Civil War, and, with Fort St. Philip, guarded 
 the lower approach to New Orleans. It was passed by 
 the Federal fleet under Farragut April 24, 1862, and was 
 compelled to surrender shortly after by the fall of the 
 city. 
 
 Fort Lafayette. A fort in the Narrows, in 
 front of Fort Hamilton, at the entrance to New 
 York harbor. 
 
 Fort McAllister. A fort on the Ogeechee 
 River, opposite Genesis Point, Georgia, built 
 by the Confederates during the Civil War to 
 guard the approach to Savannah. It was taken 
 by assault by a division of General Sherman’s army under 
 General Hazen Dec. 13, 1864. 
 
 Fort McHenry. A fort at the entrance of Bal- 
 timore harbor. It was unsuccessfully bombarded by 
 the British fleet in 1814. During the bombardment Francis 
 Scott Key, an American citizen, was detained on board a 
 British vessel, and was inspired by the spectacle to write 
 “The Star-Spangled Banner.” 
 
 Fort Macon. A fort on the eastern extremity 
 of Bogue Island, commanding Beaufort har- 
 bor, North Carolina, begun in 1826, and finished 
 in 1834. It was captured April 26, 1861, by a Union 
 army under General Parke, assisted by a naval force under 
 Commander Samuel Lockwood. 
 
 Fort Madison. A city and the capital of Lee 
 County, southeastern Iowa, situated on the 
 Mississippi 17 miles southwest of Burlington. 
 Population, 8,900, (1910). 
 
 Fort Mifflin. A fort on the Delaware near the 
 mouth of the Schuylkill : one of the defenses of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Fort Monroe. A fort on Old Point Comfort, at 
 the mouth of the James River, Virginia. It oc- 
 cupies a tract of 200 acres ceded in 1818 by V irginia to the 
 United States, and is the largest military work in the 
 country. 
 
 Fort Montgomery. An American fort on the 
 Hudson, during the Revolutionary War, 6 miles 
 south of West Point. 
 
 Fort Morgan. A fort at the entrance to Mo- 
 bile Bay, on the site of the old Fort Bowyer. 
 
 The Americans under Major Lawrence here repulsed a 
 combined sea and land attack by the British and their 
 Indian allies Sept. 15, 1814. 
 
 Fort Moultrie. A fort on Sullivan’s Island, in 
 the main entrance to Charleston harbor, erected 
 during the War of 1812. it was abandoned by the 
 Federals under Major Robert Anderson Dec. 26, 1860, and 
 was seized by the Confederates, who served a battery from 
 it during the bombardment of Fort Sumter. 
 
 Fort Niagara. A fort at the mouth of the 
 Niagara River, New York, established by the 
 French in 1678, and surrendered by the British 
 to the United States in 1796. 
 
 Fort Pickens. A fort on Santa Rosa Island, 
 Pensacola harbor. It was weakly garrisoned by the 
 Federals under Lieutenant A. J. Slemmer at the out- 
 break of the Civil War, but refused to surrender in Jan., 
 1861, and was held until reinforced. 
 
 Fort Pillow. A fort on the Chickasaw Bluff, 
 in Tennessee, on the Mississippi River, above 
 Memphis, noted in the Civil War. It was erected by 
 the Confederates during the Civil War, and was occupied 
 by the Federals June 5, 1862, having been evacuated and 
 partially destroyed by the Confederates on the day pre- 
 vious. It was recaptured by the Confederates under 
 Forrest, April 12, 1864, when a large part of the garrison, 
 which consisted of a regiment of colored infantry and a 
 detachment of cavalry, was massacred. 
 
 Fort Pulaski. A fort on Cockspur Island, at 
 the head of Tybee Roads, commanding both 
 channels of the Savannah River. During the 
 Civil War it was captured by the Federals un- 
 der General Hunter, April 10, 1862. 
 
 Fort Riley. A United States military post in 
 Kansas, at the junction of the Republican and 
 Kansas rivers. 
 
 Fort Royal. See Fort de France. 
 
 Fort St. David. A ruined fortress on the 
 Coromandel coast, India, 13 miles south of 
 Pondicherry, prominent in the 18th century. 
 Fort St. Elmo. See Elmo, Castle of Saint. 
 Fort St. George. The fortress of Madras. It 
 
 played an important part in the French and English 
 struggles in India during the 18th century. 
 
 Fort St. Philip. A fort on the Mississippi, 
 nearly opposite Fort Jackson (which see). 
 Fort Salisbury. The former name of Salis- 
 bury, Southern Rhodesia. See * Salisbury . 
 Fort Scott. Tbe capital of Bourbon County, 
 eastern Kansas, 88 miles south of Kansas City. 
 Population, 10,463, (1910). 
 
 Fort Smith. A town in Sebastian County, Ar- 
 kansas, on the Arkansas River in lat. 35° 22' 
 N., long. 94° 28' W. Population, 23,975, (1910). 
 Fort Snelling. A U. S. military post in Minne- 
 sota, on the Mississippi 6 miles above St. Paul. 
 Fort Sumter. A fort in Charleston harbor, 
 South Carolina, 4 miles southeast of Charles- 
 ton, the scene of the first engagement in the 
 
 Fortuny y Carbo 
 
 Civil War. At the beginning of the Civil War the na- 
 tional works in Charleston harbor were commanded by 
 Major Robert Anderson. In consequence of the secession 
 of South Carolina, Dec. 20, 1860, and the preparations made 
 by that State to seize the United States forts in the har- 
 bor, he evacuated Fort Moultrie Dec. 26, 1860, and concen- 
 trated his forces at Fort Sumter. Reinforcements sent out 
 in the Star of the West were prevented from landing, the 
 ship being fired on off Morris Island Jan. 9, 1861. On 
 April 11, 1861, Major Anderson refused a demand by Gen- 
 eral G. T. Beauregard to surrender ; and on April 12 and 
 13 sustained a bombardment from batteries at Fort Moul- 
 trie, Fort Johnson, Cumming’s Point, and elsewhere. He 
 surrendered April 13, no casualties having occurred on 
 either side. The fort was held by the Confederates until 
 the evacuation of Charleston, Feb. 17, 1865. 
 
 Fort Ticonderoga. See Ticonderoga. 
 
 Fortuna (for-tu'na). [L., ‘fortune.’] 1. In 
 ancient Italian mythology, the goddess of good 
 luck, corresponding to the Greek Tyche. — 2. 
 An asteroid (No. 19) discovered by Hind at 
 London, Aug. 22, 1852. 
 
 Fortunate Islands, The. [L. Fortunatx in- 
 sults ; Gr. ai tc)v gaiidguv vrjaoi, Islands of the 
 Blest.] An ancient name of the Canary Isl- 
 ands. The Fortunate Islands, Islands of the Blest, or 
 the Happy Islands were originally imaginary isles in the 
 western ocean where the souls of the good are made happy. 
 With the discovery of the Canary and Madeira islands the 
 name became attached to them. 
 
 The Carthaginian fleet (under Himilco] appears to have 
 turned homewards from this point and to have touched at 
 the Island of Madeira, which was described on their re- 
 turn in such glowing language that others undertook the 
 voyage, until the Senate, being afraid of an exodus from 
 Carthage, forbade all further visits to “the Fortunate Isl- 
 ands ” on pain of death. 
 
 Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 22. 
 
 Fortunatus (for-tu-na'tus). The hero of a pop- 
 ular European chap-book. When in great straits he 
 receives from the goddess Fortune a purse which can never 
 be emptied. He afterward takes from the treasure-cham- 
 ber of a sultan a hat which will transport its wearer wher- 
 ever he desires. These enable him to indulge his every 
 whim. The earliest known, and probably original, version 
 was published at Augsburg in 1509. It lias been retold in 
 all languages, and dramatized by Hans Sachs in 1563 and 
 by Thomas Dekker in 1600. Tieck in “ Phantasus,” and 
 Ohamisso in “Peter Schlemihl,” have also utilized this 
 legend. Uhland left an unfinished narrative poem, “ For- 
 tunatus and his Sons.” See Old Fortunatus. 
 
 Fortunatus, Venantius Honorius Clemen- 
 tianus. Born at Ceneda, near Treviso, Italy, 
 about 530 : died after 600. A Latin poet, bishop 
 of Poitiers. He was the author of 300 hymns, among 
 them “Vexilla regis prodeunt,” and probably “Range 
 lingua.” 
 
 Fortune (for'tun). A short poem erroneously 
 attributed to Chaucer by Shirley. Its subtitle is 
 “ Ballade de Visage [sometimes written Village] saun9 
 Peynture” (“The Face of the World as it really is, not 
 Painted "). It is based partly on Boethius and partly on a 
 portion of the “Roman de la Rose.” 
 
 Fortune. A painting by Guido Reni, in the 
 Accademia di San Luca, Rome. The goddess is 
 represented nude, smiling, sweeping over a globe. From 
 her raised left hand hangs a purse from which money falls. 
 A Cupid clings to her flowing hair and to the scarf which 
 floats behind her. 
 
 Fortune. A ship which arrived at Plymouth, 
 Mass., Nov. 11, 1621, from London, bringing 
 out 35 colonists and a patent, granted June 1, 
 1611, by the president and council of New Eng- 
 land to John Pierce and his associates, allowing 
 a hundred acres to be taken up for every emi- 
 grant, and empowering the grantees to make 
 laws and set up a government. Winsor. 
 Fortune, The. A London theater built in 
 1599 for Henslowe (the pawnbroker and money- 
 lender) and Alleyne (the comedian). It stood in 
 the parish of St. Giles, Cripplegate, and in the street now 
 called Playhouse Yard, connecting Whitecross street with 
 Golding Lane. It was a wooden tenement, which was 
 burned down in 1621, and was replaced by a circular brick 
 edifice. In 1649 a party of soldiers broke into the edifice 
 and pulled down the building. 
 
 Fortune Bay. An inlet of the Atlantic, on the 
 southern coast of Newfoundland. 
 
 Fortunes of Moll Flanders. A novel by De- 
 foe, published in 1722. It is the history of a 
 profligate woman who reforms before her death. 
 Fortunes of Nigel (nig'el), The. A historical 
 novel by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1822. 
 The scene is laid in London during the reign 
 of James I. 
 
 Fortunio (for-tu'ni-o). A fairy tale of ancient 
 but unknown origin. Fortunio is the daughter of an 
 aged nobleman, in whose stead she offers her services to 
 the king, disguised as a cavalier. A fairy horse named 
 Comrade, and seven servants, Strongback, Lightfoot, 
 Marksman, Fine-ear, Boisterer, Gormand, and Tippler, 
 aid her to slay a dragon and regain the treasures of the 
 king. 
 
 Fortuny (for-to'ne) y Carbo, Mariano Jos6 
 Maria Bernardo. Born at R6us in Catalonia, 
 Juno 11, 1838 : died at Rome, Nov. 21, 1874. A 
 Spanish genre painter and aquafortist. He fol- 
 lowed the course at the Academy de Bellas Artes at Barce 
 Iona. He studied first in the manner of Overbeck, in which 
 
Fortuny y Oarbo 
 
 he excelled his master Claudio Lorenzalez, but his true 
 style was developed by seeing the lithographs of Gavarni. 
 He gained the grand pi'ix de Rome 1867. He followed the 
 expedition to Morocco, where he developed his taste for 
 Arabian subjects. After several visits to Paris, Florence, 
 Naples, Madrid, Seville, Granada, and even England, he es- 
 tablished himself in Portici; then returned to Rome, where 
 he died suddenly at the age of thirty-six. Among his 
 works are “Interior (Alauresque)," “Cour de maison ii 
 Tangier,” “ Intdrieur de bazar,” “Exercises ii feu en pre- 
 sence de la reine d'Espagne,” “ Fantasie arabe,” “La baie 
 de Portici.” 
 
 Fort Wadsworth. A fort on Staten Island, sit- 
 uated on the western side of the Narrows at 
 the entrance of New York harbor. 
 
 Fort Wagner. A fortification on Morris Island : 
 one of the defenses of Charleston. It was re- 
 duced by the Federals under Gillmore, Sept. 
 6, 1863. 
 
 Fort Wayne (fort wan). A city and the capi- 
 tal of Allen County, Indiana, situated at the 
 head of the Maumee Eiver, in lat. 41° 4' N., 
 long. 85° 4' W. It is a leading railway, manufacturing, 
 and business center of northern Indiana. A United States 
 fort was built here by General Wayne in 1794. Population, 
 63,933, (1910). 
 
 Fort William. 1 . A place in Inverness-shire, 
 Scotland, near the head of Loch Eil and the 
 foot of Ben Nevis, and the entrance to the 
 Caledonian Canal. At one time it was regarded as 
 the key of the Highlands. It was unsuccessfully attacked 
 by the Highlanders in 1746. Population, 2,087. 
 
 2. The fortress of Calcutta. 
 
 Fort William Henry. A fort in the modern 
 town of Caldwell, at the head of Lake George, 
 New York. It was surrendered by the English to the 
 French and Indians under Montcalm in Aug , 1767. 
 
 Fort Winthrop. A fort Oil Governor’s Island: 
 one of the defenses of Boston harbor. 
 
 Fort Worth. A city and the capital of Tarrant 
 County, Texas, in lat. 32° 47' N., long. 97° 14' W. 
 It has manufactures of flour, etc., and is an important 
 center for stock. Population, 73,312, (1910). 
 
 Forty Thieves, The. 1 . One of the tales of 
 the “Arabian Nights’ Entertainments.” See 
 Baba, Ali. — 2. A play by George Colman the 
 younger, produced in 1805. 
 
 Forum Boarium (f 6 ' rum bo-a'ri-um) . [L.] The 
 early cattle-market of ancient Rome, it was 
 bounded ou the north by the area called the V elabrum, on 
 the east by the Palatine, on the south by the Aventine at 
 the extremity of the Circus Maximus, and on the west by 
 the Tiber. It is said that at an early date gladiatorial shows 
 were given here, and that human sacrifices were made by 
 burial alive. Upon this forum fronts the temple of Fors 
 Fortuna (so-called Fortuna Virilis), and in it stands the 
 circular monument long popularly called the temple of 
 Vesta. A number of other important temples stood on it 
 in antiquity, among them that of Ceres, whose remains 
 are incorporated in Santa Maria in Cosmedin. The Forum 
 Boarium was within the Servian Wall. 
 
 Forum Julium (fo'rum jo'li-um). [L.] The 
 earliest of the imperial fora of ancient Rome, 
 designed to relieve the crowding of the Forum 
 Romanmn. It was begun by Julius Caesar, and prac- 
 tically adjoined the northern side of the Forum Romanum 
 at its eastern end. It was surrounded with porticos, and 
 its central area was occupied by a richly adorned perip- 
 teral temple of Venus Genitrix. Some finely arcaded and 
 vaulted chambers of the inclosure exist near the south- 
 west angle : they were probably offices for legal business. 
 
 Forum of Augustus. The second of the im- 
 perial fora of ancient Rome. It adjoined the 
 northeast side of the Forum Julium, and was very large, 
 rectangular in plan except that a corner was cut off at 
 the southeast, and that a semicircular exedra indented 
 each long side. It was inclosed by very massive walls 
 nearly 100 feet high, and surrounded by porticos splen- 
 didly adorned with marble statues and incrustation. 
 Toward the northeastern end of the central area rose the 
 temple of Mars Ultor, colonnaded on three sides, and 
 having an apse at the back. The existing remains include 
 very impressive stretches of the inclosing wall, one of the 
 entrance-arches, now called Arco de’ Pantani, and some 
 columns and walls of the temple. 
 
 Forum of Nerva. The fourth of the imperial fora 
 of ancient Rome, a long narrow area between the 
 Forum of Vespasian and the Forum of Augus- 
 tus. It was also called Forum Transitorium because an 
 important thoroughfare from the northeast passed through 
 it to the Forum Romanum, and Forum Palladium from 
 the temple of Minerva which it contained. Temple and 
 forum were dedicated by Nerva in 97 A. n. The temple 
 was hexastyle prostyle, with columns on the flanks and 
 an apse at the back. Part of the cella wall toward the apse 
 remains in place, together with two Corinthian columns 
 of marble of the interior range of the forum, with richly 
 ornamented entablatures, returned to the wall behind the 
 columns. Over the entablature there is an attic on which 
 is an effective sculptured relief of Minerva. The temple 
 remained almost perfect until 1606, when Paul V. destroyed 
 it to use its marbles in the Chapel of St. Paul in Santa Maria 
 Maggiore. 
 
 Forum of Trajan. The largest and the furthest 
 north of the imperial fora of ancient Rome, 
 adjoining the northwest side of the Forum of 
 Augustus, and lying between the northeastern 
 declivity of the Capitoline Hill and the Quiri- 
 nal. It consisted of three parts : the forum proper, the 
 huge Basilica Ulpia, and the temple of Trajan, with its 
 
 403 
 
 colonnaded inclosure. Between the temple of Trajan and 
 the Basilica Ulpia rises the column of Trajan, beneath 
 which was the emperor’s mausoleum. To create an area 
 for this lavish monumental display, Trajan cut away a 
 large ridge of tufa which extended from the Capitoline to 
 the Quirinal. The forum proper was a large rectangle 
 surrounded by columns — a double range on the sides, and 
 a single range toward the Forum of Augustus and the 
 Basilica Ulpia. From each side, behind the porticos, 
 projected a large hemicycle with booths or offices in sev- 
 eral stories. Trajan’s forum was entered from that of 
 Augustus by a splendid triumphal arch, many of whose 
 sculptures now adorn the arch of Constantine. The fo- 
 rum was adorned with numbers of statues in bronze and 
 marble, and all its buildings were roofed with gilt bronze. 
 
 Forum Olitorium (fo'rum o-li-to'ri-um). 
 [L.,‘ vegetable-market.’] The vegetable-mar- 
 ket of ancient Rome. It occupied the southern ex- 
 tremity oftheCampus Martius, beneath the Capitoline Hill, 
 stretching into the Velabrum, and separated from the Fo- 
 rum Boarium o ily by the Servian Wall. In the Forum Oli- 
 torium stood three temples side by side, two of which are 
 identified as the temples of Spes and Juno Sospita, whose 
 remains are built into the Church of San Niecolo in Car- 
 cere. 
 
 Forum Pacis (fo'rum pa 'sis) (‘Forum of 
 Peace’), or Forum of Vespasian. The third 
 of the imperial fora of ancient Rome. It was the 
 furthest south of the imperial fora, and lay behind the 
 Basilica -Emilia, which fronted on the Forum Romanum. 
 It was built to inclose the temple of Peace which was 
 dedicated by Vespasian in 75 A. D. in honor of the taking 
 of Jerusalem, and is described by Pliny as one of the four 
 finest buildings of Rome. In it were dedicated the spoils 
 of the Jewish temple, represented on the arch of Titus; 
 and here too Vespasian placed the works of art taken by 
 Nero from Delphi and other Greek cities. A massive 
 stretch of the exterior wall of this forum still stands, near 
 the western end of the basilica of Constantine, with a fine 
 flat-arched doorway of travertine. 
 
 Forum Romanum (fo'rum ro-ma'num). The 
 famous Roman forum which from the time of 
 the kings formed the political center of ancient 
 Rome. Beginning in a hollow on the eastern slope of 
 the Capitoline Hill, its long and comparatively narrow 
 area stretched In a direction south of east beneath the 
 northern declivity of the Palatine. Its western end was 
 occupied by the tabularium, or office of the archives, in 
 front of which stood the temples of Concord and of Ves- 
 pasian. On its southern side were the temple of Saturn, 
 the Basilica Julia, the temples of Castor and Pollux and of 
 Vesta, and on its northern side the arch of Septimius Seve- 
 rus, the Curia, the Basilica .Emilia, and the temples of An- 
 toninus and Faustina and of Romulus. In the middle of 
 the eastern part rose the temple and rostra of Julius Ose- 
 sar. The more ancient and famous rostra from which 
 Cicero spoke were at the western end. The remains of all 
 these buildings are considerable, and the area has been ex- 
 cavated and restored as far as possible to its ancient aspect. 
 
 Forward (for'ward), Walter. Born in Connect- 
 icut, 1786: died at Pittsburg, Pa., Nov. 24, 1852. 
 An American politician, secretary of the trea- 
 sury 1841-43. 
 
 Forward, Marshal. See Marshal Forward. 
 
 Forza del Destino (for'tsa del des-te'no), La. 
 [It., ‘ The Force of Destiny.’] An opera by 
 Verdi, first produced at St. Petersburg in 1862. 
 
 Fosbroke (fos'bruk), Thomas Dudley), Born 
 at London, May 27, 1770: died at Walford, 
 Herefordshire, Jan. 1, 1842. An English anti- 
 quary. His chief works are “British Mona- 
 chism” (1802) and “ Encyclopaedia of Antiqui- 
 ties” (1824). 
 
 Foscari (fos'ka-re), Francesco. Died 1457. 
 Doge of Venice 1423-57. He began in 1426 a war 
 against Filippo Maria Visconti, duke of Milan, which re- 
 sulted in the acquisition of Brescia, Bergamo, and Cremona 
 in 1427. A second war, which lasted from 1431 to 1433, 
 fixed the Adda as the boundary of theVenetian dominion. 
 A war against Bologna, Milan, and Mantua, in which he 
 was supported by Francisco Sforza and Cosmo de’ Medici, 
 resulted in 1441 in the conquest of Lonato, Velaggio, and 
 Peschiera. The close of his reign was troubled by the 
 machinations of his rival Giacopo Loredano. He was com- 
 pelled to abdicate, after having sustained the loss of his 
 only surviving son, Giacopo, who died in exile as the re- 
 sult of the tortures inflicted on him by the Council of the 
 Ten. He formed with his son the subject of Byron’s tra- 
 gedy “The Two Foscari.” 
 
 Foscarini (fos-kii-re'ne), Marco. Born at Ven- 
 ice, Jan. 30, 1696: died there, March 30, 1763. 
 Doge of Venice 1762-63. He wrote “Dellalette- 
 ratura Veneziana ” (1752). 
 
 Foscarini, Michele. Bom at Venice, March 29, 
 1632: died at Venice, May 31,1692. A Venetian 
 historian, appointed governor of Corfu Sept. 1 , 
 1664, and historiographer of Venice in 1678. He 
 wrote “Istoria della republica Veneta” (1696), 
 etc. 
 
 Fosco (fos'ko), Count. Ill Wilkie Collins’s novel 
 “ The Woman in White,” a fat, insidious, and 
 •agreeable villain. 
 
 Foscolo (fos'ko-lo), Niccolo Ugo. Born in the 
 island of Zante, Jan. 26, 1778 : died at Turnham 
 Green, near London, Oct. 10, 1827. An Italian 
 poet and litterateur. He wrote “Ultime lettere di 
 Jacopo Qrtis” (a romance, 1798), “ I sepolcri ” (lyric, 1807), 
 etc. 
 
 Foss (fos),Corporal. In “The Poor Gentleman,” 
 by George Colman the younger, the faithful ser- 
 
 Foster, John Wells 
 
 vant and former soldier of Worthington. He is 
 modeled on Sterne’s Corporal Trim. 
 
 FOSS, Edward. Born at London, Oct. 16, 1787 : 
 died July 27, 1870. An English lawyer. He was 
 a solicitor in London until 1840, when he retired from prac- 
 tice in order to devote himself to literature. He wrote 
 “The Judges of England ’’ (1848-64), “Biographia Juridical 
 a Biographical Dictionary of the Judges of England from 
 the Conquest to the Present Time, 1066-1870 ” (1870), etc. 
 
 Fossalta (fos-al'ta), Battle of. A battle 
 fought at Fossalta, near Bologna, central Italy, 
 May 26, 1249, between Enzio, titular king of Sar- 
 dinia, and the Bolognese, in which the former 
 was defeated and captured. 
 
 Fossano (fos-sa'no). A town in the province of 
 Cuneo, Italy, situated on the Stura 35 miles south 
 of Turin. It is the seat of a bishopric. The Austrians 
 defeated the French near this place Nov. 4 and 5, 1799. 
 
 Fossano, Ambrogio da, called II Borgognone. 
 
 Died after 1524. A Lombard painter. 
 
 Fosse-way (fos'wa), or The Fosse (fos). An 
 ancient Roman road in England, running from 
 Bath through Cirencester and Leicester to Lin- 
 coln. 
 
 Fossombrone (fos-som-bro'ne). A town in the 
 province of Pesaro, Italy, situated on the Me- 
 tauro in lat. 43° 42' N., long. 12° 48' E.: the 
 ancient Forum Sempronii. It has silk manu- 
 factures. 
 
 Foster (fos'ter or fos'ter), Anthony. In Sir 
 Walter Scott’s novel “Kenilworth,” a sullen 
 hypocrite, the warder of Amy Robsart at Cumnor 
 Place. Overcome by his love for gold, he assists in her 
 murder. He accidentally shuts himself in a cell with a 
 spring-lock, and perishes with his ill-gotten gold. 
 
 Foster, Birket. Born at North Shields, Eng- 
 land, Feb. 4, 1825 : died March 27, 1899. An 
 English draftsman and aquarellist. He illustrated 
 Longfellow’s “Evangeline,” and also the works of other 
 English and American poets. 
 
 Foster, Charles. Born near Tiffin, Ohio, April 
 12,1828: died at Springfield, 0.,Jan. 9, 1904. An 
 American politician. He was Republican member of 
 Congress from Ohio 1871-79 ; was governor of Ohiol880-84 ; 
 and was secretary of the United States treasury 1891-93. 
 
 Foster, Henry. Born Aug., 1796: died Feb. 5, 
 1831. An English navigator. He entered the navy 
 in 1812 ; was promoted lieutenant in 1824 ; and accompanied 
 Sir Edward Parry’s exploring expeditions of 1824-25 and 
 
 1827. With Parry and others he made magnetic and other 
 observations, which were published in the “ Philosophical 
 Transactions” for 1826. He sailed from Spithead April 
 27, 1828, in command of the Chanticleer, a sloop sent out 
 by the government to the South Seas to determine the 
 elliptieity of the earth by pendulum experiments, and to 
 make observations on magnetism, meteorology, and the 
 direction of the principal ocean currents. During this ex- 
 pedition he was drowned in the river Chagres. He left a 
 number of papers, which form an appendix to the “ Nar- 
 rative of a Voyage to the Southern Atlantic Ocean, in the 
 years 1828, 29, 30, performed in H. M. sloop Chanticleer, 
 under the command of the late Captain Henry Foster, 
 F. R. S., etc. From the private journal of W. H. B. Web- 
 ster, surgeon of the sloop ” (1834). 
 
 Foster, John, Baron Oriel. Born Sept., 1740: 
 died at Collon, County Louth, Ireland, Aug. 23, 
 
 1828. The last speaker of the Irish House of 
 Commons. He was the eldest son of Anthony Foster of 
 Collon, Louth, lord chief baron of the exchequer in Ire- 
 land ; entered the Irish Parliament in 1761 ; was called to 
 the Irish bar in 1766 ; and was chancellor of the exchequer 
 in Ireland 1784-85, when he was elected speaker of the 
 House of Commons, a place to which he was reelected in 
 1790 and in 1798. On June 7, 1800, he put the final ques- 
 tion from the chair on the third reading of the bill for the 
 legislative union of Ireland with Great Britain. Although 
 an anti-unionist, he obtained a seat in the united Parlia- 
 ment ; was chancellor of the exchequer in Ireland 1804- 
 1806 and 1807-11 ; and was created Baron Oriel of Ferrard 
 in the county of Louth in 1821. 
 
 Foster, John. Bom Sept. 17, 1770: died Oct. 
 15, 1843. An English essayist. He was a Baptist 
 preacher from 1792 to 1806, when he retired from the min- 
 istry to devote himself wholly to literature. His chief 
 works are “Essays” (1805) and “On the Evils of Popular 
 Ignorance” (1820). He contributed a great many articles 
 to the “Eclectic Review,” and a selection from these was 
 published separately in 1844. 
 
 Foster, John Gray. Born at Whitefield, N. H., 
 May 27, 1823: died at Nashua, N. FI., Sept. 2, 
 1874. An American engineer and general . He 
 graduated at West Point in 1846; became captain in 1860; 
 was one of the garrison at Fort Sumter when it was bom- 
 barded by the Confederates in April, 1861; commanded 
 a brigade under General Burnside at Roanoke Island in 
 Feb., and at Newbern in March, 1862 ; and commanded in 
 various departments during the remainder of the war. He 
 was brevetted major-general at the close of thewar(1865), 
 and was subsequently employed as superintending engi- 
 neer of various river and harbor improvements. 
 
 Foster, John Wells. Born at Brimfield, Mass., 
 March 4, 1815: died at Chicago, Juno 29, 1873. 
 An American geologist. He was admitted to the bar 
 in Ohio in 1835, but shortly abandoned the practice of law 
 in order to devote himself to geology and civil engineer- 
 ing. Between 1846 and 1849 he was connected with a geo- 
 logical survey of the Lake Superior region, executed under 
 the direction of the United States government. Among 
 his works are “The Mississippi Valley : Its Physical Geog- 
 
404 
 
 Foster, John Wells 
 
 raphy, including Sketches of the Topography, Botany, and 
 Mineral Resources, etc." (1869), and “ Prehistoric Races of 
 the United States of America " (1873). 
 
 Foster, Sir Michael. Born at Marlborough, 
 Wiltshire, Dee. 16, 1689: died Nov. 7, 1763. An 
 English jurist. He was called to the bar at the Middle 
 Temple in 1713 ; was chosen recorder of Bristol in 1735 ; 
 was appointed sergeant-at-law in 1736 ; and became puisne 
 judge of the King's Bench and was knighted in 1746. He 
 wrote “An Examination of the Scheme of Church Power 
 laid down in the Codex Juris Ecclesiastici Anglican! etc.” 
 (1736), etc. 
 
 Foster, Sir Michael. Born at Huntingdon, 
 March8, 1836: died at London, Jan. 29, 1907. 
 An English physiologist. He was appointed pro- 
 fessor of physiology at University College, London, in 
 1869 ; lecturer of physiology in Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 1870 ; was professor of physiology in Cambridge Univer- 
 sity 1883-1903; and was member of Parliament for London 
 University from 1900. He was secretary of the Rojal 
 Society 1881-1903. Knighted, 1899. 
 
 F oster, Randolph Sinks. Born at W illiamsburg, 
 Ohio, Feb. 22, 1820: diedMayl, 1903. An Amer- 
 ican Methodist clergyman. He was elected a bishop 
 in 1872 ; and was president of the Northwestern University, 
 Evanston, 111., 1856-59, and of Drew Theological Semi- 
 nary, Madison, New Jersey, 1870-72. 
 
 Foster, Stephen Collins. Born at Pittsburg, 
 Pa., July 4, 1826: died at New York, Jan. 13, 
 1864. An American song-writer and popular 
 composer. He was the author of “Old Folks at 
 Home," “Oh, Susannah !” “Nelly was a Lady," “ Old Ken- 
 tucky Home," “Camptown Races,” “Old Dog Tray,” 
 “ Come where my Love lies Dreaming," etc. 
 
 Fothergill (foTH'er-gil), Jessie. Born at Man- 
 chester in 1856: died at London, July 30, 1891. 
 An English novelist. She wrote “The First 
 Violin” (1878) and other works. 
 
 Fotheringay (foTH'er-in-ga). A village in 
 Northamptonshire, England, situated on the 
 Nen 9 miles southwest of Peterborough, in 
 
 its castle Richard III. was horn and Mary Queen of Scots 
 was imprisoned, tried, and executed. 
 
 Fotheringay, The. The stage name of Emily 
 Costigan. See Costigan. 
 
 Foucault (fo-ko' ), Jean Bernard Leon. Bom 
 at Paris, Sept. 18, 1819: died there, Feb. 11, 
 1868. A distinguished French physicist, noted 
 for his investigations in optics and mechanics. 
 He demonstrated the rotation of the earth by means of a 
 graduated disk which was seen to turn while a pendulum 
 freely suspended maintained its plane of oscillation. The 
 gyroscope is his invention. 
 
 Fouche (fo-sha'), Joseph, Due d’Otrante. Born 
 near Nantes, France, May 29, 1763: died at 
 Triest, Austria, Dec. 25, 1820. A French revo- 
 lutionist and later, under Napoleon, minister of 
 police. He was a deputy to the Convention 1792-95 ; 
 minister to the Cisalpine Republic in 1798, and to the 
 Netherlands in 1799 ; minister of police 1799-1802, 1804-10, 
 and 1815 ; and head of the provisional government after 
 Waterloo. 
 
 Foucher (fo-sha'), Simon. Born at Dijon, 
 France, March 1, 1644: died at Paris, April 27, 
 1696 (?). A French ecclesiastic and philosophi- 
 cal writer, called “the restorer of the academic 
 philosophy.” Hewrotea “Dissertationsurlarecherehe 
 de la v6rit6, etc.” (1673 ?), “ De la sagesse des ancieus, etc.” 
 (1682), etc. 
 
 Foucher de Careil, Count Louis Alexandre. 
 
 Born at Paris, March 1, 1826: died there, Jan. 
 10, 1891. A French diplomatist and author. 
 He was elected to the Senate in 1876, and was ambassador 
 at Vienna 1883-86. He published “Leibniz, Descartes, et 
 Spinoza ” (1863), “ Hegel et Schopenhauer ” (1862), “Goethe 
 et sou oeuvre ” (1865), etc. 
 
 Foucquet (fo-ka'), Jean. Born at Tours, 1415: 
 died 1485. One of the earliest painters of the 
 French school, court painter to Louis XI. in 
 1461 he painted the portrait of Charles VII. He also 
 worked for the order of the Chevaliers de Saint Michel in 
 1474, and was charged with making a plan for the tomb 
 of Louis XI. He was especially famous for his admirable 
 miniatures, and was also a historical and portrait painter. 
 Fougdres (fo-zhar'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Ille-et-Vilaine, France, on the Nan- 
 gon 27 miles northeast of Rennes, ithasmanu- 
 facture3 of shoes. It was one of the strongest places of 
 Brittany and frequently besieged, and ruins of a feudal 
 castle still remain. Population, commune, 23,537. 
 Fougerolles (fozh-rol'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Haute-Saone, France, 22 miles north- 
 east of Vesoul. Population, commune, 5,730. 
 Foughard (fo'chard). A place near Dundalk, 
 Ireland, where, on Oct. 5, 1318, the Scots under 
 Edward Bruce were defeated by John Ber- 
 mingham. Bruce was killed. 
 
 Foul (i. e., dishonorable) Raid, The. The raid 
 of the Duke of Albany on Roxburgh Castle 
 and the town of Berwick in 1417, while Henry 
 V. of England was absent in Prance. He was 
 compelled by the Dukes of Exeter and Bedford 
 to retire. 
 
 Foula (fo'la). A small island of the Shetland 
 group, Scotland, west of the main group. 
 
 Fould(fold), Achille. Born at Paris, Nov. 17, 
 1800 : died at Tarbes, France, Oct. 5, 1867. A 
 French financier and statesman. He was minister 
 of finance 1849-52, minister of state 1852-60, and minister 
 of finance 1861-67. 
 
 Foulis (foulz), Andrew (originally Faulls). 
 Born at Glasgow, Nov. 23, 1712 : died Sept. 18, 
 1775. A Scottish printer, brother of Robert 
 Foulis. 
 
 Foulis, Robert. Born at Glasgow, April 20, 
 1707 : died at Edinburgh, June 2, 1776. A Scot- 
 tish printer, noted for his editions of Horace, 
 Homer, Herodotus, and other classics. 
 
 Foul Play. A novel by Charles Reade, drama- 
 tized with Dion Boucicault in 1879. 
 
 Foulques. See Fulc. 
 
 Foul-Weather Jack. A surname given to Ad- 
 miral John Byron from his poor fortune at sea. 
 
 Founder of Peace. A name given to St. 
 Benedict. 
 
 Foundling, The. A play by Edward Moore, 
 produced in 1748. 
 
 Fountain of Arethusa. See Arethusa. 
 
 Fountain of Castalia. See Castalia. 
 
 Fountain of Self-Love, The. See Cynthia’s 
 
 Revels. 
 
 Fountain of Vaucluse. See Faucluse. 
 
 Fountain of Youth, The. A mythical spring 
 supposed by some of the Indians of Central 
 America and the West Indies to exist in a re- 
 gion toward the north called Bimini (which 
 see). Its waters, it was said, would restore youth to the 
 aged and heal the sick. It appears that, before the con- 
 quest, the Indians made expeditions to Florida and the 
 Bahamas in search of this spring ; and the Spaniards un- 
 der Ponce de Leon, Narvaez, De Soto, and others pene- 
 trated far into the interior, seeking for it, during the 
 early part of the Kith century. Similar myths have been 
 found in India and in the Pacific Islands, and a fountain 
 of youth is described in Mandeville's travels. 
 
 Fountains Abbey. A Cistercian monastery of 
 the 14th century, near Ripon, England, now 
 the largest and most picturesque of English 
 ecclesiastical ruins. The great church, well pre- 
 served except for its roof, is in large part in the style of 
 transition from the Norman to the Early English. It has 
 a high, square Perpendicular tower, and a second tran- 
 sept at the extremity of the east end, like Durham. The 
 interior is plain but for its beautiful wall-arcading. 
 Among the monastic buildings are a vaulted cloister of 
 two aisles 300 feet long, a chapter-house, and a refectory. 
 
 Fouque (fo-ka.'), Friederich, Baron de la Motte. 
 Born at Brandenburg in 1777 : died at Berlin in 
 1843. A German poet and author. He served in 
 the War of Liberation (1813), and later lived in Paris, 
 Halle (where he lectured on modern history and poetry), 
 and Berlin. In 1808 appeared the drama “ Sigurd der 
 Schlangentodter ” (“Sigurd the Dragon-slayer”). “Der 
 Zauberring ” (“ The Magic King ") is a romance of the age 
 of chivalry. His principal work is the romantic story 
 “ Undine,” which appeared in 1811. He was (he author 
 of numerous lyrics, among them the patriot ic song begin- 
 ning “ Frisch auf zum frohlichen Jagen ” (1813). 
 
 Fouquet (fo-ka'), Nicolas, Marquis de Belle- 
 Isle. Bom at Paris, 1615 : died in prison at 
 Pignerol, Piedmont, March 23, 1680. A French 
 official, superintendent of finance 1653-61. He 
 was condemned for peculation in 1664, and im- 
 prisoned at Pignerol. 
 
 ouquier-Tinville (fo-kya'tan-vel'), Antoine 
 Quentin. Born at. Herouel, Aisne, France, 
 1747 : guillotined at Paris, May 7, 1795. A 
 French revolutionist, public accuser before 
 the Revolutionary tribunal March, 1793, -July, 
 1794. 
 
 Fourberies de Scapin (forb-re' de ska-pan'), 
 Les. [F.,‘ The Cheats of Scapin.’] A comedy 
 by Moliere, produced in 1671. The subject is taken 
 from Terence’s “Phormio,” with various scenes from 
 other authors. 
 
 Four Cantons, Lake of the. See Lucerne , Lake of. 
 
 Fourchamhault (for-shon-bo'). A town in the 
 department of Nievre, central France, situated 
 on the Loire 5 miles northwest of Nevers, 
 noted for its iron-works. Population, com- 
 mune, 4,806. 
 
 Fourcrov (for-krwa'), Antoine Francois, 
 
 Comte ae. Born at Paris, June 15, 1755 : died 
 at Paris, Dec. 16, 1809. A noted French physi- 
 ologist and chemist. He was the *on of an apothe- 
 cary. He was elected deputy to the National Convention 
 from Paris in 1792 ; labored in the extraction of saltpeter 
 for use in the manufacture of gunpowderfor the Revolu- 
 tionary armies for eighteen months ; took his seat in the 
 Assembly in 1793 ; was an influential member of the Com- 
 mittee of Public Instruction ; prevented the execution of 
 Darcet; and on the 9th Thermidor was made a member of 
 the Committee of Public Safety. He was instrumental in 
 the organization of the Ecole Polytechnique (then l’Ecole 
 des Travaux Publiques), the Ecole Normale, the Institut 
 and the Musde d’Histoire Naturelle. He was a friend and 
 colaborer of Lavoisier (whose death he was unjustly ac- 
 cused of countenancing) and other distinguished chem- 
 ists. He published “Legons d’histoire naturelle et de 
 chimie" (1781: reissued under the title “Systbme des 
 
 Fourth Party, The 
 
 connaissances chimiques, etc.,” 1801), “Philosophic chl- 
 mique ” (1792), etc. 
 
 Fourdrinier (for-dri-ner'), Henry. Born in 
 London, Feb. 11, 1766: died at Mavesyn Rid- 
 ware, near Rugely, Sept. 3, 1854. An English 
 paper-maker and inventor, with his brother 
 Sealy Fourdrinier (died 1847), of an improved 
 paper-making machine which produces a con- 
 tinuous sheet of paper of any size from the pulp. 
 This machine, which was perfected in 1807, Is an improve- 
 ment upon one invented and patented by a Frenchman, 
 Louis Robert, clerk in the establishment of M. Didot, the 
 printer and paper-maker, in 1799. 
 
 Fourichon (fo-re-shon'), Martin. Born at 
 Viviers, Dordogne, Feb. 9, 1809: died at Paris, 
 Nov. 24, 1884. A French naval officer. He be- 
 came vice-admiral in 1859, and president of the council for 
 naval affairs in 1864. At the outbreak of the Franco- 
 German war he was appointed to the command of the 
 fleet destined for the North Sea. He sailed from Cher- 
 bourg Aug. 9, 1870, but, being destitute of vessels fitted 
 to operate in shallow waters, he was unable to accomplish 
 anything, and returned to Cherbourg Sept. 12, 1870. He 
 subsequently became ministerof naval and colonial affairs, 
 was elected to the National Assembly in 1871, and became 
 a senator in 1876. 
 
 Fourier (fo-rya'), Frangois Marie Charles. 
 
 Born at Besangon, France, April 7, 1772: died 
 at Paris, Oct. 10, 1837. A noted French socialist. 
 His father was a draper at Besangon. He entered the 
 army as a chasseur in 1793, but was discharged on account 
 of ill health after two years of service. He was subse- 
 quently connected, in subordinate positions, with various 
 commercial houses at Marseilles, Lyons, and elsewhere. 
 He resided at Paris from 1826. He published in 1808 
 “Theorie des quatre mouvements et des destinies gent- 
 rales,” in which he propounds the cooperative social sys- 
 tem known from him as Fourierism. This system con- 
 templates the organization of society into phalanxes or 
 associations, each large enough forall industrial and social 
 requirements, arranged in groups according to occupation, 
 capacities, and attractions, living in phalansteries or com- 
 mon dwellings. He also wrote “Traitfi de l association 
 domestique et agricole " (1822 : published later as “Tht- 
 orie de 1’unitt universelle’ ) and “Le nouveau rnonde” 
 (1829-30). 
 
 Fourier, Baron Jean Baptiste Joseph. Born 
 
 at Auxerre, France, March 21, 1768: died at 
 Paris, May 16, 1830. A celebrated French 
 mathematician. He was the son of a tailor. In 1786 
 he became professor at the military school in Auxerre ; 
 later taught at the Normal School and the Polytechnic 
 School in Paris ; accompanied Bonaparte in the Egyptian 
 expedition ; became secretary of the Institut d’Egypte and 
 one of the compilers of the “ Description de 1’Egypte ” ; and 
 on his return to France was appointed prefect of Isbre 
 and later of Rhone. His chief works are “ Thborie ana- 
 lytique de la chaleur” (1822), “Analyse des Equations db- 
 terminfees ” (1831). 
 
 Fourier, Pierre, called Pierre de Mataincourt. 
 
 Born at Mirecourt, Vosges, France, Nov. 30, 
 1565 : died at Gray, Haute-Saone, France, Dec. 
 9, 1640. A French religious reformer, general 
 of the order of the Premontres. 
 
 Four Lakes, The. A chain of lakes (Mendota 
 ana others) in Dane County, southern Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 Fourmies (for-me'). A manufacturing town in 
 the department of Nord, France, 36 miles south- 
 east of Valenciennes. Population, commune, 
 13,876. 
 
 Fourmigni. See Formigny. 
 
 Fourmont (for-moh'), fltienne. Born at Her- 
 
 belay, near St. Denis, France, June 23, 1683: 
 died at Paris, Dec. 19, 1745. A French Oriental- 
 ist and sinologist. 
 
 Fourneyron (for-na-ron'), Benoit. Bom at St. 
 Etienne, France. Oct. 31, 1802: died at Paris, 
 July, 1867. A French engineer, chiefly known 
 for his improvements in the construction of tur- 
 bine water-wheels. 
 
 Fournier (for-nya'), Edouard. Born at Or- 
 leans, France, June 15, 1819: died at Paris, 
 May 10, 1880. A French litterateur and jour- 
 nalist. He wrote “Le vieux-neuf ” (1859), etc. 
 Fournier, Pierre Simon. Born at Paris, Sept. 
 15, 1712: died at Paris, Oct. 8, 1768. A noted 
 French type-founder. He wrote “ Table des propor- 
 tions qu’il faut observer entre les caracteres ” (1737),“ Man- 
 uel typographique ” (1764-66), etc. 
 
 Four P’s, The. A “ merry interlude ” by John 
 Heywood. The four P’s were a “ Palmer, a Pardoner, a 
 Poticary, and a Pedlar.” It was probably written about 
 1540, and was printed some time before 1547. 
 
 Four Prentices of London. A play by Thomas 
 Heywood (1600). This play was ridiculed in “The 
 Knight of the Burning Pestle” by Beaumont and Fletcher. 
 
 Four Sons of Aymon. An old play relicensed 
 by Herbert in 1624. Balfe wrote an opera 
 with the same title in 1843. See Quatre Fils 
 d’ Aymon. 
 
 Fourth Party, The. A name given about 1880 
 to a knot of English Conservatives, of whom 
 Lord Randolph Churchill was the leading 
 spirit. It frequently opposed the Conserva- 
 tive party. 
 
i'owey 
 
 Fowey (foi). A small seaport in Cornwall, Eng- 
 land, situated on the English Channel 22 miles 
 west of Plymouth, important in the 13th and 
 14th centuries. 
 
 Fowler (fou'ler). In Shirley’s “Witty Pair One,” 
 a brilliant libertine, reformed by being per- 
 suaded that he is dead, and suffering for his 
 vices as a disembodied spirit. 
 
 Fowler, Edward. Born at Westerleigh, Glouces- 
 tershire, in 1632: died at Chelsea, Aug. 26, 1714. 
 An English prelate and theological writer, bish- 
 op of Gloucester 1691. He wrote “Design of Christi- 
 anity " (1671), which was attacked by Bunyan and Baxter ; 
 “ Dirt wip’d off : or a manifest discovery of the wicked 
 spirit of one John Bunyan ” (1672), etc. 
 
 Fowler, Henry the. A name given to the em- 
 peror Henry I. 
 
 Fowler, John. Born at Melksham, Wiltshire, 
 July 11, 1826 : died at Ackworth, Dec. 4, 1864. 
 An English inventor. He invented a steam-plow in 
 which the plow is moved by traction of a stationary engine, 
 and other improved machines. 
 
 Fowler, Katharine. The maiden name of Kath- 
 arine Philips, the “ matchless Orinda.” 
 Fowler, Orson Squire. Born Oct. 11, 1809 : died 
 Aug. 18, 1887. An American phrenologist. 
 He graduated at Amherst College in 1834. He devoted 
 himself to lecturing and writing on phrenology, and 
 to various projects for the promotion of health and social 
 reform. He founded the “ American Phrenological Jour- 
 nal "in 1838, and published a number of works, including 
 “Human Science, or Phrenology ” (1873), etc. 
 
 Fownes (founz), George. Born at London, May 
 14, 1815: died at London, Jan. 31, 1849. An 
 English chemist. He was professor of chemistry to 
 the Pharmaceutical Society 1842-46, lecturer on chemistry 
 at Middlesex Hospital 1842-46, professor of practical chem- 
 istry in theBirkbeck Laboratory of University College 1846- 
 1849, and secretary of the Chemical Society. He wrote a 
 manual of chemistry (1844 : later editions edited by Henry 
 Watts), various articles in the “ Proceedings of the Chemi- 
 cal Society,” etc. 
 
 Fox (foks), Foxes. A tribe of North American 
 Indians, first found in Wisconsin, extending to 
 Lake Superior. The Ojibwa and French forced them 
 south of the Wisconsin River, where they became incor- 
 porated with the Sac tribe. The name is simply trans- 
 lated from the French Renards, probably given from the 
 custom of painting their robes the color of the red fox, the 
 fox clan ( wagosh , red fox) also being specially identified 
 among them. The Ojibwa called them Outagami, mean- 
 ing ‘People on the opposite side of the Water.’ 
 
 Fox, or Neenah (ne'na). A river in northeast- 
 ern Wisconsin. It flows through Lake Winnebago, 
 and falls into Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Length, about 
 250 miles. 
 
 Fox, or Pishtaka (pish-ta'ka). A river in 
 southeastern Wisconsin and northeastern Illi- 
 nois, joining the Illinois at Ottawa, 70 miles 
 southwest of Chicago. Length, about 200 miles. 
 Fox, Caroline. Born at Falmouth, England, 
 May 24, 1819: died there, Jan. 12, 1871. An 
 English diarist. She was the daughter of Robert 
 Were Fox (a physicist and mineralogist), and the friend 
 of John Sterling, J. S. Mill, Carlyle, and other noted per- 
 sons. Extracts from her diary covering the period 1835- 
 1871 were published in 1881 (3d ed. 1882). 
 
 Fox, Sir Charles. Born at Derby, March 11,1810: 
 died at Blackheath, June 14, 1874. An English 
 engineer, contractor, and manufacturer. He was 
 chiefly engaged in the construction of railway works (roads 
 (especially narrow-gage), tunnels, bridges, etc.) and the 
 manufacturing of railway supplies. He erected the build- 
 ing in Hyde Park for the exhibition of 1851. See Crystal 
 Palace. 
 
 Fox, Charles James. Born at London, Jan. 
 24, 1749 : died at Chiswick, near London, Sept. 
 13, 1806. A celebrated English statesman and 
 orator. He was the third son of Henry Fox (afterward 
 Lord Holland) and Lady Caroline Georgina, daughter of 
 the second Duke of Richmond, grandson of Charles II. 
 He studied first at Eton and afterward at Hertford Col- 
 lege, Oxford, which he left without a degree in 1766. He 
 entered Parliament as a Tory in 1768, and was a junior 
 lord of the admiralty (1770-72) and of the treasury (1772- 
 1774) in Lord North's ministry. Dismissed by North at 
 the instance of George III., who cordially disliked him on 
 account both of the independent spirit which he displayed 
 in office and of his dissolute habits, he joined the Whig 
 party, with which he was afterward identified. On the 
 formation of Lord Rockingham’s ministry in 1782, he was 
 appointed foreign secretary, a position which he resigned 
 on the death of Rockingham in the same year, being un- 
 willing to serve under Lord Shelburne. In 1783 he formed 
 a coalition with Lord North, which brought the so-called 
 coalition ministry into power, with the Duke of Portland 
 as prime minister and North and Fox as home and foreign 
 secretaries. The coalition ministry was defeated in the 
 same year on Fox’s India Bill, through the influence of the 
 king, who authorized Lord Temple to say in the House of 
 Lords that whoever voted for the bill was not only not his 
 friend, but would be considered by him as his enemy. 
 Through the enmity of the king he was kept out of office 
 until 1806, when Lord Grenville refused to form a minis- 
 try without him, and he was again appointed foreign sec- 
 retary. He supported the cause of the American colonies 
 in Parliament during the period of the American Revolu- 
 tion, and was the chief instrument in procuring the pas- 
 sage of the Libel Act of 1792. He married in 1795 his mis- 
 tress, Elizabeth Bridget Cane, otherwise Arinistead or 
 Armstead. 
 
 40 ° France 
 
 Fox, George. Born at Fenny Drayton (Drayton- war, and was a member of the Chamber of Denuties iam- 
 m-the-Clay), Leicestershire, July, 1624: died I 82 . 5 - He was the author of an unfinished work P ^Histoh^ 
 
 Jan. 13, 1691. The founder of the Society of p de lague ^ e . d / e . laKninsule ” (1827) - 
 
 Friends. He was the son of Christopher Fox, a Puritan 4 OyCTS (foi erz), Falls Of. Two Waterfalls, the 
 weaver, and in his youth was apprenticed to a shoemaker u PP er 40 and the lower 165 feet high in Inver 
 at Nottingham. About the age of twenty-five he began ness-sbjre, Scotland, east of Lnrh Nsm 
 
 to disseminate as an itinerant lay preacher the doctrines Fnvle (foil) T.ninrh Ar, , 
 
 peculiar to the Society of Friends, the organization of . n Hdet °fthe Atlantic, 
 
 which he completed about 1669. He made missionary f n l estuary or the river Foyle, situated be- 
 
 journeys to Scotland in 1657, to Ireland in 1669, to the T ' 
 
 West Indies and North America 1671-72, and to Holland 
 in 1677 and 1684, and was frequently imprisoned for in- 
 fraction of the laws against conventicles, as at Lancaster 
 and Scarborough 1663-66 and at Worcester 1673-74. He 
 married in 1669 Margaret Fell, a widow, who was a woman 
 
 tween counties Donegal and Londonderry, Ire- 
 land. Length, 16 miles. Greatest width, 9 miles. 
 !te>- fracasse. See Capitaine Fracasse, Le. 
 
 He Fracastorio (fra-kas-to're-d). T ‘ 
 
 T, , ,y 0 -„- '.. a -/• Born at Verona, 
 
 . , , Italy, 148o : died near Verona Aui? 8 
 
 of superior intellect and gave bin much assistance in the An Italian nlivsioian and w’ tt b * / 
 founding, of his. sect. . An editor of his “ Works” was brated La«n IM?!? sSidis^iv^t ^rbo 
 
 fveidce^aaW-V^ 61 ’ 011 ^ - 153 0’ “ De vini temperatura” 
 (Venice, 1534), Homocentncorum, sive de stellis, etc ” 
 V.® synjpathia et antipathia rerum, etc.” (1546), etc. His 
 collected works were published in Venice in 1555 . 
 
 published at Philadelphia in 1831. 
 
 Fox, Gustavus Vasa. Bern at Saugus, Mass., 
 
 June 13, 1821 : died at Nev York, Oct. 29, 1883. 
 
 An American naval officer He was appointed mid -p.- , _ 
 
 shipman in the United States njvy in 1838, served in the t O ra de ' a vo-lo) (Michele Pezza) 
 
 Mexican war, and retired in 18$ with the rank of lieu- 
 tenant. He was assistant secretary of the navy 1861-66. 
 
 Fox, Henry Edward. Birn March 4, 1755: 
 died at Portsmouth, July 1|, 1811. An English 
 
 l^n er i deViL 1 ,] Bom in Calabria, Italy,' 
 about 1760: hanged at Naples, Nov. 10, 1806. 
 
 1799-1 s()6 11 robber ’ a Boui ' bon partizan leader 
 
 1793 was promoted major-genera) He subsequently com- 
 manded a brigade in Flanders, were he fought with dis- 
 tinction against the French at jmt-h-Chin in 1794. He 
 
 produced at Paris, Jan. 28, 1*830."' ThtTreal Fra 
 Pezza WaS a Calabriau ban dit named Michele 
 was commander-in-chief of the brees in Ireland during Pmo-mon+o 
 
 the revolution of Robert Emmetji 1803, and commanded * .. xr Vaticana (irag-men ta vat-i-ka/- 
 
 the British army in Sicily 1806-01 Vatican Fragments/] A collection of 
 
 Fox, Henry Rickard Vasall, third Baron J?£ al documents, perhaps made during the life- 
 Holland. Born at Winteslow House, Wilt- lmo °'- Constantine, a part of which has been 
 shire, Nov. 21, 1773: died it Holland House, preserved in a palimpsest in the Vatican Li- 
 Oct. 22, 1840. An Englishpolitician, nephew J ,L !;'L y - 
 
 of Charles James Fox. H succeeded his father -“aim (fran), Christian Martin. Born at 
 Stephen, second Lord Holland, asB(on Holland of Holland Hostock, Germany, June 4. 1782- died at St 
 
 A Gerrnan- 
 and historian. 
 
 pointed with Lord Auckland in 18| to negotiate a treaty museum^in “? ral ian and director of the Asiatic 
 
 with the American plenipotentiaik Monroe and Pinck- numomm xini.f.vl 18 ' H i s ?, h , lef "; oI ' k ia “Becensio 
 ney ; was sworn of the privy coutil in 1806; was lord nu ^° rum Mukamedanorum, etc.” (1826). 
 privy seal 1806-07; and was chaijdior of the duchy of */ a *I (trai), Mrs. In Congreve’s comedy “Love 
 Lancaster Nov. 26 , 1830, -May 10 , ig, May 18, 1832, -Nov. for Love,” a woman whose character is indi 
 14, 1834, and April 23 , 1835, until hjdeath cated by’ her name. This was one Of £' 
 
 Fox >LHk e ‘ . Bo ™ at Bal1 ’ V- 20, 1586: died Bracegirdle’s most successful parts. 
 
 Whitby m July, 1635. n English navi- Pram (fram). A specially 
 
 ooner in which Fridi 
 
 Fox from the North-west passage). . with briefe Ab- Y/Y // 0 a ? r tk pole. She is 113 feet long 
 
 Hawkridge . ^ 
 
 land . . . with the Author his owtVoyage being the 
 XVI th ’’ (1635). | 
 
 Fox, Sir Stephen. Born Mar) 27, 1627: died 
 at Chiswick, Middlesex, Ocij28,- 1716. An 
 English politician. He sided \vi the king in the 
 civil war ; took part in assisting Priri Charles to escape 
 to Normandy ; was made steward of tttrince’s household 
 
 at Whitby in July 163o. jn English navi- Fram (tram). A specially constructed steam- 
 gator. He commanded an expedbn in search of the schooner in which Fridtiof Nancjon „ ) 
 
 northwest passage in 1031, and wrotl< North-west Fox, or to reach the north 3 J • ] l attempted 
 Fox from the North-west passage'. . with briefe Ab- eacn the noith pole. She is 113 feet long 
 stracts of the Voyages of Cabot, Fiisher, Davis, Wey- 0n tae Water-line, and was built at Raekvik 
 mouth, Knight, Hudson, Button, Gbons. Bylot, Baffin, Hear Laurvig, Norway. She sailed from Gbri«’ 
 f a ; l rs to Oroyn- tiania, June 24, 1893. Nansen left her tocon- 
 
 tmuc Ins journey on sledges March 14, 1895 (84° 
 
 Otto N 1 ™'’ 1 °2° E - 1 ‘ ) llg.). Under command of Captain 
 9,^2 Heumann Sverdrup she reached 85 ° 55 . 5 ' N. lat., 66 ° 
 31 E. long., on Nov. 15, 1895 ; and, returning, passed Spitz- 
 niYYTv," 1 1 ? 96, kaving circumnavigated Nova Zambia 
 
 and the F ran z-, Joseph and Spitzbergen archipelagoes. 
 
 r Amundsen sailed in her for the Antarctic trio 1910-12 
 
 in 1654; received at the Restoration ajmber of lucrative Framingham (fra'ming-ham). A town in Mid- 
 
 &“l6l that ° f Paym “ ter - 8eral : and entered £esex County! Massachusetts, 20 miles /it of 
 ft, ct # So 0 uft a n^S^^ 
 
 Fox Channel. An arm of t sea north of Fram lino-ham A i I 
 
 Hudson Bay and Southamptomland i^q,S a w A sma11 towa 
 
 ■n ti ” / j? i \ t t_ V, , ; in Suffolk, England, 13 miles northeast of 
 
 Foxe, or Fox (foks), John. Borit Boston, Lin- Ipswich. ’ ast ot 
 
 colnshire, 1516: died at LondonJnril. 1587 An ,, , 
 
 •Rno-Iiab martwrolooist. n..i,oiL FranQaiS (fron-sa ), Comte Antoine, called 
 
 Frangais de Nantes. Born at Beaurepaire, 
 Isfere, France, Jan. 17, 1756: diedatParis, March 
 7, 1836. A French revolutionary politician and 
 writer. He became a member of the Assembly for the 
 department of Loire-Infdrieure in 1791 ; a member and one 
 of the secretaries of the Council of Five Hundred in 1798; 
 director-general of taxes in 1804 ; and peer of France in 
 1831. He wrote “ Le manuscrit de feu M. Jerome ” (1825), 
 etc. 
 
 English martyrologist. He studied Magdalen Col- 
 lege, Oxford, where he proceeded B. Ah 1537 ; became a 
 full fellow in 1539 ; and proceeded A. in 1543. He re- 
 signed his fellowship in 1545 ; became 1548 tutor to the 
 children of Henry Howard, earl of 8urr(a post which he 
 retained five years) ; and in 1550 wjh orined deacon. At 
 the accession of Queen Mary he ffid tthe Continent to 
 avoid persecution as a Protestantkndjved during her 
 reign chiefly at Frankfort and at Bsel.here he was em- 
 ployed as a reader of the press inihefrin ting-office of 
 
 Johann Herbst (Oporinus). He rebnk to England in m • -n . _ . _ 
 
 1559, was ordained priest in 1560, an j rT.563 was made a •* r«U153lS, X TailQOlS LOUIS. Born at Plombieres, 
 prebendary in Salisbury Cathedral ai ir en the lease of Vosges, France, Nov. 17, 1814: died May 28 
 
 the vicarage of Shipton. His chie(vcjk is “Actes and 1807 A ts.,, u i . ’ . , ’ 
 
 Monuments,” of which four editionippared during his n ■ ' A ^ ncb landscape-painter, a pupil of 
 lifetime (1563, 1570, 1576, and 1583), aiw 4 ich is popularly . ‘S oux and Lorot, elected member of the Beaux 
 known as Foxe’s “ Book of Martyrs.’ 1 Arts in 1890. 
 
 Foxe, or Fox, Rickard. Bj a j Ropesley, Franca villa Fontana (fran-kii-veFla fon-ta, , - 
 near Grantham, Lineolnshiret 1447 or 1448: na). A town in the province of Lecce, Apu- 
 died probably at Winchcste Oct. 5, 1528. lia > Italy, 22 miles west-southwest of Brindisi. 
 An English prelate. He stud a t Oxford Cam- * B °pulation, commune, 20,422. 
 b I i 4 <?e ’„ and p , ar l s 'T,:'I h . ile .. at f a Yi s !.“ te r e<1 the service France (frans). [F. La France; L. Gallia, later 
 
 Francia, land of the Franks ; It. Francia, Sp. 
 Francia , Pg. Franqa, G. FranlcreichJ\ A country 
 of western Europe, capital Paris, bounded by 
 the English Channel, the Strait of Dover, and 
 the North Sea on the north, Belgium and Lux- 
 emburg on the northeast, Germany (partly 
 separated by the Vosges), Switzerland (largely 
 
 • ,, - 1T ,1 --o — separated by the Jura and Lake Geneva), and 
 
 North America, north of Hud? Strait and Italy (separated by the Alps) on the east the 
 
 east of Fox Channel. \ Mediterranean and Spain (separated by the 
 
 1 yrenees) on the south, and the Bay of Biscay 
 ’ ’ ’ 1 ‘ ^ YYVY Atlantic on the west. It extends from 
 lat. 42 2.1 to 51 5 N., and from long. 7° 39 ' E. to 4° 50' W. 
 fhe surface ia mountainous in the south and east, level 
 and hilly in tile west and north. Besides tile frontier 
 
 of Henry, earl of Richmond, soon af whose accession 
 in 1485 as Henry VII. he was appoin lord privy "seal. 
 He became suffragan bishop of Ex. ; n i 4 gj j being 
 translated to the see of Bath and W j n 1492 , to that 
 of Durham in 1494, and to that of Chester in 1501 
 He founded Corpus Christi College, Os], ] r, t. r )_lC. 
 
 Fox Islands. One of the grot’ 0 f Aleutian 
 Islands. 
 
 Fox Land. A tract in the An regions 
 
 of 
 
 Foy(fwii), Maximilien Sebasti Born at 
 Ham, Somme, France, Feb. 3, k : died at 
 Paris, Nov. 28, 1825. A Frencknoral and 
 orator. He served with distinction i (C Peninsular 
 
France 
 
 ranges (the Pyrenees, Alps, Jura, and Vosges), the chief 
 mountains are the C^vennes in the south, Auvergne in the 
 center, and the mountains of the Cdte-d Or (and their con- 
 tinuations southward). There are also the plateaus of the 
 Morvanand Limousin in the interior, and Ardennes in the 
 northeast. Brittany is broken and hilly. The highest mourn 
 tain in France is Mont Blanc. The c hief r lv er-systeins are 
 those of the Seine, Loire, Garonne, and Rhone. Pai ts of the 
 Schelde, Meuse, and Moselle (Rhine) basins are in France. 
 Tile largest lakes are Geneva (oil the border), Annecy, and 
 Bourget France is the fourth European country m area and 
 population. The leading agricultural products are grain 
 and wine : next to these are beet-root, fruit ani | '^f utah f ^ s ' 
 and potatoes. The agricultural exports are butter, e e gs, 
 poultry, and cattle, especially to England. France has 
 fisheries of oysters, cod, herring, mackerel, etc. Ihe lead- 
 ing mines are iron and coal. Salt and building-stones are 
 produced in large quantities. The chief manufactures are 
 silk, cotton, woolens, linen, lace, chemicals, sugar, pottery, 
 glass paper, “articles of Paris, etc. The countiy holds 
 the first rank in silk manufacture, “d exports woolens, 
 
 wine, silks, etc. France is subdivided mto 87 depart- 
 ments The government is republican, administered by a 
 president (term 7 years) as executive, a senate (300 mem- 
 Eers and a chamber of deputies (597 members) The 
 prevailing language is French, but Basque is spoken in 
 the southwest, Breton in the northwest, Flemish in the 
 northeast, and Italian by a few in the southeast. The re- 
 
 Francis I. 
 
 and annexed to France (formally ceded by treaties of Nim- 
 wegen 1678-79). 
 
 Franchi (fran'ke), Ausonio: pseudonym of 
 Cristoforo Bonavino. Born at Pegli, near 
 Genoa, Italy, Feb. 24, 1821: died at Castelletto, 
 Italy, Sept. 12, 1895. An Italian philosophical 
 writer. He became a priest, but in 1849 abandoned the 
 church on account of heterodox opinions, returning to it, 
 however, in 1890. He became professor of philosophy at 
 the University of Pavia in 1860, and professor at the Acad- 
 emy in Milan in 1863. The most notable of his works is 
 
 „„„ ___ 0 _ “La filosofia delle scuole italiane” (1852), etc. 
 
 leon, France included Belgium, Holland, Germany west -p i ,, i T dei Twin bro- 
 
 of the Rhine, northwestern Germany as far as the mouth irancill, Z apian ana JjOUIS aei. rwin oio 
 
 ^ — •— j * thers, characters m Boucicault s play “The Cor- 
 
 sican Brothers.” The mysterious sympathy between 
 them, a family inheritance, brings Fabian from his country 
 home to Paris to avenge the death of Louis in a duel, re- 
 vealed to him in a sort of vision at the time of its occur- 
 rence. Both parts are played by one actor. 
 
 406 
 
 1532) • Auvergne incorporated 1532 ; Bourbon united to 
 the crown 1523; Forez united to the crown 1532; bishop- 
 rics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun 1552 (formally ceded 1648); 
 Rouergue 1525 ; Navarre and B6arn united with France 
 1589 • Bresse, Bugey, and the pays de Gex all in 1601 ; part 
 of Alsacel648; Roussillon 1659 ; Dunkirk 1662 ; Artois 1659, 
 1668 1678 * Flanders 1659, 1668, 1678, 1713 ; Franche- 
 Comto (county of Burgundy) 1674-78; Strasburg 1681; 
 Orange 1713; Lorraine 1766; Avignon and the Comtat- 
 Venaisrtn 1791; remaining parts of Alsace about 1791; 
 county of MontbMiard 1793; Nice and its territory and 
 Savoy 1860. Of regions outside of France, Corsica was ac- 
 quired 1768, Algeria 1830-47. At its height under Napo- 
 
 of the Elbe and Liibeck, Valais in Switzerland, Piedmont, 
 Liguria Tuscany, and Latium ; the kingdom of Italy (in 
 northeastern Italy), tie Illyrian provinces, and some 
 smaller tracts were govtrned from F’rance ; and in French 
 alliance or under Frerch protection were the Rhenish 
 Confederation (includiig the kingdom of Westphalia), 
 Dantzic, Switzerland, tie duchy of Warsaw, Neuchatel, 
 the kingdom of Naples and various minor Italian states. 
 Area of France, 207,054 iquare miles. Population, 39,601,- 
 509. Population of Freich colonial possessions.. 45,925,241 ; 
 the entire area is undeerlnined. 
 
 Franci (fran'si). See the extract. 
 
 France then — the Vestern or Latin Francia, as dis- 
 
 and Jewish. Mohammedanism is supported in Algeria. 
 The following are the principal colonial possessions ; m 
 Africa - Algeria, Tunis (protectorate), Morocco (protec- 
 torate), F'rench Sornali Coast, French Guinea, Dahomey, 
 Upper Senegal and Niger, Senegal, Ivory Coast, French 
 Equatorial Africa, Reunion, Mayotte, Comoro Islands, 
 Madagascar, French Sahara; in Asia —Pondicherry, 
 Tongking, Cochin-China, Annam (protectorate), 
 bodia (protectorate), Laos (protectorate) 
 
 Cam- 
 Ameriea 
 
 lieions supported by the state before the passage of the tin g U i s hed from the Grman Francia or Frauken — prop- 
 Briand bill (1905) were the Roman Catholic, Protestant, er i y meant only the Kins immediate dominions. Though 
 - -- 'lammed nnism is supported in Algeria. Normandy, Aquitaine, nd the Duchy of Burgundy allowed 
 
 homage to the French :ing, no one would have spoken of 
 them as parts of Frane. But, as the French kings, step 
 by step, got possessioiof the dominions of their vassals 
 and other neighbours, ae name of France gradually spread 
 till it took in, as it nw does, by far the greater part of 
 Gaul. On the other and, Flanders, Barcelona, and the 
 Norman islands, thogh once under the homage of the 
 French kings, have fatal altogether away, and have there- 
 fore never been reckned as parts of France. Thus the 
 
 cies M. xiewc U.. 1 A ..... H . — ■ , „, name of France supplnted the name of Karolingia as the 
 
 donia Tahiti, Marquesas Islands, Tubuai Islands, lua- name of the Westernangdom. 
 
 motu Islands, Wallis, Raiatea, etc. France corresponds Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 143. 
 
 Tiartlv to the ancient Gaul. It was inhabited in the ear- - , y , , T , 
 
 lieBt historic times hv the Iberians (Aquitanians and France, tie de. >ee Ile-de-France. 
 
 Basques) and Celts (Gauls). Greek colonies were settled at France, Isle of. See Mauritius. 
 
 Marseilles and elsewhere in southern France. Roman set- -p._-_._p AnatOG JaCQUeS Anatole Thi- 
 
 tlements were made at Narbo B. C. 118 , and southern ± ranee, AIl«u,u.. oaoquca 
 
 France (Provincw) was acquired by Rome. Th? conquest of * bault. Boin . vans, April 10, ib-Fi. A 
 all Gaul was effected by Csesar 58-51 b.c., and the country French poet an miscellaneous writer. He is 
 was subdivided into Roman provinces, becoming Roman- „ ri r,cinallv known om his critical articles in “La Vie 
 ized and Christian. It was overrun in the 5th century by the 
 West Goths, Burgundians, and Franks ; bui an invasion of 
 
 Even so early as the reign of Lewis the Pious, one writer 
 distinguished Franci and Germani, meaning by the former 
 the people of the Western Kingdom. Gradually the name 
 was, in the usage of Gaul and of Europe, thoroughly fixed 
 in this sense. The Merwings, the Karlings, the Capets, 
 all alike called themselves Reges Fran cor um. 
 
 Freeman, Hist. Essays, I. 189. 
 
 Normandy, Aquitaine, iid the Duchy of Burgundy allowed Francia (fran'shia). The land of the Franks. 
 
 ” : 11 1 1 The name varied in meaning with the extent of the Frank- 
 
 ish power. Western Francia was Neustria, which grew 
 into France. Eastern F rancia became Franconia. 
 
 —I^ench GuiaM, Martinique, Guadeloupe and dependen- 
 cies, St. Pierre and Miquelon; in Oceania — New Lale- 
 
 principally known on . .. 
 
 Littoraire,” “Le Gl.e," “Les Ddbats,” “Le Temps etc., 
 and his novel “Le 'ime de Sylvestre Bonnard (1881). 
 
 the Huns under Attilawas checked at Chalons (451). The J* rance Antard<lUe (frons on-tark-tek' ). 
 
 Frankish monarchy (Merovingian) was established under 
 Clovis after his defeat of the Roman governor feyagnus 
 near Soissons in 486. A Saracen invasion was checked by 
 Charles Martel at Tours in 732. Carolingians came into 
 power with the accession of Pepin the Short in 751. Pepin s 
 son Charlemagne was crowned emperor of the W est m 800; 
 
 name given byhe French Huguenots to the 
 short-lived colcy on the hay of Rio de Janeiro, 
 Brazil, 1555-67 Thevet and other authors extended 
 the title to the W>le of Brazil, and even to all South 
 America. 
 
 but the troubles after his death led to a division of the -p EciIlilKiale (frons a-ke-noks-yal ). 
 
 Frankish empire in the treaty of Verdun (843). Ihe settle- -t rance -tatium ' , . - ' 
 
 mentof the Northmen in France took place in the begin- fF„ equmoctl Fiance. J A name given ny 
 
 ning of the 10th century, and the accession of the Capetian 80me authors’f the 18th century to French 
 ' 987. France took a leading part in the Cru- 
 
 dynasty in 
 
 some 
 Guiana. 
 
 tended from about 1337 to 1453. The Valois branch of the 
 Capetian house acceded in 1328, and continued with its 
 branch Valois-OrlCaus till the accession of the Bourbons 
 with Henry IV. (of Navarre) in 1589. The Huguenot wars 
 lasted from 1562 to the Edict of Nantes, 1598. The power 
 of the crown was greatly developed by Richelieu and Louis 
 XIV. France took a leading part in the Thirty Years \y ar. 
 There were various combi nations of European states against 
 Louis XIV. (the last in the War of tlie Spanish Succession). 
 France took part in the W ar of the Austrian Succession. In 
 the Seven Years' War it was defeated by England, losing 
 large possessions in America and India. It aided the United 
 States in the Revolutionary War. The first French Revo- 
 
 lt vs occasionally used in official 
 
 (fn-ches'ka), Piero della, sur- 
 named di Si-Sepolcro (from his place of 
 birth). Bornn Italy, 1420: died 1492. An 
 Italian paint. He worked in Florence (1439-40), 
 Arezzo Rimini, ome, and elsewhere. He wrote “De 
 prospectiva pinndi. .. _ 
 
 Francesca dBimmi (fran-ches ka da re me- 
 ne). An Itala lady of the 13th century, daugh- 
 ter of Guidda Polenta, lord of Rimini, and 
 wife of Giovni Malatesta. The story of her love 
 for Paolo, the ung brother of her husband, and their 
 
 subsequent del (about 1288) at the hand of the latter, . TH . 
 
 has been told Dante in a famous episode in the “In- ± ranCiablglO 
 
 As for the mere name of Francia, like other names of 
 the kind, it shifted its geographical use according to the 
 wanderings of the people from whom it was derived. 
 After many such changes of meaning, it gradually settled 
 down as the name for those parts of Germany and Gaul 
 where it still abides. There are the Teutonic or Austrian 
 Francia, part of which still keeps the name of Franken 
 or Franconia, and the Romance or Neustrian Francia, 
 which by various annexations has grown into modern 
 France. Freeman , Hist. Geog., p. 121. 
 
 Francia (fran'cka) (Francesco Raibolini). 
 Born 1450: died Jan. 5, 1517. An Italian painter. 
 The name Francia is probably an abbreviation of the full 
 name Francesco. In his own day he was better known 
 as a goldsmith than as a painter, and one of the most 
 successful medallists of the time. In 1508 he came un- 
 der the influence of Raphael. Of his frescos only two 
 remain, much retouched, in the Oratory of St. Cecilia at 
 Bologna. His easel-pictures and portraits in oil are nu- 
 merous, and show the tendencies of Perugini and Raphael 
 so strongly that some have long been attributed to one or 
 the other painter. 
 
 Francia (fran'se-a), Jos6 Gaspar Rodriguez, 
 called Dr. Francia. Born in Asuncion, 1757 : 
 died there, Sept. 20, 1840. A dictator of Para- 
 guay. He was a lawyer, and in May, 1811, was made a 
 member of the governmental junta which was formed after 
 the expulsion of the Spanish governor. He quickly took 
 the lead in affairs ; was made consul in Oct., 1811 ; dictator 
 for three years in 1814; and dictator for life in 1817. From 
 the first he governed with absolute power, and his orders 
 became the only law of the country. Aiming to cut off 
 Paraguay from intercourse with the rest of the world, he 
 restricted foreign commerce to a few absolutely necessary 
 articles. Except in rare instances nobody was allowed to 
 leave the country, and this rule was enforced with the few 
 foreigners who entered it. He regulated agriculture as 
 he pleased, and would not permit the accumulation of 
 wealth. His real or supposed enemies were imprisoned 
 and executed, often secretly and always without any real 
 trial. Primary education was somewhat encouraged, and 
 quarrels with the surrounding powers were avoided, so 
 that during his rule Paraguay had no wars 
 
 established in 1795, the Consulate in 1799, and the empire 
 under Napoleon in 1804. Later events are the restoration 
 
 of the Bourbons (1814) ; the Hundred Days of Napoleon . ~ m, . 
 
 (1815) - the second restoration of the Bourbons (1815); the FrRIlC6SCh.lI (fiRH-ches-ke lia). The priHCl 
 
 revolution of July and accession of the Origans family i -i 'Tovafrm'a “nnt.oh (Imirtocon 
 
 (1830); the revolution and establishment of the second 
 republic (1848); the coup d’etat of Louis Napoleon (Dec., 
 
 1851)' and the establishment of the second empire under 
 Napoleon III. (1852). Fiance took part in the Crimean 
 war and in the Austrian-Italian war of 1859. In the war of 
 1870-71 with the Germans (the so-called Franco-German 
 war) France was severely defeated ; the empire was over- 
 thrown (Sept., 1870), and was succeeded by the third re 
 
 ' V _ l " 1-3 4. „ . . ,1 ^ Ali-nnu T Al'nilK 
 
 ferno.” Silvioellico wrote a tragedy on the subject, 
 and Leigh Hun poem. Bokeralso wrote a tragedy with 
 thesametitle lich has been successfully played. Noted 
 pict ures illust’ring ti e story have been painted by Ingres, 
 Cabanel, Ary Seder. George Frederic Watts, and others. 
 
 ’ranceschil (fian-ches-ke'na). The princi- 
 pal ckaractein Tarston’s “Dutch Courtesan.” 
 The charaeteof he passionate and implacable courte- 
 san Francesclnajs conceived with masterly ability. 
 Few figures in heSlizabethan drama are more striking 
 than this fair rnjful Bend, who is as playful and piti- 
 less as a tigres; nose caresses are sweet as honey and 
 poisonous as aort. Bullen. 
 
 FrancescMm l ’& n - c h es -ke'ne), Baldassare. 
 Born at Volt<a, Italy, 1611 : died at Florence, 
 1689. An Itan painter. 
 
 public ; and France’was obliged to ced e Alsace-Lorraine 
 (1871) This disaster was followed by the Communist civil 
 
 war of 1871. More recent events have been the extension - . 
 
 of French territory or influence in southeastern Asia (war Ppq/neesehmuarcantoniO. Born at Bologna, 
 with China, ending 1885), in Tunis and western Africa, and , April 1648 : died at Bologna, Dec. 24, 
 
 in Madagascar; the Centennial Exposition of 1889; the Ftal>, Apin 
 efforts to overturn the existing republic by royalists, 1(28. An iian painter. ^ 
 
 Bonapartists, and Boulangists; the leaning toward Russia Franche-CoB (fionsh kon-t.a ). [F., ‘free 
 
 (to offset the Triple Alliance); and the Panama imbroglio, coun ty.n .ancient government of eastern 
 culminating in 1892. (See, further, A or- -p ‘ j,, bounded by Champagne on the north- 
 
 mandy, and the other provinces; ^mjwo-Grrman. IFa a Terrain the north, Montbdliard and Switzerland 
 
 other wars; French Revolution , and Napoleon.) The rtol- > . Bugey, and Bresse on the south, and 
 
 lowing is a statement of the incorporation of the Prov mces on the ^ east . ^8 R wafl called jn its eai li; .,. his . 
 of France since the Carolingian period : finals annexed B '“^uudy oi and often later was known as the 
 
 to the crown 1968; viscounty of Bourges 1109 counties of ‘“fntfof B<ndy. Besancon and Dole are the chief 
 Amiens and Vermandois ,(in Picardy) annexed ^to crown “Apartments of Douhs, Jura, and Haute- 
 
 1 183 (finally about 1479) ; county of VatolS annexed F215 towns. to jt> n wa3 part of the o]d king dom 
 
 A 1 - ‘ of Burgundlt became a countship in early times and 
 
 a fief of tlePire, was held at different times by Fred- 
 erick Barbed and Philip V. of France, and was defi- 
 nitely ann( t° the duchy of Burgundy in 1384. It was 
 conauere<l uUU * s XI. of France in 1477 ; was ceded by 
 
 . . .. _ ... oh-i rles V to the Ilapsburgs in 1493, retaining local 
 
 Champagne 1335 (incorporated 13bl) , P nrivileees er Spanish rule; was conquered by Louis 
 
 quired 1349 (?) ; Aquitaine 1468 ; Berry 14 T v.y restored ; and was again conquered in 1674 
 
 1601; duchy of Burgundy 1479; Brittany 1491 (incorporated xi\.it>08 6 
 
 (fran-cha-be'jo), Francesco di 
 Cristofano, Born at Florence about 1480: 
 died there, about 1525. An Italian painter, a 
 pupil and imitator of Andrea del Sarto. 
 
 Francion. See Histoire Comique de Franc ion. 
 
 Francis (fran'Sis) I. (of Austria : Francis II. 
 of the Holy Roman Empire). [The E. name 
 Francis was formerly also Frauncis , from OF. 
 Franceis, F. Francois, Sp. Pg. Francisco, It. 
 Francesco, G. Franciscus, Franz, from ML. 
 Franciscus, Frankish, of France, from Fran- 
 cus, Frank, Francia, France.] Bom at Flor- 
 ence, Feb. 12, 1768: died at Vienna, March 
 2, 1835. Emperor of Austria, son of the em- 
 peror Leopold n. whom he succeeded in 1792. 
 He joined in 1793 the first coalition against France, but 
 was forced by the successes of Napoleon in Italy to con- 
 clude (Oct. 17, 1797) the peace of Campo-Fonnio (which 
 see). In 1799 he joined the second coalition against France, 
 but in consequence of the victories of Napoleon at Maren- 
 go (June 14, 1800), and Moreau at Holienlinden (Dec. 3, 
 1800), he accepted (Feb. 9, 1801) the peace of Lunt-vil'e, 
 which in the main confirmed the peace of Campo-Fonnio. 
 He joined the third coalition against France in 1805, but 
 was forced by the victory of Napoleon at Austerlitz (Dec. 
 2, 1805) to conclude (Dec. 26, 1805) the peace of Presburg, 
 by which Austria was deprived of Venetia and Tyrol. 
 Having already proclaimed himself hereditary emperor of 
 Austria in 1804, he formally abdicated the crown of the 
 Holy Roman Empire in 1806. He declared war against 
 France in 1809, hut was forced by the victor}’ of Napoleon 
 over the archduke Charles at Wngram (July 5-6, 1809) to 
 conclude (Oct. 14, 1809) the peace of Vienna, by which 
 Austria lost 32,000 square miles of territory. His daugh- 
 ter Maria Louisa married Napoleon in 1810. He sided 
 with France against Russia in 1812, joined the Allies in 
 1813, and acquired by the Congress of Vienna more terri- 
 tory than he had lost in his previous wars with France. 
 
Francis I. 
 
 He joined the Holy Alliance in 1815, and the remainder of 
 his reign was devoted to a policy of reaction under the 
 guidance of Metternich. 
 
 Francis I. Born at Cognac, France, Sept. 12, 
 1494: died at Rambouillet, France, March 31, 
 1547. King of France, son of Charles, count 
 of Angouleme, and cousin-german of Louis XII. 
 He succeeded to the throne in 1515. In the same year he 
 conquered by the victory of Marignano (Sept. 13-14) Milan, 
 the sovereignty of whichhe claimed by .inheritance through 
 his great-grandmother Valentina Visconti. In 1516 he 
 concluded a concordat with the Pope which rescinded 
 the pragmatic sanction of 1438, and vested in the crown 
 the right of nominating to vacant benefices. He was an 
 unsuccessful candidate for the imperial dignity in 1519, 
 and the remainder of his reign was chiefly occupied by 
 four wars against his victorious rival, the emperor Charles 
 V., who advanced claims to Milan and the duchy of Bur- 
 gundy. During the first war, which broke out in 1521, 
 he was taken captive at Pavia in 1525, and kept prisoner 
 until the peace of Madrid in 1526. During the second 
 war, which broke out in 1527, he was supported by the 
 Pope, Venice, and Francesco Sforza. It was concluded 
 by the peace of Cambray in 1529. The third war broke 
 out in 1536, and was ended by the truce of Nice in 1538. 
 The fourth war, which broke out in 1542, was terminated 
 with the peace of Crespy in 1544, which left him in pos- 
 session of Burgundy while the emperor retained Milan. 
 During the last two wars his principal ally was Soliinan 
 the Magnificent, sultan of Turkey. 
 
 Francis II. Born at Fontainebleau, France, 
 Jan. 19, 1544 : died at Paris, Dec. 5, 1560. King 
 of France, eldest son of Henry II. whom he 
 succeeded in 1559. He married Mary Queen 
 of Scots in 1558. 
 
 Francis I. (Stephen). Born Dec. 8, 1708: died 
 at Innsbruck, Tyrol, Aug. 18, 1765. Emperor 
 of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Leopold, 
 duke of Lorraine. He married in 1736 Maria Theresa 
 of Austria, whose co-regent he became on her accession in 
 1740 to the hereditary dominions of the house of Austria. 
 He was elected emperor in 1745. 
 
 Francis II., Emperor of the Holy RomanEmp ire. 
 See Francis I., Emperor of Austria. 
 
 Francis I. Born at Naples, Aug. 19,1777: diedat 
 Naples, Nov. 8, 1830. King of the Two Sicilies, 
 son of Ferdinand I., whom lie succeededin 1825. 
 Francis II. Born Jan. 16, 1836: died at Arco, 
 Tyrol, Dec. 27, 1894. King of the Two Sicilies, 
 son of Ferdinand II., whom he succeeded in 
 1859. He was driven from his dominions (which were 
 annexed to those of Victor Emmanuel) in 1861. 
 
 Francis (fran'sis). In Shakspere’s “Much Ado 
 about Nothing,” a friar. 
 
 Francis, Convers. Born at West Cambridge, 
 Mass., Nov. 9, 1795: died at Cambridge, April 
 7, 1863. An American Unitarian clergyman 
 and biographer. He became professor of pulpit elo- 
 quence at Harvard in 1842, a position which he retained 
 until his death. He wrote the essays on John Eliot and 
 Sebastian Itasle in Sparks’s “library of American Biog- 
 raphy. ” 
 
 Francis, Janies Goodall. Born at London in 
 1819: died at Queenscliff, Victoria, June 25, 
 1884. An Australian politician. He emigrated to 
 Tasmania in 1834 ; removed subsequently to Melbourne ; 
 became a member of the lower house of the Victorian 
 legislative assembly in 1859 ; was commissioner of trade 
 and customs 1863-68 ; was treasurer of Victoria 1870-71 ; 
 and was prime minister 1872-74. 
 
 Francis, John. Born at London, July 18, 1811 : 
 died there, April 6, 1882. An English publisher. 
 
 He became a junior clerk in the officeofthe “Athenceum” 
 in Sept., 1831. and was business manager and publisher 
 of that paper from Oct. 4, 1831, until his death. He was 
 prominently connected with the agitation for the repeal 
 of the duty on newspaper advertisements (1853), of the 
 stamp duty on newspapers (1855), and of the paper duty 
 (1861). 
 
 Francis, John Wakefield. Born at Ne w York, 
 Nov. 17, 1789: died there, Feb. 8, 1861. An 
 American physician and medical and biograph- 
 ical writer. He published “Old New York” 
 (1857), etc. 
 
 Francis, Philip. Born about 1708: died at 
 Bath, March 5, 1773. An Irish author. He took 
 the degree of B. A. at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1728, 
 and after having been for a time curate of St. Peter’s, 
 Dublin, went to England, where he obtained the rectory 
 of Skeyton in Norfolk in 1744. He was afterward tutor 
 to Charles James Fox, whom he accompanied to Eton in 
 1757, and was rector of Barrow in Suffolk from 1762 until 
 his death. He published the following translations from 
 Horace : “Odes, Epodes, and Carmen Seculare of Horace 
 in Latin and English” (1742), and “Satires, Epistles, and 
 Art of Poetry ” (1746). 
 
 Francis, Sir Philip. Born at Dublin, Oct. 22, 
 1740: died Dec. 23, 1818. The reputed author 
 of “Junius’s Letters,” son of Philip Francis 
 (1708-73). He was educated at St. Paul’s school ; be- 
 came a junior clerk in the secretary of state’s office in 
 1756 ; was amanuensis to Pitt 1761-62 ; was first clerk at 
 the War Office 1762-72 ; went out to India in 1774 as one of 
 the council of four appointed to control the governor- 
 general of India; returned to England in 1781 (having left 
 India in 1780) ; entered Parliament in 1784 ; and about 1806 
 was made K. C. B. He wrote numerous papers, under 
 various pseudonyms, in support of the Whig party, and 
 has been accredited with the authorship of “Junius’s 
 Letters," chiefly on the evidence adduced by Charles 
 
 407 
 
 Chabot, who compared the handwriting of Junius with 
 that of Francis. 
 
 Francis Borgia, St. See Borgia , St. Francesco. 
 Francis Joseph I. Born at Vienna, Aug. 18, 
 1830. Emperor of Austria, eldest son of the 
 archduke Francis Charles by the princess So- 
 phia, daughter of Maximilian I. of Bavaria. 
 He succeeded to the throne Dec. 2, 1848, on the abdica- 
 tion of his uncle Ferdinand I. He found at his accession 
 wide-spread revolutions in progress in Italy and Hun- 
 gary. The pacification of Italy was accomplished by the 
 decisive victory of Radetzky over Charles Albert of Sar- 
 dinia, at Novara, March 23, 1849. The emperor took part 
 in person in the campaign in Hungary, which was subju- 
 gated with the assistance of the Russians, whose general, 
 Rudiger, received the surrender of the Hungarian general 
 Corgey at Vihlgos, Aug. 13, 1849. In 1859 Victor Em- 
 manuel, the successor of Charles Albert, having secured 
 the alliance of France, resumed the struggle for the lib- 
 eration of Italy. The Austrian forces were overthrown 
 by the French and Sardinians at Magenta June 4, and 
 Solferino June 24, and Austria was forced to give up Lom- 
 bardy in the preliminary peace of Villafranca July 11, 1859, 
 which was ratified by the peace of Zurich Nov. 10, 1859. 
 
 In 1864, in alliance with Prussia, he waged a war against 
 Denmark, which resulted in the severance of Schleswig, 
 Holstein, and Lauenburg from that kingdom. Disagree- 
 ment over the disposition of these duchies brought about 
 the Austro-Prussian war, in which Austria received the 
 feeble support of a number of German states, while Prussia 
 secured the alliance of Italy. The Prussians, on July 3, 
 1866, overwhelmed the Austrian army at Koniggratz (Sa- 
 dowa) In Italy the Austrians were victorious at Cus- 
 tozza, and the Austrian fleet achieved a triumph at Lissa. 
 The emperor concluded peace with Prussia at Prague 
 Aug. 23, and with Italy at Vienna Oct. 3, 1866. Austria 
 was ejected from the German Confederation, and was com- 
 pelled to give up Venetia. The unsuccessful issue of this 
 war forced upon the emperor a liberal internal policy. 
 The Hungarians were conciliated by the so-called Aus- 
 gleicli (compromise), effected by Beust and Deak in 1867, 
 by which the Austrian empire was reconstituted on a 
 dualistic basis. In Sept., 1872, during the ministry of 
 Count Andrassy, he concluded with the German Empire 
 and Russia the Dreikaiserbund for the preservation of the 
 European peace. The Dreikaiserbund was practically 
 dissolved at the Congress of Berlin June 13-July 13, 1878, 
 which permitted Austria to occupy the provinces of Bos- 
 nia and Herzegovina in opposition to the wishes of Russia. 
 In 1883 he concluded the Triple Alliance with the Ger- 
 man Empire and Italy. Francis Joseph married in 1854 
 the princess Elisabeth, daughter of Duke Maximilian of 
 the house of Bavaria. His only son, the crown prince 
 Rudolph, committed suicide (?) Jan. 30, 1889, at Mierling 
 near Vienna. The archduke Charles Louis, brother of 
 Francis Joseph, who became heir to the throne, died in 
 1896. His son, the archduke Francis Ferdinand (1863-), be- 
 came the heir apparent. Upon his marriage ( 1900 ) Francis 
 Ferdinand renounced the succession for his children. 
 
 Francis of Assisi (as-se'ze), Saint (Giovanni 
 Francesco Bernardone). Born at Assisi, 
 Italy, in 1182: diedat Assisi, Oct. 4,1226. A cele- 
 brated Italian monk and preacher. He turned, 
 after a serious illness in his youth, to a life of ascetic 
 devotion, and in 1210 founded the order of the Francis- 
 cans, whose rule was formally confirmed by Honorius 
 III. in 1223. After a visit to Egypt in 1219, on which he 
 preached before the sultan, he retired as a hermit to 
 Monte Alverno, where, according to the legend, he experi- 
 enced the miracle of the stigmata. He was canonized 
 by Gregory IX. in 1228, and is commemorated on Oct. 4. 
 
 Francis of Paula (pou'la), Saint. Born at 
 Paola (Paula), Cosenza, Italy, 1416: died at 
 Plessis-lez-Tours, Indre-Loire, France, April 2, 
 1507. An Italian monk, the founder of the 
 order of Minims (first called Hermits of St. 
 Francis) in 1436. The statutes of the order were con- 
 firmed, and Francis was_ appointed its superior-general, 
 by Pope Sixtus IV. in 1474. 
 
 Francis of Sales (salz; F. pron. sal), Saint. 
 Born at Sales, near Annecy, Savoy, 1567 : died 
 at Lyons, Dec. 28, 1622. A Savoyard, coadjutor- 
 bishop (1599) and later (1602) bishop of Gene- 
 va, founder with Madame de Chantal of the or- 
 der of the Visitation in 1610. He wrote ‘ ‘ Traite 
 de l’amour de Dieu,” etc. He is commemorated 
 on Jan. 29. 
 
 Francisca (fran-sis'ka). A nun in Shakspere’s 
 “ Measure for Measure.” 
 
 Franciscans (fran-sis'kanz). An order of men- 
 dicant friars founded by St. Francis of Assisi, 
 Italy, authorized by the Pope in 1210, and more 
 formally ratified in 1223. In addition to the usual 
 vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, special stress is 
 laid upon preaching and ministry to the body and soul. 
 Under various names, such as Minorites, Barefooted 
 Friars, and Gray Friars, the order spread rapidly through- 
 out Europe : among its members were Alexander of Hales, 
 Duns Scotus, Roger Bacon, Occam, Popes Sixtus V. and 
 Clement XIV., and other eminent men; and the order 
 was long noted for its rivalry with the Dominicans. Dif- 
 ferences early arose in regard to the severity of the rule, 
 which culminated in the 16th century in the division of 
 the order into two great classes, the Observantines or Ob- 
 servants and the Conventuals : the former follow a more 
 rigorous, the latt er a milder rule. The general of the Ob- 
 servantines is minister-general of the entire order. The 
 order has been noted for missionary zeal, but suffered 
 considerably in the Reformation and the French Revolu- 
 tion. The usual distinguishing features of the garb are a 
 gray or dark-brown cowl, a girdle, and sandals. 
 
 Dominic’s theologians were called already Frati Pre- 
 dicatori ; Francis therefore modestly placed himself and 
 his companions below their order as the Frati ilinori, 
 
 Franconia, Middle 
 
 lesser brethren, Minorite Friars. They were both off- 
 shoots of the Augustinian monks ; both were Austin Fri- 
 ars, whether Black Friars or Grey Friars. The Dominicans 
 were in black ; and the Franciscans went in coarse grey 
 gowns, bare footed and bare-headed 
 
 Morley, English Writers, III. 309. 
 
 Francisco (fran-sis'ko). [See Francis.'] 1. A 
 lord in Shakspere’s “ Tempest.” — 2. A soldier 
 in Shakspere’s “ Hamlet.” — 3. In Massinger’s 
 play “The Duke of Milan,” the duke’s favor- 
 ite, a cold, vindictive hypocrite. 
 
 Francisque (fron-sesk'). See Millet , Franqois 
 ( Frans Mille). 
 
 Francis Xavier. See Xavier, Francis. 
 
 Franck (frohk), Adolphe. Born at Lioconrt, 
 France, Oct. 9, 1809: died April 10, 1893. A 
 French philosopher. He became professor of inter- 
 national law at the College de France in 1856, and founded 
 the “ Paix Sociale ” in 1888. He published “Le commu- 
 nisme jug;- par 1’histoire” (1849), “Philosophic du droit 
 p6nal ” (1864), “Moralistes et philosophes ’’ (1871), and was 
 the editor of “ Dictionnaire des sciences philosophiques ” 
 (1843-49). 
 
 Franck, Sebastian. See Frank. 
 
 Francke (frang'ke), August Hermann. Born 
 at Liibeck, Germany, March 22, 1663 : died at 
 Halle, Prussia, June 8, 1727. A German pie- 
 tistic preacher and philanthropist. He founded 
 at Halle in 1695 an orphan-asylum with which a printing- 
 press and various schools were later combined. 
 
 Franco (fran'ko), Giovanni Battista, sur- 
 named Semolei. Born at Udine, 1510 : died at 
 Venice, 1561. An Italian painter. His most noted 
 work is a “ Baptism of Christ ” in the Church of San Fran- 
 cesco della Vigna in Venice. 
 
 Franco-German War, or Franco-Prussian 
 War. The war of 1870-71 between France and 
 Germany. The immediate ostensible cause of it was 
 the election of a prince of Hohenzollern to the Spanish 
 throne. The following are the leading events : Declara- 
 tion of war, July 19, 1870 ; battle of Weissenbnrg, Aug. 4, 
 1870 ; battle of Worth, Aug. 6, 1870 ; battle of Spicheren, 
 Aug. 6, 1870 ; battleg around Metz(Colombey-Noui!ly, Aug. 
 14 ; Vionville, Aug. 16 ; Gravelotte, Aug. 18) ; battle of Se 
 dan, Sept. 1 ; surrender of the emperor and his army at 
 Sedan, Sept. 2 ; proclamation of the French republic, Sept. 
 
 4 ; commencement of the siege of Paris by the Ger- 
 mans, Sept. 19; surrender of Strasburg, Sept. 27 ; surren- 
 der of Metz, Oct. 27 ; battle of Coulmiers, Nov. 9 ; battle of 
 Beaune-la-Rolande, Nov. 28 ; sortie from Paris, Nov. 30 ; 
 battle of Orleans, Dec. 2-4 ; sorties from Paris, Jan., 1871 ; 
 battle of Le Mans, Jan. 12 ; battle of Lisaine, Jan. 15-17 ; 
 surrender of Paris, Jan. 28; peace preliminaries at Ver- 
 sailles, Feb. 26; occupation of Paris by German troops, 
 March 1-3 ; peace of Frankfort (which see), May 10, 1871. 
 Franpois (f ron-swa' ), Due d’ Anjou. Bornl554: 
 died 1584. A son of Henry II. of France, a 
 suitor for the hand of Queen Elizabeth of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Francois, Kurt von. Bom at Luxemburg, Oct. 
 2, 1853. An African explorer. He served through 
 the Franco-German war, in which his father, a German 
 general, fell. In 1883 he accompanied the expedition of 
 Wissmann to the Kassai, and did excellent chartographic 
 work. In 1885 he explored the Lulongo and Tshuapa 
 rivers in company with G. Grenfell. Promoted captain 
 while in Germany, he was sent to Togo-land in 1887, and 
 penetrated beyond Salaga to the country of the Mossi. In 
 1889 he was placed at the head of the German troops in 
 Damaraland, and in 1891 became acting imperial commis- 
 sioner. He has published “ Die Erforschung des Lulongo 
 und Tscliuapa ” (Leipsic, 1888). 
 
 Francois de Neuf chateau (froh-swa' de ne- 
 sha-to'), Comte Nicolas Louis. Born at Saf- 
 fais, Meurthe, France, April 17, 1750: died at 
 Paris, Jan. 10, 1828. A French statesman, poet, 
 and author. He was a member of the Directory 1797- 
 1798, minister of the interior 1797 and 1798-99, and presi- 
 dent of the Senate 1804-06. 
 
 Franconia (frang-ko'ni-a), G.Franken (frang'- 
 ken). [ML. Franconia, G. Franken, land of 
 the Franks.] One of the four great duchies 
 of the old German kingdom: also known as 
 Francia. It lay chiefly in the valley of the Main, but 
 extended west of the Rhine, being bounded by Saxony on 
 the north and Alamannia or Swabia on the south. It 
 broke up into various small districts (the Palatinate, Wurz- 
 burg, Bamberg, etc.). In the division of the empire under 
 Maximilian, it was made a circle. It now denotes a region 
 whose center is further to the east than that of the ancient 
 duchy. This is divided into Upper, Middle, and Lower 
 Franconia (see below). 
 
 France and Franconia are etymologically the same word ; 
 the difference in their modern forms is simply owing to 
 the necessity of avoiding confusion, which was avoided in 
 early mediaeval Latin by speaking of Francia oecidentalis 
 and Francia orientalis, Francia Latina and Francia Teu- 
 toniea. Freeman, Hist. Essays, I. 172. 
 
 Franconia, Lower, G. Unterfranken und 
 Ascbaffenburg. A government district ( “ Re- 
 gierungs-Bezirk ”) in northwestern Bavaria. 
 Capital, Wurzburg. Area, 3,244 square miles. 
 Population, 682,532. 
 
 Franconia, Middle, G. Mittelfranken. A 
 
 government district in western Bavaria. Capi- 
 tal, Ansbacb. Area, 2,927 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 868,846. 
 
Franconia, Upper 
 
 Franconia, Upper, G. Oberfranken. A gov- 
 ernment district in northeastern Bavaria. Cap- 
 ital, Bayreuth. Area, 2,702 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 643,985. 
 
 Franconia Mountains. A group of mountains 
 in Grafton County, New Hampshire, west of 
 the Presidential Range. Highest point, Mount 
 Lafayette (5,269 feet). 
 
 Franconian (frang-ko'ni-an). The German dia- 
 lect of old Franconian territory in middle and 
 western Germany, Belgium, and Holland, along 
 the whole course of the Rhine from the conflu- 
 ence of the Murg to its mouth. Several minor dia- 
 lectic divisions are recognized. Upper Franconian com- 
 prehends the dialect, called East Franconian, of the old 
 duchy of Franconia Orientalis, and Rhenish Franconian 
 the dialect of the old Franconia Rhenensis. Middle Fr an- 
 conian is the dialect of the Moselle region and along the 
 Rhine from Coblenz to Diisseldorf. With Hessian and 
 Thuringian they form the group specifically called Mid- 
 dle German, but are commonly included in the High Ger- 
 man group. Lower Franconian, the progenitor of modern 
 Dutch and Flemish, is the dialect of the lower Rhine re- 
 gion from Diisseldorf to its mouth. With Saxon and Frie- 
 sian it forms the group specifically called Low German. 
 Franconian Alps. See Franconian Jura. 
 Franconian Emperors. The line of German 
 emperors from 1024—1125, comprising Conrad 
 II., Henry III., Henry IV., and Henry V. Also 
 called Saltan Emperors. 
 
 Franconian Jura(jo'ra), or Franconian Alps. 
 
 [G. Frankenjura, Frdnkischer Jura, etc.] The 
 continuation in Bavaria of the Swabian Jura. 
 The mountains extend from the neighborhood of Donau- 
 worth and Ratisbon on the Danube to the bend of the Main 
 at Lichtenfels. Highest points, over 2,000 feet. 
 Franconia N otcb. A defile in the White Moun- 
 tains of New Hampshire, west of the Franco- 
 nia Mountains, traversed by the Pemigewasset 
 River. 
 
 Franconian Switzerland. A hilly district in 
 Bavaria, northeast of Nuremberg, noted for its 
 stalactite caverns and rock-formations. Height, 
 about 1,600 feet. 
 
 Franeker (fran'e-ker). A town in the province 
 of Friesland, Netherlands, in lat. 53° 12' N., 
 long. 5° 32' E. : seat of a university 1585-1811. 
 Population, 7,114. 
 
 Frangipani (frari-je-pa/ne). A noble Roman 
 family which came into prominence early in the 
 11th century, and for several centuries played 
 an important part in Italian history as leaders 
 of the Ghibelline party. Cenzio Frangipani produced 
 a schism in the church by the election in 1118 of the anti- 
 pope Buidino, who assumed the name Gregory VIII. 
 Frank ( frangk) , J ohann Peter. Born at Roth- 
 alben, Baden, March 19, 1745 : died at Vienna, 
 April 24, 1821. A German physician, noted es- 
 pecially for his contributions to sanitary science. 
 He became professor at Gottingen in 1784, at Pavia in 17S5, 
 and at VVilna in 1804, and was physician to the emperor 
 Alexander of Russia 1805-08. He wrote “System einer 
 vollstandigen medizinischen Polizei ” (1784-1827), “De cu- 
 randis hominum morbis ” (1792-1800), etc. 
 
 Frank (frangk), Joseph. Born at Rastatt, Ba- 
 den, Dec. 23, 1771 : died at Como, Italy, Dec. 18, 
 1842. A German physician, son of J. P. Frank : 
 a supporter of the Brownian system. He pub- 
 lished “Grundriss der Pathologie” (1803), etc. 
 Frank, or Franck (frangk), Sebastian, of 
 Word. Born at Donauworth, Bavaria, about 
 1499 : died probably at Basel, Switzerland, about 
 1542. A German popular writer and mystical 
 theologian, an adherent of the Reformation. He 
 wrote “Chronika” (1531), “Weltbueh” (1534 : a cosmogra- 
 phy), “Sprichwortersammlung” (1541), etc. 
 
 Frankel (frang'kel), Zacharias. Born at 
 Prague, Oct. 18, 1801 : died at Breslau, Prussia, 
 Feb. 13, 1875. A German rabbi, director of the 
 Hebrew Theological Seminary at Breslau after 
 1854. 
 
 Frankenberg (frang'ken-berG). A manufactur- 
 ing town in the district of Zwickau, Saxony, 
 on the Zschopau 32 miles west-southwest of 
 Dresden. Population, commune, 13,350. 
 Frankenhausen (friing'ken-hou-zen). Atown 
 in Sehwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Germany, 55 miles 
 west of Leipsic. Here, May 15, 1525, the insurgent 
 peasantry under Thomas Miinzer were signally defeated 
 by Philip, landgrave of Hesse, at the head of an allied 
 army. It has salt-works and manufactures of pearl but- 
 tons, etc. Population, commune, 6,543. 
 
 Frankenstein, (frang'ken-stin). A town in the 
 province of Silesia, Prussia, 37 miles south of 
 Breslau. Population, commune, 8,404. 
 
 Frankenstein. A romance by Mrs. Shelley, 
 published in 1818, named from the hero of the 
 tale, who created a monster. 
 
 The story is related by a young student, who creates a 
 monstrous being from materials gathered in the tomb and 
 the dissecting-room. When the creature is made complete 
 with bones, muscles, and skin, it acquires life and com- 
 
 408 
 
 mits atrocious crimes. It murders a friend of the student, 
 strangles his bride, and finally comes to an end in the north- 
 ern seas. Tuckerman, Hist, of Eng. Prose Fict., p. 319. 
 
 Frankenthal (frang'ken-tal). A town in the 
 Palatinate, 6 miles northwest of Mannheim. It 
 has manufactures and nurseries. Population, 
 commune, 18,190. 
 
 Frankenwald(frang'keu-valt). A mountainous 
 region on the borders of northern Bavaria and 
 the Thuringian states, connecting the Fichtel- 
 gebirge with the Thuringian Forest. 
 
 Frankfort (frangk'fort), or Frankf ort-on-the- 
 Main (man')- [G. Frankfurt-am-Main, P. 
 
 Francfort-sur-ie-Mein. The name appears in 
 the 8th century as Franconofurd, ford of the 
 Franks, said to have been so named by Charle- 
 magne, who here forded the river and attacked 
 the Saxons.] A city in the province of Hesse- 
 Nassau, Prussia, situated on the north bank of 
 the Main in lat. 50° 6' N., long. 8° 41' E. : ori- 
 ginally a Roman military station, it is the finan- 
 cial center of Germany, and one of the most important 
 banking cities of the world ; has extensive commerce by 
 railways, the Main, and the Rhine ; and has growing man- 
 ufactures. Its horse and leather fairs are still of impor- 
 tance, and it was formerly noted for its book-trade. The 
 cathedral is an important building of the 13th and 14th 
 centuries, lately restored. Its pinnacled western tower is 
 312 feet high. The interior contains much of interest in 
 sculpture, monuments, and good modern glass. In this 
 church the emperors were crowned by the Elector of 
 Mainz. Other objects of interest are the Romer (Kaiser- 
 saal Wahlzimmer), monuments of Gutenberg and Goethe 
 (who was born here), house of Goethe, Romerberg, Saalhof, 
 Church of St. Leonhard, Historical Museum, old bridge, 
 library, Ariadneum, old tower, cemetery, bourse, opera- 
 house, Stadel Art Institute(with a famous picture-gallery), 
 and Rothschild Museum. Frankfort was a residence of 
 the German kings under the Carolingians (Charles the 
 Great, Louis the Pious, etc.). It became a free city, and 
 was celebrated from the middle ages for its fairs. In 1356 
 it was recognized as the Wahlstadt (seat of imperial elec- 
 tions). In 1836 it was annexed by Napoleon to the Con- 
 federation of the Rhine, and granted to the prince primate 
 Von Dalberg. It became the capital of the grand duchy 
 of Frankfort in 1810; was made a free city in 1815, with 
 small neighboring territories; and was the capital of the 
 Germanic Confederation. It was the scene of outbreaks 
 in 1848. Its siding with Austria in 1866 led to its annexa- 
 tion to Prussia. Population, commune, 414,406, (1910). 
 Frankfort, Council of. An ecclesiastical coun- 
 cil held at Frankf ort-on-tke-Main in 794. it was 
 called by Charlemagne for the purpose of considering the 
 question of adopting the acts of the second Council of 
 N icsea (787), which had been sent by the Pope to the French 
 bishops for approval, and which were rejected on the 
 ground that they sanctioned the worship of images. This 
 council, which was attended by bishops from Germany, 
 Gaul, Spain, Italy, and England, including delegates fri m 
 the Pope, is regarded by some as an ecumenical council. 
 
 Frankfort, Grand Duchy of. A short-lived 
 monarchy formed by Napoleon in 1810, consist- 
 ing of the territories around Frankfort-on-the- 
 Main, Hanau, Fulda, Wetzlar, Aschaffenburg. 
 It was dissolved by the Congress of Vienna. 
 Frankfort, Peace" of. A definitive treaty of 
 peace concluded between the German Empire 
 and France at Frankf ort-on-the-Ma in, May 10, 
 1871, which ratified the preliminaries of peace 
 adopted at Versailles Feb. 26, 1871 (see Ver- 
 sailles, Preliminaries of). 
 
 Frankfort, or Frankfort-on-the-Oder (o'der). 
 [G. Frankf urt-an-der-Oder.] A city in the prov- 
 ince of Brandenburg, Prussia, on the Oder 50 
 miles east by south of Berlin. It is an important 
 commercial town, has three annual fairs, and was formerly 
 the seat of a university (removed to Breslau in 1811). 
 Near it is the battle-field of Kunersdorf. It is an ancient 
 Wendish and later Hanseatic town. It was taken by Gus- 
 tavus Adolphus in 1631, and by the Russians in 1759. 
 Population, commune, 64,304. 
 
 Frankfort (frangk'fort). The capital of Ken- 
 tucky and of Franklin County, situated on the 
 Kentucky River in lat. 38° 15' N., long. 84° 
 54' W. Population, 10,465, (1910). 
 Frankfurter Attentat (frank'for-ter at-ten- 
 tat'). [G., ‘Frankfort Riot./] A revolutionary 
 outbreak by students in Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
 assisted by peasants, April 3, 1833. Its occa- 
 sion was the hostile attitude of the Bundestag 
 toward the press. 
 
 Frankl (frankl), Ludwig August von.^ Born 
 at Chrast,Bokemia,Feb.3, 1810: died at Vienna, 
 March 14, 1894. An Austrian poet, of Hebrew de- 
 scent. Hiscliief poems are “Cristoforo Colombo ’’(1836), 
 “Don Juan d’ Austria" (1846), “ Der Primator” (1862), “Tra- 
 gischeKonige”(1876). Collective editionsof his works have 
 been published under the titles “Gesammelte poetische 
 Werke ” (1880) and “ Lyrisclie Gedichte ” (5th ed. 1881). 
 
 Frankland. See Franklin. 
 Frankland(frangk'land), Sir Edward. Bornat 
 Gkurcktown,Lancasiiire, England, Jait . 18,1825; 
 died at Golaa, Gudbrandsdal, Norway, Aug. 9, 
 1899. An English chemist. He became professor 
 of chemistry in Owens College, Manchester, in 1851, in St. 
 Bartholomew’s Hospital in 1857, in t he Royal Institution in 
 1863, in the Royal School of Mines in 1865, and in the School 
 of Science, South Kensington, in 1881. He published “Lec- 
 
 Franklin, William Buel 
 
 ture Notes for Chemical Students " (1866), “How to Teach 
 Chemistry’’ (1875), “Experimental Researches in Pure, 
 Applied, and Physical Chemistry" (1877), ett;. 
 
 Frankland, Sir Thomas. Died Nov. 21, 1784. 
 
 An English admiral. 
 
 Franklin (frangk'lin). A city and the capital 
 of Venango County, western Pennsylvania, sit- 
 uated near the junction of the Venango with 
 the Alleghany, 65 miles north of Pittsburg. 
 Population, 9,767, (1910). 
 
 Franklin. The capital of Williamson County, 
 Tennessee, situated on Harpeth River 17 miles 
 south by west of Nashville. Here, Nov. 30, 1864, 
 the Federals under Schofield defeated the Confederates 
 under Hood. The loss of the Federals was 2,326 ; of the 
 Confederates, 6,252. Population, 2,924, (1910). 
 
 Franklin, previously Frankland. The name 
 given to the State government constituted in 
 eastern Tennessee in 1784. Capital, Jones- 
 borough. Its governor, Sevier, was overthrown 
 1788 by the North Carolina authorities. 
 Franklin, Benjamin. Born at Boston, Mass., 
 Jan. 17, 1706: died at Philadelphia, April 17, 
 1790. A celebrated American philosopher, 
 statesman, diplomatist, and author. He learned 
 the printer’s trade in the office of his elder brother J ames, 
 and in 1729 established himself at Philadelphia as edi- 
 tor and proprietor of the “Pennsylvania Gazette.” He 
 founded the Philadelphia library in 1731 ; began the pub- 
 lication of “ Poor Prichard's Almanac ” in 1732 ; was ap- 
 pointed clerk of the Pennsylvania assembly in 1736 ; be- 
 came postmaster of Philadelphia in 1737 ; founded the 
 American Philosophical Society and the University of 
 Pennsylvania in 1743 ; and in 1762 demonstrated by experi- 
 ments made with a kite during a thunderstorm that light- 
 ning is a discharge of electricity, a discovery for which he 
 was awarded the Copley medal by the Royal Society in 
 1753. He was deputy postmaster-general for the British 
 colonies in America 1753-74. In 1754, at a convention of 
 the New England colonics with New York, Pennsylvania, 
 and Maryland, held at Albany, he proposed a plan, known 
 as the “Albany Plan, "which contemplated theformation of 
 a self-sustaining government for all the colonies, and 
 which, although adopted by the convention, failed of sup- 
 port in the colonies. He acted as colonial agent for Penn- 
 sylvania in England 1757-62 and 1764-75 ; was elected to 
 the second Continental Congress in 1775 ; and in 1776 
 was a member of the committee of five chosen by Congress 
 to draw up a declaration of independence. He arrived at 
 Paris Dec. 21, 3776, as ambassador to the court of France ; 
 and in conjunction with Arthur Lee and Silas Deane con- 
 cluded a treaty with France, Feb. 6, 1778, by which France 
 recognized the independence of America. In 1782, on the 
 advent of Lord Rockingham’s ministry to power, he began 
 a correspondence with Lord Shelburne, secretary of state 
 for home and colonies, which led to negotiations for peace ; 
 and in conjunction with Jay and Adams concluded with 
 England the treaty of Paris, Sept. 3, 1783. He returned to 
 America in 1785 ; was president of Pennsylvania 1786-88 ; 
 and was a delegate totneconstitutional convention in 1787. 
 He left an autobiography, which was edited by John Bige- 
 low in 1868. His works have been edited by Jared Sparks 
 (10 vols., 1836-40) and John Bigelow (10 vols., 1887—8 8). 
 
 Franklin, Mrs. (Eleanor Ann Porden). Born 
 July, 1795: died Feb. 22, 1825. An English 
 poet, the first wife of Sir John Franklin, whom 
 she married in 1823. 
 
 Franklin, Lady (Jane Griffin). Born 1792: died 
 at London, July 18, 1875. The second wife of 
 Sir John Franklin, whom she married Nov. 5, 
 1828. She fitted out five ships between 1850 and 1857 to 
 search for the missing Arctic expedition commanded by 
 her husband. One of them, the Fox, brought back intel- 
 ligence of its fate. She was awarded the gold medal of the 
 Royal Geographical Society in 1860, in recognition of her 
 services in the search for the missing explorers. 
 Franklin, Sir joim. Bom April 16, 1786: died 
 June 11, 1847. A celebrated Arctic explorer. 
 He was the son of Willingham Franklin of Spiisby in 
 Lincolnshire. He entered the royal navy in his youth ; 
 served at the battle of Trafalgar in 1805, and in the expe- 
 dition against New Orleans in 1814 ; commanded the brig 
 Trent in the Arctic expedition under Captain Buchan in 
 1818 ; commanded an exploring expedition to the northern 
 coast of North America 1819-22 ; commanded a similar ex- 
 pedition 1825-27 ; was knighted in 1829 ; and was lieuten- 
 ant-governor of Van Diemen’s Land 1836-43. In 1845 he 
 was appointed to the command of an expedition, consist- 
 ing of the Erebus and the Terror, Captain Crozier, sent out 
 by the British admiralty in search of the northwest pas- 
 sage. The expedition sailed from Greenhithe, May 18, 
 1845, and was last spoken off the entrance of Lancaster 
 Sound, July 26, 1845. Thirty-nine relief expeditions, pub- 
 lic and private, were sent out fri m England and America 
 ir search of the missing explorers between 1847 and 1857. 
 In the last-mentioned vear the Fox yacht. Captain Leo- 
 pold McClintock, was sent by Lady Franklin. McClintock 
 found traces of the missing expedition in 1859, which con- 
 firmed previous rumors of its total destruction. From a 
 paper containing an entry by Captain Fitzjames of the 
 missing expedition, itwaslearned that Franklin died June 
 11, 1847, having in the previous year penetrated to within 
 12 miles of the northern extremity of King W illiam’s 
 Land. See Century Atlas, Map 3. 
 
 Franklin, William. Born at Philadelphia, 
 1729: died in England, Nov. 17, 1813. An 
 illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin. He was 
 royal governor of New Jersey 1762-76. 
 
 Franklin, William Buel. Born at York, Pa., 
 Feb. 27, 1823 : died March 8, 1903. An Ameri- 
 can general. He was graduated at West Point in 1843, 
 served in the Mexican war, and became a captain in the 
 regular army in 1857 and a colonel in 1861. He commanded 
 
Franklin, William Buel 
 
 a brigade in Heintzleman’s division at the battle of Bull 
 Bun July21, 1861, and commanded a corps at Malvern Hill 
 July 1, and at Antietam Sept. 17, 1862. He led a grand 
 division of Burnside’s army at Fredericksburg Dec. 13, 
 1862, and commanded a division of Banks's army in the 
 Bed Biver campaign of 1864. He resigned in 1866. 
 
 Franklin’s Tale, The. One of Chaucer’s “Can- 
 terbury Tales.” It is said in the prologue to be from 
 a Breton lay. The story is that of Boccaccio’s fifth novel 
 of the tenth day in the “Decameron," and is introduced 
 also in the fifth book of his “Filocopo.” It relates the 
 sorrows and triumph of Dorigen, the faithful wife of Ar- 
 viragus. The franklin who tells the tale is a white-headed 
 Epicurean country gentleman : 
 
 “ With oute bake mete was nevere his hous, 
 
 Of Fish and ttessh, and that so plentenous 
 It shewed in his hous of mete and drynke." 
 
 Frankly (frangk'li). A character in Cibber’s 
 comedy “The Refusal, or The Ladies’ Philos- 
 ophy.” 
 
 Franks (frangks). [Usually explained from the 
 OHG. form, as from OHG. *francho, *franlco = 
 AS. franca, a spear, javelin, = Icel .frakTci, also 
 frakka (prob. from AS.), a kind of spear; the 
 Franks being thus ult. ‘ Spear-men,’ as Saxons 
 were ‘ Sword-men ’ (see Saxon). The notion of 
 ‘free’ associated with Frank is apparently 
 later.] 1. The name assumed in the 3d century 
 a. D. by a confederation of German tribes (Si- 
 cambri, Bructeri, Chamavi, etc.), it was divided 
 by the 4th century into the three groups the Catti, the 
 Bipuarian Franks (dwelling near Cologne), and the Salian 
 Franks (dwelling along the lower Bhine). The Merovin- 
 gian monarchy of the Salian Franks was established in 
 northern Gaul under Clovis (481-611), and gave origin to 
 the name France. The accession of the Carolingians 
 under Pepin occurred in 751. See Verdun, Treaty of. 
 
 2. A name given to Europeans of the western 
 nations by the Turks, Arabs, and other Oriental 
 peoples. The appeUation originated at the time of the 
 Crusades, when the Franks (the French), and by extension 
 the other nations of western Europe, became familiar to 
 the Orientals. 
 
 Fransecky (frhns'ke) (originally Franscky), 
 Eduard Friedrich von. Born at Gedern, 
 Hesse, Nov. 16, 1807: died at Wiesbaden, May 
 22,1890. A Prussian military officer. He entered 
 the Prussian army in 1825, and served under General 
 Wrangel in the first Schleswig-Holstein war against 
 Denmark in 1848. He became lieutenant-general in 1865, 
 and during the Austro-Prussian war fought with distinc- 
 tion at the battles of Munchengratz June 28, Koniggratz 
 July 3, and Presburg July 22, 1866. He commanded dur- 
 ing the Franco-Prussian war the 2d army corps, which 
 participated in the battle of Gravelotte, Aug. 18, 1870, and 
 subsequently formed part of the army of investment be- 
 fore Paris. He became military governor of Berlin in 
 1879, a post which he retained until placed on the retired 
 list in 1882. 
 
 Franz (frants), Robert. Born at Halle, Prus- 
 sia, June 28, 1815: died there, Oct. 24, 1892. 
 A German musician, especially noted as a com- 
 poser of songs. His first published composition (songs) 
 appeared in 1843. He gave his entire attention in his 
 later years to editing the works of Bach, Handel, etc., and 
 to composition. His songs number over three hundred. 
 
 Franzen (frant-san'), Franz Michael. Born 
 at Ule&borg, Finland, Feb. 9, 1772: died at 
 Hernosand, Sweden, 1847. A Swedish poet. 
 He studied at Abo, where he became university librarian, 
 and in 1801 professor of history and ethics. In 1812, after 
 the conquest of Finland, he settled as a clergyman at 
 Kumla in Sweden. Twelve years later he removed to 
 Stockholm. In 1831 he was made bishop, in which post he 
 died. His principal works are “Emili eller en afton i 
 Lappland” (“Emili, or an Evening in Lapland,’’ a didac- 
 tic poem with idyl ic episodes), the epic poems “Svante 
 Sture ’’ and “ Columbus,” and an uncompleted national 
 epic ‘‘ Gustav Adolf i Tydskland" (“Gustav Adolf in Ger- 
 many ’’). His best work is his religious songs, which are 
 among the finest in Swedish literature. 
 
 Franzensbad (frant'sens-bat), also Egerbrun- 
 nen (a'ger-bron-nen), Kaiser-Franzens- 
 brunn. A watering-place in Bohemia, 3 miles 
 north of Eger, celebrated for its chalybeate 
 and saline springs. Population, commune, 
 2,539, (1910). 
 
 Franz-Joseph-Fjord (frants'yo'zef-fyord). An 
 inlet on the eastern coast of Greenland, about 
 lat. 73° 15' N. 
 
 Franz- Joseph-Land (-lant). An archipelago 
 in the Arctic Ocean, north of Nova Zembla, 
 about lat. 80°-83° N., explored by Payer 1873. 
 Franzos (frant-sos'), Karl Emil. Born Oct. 25, 
 1848: died Jan. 28, 1904. An Austrian novelist. 
 Frascati (fras-ka'te). A town in the province of 
 Rome, Italy, 12 miles southeast of Rome, cele- 
 brated for its villas. There are remains of a Roman 
 amphitheater, built of reticulated masonry and fitted with 
 appliances for flooding the arena for the naumachy, and 
 °« ? i 8 mall but very perfect Roman theater, in which much 
 of the stage-structure survives. Population, 9,915. 
 
 Fraschini (fras-ke'ne), Gaetano. Born 1815 : 
 died 1887. An Italian tenor singer. 
 
 Fraser (fra'zer), Charles. Born at Charleston, 
 S. C., Aug. 20, 1782: died there, Oct. 5, 1860. 
 An American painter, chiefly of miniatures. 
 Fraser, James Baillie. Born at Reelick, In- 
 
 409 
 
 verness-shire, June 11, 1783: died there, Jan., 
 1856. A Scottish traveler and author. He wrote 
 travels and tales of Eastern (especially of Per- 
 sian) life. 
 
 Fraser, Simon, twelfth Lord Lovat. Born about 
 1667 : beheaded at London, April 9, 1747. A 
 Scottish nobleman. He was a grandson of the eighth 
 lord, and, after a vain attempt to secure the person of the 
 daughter of the ninth lord, carried off that lady’s mother 
 and forcibly married her. For this crime he was outlawed 
 in 1701. He supported the government in the Jacobite 
 rising of 1715, but took part witli the rebels in 1746^6, 
 and after the battle of Culloden was seized, conveyed to 
 London, and condemned for treason. 
 
 Fraser, Simon. Born Oct. 19, 1726: died at 
 London, Feb. 8, 1782. A Scottish soldier and 
 politician, son of Simon Fraser, twelfth Lord 
 Lovat. He participated in the Jacobite rebellion in 1746, 
 but received a pardon in 1750. At the beginning of the 
 Seven Years’ War he raised a regiment of Highlanders, 
 known as the 78th or Fraser Highlanders, of which he 
 was commissioned colonel. He was present at the siege 
 of Louisburg, Cape Breton, in 1758; served under Wolfe 
 in the expedition against Quebec in 1759 ; was a brigadier- 
 general in the British force sent to Portugal in 1762 ; and 
 represented Inverness-shire in Parliament from 1761 until 
 his death. 
 
 Fraserburgh (fra'zer-bur-o). A seaport and 
 seat of the herring fishery, situated in Aber- 
 deenshire, Scotland, 38 miles north of Aber- 
 deen. Population, 8,998. 
 
 Fraser Island, or Great Sandy Island. An 
 island off the coast of Queensland, Australia, 
 in lat. 25° S. 
 
 Fraser River. A river in British Columbia, 
 formed by two branches uniting near Fort 
 George, and flowing into the Gulf of Georgia 
 about lat. 49° 7' N. Its basin is noted for gold de- 
 posits. Length, about 800 miles, of which about 100 miles 
 are navigable. 
 
 Frateretto. A fiend mentioned by Edgar in 
 Shakspere’s “King Lear.” 
 
 Fratricelli (frat-ri-sel'I). [ML., lit. ‘little bro- 
 thers,’ dim. of L. frater, pi. fratres, brother.] 
 A body of reformed Franciscans, authorized 
 by Pope Celestine V. in 1294, under the name 
 of Poor Hermits, who afterward defied the au- 
 thority of the popes, rejected the sacraments, 
 and held that Christian perfection consists in 
 absolute poverty. They were severely persecuted, 
 but continued as a distinct sect until the 15th century. 
 Also Fraticelli. 
 
 Fratta (frat'ta), orUmbertide (om-bar'te-de). 
 A town in the province of Perugia, Italy, situ- 
 ated on the Tiber 14 miles north of Perugia. 
 Frauenburg (frou'en-borG). A small town in 
 the province of East Prussia, Prussia, situated 
 on the Frisches Haff 41 miles southwest of 
 Konigsberg. 
 
 Frauenfeld (frou'en-felt). The capital of the 
 canton of Thurgau, Switzerland, situated on 
 the Murg 22 miles northeast of Zurich. It manu- 
 factures cotton, and has a castle. Population, ’ 
 commune, 7.761. 
 
 Frauenlob (frou'en-lob) (Heinrich von Meis- 
 sen). [G., ‘praise of women’: a name origi- 
 nating, it is said, in his preference for the word 
 Frau over Weib in one of his poems.] Born 
 about 1260: died at Mainz, Germany, 1318. A 
 German meistersinger. His works were edited 
 by Ettmiiller in 1843. 
 
 Ffauenstadt (frou'en-stet), Christian Martin 
 
 Julius. Born at Bojanowo, Posen, Prussia, 
 April 17, 1813: died at Berlin, Jan. 13, 1879. 
 A German writer, known chiefly as a disciple 
 and expounder of Schopenhauer. He wrote “ As- 
 thetische Fragen” (1853), “Briefe fiber die Schopen- 
 hauersche Philosophic" (1854), “Der Materialismus” 
 (1856), “Briefe fiber natfirliche Religion ” (1858), “A. 
 Schopenhauer, Lichtstrahlen aus semen Werken,” “A. 
 Schopenhauer, von ihm, fiber ihn, etc.” (1863), etc. 
 
 Fraunhofer (froun'ho-fer), Joseph von. Born 
 at Straubing, Bavaria, March 6, 1787 : died at 
 Munich, June 7, 1826. A German optician. He 
 is noted for improvements in telescopes and other optical 
 instruments, and especially for his investigation of the 
 lines in the spectrum named from him “Fraunhofer’s 
 lines.” 
 
 Fraustadt (frou'stat). A town in the province 
 of Posen, Prussia, 48 miles southwest of Posen. 
 
 Here, Feb. 13, 1706, the Swedes under Renskiold defeated 
 the Saxons and Russians under Schulenberg. Population, 
 7,452. 
 
 Fray Gerundio de Campazas. A satirical ro- 
 mance by Isla, published in 1758. It was di- 
 rected against itinerant preachers in Spain. 
 Frayser’s (fra'zerz) (or Frazier’s) Farm, or 
 Glendale (glen'dal), or Charles City Cross 
 Roads. A locality in Virginia about 12 miles 
 southeast of Richmond, the scene of a battle 
 between part of McClellan’s army and part of 
 Lee’s, June 30, 1862. See Seven Days’ Battles. 
 Frayssinous (fra-se-no'), Comte Denis de. 
 Born at Curiores, Aveyron , France, May 9, 1765 : 
 
 Frederick V. 
 
 died at St.-Geniez, Aveyron, Dec. 12, 1841. A 
 French prelate and politician (bishop of Her- 
 mopolis in partibus infidelium, 1823), minister of 
 worship and public instruction 1824r-28. He 
 published “D6fen.se du christianisme ” (1825), 
 etc. 
 
 Frazier’s Farm. See Frayser’s Farm. 
 
 Frea (fra'a). The wife of Odin. 
 
 Frechette (fra-shet'), Louis Honore. Born at 
 Levis, near Quebec, Nov. 16, 1839: died May 
 31, 1908. A French-Canadian-poet. He went to 
 Chicago in 1866, but in 1871 returned to Quebec. He was 
 elected member of Parliament in 1874. His volume of 
 poems, “Les fleurs boreales, etc.,” was crowned by the 
 French Academy in 1880. Among his other works are “ La 
 voix d’un exil6 ” (1867), “La legende d’un peuple”(1887), 
 “ Papin eau ” and “Felix Poutre,” historical dramas (1880). 
 
 Fredegarius (fred-e-ga'ri-us), Latinized from 
 Fredegar. The name assigned to the unknown 
 compiler (there were really three) of an im- 
 portant work on general and early French his- 
 tory, coming down to the year 642. Two of the 
 compilers were Burgundians, one writing in 613 and the 
 other in 658. See the extract. 
 
 In spirit and diction the work passing under the name of 
 Fredegarius scholasticus, the contents of which are price- 
 less for the history of the first half of the seventh century, 
 belongs entirely to the Middle Ages. This “Fredegar,” 
 gradually compiled by three authors, was continued by 
 more than one hand during the eighth century. Inde- 
 pendently of Fredegarius, the substance of his work was 
 carried on a. 727* in the so-called Gesta Francorum, the 
 Latin of which is less barbarous, while its contents are 
 more meagre, than Fredegar’s. 
 
 Teuffel and Schwabe, Hist, of Bom. Lit. (tr. by Warr), 
 
 [II. 675. 
 
 Fredegunde (fred'e-gund), or Fredegonda 
 
 (fred-e-gon'da). Died 597. A Frankish queen. 
 She was originally the mistress of Chilperic I. of Neustria, 
 whom she married after having procured the assassination 
 of his wife Galeswintha, sister of Brunehilde, wife of Sieg- 
 bert of Austrasia. This assassination brought on a war 
 between Chilperic and Siegbert, the latter of whom was 
 victorious in battle, but was murdered in 675 by emissaries 
 of Fredegunde. She became regent for her son Clotaire 
 II. in 693, and attacked and defeated Brunehilde in 590. 
 
 Fredensborg (fra'dens-bore). A village in the 
 north of Zealand, Denmark. The royal palace here, 
 the autumn residence of the king, was built in the .style 
 of the French Renaissance in commemoration of the peace 
 of 1720 with Sweden. Of the interior apartments the domed 
 hall is the most remarkable. 
 
 Fredericia (fred-e-rish'e-a), or Friedericia (fre- 
 de-rets'e-a). A fortified seaport in Jutland, 
 Denmark, situated at the entrance to the Little 
 Belt in lat. 55° 34' N., long. 9° 46' E. it was de- 
 fended by the Danes against the troops of Schleswig-Hol- 
 stein in 1849. Population, 13,451. 
 
 Frederick (fred'er-ik) I. [OHG. Friderih, Goth. 
 Frithareiks, lit. ‘ peace-ruler’ ; M L. Fredericus, 
 Fridericus, F. Frederic, It. Federigo, Federico, 
 Sp. Pg. Federico, G. Friedrich .] Born at Karls- 
 ruhe, Baden, Sept. 9, 1826: died at Mainau 
 Island, Sept. 28, 1907. Grand Duke of Baden. 
 He became regent for his imbecile brother in 1852, and 
 succeeded as grand duke in 1856. He married Louise, 
 daughter of William I. of Prussia, in 1856. 
 
 Frederick III. Born at Hadersleben, Schles- 
 wig, March 18, 1609 : died at Copenhagen, Feb. 
 9,1670. King of Denmark and Norway. He en- 
 tered into an alliance with Holland, Poland, and Branden- 
 burg in 1657 against Charles X. Gustavusof Sweden. He 
 was totally defeated by Charles Gustavus (who crossed the 
 Little Belton the ice in Jan., 1658), and was forced to make 
 important territorial cessions at the peace of Roeskilde, 
 Feb. 28, 1658. The war being renewed in the same year 
 by Charles Gustavus, with a view to annihilating the mon- 
 archy of Denmark, he defended himself with great spirit 
 until relieved by an allied army under the elector Fi ed- 
 erick William of Brandenburg and by a Dutch fleet. He 
 signed, May 27, 1660, the peace of Copenhagen, which in 
 the main confirmed the provisions of the peace of Roes- 
 kilde. By a coalilion of the clergy with the bourgeoisie 
 against the nobility, he was enabled in 1661 to transform 
 Denmark from an elective limited to a hereditary absolute 
 monarchy. 
 
 Frederick IV. Bom at Copenhagen, Oct. 11, 
 1671: died at Copenhagen, Oct. 12, 1730. King 
 of Denmark and Norway, son of Christian V. 
 whom he succeeded in 1699. Shortly after bis ac- 
 cession he formed an alliance with Peter the Great and 
 Augustus II., king of Poland and elector of Saxony, against 
 Charles XII. of Sweden, who invaded Zealand and dictated 
 the peace of Travendal, Aug. 18, 1700. On the defeat of 
 Charles at Pultowa in 1709, he renewed the alliance with 
 Peter the Great and Augustus against Charles, and this 
 alliance was subsequently joined by Saxony and Hannover. 
 After the death of Charles before Frederickshal, he con- 
 cluded with Sweden a separate treaty at Frederiksborg, 
 July 3, 1720, in which Sweden renounced its right ofyex- 
 emption from customs duties in the Sound and abandoned 
 its ally, the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, who was in the fol- 
 lowing year deprived of his territories in Schleswig. 
 Frederick V. Born at Copenhagen, March 31, 
 1723 : died Jan. 14, 1766. King of Denmark and 
 Norway, son of Christian VI. whom he suc- 
 ceeded in 1746. He encouraged the arts and sciences 
 with a liberality which attracted numerous distinguished 
 foreigners to Denmark, including the pedagogue Basedow 
 and the poet Klopstock. He sent, in 1761, Niebuhr and 
 others on a scientific expedition to Egypt and Arabia. 
 
Frederick VI. 
 
 Frederick VI. Born at Copenhagen, Jan. 28, 
 1768: died at Copenhagen, Dee. 3, 1839. King 
 of Denmark and Norway. He became regent in 1784 
 for his imbecile father, Christian VII., whom lie suc- 
 ceeded in 1808. He adopted at the beginning of the Na- 
 poleonic wars a policy of strict neutrality. Having joined 
 the Northern Maritime League, Dec. 16, 1800, for the pur- 
 pose of resisting by force the interference of the English 
 with neutral merchantmen upon the high seas, he suffered, 
 in the war which presently broke out between England and 
 the league, a decisive defeat at the battle of Copenhagen, 
 April 2, 1801. He subsequently joined the Continental 
 League in consequence of the bombardment of Copenha- 
 gen, Sept. 2, 1807, and the seizure by the English of the 
 Danish fleet in the midst of peace. He refused to join the 
 coalition against Napoleon in 1813, and for this he was pun- 
 ished by the allied powers with the loss of Norway, which 
 was united with Sweden in 1814. 
 
 Frederick VII. Born at Copenhagen, Oct. 6, 
 1808: died at Gliieksburg, Schleswig, Nov. 15, 
 1863. King of Denmark, son of Christian VIII. 
 whom he succeeded in 1848. 
 
 Frederick I., surnamed “ The Victorious.” Born 
 1425 : died Dec. 12, 1476. Elector Palatine 1451- 
 1476. 
 
 Frederick II., surnamed “The Wise.” Born 
 Dec. 9, 1482 : died Feb. 26, 1556. Elector Pala- 
 tine 1544-56. He commanded the imperial army 
 against the Turks in 1529 and 1532. 
 
 Frederick III., surnamed “ The Pious.” Born 
 at Simmern, Prussia, Feb. 14, 1515 : died Oct. 26, 
 1576. Elector Palatine 1559-76.. He . was originally 
 an adherent of the Lutheran faith, but eventually joined 
 the Reformed communion, and in 1563 published the 
 Heidelberg Catechism throughout his dominions. 
 
 Frederick IV., surnamed “ The Upright .” Born 
 at Amberg, Germany, March 5, 1574: died Sept. 
 19, 1610. Elector Palatine 1592-1610. He 
 joined in 1608 the Protestant Union, of which 
 lie was chosen leader. 
 
 Frederick V. Born Aug., 1596 : died at Mainz, 
 Germany, Nov., 1632. Elector Palatine, son of 
 Frederick IV. whom he succeeded in 1610. He 
 married Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of James I. of Eng- 
 land, in 1613. In 1619, as the head of the German Prot- 
 estant Union, he accepted the crown of Bohemia, whose 
 estates were in rebellion against Ferdinand of Austria. He 
 lost both Bohemia and his hereditary dominions in conse- 
 quence of the defeat of his general Christian of Anhalt by 
 the Imperialists at the battle on the White Hill, Nov. 8, 
 1620. 
 
 Frederick I,, surnamed Barbarossa (' Red- 
 beard’: G .Rotbart). The most noted emperor of 
 the Holy Roman Empire, of the Hohenstaufen 
 line, son of Frederick II., duke of Swabia, and 
 nephew of Conrad III. whom he succeeded as 
 king of Germany in 1152. He was crowned emperor 
 at Rome by Hadrian IV. in 1155. His reign was chiefly 
 occupied by wars against the turbulent German nobility 
 and by six expeditions to Italy for the purpose of restoring 
 the imperial authority in the republican cities of Lom- 
 bardy 1154-55, 1158-62, 1163, 1166-68, 1174-77, and 1184-80. 
 In 1176 he was, in consequence of tile defection of the pow- 
 erful feudatory Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, defeated 
 by the Lombards at the battle of Legnano, and was com- 
 pelled to accept the definitive peace of Constance in 1183, 
 by which he renounced all regalian rights in the cities. 
 (See Lombard League, and Constance, Treaty of.) In 1180 
 he punished Henry the Lion by putting him under the ban 
 of the empire and depriving him of his fiefs. In 1189 he 
 joined the third Crusade, on which he was drowned in the 
 Kalykadnos in Asia Minor. 
 
 Frederick II. Bom at Jesi, near Ancona, Italy, 
 Dec. 26, 1194: died at Fiorentino (Firenzuola), 
 Dec. 13, 1250. Emperor of the Holy Roman Em- 
 pire, son of Henry VI. and Constance, heiress 
 of the Two Sicilies. Left an orphan in 1198, he was 
 brought up under the wardship of the Pope as feudal su- 
 perior of the Two Sicilies. He assumed the government of 
 the Two Sicilies in 1208. In 1212 he was brought forward 
 by the Pope as an aspirant to the crown of Germany in op- 
 position to King Otto IV., with whom the Pope had quar- 
 reled, and was elected by the Ghibelline party, the tradi- 
 tional supporters of the house of Hohenstaufen, which lie 
 represented. He was crowned at Aachen in 1215, Otto hav- 
 ing been totally defeated at Bouvines in the year previous. 
 He was crowned emperor at Rome by HonoriusIH. in 1220. 
 He continued the policy of his house of attempting to per- 
 fect the union of Italy and Germany into one empire, in 
 which he was opposed by the Pope and the Lombard 
 League. In 1228-29 lie conducted a crusade to the Holy 
 Land, and procured the cession of Jerusalem, Bethlehem, 
 and Nazareth from the Saracens. 
 
 Frederick III., surnamed “Tbe Handsome.” 
 Bom 1286: died Jan. 13, 1330. King of Ger- 
 many, son of Albert I. whom he succeeded as 
 duke of Austria in 1308. He was chosen king in 1314 
 in opposition to Louis IV., by whom he was defeated and 
 captured at Miihldorf in 1322. 
 
 Frederick III. (IV. as King of Germany). Born 
 at Innsbruck, Tyrol, Sept. 21, 1415: died at 
 Linz, Austria, Aug. 19, 1493. Emperor of the 
 Holy Roman Empire. He was elected emperor in 
 1440, and was the last German emperor crowned at Rome 
 (1462). 
 
 Frederick I. Born at. Konigsberg, Prussia, 
 July 11 (21), 1657 : died at Berlin, Feb. 25, 1713. 
 King of Prussia, son of Frederick William, tbe 
 Great Elector, whom he succeeded (as Fred- 
 
 410 
 
 erick III of Brandenburg) in 1688. He was 
 crowned as the first king of Prussia in 1701. He founded 
 the University of Halle and the Academy of Sciences. 
 
 Frederick II., surnamed “The Great.” Bom 
 at Berlin, Jau. 24, 1712: died at Sans Souci, 
 near Potsdam, Aug. 17, 1786. King of Prussia 
 1740-86, son of Frederick William I. and Sophia 
 Dorothea, daughter of George I. of England. 
 In the year in which Frederick ascended the throne, the 
 emperor Charles VI. died without male issue. He was 
 succeeded by his daughter Maria Theresa by virtue of the 
 pragmatic sanction (which see), the validity of which was 
 disputed by the Elector of Bavaria and other claimants. 
 Frederick embraced the opportunity presented by the in- 
 security of her title to invade (1740) Silesia, to part of 
 which he laid claim. He defeated the Austrians at Moll- 
 ,vitz in 1741, and at Cliotusitz in 1742, and in 1742 con- 
 cluded the treaty of Breslau and Berlin, by which in re- 
 turn for the cession of Silesia he withdrew from the 
 alliance which he had in the meantime entered into with 
 France and Bavaria against Austria. In 1744, alarmed 
 by the successes of Austria against France and Bavaria, 
 he entered into a second alliance with those powers, de- 
 feated the Austrians and Saxons at Hohenfriedberg in 
 1745. defeated the Austrians at Soor in 1745, and in 1745 
 concluded the peace of Dresden, which confirmed the 
 treaty of Breslau and Berlin. To regain Silesia, Maria 
 Theresa formed an alliance with France (1756), joined by 
 Russia, Sweden, and Saxony. Frederick, anticipating the 
 allies, invaded Saxony in 1756. In the ensuing war, called 
 the Seven Years’ War, he was supported by England, 
 chiefly in the form of subsidies. He made himself mas- 
 ter of Saxony by the defeat of the Austrians at Lobositz 
 in 1756. In 1757 he invaded Bohemia and defeated the 
 Austrians at Prague, hut was defeated at Kolin by Mar- 
 shal Daun, who drove him out of Bohemia. He defeated 
 the French and Austrians at Rossbach and the Austrians 
 alone at Leuthen in the same year. In 1758 he defeated 
 the Russians at Zorndorf. In 1759 he was defeated by 
 the Austrians and Russians at Kunersdorf. Berlin was 
 taken by the Russians in 1760, England withdrew her 
 subsidies in 1761, and Frederick was r educed to despera- 
 tion. In 1762, however, Elizabeth of Russia died, and 
 fortune changed. Peter III., Elizabeth’s successor, con- 
 cluded peace in 1702, and the defection of France in that 
 year caused Maria Theresa to sign in 1763 the treaty of 
 Hubertsburg, which confirmed the treaty of Breslau and 
 Berlin, including that of Dresden. In 1772 he joined with 
 Russia and Austria in the partition of Poland, by which 
 he added Polish Prussia to his dominions. In 1778-79 he 
 took part in the War of the Bavarian Succession (which 
 see). Frederick II., through his military genius and ad- 
 ministrative abilities, raised Prussia to the rank of a 
 powerful state. He was a disciple of the French philoso- 
 phers, and for many years was intimate with Voltaire. 
 He left a number of works, published in 30 volumes 1846- 
 1857. 
 
 Frederick III. Born at Potsdam, Oct. 18, 1831 : 
 died there, June 15, 1888. German emperor and 
 king of Prussia March 9- June 15, 1888, son of 
 William I. of Prussia (afterward German em- 
 peror). He married Victoria, daughter of Queen Victoria, 
 in 1858, commanded the second Prussian army in 1866, and 
 the third army in the Franco-Prussian war, in which lie 
 took part in the victories of Weissenburg, Worth, and 
 Sedan. 
 
 Frederick I., surnamed “The Warlike.” Born 
 at Altenburg, Germany, March 29, 1369: died 
 at Altenburg, Jau. 4, 1428. Margrave of Meis- 
 sen, Elector and Duke of Saxony. He was the son 
 of the Landgrave of Thuringia, and was made elector and 
 duke of Saxony in 1423 as a reward for his services to the 
 emperor in the Hussite war. His army was defeated by the 
 Hussites at Aussig in 1426. He founded the University of 
 Leipsic in 1409. 
 
 Frederick II., surnamed “The Meek.” Bom 
 Aug. 22, 1411: died at Leipsic, Sept. 7, 1464. 
 Elector and Duke of Saxouy, son of Frederick 
 I. whom he succeeded in 1428. 
 
 Frederick III., surnamed “The Wise.” Born 
 at Torgau, Prussia, Jau. 17, 1463: died at An- 
 naburg, near Torgau, May 5, 1525. Elector of 
 Saxony. He succeeded to the electorate in I486 ; founded 
 the University of Wittenberg in 1502; declined the im- 
 perial crown and advocated the election of Charles V. in 
 1519; and protected Luther, who was seized by his order 
 when returning from Worms, where he had been pro- 
 scribed, and secreted in the caslle of Wartburg (1521-22). 
 
 Frederick I. Born at Treptow, Farther Pom- 
 erania, Nov. 6, 1754: died Oct. 30, 1816. King 
 of Wiirtemberg. He succeeded his father Frederick 
 Eugene as duke of Wiirtemberg in 1797. Having taken part 
 in the second coalition against France, lie was deprived 
 by the peace of Lun^ville (Feb. 9, 1801) of his possessions 
 on the left bank of the Rhine, for which he was indem- 
 nified by a number of monasteries, abbeys, and imperial 
 cities (including Reutlingen, Esslingen, and Heilbronn), 
 and the title of elector. He sided with Napoleon against 
 the third coalition, with the result that his dominions were 
 increased by cessions from Austria and recognized as a 
 kingdom by the peace of Presburg, Dec. 26, 1805. He 
 joined the Confederation of the Rhine July 12, 1806. After 
 the defeat of Napoleon at the battle of Leipsic, he joined 
 the Allies (Nov. 6, 1813). The treaty of Vienna left him in 
 undisturbed possession of his acquisitions. 
 
 Frederick, Prince of Wales. See Frederick 
 Louis. 
 
 Frederick. In Sliakspere’s “As you Like it,” 
 the usurping brother of the exiled duke. 
 
 Frederick, or Frederick City. A city and the 
 capital of Frederick County, Maryland, 41 miles 
 west by north of Baltimore: the seat of Fred- 
 erick College. Population, 10,411, (1910). 
 
 Frederick William II. 
 
 Frederick Augustus I., surnamed “ The Just.” 
 Born at Dresden, Dec. 23, 1750: died at Dres- 
 den, May 5, 1827. King of Saxony. He succeeded 
 his father Frederick Christian as elector in 1763; sided 
 with Prussia and Bavaria against Austria in the War of 
 the Bavarian Succession 1778-79 ; allied himself with Prus- 
 sia and Prussia against France in 1806 ; concluded a separate 
 treaty of peace with Napoleon at Posen, Dec. 11, 1806, in 
 accordance with which he entered the Confederation of the 
 Rhine with the title of king; supported Napoleon at the 
 battle of Leipsic in 1813 ; and was compelled to cede a 
 large part of Saxony to Prussia at the Congress of Vienna 
 in 1815. 
 
 Frederick Augustus II. Born May 18, 1797 : 
 died in Tyrol, Aug. 9, 1854. King of Saxony. 
 He became co-regent in 1830 with his uncle Anton, whom 
 he succeeded in 1836. He suppressed a revolutionary out- 
 break in 1849 by means of Prussian troops. 
 
 Frederick Augustus. Born at St. James’s 
 Palace, London, -'Aug. 16, 1763: died Jan. 5, 
 1827. Duke of York and Albany, second son 
 of George III. He was created duke of York and Al- 
 bany in 1784 ; commanded the British contingent in the 
 campaigns of 1793-95 in Flanders against the French ; was 
 made commander-in-chief of the British army in 1798 ; 
 invaded Holland in conjunction with the Russians in 
 1799; and signed the humiliating convention of Alkmaar 
 in 1799. He resigned the office of commander-in-chief in 
 1809, in consequence of an entanglement with Mrs. Mary 
 Anne Clarke, who accepted bribes from officers in return 
 for promises of promotion ; but was restored in 1811. 
 
 Frederick Charles, Prince of Prussia, Born 
 at Berlin, March 20, 1828 : died near Potsdam , 
 Prussia, June 15, 1885. A Prussian general, 
 nephew of William I. of Prussia. He fought with 
 distinction in the war of Prussia and Austria against Den- 
 mark in 1864 ; commanded the first army in the war 
 against Austria in 1866 ; and commanded the second army 
 in the war against France, 1870-71, entering Metz and Or- 
 leans in 1870 and Le Mans in 1871. He was surnamed “the 
 Red Prince.” 
 
 Frederick Francis II. Bom Feb. 28, 1823: 
 died at Schwerin, Germany, April 15, 1883. 
 Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He suc- 
 ceeded to the grand duchy in 1842 ; became a general in 
 the Prussian military service in the same year ; fought 
 under Baron von Wrangel in the war of Prussia and Aus- 
 tria against Denmark in 1864 ; commanded a reserve army 
 corps in the war against Austr ia iu 1866 ; joined the North 
 German Confederation in 1866; and bore an important 
 part in the war against France, 1870-71. His grand duchy 
 became a member of the German Empire in 1871. 
 
 Frederick Louis. Born at Hannover, Jan. 6, 
 1707: died at Leicester House, London, March 
 20, 1751. Prince of Wales 1729-51, eldest son 
 of George II. He married Augusta, daughter of Fred- 
 erick, duke of Saxe-Gotha, in 1736, aud was father of 
 George III. He was the leader of the opposition against 
 Walpole and the king. 
 
 Fredericksburg (fred'er-iks-berg). A city (now 
 independent) formerly iu Spotsylvania County, 
 Virginia, 50 miles south-southwest of Washing- 
 ton. Here, Dec. 13, 1862, was fought one of the severest 
 battles of the Civil War. The Confederates (about 80,000) 
 under Lee, occupying a strong position on the heights, re- 
 pulsed an attack made on them by the Federals (about 
 110,000) under Burnside. The Confederate losses amounted 
 to 608 killed, 4,116 wounded, and 653 captured or missing 
 (total, 5,377) ; the Federal losses amounted to 1,284 killed, 
 9,600 wounded, and l,769captured ormissing (total, 12,653). 
 Population, 5,874, (1910). 
 
 Frederick William, called “ The Great Elec- 
 tor.” Born at Berlin, Feb. 16, 1620: died May 
 9, 1688. Elector of Brandenburg 1640-88, son 
 of George William. At his accession he found his 
 dominions wasted by the Thirty Years' War, which was 
 then in progress. By skilful diplomacy and great econ- 
 omy in other directions, he succeeded in ridding his coun- 
 try of foreign soldiery and in raising an army of 30,000 
 men, which secured for him respectful treatment at the 
 peace of Westphalia in 1648. In 1655, on the outbreak of 
 war between Sweden and Poland, he took sides with the 
 former power against the latter. The Poles were defeated 
 at Warsaw in 1656, and were forced in 1657 to purchase 
 his assistance by recognizing the independence of the 
 duchy of Prussia, which he held as a fief of Poland. He 
 joined an alliance with Holland in 1672, with a view to 
 frustrating the designs of Louis XIV. against that coun- 
 try: an alliance which was subsequently joined by the 
 emperor and Spain. In 1675 at Fehrbellin he defeated 
 the Swedes, who had invaded Brandenburg as the allies of 
 France ; but although he made large conquests in Swe- 
 dish Pomerania, he was compelled by France to return 
 them at the separate peace of St. Germain-en-Laye (1679) 
 in return for the reversion of East Friesland. 
 
 Frederick William. Bom Aug. 20, 1802: died 
 at Horzowitz, near Prague, Jan. 6. 1875. Elec- 
 tor of Hesse. He succeeded to the electorate in 1847, 
 and sided with Austria in the Austro- Prussian war (1866), 
 with the result that his electorate was incorporated with 
 Prussia by the peace of Prague, Aug. 23, 1866. 
 
 Frederick William I. Born Aug. 14, 1688: 
 died May 31, 1740. King of Prussia 1713-40, 
 son of Frederick I. He acquired Stettin and part of 
 Pomerania by the peace of Stockholm in 1720, at the close 
 of the Northern War, in which he had taken part against 
 Sweden ; and by the establishment of a formidable army 
 laid the foundation of Prussia’s military power. 
 
 Frederick William II. Born Sept. 25. 1744: 
 died Nov. 16, 1797. King of Prussia 1786-97. 
 nephew of Frederick the Great. He formed an al- 
 liance with Austria in 1792 for the purpose of restoring 
 
Frederick William II. 
 
 Louis XVI. of France, but concluded the separate peace 
 of Basel with the revolutionary government of France in 
 1795. He took part in the second and third partitions of 
 Poland in 1793 and 1795 respectively. 
 
 Frederick William III. Born Aug. 3, 1770: 
 died June 7, 1840. King of Prussia 1797-1840, 
 son of Frederick William II. He refused to join 
 the third coalition against France in 1805 ; declared war 
 against France in 1800 ; signed the treaty of Tilsit in 1807 ; 
 joined France against Russia in 1812 ; joined in the War 
 of Liberation in 1813 ; was present at the Congress of 
 Vienna in 1815 ; and joined the Holy Alliance in 1815. 
 
 Frederick William IV. Born Oct. 13, 1795: 
 died at Sans Souci, near Potsdam, Prussia, 
 Jan. 2, 1861. King of Prussia 1840-61, son of 
 Frederick William III. He was compelled by a rev- 
 olutionary movement in 1848 to grant a constitution, and 
 in 1849 declined the imperial crown offered him by the 
 German National Assembly at Frapkfort. As he was ren- 
 dered incompetent to reign by a serious malady, his 
 brother (afterward William I.) became regent in 1858. 
 Frederick William, Crown Prince of tlie Ger- 
 man Empire and of Prussia. See Frederick III., 
 German emperor. 
 
 Fredericton (fred'er-ik-ton). The capital of 
 New Brunswick, situated on the St. John River 
 in lat. 45° 56' N., long. 66° 40' W. It is a port of 
 entry, and a center of the lumber trade. Popu- 
 lation, 7,208, (1911). 
 
 Frederiksberg (fred'er-iks-berG). A large sub- 
 urb of Copenhagen. It has a national mu- 
 seum and a sculpture-gallery. Population, 
 87,594. 
 
 Frederiksborg (fred'er-iks-borG). A royal pal- 
 ace on the island of Zealand, Denmark, situated 
 near Hillerod, 21 miles northwest of Copenha- 
 gen. It was built by Christian IV. 1602-20. 
 Frederiksborg (fred'er-iks-boro), Peace of. 
 A peace concluded at Frederiksborg, Zealand, 
 Denmark, July 13, 1720, between Sweden and 
 Denmark, by which the latter power restored 
 its conquests, while the former renounced its 
 claim to freedom from Sound duties and paid 
 a war indemnity of 600,000 rix-dollars. 
 Frederikshald (fred'er-iks-hald), or Freder- 
 ikshall (fred'er-iks-hal). A seaport in the 
 diocese (stiff) of Christiania, Norway, situated 
 on the Iddefiord 58 miles south-southeast of 
 Christiania. It has a large trade in timber, and near 
 it is the fortress of Frederiksteen, where Charles XII. of 
 Sweden was killed in 1718. Population, 11,957. 
 Frederikshavn (fred'er-iks-havn). A seaport 
 on the Cattegat, near the northeastern extrem- 
 ity of Jutland, Denmark. Population, 7,176. 
 Frederikstad. See Fredrikstad. 
 Fredrikshamn(fred'riks-ham),Finn.Hamina. 
 
 A fortified seaport in the government of Vi- 
 borg, Finland, situated on the Gulf of Finland 
 in lat. 60° 36' N., long. 27° 11' E. By the treaty 
 of Fredrikshamn, Sept. 17, 1809, Finland was ceded by 
 Sweden to Russia. Population, about 3,500. 
 
 Fredrikstad (fred'rik-stiid), or Frederikstad 
 (fred'er-ik-stad). A fortified seaport in the 
 diocese (stift) of Christiania, Norway, situated 
 at the mouth of the Glommen 48 miles south 
 by east of Christiania. It was founded by Freder- 
 ick II., and has lumber trade and manufactures. Popu- 
 lation, 14,635. 
 
 Freehold (fre'hold). A township and town in 
 Monmouth County, New Jersey, situated 26 
 miles east of Trenton. Population of town- 
 ship, 2,329; of town, 3,233, (1910). 
 
 Freelove (fre'luv), Lady. A character in Col- 
 man’s “ Jealous Wife.” 
 
 Freeman (fre'man). 1. In Wycherley’s comedy 
 “The Plain Dealer,” Manly’s lieutenant and 
 friend. — 2. InFarquhar’s “Beaux’ Stratagem,” 
 the friend of Aim well. 
 
 Freeman, Edward Augustus. Born at Har- 
 bome, Staffordshire, 1823: died at Alicante, 
 Spain, March 16, 1892. A noted English histo- 
 rian. He was graduated from Oxford (Trinity College) 
 in 1845, and remained there as a fellow until 1847 ; was 
 examiner in modern history 1857-58, 1863-64, and in 1873 ; 
 and became regius professor of modern history at Oxford 
 in 18:4, as successor to Professor Stubbs (who became 
 bishop of Chester). His works include “Church Restora- 
 tion ” (1849), “An Essay on Window-Tracery," “Archi- 
 tectural Antiquities of Gower,” a book of poems, “The 
 Architecture of Llandaff Cathedral,” “The Antiquities of 
 St. David’s,” “The History and Conquest of the Saracens ’’ 
 (1856), “ History of Federal Government from the Foun- 
 dation of the Achaian League to the Disruption of the 
 United States ” (1863 : not completed), “The History of 
 the Norman Conquest ” (1867-79 : his most famous book), 
 “Old English History for Children" (1869), “History of 
 the Cathedral Church of Wells ” (1870), “Historical Es- 
 says" (1871), “General Sketch of European History," 
 “Growth of the English Constitution ” and “The Unity of 
 History ” (1872), “ Comparative Politics " (1873), “Dises- 
 tablishment and Disendowment ” (1874), “The Turks in 
 Europe" and “The Ottoman Power in Europe ” (1877), 
 “ How the Study of History is Let and Hindered ” (1879), 
 
 ■ A Short History of the Norman Conquest " (1880), 1 His- 
 torical Geography of Europe ” and “ Sketches from the 
 Subject and Neighbor Lands of Venice ” (1881), " Intro- 
 
 411 
 
 duction to American Institutional History,” “The Reign 
 of William Rufus,” and “Lectures to American Audiences ” 
 (1882), “English Towns and Districts” and “Some Im- 
 pressions of the United States ” (1883), “ The Office of the 
 Historical Professor” (1884), “The Methods of Historical 
 Study ” (1886), “ The Chief Periods of European History ” 
 and (in the series of “Historic Towns," edited by himself) 
 “Exeter” (1887), “Fifty Pears of European History," 
 “William the Conqueror ” (1888 : in the “Twelve English 
 Statesmen ” series), and “ History of Sicily from the Ear- 
 liest Times ” (1891, third volume). 
 
 Freeman, James. Born at Charlestown, Mass., 
 April 22, 1759: died at Newton, Mass., Nov. 14, 
 1835. An American Unitarian clergyman, the 
 first in the United States who assumed that 
 name. He was pastor of King’s Chapel, Boston, 
 1787-1835. 
 
 Freeman, James Edward. Born in Nova Scotia, 
 1808: died at Rome, Nov. 21, 1884. An Amer- 
 ican figure -painter. 
 
 Freeman, Mrs. The name under which Sarah 
 Jennings, duchess of Marlborough, carried on 
 a correspondence with Queen Anne (as Mrs. 
 Morley). 
 
 Freeport (fre'port). A city and the capital of 
 Stephenson County, northern Illinois, situated 
 on the Pecatonica River 108 miles west-north- 
 west of Chicago. Population, 17,567, (1910). 
 
 Freeport, Sir Andrew. A London merchant, 
 one of the members of the fictitious club which 
 issued the “ Spectator.” 
 
 Free-Soil Party. In United States politics, a 
 party which opposed the extension of slavery 
 into the Territories. It was formed iu 1848by a union 
 of the Liberty party with the Barnburners. It nominated 
 Van Buren for the presidency in 1848, and under the name 
 of the Free Democratic party it nominated John P. Hale 
 in 1852. It was one of the principal elements in the for- 
 mation of the Republican party in 1854. 
 
 Freetown (fre'toun). The capital of the Brit- 
 ish colony of Sierra Leone, West Africa, situ- 
 ated on the Sierra Leone River, near the coast, 
 in lat. 8° 29' N., long. 13° 10' W. Population, 
 34,463. 
 
 Freewill Islands. See St. David Islands. 
 
 Freiberg (fri'berG). A city in the government 
 district of Dresden, Saxony, on the Munzbach 
 20 miles southwes.t of Dresden, it is the center of 
 the mining district of Saxony, and the seat of a mining 
 academy. The silver-mines were discovered in the 12th 
 century. The cathedral is a late-Pointed monument of the 
 15th century. The Goldene Pforte is a beautiful Roman- 
 esque door surviving from an older church : its sculptures 
 are hardly excelled in medieval art. They consist of an 
 allegorical representation of the kingdom of God, including 
 statues of Old Testament types and reliefs of New Testa- 
 ment scenes. Behind the altar is the notable burial-chapel 
 of the Protestant princes of Saxony, with line sculptured 
 monuments. A battle was fought at Freiberg, Oct., 1762, 
 between 13,000 Prussians under Prince Henry and Seyd- 
 litz and 30,000 imperial and Austrian troops under Gen- 
 eral Hadik, in which the latter were totally defeated. 
 Population, commune, 30,860. 
 
 Freiburg, or Freiburg-im-Breisgau (fri'borG- 
 im-bris'gou). The capital of the district of' 
 Freiburg, Baden, situated on the Dreisam in 
 lat. 47° 59' N., long. 7° 51' E. It is a trading cen- 
 ter for the Black Forest, and has considerable manufac- 
 tures. It is noted for its cathedral and university. The 
 former is a noted work in German Pointed architecture, 
 measuring 354 feet by 102. The west front is surmounted 
 by a central tower and octagonal openwork spire, which is 
 385 feet high. Beneath the tower opens a single great re- 
 cessed portal. The transepts are Romanesque. The choir 
 was designed in the 14th century. The interior is exceed- 
 ingly effective ; it possesses very interesting sculpture, 
 tombs, and early paintings. Freiburg was the capital of 
 the Breisgau, and belonged for centuries to Austria. It has 
 several times been taken by the French. Here, Aug. 3-5, 
 1644, the French under Condd and Turenne defeated the 
 Bavarians under Mercy. Population, commune, 74,098. 
 
 Freiburg, G. also Freiburg-unterm-Fursten- 
 stein (fri'borG-on'term-fiirs'ten-stm). A town 
 in the province of Silesia, Prussia, on the Pol- 
 snitz 36 miles southwest of Breslau. Near it 
 is the castle of Fiirstenstein. Population, 
 commune, 9,606. 
 
 Freiburg (in Switzerland). See Fribourg. 
 
 Freiburg-an-der-Unstrut(frl'bora-an-der-6n'- 
 strot). A town in the province of Saxony, 
 Prussia, on the Unstrut 28 miles west-south- 
 west of Leipsic. It is noted for its castle of 
 Neuenburg, and as the residence of Jahn. Pop- 
 ulation, about 3,500. 
 
 Freidank (fri'dangk). [MHG. Vridank, free- 
 thinker.] Lived in the 13th century. The real 
 or assumed name of a German didactic poet, 
 author of the didactic poem “ Bescheidenheit ” 
 (ed. by W. Grimm 1834), etc. 
 
 Freiligrath (fri'lig-rat), Ferdinand. Born at 
 Detmold, Germany, June 17, 1810: died at 
 Cannstatt, Wiirtemberg, March 18, 1876. A 
 noted German lyric poet and democratic par- 
 tizan, resident in England 1846-48, 1851-68. 
 He was destined at the beginning for a mercantile life, 
 but after 1839 devoted himself entirely to literature. A 
 first volume of poems appeared in 1838. In 1844 was pub- 
 
 Fremantle 
 
 lished “Mein Glaubensbekenntnis ” (“My Creed”). In 
 consequence of the political sentiments expressed in this 
 book he was forced to flee the country, and went first to 
 Belgium, and then to Switzerland and England. In 1846 
 appeared “Qa ira.” In 1848 he returned to Germany, and 
 was engaged for a time in editorial work on the “Kol- 
 nische Zeitung, " but again fled to London, where he re- 
 mained until 1868. “ Zwischen den Garben ”(“ Between 
 the Sheaves”) appeared 1847-49. His complete poetical 
 works (“Sammtliche Dichtungen”) were published in 
 1870. In 1876 appeared “ Neue Gedichte ’’(“New Poems”). 
 He was the author of numerous translations from recent 
 French and English poetry, among them a version of 
 Longfellow's “Hiawatha.” 
 
 Freind (frind), John. Born at Croton (Crougli- 
 ton), near Brackley, Northamptonshire, in 1675 : 
 died July 26, 1728. An English physician. He 
 studied at Christ Church, Oxford, where he attracted notice 
 on account of his proficiency in the classics, and afterward 
 became a medical practitioner at London. He entered Par- 
 liament as a Tory member for Launceston in 1722, and in 
 1727 was appointed physician in ordinary to Queen Caro- 
 line. He wrote “ The History of Physick from the time of 
 Galen to the beginning of the Sixteenth Century, chiefly 
 with Regard to Practice ” (1725-26), etc. 
 
 Freire (fra're), Francisco Joz6. Born at Lis- 
 bon, 1713 : died 1773. A Portuguese historian 
 and scholar, a leading member of the Academy 
 of Arcadians, in which he assumed the name of 
 “CandidoLusitano,” by which he is often known. 
 He wrote “Vida do Infante D. Henri que” (1758), 
 etc. 
 
 Freire, Eamon. Born at Santiago, Nov. 29, 
 1787 : died there, Dec. 9, 1851. A Chilian gen- 
 eral. He distinguished himself in the war for indepen- 
 dence (1811-20), held important commands, and became 
 chief of the liberal party. The liberals having deposed 
 O’Higgins in 1823, General Freire was made supreme di- 
 rector. He drove the last Spaniards from Chilod in 1826. 
 In 1827 he was reelected supreme director, but soon after 
 resigned, and the conservatives came into power. In 1830 
 he headed a revolt, was defeated at the battle of Lircai, 
 April 17, 1830, and banished. He was allowed to return 
 in 1842. 
 
 Freischiitz (fri'shuts), Der. [G., lit. ‘the free 
 shot.’] In German folk-lore, a marksman cele- 
 brated for his compact with the devil, from 
 whom he obtained seven “Freikugeln” (free 
 bullets), six of which always hit the mark, while 
 the devil directs the seventh at his pleasure. 
 There are several forms of the legend. It was the sub- 
 ject of the romantic opera “ Der Freischiitz ” by Weber, 
 produced at Berlin June 18, 1821, at Paris at the Oddon as 
 “Robin des bois,” Dec. 7, 1824, and at the Academic Roy- 
 ale June 7, 1841, as “Le Franc Tireur,” with abetter trans- 
 lation and with recitatives by Berlioz. In London it was 
 produced as ‘ 1 Der Freischiitz ” at the English Opera House, 
 July 22, 1824 : many ballads .were inserted. In 1850 it was 
 played in Italian as “ H Franco arciero ” at Covent Garden. 
 
 Freising, or Freysing (fri'zing). A town in 
 Upper Bavaria, situated on the Isar 20 miles 
 north-northeast of Munich. The bishopric of Frei- 
 sing, founded 724, was united to the archbishopric of Mu- 
 nich in 1802. It has a cathedral. Pop., commune, 13,586. 
 
 Freistadtl (fri ' statl), Hung. Galgocz. A 
 town in the county of Neutra, Hungary, on 
 the Waag 46 miles north of Komorn. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 8,833. 
 
 Freiwaldau (fri'val-dou). A to wn in the crown- 
 land of Silesia, Austria-Hungary, 44 miles north 
 of Olmiitz. Population, commune, 6,859 (1910). 
 
 Fr6jus (fra-zhiis'). A town in the department 
 of Var, southern France, situated near the 
 Mediterranean 32 miles southwest of Nice : 
 the ancient Forum Julii. It contains a large Roman 
 amphitheater iu ruins, fragments of walls, of baths, of 
 aqueduct, and a Roman bridge, and has a Romanesque 
 cathedral. Its harbor was founded by Julius Caesar and 
 developed by Augustus. Here Napoleon disembarked 
 from Egypt Oct. 9, 1799, and embarked for Elba April 27. 
 1814. Frejus was the birthplace of Agricola, Roscius, and 
 Sieyfes. Population, commune, 4,190. 
 
 Frejus, Col de. The pass in the Alps under 
 which the Mont Cenis tunnel passes. 
 
 Frelinghuysen (fre'ling-h!-zen), Frederick. 
 Born in New Jersey, April 13, 1753 : died April 
 13, 1804. An American politician, a member of 
 the Continental Congress, and United States 
 senator from New Jersey 1793-96. 
 Frelinghuysen. Frederick Theodore. Born 
 at Millstone, Somerset County, N. J., Aug. 4, 
 1817 : died at Newark, N. J., May 20, 1885. An 
 American Republican statesman and jurist, 
 nephew of Theodore Frelinghuysen. He was 
 United States senator from New Jersey 1866-69 and 1871- 
 
 . 1877 a member of the Electoral Commission 1877 ; and sec- 
 retary of state Dec., 1881-85. 
 
 Frelinghuysen, Theodore. Born at Millstone, 
 Somerset County, N. J., March 28, 1787 : died 
 at New Brunswick, N. J., April 12, 1862. An 
 American statesman, son of Frederick Freling- 
 huysen. He was United States senatorfrom New Jersey 
 1829-35, chancellor of the University of New York 1838- 
 1850, Whig candidate for the vice-presidency in 1844, 
 and president of Rutgers College 1850-62. 
 
 Fremantle (fre'man-tl). A seaport of wostevn 
 Australia, situated at the mouth of the Swan 
 River, near Perth. Population, 13,616. 
 
FrSmiet 
 
 Fremiet (fra-mya') , Emmanuel. Born at Paris, 
 Dec., 1824 : died at Paris, bept. 10, 1010. A 
 noted French sculptor. After leaving la Petite 
 Bcole, where his drawings are still exhibited, he supported 
 himself by making scientific drawings at the Janh des 
 Plantes. His first work in sculpture was from a fox m 
 the menagerie there. Later he drew plates for medical 
 works. These attracted the attention of Rude, who ad- 
 mitted him to his private studio. His first Salon eidubit 
 was “A Gazelle" (1843). Among his other works are 
 “Terrier Dogs” (1848: bought by the state), Mother 
 Cat” (1849 : bought by the state). In 1850-51 he made 
 a great show of animal sculpture at the Louvie. In 18/0 
 he exhibited an equestrian statue of the Duke of Orleans, 
 and in 1882 “ Man of the Age of Stone. In 1873 h s eques- 
 
 trian statue of Joan of Arc was erected on the Place des 
 Pyramides : this is his masterpiece. In 1 18/5 he succeeded 
 Barye as professor of drawing at the Jardin des Plantes. 
 
 In 1887 he exhibited at the Salon his Gorilla abducting 
 a Woman"; and at Munich in 1892 three >tonzes: St. 
 
 Michael," “Faun and Young Bear, and Dachshund. 
 
 Freminet (fra-me-na'), or Freimnel (fra-me- 
 nel'), Martin. Born at Pans, Sept. 24, 1567. 
 died there, June 18, 1619. A French painter 
 
 In 1591 he went to Rome and studied the works of Par- 
 migianino and Michelangelo. He returned to France after 
 sixteen years, and became court painter to Henry IV. He 
 had nearly completed the decoration of the chapel at Fon- 
 tainebleau at the time of his death. Some of his paintings 
 are at the royal palace at Turin. He was called the 
 French Michelangelo." 
 
 Fremont (fre-mont'). A city and the capital of 
 Sandusky County, northern Ohio, situated on 
 Sandusky River 30 miles southeast of Toledo. 
 
 It was the scene of Croghan’s defense of Fort 
 Stephenson in 1813. Population, 9,939, (1910). 
 Fremont, John Charles. Born at Savannah, 
 Ga., Jan. 21, 1813: died at New York, July 13, 
 1890. A noted American explorer, general, and 
 politician, surnamed “The Pathfinder.” He ex- 
 plored the South Pass (Rocky Mountains) in 1842, and 
 the Pacific Slope in 1843-44 and 1845 ; took part in the 
 conquest of California 1846-47 ; was United States senator 
 from California 1850-51 ; organized in 1853 ail expedition 
 to complete a previous exploration of a route to Califor- 
 nia • and was the Rfepublican candidate forthe presidency 
 in 1856. He was Federal oommander of the western de- 
 partment in 1861 ; commanded at Cross Keys in 1862 ; and 
 was governor of Arizona 1878-82. On Aug. 31, 1861, lie is- 
 sued a proclamation declaring that he would emancipate 
 the slaves of those in arms against the United States 
 This act was condemned by Lincoln as premature, and 
 the proclamation was withdrawn. 
 
 Fremont Basin. See Great Basin. 
 
 Fremont Peak. The second highest peak ot 
 the Wind River Mountains, situated in Wyo- 
 ming about lat. 43° 25' N., long. 109° 48 W. 
 Height, about 13,720 feet. 
 
 Fremy (fra -me'), Arnould. Born at Pans, 
 July 17, 1809. A French journalist and novel- 
 ist. In 1843 hereceived the degree of doctor of letters at 
 Paris for a very remarkable thesis on the variations of 
 French style in the 17th century, and was made assistant 
 professor of French literature at Lyons. From 1854 to 
 1859 he was one of the principal editors of Charivari. _ 
 He wrote “Les deux anges" (1833), ) Une Itede Salon 
 (1836), “La physiologie du rentier (with Balzac, lo4i). 
 “Le loup danslabergerie ” (a comedy, 1S53), ‘ Confessions 
 d un Bohbmien ” (1857), “Les mceurs de notre temps 
 fl860) “La revolution du journalisme (1865), Lespen- 
 sfes de tout le monde" ( 1874 ),“Qu’est-ce-que la France? 
 ( 1882 ), etc. 
 
 French (french), Daniel Chester. Born at 
 Exeter N. H., 1850. An American sculptor. 
 He studied under Dr. Rimmer and .1. Q. A .Ward, and 
 spent two years in the studio of Thomas Ball in Florence 
 and one year in Paris. His best-known works are the 
 “Minute Man" (modeled in 1874), “John Hancock (1883), 
 “Dr GaUandet and his first Deaf-mute Pupil (1888), 
 “Lewis Cass” (1887 : now in the Capitol at \\ ashington), 
 “Thomas Starr King," “Death and the Young Sculptor 
 (the Milmore Memorial, 1891), for which he gained a 
 medal of the third class in the Paris Salon, and his colos- 
 sal “Statue of the Republic” for the Columbian Exposition. 
 
 French and Indian War, or Old French War. 
 
 The last in the series of wars between 1 ranee 
 and Great Britain in America. It was the Ameri- 
 can phase of the Seven Years’ War (which see) The 
 French were assisted by several Indian tribes. I he seat 
 of the war was mostly the frontiers of Pennsylvania and 
 New York, and Canada. The following are the leading 
 events • Embassy of Washington to the French forts, 1753 ; 
 capitulation of Washington at Fort Necessity, 1754 ; dis- 
 persion of the Acadian settlers, 1755 ; Braddock s defeat, 
 July 9 1755 ; battle of Lake George, Sept. 8, 17o5 ; decla- 
 ration’ of war, 1756 ; capture of Oswego by Montcalm, 
 1756; capture of Fort William Henry by Montcalm, 1757; 
 unsuccessful attack on Ticonderoga by Abercrombie, 1758 ; 
 capture of Louisburg, 1758 ; capture of Fort Duquesne, 
 1758 ■ capture of Ticonderoga and Niagara, 1759 ; battle 
 of Quebec (under Wolfe), Sept. 13. 1759 ; surrender of Mon- 
 treaL 1760; peace of Paris (which see), surrenner of Can- 
 ada to Great Britain, Feb. 10, 1763. See Century Atlas, 
 Map XVIII. , 
 
 French Broad. A river in North Carolina and 
 eastern Tenuessee which joins the Holston 4 
 miles east of Knoxville. It is remarkable for its 
 picturesque scenery. Length, about 250 miles. 
 French Fabius, The. A surname given to the 
 Due de Montmorency (1493-1567). 
 
 French Fury, The. A treacherous attack on 
 Antwerp by 4,000 French soldiers under the 
 
 412 
 
 Due d’Anjou, Jan. 17, 1583. The attack was re- 
 pelled by the citizens : about one half of the French were 
 killed, and the remainder were made prisoners. 
 
 French Guiana. See Guiana, French. 
 
 French Kongo. See Kongo, French. 
 Frenchlove. See English Monsieur, The. 
 Frenchman’s Bay (french'manzba). An inlet 
 of the Atlantic Ocean south of Maine and east 
 of Mount Desert. 
 
 French Prairie Indians. See Ahantchuyuk. 
 French Revolution, The. The name specifi- 
 cally given to the revolution which occurred 
 in France at the close of the 18th century. The 
 meeting of the States-General, May 5, 1789, marks the be- 
 ginning. The end is taken either as 1795 (end of the Con- 
 vention), or 1799 (end of the Directory), or 1804 (end of 
 the Consulate). The whole Napoleonic period through 
 1815 is often included in the treatment of the revolution. 
 The wars growing out of the revolution after the appear- 
 ance of Napoleon (1796) are given under Napoleonic Wars. 
 (See also France and Napoleon.) The following are the 
 chief events in the revolution : Meeting of States-General, 
 May 5. 1789; the Third Estate assumed the title of the Na- 
 tional or Constituent Assembly, June 17 ; Tennis-Court 
 oath, June 20 ; storming of the Bastille, J uly 14 ; abolition 
 of feudal and other privileges, Aug. 4; bread not and 
 march to Versailles, Oct.; unsuccessful flight of the king 
 June 20, 1791 ; constitution adopted, Sept.; opening of the 
 Legislative Assembly, Oct. 1; commencement of the war 
 against allied Austria and Prussia, April, 1702 ; attack on 
 the Tuileries.June 20; storming of the Tuileries, Aug. 10; 
 September massacres, Sept.; battle of Valniy, Sept. 20; 
 opening of the National Convention, abolition of the mon- 
 archy proclamation of the republic, Sept. 21; battle of 
 Jemmapes, Nov. 6 ; annexation of Nice and Savoy, 1792; 
 execution of Louis XVL, Jan. 21, 1793; coalition against 
 France joined by Great Britain, Holland, Spain, etc., I eb. ; 
 Vendean wars begun, 1793 ; battle of Neerwinden, March, 
 1793 ; establishment of the revolutionary tribunal, March ; 
 establishment of the famous Committee of Public Safety, 
 April; overthrow of the party of the Girondists, June; 
 Reign of Terror, 1793-94; assassination of Marat, July, 
 179,4; execution of Marie Antoinette and the Girondists, 
 Oct. ; siege of Toulon, Dec.; overthrow of the H/bertists, 
 Mareh, 1794; execution of Danton, April 5; battle of 
 Fleurus, June 26 ; overthrow of Robespierre (9th Ther- 
 midor), July 27 ; bread riots of Germinal and Prairial, 
 April-May, 1795 ; conquest of Holland and foundation of 
 the Batavian republic, 1795; treaties of Basel with Prus- 
 sia and Spain, 1795 ; victory of Bonaparte over the “ Sec- 
 tions” (Vend^miaire), Oct. 5, 1795; the Convention sup- 
 
 I 1 1 1 a. 4 - imrlnw Gin Tlirpptorv Off . 
 
 Nov. 9-10, 1799; beginning of the Consulate, Nov., 1/99; 
 peace of Lundville, Feb. 9, 1801 ; concordat, 1801 ; peace 
 of Amiens, 1802 ; Napoleon consul for life, 1802 ; establish- 
 ment of the empire, May 18, 1804. (See histories by Von 
 Sybel, Mignet, Michelet, Stephens, Thiers, Von Laun, 
 Taine, Carlyle, McCarthy, Dahlmann, Blanc, and Roux.) 
 
 French River. A river in Ontario, tbe outlet of 
 Lake Nipissing into the Georgian Bay of Lake 
 Huron. 
 
 French Shore, The. Portions of the western and 
 northern coasts of Newfoundland where the 
 French have the privilege of catching andjlry- 
 in“- fish (secured by the treaty of Utrecht, 1713). 
 French Switzerland, F. La Suisse Romande. 
 That part of Switzerland in which the vernacu- 
 lar language is French (or a French patois). It 
 comprises the cantons Geneva, Vaud, Neuch&tel, and 
 Valais, the greater part of Fribourg, and a small part of 
 
 Frenchtown (french 'toun). A township in 
 Monroe County, Michigan, situated on Lake 
 Erie 22 miles southwest of Detroit. It was the 
 
 scene of a victory of the British and Indians under Proctor 
 over the Americans under Winchester, Jan. 22, 1813. 
 Population, 1,770, (1910). 
 
 Freud (frend), William. Born at Canterbury, 
 Nov. 22, 1757; died at London, Feb. 21, 1841. 
 An English author. He graduated at Christ’s Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, in 1780, and in 1781 became a fellow and 
 tutor in Jesus College at the same university. In 1 1793 he 
 published “Peace and Union recommended to the Asso- 
 ciated Bodies of Republicans and Anti-Republicans, a 
 tract in which, among other things, he attacked the lit - 
 u r .ry of the Church of England, and was in consequence 
 deprived of his residence at the college. He also wrote 
 “An Address to tile Inhabitants of Cambridge and its neigh- 
 borhood ... to turn from the False Worship of Three 
 Persons to the Worship of One True God (1788: subse- 
 quently reprinted as “An Address to the Members of the 
 Church of England and to Protestant Trinitarians in Gen- 
 eral,” etc.), which involved him in a controversy with the 
 Rev. H. W. Coulthur3t and others. 
 
 Freneau (fre-no'), Philip. Born at. New York, 
 1752: died near Freehold, N. J.,Dec. 18, 183„. 
 An American poet. He wa9 graduated at Princeton 
 • in 1771; supported both in poetry and prose the popular 
 cause during the War of theRevolution ; and was variously 
 employed as a newspaper editor and as captain of a mer- 
 chant vessel untilabout 1790, when he was appointed by the 
 secretary of state, Thomas Jefferson, translator to the state 
 department. At the same time he assumed the editorship 
 of the “ National Gazette ” (Philadelphia), in which he \ 10 - 
 lently opposed Alexander Hamilton and the I ederalists. 
 He wrote the “British Prison Ship ” ( 1781 ), and ‘ ‘A Journey 
 from Philadelphia to New York by Robert Slender, Stock- 
 ing-weaver ” (1787 : republished in 1809 under the title A 
 Laughable Poem, or Robert Slender’s Journey from 1 hila- 
 delphia to New York"), with several volumes of poems, etc. 
 
 Frentani (fren-ta'ni). In ancient history, an 
 
 Fresno 
 
 Italian people of Samnite stock, dwelling along' 
 the Adriatic coast northwest of Apulia. 
 
 Fr&re (frar), Charles (Edouard). Born at Pa- 
 ris, July 10, 1837: died there, Nov. 3, 1894. A 
 French genre, landscape, and portrait painter, 
 son and pupil of Pierre Edouard Frere and pupil 
 of Couture. 
 
 Frere (frar), Charles Theodore. Born at Pans, 
 June 24, 1815 : died there, March 24, 1888. A 
 French genre and landscape painter, princi- 
 pally of Oriental subjects: known as Theodore 
 Frere. He was a pupil of J. Cogniet and Roqueplan. 
 
 He first exhibited in 1834. In 1836 he went with the Al- 
 gerian expedition, and afterward to Egypt. Among his 
 works are “ Bazar in Damascus ” (1855), “ Harem in Cairo ” 
 (1859), “Ruins of Karnac” (1863), “Island of Philse ” (1865), 
 
 “ Tomb of the Caliphs at Cairo ’’ (1876), “ Caravan of Mecca 
 Pilgrims ’’ (1875), “ Wellsnear Nehemy ’’ (in the Stettin Mu- 
 seum), “Ruins of Luxor "(Laval Museum), “Arabs Rest- 
 ing ” (Nancy Museum), “ Departure from Jerusalem for 
 Jaffa’’ (New York Museum). 
 
 Frere (frer), Sir Henry Bartle Edward (called 
 Sir Bartle Frere). Born at Clydach, Breck- 
 nockshire. March 29, 1815: died at Wimbledon, 
 May 29, 1884. A British official. He entered the 
 Indian service in 1834; became resident at Sattara in 
 1847, commissioner to Sciud in 1850, and member of the 
 council at Calcutta in 1859 ; was governor of Bombay 1862- 
 1867 ; became a member of the Council of India in 1866; 
 was created a baronet in 1876; and was governor of the 
 Cape of Good Hope 1877-80. During his governorship of the 
 Cape occurred the war against the Zulus under Cettiwayo. 
 
 Frere, John Hookham. Born at London, May 
 21, 1769: died at the Pieta Valetta, Malta, Jan. 
 
 7, 1846. An English diplomatist and author. 
 
 He took the degree of B. A. at Caius College, Cambridge, 
 in 1792, and that of M. A. in 1795 ; entered Parliament in 
 1796* was associated with Canning in the publication ot 
 the “Anti-Jacobin, or Weekly Examiner ” 1797-98 ; became 
 under-secretary of state in the foreign office in 1799 ; was 
 appointed envoy extraordinary and plenipotentiary at Lis- 
 bon in 1800: held the same position at Madrid 1802-04 , 
 was sworn of the privy council in 1805; and was plenipo- 
 tentiary to the central junta of Spam 1808-419. He pub- 
 lished “Aristophanes,” a metrical version of the Achar- 
 nians," the “Knights,” and the “ Birds. 
 
 Fr&re (frar), Pierre Edouard. Born at Paris, 
 Jan. 10, 1819 : died at Ecouen, May 24, 1886. A 
 French genre painter, brother of Theodore 
 Frere, pupil of Paul Delaroche and of the Ecole 
 des Beaux Arts. He is known as Edouard Frere. 
 Amoti" his works are “The Little Gourmand ’’ (1843), The 
 Little Cook" (1850), “Sunday Toilet’’ (1856), Going to 
 School” and “The Flute Lesson" (1859), ' Return from 
 the Woods ’’ (1863), “ Exercise ” (1880), “ A Bivouac (1885), 
 
 “ The Elder Brother," etc. 
 
 Frere-Orban (frar'or-bon'), Hubert Joseph 
 Walther. Born at Liege, Belgium, April 24, 
 1812: died Jan. 2, 1896. A Belgian liberalstates- 
 man premier 1868-70 and 1878-84. He was minis- 
 ter of finance July, 1848, -Sept., 1852, and 1857-70, and min- 
 ister of foreign affairs 1878-84. • . 
 
 Freret (fra-ra'), Nicolas. Born at Paris, h eb. 
 15, 1688 : died at Paris, March 8, 1749. A noted 
 French historian, archaeologist, chronologist, 
 and philologist. An incomplete and inaccurate 
 collection of his works was published in Paris 
 1796-99. 
 
 Freron (fra-ron'), Elie Catherine. Born at 
 
 Quimper, France, 1719; died at Pans, March 
 10 1776 A French journalist and critic, best 
 known from a fierce quarrel in which he was 
 
 engaged with Voltaire. . , 
 
 Freron, Louis Stanislas. Born at Pans, 176 j ; 
 died in Haiti, 1802. A French revolutionist, 
 son of E. C. Freron. He was elected a deputy to the 
 Convention in 1792, and in 1793 was commissioned along 
 with Barras to establish the authority of the Convention 
 at Marseilles. He subsequently became subprefect ot 
 Santo Domingo. He wrote ‘ ‘ Mchnoire historique sur la re- 
 action royale et sur les malheurs du midi ” (1796). 
 
 Frescobaldi (fres-ko-bal'de), Girolamo. Born 
 at Ferrara, Italy, 1583: died March 2, 1644. 
 A celebrated Italian organist, singer, and com- 
 poser for the organ, organist at St. Peters 
 1608-28, and 1633^43. 
 
 Fresenius (fre-za'ne-os), Karl Remigius. 
 Born Dec. 28, 1818: died June 11, 1897. A 
 noted German chemist. He founded a chemical 
 laboratory at Wiesbaden in 1848 His works include “ An- 
 leitung zur qualitativen chemischen A 'ialyse(184L An- 
 leitung zur quantitativen chemischen Analyse (1846), etc. 
 
 Fresnel (fra-nel'), Augustin Jean. Bom at 
 Broglie, Eure. France, May 10, 1788 : died at 
 Ville-d’Avray, near Paris, July 14, 18--. A 
 French physicist, noted for his researches m 
 optics, particularly in polarization and the 
 wave-theory of light. , , , , , . 
 
 Fresnillo (fres-nel'yo). A town m the state of 
 Zacatecas, Mexico, situated about 3 o miles 
 northwest of Zacatecas : noted for its silver- 
 mines. Population, ahout 6,000. 
 
 Fresno (fres'no). A city and the capital of 
 Fresno County', California. Population, 24,- 
 892, (1910). 
 
Fresnoy 
 
 Fresnoy, Charles Alphonse du. See Dufres- 
 
 noy. 
 
 Freston (fres'ton). A necromancer in “Belia- 
 nis of Greece.” He was suspected by Don Quixote of 
 having stolen his books, and transformed giants into wind- 
 mills. 
 
 Freudenstadt (froi'den-stat). A town in the 
 Black Forest circle, Wiirtemberg, 30 miles 
 east-southeast of Strasburg. Population, 
 commune, 7,918. 
 
 Freudenthal (froi'den-tal). A town in Silesia, 
 Austria-Hungary, 16 miles west-northwest of 
 Troppau : a linen-manufacturing center. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 8,062, (1910). 
 
 Freund (froind), Wilhelm. Bom Jan. 27, 1806 : 
 died at Breslau, June 4, 1894. A German phi- 
 lologist, of Hebrew descent. He was teacher in the 
 gymnasium at Breslau 1828-29, rector of the gymnasium 
 at Hirschberg 1848-51, and director of a Hebrew school at 
 Gleiwitz 1855-70. He completed a well-known Latin lexi- 
 con (Worterbuch der lateinischen Sprache,” 1834-46), etc. 
 Frdvent (fra-von'). A town in the department 
 of Pas-de-Calais, France, on the Canche 21 
 miles west of Arras. Population, commune, 
 4,755. 
 
 Frey (fra). [ON. Freyr .] In Norse mythology, 
 the god of the earth’s fruitfulness, presiding 
 over rain, sunshine, and all the fruits of the 
 earth, and dispensing wealth among men : the 
 son of Njord. He was especially worshiped in the 
 temple at Upsala in Sweden. 
 
 Frey, Tamil Born at Arlsheim, near Basel , Oct. 
 24, 1838. A Swiss politician. While temporarily 
 in the United States in 1861 he enlisted as a sergeant in 
 the Union army. He was taken prisoner at Gettysburg, 
 and suffered many privations in Libby prison. He re- 
 turned to Switzerland at the end of the war, and was sent 
 back to the United States as minister in 1882, serving five 
 years. He was president of the Swiss Confederation 
 1894-97. 
 
 Freya (fri'a). [ON. Freyja.\ In Old Norse 
 mythology, the daughter of Njord and sister of 
 Frey. Her dwelling was Folkvang (ON. Folkvangr). 
 Her chariot was drawn by two cats. To her with Odin, 
 whose wife she is according to later mythology, belonged 
 those slain in battle. Freyja was the goddess of fruit- 
 fulness and of sexual love. 
 
 Freycinet (fra-se-na ' ), Charles Louis de 
 Saulces de. Bom at Foix, Ariege, France, 
 Nov. 14, 1828. A French politician. He was 
 coadjutor of Gambetta in the ministry of 1870-71, and 
 was elected senator in 1876. He was minister of public 
 works 1877-79 ; premier 1879-80 and Jan. -July, 1882, and 
 again Jan. 7-Dec. 3, 1886, and March 16, 1890, -Feb. 19, 
 1892 ; minister of foreign affairs 1885-86 ; minister of war 
 1888-93 ; premier March 16, 1890, -Feb. 13, 1892 ; and min- 
 ister of war Nov., 1898, -May 6, 1899. 
 
 Freycinet, Louis ClajideDesaulses de. Born 
 at Montelimart, Drome, France, Aug. 7, 1779: 
 died near Loriel, Drome, Aug. 18, 1842. A 
 French navigator. Hepublished “Voyage de decou- 
 vertes aux terres australes pendant les anndes 1800-4” 
 (1807-16), “Voyage autour du monde pendant les anndes 
 1817-20 ” (1824-44), etc. 
 
 Freyr. See Frey. 
 
 Freytag (fri'tiig), Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. 
 
 Bom at Liineburg, Prussia, Sept. 19, 1788 : died 
 at Bonn, Prussia, Nov. 16, 1861. A German 
 Orientalist, author of a “Lexicon Arabico- 
 Latinum ” (1830-37), etc. 
 
 Freytag, Gustav. Born at Kreuzburg in Sile- 
 sia, Germany, July 13, 1816: died at Wiesba- 
 den, April 30, 1895. A German novelist and 
 dramatic writer. He became docent of the German 
 language and literature at the University of Berlin. 
 He resigned this position, however, in 1844, and went to 
 Leipsic and Dresden. In 1848 he returned to Leipsic, 
 where with Julian Schmidt he engaged in editorial work 
 on the “Grenzboten," which he conducted until 1831, and 
 again from 1867 to 1870. In the latter year he was sum- 
 moned to the headquarters of the German crown prince, 
 where he remained during part of the war. In 1879 he 
 removed to Wiesbaden. His earliest works are dramatic. 
 The drama “Die Valentine" appeared in 1846, the com- 
 edy “Die Journalisten” (“The Journalists”) in 1853. 
 The novel “Soil und Haben ”(“ Debit and Credit”) fol- 
 lowed in 1855, a tragedy “Die Fabier”(“The Fabians") 
 in 1859, “Die Technik des Dramas” (“The Technic of 
 the Drama”) in 1863, and the novel “Die verlorene Hand- 
 schrift” (“The Lost Manuscript”) in 1864. From 1859 to 
 1862 appeared the “ Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangen- 
 heit”(“ Pictures from the German Past”), in four volumes. 
 The series of novels, six in number, under the collective 
 title “Die Ahnen” (“Our Ancestors"), descriptive of Ger- 
 man life from the time of the Romans to the Napoleonic 
 wars, appeared from 1870 to 1880. A short autobiography, 
 “Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben "(“Recollections from 
 my Life ”), appeared with his coUected works (22 volumes) 
 in 1887. 
 
 Friar Bacon, The Famous History of. Apopu- 
 lar legend concerning Roger Bacon, it was pub- 
 lished in a prose tract, in London, in 1627 (reprinted in 
 Thom's “Early Prose Romances"). No earlier edition is 
 known, but that it is much older is evident from the fact 
 that Greene’s “Honorable History of Friar Bacon and 
 Friar Bungay,” which was founded on it, was played at 
 Devonshire House in 1691. It was first printed in 1594. 
 
 Friar Gerund. See Fray Gerundio. 
 
 Friar Rush. See Bush. 
 
 413 
 
 Friar’s Tale, The. One of Chaucer’s “Canter- 
 bury Tales.” It is the story of a summoner who, when 
 he was riding to oppress a poor widow, met a foul fiend 
 and entered into a compact with him The Uend finally 
 carries him off. Hubert, the friar who tells the tale, is a 
 “limitour” — that is, one licensed to hear confessions and 
 perform offices of the church within a certain district. He 
 is “wanton and merry, a fuU festive man.” 
 
 Friar Tuck. See Tuck. 
 
 Frias (fre'as), Tomas. Born in Potosi, Jan. 14, 
 1805: died in La Paz, Aug., 1884. A Bolivian 
 statesman. He was repeatedly secretary of state ; held 
 various important diplomatic posts ; and was acting presi- 
 dent 1 Nov., 1872, to May, 1873; vice-president 1873 ; and, 
 after the death of Ballivian, president from Feb., 1874, to 
 May, 1877. His term was quiet and progressive. 
 
 Fribble (frib'l). 1. A haberdasher in Thomas 
 Shadwell’s comedy “Epsom Wells.” He is surly, 
 conceited, and proud of his submissive but deceitful wife, 
 though he pretends to domineer over her. 
 
 2. In Garrick’s play “Miss in her Teens,” a 
 weak-minded fop. Garrickplayed the character him- 
 self. In the reign of George II. any one who affected the 
 extreme of fashionable folly was called a “fribble.” 
 
 Fribourg (fre-bor'), G. Freiburg (fri'boro). A 
 canton of Switzerland, bounded by Bern on 
 the northeast and east, Vaud on the south and 
 west, and the Lake of Neuchatel on the north- 
 west. The chief occupation is agriculture, the prevail- 
 ing religion Roman Catholic, and the language 69 per 
 cent. French and 31 per cent. German. Fribourg sends 6 
 members to the National Council. It was admitted to 
 the Swiss Confederation in 1481. A liberal constitution 
 was adopted in 1831. Area, 644 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 139,199, (1910). 
 
 Fribourg, G. Freiburg im Uchtlande (fri'- 
 borc im iicht'lan-de). The capital of the can- 
 ton of Fribourg, Switzerland, on the Saane 17 
 miles southwest of Bern. It is on the border be- 
 tween French and German Switzerland. It consists of a 
 lower and an upper town. The cathedral, begun in 1283, is 
 an interesting church with a late-Pointed tower, 280 feet 
 high, and a curiously sculptured portaL The organ has 
 long been celebrated as one of the best existing. The 
 suspension-bridge crossing the gorge of the Saane was 
 built in 1834. The span is 810 feet, and the height above 
 the stream 168. Four wire cables are carried over its two 
 end towers, which have the form of simple arches of ma- 
 sonry, flanked by coupled Doric pilasters, and crowned by 
 an entablature and a low attic. Population, 14,707. 
 
 Fricktbal (frik'tal). A territory in Switzer- 
 land, in the northern part of the canton of Aar- 
 gau, with which it was incorporated in 1803. 
 
 Friday (fri'da). [From Frigga, a Teutonic 
 goddess, in part identified with the Roman 
 Venus, AS. Frige dxg, etc., being a translation 
 of the Roman name of this day, dies Veneris, 
 or Veneris dies.'] The sixth day of the week. 
 Friday is the Mohammedan Sabbath, or “ day of assem- 
 bly.” It is said in the Mohammedan traditions to have 
 been established by divine command as a day of worship 
 for Jew and Christian alike, as being the day on which 
 Adam was created and received into paradise, the day on 
 which he was expelled from it, the day on which he re- 
 pented, and the day on which he died. It will, accord- 
 ing to the same traditions, be the day of the resurrection. 
 In the Roman and Eastern and Anglican churches, all 
 Fridays except Christmas day (when it occurs on Friday) 
 are generaUy observed as fa3ts of obligation or days of 
 abstinence, in memory of the crucifixion of Christ, an 
 event which is especially commemorated annually on 
 Good Friday. In most Christian nations Friday is popu- 
 larly regarded with superstition, and is considered an 
 unlucky day for beginning any enterprise. To spill more 
 or less salt on Friday is considered an especially bad omen. 
 Until recently it was common for criminals under sentence 
 of capital punishment to be executed on Friday : hence 
 Friday is sometimes called hangman's day. 
 
 Friday. The native attendant of Robinson 
 Crusoe, in Defoe’s novel of that name. He was 
 so named by his maste^because the latter liad saved him 
 from death on that day. 
 
 Friday Club, The. A club instituted at Edin- 
 burgh by Sir Walter Scott in June, 1803. 
 Frideswide, Fritheswitli, or Fredeswitha. 
 
 Died possibly in 735. An English saint. She 
 was a royal princess, according to the legend, and fied 
 from the importunities of her lover to Oxford, where she 
 founded the monastery of St. Frideswide. She is com- 
 memorated on Oct. 19. 
 
 Fridigern. See Fritigern. 
 
 Friedberg (fred'berG). A town in Upper Ba- 
 varia, situated on the Ach 5 miles east-south- 
 east of Augsburg. Here, Ang. 24, 1796, the French 
 under Moreau defeated the Austrians under Latour. Pop- 
 ulation, about 3,000. 
 
 Friedberg. A town in the province of Upper 
 Hesse, Hesse, on the Usa 16 miles north of 
 Frankfort-on-the-Main: formerly a free impe- 
 rial city. Here, July 10, 1796, the French under .Tour- 
 dan defeated the Austrians under Wartensleben. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 8,852. , 
 
 Friedericia. See Fredericia. 
 
 Friedewald (fre'de-valt). A small town in the 
 province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, 33 miles 
 south-southeast of Cassel. 
 
 Friedewald, Treaty of. A treaty concluded 
 at Friedewald, Prussia, Oct. 5, 1551, between 
 France and the League of Smalkalden, for the 
 
 Friesland 
 
 purpose of liberating Philip, landgrave of Hesse, 
 who was held as a prisoner of state by the em- 
 peror. His freedom was secured by the Peace 
 of Passau, July 16, 1552. 
 
 Friedland (fred'lant). A town in Bohemia, on 
 the Wittich 64 miles north-northeast of Prague. 
 Its castle belonged to Wallenstein, duke of 
 Friedland. Population, commune, 6,892, (1910). 
 
 Friedland. A town in the province of East 
 Prussia, Prussia, situated on the Alle 26 miles 
 southeast of Konigsberg. Here, June 14, 1807, the 
 French (70,000 to 80,000) under Napoleon defeated the 
 Russians and Prussians (55,000 to 70,000) under Bennigsen. 
 The loss of the French was about 7,000 to 8,000 ; that of 
 the Allies, over 25,000. 
 
 Friedland. A town in the grand duchy of 
 Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Germany, 43 miles 
 N. W. of Stettin. Population, commune, 7,449. 
 
 Friedlander (fred'len-der), Friedrich. Bora 
 Jan. 10, 1825: died June 14, 1901. An Aus- 
 trian genre painter, a pupil of Waldmuller. 
 
 Friedlander, Julius. Born at Berlin, June 25, 
 1813 : died there, April 4, 1884. A German nu- 
 mismatist, keeper of the royal collection of 
 ancient coins. 
 
 Friedlander, Ludwig. Born at Konigsberg, 
 July 16, 1824: died at Strasburg in December, 
 1909. A German scholar, professor of classi- 
 cal philology and archaeology at Konigsberg 
 1858-92. He published works on Homer and the 
 Homeric question, and on Roman antiquities. 
 
 Friedrichroda (fred'rich-ro-da). A small town 
 in Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, in the Thuringian For- 
 est 9 miles southwest of Gotha. 
 
 Friedrichshafen (fred'richs-ha-fen). A small 
 town in the Danube circle, Wiirtemberg, on the 
 Lake of Constance 14 miles east of Constance. 
 
 Friedrichsruh (fred'richs-ro). The residence 
 of Prince Bismarck, about 15 miles southeast of 
 Hamburg. 
 
 Friendly (frend'li), Sir John. In Vanbrugh’s 
 play “The Relapse,” a country gentleman. 
 Sheridan metamorphosed him into his Colonel 
 Townly in the “ Trip to Scarborough.” 
 
 Friendly Islands. See Tonga Islands. 
 
 Friend of Man, The. [F. L ’Ami des hommes.] 
 A surname ironically given to Mirabeau (father 
 of the orator), from the title of his work “ L’Ami 
 des hommes.” 
 
 Friendship in Fashion. A comedy by Thomas 
 Otway, produced in 1678. 
 
 Fries (fres), Bernhard. Born at Heidelberg, 
 Baden, May 16, 1820 : died at Munich, May 21, 
 1879. A German landscape-painter, younger 
 brother of Ernst Fries. 
 
 Fries, Elias Magnus. Born at Femsjo, near 
 Wexio, Sweden, Aug. 15, 1794: died at Upsala, 
 Sweden, Feb. 8, 1878. A Swedish botanist. He 
 was professor of practical economy 1834, and of botany 
 1851, and director of the botanical museum and garden, 
 at Upsala. His works include “ Systema orbis vegetabilis ” 
 (1825), “ Observationes mycologicse ” (1815-18), “Summa 
 vegetabilium Scandinavia) ” (1846-49). 
 
 Fries, Ernst. Born at Heidelberg, Baden, June 
 22, 1801: died at Karlsruhe, Baden, Oct. 11,1833. 
 A German landscape-painter. 
 
 Fries, Jakob Friedrich. Bom at Barby, Prus- 
 sian Saxony, Aug. 23, 1773: died at Jena, Ger- 
 many, Aug. 10, 1843. A German philosophical 
 writer, professor at Heidelberg and later (of 
 philosophy) at Jena. He was deprived of his office 
 for political reasons in 1819, but was appointed to the 
 chair of physics and mathematics in 1824. He wrote 
 “Neue Kritik der Vernunft ” (1807), etc. 
 
 Friesians (fre'zianz), or Frisians (friz'ianz). 
 The natives or inhabitants of Friesland; the 
 Low German people who were the ancestors of 
 the present inhabitants of Friesland. 
 
 Friesic (fre'zik). The language of the Frie- 
 sians : in its oldest form specifically called Old 
 Friesic. It is a Low German dialect formerly spoken in 
 the northern part of Germany in the district which in- 
 cludes the present Friesland. Old Friesic, with Old Saxon 
 and Anglo-Saxon, constituted the main part of what is 
 collectively called Old Low German, of which the present 
 modern Friesic in its local variations, North, East, and 
 West Friesic, and Dutch, Flemish, and Low German in its 
 restricted sense (Platt-Deutsch), are the modern continen- 
 tal remains. 
 
 Friesland (frez'land), or Vriesland (fres'lant). 
 [L. Frisia, F. 1 Wise.] A province of the Neth- 
 erlands, capital Leeuwarden, bounded by the 
 North Sea on the north, Groningen and Drenthe 
 on the east, Overyssel on the south, and the Zuy- 
 der Zee on the southwest and northwest. Its sur- 
 face is generally flat. Friesland formerly included a much 
 larger territory. It was under the counts of Holland, but 
 became independent early in the 15th century. In 1615 it 
 was incorporated with the Hapsburg dominions, and it be- 
 came one of the Seven United Provinces of the Nether- 
 lands. It is also called West Friesland. Area, 1,282 
 square miles. Population, 362,912. 
 
Friesland, East 
 
 Friesland, East. See East Friesland. 
 
 Frigg(frig). [Latinized as Frigga or Friga.~\ In 
 Norse mythology, the wife of Odin, and the queen 
 of the gods. She is often confounded with Freya, a 
 distinct deity. Frigg was the goddesB of love in its loftier 
 and constant form. 
 
 Frigga, or Friga (frig'a). [Latinized forms of 
 Frigg.'] Same as Frigg. 
 
 Frigidus (frij'i-dus). A small river, tributary 
 of the Isonzo, which it joins near Gorz in Aus- 
 tria : the modern Wipbach. It is noted for its cold- 
 ness. In its valley, near the Bu nbaumer Wald, Theodo- 
 sius defeated the forces of Eugenius and Arbogast in 394. 
 
 Frimaire (fre-mar'). [F., ‘ the sleety.’] The 
 name adopted in 1793 by the National Conven- 
 tion of the first French republic for the third 
 month of the year. It consisted of 30 days, commen- 
 cing with Nov. 21 in the years 1, 2, 3, 6, 6, 7, with Nov. 22 
 in 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, and with Nov. 23 in the vear 12. 
 
 Frimont (fre-mon'), Johann Maria Philipp, 
 
 Count of, Prince of Antrodocco. Born at Fin- 
 stingen, Lorraine, Jan. 3, 1759 : died at Vienna, 
 Dec. 26, 1831. An Austrian general. He entered 
 the Austrian army in 1776, and was commander-in-chief 
 of the Austrian troops in Upper Italy when he invaded 
 France in 1815. He quelled, in accordance with the de- 
 crees of the Congress of Laybach, the liberal insurrection 
 at Naples in 1821, and was made president of the council 
 of war at Vienna in Nov., 1831. 
 
 Frio (fre'o), Cape. A promontory in Brazil, 
 about 50 miles east of Rio de Janeiro: light- 
 house in lat. 23° O' 42* S., long. 42° 0' 1" W. 
 
 Frisches Haff (frish'es haf). [G.,‘ Fresh Bay.’] 
 A body of water north of the provinces of East 
 and West Prussia, extending from near Konigs- 
 berg southwestward about 53 miles. Its average 
 width is about 5 miles. It is separated by a tongue of land 
 (Frisehe Nehrung) from the Baltic, with which it commu- 
 nicates by the Pillauer Tief. 
 
 Frischlin (frish'len), Nikodemus. Born at 
 Balingen, Wiirtemberg, Sept. 22, 1547 : died 
 near the fortress of Hohenurach, Wiirtemberg, 
 Nov. 29-30, 1590. A German philologist and 
 Latin poet. 
 
 Frisco (fris'ko). A colloquial abbreviation of 
 San Francisco. 
 
 Friscobaldo (fris-ko-bal'do). In Dekker and 
 Middleton’s “Honest Whore,” the father of 
 Bellafront. 
 
 Frisian Islands, North. See North Friesian 
 Islands. 
 
 Frisians. See Friesians. 
 
 Frith, or Fryth (frith), John. Born at Wester- 
 ham, Kent, in 1503 : executed at London, July 
 4, 1533. An English Reformer and martyr. He 
 took the degree of B. A. at King’s College, Cambridge, in 
 1525, and in the same year became a junior canon of Car- 
 dinal College (afterward Christ Church), Oxford. He went 
 abroad in 1528 to avoid religious persecution, resided for 
 a time at the University of Marburg, and was associated 
 with Tyndale in his literary work. He returned to England 
 in 1532, was arrested for heresy by order of Sir Thomas 
 More, and was burned at the stake in Smithfleld, London. 
 During his imprisonment he wrote “ A Boke made by John 
 Fryth, prysoner in the Tower of London, answerynge to M. 
 More s Letter,” etc. (1533). 
 
 Frith, Mary. See Cutpurse, Moll. 
 
 Frith, William Powell. Born at Studley, near 
 Ripon, England, 1819: died at London, Nov. 2, 
 1909. An English painter. In 1839 he exhibited a 
 portrait at the British Institution, which was followed in 
 1840 by “Othello and Desdemona ’ and “Malvolio before 
 the Countess Olivia” at the Academy. Elected a royal 
 academician in 1852. Among his paintings are “The 
 Village Pastor,” “The Derby Day,” and “The Railway Sta- 
 tion.” He published “My Autobiography and Reminis- 
 cences” (1887) and “ Further Reminiscences" (1888). 
 
 Frithigern. See Fritigern. 
 
 Frithjof’s (fret'yofs), or Fridthiof’s (fret'- 
 yofs), Saga. An Icelandic saga, assigned to 
 the 14th century, relating the adventures of the 
 Norwegian hero Frithjof (or Fridthiof). It is 
 the subject of a poem by Tegner, “Frithiof’s Saga," pub- 
 lished in 1825. 
 
 Fritigern (frit'i-gern), or Frithigern, orFridi- 
 
 gern. Died in 381 a. d. A king of the West 
 Goths. He commanded a band of Christian West Goths 
 who, when their race was expelled from Dacia by the Huns 
 in 376, took refuge in Moesia by permission of the emperor 
 Valens. Disputes with the Roman officials at the passage 
 of the Danube led to war, and Fritigern with 200,000 men 
 defeated and killed Valens at Adrianople in 378. 
 
 Fritsch (fritsh), Gustav. Born at Cottbus, 
 Germany, March 5, 1838. A German naturalist 
 and traveler. After graduating in natural sciences and 
 medicine, he made a successful exploration of South Africa 
 1863-68, travelingfrom Cape Town through the Orange Free 
 State, Natal, and Bechuana-land as far as the Ba-Mangwato 
 tribe. His work “ Die Eingeborenen Sudafrikas ” (Breslau, 
 1873) is still the best contribution to the anthropology 
 of the Bantu, Hottentot, and Bushman races. In 1874 he 
 became professor at the University of Berlin. From 1881 
 to 1882 he traveled in Egypt and the Orient, making special 
 researches on electric fishes ; and in 1890 he published, at 
 Leipsic, “Die elektrischen Fische.” 
 
 Fritz (frits), Der Alte. [G., 'Old Fritz.’] A 
 
 414 
 
 nickname given by his soldiers to Frederick 
 the Great. 
 
 Fritz, Samuel. Born in Bohemia, 1653: died 
 at the Jeberos Mission, on the Upper Amazon, 
 March 20, 1728. A Jesuit missionary. The greater 
 part of his life was spent among the Amazonian Indians, 
 and he established the Omaguas and other missions. He 
 repeatedly traversed the whole length of the river. In 
 1707 his map of the Amazon was first published at Quito, 
 and it long remained the authority for this region. 
 
 Fritz, Unser. [G.,‘Our Fritz.’] A nickname 
 given by Germans to Frederick William, crown 
 prince of Germany, and later emperor. 
 
 Fritzlar (frits'lar). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, on the Eder 
 16 miles southwest of Cassel. it is noted for its 
 cathedral and as the first seat in Hesse of Christianity, 
 which was introduced by St. Boniface about 732. 
 
 Friuli (fre'o-le). [F. Frioul, G. Friaul: from 
 the town Forum. Julii.'] A district north of the 
 Adriatic Sea, mainly comprised in the modern 
 province of Udine, Italy, and in the crownland 
 Gorz and Gradiska, Austria-Hungary, it became 
 a Lombard duchy in the 6th century, and was ruled by 
 dukes and margraves in the middle ages. Austrian Friuli 
 was acquired by the house of Hapsburg in 1500, and Vene- 
 tian Friuli was acquired from Venice in 1797. Both por- 
 tions were lost by Austria in 1805 and 1809, and regained 
 in 1815. Venetian Friuli was ceded to Italy in 1866. 
 
 Frobel (fr^'bel), Friedrich. Born at Ober- 
 weissbach, Scbwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Germany, 
 April 21, 1782: died at Marienthal, near Bad 
 Liebenstein, Germany, June 21, 1852. A Ger- 
 man educator, founder of the kindergarten sys- 
 tem of instruction. He studied at the universities of 
 Jena, Gottingen, and Berlin ; served against the French 
 in the campaigns of 1813 and 1814 ; founded in 1816, at 
 Griesheim, an educational institution which was removed 
 to Keilhau, near Rudolstadt, in 1817 ; and in 1837 founded 
 a kindergarten at Blankenburg in Thuringia. His chief 
 work is “Die Menschenerziehung” (1826). 
 
 Frobel, Julius. Born at Griesheim, near Stadt- 
 Ilm, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, July 16, 1805 : 
 died at Zurich, Switzerland, Nov. 6, 1893. A 
 German politician, traveler, and author, nephew 
 of Friedrich Frobel. He took partin the revolution- 
 ary movement at Vienna in 1848, and in 1867 founded at 
 Munich the “Siiddeutsche Presse,” which he conducted 
 until 1873. He was appointed consul of the German 
 Empire at Smyrna in 1873, and held a similar post at Al- 
 giers 1876-89. His chief works are “ System der sozialen 
 Politik” (1847), “Aus Amerika” (1857-58), “Theorie der 
 Politik” (1861-64), “Die Wirthschaft des Menschenge- 
 schlechts ’ ’ (1870-76), “ Die realistische W eltansicht. u nd die 
 utilitarische Civilisation” (1881), and “Ein Lebenslauf” 
 (1890-91). 
 
 Frobisher (fro'bish-er), Sir Martin. Died in 
 1594. An English navigator. He was of a family 
 of Welsh origin settled at Altofts in the West Riding of 
 Yorkshire. He commanded an expedition in search of the 
 northwest passage in 1576, on which he discovered the 
 bay since known as Frobisher Bay. One of his sailors 
 having brought home a piece of ore supposed to contain 
 gold, he was sent out again in command of two expeditions 
 in search of gold, 1577-78. On both occasions, however, 
 the ore which he brought home proved to be worthless. 
 He fought with distinction against the Great Armada in 
 1588. See Century Atlas, Map 4. 
 
 Frobisher Bay. An arm of the ocean extend- 
 ing about 200 miles into Baffin Land, between 
 Hudson Strait and Cumberland Sound. It was 
 until recently called Frobisher Strait. 
 
 Frog (frog), Nicholas or Nic. A nickname for 
 the Dutch in Arbuthnot’s ‘ ‘ Law is a Bottomless 
 Pit,” in “The History of John Bull.” 
 
 Frogmore (frog'mdr) Lodge. A mansion near 
 Windsor Castle, England. It was the residence of 
 Queen Victoria’s mother, and in the grounds is the mauso- 
 leum erected by the queen to her husband. 
 
 Frogs (frogz), The. A famous comedy by Aris- 
 tophanes. It was exhibited in 405 b. c., and ob- 
 tained the first prize. 
 
 The plot fof “ The Frogs ”] is separated into two parts : 
 first, the adventures of Dionysus on his journey to Hades 
 in search of a good poet, Sophocles and Euripides being 
 lately dead ; and secondly, the poetical contest of .Eschy- 
 lus and Euripides, and the final victory of .Eschylus. 
 These subjects are logically though loosely connected to- 
 gether, but remind us strongly of the dramatic economy 
 of the very poet whom Aristophanes is here attacking so 
 vehemently. No analysis can reproduce the real brilliancy 
 of the piece, which consists in all manner of comic situa- 
 tions, repartees, parodies, and unexpected blunders. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 457. 
 
 Frohlich (frVlieh), Abraham Emanuel. Born 
 at Brugg, Aargau, Switzerland, Feb. 1, 1796: 
 died at Baden, Aargau, Dec. 1, 1865. A Ger- 
 man-Swiss poet, best known as a writer of 
 fables (published 1825). 
 
 Frohsdorf (froz'dosf). A village and castle 
 about 30 miles south of Vienna. It is noted as 
 having been the headquarters of the French Legitimist 
 party from 1844 until the death of the Comte de Chambord 
 in 1883. 
 
 Froissart (froi'sart; F. pron. frwa-sar'), Jean. 
 Born at Valenciennes, 1337 : died at Chimay 
 about 1410. A celebrated French chronicler. 
 Nothing is known of his family or early life beyond the 
 
 Frontenac 
 
 few facts to be gleaned from his own writings. In 1360 he 
 was welcomed to England by his countrywoman Queen 
 Philippa of Hainaut, wife of Edward III. ' In 1365 he vis- 
 ited Scotland, and in May, 1368, he was at Milan in the 
 company of Petrarch and Chaucer. About 1372, after sev- 
 eral years spent in travel, Froissart decided to enter the 
 church. The period of his activity as a chronicler extends 
 from 1367 to 1400. His .great work is the “Chronique de 
 France, d’Angleterre, d’Ecosse et d’Espagne," relating the 
 events of history from 1325 till 1400. It was published 
 before the close of the 15th century, and was thus among 
 the first books to be printed. One of the 6 editions of the 
 16th century was by Denis Sauvaye, historian to Henry II. 
 of France. The best editions in modern times are by Ker- 
 vyn de Lettenhove, in 25 volumes (1867-77), and by Simeon 
 Luce, incomplete, in 8 volumes (1869-88). 
 
 Froissart, though inferior to Lescurel, and though far 
 less remarkable as a poet than as a prose writer, can fairly 
 hold his own with Deschamps and Machault, while he 
 has the advantage of being easily accessible. The later 
 part of his life having been given up to history, he is not 
 quite so voluminous in verse as his two predecessors. 
 Yet, if the attribution to him of the “ Cour d’Amour ” and 
 the “Tresor Amoureux ’’ be correct, he has left some 40,009 
 or 50,000 lines. The bulk of his work consists of long poems 
 in the allegorical courtship of the time, interspersed with 
 shorter lyrical pieces in the prevailing forms. One of 
 these poems, the “Buisson de Jonece," is interesting be- 
 cause of its autobiographical details ; and some shorter 
 pieces approaching more nearly to the Fabliau style, “Le 
 Dit au Florin,” “ Le Debat du Cheval et du Ldvrier, etc., 
 are sprightly and agreeable enough. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 104. 
 
 Frolic (frol'ik), Sir Frederick. A character 
 in Etherege’s comedy “ The Comical Revenge.” 
 
 He [Sir Frederick Frolic] is a man of quality, who can 
 fight at need with spirit and firmness of nerve, but whose 
 customary occupation is the pursuit of pleasure without 
 dignity and without reflection. 
 
 Oosse, Seventeenth Century Studies. 
 
 Frolic, The. A British sloop of war taken in 
 1812 by Captain Jacob Jones in the American 
 sloop of war Wasp. 
 
 Frollo (frol'ld). In “Arthur,” an English Ar- 
 thurian legend of the first half of the 15th cen- 
 tury, a French knight. Arthur kills him in single 
 combat, with his great sword Brownsteel, when on his 
 way to take Paris. 
 
 Frollo (F. pron. fro-lo'), Claude. An arch- 
 deacon, one of the leading characters in “Notre 
 Dame de Paris,” by Victor Hugo. He is absorbed 
 in alchemy and is reputed holy, hut he falls in love with 
 and persecutes Esmeralda, a gipsy. After her death he is 
 killed in revenge by Quasimodo, who throws him from the 
 top of the tower of Notre Dame. 
 
 Frollo, Jehan. A scholar in “Notre Dame de 
 Paris,” by Victor Hugo. 
 
 Frome, or From'e Selwood (from sel'wud). 
 A manufacturing town in Somerset, England, 
 11 miles south of Bath. Population, about 
 11 , 000 . , 
 
 Fromentin (fro-mon-tan'), Eugene. Bom at 
 St. -Maurice, near La Rochelle, Oct. 24, 1820: 
 died there, Aug. 27, 1876. A noted French 
 genre painter, a pupil of R6mond and Cabat. 
 He visited Algiers 1846-48 and 1852-53, and brought home 
 many sketches from which he painted his characteristic 
 pictures of Oriental life. He was also the author of “Do- 
 minique,” a successful romance, and of works on art and 
 travel. He was awarded a second-class medal in 1849 and 
 1867, and a first-class in 1859. He became a member of 
 the Legion of Honor in 1859. 
 
 Fronde (frond), The. [F., lit. ‘a sling.’] In 
 French history, the name of a party which dur- 
 ing the minority of Louis XIV. waged civil war 
 against the court party, on account of the hu- 
 miliations inflicted on the high nobility and the 
 heavy fiscal impositions laid on the people. 
 The movement began with the resistance of the Parliament 
 of Paris to the measures of the minister Mazarin, and was 
 sarcastically called by one of his supporters there “ the 
 war of the frofide,” in allusion to the use of the sling then 
 common among the street-hoys of Paris. The contest 
 continued from 1648 to 1652, duriug w’hich Mazarin was 
 driven from power, but soon restored. The opposition to 
 him had degenerated into a course of selfish intrigue and 
 party strife, whence the name frondeur became a term of 
 political reproach. 
 
 Front de Bceuf (fron de bef), Sir Reginald. 
 
 In Scott’s novel “Ivanhoe,”a brutal and fierce 
 Norman baron who uses his castle of Torquil- 
 stone to imprison and torture his enemies, and 
 finally perishes in its flames. 
 
 Frontenac (front-nak'), Comte Louis de Buade 
 de. Born at Paris, 1622 : died at Quebec, 
 Nov. 28, 1698. A French colonial officer, gov- 
 ernor of Canada 1672-82 and 1689-98. 
 
 Frontenac was full of faults ; but it is not through these 
 that his memory has survived him. He rvas domineering, 
 arbitrary, intolerant of opposition, irascible, vehement in 
 prejudice, often wayward, perverse, and jealous : a perse- 
 cutor of those who crossed him ; yet capable, by fits, of 
 moderation and a magnanimous lenity ; and gifted with a 
 rare charm — not always exerted — to win the attachment 
 of men : versed in books, polished in courts and salons ; 
 without fear, incapable of repose, keen and broad of sight, 
 clear in judgment, prompt in decision, fruitful in re- 
 sources, unshaken when others despaired : a sure breeder 
 of storms in time of peace, but in time of calamity and 
 danger a tower of strength. His early career in America 
 was beset with ire and enmity; but admiration and grati- 
 
Frontenac 
 
 tude hailed him at its close : for it was he who saved the 
 colony and led it triumphant from an abyss of ruin. 
 
 Park-man, Discovery of the Great West, p. 47. 
 
 Frontino (fron-te'no). The name of the horse 
 which Brunello stole from Sacripant and 
 gave to Rogero, and on which the latter 
 overthrew all his opponents. He is men- 
 tioned both by Boiardo and Ariosto in the 
 Orlando poems. 
 
 Frontinus (fron-ti'nus), Sextus Julius. Died 
 about 103 a. d. A Roman military officer, en- 
 gineer, and tactician. He wrote “ Strategematica ” 
 (a work on strategy, in four books), “De aquis urbis 
 Romae,” etc. 
 
 Fronto (fron'to), Marcus Cornelius. Born at 
 Cirta, Numidia : died about 175 A. D. A Roman 
 rhetorician and orator. A collection of his 
 letters was edited by Naber in 1867. 
 
 The most characteristic figure of this time is the rheto- 
 rician M. Cornelius Fronto of Cirta (probably a. 100-175 
 A. I)-X who held under Hadrian a conspicuous position as 
 an orator, and under Antoninus Pius taught M. Aurelius 
 and L. Verus. He was consul 143 A. D. We possess by 
 him above all the greater part of his correspondence with 
 M. Aurelius both as heir apparent and as emperor. The 
 rhetorician appears in these letters conceited, insipid, 
 laboured, with little genius and much want of taste and 
 pretence, but well informed and an enthusiastic admirer 
 of early Roman literature, which he zealously endeavours 
 to make more generally known ; at the same time his 
 character appears honourable, upright, and independent ; 
 he never abuses his influential position, is faithful as a 
 husband and friend, and gives fatherly advice to his pupils, 
 whose gratitude subsequently surrounded his name with 
 a brilliant lustre. 
 
 ^T euffel and Schwabe, Hist, of Rom. Lit. (tr. by Warr), II. 213. 
 
 Front Range (frunt ranj). The easternmost 
 range of the Rocky Mountains in the State of 
 Colorado. 
 
 Front Royal. A place in the Shenandoah valley, 
 Virginia, where Stonewall Jackson captured 
 the command of Colonel J. R. Kenly, May 23, 
 1862. 
 
 Froschweiler (fresh 'vi-ler), or Froschweiler 
 
 (frosh'vi-ler). A village near Worth (which 
 see). 
 
 Frosinone (fro-se-no'ne), Hemic an Frusino. 
 A town in the province of Rome, Italy, 48 miles 
 southeast of Rome. 
 
 Frossard (fro-sar'), Charles Auguste. Born 
 at Versailles, France, April 26, 1807 : died at 
 Chateau-Villain, Haute-Marne, France, Aug. 
 25, 1875. A French general. He served in Algeria 
 1833-40; was engaged in the Crimean war, particularly 
 before Sevastopol, and was promoted general ; commanded 
 the second corps of the army of the Rhine in the Franco- 
 German war ; was defeated at Spicheren, Aug. 6, 1870 ; 
 and was captured on the fall of Metz. 
 
 Frost- (frost), Arthur B. Born at Philadel- 
 phia, Pa., Jan. 17, 1851. An American artist, 
 best known as an illustrator. 
 
 Frost, Jack. In English nursery folk-lore, a 
 personification of frost or cold. 
 
 Froth (froth). A foolish gentleman in Shak- 
 spere’s comedy “ Measure for Measure.” 
 Froth, Lord. A solemn, foolish fop with a 
 coquettish wife, in Congreve’s comedy “The 
 Double Dealer.” 
 
 Frothingham (froth 'ing- am), Nathaniel 
 
 Langdon. Born at Boston, July 23, 1793 : died 
 at Boston, Apfll 4, 1870. An American clergy- 
 man and writer. He was pastor of a Unitarian church 
 at Boston, Massachusetts, 1815-50. Author of “Metrical 
 Pieces, Translated and Original ’’ (1855). 
 
 Frothingham, Octavius Brooks. Born at 
 Boston, Mass., Nov. 26, 1822: died Nov. 27, 
 1895. An American Unitarian clergyman (till 
 1880) and author, son of N. L. Frothingham. 
 
 Among his works are “Religion of Humanity" (1873), 
 “Transcendentalism in New England” (1876), a life of 
 Theodore Parker (1874), “Creed and Conduct” (1877), 
 “ Life of George Ripley ’’ (1883), etc. 
 
 Frothingham, Richard. Born Jan. 31, 1812: 
 died Jan. 29, 1880. An American historian, 
 journalist, and politician. His works include "His- 
 tory of the Siege of Boston ” (1849), and other books on 
 American history. 
 
 Froude (frod), James Anthony. Born at Dar- 
 tington, Devonshire, April 23, 1818 : died Oct. 
 20,1894. A noted English historian. He was edu- 
 cated at Westminster School and at Oriel College, Oxford. 
 There he came under the influence of the Tractarian 
 movement, his brother Richard Hurrell Froude being one 
 of its leaders. He became fellow of Exeter in 1842, and 
 took deacon's orders in 1844. For some time he was con- 
 nected with the High-Church party under Newman. A 
 change in his views caused him to abandon his fellow- 
 ship and his profession, and he devoted himself entirely 
 to literature, formally resigning his deacon's orders in 
 1872. In the same year he lectured in the United States 
 on the relations between England and Ireland. In 1874 
 he was sent on a mission to the Cape of Good Hope. He 
 afterward went to Australia and the West Indies. In 
 1892 he was elected regius professor of modern history at 
 Oriel College, Oxford, as successor to Freeman. He wrote 
 a “ History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the 
 Defeat of the Spanish Armada” (1856-70). “The English 
 
 415 
 
 in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century” (1872-74), “Short 
 Studies on Great Subjects" (1867-77), “Csesar" (1879), 
 “Oceana ”(1886), “The Two Chiefs of Dunboy,” a romance 
 (1889), “ Life of Lord Beaconsfleld ” (1890), etc. As execu- 
 tor of Carlyle he published “ Reminiscences of Carlyle ” 
 (1881), “Life of Thomas Carlyle ” (1882). 
 
 Froufrou (fro'fro). [F. ,‘a soft rustling sound .’] 
 A play by MM. Meilhac and Halevy, produced 
 in 1869. 
 
 Frozen Strait. A strait in the Arctic regions, 
 between Melville Peninsula and Southampton 
 Island. 
 
 Fructidor (friik-te-dor'). [F., from L. fructus, 
 fruit.] The name adopted in 1793 by the Na- 
 tional Convention of the first French republic 
 for the twelfth month of the year, it consisted of 
 30 days, commencing with Aug. 19 in the years 1 to 8, 
 and with Aug. 20 in 9 to 13. It was followed by 5 (in 
 the years 3 and 11, corresponding to 1795 and 1803, by C) 
 complementary or intercalary days, called sans-culottides, 
 completing the year. 
 
 Fructidor, The 18th. In French history, Sept. 
 4, 1797, when the majority of the Directory exe- 
 cuted a coup d’etat against the royalist reaction. 
 Two of the Directors were ejected and more 
 than fifty members expelled from the Council 
 of Five Hundred, where the royalists had suc- 
 ceeded iu obtaining a majority. 
 
 Frugal, Luke. The principal character in Mas- 
 singer’s “City Madam”: a vindictive, hypo- 
 critical villain. He is the brother of the chari- 
 table Sir John. 
 
 Fruges (friizh). A town in the department of 
 Pas-de-Calais, France, 33 miles south-southeast 
 of Calais. Population, commune, 3,020. 
 
 Frumentius (fro-men'shius). Eived in the 4th 
 century. A Christian missionary and bishop, 
 celebrated, as the founder of the Ethiopian 
 Church, under the title of Abba Salama. 
 
 Frutigen (fro'te-gen). A village in the Ber- 
 nese Oberland, Switzerland, south of the Lake 
 of Thun. 
 
 Fry, Mrs. (Elizabeth Gurney). Born at Earl- 
 ham, Norfolk, May 21, 1780: died at Ramsgate, 
 England, Oct. 12, 1845. An English philanthro- 
 pist, a minister of the Society of Friends. She 
 was especially noted as a promoter of prison 
 reform. 
 
 Fry (fri), Francis. Born at Westbury-on-Trym, 
 near Bristol, Oct. 28, 1803: died at Bristol, Nov. 
 12,1886. An English bibliographer. He was a part- 
 ner in the firm of J. S. Fry and Sons, cocoa and chocolate 
 manufacturers at Bristol. He published “ The First New 
 Testament printed in the English Language (1525 or 1526), 
 translated from the Greek by William Tyndale, repro- 
 duced in facsimile, with an Introduction " (1862), “The 
 Souldiers Pocket Bible, printed at London by G. B. and 
 R. W. for G. C. 1643, reproduced in facsimile, with an In- 
 troduction” (1862), “The Christian Soldiers Penny Bible: 
 London, printed by R. Smith for Sam. Wade, 1693, repro- 
 duced in facsimile, with an Introductory Note " (l862), etc. 
 
 Fry, William Henry. Born at Philadelphia, 
 Aug., 1815: died in Santa Cruz, West Indies, 
 Dee. 21, 1864. An American composer and 
 journalist. 
 
 Fryken (frii'ken). A series of lakes in Sweden, 
 north of Lake Wener, into which their waters 
 flow. 
 
 Fryxell (friiks'el), Anders. Born at Hessels- 
 kog, Dalsiand, Sweden, Feb. 7, 1795: died at 
 Stockholm, March 21, 1881. A Swedish his- 
 torian. He wrote “ Berattelser ur Svenska Historien ” 
 (“ Narratives from Swedish History," 1823-79), etc. 
 
 F.’s Aunt (efz ant), Mr. A legacy left by Mr. 
 F. to his wife, in Dickens’s “Little Dorrit.” 
 
 Fuad Pasha (fo'adpash'fi), Mehemmed (Meh- 
 med). Born at Constantinople, Jan. 17, 1814: 
 died at Nice, France, Feb. 12, 1869. A noted 
 Turkish statesman. He abandoned in 1835 the prac- 
 tice of medicine for a diplomatic career. In 1848 he was 
 appointed Ottoman commissioner to settle the revolu- 
 tionary disputes in the principalities of Moldavia and 
 Wallachia. He became minister of foreign affairs in 1852. 
 Owing to the attitude of Russia, whose ill will he is said 
 to have excited by a publication on the question of the 
 holy sepulchers, he resigned in the spring of 1853, but re- 
 sumed office on the outbreak of the Crimean war later in 
 the same year. He became grand vizir in 1861, a post 
 which he retained until 1866. He introduced European 
 improvements for the sake of the material advantages to 
 be gained from them, but in doing so increased the finan- 
 cial difficulties of the Porte by the adoption of a wasteful 
 and unsound financial policy. 
 
 Fuca, Juan de. See Juan de Fuca. 
 
 Fu-chau, or Foochow (fo-chou'). A seaport 
 and the capital of the province of Fu-kien, 
 China, situated near the mouth of the river Min 
 in lat. 26° 5' N., long. 119° 20' E. it has a very 
 large trade, especially in tea, is a noted mission station, 
 and contains an arsenal. The port was opened to foreign 
 trade in 1842. Population, 624,000. 
 
 Fuchs (foks), Johann Nepomuk von. Born 
 
 atMattenzell, nearBrennberg, Bavaria, May 15, 
 1774: died at Munich, March 5, 1856. A Ger- 
 man chemist and mineralogist, professor of 
 
 Fulah 
 
 mineralogy at the University of Landshut 1826- 
 1852: noted for his discovery (1823) of soluble 
 glass and its application to stereochromy. 
 Fuchs, Konrad Heinrich. Born at Bamberg, 
 Bavaria, Dec. 7, 1803: died at Gottingen, Prus- 
 sia, Dec. 2, 1855. A German physician, pro- 
 fessor of pathology at Gottingen 1838-55. He 
 wrote “Die krankhaften Veranderungen derHaut”(1840- 
 1841), “Lehrbuchder speziellen Nosologie und Therapie ” 
 (1845-48), etc. 
 
 Fuchs, Leonhard. Born at Wembdingen, Ba- 
 varia, Jan. 17, 1501: died at Tubingen, Wiir- 
 temberg, May 10, 1566. A German physician 
 and botanist, author of “De historia stirpium” 
 (1542), etc. 
 
 Fucino (fo-che'no), Lago di, also called Lago 
 di Celano. A lake in central Italy, near the 
 towns of Avezzano and Celano : the ancient 
 Lacus Fucinus. It was drained by Prince Torlonia, 
 who began the work in 1852. It was partially drained in 
 the reign of Claudius. It had no outlet, and measured 37 
 miles in circumference. 
 
 Fucinus (fu'si-nus), Lacus. See Fucino. 
 Fudge Family in Paris, The. A satire by 
 Thomas Moore, published in 1818. “The Fudge 
 Family in England,” a sequel, was afterward 
 published. 
 
 Fuegians (fu-e'ji-anz). A general name of the 
 Indians of Tierra del Fuego. They comprise three 
 distinct races — the Y ahgans or Yapoos, the Onas or Aonik, 
 and the Aliculufs. Judging from their languages, these 
 represent three different stocks. They are all very de- 
 graded savages, having no chiefs and only very loose family 
 ties. They live in wretched huts, go almost naked though 
 the climate is severe, aud subsist by hunting and fishing. 
 They make excellent bark canoes, and are veiy skilful in 
 using them. 
 
 Fuenclara, Count of. See Cebrian y Agustin, 
 Pedro dc. 
 
 Fuenleal (fwen-la-al'), Sebastian Ramirez de. 
 
 Born in the province of Cuenca about 1480 : died 
 at Valladolid, Jan. 22, 1547. A Spanish eccle- 
 siastic and administrator. He was successively in- 
 quisitor of Seville, member of the audience of Granada, 
 bishop of Santo Domingo in the West Indies (1524), and 
 president of the audience of that island (1527). From 
 1531 to 1536 he ruled Mexico as president of the audience 
 of New Spain : under him order was restored, abuses were 
 reformed, and the Indians protected. He was friendly to 
 Cortes. Returning to Spain, he was successively bishop 
 of Tuy and Leon, and in 1542 was made bishop of Cuenca 
 and president of the audience of Valladolid. 
 Fuenterrabia (fwen-ter-ra-be'a), or Fontara- 
 bia (fon-ta-ra'bi-a). A town in the province of 
 Guipuzcoa, Spain, situated on the Bidassoa in 
 lat. 43° 22' N., long. 1° 50' W. It is noted for its 
 fortress (until 1794), and for the passage of the Bidassoa 
 here by Wellington in 1813. Milton confounds it with 
 Roncesvalles. 
 
 Fuentes de Onoro (fwen'tes de o-no'ro). A vil- 
 lage in the province of Salamanca, western 
 Spain, 14 miles west-southwest of Ciudad Rod- 
 rigo. Here, May, 1811, Wellington checked the 
 French under Massdna. 
 
 Fuerte, or Villa del Fuerte (vel'ya del fwer'- 
 ta). A small town in the state of Sinaloa, 
 Mexico, situated on the river Fuerte about lat. 
 26° 45' N., long. 108° 25' W. 
 
 Fugger (fuk'er). A Swabian family of ennobled 
 merchants, famous in the 16th century, it traces 
 its descent from Johannes Fugger, a weaver, who lived at 
 Graben, near Augsburg, in the first half of the 14th century. 
 
 Fugitive-Slave Law. In United States history, 
 an act included iu the “Omnibus Bill” (1850), 
 securing to slaveholders additional facilities in 
 the recovery of runaway slaves. 
 
 Fiihrich (fii'rich), Joseph von. Born at Krat- 
 zau, Bohemia, Feb. 9, 1800 : died at Vienna, 
 March 13, 1876. A noted Austrian historical 
 painter. He was much occupied with scriptural 
 subjects. 
 
 Fuji-san (fo'je-san'), or Fuji-yama (fo'je-ya'- 
 mii), less correctly Fusi-yama (fo'se-ya'ma). 
 An extinct volcano and the highest mountain of 
 Japan, situated 70 miles west-southwest of To- 
 kio. There has been no eruption since 1707. It is a re- 
 sort of pilgrims, and figures largely in Japanese art. 
 Height, 12,365 feet. 
 
 Fu-kien (fo-ke-en'), or Fokien (fo-ke-en'). A 
 maritime province of China, bounded by Che- 
 kiang on the north, the channel of Formosa on 
 the east, Kwang-tung on the southwest, and Ki- 
 ang-si on the west and northwest. Area, about 
 46,320 square miles. Population, about 22,- 
 876,000. 
 
 Fulah, or Fula (fo'lii), plural Fulbe. [‘Light 
 brown,’ ‘ red.’] A great African nation, scat- 
 tered through the Sudan from Senegal to Wa- 
 dai, and south to Adamawa : their language is 
 called Fulfulde. They are variously classed with the 
 Hamites, the negroes, and, in the Nuba-Fulah group, with 
 the Nubas of the Nile valley. They seem to be essentially 
 Hamitic, having branched off from the Berbers or the 
 
Fulah 
 
 Somal. Their color is reddish-brown, nose straight, lips 
 regular, hair curly. Where they are mixed with the ne- 
 groes the skin is darker, the lips are thicker, the hair is 
 more bushy, and the temperament more merry. In their 
 pure state they are proud and grave. The Futa-Toro or 
 Toucouieurs are a mixture of Fulah and Woloff. Pastoral, 
 industrious, warlike, and intelligent, they rule over the 
 agricultural negro tribes of the Sudan. They are dominant 
 in Gando, Sokoto, Adamawa, Massina, Segu, Kaarta, and 
 Futa Jallon. In Bornu, Baghirmi, and Wadai they are not 
 strong enough to command. In religion they are Moham- 
 medans, but tolerant, except the fanatic Toucouieurs. 
 They have a national literature, written with Arabic char- 
 acters. It was in the beginning of this century, under 
 their poet and leader Otman dan Fodio, that they revolu- 
 tionized the Sudan, spreading Islam, and founding their 
 great kingdoms, which are not yet on the wane. Their 
 language is peculiar by its initial formations. It is spoken 
 in its purest form in Massina and Futa-Toro. Owing to 
 admixtures of neighboring negro languages and Arabic, 
 five dialects are distinguished according to the countries 
 where they are spoken : namely, Futa-Jallon, Futa Toro, 
 Sokoto, Hausa, and Bornu. Also called Put, Felata, Filani. 
 
 Fulbe. See Fulah. 
 
 Fulbert (ful-bar'). A bishop of Chartres who 
 laid the foundations of the cathedral in 1020, 
 and is supposed to have been its architect. 
 Fulc (folk), or Fulk, or Foulques (fok) III., 
 surnamed “ The Black.” Born in 972: died at 
 Metz, May 22, 1040. Count of Anjou 987-1040. 
 He carried on wars against the Duke of Bre- 
 tagne and the Count of Blois. 
 
 Fulc V. Born in 1090: died Nov. 13, 1142. Count 
 of Anjou 1109-42. He married a daughter of Baldwin 
 II. of Jerusalem in 1129, and on the death of Baldwin in 
 1131 succeeded to the tin-one of Jerusalem. 
 
 Fulc of Neuilly. Died in 1202. A French ec- 
 clesiastic. He was ordered by Innocent III. in 
 1198 to preach the fourth Crusade. 
 
 Fulda (fol'da). A river in Germany, flowing 
 north and uniting at Munden with the Werra to 
 form the Weser. Length, about 100 miles. 
 Fulda. A bishopric and state of the old German 
 Empire. It grew up around the abbey of Fulda(founded 
 in 744). The abbacy became a bishopric in 1752. It was 
 secularized in 1803, and given to Nassau-Orange as a prin- 
 cipality. After various changes it was, in 1815, divided 
 between Hesse-Cassel and Bavaria, the Hesse-Cassel part 
 passing to Prussia in 1866. 
 
 Fulda. A town in the province of Hesse-Nas- 
 sau, Prussia, on the Fulda 53 miles northeast of 
 Frankfort-on-the-Main. It is a very ancient town, 
 and has a cathedral and several old churches. Population, 
 commune, 20,419. 
 
 Fulford (fiil'ford). A suburb of York, England. 
 Here the earls Edwin and Morcar were defeated by Harold 
 Hardrada and Tostig in 1066. 
 
 Fulham (ful'am). [From Saxon Fullenhame, 
 the resort of birds? (Walford).] A borough 
 (metropolitan) of London, situatedin Middlesex, 
 on the Thames, 5£ miles southwest of St. Paul’s. 
 It contains a palace, the summer residence of the bishops 
 of London. It is a parliamentary borough, returning one 
 member to Parliament. Population of the board of works 
 district, 153,325, (1911). 
 
 Fulk. See Fulc. 
 
 Fulke (fulk), William. Born at London in 
 1538 : died Aug. 28, 1589. An English Puritan 
 divine. He studied at Cambridge, where he subsequently 
 lectured on the Hebrew language. He became master of 
 Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, in 1578. His most notable 
 publication is “ A Defense of the sincere and true Transla- 
 tions of the Holie Scriptures into the English Tong ” (1583). 
 
 Fuller (ful'6r), Andrew. Born at Wicken, Cam- 
 bridgeshire, Feb. 6, 1754: died at Kettering, May 
 7, 1815. An English Baptist preacher and theo- 
 logian. He wrote “The Calvinistic and Socinian Sys- 
 tems Compared” (1794), “The Gospel its own Witness” 
 (179.1-1800), etc. 
 
 Fuller, George. Born at Deerfield, Mass., 1822 : 
 died at Boston, March 21, 1884. An American 
 figure- and portrait-painter. i n 1842 he studied 
 with the sculptor Brown at Albany, after which he studied 
 painting in Boston, New York, London, and on the Conti 
 nent. His first public success was attained in 1857, when 
 he was elected associate of the academy (New York). 
 From 1860-79 he devoted himself to farming at Deerfield, 
 but in 1876 he exhibited some fifteen pictures in Boston, 
 which gained him fame and patronage. In 1879 he ex- 
 hibited at the academy (New York) “The Romany Girl ” 
 and "And She was a Witch”; in 1880 “The Quadroon” 
 and a boy’s portrait ; in 1881 “ Maidenhood ” and “ Wini- 
 fred Dysart ” ; “ Lorett i ” and “ Priscilla Fauntleroy ” (1882), 
 “Fagot-Gatherers” (1883), “ Fedalma” (1884), etc. 
 
 Fuller, Jolm Wallace. Born at Cambridge, 
 England, 1827 : died at Toledo, Ohio, March 12, 
 1891. An American publisher, and Union officer 
 in the Civil War. He commanded a brigade at the 
 battle of Iuka, Sept. 19-20, 1862 ; defeated Forrest’s cavalry 
 at Parker’s Cross Roads, Dec. 31, 1862; captured Deca- 
 tur in March, 1864 ; took part in the Atlanta campaign ; 
 marched with Sherman to the sea; and at the close of the 
 war was brevetted major-general of volunteers. 
 
 Fuller. Melville Weston. Born at Augusta, 
 Maine. Feb. 11, 1833: died at Sorrento, Me., 
 July 4, 1910. Chief justice of the Supreme 
 Court of the United States. He practised law at 
 Chicago from 1856 until appointed chief justice in 1888. 
 
 416 
 
 Fuller, Sarah Margaret, Marchioness Ossoli. 
 Born at Cambridgeport, Mass., May 23, 1810 : lost 
 by shipwreck off Fire Island, near New York, 
 July 16, 1850. A noted American writer, a mem- 
 ber of the Transcendental school, she edited the 
 Boston “Dial’' 1840-42, and. was literary critic for the New 
 York “Tribune ” 1844-46. She went to Europe in 1846, mar- 
 ried Marquis Ossoli, Dec., 1847, and was in Rome during 
 the revolution of 1848-49. Her works include “Summer 
 on the Lakes ” (1843),“ Woman in the Nineteenth Century " 
 (1845), “Papers on Art and Literature ” (1846). 
 
 Fuller, Thomas. Born June, 1608: died at 
 London, Aug. 16, 1661. An English divine. He 
 was educated at Cambridge, and was curate of the Savoy 
 at London at the beginning of the civil war. In 1643 he 
 joined the king at Oxford, and after the Restoration was 
 appointed chaplain to Charles II. Among his works are 
 “ The History of the Holy Warre ” (1639), “ The Holy State 
 and the Profane State ” (1642), “ A Pisgah-sight of Pales- 
 tine” (1650), “History of the University of Cambridge” 
 (1655), “ History of the Worthies of England " (1662). 
 Fuller’s Field. A field near Jerusalem, appar- 
 ently to the north, the locality of which cannot 
 be identified. 
 
 Fullerton, Lady Georgiana. See Leveson- 
 Gower, Georgiana Charlotte. 
 
 Fulton (ful'ton). A city in Callaway County, 
 Missouri, about 25 miles northeast of Jefferson 
 City. Population, 5,228, (1910). 
 
 Fulton. A city ill Oswego County, New York, 
 situated on the Oswego River about 23 miles 
 northwest of Syracuse. Population, 10,480, 
 (1910). 
 
 Fulton. An American war-ship of 38 tons rat- 
 ing, built at New York in 1815. She was designed 
 by Robert Fulton, and was the first war-ship to be pro- 
 pelled by steam. She had central paddle-wheels pro- 
 tected by a double hull, and relied for effective attack not 
 on her broadside of small caliber, but upon a pivoted 100- 
 pounder columbiad. Her bow was strengthened into a 
 ram. She was the prototype of the modern ironclad 
 with its few heavy guns and ram. 
 
 Fulton, Robert. Born at Little Britain, Pa., 
 1765 : died at New York, Feb. 24, 1815. Am 
 American engineer and inventor. He went to 
 London in 1786 with a view to completing his education 
 as a portrait- and landscape-painter under the instruction 
 of Benjamin West, in whose family he remained several 
 years. He abandoned painting in 1793, and devoted him- 
 self to civil and mechanical engineering. He removed 
 to Paris in 1794. From 1797 to 1805 he made a number 
 of indifferently successful experiments with a submarine 
 boat and a torpedo, most of which were conducted under 
 the patronage of the French and British governments. 
 He launched a steamboat on the Seine in 1803, which 
 sank from faulty construction. A new boat built with 
 the old machinery made a successful trial trip on the 
 Seine Aug. 9, 1803. Having returned to America in 1806, 
 he built the steamboat Clermont, which began a suc- 
 cessful trial trip from New York to Albany on the Hud- 
 son River, Aug. 11, 1807. This boat was followed by 
 numerous river-steamers and ferry-boats built under his 
 supervision. In 1815 he launched the war-steamer Ful- 
 ton. He married in 1806 Harriet, daughter of Walter 
 Livingston, by whom he had four children. 
 
 Fulvia (ful'vi-a). Died at Sieyon, Greeee, 40 
 B. c. A Roman lady, wife of Clodius, then of 
 Curio, and later of Mark Antony. She fomented 
 a rising (the Perusine war) against Octavius, in 41 B. c., 
 in order to draw Antony away from Egypt and Cleopatra. 
 Fulvia. In Ben Jonson’s “ Catiline,” a volup- 
 tuous wanton : a satire on the causes of Rome’s 
 degeneration. 
 
 Fulvia gens (ful'vi-a jenz). In ancient Rome, 
 a distinguished plebeian clan or house, sup- 
 posed to have come from Tusculum. its cogno- 
 mens under the republic were Bambalio, Centumalus, 
 Curvus, Flaccus, Gillo, Nacca, Nobilior, Pstinus, and Ve- 
 ratius or Neratius. 
 
 Fumay (ffi-ma'). A town in the department 
 of Ardennes, France, on the Meuse 14 miles 
 north of Mezieres. Population, commune, 
 5,838. 
 
 Fumbina. See Adammva. 
 
 Funchal (fou-shal'). A seaport and the capital 
 of the island of Madeira, situated in lat. 32° 38' 
 N., long. 16° 54' W. It is a noted health-re- 
 sort, and has a cathedral. Population, about 
 20,800. 
 
 Fundy (fun'di), Bay of. An inlet of the Atlan- 
 tic, lying between New Brunswick on the 
 northwest and Nova Scotia on the southeast. 
 
 It is divided near the eastern extremity into Ohignecto Bay 
 and Minas Channel and Basin. Its tides reach a height 
 of from 60 to 70 feet. It receives the St. John and St. 
 Croix. Length, about 140 miles. Width, 30 to 50 miles. 
 
 Fiinen (fii'nen), Dan. Fyen (fii'en). An island 
 of Denmark, lying between the Great Belt on 
 the east and the Little Belt on the west, and 
 forming, with Langeland, rilroe, and other isl- 
 ands, the diocese (stiff.) of Fiinen. Capital, 
 Odense. Area of' the island, 1,125 square miles ; of the 
 diocese, 1,333 square miles. Population of the diocese, 
 248,677. 
 
 Funeral (fu'ne-rai), The, or Grief a-la-Mode. 
 
 A comedy by Steele, produced in 1701, printed 
 in 1702. 
 
 Furnivall 
 
 Funeral of Atahualpa. A painting by the 
 Peruvian artist Luis Montero. It represents the 
 obsequies of the Inca sovereign at the moment when his 
 wives rushed in lamenting his fate. The figures, both of 
 Spaniards and Indians, are conceived and executed with 
 great force. This painting was purchased by the Peruvian 
 government for $20,000 and deposited in the national li- 
 brary, but was seized and sent to Santiago by the Chileans 
 during the invasion of 1881. 
 
 Funes (fo'nes), Gregorio. Born at Cordoba, 
 1749 : died at Buenos Ayres, 1830. An Argen- 
 tine historian. He was rector of the University of Cor- 
 doba and dean of the cathedral. As a theologian and pul- 
 pit orator he was widely known. His most important his- 
 torical work is “ Ensayo de la historia civil del Paraguay, 
 Buenos Ayres y Tucuman ” (3 vols. 8vo, 1816). 
 Fiinfhaus (funf'hous). A suburb of Vienna, on 
 the southwest. Population, 43,834, (1910). 
 Funfkirchen (fiinf'kirch-en), Hung. Pecs 
 (pach). The capital of the county of Baranya, 
 Hungary, situated in lat. 46° 6' N., long. 18° 13' 
 E. The cathedral is an impressive Romanesque structure 
 with four towers, lately restored. The place was occupied 
 by the Turks from 1543 to 1686. It has several mosques. 
 Population, commune, 43,982. 
 
 Fung-hwang, Feng-hwang (f ung ' hwang ' ) . 
 [Chinese.] In Chinese mythology, a fabulous 
 bird of good omen, said to appear when a sage is 
 about to ascend the throne, or when right prin- 
 ciples are about to triumph throughout the em- 
 pire. It is usually called the Chinese phenix, but seems, 
 from the descriptions of it found in books, to resemble the 
 argus-pheasant. It has not appeared since the days of 
 Confucius. It is frequently represented on Chinese and 
 Japanese porcelains and other works of art. Fung is the 
 name of the male bird, and hwang of the female. 
 FungOSO (fung-go'so). bn Ben Jonson's “Every 
 Man out of his Humour,” the extravagant son 
 of Sordido. He spends all he can wring out of bis 
 avaricious father iu imitating the foppish Brisk. 
 
 Fungus (fung'gus), Zachary. The principal 
 character in Foote’s “ Commissary.” Foote 
 played it himself. 
 
 Funji (fon'je). An African tribe occupying the 
 south of Dar-Sennar, between the White Nile 
 and Blue Nile, a wooded and well -watered moun- 
 tain region. They appear on Egyptian inscriptions as 
 Cushites, but have largely mixed with negroes. In the 
 16th century they formed a kingdom of their own, which 
 lasted until the beginning of the 19th century. They trade 
 iu honey, gums, ivory, gold, tamarinds, and senna-leaves. 
 Funk (fungk), Peter. A name given to a bogus 
 bidder at auctions. He is employed to bid 
 against an intending purchaser to raise the 
 price. 
 
 FutetiOre (fiir-tyar'), Antoine. Bom at Paris 
 about 1620 : died there, May 14, 1688. A French 
 lexicographer and man of letters. He wrote a 
 dictionary of the French language (1694), “ Podsies ” (1666), 
 “Fables ” (1673), etc. 
 
 Furia (anciently Fusia) gens (fu'ri-ii jenz). 
 In ancient Rome, a patrician clan or house, sup- 
 posed to have come from Tusculum. Its cogno- 
 mens were Aculeo, Bibaculus, Brocchus, Camillus, Cras- 
 sipes, Fusus, Luscus, Medullinus, PacUus, Philus, and 
 Purpureo. 
 
 Furise (fu'ri-e). [L., ‘ the Furies.’] In Roman 
 mythology, goddesses adopted from the Erinyes 
 (which see) of Greek mythology. 
 
 Furidpur, or Fureedpur. See Faridpur. 
 Furioso, Bombastes. See Bomhastes Furioso. 
 Fnrioso, Orlando. See Orland*> Furioso. 
 Furka, or Furca (for'ka). One of the highest 
 practicable Alpine passes in Switzerland, situ- 
 ated on the frontier of Uri and Valais. It leads 
 from Andermatt (Uri) to the hotel Gletsch (Va- 
 lais). Highest point, 7,992 feet. 
 
 Furnace, The. See Fornax. 
 
 Furneaux (fer-no') Islands. A group of isl- 
 ands between Australia and Tasmania, in Bass 
 Strait. 
 
 Furnes (fiirn), Flem.Veurne (vfer'ne). A town 
 in the province of West Flanders, Belgium, 16 
 miles southwest of Ostend. It has several 
 interesting old buildings. Population, 6,464. 
 Furness (fer'nes). A peninsula in Lancashire, 
 England, situated between the Irish Sea and 
 Morecambe Bay. The extensive ruins of Furness Ab- 
 bey are among the most picturesque of English medieval 
 remains. A large part of the fine church survives almost 
 complete exceptthe vaulting, and there is abeautifulEarly 
 English chapter-house. The entrance to the iv.v-draped 
 ★cloisters isby three superb deeply recessed Norman arches. 
 
 Furness, Horace Howard. Born at Philadel- 
 phia. Nov. 2, 1833: died at Wallingford, Pa., 
 Aug. 13, 1912. An American Sliaksperian 
 scholar and legal writer. He edited a variorum of 
 Shakspere’s plays, which includes: “Romeo and Juliet” 
 (1871), “Macbeth ” (1873), “ Hamlet ”(1877), “King Lear" 
 (1880), “ Othello ’’ (1886), “ The Merchant of Venice ” (1888), 
 “As you Like it” (1890), “The Tempest” (1892), “Mid- 
 summer-Nights Dream ” (1895), eta 
 
 FurnivalKfer'ni-val), Frederick James. Born 
 at Egham, Feb. 4, 1825: died July 2, 1910. A 
 noted English philologist. He studied at Cam- 
 
Fur ni vail 
 
 417 
 
 Fyzabad 
 
 bridge, where he graduated M. A. in 1849. He founded 
 the Early English Text Society (1864), Chaucer Society, 
 Ballad Society (1868), New Shakspere Society (1873), Brown- 
 ing Society (1881), Wyclif Society (1882), and Shelley Soci- 
 ety (1885). He edited a number of Early English and other 
 works, including Walter Map's “Quest del Saint Graal," 
 Harrison’s “ Description of England ” (1577-87), Stubbes's 
 “ Anatomy of Abuses ’’ (1583), a number of works for the 
 Early English Text Society and other societies ; also the 
 “Six-Text Print of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales/’ in seven 
 parts (1868-75). (See Canterbury Tales.) He also wrote 
 an introduction to the Leopold Shakspere, describing the 
 plays and discussing their chronological order, and edited 
 the facsimile quartos of Shakspere’s plays. He was noted 
 as an oarsman. He built the first narrow wager boats in 
 England in 1845. He also introduced sculls instead of oars 
 in the fours and eights, and himself rowed in the earliest 
 winning crews. 
 
 Furor (fti'rdr). In Spenser’s “Faerie Queene,” 
 a madman, typifying wrath. He is the son of a 
 wretched hag, Occasion. To tame the son the mother had 
 to be subdued. 
 
 Fursch-Madi (forsh ' ma ' de), Emma. Born 
 near Bayonne, France, 1849 : died at Warren- 
 ville, N. J., Sept. 20, 1894. A French mezzo- 
 soprano singer. She first appeared in opera at Paris 
 in 1870, and came to the United States in 1882. From 
 1891 she took charge of the vocal classes at the New York 
 College of Music. Her last appearance was in New York 
 Feb. 6, 1894. 
 
 Fiirst (fiirst), Julius. Born at Zerkowo, Posen, 
 Prussia, May 12, 1805 : died at Leipsic, Feb. 9, 
 1873. A German Orientalist, of Hebrew de- 
 scent, professor at Leipsic from 1864. His works 
 include “Concordantise librorum sacrorum Veteris Testa- 
 menti ” (1837-40), “Hebraisches und chaldiiisches Hand- 
 wbrterbuch ” (1857-61), “ Kultur- und Litteraturgeschichte 
 der Juden in Asien ’’ (1849). 
 
 Fiirstenberg (fiirs'ten-berG). AGermanmedia- 
 tized principality in southern Baden, southern 
 Wiirtemberg, and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. 
 The town of Fiirstenberg, the ancient seat of the Fursten- 
 berg family, is situated 15 miles north of Schaffhausen. 
 
 Fiirstenberg. A German noble family in West- 
 phalia and Rhineland: so called from the castle 
 of Fiirstenberg on the Ruhr. 
 
 Fiirstenbund (fiirs'ten-bont). See League of 
 the German Princes. 
 
 Flirstenwalde (fiirs'ten-val-de). Atowninthe 
 province of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on 
 the Spree 31 miles southeast of Berlin. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 20,489. 
 
 Furtado (for-ta'do), Francisco Jose. Bom at 
 Oeiras, Piauhy, Aug. 13, 1818 : died at Rio de 
 Janeiro, June 23, 1870. A Brazilian statesman. 
 He distinguished himself as an advocate and judge, was 
 elected deputy in 1847, and repeatedly reelected, becoming 
 one of the leaders of the liberal party. From 1857 to 1859 
 he was president of the new province of Amazonas ; minis- 
 ter of justice 1862 ; senator from 1864 ; and from Aug., 1864, 
 to May, 1865, premier. During this period the dispute 
 
 with Uruguay was adjusted, and the war with Paraguay 
 commenced. 
 
 Fiirth (fiirt). A town in Middle Franconia, 
 Bavaria, situated at the point where the Red- 
 nitz and Pegnitz unite to form the Regnitz, 4 
 miles northwest of Nuremberg. It manufactures 
 Nuremberg wares, mirrors, and gold-leaf. Population, 
 commune, 60,635. 
 
 Further India. See India, Further. 
 Furtwangen (fort'vang-en). A town in Baden, 
 17 miles east-northeast of Freiburg. It manu- 
 factures clocks. Population, about 5,000. 
 FurucL See Phurud. 
 
 Fury and Hecla Strait. [Named by Parry, 
 the discoverer (1823), from his ships Fury and 
 Hecla.] A sea passage in the Arctic regions, 
 situated about lat. 70° N., long. 80°-86° W. 
 It connects Boothia Gulf on the west with Fox Channel 
 on the east, and separates Cockburn Land on the north 
 from Melville Peninsula on the south. 
 
 Fusan (fo-san'). A seaport in the southeast- 
 ern part of Korea. It is open to foreign trade 
 (which is mainly in Japanese hands). 
 
 Fusaro (fo-sa'ro), Lago del. A small lake near 
 the ancient Cumae, in Italy, one of the ancient 
 lakes called Acherusia Palus. It is noted for 
 its oysters. 
 
 Fusberta (foz-ber'ta). The name of Rinaldo’s 
 sword in Ariosto’s “Orlando Furioso.” 
 
 Fusbos (fus'bos). In Rhodes’s burlesque opera 
 “Bombastes Furioso,” the minister of state. 
 He kills Bombastes, who has killed all the other 
 characters. 
 
 Fuscaldo (fos-kal'do). A small town in the 
 province of Cosenza, Italy, 16 miles northwest 
 of Cosenza. 
 
 Fuseli (fu'ze-li), originally Fiissli (fiis'le), John 
 Henry. Born at Zurich, Switzerland, Feb. 7, 
 1741 : died at Putney, near London, April 16, 
 1825. A Swiss-English painter and art critic. 
 Fusi-yama. See Fuji-san. 
 
 Fiissen (fiis'sen). [In the middle ages Fauces or 
 Fuozzin .] A small town in Swabia, Bavaria, sit- 
 uated on the Lech 58 miles southwest of Munich. 
 By the treaty of Fiissen, April 22, 1745, Maximilian J oseph, 
 elector of Bavaria, renounced all claims to the inheritance 
 of Maria Theresa. Population, about 4,000. 
 
 Fust (fost), or Faust (foust), Johann. Died 
 probably at Paris in 1466 or 1467. A German 
 printer. He was the partner of Gutenberg from about 
 1460 to 1455. In the latter year the partnership was dis- 
 solved, and Fust obtained possession of the printing-press 
 constructed by Gutenberg. He continued the business 
 with his son-in-law Peter Schoffer 
 
 Fustian. See Sylvester Daggerwood. 
 
 Futa Jallon (fo'ta zha-16n'). A territory in 
 
 the southern part of Senegambia, western Af- 
 rica, situated about lat. 10°-12° N., long. 11°- 
 13° W. The capital is Timbo. It has been under 
 French protection since 1881. Compare Fulah. 
 
 Futa-Toro (fo'ta-to'ro). A territory in the 
 northern part of Senegambia, situated south of 
 the Senegal about lat. 15°-16° N., annexed in 
 part by France in 1860. Compare Fulah. 
 
 Futteh Ali. See Feth Ali. 
 
 Futtehpur. See Fathipur. 
 
 Futtigarh. See Fathigarh. 
 
 Futurity Face, The. A race run on the first 
 day of the fall meeting of the Coney Island 
 Jockey Club at Sheepshead Bay, Long Island: 
 a sweepstakes for two-year-olds. 
 
 Fux (foks), Johann Joseph. Born at Hirten- 
 feld, near Gratz, Styria, 1660 : died at Vienna, 
 Feb. 13, 1741. A German composer and writer 
 on music. The greater part of his compositions, 406 of 
 which are still in existence, are in copy or autograph in 
 the Imperial Library, Vienna. He published “Concentus 
 musico-instrumentalis" (1701), “Missa canonica” (1718), 
 “Gradus ad Parnassum ” (1725), etc. 
 
 Fuzuli. See the extract. 
 
 Up to this time all Ottoman writings had been more or 
 less rugged and unpolished ; but in the reign of Selim’s 
 son, Suleyman I. (1520-1566), a new era began. Two great 
 poets, Fuzuli and Baki, make their appearance about the 
 same time : the one in the east, the other in the west, of 
 the now far-extending empire. Fuzuli of Baghdad, one 
 of the four great poets of the old Turkish school, is the 
 first writer of real eminence who rose in the Ottoman do- 
 minions. None of his predecessors in any way approaches 
 him ; and although his work is in the Persian style and 
 taste, he is no servile copier ; on the contrary, he struck 
 out for himself a new path, one hitherto untrodden by 
 either Turk or Persian. His chief characteristic is an in- 
 tense and passionate earnestness, which sometimes betrays 
 him into extravagances ; and although few Turkish poets 
 are in one way more artificial than he, few seem to speak 
 more directly from the heart. His best-known works con- 
 sist of his “Divan," or collection of ghazels, and a poem 
 on the loves of Leyli and Mejnun ; he has besides some 
 prose writings, which are hardly inferior to his verse. 
 
 Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 312. 
 
 Fyffe (fif), Charles Alan. Born at Black- 
 heath, Kent, Dec., 1845: died Feb. 19, 1892. An 
 English lawyer and historian. His most im- 
 portant work is a “ History of Modem Europe ” 
 (1880-90). 
 
 Fyne (fin), Loch. An inlet of the Atlantic in 
 Argyllshire, Scotland, extending 40 miles north- 
 ward and northeastward fromthe Sound of Bute. , 
 Width, from 1 to 5 miles. It is famous for its 
 herrings. Also Lochfyne. 
 
 Fyt (fit), Jan. Born at Antwerp, 1609: died 
 there, Sept. 11, 1661. A Dutch painter of ani- 
 mals and game. 
 
 Fyzabad. See Faizalad. 
 
aal (go'al), Jozsef. Born at 
 Nagy-Karoly, Hungary, Dee. 
 12, 1811: died at Budapest, 
 Feb. 28, 1866. A Hungarian 
 dramatist and novelist. 
 Gabb (gab), William More. 
 Born at Philadelphia, Jan. 
 16, 1839 : died there, May 
 30, 1878. A geologist and 
 paleontologist. From 1862 to 1865 he was paleontolo- 
 gistof the California Geological Survey. He exploredSanto 
 Domingo 1869-72, in the interests of a mining company, 
 and subsequently made an extended geographical and top- 
 ographical survey of Costa Rica for the government of 
 that republic. He published various papers on Cretaceous 
 and Tertiary invertebrates, and on Santo Domingo and 
 Central America. 
 
 Gabbatha (gab'a-tka). [Gr. Ta.ppada ; proba- 
 bly Aram., ‘elevated place.’] The name given 
 (John xix. 13) to the place (also called the Pave- 
 ment) where was placed the bema or judgment- 
 seat of Pilate. 
 
 Gabelentz (ga'be-lents),Hans Conon von der. 
 
 Born at Altenburg, Germany, Oct. 13, 1807 : died 
 near Triptis, Saxe-Weimar, Germany, 8ept. 3, 
 1874. A German philologist and politician. He 
 wrote “Elements de la grammaire mandchoue” (1833), 
 “ Die melanesischen Spraclien ” (1860), and other works on 
 Oriental languages. 
 
 Gabelentz, Hans Georg Conon von der. Bom 
 
 at Poschwitz, near Altenburg, Germany, March 
 16, 1840 : died at Berlin , Dec. 1 2, 1893. A German 
 philologist, son of H. C. von der Gabelentz. He 
 was appointed professor of East-Asiatic languages at Leip- 
 sic in 1878, and at Berlin in 1889. He wrote “ Chinesische 
 Grammatik ’’ (1881), etc. 
 
 ’Gaberlunzie Man(gab-er-lun'zi man ), The. A 
 Scottish ballad traditionally ascribed, though 
 without evidence, to James Y. The gaberlunzie 
 (or gaberlunyie) was a wallet or bag, and the gaberlunzie 
 man was a wandering beggar or tinker who carried the 
 wallet. 
 
 Gabes. See Cubes. 
 
 Gabhra, Battle of. In the legends of the Irish 
 Gaels, a battle between the tribe of Fionn and 
 its enemies, about 284. 
 
 Gabli (ga'bi-1). A city of ancient Latium, sit- 
 uated about half-way between Borne and Prse- 
 neste : one of the oldest of the cities belonging 
 to the Latin federation. According to Roman le- 
 gend it was conquered by Tarquinius Superbus in the fol- 
 lowing manner : His youngest son, Sextus, presented him- 
 self before Gabiiin the guise of a fugitive from his father’s 
 tyranny, and was received by the Gabines as their leader, 
 whereupon Sextus sent to Rome for further instructions. 
 The messenger found Tarquin in his garden. Without 
 saying a word, the king knocked off the heads of the tallest 
 poppies. The messenger returned to Sextus, who saw the 
 meaning of the parable, and cut off the chief men of Gabii, 
 which was then surrendered to Tarquin. 
 
 Gabinian Law (ga-bin'i-an la). [L. Lex Ga- 
 binia .] 1. A Roman law, passed in 67 b. c., by 
 
 which Cn. Pompeius was invested for three 
 years with unlimited command over the whole 
 Mediterranean and its coasts for fifty miles in- 
 land, and received unconditional control of the 
 public treasuries of the provinces, for the pur- 
 pose of conducting the war against the pirates. 
 — 2. A Roman law, passed in 58 b. c., which for- 
 bade loans of money at Rome to legations from 
 foreign countries, the object of which was to 
 prevent such legations from borrowing money 
 to bribe the senators. 
 
 GabinillS (ga-bin'i-us), Aulus. Died at Salonre, 
 Dalmatia, about 47 B. c. A Roman tribune 
 (67 b. c.). He proposed a law giving Pompey 
 command against the pirates. 
 
 Gabirol (ga-be-rol'), Solomon ibn. Born at 
 Malaga, 1021: died 1070. A celebrated Jewish 
 poet and philosopher. He lived in Saragossa, Spain. 
 His poetry is characterized by its finish of form and lofti- 
 ness of thought. His poems are mostly serious, some- 
 times gloomy. The most important of these is his “ Royal 
 Crown ’’ (“ Kether Malkuth ”), a religio-philosophical med- 
 itation, which has been translated into almost every Eu- 
 ropean language. Many of his numerous religious poems 
 have been incorporated in the Jewish liturgy, of his 
 philosophical works, written in Arabic, the principal one 
 is the "Fountain of Life," based on the Neoplatonic sys- 
 tem. Its Latin translation, “ Foils Vitae, ’’ is often quoted 
 
 by Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Giordano Bruno, 
 and others. He also wrote an ethical work, “Introduc- 
 tion for the Attaining of Good Habits of the Soul ” (“ Tikun 
 Midoth ha-Nefesh ”), and a collection of proverbs ("Se- 
 lection of Pearls,” “Mibliar ha-Peninim ”). 
 
 Gablenz (ga'bleutz), Ludwig Karl Wilhelm, 
 Freiherr von. Born at Jena, July 19, 1814: died 
 at Zurich, Jan. 28, 1874. An Austrian general. 
 He entered the Austrian army in 1833 ; served under Win- 
 dischgratz and Schlick in Hungary 1848-49 ; became ma- 
 jor-general in the array of occupation in the Danubian 
 principalities in 1854 ; commanded a brigade at the battle 
 of Solferino in 1859; commanded the Austrians in the 
 war of Austria and Prussia against Denmark iu 1864 ; be- 
 came governor of Holstein in 1865 ; commanded an army 
 corps at Trautenau June 27 and 28, and at Koniggriitz July 
 3, in the Austro- Prussian war in 1866. He committed sui- 
 cide in a fit of despondency brought on by financial diffi- 
 culties. 
 
 Gabler (ga'bler), Georg Andreas. Born at 
 Altdorf, Bavaria, July 30, 1786: died at Teplitz, 
 Bohemia, Sept. 13,1853. AGerman philosopher, 
 son of J. P. Gabler: a disciple of Hegel, and his 
 successor in Berlin. 
 
 Gabler, Johann Philipp. Born at Frankfort- 
 on-tke-Main, June 4, 1753: died at Jena, Ger- 
 many, Feb. 17, 1826. A German rationalistic 
 theologian, professor of theology at Jena from 
 1804. He edited Eichhorn’s “Urgesehichte” 
 (1790-93), etc. 
 
 Gabions (ga'blonts). A town in Bohemia, situ- 
 ated on the Neisse 57 miles northeast of Prague. 
 It manufactures glass. Population, commune, 
 29,605, (1910). 
 
 Gaboon (ga-bon'). See Kongo , French. 
 
 Gaboriau (ga-bo-ryo'), Emile. Born at Saujon, 
 Charente-Inferieure, France, Nov. 9, 1833 : died 
 at Paris, Sept. 28, 1873. A French novelist, 
 author of “Le dossier No. 113” (1867), “Le 
 crime d’Orcival” (1867), “M. Lecoq” (1869), 
 “La ddgringolade ” (1871), “La corde au con” 
 (1873), and other detective stories. 
 
 Gaboto (ga-bd'to). The Spanish form of Cabot 
 (which see). 
 
 Gabriel (ga'bri-el). [Heb., ‘ God is my strong 
 one.’] A name of one of the archangels. He 
 interprets to Daniel his visions (Dan. viii. 16, ix. 21) and 
 announces the birth of John the Baptist and Jesus (Luke 
 i. 19, 26). In the Koran he is represented as the medium 
 of revelation to Mohammed. 
 
 Gabriel. One of the ships of Frobisher’s first 
 expedition in 1576. 
 
 Gabriel Channel. A sea passage between Tier- 
 ra delFuego and Dawson Island, about lat. 54° 
 15' S.. long. 70° 40' W. 
 
 Gabriel Hounds. The name given in folk-lore to 
 a cry heard in the upper air at night, supposed 
 to forebode trouble. 
 
 Gabriel Lajeunesse. See Lajeunesse. 
 
 Gabrielle (gii-bre-el'), La belle. See Estrees, 
 Gabrielle d’. 
 
 Gabrielle d’Estrees, ou les Amours de Henri 
 
 IV. An opera by Mehul, words by Saint-Just, 
 produced in 1806. 
 
 Gabrielli (ga-bre-el'le), Catterina. Born at 
 Rome, Nov. 12, 1730: died there, in April, 1796. 
 A celebrated Italian singer. She was the daughter 
 of Prince Gabrielli’s cook, and is st ill known as La Cochetta 
 or'Cocliettina. She was a pupil of Garcia and Porpora, 
 and made her first appearance at Lucca in 1747. Her 
 style was the most brilliant bravura, and her other ac- 
 complishments were unusual. She was notorious for her 
 caprices. 
 
 Gabrovo (ga-bro'vd), or Gabrova (-va), or Ka- 
 brova (ka-brd'va). A town in Bulgaria, sit- 
 uated on the river Jantra 26 miles southwest 
 of Tirnova. Population. 7,816. 
 
 Gabun (ga-bon'). See Kongo , French. 
 
 Gachard (ga-skar'), Louis Prosper. Born at, 
 Paris, March 12, 1800: died at Brussels, Dec. 24, 
 1885. A Belgian historian, keeper of the ar- 
 chives of the kingdom of Belgium. He edited the 
 correspondence of William the Silent, of Philip II. on 
 affairs in the Low Countries, and of Margaret of Austria, 
 duchess of Parma, with Philip II. He wrote “Retraite et 
 mort de Charles V.” (1854-55), etc. 
 
 Gad (gad). [Heb., ‘fortune.’] 1. A son of the 
 patriarch Jacob by Zilpak. — 2. One of the 
 twelve tribes of Israel, occupying the region 
 418 
 
 east of the Jordan, north of Reuben and south 
 of Manasseh. — 3. A Hebrew prophetand chron- 
 icler at the court of David. 
 
 Gadabout (gad'a-bout // ), Mrs. A character in 
 Garrick’s play “ The Lying Valet.” 
 
 Gadames. See Ghadames. 
 
 Gadara (gad'a-ra). [Gr. TaSapa.] In ancient 
 geography, a city of the Decapolisin Syria, situ- 
 ated about 7 miles southeast of the Sea of Galilee, 
 probably the capital of Perasa : the modem vil- 
 lage of Um Keis. It was rebuilt by Pompey. Here 
 are remains of a large Roman theater, not excavated in a 
 hill, but entirely built up of masonry on vaulted sub- 
 structions and in good preservation, and of a smaller the- 
 ater on the same site. 
 
 Gaddi ( gad'de), Agnolo or Angelo. Born 1333 : 
 died 1396. A Florentine painter, son of Taddeo 
 Gaddi. His best-known works are the frescos 
 (scenes from the life of Mary) in the parish 
 church of Prato. 
 
 Gaddi, Gaddo. Born about 1260 : died about 
 1333. A Florentine painter and mosaicist. 
 He executed notable works in mosaic at Rome (on the 
 facade of Santa Maria Maggiore) and at Florence (over the 
 chief portal of tile Duomo). 
 
 Gaddi, Taddeo. Born about 1300 : died atFlor- 
 ence, 1366 (?). A Florentine painter and archi- 
 tect, son of Gaddo Gaddi and pupil of Giotto. 
 Among his chief works are frescos (scenes from 
 the life of Mary) in Santa Croce, Florence. 
 
 Gade (ga'de), Niels Wilhelm. Born at Copen- 
 hagen, Oct. 22, 1817 : died there, Dec. 21, 1890. 
 A noted Danish composer and conductor. After 
 1848 he occupied various official positions (court organist, 
 etc.) at Copenhagen. Among his works are seven sym- 
 phonies, five overtures (the Ossian overture was crowned 
 in 1841), etc. He also wrote many choral and solo songs, 
 and a number of solo pieces for the piano, of which 
 ‘ ‘ Aquarellen,” a series of musical sketches, and the “ Volks- 
 tanze ” are the best. Grave. 
 
 Gades (ga'dez), or Gadeira (ga-di'ra). [L. 
 Gades, Gr. Tadetpa. (pi.), Tadeipoc, orig. Piien., ‘in- 
 closure.’] The remotest colony of the Pheni- 
 cians in the west. It was founded about 1100 b. c. be- 
 yond Gibraltar- at the northwestern extremity of an island, 
 about 12 miles long, which lies off the western coast of 
 Spain, and occupied almost exactly the same site as the 
 modern Cadiz. It was the headquarters of the western 
 commerce of the Phenicians, and contained various tem- 
 ples of the Phenician gods. See Cadiz. 
 
 Gades or Cadiz, which has kept its name and its un- 
 broken position as a great city from an earlier time than 
 any other city in Europe. Freeman , Hist. Geog., p. 35. 
 
 Of these by far the most important was Gadeira. This 
 town was situated at the northwestern extremity of an isl- 
 and, about twelve miles long, which lies off the western 
 coast of Spain a little outside the straits. A narrow chan- 
 nel, more like a river than an arm of the sea, and now 
 spanned by a bridge, separates the island from the shore, 
 expanding, however, towards its northern end. where it 
 forms itself into a land-locked bay, capable of containing 
 all the navies of the world. Two islets lie across the 
 mouth of the channel at this end, and effectually prevent 
 the entrance of the long rolling waves from the Atlantic. 
 The original city was small, and enclosed within a strong 
 wall, whence the name “Gadir” or "Gadeira,” which 
 meant in the Phoenician language “an enclosure” or “a 
 fortified place.” It occupied almost exactly the site of 
 the modern Cadiz, being spread over the northern end of 
 the island, the little islet of the Trocadero, and ultimately 
 over a portion of the opposite coast. It contained temples 
 of El, Melkarth, and Ashtoreth or Astartd. 
 
 Rawlinson , Phoenicia, p. 67. 
 
 Gadhels (gad'elz). [See Gael.] That branch 
 of the Celtic race which comprises the Erse of 
 Ireland, the Gaels of Scotland, and the Manx of 
 the Isle of Man, as distinguished from the Cym- 
 ric branch. See Cymry. Ireland was the first home 
 of the Gadhelic branch, whence it spread to Scotland in 
 the 6th century — a portion of the branch, under the name 
 of Scots, having then settled in Argyll, The Scots ulti- 
 mately became the dominant race, the Piets, an earlier ami 
 probably a Cymric race, being lost in them. 
 
 After the old way of inventing persons to explain the 
 names of tribes, the name of Gaedhel was derived by the 
 ancient Irish clergy from a Gaedhal or Gadelas who lived 
 in the time of Moses. Ilis father, Niul, had married a 
 daugliterof that Pharaoh who, in pursuit of the Israelites, 
 was drowned in the Red Sea, and called her Scota because 
 he was himself a Scythian. Their son was said to have 
 been called Gaodhal as a lover of learning, from gaoith, 
 which is in Irish “learning," and dil, which is in Irish 
 “love.” Morley, English Writers, I. 166. 
 
Gadiatch 
 
 Gadiatch (gad'yaeh). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Pultowa, Russia, situated on the rivers 
 Psiol and Gran about lat. 50° 22' N., long. 34° 
 E. Population, 10,278. 
 
 Gaditanum Fretum (gad-i-ta'num fre'tum). 
 [L., ‘ Strait of Gades.’] The ancient name of 
 the Strait of Gibraltar. 
 
 Gadsden (gadz'den), Christopher. Born at 
 Charleston, S. C., 1724 : died at Charleston, Aug. 
 28, 1805. An American patriot and Revolution- 
 ary officer. He was a delegate to the Colonial Congress 
 which met at New York in 1765 ; was a member of the 
 Continental Congress which met at Philadelphia in 1774 ; 
 was made a colonel in the militia of South Carolina in 
 1775 ; and became brigadier-general in 1776, a post which 
 he resigned in 1779. As lieutenant-governor of South 
 Carolina he signed the articles of capitulation at the sur- 
 render of Charleston to Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 Gadsden, James. Born at Charleston, S. C., 
 May 15, 1788 : died at Charleston, Dec. 25, 1858. 
 An American politician and diplomatist, grand- 
 son of C. Gadsden. As minister to Mexico he 
 negotiated the “Gadsden Purchase ” (which see) 
 in 1853. 
 
 Gadsden Purchase. A treaty negotiated Dec. 
 30, 1853, by James Gadsden, United States min- 
 ister to Mexico, by which the United States ac- 
 quired from Mexico a tract of 45,000 square 
 miles, now included in the southern part of 
 Arizona and New Mexico, for $10,000,000. 
 Gadskill (gadz'hil). A hill 3 miles northwest 
 of Rochester, England, on the road to Graves- 
 end. It commands a fine view, and is noted as the place, 
 in Shaksperes “1 Henry IV.," where Pal staff had his en- 
 counter with the “men in buckram.” Gadshill, one of 
 the thieves, is a character in the play. There is an inn 
 there called the Falstaff Inn. Opposite stands Gadshill 
 Place, the residence of Charles Dickens in which he died. 
 
 Gaea (je'a), or Ge (je). [Gr. Tala, r?/.] In Greek 
 mythology, a goddess, the personification of the 
 earth. According to Hesiod, she was the first-born of 
 Chaos and the mother of Uranus and Pontus. By Uranus 
 she was the mother of Oceanus, Cronus, and many others. 
 (See Uranus.) Homer makes her the mother of Erechtheus 
 and Tithyus. She was worshiped at Rome as Tellus. 
 
 Gaedhals. See Gadhels. 
 
 Gael (gal). [From Gael. Gaidheal (contr. Gael), 
 Ir. Gaoidhem (with dh now silent), Olr. Goidcl, 
 a Gael, formerly equiv. also to ‘Irishman/ W. 
 gwyddel, an Irishman.] A Scottish Highlander 
 or Celt. 
 
 Gaesbeeck (gas'bak), Adriaan van. Born at 
 Leyden : died there, 1650. A Dutch genre and 
 portrait painter, a follower of Gerard Douw. 
 Gaeta (ga-a'ta). A seaport in the province of 
 Caserta, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Gaeta in 
 lat. 41° 12' N., long. 13° 35' E. : the ancient Por- 
 tus Caietfe. It has a cathedral and an ancient tomb (Torre 
 d'Orlando), and is noted for the strength of its fortress. 
 It resisted the Teutonic invaders in the middle ages ; was 
 a free city, and then passed to the Normans ; had various 
 sieges : was taken by the Austrians in 1707, by the Span- 
 iards and Allies in 1734, and by Massena after a long siege 
 in 1806 ; and was the place of refuge of Pope Pius IX. 
 1848-50, and of Francis II. of Naples in 1860. It sur- 
 rendered to the forces of Victor Emmanuel in 1861. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 5,528. 
 
 Gaeta, Gulf of. An indentation of the Medi- 
 terranean, situated southwest of the province of 
 Caserta, Italy. 
 
 Gaeta, Mola di. See Formia. 
 
 Gaetulia (je-tu'li-a). In ancient geography, the 
 land of the Gaetuii, a region in northern Africa, 
 south of Mauretania and Numidia, extending 
 from the land of the Garamantes westward to 
 the Atlantic. The Gretulians were subjected 
 to Roman rule about the time of Christ. 
 Gagarin (ga-ga'ren), Alexander Ivanovitch. 
 Died at Kutais, Transcaucasia, Russia, Nov. 6, 
 1857. A Russian general, distinguished in the 
 Caucasus and in the Crimean war. He was 
 governor of Kutais at the time of his death. 
 Gagarin, Ivan Sergej e witch. Born at St. 
 
 Petersburg in 1814: didtl at Paris in 1882. A 
 Russian Jesuit writer. He was originally a diplo- 
 matist, and in 1837 was secretary of the embassy at Vienna 
 and at Paris. In 1843 he embraced Catholicism and en- 
 tered the order of Jesuits. He was one of the founders of 
 ‘‘Etudes de Th^ologie, etc. "(1857: a journal merged in 
 “Etudes Religieuses, etc., ”1862). He wrote “Fes staro- 
 vferes, IVglise russe, et le pape ’’ (1857), “ La Russie sera-t- 
 cdle catholique? ”(1857),“ Les hy nines de l’figlise grecque ” 
 (1868). 
 
 Gage (gaj), Lyman Judson. Born at DeRuy- 
 ter, N. Y., June 28, 1836. An American finan- 
 cier. He was president of the Civic Federation of 
 Chicago and of the Chicago Exposition Company ; has 
 been three times president of the American Bankers’ As- 
 sociation, and in 1891 became president of the First Na- 
 tional Bank of Chicago. He was .Secretary of the Treasury 
 1897-1901, 1901-02. 
 
 Gage, Thomas. Born, probably in Surrey, 
 about 1596: died in Jamaica, 1656. An Eng- 
 lish missionary and author. Rejoined the Domini- 
 
 419 
 
 cans in Spain, and from 1625 to 1637 was a missionary in 
 Mexico and Guatemala. Returning, he renounced Roman 
 Catholicism in 1640, and became a Protestant preacher in 
 England. In 1648 he published his “English American, 
 or New Survey of the West Indies,” describing his travels 
 in Amerjca. He pointed out that the rich Spanish colonies 
 were nearly defenseless, and his account soon led to pri- 
 vateering expeditions against them. Gage was appointed 
 chaplain to the squadron sent under Venables and Penn 
 to the West Indies, where he died. 
 
 Gage, Thomas. Born in 1721: died April 2, 
 1787. A British general. He entered the army in 
 1741 ; served in the expeditions under Braddock against 
 Fort Duquesne in 1755, under Abercrombie against Ticonde- 
 roga in 1758, and under Amherst against Montreal in 1760 ; 
 was commander-in-chief in North America (with head- 
 quarters at New York) 1763-72 ; was appointed governor- 
 in-chief and captain-general of the province of Massachu- 
 setts Bay (with headquarters at Boston) in 1774 ; was made 
 commander-in-chief in North America in 1775; and re- 
 turned to England in 1775. He was promoted general in 
 1782. During his governorship occurred the battles of 
 Lexington and Bunker Hill. 
 
 Gagern (ga'gem), Hans Christoph Ernst, 
 Baron von. Bom at Kleinniedesheim, near 
 Worms, Hesse-Darmstadt, Jan. 25, 1766: died at 
 Homau,near Hochst, Hesse-Darmstadt, Oct.22, 
 1852. A German politician and diplomatist (in 
 the service of the King of the Netherlands), and 
 political writer. His works include “ Die Resultate 
 der Sittengeschichte " (1808-22), “ Die Nationalgeschichte 
 der Deutschen ” (1825-26), etc. 
 
 Gagern, Heinrich Wilhelm August, Baron 
 von. Born at Bayreuth, Bavaria, Aug. 20, 
 1799: died at Darmstadt, Germany, May 22, 
 1880. A German statesman, son of II. C. E. 
 von Gagern. He was president of the Frankfort Par- 
 liament in 1848, and president of the imperial ministry 
 Dec., 1848, -May, 1849. 
 
 Gaguin (ga-gan'), Robert. Born at Calonne- 
 sur-le-Lys about 1425 : died near Nieppe, July 
 22, 1502. A French chronicler. He became pro- 
 fessor of rhetoric in the University of Paris in 1463, and 
 was employed in diplomatic missions by Louis XI. , Charles 
 VIII., and Louis XII. Author of “Compendium supra 
 Francorum Gestis, a Pharamundo usque ad annum 1491 ” 
 (Paris, 1497). 
 
 Gahanbar (ge-hen-bar'). [Pers., properly ‘pe- 
 riod of time or times.’] One of the six season 
 festivals held on the 45th, 105th, 180th, 210th, 
 290th, and 365th days of the Parsee year, which 
 commences now on Sept. 20 according to In- 
 dian Parsee reckoning, on Aug. 21 according 
 to Persian reckoning, but retrogrades one day 
 every leap-year. Theseperiods, originally the six sea- 
 sons of the year, came to represent in later times the six 
 periods of creation. 
 
 Gaheris (ga'her-is). In Arthurian romance, the 
 son of Morganse, the sister of King Arthur. He 
 killed his mother for adultery. 
 
 Gahs (gahz). [Pers. gah, time.] Prayers (five 
 in number) of the Parsee liturgy which are of- 
 fered to the several angels who preside over the 
 five watches into which the day and night are 
 divided (6 to 10 a. m., 10 a. m. to 3 p. m., 3 to 
 6 P. M., 6 to 12 M., 12 M. to 6 A. M.). These 
 prayers must be recited every day at their re- 
 spective times. 
 
 Gaiam (gi'am). The fifth-magnitude star o 
 Herculis, in the club of the giant: sometimes 
 written Guiani. 
 
 Gaiety Theatre, The. A London theater situ- 
 ated on the north side of the Strand. It was 
 opened in 1868, and in it opera bouffe was “ac- 
 climatized ” in England. 
 
 Gaikwar’s, or Gaekwar’s, Dominions. See 
 
 Baroda. 
 
 Gail (gal or gay), Madame (Edme Sophie 
 Garre). Born at Melun, France, Aug. 28, 1775: 
 died at Paris, July 24, 1819. A French com- 
 poser of comic operas, wife of J. B. Gail. She 
 wrote “ Mademoiselle de Lauuay k la Bastille ” (1813), 
 “Angdla” (1814 : in collaboration with Boieldieu), “La 
 Sdrbnade ” (1818), etc. 
 
 Gail, Jean Baptiste. Born at Paris, July 4, 
 1755: died at Paris, Feb. 5, 1829. A noted 
 French Hellenist, a prolific writer of transla- 
 tions from the Greek and of grammatical and 
 critical works. 
 
 Gailenreuther Hohle (gi'len-roi-ter he'le). A 
 famous cavern near Muggendorf, in Upper 
 Franconia, Bavaria, containing fossil bones of 
 various wild animals : human bones and pot- 
 sherds have also been found there. 
 
 Gaillac (ga-yak'). A town in the department 
 of Tarn, France, situated on the Tarn in lat. 
 43° 55' N., long. 1° 54' E. It is noted for its 
 red and white wines. Population, commune, 
 7,535. 
 
 Gaillard (ga-yar'), Chateau. See Chdteau 
 Gaillard. 
 
 Gaillard, Gabriel Henri. Born at Ostel, near 
 Soissons, France, March 26, 1726: died at St. 
 Firmin, near Chantilly, France, Feb. 13, 1806. 
 
 Gaius 
 
 A French historian. Hisworks include “Histoirede 
 Francois I ir , etc.” (1766), “Histoire de la rival ite de la 
 France et de l’Angleterre ” (1771-77), “ Histoire de Charle- 
 magne ” (1782), “ Histoire de la rivalitb de la France et de 
 l’Espagne ” (1801), etc. 
 
 Gaillon (ga-yon'). A small town in the de- 
 partment of Eure, France, situated on the 
 Seine 22 miles southeast of Rouen. A chateau 
 here was a favorite residence of Francis I. 
 Gainas (ga'nas). Died in 400 a. d. A West- 
 Gothic general in the Roman service. He acquired 
 distinction in the war against Arbogast in 394. He was 
 a partizan of Stiliclio, who, on the death of Theodosius the 
 Great, and the division of the empire between Arcadius and 
 Honorius, became regent for the Western Empire, while 
 Rufinus became regent for the Eastern. He procured the 
 murder of the latter at Constantinople Nov. 27, 395. Hav- 
 ing been sent to subdue a rebellion of the East Goths 
 whom Theodosius had colonized in Asia Minor, he formed 
 a coalition with their leader. Tribigild, and marched 
 against Constantinople in 399. He was admitted into the 
 capital ; but as his demand for freedom of worship for the 
 Arian Goths provoked a massacre by the Catholics, he was 
 obliged to withdraw to Thrace. He was defeated and 
 killed by the Huns in 400. 
 
 Gaines (ganz), Edmund Pendleton. Born in 
 Culpeper County, Va., March 20, 1777: died at 
 New Orleans, June 6, 1849. An American 
 general. He participated as colonel in the engagement 
 at Chrysler’s Field Nov. 11, 1813, and as brigadier-general 
 successfully defended Fort Erie against a superior force 
 in Aug., 1814. 
 
 Gaines’s Mill. A locality in Virginia, about 8 
 miles northeast of Richmond. Here, June 27, 1862; 
 a sanguinary battle was fought between part of Lee s 
 army and part of McClellan’s. The loss of the Federals 
 was 6,837 ; that of the Confederates, as reported, was 3,284, 
 but it is believed to have been at least 7,000. 
 Gainsborough (ganz'bur-o). A town and river 
 port in Lincolnshire, England, situated on the 
 Trent 15 miles northwest of Lincoln. Popu- 
 lation, 17,660. 
 
 Gainsborough, Thomas. Born at Sudbury, 
 Suffolk, 1727: died at London, Aug. 2, 1788. 
 A noted English painter, son of a wool manu- 
 facturer. He went to London in his fifteenth year, and 
 studied with Gravelot, an engraver and teacher of draw- 
 ing, and also at St. Martin’s Lane Academy, and with 
 Frank Hayman. In 1745 he returned to Sudbury, where 
 he set up a studio as portrait-painter. He soon removed 
 to Ipswich, remaining there till 1760, when he went to 
 Bath. At the foundation of the Royal Academy in 17( 8 
 Gainsborough was one of the original 36 members. In 
 1774 he left Bath for London. In 1779 he was at the 
 height of his fame. From 1769 to 1783 (except 1772-76) lie 
 was a constant exhibitor at the Royal Academy. He sent 
 nothing to the exhibitions after that year, owing to a dis- 
 agreement with the council. He painted over 300 pic- 
 tures, more than 220 being portraits. In the National 
 Gallery are his “Musidora,” “The Market Cart,” “The 
 Watering Place,” “Gainsborough’s Forest,” etc., and five 
 portraits, one of them being Mrs. Siddons. There are 
 five of his portraits in the Dulwich Gallery, and others 
 also in the National Portrait Gallery, at Hampton Court, 
 at Buckingham Palace, and at Grosvenor House, where is 
 the celebrated “ Blue Boy,” a portrait of Master Buttall. 
 “Gainsborough probably painted more than one ‘Blue 
 Boy,’ and there are many copies, but the picture belong- 
 ing to the Duke of Westminster (in theGrosvenor Gallery] 
 is the most famous of those to which the name has been 
 given.” (Diet. Nat. Biog.) He painted George III. eight 
 times. The famous portrait of the Duchess of Devonshire 
 was painted in 1783. The “Girl with Pigs” (1782) was 
 purchased by Sir Joshua Reynolds. There are also pic- 
 tures of his in Dublin, Glasgow, Edinburgh, etc. 
 
 Gairdner (gard'ner), James. Born at Edin- 
 burgh, March 22, 1828 : died at Pinner, Middle- 
 sex, Nov. 6, 1912. An English historian. 
 In 1846 he entered the Public Record Office, London, and 
 in 1859 became assistant keeper of the public records. H e 
 edited “Memorials of Henry VII." (Rolls Series, 1858), 
 “Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Reigns of Richard 
 III. and Henry VII.” (Rolls Series, 1861-63), “Three Fif- 
 teenth-Century Chronicles” (1880), vols. 6-21 of the 
 “Letters and Papers of Henry VIII." (1879-1912), a new 
 edition of the “ Paston Letters ’’ (1872-75), etc. ; and has 
 written “Houses of Lancaster and York” (1874), “Life 
 and Reign of Richard III.” (1878), “Henry VII.” (1889), 
 
 “ Lollardy and the Reformation in England ” (1908-n), etc. 
 
 Gairloch. (gar'loch). A small arm of the sea 
 on the western coast of Ross-shire, Scotland. 
 Gais (gls). A health-resort in the canton of 
 Appenzell, Switzerland, 6 miles southeast of 
 St.-Gall. 
 
 Gaisford (gaz'ford), Thomas. Born at, Iford, 
 Wiltshire, Dec. 22, 1779: died at Oxford, June 2, 
 1855. An English scholar. He studied at Christ 
 Church, Oxford, where he was appointed regius professor 
 of Greek in 1812 and dean in 1831. He edited “ Repines 
 tionis Enchiridion deMetris, ’’with “ProcliChrestomathia’’ 
 (1810), “ Herodotus cum notis variorum ” (1824), “ Suidse 
 Lexicon ” (1834), etc. 
 
 Gaissin (gii'e-sen), or Haissin (hii'e-sen). A 
 town in the government of Podolia, Russia, 
 situated on the river Sob in lat. 48° 48' N., long. 
 29° 25' E. Population, 11,300. 
 
 Gaius (ga'yus), or Caius (ka'yus). [L., prop. 
 Gains, in Gr. form rdiof, sometimes Valor. ] Born 
 about 110 a. d. : died about 180. A celebrated 
 Roman jurist, a native, probably, of the eastern 
 part of the empire. He was, for the greater part of his 
 
Gaius 
 
 life, a teacher arid writer in Rome. He wrote numerous 
 works on the civil law, the most noted being seven books of 
 “Aurea" (‘‘Rerum Quotidianarum Libri VII.”) and four 
 books of “Institutiones,” a favorite manual and the foun- 
 dation of Justinian's “Institutes.” A manuscript (palimp- 
 sest on which the “Letters” of St. Jerome had been writ- 
 ten : in some parts the parchment had been twice used, 
 after the original writing had been erased) of the “ Insti- 
 tutiones ” was found by Niebuhr at Verona in 1816. It 
 was edited by Goschen (1820). 
 
 Galabat (ga-la-bat'). Aregionin eastern Africa, 
 near the western border of Abyssinia, about lat. 
 13° N., long. 36° E. ^ 
 
 Galacz. See Galatz. 
 
 Galahad (gal'a-had), Sir. The noblest and 
 purest knight of the Round Table. The char- 
 acter was invented by Walter Map in the 
 “ Quest of the Graal.” 
 
 Sir Galahad, Map’s ideal knight, was the son of his 
 L’Ancelot and Elaine. The son and namesake of Joseph 
 of Arimathea, Bishop Joseph, to whom the Holy Dish was 
 bequeathed, first instituted the Order of the Round Table. 
 The initiated at their festivals sat as apostle knights round 
 the table, with the Holy Graal in the midst, leaving one 
 seat vacant as that which the Lord had occupied, and 
 which was reserved for a descendant of Joseph, named 
 Galahad. Whatever man else attempted to sit in the place 
 of Galahad the earth swallowed. It was called therefore 
 the Siege (seat) Perilous. When men became sinful, the 
 Holy Graal, visible only to pure eyes, disappeared. On 
 its recovery depended the honour and peace of England, 
 but only Sir Galahad, who at the appointed time was 
 brought to the knights by a mysterious old man clothed 
 in white, and placed in the Siege Perilous— only the pure 
 Sir Galahad succeeded in the quest. 
 
 Morley, English Writers, III. 142. 
 
 Galaor (gal'a-or). The brother of Amadis de 
 Gaul. See Amadis. 
 
 Galapagos (ga-la'pa-gos), or Galapagos (gal- 
 a-pa/gos) Islands. [‘Tortoise Islands.’] A 
 group of volcanic islands in the Pacific, 
 west of Ecuador, in long. 89°-92° W. Of the 
 
 10 principal islands Albemarle is the largest. They 
 were formerly noted for tortoises (Sp. galapagos), and are 
 remarkable for peculiarities of the fauna and flora. They 
 have been in possession of Ecuador since 1832. They were 
 investigated by Darwin in his voyage in the Beagle. Area, 
 2,400 square miles. Population, about 400. 
 
 Galapas (gal'a-pas). A giant slain by Arthur. 
 
 Arthur first cut tils legs off in order to reach his head, and 
 then smote that off too. Malory. 
 
 Galashiels (gal-a-shelz'). A parliamentary 
 burgh partly in Selkirkshire and partly in Rox- 
 burghshire, Scotland, situated on the Gala, 27 
 miles southeast of Edinburgh, near Abbots- 
 ford: noted for woolen manufactures. Popu- 
 lation, parliamentary burgh, 12,804. 
 
 Galata (ga'la-ta). A section of Constantinople, 
 situated on the northern side of the Golden 
 Horn, opposite Seraglio Point, it is the seat of 
 important commercial establishments, and contains a re- 
 markable tower. It was founded by the Genoese in 1216. 
 
 On the right of the Golden Horn is the European quar- 
 ter, known as Galata near the water's edge, and as Pera on 
 the top of the steep hill where the European colony has 
 its houses and the embassies their town palaces. Galata 
 is the mercantile and shipping quarter; Pera is the West 
 End of Constantinople in all but the points of the compass. 
 
 Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 262. 
 
 Galatea (gal-a-te'a). [Gr. PaUd-raa.] 1. In 
 Greek mythology, a sea-nymph, the daughter 
 of Nereus and Doris. See Acis. — 2. A charac- 
 ter in Vergil’s third eclogue. She hid herself 
 among the willows in order to be followed. In 
 literature, a type of coquetry. — 3. A statue ani- 
 mated by Venus in answer to the prayer of Pyg- 
 malion. She has nothing to do with the legend 
 of Acis and Galatea. See Pygmalion and Gal- 
 atea. 
 
 Galatea. 1. A prose pastoral with lyrics, by 
 Cervantes, said to have been inspired by the 
 lady who afterward became his wife. It was 
 written about 1583. A second part was prom- 
 ised, but was not written. 
 
 Like other works of the same sort, the Galatea [of Cer- 
 vantes] is founded on an affectation which can never be 
 successful, and which, in this particular instance, from 
 the unwise accumulation and involution of the stories in 
 its fable, from the conceited metaphysics with which it is 
 disfigured, and from the poor poetry profusely scattered 
 through it, is more than usually unfortunate. Perhaps no 
 one of the many pastoral tales produced in Spain in the 
 sixteenth and seventeenth centuries fails so much in the 
 tone it should maintain. Ticknor, Span. Lit., II. 99. 
 
 2. A play by John Lyly, printed in 1592. — 3. 
 A romantic pastoral by Plorian, imitated from 
 Cervantes, published in 1783. 
 
 Galatea. A steel cutter yacht designed by 
 J. Beavor-Webb and launched at Port Glas- 
 gow, May, 1885. Her dimensions are : length over all, 
 102.60 feet; length at load water-line, 86.80; beam, 15; 
 beam (load water-line), 15 ; draught, 13.50 ; displacement, 
 157.63 tons. She challenged for the America’s cup, and 
 was beaten by the Mayflower in two races, Sept. 7 and 
 Sept. 9, 1886. 
 
 Galatea, Triumph of. A famous fresco by 
 Raphael (1514), in the Villa Farnesina, Rome. 
 Galatea, lightly draped, is drawn over the tranquil sea by 
 
 420 
 
 dolphins, attended by nymphs and sea-gods. Cupids in 
 the air above are piercing with their arrows members of 
 her train. 
 
 Galatee (ga-la-ta/). [F., ‘Galatea.’] An opera 
 by Masse, first produced at Paris in 1852. 
 This is the story of Pygmalion and Galatea. 
 Galatia (ga-la'shiS). [L. Galatia, Gr. Yalana, 
 considered to be ult. connected with Gallia, 
 Gaul.] 1. In ancient geography, a division of 
 Asia Minor, lying between Bithynia and Paphla- 
 gonia on the north, Pontus on the east, Cappa- 
 docia and Lycaonia on the south, and Phrygia 
 on the west : formerly a part of Phrygia, it was 
 conquered and settled by a confederation of Gallic tribes 
 in the 3d century B. c., and was made a Roman province 
 in 25 B. o. Theodosius subdivided it into Galatia Prima 
 and Galatia Secunda. 
 
 2. A name of Gaul : called specifically Celtic 
 or Roman Galatia. 
 
 Galatians (ga-la'shianz), Epistle to the. One 
 
 of the epistles of the apostle Paul, written to 
 the Galatian churches probably about a. d. 56. 
 Its chief contents are a vindication of Paul’s authority as 
 an apostle, a plea for the principle of justification by 
 faith, and a concluding exhortation. 
 
 Galatina (ga-la-te'na). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Lecce, Apulia, Italy, situated 14 miles 
 south of Lecce. 
 
 Galatz (ga'lats), or Galacz (ga'lach). A city 
 and river port in Moldavia, Rumania, situated 
 on the Danube in lat. 45° 26' N., long. 28° 3' 
 E. it is an important export place for grain, etc., and 
 was made the seat of the Danubian Commission in 1866. 
 It has been the scene of various conflicts between the 
 Turks and Russians. It was a free port until 1883. Popu- 
 lation, 65,495. 
 
 Gala Water (ga'la wa/ter). A small river in 
 southeastern Scotland which joins the Tweed 
 near Abbotsford. 
 
 Galha (gal'ba), Servius Sulpicius. Born Dec. 
 24, 5 b. c. : died at Rome, Jan, 15, a. d. 69. A 
 Roman emperor. He became pretor in 20 and consul 
 in 33; carried on a war in Gaul [ gainst the Germans in 
 39; and became governor of Africa in 45, and governor of 
 Hispania Tarraconensis in 01. In C8, learning that Nero 
 had given secret orders for his assassination, he joined 
 the insurrection of C. Julius Viudex, and was proclaimed 
 emperor. Vindex was defeated, and killed himself, but 
 Galba ascended the throne in consequence of a revolt in 
 his favor of the pretorians at Rome. His refusal of the 
 donatives which had been promised in his name, and his 
 adoption of Piso Licinianus as his successor instead of 
 Salvius Otlio who had hoped to be appointed, provoked 
 a revolt among the pretorians which resulted in his as- 
 sassination and the elevation of Otho. 
 
 Gale (gal), Roger. Born 1672 : died June 25, 
 1744. An English antiquary, son of Thomas 
 Gale, dean of York. 
 
 Gale, Theophilus. Born at Kingsteignton, 
 Devonshire, England, 1628 : died at Newing- 
 ton, London, in Feb. or March, 1678. An Eng- 
 lish nonconformist divine. He was appointed preach- 
 er in Winchester cathedral in 1657 ; was deprived of this 
 preferment on the Restoration in 1660 ; and in 1677 be- 
 came pastor of an Independent congregation at Holborn. 
 His chief work is “The Court of the Gentiles, or a Dis- 
 course teaching the Original of Humane Literature ” 
 (1669-77). 
 
 Gale, Thomas. Born at Scruton, Yorkshire, 
 England, in 1635 or 1636: died at York, April 
 7 or 8, 1702. An English classical scholar and 
 antiquary. He was regius professor of Greek at Cam- 
 bridge 1C66-72 ; was high master of St. Paul’s School 1672- 
 1697) and was dean of York from 1617 until his death. He 
 edited “Opuscula mythologica, ethicaet physica”(1671? ), 
 “Historic anglicanse scriptores quinque ex vetustis 
 codicibus MSS. nunc primum in lucem editi ” (1687). 
 
 Galeazzo. See Sforza and Visconti. 
 
 Galen (ga'len) (Claudius Galenus). [Gr. TaJ)?- 
 vor . ] Born at Pergamum,Mysia, about 130 A. D. 
 A celebrated Greek physician and philosophical 
 writer, long the supreme authority in medical 
 science. He traveled in various countries (studying in 
 Smyrna, Alexandria, and elsewhere), visited Rome 164- 
 168, and returned there 170, remaining for a number of 
 years. He is said to have died in Sicily. He composed a 
 large number (about 500) of works on medicine, logic, etc., 
 of which 83 genuine treatises and some others regarded as 
 doubtful have been preserved. 
 
 Galen (ga ' len), Christoph Bernhard von. 
 
 Bom at Bispink, Westphalia, Oct. 12, 1606: died 
 at Ahaus, Westphalia, Sept. 19, 1678. A Ger- 
 man prelate and commander, elected prince- 
 bishop of Munster in 1650. 
 
 Galena (ga-le'na). [From L. galena, lead ore.] 
 A city and the capital of Jo Daviess County, 
 northwestern Illinois, situated on the Galena 
 River 14 miles southeast of Dubuque : the cen- 
 ter of a lead-mining region. Population, 
 4,835, (1910). 
 
 Galenists (ga'len-ists). In medicine, the fol- 
 lowers of Galen. 
 
 Galenists (ga'len-ists). A Mennonite sect 
 founded in 1664 by Galen Abraham de Haan, a 
 physician and preacher of Amsterdam, consti- 
 
 Galilee 
 
 tuting the Arminian division of the Water- 
 landers. 
 
 Galeotto (ga'la-ot'to), Principe. A name 
 
 given to Boccaccio’s “Decameron.” See the 
 extract. 
 
 It is styled Decameron from ten days having been occu- 
 pied in the relation of the tales, and is also entitled Prin- 
 cipe Galeotto, — an appellation which the deputies ap- 
 pointed for correction of the Decameron consider as derived 
 from the 5tli canto (v. 137) of Dante’s “Inferno,"— Galeotto 
 being the name of that seductive book which was read by 
 Paulo and Francesca : ‘ ‘ Galeotto f u il libro e chi lo serisse. ” 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, II. 51. 
 
 Galerius (ga-le'ri-us), in full Galerius Vale- 
 rius Maximinus. Bom near Sardica, Dacia : 
 died 311 A. D. A Roman emperor. He was created 
 Caesar in 293 ; was defeated by the Persians in 296, and de- 
 feated them in 297 ; and succeeded Diocletian as Augustus 
 in the East in 805. He is said to have induced Diocletian 
 to order the persecution of the Christians which began in 
 his reign, but joined with Constantine and Licinius in pub- 
 lishing an edict of toleration from Nicomedia in 31L 
 Galesburg (galz'berg). A city and the capital 
 of Knox County, Illinois, in lat. 40° 55' N., long. 
 90° 25' W.: the seat of Knox College (non-sec- 
 tarian) and Lombard College (undenomina- 
 tional). Population, 22,089, (1910). 
 
 Gali (ga'le), Francisco. Born in Seville, 1539 : 
 died at Mexico City, 1591. A Spanish navigator. 
 Employed by the viceroy of Mexico to find a harbor where 
 ships might take shelterin coming from the Philippines, he 
 explored the coast of California and entered the Bay of San 
 Francisco in 1584. 
 
 Galiani (ga-le-a'ne), Fernando, Abb A Bom at 
 Chieti, Italy, Dec. 2, 1728 : died at Naples, Oct. 
 30, 1787. A noted Italian political economist, 
 author of “ Dialogues sur le commerce des 
 bl6s ” (1770), “Traits sur les monnaies ” (1750), 
 etc. 
 
 Galibis (ga'le-bez). In Freuch Guiana, the 
 Caribs, or a race closely related to the Caribs, of 
 British Guiana. French ethnologists use the name 
 Galibi for the Caribs of the continent as distinguished 
 from those of the W est Indian Islands. See Caribs. 
 Galicia (ga-lish'ia; Sp. pron. ga-le'the-a). [L. 
 Gallsecia, from Gallasci, also Callseci, a Celtic 
 tribe.] An ancient province and captaincy- 
 general in northwestern Spain, it is bounded by 
 the ocean on the north and west, Asturias and Leon on the 
 east, and Portugal on the south, and comprises the modem 
 provinces of Corufia, Lugo, Orense, and Pontevedra. It 
 belonged to the Suevi in the 5th and 6th centuries ; later 
 it was part of the Gothic kingdom, and then it fell to the 
 Moors. It became a dependency of Leon, and thencefor- 
 ward followed the fortunes of Leon and Castile, except 
 about 1065-73, when it was an independent kingdom. 
 Galicia (ga-lish'ia). [G. Galizien, Pol. Halicz .] 
 A c-rownland of the Cisleitlian division of Aus- 
 tria-Hungary. Capital, Lemberg, it comprises 
 the titular kingdoms of Galicia and Lodomeria, the grand 
 duchy of Cracow, and the duchies of Auschwitz and Zator. 
 It is bounded by Russia (partly separated by the Vistula) 
 on the north, Russia on the east, Bukowina on the south- 
 east, Hungary (separated by the Carpathians) on the south- 
 west and south, and Austrian Silesia and Prussia on the 
 northwest. The Carpathians occupy the south ; in the 
 north and east are plains. Galicia belongs mostly to the ba- 
 sins of the Vistula and Dniester. It produces grain and 
 timber in large quantities, and there are petroleum-, coal-, 
 Iron-, lead-, zinc-, and salt-mines. It sends 106 representa- 
 tives to the Austrian Reichsrat, and has a Diet of 161 mem- 
 bers. The inhabitants are largely Slavs — Poles in the west. 
 Ruthenians in the east — butover 10 per cent, are Jews, and 
 there are many Germans. The religions are the Roman 
 Catholic and Greek. The principalities of Halicz and 
 Vladimir (Galicia and Lodomeria) became prominent in 
 the 12th century, and were involved in the affairs of 
 Hungary, Poland, and Russia. Galicia was acquired by 
 Poland in the 14th century, and by Austria in 1772. The 
 republic of Cracow was formed in 1815 and suppressed in 
 1846. Galicia was the scene of a bloody insurrection of 
 the peasantry against the Polish nobility in 1846. Area, 
 30,307 square miles. Population, 8,022,126, (1910). 
 
 Galignani (ga-len -ya'ne), John Anthony. Born 
 at London, Oct. 13, 1796: died at Paris, Dee. 31, 
 1873. Galignani, William. Born at London, 
 March 10, 1798: died at Paris, Dec. 12, 1882. 
 French publishers. Their father, Giovanni Antonio 
 Galignani, returned to Paris shortly after 179S, and in 1801 
 he started a monthly which soon became a weekly paper. 
 In 1814 he began to issue guide-books, and started “Ga- 
 lignaui’s Messenger,” which circulated widely among Eng- 
 lish residents on the Continent. The sons carried on the 
 publishing business after their father’s death in 1821, and 
 issued reprints of many English books. In 1832 William 
 was naturalized, Anthony remaining a British subject. In 
 1852 their reprints were stopped by the copyright treaty. 
 They w ere liberal contributors to British cla rities, and 
 built a hospital at Neuilly for indigent English. William 
 left money and a site at Neuilly to build the Retraite Ga- 
 lignani Frires for a hundred printers, booksellers, etc., 
 or their families. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Galilee (gal'i-le). In the Roman period, the 
 northernmost division of Palestine, it was 
 bounded by Phenicia and Ccele-Syria on the north, the 
 Jordan valley on the east, Samaria on the south, and the 
 Mediterranean and Phenicia on the west. It comprised 
 Upper Galilee (in the north) and Lower Galilee (in the 
 south), and corresponded to the ancient territories of 
 Asher, Naphtali, Zebulon, and part of Issachor. It now 
 belongs to Turkey. See Century Atlas, Map XI. 
 
Galilee, Sea of 
 
 Galilee, Sea of : also called the Lake or Sea of 
 Gennesaret or of Tiberias, or Sea of Chin- 
 nereth or Chinneroth. A lake in Palestine, 
 intersected by lat. 32° 50' N., long. 35° 40' E., 
 and traversed by the Jordan : the modern Balir 
 Tabariyeh. Its length is about 13 miles; its greatest 
 breadth, 6J miles ; its surface is 680 feet below that of the 
 Mediterranean. Its shores were thickly peopled in the 
 time of Christ, and are associated with many events in 
 New Testament history. 
 
 Galilei (ga-le-la'e), Galileo, generally called 
 Galileo (gal-i-le'o ; It. pron. ga-le-la'o). Born 
 at Pisa, Italy, Feb., 1564: died at Arcetri, near 
 Florence, Jan. 8, 1642. A famous Italian phys- 
 icist and astronomer. He was descended from a 
 noble bat impoverished Florentine family ; studied at the 
 University of Pisa (without taking a degree) 1581-S6 ; dis- 
 covered the isochronism of the pendulum in 1583 and the 
 hydrostatic balance in 1586 ; was professor of mathe- 
 matics at Pisa 1589-91, and at Padua 1692-1610 ; con- 
 structed a thermometer in 1597, and a telescope in 1609 ; 
 discovered Jupiter's satellites in 1610; removed to Flor- 
 ence in 1610 ; remarked the sun’s spots about 1610 ; was 
 summoned to Rome, where his doctrines were condemned 
 by the Pope in 1616 ; was forced by the Inquisition to ab- 
 jure the Copernican theory in 1633 ; and discovered the 
 moon’s libration in 1637. His chief works are “ Dialogo 
 ai due massimi Sistemi" (“Dialogue on the Two Chief 
 Systems,” 1632), and “Dialoghi delle Nuove Scienze” 
 (1638). 
 
 Galimard (ga-le-mar'), Nicolas Auguste. 
 
 Born at Paris, March 25, 1813 : died at Paris, 
 Jan., 1880. A French painter. 
 
 Galin (ga-lan'), Pierre. Born at Samatan, 
 1786 : died at Paris, 1822. A French musician, 
 teacher of mathematics at Bordeaux. He was 
 the inventor of a system of musical instruction named by 
 him the “mfeloplaste," developed later by Airne Paris and 
 Emile Chevd, and now called the Galin-Paris-Chevd sys- 
 tem. He wrote “Exposition d’une nouvelle nffithode 
 pour l’enseignementde la musique” (Bordeaux, 1818), etc. 
 
 Galion (gal'i-on). A city in Crawford County, 
 Ohio, about 55 miles north of Columbus. Pop- 
 ulation, 7,214, (19i0). 
 
 Galitch (ga'lich). A town in the government 
 of Kostroma, Russia, situated on Lake Galitch 
 about lat. 58° 15' N., long. 42° 40' E. Popula- 
 tion, 6,600. 
 
 Galitzin, or Gallitzin (ga-let'sen), or Golit- 
 zyn, Princess (Amalie von Schmettau). 
 
 Born at Berlin, Aug. 28, 1748: died at Angel- 
 mode, near Munster, Westphalia, Aug. 24, 1806. 
 The wife of Dmitri Alexeievitch Galitzin 
 (1738-1803), a noted adherent of pietism. 
 Galitzin, Prince Dmitri. Died 1738. A Russian 
 diplomatist and statesman. He was a member of the 
 High Council which, in raising Anna Ivanovna, duchess 
 of Courland, to the throne in 1730, took occasion to re- 
 strict, by a charter, the sovereignty of the crown in fa- 
 vor of the nobles. On the coup d’dtat of Anna in 1731, by 
 which the charter was repudiated, he was banished to his 
 estates, and was subsequently imprisoned in the fortress 
 of Schlusselburg, Where he died. 
 
 Galitzin, Prince Dmitri Alexeievitch. Born 
 Dec. 21, 1738: died at Brunswick, Germany, 
 March 21, 1803. A Russian diplomatist and 
 Scientific writer. He was appointed ambassador to 
 the court of France in 1763, and in 1773 ambassador to The 
 Hague. He corresponded with Voltair e and other literary 
 men of the period, and was tire authorof “ Description phy- 
 sique de la Tauride relativement aux trois regnes de la 
 nature “ (1788), and “Traitddemindralogie. ou description 
 abrtg^e et methodique des mindraux” (1792). 
 
 Galitzin, Prince Mikhail. Born Nov. 11, 1674 : 
 died at Moscow, Dee. 21, 1730. A Russian 
 general, brother of Dmitri Galitzin (died 1738). 
 He participated in the victory of Peter the Great over 
 Charles XII. of Sweden at Pultowa in 1709, and conquered 
 Finland from Sweden in 1714 : this province was restored 
 by the peace of Nystadt in 1721. 
 
 Galitzin, Prince Nicolas Borissovitch. Died 
 in the province of Kursk, Russia, 1865. A Rus- 
 sian prince and musical amateur. He was the 
 friend of Beethoven, and three quartets (Op. 127, 130, 
 132) and an overture (Op. 124) are dedicated to him. 
 Beethoven was able to get from the prince only a small 
 part of the money promised for these and other works. 
 
 Galitzin, Prince Vasili, surnamed “ The 
 Great.” Bom 1643: died in northern Russia, 
 April 21, 1714. A Russian commander and poli- 
 tician. He became the confidential adviser of Feodor 
 Alexeievitch, by whom he was intrusted with the reorgani- 
 zation of the army in 1682. He was prime minister during 
 the regency of Sophia for Ivan and Peter. He concluded 
 in 1686 a treaty with Poland by which Russia definitely 
 acquired Smolensk, Kieff, and other important districts. 
 He conducted two campaigns against the Crimean Tatars 
 (1687-88). He was exiled in 1689 for complicity in the 
 conspiracy of Sophia against Peter. 
 
 Gall (gal), Saint JCellach, or Caillech). Born 
 in Ireland about 550 : died at St. -Gall, Switzer- 
 land, about 645. An Irish missionary, apostle 
 to the Suevi and the Alamanni, a pupil of Co- 
 lumban. He accompanied Columban to Gaul in 585 (?) ; 
 labored at Arbon Bregenz ; and founded the monastery of 
 St. -Gall about 613. 
 
 Gall (gal; G. pron. gal), Franz Joseph. Born 
 at Tiefenbronn, near Pforzheim, Baden, March 
 
 421 
 
 9, 1758 : died at Montrouge, near Paris, Aug. 22, 
 1828. A German physician, the founder of 
 phrenology. 'His chief work is 4 4 Anatomie et 
 physiologie du systeme nerveux” (1810-20). 
 
 Galla ( gal'la). An African people living be- 
 tween the Somal on the east and the Berta and 
 Dinka on the west, and from Shoa to the Sa- 
 baki River. They are called Galla (‘barbarians’) by the 
 Arabs : their native name is Oromo or Ilmorna — that is, 
 ‘men.’ In race they are mixed Hamitic and negro; 
 in language and customs they are Hamitic. In religion 
 they are Christian in the northern part, Moslem in the 
 eastern, and pagan in the western. They are independent, 
 brave, intelligent, and industrious. Though related to the 
 Somal, and even more so to the Massai, they live in enmity 
 with them. The royal families of Uganda and Karagwe 
 belong to the Huma tribe of the Galla nation. The Galla 
 are subdivided into many tribes, speaking as many dialects, 
 most of which have not yet been studied. Their govern- 
 ment is largely republican, and they have no slaves. In 
 the 16th century they overran Abyssinia, where some of 
 them are still found. The Borani tribe, on the Renia, is 
 known for its numerical strength and bravery. The num- 
 ber of the Galla is estimated at 3,000,000. 
 
 Gallagher (gal'a-ger), William Davis. Born 
 Aug. 21, 1808: died in 1894. An American 
 poet and journalist. He was associate editor of the 
 Cincinnati “Gazette” from 1839 to 1850. He published 
 “ The Wreck of the Hornet,” “Errato ” (1835-37), “ Miami 
 Woods,” “A Golden Wedding, and Other Poems” (1881). 
 
 Gallait (ga-la'), Louis. Bom at Tournai, Bel- 
 gium, May 9, 1810: died at Brussels, Nov. 
 20, 1887. A noted Belgian historical painter. 
 Among his best paintings are “Abdication of Charles V.,” 
 “Tasso in Prison,” “ Temptation of St. Anthony,” “Last 
 Moments of Egmont.” 
 
 Galland (ga-lon'), Antoine. Born at Rollot, 
 near Montdidier, Prance, April 4, 1646 : died at 
 Paris, Feb. 17, 1715. A French Orientalist and 
 numismatist, professor of Arabic at the College 
 of Prance 1709: a prolific writer, known chiefly 
 for his translation of the “Arabian Nights’ 
 Entertainments” (1704-17). 
 
 Galland, Pierre Victor. Bom at Geneva, 1822 : 
 died at Paris, Dee. 1, 1892. A French decora- 
 tive artist. In 1873 he became professor of decorative 
 art in the Beaux Arts, Paris ; and in 1877 director of the 
 Gobelins. 
 
 Galla Placidia. See Placidia. 
 
 Gallarate (gal-la-rii'te). A small town in the 
 province of Milan, Italy, 24 miles northwest of 
 Milan. It manufactures textiles. 
 
 Gallas (gal'las), Matthias von. Born at Trent, 
 Tyrol, Sept. 16, 1584 : died at Vienna, April 25, 
 1647. An Austrian general, distinguished in 
 the Thirty Years’ War, especially at Nordlingen 
 in 1634. 
 
 Gallatin (gal'a-tin). [Namedfrom AlbertGalla- 
 tin by Lewis and Clark.] A river in southern 
 Montana, flowing north and uniting at Gallatin 
 with the Jefferson and Madison to form the 
 Missouri. Length, about 170 miles. 
 
 Gallatin (gal'a-tin; F. pron. ga-la-tan'), Al- 
 bert. Bom at Geneva, Switzerland, Jan. 29, 
 1761 : died at Astoria, N. Y., Aug. 12, 1849. 
 An American statesman and financier, in 1780 
 he emigrated to America. He was a member of Congress 
 from Pennsylvania 1795-1801, and secretary of the treasury 
 1801-13. The establishment of the Committee of Ways 
 and Means was due to him, and he gained the reputation 
 of being one of the greatest financiers of the age. He was 
 prominent in the negotiation of the treaty of Ghent in 1814, 
 and was United States minister to Fiance 1816-23, and to 
 England 1826-27. His works comprise “Synopsis of the 
 Indian Tribes, etc." (1836), “Notes on the Semi-Civilized 
 Nations of Mexico, Yucatan, etc.” (1845), and various po- 
 litical and ethnological treatises, “Peace with Mexico,” 
 “War Expenses,” “ The Oregon Question,” etc. 
 
 Gallaudet (gal-a-det'), Edward Miner. Born 
 at Hartford, Conn., Feb. 5, 1837. An Ameri- 
 can instructor, son of T. H. Gallaudet. He 
 founded and was president of the Gallaudet College for 
 th,e Deaf (Washington, District of Columbia) 1864-1910. 
 Author of “ A Manual of International Law ” (1879) and 
 “Life of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, Founder of Deaf- 
 Mute Distraction in America" (1888). 
 
 Gallaudet, Thomas. Bom at Hartford, Conn., 
 June 3, 1822: died at New York, Aug. 27, 1902. 
 An American clergyman, son of T. H. Gallaudet. 
 He taught in the New York Institution for the Instruction 
 of the Deaf and Dumb 1843-58, founded St. Ann’s Church 
 for Deaf-Mutes in 1852, and became manager of the 
 Church Mission to Deaf-Mutes in 1872. 
 
 Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, Dec. 10, 1787 : died at Hartford, Conn., 
 Sept. 10, 1851. An American educator. He 
 founded in 1817 at Hartford, Connecticut, the first deaf- 
 mute institution in America. He resigned from the pres- 
 idency of this institution in 1830, and was chaplain of the 
 Connecticut retreat for the insane at Hartford from 1838 
 until his death. He wrote “ Bible Stories for the Young ” 
 (1838) and “The Child’s Book of the Soul” (3d ed. 
 1850). 
 
 Galle. See Point de Guile. 
 
 Galle (gal'le), Johann Gottfried. Born June 
 9, 1812 : died July 10, 1910. A German as- 
 tronomer. He studied mathematics and the natural 
 sciences at Berlin 1830-33, and was the first observer of 
 
 Gallipoli 
 
 the planet Neptune (Sept. 23, 1846), guided by Le Verrier’s 
 calculations. In 1851 he was made director of the obser- 
 vatory at Breslau and professor of astronomy. In 1839-40 
 he discovered three comets. 
 
 Gallegos (gal-ya'gos), Jose Rafael de. Born 
 Oct. 30, 1785 : died Aug. 15, 1851. A Costa 
 Rican statesman. He was a wealthy proprietor, and 
 alter 1822 occupied various important official positions. 
 From March, 1833, to March, 1835, he was president of Costa 
 Rica, and was acting president May, 1845, -June, 1846. 
 
 Galletti (gal-let'te), Johann Georg August. 
 
 Born at Altenburg, Germany, Aug. 19, 1750 : 
 died at Gotha, March 26, 1828. A German his- 
 torical writer, professor of history in the gym- 
 nasium at Gotha 1783-1819. He wrote “ Geschichte 
 und Beschreibung des Herzogtums Gotha” (1779-81), 
 “Geschichte Xhuringens ” (1782-85), “Allgemeine Welt- 
 kunde” (1807), etc. 
 
 Galli (gal'le), Filippo. Bom at Rome in 1783 : 
 died June 3, 1853. A noted Italian singer. 
 His voice was at first a tenor, and he sang with great suc- 
 cess from 1806 to 1812. About this time, owing to a seri- 
 ous illness, his voice changed completely, and he became 
 one of the first Italian basses. Grove. 
 
 Gallia (gal'i-a). The Latin name of Gaul. 
 
 Gallia Belgica. See Belgica. 
 
 Gallia Lugdunensis. See Lugdunensis. 
 Gallia Narbonensis. See Narbonerms. 
 
 Galliard (gal-yar'), John Ernest. Born at 
 Hannover about 1687 : died in 1749. A German 
 composer and musician. He went to England in 
 1706. He composed several operas, music for Rich’s pan- 
 tomimes, a Te Deum, a Jubilate, and several anthems, 
 and wrote a number of works on musical subjects. In 
 1728 he arranged Milton’s “Morning Hymn of Adam and 
 Eve ’’ for two voices as a cantata: this was afterward en- 
 larged by Dr. Benjamin Cook. 
 
 Gallicum Fretum (gal'i-kum fre'tum). [L., 
 4 the Gallic Strait.’] The ancient name of the 
 Strait of Dover. 
 
 Galiieni (gal-ya-ne'), Joseph Simon. Born in 
 
 France, April 24, 1849. A French officer and 
 African explorer. In 1878, as captain, lie distin- 
 guished himself, under Faidherbe, in the extension of 
 French dominion in Senegal. In his Niger expedition, 
 1880-81, lie succeeded in establishing diplomatic and com- 
 mercial relations with the Sultan of Segu-Sikoro. The 
 scientific results of the expedition were made public in 
 his “Voyage d’exploration au Haut Niger ” (1885). In 
 1886 he became commander-in-chief of the French troops 
 in Senegal, and was governor of Madagascar 1896-1905. 
 
 Gallienus (gal-i-e'nus), Publius Licinius Va- 
 lerianus Egnatius. Died at Milan, 268. A 
 Roman emperor, son of Valerian. He was admit- 
 ted to a share in the government on the elevation of his 
 father in 253, and became sole emperor on the capture of 
 the latter by the Persians in 260. He made no effort to 
 secure the release of his father, but devoted himself to a 
 life of indolence and profligacy, while the frontiers of the 
 empire were everywhere invaded by the barbarians, espe- 
 cially by the Goths and the Persians. He appears to have 
 made an expedition against the former in 267, when he 
 was recalled by the insurrection of Aureolus, whom he 
 shut up in Milan. He was murdered there by his soldiers. 
 
 Gallifet (ga-le-fa/), Gaston A’exandre Au- 
 guste, Marquis de. Bom at Paris, Jan. 23, 
 1830 : died there, July 8, 1909. A French gen- 
 eral. He entered the army in 1848, was commissioned 
 colonel in 1867, and was promoted general of division in 
 1875. He served in the Crimea, Mexico 1863, Algeria 1860, 
 1864, 1865, 1868, and with the Army of the Rhine through 
 the Franco-German war. He was taken prisoner at 
 Sedan, and on his release was placed in command of a 
 brigade of the Army of Versailles during the second siege 
 of Paris, when he was distinguished for his severity to the 
 Communard prisoners. He commanded the expedition 
 against El-Golea, Africa, 1872-73. On the reorganization 
 of the French army he became commander of a brigade 
 of infantry in the Eighth army-corps, and held various 
 other commands until his retirement in 1894. He was 
 minister of war June, 1899-May, 1900. 
 
 Galli-Marid (ga-le'ma-rya,'), CSlestine. Bora 
 Nov., 1840: died Sept. 22, 1905. A French 
 singer. She made her ddbut in 1859 at Strasburg. She 
 sang principally at the Opdra Comique and was particu- 
 larly successful as Mignon and Carmen and in the operas 
 of Offenbach, Gevaert, Massd, Massenet, etc. 
 
 Gallinas (gal-le'nas). A river of the Grain 
 Coast, West Africa, in lat. 7° N., long. 11° 
 35' W. ; also, a negro tribe settled on its banks. 
 In 1832 the slaver Pedro Blanco made the place notorious ; 
 in 1850 the Gallinas territory and that of the Gumbo 
 (bordering on Sherbro) were acquired by Liberia; in 1883 
 they were wrested from Liberia by Great Britain. 
 
 Gallio (gal'i-o), Lucius Junius. Died about 
 65 A. d. A Roman proconsul of Achaia 53, 
 brother of Seneca. When he had dismissed the Jews’ 
 complaint against Paul at Corinth, and the synagogue 
 ruler was beaten, we read (Acts xviii. 17) that he “cared 
 for none of these tilings ” — not from indifference about 
 religion, but because such matters did not concern him. 
 
 Gallipoli (gal-lep'6-le). A seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Lecce, Italy, situated on an island in 
 the Gulf of Taranto, in lat. 40° 4' N., long. 17° 
 58' E. : the ancient Graia Callipolis, later Anxa. 
 
 It has a cathedral, and was long noted for export of olive- 
 oil. Population, 7,916. 
 
 Gallipoli. A seaport in the vilayet of Edirneh, 
 Turkey, situated on the Dardanelles in lat. 40° 
 
Gallipoli 
 
 24' N., long. 26° 39' E.: the ancient Callipolis. 
 In the middle ages it was a commercial center and the 
 k^y of the Hellespont. It was captured by the Turks in 
 1364, Population, nearly 30,000. 
 
 Gallipoli, Peninsula of. A peninsula in the 
 southern part of European Turkey, lying be- 
 tween the Dardanelles and the Gulf of Saros : 
 the ancient Chersonesus Thracica. 
 
 Gallipolis (gal-i-po-les'). A city and the capi- 
 tal of Gallia County, Ohio, situated on the Ohio 
 about lat. 38° 50' N., long. 82° 7' W. Popula- 
 tion, 5,560, (1910). 
 
 Gallissonnibre (ga-le-so-nyar'), Marquis de la 
 (Roland Michel Barrin). Born at Rochefort, 
 France, Nov. 11, 1693 : died at Nemours, France, 
 Oct. 26, 1756. A French admiral, governor of 
 Canada. He defeated Byng near Minorca in 
 1756. 
 
 Gallitzen (gal-let'sen), Demetrius Augustine. 
 
 Bom at The Hague, Dec. 22, 1770: died at Lo- 
 retto, Pa., May 6, 1840. A Russian mission- 
 ary Roman Catholic priest, son of the princess 
 Amalie Galitzin. He founded Loret.to, Penn- 
 sylvania. For other members of the family, 
 see Galitzin. 
 
 Galloway (gal'o-wa). [ME. Galloway, Galla- 
 way, Galowey, Gallawa, Gallovay, etc.] A for- 
 mer division of southwestern Scotland, corre- 
 sponding nearly to the counties of Wigtown 
 (West Galloway) and Kirkcudbright (East Gal- 
 loway). It is a pastoral region. It was independent in 
 very early times, and, having become an earldom, was 
 united to Scotland in 1124. The Galwegians kept their 
 language (a variety of the Gaelic) until the 16th century. 
 
 Galloway, Joseph. Born near West River, 
 Anne Arundel County, Md., 1730 : died at Wat- 
 ford, Hertfordshire, Aug. 29, 1803. An Ameri- 
 can loyalist in the Revolution. He was a member 
 of the first Congress in 1774 ; joined the British army un- 
 der Howe in 1776 ; on the capture of Philadelphia in 1777 
 was made a police magistrate there and superintendent of 
 the port ; and after the evacuation of the city in 1778 went 
 to England. He published works on the prophecies. 
 
 Galloway, Rhinns of. A peninsula in the west- 
 ern part of Wigtownshire. It lies between St. Pat- 
 rick’s Channel on the west and Loch Ryan and Luce Bay on 
 the east, and terminates toward the south in the Mull of 
 Galloway (lat. 54° 38' N., long. 4° 51' W.). 
 
 Galloway, Thomas. Born at Symington, Lan- 
 arkshire, Feb. 26, 1796: died at London, Nov. 
 1, 1851. A Scottish writer on mathematical 
 and astronomical subjects. 
 
 Gallo y Goyenechea (gal'yo e go-yan-a-cha/fi), 
 Pedro Leon. Born at Copiapo, Feb. 12, 1830: 
 died at Santiago, Dec. 16, 1877. A Chilean poli- 
 tician. He was a wealthy proprietor, became a leader 
 of the liberals, and in Jan., 1859, headed a revolt at Copi- 
 apd. Defeated at the battle of Cerro Grande, April 29, he 
 was banished until 1861. Subsequently he was a promi- 
 nent deputy and senator. He was an author and poet of 
 some repute. 
 
 Galluppi, or Galuppi (ga-lop'pe), Pasquale. 
 Born at Tropea, Calabria, Italy, April 2, 1770: 
 died at Naples, Dec. 13, 1846. An Italian phi- 
 losopher, professor of philosophy at the Uni- 
 versity of Naples. His works include “Saggio filoso- 
 flco sulla critica della conoscenza” (1819-32), “ Element! 
 di lilosofia” (1820-27), “ Lettere filosofiche” (1827), etc. 
 
 Galluppi. See Galuppi. 
 
 Gallus (gal'us). In Shakspere’s “Antony and 
 Cleopatra,” a friend of Ctesar. 
 
 Gallus, Cains Asinius. A Roman politician 
 and writer, consul with C. Marcius Censorianus 
 8 B. C. He married Vipsania, formerly wife of Tiberius. 
 He was condemned to death by the senate, at the insti- 
 gation of Tiberius, and died of starvation after an im- 
 prisonment of three years. He was a son of C. Asinius 
 Poliio. His works, all of which are lost, included ‘‘De 
 comparatione patris et Ciceronis,” to which the emperor 
 Claudius replied in his defense of Cicero. 
 
 Gallus, Caius Cornelius. Bom at Forum Julii 
 (modern Frejus), Gaul, 69 or 66 b. c. : com- 
 mitted suicide 26 b. C. A Roman poet, orator, 
 general, and politician. He supported Octavius, 
 commanded a part of his army at the battle of Actium in 
 31 B. c., pursued Antony to Egypt, and was made first 
 prefect of Egypt in 30 B. c. He incurred the enmity of 
 Augustus, was deprived of his post, and was exiled by 
 the senate. 
 
 Gallus, Caius Vibius Trebonianus. Died 253 
 or 254 A. D. Roman emperor. He held a high 
 command in the expedition of the emperor Decius against 
 the Goths in 251, and after the defeat and death of the 
 latter was elected emperor by the senate and the soldiers, 
 with Hostilianus, Decius’s son, as his colleague. He con- 
 cluded a humiliating peace with the Goths, who were al- 
 lowed to retire with their plunder and their captives, and 
 were promised an annual tribute. He is said to have 
 caused the death of Hostilianus. He was slain by his 
 own soldiers while advancing to meet the insurgent /Emi- 
 lianus who succeeded to the throne, 
 
 Galosbio (ga-16'shio). In “The Nice Valour,” 
 by Fletcher and another, a clown. Ho is quite 
 Shaksperian. 
 
 Galt (gait). A town in Waterloo County, On- 
 
 422 
 
 tario, Canada, situated on the Grand River 54 
 miles west-southwest of Toronto. Population, 
 
 10,299, (1911). 
 
 Galt, Sir Alexander Tilloek. Bom Sept. 6, 
 1817 : died Sept. 19, 1893. ACanadian statesman, 
 son of John Galt. He was minister of finance 1858- 
 1862, 1864-66, and 1867 ; was high commissioner for Canada 
 in England 1880-83; and was made K. C. M. G. in 1869, 
 and G. C. M. G. in 1878. He has written “Canada from 
 1849 to 1859 " (1860), etc. 
 
 Galt, John. Born at Irvine, Ayrshire, May 2, 
 1779: died at Greenock, April 11, 1839. A Scot- 
 tish novelist. His writings are especially remarkable 
 for their delineations of Scottish life and character. His 
 best novels are “The Ayrshire Legatees” (1820-21), “Annals 
 of the Parish” (1821), “Sir Andrew Wylie” (1822), “The 
 Provost ” (1822), “ The Entail ” (1823), and “ Lawrie Todd ” 
 (1830). 
 
 Galton (gal 'ton), Sir Francis. Born near 
 Birmingham, Feb. 16, 1822: died at Haslemere, 
 Surrey, Jan. 17, 1911. An English scientific 
 writer and African traveler, best known from 
 his studies of heredity : a grandson of Erasmus 
 Darwin. He graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 in 1844. He published “ Tropical South Africa ” (1853), 
 “The Art of Travel, etc.” (1855 : 5th ed. 1872), “Arts of 
 Campaigning, etc. ”(1855), “ Meteorographica, etc.” (1863), 
 “Hereditary Genius, etc.” (1869), “English Men of Sci- 
 ence ”(1874), “ Inquiries into Human Faculty, etc.”(1883), 
 “ Record of Family Faculties, etc.” (1883), “ Natural Inheri- 
 tance ’’ (1889), “ Finger-prints " (1893), “ Memories of my 
 Life ’’ (1908), etc. In 1905 he established a laboratory for 
 the study of eugenics at University College, London. 
 
 Galuppi (ga-lop'pe), Baldassare. Bom on the 
 island of Burano, near Venice, Oct. 18, 1706: 
 died at Venice, Jan. 3, 1785. An Italian com- 
 poser, particularly noted for his comic operas. 
 He also wrote sonatas and sacred music. 
 
 Galvani (gal-vii'ne), Luigi or Aloisio. Born 
 at Bologna, Italy, Sept. 9, 1737 : died there, 
 Dec. 4, 1798. An Italian physician and physi- 
 cist, professor of anatomy at Bologna. His in- 
 vestigations of the contractions produced in the muscles 
 of frogs by contact with metals were the commencement 
 of the discovery of galvanic or voltaic electricity. He 
 published “De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari 
 commentarius ” (1791), etc. 
 
 Galvarino (gal-va-re'no). A chief of the Arau- 
 eanian Indians of Chile whose bravery has 
 been celebrated in Ereilla’s “Araueana.” He 
 was captured at the battle of Lagunillas, Nov. 7, 1557, 
 and freed after both his hands had been cut off. On Nov. 
 30 he was again captured while urging on the Indians at 
 the battle of Millarapue, and was hanged. 
 
 Galve, Count of. See Cerda Sandoval Silva y 
 Mendoza, Gaspar de la. 
 
 Galveston (gal'ves-ton). A seaport and the 
 capital of Galveston County, Texas, and the 
 fifth city of the State, situated on Galveston 
 Island in lat. 29° 18' N., long. 94° 47' W. It 
 has a large trade, with lines of steamers to New York, 
 Havana, etc., and is specially noted for its exports of 
 cotton. It was settled in 1837 ; was taken by the Fed- 
 erals Oct. 8, 1862, and retaken by the Confederates Jan. 1, 
 1863 ; and was devastated by fire in Nov., 1885, and by an 
 inundation in Sept., 1900. Population, 36,981, (1910). 
 
 Galveston Bay. An inlet of the Gulf of Mex- 
 ico, extending northward from Galveston about 
 35 miles. 
 
 Galveston Island. An island off the coast of 
 Texas, on the northeastern end of which is Gal- 
 veston. Length, about 28 miles. 
 
 Galvez (gal'vath), Jose. Born at Velez Malaga, 
 1729: died at Madrid, 1787. A Spanish states- 
 man. He was one of the ministers of Charles III., and 
 a member of the Indian Council. From 1761 to 1774 he 
 was in Mexico and the West Indies as visitador-general, 
 with high powers: for some time he was acting viceroy. 
 After his return to Spain he was ministro universal de 
 Indies, and was created marquis of Sonora. His influence 
 on the American colonies was important. 
 
 Galvez, Mariano. Born in Guatemala ab.out 
 1795 : died after 1855. A Central-American poli- 
 tician, a leader of the Liberal or Fiebres party. 
 He was one of the authors of the constitution of 1824, and 
 was president of the first Central-American congress in 
 1825 ; was president of Guatemala, Aug. 28, 1831, and was 
 again elected in 1835, but was overthrown by Carrera in 
 Feb., 1838, and banished in 1839. Subsequently he prac- 
 tised law in Mexico and Peru. 
 
 Galvez, Matlas de. Born at Velez Malaga, 
 1731: died in Mexico City, Nov. 3, 1784. A 
 Spanish soldier and politician. He attained the 
 rank of lieutenant-general, and in 1779 was made captain- 
 general of Guatemala. In 1780 and 1781 he recovered from 
 the English some posts which they had seized in Hondu- 
 ras and Nicaragua. From April, 1783, until his death he 
 was viceroy of Mexico. 
 
 Galvez y Gallardo (gal 'vathe gal-yar'do), Ber- 
 nardo. Born at Macharavieja, July 23, 1746: 
 died at Tacubaya, near Mexico, Nov. 30, 1786. 
 A Spanish soldier and administrator, son of 
 Matlas de Galvez. He distinguished himself in Amer- 
 ica, attaining the rank of lieutenant-general ; was governor 
 of Louisiana 1779, and commander-in-chief in the West 
 Indies ; took Baton Rouge (1779), Mobile (March 14, 1780), 
 and Pensacola (May 8, 1781) ; was made captain -general of 
 
 Gambetta 
 
 Florida and Louisiana and captain-general of Cuba; and 
 in 1783 was created count of Galvez. From June 16, 1785, 
 until his death he was viceroy of Mexico. 
 
 Galway (gal'wa). 1. A maritime county in 
 Connaught, Ireland, it is bounded by Mayo and 
 Roscommon on the north, Roscommon, King’s County, 
 and Tipperary on the east, Clare and Galway Bay on the 
 south, and the Atlantic on the west, and is divided into 
 two parts by Lough Corrib. Area, 2,372 square miles. 
 Population, 192,549. 
 
 2. A seaport and the capital of County Galway, 
 situated on Galway Bay in lat. 53° 17' N., long. 
 9° .5' W. It was formerly noted for its extensive trade, 
 particularly with Spain. It surrendered to Ginkel in 1691. 
 Population, 13,426. 
 
 Galway Bay. An inlet of the Atlantic on the 
 western coast of Ireland, between Galway on 
 the north and Clare on the south. Length, 
 about 30 miles. 
 
 Gama (ga/ma), Antonio Leon de. Born in 
 
 Mexico City, 1735: died there, Sept. 12, 1802. 
 A Mexican scientist. He was for many years secre- 
 tary to the Supreme Court ; later he was professor at the 
 School of Mines. He is best known for his study of the 
 celebrated Aztec calendar-stone which was discovered in 
 his time. 
 
 Gama, Jose Basilio da. Born at Sao Jos6, 
 Minas Geraes, 1740 : died at Lisbon, Portugal, 
 July 31, 1795. A Brazilian poet. He became a 
 novice of the Jesuits, leaving the order when it was driven 
 from Brazil. He lived alternately in Italy, Portugal, and 
 Rio de Janeiro, finally settling at Lisbon. His best-known 
 poem is “ Uruguay,” a romance in verse, published in 1769. 
 
 Gama, Vasco da. Born at Sines, Alemtejo, Por- 
 tugal, about 1469: died in Cochin, India, Dec. 
 24, 1524. A celebrated Portuguese navigator. 
 Having been appointed to the command of an expedition 
 fitted out by Emanuel of Portugal with a view to discov- 
 ering an ocean route to the East Indies, he sailed from 
 Lisbon, probably July 8, 1497, doubled the Cape of Good 
 Hope Nov. 20 or 22, 1497, arrived at Calicut, on the Mala- 
 bar coast of India, May 20, 1498, and returned to Lisbon 
 in Sept., 1499. He commanded a second expedition to 
 India in 1502-03, during which he established a factory in 
 Mozambique. He was made viceroy of India in 1624. 
 His voyage is celebrated in the “ Lusiad ” of Camoens. 
 
 Gamala (gani'a-lii). A city in Galilee, oppo- 
 site Tiberias, on the eastern shore of the Sea 
 of Galilee. It stood on a hill which was compared to 
 the back of a camel, from which possibly its name is de- 
 rived (Heb. gdmdl, camel). It was fortified, and formed 
 one of the centers of insurrection dur ing the war of Judea 
 with Rome. It is identified with the modem Qal at el- 
 Hogn. 
 
 Gamaliel (ga-ma'li-el). [Heb., ‘my rewarder 
 is God.’] There are several Gamaliels men- 
 tioned in the Talmud as descendants of Hillel, 
 who held the dignity of president of the Sanhe- 
 drim and of patriarch (hast) of the Jewish com- 
 munity in Palestine after the fall of Jerusalem. 
 See Hillel. Gamaliel “ the elder ” was the grandsoh of 
 Hillel. The laws emanating from him breathe a mild and 
 liberal spirit. He dissuaded the Jews from taking strict 
 measures against the apostles (Acts v. 34), and is described 
 as “ a doctor of the law, had in honor of all the people." 
 He was a teacher of the apostle Paul. Another Gamaliel, 
 grandson of the preceding, president of the Sanhedrim 
 80-118 A. D., was the first to assume the title of patriarch. 
 He maintained his authority with great energy and even 
 severity, was a good mathematician, and was favorable to 
 the study of Greek. 
 
 Gamaliel Pickle. See Peregrine Pickle. 
 
 Gamarra (ga-mar'rii), Agustin. Bom at 
 Cuzco, Aug. 27, 1785 : killed at the battle of 
 Yngavi, iu northern Bolivia, Nov. 20, 1841. A 
 Peruvian general. He served first against the patriots, 
 joined them in 1821, and was prominent during the re- 
 mainder of the war for independence. In 1828 he invaded 
 Bolivia by order of Lamar, forced the treaty of Piquiza, 
 and was made grand marshal. In June, 1829, he aided in 
 the deposition of Lamar, and was made provisional presi- 
 dent, holding the office until Dee. 20, 1833. In the com- 
 plicated turmoils of 1834-35 Gamarra took a prominent 
 part, and was finally driven from the country. In 1837 he 
 joined the Chileans against the Peruvian-Bolivian confed- 
 eration, invaded Peru, defeated Santa Cruz, Jan., 1839, and 
 in Aug. of that year was elected constitutional president 
 of Peru. In 1841 he declared war on Bolivia, was defeated, 
 and killed. 
 
 Gainba (giim'ba), Bartolommeo. Born at Bas- 
 sano, Italy, May 16, 1776: died at Venice, May 
 
 3, 1841. An Italian bibliographer and biogra- 
 pher. His chief work is “ Serie dell’ edizioni 
 dei testi di lingua italiana” (1812-28). 
 
 Gambetta (gam-bet'ta; F. pron. gon-be-ta'), 
 Leon. Born at Cahors, France, April 3, 1838 : 
 died near S&vres, France, Dec. 31, 1882. A 
 noted French statesman, of Jewish extraction. 
 He was admitted to the Paris bar in 1859, and in 1869 
 was elected to the corps ldgislatif, where he acted with 
 the Irreconcilables. On the surrender of Napoleon III. at 
 Sedan, he joined in the proclamation of the republic. Sept. 
 4, 1870; and on Sept. 5 became minister of the interior in 
 the Government of National Defense. Having been ap- 
 pointed member of a delegation, consisting of Crfsmieux, 
 Glais-Bizoin, and Fourichon, previously commissioned by 
 the central government at Paris to organize the national 
 defense outside the capital, he escaped from Paris in a 
 balloon, Oct. 7 (the city being completely invested by the 
 Germans), and joined his colleagues at Tours on the fol- 
 lowing day. Assuming a virtual dictatorship, he negoti- 
 
Gambetta 
 
 ated a loan of 250,000,000 francs with English capitalists, 
 and organized the two armies of the Loire under Generals 
 Aurelle de Paladines and Chanzy, and the army of the 
 north, commanded in turn by Generals Bourbaki and Faid- 
 herbe. He was, however, unable to prevent the capitula- 
 tion of Paris, Jan. 28, 1871, and, Feb. 6, 1871, withdrew from 
 office in consequence of a disagreement with the central 
 government. He then became a member of the National 
 Assembly, and in 1876 of the new Chamber of Deputies, of 
 which he was president 1879-81. He was premier Nov. , 
 1881, -Jan., 1882. 
 
 Gambia (gam'bi-a), formerly Gambra (gam'- 
 bra), or Ba-Dimma. A river of Senegambia, 
 West Africa, flowing into the Atlantic about 
 lat. 13° N. It is navigable to Barraconda. 
 Gambia. A British colony situated near the 
 mouth of the river Gambia, including St. 
 Mary’s Island, McCarthy’s Island, etc. Capital, 
 Bathurst. It is administered under a governor. Area 
 of colony proper, 4 square miles. Population, about 
 9,000. Area of protectorate, 4,500 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, about 152,000. 
 
 Gambier (gam'ber), A village in Knox County, 
 Ohio, 43 miles northeast of Columbus, it is the 
 seat of Kenyon College (which see) and of a theological 
 seminary. Population, 537, (1910). 
 
 Gambier (gam'ber), James, Baron Gambier. 
 Born at New Providence, Bahamas, Oct. 13, 
 1756: died near Uxbridge, England, April 19, 
 1833. An English admiral. His father was lieuten- 
 ant-governor of the Bahamas. He became rear-admiral 
 and vice-admiral in 1799, and admiral in 1805. In 1807 he 
 commanded the fleet which bombarded Copenhagen, and 
 was raised to the peerage as a reward. He commanded 
 the Channel fleet 1808-11. In 1814 he served on the com- 
 mission for negotiating a treaty of peace with the United 
 States. 
 
 Gambier (gam'ber) Islands. [Named, Feb. 24, 
 1802, by the English captain Matthew Flinders 
 for Admiral Lord Gambier.] A group of small 
 islands in the South Pacific, situated about lat. 
 23° S., long. 135° W. It is under a French pro- 
 tectorate. 
 
 Gambos (gam'bos). The Portuguese name of 
 Ngambue (which see). 
 
 Gambrinus (gam-bri'nus). [Said to be derived 
 from Jan primus, or Jan I., duke of Brabant in 
 the 13th century.] A mythical Flemish king, 
 the reputed inventor of beer. 
 
 Game at Chess, A. A comedy or satirical drama 
 by Thomas Middleton, produced before or by 
 1624. 
 
 The actors at the Globe had produced Middleton’s 
 "Game at Chess,” in which the action is carried on by 
 black and white pieces, representing the Reformed and 
 Romanist parties. The latter, being the rogues of the 
 piece, are foiled, and are “put in the bag." The Spanish 
 envoy’s complaint was founded on the fact that living per- 
 sons were represented by the actors, such persons being 
 the King of Spain, Gondomar, and the famous Antonio de 
 Dominis, who, after being a Romish bishop (of Spalatro), 
 professed Protestantism, became Dean of Windsor, and 
 after all died in his earlier faith, at Rome. On the am- 
 bassador’s complaint, the actors and the author were sum- 
 moned before the council, but no immediate result fol- 
 lowed ; for, two days later, N ethercole writes to Carleton 
 informing him that “the comedy in which the whole Span- 
 ish business is taken up, is drawing £100 nightly." 
 
 Doran, Eng. Stage, I. 25. 
 
 Gamelyn (gam'e-lin), Tale of. A poem added 
 to the list of Chaucer’s “Canterbury Tales” by 
 Urry. It is supposed that Chaucer had it in hand to use 
 as material for some poem of his own, and that it was re- 
 produced as his by scribes who found it among his papers. 
 
 It found its way at last into dramatic form, through 
 Lodge’s “Rosalynae,” in Shakespeare’s “As You Like It,” 
 and Shakespeare himself is said to have played his version 
 of the part of Adam Spencer, who appears also in Gamelyn. 
 
 Morley, English Writers, V. 320. 
 
 Gamergll (ga-mer'go). See Mandara and Masa. 
 Gamester, The. 1. A play by Shirley, licensed 
 
 in 1633. Garrick brought out an alteration of this play 
 in 1757, called “The Gamesters,” in which he played Wild- 
 ing. 
 
 2. A comedy by Mrs. Centlivre, printed first 
 ID 1705. It was adapted from Regnard’s“Le Joueur.” 
 “Le Dissipateur,” by Destouches, was partly taken from 
 Mrs. Centlivre’s play. 
 
 3. A tragedy by Edward Moore, produced in 
 
 1753. 
 
 Gamil-Sin (ga'mil-sin). [Assyr., ‘ the endower 
 of the moon-god Sin.’] One of the early Baby- 
 lonian kings, about 2500 b. c. He l’esided at Ur. 
 Gammell (gam' el), William. Born at Med- 
 field, Mass., Feb. 10, 1812: died at Providence, 
 R. I., April 3, 1889. An American educator and 
 author. He graduated in 1831 at Brown University, in 
 which institution he was tutor 1831-35, professor of rheto- 
 ric and English literature 1835-51, and professor of history 
 and political economy 1851-64, when he resigned. He 
 wrote a life of Roger Williams (1846). 
 
 Gammer Gurton’s Needle. A comedy by Bish- 
 op Still. It was acted at Christ's College, Cambridge, in 
 1566, and printed in 1575. Owing to Warton’s mistake in 
 supposing that it was printed in 1551, it was for some time 
 thought to be the first English comedy. “ Ralph Roister 
 Doister ” preceded it. 
 
 423 
 
 As for the story, it is of the simplest, turning merely on 
 the losing of her needle by Gammer Gurton as she was 
 mending her man Hodge’s breeches, on the search for it 
 by the household, on the tricks by which Diccon the Bed- 
 lam (the clown or “vice ” of the piece) induces a quarrel 
 between Gammer and her neighbours, and on the final 
 finding of the needle in the exact place on which Gammer 
 Gurton’s industry had been employed. 
 
 Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., pp. 55,56. 
 
 Gammon (gam'on), Oily. In Warren’s novel 
 “Ten Thousand a Year,” a scheming, hypocriti- 
 cal solicitor. 
 
 Gamp (gamp), Mrs. Sairey. In Dickens’s “Mar- 
 tin Chuzzlewit,” a fat old woman ‘ ‘ with a husky 
 voice and a moist eye,” engaged in the profes- 
 sion of nursing. She is always quoting her mythical 
 friend Mrs. Harris, and her affection for the bottle is pro- 
 verbial. From a part of her varied belongings, a very 
 stumpy umbrella is called a “gamp.” See Harris, Mrs. 
 
 Gamti. See Gumti. 
 
 Gan. See Ganelon. 
 
 Gand (gon). The French name of Ghent. 
 Ganda (gan'da), or Baganda (ba-gan'da). An 
 important African nation occupying the north- 
 western shore of Lake Victoria. They call them- 
 selves Baganda, their country Buganda, and their lan- 
 guage Luganda. By the Suahili they are called Waganda, 
 their country Uganda, and their language Kiganda. The 
 royal family is of the Huma tribe of the Galla nation. 
 The people are Bantu, and form one of the finest-looking 
 and most advanced branches of the race. Their conical 
 huts are made of grass. The villages are surrounded by 
 quadrangular stockades. The principal fruit is the ba- 
 nana. The women are more numerous than the men, 
 owing to the custom of raiding neighboring tribes, killing 
 or selling the men, and keeping the women. Before the 
 advent of Europeans, the Baganda were already well clad 
 in native bark cloth, which is fast being superseded by im- 
 ported cotton cloth. Marriage of near relatives is allowed, 
 but tattooing and circumcision are forbidden. The king 
 governs with the aid of feudal governors, of a premier 
 (called katikiro), of three ba-knngu (ministers), and of the 
 lu-chiko, or parliament, composed of the grandees. No 
 idols are worshiped, but the spirit of the water, Lubadi, 
 and the genii are invoked and propitiated. Since the es- 
 tablishment of the English mission in 1872, and of the 
 Catholic mission in 1879, much progress has been made, 
 and Christianity is now predominant. In 1890 the Bagan- 
 da accepted the protectorate of the British East African 
 Company. After a civil war between Catholics and Prot- 
 estants, the company withdrew, and the British govern- 
 ment took effective control in 1893. See Uganda, Mtesa, 
 Mwanga. 
 
 Gandak (gun-dak'), Great, or Salgrami. A 
 river of Nepal and British India, flowing 
 toward the southeast, and uniting with the 
 Ganges near Patna. Length, about 192 miles. 
 Gandak, Little Gandak, or Bur Gandak. A 
 northern tributary of the Ganges, west of the 
 Gandak (Salgrami). 
 
 Gandamak (gun-da-muk'). A village in east- 
 ern Afghanistan, situated on the Khyber route 
 east of Kabul. It was the scene of a massacre of Brit- 
 ish by Afghans in 1842. Here in 1879 a treaty was made be- 
 tween Yakub Khan and the British. For £60,000 a year 
 the Ameer agreed to receive an English envoy at Kabul 
 and to surrender the Kurum, Pishiu, and Sibi Valleys. 
 Gandara y Navarro (gau'da-ra e na-var'ro), 
 Jose de la. Born at Bilbao, Oct. 15, 1820 : died 
 in 1885. A Spanish general. He served against 
 the Carlists, and was governor of Fernando Po in 1857, and 
 of Santiago de Cuba in 1862. In Sept., 1863, he went with 
 reinforcements to tiie aid of the Spanish in Santo Domingo, 
 gained several victories over the revolutionists, and in 
 1864 and 1865 was captain-general of the island, with the 
 rank of lieutenant-general. Subsequently he was gover- 
 nor-general of the Philippines. He published “ Historia 
 de la anexion de Santo Domingo.” 
 
 Gandarewa (gan-da're-wa). In the Avesta, the 
 name of a demon of enormous size dwelling 
 by the Lake Vourukasha, who seeks to destroy 
 Haoma. He is slain by Keresaspa. In the Shahnamah 
 he becomes Kandarv, the minister of Zohak. The name 
 is originally the same as the Sanskrit Gandharva (which 
 see). 
 
 Gandavo (gan-da'vo) (incorrectly Gondavo), 
 Pero de Magalhaes de. A Portuguese author 
 of the 16th century. He was a native of Braga, and it 
 is conjectured that he visited Brazil, but nothing definite 
 is known of his life. His “ Historia da Provincia de Sancta 
 Cruz ” (Lisbon, 1576) is the oldest known work relating ex- 
 clusively to Brazil, but is of little historical importance. 
 It was republished in 1858 in the “ Revista Trimensal do 
 Instituto ” of Rio de Janeiro. Another work by Gandavo, 
 “ Tratado da terra do Brasil,” was published in 1828 in the 
 “ Noticias Ultramarinas ” of the Academy of Lisbon. 
 Gandercleugh (gan'der-kluch). The residence 
 of Jedediah Cleishbotham, whom Scott named 
 as the editor of his “ Tales of My Landlord.” 
 Gandersheim (gan'ders-him). A small town in 
 the duchy of Brunswick, Germany, 34 miles 
 southwest of Brunswick. It is noted for its abbey, 
 founded in the middle of the 9th century. Later it was a 
 principality, incorporated with Brunswick in 1803. 
 Gandhari (gan-d-ha're). [Skt.] 1 Princess of 
 Gandhara,’ wife of Dhritarashtra. As her husband 
 was blind, she always wore a bandage over her eyes to be 
 like him. 
 
 Gandharva (gan-d-har'wa). A personage in 
 Hindu mythology. Though in later times the Gand- 
 harvas are "regarded as a class, the Rigveda rarely men- 
 
 Gans 
 
 tions more than one, commonly designated as the “ heav- 
 enly Gandharva.” He dwells in the air, and his duty is 
 to guard the soma, which the gods obtain through him. 
 India obtains it for man by conquering the Gandharva. 
 The heavenly Gandharva is supposed to be a good phy- 
 sician, because soma is the best medicine. He is one of 
 the genii who regulate the course of the Sun’s horses, and 
 he makes known the secrets of heaven. He is the parent 
 of the first human pair, Yama and Yami, and has a pe- 
 culiar power over women, whence he is invoked in mar- 
 riage ceremonies. Ecstatic states are derived from 
 him. The class have the same characteristics. In epic 
 poetry they are the heavenly singers at the banquets of 
 the gods. 
 
 Gandia (gan-de'a). A town in the province of 
 Valencia , eastern Spain, situated near the Medi- 
 terranean 36 miles south-southeastof Valencia. 
 Population, 10,026. 
 
 Gando (gan'do). 1. A Fellatah kingdom in the 
 western Sudan, Africa, lying along the Niger 
 about lat. 7° 30'-14° N. It is within the British 
 protectorate of Northern Nigeria. Area, estimated, 78,- 
 467 square miles. Population, estimated, 5,500,000. 
 
 2. The capital of the kingdom of Gando, situ- 
 ated about lat. 12° 25' N., long. 4° 40' E. 
 
 Ganelon (ga'ne-lon), or Gan (gau), or Gano 
 (ga'no), etc. A paladin in the Carlovingian 
 cycle of romance. By his treachery as an officer of 
 Charlemagne he caused the death of Roland and the loss 
 of the battle of Roncesvalles. He was torn in pieces by 
 wild horses, and his name became a synonym of treason. 
 Chaucer introduces him in his “Nun’s Priest’s Tale,” and 
 Dante places him in the “Inferno.” 
 
 Ganesha (ga-na/sha). In Hindu mythology, the 
 lord of the Ganas, or troops of inferior deities, 
 especially those attendant onShiva. Heisthegod 
 of wisdom and remover of obstacles, propitiated at the be- 
 ginning of any important undertaking, and invoked at the 
 commencement of books. 
 
 Ganganelli (gfin-ga-nel'le). See Clement XIV. 
 
 Ganges (gan'jez), Hind. Ganga (gung'ga). The 
 sacred river of India. It rises (under the name of the 
 Bhagirathi) in the Himalayas, lat. 30° 65' N., long. 79° 7' E., 
 and is called the Ganges after its junction with the Alak- 
 nanda. Its course is mainly toward the southeast, and it 
 falls into the Bay of BChgal by many mouths(Hugli in the 
 west, Meghna in the east). Its chief tributaries are the 
 Jumna, Ramgunga, Gumti, Gogra, Gandak, Kusi, Atri, 
 Son, and Jamuna (the main stream of the Brahmaputra). 
 The length of the main stream is 1,557 miles. It is navi- 
 gable from Hardwar, and from Allahabad for larger ves- 
 sels. On it are situated Calcutta, Patna, and many holy 
 places, such as Benares, Allahabad, Hardwar, and Gan- 
 gotri. 
 
 Ganges (gohzh). A town in the department of 
 lie vault, southern France, situated on the He- 
 rault 26 miles north-northwest of Montpellier. 
 Population, 4,582. 
 
 Gangeticus Sinus (gan-jet'i-kus si'nus). The 
 ancient name of the Bay of Bengal. 
 
 Gangi (gan'je). A town in the province of 
 Palermo, Sicily, situated in lat. 37° 46' N., 
 long. 14° 14' E. : the ancient Enguium. It was 
 colonized by Cretans, and had a Cretan temple. 
 Population, 11,376. 
 
 Gangotri (gau-go'tre). A place in the state of 
 Tehri, India, situated in lat. 31° N., long. 
 78° 57' E. It is celebrated as a Hindu shrine 
 on account of its proximity to the source of 
 the Ganges. 
 
 Gangpur (gang-por'). A tributary state of 
 Orissa, Bengal, situated about lat. 22° N., long. 
 84° E. Area, 2,492 sq. m. Pop., about 240,000. 
 
 Gan jam (giin-jam'). 1. A district in the Presi- 
 dency of Madras, British India, intersected by 
 lat. 19° N., long. 84° 30' E. Area, 8,372 square 
 miles. Pomilation, over 2,000,000. — 2. A small 
 town in the district of Ganjam, situated on the 
 Bay of Bengal in lat. 19° 23' N., long. 85° 3' E. 
 
 Gannal (ga-nal'), Jean Nicolas. Born at Saar- 
 louis, Prussia, July 28, 1791 : died at Paris, Jan., 
 1852. A French chemist, the inventor of a sys- 
 tem of embalming by injection. 
 
 Gannat (ga-na'). A town in the department 
 of Allier, central France, situated on the Ande- 
 lot 34 miles south of Moulins. It has a noted 
 church. Population, commune, 5,128. 
 
 Gannett (gan'et), Ezra Stiles. Born at Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., May 4, 1801 : killed in a railway 
 accident at Revere, Mass., Aug. 26, 1871. An 
 American Unitarian clergyman, colleague of 
 W. E. Channing in Boston from 1824, and sole 
 pastor from 1842. 
 
 Gannon (gan'on), Mary. Born at New York, 
 Oct. 8, 1829: "died there, Feb. 22, 1868. An 
 American actress. She went, on the stage when six 
 years old. She was a versatile actress, excelling in com- 
 edy. 
 
 Ganor, or Ganora, or Ganore. See Guinevere. 
 
 Gans (gans), Eduard. Born at Berlin, March 
 22, 1797 : died at Berlin, May 5, 1839. A noted 
 German jurist, professor at the University of 
 Berlin. He wrote “DasErbrecht in weltgeschichtlicher 
 Entwickelung ” (1824-35), “System des romlschen Civil- 
 rechts ’’ (1827), etc. 
 
Gansbacher 
 
 Gansbacher (gens' ba-cher), Johann Baptist. 
 
 Born at Sterzing, Tyrol, May 8, 1778 : died July 
 13, 1844. An Austrian composer, chiefly of 
 church music. 
 
 Gansevoort (gans'vort), Peter. Born at Al- 
 bany, N. Y., July 17, 1749: died July 2, 1812. 
 An American general. He successfully defended 
 Fort Stanwix, New York, against the British and Indians 
 under St. Leger in 1777, a service for which he received 
 the thanks of Congress. He became brigadier-general in 
 the United States army in 1809. 
 
 Ganymede (gan'i-med). [L. Ganymedes, from 
 Gr. TavvyiiSyg.'] In Greek mythology, the cup- 
 bearer of Zeus or of the Olympian gods : origi- 
 nally a beautiful Trojan youth, transferred to 
 Olympus (according to Homer, by the gods; ac- 
 cording to others, by the eagle of Zeus, or by 
 Zeus himself in the form of an eagle) and made 
 immortal. He supplanted Hebe in her function as cup- 
 bearer. He was regarded at first as the genius of water, 
 and is represented by the sign Aquarius in the zodiac. 
 Ganymede. In Shakspere’s “As you Like it,’’ 
 the name assumed by Rosalind when disguised 
 as a man. 
 
 Gap (gap). The capital of the department of 
 Hautes-Alpes, Prance, situated on the Luye in 
 lat. 44° 35' N., long. 6° 4' E. : the ancient Va- 
 pincum. Population, commune, 10,823. 
 
 Gap of Dnnloe. A pass in County Kerry, Ire- 
 land. It is about 4 miles long, and is noted for 
 its grand and rugged beauty. 
 
 Garabit Viaduct. A famous viaduct on the 
 railway 90 miles south of Clermont-Ferrand in 
 southern France. Its span measures 542 feet. 
 Garagantua. See Gargantua. 
 
 Garamantes (gar-a-man'tez). In ancient his- 
 tory, a nomadic people dwelling in the Sahara, 
 Africa, east of the Gsetuli. 
 
 Garashanin (ga-ra-sha'nen), Ilia. Bom at 
 Garashi, circle Kraguyevatz, Servia, Jan. 28, 
 1812: died at Belgrad, Seryia, June 22, 1874. A 
 Servian statesman, prime minister 1852-53 and 
 1862-67. 
 
 Garat (gii-ra'), Dominique Joseph. Born near 
 Bayonne, France, Sept. 8, 1749: died near Ba- 
 yonne, Dec. 9, 1833. A French politician and 
 political writer, minister of justice 1792, and 
 of the interior 1793. 
 
 Garat, Jean Pierre. Born at Ustarites, near 
 Bayonne, France, April 25, 1764: died at Paris, 
 March 1, 1823. A French musician, nephew 
 of D. J. Garat, professor of singing in the Con- 
 servatory of Music, Paris, 1795. His voice was 
 of unusual compass, including both barytone and tenor 
 registers: he was “the most extraordinary singer of his 
 time " (Grove). 
 
 Garay (ga-ri'), Francisco de. Died at Mex- 
 ico, 1524. A Spanish administrator, in 1509 he 
 went with Diego Columbus to Espafiola as procurador; 
 subsequently he was governor of Jamaica, and acquired 
 great wealth. In 1519 he sent out an expedition under 
 Alonzo de Pineda, which explored much of the northern 
 shore of the Gulf of Mexico, discovering the mouth of the 
 Mississippi. Garay was authorized to conquer and colo- 
 nize the new region, and in 1523 sailed to the Panuco 
 River, in Mexico, to establish a colony ; but he lost sev- 
 eral ships, and had a dispute with Cortes who claimed the 
 territory. He went to Mexico City to meet Cortds, and 
 died there. 
 
 Garay (gor'oi), Janos. Born at Szegszdrd, 
 county of Tolna, Hungary, Oct. 10, 1812: died 
 at Pest, Nov. 5, 1853. A Hungarian poet. He 
 wrote the tragedies “ Arbocz ” (1837) and “ P.&tori Erzsd- 
 bet ” (1840), and the collections “Az Arpddok ’’ (1847), “ Ba- 
 latoni Kagyldk ” (“Shells from the Balaton Lake,” 1843), 
 “ Szent LdszlJ ’’ (1850), etc. In his last years he became 
 paralytic and blind, and died in extreme poverty. 
 
 Garay (ga-ri'), Juan de. Born in Biscay, 
 1541 : died near the river Parand, 1582. A 
 Spanish soldier. He went to Paraguay about 1565 ; 
 wa9 prominent in various conquests and explorations ; and 
 from 1576 until his death was acting governor as the lieu- 
 tenant of Juan Torres. He founded the present city of 
 Buenos Ayres (the first settlement having been abandoned) 
 June 11, 1580. While returning from that place to Asun- 
 cion he died, either in a shipwreck or at the hands of the 
 Indians. 
 
 Garbo (gar 'bo), Raffaellino del (originally 
 Raffaello Capponi). Born at Florence, 1466 : 
 died there, 1524. A Florentine painter, a pupil 
 of Filippino Lippi. 
 
 Gargao (gar-san'), Pedro Antonio Correa. 
 
 Born at Lisbon, April 29, 1724: died Nov. 10, 
 1772. A Portuguese lyric poet. Works pub- 
 lished 1778. 
 
 Garcia, or Garzia (gar-the'ii), or Garcias (gar- 
 the'as). Bora at Tudela, 958: died 1001. King 
 of Navarre 995—1001. He was surnamed “the Trem- 
 bler” on account of his nervousness before battle; and 
 was the author of the saying “ My body trembles at the 
 dangers to which my courage is about to expose it.” He 
 defeated the Moors under Almansur in the battle of Cala- 
 tafiazor In 998. 
 
 Garcia (gar-se'a), Aleixo or Alejo. Died in 
 
 424 
 
 Paraguay about 1526. A Portuguese, or possi- 
 bly a Spaniard, who early in the 16th century 
 was left on the coast of southern Brazil, near 
 Santa Catharina, by one of the exploring ships 
 which tor.ehed there. He lived for years among the 
 Indians, and about 1524, accompanied by several hundred 
 of them, made an expedition westward or northwestward, 
 penetrating beyond the Paraguay and perhaps reaching 
 the confines of Peru. Returning with a large amount of 
 gold, he was murdered by his companions. The accounts 
 of this expedition are very vague, and have been discred- 
 ited by some historians. 
 
 Garcia, DiogO. Born at Lisbon about 1471 : died 
 in Spain about 1535. A Portuguese pilot. He 
 entered the service of Spain, and there are indications that 
 he was on the coast of South America as early as 1512, pos- 
 sibly as far south as the Plata. In 1526 he commanded an 
 expedition to the coast of Brazil and the Plata. Ascend- 
 ing the ParanA, he met Sebastian Cabot, quarreled with 
 him, and in 1528 returned to Spain. It is conjectured that 
 he was subsequently in the Indian Ocean, and that he dis- 
 covered there the island bearing his name. 
 
 Garcia (gar-the'a,), Gregorio. Born in Cozar 
 about 1560: died in Baeza, 1627. A Spanish 
 Dominican author. He traveled for twelve years 
 in Spanish America, part of the time as a missionary 
 among the Indians. He published “ Origen de los Indios 
 de] Nuevo Mundo” (Valencia, 1607; Madrid, 1727) and 
 “Predicacion del Evangelio en el Nuevo Mundo vivien- 
 do los Apostoles ” (Baeza, 1625). His “ Monarquia de los 
 Incas del Peru” was never published, and is probably 
 lost. , 
 
 Garcia, Manuel. Born at Zafra, Spain, March 
 17, 1805 : died at Lon don, J uly 1, 1906. A Span- 
 ish teacher of singing. His application of the laryn- 
 goscope and his “Mdmoire sur la voix humaine” (1840) 
 
 . may be said to be the foundation of all subsequent inves- 
 tigations of the voice. (Grove.) He went to London in 1848, 
 and was professor at the Royal Academy of Music until 
 1895. , 
 
 Garcia, Manuel del Popolo Vicente. Born 
 at Seville, Spain, Jan. 22, 1775 : died at Paris, 
 June 2, 1832. A Spanish singer, composer, and 
 musical instructor. He founded a famous school of 
 singing in London in 1823. He wrote 19 Italian, 17 Span- 
 ish, and 7 French operas ( Fetis ). 
 
 Garcia, Maria. See Malibran. 
 
 Garcia, Pauline. See Yiardot. 
 
 Garcia Calderon, Francisco. See Calderon. 
 Garcia Cubas (ko'bas), Antonio. Born in 
 1832. A Mexican mathematician and geogra- 
 pher, for many years employed by the govern- 
 ment in explorations of the republic and in 
 preparing statistics, reports, and maps. Among 
 his numerous important works are “Atlas geogrdflco, es- 
 tadiatico y histbrico de la Reptiblica Mejicana ’’ (1857), a 
 map of Mexico (1863), “Cuadro geogrdflco, estadistico, de- 
 scriptivo 6 histdrico de los Estados Unidos Mejicanos” 
 (1889), and “Diccionario geogrAflco, histbrico y biogrdflco “ 
 (1889). 
 
 Garcia de Palacio (gar-the'a da pa-la'the-6), 
 Diego. Born at Santander about 1520 : died, 
 probably at Mexico, after 1587. A Spanish 
 lawyer and author. He was auditor of Guatemala, 
 and in 1576 wrote a report on that country which is of 
 great historical importance. It was first published in the 
 Muiioz collection, and there are modern editions in vari- 
 ous languages. 
 
 Garcia Moreno (mo-ra'no), Gabriel. Born at 
 Guayaquil, 1821 : assassinated at Quito, Aug. 6, 
 1875. An Ecuadorian politician. He was chief of 
 the provisional government at Quito, 1859, as head of the 
 church party, and president 1861-65, during a period of 
 great disorder, including war with New Granada. Inl869 
 he was again elected president for sixyears, andhad been 
 reelected in 1875 when he was killed. 
 
 Garcia Qhez de Loyola, Martin. See Loyola. 
 GarciaPelaez (pa-la'ath), Francisco de Paula. 
 Born about 1800: died at Guatemala City, Jan. 
 25, 1867. A Guatemalan prelate and historian, 
 archbishop of Guatemala from Feb. 11, 1844. 
 His principal work was “ Memorias para la his- 
 toria del antiguo reino de Guatemala ” (3 vols. 
 1851-53). 
 
 Garcias (gar-the'as), Pedro. A licentiate, re- 
 ferred to in the preface to Le Sage’s “Gil 
 Bias,” whose soul was buried in a leathern 
 purse which held his ducats. 
 
 Garcia y Iniguez, Calixto. Born at Holguin, 
 Cuba, Oct. 14, 1836 : died at Washington, D. C., 
 Dec. 11, 1898. A general of Cuban insurgents. 
 With Cespedes and Marmol he planned the rebellion of 
 1868, and on the retirement of Gomez was made com- 
 mander-in-chief of the forces of Cuba. He was captured 
 in 1873 and imprisoned in Spain until 1878. He returned 
 to Cuba in Aug., 1879, led an unsuccessful uprising, and 
 was again carried to Spain. He lived in Madrid (as a 
 teacher, etc.) under police surveillance, but e^aped in 
 Sept., 1895, reached New York, and finally landed with a 
 large expedition near Baraeoa. The provisional govern- 
 ment immediately placed him in command of an army, 
 with which lie gained several important victories before 
 uniting with the United States forces in the capture of 
 Santiago, June 21-July 17, 1898. 
 
 Garcilasso de la Vega. Sec Vega. 
 
 Garcin de Tassy (gilr-sah' de ta-se'), Joseph 
 H61iodore Sagesse Vertu. Born at Mar- 
 seilles, Jan. 20, 1794: died at Paris, Sept. 2, 
 
 Gardiner, Stephen 
 
 1878. A French Orientalist, author of works 
 on Hindi Hindustani, etc. 
 
 Gard (gar). A department of southern France, 
 capital Nimes : part of the ancient Languedoc. 
 It is bounded by Loz&re and Ardeche on the north, the 
 Rhone (separating it from Vaucluse and Bouches-du- 
 Rhone) on the east, the Mediterranean and Hbrahlt on 
 the south, and 1 f trail It and Aveyron on the west. It has 
 important manufactures of silk, etc., vineyards, olive 
 and chestnut plantations, and rich mineral products. 
 Area, 2,270 square miles. Population, 421,166. 
 
 Gard, Pont du. The modern name of a bridge 
 forming part of a celebrated Roman aqueduct, 
 situated about 14 miles northeast of Nimes. 
 Garda (gar'da), Lake of. [It. Logo di Garda.~\ 
 The largest lake of northern Italy, bordering on 
 Tyrol on the north and the provinces of Verona 
 on the east and Brescia on the west : the an- 
 cient La.CUS Benaeus. The Mincio carries its waters 
 into the Po. The lake is noted for storms. Peschiera 
 and Riva are situated on it. Length, 33 miles. Breadth, 
 10 miles. 
 
 Gardaia, or Ghardaya (gar-di'a). The chief 
 town of the Beni-Mzab, situated in the prov- 
 ince of Algiers, Algeria, in lat. 32° 28' N.. 
 long. 3° 58' E. Population, about 10,000. 
 Garde Joyeuse. See Joyeuse Garde. 
 Gardelegen (gar 'de-la-gen). [Formerly also 
 Gardeleben and Garleben.'] A town in the prov- 
 ince of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Milde 
 28 miles north-northwest of Magdeburg. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 8,178. 
 
 Garden (gar'dn), Alexander. Born at Charles- 
 ton, S. C., Dec. 4, 1757: died at Charleston, Feb. 
 29, 1829. An American revolutionary officer, 
 known chiefly as the author of “Anecdotes of 
 the Revolutionary War” (1822). 
 
 Garden City (gar'dn sit'i). A village in Long 
 Island, New York, about 20miles east of Brook- 
 lyn. It is noted for its Episcopal cathedral 
 (founded by Mrs. A. T. Stewart) and schools. 
 Garden City. An epithet of Chicago. 
 
 Garden of Eden. See Eden. 
 
 Garden of England. A name given to Wor- 
 cestershire on account of its fertility. 
 
 Garden of France. A name given to Touraine, 
 a former province of France. 
 
 Garden of Gethsemane. See Gethsemane. 
 Garden of Helvetia. A name given to Thurgau. 
 Garden of Italy. A name sometimes given to 
 Sicily. 
 
 Garden of the Gods. A remarkable region 
 near Colorado Springs, Colorado, comprising 
 about 500 acres, covered with extraordinary 
 rock-formations (cathedral spires, etc.). 
 Garden of the Hesperides. See Hesperides. 
 Garden of the Tuileries. See Tuilcries. 
 Garden State, or Garden of the West. A 
 name sometimes given to Kansas. 
 
 Gardiner (gard'ner). A city in Kennebec 
 County, Maine, situated on the Kennebec 8 
 miles south of Augusta. Pop., 5,311, (1910). 
 Gardiner, James. Born at Carriden, near Lin- 
 lithgow, Jan. 11, 1688: killed at the battle of 
 Prestonpans, Sept. 21, 1745. A Scottish colonel 
 of dragoons, famous on account of his remark- 
 able conversion in 1719. 
 
 Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. Bom at Ropley, 
 Hants, March 4, 1829: died at Sevenoaks, 
 Kent, Feb. 23, 1902. An English historian. 
 His works include a history of the Stuart period “from 
 the Accession of James I. to the Disgrace of Chief Justice 
 Coke,” “Prince Charles and the Spanish Marriage” (1869), 
 “The Thirty Years' War "(1874), “England under the Duke 
 of Buckingham and Charles I.” (1875), “Personal Govern- 
 ment of Charles I.” (1877), “Outlines of English History " 
 (1881), “Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I." (1882), “ His- 
 tory of the Great Civil War” (1886-91), “History of the 
 Commonwealth and Protectorate” (1894-1904), etc. He 
 edited a number of hitherto unpublished documents and 
 letters. 
 
 Gardiner, Stephen. Born at Bury St. Edmunds 
 between 1483 and 1490 : died at London, Nov. 
 12, 1555. An English prelate and politician. 
 He studied at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, of which society 
 he was elected master in 1525. In 1528 he was sent by 
 Henry VIII. on a mission to the Pope in reference to the 
 proposed divorce between the king and Catharine of Ara- 
 gon. He was made secretary of state in 1529 ; was ap- 
 pointed bishop of Winchester in 1531 ; and was elecled 
 chancellor of the University of Cambridge about 1540 
 Although constantly employed on diplomatic missions to 
 the courts of Rome, France, and the emperor, his chief 
 service to Henry consisted in a learned defense of the 
 Act of Supremacy, published in 1535 under the title “De 
 vera obedientia oratio." In the reign of Edward VI. he 
 resisted the ecclesiastical policy of Cranmer, in •conse- 
 quence of which he was committed to the Tower and, in 
 1552, deprived of his bishopric. He was restored to lib- 
 erty at the accession of Queen Mary, who appointed him 
 lord high chancellor of the realm in 1653. In conjunction 
 with Bonner he was the chief instrument in bringing 
 about the persecution of the Protestants in the early part 
 of Mary's reign. 
 
Gardiner’s Bay 
 
 425 
 
 Garrick 
 
 Gardiner's Bay. An inlet on the northern 
 coast of Long Island, lying between Gardiner’s 
 Island on the east and Shelter Island on the 
 west. 
 
 Gardiner’s Island. A small island lying off 
 the northeast of Long Island, New York, in 
 lat. 41° 8' N., long. 72° 8' W. It belongs to 
 the township of Easthampton. 
 
 Gardner (giird'ner). A town in Worcester 
 County, Massachusetts, about 23 miles north- 
 west of Worcester. Population, 14,699, (1910). 
 Gardner, George. Born at Glasgow, Scotland, 
 May, 1812: died at NeuraEllia, Ceylon, March 
 10, 1849. A botanist and traveler. From 1836 to 
 1841 he traveled in Brazil, collecting and studying plants. 
 In 1844 he was appointed superintendent of the botanical 
 garden of Ceylon, and he afterward traveled extensively 
 in India. Besides numerous botanical monographs, he 
 published “ Travels in the Interior of Brazil " (1846 : 2d 
 ed. 1849). 
 
 Gardoni (gar-do'ne), Italo. Born at Parma, 
 Italy, 1821: died March 30, 1882. An Italian 
 tenor singer. He made his d6but at Viadana in 1840. 
 His repertoire was large, and he sang much in Paris and 
 London. He retired from the stage in 1874. 
 
 Gareloch. (gar 'loch). An inlet of the Firth of 
 Clyde, in the southwest of Dumbartonshire, 
 Scotland. 
 
 Garenganze (ga-reng-gan'ze), also Katanga 
 (ka-tang' ga). The kingdom of the late 
 Mushidi or Msidi, situated between the head 
 streams of the Luapula River, west of Lakes 
 Bangweolo and Moero. The natives are mostly Ba- 
 luba (also called Bca-ruba and Ba-rua). Garenganze is the 
 English pronunciation of Ngaranganja, the name of a 
 Nyamwezi tribe to which Msidi, the founder of the king- 
 dom, belonged. The Nyamwezi are the great traders of 
 East Africa. The famous copper-mines attracted them 
 to Katanga, where guns and powder enabled Msidi to 
 establish his great kingdom, based on rapine. In 1892 
 Msidi was shot by a Kongo State officer, and his country 
 handed over to the Katanga Company. See Luba. 
 Garessio (ga-res'se-o). A small town in the 
 province of Cuneo, Piedmont, Italy, situated 
 on the Tanaro 28 miles southeast of Cuneo. 
 Gareth (ga'reth). In Arthurian romance, the 
 nephew of King Arthur. He was introduced to 
 Arthur's court as a scullion, and concealed his name for a 
 year at his mother’s request. He was nicknamed ‘ ‘ Beau- 
 mains ” by Sir Kay on account of the size of his hands. 
 Tennyson has used his story, with some alterations, in 
 “Gareth and Lynette.” 
 
 Garfield (gar'feld), James Abram. Born at 
 Orange, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, Nov. 19, 1831 : 
 died at Elberon, N. J., Sept. 19, 1881. The 
 twentieth President of the United States. He 
 was an instructor in and later president of Hiram College, 
 Ohio, 1856-61, and a member of the Ohio senate 1859-61. 
 He joined the Union army as a lieutenant-colonel of vol- 
 unteers at the beginning of the Civil War; defeated Gen- 
 eral Humphrey Marshall at the battle of Middle Creek, 
 Jan. 10, 1862 ; was promoted brigadier-general in the same 
 year ; was chief of Eosecrans’s staff (serving at Chicka- 
 mauga) in 1863 ; was promoted major-general in 1863 ; was 
 member of Congress from Ohio 1863-80; was a member 
 of the Electoral Commission in 1877 ; was elected United 
 States senator in 1880 ; was elected as fiepublican candi- 
 date for President in 1880; was inaugurated March 4, 
 1881; and was shot at Washington by Guiteau. July 2, 
 1881. His works have been edited by B. A. Hinsdale (2 
 vols. 1883). 
 
 Gargamelle (gar-ga-mel'). The mother of Gar- 
 gantua, in Rabelais’s romance of that name. 
 Gargano (gar-ga/no). A mountainous penin. 
 sula in the province of Foggia, Italy, project- 
 ing into the Adriatic Sea : the ancient Garga- 
 nus. Highest point, Monte Calvo (3,460 feet). 
 Gargantua (gar-gan'tu-a ; F. pron. gar-gon-tii- 
 a') and Pantagruel (pan-tag'ro-el ; F. pron. 
 pon-ta-grii-el'), The Life of. A satirical work 
 in prose and verse by Rabelais. Gargantua is a 
 giant with an enormous appetite, and his name has be- 
 ' come proverbial for an insatiable eater. The misspelling 
 Qaragantua, originated by Pope in his edition of Shak- 
 spere’s plays (“As you Like it,”iii. 2), has been followed 
 by some other editors. (Furness.) There was a chap- 
 book, popular in England in the 16th century, giving the 
 history of the giant Gargantua, who accidentally swallows 
 five pilgrims, staves and all, in his salad. See Pantagruel 
 and Panurge. 
 
 He [ Rabelais] edited too, and perhaps in part rewrote, a 
 prose romance, “ Les Grandes et Inestimables Chronicques 
 du Grant et Enorme Gcant Gargantua.” This work, the 
 author of which is unknown, and no earlier copies of which 
 exist, gave him no doubt at least the idea of his own fa- 
 mous book. The next year (1532) followed the first instal- 
 ment of this — “Pantagruel Roi des Dipsodes Restitud en 
 Son naturel avec ses Faicts et Proueses Espouvantables.” 
 Three years afterwards came “Gargantua ” proper, the first 
 book of the entire work as we now have it. Eleven years, 
 however, passed before the work was continued, the sec- 
 ond book of “ Pantagruel ” not being published till 1546, 
 and the third six years later, just before the author's death, 
 in 1552. The fourth or last hook did not appear as a whole 
 until 1564, though the first sixteen chapters had been given 
 to the world two years before. This fourth book, the fifth 
 of the entire work, has, from the length of time which 
 elapsed before its publication and from certain variations 
 which exist in the MS. and the first printed editions, 
 VI. 15 
 
 been suspected of spuriousness. Such a question cannot 
 be debated here at length. But there is no external tes- 
 timony of sufficient value to discredit Rabelais’s author- 
 ship, while the internal testimony in its favour is over- 
 whelming. Saintsbury, Short Hist, of French Lit., p. 185. 
 
 Gargaphia (gar-ga'fi-a), The Vale of. The vale 
 where the mythical Actseon was tom to pieces 
 by his own hounds. It was used by Jonson as 
 the scene of “Cynthia’s Revels.” 
 
 Gargaron (gar'ga-ron), the modern Kaz-Dagh 
 (kaz-diig'). [Gr. T apyapov.'] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, the highest summit of Mount Ida,Mysia. 
 
 Gargery (gar'jer-i), Joe. In Dickens’s “Great 
 Expectations,” a good-natured blacksmith with 
 a shrewish wife : Pip’s brother-in-law. 
 
 Garhwal, or Gurhwal (gur-wal'). 1. A dis- 
 trict in the Kumaon division, United Provinces, 
 British India, intersected by lat. 30° 30' N., 
 long. 79° E. Its surface is exceedingly moun- 
 tainous, the highest peaks (in the north) hav- 
 ing an altitude of from 23,000 to nearly 26,000 
 feet. Area, 5,629 sq.m. Population, 429,000. — 2. 
 The Tehri State, or Tehri-Garhwal. See Teliri. 
 
 Garibaldi (ga-re-bal'de), Giuseppe. Bom at 
 Nice, July 4, 1807 : died on the island of Ca- 
 prera, near Sardinia, June 2, 1882. A cele- 
 brated Italian patriot. Exiled from Italy for politi- 
 cal reasons in 1834, he went to South America, where he 
 was employed in the service first of the republic of Rio 
 Grande do Sul and afterward in that of Uruguay, 1836-48. 
 In 1849 he entered the service of the Roman Republic, 
 which was abolished in the same year. In 1850 he went 
 as an exile to the United States, where he was naturalized 
 as a citizen, and where for a time he followed the occupa- 
 tion of a candle-maker on Staten Island. He returned to 
 Italy in 1854, and settled as a farmer on the island of Ca- 
 prera. He commanded an independent corps, known as 
 the “ Hunters of the Alps,” in the Sardinian service during 
 the war of Sardinia and France against Austria in 1859. 
 Secretly encouraged by the Sardinian government, he 
 organized, after the conclusion of peace, an expedition 
 against the Two Sicilies for the purpose of bringing about 
 the union of Italy. He descended upon Sicily with 1,000 
 volunteers in May, 1860, and after having made himself 
 dictator of Sicily crossed to the mainland, where he ex- 
 pelled Francis II. from Naples and entered the capital 
 Sept. 7, 1860. He retired to Caprera on the union of the 
 Two Sicilies with Sardinia and the proclamation, March 
 17, 1861, of Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia as king of Italy. 
 Striving for the complete unification of Italy, he organized 
 an expedition against Rome in 1862, but was defeated and 
 captured by the Sardinians at Aspromonte in Aug. He 
 was again in arms against the Pope in 1867, and was de- 
 feated by the French and papal forces atMentana in Nov. 
 In 1870-71 he commanded a French force in the war 
 against the Germans. 
 
 Gariep (ga-rep'), The Orange River. 
 
 Garigliano (ga-rel-ya'no). A river in western 
 Italy, flowing into the Gulf of Gaeta 10 miles 
 east of Gaeta: the ancient Liris. Near it, Dec. 
 27, 1503, Gonsalvo de Cordova defeated the French under 
 the Marquis of Saluzzo. Length, about 90 miles. 
 
 Garland (gar'land), Augustus Hill. Born near 
 Covington, Tenn., June 11, 1832 : died at Wash- 
 ington, D. C., Jan. 26, 1899. An American 
 politician. He was a member of the Confederate 
 congress ; governor of Arkansas 1875-77 ; United States 
 senator from Arkansas 1877-85 ; and attorney-general 1885- 
 1889. 
 
 Garm(garm). [ON. Garmr.'] In Old Norse my- 
 thology, the demon watch-dog of Hel. At Rag- 
 narok he and the god Tyr slew each other. 
 
 Garmail (ger-ma-il') and Armail (er-ma-il'). 
 In Firdausi, two noble Persians who became 
 cooks to King Tohak in order to save each day 
 one of the two men whose brains were daily 
 devoured by the serpents that grew on Tohak’s 
 back. Substituting the brains of a sheep for those of 
 one, they saved him. From the men thus saved Firdausi 
 derives the Kurds. 
 
 Garneau (gar-no'), Frangois Xavier. Born at 
 Quebec, June 15, 1809: died Feb. 3, 1866. A 
 Canadian historian. He was city clerk of Quebec 
 1845-66. He wrote “ Histoire du Canada ” (1845-46). 
 
 Garnet (gar'net), Henry Highland. Born in 
 Kent County, Md., 1815: died at Monrovia, 
 Liberia, Feb., 1882. An American clergyman 
 and orator, of African birth. 
 
 Garnett (gar'net), Henry. Born at Heanor, 
 Derbyshire, 1555 : executed at St. Paul’s Church- 
 yard, May 3, 1606. A leading English Jesuit, 
 arrested and put to death for alleged connec- 
 tion with the Gunpowder Plot. 
 
 Garnett, Richard. Born at Otley, Yorkshire, 
 July 25, 1789: died Sept. 27, 1850. An English 
 clergyman and philologist, assistant keeper of 
 printed books at the British Museum from 1838. 
 His philological essays were collected and pub- 
 lished in 1859. 
 
 Garnett, Richard. Born Feb. 27, 1835 : died 
 April 13, 1906. An English scholar and author, 
 son of Richard Garnett (1789-1850). He was as- 
 sistant keeper of printed books mid was made superin- 
 tendent of the reading-room of the British Museum in 
 1875. He was keeper of printed books 1890-99. 
 
 Gamier (gar-nya'), Adolphe. Born at Paris, 
 March 27, 1801: died at Jouy-en-Josas, May 4, 
 1864. A French philosopher. He was professor of 
 philosophy in the University of Paris from 1845 until his 
 death. He wrote ‘ Traitd des f aeultds de l ame ” (1852). 
 
 Gamier, Charles Georges Thomas. Born at 
 Auxerre, France, Sept. 21, 1746 : died there, 
 Jan. 24, 1795. A French litterateur. He was Rev- 
 olutionary commissioner at Auxerre 1793-96. His chief 
 work is “Nouveaux proverbes dramatiques, etc.” (1874). 
 
 Gamier, Germain. Bom at Auxerre, France, 
 Nov. 8, 1754: died at Paris, Oct. 4, 1821. A 
 French political economist, brother of C. G. T. 
 Gamier. He emigrated with the royalists in 1793, re- 
 turned in 1795, and became prefect of the department of 
 Seine-et-Oise in 1800, a senator in 1804, and president of 
 the Senate in 1809. At the restoration of 1814 he became 
 a member of the Chamber of Peers, and was appointed 
 minister of state by Louis XVIII. after the Hundred Days. 
 He translated Adam Smith’s “Wealth of Nations” (1805), 
 and wrote a number of politico-economic treatises, in- 
 cluding “Histoire de la monnaie” (1819). 
 
 Gamier, Jean Louis Charles. Born at Paris, 
 Nov. 6, 1825: died Aug. 3, 1898) A French 
 architect. He entered the Ecole des Beaux Arts in 1842, 
 and became a pupil of Lebas and Leveil. He subsequently 
 traveled in Italy and Greece, and began business as an ar- 
 chitect at Paris in 1854. He designed the Grand Op6ra at 
 Paris, which was erected under his supervision 1863-74. 
 
 Gamier, Joseph Clement. Bora at Beuil, 
 Alpes-Maritimes, France, Oct. 3, 1813: died at 
 Paris, Sept. 25, 1881. A French political econo- 
 mist. He was made senator in 1876. His works include 
 “ Traits': dY-conomie politique ” (9th ed. 1889), “ Traits de 
 finance” (1882), etc. 
 
 Gamier, Marie Joseph Frangois. Bom at St.- 
 Etienne, France, July 25, 1839: died in Tong- 
 king, Dec. 21, 1873. A French explorer. He ac- 
 companied the expedition of Admiral Charner to China 
 and Cochin China as ensign 1860-62 ; was placed in charge 
 of the exploration of the river Mekong in 1866 ; partici- 
 pated in the defense of Paris 1870-71 ; and commanded a 
 military expedition to Tongking, whose capital, Hanoi, 
 he took Nov. 20, 1873. He was killed in an engagement 
 with Chinese pirates. Author of “Voyage d’exploration 
 en Indo-Chine ” (1873). 
 
 Gamier, Robert. Born at Fertd Bernard, 1534 : 
 died at Le Mans, Aug. 15, 1590. The most im- 
 portant French writer of tragedy before Cor- 
 neille. He was a member of the Paris bar, became lieu- 
 tenant criminel at Le Mans, and was finally appointed 
 councilor of state. He was a disciple of Ronsard. His 
 works, which were composed between the years 1568 and 
 1580, consist of 8 plays: “Porcid,” “Corn (die, " “Marc- 
 Antoine,” “Hippolyte," “La Troade,” “Antigone,” “Lea 
 Juive3,” and “Bradamante.” 
 
 Garnier-Pages (gar-nya'pa-zhas'), Louis An- 
 toine. Born at Marseilles, Feb. 16, 1803 : died 
 at Paris, Oct. 31, 1878. A French lawyer and 
 politician. He became minister of finance, March 5, 
 1848, in the provisional government established by the 
 .February revolution. Subsequently, on Sept. 4, 1870, he 
 was elected a member of the provisional government which 
 succeeded the second empire. He wrote “Histoire de la 
 revolution de 1848 ” (1861-72), etc. 
 
 Garo (ga'ro) (also Garro or Garrow) Hills. 
 A district in the southwest of Assam, situated 
 about lat. 25°-26° N., long. 89°-91° E., under 
 British rule. It is a mountainous district with 
 an area of 3,140 square miles. Pop., 138,274. 
 
 Garonne (ga-ron'). [L. Garumna, Garunna .] 
 A river in southwestern France. It rises in the 
 Spanish Pyrenees, has a generally northerly and north- 
 westerly course, and falls into the Bay of Biscay about 
 lat. 45° 38' N., long. 1° 4' W. It is called the Gironde after 
 its union with the Dordogne. Length, about 350 miles. 
 It is navigable about 250 miles (for ocean vessels to Bor- 
 deaux). At Toulouse it is connected by the Canal du 
 Midi with the Mediterranean. 
 
 Garonne, Haute-. See Haute-Garonne. 
 
 Garrard (ga-rard'), George. Born May 31, 1760: 
 died at London, Oct. 8, 1827. An English ani- 
 mal-painter and sculptor. 
 
 Garratt (gar'at). A village situated between 
 Tooting and Wandsworth, Surrey. The practice 
 of electing a mayor (really a chairman appointed for the 
 defense of rights of common) at every general election, 
 adopted by the inhabitants about 1780, gave rise to a series 
 of satirical “Addresses by the Mayors of Garratt.” Foote 
 wrote a play on the subject, “ The Mayor of Garratt.” 
 
 Garraud (gii-ro'), Gabriel Joseph. Born at 
 Dijon, March 25, 1807: died there, in 1880. A 
 French sculptor. 
 
 Garraway’s Coffee House. A noted London 
 coffee-house standing for two centuries in Ex- 
 change Alley, Cornhill. Tea was first sold here ; the 
 promoters of the South Sea Bubble met here ; and sales 
 of drugs, mahogany, and timber were held here periodi- 
 cally. It w r as frequented by people of quality, and “ as a 
 place of sale, exchange, auction, and lottery it was never 
 excelled ” ( Thornburg ). The original proprietor, Thomas 
 Garway, was a tobacconist and coffee dealer. 
 
 Garrick (gar'ik), David. Born at Hereford, 
 England, Feb. 19, 1717: died at London, Jan. 
 20, 1779. A celebrated English actor. He was 
 
 educated at Lichfield Grammar School ; went to London in 
 1737, traveling with Dr. Samuel Johnson, one of whose 
 pupils he had been at Edial; and was entered at Lincoln’s 
 Inn. He went into the wine business, however, with his 
 
Garrick 
 
 brother. The partnership was soon dissolved, and his love 
 of the stage induced him to make it his profession. He 
 made his first appearance in public in 1741. Having played 
 several minor parts, he made, on Oct. 19, his famous ap- 
 pearance as Richard III., which was an immediate suc- 
 cess. In 1742 he went to Dublin, where he was well re- 
 ceived. In 1745 he again went to Dublin, and was joint 
 manager there with Sheridan. In 1747 he undertook the 
 management of the Drury Lane Theatre with Lacy, having 
 bought a half interest. He brought out plays, including 
 24 of Shakspere's, creating new parts and playing the 
 principal old ones. His repertoire was large and he was 
 very versatile, his range extending from Hamlet to the ex- 
 tremes of low comedy in Abel Drugger and light comedy 
 in Archer. One of his favorite characters was Don Felix 
 in “The Wonder," which he played for the first time Nov. 
 6, 1756, and for the last time at his last appearance, June 
 10, 1776. He retired with a considerable fortune to Hamp- 
 ton. He wrote farces and comedies and alterations of old 
 plays (especially with Colman), together with many pro- 
 logues, epigrams, etc. He played with all the foremost 
 actors of his time. He was a great actor and successful 
 manager, and enjoyed the friendship of the most noted men 
 of his day. Johnson said of him that “his death eclipsed 
 the gaiety of nations.” 
 
 Garrick Club. A London club instituted in 
 1831 for the patronage of the drama, and as a 
 rendezvous for men of letters. Since 1864 it 
 has occupied a house in Garrick street. 
 
 Garrison ( gar 'i-son), William Lloyd. Bom at 
 Newburyport, Mass., Dec. 10, 1805: died at New 
 York, May 24, 1879. A noted American aboli- 
 tionist. He learned the trade of a printer, and eventually 
 became a journalist. In 1831 he began at Boston the pub- 
 lication of the “Liberator,” a journal advocating the abo- 
 lition of slavery at the South, which he conducted until 
 its discontinuance in 1865. In 1832 he founded at Boston 
 an abolition society, which became the model for simi- 
 lar societies all over the North. Shortly afterward the 
 American Antislavery Society was founded, of which he 
 was president 1843-65. 
 
 Garrod (gar'od), Alfred Henry. Born at Lon- 
 don, May 18, 1846: died Oct. 17, 1879. An Eng- 
 lish zoologist. He studied at Cambridge, where he 
 became a fellow of St. John’s College in 1873 ; became 
 prosector to the Zoological Society in 1871 ; was appointed 
 professor of comparative anatomy at King’s College, Lon- 
 don, in 1874 ; and became professor of physiology at the 
 Royal Institution in 1875. He is best known from his 
 studies in the anatomy of birds. His papers were edited 
 by W. A. Fortescue in 1881. 
 
 Garrow Hills. See Garo Hills. 
 
 Garston (gar'ston). A town in Lancashire, 
 England, situated on the Mersey 5 miles south- 
 east of Liverpool. Population, 17,289. 
 
 Garter, Order of the. See Order. 
 
 Garth (garth), Caleb. A character in George 
 Eliot’s novel “ Middlemarch.” 
 
 Garth, Sir Samuel. Born in Bowland Forest, 
 Yorkshire, 1661: died at London, Jan. 18, 1719. 
 An English physician and poet. He studied at 
 Cambridge (Peterhouse) and Leyden, and established him- 
 self in London in the practice of medicine. Among his 
 works is “ The Dispensary ” (1699), a poem which ridicules 
 apothecaries, and records the first attempt to establish 
 dispensaries for outdoor patients. It passed through many 
 editions. 
 
 Garuda (Hind. pron. gur'6-da). In Hindu my- 
 thology, a bird or vulture, half bird half man, 
 on which Vishnu rides. 
 
 Garumna (ga-rum'na). The Latin name of the 
 Garonne. 
 
 Garve (gar've), Christian. Born at Breslau, 
 Prussia, Jan. 7, 1742: died at Breslau, Dec. 1, 
 1798. A German philosopher, moralist, and 
 translator. He was professor (extraordinary) 
 of philosophy at Leipsic 1770-72. 
 
 Gasca (gas'ka), Pedro de la. Born at Barco 
 de Avila, Castile, 1485: died at Valladolid, Nov., 
 1567. A Spanish lawyer, in 1546 he was sent to 
 Pern as president of the "audience, with extraordinary 
 powers, to put down the rebellion of Gonzalo Pizarro. He 
 managed by peaceful means to win over many of the 
 rebels. Centeno, Valdivia, and Benalcazar joined him ; 
 and Pizarro’s forces finally deserted on the field of Sacsa- 
 huana, near Cuzco, April 9, 1548. Pizarro and his lieuten- 
 ant, Carbajal, were captured and executed, and Gasca 
 treated the rebels with great severity. While the country 
 was still in a state of confusion he slipped away (Jan., 
 1550), leaving the government in the hands of the audi- 
 ence. On his return to Spain he was made bishop of 
 Palencia, and in 1561 was promoted to the see of Siguenza. 
 
 Gascoigne (gas-koin'), Sir Bernard (Bernardo 
 or Bernardino Guasconi). Bom at Florence, 
 1614: died at London, Jan. 10, 1687. A military 
 adventurer and diplomatist, of Italian paren- 
 tage. He came to England and fought for Charles I. ; 
 returned after the Restoration; and was appointed Eng- 
 lish envoy to Vienna in 1672 to negotiate a marriage be- 
 tween the Duke of York and the Archduchess Claudia Fe- 
 licitas. He wrote “A Description of Germany, etc.” 
 
 Gascoigne, George. Born in Bedfordshire (?), 
 England, about 1535: died at Stamford, Eng- 
 land, Oct. 7, 1577. An English poet. His chief 
 works are “The Steele Glas” and “The Complaynte of 
 Philomeue ” (1676). Works edited by E. Arber 1868. 
 
 He [Gascoigne) is supposed to have been born about 
 1536, and if so, he was little over forty when he died in 
 1577. His father, a knight of good family and estate in 
 Sussex, disinherited him ; but he was educated at Cam- 
 bridge, if not at both universities, was twice elected to 
 
 426 
 
 Parliament, travelled and fought abroad, and took part in 
 the famous festival at Kenilworth. His work is, as has 
 been said, considerable, and is remarkable for the number 
 of first attempts in English which it contains. It has at 
 least been claimed for him (though careful students of lit- 
 erary history know that these attributions are always rather 
 hazardous) that he wrote the first English prose comedy 
 (“The Supposes,” a version of Ariosto), the first regular 
 verse satire (“ The Steel Glass "), the first prose tale (a 
 version from Bandello), the first translation from Greek 
 tragedy (“Jocasta"), and the first critical essay (the above- 
 mentioned “ Notes of Instruction ”). Most of these things, 
 it will be seen, were merely adaptations of foreign origi- 
 nals ; but they certainly make up a remarkable budget for 
 one man. Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 16. 
 
 Gascoigne, Sir William. Died in 1419. An Eng- 
 lish judge. He was made chief justice of the King’s 
 Bench by Henry IV. about 1400. According to a tradition, 
 followed by Shakspere in “ Henry IV.,” he committed 
 Prince Henry to prison when the latter struck him for 
 venturing to punish one of the prince’s riotous com- 
 panions. 
 
 Gascoigne, William. Born about 1612 : died in 
 the battle of Ma.rston Moor, July 2, 1644. An 
 English astronomer, inventor of the microm- 
 eter. 
 
 He invented methods of grinding glasses, and Sir Edward 
 Sherburne states that he was the first who used two convex 
 glasses in the telescope. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Gasconade (gas-ko-nad'). A river in Missouri 
 which runs north and joins the Missouri below 
 Jefferson City. Length, about 200 miles. 
 
 Gascony (gas v ko-ni), F. Gascogne (gas-kony'). 
 [ME. Gasconie, Gascon, from OF. and F. Gas- 
 cogne, Sp. Vasconia, from LL. Vasconia, from 
 Vascones, the inhabitants. See Basques.'] An 
 ancient duchy of France, capital Auch, form- 
 ing part of the old government of Guienne and 
 Gascony. It was bounded by Guienne on the north, 
 Languedoc and Foix on the east, Iicarn and Navarre on 
 the south, and the Bay of Biscay on the west. It com- 
 prised the departments of Landes, Gers, and II ant es-Py re- 
 ntes, and parts of Haute-Garonne, Lot-et-Garonne, and 
 Tani-et-Garonne. It formed the Roman province of 
 Aquitania Tertia or Novempopulania ; was a duchy in the 
 middle ages ; and was united in 1052 to Guienne, the for- 
 tunes df which it generally followed. 
 
 Gaskell (gas'kel), Mrs. (Elizabeth Cleghorn 
 Stevenson). Born at Chelsea, London, Sept. 
 29, 1810 : died at Alton, Hampshire, England, 
 Nov. 12, 1865. An English novelist. She removed 
 on her marriage in 1832 to Manchester, where she obtained 
 material for those of her novels which describe the life and 
 trials of the manufacturing classes. Her best novels have 
 been translated into French. Among them are “Mary 
 Barton ” (1848), “ Ruth ’’and “Cranford ’’ (1853), “North and 
 South”(1855), “ Cousin Phillis ”(1865),“ Wives and Daugh- 
 ters ” (1866), etc. She published in 1857 a “Life of Char- 
 lotte Bronte." , 
 
 Gasparin (gas-pa-ran'), Comte Adrien Etienne 
 Pierre de. Born at Orange, France, June 29, 
 1783 : died there, Sept. 7, 1862. A French poli- 
 tician and agriculturist. „ 
 
 Gasparin, Comte Agenor Etienne de. Born 
 at Orange, France, July 10, 1810: died at Ge- 
 neva, May 4, 1871. A French political writer 
 and politician, son of A. E. P. de Gasparin. His 
 works include “Les Etats-Unis en 1861” (1861), “L’Anie- 
 rique devant l’Europe’’ (1862), “La France, nosfautes, nos 
 perils, notre avenir ’’ (1872), etc. 
 
 Gasparin, Comtesse de (Valerie Boissier). 
 
 Born at Geneva, 1813 : died there, June 29, 1894. 
 The wife of A. E. de Gasparin : a writer of 
 travels aud of religious works. 
 
 Gaspe (gas-pa' ) . A district in Quebec, Canada, 
 forming a peninsula, situated between the es- 
 tuary of the St. Lawrence on the north and 
 the Bay of Chaleur on the south. It comprises 
 the counties Gaspe and Bonavcnture. 
 
 Gaspe Bay. An arm of the Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence, east of Gaspd. 
 
 Gass (gas), Wilhelm. Bom at Breslau, Prus- 
 sia, Nov. 28, 1813 : died at Heidelberg, Feb. 21, 
 1889. A German Protestant theologian. He was 
 professor successively at Breslau, Greifswald, Giessen, 
 and (1868) Heidelberg. His works include “ Geschiehte 
 der protestantischen Dogmatik in ihrem Zusammenliange 
 mit der Theologie uberhaupt” (1854-67). 
 
 Gassendi (giis-sen'de; F. pron. ga-san-de), or 
 Gassend (F. pron. ga-son'), Pierre. Born at 
 Champtereier, Basses-Alpes, Jan. 22, 1592: died 
 at Paris, Oct. 24, 1655. A celebrated French 
 philosopher, physicist, and astronomer. He 
 studied theology, and became professor of theology at 
 Digne in 1613, and of philosophy at Aix in 1616. In 1645 
 he became professor of mathematics at the College Royal 
 at Paris. He sought to connect the philosophy of Epi- 
 curus with Christian theology and modern science. Among 
 his works are “ Disquisitiones anticartesianse ” (1643), “ De 
 vita, inoribus, et placitis Epicuri ” (1647), “ Syntagma phi- 
 losophise Epicuri ” (1649), “ Syntagma philosophicum.” 
 
 Gasser (gas'ser), Hans. Born at Eisentratten, 
 Carinthia, Oct. 2, 1817: died at Pest, April 24, 
 1868. An Austrian sculptor. 
 
 Gasser von Valhorn (gas'ser fon val'hom), 
 Joseph. BornatPragraten, Tyrol, Nov. 22, 1816: 
 died there, Oct. 28, 1901. An Austrian sculptor. 
 
 Gatinais 
 
 Ga,stein (gas'tin). A valley in the crownland 
 of Salzburg, Austria-Hungary, south of Salz- 
 burg. It is famous for its picturesque scenery. At 
 Wildbad Gastein there are hot springs. 
 
 Gastein, Convention of. A treaty concluded 
 between Austria and Prussia at Wildbad Gas- 
 tein, Aug. 14, 1865, by which the duchies re- 
 cently conquered from Denmark were disposed 
 of as follows: Lauenburg was definitely sur- 
 rendered to the King of Prussia for two and a 
 half million rix-dollars, while the sovereignty 
 of Holstein and Schleswig was to he held by 
 Austria and Prussia in common, Austria ad- 
 ministering Holstein and Prussia Schleswig. 
 Gasterental (gas'ter-en-tal). A wild valley in 
 the Bernese Alps, Switzerland, south of Kan- 
 dersteg. 
 
 Gaston (gas-ton'), Marie. A pseudonym of 
 Alphonse Daudet. 
 
 Gaston (gas'ton), William. Bom at New 
 Berne, N. C., Sept. 19, 1778 : died at Raleigh, 
 N. C., Jan. 23, 1844. An American jurist and 
 politician. He was a Federalist member of Congress 
 from North Carolina 1813-17 ; was judge of the Supreme 
 Court of North Carolina 1834-44 ; and was a prominent 
 member of the constitutional convention of 1835. 
 Gaston de Foix (gas-ton' de fwa) (1489-1512). 
 See Nemours, Due de. 
 
 Gatchina. See Gatshina. 
 
 Gate City. A name given to Atlanta, Georgia, 
 and also to Keokuk, Iowa. 
 
 Gate House Prison. A London prison at West- 
 minster, memorable as that from which Sir 
 Walter Raleigh was taken to execution. 
 
 Gate of Italy. A gorge in the valley of the 
 Adige, near Roveredo, Tyrol. 
 
 Gate of Tears, or Gate of Mourning. The 
 translation of the Arabic Bab-el-Mandeb (which 
 see): so called from the danger in navigating it. 
 Gate of the Lions. See Mycene. 
 
 Gate of the Mountains. The gorge in which 
 the Missouri breaks through the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, about 40 miles above Great Falls, Mon- 
 tana. 
 
 Gates (gats), Horatio. Born at Maldon, Eng- 
 land, in 1728: died at New York, April 10, 1806. 
 An American general. He served as captain under 
 Braddock in the expedition against Fort Duquesne in 
 1755, and at the close of the old French and Indian war 
 settled in Berkeley County, Virginia. At the beginning 
 of the Revolutionary War he accepted a commission as 
 adjutant-general in the Continental army (1775), and in 
 1777 succeeded Schuyler as commander in the north. He 
 defeated Burgoyne in the second battle of Stillwater, Oct. 
 7, 1777, and on Oct. 17 received the surrender of Burgoyne 
 at Saratoga. In Nov., 1777, he was made president of the 
 board of war and ordnance, a position which he used to 
 further an intrigue with the clique known as the “ Con- 
 way Cabal,” consisting of Thomas Conway and others, to 
 supplant Washington in the chief command of the army. 
 In June, 1780, he was appointed to the command in the 
 south, and on Aug. 16, 1780, was totally defeated by Lord 
 Cornwallis at Camden, South Carolina. He was after- 
 ward succeeded by General Greene. 
 
 Gates, Sir Thomas. Died after 1621. A colo- 
 nial governor of Virginia. Along with Captain 
 Newport and Sir George Somers he sailed from England 
 in May, 1609, in chaigeof 600 emigrants destined for Vir- 
 ginia. During the voyage the Sea Venture, in which he 
 sailed, was separated from the rest of the fleet by a hurri- 
 cane and stranded on the rocks of Bermuda. The passen- 
 gers of the Sea Venture constructed two new vessels, and 
 reached Virginia May 24, 1610. Having in the meantime 
 been sent to England with a report of the condition of the 
 colony, he returned to Virginia in Aug., 1611, with 300 new 
 emigrants. In the same year he assumed the office of 
 governor, a position which he held until 1614, when he re- 
 turned to England. 
 
 Gateshead (gats'hed). A parliamentary and 
 municipal borough in Durham, England, situ- 
 ated on the Tyne opposite Newcastle. It has' 
 important manufactures. Population, 116,928, 
 (1911). 
 
 Gath(gath). [Heh.,‘ wine-press.’] One of the 
 five confederate cities of the Philistines, the 
 birthplace of the giant Goliath. It was con- 
 quered by David, turned by Rehoboam into a fortress, 
 taken by Hazael, king of Damascus, and destroyed by Uz- 
 ziali, and then vanishes from history. Its position is un- 
 certain, but it is possibly the modern Tell es Safi. 
 
 Gatha (Skt. gat'ka; Avestanga'tlia). [‘ Song/] 
 In Sanskrit, a religious verse, but one not taken 
 from the Vedas. Such verses are interspersed in the 
 Sanskrit Buddhist work called “Lalitavistara,” composed 
 in a dialect between the Sanskrit and Prakrit, and have 
 given their name to this the Gatha dialect. The oldest 
 portion of the Avesta consists of Gathas or hymns believed 
 to go back, at least in part, to Zarathushtra himself. 
 
 Gatinais (ga-te-na'), or Gatinois (ga-te-nwa'). 
 An ancient territory of France. Capital, Ne- 
 mours. It lay south of Paris, partly in tle-de-France, 
 partly in Orltfanais, and is comprised in the departments 
 Loiret, Nifcvre, Yonne, and Seine-et-Marne. It was united 
 to the French crown under Philip I. in 1068. 
 
Gatineau 
 
 Gatineau (ga-te-no' ) . A river in Canada which, 
 flowing southward, joins the Ottawa nearly op- 
 posite Ottawa. Estimated length, 400 miles. 
 Gatley (gat'ii), Alfred. Born at Kerridge, 
 Cheshire, 1816: died at Rome, June 28, 1863. 
 An English sculptor. 
 
 Gatling (gat'ling), Richard Jordan. Born in 
 Hertford County, N. C., Sept. 12, 1818: died Feb. 
 26, 1903. An American inventor. He took the de- 
 gree of M. D.about 1849, but never practisedhisprofession. 
 He is chiefly known as the inventor of the Gatlinggun, the 
 first specimen of which was constructed in 1862. 
 Gatshina (ga'che-na). A town, the private 
 property of the czar, situated in the government 
 of St. Petersburg, Russia, 28 miles south-south- 
 west of St. Petersburg. The palace, a favorite resi- 
 dence of Alexander III., built in 1779, is of great size, in 
 a simple Renaissance style. The main building, of three 
 stories, is connected by colonnaded galleries with one- 
 story buildings surrounding a court. There are about 600 
 rooms, including ample state apartments, and a theater. 
 Population, about 15,000. 
 
 Gatty (gat'i), Mrs. (Margaret Scott). Born at 
 Burnham, Essex, June 3, 1809: died at Eccles- 
 field, Yorkshire, Oct. 4, 1873. An English writer, 
 wife of Rev. Alfred Gatty, vicar of Ecclesfield. 
 Her best-known works are stories for children (“Aunt 
 Judy’s Tales, ” 1859, etc.). She edited “Aunt Judy’s Maga- 
 zine ” 1866-73. 
 
 Gauchos (gou'choz). Peasantry and herdsmen 
 of mixed Indian and white blood, in the Platine 
 states of South America. They are skilful horse- 
 men, accustomed to a roving life, and readily lend them- 
 selves to lawless enterprises. They have thus become 
 prominent in the civil wars of that region, following any 
 leader who gives them excitement and plunder. In war 
 their bands move with great celerity, easily avoiding reg- 
 ular forces. 
 
 Gauden (ga'den), John. Born at Mayland, 
 Essex, 1605: died Sept. 20, 1662. An English 
 prelate, appointed bishop of Exeter in 1660, and 
 translated to the see of Worcester in May, 1662. 
 He studied at Cambridge; became vicar of Chippenham 
 in 1640 ; was chaplain to the Earl of Warwick ; was ap- 
 pointed dean of Booking, Essex, in 1641 ; and was chosen 
 a member of the Assembly of Divines in 1643, but was not 
 allowed to take his seat. He wrote “ Cromwell’s Bloody 
 Slaughter House, etc." (1660), “Tears of the Church” 
 (1659), “ Tepa Adicpva. Ecclesise Anglican* Suspiria, or 
 the Tears, Sighs, Complaints, and Prayers of the Church 
 of England," etc. See Eikon Basilike. 
 
 Gaudichaud-Beaupre (go - de-sho'bo-pra'), 
 Charles. Born at Angouleme, France, Sept. 
 4, 1789 : died at Paris, Jan. 16, 1854. A French 
 botanist and traveler in South America. He 
 wrote “Flore des lies Malouines ” (1824), “Botanique du 
 voyage autour du monde, exdcutd pendant les anndes 
 1836-1837, etc.,” etc. 
 
 Gauermann (gou'er-man), Friedrich. Bom at 
 Miesenbach, near Guttenstein, Lower Austria, 
 Sept. 20, 1807 : died at Vienna, July 7, 1862. An 
 Austrian painter of animals. 
 
 Gaugamela (ga-ga-me'la). [Gr. Yavyagijla . ] 
 In ancient geography, a place in Assyria, near 
 the modern Mosul: the scene of Alexander's 
 victory over Darius (battle of Arbela). 
 Gauhati (gou-ha'te). A town in Assam, British 
 India, situated on the Brahmaputra about lat. 
 26° 11' N., long. 91° 45' E. Population, 14,244. 
 Gaul (gal). [F. Gaule, Sp. Galia, Pg. It. Gal- 
 lia, G. Gallien, from L. Gallia, from Gallus, a 
 Gaul]. 1. In ancient geography, the country 
 of the Gauls ; in an inexact use, France, it was 
 divided into Cisalpine Gaul and Transalpine Gaul, and is 
 often taken as equivalent to Transalpine Gaul. 
 
 Neither ... is France even yet coextensive with Gaul. 
 If Britain includes Scotland as well as England, Gaul in- 
 cludes Belgium and Switzerland as well as France. 
 
 Freeman, Hist. Essays, I. 165. 
 
 The name “ Gaul ” has never fully died out as the desig- 
 nation of France. How does the case stand in what was 
 so long the common language of Europe? The most pe- 
 dantic Ciceronian never scrupled to talk familiarly about 
 Angius and Anglia ; but Francus and Francia are hardly 
 known except in language more or less formal. Gallus, 
 Gallia, ffalliarum Rex, are constantly used by writers who 
 would never think of an analogous use of Britannus and 
 Britannia. In ecclesiastical matters Gaul has always re- 
 mained even the formal designation. The Gallican Church 
 answers to the Anglican, the Primate of the Gauls to the 
 Primate of All England. Freeman, Hist. Essays, I. 165. 
 
 2. One of the four prefectures of the later 
 Roman Empire, it comprised the dioceses of Spain, 
 Gaul, and Britain, and corresponded to Spain, Portugal, a 
 small strip of Morocco, France, Belgium, Switzerland/Hol- 
 land and Germany to the Rhine, England, Wales, and the 
 south of Scotland. 
 
 3. A diocese of the later Roman prefecture of 
 Gaul. It was included between the Atlantic, the English 
 Channel, the North Sea, the Rhine, the Alps, the Mediter- 
 ranean, and the Pyrenees. 
 
 4. An old name of Wales, as in “Amadis de 
 Gaul.” 
 
 This general opinion, that Wales was the country of 
 Amadis, was not an unnatural one, since Gaules and Gaula, 
 in old English, was the name for Wales as well as France : 
 — “ I say Gallia and Gaul — French and Welsh — soul-curer 
 
 427 
 
 and body-curer,” exclaims the host in the “Merry Wives 
 of Windsor ” (act iii. scene i.) while addressing the French 
 doctor and the Welsh parson. 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 355. 
 
 Gaul, Cisalpine. [L. Gallia Cisalpina (or Ci- 
 terior ).] In ancient history, that part of Gaul 
 lying on this side the Alps (that is, from Rome, 
 on the southern side of the Alps), it extended 
 from the Alps southward and eastward. A Roman colony 
 was founded at Sena Gallica 282 B. C. Part of the country 
 was reduced between the first and second Punic wars, 
 Milan and Como being captured, and the conquest was 
 completed 201-191 B. c. It was made a Roman province, 
 and was incorporated with Italy 43 B. 0. 
 
 Gaul, Cispadane. [L. Gallia Cispadana.'] In 
 ancient geography, the part of Cisalpine Gaul 
 this side (south) of the Po. 
 
 Gaul, Transalpine. [L. Gallia Transalpina.\ 
 In ancient geography, that part of Gaul which 
 lay beyond the Alps (that is, north and north- 
 west of the Alps from Rome). It comprised in the 
 Roman period Narbonensis, Aquitania, Lugdunensis, and 
 Belgica. Its ancient inhabitants were Gauls, Iberians, 
 and Germans. Many remains of older inhabitants have 
 been discovered, especially in the center of Gaul (Au- 
 vergne, etc.). The Gallic antiquities are especially numer- 
 ous in the north (Brittany). Some Greek colonies were 
 planted in early times in the south (see Marseilles). The 
 Roman settlements were made first in the southeast, in 
 the end of the 2d century B. c. (see Provence and Narbo- 
 nensis). Gaul was thoroughly conquered by Julius Ccesar 
 58-51 B. c. Augustus divided it into four provinces. 
 Christianity was introduced in the 2d century. A division 
 of the diocese of Gaul into 17 provinces was made in the 
 4th century. It was invaded by the Suevi, Alans, Vandals, 
 West Goths, Burgundians, and Franks in the 5th century. 
 See further under France. 
 
 Transalpine Gaul, as a geographical division, has well- 
 marked boundaries in the Mediterranean, the Alps, the 
 Rhine, the Ocean, and the Pyrenees. But this geographi- 
 cal division has never answered to any divisions of blood 
 and language. Gaul in Ciesar’s day, that is, Gaul beyond 
 the Roman province, formed three divisions — Aquitaine 
 to the south-west, Celtic Gaul in the middle, and Belgic 
 Gaul to the north-east. Aquitaine, stretching to the Ga- 
 ronne— the name was under Augustus extended to the 
 Loire — was Iberian, akin to the people on the other side 
 of the Pyrenees : a trace of its old speech remains in the 
 small Basque district north of the Pyrenees. Celtic Gaul, 
 from the Loire to the Seine and Marne, was the most truly 
 Celtic land, and it was in this part of Gaul that the mod- 
 em French nation took its rise. In the third division, 
 Belgic Gaul, the tribes to the east, nearer to the R-hine, 
 were some of them purely German, and others had been 
 to a great extent brought under German influences or 
 mixed with German elements. There was, in fact, no 
 unity in Gaul beyond that which the Romans brought 
 with them. Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 67. 
 
 Gaul, Transpadane. [L. Gallia Transpadana.'] 
 In ancient geography, the part of Cisalpine 
 Gaul beyond (north of) the Po. 
 
 Gaul (gal), Gilbert. Born at Jersey City, N. J., 
 1855. An American artist, known as a painter 
 of battle-scenes. 
 
 Gauls (galz). [Ij .Galli.] The leading division 
 of the Celtic race. In historical times they occupied 
 Transalpine and Cisalpine Gaul. Galatia was settled by 
 them in the 3d century B. c. 
 
 Gaunt (gant or gant), John of. See John of 
 Gaunt. 
 
 Gauntlet (gant'let or gant'let), Emilia. The 
 virtuous heroine of Smollett’s “Peregrine 
 Pickle.” Peregrine falls in love with her. 
 Gauntlett (gant'let), Henry John. Born at 
 Wellington, Salop, in 1806: died Feb. 21, 1876. 
 A noted English organist, composer, and musi- 
 cal editor. He composed and edited psalm and 
 hymn tunes. 
 
 Gaur, or Gour (gour). A ruined city in the 
 Malda district, eastern Bengal, India, near the 
 Ganges. From the 13th century it was the usual capital 
 of the Mohammedan viceroys of Bengal and kings of Ben- 
 gal. It fell into ruin from about 1575. 
 
 Gaur (in Afghanistan). See Ghur. 
 Gaurisankar. Mount Everest. 
 
 Gaurus (ga'rus), modern Monte Barbaro 
 
 (mon'te bar'ba-ro). In ancient geography, a 
 mountain in Italy, 7 miles west of Naples. 
 Here, 342 (343? or 340?) B. 0., the Romans under Valerius 
 Corvus defeated the Samnites. 
 
 Gauss (gous), Karl Friedrich. Born at Bruns- 
 wick, Germany, April 30, 1777 : died at Got- 
 tingen, Germany, Feb. 23, 1855. A celebrated 
 German mathematician, appointed professor 
 of mathematics at Gottingen in 1807. His works 
 include “Disquisitiones arithmetic* ” (1801), “Theoria 
 mot.us corporum coslestium” (1809), “Atlas des Erdmag- 
 netismus ” (1840), “ Dioj)trische Untersuchungen ’’ (1843), 
 etc. 
 
 Gaussen (go-son'), Francois Samuel Robert 
 Louis. Born at Geneva, Aug. 25, 1790: died 
 at Geneva, June 18, 1863. A Swiss Protestant 
 theologian. His chief work is “La Theop- 
 neustie” (1840). 
 
 Gausta (gous'ta). The highest mountain in 
 southern Norway, about lat. 59° 50' N. Height, 
 6,180 feet. 
 
 Gawain, Sir 
 
 Gautama (gou'ta-ma). [Skt.] The family name 
 of Buddha. (See Buddha.) The Pali form is 
 Gotama. 
 
 Gauti (ga'ti). [L. (Jordanes) Gautigoth, Gr. 
 (Ptolemy) Tavroi, AS. Gedtas, ON. Gautar.'] A 
 Germanic tribe in the southern part of the Scan- 
 dinavian peninsula, nearly coincident with the 
 present Swedish province Gothland (Swedish 
 Gotaland), where they are mentioned by Ptol- 
 emy. They are the GeAtas of the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf, 
 and are not to be confounded with the Goths. They ulti- 
 mately formed a constituent part of the Swedes. 
 
 Gautier (go-tya'), Marguerite. The principal 
 character in Dumas’s “La dame aux cam61ias.” 
 Gautier, Theophile. Born at Tarbes, Aug. 31, 
 1811: died at Neuilly, Oct. 23, 1872. A French 
 poet, critic, and novelist. He graduated from the 
 LycCe Charlemagne in Paris, studied painting for a while, 
 and then entered into the romantic movement in Freuch 
 literature. His first book, “ Poesies ” (1830), was followed 
 by “Albertus”(1833), “Jeune France " (1833), “Mademoi- 
 selle de Maupin ”(1835). From 1837 to 1845 he was art and 
 dramatic criticfor “La Presse.” A series of twelve papers, 
 “Exhumations littdraires,” appeared in “La France LittC- 
 raire "(1834 and 1835), and in the “Revue des Deux Mondes ” 
 (1844): they were published in book form as “Les gro- 
 tesques” (1844). This work and the “Rapport sur les 
 progn s de la poCsie fran<;aise depuis 1830,” published in 
 “ L’Histoire du romantisme ” (1854), show Gautier at his 
 best as a critic. Two masterpieces in literary criticism are 
 his papers on Lamartine and Charles Baudelaire. In 1845 
 he went over to the editorial staff of the “Moniteur Uni- 
 versel,” later “Journal Officiel,” and was identified with 
 that sheet until his death. As a result of his travels in 
 Spain (1840), Belgium and Holland, Algeria (1846), Italy 
 (1850), Constantinople and Athens (1862), and Russia (1868 j, 
 he wrote his “Voyage en Espagne”(1843),“ Zigzags ” (1846), 
 “ Italia ” (1852), ‘ '■ Constantinople ” (1854), “ L’Orient,” “ TrC- 
 sors d’art de la Russie ancienne et moderne” (1860-63), 
 “Loin de Paris” (1864), “Quand on voyage” (1865), and 
 “Voyage en Russie” (1866). He found also in foreign 
 climes materials forsuch novels as “M ilitona “(1847),“ Arria 
 Marcella ’’ (1852), and “ Le roman de la momie ” (1856). He 
 wrote “Fortunio ” for the “F’igaro ” (1837), and “Le Capi- 
 taine Fracasse” for “La Revue Nationale” (Dec., 1861,- 
 June, 1863). Other stories of his are “La toison d’or,” 
 “Omphale,” “ Le petit chien de la marquise,” “Le nid de 
 rossignols ” (1833), “La morte amoureuse” (1836), “La 
 chaine d’or, “ Une nuit de CICopatre” (1845), “Jean et 
 Jeannette” (1846), “Les roues innocents,” “Le roi Can- 
 daule ” (1847), “La belle Jenny,” “La peau de tigre”(1864- 
 1865), “Spirite ”(1866),“MCnagerie intime ” (1869), “Partie 
 carrde,” “Mademoiselle DafnC,” “Tableaux de siege,” etc. 
 Forthe stageGautierwrote “Le Tricorne enchants, ’' “ Pier- 
 rot posthume” (1846), “La Juive de Constantine” (1846), 
 “ Regardez mais n’y touchez pas ” (1847), “ L’Amour souffle 
 oil il veut,”etc. His works of pure fantasy are “ Une larme 
 du diable ” (1839), and themes for ballets, as “ Gizelle ”(1841), 
 “La pdri ” (1843), “ Gemma ” (1854), and “ Sakountala ” (1858). 
 Gautier’s poems from 1833 to 1838 were gathered under the 
 title “La coined ie de la mort.” His later poetical com- 
 positions appeared as “ Emaux et camCes ’’ (1862). Besides 
 collaborating on “ L’Histoire des peintres ’’ (1847), Gautier 
 wrote independently “ Le salon de peinture de 1847," 
 “ L’Art moderne ” (1852), “ Les beaux-arts en Europe ” 
 (1862), and “Histoire de l’art theatral en France depuis 
 vingt-cinq ans” (1860). Scattered sketches by Gautier 
 have appeared, since their author s death, under the col- 
 lective titles “ Fusains et eaux-fortes," “ Tableaux A la 
 plume,” and “ Portraits contemporains. ” 
 
 Gavarni(ga-var-ne'),Paul: pseudonym of Sul- 
 pice Guillaume Chevalier. BornatParis, Jan. 
 13, 1801 : died at Auteuil, Paris, Nov. 23, 1866. 
 A French caricaturist, notedfordelineations of 
 Parisian life, etc. : artist of the “ Charivari.” 
 Gavarnie (ga-var-ne'), Cascade de. A water- 
 fall in the Cirque de Gavarnie, Pyrenees. It 
 is the second highest in Europe (height, 1,385 
 feet). 
 
 Gavarnie, Cirque de. A natural amphitheater 
 in the Pyrenees, 14 miles south-southeast of 
 Cauterets. Width, 2£ miles. Height, 5,380 feet. 
 Gaveston (gav'es-ton; F. pron. ga-ves-toh'), 
 Piers. Executed June 19, 1312. The favorite 
 of Edward H. of England. He was the son of a 
 Gascon knight in the service of Edward I., and was 
 brought up in the royal household as the foster-brother 
 and playmate of Prince Edward, over whom he acquired 
 a complete ascendancy. He incurred the enmity of the 
 barons by his insolent and supercilious bearing, and was 
 banished by Edward I. in 1307, but was recalled on the ac- 
 cession of Edward II. in the same year. He was created 
 earl of Cornwall in 1307, and in 1308 acted as regent of the 
 kingdom during the king’s absence in France His con- 
 duct, however, so irritated the barons that, in spite of the 
 protection of Edward, he was again forced into exile in 
 1308-09 and 1311-12. fl is recall in 1312 provoked a rising of 
 the barons, in the course of which he was captured and 
 executed. 
 
 Gavroche (gav-rosh'). In Victor Hugo’s “Les 
 Miserables,” a street Arab. He has become a 
 type. 
 
 Gawain, or Gawayne (ga'wan), Sir. One of 
 
 the principal knights of the Round Table, in 
 the Arthurian cycle of romance. He appears first 
 in Geoffrey of Monmouth as Walwain (Gallicized Ga- 
 wayne), and then in nearly every one of the romances. De 
 is known as “the courteous.’' Chrestien of Troyes gives 
 him the first place among the knights. The poem “Sir 
 Gawayne and the Grene Knight,” from the French met- 
 rical romance of Perceval, is assigned to about the year 
 
Gawain, Sir 
 
 1360 : it has been republished by the Early English Text 
 Society. There was another knight of this name who 
 served under Amadis of Gaul and achieved great deeds. 
 Gay (ga), Claude. Born at Draguignan, Marcli 
 18, 1800 •- died at Paris, Nov. 29, 1872. A French 
 naturalist. From 1830 to 1842 he was employed by the 
 Chilean government in a detailed topographical and sci- 
 entific survey of that country. Besides studying and 
 collecting plants, animals, and minerals, he amassed rich 
 historical material. The results were published in the 
 “Historia fisica y politica de Chile ” (Paris and Santiago, 
 24 vols. and 2 of atlas, 1843-51), and in a large map of 
 Chile. Gay returned to Paris in 1843. He subsequently 
 traveled in Russia and Tatary, and studied the mines of 
 the United States. 
 
 Gay, Delphine. See G-irardin, Madame de. 
 Gay, Ebenezer. Boru at Dedham, Mass., Aug. 
 26, 1696: died at Hingham, Mass., March 18, 
 1787. An American clergyman. He graduated 
 at Harvard in 1714, and in 1 7 IS became pastor at Hing- 
 ham, Massachusetts, where he remained until his death. 
 He entertained liberal theological views, and is regarded 
 by some as the father of American Unitarianism. 
 
 Gay, John. Born at Barnstaple (baptized Sept. 
 16, 1685) : died at London, Dec. 4, 1732. An 
 English poet. Among his chief works are “ The Fan ” 
 and “The Shepherd’s Week,” a series of eclogues depict- 
 ing rustic life “with the gilt oil” (1714), “The What- 
 d’ye-call-it,” a farce (1715), "Trivia, or the art of Walking 
 the Streets of London ” (1716), “Poems” (1720: including 
 “Black-ey’d Susan”), “The Captives,” a tragedy (1724), 
 “ Fables ” (1727), “ Acis and Galatea” (1732), and “The 
 Beggar’s Opera" (1728). This “Newgate pastoral” made 
 his great reputation. The representation of “Polly,’ a se- 
 quel, was forbidden by the lord chamberlain. This prohi- 
 bition became a party question, and the “ inoffensive John 
 Gay became one of the obstructions to the peace of Eu- 
 rope.” The sale of the book was great. 
 
 Gay, Joseph. The pseudonym of John Durant 
 Breval. 
 
 Gay, Madame (Marie Framjoise Sophie Ni- 
 chault de Lavalette). Born at Paris, July 1, 
 1776 : died March, 1852. A French novelist. 
 Her chief novels are “ Ldonie de Montbreuse ” (1813), 
 “Anatole" (1815), “Les malheurs d’un amant heureux ’’ 
 (1818). 
 
 Gay, Sydney Howard. Born at Hingham, 
 Mass., May 22, 1814 : died at New Brighton, 
 Staten Island, June 25, 1888. An American 
 journalist and author. In 1844 he was editor of the 
 " Anti-slavery Standard”; in 1857 he became connected 
 with the New York “Tribune,” and from 1862 to 1866 was 
 its managing editor. From 1867 to 1871 he was the manag- 
 ing editor of the Chicago “ Tribune,” and for two years 
 after that was on the editorial staff of the New York 
 “Evening Post.” He wrote Bryant and Gay’s “History 
 of the United States ” (1876-80 : Mr. Bryant writing the 
 preface only) and “James Madison ” (1884). 
 
 Gay, Walter. Born at Hingham, Mass., Jan. 
 22, 1856. An American genre and figure painter, 
 a pupil of Bonnat. 
 
 Gay, Winckworth Allan. Born at Hingham, 
 Mass., Aug. 18, 1821: died at West Hingham, 
 Feb. 23, 1910. An American landscape and 
 marine painter, brother of S. H. Gay. 
 
 Gaya (gl'a). 1. A district in the Patna divi- 
 
 sion, Bengal, British India, intersected by lat. 
 25° N., long. 85° E. Area, 4,712 square miles. 
 Population, 2,059,933. — 2. The chief town of 
 the district of Gaya, situated on the Phalgu 
 about lat. 24° 49' N., long. 85° 1' E. Near it 
 is the place of pilgrimage Buddha-Gaya (which 
 see). Population, 71,288. 
 
 Gayangos (gl-ang'gos), Pascual de. Born in 
 Spain, June 21, 1809 : died at London, Oct. 4, 
 1897. A Spanish scholar, professor of Arabic 
 in the University of Madrid. He translated Tick- 
 nor’s “Spanish Literature” (1861), and published “His- 
 toria de los reyes de Granada” (1842), etc. 
 
 Gayarre (ga-a-ra'), Charles Etienne Arthur. 
 
 BornJan.9,1805: diedFeb.il, 1895. An American 
 historian. He was admitted to the bar at Philadelphia 
 in 1829 ; began the practice of law at N ew Orleans in 1830 ; 
 and has held a number of state and municipal offices, in- 
 cluding that of reporter of the State Supreme Court. 
 Among his works are “Histoire de la Louisiane” (1847), 
 “Louisiana: its History as a French Colony” (1851-52), 
 and “History of the Spanish Domination in Louisiana 
 from 1769 to December, 1803 ” (1854). 
 
 Gayatri (ga'ya-tre). [Skt.] An ancient meter 
 of twenty-four syllables, generally arranged as 
 a triplet of three divisions of eight syllables 
 each ; also, a hymn in the Gayatri meter and 
 then the Gayatri par excellence, i. e., Rigveda 
 III. lxii. 10. This is : “Tat savitur varenyam bhargo 
 devasya dhimahi Dhiyo yo nah prachodayat” (“Let us 
 meditate on the excellent radiance of the heavenly quick- 
 ener, and may he stimulate our understandings ’’). This is 
 a very sacred verse, repeated by every Brahman at his 
 morning and evening devotions. From being addressed 
 to Savitri or the Sun as generator, it is also called Savitri. 
 Originally a simple invocation of the sun, later times have 
 attached to it a deep mystical import. It is so holy that 
 copyists often refrain from transcribing it. 
 
 Gay Head (ga bed). A promontory at the west- 
 ern extremity of Martha’s Vineyard, Massachu- 
 setts, lat. 41° 21' N„ long. 70° 50' W. 
 
 Gayless (ga'les), Charles. The impecunious 
 
 428 
 
 master of the “lying valet,” in Garrick’s play 
 of that name. 
 
 Gay-Lussac (ga-lff-sak'), Joseph Louis. Bom 
 
 at St. -Leonard le Noblat, Haute-Vienne, Dec. 
 6, 1778 : died at Paris, May 9, 1850. A distin- 
 guished French chemist and physicist. He made 
 the first balloon ascensions for scientific purposes in 1804, 
 and is especially noted for his researches on chemical 
 combination, iodine, cyanogen, etc. He enunciated the 
 law that gases combine with each other in very simple 
 definite proportions. 
 
 Gaymar (ga'mar ), Geoffrey. An English chron- 
 icler who translated Geoffrey of Monmouth into 
 Anglo-Norman verse about il46. He continued 
 it by adding a metrical “ History of Anglo-Saxon 
 Kings.” 
 
 Gaynham (ga'nam), or Garnham (gar'nam), 
 Dr. See the extract. 
 
 One of the most notorious of the Fleet parsons was Dr. 
 Gaynham or Garnham, popularly known as the Bishop of 
 Hell, “a. very lusty, jolly man,” who, being asked at a trial, 
 where he gave evidence, whether he was not ashamed to 
 come and own a clandestine marriage in the face of a 
 Court of Justice, replied, bowing to the Judge, “ Video 
 meliora, deteriora sequor.” On another occasion, when 
 questioned as to his recollection of the prisoner, he said : 
 “Can I remember persons? I have married 2,000 since 
 that time. ” 
 
 Forsyth, Novels and Novelists of the 18th Cent., p. 145. 
 Gay Saber (gi or ga sa-bar'). [Pr., ‘Gay Sci- 
 ence.’] A gild formed by the magistrates of 
 Toulouse in 1323, with the purpose of restoring 
 the Provencal language and. culture, which had 
 nearly died out. It was called originally “Sobregaya 
 Companhia dels Sept Trobadours de Tolosa” (“The very 
 gay company of the seven troubadours of Toulouse”). 
 The first meeting was held May 1, 1324. 
 
 The concourse was great, and the first prize was given 
 to a poem in honor of the Madonna, by Ramon Vidal de 
 Besald, a Catalan gentleman, who seems to have been the 
 author of the regulations for the festival, and to have been 
 declared a doctor of the Gay Saber on the occasion. In 
 1355 this company formed for itself a more ample body of 
 laws, partly in prose and partly in verse, under the title 
 of “ Ordenanzas dels Sept Senhors Mantenedors del Gay 
 Saber,” or Ordinances of the Seven Lords Conservators 
 of the Gay Saber, which, with the needful modifications, 
 have been observed down to our own times, and still regu- 
 late the festival annually celebrated at Toulouse, on the 
 first day of May, under the name of the Floral Games. 
 
 Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 293. 
 
 Gay Spanker, Lady. See Spanker, Lady Gay. 
 Gayumart (mod. Pers. pron. ge-yo-murt'), or 
 Gayumureth, or Kayumarth (mod. Pers. 
 pron. ke-yo-murt'). In the Avesta (in the form 
 Gayomaretan ), the first man, destroyed after 30 
 years by Angromainyus. As Gayumart he is in Fir- 
 dausi the’first Iranian king, and reigned 30 years. He dwelt 
 among the mountains, and clothed himself and his people 
 with tiger-skins. Savage beasts bent before his throne. 
 His beloved son Siyamak was slain by a son of Ahriman, 
 but avenged by Gayumart and Hushang, Siyamak’s son. 
 Gaza (ga'za), Arab. Ghazzeh. A town and 
 important trading place in Syria, situated near 
 the Mediterranean in lat. 31° 30' N., long. 34° 
 33' E. It was one of the five chief cities of the Philis- 
 tines. The great mosque is an old 12th-century church 
 having pointed arches and windows, with picturesque 
 facade and a lofty octagonal minaret. The town was 
 taken by Tiglath-Pileser II., by Alexander the Great in 332 
 B. c., and by the French in 1799. Population, estimated, 
 35,000. 
 
 Gaza (ga'za), Theodoras. Born at Thessalo- 
 nica, Macedonia, about 1400: died in Italy, 1478. 
 A noted Greek scholar, resident in Italy after 
 the capture of bis native town by the Turks, 
 and professor of Greek at Ferrara 1447-50. He 
 was the author of a Greek grammar (first published by 
 Aldus Manutius, Venice, 1495), of translations from the 
 Greek into Latin, etc. 
 
 Gazaland (ga'za-land). That portion of Por- 
 tuguese East Africa which is situated between 
 the Zambesi and Limpopo rivers, and between 
 Mashonaland and the sea. It includes Gorongoza, 
 Kiteve, Sofala, and Inhambane, corresponding to the old 
 Kingdom of Umzila. His successor, Gungunhana, main- 
 tained his independence until 1895, when he was captured 
 by the Portuguese and exiled. From that time the Portu- 
 guese rule has not met with effective opposition. In 
 1890-91 there was a collision, on the border, with the 
 British South Africa Company. 
 
 Gazette (ga-zet'), Sir Gregory. In Foote’s 
 comedy * ‘ The Knights,” a gullible provincial 
 politician. He has an inordinate appetite for news, but 
 is incapable of making sense out of the most ordinary 
 paragraph of a newspaper. 
 
 Gazir (ga-zer'). See Kanuri . 
 
 Gazistas. See Cacos. 
 
 Gazza Ladra (gat'sa liid'ra), La. [It., ‘ The 
 Thieving Magpie.’] A comic opera by Rossini, 
 words by Gherardini. It was fust presented at Milan 
 in 1817. Bishop produced it in English at the Covent 
 Garden Theatre in 1830 as “Ninetta, or the Maid of Pa- 
 laiseau.” 
 
 Gazzaniga (gat-sa-ne'ga), Giuseppe. Born at 
 Verona, Oct-., 1743: died there, about 1815. An 
 Italian composer. He wrote many operas, among 
 which was “11 convitato di pietro” (17fe7), the forerun- 
 ner of “ Don Giovanni.” Grove. 
 
 Geelong 
 
 Gbari (gba're). An African tribe, of the Ni- 
 gritic branch, settled north of the confluence 
 of the Binue and Niger rivers, it is partly sub- 
 ject to Sokoto and partly independent. The Gbari lan- 
 guage has some affinity with N upe. The caravans of Sokoto 
 and Kano meet in Gbari before proceeding to Nupe. The 
 Gbari slaves are much prized. 
 
 Ge (je). See Gsea. 
 
 Geary (ge'ri or ga'ri), John White. Born at 
 Mount Pleasant, Westmoreland County, Pa., 
 Dec. 30, 1819: died at Harrisburg, Pa., Feb. 8, 
 1873. An American general and politician. 
 He served as lieutenant-colonel in the Mexican war ; was 
 appointed first postmaster of San Francisco in 1849 ; be- 
 came first mayor of that city in 1850 ; and was appointed 
 territorial governor of Kansas in 1856. He entered the 
 Union army, and became brigadier-general of volunteers 
 April 25, 1862 ; took part in the battle of Cedar Moun- 
 tain, Aug. 9,1862; and commanded a division at Chancel- 
 lorsville, Gettysburg, Lookout Mountain, and in Sherman's 
 march to the sea. He was governor of Pennsylvania from 
 1867 until two weeks before his death. 
 
 Gebal (ge'bal). A maritime city of Phenicia, 
 situated on a bill close to the Mediterranean, 
 north of Beirut: the ancient Byblus and Arabic 
 Jebel. It was one of the earliest of the Phenician set- 
 tlements, and second only in importance to Tyre and 
 Sidon. Its inhabitants, the Gebalites, are mentioned as 
 skilful in hewing stones (1 Ki. v. 18) and in ship-building 
 (Ezek. xxvii. 9). It was the birthplace of Philo, the trans- 
 lator of Sanchuniathon ; but it was most celebrated as the 
 oldest seat of the cult of Adonis, to whom the city was 
 sacred, and after whom the river it stands on was named. 
 Gebal is mentioned as a kingdom paying tribute to Assyria 
 in the annals of Tiglath-Pileser II. and Esarhaddon. It 
 was taken by Alexander the Great. Later it became a 
 Christian see. The modern Jebel has only a few hundred 
 inhabitants. The excavations carried on there by Renan 
 unearthed numerous tombs and sarcophagi and the sub- 
 structions of a large temple, perhaps that of Adonis. 
 
 Gebelin, Court de. See Court de Gebelin. 
 Geber (ga'ber): probably identical with Abu 
 Musa Jabir ben Haijan. Died about 776. 
 
 An Arabian alchemist. He occupies a position in 
 the history of chemistry analogous to that held by Hip- 
 pocrates in that of medicine. The theory that the metals 
 are composed of the same elements, and that by proper 
 treatment the base metals can bedeveloped into the noble, 
 which was the leading theory in chemistry down to the 
 16th century, is clearly defined in his writings. The titles 
 of 500 works reputed to be from his pen are known, of 
 which the following have appeared in print : “ Summa per- 
 fection^, ” “Liber investigation^, ” or “De investigatione 
 perfectionis,” “De inventione veritatis,” “Liber Foma- 
 cum,” and “Testamentum.” 
 
 Gebir (ga'ber). A poem by Walter Savage 
 Landor, published 1798. 
 
 Gebirs. See Guebers. 
 
 Gebler (gab'ler), Friedrich Otto. Born at 
 Dresden, Sept. 18, 1838. A German animal- 
 painter, a pupil of Piloty. 
 
 Gebweiler (gab'vi-ler). [F. Guebwiller.~] A 
 town in Upper Alsace, Alsace-Lorraine, 14 miles 
 south-southwest of Colmar. It has manufac- 
 tures of cotton, machinery, and sugar. Popula- 
 tion, eommime, 13,313. 
 
 Ged (ged), William. Born at Edinburgh, 1690: 
 died Oct. 19, 1749. A Scotch goldsmith and 
 jeweler, one of the inventors of stereotyping. 
 6eddes (ged'es), Alexander. Born in Rathven, 
 Banffshire, Sept., 1737: died at London, Feb. 26, 
 1802. A Scottish Roman Catholic clergyman, 
 a biblical critic and miscellaneous writer. He 
 published a translation of part of the Bible (1792-99), 
 “ Critical Remarks on the Hebrew Scriptures ” (1800), a 
 translation of part of the Iliad, some clever macaronic 
 verses, etc. 
 
 Geddes, Andrew. Born at Edinburgh, April 5, 
 1783 : died at London, May 5, 1844. A Scottish 
 painter and etcher. He became an associate of the 
 Royal Academy in 1832. A mong his works are “ Christ and 
 the Woman of Samaria "(1841), “Discovery of the Regalia 
 of Scotland in 1818 ” (1821), various portraits, etc. 
 Geddes, Janet or Jenny. The reputed origi- 
 nator of a riot in St. Giles’s Church, Edinburgh, 
 July 23, 1637. She is said to have emphasized her pro- 
 test" against the introduction of the English littirgy into 
 Scotland by throwing her folding stool at the head of the 
 officiating bishop. 
 
 Gedebo. See Giebo. 
 
 Gedrosia (je-dro'si-a). In ancient geography, 
 a country in Asia corresponding nearly to the 
 modern Baluchistan. 
 
 Geefs (gafs), Joseph. Born at Antwerp, Dec. 
 ■ 25, 1808: died there, Oct. 10, 1885. A Belgian 
 sculpt or, brother of Willem Geefs. He was ap- 
 pointed professor of sculpture at the Academy 
 of Antwerp in 1841. 
 
 Geefs, Willem. Bora at Antwerp, Sept. 10, 
 1806 : died at Brussels, Jan. 19, 1883. A Belgian 
 sculptor, appointed professor at the Academy 
 of Antwerp in 1834. 
 
 Geelong (ge-long'). A seaport and city in Vic- 
 toria, Australia, situated on Corio Bay in lat. 38° 
 8' S , long. 144° 22' E. . Population, about 
 29,000. 
 
Geelvink Bay 
 
 Geelvink Bay (gal'vingk ba). A large inlet of 
 the Pacific on the northwestern coast of Papua. 
 
 It nearly reaches the southern coast of the isl- 
 and. Width, about 150 miles. 
 
 Geer (yar), Baron Karl de, or Degeer. Born 
 at Fin spang, near Norrkjoping, Sweden, 1720 : 
 died at Stockholm, March 8, 1778. A Swedish i OS ophyt„ 
 entomologist, author of ‘ ‘ Mdmoires pour servir (“ New Poems”),' 7n 18M*“ Gedfc^te und Gede^kblatte? 
 al’histoire desinsectes” (Stockholm, 1752-78), (“Poems and Leaves of Thought”). After the death of 
 etc. the king, Maximilian II., he was obliged in 1868 to resign 
 
 his position and to return to Liibeek. “Heroldsrufe " 
 Herald Calls”) appeared in 1871, and “ Spatherbstblat- 
 
 429 
 
 afterward went to Athens as tutor in the household of the 
 Russian ambassador. He returned to his native city in 
 1840, in which year his first book of poems appeared. In 
 1841 appeared “ Zeitstimmen ” (“ Voices of the Time ”), in 
 1846 “Zwblf Sonette fur Schleswig-Holstein" (“Twelve 
 Sonnets for Schleswig-Holstein ”), in 1848 “ Juniuslieder ” 
 (“Songs of Junius ”). In 1852, at the invitation of the 
 
 lfino 1 lit* OTPnt qc bnnnr>n>«r in 1 1 w, f 14.. ,.r .1,; 
 
 Gelves 
 
 \ _ J /. aii looii, av inc in vitutHMi ui me 
 
 king, he went as honorary professor in the faculty of phi- 
 losophy to Munich. In 1856 anneared “Neue fid i oh t,p. ” 
 
 Geer af Finspang (yar af fins 'pong), Louis ("Hera 
 Gerhard von. Born at Finspfcng, July 18, 1818: ter"(“ 
 
 O A 1 QO/? A Cl ill i _ j umpo r»t 
 
 ~ — yuy 1.U, 1UJ.U , V -»vvivui.uuuiutaYCi5 ;ui iOll. .LJCOIUCO U1CSC VU1- 
 
 died Sept. 24, 1896. A Swedish statesman, ! lmes of P° ems » he is the author of several dramas, the most 
 
 befo y Ted 16 v 1 | t i h ’ ee f ur y : ’ diedat London ^Scte* i!f sfotSn^of «fat ^ 0 ”“^ U 
 before 1004. A 1 lemish painter. He was court the daughter of Count Albert, and inherits the title of 
 painter to Queen Elizabeth in 1571. Baroness of Arnheim. 
 
 Geerarts, Marcus. Born at Bruges, 1561 : died Geiger (gi'ger), Abraham. Born at Frankfort- 
 at London, 1635. A painter of the Flemish on-the-Main, May 24, 1810 : died at Berlin, Oct. 
 school, son of Marcus Geerarts. He was court 23, 1874. A German rabbi, Orientalist, and bib- 
 painter to Queen Elizabeth after 1580. heal critic. His works include “Urschrift und Uber- 
 
 GeertS (garts), Karel Hendrik. Born at Ant- setzungen d ,? r ® ibe1 ’ e , tc - " ( 1S57 )> “ Das Juden turn undseine 
 
 gi^scSor! L ° UVain ’ Belgmm> 1855 ‘ A Bel - ’ torn at Frankfort-on-the- 
 
 4estemlS (ga,-te.m(ta-a e ). A seaport to »|»»> “*4 *)' ’-!? 7 - 0 ' 
 
 the province of Hannover, Prussia, at the junc- iSlt T ’ instructor 1861-70 m 
 
 tion of the Geeste and Weser 33 miles north . , , V W rea bschool at Frankfort. His works 
 T, ' ; Greesie anu vveser, d.i miles norm- mclude “Ursprung und Entwickelung der menschlichen 
 
 nortnwest Ot isremen. It has important fisheries. It feprache und Vernunft ” (1868-72), “Der Ursprung der 
 was founded by Hannover to rival Bremerhaven. The Sprache ” (1869). 
 
 tion^ffil 8 Geeetendorf is now u,,,ted with it- B°pnla- Geiger, Nikolaus. Born at Lauiugen, Bavaria, 
 
 Geez (gez). The ancient language of Abyssinia WUm( ‘ rs ; lo ’' f < uear Berlin > 
 
 Since about 900 a. d. it has ceased to be a spoken language . 97, A German sculptor and painter, 
 
 and survives only in the usage of the church and of Geiger, Peter Johann Nepomuk. Born at 
 scholars. Its place was taken as the popular speech by Vienna, Jan. 11, 1805 : died there, Oct. 30, 1880. 
 part of* AbySn& KXed so . utllern An Austrian historical painter and draftsman, 
 spoken, which has since become the^snfech^d the’ entirA PioS?!™ 6 P rofesso1 : at the Academy of Vienna in 1853. 
 country. Geez and the related languages and dialects his journey^ the P ^lt d ^ archduke Ferdinand Max on 
 
 employ a syllabic character nearly related to that found .ax. ... 
 
 in the Sabean and Himyaritie inscriptions of South Arabia tx ei J er ( y 1 er ) > Enk Gustaf. Born at Ransater. 
 It is a Semitic language with an intermixture of African Wermland, Jan. 12, 1783: died at Stockholm. 
 
 . - “ . * mow ipuuuo ui OUUUI ATaDia. 
 
 It is a Semitic language with an intermixture of African 
 words. Among the Semitic dialects it is most nearly re- 
 lated morphologically to Assyrian, and in vocabulary to 
 Arabic. It is often called Ethiopic. 
 
 Geffrard (zhe-frar'), Fabre. Born at Anse 
 Veau, Haiti, Sept. 18, 1806: died at Kingston, 
 
 Wermland, Jan. 12, 1783:' died at Stockholm’ 
 April 23, 1847. A Swedish historian and poet. 
 He occupied a position in the royal archives at Stockholm 
 where he established the so-called “Ciotische Bund," 
 which issued the journal “Iduna.” He wrote “Svenska 
 folkets historie ” (“History of the Swedish People,” 1832- 
 
 v J-J-aiu^ ucpi. IO, XOUU • uieu 3jI ivmgston, lUlKtJlS 111! 
 
 J amaiea, Feb. 11, 1879. A Haitian general and * 1886 \ etc - 
 politician. He was prominent as a military leader under Geikie (ge'ki), Sir Archibald. Born atEdin- 
 Rivihre, Richd, and Soulouque, 1843 to 1858. He headed burerh. Dec. 28. 1835. A Scottish ffonUmot 
 
 , — — iOZU <-V7 iuou. I1C HCuUCU 
 
 a revolt against Soulouque in Dec., 1858, and drove him 
 from the island J an. 15, 1859, declaring a republic and as- 
 suming the presidency. Notwithstanding various rebel- 
 lions, he held the position until March, 1867, when he was 
 deposed by Salnave and fled to Jamaica. 
 
 Gefle (yaf 'la). A seaport and the capital of the 
 laen of Gefleborg, Sweden, situated near the 
 Gulf of Bothnia inlat. 60° 40' N., long. 17° 8' E. : 
 the third commercial city of Sweden. Popula- 
 tion, 31,367. v 
 
 Gegania gens (je-ga'ni-a jenz). In the history 
 of ancient Rome, a patrician house or clan 
 which traced its origin to the mythical Gyas, 
 
 burgh, Dec. 28, 1835. A Scottish geologist. 
 Hq was appointed director of the geological survey of 
 Scotland in 1867, professor of geology in Edinburgh Uni- 
 versity in 1871, and was director-general of the geological 
 survey of the United Kingdom 1881-1901. He was knighted 
 in 1891. He has written numerous works on geology in- 
 cluding a “Students’ Manual " (1871), a “ Text-book "(1882) 
 and a “ Class-book ” (1886) ; also “ Memoir of Sir Roderick 
 I. Murchison ” (1874), etc. 
 
 Geikie, Janies. Bom at Edinburgh, Aug. 23, 
 1839. A Scottish geologist, brother of Sir Archi- 
 bald Geikie, and his successor in the chair of 
 geology in Edinburgh University. He has pub- 
 lished “The Great Ice Age ” (1874), “Prehistoric Europe ” 
 G881), “Outlines of Geology ” (1886), etc. 
 
 , -- ™ vAyitn, (rssi), outlines of Geology " (1886), etc. 
 
 „ eo ™P ani ons of Ahieas. it was trans- Geiler von Kaysersberg (gl'ler fon ki'zers- 
 planted to Rome from Alba on the destruction of that citv Toh u n ■ . 
 
 Sr AJjuouw. xii Wda LI (lllo* 
 
 planted to Rome from Alba on tfie destruction of that city 
 by Tull us Hostilius, and rose to considerable distinction 
 in the early period of the republic. It3 only family name 
 was Macerinus. 
 
 Gegenbaur (ga'gen-bour), Josef Anton von. 
 
 Born at Wangen, Wiirtemberg, March 6, 1800: 
 
 berG), Johann. Bom at Schaffhausen, Swit- 
 zerland, March 16, 1445: died at Strasburg, 
 March 10, 1510. A German pulpit orator, 
 preacher at the cathedral of Strasburtr 1478- 
 1510. 
 
 Haugen, w uruiinuerg, iviarcn o, loUU : wiu. 
 
 died at Rome, Jan. 31, 1876. A German painter. Geinitz (gl'nits), Hans Bruno. Bom at Alten- 
 w« W ™L a i e n™t !.4 painter to the King of Wiirtemberg in burg, Germany, Oct. 16, 1814: died at Dresden, 
 historical Ss P m &tuttgart < 1836 - 54 > wlth Jan. 28, 1900. A German geologist and paleon- 
 Gegenbaur, Karl. Born at Wurzburg, Aug 21 toiogist, professor of mineralogy and geognosy 
 1826 : died at Heidelberg, June 14 1903. Adis- at . Folytechmc School at Dresden. He 
 tinguishedcomparativeanatomist. Hebecamenro- numerous technical works, 
 
 fessor of anatomy at Jena in 1855 , and at Heidelberg in 1873 . Geisenueim (gi zen-him). A small town in the 
 His works include “ Untersuchungen zur vergleichenderi province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, on the 
 toS^»;;S^ d : i83d f^ gl ^ ich - d -> A,la ‘ Khine > in thc! Rheingau, east-northeast of Bin- 
 
 p°- **“>»*«» » «*» 
 
 Gefleborg (yaf'le-borg). A laen (province) of n"' 7 ?- - . . 
 
 Sweden, lying along the Gulf of Bothnia about G ® Isll ng e , n (gjs hng-en). A town in the Dan- 
 lat. 60°-62° N. Area, 7,614 square miles. Pop- ube circle Wurtemberg, at the foot of the 
 ulation, 251,015 Swabian Alp, 33 miles southeast of Stuttgart. 
 
 Gehenna (ge-hen 'a). [Gr. Thvva : the Greek rep- 8,022. 
 
 resentation of the Hebrew Ge JETinndm, or more , el8si ?, r 1 . er .)> Heinrich. Bom at Igels- 
 f„n „ru;ho„,i -1 The vallevof Hinuoni h ? eb ’ oaxe-Memmgen, Genuany, May 26, 1814: 
 
 w , _ 111UII1, of RAnv> Dwunnin Tax. O A 1 DI7A A /i 
 
 fully Gelene Hinndm.'] U111UU1U 
 
 or of the children of Hinnom, situated south of 
 Jemsalem and north of Jebel Abu Tor : also 
 called Hill of the Tombs, of the Field of Blood 
 or of Evil Counsel. The name of the valley occurs 
 first in the description of the boundaries of Judah and 
 Benjamin (Josh, xviii. 16). In the times of Aliaz and Ma- 
 nasseh children were offered here to Moloch, in conse- 
 quence of which the valley was called Topheth (‘abomina- 
 tion ), and was polluted by Josiah (2 Ki. xxiii. 10). In later 
 times it became the prototype of the place of punishment. 
 
 and was eonsinprpd »a the rurmtlv Tvf Dx.11 T.. 7 
 
 died at Bonn, Prussia, Jan. 24, 1879. A Ger- 
 man mechanician, maker of physical and 
 chemical apparatus at Bonn, and the inventor 
 of Geissler’s tubes, an apparatus in which light 
 is produced by an electric discharge through 
 rarefied gases. It is used with the induction-coil, and 
 consists of a sealed tube with platinum connections at 
 each end, through which the electric spark is transmitted. 
 The color and intensity of the light depend upon the na- 
 ture of the gas witli which the tube is charged. 
 
 „ , . . : I 'VP V pituiaiiiiieill, v *“ ^ wim Him u LUC iuue IS CU.irHeU. 
 
 and was considered as the mouth of hell. In this sense Gela (io'lii). [Gr.TiXa.l In ancient ffeofrrai)hv 
 it is used in the Talmud and in the New Testamunf • x VJ L \ J T u * 2P ?, e °& ra P n 7> 
 
 Geibel (gi'bel), Emanuel von. Born at Liibeek t ie southern coast of bicily, on the 
 
 Oct. 17, 1815: died there, April 6, 1884. A Gerl 1^! ° £ the modera 1 erranova, 55 miles west of 
 man lyric poet. He stiirlipj if Pmn. omi p fl ,v I ^yf^-cuse. It was founded by Rhodians and Cretans 
 j y He studied at Bonn and Berlin, and about 090 B. c., and rose to importance in the 6th and 5th 
 
 centuries B. C., founding Agrigentum in 682. It was de- 
 stroyed by the Carthaginians in 406, rebuilt by Timoleon, 
 and destroyed by the Mamertines about 282 B. c. discm-lus 
 died here. 
 
 Gelasius (je-la'gi-us) I. Bishop of Rome 492- 
 496. He was the first pope to claim for hisofflee complete 
 independence of emperors and councils in matters of faith, 
 ami sought in vain to heal the schism between the Eastern 
 and Western churches. He wrote “ De duabus in Christo 
 naturis adversus Eutychen et Nestorium,” etc. 
 
 Gelasius II. (Giovanni da Gaeta). Died at 
 Cluny, France, Jan. 29, 1119, Pope 1118-19. He 
 refused to yield to the demands of the emperor Henry V. 
 m the matter of investiture, whereupon the emperor ele- 
 vated Gregory VIII. and expelled Gelasius, who died in the 
 convent of Cluny. 
 
 Gelder (chel'der), Aart de. Born at Dordrecht, 
 1645 : died there, 1727. A Dutch painter, a pu- 
 pil of Rembrandt. 
 
 Gelderland, or Guelderland (gel'der-land), or 
 Guelders (gel'derz), D. Gelderland (chel'der- 
 lant), G. Geldern (gel'dern), F. Gueldre 
 (geldi*). A province of the Netherlands. Cap- 
 ital, Arnhem. It is hounded by the Zuyder Zee on 
 the northwest, Overyssel on the northeast, Prussia on the 
 southeast and south, North Brabant on the south, and 
 South Holland and Utrecht on the west. It became a 
 countship in the 11th century, and a duchy in the 14th. 
 It was incorporated by the emperor Charles V. in the 
 r ? a ]!? °^i ^ le Netherlands in 1543. It joined the Union 
 ot Utrecht in 1579, except Upper Gelderland, which was 
 afterward (1713) ceded in great part to Prussia. Area. 
 l,96o square miles. Population, 639,431. 
 
 Geldern (gel'dern). A town in the Rhine Prov- 
 fDce, Prussia, situated on the Niers 28 miles 
 northwest of Dusseldorf. It was formerly the 
 capi tal of the duchy of Gelderland. Population 
 o,oo2. 9 
 
 Gel4s (zhh-la/), Claude. See Claude Lorrain. 
 Gelimer (gel'i-mer or jel'i-mer), or Gilimer 
 (gil'i-mer or jil'i-mer). The last king of the 
 Vandals in Africa. He usurped the throne of Hilderic 
 in 530 A. B., and was himself defeated and taken prisoner 
 by the Byzantine general Belisarius in 533-634. He graced 
 the triumph of Belisarius at Constantinople in the same 
 year and spent the rest of his life on an estate in Galatia 
 which was given him by the emperor Justinian. The date 
 of his death is unknown. 
 
 Gell(gel), Sir William. BornatHopton, Derby- 
 shire, 1777: died at Naples, Feb. 4, 1836. An 
 English archieologist and traveler. i n isoi he 
 visited and explored the Troad. He became a chamber- 
 lam of Queen Caroline of England in 1814. He published 
 Topography of Troy "(1804), “ Pompeiana” (an accountof 
 the discoveries at Pompeii), “ The Topography of Rome and 
 its Vicinity, ’ etc. He lived at Naples and Rome. 
 
 Gellatley (gel'at-li), David. A half-witted 
 servant, a character in the novel “Waverley” 
 by Walter Scott. 
 
 Gellert (gel'ert). In Welsh tradition, the faith- 
 ful hound of Llewelyn. He was killed by his master, 
 who, seeing him come toward him covered with blood 
 thought that he had killed the child he was set to guard. 
 
 A huge wolf was found under the overturned cradle dead — 
 slain by the dog. Llewelyn, overcome with remorse, buried 
 Gellert honorably, and erected a monument to his memory. 
 The place, Bethgelert, in North Wales, is still shown. This 
 story, with slight differences, was current in very ancient 
 times in Persia, India, China, and elsewhere. 
 
 Gellert (gel ' lert) , Christian Fiir chtegott. Born 
 at Hainichen, near Freiberg, Saxony, July 4, 
 1715 : died at Leipsic, Dec. 13, 1769. A German 
 poet. Hewas the son of a clergyman. He studied theology 
 at Leipsic, where he was docent and subsequently proiessor 
 of philosophy, in which post he died. He was the author 
 of the romance “ Das Leben der schwedischen Grafln G.” 
 (“The Life of the Swedish Countess G.,” 1746), and of 
 several comedies, among them “Die zartlichen Schwes- 
 tern (“The Fond Sisters"), “Die Betschwester” (“The 
 Devotee ”), and “ Das Los in der Lotterie ” (“ The Chance 
 in the Lottery”). His fame, however, rests upon 
 his sacred songs and his fables, which have become clas- 
 sics. “Fabeln und Erzahlungen " (“Fables and Tales”) 
 appeared in 1746, “ Geistliche Oden und Lieder"(“ Sacred 
 Odes and Songs ”) in 1757. His lectures at Leipsic, where 
 he may be said to have set the literary tone and to have 
 fashioned the taste of the time, attracted attention through- 
 out Germany. His works were published at Leipsic in 
 1839 in 10 vols. ; his letters at Leipsic in 1861 ; his diary at 
 Leipsic in 1862. 
 
 Gellius (jel'i-us), Aulus. Born perhaps about 
 130 A. D. : lived in the 2d century. A Roman 
 grammarian, author of “Noctes Atticie,” in 
 twenty books (first printed 1469). of the eighth 
 book only the table of contents survives. His work is 
 valuable as a conscientious account of all that he could 
 learn about archaic literature and language, laws, philoso- 
 phy, and natural science. 
 
 Gelnhausen (geln'hou-zen). A small town in 
 the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, on the 
 Kinzig 23 miles east-northeast of Frankfort-on- 
 the-Main. It was formerly an imperial city, 
 and contains a ruined imperial palace. 
 
 Gelon (je'lpn). [Gr. Ti'Aon>.~\ Died about 478 
 B. C. A Sicilian ruler, tyrant of Gela (491) and 
 later of Syracuse (485). He defeated the Car- 
 thaginians at Himera in the autumn of 480. 
 
 Gelves, Marquis of. See Carrillo de Mendoza 
 y Pimentel, Diego. 
 
Gemara 
 
 Gemara (ge-ma/ra). [Aram./ completion/ ‘ per- 
 fection.’] The complement or commentary to 
 the Mishnah (which see), being its dialectical 
 analysis, discussion, and explanation, its rela- 
 tion to the Mishnah is that of exposition to thesis. The 
 two together constitute the Talmud. See Talmud. 
 Gembloux (zhon-blo' ). A town in the province 
 of Namur, Belgium, 25 miles southeast of Brus- 
 sels. Here, in 1578, Don John of Austria de- 
 feated the Dutch. Population, 4,871. 
 
 Gemini (jem'i-rd). [L., ‘twins.’] A zodiacal 
 constellation, giving its name to a sign of the 
 zodiac, lying east of Taurus, on the other side 
 of the Milky Way. It represents the two youths Cas- 
 tor and Pollux sitting side by side. In the heads of the 
 twins respectively are situated the two bright stars which 
 go by their names — Castor to the west, a greenish star in- 
 termediate between the first and second magnitudes ; and 
 Pollux to the east, a full yellow star of the first magni- 
 tude. The sun is in Gemini from about May 21 till about 
 June 21 (the longest day). Symbol, n. 
 
 Geminiani (ia-me-ne-a'ne), Francesco. Born 
 at Lucca, Italy, 1680: died at Dublin, 1761 
 (1762 ?). An eminent Italian violinist, resident- 
 in England (except 1748-55, when he lived in 
 Paris) from 1714 until his death. He published 
 “Art of Playing the Violin” (1740). 
 
 Gemistus (je-mis'tus), or Plethon (ple'thon), 
 Georgius, or Gemistus Plethon. [‘ George the 
 Full/ so surnamed on account of his great learn- 
 ing: Gr. TeLpyiog 6 Te/uarAg or 6 IV/fOuv.] Lived 
 in the first half of the 15th century. A celebrat- 
 ed Byzantine Platonic philosopher and scholar, 
 probably a native of Constantinople. He was 
 present at the Council of Florence, 1438, as a deputy of the 
 Greek Church, and was influential in spreading the know- 
 ledge of the Platonic philosophy in the West. 
 
 Gemma. See Alpliecca. 
 
 Gemmi (gem'me), Die. A pass ill the Bernese 
 Alps, Switzerland, south of the Lake of Thun, 
 leading from Kandersteg (Bern) to Bad Leuk 
 (Valais). Highest point, 7,553 feet. 
 Gerniinder (ge-mun'der), George. Born at In- 
 gelfingen, Wurtemberg, April 13, 1816 : died Jan. 
 15, 1899. A German-American violin-maker. 
 Genala (ja-na/la), Francesco. Bom at Sore- 
 sina, Cremona, Italy, Jan. 6, 1843: died Nov. 
 8, 1893. An Italian politician, minister of pub- 
 lic works under Depretis in 1883. 
 
 Genappe (zhe-nap'). A village in Belgium, 18 
 miles south of Brussels: often mentioned in the 
 Waterloo campaign. 
 
 Genazzano (ja-nat-sa'no). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Borne, Italy, 26 miles east of Borne. 
 Population, commune, 4,121. 
 
 Gendebien (zhohd-byah'), Alexandre Joseph 
 Celestin. Born at Mons, Belgium, May 4, 
 1789: died Dec. 6, 1869. A Belgian statesman. 
 He settled at Brussels, as a lawyer in 1811, and Sept. 25, 
 1830, became a member of the provisional government 
 which effected the separation of Belgium from Holland. 
 
 Gendron ( zhon-dron' ), Auguste. Born at Paris, 
 1818: died there, July 12, 1881. A French 
 painter, a pupil of Paul Delaroche. 
 
 Genelli (ga-nelTe), Bonaventura. Born at 
 Berlin, Sept. 28, 1798: died at Weimar, Ger- 
 many, Nov. 13, 1868. A German painter. 
 Genesee (jen-e-se'). [Amer. Ind., ‘pleasant 
 valley.’] A river in western New York, which 
 rises in Potter County, Pennsylvania, and flows 
 into Lake Ontario 7 miles north of Bochester. it 
 is noted for its falls (at Rochester, 95 feet ; Portage Falls, 
 110 feet ; and several others). It gives name to a geologi- 
 cal epoch. Length, about 200 miles. 
 
 Genesis (jen'e-sis). [Gr. yeveoig, origin, begin- 
 ning.] The first book of the Old Testament. 
 It records the creation of the world, the flood and the en- 
 suing dispersion of races, and gives a more detailed his- 
 tory of the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The 
 traditional view ascribes the authorship to Moses. Most 
 modern scholars, however, find in it various periods of 
 authorship, and particularly two chief sources, the so- 
 called Jehovistic and Elohistic. According to the latter 
 view, the dates of composition fall chiefly within the 
 periods of Judah and Israel (about the 8th century B. o.), 
 the last redaction occurring perhaps after the return from 
 Babylon. In Hebrew the book is designated by its first 
 word, B’reshith, ‘In the beginning the title Genesis was 
 supplied in the early Greek translation. 
 
 Genesius (je-ne'si-us), Josephus, or Josephus 
 Byzantinus (of Byzantium). Lived about 950. 
 A Byzantine historian. He wrote, by order of the 
 emperor Constantine VIL Porphyrogenitus, a history of 
 the Eastern Empire from 813 to 886. This work, which is 
 written in Greek, and entitled Bao-iXeuiv BqSAia A, was 
 discovered in MS. at Leipsic in the 16th century, and, al- 
 though an indifferent compilation, attracted much atten- 
 tion because it covers a period for which there are few 
 other sources. The first printed edition appeared at 
 Venice (1733) in the Venetian Collection of the Byzan- 
 tines. 
 
 Genesta (je-nes'ta). A cutter designed by J. 
 Beavor-Webb and launched at Glasgow, April, 
 1884. Her dimensions are : length over all, 96.40 feet ; 
 length, load water-line, 81 feet ; beam, 15 feet ; beam, load 
 
 430 
 
 water-line, 15 feet ; draught, 13 feet ; and displacement, 141 
 tons. She won 19 prizes in England in 1884. She was built 
 expressly for the race for the America’s cup, but was beaten 
 by the Puritan in two races, Sept. 14 aud Sept. 16, 1885. 
 
 Genet (zhe-na/) (originally Genest), Edmond 
 Charles. Born at Versailles, France, Jan. 8, 
 1765 : died at Schodak, N. Y., July 14, 1834. A 
 French diplomatist, brother of Madame Cam- 
 pan. He was appointed minister to the United States in 
 Dec., 1792, and arrived at Charleston, S. C., in April, 1793. 
 On the refusal of Washington to join France in the war of 
 the revolutionary government against England, he sought 
 to compel the President to change his attitude by popular 
 agitation, commissioned privateers, and ordered that prizes 
 should be condemned by the French consuls in the United 
 States. He was superseded at the request of Washington, 
 but remained in the United States and settled in the State 
 of New York. 
 
 Genetyllis (jen-e-til'is). [Gr. IYrmtU/f.] In 
 Greek mythology, a goddess, protectress of 
 births, a companion of Aphrodite (Venus). 
 The name is also used as an epithet of Aphrodite and Ar- 
 temis (Diana). In the plural, Genetyllides, it is applied to 
 a body of divinities presiding over nativity, and attached 
 to the cortege of Aphrodite. Also called Gennaides. 
 
 Geneura. See Guinevere and Ginevra. 
 
 Geneva (je-ne'va), F. Geneve (zhe-nav'), G. 
 Genf (genf), It. Ginevra (je-na'vra). A can- 
 ton in Switzerland, lying between the Lake of 
 Geneva and Vaud on the north and France on 
 the east, south, and west. It sends 7 members to 
 the National Council. About 61 per cent, of the popula- 
 tion are Roman Catholics, and about 48 per cent. Prot- 
 estants. The language of 85 per cent, of the population 
 is French. Area, 108 square miles. Population, 154,- 
 159, (1910). 
 
 Geneva. [F. Geneve, G. Genf, It. Ginevra; the 
 Boman Geneva : of Celtic origin.] The capital 
 of the canton of Geneva, Switzerland, situated 
 at the southwestern extremity of the Lake of 
 Geneva, where the Bhone issues from it, in lat. 
 46° 13' N., long. 6° 10' E. It is the wealthiest city 
 in the country, and one of the most important. It has a 
 large trade, and manufactures watches, jewelry, musical 
 boxes, etc. The two parts of the city are connected by 
 the Pont du Mont Blanc and other bridges. The cathedral 
 was consecrated in 1024, but was modified in the next two 
 centuries. The exterior is marred by a Corinthian portico 
 built in the last century. The interior presents good work 
 of the transition from Romanesque to Pointed, and pos- 
 sesses good late- Pointed carved stalls and some fine monu- 
 ments, notably those of the Rohan family in the 17th cen- 
 tury. ThebeautifulFlamboyantChapeUedesMacchabtes 
 is of the 15th century. The monument to Duke Charles 
 II. of Brunswick (died 1873) is a modified reproduction of 
 that to Can Signorio della Scala at Verona. It is hexago- 
 nal, and consists of three stages: the lowest a group of 
 massive columns supporting an entablature, the middle 
 one gracefully arcaded and containing a sarcophagus with 
 a recumbent effigy of the duke, and the highest a pinna- 
 cled and pedimented canopy upon which is an equestrian 
 statue of the duke. The structure is surrounded by a 
 wall upon which are square piers with tabernacles con- 
 taining statues of noted Guelphs. The piers are con- 
 nected by an elaborate grating of metal. The total height 
 is 66 feet. Other objects of interestare the hotel de ville, 
 the university, the Musde Rath (picture-gallery), and the 
 Musee de l’Ariana. The city is a favorite center for tour- 
 ists. Geneva was a town of the Allobroges in the 1st 
 century B. 0. ; later it was a Roman city. It was the capi- 
 tal of the early Burgundian kingdom, and it belonged to 
 the Franks, to the later Burgundian kingdom, and to the 
 empire in succession. In the middle ages it was under 
 the influence of the bishops of Geneva and the counts 
 (later dukes) of Savoy. It was allied with Fribourg in 
 1518, and with Bern in 1526. The Reformation was offi- 
 cially introduced in 1535 ; and it became a center of the 
 Reformation under the lead of Calvin 1536-64. The re- 
 pulse of the Savoyards in the so-called “escalade” of 
 1602 is still celebrated in the city. It was incorporated 
 with France in 1798. The city and canton entered the 
 Swiss Confederation in 1815. A liberal constitution was 
 adopted in 1847. Geneva was the birthplace of Rousseau. 
 Population, including suburbs, 125,520, (1910). 
 
 Geneva. A city in Ontario County, New York, 
 situated at the northern extremity of Seneca 
 Lake, 38 miles southeast of Bochester: the 
 seat of Hobart College and of William Smith 
 College for Women. Population, 12,446, (1910). 
 Geneva, Lake of, or Lake Leman. [F. Lac 
 de Geneve, or Lac Leman, G. Genfersee, L. Le- 
 man us (or Lemannus) Lucas.] The largest lake 
 of Switzerland, bordering on Haute-Savoie 
 (France) and the cantons of Geneva, Vaud, 
 and Valais. Length, 45 miles. Greatest width, 81 miles. 
 Area, 225 square miles. Height above sea-level, about 1,230 
 feet. 
 
 Geneva Convention. An international con- 
 vention of various European states held at 
 Geneva, Switzerland, Aug., 1864, designed to 
 lessen the needless suffering of soldiers in war. 
 
 It provided for the neutrality of the members and build- 
 ings of the medical departments on battle-fields. 
 
 Geneva Tribunal. A tribunal of arbitration 
 provided for by the treaty of Washington for 
 the settlement of the Alabama claims (which 
 see). 
 
 Genevieve (jen-e-vev'). The heroine of a poem 
 by Coleridge, entitled “ Love.” The poem is 
 sometimes called by her name. 
 
 Genoa, Gulf of 
 
 Genevieve (zhen-vyav'), L. Genovefa, Saint. 
 
 Born at Nanterre, near Paris, about 422: died 
 at Paris, Jan. 3, 512. The patron saint of Paris, 
 reputed to have saved the city from Attila by 
 her prayers in 451. 
 
 Genevieve, G. Genoveva or Genovefa (ga-nd- 
 fa'fa), of Brabant, Saint. The wife of Count 
 Siegfried of Treves. She is the subject of a popular 
 medieval legend, according to which she lived about the 
 middle of the 8th century, and was the wife of the palatine 
 Siegfried. She was falsely accused by the major-domo Golo 
 of adultery, and was sentenced to be put to death. Aban- 
 doned in a forest by the executioner, she lived six years in 
 a cave in the Ardennes, together with her son, who during 
 infancy was nourished by a roe. The roe, being pursued 
 in the chase by Siegfried, took refuge in the cave, and led 
 to the reunion of Genevieve and her husband, who had in 
 the meantime discovered the treachery of Golo. 
 
 Genevieve, Sainte-, Church of See Pantheon. 
 
 Gen^vre (zhe-navr'), Mont. A pass in the 
 Cottian Alps, leading from France (department 
 of Hautes-Alpes) to Italy (province of Turin). 
 Height, about 6,100 feet. 
 
 Gengenbach (geng'en-bach). A small town in 
 Baden, on tbe Kiuzig 17 miles southeast of 
 Strasburg. It was formerly independent. 
 
 Genghis Kha,n. See Jenejhiz Khan. 
 
 Genigueh. See Chemehuevi. 
 
 Genii, Tales of the. See Tales of the Genii. 
 
 Genius of Christianity. [F. Genie du Christi- 
 anisme .] A work in defense of Christianity, by 
 Chateaubriand, published in 1802. 
 
 Genlis (zhon-les'), Comtesse de (St6phanie 
 Felicite Ducrest de Saint- Aubin). Born near 
 Autun, France, Jan. 25, 1746 : died at Paris, Dec. 
 31, 1830. A noted French writer, canoness of 
 Alix in her sixth year under the title Comtesse 
 de Lancy, wife of the Comte de Genlis (1762), 
 governess in the family of the Due de Chartres : 
 author of “Adele et Theodore, ou lettres sur 
 Peducation ” (1782), “Mademoiselle de Cler- 
 mont” (1802), “Memoires” (1825), etc. 
 
 Gennadius (je-na'di-us), originally Georgius 
 Scholarius. Lived in the middle of the 15th 
 century. A Greek scholar and prelate, patri- 
 arch of Constantinople 1453-56. 
 
 Gennaides (je-na'i-dez). See Genetyllis. 
 
 Gennaro, Monte. See Monte Gennaro. 
 
 Gennesaret (je-nes'a-ret), Lake or Sea of. 
 See Galilee, Sea of. 
 
 Genoa (jen'o-a). A province in the comparti- 
 mento of Liguria, Italy. Area, 1,582 square 
 miles. Population, 1,039,037. 
 
 Genoa. [Formerly Gean, Jean, etc., from OF. 
 Gene, F. Genes, Sp. Pg. Genova, It. Genova, MGr. 
 Tevova, Tevoa, G. Genua, from L. Genua.] A 
 seaport, capital of the province of Genoa, Italy, 
 situated on the Gulf of Genoa in lat. 44° 25' N., 
 long. 8° 55' E. : from its magnificent situation 
 surnamed “La Superba.” it is the leading seaport 
 of Italy. The imports include sugar, coal, iron, etc. It 
 has a large harbor protected by piers. The cathedral dates 
 from the 14th century, but with older and French elements 
 incorporated. The western faqade, of black and white 
 marble, has recessed early-Pointed doors, with foliage-cap- 
 itals. Some of the column-shafts are twisted. On the south 
 side there is a canopied porch with Romanesque sculpture. 
 The interior contains interesting paintings, inlaid chon - 
 stalls, and tombs, and adorned baptistery with sculptured 
 altar and tabernacle, carvings by Sansovino, and a Roman- 
 esque fa$ade. The Church of San Giovanni di Pre. built 
 by the Knights of St. John in the 13th century, is of two 
 stories with pillars and round arches. The crypt is inter- 
 esting, in both architecture and sculpture resembling the 
 English Romanesque. The Campo Santo is a great quad- 
 rangle filled with roses, surrounded by amassive two-storied 
 cloister containing many beautiful sculptured tombs. In 
 the middle of one side there is a handsome domed circular 
 chapel ; the gallery around the dome is supported by 16 
 Doric columns of black marble 27 feet high. This monu- 
 mental burial-place was begun in 1838. The Palazzo del 
 Municipio, formerly Palazzo Doria, is a 16th-century late- 
 Renaissance building. The facade has two tiers of pilas- 
 ters and an entablature, and is flanked by terraces with 
 graceful balustraded arcades. The Palazzo Ducale now 
 serves for various public offices. The medieval prison- 
 tower remains. The facade is an imposing work of the 
 Renaissance, with columns and statues. Other objects of 
 interest are various other palaces, the statue of Columbus, 
 and the churches of Santa Maria in Carignano and of San 
 Matteo. Genoa existed from Roman times. It became a 
 republic and a great maritime power in the middle ages, 
 the rival of Pisa and Venice, having extensive trade and 
 settlements in the Levant, the Crimea, the western Medi- 
 terranean, etc. The dogate was established in 1339. Genoa 
 gained a great naval victory over Pisa at Meloria in 1284 ; 
 took part in the Crusades ; was defeated by Venice in 1380 ; 
 was liberated from the French by Andrea Doria in 1528; 
 lost its possessions to the Turks and others ; was taken 
 by the French in 1684 and by the Imperialists in 1746; 
 ceded Corsica to France in 1768 ; was transformed into the 
 Ligurian Republic in 1797; was unsuccessfully defended 
 by Massena against the English and Austrian forces in 
 1800 ; was incorporated with France in 1805 ; capitulated 
 to the English in 1814 ; was annexed to Sardinia as a duchy 
 in 1815 ; and was the scene of an insurrection in 1849. 
 Population, commune, 275,000. 
 
 Genoa, Gulf of. A gulf of the Mediterranean, 
 south of Genoa. 
 
Genova 431 
 
 Genova (djen'6-va). The Italian name of 
 Genoa. 
 
 Genovefa. See Genevieve. 
 
 Genovesi (ja -no - va ' se), Antonio. Born at 
 Castiglione, near Salerno, Italy, Nov. 1, 1712 : 
 died at Naples, Sept. 22, 1769. An Italian 
 philosopher and political economist, professor 
 of metaphysic and later of political economy at 
 Naples. His works include “De arte logica” (1742), 
 “Elementascientiarum metaphysicarum ” (1743-45), “Le- 
 zioni di commercio ” (1768), etc. 
 
 Gens de Pitie. See Shoshoko. 
 
 Genseric (jen'ser-ik), or Gaiseric (gi'zer-ik). 
 Died in 477 a. D. A king of the Vandals. He 
 was the natural son of Godigisdus or Modigisdus, king of 
 the Vandals in Spain, whom he succeeded in conjunction 
 with a brother Gontharis orGonderic. Invited, it is said, 
 by Bonifacius, the Roman governor, he invaded Africa in 
 May, 429, and in Oct., 439, captured Carthage, which he 
 made the capital of a Vandal kingdom in Africa. In June, 
 455, in answer to the supplications of the empress Eudocia 
 for assistance against the usurper Maximus, he invaded 
 Italy, sacked Rome for fourteen days, and carried off nu- 
 merous captives. including theempress and her daughters. 
 He professed the Arian creed, and persecuted his subjects 
 of the orthodox faith with great cruelty. 
 
 Gensonn6 (zhon-so-na'), Armand. Born at 
 Bordeaux, France, Aug. 10, 1758 : guillotined 
 at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. A French revolution- 
 ist, Girondist deputy to the Legislative Assem- 
 bly 1791-92, and to the Convention 1792-93. 
 Genthin (gen-ten'). A town in the Saxon Prov- 
 ince, Prussia, situated 28 miles northeast of 
 Magdeburg. Population, commune, 6,229. 
 Gentile da Fabriano. See Fabriano. 
 Gentilesse (jen-ti-les'). A poem by Chaucer. 
 It not only occurs independently, but is quoted in Scogan’s 
 poem addressed “ unto the Lordes and Gentilmen of the 
 Kinges house ’’ ; hence this poem of Scogan's was included 
 in Chaucer’s collected v^orks. 
 
 Gentili (jen-te'le), Alberico. Born at Sangi- 
 nesio, Ancona, Jan. 14, 1552 : died at London, 
 June 19, 1608. An Italian jurist, one of the 
 earliest authorities on international law. He re- 
 sided in England from 1580, and taught law at Oxford. 
 From about 1590 he lived in London. 
 
 Still more important were the services of Gentili to the 
 law of nations, which he was the first to place upon a 
 foundation independent of theological differences, and 
 to develop systematically with a wealth of illustration, 
 historical, legal, biblical, classical, and patristic, of which 
 subsequent writers have availed themselves to a much 
 greater extent than might he inferred from their some- 
 what scanty acknowledgments of indebtedness. His prin- 
 cipal contributions to the science are contained in the 
 “De Legation ibus,” the “De Jure Belli,” and the “Advo- 
 catio Hispanica." The first of these was the best work 
 upon embassy which had appeared up to the date of its 
 publication. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Gentilly (zhon-te-ye'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Seine, France, situated directly south 
 of the fortifications of Paris. Population, 
 commune, 8,421. 
 
 Gentle Geordie. See Staunton, Sir George. 
 Gentleman (jen'tl-man), Francis. Born at 
 Dublin, Oct. 13, 1728 : died there, Dec., 1784. 
 An Irish actor and dramatist. Among his plays are 
 “The Modish Wife” (1773), “The Tobacconist” (1771), 
 founded on Jonson’s “ Alchemist,” etc. In 1770 he pub- 
 lished a series of criticisms called “ The Dramatic Cen- 
 sor,” and he afterward edited Bell’s acting edition of 
 Shakspere. 
 
 Gentleman Dancing-Master, The. A comedy 
 by Wycherley (1672). 
 
 Gentleman Usher, The. A comedy by Chap- 
 man, printed in 1606. 
 
 Gentle Shepherd, The. A pastoral drama by 
 Allan Ramsay, published in 1725. 
 
 Gentle Shepherd, The. A nickname given to 
 George Grenville by William Pitt. See Gren- 
 ville, George. 
 
 GentOO (jen-to'). A Hindu : a term not now in 
 use. 
 
 Gentry (jen'tri), Sir Threadbare and Lady. 
 
 Two characters in Cibber’s comedy “ The Rival 
 Fools,” which was an alteration of Beaumont 
 and Fletcher’s “Wit at Several Weapons.” In 
 the latter play they appear as Sir Ruinous and 
 Lady Gentry. 
 
 Gentz (gents), Friedrich von. Bom at Bres- 
 lau, Prussia, May 2 (Sept. 8!), 1764: died near 
 Vienna, June 9, 1832. A German publicist and 
 diplomatist, in the Prussian and later in the Aus- 
 trian service. He was chief secretary at the congresses 
 of Vienna (1814-15), Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), Carlsbad and 
 Vienna (1819), Troppau (1820), Laibach (1821), and Verona 
 (1822). His chief work is “Fragmente aus der neuesten 
 Geschichte des politischen Gleichgewichts ” (1804). 
 Gentz, Wilhelm. Born at Neuruppin, Dec. 9, 
 1822 : died at Berlin, Aug. 23, 1890. A German 
 painter, a pupil in Paris of Gleyre and Cou- 
 ture. He traveled extensively in Spain, Morocco, Egypt, 
 Asia Minor, and elsewhere in the East. Among his works 
 are “Funeral near Cairo ” (Dresden Gallery), “Entry of 
 
 the German Crown Prince into Jerusalem in 1869 ’’(Na- 
 tional Gallery), “Christ among the Pharisees and Publi- 
 cans ” (Chemnitz), “ Halt of Caravan ” (Stettin). 
 
 Genzano (jen-za'no). A small town in Italy, 17 
 miles southeast of Rome. 
 
 Geoffrey (jef'ri) (Starkey), surnamed “The 
 Grammarian.” [ML. Galfridus Grammaticus.'] 
 Flourished about, the middle of the 15th cen- 
 tury. A Norfolk preaching friar, compiler of 
 the “ Promptorium Parvulorum” (which see). 
 Other works also are attributed to him. 
 
 Geoffrey. Died in 1212. Archbishop of York, 
 natural son of Henry II. and a woman named 
 Ykenai or Hikenai. He was appointed bishop of 
 Lincoln in 1173, a post which he exchanged in 1182 for 
 that of chancellor of England. He aided his father against 
 his rebellious half-brothers 1173-74, fought with distinc- 
 tion in the war against France 1187-89, and was the only 
 one of Henry’s children present at his death-bed (1189). 
 He was nominated archbishop of York by Richard I. in 
 1189, and in 1207 was banished by John for opposing the 
 latter’s oppressive taxation. 
 
 Geoffrey, Count of Brittany. Born Sept. 23, 
 1158: died Aug. 19, 1186. The fourth son of 
 Henry II. of England and Eleanor. He joined 
 his brothers in their revolt against their father. He mar- 
 ried Constance of Brittany, by whom he was the father of 
 Prince Arthur. 
 
 Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. See Crayon. 
 
 Geoffrey of Anjou, surnamed Plantagenet. 
 
 Born Aug. 24, 1113: died Sept. 7, 1151. Count 
 of Anjou, son of Fulc V. He married, in 1129, Ma- 
 tilda, daughter of Henry I. of England, and widow of the 
 emperor Henry V. He waged war successfully against 
 Stephen of Blois for the possession of Normandy, which 
 he claimed through his wife, and accompanied Louis VII. 
 to the Holy Land in 1147. He derived his surname from 
 the plant named genOt, a species of broom, which he wore 
 as a plume on his helmet. 
 
 Geoffrey of Monmouth. [Lat. Galfridus ( Gau- 
 fridus) Monemutensis.] Born, probably at Mon- 
 mouth, about 1100 : died at Llandaff in 1152 or 
 1154. An English chronicler. He may have been 
 a monk at the Benedictine monastery at Monmouth. He 
 was in Oxford in 1129, where he met Archdeacon Walter 
 (not Walter Map), from whom he professed to have ob- 
 tained the foundation of his “Historia Regum Britannise.” 
 In 1152 he was consecrated bishop of St. Asaph, having 
 been ordained priest in the same year. It does not appear 
 that he visited his see. The “ Historia Regum Britan- 
 nise” was issued in some form in Latin from the British 
 or Cymric MS. by 1139 ; the final edition, as we now pos- 
 sess it, was finished in 1147. The first critical printed 
 edition is “Galfredi Monemutensis Historia Britoaum, 
 nunc primum in Anglia novem codd. MSS. collatis, ed. .1. 
 A. Giles ” (1844). The publication of this book marks an 
 epoch in the literaiy history of Europe ; in less than fifty 
 years the Arthurian and Round Table romances based 
 upon it were naturalized in Germany and Italy, as well as 
 in France and England. It is thought that Geoffrey com- 
 piled it from the Latin Nennius and a book of Breton 
 legends now perished. It was abridged by Alfred of Bev- 
 erley ; and Geoffrey Gaimar and Wace translated it into 
 Anglo-Norman about the middle of the 12th century. 
 Layamon and Robert of Gloucester translated Wace into 
 semi Saxon or transition English, and later chroniclers 
 used it as sober history. Shakspere knew the legends 
 through Holinshed. Geoffrey also wrote a Latin transla- 
 tion of the prophecies of Merlin. A life of Merlin has also 
 been ascribed to him, perhaps incorrectly. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Geoffrin (zho-fran'), Madame (Marie Therese 
 Rodet). Born at Paris, June 2, 1699: died at 
 Paris, Oct. 6, 1777. A noted leader of Parisian 
 literary society. She was not a highly educated wo- 
 man, but possessed an extraordinary power of reading 
 character, and was equally a favorite with royalty and with 
 the fashionable, literary, and artistic circles of France and 
 Germany. 
 
 Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (zlio-frwa' san-te-lar'), 
 Etienne. Born at Etampes, April 15, 1772 : died 
 at Paris, June 19, 1844. A noted French zoolo- 
 gist and comparative anatomist. He became pro- 
 fessor of zoology at the Jardin des Plantes, at Paris, in 
 1793 ; joined the Egyptian expedition in 1798 ; was one of 
 the founders of the Institute of Cairo, and made important 
 scientific investigations and collections ; and in 1809 was 
 appointed professor of zoology in the Faculty of Sciences 
 at Paris. His zoological views led to a famous dispute 
 with Cuvier. His published works are numerous. 
 
 Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isidore. Born at Pa- 
 ris, Dec. 16, 1805: died at Paris, Nov. 10, 1861. 
 A French zoologist, son of Etienne Geoffroy 
 Saint-Hilaire. He became professor at the Museum 
 of Natural History at Paris in 1841, and in the Faculty of 
 Sciences in 1850. 
 
 Geoffry (jef'ri), Bishop of Coutances. Died at 
 Coutances, Feb. 3, 1093. A Norman prelate, 
 one of the chief supporters of William the Con- 
 queror. 
 
 Geok-Tepe, or Gok-Tepe. A former stronghold 
 of the Tekke Turkomans, situated in Asiatic 
 Russia about lat. 38° N., long. 57° 30' E. It 
 was captured by the Russians under Skobeleff 
 in Jan., 1881. 
 
 George (jorj), Saint. [Gr. Te^pytog, L. Georgius ; 
 from Gr. yzopyfig, a farmer; F. Georges, George, 
 It. Giorgio, Sp. Pg. Jorge, G. Georg.] A Chris- 
 tian martyr, a native of Cappadocia and mili- 
 tary tribune under Diocletian, put to death at 
 
 George III. 
 
 Nicomedia in 303. The details of his life and death 
 are unknown, and even his existence has been doubted. 
 He was honored in the Oriental churches, and in the 14th 
 century, under Edward III., was adopted as the patron 
 saint of England, where he had been popular from the 
 time of the early Crusades : for he was said to have come 
 to the aid of the Crusaders against the Saracens under 
 the wails of Antioch, 1089, and was then chosen by many 
 Normans under Robert, son of William the Conqueror, as 
 their patron. Many legends were connected with his 
 name during the middle ages, the most notable of which 
 is the legend of his conquest of the dragon (the devil) and 
 the delivery from it of the king’s daughter Sabra (the 
 Church). He was the “Christian hero” of the middle 
 ages. April 23d is St. George’s day. 
 
 George, Saint, and the Dragon. A painting 
 
 by Raphael (1506), in the Hermitage Museum, 
 St. Petersburg. The saint, clad in armor and riding a 
 white horse, charges the monster and transfixes him with 
 his spear as he turns to flee. St. George wears the in- 
 signia of the Garter. 
 
 George I. Born at Hanover, March 28, 1660: 
 died at Osnabriick, June 11, 1727. King of 
 Great Britain and Ireland 1714-27, son of Er- 
 nest Augustus, elector of Hanover, and Sophia, 
 granddaughter of James I. through Elizabeth 
 Stuart, queen of Bohemia. He married his cousin 
 Sophia Dorothea, daughter of the Duke of Zelle, in 1682, 
 and succeeded his father as elector of Hanover in 1698. 
 His mother died May 28, 1714. On the death of Queen 
 Anne, Aug. 1, 1714, he succeeded to the English throne 
 by virtue of the Act of Settlement, passed by Parliament 
 in 1701, which, in default of issue from Anne and William, 
 entailed the crown on the electress Sophia and her heirs, 
 being Protestant. He was crowned at Westminster Oct. 
 20, 1714. He nominated at his accession a Whig ministry, 
 with Townshend as prime minister, to the exclusion of the 
 Tory party, which he regarded with suspicion as the strong- 
 hold of the Jacobites and of the Roman Catholics. In 
 Jan., 1715, he dissolved the Tory Parliament left by Queen 
 Anne, and by a liberal use of the crown patronage secured 
 a large Whig majority in the new Parliament, which con- 
 vened in March following. In Sept., 1715, a Jacobite ris- 
 ing took place in Scotland under the Earl of Mar, who 
 was subsequently joined by the Pretender. The rebellion 
 was speedily put down by the Duke of Argyll, but the ex- 
 citement which it produced was taken advantage of to 
 pass the Septennial Act, providing for septennial instead 
 of triennial parliaments, thus enabling the new dynasty to 
 become firmly settled on the throne before a new election 
 of Parliament. In 1717 he further strengthened his posi- 
 tion by concluding the Triple Alliance with France and 
 Holland, which guaranteed the Hanoverian succession, 
 and which was joined by the emperor in the following 
 year. In 1717 Stanhope was appointed prime minister : he 
 was succeeded in 1721 by Walpole, who held office during 
 the remainder of the reign. 
 
 George II. Born at Hanover, Nov. 10, 1683: 
 died at London, Oct. 25, 1760. King of Great 
 Britain and Ireland 1727-60, son of George I. 
 and Sophia Dorothea. He married Wilhelmina Char- 
 lotte Caroline of Ansbach Sept. 2, 1706 ; was declared 
 Prince of Wales Sept. 27, 1714; and succeeded to the 
 throne of Great Britain and Ireland and to the electorate 
 of Hanover on the death of his father, June 11, 1727. He 
 continued his father’s domestic policy of favoring the 
 Whigs, and retained Walpole as prime minister until 
 1742. His foreign policy was chiefly dictated by his anx- 
 iety for the safety of Hanover amid the contending powers 
 on the Continent. He maintained an alliance with Maria 
 Theresa of Austria in the first and second Silesian wars 
 (1740-42 and 1744—15), and commanded the Pragmatic 
 army in person at the victory of Dettingen over the PVench, 
 June 27, 1743. In 1746 a Jacobite rising took place in 
 Scotland under the Young Pretender, who was totally de- 
 feated by the Duke of Cumberland, second son of George 
 II., at the battle of Culloden, April 27, 1746. In June, 
 1754, hostilities broke out between England and Fiance in 
 America. The probability of a French attack on Han- 
 over induced George II. to conclude a treaty for the mu- 
 tual guarantee of the integrity of Germany with Freder- 
 ick II. of Prussia at Westminster Jan. 17, 1756. In the 
 same year Frederick commenced the third Silesian or 
 Seven Years’ War, in which England sided with Prussia. 
 The Duke of Cumberland was defeated by the French at 
 Hastenbeck, July 26, 1757, and driven out of Hanover. 
 The accession to power of the coalition ministry under 
 Pitt and Newcastle, June 29, 1767, gave, however, a new 
 aspect to the war. The Duke of Cumberland was replaced 
 by Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, who regained Han- 
 over in 1758; and the last years of the king’s reign saw 
 the British armies victorious in India and in Canada, and 
 the British fleet in control of the seas. 
 
 George III. Born at London, June 4, 1738: 
 died at Windsor, Jan. 29, 1820. King of Great 
 Britain and Ireland 1760-1820, son of Frederick 
 Louis, prince of Wales, and Augusta, daughter 
 of Duke Frederick II. of Saxe-Gotha. He suc- 
 ceeded to the throne of Great Britain and Ireland and to 
 the electorate of Hanover on the death of bis grandfather, 
 George II., Oct. 25, 1760, and married Charlotte Sophia of 
 Mecklenburg-Strelitz Sept. 8, 1761. His domestic policy 
 was characterized by a prolonged and partly successful 
 effort to break the power of the Whig party, which had 
 maintained control of the government under his two pre- 
 decessors, and to restore the royal prerogative to the po- 
 sition which it had occupied under the Stuarts. He was 
 involved in the war of the American Revolution and the 
 Napoleonic wars. His most notable prime ministers were 
 Lord North (1770-82) and the younger Pitt (1783-1801 and 
 1804-06), both of whom consented to shape their policy in 
 the main )n accordance with the demands of the king. 
 At his accession he found the Seven Years’ War in pro- 
 gress, of which the French and Indian war in America 
 formed a part. He concluded the peace of Paris with 
 France, Spain, and Portugal, Feb. 10, 1763, by which Eng- 
 land acquired Canada from France and Florida from Spain. 
 
George III. 
 
 The arbitrary and oppressive financial policy which he 
 adopted toward the American colonies after the return of 
 peace caused the outbreak of the American Revolution in 
 1775. The war which ensued was practically ended by the 
 capitulation of Cornwallis Oct. 19, 1781 ; and the inde- 
 pendence of the colonies was acknowledged by the peace 
 of Versailles Sept. 3, 1783. The legislative union of Great 
 Britain and Ireland was effected Jan. 1, 1801. In 1793 
 war broke out between England and the revolutionary gov- 
 ernment in France, which, with a short interruption in 
 1802-03, was continued until the downfall of Napoleon 
 and the restoration of the Bourbons. During 1812-16 a 
 war was also carried on against the United States. After 
 several temporary attacks of mental derangement, the 
 king became hopelessly insane in 1811, and during the 
 rest of his reign the government, was conducted under 
 the regency of the Prince of Wales (afterward George IV.). 
 George IV. Born at London, Aug. 12, 1762: 
 died at Windsor, June 26, 1830. King of Great 
 Britain and Ireland 1820-30, son of George III. 
 and Charlotte Sophia of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 
 
 He contracted an illegal marriage with Mrs. Fitzherbert, 
 Dec. 21, 1785, and, April 8, 1795, married his cousin Caro- 
 line Amelia Elizabeth of Brunswick. While prince of 
 Wales he cultivated the friendship of the opposition 
 leaders, including Fox and Sheridan, and gained the ill 
 will of his father by his extravagance and dissolute habits. 
 He was appointed regent when his father became in- 
 sane in 1811, and succeeded him on the throne of Great 
 Britain and in the kingdom of Hanover, Jan. 29, 1820. 
 On his appointment to the regency he abandoned his 
 former Whig associates and allied himself with the Tories. 
 He refused to permit his queen to be present at the coro- 
 nation, and, June 6, 1820, instituted proceedings in the 
 House of Lords for a divorce on the ground of infidelity. 
 The proceedings were subsequently abandoned for want 
 of evidence. The chief event of his reign was the pas- 
 sage of the Catholic Emancipation Act during the minis- 
 try of the Duke of Wellington, April 13, 1829. 
 
 George V. Born at Berlin, May 27, 1819 : died 
 at Paris, June 12, 1878. King of Hanover, son 
 of Ernest Augustus whom he succeeded in 1851. 
 He sided with Austria in 1806, with the result that his 
 dominions were annexed by Prussia in the same year. 
 
 George I. (Christian Wilhelm Ferdinand 
 Adolphus). Born at Copenhagen, Dec. 24. 
 1845. King of the Hellenes, the second son of 
 Christian IX. of Denmark. He was elected king of the 
 Hellenes by the Greek National Assembly. .1 une 0, 1863, 
 at the instance of the great powers, which, in order to se- 
 cure his acceptance of the proffered dignity, were induced 
 to restore the Ionian Islands to Greece. The principal 
 events of his reign have been the incorporation in 1881, 
 through the intervention of the great powers, of the gr eater 
 part of Thessaly and a small part of Epirus with Greece, and 
 the war with Turkey 1897. He married the grand duchess 
 Olga, daughter of the grand duke Constantine, Oct. 27,1867. 
 George, surnamed “The Bearded.” Bom Aug. 
 27, 1471: died April 17, 1539. Duke of Saxony, 
 son of Albert the Brave whom he succeeded in 
 1500. He was educated for the priesthood, and is chiefly 
 noted for his opposition to the Reformation, which was 
 favored by his uncle, the Elector of Saxony. He attended 
 the disputation between Eck and Luther at Leipsic, July 
 4-14, 1519, and subsequently himself engaged in debate 
 with Luther. He sought in vain to prevent, by imprison- 
 ment and execution, the spread in his dominions of the 
 principles of the Reformation, which were adopted by his 
 brother Henry who succeeded him in the duchy. 
 George, Prince of Denmark. Born April 23(21?), 
 1653 : died Oct. 28, 1708. The husband of Queen 
 Anne of England, whom he married July 28, 1683. 
 He was the second son of Frederick III. of Denmark and 
 Sophia Amalia, daughter of the Duke of Brunswick-Lune- 
 burg, grandfather of George I. of England. 
 
 George of Cappadocia. Born probably at 
 Epiphania in Cilicia about 300 A. d. : suffered 
 martyrdom at Alexandria in 361. An Arian 
 bishop of Alexandria 356-361. 
 
 George of Cyprus. Died 1290. A learned By- 
 zantine writer. Though a layman, he was elevated to 
 the patriarchate of Constantinople in 1283 : he resigned in 
 1289. He adopted the name of Gregory at iiis elevation. 
 He is the author of a number of works, mostly theological, 
 including an autobiography in Greek, which was published 
 at Venice in 1753 by J. F. Bernard de Rubeis under the 
 title “Vita Georgii Cyprii.” 
 
 George of Laodicea. A Semi-Avian bishop of 
 
 Laodicea. Concerning his age little is known, except 
 that he was an occupant of the episcopal chair in 330, and 
 that he was still an occupant of it in 361. He headed the 
 Semi- Arian party at the Council of Seleucia in Isauria in 
 359. 
 
 George the Pisidian, L. Georgius Pisides 
 
 (je-or'ji-us pis'i-dez) or Pisida (pis'i-da). A 
 Byzantine poet who lived about the middle of 
 the 7th century. He is described in the manuscripts 
 of his writings as a deacon, record-keeper, and keeper of 
 the sacred vessels in the Church of St. Sophia at Constan- 
 tinople, and appears to have accompanied the emperor 
 Heraclius on his first expedition against the Persians (622). 
 Among his extant works are an epic poem treating of this 
 expedition. 
 
 George of Trebizond. Born in Crete, April 4, 
 1396 : died at Rome about 1486. A celebrated 
 humanist. He became professor of Greek at Venice 
 about 1428, and subsequently removed to Rome, where, 
 about 1450, he became ■» papal secretary. He was an ardent 
 advocate of the Aristotelian system of philosophy, in oppo- 
 sition to his contemporary, the Platonic philosopher Ge- 
 rnistus Plethon. He translated many of the Greek classics 
 t to Latin, and wrote “ Rhetorica ”(1470), “ Oomparationes 
 Philoeophorum Platonis et Aristotelis ” (1523), etc. 
 
 432 
 
 George, Cape. See St. George, Cape. 
 
 George, Henry. Born at Philadelphia, Sept. 2, 
 1839 : died at New Y ork, Oct . 29, 1897. An Ameri- 
 can writer on political economy and sociology. 
 He went to sea at an early age, and in 1858 settled in Cal- 
 ifornia, where he became a journalist. In 1879 he pub- 
 lished his chief work,“Progressand Poverty.” He removed 
 in 1880 to New York, where he was an unsuccessful candi- 
 date of the United Labor Party for the mayoralty in 1886, 
 and where he shortly afterward founded a weekly paper 
 called the “ Standard." Besides “ Progress and Poverty " 
 lie published “The Land Question ” (1883), “Social Prob- 
 lems” (1884), “Protection or Free Trade” (1886), and 
 other works. 
 
 George, Lake. [Named from George II. in 1755 
 by William Johnson.] A lake in the eastern 
 part of New York. Its waters are carried by Ticon- 
 deroga creek into Lake Champlain. It is inclosed by 
 mountains, and is noted for its picturesque scenery. It 
 was the scene of military operations in the French and 
 Indian and Revolutionary wars. A series of engage- 
 ments was fought here Sept, 8, 1755 : in the morning the 
 French force under Dieskau defeated the English under 
 Williams, etc.; and in the afternoon the English under 
 Lyman (nominally under Johnson) defeated Dieskau at 
 the head of the lake. The Indians called it Horicon, the 
 French St. Sacrement. Length, 36 miles. Width, 1 to 4 
 miles. 
 
 George-a-Greene, the Pinner of Wakefield. 
 
 A “pleasant conceyted comedie ” by Robert 
 Greene (?), licensed 1595, printed 1599. it is 
 thought to be founded on an early prose romance. “ The His- 
 tory of George-a-Green,” preserved in Thom's “ Early Prose 
 Romances.” It also owes something to the ballad “The 
 Jolly Pinder of Wakefield with Robin Hood Scarlet and 
 John.” George a Green, a “Huisher of the Bower,” is in- 
 troduced by Jonson in “The Sad Shepherd.” 
 
 George Barnwell, or The London Merchant. 
 
 A tragedy by George Lillo, produced in 1731. 
 It is founded on an old ballad preserved by 
 Ritson and Percy. 
 
 George Bay (Nova Scotia). See St. George Bay. 
 George Dandin (zliorzh don-dan'), ou le mari 
 confondu. A comedy by Mol i ere, first played 
 July 19, 1660. George Dandin is a man of humbleorigin 
 whose money procures him the doubtful honor of a mar- 
 riage with Angelique, a woman of noble birth. She and 
 her lover turn the tables upon him whenever he seeks to 
 convict them of their guilt, and even force him to apolo- 
 gize. He addresses to himself the well-known reproach 
 “ Vous l'avez voulu, vous l'avez voulu, George Daiidin, vous 
 l’avez voulu ” (‘ You would have jt so ’). His name is a syno- 
 nym for a weak husband. 
 
 George Eliot. See Cross, Mrs. 
 
 George Podiebrad. See Podiebrad. 
 
 Georges (zhorzh), Mademoiselle (Marguerite 
 Georges Wemmer). Born at Bayeux, France, 
 about 1786 : died at Paris, Jan., 1867. A French 
 actress, especially famous in tragedy. 
 
 George Sand. See Sand, George. 
 
 Georgetown (jdrj'toun). [Named from George 
 II. of England.] 1. A port of entry, forming 
 part of the city of Washington, District of Co- 
 lumbia, situated on the Potomac 24 miles west- 
 northwest of the Capitol. It is the seat of George- 
 town University (Roman Catholic), which see, in supple- 
 ment. Georgetown was founded in 1751, and incorpor- 
 ated as a city in 1789. Its charter was repealed in 1871, 
 and it was incorporated with Washington in 1878. It haB 
 large flour-mills. 
 
 2. The capital of Scott County, Kentucky, 18 
 miles east of Frankfort : the seat of Georgetown 
 College (Baptist). Population, 4,533, (1910). 
 — 3. A seaport and the capital of Georgetown 
 County, South Carolina, situated on Wiuyaw 
 Bay 54 miles northeast of Charleston. Popu- 
 lation, 5,530, (1910). — 4. A seaport and the 
 capital of British Guiana, situated on the 
 Demerara near its mouth. Formerly the Dutch 
 Stabroek. Population, 53,176. 
 
 George Wilkes (jorj wilks). A trotting stallion 
 by Hambletonian (10), dam Dolly Spanker. 
 Next to Electioneer he was the most successful 
 sire among Hambletonian’s sons. 
 
 Georgia (jor'jia). [Russ. Grusia, Pers. and 
 Turk. Gurjistan. ] A designation (non-official) 
 of a region in Transcaucasian Russia, nearly 
 corresponding to the modern governments Ye- 
 lisabetpol, Kutais, and Tiflis. It is almost identical 
 with tile ancient Iberia. Georgia was conquered by Alex- 
 ander the Great, but soon after his death became an in- 
 dependent kingdom. It was at its height about 1200, and 
 had a flourishing literature. It was subdivided in the be- 
 ginning of the 15tli century, and was annexed by Russia 
 in 1801. The Georgians are a very handsome race, of the 
 purest Caucasian type. 
 
 Georgia. [Named from George II. of England.] 
 One of the Southern States of the United States 
 of America. Capital, Atlanta. It isboundedby Ten- 
 nessee and North Carolina on the north, Soutli Carolina 
 (from which it is separated by the Savannah River) and the 
 Atlantic Ocean on the east, Florida on the soutli, and Ala- 
 bama (from which it is separated in part by the Chattahoo- 
 chee River) on the west. The surface is level in the south, 
 undulating in the center, and mountainous in tiie north. It 
 is one of the chief cotton-producing States. Other leading 
 products are lumber, rice, etc. The chief minerals arc gold, 
 iron, and coal. The recentdevelopmentof its manufactures. 
 
 Gerard 
 
 particularly of cotton, woolens, and iron, is notable. There 
 are 146 counties. It sends 2 senators and 12 representa- 
 tives to Congress, and has 14 electoral votes. Georgia w as 
 settled by a chartered company of English colonists under 
 Oglethorpe in 1733 ; became a royal province in 1752 ; was 
 one of tlie thirteen original States (1776) ; seceded Jan. 
 19, 1861 ; and was readmitted June, 1868. It is called the 
 Empire State of the South. Area, 59,475 square miles. 
 Population, 2,609,121, (1910). 
 
 Georgia, Gulf of. An inlet of the Pacific Ocean, 
 separating Vancouver Island from British 
 Columbia. It is connected with Queen Charlotte Sound 
 on the north and the Strait of Juan de Fuca on the south. 
 Length, about 250 miles. Greatest width, about 30 miles. 
 Georgian Bay (jor'jian ba). The northeastern 
 portion of Lake Huron, from the main body of 
 which it is separated by the Manitoulin group 
 of islands and Cabot’s Head. Length, about 
 120 miles. Width, about 50 miles. 
 
 Georgies (jor'jiks). [L. Georgica carmina, agri- 
 cultural poems.] A poem by Vergil, in four 
 books, treating of agriculture, the cultivation 
 of trees, domestic animals, and bees. 
 
 The subject is treated with evident love and the enthu- 
 siasm which belongs to thorough knowledge, and glorified 
 and idealised as much as its character permitted, so that 
 even the didactic parts are not essentially different in 
 tone from those which are purely poeticaL The poem 
 has thus been rendered the most perfect of the larger 
 productions of Roman art-poetry. 
 
 Teuffel and Schwabe, Hist. Rom. Lit., I. 432. 
 
 Georgium Sidus (jor'ji-um sl'dus). [NL., 
 
 ‘ George’s star.’] A name for the planet now 
 called Uranus, given by its discoverer, Sir Wil- 
 liam Herschel, in honor of George III., but not 
 accepted by astronomers. 
 
 Georgswalde (ga'orgs-val-de). A town in 
 northern Bohemia, 36 miles east of Dresden. 
 Population, commune, 8,836, (1910). 
 
 Gepidse (jep'i-de), or Gepids (jep'idz). [L. 
 (Vopiseus) Gepidse, Gr. (Procopius) Tt/iraideg.] 
 A Germanic tribe, a branch of the Goths, who 
 first appear in history in the reign of Probus, 
 in the 3d century. Their original home was appa- 
 rently on the Baltic, on the islands at the mouth of the 
 Vistula, whence they joined the general Gothic move- 
 ment southward. Later they had conquered Dacia, where 
 they were, however, practically annihilated shortly aftyr 
 the middle of the 6th century by the allied Lombards and 
 Avars. 
 
 Probably the Thervings and Greutungs were the only 
 people to whom the name of Goths in strictness belonged 
 There was, however, a third tribe, the Gepids, whom the 
 other two recognized as being, if not exactly Goths, at 
 any rate their nearest kinsfolk, and as having originally 
 formed one nation with them. 
 
 Bradley, Story of the Goths, p. 7. 
 
 Gera (ga'ra). The capital of Reuss (younger 
 line), Germany, on the White Elster 34 miles 
 south-southwest of Leipsic, noted for varied 
 manufactures. Population, commune, 46,909. 
 Gerace (ja-ra/ehe). A town in the province of 
 Reggio cli Calabria, Italy, in lat. 38° 21' N., 
 long. 16° 17' E., near the site of the ancient 
 Locri Epizephyrii. 
 
 Geraint (ge-rant'). One of the knights of the 
 Round Table. He appears in the Mabinogion, in the 
 romance “Geraint the Son of Erbin," which is a Welsh 
 version of Chrestien de Troyes’s “Erec et Enide.” Tenny- 
 son has used the stoiy in “ Geraint and Enid,” one of the 
 “ Idylls of the King.” 
 
 Gerald de Barry or Barri. [L. Gerardus, Ge- 
 ra Ulus, Giraldus; F. Girard, Geraud, Giraud, 
 Girauld; It. Gerardo, Gherardo, Giraldo; G. 
 Gerhard, Gerold.] See Giraldus Cambrensis. 
 Geraldine (jer ' al - din) the Fair. [Fem. of 
 Gerald; It. Giralda, G. Gerhardine .] The lady 
 celebrated in the sonnets of the Earl of Sur- 
 rey, identified with Lady Elizabeth Fitzgerald. 
 Geraidini (ja-ral-de'ne),' Alessandro. Born in 
 Italy, 1455: died at Santo Domingo, 1525. A 
 prelate and scholar. He served as a soldier, subse- 
 quently took orders, and about 1485 was made tutor to 
 the Spanish princes. He met Columbus at court, and is 
 said to have favored his schemes. In 1520 he was ap- 
 pointed bishop of Santo Domingo. He wrote a Latin 
 description of his journey thither, and of the island, pub- 
 lished after his death with the title “ Itinerarium ad re- 
 giones sub sequinoctiali plaga constitutas ” (Rome, 1631). 
 
 Geraint) (zhe-ron'), Baron Ferdinand de. 
 Born at Lyons, April 17, 1772: died at Rome, 
 March 15, 1848. A French Trappist, procura- 
 tor-general of the order. He published “ Pele- 
 rinage a Jerusalem et au mont Sinai” (1836). 
 Gerando (zha-roh-do'), Joseph Marie de. 
 Born at Lyons, Feb. 29, 1772: died at Paris, 
 Nov., 1842. A French philosopher and politi- 
 cian. He wrote “Histoire compare des syst' mes de 
 philosophic ” (1803), ‘ 1 Du perfectionnement moral ” (1824), 
 etc. 
 
 Gerard (je-rard'), surnamed “The Blessed.” 
 Born about 1040: died about 1120. The founder 
 of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, guardian 
 of a hospital at Jerusalem about 1100 
 
Gerard, Alexander 
 
 Gerard (jer'ard), Alexander. Born at Aber- 
 deen, Scotland, Feb. 17, 1792: died there, Feb. 
 
 22, 1836. An English soldier and explorer. He 
 
 served in India as an engineer, making extended surveys. 
 He ascended several peaks and passes of the Himalayas, 
 reaching the height (on Mount Tahigung) of 19,411 feet. 
 
 Gdrard (zha-rar'), Cecile Jules Basile. Born 
 at Pignans,Var, France, June 14, 1817 : drowned 
 in West Africa, 1864. A French officer, lion- 
 hunter, and traveler in Africa : author of “ La 
 chasse au lion” (1855), “ Le tueur de lions” 
 (1856), etc. 
 
 Gerard (jer'ard), Charles, Earl of Macclesfield. 
 Died Jan. 7, 1694. A Royalist commander in the 
 civil war in England. He commanded the Royalist 
 forces in South Wales 1644-45 ; was appointed lieutenant- 
 general of the king's horse and captain of the king’s body- 
 guard in 1645 ; was created Baron Gerard of Brandon in 
 1645 ; was appointed vice-admiral of the fleet in 1648 ; was 
 created earl of Macclesfield in 1679 ; was banished in 1685 
 for conspiring against the king ; returned to England with 
 the Prince of Orange in 1688 ; and was sworn of the privy 
 council and made lord president of the council of the 
 Welsh marches, and lord lieutenant of Gloucester, Here- 
 ford, Monmouth, and North and South Wales, in 1689. 
 
 G6rard (zha-rar'), Comte Etienne Maurice. 
 
 Bom at Damvillers, Meuse, France, April 4, 
 1773: died at Paris, April 17, 1852. A French 
 marshal, distinguished during the Napoleonic 
 campaigns, minister of war 1830 and 1834. He 
 compelled the surrender of Antwerp in 1832. 
 
 G6rard, Baron Francois Pascal. Born at Rome, 
 1770: died at Paris, Jan. 11, 1837. A French 
 historical and portrait painter. Among his 
 works are the “Battle of Austerlitz” and por- 
 traits of the Bonapartes. 
 
 Gerard, Jean Ignace Isidore. See Grandville. 
 
 Gerard, or Gerarde (jer'ard or je-rard'), John. 
 Bom at Nantwich, Cheshire, England, 1545: 
 died at London, Feb., 1612. An English sur- 
 geon and botanist. He published in 1597 his “ Her- 
 ball,” founded on Dodoens’s “Pemptades,” of which it is 
 nearly a translation. The genus Gerardia was named from 
 him by Linnaeus. 
 
 Gerard de Nerval (zha-rar' de ner-val'), adopt- 
 ed name of Gerard Labrunie. Born at Paris, 
 May 21,1808: committed suicide at Paris, Jan. 
 25, 1855. A French litterateur, author of va- 
 rious translations (“Faust,” etc.), poems, dra- 
 matic works, travels, etc. 
 
 Gerardine. In Middleton’s “Family of Love,” 
 the passionate lover of Maria. 
 
 G6rardmer (zha-rar -mar'). A town in the 
 department of Vosges, France, 22 miles east- 
 southeast of Epinal. It has some manufactures, and 
 is noted for its picturesque surroundings. Population, 
 commune, 10,041. 
 
 Gerasa (jer'a-sa), modem Jerash (je-rash'). 
 In ancient geography, a city of the Decapolis, 
 Palestine, 56 miles northeast of Jerusalem, it 
 contains many antiquities. The forum, which is oval and 
 300 feet long, is surrounded by a range of Ionic columns, 
 many of which still stand with their entablature. From 
 it extends a great colonnaded street, intersecting the en- 
 tire city, and crossed at right angles by another. Over 
 100 columns still stand along the street. They seem to 
 have formed a series of porticos with galleries above. 
 Among the remains are those of a great temple, the cella 
 of which (66 by 78 feet) is in great part standing, together 
 with many columns of the peristyle. A theater has 28 
 tiers of seats still remaining above ground, with one pre- 
 cinction, to which vaulted passages give access. In the 
 back wall of the precinction there are small chambers, 
 perhaps boxes. A gallery surrounds the top of the cavea. 
 A smaller theater on the same site is equally perfect and 
 interesting. 
 
 Gerba. See Jerba. 
 
 Gerber (gar 'her), Ernst Ludwig. Bora at 
 Sondershausen, Germany, Sept. 29, 1746: died 
 at Sondershausen, June 30, 1819. A German 
 writer on the history of music. He published 
 “ Historisch-biographiBches Lexikon der Tonkiinstler” 
 (1790-92 : completed 1812-14), etc. 
 
 Gerberon (zherb-ron'), Gabriel. Born at St.- 
 Calais, Sarthe, France, Aug. 12, 1628: died at 
 St.-Denis, near Paris, March 29, 1711. A French 
 Jansenist controversialist. 
 
 Gerbert. See Silvester II. 
 
 Gerbert (gar'bert), Martin. Born at Horb, 
 Wurtemberg, Aug. 12, 1720: died May 13, 1793. 
 A German Roman Catholic prelate, and writer 
 on church music. He published “De cantu et musica 
 sacra” (1774), “Scriptores ecclesiasticl de musica sacra 
 potissimum ” (1784). 
 
 Gerdil (zher-del'), Hyacinthe Sigismond. 
 Bora at Samoens, Haute-Savoie, France, June 
 
 23, 1718 : died at Rome, Aug. 12, 1802. A Sa- 
 voyard cardinal and philosophical writer. 
 
 Gerdy (zher-de'), Pierre Nicolas. Bom at 
 Loches-sur-Ource, Aube, France, 1797 : died at 
 Paris, 1856. A French surgeon and physiologist. 
 
 Gergovia (jer-go'vi-a). Ill ancient history, a 
 Gallic town situated on the Plateau de Gergo- 
 vie to the south of Clermont-Ferrand, Franco, 
 o .— 28 
 
 433 
 
 Ctesar besieged it in 52 B. 0., and was defeated here by Ver- 
 cingetorix. There are some relics on the site. 
 
 Gerhard (ger'hart), Friedrich Wilhelm Edu- 
 ard. Born at Posen, Prussia, Nov. 29, 1795 : 
 died at Berlin, May 12, 1867. A German archae- 
 ologist. His works include “Antike Bildwerke ” (1827- 
 1844), “Auserlesene griechische Vasenbilder” (1839-58), 
 “Etruskische Spiegel” (1839-65), etc. 
 
 Gerhard, Johann. Born at Quedlinburg, Prus- 
 sia, Oct. 17, 1582 : died at Jena, Germany, Aug. 
 20, 1637. A German Lutheran theologian. He 
 wrote “Confessio eatholica” (1634), “Loci theologici” 
 (1610-22), “ Meditationes sacrse,” and commentaries. 
 
 Gerhardt (F. pron. zha-rar'; G. pron. gar'hart), 
 Charles Frederic. Born at Strasburg, Aug., 
 1816 : died at Strasburg, Aug. 19, 1856. A French 
 chemist, professor in the Faculty of Sciences at 
 Montpellier 1844-48. He wrote “ Traite de 
 chimie organique” (1853-56), etc. 
 
 Gerhardt (ger'hart), Dagobert von : pseudo- 
 nym Gerhard von Amyntor. Born July 12, 
 1831: died Feb. 24, 1910. A German soldier 
 and author. He served as major in the campaigns of 
 1864 and 1870, and from 1872 lived in retirement at Pots- 
 dam. H e published poems and numerous novels and tales. 
 
 Gerhardt (gar'hart), Paul (Paulus). Bom at 
 
 Grafenhainichen, near Wittenberg, Saxony, 
 March 12 (?), 1607 : died at Liibben, Prussia, 
 June 7, 1676. A German sacred poet. He stud- 
 ied at Wittenberg, and lived subsequently at Berlin as a 
 tutor until 1651, when he went as a clergyman to Witten- 
 walde. In 1667 he was made deacon of the N ikolai church 
 in Berlin, a position which he was compelled to renounce 
 in 1666 because he refused to comply with the command 
 of the elector to refrain from teaching from the pulpit 
 the dogmas of Lutheranism as against Calvinism. In 1668, 
 nevertheless, he was called as archdeacon to Liibben, a 
 post which he occupied from the spring of 1669 until his 
 death. His first church hymns were published in 1648. 
 In 1667 appeared the first complete edition of 120 hymns. 
 A historical and critical edition was published at Berlin, 
 1866. 
 
 Gericault (zha-re-ko'), Jean Louis Andre 
 Theodore. Born at Rouen, France. Sept. 26, 
 1791: died at Paris, Jan. 26, 1824. A French 
 painter. His most noted work, “ The Raft of 
 the Medusa” (1819), is in the Louvre. He re- 
 sided for a time in London. 
 
 Gerizim (ger'i-zim). In scriptural geography, 
 a mountain of Samaria, Palestine, 2,848 feet 
 high, situated opposite Mount Ebal 27 miles 
 north of J erusalem. See Ebal. 
 
 Gerlach (gar'lach), Franz Dorotheus. Born 
 at Wolfsbehringen, in Gotha, Germany, July 18, 
 1793: died at Basel, Switzerland, Oct. 31, 1876. 
 A German philologist and historian, editor of 
 Latin classics, etc. 
 
 Gerlach, Otto von. Born at Berlip, April 12, 
 1801 : died at Berlin, Oct. 24, 1849. A German 
 Protestant clergyman and theological writer. 
 
 Gerlsdorfer Spitze (gerls'dorf-er spit'se). The 
 highest summit of the Tatra group in the Car- 
 pathian Mountains. Height, 8,737 feet. 
 
 Germain (jer-man'), George Sackville, first 
 Viscount Sackville (Lord George Sackville 
 1720-70, Lord George Germain 1770-82). Bora 
 Jan. 26, 1716 : died Aug. 26, 1785. An English 
 soldier, third son of the first Duke of Dorset, 
 created Viscount Sackville in 1782. He served 
 (as colonel) in Flanders 1743-45 ; was first secretary to the 
 lord lieutenant and secretary of war for Ireland 1761-56 ; 
 was appointed major-general in 1765, and lieutenant-gen- 
 eral in 1767 ; joined in the descent on the French coast in 
 1758; served as second in command under Marlborough 
 in Hannover in the same year ; and succeeded to the chief 
 command on Marlborough’s death. He fell into disgrace 
 on account of blunders committed at the battle of Minden 
 (Aug. 1, 1759), and was dismissed from the army. 
 
 German Confederation, G. Deutscher Bund 
 
 (doit'sher bout). The confederation of Ger- 
 man states constituted by the Congress of Vi- 
 enna in 1815, replacing the ancient empire, 
 each state remaining independent in internal 
 affairs. Austria (which entered the confederation for 
 her German dominions, Upper and Lower Austria, Bohe- 
 mia. Moravia, Silesia, Salzburg, Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Styria, 
 Carinthia and Camiola, Gorz, and Triest) had the lead. 
 Other members were Prussia, Bavaria, Wiirtemberg, Sax- 
 ony, Hannover, Baden, Hesse-Cassel, Saxe-Weimar, Meck- 
 lenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Oldenburg, 
 Brunswick, Nassau, Saxe- Alten burg, Saxe-Meiningen, 
 Saxe-Hildburghausen, Saxe-Coburg, Saxe-Gotha, Schwarz- 
 burg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, the Hohen- 
 zollerns, Liechtenstein, Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Kothen, 
 Waldeek, Reuss (elder line), Reuss (younger line), Lippe, 
 Schaumburg-Lippe, Hesse-Homburg, Lubeck, Frank- 
 fort, Bremen, and Hamburg. Several minor changes 
 took place in the composition of the confederation. The 
 Diet met at Frankfort-on-the-Main. The King of the 
 Netherlands entered the confederation for Luxemburg, 
 and the King of Denmark for Holstein and Lauenburg. 
 The Prussian provinces of East and West Prussia and 
 Posen were not included. The confederation was dis- 
 solved as one result of the war of 1866, and was replaced 
 by the North German Confederation. 
 
 German East Africa. See East Africa. 
 German Empire, G. Deutsches Reich (doich'es 
 
 Germany 
 
 rich). 1. The Holy Roman Empire (which 
 see). — 2. The modem empire of Germany, 
 constituted in 1871. See Germany. 
 
 Germania (j^r-man'i-a). In ancient geography, 
 the region included between the North Sea, 
 Baltic, Vistula, Danube, and Rhine (from near 
 Mainz to near Emmerich) : often extended to 
 include certain territories west of the Rhine. 
 In the first sense it was never a part of the 
 Roman Empire. 
 
 Germania. A celebrated work by Tacitus, re- 
 lating to the Germans. 
 
 Germania Inferior. A province of the Roman 
 Empire, left of the lower course of the Rhine, 
 in the lower and middle basins of the Meuse. 
 
 Germania Superior. A province of the Roman 
 Empire, left of the middle Rhine, including 
 Alsace, etc. 
 
 Germanic Confederation. See German Con- 
 federation. 
 
 Germanicus (jer-man'i-kus), Caesar. Born 15 
 b. c. : died near Antioch, Oct. 9, 19 a. d. A 
 Roman general, son of Nero Claudius Drasus 
 and nephew of the emperor Tiberius. He con- 
 ducted three campaigns against the Germans 14-16, and 
 in the latter year defeated Arminius in a great battle on 
 the Campus Idistavisus between Minden and Hameln. He 
 was recalled through the jealousy of the emperor, re- 
 ceived a triumph at Rome in 17, and in 18 was appointed 
 to the command of the eastern provinces. He is said to 
 have been poisoned at the instance of the emperor. 
 
 German Milton, The. A name sometimes 
 given to Klopstock. 
 
 German Ocean. See North Sea. 
 
 German Plato, The. A name sometimes given 
 to Jacobi. 
 
 German-Roman Empire. See Holy Roman Em- 
 pire. 
 
 Germans (jer'manz). [L .Germani.'] An impor- 
 tant Teutonic race inhabiting central Europe : 
 the inhabitants of Germany. At the beginning of 
 the Christian era the Germans occupied central Europe 
 eastward to the Vistula, southward to the Carpathians and 
 Danube, and westward to beyond the Rhine. Among their 
 chief tribes were the Suevi, Lombards, Vandals, Heruli, 
 Chatti, Quadi, Ubii, and Cherusci. After the epoch of mi- 
 grations in the 3d and 4th centuries, many tribes, as 
 the Franks, Burgundians, Lombards, and Vandals, settled 
 permanently in other regions, and became merged in the 
 new French, Italian, and Spanish nations. In the east 
 the Germans were displaced by Slavs, although impor- 
 tant parts of this region have since been Germanized. 
 Since about the 12th century the Germans have called 
 themselves die Deutschen. In medieval and modern times 
 they have occupied a region which has had many politi- 
 cal changes, but which has remained of substantially the 
 same extent for centuries. The former Roman-German 
 
 • Empire contained various lands not inhabited by Gei’- 
 mans. At the present time the Germans form the great 
 majority in the reconstituted German Empire ; they num- 
 ber over one fourth of the inhabitants of Austria-Hun- 
 gary, chiefly in the western and northwestern parts ; there 
 are about 2,000,000 Germans in the Baltic provinces and 
 elsewhere in Russia ; and about two thirds of the Swiss 
 are of German race and language. 
 
 German Southwest Africa. A German de- 
 pendency situated between the Orange River 
 and Angola, and between the Atlantic and 
 long. 20°-25° E. It covers 322,450 square miles, with 
 about 120,000 inhabitants, of whom 12,000 are white. North 
 of the Swakop River the country is called Herero- or 
 Damara-land ; south of it, Great Namaland or Namaqua- 
 land. The soil is arid, yielding only scant pasturage. 
 In the Kunene valley (Ovampo-land) alone can land 
 suitable for agriculture be found. Copper and diamonds 
 have been found and mined. The best harbor of the 
 coast Walflsch Bay, is British. Five German companies 
 are still at work here — the Colonization Society ; the Set- 
 tlement Company, which is trying to settle German and 
 South African colonists ; a private cattle-raising company, 
 with imperial subsidy ; and the West African Company 
 and Southwest African Company, which are largely or 
 wholly English. This colony began with the purchase, by 
 F. A. S. Liideritz, of some land around Angra Pequena. 
 Over this Germany hoisted her flag in 1884, claiming at the 
 same time all the coast between the Orange River and 
 Cape Frio. Herero-land was annexed by treaty in 1885, 
 was lost in 1888, and was regained by force in 1889. Portu- 
 gal in 1886 and England in 1890 recognized the present 
 boundaries. Henric Witboy, a civilized chief of the Nama 
 Hottentots who had never submitted to the German au- 
 thorities, was defeated in 1893. 
 
 Germantown (jer'man-toun). A former borough 
 of Pennsylvania, since 1854 a part of Phila- 
 delphia, situated 6 miles north-northwest of the 
 old state-house. Here, Oct. 4, 1777, the Americans un- 
 der Washington were repulsed by the British, the loss of 
 the Americans being about 700, that of the British over 
 500. 
 
 Germanus (jer-ma'nus), Saint, F. St. Germain 
 l’Auxerrois. Born at Auxerre about 378 : died 
 at Ravenna, Italy, about 448. A French prelate, 
 bishop of Auxerre. 
 
 Germanus, Saint, of Paris. Born at Autun, 
 France, about 496 : died about 576. A French 
 prelate, bishop of Paris. The Church of St. 
 Germain-des-Pres (Paris) was named from him. 
 
 Germany (jer'ma-ni). [ME. Germanie, OF. Ger- 
 manic, sp. Germania, Pg. It. Germania, from L. 
 
Germany 
 
 Germania, Gr. Teppavia , from L. Germani, Gr. 
 Tepfiavoi, Germans. Another name appears in 
 the obs. E. Almain, Almayne, fromF. Allemagne, 
 Sp. Alemania , Pg. Alemania, It. Alemagna, ML. 
 Alamania, A lemamila. from Alemanni, Alamanni, 
 the Alamanni (which see). A third name is the 
 obs. E. Dutchland, ME. Duchelond, D. Duitsch- 
 land, G. Deutschland .] A country of central Eu- 
 rope . The country has been of widely different extent, and 
 the name of different significance, at different times. The 
 present Germany, or the German Empire (G. Deutsches 
 Reich), one of the great European powers, is bounded 
 by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea ou the 
 north, Russia and Austria-Hungary on the east, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary (partly separated by the Sudetic Mountains, 
 Riesengebirge, Erzgebirge, and Alps) and Switzerland 
 (separated mainly by the Rhine and Lake of Con- 
 stance) on the south, and France (partly separated by 
 the Vosges), Luxemburg (separated by the Moselle and 
 Our), Belgium, and the Netherlands on the west. It ex- 
 tends from lat. 47" 16' to 55° 54' N., and from long. 5° 52' to 22° 
 64' E. The northern part belongs to the great northern 
 plain ; the middle aird southern parts are generally hilly 
 and mountainous. The chief mountains are the Alps, 
 Black Forest, Vosges, Swabian and Franconian Jura, Fich- 
 telgebirge, Erzgebirge, Taunus, Thiiringerwald, Harz, 
 mountains of Westphalia and the Rhine, Riesengebirge, 
 and Bbhmerwald. The chief rivers are the Rhine (with 
 the Moselle, Neckar, and Main), Ems, Weser, Elbe, Oder, 
 Vistula, and Danube. The main products are grain, beet- 
 root, hemp, flax, and wine. There are mines of iron, 
 coal, salt, copper, zinc, lead, silver, etc., and important 
 manufactures of cotton, woolen, linen, iron, steel, sugar, 
 beer, etc. Germany contains 26 states : Prussia, Bava- 
 ria, Wurtemberg, Baden, Saxony, Hesse, Mecklenburg- 
 Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Oldenburg, Brunswick, 
 Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Mein- 
 ingen, Saxe-Altenburg, Waldeck, Lippe, Schaumburg- 
 Lippe, Reuss (elder line), Reuss (younger line), Anhalt, 
 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, 
 Hamburg, Bremen, Lubeck, and the “Reichsland "Alsace- 
 Lorraine. The government is a constitutional monarchy ; 
 the King of Prussia is hereditary German emperor. The 
 legislature consists of a Bundesrat of 61 members and a 
 Reichstag of 397 members. The language of the great 
 majority is German ; other nationalities are Poles, Lithu- 
 anians, Wends, Czechs, Danes, French, and Walloons. The 
 religion of a large majority is Protestant ; about 35 per 
 cent, are Roman Catholics. The foreign dependencies are 
 Togoland, Kamerun, German Southwest Africa (protecto- 
 rate), German East Afriea(protectorate), Kaiser Wilhelm’s 
 Land(a protectorate in Papua), Bismarck Archipelago (pro- 
 tectorate), Kiao-Chau (lease), a part of the Solomon Islands, 
 Marshall islands, Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands, Pelew 
 Islands, and Upolu andSavaii in the Samoan Islands. The 
 present empire replaced the North German Confederation, 
 and is based on treaties between that body and the different 
 South German states. William I., king of Prussia, was pro- 
 claimed emperor at Versailles, Jan. 18,1871. The empire was 
 one result of the successful war with France in 1870-71. Re- 
 cent events have been the “Kulturkampf,’’the rise of the So- 
 cialDemocrats,the union of the three emperors(ofGermany, 
 Austria-Hungary, and Russia), replaced by the Triple Alli- 
 ance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy), the acquisi- 
 tion since 1884 of foreign dependencies and “spheres of in- 
 fluence, " and the retirement of Bismarck in 1890. (See Ger- 
 mania, Holy Roman Empire, and German Confederation; 
 also Prussia, Bavaria, and the different states.) Area, 
 208,780 square miles. Population, 64,903,423. 
 
 He [Tacitus) includes in Germany all the countries lying 
 north of the Danube and west of the line of the Vistula, as 
 far as the Arctic Regions : taking in Bohemia, Silesia, Po- 
 land, Pomerania, and a vast number of Slavonian districts 
 besides, over an area about three times as large as that 
 which is now allowed to the Teutonic stock. 
 
 Elton, Origins of Eug. Hist., p. 41. 
 Germersheim (ger'mers-him). A fortified town 
 in the Palatinate, Bavaria, situated at the junc- 
 tion of theQueich with the Rhine, 8 miles south- 
 west of Spires. The town was founded by Rudolf I. 
 in 1276 on the site of an earlier stronghold. It is an im- 
 portant strategic point, and was the scene of a defeat of 
 the French under Beauharnais by the Austrians under 
 Wurmser, July 19 and 22, 1793. Population, commune, 
 5,914. 
 
 Germinal (zhar-me-nal'). [F., ‘the germinat- 
 ing.’] The name adopted in 1793 by the Na- 
 tional Convention of the first French republic 
 for the seventh month of the year, it consisted 
 of 30 days, beginning in the years 1 to 7 with March 21, 
 and in the years 8 to 13 with March 22. 
 
 Germinal Insurrection. The insurrection 
 (“bread riots”) at Paris against the Conven- 
 tion, 12th Germinal, year in (April 1, 1795). 
 Gero (ga'ro). Died May 20, 965. A German hero. 
 He was made margrave of the Ostmark in 939, and com- 
 pelled the Slavic tribes between the Elbe and the Oder to 
 acknowledge his suzerainty. He is referred to in the 
 “ Niebelungenlied.” 
 
 G6rome (zha-rom'), Jean Leon. Born May 11, 
 1824 : died Jan. 10, 1904. A celebrated French 
 painter. He became professor of painting at the Academy 
 of Fine Arts in 1863. His first appearance at the Salon was 
 in 1847. His works include “ Madonna and St. John ”(1848), 
 “Anacreon with Bacchus and Cupid” (1848), “Bacchus 
 and Cupid Intoxicated ” (1850),“ Greek Interior," “Souve- 
 nir of Italy ” (1851), “ View of Psestum " (1852), “An Idyl ” 
 (1863), “Russian Concert," “Age of Augustus” (1855), 
 “Egyptian Recruits crossing the Desert," “ Memnon and 
 Sesostris," “Camels at a Watering-place” (1857). “Gladi- 
 ators saluting Caesar," “King Candaules ” (1859), “Phryne 
 before the Tribunal," “ Alcibiades in the House of Aspa- 
 Bia," “Rembrandt Etching" (1861), “ Prisoner " (1863), 
 “Reception of Siamese Ambassadors at Fontainebleau,” 
 “Prayer "(1865), “Cleopatra and Caesar,” “ Door of Mosque 
 Of El-Hacamyn " (1866), “Slave Market," "Clothing Mer- 
 
 434 
 
 chant,” “Death of Caesar" (1867), "Seventh of December, 
 1816”(1868), “Jerusalem," “Cairo Peddler,” “Promenade 
 of the Harem” (1869), “Rex Tibicen," “Santon at the 
 Door of a Mosque," “Women at the Bath," “Bashi-Ba- 
 zouks Dancing," “Return from the Chase ” (1878), “Slave 
 Market in Rome,” “ Night in the Desert," “Danse du ba- 
 ton ” (1884), “ Great Bath at Brusa ” (1885), etc. C. C. Per- 
 him, Cyclopedia of Painters and Paintings. 
 
 Gerona (Ha-ro'nii). 1. A province in Catalo- 
 nia, Spain, bounded by France on the north, 
 the Mediterranean on the east, and Barcelona 
 and Lerida on the south and west. Area, 2,264 
 square miles. Population, 299,287. — 2. The 
 capital of the province of Gerona, situated 
 on the Ter 55 miles northeast of Barcelona. 
 It has a cathedral which dates from the 14th and 15th cen- 
 turies. The roof is remarkable in that it covers in a single 
 span, with a vault of 73 feet, the entire width of nave and 
 aisles of the sanctuary. There is a 14th-century cloister, 
 with beautiful capitals. The town is noted for its sieges, 
 especially those of 1808 and 1809 by the French. Popula- 
 tion, 16,111. 
 
 Geronimo (je-ron'i-mo). A North American 
 Indian, chief of the Chiricahua band of the 
 Apache tribe. He commanded a party who were pur- 
 sued first by General George Crook and afterward by Gen- 
 eral Nelson A. Miles in 1886. He was captured in the sum- 
 mer of that year. Died at Fort Sill, Okla., Feb. 17, 1909. 
 
 Geronte (zha-ront'). In French comedy, a com- 
 mon name for a credulous and ridiculous old 
 man. Originally, as in Corneille’s “Lementeur,” he was 
 old and not ridiculous, but theGdrontes in Molifere’s “Le 
 m^decin malgrd lui ”and “Les fourberies de Scapin” be- 
 came a type. Regnard introduces a Geronte in “Le 
 joueur,” “Le retour imprevu,” and “Le legataire uni- 
 versel.” 
 
 Gerontius (je-ron'shi-us). A British general in 
 the army of the usurper Constantine . He rebelled 
 against his master in 409, and proclaimed one Maximus 
 emperor. He drove Constantine’s son, Constans, out of 
 Spain, and, when Constans was captured by the insurgents 
 at Vienne, orderedhim to be put to death. He was even- 
 tually abandoned by his troops, and, being surrounded by 
 a superior enemy, put himself to death. 
 
 Gerrard (je-riird'). 1. The real name of the 
 King of the Beggars in Beaumont and Fletcher’s 
 “ Beggar’s Bush.” He goes under the name of 
 Clause. — 2. The “ gentleman dancing-master ” 
 in Wycherley’s comedy of that name. He is a per- 
 fumed coxcomb who, to conduct an intrigue with Hippo- 
 lita under the nose of her father and duenna, is induced 
 to assume the role of a dancing-master. 
 
 Gerrha (jer'a). In ancient geography, a city 
 of Arabia Felix, situated on the Persian Gulf. 
 It was important in the 7th and 6th centuries B. c., under 
 the Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians. 
 
 Gerry "(ger'i), Elbridge. Born at Marblehead, 
 Mass., July 17, 1744: died at Washington, D. C., 
 Nov. 23, 1814. An American statesman. He 
 was a member of the Continental Congress 1776-80 and 
 1783-85 ; a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 
 1787 ; member of Congress from Massachusetts 1789-93 ; 
 commissioner to France 1797-98 ; governor of Massachu- 
 setts 1810-12; and Vice-President 1813-14. During his 
 governorship the legislature of Massachusetts redistricted 
 the State in an arbitrary manner (1811), to procure a ma- 
 jority for the Democrats in the elections for State senators. 
 It was erroneously thought that the redistricting was un- 
 dertaken at his instigation (whence arose the word “ger- 
 rymander,” in allusion to the fancied resemblance between 
 a salamander and a map of the new districts of the State). 
 Gers (zhar). A department of southern France, 
 capital Aueh: part of the ancient Gascony. 
 It is bounded by Lot-et-Garonne on the north, Tarn-et- 
 Garonne and Haute-Garonne on the east, Haute-Garonne, 
 Hautes- Pyrenees, and liasses-Pyrenees on the south, and 
 Landes on the west. Area, 2,428 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 231,088. 
 
 Gersau (ger'sou). A village in the canton of 
 Schwyz, Switzerland, on the Lake of Lucerne 
 near the Righi. It was a republic from 1390 to 
 the wars of the French Revolution. 
 
 Gerson (zher-son' ), Jean Cliarlier de. Born at 
 Gerson, Ardennes, Dec. 14, 1363 : died at Lyons, 
 July 12, 1429. A noted French theologian. He 
 was chancellor of the University of Paris, and was promi- 
 nent in the councils of Pisa and Constance, striving for 
 the unity of the church and for ecclesiastical reforms. In 
 1419 he went to Lyons, where he died. The authorship of 
 the “De imitatione Christi ” (which see) has been attrib- 
 uted to him. 
 
 Jean Charlier, or Gerson, one of the most respectable 
 and considerable names of the later mediaeval literature. 
 Gerson was born in 1363, at a village of the same name in 
 Lorraine. He early entered the College de Navarre, and 
 distinguished himself under Peter d’Ailly, the most fa- 
 mous of the later nominalists. He became Chancellor of 
 the University, received a living in Flanders, and for many 
 years preached in the most constantly attended churches 
 of Paris. He represented the University at the Council 
 of Constance, and, becoming obnoxious to the Burgundian 
 party, sought refuge with one of his brothers at Lyons, 
 where he is said to have taught little children. He died 
 in 1429. Gerson, it is perhaps needless to say, is one of 
 the numerous candidates (but one of the least likely) for 
 the honour of having written the “Imitation.” 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 141. 
 
 Gersoppa, Falls of. A cataract in the river 
 Shiravati, India, which here breaks through the 
 western Ghauts about 100 miles southeast of 
 Goa. Height, 830 feet (in four falls). 
 
 Gervinus 
 
 Gerstacker (ger'stek-er), Friedrich. Bom at 
 
 Hamburg, May 10, 1816: died at Brunswick, 
 May 31, 1872. A German writer and traveler. 
 In 1837 he went to America, where he traveled extensively 
 until 1843, when he returned to Germany and adopted 
 literature as a profession. During 1849 to 1852 he made 
 a journey around the world. In 1860-61 he traveled in 
 South America. In 1862 he accompanied the Duke of 
 Coburg-Gotha to Egypt and Abyssinia. In 1867 he was in 
 the United States, Mexico, and Venezuela, returning to 
 Germany in 1868. His last years were spent in Brunswick. 
 He was a voluminous writer of novels, tales, and stories of 
 adventure in all parts of the world. Bearing upon Amer- 
 ica are, among others, “Streif- und Jagdziige durch die 
 Vereinigten Staaten von Nord-amerika ” (“Rambling and 
 Hunting Excursions through the United States of North 
 America,” 1844), “Die Regulatoren in Arkansas” (“The 
 Regulators of Arkansas,” 1845), “ Mississippibilder ” 
 (“Mississippi Pictures,” 1847-48), “Die Flusspiraten des 
 Mississippi” (“The River Pirates of the Mississippi,” 
 1848), “ Amerikanische Wald- und Strombilder " (“Amer- 
 ican Forest and Stream Pictures," 1849), “Wie istesdenn 
 nun eigentlich in Amerika?” (“How is it then, really, in 
 America?” 1853), “ Nach Amerika” (“To America,” 1856), 
 “Kalifornische Skizzen” (“California Sketches," 1856). 
 His collected works appeared after his death in 44 volumes 
 (1872-79). 
 
 Gerster_(gar'ster), Etelka. Bom at Kaschau, 
 June 17, 1855. A Hungarian singer (soprano). 
 She was a pupil of Madame Marchesi at Vienna, and made 
 her first appearance in 1876 at Venice as Gilda in “Rigo- 
 letto.” She has sung with success in all the principal 
 cities of Europe. She came to America in 1878, 1880, and 
 1887. In 1877 she married Pietro Gardini, her director. 
 Gertrude (ger'trod), Saint. Died March 17, 
 659. An abbess of Nivelles in Brabant, she was 
 the daughter of Pippin of Landen, majordomo to Clo- 
 taire II. , and Itta. On the death of Pippin, Itta built a 
 cloister at Nivelles, which included both a monastery and 
 a nunnery, and Gertrude became abbess of the latter. 
 She is commemorated throughout Brabant on March 17. 
 Gertrude, Saint, surnamed “The Great.” Bom 
 in Germany, Jan. 6, 1256: died 1311. A Ger- 
 man mystic. She was placed in the convent of Helfta 
 at the age of five, and studied the liberal arts with great 
 zeal until her twenty-fifth year, when, in consequence of 
 supernatural visions, she began to devote herself to the 
 study of the Scriptures and the writings of the fathers. 
 Her visions are recorded in her “ Insinuationes divirue 
 pietatis,” the first printed edition of which appeared in 
 1662. She is commemorated Nov. 15. 
 
 Gertrude. 1. In Shakspere’s “Hamlet,” the 
 mother of Hamlet, and queen of Denmark, she 
 is a weak woman whose share in her second husband's 
 crime is doubtful. She dies accidentally of poison prepared 
 for Hamlet. 
 
 2. The ambitious, extravagant daughter of the 
 goldsmith in Marston, Chapman, and Jonson’s 
 “Eastward Hoe.” 
 
 Gertrude of Wyoming. A poem by Thomas 
 Campbell, published in 1809. 
 
 Gertruydenberg, or Gertruidenberg (ger- 
 troi'den-bero), D. Geertruidenberg (Gar-troi'- 
 den-bero). A town in the province of North 
 Brabant, Netherlands, 25 miles southeast of 
 Rotterdam. It was the scene of an unsuccessful con- 
 ference June 10-July 25, 1710, designed to terminate the 
 war between Louis XIV. and the Allies. 
 
 Louis agreed to give up — (1) to the Dutch, ten fortresses 
 in Flanders as a barrier ; (2) to the Empire, Luxembourg, 
 Strasburg, Brisach ; (3) to the Duke of Savoy, Exilles and 
 Fenestrelles ; (4) to England, Newfoundland. But though 
 he would allow the Archduke Charles to be King of Spain, 
 he refused to assist the Allies to expel Philip from Madrid. 
 
 Acland and Ramome, Eng. Polit. Hist., p. 128. 
 
 Gerund, or Gerundio, Friar. See Fray Gerun- 
 
 dio. 
 
 Gervais (zher-va/), Paul. Born at Paris, Sept. 
 26, 1816 : died at Paris, Feb. 10, 1879. A French 
 zoologist and paleontologist. He was at first assis- 
 tant to Blaineville at the Jardin des Plantes, and became 
 professor and dean of the faculty of natural sciences at 
 Montpellier in 1846, professor at the Sorbonne in 1865, 
 and professor of comparative anatomy at the Jardin de3 
 Plantes in 1868. 
 
 Gervase (jer'vas), or Gervaise (jer-vaz'), of 
 Canterbury. Born about 1140: died early in the 
 13th century. An English monk and chronicler. 
 He wrote a history of the archbishops of Canterbury to the 
 accession of Hubert ; a chronicle of the reigns of Stephen, 
 Henry II., and Richard I. ; a “Mappa Mundi,” showing 
 the bishops’ sees, monasteries, etc., in each county of 
 England ; etc. 
 
 Gervase, or Gervaise, of Tilbury. Bom prob- 
 ably at Tilbury, Essex: died probably about 
 1235. An English historical writer. He was 
 called, without foundation, a grandson of Henry II. He 
 became a favorite of the emperor Otho IV., and wrote for 
 his amusement “ Otia Imperialia ” (about 1211), a valuable 
 medley of the tales and superstitions of the middle ages. 
 
 Gervex (zher-va'). Henri. Born at Paris, 1852. 
 A French painter, a pupil of Cabanel, Fromen- 
 tin, and Brisset: a member of the impressionist 
 school. Among his paintings are “Diane etEndymion ’’ 
 (1875), ‘ Retour du bal " (1879), “Le mariage civil” (1881 : 
 a decorative panel for the mairie of the 19th arrondisse- 
 ment at Paris), “Bassin de LaVillette" (1882: for, the 
 same building), “La femme au masque" (1886), “A la 
 R4publique frangaise " (1890: at the Salon of the Champ 
 de-Mars). 
 
 Gervinus (ger-fe'nos), Georg Gottfried. Born 
 at Darmstadt, Germany, May 20, 1805 : died at 
 
Gervinus 
 
 Heidelberg, March 18, 1871. A celebrated Ger- 
 man historian and critic. He became professor (ex- 
 traordinary) at Heidelberg in 1836, and professor of his- 
 tory and literature at Gottingen in 1836 ; was one of the 
 seven professors driven from that university in 1837 for 
 protesting against the suspension of the constitution of 
 Hanover ; and became honorary professor at Heidelberg 
 in 1844. His works include “Geschichte der poetischen 
 National-litteratur der Deutschen ’’ (5th edition, “Ge- 
 schichte der deutschen Dichtung,” 1871-74 : “ History of 
 German Poetry’’), “Shakspere” (4 vols. 1849-50), “Ge- 
 schichte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts " (“ History of the 
 Nineteenth Century,” 1856-66), etc. 
 
 Gteryon ( je ' ri - on), or Geryones (je - r! ' o- nez) . 
 [Gr. Tepvuv or Tr/pv6vpr.'] In Greek mythology, 
 a monster with three heads or three bodies and 
 powerful wings, son of Chrysaor and Callirrhoe, 
 dwelling in the island of Erytheia in the far 
 west. He possessed a large herd of red cattle guarded by 
 Eurytion (his shepherd) and the two-headed dog Orthrus. 
 Hercules carried these cattle away, and slew Geryon. 
 Ges (zhas), or Crans (kranz). A race of Bra- 
 zilian Indians in northern Goyaz and western 
 Maranhao: so named by ethnologists because 
 the names of their numerous clans generally 
 end in gS (‘father, ancestor’) or cran (‘son, 
 descendant’). The Portuguese of Maranhao called 
 them Timbiras. Among the best-known clans are the 
 Apinages, GuapindagOs, and Macamacrans. In all the 
 language is essentially the same. They are large, strong, 
 and often handsome Indians ; lead a wandering life during 
 the dry season, but have fixed villages and small planta- 
 tions for the rainy months ; never use hammocks, but 
 sleep on raised beds made of sticks ; and, in a wild state, 
 go entirely naked. Until about 1830 they were continually 
 at war with the whites. Latterly the Apinages and some 
 others have been drawn into mission villages. They still 
 number many thousands. Von Martius united the Ges 
 with the Cayapbs, Chavantes, Across, Tecunas, and many 
 other tribes in eastern, central, and northern Brazil, in 
 what he called the Ges or Crans stock ; but this classifica- 
 tion has been generally abandoned, and the true position 
 of the Gfis is doubtful. 
 
 Geselschap (aa-sel'schap), Eduard. Born at 
 Amsterdam, March 22, 1814: died at Diissel- 
 dorf, Jan. 5, 1878. A genre painter, a pupil of 
 the Diisseldorf Academy. His works, of which the 
 earlier are of a romantic character, include “Gotz von 
 Berlichingen before the Council of Heilbronn” (1842), 
 “ Finding ofthe Body of Gustavus Adolphus "(1848), “Night 
 Camp of Wallenstein’s Soldiers in an Old Church ’’ (1849). 
 Gesenius (ge-se'ni-us ; G. pron. ga-za'ne-os), 
 Friedrich Heinrich Wilhelm. Born at Nord- 
 hausen, Prussia, Feb. 3, 1786: died at Halle, 
 Prussia, Oct. 23, 1842. A noted German Ori- 
 entalist and biblical critic, professor at Halle 
 from 1810. His works include “ Hebraisches und chal- 
 daisches Handworterbuch”(“ Hebrew and Chaldaic Lexi- 
 con,” 1810-12: translated by Edward Robinson), "He- 
 braische Grammatik ” (1813), Hebrew “ Thesaurus ” (1829- 
 1858), translation of and commentary on Isaiah (1820-21), 
 “Phcenicise monumenta” (1837), etc. 
 
 Gesner (ges'ner), Johann Matthias. Born at 
 Roth, near Nuremberg, Bavaria, April 9, 1691 : 
 died at Gottingen, Aug. 3, 1761. A German 
 classical scholar. He became professor of rhetoric in 
 the University of Gottingen in 1734. He edited a number 
 of Latin classics, including Quintilian (1738), Claudian 
 (1759), Pliny the Younger (1739), and Horace (1752). 
 
 Gesner (incorrectly Gessner), Konrad von. 
 Bom at Zurich, Switzerland, March 26, 1516: 
 died at Zurich, Dec. 13, 1565. A celebrated 
 Swiss naturalist and scholar. He became pro- 
 fessor of Greek at Lausanne in 1537, and was afterward 
 professor of physics at Zurich. Among his works are 
 “Bibliotheca universalis” (1545-56), “Historia animali- 
 um ” (1550-87), “ Opera botanica ” (published by Schmiedel 
 1753-59). 
 
 Gesoriacum (jes-o-ri'a-kum). An ancient sea- 
 port of Gaul : the modern Boulogne. 
 
 Gessi ( jes'se), Romolo. Born at Ravenna, Italy, 
 April 30, 1831 : died at Suez, May 1, 1881. An 
 African traveler. In the Egyptian service, and under 
 Gordon Pasha, he surveyed the Nile above Duffle, and es- 
 tablished the fact that the Albert Nyanza belongs to the 
 system of the Nile. Later he became governor of Bahr- 
 el-Ghazal. In 1880 he returned with his troops to Khar- 
 tum, but floating vegetation prevented the progress of his 
 steamer until Mamo came to his relief in 1881. His notes 
 have been published by his son in “Sette anni nel Sudan 
 egiziano" (Milan, 1891). 
 
 Gessler (ges'ler), Hermann. In Swiss legen- 
 dary history, an imperial magistrate in Uri and 
 Schwyz, shot by Tell in 1307, according to the 
 “Chronicon Helveticum.” See Tell, William. 
 Gessner (ges'ner), Salomon. Born at Zurich, 
 Switzerland, April 1, 1730: died there, March 
 2, 1788. A Swiss idyllic poet, landscape-paint- 
 er, and engraver. His works include "Idyls ” (1756), 
 “Death of Abel ’’ (a prose idyl, 1758), “ The First Boatman ” 
 (1762). 
 
 Gesta Romanorum (jes'ta ro-ma-no'rum). [L., 
 
 ‘ deeds of the Romans.’] A popular collection 
 of stories in Latin, compiled, perhaps in Eng- 
 land, at the end of the 13th or the beginning 
 of the 14th century. 
 
 This compilation long retained its popularity ; was 
 printed as early as 1473 ; reprinted at Louvain a few 
 months later ; again in 1480 ; translated into Dutch in 
 
 435 
 
 1484 ; printed again in 1488 ; and went through six or seven 
 editions in this country during the succeeding century. 
 The earliest printed Latin texts contained 160 or 151 sec- 
 tions. In the next following editions the number quickly 
 rose to 181, and these 181 tales form the commonly re- 
 ceived text. There was a German edition at Augsburg in 
 1489 containing only 95 tales, of which some are not in the 
 accepted Latin version. In like manner, including tales 
 not in the Latin anonymous text, there is an English series 
 of 43 or 44 sections. . . . The name of the work, “Gesta 
 Romanorum ” (Deeds of the Romans), commonly applied 
 to any records of the history of Rome, is justified by little 
 more than the arbitrary, but not invariable, reference of 
 tale after tale to the life or reign of Roman emperors, 
 ancient or then modern, as Conrad, or Frederic, or Henry 
 II. The book itself refers to the “ Gesta Romanorum ’’ as 
 simply the Annals of Rome. Thus one tale, to illustrate 
 “the Sin of Pride,” begins with the sentence, “We read 
 in the ‘Gesta Romanorum ’of a prince called Pompey,” 
 and proceeds to tell about Csesar and Pompey, adding a 
 moral in the usual form. It may be that a first collection 
 of these tales was, like this one, in accordance with the 
 title, and gave only illustrations out of Roman history, 
 each with its ready-made moral or “application ’’ added 
 for the preacher’s use ; but that by the addition of more 
 striking marvels and much livelier matter, with omission 
 of familiar bits of ancient history, the original convenient 
 form of Story and Application and the original name also 
 being retained, the work itself was developed to its later 
 shape. Morley, English Writers, III. 364, 367. 
 
 Geta (je'ta), Publius Septimius. Born at 
 Milan, May, 189: assassinated by order of Ca- 
 racalla, Feb., 212. Second son of Septimius 
 Severus and Julia Domna, brother of Caracalla, 
 and joint emperor with him 211-212. 
 
 Getas (je'te). [Sometimes in E. form Getes ; L. 
 Getee, Gr. Thai. The name is not connected 
 with that of the Gauti or that of the Gothi or 
 Goths.] In ancient history, a Thracian people 
 dwelling in the modern Bulgaria, and later in 
 the modern Bessarabia. 
 
 In ancient times the countries north of the Danube 
 mouths were inhabited by a people called Getes (in Latin 
 Getee). . . . The poet Ovid was sent to live among this 
 people when Augustus banished him from Rome. Now 
 in the third century after Christ the Goths came and 
 dwelt in the land of the Getes, and to some extent mingled 
 with the native inhabitants ; and so the Romans came to 
 think that Goths and Getes were only two names for the 
 same people, or rather two different ways of pronouncing 
 the same word. Even the historian Jordanes, himself a 
 Goth, actually calls his book a Getic histoxy [“De rebus 
 Geticis”], and mixes up the traditions of his own people 
 with the tales which he had read in books about the Getes. 
 In modern times some great scholars have tried to prove 
 that the Getes really were Goths, and that the early territory 
 of theGothic nation reached all the way from the Baltic to 
 the Black Sea. But the ablest authorities are now mostly 
 agreed that this is a mistake, and that when the Goths 
 migrated to the region of the Danube it was to settle 
 amongst a people of a different race, speaking a foreign 
 tongue. Bradley, Story of the Goths, p. 19. 
 
 Gethsemane (geth-sem'a-ne). [Heb., ‘oil- 
 press’; Gr. TeOai/pavi}.'] In New Testament his- 
 tory, a garden or orchard east of Jerusalem, near 
 the brook Kedron. 
 
 Getty (get'i), George Washington. Bom Oct. 
 2, 1819: died at Forest Glen, Md., Oct. 1, 1901. 
 A Union general in the Civil War. He graduated 
 atWest Pointinl840; foughtwithdistinction intheMexiean 
 war;servedin the artillery at Yorktown.Gaines’sMill, Mal- 
 vern Hill, South Mountain, and Antietam ; became biiga- 
 dier-generalof volunteers Sept. 25, 1862;participated in the 
 Rappahannock campaign 1862-63, being engaged at Freder- 
 icksburg and in the defense of Suffolk, Virginia ; served in 
 the defense of Washington in July, 1864, and in the Shen- 
 andoah campaign ; and was present at Lee’s surrender, 
 April 9, 1865. He became colonel in the regular army, 
 July 28, 1866, and commanded the troops along the Balti- 
 more and Ohio Railroad during the riots of 1877. 
 Gettysburg (get'i z-berg). A borough and the 
 capital of Adams Couuty, southern Pennsyl- 
 vania, 36 miles southwest of Harrisburg. It is 
 the seat of Pennsylvania College (Lutheran) and of a 
 Lutheran theological seminary, and has a national ceme- 
 teiy on the field of the battle fought here J uly 1-3, 1863. 
 Population, 4,030, (1910). 
 
 Gettysburg, Battle of. A victory of the Fed- 
 erals under General Meade over the Confeder- 
 ates under Lee at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, 
 July 1-3, 1863. General Lee, while invading Pennsyl- 
 vania, was compeUed to retreat by the Army of the Poto- 
 mac under General Meade, which was threatening his rear. 
 He decided to venture a battle, expecting in case of victory 
 to march on Washington, and in case of defeat to secure 
 a direct line of retreat to Virginia ; and gave orders for 
 his army to concentrate at Gettysburg. On July 1 the 
 Federal advance under Major-General Reynolds met the 
 Confederate advance at Gettysburg. An engagement en- 
 sued, in which both sides were reinforced. Reynolds was 
 killed, and was succeeded by General Howard, who main- 
 tained his position on Cemetery Hill, south of the town. 
 General Meade arrived during the afternoon. On the 2d 
 the Federal army occupied a strong position in the form 
 of a semicircle with its convex center toward Gettysburg, 
 and including the elevations of Cemetery Hill and Round 
 Top. About noon I.ee began a general attack on the Fed- 
 eral center and left, which was followed by an attack on 
 the right. He gained only a slight advantage. The battle 
 on the 2d demonstrated that the key to General Meade's 
 position was Cemetery Hill, which was defended by a bat- 
 teiyof about 80 guns. Accordingly, on the 3d, General Lee 
 massed upward of 100 guns on Seminary Ridge, with which 
 he opened on Cemetery Hill about 1 p. M. The bombard- 
 ment, which lasted an hour and a half, was followed by 
 
 Ghazni 
 
 two grand assaults, which were repulsed. General Lee 
 retired on the 4th. The forces engaged during this three 
 days' battle numbered between 70,000 and 80,0U0 on each 
 side. The Federal loss was 2,834 killed, 13,709 wounded, 
 and 6,643 missing, making a total of 23,186. The total Con- 
 federate loss was 31,621. See Pickett. 
 
 Geulincx (oe' links or zhe-lahks'), Arnold. 
 Born at Antwerp, 1624 : died at Leyden, 1669. 
 A Cartesian philosopher, the founder of the 
 metaphysical theory of occasionalism. He studied 
 at Louvain, and became a teacher of philosophy there in 
 1646, but was deprived of his position in 1662 on account 
 of his attacks upon scholasticism. He then went over to 
 Protestantism, and in 1666 became professor of philosophy 
 at Leyden. 
 
 Gevaudan (zha-vo-don'). An ancient district 
 in Languedoc, France, capital Mende, nearly 
 corresponding to the department of Loz&re. 
 It was a viscountship in the middle ages, and was acquired 
 by France in the reign of St. Louis (1268). 
 
 Gevelsberg (ga/fels-berG). A manufacturing 
 town in the province of Westphalia, Prussia, 
 near Hagen. Population, commune, 15,838. 
 Gex (zheks). A town in the department of Ain, 
 France, 10 miles north-northwest of Geneva. 
 Population, commune, 2,727. 
 
 Gex, Pays de. A small district of eastern 
 France, included in the department of Ain, and 
 in the ancient general governm ent of Burgundy. 
 It was acquired by Savoy in 1356 ; followed the fortunes 
 of Savoy, and at different times of Geneva and the Swiss; 
 and was annexed to France in 1601. 
 
 Geysers of the Yellowstone. See Yellowstone. 
 Gezer (ge'zer). In ancient geography, a Ca- 
 naanite city within the territory of Ephraim, 
 Palestine. Its site is the modern Tel Jezar. 
 Gfrorer (gfrer'er), August Friedrich. Bom 
 at Calw, Wiirtemberg, March 5, 1803: died at 
 Karlsbad, Bohemia, July 6, 1861. A German 
 historian, professor at the Catholic University 
 of Freiburg 1846. Among his works are “Allgemeine 
 Kirchengeschichte ” (1841-46), “ Geschichte der ost- und 
 westfrankischen Karolinger” (1848), “Papst Gregor VIL 
 undsein Zeitalter ’’ (1859-61), “ Byzantinische Geschichte” 
 (1872-74), etc. 
 
 Ghadames, or Gadames (ga-da'mes). A town 
 and trading center in an oasi s of western Tripoli, 
 in lat. 30° 12' N.,long. 9° 10' E. : the Roman 
 Cydamus. Population, about 7,000. 
 
 Ghadamsi (ga-dam'se). See Berbers. 
 
 Ghalib (ga-leb'). See the extract. 
 
 The last of the four great poets of the old Turkish school 
 was Sheykh Ghalib, who lived and worked in the time of 
 Sultan Selim III. (1789-1807). His “ Husn-u- Ashk ’’(‘ Beau- 
 ty and Love ”), an allegorical romantic poem, is one of the 
 finest productions of Ottoman genius. 
 
 Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 321. 
 
 Ghara (ga'ra). The river Sutlej, British India, 
 from its union with the Bias to its confluence 
 with the CheDab. 
 
 Gharbieh, or Garbieh (gar-be'ye). A maritime 
 province of Egypt, situated in the Delta between 
 the Damietta mouth on the east and the Rosetta 
 mouth on the west. Area, 2,534 square miles. 
 Population, 1,484,814. 
 
 Ghardaya. See Gardaia. 
 
 Ghassanids (ga-san'idz), Kingdom of the. A 
 realm in Hauran, Syria, which was flourishing 
 under the suzerainty of the Byzantine empire 
 about 450-560. 
 
 Ghat (gat). See Berbers. 
 
 Ghats, or Ghauts (gats). [Hind., ‘a pass’ or 
 ‘landing-stairs.’] In British India, specifically 
 the two mountain-ranges inclosing the Deccan 
 on the east and west, and uniting near Cape 
 Comorin. The Eastern Ghats extend northward to the 
 vicinity of Balasor : average height, about 2,000 feet. The 
 Western Ghats extend northward to the Tapti valley. The 
 Nilgiris in the W estern Ghats rise in Dodabeta to 8,760 feet. 
 Ghazan (ga-zan') Khan. Born Nov. 30, 1271: 
 died May 17, 1304. A Mongol sovereign of Per- 
 sia 1295-1304. He extended his dominions from the 
 Amu Daria on the northeast to the Persian Gulf on the 
 south and Syria on the west, and made Mohammedanism 
 the established religion of Persia. 
 
 Ghaziabad (ga-ze-a-bad'). A town in the Mee- 
 rut district, United Provinces, British India, 
 14 miles east of Delhi. 
 
 Ghazipur (ga-ze-por'). 1. A district in the 
 Benares division, United Provinces, British 
 India, intersected by lat. 25° 30' N., long. 83° 
 30' E. Area, 1,389 square miles. Population, 
 913,818. — 2. The capital of the district of 
 Ghazipur, situated on the Gauges in lat. 25° 35' 
 N., long. 83° 36' E. Population of the city, 
 39,429. 
 
 Ghaznevids (gaz'ne-vidz). An Asiatic dynasty 
 founded in the latter part of the 10th century, 
 and having its seat at Ghazni, its most famous 
 sultan was Mahmud. Its later capital was Lahore in 
 India. It was overthrown by the ruler of Ghnr.in 1186. 
 
 Ghazni (guz'ne or guz'ni), or Ghuzni (guz'- 
 ne), or Ghizni (giz'ne), or Gazna (guz'- 
 
Ghazni 
 
 na). A city of Afghanistan, situated in lat. 33° 
 44' N., long. 68° 18' E. It was important in the mid- 
 dle ages, especially as the capital of the empire of Mah- 
 mud (998-1030). It was stormed by the British in 1839, 
 and retaken by the Afghans in 1842 and by the British in 
 the same year. The so-called Gates of Somnath were re- 
 moved from the city when the British retired from Af- 
 ghanistan in 1842. Population, estimated, 4,000. 
 
 Gheel (gal). A town in the province of Ant- 
 werp, Belgium, 26 miles east of Antwerp. It has 
 been celebrated since the middle ages as an asylum for 
 the insane. Population, 15,268. 
 
 Ghent (gent). [Early mod. E. Gent, ME. Gent, 
 Gant, Gaunt, OF. Gant, F. Gaud (ML. Ganda), 
 G. Gent, from OFlem. Gend, D. Gent, formerly 
 Ghendt .) The capital of the province of East 
 
 Flanders, Belgium, on islands at the junction of 
 the Lys with the Schelde, in lat. 51° 3' N., long. 
 3° 42' E. It has a large trade in grain, flax, and rape- 
 oil, and manufactures of linen, cotton, lace, leather wares, 
 and engines. The Cathedral of St. Bavon is of the 13th 
 century, with later additions and modifications, except the 
 crypt, which is of the 10th. The interior is highly impres- 
 sive. The cathedral possesses many fine paintings, the 
 chief being the “Adoration of the Lamb ’’ by Jan and Hubert 
 van Eyck and the “ St. Bavon ” by Rubens. The hotel de 
 ville, or town hall, has a fagade considered the finest piece 
 of rich Flamboyant architecture in Belgium. The city 
 also contains a notable library, museum, botanic gar- 
 den, the ruined abbey of St. Bavon, the Grand !!<?- 
 guinage, St. Nicholas’s Church, St. Michael’s Church, the 
 Oudeberg, palais de justice, university, institute of sci- 
 ences, and Petit BOguinage. Ghent became the capital 
 of Flanders in the 13th century, and was one of the 
 most important medieval cities. It became afamous cen- 
 ter of woolen manufacture. The citizens were noted for 
 their independence and bravery. It revolted against the 
 counts of Flanders in the 14th century under Jacob and 
 Philip van Artevelde; revolted against Philip the Good 
 of Burgundy 1448-53 ; was the scene of the marriage of 
 Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy in 1477 ; revolted 
 against Charles V. (who was born there 1500) in 1539, and 
 was deprived of its liberties in 1540; was taken by the 
 Spaniards in 1684, and by the French in 1678 ; and was 
 several times taken in the 18th century. Population, 
 163,763. 
 
 Ghent, Pacification of. A union between Hol- 
 land, Zealand, and the southern provinces of 
 the Low Countries, formed against Spanish 
 supremacy, concluded at Ghent Nov. 8, 1576. 
 
 Ghent, Treaty of. A treaty between the United 
 States and Great Britain, concluded at Ghent 
 Dec. 24, 1814, terminating the War of 1812. it 
 provided for the mutual restitution of conquered territory 
 and the appointment of three commissions to settle the 
 titles to the islands in Passamaquoddy Bay, and to estab- 
 lish the northern boundary of the United States as far as 
 the St. Lawrence, and thence through the Great Lakes to 
 the Lake of the Woods. The American commissioners 
 were John Quincy Adams, James Bayard, Henry Clay, 
 Jonathan Russell, and Albert Gallatin ; the British com- 
 missioners were Lord Gambier, Henry Goulburn, and 
 William Adams. 
 
 Gherardesca (ga-rar-des'ka), Ugolino della,. 
 Died 1289. An Italian partizau leader in Pisa. 
 He conspired to obtain the supreme power, and was im- 
 prisoned in 1274, but escaped and joined the Florentines 
 who were then at war with Pisa, and effected his return 
 by force. He subsequently led the Pisans unsuccessfully 
 against the Genoese and the Florentines. He was forced 
 to abandon his own party, the Ghibellines, and seek aid 
 from the Guelfs. He was finally overthrown, and with 
 his two sons, Gaddo and Uguccione, and two nephews was 
 starved to death in prison. His story forms a celebrated 
 episode in the “ Inferno ’’ of Dante. 
 
 Gherardi del Testa (ga-r;ir'de del tes'ta), Count 
 Tomraaso. Bom at Terriciuola, near Pisa, 
 Italy, 1818 : died near Pistoja, Italy, Oet. 13, 
 1881. An Italian dramatist. Several of his 
 plays were produced by Ristori iu Paris. 
 
 Glubellines ( gib'e-linz). [Also written Gibelines, 
 Ghibellins ; from It. Ghibellino, the Italianized 
 form of G. Waiblingen, tlie name of an estate in 
 the part of the ancient circle of Franconia now 
 included in Wiirtemberg, belonging to the house 
 of Hohenstauf en ( to which the then reigning em- 
 peror Conrad belonged), when war broke out 
 about 1140 between this house and the Welfs 
 or Guelfs. It is said to have been first employed 
 as the rallying-cryof the emperor’s party at the 
 battle of Weinsberg.] The imperial and aris- 
 tocratic party of Italy in the middle ages: op- 
 posed to the Guelfs, the papal and popular 
 party. 
 
 Ghiberti ( ge-ber'te) , Lorenzo. Born at Florence 
 about 1378: died at Florence, 1455. An Italian 
 sculptor. He learned the goldsmith’s craft from his step- 
 father Bartolo Michele, who called himself Lorenzo de’Bar- 
 toli. He first made himself known as a painter by his work 
 on the frescos of the palace of Pandolfo Malatesta at Rimini. 
 He was recalled from Rimini in 1401 to compete for the 
 doors of the baptistery at Florence. The trial of skilllay be- 
 tween Ghiberti and Brunelleschi of Florence, Quercia and 
 Valdambrini of Siena, and Niccoio d’Arezzo and Simone 
 from Colli in the Val d’Elsa. Ghiberti won, and the first 
 door was begun in 1403 and finished in 1424. During these 
 twenty-one years twenty artists, among whom were Dona- 
 tello and Piero Niello, assisted in modeling and casting 
 the work. Its completion was immediately followed by 
 an order to make the remaining door of the baptistery. 
 This, the great work of his life, was begun in 1424 and fln- 
 
 436 
 
 ished in 1447. The subjects were selected, at the request 
 of the deputies, by Leonardo Bruni (Aretino). When Ghi- 
 berti finished these doors he was about seventy years old. 
 In the meantime he had received and executed many com- 
 missions for statues, bas-reliefs, and goldsmith’s work, and 
 had also spent some time in Rome. As a goldsmith he 
 made the miters of Popes Martin V. (1419) and Eugenius 
 IV. (1434). _ 
 
 Ghika (ge'kii). A princely family, of Albanian 
 origin, which furnished many rulers to Walla- 
 chia and Moldavia iu the 17th, 18th, and 19th 
 centuries. 
 
 Ghilan, or Gilan (ge-lan'). A province of north- 
 ern Persia, bordering on the Caspian Sea. Capi- 
 tal, Resht. Population, probably over 200,000. 
 
 Ghilzais (ghel'ziz). A warlike clau m east- 
 ern Afghanistan, between Kabul and Kandahar. 
 
 Ghirlandajo (ger-lan-da'yo), II (originally Do- 
 menico Bigordi or Gorradi) [Surnamed il 
 Ghirlandajo, the garland-maker, probably from 
 his father’s being a goldsmith.] Bom at Flor- 
 ence, 1449: died there, Jan. 11, 1494. A Flor- 
 entine painter, also noted as a mosaicist. He 
 was the founder of a famous school of painting, and the 
 teacher of Michelangelo. His frescos in Florence are in 
 the Palazzo Vecchio ( 1481) and the church and refectory 
 of Ognissanti (1480), the Sassetti Chapel in Santa Trinita 
 (1485), the choir of Santa Maria Novella (his masterpiece, 
 about 1485-88), and the Church of the Innocenti (1488). In 
 1483 he was called to Rome to aid in decorating the Sistine 
 Chapel. Among his pictures are two “Holy Families ” at 
 Berlin, “Adoration of the Shepherds” in the academy at 
 Florence (1485), “ Madonna and Saints” at San Martino, 
 Lucca, and “Madonna and Child with Saints,” “St. Cath- 
 arine of Siena,” and “St. Lawrence ” in the Pinakothek at 
 Munich. His brothers Davide and Benedetto are also 
 noted as assisting him. 
 
 Ghirlandajo, Ridolfo. Boru at Florence, Feb. 
 4, 1483 : died there, June 6, 1561. A Florentine 
 painter, son of Domenico Ghirlandajo. 
 
 Ghirlandina Tower. See Modena. 
 
 Ghislanzoni (ges-lan-zo'ne), Antonio. Born 
 1824: died July, 1893. An Italian writer and 
 journalist. Until he lost his voice in 1854, he was a 
 singer on the Italian stage. He founded the comic paper 
 “b’U° mo di Pietra" in 1857. 
 
 GhlZ. Same as Gees. 
 
 Ghizeh. See Gizeh. 
 
 Ghizni. See Ghazni. 
 
 Ghondama (gon-da'ma). See Khoikhoin. 
 
 Ghoorkhas. See Ghurkas. 
 
 Ghur (gor), Ghore (gor), Gaur, Gour (gour), 
 etc. A ruined city of Afghanistan, 120 miles 
 southeast of Herat. 
 
 Ghuri (go're). A Mohammedan Asiatic dynasty 
 whose seat was iu Ghur. They became prominent in 
 the 12th century ; put an end to the Ghaznevid power at 
 Lahore in 1186 ; and overran a large part of India. They 
 were reduced in power in the 13th century, and confined 
 to the neighborhood of Herat, which was taken by Timur 
 in 1383. 
 
 Ghurkas, or Goorkhas, or Ghoorkas (gor'kaz). 
 The dominant race in the kingdom of Nepal. 
 The Ghurkas are of Hindu descent, and speak a Sanskritic 
 dialect. They were driven out of Rajputana by the early 
 Mohammedan invaders, and gradually approached Nepal, 
 which they conquered in 1768 after a long struggle. Some 
 of the best troops in the Anglo-Indian army are recruited 
 from the Ghurkas. 
 
 Ghuzni. See Ghazni. 
 
 Giafar (ja'far). In the “Arabian Nights’ 
 Entertainments,” the grand vizir of Harun-al- 
 Rashid, who accompanies him in his nightly 
 wanderings. 
 
 Giambelli (jam-bol'le), or Gianibelli (ja-ne- 
 belTe),FederigO. Born at Mantua, Italy : lived 
 in the second half of the 16th century : died at 
 London. An Italian military engineer in the 
 service of Queen Elizabeth at Antwerp 1584-85, 
 and later in England. 
 
 Giannone (jan-no'ne), Pietro. Born at Ischi- 
 tella, Foggia, Italy, May 7, 1676 : died in prison 
 at Turin, March 7, 1748. An Italian historian. 
 He published “ Storia civile del regno di Na- 
 poli ” (1723), etc. 
 
 Giannuzzi, Giulio Pippi de’. See Giulio Ro- 
 mano. 
 
 Giant Despair. The owner of Doubting Castle, 
 in Bunyan’s “ Pilgrim’s Progress.” 
 
 Giant-Killer, Jack the. See Jack. 
 
 Giant’s Causeway. A group of basaltic col- 
 umns, situated on the coast of Antrim, north- 
 ern Ireland, west of Bengore Head, about 11 
 miles northeast of Coleraine. 
 
 Giant’s Dance. See the extract. 
 
 Stonehenge was called the Giant’s Dance (chorea gigan- 
 tmn), a name no doubt once connected with a legend which 
 has been superseded by the story attached to it by Geof- 
 frey of Monmouth. Wright, Celt, Roman, and Saxon, p. 62. 
 
 Giants of Guildhall. See Gog and Magog. 
 
 Giaour (jour). The. A narrative poem by Lord 
 Byron, published in 1813. 
 
 Giardini (jar-de'ne), Felice di. Bom at Turin 
 in 1716: died at Moscow, Dec. 17, 1796. A noted 
 Italian violinist. 
 
 Gibby 
 
 Giarre (jar're). A town in the province of Ca- 
 tania, Sicily, Italy, situated near the sea 16 
 miles north-northeast of Catania. Population, 
 commune, 26,000. 
 
 Giaveno (ja-va'no). A town in the province 
 of Turin, Italy, 16 miles west of Turin. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 10,795. 
 
 Gib (gib), Adam. Born at Muckhart, Perth- 
 shire, April 14, 1714 : died at Edinburgh, June 
 18, 1788. A Scottish clergyman, leader of the 
 “ Antiburgher” section in the “breach” of the 
 Scottish Secession Church 1747. 
 
 Gibaros. See Jivaros. 
 
 Gibbet (jib'et). In Farquhar’s comedy “The 
 Beaux’ Stratagem,” a highwayman and convict. 
 He remarks that it is “for the good of my country that I 
 should be abroad,” and prides himself on being the “best 
 behaved man on the road.” 
 
 Gibbie ( gib'i), Goose. A half-witted lad in 
 “ Old Mortality,” by Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 Gibbon (gib'on), Edward. Born at Putney, 
 Surrey, April 27, 1737 : died at London, Jan. 15, 
 1794. A famous English historian. He was a 
 grandson of Edward Gibbon, who was one of the most 
 prominent of the directors of the South Sea Company, and 
 who, when the bubble burst, lost the greater part of his 
 fortune, which, however, he later repaired. His health in 
 childhood was poor, and his instruction irregular. He en- 
 tered Oxford (Magdalen College) in April, 1762, but left the 
 university after a residence of fourteen months. At this 
 time he became a Roman Catholic, a creed which he soon 
 afterward renounced. In June, 1753, he was placed under 
 the care and instruction of Baviliiard, a Calvinist minis- 
 ter, at Lausanne, where he remained with great profit un- 
 til Aug. , 1758, when he returned to England. At Lausanne 
 he fell in love with Susanne Curchod (afterward Madame 
 Necker and mother of Madame de Stael), but on his return 
 to England the affair was broken oil by his father. He 
 served in the militia 1759-70, attaining the rank of colonel. 
 From Jan., 1763, to June, 1765, he traveled in France, 
 Switzerland, and Italy. In 1774 he was elected to Parlia- 
 ment. In Sept., 1783, he established himself at Lausanne, 
 where he resided for the remainder of his life. His great 
 work is “Thellistory of theDeclineand Fall of the Roman 
 Empire,” still the chief authority for the period which it 
 covers, and one of the greatest histories ever written. The 
 first volume appeared in 1776 and the last in 1788. He also 
 wrote “Memoirs of my Life and Writings." 
 
 Gibbon, John. Born near Holmesburg, Pa., 
 April 20, 1827 : died Feb. 6, 1896. An American 
 general. He was graduated at West Point in 1847 ; was 
 promoted captain in 1859 ; commanded a brigade at Antie- 
 tam (1862) and Gettysburg (1863) ; was made major-general 
 of volunteers, June 7, 1864; and took part in the battles 
 of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, and Cold 
 Harbor (1864). He commanded a column in the Yellow- 
 stone expedition against Sitting Bull in 1876, and was made 
 brigadier-general in the regular army July 10, 1885. He 
 published “ The Artillerist's Manual ” (1859). 
 
 Gibbons (gib'onz), Christopher. Bornat West- 
 minster, 1615 : died Oct. 20, 1676. An English 
 musical composer. He was organist of Winchester 
 cathedral 1638-61, and at the Restoration became an or- 
 ganist of the Chapel Royal, organist of Westminster Ab- 
 bey, and organist to the king. He was buried iu West- 
 minster Abbey. 
 
 Gibbons, Grinling. Born at Rotterdam, April 
 4, 1648: died at London, Aug. 3, 1720. A noted 
 English wood-carver and sculptor. Among his 
 notable works in wood were a copy of Tintoretto’s “Cru- 
 cifixion ” (Venice), containing over one hundred figures, 
 “The Stoning of Stephen," etc. He excelled especially in 
 carving flowers, fruit, and game, and in decorative work. 
 
 Gibbons, James. Born at Baltimore, Md., July 
 23, 1834. An American Roman Catholic prelate. 
 He was ordained priest at St. Mary’s Seminary, Balti- 
 more, in 1861, and became archbishop of Baltimore in 1877, 
 and cardinal in 1886. He has published “The Faith of 
 Our Fathers ” (1876) and “ Our Christian Heritage ” (1889). 
 
 Gibbons, James Sloane. Born at Wilmington, 
 Del., July 1, 1810: died at New York, Oct. 17, 
 1892. An American banker and author. He was 
 identified with the abolition movement, and in 1863 his 
 house was sacked by the New York mob during the draft 
 riots, on account of its being illuminated in honor of Lin- 
 coln's emancipation proclamation. He wrote t he war song 
 “We are coming, Father Abraham, three hundred thou- 
 sand more.” 
 
 Gibbons, Orlando. Born at Cambridge, Eng- 
 land, 1583: died at Canterbury, England, June 
 5, 1625. A noted English composer and organ- 
 ist, best known by his church music, which 
 gained for him the title of “ the English Pales- 
 trina.” It has been mostly printed in Barnard’s “Church 
 Music” (1641), and in 1873 in a volume edited by Sir F. A. 
 Gore Ouseley. His madrigals are considered among the 
 best of the English school. He was one of a family noted 
 for musical attainments. 
 
 Gibbs (gibz), Josiah Willard. Bom at Salem, 
 Mass., April 30, 1790: died at New Haven, 
 Conn., March 25,1861. An American philologist. 
 He translated Gesenius’s “Hebrew Lexicon” 
 (1824), and published “Philological Studies” 
 (1857), etc. 
 
 Gibby (gib'i). In Mrs. Centlivre’s comedy “The 
 Wonder,” the highland servant of Colonel Brit- 
 on. He is an undaunted and incorrigible 
 blunderer. 
 
Gibeah 
 
 Gibeah (gib'e-a). In Scripture geography, a 
 town in Palestine, probably about 4 miles north 
 of Jerusalem. It was the scene of the destruction of 
 the Benjamites (Judges xx.). There were several other 
 places of the name in Palestine. 
 
 Gibelines. See Ghibellines. 
 
 Gibeon (gib'e-on), modern El-Jib. In Old Tes- 
 tament geography, a town in Palestine, 6 miles 
 northwest of Jerusalem. The Gibeonites succeeded 
 by a stratagem in making a treaty with the Israelites un- 
 der Joshua. The town was taken by Shishak. 
 
 Gibil (ge'bil). The Assyro-Baby Ionian fire-god. 
 
 He is invoked in hymns addressed to him, on account of 
 the many beneficial functions of fire, as one who wards off 
 all dangers, and who decides the fate of men. The name 
 is derived from Akkadian gi, stick, and Ml, fire, and seems 
 to indicate the existence among the Akkadians of the fire- 
 drill common among many primitive peoples. 
 
 Gibraltar (ji-br§J'tar ; Sp. pron. He-bral-tar'). 
 A town and fortified promontory on the south- 
 ern coast of Spain, a crown colony of Great 
 Britain, situated in lat. 36° 6' N., long. 5° 21' 
 W.. celebrated for its strength, it is an impor- 
 tant coaling station. It was the classical Calpe, and one 
 of the Pillars of Hercules ; was the landing-place of the 
 Saracen leader Tarik (hence Gebel-al-Tarik, ‘Hill of Ta- 
 rik ’) ; was taken finally from the Moors by the Spaniards 
 in 1462 ; was fortified by Charles V. ; was taken by an 
 English and Dutch force under Rooke in 1704; and was 
 unsuccessfully besieged by the Spaniards and French in 
 1704-05, by the Spaniards in 1726, and by the Spaniards 
 and French 1779-83. In the last siege, commencing June 
 21, 1779, the defenders were commanded by Lord Heath- 
 field. The chief attack was made Sept. 13, 1782, when the 
 floating batteries devised by the Chevalier d'Anjon were 
 used. Greatest height of the rock, 1,439 feet. Area, 1 
 square miles. Population, 27,460. 
 
 Gibraltar, Bay of. An inlet of the Strait of 
 Gibraltar, situated west of the town. 
 Gibraltar, Strait of. A sea passage connect- 
 ing the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic 
 Ocean, and separating Spain from Morocco: 
 the ancient Fretum Herculeum, Fretum Gadi- 
 tanum, Fretum Tartessium, etc. its width in the 
 narrowest part is 8 miles , between Ceuta and Gibraltar 
 it is 13 miles. 
 
 Gibraltar of America. A name sometimes 
 given to Quebec. 
 
 Gibson (gib'son), Edmund. Born at Bampton, 
 Westmoreland, England, 1669 : died at Bath, 
 England, Sept. 6, 1748. An English prelate and 
 author. He became bishop of Lincoln in 1713, and in 
 1720 was translated to the see of London. His chief work 
 *is “Codex juris ecclesiastici Anglicani" (1713). 
 
 Gibson, Edward, first Baron Ashbourne. Born 
 1837. A British Conservative politician. He was 
 lord chancellor of Ireland in all Lord Salisbury’s admin- 
 istrations, and was raised to the peerage in 1885. He intro- 
 duced Lord Ashbourne's Act, relating to Irish holdings. 
 Gibson, John. Born near Conway, Wales, 1790 : 
 died at Rome, Jan. 27, 1866. An English sculp- 
 tor. He went to Rome in 1817, and became a pupil of 
 Canova and Thorwaldsen. His works include “ Sleeping 
 Shepherd " (1818), “Mars and Cupid ” (1819), “ Psyche and 
 Zephyrs” (1822), “Paris” (1824), “Nymph untying her 
 Sandal ” (1831), “Hunter and Dog,” a statue of the queen 
 for the houses of Parliament (1850-55), and the so-called 
 “tinted Venus,” in which he introduced the use of color 
 Mter the Greek manner. 
 
 Gibson, Randall Lee. Bom at Spring Hill, 
 Ky., Sept. 10, 1822: died at Hot Springs, Ark., 
 Dec. 15, 1892. An American lawyer and poli- 
 tician. He was graduated at Yale in 1853, and in the 
 law department of the University of Louisiana (nowTulane 
 University) in 1856. He subsequently studied at Berlin, 
 and was for some months an attache of the American le- 
 gation at Madrid. He joined the Confederate army as a 
 private ; commanded a brigade at Shiloh, and also under 
 General Bragg in Kentucky ; and fought with distinction 
 in all the engagements which took place during Johnston’s 
 retreat from Dalton to Atlanta. He covered the retreat 
 after General Hood'3 defeat at NashviUe, and in General 
 Canby’s campaign was charged with the defense of Span- 
 ish Fort. At the close of the war he held the rank of 
 major-general. Hewas United States senator (Democrat ic) 
 from Louisiana from 1883 until his death. 
 
 Gibson, William. Bom at Baltimore, Md. , 1788 : 
 died at Savannah, Ga. , March 2, 1868. An Amer- 
 ican surgeon. He was graduated in medicine at the 
 University of Edinburgh in 1809, and in 1819 succeeded 
 Dr. Physick in the chair of surgery in the University of 
 Pennsylvania, where he remained until 1855. He was one 
 of the first American surgeons to perform the Caesarean 
 operation successfully. He wrote “ Principles and Prac- 
 tice of Surgery ” (1824). 
 
 Gibson, William Hamilton. Bom Oct. 5, 1850 : 
 died July 16, 1896. An American painter and 
 writer. He was a specialist in botanical drawing, and 
 was known as an illustrator and painter in water-colors. 
 He wrote and illustrated “Camp Life, etc.,” “Tricks of 
 Trapping, etc.” (1876>, “Highways andByways, etc.’’(1883), 
 “ Happy Hunting Grounds " (1886), “Sharp Eyes,” etc. 
 
 Gichtel (gich'tel), Johann Georg. Born at 
 Ratisbon, Bavaria, March 14, 1638: died at 
 Amsterdam, Jan. 21, 1710. A German mystic, 
 founder of the sect of Angelic Brethren, or 
 Gichtelians. 
 
 Giddings (gid'ingz), Joshua Reed. Bom at 
 Athens, Bradford County, Pa., Oct. 6, 1795: 
 died at Montreal, May 27, 1864. An American 
 
 437 
 
 antislavery leader. He was admitted to the bar in 
 1821, and in 1838 was elected a member of Congress from 
 Ohio, an office which he occupied until 1859, acting for the; 
 most part with the Whigs. In 1842, during the debate in 
 Congress on the question of demanding the restoration of 
 the negro mutineers of the Creole, who had taken refuge 
 in an English port (1841), he offered a series of resolutions 
 to the effect that the Federal authorities were unauthor- 
 ized by the Constitution to take any action for the recovery 
 of the slaves, in oonsequence of which he was censured in 
 the House by a vote of 125 to 69. He resigned his seat, 
 and appealed to his constituents, who reelected him by a 
 large majority. He was consul-general to British North 
 America from 1861 until his death. He published “Exiles 
 of Florida ” (1858) and “The P.ebelliou : its Authors and 
 Causes " (1864). 
 
 Gideon (gid'e-on), sumamed Jerubbaal (je- 
 rub'S-al or jer-u-ba'al). [Heb., ‘ a hewer.’] 
 Lived probably in tfie 13th century B. c. A 
 Hebrew liberator and religious reformer. He 
 defeated the Midianites, and was judge in Israel 
 for forty years. 
 
 Giebel (ge 'bel), Christoph Gottfried Andreas. 
 
 Born at Quedlinburg, Prussia, Sept. 13, 1820 : 
 died at Halle, Prussia, Nov. 14, 1881. A Ger- 
 man zoologist and paleontologist. His works 
 include “Allgemeine Palaontologie ” (1852), 
 etc. 
 
 Gien (zhyah). A town in the department of 
 Loiret, France, situated on the Loire 38 miles 
 east-southeast of Orleans. It has a chateau, and 
 manufactures faience. Population, commune, 7,914. 
 
 Giers (gers), Nikolai Karlovitch de. Bom 
 
 May 21, 1820 : died Jan. 26, 1895. A Russian 
 diplomatist and statesman, of Swedish extrac- 
 tion. He was appointed minister to Stockholm in 1872, 
 adjunct to the minister of foreign affairs in 1875, and min- 
 ister of foreign affairs 1882-95. 
 
 Giesebrecht (ge'ze-brecht), Friedrich Wil- 
 helm Benjamin von. Born at Berlin, March 
 5, 1814 : died at Munich, Dec. 17, 1889. A noted 
 German historian. He became professor of history at 
 Konigsberg in 1857, and at Munich in 1862. He was raised 
 to the nobility in 1865. His works include “Geschichte 
 der deutschen Kaiserzeit" (“History of the German Im- 
 perial Period,” 1855-80), etc. 
 
 Gieseler (ge'ze-ler), Johann Karl Ludwig. 
 
 Bom at Petershagen, Westphalia, Prussia, 
 March 3, 1792: died at Gottingen, Prussia, July 
 8, 1854. A noted German ecclesiastical histo- 
 rian, professor at Gottingen from 1831. He wrote 
 “Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte ” (“Manual of Church 
 History, ” 1824-56 : English translation edited by H. B. 
 Smith, 1857-81), etc. 
 
 Giessbach (^es'bach), Falls of the. A series 
 of cascades in the Bernese Oberland, Switzer- 
 land, south of the Lake of Brienz. 
 
 Giessen (ges'sen). The capital of the province 
 of Upper Hesse, Hesse, at the junction of the 
 Wieseck and Lahn, 33 miles north of Frank- 
 fort-on-the-Main. It is the seat of a celebrated uni- 
 versity, founded by the landgrave Ludwig V. in 1607. 
 Population, commune, 28,769. 
 
 Gifford (gif'ord), Countess of (Helen Selina 
 Sheridan). Born 1807: died June 13, 1867. 
 An English poet, granddaughter of R. B. Sheri- 
 dan. She married the fourth Baron Dufferin in 1825, and 
 the Earl of Gifford (son of the eighth Marquis of Tweed- 
 dale) in 1862. 
 
 Gifford, Robert Swain. Born on the island of 
 Naushon, Mass., Dec. 23, 1840: died at New 
 York, Jan. 15, 1905. An American landscape- 
 painter. He came to New York in 1866, and was elected 
 a member of the National Academy in 1878. He was also 
 a prominent member of the W ater-Color Society. Among 
 his works are “Mount Hood, Oregon ’’ (1870), “Entrance 
 to Moorish House, Tangier ” (1873), “ Border of the Des- 
 ert” (1877), “Salt Mills at Dartmouth" (1885), etc. 
 
 Gifford, Sandford Robinson. Bom at Green- 
 field, Saratoga County, N. Y., July 10, 1823: 
 died at New York, Aug. 29, 1880. An American 
 landscape-painter. He came to New York in 1844, 
 and was elected a member of the National Academy in 
 1854. He studied in Paris and Rome 1855-57. Among 
 his works are “Kaaterskill Clove” (1859), “Shrewsbury 
 River" (1868), “Venice,” “Lago Maggiore,” “Fishing- 
 boats on the Adriatic,” “Golden Horn ”(1872), “October 
 in the Catskills,” “ Ruins of the Parthenon ’’ (1880 : in the 
 Corcoran Gallery), etc. 
 
 Gifford, William. Born in Hampshire, Eng- 
 land, in 1554: died April 11, 1629. Archbishop 
 of Rheims. He studied at the universities of Oxford, 
 Louvain (under Bellarmine), and Paris, and at the English 
 colleges at Rheims and Rome, and in 1582 was appointed 
 lecturer on St. Thomas Aquinas in the English college at 
 Rheims. He became dean of the Church of St. Peter at 
 Lille about 1596; took the Benedictine habit in 1608 ; was 
 prior of a Benedictine house at Dieulewart 1609-10 ; and 
 in 1611 founded a community of his order at St.-Malo, 
 Brittany, which he afterward removed to Paris. He was 
 appointed archbishop of Rheims in 1622. He completed 
 and edited Dr. William Reynolds’s “Calvino-Turcismus" 
 (1697-1603). 
 
 Gifford, William. Born at Ashburton, Devon- 
 shire, England, April, 1757: died at London, 
 Dec. 31, 1826. An English critic and satirical 
 poet. He first became known by his satires “The Ba- 
 
 Gilbert, Marie Dolores Eliza Rosanna 
 
 viad ” (1794) and “The Maeviad ” (1795) : these were pub- 
 lished together in 1797. He was editor of the “ Quarterly 
 Review ” from its beginning in 1809 till 1824. 
 
 Gigoux (zhe-go'), Jean Francois. Bom Jan. 
 8, 1809 : died Dec. 14, 1894. A French histori- 
 cal, genre, and portrait painter. 
 
 Gihon (gi'hon). One of the four rivers in Eden 
 (Gen. ii.), variously identified with the Oxns, 
 Araxes, an arm of the Euphrates-Tigris system, 
 etc. 
 
 Gijdn (He-Hon'). A seaport in the province of 
 Oviedo, Spain, in lat. 43° 33' N., long. 5° 40' 
 W. it is growing, and exports fruit, iron, and coal. It 
 is a sea-bathing resort. Population, 47,544. 
 
 Gil (Hel),Jnan Bautista. Died April 12, 1877. A 
 Paraguayan politician of the Colorados party. 
 He was elected president of the republic Nov. 25, 1874, and 
 still held the office when he was assassinated by a personal 
 enemy. 0 
 
 Gila (He'la). A river in the western part of New 
 Mexico and in Arizona. It is the chief tributary of the 
 Colorado, which it joins at Yuma, Arizona, near the south- 
 eastern extremity of California. Length, about 650 miles. 
 
 Gila Apache. See Gileilo. 
 
 Gilan. See Ghilan. 
 
 Gilbart (gil'bart), James William. Born at 
 London, March 21, 1794 : died at London, Aug. 
 8, 1863. An English banker. He was manager of 
 the London and Westminster Bank from its opening in 
 1834 to 1859. Among his works are “A Practical Trea- 
 tise on Banking ” (1827), “Logic for the Million ” (1851), 
 and “ History and Principles of Banking ” (1834). 
 
 Gilbert (gil'bert) of Sempringham, Saint. [L. 
 
 Gilbertus, F. Guilbert, Gilbert, It. Gilberto, Sp. 
 Gilberto, G. Gilbert, Giselbert : OHG., ‘bright.’] 
 Born at Sempringham, Lincolnshire, England, 
 about 1083: died Feb., 1189. An English priest, 
 founder of the order of the Gilbertines. 
 Gilbert, Mrs. George H. Born at Rochdale, 
 England, Oct. 21, 1821: died at Chicago, Dec. 2, 
 1904. An English-American actress. She first 
 
 appeared in 1846, and came to America in 1849. She was 
 successful in high comedy, and in her youth was noted for 
 her dancing. 
 
 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey. Born at Compton, 
 near Dartmouth, England, about 1539: drowned 
 off the Azores, Sept. 9, 1583. An English sol- 
 dier and navigator, a stepbrother of Sir Walter 
 Raleigh. He served in Ireland 1566-70, where he de- 
 feated McCarthy More in 1569, and was made governor of 
 the province of Munster; and in the Netherlands in 1572, 
 where he unsuccessfully besieged Goes. In 1678, in ac- 
 cordance with designs which he had long entertained, he 
 obtained the royal permission to set out on a voyage of 
 discovery and colonization ; but the expedition, which 
 ■started in Sept, of that year, was a failure. On June 11, 
 1683, he again set out with five ships (Delight, Golden 
 Hind, Raleigh (which soon returned). Swallow, and Squir- 
 rel), and on July 30 sighted the northern shore of New- 
 foundland. On Aug. 5 he landed at St. John’s, where he 
 established the first English colony in North America. 
 On the return voyage the Squirrel, in which he sailed, 
 foundered in a storm. His last words were the famous 
 “ We are as near to heaven by sea as by land.” He wrote 
 a “ Discourse of a Discouery for a New Passage to Cataia, ” a 
 scheme for the founding of an academy and library at 
 London (published by Furnivall, 1869, as “ Queen Eliza- 
 bethes Achademy ”), etc. 
 
 Gilbert, Sir John. Born atBlackheath, England, 
 in 1817 : died there, Oct. 5, 1897. An English 
 historical painter. Among his principal works are 
 “Don Quixote giving Advice to Sancho ” (1839), “ Wolsey 
 and Buckingham ” (1878), “The Murder of Thomas Becket’’ 
 (1878), “Ego et rex meus” (1889), “En avant ” (1890). He 
 also iUustrated Shakspere and many standard works. 
 Gilbert, John Gibbs. Born at Boston, Feb. 27, 
 1810: died there, June 17, 1889. A noted Amer- 
 ican Comedian. He first appeared in Boston, Nov. 28, 
 1828, as Jaffier in “Venice Preserved.” He had a wide 
 range of characters : perhaps the best were Sir Peter Tea- 
 zle, Sir Anthony Absolute, Old Dornton, and Job Thorn- 
 berry. He played with success in London, and in all the 
 prominent cities of the United States. 
 
 Gilbert, Marie Dolores Eliza Rosanna. Bora 
 
 at Limerick in 1818 : died at Astoria, N. Y., 
 Jan. 17, 1861. An adventuress and dancer, 
 known as Lola Montez. She first married Captain 
 Thomas James in 1837. He divorced her in 1842. She 
 then took lessons in dancing from a Spanish teacher, and 
 appeared in London in 1843 as “Lola Montez, Spanish 
 dancer. ” After various adventures she appeared at Munich, 
 where she became the mistress of the old king Ludwig of 
 Bavaria. She was naturalized, and received the titles of Ba. 
 ronne de Rosenthal and Comtesse de Landsfeld. She con- 
 trolled the king completely, and was virtually ruler of 
 Bavaria, a position in which she displayed ability and 
 wisdom. After about a year, however, owing to hostility 
 between the liberal and conservative students of the uni- 
 versity, the former of whom she had patronized, a riot 
 occurred and her life was in danger. She caused the 
 university to be closed, when air insurrection took place 
 and the king was forced to abdicate, March 21, 1848, and 
 she was banished. After various adventures she married 
 George Trafford Heald at London in July, 1849. She was 
 summoned for bigamy, brrt fled to Spain. Heald is said 
 to have died in 1853. In 1851 she arrived in New York, 
 where she attracted much attention and drew crowded 
 houses. In 1853 she married P. P. Hull in San Francisco. 
 In 1859 she devoted herself to visiting outcast women, and 
 labored among them till she was str icken with paralysis. 
 
Gilbert, Nicolas Joseph Laurent 
 
 438 
 
 Gillmore 
 
 Gilbert (zhel-bar'), Nicolas Joseph Laurent. 
 
 Bom at Fontenoy-le-Chateau, Lorraine, 1751: 
 died at Paris, Nov. 12, 1780. A French poet, 
 chiefly noted for his satires. 
 
 Gilbert (gil'bert), or Gilberd (gil'berd), Wil- 
 liam. Born at Colchester, England, in 1540: 
 died Nov. 30, 1603. A celebrated English phy- 
 sician and natural philosopher. He studied at 
 Cambridge ; took up the practice of medicine at London 
 in 1573 ; became president of the CoUege of Physicians in 
 1600 ; and was physician in ordinary to Queen Elizabeth 
 and James I. His chief work is “ De Magnete, Magneti- 
 cisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure, Physio- 
 logia Nova” (1600). 
 
 Gilbert, Sir William Schwenk. Born at Lon- 
 don, Nov. 18, 1836: died at Harrow, May 29, 
 1911. An English dramatist. He wrote “Dulca- 
 mara" (1866), “The Palace of Truth” (1870), “Pygmalion 
 and Galatea” (1871), “Engaged” (1877), “The Mounte- 
 banks " (music by Cellier, 1891), etc., and collaborated 
 with Sir Arthur Sullivan, who wrote the music, in “The 
 Sorcerer” (1877), “H. M. S. Pinafore” (1878), “The Pi- 
 rates of Penzance” (1880), “ Patience ” (1881), “Iolanthe” 
 (1882), “The Mikado” (1885), “Ruddygore” (1887), “The 
 Yeomen of the Guard" (1888), “The Gondoliers” (1889), 
 “ Utopia, limited " (1893). He also published “ The Fairy's 
 Dilemma,” the “Bab Ballads," etc. Knighted, 1907. 
 
 Gilbert de la Porree (zhel-bar' de la po-ra'), 
 Latinized Gilbertus Porretanus (jil-ber'tus 
 por-e-ta'nus) or Picta vieusis (pik-ta-vi-en'- 
 sis). Born at Poitiers, u :ance, about 1070 : died 
 Sept. 4, 1154. A noted French schoolman, 
 chosen bishop of Poitiers in 1142. He was the 
 
 author of a commentary on the treatise “De trinitate ' 
 of Boethius, a treatise “De sex priucipiis,” etc. 
 
 Gilbertines (gil'ber-tins). A religious order 
 founded in England in the first half of the 12th 
 century by St. Gilbert, lord of Sempringham in 
 Lincolnshire, the monks of which observed the 
 rule of St. Augustine, and the nuns that of St. 
 Benedict. The Gilbertines were confined to 
 England, and their houses were suppressed by 
 Henry VIII. 
 
 Gilbert Islands. [Named by Cook from the 
 master of the ship Resolution.] An archipel- 
 ago of Micronesia in the Pacific, situated about 
 lat. 3° 20' N.-2 0 40' S., long. 172°-177° E. The 
 
 group was discovered by Byron in 1765, and consists mainly 
 of atolls : it belongs to Great Britain. Population, esti- 
 mated, about 36,000. 
 
 Gil Bias de Santillane (zhel bias de son-te- 
 yan' ), Histoire de. A romance by Le Sage, 
 published in 1715, but not entirely completed 
 till 1735. It is named from its hero, who tells the story 
 of his life. Many of the incidents are modeled on Espinel’s 
 picaroon romance “Marcos deObregon." Smollett trans- 
 latedit in 1761, and in 1809 another translation was brought 
 out in his name. 
 
 Gilboa (gil-bo'a). [‘Bubbling fountain ’(?).] A 
 mountain-range in the territory of Issachar, 
 1,717 feet high, which bounds the lower plain of 
 Galilee on the east, running from southeast to 
 nort hwest. Here Saul and his three sons fell in a battle 
 against the Philistines. The present name of the moun- 
 tain is Jebel Faku'a but its old name survives in the vil- 
 lage Jelbdn on the southern part of the range. 
 
 Gildas (gil'das), or Gildus (gil'dus), surnamed 
 “ The Wise.’* Born probably in 516 : died prob- 
 ably in 570. A British historian. He appears to 
 have been born in the North Welsh valley of the Clwyd, 
 to have been a monk, to have left Britain for Armorica in 
 646, and to have founded the monastery of St. Gildas at 
 Ruys. He is the author of “De Excidio Britanniae,” prob- 
 ably compiled about 556 or 560, and first printed by Poly- 
 dore Vergil at London in 1525. 
 
 Gildemeister (gil'de-mis-ter), Johann. Born at 
 Klein-Siemen, Mecklenburg, July 20, 1812: died 
 at Bonn, March 11, 1890. A German Orientalist, 
 professor of Oriental languages at Bonn. 
 Gildemeister, Otto. Boro at Bremen, Germany, 
 March 13, 1823 : died Aug. 26, 1902. A German 
 politician and man of letters, noted as a trans- 
 lator from the English, particularly of Byron’s 
 works (1864), and of various plays of Shakspere. 
 Gilder (gil'der), Richard Watson. Born at 
 Bordentown, N. J., Feb. 8, 1844 : died at New 
 York, Nov. 18, 1909. An American poet and 
 editor. He became connected with “Scribner’s Monthly” 
 in 1870, and was editor-in-chief of “The Century" maga- 
 zine 1881-1909. His poems are included in 5 volumes : 
 “The New Day ” (1875), “The Celestial PasBion ” (1887), 
 “ Lyrics ”(1885 and 1887), “Two Worlds, and Other Poems " 
 (1891), “ The Great Remembrance, and Other Poems ” (1893). 
 A “household edition” of his poems was issued in 1908 
 and “ Grover Cleveland : a record of friendship ” in 1910. 
 
 Gilder, William Henry. Born at Philadelphia, 
 Aug. 16, 1838: died at Morristown, N. J., Feb. 
 5, 1900. An American journalist and Arctic 
 traveler, brother of R. W. Gilder. He went with 
 Schwatka 1878-80 on his Arctic expedition, and later ex- 
 plored the Lena delta. He published “ Schwatka’B Search ” 
 (1881), “Ice-Pack and Tundra” (1883). 
 
 Gilderoy (gil'de-roi). A notorious freebooter 
 in Perthshire. His real name was said to be Patrick 
 of the clan Gregor. He was hanged July, 1638, with five of 
 his gang, after a career of barbarous harrying and outrage. 
 
 Many stories of his crimes were current among the com- 
 mon people. Among other performances he is said to have 
 “picked the pocket of Cardinal Richelieu in the king's 
 presence, robbed Oliver Cromwell, and hanged a judge.” 
 The ballad concerning him is preserved in Ritson and 
 Percy. 
 
 Gildersleeve (gil'der-slev), Basil Lanneau. 
 
 Born at Charleston, S. C., Oct. 23, 1831. An 
 American classical scholar. He was professor of 
 Greek at the University of Virginia 1856-76, when he ac- 
 cepted a corresponding position at Johns Hopkins Uni- 
 versity (Baltimore). He has conducted the "American 
 Journal of Philology” since its foundation in 1880, has 
 published a Latin grammar (1867), and has edited “ The 
 Satires of Aulus Persius Flaccus” (1875), “ Justin Martyr" 
 (1877), and “The Olympian and Pythian Odes of Pindar." 
 
 Gildo (jil'dd), or Gildon (jil'don). Died 398 
 
 A. D. A Moorish chief tain. He was appointed count 
 of the province of Africa about 386. In 397 he transferred 
 his allegiance from the Western to the Eastern Empire, 
 and was in the following year defeated by a Roman army 
 under his brother Mascezel. He was captured in the 
 flight, and died shortly after by his own hand. 
 
 Gild of Aiquebusiers. A painting by Jan van 
 Ravesteyn, in the town hall at The Hague, Hol- 
 land. There are 25 figures, descending the stairs 
 of the shooting-gallery. 
 
 Gildun (gil-don'), sometimes Yildun. A rarely 
 used name for the fourth-magnitude star 6 Ursse 
 Minoris. 
 
 Gilead, or Mount Gilead (mount gil'e-ad). In 
 biblical geography, a part of Palestine east of 
 the Jordan, extending eastward to about 36° E., 
 and lying between the Hieromax on the north 
 and the Arnon on the south. In an extended 
 sense it included Bashan. 
 
 Gileno (He-la'nyo), or Gila Apache (He'la a- 
 pa'che). An Apache tribe of North American 
 Indians, composed of four or more subtribes, 
 the Coyotero, Mogollon, Pinal Coyotero, and 
 Mimbreiio. In 1630 the Gileno were about the boun- 
 dary of the present Arizona and New Mexico. In 1882 
 they ranged east of the Sierra de los Mimbres and south 
 of the Rio Gila. See Apache. 
 
 Giles (jilz), Saint. [Gr. A lyiSiog, L. JEgiaius, It. 
 Egidio, F. G tiles, Eg hie.'] A saint of the 7th 
 century, believed to have been a Greek who 
 emigrated to France. He was an anchorite, and was 
 fabled to have been nourished by a hind. Gradually a 
 monastic establishment grew around him, of which he 
 became the head. The better to mortify the flesh, he 
 once refused to be cured of lameness, and hence became 
 the patron saint of cripples. St. Giles's Church, Cripple- 
 gate, is a memorial of him. His festival is celebrated in 
 the Roman and Anglican churches on Sept. 1. 
 
 Giles, Henry. Born at Cranford, County Wex- 
 ford, Ireland, Nov. 1, 1809: died at Hyde Park, 
 near Boston, Mass., July 10, 1882. An Irish- 
 American lecturer and essayist. He was for some 
 years a Unitarian minister at Greenock and Liverpool. In 
 1840 he came to the United States. He wrote “Lectures 
 and Essays ” (1850), “Christian Thought on Life" (1850), 
 and “ Human Life in Shakespeare ” (1868). 
 
 Giles, St., Church of. See Edinburgh and Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Giles, William Branch. Bornin Amelia County, 
 Va., Aug. 12, 1762: died in Amelia County, 
 Dec. 4, 1830. An American Democratic politi- 
 cian. He was a memberof Congressfrom Virginia 1790- 
 1799 and 1801-03 ; was United States senator 1804-15; and 
 was governor of Virginia 1827-30. 
 
 Gilfil (gil'fil), Rev. Maynard. Asomewhat un- 
 spiritual but conscientious clergyman in George 
 Eliot’s “Mr. Gilfil’s Love-Story.” 
 
 Mr. Gilfil, the caustic old gentleman with bucolic tastes 
 and sparing habits, many knots and ruggednesses appear- 
 ing on him like the rough bosses of a tree that has been 
 marred, is recognizable as the Maynard Gilfil “ who had 
 known all the deep secrets of devoted love, had struggled 
 through its days and nights of anguish, and trembled 
 under its unspeakable joys.” 
 
 Dtnvden, Studies in Literature, p. 250. 
 
 Gilfillan (gil-fil'an), George. Born at Comrie, 
 Perthshire, Jan."30, 1813 : died at Dundee, Aug. 
 13, 1878. A Scottish Presbyterian clergyman 
 and miscellaneous writer. Among his works are 
 “Gallery of Literary Portraits” (three series, 1845-56), 
 “Bards of the Bible” (1851), “Night: a Poem ” (1867). 
 
 Gilfillan, Robert. Born at Dunfermline, Scot- 
 land, July 7, 1798: died at Leith, Scotland, Dec. 
 4, 1850. A Scottish poet. He was the son of a 
 weaver, and was a merchant’s clerk and collector at Leith 
 for many years. He wrote “ Peter McCraw ” (1828), a hu- 
 morous satire, and other poems. 
 
 Gilflory (gil-flo'ri), Mrs. General. In B. E. 
 
 Woolf’s play “ The Mighty Dollar,” a good-na- 
 tured widow, with a lively temper, who speaks 
 atrocious French. 
 
 Gilgal (gil'gal). In biblical geography, the 
 name of various places in Palestine. The most 
 important was situated in the plain of Jordan 3 
 miles east of the ancient Jericho : the modem 
 Tel Jiljulieh. 
 
 Gilgal or Galgal means a heap of stones dedicated to a 
 religious purpose. The Gilgal in question was probably 
 a sacred mound of the Canaanites ; but perhaps it owed its 
 
 origin to an Israelitish encampment, or it may have been 
 a mound raised for sacrifices. 
 
 Renan , Hist, of the People of Israel, I. 200. 
 
 Gilgit (gil-git'). 1. A tributary of the Indus, 
 which it joins about lat. 35° 45' N., long. 74° 
 40' E. — 2. A small territory in the valley of 
 the lower Gilgit, under the rule of Kashmir. 
 The name is sometimes extended to the entire valley of 
 the Gilgit. It is a strategic point of great importance to 
 the Indian empire. 
 
 Gilij (je'lye), Filipe Salvatore. Born at Le- 
 gogne, near Spoleto, Italy, 1721 : died at Rome, 
 1789. A Jesuit missionary and author. He la- 
 bored among the Indians of the Orinoco valley from 1742 
 to 1760, and subsequently resided at Bogota until the ex- 
 pulsion of his order in 1767. His “ Saggio di storia ameri- 
 cana” (Rome, 4 vols., 1780-84) relates mainly to the Ori- 
 noco, and is particularly valuable in its descriptions of the 
 Indian tribes. Also written Gilli and Gilii. 
 
 Gill (zhel), Andrd, the pseudonym of Louis 
 Alexandre Gosset de Guinnes. Bora at Paris, 
 Oct. 17, 1840: died at Charenton, May 2, 1888. 
 A noted French caricaturist. He died in an in- 
 sane asylum. His last picture figured at the ex- 
 position of 1882. 
 
 Gill (gil), Sir David. Bora at Aberdeen, June 
 12, 1843. A Scottish astronomer, astronomer 
 royal at the Cape of Good Hope 1879-1907. He 
 
 wasassociatedwithLordLindsay(nov> Earl of Crawford and 
 Balcarres) in organizing and superintending the observa- 
 tory at Dunecnt, Aberdeenshire, in 1870. He took a lead- 
 ing part in the investigations connected with the transit of 
 Venus in 1882, especially for the determination of the dis- 
 tance of the sun from the earth. He has also been en- 
 gaged in important geodetic surveys. Knighted 1900. 
 
 Gill, John. Born at Kettering, England, Nov. 
 23, 1697 : died at Camberwell, London, Oct. 14, 
 1771. An English Baptist clergyman and rab- 
 binical scholar. His chief work is “ Exposition 
 of the Holy Scriptures” (1746-66). 
 
 Gill, Theodore Nicholas. Bora at New York, 
 March 21, 1837. An American naturalist, pro- 
 fessor of zoology in the George Washington 
 Univ., Washington, D. C. ; 1884-. He was libra- 
 rian of the Smithsonian Institution 1863-66, and chief as- 
 sistant librarian of Congress 1866-75. He has published 
 “Arrangement of the Families of Mollusks” (1871), “Ar- 
 rangement of the Families of Fishes "(1872), “Arrangement 
 of the Families of Mammals” (1872), “Catalogue of the 
 Fishes of the East Coast of North America "(1875), etc. 
 
 Gille (zhel), Philippe. Born at Paris, Dec. 18, 
 1831 : died there, March 20, 1901. A French 
 journalist and writer for the stage, secretary 
 of the Theatre Lyrique from 1861. 
 
 Gillern (gil'em), Alvan C. Born in Tennessee, 
 1830 : died Dec. 2, 1875. An American general. 
 He was graduated at West Point in 1851 ; served against 
 the Seminoles in Florida 1851-52 ; was promoted captain 
 in the United States army May 14, 1861 ; and was in com- 
 mand of the siege artillery, and was chief quartermaster 
 of the Army of the Ohio during the campaign in Tennes- 
 see. He was adjutant-general of Tennessee from 1863 un- 
 til the close of the war, and commanded the troops guard- 
 ing the Nashville and Northwestern Railroad from June, 
 1863, until Aug., 1864. He was brevetted major-general in 
 the regular army for his gallantry at the capture of Salis- 
 bury. He became colonel in the regular army July 28, 
 1866, and commanded the troops in the engagement with 
 the Modoc Indians at the Lava Beds, April 15, 1873. 
 
 Gillespie (gi-les'pi), George. Born at Kirk- 
 caldy, Jan. 21, 1613: died there, Dee. 17, 1648. 
 A Scottish Presbyterian clergyman, member of 
 the Westminster Assembly. He wrote ‘ ‘ Aaron’s 
 Rod Blossoming ” (1646) and other controversial 
 works. 
 
 Gillespie, Thomas. Born at Duddingston, near 
 Edinburgh, in 1708: died at Dunfermline, Jan. 
 19, 1774. A Scottish Presbyterian clergyman, 
 founder of the Relief Church in Scotland (Oct. 
 22, 1761). The secession of whichGillespiewastheleader 
 originated in his deposition (May, 1752) by the established 
 church, on account of his refusal to take part in a settle- 
 ment of a minister which was opposed by the people. 
 
 Gillett (ji-let'), Ezra Hall. Born at Colches- 
 ter, Conn., July 15, 1823: died at New York, 
 Sept. 2, 1875. An American Presbyterian cler- 
 gyman and ecclesiastical historian. His chief 
 work is a “History of the Presbyterian Church 
 in the United States” (1864). 
 
 Gillies (gil'iz), John. Born at Brechin, Forfar- 
 shire, Jan. 18, 1747 : diedat Clapham, near Lon- 
 don, Feb. 15, 1836. A Scottish historian. His 
 chief work is a “History of Greece” (1786). 
 
 Gillis Land (gil'is land). [Named from its dis- 
 coverer (1707), a Dutch captain, Comelis Gil- 
 lis.] A land in the north polar regions, north- 
 east of Spitzbergen and west of Franz Josef 
 Land. 
 
 Gillmore (gil'mor), Quincy Adams. Born 
 
 in Ohio, Feb. 28, 1825: died April 7, 1888. 
 An American general and engineer. He grad- 
 uated at West Point in 1849, and was subsequently in- 
 structor there. He was appointed engineer-in-chief of the 
 expedition under General Thomas W. Sherman against 
 Port Royal in 1861, and as such planned and conducted 
 engineering and artillery operations which resulted in the 
 
Gillmore 
 
 redaction of Fort Pulaski in 1862. He defeated General 
 Pegram at Somerset in March, 1863, and conducted the 
 operations against Charleston 1863-64. He became brevet 
 major-general in the regular army in 1865. His works in- 
 clude “Practical Treatise on Limes,’’ “Hydraulic Cements 
 and Mortars "(1863), “Official Report of the Siege and Re- 
 duction of Fort Pulaski, Georgia " (1863), etc. 
 
 Gillott (jil'ot), Joseph. Born at Sheffield, 
 Oct. 11, 1799: died at Birmingham, Jan. 5, 
 1873. An English manufacturer of steel pens. 
 Gillray (gil-ra'), James. Born at Chelsea, 1757 : 
 died at London, June 1, 1815. A celebrated Eng- 
 lish caricaturist. He occasionally did serious work. 
 Two plates engraved by him for Gold smith's “Deserted Vil- 
 lage ” were published 1784 : they are in the style of Ryland. 
 The “Burning of the Duke of Athole,” an East Indiaman, 
 and two portraits of William Pitt slightly caricatured, a 
 portrait of Dr. Arne, and several others belong to the same 
 period. He occasionally signed his plates with fictitious 
 names. The earliest caricature to which he signed his 
 name is entitled “ Paddy on Horseback ” (1779). Between 
 1,200 and 1,500 are ascribed to him, most of them reflect- 
 ing on the king, ‘ ‘ Farmer George,” and his wife, the court, 
 the government, and every phase of public life. He died 
 in a state of imbecility. 
 
 Gills (gilz), Solomon. Iu Dickens’s “ Dombey 
 and Son,” an old nautical-instrument maker. 
 Gihnan (gil'man), Daniel Coit. Born at Nor- 
 wich, Conn., July 6, 1831: died at Norwich, 
 Conn., Oct. 13, 1908. An American educator. 
 He was graduated at Yale iu 1852, and, after having com- 
 pleted his studies at Berlin, became in 1855 assistant 
 librarian and later librarian at Yale, where he afterward 
 held a professorship of physical and political geography. 
 He was president of the University of California 1872-75, 
 president of Johns Hopkins University 1875-1901, and was 
 first president of the Carnegie Institution 1902-04. He 
 wrote “James Monroe ” (1883). 
 
 Gilman, John Taylor. Bom at Exeter, N. H., 
 Dec. 19, 1753 : died at Exeter, Sept. 1, 1828. An 
 American politician, governor of New Hamp- 
 shire 1794-1805 and 1813-16. 
 
 Gilman, Mrs. (Caroline Howard). Born at 
 Boston, Oct. 8, 1794: died at Washington, Sept. 
 15, 1888. An American poet and author, wife 
 of Samuel Gilman. She began in 1832 the publication 
 of a magazine for children entitled “The Rose-Bud” : the 
 title was changed to “ The Rose ” in 1833. This magazine 
 was discontinued in 1839. She wrote “ Recollections of a 
 New England Housekeeper ” (1835) and “Recollections of 
 a Southern Matron ” (1836). 
 
 Gilman, Samuel. Born at Gloucester, Mass., 
 Feb. 16, 1791: died at Kingston, Mass., Feb. 9, 
 1858. An American Unitarian clergyman and 
 miscellaneous writer. 
 
 Gilmore(gil'mor), James Roberts: pseudonym 
 Edmund Kirke. Born at Boston, Sept. 10, 
 1823 : died in 1903. An American author, in 
 July, 1864, with Colonel Jaquess, he was intrusted with 
 an unofficial mission to the Confederate government, with 
 a view to ascertaining the terms on which the South would 
 treat for peace. His works include “ Among the Pines ” 
 (1862), “ My Southern Friends ” (1862), “ Down in Tennes- 
 see ” (1863), “ Among the Guerrillas ” (1863), etc. 
 
 Gilmore, Patrick Sarsfield. Born near Dublin, 
 Dec. 25, 1829: died at St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 24, 
 1892. An Irish-American hand-master, in 1859 
 he organized in Boston “Gilmore’s Band,” an organization 
 which he maintained until his death. He composed much 
 military and dance music. 
 
 Gilmour (gil'mor), Richard. Born at Glasgow, 
 Scotland, Sept. 28, 1824: died at St. Augustine, 
 Fla., April 13, 1891. A Roman Catholic prelate. 
 He came to Canada with his parents at an early age ; was 
 educated for the ministry at Mount Saint Marys Seminary, 
 Emmettsburg, Maryland ; and was ordained priest at Cin- 
 cinnati, Ohio, Aug. 20, 1852. He was consecrated bishop of 
 Cleveland April 14, 1872, and as such became noted for his 
 zeal in behalf of Catholic education. He compiled a series 
 of readers known as “The Catholic National Readers.” 
 
 Gilolo, or Jilolo (je-16'16), or Halmahera (hal- 
 ma-ha'ra). One of the Molucca Islands, inter- 
 sected by the equator and long. 128° E. It 
 belongs in great part to the Dutch residency of 
 Ternate. Length, about 225 miles. 
 
 Gilolo Passage. A sea passage separating Gi- 
 lolo on the west from several smaller islands on 
 the east. 
 
 Gilpin (gil'pfn), Bernard. Born at Kentmere, 
 Westmoreland, in 1517 : died at Houghton-le- 
 Spring, Durham, England, March 4, 1583. An 
 English clergyman. He became archdeacon of Dur- 
 ham in 1556, and was afterward appointed rector of Hough- 
 ton-le-Spring : both of these positions he held until his 
 death. He gained great popularity by his charities and 
 gratuitous ministrations among the poor (whence he is 
 sometimes called “the Apostle of the North ’’). 
 
 Gilpin, John. See John Gilpin. 
 
 Gilpin, William. Born at Carlisle, England, 
 June 4, 1724 : died at Boldre, Hants, England, 
 April 5, 1804. An English biographer, and 
 writer on the natural scenery of Great Britain. 
 Gil Vicente. See Vicente, Gil. 
 
 Gil y Lemos (Hel e la'mos), Francisco. Born 
 near Corunna about 1739 : died at Madrid, 1809. 
 A Spanish naval officer and administrator. He 
 entered the navy in 1762 ; distinguished himself in various 
 
 439 
 
 parts of the world ; was appointed viceroy of New Granada 
 in 1788, and viceroy of Peru in 1790. The latter position 
 he held until June, 1796, and soon after returned to Spain, 
 where he was made councilor of war. He was director- 
 general of the armada in 1799, minister of marine and 
 captain-general in 1805, inspector general of marine in 
 1807, and a member of the governmental junta in 1808. 
 
 Gil y Zarate (Hel e tha'ra-ta), Antonio. Born 
 Dec. 1, 1786: died at Madrid, Jan. 27, 1861. A 
 Spanish dramatic poet. 
 
 Gimcrack (jim'krak), Sir Nicholas. The Vir- 
 tuoso in Thomas Shadwell’s comedy of that 
 name, remarkable for his ‘ ‘ scientific ” vagaries. 
 
 Gindely (gin'de-le), Anton. Born at Prague, 
 Bohemia, Sept. 3, 1829 : died at Prague, Oct. 24, 
 1892. A German historian, professor (extraor- 
 dinary 1862, ordinary 1867) of Austrian history 
 at the University of Prague, and keeper of the 
 archives of the kingdom of Bohemia. He wrote 
 “ Geschichte des Dreissigjahrigen Kriegs ’’(“ History of the 
 Thirty Years’ War," 1869-80), etc. 
 
 Gines de Passamonte (He'nes da pas-sa-mon'- 
 ta). In Cervantes’s “Don Quixote,” a galley- 
 slave who was freed with others by that knight. 
 The freed slaves set upon Don Quixote and 
 despoiled him, and broke Mambrino’s helmet. 
 
 Ginevra (gi-nev'ra). 1. S ee Guinevere. — 2. A 
 poem by Samuel Rogers, named from its hero- 
 ine. She is an Italian bride who hides herself, for a jest, 
 in an old chest which has a spring-lock. It closes tightly, 
 and her body is not found for many years. The story is 
 told as connected with several old houses in England. T. 
 Haynes Bayly’s ballad “ The Mistletoe Bough ’’ embodies 
 the same story. 
 
 Gingu ene (zhah-ge-na'), Pierre Louis. Born 
 at Rennes, France, April 27, 1748 : died at Paris, 
 Nov. 11, 1816. A noted French historian of lit- 
 erature, and critic. His chief work is a “ His- 
 toire litteraire d’ltalie ” (1811-24). 
 
 Ginkel (ging'kel), Godert de, first Earl of Ath- 
 lone. Born at Utrecht, 1630: died there, Feb. 
 11, 1703. A Dutch soldier in the English service. 
 He accompanied William of Orange to England in 1688; 
 went with the king to Ireland in 1690, where he served at 
 the battle of the Boyne and the siege of Limerick, and 
 after the king’s departure became general-in-chief ; and 
 carried on the Irish war in 1691, defeating the Irish in a 
 pitched battle near Aglirim July 12, and taking Limer- 
 ick Oct. 30. In the following year he went with William 
 to the Continent, and served at Steinkirk, Landen (July 
 19, 1693), Namur (1695), and elsewhere. 
 
 Ginnungagap (gin'nong-a-gap). [ON.] In 
 the Old Norse cosmogony, the “gaping abyss” 
 which originally existed everywhere, ice from 
 Niflheim, the realm of cold and fog in the north, came into 
 contact with sparksfrom Muspellsheim, the realm of fire in 
 the south, and through the working of heat and cold arose 
 in Ginnungagap the first created being, the giant Ymir. His 
 dead body, afterward hurled by Odin and his brothers, Vili 
 and Ve (ON. Vi), back into the midst of the abyss, became 
 the world. 
 
 Ginx’s Baby (ginks'ez ba'bi), His Birth and 
 Other Misfortunes. A work by Edward Jenkins, 
 published in 1870. It describes in a narrative 
 form the evils of pauperism and pauperization. 
 
 Giobert (jo-bert'), Giovanni Antonio. Born 
 near Asti, Italy, Oct. 28, 1761: died near Turin, 
 Sept. 14, 1834. An Italian chemist. He became pro- 
 fessor of rural economy in the University of Turin in 1800, 
 and in 1802 was transferred to the chair of chemistry and 
 mineralogy. He was the first to introduce the theories of 
 Lavoisier into Italy. 
 
 Gioberti (jo-ber'te), Vincenzo. Born at Turin, 
 April 5, 1801 : died at Paris, Oct. 26, 1852. An 
 Italian philosopher and politician. He was or- 
 dained priest in 1825 ; became professor of philosophy at 
 Turin in the same year ; was appointed chaplain to Charles 
 Albert, crown prince of Sardinia, in 1831 ; was exiled in 
 1833 on suspicion of conspiring against the crown ; was 
 for a number of years a teacher in a private institution at 
 Brussels ; was recalled in 1848 ; was premier of Sardinia 
 1848-49 ; and was ambassador at Paris 1849-51. Among 
 his chief works are “Introduzione alio studio della filo- 
 sofia” (1839-40), “Del primato morale e civile degli Itali- 
 ani ” (1843), “ Prolegomeni ” (1845), “II Gesuita moderno ” 
 (1846-47), “Del rinnovamento civile dltalia” (1851). 
 
 Giocondo (jo-kon'do), Fra Giovanni. Bom at 
 V erona, Italy, in the middle of the 15th century : 
 died at Rome, July 1, 1515. An Italian archi- 
 tect and antiquary, a teacher of Julius Crosar 
 Scaliger. He published editions of the letters of Pliny, 
 Caesar’s Commentaries, and Vitruvius. He is supposed to 
 have designed the famous Loggia del Consiglio at Verona. 
 He collected about 2,000 Latin inscriptions in a work which 
 he dedicated to Lorenzo the Magnificent. In Paris he 
 built the Pont Notre-Dame and the old palace of the Cour 
 des Comptes. He went to Rome and made a design for St. 
 Peter’s, which is preserved in the Uffizi at Florence. He 
 returned to V enice in 1506, and connected himself with the 
 work of the Aldine Academy. 
 
 Gioja (jo'ya), Flavio. Bom at Pasitano, near 
 Amalfi : lived early in the 14th century. An 
 Italian navigator, incorrectly regarded as the 
 inventor of the compass. 
 
 Gioja, Melchiorre. Born at. Piacenza, Italy, 
 Sept. 20, 1767 : died at Milan, Jan. 2, 1829. An 
 Italian political economist and philosophical 
 
 Gipsies 
 
 writer. Among his works are “Nuovo prospetto deUe 
 scienze economiche ” (1815-19), “ Filosofla della statistica ” 
 (1826), etc. 
 
 Gioja (or Gioia) del (or dal) Colle (kol'le). A 
 tow* in the province of Bari, Italy, 24 miles 
 south of Bari. Population, 21,721. 
 
 Giordani (jor-da'ne), Pietro. Born at Piacenza, 
 Jan. 1, 1774: died at Parma, Sept. 14, 1848. An 
 Italian Benedictine monk and litterateur, pro- 
 fessor (1800-15) of Latin and Italian rhetoric at 
 the University of Bologna. 
 
 Giordano (jor-da'no), Luca. Bom at. Naples, 
 1632: died at Naples, Jan., 1705. An Italian 
 painter: for his swiftness of execution he re- 
 ceived the name of Fa-Presto. 
 
 Giorgio (jor'jo), Francesco di. Born at Siena, 
 1439: died there, 1502. An Italian architect, 
 engineer, sculptor, painter, and bronze-caster. 
 He devoted himself principally to military architecture 
 and engineering, and attained such celebrity that his ser- 
 vices were constantly solicited of the Sienese republic by 
 the lords of the great Italian cities. His chief employer 
 was the Duke of Urbino. A series of 72 bas-reliefs made 
 up of military machines, arms, and trophies, which hesculp- 
 tured for the fa?ade of his palace, may still he seen at Ur- 
 bino. In 1493 lie was elected to the magistracy of Siena. 
 At this time he modeled and cast two of the tabernacles 
 above the high altar of the Duomo. 
 
 Giorgione (jor-jo'ne),Il (Giorgio Barbarelli). 
 
 Born at Castelfranco about 1477 : died of the 
 plague at Venice in 1511. A Venetian painter. 
 He was a pupil of Giovanni Bellini. He was famous as a 
 colorist, and was reckoned the most brilliant of his school 
 and generation. Of the numerous pictures attributed to 
 him in the various galleries of Europe, there is only one of 
 which the authorship rests on secure evidence. This is 
 the Madonna and Child enthroned, with St. Francis and 
 St. Liberalis on the two sides of the pedestal on which she 
 sits. It is in the church of his birthplace. Of the pic- 
 tures attributed to Giorgione, “The Concert” (in the T'ittl 
 Gallery), “The Knight of Malta” (in the Uffizi), and the 
 “Judgment of Solomon ” (Uffizi) are among the most im- 
 portant. 
 
 Giotto (jot'to), or Giotto di Bondone. Born 
 at Vespignano, near Florence, 1276 (1266?) : 
 died at Florence, Jan. 8, 1337. A famous Italian 
 painter, architect, and sculptor. He was the son 
 of a peasant. He became the pupil of Cimabue, and was 
 the head at Florence of a celebrated school of painters. 
 In 1334 Giotto was appointed chief master of the works on 
 the Duomo at Florence, the city fortifications, and all pub- 
 lic architectural undertakings. He designed the facade 
 of the Duomo, which was not finished, and built the fa- 
 mous Campanile. His works include 28 frescos in the 
 aisle of the upper church of S. Francesco d’Assisi, under 
 those by Cimabue ; the frescos on the ceilings of the 
 lower church of S. Francesco d’Assisi, and an altarpiece 
 (according to Vasari the most completely executed of all 
 his works) ; 38 frescos in the Capella dell’ Arena at Padua ; 
 the frescos of four chapels in Santa Croce, Florence, two 
 of which have been destroyed ; a very small number of 
 genuine panel-pictures in St. Peter’s, in Santa Croce, in 
 the Aecademia at Florence, in the Louvre, at Munich, and 
 in the Berlin Museum ; a “Madonna with Angels” (Acca- 
 demia, Florence); “Two Apostles ’’(National Gallery, Lon- 
 don) ; and “ St. Francis receiving the Stigmata ” (in the 
 Louvre). In the frescos of the BargeUo, Florence, are the 
 well-known portraits of Dante. 
 
 Giovanni, Don. [It., ‘John.’] See Don Gio- 
 vanni. 
 
 Giovanni, Ser. See Pecorone, II. 
 
 Giovanni da Fiesole. See Fiesole, Giovanni 
 
 Angelico da. 
 
 Giovanni di Bologna. See John of Bologna. 
 
 Giovinazzo (jo-ve-nat'so), or Giovenazzo (jo- 
 ve-nat'so). A seaport in the province of Bari, 
 Italy, on the Adriatic Sea 12 miles northwest 
 of Bari. Population, commune, 11,245. 
 
 Giovio (jo've-o), Paolo, Latinized Paulas Jo- 
 vius. Born at Como, Italy, April 19, 1483 : died 
 at Florence, Dec. 11, 1552. A noted Italian his- 
 torian. He was the author of numerous works, of which 
 tlie most important is “ Historiarum sui temporis libri 
 xlv.” (“History of his own Times,” 1550-52). 
 
 Gippsland (gips'land). A region in southeast- 
 ern Victoria, Australia. 
 
 Gipsies (jip'siz). [Orig. Egyptians, later Gip- 
 cians, Gipsies, the Gipsies being popularly sup- 
 posed to be Egyptians.] A peculiar vagabond 
 race which appeared in England for the first 
 time about the beginning of the 16th century, 
 and in eastern Europe at least two centuries 
 earlier, and is now found in every country of 
 Europe, as well as in parts of Asia, Africa, and 
 America. The Gipsies are distinguishable from the 
 peoples among whom they rove by their bodily appearance 
 and by their language. Their forms are generally light, 
 lithe, and agile ; skin of a tawny color ; eyes large, black, 
 and brilliant; hair long, coal black, and often ringleted ; 
 mouth well shaped ; and teeth very white. Ethnologists 
 generally concur in regarding the Gipsies as descendants 
 of some obscure Hindu tribe. They pursue various no 
 madic occupations, being tinkers, basket-makers, fortune- 
 tellers, dealers in horses, etc. ; are often expert musicians ; 
 and are credited with thievish propensities They appear 
 to be destitute of any system of religion, but traces of va 
 rious forms of paganism are found in their language and 
 customs. The name Gipsy is also sometimes applied to or 
 assumed by other vagrants of like habits. 
 
Gipsy’s Warning, The 
 
 Gipsy’ s W arning, The. An opera by Sir J ulius 
 Benedict, with words by Linley and Peake. It 
 was produced at Drury Lane, April 19, 1838. 
 Giralda (ji-ral'da). An opera by A. Adam, with 
 words by Scribe. It was produced in 1850, and adapted 
 for the English stage as a play by Mrs. Davidson. 
 Giralda (He-ral'da). [Sp., a weather-vane in 
 the form of a statue.] The bell-tower of the 
 cathedral at Seville, Spain : so called from the 
 figure of Faith which forms the weather-vane 
 upon its summit. To the height of 250 feet the tower 
 is Moorish, with rich windows and surface-decoration ; the 
 ornate belfry, 100 feet high, in recessed stages, above this, 
 was built in" 1668. The tower is 50 feet square at the base. 
 The tower of the Madison Square Garden in New York 
 city is, in general, a copy of it. 
 
 Giraldi (je-ral'de), Giovanni Battista, sur- 
 named Cintio or Cinthio. Bom at Ferrara, 
 Italy, Nov., 1504: died at Ferrara, Dec. 30, 
 1573. An eminent Italian novelist and tragic 
 poet, professor (1525) of medicine and philoso- 
 phy and later (1537) of belles-lettres at the 
 University of Ferrara. For several years after 1560 
 he taught at Mondovi. He published “Orbecche" (1541) 
 and other tragedies, “Gli Hecatommithi ” (“A Hundred 
 Tales, 1565), etc. Two of Shakspere’s plays, as well as a 
 number of Beaumont and Fletcher’s, are indebted to him 
 for their plots. 
 
 Giraldi, Lilio Gregorio. Born at Ferrara, Italy, 
 June 13, 1479: died at Ferrara, Feb., 1552. An 
 Italian archaeologist and poet, author of “ His- 
 toria de diis gentium,” etc. 
 GiraldusCambrensis(ji-ral'duskam-bren'sis), 
 or Gerald de Barry (or Barri). Born near 
 Pembroke, Wales, probably in 1146: died prob- 
 ably in 1220. A British historian and ecclesi- 
 astic. He was appointed chaplain to Henry II. in 1184, 
 and accompanied Prince John in his expedition to D eland. 
 In 1198 he was elected bishop of St. David’s, but failed to 
 receive the papal confirmation. His chief work is “ Itin- 
 erarium Cambrise.” The best edition of his works is that 
 by Brewer and Dimock in the Rolls Series (1861-77). 
 Girard (zhe-rar'), Firmin, Born at Ponciu, 
 Ain, May 31, 1838. A French genre painter. 
 
 He studied with Gleyre. Among his works are “ Aprcs 
 le bal ” (1863), “ Le pr<jf(:r<5 ” (1872), “ Le quai aux fleurs ’’ 
 (1876), “ Allant aumarchd” (1881), “ La promenade ”(1889). 
 Girard, Paul Albert. Bom at Paris, Sept. 13, 
 1839. A French landscape-painter. He gained 
 the grand prix de Rome in 1861. 
 
 Girard, Philippe Henri de. Born at Lourmarin, 
 Vaucluse, France, Feb. 1, 1775: died at Paris, 
 Aug. 26, 1845. A noted French mechanician. 
 His chief invention is a flax-spinning machine 
 (1810). 
 
 Girard, Pierre Simon. Born at Caen, France, 
 Nov. 4, 1765: died at Paris, Nov. 30, 1836. A 
 French engineer. 
 
 Girard ( ji-rard' ), Stephen. Born near Bordeaux, 
 France, May 24, 1750: died at Philadelphia, 
 Dec. 26, 1831. An American merchant, banker, 
 and philanthropist, founder of Girard College 
 (which see). 
 
 Girard College. A college for the education 
 of poor white male orphans, founded in Phila- 
 delphia by the will of Stephen Girard. The chief 
 building (Grecian style) was begun in 1833, and the col- 
 lege was opened in 1848. By the direction of the founder 
 “ no ecclesiastic, missionary, or minister of any sect what- 
 ever” is permitted to “hold or exercise any station or 
 duty ” in the college, or to be admitted as a visitor within 
 the premises. 
 
 Girardin (zhe-rar-dan'), Emile de. Born at 
 Paris, June 22, 1806: died there, April 27, 1881. 
 A French journalist and economist, natural son 
 of Count Alexandre de Girardin. He was editor of 
 “ La Presse " 1836-56 and 1862-66, of “La Liberty ” 1866-70, 
 and of “ La France ” after 1874. Among his works are 
 “ Etudes politiques ’’ (1838), and “La politique universeile, 
 ddcrets de l’avenir ” (1852). 
 
 Girardin, Madame de (Delphine Gay): pseu- 
 donym Vicomte Charles de Launay. Born 
 at Aix-la-Chapelle, Prussia, Jan. 26, 1804: died 
 at Paris, June 29, 1855. A French writer, 
 daughter of Madame Sophie Gay, and wife 
 (1831) of Emile de Girardin. She was the author 
 of novels, comedies, poems, and “ Lettres parisiennes ” 
 (contributed to “La Pi esse " 183&-39). 
 
 Girardin, Jean Pierre Louis. Bom at Paris, 
 Nov. 16, 1803 : died at Rouen, May 24, 1884. A 
 French chemist. He became professor of applied chem- 
 istry at Rouen in 1828, and at Lille in 1868, and rector of 
 the academy at Clermont-Ferrand in 1868. He is best 
 known from his labors in agricultural chemistry. 
 
 Girardin, Marc. See Saint-Marc Girardin. 
 Girardon (zhe-rar-don'), Francois. Bom at 
 Troyes, France, about 1630 : died at Paris, Sept. 
 1, 1715. A French sculptor. He came under the 
 patronage of Chancellor Sdguier ; studied in Italy ; and 
 returned to Paris in 1652, where he owed his success to 
 Lebrun. His principal works are the “Bain d’Apollon’’ 
 and “Rape of Proserpine" at Versailles, an equestrian 
 statue of Louis XIV., the mausoleum of Richelieu at the 
 Sorbonne, the tomb of his own wife at Saint-Landri, and 
 the decoration of the Porte St. -Denis. 
 
 440 
 
 Girart de Rossilho (Roussillon). An old 
 
 Provencal epic belonging to the Carlovingian 
 cycle. It is written in the most northern of the 
 southern dialects. Saintsbury. 
 
 Giraud (zhe-ro'), Pierre Francois Eugene. 
 Born at Paris, Aug. 9, 1806 : died there, Dec. 
 29, 1881. A French painter, a pupil of the ficole 
 des Beaux Arts. He studied in Italy, and later traveled 
 in Spain and the East. The subjects of his principal works 
 are historical and Oriental. 
 
 Giraud, Sebastien Charles. Born at Paris, Jan. 
 18, 1819 : died there, 1892 (1886, Vapereau). A 
 French painter, brother of P. F. E. Giraud. 
 Girbaden (gir'ba-den), Castle of. An impos- 
 ing ruin with a massive square donjon, near 
 Grendelbruch, in Lower Alsace, said once to 
 have possessed 14 gates and 14 courts. The inner 
 fortress is of the 10th century, the outer castle of the early 
 13th. The great hall has flue windows framed between 
 clustered colonnettes. 
 
 Girgashites (ger'ga-shits). See the extract. 
 
 As for the Girgashite who is coupled with the Jebusite 
 (Gen. xv. 21), his place has been already fixed by the eth- 
 nographical table of Genesis. He there appears between 
 the Amorite and the Hivite, and consequently in that 
 northern part of the country in which the Hivites were 
 more especially found. Further than this conjecture alone 
 can lead us. Sayce, Races of the O. T. , p. 122. 
 
 Girgeh (jer'je). 1. A province of Upper Egypt. 
 — 2. A town in the province of Girgeh, situated 
 on the Nile in lat. 26° 18' N. Population, about 
 17,000. 
 
 Girgenti (jer-jen'te). A province in southwest- 
 ern Sicily. Area, 1,172 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 386,456. 
 
 Girgenti. The capital of the province of Gir- 
 genti, Sicily, situated on the Girgenti, near the 
 coast, in lat. 37° 18' N., long. 13° 34' E. : the 
 ancient Roman Agrigentum and the Greek Ak- 
 ragas. See Agrigentum. The site is of high archeo- 
 logical interest from its abundant remains of Doric temples 
 and other Greek structures dating from before the Cartha- 
 ginian conquest. All the temples belong to the finest period 
 of architecture. The so-called temple of Concord is one of 
 the most perfect surviving monuments of Hellenic anti- 
 quity. It is a Doric peripteros of 6 by 13 columns, on a stylo- 
 bate of 3 steps, measuring (steps included) 04) by 138 feet. 
 The base diameter of the columns is 4/ tl feet, their height 
 22 1 4 5 . There are two columns in antis in both pronaos and 
 opisthodomos. It stands practically complete, except the 
 roof, and is most imposing in effect. The temple of Hera 
 Lacinia, of the first half of the 5th century B. c., is now a 
 ruin. It is a Doric peripteros of 6 by 13 columns, measuring 
 (steps included) 64 by 138 feet. The base diameter of the 
 columns is 4} feet, their height 21. The cella had two 
 columns in antis in both pronaos and opisthodomos, and 
 retains a portion of the base of the cult statue. The tem- 
 ple of Zeus (Jupiter) is a very large 5th-century Greek 
 Doric temple of unusual plan. It was pseudoperipteral, 
 with 7 engaged columns on the fronts and 14 on the flanks, 
 and measured 350 feet in length, 180 in width, and 120 in 
 height. The interior of the cella was surrounded with pilas- 
 ters supporting an epistyle, upon which stood telamones to 
 receive the ceUing-beams. There was a pronaos and an 
 opisthodomos, lighted by windows between the semi-col- 
 umns. In the eastern pediment there was a gigantomachy 
 in high relief, in the western an Iliupersis. The temple 
 of Castor and Pollux is a Doric peripteros of 6 by 13 col- 
 umns, measuring (steps included) 51 by 111) feet. The 
 base diameter of the columns is ii/i feet, their height 21 T I eT . 
 Only four columns of the northwest angle are standing, 
 with their entablature and a portion of the pediment. The 
 rough stone has a coating pf fine stucco, apon which the 
 paint ed decoration was executed. The temple of Heracles is 
 a Doric peripteros of 6 by 15 columns, measuring (steps in- 
 cluded) 73) by 241 feet. The columns were about 33 feet 
 high (41 diameters). There were inner porticos before 
 both pronaos and opisthodomos. Fragments of its poly- 
 chrome decoration are preserved at Palermo The pretor 
 Verres attempted to steal its cult statue, but was forcibly 
 hindered by the citizens. The city has a cathedral and a 
 museum. It was for a time a Saracen possession, and was 
 a rich bishopric in the middle ages. Its seaport, Porto 
 Empedocle, has a large export of sulphur. Population, 
 commune, 25,024. 
 
 Girnar (gir-nar'). A mountain in the penin- 
 sula of Kathiawar, India, near Junagadh, fa- 
 mous for its Jain temples. Height, 3,666 feet. 
 Girodet Trioson (zhe-ro-da' tre-6-zon'), Anne 
 Louis (originally Girodet de Roussy). Born 
 at Montargis, France, Jan. 5, 1767 : died at 
 Paris, Dec. 9, 1824. A French painter, a pu- 
 pil of L. David. He won the grand prix de Rome in 
 1789. Among his best works are “ Scene du deluge ” (1806) 
 and “Burial of Atala” (1808). He was adopted by a 
 physician named Trioson. 
 
 Giromagny (zhe-ro-man-ye'). A town in the 
 territory of Belfort, France, on the Savoureuse 
 8 miles north of Belfort. Population, com- 
 mune, 3,614. 
 
 Girdn (He-ron'), Francisco Hernandez. Born 
 at Caceres, Estremadura, about 1505 : died at 
 Lima, Peru, Dec. 7, 1554. A Spanish adven- 
 turer. He went to America in 1635, took part in the con- 
 quest of New Granada, and fought on the royal side in 
 Peru during the rebellion of Gonzalo Pizarro, 1646 to 1548. 
 On Nov. 12, 1563, he headed a revolt at Cuzco ; defeated 
 the royalists under Alonso de Alvarado at the battle of 
 Chuquingua, May 21, 1564 ; but later he was outnumbered, 
 captured, and beheaded. 
 
 Giudici 
 
 Gironde (ji-rond' ; F.pron. zhe-rond'). 1. The 
 river Garonne (which see) after its union with 
 the Dordogne. Length, about 45 miles. — 2. A 
 department of southwestern France, capital 
 Bordeaux : part of the ancient Guienne. it is 
 bounded by Cliarente-Inferieure on the north, Dordogne 
 and Lot-et-Garonne on the east, Landes on the south, and 
 the Bay of Biscay on the west. The surface is generally 
 level. Gironde is noted for the production of claret wines. 
 Area, 4,140 square miles. Population, 823,925. 
 Girondins (ji-ron'dinz). Same as Girondists. 
 Girondists (ji-ron'dists). [From F. Girondist, 
 from Gironde, a party so called : prop, a depart- 
 ment of France from which the original leaders 
 of this party came.] An important political 
 party during the first French Revolution. From 
 Brissot, they were sometimes called Brissotins. They were 
 moderate Republicans, were the ruling party in 1792, and 
 were overthrown by their opponents in the Convention, 
 the Montagnaids, in 1793 ; and many of their chiefs were 
 executed dur ing the night of Oct. 30-31 of that year, in- 
 cluding Brissot, Gensonnd, Vergniaud, Ducos, and Sillery. 
 Other executions followed both at Paris and in the prov- 
 inces. 
 
 Giron le Courtois (zhe-ron' le kor-twa'). See 
 
 the extract. 
 
 The original story, together with the Meliadus, formed 
 part of the great romance Palamedes (or, as M. Paulin 
 Paris prefers to call the whole, Giron le Courtois, this per- 
 sonage being the chief hero throughout), written by Elie 
 de Borron, who was alive in the twelfth century, probably 
 about one hundred years before Rusticien, whose compo- 
 sition is the basis of the work as printed. 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fict., L 233, note. 
 
 Girouettes (zhe-ro-et'),Les. [F./TheWeather- 
 cocks.’] A name given in the “ Dictionnaire 
 des Girouettes,” published in Paris in 1815, to 
 those who had deserted the tricolor for the 
 white flag of the Bourbons after the fall of Na- 
 poleon, or vice v ersa. After each name was engraved 
 one or more weathercocks, showing the number of times 
 the subject of the article had changed sides. Larousse. 
 Girtin (ger'tin), Thomas. Bom at Southwark, 
 Surrey, 1775: died at London, 1802. An Eng- 
 lish landscape-painter, “next in importance to 
 Turner.” He was one of the founders of the English 
 water-color school. Among his works are “Melrose Ab- 
 bey,” “York Cathedral,” "Interior of Canterbury Cathe- 
 dral,” and others in the British Museum, “Jedburgh 
 Abbey,” “St. Asaph” (Dublin National Gallery), "Rie- 
 vaulx Abbey," “View on the Thames,” and others (South 
 Kensington Museum). 
 
 Girton College (ger'ton kol'ej). A college at 
 Girton, near Cambridge, England, founded in 
 1869 for the education of women, its students are 
 admitted to examinations for the B. A. degree in Cam- 
 bridge University, and receive certificates indicating their 
 place in the class-lists. 
 
 Girvan (gfer'van). A seaport on the coast of 
 Ayrshire, Scotland, 17 miles south-southwest 
 of Ayr. Population, 4,019. 
 
 Gisdtiubar. See Izdubar. 
 
 Giskra (gisk'ra), Karl. Born at Mahrisch-Trii- 
 bau, Moravia, Jan. 29, 1820: died at Baden, 
 Lower Austria, June 1, 1879. An Austrian 
 statesman. In 1846 he was appointed to a tutorship at 
 the University of Vienna. He sympathized with the revo- 
 lutionary movement of March, 1848, and organized the 
 academic legion. He lived for a time in Wurtemberg and 
 Russia, and returned to Austria in 1850 ; became an advo- 
 cate at Briinn in 1860 ; became mayor of Briinn 1866; and 
 was minister of the interior 1868-70. 
 
 Gislason (gis'la-son), Konr&d. Born July 3, 
 1808: died Jan. 4, 1891. An Icelandic philol- 
 ogist, professorattheUniversity of Copenhagen 
 1862-86. His chief work is a Danish-Icelandic 
 dictionary (1851). 
 
 Gisors (zhe-zor'). Atown in the department of 
 Eure, France, on the Epte 32 miles east-south- 
 east of Rouen. It was the ancient capital of the Nor- 
 man Vexin. The castle was one of the great bulwarks of 
 ducal Normandy. The inclosure of walls and towers is 
 of great extent, and in the middle rises the huge octagonal 
 keep. It is an exceedingly picturesque ruin, framed in 
 trees and ivy. Population, 4,888. 
 
 Gita (ge'ta). The Bhagavadgita ( which see). 
 Gitagovinda (ge-ta-go-vin'da). [Xkt.] Alyrical 
 poem by Jayadeva on the early life of Krishna 
 as a cowherd ( govinda , ‘ finder of cows ’). 
 
 It sings the loves of Krishna and Radha and other of the 
 cowherd damsels, but a mystical interpretation has been 
 put upon it It is supposed to have been written in the 
 12th or 13th century. 
 
 Gitschin (gich'in), Bohem. Jifiin. A town in 
 Bohemia, Austria-Hungary, situated on the 
 Cydlina 48 miles northeast of Prague. Wallen- 
 
 stein made it the capital of the duchy of Friedland in 1627. 
 It was the scene of a victory of the Prussians over the Aus- 
 trians, June 29, 1866. Population, 10,204, (1910). 
 Gittites (git'its). The natives or inhabitants 
 of Gath (which see). 
 
 Giudici (jo'de-ehe), Paolo Emiliani. Born at 
 
 Mussomeli, Sicily, June 13, 1812 : died at Tun- 
 bridge, England, Sept. 8, 1872. An Italian his- 
 torian of literature. He wrote "Storia della lettera- 
 tura italiana ” (1855), “ Storia dei comuni itali&ni ” ( 186 IX 
 etc. 
 
Giuglini 
 
 Giuglini (j61-ye'ne), Antonio. Born at Fano, 
 Italy, in 1827 : died at Pesaro, Oct. 12, 1865. An 
 Italian tenor singer. He first appeared in Eng- 
 land 1857. 
 
 Giuliani (jo-le-a'ne), Giambattista. Born at 
 Canelli, near Asti, June 4, 1818 : died at Flor- 
 ence, Jan. 11, 1884. An Italian philologist, 
 noted as a student of Dante. He was successively 
 professor of mathematics at the Clementine College at 
 Rome (1837), of philosophy at the Lyceum at Lugano 
 (1839), of rhetoric at the University of Genoa (1848), and of 
 Italian literature, particularly of the works of Dante, at 
 Florence (1860). His works on Dante are numerous. 
 Giulio Romano (jo'le-o rd-ma'no), properly 
 Giulio di Pietro di Filippo (jo'le-o de pe-ii'- 
 tro de fe-lep'po) (contracted to Pippi) de’ Gi- 
 annuzzi. Born at Rome, 1492 : died at Mam 
 tua, Italy, Nov. 1, 1546. An Italian painter and 
 architect, pupil of Raphael. Among his noted 
 works is the “Fall of the Titans ” (Mantua). 
 Giunta Pisano (jon'ta pe-sa/no). Lived in the 
 first half of the 13th century. An Italian painter. 
 Giuramento (jo -ra- men' to), II. [It., ‘The 
 Oath.’] An opera by Mercadante, with words 
 by Rossi from Victor Hugo’s “Angelo.”. It was 
 produced at Milan in 1837, at London in 1840, 
 and at Paris in 1858. 
 
 Giurgevo (jor'ja-vo), Rumanian Giurgiu (jor'- 
 jo). A town in Wallachia, Rumania, situated 
 on the Danube, opposite Rustchuk, 38 miles 
 south-southwest of Bukharest. it is the port of 
 Bukharest, an important commercial place in Rumania, 
 and was the scene of many contests in the Turkish wars. 
 It was founded by the Genoese in the 14th century. Popu- 
 lation, 15,821. 
 
 Giusti (jos'te), Giuseppe. Born at Monsum- 
 mano, near Pistoja, Italy, May 13, 1809: died 
 at Florence, March 31, 1850. An Italian satiri- 
 cal poet. His complete works were published 
 in 1863. 
 
 Giustiniani (jos-te-ne-a'ne), Agostino Panta- 
 
 leone. Bom at Genoa, 1470 : lost at sea, 1536. 
 An Italian ecclesiastic and philologist. He pub- 
 lished a polyglot edition of the Psalter in 1516. 
 Givet (zhe-va'). A formerly fortified town in 
 the department of Ardennes, France, situated 
 on the Meuse, on the Belgian frontier, in lat. 
 50° 8' N., long. 4° 49' E. The citadel of Charlemont, 
 all of the fortifications that survives, was founded by the 
 emperor Charles V. 1555. Population, commune, 7,468. 
 Givors (zhe-vor'). A town in the department 
 of Rhone, France, situated at the junction of 
 the Gier with the Rh6ne, 14 miles south of 
 Lyons. 
 
 Gizeh, or Ghizeh (ge'ze). 1. A province of 
 Egypt, situated south of the Delta. — 2. The 
 capital of the province of Gizeh, situated on 
 the Nile about 3 miles west-southwest of Cairo. 
 In the vicinity are the pyramids of Khufu, Khafra, and 
 Men-ka-ra. It contained the Museum of Egyptian An- 
 tiquities formerly at Bulak, and now at Cairo. 
 
 Gizziello (jet-se-el'lo), Gioacchino Conti, 
 
 called. Bom at Naples, Feb. 28, 1714: died at 
 Rome, Oct. 25, 1761. A noted Italian soprano 
 singer. He made his ddbut at Rome at the age of fifteen. 
 In 1736 he sang in London with great success. In 1753, after 
 singing much in Spain and Portugal, he left the stage. 
 Gjallarhom (yiil'lar-horn). In Scandinavian 
 mythology, the hom of Heimdal. He blows it 
 to warn the gods when any one approaches 
 the bridge Bifrost. 
 
 Glaber (gla'ber), Rudolphe or Raoul. Died at 
 the monastery of Cluny about 1050. A French 
 ecclesiastic who wrote a chronicle of events 
 from 900 A. D. to 1046. The first printed edition of 
 the work appeared in 1596 in Pithou's “ Historic Franco- 
 rum.” It contains much information concerning the Ca- 
 petians before their elevation to the French throne. Glaber 
 was the author also of a life of Saint William, abbot of 
 Saint-Bdnigne. 
 
 Gladbach, or Bergisch-Gladbach (berg'ish- 
 glad'bach). A town in the Rhine Province, 
 Prussia, 8 miles northeast of Cologne. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 13,411. 
 
 Gladbach, or Miinchen-Gladbach (miin'chen- 
 glad'bach). A towu in the Rhine Province, 
 Prussia, 15 miles west of Dusseldorf . it is one of 
 the centers for the manufacture of cotton, linen, woolen, 
 machinery, etc. Population, commune, 60,709. 
 
 Gladiator (glad'i-a-tor), The. A melodrama 
 by Robert Montgomery Bird. 
 
 Gladiator, The Fighting. See Borghese Gladi- 
 ator. 
 
 Gladiators, War of the. See Servile Wars. 
 Gladstone (glad'ston), William Ewart. Born 
 at Liverpool, Dee. 29, 1809 : died at Hawarden 
 Castle, May 19, 1898. An eminent British 
 statesman, financier, and orator. Both his pa- 
 rents were natives of Scotland, his father, Sir John Glad- 
 stone, Bart., a Liverpool merchant, being descended from 
 an old Scottish family named Gledstanes (i. e., ' hawk- 
 stones ’)- He was educated at Eton and at Christ Church, 
 
 441 
 
 Oxford, graduating in 1831 with highest honors both in 
 classics and mathematics (a double first-class). He was 
 returned to Parliament in i832, in the first election after 
 the passing of the Reform Bill, as Tory member for New- 
 ark, a pocket borough of the Duke of Newcastle. His 
 exceptional political abilities were at once recognized by 
 his party, and in the short-lived administration of Sir 
 Robert Peel (Dec., 1834, -April, 1835) he was made first a 
 junior lord of the treasury, and then under secretary for 
 the colonies. On the return of Peel to office in Sept., 
 1841, he was appointed vice-president of the Board of 
 Trade, and had the principal share in working out and 
 expounding the elaborate scheme of tariff revision that 
 was then adopted. In June, 1843, he became president 
 of the Board of Trade, with a seat in the cabinet. In Jan., 
 1845, he left the ministry on account of the proposed 
 grant to the Roman Catholic CoUege of Maynooth : he 
 felt that he could not support this officially because it was 
 at variance with opinions he had published, although he 
 now could and subsequently did support it as a private 
 member. The Peel ministry was reorganized in Dec., 
 1845, and he was secretary of state for the colonies till its 
 fall in June, 1846. Six and a half years then elapsed be- 
 fore he again held office, and during that period (espe- 
 cially in the earlier years of it) he was gradually borne 
 along, in spite of his native Conservative instincts, toward 
 that political Liberalism of which he was latterly the 
 most conspicuous exponent. In Dec., 1852, a coalition 
 ministry of Whigs and Peelites was formed under the 
 Earl of Aberdeen, Gladstone taking what appears to have 
 been his strongest role — that of chancellor of the ex- 
 chequer. He held the same office at first in the Liberal 
 ministry of Lord Palmerston, formed Feb., 1856, but re- 
 tired with the other Peelites in a few weeks. During 
 1868-59 he was sent by the Conservative ministry on a 
 
 ■ special mission as lord high commissioner extraordinary 
 to the Ionian Islands. From June, 1859, to July, 1866, he 
 was again chancellor of the exchequer under Lord Pal- 
 merston and Earl Russell, and after Palmerston’s death 
 he was leader of the House of Commons. The defeat of 
 a reform bill which he introduced brought the Tories back 
 to power, to pass themselves an important reform mea- 
 sure : but on Dec. 9, 1868, he reached the highest dig- 
 nity attainable by a British subject — that of prime 
 minister. This distinguished position he occupied no 
 less than four times — Dec., 1868, to Feb., 1874 ; April, 
 1880, to June, 1885; Feb. to July, 1886; and Aug., 1892, 
 to March, 1894, when the “Grand Old Man" retired from 
 office on account of his advanced age and failing physical 
 powers. Besides being prime minister and first lord of 
 the treasury, he was also chancellor of the exchequer 
 during his first administration and part of his second, 
 and lord privy seal during his third and fourth. The his- 
 tory of his various ministries is the history of the British 
 empire for the time. One of the first measures which he 
 carried as premier was the disestablishment of the Irish 
 Church, and the condition of Ireland was throughout his 
 leadership of a quarter of a century in office or in 
 opposition the object of his peculiar concern. He pre- 
 pared and introduced (1886 and 1893) two bills for provid- 
 ing that country with a separate legislature : but both 
 were defeated (see Home Rule Bills). With the exception 
 of about a year and a half, he sat continuously in the 
 House of Commons 1832-95. He retired from New- 
 ark in Jan., 1846, because his views had diverged from 
 those of its patron, and subsequently represented the 
 University of Oxford (1S47-65), South Lancashire (1865-68), 
 Greenwich (1868-80), and Midlothian (or Edinburghshire) 
 1880-94. He is understood to have been offered a peer- 
 age on more than one occasion, but declined that honor, 
 remaining “ The Great Commoner." Although by far 
 the most prominent man in the politics of his time, 
 he found leisure for considerable contributions to lit- 
 erature. His publications include “The State in its Re- 
 lations to the Church” (1838), “Letters on the State Perse- 
 cutions of the Neapolitan Government ”(1851), “Studies on 
 Homer and the Homeric Age ” (1858), “ Juventus Mundi ’’ 
 (1869), pamphlets on “The Vatican Decrees" (1874, 1875) 
 and “Bulgarian Horrors” (1876, 1877), “Homeric Syn- 
 chronism” (1876), “ Gleanings of Past Years ” (1879), etc., be- 
 sides various articles in magazines and reviews. 
 
 Glaire (glar), Jean Baptiste. Born at Bor- 
 deaux, France, April I, 1798: died at Issy 
 (Seine), Feb. 25, 1879. A French Orientalist 
 and theologian. He published “Lexicon ma- 
 nuale Hebraicum et Chaldaicum” (1830), etc. 
 Glais-Bizoin (gla'be-zwan'), Alexandre. Born 
 at Quintin, C6tes-du-Nord, France, March 9, 
 1800 : died at Lamballe, Cotes-du-Nord, Nov. 6, 
 1877. A French politician, opposition member 
 of the Chamber of Deputies, and member of the 
 Government of National Defense 1870-71. 
 Glaisher (gla'sher), James. Born April 7,1809: 
 died Feb. 1, 1903. A British meteorologist and 
 aeronaut. He was an assistant at the Cambridge ob- 
 servatory 1833-36, and director of the magnetic and me- 
 teorological work at Greenwich observatory 1840-74. He 
 founded the Royal Meteorological Society and became its 
 fir st president in 1867. He made many balloon ascensions, 
 reaching in 1862 the height of 37,000 feet. His works in- 
 clude “Travels in the Air,” “Factor Tables ”(1879-83), etc. 
 
 Glaize (glaz), Auguste Barthdlemy. Born at 
 Montpellier, Dec. 15, 1807 : died at Paris, Aug. 
 8, 1893. A French painter. Among his works are 
 frescos in the churches of St. Sulpice, St. Jacques du Haut- 
 Pas, and St. Merri at Paris. 
 
 Glaize, Pierre Paul Leon. Born at Paris, Feb. 
 3, 1842. A French painter, a pupil of his fa- 
 ther, A. B. Glaize, and of G6rome. 
 
 Glammis (glamz) Castle. An ancient castle 
 near Strathmore, Scotland, seat of the Earl of 
 Strathmore. It is associated with Shakspere’s 
 “Macbeth.” 
 
 Glamorgan (gla-mor'gan). A county of South 
 Wales. Capital, Cardiff. It is bounded by Brecknock 
 on the north, Monmouth on the east, Bristol Channel on 
 
 Glassites 
 
 the south, and Carmarthen on the west. It has important 
 coal and iron deposits. Area (ad. co.), 792.6 square miles. 
 Population (pari, co.), 859,931. 
 
 Glamorgan. In British legend, the glen of Mor- 
 gan, a spot in Wales where Morgan, the grand- 
 son of Lear, was killed. 
 
 Glamorgan Treaty. A treaty made with the 
 Roman Catholics of Ireland by the Earl of Gla- 
 morgan (afterward Marquis of Worcester), act- 
 ing (but apparently without authority) as agent 
 of Charles I., Aug. 25, 1645. It made important 
 concessions to the Roman Catholics in return 
 for military aid. 
 
 Glanvill, or Glanvil (glan'vil), Joseph. Born 
 at Plymouth, England, 1636 : died at Bath, Eng- 
 land, Nov., 1680. An English divine. He was 
 a voluminous author. His best-known work is “The Van- 
 ity of Dogmatizing ”(1661 : enlarged, “Scepsis Scientiflca,” 
 1665). In this he is thought to have anticipated the electric 
 telegraph and Hume’s theory of causation. 
 
 Glanville (glan'vil), Ranulf de. Died 1190. 
 Chief justiciar of England. He was sheriff of York- 
 shire 1163-70 ; became sheriff of Lancashire in 1173 ; with 
 Robert Stuteville defeated the Scots at Alnwick July 13, 
 1174; and was one of the most important persons in the 
 kingdom dining the remainder of the reign of Henry II. 
 
 Glapthorne (glap'thorn), Henry. Known to 
 
 have written between 1639 and 1642. An Eng- 
 lish dramatist. Among his plays are “Argalus and Par- 
 thenia," “Albertus Wallenstein,” and “The Ladies Privi- 
 lege.” “The Paraside, or Revenge for Honer ’’ was licensed 
 in 1653 as by Glapthorne. It was printed later with Chap- 
 man’s name : the latter had nothing to do with it, but it 
 may have been revised by Glapthorne. 
 
 Glareanus (gla-ra-ii'nos), originally Heinrich 
 Loriti. Born at Mollis, Switzerland, 1488 : died 
 at Freiburg, 1563. A Swiss humanist. He was 
 crowned poet laureate by the emperor Maximilian in 1612, 
 became professor of belles-lettres in the College de France 
 in 1521, and subsequently founded a school for belles- 
 lettres at Freiburg in Breisgau. He favored the Refor- 
 mation for a time, but was induced by the disturbances 
 at Basel in 1529 to withdraw his support. He published 
 “De geographia liber” (1527), “Helvetise descriptio ” (in 
 verse), numerous studies on Latin authors, etc. 
 
 Glarner Alps (glar'ner alps). A mountainous 
 group in the cantons of Uri, Glarus, andGrisons, 
 Switzerland, extending from theReuss eastward 
 to the Rhine. Its highest peak is the Todi. 
 
 Glarnisch (glar'nish). A mountain in the can- 
 ton of Glarus, Switzerland, southwest of Gla- 
 rus. Highest point, 9,583 feet. 
 
 Glarus (gla'ros), or Glaris (gla-res'). A canton 
 of Switzerland, bounded by St. -Gall on the north 
 and east, Grisons east and south, and Schwyz 
 and Uri on the west. The surface is almost entirely 
 mountainous. Cotton is manufactured. The canton sends 
 two members to the National Council. It joined the Swiss 
 Confederation in 1352. Area, 267 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 33,211, (1910). 
 
 Glarus. The capital of the canton of Glarus, 
 Switzerland, situated on the Linth 34 miles 
 southeast of Zurich. It has flourishing manu- 
 factures. Population, 4,752. 
 
 Glas (glas), John. Born at Auchtermuchty, 
 Fife, Sept. 21, 1695 : died at Perth, Nov. 2, 1773. 
 A Scottish clergyman, founder of the sect of 
 Glassites or Sandemanians. 
 
 Glasgow (glas'go). A seaport in Lanarkshire, 
 Scotland, situated on the Clyde in lat. 55° 52' 
 N., long. 4° 18' W., the largest city in Scot- 
 land and second city in Great Britain : next to 
 Liverpool and London, the principal British sea- 
 port. It is the terminus of several transatlantic lines of 
 steamers (Anchor, Allan, etc.). It is especially famous for 
 iron and steel ship-building, being the chief British city 
 in this regard. It manufactures chemicals, cotton goods, 
 woolen goods, iron, sewing-machines, machinery, etc.; has 
 a great trade in coal ; and has important bleaching and dye- 
 ing works. The cathedral, founded in the 12th century, 
 was finished in the 15th, but is chiefly in the Early English 
 style, with very numerous but small lancets in the clear- 
 story, traceried windows in the aisles, narrow transepts 
 with great windows, square chevet, and central tower 
 and spire. The interior is effective : it has a flat wooden 
 ceiling, and all the windows are filled with modern Mu- 
 nich glass. The crypt is of unusual beauty : it is ad- 
 mirably vaulted, and its 65 columns possess finely carved 
 capitals. The cathedral measures 320 by 70 feet ; height 
 of nave, 90. The Art Gallery in Kelvingrove Park contains 
 valuable collections. Glasgow University was founded 
 in 1451. The present large building, 295 by 630 feet, in a 
 modified Early English style, with tall central tower and 
 spire, waB first occupied in 1870 : it is by Sir G. Gilbert 
 Scott. Glasgow became a royal burgh about 1175. For par- 
 liamentary purposes it is arranged in seven divisions, each 
 returning one member to the House of Commons. Popu- 
 lation, 784,456, (1911). 
 
 Glasse (glas), Mrs. Hannah. The author of a 
 popular book called “The Art of Cookery.” it 
 was published in 1747, and at one time its authorship was 
 attributed to Dr. John Hill. Mrs. Glasse wrote other 
 books on similar subjects. The ironical proverb “ First 
 catch your hare," attributed to her, is not in “The Art of 
 Cookery,” but was probably suggested by the words “ Take 
 vour hare when it is cased,” i. e . , skinned. 
 
 Glassites (glas'its). A religious sect in Scot- 
 land, founded by John Glas (1695-1773). See 
 Sandemanians. 
 
Glassius 
 
 Glassing ("lash ' i - us), Salomo (Salomon 
 Glass). Born at Sondershausen, Germany, 
 1593 : died at Gotha, Germany, July 27, 1656. A 
 noted German theologian and biblical critic, 
 professor of theology at Jena, and superinten- 
 dent of the churches and schools of the duchy 
 of Saxe-Gotha. He wrote “Philologia sacra” 
 (Jena, 1623), etc. 
 
 Glastonbury (glas'ton-ber-i). [ME. Glaston- 
 bury , Glasconbury, Glascunbury, Glaskinbury, AS. 
 Glsestingaburh , city of the Glsestings.] A town 
 in Somerset, England, 21 miles south of Bristol. 
 Its abbey, founded in Roman times, was refounded under 
 ine in the 8th century. The great early-Pointed church, 
 of which the picturesque ruins exist, was begun by Henry 
 II. and desecrated by Henry VIII. It was 528 feet long. 
 The fine chapel of St. Joseph, at the east end, is the oldest 
 portion. The Abbot's Kitchen, of the 14th century, is of 
 interest. The plan is square, with abundant buttresses, 
 but the high stone roof is octagonal : it terminates in a 
 louver. There are four huge fireplaces. Several other in- 
 teresting structures belonging to the abbey have been 
 converted to modern uses Glastonbury is associated in 
 legend with Joseph of Arimathea, who is said to have 
 visited it and, in sign of possession, planted his staff, 
 which took root and became the famous Glastonbury thorn 
 that bursts into leaf on Christmas eve. The Isle of Ava- 
 lon, where Arthur was buried, is also here. See Avalon. 
 
 There is something very odd in an English gentile name 
 suddenly displacing the British name ; there is something 
 suspicious in the evident attempts to make the English and 
 British names translate one another, in the transparent 
 striving to see an element of glass in both. Glaestinga- 
 burh, it must be borne in mind, is as distinctly an English 
 gentile name as any in the whole range of English nomen- 
 clature ; Glastonbury is a mere corruption ; the syllable 
 which has taken a place to which it has no right in Hunt- 
 ingdon and Abingdon has in Glastonbury been driven out 
 of a place to which it has the most perfect right. The 
 true origin of the name lurks, in a grotesque shape, in 
 that legend of Glaesting and his sow, a manifestly Eng- 
 lish legend, which either William of Malmesbury himself 
 or some interpolator at Glastonbury has strangely thrust 
 into the midst of the British legends. Glaesting's lost sow 
 leads him by a long journey to an apple-tree by the old 
 church ; pleased with the land, he takes his family, the 
 Glaestingas, to dwell there. 
 
 Freeman, English Towns, p. 95. 
 
 Glastonbury Thom. See Glastonbury. 
 Glatigny (gla-ten-ye'), Albert. Born in 1839: 
 died in 1873. AFrenchpoetof the type of Villon. 
 He lived as a strolling actor. Among his poems is the 
 “ Ballade des enfaus sans souci.” 
 
 Glatz (glats), Bohem. Kladsko (klad'skS). A 
 town in the province of Silesia, Prussia, on the 
 Neisse 50 miles south-southwest of Breslau. It 
 is strongly fortified, and has been frequently be- 
 sieged and taken. Pop., commune, 16,052. 
 Glatz, County of. A former county adjoining 
 Bohemia, now included in the province of Si- 
 lesia, Prussia. It was acquired by Prussia in 
 1742. 
 
 Glatzer Gebirge (glats'er ge-ber'ge). A group 
 of mountains of the Sudetic chain, near the fron- 
 tiers of Prussian Silesia, Bohemia, and Mora- 
 via. The principal peak is the Schneeberg (4,680 
 feet). 
 
 Glauber (glou'ber), Johann Eudolf. Born at 
 Karlstadt, Bavaria, 1604: died at Amsterdam, 
 1668. A German chemist, now chiefly known 
 as the discoverer of Glauber’s salt (hydrous so- 
 dium sulphate), called by him sal admirabile, 
 and believed by him to be identical with the sal 
 enixum of Paracelsus. Ho was a voluminous 
 writer on chemical topics. 
 
 Glauchau (glou'chou). A town in the district 
 of Zwickau, Saxony, situated on the Zwickauer 
 Mulde 36 miles south-southeast of Leipsic. It la 
 
 noted for manufactures, especially of woolens and half- 
 woolens. Population, commune, 24,596. 
 
 Glaucus (gla'kus). [Gr. VAaviwr.'] 1. The 
 steersman of the ship Argo, afterward trans- 
 formed into a sea divinity : often surnamed Pon- 
 tius. — 2. A charioteer, the son of Sisyphus : 
 often surnamed Potnieus. — 3. A son of Minos 
 and Pasiphae. — 4. A Lycian prince, ally of Pri- 
 am in the Trojan war. — 5. The principal char- 
 acter of Bulwer’s “ Last Days of Pompeii.” 
 Glaucus. Flourished about 69 B. c. A statu- 
 ary in metals, living at Chios, but belonging to 
 the Samian school of art. He is said to be the 
 inventor of the art of soldering metals. 
 Gleditsch (gla'dich), Johann Gottlieb. Born 
 at Leipsic, Feb. 5, 1714: died at Berlin, Oct. 
 5, 1786. A German botanist and writer on 
 forestry. 
 
 Glegg (gleg), Mrs. In George Eliot’s novel “The 
 Mill on the Floss,” a precise, narrow-minded 
 woman, the aunt of Maggie Tulliver. 
 Gleichenberg (gll'chen-bero), Bad. A water- 
 ing-place in Stvria, Austria-Hungary, about 25 
 miles southeast of Gratz. 
 
 Gleim (glim), Johann Wilhelm Ludwig. Born 
 at Ermsleben, near Halberstadt, Germany, April 
 
 442 
 
 2, 1719 : died at Halberstadt, Feb. 18, 1803. A 
 German poet. He studied jurisprudence at Halle, and 
 was subsequently tutor in Potsdam, secretary to Prince 
 William in the second Silesian war, secretary to Prince 
 Leopold of Dessau, and finally canon in Halberstadt, where 
 he died. His fame rests principally upon the “ Preussische 
 Kriegslieder von einem Grenadier” (“ Prussian War Songs 
 by a Grenadier "), which appeared during 1757-58, and iu 
 the latter year were collected and published with a pref- 
 ace by Lessing. A collection of Anacreontic songs, “ Ver- 
 such in scherzhaften Liedern ” ("Essays in Humorous 
 Poetry ”), had already appeared in 1744. In 1772 appeared, 
 further, “ Lieder fur das Volk ’’ (“ Songs for the People ”), 
 in 1773 “Gedichte nach den Minnesingern ”(-“ Poems after 
 the Minnesingers”), and in 1779 ‘‘Gedichte nach Walther 
 von der Vogelweide ” (" Poems after Walther von der Vo- 
 gelweide ”). His collected works were published 1811-13, 
 in 7 volumes, to which was added an eighth in 1841. 
 Gleiwitz (gll'vits). A manufacturing town in 
 the province of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the 
 Klodnitz inlat. 50° 18' N., long. 18° 41' E. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 61,326. 
 
 Glen (glen), The. A valley in the White Moun- 
 tains, at the base of Mount Washington, with a 
 view of Mounts Jefferson, Adams, Clay, and 
 Madison. It is a resort for summer tourists. 
 Glenalmond (glen-a'mond). Avillage in Perth- 
 shire, Scotland, about 15 miles west of Perth: 
 the seat of Trinity College (Episcopal). 
 Glenarvon (glen-ar'von). A novel by Lady 
 Caroline Lamb. Almost all the characters are 
 portraits. Lord Glenarvon is Lord Byron. 
 Glencoe (glen-ko'). A deep valley in northern 
 Argyllshire, Scotland, about 25 miles northeast 
 of Oban. It was the scene of the “massacre of Glencoe,” 
 Feb., 1692, in which about forty Macdonalds were killed by 
 royal troops at the instigation of the Master of Stair. 
 
 Glencoe, or the Fall of the McDonalds. A 
 
 play by Talfourd, produced in 1839. 
 
 Glencoe J unction. A rail way junction in N atal , 
 South Africa, about 40 miles northeast of Lady- 
 smith . Here on Oct. 20, 1899, the British under General 
 Symonds defeated the Boers under General Joubert. 
 
 Glendale (glen' dal). See Frayser’s Farm. 
 Glendinning (glen-din'ing), Edward. In Sir 
 Walter Scott’s novels “The Monastery” and 
 “ The Abbot,” the younger of the Glendinning 
 brothers. 
 
 Glendinning, Halbert. In Sir Walter Scott’s 
 novel “ The Monastery,” the elder of the Glen- 
 dinning brothers: the Knight of Avenel in 
 ‘ ‘ The Abbot.” 
 
 Glendower (glen'dor), Owen (Owain ab Gruf- 
 fydd). Born in Wales, probably in 1359: died 
 probably in 1415. A Welsh rebel, lord of Glyn- 
 dy vrdwy or Glyndwr. He proclaimed himself Prince 
 of Wales in 1402, and in 1403 joined the rising under Harry 
 Percy (Hotspur), together with whom he was defeated at 
 Shrewsbury, June 21, 1403. He subsequently allied him- 
 self with the French, but was defeated by Henry, prince of 
 Wales, in 1405. Shakspere introduces him in “1 Henry IV.” 
 Glenelg (glen-elg'). A river of Victoria, Austra- 
 lia, which flows into the ocean near the frontier 
 of South Australia. Length, 200 to 300 miles. 
 Glenelg, Baron. See Grant, Charles. 
 Glenfinnan (glen-fin'an). A place in Scotland, 
 15 miles west of Fort William, where, Aug. 19, 
 1745, the Highland clans gathered and began 
 the “ Rising of ’45.” 
 
 Glengarry (glen-gar 'i). A glen in Inverness- 
 shire, Scotland, southwest of Fort Augustus. 
 Glen House. A summer resort in the White 
 Mountains, New Hampshire, 8 miles (by car- 
 riage-road) east of Mount Washington. 
 Glenlivet (glen-le'vet). A valley in Banffshire, 
 Scotland, 25 miles south of Elgin. Here, 1594, the 
 Catholic insurgents under the Earl of Huntly defeated 
 the Protestants under the Earl of Argyll. 
 
 Glenroy (glen-roi'). A valleyin Inverness-shire, 
 Scotland, about 15 miles northeast of Fort Wil- 
 liam, remarkable for a geological formation of 
 parallel roads. 
 
 Glens Falls (glenz falz). A village in Warren 
 County, New York, situated at the falls of the 
 Hudson 44 miles north of Albany. Popula- 
 tion, 15,243, (1910). 
 
 Glenshiel (glen-shel'). A valley in Ross-shire, 
 Scotland, about 25 miles west of Fort Augustus. 
 It was the scene of a victory of the Hanoverians over the 
 Jacobites and Spaniards, June 10, 1719. 
 
 Glen Tilt ( glen tilt). A valley in northern Perth- 
 shire, Scotland, 30 miles north-northwest of 
 Perth, noted for its geological phenomena and 
 its scenery. The road follows the river Tilt 
 through the glen. 
 
 Glenvarloch, Lord. See Olifaunt, Nigel. 
 Glessarise (gle-sa'ri-e). [L., sc. insulae, ‘ amber 
 islands.’] See the extract. 
 
 The principal district for the tide-washed amber was 
 the coast between the Helder and the promontory of Jut- 
 land. From the Rhine to the estuary of the Elbe stretched 
 a chain of islands, called Glessariae and Electrides by the 
 ancients, which are now much altered in number and 
 
 Gloucester 
 
 extent by the incessant inroads of the sea. Here a Roman 
 fleet in Nero’s time collected 13,000 lbs. of the precious 
 “glessum ” in a single visit ; and the sailors brought home 
 picturesque accounts of the natives picking up the glassy 
 fossil at the flood-tide and in the pools left by the ebb ; 
 “ and it is so light,” they said, “that it rolls about and 
 seems to hang in the shallow water.” 
 
 Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 60. 
 
 Gleyre (glar), Charles Gabriel. Born at Che- 
 villy, Vaud, Switzerland, May 2, 1806: died at 
 Paris, May 5, 1874. A Swiss historical painter. 
 Glinka (glin'ka), Feodor Nikolaievitch. Bom 
 in the government of Smolensk, Russia, 1788: 
 died at Tver, Russia, March 6, 1880. A Russian 
 soldier and man of letters. He wrote “ Letters of a 
 Russian Officer in the Campaigns of 1805-06, 1812-15 ” 
 (1815-16), the poem “ Kareliya ” (1830), etc. 
 
 Glinka, Mikhail Ivanovitch. Born at Novo- 
 spask, government of Smolensk, Russia, June 
 2, 1803 : died at Berlin, Feb. 15, 1857. A Rus- 
 sian composer, nephew of F. N. Glinka. Hia 
 works include the operas “La vie pour le Czar” (1836), 
 and “Russian et Lyudmila” (1842). 
 
 Glinka, Sergei Nikolaievitch. Born in the 
 government of Smolensk, Russia, 1774 : died at 
 Moscow in 1847. A Russian historical writer 
 and litterateur, brother of F. N. Glinka. 
 
 Glion (gle-on'). A height near Montreux and 
 the eastern extremity of the Lake of Geneva. 
 Height, 2,254 feet. 
 
 Glisson (glis'on), Oliver S. Born in Ohio, Jan. 
 18, 1809: died at Philadelphia, Nov. 20, 1890. 
 An American naval officer. He commanded the 
 schooner Reefer in the Mexican war, and accompanied 
 Perry’s expedition to Japan in 1853-55. He commanded 
 the third division of the fleet in the attacks on Fort Fisher 
 in Dec., 1864, and Jan., 1865. He was promoted rear-ad- 
 miral in 1870. 
 
 Glister (glis'ter). In Middleton’s play “The 
 Family of Love,” a doctor of physic. 
 
 Globe, The. A celebrated London theater built 
 by Richard and Cuthbert Burbage, William 
 Shakspere, John Hemminges, Augustine Phil- 
 lipps, Thomas Pope, and Will Kempe in 1599. 
 When the “Theatre” in Shoreditch was taken 
 down, the materials were carried to Bankside 
 and used in the erection of the Globe. It was 
 octagonal in shape and open to the sky in the 
 middle, the stage and galleries only being orig- 
 inally covered with a thatched roof, and later, 
 when rebuilt after the fire of 1613, with a tile 
 roof. The interior was arranged on the plan 
 of the inn-yards where entertainments had for- 
 merly been given. It had three galleries. The 
 Globe was a public theater. Shakspere may 
 occasionally have played here, and he with 
 Hemminges, Condell, and others shared in 
 the profits. The Globe was burned in 1613, but re- 
 built in the following year at a cost of £1,400. It was 
 pulled down during the Puritan rdgime in 1644. Shak- 
 spere wrote his later plays for the Blackfriars and Globe 
 theaters. 
 
 Glockner (glok'ner), or Grossglockner (gros- 
 glok'ner). A mountain in Austria-Huugary, 
 on the confines of Tyrol, Carinthia, and Salz- 
 burg. It is the highest peak in the easternmost division 
 of the Alps, and is celebrated for the extensive view it 
 commands. It belongs to the group of the Hohe Tauern. 
 Height, 12,454 feet. 
 
 Glogau (glo'gou), or Grossglogau (gros-glo'- 
 gou). A fortified town in the province of Si- 
 lesia, Prussia, situated ou the Oder 57 miles 
 northwest of Breslau : formerly the capital of 
 the now extinct principality of Glogau. it was 
 stormed by the Prussians in 1741, and was held by the 
 French 1806-14. Population, commune, 23,457. 
 
 Glogau, Ober-. See Oberglogau. 
 
 Glommen (glom'men). The largest river of 
 Norway, flowing into the Skager Rack at Fred- 
 rikstad. Length, about 350 miles. Near its 
 mouth it forms the cataract Sarpfos. 
 
 Gloriana (glo-ri-a'na). The Faerie Queene in 
 Spenser’s poem of that name. She also repre- 
 sents Queen Elizabeth considered as a sover- 
 eign. See Belphoebe. 
 
 Glossop (glos'qp). A town in Derbyshire, Eng- 
 land, 12 miles east of Manchester. It has man- 
 ufactures of cotton, etc. Population, 21,- 
 526. 
 
 Gloster (glos'ter), or Gloucester, Earl of. A 
 
 character in Shakspere’s “King Lear,” the 
 father of Edgar and Edmund. 
 
 The subordinate plot of Gloster and his sons was prob- 
 ably taken from an episodical chapter in Sidney’s ‘.‘Arca- 
 dia’’ entitled "The Pitiful state and Story of the Paphla- 
 goniati unkind King and his kind Son ; first related by 
 the son, then by the blind father.” 
 
 Hudson, Introd. to King Lear. 
 
 Gloucester (glos'ter). [Also formerly Gloster ; 
 ME. Gloucester, Gloucestre, Gloweceastre, AS. 
 Gleaweceaster ; from L. Glevum, the Roman 
 name, and AS. ceaster, city.] 1. A county in 
 
Gloucester 
 
 west midland England. It is bounded by Worcester 
 and Warwick on the north, Oxford, Berks, and Wilts on 
 the east, Wilts and Somerset on the south, Monmouth on 
 the west, and Hereford on the northwest. It includes the 
 Cotswold Hills, the Forest of Dean, and the vales of Glou- 
 cester and Berkeley. Its live divisions each return one 
 member to the House of Commons. Area (ad. co.), 1,236.8 
 square miles. Population (pari, co.), 634,729. 
 
 2. The capital of Gloucestershire, England, a 
 city and county of itself, and a parliamentary 
 borough, situated on the Severn in lat. 51° 52' 
 N., long. 2° 16' W. : the British Caer-glowe and 
 Roman Glevum. It is an important commercial town. 
 The cathedral is in its present form a Perpendicular build- 
 ing almost throughout, except in the lower part of the 
 nave, but is of much earlier foundation. The plan is 
 early Norman. There is a high central tower, covered 
 with tracery, and a long, projecting Lady chapel. There 
 is an excellent 15th-century porch, with statues over the 
 arched entrance. The arches and circular pillars of the 
 nave are impressive, and the choir is one of the richest 
 examples of the Perpendicular style. The whole east end 
 is occupied by a great window with fine glass, the wall- 
 spaces are covered with paneling, and the vaulting rests 
 on a perfect network of ribs. The choir is assigned to 
 1351, and is held to prove that the Perpendicular style 
 originated here. The dimensions of the cathedral are 420 
 by 144 feet; height of nave 68, of choir 86. The Perpen- 
 dicular cloister, with beautiful fan-vaulting, and its ar- 
 cades filled with glazed tracery, is the finest of its type in 
 England. The chapter-house and crypt are Norman. 
 Gloucester resisted the Royalist army under Charles I. in 
 1643. It sends one member to the House of Commons. 
 Population, 50,029, (1911). 
 
 Glevum was a town of great importance, as standing 
 not only on the Severn near the place where it opened 
 out into the Bristol Channel, but also as being close to 
 the great Roman iron district of the Forest of Dean. 
 
 Wright , Celt, p. 136. 
 
 Gloucester. A city and seaport in Essex County, 
 Massachusetts, situated on the peninsula of 
 Cape Ann in lat. 42° 37' N., long. 70° 40' W. 
 It is the chief seat of cod and mackerel fisheries in the 
 United States, and exports granite. It was unsuccess- 
 fully attacked by the British in 1775 and 1814. Popula- 
 tion, 24,398, (1910). 
 
 Gloucester, Dukes of. See Humphrey, Rich- 
 ard III., and Thomas. 
 
 Gloucester, Earl of. See Robert. 
 
 Gloucester City. A city in Camden County, 
 New Jersey, situated on the Delaware 4 miles 
 below Philadelphia. It has a track for horse- 
 racing. Population, 9,462, (1910). 
 
 Glove, The. An old French story told by Peter 
 Ronsard. It has been retold in many forms. It is that 
 of the knight De Lorge (in the time of Francis I.), whose 
 mistress dropped her glove over a barrier among some 
 lions, and commanded her lover to get it for her as a test 
 of his courage. Revolted at her cold-blooded inhumanity, 
 the knight leaped down, secured the glove, and threw it 
 in her face. Schiller, Leigh Hunt, Browning, and others 
 have made the story familiar. 
 
 Glover (gluv'er), Catherine. The Fair Maid of 
 Perth in Scott’s novel of that name. 
 
 Glover, John. Born at Hough ton-on-the-Hill, 
 Leicestershire, Feb. 18, 1767 : died at Launces- 
 ton, Tasmania, Dec. 9, 1849. An English land- 
 scape-painter, one of the founders of the Royal 
 Water-Colour Society and of the Society of 
 British Artists. In 1831 he emigrated to Aus- 
 tralia. 
 
 Glover, Mrs. Julia. Born at Newry, Jan. 8, 
 1779: died at London, July 16, 1850. * An Eng- 
 lish actress. She was the daughter of an actor named 
 Betterton, who claimed descent from Thomas Betterton. 
 She had “ an admirable vein of comedy." Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Glover, Richard. Born at London, 1712: died 
 there, Nov. 25, 1785. An English poet. He was 
 the son of a Hamburg merchant, and entered into business 
 with his father. His chief work, an epic poem, “ Leoni- 
 das," appeared in 1737. He enlarged it and republished 
 it in 1770, and it has been translated into French and Ger- 
 man. Its success was partly due to its usefulness to the 
 opponents of Walpole. He also published “London, etc.” 
 (1739), “Boadicea” (a tragedy, 1763), “ Medea” (1761), and 
 “ The Athenaid,” an epic in 30 books, published in 1787 by 
 his daughter. 
 
 Glover, Robert. Born at Ashford, Kent, 1544: 
 died at London, April 10, 1588. An English 
 genealogist, appointed Somerset herald in 1571. 
 He left a large number of manuscripts, which 
 have been used by later writers. 
 
 Glover, Stephen. Bom at London, 1812 : died 
 there, Dec. 7, 1870. An English composer and 
 teacher. He wrote over fifteen hundred popu- 
 lar songs, ballads, and pianoforte pieces. 
 
 Gloversville (gluv'erz-vil). A city in Fulton 
 County, New York, 40 miles northwest of 
 Albany. It is the chief seat of the manufacture of buck- 
 skin gloves and mittens in the United States. Popula- 
 tion, 20,642, (1910). 
 
 Glub-dub-drib. A land filled with magicians, 
 visited by Gulliver, in Swift’s “ Gulliver’s Trav- 
 els.” 
 
 Gluck (glok), Christopher Willibald. Born at 
 Weidenwang, near Neumarkt, Bavaria, July 2, 
 1714: died at Vienna, Nov. 15, 1787. A cele- 
 brated German operatic composer, son of a 
 
 443 
 
 member of the household (keeper of the for- 
 ests) of Prince Lobkowitz. He studied music at 
 Prague, Vienna (1736), and Milan (1738-45), producing 
 (1741-45) a number of successful operas ; in 1745 went to 
 England as composer of operas for the Hay market; and 
 returned to Vienna in 1746, where he acted for a time as 
 singing-master to Marie Antoinette, who later rendered 
 him important aid in the production of his works in Paris. 
 His most celebrated works are “Orfeo ed Euridice ” (1762), 
 “Alceste” (Vienna, Dec. 16, 1767), “Paride ed Elene" 
 (1769), “ Iphigdnie en Aulide” (1774), “Armide" (1777), 
 “ Iphigdnie en Tauride ’’ (1779). 
 
 Gliicksburg (gliiks'borG). A bathiug-place in 
 the province of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, 6 
 miles northeast of Flensborg. 
 
 Gliickstadt (gliik'stat). A seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, situated 
 on the Elbe 29 miles northwest of Hamburg, it 
 was unsuccessfully besieged by the Catholics in the Thirty- 
 Years' War in 1627 and in 1628. Population, commune, 
 6,218. 
 
 Glukhoff (glo'chof). A town in the government 
 of Tchernigoff, Russia, situated in lat. 51° 41' 
 N., long. 33° 53' E. Population, 14,856. 
 Glumdalca (glum-dal'ka). In Fielding’s bur- 
 lesque “Tom Thumb the Great,” a captive 
 queen of the giants, beloved by the king, but 
 in love with Tom Thumb. 
 
 Glumdalclitcb (glum-dal'klich). In Swift’s 
 “Gulliver’s Travels,” a giantess of Brobding- 
 nag. She is Gulliver’s nurse, and, though only nine years 
 old, is nearly 40 feet high. Her attentions were extremely 
 humiliating to him. 
 
 Glycas (gli'kas), Michael. A Byzantine histo- 
 rian. Concerning his age nothing is known with cer- 
 tainty, except that he lived after 1118. He was probably 
 an ecclesiastic, and is the author of a history of the world 
 from the creation to 1118 A. D. This work is written in a 
 clear and concise style, and its author is ranked among 
 the better Byzantine historians. The best edition is by 
 Bekker in the Bonn collection of the Byzantines, 1836. 
 Glycera (glis'e-ra). [Gr. FXvnepa, the sweet 
 one.] The name of several notorious Greek 
 courtezans ; in particular, a mistress of Menan- 
 der, and a favorite of Horace. 
 
 Glycon (gli'kon). [Gr. T?mkuv.'] A Greek lyric 
 poet from whom the Glyconic meter was named. 
 Of his works only three lines remain. 
 
 Glycon of Athens. [Gr. TXvkup.'] The sculptor 
 of the Farnese Hercules, which was found in 
 the baths of Caracalla in 1540 with an inscrip- 
 tion by Glycon. It was probably executed in the 1st 
 or 2d century of the Roman Empire, but doubtless points 
 to a type already established, possibly by Lysippus. 
 
 Glynn (glin), John. Bom in 1722: died Sept. 
 16, 1779. An English lawyer and politician, 
 noted chiefly as the defender of Wilkes in the 
 cases (1763-64) growing out of the publication 
 of the “ North Briton.” 
 
 Grnelin (gma'len), Johann Friedrich. Bom at 
 
 Tubingen, Wiirtemberg, Aug. 8, 1748: died at 
 Gottingen, Prussia, Nov. 1, 1804. A German 
 naturalist, nephew of J. G. Grnelin, and profes- 
 sor of medicine and chemistry at Gottingen. 
 Grnelin, Johann Georg. Born at Tubingen, 
 Wiirtemberg, 1709: died there, May 20, 1755. 
 A German botanist and traveler, professor of 
 chemistry and natural history at St. Petersburg 
 1731^17, and later (1749) of botany and chemis- 
 try at Tubingen. He wrote “Flora Sibirica” 
 (1749-69), “ Reisen durch Sibirien” (1751-52), 
 etc. 
 
 Grnelin, Leopold. Born at Gottingen, Aug. 2, 
 1788 : died at Heidelberg, Baden, April 13, 1853. 
 A German chemist, son of J. F. Grnelin, profes- 
 sor at Heidelberg 1817-51. His chief work is 
 “Handbuch der theoretischen Chemie” (1817- 
 1819). 
 
 Grnelin, Samuel Gottlieb. Born at Tubingen, 
 Wiirtemberg, July 4, 1744: died at Achmetkent, 
 July 27, 1774. A German naturalist, and trav- 
 eler in Russia and Asia, nephew of J. G. Gme- 
 lin. His chief works are “Historia fueorum” 
 (1768), “Reisen durch Russland” (1770-84). 
 Gmiind, or Schwabisch-Gmiind (shvab'ish- 
 gmiint). A town in the Jagst circle, Wiirtem- 
 berg, 28 miles east of Stuttgart. It manufactures 
 jewelry, and has several old churches. It was formerly a 
 free imperial city. Population, commune, 20,666. 
 Gmunden (gmon'den). A town and summer 
 resort in Upper Austria, situated on the Lake of 
 Traun 33 miles southwest of Linz : the chief 
 place in the Salzkammergut. Population, 
 commune, 7,698, (1910). 
 
 Gnatho (na'tho). A parasite, a character in the 
 comedy “ The Eunuch” by Terence. 
 
 Gneditsch (gna'dieh), Nicolai Ivanovitch. 
 Bom at Pultowa, 1784: died 1833. A Russian 
 poet and translator. His best-known work is a trans- 
 lation into Russian of the Iliad. He also translated the 
 chief works of Shakspere, Voltaire, Byron, and others. 
 
 Gneisenau (gni'ze-nou) (properly Neithardt 
 
 Goalpara 
 
 von Gneisenau), Count August. Bom at Schil- 
 da, Prussian Saxony, Oct. 27, 1760: died at Po- 
 sen, Prussia, Aug. 23-24, 1831. A Prussian gen- 
 eral, distinguished in the campaigns of 1813 and 
 
 1814. He conducted the retreat from Ligny in 
 
 1815. 
 
 Gneist (gnlst), Rudolf von. Born at Berlin, Aug. 
 13, 1816: died July 22, 1895. A German jurist 
 and politician. He studied law at Berlin, habilitated 
 there in 1839, and became professor in 1858. In 1858 
 he entered the Prussian House of Deputies, of which he was 
 a member until his death. He was a member of the Reichs- 
 tag 1867-84, became senior judge of the supreme court of 
 Prussia and member of the privy council in 1875, and was 
 ennobled in 1888. Among his works are “Das heutige 
 englische Verfassuugs- und Verwaltuugsrecht ” (1857-63), 
 “Soli der Richter auch fiber die Frage zu befinden haben, 
 ob ein Gesetz verfassungsmaszig zu stande gekommen ? ” 
 (3ded. 1863), “Der Rechtsstaat "(1872), “ Englische Verfas- 
 sungsgeschichte ” (1882), and “ Das englische Parlament ” 
 (1888). 
 
 Gnesen (gna'zen), Pol. Gniezno (gnyez'no). 
 A city in the province of Posen, Prussia, 30 
 miles east-northeast of Posen, it has a cathedral. 
 It is the oldest town in Poland, and was the crowning- 
 place of the kings of Poland until 1320. Population, 
 commune, 23,726. 
 
 Gnidos. See Cnidus. 
 
 Gnomic Poets. See the extract. 
 
 The term Gnomic, when applied to a certain number of 
 Greek poets, is arbitrary. There is no definite principle 
 for rejecting some and including others in the class. It 
 has, however, been usual to apply this name to Solon, 
 Phocylides, Theognis, and Simonides of Ceos. Yet there 
 seems no reason to exclude some portions of Callinus, 
 Tyrtseus, Mimnermus, and Xenophanes. These poets, it 
 will be observed, are all writers of the elegy. Some of the 
 lyric poets, however, and iambographers, such as Simoni- 
 des of Amorgos and Archilochus, have strong claims for 
 admission into the list. For, as the derivation of the name 
 implies, gnomic poets are simply those who embody . . . 
 sententious maxims on life and morals in their verse ; 
 and though we find that the most celebrated masters of 
 this style composed elegies, we yet may trace the thread 
 of gnomic thought in almost all the writers of their time. 
 
 Symonds, Studies of the Greek Poets, I. 236. 
 
 Gnossus. See Cnosus. 
 
 Gnostics'(nos'tiks). [From Gr. yvoorntoc, know- 
 ing, whence LL. Gnosticus, a Gnostic.] Certain 
 rationalistic sects which arose in the Christian 
 church in the 1st century, flourished in the 2d, 
 and had almost entirely disappeared by the 6th. 
 The Gnostics held that knowledge rather than faith is the 
 road to heaven, and professed to have a peculiar know- 
 ledge of religious mysteries. They rejected the literal in- 
 terpretation of the Scriptures, and attempted to combine 
 their teachings with those of the Greek and Oriental phi- 
 losophies and religions. They held that God was the un- 
 knowable and the unapproachable; that from him pro- 
 ceeded, by emanation, subordinate deities termed eons, 
 from whom again proceeded other still inferior spirits. 
 The Gnostics were in general agreed in believing in the 
 principles of dualism and Docetism and in the existence 
 of a demiurge or world-creator. Christ they regarded as 
 a superior eon who had descended from the infinite God 
 in order to subdue the god or eon of this world. Their 
 chief seats were in Syria and Egypt, but their doctrines 
 were taught everywhere, and at an early date they sepa- 
 rated into a variety of sects. 
 
 Gnotho (no'tbo) . A clownish old fellow anxious 
 to put away his old wife and take a younger 
 one, according to the provisions of “The Old 
 Law,” in Massinger, Middleton, and Rowley’s 
 play of that name. 
 
 Goa (go'a). A Portuguese possession on the 
 Malabar coast of India, in lat. 14° 53'-15° 48' 
 N., long. 73° 45'-74° 24' E. Area, 1,301 square 
 miles. Population, 475,513. 
 
 Goa, New, or Panjim. The capital of the Por- 
 tuguese possessions in India, situated near the 
 mouth of the Mandavi in lat. 15° 30' N., long. 
 73° 57' E. Population, over 9,300. 
 
 Goa, Old. A ruined city, the former capital of 
 the Portuguese possessions in India, situated 
 on the Mandavi 5 miles east of New Goa. it 
 was conquered by the Portuguese under Albuquerque in 
 1510, and was an important commercial city in the 16th 
 and 17th centuries. The seat of government was removed 
 to New Goa in 1759. 
 
 Goajira (go-ii-He'ra) . A peninsula of the north- 
 ern coast of South America, on the west side of 
 the Gulf of Maracaibo, crossed by the boundary 
 between Venezuela and Colombia. Area, about. 
 5,800 square miles. The inhabitants, numbering about 
 30,000, are mostly semi-independent Indians of the Goajira 
 and Cosina tribes. 
 
 Goajiros (go-a-He'ros). A tribe of Indians in 
 northern South America, occupying the Goajira 
 peninsula northwest of Lake Maracaibo. They 
 still number nearly 30,000, and are practically indepen- 
 dent, but at present friendly to the whites ; they own large 
 herds, and sell cattle, horses, hides, cheese, and hammocks. 
 Few or none have been Christianized ; they have no regu- 
 lar chiefs, and do not form large villages. By their lan- 
 guage they belong to the Arawak stock. Until the middle 
 of the 19th century they were dangerous enemies of the 
 whites. 
 
 Goalpara (go-al-pa'ra). 1. A district of East- 
 ern Bengal and Assam, British India, inter- 
 sected by lat. 26° N., long. 90° 30' E. 
 
Goalpara 
 
 Area, 3,961 square miles. Pop., 462,052. — 
 2. The capital of the district of Goalpara, 
 situated on the Brahmaputra in lat. 26° 10' N., 
 long. 90° 38' E. 
 
 Ooaiundo (go-a-lun'do). A village in Eastern 
 Bengal and Assam, British India, at the junc- 
 tion of the Ganges and Brahmaputra. 
 
 Goat Island, (got l'land). The island in Nia- 
 gara River which separates the Horseshoe and 
 American falls. 
 
 Goazacoalco(g6-a-tha-k6-al'k6),orCoaxacoal- 
 
 CO(ko-a-Ha-k6-al'k6). The ancient Indianname 
 of a region in Mexico, in the northern part of 
 the isthmus of Tehuantepec, west of the Coaxa- 
 coalco River, and now; forming part of the state 
 of Vera Cruz. It submitted to Sandoval in 1522, and 
 in 1534 was made a province, corresponding nearly to the 
 bishopric of Tlascala. The name soon fell into disuse. 
 Gobat (go-ba'), Samuel. Born atCr6mine, can- 
 ton of Bern, Switzerland, Jan. 26, 1799: died at 
 Jerusalem, May 11, 1879. A Swiss missionary, 
 appointedAnghcan bishopof Jerusaleminl846. 
 Gobble (gob'l), Justice. An insolent magis- 
 trate in Smollett’s “History of Sir Launcelot 
 Greaves,” a satirical romance. 
 
 Oobbo (gob'bo), Launcelot. A whimsical, con- 
 ceited man-servant in Shakspere’s “Merchant 
 of Venice.” He is one of Shakspere’s best 
 clowns. 
 
 Gobbo, Old. The “sand-blind” father of Laun- 
 celot Gobbo. 
 
 Gobelins (gob-lan'). A family of dyers, de- 
 scended from Jean Gobelin (died 1476), and es- 
 tablished in Paris. They introduced the manufacture 
 of tapestries in the 15th century. Their manufactory was 
 changed to a royal establishment under Louis XIV., about 
 1667. 
 
 Goben (gOb'en), August Karl Friedrich Chris- 
 tian von. Born at Stade, Prussia, Dee. 10,1816: 
 died at Coblenz, Prussia, Nov. 13, 1880. A 
 Prussian general, distinguished in the war of 
 1866 and in the Franco-German war. 
 
 Gober (go'ber). See Hausa. 
 
 Gobi (go'be), or Gobi (ko'be). A large desert 
 in the Chinese empire, with uncertain boun- 
 daries. It comprises two principal divisions : the east- 
 ern (also called Shamo), situated in central Mongolia; the 
 western, occupying approximately the basin of the Tarim. 
 In East Turkestan. Its streams have no outlet to the sea. 
 The average height is 2,000 to 4,000 feet. 
 Gobineau(g6-be-n6' ), Comte Joseph Arthurde. 
 Bom at Bordeaux, France, 1816: died at Paris, 
 Oct. 17, 1882. A French diplomatist, Oriental- 
 ist, and man of letters. He wrote “ Les religions 
 et les philosophies dans l’Asie Centrale ” (1865), 
 “Nouvelles Asiatiques” (1876), etc. 
 
 Goblins (gob'linz), The, A comedy by Suck- 
 ling, printed in 1646. The Goblins are noblemen 
 and gentlemen disguised as a band of robbers. 
 Gobry as (go'bri-a.s). A Persian noble. He was 
 
 one of the seven conspiratorswho, according to Herodotus, 
 procured the death of Smerdis the Magian in 521 B. C., and 
 raised Darius I. to the throne. 
 
 Gobseck (gob'sek). A novel by Balzac, written 
 in 1830. Gobseck is an avaricious money-lender. 
 Goch (goch). A town in the Rhine Province, 
 Prussia, 43 miles northwest of Diisseldorf. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 10,232. 
 
 Goch, Johannes von. Born at Goch, Prussia, 
 at the beginning of the 15th century: died 
 March, 1475. A German prior, author of “De 
 libertate Christiana ” (1521). 
 
 Godaiming (god'al-ming). A town in Surrey, 
 England, situated on the We y 32 miles south- 
 west of London. It is the seat of the Charter- 
 house School. Population, 8,748. 
 
 Godavari (go-da' va-re). 1. Ariver in the Dec- 
 can, British India, flowing by a delta into the 
 Bay of Bengal, about lat. 16° 30' N. Length, 
 about 900 miles. It is navigable about 300 miles. 
 — 2. A district in Madras, British India, inter- 
 sected by lat. 17° N., long. 81° 30' E. Area, 
 7,972 square miles. Population, 2,301,759. 
 Goddard (god'ard), Arabella (Mrs. Davison). 
 [G. Gotthart , ‘pious,’ ‘virtuous’; D. Gotthard, 
 F. Godard.'] Bom at St.-Servan, near St.-Malo, 
 France, Jan. 12, 1838. An English pianist. 
 Godefroy (god-frwa'), Denis. Born at Paris, 
 1549: died at Strasburg, 1621. A French jurist. 
 He edited “Corpus juris civilis” (1583), etc. 
 Godefroy, Frederic. Bom at Paris, Feb. 13, 
 1826: diedatLestelle, Basses-Pyrdndes, Sept.30, 
 1897. A French philologist and historian of 
 literature. He published a “Histoire de la litera- 
 ture fran<;aise depuis le XVI e siecle," a “ Dictionnaire de 
 l’ancienne langue franqaise," etc. 
 
 Godefroy, Jacques. Born at Geneva, 1587 : died 
 at Geneva, 1652. A jurist and magistrate of 
 Geneva, son of Denis Godefroy. He was the 
 author of works on Roman law. 
 
 444 
 
 Godefroy, Theodore. Born at Geneva, 1580: 
 died 1649 (1648?). A French historiographer 
 and jurist, son of Denis Godefroy. 
 
 Godehard, Saint, Church of. See Hildeslieim. 
 Godeke (ged'e-ke), Karl: pseudonym Karl 
 Stahl. Born at Celle, Prussia, April 15, 1814: 
 died at Gottingen, Oct. 28, 1887. A German 
 historian of literature, professor at Gottingen 
 from 1873. His chief work is “ Grundriss zur 
 Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung ” (1859-81). 
 Godeman (god'man). Chaplain of the bishop 
 of Winchester when abbot of Thomby, 963-984. 
 He illuminated the “ Benedictionel of Godeman," now 
 the property of the Duke of Devonshire. In the Biblio- 
 thfeque at Rouen is a manuscript apparently by his hand. 
 Goderich (god'rich). A lake port and the capi- 
 tal of Huron County, Ontario, Canada, situated 
 on Lake Huron in lat. 43° 45' N., long. 81° 51' 
 W. Population, 4,522, (1911). 
 
 Goderich, Viscount. See Robinson, F. J. 
 Godesberg (go'des-bera). A small town and 
 summer resort in the Rhine Province, Prussia, 
 on the Rhine south of Bonn. 
 
 Godfrey (god'fri) of Bouillon, F. Godefroy de 
 Bouillon (god-frwa/ de bo-yoh'). [TheE. name 
 Godfrey is from F. Godefroi (also Geoffroi, 
 whence E. Geoffrey, Jeffrey), Sp. Godofredo, Go- 
 fredo, Pg. Godofredo, It. Godofredo, Goffredo, 
 ML. Godefridus, Galfridus, from MHG. Gotfrid, 
 G. Gottfried, peace of God.] Born at Baisy, 
 Brabant, about 1061: died at Jerusalem, July 
 18, 1100. A leader of the first Crusade. He was 
 made duke of Lower Lotharingia (having Bouillon for its 
 capital) by Henry IV. of Germany in 1088, and in 1096 
 joined the Crusade for the recovery of the holy sepulcher. 
 He fought with distinction at the storm of Jerusalem, 
 July 16, 1099, and, after the crown had been declined by 
 Raymond of Toulouse, was elected king of Jerusalem, 
 July 22, 1099. He, however, exchanged the title of king 
 for that of Protector of the Holy Sepulcher. He completed 
 the conquest of the Holy Land by defeating the Sultan of 
 Egypt in the plain of Ascalon, Aug. 12, 1099. 
 
 Godin (go-dah'), Jean Baptiste Andre. Bom 
 
 at Esqueh6ries, Aisne, France, 1817 : died at 
 Guise, Jan. 15, 1888. A French social reformer. 
 He founded at Guise a socialistic industrial 
 union (Familistere), which attained considera- 
 ble success. 
 
 Godin, Louis. Born at Paris, Feb. 28, 1704 : died 
 at Cadiz, Spain, Sept. 11, 1760. A French sci- 
 entist, one of the commissioners who, in 1735, 
 were sent to Peru to measure an arc of the me- 
 ridian. He remained in that country until 1751, as pro- 
 fessor of mathematics at the University of Lima ; subse- 
 quently he had charge of the college for midshipmen at 
 Cadiz, Spain. He was the author of several treatises ou 
 earthquakes and astronomy, a work on Spanish America, 
 and a history of the French Academy of Sciences. 
 
 Godin des Odonais (go-dan' daz o-do-na'), Isa- 
 bel. Born in Riobamba, Peru, 1728 : died at 
 Saint-Amand, France, after 1788. The wife of 
 Jean Godin des Odonais, whom she married in 
 1743. In 1769 she started with her brothers and a small 
 company to descend the Napo and Amazon and join her 
 husband in Cayenne. The boat was lost, and all the party 
 perished except Madame Godin, who wandered alone in the 
 forest for 9 days. When she was finally found by some 
 friendly Indians her hair is said to have become white. 
 The governor of Omaguas sent her down the river, and 
 she rejoined her husband after a separation of 19 years. 
 
 Godin des Odonais, Jean. Born at Saint- 
 Amand, 1712: died there, 1792. A French nat- 
 uralist, cousin of Louis Godin, whom he accom- 
 panied to Pern in 1735. He remained there as a pro- 
 fessor in the College of Quito, studying the flora and Indian 
 languages. Iu 1750 he went to Cayenne, explored that col- 
 ony, Brazilian Guiana, and the Amazon, and Anally returned 
 to France in 1773. He published several works on .the 
 plants, animals, and Indian languages of South America. 
 Godiva (go-dl'vii). [ML. Godiva, from AS. God- 
 gifu, gift of God: equiv. to Dorothea or Theo- 
 dora.] Flourished about the middle of the 11th 
 century. The wife of Leofric, earl of Mercia, 
 celebrated in the annals of Coventry, Warwick- 
 shire, England. She was a woman of great beauty and 
 piety, the benefactress of numerous churches and monas- 
 teries. According to the legend, she begged her husband to 
 relieve Coventry of a burdensome toll, and he consented on 
 the condition that she should ride naked through the mar- 
 ket-place. This she did, covered only by her hair, and won 
 relief for the people. In some versions of the story, the 
 people were commanded to keep within their houses, and 
 not look upon her. One fellow — “peeping Tom” — diso- 
 beyed, and was miraculously struck with blindness. Her 
 festival is still celebrated at Coventry. 
 
 Godkin (god'kin), Edwin Lawrence. Bom in 
 Ireland, Oct. 2, 1831: died at Brixham, England, 
 May20,1902. An American journalist and author. 
 He came to the United States as correspondent of the Lon- 
 don “ Daily News”; was admitted to the New York bar in 
 1859; became editor and a proprietor of the “Nation" 1865; 
 and was an editor and a proprietor of the “Evening Post ” 
 1881-99. De published a “ History of Hungary ” (1856), etc. 
 
 Godman (god'man), Frederick Du Cane. Born 
 about 1834. An English naturalist. Ini870hepub- 
 lished the “ Natural nistory of the Azores." Shortly after he 
 planned an elaborate scientific survey of Mexico and Cen- 
 
 Godwin, Mrs. 
 
 tral America, acquiring by purchase, and by employing col- 
 lectors, immense series of specimens of the plants and ani- 
 mals of those regions. These have been described in the 
 “Biologia Centrali-Americana," edited by Godman and 
 Salvin. 
 
 Gododin (go-do'din). A British tribe living 
 in Northumberland and southeastern Scotland: 
 the Roman Otadini. 
 
 Gododin, Ths. A Welsh poem by Aneurin, on 
 the seven days’ battle of Cattraeth in 603. The 
 author was probably present at the battle. It consists, in 
 its present form, of over 900 lines, and has been several 
 times translated, either wholly or in part. Gray’s “ Death 
 of Hoel is part translation part imitation of a portion of 
 it. The Rev. John Williams ab Ithel translated the whole 
 and published it in 1852, and portions of it have been trans- 
 lated by Henry Morley. See Aneurin. 
 
 Godolld (ge'del-le). A town of Hungary, 15 
 miles northeast of Budapest. Here, April 6, 1849, 
 the Hungarian insurgents under Gorgey defeated the Aus- 
 trians under Prince Windischgratz. 
 
 Godolphin (go-dol'fln), Sidney, first Earl of 
 Godolphin. Born in Cornwall, England, 1645 
 (hap. June 15) : died Sept. 15, 1712. An Eng- 
 lish statesman and financier. He became page of 
 honor to Charles II. in 1662 ; was appointed master of the 
 robes in 1678 ; represented Helston in the House of Com- 
 mons 1668-79 ; represented St. Mawes 1679-81 ; and was first 
 lord of the treasury 1690-97 and 1700-01. During the reign 
 of William III. he kept up a secret correspondence with 
 J ames II. at St.-Germain. He became in 1702 premier and 
 lord high treasurer, in which capacity he vigorously sup- 
 ported Marlborough during his absence on the Continent 
 in the War of the Spanish Succession. He was created 
 earl of Godolphin in 1706, and was dismissed from office in 
 1710 at the fall of the Marlboroughs. 
 
 Godolphin Barb, The. One of the three Ori- 
 ental sires from which the thoroughbred horse 
 is derived. See Darley Arabian and Byerly Turk. 
 He was probably a barb foaled about 1729 and brought 
 from Paris in the reign of George II. He died in 1763. The 
 traditions surrounding this horse were woven into a nov- 
 elette by Eughne Sue in 1825. From the Godolphin springs 
 the Matchem branch of the thoroughbred horse. 
 
 Godoy (go-Doi'), Manuel de, Duke of Alcudia. 
 Born at Badajoz, Feb. 12, 1767 : died Oct. 7, 1851. 
 A Spanish statesman. He obtained the favor of Queen 
 Maria Louisa and Charles IV., and rose rapidly to an im- 
 portant position in the state. He became duke of Alcudia 
 and lieutenant-general in 1792, prime minister in 1792, and 
 in 1795, for securing a peace with France, received the title 
 ‘ ‘ Princeof thePeace. ” He signed the treaty of San Ildefonso 
 with France Aug. 29, 1796 ; married Maria Theresa of Bour- 
 bon in 1797 ; and resigned from the ministry in 1798. In 1801 
 he commanded the army against Portugal and secured the 
 treaty of Badajoz. He was made generalissimo and high 
 admiral of Spain. He attached himself to Napoleon, and 
 signed the treaty of Fontainebleau (which see). Meanwhile 
 he had become an object of popular hatred, which hurst out 
 in a riot (March 18, 1808), from which he narrowly escaped. 
 His arrest was ordered, but he escaped through Napoleon's 
 influence, and lived later at Rome and Paris. 
 
 God Save the King (or Queen). The English na- 
 tional anthem : words and music probably com- 
 posed by Henry Carey. It was first performed in 174a 
 It is sometimes attributed to John Bull (1607): it has also 
 been assigned a Scottish or French origin. The tune was 
 adopted iu France in 1776, and was afterward used as the 
 Danish, Prussian, and German national air. Beethoven 
 introduced it in his “Battle Symphony Weber has used 
 it in three or four compositions. The American national 
 hymn, “ My Country, ’tis of Thee,” was written by Dr. Sam- 
 uel Francis Smith, and published in 1843 : the mnsic is that 
 of “God Save the King.” 
 
 Godunoff (go-do-nof'), Boris Feodorovitch. 
 
 Born 1552 : died April 13, 1605. A Russian czar. 
 He was the chief member of the regency during the reign 
 of the imbecile Feodor Ivanovitch (1584-98), who was mar- 
 ried to Godunoff s sister Irene. He was elected to the 
 throne on the death of Feodor in 1598, having, it is said, 
 previously caused the death of the czarevitch Dmitri. 
 
 Godwin (god' win), or Godwine. Died April 14, 
 1053. Earl of the West Saxons. He accompanied 
 Cnut on his visit to Denmark in 1019, and is said to have 
 fought with distinction in an expedition against the Wends. 
 He shortly after married Gytha, a relative by marriage of 
 Cnut, and was appointed earl of the West Saxons. On the 
 death of Cnut in 1035 he at first supported the cause of 
 Harthacnut, hut afterward espoused that of Harold, with 
 whom he was probably implicated in the murder of the 
 English atheling Alfred, half-brother of Harthacnut and 
 son of Emma by her first husband, iEthelred the Unready. 
 In 1042 he was instrumental in procuring the election of 
 Edward the Confessor in opposition to the Danish prince 
 Svend Estrithson. He married his daughter Edith or Ead- 
 gyth to Edward in 1045. His position, however, a9 the most 
 powerful subject in the kingdom excited the jealousy of 
 the court, and he was exiled in 1061, but was recalled in 
 the following year. 
 
 Godwin, Francis. Born at Hannington, North- 
 amptonshire, England, 1561: diedl633. AnEng- 
 lish bishop and author. He was appointed bishopof 
 Llandaff in 1601, and was translated to the see of Here- 
 ford in 1617. His chief work is “ A Catalogue of the Bish- 
 ops of England ” (1601). 
 
 Godwin, Mrs. (Mary Wollstonecraft). Born 
 
 at London, April 27, 1759: died at London, Sept. 
 10, 1797. An English author. She was employed 
 by Johnson as a reader and translator, and for five years 
 assisted in this way her family, who were very poor. In 
 1791 she first met William Godwin, and after one or two 
 other connections, especially with Gilbert Imlay, who de- 
 serted her, she went to live with him in 1796. The expects- 
 
Godwin, Mrs. 
 
 tlon of a child induced them to marry in 1797. The birth 
 of the child (who was the second wife of the poet Shelley) 
 proved fatal to her. Her chief work was “ Vindication of 
 the Rights of Woman ” (1792). 
 
 Godwin, Parke. Born Feb. 25, 1816 : died Jan. 
 7, 1904. An American journalist and author. 
 
 He was connected with the New York “Evening Post’’ 
 1837-53 (except one year), a connection which was renewed 
 1865-80. He published “ History of France ” (1860), “ A 
 Biography of William Cullen Bryant” (1883), etc. 
 
 Godwin, William. Born at Wisbeach, England, 
 March 3, 1756: died at London, April 7, 1836. 
 An English novelist, historian, and political 
 and miscellaneous writer. His father was a dissent- 
 ing minister, and he became one himself, preaching from 
 1777 to 1782, when his faith in Christianity was shaken by 
 study of the French philosophers, and he devoted himself 
 to literature. He was a sympathizer with the French Rev- 
 olution, and became the representative of English radical- 
 ism. He married Mary Wollstonecraft in 1797, though 
 he objected to marriage on principle. His works in- 
 clude “Inquiry concerning Political Justice, etc.” (1793), 
 “History of the Commonwealth” (1824-28), the novels 
 “ Caleb Williams ” (1794), “ St. Leon ”(1799), “ Mandeville ” 
 (1817), etc. He also published histories of Rome, Greece, 
 and England, a “ Pantheon, "and "Fables ” under the pseu- 
 donym of Edward Baldwin. Compare Godwin, Mrs. (Mary 
 Wollstonecraft). 
 
 Godwin- Austen (god'win-as'ten), Mount. A 
 mountain in the western Himalayas, near the 
 Karakoram Pass: assumed to be the second 
 highest peak in the world. Height, 28,250 
 feet. 
 
 Goes, or Ter Goes (ter gos). The chief town 
 in the island of South Beveland, province 
 of Zealand, Netherlands, situated in lat. 51° 
 30' N., long. 3° 53' E. Population, commune, 
 6,923. 
 
 Goes, Hugo van der. Died about 1482. A Flem- 
 ish painter, a pupil of J an van Eyck. His chief 
 work is a “Nativity” (Florence). 
 
 Goes e Vasconcellos (goiz e vas-koh-sal'os), 
 Zacharias de. Born at Valen§a, Bahia, Nov. 
 5, 1815: died at Rio de Janeiro, Dec. 28, 1877. 
 A Brazilian statesman. He was repeatedly elected 
 deputy, and was senator from 1864 ; was president of sev- 
 eral provinces, including the newly created province of 
 Para n A, the government of which he organized in 1853 ; 
 was a member of several ministries ; and was three times 
 premier (1861, 1864-65, and 1866-68). During the last period 
 the war with Paraguay was at its height. In politics he 
 was a moderate conservative. 
 
 Goethe (ge'te), Johann Wolfgang von. Born 
 at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Aug. 28, 1749: died 
 at Weimar, March 22, 1832. A famous German 
 poet, dramatist, and prose-writer : the greatest 
 name in German literature. His father, Johann 
 Caspar Goethe (1710-82), was a well-to-do man who had 
 the title of imperial councilor. His mother was Katha- 
 rina Elizabeth Textor (1731-1808), the daughter of a magis- 
 trate. His early education was under the personal direc- 
 tion of his father. In 1765 he matriculated at Leipsic for 
 the study of jurisprudence. In the autumn of 1768 here- 
 turned ill to Frankfort, and in 1770 went to the University 
 of Strasburg. In this year occurred a love-affair with 
 Friederike Brion (died 1813, unmarried) at Sesenheim, and 
 the beginning of his friendship with Herder. In 1771 he 
 obtained the degree of licentiate of law, and returned to 
 Frankfort. In 1772 he went as a practitioner in the im- 
 perial chamber of justice to Wetzlar, where he met Char- 
 lotte Buff, the Lotte of “Werther.” Six months later he 
 suddenly left Wetzlar and returned to Frankfort. In 1774 
 began his friendship with Lavater and F. H. Jacobi, and, 
 more important still for its consequences, that with Karl 
 August, duke of Saxe-Weimar. In 1774-75 he was en- 
 gaged for a short time, in Frankfort, to Anna Elizabeth 
 Schonemann (married in 1778 to the Baron von Tiirkheim : 
 died 1817), the “Lili" of his lyrics. In 1775, at the invi- 
 tation of Karl August, who had succeeded to the duke- 
 dom, Goethe went to VV eirnar, where he subsequently lived ; 
 in 1776 he was made privy councilor of legation, with a 
 vote in the ducal council ; in 1778 he was with the duke in 
 Potsdam and Berlin ; in 1779 he was made privy councilor ; 
 in 1782 he was ennobled and made president of the ducal 
 chamber; and in the summers of 1785 and 1786 he was in 
 Karlsbad. From there, in Sept., 1786, he set out for Italy, 
 whence he did not return to Weimar until June, 1788. 
 His connection with Christiane Vulpius (died 1816), to 
 whom he was married in 1806, began in this year. In 
 1789 his son August was born (died at Rome in 1830). 
 Goethe revisited Venice in 1790, and later, on business 
 of state, was in Breslau. He became director of the ducal 
 theater in Weimar in 1791, which position he held until 
 1817. In 1792 he accompanied the duke into the field 
 against France, and was with him at the siege of Mainz 
 in 1793. His close friendship with Schiller, which ended 
 only with the death of the latter in 1805, began in 1794. 
 After 1794 he devoted himself entirely to literature. Goe- 
 the’s life in its literary phases may be considered under 
 fourperiods. Theflrstof these, the “first poetical period,” 
 extends from youth to the time of his arrival in Weimar 
 (1775). The chief works of this period are the plays “Die 
 Launedes Verliebten” (“The Caprices of the Lover”), “ Die 
 Mitschuldigen” (“The Accomplices”), both in Alexan- 
 drines ; “Gotz von Berlichingen,” a tragedy which estab- 
 lished his fame as a poet (1773); “Die Leiden des jungen 
 Werther" (“The Sorrows of Young Werther"), a novel 
 (1774); “Clavigo," “Stella, "both tragedies; poems to “Lili," 
 and other lyrics ; “ Gotter, Helden und Wielaml " (“Gods, 
 Heroes, and Wieland”), a satire (1774)— all belonging to 
 the “Storm and Stress” period of German literature. The 
 “second poetical period ” extends from his arrival in Wei- 
 mar to the beginning of his friendship with Schiller (from 
 1776 to 1794). It includes the operas “ Erwin und Elmiro " 
 
 445 
 
 and “Claudine von Villa Bella” (1775 ; both rewritten in 
 1787), the first book of “Wilhelm Meister” (completed 
 1778), the final metrical version of “ Iphigenie ” (1787, on 
 his return from Italy ; it had been acted in 1779 in prose), 
 “Die Geschwister " (“The Brother and Sister," 1787: a 
 drama which had been written in 1776), “Egmont " (1778), 
 “ Torquato Tasso ” (in verse, 1799 : a prose version had 
 been completed in 1781), “Reinecke Fuchs,” a poem (1794), 
 and numerous shorter poems. The third period covers 
 his friendship with Schiller (from 1794 to 1805). It in- 
 cludes the “Romische Elegien ” (“ Roman Elegies,” 1795 : 
 they appeared in Schiller’s periodical “ Die Horen ”), “Ve- 
 netianischeEpigramme’’(1796: they appeared in Schiller’s 
 “Musenalmanach ’’), a series of satiric epigrams “Die 
 Xenien,” written by Goethe and Schiller (1796: in the 
 “Musenalmanach”), “Wilhelm Meister’s Lehrjahre" 
 (1796: begun in 1777), “Hermann und Dorothea” (1797), 
 “Die Natiirliche Tochter” (1803), “Geschichte der Far- 
 benlehre” (“History of the Doctrine of Colors,” 1805: 
 final form 1810), “Die Braut von Korinth.” The fourth 
 is the period of his old age, from 1805 to 1832. It includes 
 “Faust,” first part (1808), “Die Wahlverwandtschaften ” 
 ("Elective Affinities,” 1809), “Aus meinem Leben, Dicht- 
 ung und Wahrheit ’’ (“ From my Life ; Poetry and Truth ”) 
 (first part 1811, second 1812, third 1814, fourth 1831), and 
 his scientific work. In 1814 he began to write the Orien- 
 tal poems afterward published as “Der Westostliche Di- 
 van." “Des Epimenides Erwachen,” a drama, was pro- 
 duced at Berlin in 1815. In 1816 was completed the first 
 volume of the “ Italienische Reise” (“ Italian Journey ”), 
 followed in 1817 by a second, in 1829 by a third, their ma- 
 terial being the letters written from Italy to friends in 
 Weimar, among them Herder and Frau von Stein. He 
 also began this year his treatises on Germanic art in the 
 periodical “Kunst und Alterthum ” (“Art and Antiqui- 
 ty ”), which were continued down to 1828. In 1817appeared 
 the first of the series of essays on scientific subjects, 
 “Zur Naturwissenschaft" (“On Natural History”), con- 
 tinued down to 1824. “Wilhelm Meister’s Wanderjahre” 
 appeared in 1821 (in its final shape in 1829). In 1821 
 was published the first part of the so-called “ Zahme Xe- 
 nien’’ (“Tame Xenia”), and a second in 1823. In 1831 
 the second part of “Faust” was completed, only a few 
 months before his death. The tragedy of "Faust,” the 
 greatest of his productions, is in reality a literary epitome 
 of his life, since it had occupied him at times for nearly 
 sixty years. In 1772 scenes of a prose “ Faust ” were writ- 
 ten, fragments of which were retained in the later poetic 
 version. The earliest rimed scenes of the first part are 
 from 1773-75. In 1790 a first edition, with the title “Faust, 
 ein Fragment," was published at Leipsic. About 1797 he 
 again took up the first part, which was completed in 1806, 
 and published at Tubingen in 1808. As regards the second 
 part, the idea of the “ Helena,” ultimately printed as the 
 third act of the completed second part, was conceived be- 
 fore 1776. It was not, however, worked out until 1826, 
 and in 1827 was published with the title “Helena, eine 
 classisch-romantische Phantasmagoria.” The complete 
 second part first appeared in the first volume of the “ N ach- 
 gelassne Werke ” (“ Posthumous Works.” 1833). His own 
 editions of his collected works are “ Schriften ” (Leipsic, 
 1787-90, in 8 vols.), “Neue Schriften ” (Berlin, 1792-1800, 
 in 7 vols.), “Werke" (Tubingen, 1806-08, in 12 vols., to 
 which was added a thirteenth in 1810), “Werke” (Stutt- 
 gart and Tubingen, 1815-19, in 20 vols.), “Werke ” (1827- 
 1831, in 40 vols.). To these are to be added “Goethe’s 
 nachgelassne Werke” (1832-34, in 15 vols., with 6 vols. 
 more in 1842). A chronological table of all his writings 
 was edited by Hirzel, Leipsic, 1884. Lewes's “ Life of Goe- 
 the” (1865) is the standard English work on the subject. 
 Last edition, 1890. 
 
 Goetz von Berlichingen. See Gotz von Ber- 
 lichingen. 
 
 Goffe (gof), William. Born about 1605 : died at 
 Hadley, Mass., 1679. An English Parliamen- 
 tary commander, one of the judges of Charles I. 
 He lived in New England in concealment after 
 1660. 
 
 Gog (gog). In Ezek. xxxviii., xxxix., a ruler in 
 the land of Magog, mentioned as the prince of 
 Meshech and Tubal. In Rev. xx. 8, Gog and Magog 
 appear as two allied warring tribes. They were formerly 
 regarded as connected with the invasion of the Scythians 
 in western Asia, but of late Gog has been identified with 
 Gagu, referred to in the annals of the Assyrian king Asur- 
 banipal (668-626 B. C.) as the mighty ruler of a warlike tribe 
 in the territory of Sahi, north of Assyria. 
 
 Gog and Magog. The names given to two effi- 
 gies in the Guildhall, London. They are now 
 thought to be intended for Gogmagog and Corineus. The 
 original statues stood there in the days of Henry V. They 
 were burned in the Great Fire, and new ones were put up 
 in 1708. The older ones were made of wickerwork, paste- 
 board, etc., and were carried in procession at the lord 
 mayor’s show. 
 
 Gogmagog (gog'ma-gog), or Goemot, or Goe- 
 magot. According to Geoffrey of Monmouth 
 a giant who, with his brother Corineus, held the 
 western part of England in subjection. 
 Gogmagog Hills. A spur of the chalk range 
 about 3 miles southeast of Cambridge, England. 
 Gogo (go'go), or Gogha (go'ga). A seaport in 
 the district of Ahmedabad, Bombay, British 
 India, situated on the Gulf of Cambay. 
 
 Gogo (go'gd), or WagOgO (wa-go'go). A Bantu 
 tribe settled in the center of German East 
 Africa, between Usagara, Usango, and Uyanzi. 
 The country is called Ugogo, the language Kigogo. Ugogo 
 is a plateau, 3,500 feet high, with arid and woodless soil. 
 The Wagogo are numerous and warlike. Their weapons 
 are bows, arrows, assagais, lances, and clubs. Many of 
 their neighbors seek refuge among them. Despite their 
 central location, they are not given to traveling and trading. 
 
 Gogol (go'gol), Nikolai Vassilievitch. Bom 
 
 in the government of Pultowa, March 31 (N. S.), 
 1809: died at Moscow, March 4 (N. S.), 1852. 
 
 Golden Fleece 
 
 A Russian novelist and dramatist. He was edu- 
 cated in a public gymnasium at Pultowa, and subsequently 
 in the lyceum, then newly established, at Niejinsk. In 1831 
 he was appointed teacher of history at the Patriotic In- 
 stitution, a place which he exchanged in 1834 for the pro- 
 fessorship of history in the University of St. Petersburg; 
 this he resigned at the end of a year, and devoted himself 
 entirely to literature; In 1836 Gogol left Russia. He 
 lived most of the time in Rome. In 1837 he wrote “Dead 
 Souls” (which see). In 1840 he went to Russia for a 
 short period in order to superintend the publication 
 of the first volume of “Dead Souls,” and then returned to 
 Italy. In 1846 he returned to Russia, and fell into a state 
 of fanatical mysticism. One of his last acts was to burn 
 the manuscript of the concluding portion of “Dead Souls,” 
 which he considered harmful. He also wrote “ Evenings 
 at the Farm,” “St. Petersburg Stories," “Taras Bulba, a 
 Tale of the Cossacks,” “The Revizor," a comedy, etc. 
 
 Gogra (gog'ra), or Gogari. A sacred river of 
 India, flowing southeast and joining the Ganges 
 about 35 miles above Patna. Length, about 600 
 miles. 
 
 Goil (goil), Loch. An arm of Locb Long, in 
 Argyllshire, Scotland. Length, 6 miles. 
 
 Goiogouen. See Cayuga. 
 
 Goito (go'e-to). A village in the province of 
 Mantua, Italy, situated on the Mincio 9 miles 
 northwest of Mantua. Here, in April and May, 
 1848, the Piedmontese defeated the Austrians. 
 
 Gokcha (gok-cha/), or Goktchai (gek-ehi'), 
 Armenian Sevanga (sa-van'ga). A lake in the 
 government of Erivan, Caucasus, Russia, in- 
 tersected by lat. 40° 20' N., long. 45° 20' E. 
 Its outlet is by the Zenga into the Aras. Length, 
 49 miles. 
 
 Gok-Tepe. See Geolc-Tepc. 
 
 Gola (go'la), or Gura (go'ra). A small Afri- 
 can tribe, of the Nigritic branch, settled in 
 Liberia, north of Monrovia. 
 
 Golconda (gol-kon'da). A place in the Nizam’s 
 Dominions, India, 7 miles northwest of Hyder- 
 abad. It is noted for its fort, for the mausoleums of 
 the ancient kings, and for the diamonds which were cut 
 and polished here. It was the capital of a kingdom from 
 1512 until its overthrow by Aurung-Zebe in 1687. 
 
 Goldast (gol'dast), Melchior, sumamed von 
 Heimingsfeld. Born near Bischofszell, Thur- 
 gau, Switzerland, Jan. 6, 1578 (1576 ?): died at 
 Giessen, Germany, Aug. 11, 1635. A German 
 historian and publicist. He wrote “ Suevica- 
 rum rerum Scriptores ” ( 1605), ‘ ‘Alamannicarum 
 rerum Scriptores” (1606), etc. 
 
 Goldau (gol'dou). A village in the canton of 
 Schwyz, Switzerland, 12 miles east of Lucerne. 
 It was destroyed, with the neighboring villages, by a 
 landslip from the Rossberg, Sept. 2, 1806. 
 
 Goldberg (gold'berG). A town in the province 
 of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Katzbach 
 48 miles west of Breslau. It suffered severely in 
 various wars, and was the scene of contests between the 
 French and the. Allies May 27 and Aug. 23, 1813. Popula- 
 tion, 6,804. 
 
 Gold Coast. A British crowu colony in West 
 Africa, extending for about 334 miles along the 
 coast of the Gulf of Guinea, between the French 
 Ivory Coast and German Togaland. Chief 
 towns, Accra and Cape Coast Castle. The Danish 
 settlementsat Accra, etc., were transferred to Great Britain 
 in 1850, and the Dutch claims ill 1871. The colony was re- 
 constituted in 1876. Population, estimated, 1,500,000. 
 
 Golden Ass, The. [L. Metamorphoseon, sett de 
 Asino A ureo, Libri XL] A romance of a fantas- 
 tic and satirical character, by Apuleius, written 
 in the 2d century : probably his earliest work. 
 It imitated a portion of the “ Metamorphoses ” of Lucian. 
 The best-known episode in it isthatof Cupid and Psyche, 
 which was taken from a popular legend or myth. Some 
 of the adventures of Don Quixote and of Gil Bias are 
 drawn from this source, and Boccaccio lias used many 
 of the comic episodes. The author relates the story in his 
 own person. His dabbling in magic results in his trans- 
 formation into an ass, in which form, however, he retains 
 his human intelligence. 
 
 Its readers, on account of its excellence, as is generally 
 supposed, added the epithet of “golden." Warburton, 
 however, conjectures, from the beginning of one of Pliny’s 
 epistles, that Aurese (‘golden’) was the common title 
 given to the Milesian and such tales as strollers used to 
 tell for a piece of money to the rabble in a circle : “As- 
 sem para et accipe auream fabulam.” These Milesian 
 fables were much in vogue in the age of Apuleius. 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 96. 
 
 Golden Bull. [So named from its golden seal.] 
 A bull published at the Diet of Nuremberg by 
 the emperor Charles IV. in 1356. it was the elec- 
 toral code of the empire, determining the prerogatives and 
 powers of the electors, and the manner of the election of 
 the King of the Romans. See Andrew II. and Metz. 
 
 Golden City. A name sometimes given to San 
 Francisco. 
 
 Golden Fleece. In Greek mythology, the fleece 
 of the winged ram Chrysomallus, the recovery 
 of which was the object of the expedition of 
 the Argonauts. Chrysomallus was given by Nephele, 
 the repudiated wife of Athamas, king of Thessaly, to help 
 her children Phrixus and Helle to escape from the perse- 
 cutions of Ino, Athamas’s second wife. During the flight 
 
Golden Fleece 
 
 Heile fell into the sea and was drowned, while Phrixus 
 escaped to Colchis, where he was hospitably received by 
 King /Eetes. Phrixus sacrificed the ram at Colchis to Zeus, 
 and gave its golden fleece to JSetes, who fastened it to an 
 oak-tree in the garden of Ares. 
 
 Golden Fleece, Order of the. See Order. 
 Golden Gate, The. [So named by Drake in 
 1578 ( ? ) . ] A strait connecting San Francisco Bay 
 with the Pacific Ocean. Width, about 2 miles. 
 Golden Gate, The. A gate in the, wall of Theo- 
 dosius, Constantinople, now walled up because 
 of a Turkish tradition that the conqueror of 
 Constantinople is destined to enter through it. 
 It consists of three arches between two huge towers of 
 white marble. The great central arch was reserved for 
 the passage of the emperor. 
 
 Golden Horde. See Eiptchak, Khanate of. 
 Golden Horn. Au inlet of the Bosporus, form- 
 ing the harbor of Constantinople, and sep- 
 arating Pera and Galata from the main part 
 of Constantinople (Stambul). Length, 5 miles. 
 Golden House. [L. domus aurea.] The palace 
 of Nero in ancient Rome, which occupied the 
 valley between the Palatine and the Esquiline, 
 and connected the palaces of the Ctesars with 
 the gardens of Maecenas. It was built after the great 
 fire of 64 A. D., and was so large that it contained porticos 
 2,800 feet long and inclosed a lake where the Colosseum 
 now stands. The forecourt contained a colossus of Nero 
 120 feet high. The profuse splendor of this residence 
 is described by Suetonius and Tacitus. It was further 
 adorned by Otho, but the remains are scanty, as most of 
 its site was restored to public use by the Flavian empe- 
 rors, who built on it the Colosseum and the baths of Titus. 
 
 Golden Legend. [L. legenda aurea. ] 1 . A col- 
 lection of biographies of saints, compiled by 
 James of Voragine in the 13th century, and 
 printed by Caxton 1483. — 2. A dramatic poem 
 by Longfellow, published in 1851. it forms, with 
 the “Divine Tragedy" and “New England Tragedies," a 
 trilogy. Sir Arthur Sullivan wrote music for Longfellow’s 
 words, and it was produced as a cantata at Leeds in 1886. 
 
 Golden Mount, The. See the extract. 
 
 From its yellow sand the Janiculan Hill has been some- 
 times known as the Golden Mount, a name which survives 
 iu the title of the church at its summit, which is called 
 S. Pietro in Montorio ( monte d'oro). 
 
 Middleton, Remains of Anc. Rome, I. 2. 
 
 Golden Bose, The. A jewel consisting of 
 roses and buds on one stem, all of gold, given 
 by the Pope to some church, sovereign, gen- 
 eral, or other distinguished person, as a mark 
 of esteem, for loyalty to the Holy See. 
 
 Golden Staircase. A celebrated staircase in 
 the doge’s palace, Venice. 
 
 Golden state, The. A name of California. 
 Golden Terge (Targe). An allegorical poem 
 by William Dunbar, published in 1508. 
 
 Golden Verses. Greek verses attributed to the 
 school of Pythagoras, “ containing the con- 
 densed morals of the older epics.” 
 
 Gold Hill. A former mining town in Storey 
 County, western Nevada, now annexed to Vir- 
 ginia City. 
 
 Golding (gol'ding), Arthur. Born probably at 
 London about 1536 : died about 1605. An Eng- 
 lish writer. He finished a translation of Philippe de 
 Mornay's treatise “Sur la v6rite du Christianisme,” com- 
 menced by Sir Philip Sidney, which he published under 
 the title “ A Woorke concerning the Trewenesse of the 
 Christian Religion, etc." (1689). 
 
 Goldingen (gol'ding-en), Lettish Kuldiga 
 (kol'de-ga). A town in the government of Cour- 
 land, Russia, situated on the Windau in lat. 56° 
 58' N., long. 21° 55' E. Population, 9,720. 
 Goldmark (gold'mark), Karl. Born at Kesz- 
 thely, Hungary, May 18, 1832. An Austro- 
 Hungarian composer. Among his works are “Die 
 Konigin von Saba" (“The Queen of Sheba,” 1875), “Die 
 landliche Hochzeit” (“The Country Wedding”), “The 
 Sakuntala" overture, a so-called symphony, a number of 
 songs and string pieces, “Merlin,” etc. 
 
 Goldoni (gol-do'ne), Carlo. Born at Venice, 
 Feb. 25, 1707 : died at Paris, Jan. 6, 1793. A 
 noted Italian dramatist. He created the modern 
 Italian comedy character, somewhat in the style of Mo- 
 liere, superseding the old conventional comedy which was 
 played by Harlequin, Pantalone, etc. His first attempts, 
 however, were tragedies, “Belisario ” (1732) being among 
 the earliest. He wrote more than 120 comedies, among 
 which are“Zelinda e Lindoro,” u La Locandiera,” “Ven- 
 taglio,” “Le Baruffe Chiozzotte,” “La Bottega di Caffe,” 
 etc. 
 
 Goldsborough(goldz'bro),LouisMalesherbes. 
 
 Born at Washington, D. C., Peb. 18, 1805: died 
 at Washington, Feb. 20, 1877. An American 
 naval officer. He obtained command of the North At- 
 lantic blockading squadron in Sept., 1861, and cooperated 
 with General Burnside in the capture of Roanoke Island 
 in Feb., 1862. He became rear-admiral July 16, 1862. 
 
 Goldschmidt (gold'shmit), Hermann. Born at 
 Frankfort-on-the-Main, Prussia, June 17, 1802: 
 died at Fontainebleau, France, Sept. 10, 1866. 
 A German painter of note, and astronomical ob- 
 
 446 
 
 server. Between 1852 and 1861 he discovered 
 14 asteroids. 
 
 Goldschmidt, Otto. Born at Hamburg, Aug. 
 21, 1829: died at London, Feb. 24, 1907. A 
 German composer, resident, after 1858, in Eng- 
 land, where be became professor at and later 
 vice-principal of the Royal Academy of Music. 
 He married Jenny Lind in 1852. 
 
 Goldschmidt, Madame. See Lind, Jenny. 
 Goldsmith (gold'smith), Oliver. Born at Pal- 
 las, County Longford, Ireland, Nov. 10, 1728: 
 died at London, April 4, 1774. A noted Eng- 
 lish poet, novelist, dramatist, and miscellane- 
 ous author. In 1749 he obtained the degree of B. A. at 
 Trinity College, Dublin. In 1752 he studied medicine at 
 Edinburgh. He was extremely poor, and after aroving and 
 not very creditable existence, both in England and on the 
 Continent (the Continent from Feb., 1755, to Feb., 1756, 
 traveling chiefly on foot), he returned in great destitution 
 to London, where he tried to practise medicine. His mis- 
 erable appearance was against him, and he finally settled 
 down as a literary hack. By 1759, however, he began to 
 attract attention as a writer. He wrote for “The Critical 
 Review," ‘ ‘ The British Magazine,” “ The Lady’s Magazine,” 
 “The Busybody, " “ The Bee,” and other periodicals. Among 
 his works are “Enquiry into the Present State of Polite 
 Learningin Europe’ f (1759),“The Citizen ofthe World, etc.” 
 (1762 : from the “ Public Ledger,” etc.), “A History of Eng- 
 land, etc.” (1764), “The Traveller" (1765), “The Vicar of 
 Wakefield ”(a tale, 1766), “The Good-natured Man ’’ (a com- 
 edy, 1768), “The Roman History, etc.” (1769), “The De- 
 serted Village " (a poem, 1770), “ The History of England 
 from the Earliest Times, etc. ’’(1771: abridged 1774), “She 
 Stoops to Conquer, etc." (1774), “Retaliation” (a poem, 
 1774), "A History of the Earth and Animated Nature" 
 (1774). “Little Goody Two Shoes ’’ is attributed to him. 
 He translated Scarron’s “Comic Romance” (1776) and 
 other French works, and with Joseph Collyer abridged 
 Plutarch’s “Lives ” (1762). 
 
 Goldsmith’s Maid. Abay trotting mare by Ab- 
 dallah (15). Her racing career extended from 1866 to 
 1878. In 1871 she captured the great trotting record from 
 Dexter (2 :17j)by a mile in 2 :17. This she afterward low- 
 ered to 2 : 14, and lost to Rarus (2 : 13J) in 1874. 
 
 Goldstiicker (gdld'stiik-er), Theodor. Born at 
 Konigsberg, Prussia, Jan. 18, 1821 : died at Lon- 
 don, March 6, 1872. A German Sanskrit scholar, 
 of Hebrew descent, resident in London after 
 1850, and professor of Sanskrit in University 
 College from 1852. He published “Panini : his Place 
 in Literature” (1861), editions of Sanskrit texts, etc. He 
 also began a revision of Wilson’s “Sanskrit Dictionary." 
 
 Goletta(go-let'ta), F. La Goulette (la, go-let'). 
 The seaport of Tunis, situated about 11 miles 
 north of that city. 
 
 Golgotha (gol'go-tha). See Calvary. 
 
 Goliath (go-li'ath). In biblical history, a giant 
 of Gath, the champion of the Philistines, slain 
 in single combat by David. See David. 
 Golitzyn. See Galitsin. 
 
 Golius (go'li-os), Jacobus. Bom at The Hague, 
 Netherlands, 1596: died at Leyden, Netherlands, 
 Sept. 28, 1667. A Dutch Orientalist, author of 
 “Lexicon Arabico-Latinum ” (1653), etc. 
 Gollnow (gol'no). A town in the province of 
 Pomerania, Prussia, situated on the Ihna 15 
 miles northeast of Stettin. Population, com- 
 mune, 9,194. 
 
 Golnitz, or Gollnitz (gel'nits). A mining town 
 in the county of Zips, Hungary, iu lat. 48° 51' 
 N., long. 20° 58' E. Pop., commune, 4,093. 
 Golo (go'lo). An African tribe found in lat. 8° 
 N., eastern Sudan. In appearance they are negroes, 
 but their language is classed by some in the Nuba-Fulah 
 group. Slave-raiding Arabs have almost annihilated the 
 tribe. 
 
 Golovnin (go-lov-nen'), Vassili Mikhailo- 
 vitch. Born in the government of Ryasan, 
 Russia, April 8, 1776 : died at St. Petersburg, 
 J uly 12, 1831 , A Russian navigator and explorer. 
 He obtained command in 1806 of the sloop Diana, which was 
 fitted out by the Russian government for a survey of the 
 coasts of the Russian empire aud the circumnavigation of 
 the globe. He was captured by the Japanese in 1811, and 
 was detained a prisoner until 1813. He made a second voy- 
 age of exploration around the world in the corvette Kam- 
 chatka from 1817 to 1819. He wrote narratives of these 
 voyages and a description of his captivity in Japan, which 
 were reprinted in a complete edition of his works, 1864. 
 Goltz (golfs), Bogumil. Bom at Warsaw, March 
 20, 1801 : died at Thorn, Prussia, Nov. 12, 1870. 
 A German humorist and moralist, author of 
 “ Buch der Kindheit ” (1847),“ Der Mensch und 
 die Leute” (1858), etc. 
 
 Goltz, Kolmar, Baron von der. Born at Biel- 
 kenfeld, near Labiau, Prussia, Aug. 12, 1843. 
 A Prussian general and Turkish pasha. He served 
 in the Austrian campaign of 1866 ; served in the Franco- 
 German war on the general staff, taking part in the battles 
 of Vionville (Mars-la-Tour), Gravelotte, etc. ; and was en- 
 gaged in the work of reorganizing the Turkish army 1883- 
 1895. He has published various works on military history 
 and science. 
 
 Goltzius (golt'se-os), Hendrik. Bom atMiile- 
 brecht, near Venlo, Netherlands, 1558: died at 
 Haarlem, Netherlands, about 1617. A German 
 engraver. 
 
 Gonaives, Les 
 
 Goma (go'ma), Wagoma (wa-go'ma). A Bantu 
 tribe of the Belgian Kongo, settled west of Lake 
 Tanganyika, between the Waguha and the Ba- 
 kombe, in a mountainous and wooded country. 
 See Guha. 
 
 Gomara (go-mii'ra), Francisco Lopez de. Born 
 at Seville, 1510: died after 1559. A Spanish 
 historian. He was a priest, and in 1540 became secretary 
 and chaplain of Hernando Cortes : but it does not appear 
 that he was ever in America. His “Historia general de 
 las Indias ” was first published at Saragossa, 1552-53, in two 
 folio parts : the second part, which relates to Mexico, ap- 
 peared in later editions with the separate title “ Coronica 
 dela Nueva Espafia con laConquista de Mexico,” etc. Go- 
 mara’s work was very popular, and there are many editions 
 in Spanish, French, Italian, and English. Also written 
 Gomora. 
 
 Gomarus (go'mar-us), Francis. Bom at Bruges, 
 Belgium, Jan. 30, 1563: died at Groningen, 
 Netherlands, Jan. 11, 1641. A Calvinistic con- 
 troversialist, a leading opponent of Arminius 
 and the Arminians. 
 
 Gomberville (goh-ber-vel'), Seigneur de, origi- 
 nally Martin Le Roy. Born, probably at Paris, 
 1600 : died there, June 14, 1674. A French writer 
 of romance. He lived most of the time on his estate 
 at Gomberville, near Versailles, and was one of the earli- 
 est members of the French Academy. He wrote “ Polex- 
 andre ” (1632-37). 
 
 Gombroon. See Bender-Abbasi. 
 
 Gomensoro (go-man-so'ro), Tomas. Born about 
 1820. An Uruguayan politician. As president 
 of the senate he was acting president of the 
 republic March, 1872, to Feb., 1873. 
 
 Gomera (go-ma'ra). One of the Canary Islands. 
 Gomes (go'mes), Antonio Carlos. Bom at 
 Campinas, Sao Paulo, July 11, 1839: died at 
 Para, Sept. 16, 1896. A Brazilian composer. 
 In 1859 he entered the Conservatory of Music at Rio de 
 Janeiro, and in 1863, aided by the emperor, was sent to com- 
 plete his musical education in Europe. His opera the 
 “Guarany" appeared in 1870, and has been followed by 
 “Salvator Rosa,” “Fosca,” “Schiavo," and “Condor.’’ 
 Most of these have been sung in the principal cities of 
 Europe and South America. 
 
 Gomes de Amorim (go'mes de a-mo-ren'), 
 Francisco. Born at Avelomar, Minbo, Portu- 
 gal, Aug. 13, 1827 : died Nov. 4, 1891. A Por- 
 tuguese dramatist, poet, and novelist. In early 
 youth he was in Brazil, returning to Portugal in 1846. In 
 1859 he became librarian of the ministry of marine. He 
 published numerous poems and dramas. 
 
 Gomez (gd'meth), Maximo (Maximo Gomez 
 
 y Baez). Born at Bam, San Domingo, in 1836: 
 died June 17, 1905. A general of Cuban insur- 
 gents. He fought in the Cuban rebellion of 1868-78, 
 rising from private to general. After this he went to 
 Jamaica and Central America. In 1885, with Maceo and 
 Crombet, he attempted to start a new rising, but was un- 
 successful. He was influential in bringing about the in- 
 surrection of 1895-98, and during his first year as general 
 had some success in his campaigns against the Spauiai ds. 
 
 Gomez Farias (go'meth fa-re'as), Valentin. 
 Born at Guadalajara, Peb. 14, 1781: diedatMix- 
 coac, July 5, 1858. A Mexican politician. He was 
 a physician in his native city ; joined Iturbide in 1821, but 
 subsequently opposed him ; was minister of war under 
 Pedraza, Dee., 1832, and next year was vice-president under 
 Santa Anna, acting temporarily as president 1833 and 1834. 
 In 1835 he was deposed by congress and banished, but re- 
 turned in 1838. As leader of the Federalists he was in- 
 volved in the revolt of July 15, 1840, and again banished 
 until 1844. In 1846 he was again vice-president and act- 
 ing president, and in 1850 was an unsuccessful candidate 
 for the presidency. 
 
 Gomorrah (go-mor'a). One of the cities of the 
 Vale of Siddim. Compare Sodom. 
 
 Gompertz (gom'perts), Benjamin. BornatLon- 
 don, March 5, 1779 : died July 14, 1865. An Eng- 
 lish astronomer and actuary, of Hebrew descent. 
 He was one of the founders of the Astronomical Society, 
 and became actuary of the Alliance Assurance Company in 
 1824. “Some years previously he had worked out a new 
 series of tables of mortality for the Koyal Society, and 
 these suggested to him in 1825 his well-known law of human 
 mortality, which he first expounded in a letter to Francis 
 Baily. The law restson the apriori assumption that aper- 
 son’s resistance to death decreases as his years increase, in 
 such a manner that at the end of equally infinitely small 
 intervals of time he loses equally infinitely small propor- 
 tions of his remaining power to oppose destruction. ” (Diet. 
 Nat. Biog.) He was a brother-in-law of Sir Moses Monte- 
 flore. 
 
 Gomperz (gom'perts), Theodor. Bom at 
 
 Briinn, March 29, 1832: died at Baden, near 
 Vienna, Aug. 29, 1912. A German philologist 
 and philosophical writer, professor of classical 
 philology at Vienna 1869-1901. 
 
 Gomul Pass (go-mul' pas). An important trade 
 route pass on the border of India and Afghan- 
 istan, about lat. 32° N. 
 
 Gonaive (go-na-ev'), La. An island west of 
 Haiti, to which it belongs. 
 
 Gonaives (go-na-ev'), Les. A seaport on the 
 Bay of Gonaives, western coast of Haiti, in lat. 
 19° 26' N., long. 72° 43' W. Population, about 
 13,000. 
 
Gona-qua 
 
 Gona-qua (go-na'kwa). See Khoikhoin. 
 Gonpalves Dias (gon-sal'ves de'as), Antonio. 
 Bom at Caxias, Maranhao, Aug. 10, 1823: died 
 at sea, Nov. 3, 1864. The foremost of Brazil- 
 ian poets. He was a professor in the Pedro II. College 
 at Rio de Janeiro, and was employed in various literary 
 commissions in the north of the empire and in Europe. 
 During the last years of his life he was in Europe, suffer- 
 ing from illness. While returning to Brazil he perished 
 in a shipwreck. Besides his poems, he published various 
 historical and ethnological papers, and a dictionary of the 
 Tupi language. 
 
 Goncourt (gon-kor'), Edmond de. Born at 
 Nancy, Prance, May 26, 1822 : died July 16, 1896. 
 Goncourt, Jules de. Born at Paris, Dec. 17, 
 1830 : died at Paris, June 20, 1870. Two French 
 novelists and authors, brothers and collabora- 
 tors. They wrote works illustrative of the 18th 
 century, etc. 
 
 Gonda (gon'dii,). 1. A district of the Fyza- 
 bad division, United Provinces, British India, 
 intersected by lat. 27° N., long. 82° E. Area, 
 2,813 square miles. Population, 1,403,195. — 
 2. The capital of the district of Gonda. 
 Gondar (gon'dar). The capital of Amhara, and 
 ecclesiastical capital of Abyssinia, situated 
 about lat. 12° 31' N., long. 37° 26' E.: formerly 
 the capital of Abyssinia. Population, 5,000. 
 Gondavo. See Gandavo. 
 
 Gondibert (gon'di-bert). A poem by Sir Wil- 
 liam Davenant, published in 1651. 
 
 “Gondibert,” his [Sir William Davenant’s] greatest per- 
 formance, incurred, when first published, more ridicule, 
 and in later times more neglect, than its merits deserve. 
 An epic poem in elegiac stanzas must always be tedious, 
 because no structure of verse is more unfavourable to 
 narration than that which almost peremptorily requires 
 each sentence to be restricted, or protracted, to four lines. 
 But the liveliness of Davenant's imagination, which Dry- 
 den has pointed out as his most striking attribute, has il- 
 luminated even the dull and dreary path which he has 
 chosen ; and perhaps few poems afford more instances of 
 vigorous conceptions, and even felicity of expression, than 
 the neglected “ Gondibert." 
 
 Sir Walter Scott, Dryden, Works, III. 101. 
 
 Gondo (gon'do), Ravine of. A wild gorge of 
 the Alps, in the Simplon Pass. 
 
 Gondokoro (gon-do-ko'ro), or Ismailia (iz-ma- 
 e'le-a). A government station and trading 
 place in lat. 4° 54' N., long. 31° 43' E. : the 
 northernmost post on the Nile of the Uganda 
 Protectorate. It was a Roman Catholic mission- 
 ary station 1851-59. 
 
 Gonds (gondz). [E. Ind.] An aboriginal race 
 in central India and the Deccan, believed to 
 be of Dra vidian stock. 
 
 Gondwana (gond-wa'na). A region in central 
 India, situated about lat. 19° -25° N. it is peo- 
 pled largely by Gonds. Gondwana proper belongs chiefly 
 to the Central Provinces. 
 
 Goneril (gon'er-il). One of Lear’s unnatural 
 daughters, in Shakspere’s tragedy ‘ ‘ King Lear.” 
 The elder, Goneril, with the “wolfish visage" and the 
 dark “ frontlet ”of ill-humour, is a masculine woman, full 
 of independent purposes and projects, whilst Regan ap- 
 pears more feminine, rather instigated by Goneril, more 
 passive, and more dependent. 
 
 Gervinus, Shakespeare Commentaries (tr. by F. E. 
 
 [Bun nett, ed. 1880), p. 625. 
 
 GongoraMarmolejo (gon'go-ra miir-mo-la'Ho), 
 Alonso de. Bom at Carmona, Seville, about 
 1510 : died in Chile, Jan., 1576. A Spanish sol- 
 dier and hi storian . He served in Peru ; went to Chile 
 in 1549, and took an active part in the Araucanian wars ; 
 was a captain, but never had any important commissions. 
 In his latter years he lived at Santiago. His “ Historia de 
 Chile," written between 1572 and 1575, is preserved in 
 the original manuscript in Madrid. It was first published 
 in 1810, in the “Memorial historico Espafiol,” and re- 
 published in the “Coleccion de historiadores de Chile,” 
 1862. It gives the history of Chile down to 1575, and is 
 the best of the early works on that subject. 
 
 Gongora y Argote (gon'go-ra e ar-go'ta),Luis 
 de. Born at Cordova, Spain, July 11, 1561: 
 died there, May 24, 1627. A Spanish lyric poet, 
 noted as the founder of a highly metaphysical 
 and artificial style named from him “ Gongor- 
 ism,” and also called the “polished,” “ polite,” 
 and “cultivated” style. 
 
 Gonnella. See Jests of Gonnella. 
 
 Gonsalez (gon-sa'leth); Fernan. A half-fabu- 
 lous Spanish hero of the 10th century, about 
 whom numerous ballads and poems have been 
 written. His historical achievements occurred between 
 934 and 970, when he died. A metrical chronicle of his ad- 
 ventures (date probably of the 14th century) was founded 
 on an older prose account. There are about twenty ballads 
 relating to him, the most interesting being those in which 
 he is twice rescued from prison by his courageous wife. 
 Ticknor. 
 
 Gonsalvo Hernandez de Cordova. See Cor- 
 dova. 
 
 Gonville and Caius College, commonly called 
 simply Caius (kez). A college of the University 
 of Cambridge, England, established by Edmund 
 
 447 
 
 Gonville in 1348, and refounded by Dr. John 
 Caius, physician to Queen Mary, in 1558. The 
 picturesque gate, exhibiting classical friezes, niches, and 
 pediments, surmounted by an octagonal dome-shaped tur- 
 ret, is modern. The outer court was built by Caius; the 
 inner, though refaced in the last century, by Gonville. 
 Gonzaga (gon-za'ga). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of Mantua, Italy, 14 miles south of Mantua. 
 Gonzaga, Carlo I. di. Died about 1637. Duke 
 of Nevers, Mantua, and Montferrat. 
 
 Gonzaga, Federigo II. di. Born about 1500 : 
 died 1540. Promoted from marquis to duke of 
 Mantua in 1530 : ruler of Montferrat from 1536. 
 Gonzaga, Ludovico III. di, surnamed “The 
 Turk.” Born about 1414: died 1478. Marquis 
 of Mantua from 1444. 
 
 Gonzaga, Thomaz Antonio. Born at Oporto, 
 Portugal, Aug., 1744 : died at Mozambique, 
 Africa, probably in 1809. A Portuguese poet. 
 He was ouvidor or judge of Villa Rica, Minas Geraes, Bra- 
 zil ; and in 1789 was involved in the revolutionary plot 
 called the conspiracy of Tiradentes, for which, in 1792, he 
 was condemned to penal servitude at Mozambique. Eventu- 
 ally he married there. He became insane before his death. 
 His “Marilia de Dirceu," a collection of lyrics, was pub- 
 lished before his exile, and appeared in numerous subse- 
 quent editions. 
 
 Gonzalez (gon-tha'leth), Juan G. A Paraguayan 
 politician, elected president of the republic for 
 four years, Nov. 25, 1890. 
 
 Gonzalez, Manuel. Born near Matamoros, be- 
 fore 1833 : died at Mexico, May 8, 1893. A Mexi- 
 can general and statesman. He distinguished him- 
 self in the wars against the French and Maximilian ; fol- 
 lowed Diaz in various revolts ; was his secretary of war 
 1877-80 ; and succeeded him as president Dec. 1, 1880, to 
 Nov. 30, 1884. His term was peaceful, but his financial 
 policy caused much trouble. Subsequently he was gover- 
 nor of Guanajuato. 
 
 Gonzalez Balcarce, Antonio. See Balcarce. 
 Gonzalez Davila (da've-la), Gil. Born at Avila 
 about 1470 : died there, about 1528. A Spanish 
 discoverer. He went to Espanola in 1510, and was made 
 contador. In 1519 he was in Spain, and joined with Andres 
 Nino in a scheme for exploration in the Pacific. Crossing 
 the isthmus of Panama, they followed the coast northward, 
 discovered the lakes of Nicaragua, and reached Espanola 
 in 1523 with a large amount of gold which they had ob- 
 tained from the Indians. Pedrarias, governor of Panama, 
 laid claim to the newly discovered region. Gil Gonzalez 
 tried to reach Nicaragua again from the eastern side (1524), 
 but he struck the coast too far north, in Honduras. Here 
 he encountered a hostile party sent by Pedrarias from the 
 south, and, escaping these, he had to meet Olid’s expedition 
 from the north. He finally fell into the hands of Olid, and 
 joined with Casas in killing him. He then went to Mexico, 
 where he was arrested and sent to Spain (1526). Released on 
 parole, he remained at Avila until his death. 
 
 Gonzalez Saravia, Antonio. See Mollinedo y 
 Saravia. 
 
 Gonzalez Vigil (ve'Hel), Francisco de Paula. 
 
 Born at Tacna, Sept. 15, 1792: died at Lima, 
 June 10, 1875. A Peruvian scholar and states- 
 man. He took orders in 1818, and was rector of the Col- 
 lege of Arequipa 1832. From 1836 until his death he was 
 director of the national library at Lima. Early identified 
 with the cause of independence, he was elected to several 
 congresses, leading the opposition to Bolivar in 1826, and 
 resisting Gomara in 1832. His most important work, “ De- 
 fensa de la autoridad de los gobiernos contra las preten- 
 siones de la curia romana” (12 vols. 1848 to 1856), caused 
 him to be excommunicated. He also published a work on 
 the Jesuits, and numerous books and essays on historical, 
 legal, and controversial subjects. Vigil is regarded as the 
 greatest scholar yet produced by Peru. 
 
 Gonzalo (gon-za'lo). An “honest old counsel- 
 lor” in Shakspere’s “ Tempest.” He is also in- 
 troduced as “a Savoy nobleman” in Dryden’s 
 version. 
 
 Gonzalo de Berceo (gon-tha'lo da ber-tha'o). 
 An early Spanish poet, a secular priest of the 
 monastery of San Millan de la Cogolla. He 
 flourished about 1220-46. 
 
 Gooch (goch), Sir Daniel. Born at Bedlington, 
 Northumberland, Aug. 24, 1816: died at Clewer 
 Park, Berkshire, Oct. 15, 1889. An English en- 
 gineer and inventor. He was locomotive superinten- 
 dent of the Great Western Railway 1837-64, making a nota- 
 ble advance in the construction of engines, and played an 
 importantpart in establishing the first transatlantic cables. 
 He was a member of Parliament 1865-85. 
 
 Good (gud), John Mason. Born at Epping, Es- 
 sex, England, May 25, 1764: died Jan. 2, 1827. 
 An English physician and miscellaneous writer. 
 Among his numerous works are “The Nature of Things ” 
 (a translation of Lucretius, 1806) and “ Study of Medicine ” 
 (1822). 
 
 Goodale (gud'al), Dora Read. Born at Mount 
 Washington, Mass., Oct. 29, 1866. An Ameri- 
 can poet, sister of Elaine Goodale. 
 
 Goodale, Elaine (Mrs. Eastman). Born at 
 Mount Washington, Mass., Oct. 9, 1863. 
 An American poet. She became a teacher 
 of the Indians in the Hampton Institute in 1883, and in 1886 
 government teacher at White River Camp, Dakota. Poems 
 of Elaine and Dora Goodale were published as “ Apple 
 Blossoms" (1878), “In Berkshire with the Wild Flowers" 
 (1879), etc. 
 
 Goodwin, William Watson 
 
 Goodall (gud'al), Edward. Bom at Leeds, 
 England, Sept. 17, 1795 : died at London, April 
 11, 1870. An English engraver, especially noted 
 for his engravings after Turner. 
 
 Goodall, Frederick. Born at London, Sept. 17, 
 1822: died there, July 28, 1904. An English 
 painter, son of Edward Goodall. 
 
 Good Counsel of Chaucer. See Flee from the 
 Press. 
 
 Goode (gud), George Brown. Bom at New Al- 
 bany, Ind., Feb. 13, 1851: died at Washington, 
 D. C., Sept. 6, 1896. An American naturalist. 
 He received an appointment on the staff of the Smithsonian 
 Institution in 1873 ; became assistant directorof theNation- 
 al Museum in 1878 ; was commissioner of fisheries 1887-88 ; 
 and was assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 
 from 1887. Among his works are “Catalogue of the Fishes 
 of tile Bermudas ” (1876), “ Game Fishes of the U nited States ” 
 (1879), “American Fishes " (1880), “ The Fisheries and Fish- 
 ery Industries of the United States ” (1884), “Oceanic Ich- 
 thyology" (with Tarleton H. Bean, 1894), etc. 
 
 Goodell (gu-del'), William. Born at Temple- 
 ton, Mass., Feb. 14, 1792: died at Philadel- 
 phia, Feb. 18, 1867. An American missionary. 
 He was graduated from Andover Theological Seminary in 
 1820, when he became a missionary of the American Board 
 of Commissioners of Foreign Missions. He labored at Bei- 
 rut from 1823 until 1828, and was subsequently stationed 
 at Malta and at Constantinople. He translated the Scrip- 
 tures into Armeno-Turkisli : the final revision of the trans- 
 lation appeared in 1863. 
 
 Goodfellow (gud'fel // o), Robin. See Puck. 
 Good Gray Poet, The. A surname of Walt 
 Whitman. 
 
 Good Hope, Cape of. A promontory at the 
 southwestern extremity of Cape Colony, South 
 Africa, in lat. 34° 21' S., long. 18° 30' E. It was 
 discovered by Bartholomeu Dias in 1487, and was doubled 
 by Vasco da Gama in 1497. For the colony, see Cape 
 Colony. 
 
 Goodman (gud'man), Godfrey. Born at Ruthin, 
 Denbighshire, Feb. 28, 1583: died at London, 
 Jan. 19, 1656. An English divine, appointed 
 bishop of Gloucester in 1625. He was accused of 
 Romanist tendencies and practices. He was committed 
 to the Tower on a charge of high treason in 1641, but was 
 soon released. He wrote “The Fall of Man," etc. (to which 
 Hakewill replied), and other works. 
 
 Goodman’s Fields Theatre. A London theater 
 built in 1729. David Garrick made the success of the 
 house in 1741. It was pulled down about 1746, and a second 
 theater was burned in 1802. Thornbury. 
 
 Good-natured Man, The. __A comedy by Gold- 
 smith, produced Jan. 29, 1768. 
 
 Good Parliament. The name given to the Eng- 
 lish Parliament of 1376, which was noted for its 
 efforts to reform political abuses, it impeached 
 Lords Latimer and Neville, and others — the first instance 
 of an impeachment. 
 
 Good Regent, The. James Stuart, earl of Mur- 
 ray (or Moray), regent of Scotland 1567-70. 
 Goodrich (gud' rich), Chauncey Allen. Born 
 at New Haven, Conn., Oct. 23, 1790 : died there, 
 Feb. 25, 1860. An American scholar, grandson 
 of Elizur Goodrich : one of the editors of “ Web- 
 ster’s Dictionary” after 1828. 
 
 Goodrich, Elizur. Born at Wethersfield, Conn., 
 Oct. 26, 1734: died at Norfolk, Conn., Nov., 
 1797. An American clergyman and mathema- 
 tician. 
 
 Goodrich, Samuel Griswold: pseudonym Pe- 
 ter Parley. Born at Ridgefield, Conn., Aug. 19, 
 1793 : died at New York, May 9, 1860. An Amer- 
 ican author, nephew of C. A. Goodrich. He pub- 
 lished many juvenile works, “History of the Animal King- 
 dom ” (1859), etc. 
 
 Goodsir (gud'ser), John. Born at Anstruther, 
 Fifeshire, March 20, 1814 : died at Wardie, near 
 Edinburgh, March 6, 1867. A Scottish anato- 
 mist, professor of anatomy at Edinburgh from 
 1846. He obtained distinction from his investigations in 
 cellular pathology. His “Anatomical Memoirs "was pub- 
 lished in 1868. 
 
 Goodstock (gud'stok). The host in Ben Jon- 
 son’s play “The New Inn.” He is Lord Fram- 
 vul in disguise. 
 
 oodwin (gud'win), Charles Wycliffe. Born 
 at King’s Lynn, 1817 : died at Shanghai, Jan., 
 1878. AnEnglishlawyerandEgyptologist. He 
 published “The Anglo-Saxon Version of the Life of St. 
 Gutblac, Hermitof Crowland” (1848), “The Story of Sane- 
 ha: an Egyptian Tale of Four Thousand Years Ago, trans- 
 lated from the Hieratic Text” (1866), etc. 
 
 Goodwin, Thomas. Born at Rollesby, Norfolk, 
 England, Oct. 5, 1600 : died at London, Feb. 23, 
 1680. An English Puritan divine. His works 
 were published 1681-1704. 
 
 Goodwin, William Watson. Born at Con- 
 cord, Mass., May 9, 1831: died at Cambridge. 
 Mass., June 15, 1912. An American classical 
 scholar, lie was graduated at Harvard in 1851, and in 
 1860 was appointed Eliot professor of Greek literature nt 
 
Goodwin, William Watson 
 
 that institution (emeritus 1901). He published “Syntax 
 of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb” (1860), 
 “Greek Grammar'’ (1870), etc. 
 
 Goodwin Sands. Dangerous shoals about 5 
 miles east of Kent, England, from which they 
 are separated by the Downs. They are opposite 
 Deal and Sandgate. Near them the Dutch fleet 
 defeated the British fleet in 1652. 
 
 Goodwood (gud'wud). A seat of the Duke of 
 Richmond and Gordon, near Chichester, Susses, 
 England. A noted race-course was established in the 
 park in 1802. The meeting takes place in the end of July, 
 the principal race being that for the Goodwood Cup. 
 
 Goodyear (gud'yer), Charles. Born at New 
 Haven, Conn., Dec. 29, 1800: died at New York, 
 July 1, 1860. An American manufacturer, in 
 
 1834 he turned his attention to the manufacture of india- 
 rubber. After years spent in experimentation, which re- 
 duced himself and his family to poverty, he discovered the 
 process of vulcanization, for which he obtained his first 
 patent in 1844. 
 
 Goody Two Shoes. A nursery tale relating the 
 story of Little Goody Two Shoes, who, owning 
 but one shoe, is so pleased to have a pair that 
 she shows them to every one, exclaiming “ Two 
 shoes!” The story was first published in 1765 by New- 
 bery, and is supposed to have been written by Oliver 
 Goldsmith. 
 
 Googe (goj), Barnabe. Bom at Alvingham, 
 Lincolnshire, 1540 : died in 1594. An English 
 poet. His most important work is a set of 8 eclogues 
 published in 1563 in “Eglogs, Epytaphes, and Sonnetes,” 
 which are thought to have had some influence o'n Spen- 
 ser’s “Shepherd’s Calendar.” He translated a number of 
 works, and wrote also a long poem, “Cupido Conquered.” 
 
 Gookin (go'kin), Daniel. Born in Kent, Eng- 
 land, about 1612: died at Cambridge, Mass., 
 March 19, 1687. A colonial official. He came out 
 
 to Virginia with his father in 1621, and about 1644 removed 
 to Massachusetts, where he was made superintendent of 
 the Indians in 1656, and major-general in 1681. He wrote 
 “ Historical Collections of the Indians of Massachusetts,” 
 completed in 1674 and first printed in 1792. 
 
 Goole (gol). A river port in Yorkshire, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Ouse 23 miles west of 
 Hull. Popidation, 16,576. 
 
 Goomtee. See Gumti. 
 
 Goorkhas. See Gliurlcas. 
 
 Goose, Mother. See Mother Goose. 
 
 Goppert (ghp'pert), Heinrich Robert. Born 
 at Sprottau , Prussia, J uly 25, 1800 : died at Bres- 
 lau, May 18, 1884. A German botanist and pa- 
 leontologist, professor of botany at the Uni- 
 versity of Breslau. He was especially noted 
 for his researches on fossil flora. 
 
 Gdppingen (gbp'ping-en). A manufacturing 
 town in the circle of the Danube, Wiirtemberg, 
 situated on the Fils 22 miles east by south of 
 Stuttgart. Population, commune, 20,813. 
 
 Gorakhpur (go-ruk-por'). 1. A district in the 
 Gorakhpur division, United Provinces, British 
 India, intersected by lat. 27° N., long. 83° 30' 
 E. Area, 4,535 square miles. Population, 
 2,957,074. — 2. The capital of the Gorakhpur 
 district, situated near the river Rapti in lat. 
 26° 45' N., long. 83° 22' E. Population, includ- 
 ing cantonment, 64,148. 
 
 Gorboduc (gor'bo-duk). A mythical king of 
 Britain. His story, with that of his sons Ferrex 
 and Porrex, is told in the early chronicles. 
 
 Gorboduc, who succeeded to the crown of Britain soon 
 after the death of Lear, profited so little by the example 
 of his predecessor that he divided his realm during his life 
 between his two sons, Ferrex and Porrex, whose bloody 
 history is the subject of the first regular English tragedy : 
 it was written by Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville 
 (Lord Buckhurst),was acted in 1561, and afterwards printed 
 in 1565, under the name of “Gorboduc." Sir Philip Sid- 
 ney says that this drama climbs to the height of Seneca, 
 and Pope has pronounced the much higher eulogy that it 
 possesses “ an unaffected perspicuity of style, and an easy 
 flow in the numbers: in a word, that chastity, correct- 
 ness, and gravity of style which are so essential to tragedy, 
 and which all the tragic poets who followed, not except- 
 ing Shakspeare himself, either little understood or per- 
 petually neglected.” Both in the dramaand romance, the 
 princes, between whom the kingdom had been divided, 
 ruon fell to dissension, and the younger stabbed the elder ; 
 the mother, who more dearly loved the elder, having killed 
 his brother in revenge, the people, indignant at the cruelty 
 of the deed, rose in rebellion, and murdered both father 
 and mother. Thb nobles then assembled and destroyed 
 most of the rebels, but afterwards became embroiled in a 
 civil war, in which they and their issue were all slain. 
 
 Dunlop , Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 240. 
 
 Gorcum. See GorJcum. 
 
 Gordian (gor'di-an). See Gordianus. 
 Gordianus (gor-di-a'nus) I., Marcus Antoni- 
 us, sumamed Africanus, Anglicized Gordian. 
 Born about 158 a. D.: died at Carthage, 238. 
 Roman emperor. He was descended from a wealthy 
 and illustrious Roman family, and acquired great popu- 
 larity by his largesses to the populace. He became procon- 
 sul of Africa in 237, and when, in 238, a rebellion broke out 
 in his province against Maximinus, he was forced by the 
 insurgents to assume the purple. His elevation was con- 
 firmed by the Roman senate. He associated with himself 
 
 448 
 
 in the government his son Gordianus II. The younger 
 Gordianus was defeated and slain before Carthage by Ca- 
 pellianus, governor of Mauretania, whereupon the elder 
 Gordianus put himself to death after a reign of only six 
 weeks. 
 
 Gordianus II., Marcus Antonius. Bom 192 
 
 A. i>, : died near Carthage, 238. Roman empe- 
 ror, son and associate of the preceding. 
 Gordianus III. , Marcus Antonius Pius. Born 
 about 224 a. d. : died in Mesopotamia, 244. 
 Roman emperor. He was the grandson of Gordianus 
 I. on his mother’s side, and was proclaimed Caesar on the 
 death of the two Gordiani in Africa in 238. (See Gordianus 
 I.) He became sole emperor in the same year, on the as- 
 sassination bythe pretoriansof the two Augusti, Pupienus 
 and Balbinus, who had been appointed by the senate to 
 succeed Gordianus I. He undertook an expedition against 
 Persia in 242, under the guidance of his father-in-law, the 
 veteran soldier Misitheus, after whose death he was mur- 
 dered by the pretorian prefect Philip, who usurped the 
 throne. 
 
 Gordium (gor'di-um). In ancient geography, a 
 town in northern Galatia, Asia Minor, near the 
 river Sangarius. It is noted as the place where 
 Alexander the Great cut the Gordian knot. See 
 Gordius. 
 
 Gordius (gor'di-us). [Gr. FopAof.] An ancient 
 ltipg of Lydia (originally a peasant), father of 
 Midas. According to the legend an oracle had declared 
 to the people of Phrygia that a king would come to them 
 riding in a car, and, as Gordius thus appeared to them in 
 a popular assembly which was discussing the disposition 
 of the government, he was accepted as their sovereign. 
 His car and the yoke of his oxen he dedicated to Zeus at 
 Gordium ; and an oracle declared that whoever should un- 
 tie the knot of the yoke would rule over Asia. Alexander 
 the Great cut the knot with his sword. 
 
 Gordon (gor'don), Adam. A famous English 
 outlaw who established himself near the village 
 of Wilton in 1267, and attacked those especially 
 who were of the king’s party. He engaged with 
 Prince Edward (afterward King Edward I.) in single com- 
 bat, and the latter so admired his courage and spirit that 
 he promised him his life and fortune if he would surren- 
 der. Gordon consented, and was ever after an attached 
 and faithful servant to Edward. 
 
 Gordon, Sir Adam de. Died 1333. A Scottish 
 statesman and soldier. He was at fir st a partizan of 
 Edward II., but after the battle of Bannockburn adhered 
 to Bruce. His son Sir Adam de Gordon (died 1402) became 
 celebrated in border warfare. 
 
 Gordon, Adam Lindsay. Born at Fayal 
 (Azores), 1833: shot himself at New Brighton, 
 Australia, June 24, 1870. An Australian poet. 
 He was in the mounted police of South Australia in 1853, 
 and was afterward a horse-breaker, member of the Vic- 
 toria House of Assembly (1865), and the keeper of a livery- 
 stable. He failed in an attempt to secure the Esslemont 
 estate in Scotland in 1869. Among his poems are “Sea 
 Spray and Smoke Drift” (1867), “Bush Ballads, etc.” 
 (1870), and “ Ashtaroth : a dramatic Lyric ” (1867). 
 
 Gordon, Alexander. Born at Aberdeen before 
 1693 : died in South Carolina in 1754 or 1755. A 
 Scottish antiquary. He wrote “Itinerarium Septen- 
 trionale” (1726), describing “the monuments of Roman 
 antiquity” and “the Danish invasions on Scotland.” 
 
 Gordon, Sir Alexander. Bom 1650: died at 
 Airds, Kirkcudbrightshire, Nov. 11, 1726. A 
 Scottish Covenanter. He took part in the battle of 
 Bothwell Bridge, was proclaimed a traitor and condemned 
 to death, and after many hairbreadth escapes fled to Hol- 
 land. He returned and was arrested (1683), and remained 
 a prisoner until 16S9. For several years his imprisonment 
 was voluntarily shared by his wife. 
 
 Gordon, Andrew. Bom at Cofforach, Forfar- 
 shire, June 15, 1712: died Aug. 22, 1751. A 
 Scottish physicist, appointed professor of phi- 
 losophy at Erfurt in 1737. He was noted for his ex- 
 periments in frictional electricity. He is said to have 
 been the first electrician to use a cylinder in place of a 
 globe. He wrote “ Phenomena Electricitatis Exposita " 
 (1744), etc. 
 
 Gordon, Sir Arthur Hamilton. Born Nov. 26, 
 1829: died at London, Jan. 30, 1912. Youngest 
 son of the fourth Earl of Aberdeen. He sat in Par- 
 liament as Liberal member for Beverley 1854-57, and was 
 appointed governor of New Brunswick in 1866, governor 
 of Trinidad in 1870, first governor of the Fiji Islands in 
 1874, high commissioner for the Western Pacific in 1877, 
 governor of New Zealand in 1880, and governor of Ceylon 
 in 1883 (-1890). He was created Baron Stanmore in 1893. 
 
 Gordon, Charles George, called “ Chinese Gor- 
 don” and “Gordon Pasha.” Born at Woolwich, 
 Jan. 28, 1833: died at Khartum, Nubia, Jan. 26, 
 1885. An English soldier. He served in the Crimea 
 1854-56. In I860 he was attached to the British force 
 under Sir James Hope Grant operating with the French 
 against China, and in 1863 took command of a Chinese 
 force, called the Ever Victorious Army, against t lie Tai- 
 ping rebels. He put down the rebellion in thirty-three en- 
 gagements, and resigned his command in 1864, receiving 
 from the emperor the yellow jacket and peacock’s feather 
 of a mandarin of the first class. He was governor of the 
 Equatorial Provinces of central Africa in the service of the 
 Khedive of Egypt 1874-76; was created pasha bythe khe- 
 dive in 1877; and in the same year was promoted lieuten- 
 ant-colonel in the British army. He was governor-gen- 
 eral of the Sudan, Darfur, the Equatorial Provinces, and 
 the Red Sea littoral 1877-79, in which capacity he stamped 
 out the slave-trade in his district. He acted as adviser 
 of the Chinese government in its relations with Russia 
 in 1880 ; went as commanding royal engineer to Mauritius 
 
 Gore Hall 
 
 1881-82 ; and was commandant of the colonial forces of 
 the Cape of Good Hope in 1882. In 1884 he was sent by the 
 British government to the Sudan to assist the khedive in 
 withdrawing the garrisons of the country, which could not 
 be held any longer against the Mahdi. He was besieged 
 by the Mahdi at Khartum, March 12, 1884, and was killed 
 in the storming of the city, Jan. 26, 1885. 
 
 Gordon, George, fourth Earl of Huntly. Born 
 1514: died 1562. A Scottish statesman. He held 
 important offices under James V. ; with Home defeated 
 an English force at Hadden Rig, Aug. 24, 1642 ; on the 
 murder of Cardinal Beaton succeeded him as lord high 
 chancellor (1546); and held a command and was taken 
 prisoner at the battle of Pinkie (1547). He opposed the 
 policy of the queer: regent, and finally deserted her. He 
 favored the Catholic cause. Under Mary he was in dis- 
 favor, and was finally denounced as a rebel. He attacked 
 the queen’s forces at Corrichie, Nov. 5, 1562, but was de- 
 feated, and died from the effects of the battle. 
 
 Gordon, George, fifth Earl of Huntly. Died 
 May, 15,76. A Scottish statesman. He was a fa- 
 vorite of Mary, and an ally of Bothwell, and became lord 
 high chancellor in 1566. He was implicated in the mur- 
 der of Darnley. 
 
 Gordon, Lord George. Born at London, Dec. 
 26, 1751 : died Nov. 1, 1793. An English agita- 
 tor, third son of Cosmo George, third duke of 
 Gordon. He entered Parliament in 1774. In 1779 he be- 
 came president of the Protestant Association, formed to 
 secure the repeal of the Bill of Toleration, passed in 
 1778 for the relief of Roman Catholics. At the instance 
 of the society a large number of the opponents of the 
 bill met in St. George's Fields, and marched in a body 
 to the House of Commons simultaneously with the pres- 
 entation by Gordon of a petition praying Parliament to 
 repeal the bill. A riot ensued, which was quelled by the 
 troops June 8, 1780. Gordon was tried in 1781 for compli- 
 city in the riots, but was acquitted for want of evidence. 
 Gordon, George Hamilton, fourth Earl of Aber- 
 deen. Born at Edinburgh, Jan. 28, 1784: died 
 at London, Dec. 14, 1860. A British statesman. 
 He was appointed ambassador extraordinary to Austria 
 Sept., 1813, and signed the preliminary treaty at Toplitz 
 on Oct. 3. On May 30, 1814, he signed the treaty of Paris 
 as one of the representatives of Great Britain. He was for- 
 eign secretary under Wellington 1828-30, secretary for war 
 Dec., 1834, -April, 1835, and secretary for foreign affairs 
 1841-46. He was premier Dec., 1852, -Jan. 30, 1855, his 
 ministry being formed by a coalition of Whigs and Peel- 
 ites. He wrote works on Greek architecture, etc. 
 
 Gordon, John Campbell Hamilton. Born 1847. 
 Seventh Earl of Aberdeen, grandson of the 
 fourth earl. He was lord lieutenant of Ireland in 
 the Gladstone administration of 1886 and in the Campbell- 
 Bannerman administration of 1905-, and was governor- 
 general of Canada 1893-98. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland 1906-. 
 
 Gordon, Sir John Watson. Bom at Edinburgh, 
 1788: died there, June 1, 1864. A Scottish por- 
 trait-painter. His best-known work is a portrait 
 of Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 Gordon, Lady Duff- (Lucie or Lucy Austin). 
 
 Born at Westminster, June 24, 1821: died at 
 Cairo, July 14, 1869. An English writer, best 
 known as a translator from the German (Nie- 
 buhr, Von Ranke, and Sybel). She resided in 
 Egypt from 1862. She married Sir Alexander 
 Duff-Gordon in 1840. 
 
 Gordon, William. Born at Hitchin, Hertford- 
 shire, about 1728 : died at Ipswich, England, 
 Oct. 19, 1807. An English clergyman and his- 
 torian. He wrote “Rise, Progress, and Establishment 
 of the Independence of the United States of America” 
 (1788), etc. 
 
 Gordon Bennett, Mount. [Named from James 
 Gordon Bennett.] A mountain in central Africa, 
 in the neighborhood of Lake Albert Nyanza and 
 Ruwenzori, discovered and named by Stanley. 
 Height, estimated, about 15,000 feet. 
 
 Gordon Cumming. See Gumming. 
 
 Gordon Riots. A rising of the London popu- 
 lace, June, 1780, the culmination of an anti- 
 Roman Catholic agitation, instigated and abet- 
 ted by Lord George Gordon. See Gordon, Lord 
 George. 
 
 Gore (gor), Mrs. (Catherine Grace Frances 
 Moody). Born at East Retford, Notts, Eng- 
 land, in 1799: died at Lyndhurst, Hampshire, 
 Jan. 29, 1861. An English novelist and play- 
 writer. Among her works are “Theresa Marchmont," a 
 novel (1824), “The Lettre de Cachet " (1827), “School for 
 Coquettes,” a comedy (1831), “Mrs. Armytage. etc.," a novel 
 (1836), “ Cecil, or the Adventures of a Coxcomb " (her most 
 successful novel, 1841), “ The Banker’s Wife " (1843), and 
 about sixty other works, some of them translations from 
 the French. 
 
 Gore, Christopher. Born at Boston, Sept. 21, 
 1758: died at Waltham, Mass., March 1, 1827. 
 An American politician, governor of Massachu- 
 setts 1809-10. He was a benefactor of Harvard 
 College. 
 
 Goree (go-ra'). A small island belonging to 
 France, situated near the coast of Senegambia, 
 south of Cape Verd, in lat. 14° 40' N., long. 17° 
 25' W. Population of the town of Gor6e, 
 1,590. 
 
 Gore Hall. A building containing the library 
 of Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 
 
Gore House 
 
 Gore House. A house formerly occupying the 
 site upon which the Albert Memorial is built, 
 in London, it was a famous resort for men of letters 
 during the successive ownerships of William Wilberforce 
 and the Countess of Blessington in the early part of the 
 19th century. 
 
 Gorgei. See Gorgey. 
 
 Gorges (gor'jez), Sir Ferdinando. Born in 
 Somersetshire, England, about 1566: died in 
 1647. An English colonial proprietor. He re- 
 ceived with John Mason a grant of the region between 
 the Merrimac and Kennebec rivers in 1622. In 1629 the 
 connection between Gorges and Mason was dissolved and 
 anew grant was made to each, Gorges receiving the region 
 between the Piscataqua and the Kennebec. Gorges re- 
 ceived a confirmation of his grant under the title of the 
 Province of Maine in 1639. 
 
 Gorgey, or Gorgei (ger'ge-i), Arthur. Bom at 
 
 Toporcz, county of Zips, Hungary, Jan. 30, 1818. 
 A Hungarian general in the war of 1848-49. He 
 succeeded Kossuth as dictator, Aug. 11, 1849, and surren- 
 dered at VilAgos, Aug. 13, 1849, to the Russians under 
 Rudiger. 
 
 Gorgias (g6r'ji-as). [Gr. Topyiac.] Born at Le- 
 ontini, Sicily, about 485 B. c. : died at Larissa, 
 Thessaly, about 380 B. c. A famous Greek so- 
 phist and rhetorician, “ an independent cultiva- 
 tor of natural oratory, with a gift for brilliant 
 expression of a poetical and often turgid kind. 
 When he visited Athens in 427 B. C. his florid eloquence 
 became the rage, and was afterwards the first literary 
 inspiration of the orator Isocrates.” From him one of 
 Plato’s dialogues is named. 
 
 Gorgibus (gor-zhe-biis'). 1. A comfortable old 
 citizen in Moliere’s “Les precieuses ridicules.” 
 His niece and daughter torment him by their 
 esthetic vagaries. — 2. An unreasonable old cit- 
 izen in Molifere’s “ Sganarelle ” : the father of 
 Cfilie. 
 
 Gorgo (gor'go). [Gr. I’opyA] See Gorgons. 
 Gorgona (gor-go'na). An island in the Pacific, 
 situated about lat. 3° N., long. 78° 20' W. It 
 belongs to the Republic of Colombia. 
 
 Gorgons (gor'gonz). [Gr. Ttipyover.'] In Greek 
 legend (Hesiod), daughters of Phorcys (whence 
 also called Phorcydes) and Ceto, dwellingin the 
 Western Ocean near Night and the Hesperides 
 (or in Libya). Their names are Stheno, Euryale, and 
 Medusa. They are girded with serpents, and, in some ac- 
 counts, have wings and brazen claws and enormous teeth. 
 According to Homer there is but one, Gorgo. See Medusa. 
 Gori (go're). A town in the government of Tif- 
 lis, Caucasus, Russia, situated on the Kur in 
 lat. 41° 59' N., long. 44° 5' E. Population, 
 10,269. 
 
 Gorinchem. See Gorkum. 
 
 Goring (gor'ing), George, Earl of Norwich. 
 Born about 1583: died 1663. An English Roy- 
 alist politician and soldier. He headed an unsuccess- 
 ful Royalist rising in 1647, and was sentenced to death, 
 but later was pardoned. 
 
 Goring, George, Lord Goring. Bora July 14, 
 1608 : died at Madrid, 1657. An English gen- 
 eral. He at first supported the Parliamentary cause, and 
 was placed in command of Portsmouth, but in 1642 went 
 over to the Royalists. He was, however, unable to defend 
 Portsmouth, which was captured in Sept. He commanded 
 the left wing of the Royalist army at the battle of Marston 
 Moor. He was a man of unrestrained life, and in his youth 
 was celebrated for his brilliancy and prodigality. 
 
 Goritz. See Gorz. 
 
 Gorkhas. See Ghurkas. 
 
 Gorkum, or Gorcum (gor'kum), or Gorinchem 
 (go'rin-chem). A town in the province of South 
 Holland, Netherlands, at the junction of the 
 Linge with the Merwede (Maas), 22 miles east- 
 southeast of Rotterdam. It was taken by the 
 “Water Beggars” in 1572. Population, 
 11,855. 
 
 Gorlitz (ger'lits). A city in the province of 
 Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Lausitzer 
 Neisse in lat. 51° 8' N., long. 14° 58' E. It is 
 
 an important commercial center, and has large manufac- 
 tures of cloth. The Rathaus and the Church of St. Peter 
 and St. Paul are of interest. The place has belonged 
 successively to Lusatia, Bohemia, Saxony, and Prussia. 
 Population, commune, 83,766. 
 
 Gorm (gfirm), surnamed “The Old.” Flourished 
 about 860-935. The first king of united Den- 
 mark. 
 
 Gorner (gor'ner) Glacier. One of the largest 
 Alpine glaciers, situated in the canton of Va- 
 lais, Switzerland, northwest of Monte Rosa. It 
 is the source of the Visp. 
 
 Gorner Grat. A mountain near Zermatt, Swit- 
 zerland, in the Alps of Valais. Height, 10,290 
 feet. 
 
 Gorres (ger'res), Johann Joseph von. Born at 
 
 Coblenz, Prussia, Jan. 25, 1776: died at Mu- 
 nich, Jan. 29, 1848. A German author. He edited 
 the “ Rheinischer Merkur” 1814-16, and became professor 
 of history in the University of Munich in 1827. In his early 
 publications he supported French revolutionary principles, 
 which caused him to be persecuted by the government, and 
 C.— 29 
 
 449 
 
 was a prominent advocate of the Roman Catholic Church. 
 He wrote “ Die christliche Mystik ”(1836-42) and “Athana- 
 sius" (1837). 
 
 Gortehakoff (gor-cha-kof'), Prince Alexander 
 Mikhailovitch. Born July 16, 1798 : died at 
 Baden-Baden, March 11, 1883. A noted Rus- 
 sian statesman. He was appointed ambassador ex- 
 traordinary at Stuttgart, in 1841, to negotiate a marriage 
 between the Crown Prince of Wiirtemberg and the prin- 
 cess Olga, sister of the czar Nicholas. In 1854 he was 
 sent as ambassador to Vienna, where he guarded the in- 
 terests of Russia with great tact and ability during the 
 Crimean war, until 1856. He was appointed minister of 
 foreign affairs in 1856, and became vice-chancellor in 1862 
 and chancellor in 1863. He maintained a strict neutrality 
 between the contending powers in the Austro-Prussian 
 war (1866), but in 1870embraced the opportunity presented 
 by the Franco-Prussian war to repudiate the treaty of 
 Paris (extorted from Russia at the close of the Crimean 
 war in 1856) in so far as it excluded the Russian war fleet 
 from the Black Sea and deprived his country of the con- 
 trol of the mouths of the Danube. 
 
 Gortehakoff, Prince Alexander. Born 1769 : 
 died 1825. A Russian soldier. He served under 
 his uncle Suvaroff in Turkey and in Poland, and be- 
 came lieutenant-general in 1798. He served with dis- 
 tinction in the Napoleonic wars, and repulsed Marshal 
 Lannes at Heilsberg in 1807. He acted as chief of the 
 ministry of war in 1812, and became general and was 
 made a member of the imperial council in 1814. 
 
 Gortehakoff, Prince Andrei. Born 1768 : died 
 at Moscow, Feb. 27, 1855. A Russian general. 
 He served as major-general under Suvaroff in Italy in 1799, 
 and commanded a division of grenadiers in 1812 and a 
 corps of infantry in 1814, in which last-named year he 
 fought with distinction in the battles of Beipsic and Paris. 
 He became general in 1819, and retired from active ser- 
 vice in 1828. 
 
 Gortehakoff, Prince Mikhail. Born 1795 : died 
 at Warsaw, May 30, 1861. A Russian general. 
 He served in the Turkish war 1828-29, in the Polish revo- 
 lution 1830-31, in Hungary in 1849, on the Danube 1853-54, 
 and in the Crimea in 1855. 
 
 Gortehakoff, Prince Petr. Lived early in the 
 17th century. A Russian commander, noted 
 for his defense of Smolensk against the Poles 
 
 1609-11. 
 
 Gortehakoff, Prince Petr. Born 1790: died at 
 Moscow, March 18, 1868. A Russian general, 
 brother of Mikhail Gortehakoff. He fought against 
 Napoleon in the campaigns of 1807 and 1812-14, and subse- 
 quently served under Yermoloff in the Caucasus. In 1829 
 he commanded a corps of infantry, with which he defeated 
 a Turkish corps at Aidos. He signed in the same year the 
 preliminaries of the peace of Adrianople. He became 
 general in 1843, and in 1854 commanded a wing of the 
 Russian army at the Alma and at Inkerman. 
 
 Gorton (gor'ton). A suburb of Manchester, 
 Lancashire, England, 4 miles southeast of that 
 city. Population, 26,564. 
 
 Gortyna (gor-ti'na), or Gortyn (gor'tin). [Gr. 
 Tbprvva, YopThv.~] In ancient geography, a city 
 of Crete, situated about lat. 35° 5' N., long. 
 24° 56' E. 
 
 Gortz (gerts), Georg Heinrich von. Born 1668 : 
 died at Stockholm, March 12, 1719. A Swedish 
 statesman. He was of German origin, and was privy 
 councilor and seneschal in Holstein when in 1706 he was 
 sent on a mission to Charles XII., whose confidence he 
 gained, and by whom he was made minister of finance in 
 1715, and subsequently prime minister. He formed a 
 scheme for breaking up the league against Sweden, and 
 planned a descent upon Scotland in behalf of the Pre- 
 tender, but an accident frustrated his designs. On the 
 death of the king he was imprisoned at the instance of 
 Ulrica Eleonora and her husband Frederick of Hesse, who 
 succeeded to the throne, and was executed on the pretext 
 of having goaded on the king in his undertakings and 
 mismanaged the finances. 
 
 Gorz (gerts), or Goritz (ger'its), It. Gorizia 
 (go-ret'se-a). The capital of the crownland 
 Gorz and Gradiska, situated on the Isonzo 24 
 miles north-northwest of Triest. It has a 
 cathedral and an ancient castle. Population, 
 
 *30,939, (1910). 
 
 Gorz and Gradiska (grii-dis'ka). A crownland 
 and (titular) princely countship of the Cislei- 
 than division of Austria-Hungary. Itlies between 
 Carniola on the east and Italy on the west, and forms with 
 Istria and Triest the Kiistenland. It was acquired by Aus- 
 tria in 1500. Area, 1,140 square miles. Population, 261,- 
 
 ★ 721 (1910), chiefly of Slavic and Italo-Friulian stock. 
 
 Goschen (go'shen), George Joachim, first Vis- 
 count Goschen. Bora at London, Aug., 1831: 
 died Feb. 7, 1907. An English politician and 
 financier. Entering Parliament in 1863, he was chan- 
 cellor of the duchy of Lancaster in 1866, president of the 
 poor-law board 1868-71, first lord of the admiralty 1871-74, 
 and ambassador extraordinary to Constantinople 1880-81. 
 From 1886 to 1895 be was a prominent member of the 
 Liberal-Unionist party, and was chancellor of the ex- 
 chequer in the Salisbury ministry 1886-92, and first lord 
 of the admiralty 1895-1900. He published “Theory of the 
 Foreign Exchanges ” (1863), etc. Created viscount in 1900. 
 
 Goshen (go'shen). in biblical geography, a pas- 
 toral region in Lower Egypt, occupied and col- 
 onized by the Israelites before the Exodus. It 
 was situated east of the Delta and west of the 
 modern Suez Canal. 
 
 Goshenland (go'shen-land), or Goosen. A re- 
 
 Gotha 
 
 public set up by some Boer adventurers after 
 the Transvaal war of 1881, to the west of Trans- 
 vaal. The expedition of Sir Charles Warren in 1884 delim- 
 ited the British and Transvaal boundaries, and Goshenland 
 was absorbed in Transvaal and in Bechuanaland. 
 
 Goship. See Gosiute. 
 
 Goshoot. See Gosiute. 
 
 Gosh Yuta. See Gosiute. 
 
 Gosiute (go'si-fit), or Goshoot, or Gosh Yuta. 
 
 A tribe of North American Indians in western 
 Utah and eastern Nevada. Number, 256 in 
 1885. The name is a contraction of Gossip, a 
 former chief, and JJta or Utv. See Shoshonean. 
 
 Goslar (gos'lar). A town in the province of 
 Hannover, Prussia, on the Gose and in the Harz, 
 24 miles south of Brunswick. It is of medieval ap- 
 pearance, and the Rathaus, monastic church, Kaiserworth, 
 Domkapelle, and Kaiserhaus are notable buildings. The 
 last-named is a palace founded in 1039 by the emperor Hen- 
 ry III. It is reputed the oldest medieval secular structure 
 in Germany, though it was in part rebuilt after a fire in 
 1289. It includes the Saalbau and the Chapel of St. Ulrich. 
 The upper story of the former contains the imperial hall 
 (170 feet long), with massive round-arched windows and 
 modern historical frescos. Near the town is the metallifer- 
 ous Rammelsberg. Goslar was built about 920, and was a fa- 
 vorite residence of the emperors. It was a Hanseatic town, 
 and was a free city until 1802. It passed from Hannover 
 to Prussia in 1866. Population, commune, '.17,818. 
 
 Gosnold (gos'nold), Bartholomew. Died at 
 Jamestown, Va., Aug. 22, 1607. An English 
 navigator, one of the founders of the settlement 
 at Jamestown. He commanded an expedition (ship 
 Concord) in 1602 which discovered Cape Cod and Martha’s 
 V ineyard (both named by him), and in 1606 joined the expe- 
 dition under Newport to Virginia, which discovered (and 
 named) Capes Henry and Charles and established the set- 
 tlement of Jamestown. 
 
 Gosport (gos'port). A seaport in Hampshire, 
 England, situated on Portsmouth harbor oppo- 
 site Portsmouth. It contains a naval victualing-yard 
 and other government establishments. Population, with 
 Alverstoke, 28,884. 
 
 Goss (gos), Sir John. Born atFareham, Hamp- 
 shire, Dec. 27, 1800: died at London, May 10, 
 1880. An English composer, chiefly of church 
 music. He was organist of St. Paul’s 1838-72. 
 
 Gossaert (gos'art), or Gessart (ges'art), Jan, 
 generally called Mabuse. Born at Maubeuge 
 (Mabuse), Nord, France, probably about 1470: 
 died at Antwerp, 1541. A Flemish painter. He 
 went to England, where he painted the “ Marriage of Henry 
 VII. and Elizabeth of York,” and portraits of the king’s 
 
 ★children. 
 
 Gosse (gos), Edmund William. Born at Lon- 
 don, Sept. 21, 1849. An English poet and lit- 
 erary critic, son of P. H. Gosse. He has written 
 “Madrigals, Songs, and Sonnets, ” and other poems (1870), a 
 number of essays on English, Dutch, and Scandinavian lit- 
 erature (1875-83), “New Poems ” (1879), “English Odes” 
 (completed in 1881), “ Life of Thomas Gray ” (1882), “ Seven- 
 teenth Century Studies” (1883), “Works of Thomas Gray ” 
 (1884), “From Shakspere to Pope ” (lectures delivered by 
 Gosse as Clark lecturer, Trinity College, Cambridge : pub 
 lished in 1885), “ Firdausi in Exile, etc. ” (1885), “ Raleigh ’’ 
 (1886), “Congreve” (1888), etc. 
 
 Gosse, Philip Henry. Born at Worcester, Eng- 
 land, April 6, 1810: died at St. Marychurch, 
 South Devon, Aug. 23, 1888. An English zoolo- 
 gist. Among his works are “The Canadian Naturalist” 
 (1840), “Aquarium” (1854), “British Sea Anemones and 
 Corals ” (1858), “ Romance of Natural History” (1860-61), etc. 
 
 Gosselies (gos-le'). A town in the province 
 of Hainaut, Belgium, 28 miles south of Brussels. 
 Population, 10,096. 
 
 Gosselin (gos-lan'), Pascal Francois Joseph. 
 
 Born at Lille, Dec. 6, 1751 : died at Paris, Feb. 7, 
 1830. A French antiquarian. He was a deputy to 
 the National Assembly in 1789, and became a member of the 
 central administration of commerce in 1791, and a member 
 of the ministry of war in 1794. He was elected to the 
 French Institute soon after its foundation, and succeeded 
 Barth£lemy as keeper of the medals in the National Li- 
 brary iu 1799, a post which he retained until liis death. 
 
 Gosson (gos'on), Stephen. Born in 1554: died 
 Feb. 13, 1624. An English author. He became 
 rector of Great Wigborough in 1591, a living which he 
 exchanged for that of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, London, 
 in 1600. Among his extant works are “The Schoole of 
 Abuse” (1579), “The Ephemerides of Phialo,” (1579), and 
 “Playes Confuted" (1582). 
 
 Got (go), Frangois Jules Edmond. Bora Oct. 
 1, 1822: died March 20, 1901. A noted French 
 actor. He made his ddbut at the ConnSdie Fran^aise in 
 1844. He played successfully the first parts in classical and 
 modern French comedy, particularly Sganarelle,Trissotin, 
 Figaro, etc., in the former, and Giboyer (in Augier’s plays 
 “Les effrontds” and “Le fils de Giboyer”), Maltre Gud- 
 rin, Mercadet, David Sichel, etc., in the latter. He also 
 played such parts asTriboulet and Hai'pagon with equal suc- 
 cess. Hewasprofessorof declamation at the Conservatoire. 
 
 Gota, or Gotha (ge'ta). A river of Sweden, 
 flowing from Lake Wener into the Cattegat near 
 Gothenburg. Length, about 55 miles. 
 
 Gotha (go'ta). A duchy of Germany. See Saxe- 
 Coburg-Gotha. 
 
Gotha 
 
 Gotha. A city in the duchy of Saxe-Coburg- 
 Gotha, and, alternately with Coburg, the resi- 
 dence of its dukes, situated in lat. 50° 57' N., 
 long. 10° 42' E. It is one of the chief commercial 
 places in Thuringia, and is interesting for the Frieden- 
 stein Palace (with library, cabinet of coins), the museum 
 (antiquities, picture-gallery, etc.), and the geographical 
 institute of Justus Perthes. Population, commune, 36,947. 
 
 Gotha, Almanach de. An annual register pub- 
 lished in French and German at Gotha from 
 1764. It comprises a genealogical detail of the principal 
 royal and aristocratic families of Europe, and a diplomatic 
 and statistical record for the time of the different states 
 of the world. 
 
 Gothaer (go'ta-er). In modern German history, 
 a political party which favored constitutional 
 government and a confederation of states under 
 Prussia: applied originally to certain members 
 of the Frankfort Parliament who assembled at 
 Gotha June, 1849. 
 
 Gotham (go'tham). 1. A parish in Notting- 
 hamshire, England, 6 miles south of Notting- 
 ham. The simplicity of its inhabitants, which has passed 
 into a proverb, is said to have been simulated to avert a 
 king’s anger. The “foies of Gotham ” are mentioned as 
 early as the 15th century in the “ Towneley Mysteries ” ; 
 and at the commencement of the 16th century a collection 
 of stories, said to be by Dr. Andrew Borde, was made about 
 them, not, however, including the following, which rests 
 n the authority of nursery tradition : 
 
 Three wise men of Gotham 
 Went to sea in a bowl : 
 
 And if the bowl had been stronger 
 My song would have been longer. 
 
 Ualliwell, Nursery Rhymes. 
 
 2. A name given to the city of New York. 
 
 Gotham Election, A. A farce by Mrs. Cent- 
 livre, produced in 1715. 
 
 Gothamite (go'tham-It). A humorous epithet 
 for a New-Yorker, first used by Washington 
 Irving in “Salmagundi” (1807). 
 
 Gothard, St. See St. Gotthard. 
 
 Gothenburg, or Gottenburg (got'en-boro), Sw. 
 Goteborg (ye'te-borG). A seaport and the 
 capital of the laen of Gothenburg and Bohus, 
 Sweden, situated on the Gota, near its mouth, in 
 lat. 57° 41' N., long. 11° 55' E.: the second city 
 of Sweden. It was founded by Gustavus Adolphus 
 about 1619. Its commercial importance dates from the 
 Napoleonic wars. The chief manufactures are sugar, ma- 
 chinery, cotton, and beer. It has become notable in re- 
 cent years for its licensing system for the decrease of 
 intemperance. Population, 162,480. 
 
 Gothenburg and Bohus (bo'hos). A maritime 
 laen of Sweden, bordering on the Skager Rack 
 andCattegat. Area, 1,948 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 372,004. 
 
 Gothia (go'thi-a). See Septimania. 
 
 Gothic (goth'ih). The language of the Goths. 
 The Goths spoke various forms of a Teutonic tongue now 
 usually classed with the Scandinavian as the eastern branch 
 of the Teutonic family, though it has also close affinities 
 with the western branch (Old High German, Anglo-Saxon, 
 etc.). All forms of Gothic have perished without record, 
 except that spoken by some of the western Goths (Visi- 
 goths), who at the beginning of the 4th century occupied 
 Dacia (Wallachia, etc.), and who before the end of that 
 century passed over in great numbers into Moesia (now 
 Bulgaria, etc.). Revolting against the Roman Empire, 
 they extended their conquests even into Gaul and Spain. 
 Their language, now called Mcesogothic or simply Gothic, 
 is preserved in the fragmentary remains of a nearly com- 
 plete translation of the Bible made by their bishop, Wul- 
 fila (a name also used in the forms Ulfila, Ulphila, Ulfilas), 
 who lived in the 4th century A. D., and in some other 
 fragments. These remains are of a high philological im- 
 portance, preceding by several centuries the next earliest 
 Teutonic records (Anglo-Saxon and Old High German). 
 
 We do not know how much of the Bible W ulfila trans- 
 lated into Gothic. One ancient writer says that he trans- 
 lated all but the books of Kings, which he left out because 
 he thought that the stories of Israel’s wars would be dan- 
 gerous reading for a people that was too fond of fighting 
 already. It is quite iu accordance with what we know of 
 Wulfila’s character that he should have felt some uneasi- 
 ness about the effect that such reading might have on the 
 minds of his warlike countrymen; but one would have 
 thought that the books of Joshua and Judges would have 
 been even more likely to stimulate the Gothic passion for 
 fighting than the books of Kings. Probably the truth is 
 that Wulfila did not live to finish his translation, and no 
 doubt he would leave to the last the books which he 
 thought least important for his great purpose of making 
 good Christians. The part of Wulflla’s Bible that has 
 come down to us consists of a considerable portion of 
 each of the Gospels, and of each of St. Paul's Epistles, to- 
 gether with small fragments of the books of Ezra and Ne- 
 hemiah. Six different manuscripts have been found. The 
 most important of these was discovered in the sixteenth 
 century in a monastery at Werden in Germany. After 
 having been in the possession of many different owners, 
 it was bought in 1662 by the Swedish Count de la Gardie, 
 who gave it the binding of solid silver from which it is 
 commonly called Codex Argenteus, or Silver Book ; it is 
 now in the University of Upsala, and is regarded as one 
 of the choicest treasures possessed by any library in Eu- 
 rope. It is beautifully written in letters of gold and silver 
 on purple parchment, and contains the fragments of the 
 Gospels. Of the other five manuscripts one was discovered 
 in the seventeenth century in Germany, and the rest in 
 Italy about seventy years ago. 
 
 Bradley, Story of the Goths, p. 63. 
 
 450 
 
 Gothland (island). See Gotland. 
 
 Gothland (goth'land), Sw. Gotland, or Goth- 
 land (got'land), or Gotaland(ye'ta-land). His- 
 torically, the southern division of Sweden, com- 
 prising the modern provinces (laen) Malmohus, 
 Kristianstad, Blekinge, Kronoberg, Jonko- 
 ping, Kalmar, Ostergotland, Halland, Gothen- 
 burg and Bohus, Elfsborg, and Skaraborg, and 
 the islands Gotland and Oland. This and the land 
 of the Swedes proper grew into the kingdom of Sweden 
 during the middle part of the middle ages. 
 
 Gothofred. See Godefroy. 
 
 Goths (goths). [See first quotation below.] An 
 ancient Teutonic race which was established in 
 the regions of the lower Danube in the 3d cen- 
 tury. A probable hypothesis identifies them with the 
 Gotones or Gutoneswho dwelt near the Baltic; but there 
 is no reason to believe in their relationship with the Getse, 
 and no proof of their Scandinavian origin. They made 
 many inroads into different parts of the Roman Empire 
 in the 3d and 4th centuries, and gradually accepted the 
 Arian form of Christianity. The two great historical di- 
 visions were the Visigoths (West Goths, the Greutungi) 
 and the Ostrogoths (East Goths, the Thervingi). A body 
 of Visigoths settled in the province of Moesia (the present 
 Servia and Bulgaria), and were hence called Moesogoths ; 
 and their apostle Wulfila (Ulfilas) translated the Scriptures 
 into Gothic. (See Gothic.) The Visigoths formed a mon- 
 archy about 418, which existed in southern France until 
 507, and in Spain until 711. An Ostrogothic kingdom ex- 
 isted in Italy and neighboring regions from 493 to 553. The 
 so-called Tetraxitic Goths are mentioned in the Crimea as 
 late as the 18th century. By extension the name was ap- 
 plied to various other tribes which invaded the Roman 
 Empire. 
 
 A fragment of a calendar contains the word Gut-thi- 
 uda, ‘ people of the Goths. ’ The word thiuda is the same 
 as the Old-English tlutod, meaning people ; and from the 
 compound Gut-thiuda, and from other evidence, it may 
 be inferred that the name which, following the Romans, 
 we spell as Goths was properly Gutans — in the singular 
 Guta. Like all other names of nations, this word must 
 originally have had a meaning, but it is very difficult to 
 discover what that meaning was. It has often been as- 
 serted that the name of the Goths has something to do 
 with the word God (in Gothic guth). We might easily be- 
 lieve that an ancient people might have chosen to call 
 themselves “the worshippers of the Gods ” ; but although 
 this interesting suggestion was proposed by Jacob Grimm, 
 one of the greatest scholars who ever lived, it is now 
 quite certain that it was a mistake. It seems now to be 
 generally thought that the meaning of Gutans is ‘the 
 (nobly) born.’ Bradley, Story of the Goths, pp. 4, 5. 
 
 The Goths are always described as tall and athletic men, 
 with fair complexions, blue eyes, and yellow hair — such 
 people, in fact, as maybe seen more frequently in Sweden 
 than any other modern land. A very good idea of their 
 national costume and their general appearance may be 
 gained from the sculptures on “The Storied Column,” as 
 it is called, erected at Constantinople by the Emperor Ar- 
 cadius in honour of his father Theodosius, which repre- 
 sents a triumphal procession including many Gothic cap- 
 tives. Bradley, Story of the Goths, p. 9. 
 
 Gotland (got'land), or Gothland (goth'land), 
 or Gottland (got'land), or Gutaland (yb'ta- 
 land). An island of the Baltic, 60 miles east of 
 Sweden, to which it belongs. The surface is gen- 
 erally level. The chief occupations are agriculture, cattle- 
 raising, lime-burning, and quarrying. The chief place is 
 Visby. The island was a medieval commercial center. Its 
 possession was long disputed by Denmark. In 1645 it was 
 permanently united to Sweden. Length, 75 miles. Area, 
 1,142 square miles. Population (of laen), 54,138. 
 
 It is true that the southern province of Sweden is still 
 called Gothland ; but the Gautar (called Geatas by the An- 
 glo-Saxons), from whom this province took its name, were 
 not identical with the Goths, though doubtless nearly re- 
 lated to them. On the other hand, the island called Goth- 
 land, in the Baltic, was anciently called Gutaland, which 
 seems to show that its early inhabitants were really in the 
 strict sense Goths ; and, according to the Norse sagas and 
 the Anglo-Saxon poets, the peninsula of Jutland was an- 
 ciently occupied by a branch of the Gothic people, who 
 were known as Hreth-gotan, or Reidhgotar. 
 
 Bradley, Story of the Goths, p. 8. 
 
 Gottenburg. See Gothenburg. 
 
 Gdtterdammerung(get'ter-dem'me-r6ng).[G., 
 ‘twilight, of the gods.’] Thefourth partof Wag- 
 ner’s “Ring des Nibelungen,” first performed 
 at Bayreuth Aug. 17, 1876. Grove. 
 
 Gottfried von Strasburg (got'fret fon stras'- 
 borG). A Middle High German epic poet. He 
 lived at the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th 
 century, but the exact years of his birth and death are 
 unknown. He belonged to the burgher class, as appears 
 from the title “Meister” used in the MSS. About 1210 he 
 wrote, after French originals, the epic poem “ Tristan und 
 Isolde," which, however, he did not live to complete. It 
 was subsequently continued by Ulrich von Turheim (1233- 
 1266) and Heinrich von Freiberg, who wrote about 1300. 
 
 Gotthard, St. See St. Gotthard. 
 
 Gotthelf, Jeremias. See Bitzius. 
 
 Gottingen (get'ting-en). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Hannover, Prussia, situated on the 
 Leine in lat. 51° 33' N., long. 9° 56' E. The 
 university (Georgia Augusta) was founded by George II. 
 of England (Elector of Hannover) in 1734, and opened in 
 1737. Seven of its professors (Ewald, Gervinus, Dahl- 
 mann, Albrecht, Weber, and the brothers Grimm) were 
 expelled by King Ernest Augustus in 1837 for their oppo- 
 sition to the suspension of the constitution of 1833. It 
 haB a library of over 560,000 volumes. Population, 
 commune, 34,081. 
 
 Goudimel 
 
 Gottland. See Gothland and Gotland. 
 
 Gottorp, or Holstein-Gottorp. See Oldenburg , 
 
 House of. 
 
 Gottschalk (got'shalk), Latinized Gotescalcus 
 (go-tes-kal'kus). Died about 868. A German 
 theologian. He was sent as a child to the convent of 
 Fulda, and subsequently entered the Benedictine convent 
 at Orbais, where he was ordained. His doctrine of two- 
 fold predestination (i. e. of some to eternal life and of 
 others to eternal death) was condemned by the Synod of 
 Mainz in 848, and he was deprived of his priestly functions. 
 The rest of his life was spent in prison in the convent of 
 Hautvilliers. 
 
 Gottschalk, Louis Moreau. Born at New Or- 
 leans, May 8, 1829: died near Rio de Janeiro, 
 Dec. 18, 1869. A popular American pianist and 
 Composer. He composed symphonies, a triumphal can- 
 tata, two operas, “Bananier” (written for the piano), etc. 
 He made extensive professional tours in Europe and in 
 North and South America, and enjoyed great popularity. 
 
 Gottschall (got'shal), Rudolph von. Born at 
 Breslau, Prussia, Sept. 30, 1823: died March 
 21, 1909. A German dramatist, poet, novelist, 
 and miscellaneous writer. Among his works are 
 “Die Gottin” (1852), “Carlo Zeno” (1854), “Deutsche 
 Nationalliteratur” (1855), the plays “Pitt and Fox,” 
 “Katharina Howard,” “Amy Robsart,” etc. 
 
 Gottsched(got'shed), Johann Christoph. Born 
 at Juditten, near Konigsberg, Feb. 2, 1700: died 
 at Leipsic, Dec. 12, 1766. A German critic and 
 writer. He was educated at Konigsberg, and subsequently 
 went to Leipsic, where*(1730) he was made professor of 
 philosophy and poetry, and where he died. His services to 
 German literature are principally critical. He was the 
 reorganizer in Leipsic of the literary society, Die deutsche 
 Gesellschaft, which afterward became a sort of academy. 
 In 1725 he edited the journal “ Die verniinftigen Tadlerin- 
 nen ” (“ The Rational Censors”), which was continued after 
 1727 under the title “DerBiedennann”(“The Honest Man”). 
 A “Redekunst ’’ (“ Art of Rhetoric ”) appeared in 1728. His 
 critical views were first systematically presented in “ Ver- 
 suche einer kritischen Dichtkunst fur die Deutschen ” 
 (1730). This was followed from 1732 to 1744 by a series 
 of essays on literary history and the German language. 
 In 1734 appeared “ Weltweisheit” (“World-Wisdom”), 
 an exposition of the theories of Wolff, the leader of Ger- 
 man rationalism. In 1748 appeared “Deutsche Sprach- 
 kunst,” On the drama he exercised an important influ- 
 ence by his advocacy of French classicism. Through his 
 efforts the old harlequin “Hanswurst ” was banished from 
 the German stage. His “Deutsche Schaubiihne ’’ (“Ger- 
 man Stage,” 6 vols.) appeared 1740-45. His principal ori- 
 ginal poetical work is the tragedy “ Der Sterbende Cato ” 
 (“ The Dying Cato,” 1732). From 1730 to 1740 he exercised 
 a sort of literary dictatorship in Germany. After the latter 
 date his influence rapidly declined. He became involved 
 in a number of literary disputes in which he was worsted. 
 On the stage he was caricatured under the name “ Tadler ” 
 (“Faultfinder”), and a witty lampoon held him up to 
 ridicule. 
 
 Gotz (gets), Johann Nicolaus. Born at Worms, 
 Germany, July 9, 1721: died at Winterburg, 
 Nov. 4, 1781. A minor German poet. He studied 
 
 theology at Halle 1739—42, and subsequently filled various 
 ecclesiastical offices. He is noted for wit and elegance of 
 expression rather than for depth of sentiment. His col- 
 lected works, with a biography by Ramler, appeared at 
 Mannheim in 1785 (new ed. 1807). 
 
 Gotz of the Iron Hand. A name given to 
 Gotz von Berlichingen. 
 
 Gotz von Berlichingen (gets fon ber'lich-iDg- 
 en). A play by Goethe. The first sketch was finished 
 in 1771. In 1773 he rewrote and published it. In 1804 he 
 prepared another edition for the stage : it has not been 
 played since. It is treated in the manner of a Shaksperian 
 historical drama. See Berlichingen. 
 
 “ Goetz von Berlichingen,” the subject of which was an 
 old German baron of the time of Maximilian, grandfather 
 to Charles V., who revoked the law of duel. Goetz, for 
 contravening his ordinance in this, lost his right hand. 
 A machine was made and fitted to his arm, whence he was 
 called “iron hand.” He was a real character, and has left 
 memoirs of himself. This curious feature joined itself 
 alongside of “Werther” and “The Robbers” [Schiller j, 
 this delineation of a wild, fierce time, not as being the 
 sketch of what a rude, barbarous man would appear in the 
 eyes of a philosophical man of civilized times, but with a 
 sort of natural regret at the hard existence of Goetz, and 
 a genuine esteem for his manfulness and courage ! By 
 this new work Goethe began his life again : he had struck 
 again the chord of his own heart, of all hearts. Walter 
 Scott took it up here, too, and others. But the charm 
 there is in Goethe’s “ Goetz” is unattainable by any other 
 writer. In Scott it was very good, but by no means so good 
 as in “ Goetz.” It was the beginning of a happier turn to 
 the appreciation of something genuine. 
 
 Carlyle, Lects. on the Hist, of Lit., p. 196. 
 
 Gouda (Gou'da), or Ter-Gouw (ter-Gou'), or 
 Ter-Gouwe. A town in the province of South 
 Holland, Netherlands, situated at the junction 
 of the Gouwe and Yssel, 12 miles northeast of 
 Rotterdam. It is noted for its bricks and pipes, and has 
 large markets for cheese and other dairy products. The 
 museum and the Groote Kerk are of interest. Population, 
 24,384. 
 
 Goudimel (go-de-mel'), Claude. BornatVaison, 
 near Avignon, about 1510: killed at Lyons in 
 the massacre of the Huguenots, Aug. 27, 
 1572. A noted French composer and teacher of 
 music. He set to music some of the Psalms in their 
 French version by Marot and Beza (15651 
 
Gough, Alexander Dick 
 
 Gough (gof), Alexander Dick. Born Nov. 3, 
 1804: died Sept. 8, 1871. An English architect 
 and engineer. He devoted himself especially 
 to ecclesiastical architecture. 
 
 Gough, Hugh, first Viscount Gough. Born at 
 Woodstown, Limerick, Ireland, Nov. 3, 1779: 
 died near Dublin, March 2, 1869. A British gen- 
 eral. He was commander-in-chief in China 1841-42 and 
 in India 1843-49, commanding in person in the Sikh wars 
 1845—49. 
 
 Gough, John Bartholomew. Bom at Sand- 
 
 f ate, Kent, England, Aug. 22, 1817: died at Phila- 
 elphia, Feb. 18, 1886. A noted Anglo-Ameri- 
 can orator, distinguished particularly as a tem- 
 perance lecturer in America and Great Britain. 
 He came to the United States in 1829, and began lecturing 
 in 1843. He visited England in 1853, 1857, and 1878. He 
 published an “Autobiography" (1846), “Sunshine and 
 Shadow ” (1880), etc. 
 
 Goujet (go-zha'), Claude Pierre, Abbe. Born 
 at Paris, Oct. 19, 1697 : died at Paris, Feb. 1, 
 1767. A French historical and miscellaneous 
 writer. His works include “Bibliothtque franpaise, ou 
 histoire littdraire de la France ” (1740-59), “Bibliothbque 
 des auteurs ecctesiastiques " (1736), “ Origine et histoire de 
 la po6sie framjaise, etc. ”(1745), etc. 
 
 Goujon (go-zhon'), Jean. Bom about 1515 (?) : 
 died probably between 1564-68. A celebrated 
 sculptor of the French Renaissance period. No- 
 thing Is known definitely of his life. In 1540 he is men- 
 tioned as working on Saint-Maclou at Rouen : the lit- 
 tle door of this church ascribed to him dates, however, 
 from a later period. In 1541 he left Rouen for Paris, 
 where he joined Pierre Lescot in the decoration of Saint- 
 Germain l’Auxerrois. From Paris he went to Rouen, where 
 the architect Bullant was reconstructing the chateau. The 
 “ Victory ” of Ecoueu is well known. At about this time 
 he is thought to have developed a tendency toward the 
 Huguenot party. From 1547 to 1550 was his first period 
 of work on the Louvre, then under reconstruction by Pierre 
 Lescot. (See Louvre and Pierre Lescot.) To it belong the 
 escalier (staircase) of Henry II., the figures of the oeiis-de- 
 bceuf, the Caryatides du Louvre, and the figures of the 
 Fontaine des Innocents. In 1550 Goujon went to Anet to 
 work on the chateau of Diane de Poitiers, which was then 
 building by Philibert de l’Orme. The Diane Chasseresse 
 (traditionally representing the great Diana herself), which 
 stood in the courtyard of the chateau, is no w in the Louvre. 
 Before 1560 he completed the decoration of the Louvre. 
 After 1560-61 his name disappears from the list of “Mai- 
 tres Mapons ’’ working with Pierre Lescot. He is supposed 
 to have been shot on his scaffold in the court of the Louvre 
 during the massacre of St. Bartholomew (1572). 
 Goulburn (gol'bern). A city in Argyle County, 
 New South Wales, Australia, 105 miles south- 
 west of Sydney. Population, 10,612. 
 Goulburn (gol'bern), Henry. Born at London, 
 March 19, 1784 : died near Dorking, Surrey, 
 Jan. 12, 1856. An English politician. He was 
 chancellor of the exchequer 1828-30, home secretary 1834- 
 1835, and chancellor of the exchequer 1841-46. 
 
 Gould (gold), Augustus Addison. Born at 
 New Ipswich, N. H., April 23, 1805: died at 
 Boston, Sept. 15, 1866. An American natural- 
 ist, especially noted as a conchologist. Among 
 his chief works are “ Invertebrate Animals of Massachu- 
 setts ” (1841), “ Mollusca and Shells of the U. S. Exploring 
 Expedition under Capt. Wilkes ’’ (1852). 
 
 Gould, Baring. See Baring-Gould. 
 
 Gould, Benjamin Aptborp. Born at Boston, 
 Sept. 27, 1824: died at Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 
 26, 1896. A noted American astronomer. He 
 waslong employed in astronomical work in connection with 
 theU.S. CoastSurvey ; was director of the Dudley Observa- 
 tory at Albany 1855-59 ; and from 1870 to 1885 had charge of 
 the National Observatory at Cordoba, Argentina. This ob- 
 servatory was organized by him, and during his director- 
 ship it issued the most important series of astronomical re- 
 ports that have appeared in South America. He founded 
 and edited an astronomical journal at Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 Gould, Hannah Flagg. Bom at Lancaster, 
 Mass., 1789 : died at Newburyport, Mass., Sept. 
 5, 1865. An American poet. She removed with 
 her parents in 1800 to Newburyport, where she spent the 
 remainder of her life. 
 
 Gould, Jay. Born at Roxbury, Delaware Coun- 
 ty, N. Y., May 27, 1836 : died at New York, Dec. 
 2, 1892. An American capitalist. He began life 
 as a surveyor ; became engaged in the lumber business ; 
 and about 1857 became connected with a bank in Strouds- 
 burg, Pennsylvania. He subsequently became president 
 of the Rutland and Washington Railroad, hut soon re- 
 signed and went to New York, where he became president 
 of the Erie Railway. His manipulation of this road in con- 
 nection with James Fisk, Jr. (who was vice-president and 
 treasurer), became notorious. He was obliged to restore to 
 the English bondholders securities representing $7,650,- 
 000. He waB later identified with the Western Union Tele- 
 graph Co., and with the extensive railroad combinations 
 in the southwestern States known as the “ Gould system." 
 He left property valued at $72,000,000. 
 
 Gould, John. Born at Lyme-Regis, Dorset, 
 England, Sept. 14, 1804: died at London, Feb. 3, 
 1881. An English ornithologist. He began life as 
 a gardener at Ripley Castle, Yorkshire, and became taxi- 
 dermist to the London Zoological Society in 1827. He 
 illustrated the “Century of Birds from the Himalayan 
 Mountains," and published “Birds of Europe" (1832-37), 
 “Birds of Australia " (1840-48), “Monograph of the Tro- 
 •hilidae” (1849-61), “Birds of Great Britain" (1862-73), 
 etc. He illustrated these works with nearly 3,000 plates. 
 
 451 
 
 Gounod (go-no'), Charles Francois. Born at 
 Paris, June 17, 1818: died at St. -Cloud, Oct. 18, 
 1893. A French composer. He entered the Con- 
 servatoire in 1836, took the second prix de Rome for his 
 cantata “ Marie Stuart et Rizzio ” in 1837, and in 1839 
 took the grand prix for his cantata “Fernando.” He at 
 one time thought of entering the church. After some 
 years of study he produced his “ Messe Solennelle in G,” 
 some numbers of which were brought out by Hullah in 
 London in 1851. From 1852 to 1860 he was conductor of 
 the “ Orph^on ’'in Paris. “Faust ” was produced at the 
 Theatre Lyrique, March 19, 1859, and placed him at once 
 in the first rank of his profession. Among his other operas 
 are “ Sapho ” (1851), “ Le m^decin rnalgre lui,” from Mo- 
 libre’s comedy (1858), “Philbmon et Baucis” (1860), “La 
 reine de Saba” (1862), “Mireille” (1864), “Rom6o et Juli- 
 ette ” (1867), “ Cinq-Mars ” (1877), “ Polyeucte ” (1878), etc. 
 He also wrote much church music, an oratorio (“ La re- 
 demption,” 1882), the religious work “ Mors et vita”(1885), 
 and many single songs and pieces, besides a great deal of 
 music for the Orph6onistes. 
 
 Gour. See Gaur. 
 
 Gourgaud (gor-go'), Baron Gaspard. Born at 
 Versailles, France, Sept. 14, 1783 : died at Paris, 
 July 25, 1852. A French general. He took part 
 in most of the Napoleonic campaigns, and accompanied 
 Napoleon to St. Helena in 1815. He published, with Mon- 
 tholon, “ Memoires de Napoleon h Sainte-Hdlfene ” (1823). 
 
 Gourgues (gorg), Dominique de. Born at 
 Mont-de-Marsan, Landes, France, about 1530: 
 died at Tours, France, 1593. A French adven- 
 turer. He commanded a successful expedition against 
 the Spaniards in Florida 1567. 
 
 Gourko, or Gurko (gor'ko), Joseph Vladimiro- 
 vitch. Born Nov. 15, 1828: died Jan. 28, 1901. 
 A noted Russian general. In the Russo-Turkish war 
 of 1877-78 he led an army across the Balkans July, 1877 ; 
 was defeated by Suleiman Pasha at Eski Zaghra July 31- 
 Aug. 1 ; distinguished himself in the operations against 
 Plevna in Oct. ; again advanced across the Balkans Dec., 
 1877 ; and entered Sophia Jan. 4, 1878. He was governor 
 of Poland 1883-94. 
 
 Gousset (go-sa'), Thomas Marie Joseph. 
 
 Born at Montigny-les-Cherlieux, Haute Saone, 
 France, May 1, 1792 : died at Rheims, France, 
 Dec. 24, 1866. AFrench cardinal and theological 
 writer. His works include “Theologie dogma- 
 tique ” (1844), “ Th6ologie morale” (1848), etc. 
 Gouvion-Saint-Cyr (go-vyon'san-ser'), Lau- 
 rent. Born at Toul, France, April 16, 1764: 
 died at Hyeres, Var, March 17, 1830. A 
 French marshal. He gained the victory of 
 Polotsk in 1812, and was minister of war 1815 
 and 1817-19. 
 
 Govan (guV'an). A western suburb of Glas- 
 gow, Scotland. Population, 76,351. 
 Govardhana (go-var-dha'na). In Hindu my- 
 thology, a mountain in Vrindavana which Krish- 
 na induced the cowherds to worship instead of 
 Indra. The god in rage sent a deluge to wash away the 
 mountain and its people, hut Krishna held up the moun- 
 tain on his little finger to shelter the people, and Indra, 
 baffled, did homage to Krishna. 
 
 Governor’s Island. A small fortified island, 
 belonging to the United States, situated in New 
 York harbor about 4 mile south of New York. 
 Gow (gou), Nathaniel. Born at Inver, Perth- 
 shire, March 22, 1766: died at Edinburgh, Jan. 
 17, 1831. A Scotch violinist and composer. 
 Gow, Niel. Born at Inver, Perthshire, March 
 22, 1727 : died there, March 1, 1807. A Scotch 
 violinist and composer, father of Nathaniel 
 Gow. lie was the author of several popular 
 Scotch airs. 
 
 Gower (gou'er). 1. A character in Shakspere’s 
 “Henry IV.,” part 2, and in “Henry V.”: an 
 officer in the king’s army. — 2. In Shakspere’s 
 “Pericles,” a character who appears as chorus. 
 Gower, John. Born about 1325 : died in the pri- 
 ory of St. Mary Overies, Southwark, 1408. An 
 English poet. Little Is known of his early life, but he 
 appears to have lived in Kent and to have been a man 
 of wide reading. He was well known at court in his later 
 years. His principal work, the “Confessio Amantis” 
 (written in English, probably in 1386), was originally dedi- 
 cated to Richard II., but in 1394 he changed the dedica- 
 tion to Henry of Lancaster (afterward Henry IV.). Caxton 
 printed it in 1483. Among his other works are “Speculum 
 Meditantis ’’ (found 1895, under the title “ Mirour de 
 1’omme") and “Vox Clamantis "( written in Latin, begun 
 in 1381). After the accession of Henry IV., Gower added 
 a supplement, the “ Tripartite Council.” It treats of oc- 
 currences of the time, and the strength of its aspirations 
 and teaching caused Chaucer to call him “ the moral 
 Gower.” “Ballades ” and other poems (mostly in French) 
 were printed in 1818. 
 
 Gower. A peninsula in Glamorganshire, Wales, 
 which projects into Bristol Channel. The ma- 
 jority of the inhabitants are of Flemish or Nor- 
 man origin. 
 
 Gowrie (gou'ri), Carse of. A low-lying tract 
 of fertile land in Perthshire, Scotland, extend- 
 ing along the north hank of the Tay, for about 
 15 miles, between Perth and Dundee. 
 
 Gowrie Conspiracy. A conspiracy against the 
 
 GozzI, Count Carlo 
 
 life or personal freedom of James VI. of Scot- 
 land, by John Ruthven (earl of Gowrie), Alex- 
 ander Ruthven, and others. It resulted in the death 
 of the leaders in a struggle with the king’s followers at 
 Perth, Aug. 5, 1600. 
 
 Goya (go'ya). A town in the province of Cor- 
 rientes, Argentine Republic, situated near the 
 Parand about lat. 29° 10' S., long. 59° 20' W. 
 Population, about 7,000. 
 
 Goyanas (go-ya-nas'). A race of Indians for- 
 merly occupying the Brazilian coast between 
 Angra dos Reis and the island of Cananea, and, 
 inland, the country about the present city of 
 Sao Paulo. They lived in the open lands, were savages 
 of a low grade, subsisted by hunting and fishing, and prac- 
 tised little or no agriculture : commonly they dwelt in 
 caves. The Goyanis were enemies of the Tupi hordes, 
 but readily made friends with the whites, and were among 
 the first to whom Anchieta and Nobrega preached. The 
 Goyatacas (which see) appear to have been of the same 
 race. It has been supposed that the Carnes and other 
 mixed tribes are partly derived from them. Also written 
 Goayands, Goayanaes, and (by a double plural) Goyanazes 
 or Goayanaces. 
 
 Goyanna (go-yan'na). A town in the state of 
 Pernambuco, Brazil, situated on the river Go- 
 yanna, near the sea, about 50 miles north of 
 Recife. Population, municipio, 34,903. 
 
 Goy&S (go-yas'). An extinct tribe of Brazilian 
 Indians who lived in the region between the To- 
 cantins and Araguaya. Their women wore gold or- 
 naments, which led the first Portuguese explorers to the 
 discovery of rich gold-mines. The city and subsequently 
 the captaincy (now state) of Goyaz were named from them. 
 Also written Gwayds, and (a double pi ural) Goyazes or Gua- 
 yazes. 
 
 Goyataca ( go-ya-ta-ka ' ) , or Goyotaca ( go-yo-ta- 
 ka'). A sub-stock of the Tapuya race of Bra- 
 zilian Indians: so called by Martius because he 
 believed that the ancient Goyatae&s were of the 
 same group. It includes the Caropds, Macunis, Pata- 
 cIkjs, and other hordes in northeastern Minas Geraes, 
 southern Bahia, and Espirito Santo. 
 
 Goyatacas (go-ya-ta-kas'). [So called by the 
 Tupis, from guata , to run, and cd, to be: ‘run- 
 ners.’] A tribe of Brazilian Indians which, at 
 the time of the conquest, occupied the open 
 lands near the coast in what is now the eastern 
 part of the state of Rio de Janeiro. They were 
 wandering savages, in customs and apparently in language 
 allied to the Goyanas (which see). For many years they 
 were dangerous enemies of the whites. Also written Go- 
 aytacaes, Guaitacas, and (a double plural) Guoitacazes, Go- 
 aytacaces, and Goitacazes ; hence Campos dos Goitacazes, 
 abbreviated to Campos, the name of a city. 
 
 Goya y Lucientes (go'ya e lo-the-en'tes), Fran- 
 cisco. Born at Fuendetodos, near Saragossa, 
 Spain, March 31, 1746 : died at Bordeaux, France, 
 April 16, 1828. A noted Spanish painter and 
 etcher. Among his works are portraits, satirical works, 
 representations of bull-flghts, etc. He is also known as a 
 caricaturist and satirist. He has been called “ the Ho- 
 garth of Spain." 
 
 Goyaz (go-yaz'). 1. A state of Brazil, lying east 
 of Matto Grosso and north of Minas Geraes. 
 Area, 288,536 square miles. Population, 255,- 
 284. — 2. The capital of the state of Goyaz, 
 situated on the river Vermelho in lat. 16° 26' 
 S., long. 49° 49' W. : formerly called Villa Boa 
 de Goyaz. Population, 13,475. 
 
 Goyeneclie (go-ya-na/cha), Jose Manuel. Born 
 at Arequipa, Peru, June 13, 177^: died at Ma- 
 drid, Spain, Oct. 15, 1846. A Spanish general. 
 In 1808 the junta of Seville sent him to South America to 
 receive from the viceroys and presidents their oaths of 
 allegiance to Ferdinand VII. He remained in Peru, and 
 from 1809 to 1813 commanded the Spanish armies in Char- 
 cas (now Bolivia), where lie repeatedly defeated the revo- 
 lutionists. Returning to Spain in 1813, he assisted in the 
 final expulsion of the French ; was made lieutenant-gen- 
 eral and count of Guaqui ; andlaterwascouncilorof state, 
 senator, and commander in several provinces. In 1846 he 
 was made a grandee of Spain. 
 
 Gozan (go'zan). In biblical geography, a dis- 
 trict and city in northern Mesopotamia, men- 
 tioned in the cuneiform inscriptions. 
 
 Gozlan (goz-loh'), Leon. Born at Marseilles, 
 Sept. 1, 1803 : died at Paris, Sept. 14, 1866. A 
 French novelist and dramatist. He wrote “Le no- 
 taire de Chantilly” (1836), “Le mddecin du Pecq” (1839), 
 “Le dragon rouge ” (1843), "Histoire de cent trente fem- 
 mes ” (1853), “ Balzac en pantoufles ’’ (1856 : a familiar mem- 
 oir of great interest, Gozlan having been Balzac’s sec- 
 retary), and “La folle du N° 16” (1861) and “Le vampire 
 du Val-de-Grace ” (1862), two pseudo-medical studies, be- 
 sides many other tales, and about 18 plays, which were not 
 so successful as his novels. 
 
 Gozo, or Gozzo (got'so) . An island in the Medi- 
 terranean Sea, belonging to Great Britain, 4 
 miles northwest of Malta : the ancient Gaulos. 
 Area, 24 square miles. Population, 20,003. 
 Gozzi (got'se), Count Carlo. Born at Venice, 
 Dec. 13, 1720: died April 4, 1806. An Italian 
 dramatist and satirist. 
 
 With Gozzi it had likewise the effect of leading to a 
 new style of comedy, by the introduction of those fairy 
 dramas which had such an astounding run, during several 
 
Gozzi, Count Carlo 
 
 years, at Venice, and which are now completely forgotten, 
 except indeed by the Germans, who, on their revival, con- 
 ferred upon Count Gozzi the title of the first comic writer 
 of Italy. Sismondi, Lit. of the South of Europe, I. 532. 
 
 Gozzi, Count Gasparo. Born at Venice, Dec., 
 1713: died at Padua, Italy, Dec. 26, 1786. An 
 Italian critic and litterateur, brother of Carlo 
 Gozzi. He wrote ‘ ‘ Osservatore veneto perio- 
 dico” (1768), etc. 
 
 Gozzo. See Gozo. 
 
 Gozzoli (got'so-le), Benozzo. Born at Florence, 
 1420 : died at Florence, 1498. A Tuscan painter. 
 His chief work is the mural paintings in the 
 Campo Santo, Pisa. 
 
 Graaf (graf), Regnier de. Born at Schoon- 
 hoven, Netherlands, July 30,1641 : died at Delft, 
 Netherlands, Aug. 17, 1673. A physician and 
 anatomist, author of works upon the pancreas, 
 the generative organs, etc. His works include “ De 
 natura et usu succi paucreatici” (1663), “De nonnullis 
 circa partes genitales inventis novis" (1668), “ Traetatus 
 de virorum organis generationi inservientibus, etc. ”(1668), 
 “De mulierutn organis generationi inservientibus, etc.” 
 (1672), etc. The Graafian follicles were named from him. 
 
 Graaf Reinet (graf ri'net). The chief town of 
 the Midland Province of Cape Colony, on Sun- 
 day River 184 miles from Port Elizabeth. Pop- 
 ulation, 10,083. 
 
 Graal, The Holy. See Grail. 
 
 Grabbe (grab'be), Christian Dietrich. Born 
 at Detmold, Germany, Dec. 11, 1801: died there, 
 Sept. 12, 1836. A'German dramatist, author of 
 “ Don Juan und Faust” (1829), “ Friedrich Bar- 
 barossa” and “ Heinrich VI.” (1829-30), etc. 
 
 Gra-bow-on-the-Oder (gra'bo-on-THe-o'der). 
 A town in the province of Pomerania, Prussia, 
 situated on the Oder 2 miles north of Stettin, 
 with which city it is now incorporated. 
 Gracchus (grak' us), Cains Sempronius. Killed 
 at Rome, 121 B. c. A Roman politician, younger 
 brother of the younger Tiberius Gracchus. He 
 served under his brother-in-law Scipio Africanus Minor 
 in Spain, and was questor in Sardinia 126-123, when he 
 was elected tribune of the people. He renewed the agra- 
 rian law passed by his brother Tiberius, and brought for- 
 ward a series of resolutions looking to the substitution of 
 a pure democracy for the existing aristocratic republican 
 form of government, securing the support of the prole- 
 tarii of the capital by the regular distribution of grain at 
 the expense of the state. He was reelected to the tribune- 
 ship in 122, but failed of election in 121, in consequence of 
 the opposition among all classes to his project of extend- 
 ing the rights of citizenship to the Latins. He was killed 
 in a disturbance which ensued in the city. 
 
 Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius. Born about 
 210 b. c. : died middle of 2d century B. c. A 
 Roman magistrate, distinguished as a general 
 in Spain and Sardinia, father of Tiberius and 
 Caius Gracchus. 
 
 Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius. Born in 168 
 or 163 : died 133 B. C. A celebrated Roman politi- 
 cian, son of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and 
 Cornelia, daughter of Scipio Africanus Major. 
 He married Claudia, daughter of Appius Claudius, and 
 was the brother-in-law of Scipio Africanus Minor, whom 
 he accompanied in his expedition against Carthage. He 
 was appointed questor in 137, and as such served under 
 the consul C. Hostilius Mancinus in the Numantine war 
 in Spain. He was elected tribune of the people for 133. 
 At this period the class of independent farmers of small 
 holdings was rapidly disappearing from Italy. The land 
 was being absorbed by the latifundia of the rich, and 
 cultivated by slave labor; and the peasantry were forced 
 to seek refuge in the cities, especially Rome, where they 
 swelled the ranks of the unemployed. Gracchus sought 
 to bring about a greater subdivision of the land and to 
 restore the class of independent farmers by reviving, with 
 some modification, the Licinian law, passed in 367 but 
 aUowed to fall into abeyance, which limited the amount 
 of public land that each citizen might occupy. His pro- 
 posals were carried in the comitia tributa in spite of the 
 opposition of his colleague, who was deposed. At the end 
 of his term he tried, contrary to the constitution, to se- 
 cure reelection, and a disturbance arose in consequence, 
 in which he was killed with 300 of his followers by the 
 optimates under P. Scipio Nasica. 
 
 Grace (gras), William Gilbert. Bom July 18, 
 1848. An English cricketer. He was especially 
 distinguished as a batsman, and has the reputation of 
 being the best all-round player hitherto known. By pro- 
 fession he is a surgeon. 
 
 Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners. 
 
 An autobiographical work by Bitnyan, published 
 in 1666. 
 
 Grace Contract, The. The name given to an 
 arrangement made between the government of 
 Peru and the foreign holders of bonds of that 
 nation, represented by Mr. Michael Grace. It, 
 was ratified by the Peruvian congress Oct. 25, 1889, and 
 provided that the bonds, amounting to about #250,000,000, 
 should be canceled. The bondholders received in return 
 all the state railroads for 66 years, and important privi- 
 leges connected with them, together with all the guano in 
 r i n np to 3,oon,ooo tons, except that o l the Chincha Isl- 
 ands ; the government also promised to pay the bondholders 
 8 d,ooo pounds sterling annually for 30 years. The bond- 
 holders agreed to complete certain unfinished railroads 
 and to repair the existing ones within a given time. The 
 “Peruvian Corporation,” formed to take charge of the 
 
 452 
 
 railroads, etc., also took possession of the Cerro de Pasco 
 silver-mines, transferred to it by Mr. Grace, who had re- 
 ceived the concession. See 'kPcruvian Corporation. 
 
 Graces, The Three. [Gr. Xapneg, pi. of Xap 4 = 
 L. Gratia, E. Grace .] In classical mythology, 
 personifications of grace and beauty, daughters 
 of Zeus by Hera (or Eunome, or Eunomia, etc.), 
 or of Apollo by AEgle (orEuauthe). Thenamesgen- 
 erally given to them are Euphrosyne, Aglaia, and Thalia. 
 In Sparta and in Athens only two Graces were recognized. 
 Graces, The Three. An antique undraped mar- 
 ble group preserved iu the Opera del Duomo 
 at Siena, Italy. It is the foundation of many of the 
 Renaissance and modern representations of the subject. 
 
 Gracian (gra-the-an'), Baltasar. Born at Cala- 
 tayud, Spain, end of 16th century : died at Tarra- 
 gona, 1658. A Spanish Jesuit preacher and man 
 of letters, head of the College of Tarragona. 
 He is noted chiefly as a supporter of “Gongorism,”or the 
 so-called “ polished style.” See Gdnjora. 
 
 Gracias, or Gracias a Dios ( gra'the-as a de-os' ) . 
 [Sp., ‘thanks to God.’] A town in Honduras, 
 Central America, 76 miles west of Comayagua. 
 It was founded in 1536, and was the first seat of the Au- 
 dience of the Confines, and hence the capital of Central 
 America, 1545-49. Population, about 4,000. 
 
 Gracias & Dios, Cape. [Sp., ‘thanks to God.'] 
 A headland on the coast of Nicaragua, Central 
 America, projecting into the Caribbean Sea 
 about lat. 15° N. It was discovered and named 
 by Columbus in Sept., 1502. 
 
 Graciosa (gra-se-6'za). One of the Azores Isl- 
 ands, situated in lat. 39° 5' N., long. 28° W. 
 Gracioso (gra-the-6'so). A popular addition 
 made by Lope de Vega to the stock characters 
 of Spanish comedy. He was acomie character, some- 
 times half buffoon, like the “fantastical person” of the 
 contemporary English stage. Not seldom, and especially 
 in Moreto’s comedies, he is at the very core of the play. 
 Morley, The Playgoer, p. 325. 
 
 Gradgrind (grad' grind), Thomas. A retired 
 merchant in Dickens’s “ Hard Times.” He is “a 
 man of facts and calculations," in his own words, and is 
 so practical that he is hardly human. “Now, what I want 
 is facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but facts. 
 Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else, and 
 root out everything else. You can only form the minds 
 of reasoning animals upon facts : nothing else will ever 
 be of any service to them. This is the principle on which 
 I bring up my own children, and this is the principle on 
 which I bring up these children. Stick to facts, sir 1 ” 
 
 Gradiska, or Gradisca (gra-dis'ka). A town 
 in the crownland of Gorz and Gradiska, Austria- 
 Hungary, situated on the Isonzo 22 miles north- 
 west of Triest. The principality was finally united to 
 the Austrian house in 1717. Population, commune, 
 4,470, (1910). 
 
 Gradus ad Parnassum (gra'dus ad par-nas'- 
 um). [L., ‘steps to Parnassus.’] 1. A Greek 
 or Latin dictionary which indicates the quanti- 
 ties of vowels : used as a guide in exercises of 
 verse composition. — 2. A Latin work on com- 
 position and counterpoint, by Johann Joseph 
 Fux (1725). — 3. A French work on the art 
 of pianoforte-playing, with 100 studies, by de- 
 menti, finished in 1817. 
 
 Grady (gra'di), Henry W. Born 1851: died at 
 Atlanta, Ga., Dee. 23, 1889. An American jour- 
 nalist and orator, editor of the Atlanta ‘ ‘ Con- 
 stitution.” 
 
 Graecia (gre'shi-a). The name given by the Ro- 
 mans to Hellas, or ancient Greece. 
 
 Grsecia, Magna. See Magna Grsecia. 
 
 Graeme (gram), Malcolm. In Sir Walter 
 Scott’s poem “ The Lady of the Lake,” a ward of 
 the king. He rebels to aid the outlawed James Douglas, 
 but is pardoned at the intercession of Ellen Douglas. 
 Graeme, Roland. In Sir Walter Scott’s novel 
 “ The Abbot,” the lawful heir of Avenel Castle, 
 educated as her page by the Lady of Avenel, who 
 believes him to be of mean birth. 
 
 Graetz (grets), Heinrich. Born at Xions, Po- 
 sen, Prussia, Oct. 31,1817: died at Munich, Sept. 
 7,1891. A German-Hebrew historian and bibli- 
 cal critic. He became a professor in the Jewish Semi- 
 nary in Breslau in 1870, and edited the “ Monatschrift fur 
 Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums " (1869-87). 
 His most notable work is “ Geschichte der Juden” (1853-75), 
 in 11 volumes. He prepared an abridgment of this work 
 in 5 volumes, which has been translated into English. 
 
 Grsevius (gre'vi-us), Grave (gra'fe). or Greffe 
 (gref 'fe), Johann Georg. Born at Naumburg- 
 on-the-Saale, Jan. 29, 1632: died at Utrecht, Jan. 
 1 1,1703. A celebrated German classical scholar, 
 for many years professor in Utrecht. He wrote 
 “Thesaurus antiquitatum Romanarum ” (1694-99), “The- 
 saurus antiquitatum et historiarum Italise ” (1704-25), etc. 
 Grafe (gra'fe), Albrecht von. Born at Berlin, 
 May 22, 1828 : died at Berlin, July 20, 1870. A 
 celebrated German oculist, son of K. F. von 
 Grafe : the founder of modern ophthalmology. 
 He was professor at the University of Berlin 
 from 1858. 
 
 Graham, Sylvester 
 
 Grafe, Heinrich. Born at Buttstadt, near Wei- 
 mar, Germany, March 3, 1802 : died at Bremen, 
 July 21, 1868. A German educator, author of 
 “Allgemeine Padagogik” (1845), “Deutsche 
 Volksschule” (1847), etc. 
 
 Grafe, Earl Ferdinand von. Born at Warsaw, 
 March 8, 1787 : died at Hannover, July 4, 1840. 
 A German surgeon and oculist, professor at 
 Berlin in 1811. 
 
 Grafenberg (gra'fen-berG). A water-cure es- 
 tablishment, the first of its kind, in Silesia, 
 Austria-Hungary, in lat. 50° 16' N., long. 17° 10' 
 E., founded by Priessnitz in 1826. 
 
 Grafrath (graf 'rat). A small town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, 13 miles east of Dusseldorf. 
 Population, commune, 9,028. 
 
 Grafton (graf'ton). A town in Worcester 
 County, Massachusetts, situated on the Black- 
 stone River 34 miles west-southwest of Boston. 
 Population, 5,705, (1910). 
 
 Grafton, Dukes of. See Fitzroy. 
 
 Grafton, Richard. Died about 1572. An Eng- 
 lish chronicler, printer to Edward VI. both be- 
 fore and after his accession to the throne. See 
 the extract. 
 
 In 1537 Grafton, in association with a fellow-merchant, 
 Edward Whitchurch, caused a modification of Coverdale’s 
 translation to be printed, probably by Jacob van Meteren, 
 at Antwerp. The title-page assigned the translation to 
 Thomas Matthews, who signed the dedication to Henry 
 VIII., and it is usually known as Matthews’s Bible. But 
 Matthews was the pseudonym of John Rogers, the editor. 
 No printer’s name nor place is given in the book itself. 
 ... In November, 1538, Coverdale’s corrected English 
 translation of the New Testament, with the Latin text, 
 was “prynted in Paris by Fraunces Regnault ... for 
 Richard Grafton and Edward Whitchurch, cytezens of Lon- 
 don,” with a dedication to Cromwell. This is the earliest 
 book bearing Grafton’s name. Grafton and Whitchurch 
 chiefly concentrated their attention on the folio Bible, 
 known as “ the Great Bible." A license to print the book 
 in Paris had been obtained at Henry VIII. ’s request from 
 Francis I. ... An order was issued by the Trench gov- 
 ernment, 13 Dec. 1538, stopping the work and forfeiting 
 the presses and type. Grafton escaped hastily to England. 
 Many printed sheets were destroyed by the French author- 
 ities, but the presses and the types were afterwards pur- 
 chased by Cromwell and brought to England. There the 
 work was completed and published in 1639. Grafton was 
 the printer of the first Book of Common Prayer in 1549, and 
 of the edition of 1552. In 1552 and 1553 he printed “Actes 
 of Parliament. ” Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Gragas (gra'gas). [ON. Grdgds: gra, gray, 
 and gas, goose.] The name given to several 
 private compilations of Icelandic law, civil and 
 canon, under the commonwealth. There are two 
 principal collections that bear the title, the Konungsbok 
 (Icel. Konungsbiik) and the Stadarholsbok (Ieel. Stadhar- 
 helsbdk), both from the 13th century. The name was prob- 
 ably applied to offset the Norwegian Gullfjbdhr, ‘gold 
 feather,’ used of the old code of the Frostu-thing. 
 
 Gragnano (gran-ya'no). A town in the province 
 of Naples, Italy, 17 miles southeast of Naples. 
 Population, 9,921. 
 
 Graham (gram), James, fifth Earl and first Mar- 
 quis of Montrose. Born in 1612 : died May 21, 
 1650. A noted Scottish statesman and soldier. 
 He served in the Presbyterian army at the beginning of 
 the civil war, but afterward joined the king, by whom he 
 was made lieutenant-general in Scotland in 1644. He de- 
 feated the Covenanters at Tippennuir Sept. 1, and at 
 Aberdeen Sept. 13, 1644, and at Inverlochy Feb. 2, Aul- 
 dearn May 9, Alford July 2, and Kilsyth Aug. 15, 1646. 
 He was defeated by David Leslie at Philiphaugh, Sept. 13, 
 1645, and expelled from Scotland. He afterward entered 
 the service of the emperor Ferdinand III., by whom he 
 was made a field-marshal. In 1650 he conducted an abor- 
 tive Royalist descent on Scotland, and was captured and 
 executed. 
 
 Graham, James, second Marquis of Montrose : 
 surnamed “ The Good.” Born about 1631 : died 
 Feb., 1669. A Scotch nobleman, second son of 
 James, first Marquis of Montrose. 
 
 Graham, Sir James Robert George. Born at 
 Naworth, Cumberland, June 1, 1792: died at 
 Netherby, Cumberland, Oct. 25, 1861. A Brit- 
 ish statesman. He was first lord of the admiralty 1830- 
 1834, home secretary 1841-46, and first lord of the admi- 
 ralty 1852-55. 
 
 Graham, John, of Claverhouse, Viscount Dun- 
 dee. Born about 1649 : died July 27 or 28, 1689. 
 A Scottish soldier. He served in the Dutch army un- 
 der the Prince of Orange, returning to Scotland in 1677. 
 In 1678 he was appointed captain of a troop of dragoons, 
 and was ordered to enforce certain stringent law’s that had 
 been enacted against the Scottish Covenanters. The se- 
 verity with which he executed his orders provoked a rising, 
 and the Covenanters defeated him at Drnmclog June 1, 
 1679 . In 1689 Claverhouse raised a body of Highlanders 
 to fight for James IT. against William ill., and July 27, 
 1689 , gained the battle of Killiecrankie, but fell mortally 
 wounded. 
 
 Graham (gra'am), Sylvester. Born at Suifield, 
 Conn., 1794: died at Northampton, Mass., Sept. 
 11, 1851. An American dietarian, best known 
 as an advocate of the use of unbolted (“Gra- 
 ham”) flour. 
 
Graham, Thomas 
 
 Graham (gram), Thomas. Born at Glasgow, 
 Dec. 20, 1805: died at London, Sept. 11, 1869. 
 A noted Scottish chemist. He was professor of 
 chemistry at University College, London, 1837-65, when he 
 became master of the mint. He is famous for his discov- 
 ery of the law of diffusion of gases (1834). He published 
 “Elements of Chemistry” (1842), etc. 
 
 Graham (gra/am), William Alexander. Born 
 in Lincoln County. N. C., Sept. 5, 1804: died at 
 Saratoga, N. Y., Aug. 11, 1875. An American 
 politician. He was United States senator from North 
 Carolina 1841-43, governor of North Carolina 1845-49, secre- 
 tary of the navy 1860-62, and Whig candidate for Vice- 
 President in 1852. 
 
 Grahame (gram), James. Born at Glasgow, 
 April 22, 1765 : died near Glasgow, Sept. 14, 1811. 
 A Scottish poet. His chief work is “ The Sabbath ” 
 (1804). He also wrote “ Wallace : a Tragedy ” (1799), “Brit- 
 ish Georgies," etc. 
 
 Graham-Gilbert, John. Born at Glasgow, 1794: 
 died near Glasgow, June 4, 1866. A Scotch 
 painter, best known from his portraits. He be- 
 came a member of the Royal Scottish Academy 
 in 1829. 
 
 Graham Island. The largest of the Queen 
 Charlotte Islands (which see). 
 
 Graham Island, or Ferdinandea (fer-de-nan- 
 da'a). A temporary volcanic island in the Med- 
 iterranean, in lat. 37° 8' N., long. 12° 42' E. 
 It appeared in July and disappeared in Oct., 
 1831. 
 
 Graham Land. [Discovered by Captain Bis- 
 coe in 1832, and named by him from the Earl 
 of Graham.] A land in the Antarctic Ocean, 
 intersected by lat. 65° S., long. 64° W. 
 Graham’s Dyke. The popular name of the re- 
 mains of the wall of Antoninus (which see). 
 Grahamstown (gra'amz-town). A town in the 
 Southeastern Province, Cape Colony, in lat. 
 33° 14' S., long. 26° 33' E. Population, about 
 14,000. 
 
 Graian Alps (gra'an alps). A group of moun- 
 tains on the borders of Savoy (France) and 
 Piedmont (Italy), lying between the Cottian 
 Alps on the south and the Pennine Alps on the 
 north. The highest summit is the Gran Para- 
 diso (13,320 feet). 
 
 Grail, or Graal (gral). In medieval legend, a 
 cup or chalice (called more particularly the holy 
 grail, or sangreal), supposed to have been of 
 emerald, used by Christ at the Last Supper, in 
 this vessel Joseph of Arimathea caught the last drops of 
 Christ's blood as he was taken from the cross. By Joseph, 
 according to one account, it was carried to Britain. Other 
 accounts affirm that it was brought by angels from heaven 
 and intrusted to a body of knights, who guarded it on the 
 top of a mountain : when approached by any one not per- 
 fectly pure, it vanished from sight. The grail having been 
 lost, it became the great object of search or quest to 
 knights errant of all nations, none being qualified to dis- 
 cover it but a knight perfectly chaste in thought and act. 
 The stories and poems concerning Arthur and the Knights 
 of the Round Table are founded on this legend, and it has 
 been still further developed in modern times. In the 
 “Parsifal” of Wolfram of Eschenbach the grail is a pre- 
 cious stone confided by angels to the care of a religious 
 brotherhood, “The Chevaliers of the Grail.” 
 
 The probable genesis of the Arthurian legend, in so far 
 as it concerns French literature, appears to be a3 follows. 
 First in order of composition, and also in order of thought, 
 comes the Legend of Joseph of Arimathea, sometimes 
 called the “ Little St. Graal.” This we have both in verse 
 and prose, and one or both of these versions is the work of 
 Robert de Borron, a knight and trouvere possessed of lands 
 in the Gatinais. There is nothing in this work which is 
 directly connected with Arthur. By some it has been at- 
 tributed to a Latin, but not now producible, “ Book of the 
 Graal,” by others to Byzantine originals. Anyhow it fell 
 into the hands of the well-known Walter Map, and his ex- 
 haustless energy and invention at once seized upon it. He 
 produced the “ Great St. Graal,” a very much extended ver- 
 sion of the early history of the sacred vase, still keeping 
 clear of definite connection with Arthur, though tending 
 in that direction. From this, in its turn, sprang the ori- 
 ginal form of “ Percevale,” which represents a quest for the 
 vessel by a knight who has not originally anything to do 
 with the Round Table. The link of connection between 
 the two stories is to be found in the “Merlin," attributed 
 also to Robert de Borron, wherein the Welsh legends be- 
 gin to have more definite influence. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 35. 
 
 Grain Coast (gran kost). That part of the coast 
 of Liberia and Sierra Leone, which extends 
 from about long. 8° to 12° W. : so called from 
 the exportation thenqe of grains of paradise. 
 Grainger (gran'jer), James. Born probably at 
 Duns, Berwickshire, in 1721 (?): died at St. Chris- 
 topher, West Indies, Dec. 16, 1766. A Scottish 
 physician and poet. After 1753 he settled in London, 
 where he became intimato with Johnson and other famous 
 men. In 1759 he went to the West Indies. He published 
 a number of works, including essays^ etc., on medicine. 
 Among his poems are an “Ode on Solitude ” (in Dodsley’s 
 collection, 1755), and “The Sugar Cane ” (1764). He trans- 
 lated part of Ovid's “ Epistles ” (1758), and the “Elegies of 
 Tibullus ” and the poems of Sulpicia (1759). He assisted, 
 with others, Charlotte Lenox in her translation of Brumoy’s 
 “ Th&itre des Grecs " (1769). 
 
 453 
 
 Grammichele (gram-me-ka'le), or Granmiche- 
 le (gran-me-ka'le). A town in the province of 
 Catania, Sicily, 30 miles southwest of Catania. 
 Population, 15,075. 
 
 Grammonfc (gram-moh'), Flem. Geertsbergen 
 (Garts'berG-en), or Geraerdsbergen. A man- 
 ufacturing town in the province of East Flan- 
 ders, Belgium, situated on the Dender 22 
 miles west-southwest of Brussels. Population, 
 13,312. 
 
 Gramont (gra-mon'), Due Antoine III. de. 
 
 Born 1604 : died at Bayonne, France, July 12, 
 1678. A French marshal, brother of Philibert 
 de Gramont. He served with distinction in Flanders 
 and Holland. He married a niece of Cardinal Richelieu. 
 His “ Memoires ” were published in 1716. 
 
 Gramont, Due Antoine Agenor Alfred de. 
 
 Born at Paris, Aug. 14, 1819 : died at Paris, Jan. 
 18, 1880. A French diplomatist and politician. 
 He was ambassador at Vienna 1861-70, and min- 
 ister of foreign affairs May- Aug., 1870. 
 Gramont, Comte Philibert de. Born 1621 : died 
 1707. A French nobleman at the court of Louis 
 XIV., and after 1662 at that of Charles II. of 
 England. His “ M6moires” were written by 
 Anthony Hamilton in 1713. 
 
 Grampians (gram'pi-anz), or Grampian Hills 
 or Mountains. A mountain system in Scot- 
 land, extending northeast and southwest in the 
 counties of Argyll, Perth, Inverness, Forfar, 
 Kincardine, Aberdeen, and Banff. Highest sum- 
 mit, Ben Nevis (4.406 feet). The name is very 
 loosely used. 
 
 Grampians. A low range of mountains in the 
 western part of Victoria, Australia. 
 
 Gran (gran), Hung. Esztergom (es'ter-gom). A 
 royal free city, capital of the county of Gran, 
 Hungary, near the junction of the Gran and 
 Danube, 25 miles northwest of Budapest. It is 
 noted for its cathedral. Population, 17,909. 
 Granada (gra-na'da; Sp. pron. gra-na'THa). A 
 former kingdom of Spain, comprising the three 
 modern provinces of Almeria, Granada, and 
 Malaga. The region was conquered by the Saracens in 
 711. In 1238, after the disruption of the realm of the Al- 
 mohades, a Moorish kingdom of Granada was established 
 which was a vassal of Castile. A long war with Ferdi- 
 nand and Isabella ended in 1492 with the capture of Gra- 
 nada, and with the fall of the city the Moorish power in 
 Spain came to an end. 
 
 Granada. A province in southern Spain, bound- 
 ed byCordova, Jaen, and Albacete onthe north, 
 Murcia and Almeria on the east, Almeria and 
 the Mediterranean on the south, and Malaga on 
 the west. It is traversed by the Sierra Nevada. 
 Area, 4,928 square miles. Population, about 
 492,000. 
 
 Granada, Moorish Karnattah. The capital of 
 the province of Granada, Spain, situated on the 
 Jenil, on spurs of the Sierra Nevada, in lat. 37° 
 13' N., long. 3° 41' W. It is famous for the Alham- 
 bra (which see). The Generalife is a Moorish royal villa 
 with extensive and lovely gardens, higher up the hill than 
 the Alhambra. The graceful arcades and delicate ara- 
 besques are Alhambraic, as is the arrangement in the chief 
 court of the tank to reflect the flowers and the perspective 
 of arches. The cathedral, in the classical style, with late- 
 Pointed vaulting, was finished in 1523. The interior is spa- 
 cious and well proportioned. The north door, the Puerta 
 del Perdon, is a good example of ornate Renaissance de- 
 sign. The Capilla Real, south of the cathedral, was built 
 before it, as a mausoleum for Ferdinand and Isabella, in 
 the florid-Pointed style of their reign : it has a superb 
 sculptured retable, at the sides of which are remarkable 
 kneeling portrait- statues of Ferdinand and Isabella. Their 
 tomb (the tomb of the “ Catholic kings ”) is an altar-tomb 
 in marble, perhaps the most beautiful in the world, richly 
 yet soberly decorated with figure-sculpture and arabesques, 
 and with four griffins at the angles. The fine recumbent 
 figures of the king and queen are clad in their royal robes. 
 Beside this tomb is that, similar but even more elaborate- 
 ly ornamented, of their daughter Juana and her husband 
 Philip. The details are admirable, but the monument is 
 overloaded. The work is Italian. Granada was a large 
 and powerful Moorish city, the capital of the kingdom of 
 Granada. It was besieged and taken by the Spaniards in 
 1491-92. Population, 77,826. 
 
 Granada. The capital of the department of 
 Granada, Nicaragua, Central America, situated 
 on Lake Nicaragua 25 miles southeast of Mana- 
 gua. It was founded in 1524, and was the capi- 
 tal of Nicaragua until 1856. Population, 
 17,092. 
 
 Granada, Luis de. Born at Granada, Spain, 
 1504: died at Lisbon, 1588. A celebrated Span- 
 ish preacher and religious writer, head of the 
 Dominicans. 
 
 Granada, New. See Colombia, Republic of. 
 
 Granados, Miguel Garcia. See Garcia Grana- 
 dos. 
 
 Granby, Marquis of. See Manners, John. 
 Gran Canaria (gran kii-na're-a). One of the 
 Canary Islands. Capital, Las Palmas. 
 
 Grand Gulf 
 
 Iran Chaco (gran cha'ko), El. [From the Qui- 
 
 chua chacu, the animals collected by a round- 
 up: in allusion to its numerous Indian tribes.] 
 An extensive but ill-defined region in South 
 America, in the Argentine Republic, Bolivia, 
 and Paraguay. It is bounded on the east by the river 
 Paraguay, 19° 30' S. ; the river Salado is generally regarded 
 as its southern limit ; northward it extends to about lat. 
 18° 5' S.; and westward it extends to the highlands at the 
 base of the Andes. Estimated area, 275,000 square miles. 
 Formerly the name included all of eastern Bolivia to the 
 Guapore and Beni, which wouldmake the area over 500,000 
 square miles. The Chaco is very imperfectly explored, and 
 has few inhabitants except wild Indians. Most of the sur- 
 face is flat, and portions are subject to periodical inunda- 
 tions. A few white settlements have been formed, princi- 
 pally in the Argentine portion. 
 
 Grand Alliance. 1. An alliance against 
 France formed in 1689 between the emperor 
 Leopold I., Holland, England, and Bavaria, and 
 joined later by Spain, Savoy, and Saxony. — 2. 
 An alliance formed at The* Hague in 1701 be- 
 tween the emperor Leopold I., England, and 
 Holland, and joined later by Prussia, Portu- 
 gal, and Savoy, directed against France and 
 Spain. 
 
 Grand Army of the Republic. A secret so- 
 ciety composed of veterans who served in the 
 army or navy of the United States during the 
 Civil War. Its objects are preservation of fraternal 
 feeling, strengthening of loyal sentiment, and aid to needy 
 families of veterans. Its first “post” was organized at 
 Decatur, Illinois, in 1866 ; its annual meetings are known 
 as “encampments.” Abbreviated G. A. It. 
 
 Grand Bank. A submarine plateau in the 
 North Atlantic Ocean, extending eastward from 
 Newfoundland, noted for its fishing-grounds. 
 Its depth is from 30 to 60 fathoms. 
 
 Grand Canal. The principal canal of Venice. 
 It runs in the form of the letter S through the 
 center of the city, from the railway-station to 
 Santa Maria del Salute. 
 
 Grand Canon of the Colorado. See Colorado. 
 Grand Combin (groh kon-baii'). A mountain 
 in the Alps, on the border of Valais and Italy, 
 north of Aosta. Height, 14,163 feet. 
 
 Grand Corrupter, The. A name given to Sir 
 Robert Walpole, on account of his use of cor- 
 rupt means to secure his ascendancy in the 
 House of Commons. 
 
 Grandcourt (grand'kort), Henleigh Mallin- 
 ger. One of the principal characters in George 
 Eliot’s novel “Daniel Deronda.” 
 
 Grand Cyrus ; Le. See Artamene. 
 
 Grande Armee (grond ar-ma'),La. The French 
 army which Napoleon led against Russia in 
 1812. 
 
 Grande-Casse (grond-kas'). The highest sum- 
 mit of the Tarentaise Alps, southeastern France, 
 in the Vanoise range. Height, 12,665 feet. 
 Grande Chartreuse, La. See Chartreuse. 
 Grande Combe (grohd konb). A town in the 
 department of Gard, southern France, 34 miles 
 northwest of Nimes. Population, commune, 
 11,292. 
 
 Grandella, Battle of. See Benevento, Battles 
 of, def. 2. 
 
 Grande Mademoiselle (grohd mad-mwa-zel'), 
 La. A title given to Anne Marie Louise d’Or- 
 16ans, duchesse de Montpensier. 
 
 Grandes Chroniques de France. See the ex- 
 tract. 
 
 It was not till 1274 that a complete vernacular version 
 of the history of France was executed by a monk of St. 
 Denis — Primat — in French prose. This version, slightly 
 modified, became the original of a compilation very fa- 
 mous in French literature and history, the “Grandes 
 Chroniques de France,” which was regularly continued by 
 members of the same community until the reign of CharleB 
 V. from official sources and under royal authority. The 
 work, under the same title, but written by laics, extends 
 further to the reign of Louis XI. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 128. 
 
 Grandet, Eugenie. See Eugenie Grandet. 
 Grande-Terre. See Guadeloupe. 
 
 Grand Falls. A cataraet in Labrador, about 
 250 miles from the mouth of Grand River. It was 
 
 rediscovered in 1891 by Bowdoin College students and by 
 Kenaston and H. G. Bryant. Height, over 300 feet. 
 Grandfather’s Chair. A collection of chil- 
 dren’s stories by Nathaniel Hawthorne, pub- 
 lished in 1841. A second series with the same 
 title was published in 1842. 
 
 Grand Forks. The capital of Grand Forks 
 County, North Dakota, on the Red River about 
 lat. 47° 55' N. It has large lumber-mills and 
 the University of North Dakota. Population, 
 12,478, (1910). 
 
 Grand Gulf. A locality in Mississippi, on the 
 Mississippi River south of Vicksburg. Grant 
 made it a base of operations in 1863, carrying 
 the position against the Confederates May 1. 
 
Grand Haven 
 
 Grand Haven. A city and the capital of Otta- 
 wa County, Michigan, situated on Lake Michi- 
 gan, at the mouth of Grand River, in lat. 43° 4' 
 N., long. 86° 13' W. Population, 5,856, (1910). 
 
 Grandidier (groh-de-dya'), Alfred. Bom at 
 Paris, Sept. 20, 1836. A French explorer. From 
 1857 to 1860 he traveled in America, India, and East Africa. 
 During five years (1865-70) he explored Madagascar, cross- 
 ing the southern portion three times. His work “ Histoire 
 physique, naturelle et politique de Madagascar" (Paris, 
 1876) is the standard book on the island. 
 
 Grandison, Sir Charles. See Sir Charles Gran- 
 dison. 
 
 Grandison Cromwell. See Lafayette. 
 
 Grand Lake. A lake in New Brunswick, whose 
 outlet discharges into the St. John River. 
 Length, about 25 miles. 
 
 Grand Lake (border of Maine and New Bruns- 
 wick). See Schoodic Lake. 
 
 Grand Manan (ma-nan') or Menan (me-nan'). 
 An island east of Maine, situated at the entrance 
 of the Bay of Fundy, in lat. 44° 40' N., long. 
 66° 50' W. It belongs to Charlotte County, 
 New Brunswick. Length, 22 miles. 
 
 Grand Monarque (gron mo-nark'). A surname 
 of Louis XIV. 
 
 Grand Old Man, The. A popular surname of 
 W. E. Gladstone. 
 
 Grand Opera. See Paris. 
 
 Grandpre (gron-pra'). A village in Kings 
 County, Nova Scotia, situated on Minas basm 
 46 miles northwest of Halifax : the scene of the 
 first part of Longfellow’s “ Evangeline.” 
 
 Grandpre. A French lord in Shakspere’s ‘ ‘ Hen- 
 ry V.” 
 
 Grandpre, Comte Louis Marie Joseph Ohier 
 
 de. Born at St.-Malo, May 7, 1761: died at 
 Paris, Jan. 7, 1846. A French navigator and 
 writer of travels. He wrote “ Voyage k la cote occi- 
 dentale d Afrique ” (1801), “Voyage dans l’Inde et au Ben- 
 gale, etc.” (1801), “Voyage dans lapartie m^ridionale de 
 f Afrique, etc." (1801), “ Dictionnaire universel de geogra- 
 phic maritime ’’ (1803), etc. 
 
 Grand Prix (groh pre), Le. The great horse- 
 race at Longchamps established by Napoleon 
 HI. (prize 20,000 francs), run by three-year- 
 olds. Longchamps is a very good course situated in the 
 Bois de Boulogne, first used for racing in the reign of 
 Louis XVI. Races have been run here since 1859. The 
 Grand Prix is run on the Sunday of Ascot week. 
 
 Grand Prix de Rome (gron lire de r5m). A 
 prize given by the Academy of Fine Arts in 
 Paris to the most successful competitor in paint- 
 ing, sculpture, engraving, architecture, or music. 
 The examinations are held annually, and the successful 
 candidates become pensioners of the government for four 
 years. They are sent to reside at Rome, where Louis 
 XIV. founded the Academie de France in 1666. Grove. 
 See Villa Medici. 
 
 Grand Rapids. A city and the capital of Kent 
 County, Michigan, situated at the rapids of the 
 Grand River, in lat. 42° 58' N., long. 85° 39' W. 
 It has important manufactures and commerce. 
 Population, 112,571, (1910). 
 
 Grand Remonstrance. See Remonstrance, 
 Grand. 
 
 Grand River, Ind. Washtenong (wosh'te- 
 nong). A river in Michigan, flowing into Lake 
 Michigan at Grand Haven. Length, over 250 
 miles. It is navigable to Grand Rapids. 
 
 Grand River. A river of western Colorado and 
 eastern Utah, uniting with Green River to form 
 the Colorado about lat. 38° 15' N., long. 109° 
 54' W. Length, about 350 miles. 
 
 Grandson. See Granson. 
 
 Grand Trianon and Petit Trianon. See Tri- 
 anon. 
 
 Grandville (groh-vel') (originally Gerard), 
 Jean Ignace Isidore. Bom at Nancy, France, 
 Sept. 13, 1803: died at Van ves, near Paris, March 
 17, 1847. A French caricaturist and illustrator, 
 especially noted for his political caricatures. 
 
 Grane. See Koweyt." 
 
 Granet (gra-na'), Francois Marius. Born at 
 Aix, France, about 1775: died at Aix, Nov. 21, 
 1849. A French painter, chiefly of architec- 
 tural subjects. 
 
 Grange, La. See La Grange. 
 
 Grangemouth, (granj'muth). A seaport in Stir- 
 lingshire, Scotland, situated on the Firth of 
 Forth near Falkirk. It has developed rapidly 
 in recent years. Population, 10,300, (1910). 
 
 Granger (gran'jer). 1 . A character in South- 
 erne’s comedy “The Maid’s Last Prayer.” — 2. 
 A character in Cibber’s comedy “The Refusal.” 
 
 Granger, Edith. See Dombey. 
 
 Granger, Francis. Born at Suffield, Conn. .Dec. 
 1 , 1792: died at Canandaigua, N. Y., Aug. 28, 
 
 454 
 
 1868. An American politician, son of Gideon 
 Granger. He was postmaster-general in 1841. 
 Granger, Gideon. Born at Suffield, Conn., July 
 19, 1767: died at Canandaigua, N. Y., Dec. 31, 
 1822. An American politician, postmaster- 
 general 1801-14. 
 
 Granger, Gordon. Born in New York, 1821: 
 died Jan. 10, 1876. An American general. He 
 
 was graduated at West Point iu 1845, fought in the Mexi- 
 can war, and served in the Union army during the Civil 
 War. He commanded a brigade of cavalry in Mississippi 
 in 1862 ; became major-general of volunteers Sept. 17, 1862 ; 
 and fought with distinction atChiekamauga, Chattanooga, 
 and Missionary Ridge. He commanded the army which, 
 aided by Admiral Farragut, captured Fort Morgan, Ala- 
 bama, in Aug., 1864. 
 
 Granger, James. Born at Shaston, Dorset, in 
 1723 : died at Shiplake, Oxfordshire, April 4, 
 1776. An English writer and print-collector. 
 He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1743, but 
 took uo degree. He took holy orders, and was presented 
 to the vicarage of Shiplake. About 1773 he made a tour 
 through Holland. He wrote “A Biographical History of 
 England . . . with a preface showing the utility of a col- 
 lection of engraved portraits, etc.” (1769). This was con- 
 tinued with additions at different times till in 1824 the 
 work had increased to 6 volumes. In 1806 another con- 
 tinuation appeared from materials left by Granger and the 
 collections of the Rev. Mark Noble, who edited it. The 
 wholesale destruction of illustrated biographical works 
 necessary to accomplish this gave rise to the term gran- 
 gerize. 
 
 Previously to the publication of the first edition of Gran- 
 ger’s work in 1769, live shillings was considered a liberal 
 price by collectors for any English portrait. After the ap- 
 pearance of the “ Biographical History,” books ornamented 
 with engraved portraits rose in price to five times their 
 original value, and few could be found unmutilated. In 
 1856 Joseph Lilly and Joseph Willis, booksellers, each of- 
 fered for sale a magnificent illustrated copy of Granger’s 
 work. Lilly's copy, which included Noble’s “Continua- 
 tion, ’’was illustrated by more than thirteen hundred por- 
 traits, bound in 27 vols. imperial 4to, price £42. The price 
 of Willis's copy, which contained more than three thou- 
 sand portraits, bound in 19 vols. fol., was £38 10s. It had 
 cost the former owner nearly £200. The following collec- 
 tions have been published in illustration of Granger’s 
 work : (a) “Portraits illustrating Granger’s Biographical 
 History of England "(known under the name of “Richard- 
 son’s Collection ”), 6 pts. Lond. 1792-1812, 4to ; ( b ) Samuel 
 Woodburn’s “ Gallery of [over two hundred] Portraits . . . 
 illustrative of Granger’s Biographical History of England, 
 &c.,” Lond. 1816, fol. ; (c) “A Collection of Portraits to 
 illustrate Granger’s Biographical History of England and 
 Noble’s continuation to Granger, forming a Supplement to 
 Richardson’s Copies of rare Granger Portraits," 2 vols. 
 Lond. 1820-2, 4to. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Grangers (gran'jerz). Members of certain se- 
 cret societies (“granges”) organized in the 
 United States for the advancement of the in- 
 terests of agriculture by the removal of re- 
 straints and burdens on it, and otherwise. 
 Grangousier (gron-go-zya'). [F., ‘great gullet.’] 
 The father of Gargantua in Rabelais’s romance 
 of that name. He is supposed by some to repre- 
 sent Jean d’Albret. 
 
 Granicus (gra-nl'kus). In ancient geography, 
 a small river (the modern Kodja-Tehai) in My- 
 sia, Asia Minor, flowing into the Propontis. On 
 its hanks Alexander the Great won his first vic- 
 tory over the Persians in 334 B. c. 
 
 Granier de Cassagnac (gra-nya' de ka-san- 
 yak'), Adolphe Bernard. Born at Averon- 
 Bergelle, Gers, France, Aug. 12, 1806: died near 
 Plaisance, Gers, Jan. 31, 1880. A French jour- 
 nalist, Bonapartist politician, and historical 
 writer. Among hi9 works are “ Histoire dcs causes de la 
 revolution franuaise” (1850), “Histoire du Directoire” (1851- 
 1863), and “Souvenirs du second empire ” (1879-82). 
 
 Granier de Cassagnac, Paul (usually called 
 Paul de Cassagnac). Born at Paris, Dec. 2, 
 1843: died Nov. 4, 1904. A French journalist and 
 Bonapartist politician, son of A. B. Granier. 
 He became, in 1866, a member of the editorial staff of the 
 “ Pays, ” of which he became editor-in-chief about 1870. He 
 became a member of the Chamber of Deputies in 1876. In 
 1884 he severed his connection with the “Pays,” in order 
 to found a new Bonapartist organ, “ L’Autoritb.” He pub- 
 lished “ Histoire de la troisieme rtpublique ” (1875). 
 
 Granite State, The. New Hampshire: so named 
 on account of its abundant granite. 
 Granmichele. See Grammichele. 
 
 Gran Paradiso (gran pa-ra-de'zo). The high- 
 est point of the Graian Alps, entirely in Italy. 
 Height, 13,320 feet. 
 
 Gran Reunion Americana (gran ra-6-ne-on' 
 
 a-ma-re-ka'na). The name of a secret political 
 society founded in London by Francisco Miran- 
 da about the end of the 18th century, it had for 
 its object the emancipation of the American colonies from 
 Spain, and its influence in fomenting the revolutionary 
 spirit was very great. Among the members were Bolivar, 
 San Martin, O’Higgins, Narifio, Montufar, and others who 
 became conspicuous in the war for independence. See 
 Lautaro Society. 
 
 Gran Sasso d’ltalia (gran siis'so de-ta'le-ii). 
 The highest group of the Apennines, Italy, sit- 
 uated on the borders of the provinces of Aquila 
 
 Granuffo 
 
 and Teramo. Highest peak, Monte Corno (9,585 
 feet.) 
 
 Granson, or Grandson (gron-son'), G. Gransee 
 
 (gran'za). A village in the canton of Vaud, 
 Switzerland, situated on the Lake of Neuehatel 
 20 miles north of Lausanne. Here the Swiss ( 20 , 000) 
 defeated the Burgundian army (40,000 to 50,000) under 
 Charles the Bold, March 2, 1476. The attack was provoked 
 by Charles’s perfidy in putting the garrison to death after 
 inducing them to surrender by the promise of their lives. 
 
 Grant (grant), Mrs. (Anne Macvicar), gener- 
 ally called Mrs. Grant of Laggan. Born at 
 Glasgow, Feb. 21, 1755: died at Edinburgh, Nov. 
 7, 1838. A Scottish author, she wrote “Poems” 
 (1802), “Letters from the Mountains ” (1806), “Memoirs of 
 an American Lady ” (Mrs. Philip Schuyler), etc. 
 
 Grant, Charles, Lord Glenelg. Born at Kid- 
 derpore, Bengal, Oct. 26, 1778: died at Cannes, 
 France, April 23, 1866. A British politician. 
 He was president of the Board of Trade 1827-28, and of the 
 Board of Control 1830-34, and was colonial secretary 1836- 
 1839. He was created Baron Glenelg in 1835. 
 
 Grant, Digby. In Albery’s “ The Two Roses,” 
 a typical blackguard of society. Henry Irving 
 has been successful in the part. 
 
 Grant, Sir Francis. Born at Edinburgh, Jan. 
 18, 1803 : died at Melton Mowbray, Oct. 5, 1878. 
 A Scottish portrait-painter, elected president 
 of the Royal Academy in 1866. He painted por- 
 traits of many distinguished persons. 
 
 Grant, James. Born at Edinburgh, Aug. 1, 
 1822 : died there, May 5, 1887. A Scottish nov- 
 elist. He was in the English army 1840-43. He wrote 
 nearly 50 historical romances on Scottish subjects and 
 edited “Old and New Edinburgh” (1880-83). 
 
 Grant, James Augustus. Born at Nairn, Scot- 
 land, 1827 : died there, Feb. 11, 1892. An Afri- 
 can explorer. After 12 years of military service in In- 
 dia, he became the associate of Captain Speke in his expe- 
 dition to the source of the Nile. They discovered the 
 outlet of Victoria Nyanza at the Ripon Falls, and met 
 Baker on his southward march at Gondokoro. A joint ac- 
 count of their journey was published in 1864. In 1868 
 Grant accompanied the Abyssinian expedition under Lord 
 Napier. See Century Atlas, Map 109. 
 
 Grant, Sir James Hope. Born in Perthshire, 
 July 22, 1808: died at London, March 7, 1875. 
 ABritishgeneral, brother of Sir Francis Grant. 
 He served with distinction during the Indian mutiny 1857- 
 1858, and commanded the British contingent in the Chinese 
 war 1860. 
 
 Grant, Robert. Born at Grantown-on-Spey, 
 near Inverness-shire, in 1814: died at Glasgow, 
 Oct. 24, 1892. A Scottish astronomer, appointed 
 professorof astronomyattheUniversityof Glas- 
 gow in 1859. He published a “History of Physical As- 
 tronomy ” (1852), and in 1883 a catalogue of 6,415 stars, 
 the mean places of which had been determined at Glas- 
 gow under his direction. 
 
 Grant, Ulysses Simpson (originally Hiram 
 Ulysses). Born at Point Pleasant, Clermont 
 County, Ohio, April 27, 1822 : died at Mount Mc- 
 Gregor, near Saratoga, N. Y., July 23, 1885. A 
 celebrated American general, eighteenth Presi- 
 dent of the United States. He was graduated at West 
 Point in 1843 ; served through the Mexican war of 1846-48 ; 
 left the army in 1854, and settled at St. Louis ; and removed 
 to Galena, Illinois, in 1860. He was appointed colonel June 
 17, 1861, and brigadier-general Aug. 7 ; commanded at Bel- 
 mont Nov. 7 ; captured Fort Donelson Feb. 16, 1862 ; was 
 thereafter appointed ma or-general of volunteers; was 
 made commander of the Army of the District of West Ten- 
 nessee in March ; gained the battles of Shiloh April 
 6-7, and of Iuka Sept. 19 ; was made commander of the 
 Department of the Tennessee in Oct. ; gained the battles 
 of Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion’s Hill, and 
 Big Black River in May, 1863 ; received the surrender of 
 Vicksburg July 4, and was made major-general in the reg- 
 ular army ; was made commander of the Military Division 
 of the Mississippi in Oct. ; gained the battle of Chattanooga 
 Nov. 23-25; was made lieutenant-general March 2, 1864, 
 and commander of all the Union armies March 12 ; took 
 up his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac ; fought 
 the battle of the Wilderness with Lee, May 5-6, which 
 was followed by the battles at Spotsylvania Court House ; 
 unsuccessfully attacked Lee’s position at Cold Harbor, 
 June 3 ; commenced the siege of Petersburg in June ; re- 
 ceived the surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court House 
 April 9, 1865; was made general July 25, 1866; was secre- 
 tary of war ad interim Aug., 1867, -Jan., 1868; as Repub- 
 lican candidate was elected President in 1868, and inaugu- 
 rated March 4, 1869; was reelected in 1872 ; made a tour 
 around the world in 1877-79; was an unsuccessful candi- 
 date for renomiDation for the Presidency in 1880 ; and was 
 made general on the retired list March 3, 1885. He wrote 
 “Memoirs" (2 vols. 1885-86). See “Military History of 
 Ulysses S. Grant ” (1867-81), by Adam Badeau. 
 
 Grantham (grant'am). A parliamentary bor- 
 ough in Lincolnshire, England, on the Witham 22 
 miles south by west of Lincoln, it has iron manu- 
 factures, and is an important railway junction. There is a 
 fine church, of the 13th century. Population, 17,593. 
 
 Grant Land. [Named by Hall for General U. S. 
 Grant.] A region in the north polar lands, about 
 lat. 81°-83°N., north of Grinnell Land. 
 
 Granuffo (gra-nuf '6). A character, in Marston’s 
 play “The Parasitaster,” who makes a reputa- 
 tion for wisdom by saying nothing. 
 
Granvella 
 
 Granvella (gran-vel'la), orGranvelle (F. pron. 
 gron-vel'). Cardinal de (Antoine Perrenot). 
 Born at Besan^on, Aug. 20, 1517: died at 
 Madrid, Sept. 21, 1586. A Spanish ecclesiastic 
 and statesman. He was made chancellor of the em- 
 pire by Charles V. in 1550 ; was chief councilor to Mar- 
 garet of Parma in the Netherlands 1559-64 ; and was made 
 viceroy of Naples in 1570, and president of the council of 
 Italy and Castile in 1575. 
 
 Granville (gron-vel'). A seaport in the depart- 
 ment of Manche, France, situated on the Eng- 
 lish Channel, at the mouth of the Bosq, in lat. 
 48° 50' N., long. 1° 37' W. It was bombarded by 
 the English in 1695, and was defended against the Ven- 
 deans in 1793, and against the English in 1803. Population, 
 commune, 11,940. 
 
 Granville (gran'vil), or Grenville (gren'vil), 
 George, Lord Lansdowne. Bom 1667 : died 
 at London, Jan. 30, 1735. An English poet, 
 dramatist, and politician. He wrote the plays “She 
 Gallants ” (1696), “ Heroick Love ” (1698), “ The British En- 
 chanters ’’ (an opera, 1706) ; and among his other writings 
 are “A Vindication of General Monk ’’ and “A Vindication 
 of Sir Richard Granville "—both published in 1732 in a re- 
 vised edition of his works, which he supervised, and which 
 included all his poems. 
 
 Granville, Earls. See Carteret, John, and Leve- 
 son-Gower, Granville George. 
 
 Graslitz (gras'lits). A town in Bohemia, situ- 
 ated in lat. 50° 21' N., long. 12° 27' E. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 13,825, (1910). 
 
 Grasmere (gras'mer). A village in the Lake 
 District, Westmoreland, England, 4 miles north- 
 west of Ambleside. Near it is the Lake of Grasmere 
 (1 mile in length). The poet Wordsworth resided here for 
 8 years, and it is the place of his burial. 
 
 Grasse (gras). A town in the department of 
 Alpes-Maritimes, France, 19 miles west-south- 
 west of Nice. It is the center of the Provence manu- 
 facture of essences and perfumes (rose and orange blos- 
 soms). Population, commune, 20,305. 
 
 Grasse, Comte Francois Joseph Paul de (Mar- 
 quis de Grasse-Tilly). Born at La Yalette, 
 near Toulon, France, 1723 : died at Paris, Jan. 
 11, 1788. A French admiral. He commanded the 
 French fleet which cooperated with Washington in the cap- 
 ture of Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781. He was defeated 
 by Rodney in the West Indies in 1782. 
 
 Grasse (gres'se), Johann Georg Theodor. Born 
 at Grimma, Saxony, Jan. 31, 1814: died near 
 Dresden, Aug. 27 ? 1885. A noted German bib- 
 liographer and historian of literature, private 
 librarian of King Frederick Augustus II. of Sax- 
 ony, and director of several of the famous col- 
 lections of Dresden. He wrote “Lehrbuch einer all- 
 gemeinen Litterargeschichte ’’ (1837-59), “ Tresorde livres 
 rares et precieux ” (1858-69), etc. 
 
 Grassias (gras'i-as). A rarely used name ap- 
 lied by some to the third-magnitude star ft 
 eorpii (commonly called Ichlil), and by others 
 to the fourth-magnitude star f Scorpii. 
 
 Grassini (gras-se'ne), Josephina. Born at Va- 
 rese, Lombardy, 1773 : died at Milan, Jan., 1850. 
 An Italian singer (contralto). She made her first 
 appearance at Milan in 1794, and in 1803 was the reigning 
 favorite in London. 
 
 Grassmann (gras'man), Hermann Gunther. 
 
 Bom at Stettin, Prussia, April 15, 1809 : died 
 at Stettin, Sept. 26, 1877. A German mathe- 
 matician and Orientalist. His chief works are “Hie 
 
 * Wissenschaft der extensiven Grosse oder die Ausdeh- 
 nungslehre ” (1844), “ Lehrbuch der Arithmetik ” (1861-65), 
 “Worterbuch zum Rig-Veda" (1875), translation of the 
 “Rig-Veda” (1876-77), etc. 
 
 Grassmann, Robert. Bom at Stettin, Prussia, 
 March 8, 1815: died there, Aug. 14, 1901. A 
 German philosophical writer and mathemati- 
 cian, brother of H. G. Grassmann. He pub- 
 lished “DieWeltwissenschaftoder Physik,”etc. 
 
 Grass Valley. A city and township in Nevada 
 County, California, situated 50 miles north- 
 northeast of Sacramento. Population, town- 
 ship, 6,251, (1910); city, 4,520, (1910). 
 
 Grateful Servant, The. A play by Shirley, 
 licensed in 1629 under the title of “The Faith- 
 ful Servant,” but printed in 1630 under the for- 
 mer name, by which it is known. 
 
 Gratian. See Gratianus. 
 
 Gratiano(gra-shi-a'no). 1 (It. pron. gra-te-a'- 
 no). A conventional character in Italian im- 
 
 E revised comedy, a prosy, pedantic bore. — 2. 
 
 a Shakspere’s “Merchant of Venice,” one of 
 Bassanio’s companions. He marries Nerissa. 
 — 3. In Shakspere’s “Othello,” the brother of 
 Brabantio. As the uncle of Desdemona, he succeeds 
 to Othello’s fortunes after the latter has killed both her 
 and himself. 
 
 Gratianus (gra-shi-a'nus), Anglicized Gratian. 
 Bom at Sirmium, Pannonia, April 19, 359 A. d. : 
 killed at Lyons, Aug. 25, 383. Koman emperor 
 367-383, son of Valentinian I. He was raised to 
 the rank of Augustus with a share in the government by 
 his father in 367, and in 376 succeeded him in the admin- 
 
 455 
 
 istration of the West, with a brother, Valentinian n., as 
 Joint Augustus. On the death of his uncle Valens he also 
 succeeded to the eastern half of the empire, the govern- 
 ment of which he intrusted to Theodosius in 379. He was 
 defeated by the usurper Maximus, and was killed in the 
 flight. 
 
 Gratianus. Lived in the first half of the 12th 
 century. A celebrated Italian canonist, said 
 (doubtfully) to have been bishop of Chiusi : 
 author of the “ Deere turn Gratiani” (about 1150 : 
 edited by Friedberg 1879). 
 
 Gratius Faliscus ( gra ' shi-us f a-lis ' kus) . Lived 
 in the 1st century B. c. A Roman poet, author 
 of a poem on the chase entitled “Cynegetica.” 
 Gratry (grii-tre'), Auguste Joseph Alphonse. 
 Bom at Lille, France, March 30, 1805 : died at 
 Montreux, Switzerland, Feb. 6, 1872. A French 
 Roman Catholic theologian. His works include 
 “Cours de philosophie” (1855-57), “Philosophie du Cre- 
 do” (1861), “Paix” (1862), etc. 
 
 Grattan (grat'an), Henry. Born at Dublin, 
 July 3, 1746: died at London, June 4 (May 14?), 
 1820. An Irish orator and statesman. He grad- 
 uated B. A. at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1767 ; studied law 
 at the Middle Temple, London; was admitted to the Irish 
 bar in 1772; and in 1775 entered the Irish Parliament, 
 where he acted with the opposition. In 1782 he procured 
 the restoration of the independence of the Irish Parlia- 
 ment by the repeal of “Poynings’s Law.” Heretired from 
 Parliament in 1797, but returned in 1800 in order to oppose 
 the legislative union with England. He was in 1806 
 elected to the Imperial Parliament, of which he continued 
 a member until his death, and where he warmly advocated 
 the emancipation of the Roman Catholics. Several col- 
 lections of his works have appeared, including “The 
 Speeches of the Right Honourable Henry Grattan in the 
 Irish and in the Imperial Parliament” (edited by his son, 
 1822) and “ Miscellaneous Works ” (1822). See “ Memoirs 
 of the Life and Times of Henry Grattan, by his son Henry 
 Grattan ” (1839-46). 
 
 Grattan, Thomas Colley. Born at Dublin, 
 1792 : died at London, July 4, 1864. An Irish 
 novelist, poet, and general writer. He resided at 
 Bordeaux, Paris, and Brussels, and became British consul 
 at Boston in 1839. He assisted in the negotiations which 
 resulted in the Ashburton treaty (which see). In 1846 he 
 returned to England, and thereafter resided chiefly at 
 London. He was a friend of Washington Irving. His 
 works include “Highways and Byways, or Tales of the 
 Roadside picked up in the French Provinces by a Walking 
 Gentleman ” (1823 : dedicated to Washington Irving), 
 “Ben Nazir, the Saracen: a Tragedy” (1827), and many 
 others. 
 
 Gratz (grats), officially Graz (grats), formerly 
 Gratz (grets). The capital of Styria, Austria- 
 Hungary, situated on the Mur in lat. 47° 5' N., 
 long. 15° 25' E. The cathedral is an interesting mon- 
 ument of the 15th century, with a fine sculptured west 
 portal. The interior possesses several excellent old paint- 
 ings, and some beautiful 16th-century Italian reliefs in 
 ivory illustrating Petrarch’s “Trionfi.” Among other ob- 
 jects of interest are the Stadtpark, the height Schlossherg, 
 the Landhaus, the Joanneum (with collections), and the 
 picture-gallery. Population, 151,668, (1910). 
 
 Grau (grou), Miguel. Bom at Piura, June, 
 1834 : died Oct. 8, 1879. A Peruvian naval 
 officer. In 1871 he took command of the turret-ship 
 Huascar. When the war with Chile broke out (1879), he 
 at once entered on active service, and with the two iron- 
 clads Huascar and Independencia kept the whole Chilean 
 navy at bay for several months. He attacked the block- 
 ading ships at Iquique, and sunk one, but lost the Inde- 
 pendencia, which ran on a rock. The Huascar was finally 
 attacked by two Chilean ironclads off Point Angamos, and 
 surrendered after Rear-Admiral Grau had been killed. 
 
 Graubiinden. See Grisons. 
 
 Graudenz (grou'dents), Pol. Grudziadz (gro- 
 jonts'). A town in the province of West 
 Prussia, Prussia, on the Vistula 60 miles south 
 of Dantzic. It is strongly fortified, and was success- 
 fully defended by Courbiere against the French in 1807. 
 Population, commune, 35,953. 
 
 Grauer Bund (grou'er bont). See Gray League. 
 
 Graun (groun), Karl Heinrich. Born at Wah- 
 renbruck, near Torgau, Prussia, May 7, 1701: 
 died at Berlin, Aug. 8, 1759. A noted German 
 singer and composer of operas and sacred mu- 
 sic. His chief works are the oratorio “Der Tod Jesu” 
 (performed at Berlin March 26, 1755), and the “Te Denm ’’ 
 (performed at Charlottenburg after the close of the Seven 
 Years’ War, July 16, 1763). 
 
 Grave, The. A didactic poem by Robert Blair, 
 published in 1743. For this poem William Blake made 
 a famous series of designs. It contains about 800 lines 
 of blank verse. 
 
 Graveairs (grav'arz), Lady. A character in 
 Cibber’s comedy “ The Careless Husband.” 
 
 Grave Greek Mound. A relic of the so-called 
 mound-builders on Grave Creek, near Mounds- 
 ville or Elizabethtown, Marshall County, West 
 Virginia. It is 70 feet high and 1,000 feet in circum- 
 ference, and is the largest of the prehistoric mounds in 
 the Ohio valley. A stone bearing an inscription of in- 
 scrutable characters, alleged to have been discovered in 
 this mound about 1840, has called forth considerable dis- 
 cussion. 
 
 Gravelines (grav-len'), Flemish Gravelinghe 
 (gra' ve- ling- e), G. Gravelingen (gra've- 
 ling-en). A fortified seaport in the department 
 
 Gray, Stephen 
 
 of Nord, France, on the Aa, near its mouth, 12 
 miles southwest of Dunkirk. It is celebrated for 
 the victory of the Spaniards under Egmontover the French 
 under Thermes, July 13, 1558. Population, commune, 
 6,284. 
 
 Gravelotte (grav-lot'). A village of Lorraine, 
 Alsace-Lorraine, 7 miles west of Metz. The battle 
 
 of Gravelotte (or of Gravelotte and St.-Privat, sometimes 
 called the battle of Rezonville) was fought in the neigh- 
 borhood of the village, Aug. 18, 1870. The Germans (about 
 200,000) under King William obtained a decisive victory 
 over the French (about 120,000) under Bazaine. The loss 
 of the Germans was 20,159 ; that of the French, from 12,000 
 to 15,000. As a result of this defeat, the French were shut 
 up in Metz. 
 
 Graves (gravz), Richard. Born at Miekleton, 
 Gloucestershire, May 4, 1715: died at Claver- 
 ton, near Bath, Nov. 23, 1804. An English poet 
 and novelist, rector of Claverton. He was the au- 
 thor of a large number of works, some of which were pop- 
 ular; one only, a novel, “The Spiritual Quixote” (1772), 
 is now remembered. 
 
 Graves, Thomas, Baron Graves. Born about 
 1725 : died Feb. 9, 1802. A British admiral. He 
 succeeded Arbuthnot, July, 1781, in command of the Brit- 
 ish fleet against the American colonies, and was defeated 
 by De Grasse on Sept. 5. He was created Baron Graves 
 in the peerage of Ireland in 1794. 
 
 Gravesande (gra've-zan'de), Willem Jakob 
 
 van ’s. Born at’s Hertogenbosch, Netherlands, 
 Sept. 27, 1688: died at Leyden, Netherlands, 
 Feb. 28, 1742. A noted Dutch philosopher and 
 mathematician, professor at Leyden from 1717. 
 In 1715 he went to London as secretary of the embassy of 
 the States-GeneraL He wrote “ Physices elementa mathe- 
 matica” (1720), etc. 
 
 Gravesend (gravz'end). A river port and par- 
 liamentary borough in Kent, England, situated 
 on the Thames 20 miles east by south of Lon- 
 don. It is a favorite resort for Londoners. Pop- 
 ulation, 27,196. 
 
 Gravina (gra-ve'na). A town in the province 
 of Bari, Apulia, Italy, situated on the Gravina 
 about 30 miles southwest of Bari. Population, 
 18,252. 
 
 Gravina, Giovanni Vincenzo. Born at Rogli- 
 ano, near Cosenza, Italy, Jan. 20, 1664: died 
 at Rome, Jan. 6, 1718. An Italian jurist, critic, 
 and poet. He wrote “ Origines juris civilis” 
 (1701-13). “ Della ragione poetica” (1708), etc. 
 
 Gray (gra). A town in the department of Haute- 
 Saone, Prance, situated on the Saone 27 miles 
 east-northeast of Dijon. It has considerable 
 trade. Population, commune, 6,679. 
 
 Gray, Asa. Born at Paris, Oneida County, 
 N. Y., Nov. 18, 1810: died at Cambridge, Mass., 
 Jan. 30, 1888. A noted American botanist. He 
 was professor of natural history at Harvard 1842-88. Among 
 his works are ‘ ‘ Elements of Botany ” (1836),“ Flora of N orth 
 America ’’(commenced 1838), “Manual of the Botany of the 
 Northern United States" (1848), “Botany of the U. S. Pa- 
 cific Exploring Expedition ” (1854), “ How Plants Grow ” 
 (1858), “Field, Forest, and Garden Botany ” (1868), “How 
 Plants Behave ” (1872), “Darwiniana” (1876), “New Flora 
 of North America” (Part I, 1878), “Synoptical Flora of 
 North America” (2d ed. 1888). 
 
 Gray, Auld Robin. See Auld Bohin Gray. 
 
 Gray, David. Born at Merkland, Jari. 29, 
 
 1838 : died there, Dec. 3, 1861. A Scottish poet. 
 He wrote “ The Luggie ” and other poems, pub- 
 lished in 1862. 
 
 Gray, Elisha. Born at Barnesville, Ohio, Aug. 
 2,1835: died at Newtonville, Mass., Jan. 20, 
 1901. An American inventor, noted for inven- 
 tions relating to telegraphy and the telephone. 
 
 Gray, George Robert. Born at London, July 
 8, 1808 : died May 5, 1872. An English ornithol- 
 ogist and entomologist, brother of J. E. Gray. 
 His works include “ Entomology of Australia ” (1833), 
 “ List of the Genera of Birds ” (1840: enlarged in 1841 and 
 1855), “Genera of Birds ” (1844-49), “Genera and Species 
 of Birds ” (1869-72). 
 
 Gray, Henry Peters. Born at New York, June 
 23, 1819: died there, Nov. 12,1877. An-Amer- 
 ican painter, president of the National Acad- 
 emy 1869-71. In 1871 he went to Florence, and lived 
 there till 1874. Among his works are “Charity,” “The 
 Birth of our Flag,” “Cleopatra,” “Greek Lovers,” and 
 “The Apple of Discord.” During his later years he gave 
 much of his time to portrait-painting. 
 
 Gray, John Edward. Born at Walsall, Stafford- 
 shire, Peb. 12, 1800 : died March 7, 1875. An 
 English zoologist, keeper of the zoological col- 
 lections in the British Museum 1840-74. He 
 published numerous works and papers on vari- 
 ous branches of natural history. 
 
 Gray, Robert. Born at Dunbar, Aug. 15, 1825 : 
 died at Edinburgh, Feb. 18, 1887. A Scotch 
 ornithologist. He was in the service of the City of 
 Glasgow Bank and later of the Bank of Scotland at Edin- 
 burgh. In 1882 he was elected vice-president of the Royal 
 Society at Edinburgh. He published “ Birds of the West 
 of Scotland ” (1871). 
 
 Gray, Stephen. Died Feb. 25, 1736. An English 
 electrician, a pensioner of the Charter House 
 in London. His experiments were the foundation of 
 
Gray, Stephen 
 
 the division of substances into conductors and non-con- 
 ductors, and had an important bearing upon the discovery 
 of the electric battery. 
 
 Gray, Sir Thomas. Died about 1369. An Eng- 
 lish writer (in Latin), author of “ Scalacliron- 
 ica.” See the extract. 
 
 The “Scala-chronica" opens with an allegorical prologue, 
 and is divided into five parts. Of these part i., which re- 
 lates the fabulous history of Britain, is based on “ Walter 
 of Exeter's ” Brut (i. e. on Geoffrey of Monmouth) ; part ii., 
 which reaches to Egbert's succession, is based upon Bede ; 
 part iii., extending to William the Conqueror, on Higden's 
 “ Polychronicon ’’ ; and part iv. professes to be founded on 
 “ John le vikeir de Tilmouth que escript le Ystoria Aurea. ’’ 
 There are several difficulties connected with the prologue ; 
 the chief are its distinct allusions to Thomas Otterburn, 
 who is generally supposed to have written early in thenext 
 century ( Scala-chron . pp. 1-4). According to Mr. Steven- 
 son many incidents in part iv. are not to be found in the 
 current editions of Higden. Mr. Stevenson considers the 
 book to assume some independent value with the reign of 
 John ; but its true importance really begins with the reign 
 of Edward I. It is specially useful for the Scottish wars, 
 and narrates the exploits of the author's father in great 
 detail ( Scala-chron . pp. 123, 127, 138, etc.). The author is 
 tolerably minute as to Edward II. ’s reign (pp. 136-53), and 
 the rest of the book (pp. 163-203) is devoted to Edward III. 
 The detailed account of the French wars from 1355-61 sug- 
 gests the presence of the writer (pp. 172-200). Thehistory 
 breaks off in 1362 or 1363. Diet. Nat. Biog., XXIII. 21. 
 
 Gray, Thomas. Born at London, Dee. 26, 1716 : 
 died at Cambridge, July 30, 1771. An English 
 poet. He was sent to Eton as an oppidan in 1727, forming 
 an intimacy there with Horace Walpole. In 1734 he was 
 admitted as a pensioner at Peterhouse, Cambridge, and in 
 1739 went abroad with Walpole on “the grand tour.” He 
 returned and settled at Cambridge, where he resided chiefly 
 after 1741, though he spent a part of every summer with his 
 mother at Stoke Pogis. He became professor of modem 
 history at Cambridge 1768. In 1767 he refused the laureate- 
 ship. His best-known work is the “ Elegy Written in a 
 Country Churchyard ” (1751). His other principal works 
 are “Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College" (1747), 
 “ Progress of Poesy " (1757), “ The Bard ” (1757). His poems 
 and letters were edited by W. Mason in 1774 ; the letters 
 by Mitford l»35-53 ; and the works, with life, by E. W. 
 Gosse, in 4 vols., in 1882. 
 
 Gray League. [G. Grauer Bund.'] A German 
 league in the present canton of Grisons, Swit- 
 zerland, formed in 1424. In 1497-98, in com- 
 pany with the Gotteshausbund, it became allied 
 with the Swiss cantons. 
 
 Gray’s Inn. One of the London inns of court. 
 It is situated on the north side of Holborn and to the west 
 of Gray’s Inn Lane. It is the fourth inn of court in im- 
 portance and size. It derives its name from the noble 
 family of Gray of Wilton, whose residence it originally was. 
 (Thornburg.) It still contains a handsome hall of 1560. 
 Gray’s Peak. One of the highest peaks in the 
 Rocky Mountains, situated in the Colorado 
 range, Colorado. Height, 14,341 feet. 
 Graymalkin. See Grimalkin. 
 
 Graz. See Gratz. 
 
 Grazalema (gra-tha-la/ma). A town in the 
 province of Cadiz, Spain, 56 miles east-north- 
 east of Cadiz. Population, 5,587. 
 
 Graziani (grat-se-a'ne), Francesco. Born 
 April 26, 1829: died June 30, 1901. An Italian 
 barytone singer. HefirstsanginLondoninl855. 
 Grazzini (grat-se'ne), Anton Francesco, called 
 II Lasca. [It. lasca, a mullet.] Born at Flor- 
 ence, March 22, 1503: died there, Feb. 18, 1584. 
 An Italian poet and dramatist. Ii Lasca was the 
 appellation he assumed in the Accademia degli Umidi, to 
 which he belonged, where every member was distin- 
 guished by the name of a fish. He was one of the founders 
 of the celebrated Accademia della Crusca. 
 
 Greal. See Grail. 
 
 Great Barrington (grat bar'ing-ton). A town 
 in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, situated 
 on the Housatonic River 40 miles west by north 
 of Springfield. Population, 5,926, (1910). 
 Great Basin. An elevated region in the United 
 States, lying between the Sierra Nevada on the 
 west and the Wahsatch Mountains on the east. 
 It comprises nearly all Nevada, western Utah, southeast- 
 ern Oregon, and parts of eastern and southeastern Cali- 
 fornia. The drainage of the greater part of this large area 
 is into interior lakes (Great Salt Lake, etc.) which have 
 no communication with the sea. It is traversed by the 
 Humboldt and other ranges. The soil is generally unpro- 
 ductive. 
 
 Great Bear. See Ursa Major. 
 
 Great Bear Lake. A lake in British North 
 America, about lat. 65°-67° N., long. 117°-123° 
 W. It has its outlet through the Great Bear River into 
 the Mackenzie. Length, over 150 miles. Area, about 
 11,200 square miles. 9 
 
 Great Britain (grat brit'n). [F. Grande Bre- 
 tagne, Sp. GranBrctana, It. Gran Bretagna, NL. 
 Magna Britannia (or Britannia Major, Greater 
 Britain).] The largest island of Europe, com- 
 prising England in the south, Scotland in the 
 north, and Wales in the west, situated in lat. 
 58° 40'-49° 58' N., long. 1° 45' E.-6° 13' W. : the 
 ancient Albion or Britannia (afterward Britan- 
 nia Major). Its length from north to south is about 608 
 miles; its greatest width, about 325 miles. Area, 88,729 
 
 456 
 
 square miles. It is called Great Britain in distinction from 
 Brittany (Bretagne, Lesser Britain). On the union with 
 Scotland in 1707, Great Britain became the official name of 
 the British kingdom, and so continued until the union with 
 Ireland in 1801. It remains a popular designation of the 
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. (See below. ) 
 B'orthe history, see England. Population, 40, 834, 714, (1911). 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland, The United King- 
 dom of. Since Jan. 1, 1801, the official name 
 of the British kingdom, including England, 
 Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and the neighboring 
 smaller islands. Capital, London. The government 
 is a hereditary constitutional monarchy. A sovereign and 
 a responsible ministry form the executive. The legisla- 
 ture consists of a Parliament, comprising the House of 
 Lords (over 600 members) and the House of Commons 
 (670 members). The colonies and foreign possessions are 
 Gibraltar, Malta, Aden and Perim, Socotra, Kuria Muria 
 Islands, Bahrein Islands, British North Borneo, Brunei, 
 Sarawak, Ceylon, Cyprus, Hong-Kong, India and its depen- 
 dencies, British Baluchistan, Andaman Islands, Nicobar 
 Islands, Laccadive Islands, Kamaran Island, Labuan, 
 Straits Settlements, Bechuanaland, Zanzibar, Cape of Good 
 Hope, Orange Free State, the Transvaal, Mauritius (with 
 Seychelles, Rodrigues, the Chagos Islands), British East 
 Africa, Natal, British Somaliland, Nigeria, Uganda Protec- 
 torate, Rhodesia, Saint Helena, Ascension Island, Tristan 
 da Cunha, Gold Coast, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Bermudas, 
 Canada, Newfoundland, Falkland Islands, British Guiana, 
 British Honduras, British West Indies (including the Baha- 
 mas, Barbados, Jamaica, islands of the Windward and Lee- 
 ward groups, Trinidad), Tasmania, Victoria, New South 
 Wales, South Australia, Queensland, Western Australia, 
 NewZealand.BritishNewGuinea, Fij i, and variousother Pa- 
 cific islands, includingCook's Islands, Union Group, Phoenix 
 group, Christmas Island, Fanning Island, Gilbert Islands, 
 etc. Area of the United Kingdom, 121,391 square miles ; 
 population, 45,365,599. Area of the British empire, in- 
 cluding India, colonies, protectorates, and spheres of 
 Influence, about 11,447,954 square miles ; population, 419,- 
 401,371, (1911). See England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, 
 Great Britain. 
 
 Great Captain, The. Gonsalvo de Cordova. 
 Great Cham of Literature, The. A nickname 
 given to Samuel Johnson by Smollett in a let- 
 ter to Wilkes. 
 
 Great Commoner, The. William Pitt (after- 
 ward Earl of Chatham): so called as being a 
 commoner and not a peer. 
 
 Great .Dauphin, The. The son of Louis XIV. 
 Great Dog. See Canis Major. 
 
 Great Duke, The. The first Duke of Welling- 
 ton. 
 
 Great Duke of Florence.The. A play by Philip 
 Massinger, licensed 1627, printed 1635. 
 
 Great Earl of Cork, The. The first Earl of Cork. 
 Great Eastern. A steamship, the largest built 
 prior to 1899, when the Oceanic was launched. 
 It was designed by I. K. Brunei, and was launched at Mill- 
 wall on the Thames in 1858 ; made its first voyage across 
 the Atlantic in June, 1860 ; was frequently employed from 
 1865 in cable-laying ; and in 1886 was sold to be broken up 
 for old iron. Length over all, 692 feet; width, 83 feet; 
 depth, 58 feet ; displacement, 27,000 tons. She is sur- 
 passed by the Oceanic iu length (704 feet), draft (324 feet), 
 and displacement (32,590 tons), and also by later vessels. 
 
 Great Elector, The, G. Der Grosse Kurfiirst. 
 
 Frederick William, elector of Brandenburg. 
 Great Expectations. A novel by Charles Dick- 
 ens, which appeared serially in “ All the Year 
 Round” in 1860-61. It was published in 1861. 
 Great Falls. A manufacturing and trading city 
 in Cascade County, Montana, on the Missouri 
 River. Population, 13,948, (1910). 
 
 Great Falls. A manufacturing village in New 
 Hampshire. See Somersworth. 
 
 Great Fish River. A river in British North 
 America which flows from the neighborhood of 
 Great Slave Lake northeasterly into the Arctic 
 Ocean. 
 
 Great Fish River. A river in Cape Colony which 
 rises in the Sneuwbergen Mountains and flows 
 southerly into the Indian Ocean. 
 
 Great Glen. A great depression traversing Scot- 
 land southwest and northeast, and marked by 
 Lochs Linnhe, Eil, Lochy, and Ness, which are 
 connected by the Caledonian Canal. 
 
 Great Grimsby (grimz'bi). A seaport and par- 
 liamentary borough in Lincolnshire, England, 
 situated on the Humber 16 miles southeast of 
 Hull. It has important commerce and fisheries. 
 Population, 74,663, (1911). See Grim. 
 
 Great Harry. The first war-ship of the British 
 navy. She was built in 1488, in the reign of Henry VII.; 
 was a three-master ; and is said to have cost £14,000. She 
 is supposed to have been burned accidentally at Woolwich 
 iu 1533. 
 
 Greathead (grat'hed), Henry. Born at Rich- 
 mond, Yorkshire, Jan. 27, 1757: died 1816. The 
 first successful constructor of life-boats. 
 
 Great Head. A celebrated promontory in the 
 eastern part of Mount Desert, Maine. 
 Greatheart (grat'hart), Mr. In the second part 
 of Bunyan’s “Pilgrim’s Progress,” the guide and 
 valiant protector of Christiana and her children. 
 Great Kanawha (ka-na'wa). A river in North 
 
 Greaves, John 
 
 Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia, joining 
 the Ohio at Point Pleasant, Mason County, 
 West Virginia. It is called in its upper course the 
 New River. Length, about 450 miles ; navigable about 
 100 miles. 
 
 Great Marlow (mar'lo). A town in Bucks, 
 England, situated on the Thames 30 miles west 
 of London. Population, eccles. par., 5,035. 
 
 Great Marquis, The. A surname popularly 
 given to the Marquis of Pombal, and also to 
 the first Marquis of Montrose. 
 
 Great Master of Love, The. A name given 
 by Petrarch to the troubadour Amaud Daniel. 
 
 Great Mother, The. In Greek mythology, 
 Demeter. 
 
 Greatorex (grat'o-reks), Mrs. (Eliza Pratt). 
 Born in Ireland, Dec. 25, 1820 : died Feb. 9, 1897. 
 An American artist. She came to New York in 1840, 
 and married Henry Wellington Greatorex in 1849. In 
 1868 she was elected associate of the National Academy. 
 
 Greatorex, Henry Wellington. Born at Bur- 
 ton-on-Trent, England, in 1816 : died at Charles- 
 ton, S. C., 1858. A musician, the son of Thomas 
 Greatorex. He came to the United States in 1839, and 
 did much for the advancement of the standard of church 
 music. 
 
 Greatorex, Thomas. Born at North Wingfield, 
 near Chesterfield, Derbyshire, Oct. 5, 1758 : died 
 at London, July 18, 1831. An English conduc- 
 tor, organist of Westminster Abbey 1819. 
 
 Great Pedee (pe-de'). The name given to the 
 Yadkin River after it enters South Carolina. It 
 flows into Winyah Bay, near Georgetown ; navi- 
 gable about 150 miles. 
 
 Great Russia. The main body of European 
 Russia. From its central part as a nucleus Russia has 
 developed. It comprises the governments of Archangel, 
 Olonetz, Vologda, Novgorod, Pskoff, Moscow, Tver, Kos- 
 troma, Vladimir, Yaroslaff, Riasan, Nijni-Novgorod, Tula, 
 Kaluga, Orel, Smolensk, Kursk, Voronezh, and Tambotf. 
 
 Great St. Bernard. See St. Bernard. 
 
 Great Salt Lake. A body of water in north- 
 ern Utah. It is noted for its saltness : 14.8 per cent, is 
 mineral matter. It receives the Bear, Jordan, and Weber 
 rivers. The surface is about 4,200 feet above sea-level, 
 and the lake has no outlet. Length, about 75 miles. Great- 
 est width, about 50 miles. Area, about 1,750 square miles. 
 
 Great Slave Lake. A lake in British North 
 America, about lat. 60° 40'-62° 45' N., long. 
 109°-117° W. Length, about 300 miles. Its 
 outlet is the Mackenzie River. 
 
 Great Slave River. A river in British North 
 America, connecting Lake Athabasca with 
 Great Slave Lake. Length, about 250 miles. 
 
 Great Smoky Mountains. See Smoky Moun- 
 tains. 
 
 Great Synagogue, The. See the extract. 
 
 Accordingly we find that a new form of the theory started 
 up in the sixteenth century, and gained almost undis- 
 puted currency in the Protestant churches. According to 
 this view, the Canon was completed by a body of men 
 known as the Great Synagogue. The Great Synagogue 
 plays a considerable part in Jewish tradition ; it is repre- 
 sented as a permanent council, under the presidency of 
 Ezra, wielding supreme authority over the Jewish nation ; 
 and a variety of functions are ascribed to it. But the 
 tradition never said that the Great Synagogue fixed the 
 Canon. That opinion, current as it once was, is a mere 
 conjecture of Elias Levita, a Jewish scholar contempo- 
 rary with Luther. Not only so, but we now know that^ 
 the whole idea that there ever was a body called the Great 
 Synagogue holding rule in the Jewish nation is pure fic- 
 tion. It has been proved in the clearest manner that the 
 origin of the legend of the Great Synagogue lies in the 
 account given in Neh. viii.-x. of the great convocation 
 which met at Jerusalem and subscribed the covenants to 
 observe the law. 
 
 B'. R. Smith, O. T. in the Jewish Ch., p. 156. 
 
 Great Tom. A hell, weighing about 17,000 
 pounds, in the tower of the Tom Gate of Christ 
 Church, Oxford. Every night at ten minutes 
 last nine (closing time) it is tolled, 
 reat Vehicle, The. [In Skt. Mahaydna.] The 
 name of the northern school of Buddhism. The 
 formation of such a school followed the conversion of Ka- 
 nishka, the Indo-Scythian king of Kashmir, who reigned in 
 the second Half of the 1st century. In his reign a fourth 
 council was held at Jalandhara in Kashmir. It consisted 
 of 500 monks, who composed three Sanskrit works of the 
 nature of commentaries on the three Pali Pitakas. (See 
 Tripitaka.) These were the earliest hooks of the northern 
 school, which formulated its doctrines on the Indus, while 
 the Pali Canon of the south represented the doctrine pro- 
 claimed on the Ganges. Nepal, Tibet, China, Manchuria, 
 Mongolia, and Japan follow the Great Vehicle; Ceylon, 
 Burma, and Siam, the Little Vehicle (Hinayana), or south- 
 ern schooL 
 
 Great Wall of China. See Wall of China. 
 
 Greaves (grevz), John. Born at Colemore, 
 Hampshire, 1602: died at London, Oct. 8, 1652. 
 An English antiquary, mathematician, and Ori- 
 entalist. He became fellow of Merton College, Oxford, 
 in 1624, and professor of geometry in Gresham College, Lon- 
 don, in 1630. He wrote “ Discourse on the Roman Foot and 
 Denarius ” (1647), “ Pyramidograpliia, or a Discourse of the 
 Pyramids in Egypt” (1646), etc. 
 
Greaves, Sir Launcelot 
 
 Greaves, Sir Launcelot, See Sir Launcelot 
 Greaves, The History of. 
 
 Grebo (gra/bo), or Gedebo (ge-da'bo). A tribe 
 of Liberia, West Africa, settled on both sides 
 of the Cavalla River. The English sometimes call 
 the Grebos Fish-Kru. They are closely allied to the Kru 
 tribe, from whom they are separated by the Grand Sess, Pik- 
 kaninny Sess, and Taro tribes. They migrated from the in- 
 terior to the coast at a comparatively recent period. France 
 claims jurisdiction over the Grebos east of the Cavalla 
 River.butthis claim is not acknowledged byLiberiafurther 
 west than the Pedro River. The Grebo language belongs 
 with Kru and Bassa to a cluster called Menaby Fr. Muller. 
 
 Grecian Coffee-house. A noted London coffee- 
 house in Devereux Court, on the left of Essex 
 street. The wits of the last century congre- 
 gated there. 
 
 Grecian Daughter, The. A tragedy by Arthur 
 Murphy, produced in 1772 : a story of filial piety, 
 the success of whichwas greatly due to Spranger 
 Barry and his wife. See Euphrasia and Barry, 
 Spranger. 
 
 Greece (gres). [ME. Grece, from OF. Grece, F. 
 Grece, Sp. Pg. It. Grecia, fromL. Grseeia (whence 
 LGr. Tpaucia), from Grsecus, Greek, from Gr. 
 Tpamd f, pi. Tpaisoi, orig. applied to the inhabi- 
 tants of Epirus, etc. The common Greek name 
 for the country was Hellas, 'EA/ldr; for the in- 
 habitants Hellenes, "E/./yvig. The AS. name was 
 Creca land, Greca land, Grecland, D. Griekcn- 
 land, G. Griechenland, land of the Greeks.] A 
 country in southeastern Europe — ( a ) Ancient 
 Greece: the country of the Hellenes. In the 
 widest sense the name includes the Greek colonies in Asia 
 Minor, Sicily, Africa, etc. ; in its restricted and more 
 usual meaning it is the peninsula south of the Cambunian 
 Mountains, with the neighboring islands. Peninsular 
 Greece comprised Thessaly, Epirus, Central Greece (in- 
 cluding Acarnania, AStolia, Doris, Western Locris, East- 
 ern Locris, Phocis, Bceotia, Attica, and Megaris), and Pelo- 
 ponnesus (including Corinthia, Sicyonia, Phliasia, Achaia, 
 Elis, Arcadia, Argolis, Laconia, and Messenia). The chief 
 islands were Crete, Rhodes, Cos, Samos, Chios, Lesbos, 
 l’enedos, Imbros, Samotlirace, Thasos, Lemnos, Scyros, Eu- 
 boea, Salamis, /Egina, the Cyclades, Thera, Cythera, and the 
 Ionian Islands (including Zacynthos, Cephallenia, Ithaca, 
 Leucas, Corcyra, etc.). Cyprus was sometimes included, 
 and in later times Macedonia and Thrace. The sur- 
 face is mostly mountainous. The following are some 
 of the more important facts and incidents of ancient 
 Greek history : Dorian invasion of the Peloponnesus about 
 1100 B. C. : commencement of the hegemony of Sparta 6th 
 century ; Persian wars 500 to about 449 ; hegemony trans- 
 ferred to Athens about 477 ; Peloponnesian war 431-104 ; 
 hegemony of Sparta 404-371 ; of Thebes 371-362 ; hegemony 
 of Macedon commenced 338 ; rise of Jitolian League and 
 renewal of Achsean League about 280 ; independence of 
 Greece proclaimed by Flamininus 196; final subjection 
 of Greece to Rome 146 ; Greece made (in great part) into 
 the Roman province of Achaia 27 B. c. Greece formed 
 part of the Eastern Empire. See further below, and un- 
 der the various cities; also Persian Wars and Peloponne- 
 sian War. (ft) Modern Greece: a kingdom, capital 
 Athens, lying between the Turkish empire on 
 the north, and the sea on the east, south, and 
 west, and including the Ionian Islands, Euboea, 
 the Cyclades, and some smaller islands, it in- 
 cludes the ancient Peloponnesus, Central Greece, south- 
 eastern Epirus, and nearly all Thessaly ; and contains 26 
 nomarchies: Attica, Boeotia, Euboea, Phthiotis, Phocis, 
 Acarnania and AJtolia, Achaia, Elis, Arcadia, Laconia, 
 Messenia, Argolis, Corinthia, Cyclades, Corfu, Cephalonia, 
 Art a, Trikala, Larissa, Eurytania, Magnesia, Karditsa, 
 Triphylia, Laced:emon, Leucas, and Zante. The govern- 
 ment is a hereditary constitutional monarchy, with a 
 chamber of deputies and a council of state. The prevail- 
 ing religion is that of the Greek Church. The inhabi- 
 tants are chietiy Greeks (with some Albanians and Wal- 
 lachians). In the later middle ages Greece was subject 
 to the Venetians and other foreign rulers; it was con- 
 quered by Venice 1685-87, and reconquered by the Turks 
 in 1715. More recent events are the revolution of 1821-29; 
 the establishment, of a kingdom in 1832 ; the revolution of 
 1843; the grant of a constitution in 1844 ; the revolution 
 and the deposition of Otto in 1862 ; the election of George 
 I. in 1863; the cession of Arta, Trikala, and Larissa by 
 Turkey in 1881 ; and the wars with Turkey in 1897 and 
 1912. Area, 25,014 square miles. Population, over 2 , 630 , 000 . 
 
 Greek Empire. See Eastern Empire. 
 
 Greek Independence, War of. The Greek re- 
 volts against the Turks, which broke out in the 
 Morea, and in Wallachia and Moldavia, in 1821. 
 The war was noteworthy for the Greek exploits by sea, 
 the aid rendered by Lord Byron and other Philhellenists, 
 the Turkish atrocities in Chios, and the interference of the 
 powers and their victory over the Turkish fleet at Nava- 
 rino in 1827, .and the final Russo-Turkish war of 1828-29, 
 which secured the independence of Greece. 
 
 Greeley (gre'li). The capital of Weld County, 
 northern Colorado, on a tributary of the South 
 Platte. Population, 8,179, (1910). 
 
 Greeley, Horace. Born at Amherst, N. H., 
 Feb. 3, 1811: died at Pleasantville, Westches- 
 ter County, N. Y., Nov. 29, 1872. A celebrated 
 American journalist, author, and politician. lie 
 founded the New York “ Tribune ” in 1841 ; was a member 
 of Congress from New York 1848-49; was a noted anti- 
 slavery leader ; and was the unsuccessful candidate of the 
 Liberal-Republican and Democratic parties for the presi- 
 dency in 1872. Eis chief work is “ The American Con- 
 flict" (1864-66). 
 
 VI. 16 
 
 457 
 
 ★ 
 
 Greely (gre'li), Adolphus Washington. Born 
 at Newburyport, Mass., March 27, 1844. An 
 American Arctic explorer. He served as a volun- 
 teer in the Union Army during the Civil War, at the close 
 of which he was appointed a lieutenant in the regular 
 army and attached to the signal service. In 1881 he was 
 appointed to the command of the expedition sent out by 
 the government to establish an Arctic observing station, 
 in accordance with the plan of the Hamburg International 
 Geographical Congress of 1879, providing for the erection 
 of a chain of 13 stations about the north pole by interna- 
 tional concert. He sailed from St. John's, Newfoundland, 
 with 24 men, in the Proteus July 7, 1881, and Aug. 12, 
 1881. reached Discovery Harbor, lat. 81° 44' N., long. 64° 
 45' W., where he established his station. A detachment 
 of his expedition under Lockwood and Brainard went 
 to lat. 83° 24 y N., long. 40° 46£' W., May 15, 1882, a higher 
 latitude than any before attained. Compelled by the fail- 
 ure of relief expeditions to reach him, he began to retreat 
 southward Aug. 9, 1883, and was rescued at Cape Sabine 
 by a relief expedition under Captain Winfield Schley, 
 June 22, 1884, after having lost 18 of his men. He was ap- 
 pointed chief of the signal-service corps with the rank 
 of brigadier-general in 1887, and was head of the Weather 
 Bureau from that time until it passed under the control of 
 the agricultural department. He was promoted major- 
 general Feb. 10, 1906, and was appointed commander of the 
 Pacific division of the United States Army in March, 1906. 
 He has published “ Three Years of Arctic Service ” (1886). 
 
 Green (gren), Anna Katharine. The maiden 
 name and pseudonym of Mrs. Rohlfs. 
 
 Green, Ashbel. Born at Hanover, N. J., July 
 
 6, 1762: died at Philadelphia, May 19, 1848. An 
 American Presbyterian clergyman, president 
 of Princeton College 1812-22. 
 
 Green, Sir Henry. In Shakspere’s “King 
 Richard II.,” a creature of the king. 
 
 Green, Horace. Born at Chittenden, Vt., Dec. 
 24, 1802: died at Sing Sing, N. Y., Nov. 29, 1866. 
 An American physician, author of works on dis- 
 eases of the throat and air-passages. 
 
 Green, Jacob. Born at Philadelphia, July 26, 
 1790; died at Philadelphia, Feb. 1, 1841. An 
 American man of science, son of Asbbel Green. 
 He published “Chemical Philosophy” (1829), etc. 
 
 Green, John Richard. Bom at Oxford, Eng- 
 land, Dec. 12 (?), 1837 : died at Mentone, March 
 
 7, 1883. A noted English historian. He was 
 graduated from Oxford in 1869 ; became a curate in London 
 in 1860 ; and in 1866 was appointed incumbent of St. Phil- 
 ip's, Stepney. He became librarian at Lambeth in 1869. 
 He published a “ Short History of the English People ’’ 
 (1874), “A History of the English People ” (1877-80), “ The 
 Making of England ” (1882), and “The Conquest of Eng- 
 land ’’ (1883). 
 
 Green, Norvin. Born at New Albany, Ind., 
 April 17, 1818 : died at Louisville, Ky., Feb. 12, 
 1893. An American financier. He graduated at the 
 medical school in the University of Louisville 1840, and 
 subsequently served three terms in the Kentucky legisla- 
 ture. He became president of the Southwestern Telegraph 
 Company about 1854, and was afterward vice-president of 
 the American Telegraph Company and of the Western 
 Union Telegraph Company (1878). He was president of the 
 Louisville, Cincinnati, and Lexington Railroad 1869-73. 
 Green, Seth. Born at Irondequoit, N.Y., March 
 19, 1817 : died at Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 20, 1888. 
 An American pisciculturist. He devised improved 
 methods of breeding fish, and in 1867-68 stocked the Con- 
 necticut and other rivers with shad and other species, 
 and in 1871 introduced shad in the rivers of California. 
 He became a member of the New York Fish Commission 
 in 1868, and in 1870 superintendent, a position which he 
 retained until his death. He wrote “Trout Culture" 
 (1870), and “ Fish-Hatching and Fish-Catching ” (1879). 
 Green, Verdant. See Verdant Green. 
 
 Green, Widow. In Sheridan Knowles’s “ Love 
 Chase,” “the pleasant widow whose fortieth 
 year, instead of autumn, brings a second sum- 
 mer in.” 
 
 Green, William Henry. Born at Groveville, 
 near Trenton, N. J., Jan. 27, 1825: died at 
 Princeton, N. J., Feb. 10, 1900. An American 
 Presbyterian clergyman and theologian. He grad- 
 uated at Lafayette College in 1840, and at Princeton Theo- 
 logical Seminary in 1846 ; became professor of biblical and 
 Oriental literature at Princeton in 1851 ; and was chairman 
 of the American Old Testament Revision Company of the 
 English and American Bible Revision Committees. His 
 works include “A Grammar of the Hebrew Language” 
 (1861), “An Elementary Hebrew Grammar” (1866), “Moses 
 and the Prophets” (1883), “The Jewish Feasts,” etc. 
 Greenbackers (gren'bak-erz). The Greenback 
 party (which see), or those who adopt its prin- 
 ciples. 
 
 Greenback Party. In American politics, a po- 
 litical party, formed in 1874, which urged the 
 suppression of banks of issue, and the payment, 
 in whole or in part, of t he United States debt in 
 greenbacks. It nominated as candidates for the presi- 
 dency Peter Cooper in 1876, General James B. Weaver in 
 1880, and General Benjamin F. Butler in 1884. Since that 
 time it has disappeared as a distinctive party, though the 
 Populist Party may he called in some sense its successor. 
 
 Green Bay. An arm of Lake Michigan, on its 
 western side. Length, about 120 miles. Great- 
 est width, about 30 miles. 
 
 Green Bay. A city, lake port, and the capital 
 of Brown County, Wisconsin, situated on Fox 
 River, near its mouth, in lat. 44° 32' N., long. 
 
 Greenland 
 
 88° 9' W. It is noted for its lumber trade. 
 Population, 25,236, (1910). 
 
 Greenbush (gren'bush). A former town in 
 Rensselaer County, New York, situated on the 
 Hudson opposite Albany. . 
 
 Greencastle (gren'kas-1). The capital of Put- 
 nam County, Indiana, 40 miles west by south 
 of Indianapolis. It is the seat of De Pauw 
 University (Methodist). Population, 3,790, 
 (1910). 
 
 Greene (gren), Charles Gordon. Born at Bos- 
 cawen, N.H., Julyl, 1804: died at Boston, Sept. 
 27, 1886. An American journalist. He founded, 
 in 1831, the Boston “Morning Post,” which became a prom- 
 inent organ of the Democratic party, and the management 
 of which he retained until 1875. 
 
 Greene, George-a-. See George-a-Greene. 
 Greene, George Washington. Born at East 
 Greenwich, R. I., April 8, 1811 : died there, Feb. 
 2, 1883. An American historical and biographi- 
 cal writer, grandson of Nathanael Greene. Among 
 his works are " Historical View of the American Revolu- 
 tion” (1865), “Life of Nathanael Greene” (1867-71), etc. 
 
 Greene, Maurice. Born at London about 1696 : 
 (lied at London, Dec. 1, 1755. An English organ- 
 ist and composer, principally of church music. 
 His chief wnrk is ‘ ‘Forty Select Anthems ”(1743). 
 Greene, Nathanael. Born in Warwick, R. I., 
 May 27, 1742 : died near Savannah, Ga., June 19, 
 1786. An American general. He distinguished him- 
 self at Trenton, Princeton, Brandy wine, Gerniatitown, Mon- 
 mouth, and elsewhere ; succeeded Gates in command of 
 the southern army in 1780 ; conducted the retreat from the 
 Catawba to the Dan in 1781 ; and commanded at Guilford 
 Court House, Hobkirk's Hill, and Eutaw Springs in 1781. 
 
 Greene, Nathaniel. Born at Boseawen, N. H., 
 May 20, 1797 : died at Boston, Nov. 29, 1877. An 
 American journalist, brother of Charles Gordon 
 Greene. He founded, in 1821, the Boston “ Statesman," 
 which became a prominent organ of the Democratic parly 
 in Massachusetts, and was postmaster of Boston 1829-40 
 and 1845—19. He translated a number of French, German, 
 and Italian works. 
 
 Greene, Robert. Born at Norwich, England, 
 1560 : died at London, Sept. 3, 1592. An Eng- 
 lish dramatist, novelist, and poet. He was edu- 
 cated at Clare Hall, Cambridge, where he took his master s 
 degree in 1583. He was subsequently incorporated at Ox- 
 ford. After leaving the university he seems to have led a 
 dissolute life abroad for some time. In 1592, after 10 years 
 of reckless living and hasty literary' production, lie died 
 after “a debauch of pickled herrings and Rhenish,” de- 
 serted by all his friends. Gabriel Harvey attacked him 
 shortly after his death in “ Four Letters and Certain Son- 
 nets, etc." Meres, Chettle, Nashe, and others defended him, 
 and Nashe, who had also been attacked, published his 
 “Strange News,” directed more against Harvey than in 
 defense of Greene. The quarrel was prolonged. Greene’s 
 fame rests mostly on the songs and eclogues which are in- 
 terspersed through his prose works. His principal works 
 are tracts and pamphlets, “Mamillia, etc.” (entered on 
 “Stationers’ Register" 1580), “Gwydonius, the Carde of 
 Fancie "(1584),“Arbasto, the Anatomie of Fortune ”(1684), 
 “ Planetomachia ” (1585), “Euphues, his Censure to Pin - 
 lautus, etc.” (1587), “Perimedes the Blacke-Smith" (1588), 
 “Pandosto : the Triumph of Time, the hystorie of Doras 
 tus and Fawnia’’(1588), “ Alcida ” (licensed 1588), “Mena- 
 phon, etc.” (1589 : this appeared as “ Greene’s Arcadia ” in 
 1599), “Greene's Mourning Garment, etc. ”(1590), “Greene's 
 Never too Late " (1590), “ Greene’s Farewell to Folly ”(1591), 
 “ A Notable Discowery of Coosnage ” (in 3 parts : 2 in 1591 , 
 the third in 1692), “Greene’s Groatsworth of Wit, etc. ’’(pub- 
 lished at his dying request: licensed 1592). His plays are 
 “ Orlando Furioso,” “A Looking Glass for London and Eng- 
 land ’’(with Lodge), “The Honourable History of Friar Ba- 
 con and Friar Bungay,” “James the Fourth,” “Alphonsus, 
 King of Aragon,” and “George-a-Greene, the Pinner of 
 Wakefield.” Dyce collected and edited his works 1831-58. 
 Greenfield (gren'feld). The capital of Frank- 
 lin County, Massachusetts, situated on the Con- 
 necticut River 34 miles north of Springfield. 
 Population, 10,427, (1910). 
 
 Greenhat (gren'hat), Sir Humphrey. The 
 pseudonym of Sir Ambrose Crowley in “The 
 Tatler,” No. 73. 
 
 Green Isle, The, or The Emerald Isle. Ire- 
 land: so named from its verdure. 
 
 Greenland (gren'land), Dan. Gronland. Dis- 
 covered by Norsemen before 900. So named, 
 it is said, in 982 by Eric the Red with the 
 intent of attracting immigrants from Iceland 
 by this alluring name.] An island in the nori h 
 polar regions, belonging in part to Denmark, 
 northeast of North America, it extends from Cape 
 Farewell, in about lat. 60° N., northerly to beyond 82” 
 N. In the interior is a plateau covered with an ice-cap, 
 with the highest point about 12,000 feet. The coast is in- 
 dented with fiords. There are some settlements in Danish 
 East Greenland and Danish West Greenland. Trade is a 
 Danish monopoly. Recent explorers have been Kane, Hall, 
 Nares, and Greely(in the extreme north) Nansen (who trav- 
 ersed Greenland in 1888), Peary ( who explored the northern 
 ice-cap in 1891-92. and visited the same region in 1893-9 ' 
 and 1900), and Myiius Erichsen. It was visited by Eric the 
 Red in 982 and colonized by him in 985. It was rediscov- 
 ered by Davis in 1585, and recolonized by the Danes in 1721. 
 Estimated area, 512,000 square miles; of Danish colony, 
 46,740. Population (mostly Eskimos), 11,893 in the Danish 
 territory, with probably a few hundreds more elsewhere. 
 
Greenleaf 
 
 Greenleaf (gren'lef), Benjamin. Born at Hav- 
 erhill, Mass., Sept. 25, 1786 : died at Bradford, 
 Mass., Oct. 29, 1864. An American mathemati- 
 cian, author of a series of mathematical text- 
 books. 
 
 Greenleaf, Simon. Born at Newburyport,Mass., 
 Dec. 5, 1783: died at Cambridge, Mass., Oct. 6, 
 1853. An American jurist, reporter of the Maine 
 Supreme Court 1820-32, and professor of law at 
 Harvard 1833-48 (when he became professor 
 emeritus), succeeding Story in the Dane pro- 
 fessorship in 1846. His chief work is a “ Trea- 
 tise on the Law of Evidence” (1842-53). 
 
 Green Mantle. See Redgauntiet. 
 
 Green Mountain. The culminating summit of 
 Mount Desert, Maine, in the eastern part of the 
 island. Height, 1,532 feet. 
 
 Green Mountain Boys. The soldiers from V er- 
 mont in the American Revolution, first organ- 
 ized under this name by Ethan Allen in 1775. 
 Green Mountains. That part of the Appala- 
 chian system situated in Vermont, continued 
 in Massachusetts by the Hoosac and Taconic 
 Mountains. The highest peak is Mount Mansfield (4,- 
 406 feet : U. S. C. and U. S. ). Killington Peak is 4,241 feet 
 (U. S. G. S.). 
 
 Green Mountain State. A popular name of 
 Vermont, which is traversed by the Green 
 Mountains. 
 
 Greenock (gren'ok). A seaport and parliamen- 
 tary borough in Renfrewshire, Scotland, sit- 
 uated on the Clyde 19 miles west-northwest of 
 Glasgow. It is noted for the building of iron ships and 
 for its foreign commerce, and manufactures sugar and 
 machinery. Population, 72,300. 
 
 Greenough (gren'o), George Bellas. Born 
 1778: died at Naples, April 2, 1855. An Eng- 
 lish geographer and geologist. He founded the 
 Geological Society of London, becoming its first president 
 in 1811, and retaining that office for 6 years (he was sub- 
 sequently twice reelected). He was also several times pres- 
 ident of the Royal Geographical Society. He constructed 
 various geological maps, the most extensive being one of 
 British India. 
 
 Greenough, Horatio. Born at Boston, Sept. 6, 
 1805: died at Somerville, near Boston, Dec. 18, 
 1852. An American sculptor. Among his works 
 are a statue of Washington (near the Capitol, Washington), 
 “The Rescue" (Capitol, Washington), “Venus Victrix" 
 (Boston Athenaeum), etc. 
 
 Greenough, Richard S. Born at Jamaica Plain, 
 Boston, April 27, 1819 : died April 24, 1904. An 
 American sculptor, brother of Horatio Green- 
 ough. 
 
 Green River. A river in Kentucky, joining 
 the Ohio 7 miles southeast of Evansville, Indi- 
 ana. Length, about 350 miles ; navigable about 
 150 miles. 
 
 Green River. A river in Wyoming, northwest- 
 ern Colorado, and Utah, uniting with the Grand 
 River to form the Colorado about lat. 38° 15' 
 N., long. 109° 54' W. Length, about 750 miles. 
 Greensleeves (gren'slevz). A ballad sung to a 
 tune of the same name. It has been a favorite since 
 the latter part of the 16th century. The tune is one to 
 which “ Christmas comes but once a year” and many other 
 songs of the same rhythm are sung, and is probably much 
 older than the ballad. The ballad has several names : “ A 
 New Courtly Sonet of the Lady Greensleeves to the new 
 tune of Greensleeves,” printed in 1584; “A New Northern 
 Dittye of the Lady Green Sleeves,” licensed in 1580. Child 
 reproduces the former in his “English and Scottish Bal- 
 lads" aa “Greensleeves.” 
 
 Green’s Tu Quoque, or The Citie Gallant. A 
 
 play by John Cooke, published in 1614. See 
 Bubble. 
 
 Green Vault, The. [G. Das griine Gewdlbe.~] A 
 series of 8 rooms in the royal palace at Dresden, 
 containing an unrivaled collection of precious 
 stones, works of art, etc. It is called the green 
 vault from the color of its original decorations. 
 Greenville (gren'vil). A city and the capital 
 of Greenville County, South Carolina, situated 
 on the Reedy River in lat. 34° 50' N., long. 82° 
 25' W. It is the seat of several Baptist educa- 
 tional institutions. Population, 15,741, (1910). 
 Greenwell (gren'wel), Dora. Born at Green- 
 well Ford, Durham, Dec. 6, 1821: died March 
 29, 1882. An English poet and prose-writer. Her 
 poetical works, which are chiefly of a religious character, 
 include volumes of poems (1848, 1850), “Carolina Crucis” 
 (1869), “ Songs of Salvation ” (1873), etc. Among her prose 
 works is “ The Patience of Hope ” (I860). 
 
 Greenwich (grin'ij). A metropolitan and par- 
 liamentary borough of London, situated on the 
 Thames 5 miles southeast of St. Paul's. Itisnoted 
 for the Royal Observatory (built in 1675) and for Greenwich 
 Hospital (which see). The observatory, situated in lat. 51° 
 28' 38" N., is the point of departure, through which the zero 
 meridian passes, from which longitudes are measured in 
 English-speaking countries. Pop.,metro. bor., 95, 977, (1911). 
 
 Greenwich. A town in Fairfield County, Con- 
 necticut, situated on Long Island Sound 30 
 
 458 
 
 miles northeast of New York. Population, 
 16,463, (1910). 
 
 Greenwich. A former village in the western part 
 of Manhattan Island, now a part of New York 
 city. 
 
 Greenwich (grin'ij) Hospital. A hospital 
 for seamen, situated at Greenwich, England. It 
 occupies the site of a royal palace which was removed 
 during the Commonwealth. It was rebuilt in the reigns 
 of Charles II. and William III., and in 1694 was converted 
 into a sailors’ hospital. From 1865 a considerable propor- 
 tion of the pensioners have been non-resident, and part of 
 the building has since 1873 been o< ;upied as a Royal Naval 
 College. 
 
 Greenwood (gren'wud), Grace. The pseudo- 
 nym of Mrs. Sara Jane (Clarke) Lippincott. 
 
 Greenwood Cemetery. A cemetery in southern 
 Brooklyn, overlooking Gowanus Bay in New 
 York harbor. It was opened for interments in 1840. It 
 is 400 acres in extent, and is well laid out and ornamented 
 with forest trees. 
 
 Greenwood Lake. A lake on the border of New 
 Jersey and New York. Length, 10 miles. 
 
 Greg (greg), William Rathbone. Born at Man- 
 chester, England, 1809: died at Wimbledon, 
 Nov. 15, 1881. An English essayist. His works 
 include “ Political Problems for our Age and Country ” 
 (1870), “Enigmas of Life" (1872), “Rocks Ahead, or the 
 Warnings of Cassandra ” (1874), “Mistaken Aims and At- 
 tainable Ideals of the Working Classes ” (1876), and various 
 collections of essays. 
 
 Gregg (greg), David McMurtrie. Born at 
 Huntingdon, Pa., April 10, 1833. An American 
 soldier. He was graduated at West Point in 1855; served 
 as colonel in the Federal army in the Peninsular campaign 
 in 1862 ; was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers in 
 the same year ; commanded a division of cavalry at the 
 battle of Gettysburg in 1863 ; was appointed to the com- 
 mand of the 2d cavalry division of the Army of the Potomac 
 in 1864; and resigned Feb. 3, 1865. He served with dis- 
 tinction in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, 
 Hawes's Shop, and Trevilian Station. 
 
 Gregg, John Irvin. Born July 19, 1826: 
 died Jan. 6, 1892. An American soldier. He 
 volunteered as a private in Dec., 1846, and after having 
 served throughout the war with Mexico was discharged 
 with the rank of captain Aug. 14, 1848. At the outbreak 
 of the Civil War he became a captain in the Federal army ; 
 was made colonel of the 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry Nov. 
 14, 1862 ; and commanded a cavalry brigade in the Army 
 of the Potomac from April, 1863, -April, 1865. He fought 
 with distinction at Kelly’s Ford, Sulphur Springs, Trevil- 
 ian Station, and Deep Bottom. He was mustered out of 
 the volunteer service Aug. 11, 1865 ; became colonel of the 
 8th United States Cavaliy July 28, 1866; and was retired 
 April 2, 1879. 
 
 Gregg, Maxcy. Born at Columbia, S. C., 1814: 
 killed at the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 
 1862. An American politician, and brigadier- 
 general in the Confederate service. 
 
 Gregoire (gra-gwar'), Henri. Born at Velio, 
 near Lun6ville, France, Dec. 4, 1750: died at 
 Paris, May 28, 1831. A noted French ecclesi- 
 astic (bishop of Blois) and revolutionist. He 
 became a member of the Constituent Assembly in 1789, of 
 the Convention in 1792, of the Council of Five Hundred in 
 1795, and of the Senate in 1801. He wrote “ Histoire des 
 sectes religieuses ” (1810), “ Essai historique sur les liber- 
 ty de l’6glise gallicane ” (1818), etc. 
 
 Gregoras (greg'6-ras), Nicephorus. Born at 
 Heraclea l ontica, Asia Minor, probably 1295 : 
 died about 1359. A Byzantine scholar. He was 
 
 the author of a Byzantine history covering the period 
 1204-1359, and of other extensive works on history, theol- 
 ogy, philosophy, astronomy, etc. 
 
 Gregorovius (greg-o-ro've-os), Ferdinand. 
 Born at Neidenburg, Prussia, Jan. 19, 1821: 
 died at Munich, May 1, 1891. A noted German 
 historian. His works include “Geschichte der Stadt 
 Rom im Mittelalter" (“ History of the City of Rome in the 
 Middle Ages,” 1859-72), “Wanderjahre in Italien” (1854- 
 1891), “Lucrezia Borgia" (1874), “Geschichte der Stadt 
 Atheu im Mittelalter” (2d ed. 1889), etc. 
 
 Gregory (greg'o-ri), Saint, surnamed “The Il- 
 luminator” (in'Armenia called Gregor Lusa- 
 savoritch). [ME. Gregorie , F. Gregoire, It. Sp. 
 Pg. Gregorio , G. Gregorius, Gregor, L. Grego- 
 rius, from Gr. Tprp/6ptog, lit. ‘watchful.’] Born 
 at Valarshabad, Armenia, about 257: died 332. 
 The founder and patron saint of the Armenian 
 Church. He was consecrated patriarch of Ar- 
 menia about 302. 
 
 Gregory I., Saint, surnamed “The Great.” Born 
 at Rome about 540 : died there, March 12, 604. 
 Pope 590-604. He was descended from an illustrious 
 Roman family, probably the Anicians; studied dialectics, 
 rhetoric, and law; entered the civil service; and about 
 674 was appointed pretor urbanus by the emperor Justin. 
 Retiring from this office in order to consecrate himself to 
 an ecclesiastical life, he employed the wealth left him at 
 his father’s death to establish six monasteries in Sicily and 
 one at Rome, and in the last-named foundation he him- 
 self became a monk. About 579 he was sent as papal apo- 
 crisiarius to Constantinople by Pelagius II. He returned 
 to Rome in 585, and in 690 was elected pope. He restored 
 the monastic discipline, enforced the rule of celibacy of 
 the clergy, arranged the Gregorian modes or chant, and 
 displayed great zeal in propagating Christianity. It is 
 
 Gregory XII. 
 
 said that when a monk he saw some heathen Anglo-Saxon 
 youths exposed for sale in the slave-market at Rome, and 
 that on ascertaining their nationality he exclaimed, “They 
 would be indeed not Angli, but angeli (angels), if they 
 were Christians ! ’’ He would have gone himseU as a mis- 
 sionary to Britain, but was restrained by the Pope. In 597 
 he sent Augustine, accompanied by 40 monks, to Ethel- 
 bert, king of Kent, who was baptized with 10,000 of his 
 subjects in the space of a year. His memory is stained 
 by an adulatory letter of congratulation to the usurper 
 and murderer Phocas on his accession to the imperial 
 throne, written with a view to gaining his support in a 
 dispute with the patriarch of Constantinople. He was the 
 author of numerous homilies on Ezekiel and the Gospels, 
 “Moralia,” “Regula (or Cura) Pastoralis,” “Dialogues," 
 “Letters," “Liber Sacramentorum," “Liber Antiphona- 
 rius,” etc. The best edition of his works is the “Bene- 
 dictine " (1705). 
 
 Next to Leo I. he [Gregory I.] was the greatest of the 
 ancient bishops of Rome, and he marks the transition of 
 the patriarchal system into the strict papacy of the middle 
 ages. Schaff, History of the Christian Church, III. 328. 
 
 Gregory II., Saint, Pope. Died Feb. 11, 731. 
 
 Pope 715-731. He sent Boniface as missionary to the 
 Germans 719, and opposed the iconoclasm of Leo the Isau- 
 rian. He is commemorated by the Roman Catholic Church 
 on Feb. 13. 
 
 Gregory III., Saint. Died Nov., 741. Pope 
 f 31—741. He convoked at Rome, in 732, a council which 
 denounced iconoclasm and confirmed the worship of im- 
 ages. He is commemorated on Nov. 28. 
 
 Gregory IV. Died Jan., 844. Pope 827-844. He 
 
 attempted to adjust the quarrel between the three rebel- 
 lious sons of Louis le Dlbonnaire and their father, with 
 the result that he offended both parties, and also the 
 French bishops. 
 
 Gregory V. (Bruno of Carinthia). Died Feb. 
 18, 999. Pope 996-999. He was elected through the 
 influence of his uncle, the emperor Otto III., and was the 
 first German pope. He was expelled in 997 by the Roman 
 senator Crescent ins, who procured the elevation of the 
 antipope John XVI. He was restored the next year on 
 the appearance of Otto in Italy with an army, and the 
 execution of Crescentius and John. 
 
 Gregory VI. (Johannes Gratianus). Died at 
 Cologne, May, 1047. Pope 1045-46. He had as 
 rival claimants to the papal dignity Benedict IX. and Syl- 
 vester III. All three were deposed in 1046 by the emperor 
 Henry III., who placed Clement II. in the apostolic chair. 
 
 Gregory VII., Saint (Hildebrand). Born at 
 Saona (or Soano), Tuscany, about 1020: died at 
 Salerno, Italy, May 25, 1085. Pope 1073-85. 
 He was of obscure origin, assumed the Benedictine habit 
 at Rome, and became chaplain of Gregory VI., whom he 
 accompanied in his exile. He entered the monastery of 
 Cluny in 1048, and in 1049 was invited to Rome by Pope 
 Leo IX. He was created cardinal archdeacon about 1050, 
 from which time he almost uninterruptedly conducted the 
 temporal policy of the curia until his own elevation. He 
 procured the election of Nicholas II. and of Alexander II., 
 whom he succeeded in 1073. The grand object of his pol- 
 icy was to establish the supremacy of the papacy within 
 the church, and of the church over the state. He issued a 
 decree against lay investitures (i. e., the investiture of the 
 clergy with the secular estates and rights of their spiritual 
 benefices by the temporal power) in 1075, and in 1076 cited 
 Henry IV. of Germany to Rome to answer to the charge of 
 simony, sacrilege, and oppression. Henry, enraged at this 
 assumption of authority, declared the deposition of Greg- 
 ory, who retorted by excommunicating Henry. Henry was 
 suspended from the royal office by the disaffected German 
 princes in alliance with the Pope at the Diet of Tribur in 
 Oct. , 1076, but did penance before the Pope at Canossa Jan. 
 25-27, 1077, and received a conditional absolution. The ex- 
 communication was, however, renewed in 1078, and war 
 ensued. Henry defeated (1080) Rudolf of Swabia, put for- 
 ward as king by the papal party in Germany, appointed 
 Clement III. antipope (1080), captured Rome (1084), and 
 besieged Gregory in the castle of St. Angelo. Gregory was 
 rescued by Robert Guiscard (1084), but died in exile. 
 
 Gregory VIII. (Maurice Bourdin). Died 1125. 
 
 Antipope. On the death of Paschal II. in 1118, the party 
 at Rome adverse to the emperor Henry V. elected Gela- 
 sius II., while the emperor elevated Gregory VIII. Gela- 
 sius died in 1119, and his party elected Calixtus II. The 
 emperor subsequently made his peace with Calixtus and 
 abandoned Gregory, who was imprisoned by Calixtus in 
 1121 and kept in confinement until his death. 
 
 Gregory VIII. Died Dec. 17, 1187. Pope Oct.- 
 Dec., 1187. 
 
 Gregory IX. (Ugolino, Count of Segni). Bom 
 about 1147 : died at Rome, Aug. 21, 1241. Pope 
 1 227-41 . His reign was occupied by t he struggle between 
 the Ohibellines and the emperor Frederick II. on the one 
 hand, and the Guelphs and the Pope on the other. 
 
 Gregory X. (Teobaldo di Visconti). Born at 
 
 Piacenza, Italy: died at Arezzo, Italy, Jan. 10, 
 1276. Pope 1271-76. 
 
 Gregory XI. (Pierre Roger de Beaufort). Born 
 in Limousin, France: died at Rome, March, 1378. 
 Pope 1370-78. He terminated the “ Babylonish 
 Captivity ” at Avignon by removing to Rome in 
 1376. 
 
 Gregory XII. (Angelo di Corraro or Cora- 
 
 rio). Born at Venice about 1325: died as car- 
 dinal bishop of Porto, Oct. 18, 1417. Pope 1406- 
 1415. He was elected by the Roman cardinals in 1406 in 
 opposition to Benedict XIII., who reigned at Avignon, and 
 together with whom he was deposed by the Council of Pisa 
 in 1409. He refused to yield until 1415, when he resigned 
 at the Council of Constance. 
 
Gregory XIII. 
 
 Gregory XIII. ( Ugo Buoncompagni ) . Born at 
 Bologna, Italy, Jan. 7, 1502: (lied April 10, 1585. 
 Pope 1572-85. He introduced the Gregorian 
 calendar in 1582. 
 
 Gregory XIV. (Nicolo Sfondrati). Pope 1590- 
 1591. 
 
 Gregory XV. (Alessandro Ludovisi). Born 
 at Bologna, Italy, 1554: died July, 1623. Pope 
 1621-23. He founded the Congregation of the 
 Propaganda in 1622. 
 
 Gregory XVI. (Bartolommeo Alberto Cap- 
 pellari). Born at Belluno, Italy, Sept. 18, 1765 : 
 died at Rome, June 1, 1846. Pope 1831^16. Pop- 
 ular insurrections took place in the Papal States at the be- 
 ginning of his reign, which were suppressed only by means 
 of Austrian intervention. 
 
 Gregory of Nazianzus, or Gregory Nazian- 
 zen, Saint, surnamed Tneologus (‘ the Theolo- 
 gian’)- Born at Nazianzus, Cappadocia, about 
 325 : died about 390. One of the fathers of the 
 Eastern Church. He was the leader of the orthodox 
 party at Constantinople in 379, and was made bishop of 
 Constantinople in 380. 
 
 Gregory of Nyssa, Saint. Born probably at 
 Ctesarea, Cappadocia, about 335 (331 ?): died 
 about 395 (400 ?). A father of the Eastern 
 Church. He was a younger brother of Basil the Great, 
 by whom he was made bishop of Nyssa, Cappadocia, in 
 372. He opposed Arianism, and was banished in 375 by 
 Valens, on whose death in 378 he was restored to his see. 
 His works have been edited by Migne and others. 
 
 Gregory of Tours, Saint (Georgius Floren- 
 tius). Born at Clermont, Auvergne, France, 
 about 540 : died at Tours, France, Nov. 17, 594. 
 A Frankish historian. He became bishop of Tours in 
 573. His chief work is a “Historia Francorum " in 10 
 books, the chief authority for the history of the Merovin- 
 gians to 591. 
 
 Gregory Thaumaturgus (tha-ma-ter'gus), 
 Saint (Theodoras). Born at Neocsesarea, Pon- 
 tus, about 210 : died about 270. One of the fathers 
 of the Eastern Church. He was for many years bishop 
 of his native city, and received the surname Thaumaturgus 
 (‘ wonder worker 0 on account of the numerous miracles 
 he was reputed to have performed. His extant works con- 
 sist of one epistle, a panegyrical oration on Origen, and a 
 paraphrase of the book of Ecclesiastes. 
 
 Gregory. 1. In Shakspere’s “Romeo and Ju- 
 liet,” a servant to Capulet. — 2. In Fielding’s 
 “Mock Doctor,” the name given to the charac- 
 ter called Sganarelle in Moliere’s “ Le medeein 
 malgre lui,” from which it is taken. He is a 
 fagot-maker who pretends to be a doctor. 
 Gregory, David. Born at Kinnairdie, Banff- 
 shire, Scotland, June 24, 1661 : died at Maiden- 
 head, Berkshire, England, Oct. 10, 1708. A Scot- 
 tish astronomer. He became professor of mathematics 
 at Edinburgh in 1683, and was “ the first professor who 
 publicly lectured on the Newtonian philosophy ” (Diet. 
 Nat. Biog.). In 1691 he was appointed Savilian professor 
 of astronomy at Oxford, and became a fellow of the Royal 
 Society in 1692. He wrote “Astronomi® physic* et geo- 
 metric® elementa’’(1702), edited the worksof Euclid (1703), 
 and left several treatises in manuscript. Various papers 
 by him were published in the ' ‘ Transactions ” of the Royal 
 Society. 
 
 Gregory, Duncan Farquharson. Born a t Edin- 
 burgh, Aprill3, 1813: diodthere,Feb. 23,1844. A 
 Scottish mathematician. He was graduated at Trin- 
 ity College, Cambridge, in 1838 ; became a fellow of Trinity 
 in 1840 and assistant tutor in 1842 ; and was the first editor 
 of the “Cambridge Mathematical Journal.” 
 
 Gregory, Janies. Born at Drumoak, near Aber- 
 deen, 1638: died at Edinburgh, Oct., 1675. A 
 Scottish mathematician, elected professor of 
 mathematics at Edinburgh in 1674. He wrote “Vera 
 circuli et hyperbol® quadrature” (1667), “ Exercitationes 
 geometric® ” (1668), etc. 
 
 Gregory, John. Born at Aberdeen, June 3, 
 1724: died at Edinburgh, Feb. 9, 1773. A Scot- 
 tish physician, grandson of James Gregory 
 (1638-75). He was elected professor of medi- 
 cine at Edinburgh in 1766. 
 
 Gregoir. Olinthus Gilbert. Born at Yaxley, 
 Huntingdonshire, Jan. 29, 1774: died at Wool- 
 wich, Feb. 2, 1841. An English mathematician, 
 best known from his experiments on the velocity 
 of sound. He was one of the projectors of Lon- 
 don University. 
 
 Gregory, William. Born at Edinburgh, Dec. 
 25, 1803 : died April 24, 1858. A Scottish chem- 
 ist, appointed professor of chemistry at Edin- 
 burgh in 1844. He edited and translated various Ger- 
 man works (Liebig, Reichenbacli), and wrote “Outlines of 
 Chemistry ” (1845), etc. 
 
 Gregory Gazette, Sir. See Gazette. 
 Greifenberg (gri'fen-berG). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Pomerania, Prussia, situated on the Rega 
 40 miles northeast of Stettin. Population, 
 commune, 7,207. 
 
 Greifenhagen (gri'fen-ha-gen). A town in the 
 province of Pomerania, Prussia, situated on the 
 Reglitz 13 miles south of Stettin. Population, 
 commune, 6,583. 
 
 459 
 
 Greiffenberg (grif'fen-berG). A small town in 
 the province of Silesia, Prussia, 34 miles west- 
 southwest of Liegnitz. 
 
 Greifswald (grifs'valt). A seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Pomerania, Prussia, situated on the 
 Ryck in lat. 54° 6' N., long. 13° 22' E. it has a 
 
 university, and contains several notable old buildings. 
 Population, commune, 23,767. 
 
 Greig (greg), Sir Samuel. Born at Inverkeith- 
 ing, Nov. 30, 1735: died on board his ship at 
 Sveaborg, Oct., 1788. A Scottish sailor, vice-ad- 
 miral in the Russian service. He served in the Brit- 
 ish navy until 1763 ; was appointed lieutenant in the Rus- 
 sian navy in 1764, and soon became captain ; commanded 
 a division of the fleet which defeated the Turks in the Bay 
 of Tchesme in July, 1770; was appointed rear-admiral, and 
 in 1773 vice-admiral ; and in 1788 commanded the Russian 
 fleet in the Gulf of Finland, fighting a drawn battle with 
 the Swedes off the island of Hogland on July 17. 
 
 Grein (grin), Michael. Born at Willingshau- 
 sen, near Ziegenhain, Prussia, Oct. 16, 1825 : 
 died at Hannover, Prussia, June 15, 1877. A 
 German philologist. He was employed as librarian 
 and archivist in Cassel and Marburg, and was professor 
 in the University of Marburg 1873-76. He edited “Bib- 
 liotliek der angelsachsischen Poesie,” a complete collec- 
 tion of extant Anglo-Saxon poetry with a valuable glossary 
 (1857-64), began “Bibliothek der angelsachsischen Prosa” 
 (1872), and published other works on Germanic and Anglo- 
 Saxon literature. 
 
 Greiz (grits). The capital of the principality 
 of Reuse (elder line), Germany, situated on the 
 White Elster 47 miles south of Leipsic. It has 
 manufactures of woolens, half-woolens, etc., and contains 
 the modern palace and an old castle. Population, com- 
 mune, 23,118. 
 
 Gremio (gre'mi-o). A rich but old suitor of 
 Bianca in Shakspere’s “Taming of the Shrew.” 
 Grenada (gren-a'da). An island in the West 
 Indies, belonging to the British empire, inter- 
 sected by lat. 12° 10' N., long. 61° 40' W. 
 Capi tal, St. George’s . It forms a portion of the Wind- 
 ward Islands colony, and is the residence of the governor. 
 It was colonized by the French in 1651 ; was taken by the 
 British in 1762; and was held by the French 1779-83. 
 Length, about 24 miles. Greatest width, 12 miles. Area, 
 133 square miles. Population, 72,988. 
 
 Grenadines (gren-a-denz'). A group of small 
 islands north of Grenada, forming part of the 
 Windward Islands, and divided, for administra- 
 tion purposes, between Grenada and St. Vin- 
 cent. The largest is Carriacou. 
 
 Grendel. A monster in Anglo-Saxon romance. 
 He haunts a marsh on the North Sea, and is 
 slain by Beowulf. 
 
 Grenelle (gre-nel'). A quarter of Paris, in the 
 southwestern part of the city. 
 
 Grenfell (gren'fel), George. Born Aug. 21, 
 1849: died July 1, 1906. An English Baptist 
 missionary and African explorer. He was among 
 the first white men on the Kongo River, and by his nu- 
 merous voyages on the mission steamer Peace has filled 
 many gaps in the chartography of the Kongo basin. In 
 1885 he explored the Lulongo, Ubangi, and Itimbiri rivers ; 
 in 1886 the lower Kuangu. In 1893 he settled, as commis- 
 sioner of the Kongo State, the boundary line between the 
 Kongo State and Angola, on the Kuangu River. 
 
 Grenfell, John Pascoe. Born at Battersea, 
 Sept. 20, 1800: died at Liverpool, March 20, 
 1869. An English naval officer in the sendee 
 of Brazil. He fought under Cochrane on the Chilean 
 and Peruvian coasts, 1819-23 ; followed him to Brazil in 
 the latter year ; and remained in the Brazilian service, at- 
 taining the rank of vice-admiral in 1852. During the war 
 with Argentina, 1851-52, he commanded the Brazilian 
 squadron, and forced the passage of the ParanA 
 Grenoble (gre-no'bl). [Orig. Ligurian Calaro, 
 later named Gratianopdlis, from the emperor 
 Gratian who rebuilt it.] The capital of the 
 department of Isere, situated on the Isere in 
 lat. 45° 12' N., long. 5° 43' E. It has a university, 
 a museum, and a library ; has important manufactures of 
 cement and kid gloves ; and is a strong fortress. It was 
 strengthened by the emperor Gratian ; suffered in the 
 Huguenot wars ; received Napoleon on his return from 
 Elba in 1815; and was the scene of a Bonapartist conspir- 
 acy in 1816. Population, commune, 70,942. 
 
 Grenville (gren'vil), Sir Bevil. Born atBrinn, 
 Cornwall, March 23, 1595 : killed at Lans- 
 down, near Bath, July 5, 1643. An English 
 Royalist soldier. He led the van at Bradock Down, 
 Jan. 19, 1643, where the Parliamentarians were defeated, 
 and fell in the attack on Sir William Waller’s forces at 
 Lansdown. 
 
 Grenville, George. Born Oct. 14, 1712 : died 
 at London, Nov. 13, 1770. An English states- 
 man. He entered Parliament in 1741 ; became a lord 
 of the admiralty in 1744 ; was a lord of the treasury June, 
 174 7, -Nov., 1755 ; was treasurer of the navy Nov., 1764-62 
 (with a seat in the cabinet in 1761); became secretary of 
 state for the northern department in May, 1762 ; and be- 
 came first lord of the admiralty in Oct. of that year. From 
 Oct., 1761, to Oct., 1762, he was leaderof the House of Com- 
 mons. He became premier in April, 1763, and retained 
 office until July, 1765. He prosecuted Wilkes, and opposed 
 the repeal of the Stamp Act. He obtained the nickname 
 of “ the Gentle Shepherd ” in an encounter with Pitt. “ He 
 interposed in defense of Dashwood’s proposition of an ad- 
 
 Gresley, William 
 
 ditional duty on cider, and reminded the house that the 
 profusion with which the late war had been carried on 
 necessitated the imposition of new taxes. He wished 
 gentlemen would show him where to lay them. [On his) re- 
 peating this question in his querulous, languid, fatiguing 
 tone, Pitt, who sat opposite to him, mimicking his accent 
 aloud, repeated these words of an old ditty, ‘ Gentle shep- 
 herd, tell me where 1’ and then, rising, abused Grenville 
 bitterly. ” Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Grenville, or Greynvile, Sir Richard. Born 
 about 1541 : died Sept., 1591. A British naval 
 hero. He was a cousin of Sir Walter Raleigh. In 1585 
 he commanded a fleet of 7 vessels which took part in the 
 colonization of Virginia. In 1591 he was vice-admiral in 
 the fleet of 16 ships under Lord Thomas Howard which 
 sailed to the Azores to intercept the Spanish treasure-ships. 
 While the English were at anchor off Flores, a Spanish fleet 
 of 53 sail appeared, and Howard put to sea to avoid it. 
 Grenville, however, refused to follow, and when, later, he 
 rashly attempted to pass through the Spanish fleet, was 
 becalmed and was attacked by about 15 of the largest ves- 
 sels. He maintained a hand-to-hand fight for 15 hours, 
 and only surrendered when all but 20 of his 150 men were 
 slain. He died a few days after the battle. 
 
 Grenville, Richard Plantagenet Temple Nu- 
 gent Brydges Chandos, second Duke of Buck- 
 ingham and Chandos. Born at London, Feb. 11, 
 1797 : died there, July 29, 1861. An English his- 
 torian. He was known as Earl Temple 1813-22, and as 
 Marquis of Chandos 1822-39, when he succeeded his father 
 as duke. He was member of Parliament for Buckingham- 
 shire 1818-39, and was lord privy seal 1841-42. He in- 
 troduced into the Reform Bill in 1832 the clause known 
 as the Chandos clause, which extended the franchise in 
 counties to £50. He wrote “Memoirs of the Court and 
 Cabinets of George III. ” (1853-55), “Memoirs of the Court 
 of England during the Regency ” (1856), “ Memoirs of the 
 Court of George IV.” (1859), “ Memoirs of the Courts and 
 Cabinets of William IV. and Victoria ” (1861), etc. 
 
 Grenville, Richard Temple (later Grenville- 
 Temple), Earl Temple. Born Sept. 26, 1711 : 
 died Sept. 12, 1779. An English politician, 
 brother-in-law Of Pitt. He was first lord of the ad- 
 miralty under the Duke of Devonshire 1756-57, and lord 
 privy seal under Pitt and Newcastle 1757-61. He was a 
 patron of Wilkes, and was thought by some to be the au- 
 thor of the “Letters" of Junius. 
 
 Grenville, Thomas. Born Dec. 31, 1755 : died 
 at London, Dec. 17, 1846. An English politician 
 (Whig) and diplomatist, best known as a book- 
 collector. He bequeathed over 20,000 volumes 
 to the British Museum. 
 
 Grenville, William Wyndham, Baron Gren- 
 ville. Born Oct. 25, 1759: died at Dropmore, 
 Bucks, England, Jan. 12, 1834. An English 
 statesman, son of George Grenville. He entered 
 Parliament in 1782 ; was appointed paymaster-general of the 
 army in 1783; waschosen speaker of theHouse of Commons 
 about 1789; w as created Baron Grenville in 1790; and was 
 secretary for foreign affairs in Pitt’s ministry 1791-1801. 
 In 1806 he combined with Fox to form the ministry of “ All 
 the Talents,” of which he was premier. The death of Fox 
 in the same year weakened the ministry, and Grenville 
 was compelled to resign in 1807. 
 
 Grenville Channel. A narrow channel between 
 the mainland of British Columbia and Pitt Isl- 
 and. Length, 50 miles. 
 
 Gresham (gresh'am), Sir Thomas. Died at Lon- 
 don, Nov. 21, 1579. An English financier. He was 
 employed to negotiate loans for the government both at 
 home and abroad, and was knighted by Queen Elizabeth 
 in 1559. He founded the Royal Exchange in 1665, and in 
 1575 made provision in his will for the founding of Gresham 
 College, which was opened in 1596. He observed and com- 
 mented on the tendency of the inferior of two forms of cur- 
 rency in circulation to circulate more freely than the su- 
 perior, which has been named from him Gresham’s Law. 
 
 Gresham, Walter Quinton. Born at Lanes- 
 ville, Ind., March 17, 1832 : died at Washington, 
 D. C., May 28, 1895. An American politician, 
 jurist, and general. He was admitted to the bar in 
 1854, and joined the Union army at the beginning of the 
 Civil War, serving as a division commander in Blair’s corps 
 before Atlanta, and being brevetted major-general of vol- 
 unteers March 13, 1865. He was United States judge for 
 the district of Indiana 1869-82; was postmaster-general 
 1883-84; was secretary of the treasury in 1884; and be- 
 came secretary of state in Cleveland’s cabinet in 1893. 
 
 Gresham College. An educational foundation 
 in London, endowed by the will of Sir Thomas 
 Gresham. Lectures were commenced in 1597 ; the build- 
 ing was transferred to the government in 1768. The pres- 
 ent building, near the Guildhall, was erected in 1843. 
 
 Gresley ( gra-la'), Henri Franqois Xavier. Born 
 at Vassy, Haute-Marne, France, Feb. 9, 1819: 
 died at Paris, May 2, 1890. A French general. 
 
 He served as brigadier-general and chief of the general 
 staff of the 1st army corps in the Franco-Prussian war ; 
 was chief of the general staff in the ministry of war in 1874- 
 1877 ; became general of division in 1875; was minister of 
 war in 1879; was elected senator for life in 1879; and was 
 commander of the 6th army corps 1880-83. 
 
 Gresley (gres'li), William. Born at Kenil- 
 worth, Warwickshire, March 16, 1801: died at 
 Boyne Hill, near Maidenhead, Berkshire, Nov. 
 19,1876. An English clergyman and writer. In 
 1857 he became perpetual curate of All Saints, Boyne Hill. 
 He published a number of tales and many religious works. 
 Among the latter are “Ordinance of Confession” (1851), 
 “Sophron and Neologos,” etc. ( 1861 ),“ Priests and Philoso- 
 phers ” (1873), “Thoughts on Religion and Philosophy* 
 (1875). His tales, mostly written in conjunction with Ed. 
 
Gresley, William 
 
 460 
 
 ward Churton, were illustrative of social and religious life. 
 “Bernard Leslie," etc., written by Gresley alone in 1842, 
 was intended to show the influence of the Oxford move- 
 ment. 
 
 Gresset (gre-sa')jJean Baptiste Louis de. Born 
 at Amiens, Aug. 29, 1709 : died there, June 16, 
 1777. A French poet, for a time, in his youth, 
 a member of the Jesuit order. His best-known poem 
 is “Vert- Vert.” Among his other works are “La Char- 
 treuse," “Edouard HI.,” “ Epitre a ma soeur sur ma con- 
 valescence," and the comedy “Le mediant ” (1747). His 
 complete works were edited by Renouard 1811. 
 
 Greswell (gres'wel), Edward. Born at Denton, 
 near Manchester, Aug. 3, 1797 : died at Ox- 
 ford, June 29, 1869. An English chronologist. 
 He was a fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and'vice- 
 president of the college 1840-69. He published “ Fasti 
 temporis catholici, etc." (Part 1, 1852), “ General Tables of 
 the Fasti catholici, or Fasti temporis perpetui, from E. c. 
 4004 to A. D. 2000 " (1852), “ Origines calendarias hellenicte ” 
 (1854), etc. 
 
 Greta Hall (gre'ta hal). The residenco of 
 Southey. It is in the vale of Keswick, Cum- 
 berland. 
 
 Gretchen (grech'en; G. pron. grat'chen). [G., 
 a dim. of Margaret .] The principal female char- 
 acter of Goethe’s “ Faust.” She is a simple girl of 
 the lower ranks of life, charming in her innocence and 
 confiding love for Faust. 
 
 He has never created anything sublimerthan this ideal 
 picture of innocence, simplicity, warmth and depth of af- 
 fection ; her maidenly reserve at the outset, the spirit of 
 noble purity which breathes around her, her little world 
 of domestic duties, the truly feminine instinct with which 
 she tends her little sister, the natural grace with which 
 she reveals her feelings, the naive love of ornament natu- 
 ral to the girl of the people ; then the first shadows which 
 fall on this transparent soul, the misgivings roused by 
 Faust's bold address, the presentiment of danger and in- 
 voluntary shudder at Mephisto’s presence, her pious anxi- 
 ety about the spiritual welfare of her lover, her devotion 
 and utter self-surrender to him, her inability to refuse him 
 anything, and then all the fell consequences of her weak- 
 ness, madness, prison, and death — a fearful transition this 
 from the idyllic to the tragical. 
 
 Scherer, History of German Literature, II. 327. 
 
 Grethel (greth'el; G. pron. gra'tel), Gammer. 
 The fictitious narrator of “Grimm’s Tales.” 
 
 of Queen Elizabeth ; and was an intimate friend and the 
 biographer of his kinsman Sir Philip Sidney. He became 
 secretary for Wales in 1583; treasurer “of the wars” iu 
 March, and of the navy Sept., 1598 ; chancellor of the ex- 
 chequer in 1614 ; and commissioner of the treasury in 1618. 
 He was stabbed, Sept, 1, by a servant, Ralph Haywood, one 
 of the witnesses to his will, to whom he failed to leave a 
 legacy. His epitaph, composed by himself, was : “ Fulke 
 Greville, servant to Queen Elizabeth, councillor to King 
 James, and friend to Sir Philip Sidney." His works were 
 reprinted by Grosart (1870). 
 
 Greville (gra-vel'), Henry. The pseudonym 
 of Alice Marie Celeste Durand. 
 
 Greville (grev'il), Robert, second Lord Brooke. 
 Born 1608 : died March 2, 1643. An English Par- 
 liamentary general in the civil war, only son of 
 Fulke Greville. He defeated the Earl of Northampton 
 at Kineton, near Banbury, Aug. 3, 1642 ; was appointed 
 in Jan., 1643, commander-in-chief of the counties of War- 
 wick, Stafford, Leicester, and Derby ; captured Stratford- 
 on-Avon in Feb. ; and was killed at Lichfield. He wrote 
 “The Nature of Truth, etc.” (1640), and other works. 
 
 Greville, Robert Kaye. Born at Bishop Auck- 
 land, Durham, Dec. 13, 1794: died near Edin- 
 burgh, June 4, 1866. A British botanist. He 
 published “ Scottish Cryptogamic Flora,” “Flora Edinen- 
 sis” (begun 1823), “leones fllicum ’’ (with Hooker : begun 
 1829), “Alga; Britannic® ” (1830), the botany of India and 
 of British North America in the “Edinburgh Cabinet Li- 
 brary,” etc. He was an opponent of slavery aud a supporter 
 of the cause of temperance. 
 
 Grevy (gra-ve'), Albert. Born at Mont-sous- 
 Vaudrey, department of Jura, Aug. 23, 1824 : 
 died there, July 11, 1899. A French statesman, 
 brother of Francois Paul Jules Grevy. He was 
 elected to the National Assembly iu 1871, 'and to the 
 Chamber of Deputies in 1876. He was civil and military 
 governor of Algeria (1879-81). 
 
 Grevy, Francois Paul Jules. Born at Mont- 
 sous-Vaudrey, Jura, France, Aug. 15, 1807 : died 
 at Mont-sous-Vaudrey, Sept. 9, 1891. A French 
 statesman. He was a deputy to the Constituent Assem- 
 bly 1848-49, to the Legislative Assembly 1849-51, and to the 
 Corps Ldgislatif 186S-70 ; and was president of the National 
 Assembly 1871-73, and of the Chamber of Deputies 1876 
 and 1877-79. He succeeded Mac-JIahon as president of the 
 French republic in 1879; was reelected in Dec., 1885 ; and 
 was compelled to resign in 1887, owing to the traffic which 
 his son-in-law Wilson carried on in offices and decorations. 
 
 Gretna Green (gret'na gren). A farmsteading 
 near the village of Springfield, Dumfriesshire, 
 Scotland, 9 miles northwest of Carlisle. The 
 name was afterward applied to the village, which became 
 notorious for the celebration of irregular marriages con- 
 tracted by runaway parties from England. These mar- 
 riages were rendered invalid (unless one of the parties has 
 resided for some weeks in Scotland) by an act passed in 
 1856. 
 
 Gretry (gra-tre'), Andre Ernest Modeste. 
 
 Born at Liflge, Belgium, Feb. 8, 1741: died at 
 Montmorency, near Paris, Sept. 24, 1813. A 
 French composer. His works include the operas “Le 
 Huron ” (1768), “Lucile” (1769), “Le tableau parlant ’’ 
 (1769) “ Zemire et Azor ” (1771), “ L’Amant jaloux " (1778), 
 “ L’Epreuve villageoise,” “ Richard C’oeur de Lion ” (1784), 
 “ Guillaume Tell ” (1791), “ Lisbeth ” (1797), etc. He also 
 wrote several books, “Mdmoires ou essais sur la musique " 
 (1789), “ De la v6rit6, etc. ” (1803), etc. 
 
 Greuze (grez), Jean Baptiste. Born at Tour- 
 nus, France, Aug. 21, 1725 : died at Paris, March 
 21, 1805. A genre and portrait painter, pupil at 
 Lyons of Grondon, and in Paris (1755) of the 
 Academy. In 1755 he went to Italy with the Abbd Gou- 
 jenot. In 1767 he retired to Anjou, whence he returned 
 to exhibit pictures in his studio. He amassed a large for- 
 tune, which was lost in the Revolution. Neglected by the 
 public, which admired only the new school of David, he 
 passed his last years in misery and neglect. 
 
 Gr6ve (grav), Place de la. The place of exe- 
 cution of ancient Paris. Until the creation of the 
 Place du Carrousel, it was the largest open square in the 
 city ; was also used as a market ; and was the point most 
 Intimately associated with the business of the city. For 
 this reason it was chosen for the location of the Hotel de 
 Ville, which now stands there. The space in front of it, for- 
 merly the P]acedelaGrfeve,is now called Place del’Hdtelde 
 Ville. Besides being the place for the execution of crimi- 
 nals. innocent victims have been shot here in nearly every 
 revolution that has occurred in Paris. Its name (‘the 
 strand ’) was given it on account of its position on the bank 
 of the Seine. The Quai de la Grfeve was one of the three 
 earliest ports, as they were called, of Paris: it doubtless 
 dates from Roman times. 
 
 Greville (grev'il). A conceited and obstinate 
 lover of Miss Harriet Byron in Richardson’s 
 “ Sir Charles Grandison.” 
 
 Greville, Charles Cavendish Fulke. Born 
 April 2, 1794: died at London, Jan. 18, 1865. An 
 English diarist, great-great-grandson of the 
 fifth Lord Brooke, and, on bis mother’s side, 
 grandson of the third Duke of Portland. He was 
 secretary of Jamaica and clerk of the privy council. For 
 40 years he recorded in his diary his impressions and in- 
 timate knowledge of contemporary English politics and 
 politicians. These “ Memoirs ” were published after his 
 death by Henry Reeve : first series, 1817-37 (3 vols. 1875), 
 second and third series, 1837-60 (3 vols. 1885, 2 vols. 1887). 
 
 Greville, Fulke, first Lord Brooke. Born at 
 Beauchamp Court, Warwickshire, 1554: died 
 Sept. 30, 1628. An English poet and statesman. 
 He studied at Jesus College, Cambridge; became a favorite 
 
 Grew (gro), Nehemiah. Born 1641 : died March 
 25, 1712. An English botanist, noted for his 
 studies in vegetable anatomy and physiology. 
 He graduated at Cambridge (Pembroke Hall) in 1661, and 
 took the degree of doctor of medicine at Leyden in 1671. 
 In 1677 he became secretary of the Royal Society, and ed- 
 ited the “Philosophical Transactions ” (Jan., 1678, -Feb., 
 1679). His “ Anatomy of Plants ” appeared in 1682. 
 
 Grey (gra), Charles, first Earl Grey. Born at 
 Howick, 1729; died there, Nov. 14, 1807. AnEng- 
 lish general. He became colonel and king’s aide-de- 
 camp in 1772; joined Howe in America in 1776(with the rank 
 of major-general) ; defeated Anthony Wayne near Paoli, 
 Sept, 20,1777 ; commanded a brigade at Germantown Oct. 
 4, 1777; captured New Bedford and Martha's Vineyard in 
 1778 ; returned to England in 1782 ; and was appointed 
 commander-in-chief in America — an appointment which 
 the close of the war rendered inoperative. In 1793 he was 
 appointed with Jervis (later Earl St. Vincent) commander 
 of an expedition to the French West Indies. They re- 
 duced Mart inique in March, and St. Lucia and Guadeloupe 
 in April, 1794. 
 
 Grey, Charles, second Earl Grey, and Viscount 
 Howick. Born at Fallodon, near Alnwick, 
 Northumberland, March 13, 1764: died July 17, 
 1845. An English Whig statesman. He became 
 first lord of the admiralty under Grenville in 1806, foreign 
 secretary on the death of Fox, and was dismissed from 
 office in March, 1807. He remained out of office for many 
 years. In Nov., 1830, he undertook the formation of a 
 ministry, which, after an appeal to the country (1831) and 
 a temporary resignation ot office (May 9-18, 1832), passed 
 the Reform Bill of 1832 (June, 1832). In Aug., 1853, he 
 carried a bill abolishing slavery throughout the British 
 empire, and in 1834 passed the Poor Law Amendment 
 Act. He resigned in July, 1834. 
 
 Grey, Elliot. The principal character in Les- 
 ter Wallack’s play “ Rosedale,” created by him. 
 
 Grey, Sir George.” Born 1799 : died Sept. 9, 1882. 
 An English statesman, grandson of Charles, first 
 Earl Grey. He was under-secretary for the colonies 
 1834-39, judge-advocate-general 1839-41, home secretary 
 under Lord John Russell 1846-52, colonial secretary 1854- 
 1855, and home secretary under Palmerston and Russell 
 1855-68 and 1862-66. 
 
 Grey, Sir George Edward. Born at Lisburn, 
 Ireland, April 14, 1812 : died Sept. 19, 1898. A 
 British colonial governor and author. Hewas gov- 
 ernor of South Australia 1841-46, of New Zealand 1846-54, 
 of Cape Colony 1851-61, and of New Zealand 1861-67. He 
 published “Polynesian Mythology” (1855), etc. 
 
 Grey, Henry, Duke of Suffolk and third Marquis 
 of Dorset. Executed 1554. An English noble- 
 man, father of Lady Jane Grey by his second (?) 
 wife, who was tlie elder daughter of Charles 
 Brandon, duke of Suffolk, and Mary Tudor, 
 younger sister of Henry VIII. See Grey, Lady 
 Jane. 
 
 Grey, Lady Jane. Born at Broadgate, Leices- 
 tershire, England, about 1537: beheaded at Lon- 
 don, Feb. 12, 1554. The daughter of Henry 
 
 Gridley, Richard 
 
 Grey (marquis of Dorset and duke of Suffolk) 
 and great-granddaughter of Henry VII. of Eng- 
 land. She was the pupil of Bishop Aylmer and of Roger 
 Ascham. At the age of 15 she was able to write in Greek, 
 Latin, Italian, French, and German, and was studying 
 Hebrew She was married to Lord Guildford Dudley in 
 May, 1553, as a part of the plot for changing the succession 
 of the crown from the Tudors to the Dudleys after the 
 death of Edward VI. ; was proclaimed queen in July, 1553 ; 
 was arrested in Nov., and afterward condemned for trea- 
 son ; and was executed with her husband, Feb. 12, 1554. 
 She has been made the subjectof tragedies by Rowe (1715), 
 Laplace (1745), Madame de Stael (1800), Brifaut (1812)! 
 Soumet (1844), etc. 
 
 Grey, Richard. Born at Newcastle, England, 
 1694: died at Hinton, Northamptonshire, Feb. 
 28, 1771. An English divine and scholar, rector 
 of Hinton from 1720. He published “ Memoria Tech- 
 nica, or a New Method of Artificial Memory ” (1730), long a 
 popular work on mnemonics. 
 
 Grey, Thomas, first Marquis of Dorset. Born 
 1451: died Sept. 20, 1501. An English noble- 
 man, son of Sir John Grey, Lord Ferrers of 
 Groby, and Elizabeth Woodville (afterward 
 queen of Edward IV.). He was created earl of Hunt- 
 ingdon in 1471, and marquis of Dorset in 1475. In 1471 he 
 took part in the murder of Prince Edward, son of Henry VI. 
 On the accession of Richard III. he fled, and joined the 
 party of Henry of Richmond (afterward Henry VII.). He 
 was on the Continent until after the battle of Bosworth. 
 Grey, Sir William. Born 1818: died at Tor- 
 quay, May 15, 1878. An English statesman. He 
 was lieutenant-governor of Bengal in 1867-71, 
 and governor of Jamaica 1874-77. 
 
 Greycoat School or Hospital. A school at 
 Westminster, London, situated on the east end 
 of Rochester Row, facing Greycoat Place, it is 
 so named from the color of the clothing worn by the in- 
 mates. It was founded in 1698 by Queen Anne for the edu- 
 cation of 70 poor boys and 40 poor girls. Thornbury. 
 
 Grey Friars (gra fri'arz), or Fratri Minor es 
 
 (fra'tri mi-no'rez), or Minorites (mi'nor-its). 
 In the Roman Catholic Church, one of the men- 
 dicant orders, founded by St. Francis of Assisi. 
 Also called Franciscans. The other orders are Do- 
 minicans (Friars Major, Friars Preachers, or Black Fri- 
 ars), Carmelites (White Friars), and Augustinians (Austin 
 Friars). The order of Grey Friars was established by- 
 Pope Honorius III. in 1223. In London the Grey Friars 
 were located in Ludgate street, where Christ’s Hospital 
 (Bluecoat School) afterward stood. The monastery was 
 founded by John Ewin, a mercer, in 1226. The choir of 
 Grey Friars Church was built by Joyner, lord mayor in 
 1239, and the nave was added by Henry Walings. The 
 church was rebuilt in 1306 by Margaret, queen of Edward 
 I. In 1421 Sir Richard Whittington gave the monks a 
 large library. It was a favorite place of burial for mem- 
 bers of the royal family for many years. Grey Friars was 
 surrendered in 1588, and (except a few traces of the monas- 
 tic residence, which may still be seen in Christ ’s Hospital) 
 was swept away in the great fire of 1666. 
 
 Greylock (gra'lok). The highest mountain of 
 the Berkshire Hills, in northwestern Massachu- 
 setts 8 miles from North Adams. Height, 3,535 
 feet. 
 
 Greyson (gra-zon'), Emile. Born at Brussels, 
 Aug. 17, 1823. A Belgian writer, general direc- 
 tor of higher and intermediate instruction in 
 Belgium. His works include the romances “Fiamma 
 Colonna”(1857), “Juffer Daadje et Juffer Doortje” (1874). 
 “ Hier-Aujourd’hui ’’ (1890). 
 
 Greyson (gra'son), R. E. H. An (inexact) ana- 
 grammatic pen-name of Henry Rogers. 
 Greytown (gra/toun). See San Juan del Forte. 
 Gribeauval (gre-bo-viil'), Jean Baptiste Va- 
 quette de. Born at Amiens, France, Sept. 15, 
 1715 : died at Paris, May 9, 1789. A French 
 engineer and general of artillery. 
 
 Griboyedoff (gre-bo-ya'dof), Aleksander Ser- 
 geyevitch. Born at Moscow, Jan., 1795 : mur- 
 dered at Teheran, Feb. 11, 1829. A Russian 
 poet and diplomatist. He first studied law, but at 
 the age of 17 entered the army, and afterward the col- 
 lege of foreign affairs, the service of which took him to 
 Persia and Georgia, where a part of his comedy “ t he Mis- 
 fortune of having Brains” was written. It was played in 
 1832, after his death. Hewas killed with his followers in 
 an insurrection. 
 
 Gridley (grid'li), Jeremiah. Born at Boston, 
 March 10, 1702 : died at Brookline, Mass., Sept. 
 10, 1767. An American lawyer, brother of Rich- 
 ard Gridley. He graduated at Harvard In 1725, and 
 subsequently became a lawyer. He was attorney-general 
 of the province of Massachusetts Bay, where in 1761 he 
 defended against James Otis, before the superior court of 
 judicature, the legality of the writs of assistance demanded 
 by the British custom-house officials. 
 
 Gridley, Richard. Born in Massachusetts, Jan. 
 3, 1711 : died at Stoughton, Mass., June 20, 1796. 
 An American gerieral. He became chief engineer 
 and colonel of infantry’ in the British army in 1755, and 
 served under Winslow in the expedition to Crown Point 
 in 1766, under Amherst in 1758, and under Wolfe in the 
 expedition against Quebec in 1759. At the outbreak of 
 the War of independence he was appointed chief engi- 
 neer and commander of artillery in the colonial army at 
 Cambridge, and planned the works of Bunker Hill the 
 night before the battle of June 17, 1776. He received a 
 
Gridley, Richard 
 
 major-general's commission from the Provincial Congress 
 Sept. 20, 1775, and had command of the Continental artil- 
 lery until Nov. of that year. 
 
 Grief i-la-Mode. See Funeral, The. 
 
 Grieg (greg), Edvard. Born at Bergen, Nor- 
 way, June 15, 1843 : died there, Sept. 4, 1907. 
 A noted Norwegian composer. He studied at Leip- 
 sic 1858-62 and then in Copenhagen. After his return to 
 the north in 1867 his compositions became stamped with 
 the mark of his Scandinavian nationality. He went to Lon- 
 don in 1888, where he both played and conducted. Among 
 his compositions are “Humoresken” (for the piano), 
 “ Songs," the “ Peer Gynt ” suite (two series), “ Norwegian 
 Folk-Songs,” "Sigurd Jorsalfa" (an opera), Norwegian 
 dances, etc. 
 
 Grierson (grer'son), Benjamin Henry. Born 
 at Pittsburgh, Pa., July 8, 1826: died at Omena, 
 Mich., Sept. 1, 1911. An American cavalry 
 officer. He became aide-de-camp to the Union gen- 
 eral Prentiss at the beginning of the Civil War, and was 
 made major of the 6th Illinois Cavalry in Aug., 1861, and 
 commander of a cavalry brigade in Dec., 1862. He con- 
 ducted a cavalry raid from La Grange to Baton Rouge 
 in April, 1863, to facilitate the operations of Grant about 
 Vicksburg, and in Dec., 1864, commanded a similar raid in 
 Arkansas. He became colonel of the 10th IT. S. Cavalry 
 July 28, 1866, and brevet major-general of the U. S. army 
 March 2, 1867. Later he served in the W est. 
 
 Griesbach (gres'bach), Johann Jakob. Born 
 atButzbacli, Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, Jan. 
 4, 1745: died at Jena, Germany, March 24, 1812. 
 A German biblical critic, professor at Halle 
 1773-75, and at Jena 1775-1812. He edited the 
 Greek New Testament 1774-77. 
 
 Gries (gre or gres) Pass. A pass in the Lepon- 
 tine Alps, leading from Obergestelen, in the 
 Rhone valley, Valais, Switzerland, to Domo 
 d’Ossola, province of Novara, Italy. 
 
 Grieux (gree), Le Chevalier de. The lover of 
 ManonLescaut, inPrevost’s novel of thatname. 
 Griffin(grif'in). The capital of Spalding County, 
 Georgia, about 35 miles south of Atlanta. Popu- 
 lation, 7,478, (1910). 
 
 Gri ffin , Charles. Born in Licking County, Ohio, 
 1826: died at Galveston, Texas, Sept. 15, 1867. 
 An American soldier. He graduated at West Point 
 in 1847, and in this and the succeeding year commanded 
 a company of artillery under General Patterson in the 
 Mexican war. At the outbreak of the Civil War he adhered 
 to the Union cause. He commanded the West Point bat- 
 tery in the first battle of Bull Run ; was made brigadier- 
 general of volunteers June 9, 1862 ; and fought with dis- 
 tinction at the battle of Malvern Hill. He commanded a 
 division at Antietam and Fredericksburg and in Hooker’s 
 campaign, and as commander of the 5th army corps, di- 
 rected by Grant, received the arms and colors of the Army 
 of Northern Virginia after the surrender at Appomattox 
 Court House. He was brevetted major-general March 13, 
 1865, for his services during the war, and was appointed 
 colonel of the 35th infantry July 28, 1866. 
 
 G riffin , Edward Dorr. Born at East Haddam, 
 Conn., Jan. 6, 1770 : died at Newark, N. J., Nov. 
 8, 1837. An American clergyman, president 
 of Williams College ( Williamstown, Massachu- 
 setts) 1821-36. He published “Lectures in 
 Park Street Church” (1813). 
 
 Griffin, Gerald. Born at Limerick, Ireland, Dec . 
 12, 1803: died at Cork, Ireland, June 12, 1840. 
 An Irish novelist, dramatist, and poet. His prin- 
 cipal novel, “The Collegians "(1828), has been dramatized 
 as “Colleen Bawn." Among his other works are “The 
 Invasion," “The Rivals," etc. 
 
 Griffinhoofe (grif'in-huf), Arthur. The name 
 under which George Colman the younger pub- 
 lished a number of his plays. 
 
 Griffi3 (grif'is), William Eiliot. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, Sept. 17, 1843. An American educa- 
 tor and clergyman. He graduated at Rutgers Col- 
 lege in 1869 ; went to Japan in 1870 to organize schools on 
 the American plan ; was superintendent of education in 
 the province of Echizen in 1871 ; and was professor of phys- 
 ics in the Imperial University of Tokio 1872-74. On re- 
 turning to the United States he studied divinity, ami be- 
 came pastor (1877) of a Reformed church at Schenectady, 
 (1886) of a Congregational church at Boston, and (1893- 
 i903) of the Congregational church at Ithaca, N. Y. 
 He is the author of “The Mikado’s Empire ” (1876), etc. 
 Griffith (grif'ith). In Shakspere’s “Henry 
 VIII.,” a gentleman usher to Queen Katharine. 
 Griffith, William Pettit. Born at London, 
 July 7, 1815: died there, Sept, 14, 1884. An 
 English architect and archaeologist. He wrote 
 “The Natural System of Architecture” (1845), 
 “Ancient Gothic Churches” (1847-52), etc. 
 Griffith Gaunt. A novel by Charles Reade, pub- 
 lished in 1866. 
 
 Griffiths, Evan. Bom at Gellibeblig, Glamor- 
 ganshire, 1795: died Aug. 31, 1873. ' A Welsh 
 clergyman. He published a “ Welsh-English 
 Dictionary” (1847). 
 
 Grigoriopol (gre-go-re-6'pol). A town in the 
 government of Kherson, Russia, on the Dnies- 
 ter about 80 miles northwest of Odessa. Popu- 
 lation, 7,600. 
 
 Grihastha (gr-has't-ha). [Skt., ‘householder.’] 
 A Brahman in the second stage of his religious 
 
 life. 
 
 461 
 
 Grihyasutras (grh-ya-so'traz). [Skt., ‘rules 
 pertaining to the house.’] Rules for the conduct 
 of domestic rites and the personal sacraments, 
 extending from birth to the marriage of a man. 
 
 Grijalva (gre-Hal'va), Juan de. Born in Cuel- 
 lar, 1489 or 1490: died in Nicaragua, Jan. 21, 
 1527. A Spanish soldier, discoverer of Mexico. 
 
 He was a nephew of Diego Velasquez ; was with him in 
 Espanola and Cuba ; and was chosen to follow up Cordova’s 
 discovery of Yucatan. He left Santiago de Cuba with four 
 caravels, April 8, 1518 ; followed around the coast of Yuca- 
 tan and the continent to Cape Rojo or beyond ; obtained a 
 considerable quantity of gold by trading with the Indians ; 
 and heard of the rich Aztec empire in the interior. When 
 he returned to Cuba, early in November, Velasquez re- 
 proached him for not having made settlements, and he was 
 dismissed. In 1523 he went with Garay to the coast of Mex- 
 ico, and later he took service with Pedrarias at Panama. 
 See Century Atlas, Map 4. 
 
 Grildrig (gril'drig). A name given to Gulliver 
 by the people of Brobdingnag, in Swift’s “Gul- 
 liver’s Travels.” It meant a very little man. 
 
 Grillparzer (gril'part-ser), Franz. Born at 
 Vienna, Jan. 15, 1791 : died there, Jan. 21, 1872. 
 An Austrian dramatist. He studied jurisprudence, 
 and in 1813 entered the civil service, from which he retired 
 to private life in 1856. His dramas are “Die Ahnfrau” 
 (“The Ancestress”: a so-called “fate-tragedy," 1817), 
 “Sappho” (1818), the trilogy “Dasgoldne Vliess" (“The 
 Golden Fleece,” 1821), “ Konig Ottokars Gluck undEndc” 
 (“King Ottokar’s Fortune and End,” 1825), “Ein treuer 
 Diener seines Herrn” (“A True Servant of his Master," 
 1828), “Des Meeres und der Liebe Wellen” (“The Waves 
 of Love and of the Sea," 1831), “Der Traum ein Leben” 
 (“Dream i3aLife,” 1834). A comedy, “Weh’dem, derliigt" 
 (“Woe to him who Lies," 1838), was a failure. Three other 
 tragedies appeared posthumously. Still another, “ Esther,” 
 was left unfinished. His complete works, “Sammtliche 
 Werke," appeared at Stuttgart, 1872, in 10 vols. 
 
 Grim. (grim). In Arthurian legend, a fisherman 
 who gave his name to Grimsby. He saved the 
 life of Havelok. See Havelok the Dane. 
 
 Grim, the Collier of Croydon. A play first 
 printed in 1662 as by “I. T.” Haughton wrote a play 
 called “The Devil and'his Dam,” which has been rashly 
 identified with this. ( Bullen .) Richard Crowley wrote a 
 “ Satirical Epigram ” in 1550 called “ The Collier of Croy- 
 don," and there is an interlude in Richard Edwards’s 
 “Damon and Pythias" (1671) called “Grim the Collier.” 
 
 Grim, Giant. A giant, in Bunyan’s “Pilgrim’s 
 Progress,” who is killed by Mr. Greatheart. 
 
 Grimald (grim'ald), Nicholas. Born in Hun- 
 tingdonshire (at “ Brownshold,” according to 
 his own statement), 1519 : died about 1562. An 
 English writer, the contributor of 40 poems to 
 the first edition of “Tottel’s Miscellany” (of 
 which he was, perhaps, the editor), many of 
 which were omitted from the second edition. 
 He also published a translation of Cicero’s "De Officiis." 
 He was probably of Italian parentage (son of a certain 
 Gianbatista Grimaldi), studied at Cambridge and Oxford, 
 and was chaplain to Bishop Ridley. 
 
 Grimaldi (gre-mal'de), Antonio. Lived in the 
 middle of the 14th century. A Genoese ad- 
 miral. 
 
 Grimaldi, Giovanni Francesco, called II Bo- 
 lognese. Born at Bologna, Italy, 1606 : died at 
 Rome, 1680. An Italian painter, especially noted 
 for his landscapes. 
 
 Grimaldi, Joseph. Born at London, Dec. 18, 
 1779 : died there, May 31, 1837. A noted Eng- 
 lish pantomimist and actor. He came of a well- 
 known family of clowns, and first appeared a3 an infant 
 dancer in 1782. He obtained his greatest success at Covent 
 Garden in 1806 in the pantomime of “ Mother Goose,” in 
 which he appeared as Squire Bugle (clown). He made his 
 last appearance June 27, 1828, as Harlequin Hoax His 
 singing and grimacing excited great enthusiasm, and with 
 him the days of genuine pantomime expired. His son Jo- 
 seph S. Grimaldi made his first appearance in his father’s 
 parts in 1814 ; he died in 1832. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Grimalkin(gri-mal'kin). A gray cat; especially, 
 a gray cat into which the spirit of a witch has 
 entered. 
 
 Grimani (gre-ma/ne), Antonio. Born 1436: 
 died May 7, 1523. A doge of Venice (July 7, 
 1521), descended from a powerful patrician fam- 
 ily, and distinguished for both his civil and mili- 
 tary services. He was made captain-general of 
 the Venetian fleet sent against the sultan Baja- 
 zet in 1499. 
 
 Grimani Palace. A fine 16th-century palace on 
 the Grand Canal, Venice, it was designed by San 
 Micheli and decorated by Tintoretto, but the frescos have 
 disappeared. It i9 now used as a post-office. 
 
 Grimes (giimz), James Wilson. Born at Deer- 
 ing, N. H., Oct. 20, 1816: died at Burlington, 
 Iowa, Feb. 7, 1872. An American politician, 
 govern or of Iowa 1854-58, and Reptiblican United 
 States senator from Iowa 1859-69. He was one of 
 the few Republican senators who voted against the con- 
 viction of President Andrew Johnson. 
 
 Grimes, Old. See Old Grimes. 
 
 Grimke (grim'ke), Frederick. Born at Charles- 
 ton, S. C., Sept. 1, 1791: died March 8, 1863. An 
 American jurist, brother of T. S. Grimke. He 
 
 Grim’s Dyke 
 
 was a Judge of the State Supreme Court of Ohio 1836-42. 
 He wrote “ Nature and Tendencies of Free Institutions ” 
 (1848). 
 
 Grimkd, Sarah Moore. Born at Charleston, 
 S. C., Nov., 1792: died Dee. 23, 1873. An Ameri- 
 can abolitionist, sister of T. S. Grimk4. She 
 wrote “ Letters on the Condition of Woman and the Equal- 
 ity of the Sexes ” (1838), etc. 
 
 Grimke, Thomas Smith. Born at Charleston, 
 S. C., Sept. 26, 1786 : died near Columbus, Ohio, 
 Oct. 12 (11 ?), 1834. An American lawyer and 
 lecturer. He graduated at Yale in 1807, and was a mem- 
 ber of the State senate of South Carolina 1826-30. He was 
 a prominent member of the American Peace Society, and 
 was one of the pioneers in the cause of temperance reform. 
 He wrote “Addresses on Science, Education, and Litera- 
 ture” (1831). 
 
 Grimm (grim), Friedrich Melchior, Baron. 
 Born at Ratisbon (Regensburg), Bavaria, Dec. 
 26, 1723 : diedat Gotha, Germany, Dec. 19, 1807. 
 A noted German-French critic, man of letters, 
 and diplomat, longresident in Paris, andamem- 
 ber of the most brilliant literary society of the 
 period. He was made a baron of the empire (1777) and 
 minister of the Duke of Gotha at the French court in 1775, 
 and minister of Catharine II. of Russia at Hamburg in 1795. 
 His works include “ LettressurOmphale ”(1752), “ Le petit 
 prophete de Boehmischbroda ” (1753), “ Correspondence 
 litteraire, philosophique et critique adressee a un souve- 
 rain d’Allemagne ” (first part 1812, second part 1812, third 
 part 1813, with a supplement 1814), “Correspondence in- 
 edite de Grimm et Diderot, etc.” (1829). 
 
 Grimm, Herman. Born Jan. 6, 1828 : died 
 June 16, 1901. A German critic and author, 
 son of Wilhelm Grimm. He studied at Berlin and 
 Bonn, and was professor of the history of art in the Uni- 
 versity of Berlin 1873-1901. His nmst important works are 
 “Das Leben Michelangelos,” “Essays” (1859 and 1865, 
 new series 1871 and 1875), “Das Leben Rafaels” (1872), 
 “ Vorle8ungen liber Goethe ” (1877). He was the author, 
 besides, of the novel “ Uniiberwindliche Machte ’’ (“Un- 
 conquerable Powers”), and of “ Novellen” (“Stories”). 
 
 Grimm, Jakob. Born at Hanau, Jan. 4, 1785: 
 died at Berlin, Sept. 20, 1863. A German phi- 
 lologist and writer. He studied jurisprudence at Mar- 
 burg. In 1805 lie went to Paris to assist Savigny, whose 
 pupil he had been. The following year he was at the mili- 
 tary school in Cassel. In 1808 he became librarian to the 
 King of Westphalia. After 1814 he lived and labored with 
 his brother Wilhelm in the closest association. They 
 were together librarians at Cassel ; 1830 to 1837 professors 
 at Gottingen; subsequently again at Cassel; and 1841 
 on the invitation of the king settled in Berlin. In 1812 
 and 1815 they published conjointly the well-known book of 
 fairy tales “Kinder- und Hausmarchen ”(“ Children’s and 
 Domestic Tales”), in 1816 “Deutsche Sagen ’’("German Le- 
 gends”), and after 1852 worked together on the great 
 “Deutsches Worterbuch”(“German Dictionary”). Jakob’s 
 independentwork consists of an essay, “Poesie im Recht" 
 (1816), expanded 1828 into “ Deutsche Rechtsalterthiimer. ” 
 Beginning with 1819, his “ Deutsche Grammatik ” (“ Ger- 
 man Grammar”) appeared. This laBt is the fundamental 
 work in comparative Germanic philology, of which spe- 
 cific branch he may be called the founder. Its principal 
 terminology originated with him, and one of its most 
 characteristic phases, that of the relative correspondence 
 of consonants, was first formulated by him, and bears the 
 name of Grimm’s Law. In 1836 appeared another great 
 work, the “ Deutsche Mythologie.” His minor works, 
 “KleinereSchriften,” appeared at Berlin, 1864-82, in 6 vols. 
 
 Grimm, Ludwig Emil. Born at Hanau, Prus- 
 sia., May 14, 1790 : died at Cassel, Prussia, April 
 4, 1863. A German painter and etcher, brother 
 of Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm. 
 
 Grimm, Wilhelm. Born at Hanau, Feb. 24, 1786 : 
 died at Berlin, Dec. 16, 1859. A German phi- 
 lologist and writer. He was the brother of Jakob 
 Grimm, with whom he lived and was frequently associated 
 in joint authorship. Like his brother, he studied juris- 
 prudence at Marburg. Owing to ill health he had, how- 
 ever, no permanent position up to 1814, when he went with 
 Jakob as librarian to Cassel. Their subsequent career is 
 one. (See Jalcob Grimm.) Wilhelm married, and Jacob 
 did not. He did the chief work in the collection of fairy 
 tales which owe their particular style to him. An inde- 
 pendent work was “ Die Deutsche Heldensage ” (“ The Ger- 
 man Heroic Legend," 1829). 
 
 Grimma (grim'ma). A town in the district of 
 Leipsic, Saxony, on tbe Mulde 17 miles south- 
 east of Leipsic. It contains a noted school and 
 an electoral castle. Pop., commune, 11,177. 
 
 Grimmelshausen (grim'mels-hou-zen), Chris- 
 toffelvon. Born at Gelnhausen, Prussia, 1625: 
 died at Renehen, in Baden, Aug. 17, 1676. A 
 German writer. His parents belonged to the peasant 
 class. Until the peace of Westphalia, in 1648, he was a 
 soldier, but subsequently is supposed to have traveled in 
 Holland, France, and Switzerland. He was afterward in 
 the service of the Bishop of Strasburg, and ultimately 
 magistrate at Renehen, where he died. H is principal work, 
 and the most important of its class In German literature, 
 is the romance “ Der abenteuerliche Simplicissimus 
 Teutsch, d. h. : Beschreibung des Lebens eines Seltzamen 
 Vagantens genannt Melchior Sternfels von Fuchsheim ” 
 (“ The Adventuresome Simplicissimus : that is, Descrip- 
 tion of the Life of a Strange Vagabond named Melchior 
 Sternfels von Fuchsheim,” 1669). 
 
 Grimsby, or Great Grimsby. S ee Great Grimsby. 
 
 Grim’s Dyke, or Grimesditch. See the extract. 
 
 The Belga; were of the same Keltic family as the Kymry 
 and the Gauls. But coming later from the continent they 
 
Grim’s Dyke 
 
 brought with them its latest civilization, and, as settlers, 
 perhaps for centuries, in the lowlands between the Somme 
 and the Scheldt, they had acquired the instinct of throw- 
 ing up dykes and earthworks. The actual occupants of 
 Hampshire, Sussex, and Kent were subdued or driven 
 out, and the great fortified fosse, Grim’s Dyke, which en- 
 closes Salisbury and Silchester was at once the rampart 
 and the march of the new nationality. 
 
 Pearson, Hist. Eng., I. 6. 
 
 Grimsel (grim'zel), The. A pass over the Ber- 
 nese Alps, Switzerland, leading from Meiring- 
 en, Bern, to Obergestelen, Valais. It was the scene 
 of the repulse of the Austrians by the French in 1799. 
 Height, 7,150 feet. 
 
 Grimston, William Hunter and Margaret. 
 
 See Kendal. 
 
 Grim wig (grim'wig), Mr. In Dickens’s “ Oli- 
 ver Twist,” an old friend of Mr. Brownlow, 
 rough and irascible in conduct but kindly at 
 heart, ready to “eat his head” if he is mistaken 
 on any point. 
 
 Grindal (grin'dal), Edmund. Born about 1519 : 
 died at Croydon, July 6, 1583. An English Prot- 
 estant divine, elected archbishop of Canter- 
 bury Jan. 10, 1575. He graduated at Cambridge in 
 1538 ; became a royal chaplain in 1551 ; was elected master 
 of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, in 1559, and bishop of London 
 in the same year; and became archbishop of York in 1570. 
 He was a vigorous opponent of the Roman Church. 
 Grindelwald (grin'del-valt). A village, com- 
 mune, and valley in the canton of Bern, Swit- 
 zerland, 35 miles southeast of Bern, it is cele- 
 
 brated for picturesque scenery and as a tourist center. 
 Near it are the two Grindelwald glaciers. 
 
 Grin gore (gran-gor' ), or Gringoire (grah-g war' ) 
 (originally Gringor), Pierre. Bom in Nor- 
 mandy, 1475-80 : died about 1539. A French 
 satirist and dramatic wTiter. Among his works are 
 “ Saint Loys ” (a mystery), “Les folles enterprises” (a se- 
 ries of monologues), “Lachasse du cerf des cerfs," “Le 
 coqueluehe,” etc. 
 
 It is to him that we owe the only complete and really 
 noteworthy tetralogy, composed of cry, sotie, morality, 
 and farce, which exists to show the final result of the 
 mediaeval play — the“Jeudu Prince des Sots.” . . . Grin- 
 gore first emerges as a pamphleteer in verse, on the side 
 of the policy of Louis XII. He held the important posi- 
 tion of mire sotte in the company of persons who charged 
 themselves with playing the sotie, and Louis perceived 
 the advantages which he might gain by enlisting such a 
 writer on his side. 
 
 Saintsbury, Short History of French Lit., p. 216. 
 Grinnell (grin-el'). A city in Poweshiek County, 
 Iowa, 48 miles east by north of Des Moines : the 
 seat of Iowa College (undenominational). Pop- 
 ulation, 5,036, (1910). 
 
 Grinnell, Henry. Born at New Bedford, Mass., 
 Feb. 13, 1799 : died at New York, June 30, 1874. 
 An American merchant. He fitted out in 1850 an 
 expedition sent in search of Sir John Franklin under the 
 command of Lieutenant E. J. De Haven. De Haven dis- 
 covered land lat. 80° X., which was called Grinnell Land, 
 but failed to findFranklin. In 1853 Grinnell fitted out, with 
 George Peabody, a second Franklin search expedition un- 
 der Dr. E. K. Kane, which was equally unsuccessfuL 
 
 Grinnell Land. [Discovered by De Haven in 
 the first Grinnell expedition, and named by him 
 from its promoter.] A land in the north polar- 
 regions, separated from Greenland by Smith 
 Sound and Kennedy Channel, it was explored by 
 Kane, by Hayes, and more thoroughly by Greely in 1882. It 
 contains LakeHazen (65 miles) and Mount Arthur(5, 000ft.). 
 Grip (grip). In Charles Dickens’s “Bamaby 
 Pudge,” a talkative raven. He is taken from a 
 raven owned by the author. 
 
 Gripe (grip). 1. A hypocritical old city usu- 
 rer in Wycherley’s comedy “ Love in a Wood.” 
 — 2. The miserly father of Leander, cheated 
 by Scapin, in Otway’s ‘ ‘ Cheats of Scapin.” Ho 
 is the Geronte of Moliere’s play. — 3. A miserly 
 money-scrivener in Vanbrugh’s comedy “ The 
 Confederacy.” 
 
 Gripe, Sir Francis. In Mrs. Centlivre’s com- 
 edy “The Busybody,” an old man, the guardian 
 of Miranda. He wishes to marry his ward for the sake 
 of her money, but is duped by her and Sir George Airy. 
 Gripsholm (grips ' holm). A royal Swedish 
 palace situated on the southern shore of Lake 
 Malar, near Mariefred, 30 miles west of Stock- 
 holm. It was founded by Gustavus Vasa in 
 1537. 
 
 Griqualand (gre'kwa-land) East. A division 
 of Cape of Good Hope, situated northwest of 
 Poudoland and southwest of Natal. Chief 
 place, Kokstadt. It is governed by magistrates ap- 
 pointed by tile Cape authorities. Area, 7,594 square miles. 
 Population, 222,685. 
 
 Griqualand West. A part of Cape of Good 
 Hope. Capital, Kimberley, it lies north of the 
 remainder of the colony, and west of the Orange 
 Free State, and is famous for its diamond-fields, dis- 
 covered in 1867. It was governed by a separate admin- 
 istrator 1871-81. Area, 15,197 square miles. Population, 
 108,498. 
 
 Griquas (gre'kwaz). A South African race of 
 half-castes (Dutch and natives). They form a dis- 
 
 462 
 
 tinct community in a region called Griqualand, now be- 
 longing to Great Britain, traversed by the Orange River, 
 and including the African diamond-fields. Some of them 
 are Christians and considerably civilized, being success- 
 ful agriculturists and cattle-breeders. 
 
 Grisar (gre'zar), Albert. Born at Antwerp, Dec. 
 26, 1808 : died at Asnieres, near Paris, J une 15, 
 1869. A French composer of comic operas, melo- 
 dies, and romances. Nineteen of the first were 
 produced, and he published more than fifty of 
 the last. 
 
 Grisebach. (gre'ze-bach), August Heinrich 
 Rudolf. Born at Hannover, Prussia, April 17, 
 1814: died at Gottingen, Prussia, May 9, 1879. 
 A German botanist and traveler, professor at 
 Gottingen from 1847. He traveled, for scientific pur- 
 poses, iii Turkey (1839), the Pyrenees (1850), and Norway 
 (1842). He wrote “ Die Vegetation der Erde” (1872), etc. 
 
 Griselda (gri-zel'da), or Griseldis, or Grissel. 
 
 A character of romance, noted for the patience 
 with which she submitted to the most cruel or- 
 deals as a wife and mother. The subject has been 
 variously treated by Boccaccio, Chaucer, Dekker, and other 
 writers. The song of “ Patient Grissel ” appeared about 
 1565, and a prose history shortly after. “ From whatever 
 source derived, ‘ Griselda ’ appears to have been the most 
 popular of all the stories of the ‘Decameron.’ In the 
 fourteenth century the prose translations of it in French 
 were very numerous : Legrand mentions that he had seen 
 upwards of twenty, under different names, ‘Miroir des 
 dames,’ ‘Exemples de bonnes et mauvaises femmes,’ etc. 
 Petrarch, who had not seen the ‘ Decameron’ till a short time 
 before his death (which shows that Boccaccio was ashamed 
 of the work), read it with much admiration, as appearsfrom 
 his letters, and translated it into Latin in 1373. Chaucer, 
 who borrowed the story from Petrarch, assigns it to the 
 Clerk of Oxenforde in his ‘Canterbury Tales.’ The clerk 
 declares in his prologue that he learned it from Petrarch 
 at Padua ; and, if we may believe Warton, Chaucer, when 
 in Italy, actually heard the story related by Petrarch, who, 
 before translating it into Latin, had got it by heart in order 
 to repeat to his friends. The tale became so popular in 
 France that the comedians of Paris represented, in 1393, a 
 Mystery in French verse, entitled ‘ Le Mystfere de Grisel- 
 dis. ’ There is also an English drama called * Patient Gris- 
 sel ’ entered in Stationers' Hall, 1599. One ot Goldoni’s 
 plays, in which the tyrannical husband is king of Thessaly, 
 is also formed on the subject of Griseldis.” Dunlop , Hist, 
 of Prose Fiction, II. 146. 
 
 Grisi (gre'se), Carlotta (Caronne Adele Jo- 
 sephine Marie, called). Born near Mantua, 
 June 28, 1819 ; died at Geneva, May 22, 1899. A 
 celebrated dancer, cousin of Giulia Grisi and 
 wife of M. Perrot, a dancing-master. 
 
 Grisi. Giulia. Bom at Milan, July 28, 1811 (?) : 
 died at Berlin, Nov. 29, 1869. A celebrated Ital- 
 ian soprano, famous as an operatic singer, she 
 appeared first in Italy in 1830 as Emma in Rossini's “ Zel- 
 mira ” ; sang in Paris 1832-49, and in London 1834-61 ; and 
 visited the United States in 1854. In 1861 she signed an 
 agreement not to sing for 6 years. In 1866 she reappeared 
 at London, where she sang from time to time in concerts 
 till 1869. In 1836 she married Count de Melcy, but was 
 divorced : later she married the singer Mario. 
 Griskinissa(gris-ki-nis'sa). The wife of Artaxa- 
 minous,king of Utopia, in Rhodes's “Bombastes 
 Furioso.” The king wishes to divorce her and 
 marry Distaffina. 
 
 Grisons(gre-z6n , ),G.Graubiinden(grou'hiind- 
 en) or Graubiindten (grou'bfint-en), It. Gri- 
 gioni (gre-jo'ne). [F., from gris, gray.] The 
 largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland. 
 Capital, Chur. It is bounded by Glarus, St. -Gall, Liech- 
 tenstein, and Austria-Hungary on the north, Austria-Hun- 
 gary and Italy on the east, Italy and Ticino on the south, 
 and Ticino and Uri on the west. The surface is mountain- 
 ous. The constitution is democratic. The canton sends 
 5 members to the National Council. It formed part of the 
 ancient Rhaetia. The following are the leading events in 
 its history : formation of the Gotteshausbund, 1367 ; of the 
 Ober Bund, 1395 ; of the Zehngerichteubund (League of 
 Ten Jurisdictions), 1436; alliance of the first two leagues 
 with the confederated cantons, 1497-98 ; of the third 
 league, 1567 ; loss of Italian possessions, 1797 ; union with 
 the Swiss Confederation, 1803. Area, 2,773 square miles. 
 Population, 118,246, (1910). 
 
 Gris sell (gris'se). A town on the northern coast 
 of Java, situated on the Strait of Madura : one 
 of the oldest towns of the island. 
 
 Grissel, Patient. See Griselda and Patient 
 Grissel. 
 
 Griswold (griz'wold), Roger. Born at Lyme, 
 Conn., May 21, 1762 : died at Norwich, Conn., 
 Oct. 25, 1812. An American politician. He was 
 graduated at Yale in 1780, and began the practice of law 
 at Norwich in 1783, removing to Lyme in 1794. He was 
 a Federalist member of Congress from Connecticut 1795- 
 1805, and became a judge of the Connecticut Supreme 
 Court in 1807, and governor of the State in 1811. While 
 governor he refused 4 companies of troops, which were 
 requisitioned by the President for garrison purposes, the 
 refusal being made on the ground that the troops were not 
 wanted to repel invasion, and that the requisition was in 
 consequence unconstitutional. 
 
 Griswold, Rufus Wilmot. Born at Benson, 
 Rutland County, Vt., Feb. 15, 1815: died at New 
 York city, Aug. 27, 1857. An American critic 
 and editor. He was for a time a Baptist clergyman, but 
 abandoned the ministry in order to devote himself to lit- 
 erature. He was editor of “ Graham's Magazine " 1842-43, 
 
 Gronov, Abraham 
 
 and of the “ International Magazine " 1850-52. Among his 
 works are “Poets and Poetry of America" (1842), “Prose 
 Writers of America” (1846), Female Poets of America’ 
 (1849), “ The Republican Court ” (1854). 
 
 Grito de Dolores. See Dolores , Grito de. 
 Grizzel. See Griselda. 
 
 Grizzle (griz'l). The horse of Doctor Syntax. 
 He was all skin and bone. 
 
 Grizzle, Lord. In Fielding’s burlesque “Tom 
 Thumb the Great,” a peer of the realm : “ a 
 flighty, flaunting, and fantastical ” personage. 
 Grizzle, Mrs. The sister of Peregrine Pickle 
 in Smollett’s novel of that name. She marries Com- 
 modore Trunnion, and henpecks him. “She goes a little 
 crank and humorsome by being often overstowed with 
 Nantz and religion.” 
 
 Groats-worth of Wit, A, bought with a Mil- 
 lion of Repentance. A posthumous tract by 
 Robert Greene. It was licensed in 1592 ; the earliest 
 existing edition known is 1596. It was edited by Henry 
 Chettle. Roberto, the young man whose conversion and 
 adventures are related, corresponds in some, though not 
 in all, respects to Robert Greene himself. He ends with 
 a pathetic letter to his wife, which was found with the 
 MS. after his death. 
 
 Groben (gre'ben), Count Karl Joseph von der. 
 
 Born near Rastenburg, East Prussia, Sept. 17, 
 1788: died July 13, 1876. A Prussian general. 
 Grochow (gro'chov). A village in Poland, 24 
 miles east of Praga (a suburb of Warsaw), it 
 was the scene of battles between the Poles and the Rus- 
 sians under Diebitsch, Feb. 19-25, 1831. The Poles fought 
 gallantly, inflicting severe loss on the Russians, but had to 
 fall back on Warsaw. 
 
 Grocyn (gro'sin), William. Born at Colerne, 
 Wiltshire, about 1446 : died at Maidstone, 1519. 
 An English classical scholar, first teacher of 
 Greek at Oxford. He was a friend of Linacre, More, 
 Colet, and Erasmus, and an ardent promoter of the “new 
 learning," though an adherent of the old religious faith. 
 With t he exception of a letter to Aldus and an epigram (on 
 a lady who threw a snowball at him), no writings of his 
 are known. 
 
 Grodek (gro'dek). A town in Galicia, Austria- 
 Hungary, 18 miles west of Lemberg. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 13,382, (1910). 
 
 Groden (gre'den), or Grodnerthal (gred'ner- 
 tal), It. Gardena (gar-da'na). A valley in 
 Tyrol, Austria-Hungary, 16 miles northeast of 
 Bozen. Length, 18 miles. 
 
 Grodno (grod'no). 1. A government of western 
 Russia, bounded by Suwalki and Wilna on the 
 north, Minsk on the east, Volhyniaonthe south, 
 and Lomza and Siedlce on the west. Area, 
 14,896 square miles. Population, 1,904,300. — 
 2. The capital of the government of Grodno, 
 situated on the Niemen in lat. 53° 44' N., long. 
 23° 45' E. Population, 41,607. 
 
 Groen van Prinsterer (oron van prin'ster-er), 
 Wilhelm. Born at Yoorhurg, near The Hague, 
 Aug. 21, 1801 : died at The Hague, May 19, 1876. 
 A Dutch historian, politician, and political 
 writer. His works include “Archives, ou correspondance 
 incdit e de la maison d’Orange-Nassau” (1835-64), “Hand- 
 boek der geschiedenis van het Vaderland” (1835), etc. 
 
 Grogg (grog), Colonel. See the extract. 
 
 A smaller society, formed with less ambitious views, ori- 
 ginated in a ride to Pennicuik, the seat of the head of Mr. 
 Clerk’s family, whose elegant hospitalities are recorded in 
 the “Memoir." This was called, by way of excellence, The 
 Club, and I believe it is continued under the same name to 
 this day. Here, too, Walter had his sobriquet ; and — his 
 corduroy breeches, I presume, not being as yet worn out — 
 it was Colonel Grogg. Lockhart, Scott, I. 96. 
 
 Grolier Club (gro'lya klub). A New York club, 
 founded in 1884 and incorporated in 1888. its 
 object is the encouragement and promotion of hook-making 
 as an art, and the occasional publication of works designed 
 to advance and illustrate that art. 
 
 Grolier de Servier, Vicomte d’Aguisy, Jean. 
 
 Born at Lyons, 1479: died in 1565. A celebrated 
 French bibliophile, known as Jean Grolier. He 
 was of a rich family, and became treasurer under Francis I. 
 He owes his reputation to his passion for fine books(regard- 
 ingalike subject, binding, priming, andpaper). Hedesigned 
 many of his own ornaments and supervised the binding. 
 Grongar Hill (gron'gar hil). A descriptive 
 poem by John Dyer, published in 1727 : named 
 from a hill in South Wales. 
 
 Groningen (Gro'ning-Gen), G. Groningen (gre'- 
 ning-en). 1. A province of the Netherlands, 
 hounded by the North Sea on the north, the 
 Dollart and Prussia on the east, Drenthe on the 
 south, and Friesland on the west. Area, 790 
 square miles. Population, 331,213. — 2. A sea- 
 port, capital of the province of Groningen, 
 Netherlands, situated on the Reit Diep (formed 
 by the junction of the Dronthe ’sche Aa and the 
 Fiunse) in lat. 53° 13' N., long. 6° 34' E. ithas 
 
 important trade, especially in grain and rape-seed, and is 
 the seat of a university, founded in 1614. It was taken 
 by Maurice of Nassau in 1594. Population, 75,370. 
 
 Gronov (Gro'nov), L. Gronovius (grd-no'vi-us), 
 Abraham. Born at Leyden, Netherlands, 1694 : 
 
Gronov, Abraham 
 
 died there, Aug. 17, 1775. A Dutch classical 
 scholar, son of Jakob Gronov. He was librarian in 
 the University of Leyden, and is chiefly noted for his edi- 
 tion of .Elian’s “ Varia historia,” besides which lie pub- 
 lished editions of Justin, Pomponius Mela, and Tacitus. 
 
 Gronov, L. Gronovius, Jakob. Born at De- 
 venter, Netherlands, Oct. 20, 1645: died at Ley- 
 den, Oct. 21, 1716. A Dutch classical scholar, 
 son of J. F. Gronov (1611-71). He became professor 
 of belles-lettres at Leyden in 1670. His chief work is “ The- 
 saurus antiquitatum grsecarum ” (1697-1702). 
 
 Gronov, L. Gronovius, Johann Friedrich. 
 
 Bom at Hamburg, Sept. 8, 1611: died at Ley- 
 den, Dec. 28, 1671. An eminent German clas- 
 sical scholar. He became professor of history and elo- 
 quencein the University of Leyden in 1658, a position which 
 he occupied until his death. He published valuable edi- 
 tions of Livy, Tacitus, and other Latin classics, and is the 
 author of “ Commentarius de sestertiis” (1643). 
 
 Gronov, L. Gronovius, Johann Friedrich. 
 
 Born at Leyden, March 10, 1690: died there, 
 1760. A Dutch botanist, brother of Abraham 
 Gronov: author of “Flora Virginica” (1743) 
 and “Flora Orientalis” (1755). 
 
 Gronov, L. Gronovius, Lorenz Theodor. Died 
 at Leyden, 1778. A Dutch naturalist, son of 
 J. F. Gronov (1690-1760). He wrote “ Museum 
 ichthyologicum ” (1754-56), “ Zoophylacium 
 
 gronovianum” (1763-81), etc. 
 
 Groot (grot), Gerhard, L. Gerhardus Magnus. 
 Born at Deventer, Netherlands, Oct., 1340: died 
 there, Aug. 20, 1384. A Dutch reformer, found- 
 er of the society of “Brethren of the Common 
 Life.” He was the son of a burgomaster of De- 
 venter. 
 
 Groote Eylandt (grot i 'lant). [‘ Great Island.’] 
 An island in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia. 
 Gros(gro), Antoine Jean, Baron. BornatParis, 
 March 16, 1771: drowned himself in the Seine, 
 near Paris, June 25, 1835. A French historical 
 painter. He studied first with his father, a miniature- 
 painter ; in 1785 entered the atelier of David ; and visited 
 Italy in 1793. He was especially inspired by Rubens and 
 Van Dyck. Gros came into relations witli Bonaparte at 
 the time of the Italian campaign, and painted his portrait 
 in the “ Ponte d'Arcole.” He was appointed on the com- 
 mission which selected the works taken to France from 
 the conquered cities of Italy. On his return to Paris he 
 painted “Les pestifenls de Jaffa” (1804), “Charge de ca- 
 valerie h la bataille d’Aboukir” (1806), and other similar 
 works. He was made baron by Napoleon I., and became a 
 member of the Institute in 1816. He exhibited in 1827 
 "Le portrait de Charles X.,” and in 1835 “Hercule et Di- 
 omede." The criticism upon this work brought on an at- 
 tack of melancholia, and he drowned himself. He ex- 
 hibited at the Salons from 1797 to 1835. 
 
 Grosclaude (gro-klod'), Louis. Born at Locle, 
 Switzerland, Sept. 26, 1788 : died at Paris, Dec. 
 11, 1869. A Swiss genre painter. He studied 
 with Regnault. Many of his works were bought 
 by the King of Prussia. 
 
 Grose (gros), Francis. Born at Greenford, Mid- 
 dlesex, about 1731: died at Dublin, May 12, 
 1791. An English antiquary. He studied art, and 
 exhibited at the Royal Academy for a number of years, 
 chiefly architectural drawings. He was Richmond herald 
 1755-63, and afterward held offices in several corps of mi- 
 litia. In 1789 he made an antiquarian tour in Scotland, and 
 in 1791 started on a similar tour in Ireland, from which he 
 never returned. He wrote “ The Antiquities of England 
 and Wales" (1773-87), “ Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar 
 Tongue " (1785X “Military Antiquities, etc.” (1786), “Pro- 
 vincial Glossary ” (1787), “The Antiquities of Scotland” 
 (1789-91), “The Antiquities of Ireland,” finished by Dr. 
 Ledwich (1791-95), etc. 
 
 Gross (gros), Samuel D. Born near Easton, 
 Pa., July 8, 1805: died at Philadelphia, May 6, 
 1884. An American surgeon. His works include 
 “Elements of Pathological Anatomy ” (1839), “System of 
 Surgery ” (1859), etc. 
 
 Grossbeeren (gros'ba-ren). A village in the 
 province of Brandenburg, Prussia, 12 miles 
 south of Berlin. Here, Aug. 23, 1813, the Prussians un- 
 der Von Billow defeated the French army which was ad- 
 vancing on Berlin under Oudinot, driving it back on the 
 Elbe. 
 
 Grosse (gros'se), Julius Waldemar. Bom at 
 Erfurt, Prussia, April 25, 1828: died at Torbole, 
 Austria, May 9, 1902. A German poet and nov- 
 elist. He was engaged in journalistic work at Munich 
 1854-70, and became secretary of the Scliiller-Stiftung at 
 Weimarinl870. Hepublished numerous poetical and dra- 
 matic works, and the novels "Untreu aus Mitleid” (1868), 
 “Maria Mancini” (1869), “Eine alte Liebe” (1869), “Ge- 
 gen den Strom ” (1871), “ Tante Carldore” (1890), etc. 
 Grossenhain (gros ' sen -hin), formerly called 
 Hain. A town in the government district of 
 Dresden, Saxony, situated on the Roder 19 
 miles north-northwest of Dresden. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 12,024. 
 
 Grosseteste (gros' test), Robert. Died 1253. 
 An English divine and scholar, elected bishop 
 of Lincoln in 1235. He studied at Oxford and Paris ; 
 later became chancellor at Oxford and (1224) first rector 
 of the Franciscans there ; and was appointed archdeacon 
 of Wilts(1214, 1220), archdeacon of Northampton 1221. and 
 later archdeacon of Leicester. He also held the prebend 
 
 463 
 
 of Empingham in Lincoln cathedral. He was energetic 
 in reforming abuses in his diocese. In 1239 he fell into a 
 protracted quarrel with the chapter of Lincoln over his 
 right of visitation, which was finally settled by the Pope 
 in his favor. His career throughout was marked by a vig- 
 orous defense of his rights and the right against all op- 
 ponents, including king and Pope. A notable instance of 
 this was his refusal (1253), on the ground of unfitness, to 
 induct into a canonry at Lincoln the Pope’s nephew Fred- 
 erick di Lavanga. Grosseteste was a voluminous writer, 
 and long exerted a great influence upon English thought 
 and literature. 
 
 Robert Grosseteste, a man of spotless orthodoxy, and 
 unquestionably the first English scholar of the age. With- 
 out any advantages of birth or person, Grosseteste had al- 
 ready begun to mount the ladder of fame. The son of a 
 mere peasant, he was generally described by a nickname 
 which in Latin was rendered Capito, or Grossum Caput, 
 and in English Greathead, or Grosthead. The date of his 
 birth is unknown, and it is not certain whether he took 
 his degree in arts at Oxford or at Paris. Before becoming 
 a lecturer in the Franciscan convent, he had been suc- 
 cessively appointed to the archdeaconries of Chester, 
 Wilts, Northampton, and Leicester, and be seems to have 
 held the last two of these preferments until the year 1231. 
 
 Lyte, Oxford, p. 29. 
 
 Grosseto (gros-sa/to). 1. A province in Tus- 
 cany, Italy, bordering on the Mediterranean. 
 Area, 1,738 square miles. Population, 
 156,272. — 2. The capital of the province of 
 Grosseto, situated near the Ombrone in lat. 
 42° 46' N., long. 11° 6' E. It is the chief place in 
 the Maremme, and has a cathedral. Population, com- 
 mune, 10,768. 
 
 Grossglockner. See Glockner. 
 
 Grossglogau. See Glogau. 
 
 Grossgorschen (gros'ger-shen). A village south 
 of Liitzen ( which see ) . The battle of Liitzen, May 2 , 
 1813, is sometimes called the battle of Grossgorschen. 
 
 Grossi (gros'se), Tommaso. Born at Bellano, 
 on the Lake of Como, Italy, Jan. 20, 1791: died 
 at Milan, Dec. 10, 1853. An Italian poet and 
 novelist. His works include the historical novel “Marco 
 Visconti ” (1834), the poem “Ildegonda” (1820), etc. 
 
 Grossjagerndorf (gros-ya'gern-dorf ) . A village 
 in the province of East Prussia, Prussia, 9 miles 
 east of Wehlau. Here, Aug. 30, 1767, a large Russian 
 army, invading Prussia under Apraxin, inflicted a severe 
 defeat on the Prussians under Yon Lehwald. 
 
 Gross-Steffelsdorf. See Rima-Szombatli. 
 
 Grosswardein (gros'var-din), Hung. Nagy- 
 Varad (nody'va-rod). A royal free city, capi- 
 tal of the county of Bihar, Hungary, situated 
 on the Sebes Koros in lat. 47° 4' N., long. 21° 
 53' E. It has a Roman and a Greek cathedral. It is one 
 of the oldest Hungarian towns. A treaty was made here 
 between Ferdinand I. and John ZApolya in 1538. It was 
 a temporary seat of the revolutionary government in 
 1849. Population, 64,000, (1910). 
 
 Grosvenor (gro've-nor) Gallery. 1 . A private 
 picture-gallery established in Grosvenor House, 
 London, by Richard, first Earl Grosvenor. He 
 purchased the pictures of Mr. Agar as a nucleus. It con- 
 tains fine works of Claude and Rubens. 
 
 2. A gallery for the exhibition of paintings of 
 the modem esthetic school, established by Lord 
 Grosvenor in New Bond street in 1876. Pictures 
 were received only by invitation. The exhibitions have 
 been discontinued. 
 
 Grosvenor Square. A fashionable square in 
 London, east of Hyde Park. It was laid out before 
 1716 and has been the residence of many famous men. 
 There is great variety of styles in its architecture, and it is 
 noted for the old ironwork and flambeau extinguishers 
 before many of the doors. 
 
 Grote (grot), George. Born at Clay Hill, near 
 Beckenham, Kent, Nov. 17, 1794: died at Lon- 
 don, June 18, 1871. A celebrated English his- 
 torical writer. He studied at the Charterhouse, and in 
 1810 entered his father’s bank, devoting himself thereafter 
 to that business. He was a member of Parliament 1833- 
 1841. His great work is a “History of Greece” (1846-56). 
 He also published “Plato and the other Companions of 
 Socrates ’’ (1865). His “ Minor Works ’’ were collected by 
 Bain (1873). 
 
 Grote, Mrs. (Harriet Lewin). Bom near South- 
 ampton, England, July 1, 1792: died at Shiere, 
 near Guildford, Surrey, Dec. 29, 1878. An Eng- 
 lish author, wife of George Grote (married 
 1820), whose biography she wrote (1873). She 
 published also “Life of Ary Scheffer” (1860), 
 etc. 
 
 Grotefend(gro'te-fent), Georg Friedrich. Born 
 at Miinden, near Cassel, Prussia, June 9, 1775: 
 died at Hannover, Prussia, Dec. 15, 1853. A 
 noted German philologist and archaaologist, 
 prorector (later conrector) of the gymnasium 
 at Frankfort-on-the-Main (1803-21), and direc- 
 tor of the lyceum at Hannover (1821-49). He 
 is especially noted for his labors on the decipherment of 
 the cuneiform inscriptions. His works include “Neue 
 Beitrage zur Erlauterung der persepolitanisclicn Keil- 
 schrift ” (1837), “Rudimenta lingme Umbricae ” (1835-38), 
 “ Rudimenta linguae Oscso ’’ (1839), etc. See the extract. 
 
 The clue to the decipherment of the [cuneiform] in- 
 scriptions was first discovered by the successful guess of 
 
 Grove, Sir William Robert 
 
 a German scholar, Grotefend. Grotefend noticed that the 
 inscriptions generally began with three or four words, one 
 of which varied, while the others remained unchanged. 
 The variable word had three forms, though the same form 
 always appeared on the same monument. Grotefend, 
 therefore, conjectured that this word represented the 
 name of a king, the words which followed it being the 
 royal titles. One of the supposed names appeared much 
 oftener than the others, and as it was too short for Ar- 
 taxerxes and too long for Cyrus, it was evident that it must 
 stand either for Darius or for Xerxes. A study of the 
 classical authors showed Grotefend that certain of the 
 monuments on which it was found had been constructed 
 by Darius, and he accordingly gave to the characters com- 
 posing it the values required for spelling “Darius ’’ in its 
 old Persian form. In this way he succeeded in obtaining 
 conjectural values for six cuneiform letters. He now 
 turned to the second royal name, which also appeared on 
 several monuments, and was of much the same length as 
 that of Darius. This could only be Xerxes ; but if so, the 
 fifth letter composing it (r) would necessarily be the same 
 as the third letter in the name of Darius. This proved to 
 be the case. Sayce, Anc. Monuments, p. 13. 
 
 Groth (grot), Klaus. Born atHeide, in Holstein, 
 April 24, 1819: died at Kiel, June 1,1899. A Ger- 
 man dialect poet. He wrote in 1853 the first volume of 
 “Quickborn” (“Living Spring”), poems of popular life, in 
 the “Platt-Deutsch” (Low German) dialect. He had not 
 had a university education, but was given the doctor’s title 
 “honoris causa” by the University of Bonn in 1856. In 1857 
 he became docent at Kiel, where he was subsequentlymade 
 professor. Twovolumesof “ Vertelln" (narrativesinprose) 
 appeared in 1855 and 1859. A second volume of “Quick- 
 born ” followed in 1872; “Ut min Jungsparadies, dreiVer- 
 telln” (“From my Youthful Paradise, Three Stories ”) in 
 1876. “Briefe fiber Hochdeutsch und Plattdeutsch ” 
 (“ Letters on High German and Platt-Deutsch ’’) appeared 
 iu 1858; “Uber Mundarten und Mundartliche Dichtung” 
 (“ On Dialects and Dialect Poetry ”) in 1873. 
 
 Grotius (gro'shi-us) (Latinized from de Groot), 
 Hugo. Born at Delft, Netherlands, April 10, 
 1583 : died at Rostock, Germany, Aug. 28-29, 
 1645. A celebrated Dutch jurist, theologian, 
 statesman, and poet, the founder of the science 
 of international law. He was made pensionary of Rot- 
 terdam in 1613; as a Remonstrant leader was condemned 
 to life imprisonment at Loevestein in 1619; escaped in 1621 ; 
 and was Swedish ambassador to France 1635-45. He pub- 
 lished “De jure belli et pacis” (1625 : his chief work), “ De 
 veritate religionis Christian® ” (1627), annotations on the 
 Old Testament (1644) and on the New Testament (1641-46), 
 “Adatnus exul” (1601: a tragedy), “Christus patiens” 
 (1608: a tragedy), and many other works. 
 
 Groton (gro'ton or grot'on). A town in Middle- 
 sex County, Massachusetts, 32 miles northwest 
 of Boston : the seat of Lawrence Academy and 
 of Groton School. Population, 2,155, (1910). 
 Groton. A town in New London County, Con- 
 necticut, situated at the mouth of the Thames, 
 opposite New London. It contains Fort Griswold, 
 which was the scene of a massacre of American troops 
 by British under Benedict Arnold, Sept. 6, 1781. Popula- 
 tion, 6,495, (1910). 
 
 Grotta del Cane (grot'ta del ka'ne). [It., lit. 
 ‘grotto of the dog': so named because the car- 
 bonic acid, collecting near the floor of the cave, 
 will kill a dog, while a man, being taller, es- 
 capes.] A grotto near Pozzuoli, 6 miles west 
 of Naples. The carbonic-acid gas collected in 
 it is dangerous to animal life. 
 
 Grottaglie (grot-tal'ye). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Lecce, Apulia, Italy, 13 miles northeast 
 of Taranto. Population, Il,274. 
 
 Grouchy (gro-she'), Marquis Emmanuel de. 
 BornatParis, Oct. 23, 1766: died at St.-fitienne, 
 France, May 29, 1847. A French marshal, dis- 
 tinguished in the Napoleonic wars. He commanded 
 a detached force in the Waterloo campaign, and defeated 
 part of Bliicher’s army at Wavre, June 18, 1816, but failed 
 to prevent Blficher from joining Wellington or to come 
 himself to the assistance of Napoleon at the battleof Water- 
 loo, which was fought afew miles distant on the same day. 
 
 Grouse’s Day, St. The 12th of August: so 
 called jocularly in Great Britain because the 
 shooting-season opens then. 
 
 Grousset (gro-sa'), Pascal. Born at Corsica, 
 1844: died at Paris, April 10, 1909. A French 
 journalist and Communist, minister of foreign 
 affairs in the Commune 1871 (March 22), and 
 member of the executive committee (April 21). 
 
 lie was arrested June 3, condemned to deportation, and 
 sent (June, 1872) to New Caledonia. In March, 1874, he 
 escaped to England, and returned to France in 1881, where 
 he devoted himself entirely to literary work. He wrote 
 under the pseudonyms Docteur Blasius, Leopold Virey, 
 Philippe Daryl, Andr6 Laurie, and Tiburce Moray. 
 
 Grove (grov), Sir George. Born at Clapham, 
 Surrey, Aug. 13, 1820 : died at London, May 28, 
 1900. An English engineer and writer. He built 
 at Jamaica in 1841 the first iron lighthouse, and was em- 
 ployed on the Britannia Bridge. He was director of the 
 Royal College of Music, Kensington, 1882-94. He edited 
 “Macmillan's Magazine ” for several years, and the “Dic- 
 tionary of Music and Musicians "(1879-89: newed. 1904-10). 
 Grove, Sir William Robert. Born at Swansea, 
 Wales, July 11, 1811 : died Aug. 1, 1896. An 
 English physicist. He was admitted to the bar 1835 ; 
 invented the voltaic battery known as “ Grove’s battery " 
 1839 ; was professor of physics at the London Institution 
 1840-47; became a judge of the Court of Common I’leas 
 
Grove, Sir William Robert 
 
 1871; was knighted 1872 ; became a judge of the High 
 Court of Justice 1875 ; and retired from the bench 1887. 
 Chief work, “ Ou the Correlation of Physical Forces " (1846). 
 
 Groveton (grov'ton). See Bull Bun. 
 
 Groyne, The. The old English name of Corunna. 
 Grua Talamanca y Branciforte (gro'a tiil-a- 
 man'kii e bran-the-for'te), Miguel de la, Mar- 
 quis of Branciforte. Born in Sicily about 1750 : 
 died after 1813. A Spanish general and admin- 
 istrator. He belonged to the family of the princes of 
 Carini, and was the brother-in-law of Manuel Godoy, 
 whose influence secured him many undeserved honors. 
 He was made captain-general in the army, grandee of 
 Spain, etc., and from July, 1794, to May, 1798, was viceroy 
 of Mexico. By scandalous abuse of his power he gathered 
 a large fortune, but incurred the hatred of his subjects. 
 In after life he adhered to Joseph Bonaparte. 
 
 Gruber (gro'ber), Johann Gottfried. Bom at 
 
 Naumburg on the Saale, Prussia, Nov. 29, 1774: 
 died at Halle, Prussia, Aug. 7, 1851. A German 
 writer and scholar, collaborator with Ersch on 
 the “Allgemeine EncyklopadiederWissenschaf- 
 ten und Kiinste.” 
 
 Grub (grub)Street. A London street, still ex- 
 isting, but for many years known as Milton 
 street. It is in the parish of St. Giles, Cripplegate, and 
 runs from Fore street to Chiswell street. It was formerly 
 noted “ as the abode of small authors, who as writers of 
 trashy pamphlets and broadsides became the butts for the 
 wits of their time. . . . The name ‘Grub street,’ as oppro- 
 brious, seems, however, to have been first applied by their 
 opponents to the writings of Foxe the martyrologist, who 
 resided in the street " (Hare, London, I. 273). 
 
 Grub Street Opera, The. A burlesque by Henry 
 Fielding, produced in 1731. 
 
 Grumbler (grum'bRr), The. A comedy by Sir 
 Charles Sedley, printed in 1702. It is a translation 
 of Brueys’s “ Le grandeur, ’’and was adapted as a farce by 
 Goldsmith in 1773. 
 
 Grumbletonians (grum-bl-to'ni-anz). In Great. 
 Britain, in the latter part of the 17th century, 
 a nickname for members of the Country party, 
 as opposed to the Court party. 
 
 Grumbo (grum'bo). A giant in the Tom Thumb 
 stories. 
 
 Grumentum (gro-men'tum). In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a town in Lucania, southern Italy, sit- 
 uated on the Aciris (now Agri) near the mod- 
 ern Saponara. 
 
 Grumio (gro'mi-o). In Shakspere’s comedy 
 ‘ ‘ The Taming of the Shrew,” a servant of Pe- 
 truchio. 
 
 Grumium (gro'mi-um). The fourth-magnitude 
 star f Draconis, in the head of the animal. 
 
 Griin. See Baldung, Hans. 
 
 Griin, Anastasius. See A uersperg, An ton Alex- 
 ander von. 
 
 Griinberg (griin'berG). A town in the province 
 of Silesia, Prussia, 50 miles southeast of Frank- 
 fort-on-the-Oder. It exports wine. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 21,630. 
 
 Grundtvig (gront'vig), Nikolai Frederik Sev- 
 erin. Born at TJdby,inZealand, Denmark, Sept. 
 8, 1783: died at Copenhagen, Sept. 2, 1872. A 
 Danish poet and divine. He was the son of a clergy- 
 man. He studied theology at the Copenhagen University, 
 and was first a tutor, and subsequently (1808) again in Co- 
 penhagen, where he published the same year “Nordens 
 Mythologi” (“Mythology of the North”), and the suc- 
 ceeding year “ Optrin af Kjiimpelivets Undergang i Nord" 
 (“Scenes from the Close of the Heroic Age iu the North ’’). 
 In 1810 he was chaplain to his father at Udby, but returned 
 to Copenhagen in 1813, after the latter’s death. In the fol- 
 lowing years he wrote many historical and religious arti- 
 cles in periodicals, and numerous poems. He also trans- 
 lated Saxo and the Heimskringla into Danish, and in 1820 
 made a free version of Beowulf. In 1821 he was appointed 
 parish priest at Prasto, but, went the following year to Co- 
 penhagen as chaplain. In 1825, in consequence of a violent 
 expression of opinion in “Kirkens Gjenmale”(“The An- 
 swer of the Church," namely, to a work by H. N. Clausen 
 on Catholicism and Protestantism), he was prosecuted for 
 damages and fined, and resigned his position. From 1829 
 to 1831 he was in England engaged in the study of Anglo- 
 Saxon literature. In 1839 he became pastor of the little 
 hospital church of Vartov, in Copenhagen, where he re- 
 mained until his death. On the fiftieth anniversary of his 
 priesthood the title of bishop was given him. He was a 
 most prolific writer in almost all departments of litera- 
 ture, and published more than 100 volumes. 
 
 Grundy (grun'di), Felix. Born in Berkeley 
 County, Va., Sept. 11, 1777 : died at Nashville, 
 Tenn., Dee. 19, 1840. An American politician. 
 He was United States senator from Tennessee 
 1829-38, and attorney-general 1838-40. 
 Grundy, Mr. In Dickens’s “ Pickwick Papers,” 
 a friend of Mr. Lowten. 
 
 Grundy, Mrs. In Morton’s comedy “ Speed the 
 Plough,” one of two rival farmers’ wives. She 
 
 is constantly alluded to by Mrs. Ashfield, the other farm- 
 er's wife, in the phrase “What will Mrs. Grundy say?” but 
 never appears on the scene. Her name has become pro- 
 verbial for conventional propriety and morality. 
 
 Gruner (gro'ner), Wilhelm Heinrich Ludwig. 
 
 Born at Dresden , Feb. 24, 1801: died there, Feb. 
 27, 1882. A German engraver. He illustrated, 
 
 464 
 
 among other works, ‘ ‘ Decorations and Stuccos of Churches 
 and Palaces of Italy” (1844) and “Specimens of Orna- 
 mental Art ” (1850). 
 
 Griinstadt (grim'stat). A small town in the 
 Rhine Palatinate, Bavaria, 10 miles southwest 
 of Worms. 
 
 Griinten (griin 'ten). A peak of the Algauer 
 Alps, Bavaria, near Immenstadt. There is a 
 fine prospect from its summit. Height, 5,712 
 feet. 
 
 Grus (gi’us). [L., ‘ a crane.’] A southern con- 
 stellation between Aquarius and Piseis Austra- 
 lis. It is one of the constellations introduced 
 by the navigators of the 16th century. 
 
 Gruter (grii'ter), or Gruyt&re (gru-e-tar'), Jan. 
 Born at Antwerp, Dec. 3, 1560 : died at Heidel- 
 berg, Baden, Sept. 20, 1627. A noted classical 
 scholar, author of ‘ 1 Inscriptiones antiquas totius 
 orbis Romanorum” (1603), etc. 
 
 Griitli. See Riltli. 
 
 Griitzner (grfits'ner) , Eduard. Born at Gross- 
 Karlowitz, in Silesia, May 26, 1846. A German 
 genre painter, best known from his scenes from 
 Shakspere. 
 
 Gruy^re (gru-yar'), G. Greierz (gri'erts). A 
 district in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. 
 Gruy&re, Th6odore Charles. Born at Paris, 
 Sept. 17, 1813: died there, March 1, 1885. A 
 French sculptor, a pupil of Ramey and Auguste 
 Dumont. 
 
 Gruydres (gru-yar'). A town in the district of 
 Gruy&re, celebrated for its cheese. 
 
 Grynseus (gri-ne'us) (Latinized from Gryner), 
 Simon. Born at Vehringen, Swabia, 1493 : died 
 at Basel, Aug. 1, 1541. A German-Swiss Prot- 
 estant theologian and philologist. 
 
 Gryphius (grif'i-us; G. pron. gre'fe-os), An- 
 dreas. Born atGlogau, in Silesia, Oct. 11, 1616: 
 died there, July 16, 1664. A German dramatist 
 and poet. He was in his early years a tutor, but was 
 enabled by his patron, the count palatine Georg von 
 Sclionborn, to go to Holland, when (1638) he matriculated 
 at Leyden, where he subsequently studied and taught. He 
 returned to Glogau in 1613, hut again (1646) left to travel 
 in Italy and France. In 1650 he became syndic of his 
 native town, where he died. He wrote odes, sonnets, 
 and hymns, but Iris fame is based principally upon his 
 dramas. Hewastheauthorof Stragedies: “Leo Arnienius” 
 (1650 : written in 1646), “Katharina von Georgien,” “Car- 
 denio und Celinde,” “Carolus Stuardus ” (1657 : written in 
 1649), and “ Papinianus ” (1059). More important still are 
 his comedies “Peter Squentz ” (1663) and “ Horribilicri- 
 brifax" (1663), both written between 1647 and 1650. A 
 third comedy, “Die geliebte Dornrose,” written in the 
 Silesian peasant dialect, was first acted in 1660 as the in- 
 terlude to a comic operetta, “Das verliebte Gespenst” 
 (“ The Enamoured Ghost ”). Twoother operatic plays are 
 “Majuma’’aud “ Piastus.” In addition to these, he trans- 
 lated a Latin religious drama and several comedies from 
 Italian and French. He has been styled “ the German 
 Shakspere. ” 
 
 Gryphon (grif'on). 1. A legendary monster, 
 with its lower part that of a lion and its upper 
 that of a bird of prey. — 2. See Aquilant. 
 Guacanagari (gwa-kan-a-ga-re'), or Guacana- 
 hari (gwa-kan-a-a-re'). Died about 1496. An 
 Indian chief of the district of Marien, on the 
 northeast coast of Haiti. He was very friendly to 
 Columbus, who left a small colony near his village (Jan., 
 1493) : this was destroyed by hostile Indians, who also at- 
 tacked Guacanagari. He remained faithful to the whites, 
 but in 1495 his subjects rebelled on account of the tribute 
 exacted by the conquerors. Guacanagari tied to t he moun- 
 tains, where he died miserably. 
 
 Guacharos (gwa'cha-rds), Cave of the. [Sp. 
 Cueva de Guacharos .] A cave near Caripe, state 
 of Bermudez, Venezuela : so named because it 
 is inhabited by the birds called guacharos (Stea- 
 tornis caripensis). It was visited and described 
 by Humboldt. 
 
 Guachires. See Guaiqueris. 
 
 Guachis (gwii-shez'). [So called by the Guayeu- 
 rus : said to mean ‘ slippery feet.’] A tribe of 
 Indians of southern Matto Grosso, Brazil, now 
 nearly or quite extinct, owing to the practice 
 of infanticide among them. They were formerly 
 powerful. The Guachis appear to be the same as the 
 Guaxarapos or Guasarapos mentioned by old writers 
 (also Gnararapos and Guarapayos). Their relations are 
 doubtful. Also written Guochiex, Guaxis. 
 Guadalajara (gwa-da-la-Ha'ra). 1. A province 
 in New Castile, Spain, bounded by Segovia, So- 
 ria, and Saragossa on the north, Teruel ou the 
 east, Cuenca on the south, and Madrid on the 
 west. Area, 4,676 square miles. Population, 
 200,186.-2. The capital of the province of 
 Guadalajara, situated on the Henarcs 33 miles 
 northeast of Madrid. Population, 11,873. 
 Guadalajara. The capital of the state of Ja- 
 lisco, Mexico, situated about lat. 21° N.,long. 
 103° 10' W. It was founded in 1531, is the third city 
 of Mexico in size, and contains a cathedral and a univer- 
 sity. Population, 118,799, (1910). 
 
 Guadalajara, Audience of. See Kueva Galicia. 
 
 Guaimis 
 
 Guadalaviar (gwa-THa-la-ve-ar'). A river of 
 eastern Spain which flows into the Mediterra- 
 nean near Valencia. 
 
 Guadalcazar, Marquis of. See Fernandes de 
 Cordova, Diego. 
 
 Guadalquivir (ga-dal-kwiv'er; Sp. pron. gwii- 
 Tiral -ke-ver'). [From Ar. wddi-el-kebir, the 
 great river.] A river in southern Spain, flow- 
 ing into the Atlantic 17 miles north-northwest 
 of Cadiz: the ancient Bastis. Length, about 
 350 miles ; navigable to Seville. Cordova is 
 also on its banks. 
 
 Guadalupe (gwa-da-16'pa). A town in the 
 province of Caceres, Spain, situated at the 
 base of the Sierra Guadalupe about 60 miles 
 east of Caceres. The Hieronymite convent of Santa 
 Maria is a noble foundation, royally endowed. The build- 
 ings are very extensive. The church is massive, in Pointed 
 architecture, with a sumptuous retable and many tombs. 
 The sacristy is reputed one of the finest in Spain : it con- 
 tains paintings by Zurbaran and by Luca Giordano. There 
 are two fine cloisters — one in the Moresco style, the 
 other Pointed. Population, 3,270. 
 
 Guadalupe (ga-da-lop' ; Sp. pron. gwii-Tiia-lo'- 
 pa). A river in southern Texas which joins 
 the San Antonio about 10 miles from its mouth. 
 Length, about 250 miles. 
 
 Guadalupe-Hidalgo (gwfi - da -16 ' pa - e - dal '- 
 go). A town in the federal district, Mexico, 3 
 miles north of Mexico. It is celebrated for its chapel 
 on the spot where the Virgin is said to have appeared to 
 a shepherd. By a treaty signed here Feb. 2, 1848, Mexico 
 ceded a large territory, comprising the modern California, 
 Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona, a large part of New Mex- 
 ico, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming, to the United 
 States. 
 
 Guadeloupe (ga-de-lop'; F. pron. gwad-lop'). 
 An island of the West Indies, belonging to 
 France, intersected by lat. 16° 15' N., long. 
 61° 30' W. It consists of two parts separated by a nar- 
 row channel — Guadeloupe proper or Basse-Terre in the 
 west, and Grande-Terre in the east. The former is moun- 
 tainous, the latter generally low. The chief product is 
 sugar. The capital is Basse-Terre ; the largest place, Pointe- 
 a-Pitre. The island, with Marie- Galante, La IWsirade, Les 
 Saintes, St.-Bartholomew, and part of St. -Martin, forms a 
 government. It was discovered by Columbus, Nov. 4,1493 ; 
 was colonized by the French in 1635; was several times 
 taken by Great Britain ; and was finally secured to France 
 in 1815. Area, 583 square miles. Population of Guade- 
 loupe, 142,294 ; of Guadeloupe and its dependencies, 
 165,899. 
 
 Guadet (ga-da'), Marguerite Elie. Born at 
 
 St.-Emilion, near Bordeaux, France, July 20, 
 1758 ; guillotined at Bordeaux, June 18, 1794. A 
 French Girondist leader, deputy to the Legisla- 
 tive Assembly in 1791, and to the Convention in 
 1792. 
 
 Guadiana (gwa-THe-a'na or gwa-de-a'na). A 
 river of Spain and Portugal, forming in part of 
 its course a boundary between the two coun- 
 tries : the ancient Anas. It flows into the Atlantic 
 in lat. 37° 9' N., long. 7° 18' W. In a portion of its upper 
 course it flows for many miles underground. Length, over 
 f>00 miles. 
 
 Guadix (gwii-THeH'). A town in the province 
 of Granada, Spain, 30 miles east-northeast of 
 Granada. It has a cathedral and a ruined 
 castle. Population, 12,652. 
 
 Guaduas (gwa'THwas). A town in Colombia, 
 situated about lat. 5° S., long. 74° 50' W. 
 Population, about 8,000. 
 
 Guahan (gwa-han'), or Guam (gwiim), or San 
 Juan (sail Ho-an'), Sp. Guajan (gwa-Hiin'). 
 The southernmost and largest of the Ladroues, 
 Pacific Ocean, intersected by lat. 13° 26' N., 
 long. 144° 40' E. It was ceded by Spain to the United 
 States by the treaty of Paris, Dec. 10, 1898. It is about 32 
 miles long and 3-0 wide. Area, about 200 sq. miles. Popu- 
 lation, 11,760. 
 
 Guaharibos (gwii-a-re'bos). A tribe of Indians 
 of the Carib stock, in southern Venezuela, liv- 
 ing about the head waters of the Orinoco and 
 Caura. Formerly numerous and formidable, they are 
 now reduced to a few hundred, who stand in great fear 
 of the whites and have little intercourse with them. 
 Guahibos (gwa-e'bos). An Indian tribe of the 
 upper Orinoco valley. They were formerly pow- 
 erful, but are now reduced to a few thousand, near the 
 Orinoco, between the Meta and the Vichada. They are 
 nomadic, rarely passing two nights in the same place ; live 
 by hunting and fishing and on wild fruits ; and are sav- 
 ages of a low grade. About 1770 a few were gathered into 
 mission villages, but they soon returned to the plains, and 
 have remained inveterate enemies of the whites. Their 
 color is lighter than that of most Indians. Their linguis- 
 tic relations are doubtful. Also written Guaybas, Guaji - 
 vos , Guahivos. 
 
 Guaicas, or Guaycas. See Quaquas. 
 Guaicuris, or Guaikeries. See Guaiqueris. 
 Guaimis (gwi'mes). An Indian tribe of south- 
 eastern Costa Rica, near the Bay of Chiriqui, 
 on both sides of the central Cordillera. Their 
 language appears to have some relation to that 
 of the ancient Cliibchas of New Granada. 
 
Guaiqueris 
 
 465 
 
 Guatos 
 
 Guaiqueris (gwi-ka-res'). A tribe of Indians degree of civilization, and resisted the Spanish conquerors The name was transferred to the modern city near the 
 which formerly occupied the island of Margarita with 8 reat valor. Their descendants may be traced in the same place, now known in English as Cape Haitien. 
 and the adiaoent parts of Venezuela Thev are m !, x , e( i races of the same region, and it is said that some Guarini (gwa-re'ne), Giovanni Battista. Born 
 ana ine aaiacent pails oi yenezueia. ibeyare wild hordes to the east were derived from them. at Ferrara Italv Dpc 10 1 r V17 • at Vo,,:,.,, 
 
 supposed to have been of Carib stock. Their descendants « jolon/ln au .r eizaia.iiaiy, ixec. 1U, loaf . aiea at Venice, 
 
 live in the same region, but speak only Spanish. Also Guano Islands (gwa no l landz). Islands off Oct. 4, 1612. A noted Italian poet and diplo- 
 written Guakeries, Guaicuris, and Guachires. the coast ot Feru, noted tor their deposits ot matist, professor of belles-lettres at Ferrara 
 
 Guaira, La. See La Guayra. guano. They comprise the Lobos Islands, Chin- He was in the service of the Duke of Ferrara, and later hi 
 
 Guajira (gwa-He'ra), or Goajira (gwa-He'rii). cha Islands, etc. that of Tuscany and that of Urbino. His chief work is 
 
 A peninsula, partly in Venezuela and partly in Guantanamo (gwan-ta'na-mo). A city of Cuba, n ‘‘M pastor fido’’(if.85). 
 
 Colombia, projecting into the Caribbean Sea situated about 40 miles northeast of Santiago Guanonex(gwa-ie-o nag). Died after 1510. An 
 northwest of Lake Maracaibo. de Cuba and about 10 miles north of Guantd- ll l< liU1 . c - i , ° *'~ e region or “province” of 
 
 Guajivos. See Gliahibo.S. namo Bay. The latter was the scene of engagements rohimhlm ho S nimhirin r tL? a rnd f r! Taitl ’ i **0 received 
 
 Gual (gwal), Pedro. Born at Caracas, Jan. 31, between the Spanish and United States troops and vessels tlll l whites unt |i wgsfwhen' h^’h^dedTrevolt. Defeated! 
 1784: died at Gruayacpiil, Ecuador, May 6, 1862. ^ i a ^ \r^ ’ J he fled to the country of Mayobanex, but was eventually 
 
 -i-i o v\ sin captured and held as a hostage. 
 
 A Guarneri (gwar-ua/re), Latinized Guarnerius 
 
 in June, 1898. Population, 14,559. 
 
 A Venezuelan statesman. He was a lawyer ; joined ^ ee Yap. .. 
 
 the patriots in 1810; occupied many important civil and irUapey (gwa-pay ), or Guapay (gwa-pi ) 
 
 diplomatic posts; was one of the leaders of the insurrec 
 tion against Monagas in 1858 ; and was vice-president and 
 president ad interim in 1800. 
 
 Gualdo Tadino (gwal'do ta-de'uo). A town 
 in the province of Perugia, Italy, 21 miles east- 
 northeast. of Perugia. Near this place, at the ancient 
 Tagime (Tadinum), Narses defeated Totila in 552. It lias 
 a cathedral. Population, commune, 10,055. _ . 
 
 Gualeguay (gwa-la-gwi'). A town in the prov- Guaranis (gwa-ra-nes'), Guaranys. 
 ince of Entre Bios, Argentine Republic, situ- riors.’J A powerful race of South i 
 ated on the river Gualeguay 120 miles north T " J "~ l '~ 
 by west of Buenos Ayres. Population, 
 about 9,000. 
 
 Gualeguaychu (gwa-la-gwi-cho'). A town in 
 the province of Entre Rios, Argentine Repub- 
 lic, situated on tho river Gualeguaychu 115 
 miles north of Buenos Ayres. It was founded 
 in 1783. Population, about 15,000. 
 
 Guam. See Chtahan. 
 
 Guamanga (gwa-man'ga), or Huamanga (wa- 
 man'ga). A city of Peru, now called Ayacucho. 
 
 Guamas (gwa-mas'). An Indian tribe of the 
 Orinoco valley, oil the Apure. They were formerly 
 numerous, had large villages, were agricultural, and were 
 skiUed in the manufacture of pottery and other objects. 
 
 They were perhaps of Tupi stock. The tribe is nearly ex- 
 tinct. 
 
 Guamos. Same as Guarna 
 
 river in Bolivia which rises near Cochabamba, (gwar-ne'ri-us), Andrea. Born at Cremona, 
 and unites with the Mamord. Italy, about 1630 : died after 1695 (?). A noted 
 
 Guapord (gwa-po-ra/), called in its upper course Italian violin-maker. 
 
 Itenez (e-ta-naz'). A river in western Brazil Guarneri, Antonio Giuseppe. Born at Cre- 
 and on the Brazilian and Bolivian border. It mona, June 8, 1683: died 1745. A celebrated 
 unites with the Mamore in lat. 11° 54' 13" S. Italian violin-maker, nephew of Andrea Guar- 
 Length, over 900 miles. neri. 
 
 [‘War- Guastalla fgwas-tal'la). A small town in the 
 American province of Reggio nell’ Emilia, Italy, situated 
 Indians who, at the time of the conquest, oc- at the junction of the Crostolo with the Po, 19 
 cupied most of the region now included in miles northeast of Parma. The duchy of Guastaila 
 Paraguay, together with portions of Uruguay (previous to 1621 a county) passed to Don Philip of Spain, 
 
 and of the Brazilian coast to Santa Catharina. *Ma?S7 1 nni^ a m 1 i ! aiK 174 |’t t °M a !! line Bo 1 r l o ese in 1805 ’ to 
 
 They were divided into numerous tribes and villages with , 181 A an< ?. ‘"Modena ,n 1848 - ., , _ 
 
 different names, not bound together by any permanent uCmHla, (ga-te-ma 14; op. pron. gwa-ta-ma - 
 league, but having essentially the same language and IS), " 
 
 customs. The Guaranis cultivated manioc and other A : 
 
 plants, had well-ordered towns, and practised rude arts : 
 it does not appear that any of them were cannibals. Gen- 
 erally they received the whites as friends, and were easily 
 subdued. Among them the Jesuits established theirmost 
 important missions. From this race, mingled with the 
 Spaniards, was derived the modern population of Para- 
 guay, where a corrupt form of Guarani is still the common 
 language. In that country only the so-called t’aas of the 
 upper Parana remain in a wild state. The name is loosely 
 used forsemi-civilized Indians of Tupi stock in Argentina, 
 Uruguay, and southern Brazil. The Guarani language 
 has a considerable literature, including a newspaper. 
 Also written Guaranies. 
 
 Guanabacoa (gwa-na-ba-ko'ii). A town in Cuba, Guarani stock. See Tupi stock, 
 
 5 miles east of Havana. It is the residence of manv / - •• A 
 
 Havana merchants, and a sea-bathing resort. Population, (xliaratingUCta (gwa-ra-ten-gwa-ta ). A town 
 municipality, 24,968. in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, situated on 
 
 Guanahani (gwii-na-a-ne'). The native name the Parahiba 120 miles west by north of Rio de 
 of the first island discovered by Columbus in Janeiro. Population, municipio, 38.263. 
 his voyage of 1492, and consequently the first Guaraunos(gwa-ra-6'nos or wa-ra-o'nos), called 
 American land seen by modern Europeans, by the English of Guiana Warraus, or Guar 
 
 It was described as low and flat, covered with trees, sur- 
 rounded by reefs, and having a lake in the center. It was 
 certainly one of the Bahamas, nearthemiddle of thegroup, 
 but its exact identity cannot now be determined with 
 certainty. The weight of opinion inclines to Watling 
 Island ; but various writers have supposed it to be Cat 
 Island, Samana, Acklin, Mariguana, or Grand Turk. 
 
 Guanajuato (gwa-na-Ho-a'to). 1. A state of 
 
 raus (wa-ra-os'). A tribe of South American 
 Indians about the mouth of the Orinoco. For- 
 
 UWWVrmWl«M4,UJ 9V lliCD 1 Cllj KJ p . pi V7JL1 . £2, VV Ct-ltt-liia - 
 
 a), incorrectly Guaiimala (gwa-te-ma'la). 
 
 republic of Central America. Capital, Gua- 
 temala. It is bounded by Mexico on the north and 
 northwest, British Honduras, the Gulf of Honduras, and 
 Honduras on the east, Salvador on the southeast, and the 
 Pacific Ocean on the southwest. The surface is generally 
 mountainous. The chief product is coffee. It is divided 
 into 21 departments. The executive is vested in a presi- 
 dent and a council of state, and legislation in a national 
 assembly. Most of the people are Roman Catholics, but 
 other cults are tolerated. Guatemala was conquered by 
 Pedro de Alvarado, the lieutenant of Colics, in 1624-26. 
 After a short connection with Iturbide’s Mexican empire, 
 it formed part of the Central American Confederation 
 1823-39, when it was established as an independent re- 
 public. It has had several wars with Salvador and Hon- 
 duras. Area, 48,290 square miles. Population, 1,882,992. 
 
 Guatemala, or Santiago de Guatemala (siin- 
 te-ii'go da gwa-ta-ma'la), sometimes called 
 New'Guatemala (Sp. Guatemala la Nueva). 
 
 The capital of the republic of Guatemala, situ- 
 ated about lat. 14° 36' N., long. 90° 27' W. The 
 chief building is the cathedral. The city was founded in 
 1775, soon after the destruction of Old Guatemala. Popu- 
 lation, 125,000. 
 
 rnerly they seem to have been confined to the swampy lands Guatemala, Audience of. See Confines , Autli- 
 of the delta, where they built their houses on piles or in ence of the 
 
 lands.’ oafish Guatemala, Old or Antigua (an-te'gwii). A 
 
 or»rl frnito 'FVw'.Jr. 1 „ .. ...... A .. .4 41. „ 4 l.OWTl OT (TliniPTHfilfl Dll I n a TXT nct.CAntVi mnof 
 
 and fruits. Their language is very distinct from that- of 
 surrounding tribes. A few thousand remain, 
 
 a i i Cl ■» • i f ,1 DimuuiiumgmucH. a icw uMMisanu remain* 
 
 Mexico, bounded by San Luis Potosl on the r* 110VntTAn ✓ - /\ rr\ • i 7 
 
 north, Queretaro on the east, Michoacan on the ( ,L' without- T* T t 
 
 south, and Jalisco on the west. 
 
 breeches, yoc, without; naked.] A tribe of 
 richness of its silver-mines. Area, 11,370 square miles Bolivian Indians occupying the partly wooded 
 - plains northeast ot Santa Cruz de la Sierra. 
 
 It is noted for the 
 ,370 square miles 
 Also written Guanaxuato. 
 
 Population, 1,076,270, (1910). 
 
 2. The capital of the 
 ated about lat. 21° 
 
 is the center of an important silver-mining re- northern Bolivia, 
 gion. Population, 35,147, (1910). Guardafui (gwar-da-fwe'), or Gardafui (gar 
 
 Guanare (gwa-na 'ra). A town, capital of the da-fwe'). Cape. A^ape in the northeastern ex- 
 
 town of Guatemala, 24 miles west-southwest of 
 New Guatemala. The original city of Guatemala, 
 founded 1527, was destroyed by a flood from the Volcan 
 de Agua 1541 ; refonnded on a new site 1542, it was almost 
 completely destroyed by the great earthquake of July 29, 
 1773 ; the capital was then removed to its present site, 
 but the town of Antigua grew up about the ruins of the 
 
 state of Portuguesa, Venezuela," 218 miles tremity of Italian Somaliland, Africa, lat. 11° 
 
 important 30" N., long. 51° 16' 10" E. : next to 1 
 
 Ras 
 
 died 
 
 le state of Guanajuato, situ- Guarayos. A name sometimes, but improperly, second city. Population, about 10 , 000 . 
 
 1' N., long. 100° 55' W It applied to the Itenes and other savage Indians Guatemala, Presidency of. 1 he region in Cen- 
 
 .- a — a__-i • • i tral America which, during the colonial period, 
 
 was subject to the jurisdiction of the Audience 
 of the Confines or of Guatemala. See Confines. 
 As originally limited, in 1645, it embraced all the present 
 states of Central America, the Isthmus of Panama, Yuca- 
 tan, and Chiapas, the capital, after 1549, being at Guate- 
 mala. In 1548 Yucatan was placed under the Audience 
 of Mexico, and in 1550 the isthmus was united to Peru. 
 From 1561 to 1570 the Central American colonies were 
 made subject to New Spain (Mexico). In 1670 the Audi 
 ence of the Confines was again established at Guatemala, 
 and thereafter the presidency included the present Cen- 
 tral American countries (except portions of the east coast 
 which subsequently fell into the hands of the British), 
 together with Chiapas, now a state of Mexico. After 1680 
 Guatemala was ruled by captains-general, who were also 
 generally presidents of the audience, but had independent 
 powers similar to those of the viceroys of New Spain and 
 Peru. The provinces, corresponding to the present re- 
 publics, were ruled by governors who, to a certain extent, 
 were subject to the captain-general. 
 
 southwest of Caracas. It has an impor 
 
 trade in cattle. It was founded in 1593. Pop- Hafun, the easternmost point of Africa, 
 ulatiou, about 12.000. Guardi (gwar'de), Francesco. Born 1712 
 
 Guanas (gwa-nas'). A tribe of South American 1793. A Venetian painter. 
 
 Indians at present established in the southern Guardia (gwtir-de'a). Tomas. Born at Bagaces, 
 part of the state of Matto Grosso, Brazil, near Guanacaste, Dec. 17, 1832 : died July 7, 1882. 
 Mi randa. They are divided into several subtribes, known A Costa-Rican general . He headed the revolt of 1870 
 as r.ayauas, Terenas, and Quiniquinaos. Physically and which deposed Jimenez and made Carranza president: but 
 intellectually they are one of the finest tribes in South Guardia,thoughnominallyremainingmilitarycommand- 
 America, living in well-ordered viUages, excelling in primi- er . was reaUy the chief of state. From Aug. 8, 1870 , to 
 tive arts, and subsisting mainly by agriculture. They are May 8, 1876, he was president. 
 
 now reduced to a few thousand, who live in friendly re- Guardian (gar'di-an), The. 1. A plav by Mas- 
 lations with the Brazilians. Under the name Chanas or sina-cr licensed in 1633 nlnvoJ ir> lGul Q „,l 
 Chanes they were known in the 18th century, on the west- TV ! i .» l ,Ul - vca ln 1634, and 
 
 cm side of the Paraguay, where the Jesuit authors men- 
 tion them as early as 1645. Their language is closely al- 
 lied to that of the Moxos of the river Mamor6, of which 
 tribe they are probably an offshoot. They belong to the 
 great Arawak stock. 
 
 published in 1655. — 2. A comedy by Abraham ■ 
 
 Cowley, acted at Cambridge in 1641 for Prince Guatemotzin (gwa-ta-mot'zen), or Guatemoc 
 
 Guancavelica. See Huancavelica. 
 
 Guanches (gwanch'ez). The Berber tribe which 
 inhabited the Canary Islands, West Africa. The 
 colonization of these islands by the Guanches must have 
 taken place before the Arabian invasion. The Guanches 
 belonged to the red haired variety of Berbers, and em- 
 
 Charles. It was printed in 1650, and rewritten 
 as “The Cutter of Coleman Street” in 1658. — 
 
 3. A periodical published at London in 1713, 
 and edited by Steele. It comprised 176 num- 
 bers (51 of them by Addison). It followed the 
 “ Spectator,” and was inferior to it. 
 
 Guardian Angel, The. A novel by Oliver Wen- 
 
 dell Holmes, published in 1868. . , , , 
 
 balmed their dead, whom they preserved in caves like the Gnardiola I'.rwb,. r/i;; , 0,1 .“> e way ho was accused of treachery and hanged. 
 
 Egyptians. They probably diTl not possess the art of ism f J T v , toco a B written Guatemozvn, Quauhtemotzin, Cuauhtemoc, , 
 
 writing. Spanish has completely superseded the Guanch ^!:V. ^ ssa ssinated Jan. 1 1, 1862. A general and Guatescos. See Hnastccs. 
 
 language, but it is said that the rural population still politician of Honduras. He was a rough and cruel GliatOS (gwii-tos'). A South American Indian 
 
 shows many Berber features and customs. The type is soldier who, after serving under Malespin and against 
 
 most clearly seen in Teneritfe and Gomera. Walker, was president of Honduras from Feb. 17, 1856. 
 
 Guanes (gwa-nas'). An ancient Indian tribe of His a,i ministration was, on the whole, good, though his 
 Colombia, which occupied the mountainous re- SrAmerict" W ° U ^ h ™ the tit,e ° f “ the Tig, ’ r of 
 m w , ‘ a !; now t j, le southern part of the de- Guarico (gwa're-ko). Originally, in 1492, the 
 part menthol Santander. They had attained Bome Indian town in Haiti governed by Guacanagari. 
 
 (gwa'ta-mok). [‘ Swooping eagle.’] Bornabout 
 1497 : died in Tabasco early in 1525. The last 
 Aztec sovereign of Mexico. He was nephew of 
 Montezuma II., and was elected to the throne on the 
 death of Cuitlahuatzin (Sept., 1520) ; defended Mexico 
 against Cortes in the famous siege, May-Aug., 1521 ; was 
 captured Aug. 13 ; and was subsequently tortured in the 
 hope that lie would give up concealed treasure. In 1524 
 he was forced to go with Cortds on the march to Honduras : 
 
 Also 
 etc. 
 
 tribe in the swampy regions of the upper Para- 
 guay Liver. Formerly they were very numerouB and 
 warlike ; they are now reduced to a few hundred about the 
 mouth of the Sao Louren^o tributary. The Guatos resem- 
 ble Europeans in color, and have short beards. They live 
 almost entirely in canoes, Ashing and hunting, making 
 rude huts in the swamps, and retiring to higher lands only 
 
Guatos 
 
 466 
 
 Gueroult 
 
 during the floods. They have long been friends of the Bra- 
 zilians, and aided them in the war with Paraguay 7865-70. 
 Their linguistic relations are doubtful. 
 
 Guatusos (gwa-to'sos). A tribe of Indians in 
 northern Costa Rica, on the streams which flow 
 into Lake Nicaragua. They practise agriculture, are 
 enemies of the whites, and have always retained their in- 
 dependence. By their language they appear to constitute 
 a distinct stock. Only a few hundred are left. Many of 
 the older writers have erroneously supposed that theGua- 
 tusos were descended from Mexicans brought to this re- 
 gion by the Spaniards, or from the bucaneers. Also writ- 
 ten Huatusos. 
 
 Guaviare (gwa-ve-a'ra). A river in Colombia 
 and Venezuela, joining the Orinoco about lat. 
 4° N., long. 68° 10' W. Length, about 725 miles. 
 Guaxaca. See Oajaca. 
 
 Guaxarapos, or Guasarapos. See G uachis. 
 Guayana. See Guiana. 
 
 Guayanas. Same as Guanas. 
 
 Guayaquil (gwi-a-kel'), or Santiago de Guay- 
 aquil (san-te-a'go da gwi-a-kel'). The chief 
 seaport and most populous city of Ecuador, situ- 
 ated on the river Guayas in lat. 2° 12' S., long. 
 79° 52' W. : an important commercial place. 
 Population, about 50,000. 
 
 Guayaquil, Gulf of. An inlet of the Pacific 
 Ocean, west of Ecuador. 
 
 Guayas (gwi'as). A maritime province of Ecua- 
 dor. Capital, Guayaquil. Area, about 11,000 
 square miles. Population, 98,100. 
 
 Guaybas. Same as Gualiibos. 
 
 Guaycurus (gwi-ko-ros'). A tribe of South 
 American Indians, on the river Paraguay, in 
 
 Brazil, near the Paraguayan frontier: now com- 
 monly known to Brazilians as Cadiueios, prop- 
 erly the name of one of their clans. The Para- 
 guayans call them Mbayas. They are powerfully built, 
 brave, and warlike. Formerly they were very numerous 
 and nomadic, living by hunting and fishing and by rob- 
 bing other tribes. They acquired horses from Spanish 
 stock, and became skilful horsemen. They were long a 
 terror to the whites and to surrounding tribes, the few 
 hundred remaining live in villages under Brazilian rule. 
 It is doubtful if this was the tribe of the same name 
 known in the Chaco region in the 17th and 18th centuries. 
 Also written Guaicurus , Guaycurues, Guaycurus, etc. 
 
 Guaycuru stock (gwi-ko-ro' stok), sometimes 
 called the Chaco stock. A well-defined group 
 of South American Indian tribes, nearly all of 
 which inhabit the region west of the river Para- 
 guay, between 19° and 29° S. lat., known as 
 the Gran Chaco. It includes the Guaycurus, Mocobis, 
 Tobas the extinct Abipones, and many others, all of more 
 or less nomadic habits, warlike, and living largely by rapine. 
 The Jesuit missionaries could make little impression on 
 them and a few only, on account of weakness, have sub- 
 mitted to white influence. They resemble North American 
 Indians in their coppery color. The different tribes speak 
 closely allied languages. 
 
 Guaymas (gwi'mas). [Prob. an Opata name.] 
 A tribe, now extinct (as such), formerly living 
 on the coast of the Gulf of California in Sonora. 
 From them the town of Guaymas derives its name. The 
 Guaymas were almost exterminated, in the second half of 
 the 18th century, by the Seris. Their language is said to 
 be a dialect of the Pima 
 
 Guaymas. A seaport in the state of Sonora, 
 Mexico, situated on the Gulf of California in 
 lat. 27° 56' N., long. 110° 56' W. Population, 
 about 7,000. 
 
 Guaynos (gwi'nos). An ancient Indian tribe 
 of northeastern South America, south of the 
 Orinoco, from whom the great region called 
 Guiana is said to have derived its name. The 
 Guinaus of the upper Orinoco, or the Guianaus of British 
 Guiana (both of Arawak stock), may be their descendants. 
 
 Guayra (gwi-ra' or gwi'ra). The name given 
 by the Spanish conquerors of Paraguay to the 
 region bordering the upper Parand. Thename was 
 loosely applied, sometimes including both sides of the river 
 above the great fall, at other times denoting the region to 
 the east and southeast of the river, including the present 
 disputed territory of Missiones, and portions of Paranti, 
 Santa Catharina, and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil and of 
 Corrientes in Argentina. Until the 19th century it was 
 legally or practically included in the government of Para- 
 guay, and the Jesuits had important missions there. 
 
 Guayra, La. See La Guayra. 
 
 Guayra Cataract. See Sete Quedas. 
 
 Gubbio (gob'be-o). A cathedral city in the 
 province of Perugia, Italy, at the foot of Monte 
 Cal vo 20 miles north-northeast of Perugia: the 
 ancient Iguvium or Eugubium. It has manufac- 
 tures of mafolica. The Eugubine Tables (which see) are 
 here, and other Umbrian antiquities; and there are va- 
 rious remains of antiquity in the neighborhood, a he 1 a- 
 lazzo dei Consoli is a building of the early 14th century 
 one of the most massive examples of Italian medieval 
 civic construction. With its tower and its battlements, it 
 recalls the Florentine Palazzo Vecchio. This Umbrian 
 town was destroyed by the Goths. It was independent in 
 the middle ages. Population, 5,673. 
 
 Guben (go'ben). A town in the province of 
 Brandenburg, Prussia, situated at the con- 
 fluence of the Lubis with the Neisse, about 
 
 26 miles south -south east of Frankfort-on-the- 
 Oder. Population, 36,636. 
 
 Gubitz (go'bits), Friedrich Wilhelm. Born 
 at Leipsic, Feb. 27, 1786: died at Berlin, June 
 5, 1870. A German journalist, author, and 
 artist. He edited and illustrated the “Deut- 
 scher Volkskalender ” (1835-69), etc. 
 
 Gucurnatz (go-ko-mats'). [Quiche, ‘feathered 
 serpent,’ or ‘serpent clothed in green and 
 blue.’] In the Quiche mythology of the Popul 
 Vuh, the title of the first creator of all things. 
 Gudbrandsdal (god'brands-dal). The valley of 
 the Laagen, in central Norway. 
 
 Gude (go'de), Hans Frederik. Born at Chris- 
 tiania, March 13, 1825: died at Berlin, Aug. 17, 
 1903. A Norwegian landscape-painter, a pupil 
 of Achenbach and Schirmer at the Academy of 
 Diisseldorf, and from 1880 a successful teacher 
 of his art in Berlin. 
 
 Gudea (go-da'a). One of the earliest Babylo- 
 nian kings, or, as they were styled in the old- 
 est epoch of Babylonian history, jmtesi, i. e. 
 priest-king or viceroy. Gudea ia mentioned as such 
 a patesi of Sirpurla or Sirgurla. Eight statues and other 
 monuments of him have been found. The exact date of 
 his reign has not been ascertained (possibly about 3000 
 B. C., or, according to some, 4000 B. C.). 
 
 Gudin (gii-dah'), Theodore. Born at Paris, 
 Aug. 15, 1802: died at Boulogne-sur-Seme, 
 France, April 11, 1880. A French painter of 
 marines and landscapes. 
 
 Gudrun (go-dron'), or Kudrun (ko-dron ). 
 [MHG. Kutrun, NHG. Gudrun.'] The heroine 
 of a Middle High German epic poem, after the 
 “ Nibelungenlied ” the most important in the 
 early literature of Germany. Gudrun is the daugh- 
 ter of King Hetel of Hegelingen. The scene of action is 
 principally the coast region of the North Sea and Nor- 
 mandy. The poem was written in the 13th century by an 
 unknown author in Austria or Bavaria. 
 
 Guebers, or Ghebers (ge'berz), or Gabers, or 
 
 Ghavers (ga'verz), or Gebirs (ge-berz ). 
 [Commonly derived from the Arabic kdfir, in- 
 fidel (‘giaour,’ the word applied by Mohamme- 
 dans to all non-Mohammedans, and supposed to 
 have been applied to this sect by their Arab 
 conquerors in the 7th century). From its oc- 
 currence in the Talmud as Clwber , and in Oii- 
 gen as JKabir, others believe it to be an .ancient 
 proper name from some tribe or locality.] A 
 Mohammedan name of the followers of Zoro- 
 aster, otherwise known as Atishparastan (‘fire- 
 worshipers’), Majusan (from their priests the 
 magi), and Parsis, or people of Pars or Fars 
 (Persia). See Parsis. . 
 
 Guebriant (ga-bre-oh'), Jean Baptiste Budes, 
 Comte de. Born at Plessis-Budes, Brittany, 
 Feb. 2, 1602: died at Rottweil, Swabia, Nov. 
 24 1643. A French marshal. He served in Ger- 
 many from 1635 under Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar. On the 
 death of Bernhard he concluded, Oct. 9, 1639, a treaty with 
 the officers of the late duke’s army, whereby the army en- 
 tered the service of France. He defeated and captured 
 the Imperialist general Lamboy at Kempen Jan. 17, 1642, 
 a service for which he was created a marshal of I ranee. 
 He captured Rottweil, Nov. 17, 1643, when he was mortally 
 wounded. 
 
 Guebwiller. See Gebweiler. 
 
 Gtielderland, Guelders. See Geldcrland. 
 Guelfs, or Guelphs (gwelfs). [From Guelfo, 
 It. form of G. Welf, a personal name.] lhe 
 papal and popular party of Italy in the middle 
 ages: opposed to the Ghibellines, the imperial 
 and aristocratic party. The Welfs (Guelfs) were a 
 powerful family of Germany, so called from Welf I. in the 
 time of Charlemagne. His descendants, several of whom 
 bore the same name, held great possessions in Italy , 
 through intermarriage were at different times dukes ot 
 Bavaria, Saxony, and Carinthia ; and founded the princely 
 house of Brunswick and Hanover, to which the present 
 royal family of England belongs. The names Welf and 
 Waiblingen (Guelf and Gliibelline) are alleged to have 
 been first used as war-cries at the battle of Weinsberg in 
 1140, fought and lost by Welf VI. against the Hohenstaufen 
 emperor Conrad III. The contest soon ceased in Ger- 
 many, but was taken up on other grounds in Italy, over 
 which the emperors claimed supreme power; and the 
 names continued to designate bitterly antagonistic parties 
 there till the end of the 15th century. See Ghibellines. 
 
 Giiell y Rente (go-ely' e ran-ta'), Jose. Bom 
 at Havana, 1818 : died at Madrid, Dec. 20, 1884. 
 A Cuban politician and author. Most of his life 
 was passed in Europe. In 1848 he married the infanta 
 Josefa Fernanda, sister of the King of Spain, who in con- 
 sequence was deprived of all her rights. As a republican 
 Giiell y Rent6 was long prominent in Spanish politics. 
 He published many poems, essays, and sketches of west 
 Indian life. 
 
 Guelph (gwelf). A city and the capital of Wei- 
 lington County, Ontario, Canada, situated on ttie 
 river Speed 47 miles west by south of Toronto. 
 Population, 15,175, (1911). _ _ 
 
 Giiemez de Horcasitas (go-a'math da or-kii-se - 
 tas), Juan Francisco. Born in Oviedo. 168-: 
 
 died at Madrid, 1768. A Spanish general and 
 administrator. He was captain-general of Cuba 
 March, 1734, -April, 1746, and viceroy of Mexico July 9, 
 1746, -Nov. 10, 1755. On his return to Spain he was made 
 captain-general of the army and count of Revillagigedo. 
 He was reputed to be the wealthiest Spanish subject of 
 his time. 
 
 Illo tlllJC. 
 
 Giiemez Pacheco de Padilla Horcasitas (go- 
 a'meth pa-cha'ko da pa-Del'ya or-ka-se'tas), 
 
 Hi I I 1 11 tlA pui V UU ixv ^ * ,1 * / 7 
 
 Juan Vicente, Count of Revillagigedo. Born 
 at Havana, Cuba, 1740: died at Madrid, May 2, 
 1799. A Spanish general and administrator, 
 son of Giiemez de Horcasitas. He distinguished 
 himself in the Peninsular wars ; was made viceroy of Bue- 
 nos Ayres 1789 ; and was almost immediately appointed 
 viceroy of Mexico. His rule (Oct. 16, 1789, -J uly, 1 194) was 
 one of the best in Mexican colonial history. Returning to 
 Spain, he was made director-general of artillery. 
 
 Guendolen (gwen'dq-len). In Geoffrey of Mon- 
 mouth, the wife of Locrine, the eldest son of 
 Brute or Brutus. See Sabrina. 
 
 Guerande (ga-rond'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Loire-Inf6rieure, France, 42 miles west- 
 northwest of Nantes. It manufactures salt. 
 Population, commune, 6,852. 
 
 Guerazzi. See Guerrazzi. 
 
 Guerche (garsh), La. A town in the depart- 
 ment of Cher, France, on the Aubois 11 miles 
 west of Nevers. Population, commune, about 
 7,°°°. 
 
 Guerche, or Guerche-de-Bretagne, La. A 
 
 town in the department of Ille-et-Vilaine, 
 France, 25 miles east-southeast of Rennes. 
 Population, commune, 3,151. 
 
 Guercino (gwer-che'no), Giovanni Francesco 
 Barbieri. Born at Cento, near Bologna, Italy, 
 1590 : died at Bologna, 1666. An Italian painter 
 of the Bolognese school. Among his best works 
 is the “ Sta. Petronilla” (at Rome). 
 
 Guerens. See Crens. 
 
 Gueret (ga-ra'). The capital of the department 
 of Creuse, France, situated in lat. 46° 12' N., 
 long. 1° 52' E. Population, commune, about 
 
 Guericke (ger'ik-e), Heinrich Ernst Ferdi- 
 nand. Born at Wettin, near Halle, Prussia, 
 Feb. 25, 1803 : died at Halle, Feb. 4, 1878. A 
 German Protestant theologian, professor at 
 Halle. His works include “Handbuch der Kirchenge- 
 schichte" (1833), “Allgemeine christliche Symbolik’ 
 (1839) “Lehrbuch der christlichenArchaologie "(1847), etc. 
 
 Guericke, Otto von. Born at Magdeburg, Prus- 
 sia, Nov. 20, 1602: died at Hamburg, May 11, 
 1686. A German natural philosopher. He stud- 
 ied law at Leipsic, Helmstedt, and Jena, and mathematics 
 at Leyden, and traveled in France and England. From 
 1631-36 he was chief engineer at Erfurt, in the Sw edish 
 service. He invented the air-pump (1650), air-balance, 
 etc., and constructed the “Magdeburg hemispheres. 
 He published “Experimenta nova” (1672), etc. 
 
 Gu6rin (ga-ran'), Eugenie de. Born 1805 : died 
 1848. A French writer, sister of G. M. de Gue- 
 rin. Her “Journal” and “ Lettres ” were ed- 
 ited 1861-64. A 
 
 Guerin, Georges Maurice de. Born at the Cha- 
 teau du Cayla, near Albi, in southern France, 
 Aug.4, 1810: died there, July 19, 1839. AFrench 
 poet. He wrote the “Centaur," which was published in 
 the “Revue des Deux Mondes” in 1840. His literary re- 
 mains, including the “Centaur,” were published in 1860. 
 
 Guerin, Jean Baptiste Paulin. Born at Tou- 
 lon, March 25, 1783: died at Pans, Jan. 19, 
 1855. A French historical painter. 
 
 Guerin, Baron Pierre N arcisse. Bom at Paris, 
 May 13, 1774: died at Rome, July 16, 1833. A 
 French historical painter, a pupil of Regnault. 
 He gained the prix de Rome in 1797. In 1815 he was made 
 academician, and in 1822 director of the French Academy 
 at Rome. He returned to Paris in 1829. In 1833 he visited 
 Rome with Horace Vernet, and died there. He exhibited 
 at Salons 1799-1819. Among his pupils were Cogniet, 
 Gericault, and Ary Scheffer. 
 
 Guerin-Mbneville (ga-ran' man -vel'), Felix 
 Edouard. Born at Toulon, France, Oct. 12, 
 1799: died at Paris, Jan. 26,1874. AFrench nat- 
 uralist. His works include “ Iconographie du r£gne ani- 
 mal, etc.” (1829), “Iconographie des mammiferes, etc. 
 (1828), “ Genera des insectes” (1836), etc. 
 
 Guerino Meschino (gwa-re'no mes-ke no). 1 he 
 hero of a romance of the middle ages, of un- 
 certain authorship and date, first printed in 
 Italian at Padua in 1473. 
 
 Guernsey (gfera'zi), L. Sarnia (sar'ni-a). [‘ The 
 Green Isle.’] The second in size and populate 
 
 ureen tsie. j r uo — population 
 
 of the Channel Islands, intersected by lat. 49 2i 
 N lon<r. 2° 35' W. Capital, St. Peter Port. It is 
 
 a popular health-resort. With Alderney and the other isl- 
 ands (except Jersey) it forms a bailiwick, ruled by a lieu- 
 tenant-governor. bailiff, and states-assembly. Area. 24 
 square mileB. iengtli, 91 miles. Population, with Herm 
 and Jethou, 40,777. 
 
 Gueroult (ga-ro'), Adolphe. Born at Rade- 
 pont Eure, France, Jan. 29, 1810 : died at Vichy, 
 France, July, 1872. A French political writer. 
 
Guerra 
 
 Guerra (ger'ra), Cristobal. A Spanish mer- 
 chant of Seville who, in 1499 and 1500, was en- 
 gaged with Nino in an exploration of the north- 
 ern coast of South America. See Nino, Pedro 
 Alonso. 
 
 Guerrazzi (gwer-rat'se), Francesco Domenico. 
 Born at Leghorn, Italy, Aug. 12, 1804 : died at 
 Leghorn, Sept. 23, 1873. An Italian author and 
 politician. He was Tuscan premier in 1848, and trium- 
 vir and dictator in 1849. Among his historical romances 
 are “La battaglia di Benevento" (1827), “L'Assedio di 
 Firenze" (1834), “Isabella Orsini” (1844). 
 
 Guerrero (ger-ra'ro). A state of Mexico, 
 bounded by Michoacan, Mexico, Morelos, and 
 Puebla on the north, Oajaca on the east, and 
 the Pacific Ocean on the southwest. Area, 24,- 
 996 square miles. Population, 605,437, (1910). 
 Guerrero, Vicente. Born at Tixtla, Aug. 10, 
 1782: died at Chilapa, Feb. 14, 1831. A Mexican 
 general. He joined the patriots in 1810 and held out 
 until 1821, when he united his forces with those of Itur- 
 bide ; but when Iturbide became emperor he was one of 
 the leaders of the revolt against him, and after his de- 
 thronement was a member of the executive junta 1823-24, 
 and vice-president 1824-28. In 1828 he declar ed against 
 the president elect, Pedraza. The election was nullified by 
 Congress, which made Guerrero president Jan. 12, 1829 : 
 but at the end of the year he was forced to retire to the 
 south. There he kept up an armed resistance, but was 
 eventually captured and shot. 
 
 Guerri^re (gar-ryar), La. A British ship of war 
 captured by the United States ship Constitution 
 during the War of 1812. See Constitution. 
 Guesclin. See Du Guesclin. 
 
 Guess (ges), George (Sequoyah). Born about 
 1770 : died at San Fernando, northern Mexico, 
 Aug., 1843. A Cherokee half-breed Indian. He 
 invented a Cherokee syllabic alphabet in 1826. 
 Guest (gest), Edwin. Born in Worcestershire, 
 1800: died Nov. 23, 1880. A noted English his- 
 torical writer and archasologist. He graduated at 
 Cambridge in 1824, and became a fellow of his college (Gon- 
 ville and Caius) in 1824, and its master in 1852. He was 
 vice-chancellor of the university 1854-55. He published 
 “ History of English Rhythms ” (1838), and numerous phil- 
 ological and historical papers, the most important of which 
 relate to the lioman period in Britain. To him principally 
 was due the founding of the Philological Society. 
 
 Guetlavaca. Same as Cuitlahuatzin. 
 
 Gueux (ge). [F.,‘ poor/ ‘beggarly’; as a noun, 
 ‘beggars/ ‘ragamuffins’: origin uncertain.] 
 The league of Flemish nobles organized in 1566 
 to resist the introduction of the Inquisition into 
 the Low Countries by Philip II. The name waB 
 previously given to them in contempt, and borne by their 
 followers in the succeeding war. 
 
 Guevara (ga-va'ra), Antonio de. Born in the 
 province of Biscay, Spain, about 1490 : died in 
 1545. A Spanish historical writer. He was one of 
 the official chroniclers to Charles V. In 1528 he became a 
 Franciscan monk, and accompanied the emperor on his 
 travels and residences in various cities. He was court 
 preacher, imperial historiographer, bishop of Guadix, and 
 bishop of Mondonedo. He wrote “Reloj de Principes” 
 (“ Dial for Princes,” 1529),“ Decadadelos Cesares "(“Lives 
 of Ten Roman Emperors ”), and “ Epistolas B'amiliares ” 
 (1539). The letters, sometimes called “ Golden Epistles,” 
 were very popular, and were translated by Edward Hel- 
 lowes (1574) and Savage (1657) : Sir Geoffrey Fenton 
 translated part of them (1579). Guevara also wrote a num- 
 ber of works on theology, navigation, and court life. 
 
 Guevara, Diego Ladron de. See Ladron de 
 Guevara. 
 
 Guevara, Jos6. Born at Rocas, New Castile, 
 March 11, 1719: died at Spello, Paly, Feb. 25, 
 1806. A Spanish Jesuit author. He succeeded Lo- 
 zano as chronicler of the order in Paraguay ; resided in the 
 Platine countries from about 1756 until the expulsion of 
 the Jesuits in 1767 ; and subsequently lived in Italy. His 
 “Historia de la conquista del Paraguay, etc.," was first 
 published in the Angelis collection 1835, and by Lamas 
 1882. He wrote various controversial works. 
 
 Guevara, Luis Velez de. Born at Ecija in 1572 
 or 1574: died at Madrid in 1644. A Spanish 
 dram atist. He was the author of numerous plays, among 
 them “ Maspesa elReyque la Sangre"(“ King before Kin "), 
 “Luna da Sierra” (“Diana of the Mountains"), etc. He 
 also wrote the romance “El diablo cojuelo” (“The Lame 
 Devil,” 1641), from which Le Sage took “Le diable boi- 
 teux.” 
 
 Gugerni (gu-jer'ni), or Cugerni (ku-jer'ni), or 
 Guberni (gu-ber'ni). [L. (Tacitus) Gugerni, 
 (Pliny) Guberni.'] A German tribe located by 
 Pliny on the lower Rhine between the Ubii and 
 the Batavi, where, also, Tacitus places them at 
 the mouth of the Ruhr. They joined in the ris- 
 ing under Civilis. They were probably a part 
 of the Sugambri. 
 
 Guglielmi ( gol-yel'me), Pietro. Born at Massa- 
 Carrara, Italy , May, 1727 : died at Rome, Nov. 19, 
 1804. An Italian operatic composer. His works 
 include “I due Gemelli,” “La serva itmamo- 
 rata,” etc. 
 
 Guha(go'ha), or Waguha (wa-go'hii). ABantu 
 tribe of the Kongo State, settled on both sides 
 of the Lukuga River. Their language is said to be 
 
 467 
 
 the same as that of the Wagoma, and both are related to 
 the Riia or Luba. 
 
 Guiana, or Guyana (ge-a'na). [F .Gayane, Sp. 
 Guay ana.] A region in South America, bounded 
 by the Atlantic Ocean on the north, Brazil on 
 the east and south, and Brazil and Venezuela on 
 the west. It is divided into British Guiana, Dutch Gui- 
 ana, and French Guiana. The name is sometimes applied 
 to tire entire region between the Orinoco, the ocean, the 
 Amazon, the Rio Negro, and the Cassiquiare. 
 
 Guiana, Brazilian. That portion of northern 
 Brazil which lies north of the Amazon and east 
 of the Rio Negro. 
 
 Guiana, British. A British colony, bounded 
 by the Atlantic on the north and northeast, 
 Dutch Guiana on the east, Brazil on the south, 
 and Brazil and Venezuela on the west. Capital, 
 Georgetown. The leading product is sugar. Rich gold- 
 mines are now worked in the western part. There are 3 
 counties — Berbice, Demerara, Essequibo (formerly sepa- 
 rate colonies, consolidated in 1831). The region was first 
 settled by the Dutch in 1580 ; was acquired by the Brit- 
 ish in 1803 ; and ivas formally ceded to them in 1814. The 
 boundary with Venezuela was determined by arbitration 
 in 1899; that with Brazil on July 12, 1904. Area, 90,277 
 square miles. Population, 304,089. 
 
 Guiana, Dutch, or Surinam (so-re-nam 7 ). A 
 Dutch colony, bounded by the Atlantic on the 
 north, French Guiana on the east, Brazil on the 
 south, and British Guiana on the west. Capi- 
 tal, Paramaribo. The leading products are sugar and 
 cocoa. Settled by English in 1652, it was acquired by the 
 Dutch in 1674 in exchange for their North American col- 
 onies. It was held by Great Britain from 1804 to 1814. 
 * Area, 46,060 square miles. Population, 81,038. 
 
 Guiana, French, or Cayenne (ka-yen' or kl- 
 en'). A French colony, bounded by the At- 
 lantic on the northeast, Brazil on the east and 
 south, and Dutch Guiana on the west. Capi- 
 tal, Cayenne. It was settled by the French in 1626 ; 
 was several times taken by the English and Dutch ; and 
 was held by the Portuguese 1809-17. Political prisoners 
 were sent there during the French Revolution, and regular 
 penal colonies were established in 1853. The climate of 
 the coast region is very unhealthy. The most important 
 industry is gold-mining. Area, about 30,500 square miles. 
 Population, about 40,000. See supplement. 
 
 Guiana, Venezuelan, or Guayana. A former 
 province of Venezuela, corresponding (nearly) 
 to the present state of Bolivar (which see). 
 Guianaus. See Guaynos. 
 
 Guiart (ge-ar'), Guillaume. Born at Orleans 
 about the end of the 13th century. A French 
 chronicler, author of a metrical history of 
 France, in over 20,000 verses, entitled “ La 
 branche des royaux lignages,” covering the 
 period 1165-1306. 
 
 Guibert of Nogent (ge-bar' ov no-zhon'). Born 
 at Clermont, Oise, France, 1053: died 1124. A 
 noted French historian and scholastic philoso- 
 pher, a pupil of Anselm and (1104) head of the 
 abbey of Notre Dame de Nogent. Also surnamed 
 Flaviacensis, from the monastery of St. Germer de Flaix, 
 which he entered in 1064. 
 
 Guibert, or Wibert, of Parma, or of Ravenna. 
 
 See Clement III., Antipope. 
 
 Guicciardini (gwe-char-de'ne), Francesco. 
 
 Born at Florence, March 6, 1483 : died near Flor- 
 ence, May, 1540. An Italian historian, and 
 statesman in the pontifical and Medicean ser- 
 vice. His chief work is “Storia d'ltalia” (“History of 
 Italy,” 1561-64 ; edited by Rosini 1819). His “Opere in- 
 edite " were published in 1857. 
 
 Guiccioli (gwe-cho'le), Countess Teresa. Born 
 in Italy about 1801: died at Rome, March 26, 
 1873. An Italian lady, the daughter of Count 
 Gamba, celebrated on account of her relations 
 with Lord Byron. She married Count Guiccioli when 
 she was about 16 years old, and met Byron a few months 
 later. After about a year the count objected to her intimacy 
 with Byron, and she went back to her father’s house. From 
 this time until Byron's death she maintained her relations 
 with him. After this she is said to have returned to her 
 husband. In 1851 she married the Marquis de Boissy, and 
 in 1868 published in French “ My Recollections of Lord 
 Byron.” 
 
 Guichard (ge-shar'), or Guischard, Karl Gott- 
 lieb; pseudonym Quintus Icilius. Born at 
 Magdeburg, Prussia, 1724: died at Potsdam, 
 Prussia, May, 1775. A German soldier and 
 military writer. He entered the military service of 
 Holland, attaining the rank of captain ; withdrew and went 
 to England in 1754 ; and in 1768 entered the service of 
 Frederick the Great, under whom he rose to the rank of 
 colonel. He wrote “ MCmoires militaires sur les Grecs et 
 les Romains ” (1757), “ MCmoires critiques et liistoriques 
 sur plusieurs points d’antiquitds militaires "(1773). 
 
 Guicowar’s Dominions. See Baroda. 
 Guiderius(gwi-de'ri-us). In Shakspere’s “ Cym- 
 beline,” a legendary prince, the son of Cymbe- 
 line of Britain. He is disguised under the name 
 and state of Polydore, the son of Morgan. 
 Guidi (gwe'de), Carlo Alessandro. Born at 
 Pavia, Italy, June 14, 1650: died at Frascati, 
 Italy, Juno 12, 1712. An Italian lyric poet, 
 
 Guillaume de Palerne 
 
 author of “Poesie liriche” (1681), “Amala- 
 sunta i n Italia ” ( 1681), “ Endimione ” ( 1692), etc . 
 Guidi, Tommaso. See Masaccio. 
 
 Guidiccioni (gwe-de-cho'ne), Giovanni. Born 
 
 at Lucca, 1500 (1480 ?): died at Macerata, Italy, 
 1541. An Italian ecclesiastic, diplomat, and 
 man of letters. His complete works were pub- 
 lished in 1718; “ Lettere inedite ” (1865). 
 
 Guido (gwe'do), surnamed “The Savage.” A 
 champion, in Ariosto’s “ Orlando Furioso,” who 
 fights with Marphisa among the Amazons. He 
 marries a number of the latter, Aleria being 
 his favorite. 
 
 Guido d’ Arezzo (gwe'do da-ret'so), often called 
 Guido Aretino (a-re-te'no), or Fra Guittone, 
 
 or Guy of Arezzo. Born at Arezzo, Italy, proba- 
 bly about 990 : died near Arezzo about 1050. An 
 Italian Benedictine monk. He is celebrated for his 
 reforms in musical notation. He went to Rome at the in- 
 vitation of Pope Benedict VIII., probably in 1022, and again 
 in the time of Pope John XIX., to explain his method of 
 teaching music. He seems to have written most of his 
 w r orks at the monastery of Pomposa in the duchy of Fer- 
 rara, where he remained for some time teaching his method 
 to the monks and choir-boys. He was afterward made 
 abbot of the monastery of Santa Croce at Avellano, near 
 Arezzo, where he is believed to have died. Guido has been 
 credited with a number of inventions and discoveries, some 
 of which obviously cannot have been his. He wrote the 
 “ Micrologus,” the “Antiphonarium,” “ De artificio novi 
 cantus,” “De divisione monochordi secundum Boetium,” 
 and other works on musical subjects. 
 
 It appears certain that Guido invented the principle 
 upon which the construction of the Stave is based, and 
 the F and C Clefs ; but that he did not invent the com- 
 plete 4-lined Stave itself. There is strong reason to be- 
 lieve that he invented the Hexachord, Solmisation, and 
 the Harmonic Hand ; or, at least, first set forth the prin- 
 ciples upon which these inventions were based. Finally, 
 it is certain that he was not the first to extend the Scale 
 downwards to T ut ; that he neither invented Diaphonia, 
 Discant, Organum, nor Counterpoint ; and that to credit 
 him with the invention of the Monochord and the Poly- 
 plectrum is absurd. Grove, Diet. Music, IV. 661. 
 
 Guido Reni. See Beni. 
 
 Guido y Spano (gwe'do e spa'no), Carlos. 
 Born at Salta, March 8, 1832. An Argentine 
 politician and poet. He was president of the Na- 
 tional Congress in 1865, served in the Par aguayan war, and 
 from 1872-76 was president of the Senate. Most of his 
 poems are included in the collection “ Hojas al Viento ” 
 (Buenos Ayres, 1871). 
 
 Guienne, or Guyenne (ge-en'). A name fre- 
 quently given in its later history to Aquitaine, 
 especially in the name of the government Gui- 
 enne and Gascony. 
 
 Guienne and Gascony. An old government of 
 southwestern France. 
 
 Guignes (geny), Chretien Louis Joseph de. 
 
 Born at Paris, Aug. 25, 1759 : died at Paris, 
 March 9, 1845. A French Sinologist, son of 
 Joseph de Guignes. He was appointed in 1784 con- 
 sul at Canton and French resident in China, where he 
 remained 17 years. He wrote various papers and works 
 on China, and edited a “ Dictionnaire chinois, fratujais et 
 latin ” (1813), based on a manuscript work by Basil of Gle- 
 mona, a Roman Catholic missionary in China. 
 
 Guignes, Joseph de. Born atPontoise, France, 
 Oct. 19, 1721 : died at Paris, March 19, 1800. 
 A French Orientalist. His works include “Histoire 
 gthierale des Huns, des Turcs, des Mogols, et autres Tatares 
 occidentaux," etc. (1756-58), etc. 
 
 Guildenstern. See Bosencrantz. 
 
 Guildford (gil'ford). The capital of the coun- 
 ty of Surrey, England, situated on the Wey 29 
 miles southwest of London. It has important 
 grain trade. It is a very old town, and has a Norman 
 keep. Population, 15,938. 
 
 Guildhall (gikl'hal). The council hall of the 
 City of London, rebuilt in 1411, and restored 
 after the fire of 1666. The great hall measures 153 
 by 48 feet, and is 55 feet high : it has a handsome open- 
 framed roof, modern colored-glass windows, and the two 
 legendary colossal wooden figures of Gog and Magog. 
 Along the walls are placed statues of famous men. The 
 crypt, with its clustered columns, is of the original con- 
 struction, and is interesting. See Gog and Magog. 
 
 Guilford (gil'ford). A borough and town in 
 New Haven County, Connecticut, situated on 
 Long Island Sound 16 miles east of New Haven. 
 Population, town, 3,001, (1910). 
 
 Guilford, Earl of. See North. 
 
 Guilford Court House. A place about 5 miles 
 from Greensborough, Guilford County, North 
 Carolina. Here, March 15, 1781, the British (about 
 2,400) under Cornwallis defeated the Americans (about 
 4,400j under Greene. The British loss was about 600 ; the 
 American, about 400. 
 
 Guillaume. See William and Wilhelm. 
 
 Guillaume de Lorris (ge-yom'delo-res'). Born 
 at Lorris, Loiret, France: died about 1240 (?). 
 A French poet, author of the first part of the 
 “ Roman de la Rose.” Aboui 4,670 of the 22,800 or 
 more lines were written by him. See Roman de la Rose. 
 
 Guillaume de Palerne (de pa-larn'). An early 
 French roman d’aventure. It was translated very 
 
Guillaume de Palerne 
 
 early into English, and has been published as ‘ ‘William of 
 Palerne" by the Early English Text Society. “It introduces 
 the favorite medieval idea of lycanthropy, the hero being 
 throughout helped and protected by a friendly were-wolf, 
 who is before the end of the poem freed from the enchant- 
 ment to which he is subjected.” Saintsbury, French hit., 
 p. 9ti. 
 
 Guillaumet (ge-yo-ma'), Gustave. Born at 
 Paris, March 26, 1840 : died at Paris, March 14, 
 1887. A French painter, a pupil of Picot and 
 Barrias. He gained the second prix de Rome 
 in 1863. 
 
 Guillim (gwil'im), John. Born at Hereford 
 about 1565 : died at London, May 7, 1621. An 
 English writer on heraldry. He published “A 
 Display of Heraldrie ”(1610: sometimes ascribed 
 to John Barkham). 
 
 Guillotin (ge-yo-tan'), Joseph Ignace. Born 
 at Saiutes, France, May 28, 1738 : died at Paris, 
 March 26, 1814. A French physician, wrongly 
 regarded as the inventor of the guillotine. As 
 deputy to the Constituent Assembly, 1789, he proposed that 
 all capital punishment should be by decapitation, a privi- 
 lege till then reserved for the nobility, and suggested that 
 decapitation could be most quickly and humanely per- 
 formed by a machine. The device actually adopted as a 
 result of this suggestion was prepared by a German me- 
 chanic named Schmidt under the direction of Dr. Antoine 
 Louis, perpetual secretary of the Academy of Surgery, 
 and was first used April 25, 1792, for the execution of a 
 highwayman named Pelletier. The machine was first 
 named louison or louisette, but after a while Guillotin’s 
 name was attached to it. Guillotin was not, as has been 
 asserted, executed in his own machine, but died a natural 
 death. 
 
 Guimaraes, or Guimaraens (ge-ma-rins'). A 
 town in the province of Minko, Portugal, situ- 
 ated on the Ave 30 miles northeast of Oporto. 
 The castle is a battleraented ruin with a huge central 
 keep, inaccessible save by a wooden bridge, and square 
 angle-towers connected by curtains. Population, about 
 9,000. 
 
 Guinart (ge-nart'), Roque. A noble in Cer- 
 vantes’s'** Don Quixote.” He was a real charac- 
 ter, his name being Pedro Rocha Guinarda. 
 Guinaus. See Guaynos. 
 
 Guinea (gin'i). [Formerly Ginnie, Ginny , etc. ; 
 F. Chance, Sp. Guine, etc. : named from the 
 African Ginnie, or Jinnie, a town and kingdom 
 in the Niger district.] That part of western 
 Africa which lies along the coast from Cape 
 Roxo (or about lat. 12° N.) to Cape Negro (or 
 about lat. 16° S.), and extends indefinitely in- 
 land. It includes, besides native states, British, French, 
 German, and Portuguese colonies, Liberia, and part of 
 the Belgian Kongo. It is divided into Upper or North 
 Guinea, and Lower or South Guinea (separated by the 
 Kamerun Mountains or the equator). The name is some- 
 times used in a more restricted sense. See Liberia, Gold 
 Coast, etc. 
 
 Guinea, Gulf of. That part of the Atlantic 
 Ocean on the western coast of Africa comprised 
 between Cape Palmas on the north and Cape 
 Lopez on the south. 
 
 Guinegate, or Guinegatte (gen-gat'). A vil- 
 lage in the department of Pas-de-Calais, north- 
 ern France, near St.-Omer. Here the French were 
 twice defeated : (1) by Maximilian I. (then archduke of 
 Austria) in August, 1179 ; (2) by Henry VIII. of England 
 and Maximilian (his ally) in August, 1513. See Spurs, Bat- 
 tle of the. 
 
 Guines (gen). A town in the department of 
 Pas-de-Calais. France, 7 miles south of Calais. 
 It was an ancient seat of.counts, and was held by England 
 in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. Population, com- 
 mune, 4,407. 
 
 Guinevere (gwin'e-ver), or Gulnever (gwin'e- 
 ver), or Guenever (gwen'e-ver), or Geneura, 
 or Ganore (ga-nbr'). The wife of King Arthur 
 in the Arthurian cycle of romance. She was the 
 daughter of Leodegraunce, king of Camelyard, and loved 
 Lancelot of the Lake. See Lancelot. 
 
 This princess (Geneura) is described as the finest woman 
 in the universe : her stature was noble and elegant ; her 
 complexion fair, and her eyes the finest blue of the heav- 
 ens; the expression of her countenance was lively yet 
 dignified, but sometimes tender; her understanding, nat- 
 urally just, was well cultivated; her heart was feeling, 
 compassionate, and capableof the most exalted sentiments. 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 224. 
 
 Guinevere. One of the “Idylls of the King” 
 by Tennyson, published in 1859. 
 
 Guingamp (gah-goh'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of C6tes-du-Nord, Brittany, France, sit- 
 uated on the Trieux 19 miles west-northwest of 
 St.-Brieuc. Its church of Notre Dame is one 
 of the principal Breton pilgrim resorts. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 9,212. 
 
 Guipuzcoa (ge-poth'ko-a). One of the three 
 Basque provinces of Spain. Capital, San Sebas- 
 tian. It is bounded by the Bay of Biscay on the north, 
 France on the northeast* Navarre on the east, Navarre ami 
 Alava on the south, and Biscay on the west. Area, 728 
 square miles. Population, 105,850. 
 
 Giiirior (ge-re'or), Manuel. Born at A viz de 
 Ugarte, Navarre, March 21, 1708: died at Ma- 
 drid, Nov. 25, 1788. A Spanish naval officer and 
 
 468 
 
 administrator. He served in the English and Algerine 
 wars, and was made viceroy of New Granada in 1773, and 
 viceroy of Peru in 1776, retaining the latter office until 1780. 
 He retained the rank of lieutenant-general, and was cre- 
 ated marquis of Guirior after his return to Spain. 
 
 Guisborough, or Gisborough (giz'bur-o). A 
 town in the North Riding of Yorkshire, Eng- 
 land, 40 miles north of York. The first alum- 
 works in England were established here about 
 1600. Population, 5,645. 
 
 Guiscard, Robert. See Robert Gmscard. 
 Guischard, Karl Gottlieb. See Guichard. 
 
 Guise (gfiez). A town in the department of 
 Aisne, France, situated on the Oise 23 miles 
 north of Laon. It gave name to the ducal house of 
 Guise. It was the birthplace of Camille Desmoulins. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 7,776. 
 
 Guise, Cardinals and Dukes of. See Lorraine. 
 
 Guise, Duchy of. A former duchy of northeast- 
 ern France, which took its name from the town 
 of Guise, and corresponded to the northern part 
 of the department of Aisne. It was situated in the 
 government of Picardy. Formerly it was a county. It was 
 famous in the 16th and 17th centuries as a duchy in the 
 hands of the Guise family, a branch of the house of Lor- 
 raine. 
 
 Guise (giz), Martin. Died Jan. 21,1829. AnEng- 
 lish naval officer who in 1818 entered the service 
 of Chile, under Cochrane, as captain. He did effi- 
 cient service in the war for independence, and on the re- 
 tirement of Cochrane (1821) was appointed to organize the 
 navy of Peru. By blockading the port of Callao he forced 
 the surrender of the last Spanish post, Callao Castle, Jan. 
 19, 1826. Admiral Guise was killed in the attack on Guay- 
 aquil. 
 
 Guiteau (ge-to'), Charles. Born about 1840: 
 hanged at Washington, June 30, 1882. An Amer- 
 ican assassin. He was a pettifogging lawyer of French- 
 Canadian descent at Chicago, and on Garfield’s election to 
 the presidency went to Washington to seek the office of 
 American consul at Marseilles, which he did not obtain. 
 Excited by this failure, and by the political conflict be- 
 tween Garfield and Itoscoe Conkling, he shot the President 
 fatally at Washington, July 2, 1881. 
 
 Guizot (ge-zo' or giie-zo'), Madame (Elisabeth 
 Charlotte Pauline de Meulan). Born at 
 Paris, Nov. 2, 1773: died at Paris, Aug. 1, 1827. 
 A French writer, first wife of F. P. G. Guizot, 
 whom she married in 1812. She wrote “Edu- 
 cation domestique, ou lettres de famille sur 
 l’education” (1826), etc. 
 
 Guizot, Pranqois Pierre Guillaume. Born at 
 Nimes, Oct. 4, 1787: died at Val-Rieher, in Nor- 
 mandy, Oct. 12, 1874. A distinguished French 
 historian and statesman. At the age of 12 he left 
 his native city for Geneva, and in 1805 he took up the 
 study of law in Paris. In 1812 he became assistant pro- 
 fessor of literature at the Sorbonne, and later was called 
 to the new chair of modern history. His early publica- 
 tions are “Du gouvernement reprCsentatif et de l’etat 
 actuel de la France” (1816), “Des conspirations et de la 
 justice politique” (1821), “ Des moyens de gouvernement 
 et d opposition dans l’etat actuel de la France" (1821), 
 “ De la peine de morte en maticre politique ” (1822), etc. 
 These pamphlets brought about his resignation from his 
 professorship. Devoting himself exclusively to historical 
 research, he published his “Histoire du gouvernement 
 reprfisentatif,” “Essais sur I’liistoire de France," “Col- 
 lection des nrimoires relatifs h la revolution d’Angle- 
 terre,” “Collection des mimoires relatifs b l’liistoire de 
 France,” “Histoire de la revolution d’Angleterre depui3 
 l’av(nement de Charles I. jusqu’a la restauration de 
 Charles II.," etc. His courses of lectures at the Sorbonne, 
 delivered 1828-30, appeared under the titles “Cours d’liis- 
 toire moderne,” “Histoire g<5nerale de la civilisation en 
 Europe," and “Histoire ginerale de la civilisation en 
 France.” In 1830 he was elected to the Chamber of Dep- 
 uties. After the revolution of July, 1830, he became 
 minister of the interior, and, with the exception of a few 
 months in the year 1840 spent as French ambassador to 
 England, remained almost continuously minister in vari- 
 ous capacities until he fell from power, Feb. 23, 1S48, on 
 the eve of Louis Philippe’s abdication. He had been 
 prime minister for the 8 years preceding his downfall, but 
 had made himself so unpopular that he failed to be elected 
 to the National Assembly of 1848. The latter part of his 
 life was spent in retirement. Besides the works already 
 mentioned, Guizot translated Shakspere, and published 
 “Washington” (1840), “De la democratic en France” 
 (1849), “ Discours sur l’histoire de la revolution d’Angle- 
 terre” (1850), “Meditations et etudes morales” (1851), 
 “L’ Amour dans le mariage” (1855), “Guillaume le Con- 
 querant,” “Edouardlll. et les bourgeois de Calais,” “Me- 
 moires pour servir b l’histoire de mon temps ’’ (1858-68), 
 “L’Eglise et la societe chretienne en 1861" (1861), "Dis- 
 cours academiques” (1861), “Trois generations” (1861), 
 “ Histoire parlementaire de France” (1863), “Meditations 
 surl’essencedelareligion”(1864), “Meditations sur l’etat 
 actuel de la religion chretienne” (1865), “Melanges 
 biograpliiques et litteraires” (1868), “La France et la 
 Prusse responsables devant 1’Europe ” (1868), “ Meditations 
 sur la religion chretienne dans ses rapports avec l’etat 
 actuel des societes et des esprits ’’ ( 1868 ), “ Melanges poli- 
 tiques et historiques” (1869), “Le due de Broglie” (1872), 
 “Les vies de quatre grands Chretiens frangais, Saint- 
 Louis, Calvin ” (1873, incomplete), and “ Histoire de France 
 racontee a mes petits-enfants ” (1870-75). 
 
 Gujarat. See Gvzerat. 
 
 Gujranwala (guzh-ran-wa'la). 1. A district in 
 the PaDjab, British India, intersected by lat. 32° 
 15' N., long. 74° E. Area, 3,198 square miles. 
 Population, 890,577. — 2. the capital of the 
 
 Gumti 
 
 district of Gujranwala, situated in lat. 32° 10' 
 N., long. 74° 14' E. Population, 29,224. 
 Gujrat (guzh-rat' ), sometimes written Guzerat. 
 1. A district in the Panjab, British India, in- 
 tersected by lat. 32° 40' N., long. 74° E. Area, 
 2,051 square miles. Population, 750,548. — 2. 
 The capital of the district of Gujrat, situated 
 in lat. 32° 34' N., long. 74° 5' E. Here, Feb. 
 22, 1849, the British under Gough defeated the 
 Sikhs. 
 
 Gula(go'la). InAssyro-Babylonian mythology, 
 the name of the wife of Adar, the god of war 
 and the chase. She is styled “the great lady” who 
 presides over life and death. Those who break contracts 
 are threatened with her vengeance. Nebuchadnezzar 
 dedicated to her two temples at Babylon and three at Bor- 
 sippa. 
 
 Gulf Stream, The. An oceanic current, ori- 
 ginating from the Atlantic Equatorial Current, 
 which is made up of two arms, one of them 
 issuing through the Florida Strait from the 
 Gulf of Mexico, the other running westward 
 along the northern face of the island of Cuba. 
 The united stream follows the Atlantic coast northeast- 
 ward with a velocity of from 2 to 5 miles an hour, gradu- 
 ally expanding in breadth and diminishing in depth, but 
 distinctly perceived for many degrees beyond the eastern 
 edge of Newfoundland. Its comparatively high tempera- 
 ture (10 to 20 degrees above that of the surrounding ocean), 
 rapid motion, and deep-blue color make the Gulf Stream 
 a most remarkable phenomenon, and even more interest- 
 ing than the Kuroshiwo, the corresponding current on the 
 Asiatic coast of the Pacific Ocean. The Gulf Stream, 
 doubtless, exerts a certain influence iu modifying the cli- 
 mate of the British Isles, France, and other parts of west- 
 ern Europe, but to what extent is not yet definitely 
 known. On the other hand, it is certain that its effect is 
 not so great as was formerly supposed, and that some of 
 its assumed workings are rather to be credited to the 
 regular oceanic drifts. See articles on Kuroshiwo and 
 Sargasso Sea. 
 
 GiilhanA See Abdul-Medjid. 
 
 Gulistan (go-lis-tan'). [Pers., ‘the rose-gar- 
 den.’] The most celebrated and finished work 
 of the Persian poet Sadi. It is a kind of moral work 
 in verse and prose, consisting of 8 chapters on kings, der- 
 vishes, contentment, taciturnity, love and youth, decrepi- 
 tude and old age, education, and the duties of society, the 
 whole intermixed with stories, maxims, philosophical sen- 
 tences, and puns. 
 
 Gull (gul), Sir William Withey. Bom at 
 Colchester, Dec. 31, 1816: died Jan. 29, 1890. 
 A noted English physician, appointed physi- 
 cian extraordinary to the queen in 1872 (ordi- 
 nary in 1887). He received a baronetcy for the 
 skill with which he treated the Prince of Wales 
 in 1871. 
 
 Gullians (gul'ianz). A name sometimes given 
 to the followers of William HI. of England. 
 Gulliver, Lemuel. The ostensible recounter 
 of “ Gulliver’s Travels.” 
 
 Gulliver’s (gul'i-verz) Travels. A social and 
 political prose satire, in the form of a book of 
 travels, written by Jonathan Swift, and pub- 
 lished in 1726. It consists of 4 voyages — to Lilliput, 
 to Brobdingnag, to Laputa, and to the country of the 
 Houyhnhnms. Lemuel GuUiver is an honest, blunt Eng- 
 lish sailor. 
 
 “Gulliver's Travels ” owes most of its external shape to 
 the “Vera Historia”of Lucian, itself a travesty of lost 
 works on geography. The French poet Cyrano de Bergerac 
 (1.20-1655) had written a “ Voyage ii la lune” and a “His- 
 toire comique des etats et empires du soleil,” from which 
 Fontenelle had borrowed some hints. Several slight points 
 which Swift used he is said to have taken from a tract by 
 Francis Goodwin, Bishop of Llandaff. There can be no 
 doubt, moreover, that the particular narrative manner of 
 Defoe, whose “Kobinson Crusoe” had appeared in 1719, 
 produced an effect upon Swift. All these critical specu- 
 lations, however, are rather curious than essential. Swift, 
 always among the most original of writers, is nowhere 
 more thoroughly himself than in his enchanting romance 
 of Lemuel Gulliver. Whether we read it, as children do, 
 for the story, or as historians, for the political aUusions, 
 or as men of the world, for the satire and philosophy, we 
 have to acknowledge that it is one of the wonderful and 
 unique books of the world's literature. 
 
 . Gosse, Hist. Eng. Lit. , p. 160. 
 
 Gull’s Hornbock, The. A book by Thomas 
 Dekker, published in 1609. It gives a graphic de- 
 scription of the manners of Jacobean gallants. The tract 
 is to some extent modeled on Dedekind’s “Grobianus.” 
 It is Dekker’s best-known work. 
 
 Gumbinnen (gom-bin'nen). A town in the prov- 
 ince of East Prussia, Prussia, situated on the 
 Pissa in lat. 54° 36' N., long. 22° 9' E. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 14,196. 
 
 Gummidge (gum 'ij), Mrs. In Dickens’s “ Da- 
 vid Copperfield,” “a lone, lorn creetur” living 
 at Mr. Peggotty’s. 
 
 Gumri. See Alexandropol. 
 
 Gumti <q6m'te), or Gamti (gam'te), or Goom- 
 tee (gom'te). A river in British India, joining 
 the Ganges 17 miles northeast of Benares. 
 Length, about 500 miles. Lucknow is on its 
 banks. 
 
Giimush-Khana 
 
 Giimiish-Khana. [‘ Silver house.’] A town 
 in Asiatic Turkey, about 40 miles south of 
 Trebizond. 
 
 Gundamuk. See Gandamak. 
 Giinderode(guu'de-r6-cle),Karolme von. Born 
 at Karlsruhe, Baden, Feb. 11, 1780 : committed 
 suicide at Winkel, near Mainz, J uly 26, 1806. A 
 German romantic poet, author of “ Gedichte und 
 Phantasien” (1804), “Poetische Fragmente” 
 (1805), etc. 
 
 Gundlach (gond'laeh), Johann Christoph. 
 
 Born at Marburg, Hesse-Cassel. A German 
 naturalist who, after 1839, resided in Cuba. 
 He is well known for his numerous contri- 
 butions to Cuban ornithology and entomol- 
 ogy- 
 
 Gundobad (gun'do-bad), or, erroneously, Gun- 
 debald (gun'de-baid). Died 516. King of the 
 Burgundians 473— 516. He became a patrician of Rome 
 in 472, and in the following year succeeded his father Gun- 
 dioch as king of the Burgundians, dividing the sovereignty 
 with his brothers Godegisel, Chilperic, and Godomar I. In 
 500 he was defeated by Chlodwig (Clovis), king of the 
 Franks, through the treachery of Godegisel, and was ex- 
 pelled from his kingdom. He subsequently recovered his 
 throne, deposed Godegisel, and, as his two other brothers 
 had in the mean time died, reunited the Burgundian do- 
 minions under his sway. He formed an alliance with 
 Chlodwig, and, although an Arian, educated his sons Sig- 
 mund and Godomar II. in the Roman Catholic religion, 
 which was the faith of his subjects. He drew up a code 
 of laws, which was named, after him, “ Lex Gundobada. ” 
 Gunduk. See Gandak. 
 
 Gundulf (gun'dulf), L. Gundolphus (gun-dol'- 
 fus). Born in the diocese of Rouen about 1024 : 
 died March 8, 1108. A Norman prelate, in 1059 
 he became a monk in the abbey of Bee, where he became 
 a friend of Anselm and of Lanfranc, archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, by whose assistance he was elevated to the see of 
 Rochester, March 19, 1077. He was the architect of the 
 cathedral of Rochester (some of his work still exists), of a 
 castle at Rochester, of St. Leonard’s Tower and a nunnery 
 at Mailing, and of the White Tower in London Tower. 
 
 Gundwana. See Gondwana, 
 
 Gungl (gongl), Joseph. Born at Zsiimbek, Hun- 
 gary, Dec. 1, 1810: died at Weimar, Jan. 31, 1889. 
 A Hungarian composer, chiefly of dances and 
 marches. 
 
 Gunib (gu-nib'). A plateau in Daghestan, Cau- 
 casia: scene of the last resistance to Russia and 
 the capture of Shamyl in 1859. 
 
 Gunnerus (gon-na'ros), Johann Ernst. Born 
 at Christiania, 1718 : died 1773. A Norwegian 
 botanist, bishop of Trondhjem. He described 
 the flora of Norway. 
 
 Gunning (gun'ing), Elizabeth, Duchess of 
 Hamilton and afterward of Argyll. Born in 
 1734: died May 20, 1790. A celebrated beauty. 
 She married James, sixth duke of Hamilton, in 1752, and 
 in 1759 she married John Campbell, marquis of Lome, 
 afterward fifth duke of Argyll. Compare Gunning, Maria. 
 
 Gunning, Maria, Countess of Coventry. Born 
 in 1733: died Oct. 1, 1760. A celebrated beauty, 
 daughter of John Gunning of Castle Coote, 
 County Roscommon, Ireland. She and her sister 
 Elizabeth went to London in 1751, and were at once pro- 
 nounced to be “the handsomest women alive.” They were 
 followed by crowds wherever they went, and Maria, who 
 was the better-looking, was mobbed one evening in Hyde 
 Park. The king gave her a guard to protect her, and she 
 once walked in the park for two hours with 2 sergeants of 
 the guard before her and 12 soldiers following her. In 1752 
 she married George William, sixth earl of Coventry. “The 
 beautiful Misses Gunning ” were painted a number of times, 
 and there are many engravings from these portraits. 
 
 Gunning, Mrs. (Susannah Minifie). Born in 
 1740 (?) : died at London, Aug. 28, 1800. An 
 English novelist. She married John Gunning, the 
 brother of the beautiful Gunning sisters. He was colonel 
 of the 65th regiment of foot and lieutenant-general. He 
 had one daughter, Elizabeth, and owing to her flirtations 
 (in which her mother took her part) she and her mother 
 left his house. Many squibs and satires were written 
 on the ensuing complication, which Walpole called “the 
 Gunningiad." Both Susannah Gunning and her daughter 
 wrote a number of novels. The latter married Major James 
 Plunkett, and died in Suffolk, July 20, 1823. 
 
 Gunnison (gun'i-son). A river in western Col- 
 orado, tributary of Grand River, which it joins 
 near lat. 39° N. 
 
 Gunnison Canon. A remarkable canon in the 
 Gunnison River, 15 miles in length. 
 Gunpowder Plot. In English history, a con- 
 spiracy of certain Roman Catholics having for 
 its object the destruction of James I. and the 
 lords and commoners in the Parliament House, 
 London. The leaders were Catesby, Percy, Digby, Win- 
 ter, Guy Fawkes, and others. It was foiled by the arrest 
 of Fawkes, Nov. 4, 1605. See Fawkes. 
 
 Guns (guns), Hung. Koszeg (kSs'seg). A free 
 royal city in the county of Eisenburg (Vas), 
 Hungary, situated on the river Guns in lat. 47° 
 22' N., long. 16° 31' E. it was successfully defended 
 against Soliman the Magnificent in 1532. Population. 
 7,930. 
 
 Gunter (gun'ter), Edmund. Born in Hertford- 
 
 469 
 
 shire, England, 1581 : died at Gresham College, 
 London, Dec. 10, 1626. An English mathema- 
 tician, professor of astronomy in Gresham Col- 
 lege from 1619. He invented the chain, line, quadrant, 
 and scale that are named from him “ Gunter’s chain,” etc. 
 
 Henry Briggs was his colleague for a year ; and their as- 
 sociation doubtless led to Gunter’s “ Canon Triangulorum ; 
 or, Table of Artificial Sines and Tangents, to a radius of 
 100,000,000 parts to each minute of the Quadrant,” 1620. 
 This was the first table of its kind published, and did for 
 sines and tangents what Briggs did for natural numbers. 
 In these tables Gunter applied to navigation and other 
 branches of mathematics his admirable rule “The Gunter,” 
 on which were inscribed the logarithmic lines for num- 
 bers, sines, and tangents of arches; and he showed how 
 to take a back observation by the cross-staff, whereby the 
 errorarising from the eccentricityof the eye is avoided. . . . 
 He was the first who used the words cosine, cotangent, 
 etc., . . . and also introduced the useof arithmetical com- 
 plements into the logarithmical arithmetic (Briggs, Arith. 
 Log., cap. 15). De Morgan (Arith. Books, xxv.) favors Gun- 
 ter’s claim to the invention of the decimal separator. 
 
 Diet. Mat. Bi-og. 
 
 Gunther (giin'ter). In the Nibelungen epic, a 
 Burgundian king, brother of Krienxhild and hus- 
 band of Brunehilde. 
 
 Gunther, Albert Karl Ludwig Gotthilf. Born 
 atEsslingen, Wiirtemberg, Oct. 3, 1830. AGer- 
 man-English zoologist, particularly noted for 
 works on herpetology and ichthyology. He be- 
 came assistant in, and from 1875-95 was director of, the 
 zoological department of the British Museum. He has 
 published “Catalogue of the Colubrine Snakes” (1858), 
 “CatalogueoftheBatrachiaSalientia”(1858), “Reptiles of 
 British India” (1864), “Catalogue of Fishes” (1859-70), 
 “The Gigantic Land-tortoises ” (1877), “Introduction to 
 the Study of Fishes” (1880), “Report on the Shore-fishes, 
 etc., of the Voyage of the Challenger ” (1887-88), etc. 
 
 Gunther, Anton. Born at Lindenau, near Leit- 
 meritz, Bohemia, Nov. 17,1783: died at Vienna, 
 Feb. 24, 1863. A German philosopher and Ro- 
 man Catholic theologian. Among his works are 
 “Vorschule zur spekulativen Theologie” (1828), “Die 
 Juste-Milieus in derdeutschen Pliilosophie gegenwartiger 
 Zeit ” (1838). 
 
 Gunther, Johann Christian. Born at Striegau, 
 Silesia, Prussia, April 8, 1695 : died at Jena, Ger- 
 many, March 15, 1723. A German poet. His 
 collected poems were published 1723-35. 
 Guntram (gun'tram), or Gontran (gon'tran). 
 Died March 28, 593. King of the Franks. He 
 received the sovereignty of Orleans and Burgundy on the 
 death of his father Clotaire I. in 661, while the rest of the 
 Frankish dominion was divided among his brothers Chari- 
 bert, Sigebert, and Chilperic, who received Aquitaine, Aus- 
 trasia, and Neustria respectively. In 567, on the death of 
 Charibert, he became sovereign also of Aouitaine. He 
 sided alternately with Sigebert and Chilperic in the great 
 feud which was kindled by their queens, and which was 
 continued by their descendants. 
 
 Guntur, or Guntoor (gun-tor'). A town in the 
 district of Guntur, Madras Presidency, British 
 India, situated in lat. 16° 18' N., long. 80° 28' E. 
 Giinzburg (giints'borG). A town in Swabia 
 and Neuburg, Bavaria, at the junction of the 
 Giinz and Danube, 15 miles east by north of 
 Ulm. Population, 5,152. 
 
 Guppy (gup'i), William. In Dickens’s “Bleak 
 House,” a young articled clerk, hopelessly in 
 love with Esther Summerson. 
 
 Gupta (gup'ta). [Skt., ‘ protected.’] A name 
 forming often the last member of the name of a 
 Vaishya, orman of the third class. A Vaishya 
 of this name was the founder of the renowned 
 dynasty of Guptas who reigned in Magadha. 
 Gurdaspur (gor-das-por'). A district in the 
 Panjab, British India, intersected by lat. 32° 
 N., long. 75° 20' E. Area, 1,889 square miles. 
 Population, 940,334. 
 
 Gurgaon (gor-ga'on). A district in the Pan- 
 jab, British India, intersected by lat. 28° N., 
 long. 77° E. Area, 1,984 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 746,208. 
 
 Gurhwal. See Garhwal. 
 
 Gurief (go-re-ef'). A town and port in the gov- 
 ernment of Astrakhan, Russia, situated on the 
 Ural, near its mouth, about lat. 47° 10' N., 
 long. 52° E. 
 
 Gurkhas. See Ghurkas. 
 
 Gurley (ger'li), Ralph Randolph. Bom at 
 
 Lebanon, Conn., May 26, 1797: died at Wash- 
 ington, D. C., July 30, 1872. An American 
 clergyman and philanthropist, agent, after 1822, 
 of the American Colonization Society. 
 
 Gurnah (gor'na). The site of the chief ne- 
 cropolis of ancient Thebes in Egypt. 
 
 The excavations in Upper Egypt, which have proved so 
 barren of all information concerning the Fifteenth and 
 Sixteenth Dynasties, have brought to light much concern- 
 ing the Seventeenth. In the tombs at Gflrnah have been 
 found theremainsof a whole arrayof court functionaries, 
 thus betraying the existence of a thoroughly civilized 
 state. Mariette, Outlines, p. 24. 
 
 Gurnall (ger'nal), William. Born near Lynn, 
 Norfolk, 1617: died at Lavenham, Suffolk, Oct. 
 
 Gustavus II. Adolphus 
 
 12, 1679. An English clergyman, author of “The 
 Christian in Complete Armour” (1655-62). 
 Gurney (ger'ni), Edmund. Bora at Hersham, 
 March 23, 1847: died at Brighton, June 23, 
 1888. An English psychologist. He graduated 
 at Cambridge in 1871, and became a fellow of Trinity in 
 1872. He studied music, medicine, and law. In 1880 he 
 published “The Power of Sound,” and in 1887 “Tertium 
 Quid : Chapters on Various Disputed Questions," a col- 
 lection of his philosophical papers. He was one of the 
 founders of the Society for Psychical Research, and pub- 
 lished some of the results of his investigations as “ Phan- 
 tasms of the Living" (1886). 
 
 Gurney, Sir Goldsworthy. Born at Treator, 
 Cornwall, England, Feb. 14, 1793: died at Reeds, 
 Cornwall, Feb. 28, 1875. An English inventor. 
 Among his inventions are the oxyhydrogen blowpipe, 
 the lime-magnesium (Drummond) and oil-gas lights, the 
 high-pressure steam-jet, the tubular boiler, a steam-car- 
 riage, etc. 
 
 Gurney, Joseph John. Born at Earlham Hall, 
 near Norwich, England, Aug. 2, 1788: died there, 
 Jan. 4, 1847. An English philanthropist, a min- 
 ister of the Society of Friends. He was an asso- 
 ciate of Mrs. Fry in prison reform, and of Clarkson and 
 Wilberforce in the antislavery movement. He wrote 
 “Notes on Prison Discipline " (1819), “Evidences, etc., of 
 Christianity ” (1827), etc. 
 
 Gurth (gerth). In Sir Walter Scott’s novel 
 “Ivanhoe,” a swineherd and bondsman of 
 Cedric. 
 
 Gurton, Gammer. See Gammer Gurton’s Needle. 
 
 Gurwal, or Gurwhal. See Garhwal. 
 Gushington (gush'ing-ton), Angelina. The 
 nom de plume of Charles Wallwyn Radcliffe 
 Cooke. 
 
 Gushington, Impulsia. The nom de plume of 
 Helen Selina Sheridan, Lady Dufferin. 
 Gusmao ( gozh-man' ), Alexandre de. Born in 
 Santos, Brazil, 1695: died at Lisbon, Portugal, 
 Dec. 30 or 31, 1753. A Portuguese statesman. 
 Most of his life was passed in Europe, where he was an 
 influential minister under several Portuguese kings. The 
 treaty of 1750, which settled the limits of the Spanish and 
 Portuguese possessions in America by uii possidetis, was 
 due mainly to him. 
 
 Giissfeldt (giis'felt), Paul. Born at Berlin, Oct. 
 14,1840. A German scientific traveler. In 1873 , 
 in association with Falkenstein, Soyaux, Linder, Peehuel- 
 Losche, and Dr. Bastian, he led an expedition to west- 
 central Africa, but failed in his effort to explore the far 
 interior. A rich harvest of scientific collections and ob- 
 servations was brought back in 1875, and published in 
 journals as well as in “ Die Loango Expedition ” (Leipsic, 
 1879). In 1876 Giissfeldt explored the eastern desert of 
 Egypt in company with Dr. Schweinfurth. His journeys 
 in the Andes of Chile and Argentina and in the Bolivian 
 highlands (1882-83) resulted in several important discov- 
 eries. In Feb., 1883, he made an unsuccessful attempt to 
 reach the summit of Aconcagua, one of the highest peaks 
 of the Andes, although he attained an elevation of upward 
 Of 21,000 feet. 
 
 Gustavus (gus-ta'vus or gus-ta'vus) I., or Gus- 
 tavus Vasa (va'sa). [NL. Gustavus, F. Gus- 
 tave, It. Gustavo, G. Gustav, Sw. Gustaf,T)an. Gus- 
 tav.'] Bom at Lindholmen, Upland, Sweden, 
 May 12, 1496 : died at Stockholm, Sept. 29, 1560. 
 King of Sweden 1 523-60. He was the son of Erik Jo- 
 hansson (hence called Gustavus Erikson) of the house of 
 Vasa, and wasdescended on themother’s side fi omthe house 
 of Sture, two of the most influential noble families in Swe- 
 den. He received a careful education, chiefly at the court 
 of his kinsman, the regent Sten Sture the younger, under 
 whom he served against the Danes at the battle of Brann- 
 kyrka in 1518. In the negotiations which followed this 
 Swedish victory, he was sent as a hostage to Christian II. 
 of Denmark, by whom he was treacherously carried off to 
 Denmark. He escaped in 1519, and on the massacre of 
 Stockholm, in which 90 of the leading men of Sweden, in- 
 cluding the father of Gustavus, were executed by Chris- 
 tian II., headed a revolt of the Dalecarlians in 1520, and 
 captured Stockholm in 1523, in which year a diet at 
 Strengniis chose him king (June 6) and repudiated the 
 Kalmar union with Denmark. He favored the Reforma- 
 tion in opposition to the Roman Catholic clergy, who 
 had supported the Danes during the war for freedom ; and 
 in 1527, at the Diet of Westerns, procured the passage of 
 measures placing the lands of the bishops at his disposal, 
 and granting the liberty of preaching the new doctrine. 
 
 Gustavus II. Adolphus. Born at Stockholm, 
 Dec. 19, 1594: died Nov. 16, 1632. King of 
 Sweden 1611-32, son of Charles IX. and Chris- 
 tina of Holstein, and grandson of Gustavus I. 
 He inherited at his accession three wars from the previous 
 reign, namely, with Denmark, Russia, and Poland. He 
 concluded peace with Denmark at Kniired, Jan. 30, 1613 ; 
 compelled Russia to cede Kexholm, Karelen, and Inger- 
 manland at Stolbowa, March 9, 1617 ; and, through the 
 mediation of Richelieu, concluded an armistice of 6 years 
 with Poland, Sept. 26. 1629, with a view to invading Ger- 
 many, where the recent victories of the emperor over the 
 Protestant princes under Christian IV. of Denmark threat- 
 ened both France and Sweden, the former by the increase 
 of the power of the house of Austria, and the latter by the 
 destruction of the equilibrium between Protestantism and 
 Roman Catholicism in the north of Europe. Leaving the 
 conduct of the government in the hands of his chancellor. 
 Axel Oxenstjerna, he landed in Pomerania with 15,000 
 men, July 4, 1630; concluded a formal treaty of alliance 
 with France at Barwalde in Jan., 1631 ; defeated Tilly near 
 Leipsic, Sept. 17, 1631 ; and gained the victory of Liitzen 
 over Wallenstein, Nov. 16, 1632, but fell in the battle. 
 
Gustavus III. 
 
 470 
 
 Guzman de Alfarache 
 
 Gustavus III. Born at Stockholm, Jan. 24, 
 1746 : died at Stockholm, March 29, 1792. King 
 of Sweden 1771-92, son of Adolphus Frederick. 
 
 He crushed the power of the royal council, consisting of 
 nobles, by a coup d’etat in 1772, which reduced it from 
 the position of a co-regent to that of an advisory com- 
 mittee. He carried on war with Russia 1788-90, and was 
 murdered as the result of a conspiracy among the nobles. 
 
 Gustavus IV. Adolphus. Born Nov. 1, 1'78: 
 died at St.-Gall, Switzerland, Feb. 7, 1837. 
 King of Sweden 1792-1809, son of Gustavus III. 
 Contrary to the interests of his country, he bitterly op- 
 posed Napoleon, and in 1808 became involved in war with 
 Russia, which conquered Finland, and was deposed by a 
 military conspiracy. 
 
 Gustavus Adolphus Union. [G. Evangelisclier 
 Verein der Gustav-Adolf-Stiftung .] A union 
 of various Protestant churches in Germany, 
 for the purpose of assisting Protestants in Ro- 
 man Catholic countries, founded after the bi- 
 centennial celebration of the battle of Liitzen 
 (1832). 
 
 Giistrow (giis'tro). A town in Mecklenburg- 
 Schwerin, Germany, situated on the Nebel in 
 lat. 53° 48' N., long. 12° 11' E. It has a trade in 
 
 wool, and contains a cathedral and an ancient ducal castle. 
 Population, commune, 17,161. 
 
 Gutenberg (go'ten-bero), Johannes or Henne 
 
 (originally Gensfleisch). Born at Mainz about 
 1400 : died about 1468. The inventor of print- 
 ing. His claim to this invention has been much disputed. 
 (See Coster.) He was the son of Frielo Gensfleisch and 
 Else Gutenberg, and took his mother’s name. In 1420 his 
 father was exiled, and various legal proceedings growing 
 out of this show that Gutenberg was in Strasburg in 1434. 
 
 In 1436 he was sued before the court at Strasburg for 
 breach of promise of marriage. His claim to be the in- 
 ventor of printing rests mainly on a legal decision ren- 
 dered at Strasburg Dec. 12, 1439, from which it appears 
 that he entered into partnership with certain persons to 
 carry on various secret operations, one of which involved 
 the use of a press with an attachment conjectured to have 
 been a type-mold. In 1460 he formed a partnership with 
 Johann Fust, a money-lender, which terminated in 1455. 
 Fust demanded payment of money loaned; in default of 
 this, seized all of Gutenberg’s types and stock ; and carried 
 on the business himself, with Peter Schoffer (later his son- 
 in-law) as manager. Gutenberg continued his work with 
 inferior types. 
 
 Giitersloh (gii'ters-lo). A town in tbe prov- 
 ince of Westphalia, Prussia, 33 miles east of 
 Munster. It is the center of the “pumpernickel” re- 
 gion, and exports hams and sausages. 
 
 Guthlac ( goth'lak), Saint. Born about 673 : died 
 at Crowland, April 11, 714. An English hermit 
 who for about 15 years lived with a few compan- 
 ions at Crowland. The church reared by ^Ethel- 
 bald over his relics grew into Crowland Abbey. 
 Guthrie (guth ' ri). The capital of Logan 
 County, Okla., and the former capital of the 
 State, situated about 30 miles north of Okla- 
 homa. Population, 11,654, (1910). 
 
 Guthrie, James. Born near Bardstown, Ky. , 
 Dec. 5, 1792: died at Louisville, Ky., March 13, 
 1869. An American politician, secretary of the 
 treasury 1853-57. 
 
 Guthrie, Thomas. Born at Brechin, July 12, 
 1803 : died at St. Leonard’s, near Hastings, Eng- 
 land, Feb. 24, 1873. A Scottish clergyman, 
 orator, and philanthropist. He published “Pleas 
 for Ragged Schools ” (1847, 1849), “ The Gospel in Ezekiel ” 
 (1855), “The City, its Sins and Sorrows” (1857), etc. 
 
 Guthrie, Thomas Anstey: pseudonym F. An- 
 stey. Born at Kensington, Aug. 8, 1856. An 
 English novelist. He wrote “Vice Versa" (1882), 
 “The Giant’s Robe” (1883), “The Tinted Venus ” (1885), 
 “The Pariah" (1889), “The Brass Bottle” (1900), etc. 
 
 Guthrum (goth'rom), or Guthorm. Died 890. 
 A Danish king of East Anglia,. He conquered East 
 AmOia in 878. He was defeated by Alfred at Ethandun 
 (Edington, Wiltshire) in the same year, but retained his 
 conquest. 
 
 Guti (go'te). See Gutium. 
 
 Gutierrez (go-te-ar'reth), Juan Maria. Born 
 at Buenos Ayres, 1809 : died there, Feb. 25, 1878. 
 An Argentine author. During the dictatorship of 
 Rosas he lived in exile in Chile, where he was director of 
 a nautical school. Returning to Buenos Ayres in 1853, he 
 became rector of the university. He published many 
 works, mainly biographical or relating to Spanish- Ameri- 
 can literature. . ^ 
 
 Gutierrez, Santos Joaquin. Born at Villa del 
 Cocui, Boyaca, Oct. 24, 1820: died at Bogota, 
 Feb. 6, 1872. A New Granadan general and 
 politician. He was one of the chiefs of the liberal party, 
 and took a leading part in the revolutionary struggles from 
 1861 to 1863. From 1868 to 1870 he was president of Co- 
 lombia. 
 
 Gutierrez de la Concha, Jose. See Concha. 
 Gutierrez Vergara (var-ga'ra), Ignacio. Born 
 in 1806: died Nov. 3, 1877. A Colombian poli- 
 tician. He was a lawyer ; deputy to several congresses ; 
 governor of Cundinamarca ; and minister of the treasury 
 1857-61. In 1861, as a leader of the conservatives, he as- 
 sumed executive power and attempted to defend BogotA 
 against the revolutionist Mosquera, but was defeated and 
 for a time banished. 
 
 Gutium (gu'shi-um). See the extract. 
 
 The northern plateau was inhabited by a mixture of un- 
 cultivated tribes at the earliest period of which we have 
 any knowledge, and was known under the general name 
 of Gutium or Guti (Kutu in Assyrian), first identified by 
 Sir H. Rawlinson with the Goyim of Gen. xiv. 1. Gutium 
 comprised the whole country which stretched from the 
 Euphrates on the west to Media on the east ; the land of 
 Nizir, with the mountain of Rowandiz, on which the ark 
 of the Chaldean Noah was believed to have rested, being 
 included within it. Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 90. 
 
 Guyot (ge-o'), Arnold Henry. Born near Neu- 
 
 chatel, Switzerland, Sept. 28, 1807 : died at 
 Princeton, N. J., Feb. 8, 1884. A Swiss-Ameri- 
 can geographer and scientist, professor of ge- 
 ography and geology at Princeton from 1855. 
 
 He published a series of school geographies, 
 “Earth and Man” (1849), etc. 
 
 Gutnic (got'nik), or Gutnish. [G. Gutnisch.] 
 The Swedish dialect of the island of Gotland in 
 
 the Baltic. Old Gutnic is a sharply differentiated dialect 
 of Old Swedish, preserved in runic inscriptions from the 
 viking age (700-1050) to the 16th century, and in several 
 MSS. from the 14th century. With Swedish and Danish 
 it forms the group specifically called East Norse. 
 
 Guts Muths (gots'mots), Johann Christoph 
 Friedrich. Born at Quedlinburg, Prussia, Aug. 
 
 9, 1759: died at Sehnepfenthal, near Gotha, 
 Germany, May 21, 1839. A German educator, 
 teacher of gymnastics at Sehnepfenthal. He 
 wrote “Gymnastik fur die Jugend ’ (1793), “Handbuch der 
 Geograph’ie ” (1810), “Turnbuch fur die Sohne des Vater- 
 landes ” (1817), etc. 
 
 Gutzkow (gots ' ko) , Karl. Born at Berlin, March 
 17, 1811: diedatFrankfort-on-the-Main,Dec. 16, 
 1878. A German dramatist and author. He 
 studied theology and philosophy at Berlin. In 1831 ap- 
 peared his first work, “Forum der Journal Litteratur. 
 
 He was subsequently engaged in journalistic work in Stutt- 
 gart, and afterward traveled abroad and lived for short 
 periods in various places in Germany. In 1835 appeared 
 “Wally, die Zweiflerin ” (“Wally, the Skeptic ”), which cost 
 him, on account of the religious views expressed, a three 
 months’ imprisonment at Mannheim. From 1847 to 1850 
 lie lived at Dresden as a dramatist. In the mean time he 
 had again been active as a journalist, and had written be- 
 sides a number of critical works and essays. In 1852 he 
 founded, in Dresden, a weekly journal. From 1860 to 1864 
 he was secretary at Weimar of the Schiller foundation. 
 Doss of health compelled him to relinquish this position 
 in the latteryear. Among his manynovels are “Die Rit- 
 ter vom Geist” (1850-52), “ Der Zauberer von Rom ’’ (1869- 
 1801), “Hohenschwaugau ” (1868), etc. His principal dra- 
 mas are “Zopf und Schwert ”(“ Periwig and Sword, ”1844), 
 “Das Urbild des Tartiilfe” (“The Prototype of Tartufe,” 
 1847), “Uriel Acosta” (1846), “Der Konigslieutenant” 
 
 (“ The King’s Lieutenant,” 1849). 
 
 Giitzlaff (giits'laf), Karl. Born at Pyritz, Pom- 
 erania, Prussia, July 8, 1803: died at Hong- 
 Kong, Aug. 9, 1851. A German missionary in 
 China, and Sinologist. His chief works are 
 “ China Opened ” (1838), “ Geschichte des chine- 
 sischen Reichs” (1847). 
 
 Guy, or Gui (gl or ge), or Guido (gwe'do), of 
 Lusignan(lii-zen-yoh'). [ML. Guido, F. Guy, It. 
 Guido, Sp. Guido, G. and D. Guido.] Died 1194. 
 King of Jerusalem. He was descended from an ancient 
 reigning family in Poitou, and in 1180 married the Marchi- 
 oness of Montferrat, Sibylla, daughter of Amalric (Amau- 
 ry), king of Jerusalem. He succeeded to the throne in 
 1186 on the death of Bald -win V., the son of Sibylla and the 
 Marquis of Montferrat. In 1187 he was conquered and im- 
 prisoned by Saladin, by whom he was released on renoun- 
 cing his claim to the throne. This renunciation he subse- 
 quently disregarded, and in 1192 transferred his claim to 
 the kingdom of Jerusalem to Richar d I. of England in ex- 
 change for Cyprus, in which he became the founder of a 
 new Frankish kingdom. 
 
 Guy of Warwick. A legendary hero of Eng- 
 lish romance. The legends concerning him seem to 
 have been first nut in shape by an Anglo-Norman poet of 
 the 12th century. In the 14th century they were first con- 
 sidered authentic history by the chroniclers. Peter Lang- 
 toft and Walter of Exeter wrote his history about 1308. 
 Many poems as well as short ballads have been written upon 
 the subject. His most popular feat was the killing of the 
 giant Colbrand, a Danish champion, with whom he fought 
 a duel to decide the war between Athelstanand the Danes 
 who were besieging him at Winchester. H e then returned 
 to Warwick, where he had left his wife, the daughter of 
 the Earl of Warwick, in right of whom he assumed the 
 title. He resided near her castle as a hermit, and lived on 
 her alms without making himself known to her; and she 
 only discovered his identity when he sent her their wed- 
 ding-ring, begging her to attend his death-bed. See War- 
 wick. 
 
 Guy (gl), Thomas. Born about 1645 : died at 
 London, Dec. 27, 1724. An English bookseller 
 and philanthropist. He founded Guy’s Hos- 
 pital (London) in 1722, and endowed other 
 charitable institutions. 
 
 Guyenne. See Guienne. 
 
 Guy Mannering (gi man'er-iug). A novel by 
 Sir Walter Scott, published in 1815. 
 
 Guyon (gi'on ; F.pron. ge-oh' ), Madame ( J eanne 
 Marie Bouvier de la Motto : Guyon). Born 
 at Montargis, Loiret, April 13, 104,8 : died at 
 Blois, June 9, 1717. A French mystic, one of 
 the founders of quietism, she married Jacques de 
 la Motte-Guyon at 16 years of age. In 1095 she was im- 
 prisoned for her religious opinions, and later was banished 
 to Blois. She wrote “Moyen oourt et tros facile pour 
 l’oraison ’’ (1688-90), “ Les torrents spirituels ” (1704), “ Poe- 
 sies spirituelles ” (1689), autobiography (1720), translation 
 of the Bible (1713-15), etc 
 
 Ul inc iiiDio i xu-ioft vvv . 
 
 Guyon (gi'on), Sir. The personification of tem- 
 perance in Spenser’s “Faerie Queene,” bk. ii. 
 
 Guy’s Hospital. A London hospital situated 
 in St. Thomas’s street, south of the Thames, not 
 far from London Bridge. It was founded, with 
 other charities, by Thomas Guy, a bookseller of 
 London. 
 
 Guzerat (guz-e-rat'), or Gujarat (guzh-a-rat'). 
 
 A region in British India, bordering on the Ara- 
 bian Sea, about lat. 20°-24° 45' N., long. 69°-74° 
 20' E. It comprises the northern districts of the gov- 
 ernorship of Bombay, the Gaikwar’s dominions, and other 
 native states. 
 
 Guzerat (in the Pan jab). See Gujrat. 
 
 Guzman (goth -man ' ) , F ernando Perez de. Born 
 in 1405 : died in 1470. A Spanish poet and chroni- 
 cler. He served for a time at the council-board and in the 
 army of John II., king of Castile, but eventually retired to 
 private life and devoted himself to literature. His chief 
 work is “ Cronica del senor don J uan Seguudo deste nombre, 
 rey de Castilla," etc. (1564). 
 
 Guzman, Gonzalo Nuno de. Born at Portillo : 
 died at Santiago de Cuba, Nov. 5, 1539. The 
 second governor of Cuba. He was one of the con- 
 querors of the island, regidor of Santiago, and after the 
 death of Velasquez became governor, April 27, 1627. On 
 account of his avarice and cruelty he was removed, Nov. 
 
 6 1531, but again obtained the place and retained it until 
 
 Guzman (goth-man'), Joaquin Eufracio. Born 
 in Costa Rica, 1801 : died in Salvador about 
 1870. A Central American general and politi- 
 cian. He served under Malespin, and was vice-president 
 in his administration, hut declared against him in Feb., 
 1845, and assumed the presidential oflice until the end of 
 the term in 1848. Subsequently he was a leader of the 
 liberals in the Salvadorian Congress. 
 
 Guzman, Luis Henriquez de. See Henriqaez 
 de Guzman. 
 
 Guzman, Nuno or Nunez Beltran de. Born 
 at Guadalajara, Spain, about 1485 : died there, 
 1544. A Spanish lawyer and soldier. He was long 
 encomendero at Puerto de Plata, Espafiola. In 1526 he was 
 appointed to settle and govern Panuco, in northwestern 
 Mexico’ and by his encroachments on the territory of 
 Cortos, and of Narvaez on the north, caused much trouble. 
 In 1528 he was made president of the first audience of Mex- 
 ico, virtually ruling the country until 1531. He did all he 
 could to injure Cortes, and made himself odious by arbi- 
 trary acts and extortion. In 1530 he conquered tbe region 
 on the Pacific coast long known as New Galicia. Guzman 
 was deposed by a new audience, Jan., 1531, and was sub- 
 sequently disgraced and heavily fined. 
 
 Guzman, Ruy Diaz de. Born in Paraguay, 1544: 
 died after 1612. The first historian of Paraguay. 
 
 The greater part of his life was spent in the province of 
 Guayra, where he became military governor. His “ His- 
 toria Argentina” describes the conquest of the Platine 
 States, and brings the history of the colony down to 1575. 
 The work was first published in 1836. # 
 
 Guzman Blanco (blan'ko), Antonio e Born at 
 Caracas. Feb. 29, 1828 : died at Paris, July 28, 
 1899. A Venezuelan soldier and statesman. He 
 was prominent in the federalist revolts 1859-63, and on the 
 triumph of his party became first vice-president under Fal- 
 con in 1S63. The latter was deposed by a revolution in 1868. 
 Guzman Blanco headed a successful counter-revolution in 
 1870, and (Falcon having died) became president. By suc- 
 cessive reelections he retained the office until 1882, and his 
 influence was strong under subsequent administrations 
 until 1888. , 
 
 Guzmin de Alfarache. A romance by Mateo 
 Aleman, named from its hero. It is “ nearly of the 
 same age as ‘ Don Quixote,’ and of great genius, though it 
 can hardly be ranked as a novel or a work of imagination. 
 It is a series of strange, unconnected adventures, rather 
 drily fold, but accompanied by the most severe and sar- 
 castic commentary. The satire, the wit, the eloquence and 
 reasoning, are of the most potent kind : but they are di- 
 dactic rather than dramatic. They would suit a homily or 
 a pasquinade as well [as] or better than a romance. Still 
 there are in this extraordinary book occasional sketches of 
 character and humorous descriptions to which it would be 
 difficult to produce anything superior.” Hazlitt. 
 
 As it has reached us, it is divided into two parts, the 
 first of which was published at Madrid in 1599. Its hero 
 who supposed himself to be the son of a decayed and not 
 very reputable Genoese merchant established at Seville, 
 escapes as a boy, from his mother, after his father s rum 
 and death, and plunges into the world upon adventure. 
 He soon finds himself at Madrid, though not till he has 
 passed through the hands of justice ; and m that capital 
 undergoes all sorts of suffering, serving as a scullion to a 
 cook, and as a ragged errand-boy to whomsoever would 
 employ him : until, seizing a good opportunity, he steals 
 a large sum of money that had been intrusted to him, and 
 escapes to Toledo, where lie sets up for a gentleman. But 
 there he becomes, in his turn, the victim of a cunning like 
 his own ; and, finding his money nearly gone, enlists for 
 the Italian wars. His star is now on the wane. At Bar- 
 celona he again turns sharper and thief. At Genoa and 
 Rome he sinks to the lowest condition of a street beggar. 
 But a cardinal picks him up in the last city and makes Him 
 his page • a place in which, but for his bold frauds and 
 tricks, lie might long have thriven, and which at last he 
 leaves in great distress, from losses at play, and enters _the 
 service of the French ambassador. Here the Hirst Bart 
 
Guzman de Alfarache 
 
 ends. ... In 1605 the genuine Second Part appeared. It 
 begins with the life of Guzman in the house of the French 
 ambassador at Home, where he serves in some of the most 
 dishonorable employments to which the great of that pe- 
 riod degraded their mercenary dependents. 
 
 Ticknor, Span. Lit., III. 99. 
 
 Gwalior (gwa'le-or). 1. A protected state of 
 India, of irregular outline, lying between the 
 United Provinces on the northeast and the 
 states of Eajputana on the west. It is ruled by 
 the Sindhia dynasty : their forces were defeated in 1803 
 and 1843. Area, 25,041 square miles. Population, 2,933,001. 
 2. A name erroneously applied to Lashkar, 
 the present capital of the state of Gwalior. 
 Pop., 89,154. Gwalior proper is the seat of Jain and 
 early Hindu antiquities, and is noted for its fortress. 
 Population, 16,807. 
 
 Gwamba (gwam'ba). A Bantu tribe occupying 
 the vast tract between Zululand and the Sabi 
 Eiver, mostly in Portuguese East Africa, but 
 also represented in Transvaal. Scattered tribes are 
 found as far north as Lake Nyassa, where they are called 
 Batonga, which is the nickname given them by the Zulus. 
 They call themselves Hagwamba, and their language Shi- 
 gwamba. This language differs more from Chuana and 
 Suto than from Zulu. The Boers call them Knobnoses be- 
 cause of their custom, now abandoned, of producing a 
 string of fleshy knobs down their noses. A Swiss mission 
 has been very successful in teaching these natives. 
 
 Gwendolen Harleth. See Harleth. 
 
 Gwilt (gwilt), Joseph. Born at Southwark, 
 London, Jan. 11, 1784: died at Henley-on- 
 Thames, Sept. 14, 1863. An English architect 
 and archaeologist. He published an “ Encyclo- 
 paedia of Architecture” (1842), etc. 
 
 Gwyn.or Gwinn (gwin), Nell or Eleanor. Born 
 at Hereford (?), Feb. 2, 1650 : died Nov. 13, 
 1687. An English actress, mistress of Charles II. 
 There is little information as to her early life. Her first 
 known appearance on the stage was in 1665. She was a 
 great favorite with the public, as she was gay and spright- 
 ly and played piquant, bustling parts. Her dancing was 
 much admired. After various adventures with other lovers 
 besides the king, she left the stage in 1682. The king re- 
 tained his affection for her till his death. She had two 
 children by him : Charles (1670) (afterward Duke of St. 
 Albans), and a second son, James (1671). Large sums of 
 money, and Bestwood Park (Nottingham), Burford House 
 (Windsor), and other gifts, were bestowed on her. 
 
 For tragedy she [Nell Gwyn) was unfitted : her stature 
 was low, though her figure was graceful ; and it was not 
 till she assumed comic characters, stamped the smallest 
 foot in England on the boards, and laughed with that pecu- 
 liar laugh that in the excess of it her eyes almost disap- 
 peared, that she fairly carried away the town, and enslaved 
 the hearts of city and of court. She spoke prologues and 
 
 471 
 
 epilogues with wonderful effect, danced to perfection, and 
 in her peculiar but not extensive line was, perhaps, un- 
 equalled for the natural feeling which she put into the 
 parts most suited to her. She was so fierce of repartee 
 that no one ventured to allude sneeringly to her antece- 
 dents. She was coarse, too, when the humour took her ; 
 could curse pretty strongly, if the house was not full ; and 
 was given, in common with the other ladies of the com- 
 pany, to loll about and talk loudly in the public boxes, 
 when she was not engaged on the stage. 
 
 Doran, Eng. Stage, I. 62. 
 
 Gya. See Gaya. 
 
 Gyaman (gya-man 7 ). A Nigritie tribe of the 
 Gold Coast, West Africa, situated north of Ku- 
 massi, and speaking a language of its own. 
 Gye(gi), Frederick. Born at London, 1809: died 
 at Ditchley, Dec. 4, 1878. An English manager 
 
 of opera. He undertook the management of CoventGar- 
 den in 1869, and retained it till 1877, when his son Ernest 
 Gye assumed control. See Albani. 
 
 Gyergyo-Szent-Miklos (dyer'dyo sent mek 7 - 
 losh). A town in the county of Csik, Transyl- 
 vania, situated in lat. 46° 42' N., long. 25° 33' E. 
 Population, 7,028. 
 
 Gyges (gl'jez). Bang of Lydia, a contemporary 
 of the Assyrian king Asurbanipal (668-626 
 B. c. ), and a founder of a new dynasty. Pressed 
 by the Cimmerians, he invoked the help of Asurbanipal, 
 and submitted to his supremacy. Afterward he allied him- 
 self with Psammeticlius, kiug of Egypt, against Assyria, 
 and seems to have fallen in one of the repeated attacks of 
 the Cimmerians, who were no longer checked by the As- 
 syrian power, in about 663. “According to the legend in 
 Plato, Gyges, a herdsman of the king of Lydia, after a ter- 
 rible storm and earthquake, saw near him a chasm in the 
 earth, into which he descended and found a vast horse of 
 brass, hollow and partly open, wherein lay a gigantic 
 corpse with a golden ring. This ring he carried away, and 
 discovered unexpectedly that it possessed the miraculous 
 property of rendering him invisible at pleasure. Being 
 sent on a message to the king Candaules, he made the magic 
 ring available to his ambition : he first possessed himself 
 of the person of the queen, and then with her aid assassi- 
 nated the king, and finally seized the sceptre." G-rote. 
 
 Gyidesdzo (gyed-asd-zo 7 ). A tribe of North 
 American Indians on Price Island, northwest of 
 Millbank Sound, British Columbia. See Tsim- 
 sliian. 
 
 Gyitgaata (gyet-ga'a-ta), or Kitkada, or Kit- 
 kaet. A tribe of North American Indians on 
 Grenville Channel, British Columbia. Their 
 name signifies ‘people of the poles ’ (from their 
 salmon-weirs). See Tsimsliian. 
 
 Gyitksan (gy et-ksan 7 ) , or Kitikshian. [From 
 Kshian or ’Kushian, a settlement on Skeena 
 
 Gyula 
 
 Eiver.] A tribe of North American Indians on 
 upper Skeena Eiver, British Columbia. See 
 Nasqa. 
 
 Gymnopsedise (jim-no-pe'di-e). [Gr. yvyvoTuu- 
 olcu.'] See the extract. 
 
 The feastof the Gymnopfedise, or naked youths, was one 
 of the most important at Sparta (Pausan. III. xi. § 7). It 
 lasted several days, perhaps ten. It was less a religious 
 festival than a great spectacle, wherein the grace and 
 strength of the Spartan youth were exhibited to their ad- 
 miring countrymen and to foreigners. The chief ceremo- 
 nies were choral dances, in which wrestling and other 
 gymnastic exercises were closely imitated, and which 
 served to shew the adroitness, activity, and bodily strength 
 of the performers. These were chiefly Spartan youths, 
 who danced naked in the forum, round the statues of 
 Apollo, Diana, and Latona. Songs in celebration of the 
 noble deeds performed by the youths, as the exploits of 
 Thyrea and Thermopylae, formed a portion of the pro- 
 ceedings at the festival. 
 
 Rawlinson, Herod., III. 451, note. 
 
 Gymnosophists (jim-nos'o-fists). A sect of an- 
 cient Hindu philosophers who lived solitarily 
 in the woods, wore little clothing, ate no flesh, 
 renounced all bodily pleasures, and addicted 
 themselves to mystical contemplation: so called 
 by Greek writers. By some they are regarded as 
 Brahman penitents ; others include among them a set of 
 Buddhist ascetics, the Shamans. 
 
 Gyoma (dyo'mo). A town in the county of Bek6s, 
 Hungary, situated on the Koros in lat. 46° 57' 
 N., long. 20° 51' E. Population, 11,545. 
 Gyongyos (dyen'dyesh). A town in the county 
 of Heves, Hungary, 47 miles northeast of Bu- 
 dapest. It has a flourishing trade. Popula- 
 tion, 16,442. 
 
 Gyp. The pseudonym of Sibylle Gabrielle Marie 
 Antoinette Eiquetti de Mirabeau, comtesse 
 de Martel de Janville. See Martel de Janville. 
 Gypsies. See Gipsies. 
 
 Gyrowetz (gir'6-vets), Adalbert. Bom at Bud- 
 weis, Bohemia, Feb. 19, 1763 : died at Vienna, 
 March 19, 1850. An Austrian composer of sym- 
 phonies, operas, ballets, etc. 
 
 Gythium (ji-thi'um or jitli'i-um). [Gr. Vidtov.] 
 In ancient geography, a seaport of Laconia, 
 Greece, situated on the Gulf of Laconia in lat. 
 36° 46' N., long. 22° 34' E., near the modern 
 Marathonisi. 
 
 Gyula (dyo'lo). The capital of the county of 
 Bekes, Hungary, situated on the White Koros 
 in lat. 46° 38' N., long. 21° 17' E. Population, 
 22,446. 
 
aanen (ha'nen), Remi van. 
 Born Jan. 5, 1812 : died at 
 Aussee, Aug. 13, 1894. A 
 Dutch landscape-painter . 
 Haarlem, or Harlem (har'- 
 lem). [D. Haarlem (former- 
 ly Haerlem, Harlem ), OD. 
 Haralern, ML. Harlemum.'] 
 The capital of the province 
 of North Holland, Netherlands, on the Spaarne 
 4 miles from the North Sea, and 11 miles west 
 of Amsterdam. It has various manufactures, and is 
 especially celebrated for its flower-gardens. The Groote 
 Kerk (of St. Bavo) is an impressive cruciform structure of 
 the 15th century. The tower is 255 feet high. The interior 
 possesses a brass choir-screen and fine carved stalls and 
 pulpit. The organ, built in 1738, is famous as one of the 
 finest existing. Haarlem was formerly the residence of 
 the Counts of Holland. It was seized by the insurgent 
 peasants in 1492 ; was invested by the Spaniards in Dec., 
 1572 ; surrendered in July, 1573 ; and was retaken by Wil- 
 liam of Orange in 1577. It was an art center in the 17th 
 century. Population, 70,348. 
 
 Haarlemmer Polder (har'lem-mer pol'der). A 
 plain in the province of North Holland, Nether- 
 lands, between Haarlem, Amsterdam, and Ley- 
 den. It was formerly the Haarlemmer Meer or Lake, 26 
 miles iu length, formed in the 16th century and commu- 
 nicating with the Y and the Old Rhine. This was drained 
 in 1840-53. Population of the district, about 16,000. 
 
 Haas (lias), Johannes Hubertus Leonardus 
 
 de. Born at Hedel, North Brabant, March 25, 
 1832 : died at Brussels, Aug. 16, 1880. A noted 
 animal-painter. He was a pupil of Van Oos at Haar- 
 lem, and went to Brussels in 1857. His “Trio of Donkeys" 
 is at the Lisbon Gallery ; “Castleon the Rhine,” “ Cows at 
 Pasture," and “ Three Comrades " at the National Gallery, 
 Berlin ; “ Pasture ” at the Brussels Museum ; and “ Cattle ’ ' 
 at the Kunsthalle, Hamburg. 
 
 Haase (lia'ze), Friedrich. Born at Berlin, Nov. 
 1, 1827: died there, March 17, 1911. A Ger- 
 man actor. He first appeared at Weimar in 1846, and 
 played successively at Potsdam, Berlin, Prague, Karlsruhe, 
 Munich, Frankfort, etc. He visited America in 1869 and 
 1882-83. 
 
 Haase, Heinrich Gottlob Friedrich Chris- 
 tian. Born at Magdeburg, Prussia, Jan. 4, 1808 : 
 died at Breslau, Prussia, Aug. 16, 1867. A Ger- 
 man classical philologist, professor at the Uni- 
 versity of Breslau. 
 
 Habab (ha-bab'). An African tribe wandering 
 as nomadic herdsmen over the pasture-lands 
 northwest of Massowah, between the Bogos and 
 the Beni Amer. In physical appearance they and the 
 Beni Amer show more affinity with the Cushitic Bedja or 
 Bisharin ; but their dialects belong to the same cluster as 
 Tigr£ and Amharic, the base of which is Semitic. In re- 
 ligion the Hababs are said to be now Mohammedan, al- 
 though within recent times they still made a profession of 
 Ethiopic Christianity. See Ti<jr(. 
 
 Habakkuk (ha-bak'uk or hab'a-kuk). [Cf. 
 Assyr. liambaquqm, name of a plant.] A He- 
 brew prophet. Nothing authentic of his life is known, 
 and he therefore has become the subject of many legends. 
 Thus, in the apocryphal book “Bel and the Dragon,” 
 he is carried through the air by an angel from Judea to 
 Babylon to feed Daniel. The book of his prophecies, con- 
 sisting of 3 chapters, holds the eighth place among the 
 minor prophets. The first two chapters bear on the 
 wickedness reigning in the country and the growing power 
 of the Chaldeans ; the third chapter is a lyric ode repre- 
 senting God as appearing in judgment. Habakkuk ex- 
 hibits poetical genius of high order. His prophecy is con- 
 structed dramatically in the form of a dialogue between 
 himself and Jehovah. The lyric ode ranks, for sublimity 
 of poetic conception, picturesqueness of imagery, and 
 splendor of diction, with the highest which Hebrew poetry 
 has produced. He prophesied most probably in the reign 
 of Jehoiakim (609-597 B. C.). 
 
 Habana. See Havana. 
 
 Habassin. An old name of Abyssinia. 
 
 Habberton (hab'er-ton), John. Born at Brook- 
 lyn. Feb. 24, 1842. An American writer, author 
 of “Helen’s Babies" (1876), etc. 
 
 Habelscbwerdt (ha'bel-shwert). A town in 
 the province of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the 
 Neisse 58 miles south-southwest of Breslau. 
 Population, commune. 6,002. 
 
 Habeneck (ab-nek'), Francois Antoine. Born 
 at Mezieres, France, Jan. 22, 1781: died at Pa- 
 ris, Feb. 8, 1849. A French violinist and con- 
 ductor. 
 
 Habicht (ha'bicht), Ludwig. Born July 23, 
 1830: died at Amalfi, Dec. 29, 1908. A German 
 novelist. He wrote “ Der Stadt schreiher von Liegnitz” 
 (1865), “Zwei Hofe ” (1870), “ Vor dem Gewitter ' (1873), 
 “Scheiu und Sein” (1875), “ Am Gardasee” (1890), etc. 
 
 Habington (hab'ing-ton), William. Born at 
 Hindlip, Worcestershire, Nov., 1605: died there, 
 1654. An English poet. He published the lyrical 
 collection “Castara” (1634), etc. 
 
 Habor (ha'bor). A river mentioned with Gozan 
 in connection with the settlement of the deport- 
 ed ten tribes in Assyria (2 Ki. xvii.). its former 
 identification with the Chebar has been generally given up. 
 It is, no doubt, identical with the Aborrhas, or Chaboras, 
 of classical writers, still bearing the name Klrabour, which 
 falls into the Euphrates near Circesium. The name occurs 
 as Habur in the cuneiform inscriptions. 
 
 Habrocomas. See Abroeomas. 
 
 Habsburg. See Hapsburg. 
 
 Hachette (a-shet'), Jeanne Fourquet or 
 Laisne, surnamed. Born at Beauvais, Nov. 14, 
 1454: the date of her death is not known. A 
 French heroine. She took part, armed with a hatchet 
 (hachette), iu the defense of Beauvais against Charles the 
 Bold in 1472 (whence her surname). 
 
 Hachette, Louis Christophe Francois. Born 
 at Rethel, Ardennes, France, May 5, 1800 : died 
 July 31, 1864. A French editor and publisher, 
 founder of the firm of Hachette and Co., Paris. 
 Hackelberg (ha ' kel -hero), or Hackelnberg 
 (ha'keln-berG). In German folk-lore, the wild 
 huntsman of the “furious army,” identified with 
 a historical Hans von Hackelberg (1521-81). 
 Hackensack (hak'en-sak). The capital of 
 Bergen County, New Jersey, situated on Hack- 
 ensack River 12 miles north by west of New 
 York. Population, 14,050, (1910). 
 Hackensack River. A small river in Rock- 
 land County, New York, and northeastern New 
 Jersey, flowing into Newark Bay 4 miles south- 
 east of Newark. 
 
 Hackett (hak'et), Horatio Balch. Born at 
 Salisbury, Mass., Dec. 27, 1808 : died at Roch- 
 ester, N. Y., Nov. 2, 1875. An American bib- 
 lical scholar. He was professor of biblical literature iu 
 Newton Theological Institution 1839-69, and in 1870 became 
 professor of New Testament Greek in Rochester Theo- 
 logical Seminary. Among his works are “ Hebrew Gram- 
 mar” (1847), “Commentary on the Acts” (1852), “Illus- 
 trations of Scripture” (1855), translation of Philemon 
 (1860). He edited, with Ezra Abbot, the American edition 
 of Smith's “Bible Dictionary” (1868-70). 
 
 Hackett, James Henry. Born at New York, 
 March 15, 1800 : died at Jamaica, N. Y., Dec. 
 28, 1871. An American actor. He went on the 
 stage about 1820. He was successful in the personation of 
 Yankees and Western pioneers. He is best known, how- 
 ever, for his representation of Falstaff, which he first 
 played about 1832. He wrote “Notes and Comments on 
 Shakspere ” (1863). 
 
 Hacklander (hiik ' len-der), Friedrich Wil- 
 helm VOn. Born at Burtscheid, near Aix-la- 
 Chapelle, Prussia, Nov. 1, 1816 : died near the 
 Starnbergersee, Bavaria, July 6, 1877. A Ger- 
 man novelist, dramatist, and miscellaneous 
 writer. He wrote “ Bilder aus dem Soldatenleben im 
 Frieden " (1841),“ Wachtstubenabenteuer” (1845), “Handel 
 und Wandel " (1850), etc. 
 
 Hackney (bak'ni). A metropolitan and parlia- 
 mentary borough of London, 3 miles northeast 
 of St. Paul’s, formerly a fashionable center. 
 It returns 3 members to Parliament. Popula- 
 tion of metropolitan borough, 222,587, (1911). 
 Hackum (hak'um), Captain. Abully in Shad- 
 well’s “ Squire of Alsatia.” 
 
 Haco. See HaJcon. 
 
 Hadad (ha'dad). A Syrian deity. The name 
 is applied iu the Bible to several persons. See 
 Ben-hadad. 
 
 Hadad occupied a higher position than Saul. He was, 
 as I have said, the supreme Baal or Sun-god, whose wor- 
 ship extended southward from Carcliemish to Edom and 
 Palestine. At Damascus lie was adored under the Assyr- 
 ian name of Rimmon, and Zechariah (xii.ll) alludes to the 
 cult of the compound Hadad-Rimmon in the close neigh- 
 bourhood of the great Canaanitish fortress of Megiddo. 
 Coins hear the name of Abd Hadad, “the servant of Ha- 
 dad,” who reigned in the fourth century at Hierapolis, 
 472 
 
 the later successor of Carchemish ; and, under the abbre- 
 viated form of Dfida, Shalmaneser speaks of “the god 
 Dada of Aleppo ’’ (Khalman). 
 
 Sayce, Auc. Babylonians, p. 55. 
 
 Hadad-rimmon (ha' dad -rim' on). A place 
 mentioned in Zech. xii. 11 as situated in the 
 valley of Megiddo, where a lamentation took 
 place. The lamentation is referred by some to the fall 
 of Josiah in the battle with Necho of Egypt near Megiddo 
 (609 B. c.), and Hadad-rimmon is then taken as a place 
 identified witli the modern village Rummaneli, south of 
 Lejun, which is considered as representing the ancient Me- 
 giddo. By others the lamentation of Hadad-rimmon is 
 explained to mean the rites connected with three Syrian di- 
 vinities similar to the mourning over the death of Adonis 
 in Phenicia and elsewhere. 
 
 Hadai (ha-di'), or Adaize (a-diz'). A tribe of 
 the Caddo Confederacy of North American In- 
 dians. See Caddo. 
 
 Haddington (had'ing-ton), or East Lothian 
 
 (est lo'THi-an). A maritime county of Scot- 
 land, hounded by the Firth of Forth and the 
 North Sea on the north, Berwick on the south- 
 east and south, and Edinburgh on the west. 
 Area, 267 sq. m. Pop. (civil county), 38,662. 
 Haddington. The. capital of Haddingtonshire, 
 Scotland, on the Tyne 17 miles east of Edin- 
 burgh. It was the birthplace of Knox and of 
 Smiles. Population, 3,992. 
 
 Haddon Hall (had 'on hal). A mansion belong- 
 ing to the Dukes of Rutland, situated 2 miles 
 southeast of Bakewell, Derbyshire, England. 
 It is a notable example of the medieval residence of a 
 great English proprietor. 
 
 Haden (ba'dn), Sir Francis Seymour. Born at 
 London, England, Sept. 16, 1818: died at Brad- 
 ford, June 1, 1910. An English etcher ami 
 physician. He was president of the Society of Painter- 
 Etchers. His works include “ Etudes a Teaii-forte," with 
 text by Burty (1865), “ About Etchings ” (1883), “ The Rela- 
 tive Claims of Etching and Engraving ” (1879), “ LTEuvre 
 grav6 de Rembrandt " (1880). Rnighted in 1894. 
 
 Hadendoa (had-en'd5-a). One of the Bedja 
 tribes in Upper Nubia which form the hulk of 
 the population of Suakim and Taka. They are pas- 
 toral and nomadic, to some extent agricultural, and are 
 notorious for attacking caravans. Ruins resembling those 
 of Zimbabwe in South Africa are found in their territory. 
 
 Hadersleben (ha'ders-la-ben), Dan. Haderslev 
 (ha'ders-lev). A town in the province of Schles- 
 wig-Holstein, Prussia, situated on Hadersleben 
 Fjord in lat. 55° 15' N., long. 9° 30' E. It has 
 some trade. Population, commune, 9,289. 
 Hades (ha'dez). [Gr."A«5^f or A«5r/f.] 1. In Greek 
 mythology: (a) The lord of the lower world, a 
 brother of Zeus, and the husband of Persephone 
 (Proserpine). He reigned in a splendid palace, and, be- 
 sides his function of governing the shades of the departed, 
 lie was the giver to mortals of all treasures derived from 
 the earth. In art he was represented in a form kindred to 
 that of Zeus and that of Poseidon, and bearing the staff or 
 scepter of authority, usually in company with Persephone. 
 As the god of wealth he was also called by the Greeks Pluto; 
 and he is the same as the Roman Dig, Orcus, or Tartarus 
 (b) The invisible lower or subterranean world 
 in which dwelt the spirits of all the dead ; the 
 world of shades; the abode of the departed. 
 The souls in Hades were believed to carry on there a coun- 
 terpart of their material existence : those of the righteous 
 without discomfort, amid the pale sweet blooms of aspho- 
 del, or even in pleasure, in the Elysian Fields ; and those 
 of the wicked amid various torments. The lower world 
 was surrounded by fiery and pestilential rivers, and the 
 solitary approach was guarded by the monstrous tliree- 
 headed dog Cerberus to prevent the shades from escaping 
 to the upper world. 
 
 2. In the Greek New Testament, and in the re- 
 vised English version, indefinitely, the state or 
 abode of the dead : often taken as equivalent to 
 purgatory, the intermediate state of the dead, 
 or to hell. 
 
 Hading (a-dan'). Jane (real name Jane Al- 
 frddine Trdfouret Hadingue). Born at Mar- 
 seilles, Nov. 25, 1861. A noted French actress. 
 She made her first appearance, when only 3 years old, as 
 little Blanche in “Le bossu.” This part was usually rep- 
 resented by a doll. From the time she was 14 years old 
 she played a variety of parts, at first in operetta, until 
 finally, in 1883, 1 "she made a notable success at the Gymnase 
 in Paris in “ Le maitre de forges. ” 
 
 Hadji Khalfa. See Haji Khalfa. 
 
Hadleigh 
 
 Hadleigh (had'li). A town in Suffolk, England, 
 
 47S 
 
 Haenke. See Hdnke. 
 
 onTheTTrett about 10 miles west of Ipswich. Half. See Frisches Haff, Kmisch.es Haff, and 
 Population, 3,245. Stettiiwr Haff. 
 
 Hadley (had'li). A town in Hampshire Coun- Hafiz (Pers. pron. ha-fiz'), Shams ed-din Mu- 
 ty, Massachusetts, on the Connecticut opposite hammad. [Arabic hdfis, he who knows by 
 Northampton. It is noted in King Philip’s War (1675) heart, i. e. the Koran and the traditions.] Born 
 for the attack made upon it by the Indians, which was at Shiraz in the beginning of the 14th century: 
 ★ repelled under the leadership of the regicide Goffe. died between 1388 and 1394. An eminent Per- 
 
 Hadley, Arthur Twining. Born at New Haven, s j an diving philosopher, and grammarian, and 
 Conn., April 23, 1856. An American educator, OIie 0 y (} ie greatest poets of all time. He was not 
 the son of James Hadley. He was graduated at only appointed teacher in the royal family, but a special 
 Yale University in 1876; was professorof political science college was founded for him. Hesingsof wine, love, night- 
 there 1886-91, and of political economy 1891-99, and was ingales, and flowers, and sometimes of Allah and the 
 elected president of the university May, 1899. He has Prophet and the instability of life. His tomb, about 2 
 written “Railroad Transportation ” (1885), etc. _ miles northeast of Shiraz, is sumptuously adorned, and is 
 
 Hadley, James. Bom at Fairfield, Herkimer still the resort of pilgrims. 
 
 County, N. Y., March 30, 1821 : died at New Ha- Hafnia (haf'ni-a). The Latin name of Copen- 
 ven, Conn., Nov. 14, 1872. An American scholar, hagen. 
 
 professor of Greek in Yale College 1851-72. He Hagar (ha ' gar). An Egyptian concubine of 
 published a “Greek Grammar ”(1861). An "Introduction Abraham, mother of Ishmael. 
 
 ‘^P,^™ffisto^o/th?^ngI?s'h Langua^” ( 1879 k wer^pub^ Hagarenes(hag'a-reuz) orHagrites(hag'rits). 
 fished after his death. A nomadic people of Old Testament times, oc- 
 
 Hadley, John. Born April 16, 1682: died Feb. cupying a region east of the Jordan. 
 
 14,1743. A noted English mathematician and Hagedorn (hfi'ge-dorn), Friedrich von. Born 
 mechanician. He improved the reflecting telescope, at Hamburg, April 23, 1708: died at Hamburg, 
 and in 1730 invented the reflecting quadrant. His claim Oct. 28, 1754. A German lyric, didactic, and 
 to the latter invention has been disputed, Thomas Godfrey, satirical poet. The best edition of his poems 
 
 t h e^sarn e y c-ar! ^ Pr ° P ° * “ apparatU3 m was published in 1800. 
 
 Hadramaut (ha-dra-mat'h A region in south, Hagen (ha/gen). A town in the province of 
 em Arabia, of undefined boundaries, extending Westphalia, Prussia, situated at. the junction 
 along the Indian Ocean between Dahna on the 
 north, Mahra on the east, and Yemen on the 
 west: explored by Theodore Bent in 1894. 
 
 Hadrian (Popes). See Adrian. 
 
 Hadrian (ha'dri-an), sometimes Adrian (Pub- 
 lius Aalius Hadrianus). Born at Rome, Jan. 
 
 24, 76 a. d. : died at Bahe, Italy, July 10, 138. 
 
 Roman emperor 117-138, nephew of Trajan 
 whom he succeeded. Renouncing the policy of con- 
 quest, he abandoned the new provinces of Armenia, Meso- 
 potamia, and Assyria, and established the Euphrates as the 
 eastern boundary of the empire. In 119 he began a pro- 
 gress through the provinces, in the course of which he 
 began the construction of the wall that bears his name 
 against the Piets and the Scots in Britain, and from which 
 he returned about 131. He promulgated the “Edictum 
 Perpetuum,” a collection of the edicts of the pretors by Sal- 
 
 of the Ennepe with the Yolme, 32 miles east- 
 northeast of Dusseldorf. It manufactures iron 
 and textile fabrics. Pop., commune, 77,567. 
 
 Hagen, Ernst August. Born at Konigsberg, 
 Prussia, April 12, 1797 : died at Konigsberg, 
 Feb. 15, 1880. A German writer on art, author 
 of “Norica” (1827), “Leonardo da Vinci in 
 Mailand” (1840), etc. 
 
 Hagen, Friedrich Heinrich von der. Born at 
 Schmiedeberg, Brandenburg, Prussia, Feb. 19, 
 1780: died at Berlin, June 11, 1856. A German 
 scholar, especially noted for researches in Old 
 German poetry. He became professor at Berlin when 
 the university was founded, was called to Breslau, and re- 
 turned to Berlin in 1821. He edited the “Nibelungen- 
 lied ” (1810-12), “Minnesinger " (1838-56), etc. 
 
 A vl p V 0 U UU1, it t/Ollvv tiUli vt tUU 1/UlvviJ vl vliv p I v l/Ul O U J ‘ all i p y TT A , r . 
 
 vius Julianus, inl32. In 132 a revolt was occasioned among Hagen, Hermann August. Born at Konigs- 
 
 the Jews by the planting of the Roman colony of -Elia 
 Capitolina on the site of Jerusalem, which was suppressed 
 in 135. 
 
 Hadrian, Arch of. See Arch of Hadrian. 
 
 Hadrianople. See Adrianople. 
 
 Hadrian’s Mole. See Angelo, Castle of Sant 
 
 Hadrian’s Villa. An assemblage of ancient 
 ruins, near Tivoli, perhaps the most impressive 
 in Italy. It included the Greek and Latin theaters, so 
 called, an odeum, thermae, a stadium, a palace, several tem- 
 pies, spacious structures for guards and attendants, and 
 
 berg, Prussia, May 30, 1817 : died at Cambridge, 
 Mass., Nov. 9, 1893. A German-American ento- 
 mologist, curator of entomology at the Cam- 
 bridge Museum of Comparative Zoology (from 
 about 1873). He is best known for his works on 
 the Neuroptera and Fseudoneuroptera. 
 
 Hagen, Theodore. Born at Dusseldorf, May 
 24, 1842. A German landscape-painter, pro- 
 fessor (1871) and director (1877-80) of the art 
 school at Weimar. 
 
 many subsidiary buildings and devices. Of most of these Hagenau (ha'ge-nou), F. HaglienaU (ag-no'). 
 
 there are extensive remains ; and here were found many of 
 the fine statues now in Roman museums. 
 
 Hadrian’s Wall. A wall of defense for the Ro- 
 man province of Britain, constructed by Ha- 
 drian between the Solway Firth and the mouth 
 
 A town in the district of Lower Alsace, Alsace- 
 Lorraine, on the Moder 17 miles north of Stras- 
 burg. It was once a fortified free imperial city, and was 
 a favorite residence of the Hohenstaufens. Population, 
 commune, 18,737. 
 
 of the Tyne. The work has been ascribed to Severus Hagenbach (ha'gen-bach) , Karl Rudolf. Born 
 
 and others, “ but after a long debate the opinion now pre- 
 vails that the whole system of defence bears the impress 
 of a single mind, and that the wall and its parallel earth- 
 works, its camps, roads, and stations, were designed and 
 constructed by Hadrian alone." Elton. 
 
 Hadrumetum (had-ro-rae'tum), or Adrume- 
 
 tum (ad-ro-me'tum). In ancient geography, 
 a Phenician (later a Roman) colony, generally 
 
 at Basel, (Switzerland, March 4, 1801: died at 
 Basel, June 7, 1874. A German-Swiss church 
 historian and Protestant theologian, a moderate 
 advocate of the “mediation theology.” Among 
 his works are “Encyclopadie und Methodologie der theolo- 
 gischen Wissenschaften ” (1833), “Lehrbuch der Dogmen- 
 geschichte ” (1840), “ Kircheugeschichte ” (1868-72). 
 
 identified with the modern Susa, Tunis, situated Hagerstown (ha'gerz-toun). The capital of 
 on the Gulf of Hammamet 70 miles south by Washington Count y, Maryland, situated on An- 
 ★east of Tunis. tietam Creek 63 miles west-northwest of Balti- 
 
 Haeckel (hek'el), Ernst Heinrich. Born at more. It has some manufactures. Population, 
 Potsdam, Prussia, Feb. 16, 1834. A distin- 16,507., (1910). 
 
 guished German naturalist, one of the leading Haggai (hag'i). Prophesied 520 b. c. The tenth 
 advocates of the biological theory of evolution, in order of the minor prophets of Israel. His 
 professor at Jena 1862-1909. His works include prophecy consists of 2 chapters, and the burden of it is 
 “ Die Radiolarien ” (1862), “ Generelle Morphologie der an appeal to his countrymen to prosecute the work of re- 
 Organismen ” (1866), “Natiirliche Schopfungsgeschichte ” ★storing the temple. 
 
 (“Natural History of Creation," 1868 ), “tlber die Entste- Haggard (liag'iird), Sir Henry Ridel'. Born 
 2 nd , den Stammbaum des Menschengeschlechts / J une 22, 1856. An English author and barrister. 
 
 TT_ .1 4-1, 1C7K *70 
 
 (“On the Origin and Genealogy of the Human Race,” 
 1870), “Anthropogenic" (1874), “Die Kalkschwamme” 
 (“Calcareous Sponges," 1872), “Gastnea Theorie ’’ (1874), 
 “ Plankton-Studien” (1890), “Die Weltratsel ” (1899), etc. 
 Haeltzuk (Ini' el-tzuk). 1. A division of tho 
 Wakashan stock of North American Indians 
 
 lie was in the colonial service in the Transvaal 1875-79, 
 and published in 1882 “Cetywayo and his White Neigh- 
 bors.” Among his novels are “King Solomon’s Mines," 
 “She,” “ Allan Quatermain,” “Cleopatra,” “ Montezuma’s 
 Daughter,” and “Ayesha.” He has also written “Rural 
 England,” etc. Created a baronet, Jan. 1, 1912. 
 comprising 23 tribes. Its habitat is the northern part HaglOgrapha (ha-ji-og'ra-fa). [Gr. ayt.6ypa<pa, 
 of Vancouver Island, adjoining the Aht (Wakashan) and sa ered writings : Heb. Ketubim , writings.] The 
 
 Salishan territories, and the western coast of British Co- 
 lumbia. The principal tribes of this division are the 
 Haeltzuk proper, Wikeno, Kwakiutl, and Nawiti. There 
 are 1,898 on the Kwawkewlth agency, British Columbia, 
 and over 1,000 not under agents. See Wakashan. 
 
 2. A collective name for a body of North Ameri- 
 can Indians (also called Belbella, or Millbank 
 Sound Indians) which includes the Haeltzuk 
 proper and the Wikeno. Their habitat is Mill- 
 bank Sound and Rivers Inlet, British Columbia. 
 
 Hffimus (he'mus). The Latin name of the Bal- 
 kans (which see). 
 
 Greek name of the last of the 3 Jewish divisions 
 of the Old Testament. They are variously reckoned, 
 but usually comprise the Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Canticles, 
 Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, 
 Nehemiah, and Chronicles. 
 
 The third section of the Hebrew Bible consists of what 
 are called the Hagiographa or “ Ketiibiin,” that is [sacred] 
 writings. A t the head of these stand three poetical bo< >ks, 
 — Psalms, Proverbs, and Job. Then come the five small 
 books of Canticles, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, and 
 Esther, which the Hebrews name the Mcgilloth.or “rolls. ” 
 They have this name because they alone among the Hagi 
 ographa were used on certain annual occasions in the ser- 
 
 Haiduks 
 
 vice of the synagogue, and for this purpose were written 
 each in a separate volume. 
 
 W. R. Smith, 0. T. in the Jewish Ch., p. 131. 
 
 Hagrites. See Hagarenes. 
 
 Hague, La. See Hogue, La. 
 
 Hague (hag), The, D\ Den Haag (den hao), or 
 ’s Graven Hage (’s Gra'fen ha'oe). [F. La 
 Ha/tfe, G. Der Haag, ML. Haga Comitis, repr. 
 
 D. Den Haag , the Haw, or ’s Graven Hage, the 
 Count’s Haw, that is, garden, it being orig. a 
 lodge or dwelling of the counts of Holland.] 
 The capital of the Netherlands and of the prov- 
 ince of South Holland, situated 3 miles from 
 the North Sea, in lat. 52° 4' N., long. 4° 18' 
 
 E. The chief attractions are the Binnenhof (buildings 
 used for States-General, etc.), the Mauritshuis with the 
 picture-gallery, Groote Kerk, town hall, municipal mu- 
 seum, Steengracht picture-gallery and some other collec- 
 tions, royal library, and park. The town, originally a 
 hunting-lodge (hedge) of the Counts of Holland, was an 
 important diplomatic center in the 17th and 18th cen- 
 turies. It was the scene of a concert between the em- 
 pire, Prussia, Russia, and the maritime powers in 1710, in 
 order to secure the neutrality of northern Germany ; the 
 Triple Alliance (between France, England, and the Nether- 
 lands) was concluded here Jan. 4, 1717 ; and the peace be- 
 tween Spain, Savoy, and Austria was signed here Feb. 17, 
 1717. Population, 259,012. 
 
 Hague Conference. See Peace Conference. 
 
 Hahn (han), August. Born at Grossosterhausen , 
 near Eisleben, Prussia, March 27, 1792: died at 
 Breslau, Prussia, May 13, 1863. AGerman Prot- 
 estant theologian, professor and preacher suc- 
 cessively at Konigsberg, Leipsic, and Breslau. 
 He wrote “Lehrbuch des christlichen Glau- 
 bens” (1828), etc. 
 
 Hahn, Madame (Helena Andrejevna Fade- 
 jeff). Born 1814: died at St. Petersburg, June 
 24, 1842. A Russian novelist, wife of an officer 
 of artillery. Among her novelsare “ Jelaleddin,” “Ut- 
 balla,” “Theopliania,” and “Abbiaggio,” her best work. 
 She wrote originally under the pseudonym “Zeneida 
 R wa.” 
 
 Hahn, Johann Georg von. Born at Frank- 
 fort-on-the-Main, July 11, 1811: died at Jena, 
 Germany, Sept. 23, 1869. An Austrian traveler, 
 consul at Janina 1847, and in Syria 1851. He 
 wrote “ Albanesische Studien ” (1854), “Reise 
 von Belgrad nach Salonik” (1861), etc. 
 
 Hahnel (ha'nel), Ernst Julius. Born at Dres- 
 den, March 9, 1811: died at Dresden, May 22. 
 1891. A German sculptor. Among his works 
 are sculptures for the theater and other build- 
 ings in Dresden. 
 
 Hahnemann (ha'ne-man), Samuel Christian 
 Friedrich. Born at Meissen, Saxony, April 10, 
 1755: died at Paris, July 2, 1843. A German 
 physician, founder of homeopathy. He took the 
 degree of M. D. at Erlangen in 1779, and practised for 
 some years at Dresden and various other places. About 
 1796 he announced a new system of medicine, which he 
 subsequently developed in the work “Organon der ra- 
 tionellen Heilkunde ” (1810). 
 
 Hahn-Hahn (han'han), Countess Ida Marie 
 Luise Sophie Friederike Gustave von. Born 
 at Tressow, Meckleuburg-Schwerin, Germany, 
 June 22, 1805 : died at Mainz, Germany, Jan. 12, 
 1880. A German author. She was the daughter of 
 Count Karl Friedrich von Hahn. In 1826 she married 
 her cousin Count Friedrich Wilhelm AdoH von Hahn, but 
 soon separated from him. In 1850 she became a Roman 
 Catholic, and in 1852 entered as novice a convent at Angers. 
 Later she founded a convent, and devoted herself there to 
 good works. She published various volumes of poem3, and 
 the romances “ Aus der Gesellschaft ”(1838), “Grafin Faus- 
 tine ” (1841), etc. 
 
 Haida (hi'dii). [‘ People.’] The native and pop- 
 ular name of the Indians who still occupy the 
 Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, and 
 a part of the Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. 
 They are famous for their carved work and baskets. Their 
 present number is about 900, in several villages. See 
 Skittagetan. 
 
 Haidarabad. See Hyderabad. 
 
 Haidinger (hi'ding-er), Wilhelm von. Born 
 at Vienna, Feb. 5, 1795 : died at Dornbach, near 
 Vienna, March 19, 1871. An Austrian mineral- 
 ogist and geologist. In 1823-27 he resided in Edin- 
 burgh, and after 1840 at Vienna, where he was director of 
 the Imperial Geological Institute 1849-66. He was the 
 author of “Handbuch der bestimmenden Mineralogie ’ 
 (1846), “Geognostische Ubersichtskarte der osterreich- 
 ischen Monarchic ” (1847), etc. 
 
 Haidee (hl-de'). A Greek girl in Byron’s “ Don 
 Juan.” 
 
 Haiduks, orHayduks (hi'duks). [Hung., ‘rob- 
 bers.’] A class of mercenary foot-soldiers in 
 Hungary, of Magyar stock, distinguished for 
 their gallantry in the field. For their fidelity to the 
 Protestant cause Bocskay, the leader in an insurrection in 
 Hungary, rewarded them in 1605 with the privileges of 
 nobility, and with a territorial possession called the Hai 
 duk district, which was enlarged as Haiduk county in 
 1876. The Hungarian light infantry were called Haiduks 
 in the 18th century, from a regiment constituted for a 
 time by these people. 
 
Haifa 
 
 Haifa (hi'fa). A town in Syria, Asiatic Turkey, 
 situated on the Bay of Acre in lat. 32° 48' N., 
 long. 35° 1' E. : the ancient Sycaminum. Popu- 
 lation, about 15,000. 
 
 Hail, Columbia. A patriotic American song, 
 written by Joseph Hopkinson in 1798 for the 
 benefit of an actor. The tune was then called “ The 
 President’s March.” Under the political exeiteriient of 
 the time the song became very popular, and, though pos- 
 sessing little poetical merit, is still kept in vogue by the 
 force of patriotic sentiment. 
 
 Hailes, Lord. See Dalrymple, Sir David. 
 Haimonskinder (hi ' mons-kin-der ) . A popular 
 German romance, borrowed from the French 
 “ Les quatre filz Aymon.” It appeared in 1535. 
 Hainan (hi-nan'). An island belonging to the 
 province of Kwangtung, China, situated be- 
 tween the China Sea on the east, and the Gulf 
 of Tongking on the west, about lat. 18°-20° N., 
 long. 108° 30'-lll° E. Capital, Kiung-chow-fu. 
 The surface is generally mountainous. The inhabitants 
 are Chinese, and partly independent Li. Area, estimated, 
 12,000-14,000 square miles. Population, estimated, about 
 2,500,000. 
 
 Hainau, officially Haynau (hi'nou). A town 
 in the province of Silesia, Prussia, situated on 
 the Swift Deichsel 49 miles west by north of 
 Breslau. Here, May 26, 1813, the Prussians de- 
 feated the French. Population, commune, 
 10.119. 
 
 Hainaut, or Hainault (ha -no'), Flem. Hene- 
 gouwen (hen'e-go-ven). [F. Hainaut, formerly 
 Hainault, G. Hennegau, ML. Hannonia, Hagi- 
 noia, or Comitatus Henegavensis, Flem. Hene- 
 gouwen : named from the river Haine.~\ A prov- 
 ince of Belgium, bounded by West Flanders 
 on the northwest, East Flanders and Brabant 
 on the north, Namur on the east, and France on 
 the southwest. Capital, Mons. it was a medieval 
 countship, which was joined through marriage to Holland 
 in 12i)9. In 1433 it was united to the dominions of Philip 
 the Good of Burgundy, subsequently became a pos- 
 session of Spain. Part of it was ceded to France in 
 1659, and part in 1678. The remainder passed to Aus- 
 tria in 1713-14 and shared the fortunes of the Bel- 
 gian Netherlands. Area, 1,437 square miles. Population 
 1,234,418. 
 
 Hamburg (hin'b6rG),or Haimburg (him'borG). 
 A town in Lower Austria, Austria-Hungary, 
 situated on the Danube 26 miles east by south 
 of Vienna, near the site of the ancient Camun- 
 tum. There is a ruined castle in the vicinity. 
 Population, 7,304, (1910). 
 
 Hainichen (hi'nich-en). A town in the district 
 of Leipsic, Saxony, on theLittleStriegis 28miles 
 west-southwest of Dresden, it is the center of the 
 German flannel manufacture. Pop., commune, 7,752. 
 
 Hair of Berenice. See Coma Berenices. 
 
 Haiti, or Hayti (ha'ti; F. pron. a-e-te'), Sp. 
 Santo Domingo (san'to do-meng'go), and for- 
 merly Espanola (es-pan-yo'la), Latinized as 
 Hispaniola (his-pan-i-6'la). An island of the 
 Greater Antilles, and next to Cuba the largest 
 of the W est Indian islands. It is separated from Cuba 
 on the west by the Windward Passage, and from Porto 
 Rico on the east by the Mona Passage, and is traversed 
 from east to west by 3 mountain-ranges. It contains min- 
 eral and especially vegetable wealth. It is divided po- 
 litically into the republics of Haiti and Santo Domingo. 
 It was discovered by Columbus in 1492, and in 1493 he es- 
 tablished on it the first Spanish colony in the New World. 
 Subsequently it was neglected, and became the prey of 
 freebooters and bucaneers. About 1632 French buca- 
 neers settled in the western part, which was definitely 
 ceded to France in 1697. Bloody revolutionary and slave 
 revolts in the French colony (1791-93) ended in the su- 
 premacy of the blacks. Their leader, Toussaint Louver- 
 ture, governed the whole island from 1795, and proclaimed 
 its independence in 1801. Temporarily reduced by Le- 
 clerc’s expedition (1802-03), the blacks, aided by the Eng- 
 lish, recovered the western part, where Dessalines was em- 
 peror 1804-06. Struggles between the blacks and mu- 
 lattos and between rival leaders led to the division of this 
 part of the island ; but it was reunited under Boyer, who 
 in 1822 conquered the Spanish or eastern end. In 1844 
 the Spanish part became independent, and since then the 
 island has been divided politically into Haiti and the Do- 
 minican Republic, the former occupying about one thud 
 in the western part. (See these names.) Total area, about 
 28,260 square miles. Popnlation, about 2,500,000. 
 
 Haiti, or Hayti. Arepublic occupying the west- 
 ern portion of the island of Haiti. Capital, Port- 
 au-Prince. The chief export is coffee. The executive 
 is vested in a president, now elected for 7 years ; and legis- 
 lation is intrusted to an assembly comprising a senate and 
 chamber of representatives. The prevailing language is a 
 debased French, and the nominal religion is Roman Catho- 
 lic. Independence was proclaimed 1801 ; Dessalines was 
 emperor 1804-06; the eastern portion of the island was 
 annexed in 1822, and finally separated in 1844 ; and Sou- 
 louque was emperor 1849-59, under the title of Faustin I. 
 It has suffered continually from revolutions. Area, 10,204 
 square miles. Population (about nine tenths of which are 
 blacks), estimated, 2,000,000. 
 
 Haizinger (bits'ing-er), Anton. Born at Wil- 
 fersdorf , Lower Austria, March 14, 1796 : died 
 at Karlsruhe, Baden, Dec. 31, 1869. An Aus- 
 trian tenor singer. 
 
 474 
 
 Hajdu-Boszormeny (hoi'do-be'ser-many). A 
 town in the Haiduk county, Hungary, 12 miles 
 northwest of Debreczin. Population, about 
 
 25.000. 
 
 Hajdu-Dorog (hoi'do-do'rog). A town in the 
 Haiduk county, Hungary, 22 miles north by 
 west of Debreczin. Population, 9,911. 
 Hajdu-Nanas (hoi'do-na'nash). A town in 
 the Haiduk county, Hungary, 23 miles north- 
 northwest of Debreczin, Population, about 
 
 16.000. 
 
 Hajdu-Szoboszlo (hoi'do-so'bos-lo). A town 
 in the Haiduk county, Hungary, 13 miles 
 southwest of Debreczin. Population, about 
 15,500. 
 
 Haji Khalfa (haj'e khal'fa), also called Katib 
 Tchelebi (originally Mustapha ben Abdal- 
 lah). Died at Constantinople in 1658. A Turk- 
 ish historian and bibliographer. He was a native 
 of Constantinople ; spent some years in military service ; 
 studied under Cadhizddeh Eifendi and Sheik A raj Mus- 
 tafazadah ; and was appointed khalifa (assessor) to the 
 principal of the Imperial College at Constantinople about 
 1648. He wrote in Arabic a chronological work entitled 
 “Takwimu ’ttawarikh," and a bibliographical lexicon en- 
 titled “Kasfu zzunun ’an Asamt ’1 Kutub wa ’1 funun,” 
 which contains notices of 18,550 Arabic, Persian, and Turk- 
 ish books, with memoirs of the authors (edited with Latin 
 translation by Flugel as “Lexicon bibliographicum et en- 
 cyclopaedicum,” 1835-58). 
 
 Hajipur (hiij-e-por'). A town in the Muzaffar- 
 pur district, Bengal, British India, situated on 
 the Gandak, near its junction with the Ganges, 
 about 5 miles north-northeast of Patna. Pop- 
 ulation, about 21,400. 
 
 Hajji Baba (had'je ba'ba), Adventures of. 
 
 An Oriental novel by Morier, published in 1824 
 (second part 1828). 
 
 Hakim (ha'kem), or Hakem (ha'kem). Bom 
 985 : died about 1021. A Fatimite calif in Egypt, 
 996 to about 1021, regarded as the founder of the 
 Druses. 
 
 Hakluyt (hak'lot), Richard. Born about 1552 : 
 died at London, Nov. 23, 1616. An English ge- 
 ographer. He studied at Oxford, took holy orders, and 
 was attached to the suite of the English ambassador in 
 France 1583-86. In 1603 he was made archdeacon of West- 
 minster. While in France he published an annotated edi- 
 tion of Martyr’s “De orbe novo,” and an account of Lau- 
 donniere’s expedition to Florida. His great collection of 
 travels, “The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discov- 
 eries of the English Nation,” first appeared in 1589, and 
 was republished in a greatly enlarged form, in 3 vols., 
 1598 to 1600. There are modern editions. 
 
 Hakluyt Society. [Named in honor of Richard 
 Hakluyt.] A society established in London, in 
 1846, with the object of printing annotated Eng- 
 lish editions of rare works on early geography, 
 travels, and history. It has published a large 
 and valuable series of books. 
 
 Hakodate (ha-ko-dii'ta). A seaport in the isl- 
 and of Yezo, Japan, situated on the Bay of 
 Hakodate in lat. 41° 47' N., long. 140° 44' E. 
 It was opened to American commerce in 1854. 
 
 , It exports agricultural and marine products, 
 sulphur, furs, and timber. Population, 87,875. 
 Hakon (ha'kon), or Haco (ha'ko), I., surnamed 
 “ The Good.” Born about 920: died about 961. 
 King of Norway. He was an illegitimate son of Harold 
 Haarfager, and was educated in England at the court of 
 King Athelstan. He expelled Harold’s son and successor 
 Eric and usurped the throne about 934. He alienated a 
 majority of his subjects by attempting to introduce Chris- 
 tianity, and was defeated and killed by the son of Eric about 
 961. 
 
 Hakon, or Haco, V., surnamed' 1 The Old.” Died 
 about 1263. King of Norway from 1217 to about 
 1263. He annexed Greenland and Iceland to 
 Norway. 
 
 Haku (ha'ko). A country, tribe, and dialect 
 of Angola, West Africa, between the Kuanza, 
 Ngango, and Kutato rivers. The country is high, 
 undulating, and covered with prairie and forest. The peo- 
 ple are well built. Their dialect, still unstudied, belongs 
 to the Kimbundu cluster. 
 
 Hal (hal). A town in the province of Brabant, 
 Belgium, situated on the Senne 10 miles south- 
 west of Brussels. It is a pilgrim resort on account of 
 the shrine in its Church of Notre Dame. Population, 
 14,491. 
 
 Hala, or Halla (ha'la). A town in the Hyder- 
 abad district, Sind, British India, situated in 
 lat. 25° 49' N., long. 68° 28' E. 
 
 Halacha (ha-lak'a). [From Heb. lialacli, to go, 
 the way, rule.] Those portions of the Talmud 
 which discuss in a legal manner the precepts 
 of religion and law regulating the life of man, 
 as opposed to Agada (which see). 
 
 Halah (ha'la). A place mentioned in connec- 
 tion with Habor and Gozan as one in which 
 Sargon settled the deported Israelites (2 Ki. 
 xvii. 6, xviii. 11): perhaps identical with 
 
 Hale, Nathan 
 
 Halahu mentioned in an Assyrian geograph- 
 ical list between Arbaha (Arrapachitis) and 
 Razappa (Reseph). 
 
 Hala (ha'la) Mountains. A mountain-range 
 in eastern Baluchistan and the western part of 
 Sind, British India, intersected by the Bolan 
 and Mula passes. 
 
 Halas (ho'losh). A town in the county of Pest- 
 Pi] is-Solt-Kiskim, Hungary, situated in lat. 
 46° 25' N., long. 19° 31' E. Population, about 
 20 , 000 . 
 
 Halberstadt (hal'ber-stat). A city in the prov- 
 ince of Saxony, Prussia, on the Holzemme 30 
 miles southwest of Magdeburg. It has large trade 
 and manufactures. The cathedral, rebuilt very slowly af- 
 ter a fire in 1179, was not consecrated until 1491, so that 
 it illustrates the entire development of medieval archi- 
 tecture from the Romanesque to the late Pointed. The 
 west towers and fagade are in large part Romanesque, 
 the nave- is of the 13th century, and the transepts and 
 choir chiefly of the 14th. The choir-screen is of the rich- 
 est Pointed work. There are notable sculptures in wood 
 and in alabaster of the Crucifixion, and some fine 16th- 
 century paintings. The bishopric of Halberstadt, founded 
 as early as the 9th century, was granted as a secular prin- 
 cipality to Brandenburg in 1648. Population, commune, 
 45,529. 
 
 Halbig (lial'biG), Jobann. Born at Donners- 
 dorf, Lower Franconia, Bavaria, July 13, 1814 : 
 died at Munich, Aug. 29, 1882. A German 
 sculptor. His chief works are at Munich and near 
 Oberammergau (group of the Crucifixion). 
 
 Haldane (hal'dan), Janies Alexander. Bom 
 
 at Dundee, Scotland, July 14, 1768: died at 
 Edinburgh, Feb. 8, 1851. A Scottish preacher, 
 brother of Robert Haldane. He officiated in alarge 
 “tabernacle ” in Edinburgh, and spent much of his time 
 in itinerant preaching. 
 
 Haldane, Robert. Born at London, Feb. 28, 
 1764: died at Edinburgh, Dec. 12, 1842. A 
 Scottish philanthropist and theological writer. 
 He spent large amounts of money and much personal ef- 
 fort in schemes for the advancement of religion in Scot- 
 land. Both he and his brother James left the Church 
 of Scotland, becoming Congregationalists and afterward 
 Baptists. He published “Evidences and Authority of 
 Divine Revelation” (1816 : 2d ed. 1834), “ Exposition of the 
 Epistle to the Romans ’’ (1835-39), etc. 
 
 Haldeman (hal 'de -man), Samuel Stehman. 
 
 Born at Locust Grove, Lancaster County, Pa., 
 Aug. 12, 1812 : died at Chickies, near Columbia, 
 Sept. 10, 1880. Au American naturalist and 
 philologist. He was appointed professor of the natural 
 sciences at the University of Pennsylvania in 1851, and 
 at Delaware College in 1855, and became professor of com- 
 parative philology at the University of Pennsylvania in 
 1869. His works include “Freshwater Univalve Mollusca 
 of the United States ’’ (1840), “ On the German Vernacular 
 of Pennsylvania "(in “Transactions of the American Philo- 
 logical Society ” 1870 ; in book form 1872), “ Zoological 
 Contributions" (1842-43), “Elements of Latin Pronuncia- 
 tion ” (1851), “ Affixes in their Origin and Application ” 
 (1865), “ Outlines of Etymology” (1877), “ Word-building ” 
 (1881). 
 
 Hale (hal), Benjamin. Born at Newbury, 
 Mass., Nov. 23, 1797 : died there, July 15, 1863. 
 An American clergyman and educator. He was 
 professor of chemistry and mineralogy in Dartmouth Col- 
 
 ★ lege 1827-35, and president of Hobart College 1836-58. 
 
 Hale, Edward Everett. Born at Boston, Aoril 
 3, 1822: died at Roxbury, Mass., June 10, 1909. 
 An American author, editor, and Unitarian 
 clergyman, son of Nathan Hale (1784 -1863). 
 Among his works are “Ninety Days’ Worth of Europe ” 
 (1861), “The Man without a Country" (1863), “Puritan 
 Politics in England and New England” (1869), “The Ing- 
 ham Papers" (1870), “ His Level Best, etc.” (1872), “In His 
 Name ” (1874), “ Philip Nolan's Friends " (1876), and a 
 number of volumes of sermons, boys’ books, etc. He was 
 editor of the “ Christian Examiner," founder and editor of 
 “Old and New,” editor of “Lend a Hand," and associate 
 editor of “ The Lookout. ” 
 
 Hale, John Parker. Born at Rochester, N. H., 
 March 31, 1806: died at Dover, N. H., Nov. 19, 
 1873. An American statesman. He was member 
 of Congress from New Hampshire 1843-45 ; United States 
 senator 1847-53 and 1855-65 ; candidate of the Free Dem- 
 ocratic party for the Presidency in 1852; and United 
 States minister to Spain 1865-69. 
 
 Hale, Sir Matthew. Born at Alderley, Glouces- 
 tershire, England, Nov. 1, 1609: died at Aider- 
 ley, Dec. 25, 1676. A celebrated English jurist. 
 He was judge of the Common Pleas 1653-58, and was made 
 chief baron of the exchequer in 1660, and lord chief jus- 
 tice in 1671. His chief works are “Historia Placitorum 
 Coronse ’’ (published in 1736), “ History of the Common Law 
 of England,” and “Contemplations, Moral and Divine." 
 
 Hale, Nathan. Bom at Coventry, Conn., June 
 6, 1755 : died at New York, Sept. 22, 1776. An 
 American patriot. He graduated at Yale College in 
 1773, entered the army in 1775, and became a captain in 
 1776. In Sept., 1776, he was sent by General Washington to 
 procure intelligence concerning the British at New York ; 
 was arrested in the British camp ; and was executed as a 
 spy by order of Sir William Howe. A statue was erected 
 to his memory in New York in 1893. 
 
 Hale, Nathan. Born at Westhampton, Mass., 
 Aug. 16, 1784 : died at Brookline, Mass., Feb. 9, 
 
Hale, Nathan 
 
 475 
 
 Halle 
 
 1863. An American journalist, nephew of Na- 
 than Hale (1755-76). He was editor of the Bos- 
 ton “Daily Advertiser” from 1814. 
 
 Hale, Mrs. (Sarah Josepha Buell). Born at 
 Newport, N. H., Oct. 24, 1790: died at Philadel- 
 phia, 1879. An American editor and writer. She 
 became editor of the “ Ladies’ Magazine "(Boston) in 1828, 
 andof “ Godey’s Lady’s Book ’ (Philadelphia) in 1837. She 
 wrote “Woman’s Record" (1853), etc. 
 
 Haleb. See Aleppo. 
 
 Hales, Alexander of. See Alexander of Hales. 
 Hales (halz), John, surnamed “ The Ever-Mem- 
 orable.” Bom at Bath, England, April 19, 1584 : 
 died at Eton, England, May 19, 1656. An Eng- 
 lish scholar and Arminian divine. He was edu- 
 cated at Oxford, and became a fellow of Merton College. 
 He attended the Synod of Dort in lt>18, and in 1639 became 
 canon of Windsor. His most notable work is “ Golden Re- 
 mains ” (1659). 
 
 Hales, Stephen. Born at Bekesbourne, Kent, 
 Sept. 7, 1677 : died at Teddington, near London, 
 Jan. 4, 1761. An English physiologist and in- 
 ventor. He was curate of Teddington, Middlesex, from 
 1708 until his death. His chief work is “Vegetable Stat- 
 icks ” (1727). 
 
 Haldvy (a-la-ve'), Jacques Francois Fromen- 
 
 tal Bile. Born at Paris, May 27, 1799 : died 
 at Nice, March 17, 1862. A French composer, 
 of Hebrew descent. He entered the Conservatoire in 
 1809, and studied with Berton and Cherubini. In 1819 he 
 took the grand prix with his “Herminie.” In 1827 he was 
 professor of harmony at the Conservatoire, in 1833 pro- 
 fessor of counterpoint and fugue, and in 1840 professor of 
 composition. He wrote “Lemons de lecture musicale” 
 (1857), "Souvenirs et portraits, etc.” (1861)., Among his 
 numerous operas are "La Juive ”(1835), “L’Eclair” (1835), 
 “Le Juif errant" (1852). 
 
 Halevy, Joseph. Born at Adrianople, Turkey, 
 Dec. 15, 1827. A French Orientalist and trav- 
 eler in Arabia and Abyssinia, noted as an As- 
 syriologist. His works include “ Rapport sur une mis- 
 sion arch^ologique dans le Y6men” (1872), “Melanges 
 d’epigraphie et d’arch^ologie s^mitiques ” (1874), “Re- 
 cherches antiques sur l’origine de la civilisation baby- 
 lonienne ” (1876), “Documents religieux de l’Assyrie et de 
 la Babylonie,.etc.” (1883), etc. He founded the “Revue 
 s6mitique d’epigraphie et d’histoire ancienne.” 
 
 Halevy, Leon. Born at Paris, Jan. 14, 1802 : 
 died at St.-Germain-en-Laye, France, Sept. 3, 
 1883. A French poet and man of letters, brother 
 of Jacques Francois Halevy. He published 
 theatrical pieces, translations, historical 
 works, etc. 
 
 Halevy, Ludovic. Born at Paris, Jan. 1, 1834: 
 died there, May 8, 1908. A French dramatist 
 and author, son of L6on Halevy. His works in- 
 clude librettos for the operas bouffes “ La belle Helene ” 
 (1864), “ Barbe bleue ” (1866), “ La grande duchesse de Gd- 
 rolstein” (1867), “La Perichole" (1868), and for the operas 
 comiques “ Carmen ” from Merimee (1875), “ Le petit due ” 
 (1878), “ La petite mademoiselle ” (1879), and the comedies 
 “Frou-frou" (1869), “Le reveillon ” (1872), “La boule” 
 (1875),“ La cigale" (1877), “La petite mere" (1880), “La 
 roussotte ” (1881). All these were written in collaboration 
 with Meilhac. Among his novels and romances, written 
 alone, are “Un scandale ’’ (1860), “L’Abhe Constantin" 
 (1882), “Deux manages, etc." (1885), “Mon camarade 
 Moussard, etc.” (1886), and stories in “Karikari" (1892). 
 He was elected a member of the French Academy in 1884. 
 
 Half Dome (haf dom), or South Dome (south 
 dom). An inaccessible mountain near the 
 eastern end of the Yosemite valley, California, 
 4,735 feet above the valley, and’ about 8,927 
 *feet above sea-level. 
 
 Half Moon. See the supplement. 
 
 Half Moon, The. An old house standing in 
 Aldersgate, London. It was formerly the Half Moon 
 Tavern, was much frequented by literary men, and is now 
 also called, for no particular reason, “Shakspere’s house.” 
 Halford (hal'ford) (originally Vaughan), Sir 
 Henry. Born at Leicester, England, Oct. 2, 
 1766 : died at London, March 9, 1844. An Eng- 
 lish physician. He published “Essays and Orations 
 delivered at the Royal College of Physicians’’ (1831), etc. 
 
 Haliburton (hal'i-ber-ton), Thomas Chand- 
 ler: pseudonym Sam Slick. Bom at Wind- 
 sor, Nova Scotia, Dec., 1796 : died at Isleworth, 
 near London, Aug. 27, 1865. A British-Ameri- 
 can humorist. He practised law at Annapolis Royal, 
 and became chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas of 
 Nova Scotia in 1828, and, on the abolition of this court in 
 1840, judge of the Supreme Court. He resigned and went 
 to England in 1856. He wrote “The Clorkmaker, or Say- 
 ings and Doings of Samuel Slick of Slickville ” (l837 : 2d 
 series 1838, 3d series 1840), histories of Nova Scotia, “ The 
 Attach^, or Sam Slick in England ’’ (1843), “ The Bubbles 
 of Canada" (1839), “The Old Judge, or Life in a Colony ’’ 
 (1843), etc. 
 
 Halicarnassus (hal // i-kar-nas , us). [Gr. ' A'/iKap- 
 iwTfrif.] In ancient geography, a city of Caria, 
 Asia, situated on the Ceramic Gulf, on the 
 mainland and the island of Zephyria, in lat. 37° 
 2' N. , long. 27° 25’ E. It was founded by Dorians, 
 and was taken and nearly destroyed by the Macedonians 
 about 334 B. c. It is celebrated for the Mausoleum, the 
 tomb of Mausolus, in antiquity one of the seven wonders of 
 the world. It was built in 352 B. c., with the cooperation 
 
 of Scopas and the most celebrated of contemporary sculp- 
 tors. It consisted of a noble quadr angular peristyle of 
 Ionic columns on a high basement, above which rose a 
 pyramid of 24 steps, supporting a quadriga. Important 
 remains of the abundant sculptured decoration are in the 
 British Museum. It is also famous as the bir thplace of 
 Herodotus and of Dionysius. The site is now occupied by 
 the modern Budrun. 
 
 Halicz (ha'lich). A town in Galicia, Austria- 
 Hungary, situated on the Dniester 59 miles 
 southeast of Lemberg. Population, commune, 
 4,957, (1910). 
 
 Halidon Hill. A hill about 2 miles northwest 
 of Berwick-on-Tweed, England. Here, July 19, 
 1333, the English under Edward III. defeated the Scots 
 under the regent Archibald Douglas. 
 
 Halifax (hal'i-faks). [ME. Halifax, appar. from 
 AS. halig, holy, and feax, hair. Another view 
 makes the second element face. The legends 
 which explain these different views appear to 
 be inventions.] A town in the West Biding of 
 Yorkshire, England, situated on the Hebble, 
 near its junction with the Calder, 14 miles west- 
 southwest of Leeds. It is an important seat of the 
 manufacture of woolen (especially of carpets) and of cot- 
 ton. The chief buildings are the town hall, the piece- 
 hall (originally used for piece-goods), the parish church, 
 All Souls’ Church, and other churches. It returns 2 
 members to Parliament. Population, 101,556, (1911). 
 
 Halifax. A seaport and the capital of Nova 
 Scotia, situated on Halifax harbor in lat. 44° 
 40' N., long. 63° 35' W. It has important commerce 
 and fisheries, is a leading military post, and is the chief na - 
 val station in British North America. It is very strongly 
 fortified. It is the seat of Dalhousie College. It was 
 founded in 1749. Population, 46,619, (1911). 
 
 Halifax, Earl of. See Montagu, Charles. 
 
 Halifax, Marquis of. See Savile, George. 
 
 Hall (bal), Mrs. (Anna Maria Fielding). 
 
 Born at Dublin, Ireland, Jan. 6, 1800 : died at 
 East Moulsey, Surrey, England, Jan. 30, 1881. 
 A British author, wife of S. C. Hall. She wrote 
 “Sketches of Irish Character ”(1829), “Lights and Shad- 
 ows of Irish Life ” (1838), and other novels and tales of 
 Irish life. 
 
 Hall, Asaph. Born at Goshen, Conn., Oct. 15, 
 1829 : died at Annapolis, Md., Nov. 22, 1907. 
 An American astronomer. He was professor of 
 mathematics in the navy from 1863 and at Harvard 1896- 
 1901, and was at the naval observatory in Washington 
 1862-91. In 1877 he discovered the two moons of Mars. 
 
 Hall, Fitzedward. Born at Troy, N. Y., March 
 21. 1825: died at Marlesford, Suffolk, Feb. 1, 
 1901. An American philologist. He studied at 
 Harvard ; resided in India)1846-62, becoming professor in 
 the government college at Benares in 1853, and serving as 
 inspector of schools for various districts 1855-62 ; went to 
 London in 1862, and became professor of Sanskrit in 
 King’s College ; and in 1869 removed to Marlesford, Suffolk. 
 He published various Sanskrit works, “Recent Exempli- 
 fications of False Philology" (1872), “Modern English" 
 (1873), “On English Adjectives in -able” (1877), etc. 
 
 Hall, James. Born at Philadelphia, Aug. 19, 
 1793 : died near Cincinnati, Ohio, July 5, 1868. 
 An American author. He published “Letters from 
 the West" (1828), “Legends of the West ” (1832), “ Tales of 
 the Border” (1835), “Sketches of the West ’’ (1836), and, 
 with McKenney, “ History of the Indian Tribes " (1833-44). 
 
 Hall, James. Born at Hingham, Mass., Sept. 
 12, 1811: died at Bethlehem, N. H., Aug. 7, 
 1898. A noted American geologist and pa- 
 leontologist. He was assistant professor of chemistry 
 at the Rensselaer Polytechnic School 1832-36, when he 
 became professor of geology. He began his labors on the 
 geological survey of New York in 1836, devoting himself 
 after 1843 chiefly to paleontology. He published “The 
 Paleontology of New York," etc. 
 
 Hall, Joseph. Bom near Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 
 England, July 1, 1574: died at Hi gham, near Nor- 
 wich, England, Sept. 8, 1656. An English bishop 
 and author. He was educated at Emmanuel College, 
 Cambridge, of which he became a fellow ; held the living 
 of Halsted and a canonry at Wolverhampton; and be- 
 came bishop successively of Exeter and Norwich. Of the 
 latter see he was deprived by Parliament. He published 
 satires uuder the title •' Virgidemiarum : First three books 
 of toothless Satires” (1597), and a second volume “Last 
 .three books of byting Satires ” (1598), “ Epistles ” (1608-11), 
 “Contemplations” (1612-26), “ Paraphrase of Hard Texts, 
 1 etc.” (1633), controversial works, etc. 
 
 Hall, Marshall. Born at Basford, Notts, Eng- 
 land, Feb. 18, 1790 : died at Brighton, England, 
 Aug. 11, 1857. An English physician, noted for 
 his researches on the nervous system, and for 
 the “Marshall Hall method” of treating as- 
 phyxia. He practised at London 1826-53 ; became a fellow 
 of the Royal Society of Physicians in 1841 ; and delivered 
 the Gulstonian lectures in 1842, and the Croonian 1850-52. 
 His chief works are “The Diagnosis of Diseases” (1817), 
 and “ Principles of the Theory and Practice of Medicine ” 
 (1837). 
 
 Hall, Newman. Born May 22, 1816: died Feb. 
 18, 1902. An English Congregational clergy- 
 
 Hall, Basil. Born at Edinburgh, Dec. 31, 1788: 
 died at Portsmouth, England, Sept. 11, 1844. 
 A British naval officer, traveler, and author, in 
 the Lyra he accompanied Lord Amherst’s embassy to China 
 in 1816, returning in 1817. During this voyage impor- 
 tant explorations of the eastern seas were made. Hall 
 had an interview with Napoleon at St. Helena. In 1827- 
 1828 he visited the United States. He became insane in 
 1842. Among his works are “Account of a Voyage of 
 Discovery to the West Coast of Corea, etc.” (1818), “Jour- 
 nal written on the Coasts of Chili, Peru, and Mexico" 
 (1824), “ Travels in North America” (1829), “Fragments 
 of Voyages and Travels ” (1831-33). 
 
 Hall, Charles Francis. Bom at Rochester, 
 N. H.,1821: died in Greenland, Nov. 8, 1871. An 
 American arctic explorer. He received a common- 
 school education,and followed various occupations, includ- 
 ing those of blacksmithing and engraving. Becoming in- 
 terested in the fate of Sir John Franklin, he undertook, 
 fitted out by private subscription, a journey to the arctic 
 regions in search of the documents and possible survivors 
 of his expedition. He left New London May 29, 1860, and 
 domesticated himself with the Eskimos, whose roving 
 habits brought him over much of the territory he desired 
 to explore. He returned to New London Sept. 13, 1862, 
 having failed in the main object of his journey, but hav- 
 ing discovered relics of Frobisher’s expedition of 1577-78. 
 He made a second journey of a similar character 1864-69, 
 during which he discovered numerous relics of the Frank- 
 lin expedition. July 3, 1871, he sailed from New London 
 in the Polaris, in command of an expedition to the north 
 pole. The Polaris passed through Smith Sound into Kane 
 Sea, thence through Kennedy and Robeson channels to 
 the Polar Sea, and Aug. 30, 1871, reached lat. 82” 11' N., 
 the highest point then attained by any vessel. The expe- 
 dition went into winter quarters at Thank God Harbor, 
 Greenland. He became ill Oct. 24, 1871, on the return from 
 a sledge journey to Cape Brevoort, and died of apoplexy 
 Nov. 8, 1871. He published “Arctic Researches" (1864), 
 See Century Atlas, Map 3. 
 
 Hall, Dominick Augustine. Born in South 
 Carolina, 1765: died at New Orleans, Dee. 12, 
 1820. An American jurist. He became United 
 States judge for Louisiana in 1812. In March, 1816, while 
 New Orleans was under martial law, lie granted a writ of 
 habeas corpus for tire release of Louis Louillier, who had 
 been arrested by General Andrew Jackson for exciting 
 discontent among the troops. General Jackson refused 
 to recognize the authority of the court, rearrested Louil- 
 lier, and committed Hall to jail. Hall, having been released 
 the next day, fined the general 81,000 for contempt of court 
 in disregarding a writ of habeas corpus and in imprison- 
 ing a judge. 
 
 Hall, or Halle, Edward. Died 1547. An Eng- 
 lish historian, author of “The Union of the Two 
 Noble and Illustrious Families of Lancaster and 
 York” (1542: generally called “Hall’s Chroni- 
 cle”). Grafton, Holinshed, and Stow borrowed from him, 
 and Shakspere followed him in some of his historical plays. 
 The chronicle was reprinted in 1809 by Ellis. 
 
 man. He was minister of the Albion Congregational 
 Church at HuUfrom 1842 to 1854, when he took charge of 
 Surrey Chapel, known as Rowland Hill’s Chapel, hi Black- 
 friars Road, London. In 1876 he removed with his congre- 
 gation to Christ Church, a splendid edifice erected chiefly 
 through his exertions. He resigned his pastorate in 1892. 
 He was the author of “ Lectures in America ” (1868) , “ Pil- 
 grim Songs ” (1871),“ Come to Jesus”andothertracts, etc. 
 
 Hall, Robert. Born at Arnesby, Leicestershire, 
 May 2, 1764: died at Bristol, Feb. 21, 1831. An 
 English pulpit orator of the Baptist Church. He 
 preached at Bristol 1785-90, at Cambridge 1791-1806, at 
 Leicester 1807-26, and at Bristol 1826-31. His works in 6 
 vols. were edited by Olinthus Gregory (1832). 
 
 Hall, Samuel Carter. Born at Waterford, Ire- 
 land, May 9, 1800: died at Kensington, London, 
 March 16, 1889. A British author and editor. 
 He edited or subedited “The Literary Observer,” “The 
 Amulet," “New Monthly Magazine,” “The Town," “Art 
 Union Journal,” “Social Notes.” He wrote “Baronial 
 Hallsof England, etc.”(1848), etc., and, with his wife, “Ire- 
 land, its Scenery, etc. ”(1841-43), and very many other works. 
 
 Halla. See Hala. 
 
 Hallarn (hal'am), Arthur Henry. Born at Lon- 
 don, Feb. 1, 1811 : died at Vienna, Sept. 15, 1833. 
 An English essayist, son of Henry Hallam. He 
 formed an intimacy with Tennyson, to whose sister he was 
 betrothed, and by whom he has been commemorated in the 
 poem “In Memoriam.” His literary remains were pub- 
 lished in 1834. 
 
 Hallam (hal'am), Henry. Bom at Windsor, 
 England, July 9, 1777 : died at Penshurst, Kent, 
 England, Jan. 21, 1859. An English historian. 
 He graduated with the degree of B. A. at Oxford (Christ 
 Church) in 1799, was afterward called to the bar, and was 
 for many years a commissioner of stamps. In 1812 he in- 
 herited a competent fortune from his father, which en- 
 abled him to withdraw from the practice of law and de- 
 vote himself to historical studies. His chief works are 
 “ A View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages ’’ 
 (1818), “The Constitutional History of England from the 
 Accession of Henry VII. to the Death of George II. ” (1827), 
 and the “Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 
 15th, 16th, and 17th Centuries ” (1837-39). 
 
 Halland. (hal'land). A maritime laen of south- 
 ern Sweden, lying on the Cattegat. Area, 1,899 
 square miles. Population, 146,296. 
 
 Halle, or Halle-an-der-Saale (hal'le-an-der- 
 za'le), formerly also Halle-in-Sachsen (hal'- 
 le-in-zak'sen). A city in the province of 
 Saxony, Prussia, on the Saale 20 miles north- 
 west of Leipsic. It has important salt-works and con- 
 siderable trade, and manufactures machinery, starch, and 
 sugar. Objects of interest are the university, cathedral, 
 Marktkirche, Church of St. Maurice, Red Tower, Rathaus, 
 and Francke’s Institutions. It was the birthplace of 
 Ilandel. Halle was a Hanseatic town. It was acquired 
 by Brandenburg in 1648. The French stormed it in 1806. 
 Population, commune, 180,496, (1910). 
 
Halle, Adam de la 
 
 Halle, Adam de la. See La Halle. 
 
 Halleck (hal'ek), Fitz-Greene. Born at Guil- 
 ford, Conn., July 8, 1790 : died at Guilford, Nov. 
 19, 1867. An American poet. He was one of the 
 original trustees of the Astor Library (New York). With 
 J. It. Drake he wrote the “ Croaker” papers in the New 
 York “Evening Post” (1819). Among his poems are 
 “Fanny" (1819), “Marco Bozzaris” (1827). His poetical 
 works were edited and published in 1869 by James Grant 
 Wilson. 
 
 Halleck, Henry Wager. Born at Western ville, 
 Oneida County, N. Y., Jan. 16, 1815 : died at 
 Louisville, Ky., Jan. 9, 1872. An American gen- 
 eral. He graduated at West Point in 1839 ; served in the 
 Mexican war ; was promoted captain of engineers in 1853 ; 
 and in 1854 resigned his commission in order to take up 
 the practice of law at San Francisco. He was appointed 
 major-general in the Union army at the outbreak of the 
 Civil War, and assumed command of the Department of 
 the Missouri Nov. 9, 1801, and of the Department of the 
 Mississippi March 11, 1862. He commanded in person at 
 the siege of Corinth, which he occupied May 30, 1862. He 
 assumed command as general-in-chief of all the armies of 
 the Unit ed States, with headquarters at Washington, July 
 
 11, 1862, an office in which he was superseded by General 
 Grant, March 12, 1864. He was chief of staff to Grant, 
 March 12, 1864, -April 19, 1865, when he was appointed to 
 the command of thedivisionof theJames. Hepublished 
 “International Law ” (1861), “Elements of International 
 Law and Laws of War ” (1866), etc. 
 
 Hallein (hal'lln). A town in Salzburg, Austria- 
 Hungary, situated on the Saizach 8 miles south 
 of Salzburg. It is noted for its salt-mines. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 7,128, (1910). 
 
 Hallelujah Victory, The. A victory said to 
 have been gained by the Britons over the Piets 
 and Scots at Mold in Flintshire, March 30, 430. 
 It was named from the war-cry adopted by the Britons 
 at the suggestion of St. Germain, bishop of Auxerre, who 
 was present at the battle. 
 
 Hallenga (hal-leng'ga). See Bisharin. 
 
 Haller ( hal'ler), Albrecht von. Born at Bern, 
 Switzerland, Oct. 16, 1708 : died at Bern, Dec. 
 
 12, 1777. A distinguished Swiss physiologist, 
 anatomist, botanist, and poet. He studied at Tu- 
 bingen, Leyden, and Basel ; traveled in France, England, 
 Holland, and Germany ; and settled as a physician at Bern 
 in 1729, where he became city physician and librarian. His 
 works include “ Elements physiologne corporis humani” 
 (1757-66), “Bibliotheca botanica” (1771-72), “Bibliotheca 
 anatomica ” (1774-77), “ Bibliotheca chirurgica ” (1774-75), 
 “Bibliotheca medicinse practicse “ (1776-87), “leones ana- 
 tomicae ” (1743-50). 
 
 Haller, Berthold. Born at Aldingen, near Rott- 
 weil, Wiirtemberg, 1492 : died at Bern, Feb. 25, 
 1536. A Swiss preacher, influential in estab- 
 lishing the Reformation at Bern. 
 
 Halley (hal'i), Edmund. Born at Haggerston, 
 Shoreditch, London, Nov. 8, 1656: died at Green- 
 wich, Jan. 14, 1742. A celebrated English astron- 
 omer. His father was engaged in the business of soap- 
 boiling in London. He studied at St. Paul’s School, and 
 in 1673 entered Queen’s College, Oxford, but left the uni- 
 versity in 1676 without taking a degree. His astronomical 
 studies were begun in his boyhood (his first communica- 
 tion to the Royal Society was sent before he was 20), and 
 in 1676 he sailed for St. Helena for the purpose of observ- 
 ing the positions of the fixed stars in the southern hemi- 
 sphere. The importance of observations made during this 
 trip led Flamsteed to name him “the Southern Tycho.” 
 On Nov. 7, 1677, he made at St. Helena “ the first complete 
 observation of a transit of Mercury.” In 1678 he was 
 elected a fellow of the Royal Society. He was a friend of 
 Sir Isaac Newton, and printed the “ Principia ” at his own 
 cost. He was assistant secretary of the Royal Society and 
 editor of the “ Philosophical Transactions ” 1685-93 ; was 
 appointed Savilian professor of geometry at Oxford in 1703 ; 
 became secretary of the Royal Society in 1713 ; and was 
 appointed successor to Flamsteed as astronomer royal in 
 1721. Fr om Nov., 1698, to Sept., 1700, he explored the South 
 Atlantic in the Paramour Pink (returning once to Eng- 
 land) for the purpose of studying the variation of the com- 
 pass and discovering southern lands, and reached lat. 52’ 
 S. In 1701, in the same vessel, he surveyed the tides and 
 coasts of the English Channel. He is best known from his 
 studies of comets. He inferred from his computations that 
 the comets of 1531, 1607, and 1632 were in reality the same 
 body, and predicted its return in 1758, a prediction which 
 was verified by its appearance on Christmas day of that 
 year. This comet has since been known by his name. 
 Hallingdal (hal'ling-dal). A valley ill southern 
 Norway, about lat. 60°-61° N., noted for its con- 
 nection with the ancient sagas. 
 Halliwell-Phillipps (hal'i-wel-fil'ips), James 
 Orchard. Born at Chelsea, London, June 21, 
 1820 : died at Hollingbury Copse, near Brighton, 
 Jan. 3, 1889. An English antiquarian andShak- 
 sperian scholar. He was the son of Thomas Halli well, 
 but in 1872 he succeeded to the property of his wife’s father, 
 Thomas Phillipps, and assumed that name. He became 
 connected with the Shakspere Society in 1841. In March, 
 1872, he bought the theater at Stratford-on-Avon ; he was 
 also the means of buying Shakspere’s house, New Place, at 
 Stratford-on-Avon, and conveyed it to the corporation of 
 Stratford. Among his works are “Early History of Free- 
 Masonry in England "(1843), “Nursery Rhymes of England, 
 et.c.”(1845), “Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words” 
 (1847), * Outlines of the Life of Shakspere" (1848). In 
 1853-65 he published a folio edition of Shakspere in 16 vols., 
 and in 1862-71 “Lithographed Facsimiles of the Shakspe- 
 rian Quartos.” He edited many Middle English and early 
 modern English works. 
 
 476 
 
 Hall of Fame, G. Ruhmeshalle (ro'mes-hal- 
 le). A building at Munich, Bavaria, completed 
 1853, consisting of a Greek Doric portico, with 
 projecting wings, raised on a high basement of 
 masonry. The portico contains 80 busts ol celebrated 
 Bavarian's. The colossal statue of Bavaria, in bronze, by 
 Schwanthaler, which stands beside the Ruhmeshalle, is 62 
 feet high : it represents a woman of robust form holding 
 a wreath in her raised left hand, and with the Bavarian 
 lion sejant by her side. 
 
 Hallowell (hol'o-wel or hal'o-wel). A city in 
 Kennebec County, Maine, situated on the Ken- 
 nebec 2 miles south of Augusta. It exports 
 granite. Population, 2,864, (1910). 
 
 Hallstadt (hal'stat), Lake of. A lake in 
 the Salzkammergut, Austria-Hungary, 7 miles 
 south of Ischl, noted for picturesque scenery. 
 Length, 5 miles. 
 
 Hallstatt (hal'stat). A village in Upper Aus- 
 tria, Austria-Hungary, situated on Hallstatter 
 See 32 miles southeast of Salzburg: a salt- 
 mining center. 
 
 Hallue (a-lii'). A small tributary of the Somme, 
 department of Somme, northern France. Near 
 it, 6 miles northeast of Amiens, the Germans (about 20,- 
 000) under Manteuffel defeated the French (40,000-50,000) 
 under Faidherbe, Dec. 23, 1870. 
 
 Halluin (a-lii-an'). A town in the department 
 of Nord, France, on the Belgian frontier, near 
 the Lys, 11 miles north by east of Lille. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 16,158. 
 
 Hall wyler (hal'vel-er) See. A lake in Swit- 
 zerland, 16 miles north of Lucerne. Length, 
 51 miles. 
 
 Halm (halm), Karl. Born at Munich, April 
 5, 1809 : died there, Oct. 5, 1882. A German 
 classical philologist and critic, from 1856 di- 
 rector of the state library and professor at the 
 university in Munich. 
 
 Halmstad (halm'stad). A seaport and the 
 capital of the laen of Halland, Sweden, situated 
 on the Cattegat, at the mouth of the Nissa, in 
 lat. 56° 40' N., long. 12° 52' E. It has important 
 salmon-fisheries, and is the seat of an old castle. Popu- 
 lation, 18,009. 
 
 Halmstad, Laen of. See Halland. 
 
 Halpine (hal'pin), Charles G. Born at Old- 
 castle, County Meath, Ireland, Nov., 1829: died 
 at New York, Aug. 3, 1868. An American jour- 
 nalist andhumorist, author of the “ Miles O’Reil- 
 ly ” papers, etc. He came to the United States in 1851 ; 
 became assistant editor of the Boston “ Post ” in 1852, and 
 editor of the New York “Leader” in 1857 ; served in the 
 Federal army 1861-64 ; became assistant adjutant-general 
 and colonel in 1862 ; and was editor of the New York “Cit- 
 izen” in 1864, and register of the county of New York in 
 1867. 
 
 Hals (hals), Frans. Born at Antwerp about 1580 : 
 died at Haarlem, Netherlands, Aug., 1666. A 
 celebrated Dutch portrait-painter. His works are 
 in all the principal museums and galleries in England and 
 on the Continent. The “ Hille Bobbe ” in the Metropoli- 
 tan Museum, New York, is probably by his son Frans. 
 There is a genuine “ Hille Bobbe ” in the Berlin Museum. 
 Five of his seven sons were painters. 
 
 Halstead (hal'sted). A town in Essex, England, 
 situated on the Colne 43 miles northeast of Lon- 
 don. Population, 6,073. 
 
 Halyburton (hal'i-ber-ton), Thomas. Born at 
 Dupplin, Perthshire, Scotland, Dec. 25, 1674: 
 died at St. Andrews, Scotland, Sept. 23, 1712. 
 A Scottish divine, professor of divinity in St. 
 Andrews University. His works, “Natural Religion 
 Insufficient” (1714), “The Great Concern of Salvation” 
 (1721), etc., were published posthumously. 
 
 Halys (ha'lis). The ancient name, of the river 
 Kizil Irmak. 
 
 Ham (ham). One of the sons of Noah, the re- 
 puted ancestor of the Hamitie races. 
 
 Ham (am). A town in the department of Somme, 
 France, situated on the Somme 35 miles east- 
 southeast of Amiens. It is noted for its castle, dating 
 in its present form from the 16th century : a picturesque 
 fortress grouped about a central cylindrical donjon 100 
 feet in diameter and 100 high, with walls 36 feet thick. 
 This has long been used as a state prison : among the 
 prisoners have been Joan of Arc, the prince of Condi), Poli- 
 gnac, Louis Napoleon (1840-46), Cavaignac, and Changar- 
 nier. It was surrendered to the Germans Nov. 21, 1870. 
 Population, commune, 3,233. 
 
 Hamadan (ha-ma-diin'). Capital of the prov- 
 ince of Hamadan, Persia, about lat. 34° 48' 
 N., long. 48° 25' E. It has been identified with 
 Ecbatana. Population, estimated, 40,000. 
 See Ecbatana. 
 
 Hamah (ha'mii). See Hamath. 
 Hamal(ha-mal'). [Av.hamal,n rain.] Theusual 
 name of the second-magnitude star a Arietis, in 
 the forehead of the animal. 
 
 Hainan (ha'man). A Persian courtier of the 
 5th century B. c. (See Esther iii.-vii.) He was 
 
 Hameln, Piper of 
 
 hanged on the gallows he had caused to be 
 made for Mordecai. 
 
 Hamann (ha'man), Johann Georg. Bom at 
 
 Konigsberg, Prussia, Aug. 27, 1730: died at 
 Munster, Prussia, June 21, 1788. A noted Ger- 
 man litterateur and philosophical writer, sur- 
 named “the Magus of the North.” His col- 
 lected works were edited by Roth 1821-43. 
 Hamar (ha-mar'). A small town in southern 
 Norway, on Lake Mjosen. 
 Hamasah(ka-ma'se). [Ar., lit. ‘bravery.’] The 
 title of various collections of Arabian poems, of 
 which the most celebrated is that, in 10 books 
 compiled by Abu-Teman in the 9th century. It 
 was edited with a Latin translation by G. W. F. 
 Freytag 1828-51. 
 
 Hamath (ha'math). [Heb.,‘ walled place,’ ‘for- 
 tress.’] A city in upper Syria, situated on the 
 Orontes in lat. 35° 10' N., long. 36° 39' E., 
 now called Hamah. Hamath was capital of a king- 
 dom to which the territory of Israel reached under David, 
 Solomon, and Jeroboam II. It often came in contact with 
 Assyria. In the great confederation of the 12 cities against 
 Shalmaneser II., about 860 B. c., Irhulena, king of Ha- 
 math, was, with the King of Damascus, the leader. Tiglath- 
 Pileser III., about 730 B. c., took tribute from Eni-iln, 
 king of Hamath ; and Sargon (722-705) records that he 
 “rooted out the land of Amatu.” Antiochus IV. Epipha- 
 nes (175-164) gave it the name Epiphania, by which it 
 was known to the Greeks and Romans. In 639 A. D. it 
 fell into the hands of the Arabs. The Arab historian Abul- 
 feda was its governor 1310-31. Hamath is in Gen. x. 18 
 enumerated among the descendants of Canaan. The Ha- 
 matites were closely akin to the Hittites, if not a Hittite 
 division. Of late, what are supposed to be Hittite inscrip- 
 tions have been discovered in Hamath. 
 
 Hamaxiki. See Levkas. 
 
 Hambach (ham'bach). A village in the circle 
 of Neustadt, Bavarian Palatinate. At the castle 
 here a political assembly of about 20,000 persons (Ham- 
 bacher Fest) was held May 27, 1832. This is noteworthy as 
 the first public appearance of the republican party in Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Hamblet (ham'blet), Prince of Denmarke, 
 Hystorie of. A translation from one of Belle- 
 forest’s “Histoires tragiques.” The original was 
 written in 1570, and the translation was made soon after. 
 It is in black-letter quarto. There can be very little doubt 
 that Shakspere took his “Hamlet” from it. 
 
 Hamburg (ham'berg; G. pron. ham'borG). [D. 
 Hambro, Dan. Hamborg, F. Hambourg, It. Arn- 
 burgo, Sp. Hamlmrgo.'] A state of the German 
 Empire, comprising the city of Hamburg, its 
 suburbs, the neighboring territory of Bergedorf 
 and some smaller districts, and the outlying 
 territory of Ritzebiittel, inclosed in Prussia. It 
 is a republic, having a Senate (18 members) and a Biirger- 
 schaf t or House of Burgesses (160 members). It has 1 mem- 
 ber in the Bundesrat, and 3 in the Reichstag. The pre- 
 vailing religion is Protestant. (For history, see Hamburg 
 (city), below.) Area, 160 square miles. Population, 874,- 
 878, (1905). 
 
 Hamburg. [D. Hambro, Hamborgh, Dan. Sw. 
 Hamborg, F. Hambourg, Sp. Pg. Hamburgo, It. 
 Amburgo, ML. Hamburgum, Hamburga, from G. 
 Hamburg, OHG. Hammaburg.'] Afree city, form- 
 ing with its territory a state of the German Em- 
 pire. The city is situated on the Elbe, at the mouth of the 
 Alster, in lat. 53° 33' N., long. 9° 68' E. It is the most impor- 
 tant seaport of Germany, and, after London and New 
 York, the largest commercial port in the world. It 
 trades especially with Great Britain, the United States, and 
 northern Europe ; is an important place of embarkation 
 foremigrants; and is the terminus of various steamship 
 lines, including the Hamburg-American to New York. Its 
 exports are grain, iron, fancy goods, butter, hides, etc. The 
 city consists of the Altstadt and Neustadt, and the suburbs 
 of St. Georg and St. Pauli. Altona adjoins it. There are 
 extensive harbors and quays. St. Nicholas, one of the 
 most important of modern churches in the Pointed style, 
 was built by Sir G. Gilbert Scott. The architecture repre- 
 sents the most ornate type of the 13th century, with pro- 
 fuse sculpture inside and out. The length is 285 feet ; that 
 of the transepts, 151. The western spire is 473 feet high, 
 and is surpassed in Europe only by the cathedrals of 
 Cologne and Ulra, and by the Eiffel Tower. Other ob- 
 jects of interest are the Church of St. Peter, exchange, Jo- 
 hanneum (library, museum). Lake Binnen-Alster, Kunst- 
 halle (picture-gallery), zoological garden, and museums. 
 Hamburg was founded about 808, auu was the seat of an 
 archbishopric 834-1223. It was one of the chief Hanseatic 
 cities. Its posilion as a free imperial city was acknow- 
 ledged in 1510. The Reformation was introduced in 1529. 
 It was incorporated with France in 1810 ; an attempt at 
 rebellion was punished by Davout in 1813 ; and it regained 
 its freedom in 1814. It has been successively a member of 
 the Germanic Confederation, North Germ an Confederation, 
 and German Empire. In 1842 it suffered from a fire. It 
 joined the Zollverein in 1888. Population, with suburbs, 
 936,000, (1910). 
 
 Hamefkuttelli. See Atuamih. 
 
 Hameln (ha/meln). A town in tlie province of 
 Hannover, Prussia, on the Hamel and Weser 
 24 miles south of Hannover. It is noted in connec- 
 tion with the legendary “ piper of Hameln ” (see below), 
 and contains the “Rattenfangerhaus.” It was the scene 
 of a Swedish victory over the Imperialists in 1633. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 20,736. 
 
 Hameln (ha'meln). or Hamelin (ham'e-lin), 
 
 Piper of, or The Pied Piper of. In medieval 
 
Hameln, Piper of 
 
 legend, a magician who in the year 1284, for a 
 stipulated sum of money, freed the town of 
 Hameln from a plague of rats by playing on 
 his pipe and leading the vermin, which fol- 
 lowed the music, into the river where they were 
 drowned. When the townsmen refused to pay the 
 money, the piper returned and, again playing on his 
 magical pipe, led the way through the Bungen-Strasse out 
 of the town, this time followed by 130 children. He led 
 them to a hill called the Koppenberg, into which they all 
 entered and disappeared. The event is recorded in inscrip- 
 tions on the Rathaus and elsewhere in the town, and was 
 long regarded as historical. The legend has been told in 
 rime by Robert Browning. He apparently founded it on 
 Verstegan’s account in his “Restitution of Decayed Intel- 
 ligence ” (1634). Brandenburg, Lorch, and other towns 
 have a similar tradition, and there are Chinese and Persian 
 legends much resembling it. 
 
 Hamerling (ha'mer-ling), Robert. Born at 
 Kirchberg, Lower Austria, March 24, 1830: died 
 at Gratz, July 13, 1889. An Austrian poet. His 
 works include the epic poems “ Ahasver in Rom ” (1866), 
 "Der Konig von Sion ’’ (1868), etc. 
 
 Hamerton (ham'er-ton), Philip Gilbert. Born 
 Sept. 10, 1834: died Nov. 4, 1894. An Eng- 
 lish writer on art, landscape-painter, and etcher. 
 His works include “Thoughts about Art, ”(1862), “ Etching 
 and Etchers" (1866), “Contemporary French Painters” 
 (1867), “ Painting in France, etc. ”(1868), “ The Intellectual 
 Life” (1873), “The Graphic Arts ” (1882), “Human Inter- 
 course ” (1884). He also wrote several romances, and re- 
 printed (1888) his articles written for “The Portfolio,” an 
 art periodical which he planned in 1869; and in 1889 he 
 published “ French and English : a Comparison,” founded 
 on his contributions to the “ Atlantic Monthly.” 
 
 Hami (ha-me'), or Khamil (kha-mel'). Atown 
 in. Sungaria, Chinese empire, situated about 
 lat. 42° 50' N., long. 93° 40' (?) E.: an important 
 trading center. 
 
 Hamilcar (lia-mil'kar), surnamed Barca (bar'- 
 ka) or Barcas (biir'kas). Killed in Spain, 229 
 or 228 B. c. A Carthaginian general. He held 
 Mount Ercte (Monte Pellegrino), Sicily, against the Romans 
 247-244 ; held Mount Eryx 244-241 ; suppressed the war 
 with the mercenaries 241-238; and began the reduction 
 of Spain to a Carthaginian province. 
 
 Hamilton (ham'il-ton). A town in Lanarkshire, 
 Scotland, on the Clyde, near the mouth of the 
 Avon, 10 miles southeast of Glasgow. Near it is 
 Hamilton Palace, a seat of the Duke of Hamilton, formerly 
 noted for its pictures and other art treasures that were 
 sold by auction in 1882. The ruined Cadzow Castle, the 
 former seat of the Hamiltons, is in the vicinity. Bothwell 
 Bridge is near by. Hamilton belongs to the Falkirk dis- 
 trict of parliamentary burghs. Population, 32,775. 
 
 Hamilton. A town in Victoria, Australia, situ- 
 ated on Grange Burne creek in lat. 37° 44' S., 
 long. 142° 1' E. 
 
 Hamilton. The capital of the Bermudas, situ- 
 ated on Great Bermuda, the largest of the group. 
 Hamilton. A city and lake port, the capital of 
 Wentworth County, Ontario, Canada, situated 
 on Burlington Bay, western end of Lake On- 
 tario, 36 miles southwest of Toronto. It is at the 
 head of navigation on Lake Ontario, and has important 
 commerce and manufactures. Population, 81,969, (1911). 
 Hamilton. A town in Madison County, New 
 York, situated on the Chenango River 36 miles 
 southeast of Syracuse. It is the seat of Col- 
 gate (formerly Madison) University, which 
 has a theological (Baptist) department and a 
 preparatory department. 
 
 Hamilton. A manufacturing city, capital of 
 Butler County, Ohio, situated on the Miami 
 River 20 miles north of Cincinnati. Popula- 
 tion, 35,279, (1910). 
 
 Hamilton. A family of the Scottish nobility 
 descended from Sir Gilbert de Hamilton (13th 
 century). The leading representatives are the Dukes of 
 Abercorn and Hamilton. The present (13th) Duke of Ham- 
 ilton (surname, Douglas-Hamilton) is the premier peer of 
 Scotland. 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander. Bom in the island of 
 Nevis, West Indies, Jan. 11, 1757 : died at New 
 York, July 12, 1804. A celebrated American 
 statesman. He settled in New York in 1772 ; attracted 
 attention as a pamphleteer in the political agitation pre- 
 ceding the Revolution, 1774-75 ; entered the Continental 
 service as. an artillery captain in 1776; was a member of 
 Washington’s staff 1777-81 ; served with distinction at 
 Yorktown in 1781 ; was a member of the Continental Con- 
 gress 1782-83, of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and 
 of the New York ratifying convention in 1788 ; was secre- 
 tary of the treasury 1789-95 ; was active head of the army 
 1798-1800 ; and was mortally wounded by Aaron Burr in 
 a duel at Weehawken, New .Jersey, July 11, 1804. He was 
 the chief author of the “Federalist” (which see). His 
 works have been edited by his son J. C. Hamilton (7 vols., 
 1851). See “ Lives ” by .T. C. Hamilton (1834-40), Renwick 
 (1841), Morse (1876), Shea (1880), Lodge (1882), and Allan 
 McLane Hamilton (1910). 
 
 Hamilton, Count Anthony. Bom probably 
 at Roscrea, Tipperary, Ireland, 1646: died at 
 St.-Germain-en-Laye, France, April 21, 1720. A 
 French author, of British descent, third son of 
 Sir George Hamilton (fourth son of the first 
 Earl of Abercom), and brother-in-law of the 
 
 477 
 
 Comte de Gramont whose “Memoires” he 
 wrote (1713). He also wrote “Contes de fCerie,” etc. 
 His complete works were published in 1812. 
 
 Hamilton, Claud, Lord Paisley, commonly 
 called Lord Claud Hamilton. Born about 
 1543: died 1622. A Scottish politician, fourth 
 son of the second Earl of Arran. He fought for 
 Queen Mary at the battle of Langside ; was implicated 
 in the assassination of the regent Murray ; was driven from 
 Scotland in 1579 ; entered the service of Queen Elizabeth ; 
 and returned to Scotland, becoming there a leader of the 
 Roman Catholic party. 
 
 Hamilton, Elizabeth. Born at Belfast, July 
 21, 1758: died at Harrogate, England, July 23, 
 1816. A British writer. She wrote “ A Hindoo Ra- 
 jah” (a series of criticisms on England, 1796), “Memoirs 
 of Modern Philosophies ” (a humorous work, 1800), “ Let- 
 ters on Education ’’ (1801-02), “ The Cottagers of Glenbur- 
 nie ” (1808), etc. 
 
 Hamilton, Lady (Emma Lyon). Bom about 
 1765: died at Calais, Jan. 15, 1815. An English- 
 woman, wife of Sir William Hamilton (ambas- 
 sador at Naples), and mistress of Lord Nelson. 
 She was of humble birth, illiterate, and of loose charac- 
 ter, mistress of several persons, including Charles Greville 
 and Sir William Hamilton before she married the latter. 
 In early life she possessed great beauty of face and figure : 
 later she became very fleshy. She attained considerable 
 social success, became an intimate friend of Queen Maria 
 Carolina of Naples, and played a somewhat important part 
 in the political intrigues of that court in relation to Eng- 
 land. Nelson first met her in 1793 at Naples. She was 
 arrested and imprisoned for debt in 1813, but was released 
 in the following year. 
 
 Hamilton, Frank Hastings. Born at Wil- 
 mington, Vt., Sept. 10, 1813: died in New York 
 city, Aug. 11, 1886. An American surgeon. 
 He was connected with Bellevue Hospital, New York 
 city, from 1861 until his death, occupying the chair of the 
 principles and practice of surgery in the Bellevue Medi- 
 cal College 1868-75. He wrote “A Practical Treatise on 
 Fractures and Dislocations ’’(I860), “The Principles and 
 Practice of Surgery ” (1872), etc. 
 
 Hamilton, Gail. The pseudonym’ of Mary 
 Abigail Dodge. 
 
 Hamilton, Gavin. Bom at Lanark, 1730 : died 
 at Rome, 1797. A Scottish painter and anti- 
 quarian. He painted chiefly classical (Homeric) sub- 
 jects. His most important labors were his excavations in 
 Italy, which resulted in the discovery of many remains of 
 antiquity. He conducted explorations at Hadrian’s villa 
 near Tivoli, on the Via Appia, about the Alban Mountains, 
 
 ★ and elsewhere. 
 
 Hamilton, Lord George Francis. Born at 
 Brighton, England, Dec. 17, 1845. An English 
 politician, third son of the first Duke of Aber- 
 COrn. He was vice-president of the committee of coun- 
 cil on education 1878-80, first lord of the admiralty 1885-80 
 and 1886-92, and secretary of state for India 18i/5-1903. 
 
 Hamilton, James, second Lord Hamilton and 
 first Earl of Arran. Bom about 1477 : died be- 
 fore July 21, 1529. A Scottish politician, son 
 of James, first Lord Hamilton. He was created earl 
 of Arran by James IV. in 1503, and in 1513 commanded 
 an expedition sent to aid the King of France against Eng- 
 land. He supported the regent Albany during the minor- 
 ity of James V., and in 1517 was appointed a member of 
 the council of regency, of which he became president. 
 
 Hamilton, James, second Earl of Arran, and 
 Duke of Chatellerault. Died at Hamilton, Scot- 
 land, Jan. 22, 1575. A Scottish statesman, ap- 
 pointed governor of Scotland during the mi- 
 nority of Mary in 1542. He was forced by the 
 queen dowager to abdicate in 1554. 
 
 Hamilton, James. Born 1769: died at Dublin, 
 Sept. 16, 1829. A British teacher, known as 
 the advocate of a particular method of instruc- 
 tion in languages. The “ Hamiltonian ’’ method was 
 based on a literal rendering of the text (prior to the study 
 of grammar) and the use of interlinear translations. 
 
 Hamilton, James. Born at Charleston, S. C., 
 May 8, 1786 : lost at sea, 1857. An American 
 politician. He was member of Congress (Democrat) 
 from South Carolina 1823-29, and governor of South Caro- 
 lina 1830-32. While governor he advised the legislature 
 to pass the N unification Act, and was subsequently in com- 
 mand of the troops raised for the defense of the State un- 
 der this act. 
 
 Hamilton, James. Born at Paisley, Scotland, 
 Nov. 27, 1814: died at London, Nov. 24, 1867. 
 A British Presbyterian clergyman and religious 
 author, minister of Regent Square Church, Lon- 
 don, 1841-67. He published “Life in Earnest” (1844), 
 “ The Royal Preacher ” (1851), etc., and edited “OurChris- 
 tian Classics” (1857-69). 
 
 Hamilton, Patrick. Born about 1504 : burned 
 at St. Andrews, Feb. 29, 1528. A Scottish Re- 
 former, son of Sir Patrick Hamilton, and grand- 
 son of the first Lord Hamilton. He adopted and ad- 
 vocated the doctrines of the Reformation, and was put to 
 death as a heretic. 
 
 Hamilton, Paul. Born in St. Paul’s parish, 
 S. C., Oct. 16, 1762: died at Beaufort, S. C., 
 June 30, 1816. An American politician. He was 
 
 comptroller of South Carolina 1799-1804 ; governor 1804-06 ; 
 and was secretary of the navy during the first administra- 
 tion of James Madison, 1809-13. He endeavored to enforce 
 the embargo policy of the government at the beginning 
 
 Hamites 
 
 of the War of 1812, and it was in spite of his mandate “to 
 remain in Boston until further orders ” that Hull in the 
 Constitution gained the victory over the Guerrikre. 
 
 Hamilton, Robert. Born at Edinburgh, June 
 11, 1743 : died July 14, 1829. A Scottish mathe- 
 matician and economist, professor of mathe- 
 matics at Aberdeen. He wrote an “Inquiry concern- 
 ing the Rise and Progress ... of the National Debt of 
 Great Britain and Ireland ” (1813), etc. 
 
 Hamilton, Schuyler. Bom at New York, July 
 25, 1822: died March 18, 1903. An American 
 general, son of J. C. Hamilton. He published 
 “History of the National Flag” (1853). 
 
 Hamilton, Thomas. Born at Glasgow, 1789: 
 died at Pisa, Italy, Dec. 7, 1842. A Scottish 
 author, brother of Sir William Hamilton (1788- 
 1856). He wrote “Cyril Thornton ”(1827), “Annals of the 
 Peninsular Campaign ” (1829), “ Men and Manners in Amer- 
 ica” (1833). 
 
 Hamilton, William. Born at Bangour, Linlith- 
 gowshire, 1704: died at Lyons, France, March 
 25, 1754. A Scottish poet, author of the ballad 
 “Braes of Yarrow” and other poems. His col- 
 lected works were published in 1760. 
 
 Hamilton, Sir William. Born Dec. 13, 1730: 
 died at London, April 6, 1803. A British diplo- 
 matist and archaeologist, grandson of the third 
 Duke of Hamilton. He was British envoy at Naples 
 1764-1800. Hemade extensive collections of ancient works 
 of art, coins, etc., many of which were purchased for the 
 British Museum. He purchased from its finder the “War- 
 wick vase ” (now at Warwick Castle), and bought the cele- 
 brated “Portland vase” (which see), selling it again to the 
 Duchess of Portland. His second wife was the notorious 
 mistress of Lord Nelson. 
 
 Hamilton, Sir William. Born at Glasgow, 
 March 8, 1788: died at Edinburgh, May 6, 1856. 
 A Scottish philosopher. He was made professor of 
 civil history at Edinburgh in 1821, and was professor of 
 logic and metaphysics there 1836-56. He published “ Phi- 
 losophy of the Unconditioned ” (1829), and other contribu- 
 tions to the “Edinburgh Review," collected as “Discus- 
 sions in Philosophy, Literature, and Education ” (1852-53), 
 and edited Reid’s works (1846), and Stewart's wo, ks (1854- 
 1855). His lectures on “ Metaphysics ’’ and “ Logic ’’ were 
 edited by Mansel and Veitcli (1858-60). See “Life” by 
 Veitch (1869). 
 
 Hamilton, William Gerard. Bom at London, 
 Jan. 28, 1729: died there, July 16, 1796. An 
 English politician. He was elected to Parliament in 
 1754, and, Nov. 13, 1755, during the debate on the address, 
 delivered his maiden speech, which, as it remained his 
 most notable effort, procured for him the nickname “sin- 
 gle-speech Hamilton.” He was a commissioner for trade 
 and plantations 1756-61, and chancellor of the exchequer 
 iu Ireland 1763-84. 
 
 Hamilton, William Rickard. Born at Lon- 
 don, Jan. 9, 1777 : died there, July 11, 1859. An 
 English antiquary and diplomatist. He was secre- 
 tary to Lord Elgin, ambassador at Constantinople, and 
 aided him in securing and bringing away the Elgin mar- 
 bles (which see). In 1809 he became under-secretary of 
 state for foreign affairs, and was minister at Naples 1822- 
 1825. He wrote “ iEgyptiaca, or some Account of the An- 
 tient and Modern State of Egypt, etc.” (1809). 
 
 Hamilton, Sir William Rowan. Bom at Dub- 
 lin, Aug. 3-4, 1805 : died Sept. 2, 1865. A cele- 
 brated British mathematician. He was remarkably 
 precocious, especially iu the study of languages, knowing, 
 it is said, at least 13 at the age of 12 ; entered Trinity Col- 
 lege, Dublin, in 1S23 ; in 1824 discovered by theoretical 
 reasoning conical refraction ; was appointed in 1827, before 
 graduation, professor of astronomy and superintendent of 
 the observatory ; and became president of the Royal Irish 
 Academy in 1837. He is especially celebrated as the in- 
 ventor of quaternions. He wrote “Lectures on Quater- 
 nions ” (1853), “ The Elements of Quaternions ” (1866), etc. 
 
 Hamilton College. A classical college at 
 Clinton, Oneida County, New York, it was 
 founded as an academy by Samuel Kirkland in 1793, and 
 chartered as a college in 1812. Connected with it are the 
 Maynard Law School and the Litchfield Observatory. It 
 has about 20 instructors and 200 students, and has 16 
 buildings. 
 
 Hamirpur (hum-er-por'). 1. A district in the 
 Allahabad division, United Provinces, Brit- 
 ish India, intersected by lat. 25° 30' N., long. 
 80° E. Area, 2,289 square miles. Population, 
 458,542. — 2. The capital of the Hamirpur dis- 
 trict, situated near the junction of the Betwa 
 with the Jumna, in lat. 25° 58' N., long. 80° 9' E. 
 
 Hamites (ham 'its). [From Ham, the son of 
 Noah.] A race generally counted with the 
 white race, together with their Semitic neigh- 
 bors and kinsmen, hut in which, from the earli- 
 est times, 3 varieties (a pale and red-haired, 
 a reddish, and a dark-brown) have been dis- 
 tinguished. The blond type is found among the Ber- 
 bers ; the reddish among the Egyptians and Bedja ; the 
 dark-brown or black among the Somal, the Galla, and the 
 Fulbe or Fulahs. In these three the admixture of Ni- 
 gi itic blood is evident. The earliest civilization of man- 
 kind (that of Egypt, to which all the others seem to he di- 
 rectly or indirectly indebted) flourished among the Ham- 
 ites of the reddish type, in the Lower Nile valley. The 
 Hamitic family of languages is generally divided into 3 
 subgroups : (a) the Libyan or Berber, spoken from the 
 Canary Islands to Egypt ; (6) the Egyptian, compris- 
 ing Old Egyptian and Coptic with its 4 dialects ; ( c ) the 
 
Hamites 
 
 Ethiopic, including the Bedja, Dankali, Somali, Galla, 
 Agau, Saho, and Bilin. The Ethiopic is also called Gush- 
 itic or Punic. Lately the Fulah cluster has been added 
 by some to the preceding, as prevailingly Hamitic. Owing 
 to ethnic and linguistic mixtures with negroes, it is im- 
 possible to draw a clear line between Hamitic and Bantu- 
 negro languages or tribes. Even the Hausa and Hotten- 
 tot languages show traces of Hamitic structure. The 
 Hamitic languages are sometimes called semi- or sub- 
 Semitic. In eastern North Africa they are intermixed 
 geographically with the Semitic ; in western North Africa, 
 the Semitic are superposed on the Hamitic. See African 
 languages (under Africa), Fidah, Hottentot, Berber, Bantu. 
 
 Hamitic (ha-mit'ik). See Hamites. 
 
 Hamlet (kam'let), or Amlet. A mythical or 
 semi-historical Danish prince whose story, origi- 
 nating in a Danish saga, is given by Saxo-Gram- 
 maticus. This story is given in a French version by 
 Belleforest in 1559 in the fifth volume of his “Histoires 
 tragiqiies.” The English translation of this latter was 
 published as “Hystorie of Hamblet,” and it was also made 
 into an English play, now lost, that probably served as a 
 starting-point for Sliakspere’s “ Hamlet. ’’ Henslowe men- 
 tions a play of this name as represented atNewington Butts, 
 June9, 1594, which was an “old play.” Shakspere's “Ham- 
 let” was played in 1600 or 1601, and printed first in 1603. 
 It was entered on the “ Stationers’ Register,” J uly 26, 1602, 
 “A booke called the Revenge of Hamlett Prince Denmarke 
 as yt was latelie Acted by the Lord Chamberleyne his Ser- 
 vantes." This was a very imperfect text, known as the 
 first quarto. The second quarto, published in 1604, was a 
 good text, thought to be as Shakspere left it. The third 
 quarto, a reprint of the second, appeared in 1605 ; thefourth 
 in 1611. There is a fifth quarto, undated. No others ap- 
 peared during Shakspere’s lifetime. The 4 folios are es- 
 sentially the same text, which differs from the quartos. 
 The German play “ Der Bestrafte Brudermord, oder JTinz 
 Hamlet aus Daennemark ” (“Fratricide punished, or Prince 
 Hamlet of Denmark”) is now thought to be probably a 
 weak copy of the old play preceding the 1603 quarto. It 
 is not known precisely when it appeared, but it was early 
 in the 17th century. (See Shakspere.) About the charac- 
 ter of Hamlet and his real or feigned insanity there has 
 been much controversy. He shows the unfitness of a 
 thoughtful man who sees both sides of a subject to deal 
 with questions requiring prompt action under extraordi- 
 nary circumstances. 
 
 Hamlet. All opera by Ambroise Thomas, first 
 produced at Paris in 1808. The French words are 
 by Barbier and Carrd, after Shakspere. It was produced 
 in London in Italian as “Amleto ” in 1869. 
 
 Hamley (ham'li), Sir Edward Bruce. Born at 
 Bodmin, Cornwall, April 27, 1824 : died Aug. 12, 
 1893. A British soldier and author. He entered the 
 army in 1843 ; served in the Crimean war ; was professor of 
 military history at the Staff College, Sandhurst, 1859-65, and 
 commandant of the Staff College 1870-77 ; was chief of the 
 commission for the delimitation of the Balkan and Arme- 
 nian frontiers 1879-80 ; and commanded a division in the 
 Egyptian war of 1882. Among his works are “ The Opera- 
 tions of War Explained and Illustrated ” (1866), and “ The 
 Strategical Conditions of our Indian Northwest Frontier” 
 (1879). 
 
 Hamlin (kamTin), Hannibal. Born at Paris, 
 Maine, Aug. 27, 1809 : died at Bangor, Maine, 
 July 4, 1891. An American statesman. He was a 
 memberof Congressfrom Maine 1843-47; United States sen- 
 ator 1848-57 ; governor of Maine in 1857 ; United States sen- 
 ator 1857-61; Vice-President 1861-65; United States senator 
 1869-81 ; and United States minister to Spain 1881-83. He 
 was originally a Democrat, but differed with his party on 
 the question of slavery, and joiued the Republicans about 
 1855. 
 
 Hamm (ham). Atown in the province of West- 
 phalia, Prussia, at the junction of the Ahse 
 and Lippe, 22 miles south-southeast of Mun- 
 ster. It manufactures engines, tacks, etc.; is an impor- 
 tant railway junction ; and has warm baths. It was the 
 ancient capital of the county of Mark. Population, com- 
 mune, 38,429. 
 
 Hammarskjold (ham'mar-shfdd), Lorenzo 
 (originally Lars). Born at Tuna, in the laen 
 of Kalmar, Sweden, April 7, 1785; died at 
 Stockholm, Qct. 15, 1827. A Swedish critic and 
 poet. His chief work is “Svenska Vitterketen” 
 (“Swedish Belles-Lettres,” 1818-19: revised 
 edition 1833). 
 
 Hamme (ham'me). A town in the province of 
 East Flanders, Belgium, situated on the Durme 
 20 miles northwest of Brussels. Population, 
 commune, 14,566. 
 
 Hammelburg (ham'mel-borG). A small town 
 in Lower Franconia, Bavaria, on the Franco- 
 nian Saale 22 miles north of Wurzburg. 
 
 Hammer (hiim'mer), Friedrich Julius. Born 
 at Dresden, June 7, 1810: died at Pillnitz, near 
 Dresden, Aug. 23, 1862. A German poet and 
 novelist. His works include the novel “Leben und 
 Trunin " (1839), the poetical collection “Schau um dich 
 und schau in dich ” (1851), etc. 
 
 Hammer (kam'er), The. A popular surname 
 of Judas Maccabseus. 
 
 Hammer and Scourge of England, The. A 
 
 surname of William Wallace. 
 
 Hammerfest (kam'mer-fest). A seaport in the 
 amt of Finmarken, Norway, situated on the 
 island of Kvalo in lat. 70° 40' N.,long. 23° 40' 
 E. It exports fish, train-oil, etc., and has trade with 
 Russia. It is a favorite starting-point for arctic expedi- 
 tions, and is often visited by tourists. Population, about 
 2,500. 
 
 478 
 
 Hammer of Heretics, The. [L. Malleus He- 
 reticorwm.] A surname of Pierre d’Ailly, presi- 
 dent of the Council of Constance 1414-18, and 
 also of St. Augustine. 
 
 Ha mm er of Scotland, The. A surname of 
 King Edward I. of England. 
 
 Hammer-Purgstall (ham'mer-pdrg'stal), Jo- 
 seph Von. Born at Gratz, Styria, June 9, 1774: 
 died at Vienna, Nov. 23, 1856. An Austrian 
 Orientalist and historian. He published “ Ge- 
 schichte des osmanischen Reichs” (1827-34), “ Geschichte 
 der goldenen Horde” (1840), “Geschichte der osmanis- 
 chen Dichtkunst ” (1836-38), “ Geschichte der arabischen 
 Litteratur ” (1850-57), Oriental texts, etc. 
 
 Hammersmith (ham'er-smith). A borough 
 (metropolitan) of London, situated north of the 
 Thames, 6 miles west by south of St. Paul’s : 
 formerly noted for market-gardens. It returns l 
 member to Parliament. Population, 121,603, (1911). 
 
 Hammond (ham'ond), Henry. Born at Chertsey, 
 Aug. 18, 1605: died at Westwood, Worcester- 
 shire, April 25, 1660. An English divine and 
 scholar. He graduated at Oxford (Magdalen College) in 
 1622 ; obtained the living of Penshurst, Kent, in 1633 ; be- 
 came archdeacon of Chichester in 1643 ; sided with the 
 Royalists in the civil war; and was a canon of Christ 
 Church, Oxford, 1645-48. Hammond was a chaplain of the 
 king, but was not allowed to attend him in his last days. 
 He settled at Westwood in Worcestershire about 1649, aud 
 remained there until his death. He was a voluminous 
 writer. 
 
 Hammond, James Henry. Born at New- 
 berry, S. C., Nov. 15, 1807: died at Beach Isl- 
 and, S. C., Nov. 13, 1864. An American poli- 
 tician, governor of South Carolina 1842—44, and 
 United States senator 1857-60. 
 
 Hammond, Samuel. Born in Richmond County, 
 Va., Sept. 21, 1757 : died at Horse Creek, Ga., 
 Sept. 11, 1842. An American Revolutionary 
 commander and politician. He fought with distinc- 
 tion at King’s Mountain, Cowpens, Eutaw, and other bat- 
 tles in South Carolina and Georgia ; wasmilitary and civil 
 commandant of Upper Louisiana 1805-24 ; and was secre- 
 tary of state in South Carolina 1831-35. 
 
 Hammond, William Alexander. Born at An- 
 napolis, Md., Aug. 28, 1828: died at Washing- 
 ton, D. C., Jan. 5, 1900. An American physi- 
 cian, surgeon-general of the army 1862-64. 
 Among his works are “ Military Hygiene ” (1863), “ Insan- 
 ity in its Medico-Legal Relations ”(1866), “Diseases of the 
 Nervous System” (1871), “Insanity in its Relations to 
 Crime ” (1873), “ Spiritualism, etc. ” (1876), “ Cerebral Hy- 
 pencmia, etc.” (1878), “On Certain Conditions of Nervous 
 Derangement ” (1881). Among his novels are “Robert Se- 
 veme” (1866), “Dr. Grattan” (1884), “Lai” (1884), “On 
 
 +the Susquehanna” (1887), etc. 
 
 Hammurabi (kam-mo-ra/be). The first king of 
 all Babylonia, with residence in the city of Baby- 
 lon. In his long reign (2267-2213 B. c.) he showed him- 
 self great alike in war and peace. He drove out the rem- 
 nants of the Elamitic invaders, united North and South 
 Babylonia (Shumir and Akkad) under his sway, and made 
 Babylon the metropolis of the united kingdom, which it 
 remained during the whole of its existence for nearly 2,000 
 years, so that he may be termed the founder of the Baby- 
 lonian empire. After freeing and uniting the country, he 
 turned his attention to its protection and interior prosper- 
 ity. To obviate the disastrous inundations and at the 
 same time to provide the country with water, he executed 
 one of the greatest works, the excavation of a gigantic ca- 
 nal, named after him nahr- Hammurabi, later famous as 
 “the royal canal of Babylon.” Bes f des this, he constructed 
 a great walk along the Tigris, and erected many temples. 
 Numerous inscriptions of him have survived. 
 
 Hamoaze (ham-oz'). The estuary of the river 
 Tamar, near Plymouth, England. 
 
 Hamon (a-mon'), Jean Louis. Born at Plouha, 
 Cotes-du-Nord, France, May 5, 1821: died at 
 St. -Raphael, Var, France, May 29, 1874. A 
 French painter, chiefly of genre scenes. 
 
 Hampden (hamp'den), John. Born at London 
 in 1594 : died at Thame, Oxfordshire, England, 
 June 24, 1643. A celebrated English statesman. 
 He entered Parliament in 1621, was one of the leaders of 
 the patriotic party in the Short and Long Parliaments, and 
 was one of the “ five members" impeached by Charles I. 
 
 1642. He commanded a regiment for the Parliament 1642- 
 
 1643, and was mortally wounded at Chalgrove Field, June 
 18, 1643. He is chiefly known as the defendant in the case of 
 the King v. John Hampden before the Court of Exchequer, 
 1637-38, for resisting the collection of the obsolete tax of 
 ship-money, which Charles I. attempted to revive without 
 the authority of Parliament. The case was decided against 
 him, but in 1641 the House of Lords ordered the judgment 
 to be cancelled. 
 
 Hampden-Sidney College. An institution of 
 learning situated near Farmville, Prince Ed- 
 ward County, southern Virginia : founded in 
 1775, and chartered in 1783. It has about 10 
 instructors and 130 students. 
 
 Hampshire (kamp ' shir), or Southampton 
 (suTH-kamp'ton) : abbreviated Hants (hants). 
 [ME. Hamtonshire, Hantesshire, AS. Hamtun- 
 scir, from Ham tun, Hampton (Southampton), 
 and scir, shire.] A maritime county of England, 
 bounded by Berkston the north, Surrey and Sus- 
 sex on the east, the English Channel on the 
 
 Hancock, Albany 
 
 south, and Wilts and Dorset on the west, it in- 
 cludes the Isle of Wight. It is traversed by the North and 
 South Downs. The N ew Forest is situated in the southwest 
 of it. It contains many Roman antiquities. Area (ad. 
 co.), 1,626 square miles. Population (pari, co.), 797,634. 
 
 Hampstead (hamp'sted). [AS. Hamstede, 
 homestead.] A borough (metropolitan) of Lon- 
 don, situated 4£ miles northwest of St. Paul’s. 
 It was formerly noted for its mineral springs, and as a 
 literary center. It returns 1 member to Parliament. 
 Hampstead Heath is a well-known pleasure-resort. Popu- 
 lation, 85,510, (1911). 
 
 Hampton (hamp'ton). A village in Middlesex, 
 England, 14 miles west-southwest of London. 
 Population, 6,813. 
 
 Hampton. The capital of Elizabeth City Coun- 
 ty, Virginia, situated on Hampton Roads 15 
 miles north-northwest of Norfolk: seat of 
 Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute 
 (which see). Population, 5,505, (1910). 
 Hampton Court. A royal palace on the Thames 
 12 miles from Charing Cross, built by Cardinal 
 Wolsey. Agreatpartof the highly picturesque battle- 
 mented Tudor buildings in red brick, surrounding 3 courts, 
 still remains. The property originally consisted of about 
 1,000 acres of more or less barren land belonging to the 
 Knight Hospitallers of St.John of Jerusalem. It was leased 
 from the Priory of St. John in 1515 by Thomas Wolsey, arch- 
 bishop of York and primate of England, who erected the 
 original Gothic palace. In 1526 he surrendered the estate 
 to Henry VIII., who added the chapel andgreat hall 1531-36. 
 In the reign of William III., the great facade, modern 
 state apartments and a gallery for the cartoons of Raphael 
 were added by Sir Christopher W ren. The front on the fine 
 French gardens islater, in theRenaissance style. The great 
 hall, 106 by 40 feet, and 60 feet high, possesses a handsome 
 open-framed roof With elaborate pendants. The state apart- 
 ments are filled with paintings, many of them noted works. 
 The cartoons by Raphael have been removed to the South 
 Kensington Museum. A part of the palace is now occu- 
 pied by persons of good family in reduced circumstances. 
 Hampton Court is most intimately associated with James 
 I. and William III., and was a place of imprisonment of 
 Charles I. 
 
 Hampton Court Conference. A conference 
 appointed by James I., at Hampton Court, in 
 1604, to settle the disputes between the Puritan 
 party and the High-Church party in the Church 
 of England. It was conducted on three days (Jan. 14, 
 16, and 18), and resulted in a few alterations of the liturgy, 
 but entirely failed to secure the objects sought by the 
 Puritans. An important indirect result of it was the re- 
 vision of the Bible called the King James’s or authorized 
 version, which was suggested at that time. 
 
 Hampton Normal and Agricultural Insti- 
 tute. A training-school for negroes and Indians, 
 situated near Hampton, Virginia, established by 
 General S. C. Armstrong in 1868, and incorpo- 
 rated by the State of Virginia in 1870. Its object 
 is to train young men aud women of the negro and Indian 
 races to become teachers among their own people. 
 Hampton Roads (hamp'ton rodz). A channel 
 connecting the estuary of James River with 
 Chesapeake Bay, situated south of Fort Monroe, 
 Virginia. Here, March8, 1862, the Confederate ironclad 
 Y’irginia (Merrimac) destroyed the Federal frigates Cum- 
 berland and Congress ; and the following day there was a 
 contest between the Virginia and the ironclad Monitor, 
 the former retiring. This was the first engagement be- 
 tween ironclads. See Monitor. 
 
 Hampton, Wade. Born in South Carolina in 
 1754 : died at Columbia, S. C., Feb. 4, 1835. An 
 American general and politician. He served with 
 distinction under Clarion and Sumter in the Revolution ; 
 obtained the rank of major-general in 1813 ; was repulsed 
 in an attack on Sir George Prevost at Chafeaugay, Oct. 26, 
 1813 ; and frustrated the expedition against Montreal by 
 his unwillingness to cooperate with his rival, General 
 AVilkinson. 
 
 Hampton, Wade. Born at Columbia, S. C., 
 March 28, 1818: died there, April 11, 1902. An 
 American general in the Confederate service, 
 and politician, grandson of Wade Hampton 
 (1754-1835). He was an able cavalry commander in the 
 Civil War, commanding the Hampton Legion at Bull Run 
 1861, and serving with distinction at Seven Pines, Antie- 
 tam, Gettysburg, etc. He was governor of South Carolina 
 1876-79, and United States senator from that State 1879-91. 
 Hamun (ha-mon'). A large morass on the bor- 
 ders of Persia, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan. 
 Hanafites (han'a-fits). The oldest and most 
 important of the four orthodox sects of. Sunnite 
 Mohammedans, founded by Abu-Hanifah of Al- 
 Kufah (about 700-770), a puritan in doctrine 
 and the author of a system of jurisprudence. 
 Also Hanifites. 
 
 Hanau (ha'nou). A town in the province of 
 Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, at the junction of the 
 Kinzig and Main, 10 miles east of Frankfort-on- 
 the-Main. It has flourishing commerce and manufac- 
 tures. The Grimm brothers were born there. It was the 
 capital of an ancient countship of Hanau. Here, Oct. 30, 
 1813, Napoleon, with 70,000 men, encountered on the retreat 
 from Leipsic an Austro-Bavarian army of 30,000 men under 
 Wrede, who w as compelled to retire after having inflicted 
 severe losses on the French. Population, commune, 
 31,637. 
 
 Hancock (han'kok), Albany. Born at New- 
 castle-on-Tvne, Dee. 24, 1806 : died there, Oct. 
 
Hancock, Albany 
 
 24, 1873. An English zoologist. He wrote, with 
 Adler, “ Monograph of British Nudibranchiate 
 Mollusca” (1845-55), etc. 
 
 Hancock (han'kok), John. Born at Quincy, 
 Mass., Jan. 12, 1737: died at Quincy, Oct. 8,1793. 
 A noted American statesman. He was president 
 of the Provincial Congress 1774-75 ; president of Congress 
 1775-77 ; the first signer of the Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence ; and governor of Massachusetts 1780-85 andl787-93. 
 
 Hancock, Winfield Scott. Born at Montgom- 
 ery Square, Pa., Feb. 14, 1824: died at Gov- 
 ernor’s Island, near New York, Feb. 9, 1886. 
 An eminent American general. He graduated at 
 West Point in 1844 ; served as a lieutenant in the Mexican 
 war; was commissioned a brigadier-general of volunteers 
 at the outbreak of the Civil War ; served under McClellan 
 in the Peninsular campaign ; commanded the first divi- 
 sion of the second corps at Antietam Sept. 17, 1802, and 
 at Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862 ; commanded a corps at 
 Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1803, and at Spottsylvania Court 
 House (where he took 4,000 prisoners), May 12, 1801 ; was 
 commander of the military department of the Atlantic 
 1872-86; and was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate 
 for the presidency in 1880. 
 
 Hancock House. An old house formerly stand- 
 ing in Boston, Massachusetts. It was built in 1737, 
 and was the residence of Governor John Hancock 1780-93. 
 It was demolished in 1863. 
 
 Handegg Fall (han'deg fal). A cascade of the 
 Aare, in the eastern part of the Bernese Ober- 
 land, Switzerland. Height, 250 feet. 
 
 Handel (han'del), George Frederick, G. Georg 
 Friedrich Handel. Born at Halle, Prussia, Feb. 
 23, 1685 : died at London, April 14, 1759. A cele- 
 brated German composer. He studied with Zachau, 
 organist of the cathedral at HaUe, for 3 years. He then 
 went to Berlin, where his powers of improvisation caused 
 him to be regarded as a prodigy ; then to Halle, where his 
 father died. It became necessary for him to support his 
 mother, and he went to Hamburg, where he entered the 
 orchestra of the Opera House as “ violino di ripieno." He 
 soon became known, and was made conductor. In 1705 
 his first opera, “Almira," was produced there. In 1706 he 
 went to Italy. Returning to Germany in 1709, he accepted 
 the position of kapellmeister from the Elector of Han- 
 over, on condition that he should be allowed to visit Eng- 
 land, having already received pressing invitations to do 
 so. He first wentto London in 1710. His opera “Rinaldo” 
 was produced there in 1711. He undertook the direction 
 of the Italian opera in 1720. Buononcini and Ariosti, both 
 of whom he had known at Halle, also went to London 
 about this time and formed an opposition to him, which 
 gave rise to much feeling and to Byrom’s epigram ending 
 “Strange all this difference should be 
 ’ Twixt Tweedledum and Tweedledee ! ” 
 
 From 1729-34 he was in partnership with Heidegger at the 
 King's Theatre. In 1737 he became bankrupt. In 1739, 
 when he was about 54, he began to compose the oratorios 
 which made him famous. In 1752 he was attacked by cata- 
 ract, and was couched three times, but without success. He 
 was nearly if not entirely blind for the rest of his life, but 
 continued to preside at the organ during his own oratorios. 
 His fame increased, and the animosity which had pursued 
 him during his earlier years died away. He is best known 
 by his oratorios “Esther” (1720), “Saul" (1739), “Israel 
 in Egypt "(1739), “The Messiah " (1742), “ Samson ’’(1743), 
 “ J udas Maccabseus ’’ (1747), “ Joshua ” (1748), ‘ ‘ J ephthah ’’ 
 (1752), etc. He wrote 27 oratorios, more than 40 operas, 
 
 “ Acis and Galatea" and “Alexander’s Feast” (cantatas), 
 besides a great deal of church ami chamber music, odes, 
 songs, etc. See his “Life ” by Mainwaring, Scholcher, and 
 Chrysander. 
 
 Handel and Haydn Society. An American 
 musical society, founded at Boston in 1815. 
 Handel Society. 1 . An English society for the 
 publication of Handel’s works, formed in 1843 
 and dissolved in 1848. His works were issued 
 1843-58. — 2. [G. Hdndel-Gesmschaft.’] A Ger- 
 man society for the publication of Handel’s 
 works, formed in 1856. These works were 
 published 1859-94 under the editorship of 
 Chrysander. 
 
 Handsome Swordsman, The. [F. Le beau sa- 
 breur .] A surname given to Murat. 
 
 Han dynasty. See the extract. 
 
 In the year 207 B. 0. another period of anarchy was 
 ended by Kaou-te, who, gathering up again all China under 
 his rule, founded the celebrated Han dynasty, which flour- 
 ished till 220 A. I). , or, roughly speaking, from the days of 
 Hannibal to those of Caracalla. 
 
 Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, II. 16. 
 
 Haneberg (ha'ne-bero), Daniel Bonifacius 
 
 von. Bom at Tanne, near Kempten, Bavaria, 
 June 17, 1816: died at Spires, Bavaria, May 
 31, 1876. A German Roman Catholic prelate 
 and theologian. He was professor of theology at Mu- 
 nich 1841-51, abbot 1844, and bishop of Spires 1872. He 
 wrote various theological, historical, and polemical works. 
 
 Hanega (han'e-ga). A tribe of North American 
 Indians, living on the west coast of Prince of 
 Wales Island, Alaska. They number about 
 500. See Eoluschan. 
 
 Hanes (ha'nez). An ancient Egyptian city 
 (Isa. xxx. 4). See the extract. 
 
 But what and where was Hanes? The Greek translators 
 of the Old Testament, labouring in Egypt, could not tell; 
 the patient Chaldees who paraphrased the Scripture in 
 the vulgar tongue of Palestine could not tell. Gesenius, 
 that prince of modern Hebrew scholars, guessed that 
 
 479 
 
 Hanes must be the city which the Copts called Hnes, the 
 Greeks Heracleopolis, the town of Hercules, one the civil, 
 the other the religious name. 
 
 ^ Poole, Cities of Egypt, p. 31. 
 
 Hang-chau, or Hangchow (hang'chou). The 
 capital of the province of Che-kiang, China, sit- 
 uated near the river Tsien-tang, about lat. 30° 
 20' N., long. 120° 8' E. It was long noted for its 
 trade and its silk manufactures, and as a literary center. 
 It was held by the Taipings 1861-64. Population, 350,000. 
 
 Hango-Udde (hiing'ge-6'de). A seaport in Fin- 
 land, situated at the entrance of the Gulf of 
 Finland, in lat. 59° 51' N., long. 22° 57' E. 
 Here, Aug. 7, 1714, the Russians defeated and 
 captured the Swedish admiral Ehrenskjold. 
 Han-hai (han-hi'). A name of the western part 
 of the Gobi desert, or of that desert itself. 
 Hanifites. See Hanafites. 
 
 Hanka (hank'a), Vaclav. Born near Konig- 
 gratz, Bohemia, June 10, 1791: died at Prague, 
 J an. 12, 1861. A Bohemian philologist and poet, 
 author of grammatical works on Bohemian and 
 other Slavic languages. 
 
 Hanke, or Haenke (henk'e), Thaddeus. Born 
 at Kreibitz, Bohemia, Oct. 5, 1761 : died near 
 Cochabamba, Upper Peru, Dec., 1817. A Bo- 
 hemian botanist. As naturalist of Malaspina’s expe- 
 dition, he wentto Peru, 1790 ; and, after visiting Chile, Cali- 
 fornia, Mexico, and the Philippines, fixed his residence in 
 Cochabamba, 1796, founding a botanical garden. Thence 
 he made various excursions. He published in Spanish a 
 work on the Peruvian tributaries of the Amazon. His bo- 
 tanical writings were printed after his death. 
 
 Hankel (hank'el), Wilhelm Gottlieb. Born at 
 Ermsleben. Prussia, May 17, 1814: died at Leip- 
 eic, Feb. 17, 1899. A German physicist, pro- 
 fessor of physics at Leipsic 1849-99, best known 
 for his researches in electricity. His investi- 
 gations have been principally of the thermo- 
 electric properties of crystals. 
 
 Hankow, or Han-kau (han-kou'). A river port 
 in the province of Hu-peh, China, situated at 
 the confluence of the Han with the Yangtse, 
 opposite Hanyang and nearly opposite Wu- 
 chang, in lat. 30° 33' N., long. 114° 20' E. it was 
 opened to foreign trade in 1861, and exports tea. Popu- 
 lation, 820,000. 
 
 Hanley (han'li). A town in Staffordshire, Eng- 
 land, 31 miles south of Manchester. It is noted 
 for its pottery manufacture, and returns 1 member to Par- 
 liament. In 1910 it became a part of Stoke-upon-Trent. 
 
 Hannah (han'a). [Heb., ‘ grace Gr. ’Ai >va.~] 
 A wife of Elkanak, and mother of the prophet 
 Samuel. 
 
 Hannay (han'a,,/, Janies. Born at Dumfries, 
 Scotland, Feb. 17, 1827 : died at Barcelona, 
 Spain, Jan. 9, 1873. A British critic, novelist, 
 and miscellaneous author. From 1840-45 he was a 
 midshipman in the royal navy, and consul at Barcelona 
 1868-73. Among his works are “ Satire and Satirists ’’ 
 
 ' (1854), “ Studies on Thackeray ” (1869), the novels “Single- 
 ton Fontenoy ” (1850), “ Eustace Conyers ’’ (1855), and crit- 
 ical essays. 
 
 Hannibal (han'i-bal). [Punic, ‘grace of Baal’; 
 L. Hannibal , F. Hannibal, Annibal, It. Annibale, 
 Sp. Anibal .] Born 247 B. C. : committed suicide 
 at Libyssa, Bithynia, probably 183 b. c. A fa- 
 mous Carthaginian general, son of Hamilcar 
 Barca. He accompanied his father to Spain about 238 ; 
 succeeded Hasdrubal as commander of the army in 221 ; 
 completed the conquest of Spain south of the Ebro 221- 
 219 ; besieged and took Saguntum in 219 ; crossed the Alps, 
 probably by way of the Little St. Bernard, in 218 ; gained 
 the victories of the Ticino and the Trebia in 218, of Lake 
 Trasimene in 217, and of Cannae in 216 ; wintered at Capua 
 216-215 ; captured Tarentum in 212 ; marched against Rome 
 in 211 ; and was recalled to Africa in 203. He was defeated 
 by Scipio Africanus Major at Zama 202. He became the 
 chief magistrate of Cartilage, and about 195 was exiled to 
 Syria, and later to Bithynia. 
 
 Hannibal. A city in Marion County, Missouri, 
 situated on the Mississippi in lat. 39° 44' N., 
 long. 91° 23' W. It is an important railway, 
 commercial, and manufacturing center. Popu- 
 lation, 18,341, (1910). 
 
 Hannington (han'ing-ton), James. Born near 
 Brighton, England, Sept. 3, 1847 : killed near 
 Lake Victoria Nyanza, Oct. 29, 1885. An Eng- 
 lish divine, bishop of eastern equatorial Africa. 
 
 He sailed as a missionary for Africa in March, 1882, but 
 shortly returned to England. He was appointed bishop, 
 and returned to Africa in 1884. In 1885 he headed an ex- 
 pedition to open up a route to Victoria Nyanza. With a 
 small party he reached the lake, but was captured by the 
 natives and murdered. 
 
 Hanno (han'o). King of Gaza, one of the five 
 confederate cities of the Philistines. He is often 
 mentioned by the name of Hanunu in the Assyrian in- 
 scriptions, and was involved in the conflict between As- 
 syria and Egypt, Gaza being the frontier fortress on the 
 Egyptian highway barring the road to the south. He is 
 first mentioned in the annals of Tiglath-Pileser III. (745- 
 727), against whom he rebelled, but at the approach of 
 whose army (about 732) he fled to Egypt. Afterward he al- 
 lied himself with Sabaco, the Ethiopian king of Egypt (the 
 biblical So, Assyrian Sabe), against Sargou II. (722-705), 
 
 Hanover 
 
 shared the defeat of Sabaco in the memorable battle of 
 Raphia (720), and was carried captive to Assyria. 
 
 Hanno (han'o). Lived probably in the 5th cen- 
 tury B. c. A Carthaginian navigator who led 
 a colonizing expedition to the western coast of 
 Africa. An account of his voyage is extant in a Greek 
 translation (“ Periplus ”). 
 
 “In the flourishing times of Carthage ” (no nearer date 
 is known), Hanno and Himilco, two brothers belonging to 
 the dominant clan of Mago, were despatched by the Senate 
 to find new trading stations, and to found new colonies of 
 the half-bred “ Liby-Phcenician ” population, from whose 
 presence the State was always anxious to be freed. Each 
 admiral was in command of a powerful fleet. Hanno was 
 directed to go south from the Pillars of Hercules, and to 
 skirt the African coast ; Himilco was in like manner di- 
 rected to keep to the coast of Spain. The records of both 
 voyages were long preserved upon tablets in the temple 
 of Moloch ; and Hanno ’s account is still extant in a Greek 
 translation. Himilco’s tablet is lost, though it seems to 
 have been extant as late as the fourth century of the 
 Christian era ; hut its form is known from the “ Periplus 
 of Hanno, ’’ and its substance is, to some extent, preserved 
 in tlie extracts of Avienus. 
 
 Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 20. 
 Hanno (han'o), surnamed “The Great.” Lived 
 in the 3d century b. c. A leader of the aristo- 
 cratic party at Carthage, an opponent of Hamil- 
 car Barca and Hannibal. 
 
 Hanno, or Anno (an'o), Saint. Killed 1075. 
 An archbishop of Cologne. He became chancellor 
 of the empire in the reign of Henry III., and was elevated 
 to the see of Cologne in 1056. In 1062, placing himself at 
 the head of the princes disaffected with the administra- 
 tion of the regent Agnes of Poitou, he abducted the young 
 king Henry I V. from Kaiserswei th to Cologne, and usurped 
 the regency. 
 
 Hannover (han-no'ver), Eng. Hanover (han'- 
 o-ver), F. Hanovre (a-nov'r). A province of 
 Prussia. Capital, Hannover. The main portion is 
 bounded by the North Sea, Oldenburg, Schleswig Hol- 
 stein, and Hamburg (separated from these two by the Elbe) 
 on the north, Mecklenburg and Brandenburg (separated by 
 the Elbe) on the northeast, the province of Saxony on the 
 east, Brunswick, Waldeck, Lippe, Sohaumburg-Lippe, 
 and Westphalia on the south, and the Netherlands and 
 Oldenburg on the west. It is nearly cut in two by Olden- 
 burg. South of it is a detached portion, separated by Bruns- 
 wick, and reaching south to Hesse-Nassau, and there are 
 several minor exclaves. The surface is generally level ; the 
 Harz, W eser hills, and Teutoburger Wald are in the south. 
 The chief rivers are the Ems, Weser (with the Aller and 
 Leine), and Elbe. The leading occupation is agriculture. 
 In the south are mines of coal, iron, lead, copper, and silver. 
 There are considerable manufactures. The province is di- 
 vided into6 districts — Hannover, Hildesheim,Osnabruek, 
 Liineburg, Aurich, andStade. The great majority of the 
 population is Protestant, Hannover formed part of the 
 old duchy of Saxony. The Welf house, which had ac- 
 quired Bavaria in 1070, obtained Liineburg, etc., in 1120. 
 After the deposition (1180) of Henry the Lion, duke of 
 Saxony and Bavaria, Ins son William obtained (1203) Liine- 
 burg, the Upper Harz, etc. His son Otto was made duke 
 of Brunswick and Liineburg in 1235, and acquired 
 Celle, Hannover, etc. There were various divisions and 
 reunions, and finally two main lines, Liineburg and 
 Wolfenbiittel. In 1692 the principality of Liineburg be- 
 came the electorate of Hanover. The second elector, 
 George Louis, succeeded to the British throne as George I. 
 in 1714 (founder of the British line of Hanover, Bruns- 
 wick, or the Guelfs : see George /.). The duchies of Bre- 
 men and Verden were acquired in 1719. Hannover was 
 occupied by the French in 1803 ; was ceded to Prussia in 
 1805 ; and was taken from Prussia in 1807. Part of it was 
 allotted to the kingdom of Westphalia in 1807, and another 
 portion in 1810. It was liberated in 1813. By the Con 
 gress of Vienna (1814-15) it was raised to a kingdom, and 
 received accessions (East Friesland, Hildesheim, etc.). It 
 entered the Germanic Confederation in 1815. A constitu- 
 tion was given to it in 1833, which was suspended in 1837. 
 Hannover w as separated from Great Britain in 1837, Ernest 
 Augustus, duke of Cumberland, succeeding King William 
 of England. An alliance between Prussia, Hannover, and 
 Saxony was formed in 1849. Hannover sided with Austria 
 against Prussia in 1866. It was annexed to Prussia in 1866. 
 The Duke of Cumberland (representative of the house of 
 the Guelfs) resigned his claims on Hannover in 1892, re- 
 ceiving in exchange from Prussia the “Guelf fund.” (See 
 Brunswick.) Area, 14,870 square miles. Population, 2,- 
 759,544. 
 
 Hannover, Eng. Hanover. The capital of the 
 province of Hannover, Prussia, situated on 
 the Leine in lat. 52° 23' N., long. 9° 43' E. 
 
 It has recently become an important railway, commercial, 
 and manufacturing center. It manufactures iron, ma- 
 chinery, etc. Among theobjects of interestarethe Waterloo 
 column, war monument, Kestner museum, palace, Markt- 
 kirche, museum, picture-gallery, Rathaus, and theater. 
 Near the city are the Herrenhausen castle and the polytech- 
 nic school (former Welfen-Schloss). It was an ancient 
 Hanseatic town and a former ducal and royal capital. 
 Population, with suburbs, 299,753, (1910). 
 
 Hanoi (ha-nd'i), or Kesho (kesh'o). The capi- 
 tal of Tongking, situated about lat. 21° 10' N., 
 long. 105° 40' E., on the river Sangkoi or Song- 
 
 +ka. It was occupied by the French in 1882. 
 Hanotaux (han-6-td'), Albert Auguste Ga- 
 briel. Born at Beaurevoir, Aisue, France, 
 Nov. 19, 1853. A French author and statesman, 
 minister of foreign affairs 1894-95 and 1896-98. 
 Hanover. See Hannover. 
 
 Hanover. A town in Grafton County, New 
 Hampshire, situated on the Connecticut River. 
 It is the seat of Dartmouth College (which see). 
 Population 2,075, (1910). 
 
Hanover, House of 
 
 Hanover, House of. The present reigning 
 family <>l the United Kingdom of Great Britain 
 and Ireland. See George J. 
 
 Hanover, Treaty of. An alliance for mutual 
 aid concluded between England, France, and 
 Prussia, Sept., 1725. It was directed against 
 the union between Austria and Spain. 
 
 Hanover Court House. The capital of Han- 
 over County, Virginia, 17 miles north of Rich- 
 mond. Hero, May 27, 1802, the Union general Fitz-John 
 Porter defeated a force of 13,000 Confederates. The Union 
 loss was 397 ; that of the Confederates, between 200 and 
 300 killed, and 730 captured. 
 
 Hanover Square. A square in the West End 
 of London, south of Oxford street and west of 
 Regent street. It received its name in the days of the 
 early popularity of George I. St. George’s, Hanover Square, 
 is the most fashionable church for marriages in London : 
 it gives name to one of (he parliamentary boroughs. The 
 square was built about 1731, when the place for executions 
 was removed from Tyburn, lest the inhabitants of the 
 “ new square” should be annoyed by them. The bronze 
 statue of William Pitt in the square is by Chan trey (1831). 
 Hare, London, II. 138. 
 
 Hansa, The. Sec Hanseatic League. 
 
 Hansard (han'sard), Luke. Born at Norwich, 
 England, July 5, 1752: died at London, Oct. 
 29, 1828. An English printer, best known from 
 his publication of parliamentary reports. Ho 
 printed the “Journal of the House of Com- 
 mons” from 1774. 
 
 Hanseatic League (han-se-at'ik leg), or the 
 German Hanse or Hansa. A medieval con- 
 federation of cities of northern Germany and 
 adjacent countries, called the Hanse towns, at 
 one timo numbering about 90, with affiliated 
 cities in nearly all parts of Europe, for the pro- 
 motion of commerce by sea and land, and for 
 its protection against pirates, robbers, and hos- 
 tile governments. At the height of its prosperity it 
 exercised sovereign powers, made treaties, and often en- 
 forced its claims by arms in Scandinavia, England, Portu- 
 gal, and elsewhere. Its origin is commonly dated from 
 a compact between Hamburg and Liibeck in 1241, al- 
 though commercial unions of German towns had existed 
 previously. The league held triennial general assem- 
 blies (usually at Liibeck, its chief seat) ; and, after a long 
 period of decline and attempts at resuscitation, the last 
 general assembly, representing 6 cities, was held in 1669. 
 The name was retained, however, by the union of the free 
 cities of Liibeck, Hamburg, and Bremen, which are now 
 members of the German Empire. 
 
 Hansen (hiin'sen), Heinrich. Born at Haders- 
 leben, Schleswig, Nov. 23, 1821 : died at Copen- 
 hagen, July 11, 1890. A Danish architectural 
 painter. 
 
 Hansen, Peter Andreas. Born at Tondern, 
 Schleswig, Dec. 8, 1795: died at Gotha, Ger- 
 many, March 28, 1874. A noted German as- 
 tronomer (originally a watchmaker), director 
 of the observatory at Gotha from 1825. He 
 
 wrote “ Methode zur Berechnung der absoluten Stbrun- 
 gen derkleinen Planeten ”(1856-69), “Tables de la lune" 
 (1857), “ Tables du soldi” (with Olafsen, 1854-57), etc. 
 
 Harisi (hau'se). A town in the Panjab, India, 
 80 miles northwest of Delhi. Population, over 
 16,500. 
 
 Hansom (han'som), Joseph Aloysius. Born 
 at York, England, Oct. 26, 1803 : died at Lon- 
 don, June 29, 1882. An English architect, inven- 
 tor of a patent safety cab which wasnaraed from 
 him the “ Hansom.” The principal feature of the 
 original vehicle was the “ suspended ’’ axle. It had no out- 
 side seat. 
 
 Hansteen (han'stan), Christopher. Bom at 
 
 Christiania, Norway, Sept. 26, 1784: died at 
 Christiania, April 15, 1873. A Norwegian as- 
 tronomer and physicist, noted especially for 
 his researches in terrestrial magnetism. He 
 published “ Untersuehungen iiber den Magnetismus der 
 Erde" (1819), “ Resultate magnetischer, etc., Beobachtun- 
 gen ” (1863), etc. 
 
 Hanswurst (hans'vorst). [G.,‘ Jack Sausage.’] 
 A conventional buffoon in old German comedy. 
 See Gottsched. 
 
 He was servant, messenger, spy, intrigant, and conjuror, 
 and was dressed in motley and provided with a crack- 
 ing whip, like the old gleeman. He was obscene and vul- 
 gar, a great eater and drinker, a braggart and a coward. 
 He was the hero of farce and the jester of tragedy, and he 
 even forced his way into Hamburg Opera. ... He went 
 under different names at different periods, Pickelhering, 
 Harlequin, and Hanswurst being the most frequent. . . . 
 As earty as 1708 a German theatre was established in the 
 imperial capital, and its founder, Joseph Stranitzky, a Si- 
 lesian, made extensive use of the characters and plots of 
 Italian farce: he himself acted Harlequin, to whom he 
 gave the old German name of Hanswurst, a title borne 
 occasionally by the clown of the earlier drama. He made 
 him appeal more directly to the Viennese. His Hanswurst 
 came from Salzburg, just as the Italian Arlecchino came 
 from Bergamo, and both were made to speak in their na- 
 tive dialect. As Arlecchino has his own special costume, 
 made of triangular patches of cloth, so Hanswurst always 
 appeared as a peasant with the characteristic green pointed 
 hat. Scherer , Hist. German Lit. (trans.), I. 398. 
 
 480 
 
 Hantiwi(hiiu-te'we), or Hantewa (hiin-ta/wii). 
 An almost extinct tribe of North American In- 
 dians. See Palailmihan. 
 
 Hants. Bee Hampshire. 
 
 Hanuman (ha ' no - miin). [Skt., lit. ‘having 
 
 (large) jaws.’] In Hindu mythology, a monkey 
 chief wlio is a conspicuous figure in the Rama- 
 yana. He and the other monkeys who assisted Rama in 
 his war against Havana were of divine origin and superhu- 
 man powers. Hanuman jumped from India to Geylon in 
 one bound, tore up trees, carried away the Himalayas, and 
 performed other wonderful exploits. Accompanying Rama 
 on his return to Ayodhya, he received from him the reward 
 of perpetual life and youth. His exploits are favorite 
 topics among Hindus from childhood to old age, paintings 
 of them are common, and there are temples for his worship. 
 Hanumannataka (haiT'6-man-nat'a-ka). In 
 Sanskrit literature, a drama, by various hands, 
 on the subject of the adventures of the mon- 
 key tdtief Hanuman, written in the 10th or 11th 
 century. 
 
 Hanway (han'wa), Jonas. Born at Portsmouth, 
 England, Aug. 12, 1712: died at London, Bept. 
 5, 1786. An English traveler and philanthropist. 
 He became the partner of an English merchant in St. 
 Petersburg in 1743; and 1743-44 made a mercantile jour- 
 ney to Persia, in which lie suffered many misfortunes. 
 He published an account of it in 1753. His later years 
 were occupied witli various philanthropic schemes, espe- 
 cially in behalf of poor children. He advocated the es- 
 tablishment of Sunday-schools. He is said to have been 
 the first habitually to cany an umbrella in the streets of 
 London. 
 
 Hanyang (hiin-yiing'). A large city in China, 
 nearly adjoining Hankow (which see). 
 Haparanda (ha-pii-riin'da), properly Haapa- 
 ranta (ha-pa-r&n'ta). A small town in the laen 
 of Norrbotten, Sweden, situated at the head of 
 the Gulf of Bothnia, opposite TorneJ, on the 
 boundary of Sweden and Finland, in lat. 65° 
 51' N., long. 24° 2' E. 
 
 Hapi (ha'pe). In Egyptian mythology, the Nile 
 as a deity; the god Nilus. 
 
 We can more easily understand the worship of the god 
 Hapi, theNile. Wecan readily realise that the Egyptians 
 paid divine honours to the river that brought them all 
 blessings. It is true no special temples seem to have been 
 erected to this god, but we find that gifts were presented 
 to him everywhere, and lie was worshipped as a god in 
 hymns and was identified with other gods. 
 
 La Saussaye, Science of Religion (trans.), p. 411. 
 
 Hapitu. See Tusayan. 
 
 Happy Valley, The. In Johnson’s “ Rasselas,” 
 a garden of peace where the Prince of Abyssinia 
 lived. It was almost impossible to get into or 
 out of it. See Rasselas. 
 
 Hapsburg (haps'Mrg; G. pron. liaps'borG), or 
 Habsburg(haps'borG), House of. [G. Hapsburg, 
 Habsburg, orig. Habichtsburg , hawk’s castle.] A 
 German princely family which derived its name 
 from the castle of Hapsburg (which see), and 
 which has furnished sovereigns to the Holy Ro- 
 man Empire, Austria, and Spain. The title Count 
 of Hapsburg was assumed by Werner I., who died in 1096. 
 Count Rudolf was elected emperor as Rudolf I. in 1273 
 and acquired Austria, and founded the imperial line which 
 reigned 1273-91, 1298-1308, 1438-1740. The title archduke 
 of Austria was revived in 1453. In 1477 the emperor Maxi- 
 milian I. acquired the domain (except the duchy) of the 
 ducal house of Burgundy by marriage with the heir- 
 ess Mary, and in 1490 had all the Hapsburg possessions 
 united in his hands by the abdication of Count Sigismund. 
 His son Philip the Fair married Joanna the Insane, queen 
 of Aragon and Castile. Their eldest son became king of 
 Spain as Charles I. in 1516, and emperor as Charles V. in 
 1519 ; their second son Ferdinand received the Austrian 
 crown, to which he added by election the kingdoms 
 of Bohemia and Hungary. The Spanish line was continued 
 by Charles's son Philip II., and reigned 1516-1700. On the 
 abdication of the imperial crown by Charles V. in 1556, he 
 was succeeded by his brother Ferdinand, who continued 
 the imperial line, the last male representative of which 
 was Charles VI. On the death of Charles VI. in 1740, his 
 daughter Maria Theresa succeeded to the Austrian inher- 
 itance by virtue of the pragmatic sanction (which see). 
 Site married Francis I., grand duke of Tuscany, of the house 
 of Lorraine, who became emperor in 1745, and founded 
 the Hapsburg-Lorraine line, members of which ruled as 
 emperors of the Holy Roman Empire until its abolition in 
 1806, and have since ruled as emperors of Austria. 
 
 Hapsburg Castle. See the extract. 
 
 Hapsburg is a castle (built about A. D. 1020) in the Aar- 
 gau on the banks of the Aar, and near the line of railway 
 from Olten to Zurich, from a point on winch a glimpse of 
 it maybe had. “Within the ancient walls of Viudonissa," 
 says Gibbon, “the castle of Hapsburg, the abbey of Konigs- 
 felden, and the town of Brugg have successively arisen. 
 The philosophic traveller may compare the monuments of 
 Roman conquests, of feudal or Austrian tyranny, of monk- 
 ish superstition, and of industrious freedom. If he be 
 truly a philosopher, he will applaud the merit and happi- 
 ness of his own time.” Bryce, Holy Roman Empire, p. 213. 
 
 Hapur (ha-por'). A town near Meerut, India. 
 Har. Same as Hormakhu. 
 
 Hara (ha'ra). In Hindu mythology, a name of 
 Shiva. 
 
 Haraforas. See Alfures. 
 
 Harald. See Harold. 
 
 Haran (ba'ran). [Heb. Horan , Assyro-Baby- 
 
 Hardee 
 
 Ionian Harranu, Gr. Xappav, L. Carrie or Char- 
 ra.] A city in Mesopotamia, situated on the 
 Belias (Belich, ancient Bilichus), a small afflu- 
 ent of the Euphrates, 10 hours southeast from 
 Edessa. The Assyrian meaning of the name is ‘road,’ 
 probably so called as the crossing-point of the Syrian, As- 
 syrian, and Babylonian trade routes. In t he Old Testament 
 it is mentioned in connection with the patriarchs, and 
 Ezekiel (xxvii. 23) speaks of it as a considerable trading 
 center. It is often mentioned in the cuneiform inscrip- 
 tions. It was an ancient seat of the worship of the moon- 
 god Sin ; and Nabunaid, the last Babylonian king (555- 
 538 B. c.), relates that Sin, in a dream, commanded him 
 to restore his temple E-hul-huI ('house of joy ’) in Haran, 
 which was destroyed by the Scythians during their inva- 
 sion under AsurbanipaL Nabunaid thereupon restored 
 or rather completed the restoration of the temple, and 
 adorned the city. Haran became famous among the 
 Romans, being near the scene of tire defeat of Crassus by 
 the Parthians. About the time of the Christian era it ap- 
 pears to have formed part of the kingdom of Edessa. After- 
 ward it came with that kingdom under the dominion of the 
 Romans. In the 4th century it was the seat of a bishop. 
 At present it is a small village inhabited by a few Arab 
 families. 
 
 Harar (ha-rar'V, or Hurrur (hor-ror 7 ). 1. A 
 email state In the Galla country, Abyssinia. — 
 2. The capital of Harar, situated about lat. 8° 
 45' N., long. 42° E. Population, about 50,000. 
 
 Harari (ha-ra're), or Adari (a-dii're). A Se- 
 mitic dialect, mixed with Hamitic words, spoken 
 only in the important city and small state of 
 Harar. Tho language is allied with Geez and 
 Amharic. The people are Mohammedans. 
 
 Harbour Grace (hiir'bor gras). A seaport in 
 southeastern Newfoundland, situated on Con- 
 ception Bay 29 miles west-northwest of St. 
 John’s. Population, 5,184. 
 
 Harburg (har'borG). A river port in the prov- 
 ince of Hannover, Prussia, situated on tho 
 southern arm of the Elbe 6 miles south of Ham- 
 burg. It is increasing in importance. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 56,238. 
 
 Harcourt (har'kort). 1. A character in Shak- 
 spere’s “Henry TV.,” part 2. — 2. A character 
 in Wycherley’s play “ The Country Wife.” 
 
 Harcourt, Simon, first Viscount Harcourt. Born 
 about 1661: died at Loudon, July 29, 1727. An 
 English politician. He was attorney-general 1707-08, 
 and again in 1710 ; became keeper of the great seal in 1710 ; 
 and was appointed lord chancellor in 1713. He lost his 
 office in 1714. He was a friend of Pope, Swift, Gay, and 
 other literary men of his day. 
 
 Harcourt, Simon, first Earl Harcourt. Born 
 1714: diedatNuneham, Sept. 16, 1777. An Eng- 
 lish politician and general. He was appointed am- 
 bassador at Paris in 1768, and was lord lieutenant of Ire- 
 land Oct., 1772 -Jan., 1777. 
 
 Harcourt, William, third Earl Harcourt. Born 
 March 20, 1743: died June 18, 1830. An English 
 Soldier. He took part in the Revolutionary War as lieu- 
 tenant-colonel, and in 1776 captured General Charles Lee 
 in his own camp (a service for which he was promoted 
 colonel); and became major-general in 1782, general in 
 1796, and field-marshal in 1820. 
 
 Harcourt, Sir William George Granville Ven- 
 ables Vernon. Born Oct. 14, 1827 : died Oct. 1, 
 1904. An English statesman, grandson of Ed- 
 ward Vernon Harcourt. archbishop of York. 
 He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and called 
 to the bar in 1854. He entered Parliament (for Oxford) in 
 1868, sat for Derby 1880-96, and for West Monmouthshire 
 1895-1904. He was solicitor-general 1873-74, home secre- 
 tary 1880-85, and chancellor of the exchequer in 1886, 
 1892-94, and 1894-95. From March, 1894, to Dec., 1898, he 
 was leader of the Liberal party in the House of Commons. 
 He wrote in the “Times,” under the signature of llistori- 
 cus, a series of letters on international law, which were 
 republished in 1863. 
 
 Hardanger Fjord (har'dang-er fyord). One of 
 the most famous fjords of Norway, off the south- 
 western coast, about lat. 60° N. It extends, under 
 various names, northeastward and then southward. It is 
 inclosed by mountains and snow-fields, and is noted for its 
 grandeur. Near it are the Eolgefond and the Vijringsfos. 
 Length, 75 miles. 
 
 Hard Cash. See Very Hard Cash. 
 
 Hardcastle (hard'kas-l), Kate. In Goldsmith’s 
 play “ She Stoops to Conquer,” the lively daugh- 
 ter of Squire Hardcastle. She takes the part of a 
 barmaid in order to win Marlowe, who is afraid of ladies, 
 and so “stoops to conquer.” 
 
 Hardcastle, Squire and Mrs. Characters in 
 Goldsmith’s play “She Stoops to Conquer.” Tho 
 squire is an English country gentleman of the old school, 
 fond of everything old. Mrs. Hardcastle, his second wife, 
 is an extremely “genteel ” lady who devotes herself to tho 
 spoiling of her ungrateful hobbledehoy of a son, Tony 
 Lumpkin. 
 
 Hardee (liiir'de), William J. Born at Savan- 
 nah, Ga., Oct. 10, 1815 : died at Wytheville, Va., 
 Nov. 6, 1873. An American soldier. He gradu- 
 ated at West Point in 1838, and served with distinction in 
 the Mexican war. lie entered the Confederate army with 
 the rank of colonel at the outbreak of the Civil War ; com- 
 manded a corps at Shiloh; commanded the left wing of the 
 Confederate army at Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862 ; was appointed 
 lieutenant-general, and in Dec., 1864, commanded the army 
 which defended Savannah against Sherman. 
 
Hardenberg 
 
 Hardenberg (httr'don-bera), Georg Friedrich 
 Philipp von: pseudonym Novalis. Horn at 
 Wiederstlidt, notir Mnnsfeld, Prussia, May 2, 
 1772: died at Weissenfels, Prussia, March 25, 
 1801. A noted Gorman poet and litterateur. Ho 
 wrote the novel ** Heinrich von Ofterdingen," and lyric 
 poouiB. II in works wore published in 1802. 
 
 Hardenberg, Prineo Karl August von. Horn 
 at Essenroua, Hannover, Prussia, May 31, 1750 : 
 diedatGenoa, Nov. 26, 1822. A Prussian states- 
 man. He entered the Prussian ministry in 1701; was 
 minister of foreign all airs 1804-00 and 1807 ; and was made 
 chancellor in 1810, and president of the council in 1817. 
 His memoirs were edited by Von Kanke in 1877. 
 Harderwijk (hfix'der-wik). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Gelderland, Netherlands, situated on 
 the Zuyder Zee 31 miles east of Amsterdam, it 
 
 w as formerly an important Hanseatic port, and the seat of 
 a university' from 1048 to 1818. Population, 7,327. 
 
 Hardicanute (Mr^di-ka-nut'). [Also Harde- 
 canute, Hardacnut, Harthacnut; ML. Hurdi- 
 canutus, AS. Harthacnut.'] Born about 1019: 
 died at Lambeth, near London, June 8, 1042. 
 King of England 1040-42, sou of Canute and 
 Emma of Normandy. He became king of Denmark 
 in 1036, ami nominal king of the West Saxons in the same 
 year, hie half-brother Harold being king of the north. See 
 Harold. 
 
 Harding (hiir'ding), Chester. BornatConway, 
 Mass., Sept. 1, 1792: died at Boston, April 1, 
 I860. An American portrait-painter. 
 Harding, James Dumeld. Born at Deptford, 
 Kent, 1798 : died at Barnes, Surrey, 1863. An 
 English landscape-painter, and writer on art. 
 He was a successful teacher of his art, and pub- 
 lished educational works upon it. 
 
 Harding, John. See Hardyng. 
 
 Hardinge (hiir'ding), Sir Henry, first Viscount 
 Hardinge of Lahore. Bom at Wrotham, Kent, 
 March 30, 1785: died near Tunbridge Wells, 
 Sept. 24, 1856. An English general, distin- 
 guished throughout the Peninsular war and at 
 Ligny. He was secretary at war under Wellington July, 
 1328,-July, 1830; chief secretary for Ireland July-Nov., 
 1830, and 1834-35 ; secretary at war 1841-44 ; and governor- 
 general of India 1814-48, serving as second in command 
 under Gough in the first Sikh war. He was commander- 
 in-chief of the British anny 1852-66, and was made field- 
 marshal in 1855. 
 
 Hardoi (hur'do-e). A western district in the 
 Lucknow division, United Provinces, British 
 India, intersected by lat. 27° 30' N., long. 80° 
 10' E. Area, 2,331 square miles. Population, 
 1,092,834. 
 
 Hardouin (ard-oan'), Jean. Born at Quim- 
 per, 1646: died at Paris, Sept. 3, 1729. A French 
 Jesuit classical scholar, numismatist, andchro- 
 nologist. He maintained in the “Prolegomena ad cen- 
 suram veterum scriptornm ” the paradox that, with a few 
 exceptions, all the works ascribed to classical antiquity 
 had been forged by monks in the 13th century, under the 
 direction of a certain Severus Archontius. He also at- 
 tacked the genuineness of ancient coins and of all church 
 councils before that of Trent. 
 
 Hardt (hart) Mountains. A continuation of 
 the Vosges in the Rhine Palatinate, Bavaria. 
 Hard Times. A novel by Dickens, published 
 originally in “Household Words” in 1854. It 
 was published entire in one volume in 1854. 
 Hardwar, or Hurdwar (hur-dwar'). [Skt. Ha- 
 ridvdra, gate of Hari, i. e. Vishnu.] An ancient 
 city on the right bank of the Ganges where the 
 river breaks through into the plain, it is an im- 
 portant place of annual pilgrimage, while every twelfth 
 year a peculiarly sacred feast called a kumbh-mela takes 
 place. The concourse of pilgrims (yearly 100,000 ; at the 
 kumbh-mela 300,000) has given rise to an important fair. 
 Also called Ganyadwara (‘ gate of the Ganges ’). Popula- 
 tion, 25,597. 
 
 Hardwick (liard'wik), Charles. Bora at Slings- 
 by, Yorkshire, Sept. 22, 1821: died near Ba- 
 gneres-de-Luchon, France, Aug. 18, 1859. An 
 English clergyman (archdeacon of Ely) and ec- 
 clesiastical historian. Among his works are “A His- 
 tory of the Christian Church, Middle Age” (1853-56), 
 “Christ and other Masters ” (1855-69). He was killed by 
 ^.falling over a precipice in the Pyrenees. 
 
 Hardy (har'di), Arthur Sherburne. Born at 
 Andover, Mass., Aug. 13, 1847. An American 
 novelist. He gr aduated at West Point in 1869, and was 
 assistant instructor of artillery tactics there till 1870; was 
 professor of civil engineering and mathematics at Grinneil 
 College, Iowa, 1870-73 ; professor of civil engineering in 
 the Chandler Scientific School, Dartmouth, N. H., 1874; 
 and professor of mathematics in Dartmouth College 1878. 
 He was United States minister to Persia in 1897-99, to 
 Greece 1899-1901, to Switzerland 1901-02, and to Spain 
 1902-05. Among his works are “ But yet a Woman ” (1883), 
 “ The Wind of Destiny " (1886), “ Passe-Rose ” (1889). 
 
 Hardy, Gathorne Gathorne-, first Earl of 
 Cranbrook. Bora at Bradford, Oct. 1, 1814: 
 died Oct. 30, 1906. A British politician. 
 He entered Parliament as Conservative member for 
 Leominster in 1847, and was returned for the University of 
 Oxford in 1865, defeating Mr. Gladstone. He was home sec- 
 C.— 31 
 
 481 
 
 rotary 1807-68, secretary for war 1874-78, secret ary for India 
 1878-80, and lord president of the council 1886 -86 and 1886 
 1892. lie was raised to the peerage as Viscount Cranbrook 
 in 1878, and was created earl of Cranbrook in 1892. 
 Hardy, Laetitia. In Mrs. Cowley's comedy “ The 
 Belle’s Stratagem,” n young girl betrothed to 
 
 Dorieourt. She is piqued byhls Indifference Into playing 
 Huccessfully a part which lie hates in order to turn his indif- 
 ference in to hatred, which can more easily be turned to love. 
 Hardy, Thomas. Bora in Dorset, Juno 2, 1840. 
 An English novelist. Ilia works include “Desperate 
 Remedies” (1869), “Under the Greenwood Tree ” (1872), 
 “A Pair of Blue Eyes ” (1878), “Ear from the Madding 
 Crowd ” (1874),“ The Hand of Etlielberta "(1876),“ The Re- 
 turn of the Native "(1878), “ The Trumpet-Major ” (1880), 
 “Two on a Tower” (1882), “A Group of Nolde Dames” 
 (1891), “Teas of the D'Urbervliles " (1892), “Life's Little 
 Ironies” (1894), “Jude the Obscure" (1896: serially in 
 “ Harper's Magazine ” ns “ Hearts Insurgent” 1895), “The 
 Well-Beloved” (serially, 1892; 1897), “Wessex Poems" 
 (1898), “Poems of the Past and Present” (1901), “The 
 Dynasts : a Drama " (1903-08). 
 
 Hardyng, or Harding (hiir'ding), John. Born 
 1378 : died about 1465. An English chronicler. 
 As a youth he was a member of the household of Harry 
 Percy (Hotspur), and was present at the battle of Shrews- 
 bury. He fought also at the battle of Homildon and at 
 Agincourt. He was constable of Sir Robert Umfreville’s 
 castle at Kyme, Lincolnshire, from 1436. His chronicle is 
 written in English verse, and comes down to about 1436. 
 He forged certain documents relating to the feudal rela- 
 tions of the Scottish and English crowns. 
 
 Hare (bar), The. A constellation. See Lepus. 
 Hare, Augustus John Cuthbert, Bom at 
 
 Rome, March 13, 1834: died at St. Leonards, 
 Jan. 22,1903. An English author, nephewofJ.C. 
 and A. W. Hare. He wrote “Walks in Rome” (1871), 
 “Memorials of a Quiet Life” (1872), “Wanderings in 
 Spain” (1873),“ Days near Rome” (1874), “Cities of North- 
 ern and Central Italy ” (1876), “Walks in London ” (1878), 
 “ Cities of Southern Italy, etc.” (1883), “ Cities of Central 
 Italy ” (1884), “ Studies in Russia ” (1885), “ Paris ” (1887). 
 
 Hare, Augustus William. Born at Rome, Nov. 
 17, 1792 : died at Rome, Feb. 18, 1834. An Eng- 
 lish clergyman, brother of J. C. Hare, and his 
 collaborator in “Guesses at Truth.” 
 
 Hare, Julius Charles. Born at Valdagno, Italy, 
 Sept. 13, 1795 : died at Hurstmonceaux, Sussex, 
 England, Jan. 23, 1855. An English divine and 
 theological writer, archdeacon of Lewes 1840. 
 He held the living of Hurstmonceaux from 1832. Among 
 his works arc “Mission of the Comforter" (1846) ; “The 
 Contest with Rome”(1852); “Vindication of Luther ” (1854); 
 conjointly with A. W. Hare, “Guesses at Truth” (1827). 
 
 Hare, Robert. Born at Philadelphia, Jan. 17, 
 1781: died at Philadelphia, May 15, 1858. An 
 American chemist. He was professor ol chemistry in 
 the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania 
 1818-47. He invented the calorimotor in 1816. Rewrote 
 “Chemical Apparatus and Manipulations ” (1836), etc. 
 
 Harefoot, Harold. See Harold. 
 
 Harfleur (ar-fler'). A seaport in the department 
 of Seine-Inferieure, northern France, situated 
 on the Lezarde, near the mouth of the Seine, 6 
 miles east of Havre. This was formerly an important 
 seaport. It was twice occupied by the English in the 15th 
 century. Population, commune, 3,118. 
 
 Hargraves (har'gravz), Edmund Hammond. 
 
 Born Oct. 7, 1816: died Oct. 29, 1891. An 
 English farmer and miner, the discoverer of 
 the gold-fields of Australia in 1851. 
 
 Hargreave (har'grev), Charles James. Bom 
 at Wortley, near Leeds, Dec. , 1820 : died at Bray, 
 near Dublin, April 23, 1866. An English jurist 
 and mathematician. He was one of thecommissioners 
 appointed to sit in Dublin to receive applications for the 
 sale of estates under the Encumbered Estates Act of 1849, 
 and was a judge of the Landed Estates Court from its es- 
 tablishment in 1868. He published numerous mathemat- 
 ical papers. 
 
 Hargreaves (har'grevz), James. Born prob- 
 ably at Blackburn, Lancashire : died at Not- 
 tingham, April, 1778. An English mechanic, 
 inventor of the spinning-jenpy. The invention 
 was made about 1764, and was patented July 12, 1770. It 
 has been claimed for Thomas Highs, but on insufficient 
 evidence. Hargreaves established, in partnership with a 
 Mr. James, a cotton-mill in Nottingham. 
 
 Hari (hur'e). In Hindu mythology, a name com- 
 monly designating Vislmu, hut sometimes given 
 to other gods. 
 
 Harihara (ha-ri-har'a). In Hindu mythology, a 
 combination of the names of Vishnu and Shiva, 
 representing the union of the two deities. 
 Hari-Rud. See Heri-Rud. 
 
 Haring (ha'ring), Wilhelm: pseudonym Wili- 
 bald Alexis. Born at Breslau, Prussia, June 
 29, 1798 : died at Arnstadt, Thuringia, Dee. 16, 
 1871. A German novelist. His works include “ Wal- 
 ladmor ” and “ Schloss Avalon ” (whicli he issued in 1823 
 and 1827 respectively, under the name of Walter Scott). 
 “ Cabanis ” (1832), “ Der Roland von Berlin ” (1840), and 
 other romances from German history. 
 
 Harington (har'ing-ton), Sir John. Born at 
 Kelston, near Bath, England, 1561 : died there, 
 Nov. 20, 1612. An English poet. His chief work 
 was a translation of the “Orlando Furioso” (1591). He 
 
 Harless 
 
 aluo wrote u number of political tracts. He is best known 
 now as the author of Urn couplet 
 
 "Treason doth never prosper : what ’s the reason? 
 
 For if it prosper, none dare call it treason." 
 
 Harington, John. Died at Worms, Aug. 23,1613. 
 An English nobleman, the first Lord Harington. 
 He was the cousin of Hir John Harington. In 1603 he re- 
 ceived the charge of the Princess Elizabeth, who resided 
 witli his family at Combe Abbey. He saved her in 1605 
 from the conspirators of the “Gunpowder Plot," escaping 
 with her to Coventry. In 1613 he had a royal patent for 
 coining brass farthings for 3 years, granted to reimburse 
 him for expenses incurred by her extravagance. These to- 
 kens were called “ ilaringtons" in ordinary conversation, 
 lie went abroad as royal commissioner to settle the joint- 
 ure of the princess, and died on the journey home. 
 
 Hariri (ha-re're), the surname of Abu Moham- 
 med Kasim ben Ali. [Ar. harirt, silk-mer- 
 chant.] Born at Basra about 1054 : died there, 
 about 1122. An Arabian poet. The most famous 
 of hiB workB are Ilia Makamat (‘ assemblies ' or 'stances ’), 
 consisting of 60oratorical, poetical, moral, encomiastic, and 
 satirical discour ses, supposed to have been spoken or read 
 in public assemblies. It is considered among the Arabs 
 as a literary classic next only to the Koran. It was in part 
 translated into English by Preston and Olienery ; a free 
 German translation of the whole work by Riickert exists, 
 and there is an edition of the original by Silvestre de Sacy. 
 
 Harishchandra (ha-rish-chan'dra). In Hindu 
 mythology, the twenty-eighth king of the so- 
 lar race, celebrated for his piety and justice. 
 He is the subject of legends in the Aitareyabrahmana, 
 Mahabharata, and Markandeyapurana. The first tells 
 the story of his purchasing Shunahshephas to be offered 
 up as a vicarious sacrifice for his own son. 
 
 Harit (har'it), or Harita (har'i-ta). [Skt., ‘ fal- 
 low,’ ‘ yellow,’ 4 green.’] In Hindu mythology, 
 the mares of Indra, or the sun, typical of his 
 rays: according to Max Muller, the prototype 
 of the Greek Charites. 
 
 Harivansha (ha-ri-van'sha). In Sanskrit lit- 
 erature, ‘ Hari’s (i.e. Vishnu-Krishna’s) race’: 
 the title of a poem of 16,374 verses, it purports 
 to be a part of the Mahabharata, but is of much later 
 date. The first part treats of the creation and of the pa- 
 triarchal and regal dynasties ; the second, of the life and 
 adventures of Krishna; the third, of the future of the world 
 and the corruptions of the Kali age. It was probably writ- 
 ten in the south of India. 
 
 Harkaway(hark'a-wa // ), Grace. InDionBouci- 
 cault’s comedy “London Assurance,” a young 
 woman of fortune. 
 
 Harlan (hiir'lan), James. Born in Illinois, 
 Aug. 26, 1820: died at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, 
 Oct. 5, 1899. An American Republican (orig- 
 inally a Whig) politician. He was United States 
 senator 1855-65 and 1866-73; secretary of the interior 
 1865-66; and editor of the “Washington Chronicle.” 
 
 Harlan, John Marshall. Born in Boyle Coun- 
 ty, Ky., June 1, 1833: died at Washington, 
 D. C., Oct. 14, 1911. An American jurist. He 
 graduated from the law department of Transylvania Uni- 
 versity in 1853, was attorney-general of Kentucky 1863- 
 1867, and became associate justice of the United States 
 Supreme Court in 1877. 
 
 Harland (har'land), Marion. The pseudonym 
 of Mrs. Terhune (Mary Virginia Hawes). 
 
 Harlaw (har-la'). A place 18 miles northwest 
 of Aberdeen, Scotland. Here the Highlanders who 
 invaded Aberdeenshire under Donald, lord of the Isles, 
 were defeated by the Earl of Mar, 1411. 
 
 Harlech (bar 'lech). The ancient capital of 
 Merionethshire, Wales, situated on the coast 
 21 miles south of Carnarvon, its castle was cap- 
 tured from the Lancastrians by the Yorkists in 1468, and 
 held out long for Charles 1. The national Cambrian war- 
 song, “ The March of the Men of Harlech,” is said to have 
 originated during the former of these sieges. Grove. 
 
 Harleian Manuscripts and Miscellany. See 
 
 Harley, Robert. 
 
 Harlem (har'lem). 1. See Haarlem. — 2. The 
 part of the city of New York situated in the 
 northern part of Manhattan Island, and in- 
 cluded between the East and Harlem rivers, 
 Eighth Avenue, and 106th street. 
 
 Harlem River. A channel separating Manhat- 
 tan Island from the mainland of the State of 
 New York, and communicating with the East 
 River on the east, and through Spuyten Duyvil 
 creek with the Hudson on the west. Length, 
 about 7 miles. The Harlem Canal, connecting with the 
 Hudson River, was officially opened June 17, 1895. 
 
 Harlequin (har'le-kin or -kwin). [It. Arlec- 
 chino, F. Harlequin .] A conventional clown in 
 the improvised Italian comedy, or commedia 
 dell’ arte. He was the servant of Pantalone, or Panta- 
 loon, was noted for his agility and gluttony, and carried 
 a sword of lath. He was the descendant of the old Roman 
 sannio (zany) ; the German Hanswurst was borrowed from 
 him. In English pantomime Harlequin was dignified and 
 made popular by the acting of Rich, Woodward, O'Brien, 
 and Grimaldi. He hardly exists now save in Christmas 
 pantomimes, improvised Italian plays, and puppet-shows. 
 
 Harless (har'les), Gottlieb Christoph Adolf 
 von. Born at Nuremberg, Bavaria, Nov. 21, 
 1806 : died at Munich, Sept. 5, 1879. A German 
 
Harless 
 
 Protestant theologian. His works include “Kom- 
 mentar uber den Brief an die Epheser ” (1S34), “ Theolo- 
 gische Encyklopadie und Methodologie ” (1837), “ Die 
 christliche Ethik ” (1842), etc. 
 
 Harlethi har'letk), Gwendolen. The principal 
 female character in George Eliot’s novel “Dan- 
 iel Deronda.” 
 
 Harley (har'li). The “man of feeling” in Mac- 
 kenzie’s novel of that name : a sensitive, irres- 
 olute person, too gentle to battle with life. 
 
 Harley, Robert, first Earl of Oxford. Born at 
 London, Deo. 5, 1661: died May 21, 1724. An 
 English Tory (originally Whig) statesman. He 
 entered Parliament in 1689; was speaker of the House of 
 Commons 1701-05 ; was secretary of state 1704-08 ; was 
 made chancellor of the exchequer in 1710 ; was raised to 
 the peerage in 1711 ; was lord treasurer and premier 1711- 
 1714 ; was impeached for high treason in 1715, and acquitted 
 in 1717. He left a valuable collection of manuscripts, 
 which was increased by his son Edward Harley, and even- 
 tually acquired by the government for the British Museum. 
 A selection of rare pamphlets, etc., from his library was 
 published under the title of “ The Harleian Miscellany ” 
 in 1744-46. 
 
 Harlingen (har'ling-en), Friesian Harns 
 (harnz). A seaport in the province of Fries- 
 land, Netherlands, situated on the North Sea 
 in lat. 53° 11' N., long. 5° 24' E. : the chief com- 
 mercial place of Friesland. Population, com- 
 mune, 10,267. 
 
 Harlot’s Progress, The. A series of 6 satiri- 
 cal pictures by William Hogarth, completed in 
 1733. Five of them were burned at Fonthill in 1755 ; the 
 sixth is at Gosford House, near Edinburgh, owned by the 
 Earl of Wemyss. Cyc. Painters and Paintings. 
 
 Harlow (har'lo), George Henry. Born at Lon- 
 don, June 10, 1787 : died at London, Feb. 4, 
 1819. An English painter of portraits and his- 
 torical subjects. His most notable work is a portrait 
 of Mrs. Siddons as Queen Catharine in the trial scene in 
 Shakspere’s “Henry VIII. " 
 
 Harlowe, Clarissa. See Clarissa Harlowe. 
 
 Harmachis, or Harmais. See Eormalchu. 
 
 Harmand (ar-mon' ), Frangois Jules. Born at 
 Saumur, France, Oct., 1845. A French explorer. 
 He served in the campaign against the Kabyles in 1871, 
 and subsequently attached himself to the scientific expe- 
 dition under Delaporte, whose objective points were Tong- 
 king and Cambodia. As the other members of the expe- 
 dition fell sick on the way, he proceeded to Tongking with 
 Gamier as his only companion. He visited Cambodia and 
 explored the tributaries of the Mekong River 1875-81, and 
 in 1883-84 rendered important services to the French in 
 the contest for Tongking. 
 
 Harmensen (har'men-sen), Latinized Armini- 
 US, Jakobus. Born at Oudewater, South Hol- 
 land, 1560: died at Leyden, Oct. 19, 1609. ADutch 
 theologian, leader of the Arminian movement 
 in theology. See Remonstrants. He studied at Ley- 
 den, Geneva, and Basel ; preached in Amsterdam ; and 
 was professor of theology in Leyden 1603-09. His works 
 were published in Latin in 1629. 
 
 Harmer (har'mer), Thomas. Born at Norwich, 
 England, Oct., 1714 (?) : diedat Wattisfield, Suf- 
 folk, England, Nov. 27, 1788. An English clergy- 
 man of the Independent Church, pastor at Wat- 
 tisfield. He was the author of “ Observations 
 on Various Passages of Scripture” (1764), etc. 
 
 Harmodius (har-mo'di-us) and Aristogiton 
 (a-ris-to-ji'ton). Killed 514 B.c. Two Athenian 
 youths who killed Hipparchus, tyrant of Athens, 
 in 514. They are represented as entertaining a strong 
 affection for each other, which remained unaltered despite 
 the endeavors of Hipparchus to withdraw that of the young 
 and beautiful Harmodius to himself. Enraged at the in- 
 difference of Harmodius, Hipparchus put a public insult 
 upon him by declaring his sister unworthy of carrying the 
 sacred baskets at a religious procession, in revenge for 
 which the youths organized a conspiracy to overthrow 
 both Hipparchus and his brother Hippias. Harmodius 
 and Aristogiton slew the former on the festival of the 
 great Panathenaea, but their precipitancy prevented the 
 cooperation of the other conspirators. Harmodius was cut 
 down by the guard. Aristogiton was captured, and, when 
 put to the torture to reveal his accomplices, named the 
 principal friends of Hippias, who were executed. When 
 pressed for further revelations, he answered that there re- 
 mained no one whose death he desired, except the tyrant. 
 They are represented in a group now in the Museo Nazio- 
 nale, Naples. The statues are copies of the famous archaic 
 bronze originals which stood on the ascent to the Athe- 
 nian Acropolis. Both figures are striding forward ; Aris- 
 togiton, a little behind, extends his left arm, over which 
 his chlamys is wrapped, to cover Harmodius's right side. 
 Harmodius, wholly undraped, with right arm raised, is 
 about to strike down the tyrant. Aristogiton's head, 
 though antique, is much later than the body. 
 
 Harmon (har'mon), John, otherwise John 
 Rokesmith or Julius Handford. In Dick- 
 ens’s “ Our Mutual Friend,” the heir to the Har- 
 mon property. 
 
 Harmonia (har-mo'ni-a). [Gr. 'Apfiovia.'] 1. In 
 Greek legend, the daughter of Ares and Aphro- 
 dite, or, according to another version, of Zeus 
 and Electra. She was given by Zeus in marriage to 
 Cadmus of Thebes. All the gods of Olympus were present 
 at her wedding, and she received either from Cadmus or 
 from one of the gods a robe and a necklace which proved 
 fatal to every person who successively possessed them. 
 
 482 
 
 2. An asteroid (No. 40) discovered by Gold- 
 schmidt at Paris, March 31, 1856. 
 
 Harmonious Blacksmith, The. An air upon 
 which Handel wrote variations, and which since 
 his death has been known as “Handel’s Har- 
 monious Blacksmith.” The original air has been 
 attributed to various persons. 
 
 Harmonists (har'mo-nists). A communistic 
 religious body organized by George Rapp in 
 Wiirtemberg on the model of the primitive 
 church, andconducted by him to Pennsylvania 
 in 1803 : their settlement there was called Har- 
 mony (whence their name). They removed to New 
 Harmony in Indiana in 1815, but returned to Pennsylvania 
 in 1825, and formed the township of Economy on the Ohio 
 near Pittsburgh, and later a new village of Harmony. They 
 disbanded in 1904. They were communistic, holding all 
 property in common ; discouraged marriage and sexual 
 intercourse; and held that the second coming of Christ 
 and the millennium are near at hand, and that the whole 
 human race will be saved. Also Itappist and Economite. 
 
 Harmony Society. See Harmonists. 
 
 Harms (harmz), Klaus. Born at Fahrstedt, 
 Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, May 25, 1778 ; died 
 at Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Feb. 1, 1855. A 
 German Protestant theologian and preacher 
 at Kiel. He published “ Pastoral theologie” 
 
 *-(1830-34), volumes of sermons, etc. 
 
 Harnack (hiir'nak), Adolf. Born at Dorpat, 
 May 7, 1851. A noted German Protestant theo- 
 logian, professor successively at Leipsic, Gies- 
 sen, Marburg, and (1888) Berlin. His most ira- 
 portant work is in the department of the history of the 
 ancient church. He hns published “Lelirbuch der Dog- 
 mengeschichte ” (1886-90), etc., and contributed largely 
 to the “ Encyclopaedia Britannica.” 
 
 Harnack, Theodosius. Born at St. Petersburg, 
 Jan. 3, 1817 : died at Dorpat, Sept. 23, 1889. A 
 German Protestant theologian, professor of 
 theology at Dorpat 1845-75 (except 1853-66, 
 when lie was professor at Erlangen) : author of 
 various historical and theological works. 
 
 Harney (har'ni), William Selby. Born at 
 Haysboro, Tenn., Aug. 27, 1800: died May 9, 
 1889. An American general. He entered the 
 army in 1818, served as a colonel in the Mexican war (ob- 
 taining the brevet of brigadier-general for gallantry at 
 Cerro Gordo), and was promoted brigadier-general in 1858. 
 While in command of the Department of Oregon, he took 
 possession in 1859 of the island of San Juan, which was 
 claimed by the English ; and was in consequence recalled. 
 
 Harney Peak. [Named from W. S. Harney.] 
 The highest summit of the Black Hills, South 
 Dakota. Height, about 7,216 feet. 
 
 Haro (a'ro). A town in the province of Lo- 
 grono, northern Spain, situated near the Ebro 
 24 miles west-northwest of Logrono. It has 
 some trade. Population, 7,914. 
 
 Haro, Don Luis de. Born 1599: died at Ma- 
 drid, Nov. 26, 1661. A Spanish politician and 
 Courtier. He was the son of the Marquis of Carpio, and 
 a nephew of the Duke of Olivares, whom he succeeded in 
 1643 as prime minister and favorite of Philip IV. He car- 
 ried on an unsuccessful war against France, Portugal, and 
 the Dutch, which was concluded by the treaty of the Pyre- 
 nees in 1659. He is said to have been the ablest minister 
 which Spain produced in the 17th century. His public 
 services were rewarded by the erection of the ruarquisate 
 of Carpio into a dukedom. 
 
 Harold (har'old), surnamed “ Blue-tooth ” (Har- 
 ald Blaatand). Died about 985. King of Den- 
 mark, son of Gorm the Old whom he succeeded 
 about 935. He obtained the overlordship of Norway 
 on the death of Harold Harfagr, but was forced to recog- 
 nize the suzerainty of the emperors Otto I. and Otto II., 
 by whom he was made to accept Christianity. He was 
 expelled by his son Svend Forked-beard at the head of 
 the pagan party, and was killed in the flight. 
 
 Harold I., surnamed “ Harefoot.” [ME. Harold , 
 Harald, AS. Harold, Harald, from ODan. Har- 
 ald, Icel. Haraldr .] Died at Oxford, March 17, 
 1040. King of the English 1035-40, illegitimate 
 son of Canute by JElfgifu of Northampton. At 
 the death of his father in 1035, he became a candidate 
 for the English crown before the witan in opposition to 
 Canute’s legitimate son Hardicanute, king of Denmark. 
 He obtained by a compromise the region north of the 
 Thames, while Hardicanute obtained that to the south. 
 The absence of Hardicanute in Denmark, however, enabled 
 him to gain many of the latter’s adherents, including God- 
 win, earl of Wessex, and in 1037he was chosen king overall 
 England. He died during the preparations of Hardicanute 
 for an invasion of England. 
 
 Harold II. Born about 1022 : died Oct. 14, 1066. 
 Kiugof the English Jan. 6-Oct. 14, 1066, son of 
 Godwin, earl of Wessex, and Gytha. He became 
 earl of East Anglia about 1045 ; was banished with his fa- 
 ther by Edward the Confessor in 1051, and was restored 
 with him in 1052 ; succeeded his father as earl of Wessex 
 in 1053 (giving up his earldom of East Anglia) ; and was the 
 chief minister of Edward 1053-66. Probably in 1064 he 
 was shipwrecked on the coast of Normandy and fell into 
 the hands of William, duke of Normandy, who compelled 
 him to take an oath whereby he promised to marry Wil- 
 liam’s daughter and to assist him in securing the succes- 
 sion in England. He married about this time, probably on 
 his return to England, Ealdgyth or Aldgyth, widow of 
 Gruffydd, and sister of Eadwine, earl of the Mercians ; 
 
 Harpies 
 
 and on the death of Edward procured his own election as 
 king, Jan. 6, 1066. He defeated his brother Tostig (who 
 had been deposed from his earldom of Northumbria and 
 outlawed in the previous reign) and Harold Hardrada, king 
 of Norway, at Stamford Bridge, Sept. 25, 1066 ; and was 
 defeated by William, duke of Normandy, and killed at 
 the battle of Hastings or Senlac, Oct. 14, 1066. His mu- 
 tilated body is said to have been recognized among the 
 slain by his former mistress Edith Swan-neck, and to 
 have been buried by William’s order on the coast which 
 he sought to defend, the grave being marked by a cairn of 
 stones. 
 
 Harold I., surnamed Harfagr or Haarfager 
 
 (‘ Fair-haired’). Died in 933. King of Norway 
 860-930, son of Halfdan the Black. He completed 
 the conquest of the jarls, or petty kings, begun by his fa- 
 ther, and repressed freebooting, which caused a migration 
 of many of the most famous vikings to Iceland and Nor- 
 mandy (Rollo). In 930 he divided hisr kingdom among his 
 sons, of whom the eldest, Eric Blodoxe, retained the over- 
 lordship. 
 
 Harold II., surnamed Graafeld (‘Gray-skin’). 
 
 , Died in 969. King of the Norwegians about 
 960-969, son of Eric Blodoxe. 
 
 Harold III., surnamed Hardrada (‘the 
 Stern ’). Died Sept. 25, 1066. King of Nor- 
 way 1046-66. He entered the military service at Con- 
 stantinople in 1033, became commander of the imperial 
 guard, and defeated the Saracens in 18 battles in Africa. 
 He invaded England in alliance with Tostig, the outlawed 
 brother of Harold II. of England, in 1066, and was defeated 
 and slain at the battle of Stamford Bridge. 
 
 Harold, or The Last of the Saxon Kings. A 
 
 historical romance by Bulwer, published in 
 1848. The scene is laid in the time of Harold II. 
 
 Harold en Italie. A symphony composed by 
 Berlioz in 1834. It is the fourth of his five sym- 
 phonies, and the idea is from “ Childe Harold.” 
 
 Haroun-al-Rashid. See Harun-al-Rashid. 
 
 Harp (harp), The. A constellation. See Lyra. 
 
 Harpagon (ar-pa-goh'). A character in Mo- 
 liere’s comedy “ L’Avare” (taken from Plautus’s 
 “Euclio”), a miser. 
 
 Harpagon does not absolutely starve the rats ; he pos- 
 sesses horses, though he feeds them ill ; he has servants, 
 though he grudges them clothes : he even contemplates a 
 marriage-supper at his own expense, though he intends 
 to have a bad one. He has evidently been compelled to 
 make some sacrifices to the usages of mankind, and is at 
 once a more common and a more theatrical character than 
 Euclio. Hallam. 
 
 Harpagus (har'pa-gus). A general of Cyrus. 
 According to Herodotus, he was descended from a noble 
 Median house, and was the confidential attendant of As- 
 tyages, who charged him with the duty of exposing Cyrus. 
 (See Mandane.) Instead, however, of performing that duty 
 in person, he delegated it to the herdsman Mitradates, 
 who substituted a still-born child of which his wife had 
 just been delivered. When the identity of Cyrus was dis- 
 covered, Astyages punished Harpagus by serving up to 
 him at a banquet the flesh of his own son. Harpagus 
 waited until Cyrus had grown to manhood, then incited 
 him to rebel against Astyages, and effected the downfall 
 of the latter by deserting with the army to Cyrus. He 
 was afterward one of the most trusted generals in Cyrus’s 
 service, and acted a prominent part in the conquest of 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 Harper (har'per), James. Born at Newtown, 
 L. I., April 13, 1795: died at New York, March 
 27, 1869. An American publisher and printer, 
 founder of the firm of Harper and Brothers. 
 He was associated in business with his brothers 
 Joseph Wesley ( 1801-70) and Fletcher ( 1806-77) . 
 Harper, William Rainey. Born at New Con- 
 cord, Ohio, July 26, 1856: died at Chicago, Jan. 
 10, 1906. An American scholar and educator, 
 first president of the University of Chicago. 
 
 Harper’s Ferry (har'p^rz fer'i). A town in 
 Jefferson County, West Virginia, situated at 
 the junction of the Shenandoah with the Poto- 
 mac, 49 miles northwest of Washington. It is 
 noted for picturesque scenery. It was seized by John 
 Brown Oct. 16, 1859. The Confederates held it from April 
 to J une, 1861. Here the Federal commander Miles surren- 
 dered to the Confederates (with Federal loss of 11,783) 
 Sept, 15, 1862. 
 
 Harpies (hiir'piz). [Gr . " Apnvuu,th.e snatchers.] 
 In Greek mythology, winged monsters, raven- 
 ous and filthy, having the face and body of a 
 woman and the wings of a bird of prey, with 
 the feet and fingers armed with sharp claws and 
 the face pale with hunger, serving as ministers 
 of divine vengeance, and defiling everything 
 they touched. The Harpies were commonly regarded 
 either as two (Aello and Ocypete) or three in number, but 
 occasionally several others were mentioned. They were 
 originally conceived of simply as storm-winds sent by the 
 gods to carry off offenders, and were later personified as 
 fair-haired winged maidens, their features and character- 
 istics being more or less repulsive at different times and 
 places. The Harpies have been to some extent confounded 
 by modern scholars with the Sirens, who, though of kin- 
 dred origin, were goddesses of melody, even if of a sweet- 
 ness that was harmful to mankind, and were represented 
 as women in the upper parts of their bodies and as birds 
 below. 
 
 The mummy lies on the bier, attended by Anubis, the 
 jackal-headed god of embalmment. The Soul, grasping 
 in one hand a little sail, the emblem of breath, in the 
 
Harpies 
 
 other hand the “ankh,"or emblem of life, hovers over 
 the face of the corpse. Now this Soul, this “Ba," is a 
 loving visitant to the dead man. It brings a breath of the 
 sweet north wind, and the cheering hope of immortality 
 in the sunny Fields of Aahlu. The Greeks, however, mis- 
 apprehending its nature and functions, conceived of it as 
 a malevolent emissary of the gods, and converted it into 
 the Harpy. We have next the Greek conception of a 
 Harpy, from a fragment of early Greek painted ware found 
 at Daphnae. But we have a still finer example in the 
 illustration reproduced from the famous Harpy Tomb in 
 the British Museum. The Harpy is carrying off one of 
 the daughters of Pandarus. She wears a fillet and pendant 
 curls, and, besides the claws of a bird, she has human 
 arms like the Egyptian “Ba,” wherewith to clasp her 
 prey. The monument from which this group is copied 
 was discovered by Sir Charles Fellows at Xanthus, in Lyeia, 
 and it dates from about five hundred and forty years be- 
 fore our era. Edwards, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 187. 
 
 Harpignies (ar-pen-ye'), Henri Joseph. Born 
 at Valenciennes, July, 1819. A noted French 
 landscape-painter. He was the pupil of Achard, and 
 first exhibited in the Salon of 1853. A number of his works 
 are in the Luxembourg, Douai, Lille, and other museums. 
 
 Harpin (ar-pah')- A character in Moliere’s 
 “Comtesse d’Escarbagnas,” an attack upon the 
 financiers of the time. 
 
 Harpocrates (har-pok'ra-tez). A deity of Egyp- 
 tian origin, identified with Horus, adopted by 
 the Greeks and Romans. 
 
 Harpocration (har-po-kra'shi-on), Valerius. 
 Lived 2d (4th ?) century. A Greek rhetorician 
 of Alexandria, author of a lexicon of the works 
 of the Attic orators (edited by Dindorf 1853). 
 
 All that we know of Valerius Harpocration is contained 
 in the brief statement by Suidas that he was a rhetorician 
 of Alexandria ; and that besides the “Lexicon to the Ten 
 Orators,” which has come down to us, he wrote a book of 
 elegant extracts, which is lost. Even the age at which 
 he flourished is quite uncertain ; for while some identify 
 him with the Harpocration who taught Greek to the em- 
 peror L. Verus, others recognize in him either the con- 
 temporary and friend of Libanius, or the physician of 
 Mendes, mentioned by Athenseus. 
 
 K. 0. Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 383. 
 
 [(Donaldson.) 
 
 Harpoot, Harput. See Kharput. 
 
 Harring (har'ring),HarroPaul. Bornatlbens- 
 dorf, near Husum, Prussia, Aug. 28, 1798 : com- 
 mitted suicide in Jersey, Channel Islands, May 
 25, 1870. A German writer and radical agitator, 
 author of the novel “Dolores” (1858-59), etc. 
 Harrington (har'ing-ton), James. Born at 
 XJpton, Northamptonshire, Jan. 7, 1611: died 
 at London, Sept. 11, 1677. An English political 
 writer. His chief work was a treatise on civil govern- 
 ment, “The Commonwealth of Oceana” (1656). 
 
 Harrington, Sir John. See Harington. 
 Harriot, or Harriott (liar ' i - ot), Thomas. 
 Born at Oxford, England, 1560: died at Lon- 
 don, July 2, 1621. An English mathematician 
 and astronomer. His “Artis analytic® praxis ad aequa- 
 tiones algebraicas resolvendas ” was published posthu- 
 mously in 1631. He did much for the advancement of 
 algebra, especially by enunciating the fundamental prin- 
 ciple that an equation is the product of as many simple 
 equations as there are units in its highest power. 
 
 Harris (har'is). A district in the Outer Heb- 
 rides, Scotland. It comprises the southern part of the 
 largest island (Lewis being the northern and larger part) 
 and a few smaller islands. 
 
 Harris, James. Born at Salisbury, July 20, 
 1709: died there, Dec. 22, 1780. An English 
 classical scholar and politician. He became a lord 
 of the admiralty in 1763, and a few months later a lord of 
 the treasury, retiring in 1765. He wrote “Hermes, or a 
 Philosophical Enquiry concerning Universal Grammar” 
 (1761), etc. 
 
 Harris, James, first Earl of Malmesbury. Born 
 at Salisbury, England, April 21, 1746: died at 
 London, Nov. 20, 1820. An English diploma- 
 tist and politician. He was made secretary of embassy 
 at Madrid in 1768; became minister at Berlin in 1772, at 
 St. Petersburg in 1776, and at The Hague in 1784 ; and ne- 
 gotiated the marriage of the Prince of Wales in 1794. He 
 wrote “ Diaries and Correspondence ” (4 vols., edited by the 
 ■A-third Earl of Malmesbury, 1844), “Letters” (edited 1870). 
 
 Harris, Joel Chandler. Born at Eatonton, 
 Ga., Dec. 8, 1848: died at Atlanta, Ga., July 3, 
 1908. An American writer and journalist, 
 from 1876 on the staff of the “ Atlanta Consti- 
 tution.” ne is best known as the author of books on 
 negro folk-lore : “Uncle Remus: his Songs and his Say- 
 ings" (1880), “Nights with Uncle Remus" (1883), “Mingo 
 and other Sketches” (1884), “Free Joe, etc.” (1887), 
 “ Daddy Jake, the Runaway ” (1889). 
 
 Harris, John. Born about 1667: died Sept. 7, 
 1719. An English divine and scientific writer. 
 
 He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1696/ and 
 its secretary in 1709, and delivered the Boyle lectures in 
 St. Paul’s in 1698. He published “Lexicon technicum, or 
 an Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences" 
 (1704), the first of its kind in English. 
 
 Harris, John. Born at Ugborough, Devonshire, 
 March 8, 1802: died near London, Dec. 21, 
 1856. An English Congregationalist clergyman. 
 He wrote “ The Great Teacher ” (1835), “ Mam- 
 mon” (1836), “Man Primeval” (1849), etc. 
 
 483 
 
 Hartford Convention 
 
 Harris, Joseph. An English actor (played from Harrodsburg (har'odz-berg). The capital of 
 1661 to 1681). He was successful in both tragedy and Mercer County, Kentucky, situated 30 miles 
 comedy. [Not to be confounded with a more common- south of Frankfort. It is the oldest town in Ken- 
 place actor named Joseph Harris, who flourished from tucky, and a place of resort on account of its mineral wa- 
 1661-99, and who wrote several plays.] ters. Population, 3,147, (1910). 
 
 Harris, Mrs. In Dickens’s “ Martin Chuzzle- Harrogate, or Harrowgate (har'6-gat). A 
 wit,” an entirely imaginary person, constantly town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Eng- 
 quoted by Sairey Gamp as one for whose opin- land, situated near the Nidd 18 miles west by 
 ions she has great respect, in order to lend north of York. It is noted for chalybeate, sulphurous, 
 greater weight to her own. and saline springs, and is one of the principal watering- 
 
 TT • JJ TTT-11-" T-> , T , places in England. Population, 28,423. 
 
 Harris, Thaddeus William. Born at D°r- Harrow-on-the-Hiil (har'o-on-THe-hil'), or 
 Chester, Mass., Nov. 12, L9o : died at Cam- Harrow. A village in Middlesex, England, 11 
 bridge, Mass Jan. lb, .1856. An American en- mileB northwe8t of London, its school for boys 
 tomologist. He published Catalogue or the (founded by John Lyon ill 1571, opened in 1611 ) is one of 
 Insects of Massachusetts , v etc. the great public schools of England. Population, 10,220. 
 
 H . ar ™, wmiam. Born at Springfield, Mass, Harry (har'i). Blind, or Henry the Minstrel. 
 April 29, 176o : died Oct. 18, 18^9. An Amen- Lived about 14 7 0 _ 9 2 . A Scottish ministrel, au- 
 can clergyman and educator president of Co- thorof apoemonWilliamWallace(printedl570). 
 lumbia College (New York) 1811-29 A completemanuscript, dated MS^is in the Ad- 
 
 orns, William Torrey. Born at KiUmgly, vocates - Library, Edinburgh. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 Conn, Sept 10, 183.. : died Nov. 5 1909. An Harry, Earl of Moreland, History of. See 
 American philosophical writer and educator. Fool 0 f Quality J 
 
 He was superintendent of the public schools of St. Louis tt ov „_*t . T 
 
 1867-80, founded the “Journal of Speculative Philosophy” ~^rry ijOrreqUGr. A novel by Charles Lever, 
 in 1867, and was United States commissioner of education nrst published in the u Dublin Magazine v in 
 1889-1906. 1837. 
 
 Harrisburg (har'is-berg) A city, the capital Hart (hart), James McDougal. Born at Kil- 
 of Pennsylvania and ot Dauphin County, situ- marnock Scotland, May 10, 1828: died at Brook- 
 
 ated on the Susquehanna in lat. 40° 16' N, 
 long. 76° 53' W. It has important manufactures, 
 especially of iron and steel. It became the State capital 
 in 1812. Population, 64,186, (1910). 
 
 Harrison (bar 'i -son). A town of Hudson 
 
 lyn, N. Y, Oct. 24, 1901. An American land- 
 scape-painter, brother and pupil of William 
 Hart : noted for landscapes and paintings of 
 cattle and sheep. 
 
 County, New Jersey, adjoining Newark. It has T. Born in Clarke County, Ky. , 
 
 manufacturing interests. It was settled in the ™ . : died at Florence, March 1, 1877. An 
 
 17th century. Population, 14,498, (1910). American sculptor. Among his works are “Angelina," 
 
 Harrison, Benjamin. Born in Virginia about Henry Clay 030 ' “ Wolnail Triumphant,” and statues of 
 1740 : died April 1791. An American politi- Hart, John. Born at Hopewell, N. J., 1708 : died 
 man, a delegate to Congress 1774-77, and gov- there, 1780. An American patriot, delegate to 
 ernor of Virginia 1 ( 82-85. Congress from New Jersey 1776, and a signer of 
 
 Harrison, Benjamin. BornatNorthBend,Ohio, *the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 Aug. 20, 1833: died at Indianapolis, March 13, Hart, Sir Robert. Born in 1835: died Sept. 20.4 
 1901. Twenty-third President of the United 19U. A British diplomat. He entered the consular ' 
 
 States, grandson of President W. H. Harrison. 
 
 He graduated at Miami University in 1852 ; studied law, 
 and practised in Indianapolis; was elected (Republican) 
 reporter of the Indiana Supreme Court in 1860 ; served in 
 the Civil War 1862-65 as commander of a regiment and 
 brigade ; was brevetted brigadier-general ; took an active 
 part in the battles of Resaca and Peach Tree Creek in 1864 ; 
 
 service in China in 1854, was inspector-general of customs 
 in China 1863-85, and was director of Chinese imperial 
 maritime customs 1885-1908. Created a baronet in 1893. 
 
 Hart, Solomon Alexander. Born at Plymouth, 
 1806: died at London, June 12, 1881. An Eng- 
 lish historical painter, of Hebrew descent, 
 and was reelected reporter in 1864, but declined reelection Hart, William. Bom at Paisley, Scotland, 
 in 1868. He was the unsuccessful Republican candidate March 31, 1823: diedat Mount Vernon, N.Y., June 
 
 for governor of Indiana in 1876 ; was Uni ted States senator 
 1881-87 ; as Republican candidate wa3 elected to the presi- 
 dency in 1888 ; and served as President 1889-93. He was 
 an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1892. 
 
 Harrison, Doctor. A clergyman, in Fielding’s 
 “Amelia, "somewhat resembling Parson Adams. 
 
 Harrison, Frederic. Born at London, Oct. 18, 
 1831. An English jurist, essayist, and philo- 
 sophical writer. He has been a frequent contributor to 
 the “Nineteenth Century ” and other periodicals, and was 
 one of the founders of the Positivist school in 1870. Among 
 his works are “ Order and Progress ” (1874), “ Social Stat- 
 ics” (1875), “Present and Future” (1880), “The Choice of 
 Books, etc.” (1886), “The Creed of a Layman" (1907), 
 “Autobiographic Memoirs" (1911), “Among my Books” 
 (1912). 
 
 Harrison, John. Born at Fonlby, Yorkshire, 
 March 31, 1693: died at London, March 24, 
 1776. An English mechanician and inventor. 
 He invented the “gridiron” compensating 
 pendulum and the chronometer. 
 
 17, 1894. An American landscape- and animal- 
 painter, brother of James McDougal Hart. 
 Harte (hart), Francis Bret. Born at Albany, 
 N. Y., Aug. 25, 1839: died at Camberley, Surrey, 
 England, May 5, 1902. An American poet and 
 novelist. He removed to California in 1854, and founded, 
 the “ Overland Monthly "(Sail Francisco) in 1868. In 1870 
 he was made professor of recent literature in the Univer- 
 sity of California, hut resigned and removed to New York 
 in 1871. He was United States consul at Crefeld, Germany, 
 1878-80, and at Glasgow 1880-85, and afterward lived in 
 England. Among his many works are “ The Ldck of Roar- 
 ing Camp" (1863), “The Outcasts of Poker Flat ” (1869) .both 
 appearing in the “Overland Monthly"; “Condensed Novels, 
 etc.”(1870) ; “The Heathen Chinee"(in verse, 1870 : origi- 
 nally appearing as “Plain Talk from Truthful James” in 
 the “Overland Monthly”); “Poems ”(1871); “Stories of the 
 Sierras "(1872) ; “Tales of the Argonauts ” (1875) ; “Gabriel 
 Conroy ”(1876) ; “ Thankful Blossom ” (1877); “Two Men of 
 Sandy Bar” (a drama, 1877); “California Stories ” (1884) ; 
 “ A Millionaire of Rough and Ready "(1887); “A Drift from 
 Redwood Camp ” and “A Phyllis of the Sierras ” (1888). 
 
 delphia, Jan. 17, 1853. An American marine 
 and landscape painter. He was a pupil of Bastien 
 Lepage and of Gerdnie at the Eeole des Beaux Arts. He 
 was elected a member of the National Academy in 1902, 
 and has been awarded many medals. 
 
 Harrison. Thomas Alexander. BornatPhila- Hartenstein (har'ten-stin), Gustav. Born at 
 
 Plauen, 8axony, March 18, 1808 : died at Jena, 
 Feb. 2, 1890. A German philosophical writer 
 of the Herbartian school, professor of philos- 
 ophy at the University of Leipsic 1834-58. He 
 
 Harrison, William Henry. Born at Berkeley, s ., v I 0 i 1 ^ s a A n< ^ Herbert's. A ., 
 
 Charles (’ity County, Va. Feb. 9, 1773: died at Hartfell (hart'fel). A hill m Scotland, on the 
 Washington, D. C., April 4, 1841. The ninth border of Peeble_s and Dumfries. 
 
 President of the United States, son of Benja- Har £ord ( ha , rt 
 min Harrison. He was a delegate to Congress from the 
 Northwest Territory 1799-1800 ; was governor of Indiana 
 Territory 1801-13 ; and gained the victory of Tippecanoe 
 
 in 1811, and that of the Thames in 1813. He was member 
 of Congress from Ohio 1816-19, United States senator 1825- 
 1828, and United States minister to Colombia 1828-29. In 
 1836 he was defeated as Whig candidate for the presi- 
 dency, but was elected (in the ‘"log cabin and hard-cider 
 campaign ”) in 1840. He was President for one month only, 
 being inaugurated March 4, 1841. 
 
 Harrison’s Landing. A landing on the lower 
 James River in Virginia, often mentioned in the 
 Civil War. 
 
 necticut and of Hartford County, situated on 
 the Connecticut in lat. 41° 46' N., long. 72° 41' 
 W., at the head of navigation, it is noted for its 
 wealth, and is an important center of insurance business 
 and manufactures (automobiles, firearms, bicycles, etc.). 
 It is the seat of a theological seminary (Congregational), 
 of Trinity College (which see), and of the American Deaf 
 and Dumb Asylum, Hartford Orphan Asylum, and other 
 benevolent institutions. The State capital is a notable 
 building. It was settled in 1635, and was the scene of 
 the attempt of Andros to secure the colonial charter (hid- 
 den in the “Charter Oak") in 1688. It was sole capital 
 1665-1701, and capital jointly with New Haven 1701-1873. 
 Population, 98,915, (1910). 
 
 Harrisse (har-es'), Henri. Born in Paris, of Hartford Convention. A political assembly 
 
 Russian Hebrew parents, 1830: died in 1909. 
 A critic, bibliographer, and historian. He be- 
 came a naturalized citizen of the United States, and for 
 some years practised law in New York. He traveled in 
 America and in many parts of Europe in search of docu- 
 ments relating to the early history of the New World. 
 Among his important publications are “ Bibliotheca 
 Americana Vetustissima ” (1866), “Cristophe Colomb" (2 
 vols. 1884-85), “ Jean et Sebastian Cabot" (1883), etc. 
 
 which met at Hartford Dec. 15, 1814, -Jan. 5, 1815. 
 
 It was composed of 12 delegates from Massachusetts (in- 
 cluding its president, George Cabot), 7 from Connecticut, 
 and 4 from Rhode Island (appointed by the legislatures of 
 these States), and 2 from New Hampshire and 1 from Ver- 
 mont (appointed by counties), all Federalists. It published 
 a report protesting against the war with England and 
 against the action of the United States government in re- 
 fusing to pay the expenses of defending Massachusetts and 
 
Hartford Convention 
 
 Connecticut because those States refused to place their mi- 
 litias under the control of the Federal government, and rec- 
 ommended, among other things, the restriction of the 
 powers of Congress pertaining to war and to the laying of 
 embargos. Its proceedings were carried on in secret, and 
 the convention was suspected at the time of treason. 
 
 Hartington (har'ting-ton), Marquis of. See 
 
 Cavendish, Spencer Compton. 
 
 Hartlepool. See East Hartlepool. 
 
 Hartley (hart Ti), David. Born 1705 (exact date 
 uncertain) : died at Bath, England, Aug. 28, 
 1757. An English materialistic philosopher. His 
 chief work is “Observations on Man, his Frame, his Duty, 
 and his Expectations ” (1749). He explained all mental 
 processes as founded upon minute nervous vibrations, 
 which he called “ Vibratiuncles.” He was the founder of 
 
 ★ the English associational psychology. 
 
 Hartmann (hart'miin), Karl Robert Eduard 
 von. Born at Berlin, Feb. 23, 1842 : died at 
 Grosslichterfelde, npar Berlin, June 5, 1906. 
 A German philosophical writer. He wrote “Die 
 Philosophic des Hnbewussten " (“ Philosophy of the Uncon- 
 scious," 1863), “ Phiinomenologie des sittlichen Bewusst- 
 seins” (1879), “Das religiose Bewusstsein der Menschheit,” 
 “Die Religion des Geistes" (1882), “Ethische Studien” 
 (1898),“ Die Weltanschauung der modemen Physik” (1902), 
 etc. 
 
 Hartmann, Moritz. Born at Duschnik, Bohe- 
 mia, Oct. 15, 1821 : died at Oberdobling, near 
 Vienna, May 13, 1872. A German poet and nov- 
 elist. Among his works are “Der Krieg um 
 den Wald” (1850), and the poem “Adam und 
 Eva ” (1851). 
 
 Hartmann von Aue (hart'man fon ou'e). Born 
 in Swabia about 1170: died between 1210 and 
 1220. A Middle High German epic poet. He was 
 a liegeman of the noble house of Aue. He was well edu- 
 cated, according to the measure of the time, and had re- 
 ceived instruction in Latin and French. He took part in 
 the Crusade of 1197. At various times he wrote lyrics and 
 two poetical love-letters, or “ Buchlein ” (“ Booklets ”). His 
 epics are “Gregorius," thelegend of St. Gregory, based on 
 a French poem ; “ Der arme Heinrich " (“ Poor Henry ’), a 
 pious tale from a Latin story ; and two romances from the 
 so-called cycle of King Arthur, “ Erec ” and “ Iwein,” both 
 free versions of originals of the French poet Chrestien of 
 Troyes. “ Erec " and “ Gregorius " were written before 
 1197, “Der arme Heinrich” and “Iwein" after, probably 
 in the order given. In “ Erec ” he introduced tiie Arthur- 
 ian legend into German literature. 
 
 Hartranft (har'trauft), John Frederick. Born 
 at New Hanover, Montgomery County, Pa., Dec. 
 16, 1830: died at Norristown, Pa., Oct. 17, 1889. 
 An American general and politician, governor 
 of Pennsylvania 1873-79. 
 
 Hartt (hart), Charles Frederic. Born at Fred- 
 ericton, New Brunswick, Aug. 23, 1840: died at 
 Rio de Janeiro, March 18, 1878. An American 
 geologist. He studied under Agassiz, and accompanied 
 him to Brazil in 1865 ; subsequently he was professor of 
 geology at Vassar College and Cornell University. He 
 made repeated excursions to Brazil, and in 1875 organized 
 the Brazilian Geological Commission, under the govern- 
 ment of that country : its work was cut short by his death. 
 He published “ Geology and Physical Geography of Brazil ” 
 (1870), and numerous important papers on geology, pale- 
 ontology, and ethnology. 
 
 Hartwick (hiirt'wik). A township iu Otsego 
 County, central New York, 63 miles west of Al- 
 bany : seat of Hartwick Theological Seminary 
 (Lutheran). Population, 1,813, (1910). 
 
 Hartz. See Harz. 
 
 Hartzeabusch (liarts'en-bosh), Juan Eugenio. 
 Born at Madrid, Sept. 6, 1806 : died at Madrid, 
 Aug. 2, 1880. A Spanish dramatic poet, of Ger- 
 man descent. He published “Los amantesde Teruel ” 
 (1836), and other dramas, and edited critically Calderon, 
 Lope de Vega, etc. He wrote “Cuentos y Fabulas ” (1861). 
 
 Harudes (ha-ro'dez), or Charudes(ka-io'dez). 
 [L. (Ccesar) Harudes, Gr. (Ptolemy) Xopoidef.) 
 A German tribe first mentioned by Ctesar as in 
 the army of Ariovistus. In the campaigns of Tiberius 
 they were situated on the lower Elbe, at the base of the 
 Cimbrian peninsula. Nothing is known of their ultimate 
 fate. 
 
 Harun-al-Rashid (ha-ron'al-rash'id or -ra- 
 shed ' ) ( ‘Aaron the Just ; ) . Calif of Bagdad 786- 
 809, the fifth and the most renowned of the Ab- 
 bassides. Under him the Eastern califate attained the 
 height of its splendor and power. All the lands from the 
 Jaxartes and the Indus to Gibraltar obeyed his rule, and 
 Bagdad became a center of learning and civilization. Harun 
 made successful expeditions into the Greek empire, forcing 
 the em peror Nicephoru s to pay tribute, while he entertain ed 
 friendly relations with Charlemagne. He is, however, best 
 known from the tales of the “Arabian Nights,” in which 
 everything curious, romantic, and wonderful is connected 
 with his name, or is supposed to have happened in his 
 reign. 
 
 Harvard (har'vard), Joiin. Born at Southwark, 
 London, 1607: died at Charlestown, Mass., Sept. 
 14, 1638. A clergyman in the Massachusetts col- 
 ony, the first benefactor of Harvard College, to 
 which he bequeathed his library of about 300 
 volumes and half of his estate. He was the son of 
 a butcher of Southwark London ; graduated at Emmanuel 
 College, Cambridge, in 1631; and emigrated to New Eng- 
 land in 1637. He was for a time assistant pastor of the 
 First Church of Charlestown. 
 
 484 
 
 Harvard University. The oldest institution 
 of learning in America, situated partly in Cam- 
 bridge and partly in Boston, Massachusetts. 
 The college was founded by the general court of the col- 
 ony of Massachusetts Bay in 1636. Two years later the 
 name Harvard was given to it in memory of John Harvard 
 (see Harvard , «/.). The university includes Harvard Col-' 
 lege, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Graduate 
 School of Applied Science, Graduate School of Business 
 Administration, the Divinity School, the Law School, the 
 Medical School, the Dental School, the Bussey Institution, 
 and the Arnold Arboretum, the first six of which are situ- 
 ated in Cambridge, the last four in Boston ; also the Uni- 
 versity Library, the Museum of Comparative Zoology (pop- 
 ularly known as the Agassiz Museum), the University 
 Museum, the Botanic Gardens, the Herbarium, the Astro- 
 nomical Observatory, and the Peabody Museum of Ameri- 
 can Archaeology and Ethnology, all of which are in Cam- 
 bridge. It is governed by two boards — the corporation, 
 consisting of the president, treasurer, and 5 fellows, in 
 whom is vested the title to the property of the university ; 
 and the board of overseers, 30 in number (besides the 
 president and treasurer). Until 1865 the State government 
 was represented in the board of overseers, but since then 
 they have been chosen exclusively by the alumni of the 
 college. The number of teachers is over 600 ; of students 
 in all departments, over 4,000 (over 2,200 in the college 
 proper). There were also over 1,400 students in the sum- 
 mer schools. The endowment of the university is about 
 $23,000,000 ; its other property, including lands and build- 
 ings, about $10,000,000 more. Its annual income is over 
 $2,000,000. Its fellowships and scholarships yield almost 
 $140,000 a year. The library contains 850,000 bound vol- 
 umes, not including pamphlets and maps. 
 
 Harvey (har'vi), Gabriel. Born at Saffron Wal- 
 den, Essex, 1545 (?) : died there, 1630. An Eng- 
 lish author. He matriculated at Christs College, Cam- 
 bridge, in 1566, and in 1570 was elected a fellow of Pem- 
 broke. While there he became intimate with Edmund 
 Spenser, who introduces him in “The Shepherd’s Calen- 
 dar “ as Hobbinol. He exercised for some years an influ- 
 ence over Spenser’s genius, from which the latter, who ad- 
 mired him, freed himself with difficulty. He was of an 
 arrogant, bitter spirit, and was continuously at war with 
 those who surrounded him. This finally culminated in a 
 scurrilous paper warfare with Nashe and Greene, which 
 began with Greene’s “Quip for an Upstart Courtier,” writ- 
 ten in retaliation for contemptuous references to himself 
 in the writings of Harvey's brother Richard, to which Har- 
 vey replied in his “Four Letters” (15-2), vituperating 
 Greene unmercifully. Even the death of Greene, which 
 occurred soon after, did not prevent Harvey’s attempts to 
 blacken his character. Nashe now began, with great 
 powers of invective and sarcasm, to defend his friend's 
 memory. In his “Strange News” (1593) he proclaimed 
 “ open warres ” against Harvey and his brother. Harvey 
 replied with “ Pierce’s Supererogation." The warfare con- 
 tinued till in 1596 Nashe, hearing that Harvey boasted of 
 having silenced him, “ published his famous satire, ‘Have 
 with you to Saffron Walden,’ which he dedicated by way 
 of farce to ‘Richard Lichfield, barber of Trinity College, 
 Cambridge ’ ; and to this Harvey once more rejoined in his 
 ‘ Trimming of Thomas Nashe ’ (1597). The scandal had, 
 however, now reached a climax, and in 1599 it was ordered 
 by authority ‘that all Naslies bookes and Dr. Harvey's 
 bookes be taken wheresoever they may be found, and that 
 none of the same bookes be ever printed hereafter’ ( Cooper , 
 Aihense Cant., ii. 306).” (Diet. Nat. Biog.) Among his 
 works, besides those mentioned, are “Rhetor, sive 2. Die- 
 rum Oratio de Natura, Ar te et Exercitatione Rhetorica" 
 (1577), “Ciceronianus, sive Oratio post Reditum habita 
 Cantabrigian ad suos auditores,” etc. (1577), “ The Story of 
 Mercy Harvey” (1574-75), “Letters to and from Edmund 
 Spenser ” (1579-80), “A Letter of Notable Contents ”(1693). 
 
 Harvey, Sir George. Born at St. Ninians, near 
 Stirling, Feb., 1806 : died at Edinburgh, Jan. 22, 
 1876. A Scottish painter, chiefly of landscapes 
 and scenes from Scottish history and life. 
 Harvey, William. Born at Folkestone, Kent, 
 April 1, 1578 : died at London, June 3, 1657. A 
 celebrated English physician, physiologist, and 
 anatomist : the discoverer of the circulation of 
 the blood. He was educated at Canterbury and Cam- 
 bridge (Gonvill j and Caius College), where he graduated 
 in 1-97 ; studied at Padua; took the degree of doctor of 
 medicine at Cambridge in 16C2 ; became physician of St. 
 Bartholomew’s Hospital in 1609 ; was Lumleian lecturer at 
 the College of Physicians 1615-56 ; and became physician 
 extraordinary to James I. in 1618. During the civil war he 
 sided with the Royalists, was at the battle of Edgehill, and 
 went to Oxford with the king. His chief works are “Ex- 
 ercitatio de motu cordis et sanguinis ’’(“Essay on the Mo- 
 tion of the Heart and the Blood,” 1628), “Exercitationes 
 de generatioue animalium " (1651). 
 
 Harvey, William. Born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
 England, July 13, 1796: died near Richmond, 
 England, Jan. 13, 1865. An English wood-en- 
 graver and designer. He illustrated Lane’s 
 “Arabian Nights,” etc. 
 
 Harwich, (har'ij). A seaport in Essex, England, 
 situated opposite the confluence of the Stour 
 and Orwell, in lat. 51° 56' N., long. 1° 17' E. it 
 
 is a summer resort, and the terminus of steam-packet 
 lines to Antwerp and Rotterdam. Population, 10,070. 
 
 Harwood (hiir'wud), Edward. Born at Dar- 
 wen, Lancashire, 1729 : died at London, Jan. 14, 
 1794. An English biblical and classical scholar. 
 He wrote “A View of . . . Editions of the Greek 
 and Roman Classics” (1775), etc. 
 
 Harz (harts), sometimes written Hartz, G. Harz 
 or Harzgebirge (harts'ge-ber-ge). A range of 
 mountains in Germany, situated in Brunswick, 
 Anhalt, and the provinces of Hannover and Sax- 
 
 Hasdrubal 
 
 ony in Prussia : the ancient Silva Hercynia. it 
 is divided into the Upper Harz in the northwest and the 
 Lower Harz in the southeast, and is noted for mineral 
 wealth and picturesque scenery. Among the chief miner- 
 als are lead, silver, iron, and copper. The highest summit 
 is the Brocken (3,746 feet). Length of the chain, 60 miles. 
 Harzburg (harts'borG). A small town in Bruns- 
 wick, in the Harz 26 miles south of Brunswick. 
 It consists of the villages Neustadt, Bundheim, and Schle- 
 weeke, and is a noted summer resort. Near it is the Burg- 
 berg, with the ruined castle of Harzburg. 
 
 Hasan, or Hassan, and Husein (Arabic pron. 
 ha'sen, ho-san'). Sons of Ali and Fatima, 
 daughter of Mohammed. Ali was Mohammed’s cou- 
 sin, and the first person, after his wife, who believed in 
 him, and was declared by Mohammed his brother, dele- 
 gate, and vicar. He married Fatima, the prophet’s daugh- 
 ter, and his sons Hasan and Husein were favorites with 
 Mohammed, who hail no sons, and was expected to name 
 Ali as his successor. At Mohammed’s death in 632 Ali 
 was passed over, and Abu-B> kr, Omar, and Othuian became 
 successively califs. On Otliman’s assassination (( 55) Ali 
 accepted the califate, but was resisted by Moawiyah, who 
 had set himself up as calif, and with whom he fought a 
 bloody but indecisive battle in Mssojjotamia. Shortly after 
 Ali was fatally stabbed by an enthusiast in the mosque of 
 Kufa. The Mohammedan world is divided into the two 
 great sects of Shiahs and Sunis. The Shiahs reject the 
 first three califs as usurpers, and begin wilh Ali as the first 
 lawful successor of Mohammed; the Sunis recognize Abu- 
 Bekr, Omar, and Othman as well as Ali, and regard the 
 Shiahs as impious heretics. Husein, one of Alis sons, 
 married the daughter of Yezdigerd, the last Sassanian king 
 of Persia, whence Persia became specially connected with 
 the house of Ali. Moawiyahdiedin680. His son Yezid suc- 
 ceeded him as calif at Damascus. During Moawiyah’-; 
 reign, All’s sons, the imams Hasan and Husein, lived in 
 retirement at Medina ; but when Moawiyah died the peo 
 pie of Kufa sent offers to Husein to make him calif. He 
 set out for Kufa with his family and relatives to the num- 
 ber of 80. Then ensued the tragedy of Kerbela, familiar 
 to every Mohammedan. In a battle on the plain of Ker- 
 bela, Husein and his men were slain. The women and 
 children were afterward taken in chains to Damascus. 
 The sufferings of the “Family of the Tent,” as the imam 
 Husein and his companions at Kerbela are called, and the 
 death of Hasan, who was poisoned by his wife, form the 
 subject of a Persian tazya(see Tazya), or religious drama, 
 resembling the Oberammergau “Passion Play.” This 
 drama, which has sprung up within the present century, 
 plays a great pait in the religious life of the Persia of to- 
 day. See “A Persian Passion Play” in Matthew Arnold’s 
 “Essays in Criticism.” 
 
 Hasbeiya (lias-ba'ya). A town of tlie Druses in 
 Syria, Asiatic Turkey, 36 miles west by south of 
 Damascus: perhaps the biblical Baal-Hermon. 
 Hasdrubal (has'dro-bal), or Asdrubal (as'- 
 dru-bal). A Carthaginian officer of high rank 
 in the army of Hannibal in Italy. He contributed 
 greatly to the victory of Canine in 216 B. c. by a cavalry 
 charge on the rear of the Roman infantry after having put 
 the Roman horse to rout. 
 
 Hasdrubal, or Asdrubal. Died in Spain, 221 
 B. c. A Carthaginian general and politician. He 
 rose to prominence as a leader of the democratic party at 
 Carthage in the interval between the first and second 
 Punic wars, and married a daughter of Hamilcar Barca, 
 whom lie accompanied to Spain in 238. He subsequently 
 returned to Africa to assume command in a war against 
 the Numidians, whom he reduced to submission. In 229 
 he succeeded his father-in-law as commander in Spain, 
 where he founded the city of New Carthage, and largely 
 extended the Carthaginian power. He was assassinated 
 by a slave whose master he had put to death. 
 Hasdrubal, or Asdrubal. Died 207 b. c. A 
 Carthaginian general, son of Hamilcar Barca 
 and brother of Hannibal. He was left in charge of 
 the Carthaginian forces in Spain when Hannibal set out 
 on his expedition to Italy in 218. He maintained the war 
 against the Romans under the brothers tneius and Pub- 
 lius Scipio wilh varied success until 212, when, having 
 been reinforced by two armies under Mago and Hasdrubal, 
 son of Cisco, he was enabled to inflict a decisive defeat 
 upon Cneius, who fell in the battle, Publius having been 
 killed a short time previously in a cavalry engagement. 
 He was defeated by Scipio Africanus at Bsecula in 209, and 
 probably iu the same year crossed the Pyrenees on his way 
 to join his brother in Italy. He crossed the Alps iu 2u7, 
 but was attacked and defeated by the Romans under C. 
 Nero and M. Livius on the Metaurus in the same year be- 
 fore he could effect a junction with Hannibal. He feU in 
 the engagement, and, according to Livy, his severed head 
 was thrown into t.ie camp of Hannibal by the victorious 
 Romans. 
 
 Hasdrubal, or Asdrubal. Died about 200 b. c. 
 A Carthaginian general, son of Gisco. He was 
 sent to Spain with an army in 214, and on the departure 
 about 209 of Hasdrubal, son of Hamilcar, on his expedition 
 to join Hannibal in Italy was left with Mago in command 
 of the Carthaginian forces in Spain. He was defeated witii 
 his colleague at Silpia or Elinga by Scipio Africanus in 
 206 ; was in command of an army opposed to Scipio in 
 Africa in 204, when his camp near Utica was fired by the 
 Romans and nearly the whole of his army destroyed ; and 
 is said by some authorities to have taken poison to escape 
 the fury of the Car thaginian populace. 
 
 Hasdrubal, or Asdrubal. A Carthaginian gen- 
 eral. He was commander-in-chief in the war against 
 Masinissa in 150 B. c. Having sustained a decisive de- 
 feat, he was punished witii exile. He was, however, re- 
 called on tiie outbreak of the third Punic war in 149, and 
 was placed in command of the forces outside the walls of 
 Carthage. He defeated the consul Manilius in two engage- 
 ments at Nepheris about 148. He subsequently became 
 commander of the forces within the city, which he de 
 fended with great obstinacy against Scipio in 146. He 
 finally surrendered, and, after gracing the triumph of 
 
Hasdrubal 
 
 Scipio, was allowed to spend the rest of his life in honor- 
 able captivity. It is said that at the time of his surrender 
 his wife upbraided him with cowardice, and threw herself 
 and her children into the flames of the temple in which 
 she had taken refuge. 
 
 Hase (ha'ze), Karl August. Born at Stein- 
 bach, Saxony, Aug. 25, 1800: died at Jena, Jan. 
 3, 1890. A noted German Protestant theologian 
 and church historian, professor at Leipsie 1829- 
 1830, and at Jena 1830—83. His chief works are “Evan- 
 gelische Dogmatik ” (1825), “Leben Jesu ” (1829 : enlarged 
 as “Geschichte Jesu ” 1876), “ Kirchengeschichte ’’ (1834). 
 Hase, Karl Benedikt. Born at Suiza, near 
 Weimar, Germany, May 11, 1780: died at Paris, 
 March 21, 1864. A German philologist, espe- 
 cially noted as a Hellenist. 
 
 Hasenclever (ha'zen-kla-ver), Johann Peter. 
 Born at Kemscheid, Prussia, May 18, 1810 : died 
 at Diisseldorf, Prussia, Dec. 16, 1853. A Ger- 
 man genre painter. 
 
 Hasenmatt ( ha ' zen-mat) . A summit of the J ura, 
 west of Solothurn, Switzerland. Height, 4,746 
 feet. 
 
 Hasenpflug (ha'zen-pfloG), Karl Georg Adolf. 
 
 Born at Berlin, Sept. 23, 1802 : died at Halber- 
 stadt, Prussia, April 13, 1858. A German archi- 
 tectural painter. 
 
 Hasis-Adra (ha'sis-a'dra). One of the persons 
 in the Izdubar legends, or the Babylonian Nim- 
 rod epic, ancestor of Izdubar or Gilgamesh. He 
 is one of the heroes of that poem, and attained immortality 
 and a life with the gods. When Izdubar comes to him and 
 asks him how he obtained this distinction, he relates to 
 him the story of the deluge, which forms a counterpart to 
 the accounts of Berosus and of Genesis. He was living, he 
 relates, in Surripak, an ancient city on the Euphrates (Sip- 
 par or Sepharvaim), when Ea, the god of the ocean, ap- 
 prised him of the decision of the gods to cause a flood, 
 and advised him to build a ship and to save himself, his 
 family, friends, and goods. This he did. When the waters 
 of the flood disappeared he left the ship, which rested on 
 a mountain, and offered a sacrifice to the gods. After this 
 he disappeared, and a voice from heaven informed his com- 
 panions that he had been translated to the gods to live 
 forever as a reward for his piety. He is therefore rightly 
 termed the “Babylonian Noah.” In Berosus he is called 
 Xisuthros, and is represented as the last of the first 10 
 mythical kings of Babylonia. His name in the inscriptions 
 is also sometimes read Shamash- or Cit- or Pir-Napisthtim, 
 (‘sun’ or ‘fruit’ or ‘product of life’). 
 
 Hasli (haz'li). The valley of the upper Aare, in 
 the eastern part of the canton of Bern, Switzer- 
 land. It extends from near the Grimsel to the 
 Lake of Brienz. 
 
 Haslingden (has'ling-den). A town in Lanca- 
 shire, England, 16 miles north by west of Man- 
 chester. It has manufactures of cotton. Popu- 
 lation, 18,543. 
 
 Hasmoneans. See Maccabees. 
 
 Haspe (has'pe). A town in the province of 
 Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the Ennepe 
 35 miles northeast of Cologne. It has iron 
 manufactures. Population, commune, 19,813. 
 Hassan (has'san), A district in Mysore, India, 
 intersected by lat. 12° 50' N., long. 76° E. 
 Hassan. See Hasan. 
 
 Hassard (haz'ard), John Rose Greene. Born 
 at New York, Sept. 4, 1836: died there, April 18, 
 1888. An American journalist and musical critic. 
 In 1866hebecameconnected wi th the Ne w York “ Tribune,” 
 and for many years was writer of editorials, musical critic, 
 and reviewer. After the death of Horace Greeley in 1872, 
 he was managing editor. He wrote “Life of Archbishop 
 Hughes ’’ (1866), “Life of Pope Pius IX.” (1878), “History 
 of the United States for Schools" (1878), etc. 
 
 Hasse (hiis'se), Faustina Bordoni. Born at 
 Venice, 1693: died there in 1786. Acelebrated 
 Italian singer, the wife of Johann Adolf Hasse. 
 Hasse, Johann Adolf. Bom at Bergedorf, near 
 Hamburg, March 25, 1699: died at Venice, Dec. 
 16, 1783. A noted German operatic composer. 
 Hasse, Karl Ewald. Born at Dresden, June 
 23, 1810: died at Hannover in Sept., 1902. A 
 German pathologist, professor successively at 
 Leipsie, Zurich, Heidelberg, and Gottingen. 
 His works include “ Anatomische Beschreibung der Krank- 
 heiten der Cirkulations- und Respirationsorgane ’’ (1841), 
 “ Die Krankheiten des Nervenapparats ” (1855), etc. 
 
 Hasselquist (has'sel-kwist), Fredrik. Bom 
 at Tomevalla, in East Gothland, Sweden, Jan. 
 14, 1722 : died near Smyrna, Feb. 9, 1752. A 
 Swedish naturalist and traveler. He wrote 
 “ Iter Palfflstinum ” (1757), etc. 
 
 Hasselt (has'selt). The capital of the province 
 of Limbourg, Belgium, situated on the Demer 
 43 miles east of Brussels. Here, Aug. 6, 1831, the 
 Dutch under the Prince of Orange defeated the Belgians 
 under Daine. Population, commune, 17,683. 
 
 Hassenpflug (has'sen-pfloo), Hans Daniel 
 Ludwig Friedrich. Born at Hanau, Prussia, 
 Feb. 26, 1794: died at Marburg, Prussia, Oct. 
 10, 1862. A German politician, noted as a re- 
 actionary minister in Hesse-Cassel 1832-37 and 
 1850-55. 
 
 485 
 
 Hassler (hits ' ler ) , Ferdinand Rudolph. Born 
 in Switzerland, Oct. 6, 1770: died at Philadel- 
 phia, Nov. 20, 1843. A Swiss-American scien- 
 tist. He was for some time connected with the trigono- 
 metrical survey of Switzerland, but subsequently emi- 
 grated to the United States, where, at the instance of 
 Albert Gallatin, he became acting professor of mathe- 
 matics at West Point in 1807, a post which he held until 
 1810. He was made superintendent of the United States 
 Coast Survey in 1815 or 1816, and again, after the discon- 
 tinuance of the survey from about 1818 to 1832, from the 
 latter date till his death. 
 
 Hassler Expedition. A scientific expedition 
 made in the United States Coast Survey steamer 
 Hassler, P. C. Johnson commanding, between 
 Dec. 4, 1871, and Aug., 1872. The scientific in- 
 vestigations were carried on under the charge of Prof. 
 Louis Agassiz, who had a number of assistants. Starting 
 from Philadelphia, the route embraced the West Indies, 
 Brazilian coast, Strait of Magellan, and the Pacific coast 
 and islands to San Francisco, California. Deep-sea dredg- 
 ings were made at all favorable points. 
 
 Hastenbeck (has'ten-bek). A village in the 
 province of Hannover, Prussia, near Hameln. 
 Here, July 26, 1757, the French under Marshal d’Estrees 
 defeated the Allies under the Duke of Cumberland. 
 
 Hastinapura (has-ti-na-po'ra). The capital of 
 the Kauravas, for which the great war of the 
 Mahabharata was waged. It is said to have been 
 founded by Hastin, son of the first Bharata : but probably 
 the name means ‘elephant city’ (from hastin, elephant). 
 The ruins are traceable about 57 miles northeast of Delhi. 
 
 Hasting (has'ting). [AS. Hsesten, Dan. Hasten.'] 
 Lived in the 9th century. A Scandinavian vi- 
 king. He made incursions in France, Spain, England, and 
 elsewhere, and was defeated by Alfred the Great in his 
 invasion of England 893-897. 
 
 Hastings (has'tingz) . [ME. Hastinges, AS. Hses- 
 tingas, also *Hsestinga ceaster (reflected in the 
 Bayeux tapestry Hestinga ceastra), city of 
 the Hastings, a patronymic name.] A seaport, 
 watering-place, and parliamentary borough in 
 Sussex, England, situated on the English Chan- 
 nel 54 miles southeast of London, it is one of 
 the Cinque Ports, and has a ruined castle. It forms practi- 
 cally one town with St. Leonard’s. For the battle fought 
 near Hastings (1066), see Senlac. Population, 61,146, (1911). 
 
 Hastings. A city and the capital of Dakota 
 County, Minnesota, situated at the junction 
 of the Vermilion with the Mississippi, 19 miles 
 southeast of St. Paul. Population, 3,983, (1910). 
 
 Hastings. The capital of Adams County, south- 
 ern Nebraska. Population, 9,338, (1910). 
 
 Hastings, Francis Rawdon, first Marquis of 
 Hastings. Born Dec. 9, 1754: died off Naples, 
 Nov. 28, 1826. An English general. He served in 
 the American war, during which he defeated the Ameri- 
 cans at the battle of Hobkirk’s Hill in 1781. He was raised 
 to the peerage as Baron Rawdon in 1783 ; succeeded his 
 fatherasearl of Moira in 1793; was appointed master-gen- 
 eral of the ordnance 1806; was governor-general of India 
 1813-23 ; was created marquis of Hastings in 1817 ; and 
 was governor of Malta 1824-26. 
 
 Hastings, Warren. Born at Churchill, Ox- 
 fordshire, England, Dec. 6, 1732 : died Aug. 22, 
 1818. An English statesman. He went out to 
 Calcutta as a writer in the East India service in 1750 ; be- 
 came a member of the council at Calcutta in 1761 ; re- 
 turned to England in 1764 ; went out as a member of the 
 council at Madras in 1769 ; and became governor of Ben- 
 gal in 1772, and first governor-general of India in 1774. 
 In 1781 he expelled Raja Chait Singh, zemindar of Benares, 
 who refused a demand for a war contribution against the 
 Mahrattas ; and in 1782 confiscated a portion of the lands 
 and treasure of the mother of the Nawabof Oudh(the Be- 
 gum of Oudh), who had rendered assistance to Chait Singh. 
 He returned to England in 1785, and in 1787 was im- 
 peached on the charge of high crimes and misdemeanors, 
 based chiefly on his conduct in reference to Chait Singh 
 and the Begum of Oudh. The trial opened before the 
 House of Lords in 1788, and resulted in an acquittal in 1795. 
 
 Hastings, William, Lord Hastings. Born about 
 1430 : executed at the Tower, London, June 14, 
 1483. An English Yorkist nobleman. His ser- 
 vices in the civil war were rewarded by Edward IV. with 
 many appointments : he was made master of the mint 
 1461, receiver of the revenues of Cornwall 1463, grand 
 chamberlain of the royal household 1461-63, chamber- 
 lain of North Wales 1461-69, lieutenant of Calais 1471. 
 In 1475 he was sent to France with an invading army, and 
 a treaty of peace followed. In 1461 he was created Baron 
 Hastings. He swore allegiance to Edward’s eldest son, 
 but was on bad terms with the queen. After the king’s 
 death, Gloucester, failing to bring him to agree with his 
 plans, charged him wilh treason at a council held in the 
 Tower, and he was taken out and beheaded at once. 
 Shakspere dramatized Kir Thomas More’s account of this 
 in “Richard III.” His grandson was the first earl of 
 Huntingdon. 
 
 Hatasu (ha'tii-so), or Hatchepset (hat-chep'- 
 set). A famous Egyptian queen, daughter of 
 Thothmes I. of the 18th dynasty, and sister and 
 wife of Thothmes II. Afterthe death of the latter she 
 reigned as queen. She was succeeded by her younger 
 brother, Thothmes III. 
 
 Her tomb was discovered by Mr. Rhind, in 1841, exca- 
 vated in the cliff-side, in the near vicinity of her temple; 
 but its identity appears since then to have been forgotten. 
 
 Edwards , Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 297. 
 
 Hatun Raymi 
 
 It has pleased historians to rank Thothmes II. as the im- 
 mediate successor of Thothmes I., and to place the reign 
 of Queen Hatasu between the reigns of her two brothers, 
 Thothmes II. and Thothmes III. By some she is described 
 as Queen Consort during the reign of Thothmes II., and 
 as Queen-regent during the earlier years of the reign of 
 Thothmes III. By others, and most emphatically by Dr. 
 Brugsch, she is stigmatized as a usurper. Asa matter of 
 fact, however, Hatasu was actually Queen, and Queen-reg- 
 nant, during the lifetime of her father. Her accession, 
 therefore, dates from a long time preceding that of her 
 brother, Thothmes II. An important historical inscrip- 
 tion sculptured on one ol the pylons of the Great Temple 
 of Karnak records this event in eighteen columns of hiero- 
 glyphic text, which were copied and translated by the 
 late Vicomte E. de Roug6 in 1872. 
 
 Edwards, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 261. 
 
 Hatchway (hach'wa), Jack. In Smollett’s 
 “Peregrine Pickle,” a retired naval officer, the 
 friend and companion of Commodore Trunnion. 
 Hat Creek Indians. See A tsuge. 
 
 Hatfield (hat'feld). A smalltown in Hertford- 
 shire, England, 19 miles north -northwest of Lon- 
 don. Near it is Hatfield House, seat of the 
 Marquis of Salisbury. 
 
 Hatfield Chase. A large tract of fenland (now 
 drained) near Doncaster in Yorkshire. 
 
 Hathaway (hath'a-wa), Anne. See Shakspere. 
 
 Hathor (ha'thor). In Egyptian mythology, an 
 important deity, a female counterpart of Osiris, 
 sometimes replacing him, and worshiped in all 
 Egypt. She is with difficulty distinguishable from Isis, 
 like whom she is the patroness of the cow and wears the 
 solar disk with cow’s horns. She had a great number of 
 local forms and names. 
 
 Hathorne (ha'thorn), William. Born in Wilt- 
 shire, England, 1608: died at Salem, Mass., 
 1681. An American colonial official. He emi 
 grated to America in 1630 ; settled at Salem in 1636 ; was a 
 member of the commission appointed by the general court 
 of Massachusetts Bay to treat with the French agent 
 D’ Aulney in 1645 ; was speaker of the general court of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay 1644-51 ; and was a member of the board of 
 assistants 1662-79. He was one of the five patriots whom 
 Charles II. ordered to be sent to England in 1666 to an- 
 swer to the charge of refusing to submit to the authority 
 of the royal commissioners. 
 
 Hatras (ha-tras'), or Hathras ('hii-thras'). A 
 trading town in the Aligarh district, United 
 Provinces, British India, situated in lat. 27 J 
 36' N., long. 78° 4' E. It was annexed by the 
 British in 1803. Population, 42,578. 
 
 Hatshepsu. See Hatasu. 
 
 Hattemists (hat'em-ists). A sect in the Nether- 
 lands, founded about 1683 by a deposed clergy- 
 man , Pontianus van Hattem. The founder was a 
 Spinozist who denied the expiatory sacrifice of Christ and 
 the freedom of the will, and affirmed that sin exists only 
 in the imagination, and is itself its only punishment. The 
 sect disappeared in a few years. 
 
 Hatteraick (hat'er-ak), Dirk. A smuggler in 
 Sir Walter Scott’s novel “Guy Mannering.” 
 
 Hatteras (hat'er-as), Cape. A sandy point on 
 the coast of North Carolina, projecting into the 
 Atlantic. Lat. of lighthouse, 35° 15' 14" N. ; 
 long., 75° 31' 17" W. Violent storms occur in 
 the vicinity. 
 
 Hattingen (hiit'ting-en). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Westphalia, Prussia, 22 miles northeast 
 of Diisseldorf. Population, commune, 10,- 
 345. 
 
 Hatto (hat'to) I. Archbishop of Mainz 891-913. 
 He became regent of Germany on the accession of Lud- 
 wig the Child in 900, and continued to exercise a predomi- 
 nant influence in German politics until his death. He 
 sought to strengthen the royal authority at the expense 
 of an unruly nobility, a policy which caused him to be 
 feared and hated by a considerable part of the people. 
 According to a medieval legend, he was carried away by 
 the devil and thrown into the crater of Etna. 
 
 Hatto II. Died 969or 970. Archbishop of Mainz. 
 He became abbot of Fulda in 942 or 943, and in 968 was ap- 
 pointed by the emperor Otto I. to succeed William of Sax- 
 ony in the archbishopric of Mainz. According to a medi- 
 eval legend, which was incorporated with the “ Magdeburg 
 Centuries,” he was eaten alive by mice as a punishment for 
 having burned to the ground a barn full of people caught 
 stealing grain during a famine, whose dying shrieks, he 
 likened to the piping of mice. He is further represen ted as 
 having built the Mouse Tower in the Rhine in a vain endea- 
 vor to escape from his assailants. 
 
 Hatton, Sir Christopher. Bom at Holdenby, 
 Northamptonshire, in 1540 : died at Ely House, 
 London, Nov. 20, 1591. Lord Chancellor of Eng- 
 land. His relations with the queen were intimate. She 
 appointed him lord chancellor April 25, 1587. He was 
 called “the dancing chancellor,” in allusion to the fact that 
 he first attracted the attention of Queen Elizabeth by his 
 graceful dancing at a mask at court, 
 
 Hatuey (ii-to-ay'). Died in 1512. An Indian 
 chief, originally of the district of Guajaba in 
 Haiti. In 1510 or 1511 he and his followers fled from the 
 tyranny of the Spaniards, and established themselves in the 
 eastern part of Cuba. They resisted Velasquez, but were 
 soon defeated, and Hatuey was captured and burned, nis 
 story is a favorite theme of Cuban novelists and poets. 
 
 Hatun Raymi (ii'ton ri'me), or Raymi. The 
 great foast of the ancient Peruvian Indians, 
 
Hatun Raymi 
 
 celebrated especially at Cuzco at the end of Au- 
 gust. It was a thanksgiving for the harvest. Praises 
 were offered to the supreme deity and to the sun, moon, 
 and lesser divinities. There were solemn dances and pro- 
 cessions from the Temple of the Sun, and the feasting and 
 rejoicing lasted many days. Some authors state that a 
 child or maiden was at times sacrificed during the feast, 
 but this is very doubtful. 
 
 Hatun-runas. See Piruas. 
 
 Hat van (hot' von). A town in the county of 
 Heves, Hungary, situated on the Zagyva 32 
 miles east-northeast of Budapest. Population, 
 commune, 9,707. 
 
 Hatzfeld (hats'felt), Hung. Zsombolya (zhom- 
 bol'ya). A town in the county of Torontal, 
 Hungary, situated in lat. 45° 48' N., long. 20° 
 44' E. Population, commune, 10,152. 
 Haubourdin (o-bor-dan'). A manufacturing 
 town in the department of Nord, France, di- 
 rectly southwest of Lille. Population, com- 
 mune, 8,828. 
 
 Haucb (houch), Johannes Carsten. Born 
 at Frederikshald, Norway, May 12, 1790 : died 
 at Borne, March 4, 1872. A Danish poet and 
 dramatist. His childhood was spent in Norway. In 
 1803 he went to Copenhagen, where he subsequently stud- 
 ied at the university. After taking, in 1821, the degree 
 of doctor, he traveled in Germany, France, and Italy. Six 
 years later he returned to Denmark, and was appointed 
 lector at the Sorb Academy. He was subsequently (1846) 
 for a short time professor in Kiel. In 1851 he was ap- 
 pointed successor of Ohlenschlager as professor of esthet- 
 ics in the University of Copenhagen, a position which he 
 held until his death. His principal works are the tragedy 
 “Tiberius’ 1 and the drama “Gregorius den Syvende,” both 
 written during lii3 first journey to Italy; the historical 
 novels “Vilhelm Zabern’’ (1834), “Guldmageren " (“The 
 Alchemist,” 1836), “En polsk Familie ”(“ A PolishFamily," 
 1839), “ Slottet ved Rhinen ” (“The Castle on the Rhine, ’’ 
 1845), “Robert Fulton ” (1853), “Charles de la Bussifere" 
 (1869) ; and thelaterdramas “Svend Grathe," “Sostrene paa 
 Kinnekullen ” (“The Sisters of Kinnekullen"), “Tycho 
 Brahes Ungdom ” (“ Tycho Brahe’s Youth "), “ Aeren tabt 
 og vunden”(“ Honor Lost and Found "). A volume of lyric 
 poems, “ Lyriske Digte,” appeared in 1842 ; “Lyriske Digte 
 og Romancer” (“Lyric Poems and Romances ”) in 1861; 
 and “ Nye Digtninger " (“ New Poetical Works ”) in 1869. 
 Hauck (hak), Minnie. Born at New York, Nov. 
 19, 1852. An American mezzo-soprano singer. 
 She made her first appearance in concert at New Orleans 
 about 1865 ; in opera at New York in 1868. She has sung 
 with great success in Europe and the United States. She 
 made the success of Bizet’s opera “Carmen ” at Loudon in 
 1878 : it had not pleased on its first production. 
 
 Ha, Tiff (houf), Wilhelm. Born at Stuttgart, 
 Wiirtemberg, Nov. 29, 1802; died at Stuttgart, 
 Nov. 18, 1827. A German novelist and poet. 
 His works include the novel “Lichtenstein” (1826), the 
 tales “ Die Bettlerin vom Pont-des-Arts,' “ Phantasien im 
 Bremer Ratskeller” (1827) etc. 
 
 Hang (houg), Johann Christoph Friedrich. 
 
 Born at Niederstotzingen, Wiirtemberg, March 
 19, 1761: died at Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg, Jan. 
 30, 1829. A German epigrammatic poet, author 
 of “ Zweihundert Hyperbeln auf Herrn Wahls 
 ungeheure Nase” (1804), etc. 
 
 Haug, Martin. Born at Ostdorf, near Balingen, 
 Wiirtemberg, Jan. 30, 1827 : died at Bagatz, 
 St. -Gall, Switzerland, June 3, 1876. A German 
 Orientalist, collaborator of Bunsen at Heidel- 
 berg in 1856, professor of Sanskrit at Poona, 
 India, in 1859, and professor of Sanskrit and 
 comparative philology at Munich 1868-76. He 
 wrote “Die fiinf Gathas, etc. ” (1858-60), “Essays on the 
 Sacred Language, Writings, and Religion of the Parsees” 
 (1862), “Old Zend-Pahlavi Glossary" (1868), “A Pahlavi- 
 Pazand Glossary ”(1870), “Essay on the Pahlavi Language ” 
 (1870), “The Book of Arda Viraf” (1872-74: with E. W. 
 West), etc. He edited and translated the “Aitareya 
 Brahmana of the Rigveda ” (1863). 
 
 Haugesund (hou'ge-son). A town on the west- 
 ern coast of Norway, about 35 miles northwest 
 of Stavanger. Population, 7,693. 
 
 Haughton (ha/ton), William. Lived in the last 
 half of the 16th century. An English dramatist. 
 He wrote a number of plays, principally in collaboration 
 with Dekker, Day, Chettle, and others. In 1602 he was 
 writing a play called “Cartwright." Nothing later is 
 known of him. “ Englishmen for My Money, etc. ” (printed 
 1616), is the only play he is known to have written alone. 
 
 Haugwitz (houg'vits), Count Christian Au- 
 gust Heinrich Kurt von. Born near Ols, Si- 
 lesia, June 11, 1752: died at Venice, 1831. A 
 Prussian politician, minister of foreign affairs 
 1792-1804 and 1805-06. 
 
 Haupt (houpt), Herman. Born March 26, 1817 : 
 died Dec. 14, 1905. An American engineer and 
 general. He graduated at West Point in 1835 ; was pro- 
 fessor of civil engineering and mathematics in Pennsyl- 
 vania College, Gettysburg, 1844-47; became assistant en- 
 gineer of the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad in 1847 ; 
 was chief engineer of the Hoosac tunnel in Massachusetts 
 1856-62 ; and during the Civil War was aide to General Ir- 
 win McDowell, with the rank of colonel, and chief of the 
 bureau of United States military railways, in charge of 
 construction and operation. In 1875 he became chief en- 
 gineer of the Tide-water Pipe Line Company. Author of 
 “ General Theory of Bridge Construction ” (1852), etc. 
 
 Haupt, Moritz. Born at Zittau, Saxony, July 
 
 486 
 
 27, 1808 : died at Berlin, Feb. 5, 1874. A Ger- 
 man philologist and Latin poet, professor at 
 Leipsic 1838-50, and at Berlin from 1853. He 
 
 edited Ovid, Horace, Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius, Vergil 
 and other classics, and “Erec ’’ (1839),“ Derarme Heinrich ” 
 (1842), and other Middle High German poems. 
 
 Haupt, Paul. Born at Gorlitz, Germany, Nov. 
 25, 1858. A German-American Assyriologist, 
 Semitic grammarian, and Old Testament critic. 
 He was privat-docent at the University of Gottingen 1880, 
 extraordinary professor of Assyriology at the same univer- 
 sity 1883-89, and professor of Semitic languages at Johns 
 Hopkins University, Baltimore, from 1883. He has pub- 
 lished numerousworks on Akkadian and Assyrian subjects, 
 and is joint editor of “ Beitragezur Assyriologie.” Among 
 his works are “Akkadische und sumerische Keilschrift- 
 texte” and “Das babylonische Nimrodepos.” He also 
 edited a text and translation of the Bible printed in col- 
 ors to exhibit the present state of biblical criticism 
 (1898). 
 
 Hauptmann (houpt'miin), Moritz. Born at 
 Dresden, Oct. 13, 1792: died at Leipsic, Jan. 3, 
 1868. A German composer and writer on music. 
 He was cantor at the Thomasschule and professor of coun- 
 terpoint and composition at the Conservatory in Leipsic. 
 He wrote “Die Natur der Harmonik und der Metrik" 
 (1853), etc. 
 
 Hauran (ha-o-ran' or hou-ran'). A district in 
 Syria, intersected by lat. 32° 40' N., long. 36° 
 30' E., nearly corresponding to the ancient Au- 
 ranitis in Bashan. 
 
 Haureau (o-ra-o'), Jean Barthelemy. Born at 
 Paris, Nov. 9, 1812: died there, April 29, 1896. 
 A French historian and publicist. He became 
 editor-in-chief of the “Courrier de la Sarthe ' at Mans 
 about 1838, which post he retained 7 years, and was direc- 
 tor of the Imprimerie Nationale 1870-82. 
 
 Hausa, or Haussa (hou'sa). A country and 
 nation situated north of the junction of the 
 Niger with the Binue Biver, in central Sudan. 
 Hausa-land is almost coextensive with the modern king- 
 dom of Sokoto. The Hausas form the most important 
 nation of the Sudan. They belong to the Nigritic branch 
 of the Bantu-negro race, slightly mixed with Hamitic ele- 
 ments. According to their own tradition, their father was 
 a negro and their mother a Berber. The Gober section 
 is of Coptic descent. The Hausas are Mohammedans, 
 semi-civilized, great traders, and able craftsmen. In the 
 slaving times Hausa slaves were in great demand ; to-day, 
 Hausa soldiers constitute a large portion of the British 
 and Kongo State forces. In the middle ages the Hausas 
 formed a great negro kingdom, which subsequently broke 
 up into small states. About the 16th century the Fulahs 
 or Fulbe began to get a foothold among them, and in 1802 
 Othman dan Fodio founded in Hausa-land a great Fulah 
 empire. From this, divided among his sons, sprang the 
 modern sultanates of Sokoto, Gando, and Adamawa. The 
 Hausa language is spoken far beyond Hausa-land. It is 
 euphonious, simple and regular in structure, and eminently 
 fit to become a literary language. The principal dialects 
 are those of Katsena (the literary standard), Kano, Gober, 
 and Daura. 
 
 Hauser (hou'zer), Kaspar. Died at Ansback, 
 Bavaria, Dec. 17, 1833. A German foundling. 
 He appeared at Nuremberg in 1828, and was taken into 
 custody by the police, to whom he gave his name as Kas- 
 par Hauser. He carried on his person a letter, purporting 
 to have been written by a Bavarian laborer, which stated 
 that the bearer had been found at the writer’s door, Oct. 
 7, 1812. A note was inclosed, which purported to have 
 been written by the mother. It stated that the foundling’s 
 name was Kaspar ; that he was born April 30, 1812 ; that 
 his father was a captain in the Sixth Chevau-leger Regi- 
 ment at Nuremberg; and that his mother was a poor 
 girl. The boy said that he had been confined in a dark 
 room all his life, until one night a man placed a letter in 
 his hand and directed him on the road to Nuremberg. He 
 was placed by the city under the care of Professor G. Fr. 
 Daumer, and was subsequently adopted by Lord Stanhope, 
 who sent him to Ansbach. He died in consequence of a 
 wound which he asserted he had received at the hands of 
 an unknown person who had enticed him to a rendezvous 
 by the promise of information as to his origin. His story 
 underwent many romantic changes in popular imagination. 
 
 Hausser (bois'ser), Ludwig. BornatKleeburg, 
 Lower Alsace, Oct. 26, 1818 : died at Heidel- 
 berg, Baden, March 17, 1867. A German histo- 
 rian, professor at Heidelberg. He wrote “Deutsche 
 Geschiclite vom Tode Friedrichs des Grossen bis zur 
 Gnindung desdeutschenBundes,” “Geschiclite der franzo- 
 sischen Revolution ”(1867), “ Geschichte des Zeitalters der 
 Reformation” (1868), etc. 
 
 Haussmann (os-man' ) , Baron Georges Eugene. 
 
 Born at Paris, March 27, 1809: died there, Jan. 
 11,1891. A French magistrate. He was educated 
 for the bar, but entered the civil service, and in 1853 be- 
 came prefect of the Seine, which post he occupied until 
 1870. He carried out vast works for the sanitation and 
 embellishment of Paris, including the improvement of 
 the Bois de Boulogne, the park of Vincennes, etc., and of 
 the sewer system and water-supply. 
 
 Hausstock (hous'stok). A peak in the Todi 
 chain of the Alps, in Switzerland. Height, 
 10,353 feet. 
 
 Hautecombe (ot-kohb'). A Cistercian abbey in 
 the department of Savoie, France, about 13 miles 
 north-northwest of Chambery, founded in 1125. 
 It was plundered and desecrated during the 
 French Bevolution, but was subsequently re- 
 stored. 
 
 Haute-Garonne (hot-ga-ron') (Upper Garonne) . 
 A department in southern France. Capital, 
 
 Havasupai 
 
 Toulouse. It is bounded by Tarn-et-Garonne on the 
 north, Tarn, Aude, and Arifege on the east, Ariege and 
 Spain on the south, and Gers and Hautes- Pyrenees on the 
 west, being formed from portions of the ancient Languedoc 
 and Gascony. Area, 2,457 square miles. Population, 
 442,065. 
 
 Haute-Loire (hot-lwar') (Upper Loire). A de- 
 partment of France. Capital, Le Puy. it is 
 bounded by Puy-de-Dome and Loire on the north, Ardeche 
 on the southeast, Lozfere on the south, and Cantal on the 
 west, being formed from portions of Languedoc and 
 Auvergne, and a small portion of Lyonnais. Area, 1,930 
 square miles. Population, 314,770. 
 
 Haute-Marne (hot-marn') (Upper Marne). A 
 department in northeastern France. Capital, 
 Chaumont. It is bounded by Marne and Meuse on the 
 north, Vosges on the east, Haute-Saone on the southeast, 
 Cote-d’Or on the southwest, and Aube on the west, being 
 formed chiefly from a part of the ancient Champagne. 
 The leading industries are mining and iron manufacture. 
 Area, 2,420 square miles. Population, 221,724. 
 
 Hautes-Alpes (hot-zalp') (Upper Alps). A de- 
 partment in southeasternFrance. Capital, Gap. 
 It is bounded by Isere and Savoie on the north, Italy on 
 the east, Basses- Alpes on the south, and Drome on the 
 w:st, being formed from part of the ancient Dauphine. 
 The surface is mountainous. Area, 2,178 square miles. 
 Population, 107,498. 
 
 Haute-Saone (hot-son' ) (Upper Saone) . A de- 
 partment in eastern France. Capital, Vesonl. 
 It is bounded by Haute-Marne on the northwest, Vosges 
 on the north, Haut-Rhin on the east, Doubs and Jura on 
 the south, and Cote-d’Or on the west, being formed from 
 a portion of the ancient Franche-Comte. Area, 2,074 
 square miles. Population, 263,890. 
 
 Haute-Savoie (hot-sa-vwa/) (Upper Savoy). A 
 department in eastern France. Capital, Annecy. 
 It is bounded by the canton of Geneva on the northwest, 
 the Lake of Geneva on the north, Valais on the east, Italy 
 on the southeast, Savoie on the south, and Ain on the west, 
 being formed from the ancient Savoy, ceded by Italy to 
 France 1860. The surface is mountainous (including 
 Mont Blanc). Area, 1,774 square miles. Population, 
 260,617. 
 
 Hautes-Pyrenees (hot-pe-ra-na') (Upper Pyre- 
 nees). A department in southwestern France. 
 Capital, Tarbes. It is bounded by Gers on the north, 
 Haute-Garonne on the east, Spain on the south, and Basses- 
 Pyrdnees on the west, being formed from a portion of the 
 ancient Gascony. It is traversed by the Pyrenees and off- 
 shoots. Area, 1,750 square miles. Population, 209,397. 
 Haute-Vienne (hot-vyen') (Upper Vienne). A 
 department in western France. Capital, Li- 
 moges. It is bounded by Vienne on the northwest, Indre 
 on the north, Creuse on the east, Correze and Dordogne on 
 the south, and Charente on the west, being formed chiefly 
 from portions of the ancient Limousin and Marche. The 
 leading industry is the manufacture of porcelain. Area, 
 2,119 square miles. Population, 385,732. 
 
 Hautlein (ot-lah' ) , Marquis de. A gentleman 
 of the ancient rdgirne at whose house Scott 
 professed to have gathered the materials of 
 “ Quentin Durward.” 
 
 Hautmont ( ho-moh' ) . A manufacturing town 
 in the department of Nord, France, on the 
 Sambre 19 miles east-southeast of Valen- 
 ciennes. Population, commune, 13,128. 
 
 Haut-Rhin. See Belfort, Territory of. 
 
 Haiiy (a-iie'), Rene Just, Abbe. Born at St.- 
 Just, Oise, France, Feb. 28, 1743 : died at Paris, 
 June 3, 1822. A celebrated French mineralogist, 
 the founder of the science of crystallography. 
 He taught at the College of Navarre in Paris (from 1764) : 
 on the opening of the Revolution was thrown into prison, 
 but was rescued by Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire ; and became a 
 member of the commission of weights and measures 1793, 
 professor of physics at the Normal School 1795, and pro- 
 fessor of mineralogy at the Museum of Natural History 
 (1802) and the Faculty of Sciences. He published “ Traitd 
 de mindralogle” (1802), “Traitd ('dementaire de physique ” 
 (l804), “ Traite de cristallographie, etc.” (1822), etc. 
 Haiiy, Valentin. Born at St.-Just., Oise, France, 
 Nov. 13, 1745: died at Paris, March, 1822. A 
 French instructor of the blind, brother of B. J. 
 Haiiy. 
 
 Havana (ha-van 'a), sometimes Havannah, Sp. 
 La Habana (la j-Ba'na) or San Cristdbal de 
 la Habana (‘St. Christopher of the Haven’), 
 F. La Havane (la ha-van'). A seaport and 
 the capital of Cuba, situated on a fine bay on the 
 northern coast, in lat. 23° 9'21"N., long. 82° 21' 
 30 ' W. It is the commercial center of the West Indies, 
 and one of the principal commercial cities in America. 
 The chief exports are sugar, cigars, and tobacco ; the lead- 
 ing manufacture is tobacco. Havana is divided into the 
 “old ’’ and “ new ” towns, the latter beyond the old walls, 
 and it has several handsome suburbs. It contains a cathe- 
 dral (begun 1724), and many public parks and promenades. 
 It was founded on its present site in 1519. It was taken 
 several times in the 17th century by bucaneers, and by the 
 English in 1762, but restored to Spain in 1763. Popula- 
 tion, 297,159. 
 
 Havana Glen. A glen near the head of Seneca 
 Lake, western New York. 
 
 Havasupai (ha-va-so'pi), A tribe of North 
 American Indians, living in northwestern Ari- 
 zona. The name is translated as ‘blue or 
 green water people.’ They number less than 
 200. See Yum an. 
 
Havel 
 
 Havel (ha'fel). A river in Prussia, joining the 
 Elbe 8 miles northwest of Havelberg. it traverses 
 several lakes. Its chief tributary is the Spree. Length, 
 about 220 miles, nearly all of it navigable. 
 
 Havelberg (ha'fel-bero). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on an 
 island in the Havel, 59 miles west-northwest of 
 Berlin. Population, commune, 5,988. 
 Havelland (ha'fel -land). A territory in the 
 western part of the province of Brandenburg, 
 Prussia, lying between the Havel and the lower 
 course of the Rhin. 
 
 Havelock (hav'e-lok), Sir Henry. Born at 
 Bishop- Wearmou’th, England, April 5,1795: died 
 at Lucknow, British India, Nov. 24, 1857. An 
 English general in India, especially distin- 
 guished during the Indian mutiny of 1857. He 
 relieved Lucknow Sept., 1857. 
 
 Havelock the Dane, The Lay of. An Anglo- 
 Danish story, composed before 1300. it contains 
 the legend of the town of Grimsby. There is a French lay 
 called “ Le lai d’Havelok le Danois.” It is a trans- 
 lation of a French romance called “Le lai de Aveloc,” 
 written in the first half of the 12th century, and probably 
 founded on an Anglo-Saxon original. It has been edited by 
 Sir F. Madden for the Roxburghe Club (1828), and reedited 
 for the Early English Text Society by the Rev. IV. W. Skeat 
 (1868) Havelock was the son of the Danish king Birka- 
 been. He was put to sea by treachery, and was saved by 
 Grim, a fisherman, who brought him up as his son. Grim 
 was rewarded by the king when the truth was discovered, 
 and with the money given him built Grimsby, or Grim’s 
 town. 
 
 Haven (ha'vn), Erastus Otis. Born at Boston, 
 Mass., Nov. 1, 1820: died at Salem, Ore., Aug. 2, 
 1881. An American bishop of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church. He edited “Zion’s Herald ’’(Boston) 
 1856-63 ; was president of the University of Michigan (Ann 
 Arbor)1863-69, and of theNorthwestern University (Evans- 
 ton, Illinois) 1869-72 ; and became chancellor of Syracuse 
 University in 1874. He published “Rhetoric ” (1869), etc. 
 Haven, Gilbert. Born at Malden, Mass., Sept., 
 1821: died at Malden, Jan. 3, 1880. An Ameri- 
 can bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 He edited “Zion’s Herald” (Boston) 1867-72. 
 Haverford College (hav'er-ford kol'ej). An in- 
 stitution of learning situated at Haverford, 
 Pennsylvania, 9 miles west-northwest of Phila- 
 delphia. It was founded 1832, opened 1833, and incor- 
 porated 1856 ; it is controlled by the Society of Friends. 
 
 Haverfordwest (hav'er-ford -west'), Welsh 
 Hwlffordd (hol'forTH). A seaport and the 
 capital of Pembrokeshire, Wales, situated on the 
 West Cleddau in^lat. 51° 48' N., long. 4° 57' W. 
 Population, 6,007. 
 
 Havergal (hav'6r-gal), Frances Ridley. Born 
 at Astley, Worcestershire, Dec. 14, 1836: died 
 at Swansea, Wales, June 3, 1879. An English re- 
 ligious writer. She published the “Ministry of Song” 
 (1870) and other collections of devotional poetry and prose. 
 
 Haverhill (hav'er-il). A town in Suffolk, Eng- 
 land. Population, 4,862. 
 
 Haverhill (ha'ver-il). A city (incorporated 
 1870) in Essex County, Massachusetts, situated 
 on the Merrimac 30 miles north of Boston, it 
 is noted for shoe manufacture. It was the birthplace of 
 Whittier. Population, 44,115, (1910). 
 
 Haverstraw (hav'er-stra). A town in Rock- 
 land County, N. Y., situated on the Hudson. 
 Population, village, 5,669, (1910). 
 
 Haverstraw Bay. The name given to the ex- 
 pansion of the Hudson below the Highlands 
 and north of Tappan Sea. 
 
 Have with you to Saffron Walden. See Saf- 
 fron Walden, etc. 
 
 Havilah (hav'i-la). In the description of Eden 
 in Gen. ii., a land mentioned as encompassed 
 by the Pishon, one of the four rivers which 
 go out from Eden, and as containing gold and 
 bedolach and shoham stone. As Pishon-has been 
 identified with almost all rivers, so Havilah was sought 
 and found in all parts of the earth, notably in Armenia 
 (Colchis) and India. Frederick Delitzsch,who locates Eden 
 in Mesopotamia near Babylonia (see Eden), identifies Ha- 
 vilah with the tract immediately to the south and west of 
 the Euphrates. Havilah is also enumerated in Gen. x. 7 
 among the sons of Cush, son of Ham ; in Gen. x. 29 among 
 the sons of Joktan, a descendant of Shem ; and in Gen. xxv. 
 18 it appears as the southeastern limit of the Ishmaelite 
 Arabs. It perhaps designates the east or southeast of 
 Arabia on the Persian Gulf, in which region, according to 
 Strabo, a tribe by the name of Chaulotfeans lived, who were 
 neighbors of the Nabataeans and Hazarenes. On the other 
 hand, the Analitse of the classical writers (Pliny, VI. 28), 
 a people with a town Analis (now Zeila) on the African 
 coast, south of the Strait of Bab el-Mandeb, would answer 
 to the Cushite Havilah. 
 
 Haviland (hav'i-laud), John. Born at Gunden- 
 ham, Somersetshire, in 1793 : died at Philadel- 
 phia. March 28, 1852. An English architect. lie 
 studied with James Elmes. In 1815 he went to Russia to 
 enter the imperial corps of engineers. The following year 
 he went to the United States, where he made a specialty of 
 penitentiary buildings : among them were that at Pittsburg, 
 the first designed on the radiating principle advocated by 
 Jeremy Bentham ; the Eastern Penitentiary at Philadel- 
 phia; the Tombs, New York; and the State penitentiaries of 
 
 487 
 
 Hawthorne, Nathaniel 
 
 New Jersey, Missouri, and Rhode Island. He also designed Hawke Bflv A havm tb« 
 
 the United States Naval Asylum at Norfolk, the United North n */ , , eaSt COa8t ° f the 
 
 States Mint at Philadelphia, and other public buildings. ' oriti island, JNcw Zealand. 
 
 His prisons were considered standard at the time, and were Hawker (ha'ker), Robert Stephen Born at 
 visited by commissioners from England, France, Russia, Stoke Damerel, Devonshire, 1803 : died in 1875 
 
 Havre Ik' vr), Le, or Havre, formerly Havre- M A orwenst ™’ v 
 
 de-Grace (a'vr-de-gras'). [F., ‘the Haven,’ ^ aW £ e 4 b F y £aksber-i). A river of New 
 ‘the Haven of Grace’: a chapel of Notre Dame 
 
 South Wales which flows into the Pacific north- 
 east of Sydney ._ Length, about 330 mil es. 
 
 _ Hawkeye (hak'i) State. A popular name of the 
 
 ^ loin . \ (- T ATTTA Ti- L. ! J i 1 . 
 
 de Grdce, ‘our Lady of Grace,’ formerly existed 
 
 there.] A seaport in the department of Seine- T „„ T , . . , , - 
 
 - - - - - State of Iowa. It is said to be so named from 
 
 Inferieure, France, situated at the mouth of f , 
 
 - - ’ - *an Indian chief who once lived in that region. 
 
 the Seine in lat. 49° 29' N., long. 0° 7' E. it is WI ° once uvea in that region, 
 
 the seoond seaport of France, and the terminus of several j , ,’ lz h Anthony Hope. Born at 
 
 -i — - j- — ~ ~ * — : — Rondon, r cb. 9, 1863. An English novelist 
 
 H e writes under the name of Anthony Hope. He was 
 called to the bar in 1887. He has written “A Man of 
 
 steamship lines ; has about one fifth of the whole foreign 
 trade of France (especially with America); and is noted 
 for its docks and ship-building yards. The Church of 
 Notre Dame and the museum are of interest. Bernardin 
 de Saint Pierre and Casimir Delavigne were born here. 
 The town was founded by Louis XII. ; was developed by 
 
 ^ (1S90),“ Father Stafford,’ “The Prisoner of Zenda,” 
 Ihe Dolly Dialogues, ’ “ The Indiscretion of the Duchess,” 
 nupert Of Uf>nt.7fin ” ROnicontZ ” 
 
 ‘Rupert of Hentzau,” “Quisantb, 
 
 Francis I. ; was occupied by the English in 1562-63; and HawkillS, Or HawkynS (ha/kinz), Sir John 
 ulation^ communef 132 ^ 430 .^ bythe Eng,Iabin ^ Po1 - at Pl ^nth, 1532: died at sea off Porto 
 
 Havro de Grace (bav'er de gras) A city in 
 Harford County, Maryland, situated on the Sus- cato the West Indies and the Spanish main Several Eng- 
 quehanna, near its mouth, 34 miles northeast lish noblemen, and, it is said, Queen Elizabeth, had a finan- 
 of Baltimore. Population, 4,212, (1910). cial interest in these voyages. The trade was a violation 
 
 Hawaii (ha-wl'e). The largest, and southeast- ° Spanish He* f»the“ 
 ernmost of the Hawaiian Islands. The surface is with difficulty, after losing most of his ships (Sept 24 1568 ) 
 mountainous. It contains the volcanoes Manna Kea, In 1573 he was made treasurer of the English navy As 
 Mauna Loa, and Kilauea. The chief town is Hilo. Area, rear-admiral he took a prominent part in the defeat of the 
 +4,210 square miles. Population, 55,382, (1910). Spanish Armada (Aug., 1588), and was knighted. He was 
 
 Hawaiian Islands (ha-wi'yan l'landz), or Ha- Frobisher on the Portuguese coast in 1590, and died 
 waii, or Sandwich Islands (sand ' wich i'- ^st indies 1,1 command iu Urake ' 8 ex P editio “ to the 
 landz) . A group of islands in the North Pacific, Hawkins, Sir John. Born at London, March 30, 
 about lat. 18° 5o'-22° lo' N., long. lo4° 50'-160° 1719 : died at Westminster, May 21, 1789. An 
 io W. Capital, Honolulu. The chief islands are Ha- English author. He was one of Dr. Johnson’s execu- 
 wan, Maui, Oahu, Kauai, Lanai, Rahulaui, Molokai, Nil- tors, and wrote his life, which he published with an edition 
 hau. The surface is largely mountainous and volcanic, of Johnson’s works in 1787. His chief work is “A General 
 The chief export is sugar ; other exports are rice, bananas, History of the Science and Practice of Music ” (1776). 
 
 ” ' ‘ Born 
 
 and rediscovered in 1778 by Cook (who gave them the name 
 Owhyhee). The government was consolidated by Kame- 
 hameha I. (who died in 1819), and idolatry was abolished 
 in 1819 ; the next year the American missionaries arrived. 
 A constitution was granted in 1840, and a more liberal one 
 in 1887. The government was a monarchy, with king, 
 cabinet, and legislature (consisting of a house of nobles 
 and house of representatives). The queen, Liliuokalani 
 (who ascended the throne in 1891), on Jail. 15, 1893, at- 
 tempted to force the cabinet to approve a new constitu- 
 tion designed to give greater power to the crown and to 
 the native population. This they declined to do. On Jan 
 
 prises ; took part in the defeat of the Armada, Aug., 1588, 
 and in the descent on the Portuguese coast in 1590 ; and in 
 June, 1593, started on a voyage around the world in the 
 Dainty. After touching in Brazil, he passed the Strait of 
 Magellan, and took and plundered Valparaiso ; but he was 
 defeated and captured after a hard fight in San Mateo Bay, 
 Peru, June 22, 1594. Taken to Lima, he was sent to Spain 
 in 1597 and imprisoned until 1602, when he was ransomed. 
 Subsequently he was vice-admiral of Devon, and second in 
 command in Sir Robert Mansell’s fleet against the Alger- 
 ine pirates, 1620-21. 
 
 Hawks (haks), Francis Lister Born at New- 
 
 by Mr. Sanford B. Dole, which was to retain office until a bern, N. O., June 10, 1/98 : died at New lork, 
 treaty of annexation with the United States should he Sept., 1866. An American clergyman of the 
 concluded. Such a treaty was sent to the Senate by Presi- Protestant Episcopal Church, and historical, 
 dent Harrison, but it was withdrawn by President Cleve- j„ i j l A,, A mono- bio 
 
 land on the ground that the revolution in Hawaii was 10 " , ’ . miscellaneous writer. Among ins 
 wrongfully accomplished by the aid of the American min- "works is Contributions to the Ecclesiastical 
 ister, Mr. Stevens, and the American naval force, and that History of the United States ” (1836-41). 
 
 the queen should be reestablished on her throne. His ef- tt„ j o- - 
 
 fort to accomplish this end by diplomatic means failed. h^WkWOOCl (hak wul), Sir John. Bom m 
 A republic was proclaimed July 4, 1894 . The islands were Essex, England, about 1320: died at Florence, 
 annexed to the United States by act of Congress. July 7. Italy, in 1394. A noted English leader of con- 
 1898, and organized a Territory June 14, 1900. Area, 6,449 dnttiAvi nnrl cfratomol v . , , ,, , 
 
 sauare miles Pomilation 191 909 G9101 UOtlien ana strategist. He served under the Black 
 
 r l, l , ... i, ■ , , Prince in France, and after the peace of Bretigny organ- 
 
 Hawar (ha-v or ). [At . al-hawar, the intensely ized his famous White Company, whose services he sold to 
 bright.] _ The bright second-magnitude star various Italian powers. Hefinally became the permanent 
 
 c Ursse Majoris, commonly known as Alioth. 
 
 Hawarden (har'dn). A town in Flintshire, 
 North Wales, 16 miles south of Liverpool. Near 
 it is Hawarden Castle, the residence of W. E. Gladstone. 
 
 Haweis (hois), Hugh Reginald. Born 1838 : 
 died 1901. An English clergyman and author. 
 He published “Music and Morals,” etc. 
 
 Hawes (haz), Stephen. Born about 1476: died 
 about 1523. An English poet. He wrote an alle- 
 gorical poem, “The Pastime of Pleasure” (about 1506), 
 orbited by Wynkyn de Worde in 1609, etc. 
 
 Hawes, William. Bom at London, 1785 : died 
 
 military adviser and captain-general of Florence. 
 
 Hawley (ha/li), Gideon. Born at Stratford 
 (Bridgeport), Conn., Nov. 11, 1727: diedatMash- 
 pee, Mass., Oct. 3, 1807. An American mission- 
 ary. He graduated at Yale in 1749, and in 1763, at the 
 instance of the commissioners of Indian affairs, estab- 
 lished a mission among the Iroquois Indians on the Sus- 
 quehanna River, which he abandoned in 1756 on account 
 of the old French and Indian war. He subsequently served 
 as chaplain in Colonel Richard Gridley’s regiment, and in 
 1757 was appointed, by the commissioners of the Society 
 for Propagating the Gospel, pastor of the Indian tribes at 
 Mashpee, Massachusetts. 
 
 there, Feb. 18, 1846. An English composer and Hawley, Joseph. Born at Northampton, Mass., 
 Weber’s “Der Freischutz” ‘ ~ 
 
 musician. He introduced 
 into England 1824, after which he adapted many operas for 
 the English stage. 
 
 Hawes Water. A lake in the Lake District, 
 Westmoreland, England, 9 miles northeast of 
 Ambleside. Length, 2\ miles. 
 
 Hawick (ha'ik). A town in Roxburghshire, 
 Scotland, situated on the Teviot 40 miles south- 
 southeast of Edinburgh. It manufactures tweeds, 
 hosiery, etc. Near it is Branxholm Tower. Hawick, Gala- 
 
 died in Hampshire County, 
 March 10, 1788. An American patriot. 
 
 Hawley, Joseph Roswell. Born at Stewarts- 
 ville, N. C., Oct. 31, 1826: died at Washington, 
 D. C., March 17, 1905. An American general, 
 journalist, and politician. He graduated at Ham- 
 ilton College in 1847 ; was admitted to the bar in 1850; be- 
 came editor of the Hartford “Press” in 1857 ; served as a 
 brigade and division commander in the Union army dur- 
 the Civil War, being brevetted major-general in 1865; 
 
 . « xt . , . . , awicK,(.aja- was president of the Republican National Convention in 
 
 shiels, and Selkirk form the Hawick district of burghs (or 1868; was Republican member of Congress from Connecti- 
 the Border burghs), returning 1 member to Parliament. cu ^. ig72-75 and 1879-81 ; was United States senator 1881— 
 I opulation, 1 <,303. 1905 ; was an unsuccessful candidate for the R-epublican 
 
 JttRWliRDltGS (liak a-blts). A club of dissolute nomination for President in 1884 and 1888; and was presi- 
 young men, associated in London after the Res- dent of the United States Centennial Commission 1873-77. 
 toration for the pleasure of fighting. “ a class of Hawthornden(ha'th6rn-den). A glen or valley 
 ruffianswhosefavoriteamusementwas to swagger by night in Edinburghshire, Scotland, 8 miles south of 
 about town, breaking windows, upsetting sedans, beating Edinburgh. The estate of Hawtliornden wa s 
 'nawcuMtes etC " ( IV ’ 166 ’> AIso the property of the poet William Drummond. 
 
 Hawke (h&k), Edward, first Baron Ilawke. HawthorneUm'thorn), Julian. BornatBoston, 
 Born at London, 1705 : died at Sunbury, Middle- A 11,16 22 > 184( \ A “ American novelist and mis- 
 Bex, England, Oct. 17, 1781. An English ad- cellanoous writer son of Nat lianiel Hawthorne, 
 miral. He defeated the Fiench off Belle-Ile in Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Born at Salem, Mass , 
 1747, and off Quiberon in 1759. July 4 , 1804: died at Plymouth, N. H., May 19, 
 
Hawthorne, Nathaniel 
 
 1664 A celebrated American novelist. He grad- 
 uated at Bowdoin College in 1825 ; served in the custom- 
 house at Boston 1838-41 ; joined the Brook Farm Associa- 
 tion in 1841 ; settled at Concord, Massachusetts, in 1843 ; 
 was surveyor of the port of Salem 1846-49 ; and was United 
 States consul at Liverpool 1853-57. In 1861 he ret urned to 
 the United States. “Fanshawe,” his first story, was pub- 
 lished in 1826 at his own expense. He wrote ‘-Twice-told 
 Tales" (1837: second series 1842), “Mosses from an Old 
 Manse ” (1846), “The Scarlet Letter” (1850), “The House 
 of the Seven Gables ” (1851), “The Wonder-Book" (1851), 
 “ The Blithedale Romance ”(1852),“ Snow Image and other 
 Twice-told Tales” (1852), “Life of Franklin Pierce” (1852), 
 “Tangle wood Tales " (1853), “ The Marble Faun "(I860 : the 
 English edition was called 11 Transformation, or the Ro- 
 mance of Monte Beni,” also 1860), “Our Old Home” (1863), 
 “Pansie” (1864: also called “The Dolliver Romance"), 
 “ Note Books ”(1868-72), “ Sept imius Felton ''(1872), “Tales 
 of the White Hills ” (1877), “ Dr. Grimshawe's Secret ’ (a 
 fragment, 1883). 
 
 Hawwa (ha-wa/). [Ar. al-hawwa, tlie serpent- 
 charmer.] A rarely used name for the star 
 a Ophiuchi, commonly known as Bas-alaghue. 
 
 Hay (ha), John. Born at Salem, Ind.. Oct, 8, 
 1838: died at Newbury, N. H., Jtdy 1, 1905. An 
 American author, journalist, and diplomatist. 
 He was assistant private secretary to President Lincoln 
 1861-65 ; first secretary of legation at Pari3 1865-67 ; charge 
 d’affaires at Vienna 1867-68; secretary of legation at Ma- 
 drid 1868-70 ; assistant secretary of state 1879-81 ; ambas- 
 sador to Great Britain 1897-98; secretary of state 1898- 
 1905. He published “Pike County Ballads” (1871) and 
 “Castilian Days "(1871), and was the author, with J. G. 
 Nicolay, of the “Life of Abraham Lincoln " (1886-90). 
 
 Hayd6e (a-da'). An opera comique by Auber 
 (words by Scribe), produced in Paris in 1847. 
 
 Hayden ( ha/dn), Ferdinand Vandeveer. Born 
 at Westfield, Mass., Sept. 7, 1829; died atPhila- 
 delphia, Dec. 22, 1887. An American geologist. 
 
 He graduated atdberlin College in 1850, and at the Albany 
 Medical College in 1853 ; was professor of geology and min- 
 eralogy in the University of Pennsylvania 1865-72; and 
 was connected with the geological and geographical sur- 
 veys of the United States 1859-86. He edited the first 8 
 reports (1867-76) of the United States geographical and 
 geological surveys of the Territories, and is the author of 
 “Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the United States 
 Geological and Geographical Surveys of the Territories" 
 (1877), “ The Yellowstone National Park and the Mountain 
 Regions of Idaho, Nevada, Colorado, and Utah ” (1877). 
 
 Hayden, Mount, or Grand Teton (te-ton'). 
 The highest of the Three Tetons, Teton Range, 
 western Wyoming. Height, about 13,747 feet. 
 
 Haydn (ha'dn ; G. pron. hl'dn), Johann Mi- 
 chael. Born at Rohrau, Lower Austria, Sept. 
 14, 1737 ; died at Salzburg, Aug. 10, 1806. An 
 Austrian composer, brother of Joseph Haydn. 
 
 Haydn, Joseph. Born at, Rohrau, Lower Aus- 
 tria, March 31, 1732 : died at Vienna, May 31, 
 1809. A celebrated Austrian composer. He was 
 appointed chapeimaster to Prince Esterh&zy at Eisen- 
 stadt, Hungary, in 1760, and resided in London 1791-92 
 andl794-95. Hisworks include “The Seven Words, etc.” 
 (1785: a cantata), “The Creation ” (1798), “The Seasons" 
 (“ Die Jahreszeiten,” 1801), 125 symphonies, 83 string quar- 
 tets, sonatas, etc., and the Austrian national hymn. See 
 his life by Pohl, 1876-82. 
 
 Haydon (ha' don), Benjamin Robert. Born at 
 Plymouth, England, Jan. 26, 1786: committed 
 suicide at London, June 22, 1846. A notedEng- 
 lish historical painter. His life was one of struggle 
 mid of disappointment because his talent was not appre- 
 ciated. Anioni? his works are “ Christ’s Entry into Jeru- 
 salem ’ (now at Cincinnati), “ The Raising of Lazarus " 
 (in the National Gallery, London), 44 The Judgment of 
 Solomon.” He published “Lectures on Painting and Re- 
 sign ’’(1S44-46). His life, compiled from his autobiogra- 
 phy and journal, was published by Tom Taylor in 1853. 
 
 Haye. La. See Hague, The. 
 
 Hayel (ha-yel'), or Hail (ha-el')- A city of 
 Shomer, Arabia, situated about lat. 27° 40' N., 
 long. 42° 40' E. 
 
 Hayes (haz), Catherine. Born in Ireland a*bout 
 1825 : died at London, Aug. 11, 1861. An Irish 
 singer. She made her debut in 1845 at Marseilles, and 
 had a brilliant career in Italy and Austria. In 1849 she 
 appeared in London, but soon left England for America, 
 
 1 ndia, Polynesia, and Australia. She married a Mr. Bush- 
 neU in 1857. Grove. 
 
 Hayes, Isaac Israel. Bom in Chester County, 
 Pa., March 5, 1832: died at New York, Dec. 17, 
 1881. An American arctic explorer. He accom- 
 j>anied the second Grinnell expedition under E. K. Kane 
 as surgeon 1853-55. Convinced during this expedition of 
 the existence of an open polar sea, he solicited subscrip- 
 tions, as the result of which he was enabled to fit out an 
 expedition, consisting of 14 persons, which sailed from Bos- 
 ton, Massachusetts, July 7, 1860. He wintered in Foulke 
 Fiord, lat, 78° 18' N., near Littleton Island, and May 18, 
 1861, reached a point which he placed at lat. 81° 35' N., 
 long. 70° 30' W., although the correctness of his observa- 
 tions has been called in question. He returned to Boston 
 Oct. 23, 1861. In 1869 he visited Greenland with the art ist 
 William Bradford in the Panther. He published “An Arctic 
 Boat-Journey ” (1860), “ The Open Polar Sea ” (1867), “ Cast 
 Away in the Cold "(1868), “The Land of Desolation ”(1872). 
 
 Hayes, Eutherford Birchard. Born at Dela- 
 ware, Ohio, Oct. 4, 1822 : died at Fremont, 
 Ohio, Jan. 17,1893. The nineteenth President 
 of the United States. He served in the Union army 
 
 488 
 
 during the Civil War, being brevetted maior-general of 
 volunteers in 1865 ; was a Republican member of Congress 
 from Ohio 1865-67 ; was governor of Ohio 1868-72, 1876-77 ; 
 was a Republican candidate for the presidency 1 e 1876 ; 
 was declared elected by the Electoral Commission March 
 2, 1877, and served 1877-81. See Electoral Commission. 
 
 Hayley (ha'li), William. Born at Chichester, 
 England, Oct. 29, 1745: died at Felpham, near 
 Chichester, Nov. 12, 1820. An English poet and 
 prose-writer. 
 
 Haym (him), Eudolf. Born at Griinberg, Si- 
 lesia, Oct. 5, 1821 : died Aug. 27, 1901. A Ger- 
 man political and philosophical writer. His 
 works include “ Wilhelm von Humboldt” (1856). “Hegel 
 und seine Zeit” (1857), “Arthur Schopenhauer” (1864), 
 “Die romantisclie Schule” (1870), “Herder" (1877-85). 
 
 Haymarket, The. A London market, estab- 
 lished in 1644 on the site now partly covered 
 by the Criterion restaurant and theater and 
 Lower Regent street. It was abolished in 1830. 
 The place is called Haymarket Square, or the Haymarket. 
 
 Haymarket Square Eiot, The. A riot at Hay- 
 market Square in Randolph street, immediately 
 north of Des Plaines street, Chicago, May 4, 
 1886, in which 7 policemen were killed and 60 
 wounded while attempting to disperse a meet- 
 ing of anarchists. The injuries of thepolicemen were 
 caused chiefly by a dynamite bomb thrown by some one 
 in the crowd, supposed to have been a person named 
 Schnaubelt, who was never arrested. The anarchists 
 August Spies, Adolph Fischer, George Engel, and Albert 
 
 R. Parsons were hanged, Nov. 11, 1887, for complicity in 
 the riot, while Louis Lingg escaped the gallows by com- 
 mitting suicide in prison. Samuel Fielden and Michael 
 Schwab were committed to prison for life, and Oscar W. 
 Neebe for a term of 16 years, but they were pardoned by 
 Governor John P. Altgeld, June, 1893. 
 
 Haymarket Theatre. A London theater stand- 
 ing in the Haymarket opposite Charles street. 
 Next to Drury Lane no theater in London is so rich in 
 theatrical tradition as “the Little Theatre in the Hay- 
 market.” During the patent monopoly it was a kind of 
 chapel of ease or training-house to Drury Lane and Covent 
 Garden. In 1720 one John Potter purchased the site of 
 an old inn, the King’s Head, in the Haymarket, and 
 erected there a small theater. The house was leased to a 
 company of French actors, and opened with “La fllle a 
 la mode, ou le Badeau de Paris,” under the patronage of 
 the Duke of Montague. For some years after it was 
 called “ the New French Theatre." Fielding’s is the first 
 great name connected with this theater. In 1730 he pro- 
 duced “The Tragedy of Tragedies, or Tom Thumb the 
 Great,” and became manager in 1734. In Feb., 1744, 
 Charles Macklin opened the Haymarket with a company 
 largely composed of his own pupils. On April 22, 1747, 
 Samuel Foote assumed the management. In 1766 he ob- 
 tained a patent for the theater during his lifetime. In 
 1776 Foote sold the theater to Colman the elder, who man- 
 aged it till 1794. When Harris became manager in 1820, 
 he demolished the old house (its site is now occupied by 
 the ( 'afe de l'Europe), and erected a new one a little far- 
 ther north. It was opened July 4, 1821, with “The Rivals.” 
 The present theater was built in 1880. 
 
 Haymerle (M'mer-le), Baron Heinrich von. 
 
 Born at Vienna, Dec. 7, 1828 : died at Vienna, 
 Oct. 10, 1881. An Austrian diplomatist and 
 statesman, minister of foreign affairs 1879-81. 
 
 Haymon. See Aymon. 
 
 Haynau. See Hainan. 
 
 Haynau (ki'nou), Baron Julius Jakob von. 
 
 Born at Cassel, Oct. 14, 1786 : died at Vienna, 
 March 14, 1853. An Austrian general, illegiti- 
 mate son of the elector William I. of Hesse-Cas- 
 sel. He was commander in Italy 1848-49, and 
 in Hungary 1849-50, and was notorious for His 
 cruelty. 
 
 Hayne (han), Isaac. Born in South Carolina, 
 Sept. 23, 1745 : died at Charleston, S. C., Aug. 
 4,1781. An American patriot. He served against 
 the British at the siege of Charleston in 1780, when he was 
 taken prisoner and paroled. He subsequently took the 
 oath of allegiance to the king on the assurance of the Brit- 
 ish deputy commandant at Charleston that he would not 
 be called upon to bear arms against his country. Being, 
 nevertheless, summoned to join the British army, he con- 
 sidered himself released from his oath, and became colonel 
 of an American militia company. He was captured and 
 hanged by the order of Colonel Balfour and Lord Rawdou. 
 This action gave rise to a sharp debate in the British Par- 
 liament, and caused General Greene to issue a proclama- 
 tion Aug. 26, 1781, in which he announced his intention to 
 make reprisals. 
 
 Hayne, Paul Hamilton. Born at Charleston, 
 
 S. C., Jan. 1, 1831: died July 6, 1886. An Ameri- 
 can poet, nephew of R. Y. Hayne. He published 
 volumes of poems (1854-57), “Avolio and other Poems" 
 (1859), “ Legends and Lyrics ” (1873), etc. 
 
 Hayne, Robert Y oung. Born in St. Paul’s par- 
 ish, Colleton district, S. C., Nov. 10, 1791: died 
 at Asheville, N. C., Sept. 24,1839. An American 
 politician. He was United States senator from South 
 Carolina 1823-32, and is noted as an opponent of the pro- 
 tective tariff and a leader of the nulliflers, and for his de- 
 bate with Webster in 1830. He was governor of South 
 Carolina 1832-34. 
 
 Haynes (hanz), John. Born at Old Holt, Essex, 
 England: diedat Hartford, Conn., March 1, 1654. 
 An American magistrate. He emigrated to Massa- 
 chusetts in 1633. Inl635liebecamegovernorof Massachu- 
 
 Hazen 
 
 setts Bay, and in 1639 was chosen (first) governor of Con- 
 necticut, an office to which he was reelected in alternate 
 years. 
 
 Hays (haz), Isaac. Born at Philadelphia, July 
 5, 1796: died at Philadelphia, April 13 (12?), 1879. 
 An American physician and scientist. He gradu- 
 ated at the University of Pennsylvania In 1816, and as M. D. 
 in 1820 ; became editor of “The American Journal of the 
 Medical Sciences” in 1827; established the “Medical 
 News” in 1843; established the “Monthly Abstract of 
 Medical Science” in 1874 ; and was president of the Acad- 
 emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1865-69. He edited, 
 among other books, Hoblyn’s “Dictionary of Terms used 
 in Medicine and the Collateral Sciences " (1846), and Lau- 
 rence’s “ Treatise on Diseases of the Eye ” (1847). 
 
 Hays, William Jacob. Born at New York, Aug. 
 8, 1830 : died at New York, March 13, 1875. An 
 American animal-painter. 
 
 Haystack (ha'stak), The. One of the principal 
 summits of the Adirondacks. Height, 4,918 
 feet. 
 
 Hayti. See Haiti. 
 
 Hayward (ha'ward), Abraham. Born at Lyme 
 Regis, England, Nov. 22, 1801: died at London, 
 Feb. 2, 1884. An English essayist and general 
 writer. Among his works are a translation of “Faust” 
 (1833), “Biographical and Critical Essays ” (1858-73), etc. 
 
 Hayward, Sir John. Bom in Suffolk, England, 
 about 1564: died 1627. An English historian. 
 He published “First Part of the Life and Raigne of King 
 Henrie the IV. ”(1699), and other historical works. Parts 
 of his history (which was issued under the patronage of 
 Essex) appeared to Elizabeth to contain treasonable sug- 
 gestions, and he was brought before the Star Chamber and 
 imprisoned. 
 
 Hazael (haz'a-el or ha'za-el). [‘ God sees.’] 
 A Syrian officer who, after murdering Ben-ha- 
 dadlL, became king of Damascus about 850 B. c. 
 He was engaged in hostilities with Ahaziah, king of 
 Israel, and .Toram, king of Judah (2 Ki. viii. 28), and later 
 with Jehu, king of Israel, and seems to have held the king- 
 dom of Israel in a kind of dependence. Toward the close 
 of his life he attacked Judah, taking Gath, and was in- 
 duced by Joash to retire from Jerusalem only through 
 gifts (2 Ki. xii). In the cuneiform inscriptions he is men- 
 tioned by the name of Haza-ilu. He renewed the war with 
 Assyria first undertaken by Ben-hadad in alliance with Hit- 
 tites, Hamatites, and Phenicians, hut was defeated by Shal- 
 maneser II. and besieged in his capital, Damascus, in 842. 
 Three years later Shalmaneser again entered Syria, and 
 took some of its strongholds. Haza-ilu, as the name of 
 Arabian kings, occurs in the inscriptions of Esarhaddon 
 ami Asurbanipal. 
 
 Hazara, or Huzara (huz'a-ra). A district in the 
 Northwest Frontier Province, British India, 
 intersected by lat. 34° 30' N., long. 73° 15' E. 
 Area, 2,858 square miles. Population, about 
 560,200. 
 
 Hazard (h-zar'), Desire. A pseudonym of Oc- 
 tave Feuillet. 
 
 Hazard (haz'ard), Rowland Gibson. Bom at 
 South Kingston, R. I., Oct. 9, 1801: died at 
 Peacedale, R. I., June 24, 1888. An American 
 manufacturer and author. He accumulated a fortune 
 in the woolen business at Peacedale, Rhode Island ; was a 
 member of the Rhode Island Assembly 1851-62 and 1864- 
 1855 ; and served in the State senate 1866-67. He wrote a 
 number of treatises on philosophical and politico-economic 
 subjects, including “Essayson the Resources of the United 
 States ” (1864). 
 
 Hazard, Samuel. Born at Philadelphia, May 
 
 26, 1784: died at. Philadelphia, May 22, 1870. 
 An American antiquarian. He published “Register 
 of Pennsylvania" (1828-36), “United States Commercial 
 and Statistical Register" (1839-42), “Annals of Pennsyl 
 vania, 1609-82,” and “Pennsylvania Archives, 1682-1790" 
 (1853). 
 
 Hazardville (haz'iird-vil). A village in the 
 township of Enfield, 16 miles north-northeast 
 of Hartford, Connecticut : noted for powder 
 manufacture. 
 
 Hazaribagh (huz-ar-e-bag'). 1. A district, 
 in the Chota Nagpur division, Bengal, British 
 India, intersected by lat. 24° N., long. 85° E. 
 Area, 7,021 square miles. Population, 1,177,- 
 961. — 2. The capital of the district of Hazari- 
 bagh, situated about lat. 23° 59' N., long. 85° 
 22' E. Population, 15,799. 
 
 Hazebrouck (az-brok'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Nord, France, 23 miles west-northwest 
 of Lille. It. is a railway center. Population, 
 commune, 12,819. 
 
 Hazen (ha'zn), William Babcock. Born at 
 
 West Hartford, Windham County, Vt., Sept. 
 
 27, 1830: died at Washington, D. C., Jan. 16, 
 1887. An American soldier. He graduated at West 
 Point in 1855, and in 1861 obtained command of a regiment 
 of volunteers, with which he took part in the operations of 
 General Buell in Tennessee. He took command of the 
 19th brigade of the Army of the Ohio Jan. 6, 1862, and be- 
 came brigadier-general in Nov. He participated in the bat- 
 tles of Pittsburg Landing, the siege of Corinth, the battle 
 of Perryville, the pursuit of General Bragg's army out of 
 Kentucky, the battle of Stone River, the campaign in Mid- 
 dle Tennessee, the engagements at Chickamauga and Chat- 
 tanooga, and the relief of Knoxville. As commander of a 
 division in Sherman’s march to the sea, he captured Fort 
 
489 
 
 Hazen 
 
 McAllister on the Savannah River, and opened up com- 
 munication between the army and the fleet. He was 
 made major-general of volunteers April 20, 1865, the r ank 
 to date from Dec. 13, 1864, and was appointed chief officer 
 of the signal service in 1880, a post which he held until 
 his death. 
 
 Hazleton (ha'zl-ton). A city in Luzerne County, 
 eastern Pennsylvania, 85 miles northwest of 
 Philadelphia. It is a coal-mining center. Popu- 
 lation, 25,452, (1910). 
 
 Hazlitt (haz'lit), William. Born at Maidstone, 
 Kent, April 10, 1778 : died at London, Sept. 18, 
 1830. An English critic and essayist. His literary 
 work brought him into contact with Leigh Hunt, Charles 
 Lamb, Moore, and others, with all of whom he quarreled. 
 His peculiar temper amt political views led him also to 
 attack his older friends Coleridge, Southey, and Words- 
 worth. He is perhaps best known by his lectures and es- 
 says on the English drama. Among his works are “ Char- 
 acters of Shakspere’s Plays ” (18171, “The Round Table" 
 (1817), “ View of the English Stage ’’ (1818), “ Lectures on 
 English Poetry ” (1818), “ Lectures on the English Comic 
 Writers" (1819), “Dramatic Literature of the Age of Eliz- 
 abeth" (1821), “ Table Talk" (1824), “Spirit of the Age” 
 (1825), “Life of Napoleon ” (1828), “Plain Speaker” (1826), 
 “ Original Essays,” and “ Political Essays." 
 
 Hazlitt, William. Bom in Wiltshire, England, 
 Sept. 26, 1811 : died Peb. 22, 1893. An English 
 writer, son of William Hazlitt (1778-1830), senior 
 registrar in the bankruptcy court, andtranslator 
 of French historical works. He also edited Johnson’s 
 ‘‘Lives of the Poets,” and wrote on legal subjects. 
 
 Hazlitt, William Carew. Born Aug. 22, 1834. 
 An English author and lawyer, son of William 
 Hazlitt (1811-93). He has published a “History of 
 the Venetian Republic, etc.” (1858-60), and has edited 
 ‘Old English Jest Books " (1864), “Remains of the Early 
 Popular Poetry of England ” (1864-66), “English Proverbs, 
 etc." (1869) “Works of Charles Lamb” (1866-71), “ Mem- 
 oirs of William Hazlitt ”(1867), Warton’s “History of Eng- 
 lish Poetrv ” (1871; with others), Blount's “Tenures of 
 Land, etc." (1874), “Mary and Charles Lamb, etc.” (1874), 
 Dodsley’s “Old Plays” (1874-76), “Shakspere’s Library” 
 (1875), etc. 
 
 Head (hed), Sir Edmund Walker. Born near 
 Maidstone, England, 1805 : died at London, Jan. 
 28, 1868. An English colonial governor, and 
 writer on art. He published a “ Handbook of the Span- 
 ish and French Schools of Painting ” (1845), etc. 
 
 Head, Sir Francis Bond. Bom near Roches- 
 ter, England, Jan. 1, 1793: died at Croydon, 
 near London, July 20, 1875. An English travel- 
 er, lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada (1835- 
 Sept. 10, 1837), and author, brother of Sir 
 George Head. Among his works are “Bubbles from 
 the Brunnen of Nassau" (1833), “Stokers and Pokers” 
 (1849), “Defenceless State of Great Britain” (1850), “A 
 Fagot of French Sticks” (1852), “Descriptive Essays from 
 the Quarterly Review" (1856), “Mr. Kinglake" (1863), 
 “The Royal Engineer” (1869), “Sir John Burgoyne ”(1872). 
 Head, Sir George. Born near Rochester, Eng- 
 land, 1782 : died at London, May 2, 1855. An 
 English traveler. He published “A Home Tour 
 through the Manufacturing Districts of England in the 
 Summer of 1835” (1835-37). 
 
 Headley (hed'li), Joel Tyler. Bom at Wal- 
 ton, Delaware County, N. Y., Dec. 30, 1813: died 
 at Newburg, N. Y., Jan. 16, 1897. An Ameri- 
 can writer. He published numerous historical and bio- 
 graphical works, including “Napoleon and his Marshals” 
 (1846), “Life of Washington” (1857), etc. 
 
 Headley, Pluneas Camp. Bom at Walton, 
 N. Y., June 24, 1819: died Jan. 5, 1903. An 
 Americanclergymanandwriter on biographical 
 miscellaneous subjects, brother of Joel Tyler 
 Headley. His works include ‘ ‘ The Court and 
 Camp of David ” (1868), etc. 
 
 Headlong Hall. A novel by Peacock, pub- 
 lished in 1816. 
 
 Headsman, The. A novel by Cooper, published 
 in 1833. 
 
 Headstone (hed'ston), Bradley. In Dickens’s 
 “ Our Mutual Friend,” an ungainly and stiff but 
 excitable schoolmaster, madly in love with Liz- 
 zie Hexam, and the deadly enemy and would-be 
 murderer of Eugene Wray bum. 
 
 Healy (he'li), George Peter Alexander. Bora 
 July 15, 1818: died June 24, 1S94. An American 
 portrait-painter. 
 
 Hearne (hfern), Samuel. Bom at London, 1745: 
 died 1792. An English explorer in British North 
 America 1769-72. He wrote an "Account of a Jour- 
 ney from Prince of Wales’s Fort in Hudson’s Bay to the 
 North-West, undertaken . . . for the discovery of Copper 
 Mines, a North-West Passage,” etc. (1795). 
 
 Hearne, Thomas. Born at White Waltham, 
 Berks, England, 1678: died June 10, 1735. An 
 English antiquary. He edited Spelman’s “Life 
 of Alfred the Great,” Leland’s “ Itinerary” and 
 “Collectanea,” Robert of Gloucester, Fordun, 
 etc. 
 
 Heart of England. A name given to Warwick- 
 shire from its central position. 
 
 Heart of Midlothian, The. A novel by Sir 
 Walter Scott, published in 1818: so called from 
 VI. 17 
 
 the popular name of the Tolbooth, an Edinburgh 
 prison, demolished in 1817. This story is supposed 
 to have been written by Peter Pattieson, a schoolmaster, 
 and edited by his friend Jedediah Cleislibotham to defray 
 his funeral expenses. It is one of the “ Tales of my Land- 
 lord.” The scene is laid in the time of the Porteous riot 
 in the reign of George II. 
 
 Heart’s Content. A seaport and cable termi- 
 nus in Newfoundland, situated on Trinity Bay 
 in lat. 47° 53' N., long. 53° 22' W. 
 
 Heath (heth), William. Born at Roxbury, 
 Mass., March 7 (2 ?), 1737 : died at Roxbury, Jan. 
 24, 1814. An American general in the Revolu- 
 tionary War. He was a member of the Provincial Con- 
 gress 1774-75 ; was appointed brigadier-general in the Pro- 
 vincial army Dec. 8, 1774 ; and organized the forces at 
 Cambridge before the battle of Bunker Hill. On the organ- 
 ization of the Continental army he was commissioned brig- 
 adier-general June 22, 1775, being promoted major-general 
 Aug. 9, 1776. He wrote “ Memoirs of Major-General Wil- 
 liam Heath ” (1738). 
 
 Heathcoat (heth'kot), John. Born at Duffield, 
 near Derby, England, 1783 : died near Tiverton, 
 England, Jan., 1861. An English manufacturer, 
 inventor of a lace-makingmachine (about 1808). 
 Heathfield, Baron. See Eliot, George Augustus. 
 Heavenfield, Battle of (634* 635). A battle 
 fought near the wall of Antoninus in the north 
 of England, where Oswald of Northumbria de- 
 feated the Britons under Cadwallon (Cadwalla), 
 who fell in the engagement. According to legend, 
 Oswald entertained a vision of St. Columba, the founder of 
 liii, in a dream the night before the battle. The appari- 
 tion shrouded the English camp with its mantle, and said 
 to Oswald, “Be strong, and do like a man : lo ! I am with 
 thee.” On the morrow Oswald communicated his dream 
 to the army, which, with the enthusiasm born of peril, 
 pledged itself to become Christian if it conquered in the 
 fight: for in the whole Northumbrian host only Oswald 
 and 12 nobles from Hii were Christians. So Oswald, as- 
 sisted by his soldie-s, set tip a cross of wood as a standard, 
 and the field of battle was in after times called Heaven’s 
 field, in allusion to the miraculous intervention of heaven 
 of which it was the scene. 
 
 Hebbel (heb'hel), Friedrich. Bom at Wes- 
 selhuren, Schleswig-Holstein, March 18, 1813 : 
 died at Vienna, Dee. 13, 1863. A German dra- 
 matic and lyric poet. His chief dramas are “Geno- 
 veva” (1843), “Maria Magdalene" (1844), “Die Nibelun- 
 gen ” (1862). 
 
 Hebe (he'be). [L., from Gr. "H/b?, a personifica- 
 tion of youth.] 1. In Greek mythology, the 
 goddess of youth and spring ; the personifica- 
 tion of eternal and exuberant youth, and, until 
 supplanted in this office by Ganymede, the cup- 
 bearer of Olympus. She was a daughterof Zeus and 
 Hera, who gave her as wife to Hercules after his deifica- 
 tion, as a reward of his achievements. 
 
 2. The sixth planetoid, discovered by Henke 
 at Driesen in 1847. 
 
 Hebei (ha'bel), Johann Peter. Bom at Basel, 
 Switzerland, May 10, 1760 . died at Schwetzin- 
 gen, Baden, Sept. 22, 1826. A German poet. 
 He was the son of a poor weaver. By the assistance of 
 friends he was enabled to attend school, and subsequently 
 studied theology at Erlangen. He was afterward professor 
 in Karlsruhe, and held various ecclesiastical titles. His 
 principal work is his “Alemannische Gedichte" (poems 
 in the Alamannic dialect), which appeared in 1803. A 
 number of prose narratives appeared first in “ Der rhein- 
 ische Hausfreund ” 1808-11, and were collected under 
 the title “ schatzkastlein des rheinischen Hausfreundes” 
 (1811). 
 
 Heber (he'ber), or Eber (e'ber). The epony- 
 mous ancestor of the ancient Hebrews. See 
 Hebrews. 
 
 Hebei’ (he'ber), Reginald. Born at Malpas, 
 Cheshire, April 21, 1783: died at Trichinopoly, 
 British India, April 3, 1826. An English prel- 
 ate and hymn-writer, made bishop of Calcutta 
 in 1823. He wrote the poem “Palestine,” which gained 
 the Oxford prize in 1802 (published 1809). In the “ Hymns 
 written and adapted to the Weekly Church Service of the 
 Year,” 58 are by Bishop Heber, including “From Green- 
 land’s Icy Mountains,” “Brightestand Best,” “Holy, holy, 
 holy, Lord God Almighty,” etc. 
 
 Heber, Richard. Born at Westminster, Eng- 
 land, 1773 : died. Get., 1833. An English hook- 
 collector, half-brother of Reginald Heber. 
 Hebert (a-bar'), Antoine Auguste Ernest. 
 Born at Grenoble, France, Nov. 3, 1817: died 
 near Grenoble, Nov. 5, 1908. A French painter. 
 Hebert, Jacques Rene, surnamed Le P6re 
 Duchesne. Bornat Alen§on, France, 1755: died 
 at Paris, March 24, 1794. A notorious French 
 revolutionist. He was of obscure parentage and limited 
 education, and at the beginning of the French Revolution 
 was living in poverty at Paris, having lost at least two 
 situations through malversation. On the outbreak of the 
 Revolution he acquired influence in the clubs as a scurri- 
 lous and violent but ready speaker and writer, and was 
 chosen to edit a new Revolutionary paper called “ Le i’i rc 
 Duchesne” from a popular constitutional paper of the 
 same name. He became widely known in the provinces 
 and in the army under the name of his paper ; was a 
 leader of the most violent faction in the Revolutionary 
 Commune after Aug. 10, 1792; and was appointed substi- 
 tute to the procureur syndic Sept. 2 following. On May 
 24, 1793, he was arrested by order of the more moderate 
 
 Hecatseus of Miletus 
 
 party in the Commune, but was released in consequence 
 of a demonstration in Ilia favor by the mob. He insti- 
 tuted, in conjunction with Chaumette and Anacharsis 
 Clootz, the worship of the goddess Reason, and organized 
 the ultra-revolutionary party known as the HCbertists or 
 enrages. He was the principal witness before the Revolu- 
 tionary tribunal against Marie Antoinette, whom he ac- 
 cused of incest with her son, and procured the downfall 
 of Fable d'Eglantine, Desmoulins, and Danton. He was 
 sent to the guillotine by Robespierre, and died amid the 
 jeers of the mob whose passion for blood he had helped 
 to arouse. 
 
 Hebrew (he'bro). The language spoken by the 
 Hebrews, one of the northern or Canaanitic di- 
 visions of the Semitic family of languages. It 
 is the language of the books of the Old Testament (with 
 the exception of portions of Daniel and Ezra), and became 
 extinct as a vernacular tongue 3 centuries before the Chris- 
 tian era. It is still the language of the synagogue, and is 
 employed as a scholars’ language ; has an extensive post- 
 biblical and even modern literature ; and is becoming the 
 vernacular of the Jews of Palestine. 
 
 Hebrew Melodies. A collection of poems by 
 Lord Byron, published in 1815. 
 
 Hebrews (he'broz). [Aram, 'ebrdyd, Heb. 'ibri 
 (pi. 'ibri?n), a Hebrew, referred to an epony- 
 mous Eber or Heber: orig. ‘those of the other 
 side’ (of the Euphrates).] The members of that 
 branch of the Semitic family of mankind de- 
 scended, according to tradition, from Heber, the 
 great-grandson of Shem, in the line of Abra- 
 ham, Isaac, and Jacob; the Israelites ; the Jews. 
 
 These tribes, first of all trans-Euphratian , which had 
 become, by crossing the stream, cis-Euphratian, took the 
 generic name of Hebrew (Ibrim, ‘ those of the other side ’), 
 though we do not know whether they took it when they 
 placed the Euphrates between themselves and their breth- 
 ren who remained in the Paddan-Aram, or whether it was 
 the Canaanites who called them “those from beyond," or, 
 to be more accurate, “those who had crossed the river.” 
 Renan, Hist, of the People of Israel, I. 76. 
 
 Hebrews, Epistle to the. One of the books of 
 the New Testament, addressed to Christians of 
 Hebrew birth dwelling in Rome, or perhaps in 
 Palestine or Alexandria. Its chief object is to pre- 
 sent a parallel between the symbolism of the Old Testa- 
 ment dispensation and the life-work of Christ. The author 
 is unknown — perhaps Barnabas, or less probably Apollos. 
 The authorship has often been ascribed to the -apostle 
 Paul, but this view is contrary to the weight of authority 
 of the early church, and is opposed by most modern schol- 
 ars. A probable date of composition is about A. D. 65. 
 Hebrides (heb'ri-dez), or Western Isles. [NL. 
 Hebrides, an error for L. Hebudes (Pliny), var. of 
 Hebudse, Gr. f, E povdai (Ptolemy), pi. of "EjiovSa, 
 applied to the principal island . ] A group of isl- 
 ands west of Scotland, the ancient Ebudte (Ptol- 
 emy) or Hebudes (Pliny), it comprises the Outer 
 Hebrides(Lewis and Harris, which togetherform the largest 
 island, North Uist, South TJist, Barra, and smaller islands) 
 and theInnerHebrides(Skye, Mull, Iona, Eigg, Coll, Tiree, 
 Colonsay, Jura, Islay, and smaller islands). Bute and Arran 
 are also sometimes included in the Hebrides. The islands 
 are noted for picturesque scenery. Politically they form 
 part of Scotland, Lewis (or the Lewes) being in Eoss-shire, 
 and the rest of the group partly in Inverness and partly in 
 Argyll. The early Celtic inhabitants were Christianized by 
 Columba. The islands were colonized from Norway in the 
 9th century ; were ceded by Norway to Scotland in 1266 ; and 
 were ruled by the “Lords of thelsles ” in the 14th, 15th, and 
 16th centuries. The inhabited islands number about 120. 
 Area, about 3,000 square miles. Ponulation, about 80,000. 
 
 Hebrides, Hew. See New Hebrides. 
 
 Hebron (he'bron). [Heb., ‘association’ or 
 ‘friendship.’] A city in Palestine, situated on 
 a hill among the mountains of Judah, about 7 
 hours south of Jerusalem. It is one of the oldest 
 existing biblical towns. According to Hum. xiii.22, it was 
 built 7 years before Zoan (I. e. Tanis, the capital of Lower 
 Egypt), and Josephus says that in his day it was 2,300 years 
 old. Its former name was Kiriath Arba (Josh. xiv. 13). It 
 was the home and burial-place of the patriarchs. After- 
 ward it became an important city in the territory of Judah, 
 David resided here the first 7 years of his reign. Later 
 it was taken possession of by the Idumeans, from whom 
 Judas Maccabeus recaptured it (1 Mac. v. 65). At pres- 
 ent it has about 10,000 inhabitants, of whom 500 are Jews : 
 the rest are Mohammedans. As the city of Abraham it is 
 called by Mohammedans AI-Halil (‘City of the Friend of 
 God ’). Upon the traditional site of the burial-place of the 
 patriarchs, Machpelah, a magnificent mosque is erected, 
 accessible only to Mohammedans : a special firman of the 
 sultan was required tor the admittance of the Prince of 
 Wales in 1862, the Marquis of Bute in 1866, and the Crown 
 Prince of Prussia in 1869. Dean Stanley and Major Conder 
 have examined the mosque, and described the supposed 
 cave. 
 
 Hebrus (he'brus). [Gr. "E/lpof.] The ancient 
 name of the river Maritza. 
 
 Hecatsens (hek-a-te'us) of Abdera. A Greek 
 philosopher and historian who lived about 320 
 B. C. He was a pupil of the Skeptic Pyrrho, and appears 
 to have accompanied Alexander the Great on his Asiatic 
 expedition. He wrote a work on the Hyperboreans, and 
 another on Egypt. Some critics also attribute to him a 
 work on the Jews. An edition of the extant fragments of 
 his works has been published by P. Zorn (“Hecatei Ab- 
 deritae Fragmenta." 1730). 
 
 Hecatseus of Miletus. Di ed about 476 b . c. A 
 Greek geographer and historian. He was the son 
 of Hegesander, and was descended from an ancient and 
 illustrious family at Miletus. He traveled in Egypt and 
 
Hecataeus of Miletus 
 
 elsewhere to obtain materials for his works. He tried to 
 dissuade the Ionians from the revolt against the Persians 
 in 600, and subsequently served as ambassador to Arta- 
 phernes, whom he prevailed upon to treat the conquered 
 insurgents with mildness. He wrote “ Periegesis ” (jtc- 
 pu) 7 i|o-is), etc., the extant fragments of which have been 
 edited by R. H. Klausen (“Hecatei Milesfi Fragmenta," 
 1831). 
 
 Hecate (hek'a-te). [Gr. 'E/tdr)?.] In Greek my- 
 thology, a goddess akin to Artemis, of Thracian 
 origin. She combined the attributes of Demeter or Ce- 
 res, Rhea, Cybele, Artemis or Diana, and Persephone or 
 Proserpine, with whom, as a goddess of the infernal re- 
 gions, she was to some extent identified, and in this char- 
 acter was represented as practising and teaching through 
 her emissaries sorcery and witchcraft. She played an im- 
 portant part in later demonology. 
 
 Hechingen (heeh'ing-en). A small town in the 
 province of Hohenzollern, Prussia, situated 31 
 miles south-southwest of Stuttgart. Popula- 
 tion, about 4,000. 
 
 Hecker (hek'er), Friedrich Karl Franz. Born 
 at Eichtersheim, Baden, Sept. 28, 1811 : died at 
 St. Louis, March 24, 1881. A German revolu- 
 tionist, leader with Struve of the insurrection 
 in Baden in 1848. He settled in the United 
 States in 1849. 
 
 Hecker (hek'er), Isaac Thomas. Born at New 
 York city, Dec. 18, 1819: died there, Dec. 22, 
 1888. An American Roman Catholic ecclesias- 
 tic. He was at one time a member of the Brook Farm 
 Community. He became a priest in 1849, founded in 1858 
 the order of the Paulists, of which he was appointed supe- 
 rior, and established the “Catholic World” in 1865. 
 
 Heckewelder (hek'e-wel-der), John Gottlieb 
 Ernest. Born at Bedford, England, March 12, 
 1743: died at Bethlehem, Pa., Jan. 21, 1823. A 
 Moravian missionary among the Indians. 
 Heckmondwike (hek'mond-wik). A town in 
 the West Biding of Yorkshire, England, 8 miles 
 southwest of Leeds. Population, 9,459. 
 Hecla, or Hekla (hek'la). [Ieel. Hekla, short 
 for Old Icel. Heklu-fjall, fell or hill of the hood 
 (sc. of snow?): heklu, gen. of hekla, a cowled 
 or hooded frock.] A volcano in the south- 
 western part of Iceland, 70 miles east of Reykja- 
 vik. It is noted for the frequency and violence 
 of its eruptions. Height, 5,108 feet. 
 
 Hector (hek'tor). [Gr. "Ekto/o.] In Greek le- 
 gend, the son of Priam and Hecuba: champion 
 of the Trojans, and the principal character of 
 the Iliad on the Trojan side. He was slain by Achil- 
 les, who, in his chariot, dragged Hector’s body thrice round 
 the walls of Troy. He is introduced by Shakspere in his 
 “Troilus and Cressida.” 
 
 Critics, old and new, have felt the remarkable contra- 
 dictions in the drawing of this famous hero (Hector), and 
 yet none of them have ventured to suggest the real ex- 
 planation. Even Mure and Mr. Gladstone confess that in 
 our Iliad he is wholly inferior to his reputation ; “ he is 
 paid off," say they, “with generalities, while in actual en- 
 counter he is hardly equal to the second-rate Greek he- 
 roes.” Yet why is he so important ail through the plot 
 of the poem? Why is his death by Achilles made an 
 achievement of the highest order? Why are the chiefs 
 who at one time challenge and worst him at another quak- 
 ing with fear at his approach ? Simply because in the ori- 
 ginal plan of the Iliad he was a great warrior, and because 
 these perpetual defeats by Diomede and Ajax, this avoid- 
 ance of Agamemnon, this swaggering and “ hectoring ” 
 which we now find in him, were introduced by the en- 
 largers and interpolators in order to enhance the merits 
 of their favourites at his expense. It seems to me certain 
 that originally the Hector of the Iliad was really superior 
 to all the Greeks except Achilles, that upon the retirement 
 of the latter he made shorter work of them than the later 
 rhapsodists liked to admit, that he soon burst the gates 
 and appeared at the ships, that Patroclus was slain there 
 after a brief diversion, and that in this way the whole ca- 
 tastrophe was very much more precipitated than we now 
 find it. Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 75. 
 
 Hector, Mrs. (Annie French): pseudonym Mrs. 
 Alexander. Born at Dublin, 1825 : died at Lon- 
 don, J uly 10, 1902. A British novelist, author 
 of “The Wooing O’t” (1873), “ Ralph Wilton’s 
 Weird” (1875), “Her Dearest Foe” (1876), 
 “The Freres” (1882), etc. 
 
 Hector, or Ector, Sir. The foster-father of 
 King Arthur. 
 
 Hector, or Ector, de Mares, Sir. The brother 
 of Sir Lancelot, and one of the knights of the 
 Round Table. 
 
 Hector of Germany, The. A surname of Joa- 
 chim II. of Brandenburg. 
 
 Hecuba (hek'u-ba). [Gr. ’E Kafir/.] In Greek 
 legend, the second wife of Priam, daughter of 
 Dymas of Phrygia (according to others of Cis- 
 seus) . She was enslaved after the fall of Troy ; witnessed 
 the sacrifice of her daughter Polyxena; and saw the body 
 of her last son, Polydorus, who was murdered by Polymes- 
 tor, washed to her feet by the waves. On the murderer 
 she took vengeance by slaying his children and tearing out 
 his eyes. 
 
 Hecuba, A tragedy of Euripides, exhibited in 
 425 B. C. It portrays the misfortunes of Hecuba, widow 
 of Priam, king of Troy, the sacrifice of her daughter Po- 
 
 490 
 
 lyxena at the grave of Achilles, t he murder of her son Poly- 
 dorus by Polymestor, and the vengeance executed by her 
 upon the latter. 
 
 Hedda Gabler. A play by Henrik Ibsen, pro- 
 duced in 1890. It is named from its principal 
 character. 
 
 Hedemarken (ha' de- mar -ken). An amt in 
 southern Norway, bordering on Sweden. Area, 
 10,600 square miles. Population, 126,182. 
 
 Hedgeley Moor. AmoornearWooler, Northum- 
 berland, England, where, April 25, 1464, the 
 Lancastrians under Margaret of Anjou were de- 
 feated by the Yorkists under Lord Montacute. 
 
 Hedjaz, or Hejaz (hej-az'). A vilayet of the 
 Turkish empire, situated in western Arabia, 
 lying along the Red Sea and the Gulf of Akabah, 
 north of about lat. 20° N. The chief towns are 
 Mecca, Medina, and Jiddah. Area, 96,500 square 
 miles. Population, about 300,000. 
 
 Hedon (he'don). In Ben Jonson’s play “Cyn- 
 thia’s! Revels,” a voluptuous coxcomb and pol- 
 ished courtier. Marston felt that he was ridi- 
 culed in this character, but apparently without 
 reason. 
 
 Hedwig (hed'vig), Hedwige, or Jadwiga. Born 
 1371 : died at Cracow, July 17, 1399. Queen of 
 Poland, the daughter of Louis the Great of Hun- 
 gary and P oland. She was chosen by the nobles of the 
 latter country to succeed him, and was crowned in 1384. 
 She married Jagellon, grand duke of Lithuania, in 1386. 
 
 Heem (ham), Jan Davidsz van, or Johannes 
 
 de. Born at Utrecht, Netherlands, about 1600 : 
 died at Antwerp about 1684. A Dutch painter 
 of still life. 
 
 Heemskerk (hamz'kerk), Egbert van. Born 
 at Haarlem, 1610: died 1680. A Dutch genre 
 painter. 
 
 Heemskerk, Egbert van. Born at Haarlem, 
 1645: died at London, 1704. A Dutch painter, 
 son of the preceding. He lived in London. 
 
 Heemskerk, or Hemskerk (hemz'kerk), Mar- 
 ten van (Marten van Veen). Born at Heems- 
 kerk, near Haarlem, Netherlands, 1498: died 
 at Haarlem, Oct. 1, 1574. A Dutch historical 
 painter. 
 
 Keep (hep), Uriah. In Dickens’s “David Cop- 
 periield,” Mr. Wickfield’s swindling clerk and 
 partner. He is a cadaverous, red-haired, osten- 
 tatious hypocrite. 
 
 Heer (har), Oswald. Born at Nieder-Utzwyl, 
 St. -Gall, Switzerland, Aug. 31, 1809: died at 
 Lausanne, Switzerland, Sept. 27, 1883. A Swiss 
 naturalist, director of the botanical gardens at 
 Zurich from 1835. He published “Die Kafer der 
 Schweiz" (1838-41), “ Flora tertiaria Helvetia; " (1854-59), 
 “ Die Urwelt der Schweiz ” (1865), etc. 
 
 Heeren (ha'ren), Arnold Hermann Ludwig. 
 
 Born at Arbergen, near Bremen, Oct. 25, 1760: 
 died at Gottingen, Prussia, March 6, 1842. A 
 German historian, professor of philosophy and 
 later of history at Gottingen. He wrote “Ideen 
 fiber Politik, den Verkehr und den Handel der vornehm- 
 sten Volker der Alten Welt "(1793-96), “Geschichte des 
 Studiums der klassischen Litteratur " (1797-1802), “Ge- 
 schichte der Staaten des Altertums” (1799), “Geschichte 
 des europaischen Staatensystems und seiner Kolonien " 
 (1809), etc. 
 
 Hefele (ha'fe-le), Karl Joseph von. Born at 
 Unterkochen, near Aalen, Wiirtemberg, March 
 15, 1809: died at Rottenburg, June 5, 1893. A 
 German Roman Catholic ecclesiastic (bishop of 
 Rottenburg 1869) and church historian. He was 
 appointed professor of ecclesiastical history and Christian 
 archaeology at Tubingen in 1840. Hischiefwork is“Kon- 
 ziliengeschiehte ” (“ History of Church Councils,” 1855-74). 
 
 IiefFernan (hef'er-nan), Mr. Michael. The 
 pseudonym of Samuel Ferguson, under which 
 he wrote “Father Tom and the Pope, or a Night 
 at the Vatican.” 
 
 Hegel (ha/ gel), Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. 
 
 Born at Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg, Aug. 27, 1770: 
 died at Berlin, Nov. 14, 1831. A celebrated 
 German philosopher. He was professor at Jena in 
 1806 ; edited a political journal at Bamberg 1806-08; was 
 rector of the gymnasium at Nuremberg 1808-16 ; was pro- 
 fessor of philosophy at Heidelberg 1816-18 ; and succeeded 
 Fichte at Berlin in 1818. His philosophical system was 
 during the second quarter of the 19th century the lead- 
 ing system of metaphysical thought in Germany. It pur- 
 ports to be a complete philosophy, undertaking to explain 
 the whole universe of thought and being in its abstractest 
 elements and minutest details. This it does by means of 
 the Hegelian dialectic, a new logic, the real law of the 
 movement of thought (not a mere form, like syllogistic), 
 the scheme of which is thesis, antithesis, synthesis, the 
 original tendency, the opposing tendency, and their uni- 
 fication in a new movement. By this law the conceptions 
 of logic develop themselves in a long series. This law of 
 the development of thought is assumed to be necessarily 
 the law of the development of being, on the ground that 
 thought and being are absolutely identical. Hegelianism 
 is radically hostile to natural science, and especially to 
 the Newtonian philosophy — that is, to all the methods 
 and scientific results which have sprung from the “Prim 
 
 Heidelberg 
 
 cipia.” One of the characteristics of Hegelianism is it* 
 constant readiness to recognize continuity both as a fact 
 and as acceptable to reason, which other metaphysical 
 systems have often struggled to deny. He published 
 “Phanomenologie des Geistes” (1807), ‘ ’ Wissenschaf t der 
 Logik" (“Science of Logic,” 1812-16), “Encyklopadie der 
 philosophischen W issenschaften ” (“ Encyclopedia of Phil- 
 osophical Sciences,” 1817), “Grundlinien der Philoso- 
 phic des Rechts ” (1821), etc. His complete works, includ- 
 ing those on the philosophy of religion, esthetics, the 
 philosophy of history, and the history of philosophy, were 
 published in 18 volumes (1832-41). 
 
 Hegel, Karl. Born at Nuremberg, Bavaria, 
 June 7, 1813 : died at Erlangen, Dec. 6, 1901. A 
 German historian, son of G. W.F. Hegel: profes- 
 sor of history at Rostock (5i841), and later (1856) 
 at Erlangen. His chief work is “Geschichte 
 der Stadteverfassung von Italien” (1847). 
 Hegesippus (hej-e-sip'us). [Gr. 'Hy#(K7nroc.] 
 Died 180 a. d. The earliest historian of the Chris- 
 tian church. He was a Jew by birth, but embraced 
 Christianity, and lived at Rome in his later years. He 
 wrote a history of the Christian church from the passion 
 of Christ down to his own time, fragments of which are 
 extant. 
 
 Hegeso (he-je'so), Monument of. [Gr. 'Hy^crA] 
 A monument in Athens, on the Street of Tombs, 
 remarkable for the beauty of its relief-stele of 
 the 4th century B. C. 
 
 Hegira. See Hejira. 
 
 Hehe (ha'he), or Wahehe (wa-ha'he). A Bantu 
 tribe of German East Africa, northeast of Lake 
 Nyassa, bordering on the Wasango and Ma- 
 henge. The country, called Uhehe, is moderately moun- 
 tainous, and strewn with great boulders. The Wahehe are 
 strong and warlike, using assagais and elliptic shields. 
 They own cattle, but hardly ever eat meat. The chief’s 
 capital, Kuirenga, is surrounded by a quadrangular 
 stockade. 
 
 Heiberg (hi' hero), Johann Ludvig. Born at Co. 
 penhagen, Dec. 14, 1791 : died there, Aug. 25, 
 1860. A Danish dramatist and poet. He was the 
 son of the dramatic poet and satirical writer Peter Andreas 
 Heiberg (1758-1841), who, in consequenceof several offenses 
 against the press law of 1799, was forced to leave Denmark 
 in 1800, and fled to France, where he remained until his 
 death. The younger Heiberg was educated in Denmark, 
 studying at the Copenhagen University, where he took the 
 doctor’s degree in 1817. The same year he went to Paris, 
 and lived there with his father until 1822, when he was 
 appointed lector at the University of Kiel. In 1825 he re- 
 turned to Copenhagen, and wrote a number of the vaude- 
 villes that have made his name famous in the history of the 
 Danish drama. The most important of these are “Kong 
 Solomon og Jorgen Hattemager”(“ King Solomon and Jor- 
 gen the Hatter”), “Aprilsnarrene ” (“ The April Fools A, 
 “Recensenten og Dyret” (“The Critic and the Beast”), 
 “ De Uadskillige ” (“ The Inseparable Ones ”). After 1827 
 he edited the weekly journal “ Den llyvende Post ” (“ The 
 Flying Post ”) and subsequently the “Intelligensblade." 
 In 1828 appeared the national drama, the most important 
 of his greater plays, “ Elverhoi ”(“ The Elf Hill ”). In 1829 
 he was made poet and translator to the royal theater. The 
 following year he was appointed docent in the new mili- 
 tary academy, which post he held until 1836. From 1849 
 to 1856 he was the sole director of the royal theater. Be- 
 sides his dramatic works and the esthetic criticism con- 
 tained in the journals mentioned, he wrote many lyric 
 poems and romances. His poetical writings, “Poetiske 
 Skrifter," appeared at Copenhagen in 1862 in 11 vols.; his 
 prose, “Prosaiske Skrifter,” at Copenhagen 1861-62, also 
 in 11 vols. 
 
 Heide (hi 'de). A town in the province of Schles- 
 wig-Holstein, Prussia, 58 miles northwest of 
 Hamburg. Population, commune, 8,758. 
 
 Heidegger (hi'deg-er), John James. Born at 
 Zurich in 1659 (?): died at Richmond, Surrey, 
 Sept. 5, 1749. A noted theatrical manager. He 
 managed the Haymarket with Handel 1729-34. 
 
 Heidelberg (hi'del-berG). A city in the district 
 of Mannheim, Baden, situated on the Neckar 12 
 miles southeast of Mannheim. It has considerable 
 trade, and is celebrated for its picturesque surroundings. 
 The castle is a famous monument founded at the end of 
 the 13th century by the count palatine Rudolf I., and en- 
 larged and strengthened by succeeding electors. During 
 the 16tli century it received the architectural development 
 which, despite disaster, makes it still one of the richest 
 productions of the German Renaissance. In 16S9 and 
 1693 it was ruined by the generals of Louis XIV., but 
 was subsequently restored. It was finally destroyed by 
 fire from a lightning-stroke in 1764. The ruins are the 
 most imposing in Germany. The picturesque outer walls 
 and towers, now broken and ivy-clad, inclose a large area ; 
 but the chief architectural attractions are grouped about 
 the inner court. The Otto Heinrichs Bau, dating from 
 1556, is the finest example of the early German Renais- 
 sance. It consists at present of 3 stories above the base- 
 ment, with engaged columns and entablatures, and con- 
 tinuous ranges of ornate window's with central mullion. 
 The doorway, surmounted by armorial bearings, is very rich- 
 ly treated : its two entablatures are supported by atlantes 
 and caryatids. Th e Friedrichs Bau, of 1601, is a good example 
 of late Renaissance work : it has 4 stories — Doric, Tuscan, 
 Ionic, and Corinthian — with statues of emperors and 
 electors in niches. This building is now in part restored 
 as a museum. The university, founded by the elector Ru- 
 pert I. in 1386, is the oldest in the present German Empire. 
 From 1556 it came under the control of the leaders of the 
 Reformation. The library was plundered and sent to 
 Rome in 1623, and partially returned in 1816: it now 
 consists of over 400,000 volumes. The university was re- 
 organized by the elector Charles Frederick of Baden in 
 1803. Heidelberg was the capital of the Palatinate from 
 
Heidelberg 
 
 the 13th century to 1720. It was sacked by Tilly in 1622, 
 and by the French in 1689, and was nearly destroyed by the 
 French in 1693. It passed to Baden in 1803. Population, 
 commune, 49,627. 
 
 Heiden (hi'den). A village and health-resort 
 in the canton of Appenzell, Switzerland, 8 
 miles east of St.-Gall. 
 
 Heidenheim (hi'den-him). A manufacturing 
 town in the Jagst circle, Wiirtemberg, on the 
 Brenz 44 miles east by south of Stuttgart. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 12,173. 
 
 Heidenmauer (hi'den-mou-er). A stone ram- 
 part on the summit of the Kastanienberg, near 
 Diirkbeim, Palatinate, Germany, probably of 
 ancient Teutonic origin, noted in legend and 
 fiction : also other similar prehistoric or Roman 
 remains. 
 
 Heidenmauer, The. A novel by Cooper, pub- 
 lished in 1832. 
 
 Heijn (hin), Pieter Pieterse. Born at Delfts- 
 haven, Netherlands, 1577 : died 1629. A Dutch 
 admiral. He served as vice-admiral in the fleet of Ad- 
 miral Willeken at the capture of San Salvador, Brazil, in 
 1624 ; defeated the Spaniards in a bloody naval battle in 
 All Saints’ Bay, Brazil, in 1626 ; and captured the Spanish 
 silver fleet, with treasure valued at 12,000,000 gulden, in 
 the Bay of Matanzas, Cuba, two years later. He was sub- 
 sequently placed at the head of the Dutch navy by the 
 stadtholder Frederick Henry, and was killed while block- 
 ading Dunkirk in 1629. 
 
 Heilbronn (hil'bron). A town in the Neckar 
 circle, Wiirtemberg, situated on the Neckar 26 
 miles north of Stuttgart. It has important manu- 
 factures and commerce. The Rathaus, Church of St. Kilian , 
 and Deutsches Haus are of interest. It was formerly a free 
 imperial city. Population, commune, 40,004. 
 
 Heilbronn, Union of. An alliance between the 
 Swedes and the German Protestants for the 
 prosecution of the war against the Imperialists, 
 concluded at Heilbronn in 1633. 
 
 Heil dir im Siegerkranz (hll der im ze 'ger- 
 krants). [G., ‘Hail to thee in the conqueror’s 
 wreath.’] The Prussian national hymn, it was 
 written by Heinrich Harries in 1790 as a song for the birth- 
 day of ChristianVII. of Denmark, adapted to the English air 
 “God save Great George the King,” and was arranged in its 
 present form for Prussian use by B. G. Schumacher in 1793. 
 Heiligenstadt (M'lig-en-stat). A town in the 
 province of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the 
 Leine 27 miles east by north of Cassel. it was 
 the capital of the old principality of Eichsfeld. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 7,955. 
 
 Heilsberg (hilz'berg). A town in the province 
 of East Prussia, Prussia, situated on the Alle 39 
 miles south of Konigsberg. An indecisive battle 
 was fought here between the French under Soult and the 
 Russians under Bennigsen, June 10, 1807. Population, 
 commune, 6,042. 
 
 Heilsbronn, or Kloster-Heilsbronn (kids' ter- 
 hilz-bron'). A small town in Middle Franconia, 
 Bavaria, 15 miles southwest of Nuremberg. It 
 contains the remains of a medieval Cistercian 
 abbey. 
 
 Heim (am), Francois Joseph. Born at Belfort, 
 France, Dec. 16, 1787 : died at Paris, Sept. 29, 
 1865. A French historical painter. 
 
 Heimdall (ham'dal). [ON. Heimdallr.] In Old 
 Norse mythology, theguardianagainst the giants 
 of the bridge of the gods, Bifrost, at the end of 
 which he dwelt in Himinbjdrg. He was the son of 
 the nine daughters of the sea-gods ASgir and Ran. He pos- 
 sessed the trumpet Gjallarhorn, with which the gods were 
 finally summoned together at Ragnarok, when he and Loki 
 slew each other. As his name and his attributes indicate, 
 he was a god of light. 
 
 This god is briefly described by Vigfusson and Powell as 
 follows: “An ancient god is Heimdal, from whom the 
 Amals spring. There are strange lost myths connected 
 with him : his struggle with Loki for the Brisinga necklace ; 
 the fight in which they fought in the shape of seals. He 
 is ‘the gods’ warder,' dwelling on the gods’ path, the Rain- 
 bow. There he sits, ‘the white god,’ ‘the wind-listening 
 god,’ whose ears are so sharp that he hears the grass grow 
 in the fields and the wool on the sheep’s backs, with his 
 Blast-horn, whose trumpet-sound willring through the nine 
 worlds, for in the later legends he has some of the attri- 
 butes of the Angel of the Last Trumpet. His teeth are of 
 gold; hence he is ‘stud-endowed.’ Curious genealogical 
 myths attach themselves to him. He is styled the son of 
 nine mothers ; and as Rig’s father, or Rig himself, the 
 ‘walking or wandering god,’ he is the father of men and 
 the sire of kings, and of earls and ceorls and thralls alike. 
 His own name is epithetic, perhaps the World-bow. The 
 meaning of Hallinskidi [another name of his] is obscure.” 
 Such is a summary of the most important passages referring 
 to Heimdal. Bhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 82. 
 
 Heimskringla (hams'kring-la). [ON. lieivir, 
 world, and kringla, circle.] The history of the 
 Norse kings, from the earliest mythical times 
 down to the battle of Re in 1177, written by the 
 Icelander Snorri Sturluson (1178-1241). it re- 
 ceives its name from its first words, “Kringla heimsins,” 
 the circle of the world. In subject-matter and literary 
 style it is the most important prose work in Old Norse 
 literature. 
 
 Heine (hi'ne), Heinrich. Bom at Dusseldorf, 
 Prussia, Dec. 13, 1797: died at Paris, Feb. 17, 
 1856. A celebrated German lyric poet and critic, 
 
 491 
 
 of Hebrew descent. Destined for a business career, he 
 was sent, against his own desire, to his uncle Solomon 
 Heine, a banker in Hamburg ; but through the latter’s as- 
 sistance he was enabled to study jurisprudence at Bonn, 
 Berlin, and Gottingen. In 1825 he embraced Christianity. 
 He lived alternately in Hamburg, Berlin, and Munich. 
 After 1831 until his death he lived for the most part in 
 Paris, during the last years of his life a great sufferer from 
 an incurable malady. From 1837 to 1848 he received an 
 annuity from the department of foreign affairs. The first 
 collection of his poems, “Gedichte," appeared in 1822, his 
 “Buch der Lieder” (“Book of Songs”) in 1827, “Neue 
 Gedichte ” (“New Poem3") in 1844, and “Romanzero” in 
 1851. Among his songs are gome of the best-known lyrics 
 of Germany : for instance, “Die Lorelei," “Du bist wieeine 
 Blume,” “Nach Frankreich zogen zwei Grenadier.’’ He 
 also left a number of characteristic prose works, the most 
 celebrated of which, the "Reisebilder" (“ Pictures of Tra- 
 vel ”), had appeared in 4 parts from 1826 to 1831. The 
 “Romantische Schule,” to which Heine himself as a writer 
 preeminently belonged, appeared in 1836. His complete 
 works appeared in Hamburg 1861-66, in 21 volumes. 
 
 Heineccius (hi-nek'tse-os), Johann Gottlieb. 
 
 Born at Eisenberg, Germany, Sept. 11, 1681 : 
 died at Halle, Prussia, Aug. 31, 1741. A Ger- 
 man jurist, professor of philosophy (1713) and 
 later of law at Halle. He wrote “ Elementa 
 juris civilis ” (1725), “Historia juris civilis” 
 (1733), etc. 
 
 Heinecken (hi'nek-en), Christian Heinrich. 
 
 Born at Liibeek, Germany, Feb. 6, 1721 : died at 
 Liibeck, June, 1725. A German child, noted for 
 his extraordinary precocity. He is said to have been 
 weU versed in the history of the Bible in his second year, 
 and to have learned French and Latin in his third. He is 
 also known as “ the Child of Liibeck." 
 
 Heinicke (hi'nik-e), Samuel. Born at Naut- 
 schiitz, near Weissenfels, Prussia, April 10, 
 1727: died at Leipsic, April 30, 1790. A Ger- 
 man teacher who opened the first institution 
 for the education of deaf-mutes in Germany in 
 1778. 
 
 Heinrich. See Henry. 
 
 Heinrich von Meissen (hin'rich fon mis'sen). 
 Born at Meissen, 1250: died at Mainz, 1318. A 
 Middle High German lyric poet. He was a wander- 
 ing singer. In 1278 he was in the army of Hapsburg ; in 
 1286 at Prague. He is said to have founded at Mainz the 
 first school of “Master Singers,” so called, and himself 
 marks the transition from the “ Minnesingers ” to the later 
 “Master Singers." He is also called Frauenlob, a name 
 given him because of a declared preference in a poetical 
 contest for the title “ Frau ” (lady, mistress) applied to 
 women, rather than “ Weib ” (woman, the mere opposite 
 of man). The women of Mainz bore him to his grave, 
 where, at the cathedral, his monument is still to be seen. 
 
 Heinrich von Veldeke. See Veldeke. 
 
 Heinse (hin'ze), Johann Jakob Wilhelm. 
 
 Born atLangewiesen, Thuringia, Feb. 16, 1749: 
 died at Aschaifenburg, Bavaria, June 22, 1803. 
 A German romance writer. Amonghis romances 
 is “Ardinghello und die gliickseligen Inseln” 
 (1787). 
 
 Heinsius (hin'se-os), Antonius. Born at Delft, 
 1641 : died Aug., 1720. A Dutch statesman, 
 grand pensionary 1689-1720. 
 
 Heinsius, Daniei. Born at Ghent, June 9, 1580 : 
 died Feb. 25, 1655. A Dutch classical philologist, 
 author of Greek and Latin poems, editions of 
 the classics, etc. 
 
 Heinsius, Nikolaas. Born at Leyden, July 20, 
 1620 : died at The Hague, Oct. 7, 1681. A noted 
 Dutch classical philologist and Latin poet, son 
 of Daniel Heinsius. 
 
 Heintzelman (hint'sel-man), Samuel Peter. 
 
 Bom at Manheim, Lancaster County, Pa., Sept. 
 30, 1805 : died at Washington, D. C.,May 1, 1880. 
 An American general. He graduated at West Point 
 in 1826 ; served in the Mexican war ; became brigadier-gen- 
 eral of volunteers May 17, 1861; commanded a division of 
 McDowell’s army at the first battle of Bull Run ; com- 
 manded a corps at the battle of Williamsburg; was made 
 major-general of volunteers May 5, 1862 ; participated in 
 the battle of Fair Oaks ; and commanded the right wing of 
 Pope's army at the second battle of Bull Run. He subse- 
 quently held command of the Department of Washington 
 and of the Northern Department. He was placed on the 
 retired list, with the rank of major-general, by a special act 
 of Congress April 29, 1869. 
 
 Heir-at-Law, The. A comedy by Colman the 
 younger, produced in 1797, printed in 1808. 
 Heir of Linne, The. An old ballad preserved 
 in Percy’s “Reliques”: the story of a spend- 
 thrift who finally regains his lands and money. 
 Heister (his'ter), Lorenz. Born at Frankfort- 
 on-the-Main, Sept. 19, 1683 : died at Helmstedt, 
 April 18,1758. A German surgeon, professor of 
 surgery at Helmstedt from 1720. He was the 
 founder of modern German surgery. 
 
 Hejaz. See Hedjaz. 
 
 Hejira (hej'i-rii). [Ar., ‘departure.’] The era 
 which forms the starting-point of the Mohamme- 
 dan calendar, July 15, 622, commemorative of 
 the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina. 
 The actual date of the flight was June 20. 
 
 Hel (hel). [ON., a personification of hel, the 
 
 Helena, Saint 
 
 abode of the dead, = E. hell.'] In Old Norso 
 mythology, the daughter of Loki and the giant- 
 ess Angurboda (ON. Angrbodha), and goddess 
 of Niflheim, or Niflhel, the realm of the dead, 
 below the earth. Originally all the dead went to her. 
 In later mythology only she is horrible in appearance, 
 half blue-black and half flesh-color, and her abode is one of 
 misery to which those alone go who die of age or illness. 
 Helbon (hel'bon). An ancient name of Aleppo. 
 Helder (hel'der), The. A fortified seaport in 
 the province of North Holland, Netherlands, 
 situated on the Marsdiep 40 miles north of Am- 
 sterdam. It is an important commercial place, and a 
 Dutch naval station. The great Helder Dyke defends it 
 from the sea. N ear it the Dutch under Ruyter and Tromp 
 defeated the English in a naval engagement Aug. 21, 1673 ; 
 and near it also the English and Russian troops landed in 
 their unsuccessful expedition of 1799. Population, com- 
 mune, 28,259. 
 
 Helderberg (hel'der-berg) Mountains. A range 
 of hills west of Albany, New York, an offshoot 
 of the Catskills. 
 
 Helen (hel'en). [Gr. 'E levy, L. Helena: hence 
 It. Elena, Sp. Helena, Elena, F. Helene, E. Helen, 
 Ellen, G. Helene.] 1 . In Greek legend, the wife 
 of Menelaus, and, according to the usual tra- 
 dition, the daughter of Zeus and Leda, or, ac- 
 cording to another, of Zeus and Nemesis, cele- 
 brated for her beauty. Her abduction by Paris was 
 the cause of the Trojan war. Goethe introduces her in 
 the second part of “Faust,” and Faustus, in Marlowe's 
 play of that name, addresses her thus : 
 
 “Oh ! thou art fairer than the evening air 
 Clad in the beauty of a thousand stars ! ” 
 
 Helen of Troy is one of those ideal creatures of the fancy 
 over which time, space, and circumstance, and moral proba- 
 bility, exert no sway. . . . She moves through Greek he- 
 roic legend as the desired of all men and the possessed of 
 many. Theseus bore her away while yet a girl from Sparta. 
 Her brethren, Castor and Polydeukes, recovered her from 
 Athens by force, and gave to her .Ethra, the mother of 
 Theseus, for bondwoman. . . . She was at last assigned 
 in wedlock to Menelaus, by whom she conceived her only 
 earthly child, Hermione. Paris, by aid of Aphrodite, won 
 her love and fled with her to Egypt and to Troy. In Troy 
 she abode more than twenty years, and was the mate of De- 
 iphobus after the death of Paris. When the strife raised for 
 her sake was ended, Menelaus restored her with honor to 
 his home in Lacedaemon. There she received Telemachus 
 and saw her daughter mated to Neoptolemus. But even 
 after death she rested not from the service of love. The 
 great Achilles, who in life had loved her by hearsay, but 
 had never seen her, clasped her among the shades upon 
 the island Leukd, and begat Euphorion. 
 
 Symonds, Studies of the Greek Poets, I. 124. 
 2. In Sidney’s romance “Arcadia,” the queen of 
 Corinth. She begs and carries away the wounded 
 body of the knight Amphialus, falsely sup- 
 posed dead.— 3. A waiting-woman to Imogen 
 in Shakspere’s “ Cymbeline.” — 4. In Sheridan 
 Knowles’s play “ The Hunchback,” a lively girl, 
 in love with Modus. 
 
 Helen, a Tale. The last novel by Miss Edge- 
 worth, published in 1834. 
 
 Helena (hel'e-na). A Greek painter, daughter 
 of the Egyptian Timon. She is said to have lived in 
 the time of the battle of Issus, and to have painted a pic- 
 ture of that subject. This picture was hung by Vespasian 
 in the Temple of Peace at Rome. The great Pompeian 
 mosaic of the battle of Issus must have been made about 
 this time, and is perhaps a copy of the picture. 
 
 Helena. 1. A character in Shakspere’s comedy 
 ‘ ‘All ’s W ell that Ends Well.” — 2 . In Shakspere’s 
 play “A Midsummer Night’s Dream,” an Athe- 
 nian lady in love with Demetrius. 
 
 Helena, The. See the extract. 
 
 The Third Act [of the second part of Goethe’s “Faust,” 
 in whicli Helen of Troy is introduced] is known in Ger- 
 many as “The Helena,” not only because it was separately 
 published in 1827 under the title of “Helena : a tlassico- 
 Romantic Phantasmagoria,” but also because it is a com- 
 plete allegorical poem in itself, inserted in the Second 
 Part of “ Faust ’’ by very loose threads of attachment. 
 Goethe began its composition in 1800. 
 
 B. Taylor, Notes to Faust, part 2. 
 
 Helena. A tragedy of Euripides, exhibited in 412 
 B. c., based on the story invented by Stesichorus 
 that only a phantom of Helen appeared at the 
 siege of Troy, the real Helen being in Egypt. 
 Helena (hel'e-na or he-le'na). The capital of 
 Phillips County, Arkansas, situated on the Mis- 
 sissippi 52 miles southwest of Memphis. It was 
 unsuccessfully attacked by the Confederates 
 July 4, 1863. Population, 8,772, (1910). 
 Helena. A city, the capital of Montana and of 
 Lewis and Clarke County, situated in lat. 46° 
 36' N., long. 111° 53' W. It is an important busi- 
 ness center, and there are gold-mines in its vicinity. It 
 was settled in 1864. Population, 12,515, (1910). 
 
 Helena, Flavia Julia, Saint. Died about 328. 
 The mother of Constantine the Great, she was, 
 according to some authorities, the daughter of an inn- 
 keeper at Drepanum, Bithynia; according to others, a 
 British or Caledonian princess. She became the wife of 
 Constantius Chlorus, who, on his elevation to the dignity 
 of Cajsar in 292, divorced her in order to marry Theodora, 
 the stepdaughter of the Augustus Maximianus Hercules. 
 Subsequently, on the elevation to the purple of Constan* 
 
Helena, Saint 
 
 tine, her son by Constantius, she received the title of Au- 
 gusta, and was treated with marked distinction. About 
 326 she made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, where she built 
 the Church of the Holy Sepulcher and that of the Nativity. 
 
 Helensburgh (hel'enz-bur-o). A town and wa- 
 tering-place in Dumbartonshire, Scotland, sit- 
 uated on the Clyde 20 miles northwest of Glas- 
 gow. Population, 8,554. 
 
 Helenus (hel'e-nus). [Gr. "EAero?.] InGreekle- 
 gend, a son of Priam, celebrated as a prophet. 
 Shakspere introduces him in “ Troilus and 
 Cressida.” 
 
 Helgoland (hel'go-lant), or Heligoland (hel'- 
 i- go -land), Friesian Hellige Land. [‘Holy 
 Land.’] An island in the North Sea, belonging 
 to the province of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, 
 situated in lat. 54° 11' N., long. 7° 53' E. it is 
 divided into the Oberland and Unterland. Close by is the 
 bathing-place, the Dune. It has lobster-fisheries, and is 
 frequented for sea-bathing. The population is of Friesian 
 stock. Formerly it was a heathen sanctuary. It was taken 
 from Denmark by Great Britain in 1807, and ceded to Great 
 Britain in 1814. In 1890 it was ceded to Germany, and at- 
 tached to the province of Schleswig-Holstein. Near it the 
 Danish fleet repulsed a combined attack of the Prussians 
 and Austrians, May 9, 1864. Length, a little over 1 mile. 
 Population, about 2,500. 
 
 Heliand (Ha'le-and). [OS. Heliand, AS. Hselend, 
 NHG. Heiland, the healer, i. e. the Saviour.] 
 Aji Old Saxon epic poem on the Saviour, writ- 
 ten in alliterative verse by an unknown author 
 between the years 822 and 840. it is a Christian 
 poem with old Germanic heathen elements, and is one of 
 the most extensive as it is one of the most important 
 works of early Germanic literature. 
 
 Helias, or Helis, or Helyas. The Knight of the 
 Swan. See Swan, Eniglit of the. 
 
 Helicanus (hel-i-ka'nus). The faithful minis- 
 ter of Pericles, Prince of Tyre, in Shakspere’s 
 play of that name. 
 
 Helicon (hel'i-kon), modern Zagora (za-go'ra). 
 [Gr. ’EX ikow.J In ancient geography, a mountain- 
 range in Boeotia, Greece, celebrated in mythol- 
 ogy as the abode of the Muses, it contained the 
 fountains of Aganippe and Hippocrene. Height, 5,736 
 feet (i). 
 
 Heligoland. See Helgoland. 
 
 Heliodorus (he-li-o-do'rus). [Gr. 'llhSSupor, 
 gift of the sun.] Born at Emesa, Syria: lived 
 at the end of the 4th century. A Greek ro- 
 mance-writer, a Christian bishop of Trieea in 
 Thessaly, author of the earliest Greek romance, 
 the “zEthiopica.” See Tlieagcnes and Chariclea. 
 Heliogabalus. See Elagabalus. 
 
 Heliopolis (ke-li-op'o-lis), Egyptian An (an), 
 the modern Matariell (ma-ta-re'e). [Gr. 
 r n/noinro/.tr, city of the sun-god.] In ancient 
 geography, a city in Lower Egypt, situated on 
 the Pelusiac branch of the Nile in lat. 30° 8' N., 
 long. 31° 24' E. “ It stood on the edge of the desert, 
 about 4} miles to the east of the apex of the Delta ; but 
 the alluvial land of the Delta extended 5 miles further to 
 the eastward of that city, to what is now the Birket-el- 
 Hag." ( Rawlinson .) It was a seat of learning (“ the uni- 
 versity of Egypt”) and of the worship of the suu-god Ra. 
 
 The site of Heliopolis is still marked by the massive 
 walls that surrounded it, and by a granite obelisk bearing 
 the name of Osirtasen [Usertesen] I. of the 12th dynasty, 
 dating about 3900 years ago. It was one of two that stood 
 before the entrance to the temple of the Sun, at the inner 
 end of an avenue of sphinxes ; and the apex, like some of 
 those at Thebes, was once covered with bronze (doubtless 
 gilt), as is shown by the stone having been cut to receive 
 the metal casing, and by the testimony of Arab histoiy. 
 Tradition also speaks of the other obelisk of Heliopolis, 
 and of the bronze taken from its apex. 
 
 Rawlinson, Herod., IL 9, note. 
 
 Heliopolis. The ancient name of Baalbec. 
 Helios (he'li-os). [Gr. "H/hof, 'HtAioc.] In Greek 
 mythology, the sun-god (called Hyperion by 
 Homer), son of the Titan Hyperion and the 
 TitanessTheia.. He is represented as a strong and beau- 
 tiful youth, with heavy, waving locks and a crown of rays, 
 driving a four-horse chariot, rising in the morning from 
 the ocean on the east, among the Ethiopians, driving 
 across the heavens in his glowing car, and descending at 
 evening into the western sea. At night, while asleep, he 
 is borne along the northern edge of the earth in a golden 
 boat to his rising-place in the east. Also called Phaethon 
 (Gr. ■flaeflux') for his brilliancy. Inlater times he was iden- 
 tified with A.pollo. 
 
 Helius (he'li-us). Died 68 a. d. A Roman court 
 favorite. He was a freedman of the emperor Claudius, 
 and became steward of the imperial demesnes in Asia. He 
 was one of the agents employed by Agrippina in ridding 
 herself of M. Junius Silanus, proconsul of that province 
 in 55. He was prefect of Rome and Italy during the 
 absence of Nero in Greece 67-68, being invested with full 
 power of life and death even over the senatorial order. 
 He was put to death, with Locusta, the poisoner, and 
 other creatures of the late tyrant, by Nero’s successor, the 
 emperor Galba. 
 
 Hell (hel), Maximilian. Born at Schemnitz, 
 Hungary, May 13, 1720 : died at Vienna, April 
 14, 1792. An Austrian astronomer. He entered 
 the Society of Jesus about 1738, and was director of the 
 observatory at Vienna 1766-92. In June, 1769, he made, 
 in Lapland, a successful observation of the transit of Ve- 
 
 492 
 
 nus, of which he published an account (“Observatio tran- 
 situs Veneris,” 1770). He is the author also of a number 
 of other works, including “ De parallaxi solis ” (1773). 
 Hellada. The modern name of the Spercheius. 
 Helladians (he-la'di-anz). See the extract. 
 
 Otherwise, while Greek was fast becoming the domi- 
 nant speech of the Empire, the name of Hellas became a 
 geographical expression, the name of a single theme of 
 the Empire, while the name of Hellenes meant only the 
 professors of the fallen faith, whose temples supplied ma- 
 terials for building the temples of the new. When the 
 people of the theme of Hellas, perhaps of a region a little 
 wider than the theme of Hellas, needed a geographical 
 name, the new name of Helladians was coined to express 
 them. Freeman, Hist. Essays, III. 331. 
 
 Hellanieus (hel-a-ni'kus). [Gr. r E /Udr;;cof.] An 
 eminent Greek logographer. He was a native of My- 
 tilene, Lesbos, and lived about 450 B. c. Nothing is known 
 with certainty of his personal history. According to an 
 evidently erroneous account by Suidas, he lived with He- 
 rodotus at the court of Amyntas. The same doubtful au- 
 thority states that he died at Perperene, on the coast of Asia 
 Minor, opposite Lesbos. He was a prolific writ er, and was 
 held in high esteem by the ancients. His works, frag- 
 ments only of which are extant, included a history of At- 
 tica, a history of the iEolians in Asia Minor and the islands 
 of the iEgean, and a history of Persia, Media, and Assyria 
 from the time of Ninus to his own day. 
 
 Hellas (hel'as). [Gr. ’E/Adr.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, originally a town and small district in 
 Phthiiotis, Thessaly, and later the lands inhab- 
 ited by the Hellenes (see Greece ); in a restricted 
 sense, Middle Greece (south of Thermopylae 
 and north of the Gulf of Corinth), or the dis- 
 tricts south of the Ambracian Gulf and the 
 mouth of the Peneius. 
 
 Helle (hel'o). [Gr. "E Alb?.] In Greek legend, 
 the daughter of Athamas and Nephele. She was 
 drowned in the Hellespont, whence its name (‘‘ Sea of 
 Helle”). 
 
 Hellebore (hel'e-bor). A character assumed by 
 Foote in his part, of the devil, in his play “ The 
 Devil upon Two Sticks ” : the president of a 
 medical college. 
 
 Hellen (hel'en). [Gr. "E/X^r.] In Greek legend, 
 a king in Phthia (in Thessaly), eponymous an- 
 cestor of the Hellenes. 
 
 Hellenes (hel'enz). [Gr. "EH/l 772^.] 1. The 
 ancient Greeks ; properly, the Greeks of pure 
 race : traditionally said to be so called from 
 Hellen, son of Deucalion and Pyrrlia, the le- 
 gendary ancestor of the true Greeks, consisting 
 of the Dorians, iEolians. Ionians, and Achteans. 
 — 2. The subjects of the modern kingdom of 
 Greece, or Hellas. 
 
 Heller (hel'ler), Stephen. Bom at Budapest, 
 Hungary, May 13, 1813: died at Paris, Jan. 14, 
 1888. A Hungarian pianist and composer for 
 the pianoforte. 
 
 Hellespont (hel'es-pont). [Gr. ’E/U^cm-orrof, 
 sea of Helle. See Helle. ] In ancient geogra- 
 phy, the name of the Strait of Dardanelles. 
 (See Dardanelles. ) It is celebrated in the legend 
 of Hero and Leander. 
 
 Hellevoetsluis (hel-le-vot-slois'), or Helvoet- 
 sluis (hel-vot-slois'). A seaport in the province 
 of South Holland, Netherlands, situated in the 
 island Voorne, on the Haringvliet, 17 miles west- 
 southwest of Rotterdam. Here, in 1688, Wil- 
 liam of Orange embarked for England. 
 
 Hell Fire Clubs. Clubs consisting of reckless 
 and unscrupulous men and women. A number 
 of these have existed. Three such associations were sup- 
 pressed in London in 1721. 
 
 Hell Gate (hel gat). A passage in the East 
 River, east of the city of New York, noted for 
 its dangers to navigation. Obstructions were 
 removed by explosion at Hallett’s Point in 1876, 
 and at Flood Rock in 1885. 
 
 Hellm (el-yen'). A town in the province of Al- 
 bacete, Spain, situated in lat. 38° 28' N., long. 
 1° 39' W. It has sulphur manufactures. Pop- 
 ulation, 12,558. 
 
 Hellowes (hel'oz), Edward. Lived about the 
 last half of the 16th century. An English trans- 
 lator. In 1597 he was groom of the chamber in the royal 
 household, and in 1600 received a pension of 12 shillings 
 a day for life. He translated three works from the Span- 
 ish of Guevara. 
 
 Helmer (hel'mer), Nora. The principal char- 
 acter in Ibsen’s “A Doll’s House.” Her husband 
 treats her as if she were a child, and so far unfits her for 
 real action that when she begins to meddle with realities 
 she commits a crime. On awakening to a knowledge of 
 her real self, and her husband’s false idea that he can be 
 both will and conscience for her, she leaves him. 
 Helmers (hel'mers), Jan Frederik. Born at 
 Amsterdam, March 7, 1767 : died at Amster- 
 dam, Feb. 26, 1813. A Dutch poet. His chief 
 work is “De Hollandsche Natie” (“The Dutch 
 Nation,” 1812). 
 
 Helmholtz (helm'holts), Hermann Ludwig 
 Ferdinand von. Born at Potsdam, Aug. 31, 
 1821: died at Berlin, Sept. 8, 1894. A celebrated 
 
 Helsingland 
 
 German physiologist and physicist, especially 
 noted for his discoveries in optics and acoustics. 
 He became military physician at Potsdam in 1843 ; taught 
 anatomy at the Academy of Art in 1848 ; was professor of 
 physiology atKonigsberg 1849-55; wasprofessor of anatomy 
 and physiology at Bonn 1855-58, and of physiology at Hei- 
 delberg 1858-71 ; and was appointed professor of physics at 
 Berlin in 1871. He invented the ophthalmoscope in 1851. 
 His chief works are ‘‘Handbuch der physiologischen Op- 
 tik” (“Manual of Physiological Optics,” 1856-66), “Die 
 Lelire von den Tonempfindungen ’’ (“The Doctrine of the 
 Sensations of Tone,” 1862), “liber die Erhaltung der 
 Kraft” (“On the Conservation of Force,” 1847). 
 Helmond (hel'mont; F. pron. el-mon'). A 
 town in the province of North Brabant, Neth- 
 erlands, situated on the river Aa in lat. 51° 28' 
 N., long. 5° 39' E. Population, commune, 
 11,436. 
 
 Helmont (hel'mont), JanBaptista van. Born 
 at Brussels in 1577 : died near Brussels, Dec. 30, 
 1644. A Flemish physician and chemist. He 
 spent a number of years in France, Switzerland, and Eng- 
 land, married a wealthy lady of Brabant, and in 1609 set- 
 tled on an estate near Brussels, where he devoted himself 
 to chemical investigations. He is said to have been the 
 first to demonstrate the necessity of employing the bal- 
 ance in chemistry, and to have introduced the word “gas " 
 in the terminology of that science. A collective edition of 
 his works appeared as “Ortus medicinae” (1648). 
 Helmstadt (helm'stat). A village in Lower 
 Franconia, Bavaria, 10 miles west of Wiirzburg. 
 Here, in the Seven Weeks’ War, July 25, 1866, the Prus- 
 sians defeated the Bavarians. 
 
 Helmstedt (helm'stet). A town in Brunswick, 
 Germany, 21 miles east of Brunswick, formerly 
 the seat of a university. Population, com- 
 mune, 15,415. 
 
 Helmund (bel'mund), or Hilmend (hil'mend), 
 or Halmand (hal'mand). A river in Afghanis- 
 tan, flowing in a generally southwesterly direc- 
 tion into Lake Hamun, with no outlet to the 
 sea: the ancient Erymanthus or Erymandrus. 
 Length, about 600 miles. 
 
 Heloise (a-lo-ez'). Bom about 1101: died at 
 the Paraclet, near Nogent-sur-Seine, France. 
 1161. A French abbess, celebrated on account 
 of her relations with Abelard. She was a niece of 
 Fulbert, canon of Notre Dame. Abelard became her in- 
 structor, and soon her lover and seducer. After the birth 
 of her child he proposed a secret marriage, which was ac- 
 complished only after much opposition on the part of He- 
 loise, for she preferred to sacrifice her own future rather 
 than that of Abelard. She even denied the marriage after 
 it was performed, and retired to the conventof Argenteuil. 
 Tlie enraged Fulbert revenged himself on Abelard by in- 
 flicting on him a shameful mutilation. He became a 
 monk, and Hfdoise took the veil. 
 
 Heloise. See Nouvelle Heloise, La. 
 
 Helos (he'los). [Gr. to "E^of.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a town in Laconia. Greece, situated near 
 the sea 25 'miles southeast of Sparta. 
 
 Helots (he'lots or hel'ots). [Gr. ’El/ioirai or 
 EiUtaref.] A class of serfs among the ancient 
 Spartans who were owned by the state, were 
 bound to the soil under allotment to landhold- 
 ers, and fulfilled all servile functions. The He- 
 lots paid their masters a fixed proportion of the products 
 of the ground cultivated by them. They served as light- 
 armed troops in war, and in great emergencies bodies of 
 them were organized as regular or heavy-armed troops, in 
 which case they might be manumitted as a reward for 
 bravery. They were descendants of captives of war, most 
 of them probably of the conquered Achaean aborigines of 
 Laconia ; they were very cruelly treated, and often sys- 
 tematically massacred, to keep down their numbers and 
 prevent them from organized revolt. 
 
 Help (help). A character, in Banyan’s “Pil- 
 grim’s Progress,” who pulls Christian out of the 
 Slough of Despond. 
 
 Helps (helps), Sir Arthur. Born at Streatham, 
 Surrey, July 10, 1813 : died at London, March 7, 
 1875. An English author. He occupied various gov- 
 ernment positions, and from June, 1860, was clerk of the 
 privy council, enjoying thespecial confidence of thequeeD. 
 He is best known for his social essays, “ Friends in Coun- 
 cil ” (1847-59 : 3 series), and for his various works on the 
 early history of Spanish America, especially “ The Spanish 
 Conquest in America” (1855-61). He also wrote several 
 dramas and romances. 
 
 Helsillgborg (hel'sing-borg). A seaport in the 
 laen of Malmohus, Sweden, situated on the 
 Sound, opposite Elsinore, in lat. 56° 3' N., long. 
 12° 42' E. Near it is the old castle of Karnan. 
 Population, 32,238. 
 
 Helsingfors (hel'sing-fors), Finnish Helsinki 
 (hel'sing-ki). A seaport, capital of Finland 
 and of the laen of Nyland, situated on the Gulf 
 of Finland in lat. 6*0° 10' N., long. 24° 57' E. 
 
 It is the largest and chief commercial city of Finland, and 
 the seat of a university (removed from Abo in 1827) ; was 
 founded by Gustavus Vasa in the 16th century ; was taken 
 by the Russians in 1808 ; and became the capital in 1819. 
 It is an important naval station. Its fortifications were 
 unsuccessfully bombarded by the Allies in 1855. Popula- 
 tion, 117,317. 
 
 Helsingland (hel'sing-liind). A district in the 
 northern part of the laen of Gefleborg, eastern 
 Sweden. 
 
Helsingor 
 
 Helsingor. See Elsinore. 
 
 Heist ( heist), Bartholomeus van der. Born in 
 the Netherlands, 1613 : died at Amsterdam, 1670. 
 A noted Dutch portrait-painter. Hisbest-known 
 work is the “Banquet” (at Amsterdam). 
 Helston (hel'ston). A town in Cornwall, Eng- 
 land, situated on the river Cober 9 miles west- 
 southwest of Falmouth. It is a center for 
 tourists to the Lizard. Population, 3,088. 
 Helstone (hel ' ston ), Doctor Matthewson. The 
 rector of Briarfield in Charlotte Bronte’s “ Shir- 
 ley,” an uncompromising and brusk, but up- 
 right and conscientious man. His niece Caro- 
 line is one of the principal characters. 
 Helvellyn (hel-vel'in). The second peak in 
 height in the Lake District in Cumberland, 
 England, 8 miles north by west of Ambleside. 
 Height, 3,118 feet. 
 
 Helvetia (hel-ve'shia). In later Latin, a part 
 of Gaul corresponding generally to the western 
 and central portions of the modern Switzerland : 
 used also poetically for Switzerland. 
 Helvetian Desert. See TJechtland. 
 
 Helvetic Republic. [F . Repu blique Helvetique. ] 
 A republic formed in 1798 by France from the 
 larger portion of the Swiss Confederation. The 
 former cantonal system was restored by Napoleon in 1803. 
 It continued under Trench influence until 1814. 
 Helvetii (hel-ve'shi-i). A Celtic tribe which in 
 the time of Caesar occupied a district east of the 
 Jura, north of the Lake of Geneva, and west and 
 south of the Rhine. They were defeated by 
 Caesar. 
 
 Helvetius (el-va-se-us'), Claude Adrien. Born 
 at Paris in Jan., 1715: died Dec. 26, 1771. A 
 French philosopher and litterateur. He was ap- 
 pointed farmer-general about 1738, and soon after became 
 chamberlain to the queen. In 1751 he married the beauti- 
 ful Mademoiselle de Ligneville, who was afterward one 
 of the chief centers of literary society in Paris. He retired 
 to his estate in Perche at his marriage, and devoted him- 
 self during the remainder of his life to philosophical 
 studies. He published in 1758 a metaphysical work en- 
 titled " De l’esprit," in which he derived all virtue from 
 self-interest, and which was burned in 1759 by order of 
 Parliament. He made a journey to England in 1764, and 
 in the following year was entertained by Frederick the 
 Great at Potsdam. His “ (Euvres completes ” were pub- 
 lished at Liege in 1774, since which time numerous other 
 editions have appeared. 
 
 Helvidius (hel-vid'i-us). A pseudonym of 
 James Madison. Under this signature he re- 
 plied to the letters of Pacificus (Hamilton) in 
 five essays. 
 
 Helvidius Priscus. See Prisons, Helvidius. 
 Helvoetsluis. See Hellevoetsluis. 
 
 Helyot (al-yo'), Pierre, called Pere Hippolyte. 
 Bom at Paris, Jan., 1660: died at Paris, Jan. 
 5, 1716. A French monk and ecclesiastical his- 
 torian, author of “ L’Histoire des ordres mo- 
 nastiques, religieux et militaires, etc.” (1714- 
 1719). 
 
 Hemachandra (ha-ma-ckan'dra). A Sanskrit 
 lexicographer and grammarian, said to have 
 lived a. d. 1088-1172: author of the “ Abhidha- 
 na-chintamani” (which see). 
 
 Hemans (hem'anz), Mrs. (Felicia Dorothea 
 Browne). Born at Liverpool, Sept. 25, 1793 : 
 died near Dublin, May 16, 1835. An English 
 poet, best known for her lyrics. Among her other 
 works are “The Vespers of Palermo" (1823b “The Forest 
 Sanctuary" (1826). “Poetical Works" edited by W. M. 
 Rossetti, 1873. 
 
 Hemel-Hempstead (hem ' el -hemp ' sted). A 
 small town in Hertfordshire, England, 24 miles 
 northwest of London. 
 
 Hemes. See Jemez. 
 
 Hemicycle of Paul Delaroche, The. An en- 
 causticmuralpainting adorning the amphithea- 
 ter of the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris. In It are 
 grouped 75 representative artists and figures typifying the 
 art of all periods. The great Greek masters Phidias, Icti- 
 nus, and Apelles, enthroned, form the central group. The 
 figures are 23 feet high. 
 
 Heming.or Hemminge, J ohn. Born at Shottery, 
 1556 (?): died at Aldermanbury, Oct. 10, 1630. 
 An English actor. Little is known of his early life, but 
 he seems to have been treasurer of the King’s Company of 
 actors. He played in the first part of “Henry IV.," and 
 in Jonson’s “Volpone,” “Alchemist,” and several other 
 of his plays. With Condell he edited the first folio of 
 Shakspere in 1623. To this he owes his chief fame. He 
 was principal proprietor of the Globe Theatre and closely 
 associated with Shakspere, who mentions him in his will. 
 Hemling. See Mending. 
 
 Hempel (hem'pel), Charles Julius. Bom at 
 Solingen, Pmssia, Sept. 5, 1811: died at Grand 
 Rapids, Mich., Sept. 25, 1879. AGerman-Amori- 
 <*an physician. He came to America in 1835 ; gradu- 
 ated at tne medical department of the University of New 
 York in 1845 ; became professor of materia medica and 
 therapeutics in the Hahnemann Medical College at Phil- 
 adelphia in 1857 ; and subsequently practised medicine at 
 
 493 
 
 Henricians 
 
 Grand Rapids, Michigan. He wrote “ System of Materia 
 Medica and Therapeutics ”(1859), etc. 
 
 Hempstead (kemp'sted). A town in Nassau 
 County, Long Island, New York. It was for- 
 
 He was professor of theology at Helmstedt 1777-86, and ab- 
 bot of Michaelstein, near Blankenburg (1786), and of Ko- 
 nigslutter (1803), and later vice-president of the consistory 
 and curator of the Caroliuum at Brunswick. His chief 
 
 “r'oS'i H Jaiob. Boru 
 corporar, ea in tne city or i\ew iork. ropuia- at Furth, Bavaria, July 9, 1809: died at Got- 
 tingen, May 13, 1885. A noted German physi- 
 ologist and anatomist, professor successively at 
 
 corporated in the city 
 tion, village, 4,964, (1910). 
 Hems. Bee Homs. 
 Hemskerk, Marten van. 
 
 See Heemskerk. 
 
 Hemsterhliis ( hem'ster-kois), Frans. Born in fjqrjo j 1 and Gottingen 
 
 Netherlands about 1722 : died at The Hague, 
 
 1790. A Dutch philosopher and writer on es- “ Handbuch der Anatomie des Menschen ” ( 1855 - 73 ), etc. 
 thetics, son of Tiberius Hemsterhuis. Henley (henTi), John, generally called “Orator 
 
 Hemsterhuis, Tiberius. Born at Groningen, Henley.” Born at Melton-Mowbray, England 
 Netherlands, 1685: died at Leyden, April 7, Aug. 3, 1692: died 1756 (1759?). An English 
 1766. A Dutch philologist and critic. His chief* preacher, celebrated for his eccentricities 
 ™* s H?. an edition of the “Onomasticon ” of Pollux Henley, William Ernest. Born Aug. 23, 1849 : 
 Sphalfestmi) 1 ( ) ’ ar,,i thU 11,ltUS of di ? d Jul 7 Ik 1903. An English writer and 
 
 Henault (a-no'), Charles Jean Francois. Bom th .?» V£ c fi ot n s „ ” 
 
 at Poric Q rlioH of Pome \Tnxr oj. ware! the National Observer ) 1888-93 and of the * New 
 
 a *;; ariS ’ i • ; - e<i at ■ Pans ’ -^ ov * Review 1893-98. He published “A Book of Verses” 
 
 17/0. A French historian. He wrote “Nouvel (1888), etc. 
 
 abr£g<$ chronologic] ue de rhistoire de France” (1744), Henley-on-Thames (hen'li-on-temz'), or Hen- 
 Portugal ”^17591 *ete. <1Ue ‘ ‘ °‘ re d Espagne et de ley. A town in Oxfordshire, England, situated 
 
 TTpnriprQ/vn (he’n / (lpT > - c ;nn^ A oitvnnd flip pqu- un the Thames ob miles west of Londonj noted 
 ifAT“n£oi e Co^y, KenScky'! situa^d ** .population, 5,984. 
 
 on the Ohio in lat. 37° 5U N., long. 87° 35' W. Henlopen (hen-lo pen), Cape. A cape on the 
 Population 11,452 (1910) eastern coast ot Delaware^ situated at the en- 
 
 Henderson,’ Alexander. Born at Criech, Eife- France of Delaware Bay, opposite Cape May, 
 shire, about 1583: died at Edinburgh, Aug. 19, ,I n 38 4 i N., long. 7o 5 W. 
 
 1646. A Scottish ecclesiastic and diplomatist, Hennebont (en-bon ). A river port m the de- 
 the most capable and most prominent Presby- kf rtment of MorbiJhan, Brittany, France, situ- 
 terian leader of his time. He was minister at Leu- ^ ed on the Biave 7 miles northeast of Lonent. 
 chars, Fifeshire, 1613-38, and afterward at Edinburgh. * opuiatron, commune, 9,1-1. 
 
 The National Covenant (1638) and the Solemn League and HennegaU. See Hainaut. 
 
 Covenant (adopted in 1643 by the Westminster Assembly, Hennepin (hen'e-pin j F. pron. en-pafl'), Louis, 
 which he attended as a Scottish commissioner) were both Bom at Ath, Belgium, about 1640: died in the 
 
 Netherlands after 1701. A French missionary 
 blies (1638, 1641, and 1618): at that held at Glasgow in and explorer. He belonged to the order of R^collets 
 
 1 AQQ tllO Slcottiob biebnnc! uropn JnnoonJ nn/1 ilia nhnp/ih of St FruilClO WPnf 1(1 Cbllljuljl ill QDti fll 1117S lGltlPd 
 
 1638 the Scottish bishops were deposed, and the church 
 was reconstituted as Presbyterian. Henderson had various 
 conferences and even discussions with Charles I. on pub- 
 lic (especially ecclesiastical) affairs. 
 
 Henderson, James. Born in the north of Eng- 
 land about 1783 : died at Madrid, Spain, Sept. 
 18, 1848. An English author. From 1819 to 1821 he 
 traveled in Brazil. Subsequently he was British consul- 
 general at Bogota until 1836. His principal work is “His- 
 tory of Brazil ” (London, 1821). 
 
 Henderson, James Pinckney. Born in Lin- 
 
 of St. Fraucis, went to Canada in 1673, and in 1678 joined 
 La Salle’s second expedition to the West. He was de- 
 spatched by La Salie from Fort Crtvecoeur with two men 
 in a canoe, Feb. 29, 1680, to explore the Illinois River and 
 the upper Mississippi. He was captured by a party of 
 Sioux on the Mississippi, April 11, 1680, and during cap- 
 tivity discovered the Falls of St. Anthony. He was res- 
 cued by Greysolon du Lhut, arrived at Quebec in 1682, and 
 on returning to Europe was made guardian of the con- 
 vent of R.enty in Artois. He published “Description de 
 la Louisiane ” (1683), “ Nouvelle deeouverte d’un tres grand 
 pays ” (1697 : in which he claims to have descended the 
 
 coin County, N. C., March 31, 1808: died at since shown l ° 
 
 ■vxT i • - r\ t a ioro a a • be false), and Nouveau Voyage (1698). 
 
 Washington, D. C., June 4, 18o8. An American Hennequin(en-kan'), Philippe Augustin. Born 
 
 general and politician. He was secretary of state 
 of Texas 1837-39, governor of Texas 1846-47, and United 
 States senator 1857-58. 
 
 Henderson, John. Bom at London in 1747: died 
 there, Nov. 25, 1785. An English actor. He made 
 his first appearance at Bath in 1772 as Hamlet, playing at 
 
 at Lyons, France, 1763: died at Tournay, Bel- 
 gium, May 12, 1833. A French historical painter. 
 Among his works are “Remorseof Orestes” (in the Louvre), 
 “Battle of Quiheron" (Toulouse Museum), “Triumph of 
 the French People” (Rouen), “Saul and the Witch of En- 
 dor ” (Lyons). 
 
 the outset under the name of Courtney. During his first tenner (en-ar'), Jean Jacques. Born at Bern- 
 season he played parts far beyond him, though he was . 
 
 known as the Bath Roscius : hut in 1777 he played Shylock 
 at the Haymarket with success, which increased until he 
 stood next to Garrick in public estimation. He made ene- 
 mies by his talent for mimicry, and Garrick is said to have 
 been jealous of him. He was particularly fine in solilo- 
 quies. His repertory included ail the best tragic and many 
 comic roles. 
 
 wider, Alsace, March 5, 1829: died July 23, 1905. 
 A genre-painter, pupil of Drolling and Pieot. 
 Hegained the grand prix de Rome in 1858, and a first-class 
 medal in 1878. He was made mentor of the Institute in 
 1889. He passed five years in Italy. Among his pictures 
 are “La Naiade,” “Le bon Samaritain,” “Idylle,” “Su- 
 zanne,” and “La Madeleine.” 
 
 Hendon (ben'don). A suburb of London, in the Hennersdorf (ken'ers-dorf), or Katholisck- 
 
 county of Middlesex. Population, 22,450. — • * 
 
 Hendricks (hen'driks), Thomas Andrews. 
 
 Born near Zanesville, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1819 : died 
 at Indianapolis, Ind., Nov. 25, 1885. An Ameri- 
 can statesman. He was member of Congress from In 
 
 Hennersdorf (ka-to'lish-). A village in north- 
 western Silesia, Prussia, near Naumburg-on- 
 the-Queiss. Here, Nov. 24, 1745, the Prussians under 
 Frederick the Great defeated the Saxons and Austrians 
 under the Duke of Lorraine. 
 
 diana 1851-55; United States senator 1863-69 ; governor of HeimeSSy (hen'e-si), William J. Born at Tho- 
 Indiana 1873^77 ; and (unsuccessful Democratic candidate mastown, Ireland, in 1839. A landscape- and 
 for Vice-President in 1876. He was elected Vice-President „ .... .... . „ . „ . 
 
 in 1884, and was inaugurated March 4, 1885. genre-painter. He wen t to New York in 1849, and was 
 
 tt- ■ , , -* T , , , / \ * elected national academician m 1863. In 1870 he went 
 
 Henge(heng ge),orJMan6nge(iiia-heng g©)« A to London, but lives principally in Normandy. 
 
 Bantu tribe of German East Africa, west of the JJenri (on-re') I., King of Haiti. See Christophe. 
 Rufip River, at the foot of the central plateau Henri m et sa Cour- A drama of the roman- 
 They are marauders, and imitate the ways and se h oc d by Alexandre Dumas pere, produced 
 language of the Zulus. ; n jggg 
 
 Hengist (heng gist). Died 488. ^ chief of the Jjgjiyjade (oii-ryiid'). An epic poem by Vol- 
 Jutes, joint founder With Horsa of the kingdom taire> in 10 cantos. It is a picture of war undertaken 
 Ot went. They landed at Ebbsfleet about 449. Many )e- in the name of religion, and was intended to inspire a ha- 
 gends have sprung up about their names, and their exis- tred of intolerance and persecution, 
 tence as historical personages has been questioned, with - tt „ . , ■ 
 
 out, however, sufficient grounds. HenrichemOIlt (on-iesh-mon ). A town in the 
 
 Hengstenberg (heng'sten-berG), Ernst Wil- department of Cher, France. 16 miles north- 
 helm. Bom at Frondenburg, Westphalia, Oct. northeast of Bourges. Population, commune, 
 20, 1802 : died at Berlin, May 28, 1869. A Ger- 3,450. 
 
 man Protestant theologian, leader of the ortho- Hennci (ken-ret se) , Jakob. Born at Gross Kar- 
 dox Lutherans, professor of theology in Berlin lenbach, Bavaria, Jan. 1, 1803 : died at Econ 
 
 from 1826. He wrote “Christologie des Alten Testa- 
 ments” (1829-35), “ Beitriige zur Einleitungins Alte Testa- 
 ment” (1831-39), “Kommentar iiber die Psalmen ” (1842- 
 1847), etc. 
 
 Henin-Li6tard (a-nan'lya-tiir'). Atowninthe 
 department of Pas-de-Calais, France, 16 miles 
 south of Lille. Population, commune, 16,016. 
 
 Henke (heng'ke), Heinrich Philipp Konrad. 
 
 omy, Pa., Dec. 25, 1892. A German-Ameriean 
 communist. He emigrated to the United States in 1823, 
 and subsequently joined the Harmonist Society founded 
 by George Rapp, which was then established at Harmony 
 in Butler County, Pennsylvania, but which was afterward 
 (1824) removed to the present village of Economy in Beaver 
 County. On the death of Rapp in 1868 he succeeded to 
 tile management of the community under the title of first 
 trustee, which position he retained until his death. 
 
 Born at Hehlen, Brunswick, Germany, July 3, Henricians (hen-rish'anz). 1. A sect of reli- 
 1752: died at Brunswick, May 2, 1809”. A Ger- gious reformers in Switzerland and southern 
 manProtestanttheologianandchurchhistorian. France in the 12th century, followers of Henry 
 
Henricians 
 
 of Lausanne. — 2. The followers or adherents 
 of the emperor Henry I V. , who opposed Gregory 
 VII. in favor of the antipope Clement III. 
 
 Henrietta Anna (hen-ri-et'ji au'a), Duchesse 
 d’Orleans. [Fern, and dim. of Henry ; F. Hen- 
 riette, It. Enrighetla, Sp. Enrique ta, Pg. Hen- 
 riqueta, G. Henriette. ] Born at Exeter, England, 
 June 16, 1644: died at St. -Cloud, near Paris, 
 June 30, 1670. Daughter of Charles I. of Eng- 
 land. She married the Due d’Orl6ans (brother 
 of Louis XIV.) in 1661. 
 
 Henrietta Maria (ma-ri'a), Queen of England. 
 Born at Paris, Nov. 25, 1609 : died near Paris, 
 Aug. 21,1669. Daughter of Henry IV. of France. 
 
 She married Charles I. of England in 1625 ; went to Holland 
 in 1642 to obtain aid for the king ; returned in 1643 ; and 
 finally left England for France in 1644. 
 
 Henrietta Temple (tem'pl). A love-story by 
 Disraeli, published in 1837. 
 
 Henriette (hen-ri-et'; F. pron. oh-ryet'). 1. A 
 young, simple, and natural girl surrounded by 
 the pedantic “femmes savantes,” in Moliere’s 
 comedy of that name. She is considered by the 
 French the type of true womanliness. — 2. A 
 character in Balzac’s “Lys dans la vallee” 
 (“Lily in the Valley”). 
 
 Henriquez, Francisco Fernandez de la Cueva. 
 
 See Fernandez de la Cueva Henriquez. 
 
 Henriquez de Almansa (en-re'keth da al-man'- 
 sa), Martin. Born in Alcanizes, Spain, about 
 1525: died at Lima, Peru, March 15, 1583. A 
 Spanish administrator. He was the second son of a 
 Marquis of Alcanizes. He was viceroy of Mexico Nov. 5, 
 1568, to Oct. 4, 1580, during which period the Inquisition 
 was established (1571), and the great cathedral of Mexico 
 was founded (1573). From Sept. 23, 1581, he was viceroy 
 of Peru. He was an excellent ruler. 
 
 Henriquez de Guzman (goth-man'), Luis. 
 Born about 1600 : died about 1667. A Spanish 
 administrator. Hewascountof Alba deListe and gran- 
 dee of Spain ; was viceroy of Mexico June 28, 1650, to Aug. 
 1, 1653, and of Peru Feb. 24, 1655, to July 31, 1661. His 
 reign in both countries was rather uneventful. He was 
 just and benevolent, and encouraged learning. 
 
 Henriquez de Rivera (re-va/ra), Payo. Born 
 at Seville about 1610 : died April 8, 1684. A 
 Spanish prelate and statesman. He was a mem- 
 ber of the Augustine order ; was chosen bishop of Guate- 
 mala in 1657 ; and was translated to Michoacan in 1667, 
 but before reaching his new diocese was made archbishop 
 of Mexico (1668). From Dec., 1673, to Oct., 1680, he was 
 also viceroy. Returning to Spain, 1681, he was appointed 
 president of the Council of the Indies and bishop of Cuen- 
 ca, but resigned both offices and died in a convent. 
 
 Henry (hen'ri) I. [The E. name Henry, for- 
 merly also Henrie, Henri, assimilated Herry, now 
 Harry, is from OF. and F. Henri, Sp. Enrique, 
 Pg. Henriqae, It. Enrico, from ML. Henricus, 
 from OHG. Hcinrih, G. Heinrich, D. Hendrik, 
 etc., chief of the dwelling.] King of Castile 
 1214-June, 1217, son of Alfonso IX. and Eleanor, 
 daughter of Henry II. of England. 
 
 Henry II. Born 1333: died in May, 1379. King 
 of Castile 1369-79, natural son of Alfonso XI. 
 He was known before his accession as count of Tras- 
 tamare, and ascended the throne by expelling his half- 
 brother, Pedro the Cruel, with the aid of the celebrated 
 captain Du Guesclin. 
 
 Henry III., surnamed “ The Sickly.” Born 
 1379 : died 1406. King of Castile 1390-1406, son 
 of John I. He married Catharine, daughter of John, 
 duke of Lancaster, in 1388, and in 1403 recognized Bene- 
 dict XIII. as pope in opposition to Boniface IX. 
 
 Henry IV., suruamed “ The Impotent.” Bom 
 at Valladolid, Spain, Jan. 6, 1425 : died at Ma- 
 drid, Dec. 12, 1474. King of Castile 1454-74, son 
 of John II. He married Joanna of Portugal, the legiti- 
 macy of whose daughter, Joanna, was questioned by the 
 Cortes. He therefore adopted as his heiress his sister 
 Isabella of Castile, who married Ferdinand of Aragon in 
 1469. 
 
 Henry I., surnamed Beauclerc. [F., ‘fine 
 scholar.’] Born at Selby (?), Yorkshire, 1068: 
 died Dec. 1, 1135. King of England 1100-35, 
 fourth son of William the Conqueror and Ma- 
 tilda. ne was elected, on the death of William II., by the 
 witan during the absence of his elder brother Robert, 
 duke of Normandy, on a crusade. He restored the laws of 
 Edward the Confessor, as modified by the Conqueror, re- 
 called Anselm (see Anselm), and suppressed the great 
 feudatories, for whom he substituted a class of lesser 
 nobles. He conquered Normandy in 1106 by the victory 
 of Tenchebrai over Robert, who was kept in captivity until 
 his death (1134). He was twice married — firstto Matilda, 
 daughter of Malcolm of Scotland, and afterward to Adela, 
 or Adeliza, daughter of Godfrey VII., count of Louvain. 
 His only son, William (horn of the first marriage), was 
 drowned in the White Ship in the Channel in 1120. 
 
 Henry II. Born in 1133 : died July 6, 1189. 
 The first king of England of the house of Anjou 
 (Plantagenet), 1154-89 ( SO n of Geoffrey Plan- 
 tagenet, count of Anjou, and Matilda, daughter 
 of Henry I. He claimed the English throne in right of 
 his mother, who had been deprived of the succession by 
 Stephen of Blois. In 1153 he was adopted by Stephen as 
 his successor by the treaty of Wallingford, and acceded to 
 
 494 
 
 the throne on Stephen’s death, Oct.. 25, 1154. His posses- 
 sions outside of England included Normandy and the 
 suzerainty of Brittany, inherited from the Norman kings ; 
 Anjou and Maine, inherited from his father; and Poitou, 
 Guienne, and Gascony, acquired by marriage with Elea- 
 nor of Aquitaine (1152). He compelled Malcolm of Scot- 
 land to restore the English counties of Northumberland, 
 Cumberland, and Westmoreland, granted to Malcolm s 
 father by Stephen, and to do homage for the Scottish 
 crown (1157); reduced the Welsh to obedience in 3 expe- 
 ditions (1158, 1163, and 1165) ; and conquered the south- 
 eastern part of Ireland (1171). He consolidated and cen- 
 tralized the royal authority by the institution of fiscal, 
 judicial, and military reforms, the chief of which were the 
 improvement of the coinage (1158), the assignment of reg- 
 ular circuits to itinerant justices, the great assize or trial 
 by a jury of twelve knights (which superseded the old 
 modes of trial by battle and by compurgation), the commu- 
 tation of personal military service for a money payment or 
 scutage (1159), the revival of the ancient fyrd or national 
 militia by the assize of arms (1181), and the extension of the 
 j urisdietion of the secular courts to clerical offenders by the 
 Constitutions of Clarendon (1164). His reforms were ve- 
 hemently opposed by Thomas Becket, archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, in so far as they related to the church, although 
 after the unauthorized murder of the archbishop by four 
 of Henry’s knights (Dec. 29, 1170), and Henry’s consequent 
 penance at Becket’s shrine in July, 1174, he virtually car- 
 ried his point. In the last year of his reign a rebellion 
 broke out under his sons Richard and John, assisted by 
 Philip of France, during which he died. 
 
 Henry III. (of Winchester). Bom at Winches- 
 ter, Oct. 1, 1207 : died at Westminster, Nov. 16, 
 1272. King of England 1216-72, son of John 
 and Isabella of Angouleme. He succeeded at the 
 age of 9 years, under the regency of William Marshal, earl 
 of Pembroke. His title was disputed by Louis, son of 
 Philip of France, who had been chosen king by the bar- 
 ons opposed to John. The regent defeated Louis’s army 
 at Lincoln May 20, 1217, and compelled him to abandon 
 his claim to the crown after haviug suffered the loss of his 
 reinforcements in a naval battle off Dover, Aug. 24, 1217. 
 After the death of Pembroke in 1219, the government, was 
 carried on by the justiciary Hubert de Burgh, supported 
 by Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, until 1227, 
 when Henry personally assumed the direction of affairs. 
 He married Eleanor of Provence, Jan. 14, 1236. Of the 
 French possessions of hishouse, he retained only Aquitaine 
 and Gascony. His misgovernment and the favoritism 
 which he showed toward foreigners provoked a rising of 
 the barons, who compelled him to accept the Provisions 
 of Oxford in 1258, whereby a series of reforms were carried 
 out by a commission of 24 barons. Henry subsequently 
 repudiated the Provisions of Oxford, whereupon the bar- 
 ons arose in arms under Simon de Montfort, and defeated 
 the king at the battle of Lewes May 14, 1264. He was kept 
 a virtual prisoner by Montfort until the battle of Evesham, 
 Aug. 4, 1265, when he was rescued by his son Edward. 
 Henry IV. Born at the castle of Bolingbroke, 
 near Spilsby, Lincolnshire, April 3, 1367 : died 
 at Westminster, March 20, 1413. The first king 
 of England of the house of Lancaster, 1399-1413, 
 son of John of Gaunt (fourth son of Edward 
 
 III. ) and Blanche, heiress of Lancaster. He was 
 
 banished by Richard II. in 1398, succeeded his father as 
 duke of Lancaster in 1399, and in the same year returned 
 to England and captured and imprisoned Richard, who 
 was deposed by Parliament at London Sept. 30, 1399. He 
 put down a serious rising under Harry Percy (Hotspur! at 
 the battle of Shrewsbury, July 21, 1403, in which Percy was 
 killed. 
 
 Henry V. (of Monmouth). Born at Monmouth, 
 probably Aug. 9, 1386: died at Vincennes, Aug. 
 31, 1422. King of England 1413-22, son of Henry 
 
 IV. and Mary, daughter of Humphrey de Bohun, 
 earl of Hereford. He is said on doubtful authority to 
 have been wild and dissolute in his youth, and is so repre- 
 sented by Sliakspere. As king he was able, energetic, and 
 brave. He invaded France in 1415; gained the brilliant 
 victory of Agincourt Oct. 25, 1415 ; married Catharine of 
 France June 2, 1420 ; and concluded the peace of Troyes 
 May 21, 1420, by which he was accepted by the French as 
 regent and heir of France. 
 
 Henry VI. (of Windsor). Born at Windsor, 
 Dec. 6, 1421: died at London, May 21, 1471. 
 King of England 1422-61, son of Henry V. and 
 Catharine of France. He succeeded to the throne 
 at the age of not quite 9 months, under the protectorship 
 of his uncle John, duke of Bedford, the protectorship be- 
 ing exercised by Bedford's brother Humphrey, duke of 
 Gloucester, during Bedford’s absence as regent in France. 
 He was crowned king of France at Paris liec. 16, 1431, in 
 accordance with the peace of Troyes (see Henry V.), but 
 by 1453 had lost all his possessions in France, except Calais, 
 in consequence of the successes of Joan of Arc and Charles 
 VI 1. He married Margaret, daughter of Rend, titular 
 king of Naples and Jerusalem, April 22, 1445. In 1453 he 
 was stricken with insanity, and a contest for the regency 
 ensued between Queen Margaret (supported by the Duke 
 of Somerset) and Richard, duke of York. The Duke of 
 York prevailed, but fell into disgrace on the recovery of 
 Henry in 1454. He thereupon advanced claims to the 
 throne as the descendant of Lionel, elder brother of Henry’s 
 ancestor, John of Gaunt, both of whom were sons of Ed- 
 ward III. War broke out in 1455 (see Wars of the Roses, 
 and Edward IV.), and, after many fluctuations of fortune, 
 Henry was deposed by York's son, who was proclaimed king 
 as Edward IV., March 4, 1461. A rising under the Earl of 
 Warwick against Edward in 1470 restored Henry, who had 
 been imprisoned since 1465 ; but he was recaptured in the 
 same year, and, after the final defeat of his party at the 
 battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, was murdered, it is said, 
 in the Tower of London. 
 
 Henry VII. Bora at Pembroke Castle, Jan. 28, 
 1457; died at Richmond, April 21, 1509. The 
 first king of England of the house of Tudor, 
 
 Henry III. 
 
 1485-1509, son of Edmund Tudor, earl of Rich- 
 mond, and Margaret Beaufort, through whom 
 he traced his descent from John of Gaunt, son 
 of Edward III. He became head of the house of Lan- 
 caster on the death of Henry VI. in the Tower of London 
 in 1471, and, as an object of jealousy to the kings of the 
 house of York, spent the years from 1471 to 1485 in exile, 
 chiefly in Brittany. In 1485 he effected a landing in Eng- 
 land, and, having gained the victory of Bosworth Field, 
 Aug. 22, 1485, in which Richard III. fell, was crowned king 
 Oct. 30, 1485. He married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of 
 Edward IV., Jan. 18, 1486, whereby he united in his own 
 person the titles of thehouses of Lancaster and York. He 
 defeated the impostor Lambert Simnel (who personated 
 the Earl of Warwick) at Stoke-upon-Trent June 16,1487, 
 and Nov. 23, 1499, executed the pretender Perkin Warbeck, 
 who personated the Duke of York. Lord Daubeney de- 
 feated the rebel Thomas Flammock atBlackheath June 17, 
 1497. Henry married his son Arthur to Catharine of Ara- 
 gon Nov. 14, 1501, and his eldest daughter Margaret to 
 James IV. of Scotland in 1502. The Statute of Drogheda, 
 or Poynings’s Law, was passed in 1494, and the Cabots dis- 
 covered North America in 1497. Henry’s distinguishing 
 characterist ic was his avarice. He accumulated a fortune 
 of £2,000,000, being aided in his extortions by his agents 
 Empson and Dudley. 
 
 Henry VIII. Born at Greenwich, June 28, 1491: 
 died at Westminster, J an . 28, 1547. King of Eng- 
 land 1509-47, son of Henry VII. and Elizabeth 
 of York. He ascended the throne on the death of his 
 father April 21, 1509, and June 11, 1509, married Catharine 
 of Aragon, widow of his brother Arthur. He joined the 
 Holy League (which see) against France in 1511. In 1513 
 he took personal charge of the war in France, and gained 
 with the emperor Maximilian the victory of Guinegate 
 (called the Battle of the Spurs), Aug. 16, 1513. During his 
 absence James IV. of Scotland made war on England in 
 favor of France, and was defeated and killed at Flodden 
 Sept. 9, 1513. He made his favorite Cardinal Wolsey lord 
 chancellor in 1515, and in June, 1520, met Francis I. of 
 France near Calais at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. In 
 1521 he wrote the “Assertio Septem Sacramentorum ’’ 
 against Luther, which procured for him the title of De- 
 fender of the Faith from Pope Leo X. After the capture 
 of Francis by the Imperialists at Pavia, he concluded an 
 alliance with France as a counterpoise against the emperor 
 Charles V. (Aug. 30, 1525). In 1527 he instituted proceed- 
 ings for a divorce from Catharine, alleging the invalidity 
 of marriage with a deceased brother’s wife, although a 
 papal dispensation had been properly granted. Enraged 
 at Wolsey's failure to obtain a decree for the divorce from 
 the Pope, he dismissed him from the chancellorship, and 
 bestowed it on Sir Thomas More (1529). At the instance of 
 Cranmer, he obtained opinions from English and foreign 
 universities declaring theinvalidityof the marriage andthe 
 incompetency of the Pope to grant a dispensation, where- 
 upon he secretly married Anne Boleyn (Jan. 25, 153S),while 
 Cranmer (who had been made archbishop of Canterbury 
 in 1532) declared the marriage with Catharine void (May 
 23, 1533), and that with Anne Boleyn valid (May 28, 1533). 
 In 1534, in consequence of the refusal of the Pope to grant 
 the divorce, he procured the passage of the Act of Su- 
 premacy, which severed the connection of the English 
 church with Rome and appointed the king and his suc- 
 cessors protector and only supreme head of the church 
 and clergy of England. He executed More July 6, 1535, 
 for refusing to acknowledge the royal supremacy. At the 
 instance of his new adviser Thomas Cromwell, who was 
 made vicar-general or vicegerent of the king in matters 
 ecclesiastical in 1535, he first suppressed the smaller (1536) 
 and afterward (1539) the larger monasteries, whose prop- 
 erty was confiscated. He beheaded Anne Boleyn on the 
 charge of adultery May 19, 1536. He married Jane Sey- 
 mour May 20, 1536 (she died Oct. 24, 1537). In 1539 he pro- 
 cured the enactment of the Statute of Six Articles (which 
 see). He married Anne of Cleves Jan. 6, 1540. A divorce 
 and the execution of Cromwell followed in the same year, 
 as well as a marriage with Catharine Howard, who was 
 sent to the block on the charge of adultery Feb. 12, 1542. 
 He married Catharine Parr July 12, 1543. 
 
 Henry IX., King of England. A title assumed 
 by Cardinal York after the death of his brother, 
 the “Young Pretender.” 
 
 Henry I. Born about 1011 : died Aug. 4, 1060. 
 
 King of France 1031-60, son of Robert H. 
 Henry II. Born at St.-Germain-en-Laye, France, 
 March 31, 1519: died at Paris, Juljr 10, 1559. King 
 of France 1547-59, son of Francis I. He married 
 Catharine de’ Medici in 1533 ; conquered the bishoprics of 
 Metz, Toul, and Verdun from Germany in 1552 ; captured 
 Calais and Guines, the last English possessions in France, 
 in 1558 ; and was mortally wounded at a tournament in 
 honor of the marriage of his daughter Elizabeth with 
 Philip II. of Spain. 
 
 Henry III. Bom at Fontainebleau, France, 
 Sept. 19, 1551: died at St. -Cloud, Paris, Aug. 
 2, 1589. King of France 1574-89, third son of 
 Henry II. and Catharine de’ Medici. He was, while 
 prince, styled Due d’Anjou ; defeated the Huguenots at Jar- 
 nac and Moncontour in 1569 ; was elected king of Poland 
 in 1573; and succeeded his brother Charles IX. as king of 
 France in 1574. He sought to maintain a balance of power 
 between the Huguenots andthe Roman Catholics, but the 
 favorable peace which he granted to the former in 1576 
 (the pair de monsieur) occasioned the formation of the 
 Holy League by the Roman Catholics under Henry, duke 
 of Guise, and compelled him to take sides with the Roman 
 Catholic party. The death of his brother, the Due d’Alen- 
 ijon, in 1584, caused the question of the succession to as- 
 sume importance, as it left Henry of Navarre, the head of 
 the Huguenot party, heir presumptive to the throne. The 
 Holy League proclaimed the cardinal Charles de Bourbon 
 heir presumptive, which brought on a renewal of the war 
 with the Huguenots in 1585. The victory of Henry of Na- 
 varre at Coutras, Oct. 20, 1587, was followed by a conspir- 
 acy of the leading members of the League to depose the 
 king, whose sincerity was mistrusted. Henry caused the 
 
Henry III. 
 
 assassination of the Duke of Guise and his brother, Louis 
 de Lorraine, cardinal de Guise, but was forced to take 
 refuge with Henry of Navarre, in whose camp at St. -Cloud 
 he was murdered by the monk Jacques Clemen I . 
 
 Henry IV. Born at Pau, France, Dec. 14(13?), 
 1553: died at Paris, May 14 (13?), 1610. King 
 of France 1589-1610, son of Antoine de Bour- 
 bon, king of Navarre, and Jeanne d’Albret. He 
 
 became the head of the Huguenot party on the death of 
 the Prince de Comic in 1509 ; succeeded to the throne of 
 Navarre in 1572 ; married Margaret of Valois, sister of 
 Charles IX. of France, at Paris, Aug. 18, 1572 ; and escaped 
 the general massacre of his partisans inaugurated on the 
 24th, during the nuptial festivities. (See St. Bartholomew, 
 Massacre of.) The death of the Due d'Anjou in 1584 left 
 him heir presumptive to the throne of France, but 
 the Holy League refused to recognize his title, and pro- 
 claimed the cardinal Charles de Bourbon heir presump- 
 tive. War broke out in consequence in 1585. The car- 
 dinal was proclaimed king under the title of Charles X. by 
 the League on the death of Henry III. in 1589 ; but after 
 defeating the Leaguers under the Duke of Mayen ne at 
 Ivry, March 14, 1590, and embracing the Roman Catholic 
 religion at St. Denis, July 25, 1593, Henry secured the gen- 
 eral recognition of the Roman Catholics, and was crowned 
 at Chartres, Feb. 27, 1594, although the war was still con- 
 tinued by the League in alliance with Spain. He published 
 the Edict of Nantes (which see) April 13, 1598, and con- 
 cluded the peace of Vervins with Spain and the League 
 May 2, 1598, which ended the so-called Wars of the Hugue- 
 nots. He divorced Margaret of Valois in 1599 and mar- 
 ried Maria de’ Medici in 1000. He was assassinated by the 
 Roman Catholic fanatic Ravaillac. 
 
 Henry V. The name given by the French Le- 
 gitimists to the Comte de Chambord. 
 
 Henry I., sumamed “The Fowler.” Born 876: 
 died at Memleben on the Unstrut, Prussian 
 Saxony, July 2, 936. King of Germany 919-936, 
 son of Otto, duke of Saxony. He was elected king 
 on the death of Conrad I., and was the first of the Saxon 
 line of the kings of Germany and emperors of the Holy 
 Roman Empire. He consolidated the German monarchy, 
 enlarged and improved the old fortresses, and put an end 
 to the inroads of the Hungarians, whom he defeated 
 (probably on the Unstrut) in 933. 
 
 Henry II., Saint. Born in Bavaria, May 6, 972 
 (973 ?) : died at Grona, near Gottingen, Prussia, 
 J uly 13, 1024. Emperor of the Holy Roman Em- 
 pire, son of Henry the Quarrelsome of Bavaria. 
 He succeeded Otto III. as king of Germany in 1002, and 
 was crowned emperor in 1014. He made two expeditions 
 to Italy against Arduin, marquis of Ivrea, who had been 
 elected king of Lombardy on the death of Otto. Arduin 
 was overthrown in 1013. 
 
 Henry III., “ The Black.” Born Oct. 28, 1017 : 
 died at Bodfeld, in the Harz, Germany, Oct. 5, 
 1056. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, son 
 of Conrad II. whom he succeeded as emperor 
 in 1039. He curbed the power of the feudatories, re- 
 duced Peter of Hungary to the position of a vassal, and 
 during an expedition to Rome deposed the three popes 
 Sylvester III., Benedict IX., and Gregory VI., and ap- 
 pointed Clement II., by whom he was crowned emperor 
 on Christmas day, 1046. He raised the imperial power to 
 its highest point. 
 
 Henry IV. Bom at Goslar, Prussia, Nov. 11, 
 1050 : died at Liege, Belgium, Aug. 7, 1106. Em- 
 peror of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Henry 
 IH. whom he succeeded as king of Germany in 
 1056. The principal occurrence of his reign was the 
 struggle with Hildebrand (see Gregory VII.). He was 
 crowned emperor in 1084 by Clement III. , whom he had ele- 
 vated to the papal see in opposition to Gregory. On the 
 death of Gregory in 1085, his partizans elected Victor III., 
 and Henry in 1090 made a new expedition to Italy to protect 
 Clement. In 1093 his son Conrad rebelled against him, 
 having allied himself with the papal party. Conrad died 
 in 1101, but Henry's younger son, Henry, likewise allied 
 himself with the papal party, and for a time imprisoned 
 his father. 
 
 Henry V. Born in 1081 : died at Nimwegen, 
 Netherlands, May 23, 1125. Emperor of the 
 Holy Roman Empire, son of Henry IV. whom 
 he succeeded as king of Germany in 1106. He 
 was crowned emperor in 1111, and in 1122 concluded the 
 Concordat of Worms (which see). He married Matilda, 
 daughter of Henry I. of England, in 1114. 
 
 Henry VI. Bom at Nimwegen, Netherlands, in 
 1165: died at Messina, Sicily, Sept. 28, 1197. 
 Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, son of 
 Frederick Barbarossa whom he succeeded as 
 king of Germany in 1190. Having inherited the king- 
 dom of the Two Sicilies through his wife Constance in 1189, 
 he undertook an expedition in Italy in 1191 to rescue his 
 inheritance from the usurper Tancred of Lecce ; but was 
 compelled toYetire to Germany in the same year after an 
 unsuccessful siege of Naples. During this expedition he 
 was crowned emperor at Rome. He subdued the Sicilies 
 in two subsequent expeditions (1194 and 1197), and died as 
 he was about to undertake a crusade to the Holy Land. 
 
 Henry VII. Bom 1269 : died at Buonconvento, 
 near Siena, Italy, Aug. 24, 1313. Emperor of 
 the Holy Roman Empire, son of the Count of 
 Luxemburg: he succeeded Albert I. as German 
 king in 1308. He granted the Swiss cantons docu- 
 mentary confirmation of their immediate feudal relation 
 to the empire, and their consequent independence of 
 Austria, in 1309. He was crowned emperor in 1312. 
 
 Henry I. Died in July, 1274. King of Navarre 
 1270-74. 
 
 Henry H. Bom at Sanguesa, Spain, April, 1503: 
 
 495 
 
 died at Pau, France, May 25, 1555. Titular king 
 of Navarre. He was an unsuccessful claimant 
 to the throne in 1521. 
 
 Henry III., King of Navarre. See Henry IV., 
 King of France. 
 
 Henry I. Born at Lisbon, Jan. 31, 1512: died 
 1580. King of Portugal ,1578-80. 
 
 Henry, Due d’Anjou. See Henry III., King of 
 France. 
 
 Henry, Prince of Portugal, sumamed “ The 
 Navigator.” Born at Oporto, Portugal, March 
 4, 1394 : died at Sagres, Portugal, Nov. 13, 1460. 
 Younger son of Jolinl.of Portugal, distinguished 
 for his encouragement of science and geograph- 
 ical discovery. His expeditions rounded Cape 
 Bojador in 1433, discovered Madeira, the Azores, 
 the Senegal, etc. 
 
 Henry, Prince of Prussia (G. Friedrich Hein- 
 rich Ludwig). Born at Berlin, Jan. 18, 1726 : 
 died at Rheinsberg, Prussia, Aug. 3, 1802. A 
 Prussian general, brother of Frederick the 
 Great, distinguished iu the Seven Years’ War, 
 especially at Prague in 1757, and Freiberg in 
 1762. 
 
 Henry, surnamed “ The Lion.” Born probably at 
 Ravensburg, Wiirtemberg, 1129: died at Bruns- 
 wick, Germany, Aug. 6, 1195. Duke of Saxony 
 and Bavaria. He succeeded as duke of Saxony in 1139 ; 
 received Bavaria in 1155 ; was deposed and his dominions 
 divided in 1180 ; and submitted to the emperor in 1181. 
 
 Henry of Ghent. Born near Ghent, Belgium, 
 probably about 1217 : died at Tournay, Belgium, 
 1293. A scholastic philosopher, surnamed “Doc- 
 tor Solennis” (‘The Illustrious Doctor’). 
 
 Henry of Huntingdon. Born about 1084 : died 
 1155. An English historian. His early life was spent 
 at Lincoln, and he became archdeacon of Huntingdon in 
 1110 . 
 
 At the request of Alexander, bishop of Lincoln from 
 1123 to 1147 (.Hist. Anglor. Prolog.), he undertook an Eng- 
 lish history, following Bede by the bishop's advice, and 
 extracting from other chroniclers. The first edition of 
 this work was carried down to 1129, and he continued to 
 add to it at various times, the last edition being brought 
 down to 1154, the year of Stephen's death, which could not 
 long have preceded his own, as we find a new archdeacon 
 of Huntingdon in 1155. The early portion of Henry’s “ His- 
 toria Anglorum ” is taken from the usual sources, the “ His- 
 toria Miscella,” “Aurelius Victor, "“Nennius, "“Bede, "and 
 the “Anglo-Saxon Chronicles ” ; he enlarges partly from 
 oral tradition (as in the story of Cnut and the sea), and 
 partly from his own invention. After 1127 he is probably 
 original, and his narrative is written contemporaneously 
 with the events he describes. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Henry of Lancaster. Born about 1299 : died at 
 Leicester, May 13, 1361. An English noble, son 
 of Henry, earl of Lancaster (1281(?)-1345). He 
 commanded under Edward III. in Scotland in 133G ; was 
 created earl of Derby in 1337 ; fought under Edward at 
 Vironfosse ; took part in the sea-fight before Sluys ; was 
 appointed captain-general in Scotland in 1341 ; and was 
 lieutenant and captain of Aquitaine May, 1345, -Feb., 1347, 
 defeating the French at Auberoche, Oct. 21, 1345, and gain- 
 ing many other successes. In 1349 he was created earl 
 of Lincoln, and appointed vice-regent of the duchy of Gas- 
 cony and of the duchy of Poitou. In 1351 he was created 
 duke of Lancaster, and made captain and admiral of the 
 western fleet. He was engaged in numerous military op- 
 erations and in diplomatic missions. Among his contem- 
 poraries he was famous as a model of knighthood. 
 
 Henry of Lausanne : also called Henry of Clu- 
 gny, Henry the Deacon, Henry the Hermit, 
 
 etc. Died about 1148. AFrencli itinerant preach- 
 er and religious reformer, founder of the sect of 
 the Henricians. 
 
 Henry of Marlborough. Flourished about 1420. 
 An English chronicler. He was a chaplain in Dublin, 
 and held the vicarages of Balscaddan and Donabate in 
 Dublin County. His annals (in Latin) cover the history of 
 England and Ireland for the period 1133-1421. 
 
 Henry of Trastamare. See Henry II. , King of 
 Castile. 
 
 Henry IV. A historical play, iu 2 parts, by Shak- 
 spere. It was founded on an old play, “The Famous Vic- 
 tories of Henry V.” The first part was produced in 1597 
 and printed in 1598 ; the second part was produced in 1598 
 and printed in 1600. 
 
 Henry V. A historical play by Shakspere, acted 
 in 1599, printed 1600. The material was taken from 
 “The Famous Victories of Henry V.,” aud with the two 
 previous plays completes a trilogy. 
 
 Henry VI. A historical play in 3 parts. The first 
 part was acted as a new play in 1592. It was evidently 
 written in 1588-89 by several hands, with additions by Shak- 
 spere. Tile authors have been said to be Marlowe, Kyd, 
 Peele, and Lodge, and perhaps Greene. ( Plcay .) The sec- 
 ond part is a transcript of a play written about 1589 and 
 published in 1594 as “ The First Bart of the Contention be- 
 twixt the two Famous Houses of York and Lancaster.” It 
 is thought to have been written by Greene, Peele, Mar- 
 lowe, and Lodge, some of it being rewritten by Shakspere 
 ( Fleay ) and altered by some illiterate actor. The third 
 part followed, “ The true Tragedie of Richard Duke of 
 York, and the Death of Good King Henry the Sixt, etc.,’’ 
 which was the second part of “ The Contention, ’’ probably 
 mostly by Marlowe, with touches by Shakspere. These 
 three plays were placed by Heming and Condell in the first 
 collected edition of Shakspere's plays in 1623. 
 
 Henshavr 
 
 Henry VIII. A historical piay, partly by Shak- 
 spere, who appears to have left it unfinished, 
 the rest being by Fletcher and Massinger, it is 
 founded on Holinshed’s “Chronicle ” and Fox’s “Christian 
 Martyrs,” and was produced in 1613. As we have it, it is 
 not the play of that name that was being acted when the 
 Globe Theatre was burned in the same year. 
 
 Henry, Joseph. Born at Albany, N. Y., Dec. 17, 
 1797: died at Washington, D. C., May 13, 1878. 
 An American physicist, especially noted for in- 
 vestigations in electromagnetism. He became 
 secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (Washington) in 
 1846. Among his works are ‘ ‘ Contributions to Electricity 
 and Magnetism" (1835-42). His collected works were pub- 
 lished in 1886. 
 
 Henry, Matthew. Born at Broad Oak, Flint- 
 shire, Wales, Oct. 18, 1662: died atNautwich, 
 England, June 22, 1714. An English biblical 
 commentator, son of Philip Henry. He became a 
 nonconformist minister at Chester in 1687, and in 1712 re- 
 moved to Hackney. His chief work is the “ Exposition of 
 the Old and New Testament ” (1708-10). He also wrote 
 “A Method for Prayer ” (1710), etc. 
 
 Henry, Patrick. Born at Studley, Hanover 
 County, Ya., May 29, 1736: died at Red Hill, 
 Charlotte County, Ya., June 6, 1799. A cele- 
 brated American orator and patriot. He was the 
 son of John Henry, a Scotchman, and Sarah Winston, a de- 
 scendant of the English family of that name. He was ad- 
 mitted to the bar in 1760. In 1765 he entered the Virginia 
 House of Burgesses, and immediately became the leader 
 in Virginia of the political agitation which preceded the 
 American Revolution. He offered a series of resolutions 
 declaring the Stamp Act unconstitutional, May 29, 1765, 
 aud in May, 1773, was associated with Thomas Jefferson, 
 R. H. Lee, and Dabney Carr in procuring the passage of 
 tlie resolution establishing a committee of correspondence 
 for intercourse with the other colonies. He was a promi- 
 nent member of the Continental Congress of 1774, and of 
 the Virginia Convention of 1775 ; was governor of V irginia 
 1776-79 and 1784-86 ; and in 1788 was a member of the Rati- 
 fy ing Convention, where he acted with the Anti-Federalists. 
 Henry, Philip. Born at London, Aug. 24, 1631 : 
 died at Broad Oak, Flintshire, June 24, 1696. 
 An English nonconformist divine. His diaries 
 were published in 1882. 
 
 Henry, Robert. Born at Muirton, Stirling- 
 shire, Feb. 18, 1718 : died at Edinburgh, Nov. 24, 
 1790. A Scottish historian, author of a “His. 
 tory of England” (1771-93). 
 
 Henry and Emma. A poem by Prior upon the 
 model of the old ballad ‘ ‘ The Nut Brown Maid.” 
 Henry Clay (hen'ri kla). An American trotting 
 stallion, the founder of the Clay family of trot- 
 ters. He was by Andrew Jackson, by Grand Bashaw, a 
 supposed Arabian imported from Algiers. 
 
 Henry Esmond (hen'ri ez'mond). A novel by 
 Thackeray, published in 1852. The scene is laid 
 in the time of Queen Anne. The book is a reproduction of 
 the manners, thoughts, and literary style which prevailed 
 in England at that period. Henry Esmond, the principal 
 character, is a brave, polished, true, and loyal gentleman, 
 almost too self-sacrificing. He loves Beatrix Esmond, but 
 finally marriesher mother, Lady Castlewood. See Esmond, 
 Beatrix. 
 
 Henryson (hen'ri-son), Robert. Born about 
 1430: died probably before 1500 (Morley). A 
 Scottish poet. He wrote “ Testament of Cresseid ” (a 
 sort of sequel to Chaucer's “Troilus and Cressida"), “Ro- 
 bene and Makyne " (said to be the earliest English pastoral 
 poem), “Fables of Esop” (probably written between 1470 
 and 1480), etc. The fables include “TheTaill of theUpon- 
 landis Mous and the Burges Mous ” (“ The Country Mouse 
 and the City Mouse ”). His collected works were edited 
 by D. Laing (1865). 
 
 Henry the Minstrel. See Harry, Blind. 
 Henschel (hen'shel), Georg. Born at Breslau, 
 Feb. 18, 1850. A musical performer and con- 
 ductor. He has a barytone voice, and has made a reputa- 
 tion as a concert-singer. He married Lillian Bailey, who 
 was also a singer. He went to England in 1877. In 1881 be 
 was appointed conductor of the Boston Symphony Orches- 
 tra. In 1885 he organized the London Symphony Concerts, 
 and appear ed for the first time in London as a conductor. 
 From 1886 to 1888 he was professor of singing in Madame 
 Goldschmidt's place at the Royal College of Music, London. 
 
 Hensel(hen'sel), Madame (Fanny Cecile Men- 
 delssohn Bartholdy). Born at Hamburg, Nov. 
 14, 1805 : died May 17, 1847. A pianist and com- 
 poser, elder sister of Felix Mendelssohn, and 
 wife (Oct. 3,1829) of YV. Hensel, a German paint- 
 er. She published several hooks of songs. 
 Hensel, Wilhelm. Born at Trebbin, Prussia, 
 July 6, 1794 : died at Berlin, Nov. 26, 1861. A 
 German historical painter. In 1828 he became 
 court painter. He married the sister of Mendels- 
 sohn. 
 
 Henselt (hen'selt), Adolf von. Born at Schwa- 
 bach, Bavaria, May 12, 1814: died at Warrn- 
 brunn, Silesia, Oct. 10, 1889. A German pianist. 
 
 In 1838 he was made court pianist and teacher of the im- 
 perial children at St. Petersburg. He visited England in 
 1852 and 1867. He, with Liszt, invented and taught the 
 piano technic now in use. lie is especially identilled 
 with the modern treatment of extensions. 
 
 Henshaw (hen'sha), John Prentiss Kewley. 
 
 Bora at Middletown, Conn., June 13, 1792 : died 
 near Frederick, Md., July 19 (20 ?), 1852. An 
 
Henshaw 
 
 American bishop of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church. He became rector of St. Peter's, Baltimore, in 
 1817, and in 1843 became bishop of Rhode Island and rector 
 of Grace Church, Providence. He published a number of 
 theological works, including a volume of “Hymns ” (5th 
 ed. 1832). 
 
 Hensiow (henz'lo), John Stevens. Born at Ro- 
 chester, England. Feb. 6, 1796: diedatHitcham, 
 Suffolk, May 16, 1861. An English botanist, pro- 
 fessor of mineralogy at Cambridge 1822-27, and 
 professor of botany 1827-61. He became rector of 
 Hitcham in 1837. He wrote a “Catalogue of British Plants" 
 (1829), “Principles of Descriptive and Physiological Bot- 
 any ’(1836), “ A Dictionary of BotanicalTerms” (1857), etc. 
 
 Henslowe (henz'lo), Philip. Died in 1616. An 
 English theatrical manager. He began life as ser- 
 vant of the bailiff of Viscount Montague, whose town house 
 was in Southwark. Henslowe took care of the property 
 there, and gradually made money and bought property. 
 He owned the Boar’s Head and other inns. In 1585 he 
 bought land on the Bankside, and in 1591 built the Rose 
 Theatre there. In 1592 he began to keep the accounts of 
 his theatrical ventures in his “ Diary.” In it he gives the 
 dates of new plays and the amounts he paid for them. This 
 diary is of great value to students of the drama. In 1600 
 he, with Alleyn, built the Fortune Theatre. His “ Diary ” 
 was edited (with forged interpolations) by Collier for the 
 Shakspere Society (1840). , 
 
 Hentz (bents), Mrs. (Caroline Lee WMting). 
 Born at Lancaster, Mass., 1800: died at Mari- 
 anna, Fla., 1856. An American novelist. She 
 wrote “Aunt Patty’s Scrap-Bag” (1846), etc. 
 Henzada (hen-za'aa). A district in the Ira- 
 wadi division, Lower Burma, intersected by 
 lat. 17° 30' N., long. 95° 30' E. Area, 2,870 
 square miles. Population, 484,558. 
 
 Hepburn (hep'bern), Janies, fourth Earl of 
 Bothwell. Born about. 1536: died 1578. A Scot- 
 tish noble, husband of Mary Queen of Scots. He 
 took no part in the murder of Rizzio, and aided Mary, after 
 that event, in her flight from Holyrood, and was her chief 
 supporter. He was the principal in the assassination of 
 Darnley ; was tried for the murder, under circumstances 
 which made his conviction practically impossible, and was 
 acquitted. On .April 24, 1567, while the queen was return- 
 ing to Edinburgh, she was met by Bothwell, who, with a 
 show of force, carried her to his castle of Dunbar. He 
 obtained a divorce from his wife early in May, and mar- 
 ried the queen soon after (May 15, 1567). They were di- 
 vorced in 1570. He became a pirate and died insane. 
 Hepbsestion (he-fes'ti-on). [Gr. 'lltpaiariov.] 
 Lived in the 2d century. An Alexandrian gram- 
 marian, author of a work on Greek meters (ed- 
 ited by Gaisford 1810). 
 
 Hephsestion. Died at Ecbatana, 325 or 324 b. c. 
 A Macedonian of Pella, the intimate friend and 
 companion of Alexander the Great. He died of 
 fever at Ecbatana, and was mourned by the conqueror with 
 extravagant demonstrations of grief. 
 
 Hepbsstus (he-fes'tus). [Gr. "Hparorof.] In 
 Greek mythology, the god of fire and metallic 
 arts, son of Zeus and Hera, and one of the great 
 Olympians : identified by the Romans with their 
 Vulcan, who became assimilated to him. He was 
 the creator of all that was beautiful and mechanically won- 
 derful in Olympus. Volcanoes were held to be his smithy 
 and the Cyclopes were his journey men. In art he was rep- 
 resented as a bearded man, usually with the short sleeve- 
 less or one-sleeved tunic (ezomvi ) and the conical cap, and 
 holding the smith's hammer and tongs. 
 
 Hephzibah (hef'zi-ba). [Heb., 'my delight is 
 in her.’] The wife of Hezekiah, king of Judah ; 
 also, a name to be given to the restored Jeru- 
 salem (Isa. Ixii. 4). 
 
 Heppenkeim (hep'pen-Mm). A small town iu 
 the province of Starkenburg, Hesse-Darmsfcadt, 
 16 miles south of Darmstadt. Near it is the 
 ruined castle of Starkenburg. 
 
 Heptameron (liep-tam'e -ron). [Irreg. from Gr. 
 lirra, seven, and ypepa, day.] A book contain- 
 ing the transactions of seven days. The “Hep- 
 tameron” of Margaret of Angouleme, queen of Navarre 
 (1492-1549), is a collection of stories supposed to have been 
 related during seven days, modeled on the “Decameron” 
 of Boccaccio. 
 
 The exact authorship of this celebrated hook is some- 
 thing of a literary puzzle. Marguerite was a prolific au- 
 thor, if ail the works which were published under her name 
 be unhesitatingly ascribed to her. Besides the poems 
 printed under the pretty title of “ les Marguerites de la 
 Marguerite," sbe wrote many other works, and the “ Hep. 
 tameron,” which was not given to the world until after her 
 death (1558). The house of Valois was by no means des- 
 titute of literary talent. But that which seems most likely 
 to be the Queen’s genuine work hardly corresponds with 
 the remarkable power shown in the “Heptameron." On 
 the other hand, Marguerite for years maintained a literary 
 court, in which all the most celebrated men of the time, 
 notably Marot and Bonaventure des Pdriers, held places. 
 If it were allowable to decide literary questions simply by 
 considerations of probability, there could he little hesi- 
 tation in assigning the entire “ Heptameron ” to Des Pe- 
 riers himself, and then its unfinished condition would be 
 intelligible enough. The general opinion of critics, how- 
 ever, is that it was probably the result of the joint work of 
 the Queen, of Des Pdriers, and of a good many other men, 
 and probably some women, of letters. 
 
 Saintfbury, French Lit., p. 190. 
 
 Heptanomis (hep-tan'o-mis). [Gr. 'E-irravo/n'f.] 
 In ancient geography, the part of Egypt ex- 
 
 496 
 
 tending from about lat. 27° N. to the commence- 
 ment of the Delta : nearly equivalent to Middle 
 
 Egypt- 
 
 The Heptanomis, or region of the seven provinces or 
 nomes, the northernmost part, is far broader and more 
 productive than the Thebais, which takes its name from 
 Thebes, the southernmost district. In the Heptanomis, 
 about seventy miles by the river above Cairo, on the western 
 bank, stood the city of Hanes. The site is marked by the 
 extensive mounds around the Arab village of Ahnds-el- 
 Medeeneh, ‘Ahn&s the capital,’ a name probably preserv- 
 ing the remembrance that in earlier times this was the 
 chief town of a province. Poole, Cities of Egypt, p. 37. 
 
 Heptarchy (hep'tar-ki). [From Gr. inra, seven, 
 and apxv, rule.] A name formerly loosely given 
 to the early English kingdoms prior to their 
 consolidation. The number of them, however, was sel- 
 dom exactly seven, and their union or confederation was 
 partial and temporary. The chief kingdoms were Kent, 
 Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia, Deira and Bernicia (united 
 as Northumbria), and Sussex. See England. 
 
 Heptateuch (hep 'ta-tfik). [From Gr. iirra, 
 seven, and an implement, a hook.] The 
 
 first seven books of the Old Testament. The last 
 two (Joshua and Judges) contain the history of the Jews 
 in the promised land under the theocratic government 
 historically developed in the preceding five (the Penta- 
 teuch). 
 
 Hepworth (hep'werth), George Hughes. Born 
 at Boston, Mass., Feb. 4, 1833: died at New 
 York, June 7, 1902. An American clergyman, 
 lecturer, and writer. He was pastor of the Church of 
 the Unity in Boston 1858-70, and of the Church of the Mes- 
 siah in New York city 1870-72, when lie abandoned the 
 Unitarian and entered the Presbyterian Church. He sub- 
 sequently occupied the pulpit of the Church of the Disci- 
 ples, and eventually accepted an appointment on the New 
 York “Herald.” He wrote “The Whip, Hoe, and Sword” 
 (1864),“ The Criminal, the Crime, the Penalty ” (1865), etc. 
 
 Hera, or Here (he'ra, -re). [Gr. "Hpa, "H p??.] In 
 Greek mythology, the greatest feminine divin- 
 ity of Olympus, queen of heaven, wife and sister 
 of Zeus, and inferior in power to him alone. 
 She was the type of virtuous womanhood, and of the wife 
 and mother. In art she is represented as a majestic wo- 
 man, fully clad in flowing draperies, characteristically 
 with a crown on her brow, and bearing a long scepter. By 
 the Romans Hera was early identified with their Juno, ori- 
 ginally a distinct divinity; and the Latin name is often in- 
 correctly given to the Greek goddess. 
 
 Hsraclea (her-a-kle'ii). [Gr. 'Hpd/olera.] In an- 
 cient. geography, a city of Magna Grseeia, sit- 
 uated near the Gulf of Tarentum about lat. 
 40° 10' N., long. 16° 41' E., near the modern 
 Policoro. It was a Tarentine colony, and was the scene 
 of a victory of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, over the Romans 
 280 B. C. 
 
 Heraclea, smmamed “Minoa” (Gr. M ivaa). In 
 ancient geography, a city on the southern coast 
 of Sicily, 18 miles west-northwest of Agrigen- 
 tum. 
 
 Heraclean Tables (her-a-kle'an ta'.blz), L. Tab- 
 ulae Heracleenses. Two fragmentary bronze 
 tablets discovered near Heracleain Magna Gras- 
 eia about the middle of the 18th century, and 
 preserved at Naples. They contain a Latin inscrip- 
 tion (a copy of the “Lex Julia municipalis ”), and also a 
 much earlier Greek inscription. 
 
 Heraclea Perintbus. See Perinthus. 
 
 Heraclea Pontica (pon'ti-ka). In ancient ge- 
 ography, a city in Bithynia, Asia Minor, situ- 
 ated on the Black Sea in lat. 41° 17' N., long. 
 31° 25' E. : the modern Bender Erekli. 
 
 Heraclea Sintica (sin'ti-ka). In ancient ge- 
 ography, a town in Macedonia, situated about 
 lat. 40° 54' N., long. 23° 30' E. : the modern 
 Zeruokhori. 
 
 Heraclea Tracldnia (tra-kin'i-a). In ancient 
 geography, a town in Malis, Greece, 10 miles 
 west of Thermopylae: a Spartan colony. 
 
 Heracleidse. See Heradidse. 
 
 Heracleitus. See Heraditus. 
 
 Hcracleouites (he-rak'le-on-Its). The follow- 
 ers of Heracleon, a Valentinian Gnostic of the 
 2d century, noted as a commentator on the 
 Gospel of John. 
 
 Heracles. See Hercules. 
 
 Heraelian (he-rak'li-an). Died at Carthage, 413 
 A. D. A Roman general. He assassinated Stilicho 
 in 403 at the instance of the emperor Honorius, for which 
 service he was rewarded with the office of count of Africa. 
 He remained loyal to Honorius during the usurpation in 
 409 and 410 of Attalus, the creatureof Alaric, hut revolted 
 in 413, in which year he made an unsuccessful invasion 
 of Italy. He was killed at Carthage by emissaries of the 
 emperor. 
 
 Heraclidae (her-a-kli'de). [Gr . r llpatiHUai.'] 1. 
 The descendants of Heracles; specifically, in 
 Greek legend, certain Acha?an chiefs claiming 
 descent from Heracles, who in prehistoric times 
 joined the Dorian migration to the Peloponne- 
 SUS. The sons of Heracles were said to have been ex- 
 pelled from their heritage in the Peloponnesus by Eurys- 
 theus, and to have settled in Attica. The most notable 
 of their descendants who joined the Dorians wereTeme- 
 
 Herbert, George 
 
 nus, who in the partition of the conquered territories ob- 
 tained Argos ; ProclusandEurysthenes,whoobtainedLace- 
 dseinon ; and Cresphontes, who obtained Messenia. The 
 invasion of the Peloponnesus by the Heraclidse in alliance 
 with the Dorians was commonly referred to as the return 
 of the Heraclidse. 
 
 2. A tragedy of Euripides, exhibited about 420 
 B. C. “It celebrates the honourable conduct of Athens 
 in protecting the suppliant children of Heracles, and her 
 victory over the insolent Argive king Eurystheus, who in- 
 vades Attica to recover the fugitives. The play was ob- 
 viously intended as a political document, directed against 
 the Argive par ty in Athens during the Peloponnesian war." 
 Mahaffy. 
 
 Heraclitus (her-a-kll'tus). [Gr. ' Ilpd/dUrror.] 
 Born at Ephesus, probably about 535 b. c. : died 
 there, probably about 475 B. c. A celebrated 
 Greek philosopher. 
 
 Heraclitus. An elegiac poet of Halicarnassus, 
 a contemporary and friend of Callimachus. 
 
 Heraclius (her-a-kli'us). Born in Cappadocia, 
 Asia Minor, about 575 : died 641. Emperor of 
 the East. He was the son of Heraclius, governor of 
 Africa, and succeeded to the throne as the result of a con- 
 spiracy between his father and Crispus, the son-in-law of 
 the emperor Phocas. In the early years of his reign the 
 empire was terribly ravaged by the inroads of the Avars 
 and the Persians. After having established the Croats and 
 the Serbs in Illyricum as a barrier against the former about 
 620, he annihilated the power of the latter in a series of 
 brilliant campaigns 622-628. The subsequent years of his 
 reign were spent in an inexplicable inactivity, which re- 
 sulted in the loss of Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia, and 
 Egypt to the califs. 
 
 Heraclius (a-ra-kle-iis'). A play by Corneille, 
 published in 1647. 
 
 Heras, Juan Gregorio de las. See Las Herns. 
 
 Herat (her-at'). 1. A province in western Af- 
 ghanistan, bordering on Persia. — 2. A city of 
 Afghanistan, situated near the river Heri-Rud, 
 lat. 34° 22' N., long. 62° 9' E. It isaplaceof strate- 
 gic and military importance, defended by awall and earth- 
 work, and has been called “ the key of India. ” It was often 
 captured in the middle ages; was unsuccessfully besieged 
 by the Persians in 1837-38, and taken by them in 1856 ; and 
 was taken by Dost Mohammed in 1863, and by Abdurrah- 
 man Khan in 1881. It has undergone over 50 sieges. It 
 is the center of a very fertile district, and is a natural 
 emporium of trade. Population, about 10,000-14,000. 
 
 Herault (a-ro'). 1. A river in southern France, 
 flowing into the Mediterranean 31 miles south- 
 west of Montpellier. Length, about 100 miles. 
 — 2. A department of southern France. Capi- 
 tal, Montpellier. It is bounded by Aveyron and Card 
 on the north, Gard on the east, the Mediterranean and 
 Aude on the south, and Tarn on the west, corresponding 
 to part of the ancient Languedoc. Among the leading 
 products are oil and wine. Area, 2.402 square miles. 
 Population, 482,779. 
 
 Herault de Sechelles (a-ro' de sa-shel'), Marie 
 Jean. Born at Paris, 1760: guillotined at Paris, 
 April 5, 1794. A French revolutionist. He was a 
 member of the Legislative Assembly in 1791, of the Conven- 
 tion in 1792, and of the Committee of Public Safety in 1793. 
 
 Herbart (her'bart), Johann Friedrich. Bom 
 
 at Oldenburg, Germany, May 4, 1776: died at 
 Gottingen, Prussia, Aug. 14, 1841. A noted 
 German philosopher, professor at Konigsberg 
 (1809) and later (1833) at Gottingen, the foun- 
 der of a school noted especially for its work in 
 psychology. He published “Lehrbuch zur Einleitung 
 in die Philosophic ” (1813), “Lehrbuch zur Psychologie ” 
 (1816), “Psychologie” (1824-25), “Allgemeine Metaphy- 
 sik” (1828-29), “ Eneyklopiidie der Philosophic” (1831). 
 His complete works were edited by Hartenstein (1850-52). 
 
 Herbelin (erb-lan'), Madame (Jeanne Ma- 
 thilde Habert). Born at. Brunoy, Seine-et- 
 Oise, Aug. 24, 1820: died at Paris, April 4, 1904. 
 A French miniature-painter. She painted min- 
 iature portraits of Guizot, Rosa Bonheur, etc. 
 
 Herbelot (er-bl5'), Barthelemy d\ Born at 
 Paris, Dec. 4, 1625: died there, Dec. 8, 1695. 
 A French Orientalist. He published “Biblio- 
 theque orientale, ou dictionnaire universel” 
 (1697), etc. 
 
 Herbert (her'bert), Edward, Lord Herbert of 
 Cherbury. Born March 3, 1583 : died at London, 
 Aug. 20, 1648. An English philosopher, soldier, 
 diplomatist, and historian. His chief work is 
 “De veritate” (“On Truth,” 1624). 
 
 Herbert, George. Bom at Montgomery Castle, 
 Wales, April 3, 1593: died at Bemerton, near 
 Salisbury, Feb., 1633. An English poet, bro- 
 ther of Edward, Lord Herbert of Cherbury. He 
 graduated B. A. at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1613, 
 and M. A. in 1616, when he was elected fellow. In 1618 
 he was prelector in the rhetoric school at Cambridge, and 
 in 1619 he was made public orator. He was much in fa- 
 vor at court, and in his position as orator it was his duty 
 to write all official letters to the government. This brought 
 him much in contact with public men. In 1627 he resigned 
 the post on account of ill health. In 1630 Charles I. pre- 
 sented him to the rectory of Fugglestone with Bemerton, 
 Wiltshire. He repaired Bemerton church, which is said 
 to be the smallest in England. It was restored by Wyatt 
 in 1866. Here be wrote the religious poems for which he 
 is principally remembered, and which were published after 
 his death in a volume called “The Temple : Saered Poems 
 
Herbert, George 
 
 and Private Ejaculations” (1633). In 1670 “more than 
 20,000 copies had been sold.” There have been many edi- 
 tions, the most careful being that of Grosart in his col- 
 lected edition of Herbert (1874). He also wrote “A Priest 
 to the Temple, or the Country Parson,” in prose (1652), etc. 
 
 Herbert, Henry William : pseudonym Frank 
 Forester. Born at London, April 3, 1807 : com- 
 mitted suicide at New York, May 17, 1858. An 
 Anglo-American miscellaneous writer, author 
 of historical works, novels, translations, etc. 
 He is best known by his works on sports : “ Field Sports 
 of the United StateB” (1849), “Frank Forester and his 
 Friends" (1849), “The Horse and Horsemanship in the 
 United States, etc.” (1857), etc. 
 
 Herbert, John Rogers. Born at Maldon, Essex, 
 England, Jan. 23, 1810: died at London, March 
 17, 1890. An English historical and portrait 
 painter. He was elected one of the masters of the gov- 
 ernment school of design at Somerset House in 1841, and 
 royal academician in 1846. He decorated the peers' rob- 
 ing-room in the House of Lords. His picture “Sir Thomas 
 More and his Daughter” is in the Vernon collection, Na- 
 tional Gallery. 
 
 Herbert, Sidney, first Lord Herbert of Lea. 
 Bom at Richmond, Surrey, Sept. 16, 1810 : died 
 at Wilton, England, Aug. 2, 1861. An English 
 statesman, younger son of the eleventh Earl of 
 Pembroke. He was secretary at war 1845-46, 
 1852-55, and 1859-61, and colonial secretary 
 1855. 
 
 Herbert, Sir Thomas. Born at York, England, 
 about 1606 : died at York, March 1, 1682. An 
 English traveler and author. He obtained a place 
 in the suite of Sir Dodmore Cotton, ambassador to the King 
 of Persia, in 1627. After the death of Cotton in the follow - 
 ingyear, he made an extensive tour of the Persian domin- 
 ions, and returned to England in 1629. He adhered to the 
 Parliamentary cause during the civil war ; was appointed 
 to attend Charles I. during his confinement at Holdenby 
 in 1647 ; and in the same year was appointed by the king 
 as one of his grooms of the bedchamber. He wrote “ A 
 Description of the Persian Monarchy " (1634 : reprinted 
 with additions as “Some Yeares Travels into Africa and 
 Asia the Great ” in 1638) and “Threnodia Carolina ” (1678 : 
 reprinted with additions as “ Memoirs of the last two years 
 of the reign of that Unparallell'd Prince of very blessed 
 memory, King Charles I.," in 1702). 
 
 Herborn (her'born). A town in the province 
 of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, 39 miles northeast of 
 Coblenz. 
 
 Herculaneum (her-kn-la'ne-um). [Hr. 'H pd- 
 kIeiov, city of Hercules.] An ancient city of 
 Campania, near the coast, 6 miles southeast of 
 Naples, directly at the foot of Mount Vesuvius. 
 
 It was overwhelmed like Pompeii in the eruption of 79 a. Ii., 
 being covered in this and succeeding eruptions first with 
 mud and then with ashes and lava to a depth of from 70 to 
 112 feet. The ancient town was forgotten, and modern 
 Itesina grew up over its ruins. In 1709 an inhabitant of 
 Resina sunk a well which reached the ancient level in the 
 stage structure of the theater, and brought to light sculp- 
 turesand marble facings. Further search was made, solely 
 for the marbles and works of art, and subsequently exca- 
 vations were undertaken by the government, but were very 
 ignorantly and irregularly conducted, and the galleries 
 pierced were in great part filled again. Under the French 
 rule (1806-15) systematic explorations were instituted; a 
 little was done between 1828 and 1837 ; then nothing until 
 Victor Emmanuel caused the resumption of the work in 
 1869. The most important remains are the theater, basil- 
 ica, prison, some interesting private dwellings, and por- 
 tions of several streets paved with lava. In Herculaneum 
 were found a number of carbonized manuscripts on papy- 
 rus, some of which have been deciphered, and some of the 
 best-known statues of the Naples Museum, including the 
 Agrippina, Sleeping Faun, Aristides, and busts of Plato and 
 Demosthenes. 
 
 Herculano de Carvalho e Araujo (er-ko-la'no 
 de kar-val'yo e a-rou'zho), Alexandre. Bom 
 at Lisbon, March 28, 1810 : died Sept. 12, 1877. 
 A Portuguese poet, historian, and novelist. His 
 works include the poem “ A vozdopropheta" (“The Voice 
 of the Prophet," 1836), “Historia de Portugal ” (1846-53), 
 “ Da origem e estabelecimento da Inquisiqao em Portugal " 
 (1854-55), the novels “Eurico ”(1847), “ O monge de Cister ” 
 (“The Monk of Cister,” 1848), etc. 
 
 Hercules (her'ku-lez), Hr. Heracles (her'a- 
 klez). [Gr. r Hpa/cky?.] In Greek and Roman my- 
 thology, a mighty hero, originating in Greek le- 
 gend, but adopted by the Romans, and worshiped 
 as the god of physical strength, courage, and re- 
 lated qualities. According to the mythical account, 
 his father, Zeus (Jupiter), destined him to the sovereignty 
 of Tiryns by right of his mother, Alcmene, granddaughter 
 of Perseus, but was thwarted by Hera (Juno) After Her- 
 cules had performed wonderful deeds in behalf of Thebes, 
 his birthplace, Hera consented to his being made immor- 
 tal, on condition of his accomplishing certain superhuman 
 feats for his rival Eurystheus of Tiryns, in which he suc- 
 ceeded. These feats, called the “twelve labors "of Hercules, 
 were as follows : (a) the strangling of the Nemean lion ; (6) 
 the killing of the Lernean hydra ; (c) the capture of the 
 Ceryneian stag ; (d) the capture of the Erymantliian boar ; 
 (<■) the cleaning of the Augean stables ; (/) the slaughter 
 of the Stymphalian birds ; (if) the capture of the Cretan 
 bull ; (h) the captureof the man-eating mares of Diomedes; 
 (i) the securing of the girdle of Hippolyte, queen of the 
 Amazons; (j) tho fetching of the red oxen of Geryon; (/,-) 
 the procuring of the golden apples of the Hesperides ; (I) 
 the bringing to the upper world of the dog Cerberus, guar- 
 dian of Hades. The subject of this most famous of the 
 Herculean legends (of comparatively late date) is distin- 
 guished as the Tirynthian Hercules from other personiflea- 
 C.— 32 
 
 497 
 
 tions of Hercules worshiped in different places and coun- 
 tries (as the Cretan or the Egyptian Hercules, etc.), under 
 the same orother names, theattributes of these various per- 
 sonifications being essentially thesame, but their legendary 
 history being different. Hercules is represented as brawny 
 and muscular, with broad shoulders, generally naked, or 
 draped merely in the skin of the Nemean lion, the head 
 of the lion being often drawn overthat of the hero as a hel- 
 met. He is usually armed with a club, sometimes with a 
 bow qnd arrows. See Izdubar (Gisdhubar). 
 
 It has long been recognised that Herakles was the bor- 
 rowed Phoenician Sun-god ; we now know that his primi- 
 tive prototype had been adopted by the Phoenicians from 
 the Accadians of Babylonia. It is not strange, therefore, 
 that just as in the Greek myth of Aphrodite and Adonis we 
 find the outlines of the old Chaldean story of Istar and 
 Tammuz, so in the legends of Herakles we find an echo of 
 the legends of Gisdhubar. The lion destroyed by Gisdhubar 
 is the lion of Nemea; the winged bull made by Anu to 
 avenge the slight offered to Istar is the winged bull of 
 Krete ; the tyrant Khumbaba, slain by Gisdhubar in “the 
 land of pine-trees, the seat of the gods, the sanctuary of 
 the spirits,” is the tyrant Geryon ; the gems borne by the 
 trees of the forest beyond “ the gateway of the sun "are the 
 apples of the Hesperides ; and the deadly sickness of Gis- 
 dhubar himself is but the fever sent by the poisoned tunic 
 of Nessos through the veins of the Greek hero. 
 
 Sayce, Assyria, p. 111. 
 
 Hercules. One of the ancient constellations, be- 
 tween Lyra and Corona Borealis, representing 
 a man upon one knee, with his head toward the 
 south, and with uplifted arms. The ancients did 
 not identify the constellation with Hercules; the moderns 
 place a club in one hand and a branch of an apple-tree, 
 with the three heads of Cerberus, in the other. The con- 
 stellation contains 1 star of the second magnitude, 9 of the 
 third, and 12 of the fourth. 
 
 Hercules. A British armored war-ship, launched 
 in 1867. Her dimensions were — length, 325 feet; breadth, 
 59 feet ; displacement, 8,680 tons. She had a water-line 
 belt of armor trom 6 feet above to 5 feet below the water- 
 line, a single-decked central citadel, and armored bulk- 
 heads at each end. Thickness of armor, 6, 8, and 9 inches. 
 Armament, 8 10-incll, 2 9-inch, and 4 7-inch guns. 
 
 Hercules, Pillars of. See Pillars of Hercules. 
 Hercules and Stag. A notable antique bronze 
 from Pompeii, in the Museo Nazionale, Palermo, 
 Sicily. The figure of Hercules is slender and youthful ; 
 he seizes the stag by one horn, and forces him to the 
 ground. 
 
 Hercules Buffoon. See Lacy, John. 
 
 Hercules (Infant) Strangling the Serpents. A 
 
 painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds (1788), in the 
 Hermitage Museum. St. Petersburg. The child is 
 in the act of throttling the two serpents ; Iphicles shrinks 
 back, and Alcmena with attendants rushes in; while Juno 
 appears in a dark cloud above. It was ordered by Catharine 
 II., and symbolizes Paissia’s struggles, as a new nation, 
 with besetting troubles. 
 
 Hercynian Forest (her-sin'i-an for'est). The. 
 [L. Hercynia Silva, Gr. f E pnwia u/ty.] In ancient 
 geography, a mountain-range forming the north- 
 ern boundary to the then known Europe, and 
 seemingly identified by Aristotle with the Al- 
 pine mass. It has been variously represented as in 
 central Germany, and as identical with the Bohmerwald, 
 the Thiiringerwald, etc. In modern geography it is usu- 
 ally made to comprise the mountain elevations of central 
 Germany (Wesergebirge, the Harz, the Thuringian and 
 Saxon highlands. Giant Mountains, etc.). 
 
 Herdecke (her'de-ke). A town in the province 
 of Westphalia, Prussia, on the Ruhr northeast 
 of Elberfeld-Barmen. 
 
 Herder (her'der), Johann Gottfried von. 
 
 Born at Mohrungen, in East Prussia, Aug. 25, 
 1744: died at Weimar, Dee. 18, 1803. A Ger- 
 man critic and poet of the so-called classical pe- 
 riod of German literature. He was the son of a poor 
 school-teacher. Through his own exertions he was able to 
 attend the University of Konigsberg, where he supported 
 himself by giving private instruction. From 1764 to 1769 
 he was a teacher in Riga. In the latter year he went to 
 Paris, where he accepted the position of companion to the 
 young Prince of Holstein on a journey to Italy. He ac- 
 companied the latter, however, only as far as Strasburg, 
 where he remained the succeeding half year. In 1771 he 
 received a call as pastor to Biickeburg, where he lived 
 until 1776. At the recommendation of Goethe, whom he 
 had known in Strasburg, he was called that year to Wei- 
 mar as court chaplain and superintendent of the church 
 district, and here, wit h the exception of a journey to Italy 
 in 1788, he lived until his death. In 1802 he was ennobled 
 by the Elector of Bavaria. His first important works, both 
 of which were published in Riga, were “Fragmente iiber 
 die neuere deutsche Literatur” (“Fragments concerning 
 the More Recent German Literature,” 1767), and “Kri- 
 tische Walder” (“Critical Forests,” 1769). In 1772 appeared, 
 further, the treatise “liber den Ursprung der Sprache” 
 (“ On the Origin of Language ”). In 1773 he published, in 
 collaboration with Goethe, “Von deutscher Art und Iiunst 
 einige fliegende Blatter” (“A Few Flying Sheets on Ger- 
 man Style and Art”). In 1774 appeared “Die alteste Ur- 
 kunde des Menschengeschlechts ” (“The Oldest Record of 
 the Human Race”). The most important of his works writ- 
 ten in Weimar are “Volkslieder” (“Folk-Songs,” 1778 and 
 1779), called in later editions “Stimmen der Volker in 
 Liedern ” (“Voices of the Nations in Songs") : “Tdeen zur 
 Philosophic der Geschiehte der Menschheit” (“Ideas on the 
 Philosophy of the History of Mankind,” 1784-91) ; “ Briefe 
 zur Beforderung der Ilumanitat” (“Letters for the Ad- 
 vancement of Humanity,” 1793-97). The poem “ Der Cid ” 
 (“ The Oid ”), written 1802-03, appeared posthumously in 
 1805. A complete edition of his works was published at 
 Stuttgart, 1827-30, in 60 vols. 
 
 Herero 
 
 H6reau (a-ro'), Jules. Born at Paris, 1830 : died 
 June 26, 1879. A French landscape-painter, 
 noted especially for his figures of animals. 
 Heredia (a-ra'De-a), Jose Maria. Born at 
 Santiago de Cuba, Dec. 31, 1803: died at To- 
 luca, Mexico, May 7, 1839. A Spanish- American 
 poet. He lived successively in various parts of Spanish 
 America ; was banished from Cuba in 1823 for taking part 
 in an attempted insurrection ; passed two years in the 
 United States ; and from 1825 resided in Mexico, where he 
 held various judicial offices. His poems have had numer- 
 ous editions, and many have been translated into other 
 languages: his “ Ode to Niagara ” is widely known. Many 
 critics consider Heredia the greatest of the Spanish- Ameri- 
 can poets. 
 
 Heredia, Pedro de. Born at Madrid about 1500 : 
 died near Cadiz, Jan. 27, 1554. A Spanish sol- 
 dier. He was the lieutenant of Vadillo, and governor of 
 Santa Marta. He returned to Spain in 1529, and was au- 
 thorized to colonize and govern the district of Nueva An- 
 dalucia, corresponding to northwestern Colombia. He 
 founded Cartagena (Jan. 14, 1533) and other cities, made 
 many expeditions to the interior, and obtained a great 
 amount of gold. In 1537 he was accused of irregularities 
 and sent to Spain, but was restored in 1539. He was again 
 forced to go to Spain to answer charges in 1548 and 1554 : 
 on the latter voyage he was shipwrecked and drowned. 
 Hereford (her'e-ford). [ME. Hereford, Herford, 
 HerfortJi, AS. Hereford, army-ford, from here, 
 army, and ford, ford.] 1. A county of south 
 midland England. It. is hounded by Shropshire on 
 the north, Worcester and Gloucester on the east, Glouces- 
 ter and Monmouth on the south, and Wales on the west. 
 The chief industry is agriculture. It is noted for its breed 
 of cattle, and is sometimes called “the garden of Eng- 
 land." Area (ad. co.), 842 square miles. Population (pari, 
 co.), 114,380. 
 
 2. The-capital of Herefordshire, situated on the 
 Wye in lat. 52° 4' N., long. 2° 43' W. It has a 
 trade in agricultural produce. The cathedral is 
 a highly interesting monument, founded 1079, but in large 
 part built in the course of the 12th century. The Lady 
 chapel is a beautiful example of Early English, and the 
 great square central tower is effective. The lower part 
 of the nave and choir retains its massive cylindrical Nor- 
 man piers and round arches with chevron-molding. The 
 work above is later, that in the northwest transept being 
 of especial beauty. There are many fine tombs and beau- 
 tiful old church furniture. The city had formerly a strong 
 castle. It was the birthplace of Garrick. Pop., 21,382. 
 Herencia (a-ren'the-a). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Ciudad Real, Spain, 77 miles south of 
 Madrid,, Population, 5,953. 
 
 Herencia Ceballos (a-ren'the-a tba-bal'yds), 
 Mariano. Born at Cuzco, 1820 : died at Hua- 
 nacu, Feb. 2, 1873. A Peruvian soldier and poli- 
 tician. He was an advanced liberal, took part in vari- 
 ous revolts, and wasprominent in Congress. He was elected 
 vice-president in the Balta administration, and was acting 
 president after Balta’s death, July 26 to Aug. 2, 1872. Soon 
 after he was condemned to banishment, and was shot hy 
 the soldiers who were conducting him to the frontier. 
 Herens (a-roh'),Vald’,G.Eringerthal(a'ring- 
 er-tal). An alpine valley in the canton of Va- 
 lais, Switzerland, situated about 20 miles east 
 of Martigny, noted for its picturesque scenery. 
 Here (her) Prophecy, The. A bit of old Eng- 
 lish rime, which was preserved by Abbot Bene- 
 dict. It is connected with the image of a hart set up 
 in 1289 by Ralph Fitzstephen over his house at Here. 
 
 The date of the setting up the hart was that of the death 
 of Henry II. and the accession of Richard I., and the 
 probable sense of the lines is : “ When thou seest a hart 
 reared up in Here, then shall the English people be divided 
 into three parts: one shall go all too late into Ireland." 
 There John, who was Lord, removed, at his brother Rich- 
 ard’s succession to the English crown, the fighting John 
 de Courcy from direction of affairs, and made him an 
 enemy; while Richard's coming crusade, exciting the 
 hopes of the Irish chiefs, caused them to patch up their 
 own quarrels and agree on a combined rising, of which the 
 most notable result was the destruction of the English 
 army at Thurles. The results would have been serious to 
 England if the insurgents had not again fallen out among 
 themselves. Then the prophecy proceeds - “The other 
 into Apulia, with profitable remaining.” Oil his way to 
 the Holy Land, Richard remained at Messina, where, in a 
 quarrel about his sister’s dower, he extorted from Tan- 
 cred, the lastof the Norman kings of Sicily, forty thousand 
 ounces of gold, and betrothed his nephew Arthur of Bre- 
 tagne to Tancred’s daughter. Then of the third division 
 the prophecy adds — “ The third in their highest (?) oaths, 
 all drawn to vengeance.” That is to say, by their oath as 
 Crusaders to avenge the desecration of the Holy Place hy 
 the infidel. The last line, as given by Hoveden, is a cor- 
 ruption. This is my own guess at the unsolved riddle of 
 the last part of the Here Prophecy, and, if not in every 
 word right, it seems to give the true general sense. 
 
 Morley, English Writers, III. 20L 
 
 Horer o (he 'ra-ro), or Ovaherero ( o-va-h e 'ra-ro). 
 A Bantu tribe and language of German South- 
 west Africa, in wbat is called Damaraland or 
 Hereroland. They called themselves Ovaherero, and 
 their language Otshiherero. By some they ere called 
 Cattle-Damaras, in distinction from the Hill-Damaras. The 
 whole life of the Herero is engrossed by his herds of cat- 
 tle, which he well nigh worships, and by wars with the 
 Nama-Hottentots, whose chief business is periodically to 
 raid Herero cattle. The Ovaherero have been partly 
 Christianized by German missionaries, who have created 
 a considerable literature in Otshiherero. This language 
 belongs to the same cluster as that of the Ovambo and 
 Ovimbundu. 
 
Hereroland 
 
 Hereroland (he-ra'i'6-land). See Herero. 
 Hereward(her'e-ward). Flourished about 1070. 
 A noted English outlaw and patriot who defended Ely 
 against the Normans. He was a Lincolnshire man, incor- 
 rectly said to have been a son of Leofric, earl of Mercia. 
 In 1070 he joined the Danes, who had appeared in the 
 Humber, and attacked Peterborough and sacked the ab- 
 bey. He took refuge with his band in the Isle of Ely, from 
 which he was finally driven by William the Conqueror. 
 Accordingto Johnof Peterborough, he was surnamed “the 
 Wake.” Many legends sprang up about his name. 
 
 Here ward the Wake. A historical novel by 
 Charles Kingsley, published in 1866. 
 
 Herford (her 'ford). A town in the province of 
 Westphalia, Prussia, situated at the junction 
 of the Werre and the Aa, 48 miles west-south- 
 west of Hannover. It. lias manufactures of cotton and 
 flax. It is built around an ancient nunnery. Population, 
 commune, 28,832. 
 
 Hericourt. See Belfort, Battle of. 
 
 Bering (ha/ ring), Constantin. Born atOsehatz, 
 Saxony, Jan. 1, 1800: died at Philadelphia, 
 July 23, 1880. A German- American homeopathic 
 physician. He published “ Rise and Progress 
 of Homoeopathy ” (1834), ‘ ‘ Domestic Physician ” 
 (1837), etc. 
 
 Heringsdorf (ha'rings-dorf). One of the lead- 
 ing watering-places on the Baltic, situated in 
 the island of Usedom, Pomerania, Prussia, 5) 
 miles northwest of Swinemiinde. 
 
 Heriot (her'i-ot), George. Born at Edinburgh, 
 1563: died at London, Feb., 1623. A Scottish 
 goldsmith and philanthropist. He founded Her- 
 iot’s Hospital at Edinburgh. He is a prominent 
 figure in Scott’s “Fortunes of Nigel.” 
 Heri-Rud (her-e-rod'), or Herat-Rud, or Hari- 
 Rud. A river in northern Afghanistan and on 
 the Persian frontier, which, under the name of 
 Tejend, disappears in the Turkoman steppes, 
 Asiatic Russia, about lat. 37° 30' N., long. 60° 
 E. : the ancient Arius. Length, about 500 miles. 
 Herisau (ha're-sou). The largest town in the 
 half-canton of Appenzell Outer Rhodes, Swit- 
 zerland, situated on the river Glatt in lat. 47° 
 23' N., long. 9° 16' E. It manufactures mus- 
 lin. Population, about 14,500. 
 
 Heristal, or Heristall. See Herstal. 
 
 Herjedal (her'ye-dal). A district in the south- 
 ern part of Jemtland, Sweden. 
 
 Herkimer (her'ki-mer), Nicholas. Died at 
 Danube, N. Y., in Aug., 1777. An American 
 Revolutionary general, of German extraction. 
 He commanded the militia of Tryon County, who in 1777 
 marched to the relief of Fort Stanwix on the Mohawk Riv- 
 er, which was besieged by the British. He defeated a de- 
 tachment of the British at Oriskany in Aug. of that year, 
 but was himself wounded in the battle, and died in con- 
 sequence of an unskilful surgical operation. 
 
 Herkomer (her'ko-mer), Sir Hubert von. Born 
 at Waal, in Bavaria, May 26, 1849. An English 
 landscape, and portrait painter. He came to Amer- 
 ica in 1851 with his father, a wood-carver, but went to 
 England in 1857 and settled in Southampton, where he en- 
 tered the School of Art. In 1866 he visited Munich, and in 
 1866 he entered the schools at South Kensington under 
 Frederick Walker. He became a member of the Institute 
 of Water Colors in 1871, and associate of the Royal Acad- 
 emy in 1879. He received the medal of honor, Paris, 1878. 
 In 1873 he settled in Bushey, Hertfordshire, where he es- 
 tablished an art school in 1881. He revisited America in 
 1882, and again in 1883 and 1885. He was appointed Slade 
 professor of art at Oxford as successor to John Ruskin, 
 and became a member of the Berlin Academy in 1885. 
 Perkins, Cyclopedia of Painters and Paintings. 
 Hermandad (er-man-daTH'). [Sp.,‘a brother- 
 hood.’] In Spain, originally, a voluntary organi- 
 zation (the Santa Hermandad, or Holy Brother- 
 hood) for the maintenance of public order. The 
 
 first Hermandad was formed in Aragon in the 13th cen- 
 tury, and another in Castile and Leon a few years later, 
 chiefly to resist the exactions and robberies of the nobles. 
 They soon assumed general police and judicial powers, 
 under royal sanction ; and at the end of the 15th century 
 the organizations were united and extended over the whole 
 kingdom. The Hermandad was soon after reorganized as 
 a regular national police, which has been superseded in 
 later times by a civic guard on the model of the French 
 gendarmerie. 
 
 Hermann. See Arminius. 
 
 Hermann (her'man), surnamed “The Lame” 
 (L. Hermannus Contractus). Bom July 18, 
 1013 : died at Reichenau, Lake Constance, Sept. 
 24, 1054. A German historian, author of a 
 “ Chronicon,” edited by Pertz in “ Monumenta 
 Germanise historica” (1844). 
 
 Hermann, Friedrich Benedikt Wilhelm von. 
 Born at Dinkelsbiihl, Bavaria, Dee. 5, 1795 : 
 died at Munich, Nov. 23, 1868. A German po- 
 litical economist and statistician. He was ap- 
 pointed professor of political economy at Munich in 1827, 
 and occupied various political and official positions, among 
 them that of head of the statistical bureau. His chief 
 work is "Staats wirtschaf tliehe Untersuchungen ” (“Eco- 
 nomic Researches,” 1832 : 2d ed. 1870). 
 
 Hermann, J ohann Gottfried Jakob. Born at 
 
 498 
 
 Leipsic, Nov. 28, 1772: died at Leipsic, Dee. 31, 
 1848. A noted German classical philologist, 
 professor at Leipsic 1798—1848. Among his works 
 are “De metris Grsecorum et Romanorum poetarum” 
 (1796), “Handbuch der Metrik” (1799), “De metris Pin- 
 dari” (1817), “Deemendanda rationeGrsecmgrammaticse” 
 (1801). He edited Euripides, the “Clouds” of Aristophanes 
 (1799), “ Homeric Hymns ” (1806), Bionand Mosclius (1849), 
 ASschylus (1852), etc. 
 
 Hermann, Karl Friedrich. Born at Frankfort- 
 on-the-Main, Aug. 4, 1804 : died at Gottingen, 
 Prussia, Dec. 31, 1855. A German arcliteologist 
 and philologist, professor at Marburg (1832) 
 and later (1842) at Gottingen. His best-known work 
 is “Lehrbuch der griechischen Antiquitaten ”(“ Manual 
 of Greek Antiquities,” 1841-52). 
 
 Hermanns Denkmal (her'manz denk'mal). A 
 monument of the chieftain Arminius at Det- 
 mold, Germany, dedicated in 1875. The arcaded 
 pedestal is 100 feet high, and the colossal statue measures 
 86 feet to the point of the uplifted sword. The figure is 
 of sheet-copper secured to a framework of iron. 
 
 Hermannstadt (her'man-stat). [Hung. Nagy 
 Szeben, Rumanian Sibiu, L. Cibinium . ] The cap- 
 ital of the county of Hermannstadt, Transyl- 
 vania, situated on the Cibin in lat. 45° 48' N., 
 long. 24° 8' E. It was formerly an important trad- 
 ing center. The majority of the inhabitants are Ger- 
 mans. The Brukenthal Palace (with collections) and the 
 Rathaus are of interest. It was founded by German col- 
 onists in the 12th century; was formerly capital of Tran- 
 sylvania ; and was the scene of several contests between 
 Hungarians, Austrians, and Russians in 1849. Population, 
 commune, 29,577. 
 
 Hermann und Dorothea (her'man ont dor-o- 
 ta'a). An idyllic poem by Goethe, published 
 in 1797. The scene is laid about the year 1796, and has 
 a basis of fact in a story connected with the expulsion 
 of several hundred Protestants from his territory by the 
 Archbishop of Salzburg, which occurred in 1731. Her- 
 mann is an established citizen of a little town, and repre- 
 sents a settled life as contrasted with the wandering and 
 unsettled one of the fugitive but self-reliant Dorothea ex- 
 iled from her home, whom he finally wins and marries. 
 
 Hermanric (her'man-rik), or Ermanaric (G. 
 Hermanrich). Died 376. King of the East 
 
 Goths. He was descended from the royal family of the 
 Amali, and ruled over a loosely welded Gothic confederacy 
 extending probably over northern Hungary, Lithuania, 
 and southern Russia. He was defeated by the Huns at 
 the beginning of the migration of the peoples in northern 
 Europe, and fell upon his sword in 376, having, it is said, 
 attained an age of over one hundred years. 
 
 Hermaphroditus (her - m&f - ro - di ' tus) . [Gr. 
 'E pyaippddiTog.] In Greek mythology, the son of 
 Hermes and Aphrodite. With the nymph of the 
 fountain Salmaeis, in Caria, he was united into 
 one person. 
 
 Hermas, Shepherd of. See Shepherd of Her mas. 
 
 Hermenegild (her'me-ne-gild), Saint. Died at 
 Tarraco, April 13, 585. A West-Gothic prince. 
 He was the son of Leovigild, king in Spain, by whom he 
 was admitted to a share in the government in 573. He 
 rebelled against his father and was put to death. He was 
 canonized by Pope Sixtus V., tradition having pictured him 
 as a champion of the Catholic faith against the Arian, to 
 which his father adhered. 
 
 Hermengyld (her'men-gild). The wife of the 
 Constable in Chaucer’s “Man of Law’s Tale,” 
 of whose murder Constance (Custance) was 
 falsely accused. 
 
 Hermes (her'mez). [Gr. 'Ep «?)<;.] In Greek my- 
 thology, the herald and messenger of the gods, 
 protector of herdsmen, god of science, com- 
 merce, invention, and the arts of life, and patron 
 of travelers and rogues: son of Zeus (Jupiter) 
 and Maia, born on Mount Cyllene in Arcadia. 
 He was the guide (psy chopompus) of the shades of the dead 
 to their final abode. In art he is represented as a vigor- 
 ous youth, beardless after the archaic period, and usually 
 but slightly draped, with caduceus, petasus, and talariaas 
 attributes. The Roman Mercury, a god of much more 
 material and solid character, became identified with Her- 
 mes. The name has also been given to quicksilver. 
 
 Hermes, or a Philosophical Inquiry concern- 
 ing Universal Grammar. A work by James 
 Harris, published in 1751. 
 
 Hermes (her'mes), Georg. Born at Dreierwalde, 
 Westphalia, Prussia, April 22, 1775: died at 
 Bonn, Prussia, May 26, 1831. A German Roman 
 Catholic theologian, founder of the system of 
 Hermesianism, a rationalizing theory of the re- 
 lation of reason to faith. He wrote “Einleitung in 
 die christkatholische Theologie ” (1819-29), “Cliristkatho- 
 lische Dogmatik ” (1834-36). 
 
 Hermesianax (her-me-si'a-naks). Born at 
 Colophon, Asia Minor: lived in the last part of 
 the 4th century b. c. A Greek elegiac poet. 
 Fragments of his works have been edited by 
 Hermann, Bergk, etc. 
 
 Hermes of Andros. A statue so named, in the 
 National Museum, Athens. It is, in fact, a sepul- 
 chral statue of the 4th century B. c., the finest existing 
 example of idealized portrait-figures of this class. 
 
 Hermes carrying the Infant Bacchus. An 
 
 original statue by Praxiteles, in the museum 
 at Olympia, Greece. The left arm, with the child, 
 
 Hermogenes 
 
 rests on a tree-stump, over which is thrown the himation. 
 The right arm w r as raised, and heid some object to amuse 
 the child. It is the finest rendering of a beautiful youth- 
 ful figure surviving from antiquity. 
 
 Hermes (Mercury) in repose. A beautiful 
 Greek original bronze of the school of Lysip- 
 pus, in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. The fig- 
 ure leans slightly forward ; the expression is 
 one of rest and amiability. 
 
 Hermes Trismegistus (tris-me-jis'tus). [Lit. 
 ‘Hermes the thrice greatest.’] The Greek 
 name of the Egyptian god Thoth, the reputed 
 author of 42 encyclopedic works on Egypt. A 
 partial collection of Hermetic writings was 
 translated into French by Menard in 1866. 
 Hermia (her'mi-a). In Shakspere’s “A Mid- 
 summer Night’s Dream,” an Athenian lady, the 
 daughter of Egeus : she is in love with Lysan 
 der. 
 
 Hermione (her-mi'o-ne). [Gr. 'Eppidvr/.] 1. 
 In Greek mythology, the daughter of Menelaus 
 and Helen, and wife of Neoptolemus, and later 
 of Orestes. — 2. The wife of the jealous Leon- 
 tes in Shakspere’s “ Winter’s Tale.” she is the 
 Bellaria of Greene’s “Pandosto,” the story from which 
 the “ Winter’s Tale ” was taken. 
 
 3. A character in Racine’s “ Andromaque,” said 
 to he “the most personally interesting on the 
 French tragic stage.” — 4. The wife of Damon 
 in the tragedy “Damon and Pythias” by Banim 
 and Sheil. 
 
 Hermione, Lady (Lady Erminia Pauletti). A 
 
 rich Genoese lady in Sir Walter Scott’s novel 
 “The Fortunes of Nigel.” 
 
 Hermiones (her-mi-6'nez), Herminones (her- 
 mi-no'nez), or Irminones (er-mi-no'nez). [L. 
 (Tacitus) Herminones, the Latinization of a hy- 
 pothetical Germanic fundamental form *Er- 
 m(e)naz, a name of the god *Tiwaz, *Tiu, AS. 
 The (in Tiwesdaeg), ON. Tyr, OHG. Zio, L. Ju- 
 piter, Gr. Zelf. Cf. AS. Tiwesdaeg.'] According 
 to Tacitus, one of the three great divisions of 
 the West-Germanic people, named from their 
 ancestors, the three sons of Mannus,Ingvseones, 
 Herminones, and Istvseones. The Herminones com- 
 prehended, particularly, the Upper German tribes. The 
 Ingvoeones lived by the sea, and included the Lower Ger- 
 man tribes. The Istvseones were the tribes of the Rhine 
 region who ultimately formed a principal part of the 
 Franks. The terms are, however, of inexact ethnologic 
 application. Pliny makes a fivefold division in that 
 he gives, besides the three groups of Tacitus, the Vin- 
 dili and the Peueini-Bastarnse. The names were prob- 
 ably in their first use not ethnologic, but were originally 
 applied to Amphictyonic unions all devoted to the cult, 
 under different attributes, of the old Germanic heaven- 
 god. 
 
 Hermitage, The. 1 . A palace at St. Peters- 
 burg, Russia, founded by Catharine II., origi- 
 nally in the form of a pavilion of moderate size, 
 but rebuilt in the 19th century, especially for a 
 museum, in a neo-Greek style of excellent ef- 
 fect, and forming one of the best-designed mu- 
 seums existing. It measures 375 by 612 feet, and has 
 2 interior courts. The entrance porch is supported by 10 
 colossal human figures, and the roof of the grand hall rests 
 on 16 fine monolithic columns. On one side of the build- 
 ing is a copy of Raphael’s Loggie in the Vatican, which sur- 
 vives from the old palace. The collections include im- 
 portant ancient sculpture, the unparalleled discoveries of 
 Greek jewelry, textile fabrics, and other minor antiqui- 
 ties, from the Crimea, and one of the great galleries of 
 paintings of Europe. 
 
 2. A fashionable resort at Moscow, Russia. It 
 is a garden on the side of a hill. — 3. A chalet 
 built in the valley of Montmorency, France, by 
 Madame d’Epinay as a retreat for Jean Jacques 
 Rousseau. He passed about 18 months here (1756-57), 
 writing then a part of “ La nouvelle Ht-loise ” and of his 
 “Dictionary of Music.” G re try died here in 1813. 
 
 4. An old house near Nashville, Tennessee, the 
 residence of President Andrew Jackson. 
 
 Hermite, Tristan 1’. See Tristan. 
 Hermocrates (ker-mok'ra-tez). [Gr. f E ppoapa- 
 rr/g .] Died at Syracuse about 407 B. c. A Syra- 
 cusan general and politician. He was oneof the three 
 generals who in 414 were intrusted with the defense of 
 Syracuse against the Athenians, and who after several 
 spirited but unsuccessful engagements were deprived of 
 their commands. He was one of the commanders of the 
 Syracusan squadron in the naval battle of Cynossema in 
 411. He was banished in 409. and was killed in an attempt 
 to make himself master of Syracuse. 
 
 Hermodorus (her-mo-do'rus) of Ephesus. A 
 
 Greek philosopher who is said to have assisted 
 the decemvirs in drawing up the laws of the 
 Twelve Tables at Rome in 451 B. c. 
 Hermogenes (her-moj'e-nez). [Gr. r E pyoyhyg.] 
 Born at Tarsus, Cilicia : lived in the second 
 half of the 2d century. A noted Greek rheto- 
 rician. His rhetorical treatises were edited 
 (in the “ Rhetores Gneci ”) by Walz. 
 
 The greatest technologist of the period now under con- 
 sideration was Hermogenes, the son of Calippus of Tar- 
 
Hermogenes 
 
 titih. The year of his birth is not known, but he was only 
 fifteen when the fame of his precocious genius as an ex- 
 tempore speaker led the emperor M. Aurelius to send for 
 him ; and he introduced himself by saying, “ Behold, I am 
 come to you, 0 prince, an orator requiring a pedagogue, 
 an orator still looking forward to maturity.” Soon after 
 this he became a public teacher of rhetoric. 
 
 E. 0. Miiller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 156. 
 
 [(Donaldson.) 
 
 Hermon (her'mon). [Gr. ’Aepfiwv.'] A mountain- 
 ridge and the culminating point in the range of 
 Anti-Libanus, Syria, situated about 35 miles 
 west-southwest of Damascus: the modern Je- 
 bel-esh-Sheikh. Height, 9,200 feet. 
 
 Hermonthis (her-mon'this). [Gr. "E p/mvOig.'] 
 In ancient geography, a town in the Thebaid, 
 Egypt, situated on the Nile 8 miles southwest 
 of Thebes : the modern Erment. It was a seat 
 of ancient worship, and important ruins remain, notably 
 those of a temple built in the time of Cleopatra. 
 
 Hermopolis. See Hermupolis. 
 
 Hermopolis (her-mop'o-lis), or Hermupolis 
 (her-mup'6-lis), Magna. [Gr. 'Eppov 7roA/g pe- 
 yakrj , great city of Hermes.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a city of Egypt, situated near the Nile 
 in lat. 27° 45' N.: the modern Eshmun or Ash- 
 munein. Near it are the tombs and grottoes of 
 Beni-Hassan (which see). 
 
 Hermosillo (har-mo-sel'yo). A city, capital of 
 the state of Sonora, Mexico, situated on the river 
 Sonora about lat. 29° 10' N., long. 110° 45' W. 
 Population, 14,518, (1910). 
 
 Hermsdorf (herms'dorf), Nieder-. A village 
 and tourists’ resort in the province of Silesia, 
 Prussia, 42 miles southwest of Breslau. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 11,683. 
 
 Hermunduri (her-mun'du-ri or her-mun-du'rl). 
 [L. (Pliny) Hermunduri , Gr. (Strabo) f E pfi6vdv- 
 poi .] A German tribe, a branch of the Suevi, 
 
 first mentioned by Strabo. They were situated on 
 the Saale eastward to the middle Elbe, and adjoined the 
 Chatti on the west, in the Harz region. They are men- 
 tioned under their old name for the last time in the 4th 
 century. They in all probability became, finally, the Thu- 
 ringians. 
 
 Hermupolis (her-mup 'o-lis), or Hermopolis 
 
 (her-mop'o-lis), or Syra (se'rii). [Gr. 'Ep/iov 
 •k6\h;, city of Hermes.] A seaport and the capi- 
 tal of the nomarchy of the Cyclades, Greece, 
 situated on the island of Syra, lat. 37° 26' N., 
 long. 24° 57' E. Population, 17,773. 
 
 Hermus (her'mus). [Gr. "Ep/ior. ] In ancient 
 geography, a river in western Asia Minor, flow- 
 ing into the Gulf of Smyrna 10 miles northwest 
 of Smyrna : the modern Ghedis-Tchai or Sara- 
 bat. Length, about 180 miles. 
 
 Hemals (her-nalz'). A western suburb of Vi- 
 enna. 
 
 Hernandez (ar-nan'dath), Francisco. Born at 
 Toledo, 1514 : died about 1578. A Spanish nat- 
 uralist. Philip II. sent him to Mexico with the cosmog- 
 rapher Francisco Dominguez, to study the natural his- 
 tory of the country. He traveled there from 1570 to 1576, 
 and prepared 16 folio volumes on plants, animals, and 
 minerals : portions of these were published in 1648, 1651, 
 and 1791. 
 
 Hernandez Cordoba, Francisco. See Cordoba. 
 Hernandez Giron, Francisco. See Giron. 
 Hernandez de Oviedo y Valdes, Gonzalo. 
 
 See Oviedo y Valdes. 
 
 Hernani, ou l’Honneur Castilian. A tragedy 
 by Victor Hugo, acted, after much opposition, 
 Feb. 25, 1830. See Ernani. 
 
 The main subject of “Hernani” is the point of honour 
 which compels a noble Spaniard to kill himself, in obedience 
 to the blast of a horn sounded by his mortal enemy, at the 
 very moment of his marriage with his beloved. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 520. 
 
 Herndon (hern'don), William Henry. Born 
 at Greensburg, Ky., Dec. 28, 1818: died near 
 Springfield, 111., March 18, 1891. An American 
 lawyer. He removed with his parents to Illinois in 1820, 
 and in 1843 entered into law partnership with Abraham 
 Lincoln, which continued in form until the death of the 
 latter. He wrote a “Life of Abraham Lincoln ’’ (1889). 
 
 Herndon, William Lewis. Bom at Fredericks- 
 burg, Va., Oct. 25, 1813 : died Sept. 12, 1857. An 
 American naval officer. In 1851-52, being then a lieu- 
 tenant, he was sent with Lieutenant Lardner Gibbon to 
 make an exploration of the river Amazon and its Peruvian 
 tributaries. The results were published by the United 
 States government as “Exploration of the Valley of the 
 Amazon "(1853, 2 vols.: Vol. I. by Herndon, Vol. II. by Gib- 
 bon). Herndon was promoted commander in 1855 ; took 
 service with the Panama Mail Steamship Company ; and 
 perished in the wreck of the Central America, which went 
 down in a cyclone. 
 
 Herne the Hunter. A traditionary personage 
 supposed to range near an old oak, known as 
 Herne’s Oak, in Windsor Park, it was blown down 
 in 18G3, and was supposed to be about 650 years old. 
 Queen Victoria planted a young oak on the spot. 
 
 Hernici (her'ni-si). In ancient, history, au Ital- 
 ian people, allied to the Sabines, dwelling in the 
 
 499 
 
 Apennines about 40 miles southeast of Rome. 
 Their capital was Anagnia. They were subju- 
 gated by Rome 306 B. c. 
 
 Hernosand (her'ne-sand). A seaport, capital 
 of the laen of Westernorrland (or Hernosand), 
 Sweden, situated on the island of Herno, near 
 the mouth of the river Angerman, about lat. 62° 
 37' N., long. 17° 50' E. It has some manufac- 
 tures. Population, 9,302. 
 
 Hero (he'ro). [Gr. "H pu.'] In Greek legend, a 
 priestess of Aphrodite at Sestos, on the Helles- 
 pont, beloved by Leander. See Hero and Le- 
 ander. 
 
 Hero. See Heron. 
 
 Hero. The daughter of Leonato, and friend and 
 cousin of Beatrice, in Shakspere’s “Much Ado 
 about Nothing.” The real story of the play, the slan- 
 dering of Hero, is generally left out in the stage version. 
 Hero and Leander. 1. A poem in 340 verses, 
 ascribed to Mussbus. “Forgrace of diction, metrical 
 elegance, and simple pathos, which avoids all violations of 
 good taste, this little canto stands far before the other 
 poems of the same age. We know nothing of the history 
 of this Musjeus, but his imitations of the style of Nonnus 
 show that he was later than the poet of Panopolis. He is 
 indirectly referred to by Agathias, who flourished in the 
 first half of the sixth century.” K. 0. MiiUer. 
 
 The poem of “Hero and Leander” belongs rather to 
 erotic than to epic poetry. Its subject is the well-known 
 story of Hero, the beautiful priestess of Venus at Sestos, and 
 Leander, who was the glory of Abydos on the other side of 
 the water, and who swam across the Hellespont every even- 
 ing to his fair bride, till at last he was drowned on a win- 
 ter’s night, and his body cast up at the foot of Hero's tower, 
 who, in despair, cast herself down from the battlements, 
 and died by the side of her lover. This tragedy of Hero 
 and Leander, the Juliet and Romeo of the Dardanelles, was 
 of much older date than Musseus. It was well known to 
 Ovid, Virgil, and Statius, and had become a popular love- 
 tale. But Musseus is the author of the most complete 
 version of the story, and he has told it in a manner which 
 will bear criticism. There is no pause in the brief narra- 
 tive from the beginning, where the lovers meet, like the 
 hero and heroine of Heliodorusand Shakspere, on a festive 
 occasion, down to the fatal issue of Hero’s passion. The 
 poet does not, like the other erotic writers, delight in his 
 opportunity of describing details. There is nothing to 
 shock the most delicate reader, and the grace of the lan- 
 guage is sometimes enhanced by a conciseness of expres- 
 sion which would have done credit to a better age. The 
 “ Hero and Leander ” of Musseus is the dying swan-note 
 of Greek poetry, the last distinct echo of the old music of 
 Hellas. 
 
 K. 0. Muller , Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 370. 
 
 [(Donaldson.) 
 
 2. A poem of Marlowe and Chapman, based on 
 the poem of Musseus. The first edition consisted of 
 Marlowe’s portion, 2 sestiads ; the second edition gave 
 the whole poem, the remaining 4 sestiads being written by 
 Chapman after Marlowe's death. Both editions appeared 
 in 1598. 
 
 Herod (her'od) I., suruamed “ The Great.” [Gr. 
 f H pudrig.] King of Judea 40-4 b. c. Hecameof 
 an Idumean family which was converted to Judaism. His 
 father. Antipater, succeeded during the conflict between 
 Hyrcanus II. and his brother Aristobulus II. in obtaining 
 a hold in J udean politics and befriending the Romans. Ac- 
 cordingly when Antipater was appointed by Caesar in 47 B. c. 
 procurator of Judea, Herod, though only 15 years old, was 
 made governor of Galilee, and shortly afterward of Coele- 
 Syria. In 40 he had to flee from Judea to Rome, and was 
 appointed by the senate king of Judea. In 37 he took pos- 
 session of Jerusalem with the aid of the Romans. During 
 the civil war he was on the side of Mark Antony, but after 
 the battle of Actium (31 B. 0 .) he secured thefavor of the vic- 
 torious Octavianus, who not only confirmed him in his king- 
 dom, but also considerably increased his territory, so that 
 it extended from the sea to Syria, and from Damascus to 
 Egypt. His policy toward Rome was that of cringing 
 servility, though his secret aim may have been the found- 
 ing of an independent monarchy. His attitude toward the 
 people over whom he ruled was characterized by entire 
 want of understanding of or sympathy with its nature, 
 ideals, and aspirations. His rule was marked by unscrupu- 
 lous selfishness and bloody despotism. In his family rela- 
 tionshe showed himself passionate, jealous, and cruel. At 
 the same time, he was bold, prudent, understanding his 
 opportunities and knowing how to avail himself of them, 
 liberal, and fond of pomp and display. To these qualities 
 may be ascribed his success, and what popularity he ob- 
 tained. Thus, to strengthen his position he had his bene- 
 factor Hyrcanus II. executed, and it was assumed that his 
 brother-in-law Aristobulus, appointed by him high priest, 
 was drowned at his instigation for fear of his great popular- 
 ity with the people. The people he held in abeyance by 
 bloody teiTor. Even the magnificent temple begun 20 
 B. 0 . and finished in 8 years (Joseph., Antiq., XV. 11) could 
 not gain him the hearts of the outraged people. At the 
 same time with the temple, he erected everywhere thea- 
 ters, gymnasia, and heathen temples. Even some cities 
 owe their origin to his love of building, notably Caesarea. 
 Samaria was turned by him into a fortress, and named Se- 
 baste. In a fit of jealousy he executed his beautiful wife 
 Mariamne, granddaughter of Hyrcanus II., and later his 
 two sons by her, Alexanderand Aristobulus, and fivedays 
 before his death his eldest son by Doris, Antipater. His 
 last order, according to a well-known story, was for the 
 massacre of the nobles immediately after his decease, so 
 that at least his death might cause mourning (Joseph . , 
 Antiq., XVII. 6, 5). He died in great agony from aloathsome 
 disease, which drove him to a suicidal attempt, 4 B. c. In 
 Mat. ii. 1 ff. he is represented as having ordered the massa- 
 cre of the infants of Bethlehem, in order to exterminate 
 the child Jesus, an act which would have been quite in 
 harmony with his character as a superstitious despot and 
 
 Heron, Matilda 
 
 tyrant, but the historicity of which causes chronological 
 difficulties. 
 
 Herod Agrippa. See Agrippa. 
 
 Herod An tipas (her'od an'ti-pas). Son of Herod 
 the Great, appointed by his father successor to 
 the throne, but invested by the Romans with 
 only the tetrarehy of Galilee. He first married the 
 daughter of Aretas, king of the Nabathseans, but aban- 
 doned her to marry Herodias, the wife of his half-brother 
 Herod Philip, and was thus involved iu a war with Aretas. 
 At the instigation of his wife he had John the Baptist, who 
 reproached him for his criminal marriage, imprisoned and 
 afterward executed. Jesus called him “the fox.” When 
 his nephew Agrippa I. was made king of Judea by Caligula, 
 Antipas, urged by his wife, repaired to Rome also to ob- 
 tain a kingdom. Agrippa accused him of treachery to Rome, 
 and Antipas was deprived of his principality and banished 
 to Lyons. He was followed thither by his wife, and both 
 died in exile. 
 
 Herodes, Atticus. See Atticus Herodes. 
 
 Herodians (he-ro'di-anz). A party among the 
 Jews in the time of Christ and the apostles, ad- 
 herents of the family of Herod. The Herodians 
 constituted a political party rather than a religious sect. 
 Some writers suppose that they were for the most part Sad- 
 ducees in religion. 
 
 Herodianus (he-ro-di-a'nus), orHerodian (he- 
 ro'di-an). [Gr. 'H ptxkanof.] Born about 170 (?) 
 
 A. D. : died about 240 (?) a. d. A Greek histo- 
 rian, resident in Italy, author of a Roman his- 
 tory for the period 180-238 a. d. (Corumodus to 
 Gordian). 
 
 Herodianus, Ajiius. Born at Alexandria : lived 
 at the end of the 2d century. A Greek gram- 
 marian, author of a work on prosody. 
 
 Herodias (he-ro'di-as). Lived in the first half 
 of the 1st century. The sister of Herod Agrip- 
 pa I., wife of Herod Philip, and afterward sec- 
 ond wife of Herod Antipas, half-brother of 
 Herod Philip. See Herod Antipas. 
 
 Herodotus (he-rod'o-tus). [Gr. H p<5doro<\] Born 
 at Halicarnassus, Asia Minor, probably about 
 484 B. C. : died at Thurii, Italy, probably about 
 424 b. c. A celebrated Greek historian, sur- 
 named “the Father of History.” According to the 
 commonly accepted account of hisiife, gleaned chiefly from 
 his own works, he was the son of Lyxes and Dryo, persons 
 of means and station at Halicarnassus ; assisted in the ex- 
 pulsion of the tyrant Lygdamus from his native city ; trav- 
 eled in the Persian empire, Egypt, Asia Minor, and Greece ; 
 lived 'in Samos, and later in Athens ; and settled as a col- 
 onist in Thurii (probably in 444) . He wrote a history in 
 9 books (named after the nine Muses) of the Persian inva- 
 sion of Greece down to 479 B. o. It was first printed in the 
 original by Aldus Manutius in 1502, a Latin version by 
 Valla having appeared as early as 1474. 
 
 About fifteen manuscripts of the history of Herodotus 
 are known to critics; and of these, several are not of 
 higher antiquity than the middle of the fifteenth century. 
 One copy, in the French king’s library (there are in that 
 collection five or six), appears to belong to the twelfth 
 century ; there is one in the Vatican, and one in the Flor- 
 entine library, attributed to the tenth century ; one in the 
 library of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, formerly the 
 property of Archbishop Sancroft, which is believed to be 
 very ancient ; the libraries of Oxford and of Vienna con- 
 tain also manuscripts of this author. 
 
 Taylor, Hist. Anc. Books, p. 171. 
 
 Herod Philip (her'od fil'ip). Died about 34 A. D. 
 Son of Herod the Great and Cleopatra, made 
 tetrarch of Auranitis and the neighboring re- 
 gions in 4 B. c. His wife Herodias deserted 
 him for his half-brother, Herod Antipas. 
 Herold (a-rold'), Louis Joseph Ferdinand. 
 Born at Paris, Jan. 28, 1791: died at Paris, Jan. 
 19, 1833. A noted French composer of comic 
 operas. He took the grand prix de Rome for his can- 
 tata" Mile, de la Valliere "in 1812. His works include “ La 
 Gioventii di Enrico Quinto” (1816), “Charles de France" 
 (with Boieldieu : 1816), “Les rosiferes” (1817), “Le pre- 
 mier venu” (1818), “Les troqueurs” (1819), “L’Amour 
 platonique ” (1819), “Le muletier” (1823), “Le roi Rend” 
 (1824), “Le dernier jour de Missolonghi” (1828), “Eme- 
 line” (1828), “Zanrpa” (1831), “La marquise de Brinvil- 
 liers” (183i), “La mddecine sans mddecin” (1832), “Le 
 pre aux clercs” (1832), “Ludovic” (finished by Hal ivy : 
 1833), etc. He also wrote a great deal of music for the 
 pianoforte, and a number of graceful ballets. 
 
 Heron (he'ron), or Hero. [Gr. “Upon.] An 
 Alexandrian mathematician of the 3d century 
 
 B. c., the inventor of “Hero’s fountain,” in 
 which a jet of water is maintained by condensed 
 air, and of a machine acting on the principle 
 of Barker’s mill, in which the motion is produced 
 by steam. Fragments of bis works on mechanics 
 have been preserved. 
 
 Heron, surnamed “The Younger.” A Byzantine 
 mathematician and natural philosopher, proba- 
 bly of the 7th century. 
 
 Heron (her'ou), Matilda. Born at Londonderry, 
 Ireland, Dec. 1, 1830: died at New York, March 
 7, 1877. An actress. She made her ddbut at Phiiadel- 
 phia (1851), when quite young, as Bianca in “Fazio. ’ Her 
 principal part was Camille. In 1857 she married Robert 
 Stoepel, a musician, and was divorced from him in 1869. 
 Her daughter, Bijou, also an actress, was born at New 
 York in 1863. 
 
Heroopolites Sinus 
 
 Heroopolites Sinus (her-o-op-o-li'tez si'nus). 
 [Gr/HpoKnro/U-nyf noX~6g, gulf of Heroopolis,from 
 I/ ' 1 1 p/Mv 7r6'/,ic, city of heroes, a eity on the coast. ] 
 The ancient name of the Gulf of Suez. 
 Herophilus(he-rof'i-lus). [Gr. f H Born 
 at Chalcedon, Bithynia : lived about 300 B. c. 
 A Greek anatomist and physician. 
 Herostratus (he-ros'tra-tus). [Gr. 'Hpdcrparof.] 
 An Ephesian who set lire to the temple of Diana 
 (Artemis) at Ephesus (as it happened, on the 
 night of the birth of Alexander the Great) in 
 order to immortalize himself. 
 
 It was remarked by Hegesias the Magnesian that the 
 conflagration was not to be wondered at, since the goddess 
 was absent from Ephesus, and attending on the delivery 
 of Olympias : an observation, says Plutarch, frigid enough 
 to have put out the fire. The stroke of genius in question, 
 however, is ascribed by Cicero, whose taste it does not 
 seem to have shocked, to Timaeus of Tauromenium. 
 
 Smith, Diet, of Greek and Soman Biography and 
 [Mythology, II. 439. 
 
 Herrada, Juan de. See Rada. 
 
 Herran (ar-ran'), Pedro Alcantara. Born at 
 Bogota, Oet. 19, 1800: died there, April 26, 1872. 
 A Colombian general and statesman. He served 
 in the war for independence, and in Peru 1824-2(5. He 
 subsequently was prominent as a liberal in the civil wars 
 of New Granada, at times as commander-in-chief of the 
 government forces, and was president 1841^5. General 
 Herran was known as the “ Husar de Ayacucho, ” from a 
 brilliant charge which he made in that battle. 
 Herrenhausen (her'ren-hou-zen). A royal pal- 
 ace in Hannover. George I. and George n. of 
 England resided there. 
 
 Herrera, or Herrera y Tordesillas ( er-ra'rii e 
 tor-da-sel'yas), Antonio de. Born at Cuellar, 
 Segovia, 1549 (1559 ?): died at Madrid, March 
 29, 1625. A Spanish historian. Philip ii. made 
 him chief chronicler of America and one of the chroniclers 
 of Castile, offices which he held until his death. His 
 greatest work is the “ Historia general de los hechos de 
 los Castellanos en las isias y Tierra Einne del Mar Oceano," 
 in 8 decades (Madrid, 1(501). This includes the history of 
 America, written in the form of annals, from 1492 to 1554, 
 and is the most important of the older works on the sub- 
 ject. Herrera also published a history of the world dur- 
 ing the reign of Philip II., and many other works. 
 
 Herrera, Fernando de. Bom at Seville, Spain, 
 1534: died at Seville, 1597. A celebrated Span- 
 ish lyric poet, surnamed “the Divine,” a friend 
 of Cervantes who wrote a sonnet in his honor. 
 His poetical works were published by his friend, the 
 painter Francisco Pacheco, in 1582 and 1619. He also 
 wrote “Relacion de la guerra de Chipre, y suceso de la 
 batalla naval de Lepanto " (1572), and “ Vida y Muerte de 
 Tomas Moro ” (1592). 
 
 Herrera, Francisco, surnamed el Viejo (‘the 
 Old’). Born at Seville, Spain, about 1576: died 
 at Madrid, 1656. A Spanish painter, etcher, 
 engraver, and architect. Among his best works 
 is a “ Last Judgment,” at Seville. 
 
 Herrera, Francisco, surnamed el Mozo (‘the 
 Young’). Born at Seville, Spain, 1622: died 
 at Madrid, 1685. A Spanish painter, son of 
 Francisco Herrera. 
 
 Herrera, Jose Joaquin de. Born in Jalapa, 
 1792 : died at Tacubaya, Feb. 10, 1854. A Mexi- 
 can general and statesman. An officer in the Span- 
 ish army, he followed the defection of Iturbide in 1821, 
 but opposed him as emperor. He was several times min- 
 ister of war; was president of the Supreme Court; and was 
 temporary president of therepublic inl844. He was elected 
 president Sept, 14, 1845, but was compelled to resign Dec. 
 30 ; was second in command under Santa Anna during the 
 war with the United States; and was again president dur- 
 ing a peaceful term, May 30, 1848, to Jan. 15, 1851. 
 
 Herrera y Obes (ar-ra'ra e o'bas), Julio. Born 
 at Montevideo about 1846. An Uruguayan 
 statesman. He was alawyer and journalist; was min- 
 ister of foreign affairs in 1872 ; on the fall of Ellaury (1875) 
 was banished ; returned in 1877 ; and was minister of gov- 
 ernment under President Tajes. At the end of Tajes’s 
 term Herrera was elected president, March 1, 1890, for the 
 term ending Feb. 28, 1894. 
 
 Herreros, Manuel Breton de los. Born at 
 Quel, in Logrono, Spain, Dec. 19, 1800: died at 
 Madrid, Nov. 13, 1873. A Spanish dramatic and 
 satiric poet, author of 150 dramas. Among his 
 comedies are “Losdos Sobrinos,” “ El Ingenuo,” “ElHom- 
 bre gordo,’* “Todo es farsa en este mundo,” etc. 
 
 Herrick (her'ik), Robert. Born at London, 
 Aug., 1591: died at Dean Prior, Devonshire, 
 Oct., 1674. An English lyric poet. Inl6l3hewas 
 
 a fellow-commoner of St. John’s, Cambridge. In 1616 he 
 went to Trinity Hall to study law. In 1629 he accepted the 
 living of Dean Prior. He was ejected in 1647 for his roy- 
 alist principles, and went to London. He was restored in 
 1662. He published “Hesperides, or the Works both Hu- 
 man and Divine of Robert Herrick, Esq. ” (1648). His com- 
 plete poems were edited by Grosart in 1876. Many of bis 
 poems were published anonymously. 
 
 Herring (her'ing), John Frederick. Born in 
 Surrey, 1795: died near Tunbridge Wells, Sept. 
 23, 1865. An English painter of horses. After 
 some years of service as a coachman he settled in Doncas- 
 ter. His best works were portraits of race-horses. He 
 possessed more than any other painter of his day, except 
 
 500 
 
 Landseer, the keen sympathy for animal life which char- 
 acterizes the English school. Many important race-borses 
 were painted by him. Rice. 
 
 Herrings, Battle of the. A name given to the 
 engagement between the French under the 
 Count of Clermont and the English under Sir 
 John Fastolf near Rouvray, in Feb., 1429. Sir 
 John was carrying provisions to the English army besieg- 
 ing Orleans, and these provisions consisted chiefly of her- 
 rings intended for the Lenten fast: hence the name. 
 Herrnhut (hern'hot). A town in the govern- 
 mental district of Bautzen, Saxony, 45 miles 
 east of Dresden : the chief seat of the Moravian 
 Brotherhood, founded 1722. 
 
 Herrnhuters (hern'hot-ers). A denomination 
 of Moravians or United Brethren : so called in 
 Germany from the village built by them on the 
 estate of Count von Zinzendorf in Saxony, 
 named Herrnhut (which see). See Moravians. 
 Herschel (her'shel). A name given for a time 
 to the planet now known as Uranus, discovered 
 by Sir William Herschel. 
 
 Herscliel, Caroline Lucretia. Born at Han- 
 nover. Prussia, March 16, 1750: died there, Jan. 
 9, 1848. An English astronomer, sister and col- 
 laborator of Sir William Herschel. she published 
 a Reduction and Arrangement in the Form of a Cata- 
 logue in Zones of all the Star Clusters and Nebul* observed 
 by Sir William Herschel.” 
 
 Herschel, Sir John Frederick William. Born 
 at Slough, near Windsor, England, March 7, 
 1792: died at Collingwood, near Hawkhurst, 
 Kent, England, May 11, 1871. A celebrated 
 English astronomer and physicist, son of Sir 
 William Herschel. He continued his father's re- 
 searches on double stars and nebulae, and conducted ob- 
 servations at the Cape of Good Hope 1834-38. His chief 
 work is “ Results of Astronomical Observations made 1834- 
 1838 at the Cape of Good Hope” (1847). Among his other 
 works are “Study of Natural Philosophy ” (1830), “Out- 
 lines of Astronomy ”(1849), “Familiar Letters on Scien- 
 tific Subjects” (1866), etc. 
 
 Herschel, Sir William (originally Friedrich 
 Wilhelm). Born at Hannover, Prussia, Nov. 
 15, 1738 : died at Slough, near Windsor, Eng- 
 land, Aug. 25, 1822. A celebrated English as- 
 tronomer, of German birth. He joined the band of 
 the Hanoverian Guards as oboist at the age of 14 ; de- 
 serted and went to England in 1757 ; was engaged in the 
 teaching of music ; and attained considerable success as a 
 violinist and organist. He instructed himself in mathe- 
 matics and astronomy ; and in 1773 constructed a telescope 
 with which he observed the Orion nebula. In 1775 he 
 erected his first large reflecting telescope. On March 13, 
 1781, he discovered the planet Uranus, naming it, in honor 
 of George III., “Georgium Sidus,” a name which was not 
 accepted by astronomers. He was made court astronomer 
 in 1782. On Jan. 11, 1787, he discovered two satellites of 
 Uranus (Oberon and Titania); on Aug. 28, 1789, a sixth satel- 
 lite of Saturn (Enceladus), and on Sept. 17, 1789, a seventh 
 (Mimas). His great reflecting telescope (tube 39 feet 4 
 inches long) was erected in 1789. “ In nearly every branch 
 
 of modern physical astronomy he was a pioneer. He was 
 the virtual founder of sidereal science. As an explorer of 
 theheavenshehadbutonerival — his son.” Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Hersent (er-son'), Louis. Born at Paris, March 
 10, 1777 : died there, Oct. 2, 1860. A French his- 
 torical and portrait painter. He was a pupil of 
 Regnault. 
 
 Hersfeld (hers'feld). A town in the province of 
 Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, at the junction of the 
 Geisa and Hauno with the Fulda, 32 miles south 
 by east of Cassel. It was formerly the seat of an old 
 Benedictine abbey. ItpassedtoHesse-Casselinl648. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 8,688. 
 
 Herstal (hers'tal), formerly Heristal, or Her- 
 istall (her'is-tal). A town in the province of 
 Li&ge, Belgium, situated on the Meuse 2 miles 
 northeast of Liege. It formerly contained a castle, 
 the residence of Pepin of Heristal, and was the birthplace 
 of Pepin and of Charles the Great (?). Population, com- 
 mune, 22,812. 
 
 Hertel (her 'tel), Albert. Born at Berlin, April 
 19, 1843 : died there, Feb. 19, 1912. A Prussian 
 landscape-painter, noted for his coloring. 
 Hertford (hert'ford or har'ford), or Herts 
 (herts). A county in south midland England. 
 It is bounded by Bedford on the northwest, Cambridge on 
 the north, Essex on the east, Middlesex on the south, and 
 Buckingham on the west. The leading industry is agri- 
 culture. Area (administrative county), 632 square miles. 
 Population (parliamentary county), 250,152. 
 
 Hertford. [ME. Hertford, AS. Heortford, Heo- 
 rotford, hart-ford, from heorot, hart, and ford, 
 ford.] The capital of Hertford County, situ- 
 ated on tbe Lea 20 miles north of London. An 
 
 ecclesiastical council called by Theodore, archbishop of 
 Canterbury, met here in 673. Population, 9,322. 
 
 Hertford College. A college of Oxford Uni- 
 versity, founded about 1282 by Elias de Hert- 
 ford as Hertford or Hart Hall. This foundation 
 (Hertford College from 1740) was dissolved in 1805 ; and 
 the buildings, with other property, passed to Magdalen 
 Hall in 1822. In 1874 Magdalen Hall was dissolved and 
 Hertford College reincorporated. 
 
 Hertha. See Nerthus. 
 
 Hertogenbosch (her'to-Gen-bosch'*'), ’S, or den 
 
 Herzberg 
 
 Bosch, G. Herzogenbusch (hert'so-gen-bosh), 
 F. Bois-le-Due (bwaTe-diik'). The capital of 
 the province of North Brabant, Netherlands, 
 situated at the junction of the Dommel and Aa 
 in lat. 51° 42' N., long. 5° 18' E. It contains a 
 noted cathedral, and was formerly strongly fortified. It 
 was taken by the Fr ench in 1794, and by the Prussians in 
 1814. Population, commune, 34,973. 
 
 Herts. An abbreviation of Hertfordshire. See 
 
 Hertford. 
 
 Hertz (herts). Henrik. Born at Copenhagen, 
 Aug. 25, 1798: died there, Feb. 25, 1870. A 
 Danish dramatist and poet. He was the son of 
 Jewish parents, but embraced Christianity. He studied 
 jurisprudence at the University of Copenhagen. In 1833 
 he traveled abroad at the expense of the government, and 
 upon his return was given the title of professor, and an 
 annual pension. His first important work was a series of 
 rimed epistles “Gjengatiger- Breve eller poetiske Epistler 
 fra Paradis” (“Ghost Letters, or Poetical Epistles from 
 Paradise ”), which appeared in 1830, and whose purpose 
 was esthetic and critical. The same year appeared a com- 
 edy in verse, “ Amors Genistreger ” (“ Amor’s Clever 
 Pranks ”). Among his many works for the stage are the 
 comedies “Emma” (1832), “ Den enesteFeil ” (“The Only 
 Error ”), and “ Sparekassen” (“The Savings Bank,” 1836); 
 the romantic plays “Kong Rene’s Datter” (“King Rene’s 
 Daughter ”), “ Svend Dyrings Hus ” (“ The House of Svend 
 Dyring ”); the vaudevilles “ Kjarlighed og Politi ” (“ Love 
 and Politics”), “Arvingerne” (“The Heirs”), “De Fat- 
 tiges Dyrehave ” (“A Park for the Poor”). During 1868- 
 1859 he edited the weekly journal “Ugenlige Blade.” TTi« 
 poems (“ Digte ’’) were published at Copenhagen (1851-62) 
 in 4 vols. ; his dramatic works (“Dramatiske Vaerker”)at 
 Copenhagen (1S54-73), in 18 vols. 
 
 Hertzberg (herts'berG), Count Ewald Fried- 
 rich von. Bom at Lottin, near Neustettin, 
 Prussia, Sept. 2, 1725: died May 27, 1795. A 
 Prussian statesman. He negotiated the peace of Hu- 
 bertsburg in 1763, and conducted the foreign aifairs of 
 ★ Prussia 1763-91. 
 
 Hertzberg, Gustav Friedrich. Bom at Halle- 
 on-the-Saale, Prussia, Jan. 19, 1826: died there, 
 Nov. 16, 1907. A German historian, professor 
 of history at Halle. His works include “Geschichte 
 Griechenlands miter der Herrschaft der Romer” (1866-75), 
 “Geschichte der Perserkriege ” (1877), “Geschichte des 
 romischen Kaiserreichs ” (1881), etc. 
 
 Hertzen, or Herzen (hert'sen), Alexander. 
 
 Born at Moscow, March 25, 1812: died at Paris, 
 Jan. 21, 1870. A Russian author and political 
 agitator. He published in London and Hamburg in 
 Russian, French, German, and English. He founded 
 in London the liberal journal “Kolokol” (“The Bell”) in 
 1856. Among his works are the novel “Kto Vinovat” 
 (“ Whose Fault,” 1847), “ Le monde russe et la revolution ” 
 (1860-62), etc. 
 
 Heruli (her'u-li), or Eruli, or g£ruli (er'u-ll). 
 A Germanic people, first mentioned in the 3d 
 century as dwelling near the Black Sea, and 
 as allies of the Goths. They joined with other 
 tribes under Odoacer in overthrowing the Western Empire 
 in 476. Theiroriginalhomewas probably on the Cimbrian 
 peninsula, whence, according to Jordanes, they were en- 
 tirely driven out by the Danes at the beginning of the 6th 
 century. Nothing is known of their ultimate fate. 
 
 Hervas y Panduro (ar-vas' e pan-do'ro), Lo- 
 renzo. Born at Cuenca, Spain, May 1, 1735 : 
 died at Rome, Italy, Aug. 24, 1809. A Jesuit 
 philologist. He taught philosophy at Madrid, spent 
 some years in America, and from 1804 was librarian of the 
 Quirinal at Rome. He published numerous works on com- 
 parative philology, in Italian and Spanish, besides books on 
 astronomy, physics, etc., and a cosmographical work in 21 
 vols. 
 
 Serve (er-va'): assumed name of Florimond 
 Ronger. Born at Houdain, Pas-de-Calais, 
 June 30, 1825: died at Paris, Nov. 3, 1892. A 
 French composer of operettas. According to Pon- 
 gin he claimed to be the founder of the kind of music ren- 
 dered famous by Offenbach. His works include “ L’CEil 
 crevd " (1867), “Le petit Faust” (1869), etc. In 1887 he 
 was conductor of the Empire Theatre, London. 
 
 Hervey (her'vi), John, Baron Hervey of Ick- 
 worth. Born Oct., 1696: died Aug., 1743. An 
 English politician, lord privy seal 1740-42. He 
 wrote “Memoirs of theCourtof George n.”(ed. 
 by Croker 1848). 
 
 Hervey Islands. See Cook Islands. 
 
 Herward. See Hereward. 
 
 Herwegh (her'veG), Georg. Born at Stuttgart, 
 Wiirtemfaerg, May 31, 1817: died near Basel, 
 April 7, 1875. A German political poet. He 
 
 emigrated from Wurtemberg in his youth, and settled at 
 Zurich, where, in 1841, he published a volume of poems of 
 a political tendency, entitled “Gedichte eines Lebendi- 
 gen,” which obtained great popularity with the Liberal 
 party in Germany. He was one of the leaders of the un- 
 successful revolution in Baden in 1848. 
 
 Herzberg (herts'berG), or Herzberg-on-the- 
 Elster (el'ster). A small town in the province 
 of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Black Elster 
 56 miles south of Berlin. 
 
 Herzberg, or Herzberg-in-the-Harz (harts). A 
 small town in the province of Hannover, Prus- 
 sia, on the Sieber 19 miles northeast of Got- 
 tingen. It has an old castle, and was a former 
 residence of the dukes of Brunswick. 
 
Herzegovina 
 
 Herzegovina (hert-se-go've-na), Turk. Hersek 
 (her'sek). Formerly a sanjak of the vilayet of 
 Bosnia, Turkey, since 1878 administered by Aus- 
 tria-Hungary. It is bounded by Bosnia on the north 
 and northeast, Montenegro on the southeast, and Dalmatia 
 on the west and southwest. The surface is mountainous. 
 The inhabitants are Slavs, and the language Servian. It 
 was conquered by the Turks in 1483 ; was the scene of an 
 insurrection in 1875-76 ; was occupied by Austria-Hungary 
 in Aug., 1878 ; and was again the scene of an insurrection 
 (which proved unsuccessful) in 1881-82. 
 
 Herzen, Alexander. See Hertzen. 
 
 Herz, mein Herz, warum so traurig? [G., 
 
 ‘ Heart, my heart, why so sorrowful ? ’] A pop- 
 ular German song. The words were written by J. R. 
 Wyss, Jr., about 1812, and the music about 1814, by J. L. 
 F. Gliick, a clergyman. 
 
 Herzog (hert'soG), Johann Jakob. Bom at 
 Basel, Switzerland, Sept. 12, 1805 : died Sept. 
 30, 1882. A German Protestant theologian. He 
 was professor at Lausanne 1835^7, at Halle 1847-54, and 
 at Erlangen 1854-77. He edited the “Real-Encyklopadie 
 fur protestantische Theologie und Kirche” (1854-68). 
 Herzogenbuchsee (hert'so-gen-boch-za"). A 
 town in the canton of Bern, Switzerland, 20 
 miles northeast of Bern. 
 
 Herzogenbusch. See Hertogenboscli, ’S. 
 Herzog Ernst (hert'sog ernst). A Middle High 
 Germanpoem, written in Bavaria by an unknown 
 author in the latter part of the 12th century, it 
 recounts the marvelous adventures in the Orient of the 
 banished Duke Ernst of Swabia, who was at war with his 
 stepfather, the emperor Conrad II. 
 
 Hesekiel (he-za'ke-el), Georg Ludwig. Born 
 at Halle-on-the-Saale, Prussia, Aug. 12, 1819: 
 died at Berlin, Feb. 26, 1874. A German jour- 
 nalist and man of letters, author of poems, his- 
 torical novels, and a life of Bismarck (1868). 
 Heshbon (hesh'bon). In Bible geography, a city 
 in Palestine, about 36 miles east of Jerusalem. 
 It was the capital of Sihon, king of the Amorites, and af- 
 terward belonged successively to the Israelites and to the 
 Moabites. It was tributary to Thothmes III. It is the 
 modern Hesb&n. 
 
 Hesiod (he'si-od). [Gr. 'Huiodor.'] A celebrated 
 Greek poet. He was, according to a poem attributed to 
 him, born in the village of Ascra, inBoaotia, and probably 
 lived about 735 B. C. His youth was, according to the same 
 authority, spentin rural pursuits at his native village. He 
 appears to have lived during the latter part of his life at 
 Orchomenus, where he is said to have been buried. The 
 obscurity in which his life is involved has led some critics 
 to adopt the opinion that the name does not represent an 
 actual person, but is a mere personification of the Bceotian 
 or Hesiodic school of poetry, as opposed to the Homeric 
 or Ionic. Of th6 numerous works commonly ascribed to 
 him the most important are “Works and Days ” and “ The- 
 ogony.” The former is chiefly composed of precepts on 
 rural economy and maxims of morality ; the latter is an ac- 
 count of the origin of the world and the birth of the gods. 
 Hesione (he-si'o-ne). [Gr. r H aiovy.'] In Greek le- 
 gend, a daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy, and 
 Leucippe. She was exposed, as a propitiatory sacrifice, to 
 he killed by a sea-monster sent by Poseidon to devastate 
 the land. Hercules slew the monster and set her free, and, 
 when the promised reward was refused him, took Troy, 
 slew Laomedon and his sons, andgave Hesione to his com- 
 panion, Telamon, by whom she became the mother of 
 Teucer. 
 
 Hesperia (hes-pe'ri-a). [Gr. 'Eonepia.] Accord- 
 ing to the ancient Greeks, the region of the west, 
 especially Italy, and sometimes, according to the 
 poets, the Iberian peninsula. 
 
 Hesperides (hes-per'i-dez). [Gr/Eo-Trept'ch/r.] In 
 Greek mythology, maidens, guardians of the 
 golden apples which Gaea (Earth) caused to grow 
 as a marriage-gift for Hera. They dwelt in the ex- 
 treme west, or, according to one accoun t, among the Hy- 
 perboreans. According to Hesiod they were daughters of 
 Night : in later accounts, daughters of Atlas and Hesperis, 
 named iEgle, Arethusa, Erytheia, and Hesperia. 
 Hesperus (hes'pe-rus). [Gr."E <77repof.] The even- 
 ing star, in Greek mythology, son of Astra; us and 
 Eos (according to Hesiod). He was regarded as iden- 
 tical with the morning star, and was hence called the 
 “Light-bringer.” Compare Phosphorus. 
 
 Hesperus. In Arthurian legend, the name given 
 to Sir Pertolope, the Green Knight. Tennyson 
 calls him the “Evening Star": his famous combat took 
 place at dawn. See Hesperus, above. 
 
 Hesperus, Mount. See Banded Peal:. 
 
 Hess (hes), Heinrich Maria von. Born at Diis- 
 seldorf, Prussia, April 19, 1798 : died at Munich, 
 March 29, 1863. A German historical painter, 
 brother of Peter von Hess : noted for his frescos 
 in Munich. 
 
 Hess, Johann Jakob. Born at Zurich, Switzer- 
 land, Oct. 21, 1741 : died there, May 29, 1828. A 
 Swiss Protestant theologian. His chief work is 
 “ Lebensgeschiehte Jesu” (1781). 
 
 Hess, Karl von. Bom at Diisseldorf, Prussia, 
 1801: diedatReichenhall, Bavaria, Nov. 16, 1874. 
 A German painter, brother of Peter von Hess. 
 Hess, Karl Adolf Heinrich. Born at Dresden, 
 1769 : died at Wilhelmsdorf, near Vienna, July 
 3, 1849. A German painter of horses and bat- 
 tle-scenes. 
 
 501 
 
 Hess, Karl Ernst Christoph. Born at Darm- 
 stadt, Germany, Jan. 22. 1755 : died at Munich, 
 July 25, 1828. A German engraver. Among his 
 best - works are “A Charlatan " after Dow, “ Ascension of the 
 Virgin” after Guido Reni, portraits after Rubens, and a 
 “Holy Family " after Raphael. 
 
 Hess, Peter von. Bom at Diisseldorf, Prussia, 
 July 29, 1792 : died at Munich, April 4, 1871. 
 A noted German painter of battles and genre 
 scenes, son and pupil of Karl Ernst Christoph 
 Hess, and pupil of the Munich Academy. He 
 served in the campaigns of 1813-15, and went to Greece in 
 1833 and to Russia in 1839 to make studies for battl e pictures 
 ordered by the czar. Among his works are “ Battle of Arcis- 
 sur-Aube," “Passage of the Beresina," “French Wagon- 
 train” (National Gallery in Berlin), “Battle of Leipsic," 
 “Battle of Austerlitz,”etc. 
 
 Hesse (hes), G. Hessen (hes'sen). A landgravi- 
 ate of the German-Roman Empire, it lay along 
 the Main and the middle Rhine, and extended northeast- 
 ward to the Weser. The ancient inhabitants were the 
 Chatti. The landgraves of Thuringia became rulers in 
 Hesse in the 12th century. On the extinction of the Thu- 
 ringian line in 1247, various claimants appeared. In 
 1263, by the treaty of Wettin, Henry of Brabant acquired 
 certain possessions, and styled himself landgrave and 
 prince of Hesse, making Cassel his capital Various acqui- 
 sitionswere made (Giessen, Homburg, etc.). Philip the Mag- 
 nanimous, landgrave of Hesse, was one of the leaders of the 
 Reformation. At his death in 1567 the country was divided 
 among his four sons, and the lines of Hesse-Cassel, Hesse- 
 Darmstadt, Hesse-Rheinfels(extinguished 1583), andHesse- 
 Marburg (extinguished 1604) were formed. See below. 
 
 Hesse, Grand duchy of. A grand dueliy and 
 state of the German Empire. It comprises mainly 
 two separate parts — the northern, consisting of the prov- 
 ince of Upper Hesse (Oberhessen), surrounded by Prussia ; 
 and the southern, consisting of the provinces of Starken- 
 burg (east of the Rhine) and Rhine Hesse (west of the 
 Rhine), bounded by Prussia on the west and north, and 
 Bavaria and Baden on the east and south. There are also 
 11 smaller exclaves. The chief physical features are the 
 Odenwald, the Vogelsberg, outliers of the Taunus, and the 
 plains of the Rhine and Main. Hesse has considerable 
 production of wine and flourishing manufactures. The 
 capital is Darmstadt ; the chief city Mainz. The govern- 
 ment is ahereditary constitutional monarchy with a grand 
 duke and a Landtag of 2 chambers. Hesse has 3 repre- 
 sentatives in the Bundesrat and 9 in the Reichstag. The 
 religion of the majority is Protestant. The landgraviate 
 of Hesse-Darmstadt was constituted in 1567. (See Hesse, 
 above.) It lost to France the territories west of the Rhine 
 in the wars of the French Revolution ; ceded various terri- 
 tories in 1803, but was largely increased by territories from 
 Mainz, the duchy of Westphalia, etc.; entered the Confed- 
 eration of the Rhine in 1806, and became a grand duchy, 
 receiving territory ; joined the Allies in 1813 ; entered the 
 Germanic Confederation in 1815 ; ceded the duchy of West- 
 phalia to Prussia in 1815, and made other cessions, but 
 received extensive territories and the towns ol Mainz and 
 Worms ; and received a constitution in 1820. It sided 
 with Austria against Prussia in 1866, and was obliged to 
 make contributions and cede Hesse-Homburg and por- 
 tions of Upper Hesse to Prussia, the grand duke beiug 
 compelled to enter the North German Confederation for 
 his territories north of the Main. From that time it has 
 usually been called Hesse, instead of Hesse-Darmstadt. 
 Area, 2,966 square miles. Population, 1,236,285. 
 
 Hesse (hes'se), Adolf Friedrich. Bom at Bres- 
 lau, Prussia, Aug. 30, 1809 : died there, Aug. 5, 
 1863i A German organist and composer for the 
 organ. 
 
 Hesse (es), Jean Baptiste Alexandre. Born 
 at Paris, Sept. 30, 1806 : died at Paris, Aug. 7, 
 1879. A French historical painter, nephew of 
 N. A. Hesse. 
 
 Hesse, Nicolas Auguste. Born at Paris, 1795 : 
 died at Paris, June 14, 1869. A French histor- 
 ical painter. 
 
 Hesse-Cassel (hes'kas'el), or Electoral Hesse, 
 G. Hessen-Kassel (hes'sen-kas'sel), or Kur- 
 hessen (kor'hes-sen). A former landgraviate 
 and electorate which lay north of Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt. It was formed in 1567 at the division of the Hessian 
 lands ; was occupied by the French in the Seven Y ears’ W ar ; 
 furnished 22,000 troops for the British service against the 
 United States ; lost to France in 1795 its territory westof 
 the Rhine ; received a few accessions and the electoral dig- 
 nity in 1803 ; was seized by the French in 1806 ; was allot- 
 ted to the kingdom of Westphalia in 1807 ; had its elector 
 restored in 1813 ; and received part of the principality of 
 Fulda and other territories in 1815, and entered the Ger- 
 manic Confederation. A constitution was proclaimed in 
 1831. A constitutional struggle between the liberals and 
 Hassenpflug in 1850 led to the armed intervention of Aus- 
 triainaidof Hassenpflug. Hessesided with Austria against 
 Prussia 1866, and was annexed by Prussia 1866. The greater 
 portion forms part of the province of Hesse-Nassau. 
 
 Hesse-Darmstadt (hes'darm'stat). A landgra- 
 viate of Germany, formed in 1567, now called 
 Hesse. For its history, seeHesse, Grand dueliy of. 
 Hesse-Homburg (hes'hom'berg), G. Hessen- 
 Homburg (hes r sen-hoin'borG). A former land- 
 graviate of Germany. It included Homburg-vor-der- 
 Hohe (north of Frankfort-on-the-Main) and Meisenheim 
 (between theRhinePalatinateandBirkenfeld). Itbranched 
 off from Hesse-Darmstadt in 1696 ; was made subordinate 
 to Hesse-Darmstadt in 1806, and independent in 1815 ; 
 received Meisenheim in 1816 ; and entered the Germanic 
 Confederation in 1817. By extinction of the house in 
 March, 1866, it reverted to Hesse-Darmstadt, which in 
 Sept., 1866, ceded it to Prussia. It now forms part of the 
 province of Hesse-Nassau and of the Rhine Province. 
 
 HettstSdt 
 
 Hesse-Nassau (hes'nas'a), G. Hessen-Nassau 
 
 (hes ' sen-nas ' sou). A province of Prussia, 
 formed in 1868. Capital, Cassel. it comprises 
 nearly all Hesse-Cassel, nearly all Nassau, part of Hesse- 
 Homburg, the other cessions made by Hesse in 1866, and 
 those made by Bavaria in 1866. It is surrounded by the 
 Prussian provinces of Saxony, Hannover, Westphalia, and 
 the Rhine, Hesse, Bavaria, YValdeck, and Saxe-Weimar: 
 and there are also several small exclaves. It surrounds 
 Upper Hesse. The surface is generally hilly, and in part 
 mountainous. The soil is generally fertile. Agriculture 
 and industries are flourishing. There are 2 government 
 districts, Cassel and Wiesbaden. Area, 6,062 square miles. 
 Population, 2,070,052. 
 
 Hessian (hesh'an). The German dialect of old 
 Hessian territory about the upper Lahn, the 
 Fulda, and the Eder. With Upper and Middle Fran- 
 conian and Thuringian,it forms thegroup specifically called 
 Middle German. 
 
 Hessians (hesh'anz). The natives or inhabi- 
 tants of Hesse in Germany. The Hessians as a race 
 are the representatives of the ancient Teutonic people the 
 Catti (Chatti); they formed various minor states in Ger- 
 many, of which the chief have been Hesse-Cassel (an- 
 nexed to Prussia in 1866) and the grand duchy of Hesse, 
 called Hesse-Darmstadt previous to 1866. • 
 
 Hessus (hes'sos), Helius Eobanus. Bom at 
 Halgehausen, Hesse, Jan. 6, 1488: died at Mar- 
 burg, Prussia, Oct. 4, 1540. A German poet. 
 Among his Latin poems are versions of the 
 Psalms and of the Iliad. 
 
 Hestia (hes'ti-a). [Gr. 'Ear/a.] In Greek my- 
 thology, the goddess of the hearth, daughter of 
 Cronos and Rhea, identified with the Roman 
 Vesta. 
 
 Hestia. An asteroid (No. 46) discovered by Pog- 
 son at Oxford, Aug. 16, 1857. 
 
 Hesvan (hes'van), or Heshvan (hesh'van). 
 [Heb.] The eighth month of the Jewish year, 
 corresponding to the latter part of Oct. and a 
 part of Nov. It has 29 or 30 days. Its fuller form 
 is Mar-heshvan, from Babylonian arafy-samna (with cus- 
 tomary phonetic change), eighth month. Like the other 
 names of the Hebrew months, it was borrowed from the 
 Babylonians about the time of the exile. 
 
 Hesychasts (hes'i-kasts). [Gr. ycvxarjTrp;, one 
 who leads a retired life.] A body of monks who 
 lived on Mount Athos during the 14th century, 
 and aimed to attain, by the practice of con- 
 templation and asceticism, perfect serenity of 
 mind, and hence supernatural insight and di- 
 vine light, with knowledge of the Deity. 
 
 Hesychius (ke-sik'i-us). [Gr. 'liavxioc.'] Put to 
 death at the beginning of the 4th century. An 
 Egyptian bishop, reputed reviser of the Septua- 
 gint and the New Testament. 
 
 Hesychius. Lived in the 6th (or 4th ?) century. 
 A Greek grammarian of Alexandria. He com- 
 piled a Greek lexicon, edited by Alberti and Ruhnken 
 1746-66, and by M. Schmidt 1857-68. 
 
 The most important Byzantine lexicon bears the name 
 of Hesychius of Alexandria, who appears to have lived iu 
 the latter part of the fourth century ; but has unquestion- 
 ably come down to us in modified form, including many 
 additions of a much later date. Hesychius himself was 
 probably a pagan, and a large portion of these additions 
 consists in Biblical glosses which must have proceeded 
 from the pen of some Christian grammarian. The value 
 of the work is not much enhanced by these later additions. 
 But it is an inestimable aid to the study of the classical 
 authors, especially Homer, because it embodies in a large 
 measure the best traditions of the older grammarians of 
 Alexandria. It was derived immediately by Hesychius 
 from the dictionary, iu five books, by Diogenianus, who 
 lived at Heraclea, in the Pontus, iu the time of Hadrian ; 
 and this, again, was an extract from the great dictionary, 
 in ninety-five books, by Pamphilus and Zopyrion, of the 
 school of Aristarchus. 
 
 K. O. Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 384. 
 
 [(Donaldson.) 
 
 Hesychius, surnamed “ The Illustrious.” Born 
 at Miletus, Asia Minor : lived at the beginning 
 of the 6th century. A Greek historical and 
 biographical writer. 
 
 Hetseria Philike (het-a-re'a fe-le'ke'). [NGr. 
 haip'ia (pi/aicf] A secret political society founded 
 at Odessa in 1814 for the purpose of liberating 
 Greece from the Turkish domination, iu 1820 it 
 chose as its leader Prince Alexander Ilypsilanti, who in 
 1821 inaugurated the Greek war for independence. 
 
 Heth (heth). A descendant of Canaan (Gen. x. 
 15); the ancestor of the family from whom 
 Abraham purchased the cave of Machpelah 
 (Gen. xx.). See Hittites. 
 
 Hettner (het'ner), Hermann Julius Theodor. 
 Born at Leisersdorf, near Goldberg, Prussia, 
 March 12, 1821: died at Dresden, May 29, 1882. 
 A German historian of literature and art. He be- 
 came professor at Jena in 1851, and in 1856 went to Dres- 
 den as director of the royal collections of antiquities, etc. 
 Later (1868) he became director of the Historical Museum 
 and of the Itietschel Museum. His chief work is “ Lit- 
 eraturgeschichte des 18. Jahrhuuderts” (1856-70). 
 
 Hettstadt, or Hettstedt (het'stet). A town in 
 the province of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the 
 Wipper 35 miles south of Magdeburg. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 9,230. 
 
Heuglin 
 
 Heuglin (hoig'lin), Theodor von. Born at 
 
 Hirschlanden, Germany, March 20, 1824: died 
 at Stuttgart, Nov. 5, 1876. An African trav- 
 eler and ornithologist. He was an able naturalist, 
 linguist, marksman, and draftsman, and his numerous ex- 
 peditions resulted in collections and published works of 
 rare scientific value. His many-sided explorations carried 
 him to Arabia, Abyssinia, and Kordofan (1850-55); to Ba- 
 yuda, Bed Sea, and Somali coasts (1856) ; to Mensa, Bogos, 
 Barea, Adua, Gondar, and to Djamma, Galla-land, where he 
 met King Theodorus (1861-62) ; and to the land of the Dors 
 as far as the Dembo River (1863-64). In 1858-60, and after 
 1864, he published 7 important works on his journeys 
 and on African ornithology. In 1870-71 he visited Spitz- 
 bergen and Nova Zembla, on which regions he wrote 3 
 volumes, and in 1874 he made his last African tour along 
 the Red Sea and among the Beni Amer. 
 
 Heureaux (e-ro')> Ulisse. Born about 1846: 
 assassinated at Moca, Santo Domingo, July 26, 
 1899. A general and politician of the Domini- 
 can Republic. He took an important part in the war 
 with the Spaniards 1866 ; became president of the republic 
 1882-83, and again in 1887: and was afterward continuously 
 reelected, the last time in 1897. 
 
 Heusch(hesch),orHeus(hes), Jacob van. Born 
 at Utrecht, 1657 : died there, 1701. A Dutch 
 painter, nephew of Willem van Heusch. 
 Heusch, or Heus, Willem van. Lived in the 
 17th century. A Dutch landscape-painter. 
 Hevelius (he-ve'li-us ; G. pron. ha-fa'le-os), ori- 
 ginally Hewel (ha'vel), or Hewelke (ha-vel'- 
 ke), Johannes. Born atDantzic, Prussia, Jan. 
 28, 1611 : died at Dantzic, Jan. 28, 1687. A Po- 
 lish astronomer. After having completed his studies 
 at Leyden, he traveled in Holland, England, France, and 
 Germany 1630-34, when he returned to his native city of 
 Dantzic, and devoted himself to the study of astronomy. 
 He was elected a judge in 1641, and a town councilor in 
 1651. Among his works are “Selenographia” (1647) and 
 “Prodromus astronomiae ” (1690). 
 
 Hewitt (hu' it), Abram Stevens. Born at Hav- 
 erstraw, N. Y., July 31, 1822: died at New York, 
 Jan. 18, 1903. An American statesman, son-in- 
 law of Peter Cooper. He was a Democratic member of 
 Congress from New York 1875-79 and 1881-86, and mayor 
 of New York 1887-88. 
 
 Hewitt, John Hill. Born at New York city, 
 July 11, 1801: died at Baltimore, Md., Oct. 7, 
 1890. An American author, in 1825 lie settled at 
 Baltimore, where he engaged in literary work, aDd was 
 brought into rivalry with Edgar Allan Poe. His best-known 
 work is the ballad ‘The Minstrel's Return from the War.” 
 Hexam (hek'sam), Lizzie. One of the principal 
 female characters in Dickens’s “Our Mutual 
 Friend.” 
 
 Hexapla (hek'sa-pla). [Gr. rd rfa7r/lo, sc. Bi/TUa, 
 sixfold (Bible).] An edition of the Bible in six 
 versions. The name is especially given to a collection of 
 texts ofthe Old Testament collated by Origen. It contained 
 in six parallel columns the Hebrew text in Hebrew char- 
 acters and in Greek characters, the Septuagint with criti- 
 cal emendations, and versions by Symmachus, Aquila, and 
 Theodotion. There were also fragments of several other 
 versions. 
 
 Hexapolis (hek-sap'6-lis), Dorian. [Gr. ’Efan-o- 
 Jff, six cities.] In ancient, Greek history, a name 
 given to a league of six Dorian cities — Lindus, 
 Ialysus,Camirus (all in Rhodes), Halicarnassus, 
 Cnidus, and Cos. 
 
 Hexateuch (hek'sa-tuk). [From Gr. six, 
 and TEvxog, an implement, a book.] The first 
 six books of the Old Testament. The sixth book, 
 Joshua, relating the final settlement of the Jews in the 
 promised land, is a continuation of the Pentateuch, and 
 apparently forms with it a complete work, homogeneous 
 in both style and purpose. 
 
 Hexham (hek'sam). A town in Northumber- 
 land, England, situated on the Tyne 20 miles 
 west of Newcastle-on-Tyne. It contains a priory 
 church. Here, May 15, 1464, the Lancastrians under the 
 Duke of Somerset were totally defeated by the Yorkists 
 under Lord Montacute. Somerset was taken prisoner, and 
 was beheaded after the battle. Population, 7,071. 
 
 Heyden (hr den), Jan van der. Born at Gor- 
 kum, Netherlands, 1637 (1640?): died at Am- 
 sterdam, 1712. A Dutch architectural painter. 
 Heylin, or Heylyn (hi'lin), Peter. Born at Bur- 
 ford, Oxfordshire, England, Nov. 29, 1600 : died 
 at London, May 8, 1662. An English church his- 
 torian and controversialist. Among his works are 
 “ Cosmography ” (1662), “ Ecclesia Restaurata : the History 
 of the Reformation of the Church of England " (1661), etc. 
 
 Heyne (hl'ne), Christian Gottlob. Born at. 
 Chemnitz, Saxony, Sept. 25, 1729: died at Got- 
 tingen, Prussia, July 14, 1812. A German clas- 
 sical philologist and archasologist, professor at 
 Gottingen 1763—1812. He published "Opuscula aca- 
 demica" (1785-1812), and edited Tibullus (1755), Vergil 
 (1767-75), Pindar (1773), the Iliad (1802), etc. 
 
 Heyse (hi'ze), Johann Christian August. Born 
 at Nordhausen, Prussia, April 21, 1764 : died at 
 Magdeburg, Prussia, June 27, 1829. A German 
 grammarian, teacher successively at Olden- 
 burg, Nordhausen, and Magdeburg. He publish- 
 ed “ Ailgemeines Fremdworterbuch ” (1804), “Deutsche 
 Grammatik ” (1814), “ Deutsche Schulgrammatik ’’ (1816), 
 etc. 
 
 502 
 
 Heyse, Johann Ludwig Paul. Born at Berlin, 
 
 March 15, 1830. A German novelist and poet. 
 He is the son of the philologist Karl Wilhelm Ludwig 
 Heyse. He studied at Berlin and Bonn. In 1849, and 
 again in 1852, he traveled in Italy. Since 1854 he has lived 
 in Munich. His principal works are his “Novellen, ”13 se- 
 ries of which have appeared from 1855 to 1881 under vari- 
 ous titles. Besides these he has published “ Gesammelte 
 Novellen in Versen” (1863), “Syritha” (1867), “Die Ma- 
 donna in Olwald ” (“The Madonna of the Olive Grove,” 
 1879). The novels “DieKinderder Welt ’’(“The Children 
 of the World ”) and “ In Paradies ” appeared in 1873 and 
 1875 respectively. He is the author of numerous dramas 
 writtenat various times after 1850. Anepicpoem, “Thekla," 
 was published in 1858. “ Das Skizzenbuch " (“ The Sketch- 
 book”), a volume of poems, appeared in 1877; “Der Sala- 
 mander" in 1879; the collection of poems “Verse aus 
 Italien” in 1880. His collected works (“Gesammelte 
 Schriften ’’) appeared, 1872-80, in 14 volumes. 
 
 Heyse, Karl Wilhelm Ludwig. Born at Ol- 
 denburg, Germany, Oct. 15, 1797 : died at Ber- 
 lin, Nov. 25, 1855. A German philologist, son 
 of J. C. A. Heyse: professor at the University 
 of Berlin. He continued his father’s grammatical works, 
 and wrote “ System der Sprachwissenschaft" (1866), etc. 
 
 Heyst (hist). A sea-bathing resort in the prov- 
 ince of West Flanders, Belgium, on the North 
 Sea 9 miles north of Bruges. 
 
 Heywood (ha' Wild). A manufacturing town in 
 Lancashire, England, 8 miles north of Man- 
 chester. Population, 25,458. 
 
 Heywood, John. Born about 1497 : died at Mech- 
 lin, Belgium, about 1580. A noted English epi- 
 grammatist. He was a sort of court jester, though of 
 good social position, and amused by his powers of repar- 
 tee. He was a favorite with Queen Mary, but when Eliza- 
 beth ascended the throne he retired to Mechlin, where he 
 is supposed to have died. He wrote 3 interludes in which 
 for the first time characters were personal and not mere 
 abstractions, and thus paved the way for English comedy. 
 The best-known of the interludes is the “Eour P’s: a 
 merry interlude of a Palmer, a Pardoner, a Potycary, and 
 a Pedlar,” printed between 1543 and 1547. His “Epigrams 
 and Proverbs ” (1562) show both wit and humor, and were 
 very popular. He wrote also “The Play of Love,” “ The 
 Play of the Wether,” etc. 
 
 Heywood, Thomas. Born in Lincolnshire, Eng- 
 land: died about the middle of the 17th cen- 
 tury. A noted English dramatist and miscel- 
 laneous writer. He speaks of his residence at Cam- 
 bridge in his “ Apology for Actors, ” but there is no record 
 of him there. He was an actor, a member of the Lord 
 Admiral’s, Earl of Southampton’s, Earl of Derby’s, Earl of 
 Worcester’s, and the Queen's companies. After the death 
 of the queen he went hack to the Earl of Worcester's com- 
 pany. He was a prolific writer. Among his plays are 
 “ The Four Prentices of London, etc." (produced about 
 1600: printed 1615), “Edward IV.” (in 2 parts), “If Y r ou 
 Knew not Me, You Knew Nobody, etc.” (1605-00: in 2 
 parts), “The Royal King and the Loyal Subject "(printed 
 1637 : acted much earlier), “A Woman Killed with Kind- 
 ness” (acted 1603: printed 1607), “The Fair Maid of the 
 Exchange ” (1607), “The Golden Age” (1611), “The Silver 
 Age” (1012), “The Brazen Age" (1613), “The Iron Age” 
 (1632 : 2 parts), “The Fair Maid of the West” (acted 1617 : 
 printed 1631), “The English Traveller” (printed 1633), 
 “Love's Mistress ”(1636), “The Wise Woman of Hogsden ” 
 (1638), “ Fortune by Land and Sea"(with William Rowley : 
 printed 1655), “The Late Lancashire Witches” (with Rich- 
 ard Brome: 1634). He wrote the lord mayor’s pageants 
 for many years. Among his miscellaneous works are trans- 
 lations of Sallust, and selections from Lucian, Ovid, and 
 others; “Troia Britannica,” a long heroic poem (1609); 
 “An Apology for Actors” (1612: reprinted with altera- 
 tions by William Cartwright in 1658, with the title “The 
 Actors’ Vindication”) ;“ England'sElizabeth”(1631); “The 
 Hierarchy of the Blessed Angels,” a long didactic poem 
 (1635). 
 
 Hezekiah (hez-e-ki'a). [Heb.,‘God is my 
 strength.’] King of Judah for 29 years. The date 
 of his accession to the throne is variously given as 727, 
 726, and 715 B. c. He restored the service of Jehovah, 
 purged the country of the idolatry which was spread under 
 his father Ahaz, and inaugurated a kind of revival of the 
 theocratic spirit. He obtained a series of victories over 
 the Philistines. Concerning his relation to Assyria, ac- 
 counts are found in the Old Testament as well as in the 
 cuneiform inscriptions. Hezekiah undertook to shake off 
 the Assyrian supremacy underwhich Judah had groaned 
 since Uzziah. It would seem that Shalmaneser IV. and 
 Sargon were somehow prevented from punishing him. 
 But Sennacherib made two invasions into Judah. The first 
 (702) is briefly related in 2 Ki. xviii., according.to which, 
 after Sennacherib had captured all the fortified cities in 
 Judah, Hezekiah submitted and sent to the conqueror at 
 Lachish 300 talents of silver and 30 talents of gold. The 
 prism inscription of Sennacherib relates more fully that 
 be attacked Hezekiah because he kept Padi, king of Ek- 
 ron, prisoner in Jerusalem ; that he took 46 fenced cities 
 and many captives, and gave a part of his territory to the 
 kings of Ekron, Ashdod, and Gaza; and that he besieged 
 Jerusalem, shutting up Hezekiah in it “like a bird in a 
 cage.” Returning to Lachish, Sennacherib sent a letter 
 through his chief general (tartan) and prime minister (rab- 
 shake) to Hezekiah, demanding the surrender of the cap- 
 ital. The result of this invasion, as given in the biblical 
 record, was that the Assyrian army of 185,000 troops be- 
 sieging Jerusalem was smitten by the angel of the Lord in 
 the night, and were “all dead corpses.” The Assyrian in- 
 scriptions contain no reference to the catastrophe of the 
 army, which is mostly explained to have been caused by 
 a pestilence; but this omission is easily accounted for by 
 national pride. The extraordinary event is corroborated 
 by a tradition preserved in Egypt, and heard 250 years later 
 by Herodotus. The divergences between the biblical and 
 the Assyrian accounts concern more seriously the chronol- 
 
 Hicks, Thomas 
 
 ogy. According to the biblical account Hezekiah reigned 
 727-699 ; for the destruction of the kingdom of Israel in 
 722 is represented as taking place in his 6th year, and 
 Sennacherib’s campaign, which fell in the 14th yearof Heze- 
 kiah, would have to be put in 713. But Sennacherib did 
 not come to the throne before 705, and the date of the 
 campaign in the inscriptions (701) is therefore preferable. 
 Again, the illness of Hezekiah, his recovery, and the con- 
 gratulatory embassy from Merodach-Baladan, to whom he 
 showed his rich treasures, are represented in the Bible as 
 happening after the collision with Sennacherib. But this 
 must have occurred before the treasury was emptied to 
 p ay the heavy tribute to Assyria (i. e., 704 or 703). 
 
 H. H. The pseudonym (for Helen Hunt) of Helen 
 Maria Fiske (Mrs. Hunt; afterward Mrs. Jack- 
 son). 
 
 Hiawatha (hi-a-wa'ta or hi-a-wa'tha). A per- 
 sonage of miraculous birth, kiiown by this name 
 among the Iroquois, and by other names among 
 other tribes of North American Indians. He was 
 sent among them to teach them the arts of peace. “In any 
 form the tale has been known to the whites less than 50 
 years, and the Onondaga version first had publicity through 
 Mr. J. V. H. Clark, in a communication to the New York 
 ‘Commercial Advertiser.’ He obtained it from two Onon- 
 daga chiefs. Schoolcraft used these notes before they 
 were included in Clark’s history, and afterward appropri- 
 ated the name for his Western Indian legends, where it 
 had no proper place. About the same time, Mr. Alfred 
 B. Street had a few original notes from other Iroquois 
 sources, which he used in his metrical romance of ‘Fron- 
 tenac,’ along with some from Schoolcraft. Thus, when 
 Longfellow’s ‘Hiawatha’ appeared, I was prepared to 
 greet an old friend, and was surprised at being introduced 
 to an Ojibway instead of an Iroquois leader. ” (IF. M. Beau- 
 champ, Journal Amer. Folk-Lore, IV. 295.) Longfellow’s 
 poem “ Hiawatha," published in 1855, was based on School- 
 craft. The latter’s “ Myth of Hiawatha ” was published in 
 1856, and dedicated to Longfellow. 
 
 Hiazus. See Yazoo. 
 
 Hibbert Lectures. A foundation instituted by 
 the trustees of Robert Hibbert, a West India 
 merchant, who died in 1849. For many years the 
 trustees applied the funds mainly to the higher culture 
 of students for the Unitarian ministry, but in 1878 re- 
 solved to institute Hibbert Lectures, with a view to capa- 
 ble and really honest treatment of unsettled problems in 
 theology, apart from the interest of any particular church 
 or system. The trustees were empowered to revise the 
 scheme of administration once in every twenty-five years. 
 The breadth of the trust was due to the advice of Hib- 
 bert’s counsel. Among the lecturers have been Max 
 Muller, Page Renouf, Renan, Rhys DavidB, Kuenen, Beard, 
 Reville, Pfleiderer, Rhys, Sayce, and Hatch. 
 
 Hibernia (hi-ber'ni-a), or Ibernia (i-ber'ni-a), 
 or Ivernia (I-ver'ni-a). [L .Hibernia, Iverna, 
 Juverna, Ier-na, Ierne ; Gr. ’I ovepvia, ltpvr/ : all 
 appar. representing tbeOld Celtic form otErin, 
 Ire-land.'] An ancient name of Ireland. 
 Hibitos (e-be'tos). A tribe of Peruvian Indians 
 on the upper Huallaga, apparently a branch of 
 the Chunchos. From about 1676 to 1790 they 
 were gathered into mission villages ; later the 
 missions were broken up, the Hibitos re- 
 turned to a wild life, and nothing is now known 
 of them. Also written Xibitos. 
 
 Hickathrift (hik'a-thrift), Tom. A mythical 
 strong man. 
 
 Tom Hickathrift belongs to the same series as Jack the 
 Giant-killer, one of the popular corruptions of old north- 
 ern romances. It seems to allude to some of the insur- 
 rections in the Isle of Ely, such as that of Hereward, 
 described in Wright's Essays, ii. 91. Spelman, however, 
 describes a tradition, which he says was credited by the 
 inhabitants of Tylney, in which Hiclcifric appears as the 
 assertor of the rights of their ancestors, and the means he 
 employed on the occasion correspond with incidents in 
 the following tale. llalliwell, Nursery Rhymes. 
 
 Hickes (hiks), George. Born at Newsham, near 
 Thirsk, Yorkshire, June 20, 1642: died Dec. 15, 
 1715. An English nonjuring divine, Anglo- 
 Saxon scholar, and controversialist. His chief 
 works are “Institutiones Grammaticse Anglo-Saxonic® ” 
 (1689), “Linguarum veterum Septentrionalium Thesau- 
 rus” (1703-05). 
 
 Hickok (hik'ok), Laurens Perseus. Born at 
 
 Bethel, Conn., Dec. 29, 1798 : died at Amherst, 
 Mass., May 7, 1888. An American clergyman 
 and metaphysician. He was president of Union Col- 
 lege 1866-68. Among his works are “ Rational Psychology " 
 (1848), “ Moral Science ” (1853), “ Empirical Psychology ” 
 (1854), “Rational Cosmology ”(1858), “Creator and Creation 
 (1872), and “ The Logic of Reason ” (1876). 
 
 Hickory (hik'o-ri). Old. A nickname given to 
 General Andrew Jackson, from the toughness 
 and strength of his character. 
 
 Hickory Pole Canvass. The presidential can- 
 vass of 1828 in behalf of Jackson (“ Old Hick- 
 ory ”). 
 
 Hicks (hiks), Elias. Born at Hempstead, N. Y., 
 March 19, 1748: died at Jericho, N. Y., Feb. 27, 
 1830. An American preacher of the Society of 
 Friends, founder of the denomination of the 
 Hicksit.es. He published “Observations on 
 Slavery ”(181 1), “ Doctrinal Epistle ”(1824), etc. 
 Hicks, George Edgar. Born at Lymington, 
 England, 1824. An English genre-painter. 
 Hicks, Thomas. Born at Newtown, Bucks Coun- 
 ty, Pa., Oct. 18, 1823: died at Trenton Falls, 
 
Hicks, Thomas 
 
 N. Y., Oct. 8, 1890. An American painter, espe- 
 cially of portraits. Among Ms works are “Ed- 
 win Booth as Iago,” “ Henry Ward Beecher, "etc. 
 Hicks (hiks), William, Hicks Pasha. Born 
 1831 : killed near El Obeid, Kordofan, Africa, 
 Nov. 4, 1883. A British officer. He commanded 
 the Egyptian army against the Mahdi in 1883, and was 
 defeated by him Nov. 3, at Kashgil, near El Obeid. 
 
 Hicks-Beach (hiks'beeh'), Sir Michael Ed- 
 ward. Born at London, Oct. 23, 1837. An Eng- 
 lish baronet, and Conservative politician. He 
 was chief secretary for Ireland 1874-78 ; colonial secretary 
 1878-80 ; chancellor of the exchequer and leader of the 
 House of Commons 1885-86 ; chief secretary for Ireland 
 1886-87 ; president of the board of trade 1888-92 ; and 
 chancellor of the exchequer 1896-1902. He was created 
 Viscount St. Aldwyn in 1906. 
 
 Hick or Hycke Scorner. A morality printed 
 by Wynkyn de Worde. 
 
 Hicksites(hik'sits) . A secedingbodyof Quakers, 
 followers of Elias Hicks, formed in the United 
 States in 1827, and holding Socinian doctrines. 
 Hicks’s Hall. The sessions house of the county 
 of Middlesex, England, built in 1612 and taken 
 down in 1782. 
 
 Hidalgo de Cisneros y Latorre (e-dal'go da 
 thes-na'ros e la-tor'ra), Baltazar. Born at Car- 
 tagena about 1755 : died there, June 9, 1829. A 
 Spanish general and administrator. He com. 
 manded various ships and squadrons in the wars with Eng- 
 land and France, and was wounded at the battle of Trafal- 
 gar. He became lieutenant-general in Nov., 1805. Ap- 
 pointed viceroy of Buenos Ayres by the junta of Seville, he 
 took possession of the office July 30, 1809, but was deposed 
 by the revolution of May, 1810 : June 21, 1810, he was 
 forced to leave the country. The Spanish government 
 exonerated him. He held various important posts : was 
 minister of marine Sept., 1818, and director-general of the 
 armada Dec., 1818, until deposed by the revolution of 1820. 
 The revolutionists imprisoned him for some time. From 
 Nov., 1823, he was captain-general of the department of 
 Cartagena. 
 
 Hidalgo y Costilla (e kos-tel'ya), Miguel. Bom 
 near Guanajuato, May 8, 1753: died at Chihua- 
 hua, Aug. 1, 1811. The first leader of the Mexican 
 war for independence. He was curate of the village 
 of Dolores, where he proclaimed a revolt Sept. 16, 1810. 
 The undisciplined army which he gathered marched to- 
 ward Mexico and defeated Truxillo Oct. 30, 1810 ; but it 
 was beaten by Calleja, and Hidalgo fell back on Guadala- 
 jara. There he raised his army to 100,000 men, but was 
 again disastrously defeated by Calleja at the bridge of Cal- 
 deron, Jan. 17, 1811. He resigned, and fled toward the 
 United States, but was captured, tried, and shot. 
 Hidatsa (he-da'tsa). A tribe of North Ameri- 
 can Indians, closely associated with the Man- 
 dan and Arikara. They are also called Minitari, and 
 are officially styled Gros Ventres. The Hidatsa are on 
 the Fort Berthold reservation, North Dakota. See 
 Siouan. 
 
 Hiddekel. See Tigris. 
 
 Hidimba (hi-dim'ba) (masc.), Hidimba (hi- 
 dim'ba) (fern.). In Hindu mythology, a power- 
 ful demon, a cannibal, who dwelt in the forest 
 to wMch the Pandavas retired after the burning 
 of their house. He sent his sister Hidimba to lure them 
 to him, but she fell in love with Bhima. Bhima, refusing 
 her advances, had to fight with Hidimba, whom he slew; 
 but he afterward married her. 
 
 Hierapolis (hl-e-rap'o-lis). [Gr. 'Vpdiro/jc, sa- 
 cred city.] 1 . An ancient city of Phrygia, Asia 
 Minor, situated about lat. 37° 57' N., long. 29° 
 E.: the modern PambukKalessi. It was held sacred 
 on account of its hot springs and cave “Plutonium," and 
 was the birthplace-of Epictetus. 
 
 2. An ancient city of Syria, situated in lat. 36° 
 31' N., long. 37° 56' E. : the Greek Bambyce 
 (BagfJvKr/), and the modern Membidj. 
 
 Hierizim (hi-er'i-ziin). [Origin doubtful, but 
 probably due to some mistake. ] Riccioli’s name 
 for the star / 3 Cygni, ordinarily known as Albireo. 
 Hiero (hl'e-ro), or Hieron (hi'e-ron), I. [Gr. 
 f I£p<jr.] Hied at Catania, Sicily, 467 B. C. Tyrant 
 of Syracuse, brother of Gelon whom he suc- 
 ceeded about 478 b. c. He was noted as a pa- 
 tron of literature. In 474 he defeated the Etrus- 
 cans near Cumse. 
 
 Hiero II. Born about 307 b. c. : died 216 b. c. 
 King of Syracuse. He became general of the Syracu- 
 sans 276 ; king 270 ; ally of Carthage 264 ; and permanent 
 ally of Home 263. 
 
 Hierocles (lri-er'5-klez). [Gr. ’Iepo/cAijf.] A na- 
 tive of Caria, Roman proconsul in Bithynia, and 
 later in Alexandria, during the reign of Diocle- 
 tian: said to have incited that emperor to his 
 persecution of the Christians. He wrote a work in 
 Greek, now lost, entitled “Truth-loving Words to the 
 Christians,” in which Christ was unfavorably compared 
 with Apollonius of Tyana. It was answered by Eusebius 
 of Caesarea. 
 
 Hierocles. Lived in the 5th century a. d. An 
 Alexandrian Neoplatonic philosopher, reputed 
 author of an extant commentary on the “Golden 
 Verses” of Pythagoras. 
 
 Hieronymus. See Jerome. 
 
 Hierosolyma. See Jerusalem. 
 
 503 
 
 Hietan. See Comanche. 
 
 Higden (hig'den),or Higdon (big'don), Ranulf. 
 Died at Chester about 1363. An English chron- 
 icler. He took the vows of a Benedictine in the Abbey 
 of St. Werburg, in Chester, about 1299. He was the au- 
 thor of a general history entitled “ Polychronicon ” (which 
 see). 
 
 Higginson (hig'in-son), Francis. Born in Eng- 
 land about 1587: died at Salem, Mass., Aug. 
 6, 1630. An English clergyman. He emigrated 
 to Massachusetts in 1629, and -wrote “New England’s Plan- 
 tations ” (1630). 
 
 Higginson, John. Born at Claybrooke, Leices- 
 tershire, England, Aug. 6, 1616: died at Salem, 
 Mass., Dec. 9, 1708. An American clergyman, 
 son of Francis Higginson. 
 
 Higginson. Thomas Wentworth. Born at Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., Dec. 22, 1823: died there, May 
 9, 1911. An American author. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1841, and was ordained in 1847 ; retired from 
 the ministry in 1858 ; and was colonel of the first colored 
 regiment in the Civil War. He published “Outdoor 
 Papers ” (1863), “ Harvard Memorial Biographies ” (1866), 
 “ Malbone : an Oldport Romance ” (1869), “ Army Life in 
 a Black Regiment" (1870), “Atlantic Essays” (1871), 
 “Young Folks’ History of the United States" (1875), 
 “ Larger History of the United States" (1884), “Hints on 
 Writing and Speech-making” (1887), etc. 
 
 High Bridge. A bridge built 1842-49 at 175th 
 street in New York, to carry the Croton aque- 
 duct across the Harlem River into the city. 
 It is 1,460 feet long, and has 13 granite arches. The 
 arches are 116 feet high. 
 
 Highflyer (hi'AFer). A bay race-horse by Her- 
 od, foaled in 1774. He was the property of Richard 
 Tattersall, founder of “ Tattersall’s ” in London, who made 
 £25,000 by his purchase. “TattersaU’s” has always at- 
 tributed the establishment of its fortune to the success 
 of this horse. Highflyer is in the direct male line from 
 the Byerly Turk, the third great family of English thor- 
 oughbred stallions. Rice. 
 
 Highgate (hi'gat). 1. A suburb of London, 
 partly in Middlesex, 5 miles N. W. of St. Paul’s. 
 
 It is on high land, its highest point being about 426 feet 
 above the level of the Thames. 
 
 2. An old gate formerly standing at the south 
 end of King street, which runs from Whitehall 
 to Westminster. The gate-house was taken 
 down in 1723. 
 
 High-Heels and Low-Heels. Two parties in 
 Lilliput, in “Gulliver’s Travels” by Swift, in- 
 tended to satirize the Tories and Whigs. 
 Highland Mary. The name given to Mary 
 Campbell and Mary Morison, sweethearts of 
 the poet Burns. 
 
 Highlands (hi'landz), The. A district in north- 
 ern and western Scotland, of vague limits. It 
 includes the Hebrides, the counties of Argyll, Inverness, 
 Ross and Cromarty, Sutherland, and Caithness, and parts 
 of Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar, 
 Perth, Stirling, Dumbarton, and Bute. The inhabitants 
 are mainly of Celtic stock. The Highlands are celebrated 
 for romantic scenery : they contain the highest mountains 
 in Great Britain. The Highland clans took an active part 
 on the Royalist side in the civil wars of 1642-50, for James 
 II. in 1689, and in the Jacobite risings of 1715 and 1745. 
 
 Highlands of the Hudson. A range of hills 
 and low mountains in eastern New York, in 
 Orange, Putnam, Dutchess, and Rockland coun- 
 ties. Prominent points are Fishkill Mountain, Storm 
 King, Crow’s Nest, Donderberg, Anthony’s Nose, and West 
 Point. 
 
 Highland Widow, The. A story by Sir W alter 
 Scott, published in 1827. 
 
 High Life Below Stairs. A comedy farce by 
 the Rev. James Townley (1759). It was attrib- 
 uted to Garrick. 
 
 High Peak (M pek). An elevated region in the 
 northern part of the Peak, in Derbyshire, Eng- 
 land, 16 miles east-southeast of Manchester, 
 noted for the Castleton caverns. 
 
 High Peak, or Mount Lincoln(mountling'kon). 
 One of the chief summits of the Catskills, in 
 New York. Height, about 3,660 feet. 
 
 Higuay (e-gwi'). A region or so-called “prov- 
 ince ” of Haiti, in the time of Columbus. It was 
 at the eastern end of the island, and was governed by a 
 chief called Cotubanarad, who revolted, but was finally 
 subdued about 1505. It is an Indian name. Also written 
 Higuey and Cigumj. 
 
 Hijaz. See Hedjaz. 
 
 Hika (he'ka). [Ar. al-haq’a, the white spot.] 
 A name given to the little group of stars in the 
 head of Orion, in which group A is the most con- 
 spicuous. 
 
 Hilarion(hi-la'ri-on), Saint. Born atThabatha, 
 near Gaza, Palestine, about 300 a. d. : died in 
 Cyprus, 371. A hermit of Palestine. He intro- 
 duced monastieism into that country. 
 
 Hilarius (hi-la'ri-us). [L. Hilarius, Gv.'lAaptoc, 
 cheerful, merry, F. Hilaire, It. Ilario, Sp. Pg. 
 Hilario.\ Born in Sardinia: died 467. Bishop 
 of Rome 461-467. 
 
 Hilarius, or Hilary (hil'a-ri), Saint: surnamed 
 Pictaviensis (‘of Poitiers’). Born probably 
 
 Hildesheim 
 
 at Poitiers, France: died at Poitiers, Jan. 13, 
 368 a. d. A Gaulish prelate and theologian, a 
 noted opponent of Arianism. He became bishop of 
 Poitiers about 353. His chief works are “ De Trinitate," 
 “De synodis," and commentaries. 
 
 Hilarius, or Hilary, Saint: surnamed Arela- 
 tensis (‘of Arles’). Born in Gaul about 401: 
 died May 5, 449. A Gaulish prelate. He became 
 bishop of Arles in 429, and was deprived by Leo the Great 
 of his rights as metropolitan in 445. 
 
 Hilary (hil'a-ri). See Hilarius. 
 
 Hilary’s Day, St. A feast commemorated on 
 Jan. 13 by the Church of England, and on Jan. 
 14 by the Church of Rome. The Hilary Term at Ox- 
 ford begins on Jan. 14, and ends on the Saturday next be- 
 fore Palm Sunday. 
 
 In law, the Hilary Term is one of the four terms of the 
 Courts of Law in England. It begins Jan. 11 and ends 
 Jan. 31. The Hilary sittings now begin Jan. 11, and end 
 the Wednesday before Easter. Formerly the sittings of 
 the Courts of Chancery and Common Law were regulated 
 by the terms. Rapalje and Lawrence , Law Diet. 
 
 Hild. See Hilda. 
 
 Hilda (hil'da), or Hild (hild), generally called 
 Saint Hilda. [AS. Hild, L. Hilda. ] Born in 
 the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 614: 
 died at Whitby, England, Nov. 17, 680. An Eng- 
 lish abbess. She was a descendant of the royal North- 
 umbrian line, became abbess of Hartlepool in 649, and 
 founded the monastery of Whitby in 657. 
 
 Hilda. A New England girl, a painter, in Haw- 
 thorne’s novel “The Marble Faun.” A tower, 
 with the Virgin's image before which she is fabled to have 
 kept a perpetual light burning, and where the doves came 
 to be fed, is shown as Hilda's Tower in Rome. 
 
 Hildburghausen (hilt'boro-hou-zen). A town 
 in the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, Germany, sit- 
 uated on the Werra in lat. 50° 26' N., long. 10° 
 44' E. Previous to 1826 it was the capital of the former 
 duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen. Pop., commune, 7,456. 
 
 Hildebert (hil'de-bert) of Tours. Born at La- 
 vardin, near Vendome, France, about 1055: 
 died at Tours, France, 1134 (1133?). A French 
 prelate, theologian, and author, bishop of Le 
 Mans (made archbishop of Tours in 1125). 
 
 Hildebrand (hil' de-brand). See Gregory VII. 
 (Pope). 
 
 Hildebrand. A celebrated legendary character 
 of German romance. He is an old man, part of whose 
 stofy is told in the “ Hildebrandslied,” but who also ap- 
 pearsin the “Nibelungenlied,” “Dietrich von Bern,”“Bite- 
 rolf,” the “ Rosengarten,” and the hero legends. 
 
 Hildebrandslied (hil'de-brands-led) . [G., ‘ Song 
 of Hildebrand.’] An Old High German poem in 
 alliterative verse, of unknown authorship, pre- 
 served in a fragmentary form in a single manu- 
 script which dates from the end of the 8th cen- 
 tury. It is important as the only extant example of old 
 German heroic poetry. Its subject is the combat of Hil- 
 debrand with his son Hadubrand. 
 
 Hildebrandt (hil'de-brant), Eduard. Born at 
 Dantzic, Prussia, Sept. 9, 1818 : died at Berlin, 
 Oct. 25, 1868. A German landscape-painter. 
 Hildebrandt, Ferdinand Theodor. Bom at 
 Stettin, Prussia, July 2, 1804: died at Diissel- 
 dorf, Prussia, Sept. 29, 1874. A German his- 
 torical painter. Among his best works are “Murder of 
 the Sons of Edward IV.’’ (1836), “Othello relating his Ad- 
 ventures ” (1847). 
 
 Hildebrandt, Johann Maria. Born at Diis- 
 seldorf, Germany, March 19, 1807: died in Mada- 
 gascar, May 29, 1881. An African traveler and 
 botanist. The fields of his exploration were — in 1872-73 
 Bogos and Somali-land ; in 1875 the tract between Mom- 
 basa and Mount Kenia ; in 1879-81 Madagascar, where he 
 died among the Ankaratra Mountains. Accounts of his 
 work appeared in the “Journal ” of the Berlin Geographi- 
 cal Society. 
 
 Hildegard (hil'de-gard), Saint. Born at Bockel- 
 heim, diocese of Mainz, Germany, about 1098 : 
 died at Rupertsberg, near Bingen, Germany, 
 Sept. 17, 1179. A German abbess, noted for her 
 miraculous visions. She founded the convent 
 of Rupertsberg in 1148. Her revelations were 
 published in 1698. 
 
 Hilden (hil'den). A manufacturing town in the 
 Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the Itter 
 8 miles east-southeast of Diisseldorf. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 13,946. 
 
 Hildesheim (hil'des-him). A city in the prov- 
 ince of Hannover, Prussia, situated on the In- 
 nerste 18 miles southeast of Hannover, it is 
 renowned for its specimens of medieval and German Re- 
 naissance buildings. The cathedral is an early-Roman- 
 esque monument with a late-Pointed south aisle and north 
 transept. The interior has been barbarized, but preserves 
 some very fine church furniture and a noteworthy sculp- 
 tured Renaissance rood-loft. The brass doors between the 
 vestibule at the west end and the nave date from 1015, and 
 bear 16 interesting reliefs of the “Fall" and “Redemption. ’’ 
 The two-storied cloister is decorated Romanesque. St. 
 Michael’s, formerly the Benedictine abbey church, is one 
 of the noblest Romanesque monuments in Germany. It 
 was built early in the 11th century, and somewhat modified 
 in the 12th and 13th. There are double transepts, and a 
 
Hildesheim 
 
 504 
 
 Hincmar 
 
 choir at each end, that toward the west standing over 
 a columned crypt. Every third support of the nave is a 
 massive pier ; those intervening are columns. The nave 
 has a flat wooden ceiling which is covered with remark- 
 able scriptural paintings of the 12th century. There is 
 a fine Romanesque cloister with Pointed vaulting. The 
 Church of St. Godehard, one of the most notable of German 
 Komanesque structures, was built in the middle of the 
 12th century. The choir is French in character. Three 
 massive towers characterize the exterior, and there is a 
 rich sculptured doorway on the northwest. Other ob- 
 jects of interest are the Kathaus, Knockenhauer- Amthaus, 
 Wedekind house, etc. Hildesheim became the seat of a 
 bishopric in 818. and was a Hanseatic town. Population, 
 commune, 47,061. 
 
 Hildesheim, Bishopric of. A bishopric of 
 which the city of Hildesheim was the capital. 
 
 Its seat was removed from Elze to Hildesheim in 818. It 
 was acquired bv Prussia in 1803, was made part of the 
 kingdom of Westphalia in 1807, and was assigned to 
 Hannover in 1815. 
 
 Hildreth (hil'dretb), Richard. Born at Deer- 
 field, Mass., June 28, 1807 : died at Florence, 
 Italy, July 11, 1865. An American historian 
 and journalist. He was admitted to the bar in 1830, 
 but abandoned law in 1832 and became a member of the 
 editorial staff of the Boston “Atlas.” His chief work is a 
 “ History of the United States" (6 vols. 1849-56). 
 
 Hilgard (hil'gard). Julius Erasmus. Born at 
 Zweibriicken, Bavaria, Jan. 7, 1825: died at 
 Washington, D. C., May 8, 1891. An American 
 physicist. He emigrated with his father from Germany 
 to the United States in 1835, and in 1845 was appointed to 
 a position on the United States Coast Survey, of which he 
 was superintendent 1S81-S5. 
 
 Hilkiah (hil-kl'a). [Heb., ‘ Jehovab is my por- 
 tion.’] The high priest in the time of Josiali, 
 king of Judah, who discovered the hook of the 
 law in the temple. 
 
 Hill (hil), Aaron, Born at London, Feb. 10, 
 1685 : died Feb. 8, 1750. An English poet, drama- 
 tist, and general writer. 
 
 Hill, Abigail. See Masham. 
 
 Hill, Ambrose Powell. Born in Culpeper 
 County, Va., Nov. 9, 1825 : killed near Peters- 
 burg, Va., April 2, 1865. An American general. 
 He graduated at West Point in 1847, fought in the Mexi- 
 can war, and became a colonel in the Confederate army 
 iD 1861. He served in General Johnston’s command 
 at the first battle of Bull Kim ; commanded a brigade at 
 the battle of Williamsburg ; became a major-general in 
 1862 ; participated in the seven days’ battles around Rich- 
 mond and in the second battle of Bull Pam ; reinforced 
 General Lee at Antietara ; commanded the right wing of 
 General Jackson’s corps at Fredericksburg ; commanded 
 the center at Chancellorsville ; became lieutenant-general 
 in 1863 ; commanded a corps at Gettysburg ; participated 
 in the action at Bristol Station (1863) ; repelled with Long- 
 street the Union attack on the Weldon Railroad ; and was 
 shot near Petersburg by stragglers from the Union army. 
 
 Hill, Daniel Harvey. Bom at Hill’s Iron 
 Works, York district, S. C., July 12, 1821: died 
 at Charlotte, N. C., Sept. 24, 1889. An Ameri- 
 can general. He graduated at West Point in 1842; 
 served in the Mexican war ; became professor of mathe- 
 matics and military tactics in Washington College, Vir- 
 ginia, in 1849; professor of mathematics in Davidson Col- 
 lege, North Carolina, in 1854 ; and president of the North 
 Carolina Military Institute at Charlotte in 1859 ; and was 
 commissioned colonel in the Confederate army at the 
 beginning of the Civil War. In Sept., 1862, during the 
 Maryland campaign, he held the pass in the Blue Ridge, 
 near Boonesboro, until Jackson had captured Harper’s 
 Ferry and Lee had crossed the Potomac. He was pro- 
 moted lieutenant-general in 1863, and commanded a corps 
 under Bragg at the battle of Chickamauga. 
 
 Hill, David Bennett. Born at Havana, N. Y., 
 Aug. 29, 1843: died near Albany, N. Y., Oct. 
 20, 1910. An American lawyer and Demo- 
 cratic politician. He was elected lieutenant-governor 
 of New York in 1882 ; became governor on the election of 
 Cleveland to the presidency ; was elected governor in 
 1885, and again in 1888 ; was U nited States sena tor 1891-97 ; 
 and was defeated for governor in 1894. 
 
 Hill, Rowland. Born at Hawkestone, Shrop- 
 shire, England, Aug. 23, 1744: died at London, 
 April 11, 1833. An English preacher. He grad- 
 uated B. A. at Cambridge in 1769 ; became curate of 
 Kingston, Somerset, in 1773 ; and erected Surrey Chapel, 
 London, in 1783. His most notable work is "Village Dia- 
 logues ’’ (1810). 
 
 Hill, Rowland, first Baron Hill. Born at 
 Prees Hall, Shropshire, Aug. 11, 1772: died 
 at Hardwicke Grange, near Shrewsbury, Eng- 
 land, Dec. 10, 1842. An English general, nephew 
 of Rowland Hill (1744—1833). He entered the army 
 as ensign in 1790 ; was promoted lieutenant-general in 
 1809 ; served with distinction in the Peninsular war and 
 at the battle of Waterloo; was created Baron Hill of Al- 
 marez and Hawkestone in 1814 ; was promoted general in 
 1825; was commander-in-chief of the British army 1828-42 ; 
 and was created viscount in 1842. 
 
 Hill, Sir Rowland. Born at Kidderminster, 
 England, Dec. 3, 1795 : died at Hampstead, near 
 London, Aug. 27, 1879. The author of the pen- 
 ny postal system. He published in 1837 a pamphlet 
 entitled “ Post Office Reform : its Importance and Prac- 
 ticability," in which he recommended the adoption 
 throughout the United Kingdom of a uniform rate of 1 
 penny for letters not exceeding half an ounce. Anactem- 
 bodying this proposition was passed by Parliament in 1839, 
 
 and the penny rate was introduced in 1840. He was ap- 
 pointed secretary to the postmaster-general in 1846 ; was 
 secretary to the post-office 1864-64 ; and was knighted in 
 1860. 
 
 Hill, Thomas. Born at New Brunswick, N. J., 
 Jan. 7, 1818: died at Waltham, Mass., Nov. 2, 
 1891. An American educator and Unitarian 
 clergyman. He was president of Antioch College 1859- 
 1862, and of Harvard College 1862-68 ; and at the time of 
 his death had charge of a Unitarian church at Waltham, 
 Massachusetts. He invented a number of mathematical 
 machines, the best-known of which is the occultator ; and 
 was the author of “ Curvature ” (1850), etc. 
 
 Hillah (hil 'la), or Hilleh (hil'le). A town in the 
 vilayet of Bagdad, Asiatic Turkey, situated on 
 the Euphrates in lat. 32° 28' N., long. 44° 48' E. 
 It is the place situated nearest to the site of ancient Baby- 
 lon, and is built almost entirely with bricks from the 
 mound El-Kasr, i. e. the ruins of the once gorgeous palace 
 of Nebuchadnezzar. Its inhabitants carry on a brisk trade 
 in bricks which they dig out of the mounds and sell as 
 building material. Population, estimated, about 10,000. 
 
 Hillard (hil'ard), George Stillman. Born at 
 Machias, Maine, Sept. 22, 1808 : died at Boston, 
 Jan. 21, 1879. An American journalist and mis- 
 cellaneous writer. He published “Six Months in 
 Italy ”(1853), “Life and Campaigns of George B. McClel- 
 lan ” (1864), school l eaders, etc. 
 
 Hillel (liil'el). Born in Babylonia, a descendant 
 of the family of David. President of the San- 
 hedrim 30 b. c.-9 A . D. , appointed by Herod I. He 
 lived in poor circumstances, and went to Jerusalem to 
 study the law under Shemaiyah and Abtalion, becoming 
 there the reorganizer of J ewish life and the founder of Tal- 
 mudic Judaism. By his introduction of the seven dialec- 
 tical rules for the interpretation of the law, he gave its 
 study a rational basis. He also enacted many reforms 
 which affected the whole social fabric of his time. He was 
 the first of the presidents of the Sanhedrim to be honored 
 with the title nasi (i. e., ‘prince,’ ‘patriarch’), and the pa- 
 triarchate remained thenceforth hereditary in his family 
 until its extinction. He was particularly distinguished for 
 his humility, gentleness, and libera], humane spirit. From 
 his numerous sayings and maxims may be mentioned “ Do 
 not judge thy neighbor until thou hast stood in his place,” 
 “Do not believe in thyself till the day of thy death,” and 
 the most celebrated, “ Do not unto others what thou wouldst 
 not have done unto thyself. This is the whole law: the 
 rest, go and finish.” 
 
 Hillel II. Patriarch 360 A. D. He introduced defl- 
 nite rules for the calculation and fixing of the Jewish calen- 
 dar, which still form the groundwork of Jewish reckoning. 
 
 Hiller (hil'ler), Ferdinand. Born at Frankfort- 
 on-the-Main, Oct. 24, 1811: died at Cologne, May 
 10, 1885. An eminent German composer, pian- 
 ist, director, and writer on music, of Hebrew de- 
 scent. He became municipal kapellmeister at Diissel- 
 dorf in 1847, and at Cologne in 1850. He conducted the 
 Lower Rhine festivals from 1850 whenever they were held 
 in Cologne. His works include the oratorio “ Die Zersto- 
 rung Jerusalems" (“The Destruction of Jerusalem,” 18.39), 
 symphonies (notably his “ Spring Symphony in E ”), con- 
 certos (notably the pianoforte concerto in F minor}, can- 
 tatas, choral works, songs, chamber music, etc. 
 
 Hiller, originally Hiiller (hul'ler), Johann 
 Adam. Born at Wendischossig, near Gorlitz, 
 Prussia, Dee. 25, 1728 : died at Leipsic, June 16, 
 1804. A German composer of operettas, songs, 
 and church music, resident in Leipsic after 1758. 
 He was the first to compose the “ Singspiele” (operettas), 
 and the founder of a series of public concerts since fa- 
 mous as the “ Gewaudhaus Concerts ’’(from being given in 
 the hall of the Gewandhaus after 1781). 
 
 Hillerod (hil'le-red). A town in the island of 
 Zealand, Denmark, 21 miles north-northwest of 
 Copenhagen. It is noted for the palace of Frederiks- 
 borg (the historical museum of Denmark), an imposing 
 Renaissance structure of red brick with towers and pedi- 
 ments, built early in the 17th century by Christian IV. 
 The apartments of the interior are richly decorated. The 
 palace church, in which manv Danish kings have been 
 crowned, is excellent artistically, despite its exuberant 
 richness in gilding and color. Population, 5,156. 
 
 Hilleviones (hiFe-vi-o'nez). The name given 
 by Pliny to the Germanic tribes of Scandinavia. 
 It is of unknown etymology and uncertain ap- 
 plication. 
 
 Hillhouse (hil'hous), James. Born at Mont- 
 ville, Conn., Oct. 21, 1754 : died at New Haven, 
 Conn., Dec. 29, 1832. An American politician. 
 He was United States senator (Federalist) from 
 Connecticut 1796-1810. 
 
 Hillliouse, James Abraham. Bom at New Ha- 
 ven, Conn., Sept. 26, 1789 : died near New Ha- 
 ven, Jan. 4, 1841. An American poet, son of 
 James Hillliouse. He published “The Judgment: a 
 Vision ” (1812), and the dramas “ Percy's Masque ’’ (1820) 
 and “Hadad” (1825). In 1839 he published his works in 
 2 volumes. 
 
 Hilliard (hil'yard), Henry Washington. Bom 
 
 at Fayetteville, N. C., Aug. 4, 1808 : died at At- 
 lanta, Ga., Dec. 17, 1892. An American lawyer. 
 He graduated at South Carolina College in 1826 ; was ad- 
 mitted to the bar in 1829; and was a member of Congress 
 from Alabama 1845-51, He wasappointed Confederate com- 
 missioner to Tennessee by Jefferson Davis, and held the 
 rank of brigadier-general in the Confederate army. He 
 was United States minister to Brazil 1877-81. He wrote 
 “Speeches and Addresses ” (1855), “De Vane: a Story of 
 Plebeians and Patricians ” (1865), and “Politics and Pen 
 Pictures” (1892). 
 
 Hilliard, Nicholas. Born at Exeter, 1537 : 
 died at London, 1619. An English miniature- 
 painter. 
 
 Hill of the Nymphs. See Nymphseum. 
 
 Hillsdale (hilz'dal). A city and the capital of 
 Hillsdale County, southern Michigan, 85 miles 
 west-southwest of Detroit : the seat of Hills- 
 dale College (nou-sectarian). Population, 
 5,001, (1910). 
 
 Hill Tipperah (hil tip'e-ra). A tributary state 
 in Assam, British India, intersected by lat. 23° 
 30' N., long. 91° 45' E. Area, 4,086 square 
 miles. Population, 173,325. 
 
 Hilo (he'16). A seaport situated on the east- 
 ern coast of the island of Hawaii, in lat. 19° 44' 
 N., long. 155° 4' W. Population, 6,745, (1910). 
 
 Hilversum (hil'ver-sum). A town in the prov- 
 ince of North Holland, Netherlands, 16 miles 
 southeast of Amsterdam. Population, com- 
 
 mune, 19,443. 
 
 Himalaya (him-a'la-ya or him-a-la'ya), or Him- 
 alayas (-yaz). [Skt., ‘snow-abode.’] A moun- 
 tain system In Asia, extending from about long. 
 73° to 98° E. along the northern frontier of Hin- 
 dustan : the ancient Emodus, Imaus, etc. it is 
 connected with theHindu Kush on the west, and with the 
 plateau of Tibet ou the Dorth, and contains the sources of 
 the rivers Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra. Themountair.s 
 rise from the plain of the Ganges in ranges generally par- 
 alleL The two main chains are the southern or Outer Hima- 
 laya, and northern or Inner Himalaya ; there are also the 
 sub-Himalayan or Siwalik Hills and various other outer 
 ranges. The highest peaks (the highest in the world) are 
 Everest (29,002 feet), Godwin-Ausien (28,250 feet), Kun- 
 chinjinga(28,146feet), Dhwalagiri (26,826 feet). Two peaks 
 apparently higher than Mt. Everest were seen by Graham 
 in 1884. The range is crossed by few good passes (by none 
 except in the western parts). Length, about 1,500 miles. 
 
 Himera (him'e-ra). The ancieut name of two 
 rivers in Sicily, one flowing south (the Salso), 
 and the other north past Himera. 
 
 Himera. In ancient geography, a town on the 
 northern coast of Sicily, 20 miles southeast of 
 Palermo. It was founded by Greek colonists in the 7th 
 century B. 0. Here, 480 B. c., Gelon of Syracuse defeated 
 the Carthaginians. It was destroyed about 408 B. c. Ther- 
 mae (the modem Termini) was founded in the vicinity. 
 
 Himilco (hi-mil'ko). [Gr. f I/dZ/cui\] 1. Lived 
 about 500 (?)B. C. A Carthaginian navigator. Ac- 
 cording to Pliny he conducted a voyage of discovery from 
 Gades northward along the coast of Europe. Itisinferred 
 from passages in the “ Ora Maritima" of Festus Avienus 
 that the voyage of Himilco may have extended to the Sar- 
 gasso Sea. 
 
 With a little good fortune the admiral [Himilco) would 
 have discovered America more than 2,000 years before the 
 birth of Columbus, but “the magicians on board" were 
 too powerful to allow the prosecution of the adventurous 
 voyage. They had arrived at the Sargasso Sea. 
 
 Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 21. 
 
 2. Lived about 400 B. c. A Carthaginian gen- 
 eral in Sicily. 
 
 Himmel (him'mel), Friedrich Heinrich. Born 
 at Treuenbrietzen, Brandenburg, Prussia, Nov. 
 20, 1765 : died at Berlin, June 8, 1814. A Ger- 
 man composer, author of the opera “ Fanchon, 
 das Leiermadchen,” libretto by Kotzebue (1805), 
 “Der Kobold” (1804), a number of cantatas, 
 oratorios, songs, etc. 
 
 Himyarites (bim'ya-rits). The former people 
 of southwestern Arabia, or Yemen, said to be 
 so called after an ancient king Himyar: now 
 more often known as Sabeans. 
 
 Himyar itic (him-ya-rit'ik). The former lan- 
 guage of southwestern Arabia, especially of the 
 Himyaritic inscriptions. It was an Arabic dialect, 
 more nearly akin to Abyssinian than is the classical Ara- 
 bic ; it has been crowded out of existence by the latter. 
 
 Hinayana (hi-na-yii'na). [Skt., ‘ Little Vehi- 
 cle.’] The southern school of Buddhism. See 
 Great Vehicle. 
 
 Hinckley (hingk'li). A town in Leicestershire. 
 England, 13 miles southwest of Leicester. 
 Population, 11,304. 
 
 Hinckley, Thomas. Bom in England about 
 1618 : died at Barnstable, Mass., April 25, 1706. 
 Governor of Plymouth colony. He came to Scit- 
 uate with his parents in 1635, and in i639 removed to Barn- 
 stable. He was deputy governor of Plymouth in 1680, 
 and, except during the administration of Sir Edmund An- 
 dros, was governor 1681-92. 
 
 Hincks (hingks), Edward. Born at Cork, Ire- 
 land, 1792: died at Killyleagh, County Down, 
 Ireland, Dec. 3, 1866. An Irish Assyriologist 
 and Egyptologist. 
 
 Hincks, Sir Francis. Born at Cork, 1807 : died 
 at Montreal, Aug. 18, 1885. A Canadian states- 
 man. He emigrated to Canada in 1S32, founded the To- 
 ronto “Examiner” in 1838, and the Montreal “Pilot” in 
 1844 ; was premier of Canada 1851-54 ; and was governor 
 of Barbados and the Windward Islands 1855-62, and of 
 British Guiana 1802-69. 
 
 Hincmar (hingk'mar). Bom about 806 : died 
 at Epernay, Dec. 21, 882. A French prelate. 
 
Hincmar 
 
 He was descended from a noble West Frankish family, 
 was educated at the Abbey of St. Denis under Hildnin, and 
 was appointed archbishop of Rheims by Charles the Bald 
 in 845. He played a conspicuous part in the theological 
 movements of his time, notably in the predestinarian con- 
 troversy, in which he supported Paschasius Badbertus. 
 His chief work is the “Annales Bertiniani "(from 801 to 
 882). His complete works were first published by Sirmond 
 in 1645. 
 
 Hind (hind), John Russell. Born at Notting- 
 ham, May 12, 1823 : died Dee. 23, 1895. An Eng- 
 lish astronomer. He was superintendent of the Nau- 
 tical Almanac Office for many years, and discovered 10 
 planetoids and several comets. He published “ The Solar 
 System" (1846), “Astronomical Vocabulary ” (1852), “Ele- 
 ments of Algebra" (1856), etc. 
 
 Hind and the Panther, The. A satirical poem 
 by Dryden, published 1687 : a defense of Roman 
 Catholicism. The hind typified the Church of 
 Rome ; the panther, the Church of England. 
 Hindi (hin'de). The Aryan vernacular lan- 
 guage of northern India. It has numerous dia- 
 lects. See Hindustani, 
 
 Hindley (hind'li). A manufacturing town in 
 Lancashire, England, 19 miles northeast of 
 Liverpool. Population, 23,504. 
 
 Hindley, Charles. Died at Brighton, May, 1893. 
 An English bookseller. He wrote a good deal for the 
 press, and several books, but is best known as the author 
 of “Mother Shipton’s Prophecy,” assumed to have been 
 published in 1448. 
 
 Hindol (hin-dol'). A tributary state of Orissa, 
 British India, intersected by lat. 20° 40' N., 
 long. 85° 20' E. 
 
 Hindoos. See Hindus. 
 
 Hinduism (hin'do-izm). A term used to desig- 
 nate the aggregate of the religious beliefs and 
 practices developed in modern times from the 
 earlier Brahmanism. Hinduism subordinates the wor- 
 ship of the purely spiritual Brahman (nom. Brahnia) (see 
 Brahma), with its first manifestation Brahma (brahma), 
 to that of Shiva and Vishnu, or of their wives, or of some 
 form of these deities, while each sect exalts its own god to 
 the place of the Supreme. The Puranas (which see) are 
 its Bible. 
 
 Hindu Kush (hin'do kosh). A range of moun- 
 tains situated mainly in Afghanistan and Kafir- 
 istan, extending from about long. 68° to 74° E. : 
 often identified with the ancient Paropamisus. 
 It is a western continuation of the Himalaya 
 range. Highest point, over 25,000 feet. 
 Hindur (hin-dor'). A native state in the Pan jab, 
 India, intersected by lat. 31° N., long. 76° 45' E. 
 Hindus (hin'doz), or Hindoos. The native race 
 in India descended from the Aryan conquerors. 
 Their purest representatives belong to the two great his- 
 toric castes of Brahmans and Rajputs. Many of the non- 
 Aryan inhabitants of India have been largely Hinduized. 
 The Hindus speak various dialects derived from Sanskrit, 
 as Hindi, Hindustani, Bengali, Marathi, etc. More loosely, 
 the name includes also the non-Aryan inhabitants of India. 
 
 Hindustan (hin-do-stan'), or Hindostan (hin- 
 do-stan'), or Indostan (in-do-stan'). The land 
 of the Hindus ; the central peninsula of Asia, 
 or, in a more restricted sense, that portion 
 north of the Vindhya Mountains, or even the 
 valley of the upper Ganges. See India. 
 Hindustani(hin-do-stan'e). Oneofthelanguages 
 of Hindustan, a form of Hindi which grew up in 
 the camps of the Mohammedan conquerors of 
 India, since the 11th century, as a medium of 
 communication between them and the subject 
 population of central Hindustan, it is more cor- 
 rupted in form than Hindi, and abounds with Persian and 
 Arabic words. It is the official language and means of 
 general intercourse throughout nearly the whole penin- 
 sula. Also called Urdu. 
 
 Hinganghat (hin-gan-gat'). A small town in 
 the Wardha district, Central Provinces, British 
 India, situated in lat. 20° 34' N., long. 78° 51' E. 
 Hingham (hing'am). A township in Plymouth 
 County, Massachusetts, situated on Boston 
 harhor 12 miles southeast of Boston. Popula- 
 tion, 4,965, (1910). 
 
 Hinnom (hin'om), The Valley of. See Gehenna. 
 Hinojosa (e-’no-Ho'sa), Pedro de. Born at 
 Trujillo about 1490: died at Chuquisaca, Upper 
 Peru, May 6, 1553. A Spanish soldier. He was 
 a follower of Pizarro in Peru ; fought against the Alma- 
 groB in 1538 and 1542 ; followed the rebellion of Gonzalo 
 Pizarro in 1645 ; and as captain of his ships took Panama 
 and Nombre de Dios. Gasca induced Hinojosa to desert 
 to the royal side with his whole fleet (Nov. 19, 1546), and 
 this defection insured tiie defeat of the rebellion. Gasca 
 gave him the command of his army, and subsequently he 
 wasynade governor of Charcas, where he received rich 
 grants. He was murdered there by conspirators. 
 
 Hinojosa del Duque (del do'ka). A town in the 
 province of Cordova, Spain, 43 miles north- 
 northwest of Cordova. Population, 10,673. 
 Hinterland (bin ' tor-land ; G. pron. hin'ter- 
 lant). [G.,‘ back-land.’] A German term used 
 specifically for regions in Africa inland from 
 the European coast possessions : as, tho British 
 
 505 
 
 “Hinterland ” of the Gold Coast, or the German 
 “Hinterland” of Kamerun. 
 
 Hinter Rhein (hin'ter rin). [G.,‘ Back Rhine.’] 
 A river in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, 
 uniting with the V order Rhein to form the Rhine 
 at Reichenau. 
 
 Hinton (hin'ton), James. Born at Reading in 
 1822 : died Dee. 16, 1875. An English physician 
 and philosophical writer. He was apprenticed to a 
 clothier at London in 183G ; became a member of the Royal 
 College of Surgeons in 1847 ; began the practice of medicine 
 at London in 1850 ; and was lecturer on aural surgery at Guy’s 
 Hospit: 1 1863-74, when he abandoned medicine to devote 
 himself to philosophical studies. Among his works are 
 “Man and his Dwelling-Place” (1859), “The Mystery of 
 Pain ” (1866), and “ The Place of the Physician ” (1873). He 
 edited “ Physiology for Practical Use ” (1874). 
 
 Hinton (hin'ton), John Howard. Bom at Ox- 
 ford, England, March 24, 1791 : died at Bristol, 
 England, Dec. 17, 1873. An English Baptist 
 clergyman and author. He had charge of Devonshire 
 Square Chapel, Bishopsgate street, London, 1837-63. He 
 wrote “Theology, or an Attempt towards a Consistent View 
 of the whole Counsel of God ” (1827), “ The Work of the 
 Holy Spirit in Conversion Considered ” (1830), “ Memoir of 
 Jol Howard Hinton ’ (1835), etc. 
 
 Hiogo (he-6'go). A seaport in the main island 
 of Japan, situated in lat. 34° 40' N., long. 135° 
 12' E. It is one of the chief commercial places of Japan, 
 opened to European commerce in 1868. It was united to 
 Kobe in 1892. Its original name was Bako. Population, 
 with Kobe, 378,197. 
 
 Hiouen-Tsang (he-wen'tsang'). A Chinese 
 Buddhist pilgrim who visited 110 countries and 
 places in India 629-645 A. D. Of the two works re- 
 lating to his travels, neither was written by himself. The 
 first is a bibliographical notice, in which his travels form a 
 principal feature, composed by two of his pupils, Hoei-li 
 and Yen-Tsong; the second (“Memoirs of the Countries of 
 the W est ”) was edited by Pien-ki. These works, translated 
 into French by Julien, are an invaluable source for the his- 
 tory of the times. Hiouen-Tsang is said to have translated 
 from Sanskrit into Chinese 657 works. 
 
 Hipparchus (hi-par'lrus). [Or. ”I-~ap^nr.] Died 
 at Athens, 514 B. C. A tyrant of Athens, son of 
 Pisistratus. He reigned in conjunction with his brother 
 Hippias from 527 to 514, when he was slain by Harmodius 
 and Aristogiton. See Harmodius. 
 
 Hipparchus. Bom at Nicsea, Bithynia : lived 
 about 160-125 b. C. A celebrated Greek astron- 
 omer, the founder of scientific astronomy. He 
 catalogued the stars; invented the planisphere, anil made 
 a number of most important discoveries, including the ec- 
 centricity of the solar orbit, some of the inequalities of the 
 moon’s motion, the precession of the equinoxes, etc. 
 
 Hippel (hip'pel), Theodor Gottlieb von. Born 
 at Gerdauen, East Prussia, Jan. 31, 1741: died 
 at Konigsberg, Prussia, April 23, 1796. A Ger- 
 man humorist. His works include “tiber die Ehe ” (“On 
 Marriage,” 1774), “Lebenslaufe nach aufsteigender Linie” 
 (“Careers according to an Ascending Line,” 1778-81), etc. 
 His collected works were published 1827-38. 
 
 Hippias (hip'i-as). [Gr. 'I^maf.] Died about 
 490 B. c. A son of Pisistratus, whom he suc- 
 ceeded as tyrant of Athens (jointly with Hippar- 
 chus) in 527. He was sole ruler from 514, and 
 was expelled in 510. 
 
 Hippo, or Hippo Regius (hip'o re'ji-us). [Gr. 
 
 'Ittttuv [S aailiKOg.'] In ancient geography, a city 
 of Numidia, near the site of the modern Bona. 
 Augustine was bishop of Hippo. It was burned 
 by the Vandals in 430. 
 
 Hippocrates (hi-pok'ra-tez). [Gr. ' IrTTroKparr/r.] 
 Born in the island of Cos about 460 B. c. : died 
 at Larissa, Thessaly, about 377. A famous 
 Greek physician, surnamed “the Father of Med- 
 icine.” The 87 treatises forming the so-called “Hippo- 
 cratic Collection ” have been edited by Kuhn 1826-27, by 
 Ermerins 1859-65, and by Littrd 1839-61 (with translation). 
 See the extract. 
 
 The life of Hippocrates is shrouded in a strange mist, 
 considering the extraordinary celebrity of the man. In the 
 late biographies which remain to us, the following facts 
 seem worthy of record. A certain Soranus of Kos, other- 
 wise unknown, is said to have made special researches 
 among the records of the Asclepiad guild, in which Hip- 
 pocrates was set down as the seventeenth in descent from 
 the god Asclepios, and born on the 26th of the month Ag- 
 rianus, in the year 460 B. 0. The inhabitants were still 
 offering him the honours of a hero. He seems to have 
 traveled about a good deal, particularly in the countries 
 around the northern ,'Egean, and to have died at an ad- 
 vanced age, at Larissa in Thessaly, leaving two sons, Thes- 
 salus andDrakon. Many of his descendants and followers 
 in the school of Kos were called after him — Suidas enu- 
 merates seven in all — so that this additional uncertainty 
 of authorship attaches to his alleged writings. The many 
 statues of him agreed in representing him with his head 
 covered, a peculiarity which excited many baseless and 
 some absurd conjectures. Abstracting carefully from the 
 numerous Hippocrates mentioned in contemporary Attic 
 literature, there are two undoubted references to the great 
 physician of Kos in Plato, and one in Aristophanes, which 
 establish the epoch assigned to him in the biographies. 
 He is said to have been instructed by Herodicusof Selym- 
 bria, and Gorgias of Eeontini, a legend arising merely from 
 the confusing of this Herodicus with another physician who 
 happened to be the brother of Gorgias. There is no vestige 
 of either nerodicus’ practice or Gorgias’ rhetoric in the ex- 
 tant treatises ; hut Hippocrates assuredly, like Pericles, 
 
 Hiram 
 
 trained himself for alarge knowledge of his special pursuit 
 by a familiarity with the metaphysic of the day. His al- 
 leged study of the great plague at Athens is not corrobo- 
 rated by a comparison with Thucydides’ account. The 
 works pronounced genuine by Littre in the large collec- 
 tion of Hippocratic writings which still survive are these : 
 the treatises on “Ancient Medicine,” on “Prognosis” 
 (which includes our diagnosis in the largest sense), the 
 “Epidemics” (i. and iii.), the “Treatment of Acute Dis- 
 eases,” the tracts on joints, fractures, and surgical instru- 
 ments applied to them, on head wounds, and the “Oath” 
 and “Law ” of the guild. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., II. 47. 
 
 Hippocrene (liip'o-kren or hip-o-kre'ne). [Gr. 
 
 ' A fountain on Mount Helicon, Boe- 
 
 otia, sacred to the Muses. 
 
 Hippodamia (hip^o-da-mi'a), or Hippodameia 
 (mp // o-da-mi'a). [Gr. , lirzo'6ayua.'\ In Greek le- 
 gend: ( a ) The daughter of (Enomaus, and wife 
 of Pelops. (5) A daughter of Atrax, one of the 
 Lapithse. At her marriage with Perithous the 
 battle of the Centaurs and Lapithaa took place. 
 Hippodamus ( hi-pod'a-mus ) of Miletus. [Gr. 
 'IxmMa/zof.] A Greek sophist, architect, and en- 
 gineer, who laid out the Pirrous, and later con- 
 structed Thurion and Rhodes. Bis work was done 
 on definite principl es and according to a carefully devised 
 system which was always followed in laying out new Greek 
 cities. 
 
 Hippolita (hi-pol'i-ta). 1. See Hippolyte. — 2. 
 In Shakspere’s “Midsummer Night’s Dream,” 
 queen of the Amazons, betrothed to Theseus. 
 She also appears as the bride of Theseus in 
 “ The Two Noble Kinsmen.” — 3. The principal 
 female character in Wycherley’s comedy “ The 
 Gentleman Dancing Master.” 
 
 Hippolyte (hi-pol'i-te). [Gr. ’iTrnokvTr/.'] In clas- 
 sical mythology, a queen of the Amazons. She 
 was the daughter of Ares and Oli-era, and wore as an em- 
 blem of her dignity a girdle received from her father. This 
 girdle was coveted by Eurystlieus, who ordered Hercules 
 to fetch it. Hercules was kindly received at h er court, and 
 was promised the girdle ; but Hera roused the Amazons 
 by spreading the report that their queen was being robbed, 
 and Hercules, believingthat Hippolyte was plotting against 
 his life, killed her and carried away the girdle. 
 
 Hippolyte. See Hyppolite. 
 
 Kippolytus (hi-pol'i-tus). [Gr. r l7r7ro/lt)roc.] In 
 Greek legend, the son of Theseus and Hippolyte 
 or Anfiope, and stepson of Phaedra. Phaedra fell 
 in love with him, but was repulsed, and in revenge falsely 
 accused him to Theseus of making improper proposals to 
 her. Theseus called upon Poseidon to avenge him, and, 
 accordingly, as Hippolytus was riding along the shore, the 
 god sent a bull out of the sea against him. His horses 
 were frightened, and he was thrown out of his chariot and 
 dragged until he died. When Theseus discovered the in- 
 nocence of his sou, Phaedra killed herself in despair. See 
 Phsedra. 
 
 Hippolytus. 1 . A tragedy by Euripides, exhib- 
 ited in 428 B. c. 
 
 The “Hippolytus ” [of Euripides] is our earliest example 
 of a romantic subject in the Greek drama. We are told 
 that it obtained the first place against Iophon and Ion’s 
 competition, but we are not told whether or what other 
 plays accompanied it, nor of the plays it defeated. The 
 earlier version of the play was not only read and admired, 
 but possibly copied in the play of Seneca ; yet it failed at 
 Athens, chiefly, it is thought, because of the boldness with 
 which Phsedra told her love in person to her stepson, and 
 then in person maligned him to his father. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 333. 
 
 2. A tragedy by Seneca, also called “Phaedra,” 
 founded upon the same legend. 
 
 The “Hippolytus” of Seneca, from which the scene of 
 Phaedra's personal declaration to Hippolytus was adopted 
 by Racine in his famous play, is still praised by French 
 critics. It was highly esteemed, and even preferred to the 
 Greek play, in the Renaissance. It was acted in Latin at 
 Rome in 1483, and freely rehandled by Gamier in a French 
 version in 1573. The next celebrated French version was 
 that of Gilbert, Queen Christina's French minister, in 1646. 
 But his very title, "Hippolyte, ou le Garcjon insensible,” 
 sounds strange, and the play is said nevertheless to have 
 admitted a great deal of gallantry in the hero. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 336. 
 
 Hippolytus Romanus. An ecclesiastical writer 
 of the 3d century. He was a pupil of Irenaeus ; appeal s 
 to have been bishop of Portus Romanus (Porto) ; and was 
 the leader of a disaffected and schismatic party, orthodox 
 in doctrine and rigoristic in discipline, during the pontifi- 
 cates of Zephyrinus (202-218) and Callistus (218-223). Ac- 
 cording to a late tradition he died a martyr in Sardinia in 
 235 or 236. He is commemorated by the Roman Catholic 
 Church on Aug. 22. His chief work is “ Philosophumena,” 
 written in Greek, a manuscript of part of which was dis- 
 covered at Mount Athos in 1842 and published by Em- 
 manuel Miller in 1851. 
 
 Hipponax (hi-po'naks). [Gr. 'ItkAi ’<zf.] Born 
 at Ephesus: flourished during the second half 
 of the 6th century B. C. A Greek iambic poet, 
 generally reckoned as the third (with Archilo- 
 chus and Simonides) : noted as tho inventor of 
 tho choliamhus. He was expelled from Ephesus by the 
 tyrants Athenagoras and Comas, and thereafter resided at 
 Clazomente. He was deformed. 
 
 Hiragana. See Katakdna. 
 
 Hiram (Iri'ram), or Htiram (hu'ram). [Perhaps 
 shortened from Aln-ram, exalted brother.] 1. 
 King of Tyre about 1000 B. C., a contemporary 
 
Hiram 
 
 of David and Solomon. He raised Tyre to a leading 
 position in the Phenieian confederacy, built many temples, 
 and subjugated Cyprus. He entertained amicable rela- 
 tions with David and Solomon, assisted at the building of 
 the temple at Jerusalem by furnishing materials and arti- 
 sans, and entered with Solomon into a commercial alliance. 
 The so-called tomb of Hiram is shown about three miles 
 distant from the modern Tyre (Sur), but it is said to have 
 been originally built just outside the eastern gate of the 
 continental town, which thence sloped down to the sea. 
 It is a “ grey, weather-beaten ” structure, bearing all the 
 marks of a high antiquity. 
 
 2. A distinguished worker in brass brought by 
 Solomon from Tyre (1 Ki. vii. 13). 
 
 Hiram. A town of Portage County, Ohio, 30 
 miles southeast of Cleveland, the seat of Hiram 
 College (Church of the Disciples). 
 Hiranyagarbha (hi-ran-ya-gar 'bha). [Skt., 
 ‘ golden germ ’ or ‘ golden womb.’] In the Rig- 
 veda, a deity who is said to have arisen in 
 the beginning, the one lord of all beings, who 
 upholds heaven and earth and gives life and 
 breath, and whose command even the gods obey. 
 According to Manu he was Brahma, the first male, formed 
 by the undiscernible First Cause in a golden egg resplen- 
 dent as the sun. After a year Brahma divided the egg into 
 2 parts by his mere thought. One part became the heavens, 
 the other the earth ; and between them he placed the sky, 
 the 8 regions, and the eternal abode of waters. 
 
 Hiren (hi'ren). [A corruption of the Greek 
 Irene.] A strumpet, a character iu Peele’s play 
 “ The Turkish Mahomet and Hiren the Fair 
 Greek.” The phrase, “Have we not Hiren here?” which 
 appears in Dekker's “Satiromastix,” Chapman's “ Eastward 
 Hoe," and a number of 17th-century works, is an allusion 
 to her. Pistol in Shakspere’s 2 “Henry IV." appears to 
 apply the phrase to his sword. William Barksteed wrote 
 a poem called “Hiren, or the Fair Greek ” in 1611. 
 Hirhor (her'hor). A high priest of Amun at 
 Thebes, the founder of the 21st (illegitimate) 
 dynasty of Egyptian kings, ruling at Thebes. 
 Brugscb gives Ins date as 1100 b. c. 
 
 Hirlas Horn, The. A Welsh poem, written by 
 Owain, prince of Powys, in the 12th century. 
 The Hirlas horn is “ a drinking-horn, long, blue, and sil- 
 ver rimmed,” which Owain fills and drinks to each of his 
 chiefs, with a song. 
 
 Hirpini (her-pi'ni). In ancient history, an Ital- 
 ian people, of Samnite stock, living in southern 
 Samnium in the district near Beneventum. 
 Hirsau (hir'sou), or Hirschau (hir'shou). A 
 village in the Black Forest circle, Wiirtemberg, 
 situated on the Nagold 21 miles west of Stutt- 
 gart. It was noted in the middle ages for its Benedic- 
 tine monastery, built in the 9th century. 
 
 Hirsch (hirsh), Baron Maurice de (Baron Mau- 
 rice de Hirsch de Gereuth ). Born at Munich, 
 Dee. 9, 1831 : died at Ogyalla, near Komorn, 
 Hungary, April 21, 1896. An Austrian finan- 
 cier, capitalist, and philanthropist, of Hebrew 
 descent. His great wealth was partly inherited from his 
 father, partly increased by marriage, and to a great extent 
 gained by banking and by transactions in railroads, chiefly 
 Turkish. He and his wife contributed upward of $80,000,- 
 000 for charitable purposes, largely for the education and 
 alleviation of the sulferings of the Jews. Among the 
 gifts by which he is best known is that to the Jewish 
 Colonization Association, and the De Hirsch Trust for the 
 United States. 
 
 Hirschherg (hirsh'bero). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Silesia, Prussia, at the junction of the 
 Zacken and Bober, 60 miles west-southwest of 
 Breslau. It is the center of trade in the Silesian Moun- 
 tains, and the center of the Silesian linen manufacture. 
 Population, commune, 19,317. 
 
 Hirson (er-soit' ). A town in the department of 
 Aisne, France, on the Oise 33 miles northeast 
 of Laon, noted for basket-making. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 8,541. 
 
 Eirtius (her'shi-us), Aulus. Killed near Mu- 
 tina, Italy, 43 B. O. A Roman politician, a friend 
 of Caesar, the reputed author of the eighth book 
 of Caesar’s “Commentaries on the Gallic War,” 
 and of the history of the Alexandrian war. As 
 consul with Pansa (43) he defeated Antony at 
 Mutina. 
 
 Kispalis (his'pa-lis), or Hispal (his'pal). The 
 ancient name of Seville. 
 
 Hispania (his-pa'ni-a). The ancient name of 
 the Spanish peninsula. 
 
 Hispaniola. See Espaliola and Haiti. 
 
 Hissar (his-sar'). 1 . A dependency of Bokhara, 
 central Asia, lying between Russian Turkestan 
 on the north and Afghanistan (separated by 
 the Amu Daria) on the south. — 2. The chief 
 town of Hissar, situated on the river Kafirni- 
 gan about lat. 38° 25' N., long. 68° 28' E. Popu- 
 lation, about 10,000. 
 
 Hissar. 1. The name of a former division in 
 the Panjab, British India. Area, 8,355 square 
 miles. — 2. A district in the Delhi divi- 
 sion, intersected by lat. 29° N., long. 76° E. 
 Area, 5,217 square miles. Population, 
 
 506 
 
 781,717. — 3. The capital of the district of His- 
 sar, situated in lat. 29° 10' N., long. 75° 44' 
 E. Population, 17,647. 
 
 Hissarlik. See Troy. 
 
 Histisea (his-ti-e'a). [Gr. T ariaia.] See Ore us. 
 
 Histigeus(his-ti-e'us). [Gr/RmoZof.] Executed 
 at Sardis, Asia Minor, 494 b. c. A tyrant of 
 Miletus, a friend of Darius I. of Persia. 
 
 Histoire Comique de Francion (es-twar' ko- 
 mek' de fron-syon'). [F., ‘Comic History of 
 Francion.’] A fiction by Charles Sorel, chiefly 
 remarkable for the “evidence it gives of an 
 attempt at an early date (1623) to write a novel 
 of ordinary manners.” Saintsbury. 
 
 Historia Miscella (his-to'ri-a mi-sel'a). See 
 the extract. 
 
 This curious farrago of history forms the first part of 
 Muratori’s great collection of the “Scrip tores Rerum Itali- 
 carum.” The first eleven books are substantially the work 
 of Eutropius (the familiar Eutropius of our boyhood), and 
 reach down to the death of Jovian. The authorship of 
 the following books is generally attributed to Paulus Dia- 
 conus, of Aquileia, who died in 799, and the completion of 
 the work to Landulf the Wise, who flourished in the elev- 
 enth century. Without going into the disputed question 
 as to this authorship, it is sufficient to say that the writer, 
 who is confessedly a mere compiler, interweaves large 
 passages from Jornandes, Orosius, the Annalists, and the 
 Ecclesiastical Historians. 
 
 Hodglein, Italy and her Invaders, I. 431. 
 
 Histriomastix (his // tri-6-mas'tiks). [LL., ‘the 
 player’s scourge.’] A play by Marston, produced 
 before 1599, in which year Jonson satirized it 
 in his “Every Man out of his Humour.” It was 
 printed in 1610. 
 
 Histriomastix, the Player’s Scourge, or Ac- 
 tor’s Tragsedie. Atreatise by William Prynne, 
 published in 1632, though dated 1633. The book 
 was designed to promote the total suppression of stage- 
 plays. “Prynne’s treatise, as is well known, led to his 
 being summoned before the High Commission Court and 
 Star Chamber, which condemned his book to be burnt, 
 and the author to be expelled from the Bar and his Inn, to 
 stand in the pillory, to lose both his ears, to pay a fine of 
 £5,000 to the King, and to be perpetually imprisoned. . . . 
 For, about the time when the hook was published — ac- 
 cording to one account on the day before, according to an- 
 other but shortly afterwards — the Queen and her ladies 
 had themselves acted in a Pastoral at Whitehall.” (Ward, 
 Hist. Dram. Lit.) In 1649 a mock retractation, entitled “Air. 
 William Prynn his Defence of Stage- Plays, or a Retracta- 
 tion of a former Book of his called Histrio-Mastix,” was 
 published. 
 
 Hit (hit). A town in the vilayet of Bagdad, 
 Asiatic Turkey, situated on the Euphrates about 
 70 miles west-northwest of Bagdad: the an- 
 cient Is. It is famous for its fountain of bitu- 
 men. Population (estimated), 2,500. 
 
 Hitchcock (hich'kok), Edward. Born at Deer- 
 field, Mass., May 24, 1793: died at Amherst, 
 Mass., Feb. 27, 1864. An American geologist, 
 professor from 1825 of chemistry and natural 
 history at Amherst College, and president of the 
 college 1845-54, with the professorship of natu- 
 ral theology and geology. Among his works are 
 “Geologyof the Connecticut Valley ” (1823), “Elementary 
 Geology ” (1840), “Fossil Footsteps" (18481, “Religion of 
 Geology ” (1851), “ Illustrations of Surface Geology ” (1856), 
 “Supplement to the Ichnology of New England” (1865), 
 “Elementary and Popular Treatise on Geology” (with 
 Charles H. Hitchcock, 1860), “Anatomy and Physiology” 
 (with Edward Hitchcock, Jr., 1860). 
 
 Hitchcock, Roswell Dwight. Born at East 
 Machias, Maine, Aug. 15, 1817 : died at Somer- 
 set, Mass., June 16, 1887. An American clergy- 
 man and theologian. He was appointed professor of 
 church history at U nion Theological Seminary (New York) 
 in 1855, and president in 1880. He published “Complete 
 Analysis of the Bible” (1869), “Socialism ” (1879), etc. 
 
 Hitchin (hich'in). A town in Hertfordshire, 
 England, 33 miles north by west of London. 
 Population, 10,072. 
 
 Hitchiti (be-che-te'). Adivision of North Amer- 
 ican Indians. The name is from a Creek word, ‘ to look 
 up ’ (i. e., the stream). The language was spoken on the 
 Chattahoochee River, Georgia, and spread to Flint River 
 through Georgia and Florida. The Seminoles were a half- 
 Creek and half-Hitchiti speaking people, and probably the 
 Yamassi also. See Creek. Also Echeetee, Etchita, Ichiti. 
 
 Hitopadesha (hi-to-pa-da'sha). In Sanskrit lite- 
 rature, the book of “Good Counsel.” It was thefirst 
 Sanskrit book printed in Nagari letters (see Devanagari ): 
 edited by Carey, and printed at Serampore in 1803. It had 
 been already translated by Wilkins (Bath, 1787) and Sir Wil- 
 liam Jones (London, 1799). Itisethico-didactic.and iswhat 
 the Hindus call a nitishastra or ‘conduct- work.’ The plan 
 is simple. The sons of King Sudarshana are vicious. He 
 convokes the wise men, and asks if any one is able to re- 
 form his sons. Vishnusharman offers to do so, takes them 
 in charge, and relates to them the stories which make up 
 the collection. The Hitopadesha is not an original work, 
 but an excellent compilation of ancient material. The 
 sources are expressly said to be “ the Panchatantra and 
 another work. ” The author or editor is said to have been 
 Narayana and his patron, the prince Dhavalachandra. The 
 work is at least 500 years old. 
 
 Hitteren (hit'ter-en). An island of Norway, 
 west of Trondhjem. Length; 30 miles. 
 
 Hoare, Sir Richard Colt 
 
 Hittites (hit'its). An important tribe, descend- 
 ed from Heth, son of Canaan, the son of Ham, 
 settled in the region of Hebron on the hill, and 
 often mentioned as one of the seven principal 
 Canaanite tribes, and sometimes as comprising 
 the whole Canaanite population. Hittite kings are 
 mentioned who seem to have dwelt north of Palestine. 
 About the middle of the 9th century B. c. they disappear 
 from biblical history. Some scholars, however, distinguish 
 the latter as Syrian Hittites, whom they consider a differ- 
 ent tribe from the Canaanite Hittites. They have lately 
 been identified with the Kheta of the Egyptians and the 
 Chatti of the Assyrian monuments. These monuments 
 agree with the notices of the Old Testament in depicting 
 the Hittites as a powerful tribe. Thothmes III., of the 
 18th dynasty, fought with them about 1600 B. C. in Megid- 
 do. Later Seti attacked them about 1350 B. C., and Rameses 
 II. (the supposed Pharaoh of the oppression), defeated 
 them not long after at Kadesh, on the Oroutes. The 
 Kheta are also often referred to in the diplomatic corre- 
 spondence of Tel-el-Amarna. The Chatti are found early 
 in collision with Assyria. They were defeated by Tiglath- 
 Pileser I. (1120-1100). Asurnazirpal (884-860) carried their 
 princes into captivity Under Shalmaneser II. the Hit- 
 tites entered into an alliance with Ben-hadad of Syria, but 
 were defeated in the great battle on the plains of Syria, 
 and their city, Carchemish, was taken in 855. Twelve Hit- 
 tite kings are enumerated as contemporary rulers at this 
 time. Sargon finally put an end to the Hittite indepen- 
 dence in 717, when the inhabitants of Carchemish were de- 
 ported to Assyria and the city was repeopled with Assyrian 
 colonists. Monuments, supposed to be Hittite, have been 
 discovered since 1872 in Hamath, Aleppo, Carchemish, 
 Cappadocia, Lycaonia, and Lydia, which would show that 
 the Hittite empire once spread over the greater part of 
 Asia Minor; and it rnay be that from there they at one time 
 pushed their way into northern Syria. The question whe- 
 ther they formed one race with the Hittites of the Canaan- 
 ite stock remains an open one. The originators of these 
 Hittite monuments are considered by some scholars to 
 havebeena“Mongoloid”race. The art exhibited on these 
 monuments is still of a primitive, rude character. The in- 
 scriptions, in hieroglyphic characters, have not yet been 
 deciphered. Of late there is a tendency among some scholars 
 to consider the Hittites as a race speaking a Semitic lan- 
 guage akin to Syriac or Aramaic, and to regard the so- 
 called Hittite inscriptions as the work of another people 
 who are, for the time being, called “ pseudo-Hittites. ” 
 
 Hittorff (hit'torf), Jacques Ignace. Born at Co- 
 logne, Aug. 20, 1792: died at Paris, March 25, 
 1867. A French architect. His chief work is the 
 Church of St. Vincent de Paul in Paris. He published “Ar- 
 chitecture antique de la Sicile ” (1826-30), “Architecture 
 moderne de la Sicile " (1826-35), “Architecture polychrome 
 cliez les Grecs ” (1851), etc. 
 
 Hitzig (hit'siG), Ferdinand. Born atHauingen, 
 Baden, J une 23, 1807 : died at Heidelberg, Baden, 
 Jan. 22, 1875. A German exegete, professor at 
 Zurich (1833) and later ( 1861) at Heidelberg. He 
 published commentaries on Isaiah (1833), the Psalms (1836- 
 1836), the minor prophets (1838), Jeremiah (1841), etc. 
 Hitzig, Friedrich. Born at Berlin, April 8, 1811 : 
 died Oct. 11, 1881. A German architect. 
 Hivites (hl'vits). An ancient Canaanite people 
 in northern Palestine. 
 
 Hjelmaren (hyel'mar-en), or Hjelmar (hyel'- 
 mar). A lake in Sweden, 10 miles southwest of 
 Lake Malar, into which it discharges its waters. 
 Length, about 40 miles. 
 
 Hjorring (hyer'ring). A townandbathing-place 
 at almost the northern extremity of Jutland, 
 Denmark. Population, 8,794. 
 
 Ho. See Hwanglio. 
 
 Hoadly, or Hoadley (hdd'li), Benjamin. Born 
 
 at Westerham, Kent, England, Nov. 14, 1676 : 
 died at Chelsea, London, April 17, 1761. An 
 English divine and controversialist, bishop suc- 
 cessively of Bangor (1715), Hereford (1721), Sal- 
 isbury (1723), and Winchester (1734). He origi- 
 nated the “Bangorian controversy ” (which see) by his ser- 
 mon on the “Kingdom of Christ” (1717). 
 
 Hoadly, Benjamin. Born at London, Feb. 10, 
 1706 : died at Chelsea, London, Aug. 10, 1757. 
 An English physician and author, son of Ben- 
 jamin Hoadly. He wrote “ The Suspicious Husband ” 
 1747), and assisted Hogartli in his “Analysis of Beauty." 
 
 oangho. See Hwanqlio. 
 
 Hoar (hor), Ebenezer Rockwood. Born at Con- 
 cord, Mass., Feb. 21, 1816: died there, Jan. 31, 
 1895. An American jurist, son of Samuel Hoar. 
 He was judge of the Massachusetts Supreme Conrt 1859- 
 1869; United States attorney-general 1869-70; joint high 
 commissioner on the treaty of Washington 1871 ; and 
 member of Congress from Massachusetts 1873-75. 
 
 Hoar, George Frisbie. Born at Concord, Mass , 
 Aug. 29, 1826: died at Worcester, Mass., Sept. 30, 
 1904. An American statesman, son of Samuel 
 Hoar. He was a Republican member of Congress from 
 Massachusetts 1869-77, a member of the Electoral Com- 
 mission in 1877, and United States senator 1877-1904. 
 Hoar, Samuel. Born at Lincoln, Mass., May 18, 
 1778 : died at Concord, Mass., Nov. 2, 1856. An 
 American politician, member of Congress from 
 Massachusetts 1835-37. 
 
 Hoare (hor), Prince. Born at Bath, about 1755 : 
 died at Brighton, Dec. 22, 1834. A painter and 
 playwright, son of William Hoare. 
 
 Hoare, Sir Richard Colt. Born at Stourhead, 
 Wilts, England, Dec. 9, 1758: died there, May 
 
Hoare, Sir Richard Colt 
 
 19 , 1838. An English antiquary and topogra- 
 pher. His chief work is “ Ancient History of 
 North and South Wiltshire ” (1812-21). 
 
 Hoare, William. Bornaboutl706 : diedatBath, 
 England, Dec., 1792. An English historical and 
 portrait painter. 
 
 Hobart (ho'biirt), sometimes written Hobarton 
 (ho'bar-ton), or Hobart Town (ho'biirt toun or 
 ho'bar-ton). The capital of Tasmania, situated 
 on Sullivan’s Cove, at the mouth of the river Der- 
 went, in lat. 42° 53' S., long. 147° 21' E. It was 
 
 founded in 1804, and is the chief commercial city of the 
 colony. Population, 24,655. 
 
 Hobart (ho'biirt), Augustus Charles, Hobart 
 Pasha. Bom at Walton-on-the-Wolds, Leicester- 
 shire, April 1, 1822 : died at Milan, June 19, 1886. 
 An English admiral in the Turkish service, third 
 son of the sixth Earl of Buckinghamshire. He 
 entered the British navy in 1835 ; became naval adviser to 
 the Sultan of Turkey in 1867 ; suppressed the Cretan re- 
 bellion in 1867 ; was appointed admiral, with the title of 
 pasha, in 1869 ; reorganized the Turkish fleet and operated 
 against Russia in the Black Sea in 1877 ; and was promoted 
 mushir or marshal of the Turkish empire in 1881. 
 
 Hobart, Garret Augustus. Born at Long 
 Branch, N. J., 1844: died at Paterson, N. J., 
 Nov. 21, 1899. An American lawyer and Re- 
 publican politician. He was educated at Rutgers Col- 
 lege, and was admitted to the bar in 1869. He served in 
 the State assembly of New Jersey ; was elected a member 
 of the State senate, and in 1881 its president ; and in 1896 
 was elected Vice-President. 
 
 Hobart, John Henry. Born Sept. 14, 1775: 
 died Sept. 10 (12?), 1830. Protestant Episco- 
 pal bishop of New York 1816-30. 
 
 Hobbema (hob'be-ma), Meyndert or Minder- 
 
 hout. Born at Amsterdam, or Koeverdam, 
 about 1638 : died at Amsterdam, Dec., 1709. A 
 Dutch landscape-painter. He was influenced in style 
 by Ruisdael. He is noted for his atmospheric effects, tone, 
 and brilliancy. In many of his landscapes figures have 
 been painted by other noted artists. His picture of “The 
 Hermitage, St. Petersburg " (1663) is owned by the New 
 York Historical Society. 
 
 Hobbes, John Oliver. The pseudonym of Mrs. 
 Craigie. 
 
 Hobbes (hobz), Thomas. Born at Westport 
 (now in Malmesbury), Wiltshire, April 5, 1588: 
 died at Hardwick Hall, Dec. 4, 1679. A cele- 
 brated English philosopher. His father, Thomas 
 Hobbes, was vicar of Charlton and Westport. In 1603 
 Hobbes entered Magdalen Hall, Oxford, where he grad- 
 uated in 1608. He soon entered the service of William 
 Cavendish (later first earl of Devonshire) as tutor to his 
 eldest son (later second earl of Devonshire), and retained 
 this position until the death of his pupil in 1628. They 
 made a continental tour in 1610. In 1629 he became trav- 
 eling tutor to the son of Sir Gervase Clifton, and visited 
 Paris and, probably, Italy. He returned to the service of 
 the Cavendishes in 1631 as tutor to the third Earl of Devon- 
 shire, with whom, 1634-37, he made an extended tour on the 
 Continent, during which he established friendly relations 
 with many distinguished men, including Galileo, Gassendi, 
 Mersenne, and Descartes. Previous to this time (before 
 1625 ?) he had served Bacon as amanuensis, and in translat- 
 ing some of his essays into Latin. He lived with Devon- 
 shire until 1640, when fear of persecution by Parliament 
 for ‘his political opinions drove him to Paris, where lie re- 
 mained until 1651, when, in the belief that his life was in 
 danger from those who accused him of heterodoxy and even 
 atheism, he fled hack to England and became reconciled 
 to the Cromwellian government. Fona time in 1646 he 
 instructed the Prince of Wales (later Charles II.) in math- 
 ematics. After the Restoration he lived with the Earl 
 of Devonshire. Hobbes was a pronounced nominalist in 
 philosophy, an antagonist of scholasticism, one of the 
 suggesters of the associational psychology, and a leader 
 of modern rationalism. He insisted especially upon the 
 complete separation of theology and philosophy, and the 
 subordination of the church to the state. He is best 
 known from his doctrine that the power of the state is ab- 
 solute as against the individual — that it is the “Levia- 
 than ’’ that swallows all, a mortal god who, like the Deity, 
 governs according to his pleasure, and gives peace and se- 
 curity to his subjects. His chief works are a translation of 
 Thucydides, “Decive"(1642), “Human Nature, or the Fun- 
 damental Elements of Policy" (1650), “De corpore politico" 
 (1650), “Leviathan, or the Matter, Form, and Power of a 
 Commonwealth, Ecclesiastical and Civil ’’ (1651), “ Of Lib- 
 erty and Necessity”(1654). Hiscollected works were edited 
 by Sir W. Molesworth 1839-45, in 16 vols. (5 in Latin). 
 
 Hobhouse (hob'hous), John Cam, Lord Brough- 
 ton. Born at Redland, near Bristol, June 27, 
 1786: died at London, June 3, 1869. An Eng- 
 lish politician and writer. He entered Parliament 
 in 1820 ; became secretary at war in 1832 ; was appointed 
 chief secretary for Ireland, March, 1833, but soon resigned 
 his office and his seat ; reentered Parliament in 1834 ; and 
 was president of the board of control 1835-41, and again 
 1846-52. In 1819 he was arrested and committed to New- 
 gate for an anonymous pamphlet (“A Trifling Mistake in 
 Thomas, Lord Erskine’s recent Preface, etc.”), (he publica- 
 tion of which was held to be a breach of privilege by the 
 House of Commons. He was the most intimate friend of 
 Lord Byron, a connection which was formed at Cambridge. 
 They traveled together on the Continent 1809-10. Hob- 
 house was one of Byron’s executors. He was created Lord 
 Broughton in 1851. He wrote “ Historical Illustrations of 
 the Fourth Canto of ‘Childe narold’”(2d ed. 1818), “A 
 Journey through Albania, etc.” (1813), etc. His “Diaries, 
 Correspondence, and Memoranda could not he opened 
 until the year 1900. His “Recollections of a Long Life,” 
 edited by his daughter, were published 1909-12. 
 
 507 
 
 Hoffmann, Daniel 
 
 to block the channel of the harbor of 
 June 3, 1898. He was promoted nava 
 23, 1898, and captain Feb. 26, 1901 ; resigned Feb., 1903. 
 Democratic member of Congress from Alabama, 1907-. 
 
 Hobkirk’s Hill (hob'kerks hil). A place near Ology " (1871-73). Among his other works are “Commen 
 Camden, South Carolina. Here, April 25 , 1781 , the l a ff. on { lur ' 1 ^ ,ls .” 0835), and essays republished from the 
 British under Lord Rawdon defeated the Americans under _ " nce on Review. 
 
 Greene, in what is sometimes called the second battle of Hodge, Hugh LenOX. Born at Philadelphia, 
 Camden. ^ _ June 27, 1796: died at Philadelphia, Feb. 26, 
 
 Hoboken(ho'bo-ken). Acity in Hudson County, 1873. An American physician and medical 
 New Jersey, situated on the Hudson, opposite writer, brother of Charles Hodge. He became in 
 New York, contiguous to Jersey City. It is the 1835 professor of obstetrics in the University of Penn- 
 terminus of several steamship and railway lines, and the eylvania, a position which he retained until 1863, when he 
 seat of the Stevens Institute of Technology. Population, became professor emeritus. He wrote “ Diseases Peculiar 
 70,324, (1910). to Women" (1859), “ Principles and Practice of Obstetrics” 
 
 n , ,, , , x-r,., j-r, t, (1864), and “Foeticide "(18691 
 
 A*,’ ^hmond Pearson. Born Hodgson (hoj'son), John Evan. Born March 1, 
 at Greensboro, Ala., Aug. It, 1870. Au Amen- 1831 . died June 19, 1895. An English painter 
 
 i " bl6w : of genre, historical, and Moorish subjects. 
 
 * • • ■ * ,f Santiago de Cuba, H6d-Mezo-Vasdrhely (hod me - ze - va shSr- 
 
 ral constructor June hely). A city in the county of Csongr&d, Hun- 
 
 gary, situated in lat .46° 27' N.j long. 20° 22'E. 
 Population, 62,500, (1910). 
 
 Hobson, Thomas. Born about 1544: died Hoe (ho), Richard March. Born at New York 
 1631. A carrier and keeper of a livery- stable city, Sept. 12, 1812: died at Florence, Italy, 
 at Cambridge, England, in the first half of June 7, 1886. An American inventor. He per- 
 the 17th century. His habit of obliging his customers fecte,t V' 184 ? ^rotary printing-press which received the 
 to take the horse which happened to be nearest the door " am ® of Ho ® 8 1‘gktmng press, and subsequently invented 
 gave rise to the expression “Hobson’s choice” — that is, 4be 4 , oe w cb perfecting-press. 
 
 * this or none.’ Hoecke (ho ke), Jan van den. Born at Ant- 
 
 Hoche (osh). Lazare. Born at Montreuil, near werp, 1611: died there, 1651. A historical and 
 
 Versailles, France, June 25, 1768 : died at Wetz- portrait painter of the Flemish school. He was 
 lar, Prussia, Sept, 18 (19 ?), 1797. A French gen- court painter to Archduke Leopold William in 
 eral. He served with distinction in Alsace in 1793 ; sup- 1647. _ . 
 
 pressed the Vendean revolt 1795-96; and fought against the Hoecke, Kobrecht Van den. Born at Antwerp, 
 Austrians in 1797. Nov. 30, 1622 : died after 1695. A genre, land- 
 
 Hochelaga (ho-shel'a-ga). A tribe or village of scape, and battle painter of the Flemish school, 
 North American Indians, on the site of Mon- half-brother of Jan van den Hoecke. 
 treal when it was discovered by Cartier in 1535. Hcedi (he'di). [L. hcedi, the kids.] The two stars 
 It had disappeared in 1603. The tribe was Iroquoian, and q and C Auriga*. 
 
 was surrounded by Algonquian tribes. The name is de- Hcenir (he'nir). [ON.] In Old Norse mythology, 
 
 one of the three gods Odin, Hcenir, and Lodur 
 
 rived from a word meaning ‘beaver grounds.’ See Iro 
 quoian. 
 
 Hochheim (ho'hlm ; G. pron.hoch'him). A small 
 town in the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, 
 situated near the Main 3 miles east of Mainz, 
 celebrated for the Hochheimer wines. 
 
 (ON. Lodhurr), who created out of trees in 
 Midgard the first man and woman, Ask and 
 Embla. Odin gave them life, Hoanir sense, and 
 Lodur blood and color. 
 
 Hochkirch (hoch'kirch), or Hohkirclien (ho'- Hof (hof), formerly Regnitzhof (reg'nits-hof). 
 kirch-en). A village in the governmental dis- A city in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, situated 
 trict of Bautzen, Saxony, 6 miles east-southeast °n the Saale in lat. 50° 18' N., long. 11° 55' E. 
 of Bautzen. Here Oct. 14, 1758 , the Austrians (about ft has important manufactures. Population, 
 65,000) under Daun defeated the Prussians (about 42,000) commune, 36,417. 
 
 under Frederick the Great, the loss of the Prussians being Hofer (ho'fer), Andreas. Born at St. Leonhard, 
 about 9,000, that of the Austrians about 6 , 000 . Passeyr valley, Tyrol, Nov. 22, 1767 : executed 
 
 Hochst (hechst). A town in the province of at Mantua, Italy, Feb. 20, 1810. A Tyrolese 
 Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated ou the Main patriot, the head of the Tyrolese insurrection 
 
 t mi ai ?I> Here, on 1809. He gained victories at Sterling, Innsbruck, Isel, 
 
 J une 20 1622, T illy defeated Duke Christian of Brunswick etc and was the head of the government in 1809. 
 and on Oct. 11, 1<95, the Austrians under Clerfayt defeated o \ 
 
 The French under Jourdan. Population, commune, 15,- Hoffman, OT a ReveilgD IOT a Father. A tia- 
 833 . gedy by Henry Chettle, produced m 1602. 
 
 Hochstadt (hech'stet). A small town in the Hoffman (hof'man), Charles Fenno. Born at 
 governmental district of Swabia, Bavaria, sit- New York city in 1806 : died at Harrisburg, Pa., 
 
 uated on the Danube 23 miles northwest of 
 Augsburg. It was the scene of several battles : (1) Sept. 
 20, 1703, defeat of the Imperialists by the Bavarians and 
 French ; (2) Aug. 13, 1704, the battle of Blenheim, called 
 the battle of Hochstadt by the Germans ; (3) June 19, 1800, 
 defeat of the Austrians by the French under Moreau. 
 
 Hochstetter (hoch'stet-ter), Ferdinand von. 
 
 Born atEsslingen,Wiirtemberg, April 30, 1829: 
 died at Oberdobling, near Vienna, July 18, 1884. 
 A German geologist, traveler, and geographer. 
 
 June 7, 1884. An American poet and novelist. 
 He was admitted to the bar about 1828, but shortly aban- 
 doned the profession of law in order to devote himself 
 to literature. He established the “ Knickerbocker Maga- 
 zine ” in 1833, and subsequently became proprietor of the 
 “American Magazine,” which he edited for many years. 
 He became insane in 1849, and during the rest of his life 
 was confined in the Harrisburg Insane Asylum. The first 
 collection of his poems, “The Vigil of Faith, a Legend of 
 the Adirondack Mountains, and other Poems," appeared 
 in 1842. A complete edition was published by E. F. Hoff- 
 man in 1874. 
 
 He became privat-docent at the University of Vienna in . . , . . _ . . , 
 
 1856, geologist to the Novara expedition in 1857, and was Hoffmann (hoi man), August HeinriCll.COm- 
 professor of mineralogy and geology at the Vienna Poly- monly called Hoffmann VOI1 Fallersleben 
 
 technic Institute 1860-81. He wrote “Neuseeland ”(1863), 
 “Geologie von Neuseeland ’’ (1864), “ Palaontologie von 
 Neuseeland ” (1864), etc. 
 
 Hodeida (ho-da'da or ho-di'da), or Hudeide. 
 A seaport in Yemen, Arabia, situated on the 
 Red Sea in lat. 14° 47' N. , long. 42° 54' E. Pop- 
 ulation, about 20,000. 
 
 Hodel (he'del), Emil Heinrich Max, called 
 Lehmann, also Traber. Born at Leipsic, May 
 27, 1857 : executed Aug. 16, 1878. A German 
 Social Democrat who attempted to assassinate 
 the emperor William by firing two shots from a 
 revolver, neither of which took effect, at Berlin, 
 May 11, 1878. 
 
 Hodge. The name given to the typical peasant 
 in England. 
 
 Hodge (hoj), Archibald Alexander. Born at 
 Princeton, N. J., July 18, 1823: died there, Nov. 
 11, 1886. An American Presbyterian clergyman 
 and theologian, son of Charles Hodge, lie was 
 professor of didactic theology in Western Theological Sem- 
 inary, Allegheny, Pennsylvania, 1864-77, and in 1878 suc- 
 ceeded his father as professor of didactic and polemic 
 theology at Princeton Theological Seminary. Among his 
 works are “Outlines of Theology” (I860), “The Atone- 
 ment" (186S), and “Manual of Forms" (revised edition, 
 1883). 
 
 Hodge, Charles. Born at Philadelphia, Dec. 28, 
 1797: died at Princeton, N. J., June 19, 1878. 
 
 (fon fal'lers-la-ben). Born at Fallersleben, 
 Hannover, Prussia, April 2, 1798: died at the 
 castle of Korvei, near Hoxter, Prussia, Jau. 19- 
 20, 1874. A German poet, philologist, and lit- 
 erary historian. He studied at Gottingen and Bonn. 
 In 1823 he was made custodian of the university library at 
 Breslau, and in 1830 professor there of Germanic philol- 
 ogy. In 1842, in consequence of the views expressed in 
 his“Unpolitische Lieder ’’(“Nonpolitical Songs,” 1840-41), 
 he was deprived of his position, and for several years had 
 no settled place of residence. He was finally rehabilitated 
 in 1848, in Prussia. In 1853 he went to Weimar, where he 
 engaged, in collaboration with the Germanist Oscar Schade, 
 in the editorship of the short-lived “Weimarische Jahr- 
 imeher fur deutsche Sprache,Literatur und Kunst”(“ Wei- 
 mar Annals for Gennan Language, Literature, and Art ”). 
 After 1860 he lived at Korvei as librarian to the Duke of 
 Ratibor. Among his many poetical works are “Lieder 
 und Romanzen ’’ (“ Songs and Romances,” 1821), “ Jager- 
 lieder” (“Hunters’ Songs," 1828), “Kinderlieder ” (“Chil- 
 dren's Songs,” 1843-47), “ Deutsche Gassenlieder”(“ Ger- 
 man Street Songs,” 1843), “ Liebeslieder ’’ (“Love Songs," 
 1851), “Soldatenlieder” (“Soldiers’ Songs,” 1851-52), “Va- 
 teriandslieder”(“ Songs of Fatherland," 1871). Among his 
 equally numerous scientific writings are “Fundgruben fur 
 Geschichte deutscher Sprache und Literatur" (“Trea- 
 sures for the History of the German Language and litera- 
 ture,” 1830-37), “Geschichte des deutschen Kirchenlieds 
 bis Luther ” (“ History of the German Church Hymn down 
 to Luther," 1832), “Horse Belgicse ” (a collection of Low 
 German folk-songs, 1833-62, in 12 vols.), “Deutsche Phi- 
 lologie im Grundriss” (“Sketch of German Philology,” 
 1836). 
 
 An American Presbyterian ^ theologian. Ho was Hoffmann , Daniel. Born at Halle, Prussia, 
 
 professor in Princeton theological Seminary from 1822, and iran. „+ WolfonBiittol Gorminv Kill A 
 
 was the founder of the “Biblical Repertory and Prince- j, ' uieu at VVoilen buttel, Germany, loll, it 
 ton Review ” (1825). His chief work is “ Systematic The- German Lutheran controversialist. 
 
Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Amadeus 
 
 Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Amadeus (origi- 
 nally Wilhelm). Born at Konigsberg, Prussia, 
 Jan. 24, 1776 : died at Berlin, July 24, 1822. A 
 German romance writer. His works include “ Phan- 
 tasiestiicke in Callots Manier" (“Phantasy Pieces in Cal- 
 lot’s Manner," 1814-15), “ Elixire des Teufels” (1815-16), 
 “ Nachtstiicke ” (1817), “Die Serapionsbriider ” (1819-21), 
 “ Eater Murr ” (1820-22), etc. 
 
 Hoffmann, Friedl'ich. Born at Halle, Prussia, 
 Peb. 19, 1660: died at Halle, Nov. 12, 1742. A 
 celebrated German physician, author of “Sys- 
 tema medieinae rationalis” (1718^40). He be- 
 came the first professor of medicine at Halle in 
 1693. 
 
 Hoffmann, Ludwig Friedrich Wilhelm. Born 
 
 at Leonberg, Wiirtemberg, Oct. 30, 1806: died 
 at Berlin, Aug. 28, 1873. A German Protestant 
 clergyman. He studied theology at Tubingen, became 
 pastor at Stuttgart in 1833, and was appointed superin- 
 tendent of the Missionary Institute at Basel in 1839. He 
 became in 1852 court preacher to Frederick William IV., on 
 whose ecclesiastical policy he exerted a strong influence. 
 
 Hoffmann, Richard. Born at Manchester, 
 England, May 24, 1831: died Ang. 17, 1909. 
 An Anglo-American composer, pianist, and 
 teacher. Ho lived in New York from 1847. 
 Hofgeismar (bof'gis-mar). A small town in the 
 province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated on 
 the Esse 14 miles north-northwest of Cassel. 
 Hofhuf (hof-hof' ), or Hofuf (ho-fof '). The capi- 
 tal of El-Hasa, Arabia, situated near the Per- 
 sian Gulf about lat. 25° 20' N., long. 49° 50' E. 
 It was taken by the Turks in 1872. Popula- 
 tion, about 40,000. 
 
 Hofmann (hof'man), August Wilhelm von. 
 
 Bom at Giessen, Germany, April 8, 1818: died 
 atBerlin, May 5, 1892. A noted German chemist. 
 He became superintendent of the Royal College of Chem- 
 istry (afterward chemical section of the Royal School of 
 Mines) at London iu 1848 ; W'arden of the British mint in 
 1855 ; professor of chemistry at Bonn in 1864 ; and was 
 professor of chemistry at Berlin from 1865 until his death. 
 He published “Handbook of Organic Analysis" (1853), 
 “ Einleitung in die moderne Chemie ” (6th ed. 1877), etc. 
 
 Hofmann, Johann Christian Konrad von. 
 
 Born at Nuremberg, Bavaria, Dec. 21 , 1810 : 
 died at Erlangen, Bavaria, Dec. 20, 1877. A 
 German Lutheran theologian, professor of the- 
 ology at Erlangen in 1841, ordinary professor 
 at Rostock in 1842, and at Erlangen in 1845. 
 Hofwyl (hof'vel). An estate 6 miles north of 
 Bern, Switzerland : the seat of the educational 
 institutions of Fellenberg. 
 
 Hogarth (ho'garth), William. Born at Lon- 
 don, Nov. 10, 1697 : died at London, Oct. 26, 
 1764. A celebrated English painter and en- 
 graver. In 1712 he was apprenticed to Ellis Gamble, a 
 silversmith; in 1718 he turned his attention to engrav- 
 ing ; and in 1726 he first became known by his plates for 
 “ Eudibras.” In 1729 he ran away witli Sir James Thorn- 
 hill's only daughter, and was married at Paddington 
 church. He published in 1733 “The Harlot’s Progress," 
 which was soon followed by “The Rake’s Progress.” In 
 1735 Hogarth obtained the passage of an act securing the 
 rights of artists to their own designs. In 1736 he painted 
 on the stairway of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital “ The Good 
 Samaritan” and “The Pool of Bethesda.” Among his 
 other pictures are the “Distressed Poet "(1736), the “ En- 
 raged Musician " (1741), “ Marriage a la Mode "(1745), “In- 
 dustry and Idleness ” (1747). He made a famous journey to 
 France in 1748. In his later years he indulged in literary 
 compositions, and wrote “The Analysis of Beauty.” He 
 painted a number of portraits of himself, the best of which 
 is in the National Gallery, London. 
 
 Hogarth is essentially a comic painter ; his pictures are 
 not indifferent, unimpassioned descriptions of human na- 
 ture, but rich, exuberant satires upon it. He is carried 
 away by a passion for the ridiculous. His object is “ to 
 show vice her own feature, scorn her own image.” He is 
 so far from contenting himself with still life That he is 
 always on the verge of caricature, though without ever 
 falling into it. Hazlitt, Eng. Poets, p. 190. 
 
 Hogarth Club. A London club for artists, es- 
 tablished in 1870. It has a life class, sketching 
 club, and reading-room. 
 
 Hogg (hog), James. Born at Ettrick, Selkirk- 
 shire, 1770: died atEltrive Lake, Nov. 21, 1835. 
 A Scottish poet, called “ the Ettrick Shep- 
 herd ” from his occupation. In 1790 he began to be 
 known as a song-maker, and in 1796 his education had ad- 
 vanced so far that he began to write his verses. In 1802 
 he made the acquaintance of Scott. In 1810 he settled in 
 Edinburgh with a view of devoting himself to literature, 
 but went to Eitrive Lake in Yarrow about 1816. He was 
 “the Shepherd” in Wilson’s “Recreations of Christopher 
 North.” Among his poems are “The Queen’s Wake” 
 (1813), “ The Pilgrims of the Sun ” (1S15), “ Madoc of the 
 Moor ” (1816), “ The Poetic Mirror, or the Living Bards of 
 Great Britain ” (1816 : parodies), and “ Queen Hynde ” 
 (1826). Among his prose works are “The Brownie o’ Bods- 
 beck, etc.” (1817), and “Winter Evening Tales" (1820). 
 His “ Jacobite Relics, etc.” (1819-20), are both prose auu 
 verse. 
 
 Hogue (bog), or Hague (bag ; F. pron. bag), 
 La. A promontory at the northwestern ex- 
 tremity of the department of Mancbe, France, 
 projecting into the English Channel, in lat. 
 
 508 
 
 49° 43' N., long. 1° 57' W. This cape is generaUy 
 incorrectly mentioned iu connection with the great victory 
 of the English and Dutch over the French May 19 (N. S. 
 29), 1692, off the fort of La Hogue, or La Hougue, near the 
 northeast extremity of the peninsula. 
 
 Hoh. See Quileute. 
 
 Hohe. See Assiniboin. 
 
 Hohe Acht (ho'e acht). One of the chief moun- 
 tains of the Eifel, western Germany. Height, 
 2,490 feet. 
 
 Hoheneck (hd'en-ek). The second highest 
 summit of the Vosges, on the frontier of France 
 and Alsace, west of Minister. Height, 4, 480feet. 
 
 Hohenelbe (ho'en-el-be). A town in Bohemia 
 situated on the Elbe 62 miles northeast of 
 Prague. Population, 7,074, (1910). 
 
 Hohenems (ko'en-emz), orHohenemb3(ho'en- 
 embz). A town in Vorarlberg, Austria-Hun- 
 gary, situated in lat. 47° 21' N., long. 9° 41' E. 
 Population, commune, 6,452, (1910). 
 
 Hohenfriedeberg(h6 /, 'en-fre'de-berG). A small 
 town in the province of Silesia, Prussia, 36 
 miles west-southwest of Breslau. Here, June 4, 
 1745, Frederick the Great defeated the Austrians and 
 Saxons under Prince Charles of Lorraine. The Prussian 
 loss was about 2,000; that of the Austrians and Saxons 
 was 4,000 killed and wounded and 7,000 prisoners. 
 
 .Hohenlimburg (k6 // en-lvm'b6rG). A town in 
 the province of Westphalia, Prussia, near Ha- 
 gen. Population, commune, 12,790. 
 
 Hobenlinden (ho // en-lin'den). A village in Up- 
 per Bavaria, 19 miles east of Munich. Here, Dec. 
 3, 1800, the French under Moreau defeated the Austrian 
 army under the archduke John. The Austrians lost 8,000 
 killed and wounded and 12,000prisoners, and the battle vir- 
 tually ended the war. The poet Campbell wrote a lyric 
 on the battle. 
 
 Hohenlohe (ho^en-lo'e). A former county, later 
 a principality, of Germany, mediatized in 1806, 
 and now mainly included in the circle of Jagst, 
 Wiirtemberg. 
 
 Hobenlobe-Ingelfingen(ing'el-fing-en), Prince 
 of (Friedrich Ludwig). Born at Ingelfingen, 
 Wiirtemberg, Jan. 31, 1746: died near Kosel, Si- 
 lesia, Prussia, Feb. 15, 1818. A Prussian gen- 
 eral. He gained a victory over the French at Kaisers- 
 lautern in 1794, but was defeat ed by Napoleon at Jena, Oct. 
 14, 1806, and compelled to surrender with 17,000 men at 
 Prenzlau, Oct. 28, 1806. 
 
 Hohenlohe-Schillmgsfurst (shillings -fiirst), 
 Prince of (Chlodwig Karl Victor), Prince of 
 Ratibor and Korvei. Born March 31, 1819: died 
 July 6, 1901. A German statesman and diplo- 
 matist. He was Bavarian minister of foreign affairs 
 1866-70; became German ambassador at Paris iu 1874 ; 
 and was appointed governor of Alsace-Lorraine in 1885. 
 He was chancellor of the German Empire Oct., 1894-Oct., 
 1900. succeeding Caprivi. 
 
 Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfiirst 
 
 (val'den-borG-shil'iings-furst), Prince of (Al- 
 exander Leopold). Born at Kupferzell, near 
 Walden burg, Wiirtemberg, Aug. 17, 1794 : died 
 at Voslau, near Vienna, Nov. 14, 1849. A 
 German Roman Catholic ecclesiastic. He was 
 
 ordained priest in 1815, and became a member of the 
 society of “ Fathers of the Sacred Heart ” about 1816, 
 canon of Grosswardein in 1824, grand provost iu 1829, 
 and bishop of Sardica in partibus infidelimn in 1844. 
 He several times came into conflict with the civil au- 
 thorities as a practitioner of the prayer-cure. He wrote 
 “Der im Geist der Katholischen Kirche beteude Christ ” 
 (1819), etc. 
 
 Hohenschwangau (ho // en-shvang'ou). A medi- 
 eval stronghold in Swabia, Bavaria, 56 miles 
 southwest of Munich, said to have been raised 
 on Roman foundations, but entirely rebuilt by 
 Maximilian II. It is especially interesting for its fres- 
 cos, which include the “Legend of Lohengrin," many his- 
 torical subjects, the “Life of a Medieval Lady," episodes 
 of chivalry, etc. Thegarden exhibitsareproduction of the 
 Fountain of Lions in the Alhambra. 
 
 Hohenstaufen (ho'en-stou-fen). A village in 
 Wiirtemberg, 23 miles east of Stuttgart, its 
 former castle was the seat of the Hohenstaufen family. 
 Height, 2,237 feet. 
 
 Hohenstaufen. A German princely family, it 
 furnished sovereigns to Germany 1138-1208 and 1215-54, 
 and to Sicily 1194-1266. Conradin, last of the line, was exe- 
 cuted 1268. See “ Geschichte der Hohenstaufen,” by Rau- 
 mer. 
 
 Hohenstein-Ernstthal (ho'en-stin-ernst'tal). 
 A town in the governmental district of 
 Zwickau, Saxony, 48 miles west-southwest of 
 Dresden. Population, commune, 13,903. 
 
 Hohentwiel (ho'en-tvel). A ruined fortress in 
 Wiirtemberg, near Singen. Height, 2,273 feet. 
 
 Hohenzollern (ho'en-tsol-lern). A province 
 of Prussia, inclosed by Wiirtemberg. Area, 
 441 square miles. Population, 68,282. 
 
 Hohenzollern. A castle nearHechingen, south- 
 ern Germany, belonging to the Prussian royal 
 family situated in the Swabian Alp. it was be- 
 gun in i860, the medieval fortress having practically dis- 
 appeared, except the chapel The exterior walls and bas- 
 tions reproduce the old castle. The entrance is by com- 
 
 Holberg 
 
 plicated and well-defended ramps. The inner buildings 
 consist of several wings with 5 great towers. The state 
 apartments are adorned with polished marbles, gilding, 
 and color, and the vaulting is admirable. The style of 
 the 14th century is consistently followed throughout. 
 Height, 2,840 feet. 
 
 Hohenzollern. A German princely family, it 
 ruled over Brandehburg from 1415, and has furnished the 
 kings of Prussia since 1701 (German emperors since 1871). 
 
 Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (sig'mar-ing-en). 
 A former principality of Germany, situated in 
 Wiirtemberg: incorporated withPrussiain 1850. 
 Hohe Tauern. See Tauern. 
 
 Hojeda. See Ojeda. 
 
 Holbach (G. pron. hol'bach ; F. pron. ol-bak'), 
 Paul Henri Thiry, Baron d’. Born at Hei- 
 delsheim, Baden, 1723 : died at Paris, Jan. 21, 
 1789. A French skeptic and materialistic phi- 
 losopher. He wrote “Le Christianisme d6voil6, etc.” 
 (1707), “Le systfeme de la nature ”(“ System of Nature," 
 1770: published in popular form as “Le bon sens,” 1772), 
 numerous articles in the “Encyclopedic," etc. He re- 
 sided in Paris from his youth, and his home became a ren- 
 dezvous for the free-thinkers of his time. His dinners 
 were exceptionally celebrated, and earned for him, from 
 the Abb4 Galiani, the title of the “premier maitre d’hOtel 
 de la philosopliie." 
 
 Holbeach (kol'beck). A town in Lincolnshire, 
 England, in the Holland district. Population, 
 4,755. 
 
 Holbein (hol'bin), Hans, sumamed “The Eld- 
 er.” Born at Augsburg, Bavaria, about 1460 : 
 died there, 1524. A German historical painter. 
 He represented the realistic tendency of the Swabian 
 school, and later was influenced by that of the Italian Re- 
 naissance. His “Altar of St. Sebastian" (1616), in the Old 
 Pinakothek, Munich, is his masterpiece. 
 
 Holbein, Hans, surnamed “TheYounger.” Born 
 probably at Augsburg, Bavaria, about 1497 : 
 died at London, 1543. A German historical and 
 portrait painter and wood-engraver, son of Hans 
 Holbein (1460-1524). He went to Basel in 1515, and 
 matriculated in the painters’ gild in 1519. His frescos 
 in the city hall at Basel, and the “Passion” in the Basel 
 Museum, were painted about 1521-22, In 1523 he painted 
 the portrait of Erasmus at Longford Castle. A bout 1526 he 
 visited Antwerp to see Quentin Massys, and afterward went 
 to England, where he was lodged at Sir Thomas More’s 
 bouse, near London. In 1528 he went to Basel, and returned 
 to England in 1532, where he remained for the rest of his 
 life. He became court paintei 1 to Henry VIII. about 1536. 
 Among his works are a series of 89 sketches in red chalk 
 and India ink, belonging to this period, now in the Wind- 
 sor collection : a series of designs for wood-engraving, 
 “The Dance of Death,” engraved by Hans Liitzelburger, 
 published in 1538 and 1547 ; a portrait of Sir Thomas More 
 (1527) ; a portrait of Anne of Cleves (1539) ; a number of 
 portraits of German merchant goldsmiths of the Steel- 
 yard, some of which are in Germany ; “ The Ambassadors " 
 (in the National Gallery, 1533); and portraits of Henry 
 VIII. and of the principal personages of the time. He 
 also designed the title-pages to Coverdale’s and Cranmer’s 
 Bibles, and painted some important works with religious 
 subjects (“ The Last Supper,” “ The Dead Christ, "eight Pas- 
 sion pictures, etc. — all in the museum at Basel; “The Na- 
 tivity ” and “The Adoration of the Magi,” at Freiburg- 
 im-Breisgau; “Madonna," with the Meyer family at Darm- 
 stadt ; “Madonna and Saints,” at Solothurn, etc.). 
 Holberg (hol'bero), Ludvig von. Born at Ber- 
 gen, Norway, Dee. 3, 1684 : died at Copenhagen. 
 Jan. 28, 1754. The father of the Danish drama, 
 and the greatest name in Danish literature. His 
 father, who had risen from a common soldier to the rank 
 of colonel, died when he was still an infant, and his mother 
 when he was 10 years old. He had been intended for the 
 army, but showed such an aptitude for study that he was 
 sent to the Bergen Latin school, and in 1702 he entered 
 the Copenhagen University. Being destitute of means, he 
 soon came back again to Norway, and was tutor in the 
 family of a clergyman at Voss. A year later he again 
 went to Copenhagen, where he studied theology and took 
 his examination, but shortly after ret urned to Norway and 
 was again a tutor, this time with a clergyman at Bergen. 
 This latter had been a great traveler, and Holberg, through 
 the perusal of the journal he had kept, was inspired with a 
 desire to see the world. He accordingly set out for Hol- 
 land, but went only as far as Aix-la-Chapelle. The year 
 after he returned to Norway and settled atChristiansand, 
 where he taught French during the winter. The following 
 spring he went to England and remained 2 years, chiefly at 
 Oxford, where he supported himself by teaching languages 
 and music. Returning to Copenhagen, he established him- 
 self as docent at the university, but soon after accepted 
 the post of private tutor, and accompanied his charge to 
 Germany. Upon his return to Denmark he was again a 
 tutor until the year after (1710), when he was admitted as 
 a stipendiary at Borch’s Collegium in Copenhagen, when 
 lie was finally enabled to devote himself to literary work. 
 In 1711 he published his first work, “ Introduction til den 
 Europaiske Rigers Historie " (“ Introduction to the His- 
 tory of the Nations of Europe "). In 1714hewasmadepro- 
 fessorextraordinarius, but without a stipend. Shortly after, 
 however, he was made the beneficiary of the “Rosenkrants 
 fund,” and was thus enabled to go abroad. He accord- 
 ingly sailed to Holland ; traveled on foot from Brussels 
 to Paris, where he remained for a year and a half ; pro- 
 ceeded again, partly on foot, to Marseilles and Genoa, 
 where he fell ill ; arid afterward « ent on to Rome, where 
 he remained the whole winter. The following Feb. he set 
 out again for Denmark, making the w hole journey from 
 Rome to Paris on foot. In 1718 he was made professor 
 of metaphysics at Copenhagen : later he became profes- 
 sor of Latin and rhetoric, and ultimately (1730) of history 
 and geography. In 1719-20 appeared, under the pseudo- 
 nym Hans Mikkelsen, the first of his characteristic pro- 
 
Holberg 
 
 auctions, the comic-heroic poem “ Peder Paars." In 1722 
 he began to write comedies. Up to this year, when the 
 Danish theater was opened with a translation of Moliere's 
 “L Avare,” there had been French and German but no 
 Danish theaters in Copenhagen. Holberg was applied to 
 to write Danish comedies, and this year the first of them 
 was produced: “Den politiske Kanderstfiber” (“The 
 Pewterer Politician Five plays were furnished during 
 the year, and ultimately he had written 33. Among the 
 most notable of these, besides the one mentioned, are “Den 
 Stundesl0se” (“The Busy Man "), “Erasmus Montanus,” 
 “Barselstuen’'(“ The lying-in Room "), “Jeppe paa Bjer- 
 get” (“Jeppe of the Mountain”), “Jacob von Thybo,” 
 “Den Vaegelsindede” (“ The Fickle Woman ’’). In 1725 
 he again went abroad, and remained during the winter in 
 Paris. After 1723, the year of the great conflagration in 
 Copenhagen, and during the reign of Christian VI., no 
 more plays were written; but when the theater was re- 
 opened in 1747, on the accession of Frederick V., several 
 more were furnished, inferior, however, to his earlier com- 
 edies. In 1741 was published in Latin, at Leipsic, “Nieho- 
 lai Klimii iter subterraneum” — in the Danish translation 
 by Baggesen : “ Niels Klims underjordiske Reise ” (“Niels 
 Klim's Underground Journey ’’). He was ennobled in 1747. 
 The considerable property that he had accumulated was 
 left, at his death, to the Sor0 Academy. He was buried 
 in the Sord church. Besides the above, he wrote various 
 historical and other works, among them “ Danmarks Riges 
 Historie” (“ The History of the Kingdom of Denmark”) 
 in 3 vols., an autobiography in 3 letters written in Latin, 
 and several humorou s epics and lyrics. He has been called 
 “the founder of modern Danish literature.” 
 
 Holborn (ho'born). A borough (metropolitan) 
 of London. Population, 49,336, (1911). 
 Holbrook (hoi ' bruk), J olm Edwards. Born at 
 Beaufort, S. C., Dec. 31, 1795: died at Norfolk, 
 Mass., Sept. 8, 1871. An American naturalist. 
 He became professor of anatomy in the Medical College of 
 South Carolina in 1824, a position which he retained up- 
 ward of 30 years. His chief work is “American Herpe- 
 tology ” (1842). 
 
 Holcroft (hol'kroft), Thomas. Bom at London, 
 Dec. 10 (O. S.), 1745: died there, March 23, 1809. 
 An English dramatist, miscellaneous writer, and 
 actor. He was ridiculed by Gifford in the “Baviad.” In 
 1794, having embraced (he principles of the French Revo- 
 lution, he was indicted for high treason, but after remain- 
 ing for about two months in Newgate he was discharged 
 without a trial. Among his plays are “The Follies of a 
 Day,” a translation of Beaumarchais’s “Mariage de Figaro ” 
 (produced in 1784, Holcroft appearing as Figaro), “The 
 Road to Ruin ” (1792 : revived in 1873, and translated into 
 Danish and German), “The Deserted Daughter," founded 
 on Cumberland’s “Fashionable Lover ”(1795), etc. Healso 
 wrote “Tales of the Castle ” from the French of Madame 
 de Genlis (1785), “Life of Baron Frederic Trenck, etc.” 
 (1788), “ A Tale of Mystery ” (the first melodrama, 1802), 
 with several novels and translations. 
 
 Holder (hol'der), Joseph Bassett. Bom at 
 Lynn, Mass., Oct. 26, 1824: died in New York 
 city, Feb. 28, 1888. An American naturalist. 
 He was curator of invertebrate zoology, ichthyology, and 
 herpetology in the American Museum of Natural History 
 in New York city from 1870 until his death. He wrote a 
 “History of the North American Fauna ” (1882), “History 
 of the Atlantic Right Whales ” (1883), “ The Living World ” 
 (1884), etc. 
 
 Holderlin (bel'der-lin), Johann Christian 
 
 Friedrich. Bom at Lauifen, Wurtemberg, 
 March 20, 1770: died at Tubingen, Wurtemberg, 
 June 7, 1843. A German poet, author of the 
 romance “Hyperion” (1797-99), lyric poems 
 (1826), etc. 
 
 Holderness (hol'der-nes). The peninsula be- 
 tween the North Sea and the Humber, in the 
 East Biding of Yorkshire, England. 
 
 Holger Danske (hol'ger dans'ke). The tutelary 
 genius of the Danes, who, according to the le- 
 gend, sleeps beneath the Kronborg at Helsingor 
 (the Elsinore of Shakspere’s “Hamlet”), ready 
 to arise when Denmark is in danger. Local le- 
 gend places him also at Mogeltondem, in North 
 Schleswig. 
 
 Holies (ho'lich). A town in the county of Neu- 
 tra, Hungary, 45 miles north of Presburg. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 5,817. 
 
 Holinshed (hol'inz-hed), or Holiingshead 
 (hol'ingz-hed), Raphael. Born probably at 
 Sutton Downes, Cheshire: died about 1580. An 
 English chronicler. He is said to have been educated 
 at one of the universities, possibly Cambridge. His great 
 work, “Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland,” was 
 begun for Reginald Wolfe, a London printer, whose service 
 he entered as translator early in the reign of Elizabeth. 
 (See tiie extract.) A second and enlarged edition, edited 
 by John Hooker, was published after Holinshed’s death 
 (1587). 
 
 About 1548 Wolfe designed a universal history and cos- 
 mography, with maps and illustrations. He had inher- 
 ited Leland’s notes, and he himself began the compilation 
 of the English, Scottish, and Irish portions. Holinshed 
 worked for some years under his direction, and had free 
 access to Leland’s manuscripts. “ After fiue-and-twentie 
 yeares travell spent therein, Wolfedied in 1573. No part 
 of the great project was then ready for publication, but 
 three well-known publishers, George Bishop, John Harri- 
 son, and Luke or Lucas Harrison, determined to persevere 
 with it, and Holinshed continued his labours in their ser- 
 vice. Alarmed at the size the work seemed likely to a ssume, 
 Wolfe’s successors resolved to limit their plan to histories 
 and descriptions of England, Scotland, and Ireland only, 
 and to omit maps. William Harrison was engaged to as- 
 sist Holinshed in the descriptions of England and Scot- 
 
 509 
 
 land, anti Richard Stanihurst to continue from 1509 to 1547 
 the history of Ireland, which Holinshed had compiled 
 chiefly from a manuscript by Edmund Campion. At length, 
 on 1 July, 1578, a license for publishing “Raphael Hol- 
 lingesheds Cronycle” was issued to John Harrison and 
 George Bishop, on payment of the unusually high fee of 
 “xx s and a copy." Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Holkar (hol'kar). A Mahratta family in the 18th 
 and 19th centuries. 
 
 Holkar’s Dominions. See Indore. 
 
 Holland (hol'and; D. pron.hol'lant). See Neth- 
 erlands. For Holland, North, and Holland, 
 South, see North Holland and South Holland. 
 
 Holland (hol'and). A region in the southeast- 
 ern part of Lincolnshire, England, largely com- 
 posed of fens. 
 
 Holland, George. Born at London, England, 
 Dec. 6, 1791: died at New York, Dec. 20, 1870. 
 A comedian. After a career of some success in Eng- 
 land he came to the United States in 1827, where he was a 
 popular favorite until his death. 
 
 Holland, Sir Henry. Bom at Knutsford, Che- 
 shire, England, Oct. 27, 1788: died at London, 
 Oct. 27, 1873. An English physician and author. 
 He published “ Medical Notes and Reflections ” 
 (1839), etc. 
 
 Holland, Josiah Gilbert. Born at Belcher- 
 town, Mass., July 24, 1819: died at New York, 
 Oct. 12, 1881. An American author, journal- 
 ist, and editor. He was an editor of the “ Springfield 
 Republican ” 1849-66, and editor-in-chief of “ Scribner’s 
 Monthly ” (later “The Century Magazine”) 1870-81, and 
 one of its founders. He wrote “Timothy Titcomb’s Let- 
 ters to the Young "(1858), “Gold Foil "(1859), “Plain Talks 
 on Familiar Subjects” (1865); the poems “Bitter-Sweet” 
 (1858) and “Kathrina” (1868); and the novels “Arthur 
 Bonnicastle ” (1873), “Sevenoaks” (1876), “Nicholas Min- 
 turn ” (1877), etc. 
 
 Holland, Lord. See Fox, Henry Richard Vassal l. 
 
 Holland, Philemon. Born at Chelmsford, Es- 
 sex, 1552 : died at Coventry, Feb. 9, 1637. An 
 English writer, noted as a translator. He gradu- 
 ated at Cambridge (Trinity College) in 1571, and after 1595 
 lived at Coventry. His translations include Livy (1600), 
 the “Natural History ’ of Pliny (1601), the “Morals" of 
 Plutarch (1603), the “ History of the Caesars ” of Suetonius 
 (1606), Camden’s “Britannia ” (1610), and the “ Cyropsedia" 
 of Xenophon (1632). 
 
 Holland House. Amansion in Kensington , Lon- 
 don, especially noted as a social center during 
 the life of the third Lord Holland, it took its name 
 from Henry Rich, earl of Holland, by whose father-in-law, 
 Sir Walter Cope, it was built in 1607. 
 
 Hollar (hol'lar),Wenceslaus (Vaclav Holar). 
 Born at Prague, July 13, 1607 : died March 28, 
 1677. An engraver, a pupil of Matthaus Merian 
 at Frankfort. He traveled extensively, making plates of 
 views in the various cities he visited. The Earl of Arun- 
 del, ambassador to the emperor in 1635, discovered Hollar 
 and brought him to England. About 1639 he became 
 teacher of drawing to the Prince of Wales, and was made 
 royal designer on the prince’s accession as Charles II. 
 Hollar enlisted with the Royalists in the civil war, and was 
 made prisoner at Basing House in 1645. On regaining his 
 liberty he joined the Earl of Arundel at Antwerp, return- 
 ing to England in 1652. He was afterward sent with Lord 
 Howard to Tangier to make topographical drawings. In 
 1640 appeared 26 plates entitled “ Ornatus Muliebris An- 
 glicanus, or Several Habits of English Women, etc.,” fol- 
 lowed in 1643 by illustrations of feminine costumes in other 
 parts of Europe. In 1672 he made plates of Lincoln, York, 
 etc. His rendering of architecture is especially fine. 
 
 Hollentlial (bel'len-tal). A picturesque valley 
 in the southern part of the Black Forest, Ger- 
 many, east of Freiburg. 
 
 Holies (holz), Denzil, Baron Holies. Born Oct. 
 31, 1599 ; died Feb. 17, 1670. An English states- 
 man, second son of the first Earl of Clare. He 
 was the brother-in-law of Strafford. In 1624 he entered 
 Parliament, and on March 2, 1629, was one of the two who 
 held the speaker in his chair when he attempted to adjourn 
 the House at the king’s order. Two days later he was ar- 
 rested and sent to the Tower. He refused to acknowledge 
 the jurisdiction of the courts over what was donein Parlia- 
 ment, and was heavily fined. The sum of £5,000 was voted 
 to him by the Long Parliament as compensation foi his 
 losses in the affair. He was an influential member of this 
 Parliament, was one of the members impeached by the king 
 Jan. 3, 1642, and fought for the Parliament at Edgehill and 
 Brentford. Later he became a prominent advocate of peace 
 and an agreement with the king, was opposed to the Inde- 
 pendents, and in 1647 was impeached with 10 others by the 
 army. He fled to France, and in Jan., 1648, was expelled 
 from Parliament. On the Restoration he was created Baron 
 Holies, and was ambassador at Paris 1663-66. 
 
 Holies, John. Born at Haughton, Nottingham- 
 shire, about 1564; died there, Oct. 4, 1637. An 
 English politician, created first earl of Clare in 
 1624. 
 
 Hollidaysburg (hol'i-daz-berg). A post-bor- 
 ough and the capital of Blair County, Pennsyl- 
 vania, situated in lat. 40° 26' N., long. 78° 25' W. 
 Population, 3,734, (1910). 
 
 Hollingsworth (hol'mgz-werth). A character 
 in Hawthorne’s “Blithedale Romance.” He is 
 the only man of action in the story. 
 
 Hollins (hol'inz), George Nichols. Born at 
 Baltimore, Sept. 20, 1799 : died there, Jan. 18, 
 
 Holstein 
 
 1878. An American naval officer. He entered the 
 navy in 1814, served under Decatur in the Algerian war in 
 1815, and became commander in 1844. In 1854, while lying 
 off the Mosquito Coast, he bombarded Greytown, whose 
 citizens, it was alleged, had molested the American resi- 
 dents, in consequence of which hasty action serious diffi- 
 culty was narrowly averted with Great Britain, who claimed 
 a protectorate over N icaragua. He resigned in 1861, in order 
 to accept a commission as commodore in the Confederate 
 navy. 
 
 Hollis (hol'is), Thomas. Born inEngland, 1659 : 
 died 1731. An English merchant, a benefactor 
 of Harvard College. 
 
 Holo (ho'lo). A Bantu tribe of Angola, West 
 Africa, settled between the Kuangu and Luiyi 
 rivers. They own many cattle, but live in a very 
 low state of culture. 
 
 Holloway (hol'6-wa). A district in the north- 
 ern part of London. 
 
 Holloway, Thomas. Born at London, 1748; 
 died at Coltishall, near Norwich, England, Feb., 
 1827. An English engraver. His chief works are 
 engravings after Raphael's cartoons. 
 
 Holm, Saxe. A pseudonym under which a num- 
 ber of popular stories were published in 1873 
 and (second series) 18 / 8. They have been attributed 
 to Helen Hunt Jackson. 
 
 Holmhoe (holm'be), Kristoffer Andreas. 
 
 Born in the district of Yalders, southern Nor- 
 way, March 19, 1796: died April 2, 1882. ANorwe- 
 gian philologist. He was appointed to a professorship 
 in the University of Christiania in 1825. His works include 
 “ Dasalteste Mimzwesen Norwegens ” (1846), “ Sanskrit og 
 Oldnorsk” (1846), “ Det oldnorske Verbum ” (1848), etc. 
 
 Holmby (hom'bi) House. An old mansion near 
 Northampton in England, in which Charles I. 
 was imprisoned in 1647. 
 
 Holmes (homz), Abiel. Born at Woodstock, 
 Conn., Dec. 24, 1763: died at Cambridge, Mass., 
 June 4, 1837. An American Congregational 
 clergyman and, historical writer. He was pastor 
 of a church at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1792-1832. Au- 
 thor of “ Annals of America” (1805: new ed., bringing the 
 narrative down to 1826, 1829). 
 
 Holmes, Oliver Wendell. Born at Cambridge, 
 Mass., Aug. 29, 1809 : died Oct. 7, 1894. An 
 American poet, essayist, and novelist, son of 
 Abiel Holmes. He was professorof anatomy and physi- 
 ology in the medical school of Harvard University from 
 1847 to 1882, when he resigned and was appointed professor 
 emeritus. He contributed to the “ Atlantic Monthly ” the 
 “Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table” (1857-58), “Professor 
 at the Breakfast-Table ” (1859), “ Poet at the Breakfast- 
 Table”(1872), and “Over the Tea-cups ” (1891) ; and wrote 
 the novels “Elsie Venner ” (1861), “The Guardian Angel " 
 (186S), and “ A Mortal Antipathy” (1885). His poems have 
 been collected in “ Songs in Many Keys ” (1861), “ Humor- 
 ous Poems ” (1865), “ Songs of Many Seasons" (1874), “Be- 
 fore the Curfew” (1888). He also wrote a number of vol- 
 umes of essays, and memoirs of Ralph Waldo Emerson 
 (1885) and of John Lothrop Motley (1878). 
 
 Holofernes (hol-o-fer'nez). [Gr. '01 otplpvr/g, also 
 ’Oil cxpepvyg, 'OpoiplpvriQ.'] A general of Nebuchad- 
 nezzar; the leading character in the book of 
 Judith (Apocrypha). He was killed by Judith. 
 Holofernes, orHolophernes. 1. A conventional 
 character of Italian comedy: a pedant or pom- 
 pous schoolmaster. — 2. A pedant in Rabelais’s 
 “Gargantua and Pantagruel.” He teaches Gar- 
 gantua to say the alphabet backward in 5 years 
 and 3 months. — 3. A pompous schoolmaster 
 in Shakspere’s “Love’s Labour’s Lost,” taken 
 from the conventional character of Italian 
 comedy. 
 
 As for the notion of certain critics, that Holofernes was 
 meant for a satire upon John Florio, whose “ Second Fruits ’’ 
 appeared in 1591, containing some reflections on the inde- 
 corum of the English stage, we cannot discover the slight- 
 est ground for it. Shakespeare, no doubt, had ample occa- 
 sion to laugh at the pedantry of pedagogues long before he 
 knew any thing of Florio. 
 
 Hudson, Int. to Love's Labour ’s Lost. 
 
 Holst (hoist), Hans Peter. Bornat Copenhagen, 
 Oct. 22, 1811: died June 2, 1893. A Danish poet. 
 After having been successively a teacher and a newspaper 
 editor, he became, in 1875, dramaturgist to the royal thea- 
 ter at Copenhagen. He founded in 1868 the magazine 
 “For Romantik og Historie,” and was the author of “ Ude 
 
 -frog Hjemme,” “Den lille Hornblaeser” (1849), etc. 
 
 Holst (hoist), Hermann Eduard von. Bom at 
 Fellin, Livonia, Russia, June 19 (N. S.), 1841: 
 died at Freiburg, Jan. 20, 1904. A German his- 
 torian. He came to the United States in 1866, and set- 
 tled at New York, where he contributed to the press, and 
 in 1869 became assistant editor of the “ Deutsch-Ameri- 
 kanisches Conversations-Lexikon." He was professor of 
 history at Strasburg University 1872-74, at the University 
 of Freiburg 1874-92, and at the University of Chicago 1892- 
 1899. Among his works are “ Verfassungsgeschichte der 
 Vereiniglen Staaten von Amerika" (1878-85: translated 
 into English a3 “ Constitutional and Political History of 
 the United States”), and “ Life of John C. Calhoun " (1884). 
 
 Holstein (hol'stin). The southern part of the 
 province of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, sepa- 
 rated from Schleswig by the Eider and the Baltic 
 Canal. ThechiefplaceisKiel. The surface is generally 
 low. It formed part of the realm of Charles the Great, 
 and was for several centuries ruled by counts of the house 
 
Holstein 
 
 of Schauenberg. Schleswig and Holstein were formally 
 united in 1386. In 1460 they passed to the kings of Den- 
 mark (Oldenburg line). Holstein continued a fief of the 
 empire ; became a duchy in 1474 ; and was incorporated 
 with Denmark in 1806. The King of Denmark entered the 
 Germanic Confederation for Holstein in 1815. It received 
 representative government in 1831 ; rebelled against Den- 
 mark 1848-50 and 1863-64 ; and was annexed by Prussia in 
 1866. See Schleswig and Schleswig-Holstein Wars. 
 
 Holstein-Gottorp. See Oldenburg. 
 
 Holston (hol'ston). A river in eastern Tennes- 
 see, formed by the North and South Forks near 
 Kingsport. It unites with the Clinch to form the 
 Tennessee at Kingston. Length, about 200 miles (in- 
 cluding the North Fork, over 300 miles); navigable to 
 Knoxville. 
 
 Holtei (hol'ti), Karl von. Born at Breslau, Jan. 
 24, 1798 : died there, Feb. 12, 1880. A German 
 poet and dramatist. He began the study of jurispru- 
 dence, but soon abandoned it to go upon the stage, and 
 afterward was connected with the theater, in various places, 
 as actor, director, and poet. He also acquir ed reputation 
 as a Shaksperian reader. A volumeof poems (“ Gedichte ”) 
 appeared in 1826. His principal fame, however, as a poet 
 rests upon his “Schlesisehe Gedichte "(“Silesian Poems,” 
 1830). Among his dramas are particularly to be mentioned 
 ‘‘Lenore,” “Lorbeerbaum und Bettelstab” (“Laurel Tree 
 and Beggar Staff ”), “Deralte Feldherr” (“The Old Gen- 
 eral”), “Die Berliner in Wien ” (“The Berliners in Vien- 
 na”), “ Die Wiener in Berlin ” (“The Viennese in Berlin ”), 
 all of which appeared in his “Theater "(1867) in 6 vols. He 
 is also the author of a number of novels, among them 
 “ Die Vagabunden ” (“ The Vagabonds," 1851), “Christian 
 Lammfell "(1853), “Ein armerSchneider ” (“A Poor Tailor,” 
 1858), "Der letzte Komodiant” (“The Last Comedian,” 
 1863). 
 
 Holty (hel'ti), Ludwig Heinrich Christoph. 
 
 Born at Mariensee, near Hannover, Dee. 21, 
 1748: died at Hannover, Sept. 1, 1776. A Ger- 
 man lyric poet. He was the son of a clergyman. He 
 studied theology at Gottingen, where he was one of the 
 founders of the poetic brotherhood, the so-called “ Hain- 
 Buud.” lie wrote songs, odes, and elegies, and the patriotic 
 idyl “Das Feuer im Walde” (“The Fire in the Forest”). 
 His collected poems were first published posthumously in 
 1783. 
 
 Holtzendorff (holts'en-dorf), Franz von. Born 
 at Vietmannsdorf, Ukermark, Prussia, Oct. 14, 
 1829: died at Munich, Feb. 5, 1889. A German 
 
 jurist. He wrote “ Franzosische Rechtsznstande ’’ (1859), 
 “ Die Reform der Staatsanwaltschaft in Deutschland ” 
 
 ★(1864), “Die Prinzipien der Politik” (1869). etc. 
 
 Holub(ho'16b),Emil. Born at Holitz, Bohemia, 
 Oct. 7, 1847 : died at Vienna, Feb. 21, 1902. An 
 African explorer. After practising medicine at the 
 diamond-fields of South Africa (1872), he took to scientific 
 exploration and collecting. He first explored the Trans- 
 vaal (1873-74) ; reached the Zambesi River, via Shoshong, in 
 1875 ; and went as far as the Barotse, returning to Europe 
 in 1879. In 1884 he was again at the Cape and on his way 
 to the Zambesi. The looting of his camp by the Mashu- 
 kulumbe obliged him to return in 1887. 11 is young wife 
 
 accompanied him on this second exploration of the Zam- 
 besi valley, and rendered heroic service. He wrote 
 “Seven Years in South Africa ” (1880), etc. 
 
 Holy Alliance, The. A league formed by the 
 sovereigns of Russia, Austria, andPrussia in per- 
 son after the fall of Napoleon, signed at Paris 
 Sept. 26, 1815, and afterward joined by all the 
 other European sovereigns except those of Rome 
 and England. Its professed object was to unite their 
 respective governments in a Christian brotherhood, but 
 its real one was to perpetuate existing dynasties by their 
 joint opposition to all attempts at change. A special 
 clause debarred any member of the Bonaparte family from 
 ascending a European throne. The league came to an end 
 after the French revolution of 1830. 
 
 Holy Bottle. See Dive Bouteille. 
 
 Holy Coat. See Treves. 
 
 Holycross (ho-li-kros'). A village in Tipperary, 
 Ireland, situated on the Suir 3 miles south of 
 Thurles. Holycross Abbey is a very notable Cistercian 
 foundation, now ruined. The cruciform church, with cen- 
 tral tower, has round arches on the north side of the nave 
 and pointed arches on the south side. There is a beauti- 
 ful window of 6 lights at the west end of the nave, and a 
 similar one in the chevet. Each transept possesses two 
 beautifully vaulted and arcaded chapels: those of tlte north 
 transept are connected by an elegant vaulted passage. In 
 the choir stands a very ornate 14th-century altar-tomb to 
 a countess of Desmond. 
 
 Holy Dying and Holy Living. Two tractates 
 by Jeremy Taylor. 
 
 Holy Grail. One of Tennyson’s “Idylls of the 
 King.” See Grail. 
 
 Holyhead (hol'i-hed), Welsh Caer-Gybi (ka'- 
 er-gib'e). A seaport in Anglesea, Wales, sit- 
 uated in lat. 53° 19' N., long. 4° 38' W. It is the 
 terminus of the mail-packet line to Dublin. Population 
 10,079. 
 
 Holy Island, or Lindisfarne (lin-dis-farn'). 1. 
 An island(at low water a peninsula) in the North 
 Sea, 2 miles from the coast of Northumberland, 
 and 10 miles southeast of Berwiek-on-Tweed. 
 It is celebrated for the ruins of its monastery, founded by 
 Oswald 635, and famous under St. Cuthbert. Length, 3 
 miles. 
 
 2. A name sometimes given to Riigen, and also 
 to other islands. 
 
 Holy Land. Sop Palestine. 
 
 Holy League, The. 1 . A league between Pope 
 
 510 
 
 Julius II., Ferdinand of Aragon, and the states 
 of Venice and Switzerland, formed in 1511 for 
 the purpose of expelling Louis XII. of France 
 from Italy. It was subsequently joined by Henry VIII. 
 of England and by the emperor Maximilian. It was dis- 
 solved on the death of Julius in 1513. 
 
 2. A league between the emperor Charles V., 
 the archbishops of Mainz and Salzburg, and the 
 dukes William and Louis of Bavaria, George 
 of Saxony, and Eric and Henry of Brunswick, 
 formed at Nuremberg July 10, 1538, for the sup- 
 port of the Roman Catholic faith in Germany 
 in opposition to the Smalkaldie League. — 3. 
 A league formed by the Roman Catholics in 
 France in 1576 for the purpose of annihilating 
 the Huguenot party and elevating the Guises 
 to the throne. It owed its origin to the dissatisfaction 
 among the Roman Catholics with the peace of Chastency 
 (paix de monsieur), concluded in that year, which granted 
 the Huguenots free exercise of their religion in all parts 
 of France except Paris. It was supported by Philip II. of 
 Spain, and was finally overthrown by Henry IV. in 1596. 
 
 Holy Mother of the Russians. An epithet of 
 
 ★Moscow. 
 
 Holyoake (hol'i-ok), George Jacob. Born at 
 Birmingham, April 13, 1817 : died Jan. 22, 
 1906. An English reformer. He took a prominent 
 part In promoting schemes for the education of the work- 
 ing-classes and for the advancement among them of vari- 
 ous forms of cooperation. He was an advocateof secularism. 
 Among his Works are “ The History of Co-operation in Eng- 
 land : its Literature and Advocates” (1875-78) and “The 
 Rochdale Pioneers : Thirty- Three Years of Co-operation in 
 Rochdale" (1858), of which a ninth edition appeared in 
 1883 under the title of “ Self-Help by the People. " 
 
 Holyoke (hol'yok). A city in Hampden County, 
 Massachusetts, situated on the Connecticut 7 
 miles north of Springfield. It is noted for its manu- 
 factures, especially of paper, being one of the chief paper- 
 manufacturing cities in the world. Population, 57,730, 
 (1910). 
 
 Holyoke, Mount. The chief point in a low 
 range (Holyoke range) in western Massachu- 
 setts, southeast of Northampton. Height, 954 
 feet. 
 
 Holy Roman Empire, or German-Roman Em- 
 pire, often called the German Empire, G. 
 Romisches Reich deut scher Nation ( re ' mish- 
 es rich doich'er nat-se-on' ),orDeutsches Reich 
 (doich'es rich). The realm ruled by the em- 
 peror who claimed to be the representative of 
 the ancient Roman emperors, and who asserted 
 (in theory) authority over the nations of west- 
 ern and central Europe : called “holy” from the 
 interdependence of the empire and the church. 
 It comprised in general the German-speaking peoples in 
 central Europe, and it had for a long timeaclose connection 
 witlx Italy. Various regions outside of Germany proper 
 were at different times under the empire. It began with 
 Chai'les the Great, king of the Franks, who was crowned 
 emperor of the West 800, and was succeeded by various 
 Carolingian emperors. By the treaty of Verdun (843) the 
 Carolingian dynasty continued in the eastern part of 
 Charlemagne’s empire (i. e. Germany). The German na- 
 tion grew from the union of Thuringians, Franks, Saxons, 
 Bavarians, Swabians, Lorrainers, etc. The Saxon line of 
 German kings began with Henry the Fowler in 919. The 
 lasting union of Germany with the empire began in 962, 
 when Otto I., king of Germany, became Roman emperor. 
 The Saxon line of emperors continued until 1024. The 
 Franconian line (Conrad IV., Henry III., Henry IV., 
 Henry V.) reigned 1024 to 1125 ; the Hohenstaufen or Swa- 
 bian line(Conrad III., Frederick Barbarossa, Frederick II., 
 Conrad IV.) 1138-1208, 1215-54. There was an interregnum 
 from 1254 to 1273. Emperors from the Hapsburg, Luxem- 
 burg, and other houses reigned 1273-1437. The continuous 
 line of Hapsburg emperors, who were powerful Austrian 
 rulers, began in 1438. After Maximilian I. and Charles V. 
 the empire degenerated through the 17th and 18th centu- 
 ries ; andFrancis II. (Francis I. of Austria)abdicated as the 
 last emperor in 1S06. The empei'ors were elected. The 
 number of electors was fixed at seven by the Golden Bull of 
 13.56 — the archbishops of Mainz, Treves, and Cologne, the 
 Count Palatine of theRhine, the King of Bohemia, the Duke 
 of Saxony, and the Margrave of Brandenburg. Bavaria and 
 Hannover were respectively made electorates in 1623 and 
 1692, and in the years immediately before the fall of the em- 
 pire Wiirtemberg, Hesse-Cassel, and Salzburg. By Maxi- 
 milian I. the empire was divided into 10 circles — Bur- 
 gundian, Westphalian, Lower Rhine, Upper Rhine, Lower 
 Saxon, Upper Saxon, ITanconian, Swabian, Bavarian, and 
 Austrian. See German Confederation , Germany , Prussia, 
 Saxony, and the different German states ; also Austria. 
 
 Holyrood (ho'li-rod) Palace. All ancient royal 
 palace of Scotland, situated at Edinburgh, it 
 was originally an abbey, founded 1128 ; was several times 
 burned ; and was the scene of the murder of Rizzio 1566. 
 It is a large and picturesque castellated structure, in its 
 existing form built chiefly about 1670. The apartments of 
 Mary Queen of Scots are preserved. The palace replaced 
 Holyrood Abbey, to which belonged the fine ruined Early 
 English church, whose tracery, arcades, and other details 
 are admirable. The abbey possessed the ancient privilege 
 of sanctuary, and for debtors this survived until 1880, 
 when imprisonment for debt was abolished. 
 
 Holy Sepulcher, Church of the. A church at 
 Jerusalem, consecrated in 336. The original build- 
 ing was in the form of a rotunda, whose shape, at least, 
 survives in the existing complex structure. It assumed 
 various forms in the course of t lie middle ages, and was in 
 great part rebuilt after a fire in 1808. The chief entrance 
 is from a court on the south, and has handsome recessed 
 
 Homer 
 
 pointed Norman-Saracenic arches. In the interior is the 
 sepulcher proper, inclosed in a 16-sided chapel beneath a 
 dome 65 feet in diameter resting on 18 piers, together with 
 a great number of chapels appropriated to different creeds 
 and nationalities, or marking various spots traditionaUy 
 connected with the Saviour's passion. Much of the 12th- 
 0601 x 117 Church of the Crusaders, originally distinct from 
 the Holy Sepulcher, is included in the existing edifice : it 
 presents beautiful details of the French architecture of the 
 style of transition to the Pointed. 
 
 Holy Thorn. See Glastonbury. 
 
 Holy War, The. 1. A work by Thomas Fuller, 
 published in 1639 : bis first important book. — 2. 
 A work by John Bunyan, published in 1682. 
 Holywell (hol'i-wel). A town in Flintshire, 
 North Wales, situated near the estuary of the 
 Dee, 14 miles southwest of Liverpool. Popula- 
 tion, 2,652. 
 
 Holywell street. A London street parallel to 
 the Strand from Newcastle street to St. Clement 
 Danes Church: so named from a “holy well” 
 in that locality. It was formerly notorious as a place 
 of sale for obscene literature. Its site, between St. Clement’s 
 and St. Mary le Strand’s, has been thrown into the Strand. 
 Holzminden (holts'min-den). A town in Bruns- 
 wick, Germany, on the Weser 40 miles south- 
 southwest of Hannover. It has a school of en- 
 gineering. Population, 9,938. 
 
 Homam (ho-mam'). [Ar. su’d al-liomam, the 
 lucky star of the hero.] The third-magnitude 
 star ?) Pegasi. 
 
 Homberg (hom'berG), Wilhelm. Born at Ba- 
 tavia, Java, Jan. 8, 1652 : died at Paris, Sept. 
 24,1715. A chemist of German descent. He dis- 
 covered boracic acid and “Homberg’s phos- 
 phorus.” 
 
 Homburg, or Homburg-vor-der-Hohe (hom'- 
 borG-for-der-he'e). A town in the province of 
 Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, on a spur of the Taunus 
 9 miles north-northwest of Frankfort-on-the- 
 Main. It is one of the most frequented watering-places 
 in Germany, noted for mineral springs, formerly for its 
 gaming-tables. It has a castle. It was the capital to 1866 
 of the former landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg. Population, 
 commune, 13,740. 
 
 Homburg. A small town in the Palatinate, 
 Bavaria, 43 miles southeast of Treves. 
 
 Home (horn), Sir Everard. Born at Hull, Eng- 
 land, May 6, 1756 : died at London, Aug. 31, 1832. 
 A Scottish surgeon and anatomist. He was a pupil 
 of his brother-in-law John Hunter, and later his assistant. 
 From 1821 he was surgeon to Chelsea Hospital. He wrote 
 “Lectures on Comparative Anatomy” (1814-28), etc. 
 Home, Henry, Lord Karnes. Born at Kames, 
 Berwickshire, Scotland, 1696 : died at Edin- 
 burgh, Dec. 27, 1782. A Scottish judge and philo- 
 sophical writer. He published “Essays on the Princi- 
 pies of Morality and Natural Religion” (1751), “ Elements 
 of Criticism ” (1762), and various legal works. 
 
 Home, John. Born at Leith, Scotland. Sept, 
 21, 1722: died near Edinburgh, Sept. 5, 1808. 
 A Scottish clergyman and dramatist, author of 
 “Douglas” (which see). He was settled as minis- 
 ter at Athelstaneford in East Lothian in 1747. His con- 
 nection with the stage aroused clerical hostility, and pro- 
 ceedings against him were begun in the presbytery : but 
 he resigned in 1757. He also wrote “ Agis ” (acted 1758). 
 “The Fatal Discovery” (1769), “Alonzo "(1773), “Alfred ” 
 (1778). 
 
 Home as Found. A novel by Cooper, published 
 in 1838. 
 
 Home Counties. A name given to the English 
 counties containing London and in its imme- 
 diate neighborhood. They are Middlesex, Sur- 
 rey, Kent, Essex, and Hertford. 
 
 Homer (ho'mer). [L. Homerus y Gr. "Ogr/poc, one 
 who puts together ; a hostage ; a pledge agreed 
 upon between two parties.] The poet to whom 
 is assigned by very ancient tradition the author- 
 ship of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and of certain 
 hymns to the gods (“Homeric Hymns”). Other 
 poems also, as the “Batrachomyomachia” (“Battle of the 
 Frogs and Mice”), were with less certainty attributed to 
 him. Of his personality nothing is known. Seven cities — 
 Smyrna, Rhodes, Colophon, Salamis (in Cyprus), Chios, 
 Argos, and Athens — contended for the honor of being his 
 birthplace : of these, the best evidence connects him with 
 Smyrna. He was said to have died on the island of Ios. 
 The tradition thathe lived on the island of Chios, and in his 
 old age was blind, is supported by the Hymn to the Delian 
 Apollo. Modern destructive criticism has led tot lie doubt 
 whether such a person as Homer existed at all, the great 
 epics which bear that name being supposed to he, in their 
 existing form, of a composite character, the product of vari- 
 ous pei^sons anil ages, i t is altogether probable, however, 
 that the nucleus of fixe Iliad, at least, was the work of a 
 single poet of commanding genius. (See Iliad, Odyssey, 
 and the quotation below.) Various dates have been as- 
 signed to Homer. Acconling to Herodotus he lived about 
 850 B. c. ; others give a later date, and some a date as early 
 as 1200 B. c. His poems were sung by professional reciters 
 (i liapsodists), who went from city to city. (See Homeridee. ) 
 They were given substantially their present form by Pisis- 
 tratus or his sons Hipparchus and Hippias, who ordered 
 the rhapsodists to recite them at the Panathenaic festival 
 in their order and completeness. The present text of the 
 poems, with their division into books, is based upon the 
 work of the Alexandrine critics. 
 
Homer 
 
 We may assume it as certain that there existed in Ionia 
 schools or fraternities of epic rhapsodists who composed 
 and recited heroic lays at feasts, and often had friendly con- 
 tests in these recitations. The origin of these recitations 
 may be sought in northern Greece, from which the fashion 
 migrated in early days to Asia Minor. We may assume 
 that these singers became popular in many parts of Greece, 
 and that they wandered from court to court, glorifying the 
 heroic ancestors of the various chiefs. One among them, 
 called Homer, was endowed with a genius superior to the 
 rest, and struck out a plot capable of nobler and larger 
 treatment. It is likely that this superiority was not recog- 
 nized at the time, and that he remained all his life a singer 
 like the rest, a wandering minstrel, possibly poor and blind. 
 The listening public gradually stamped his poem with them 
 approval, they demanded its frequent recitation, and so 
 this Homer began to attain a great posthumous fame. But 
 when this fame led people to inquire into his life and his- 
 tory, it had already passed out of recollection, and men 
 supplied by fables what they had forgotten or neglected. 
 The rhapsodists, however, then turned their attention to 
 expanding and perfecting his poem, which was greatly en- 
 larged and called the Iliad. In doing this they had recourse 
 to the art of writing, which seems to have been in use when 
 Homer framed his poem, but which was certainly employed 
 when the plan was enlarged with episodes. The home of 
 the original Homer seems to have been about Smyrna, and 
 in contact with both ASolic and Ionic legends. His date is 
 quite uncertain : it need not be placed before 800 B. C., and 
 is perhaps later, but not after 700 B. c. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 81. 
 
 Homer, Winslow. Born at Boston, Feb. 24, 
 1836: died at Scarboro, Me., Sept. 28, 1910. 
 An American landscape-painter. He accompanied 
 the Army of the Potomac, and his first oil pictures were war 
 scenes : among them is the famous “ Prisoners from the 
 Front." In later years he lived chiefly in Maine. He was 
 elected national academician in 1865. He produced many 
 works in oils, in water-colors, and in black and white. 
 Among his pictures are “ The Life-Line" (1884), “ Launch- 
 ing the Boat" (1884), etc. 
 
 Homeric Hymns. A group of Greek hexameter 
 poems, 5 of considerable length and 29 shorter, 
 anciently ascribed to Homer. Each is inscribed to 
 and relates a legend concerning a god or goddess. The 
 • most noted are the “Hymn to the Delian Apollo,” in which 
 an account is given of the birth of Apollo and of the an- 
 cient festival at Delos (the author describing himself as 
 the blind bard of rocky Chios); the “Hymn to the Pythian 
 Apollo"; and the hymns to Hermes, Demeter, and Aphro- 
 dite. 
 
 The Homeric Hymns are essentially secular and not re- 
 ligious ; they seem distinctly intended to be recited in 
 competitions of rhapsodes, and in some cases even for 
 direct pay ; they are all in form preludes ... to longer 
 recitations, apparently of epic poems, though the longer 
 five are expanded into substantially independent compo- 
 sitions. Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 129. 
 
 Homeridae (ho-mer'i-de). See the extract and 
 Homer. 
 
 In fact, in addition to Creophylus of Samos and Cynse- 
 thus of Chios, both of whom are mentioned a3 friends of 
 Homer, or early preservers of his poetry, the main source 
 of early traditions about Homer seems to be among the 
 clan of Homerid®, at Chios, who claimed him as their 
 founder, and who recited his epics through Greece. In 
 the Hymn to the Delian Apollo one of these bards speaks 
 of himself, and we know of contests being held among 
 them, such as are described in the alleged contest between 
 Homer and Hesiod. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 28. 
 Home Rule Bills. Two bills introduced into the 
 British Parliament by Mr. Gladstone, the object 
 of which was to provide a separate legislature 
 for Ireland. The first, introduced in 1886, was defeated 
 on the second reading, June 7 ; the second, introduced in 
 1893, passed the House of Commons Sept. 1, but was thrown 
 out by the House of Lords Sept. 8, by 419 votes to 41. A 
 third bill was introduced by Mr. Asquith April 11, 1912. 
 
 Homespun (hom'spun), Zekiel and Cicely. 
 
 Brother and sister in Colman the younger’s play 
 “ The Heir-at-Law.” Their names are almost 
 a synonym for rustic worth and simplicity. 
 Homestead (hom'sted). A town near Pittsburg, 
 Pennsylvania, noted for the manufacture of 
 steel plates and rails. It was the scene of a strike 
 and shutdown from July to Nov., 1892, which was at- 
 tended with very serious disturbances. A body of de- 
 tectives who attempted to gain access to the steel-works 
 in two barges were attacked by the strikers. Winchester 
 rifles and cannon were used in the fight, andoil was poured 
 on the river and set on tire to burn the barges. Many od 
 both sides were killed or wounded. Pop., 18,713, (1910). 
 
 Home, Sweet Home. A favorite English song. 
 
 The music is in Bishop's opera “Clari, or the Maid of 
 Milan.” It is called a Sicilian air, but is probably Bish- 
 op s. The words were written by John Howard Payne. 
 Homeward Bound. A novel by Cooper, pub- 
 lished in 1838. 
 
 Homildon (hom'l-dpn) Hill. A height near 
 Wooler, in Northumberland, England, where 
 the English under Percy defeated the Scots un- 
 der Douglas in Sept., 1402. 
 
 Homme Arme, L’ (lorn ar-ma'). [F., ‘The 
 Armed Man’; OF. Lome arme, Lomme arme . ] 
 1 . An old French chanson, the melody of which 
 was used by some of the musicians of the 15th 
 and 16th centuries as the canto fermo of a cer- 
 tain kind of mass called the “ Missa L’Homme 
 arm6.” The origin of the song has given rise to 
 much speculation. — 2. A French dance-tune 
 
 511 
 
 said to date from the 15th century, and printed 
 with sacred words at Antwerp in 1565. Grove. 
 
 Homme qui Rit, L’. [F-, ‘The Man who 
 
 Laughs.’] A romance by Victor Hugo, pub- 
 lished in 1869. 
 
 Hompesch (hom'pesh), Baron Ferdinand von. 
 
 Bora at Diisseldorf, Prussia, Nov. 9, 1744: died 
 at Montpellier, France, 1803. The last grand 
 master of the order of St. John. He was elected 
 in 1797, and was exiled from Malta by the French 
 in 1798. 
 
 Homs (horns), Hums (hums), Hems (hems), or 
 Hims (hims). A cityin Syria, Asiatic Turkey, 
 situated on the Orontes about lat. 34° 45' N., 
 long. 36° 43' E.: the ancient Emesa. It was noted 
 
 in ancient times for its Temple of the Sun ; was frequently 
 captured and recaptured ; and was the scene of a victory of 
 Aurelian over Zenobia in 272, and of a victory of Ibrahim 
 Pasha of Egypt over the Turks in July, 1832. Population, 
 about 70,000. 
 
 Honan (ho-nan'). A province in northern 
 China. Area, 67,940 square miles. Population, 
 35,316,800. 
 
 Honda, or San Bartolomeo de Honda (san 
 bar-to-lo-ma'o da on'da). A town in the re- 
 public of Colombia, situated on the Magdalena, 
 at the head of navigation, about lat. 5° 12' N., 
 long. 74° 50' W. It was nearly destroyed by an 
 earthquake in 1808. Population, 3,718. 
 
 Hondekoeter (lion'de-ko-ter), Melchior. Born 
 at Utrecht, Netherlands, about 1636: died at Am- 
 sterdam, April 3, 1695. A Dutch painter of ani- 
 
 *mals, especially of fowls. 
 
 Honduras (hon-do'ras). [Sp. Honduras, lit. 
 ‘ depths,’ pi. of hondur'a, depth, from hondo, deep, 
 iromh. fundus, bottom. The name is said to refer 
 to the difficulty the first explorers had in finding 
 anchorage off the coast.] A republic of Central 
 America, hounded by Guatemala on the north- 
 west, the Caribbean Sea on the north, Nicaragua 
 on the southeast and south, the Pacific Ocean on 
 the south, and San Salvador on the southwest. 
 Capital, since Nov., 1880, Tegucigalpa : the old capital was 
 Comayagua. The surface is much varied, with numerous 
 mountain-chains, especially in the west, and high, open 
 valleys and plateaus ; on the northern coast there are ex- 
 tensive forest-covered alluvions. The climate of the high 
 lands is temperate and healthful ; portions of the coast are 
 hot and insalubrious. The valleys are very fertile, and 
 the high plains support large herds of cattle. Gold, sil- 
 ver, etc., are mined, though not on an extensive scale. 
 The principal exports are fruits, cabinet woods, hides, 
 cyanide, and precious metals. A large proportion of the in- 
 habitants are Mestizos or Indians. Spanish is the com- 
 mon language, and the prevailing religion is Roman Catho- 
 lic. The executive is vested in a president elected for 
 four years ; congress consists of a single house. Hondu- 
 ras was discovered by Columbus in 1502 ; was conquered 
 by the Spanish 1523-36 ; formed a colonial intendencia or 
 province in the captaincy of Guatemala; was a state in 
 the Central American union 1823-38 ; and has since been 
 independent. It has suffered from political revolutions 
 and from wars with Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua. 
 Area, 46,250 square miles. Population, over 745,000. 
 
 Honduras, Bay Of. An arm of the Caribbean 
 Sea, lying north of Honduras and east of Brit- 
 ish Honduras and Yucatan. 
 
 Honduras, British. See British Honduras. 
 
 Hone (hon), William. Born at Bath, England, 
 June 3, 1780 (1779 7): died at Tottenham, near 
 London, Nov., 1842. An English political sat- 
 irist and miscellaneous writer. His best-known 
 works are “ Every-day Book ” (1826), “Table-book ” (1827- 
 1828), “ Year-book ” (1829). 
 
 Honesdale (honz'dal). Apost-borough and the 
 capital of Wayne County, northeastern Penn- 
 sylvania, situated 25 miles northeast of Scran- 
 ton. Population, 2,945, (1910). 
 
 Honest George. A nickname of George Monk, 
 Lord Albemarle. 
 
 Honest Man’s Fortune, The. A play by Fletch- 
 er, Massinger, and others, acted in 1613. it was 
 first printed in the 1647 folio. Fletcher wrote a poem 
 “ Upon an Honest Man’s Fortune,” printed with the play. 
 
 Honest Man’s Revenge, The. See Atheist’s 
 Tragedy. 
 
 Honest Whore, The. A play by Dekker and 
 Middleton, in 2 parts. Part 1 was printed in 
 1604 ; the earliest copy extant of part 2 was 
 irinted in 1630. 
 
 oneycomb (hun 'i-kom ) , Henry. A pseudonym 
 of Leigh Hunt. He professes to be a descendant 
 of the Will Honeycomb in the “ Spectator.” 
 
 Honeycomb, Will. One of the imaginary club 
 publishing the “ Spectator.” 
 
 The characters of Will Wimble and Will Honeycomb are 
 not a whit behind their friend, Sir Roger, in delicacy and 
 felicity. The delightful simplicity and good-humoured of- 
 ficiousness in theoneare setoff by the graceful affectation 
 and courtly pretension in the other. 
 
 Uazlitt, Eng. Poets, p. 130. 
 
 Honeymoon, The. A comedy by John Tobin, 
 produced in 1805. It is, to some extent, based on Skak- 
 
 Hooch 
 
 spere’s “Taming of the Shrew,” with ideas from Fletcher 
 and Shirley. 
 
 Honeywood. The “ good-natured man” in Gold- 
 smith’s play of that name. He suffers from a foolish 
 eagerness to please, even wishing to give up the woman he 
 loves to a friend who also loves her. He is cured by Sir 
 William Honeywood, his uncle. 
 
 Honfleur (on-fler'). A seaport in the department 
 of Calvados, France, situated on the estuary of 
 the Seine nearly opposite Havre, it has consid- 
 erable export trade to England. Formerly it was of much 
 more importance. It was frequently taken and retaken 
 during the Hundred Years' War. Population, commune, 
 9,451. 
 
 Hong-Kong (hong'kong'). [Properly Hiang- 
 Eiang, fragrant streams.] An island belong- 
 ing to Great Britain, lying off the province of 
 Kwang-tung, China, near the mouth of the 
 Canton River, in lat. 22° 9' N., long. 114° 10' 
 E. Chief place, Victoria. The surface is moun- 
 tainous. It was ceded by China to Great Britain in 1842 
 (confirmed in 1843), and is a crown colony and naval station. 
 It is an important commercial center and free port. The 
 chief exports are silk, hemp, and drugs. Area, 29 square 
 miles. Population, 329,650. 
 
 Honiton (hon'i-ton). A town in Devonshire, 
 England, situated on the river Otter 16 miles 
 east-northeast of Exeter. It has long been noted 
 for the manufacture of lace. Population, 3,271. 
 
 Honnef (hon'nef). A small town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, situated on the Rhine 8 miles 
 southeast of Bonn. 
 
 Honolulu (ko-no-lo'lo). The capital of the Ha- 
 waiian Islands, situated on the southern coast 
 of Oahu, in lat. 21° 18' N., long. 157° 52' W. 
 
 It has the only good harbor (except Pearl Harbor) in the 
 islands, and is their chief seaport and seat of commerce. 
 It was the center of the revolutionary movement of 1893. 
 Population, 62,183, (1910). 
 
 Honore, Rue St.- See Rue St.-Honore. 
 
 Honoria (ho-no'ri-a), Justa Grata. A Roman 
 princess. She was the daughter of Constantius III., em- 
 peror of the West, and Galla Placidia, and was born about 
 418 A. D. Detected in her seventeenth year in an intrigue 
 with Eugenius, a chamberlain of the palace, she was sent 
 by her mother to the court of Theodosius at Constantino- 
 ple, where for sixteen years she was kept more or less 
 closely guarded. She is said to have sent, either before 
 or after her disgrace, a ring to Attila, with the request that 
 he claim her as his bride. Subsequently, in 450, when 
 seeking a cause of quarrel with the Western Empire, Attila 
 sent an embassy to Valentinian, claiming the person of 
 Honoria and her share in the empire. The date of her 
 death is not known. 
 
 Honorius (ko-no'ri-us) I. Died 638. Pope 625- 
 
 638. He delivered an opinion favorable to Monothelitism 
 in a letter to Sergius, patriarch of Constantinople, about 
 634, in consequence of which he was condemned by the 
 sixth ecumenical council, held at Constantinople in 681. 
 
 Honorius II. (Peter Cadalous). Died 1072. 
 
 Antipope. He was elected by the Lombard bishops, 
 acting under the influence of the empress Agnes, in oppo- 
 sition to Alexander II., and was deposed by the Council 
 of Milan in 1064. 
 
 Honorius II. (Lambert di Fagnano). Died 1130. 
 Pope 1124-30. He concluded, while cardinal-bishop of 
 Ostia, the Concordat of Worms with Henry V. (1122). He 
 was elevated to the holy see in opposition to the anti- 
 pope Celestine III. by the powerful family of the Frangi- 
 pani. He confirmed t he order of the Templars at the Synod 
 of Troyes in 1128. 
 
 Honorius III. (Cencio Savelli). Died 1227. 
 Pope 1216-27. He confirmed the order of the 
 Dominicans in 1216, and that of the Francis- 
 cans in 1223. 
 
 Honorius IV. (Giacomo Savelli). Died 1287. 
 Pope 1285-87. 
 
 Honorius, Flavius. Born at Constantinople, 
 Sept. 9, 384 a. d. : died at Ravenna, Aug. 27, 423. 
 Emperor of the West. He was the second son of The- 
 odosius, whom he succeeded in the western half of the em- 
 pire in 395, while his brother Arcadius inherited the east- 
 ern half. He was, by the will of his father, placed under 
 the guardianship of Stilicho, whose daughter Maria he 
 married in 398. Stilicho defeated Alaric at Pollentia in 403, 
 and in 406 repulsed the invasion of Radagaisus (who pene- 
 trated as far as Florence), but was put to death at the in- 
 stance of the emperor in 408. In 410 Rome was taken and 
 sacked by Alaric. During the reign of Honorius the West 
 Goths, Franks, and Burgundians settled in Gaul, and the 
 Suevi, Vandals, and Alans in Spain, while Britain and Ar- 
 morica made themselves virtually independent. 
 
 Hontheim (hont'him), Johann Nikolaus von. 
 
 Born at Trier, Prussia, Jan. 27, 1701: died at 
 Montquintin, Luxemburg, Sept. 2, 1790. A Ger- 
 man Roman Catholic prelate, bishop in partibus 
 of Myrioptus, and suffragan bishop of Treves : 
 an opponent of Ultramontanism. His chief work 
 is “ De statu eeclesiae et legitima potestate Romani pontifi- 
 cis” (published under the pseudonym of Justinus Febro- 
 nius, 1763). 
 
 Honv6d (hon'vad). [Hung., lit. ‘defenders of 
 the fatherland.’] Th e land vvehr of Hungary, ex- 
 clusive of artillery. The name was used in 1848-49 to 
 denote, first the volunteers, and then the entire revolu- 
 tionary army. 
 
 Hooch, or Hoogh (hoch or hog), Pieter da. 
 Born at Rotterdam about 1630 : died at Haar- 
 
Hooch 
 
 lem, Netherlands, about 1681. A Dutch genre- 
 painter. He was a pupil of Nicolas Berghem. 
 Hoochow, or Hu-chau (ho'chou'). A city in 
 the province of Che-kiang, China, 53 miles 
 north-northwest of Hang-chau: one of the 
 principal centers of the silk industry. 
 
 Hood (hud), John Bell. Born at Owingsville, 
 Bath County, Ky., June 1, 1831: died at New 
 Orleans, Aug. 30, 1879. A Confederate soldier 
 in the Civil War. He graduated at West Point in 1853 ; 
 entered the Confederate army at the beginning of the Civil 
 War ; commanded a division of Lee’s army at Antietam 
 and at Gettysburg ; commanded a brigade under General 
 Bragg at Chickamauga; was promoted lieutenant-gen- 
 eral ; and in 1884 succeeded General Johnston as com- 
 mander-in-chief of the army opposed to General Sherman 
 in Georgia. Abandoning the defensive policy of his prede- 
 cessor, he attacked General Sherman 20th, 22d, and 28th 
 of July, 1864, but was repulsed wnh heavy loss, and com- 
 pelled to abandon Atlanta Sept. 1, 1861. lie was defeated 
 by General Thomas at the decisive battle of Nashville,' 
 Dec. 16, 1864, and was relieved of his command in Jan., 1805. 
 Hood, Mount. One of the most celebrated sum- 
 mits of the Cascade Range, in Oregon, about 
 lat. 45° 24' N., long. 121° 4 >' W. Height, 
 11,225 feet (U. S. Geol. Survey). 
 
 Hood, Robin. A traditionary English outlaw 
 and popular hero. He is said to have been horn at 
 Locksley, Nottinghamshire, about 11C0. He lived in the 
 woods with his band, either for reasons of his own or be- 
 cause he was really outlawed, his haunts being chiefly 
 Sherwood Forest and Barnsdale in Yorkshire. He is also 
 said to have been the outlawed Earl of Huntingdon. He 
 was extravagant and adventurous, and though kind to the 
 poor robbed the rich. According to one tradition the 
 prioress of Kirkley, to whose care he had intrusted himself 
 to be bled when he was a very old man, treacherously al- 
 lowed him to bleed to death. His companions were Friar 
 
 ' Tuck, Maid Marian, Little John, Will Scarlett, Allan-a-Dale, 
 and George-a-Greene. He is a favorite subject in ballad 
 tradition, and in fact the ballads are to all appearance the 
 original source of the legends concerning him. He is in- 
 timately associated with the May-day festivities. There 
 was a distinct set of sports in vogue at the beginning of the 
 16th century, called the Robin Hood sports. They por- 
 trayed the adventures of .Robin and his band, but were 
 finally absorbed in one of the other sports, the “ morris,” 
 which, being a procession interspersed with dances, had a 
 tendency to absorb the characters of the others. A stop 
 was put to the whole at the Reformation, when penalties 
 were imposed by act of Parliament upon the performers. 
 Kitson. Child. 
 
 Diligent enquiries have been made to ascertain whether 
 the personage known as Robin Hood had a real existence, 
 but without positive results. The story of his life is purely 
 legendary, and the theories in regard to him have never 
 been advanced beyond hypothesis. It is exceedingly prob- 
 able that such a man lived in the 12th or 13th century, and 
 that the exploits of other less prominent popular heroes 
 were connected with his name and absorbed in his repu- 
 tation. The noble descent which has often been ascribed 
 to him is in all likelihood the result of the medieval idea 
 that ihe great virtues existed only in persons of gentle 
 birth. Tuclcerman, Hist, of Prose Fiction, p. 48. 
 
 Hood, Samuel, first Viscount Hood. Born Dec. 
 12, 1724: died at Bath., England, Jan. 27, 1816. 
 An English admiral. On Feb. 21, 1759, in command 
 of theVestal, he captured the French frigate Bellona after 
 a fight of three hours. He was appointed commander-in- 
 chief in North America, April, 1767, returning to England 
 in 1771. In 1780 he became rear-admiral of the blue, and 
 was sent to the West Indies to reinforce Rodney. He was 
 sent to blockade Martinique in 1781, but was prevented 
 from accomplishing his object by a French fleet under De 
 Grasse. On Aug. 28, 1781, he joined Rear-Admiral Graves 
 at New York. He commanded the rear in the fight with 
 De Grasse, Sept. 5, 1781, but was not able to get into action. 
 In Nov. he sailed to the West Indies, where he again 
 met De Grasse. He was commander-in-chief in the Medi- 
 terranean in 1793, and took possession of the harbor and 
 forts of Toulon in Aug.: from this position he was driven 
 by the French in Dec. He captured Bastia May 19, 1794. 
 Hood, Thomas. Born at London, May 23, 1799 : 
 died there, May 3, 1845. An English poet and 
 humorist. He began the study of engraving, but soon 
 abandoned the art, and in 1821 became an under-editor of 
 the “London Magazine.” In 1830 he began the “Comic 
 Annual,” and in 1843 “ Hood’s Magazine." From 1835 to 
 1837 he lived at Coblenz, and from 1837 to 1840 at Ostend. 
 He wrote “ Whims and Oddities ’’ (1826-27), “ Plea of the 
 Midsummer Fairies, etc." (1827), “Lamia” (published 
 1852), “Dream of Eugene Aram" (1829), “Tylney Hall," a 
 novel (1834), “ Up the Rhine ” (1840), “ Song of the Shirt ” 
 (1843), “ Bridge of Sighs,’’ “ Miss Rilmansegg,” “ Epistle 
 to Rae Wilson,” etc. 
 
 Hood, Thomas. Born at Wanstead, near Lon- 
 don, Jan. 19, 1835: died Nov. 20, 1874. An Eng- 
 lish author, son of Thomas Hood. 
 
 Hooft (lioft), Pieter Corneliszoon. Born at 
 Amsterdam, March 16, 1581: died at The Hague, 
 May 21, 1647. A Dutch poet and dramatist. 
 He was the son of an Amsterdam burgomaster. He stud- 
 ied at Leyden, having previously traveled extensively in 
 France, Italy, and Germany (1598-1601). In 1609 he was 
 appointed bailiff of Muiden, and in the following years 
 lived during the summer at the castle of Muiden, and in 
 the winter at Amsterdam, in which places lie gathered 
 about him the most renowned artists, poets, and learned 
 men of the day, since known in Dutch history as “the Mui- 
 den Circle.” His lyric poems appeared for the first time 
 collected in 1636. Among his dramas are particularly to 
 be mentioned the pastoral play “Granida” (1616), the tra- 
 gedies “ Geraerdt vanVelzcn ’(1613),“ Theseus en Ariadne ’’ 
 
 512 
 
 (1614), and “Baeto" (1626). Hisprineipal work is “Neder- 
 landsche Historien ” (“ History of the Netherlands ”), writ- 
 ten during 1628-38, and published in 1642 (last 7 vole. 1656). 
 
 Hoog (hoc), Joost van der. Born about 1550 : 
 died after 1613. A Dutch captain who, in 1580, 
 was the leader of the first Dutch colonists in 
 Guiana. They settled on the Essequibo River, but were 
 driven out by the Spaniards and Indians. Returning in 
 greater force, they formed the settlement of Demerara, of 
 which Van der Hoog was the governor. 
 
 Hoogeveen (ho-Ge-van'). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Drenthe, Netherlands, situated in lat. 
 52° 43' N., long. 6° 28' E. 
 
 Hoogh. See Hooch. 
 
 Hoogllly. See Hugli. 
 
 Hoogstraeten (hoG'stra-ten). A small town in 
 the province of Antwerp, Belgium, 20 miles 
 northeast of Antwerp. 
 
 Hoogstraten, Samuel van. Born at The 
 Hague (?) about 1627 : died at Dordrecht, Neth- 
 erlands, Oct. 19, 1678. A Dutch painter. 
 
 Hook (huk), James Clarke. Born at London, 
 
 , Nov. 21, 1819: died April 14, 1907. An Eng- 
 lish historical, marine, and genre painter. He 
 was elected a royal academician in 1860. 
 
 Hook, Theodore Edward. Born at London, 
 Sept. 22, 1788 : died there, Aug. 24, 1841. An 
 English humorist and novelist. He became the ed- 
 itor" af “ John Bull ” in 1820. Among his novels are “ Max- 
 well ”(1830), “Gilbert Gurney "(1835), “ Jack Brag ”(1837), 
 etc. He was the original of Mr. Wagg in Thackeray’s 
 “ Vanity Fair.” 
 
 Hook, Walter Farquliar. Born at London, 
 March 13, 1798 : died at Chichester, England, 
 Oct. 20, 1875. An English divine (dean of Chi- 
 chester) and writer, nephew of T. E. Hook. 
 He published “A Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Biography ” 
 (1845-52), “Church Dictionary” (8th ed. 1859), “Lives of 
 the Archbishops of Canterbury ” (1860-76). 
 
 Hooke (huk), Nathaniel. Bom in Ireland 
 about 1690 : died July 19, 1763. A British his- 
 torian, authorof a ‘'Roman History” (1757-71). 
 Hooke, Robert. Born at Freshwater, Isle of 
 Wight, England, July 18, 1635 : died at London, 
 March 3, 1703. An English natural philosopher 
 and mathematician. He wrote ‘ ‘ Micrographia ” 
 (1664), etc. 
 
 Hooker (huk'er or hok'er), Joseph. Born at 
 Hadley, Mass., Nov. 13, 1814: died at Garden 
 City, N. Y., Oct. 31, 1879. An American soldier, 
 sumamed "Fighting Joe.” He graduated at West 
 Point in 1837 ; served with distinction as a captain in the 
 Mexican war ; became brigadier-general of volunteers in 
 1861 ; commanded a division of the Army of the Poto- 
 mac in the Peninsular campaign ; commanded a corps at 
 South Mountain, Antietam, and Fredericksburg ; was ap- 
 pointed to the command of the Army of the Potomac Jan. 
 26, 1863; was defeated by General Lee at Chancellorsville, 
 May 2-4 (when at a critical moment he was stunned by a 
 cannon-ball); and was relieved of his command June 28, 
 1863. He subsequently served as a corps commander in 
 the Chattanooga campaign in 1863, and in the march to 
 ^.Atlanta in 1SG4. 
 
 Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton. Born at Hales- 
 
 worth, Suffolk, June 30, 1817 : died near Sun- 
 ningdale, Berkshire, Dee. 10, 1911. A noted 
 English botanist, son of Sir W. J. Hooker. 
 He published “Flora Antarctica ’’ (1845-48), “Student’s 
 Flora of the British Islands” (1870), etc. 
 
 Hooker, Mount. A mountain in British Colum- 
 bia. Height, 10,505 feet. 
 
 Hooker, Richard. Born at Heavitree, Exeter, 
 England, about 1553: died at Bishopsbourne, 
 near Canterbury, England, Nov. 2, 1600. A cele- 
 brated English divine and theological writer. 
 He graduated at Oxford in 1574, and obtained a fellow- 
 ship in 1577 ; was presented to the living of Drayton- 
 Beauchamp, Buckinghamshire, in 1584; was appointed 
 master of the Temple in 1585 ; became rector of Boscombe, 
 Wiltshire, and a prebendary of Salisbury in 1591; and was 
 rector of Bishopsbourne 1595-1600. His great work is “ Of 
 the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity ” (first ed., 4 books, about 
 1592 ; fifth book 1597 : the remaining 3 books were pub- 
 lished after his death). 
 
 Hooker, Thomas. Born at Markfield, Leices- 
 tershire, England, about 1586 : died at Hartford, 
 Conn., July 7, 1647. An English clergyman. He 
 
 emigrated to Massachusetts in 1633, and was one of the 
 founders of the Connecticut colony. He was the author 
 (with John Cotton)of the “ Survey of the Summe of Church 
 Discipline” (1648). 
 
 Hooker, Sir William Jackson. Born at Nor- 
 wich, England, July 6, 1785: died at Ivew, near 
 London, Aug. 12, 1865. A noted English bota- 
 nist, appointed director of the Royal Botanical 
 Gardens at Kew in 1841. He published numerous 
 botanical works, including “British Jungermannise” 
 (lain), •• Flora Scotica” (1821), “ leones Plantarum ” (1837- 
 i851), “Species Filicum” (1846-64), etc. 
 
 Hooker, Worthington. Born at Springfield, 
 Mass., March 2, 1806: died at New Haven. 
 Conn., Nov. 6, 1867. An American physician, and 
 medical and scientific writer. He was prof essor of 
 the theory and practice of medicine at Yale from 1852 until 
 his death. 
 
 Hookey V/alker. See Wallccr. 
 
 Hopkins, Mark 
 
 Hoole (hoi), John. Born at London, Dec., 1727: 
 died near Dorking, England, 1803. An English 
 poet, known only as the translator of Tasso’s 
 “Jerusalem Delivered” (1763), the “Orlando 
 Furioso ” of Ariosto (1773-83), and other Italian 
 poems. 
 
 Hoonan. See Hunan. 
 
 Hoopah, See Hupa. 
 
 Hooper (hup'or or hop'er), John. Born in Som- 
 ersetshire, England, about 1495 : burned at the 
 stake at Gloucester, Feb. 9, 1555. An English 
 Protestant bishop and martyr. He fled from Eng- 
 land to escape prosecution for heresy in 1539, and resided 
 at Zurich 1547-49. In the latter year he returned to Eng- 
 land, and became chaplain to the protector Somerset. He 
 was consecrated bishop of Gloucester (after a struggle 
 against the wearing of vestments, yielding only when he 
 was committed to the Fleet) in 1551. In 1552 he became 
 bishop of Worcester. On the accession of Mary he was 
 imprisoned, accused of heresy, and, having refused to re- 
 cant, executed. 
 
 Hooper, William. Born at Boston, June 17, 
 1742: died at Hillsborough, N. C., Oct., 1790. 
 An American politician, one of the signers of 
 the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 Hoorn (horn). A town in the province of North 
 Holland, Netherlands, on the Hoornerhop (a 
 bay of the Zuyder Zee) 20 miles north-north- 
 east of Amsterdam. It has several interesting old 
 buildings, and was the birthplace of Schouten, who dis- 
 covered Cape Horn. Near it a naval battle was fought be- 
 tween the Dutch and the Spaniards in 1573. It was for- 
 merly the capital of North Holland. Population, com- 
 mune, 10,714. 
 
 Hoorn (horn), or Hoorne (hor'ne), or Horn 
 (horn), or Hornes (orn), Count of (Philip II. 
 of Montmorency-Nivelle). Bom about 1520: 
 beheaded at Brussels, June 5, 1568. A Dutch 
 noble. He served with distinction at the battle of St.- 
 Quentin in 1557, and Gravelines in 1558, and was arrested 
 by the Duke of Alva Sept. 9, 1567, and executed in com- 
 pany with the Count of Egmont. 
 
 Hoosac Mountain (ho'sakmoun'tan). An ex- 
 tension in western Massachusetts of the Green 
 Mountains. 
 
 Hoosac Tunnel. A tunnel of the Fitchburg 
 Railroad through the Hoosac Mountain in Mas- 
 sachusetts, opened in 1875. Length, 4-f miles. 
 Hopatcong (ho-pat'kong). Lake. A lake in 
 northern New Jersey, about 50 miles northwest 
 of New York. Length, 8| miles. 
 
 Hope (hop), Alexander James Eeresford 
 (later (1854) Beresford-Hope). Bom Jan. 25, 
 1820: died near Cranbrook, Kent, Oct. 20, 1887. 
 An English Conservative politician and writer. 
 He entered Parliament in 1841, and took an active part in 
 its debates until a few years before his death. In part- 
 nership with John Douglas Cook he founded the “Satur- 
 day Review ” in 1855. He devoted himself especially to 
 the promotion of the interests of the Church of England. 
 He wrote “A Popular View of the American Civil War” 
 (1861), “Tlie Results of the American Disruption" (1862), 
 
 1 the novel “Strictly Tied Up” (ISsO), etc. 
 
 Hope, Anthony. See Hawkins, Anthony Hope. 
 Hope, Thomas. Bom at London about 1770 : 
 died there, Feb. 3, 1831. An English novelist 
 and antiquarian. His works include the novel “Anas- 
 tasius, or Memoirs of a Greek: written at the Close of the 
 Eighteenth Century ” (1819), “Costume of the Ancients " 
 (1809), “ Modem Costumes " (1S12), “ Historical Essay on 
 Architecture ” (1835), etc. 
 
 Hopeful (hop'ful). A companion of Christian 
 in Bunyan’s “Pilgrim’s Progress.” 
 
 Hope Theatre, The. A playhouse built on the 
 Bankside, Southwark, London, in 1613. It was 
 originally a bear-garden. 
 
 On the same bank of the great river stood the Hope, a 
 playhouse four times a week, and a garden for bear-bait- 
 ing on the alternate days. . . . When plays were sup- 
 pressed, the zealous and orthodox soldiery broke into the 
 Hope, horsewhipped the actors, and shot the bears. This 
 place, however, in its character of Bear Garden, rallied 
 after the Restoration, and continued prosperous till nearly 
 the close of the 17th century. Doran, Eng. Stage, 1. 29. 
 
 Hophra. See Apries. 
 
 Hopkins (hop'kinz), Edward. Born at Shrews- 
 bury, England, 1600: died at London, March, 
 1657. An English politician, governor of Con- 
 necticut in alternate years from 1640 to 1654. 
 The last election occurred after his return to 
 England (1652). 
 
 Hopkins, John Henry. Bom at Dublin, Ire- 
 land, Jan. 30, 1792 : died at Rock Point, Vt., Jan. 
 9, 1868. An American bishop of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church. He came to America with his pa- 
 rents in 1S01 ; was admitted to the bar in 1818 ; was or- 
 dained in 1824; and became bishop of Vermont in 1832. 
 Hopkins, Lemuel. Born at Watcrbury, Conn.. 
 June 19, 1750 : died at Hartford, Conn., April 14, 
 1801. An American poet. He practised medicine 
 at Litchfield from 1776 until 1784, and at Hartford from 1784 
 until hisdeath. He was one of the so-called Hartford wits 
 associated in the composition of “The Anarchiad.” He 
 wrote “The Hypocrite s Hope ” and other poems. 
 Hopkins, Mark. Bom at Stockbridge, Mass., 
 Feb. 4, 1802 : died at Williamstown, Mass., June 
 
Hopkins, Mark 
 
 17, 1887. An American educator and author. He 
 
 was president of Williams College 1836-72, and president 
 of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- 
 sions from 1857 until his death. His works include “ Evi- 
 dences of Christianity ” (1846), “ The Law of Love, and Love 
 as a Law ” (1869), and “An Outline Study of Man ” (1873). 
 
 Hopkins, Samuel. Born at Waterbury, Conn., 
 Sept. 17, 1721: died at Newport, R. I., Dec. 20, 
 1803. An American theologian, influential in 
 the theological discussions of New England in 
 his day. He settled at Housatonic (now Great Barring- 
 ton), Massachusetts, in 1743, and at Newport, E. I., in 1770. 
 His chief work is a “ System of Theology ”(1791). His fol- 
 lowers were known as Hopkinsians (which see). 
 
 Hopkins, Stephen. Born at Soituate, R. I., 
 March 7. 1707: died at Providence, R. I., July 13, 
 1785. An American politician. He was governor 
 of Ehode Island from 1755 to 1768, with three short inter- 
 vals, and signed the Declaration of Independence as a 
 member of Congress in 1776. He wrote a “History of the 
 Planting and Growth of Providence. ’’ 
 
 Hopkinsians (hop-kin'zi-anz). The adherents 
 of the theological system founded by Samuel 
 Hopkins (1721-1803) and developed by Emmons 
 and others. Hopkinsianism was Calvinistic, and a de- 
 velopment of the system taught by Jonathan Edwards. It 
 laid especial stress on the sovereignty and decrees of God, 
 election, the obligation of impenitent sinners to submit to 
 the divine will, the overruling of evil to the good of the 
 universe, sin and holiness as not inherent in man’s nature 
 apart from his exercise of the will and as belonging to each 
 man exclusively and personally, eternity of future punish- 
 ment, etc. As a distinct system Hopkinsianism no longer 
 exists, but much of it reappears in the so-called New Eng- 
 land theology. 
 
 Hopkinson (bop'kin-son), Francis. Born at 
 Philadelphia, Sept. 21, 1737 : died at Philadel- 
 phia, May 9, 1791. An American politician and 
 author. He was a delegate to Congress from New Jersey, 
 and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, in 1776. 
 He wrote the “Battle of the Kegs’’ (1778), and other hu- 
 morous and political works. 
 
 Hopkinson, Joseph.. Born at Philadelphia, Nov. 
 12, 1770 : died at Philadelphia, Jan. 15, 1842. An 
 American jurist, son of Francis Hopkinson : au- 
 thor of “Hail, Columbia” (1798). 
 
 Hopkinsville (hop'kinz-vil). A city and the 
 capital of Christian County, southwestern Ken- 
 tucky, situated 70 miles northwest of Nashville. 
 Population, 9,419, (1910). 
 
 Hop o’ my Thumb. [F. Le petit poucet, the lit- 
 tle thumb.] The hero of a fairy tale of the same 
 name, taken from the French of Perrault. He 
 should not be confounded with Tom Thumb, The story 
 is an old one, taken partly from the adventures of Ulysses 
 in the cave of Polyphemus, and partly from the fable of 
 Theseus and Ariadne. Dunlop. 
 
 Hoppin (hop'in), Augustus. Born at Provi- 
 dence, R.I., July 13, 1828: diedat Flushing, N.Y., 
 April 1, 1896. An American book-illustrator. He 
 illustrated works by many well-known authors. 
 
 Hoppner (hop'ner), John. Born at London, 
 April 4, 1758 : died Jan. 23, 1810. An English 
 portrait-painter. 
 
 Hor. See Horus. 
 
 Hor (h6r). A mountain in Arabia Petrsea, by 
 some authorities identified with the modem 
 Jebel-Nebi-Harun (4,780 feet). It was the 
 scene of the death of Aaron. 
 
 Horace (hor'as) (Quintus Horatius Flaccus). 
 Bom at Venusia, Apulia, Dec. 8, 65 b. c. : died 
 at Rome, Nov. 27, 8 B. c. A famous Roman lyric 
 and satirical poet. He was the son of afreedman ; was 
 educated at Rome and Athens ; served in the republican 
 army at Philippi in 42 B. c.; and enjoyed the patronage of 
 Maecenas, by whom he was presented with a farm or villa 
 in the Sabine Hills about 34. His works are “ Satires ” (first 
 book 35 B. C., second book about 30), “Epodes ”(about30), 
 “ Odes ” (first 3 books 24 or 23, fourth book about 13), “ Epis- 
 tles ” (first book about 20, second book and the “ Ars Poe- 
 tica” about 13-8), and “Carmen Secul are ”(17). Collective 
 editions have been published by Bentley (1711), Meineke, 
 Haupt, L. Muller, Orelli, etc. 
 
 Horace (o-ras'). A tragedy by Pierre Corneille, 
 produced in 1640: its subject is the combat of 
 the Horatii and Curiatii. Lope de Vega wrote 
 & tragedy with the same subject and title. 
 
 Horace de Saint- Aubin. One of Balzac’s early 
 pseudonyms. 
 
 Horse (ho're). [Gr. 7 S2pcu, L. Horse, hours.] In 
 classical mythology, goddesses who preside over 
 the changes of the seasons and the accompany- 
 ing course of natural growth and decay. Accord- 
 ing to Homer, they are handmaidens of Zeus, who guard 
 the gates of heaven and control the weather ; according 
 to Hesiod, they are daughters of Zeus and Themis, named 
 Eunomia (‘Good Order’), Dice (‘Justice’), and Eirene 
 (‘ Peace ■), guardians of agriculture and also of social and 
 political order. Theirnumbervariedfrom two, as at Athens 
 (Thallo, goddess of spring flowers, and Carpo, goddess of 
 summer fruits), to four. The dance of the Horse was a sym- 
 bolized representation of the course of the seasons. 
 
 Horatia gens (bo-ra'shia jenz). A Roman 
 patrician gens whose surnames were Barbatus, 
 Codes, and Pulvillus. 
 
 Horatii (ho-ra'shi-i), The Three. In Roman le- 
 gend, three brothers celebrated in the reign of 
 c.— 33 
 
 513 
 
 Tullus Hostilius for their combat with the three 
 Curiatii of Alba Longa. Two of them were slain, but 
 the third by pretending to flee vanquished his wounded 
 opponents one at a time. On returning to Rome he slew 
 his sister Horatia, who expressed her grief for one of the 
 Curiatii to whom she was betrothed. For this he was con- 
 demned to death, but escaped with a humiliating punish- 
 ment. 
 
 Horatio (ho-ra/ ski-o). 1. The friend of Ham- 
 
 let in Shakspere’s “Hamlet.” He is the antithesis 
 of the wavering Hamlet. He takes with equal thanks the 
 buffets and rewards of fortune. 
 
 2. In Rowe’s tragedy “ The Fair Penitent,” the 
 friend of Altamont. 
 
 Horatius Codes (ho-ra'shi-us ko'klez). [L., 
 
 ‘ One-eyed Horatius.’] A Roman legendary 
 hero, celebrated with his two companions for 
 the defense of the bridge over the Tiber against 
 the Etruscans. He is the subject of a poem by 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Horb (horb). A town in Wurtemberg, situated 
 on the Neckar 33 miles southwest of Stuttgart. 
 Horbury (hor'bur-i). A town in the West Rid- 
 ing of Yorkshire, England. Population, 6,736. 
 Horde (her'de). A manufacturing town in the 
 province of Westphalia, Prussia, 3 miles south- 
 east of Dortmund. Population, commune, 
 28,457. 
 
 Horeb (ko'reb). See Sinai. 
 
 Horgen (hor'gen). A town in the canton of 
 Zurich, Switzerland, situated on the Lake of 
 Zurich 9 miles south by east of Zurich. Popu- 
 lation, 6,883. 
 
 HorgOS (hor'gosh). A town in the county of 
 Csongrad, Hungary, 15 miles east of Theresien- 
 stadt. Population, commune, 7,275. 
 
 Horicon (hor'i-konj. See George, Lake. 
 Hormakhu (hor-mii'kko). In Egyptian my- 
 thology, the rising sun, one of the principal 
 forms of the sun-god Ra, worshiped at Heli- 
 opolis, and represented by the great sphinx on 
 the southeast corner of the great pyramid at 
 Gizeh. Also Harmacliis, Harnais, Har. 
 Hormayr (hor'mir), Baron Joseph VQR. Born 
 at Innsbruck, Tyrol, Jan. 20, 1782: died at Mu- 
 nich, Oct. 5, 1848. A noted German historian. 
 He wrote “Kritisch-diplomatischeBeitvagezurGeschichte 
 Tirolsim Mittelalter(1802-03),“Geschichtedergefursteten 
 Grafschaft Tirol” (1806-08), “ Lehensbilder aus dem Be- 
 freiungskriege ” (1841-44), etc. 
 
 Hormisdas (hor-mis'das). Pope 514-523. He ef- 
 fected the reunion of the churches of Rome and 
 Constantinople in 519. 
 
 Hormizdas (hor-miz'das), or Hormuz (hor'- 
 muz), IV. Killed about 591. King of Persia, 
 son of Kkosru I. whom he succeeded in 579. 
 Horn (horn), Cape. The southern end of a 
 rocky island in thePuegian Archipelago, and the 
 southernmost point of America, lat. 55° 59' S., 
 long. 67° 16' W. It was first rounded by Le Maire 
 and Schouten in 1616, and named by them from Hoorn in 
 North Holland. 
 
 Horn (horn), Count Gustaf. Born at Orbyhus, 
 Upland, Sweden, Oct. 23, 1592: died at Skara, 
 Sweden, May 10, 1657. A Swedish general, 
 distinguished in the Thirty Years’ War. 
 
 Horn, Otto. A pseudonym of Adolf Bauerle. 
 Hornberg (horn'berG). The old castle of Gotz 
 von Berlichingen. It is situated on the Neckar, below 
 Hassmersheim, on an elevation 200 feet above the river. 
 Hornberg. A town in Baden, in the Black Forest 
 23 miles northeast of Freiburg. 
 
 Homcastle (horn'kas-l). A town in Lincoln- 
 shire, England, situated on the Bain 18 miles 
 east of Lincoln. Population, 4,038. 
 
 Horne (horn), George. Born at Otham, Kent, 
 England, Nov. 1, 1730: died at Bath, England, 
 Jan. 17, 1792. An English bishop, author of 
 “ Commentary on the Psalms” (1771), etc. 
 Horne, Richard Hengist. Born at London, Jan. 
 1, 1803: died at Margate, England, March 13, 
 1884. An English poet and miscellaneous writer, 
 author of the epic “Orion” (1843), the dramas 
 ‘ ‘ Cosmo de’ Medici ” (1837), ‘ ‘ Death of Marlowe ” 
 (1838), “Gregory the Seventh” (1840), etc. 
 Horne, Thomas Hartwell. Born at London, 
 Oct. 20, 1780: died at London, Jan. 27, 1862. An 
 English biblical scholar. Hi3 chief work is an “In- 
 troduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the 
 Holy Scriptures ” (1818). 
 
 Hornellsville (hor'nelz-vil). A city in Steuben 
 County, New York, situated on the Canisteo 
 River. The name was changed to Hornell in 
 1906. Population, 13,617, (1910). 
 
 Hornemann (h or 'ne-m tin), Friedrich Konrad. 
 Born at Hildesheim, Germany, in 1772 : died in 
 Nwpe after 1803. A noted African explorer. 
 Under the auspices of the African Association of London, 
 he crossed the African continent from Cairo over Murzuk 
 to tiie lower Niger 1798-1801. The place and the approxi- 
 mate date of his death were not ascertained until a lew 
 
 Horten 
 
 years after he had perished. His journal was published in 
 English, German, and French. 
 
 Horner (hor'ner), Francis. Born at Edinburgh, 
 Aug. 12, 1778 : died at Pisa, Italy, Feb. 8, 1817. 
 A British politician and political economist. 
 Hornet (hor'net). An American ship of war. 
 She was of 18 guns rating and 480 tons burden. Her 
 first commander was Captain James Lawrence. (See Ches- 
 apeake.) On Dec. 13, 1812, she blockaded the Bonne Cito- 
 yenne (18 guns rating) at San Salvador. On Feb. 24, 1813, 
 near the mouth of the Demerara River, she fell in with 
 the British war brigs Espingle (18 guns rating) and Pea- 
 cock, and captured the Peacock. 
 
 Horne Tooke, John. See Tooke. 
 Hornisgrinde (hor'nis-grin-de). A summit of 
 the Black Forest, Germany, about 10 miles south 
 of Baden-Baden. Height, 3,825 feet. 
 Horodenka (ho-ro-den'ka). A town in Galicia, 
 Austria-Hungary, situated on a tributary of the 
 Dniester. Population, 11,250, (1910). 
 Horologium (hor-o-lo ji-um). [L., ‘ a clock.’] A 
 southern constellation of 12 stars, inserted by 
 Lacaille east of Eridanus. Its brightest star is 
 of the fourth magnitude. 
 
 Hor rocks, or Horrox (hor'oks) , Jeremiah. Bom 
 at Toxtetk Park, near Liverpool, about 1617 : 
 diedat Toxteth, Jan. 3, 1641. A celebrated Eng- 
 lish astronomer. He studied at Cambridge, but did not 
 take a degree, and was curate of Hoole, near Preston, 1639- 
 1640. He made the first observation of a transit of Venus 
 (1639), an account of which is given in his “Venus in sole 
 visa ” (1662). Other posthumous works were published in 
 1672. He was the first to assign to the moon an elliptical 
 orbit with the earth at one of the foci, and in a measure 
 anticipated the Newtonian theory of gravitation. 
 
 Horsa (hor'sa). Killed at the battle of Ayles- 
 ford, 455 (?). A Jutisk chief, brother of Hengist 
 (whom see). 
 
 Korschelt (hor ' shelt) , Theodor. Born atMunick , 
 March 16,1829: died at Munich, April 3, 1871. A 
 German painter of genre scenes and battles. 
 Horse-Fair, The. A large painting by Rosa 
 Bonheur, now in the Metropolitan Museum of 
 Art, New York. Itrepresents a number of horses, some 
 ridden, some led, trotting toward the right. It appeared 
 in the Salon of 1853, wag bought by Gambart and Co., Lon- 
 don, for 40,000 francs, and from them by W. P. Wright, 
 Weehawken, New Jersey, in 1857: it then passed to the 
 Stewart collection. It was bought and presented to the 
 Metropolitan Museum, New York, by Cornelius Vander- 
 bilt. Landseer engraved it while it was in Gambart’s pos- 
 session. Rosa Bonheur painted for his use a reduced copy: 
 this was bequeathed in 1859 to the National Gallery. She 
 painted other replicas : the third is in London ; the fourth, 
 a small water-color, is owned in England. 
 
 Horselberg (lier'sel-berG). See Venus , Mountain 
 of, and Tannhauser. 
 
 HorseilS (hor'sens). A seaport on the eastern 
 coast of Jutland, Denmark, situated on the Hor- 
 sens Fjord in lat. 55° 52' N._, long. 9° 51' E. 
 Population, 22.327. 
 
 Horse-Shoe Fall. See Niagara. 
 
 Horse-Shoe Robinson. A historical novel by 
 J. P. Kennedy. The scene is laid in the South 
 during the Revolutionary War. 
 
 Horsford (hors'ford), Eben Norton. Bom at 
 Moscow, Livingston County, N.Y., July 27, 1818: 
 died Jan. 1, 1893. An American chemist. He 
 was Rumford professor of science applied to the arts at 
 Harvard 1847-63, when he became president of the Rum- 
 ford Chemical Works, Providence, Rhode Island. He dis- 
 covered the method of preparing baking-powder, con- 
 densed milk, and the medicinal acid known as “ Eorsford’s 
 acid. ” Among Iris works are “ The Theory and Art of Bread- 
 Making ” (1861), “The Discovery of America by the North- 
 . men ” (1888), etc. 
 
 Horsham (kor'sha.m). A town in Sussex, Eng- 
 land, 34 miles south-southwest of London. Pop- 
 ulation, 9,446. 
 
 Horsley (hors'li), Charles Edward. Born at 
 London, 1822 : died at New York, Feb. 28, 1876. 
 An English composer, son of William Horsley. 
 Horsley, John. Born at Inveresk, Midlothian, 
 1685: died at Morpeth, England, Jan. 12, 1732. 
 A British antiquary, author of “Britannia Ro- 
 mana, or the Antiquities of Britain ” (1732), etc. 
 Horsley, John Callcott. Born Jan. 29, 1817: 
 died Oct. 18, 1903. An English painter. 
 Horsley, Samuel. Born at London, Sept. 15, 
 1733: died at Brighton, England, Oct. 4,1806. An 
 English bishop (of St. Asaph) and scholar. He 
 is notable for a controversy with Priestley, in which he 
 opposed Socinianism. Among his works are “ Biblical Crit- 
 icism on the first fourteen Historical Books of theOld Tes- 
 tament ” (1820). 
 
 Horsley, William. Born at London, Nov. 15, 
 1774: died June 12, 1858. An English composer, 
 especially noted for his glees (“ By Celia’s Ar- 
 bour,” “O Nightingale,” etc.). 
 
 Horta (hor'tii ; Pg. pron. or'ta). A seaport, the 
 capital of Fayal, Azores Islands. 
 
 Horten (hor'ten). A town in southern Norway, 
 on the western bank of the Christiania Fjord, 
 36 miles south by west of Christiania: a station 
 of the Norwegian fleet. Population, 9,093. 
 
Hortense 
 
 Hortense (or -tons') (Eugenie Hortense de 
 Beauharnais). Born at Paris, April 10, 1783 : 
 died at Arenenberg, Switzerland, Oct. 5, 1837. 
 The daughter of the empress Josephine, wife 
 of Louis Bonaparte, and mother of Napoleon 
 HI. She was the reputed author of the song 
 “Partant pour la Syrie.” 
 
 Hortensia gens (hor-ten'shi-a jenz). A Roman 
 plebeian gens. 
 
 Hortensian Law (hor-ten'shian la), The. [L. 
 lex Hortensia .] In the history of ancient Rome, 
 a law, adopted probably in 286 B. c., which de- 
 cided that the decrees of the Comitia Tributa 
 should be binding on all citizens, patricians as 
 well as plebeians. It was passed in consequence of a 
 dangerous uprising of theplebeians, and received its name 
 from the dictator Hortensius. 
 
 Hortensio (hor-ten'shi-o). In Shakspere’s 
 “Taming of the Shrew,” a suitor of Bianca. 
 Hortensius (hor-ten'shi-us), Quintus. Born 114 
 B. c. : died 50 B. C. An eminent Roman orator, 
 a leader of the aristocratic party. 
 
 Hortibonus (hor-ti-bo'nus), or Hortusbonus 
 (hor-tus-bo'nus), Is. The pseudonym of Isaac 
 Casaubon. Caseau in the Dauphinois patois be- 
 ing jardin, the pseudonym is literally “bon jar- 
 din ” ( ‘ good garden ’). 
 
 Horus (ho'rus), or Hor (hor). In Egyptian my- 
 thology, a solar deity, the son of Osiris and Isis, 
 and the avenger of his father upon Set: called 
 by the Greeks Harpoerates. As Osiris was the sun of 
 night, Horus was the sun of day. As the opponent of Set, 
 he figured as the Elder Horus ; as Horus the Child, he was 
 the rising sun. He was generally represented as hawk- 
 headed, and is hardly distinguishable from Ra, like whom 
 he was the lord of Upper Egypt. 
 
 The heaven- or sun-god Horus was worshipped almost 
 as generally as E a. He was honoured in various shapes in 
 Egypt : as Haroeri (the elder), Harpechrud (Harpokrates, 
 the child), as the son of Isis, of Nut, or of Hathor, in many 
 places in Upper Egypt (as at Edfu) and in Lower Egypt. 
 His symbol is the winged sun-disc, and he fiies through the 
 air as a hawk. His chief myth is that of the tight with 
 Set. But it is difficult to trace his original form, as he is 
 completely absorbed in the Osiris circle, to which he cer- 
 tainly did not originally belong. 
 
 La Saussaye, Science of Beligion, p. 408. 
 
 Horus. A name given by Mariette to Hor-em- 
 hib, an Egyptian king of the 18th dynasty. 
 
 After several insignificant kings came Horus, and with 
 him the series of legitimate princes begins again ; but with 
 him there also set in a violent reaction against the fanati- 
 cal reforms of Amenophis IV. The names of the dethroned 
 kings were everywhere chiselled out ; their buildings were 
 razed to t he ground, and the capital at Tell-el-Amarna was 
 so carefully and patiently demolished that not one stone 
 is left standing. Mariette, Outlines, p. 43. 
 
 Horv&th (hor'vat), Mib.aly. Born at Szentes, 
 Hungary, Oct. 20, 1809 : died at Karlsbad, Bo- 
 hemia, Aug. 19, 1878. A Hungarian historian 
 and politician, minister of worship and public 
 instruction in 1849. He wrote a “ History of the Hun- 
 garians" (1842-46), “Historical Monuments of Hungary” 
 (1867, etc.), “History of Hungary” (1859-63). 
 
 Hosea (ho-ze'a), or Hoshea (ho-she'a). The first 
 of the “ minor prophets.” He flourished in the king- 
 dom of Israelunder Jeroboam IT. and his successors. Inliis 
 prophecies, which consist of 14 chapters, he represents the 
 relation of Israel to Yahveh (Jehovah) as that of a wife to 
 her husband, and its apostasy as the faithlessness of a wife. 
 In t he first division (i.-iii.), which originated during thelat- 
 ter part of the reign of Jeroboam II., these ideas are sym- 
 bolically expressed and illustrated by the prophet’s own 
 experiences in his married life with a faithless woman ; 
 the second division (iv.-xiv.), belonging to the period of 
 the kings following, contains, on the basis of the same 
 ideas, a series of discourses in which the sins of the peo- 
 ple in all ranks are exposed and censured. Hosea’s style 
 is characterized by short and abrupt, sometimes obscure, 
 sentences, full of fervor and strong feeling. 
 
 Hosea, Biglow. See Biglow Papers. 
 Hoshangabad (ho-shung'ga-bad), or Hushang- 
 abad (hu-shung'gii-bad). 1. A district iu the 
 Central Provinces, British India, intersected by 
 lat. 22° 30' N., long. 77° 30' E. Area, 3,676 
 square miles. Population, 449,165. — 2. The 
 capital of the district of Hoshangabad, situated 
 on the Nerbudda about lat. 22° 46' N., long. 
 77 ° 44 ' E. Population, 14,940. 
 
 Hoshea (ho-she'a), or Hosea (ho-ze'a). [Heb., 
 ‘deliverance,’ ‘salvation.’] The last king of 
 the ten tribes, successor of Pekak son of Re- 
 maliah, whom he assassinated in a revolution, 
 and whose throne he usurped. According to the 
 annals of Tiglath-Pileser III., Pekah was killed by the As- 
 syrian king, and Hoshea (Assyrian J«si) was appointed his 
 successor. The invasion by Tiglath-Pileser of the king- 
 dom of Israel, resulting in the capture of many cities, the 
 inhabitants of which were deported to Assyria, is men- 
 tioned in 2 Ki. xv. 29. Under Tiglath-Pileser’s successor, 
 Shalmaneser IV., Hoshea “ conspired “against the Assyri- 
 ans, seeking an alliance with the Egyptian king Shabaka 
 (biblical So). This led to the destruction of Samaria after 
 a three years’ siege by Shalmaneser, and the imprisoning 
 of its last king. 
 
 Hosias (ho'shi-us), or Osius (o'shi-us). Died 
 
 514 
 
 in Spain about 358. A bishop of the early Chris- 
 tian church in Spain. He was appointed to the see of 
 Cordova about 300, and in 324 was sent by Constantine the 
 Great to Alexandria, with a view to composing the diffi- 
 culties between Alexander and Arius. He is said by some 
 to have drawn up the symbol of faith adopted at the Coun- 
 cil of Nice in 325. 
 
 Hosius (ho'se-os), Stanislaus. Born at Cracow, 
 May 5, 1504 : died near Rome, Aug. 5, 1579. A 
 Polish cardinal, a leading opponent of Protes- 
 tantism iu Poland. 
 
 Hosmer(hos'mer), Harriet G. Born at Water- 
 town, Mass., Oct. 9, 1830: died there, Feb. 21, 
 1908. An American sculptor. She studied with 
 
 Stevenson of Boston, and (anatomy) in the School of Med- 
 icine at St. Louis. In 1852 she went to Rome, and studied 
 with Gibson. After 2 years she produced busts of “ Iiaphue ” 
 and “Medusa. "Among her best-known works are “(Endne" 
 (1855), “ Zenobia in Chains” (1859), “ The Sleeping Faun " 
 (1867), “The Waking Faun,” “Beatrice Cenci,” “Puck” 
 (1885). The fountain in Central Park, New York, is by her. 
 Hospenthal (hos'pen-tal). A place on the St. 
 Gotthard Pass, Switzerland, southwest of An- 
 dermatt. 
 
 Hospitalers of St. John of Jerusalem, Order 
 of the. A body of military monks, which took 
 its origin from an earlier community, not mili- 
 tary in character, under whose auspices a hos- 
 pital and a church had been founded in Jerusa- 
 lem. Its military organization was perfected iu the 12th 
 century. After the retaking of J erusalem by the Moslems, 
 these knights defended Acre in vain, took shelter in Cy- 
 prus, and inthe 14th centuryoccupied the island of Rhodes. 
 In 1522 the island of Rhodes was seized by the Turks, and 
 the knights, after some wanderings, had possession given 
 them of Malta, the government of which island they ad- 
 ministered until it was occupied by Napoleon in 1798. 
 The badge of the order was the cross of 8 points, without 
 any central disk, and consisting in fact of 4 barbed arrow- 
 heads meeting at their points — the well-known Maltese 
 cross. This is modified in modern times, with slight dif- 
 ferences for the different nations in which branches of the 
 order have survived. At different times the order has been 
 called officially Knights of Rhodes and Knights of Malta. 
 It maintains to the present day a certain independent ex- 
 istence. The most famous grand master of the order was 
 La Valette, who successfully defended Malta against the 
 Turks in 1565. That branch of the order called the baili- 
 wick of Brandenburg was revived and recognized as a sep- 
 arate order by the King of Prussia in 1852. The dormant 
 langue of England was revived 1827-31, and is again lo- 
 cated at St. John’s Gate, Clerkenwell. 
 
 Hotcangara. See Winnebago. 
 
 Hotel de Cluny (6-tel' de klii-ne'). The pal- 
 ace, in Paris, of the Abbots of Cluny in Bur- 
 gundy, built in the 15th and 16th centuries, and 
 now a museum of medieval and Renaissance 
 decorative art. It is a picturesque example of the late- 
 Pointed style, with towers, square mullioned windows, 
 high roofs, and tracery -framed dormers. The little chap- 
 el is elaborately ornamented. The palace occupies the 
 site of a Roman palace assigned to Constantins Chlorus. 
 Of this the baths survive in part, notably the vaulted frigi- 
 darium, 372 by 65 feet and 59 high, and decorated with 
 rostra. 
 
 Hotel de B.ambouillet (de ron-bo-ya'). A fa- 
 mous house in Paris, on the Rue St. Thomas du 
 Louvre. It was destroyed together with the street when 
 the Louvre was finished. It was originally the Hotel Pi- 
 sani, the residence of the father of Madame Rambouillet. 
 It was noted as being the center of a literary and exclusive 
 circle out of which afterward grew the French Academy. 
 This salon was instituted about 1615 by the Marquise de 
 Rambouillet, who was shocked bythe puerile and immoral 
 society of the period. The women assumed the title of 
 “Les pr^cieuses,”and proposed to devulgarize the French 
 language. The men called themselves “Esprits doux.” 
 They had a vocabulary of their own, and called all common 
 things by uncommon names. They also had a conventional 
 language out of which Saumaise composed his “Diction- 
 naire des precieuses. ’’ Richelieu, Bossuet, Corneille, Des- 
 cartes, La Rochefoucauld, Balzac, Madame de Sevigne, 
 and others were members of this coterie, and it exerted a 
 good influence. Pedantry and affectation, however, in- 
 creased, and the gatherings declined in interest, and never 
 recovered from the irony of Molifre in “Les precieuses 
 ridicules ’’ and “ Les femmes savantes,” though it was only 
 the extravagances of a few that he attacked. La Bruyere 
 also took occasion to quarrel with them. 
 
 Hotel des Invalides (o-tel' da zan-va-led'). A 
 great establishment founded in 1670 at Paris for 
 disabled and infirm soldiers. The monumental fa- 
 cade, about 650 feet long, has 3 stories, and is adorned with 
 military trophies and an equestrian statue of Louis XIV. 
 The interior possesses halls adorned with interesting mili- 
 tary paintings, and contains the Mus^ed’Artillerie, which 
 includes a remarkable collection of medieval and Renais- 
 sance armor.. The Church of the Invalides consists of 2 
 parts — the Eglise St. Louis and the Dome, since 1840 the 
 mausoleum of Napoleon I. The nave of the former is 
 adorned with captured battle-flags. The Dome was built 
 by J. H. Mansart in 1706. In plan it is a square of 198 feet, 
 surmounted by a gilded dome on a circular drum which is 
 86 feet in diameter, and with its cross and lantern 344 
 high. The entrance is adorned with 2 tiers of classical 
 columns and a pediment. The tomb of Napoleon is a 
 large monolithic sarcophagus of red granite, placed be- 
 neath the dome in an open circular crypt 20 feet deep and 
 36 in diameter. The walls of the crypt bear allegorical 
 reliefs, and against its 12 piers stand colossal Victories. 
 In alternate intercolumniations areplaced6trophies, each 
 of 10 flags taken in battle. 
 
 HoteldeVille(6 -tel'devel). Ahistoric building 
 
 Houdin 
 
 in Paris, of great size, burned by the Commune in 
 1871, but carefully restored and much enlarged . 
 The original structure was begun in 1533 by an Italian, Do- 
 menico da Cortona : this is represented by the central part 
 of the existing facade, which offers a picturesque combina- 
 tion of the Italian and French Renaissance styles. It is 
 of 2 stories, flanked by pavilions a story higher, all with 
 high hip-roofs, and surmounted by a high openwork cen- 
 tral tower. The exterior is adorned with much sculpture. 
 The rooms of state display splendid sculptures and wall- 
 paintings by the most distinguished contemporary artists. 
 
 Hotho (ho'to), Heinrich Gustav. Born at Ber- 
 lin, May 22, 1802 : died there, Dec. 24, 1873. A 
 German historian of art, appointed professor at 
 the University of Berlin in 1829. He was director 
 of the collection of prints in the Royal Museum from 1868. 
 He wrote “ Geschichte derdeutschen und niederlandischen 
 Malerei ” (1842-43), “ Die Malerschule Huberts van Eyck ” 
 (1855-58), “ Geschichte der christlichen Malerei" (1867-72), 
 etc. 
 
 Hot Springs (hot springz). A town and water- 
 ing-place, capital of Garland County, Arkansas, 
 48 miles west-southwest of Little Rock. It is 
 noted for its hot springs. Population, town- 
 ship, 19,199, (1910). 
 
 Hotspur. See Percy, Henry. 
 
 Hottentot-Bushmen (hot'en-tot-bush'men). A 
 South African race. Ethnically Lepsius includes the 
 Hottentots, Bushmen, and Pygmies, with the Bantu, in the 
 negro race, but he classes the Hottentot and Bushman 
 languages with the Hamitic family. He derives the Hot- 
 tentots from Cushitic Hamites blended with Bantu ne- 
 groes. Generally the Hottentots, Bushmen, and Pygmies 
 are classed as one race or two separate races. There 
 are striking differences between the Hottentots and the 
 Bushmen in structure and language, but their physical 
 and linguistic kinship seems to be well established. In 
 the Bushmen the distinctive features of the Hottentots 
 with regard to other races are found exaggerated. These 
 peculiar features are (a) the color, that of the Bushmen 
 being brown, that of the Hottentots yellow ; (6) the stat- 
 ure, the Hottentots being somewhat shorter than the 
 Bantu, while the Bushmen rank with the Pygmies ; (c) the 
 tufty hair ; (d) the diminutive and broad nose ; (e) the 
 perpendicular forehead; (/) the tapering chin with promi- 
 nent cheek-bones; (g) the wrinkled skin. Intellectually, 
 the Hottentots and Bushmen are fairly gifted. By no 
 people are the Bushmen more ill-treated than by their 
 nearest of kin, the Hottentots. The Hottentots are pas- 
 toral; the Bushmen and Pygmies are exclusively given to 
 hunting. The Hottentots are independent, even aggres- 
 sive ; the Bushmen and Pygmies are timid, and hover, as 
 Helots, on the skirts of the stronger Bantu settlements, 
 which they supply with game. See Khoikhoin, Bushmen, 
 and Africa (with subheadings). 
 
 Hottentots (liot'n-tots). [Native name Khoi- 
 khoin. Hottentot is supposed to be imitative of 
 stammering, with ref. to the clicking sounds of 
 Hottentot speech.] A nickname given by the 
 first colonists to the natives of the Cape of Good 
 Hope, because of the clicks and other strange 
 sounds of their language. The Hottentots call them- 
 selves Khoikhoin, ‘the men.’ Sometimes this name is used 
 for the Bushmen and Pygmies as well, all three being con- 
 sidered as one race. In this acceptation the name Hotten- 
 tot-Bushmen (which see) is to be preferred. 
 
 Hottinger (hot' ting- er), Johann Heinrich. 
 
 Born at Zurich, Switzerland, March 10, 1620: 
 drowned in the river Limmat, near Zurich, 
 June 5, 1667. A Swiss Orientalist and biblical 
 scholar. He wrote “Thesaurus philologicus ” 
 (1649), “ Etymologicum orientale” (1661), etc. 
 
 Houbraken (hou'brii-ken), Jacobus. Born at 
 Dordrecht, Netherlands, Dec. 25, 1698 : died at 
 Amsterdam, Nov. 14, 1780. A Dutch engraver 
 and painter. 
 
 Hcuchard (o-sbar'), Jean Nicolas. Bern at 
 Forbaeh, Lorraine, 1740 : guillotined at Paris, 
 Nov. 16, 1793. A French general. He defeated 
 the Allies at Hondschoote Sept. 6-8, 1793, but was defeated 
 at Courtray Sept. 15. This defeat was the cause of his ar- 
 rest and execution. 
 
 Houdan (6-don'), Luc de. Born atRennes,1811 : 
 died at Paris, 1846. A French hydrographer. 
 He was a lieutenant in the French fleet in the" Rio de la 
 
 - Plata 1840-13, made extended surveys, and published sev- 
 eral works on the Plata and Parana, and on South Ameri- 
 can hydrography in geueraL „ 
 
 Houdetot (od-to'), Comtesse d’ (Elisabeth 
 Fran^oise Sophie de La Live de Bellegarde). 
 
 Born at Paris, 1730: died Jan. 22,1813. A French 
 lady, known from her intimacy with Rousseau. 
 She is described as Julie iu Rousseau’s “ Nou- 
 velle Ileloise.” 
 
 Houdin (6-dan'), Jean Eugene Robert. Born 
 at Blois, France, 1805 : died there, June, 1871. A 
 French conjurer and mechanician. He learned the 
 trade of watch-making, but a friendship with a traveling 
 juggler and a love of works on natural magic turned his at- 
 tention to conjuring. He constructed the most compli- 
 cated toys and automata, and in 1845 began a series of 
 juggling exhibitions. In 1855 he received the gold medal 
 at Paris for an application of electricity to clocks. In 1856, 
 at the request of the French government, he went to Al- 
 geria to “hoist with their own petard,” if possible, the 
 priests w ho were stirring up the people with their tricks. 
 In this he was successful. He publishcd “ Robert HoudiD, 
 etc.” (1857), “ Confidences ’’ (1859), and “Les tricheries des 
 Grecs dtjvoilf'es ” (1861), exposing gambling cheats. 
 
Houdon 
 
 Houdon (o-don'), Jean Antoine. Born at Ver- 
 sailles, France, about 1741: died at Paris, July 
 16, 1828. A noted French sculptor. He won the 
 prix de Rome at the age of nineteen, and remained in Italy 
 lOyears, during the period of Winckelmann and the exca- 
 vations at Pompeii and Herculaneum. While in Rome he 
 made the famous statue of St. Bruno at Sainte-Marie-des- 
 Anges. On his return to France he exhibited in the Salon 
 of 1771 a statuette of llorphee, which gained him entrance 
 to, the Academy, and soon after he made his famous 
 “ Keurche," reduced copies of which are well known in the 
 drawing-schools. He visited America with Franklin, and 
 resided with Washington at Philadelphia, where he mod- 
 eled a bust from which he afterward made his Richmond 
 statue. In 1773 he made busts of Catharine of Russia and 
 of Diderot, and in 1775 busts of Turgot and Gluck, and a 
 statue of Sophie Arnould as Iphigenia. In the Salon of 
 1781 he entered his nude statue of Diana (which was ex- 
 cluded), the statue of Tourville, and the famous Voltaire 
 of the Theatre Frangais. He also made busts of Molitre, 
 Rousseau, Franklin, and D’Alembert. His bust of Buffon 
 is perhaps his finest work. In the Revolution he was de- 
 nounced at the tribunal of the Convention for having a 
 statue of a saint in his atelier, and escaped through the 
 presence of mind of a member who declared that the work 
 was a statue of Philosophy. 
 
 Houghton (hou'ton), Baron. See Milnes, Rich- 
 ard Monckton. 
 
 Houghton-le-Spring (ho ' ton -le- spring'). A 
 town in Durham, England, 7 miles northeast of 
 Durham. Population, 7,858. 
 
 Hougomont (o-go-moh'). A house near Water- 
 loo, noted for its importance in connection with 
 the battle of Waterloo. 
 
 Houlgate. See Beuzeval-Houlgate. 
 Houndsditch (hounz'dich). A district in the 
 east of London, near Whitechapel, occupied 
 largely by Jews. It is caUed “Dogsditch” contemptu- 
 ously by Beaumont and Fletcher. Its name is a relic of 
 the old foss which encircled the city, formerly a recepta- 
 cle for dead dogs. Hare. 
 
 Hounslow (hounz'lo). A town in Middlesex, 
 England, 12 miles west by south of St. Paul’ s. 
 It was formerly an important coaching center. 
 Hounslow Heath. A heath formerly situated 
 west of Hounslow (now inclosed), it was long 
 notorious as a resort of highwaymen. A military camp 
 was formed here by James H. in 1686. 
 
 Hours, The. See Horse. 
 
 Housatonic (ho-sa-ton'ik), or Ousatonic (o-sa- 
 ton'ik). A river in the western part of Massa- 
 chusetts and Connecticut, flowing into Long 
 Island Sound 13 miles southwest of New Ha- 
 ven. Length, about 150 miles. 
 
 Household Words. A periodical conducted by 
 Charles Dickens. It first appeared March 30, 
 1850. 
 
 House of Fame, The. A poem by Chaucer. The 
 influence of Dante is marked in it, and Lydgate speaks of 
 it as “Dante in English." Its general idea is from Ovid, 
 though the first book follows V ergil. Pope converted it 
 into “ The Temple of Fame ” in 1715. 
 
 House of the Faun. See Pompeii. 
 
 House of Life, The. A series of sonnets by 
 Dante Gabriel Rossetti. 
 
 Admirable as are his ballads, “The House of Life,” re- 
 cording a personal experience transmuted by the imagina- 
 tion, is Rossetti's highest achievement in verse. There are 
 two other “ sonnet-sequences, ” and only two, in English po- 
 etry which can take rank beside it, “The Sonnets of Shak- 
 spere" and “Sonnets from the Portuguese." 
 
 Dowden, Transcripts and Studies, p. 229. 
 
 House of the Seven Gables, The. A novel by 
 Hawthorne, published in 1851. it shows the trans- 
 mission of personal character and the blighting influence 
 of evil action to succeeding generations. 
 
 Houses of Parliament, London. See Parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 House that Jack Built, The. An accumulative 
 tale given in “Mother Goose’sNurseiy Rhymes.” 
 The original of “ The house that Jack built ’’ is presumed 
 to be a hymn in “Sepher Haggadah," fol. 23. . . . The 
 historical interpretation was first given by P. X. Lebe- 
 recht, at Leipsic, in 1731, and is printed in the “ Christian 
 Reformer,” vol. xvii., p. 28. The original is in the Chaldee 
 language. Halliwell, Nursery Rhymes. 
 
 Houssa. See Hausa. 
 
 Houssain, or Hussan. See Hasan. 
 
 Houssaye (o-sa'), orig. Housset, Arsene. Born 
 at Bruyeres, near Laon, France, March 28, 1815 : 
 died Feb. 26, 1896. A French critic, novelist, 
 and litterateur. In 1848 he was for a short time en- 
 tangled in politics. In 1849 he became director of the 
 Comddie Fran$aise. He resigned in 1856, having put over 
 a hundred plays by the best-known dramatists on the stage. 
 He wrote “ Lagalerie de portraits du XVIIBsitcle" (1844); 
 “Histoire de la peinture flamande et hollandaise" (1846); 
 “L’Empire, c’est la paix,” a cantata, composed for Rachel 
 after the coup d’etat of 1851 ; besides many novels, five or 
 six volumes of poems, a number of critical works, histories, 
 etc., among which are “ Le roi Voltaire, etc.” (1858), “ His- 
 toire de l’art franqais " (1860), “Moliere, etc.” (1880), “Le 
 livre de rninuit” (1887), and “Confessions, etc.” (1885-91). 
 
 Houssaye, Henri. Born at Paris, Feb. 24, 
 1848: died there, Sept. 24, 1911. A French 
 historian and critic, son of Arsene Houssaye. 
 His chief work is “ Histoire d’Aleibiade et 
 de la r6publique ath^nienne, etc.” (1873). 
 
 515 
 
 Houston (hus'ton or hous'ton). A city and the 
 capital of Harris County, Texas, situated on 
 Buffalo Bayou 45 miles northwest of Galveston. 
 
 It is an important railway, commercial, and manufacturing 
 center. Its trade is chiefly in cotton, cotton-oil, sugar, and 
 lumber. It was settled in 1836, and was the temporary 
 capital of the State in 1837. Population, 78,800, (1910). 
 
 Houston (hus'ton or hous'ton), Sam. Born 
 near Lexington, Va., March 2, 1793: died at 
 Huntsville, Texas, July 26, 1863. An Ameri- 
 can general and statesman. He served in the War 
 of 1812 ; was a member of Congress from Tennessee 1823- 
 1827 ; was governor of Tennessee 1827-29 ; as commander- 
 in-chief of the Texans defeated the Mexicans at San Ja- 
 cinto April, 1836 ; was president of Texas 1836-38 and 1841- 
 1844 ; was United States senator from Texas 1845-59 ; and 
 was governor of Texas 1859-61. 
 
 Houyhnhnms (hou'inmz or ho'inmz). A com- 
 munity of horses described as endowed with 
 reason and intelligence, in the fourth part of 
 “ Gulliver’s Travels,” by Jonathan Swift. 
 
 The Houyhnhnms, beings endowed with reason but un- 
 disturbed and untempted by the passions or struggles of 
 an earthly existence, are not brutes, and are not to be com- 
 pared with men. Tuckerman , Hist, of Prose Fiction, p. 177. 
 
 Hoveden, Roger of. See Roger. 
 
 Howadji, The. A pseudonym of George William 
 Curtis. 
 
 Howard (hou'iird), Catharine. ExecutedFeb. 
 13, 1542. Daughter of Lord Edmund Howard, 
 and fifth queen of Henry VIII. whom she mar- 
 ried July 28, 1540. She was convicted of adul- 
 tery and condemned as a traitor. 
 
 Howard, Frederick, fifth Earl of Carlisle. Born 
 May 28, 1748 : died at Castle Howard, Yorkshire, 
 England, Sept. 4, 1825. An English politician, 
 viceroy of Ireland 1780-82. He was chief of the 
 commissioners sent to America by Lord North 
 in 1778. 
 
 Howard, George William Frederick, seventh 
 Earl of Carlisle : earlier Viscount Morpeth. 
 Born at London, April 18, 1802 : died at Castle 
 Howard, Yorkshire, England, Dec. 5, 1864. An 
 English st atesman. He was chief secretary for Ireland 
 1835-41; chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster 1860-52; 
 and lord lieutenant of Ireland 1855-58 and 1859-64. He 
 wrote “Diary in Turkish and Greek Waters” (1854), and 
 other works in prose and verse. 
 
 Howard, Henry, Earl of Surrey. Born about 
 1517 : beheaded on Tower Hill, London, Jan. 21, 
 1547. An English poet. He was known in youth as 
 “ Henry Howard of Keuninghall,” from an estate owned 
 by his grandfather in Norfolk. He received an unusually 
 good education, and from 1530-32 lived at Windsor with the 
 young Duke of Richmond, the natural son of Henry VIII., 
 accompanying the king to France in 1532. He remained 
 at the French court for about a year. In 1541 he was in- 
 stalled Knight of the Garter, and iu 1543 joined the English 
 forces at Landrecies with special recommendations from 
 Henry VIII. to Charles V., and a little later was appointed 
 cup-bearer to the king. He was present at the surrender 
 of Boulogne, of which he was made governor in 1545, but 
 was recalled to England the next year. Henry VIII. was 
 ill, and, when his death was near, Surrey’s fattier, the Duke 
 of Norfolk, who was premier duke, was suspected of aim- 
 ing at the throne. A month before the king’s death both 
 were arrested, and the Dukeof Norfolk, as peerof the realm, 
 was tried by his peers. The Earl of Surrey, however, who 
 had only a courtesy title, was tried by a jury picked for 
 the occasion, who found that he “falsely, maliciously, and 
 treacherously set up and bore the arms of Edward the Con- 
 fessor, then used by the Prince of W ales, mixed up and 
 joined with his own proper arms.” He had borne these 
 arms without question in the presence of the king, as the 
 Howards before him had done since their grant by Richard 
 II. He was tried for high treason and beheaded. His poems 
 were first printed as “Songs and Sonetes” in “Totters 
 Miscellany ” in 1557, with those of Sir Thomas Wyatt. He 
 was the first English writer of blank verse, translating the 
 second and fourth books of the .'Eneid into this form, and 
 with Wyatt he introduced the sonnet into English litera- 
 ture. 
 
 Howard, John. Born probably at Hackney, Lon- 
 don, Sept. 2, 1726 : died at Kherson, Russia, Jan. 
 20, 1790. An English philanthropist, celebrated 
 for his exertions in behalf of prison reform. He 
 was appointed high sheritf of Bedfordshire in 1773, and the 
 acquaintance with prison abuses which he gained in the 
 office led to his career as a reformer. After a careful per- 
 sonal inspection of the prisons of England, Scotland, and 
 Ireland, he visited those of Paris, Holland, Flanders, Ger- 
 many, and Switzerland, and later made a second tour in 
 England. He published “ The State of the Prisons in Eng- 
 land and Wales, etc.” (1777). He made other continental 
 tours of inspection in 1778, 1781, 1783, and 1785, during the 
 last of which he inspected the condition of the lazarettos. 
 His last journey was begun in 1789, when he went to Rus- 
 sia for the purpose of examining the military hospitals. 
 While engaged in this work he was attacked by camp-fever 
 and died. 
 
 Howard, John Eager. Born in Baltimore 
 County, Md., Juno 4, 1752: died at Baltimore, 
 Oct. 12, 1 827. An American Revolutionary offi- 
 cer and politician. He served at the Cowpens in 1781, 
 and was governor of Maryland 1789-92 and United States 
 senator 1796-1803. 
 
 Howard, Oliver Otis. Born at Leeds, Maine, 
 Nov. 8, 1830: died at Burlington, Vt., Oct. 26, 
 1909. A Union general in the American 
 Civil War. He commanded a brigade at the battles 
 
 Howells 
 
 of Bull Run and Fair Oaks, a division at the battles of An- 
 tietam and Fredericksburg, and an army corps at Chan- 
 cellorsville, Gettysburg, Missionary Ridge, and Chatta- 
 nooga ; and led the right wing of Sherman’s army in the 
 march from Atlanta to the sea. He was chief of the Freed- 
 men's Bureau 1865-74, and was promoted major-general 
 in 1886. He retired in 1894. 
 
 Howard, Thomas, Earl of Surrey and second 
 Duke of Norfolk. Born in 1443: died May 21, 
 1524. An English soldier and politician. He 
 defeated the Scots at Flodden Field, Sept. 9, 
 1513. 
 
 Howard, Thomas, Earl of Surrey and third Duke 
 of Norfolk. Born in 1473 : died at Keuninghall, 
 Aug. 25, 1554. An English soldier and politi- 
 cian. He became lord high treasurer in 1523, and, on the 
 marriage of his niece Catharine Howard to Henry VIII. 
 in 1540, gained great influence at court. Through the in- 
 fluence of his rival the Earl of Hertford, he was ordered 
 for execution on the charge of treason in 1547, but was 
 saved by the death of Henry VIII. 
 
 Howard, Thomas, fourth Duke of Norfolk. Born 
 March 10, 1536 : died June 2, 1572. An English 
 politician, son of Henry Howard, earl of Surrey. 
 He was the first subject in England under Elizabeth, in- 
 asmuch as there were no princes of the blood and he was 
 the possessor of the highest title of nobility. He was ap- 
 pointed lieutenant of the northern counties in 1559. He 
 aspired to become the husband of Mary Queen of Scots, 
 and joined a conspiracy for her liberation, in consequence 
 of which he was executed on the charge of treason. 
 
 Howard, Thomas, Earl of Arundel. Born July 
 7, 1586: died at Padua, Italy, Oct. 4, 1646. An 
 English nobleman. He was employed in various dip. 
 lomatic missions ; and formed the first large collection 
 of works of art in England, part of which was presented 
 to the University of Oxford by his grandson under the 
 name of the Arundelian marbles. 
 
 Howard University. An institution of learn- 
 ing at Washington, District of Columbia, found- 
 ed in 1867, and designed for the higher educa- 
 tion of the colored race, but open to all races 
 and creeds. It comprises preparatory, commercial, nor- 
 mal, collegiate, theological, medical, law, and manual train- 
 ing courses. It has about 90 instructors and 1,100 students. 
 
 Howe (hou), Elias. Born at Spencer, Mass., 
 July 9, 1819: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., Oct. 3, 
 1867. An American inventor. He completed 
 the first sewing-machine in 1845 (patented in 
 1846). 
 
 Howe, George Augustus, Viscount Howe. Bom 
 1724: killed at Ticonderoga, N. Y., July 8, 1758. 
 A British general, brother of Earl Howe. 
 
 Howe, John. Born at Loughborough, Leices- 
 tershire, England, May 17, 1630 : died at Lon- 
 don, April 2, 1705. An English Puritan clergy- 
 man. He became domestic chaplain to Cromwell, and 
 settled in London in 1676. His complete works were pub- 
 lished in 1724, including the “Living Temple of God" 
 1676-1702). 
 
 owe, Joseph. Born near Halifax, Nova Sco- 
 tia, Dec. 13, 1804: died at Halifax, June 1, 1873. 
 A Canadian politician. He became secretary of state 
 and superintendent-general of Indian affairs in 1870, and 
 in 1873 was appointed l ieu tenant-governor of Nova Scotia. 
 
 Howe, Mrs. (Julia Ward). Born at New York, 
 May 27, 1819: died at South Portsmouth, R. I., 
 Oct. 17, 1910. An American poet and philan- 
 thropist, wife of S. G. Howe. Her poems were col- 
 lected in “ Passion Flowers " (1854), “Words for the Hour” 
 (1856), and “Later Lyrics ” (1 b 66 : including “The Battle 
 Hymn of the Republic," which was written during a visit 
 to the camps near Washington in 1861). She also wrote 
 “ Sex and Education ” (1874), “ Modem Society ” (1880), 
 “Margaret Fuller, etc.” (1883), “Reminiscences” (1899), 
 “ At Sunset,” poems (1910), and “ Hippolytus," a drama. 
 
 Howe, Richard, first Earl Howe. Bom at Lon- 
 don, March 8, 1726 : died Aug. 5, 1799. An Eng- 
 lish admiral. He was made vice-admiral in 1775, and 
 in Feb., 1776, appointed commander-in-chiel in America. 
 Here he conducted the English naval operations after 
 the beginning of the Revolution until 1778, when he re- 
 turned to England. He was firstlord of theadmiralty 1783- 
 1788. On June 1, 1794, he defeated the French off Ushant. 
 In 1796 he was promoted admiral of the fleet. 
 
 Howe, Samuel Gridley. Born at Boston, Nov. 
 10, 1801 : died at Boston, Jan. 9, 1876. An Amer- 
 ican philanthropist. He became superintendent of 
 the Institute for the Blind at South Boston in 1832, and 
 was United States commissioner to Santo Domingo in 
 1871. He published “Historical Sketch of the Greek 
 Pee volution ” (1828), etc. 
 
 Howe, William, Viscount Howe. Born Aug. 10, 
 1729: died July 12, 1814. A British general, 
 brother of Earl Howe. He succeeded Gage as com- 
 mander-in-chief in America 1775; commanded at Bunker 
 Hill 1775 ; and gained the victories of Long Island, White 
 Plains (1776), Brandywine, and Germantown (1777). 
 
 Howell (hou'el ), James. Born in Wales about 
 1595 : died 1666. An English author, best known 
 for his “Letters” (1645-55). He edited the third 
 and fourth editions of Cotgrave’s “French and English 
 Dictionary” (1650 and 1660), and compiled a polyglot dic- 
 tionary, “Lexicon Tetraglotton ” (1660), with a classified 
 
 ^nomenclator, lists of proverbs, etc. 
 
 Howells (hou ' elz), William Dean. Born 
 at Martin Ferry, Ohio, March 1, 
 
Howells 
 
 1837. An American novelist and poet. He was 
 
 United States consul at Venice 1861-65; editor-in-chief 
 of the “Atlantic Monthly” 1871-81; an associate editor of 
 “Harper's Magazine" 1886-91. He published “Poems of 
 Two Friends ” (with J. J. Piatt, 1860), “Venetian Life” 
 (1866), “Italian Journeys ”(1869), “Poems ”(1867), “London 
 Films” (1905), etc. Among his novels are “Their Wed- 
 ding Journey "(1872), “A Chance Acquaintance ”(1873), “A 
 Foregone Conclusion ”(1874), “The Lady of the Aroostook ” 
 (1875), “The Undiscovered Country ” (1880), “A Modern 
 Instance” (1882), “A Woman’s -Reason'’ (1883), “The Rise 
 of Silas Lapham” (1885), “The Minister’s Charge ”(1886), 
 “Annie Kilbum ” (18S8), “ World of Chance” (1893), “Miss 
 Bellard’s Inspiration ” (1905). He has also written a num- 
 ber of short comedies and farces. 
 
 Howe’s Cave (houz kav). A large and remark- 
 able cave near Schoharie, New York. 
 
 Howitt (hou'it), Mrs. (Mary Both. am). Born at 
 Uttoxeter, England, about 1804: died at Rome, 
 1888. An English authoress, wife and collabo- 
 rator of William Howitt. Among her separate works 
 are translations from Frederika Bremer and Hans Ander- 
 sen, and juvenile works. Her autobiography was edited 
 by her daughter (1889). 
 
 Howitt, William. Born at Heanor, Derbyshire, 
 England, 1792: died at Rome, March 3, 1879. 
 An English poet and miscellaneous author. He 
 
 wrote “Book of the Seasons” (1831), “Rural Life of Eng- 
 land ” (183SI, “Visits to Remarkable Places" (1840-42), 
 “Rural and Domestic Life of Germany ” (1842), “History 
 of the Supernatural, etc.” (1863), “Northern Heights of 
 London, etc.” (1869), etc. ; jointly with his wife, “Litera- 
 ture and Romance of Northern Europe ” (1852), “Ruined 
 Abbeys and Castles of Great Britain " (1862-64), of the 
 Wye, etc. (1863), of Yorkshire (1865), of the Border (1865). 
 
 Howle-glass. See Eulenspiegel. 
 
 Howrah (hou'ra). A suburb of Calcutta, sit- 
 uated west of that city on the Hugli. Popula- 
 tion, 157,594. 
 
 Howson (hou 'son), John Saul. Born at Giggles- 
 wick, Yorkshire, England, May 5, 1816: died at 
 Bournemouth, Hants, England, Dec. 15, 1885. 
 An English clergyman and author. He published, 
 jointly with W. J. Conybeare, “Life and Epistles of St. 
 Paul ” (1850-52), and wrote “ Metaphors of St. Paul ” (1868), 
 etc. 
 
 Howth (houth). A peninsula in County Dublin, 
 Ireland, on the northern side of Dublin Bay. 
 
 Hoxter (heks'ter). A manufacturing town in 
 the province of Westphalia, Prussia, situated on 
 the Weser 43 miles south-southwest of Han- 
 Dover. Near it is the castle of Corvei. It has a church 
 of St. Kilian. Formerly it was a free imperial city and 
 Hanseatic town. Population, commune, 7,699. 
 
 Hoxton (hoks'ton). A district in Shoreditch 
 and Hackney, London, “it was sometimes called 
 Hogsdon and Hog Lane. ... In the ‘Domesday ’ record 
 it is entered as Hocheston, and in a lease of the time of 
 Edward III. it is mentioned as Hoggeston. . . . Hoxton 
 has long been noted for the numberof its charitable insti- 
 tutions.” Walter Thornburg, Old and New London, V. 521. 
 (Watford.) 
 
 Hoy (hoi). An island of the Orkneys, southwest 
 of Pomona. It is high and picturesque. Length, 
 13 miles. 
 
 Hoyden (hoi 'den), Miss. The daughter of Sir 
 Tunbelly Clumsy in Vanbrugh’s comedy “ The 
 Relapse,” a pert and amorous country girl. She 
 was a great favorite with both actresses and 
 audiences. 
 
 Hoyle (hoil), Edmund. Born 1672: died at 
 London, Aug. 29, 1769. An English writer on 
 games. He published “Short Treatise” on 
 whist (1742: included in his book on games). 
 
 Hoz (oth), Pedro Sanchez de. Died at Santi- 
 ago, Chile, 1548. A Spaniard who, in 1537, re- 
 ceived from Charles V. authority to conquer 
 and colonize Chile. Pizarro had already given the 
 same right to Valdivia, and to avoid conflict he arranged 
 that the two should be associated in the enterprise (1539). 
 Valdivia speedily became the real leader, but Hoz re- 
 ceived rich grants of land and Indians. During Valdivia’s 
 absence in Peru he plotted to seize the command : the 
 plan was discovered by Villagra, and Hoz was beheaded. 
 
 Hrabanus Maurus. See Babanus. 
 
 Hradschin. See Prague. 
 
 Hrotsvitha. See Roswitha. 
 
 Huaina Capac, or Iiuayna Ccapac (wa-e'na 
 ka'pak). Born at Tumibamba about 1450: died 
 Nov., 1525. The eleventh Inca ruler of Peru. 
 According to Bias Valera he had ruled 42 years at the time 
 of his death. Balboa says 33 years. He completed the con- 
 quests of his father, Tupac Inca Yupanqui, penetrating far 
 south into Chile and subduing the province of Quito, where 
 he fought a memorable battle. During his reign the Inca 
 empire attained its greatest extent and splendor. At his 
 death it was divided between his two sons, Huascar and 
 Atahualpa. 
 
 Hualapai. See Walapai. 
 
 Huallaga (wal-ya'ga). A river of Peru which 
 flows north and joins the Amazon about lat. 5° 
 6' S., long. 75° 40' W. Length, about 650 miles. 
 
 Huamanga. See (Ruamanga . 
 
 Huancas(wan'kiis). An ancient tribe of Peru- 
 vian Indians who inhabited a portion of the 
 present department of Junin (province of 
 Jauja). Now merged in the population of Peru. 
 
 516 
 
 Huancavelica (wan-ka-va-le'kii). 1. A depart- 
 ment of central Peru. It is highly mountain- 
 ous and has rich mineral resources. Area, 
 9,251 square miles. Population, 223,796. — 2. 
 The capital of the department of Huancavelica, 
 situated about 160 miles southeast of Lima, at 
 an elevation of nearly 12,000 feet, it was for- 
 merly one of the richest cities in Peru, and was noted for 
 its quicksilver mines, now abandoned. Population, about 
 6,000. 
 
 Huancavillcas (wan-ka-vel'kas). A powerful 
 tribe of Indians who formerly inhabited the 
 lowlands of eastern Ecuador, between the river 
 Daule and the sea. They were conquered by Huaina 
 Capac about 1500, and, under Inca domination, occupied 
 the same region at the time of the Spanish conquest. 
 Their descendants are merged in the general population 
 of the Guayaquil valley. 
 
 Huancayo (wan-ka'yo). A city of Peru, in the 
 southwestern part of the department of Junin, 
 in the valley of J auja, 10,880 feet above the sea. 
 
 It gave its name to the constitution promulgated there 
 Nov. 10, 1839, which was finally superseded by that of 
 Nov. 25, 1860. Population, about 6,000. 
 
 Huanta (wan'ta). A town in the department 
 of Ayacucbo, Peru, about 200 miles southeast 
 of Lima. Population, about 4,000. 
 
 Huanuco (wa'no-ko), or Gudnuco (gwa'no-ko). 
 
 1. A central department of Peru, comprehend- 
 ing part of the upper valley of the Huallaga 
 with the adjacent mountains. The mountains are 
 rich in minerals, and the valleys near the Huallaga are 
 covered with forest. Huanuco corresponds to an Inca 
 province or region of the same name. It was settled by 
 (iomez de Alvarado in 1539. Area, 14,024 square miles. 
 Population, 145,309. 
 
 2. The capital of the department of Hu&nuco, 
 situated near the river Huallaga 170 miles 
 north-northeast of Lima, founded in 1542. 
 Population, about 7,500. 
 
 Hllcinuco Viejo (wa'no-ko ve-a'Ho). Indian 
 ruins in central southern Peru, about 40 miles 
 west-nortbwest of the present city of Hu&nuco. 
 
 There is some difference of opinion in regard to the origin 
 of the Indian settlement, some assigning the buildings 
 to a period anterior to Inca sway. The place was settled 
 by the Spaniards in 1539, but abandoned soon after for the 
 present capital. Some silver-mines in the vicinity were 
 worked in the 18th century. 
 
 Huaqui (wa'ke). A place on the Desaguadero 
 River, Bolivia. It is notable for the battle of June 20, 
 1811, in which the Spanish forces under Goyeneche de- 
 feated the patriots of Buenos Ayres and Upper Bern un- 
 der Castelli. 
 
 Huaraca (wa-ra'ka). In Quichua, a sling ; also 
 applied to the ceremony of putting a new 
 breech-clout on boys entering the period of 
 manhood. 
 
 Huaraz (wa-rath'). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Ancachs, Peru, situated on the river 
 Santa about 200 miles north by west of Lima, 
 at an elevation of 10,000 feet. Population, 
 about 7,000. 
 
 Huarina (wa-re'na). A plain at the southeast- 
 ern extremity of Lake Titicaca, Bolivia, it gave 
 its name to the battle of Oct. 20, 1547, in which Gonzalo 
 Pizarro and his lieutenant Carvaj al defeated Diego Centeno. 
 
 Huascar (was'kar), or Inti Cusi Hualpa (en'te 
 ko'se wal'pa). Born about 1495 (according to 
 Cieza de Leon, in 1500): died at Andamarca, 
 Jan., 1533. Anlncachief. At the death of his father, 
 Huaina Capac (N ov. , 1525), the empire was divided between 
 Huascar and his illegitimate brother, Atahualpa. Huas- 
 car had the southern and larger part, with his capital at 
 Cuzco. War broke out between the two, and Huascar was 
 eventually defeated and captured (1532). After Atahualpa 
 was seized by Pizarro he feared that the Spaniards would 
 interfere in favor of his brother, and by his secret orders 
 Huascar was drowned. 
 
 Huastecs (was'teks). A tribe of Indians near 
 the coast of eastern Mexico, in southern Tamau- 
 lipas and northern Vera Cruz. By their language 
 they are allied to the Mayas of Yucatan, and those ethnol- 
 ogists who hold that the Mayas came from the north be- 
 lieve that the Huastecs were a tribe left behind during 
 their migration. At the time of the conquest they lived in 
 villages, generally of wooden houses, and practised agri- 
 culture. They readily submitted to the whites, and have 
 long been Christianized. Also written Huastecas, IJuax- 
 tecos, and Gualescos. 
 
 Huatusos. See Guatusos. 
 
 Huaylas (wi'las). A colonial intendencia of 
 Peru, now the province of Ancachs. Also writ- 
 ten Huailas. 
 
 Huayna Ccapac. See Huaina Capac. 
 
 Hubbard (hub'iird), William. BominEngland, 
 1621 : died at Ipswich, Mass., Sept. 14, 1704. An 
 American historian and clergyman. He wrote a 
 “ History of New England " (published 1815), and a “ Nar- 
 rative of the Troubles with the Indians in New England” 
 (1677). 
 
 Hubbardton (hub'ard-ton). A town in Rutland 
 County, western Vermont, 14 miles northwest 
 of Rutland. Here, July 7. 1777, the British under Fraser 
 defeated the Americans under Francis and Warner. Pop- 
 ulation, 455, (1910). 
 
 Hudibras 
 
 Huber (ii-bar'), Francois. Born at Geneva, 
 July 2, 1750: died near Geneva, Dec. 21, 1831. 
 A Swiss naturalist, best known from his obser- 
 vations on the honey-bee. He was the author of 
 “ Nouvelles observations surlesabeilles” (1792), “MOmoire 
 sur l’influence de Pair et des diverses substances gazeuses 
 dans la germination des difffirentes plantes ” (1801). He 
 early became blind from excessive study, and conducted 
 his scientific work thereafter with the aid of his wife. 
 
 Huber (ho'ber), Johannes. Born at Munich, 
 Aug. 18, 1830: died at Munich, March 20,1879. 
 A German philosophical writer and leader of 
 the Old Catholic party, professor of philoso- 
 phy (1855, extraordinary; 1864, ordinary) at 
 Munich : author of “ Philosophic der Kirchen- 
 viiter” (1859), “Das Papsttum und der Staat” 
 (1870), “Der Jesuitenorden” (1873), etc. 
 Huber, Johann Rudolf. Born at Basel, Switzer- 
 land, 1668: died 1748. A Swiss historical painter, 
 sometimes called “ the Tintoretto of Switzer- 
 land.” 
 
 Huber, Madame (Therese Heyne). Born at Got- 
 tingen, Prussia, May 7, 1764 : died at Augsburg, 
 Bavaria, June 15, 1829. A German author, 
 wife first of G. Forster, and after his dea.tli 
 of L. F. Huber, and daughter of C. G. Heyne. 
 Her “ Erzahlungen ” (“ Tales”) were published 
 1830-33. 
 
 Huber, Victor Aim6. Born at Stuttgart, Wiir- 
 temberg, March 10, 1800: died near Wemigerode, 
 in the Harz, July 19, 1869. A German literary 
 historian and publicist, son of L. F. Huber. He 
 became professor at Rostock in 1833, at Marburg in 1836, 
 and at Berlin in 1843. He retired in 1850. He wrote “Die 
 Gesch ichte des Cid ” (1829), “ Chronica del Cid ” (1844), “Die 
 neuromantische Poesie in Frankreich” (1833), “Die eng- 
 lischen Universitaten ” (1839-40), etc. 
 
 Hubert (hu'bfert; F. pron. ii-bar'), Saint. [L. 
 Hubeftus, It. Ubcrto,8]). Pg. Huberto, F. Hubert.'] 
 Died 727. A bishop of Liege, the traditional 
 patron of hunters. 
 
 Hubert. • A character in Shakspere’s “King 
 John.” He is Hubert de Burgh, justice of Eng- 
 land, created earl of Kent. He died 1243. 
 Hubert de Burgh. See Burgh. 
 
 Hubertusburg (ko-ber'tos-borg). A castle near 
 Wermsdorf, Saxony, 25 miles east of Leipsic. 
 The peace of Hubertusburg was concluded here between 
 Prussia, Austria, and Saxony, Feb. 15, 1763, ending the 
 Seven Years’ War. Prussia retained Silesia. 
 
 Hubli (hci'bli). A town in Dharwar district, 
 Bombay, British India. Population, 60,214. 
 Hiibner (kiib'ner), Emil. Born 1834 : died at 
 Berlin, Feb. 21, 1901. A German philologist, 
 son of Rudolf Julius Hiibner. He became pro- 
 lessor of classical philology at the University of Berlin 
 in 1870, and was editor of the periodical “Hermes” 
 1866-81, and of the “ Archaologische Zeitung ” 1868-73. 
 He published “Grundriss zu Vorlesungen fiber die 
 romische Literaturgeschichte ” (4th ed. 1878), “Grundriss 
 zu Vorlesungen fiber die lateinische Grammatik ” (2d ed. 
 1881), etc. 
 
 Hiibner, Count J oseph Alexander von. Bom 
 
 at Vienna, Nov. 26, 1811 : died July 30, 1892. 
 An Austrian diplomatist. He was minister at Paris 
 1849-59, and ambassador at Rome 1865-67. He has pub- 
 lished “ Sixtus V.” (1871), etc. 
 
 Hiibner, Karl Wilhelm. Born at Konigsberg, 
 Prussia, June 14,1814: died at Diisseldorf, Prus- 
 sia, Dec. 5, 1879. A German genre-painter. 
 Hiibner, Rudolf Julius Eenno. Born at Ols, 
 Silesia, Prussia, Jan. 27, 1806: died at Loseh- 
 witz, near Dresden, Nov. 7, 1882. A German 
 historical painter. Among his works are “Roland," 
 “Samson,” “Job and his Friends,” “The Golden Age,” etc. 
 
 Hue (ilk), Evariste Regis. Born at Toulouse, 
 France, Aug. 1, 1813: died at Paris, March 26, 
 1860. A French Roman Catholic missionary and 
 traveler in the Chinese empire. He published 
 “Souvenirs d’un voyage dans la Tartarie, le Thibet, et la 
 Chine” (1850), “L’Empire chinois ’’ (1854), “Le Christian- 
 isme en Chine ” (1857), etc. 
 
 Huddersfield ( hud' erz-f eld ) . A parliamentari- 
 borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Colne 15 miles southwest 
 of Leeds. It has important manufactures, par- 
 ticularly of fancy woolens. Population, 107,- 
 825, (1911). 
 
 Hudibras (hu'di-bras). A satirical poem by 
 Samuel Butler, directed against the Puritans, 
 published 1663-78: so called from the name of 
 its hero, who is a Presbyterian country justice. 
 Accompanied by a clerk, one of the Independents, he 
 ranges the country after the manner of Don Quixote, with 
 zealous ignorance endeavoring to correct abuses and re- 
 press superstition. 
 
 The greatest single production of wit of this period, I 
 might say of this country, is Butler’s “ Hudibras.” It con- 
 tains specimens of every variety of drollery and satire, 
 and those specimens crowded together into almost every 
 page. The proof of this is that nearly one-half of his lines 
 are got by heart, and quoted for mottoes. 
 
 Uazlitt, Eng. Poets, p. 80. 
 
Hudibras, Sir 
 
 Hudibras, Sir. A rash and melancholy man in 
 Spenser’s “ Faerie Qneene.” it is thought that the 
 poet intended to shadow forth the Puritans in this char- 
 acter. See Hudibras. 
 
 Hlldiksvall (ho'diks-val). A seaport on the east- 
 ern coast of Sweden, south of Sundsvall. Pop- 
 ulation, 5,844. 
 
 Hudson (hud'son). [Named from Henry Hud- 
 son, who diseoveredit in 1609.] A river in New 
 York, rising in the Adirondacks in Essex County, 
 New York, flowing south, and entering New 
 York Bay in lat. 40’ 42' N., long. 74° V W. It is 
 celebrated for its picturesque scenery, especially in its 
 course through the Highlands and past the Palisades. In 
 its lowest course it is called the North River. The Mohawk 
 is its chief tributar y. Length, about 300 miles ; navigable 
 to Troy, 151 miles. On its banks are Troy, Albany, Kings- 
 ton, Poughkeepsie, Newburg, Fishkill, Cornwall, West 
 Point, Sing Sing, Yonkers, New York, and Jersey City. 
 
 Hudson. A city, river port, and the capital of 
 Columbia County, New York, situated on tho 
 east hank of the Hudson, 28 miles south of Al- 
 bany. Population, 11,417, (1910). 
 
 Hudson, George. Bom at York, England, 1800 : 
 died at London, Dec. 14, 1871. An English 
 speculator, known as “the railway king.” 
 Hudson, Henry. Died in Hudson Bay (?), 1611. 
 A noted English navigator. He was, perhaps, 
 grandson of Henry Hudson, one of the founders of tire 
 Muscovy Company in 1555. In 1607 he was sent out by 
 that company, in the Hopeful, to sail across the pole to 
 the Spice Islands. He reached the east coast of Greenland 
 (lat. 69°-70°) in June ; sailed northward along the coast to 
 lat. 73° ; thence went along the ice-barrier to Spitsbergen, 
 reaching lat. 80° 23'; and returned to England, discovering 
 Jan Mayen (named by him Hudson’s Touches) on the way. 
 In 1608 he attempted to find a northeast passage. On 
 March 25, 1609, he set sail with the Good Hope and Half 
 Moon, in the service of the Dutch East India Company, 
 with the same object ; but his crews mutinied, the Good 
 Hope returned, and with the Half Moon he sailed across 
 the Atlantic to Nova Scotia. Thence he sailed southward, 
 exploring the coast as far as Chesapeake Bay. In Sept, 
 he explored the river afterward named for him, ascend- 
 ing it nearly to the site of Albany. In 1610 he sailed in 
 the Discovery to find a northwest passage, and entered 
 Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay. He wintered on James 
 Bay. On his return his crew mutinied, and on June 23, 
 1611, he was bound and with 8 others set afloat in a small 
 boat on Hudson Bay. They were never seen again. 
 
 Hudson, Henry Norman. Born at Cornwall, 
 Vt., Jan. 28, 1814: died at Cambridge, Mass., 
 Jan. 16, 1886. An American Shaksperian scholar 
 and Episcopal clergyman. Hepublished “Lectures 
 on Shakspere ” (1848), “ Shakspere : his Life, Art, and Char- 
 acters, etc." (1872), “ Studies in Wordsworth ” (1874), “ Es- 
 says on Education, etc.” (1883). He edited Shakspere (11 
 vols.) in 1851-56 and (20 vols.) in 1880-81. 
 
 Hudson, Sir Jeffery or Geoffrey. Born at Oak- 
 ham, Rutlandshire, England, 1619: died in 1682. 
 A famous English dwarf. He was hut 18 or 20 inches 
 high till he was about 30 years of age, when he grew to the 
 height of 3 feet 9 inches. He made his first appearance 
 served up in a pie at the table of the Duke of Bucking- 
 ham. After the marriage of Charles I. he was a page in 
 the service of the queen. He had many adventures ; was 
 a captain in the royal army at the beginning of the civil 
 war; and had his portrait painted by Vandyck. Scott in- 
 troduces him in “Peveril of the Peak.” He was finally 
 arrested in 1682 upon some suspicion connected with the 
 Popish plot, and confined in the Gatehouse prison. He 
 was released, and did not die there as Scott and others 
 state. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Hudson Bay. An inland sea in North America, 
 inclosed by British America on the east, south, 
 and west, and partly inclosed by Southampton 
 Island on the north: called James Bay in the 
 South. It communicates with the Atlantic through Hud- 
 son Strait, and with the Arctic Ocean through Fox Channel. 
 Its chief tributaries are the Churchill and Nelson. It was 
 explored by Henry Hudson in 1610. Length, about 1,300 
 mile6. Greatest width, about 600 miles. 
 
 Hudson Bay Company. A British joint-stock 
 company chartered in 1670 for the purpose of 
 purchasing furs and skins from the Indians of 
 British North America. Its original possessions, 
 called the Hudson Bay Territory, were ceded to 
 the government in 1870. 
 
 Hudson Bay Territory. The territory wa- 
 tered by the streams flowing into Hudson Bay, 
 
 r nted to the Hudson Bay Company in 1670. 
 
 was incorporated with the Dominion of 
 Canada in 1870. It is known also as Rupert’s 
 Land. 
 
 Hudson Strait. A sea passage connecting Hud- 
 son Bay on the southwest with the Atlantic 
 on the east: discovered by Sebastian Cabot in 
 1517. Length, about 500 miles. Breadth, about 
 100 miles. 
 
 Hud, or Hue-fu (ho-a'fo'). The capital of An- 
 nam, situated on the river Hu6 about lat. 16° 
 30' N., long. 107° 35' E. It was fortified by 
 French engineers. Population (estimated), 30,- 
 000 ; with suburbs, 50,000. 
 
 Huelva (wel'va). 1. A province of Andalusia, 
 Spain, bounded by Badajoz on the north, Se- 
 
 517 
 
 ville on the east, Cadiz on the southeast, the 
 Atlantic on the south, and Portugal on the west. 
 Area, 3,913 square miles. Population, 260,- 
 880. — 2. The capital of the province of Huelva, 
 situated on the river Odiel 54 miles west- 
 southwest. of Seville. It has sardine fisheries. 
 Near it is the convent of La Rabida, where Columbus was 
 sheltered and received efficient aid for his voyage. The 
 simple buildings, with the iron cross before the door, the 
 two arcaded courts surrounded with cells, and the large 
 hall of the prior Marchena, remain very nearly as when 
 the discoverer sojourned there. Population, 23,960. 
 
 Huelva, Alonso Sanchez de. The name given 
 by Garcilasso de la Vega (1609) to a sailor or 
 pilot who is said to have discovered land west 
 of the Canary Islands about 1484. According to 
 the story, this man died in the house of Columbus after 
 having revealed to him the secret of the discovery. The 
 report, in a much less definite form, and without the name, 
 first appeared in Oviedo’s history in 1535. It is now gen- 
 erally discredited. 
 
 Huen-Tsang(hwen-tsang'). See Hhouen-Tsang. 
 Huesca (wes'ka). 1. A province of Aragon, 
 Spain, bounded by France on the north, Lerida 
 on the east, Saragossa on the south, and Na- 
 varre and Saragossa on the west. Area, 5,848 
 square miles. Population, 244,867. — 2. The 
 capital of the province of Huesca, situated 
 35 miles northeast of Saragossa. It was occupied 
 by the Arabs from 713 to 1096, and was probably the an- 
 cient Osca. It is noted for its cathedral of the 15th cen- 
 tury. The great recessed west door has fine statues and 
 reliefs, and the alabaster reredos, sculptured with the 
 Passion of Christ, is by the master who executed that in 
 the Pilar at Saragossa. Population, 13,181. 
 
 Huescar (wes'kar). A town in the province of 
 Granada, Spain, situated on the Guardal in 
 lat. 37° 47' N., long. 2° 33' W. Population, 
 7,763. 
 
 Huet (ii-et'), Pierre Daniel. Born at, Caen, 
 France, Fell. 8, 1630: died at Paris, Jan. 26, 
 1721. A French prelate, bishop of Avranches, 
 and a noted scholar, ne wrote “ Demonstratio evan- 
 gelica”(1679), “Censura philosophic cartesian®” (“Cri- 
 tique of the Philosophy of Descartes,” 1689), etc. 
 
 Huexotzinco (wa-Hot-then'ko). [A Nahuatl 
 name.] A town on the eastern base of the Iz- 
 tae-cihuatl, in the state of Puebla, Mexico. At 
 the time of the conquest the tribe of Huexotzinco was in- 
 dependent, and almost always at war with the Mexicans 
 and their confederates. In 1524 a convent was established 
 there, parts of which are still occupied. 
 
 Hufeland (ho'fe-lant), Christoph. Wilhelm. 
 
 Born at Langensalza, Prussia, Aug. 12, 1762: 
 died at Berlin, Aug. 25, 1836. A noted German 
 physician and medical writer. He wrote “Makro- 
 biotik, oder die Kunst das menschliche Leben zu ver- 
 langern " (1796), and numerous other works. 
 
 Hufeland, Gottlieb. Born at Dantzic, Prussia, 
 Oct. 19, 1760 : died at Halle, Prussia, Feb. 18, 
 1817. A German jurist and political economist. 
 Hug (hoe), Johann Leonhard. Born at Con- 
 stance, Baden, June 1, 1765 : died at Freiburg, 
 Baden, March 11, 1846. A German Roman 
 Catholic biblical critic. He wrote 1 ‘ Einleitung 
 in die Schriften des Neuen Testaments ” (1808), 
 etc. 
 
 Hiigel (bii'gel), Baron Karl Alexander An- 
 selm von. Born at Ratisbon, Bavaria, April 
 25, 1796: died at Brussels, June 2, 1870. A 
 German traveler in Asia, the East Indies, etc. 
 
 He published “ Kaschmir und das Reich der Sikhs ” 
 (1840-42), “ Das Becken von Kabul ” (1851-62), etc. 
 
 Huger (u-je'), Benjamin. Born at Santee, 
 S. C., 1805 : died at Charleston, Dec. 7, 1877. A 
 Confederate general in the Civil War. He com- 
 manded a division under General Johnston at Fair Oaks, 
 and under General Lee at Malvern Hill. 
 
 Huger, Francis Kinloch. Born at Charleston, 
 S. C., Sept., 1773 : died there, Feb. 14, 1855. 
 An American officer, nephew of Isaac Huger. 
 
 He joined Dr. Eric Bollman in the unsuccessful attempt 
 to liberate La Fayette from the fortress of Olmiitz ir. 1797, 
 with the result that be was imprisoned by the Austrian 
 government nearly eight months. 
 
 Huger, Isaac. Born on Limerick Plantation, 
 S. C., March 19, 1742: died Oct. 17, 1797. An 
 American general in the Revolution, lie com- 
 manded the left wing at the battle of Rtono, June 20, 1779 ; 
 was defeated by Tarleton and Webster at Monk’s Comer, 
 South Carolina; and commanded the Virginians at Guil- 
 ford Court House. 
 
 Huggins (hug'inz), Sir William. Born at Lou- 
 don, Feb. 7, 1824: died there, May 12, 1910. 
 An English astronomer, noted for his researches 
 in spectrum analysis. Ho was president of 
 the Royal Society 1900-05. Knighted 1897. 
 Hugh (iiu), F. Hugues (iig), “the Great,” or 
 “the White.” Died June 16, 956. Count of Paris 
 and Duke of France. Ife married nedwig, sister of 
 Otto I., by whom he became the father of Hugh Capet. 
 Lothair made him Duke of Burgundy. 
 
 Hugh, or Hugo (hu'go), of Lincoln, or of Ava- 
 lon, Saint. Born at Avalon, Franco, about 
 
 Hugo, Victor Marie 
 
 1135: died at London, Nov., 1200. An English 
 prelate, made bishop of Lincoln in 1186. 
 
 Hugh of Lincoln. An English boy alleged to 
 have been put to death by Jews at Lincoln, 
 England, 1255. He is the subject of the “ Prioress’sTale " 
 in Chaucer’s “ Canterbury Tales,” and of “Alphonsus of 
 Lincoln.” 
 
 Hugh, or Hugo, of Saint Cher. Born at St. 
 Cher, near Vienne, France, about 1200 : died at 
 Orvieto, Italy, 1263. A French cardinal and 
 theological compiler. 
 
 Hugh, or Hugo, of Saint Victor. Born about 
 1097 : died Feb. 11, 1141. A French mystical 
 theologian. His works were edited in 1648. 
 
 Hugh Capet (hiika'pet; F. pron. iig ka-pa'). 
 Died Oct. 24, 996. King of France 987-996, son 
 of Hugh the Great whom he succeeded in the 
 duchy of France and in the countship of Paris 
 in 956. He was elected king on the extinction of the 
 direct line of Charles the Great by the death of Louis le 
 Faineant without issue in 987. He found the royal do. 
 main restricted to the region bounded by the Somme, the 
 Loire, Normandy, Anjou, and Champagne ; and was pow- 
 erless to resist the great feudatories — the dukes of Nor- 
 mandy, Brittany, Burgundy, and Aquitaine, and the counts 
 of Flanders, Champagne, and Vermandois — each of whom 
 surpassed the king in military power and in extent of ter- 
 ritory. He became the founder of the Capetian dynasty. 
 
 I-Iuglienden (bu'en-den). A village in Buck- 
 inghamshire, England, 31 miles west-northwest 
 of London. Hughenden Manor was the seat of 
 the Earl of Beaconsfield. 
 
 Hughes (huz), John. Bom in County Tyrone, 
 Ireland, June 24, 1797 : died at New York, Jan. 
 3,1864. A Roman Catholic prelate. He became 
 bishop of New York in 1842, and archbishop in 1850. He 
 founded St. John’s College, Fordham, in 1841. 
 
 Hughes, Thomas. Born at Uppiugton, Berks, 
 Oct. 20, 1822 : died at Brighton, March 22, 1896. 
 An English author, reformer, and politician. 
 He was educated at Rugby under Dr. Arnold, and was later 
 associated with Canon Kingsley and F. D. Maurice in the 
 movement for improving the condition of the poor known 
 as Christian Socialism. He lectured in the United States 
 in 1870 and in 1880 founded the “Rugby Colony” in 
 Tennessee. He was made queen’s counsel in 1869, and 
 county court j udge in 1882. (See Rugby.) Hewrote“Tom 
 Brown’s School-Days” (1857), “The Scouring of the White 
 Horse ” (1859), “ Tom Brown at Oxford ” (1861), “ The Man- 
 liness of Christ” (1879), “Rugby, Tennessee ” (1881), etc. 
 
 Hugli, or Hooghly (hog'le). The westernmost 
 channel of the Ganges, at its delta. Calcutta 
 is situated on it. Length, 120 miles. 
 
 Hugli, or Hooghly. A city of Bengal, on tho 
 Hugli about 24 miles north of Calcutta. Pop- 
 ulation, about 30,000. 
 
 Hugo. See Hugh. 
 
 Hugo (ho'go), Gustav. BornatLorraeh, Baden, 
 Nov. 23, 1764 : died at Gottingen, Prussia, Sept. 
 15, 1844. A German jurist, author of “ Lehr- 
 buch eines civilistischen Kursus” (1792-1821). 
 Hugo (hu'go ; F. pron. ii-go'), Victor Marie. 
 Born at Besan 9 on, Feb. 26, 1 802 : died at Paris, 
 May 22, 1885. A celebrated French poet, the 
 recognized leader of the romantic school of the 
 19th century in France. His childhood was spent 
 partly with his mother in Paris, and partly in Corsica, Elba, 
 Italy, and Spain — wherever his father, an officer in the 
 French army, could gather his family about him. He re- 
 ceived his early education from his mother, and also at the 
 hands of an old priest, Larivicre. In 1815 he went to school, 
 and thence to the Lycde Louis-le-Grand in Paris. In 1816 
 lie wrote his first tragedy, “ Irtamfene.” While still at school 
 he began another tragedy, “ Athelie,” and composed a 
 melodrama, “ Inez de Castro,” and several poems. He also 
 competed for a prize of the French Academy with a poem, 
 “Sur les avantages de l’dtude ” (1817). Again, in 1818, he 
 competed with his poems “Sur [institution du jury ’’ and 
 “ Sur- les avantages de l’enseignement mutuel.” His suc- 
 cess encouraged him to send to the Academy of Floral 
 Games at Toulouse “ Les derniers bardes,” “ Les vierges de 
 Verdun,” and “Le r^tablissement de la statue de Henri 
 IV.” (1819), for which he was awarded the principal prize. 
 In 1820 lie took another prize witli his poem “ Moise sur 
 le Nil,” and was made maitre I s jeux-floraux. In 1819 he 
 hadfounded a fortnightly review, “LeConservateur Littd- 
 raire”: he wrote also for “La Muse Fram;aise.” Hispoeti- 
 cal compositions include “ Odes et poesies diverses ”(1822), 
 “NouveUes odes” (1824), “Odes et ballades’’ (1826: of 
 which a revised and enlarged edition appeared in 1828), 
 “Les orientaies ” (1829), “ Les feuilles d’automne ” (1831), 
 “ Les chants du crepuscule ’’ (1835), “ Les voix interieures ” 
 (1837), “Les rayons et les ombres” (1840), “Les chati- 
 ments ” (1853), “ Les contemplations ” (1856-57), first series 
 of “La Kgendedes si&cles ” (1859), “Les chansons des rues 
 et des bois” (1865), “L’Annde terrible” (1872), “L’Art 
 d’etre grand-pt re ” (1877), second series of “La legende des 
 siicles” (1877), “Le pape ’’ (1878),“ La pitie supreme ”(1879), 
 ‘ ‘ L’Ane ” (1880), ‘ ‘ Religion et religions ” (1880), ‘ 'Les quatre 
 vents de l’esprit ” (1881), third series of “ La Rgende des 
 siecles” (1883), “La fin de Satan” (1886), “Dieu” (1891), 
 “Toute la lyre ” (1888-93). As a dramatist Victor Hugo 
 adapted “Amy Robsart” (1828) from Scott’s “Kenil- 
 worth,” and also wrote “Cromwell” (1827), “Marion De- 
 lorme ” (1829), “ Hernani ” (1830), “ Le roi s’amuse ” (1832), 
 “Lucrt'ce Borgia ’’(1833), “Marie Tudor ’’ (1833), “Angelo ’ 
 (1835), “Esmeralda ”(1836), “Ruy Blas”(1838), “Les Bur- 
 graves ”(1843), “Torquemada” (1882), “Le theatre en li- 
 berie ” (1886), and “ la s jumeaux ” (1889). Victor Hugo s 
 prose writings are “ Han d'lslande ’’ (1823), “ Bug-Jargal ” 
 (1826), “Le dernier jour d’un condnmnd ’’ (1829), “Notre 
 
Hugo, Victor Marie 
 
 Dame de Paris " (1831), “ Literature et philosophie md- 
 16es " and “ Claude Gueux ’’ (1834), “ Le Rhin ” (1842), “ Na- 
 poleon le petit " (1852), “Les misdrables " (1862), “Victor 
 Hugo racontdpar un temoin de sa vie” (1863), “William 
 Shakespeare ” (1864), “Les travailleurs de la mer”(1866), 
 “ L'Homme qui rit”(1869), “Actes et paroles” (1872-76), 
 “ Quatrevingt-treizc ” (1874), “ Histoire d'un crime ”(1877- 
 1878), “ Choses vues ” (1887), “ En voyage : Alpes et Pyre- 
 nees " (1890). He was elected to the French Academy Jan. 
 7, 1841. His interest in politics and journalism led him to 
 found a newspaper, “L'Evdnement,” in 1848. After the 
 revolution of this year he was exiled (in 1851) from France, 
 not to return till the fall of the empire in 1870. He went 
 first to Belgium, in 1852 to Jersey, and in 1855 to Guernsey. 
 Victor Hugo was elected a life member of the French sen- 
 ate in 1876, and the last years of his life were devoted to 
 literary work. 
 
 Huguenots (hu'ge-nots). [The name as applied 
 to the Protestants of France was first used 
 about 1560, being apparently imported from 
 Geneva, where it appears to have been for some 
 time in use as a political nickname. Its par- 
 ticular origin is unknown : no contemporary 
 information has been found.] The Reformed 
 or Calvinistic communion of France in the 16th 
 and 17th centuries. The Huguenots were the Puri- 
 tans of France, noted in general for their austere virtues 
 and the singular purity of their lives. They were perse- 
 cuted in the reign of Francis I. and his immediate suc- 
 cessors, and after 1562 were frequently at war with the 
 Catholics, under the lead of such men as Admiral Coligny 
 and the King of Navarre (afterward Henry IV. of France). 
 In spite of these wars and the massacre of St. Bartholomew 
 (Aug. 24, 1572), they continued numerous and powerful, 
 and the Edict of Nantes, issued by Henry IV. (1598), se- 
 cured to them full political and civil rights. Their 
 political power was broken with the surrender of La 
 Rochelle in 1628, and the revocation of the Edict of 
 Nantes by Louis XIV. (1685), and the subsequent persecu- 
 tions, forced hundreds of thousands into exile to Prussia, 
 the Netherlands, Switzerland, England, etc. Many settled 
 in the colonies of New York, Virginia, etc., but especially in 
 South Carolina. The name is sometimes applied at the 
 present day to the descendants of the original Huguenots. 
 
 Huguenots, Les. An opera by Meyerbeer, first 
 produced at Paris in 1836. 
 
 Hugues (fig), Victor. Born at Marseilles, 1761 : 
 died near Bordeaux, Nov., 1826. A French ad- 
 ministrator. He went to Santo Domingo in 1778, was en- 
 gaged in the revolution of 1789, and was deported to France. 
 The Convention made him commissioner to the French 
 West Indies (1794), where he reconquered Guadeloupe and 
 took St. Lucia and other islands from the English. In his 
 government of Guadeloupe he showed extreme cruelty to 
 those opposed to revolutionary ideas. He fitted out several 
 privateers which preyed not only on the English but on 
 North American commerce, nearly provoking a war be- 
 tween the United States and France (1798). Recalled in 
 Dec., 1798, he was made governor of Cayenne in 1799, finally 
 surrendering to the English Jan. 12, 1809. He was again 
 governor of Cayenne 1817-19. 
 
 Huilliches (wel-ye-clias'). [Araucanian : ImilU, 
 southern, and che , people.] The name given to 
 various hordes of Indians of the Araucanian 
 stock who inhabit that portion of Chile near 
 the Gulf of Ancud. See Araucanians. 
 
 Euitzilihuitl (wet - ze - le ' wetl), [Nahuatl, 
 ‘humming-bird.’] Died in 1414. An Aztec 
 war-chief of Tenochtitlan (Mexico) from 1403. 
 He was successor to Acampichtli. 
 
 Huitzilopochtli (wet-zel-o-pock'tle). The war- 
 god and principal deity of the ancient Mexi- 
 cans: “the mythic leader and chief deity of 
 the Aztecs, dominant tribe of the Nahua na- 
 tion” (Bancroft). He was represented by a 
 hideous stone idol, believed by Bandolier and 
 others to be the one now preserved in the 
 museum at Mexico. As he was supposed to 
 be of a very sanguinary disposition, immense 
 numbers of human sacrifices were made before 
 the idol. The cathedral on the Plaza de Ar- 
 mas, Mexico City, is on the site of the temple 
 of Huitzilopochtli. 
 
 Hulin, or Hullin (fi-lan'), Comte Pierre Au- 
 gustin. Born at Paris, Sept. 6, 1758 : died at 
 Paris, Jan. 9, 1841. A French general in the 
 Napoleonic wars. He became adjutant-general to Bo- 
 naparte in 1796, and general of division in 1802. He pre- 
 sided at the court martial which condemned the Due d’En- 
 ghien in 1804, and in 1812, when governor of Paris, put down 
 the conspiracy of Malet to subvert the empire. 
 
 Hull ( hul) , or Kingston-upon-Hull ( kin gz 'ton- 
 u-pon-hul'). A seaport in the East Biding of 
 Yorkshire, England, situated at the entrance of 
 the Hull into the Humber, in lat. 53° 45' N., 
 long. 0° 19' W. After London and Liverpool, Hull is 
 the principal port in England. It is an important terminus 
 of steam-packet lines to domestic, continental, and Ameri- 
 can ports, and a center for extensive fisheries. Trinity 
 Chnrch is one of the greatest of English parish churches, 
 in the Decorated and Perpendicular styles: it exhibits 
 highly interesting tracery. Hull became an important 
 port under Edward I. It was the birthplace of William Wil- 
 berforce. Population, 278,024, (1911). 
 
 Hull. A city in Ottawa County, Quebec, on 
 the Ottawa River opposite Ottawa. Popula- 
 tion, 18,222, (1911). 
 
 Hull, Isaac. Born at Derby, Conn., March 9, 
 1773(1775?): died at Philadelphia, Feb. 13, 1843. 
 
 518 
 
 An American commodore. He commanded the 
 Constitution, which defeated and captured the 
 Guerriere Aug. 19, 1812. 
 
 Hull, William. Born at Derby, Conn., June 
 24, 1753: died at Newton, Mass., Nov. 29, 1825. 
 An American general . He served through the Revo- 
 lutionary War ; was governor of Michigan Territory 1805- 
 1814 ; and surrendered Detroit to the British in 1812. 
 
 Hullin. See Hulin. 
 
 Hulse (huls), John. Born at Middlewich, Che- 
 shire, March 15, 1708: died Dec. 14, 1790. An 
 English cl ergy man. He bequeathed estates to the Uni- 
 versity of Cambridge, which form an endowment for the 
 Huisean professorship of divinity, for the Hulsean lec- 
 tures (on tlie Christian evidences, or in explanation of diffi- 
 cult or obscure parts of Scripture), and for certain Hulsean 
 prizes. 
 
 Hulst (hulst). A town in the Netherlands, 16 
 miles west by north of Antwerp. 
 
 Huma, or Wahuma (wa-ho'ma). A pastoral 
 tribe of Galla origin which has given toKaragwe, 
 Unyoro, and Uganda their royal families, in 
 these 3 kingdoms they are found as herdsmen, giving wives 
 to their Bantu neighbors, but keeping otherwise separate. 
 In Unyoro and Karagwe they are honored ; in Uganda 
 they are rather despised. Like the Galla, they are a fine- 
 looking race. Everywhere they speak the Bantu languages 
 of their neighbors in addition to their own, which must 
 be of Hamitic structure. 
 
 Humahuacas (o-ma-wa'kas). A tribe of Indians 
 who inhabited the valleys and plateaus of the 
 eastern Andes, in what is now the Argentine 
 province of J ujuy and southern Bolivia. They 
 made a brave resistance to the Spaniards from 1592 to about 
 1650, when the remnants were taken to Rioja, farther south ; 
 there they soon became extinct as a tribe. 
 
 Humahwi. See Hwmawhi. 
 
 Humaita (o-ma-e-ta'). A town of southwestern 
 Paraguay, on the river Paraguay 15 miles above 
 its confluence with the Parana. The river is here 
 greatly narrowed. Humaita and an advanced post to the 
 south, called Curupaiti, were strongly fortified by the 
 elder and younger Lopez, and they are memorable for the 
 long siege which they sustained from the Brazilian and 
 Argentine forces during the war of the Triple Alliance. 
 The works were abandoned July 25, 1868, and were dis- 
 mantled by the Brazilians. 
 
 Humawhi (ho-ma'kwe). A Shastan tribe for- 
 merly living in Modoc County, California. 
 
 Humbaba. See Khumbaba. 
 
 Humbe (liom'be). A Portuguese fort and county 
 capital ontheKunene River, West Africa. Sev- 
 eral wars have been fought here between the Portuguese, 
 the Boers, and the natives. The native name is Vnlcunibi. 
 
 Humber (kum'ber). [ME. Humber, Humbre, 
 AS. Humber, Humbre.'] An estuary formed by 
 the junction of the Trent and the Ouse, England. 
 It lies between Yorkshire on the north and Lincolnshire 
 on the south. Length, about 40 miles. The chief ports are 
 Hull and Grimsby. It was the boundary of ancient North- 
 umbria (Deira) and Mercia. 
 
 Humbert (hum'bert), It. Umberto (om-ber'to), 
 I. , Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria 
 Ferdinando Eugenio. Born at Turin, March 14, 
 1844: assassinated at Monza, near Milan, July 
 29, 1900. King of Italy, son of Victor Emman- 
 uel, whom he succeeded in 1878. He commanded, 
 while Prince of Piedmont, a division of General Cialdini’s 
 army at Custozza June 24, 1866. The most notable event of 
 his reign was the formation of the Triple Alliance (in 1882). 
 
 Humholdt (hum ' bolt ; G. pron. hom'bolt ) , Baron 
 Friedrich Heinrich Alexander vcn. Born at 
 Berlin, Sept. 14, 1769 : died there, May 6, 1859. 
 A celebrated German scientist and author. He 
 studied at the universities of Frankfort-on-the-Oder and 
 Gottingen, and after traveling in Holland, Belgium, and 
 England continued his studies at the Mining School in 
 Freiberg. From 1792 he was for several years as- 
 sessor of mines at Berlin, but resigned the position in 
 1797 to travel in Switzerland, Italy, and France. In Paris 
 he became acquainted with AimC Bonpland, with whom 
 he undertook from 1799 to 1804 a scientific journey to South 
 America and Mexico. From 1809 to 1827 he lived for the 
 most part in Paris, engaged hi scientific work. After 1827 
 he took up his permanent residence in Berlin. In 1829, at 
 the instance of the Emperor of Russia, he undertook an- 
 other scientific expedition, to Siberia and the Caspian Sea. 
 Subsequently, until his death, he lived in Berlin. The re- 
 sults of the American journey were published in a large 
 series of works with the general title “ Voyage aux regions 
 t'qmnoxiales du nouveau continent." They include "Re- 
 lation historique ” (1814-25, covering only the first part of 
 the trip), “ Essai politique surla Nouvelle Espagne ” (1811), 
 “Essai politique sur l'isle de Cuba” (1826-27), scientific 
 monographs, atlases, etc. The “Asie Centrale”and other 
 works describe the Asiatic journey. The “Examen cri- 
 tique de l’liistoire dela gfmgraphie du nouveau continent, 
 etc.,” a work showing great research, was published 
 1814-34, and “Kosmos" 1845-58. The latter, perhaps the 
 greatest of Humboldt's books, was first published in Ger- 
 man. Commonly known as Alexander von Humboldt. 
 
 Humboldt, Baron Friedrich Wilhelm Chris- 
 tian Karl Ferdinand von, commonly known 
 as Wilhelm von Humboldt. Born at Potsdam, 
 Prussia, June 22, 1767: died at Tegel, near Ber- 
 lin, April 8, 1835. A German philologist and 
 author. He studied jurisprudence at Frankfort-on-the- 
 Oder and Gottingen. He afterward traveled extensively 
 through Europe, and acquired a mastery of the principal 
 modern languages. From 1801 to 1808 he was Prussian 
 
 Humphrey 
 
 minister resident in Rome. The latter year he returned 
 to Berlin, where, as minister of public instruction, he was 
 active in the foundation of the new University of Berlin. 
 Afterward he was minister resident in Vienna and a mem- 
 ber of the Vienna Congress. Later he was minister resi- 
 dent in London, and, finally, minister of the interior in 
 Berlin. After 1819 he lived for the most part at Tegel. His 
 principal work, “Ueber die Kawisprache auf der Insel 
 Jawa ”(“ On the Kawi Language of the Island of Java ”), 
 appeared posthumously at Berlin 1836-40, in 3 vols. The 
 introduction to this work, “Ueber die Verschiedenheit des 
 menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluss auf die geis- 
 tige Entwickelung desMenschengeschlechts ” (“ On the Dif- 
 ference in the Construction of Language, and its Influence 
 upon the Intellectual Development of the Human Race"), 
 has been published several times separately. “Briefe an 
 eine Freundin” (“Letters to a Friend," Charlotte Diede) 
 appeared first in 1847. His collected works were published 
 at Berlin, 1841-52, in 7 vols. Brother of the preceding. 
 
 Humboldt (hum'bolt) Lake, or Humholdt 
 Sink. A lake in the west of Nevada, with no 
 outlet to the sea. 
 
 Humboldt Mountains. A range of mountains 
 
 in the eastern part of Nevada. 
 
 Humboldt River. A river in Nevada, flowing 
 into Lake Humboldt. Length, about 350 miles. 
 Its valley is traversed by the Central Pacific 
 Railroad. 
 
 Hume (hum), David. [The name Hume is the 
 same as Home.] Born at Edinburgh, April 26 
 (O. S.), 1711 : died there, Aug. 25, 1776. A fa- 
 mous Scottish philosopher and historian. He 
 studied at Edinburgh ; went to France in 1734, where he 
 remained until 1737, chiefly at La Fleche in Anjou ; retired 
 to Ninewells, Berwickshire, in 1740 ; became a companion 
 to the Marquis of Annandale in 1745, and was dismissed in 
 1746 ; became secretary to General St. Clair, by whom he 
 was appointed judge-advocate, and whom he accompanied 
 on an embassy to Vienna and Turin; was appointed keeper 
 of the Library of the Faculty of Advocates at Edinburgh in 
 1752 ; visited France 1763-66 ; and was under-secretary of 
 state 1767-68. He is chiefly celebrated as the expounder 
 of skeptical views in philosophy, which have produced an 
 extraordinary effect upon all metaphysical thinking since 
 his day. He wrote “A Treatise of Human Nature, etc." 
 (1739^0); “Essays, Moral and Political” (1741-42), “Philo- 
 sophical Essays concerning Human Understanding'' (1748 : 
 afterward called “An Enquiry concerning Human Under- 
 standing ”), “ Political Discourses ” (1751), “An Enquiry con- 
 cerning the Principles of Morals” (1751), “Four Disserta- 
 tions ” (1757), “ History of England ” (1754-61), ‘ ‘ Natural His- 
 tory of Religion ”(1757), “Two Essays ”(1777), “Dialogues 
 concerning Natural Religion ” (1779). Collected works ed- 
 ited by Green and Grose (4 vols., 1874) ; life by J. H. Burton 
 (1846). 
 
 Hummel (hom'mel), Johann Nepomuk. Born 
 
 at Presburg, Hungary, Nov. 14, 1778 : died at 
 Weimar, Germany, Oct. 17, 1837. A noted Ger- 
 man pianist and composer for the pianoforte, 
 author of concertos, sonatas, operas (3), etc. He 
 was a pupil of Mozart, kapellmeister to Prince Esterhazy 
 1804-11, conductor at Stuttgart 1816, and later (1820) con- 
 ductor at Weimar. 
 
 Hummums, The. See the extract. 
 
 In the southeast corner of the market-place (Covent Gar- 
 den), and occupying that portion which was destroyed by 
 fire, are two hotels, known by the strange names of the 
 “Old Hummums ” and the “ New Hummums. ” The name 
 is a corruption of “ Humoun.” Mr. Wright, in his “ His- 
 tory of Domestic Manners of England,” says ; “Among the 
 customs introduced from Italy was the hot sweating bath 
 which, under the name of the hothouse, became widely 
 known in England. . . . These “ Hummums,” however, 
 when established in London, seem to have been mostly fre- 
 quented by women of doubtful repute. . . . They soon 
 came to be used for the purpose of intrigue, which grad- 
 ually led to their suppression. 
 
 Thombury, Old and New London, III. 251. 
 
 Humorists, The. A comedy by Thomas Shad- 
 well, produced in 1671. In this play the word 
 humorist has its early meaning of a capricious 
 person. 
 
 Humorous Lieutenant, The. A play by Fletch- 
 er, probably produced between 1618 and 1625, 
 printed in 1647. 
 
 Humperdinck (kom'per-dingk), Engelbert. 
 
 Born Sept. 1, 1854. A noted German composer. 
 His opera “ Hitnsel und Gretel” was produced at Weimar 
 Dec. 23, 1893 ; “ Die Konigskinder ” was produced in 1910. 
 He has written (1911) music to Maeterlinck's “ Blue Bird." 
 
 Humphrey (bum'fri), Duke of Gloucester, called 
 “Good Duke Humphrey.” Bom 1391 : died at 
 Bury St. Edmunds, Feb. 23, 1447. The youngest 
 sonof Henry IV. by his first wife, Mary Bohun. He 
 
 studied at Balliol College, Oxford, and was noted as a patron 
 of learning and a collector of books. He was the founder, 
 by his gifts of books, of the library of that university. In 
 1420 he was appointed lieutenant of England, and held that 
 office until the return of Henry V. in 1421. On Henry's 
 death Gloucester, though only deputy for Bedford, became 
 practically protector of the young king Henry VI., through 
 Bedford's occupation with affairs in France. In 1422 he 
 married Jacqueline, only daughter of William VI., count 
 of Hainault, to whose estates she had succeeded, but of 
 which she had been deprived; and in 1424 conquered Hai- 
 nault and was proclaimed its count. In 1428 his marriage 
 with Jacqueline was annulled, and he soon married his 
 mistress, Eleanor Cobham. His protectorate, which was 
 throughout unfortunate, was terminated by the coronation 
 of Henry VI., Nov. 6, 14'29. In 1441 he wasdisgraced through 
 the dealings of his wife with the astrologer Bolingbroke. 
 (See Cobham, Eleanor.) In 1447 he was arrested by order 
 of the king, and in a few days died. 
 
Humphrey, Heman 
 
 Humphrey, Heman. Boru at West Simsbury, 
 Hartford County, Conn., March 26, 1779: died 
 at Pittsfield, Mass., April 3, 1861. An Ameri- 
 can Congregational clergyman and educator, 
 president of Amherst College 1823-45. He pub- 
 lished “Tour in Prance, etc.” (1838). 
 Humphrey Clinker, The Expedition of. A 
 novel by Tobias George Smollett, published in 
 1771. It is -written in the form of letters. 
 
 They [Mr. and Mrs. Brambleon their expedition in search 
 of health] pick up a postilion named Humphrey Clinker, 
 a convert to the new doctrines of Whitefield and Wesley, 
 who afterward turns out to be a natural son of Mr. Bramble 
 himself, and who, after converting Miss Tabitha and Mrs. 
 Winifred [Mrs. Bramble’s maid], marries the latter. 
 Forsyth, Novels and Novelists of the 18th Cent., p. 289. 
 
 Humphreys (hum'friz), Andrew Atkinson. 
 
 Born at Philadelphia, Nov. 2, 1810 : died at 
 Washington, Dec. 27, 1883. An American gen- 
 eral. He served with distinction in the Union army in 
 the Civil War, commanding a division at the battle of Get- 
 tysburg in 1863, and a corps in the operations about Peters- 
 burg 1864-65. He was chief of engineers in the United 
 States army 1866-79. 
 
 Humphreys, David. Born at Derby, Conn., 
 July, 1752: died at New Haven, Conn., Feb. 21, 
 1818. An American poet and diplomatist. He 
 published, with Barlow, Hopkins, and Trumbull, the “An- 
 archiad “ (1786-88). His collected works were published 
 1790 and 1804. 
 
 Humphrey’s Clock, Master. See Master Hum- 
 phrey. 
 
 Humphrey’s Walk, Duke. A name given to 
 the middle aisle of St. Paul’s Church in London, 
 on account of the tomb of Duke Humphrey, the 
 son of Henry IV., which was said to be there. 
 Humpoletz (hom'pd-lets). A town in south- 
 eastern Bohemia, 57 miles southeast of Prague. 
 Population, commune, 5,839, (1910). 
 
 Humuya (o-mo'ya), or Ulua (6-lo'a). A river 
 in Honduras which flows northward and falls 
 into the Gulf of Honduras. 
 
 Huna (ho'na). Born 212: died 297. The prin- 
 cipal of the Talmudic Academy in Sora, Meso- 
 potamia. He was distinguished both for learn- 
 ing and charity. 
 
 Hunah (ho'na). A tribe of North American 
 Indians, living on Chichagof Island, Alaska. 
 They number about 500. See Koluschan. 
 
 Hu -nan, or Hoonan (lio-nan'). A province in 
 central China. Area, 83,380 square miles. 
 Population, 22,169,673. 
 
 Huncamunca (hung'ka-mung'ka). A character 
 in Fielding’s burlesque tragedy “Tom Thumb 
 the Great.” She is the daughter of King Arthur and 
 Queen Dollallolla, and is sweet, gentle, and amorous. 
 
 Hunchback, The. A comedy by J. Sheridan 
 Knowles, produced in 1832. 
 
 Hundred Days, The. The period of about 100 
 days, from the middle of March to June 28, 1815, 
 during which Napoleon I., after his escape from 
 Elba, made his final effort to reestablish his em- 
 pire. It ended in the crushing defeat at W ater- 
 loo and his abdication. 
 
 Hundred Years’ War. The series of wars be- 
 tween England and France about 1338-1453. 
 The English, generally victors in these wars down to about 
 14. Hi) (Creey, Poitiers, Agincourt, etc.), and rulers of a great 
 part of Prance, were finally expelled entirely, except from 
 Calais, which they retained for about a century longer. 
 Hundsriick (honts'riik). A mountain-range in 
 western Germany, between the Moselle and 
 Nahe, connected with the Vosges. 
 
 Hunfalvy (hon'fol-ve), Janos, Born at Gross- 
 Schlagendorf, Zips, Hungary, June 9, 1820: died 
 Dec. 6, 1888. A Hungarian geographer, brother 
 of P 41 Hunfalvy. His chief work is a “ Phys- 
 ical Geography of Hungary” (1863-66). 
 Hunfalvy, Pal. Bom at Gross-Schlagendorf, 
 Zips, Hungary, March 12, 1810: died Nov. 30, 
 1891. A Hungarian philologist and ethnog- 
 rapher. 
 
 Hungarian Insurrection. A risingin Hungary 
 against the tyranny of Austria, 1848-49. Kos- 
 suth was the chief leader. The overthrow of Metternich, 
 the reactionary minister, at Vienna in March, 1848, was 
 immediately followed by a revolutionary movement in 
 Pest. The emperor Ferdinand was forced to grant a sepa- 
 rate Hungarian ministry, but encouraged Jellachich, the 
 Ban of Croatia, to revolt against Hungary. In Oct., 1848, 
 Hungary rose in insurrection. The war continued under 
 the reign of Francis Joseph (who succeeded Dec. 2). The 
 chief Hungarian generals were Gorgei, Klapka. Bern, and 
 Dembinski. In April, 1849, the Hungarians declared their 
 independence, and proclaimed their country a republic, 
 with Kossuth as governor. By the aid of Hussian armies 
 the Austrians conquered the country. Gorgei surrendered 
 the main army at Vihigos Aug., 1849, and Kossuth escaped. 
 Austria restored the constitutional liberties of the king- 
 dom in 1867. 
 
 Hungary (hung'ga-ri). [ME. Hungarie , Hon- 
 garie , OF. Hongarie, F. Hongrie, Sp. Pg. Hun- 
 gria, It. Ungheria, Ongaria, ML. Hungaria (G. 
 Vngarn), from Hungari, Ungari, Ungri, Ugri, 
 
 519 
 
 MGr. 0 vyypoi, a name given to the Magyars. The 
 Magyar name of the country is Magyar or ssdg .] 
 A country of central Europe : a name used in 
 three distinct, more or less extended senses. 
 
 (a) The Transleithan division of the Austrian- 
 Hungarianmonarchy,includingHungary proper 
 with Transylvania, Croatia and Slavonia, and 
 Fiume. In this sense it is a kingdom united with Austria 
 in a personal union under the emperor, but having its own 
 Reichstag at Budapest : this is composed of a Table of Mag- 
 nates and a Chamberof Deputies (numbering 4, 6H),a;id legis- 
 lates in general for the Transleithan division, and in par- 
 ticular for Hungary and Transylvania. In the Hungarian 
 part of the empire less than one half are Magyar, the re- 
 mainder being Rumanians, Germans, Slovaks, Serbo-Croa- 
 tians, Ruthenians, etc. As regards religion, the Roman 
 Catholics are more numerous than the Greek Church, Prot- 
 estants, and Israelites. (For Croatia, Slavonia , Transylva- 
 nia, see these names; for the empire in general, see Aus- 
 tria.) Area, 125,430 square miles. Population, 20,469,157. 
 
 ( b ) Hungary proper and Transylvania (now 
 
 incorporated with it). This is the main part of 
 the Transleithan division just described. Area, 109,007 
 square miles. Population, 17,832,298. (c) Hun- 
 
 gary proper — that is, the main portion of the 
 Transleithan division, less Transylvania. See 
 Transylvania. In this sense, Hungary is bounded by 
 Moravia (separated by the Carpathians) on the northwest, 
 Silesia (separated by the Carpathians) on the north, Galicia 
 (separated by the Carpathians) on the north and northeast, 
 Bukowina and Transylvania on the east, Servia (separated 
 by the Danube) and Croatia-Slavonia (separated by the 
 Drave) on the south, and Styria and Dower Austria (sepa- 
 rated by the Leithaand March) on the west. The Carpathi- 
 ans are in the north and east ; the Bakony Wald and spurs 
 of the Alps are west of the Danube. The leading physical 
 features are the great plains of the Danube and Theiss. 
 The country produces large quantities of wheat, barley, 
 rye, Indian corn, wine ; the mineral products are coal, salt, 
 iron, lead, copper, silver, gold, etc. ; the exports are wheat, 
 flour, barley, live stock, etc. Including Transylvania, Hun- 
 gary has 63 counties. The capital and principal city is 
 Budapest. The dominant people in Hungary proper are 
 the Magyars. Hungary proper was in part included in 
 Pannoma and Daciaf The settlement of the Magyars un- 
 der ArpA’d took place about 895. The Magyars made many 
 attacks on neighboring lands, and were defeated by Henry 
 the Fowler and by Otto the Great on the Lechfeld (955). 
 Hungary was Christianized in tire end of the loth century, 
 and became a kingdom under St. Stephen in 1000. During 
 the next two centuries it increased its territories at the ex- 
 pense of the Slavs. The constitution of the “Golden Bull" 
 was granted in 1222. The .country was terribly ravaged by 
 the Mongols in 1241. The Arpad dynasty came to an end in 
 1301, and was followed by the house of Anjou (1309), under 
 which Hungary came to occupy a commanding position. 
 Louis united the crowns of Hungary and Poland 1370-82 ; 
 and they were again united under Ladislaus, who died in 
 1444. War against the Turks was carried on under the lead- 
 ership of Hunyady (1442-56). Matthias Corvinus reigned 
 1458-90. The crowns of Hungary and Bohemia were 
 united 1490-1526. On the overthrow of the Hungarians by 
 the Turks at the battle of Mollies in 1526, a great part of 
 Hungary passed to the Turks, and Ferdinand of Hapsburg 
 (later emperor) became king of the remainder (with Za- 
 polya as rival king). Buda was recovered from the Turks in 
 1686. The sovereignty was made hereditary in the Hapsburg 
 family in 1687; and their Hungarian dominions were ceded 
 by the Turks in 1699 and 1718. An eight years’ rebellion 
 terminated iu 1711. T he revolution of 1848-49, under the 
 leadership of Kossuth, was suppressed with Russian assis- 
 tance. The dual system of government was established 
 under the leadership of Deak in 1867. Area of Hungary 
 proper, 91,509 square miles. Population, 14,381,417. 
 
 Hungerford (hung'ger-ford), Mrs. (Margaret 
 Hamilton Argles). Died at Bandon, Ireland, 
 Jan. 24, 1897. An Irisli novelist. Most of her books 
 have appeared under the pseudonym “The Duchess.” 
 
 Hungu, or Mahungu (ma-hon'go). A Bantu 
 tribe of Angola, west Africa, stretching in 
 straggling settlements from the head waters of 
 the Dande eastward to the Kuangu River. The 
 Mahungu grow coffee, which they sell at Dondo, Loanda, 
 and Ambriz. They speak a dialect of Kongo closely re- 
 lated to Mbamba, and in a lesser degree to Kiinbundu. 
 
 Hiiningen (hii'ning-en), F. Kuningue (u- 
 
 nan'g). A town and former fortress of Upper 
 Alsace, on the Rhine 3 miles north of Basel. 
 
 Huns (hunz). [LL. Hu/nni, LGr. Ovvvot, also LL. 
 Chunni, Chuni, LGr. Xovvvoi, Xovvoi ; doubtfully 
 identified with the Chinese Hiongnu or Heung- 
 noo, a people who, according to Chinese annals, 
 constituted about the end of the 3d century 
 B. C. a powerful empire in central Asia.] A 
 Mongolian race which, having crossed the Volga 
 about 350 and totally defeated the Alani, united 
 with them and then attacked the Goths, thus 
 compelling the irruption of the Goths into the 
 Roman Empire about 375. The Huns, with various 
 subject tribes, invaded Gaul under the leadership of Attila, 
 and were defeated near Chalons-sur-Marne in 451. (Com- 
 pare Attila.) The fate of the Huns is uncertain. They 
 were probably merged in the later invaders. 
 
 But for one somewhat disputed source of information, 
 all is dark concerning them. That source is the history 
 of China. If the Huns be the Hiong-nu, whose ravages 
 are recorded in that history, then we have a minute ac- 
 count of their doings for centuries before the Christian era, 
 and we know, in fact, far more about them thanabout the 
 inhabitants of Gaul or Britain before the time of Julius 
 Cffisar : if they are not, our ignorance is complete. A 
 learned and laborious Frenchman, M. Deguignes, in the 
 
 Huntingdon 
 
 middle of last century, conceived the idea that the Huns 
 might be thus identified, and with infinite pains has writ- 
 ten out their history from Chinese sources, and has exhib- 
 ited it in its connection with that of the various Tartar 
 conquerors, who, since their day, have poured down upon 
 the civilised kingdoms of Europe and Asia and wasted 
 them. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, n. 5. 
 
 Huns, White, or Ephthalites. An ancient peo- 
 ple in central Asia, near the Oxus. They were so 
 called by the Greeks on account of their civUization. It 
 is supposed that they became established in the region 
 after the great emigration of the Huns. They were finally 
 blended with the Turks. 
 
 Hunt (bunt), James Henry Leigh. [The sur- 
 name Hunt, is from ME. hunte, AS. hunta, a 
 hunter.] Born at Southgate, near London, Oct. 
 19, 1784 : died at Putney, near London, Aug. 28, 
 1859. An English essayist, poet, and miscel- 
 laneous author. Ilis chief works are essays, the poem 
 “Story of Rimini ” (1816),“ Recollections of Lord Byron " 
 (1828), “Autobiography ” (1850). 
 
 Hunt, Richard Morris. Born at Brattleboro, 
 Vt., Oct. 21, 1828: died July 31, 1895. An 
 American architect, brother of W. M. Hunt. 
 He designed the Lenox Library, the Tribune building 
 (New V f irk ), and residences in Newport, Boston, etc. 
 
 Hunt, Thomas Sterry. Born atNorwich, Conn., 
 Sept. 5, 1826 : died at New York city, Feb. 12, 
 1892. An American chemist, mineralogist, and 
 geologist. He was chemist and mineralogist to the 
 Geological Survey of Canada 1847-72, and was professor of 
 geology in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 
 1872-78. He wrote “ Chemical and Geological Essays ” 
 (1874), “The Domain of Physiology” (2d ed. 1882), “A 
 New Basis for Chemistry" (1887), etc. 
 
 Hunt, William Henry. Bom at London, March 
 28, 1790 : died Feb. 10, 1864. An English painter 
 in water-colors. 
 
 Hunt, William Holman. Born at London, 
 1827 : died there, Sept. 7, 1910. An English 
 painter, a leader of the Preraphaelite school. 
 He first exhibited in 1846. Among his works are “ Awak- 
 ened Conscience” and “Lightof the World" (1854), “ Find- 
 ing of the Saviour in the Temple ” (1860), “ Isabella and 
 the Pot of Basil ” (1868), “ The Shadow of Death " (1873), 
 “Portrait of Dante Gabriel Rossetti ” (1884). 
 
 Hunt, William Morris. Born at Brattleboro, 
 Vt., March 31, 1824: died at Isles of Shoals, 
 N. II. , Sept. 8, 1879. A noted American portrait, 
 landscape, and figure painter, a pupil of Cou- 
 ture and Millet. Among his works are sketches of 
 street life in Paris, mural paintings in the Capitol at Al- 
 bany, New Yo^k, etc. 
 
 Hunter (hun'ter), David. Born at Washing- 
 ton, D. C., July 21, 1802 : died at Washington, 
 Feb. 2, 1886. An American general in the Civil 
 War. He commanded the main column of AIcDoweU’s 
 army iu the Manassas campaign, and participated in the 
 battle of BuU Run July 21, 1861. He was appointed to 
 the command of the Department of the South in March, 
 1862, and May 9, foUowing, issued an order liberating 
 the slaves in his department (G eorgia, Florida, and South 
 Carolina), which order was annulled by the President ten 
 days later. 
 
 Hunter, John. Born at Long Calderwood, Lan- 
 arkshire, Scotland, Feb. 13, 1728 : died at Lon- 
 don, Oct. 16, 1793. A noted British surgeon, 
 anatomist, and physiologist, brother of William 
 Hunter. He collected at London a museum of anatom- 
 ical, physiological, and pathological specimens. He wrote 
 “ Natural History of the Human Teeth " (1771-78), “Trea- 
 tise on the Blood, Inflammation, and Gunshot Wounds" 
 (1794), etc. 
 
 Hunter, Mrs. Leo. The author of an ode to 
 “an expiring frog”: a character devoted to 
 celebrities, in Dickens’s “Pickwick Papers.” 
 Hunter, Robert Mercer Taliaferro. Bom 
 April 21, 1809: died July 18, 1887. An Ameri- 
 can statesman. He was a member of Congress (Demo- 
 cratic) from Virginia 1837-43 and 1845-47 (speaker 1839- 
 1841); United States senator 1847-61 ; Confederate secre- 
 tary of state in 1861; Confederate senator; and peace com- 
 missioner in 1865. He became treasurer of Virginia in 
 1874, and retired from public life in 1880. He took a lead- 
 ing part in the framing of the tariff act of 1857. 
 
 Hunter, William. Born at Long Calderwood, 
 Lanarkshire, Scotland, May 23, 1718 : died at 
 London, March 30, 1783. A British physician, 
 anatomist, and physiologist. He was noted as alec- 
 tureron anatomy, ami as the collector of a museum (now 
 in the University of Glasgow). He wrote “Anatomy of 
 the Gravid Uterus ” (1774), etc. 
 
 Hunter, Sir William Wilson. Born July 15, 
 1840 : died near Oxford, Feb. 6, 1900. An Eng- 
 lish statistician and author. He received an ap- 
 pointment in the Indian civil service in 1862, and became 
 director-general of statistics in India in 1871. He pub- 
 lished “ A Comparative Dictionary of the Non- Aryan Lan- 
 guages of India" (1868), “The Imperial Gazetteer of 
 India” (1881), “A Brief History of the Indian People" 
 (1882), “The Indian Empire ” (1895), “A History of Brit- 
 ish India ” (firBt two vols. 1899-1900). 
 
 Huntingdon (hun 'ting-don). [ME. Huntyngdon, 
 H untendon, Huntendun, AS. Huntandim, hun- 
 ter’s hill.] 1. A county in south midland Eng- 
 land, also called Hunts. It is bounded by Cambridge 
 on the east, Bedford on thesouthand southwest, and North- 
 ampton on the west and north. The northern portion be- 
 
Huntingdon 
 
 longs to the Fen district. Agriculture is the leading In- 
 dustry. Area (ad. co.), 365 square miles. Population 
 (pari, co.), 57,771. Also Huntingdonshire. 
 
 2. The capital of the county of Huntingdon, 
 on the Ouse 57 miles north of London, it was 
 
 the birthplace of Oliver Cromwell and the residence of 
 Cowper. Population, 4,261. 
 
 Huntingdon, Countess of. See Shirley, Selina. 
 Huntingdonians (hun-ting-do'ni-anz). A de- 
 nomination of Cal vinistic Methodists in Eng- 
 land and Wales, adherents of George Whitefield 
 and Selina, countess of Huntingdon, after their 
 separation from the Wesleys. 
 
 Huntington (hun'ting-ton), Daniel. Bom at 
 New York, Oct. 14, 1816: died there, April 18, 
 1906. An American painter, especially noted 
 for portraits. He was a pupil of Morse and of Inman, 
 and was elected national academician in 1S40. He was for 
 many years president of the National Academy. Among 
 his paintings is “ The Republican Court in the Time of 
 Washington." 
 
 Huntington, Frederick Dan. Born at Hadley, 
 Mass., May 28, 1819: died there, July 11, 1904. 
 An American bishop of the Protestant Episco- 
 pal Church. He was pastor of the South Congregational 
 Church at Eoston 1842-55, and was Plummer professor of 
 Christian morals in Harvard University 1855-60, when he 
 withdrewfrom the Unitarian denomination and took orders 
 in the Protestant Episcopal Church. He established, w th 
 Dr. George M. Randall, the “Church Monthly ” in 1861, 
 and in 1869 became bishop of Central New York. 
 Huntington, Samuel. Born at Windham, Conn., 
 about 1732: died, at Norwich, Conn., Jan. 5, 1796. 
 An American politician, a signer of the Decla- 
 ration of Independence as member of Congress 
 in 1776. He was governor of Connecticut 1786- 
 1796. 
 
 Hunts (hunts). An abbreviation of Huntingdon 
 or Huntingdonshire. 
 
 Huntsville (hunts' vil). A manufacturing town 
 and the capital of Madison County, Alabama. 
 Population, 7,611, (1910). 
 
 Hunyady (hon'yod-i), Johannes Corvinus. 
 Born at Hunyad, Transylvania, 1387 : died at 
 Semi in, Croatia-Slavonia, Aug. 11, 1456. A 
 Hungarian general. He became voivode of Transyl- 
 vania in 1442, and regent of Hungary on the death of Ladis- 
 laus I. of Poland at the battle of Varna in 1444. His most 
 celebrated exploit was the successful defense of Belgrad 
 against the Turks under Mohammed II. in 1456. 
 
 Hnnyady was the name the Christians conjured with. 
 When King Sigismund of Hungary was flying from one of 
 his unsuccessful engagements with the Ottoman armies, 
 he met and loved the beautiful Elizabeth Morsiney, at the 
 village of Hnnyadd, and John Hunyady was believed to be 
 the fruit of this consolatory affection. “Whatsoever Iris 
 parents were,” says Knolles, ‘‘lie himself was a politic, 
 valiant, fortunate, and famous captain, his victories so 
 great as the like was never before by any Christian prince 
 obtained against the Turks; so that his name became unto 
 them so dreadful that they used the same to fear their cry- 
 ing children withal.” Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 87. 
 
 Hunza (hon'za). A small hill kingdom, nom- 
 inally tributary to Kashmir, situated opposite 
 Nagar along the Hunza River, it joined with 
 Nagar in an insurrection crushed by British troops in 1831. 
 It commands an important route from the Pamirs and 
 Asiatic Russia. 
 
 Hunza River, or Kanjat. A small river, north 
 of Kashmir, which unites with the Gilgit. 
 Hucnde Bordeaux (ii-6h' debor-do'). AFrench 
 chanson de geste. It supplied Shakspere with 
 some of the dramatis person® of ‘ ‘A Midsummer 
 Night’s Dream.” 
 
 Huon de Board eaux, though written in verse as far- back 
 as the thirteenth century, is not in its present form sup- 
 posed to be long anterior to the invention of printing, as 
 there are no manuscripts of it extant. It is said, indeed, 
 at the end of the work, that it was written by the desire 
 of Charles Seigneur de Rochefort, and completed on the 
 29th of January, 1454; but it is suspected that the conclu- 
 sion is of a date somewhat more recent than the first part 
 of the romance. The oldest edition is one in folio, with- 
 out date, and the second is in quarto, 1516. There are also 
 different impressions, in the original language, of a more 
 recent period. Huon of Bordeaux, indeed, seems to have 
 been a favourite romance not only among the French, but 
 also with other nations. The English translation, executed 
 by Lord Berners in the reign of Henry VIII., has gone 
 through three editions, and it has lately formed the sub- 
 ject of the finest poem in the German language. . . . The 
 incidents in the Oberon of Wieland are nearly the same 
 with those in the old French romance, and are universally 
 known through the . . . translation of Mr. Sotheby. 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 294. 
 Huon Gulf. A gulf in the east of New Guinea. 
 Hupa (ho'pa), or Hoopah. A tribe of the Pa- 
 cific division of the Athapascan stock of North 
 American Indians, formerly in villages along 
 the lower Trinity River, California, now on the 
 Hoopa valley Indian reservation, California. 
 See Athapascan. 
 
 Eu-peh (ho-pa' ), Hu-piil (ho-pe'), etc. A prov- 
 ince in central China. Area, 71,410 square 
 miles. Population. 35,280,685. 
 
 Hupfeld (hop'feld), Hermann. Born at Mar- 
 burg, Prussia, March 31, 1796: died at Halle, 
 
 520 
 
 Prussia, April, 1866. A German theologian and 
 Orientalist, noted as a biblical critic. He was pro- 
 fessor at Marburg 1825-43, and at Halle 1843-66. Among 
 his works are “tfbersetzung und Auslegung der Psalmen ” 
 (1855-61), “Die Quellen der Genesis aufs neue untersucht” 
 (1853), etc. 
 
 Huram. See Hiram. 
 
 Hurdwar. See Hardwar. 
 
 Hurepoix (iir-pwa/). A former small territory 
 in northern France, in the department of Seine- 
 et-Oise. Its chief town was Dourdan. 
 
 Hurlbut (herl' but), Stephen Augustus. Born 
 at Charleston. S. C., Nov. 29, 1815 : died at Lima, 
 Peru, March 27, 1882. An American general 
 and politician. He became a brigadier-general of vol- 
 unteers in the Union army at the beginning of the Civil 
 War, and served with distinction at the battle of Shiloh in 
 1862 ; was promoted major-general of volunteers in the 
 same year; and commanded a corps under Sherman in the 
 expedition to Meridian in Feh., 1864. He was United 
 States minister to tile United States of Colombia 1869-73, 
 Republican member of Congress from Illinois 1873-77, and 
 United States minister to Peru from 1881 until his death. 
 Hurlothrumbo (her-lo-thrum'bo) . A burlesque 
 opera written and brought out by Samuel J ohn- 
 son (1691—1773) in 1729. He played the part of Lord 
 Flame. The piece was successful, through the imperturb- 
 able conceit of Johnson, and a Hurlothrumbo Society was 
 formed, the word becoming proverbial for absurdity and 
 nonsense. 
 
 Huron. See Wyandot. 
 
 Huron (liu'ron), Lake. One of the 5 great lakes 
 in the St. Lawrence basin. It lies between Michi- 
 gan on the west and the province of Ontario on the north- 
 east and south. Its chief arms are Georgian Bay, Saginaw 
 Bay, and Thunder Bay ; the chief island, Grand Manitou- 
 lin. It is connected with Lake Superior by St. Mary's 
 River, and with Lake Michigan by the Strait of Mackinaw. 
 Its outlet is St. Clair River. It is named from the Huron 
 tribe of Indians. Length, 270 miles. Breadth, excluding 
 Georgian Bay, 105 miles. Depth, from 300 to 800 feet. 
 Height above Bea-level, 581 feet. Area, estimated, 23,800 
 square miles. 
 
 Hurrur. See Harar. 
 
 Hurst (herst), John Fletcher. Bom near Sa- 
 lem, Md., Aug. 17, 1834: died at Washington, 
 D. C., May 4, 1903. An American bishop of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, and a writer on 
 church history. He became professor of historical 
 theology in Drew Theological Seminary (Madison, New 
 Jersey) in 1871, of which institution he was president 
 1373-80, when he was elected bishop. He published a 
 “ History of Rationalism ” (1865), an “ Outline of Church 
 History ' (1876), “Short History of the Reformation” 
 (1884), “Short History of the Medieval Church" (1887), 
 “The Success of the Gospel, etc.” (1888), etc. 
 
 Hurtado de Men£loza(6r-ta'do da man-do'tha), 
 Andres. Born at Cuenca about 1490: died at 
 Lima, Peru, March 30, 1561. A Spanish noble- 
 man, marquis of Cahete, who was governor of 
 Cuenca, and from June 29, 1556, viceroy of Peru. 
 He took vigorous measures against those who had been in 
 rebellion, and for tire first time placed the government of 
 the country on a secure footing. Sayri Tupac, the last of 
 the Inca chiefs, was induced to leave his mountain fast- 
 nesses and resign his sovereignty. 
 
 Hurtado de Mendoza, Garcia, Marquis of Ca- 
 nute from 1561. Bom July 25, 1535: died Oct. 
 15, 1609. A Spanish administrator, son of 
 Andr6s whom he accompanied to Peru in 1556. 
 His father made him governor of Chile 1567-60, where he 
 carried on a successful war with the Araucanians. Return- 
 ing to Spain, he served in the war with Portugal. He was 
 viceroy of Peru from Jan. 6, 1590, to July 24, 1596. The 
 Marquesas Islands, discovered in 1525 by an expedition 
 which he sent out, were named in his honor. 
 
 Hurtado de Mendoza yLuna (e 16'nii), Juan 
 Manuel, -Marquis of Montes-Claros. Born at 
 Seville about 1560 : died at Madrid, Oct. 9, 1628. 
 A Spanish administrator, viceroy of Mexico 
 1603 to 1606, and of Peru Dec. 21, 1607, to Dec. 
 18, 1615. He was an able and successful ruler. 
 Often called Juan de Mendoza y Luna. 
 
 Hurter (hor'ter), Friedrich Emanuel von. 
 Born at Schaffhausen, Switzerland. March 19, 
 1787 : died at Gratz, Styria, Aug. 27, 1865. A 
 Swiss historian. He was Protestant pastor at Schafr- 
 hausen 1825-41. In 1844 he went over to the Roman Cath- 
 olic Church, becoming an exponent of ultramontanism. 
 From 184G (except 1848-52) he was imperial historiographer 
 at Vienna. He wrote “Geschichte Papst Innocenz III. 
 und seiner Zeitgenossen ” G 834-42), ‘‘Geschichte Ferdi- 
 nands II. und seiner Elterir (1850-64), etc. 
 
 Hus, John. See Huss. 
 
 Husar de Ayacucho. See Herran, Pedro Al- 
 cantara. 
 
 Husbands (huz'bandz), Herman. Born in Penn- 
 sylvania: died near Philadelphia, 1795. An 
 American revolutionist. He was a leader of the North 
 Carolina “ Regulators ” 1768-71, and of the “ whisky insur- 
 rection ” in western Pennsylvania in 1794. 
 
 Husch (bosh), or Husi (ho'se), or Hush (liosh). 
 Atown in Moldavia, Rumania, situated near the 
 Pruth 38 miles southeast of Jassy. The peace of 
 the Pruth (which see) was signed here in 1711. Popula- 
 tion, 15,625. 
 
 Hushang (hij-slieng'). According to Firdausi, 
 the second Iranian king. He first separated iron from 
 
 Hutchinsoniaus 
 
 ore, and practised irrigat ion and the breeding of animals. 
 Hurling at a seipent demon a stone which struck a spark 
 from another, he was led to ordain the worship of fire. 
 
 Hushiarpur (hosh-e-ar-por'), or Hoshiarpur 
 (hosh-e-ar-por'). 1. A district in the Jalan- 
 dhar division, Panjab, British India, intersected 
 by lat. 31° 30' N., long. 76° E. Area, 2,244 
 square miles. Population, 989,782.-2. The 
 capital of the district of Hushiarpur, situated 
 about lat. 31° 32' N., long. 75° 52' E. 
 Huskisson (hus'ki-son), William. Bom at 
 Birch Moreton, Worcestershire, England, March 
 11, 1770: accidentally killedatEccles, near Man- 
 chester, Sept. 15, 1830. An English statesman 
 and financier. He was secretary of the treasury 1804-06 
 and 1807-09 ; president of the board of trade 1823-27 ; and 
 colonial secretary 1827-29. 
 
 Huss (bus; G. pron. bos), or Hus, John. Born 
 at Husinetz, near Praehatitz, southern Bohe- 
 mia, July 6, 1369 : burned at Constance, Baden, 
 July 6, 1415. A celebrated Bohemian religious 
 reformer. He was the son of well-to-do Czech peasants, 
 and studied divinity and the liberal arts at the University 
 of Prague, where he began to lecture on the writings of 
 Wyclif in 1398. He was appointed dean of the philosophi- 
 cal faculty in 1401, and was rector of the university 1402- 
 1403. In 1402 he became pastor of the Bethlehem Chapel 
 at Prague, where as a popular preacher in the Czech lan- 
 guagehe spread thedoctrinesof Wyclif amongthe populace, 
 and sought to bring about a reformation of ecclesiastical 
 abuses without separating himself from the Roman Cath- 
 olic Church. He was reelected to the rectorship of the 
 university in 1409. In 1412 he denounced the bull of John 
 XXIII. decreeing a crusade against Ladislaus, king of 
 Naples and Hungary, and with his coadjutor, Jerome of 
 Prague, condemned the sale of indulgences, with the re- 
 sult that he was excommunicated in 1413. He was in 1414 
 cited before the Council of Constance, where he was ar- 
 rested in spite of a safe-conduct from the emperor Sigis- 
 mund, and burned at the stake as a heretic. A complete 
 edition' of his works was published in 1558. 
 
 Hussars of Junin. [Sp. Husaresde Junin.'] A 
 title conferred by Bolivar on the Peruvian cav- 
 alry which took part in the battle of Junin. 
 They were commanded by Miller. 
 
 Hussein. See Hasan. 
 
 Hussites (hus'its). The followers of John Huss. 
 See Huss. The Hussites organized themselves imme- 
 diately after Huss’s death into a politico-religious party, 
 and waged fierce civil war from 1419 to 1434. A compromise 
 was effected 1433-36. They were divided in doctrine into 
 radical and conservative sections called Taborites and 
 Calixtines. The former finally became merged with the 
 Bohemian Brethren, and the latter partly with the Lu- 
 therans and partly with the Roman Catholics. 
 
 Husum (ho'som). A seaport in the province of 
 Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, situated near the 
 Heverstrom 21 miles west of Schleswig. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 9,041. 
 
 Huszt (host). A town in the county of Mdr- 
 maros, Hungary, situated in lat. 48° 10' N., 
 long. 23° 17' E. Population, commune, 8,716. 
 Hutcheson (huch'e-spn), Francis. Born in 
 County Down, Ireland, Aug. 8, 1694: died at 
 Glasgow, 1746. A Scottish philosopher, pro- 
 fessor of moral philosophy at Glasgow 1729-46. 
 He wrote an “ Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of 
 Beauty and Virtue ” (1725), “Nature and Conduct of the 
 Passions and Affections” (1728), “System of Moral Philos- 
 ophy ” (1755), etc. 
 
 Hutchinson (huch'in-son). The capital of Reno 
 County, southern Kansas, on the Arkansas 
 River. Population, 16,364, (1910). 
 Hutchinson, Mrs. (Anne Marbury). Born in 
 Lincolnshire, England, about 1590: killed by 
 Indians near Hell Gate, N. Y., 1643. A reli- 
 gious enthusiast, the leader of an antinomian 
 faction. She emigrated to Massachusetts in 
 1634, and was banished from there in 1637. 
 Hutchinson, John. Born in Nottingham, Eng- 
 land, 1615: died at Sandown Castle, Kent, 
 England, Sept. 11, 1664. An English revolu- 
 tionist and regicide. An account of his life 
 (written by his wife) was published 1806. 
 Hutchinson, Thomas. Born at Boston, Sept. 
 9, 1711: died at Brompton, near London, June, 
 1780. An American magistrate and historian. 
 He became acting governor of Massachusetts 1769, gov- 
 ernor 1771, and resigned in 1774. Author of “ Distory of 
 the Colony of Massachusetts Bay " (1764-67), “Collection 
 of Original Papers relative to the History of Massachu- 
 setts Bay ” (1769). 
 
 Hutchinsonians (hucli-in-so'ni-anz). 1. Those 
 who held the views of John Hutchinson (1674- 
 1737), a secular English writer on theology and 
 natural philosophy. He and his followers interpret- 
 ed the Bible mystically, regarded it as an infallible source 
 of science and philosophy, opposed the Newtonian sys- 
 tem, and laid great stresson the importance of the Hebrew 
 language. The Hutchinsonian school existed till the 19th 
 century. 
 
 2. In American history, the followers of Mrs. 
 Anne Hutchinson (died 1643), an antinomian 
 teacher, in the early days of the colony of Mas- 
 sachusetts Bay. 
 
Hutten 
 
 Hutten (hot'ten), Ulrich von. Born at Castle 
 Steckelberg, near Fulda, Prussia, April 21, 1488 : 
 died on the island of Ufenau, Lake Zurich, Aug. 
 23, 1523. A German humanist. Intended for the 
 church, he was in 1498 placed in the monastery of Fulda, 
 whence he fled in 1505. lie subsequently studied the 
 humanities at various German and Italian universities, 
 including those of Frankfort-on-the-Oder and Pavia. He 
 served in the imperial army in 1513: was crowned poet by 
 the emperor Maximilian I. at Augsburg in 1517; entered 
 the service of the Archbishop of Mentz in 1518 ; joined the 
 Swabian League against Ulrich, duke of Wiirtemberg, in 
 1519 ; and in 1522 fought unsuccessfully with Franz von 
 Sickingen at the head of the nobility of the Upper Rhine 
 against the spiritual principalities. He was a friend and 
 supporter of Luther; was one of the authors of the “Epis- 
 tolse Obscurorum Virorum ’’(which see); and was one of 
 the principal satirical writers of his time. Works edited 
 by E. Booking (1859-62) ; life by Strauss (1857). 
 
 Hutton (hut'ii), Charles. Born at Newcastle- 
 on-Tyne, England, Aug. 14, 1737: died Jan. 27, 
 1823. An English mathematician, professor of 
 mathematics at the Royal Academy, Woolwich, 
 1773-1807. Among his works are “ Mathematical and 
 Philosophical Dictionary" (1795),“ Courseof Mathematics” 
 (1798). 
 
 Hutton, Janies. Born at Edinburgh, June 3, 
 1726: died March 26, 1797. A Scottish geologist 
 and natural philosopher. He wrote “Theory 
 of the Earth, etc.” (1795), etc. 
 
 Hutton, Richard Holt. Born at Leeds, June 
 2, 1826 : died at Twickenham, Sept. 9, 1897. An 
 English journalist and essayist, editor of the 
 “ Spectator ” 1861-97. 
 
 Huxley ( huks'li ) , Thomas Henry. Born at Eal- 
 ing, near London, May 4, 1825 : died at East- 
 bourne, June 29, 1895. A celebrated English 
 biologist. He was educated at Ealing School and at Char- 
 ing Cross Hospital, London ; served as assistant surgeon 
 on board H. M. S. Rattlesnake 1846-60 ; became professor 
 of natural history at the Royal School of Mines, and Ful- 
 lerian professor of physiology at the Royal Institution, in 
 1855 : was installed lord rector of Aberdeen University for 
 a term of three years in 1874 ; was Rede lecturer at Cam- 
 bridge in 1883 ; and was president of the Royal Society 1881- 
 1885. Among his works are “Oceanic Hydrozoa ” (1S59), 
 “Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature ”(1863), “ Lectures 
 on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy ” (1864), “ Les- 
 sons in Elementary Physiology ”(1866), “An Introduction 
 to the Classification of Animals” (1869), “Lay Sermons” 
 (1870), “A Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals” 
 (1871), “Critiques and Addresses ”(1873), “Physiography” 
 (1877), “A Manual of the Anatomy of Invertebrated Ani- 
 mals” (1877), “ The Crayfish ” (1880), “Science and Culture ” 
 (1881), “A Course of Practical Instruction in Elementary 
 Biology ” (with H. M. Martin, 1875), “Essays upon some 
 Controverted Questions ’’ (1892), “Evolution and Ethics” 
 (1893). 
 
 Huy (ii-e ), Flem. Hoey. Atownin the province 
 of Liege, Belgium. Population, 14,289. 
 Huygens, less correctly Huyghens (hi'genz ; D. 
 pron. hoi' Gens), Christian. Bom at The Hague, 
 April 14, 1629 : died there, June 8, 1695. A 
 celebrated Dutch physicist, astronomer, and 
 mathematician, son of Constantijn Huygens. 
 He discovered a satellite of Saturn in 1655, and the ring 
 of Saturn in 1659 ; invented the pendulum clock in 1656 ; 
 improved the telescope ; and developed the wave-theory 
 of light. He wrote “Horologium Oscillatorium ” (1673). 
 
 Huygens, or Huyghens, Constantijn : L. Hu- 
 genius. Born at The Hague, Sept. 4, 1596 : died 
 at his estate, Hofwijk, March 28, 1687. A Dutch 
 poet, father of Christian Huygens. He was the 
 son of a state secretary. He studied at Leyden, and sub- 
 sequently was sent upon various embassies, first to Eng- 
 land, then to Venice, and afterward twice again to Eng- 
 land, where he was knighted in 1622. In 1625 he suc- 
 ceeded to his father’s position. His collected poems ap- 
 peared for the flrst time in 1625, under the title “ Otja, of 
 Ledighe Uren ” (“ Otia, or Idle Hours ”), later amplified as 
 “ Korenbloemen ” (“Cornflowers,” 1658-72) in 27 books. 
 His later poems, “Cluyswerk" (“Cell- Work”), were pub- 
 lished in 1841. 
 
 Huysuru (hoi'sum), Jan van. Born at Amster- 
 dam, April 15, 1682 : died there, 1749. A noted 
 Dutch painter of flowers and fruit: in this de- 
 partment the ablest painter of the 18th century. 
 
 Hwang-ho(hwang'ho),orHuang-ho,orHoang- 
 
 ho, or the Yellow River. The northernmost of 
 the t wo chief rivers of China. It rises among the 
 mountains of eastern Tibet, enters Kan-su, traverses Mon- 
 golia, reenters China, flowing south, east, and northeast, and 
 enters the Gulf of Pe-chi-li. It is called “China’s Sorrow” 
 from its frequent disastrous floods. Length, 2,700 miles. 
 
 Hwen Tsang. See Hiouen-Tsang . 
 
 Hyacinthe (ya-sant'), Pere. See Loyson, 
 Charles. 
 
 HyacintilUS (hl-a-sm'thus), [Gr. f T anivdoc.'] In 
 Greek mythology, a beautiful youth, son of 
 Amyclas, king of Amyclse in Laconia, and Dio- 
 mede. He typified the early vegetation of spring. He 
 was killed through jealousy by Apollo (the sun) while the 
 two were playing at quoits on the hanks of the Eurotas. 
 From his blood the god caused the hyacinth to spring, and 
 upon the petals of the plant was thought to be marked 
 the exclamation AI (‘woe!’). His festival, the Hyacin- 
 thia, was observed at Amyelce during three days in .July. 
 Hyades (hi'a-dez). [Gr. 'Yadef.] A group of 
 nymphs, daughters of Atlas and J3thra, and sis- 
 ters of the Pleiades. They nursed the infant Zeus (or 
 VI. 18 
 
 521 
 
 Dionysus), and as a reward were transferred to the heav. 
 ens as a part of the constellation Taurus. Their rising 
 with the sun was associated with the beginning of the 
 rainy season. The Romans, through a mistaken etymol- 
 ogy, called the constellation “ the little pigs ” (Succulte). 
 
 Hybla Heraea (hi'bla he-re'a). [Gr. 'Hpa/a.] 
 In ancient geography, a city of southern Sicily, 
 about 33 miles west of Syracuse. 
 
 Hybla Major (hi'bla ma/jor) or Magna (mag'- 
 nii). [Gr. "Yf32.a ?) peiZuv or iisydh/.'] In ancient 
 geography, a city in Sicily, on the southern slope 
 of Etna, 11 miles northwest of Catania. 
 
 Hybla Minor (hi'bla mi'nor), or Megara Hy- 
 blsea (meg'a-ra hi-bie'a). [Gr. "Y/iXa ?) yinpa or 
 ra M eyapa t a 'TfiXaia.^ In ancient geography, 
 a city of Sicily, situated on the east coast about 
 12 miles north of Syracuse. It is celebrated for the 
 honey produced in the vicinity. Often confounded with 
 Hybla Major. 
 
 Hydaspes (hi-das'pez). [Gr. 'Yddcrjryc.] The 
 ancient name of the river Jhelum. 
 
 Hyde(hid). A manufacturing town in Cheshire, 
 England, situated on the Tame 6 miles east by 
 south of Manchester : a market-town and muni- 
 cipal borough. Population, 32,766. 
 
 Hyde, Edward, first Earl of Clarendon. Born 
 at Dinton, Wiltshire, Peb. 18, 1608 (O. S.) : died 
 at Rouen, France, Dec. 9, 1674. An English 
 statesman and historian. He entered Parliament 
 in 1640 ; became chancellor of the exchequer in 1643 ; was 
 the chief adviser of Charles I. during the civil war, and of 
 Prince Charles during his exile ; and was lord chancellor 
 of England 1660-67, when he was impeached and banished 
 by Parliament. His chief works are a “True Historical 
 Narrative of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England” 
 (generally termed “History of the Rebellion,” 1702-04) 
 and “The Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon, . . . Writ- 
 ten by Himself ” (1759). 
 
 Hyde, Edward, Viscount Cornbury (later third 
 Earl of Clarendon). Died at London, April 1, 
 1723. An English politician. He was governor 
 of New York 1702-08. 
 
 Hyde Park (hid park). A park in Westminster, 
 London, situated 2£ miles south by west of St. 
 Paul’s. It is one of the largest of the London parks, ex- 
 tending from Westminster to Kensington, and covering an 
 area of about 390 acres. It originally belonged to the manor 
 of Hyde, the property of the monks of St. Peter, Westmin- 
 ster, which fell into the hands of Henry VIII. at the dis- 
 solution of the monasteries. During the Commonwealth, 
 and for 10 years after the Restoration, a large park was 
 leased to private holders. In 1670 it was inclosed with a 
 wall and restocked with deer. It is now the principal rec- 
 reation-ground of London, and is frequented by rich and 
 poor. It has 9 carriage-entrances and many gates for pe- 
 destrians. See Serpentine, St. James's Park, Rotten Row, 
 and Ladies' Mile. 
 
 Hyde Park. A former township in Cook County, 
 Illinois, now annexed to Chicago. 
 
 Hyde Park. A township in Norfolk County," 
 Massachusetts, situated on the Neponset River 
 8 miles south-southwest of Boston. Popula- 
 tion, 15,507, (1910). 
 
 Hyderabad (hi // der-a-bad'), or Haidarabad 
 ( hi^da-ra-bad' ) , or The Nizam’s Dominions. 
 The principal Mohammedan state and most im- 
 portant native state in India, situated in the 
 Deccan between the British provinces of Bom- 
 bay and Madras. Capital, Hyderabad. The sur- 
 face is a low plateau. The ruling people are Mohammedans. 
 The prevailing languages are Telugu, Marathi, and Kana- 
 rese. In 1687 it was made a Mogul province. About 1713 
 the viceroy (Nizam-ul-Mulk) became independent. In 
 1748 there was a disputed succession, one of the rivals be- 
 ing supported by DupleLx and one by the East India Com- 
 pany. Atreatyof alliance with England was made in 1760. 
 In the mutiny of 1857 Hyderabad sided with England. 
 Area, 82,098 square miles. Population, 11,141,142. 
 
 Hyderabad, or Haidarabad. The capital of 
 the state of Hyderabad, situated on the river 
 Musi. It is an important commercial center. The can- 
 tonment of Secunderabad and the old city Goiconda are 
 in the neighborhood. Population, with suburbs, 448,466. 
 
 Hyderabad, or Haidarabad. A city in Sind, 
 British India, near the Indus. It is a manu- 
 facturing center. It was founded in 1768. Pop- 
 ulation, 69,378. 
 
 Hyder Ali (hi'der a'le), or Haidar Ali (M'- 
 dar a'le). Died at Chittore, British India, Dec., 
 1782. A maharaja of Mysore. He was of obscure 
 birth; entered the Mysore army in 1749; became virtual 
 ruler of Mysore in 1759 ; and usurped the title of maha- 
 raja inl766. The English having formed aleague with the 
 Mahrattas against him, in 1767 a war ensued which re- 
 sulted in the defeat of the English, who were compelled 
 to sue for peace in 1769. In alliance with the French and 
 Mahrattas, he invaded the Carnatic in 1780, but was de- 
 feated by Sir Eyre Coote at Porto Novo, PollUoor, and Sho- 
 lingur in 1781. 
 
 Hydra (hi'dra). [Gr. v6pa, water-snake.] l.In 
 Greek mythology, a monstrous dragon of Lake 
 Lerna in Argolis, represented as having 9 heads, 
 each of which, being cut off, was immediately 
 succeeded by 2 new ones unless the wound was 
 cauterized. The destruction of this monster was 
 one of the “twelve labors” of Hercules. — 2. An 
 
 Hypatia 
 
 ancient southern constellation, representing a 
 sea-serpent. It is of Babylonian origin, like most of 
 the ancient constellations. It is bounded by the ancient 
 constellations Canis Minor, Argo, Centaurus, Virgo, Cor- 
 vus, Crater, Leo, and Cancer, and by the modern constel- 
 lations Sextans and Monoceros (which separates it from 
 Canis Major). It contains 1 star of the second magnitude, 
 and about 400 stars visible to the naked eye. 
 
 Hydra. [Gr. "Y dpa.] An island in the Greek 
 Archipelago, 4 miles from the Peloponnesus. 
 It contains the seaport of Hydra. It was noted for its 
 trad e bef ore the war of independence, and took a leading 
 part in that war. Length, 11 miles. Population, about 
 7,000. 
 
 Hydriotaphia, or Urn-Burial. A work by Sir 
 Thomas Browne, published in 1658. “it is a des- 
 cant on the vanity of human life, based on the discovery 
 of certain cinerary urns in Norfolk.” 
 
 Hy&res (e-ar'). A town in the department of 
 Var, France, near the Mediterranean, on the 
 Riviera, 10 miles east of Toulon: the ancient 
 Castrum Arearum. It is a noted winter health-resort. 
 It was destroyed in the religious wars. Massillon was 
 born there. Population, commune, 17,790. 
 
 Hygieia (hi-ji-e'yii), or Hygeia (hi-je'ya). [Gr. 
 f Y yieia, later erroneously f Y ytia, health.] 1. 
 The goddess of health. She was the daughter 
 of iEsculapras. — 2. An asteroid (No. 10) dis- 
 covered by De Gasparis at Naples, April 12, 1849. 
 Hyksos (hik'soz), or Shepherd Kings. The 
 name given to kings of Egypt, of a foreign race, 
 whose rule (about 2000 b. c.) fell between the 
 13th and the 18th dynasty, and lasted, according 
 to Manetho, for 511 years. 
 
 Hyksos is the Egyptian hik-shasu,“ chief of the Beduins,” 
 or “Shepherds,” Shasu being the name given to the Se- 
 mitic nomades of Northwestern Arabia. The Hyksos, how- 
 ever, are called Men or Menti in the inscriptions, Menti 
 being explained in the geographical table of Edfu to be 
 the natives of Syria. In accordance with this, Manetho 
 speaks of Jerusalem as aHyksos town, and their Egyptian 
 capital, Zoan or Tanis, is connected with Hebron in N umb. 
 xiii. 22. It is possible that their leaders were Hittite 
 princes, though Lepsius believes them to have come from 
 Punt or Southern Arabia ; at any rate, their features, as 
 revealed by the few memorials of them that exist, more 
 especially the lion of SJn, belong to a very peculiar and 
 non-Semitic type. Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 31. 
 
 The exact nationality of the Hyksos is still a matter of 
 dispute. All we know with certainty is that they came 
 from Asia, and they brought with them in their train vast 
 numbers of Semites who occupied the northern part of 
 Egypt. Comparatively few Hyksos monuments have as 
 yet been discovered. These exhibit a peculiar type of 
 features, very unlike that of the Egyptians. The face is 
 thickly bearded, the hair being curly, with a pigtail hang- 
 ing behind the head. The nose is broad and sub-aquiline, 
 the cheek-bones high, the forehead square and knitted, 
 the lips prominent and expressive of intense determina- 
 tion. The kindly urbanity so characteristic of the Egyp- 
 tian face in statuary is replaced by an expression of stern- 
 ness and vigour. Among the ethnological types presented 
 by the Egyptian sculptures there is only one which can be 
 compared with that of the Hyksos monuments. This is 
 the type peculiar to the inhabitants of Northeastern Syria, 
 in the district called Nahrina by the Egyptians and Aram- 
 Naharaimin the Old Testament. It was a district of winch 
 the centre was Mitanni in the fifteenth and following cen- 
 turies before the Christian era ; and since the cuneiform 
 tablets recently discovered at Tel el-Amarna have disclosed 
 to us the fact that the language of Mitanni was neither Se- 
 mitic nor Indo-European, we may perhaps conclude that 
 the population which spoke it was also non-Semitic. How- 
 ever this may be, if we are to regard the so-called Hyksos 
 sphinxes of Sdn as reproducing the Hyksos type of coun- 
 tenance, it would follow that the hordes which over- 
 whelmed Egypt in the twenty-third century B. c. were led 
 by princes from Northern Syria. 
 
 Sayce, Races of the 0. T., p. 95. 
 
 Hylacomylus. See Waldseemiiller, Martin. 
 
 Hylas (M'las). In classical mythology, a boy 
 who was a favorite of Hercules. He was carried 
 off by the Naiads, who fell in love with him while he was 
 drawing water from a fountain in Mysia. 
 
 Hymen (hi'men), or Hymenseus (hi-me-ne'us). 
 [Gr. 'Tyt/v, 'Tyevalop.'] Originally, a marriage- 
 song among the Greeks. The names were gradu- 
 ally personified, and Hymen was invoked as the god of 
 marriage. He is represented as a taller and more serious 
 youth than Eros, carrying a bridal torch. 
 
 Hymettus (hl-met'us). [Gr. 'Yj/yrrdf.] The an- 
 cient name of a mountain in Attica, Greece, 
 southeast of Athens: the modem Trelo Votmi. 
 It was celebrated for honey, and also noted for 
 its marble. Height, 3,368 feet. 
 
 Hymir (he'mir). [ON.] InOldNorsemythology, 
 a water-demon, the giant of the winter sea. He 
 dwelt far in the east, at the end of the heavens, by the sea. 
 The glaciers resounded when he returned home from the 
 chase, and his beard was covered with ice. He was the 
 original owner of the kettle in which the gods brewed ale. 
 
 Hyogo. See Eiorjo. 
 
 Hypatia (hi-pa'shia). [Gr. Tmm'a.] A Neo- 
 platonic philosopher of Alexandria, at the end 
 of the 4th and the beginning of the 5th century, 
 celebrated for her beauty and her unhappy fate. 
 
 The celebrity of Theon is obscured by that of his daugh- 
 ter Hypatia, whose sex, youth, beauty, and cruel fate have 
 made her the most interesting martyr of philosophy. After 
 receiving instruction in mathematics from her father, who 
 was a professor at the Museum in his native city, she went 
 
Hypatia 
 
 to Athens, where she became such a proficient in the Pla- 
 tonic philosophy that, on her return to Alexandria, she 
 presided in the public schools there, and taught at once 
 the mathematics of Apollonius and Diophantus, and the 
 philosophy of Ammonius and Plotinus. Herinfluenceover 
 the studious and educated classes in Alexandria, especially 
 the intimacy which subsisted between her and the prefect 
 Orestes, excited the hatred and jealousy of the narrow- 
 minded and unprincipled archbishop ; and Cyril found no 
 difficulty in directing the brutal violence of a superstitious 
 mob against one who was described as an enemy of the 
 faith and its ministers. Headed by an ecclesiastic named 
 Peter, a band of fanatics attacked Hypatia, in the spring 
 of A. I). 415, as she was passing through the streets in her 
 chariot, dragged her to one of the churehes, where they 
 pulled her clothes from her back, and then cast her out 
 into the street, pelted her to death with fragments of earth- 
 enware, tore her body to pieces, and committed her mu- 
 tilated remains to the flames. 
 
 K. 0. Muller , Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 351. 
 
 [(Donaldson.) 
 
 Hypatia. A novel by Charles Kingsley, pub- 
 lished in 1853. 
 
 Hyperboreans (hi-per-bo're-anz). [Gr. 'Yirep- 
 (36pcot, those who are beyond the north wind.] 
 In early Greek legend, a people who lived be- 
 yond the noi’th wind, and were not exposed to 
 its blasts, but enjoyed a land of perpetual sun- 
 shine and abundant fruits. They werefree from dis- 
 ease, violence, and war. Their natural life lasted a thou- 
 sand years, and was spent in the worship of Apollo. In 
 later times the Greeks gave the name to inhabitants of 
 northern countries generally. 
 
 Very elaborate accounts have been given of the Hyper- 
 boreans both in ancient and modern times. Hecatseus of 
 Abdera, a contemporary of Alexander the Great, wrote a 
 book concerning them. They are, however, in reality not 
 a historical, but an ideal nation. The North Wind being 
 given a local seat in certain mountains called Rhiptean, it 
 was supposed there must be a country above the north 
 wind, which would not be cold, and which would have in- 
 habitants. Ideal perfections were gradually ascribed to 
 this region. According to Pindar, Hercules brought from 
 it the olive, which grew thickly there about the sources 
 of the Danube (01. iii. 249). When the country had been 
 made thus charming, it was natural to attach good quali- 
 ties to the inhabitants. Accordingly they were made wor- 
 shippers of Apollo (Pindar, 1. s. c.j, observers of justice 
 (Hellan. Fr. 96), and vegetarians (ibid.). As geographical 
 knowledge grew, it was necessary to assign them a distinct 
 position, or to banish them to the realms of fable. Herod- 
 otus preferred the latter alternative, Damastes the for- 
 mer. Damastes placed them greatly to the north of Scy- 
 thia, from which they were separated by the countries of 
 the Issedones and the Arimaspi. Southward their boun- 
 dary was the (supposed) Rhipsean mountain-chain ; north- 
 ward it was the ocean. (Fr. 1.) This arrangement sufficed 
 for a time. When, however, it was discovered that no 
 
 522 
 
 mountain-chain ran across Europe above Scythia, and that 
 the Danube, instead of rising in the north (compare Pind. 
 01. iii. 25 with Isth. vi. 34), rose in the west, a new posi- 
 tion had to be sought for the Hyperboreans, and they were 
 placed near the Italian Alps, and confounded with the 
 Gauls and the Etruscans or Tarquinians. A different and 
 probably a later tradition, though found in an earlier writer, 
 is that which assigned them an island as large as Sicily, 
 lying towards the north, over against the country of the 
 Celts, fertile and varied in its productions, possessed of a 
 beautiful climate, and enjoying two harvests a year. In 
 this island it is not difficult to recognize our own country. 
 
 Rawlimon, Herod., III. 27, note. 
 
 Hyperides, or Hypereides (hi-per-l'dez). [Gr. 
 f Tir epeiSi]^, f Y7r epid^f.] A celebrated Attic ora- 
 tor, a contemporary (and probably a younger 
 contemporary) of Demosthenes, and the son of 
 Glaucippus of the deme Collytus. He supported 
 Demosthenes in his opposition to the Macedonian party ; 
 later (324) took part in his prosecution on the charge of 
 bribery by Alexander ; was chief instigator of the Lamian 
 war ; and was slain at Corinth in 322. 
 
 Hyperion (hi-pe'ri-on or hi-per-i'on). [Gr. r Y7re- 
 ptuv. ] 1. In Greek mythology, a Titan, a son 
 of Uranus and Gsea. By his sister Theia he was 
 the father of Helios, Selene, and Eos. — 2. The 
 seventh satellite of Saturn, discovered by Bond 
 Sept. 16, 1848. 
 
 Hyperion. 1 . A poetical fragment by Keats, 
 published in 1820. — 2. A prose romance by 
 Longfellow, published in 1839. The subjects 
 of the two works are entirely different. 
 Hyphasis (hif'a-sis). [Gr. "Y^acuf.] The an- 
 cient name of the river Sutlej. 
 
 Hypocrite, L’. The name under which “Tar- 
 tufe” was first played. 
 
 Hypocrite, The. A play by Biekerstaffe, in 
 which Cibber’s “Non-Juror,” an adaptation of 
 “Tartufe,” survives. It was produced in 1768. 
 Hyppolite (e-po-let'), Louis Mondestin Flor- 
 Vil. Born at Cap Haitien, 1827 : died March 24, 
 1896. A Haitian general and politician. He was 
 a mulatto, the son of one of Soulouque’s ministers ; first at- 
 tained prominence in the civil war of 1865 ; was the leader 
 of tlie sanguinary revolt by which Legitime was defeated ; 
 and in Oct., 1889, was proclaimed acting president. In 
 May, 1890, he was elected president for seven years. 
 Hyrcania (her-ka'ni-a). [Gr. ?/ Y pnavia.] In 
 ancient geography, a region in Asia which bor- 
 dered on the Caspian Sea and the Oxus. It cor- 
 responded in part to northern and northeastern 
 Persia. 
 
 Hythe 
 
 Hyrcanus (her-ka'nus) I., or John Hyrcanus. 
 
 A Maccabean prince of Judea 135-105 b.c. Under 
 him the political achievements of the Maccabees were con- 
 solidated and extended. He cleared the young state of 
 heterogeneous and hostile elements by driving out the Hel- 
 lenists from Palestine and destroying the Samaritan tem- 
 ple on Mount Gerizim, thus accomplishing the dissolution 
 of the Samaritans as a separate religious nation. The Idu- 
 means he forced to accept Judaism. He also extended, 
 by successful wars, the boundaries of Judea, and assured 
 its independence. With Rome he entertained friendly re- 
 lations. His reign was compared to that of Solomon. 
 Hyrcanus II. The last and most unfortunate 
 of the Maccabean princes. He was of a weak, irres- 
 olute character, but, being the elder of two brothers, was 
 at the death of his mother, Salome Alexandra, 69 B. c., ap- 
 pointed king, while to his more energetic but rash brother, 
 AristobulusII., was bequeathed the high-priesthood. Soon 
 a conflict broke out between the brothers. The helpless 
 Hyrcanus icil into the hands of the crafty Idumean An- 
 tipater, father of Herod, whom he adopted as his guide 
 and counselor. Antipater's machinations brought Pom- 
 pey to Jerusalem in 63 B. c., an event which was the begin- 
 ning of the end of Judean independence, and resulted in 
 supplanting the Maccabean race by that of Antipater, the 
 Herodians. Aristobulus II. was led as a prisoner by Pom- 
 pey to Rome, and was there poisoned. The weak Hyrca- 
 nus became a tool of Herod. Even of the dignity of the 
 high-priesthood, to which Herod confined him, he was de- 
 prived in consequence of mutilation which he suffered at 
 the hands of the invading Partliians. He finally died the 
 ignominious death of a criminal, Herod ordering his exe- 
 cution on the charge of conspiracy, 30 B. 0. 
 
 Hysmene and Hysmenias (his'me-ne and his- 
 me'ni-as). A Greek romance by a certain 
 Eustathius (or Emathius, or Eumathias), writ- 
 ten not earlier than the 9th century a. d. 
 
 Hystaspes (his-tas'pez). [Old Pers. VisMdspa.~] 
 See the extract. 
 
 Hystaspes, the son of Arsames and father of Darius — the 
 Gustasp of Persian romance — not only occurs in the ge- 
 nealogical lists, Greek and native, but likewise appears in 
 the Behistun Inscription as actually living in the reign of 
 his son and serving under him. According to Ctesias, he 
 was accidentally killed as he was being drawn up by ropes 
 to examine the sculptures which Darius was having exe- 
 cuted for his own tomb. I have already noticed the prob- 
 ability that Hystaspes was the real heir to the throne, on 
 the failure of male issue in the line of Cyrus, but waived 
 his right in favour of his eldest son. 
 
 Rawlimon, Herod., IV. 257. 
 
 Hythe (IiIth). [AS. Hyth, the port.] A town 
 in Kent, England, on the Strait of Dover 11 
 miles west of Dover. It is one of the Cinque Ports, 
 and a military station. Population, 5,557. 
 
acchus(I-ak'us). [Gr/IaK^of.] 
 In Greek mythology, a divin- 
 ity peculiar to Athens, and 
 important from his intimate 
 connectionwith the Eleusin- 
 ianmysteries. Hewasasonof 
 Demeter and Zeus, and a brother 
 of Kora (Proserpine), and personi- 
 fied the male element in nature, 
 as his sister the female. At Eleusis 
 he was looked upon as an intermediary between the great 
 goddesses and their votar ies, and presided in person (rep- 
 resented by an image crowned with myrtle and bearing a 
 torch) over the splendid procession from the Eleusinium 
 at Athens to the sekos at Eleusis, and over the mysterious 
 rites in the latter sanctuary. At a comparatively late date 
 Iacchus became to some extent confounded with a new 
 type of infant Bacchus, who, as a son of Demeter, was en- 
 tirely distinct from the older Dionysus. 
 
 Iachimo (i-ak'i-mo). In Shakspere’s “Cymbe- 
 line,” a worldly and affected Roman courtier: 
 a brutal villain. He conceals himself in a chest in Im- 
 ogen’s room, and so furnishes himself with details which 
 seem to prove her unchastity. 
 
 IagO (i-a'go). A character in Shakspere’s tra- 
 gedy “ Othello.” He is the ancient of Othello, and is 
 filled with jealousy of his rank and power. His cool and 
 calculating villainy, his speciousness, and his bitter sar- 
 casm form an artistic contrast to the noble and large- 
 natured Othello. In order to revenge himself for the loss 
 of the position as Othello’s lieutenant which he failed to 
 secure, (and partly apparently from sheer love of evil), he 
 raises a whirlwind of passion in the latter’s breast by 
 adroitly making him believe in the unfaithfulness of Des- 
 demona, to the final destruction of all three. 
 
 Iakon. See Taquina. 
 
 Iamblichus (jam'bli-kus). [Gr. To/z/Mt^o?.] 
 Born at Chalcis, Ccele-Syria : died about 330 a. d. 
 A Syrian Neoplatonic philosopher. He wrote 
 many philosophical and mathematical works, of which 
 only a few have survived. His “ Life of Pythagoras ” and 
 “Exhortation to Philosophy ” were edited by Kiessling 
 (1813-15). 
 
 Iapetus (l-ap'e-tus). [Gr. ’I airerof.] In Greek 
 mythology, a Titan, son of Uranus and Gasa, 
 and father of Prometheus, Epimetheus, Atlas, 
 and Mencetius. He was thrown by Zeus into 
 Tartarus. 
 
 Iapygia (i-a-pij'i-a). [Gr. T a-rvyia.'] In ancient 
 geography, a name used vaguely by the Greeks 
 for Messapia or Apulia. 
 
 Iapygians (I-a-pij'i-anz). See the extract. 
 
 Under the general name of Iapygians were commonly 
 iucluded three distinct tribes, the Messapians, the Peuce- 
 tians, and the Daunians. The first-named are spoken of 
 as the inhabitants of the Iapygian peninsula, eastward of 
 Tarentum and Brundusium (Strab. vi. p. 401). They were 
 generally derived from Crete, strange as it may appear 
 (Strab. vi. p. 405 ; Athen. xii. p. 522, F. ; Plut, Thes. c. 16 ; 
 Festus, ad voc. Salentini, etc.). Probably they came in 
 reality, like the other inhabitants of southern Italy, from 
 the Peloponnese, where there was a place called Messa- 
 pea:. Rawlin&on , Herod., iv. 139, note. 
 
 Ibadan (e-ba'dan). Atown in the Yoruba coun- 
 try, West Africa, about lat. 7° 20' N., long. 4° 
 10' E. Population, estimated, 200,000. 
 
 Ibarra (e-bar'ra). The capital of the province 
 of Imbabura, northern Ecuador, about 50 miles 
 northeast of Quito. It was destroyed in 1868 
 by an earthquake which killed 3,000 of the in- 
 habitants. Population, 10,000. 
 
 Ibea (i-be'a). The part of British East Africa 
 formerly under control of the Imperial British 
 East Africa Company. The name is formed 
 from the initials of the above words. 
 
 Iberia (i-be'ri-a). [L. Iberia , Gr. ’I fir/pia, from 
 Iberes, Hiberes, Gr. ’T/b/pcf, the inhabitants.] 
 In ancient geography: (a) The peninsula of 
 southwestern Europe, comprising the modern 
 Spain and Portugal, (b) The region bounded 
 by the Caucasus Mountains on the north, Al- 
 bania on the east, Armenia on the south, and 
 Colchis on the west. It corresponds nearly to 
 the modern Georgia. 
 
 Iberian (i-be'ri-an) Mountains. A name some- 
 times given to the mountains in central and east- 
 ern Spain. 
 
 Iberian Peninsula. The southwestern penin- 
 sula of Europe, comprising Spain and Portugal. 
 Iberians (I-be'ri-anz). The ancient inhabitants 
 of the Iberian peninsula. See the extract. 
 
 For this short, dark dolichocephalic type we may adopt 
 the usual and convenient name “Iberian.” Professor Rol- 
 leston prefers the term “ Silurian," and it has been vari- 
 ously designated by other writers as the Euskarian, Basque, 
 Berber, or Mediterranean race. By some French writers 
 it is called the “ Cro-Magnon ’’ type, from a skull, possibly 
 of palaeolithic age, found in a sepulchral cavern at Cro- 
 Magnon in Perigord. . . . Before the arrival of the brachy- 
 cephalic Ligurian race, the Iberians ranged over the great- 
 er part of France. We trace them in the valleys of the 
 Seine, the Oise, and the Marne, frequently in association 
 with the remains of the Ligurian invaders. If, as seems 
 probable, we may identify them with the Aquitani, one of 
 the thr ee races which occupied Gaul in the time of Caesar, 
 they must have retreated to the neighbourhood of the Pyr- 
 enees before the beginning of the historic period. It is 
 in this region, mainly in the valley of the Garonne, that 
 their sepulchral caves are the most numerous. . . . The 
 Iberians, a short Southern dolichocephalic race, repre- 
 sented in the long barrows of Britain and the sepulchral 
 caves of France and Spain. The stature averaged 5 feet 4 
 inches, and the cephalic index 71 to 74. They were orthog- 
 nathous and swarthy. They are now represented by some 
 of the Welsh and Irish, by the Corsicans, and by the Span- 
 ish Basques. Their affinities are African. 
 
 Taylor, Aryans, pp. 69, 93, 213. 
 
 Iberus (I-be'rus). The Latin name of the Ebro. 
 
 Iberville (e-ber-vel'), Pierre le Moyne, Sieur 
 d’. Born at Montreal, July 16, 1661: died at Ha- 
 vana, July 9, 1706. A French-Canadian naval 
 and military commander. He entered the French 
 navy at the age of fourteen ; was one of the leaders of the 
 expedition against Schenectady in 1(390 ; obtained com- 
 mand of a frigate in 1092 ; and took Forts Nelson and Bour- 
 bon on Hudson Bay in 1(394 and 1097 respectively. In 1099, 
 having been commissioned by the French government to 
 establish direct intercourse between France and the Mis- 
 sissippi River, he erected Fort Biloxi, at the head of Biloxi 
 Bay, the first post on the Mississippi River. He subse- 
 quently established other posts in the same region, and 
 was preparing to attack the coast of North Carolina when 
 he died of a fever at Havana. 
 
 Ibicuhy, or Ibicul (e-be-kwe'). A river iu south- 
 ern Brazil, joining the Uruguay in the province 
 of Rio Grande do Sul, about lat. 29° 20' S. 
 Length, over 300 miles. 
 
 Iblis. See Eblis. 
 
 Ibn Batuta (ibn bii-to'ta), properly Abu Ab- 
 dallah Mohammed. Born at Tangier, Mo- 
 rocco, about 1304 : died at Fez, Morocco, about 
 1377. An Arabian traveler. He visited northern 
 and central Africa, western and central Asia, Russia, In- 
 dia, China, etc. His “ Travels ” were translated into Eng- 
 lish by S. Lee in 1829. and into French by C. Defremery 
 and R. Sanguinetti 1858-59. 
 
 Ibn Ezra. See Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra. 
 
 Ibn Haukul (ibn hou-kul' ). Died 976 a. d. An 
 Arabian geographer and traveler. The observa- 
 tions of his twenty years of travel in the countries of 
 Islam were put down in the work “ Highways and Coun- 
 tries,” which was translated into English by Sir William 
 Ouseley, under the title of “The Oriental Geography of 
 Ibn Haukul,” in 1800. 
 
 Ibn Khalddn (ibn khal-don'), patronymic of 
 Abu Zeid Abdurrahman. Born at Tunis, 
 1332: died at Cairo, March, 1406. An Arabian 
 historian. His chief work is a universal history 
 which treats especially of the Arabs and Ber- 
 bers. 
 
 Ibn Khallikan (ibn kal'li-kiin). Born 1211 A. D. 
 at Arbela: died 1281 A. D. at Damascus. An 
 eminent Arabian scholar and writer. He was 
 scholar, poet, compiler, biographer, and historian. His 
 celebrated biographical work, “ Deaths of Eminent Men” 
 (“ Wafiat-ul-Aiyan ”), has been translated into English and 
 copiously annotated by Baron MacGuckin de Slane (1842- 
 1871). 
 
 Ibn Sina. See Avicenna. 
 
 Ibn Tofail (ibn to'fii-il) (Abu Beker Ibn el- 
 Tofeil). An Arabian philosopher and physi- 
 cian, a contemporary of the Arabian philosopher 
 and writer Averroes. He lived toward the close of 
 the 12th century in one of the Arabic kingdoms in Spain. 
 He composed a philosophical description of the imaginary 
 voyages of Ibn Yokdhan, translated into Hebrew by Moses 
 Narbonensis, and into Latin by Pococke in 1671. Several 
 English translations were made from the Latin, and one 
 from the original Arabic by Simon Ockley, published in 
 1708 under the title “The Improvement of Human Reason 
 Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan, written by Abu 
 Jaafer Ebn Tophail.” See Autodidactus. 
 
 Ibo (e'bo). An island seaport and town of Por- 
 tuguese East Africa, in lat. 12° 23' S. 
 
 Ibo (e'bo), or Igbo (eg'bo). An important Afri- 
 can tribe dwelling at the apex of the Niger delta, 
 523 
 
 and extending thence to the north and east. 
 The chief town, also called Ibo, is an emporium of the 
 palm-oil trade. All the slaves exported from the Niger 
 used to be called Ibos in North America. The Ibo tribe 
 comprises some minor tribes speaking dialects of Ibo, 
 namely, Isoama (the dialect used in missionary books), 
 Elugu, Abadja, and Abo. The Ibo, being a trade language, 
 is used beyond the territory of the tribe. See Jgara and 
 Idzo. 
 
 Ibrahim (ib-ra-hem'). The Arabic form of Abra- 
 ham. 
 
 Ibrahim. Died in 1535. A grand vizir of Tur- 
 key. He was the son of a sailor at Parga ; was captured 
 by corsairs in his youth ; was sold into slavery at Magne- 
 sia, and became the property of Solimau II., by whom he 
 was made vizir in 1523. He fought with distinction in the 
 war against Hungary in 1527, and was put to death at the 
 instigation of the sultana in 1535. 
 
 Ibrahim of Aleppo. Died in 1549. A celebrated 
 Ottoman jurist. He compiled the great code of laws 
 known as “M ulteka-al-Abhar ” (“Confluence of the Seas ”). 
 
 Ibrahim, ou 1’Illustre Bassa. A romance by 
 Mademoiselle de Scudery, published in 1641. 
 Ibrahim Pasha (ib-ra-hem' pash'a). Born at 
 Cavalla, Rumelia, 1789: died at Cairo, Nov. 9, 
 1848. An Egyptian general, son (or adoptee! 
 son) of Mehemet Ali. He subdued the Wahhabees 
 1816-18 ; commanded against the Greeks 1824-27 ; stormed 
 Acre May 25, 1832 ; defeated the Turks at Homs and 
 Konieh in 1832, and atNisib June 24, 1839 ; and succeeded 
 Mehemet Ali as viceroy in 1848. 
 
 Ibrail, or Ibraila. See Braila. 
 
 Ibreez. See Ivris. 
 
 Ibsambul. See Abu-Simbel. 
 
 Ibsen (ib'sen), Henrik. Born at Skien, Norway, 
 March. 20, 1828 : died at Christiania, May 23, 
 1906. A noted Norwegian dramatic poet. 
 He studied medicine, but soon devoted himself entirely to 
 literature. His first dramatic attempt, the three-act 
 tragedy “Katilina,” was published at Christiania, in 1850, 
 under the pseudonym Brynjolf Bjarme. In the same year 
 he went to Christiania University. With A. O. Vinje 
 and Botten-Hansen the bibliographer, young men of 
 his own age, he engaged in the editorship of the short- 
 lived weekly journal “ Andhrimner,” to which he contrib- 
 uted lyrics and satirical pieces. A short saga piece, 
 “ Ksempehojen ” (“ The Warrior's Mound ”), written at this 
 time, was produced upon the stage. On the cessation of 
 the journal the following year, he obtained from the vio- 
 linist Ole Bull the position of manager in the newly 
 opened National Theater at Bergen, a post which he held 
 until 1857. In 1852, in the interest of the theater, he un- 
 dertook a short journey to Denmark and Germany to study 
 scenic art. From this period is the historical drama “ Gil- 
 det paa Solhaug” (“ The Banquet at Solhaug”). In 1857 
 he was called to Christiania as director of the Norwegian 
 Theater... From this year is the historical drama “Fru 
 Inger til Ostraat ” (“ Mistress Inger at Ostraat ”), which sub- 
 sequently, however, was almost wholly rewritten. From 
 1858 is the historical drama “Hermaendene paa Helge- 
 land ” (“The Warriors at Helgeland”). “Kjserlighedens 
 Komedie ” (“Love's Comedy ”), the first of the satirical so- 
 cial plays that have particularly made his name famous, 
 was the next important work to appear (in 1862). In 1863 
 appeared the historic drama “Kongs-Emnerne” (“The 
 Pretenders”). In 1864, after writing the poem “En Broder 
 i Nod ” (“A Brother in Need ”) — a demand to the people to 
 take up the cause of Denmark, which, however, fell un- 
 heeded — he left Norway in a sort of voluntary exile. In 
 Rome in 1866 he completed one of the greatest of his 
 works, the drama “Brand." This was followed the suc- 
 ceeding year (1867) by the dramatic poem “PeerGynt,” 
 also written in Italy. His next work was the satiric com- 
 edy “ De Unges Forbund” (“The Young Men’s Union," 
 1867): like all his later works, written in prose. This was 
 followed in 1871 by the long historic drama “Kejser og 
 Galilseer” (“Emperor and Galilean”), which consists of 
 twoparts — “Julian’s Apostasy ’’and “Julian theEmperor. ” 
 In the meantime he had changed his place of residence, 
 first to Dresden, and later to Munich, where he lived un- 
 til 1891, when he returned to Christiania. In 1877 ap- 
 peared, further, “Samfundets Stbtter” (“The Pillars of 
 Society ”), another satiric comedy. This was followed in 
 1879 by “Et Dukkehjem” (“A Doll’s House,” translated 
 under the name “Nora”), in the same vein. His latest 
 plays are “ Gjengangere” (“Ghosts,” 1881), “En Folke- 
 fiende” (“An Enemy of the People,” 1882), “Vildanden" 
 (“The Wild Duck,” 1884), “Rosmersholm ” (1886), “Fruen 
 fra Havet” (“The Lady from the Sea,” 1888), “Hedda 
 Gabler” (1890), “Bygmester Solness” (“Architect Soi- 
 lless,” 1892), “Lille Eyolf'’ (“Little Eyolf,” 1894), and 
 “Nilr vi Dode vagner” (“When we dead awaken,” 1899). 
 Among his minor writings are the epic “Tcrje Vigen” 
 and the long poem “Paa Vidderne ” (1860). 
 
 Ibycus (ib'i-kus). [Gr. ’'I/hwor.) A Greek lyric 
 poet of the second half of the 6th century B. c., 
 born at Rhegiuin, Italy. He lived for the greater part 
 of his life at the court of Polycrates of Samos. Fragments 
 
Ibycus 
 
 of his poems, which were chiefly erotic, have survived. Ac- 
 cording to the legend, he was murdered at sea, and his 
 murderers were found out through some cranes that fol- 
 lowed the ship : hence the “cranes of Ibycus ” became a 
 proverb for the agency of the gods in revealing crime. 
 Ica, or Yea (e'kii). A town in western Peru, 160 
 miles south-southeast of Lima. Population, 
 about 9,000. 
 
 Ica. A maritime department of Peru. Area, 
 8,718 square miles. Population, 90,962. 
 
 Iga (e-sa'), called Putumayo (po-to-ml'yo) by 
 Spanish Americans. A river of South America 
 which rises near Pasto, southern Colombia, 
 flows east and southeast through Colombia and 
 Brazil, and joins the Amazon near lat. 3° S., 
 long. 69° W. A portion of the middle course is claimed 
 both by Ecuador and by Peru. Length, about 1,100 miles; 
 navigable for nearly 900 miles. Also written Izd. 
 
 Icaria (i-ka'ri-a). [Gr. ’I nap'ta.~\ 1. A site in the 
 Rapedosa valley, Attica, Greece, north of Mount 
 Pentelicus, excavated by the American School at 
 Athens in 1888, with the result of the discovery 
 of architectural remains and interesting sculp- 
 ture, chiefly archaic, and the definitive identi- 
 fication of the site. It is important because here, ac- 
 cording to the legend, wine-making and the Dionysiac cult 
 were introduced into Attica by Bacchus himself ; and here 
 was born Thespis, who, by the changes he introduced into 
 the old dithyrambic songs, became the originator of the 
 drama, of wliose first essays Icaria was the theater. 
 
 2. See Icarian Sea. 
 
 Icaria. A cooperative community established 
 in 1848 in Texas, removed to Nauvoo, in Illinois, 
 in 1850, and in 1857 to Adams County, Iowa. 
 Icarian Sea. The part of the iEgean Sea sur- 
 rounding Samos and the neighboring small isl- 
 and of Icaria. Compare Icarus. 
 
 The Icarian sea received its name from the island of 
 Icaria (now Nikaria), which lay between Samos and Myco- 
 nus (Strab. xiv. p. 915). It extended from Chios to Cos, 
 where the Carpathian sea began. 
 
 Rawlinson, Herod., III. 474, note. 
 
 Icarus (ik'a-rus). [Gr.’'1/capof.] In Greek legend, 
 the son of Dasdalus, drowned in the Icarian Sea 
 (named, according to the legend, from him), near 
 Samos, in his flight from Crete, by flying so near 
 the sun that his wings of wax, made by Dasda- 
 +lus, melted. See Daedalus and Icarian Sea. 
 Iceland (Is'land), Dan. Island (es'landj. [For- 
 merly Iseland, Island, from Icel. Island , Dan. 
 Sw. Island, land of ice.] An island in the North 
 Atlantic Ocean, belonging to Denmark, in lat. 
 63 3 12'-66° 33' N., long. 13° 22'-24 c ’ 35' W., 
 about 160 miles east of Greenland. Capital, 
 Reykjavik. The surface is generally mountainous. 
 Iceland is noted for its volcanoes and glaciers. Its leading 
 occupation is the raising of cattle. The religion is Lu- 
 theran. The legislative government (according to the con- 
 stitution of 1874, modified 1903) is vested in the Althing, 
 consisting of 40 members, 34 elected by popular suffrage and 
 6 nominated by the king. A minister for Iceland, nomi- 
 nated by the king, is the responsible head of administration. 
 Iceland was settled in part by Irish monks (from about 
 795), and was mainly settled by Northmen about 870-980. 
 Christianity was introduced about 1000. The island wa3 
 united to Norway in 1262, and passed to Denmark in 1380. 
 It was celebrated for it? literary productiveness in the 12th 
 and 13th centuries. A new constitution was granted in 1874. 
 Length, 300 miles. Area, 39,756 sq. m. Population, 85,089. 
 
 Iceland, which had remained undiscovered till long after 
 the days of Charles, was, down to the year 1262, the only 
 absolutely free republic in the world. 
 
 Bryce, Holy P.oman Empire, p. 185. 
 
 Iceni (I-se'ni). An ancient British tribe, in the 
 eastern part of England, whose queen, Boadi- 
 eea, headed a formidable insurrection against 
 the Romans in 61 A. D. 
 
 Ichabod (ik'a-bod). [Heb.,‘ no glory.’] A child 
 (the son of Phinehas and grandson of Eli) so 
 named by his mother, who died in giving him 
 birth (1 Sam. iv. 21). 
 
 Ichang (e-chang'), or Y-lin (e-len'). A treaty 
 port in the province of Hupeh, China, situated 
 on the Yangtse about lat. 30° 45' N., long. 111° 
 25' E. It was made a treaty port in 1877. Popu- 
 lation, 55,000. 
 
 Ichiti. See Hitchiti. 
 
 Ichlil (ik-lel'). [Ar. illil al-jebbah, the crown 
 of the brow.] The third-magnitude star /? 
 Scorpii. 
 
 Icknield street (ik'neld stret). An ancient 
 Roman road which ran through Derby, Lich- 
 field, Birmingham, and Alcester. 
 
 Icolmkill. See Iona. 
 
 Iconium (I-ko'ni-um). The ancient name of 
 Konieh. 
 
 Iconoclast. The pseudonym of Charles Brad- 
 laugh. 
 
 Iconoclast Emperors. Those Byzantine em- 
 perors who were noted for their opposition to 
 the veneration of images in the Eastern Church. 
 The controversy began with the edict of Leo the Isaurian 
 in 726, and continued until the middle of the 9th century. 
 
 524 
 
 Iconoclasts (i-kon'o-klasts). A sect or party in 
 the Eastern Empire in the 8th and 9th centuries 
 which opposed all use and honor or worship of 
 icons, or images, and destroyed them when in 
 power. The party of Iconoclasts was originated by the 
 emperor Leo the Isaurian, and afterward continued or re- 
 vived by Constantine Copronymus and other emperors, es- 
 pecially Leo the Armenian and Theophilus. The emperors 
 named treated those who honored icons with great cruelty, 
 and after the death of the last of them the party of Icono- 
 clasts soon became extinct. 
 
 Ictinus (ik-ti'nus). [Gr. T/cr«Vof.] Lived in the 
 middle of the 5th century B. c. A Greek archi- 
 tect, chief designer of the Parthenon. He also de- 
 signed the temple of Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis, 
 and the temple of Apollo at Bassai, near Phigalia (the 
 sculptures of this temple are among the treasures of the 
 British Museum). Other architects were associated with 
 him in nearly all of these works. Ictinus and Phidias were 
 identified with Pericles in the execution of his great scheme 
 of public works. 
 
 Ida (i'da). [Gr. y or v I<k.] 1. A mountain- 
 range in Phrygia and Mysia, Asia Minor. At the 
 base of it was the Troad. It was famous in Greek legend 
 especially as a seat of the worship of Cybele. Highest sum- 
 mit, Gargaron (the modern ICaz Dagh, 5,749 feet). 
 
 Herodotus appears to have given the name of Ida to the 
 highlands which close in the valley of the Scamander on 
 the left, lying west and south of Bunarbashi. 
 
 Rawlinson, Herod., IV. 42, note. 
 
 2. The central mountain-range of Crete : the 
 modern Psiloriti. It was the scene of legends 
 of Zeus. Highest point, about 8,000 feet. 
 
 Ida (i'da). Died 559. A chief of the Angles, 
 the first king of Bernicia. He began to reign 
 in Northumbria in 547. Ida’s immediate kingdom 
 did not probably extend south of the Tees, though his 
 power may have been felt beyond that river ; for the king- 
 ship of Deira, between the Tees and the Humber, does not 
 seem to have been founded until his death. It is quite 
 possible that Ida's Bernicia did not extend as far as the 
 Tees. He is said to have had six sons by queens and six 
 by concubines (Florence). The consolidation and advance 
 of the heathen power under him and his sons caused a 
 wide-spread apostasy from Christianity among the Piets. 
 He reigned twelve years, and died in 559. On his death 
 -Ella (died 688) became king in Deira, and is supposed to 
 have extended liis power over Bernicia (Skene). Diet. 
 Nat. Biog. 
 
 Ida, or Idda (ed'da). The chief city of Igara 
 (which see). 
 
 Idaho (i'da-ho). One of the Western States of 
 the United States of America. Capital, Boisd 
 City. It is bounded by British America on the north, 
 Montana and Wyoming on the east, Utah and Nevada on 
 the south, and Washington and Oregon on the west, lying 
 between lat. 42° and 49° N., and long. 111° and 117° 10 1 W. 
 It has 27 counties ; sends 2 senators and 2 representatives 
 to Congress ; and has 4 electoral votes. It contains the 
 Salmon River Mountains, and on the eastern border the 
 Rocky and Bitter Root Mountains. The leading occupa- 
 tions are mining of gold and silver and lead, and cattle- 
 raising. It formed part of the Louisiana cession ; was 
 originally part of Oregon Territory, and later of Washing- 
 ton Territory ; and was organized as a separate Territory 
 in 1863 (including the present Montana and part of Wyo- 
 ming). The present boundary was settled in 1868, and Idaho 
 was admitted as a State in 1890. Area, 84,800 square miles. 
 Population, 325,594, (1910). 
 
 Idaliurn (I-da'li-um), orldalia (i-da'li-a). [Gr. 
 ’IddAioh.] A town and promontory on the coast 
 of Cyprus, sacred to Aphrodite, who was some- 
 times called Idalia. 
 
 Idar (e'diir). A small town in Birkenfeld, Olden- 
 burg, Germany, about 30 miles east of Treves. 
 Iddesleigh, Earl cf. See Nortlicote. 
 
 Iddhi (id'd-hi). [The Pali for the Skt. rddhi, 
 success.] In Buddhist theology, the name for 
 the extraordinary powers over matter possessed 
 by the Arhat or Buddhist in the fourth stage 
 of moral perfection. In this stage he has gained the 
 Abhinnas, “ transcendent faculties of knowledge,” the in- 
 ner eye, the inner ear, knowledge of all thoughts, and recol- 
 lection of previous existences and Iddhi. Under Iddhi 
 are included : (1) the faculty of reducing the body to the 
 size of an atom ; (2) increasing size or weight at will ; (3) 
 making the body light at will ; (4) reaching any object, 
 however remote ; (5) unlimited exercise of will ; (6) abso- 
 lute power over one’s self and others; (7) subjecting the 
 elements ; (8) the suppression of all desires. See Monier- 
 Williams, “Buddhism," pp. 133-245. 
 
 Iddoa. See EdoJwe. 
 
 Ideler (e'de-ler), Christian Ludwig. Born at 
 Gross-Brese, Prussia, Sept. 21, 1766: died at 
 Berlin, Aug. 10, 1846. A German astronomer, 
 professor at the University of Berlin from 1821. 
 His chief work is “ Handbuchder matliematisclien und 
 technischen Chronolospe ” (1825-26). 
 
 Iden (i'den), Sir Alexander. The slayer of Jack 
 Cade. He figures in Sliakspere’s 2 Henry IV. 
 Idle ( i'dl). 1. A town in the West Riding of 
 Yorkshire, England, situated near the Aire 9 
 miles west-northwest of Leeds. It has manu- 
 factures of woolens. Population, 7,468. — 2. 
 A tributary of the river Trent, in Nottingham- 
 shire, England. Althelfrith, king of North- 
 fimbria, was defeated and slain in a battle on 
 its banks by Redwald, king of East Anglia, in 
 617. 
 
 Iglesias, Jose Maria 
 
 Idler, The. A series of essays by Dr. Johnson, 
 published 1758-60 in a newspaper called “The 
 Universal Chronicle.” 
 
 Idomeneus (I-dom'e-nus). [Gr. Tdo/«rri><;.] In 
 Greek legend, a king of Crete, one of the lead- 
 ing heroes of the Greek army in the Trojan war. 
 Idria (id're-a). A town in the crownland of 
 Carniola, Austria-Hungary, situated on the 
 Idrizza 29 miles north-northeast of Triest : cel- 
 ebrated for its quicksilver-mines, discovered 
 1497. Population, commune, 6,090, (1910). 
 Idrisi (e-dre'se), or Edrisi. A noted Arabian 
 geographer of the 12th century. Litfle is known 
 concerning his life. His principal work, a description of 
 the world, is known by various titles. It is of great im- 
 portance in the history of geography. 
 
 Idro (e'dro). Lake. A small lake in the prov- 
 ince of Brescia, northern Italy, 9 miles north- 
 west of Lake Garda. 
 
 Idstedt (id'stet). A village in Schleswig-Hol- 
 stein, Prussia, 5 miles north of Schleswig. Here, 
 July 24 and 25, 1850, the Danes (38,000) defeated the troops 
 of Schleswig-Holstein (27,000). 
 
 Idumea. See Edom. 
 
 Idun (e'don). [ON. Idliunn.\ In Old Norse 
 mythology, the goddess who had in her keeping, 
 in Asgard, the apples eaten by the gods to pre- 
 serve eternal youth. Later myths make her 
 the wife of Bragi. 
 
 Idyljs of the King. A series of poems by 
 Alfred Tennyson, founded on the Arthurian ro- 
 mances. They comprise “The Coming of Arthur," “Ga- 
 reth and Lynette,” “Geraint and Enid,” “Merlin and Vi- 
 vien,” “Lancelot and Elaine,” “The Holy Grail,” “Peileas 
 and Ettarre,” “The Last Tournament,” “ Guinevere,” and 
 “The Passing of Arthur ” (published 1859-85). 
 
 Idzo (ed'zo). A people which inhabits the Niger 
 delta, West Africa; also, its language. The ter- 
 ritoryof the Idzo comprises the Bonny Brass, New Calabar, 
 Akassa, and Okrika townships and dialects, and extends a 
 hundred miles up the Nun branch of the Niger. Some- 
 times Idzo- and Ibo-speaking settlements are found inter- 
 mixed, and the two names are easily confounded. All the 
 Idzo and Ibo people are now under British protection. 
 Ierne (i-er'ne). An ancient name of Ireland. 
 If (ef). A small island 2 miles west-southwest 
 of Marseilles, noted for its fortress, Chateau d’lf 
 (one of the scenes of Dumas’s novel “Count of 
 Monte Cristo ”). Mirabeau and Philippe Egalite 
 were confined here. 
 
 Iffland (if'fland), August Wilhelm. Bom at 
 Hannover, Prussia, April 19, 1759 : died at Ber- 
 lin, "Sept. 22, 1814. A noted German actor and 
 dramatist, director of the national theater at 
 Berlin after 1796, and general royal theatrical 
 director after 1811. His best-known plays are “Die 
 Jager,” “Dienstpflicht,” “Die Advokaten,” “Die Mundel," 
 and “Die Hagestolzen.” 
 
 Iffley (if'li). A village near Oxford, England: 
 noted for its church, which is of small size, but in many 
 ways remarkable for the interesting moldings and other de- 
 tails of its early Norman architecture. It has a massive 
 square central tower, also of Norman date. 
 
 Igara (e-ga'ra), or Igala (e-ga'la). An African 
 tribe, of the Nigritic branch, settled on the east- 
 ern hank of the Niger, between the Ibo and the 
 junction of the Niger and the Binue. Ida is the 
 capital. The language seems to be a mixture of the native 
 Akpotto with Yomba introduced by immigrants. At Ala, 
 Ibo is spoken concurrently with Igara. See Ibo and Idzo. 
 Igbira (eg-be'rii). A Nigritic and pagan tribe, 
 dwelling on both banks of the Binue River above 
 its confluence. Fanda, or Panda, is the capital. The 
 Igbira language has two dialects, Hima and Panda : it 
 shows gr ater affinity with Nupe and Yomba than with 
 Igara. The Panda people have been driven, by the Fulah 
 invasion, from the right to the left of the Binue, into the 
 Akpotto territory. Igu is the chief town of the Hima, on 
 the right bank. The Igbira people are semi-civilized, 
 peaceful, industrious, and prosperous. 
 
 Igel (e'gel). A village in the Rhine Province, 
 Prussia, near Treves. The Igel monument, or Heiden- 
 thurm, is one of the most remarkable Roman monuments 
 in northern Europe. It is a funeral monument of the 
 Secundini family, and is assigned to the end of the 3d cen- 
 tury. It consists of a tower 16J feet square at the base, 
 rising above the basement in two stages, crowned by small 
 pediments and a pyramidal finial. Almost the whole sur- 
 face is covered with reliefs which represent mythological 
 scenes and symbols, and incidents of every-day life. 
 Igerna (i-ger'na), or Igerne (i-gern'), or 
 Yguerne (i-gern'). In the Arthurian cycle 
 of romance, the wife of Gorlois, and the mother, 
 by Uther, of Arthur. 
 
 Iglatl (ig'lou). A city in Moravia, Austria-Hun- 
 gary, situated on the Iglawa 48 miles west- 
 northwest of Brtinn. It has flourishing manufactures 
 of textiles, tobacco, etc. A treaty was concluded here 
 in 1436 between the Hussites and Sigismund, who was 
 recognized as king of Bohemia. Population, 25,914, (1910). 
 
 Iglesias (e-gla'se-as). A town in the province 
 of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy, 32 miles west by 
 north of Cagliari. It has a cathedral. Popu- 
 lation, 10,411. 
 
 Iglesias, Jose Maria. Born at Mexico City, 
 Jan. 5, 1823. A Mexican politician, lawyer, and 
 
Iglesias, Jos6 Maria 
 
 author. He was a member of the cabinet of Comonfort 
 in 1857, and of that of Juarez in 1863. He became presi- 
 dent of the Supreme Court in 1873, and by virtue of that 
 office assumed the presidency after the downfall of Lerdo 
 in 1876 ; but the success of Diaz compelled him to give up 
 the office. He is the author of several works on Mexican 
 history. 
 
 Iglesias, Miguel. Born at Cajamarca, Aug. 18, 
 1822 : died at Madrid, Spain, in 1901. A Peru- 
 vian general and statesman. He was minister of 
 war in 1880; took a principal part in the defense of Lima, 
 Jan., 1881 ; and was captured by the Chileans, but escaped. 
 During the confusion of 1883 he assumed the presidency, 
 and signed (Oct. 20, 1883) a treaty of peace with the 
 Chileans. Caeeres refused to recognize Iglesias, and civil 
 war followed. Caeeres occupied Lima Dec. 1, 1885, and both 
 the leaders resigned the government into the hands of an 
 executive ministry, pending an election which resulted iu 
 favor of Caeeres. Iglesias then left the country. 
 
 Iglesias de la Casa (e-gla'se-as da la ka'sa), 
 Jos6. Born at Salamanca, Spain, Oct. 31, 1748: 
 died Aug. 26, 1791 . A Spanish poet. His col- 
 lected poems were published iu 1798. “Offended at the 
 low state of morals in his native city, he indulged himself 
 at first in the free forms of Castilian satire : ballads, apo- 
 logues, epigrams, and especially the half-simple, half-ma- 
 licious letriUas, in which he was eminently successful.” 
 Ticknor. 
 
 Iglo (lg'lo), or Meudorf (noi'dorf). A mining 
 town in the county of Zips, Hungary, situated 
 on the Hernad in lat. 48° 56' N., long. 20° 33' E. 
 Population, 9,301. 
 
 Ignacio (eg-na'se-o), Joaquim Jose, Marquis 
 of Inhauma from Sept. 17, 1867, and Viscount 
 1868. Bom at Lisbon, Portugal, July 30, 1808: 
 died at Rio de Janeiro, March 8, 1869. A Bra- 
 zilian naval officer. He distinguished himself in 
 many actions from 1822 ; was minister of marine 1861 ; and 
 commanded the Brazilian flotilla in the Paraguayan war 
 1867 and 1868. His brilliant passage of Humaita (Feb. 19, 
 1868) was his greatest exploit. He became full admiral 
 shortly before his death. 
 
 Ignatief (ig-na'tyef), Nikolai Pavlovitch. 
 Born at St. Petersburg, Jan. 29, 1832: died 
 there, July 3, 1908. A Russian diplomatist. 
 
 He was ambassador at Peking 1859-1863, and at Constanti- 
 nople 1864-77 ; aided in negotiating the treaty of San Ste- 
 fano in 1878 ; and was minister of the interior 1881-82. 
 
 Ignatius (ig-na'shi-us), Saint, surnamed The- 
 ophorus (L. Deifer, lit. ‘God-bearer'). [L., 
 from Gr. ’I yvarioc, ardent, fiery ; P. Ignace, It. 
 Ignazio , Sp. Ignacio, Inigo, Pg. Ignacio, G. Ig- 
 naz.) Died between 104-117 a. d. A bishop of 
 Antioch who, according to the tradition, suffered 
 martyrdom under Trajan. He was the reputed author 
 of epistles to the Ephesians, Romans, Polycarp, etc. (ed- 
 ited in “ Corpus Ignatianum,” 1849). 
 
 Ignatius de Loyola. See Loyola. 
 
 Ignoramus (ig-no-ra'mus). A famous academi- 
 cal comedy written by George Ruggle, 1615, as 
 a personal satire. It is a mixture of the iambics of 
 Plautus (from whom it was taken through the Italian) and 
 Latin and English prose. 
 
 Igor (e'gor), Song of the Band of. A Russian 
 epic poem, describing the straggle of Igor, 
 prince of Novgorod-Severski, with the pagan 
 hordes from the southwest. It is supposed by some 
 authors to have been inspired by Homer. It is the most 
 ancient of the Russian epics of the middle ages, and the 
 prototype of all. The MS. was burned in the great fire at 
 Moscow (1812). The story had, however, been edited by 
 Pushkin. 
 
 Igu (e'go). See Igbira. 
 
 Iguala, Plan of. See Iturbide, Jgustin de. 
 Igualada (e-gwa-la'THa). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Barcelona, Spain, situated on the Noya 
 35 miles northwest of Barcelona. Population, 
 10,442. 
 
 Iguvium (i-gu'vi-um). An ancient name of 
 ’Gubbio. 
 
 Ijashne (i-jash'ne). [Gujrati for the Pahlavi 
 yajishn, from yaz, yas, to worship by sacrifices 
 and prayers, kindred with Avestan yasna, Skt. 
 yajna, sacrifice.] The name of the ceremony 
 attending, among the Parsees, the solemn recital 
 of the Yasna. See Avesta. in it are used conse- 
 crated water, a kind of bread, butter, fresh milk, meat, 
 the branches of the Homa plant with one of the pome- 
 granate, the juice of the Homa plant, the hair of an ox, 
 and a bundle of twigs tied together by means of a reed, 
 evidently relics of ancient sacrificial usages agreeing in 
 part with the Brahmanic. 
 
 Ikelemba (e-ka-lem'ba), or Ikelembe (-be). A 
 southern tributary of the Kongo, which it joins 
 near the equator. 
 
 Ikenild Street. See Iclmield. 
 
 Ilanz (e'liints), Romansh Glion (lye-on'). A 
 town in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, on 
 the Vorder Rhein at the junction of the Lugnetz 
 valley. 17 miles west of Coire. It was the old 
 capital of the Gray League. 
 
 Ilchester (ii'ches-ter), formerly Ivelchester 
 (iv'el-ches-ter). A small decayed town in Som- 
 erset, England, situated on the Yeo 31 miles 
 southwest of Bath. It was the birthplace of 
 Roger Bacon. 
 
 525 
 
 Ilderim (il'de-rim). See Bajazet. 
 Ile-de-France (el-de-fr offs'), Isle of France. 
 
 1. An ancient government of France. Capital, 
 Paris. It was bounded by Picardy on the north, Cham- 
 pagne on the east, Orleanais on the south, and Normandy 
 on the west ; and was so called because included between 
 the rivers Seine, Marne, Aisne, Oise, and Ourcq. It cor- 
 responded to the department of Seine, with a large part of 
 Seine-et-Oise, Seine-et-Marne, Aisne, and Oise, and small 
 parts of Nijvre and Loiret. It was the portion of the 
 country about Paris that was most completely under the 
 control of the kings — i. e. , the royal domain. 
 
 2. Mauritius. 
 
 Iletzk (e-letsk'). A town in the government of 
 Orenburg, Russia, near the jimetion of the Ilek 
 and Ural. Population, 11,802. 
 
 II Fiammingo. See John of Bologna. 
 Ilfracombe (il'fra-kom). A seaport and water- 
 ing-place in Devonshire, England, situated on 
 the Bristol Channel 43 miles northwest of Exe- 
 ter : formerly an important port. Population, 
 8,557. 
 
 Ilnavo (el-ya'vo). A town in the district of 
 Aveiro, province of Beira, Portugal, 27 miles 
 north-northwest of Coimbra. Population, com- 
 mune, 12,617. 
 
 Ilheos (el-ya'os). Aformer hereditary captaincy 
 of Brazil, corresponding to the coast from Ba- 
 hia 50 leagues southward. It was settled in 1535, 
 prospered for a time, but fell into decay, and in the 18th 
 century was incorporated with Bahia. 
 
 Hi (e'le). 1. A river in central Asia, flowing 
 into Lake Balkash about lat. 45° 40' N., long. 
 74° 20' E. Length, from 800 to 900 miles ; nav- 
 igable in its lower course. — 2. A colonial de- 
 pendency of China, situated about lat. 36°-49° 
 N., long. 71°— 96° E. The surface is elevated. It is 
 divided into the North Circuit (Sungaria) and the South 
 Circuit (East Turkestan). 
 
 3. See Kuldja. 
 
 Iliad (il'i-ad), The. [Gr. ’I Aide, from ”17 \iov, Ili- 
 um, Troy!] A famous Greek epic poem, com- 
 posed, according to tradition, by the poet Homer 
 (see Homer ) : with its companion poem, the 
 Odyssey, the greatest of epics and “among the 
 most ancient, if not the most ancient, works 
 of the human spirit in a European tongue” 
 ( Geddes). The subject of the Iliad is the ten years’ siege 
 of Ilium or Troy by the confederated states of Greece 
 under Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, to redress the injury 
 done to Menelaus, king of Sparta, in the carrying off of his 
 wife, Helen, by the Trojan Rads, to whom Helen was given 
 by Aphrodite as a reward for his decision in favor of Aphro- 
 dite in the contest of beauty between her, Athene, and 
 Hera. The direct narrative relates only to a part of the 
 last year, leaving the fall of the city untold. The mighty 
 deeds of the Greek Achilles and of the Trojan Hector, son 
 of King Priam, supply some of the chief episodes of the 
 poem. 
 
 Iliniza. See llliniza. 
 
 Ilissus (i-lis'tis). [Gr. ’Vuaouc.] A small river 
 in Attica, Greece, flowing through Athens. 
 Ilithyia (il-i-thl'yii). [Gr. Ei ItiOvia.'] In Greek 
 mythology, the goddess who presides over child- 
 birth: corresponding to the Roman Lucina. 
 Ilium (il'i-utn). [Gr. ”lXiov, y "I/hof.] In ancient 
 geography, a place in Mysia, Asia Minor, iden- 
 tified by the Greeks with the legendary Troy. 
 It was frequently destroyed in prehistoric times ; was re- 
 built by Greek colonists in the 6th century B. C. ; was en- 
 larged by Lysimachus at the end of the 4th century B. C. ; 
 and continued (as New Ilium) to late Roman times. Its 
 site has been identified by Schliemann at Hissarlik, about 
 100 miles north by west of Smyrna. Compare Troy. 
 Ilkeston (il'kes-tpn). A town in Derbyshire, 
 England, 8 miles northeast of Derby. Popula- 
 tion, 25,384. 
 
 Ilkley (ilk'li). A watering-place in Yorkshire, 
 England, on the Wharfe northwest of Bradford. 
 Population, 7,455. 
 
 Ilkshidites. See the extract. 
 
 Egypt, during the ninth and tenth centuries, was the 
 theatre of several revolutions. Two dynasties of Turkish 
 slaves, the Tolunides and the Ilkshidites. established them- 
 selves in that country, which was only reunited to the 
 Caliphate of Bagdad for a brief period between their usur- 
 pations. Freeman, Hist. Saracens, p. 111. 
 
 III (el). A river in Alsace which joins the Rhine 
 9 miles below Strasburg. Length, about 125 
 miles; navigable from near Colmar. 
 
 Illa-ticsi (el'ya-tek'se). One of the names or 
 titles given by the ancient Peruvians to a 
 mythical personage who is said to have come 
 from the south to the shores of Lake Titicaca. 
 Ille (el). A town in the department of Pyr6- 
 n6es-Orientales, France, on the Tet west of 
 Perpignan. Population, commune, 3,183. 
 Ille-et-Vilaine (el-a-ve-lan'). A department 
 in northwestern France. Capital, Rennes. 
 It is bounded by the English Channel and Manche on the 
 north, Mayenne on the east, Loire- Inf erieure on the south, 
 and C6tes-du-Nord and Morbihan on the weBt. It formed 
 part of the ancient Brittany. Area, 2,697 square mileB. 
 Population, 611,805. 
 
 Illyria 
 
 Iller (il'ler). A tributary of the Danube, which 
 it joins near Ulm. It forms part of the boundary be- 
 tween Wiirtemberg and Bavaria. Length, about 100 miles. 
 
 Illiberis (i-lib'e-ris). An important Roman city 
 in Spain, near the modern Atarfe and Granada. 
 
 Illiez, Val d’. See Val d’llliez. 
 
 Illiger (il'li-ger), Johann Karl Wilhelm. Born 
 at Brunswick, Germany, Nov. 19, 1775: died at 
 Berlin, May 9-10, 1813. A German naturalist. 
 He edited a ‘ ‘ Magazin fur Insektenkunde,” and 
 published ‘ ‘ Prodromus systematis mammalium 
 et avium,” etc. 
 
 Illima ni (el-ye-ma'ne). A mountain in the Bo- 
 livian Andes, immediately east-southeast of La 
 Paz. Height, 21,030 feet. 
 
 llliniza (el-ye-ne'tha), or Iliniza (e-le-ne'tha). 
 A mountain in Ecuador, about 17,400 feet high. 
 See the extract. 
 
 This mountain is probably seventh in rank of the Great 
 Andes of the Equator. It is slightly inferior in elevation 
 to Sangai, and is loftier than Carihuairazo. It has two 
 peaks, or rather it is composed of two mountains that are 
 grouped together, the more northern of which is the 
 lower, and is called Little llliniza. The summits of both 
 are sharp, and during the time of our stay in Ecuador they 
 were completely covered by snow. 
 
 Whymper, Travels amongst the Great Andes of the 
 [Equator, p. 130. 
 
 Illinois (il-i-noi' or -noiz'). A confederacy of 
 North American Indians, formerly occupying 
 Illinois and adjacent parts of Wisconsin, Iowa, 
 and Missouri. They were allies of the French, and 
 therefore the Iroquois in 1678 began a long and destruc- 
 tive war against them. The name is from Mini, ‘man’ : 
 their own plural uk was changed by the French to their 
 plural ending ois. Their five principal component tribes 
 were Peoria, Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Tamaroa, and Michega- 
 mea. The assassination of Pontiac by a Kaskaskia in 1765 
 was avenged by the Lake tribes in a war of destruction. 
 There are a few at the Quapaw agency, Indian Territory. 
 See Alyonquian. 
 
 Illinois (il-i-noi' or -noiz'). One of the Central 
 States of the United States of America. Capital, 
 Springfield; chief city, Chicago. It is bounded by 
 Wisconsin on the north and Lake Michigan and Indiana 
 on the east, and is separated by the Ohio from Kentucky 
 on the south, and by the Mississippi from Iowa and Mis- 
 souri on the west. The surface is generally level. The 
 chief mineral products are coal and petroleum. It is one 
 of the chief States in the production of corn, wheat, and 
 oats, and has flourishing manufactures. It is the second 
 State in mileage of railways, and the third in population ; 
 has 102 counties ; sends 2 senators and 27 representatives 
 to Congress ; and has 29 electoral votes. It was settled by 
 the French at Kaskaskia and elsewhere in 1682 ; was ceded 
 to Great Britain in 1763, and to the United States in 1783 ; 
 became part of the Northwest Territory in 1787, and part 
 of Indiana Territory in 1800; was made a separate Terri- 
 tory in 1809; and was admitted to the Union in 1818. 
 Among later events were Black Hawk’s war in 1832, and the 
 Mormon troubles, culminating in 1844. Area, 56,650square 
 miles. Population, 5,638,691, (1910). 
 
 Illinois. A river in the State of Illinois, formed 
 by the junction of the Des Plaines and Kanka- 
 kee in Grundy County, 40 miles southwest of 
 Chicago. It joins the Mississippi 16 miles above Alton, 
 and is connected by the Illinois and Michigan Canal with 
 Lake Michigan. Total length, about 500 miles ; navigable 
 245 miles. 
 
 Illuminated Doctor, The, L. Doctor Illumi- 
 natUS (dok'tor i-lu-mi-na'tus). A surname 
 given to the scholastic philosopher Raymond 
 Lully (1235-1315), and also to the German mys- 
 tic Johann Tauler (1300-1361). 
 
 Illuminati (i-lu-mi-na/ti). [L., ‘the enlight- 
 ened.'] A name given to different religious so- 
 cieties or sects because of their claim to perfec- 
 tion or enlightenment in religious matters. The 
 most noted among them were the Alumbrados (‘ the En- 
 lightened’) of Spain in the 16th century; an ephemeral 
 society of Belgium and northern France (also called Gu6- 
 rinets) in the 17th century ; and an association of mystics 
 in southern France in the 18th century, combining the 
 doctrines of Swedenborg with the methods of the Free- 
 masons. 
 
 Illuminator (i-lu'mi-na-tor). A surname given 
 to Gregory of Armenia. 
 
 Illusion Comique (e-lii-zyon' ko-mek'), L’. A 
 tragicomedy by Corneille, issued in 1636, “of 
 the extremest Spanish type, complicated and 
 improbable to a degree in its action, which 
 turns on the motive of a play within a play, 
 and produces, as the author himself remarks, a 
 division into prologue (Act i.), an imperfect 
 comedy (Acts ii.-iv.), and a tragedy (Act v.)" 
 (Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 295). 
 
 Illusions Perdues (par-dii'), Les. [F., ‘lost il- 
 lusions.’] A work by Balzac, in 3 parts, written 
 in 1837-39-43. He drew in it a picture of 
 the feuilletonists which exasperated the press 
 against him. 
 
 Illyria (i-lir'i-a), F. Illyrie (e-le-re'), G. Illy- 
 rien (il-le're-en). [Gr. TUI vptq or '1/J.vpla.] 
 A region on the western coast of the Balkan 
 peninsula, north of Greece proper, its bounda- 
 ries are vague. It is included now in Montenegro and 
 
Illyria 
 
 parts of the Austrian and Turkish empires. The southern 
 part of it came early under Greek influence. The king- 
 dom of Illyria, with Scodra as its capital, was important in 
 the 3d century B. c., and was overthrown by Rome in 168 
 B. c. For the ecclesiastical Illyricum and the modern Il- 
 lyria, see below. 
 
 The same remarks apply to the second branch of peo- 
 ple occupying the north-west of the Balkan Peninsula, the 
 Illyrians: the last linguistic remains of this branch are pre- 
 served in modern Albanian. According to the probable 
 opinion expressed by H. Kiepert (Lehrb. d. alten Geogra- 
 phic, p. 240, f.), this tribe in pre-Hellenic times was widely 
 spread over Greece under the name of Leleges. 
 
 Schrader, Aryan Peoples (tr. by J evons), p. 430. 
 
 Illyria. A titular kingdom belonging to the 
 Cisleithan division of the Austrian -Hungarian 
 monarchy, comprising the five orownlands Ca- 
 rint.hia, Carniola, Istria, Triest, and Gorz and 
 Gradiska, formed from the Illyrian Provinces 
 ceded to Austria 1815. 
 
 Illyrian (i-lir'i-an) Provinces. A state under 
 French control, formed by Napoleon in 1809 
 out of cessions by Austria. It comprised Carniola, 
 Dalmatia, Istria, Fiume, Trieste, Gorz and Gradisca, and 
 parts of Carinthia and Croatia. Restored 1815. 
 Illyricum (i-lir'i-kum). [Gr. ’lAAvpiubv.) 1. One 
 of the four great prefectures into which the 
 later Eoman Empire was divided. It comprised 
 the dioceses of Macedonia and Dacia, and corresponded 
 generally to Greece, Crete, Macedonia, Albania, and Servia. 
 2. A diocese of the later Eoman prefecture of 
 Italy. It comprised Noricum, Dalmatia, and Pannonia 
 (that is, nearly all of Bosnia and that part of Austria be- 
 tween the Danube and the Adriatic). 
 
 Ilmen (il'meu), Lake. A lake in the govern- 
 ment of Novgorod, Eussia, about 100 miles 
 south-southeast of St. Petersburg. It discharges 
 by the river Volkhoff into Lake Ladoga. 
 Jlmenau (il'me-nou). A town in Saxe-Wei- 
 mar-Eisenach, Germany, situated on the Ilm 
 28 miles southwest of Weimar. It was fre- 
 quently the residence of Goethe. Population, 
 commune, 11,222. 
 
 Ilminster (il'min-ster). A town in Somerset, 
 England, situated on the Isle 31 miles north- 
 *east of Exeter. Population, 2,287. 
 
 Iloilo (e-lo-e'lo). After Manila, the principal 
 port of the Philippine Islands. It is situated on the 
 island of Pauay. It was captured from the Philippine 
 insurgents by the United States troops on Feb. 11, 1899. 
 Population, about 12,000. 
 
 Iiopango (e-lo-pan'go). A lake near the city 
 of San Salvador, noted for a recent volcano 
 which has formed an island in it. 
 
 Ilori (e-16're), or Ilorin (e-16'ren). The capi- 
 tal of the province of Ilorin, Northern Nigeria, 
 West Africa, about lat. 8° 30' N., long. 4° 20' 
 E. Population, estimated, 70,000. 
 
 Ilse (il'ze). In German folk-lore, a princess who 
 was changed into a river. 
 
 Ilsenburg (il'zen-bora). A small town in the 
 province of Saxony, Prussia, in the Harz 18 
 miles west of Halberstadt. 
 
 Ilus (Plus). [Gr. ”IX of.] In Greek legend, the 
 son of Tros: the mythical founder of Ilium. 
 Ilva (il'va). The Latin name of Elba. 
 
 Imaus (im'a-us). [Gr. ’'I/raof, to ”I/mov opo f.J 
 In ancient geography, the name given to the 
 mountain system of central Asia, extending 
 east and west : later the so-called Bolor range. 
 Imbert (ah-har'), Barthelemi. BornatNimes, 
 France, 1747 : died at Paris, Aug. 23, 1790. A 
 French poet, noted especially for his fables. 
 Imbros (im'bros). [Gr. ’'I/i/Jpof.] An island in 
 the Aigean Sea, belonging to Turkey, situated 
 in lat. 40° 10' N., long. 25° 45' E. It was an an- 
 cient Athenian possession. Area, 98 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, about 9,000 (Greeks). 
 
 Imeritia (e-me-rish'i-a), or Imeretia(e-me-ret'- 
 sya). A region in the government of Kutais, 
 Transcaucasia, Eussia, between Georgia ou the 
 east and Mingrelia on the northwest. 
 Imgur-bel (im'gor-bel). [‘ Bel is favorable.’] 
 One of the walls of ancient Babylon. See Babel. 
 Imhotep (em-ho'tep). In Egyptian mythology, 
 the first-born son of Ptah and Sekhmet, with 
 whom he formed the Memphic triad. He was the 
 pod of knowledge, akin to Thoth, and was identified by 
 the Greeks with jEsculapius. 
 
 Imitation of Christ. See De imitatione Christ!. 
 Imlac (im'lak). In Johnson’s “Easselas,”a man 
 of learning who accompanies Easselas from the 
 monotonous “happy valley.” 
 
 Immanuel, Emmanuel (i-, e-man'fi-el). [Heb., 
 lit. ‘ God with us.’] A name that was to be given 
 to Jesus Christ (Mat. i. 23) as the son born of a 
 virgin predicted in Isa. vii. 14. As a personal 
 name also written Emanuel. 
 
 Immenstadt (im'men-stat). A small town in 
 Swabia and Neuburg, Bavaria, near the Iller 23 
 miles east of Lake Constance. 
 
 526 
 
 Immermann (im'mer-man), Karl Lebrecht. 
 
 Born at Magdeburg, Prussia, April 24,1796 : died 
 at Diisseldorf, Prussia, Aug. 25, 1840. A German 
 dramatist,, poet, and romance-writer. His chief 
 romances are “Die Epigonen” (1836), “ Munchhausen ” 
 (1838-39). 
 
 Imogen (im'o-jen). In Shakspere’s play “ Cym- 
 beline,” the daughter of Cymbeline and wife of 
 Posthumus. Her characteristics are fidelity and 
 truth. 
 
 Imogens (im'o-jen). See Alonso the Brave. 
 
 Imola (e'mo-la). A town in the province of Bo- 
 logna, Italy, 22 miles southeast of Bologna, on 
 the river Santerno : the ancient Forum Comelii. 
 
 It is the center of a wine-producing region. It was founded 
 by Sulla. Population, 12,174. 
 
 Imola, Innocenzo da (originally Innocenzo 
 Francucci). Born at Imola, Italy, about 1494 : 
 died about 1550. A Bolognese painter. 
 
 Imperial (em-pa-re-al'). A former city of south- 
 ern Chile (inthepresentprovince of Cautin), near 
 the Eio de las Damas, about 15 miles from the 
 Pacific. Itwas founded by Valdivia in March, 1551, and 
 for half a century was an important place, becoming the 
 seat of a bishop in 1582. After withstanding many assaults 
 from the Araucanians, it was destroyed by them in 1600. 
 Nueva Imperial, a small modern town, is near the same site. 
 
 Imperial City, The. A common epithet of 
 Eome. 
 
 Imperial Delegates Enactment. [G. Beichsde- 
 putationshauptschluss.'] A convention drawn up 
 Feb. 25, 1803, by delegates of the German Em- 
 pire under French and Eussian influence, and 
 ratified by the Eeichstag and emperor. The prin- 
 cipal provisions were : cession of the left bank of the Rhine 
 to France ; indemnification of the secular powers who lost 
 possessions thereby, partly by the secularizing of the eccle- 
 siastical powers(except theelectorateof Mainz and theTeu- 
 tonic Order and the Order of St. John), partly by mediatiz- 
 ing all the free cities except Hamburg, Bremen, Liibeck, 
 Frankfort, Nuremberg, and Augsburg ; certain territorial 
 changes in Prussia, Hannover, Bavaria, Baden, Wiirtem- 
 berg, etc.; the abolition of the electorates of Cologne and 
 Treves ; and the creation of the electorates of W iirtemberg, 
 Baden, Hesse-Cassel, and Salzburg. 
 
 Impertinents, The. See Shadwell. 
 
 Impey (im'pi), Sir Elijah. Born June 13, 1732: 
 died Oct. 1, 1809. A noted English jurist, the 
 first chief justice of Bengal. He assumed this office 
 in 1774, and acted from the first in harmony with Warren 
 Hastings. In 1775 he presided at the trial of Nand Kumar 
 for forgery, and sentenced him to death. In 1783 he was 
 recalled and impeachment for his conduct in this case was 
 attempted but, in 1788, was dropped. 
 
 Irnportants (im-por'tants ; F. pron. an-por- 
 ton'), The. In French history, a political clique 
 formed after the death of Louis XIII., 1643. It 
 intrigued against the government unsuccess- 
 fully. 
 
 InachllS (in'a-kus). [Gr.’TraTof.] 1. In ancient 
 geography, a river of Argolis, flowing into the 
 Argolic Gulf near Argos.— 2. In Greek my- 
 thology, the god of the river Inachus, son of 
 Oceanus. 
 
 Inagua (e-na'gwa), Great, and Inagua, Little. 
 
 Two of the Bahama Islands, situated at the 
 southern end of the group. 
 
 Inaquito. Same as Anaquito. 
 
 Iliawashiro (e-na/'wa-she'ro). One of the two 
 largest lakes of Japan, in the main island, about 
 long. 140° E. Length, about 10 miles. 
 
 Inca Manco. See Manco. 
 
 Incas (ing'kiis). The most numerous and pow- 
 erful tribe speaking the Quichua language in 
 Peru. It occupied the basin of Cuzco, .that settlement 
 being the seat of the tribe. Traditions about the origin of 
 the Incas differ, one class of folk-lore making them origi- 
 nal settlers of Cuzco, while others place their point of 
 departure on the island of Titicaca. Diligent researches, 
 carried on at Cuzco by order of the Spanish authorities in 
 1542, and afterward repeated at various times, place the 
 beginning of tribal expansion of the Incas at about the 
 twelfth century. But the data are vague, as the Incas 
 had only knotted strings (quippus) as means for pre- 
 serving recollections. lienee there is much disagreement 
 among the early Spanish authors concerning the list of 
 head chiefs, their names even, and the duration of their 
 terms of office. It is generally believed that one “ Manco 
 Capac " was the first war-chief and that the last was Tupac 
 Amaru, who was executed in 1572 at Cuzco. The Incas 
 were governed by two elective chiefs: the “Hatun Apu" 
 or military leader, and the “Uillac Umu" or civil chief 
 with religious attributes. These were the executive offi- 
 cers and they were selected by the religions powers and 
 confirmed by the tribal council which consisted of repre- 
 sentatives of the fourteen (or sixteen) dans that consti- 
 tuted the tribe. A war-chief might suggest his own suc- 
 cessor, but the council was free to adopt or reject that 
 suggestion. While there were many fetishes, the princi- 
 pal deities of the Incas appear to have been the spirits 
 supposed to dwell in the sun and moon, in lightning and 
 thunder, and on some of the specially prominent moun- 
 tain-tops. The seat of the tribal worship was around the 
 central square at Cuzco. Human sacrifices accompanied 
 every important festivity, women and children being pre- 
 ferred. When the Spaniards reached Cuzco in 1533 the 
 basin had a population not exceeding seventy thousand 
 souls, about one third of whom resided in the settlement 
 of Cuzco proper. That settlement was divided into four- 
 
 India 
 
 teen (some assert sixteen) quarters, each occupied by a 
 localized clan or ayllu (gens). Succession was in the female 
 line. Among the arts which the Incas had developed to 
 greatest perfection were those of weaving, pottery, and 
 working in metal to some extent. Agriculture was primi- 
 tive, and on the level of that of most sedentary Indians, 
 especially in regard to irrigation. Their architecture was 
 peculiar, heavy blocks of polished stone being mostly used. 
 About two centuries before the arrival of the Spaniards 
 (in 1525) the Inca tribe began to sally from its home and 
 become aggressive. Having the use of a beast of burden 
 (the llama), they could form supply-trains and hence sustain 
 longer campaigns than any other American Indians. In 
 the course of little more than 200 years they overran and 
 either exterminated or subjected to tribute most of the 
 natives of southwestern Ecuador, western Peru, and Boliv- 
 ia and a part of Chile. No consolidated state or empire 
 was formed. Women and girls from subjugated tribes were 
 sometimes kept in special buildings and close to shrines 
 where they had to attend to the manual work, and to weav- 
 ing, and were often kept for sacrifice. These houses of 
 captive females gave rise to the fable of “vestals” among 
 the Incas. Another fable, growing out of a misunder- 
 standing of the system of relationship, is the marriage 
 between brother and sister imputed to the Inca war-chiefs. 
 The wide area overrun by Inca raids w as one of the causes 
 of the downfall of the tribe. It split the tribe into two 
 groups, widely separated from one another, the original 
 tribe at Cuzco and a branch in Ecuador. War ensued — 
 not a war of succession, as erroneously reported, but merely 
 an intertribal strife. Under such conditions, overthrow of 
 the Inca influence by the Spaniards became feasible. 
 
 Ince-in-Makerfield (ins'in-ma'ker-feld). A 
 town in Lancashire, England, 17 miles north- 
 east of Liverpool. Population, 21,262. 
 Inchbald (ineh'bald), Mrs. (Elizabeth Simp- 
 son). Born at Stanningfield, near Bury St. 
 Edmunds, England, Oct. 15, 1753 : died at Lon- 
 don, Aug. 1, 1821. An English novelist, dram- 
 atist, and actress. Among her novels are “ A Simple 
 Story'’ (1791), “Nature and Art" (1796). She also wrote 
 “Such Tilings Are ” (1788), and other plays. 
 
 Inchcape (inch'kap) Rock. See Bell Bock. 
 
 Inchcolm (ineh'kom). An islet in the Firth of 
 Forth, Scotland. 
 
 Inconstant, The, or the Way to Win Him. 
 
 A comedy by George Farquhar, produced in 
 1702. It is an adaptation of Fletcher’s “Wild- 
 goose Chase.” 
 
 Incredible Things in Thule. An ancient ro- 
 mance by Antoni us Diogenes (about the 1st 
 century), narrating the adventures and loves 
 of Dimas and Dereyllis. 
 
 Ind (ind). A poetical name of India or the In- 
 dies. 
 
 Independence (in-de-pen'dens). The capital 
 of -Jackson County, western Missouri, 9 miles 
 east of Kansas City. Population, 9,859, ( 1910). 
 Independence Hall. A building in Chestnut 
 street, Philadelphia, where on July 4, 1776, the 
 Declaration of Independence was adopted hv 
 Congress and read to the people assembled oil 
 Independence Square. The Continental Congress 
 assembled here, and Washington was here chosen com- 
 mander-in-chief in 1775. The building is now used as a 
 museum of relics connected with the history of the country. 
 
 Inderab. See Anderab. 
 
 Index Espurgatorius (in'deks eks-per-ga-to'ri- 
 us). [‘Expurgatory Index.’] Catalogues of 
 books comprising respectively those which 
 Eoman Catholics are absolutely forbidden to 
 read, and those which they must not read unless 
 in editions expurgated of objectionable pas- 
 sages. They are prepared by the Congregation of the 
 Index, a body of cardinals and their assistants. Pope Paul 
 IV. published a list of forbidden books in 1557 and 1559. 
 The Council of Trent in 1562 attempted the regulation of 
 the matter, but finally referred it to the Pope. He (Pius 
 IV.) published the “Index Tridentinus” in 1564, often re- 
 printed, with additions, under the title “ Index Libroruni 
 Prohibitorum." 
 
 India (in'di-a). [Formerly also Indie (still 
 used, in the plural, in East Indies and West 
 Indies) and hide ; F. Indie, Sp. Pg. It. India, G. 
 Indien, from L. India, Gr. ’I vSia, from Indi, Gr. 
 ’I v&oi, the inhabitants.] An extensive region 
 in southern Asia. The name India is and has been 
 used with very different meanings. With the ancients it 
 meant the country of the Indus; later it was extended 
 through the peninsula, and sometimes mode to include 
 Further India and the northern islands of the Malay Ar- 
 chipelago. In modern times it may mean what is some- 
 times called Hither or Nearer India, the peninsula whose 
 natural boundaries are the Indian Ocean, the Suliman 
 Mountains, the Himalayas, and the hill-ranges east of Ben- 
 gal : in this sense it is not so inclusive as the political India 
 (i. e., British India), but includes on the other hand the 
 French and Portuguese possessions. (See Pondicherry, Ooa, 
 Maht.. Karikal, Panjim, Daman, Diu.) The name India 
 is also sometimes used for the two peninsulas of Hither 
 and Further India, and sometimes as nearly equivalent to 
 East Indies. The ordinary meaning, however, is British 
 India, or the Indian Empire, officially called India. This 
 includes Assam. Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Ajmir-Mer- 
 wara. Central Provinces, Berar, Burma, Coorg, Northwest 
 Frontier Province, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, 
 Panjab, Andamans and Nicobars, Baluchistan. Area. 
 1,097.901 sq. m. Population, 244.267.542, (1911). There 
 are also the feudatory native states, including Hyderabad, 
 Mysore, Kashmir, Baroda, states in Rajputana, and 
 states in connection with the Central Provinces, Central 
 
India 
 
 India, Panjab, Bengal, Madras, Bombay, United Provinces, 
 and Baluchistan. Their area is 691,253 sq. m.; pop., 70,- 
 864,995. Total area of India, 1,789,154 sq. m.; pop., 315,- 
 132,537. India exports rice, cotton, opium, oil-seeds, 
 jute, hides, tea, lac, wool, etc. The capital is Delhi. 
 Government is vested in a secretary of state for India (in 
 London), with a council of about 10 (also in London). In 
 India the government is administered by a governor-gen- 
 eral, or viceroy, appointed by the crown, a council of five 
 ordinary members, besides the commander-in-chief (ex- 
 panded into a legislative council (of about 68 members) by 
 the addition of other members nominated by the viceroy 
 or elected under the Act of 1909), with a centralized system 
 of governors, etc., for provinces, and commissioners and 
 deputy commissioners for divisions and districts. About 
 two thirds of the inhabitants are Hindus in religion ; Mo- 
 hammedans come next (over 60,000,000). “ To them [the 
 
 Greeks] for a long time the word India was for practical 
 purposes what it was etymologically, the valley of the 
 Indus. Meanwhile in India itself it did not seem so nat- 
 ural as it seems to us to give one name to the whole region. 
 For there is a very marked difference between the northern 
 and southern parts of it. The great Aryan community 
 which spoke Sanscrit and invented Brahminism spread it- 
 self chiefly from the Punjab along the great valley of the 
 Ganges, but not at first far southward. Accordingly the 
 name Hindostan properly belongs to this northern region. 
 ... It appears then that India is not a political name, but 
 only a geographical expression like Europe or Africa. " (./. 
 It. Seeley, Expansion of England, p. 222.) India, mentioned 
 in Esther i. 1, viii. 9, as the limit of the territories of Ahas- 
 uerus on the east, denotes probably the country surround- 
 ing the Indus, the Panjab. The name Indu (Hindu) also 
 occurs in the cuneiform inscription of Nakhsh-i-Itustem. 
 Whether and how India was known to the Phenicians, He- 
 brews, and Assyro-Babylonians before the Persian kings 
 is uncertain. The view that Ophir, whither the mercantile 
 fleet of Solomon and Hiram went, was in India, has been 
 generally given rip. The knowledge of the ancients con- 
 cerning India, before the expeditions of Alexander the Great 
 and Seleucus I., was in general very limited. West India 
 ( India, intra Gangem) was to the Greeks and Homans the 
 land east of the Iranian highland and south of the Ima- 
 us. Alexander the Great penetrated India as far as the 
 Hyphasis in the east and the mouth of the Indus in the 
 south. The island of Ceylon was known by the name of 
 Taprobane, or Salike, the inhabitants being called Sal®. 
 Still less comprehensive and accurate was their knowledge 
 of East India ( India extra Gangem). Alongside of a land 
 of gold, silver, and copper is mentioned a golden penin- 
 sula, by which probably Malacca was meant. As names of 
 the islands of the Indian Archipelago occur “the island of 
 the Good God ” (ayafloO Saiju-oros), perhaps meaning Suma- 
 tra, and Jabadin, doubtless Java. The chief authenticated 
 facts of Indian history are the following : the passage by 
 Aryan tribes of the northern and northwestern mountain 
 passes, and their settlement in the plains, at an unknown 
 period ; founding of Buddhism, 6th century B. c. ; conquest 
 of the Panjab by Alexander tlieGreat, 327-325 B.c. ; aGreco- 
 Bactrian kingdom in India down to about the 2d century 
 B. c., the so-called Scythian invasions following or accom- 
 panying this ; Buddhism displaced by Brahmanism, about 
 the 6th century of our era ; invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni 
 (the first Mohammedan invasion), 1001 ; invasion of Timur, 
 1398 ; expedition of Vasco da Gama, 1198 ; permanent set- 
 tlement of the Portuguese at Goa, 1510 ; foundation of the 
 Mogul empire by Baber, 1526 ; reign of Akbar, 1556-1605 ; 
 formation of the English East India Company, 1600, and 
 of the Dutch East India Company, 1602 ; rise of the Mali- 
 ratta power under Sivaji, 1657; death of Aurung-Zeb and 
 beginning of the Mogul decay, 1707; rivalry of French and 
 English in India at its heighten the time of Dupleix, about 
 1748 ; Clive’s victory at Plassey, 1757, followed by the ac- 
 quisition of Bengal and Behar ; acquisitions made under 
 the administrations of Warren Hastings (1772-85), Welles- 
 ley, Cornwallis, Minto, Marquis of Hastings, Amherst, Dal- 
 housie ; Carnatic annexed, 1801 ; British (Lower) Burma an- 
 nexed, 1826 and 1852; first Afghan war, 1838-42; annexation 
 of Sind, 1843 ; annexation of the Pan j ab, 1849 ; Sepoy Mu- 
 tiny, 1857 (suppressed, 1858) ; transference of the adminis- 
 tration from the East India Company to the crown, 1858 ; 
 Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India, 1877 ; second 
 Afghan war, 1878-80 ; annexation of Upper Burma, 1886. 
 Recent events have been the building of the Sind-Quetta 
 Railway toward the Afghan frontier, the acquisition of cer- 
 tain territories in Baluchistan, the suppression of the 
 Hunza-Nagar insurrection, 1891; the Manipur revolt, 1891; 
 Chitral expedition, 1895 ; Tirah campaign, 1897. 
 
 India, British. Same as India, in the present 
 official sense ; or, more strictly, that part which 
 is under direct British administration, exclud- 
 ing the native states. See India. 
 
 India, Further, or Indo-China (in'do-cM'na), 
 or India beyond the Ganges. The south- 
 eastern peninsula of Asia, including Burma, 
 Siam, Cambodia, Cochin-China, Annam, Tong- 
 king, Straits Settlements, etc. 
 
 India, Hither or Nearer. The great central 
 peninsula in southern Asia, with the natural 
 boundaries as described under India. 
 
 Indiana (in-di-an'a). [NL., ‘land of Indians.'] 
 One of the Central States of the United States. 
 Capital, Indianapolis. It is bounded by Lake Michi- 
 gan and Michigan on the north, Ohio on the east, Illinois on 
 the west, and Kentucky (separated by the Ohio) on the south. 
 The surface is generally level and undulating. The lead- 
 ing occupation is agriculture. Indiana is one of the chief 
 States in the production of wheat, and the ninth State in 
 population. It has 92 counties; sends 2 senators and 13 
 representatives to Congress ; and has 15 electoral votes. 
 It was settled by the French at Vincennes and elsewhere 
 early in the 18tli century ; was ceded to Great Britain in 
 1763, and to the United States in 1783 ; became part of the 
 Northwest Territory in 1787 ; and was made a separate 
 Territory in 1800. The battle of Tippecanoe occurred 
 within its limits in 1811. It was admitted to the Union 
 in 1816. Area, 36,350 square miles. Population, 2,700,876. 
 
 (1910). ’ ’ ’ ’ 
 
 Indiana. A novel by George Sand, published 
 in 1831. 
 
 Indiana. A character in Steele’s “Conscious 
 Lovers.” Mrs. Cibber made a great hit in this 
 part. 
 
 Indianapolis (iA'di-a-nap'o-lis). The capital 
 of Indiana and of Marion County, situated on 
 the West Fork of White River, iu lat. 39° 48' 
 N., long. 86° 6' W., nearly at the geographical 
 center of the State. It is the chief city in the State, 
 and an important railway center, and has a large trade in 
 grain. Among its chief industries are pork-packing and 
 milling. It was laid out in 1821, and was chartered as a 
 city in 1847. Population, 233,650, (1910). 
 
 Indian Archipelago. See Malay Archipelago. 
 Indian Council. See Council of the Indies. 
 Indian Emperor, The, or the Conquest of Mex- 
 ico by the Spaniards. A play by Dryden, a se- 
 quel to “ The Indian Queen,” produced in 1665. 
 Indian Empire. Same as British India. See 
 India. 
 
 Indian Mutiny, or Sepoy Mutiny. The revolt 
 against British authority in India 1857-58. its 
 immediate cause was the introduction into the Sepoy army 
 of a new rifle whose use required the touching of grease 
 (on the cartridge) ; this offended the religious prejudices 
 of the soldiers. The mutiny began at Meerut May 10. The 
 centers of activity were Delhi, Cawnpore (where in July 
 a massacre of the Europeans was ordered by Nana Sahib), 
 and Lucknow. Lucknow's garrison was relieved by Have- 
 lock in September, and again by Campbell in November ; 
 Delhi was besieged and taken in 1857 ; Lucknow wasfinally 
 conquered iu March, 1858; and the last resistance was 
 suppressed in 1858. The last Mogul (titular emperor) was 
 banished. 
 
 Indian Ocean. The part of the ocean lying 
 between Asia on the north, Africa on the west, 
 the Malay Archipelago and Australia on the 
 east, and an arbitrary line (about lat. 38° S.) 
 connecting the southern extremities of Austra- 
 lia and Africa on the south. Its chief arms are the 
 Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea (with the Persian Gulf 
 and Red Sea). It contains Madagascar, Mascarene Islands, 
 Socotra, Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Lakka- 
 dive Islands, and Maidive Islands. It receives the drain- 
 age of the Zambesi, Euphrates and Tigris, Indus, Ganges, 
 Brahmaputra, Irawadi, and the rivers of the Deccan. 
 Length from the Cape of Good Hope to Tasmania, about 
 6,000 miles. Average depth, about 14,000 feet. 
 
 Indian Queen, The. A tragedy by Sir Robert 
 Howard and John Dryden, produced in 1664. 
 Indian Territory. A former territory of the 
 United States. It was bounded by Kansas on the north, 
 Missouri and Arkansas on the east, Texas on the south, 
 and Oklahoma on the west. Its area was 31,209 square 
 miles. Its surface is generally level and rolling. The In- 
 dian tribes Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, and 
 Seminoles conduct their own affairs. Tahlequah in the 
 Cherokee land is the chief town. The region was acquired 
 in 1803 and 1845. In 1834 it was set apart for the Indians 
 who were removed during this period from their original 
 homes. The portion north of lat. 37° was ceded afterward 
 by the Indians to the United States. An act enabling 
 Oklahoma and Indian Territory to enter the Union as 
 the State of Oklahoma was passed by Congress in June, 
 
 1906, and this State was admitted to the Union Nov. 16, 
 
 1907. 
 
 Indians (in'di-anz) (of North America). The 
 aboriginal inhabitants of North America. They 
 were so named on the supposition that the lands discovered 
 by the early navigators were parts of India : the errone- 
 ous name has continued in use, notwithstanding attempts 
 at its correction. Schoolcraft invented for the North 
 Americans the names Algic, to denote the people of the 
 eastern coast ; Abanic, for those west of the Mississippi ; 
 and Ostic , for those who live between these limits : but no 
 other writer has used them. A later attempt, equally un- 
 successful, called the North American tribes Aoneo-Ma- 
 railonians — Maraflon being a name for the river Amazon, 
 and Aonco a word connected with a Northern myth. Seri- 
 ous mistakes in governmental practice as well as in the- 
 ories came from errors in the names of the ethnic divi- 
 sions of North America. Each tribe called itself by a 
 name in its own language which often was metaphorical 
 and varying ; and its several neighbors called it in their 
 languages by other names, which, according to their exist- 
 ing relations, might be terms of obloquy, of friendship, or 
 of simple topographic description. The methods adopted 
 by the French, English, Spanish, and Dutch to express the 
 native pronunciation added to the confusion, and a large 
 proportion of these various forms afterward appeared in 
 literature and in statistics, the population (which was it- 
 self multiplied through fear or through interest) being 
 sometimes duplicated over and over again, and thus vastly 
 exaggerated in the best official estimates. Subsequently 
 many of the erroneous names disappeared, and then it 
 was inferred that the tribes so named had become ex- 
 tinct. From these errors arose, mainly, the opinion, still 
 generally entertained, that the rapid extinction of the 
 North Americans is without a parallel in history, and 
 that it is due to an inherent defect, styled / era natura, 
 through which civilization is fatal to the part of the 
 human race found in the western hemisphere. The pres- 
 ent number of Indians in the United States is about 
 300,000. The number in British America is not so accu- 
 rately known, and that in Mexico, being more affected by 
 mixture of blood, is still less determinable. Besides the 
 actually ascertained errors in nomenclature, other con- 
 siderations affect the questions concerning population, 
 habitat, and migrations, upon which, together with lan- 
 guage, a proper classification depends. Before the Euro- 
 pean invasion the North American tribes had reached a 
 state of quasi-equilibrium, and were sedentary to the ex- 
 
 Indo-Europeans 
 
 tent that their territories were recognized, and though 
 many of them held districts too large for actual occu- 
 pancy, the limits were substantially defined. While ag- 
 riculture had commenced in some parts of the present 
 area of the United States, and was spreading, it nowhere 
 sufficed to replace hunting, which demands enormous 
 areas per capita for support ; and the population had not 
 increased, except perhaps in a small part of California, so 
 as to press upon the food-supply. Contrary to the cur- 
 rent opinion, the Indians were not nomadic until after 
 the arrival of Europeans, who drove many tribes from 
 their established seats to those occupied by other tribes ; 
 and from the same Europeans they procured the horse 
 and firearms, both of which were necessary to a nomadic 
 life under the existing conditions. The wars witli the 
 invaders and those occasioned by their pressure, in which 
 firearms were used, were far more destructive than the 
 former quarrels between tribes. The losses and gains of 
 most of the tribes during recent decades are now known 
 with sufficient precision to allow an estimate of the effect 
 of civilization upon them. In this connection it must he 
 noted as important that many individuals of aboriginal 
 blood have disappeared from the numerical strength of 
 tribes, not by extinction but by absorption. From all 
 these considerations it is concluded that the Indian pop- 
 ulation of North America at the time of the Columbian 
 discovery was not very greatly in excess of that now ex- 
 tant. The Bureau of Ethnology, established by Congress 
 in 1879, has brought the classification and nomenclature 
 of the Indians of North America into system and approxi- 
 mate accuracy. The tribes in British America, Lower 
 California, and the United States, including those found 
 both north and soutli of the Mexican border and exclud- 
 ing the remainder of Mexico, are divided into 57 linguistic 
 families or stocks, fundamentally differing from each other, 
 and often apparently as distinct as the Aryan and Scythian 
 linguistic stocks. In all the stocks were languages, some- 
 times but one being now known, sometimes many, tire dif- 
 ferences between which were such that the speakers failed 
 either entirely or in large part to understand each other. 
 The names assigned to these stocks in this work are those 
 given by the authority who first recognized each particular 
 stock in a publication ; and the termination an or ian is 
 now added to each to distinguish between the stock names 
 and tribal names, many of which without such distinction 
 would be identical and confusing. The 57 linguistic fam- 
 ilies or stocks in the territory mentioned are as follows : 
 Algonquian, Athapascan, Attacapan, Beothukan, Cad- 
 doan, Chimakuan, Chimarikan, Chimmesyan, Chinookan, 
 Chitimachan, Chumashan, Coahuiltecan, Copehan, Costa- 
 noan, Eskimauan, Esselenian, Iroquoian, Kalapooian, Ka- 
 rankawan, Keresan, Kiowan, Kitunahan, Koluschan, Ku- 
 lanapan, Kusan, Lutuamian, Mariposan, Moquelumnan, 
 Muskhogean, Natchesan, Palaihnihan, Piman, Pujunan, 
 Quoratean, Salinan, Salishan, Sastean, Sahaptian, Shosho- 
 nean, Siouan, Skittagetan, Takilman, Tanoan, Timuqua- 
 nan,Tonikan, Tonkawan,Uchean,Waiilatpuan, Wakashan, 
 Washoan, YVeitspekan, Wishoskan, Yakonan, Yanan, Yu- 
 kian, Yuman, and Zunian. These stocks differ widely in 
 the amount of teriitory occupied, in the number of com- 
 ponent tribes, and in the number of individuals identified 
 as belonging to them. Some claimed the combined areas 
 of a number of the present States and Territories of the 
 United States, while the known habitat of others was not 
 more than a modern county or township. Some are dif- 
 ferentiated by the language of a single tribe now known ; 
 others comprise many tribes, those of the Algonquian 
 stock amounting to 600 separately named divisions, each 
 one of which has been regarded by some authority to 
 be a tribe. Some are extinct, or are represented only 
 by a score of living persons, while others number tens 
 of thousands. The first subdivision of the linguistic 
 stocks, more permanent than temporary alliances or 
 leagues for special purposes, is the “confederacy ” ; but it 
 is not a constant basis of classification. It is noticed in 
 certain stocks where several neighboring tribes have acted 
 together for a considerable period in an approach to the 
 nationality common in civilization. These confederacies 
 do not embrace all the tribes of any stock, and are not 
 confined to people speaking the same language ; indeed, 
 interpreters have been required in the councils of a con- 
 federacy between the delegates of the component tribes. 
 In this connection it must he noted that tribes of the 
 same linguistic family are often bitter hereditary enemies, 
 so that language does not afford a political classification. 
 The unit of classification is the tribe, which often is in- 
 distinguishable from the village. The latter often ex- 
 tended over a considerable area, and was normally com- 
 posed of widely separated dwellings, each of them the 
 home of a domestic family, though sometimes several 
 families occupied the same dwelling. Another division is 
 the clan or gens ; but, as it is neither political nor ethnic, 
 and as it interpermeates all other divisions, its titles are 
 not mentioned in this work. Those appearing here al- 
 phabetically as the names of confederacies and tribes are 
 selected as having been the most used in literature, and 
 are not expressed in the determined scientific translitera- 
 tion which is required for the above-mentioned 57 lin- 
 guistic stocks, but in the form most frequently found in 
 publications. 
 
 Indies (in'diz), also formerly Indias (in'di-az). 
 The name given by Columbus and early geogra- 
 phers to the American islands and mainland, 
 then supposed to be a part of Asia : later, when 
 their true nature was known, they were dis- 
 tinguished as the West Indies, and the latter 
 term was eventually retained for the islands now 
 bearing that name. Many writers of the 16th century 
 use the word Indies in a restricted sense for the country 
 now included in Mexico. 
 
 Indies, Council of the. See Council of the Indies. 
 Indigirka (in-de-gir'ka). A river in eastern 
 Siberia, flowing into the Arctic Ocean about lat. 
 71°40' N.,long. 150° E. Length, about 900miles. 
 Indo-China. See India, Further. 
 Indo-Europeans (in'do-u-ro-pe'anz). Theraces 
 speaking the Indo-European languages; Ar- 
 yans (which see). 
 
Indo-Europeans 
 
 I am compelled to opine that the absence of the ass and 
 the camel, together with the presence of the horse, in the 
 pastoral lifeof the Indo-Europeans, is in favour of our look- 
 ing for the original abode of the Indo-Europeans rather in 
 the European than the Asiatic portion of the steppe district. 
 Further, the locality [banks of the Volga] proposed by us 
 for the original home of the Indo-Europeans affords the 
 simplest explanation of the manifold points of contact be- 
 tween the B’innsand the Indo-Europeans, in language and 
 in habits, to which we have referred in various passages of 
 this work. Schrader , Aryan Peoples (tr. by J evons), p. 437. 
 
 Indonesia (in-do-ne'shia). [NL., ‘Indian isl- 
 ands.’] A name for the Malay Archipelago. 
 Indore (in-dor'). 1. A native state in India, 
 under the control of the Central India Agency. 
 It consists of various detached tracts, partly in the valley 
 of the Nerbudda. It is also called the Holkar’s Dominions, 
 from its Mahratta ruler of the Holkar family. It was 
 founded by an adventurer in themiddleof the 18th century. 
 The ruler became a prince feudatory to Great Britain in 
 1818. Area, 9,500 square miles. Population, 850,690. 
 
 2. The capital of Indore state, situated in lat. 
 22° 43' N., long. 75° 54' E. Population, about 
 
 87.000. 
 
 India (in'dra). The god who, in Yedic theology, 
 stands at the head of the deities of the middle 
 realm — that of the air. The especial manifestation of 
 his power is the battle which he wages in the storm with 
 his thunderbolt (vajra) against the demons Vritra ( ‘ sur- 
 rounder’), Ahi ( ‘ conflner ’ ), Shushna (‘parcher’), and 
 others, who in the form of mighty serpents or dragons en- 
 compass the waters and shut off their path, as well as that 
 of the light, from heaven to earth. He is originally not the 
 supreme, but the national and favorite, god of the Indo- 
 Aryan tribes, and a type of heroic might exerted for noble 
 ends. Hebecomesmore prominentas Varunaisgradually 
 obscured. In later times he is subordinated to the triad 
 Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, but still is the head of the 
 heaven of the gods. He is the subject of many stories in 
 the great epics and the Puranas. 
 
 Indraprastha (in-dra-prast'lia). The capital 
 city of the Pandu princes. The name is still known 
 and used for a part of the city of Delhi. 
 
 Indre (ahd'r). A river in central France, join- 
 ing the Loire 17 miles west-southwest of Tours. 
 Length, about 150 miles. 
 
 Indre. A department of central France. Capital, 
 Cliateauroux. It is bounded by Loir-et-Cher on the 
 north, Cher on the east, Creuse and Haute-Vienne on 
 the south, Vienne on the west, and Indre-et-Loire on the 
 northwest. The surface is level. It exports grain. It was 
 formed from the ancient Bas-Berry and parts of Orlbanais 
 and Marche. Area, 3,664 square miles. Population, about 
 
 290.000. 
 
 Indre-et-Loire (ahd'r-a-lwar'). A department 
 of France. Capital, Tours, it is bounded by Sarthe 
 on the north, Loir-et-Cher on the northeast, Indre on the 
 southeast, Vienne on the south, and Maine-et-Loire on the 
 west, and was formed chiefly from the ancient Touraine. 
 The surface is generally level. The department is traversed 
 by the Loire, whose valley here is called “ the garden of 
 France.” It produces grain, wine, hemp, fruit, etc. Area, 
 2,377 square miles. Population, 337,916. 
 
 Indulgence, Declarations of. In English his- 
 tory, royal proclamations promising greater 
 religious freedom to nonconformists. The prin- 
 cipal were : (a) A proclamation by Charles II. in 1671 or 
 1672, promising the suspension of penal laws relating to 
 ecclesiastical matters which were directed against noncon- 
 formists. It was rejected by Parliament, (b) A proclama- 
 tion by James II. in 1687, annulling penal laws against 
 Roman Catholics and nonconformists, and abolishing reli- 
 gious tests for office. The refusal to read thi9 declaration 
 by several prelates led to their trial, and was one of the 
 causes of the revolution of 1688. 
 
 Indus (in' dus). [Skt. Sindhu.'] One of the chief 
 rivers of India. It rises among the Himalaya of Tibet, 
 about lat. 32° N., long. 81° E. It flows northwest through 
 gorges in Tibet and Kashmir. Near the northern part of 
 Kashmir it turns south and flows through British India 
 (Pan jab and Sind) into the Arabian Sea by a delta in about 
 lat. 24° N. Its chief tributaries are the combined rivers 
 of the Panjab (Jhelum, Chenab. Ravi, and Sutlej, through 
 the Panjnad)and the Kabul. In 1008 Dr. Sven Iledin an- 
 nounced that he had discovered its source. Length, about 
 1,800 miles ; navigable from Rori. 
 
 Ine (e'ne), or Ini (e'ne), or Ina (I'na). Died 
 729. King of the West Saxons 688-726. He con- 
 quered Kent in 694, defeated the Cymry of Cornwall in 
 711, and between 690 and 693 published a series of laws, 
 commonly called the Laws of Ine, which form the earliest 
 extant specimens of West-Saxon legislation. He abdicated 
 in 725 or 726, and, with his wife -Ethelburh, made a pil- 
 grimage to Rome, where he died. 
 
 Ines de Castro. See Castro , Lies de. 
 Inexpiable War, The. A war between Car- 
 thage and her mercenaries, 241-238 B. C. The 
 latter were unsuccessful. 
 
 Infanta Maria Teresa. An armored cruiser 
 of 7,000 tons, the flagship of Admiral Cervera 
 in the Spanish-American war. She was sunk in 
 the battle of Santiago, July 3, 1898 ; was raised under the 
 direction of Naval-Constructor Hobson ; and was aban- 
 doned in a gale north of San Salvador, Nov. 1, 1898. 
 
 Inferno (in-fer'no; It. pron. in-fer'no), The. 
 [It., ‘hell.’] The first part of Dante’s “Divina 
 Commedia.” It, is divided iuto 34 cantos. The.poet is 
 conducted by Vergil through the realms of bell to an exit 
 “ where once was Eden." From here he visits Purgatory. 
 
 Inferum Mare (in'fe-rum ma're). [L., ‘lower 
 sea.’] See Tyrrhenian Sea. 
 
 Inflexible (in-flek'si-bl). An iron-clad British 
 
 528 
 
 twin-screw double-turreted battle-ship, she was 
 launched in April, 1876. Her dimensions are length, 320 
 feet; breadth, 75 feet; draught, 25 feet; displacement, 
 11,400 tons. The armored region consists of a submerged 
 hull with an armored deck 5 or 6 feet below water-line, 
 and a central rectangular redoubt or bulwark carrying two 
 turrets placed diagonally at opposite corners. She car- 
 ries four 80-ton guns in the turrets. 
 
 Inganos. See Mocoas. 
 
 Ingauni (in-ga'ni). In ancient history, a Ligu- 
 rian tribe wbicb dwelt in northwestern Italy, on 
 the Gulf of Genoa. 
 
 Ingelheim (ing'el-lnm), Nieder-, and Ingel- 
 
 heim, Ober-. Two small towns in the prov- 
 ince of Khine-Hesse, Hesse, 8 miles west of 
 Mainz : formerly noted for a palace of Charles 
 the Great. 
 
 Ingelow (in'je-lo), Jean. Born at Boston, Lin- 
 colnshire, in 1820: died at London, July 20, 1897. 
 An English poet and novelist. Her works include 
 poems (1863, 1876, 1885), “Studies for Stories" (1864), 
 
 ‘ Mopsa the Fairy” (1869), “Off the Skelligs ” (a novel, 
 
 “ iated to be Free " (1875), “ Sarah de Berenger ” 
 (18/9), “ Don John” (1881), “John Jerome, etc.” (1886), “ A 
 Motto Changed ” (1893), and a number of children’s books. 
 Her poems were collected in one volume in 1898. 
 
 Ingemann (ing 'e -man), Bernhard Severin. 
 
 Born at Torkildstrup, Ealster, Denmark, May 
 
 28, 1789 : died at Copenhagen, Feb. 24, 1862. A 
 Danish poet and novelist. He wrote the epic “Val- 
 demar de Store og bans Mand ” (1824), the historical novels 
 “ValdemarSeier”(182G), “ Erik MenvedsBarndom” (1828), 
 “Kong Erik ” (1833), “ Prinds Otto af Danmark ” (1835). 
 
 Ingenhousz (ing'gen-hous), Johannes. Born 
 1730: died in England, 1779. ADutchphysician. 
 Ingermanland (ing'er-man-land), or Ingria 
 (in'gri-a). An ancient district, now forming a 
 large part of the government of St. Petersburg, 
 Russia. It passed several times between Sweden and 
 Russia, and was acquired by Sweden 1617. It was con- 
 quered by Peter the Great. 
 
 Ingersoll (ing'ger-sol). Atownin Oxford Coun- 
 ty, Ontario, Canada, situated on the Thames 
 54 miles west-southwest of Hamilton. Popu- 
 lation, 4,763, (1911). 
 
 Ingersoll, Charles Jared. Born at Philadel- 
 phia, Oct. 3, 1782 : died at Philadelphia, Jan. 4, 
 
 1862. An American politician and author, son 
 of Jared Ingersoll. Hewrote “A Historical Sketch of 
 the Second War between the United States and Great Brit- 
 ain ” (1845-52). 
 
 Ingersoll, Joseph Reed. Born at Philadelphia, 
 June 14, 1786: died at Philadelphia, Feb. 20, 1868. 
 An American politician, son of Jared Ingersoll: 
 United States minister to England 1850-53. 
 Ingersoll, Robert Green. Born at Dresden, 
 N. Y.,Aug. 11, 1833: died at Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., 
 July 21, 1899. An American lawyer, lecturer, 
 and politician. He settled as a legal practitioner at 
 Peoria, Illinois, in 1867, and became colonel of the 11th 
 Illinois cavalry in 1862, and attorney-general for Illinois 
 in 1866. He published “ The Gods, and Other Lectures ” 
 (1876), “Some Mistakes of Moses ” (1879), “Great Speeches” 
 (1887), etc. 
 
 Ingham (ing'am), Charles Cromwell. Born at 
 Dublin, about 1796 : died at New York, Dec. 10, 
 
 1863. An English- American painter. He came to 
 the United States in 1816. He was one of the original mem- 
 bers of the National Academy of Design. 
 
 Ingham, Col. Frederic. A pseudonym used by 
 Edward Everett Hale in “ The Ingham Papers ” 
 and other works. 
 
 Inghamites (ing'am-its). An English denomi- 
 nation founded by Benjamin Ingham (1712-72), 
 a Yorkshire evangelist, which combines ele- 
 ments of Methodism and Moravianism. The con- 
 version of Ingham to Sandemanian views led to the disrup- 
 tion and nearly total extinction of the denomination. 
 Inghirami (eng-ge-ra'me), Francesco. Born at 
 Volterra, Italy, 1772 : died at Florence, May 17, 
 1846. An Italian archaeologist. Hewrote “Mon- 
 umenti etruschi o di etrusco nome” (1820-27), 
 etc. 
 
 Inghirami, Tommaso, surnamed Fedra. Born 
 at Volterra, Italy, 1470 : died at Rome, Sept. 6, 
 1516. An Italian poet, scholar, and orator. 
 Ingleby (ing'gl-bi), Clement Mansfield. Born 
 at Edgbaston, near Birmingham, England, Oct. 
 
 29, 1823 : died at Ilford, Essex, Sept. 26, 1886. 
 An English philosophical writer and Shakspe- 
 rian scholar. He wrote “Outlines of Theoretical Logic” 
 (1856), “The Shakspere Fabrications ” (18591, “Shakspere 
 Controversy” (1861), “An Introduction to Metaphysics” 
 (1864-69), “ Shakspeare’s Centurie of Prayse, etc.” (1874), 
 ‘ ‘ The Still Lion ” (1874 : a new edition 1875, entitled “Shak- 
 spere Hermeneutics"), “Shakspere: the Man and the 
 Book ” (1877-81), etc. 
 
 Inglis (ing'lz), John. Born at Edinburgh in 
 1810 : died near Edinburgh, Aug. 20, 1891. A 
 Scottish jurist. He was educated at Glasgow University 
 and Balliol' College, Oxford, and was called to the Scottish 
 bar in 1835. He was solicitor-general for Scotland in 1852, 
 and lord advocate in 1852 and 1858. In 1858 he was ap- 
 pointed lord justice clerk, with thctitle of Lord Glencorse, 
 
 Innes9 
 
 and from 1867 he was lord justice general and president of 
 the Court of Session. 
 
 Inglis, Sir John Eardley Wilmot. Born in Nova 
 Scotia, Nov. 15, 1814: died at Hamburg, Sept, 
 27, 1862. The defender of Lucknow. He was the 
 son of John Inglis, third bishop of Nova Scotia. He served 
 in Canada in 1837, and in the Panjab war 1848-49. In the 
 Indian mutiny of 1857 he was second in command to Sir 
 Henry Lawrence at Chinhut June 30, and at Lucknow, 
 where the garrison was besieged in the residency, July 1. 
 When Lawrence was wounded, July 2, Inglis succeeded to 
 the command, and conducted the defense until the arrival 
 of Sir Henry Havelock, Sept. 26, 1857. On this date also he 
 was promoted to major-general and created K. C. B. 
 
 Ingoldsby Legends (ing'goldz-bi lej'endz or 
 le'jendz). A series of satirical stories in prose 
 and verse by Richard Harris Barham, under the 
 pseudonym of Thomas Ingoldsby, Esq. The earlier 
 numbers were published in “Bentley’s Miscellany,” and 
 afterward in “The New Monthly Magazine.” In 1840 the 
 first series was published collectively : a second and third 
 series in 1847. 
 
 Ingolstadt (ing'ol-stat). A fortified town in 
 Upper Bavaria, situated at the junction of the 
 Schutter with the Danube, 44 miles north by west 
 of Munich. Its university, founded in 1472, was removed 
 to Landshut in 1800, and to Munich in 1826. Its fortifica- 
 tions were razed by the French in 1800. It was besieged 
 by Gustavus Adolphus in 1632. Pop., commune, 23,531. 
 
 Ingomar the Barbarian. A play by Maria Anne 
 Lovell, produced at Drury Lane in 1851. It was 
 a translation from the German.* It has been a favorite on 
 account of the character of Parthenia. 
 
 Ingraham (ing'gra-am), Joseph Holt. Born at 
 Portland, Maine, 1809 : died at Holly Springs, 
 Miss., Dec., 1860. An American clergyman and 
 novelist. Among his works are “ The Prince of the 
 House of David ” (1855), “ The Pillar of lire ” (1859). 
 
 Ingres (ang'r), Jean Auguste Dominique. 
 
 Born at Montauban, Ang. 29, 1780 : died at Pa- 
 ris, Jan. 13, 1867. A celebrated French histori- 
 cal painter. At the age of 16 he went to Paris and en- 
 tered the atelier of David. He won the grand prix de 
 Rome in 1801 ; studied for 5 years in Paris ; and went in 
 1806 to Italy, where he remained about 15 years. In 1824 
 the “ Vow of Louis XIII.” was exhibited in the Louvre, 
 and the artist returned to Paris in great favor. He was 
 made a member of t he Institute in 1825. Among his works 
 are “ CEdipus and the Sphinx ” (1808), “Apotheosis of Ho- 
 mer ” (1826), “ Martyrdom of St. Symphorian ” (1834),“ Strat- 
 onice”(1839), “ The Golden Age "(unfinished, 1848), “Joan 
 of Arc ” (1854), ‘ ‘ The Spring ” (1856). 
 
 Ingria. See Ingermanland. 
 
 Ingvseones (ing-ve-6'nez). [L. (Tacitus) Ingse- 
 voncs, the Latinization of a hypothetical Ger- 
 manic fundamental form *Ingvaz, a name of 
 the god * Tiwaz,* Tin. Cf. AS. (rune song) Ing, 
 OHG. Inc, the name of a rune ; ON. Yngvi, Yngvi- 
 Freyr, from whom the Swedish kings, the Yng- 
 lingar, derive their descent; AS. (Beowulf) Ing 
 wine, the Danes. From -\figh, to implore.] See 
 Hermiones. 
 
 Illhambane (en-yam-ba'ne). A seaport on the 
 eastern coast of Africa, belonging to Portugal, 
 situated in iat. 23° 50' S. Population, about 
 3,330. 
 
 Inheritance, The. A novel by Miss Ferrier, pub- 
 lished in 1824. 
 
 Inimacas. See Enimagas. 
 
 Inkerman (ingk-er-man'). Aruined tow?) in the 
 Crimea, Russia, near Sebastopol. Here, Nov. 5, 
 1854, the English and French defeated the Russians, who 
 had made an unexpected attack on the English camp. The 
 battle was severe, and the loss on both sides great. 
 
 Inkle andYarico. Amusical comedy by George 
 Column the younger, taken from the “ Specta- 
 tor ” (No. 11). It was produced at the Haymar- 
 ket Aug. 4, 1787. 
 
 Inland Sea. See Suwonada. 
 
 Inman (in'man)., Henry. Born at Utica, N. Y., 
 Oct., lrfOl : died at New York, Jan. 17, 1846. An 
 American painter, noted for portraits. 
 
 In Memoriam (in me-mo'ri-am). An elegiac 
 poem by Alfred Tennyson, published in 1850. 
 It is a philosophic lament* for the poet's friend Arthur 
 Henry Hallam, and is Tennyson’s most characteristic work. 
 
 Inn (in). One of the chief tributaries of the Dan- 
 ube, which it joins at Passau : the ancient CEnus. 
 It rises in the Orisons, Switzerland, traverses the Upper 
 and Lower Engadine valleys, the Upper and Lower Inn 
 valleys in Tyrol, and Bavaria, and forms part of the boun- 
 dary 'between Bavaria and Upper Austria. Length, 320 
 miles ; navigable from Hall. 
 
 Inner Temple. See Inns of Court, and Temple. 
 Innes (in'es), Cosmo. Born in Aberdeenshire, 
 Sept. 9, 1798: died at Killin, in the Highlands, 
 July 31, 1874. A Scottish antiquary. From 1846 
 until his death he was professor of constitutional law and 
 history at the University of Edinburgh. Among his prin 
 cipal works are “Two Ancient Records of the Bishopric of 
 Caithness’’ (1827), “The Book of the Thanes of Cawdor” 
 (1859), “Scotland in the Middle Ages ’’ (1860), “Facsimiles 
 of National Manuscripts of Scotland” (1867). 
 
 Inness, George. Born at Newburg, N. Y., May 
 1, 1825: died at Bridge of Allan, Scotland, Aug. 
 3, 1894. A noted American landscape-painter. 
 He studied for a short time with Regis Gignoux, and also 
 

 Inness 
 
 abroad at three different periods. He was elected na- 
 tional academician in 1868. He is noted for his coloring 
 and sensitive reproduction of the moods of nature. Among 
 his works are “ After the Storm ” (1869), “ View near Rome ” 
 (1871), '‘St. Peter’s,” “The Afterglow ” (1878), “Spring” 
 (1881), “Niagara Falls” (1883), “ Sunset ” (1885). 
 Innisfail (in'is-fal). A poetical name of Ireland. 
 Innocent (in'o-sent) I., Saint. Died March 12, 
 417. Bishop of Some 402-417. During his pontifi- 
 
 cate Rome was sacked by Alaric (410). He is commemo- 
 rated in the Roman Catholic Church on J uly 28. 
 
 Innocent II. (Gregorio de’ Papi or Papares- 
 chi). Died Sept. 23, 1143. Pope 1130-43. He 
 
 was elected in an irregular manner by a minority of the 
 college of cardinals on the death of Honorius II., where- 
 upon the majority of the cardinals, refusing to recognize 
 the validity of his election, chose Anacletus II. as antipope. 
 He was forced to seek refuge in France, where Bernard 
 of Clairvaux procured his recognition by the court and 
 the clergy. He was installed in the Lateran at Rome by 
 the emperor Lothair in 1133, but did not gain undisputed 
 possession before the death of Anacletus in 1138. 
 
 Innocent III. (Giovanni Lothario Conti). 
 
 Born at Anagni, Italy, in 1161 : died at Perugia, 
 Italy, July 16, 1216. Pope 1198-1216. He was the 
 son of Count Trasimundo, of the house of Conti, and Clari- 
 cia, a descendant of th e house of Scotti at Rome ; was edu- 
 cated at Rome, Paris, and Bologna ; became a canon of St. 
 Peter's in 1181, and cardinal deacon of St. Sergius and St. 
 Bacchus in 1190 ; and was crowned pope Feb. 22, 1198. Fol- 
 lowing in the footsteps of Gregory VII., he made it the 
 chief aim of his ecclesiastical policy to vindicate the papal 
 claim of the supremacy of the church over the state. He 
 forced Philip Augustus of France to take back his repu- 
 diated queen, Ingeburga of Denmark, in 1200 ; instigated 
 the fourth Crusade (1202-04), the chief result of which was 
 the capture of Constantinople from the Greeks and the 
 establishment of the Latin Empire ; deposed Otto IV., em- 
 peror of the Holy Roman Empire, and in 1215 crowned his 
 former ward, Frederick of Sicily, emperor ; compelled in 
 1213 John of England, who refused to accept Stephen Lang- 
 ton, the papal nominee to the archbishopric of Canter- 
 bury, to acknowledge the feudal sovereignty of the Pope 
 and to pay an annual tribute ; ordered the crusade against 
 the Albigenses in 1208 ; and presided at the fourth Lateran 
 Council in 1215. During his pontificate the papal power 
 attained its greatest height. 
 
 Innocent IV. (Sinibald di Fiescbi). Died at 
 Naples, Dec. 7, 1254. Pope 1243-54. He inherited 
 from his predecessors a feud with the emperor Frederick 
 II., who had been excommunicated by Gregory IX. in 
 1239. After the death of Frederick in 1250, and of his son 
 the emperor Conrad IV. in 1254, the struggle was con- 
 tinued with Manfred, the uncle and guardian of Conrad's 
 son, Conradin of Sicily, who inflicted a decisive defeat on 
 the papal troops 5 days before Innocent's death. 
 
 Innocent V. (Pietro di Tarantasia). Born in 
 1225: died at Rome, June 22, 1276. Pope Jan. 
 20-June 22, 1276.,, 
 
 Innocent VI. (Etienne Aubert). Born at 
 Mons, in Limousin : died Sept. 12, 1362. Pope 
 1352-62. He kept his court at Avignon. 
 Innocent VII. (Cosimo de’ Migliorati). Born 
 at Sulmona, Abruzzi, Italy, 1336 : died at Rome, 
 Nov. 6, 1406. Pope 1404-06. He was opposed 
 by the antipope Benedict XIII., who resided at 
 Avignon. 
 
 Innocent VIII. (Giovanni Battista Cibo). 
 
 Bom at Genoa, 1432 : died July 25, 1492. Pope 
 1484-92. He was involved in war with Ferdinand of Na- 
 ples, whose crown he ottered to Renaldus, duke of Lor- 
 raine ; and kept Zezim, brother of the sultan Bajazet, a 
 close prisoner in consideration of an annual payment of 
 40,000 ducats and the gift of the sacred spear said to have 
 pierced the side of the Saviour. 
 
 Innocent IX. (Giovanni Antonio Facchi- 
 netti). Bom at Bologna, Italy, 1519 : died Dec. 
 30, 1591. Pope Oct. 29-Dec. 30 ; 1591. 
 Innocent X. (Giovanni Battista Pamfili). 
 Bom at Rome, 1574 : died Jan. 7, 1655. Pope 
 1644-55. He condemned the treaty of Westphalia in 
 1651, and the Jansenist heresy in 1653. 
 
 Innocent XI. (Benedetto Odescalchi). Born 
 at Como, Italy, 1611 : died Aug. 12, 1689. Pope 
 1676-89. 
 
 Innocent XII. (Antonio Pignatelli). Bom 
 
 at Naples, March 13, 1615 : died Sept. 27, 1700. 
 Pope 1691-1700. 
 
 Innocent XIII. (Michelangelo Conti). Bom 
 
 at Rome, May 13, 1655 : died March 7, 1724. 
 Pope 1721-24. 
 
 Innsbruck (ins'hrok), orlnnspruck. The capi- 
 tal of Tyrol, Austria, situated on the Inn in 
 lat. 47° 17' N., long. 11° 24' E. : the ancient CEni 
 Pons, or CEnipontum. It is noted for its picturesque 
 situation. The Franciscan church, or Hofkirche, is a Re- 
 naissance building, notable especially for its magnificent 
 monument to the emperor Maximilian I. The kneeling 
 figure of the emperor, in bronze, on a great marble sar- 
 cophagus, is surrounded by 28 statues. The sides of the 
 sarcophagus are adorned with 24 reliefs of scenes from 
 the emperor’s life, most of them by Alexander Colin of 
 Malines. These reliefs are among the finest 3culpture 
 of the 16th century; many of the figures are portraits. 
 The Schloss Amras is a fine castle of the 13th century, re- 
 fitted and enlarged in the 16th by the archduke Ferdinand. 
 It is now a museum, with very interesting collections, 
 chiefly historical, including medieval and modern weapons, 
 furniture, industrial art, sculpture, and portraits. The 
 16th-century Spanish saloon is notable, as is the ornate late- 
 Pointed chapel. It has several other castles and a univer- 
 C.— 34 
 
 529 
 
 sity. It was made a city in 1234. Desperate fighting be- 
 tween the Tyrolese and Bavarians occurred here iu 1809. 
 Population, 53,194, (1910). 
 
 Inns of Chancery. Inns subordinate to the Inns 
 of Court (which see). Clifford’s Inn, Clement's Inn, 
 and Lyon’s Inn (pulled down in 1868, now the site of the 
 Globe Theatre) were attached to the Inner Temple ; New 
 Inn and Strand Inn (which have disappeared), to the Mid- 
 dle Temple ; Barnard’s Inn and Staple’s Inn, to Gray’s Inn ; 
 Thavies’ Inn and Furnival’s Inn (both demolished), to Lin- 
 coln’s Inn. Serjeant’s Inn, in Chancery Lane, was formerly 
 used by the Society of Serjeants-at-law. 
 
 Inns of Court. Legal societies in London which 
 have the exclusive privilege of calling candi- 
 dates to the bar, and maintain instruction and 
 examination for that purpose ; also, the pre- 
 cincts or premises occupied by these societies 
 respectively. They are the Inner Temple, Middle Tem- 
 ple, Lincoln’s Inn, and Gray’s Inn. The first two originally 
 belonged to the Knights Templars (whence the name Tem- 
 ple). These inns had their origin about the end of the 
 13th century. The inn was originally the town residence 
 of a person of quality. “Before the Temple was leased by 
 lawyers, the laws were taught in hostels, hospitia curioe, of 
 which there were a great number in the metropolis, espe- 
 cially in the neighborhood of Holborn ; but afterwards the 
 Inns of Court and Chancery increased in prosperity till they 
 formed what Stow describes as ‘a whole university of stu- 
 dents, practisers or pleaders, and judges of the law of this 
 realm, not living on common stipends as in the other uni- 
 versities, as is for the most part done, but of their own 
 private maintenance.’ ’’ Hare, London, I. 69. 
 
 Innuit (in'u-it). See EsTcimauan. 
 
 Innviertel (in'fer-tel). The region between the 
 Inn, Danube, and Salzach. It was ceded to 
 Austria in 1779, to Bavaria in 1809, and again 
 to Austria in 1815. 
 
 Inowrazlaw(e-nov-rats'lav), or Jung-Breslau 
 
 (yong-bresTou). A town in the province of 
 Posen, Prussia, 66miles east-northeast of Posen. 
 There are salt-works in the vicinity. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 24,471. 
 
 Insatiate Countess, The. A tragedy acted in 
 1610, and attributed to Marston, though altered 
 by Barksteed. It was sometimes mentioned as 
 “ Barksteed’s Tragedy.” The play which bears the 
 latter’s name (in some copies) seems to have been con- 
 densed by him from two others — one a tragedy, one a 
 comedy. Marston probably wrote the play in 1604. Fleay, 
 Inselsberg (in'sels-herG). One of the chief 
 summits of the Thiiringerwald, west of Fried- 
 richroda. Height, 3,000 feet. 
 
 Instauratio Magna (in-sta-ra'shi-o mag'na). 
 [L., ‘the great renewal.’] The comprehensive 
 philosophical work planned and partially carried 
 out by Lord Bacon, comprising the “Advance- 
 ment of Learning,” “ Novum Organum,” etc. 
 See Bacon, Francis. 
 
 Insterburg (in'ster-borG). A town in the prov- 
 ince of East Prussia, situated at the junction of 
 the Angerapp and Inster, 53 miles east of Konigs- 
 berg. Population, commune, 28,902. 
 
 Institute of France. [F. Institut de France, 
 often simply Institut .] An association of the 
 members of the five French academies, L’ Aca- 
 demic Fran§aise, L’ Academic des Inscriptions 
 et Belles-Lettres, L’Acad6mie des Sciences, 
 L’Academie desBeaux Arts, and L’Acad6mie des 
 Sciences Morales et Politiques. It was established 
 by the Republican Convention in 1795, and is supported 
 by the government. Its purpose is “ to advance the sciences 
 and arts of research by the publication of discoveries and 
 by correspondence with other learned societies, and to 
 prosecute those scientific and literary labors which shall 
 have for their end general utility and the glory of the re- 
 public.” It was originally called L’lnstitut National, and 
 the name has changed with the various changes in the 
 government. At first the association was installed at the 
 Louvre, but in 1806 it was removed to the College des 
 Quatre Nations. There is a general annual meeting on 
 the 25th of October, the anniversary of its founding. 
 
 Institutes of Justinian. See Corpus Juris. 
 Institutes of the Christian Religion. [L. In- 
 
 stitutio Keligionis Christiana e.] A theological 
 work by Calvin, published in Latin in 1536, and 
 in French in 1540. 
 
 Instituto Historico e Geographico Brazi- 
 leiro. [Pg. , ‘ Brazilian Historical and Geograph- 
 ical Society.’] A society established at Rio de 
 Janeiro, Brazil, in 1839, for the encouragement 
 of historical and geographical studies. Since its 
 foundation it has published the “Revista Trimensal,” now 
 (1894) numbering over 65 volumes, and containing docu- 
 ments of the highest interest. It possesses a very valua- 
 ble library. 
 
 Insubres (in'su-brez). In ancient history, a 
 Gallic people in Cisalpine Gaul, dwelling north 
 of the Po, in the vicinity of Milan. They were 
 finally subjected to Rome in 194 b. c. 
 
 Interim (in 't6r-im). A provisional arrange- 
 ment for the settlement of religious differences 
 between Protestants and Roman Catholics in 
 Germany during the Reformation epoch, pend- 
 ing a definite settlement by a church council. 
 There were three interims : the Ratisbon Interim, pro- 
 mulgated by the emperor Charles V., July 29, 1541, but 
 
 Inverness 
 
 ineffective ; the Augsburg Interim, proclaimed also by 
 Charles V., May 16, 1518, hut not carried out by many Prot- 
 estants ; and the Leipsic Interim, carried through the Diet 
 of Saxony, Dec. 22, 1548, by the efforts of the elector Mau- 
 rice, and enlarged and published as the Greater Interim 
 in March, 1549 : it met with strenuous opposition. Reli- 
 gious toleration was secured for the Lutherans by the peace 
 of Passau, 1552. 
 
 Interlaken (in' t er-lfi-ken ) , or Inter lachen (in'- 
 ter-laeh-en). A summer resort in the canton of 
 Bern, Switzerland, on the Aare, between Lakes 
 Thun and Brienz, 27 miles southeast of Bern. 
 It is a celebrated tourist center. The chief avenue is the 
 Hoheweg. It contains a casino and an old monastery. 
 Population, about 3,000. 
 
 International (in-ter-nash'on-al), The. A so- 
 ciety(in full, “Thelnternational Working-men’s 
 Association”), formed in London in 1864, de- 
 signed to unite the working-classes of all coun- 
 tries in promoting social and industrial reform 
 by political means. Its chief aims were : (1) the sub- 
 ordination of capital to labor through the transference 
 of industrial enterprises from the capitalists to bodies of 
 working-men ; (2) the encouragement of men on strike by 
 gifts of money, or by preventing laborers of one locality 
 from migrating to another when the laborers of the latter 
 are on strike ; (3) the overthrow of all laws, customs, and 
 privileges considered hostile to the working-classes, and 
 the encouragement of whatever aids them, as the shorten- 
 ing of hours of labor, free public education, etc. ; (4) the 
 end of all wars. By 1807 the International had become a 
 powerful organization, though strenuously opposed by the 
 continental European governments ; but its manifestation 
 in 1872 of sympathy with the doings of the Paris Commune 
 in the preceding year, and internal dissensions, caused a 
 great loss of reputation and strength. 
 
 International African Association. An in- 
 ternational commission provided for at the 
 Brussels Conference of 1876. its object was to be 
 the exploration and civilization of central Africa. National 
 committees were formed in France, Germany, Italy, and 
 elsewhere to cooperate in the work. Its seat was Brus- 
 sels. Out of it grew the Kongo Committee, the Interna- 
 tional Association of the Kongo, and the Kongo Free State. 
 Interpreter, Mr. A character in Buny an’s “Pil- 
 grim’s Progress.” He is intended to typify the Holy 
 Ghost. The house of the Interpreter was just beyond the 
 Wicket Gate. 
 
 Intervale (in'ter-val). A village of Carroll 
 County, New Hampshire. It is a summer re- 
 sort of the White Mountain region, situated 
 about a mile and a half to the north of North 
 Conway, at an altitude of 550 feet. It is on 
 the Boston and Maine and Maine Central rail- 
 roads. 
 
 Intra (en'trii). A town in the province of 
 Novara, northern Italy, on the western shore 
 of Lago Maggiore. Population, 6,902. 
 Intransigentists(in-tran'si-jen-tists). 1. Arad- 
 ical party in Spain which in 1873-74 fomented 
 an unsuccessful insurrection. — 2. A faction in 
 France whose parliamentary program includes 
 various radical reforms and socialistic changes. 
 Intrepid, The. 1. A Tripolitan vessel, cap- 
 tured and so named by Americans, in which 
 Stephen Decatur sailed into the port of Tripoli 
 on the night of Feb. 16, 1804, and recaptured 
 and burned the United States frigate Philadel- 
 phia, which had fallen into the enemy’s hands. 
 The vessel was afterward blown up in the 
 harbor to destroy Tripolitan cruisers. — 2. An 
 Arctic exploring vessel. She sailed under Com- 
 mander Austin in 1850 from England. 
 
 IntrigO (in-tre'go). A man of business in Sir 
 Francis Fane’s comedy “Love in the Dark,” 
 from which Mrs. Centlivre took Marplot. 
 Intronati (en-tro-na'te). A literary academy 
 founded at Siena in 1525. 
 
 Invalides, Hotel des. See Edtel. 
 
 Inveraray, or Inverary (in-ve-ra/ri). A sea- 
 port and the capital of Argyllshire, Scotland, 
 situated on Loch Fyne 40 miles northwest of 
 Glasgow : noted for herring-fishery. Popula- 
 tion, 735. 
 
 Invercargill (in-v6r-kar-gil'). A town in the 
 South Island, New Zealand, on an inlet of Fo- 
 veaux Strait. It exports mutton, etc. Popula- 
 tion, 9,953. 
 
 Inverlochy (in-ver-loch'i). A place in Ar- 
 gyllshire, Scotland, situated near Loch Eil 33 
 miles northeast of Oban. Here, Feb. 2, 1645, 
 Montrose defeated the Campbells. 
 
 Inverness (in-ver-nes'). 1. A county of Scot- 
 land, hounded by Ross on the north, Nairn and 
 Elgin on the northeast, Banff and Aberdeen on 
 the east, Perth and Argyll on the south, and 
 the Atlantic on the west. It comprises also Harris, 
 North and South Uist, Skye, and others of the Hebrides. 
 The surface is mountainous. It is noted for its lakes 
 and for picturesque scenery. The prevailing language 
 is Gaelic. Area, 4,211 square miles. Population (civil 
 county), 90,182. 
 
 2. A seaport and the capital of the county of 
 Inverness, situated on the Noss in lat. 57° 28' 
 N. , long. 4° 13' W. It has flourishing coasting and for- 
 

 Inverness 
 
 eign trade ; is a tourist center, and the capital of the north- 
 ern Highlands ; and was the ancient Pictish capital. Its 
 castle was destroyed by the army of the Pretender in 1746. 
 Inverness, Forres, Fortrose, and Naim form the Inverness 
 district of parliamentary burghs. Population, 21,193. 
 
 Invincible Armada. The. See Armada. 
 Invincible Doctor, The, L. Doctor Invincibi- 
 
 lis (dok'tor in-vin-sib'i-lis). A surname given 
 to the scholastic philosopher William Occam. 
 
 Invoice (in'vois). One of the principal charac- 
 ters in Foote’s “Devil upon Two Sticks.” 
 
 Inwood (in'wud), Henry William. Born May- 
 22, 1794: supposed to have been shipwrecked 
 March 20, 1843. An architect, the eldest son 
 of William Inwood (1771-1843). He published 
 “The Erechtheum at Athens’’ (1827), “Of the Resources 
 of Design in the Architecture of Greece, Egypt, and other 
 Countries " (1813). 
 
 Inwood, William. Born at Higligate about 1771 : 
 died at London, March 16, 1843. An English 
 architect. His chief work is St. Pancras New Church, 
 Condon (1819-22), which is an adaptation of Athenian 
 models, chiefly the Erechtheum. 
 
 Io (i'o). [Gtr. T<j.] In Greek mythology, the 
 beautiful daughter of Inachus, king of Argos, 
 Greece, who was changed by Hera (Juno), in a 
 fit of jealousy, into a white heifer, and placed 
 under the watch of Argus of the hundred eyes. 
 When Argus was killed by Hermes at the command of Zeus, 
 the heifer was maddened by a terrible gadfly sent by Hera, 
 and wandered about until she arrived in Egypt. She re- 
 covered her original shape, and bore Epaphus to Zeus. 
 Epaphus became the ancestor of Hfgyptus, Damaus, Ce- 
 pheus, and Phineus. According to another legem’., Io was 
 carried off by Phenician traders who landed in Argos. 
 The myth is generally explained to be Aah or the moon 
 wandering in the starry skies, symbolized by the hundred- 
 eyed Argus; her transformation into a horned heifer repre- 
 senting the crescent moon. 
 
 Greek mythology, too, knew her (Astarte] as 16 and Eu- 
 ropa, and she was fitly symbolised by the cow whose horns 
 resemble the supine lunar crescent as seen in the south. 
 
 Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 195. 
 
 Iolaus (l-o-la'us). [Gr. T<Waof.] In Greek le- 
 gend, the charioteer and companion of Hera- 
 cles. 
 
 IoldlS (I-ol'kus). [Gr. ’Iw/.xor.] In ancient ge- 
 ography, a city in Thessaly, Greece, situated 
 on the Pagassean Gulf near Mount Pelion : the 
 modern Volo. It was the point of embarkation 
 of the Argonauts. 
 
 Ion (i'on). [Gr. v Pm. j In Greek mythology, 
 the ancestor of the Ionians, the subject of a 
 tragedy by Euripides. 
 
 Ion. [Gr. ”Iwr.] 1. A play of Euripides, exhib- 
 ited about 424 B. C. Its theme is the legend that Ion, 
 eponymous founder of the Ionian race, was the son of 
 Creusa, daughter of Erechtheus, by Apollo. 
 
 There is no character in all Greek tragedy like this Ion, 
 who reminds one strongly of the charming boys drawn by 
 Plato in such dialogues as “Charmides” and “Lysis." In 
 purity and freshness he has been compared to Giotto’s chor- 
 isters, and lias afforded Racine his masterpiece of imita- 
 tion in the Joasof the “Athalie.” But I would liken him 
 still more to the child Samuel, whose ministrations are 
 painted with so exquisite a grace in the Old Testament. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 349. 
 
 2. A tragedy by Thomas Noon Talfourd, pri- 
 vately printed in 1835, and produced the next 
 year at Covent Garden. It is properly a dra- 
 matic poem, and is the author’s masterpiece. 
 
 Ion of Chios. Born at Chios : died 422 b. c. 
 A Greek poet. Fragments of his tragedies and 
 lyrics have survived. 
 
 Iona (i-6'nji), or Icolmkill (i-kom-kil'). [Ori- 
 ginally Eii or I (Irish, ‘island’): written Ioua 
 by Adaronan, whence Iona .] An island of the 
 Inner Hebrides, in Argyllshire, Scotland, 1J 
 miles southwest of Mull, from which it is sep- 
 arated by the Sound of Iona. The cathedral is a 
 small but very interesting building, now roofless, though 
 the masonry is complete. It was founded in the 13th cen- 
 tury. but exhibits some details as late as the 16th. Some 
 specimens of plate-tracery in the square central tower are 
 especially curious. St. Martin’s and Maclean’s crosses near 
 by are interesting examples of the many sculptured Runic 
 crosses with which Iona formerly abounded. It was an 
 ancient seat of the Druids. Columba founded a monastery 
 here about 565, which became a leading colonizer in the 
 spread of Celtic missions. The Culdees were replaced by 
 Benedictines in the 13th century. The monastery was de- 
 molished in 1151. Length, 3 J miles. Population, about 200. 
 
 Ioni. See Aienai. 
 
 Ionia (i-6'ni-a). [Gr. ’I ovia.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a maritime region on the western coast 
 of Lydia and Caria, Asia Minor, with Chios and 
 Samos and the adjacent islands. It comprised on 
 the mainland the cities Phocaea, Clazomenae, Erythrse, 
 Teos, Lebedus, Colophon, Ephesus, Priene, Myus, Miletus, 
 and later Smyrna. It was colonized in prehistoric times 
 by Ionians from European Greece ; was conquered by 
 Croesus in the middle of the 6th century B. c. ; passed later 
 to Persia ; was the scene of an unsuccessful revolt 500- 
 494 ; became on the close of the Persian war a dependent 
 ally of Athens ; and passed to Persia in 387, and to Mace- 
 donia in 334 Later it fell to Pergamum and Rome. It was 
 celebrated for its wealth, and for the early development of 
 art, music, philosophy, and literature. 
 
 530 
 
 Ionian Islands (i-6'ni-an I'landz). 1. The col- 
 lective name of Corfu, Santa Maura, Cephalo- 
 uia, Zante, Paxo, Ithaca, and Cerigo, and some 
 smaller islands, belonging to Greece. They form 
 the modern nomarehies of Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, and 
 part of Argolis and Corinth. They were acquired by Venice 
 from about 1400; were annexed to France in 1797; were 
 conquered by the Prussians and Turks in 1799 ; formed the 
 republicof the “Seven United Islands” 1800-07; were an- 
 nexed to France in 1807 , were placed under a British pro- 
 tectorate in 1815 ; and were ceded to Greece in 1864. See 
 Corfu, Cephalonia, and the other separate islands. 
 
 2. In ancient geography, the islands belonging 
 to Ionia in Asia Minor. 
 
 Ionian Sea. [L. Ionium Mare.] The part of the 
 Mediterranean between Greece and Albania on 
 the east and Calabria and Sicily on the west. 
 los(i'os). [Gr. ’’Ioc.] An island in the iEgean 
 Sea, 12 miles south-southwest of Naxos: the 
 modern Nio. It now belongs to Greece. Popu- 
 lation, 2,090. 
 
 Iowa (i'o-wa). [PL, also Iowas: ‘Gray’ or 
 ‘ Dusty Noses/ a name given to the Paqotce.] 
 A tribe of the Tciwere division of North Amer- 
 ican Indians, from which the State of Iowa is 
 named. They are in Kansas and Oklahoma, 
 and number about 300. See Tciwere. 
 
 Iowa (I'o-wa). One of the Northwestern States 
 of the United States of America. Capital, Des 
 Moines. It is bounded by Minnesota on the north and 
 Missouri on the south, and is separated on the east by the 
 Mississippi from Wisconsin and Illinois, and on the west 
 by the Missouri from Nebraska and by the Big Sioux from 
 Dakota. The surface is level and undulating. The chief 
 minerals are coal and clay. The chief occupation is 
 agriculture : it is one of the leading States in the produc- 
 tion of com. It has 99 counties, sends 2 senators and 11 
 representatives to Congress, and has 13 electoral votes. It 
 formed part of the “ Louisiana Purchase "and of Missouri 
 Territory, part of Michigan Territory 1834-36, and part of 
 Wisconsin Territory 1836-38. The first permanent settle- 
 ments were made at Burlington and elsewhere in 1833. 
 Iowa was made a separate Territory in 1838, and was ad- 
 mitted into the Union in 1846. Area, 56,025 square miles. 
 Population, 2,224,771, (1910). 
 
 Iowa. A river in the State of Iowa, joining the 
 Mississippi 19milessouth of Muscatine. Length, 
 about 300 miles ; navigable from Iowa City (80 
 miles). 
 
 Iowa City. The capital of Johnson County, 
 Iowa, situated on the Iowa River 51 miles west 
 by north of Davenport : State capital from 1839 
 to 1857. Population, 10,091, (1910). 
 
 Iowa College. A coeducational institution of 
 learning, incorporated in 1847, opened at Daven- 
 port, Iowa, in 1848, and removed to Grinnell, 
 Poweshiek County, in 1860. It was founded by Con- 
 gregationalists, and has about 60 instructors and 600 stu- 
 dents. Known as Grinnell College since 1909. 
 
 Iowa State University. A coeducational in- 
 stitution of learning at Iowa City, Iowa. It 
 was opened in 1855, and has over 150 instruc- 
 tors and more than 2,000 students. 
 
 Ipek (e-pek'), Serv. Pec (petsh). A town in the 
 vilayet of Kossovo, Turkey, situated in lat. 42° 
 35' N., long. 20° 26' E. : the ancient seat of 
 the Servian patriarch. Population, estimated, 
 15,000. 
 
 Ipkicrates (i-fik'ra-tez). [Gr. T^tapar?/?.] Lived 
 in the first half of the 4th century b. C. An 
 Athenian general, noted for his improvements 
 in the equipment of the peltasts. He defeated 
 the Spartans near Corinth 392 B. C. 
 
 Iphigenia (if // i-je-nl'ii). [Gr.’I fayheia.'] InGreek 
 legend, the daughter of Agamemnon and CJy- 
 temnestra(or of Theseus and Helena). Accord- 
 ing to one legend, when the fleet which was to sail against 
 Troy was becalmed at Aulis, through the anger of Artemis 
 with Agamemnon, the seer Calchas (or the Delphic oracle) 
 declared that the death of Iphigenia was the only means 
 of propitiating the goddess. Agamemnon sent for his 
 daughter, but when she arrived Artemis carried her away 
 in a cloud toTauris. and a stag (or other animal, or another 
 person) was substituted for her in the sacrifice. While 
 she was at Tauris as a priestess of Artemis, her brother 
 Orestes, accompanied by his friend Pylades, came with the 
 intention of carrying off the celebrated image of the god- 
 dess. Iphigenia saved him from being put to death as a 
 stranger, and tied with him and the image. Herstory has 
 frequently been made the subject of dramatic poetry. 
 
 There were “ Iphigenias ” by both iEschylus and Sopho- 
 cles, which were soon obscured by the present play [of 
 Euripides]. Both Nsevius and Ennius composed well-known 
 tragedies upon its model. Erasmus translated it into 
 Latin in 1524 ; T. Sibillet into French in 1549. Dolce gave 
 an Italian version in 1560. There are obscure French ver- 
 sions by Rotrou (1640), and by Leclerc and Coras (1675), the 
 latter in opposition to the great imitation of Racine in 
 1674. Racine’s remarkable play, written by a man who 
 combined a real knowledge of Euripides with poetic talent 
 of his own, is a curious specimen ot the effects of French 
 court manners in spoiling the simplicity of a great mas- 
 terpiece. . . . An English version of Racine’s play, called 
 “Achilles, or Iphigenia in Aulis,” was brought out at Drury 
 Lane in 1700, and the author in his preface to the print 
 boasts that it was well received, though another Iphigenia 
 failed at Lincoln’s Inn Fields about the same time. This 
 rare play is bound up with West’s “Hecuba" in the Bod- 
 
 Iquitos 
 
 leian. The famous opera of Gluck (1774) is based on Racine, 
 and there was another operatic revival of the play in Dub- 
 lin in the year 1846, when Miss Helen Faucit appeared as 
 the heroine. The version (by J. W. Calcraft) was based on 
 Fotter’s translation, and the choruses were set to music, 
 after the model of Mendelssohn, by R. M. Levey. I fancy 
 this revival was limited to Dublin. Schiller translated 
 Euripides' play (17901, and there is an English poetical 
 version by Cartwright, about 1867 (with the “Medea” and 
 “Iph. Taur.”). 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 371. 
 
 There yet remains the very famous “ Iphigenia ” of 
 Goethe for our consideration. This excellent play has been 
 extolled far beyond its merits by the contemporaries of its 
 great author, but is now generally allowed, even in Ger- 
 many, to be a somewhat unfortunate mixture of Greek 
 scenery and characters with modern romantic sentiment. 
 It therefore gives no idea whatever of a Greek play, and 
 of this its unwary reader should be carefully reminded. 
 Apart from the absence of chorus, and the introduction of 
 a sort of confidant of the king, Arkas, who does nothing 
 but give stupid and unheeded advice, the character of 
 Thoas is drawn as no barbarian king should have been 
 drawn — a leading character, and so noble that Iphigenia 
 cannot bring herself to deceive him, a scruple which an 
 Athenian audience would have derided. Equally would 
 they have derided Orestes’ proposal, of which Thoas ap- 
 proves, to prove his identity by single combat, and still 
 more the argument which Iphigenia prefers to all outward 
 marks— the strong yearning of her heart to the stranger. 
 The whole diction and tone of the play is, moreover, full of 
 idealistic dreaming, and conscious analysis of motive, 
 which the Greeks, who painted the results more accu- 
 rately, never paraded upon the stage. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 357. 
 
 Iphigenia. A tragedy by John Dennis, acted 
 at Lincoln’s Inn Fields in 1700. The story is 
 taken from Euripides’s “Iphigenia in Tauris.” 
 Iphigenia among the Tauri. A play of Eu- 
 ripides, of uncertain date, but certainly belong- 
 ing to the poet’s later period. 
 
 Iphigenia at Aulis. Aplay of Euripides, brought 
 out after his death by his son. 
 
 Iphigenie. A tragedy by Racine, acted at court 
 in 1674, in public in 1675. 
 
 Iphigenie auf Tauris. A psychological drama 
 by Goethe, completed 1787. 
 
 Iphigenie en Aulide. An opera by Gluck, pro- 
 duced at Paris in 1774 j? 
 
 Iphigenie en Tauride. An opera by Gluck, 
 produced at Paris in 1779. The story of “Iphigenia 
 in Aulis ” has been set to music by more than 20 composers 
 besides Gluck, and of “Iphigenia in Tauris” by 9 or 10. 
 Ips, or Ybbs (ips). A town in Lower Austria, 
 situated at tlie junction of the Ips with the 
 Danube, 58 miles west of Vienna. Population, 
 commune, 5,122, (1910). 
 
 Ipsambul. See Abu-Sinibel. 
 
 Ipsara (ip-sa'ra), or Psara (psa'ra). A small 
 island in the Aegean Sea, 12 miles northwest of 
 Scio, belonging to Turkey: the ancient Psyra. 
 Ipsus (ip'sus). [Gr. T/>df.) In ancient 
 geography, a town in Phrygia, Asia Minor, about 
 lat. 38° 41' N., long. 30° 52' E. Here, 301 B. c., 
 Lysimaehus and Seleueus defeated and slew 
 Antigonus. 
 
 Ipswich (ips'wich). A seaport and the capital 
 of Suffolk, England, on the Orwell 64 miles 
 northeast of London. It has a grammar-school, re- 
 founded by Elizabeth, and was the birthplace of Wolsey. 
 It was plundered by the Danes 991 and 1000. It returns 
 2 members to Parliament. Population, 73,939, (1911). 
 
 Ipswich. A river port in Queensland, Austra- 
 lia, situated on the Bremer about lat. 27° 35' 
 S., long. 152° 50' E. Population, 8,637. 
 Ipswich. A river port in Essex County, Massa- 
 chusetts, situated near the mouth of the Ips- 
 wich River, 25 miles north-northeast of Boston. 
 Population, 5,777, (1910). 
 
 Iquichanos (e-ke-cha'nos). A tribe of Peru- 
 vian Indians, in the wild mountain region of 
 the department of Ayacucho, west of Huanta. 
 They have retained a form of tribal independence. 
 Iquique (e-ke'ka). A seaport and the capital 
 of the province of Tarapaea, Chile, in lat. 20° 
 12' S., long. 70° 11' W. Near here, May 21, 1879, 
 occurred a naval battle in which the Chilean ship Es- 
 meralda was sunk by the Peruvian monitor Huascar. 
 Iquique was ceded to Chile in 1883. Population, 40,171. 
 Iquitos (e-ke'tos). A tribe of Indians on the 
 northern side of the upper Amazon, in the re- 
 gion disputed between Ecuador and Peru. 
 Formerly they were found about the rivers 
 Tigre and Nanay, where missionaries preached 
 to them from 1727 to 1768. Some, at least, 
 relapsed into barbarism, and the remnants 
 live on the left side of the Napo. They are 
 naked savages, and use poisoned arrows. 
 Nothing is known of their language. The 
 town of Iquitos, Peru, was named from them. 
 Also written Yquitos. 
 
 Iquitos. The capital of the department of 
 Loreto, Peru, on the Marafion. Population, 
 with suburbs, 12,000. 
 
Iraj 
 
 Iraj (e-rej'). In the Shahnamah, son of Faridun 
 by Arnivaz. In the division of his realm Faridun gave 
 to Iraj, though the youngest Iran, and to Salm and Tur, re- 
 spectively, the West and Turan. These rose against Iraj, 
 and Tur slew him. He was avenged by Minuchihr, who 
 slew both Salm and Tur. See Salm. 
 
 Irak (e-rak' ). The tract of land which is called 
 Babylonia by Ptolemy, bounded on the north 
 by Mesopotamia, on the west by the Per- 
 sian Gulf and Susiana, and on the east by- Su- 
 siana, Assyria, and Media. It was invaded by 
 the Arabs under the first calif, Abu-Bekr, 632- 
 634 a. D. 
 
 Irak Ajemi (e-rak' aj'e-me) or Adjemi. _ A 
 province of western Persia, lying west of Kho- 
 rasan and south of Azerbaijan, Ghilan, and 
 Mazanderan. It corresponds generally to the 
 ancient Media, and contains Teheran and Ispa- 
 han. 
 
 Irak-el-Arabi (e-rak'el-a'ra-be). Same as 
 Irak. 
 
 Irala (e-ra'la), Domingo Martinez de. Born 
 at Vergara, Guipuzcoa, 1487 : died at ltd, near 
 Asuncion, Paraguay, 1557. A Spanish soldier. 
 He went to the Rio de la Plata with Mendoza in 1534, and 
 was commodore of the fleet with which Ayolas ascended 
 the i’arand and Paraguay in 1536. In 1537 he was made 
 governor of the Spanish colonies on the Plata and Para- 
 guay. Succeeded by Cabeza de Vaca in 1542, he again be- 
 came governor on the latter’s deposition in April, 1544, and 
 remained in power until his death. He conducted many 
 important expeditions, and first opened communications 
 between Paraguay and Peru. 
 
 Iran (e-ran'). 1. Originally, the land of the Ar- 
 yans. — 2. The plateau including Persia, Af- 
 ghanistan, and Baluchistan. — 3. The official 
 name of Persia. 
 
 Iras (l'ras). A character in Shakspere’s “An- 
 tony ancl Cleopatra,” a female attendant on 
 Cleopatra. 
 
 Irawadi, or Irrawaddy (ir-a-wad'i). The chief 
 river of Burma. It is formed by two head streams, 
 Meh-kha and Ma!i-kha, which unite near Bhamo. Its 
 sources are imperfectly known. The Irawadi flows into 
 the Bay of Bengal by a delta about lat. 16" N. The chief 
 mouths are the Rangoon and Bassein. Ava and Mandalay 
 are on its banks. Length, probably about 1,500 miles ; 
 navigable from Bhamo. 
 
 Irbit (ir-bit'). A tow r n in the government of 
 Perm, Russia, situated on the Irbit about lat. 
 57° 30' N., long. 63° 20' E. It is noted for its 
 fair, which has been held (Feb. 1-March 1, 
 O. S.) since 1643. Population, 20,300. 
 
 Iredell (ir'del), James. Born at Lewes, Eng- 
 land, Oct. 5, 1751: died at Edenton, N. C., Oct. 
 20, 1799. An American jurist, justice of the 
 United States Supreme Court 1790-99. 
 
 Iredell, James. Born at Edenton, N. C., Nov. 
 2, 1788: died at Raleigh, N. C., April 13, 1853. 
 An American jurist and politician, son of James 
 Iredell. He was governor of North Carolina 
 k 1827-28, and United States senator 1828-31. 
 Ireland (ir'land). [ME. Ireland, Irland, Yrland, 
 Erland (F. Orlande, G. Irland, from E.), AS. /ra- 
 ted, Irland, land of the Irish, from Ira, gen. 
 of Iras, Yras, the Irish, from Ir. Eire, Ireland, 
 Erin. See Erin and Hibernia.'] An island west of 
 Great Britain, forming with it the United King- 
 dom of Great Britain and Ireland. Capital, Dub- 
 lin. It is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the north, 
 we9t, and south, and separated on the east from Great 
 Britain by the North Channel, Irish Sea, and St. George’s 
 Channel. It extends from lat. 61" 26' to 55° 21' N.,long. 5°23' 
 to 10° 28' W. There are mountains near the coast, but the 
 interior is generally level, and abounds in lakes. The lead- 
 ing occupation i3 agriculture, and chief products cereals, 
 potatoes, etc. The chief manufactures are linen, woolen, 
 spirits, etc. Ireland is divided into 4 provinces (Ulster, 
 Leinster, Munster, Connaught), and subdivided into 32 
 counties. Government is administered by a lord lieu- 
 tenant, appointed by the British government for the time 
 being, assisted by a privy council at Dublin and a chief 
 secretary in Parliament. The kingdom is represented by 
 103 members in the House of Commons, and the peer- 
 age, which at present numbers 172 members, appoints 
 28 representative peers to sit in the House of Lords. About 
 74 per cent, of the population are Roman Catholics. The 
 inhabitants are mostly of Celtic descent (except in Lister), 
 The colonizations of Ireland by Firbolgs, Milesians, and 
 other races are legendary. The following are the leading 
 events and incidents of Irish history: Christianity intro- 
 duced by St. Patrick, 5th century ; settlements on the 
 eastern coasts by the Northmen, 9th and 10th centuries ; 
 Danish invasions, ended in 1014 by the victory at Clontarf 
 of the Irish chieftain Brian Boru ; conquest of the Eng- 
 lish Pale made in the reign of Henry II. by Strongbow, be- 
 ginning in 1169; expedition of Poynings sent by Henry 
 VII., leading to Poynings’s Act, 1494 ; revolt of the Irish 
 under the Geraldines suppressed by Henry VII I., who took 
 the title of King of Ireland ; rebellions during the reign 
 of Elizabeth, under the leadership of Shane 'O’Neill, later 
 of Desmond, and later of Hugh O’Neill (earl of Tyrone), who 
 was defeated by Mountjoy in 1601; English and Scottish 
 settlement made in Ulster by James 1. ; the lieutenancy 
 of Stratford, followed by the “ massacre of 1641”; rising put 
 down (1649-50) by Cromwell, who made additional settle- 
 ments of English and Scots ; adherence of Ireland to 
 James II., 1689 ; battle of the Boyne July 1, 1690 ; the Irish 
 Parliament declared independent, 1782 ; unsuccessful re- 
 
 531 
 
 hellion, 1798 ; Act of Union, ending the separate Irish Par- 
 liament and uniting Ireland with Great Britain, carried 
 through under the lieutenancy of Cornwallis (came into 
 force Jan. 1, 1801); unsuccessful rebellion under Emmet, 
 1803 ; Catholic Emancipation passed, 1829 ; repeal agita- 
 tion under O’Connell, 1842-44 ; potato famine of 1846-47, 
 followed by great emigration to America ; “ Young Ire- 
 land” rebellion, 1848; Fenian outbreaks, 1865 and 1867; 
 Land Act, 1870 ; disestablishment of the Irish Church, 
 1871 ; Land Act, 1881 ; Land League suppressed, 1881 ; Na- 
 tional League organized, 1882 ; Phoenix Park murders, 1882 ; 
 Home Rule agitation under the lead of Parnell ; introduc- 
 tion by Mr. Gladstone of a Home Rule Bill which failed 
 to pass the House of Commons, 1886 ; Home Rule Bill 
 passed by the House of Commons, but rejected by the 
 House of Lords, 1893. Area, 32,360 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 4,381,951, (1911). 
 
 Ireland, John. Born near Wem, Shropshire : 
 died at Birmingham, Nov., 1808. An English 
 author. He worked as a watchmaker in Maiden Lane, 
 London. In 1786 he published the “Letters and Poems” 
 of John Henderson the actor. In 1793 he edited for Boy- 
 dell “ Hogarth Illustrated ” (1791). In 1798, as a supple- 
 mentary volume of this work, he published his “ Life of 
 Hogarth,” with engravings of some hitherto unpublished 
 drawings. This is the standard biography of Hogarth. 
 Ireland, Jolin. Born at Burnehureh, County 
 Kilkenny, Ireland, Sept. 11, 1838. A Roman 
 Catholic archbishop. He emigrated to the United 
 States in 1849 ; was educated in France ; and was ordained 
 priest in St..Paul, Minn., in 1861. He was consecrated co- 
 adjutor to the bishop of St. Paul in 1875, became bishop of 
 that city in 1884, and archbishop in 1888. He lias written 
 “The Church and Modern Society” (1896). 
 
 Ireland, Samuel. Born at London : died there, 
 July, 1800. An English author and engraver. 
 Originally a weaver in Spitalfields, London, he later went 
 into business as a dealer in prints and drawings, instruct- 
 ing himself in drawing, etching, and engraving. In 1760 
 he won a medal from the Society of Arts, and in 1764 ex- 
 hibited at the Royal Academy for the first and only time. 
 From 1780 to 1785 he etched many plates after Mortimer 
 and Hogarth, also Ruysdael (1786) and Teniers (1787). He 
 is best known as the dupe of his son, William Henry Ire- 
 land, in the affair of the Shakspere forgeries. 
 
 Ireland, William Henry. Born probably at 
 London, 1777 : died there, April 17, 1835. A 
 forger of Shakspere manuscripts. He is supposed 
 to have been an illegitimate son of Samuel Ireland. He 
 visited Stratford-on-Avon about 1794 with hisfather, an ad- 
 mirer of Shakspere, who fully believed a story of the recent 
 destruction of Shakspere’s own manuscripts. On his re- 
 turn to London he began his famous series of forgeries of 
 Shakspere manuscripts. Among these are a mortgage deed 
 copied on old parchment from a genuine deed of 1612, which 
 had been copied in facsimile by Steevens; Shakspere’s 
 signature on the fly-leaves of old hooks ; a transcript of 
 “Lear”; and extracts from “Hamlet” (the orthography 
 copied from Chatterton’s Rowley poems). In Feb., 1795, 
 these documents were exhibited by the elder Ireland at 
 his house in Norfolk street. On Feb. 23 Dr. Parr, Sir Isaac 
 Heard, Herbert Croft, Pye, the poet laureate, and 16 others 
 signed apaper testifying to theirbelief in their genuineness. 
 To these Ireland added a new blank-verse play, “ Vortigern 
 and Rowena,” in Shakspere’s autograph, and a tragedy, 
 “ Henry II.,” which he said he had copied from Shakspere’s 
 original, which were examined by Sheridan of Drury Lane 
 and Harris of Covent Garden. On April 2, 1796, "Vorti- 
 gern ’’ was produced by Kemble at Drury Lane. Its com- 
 plete failure led to the exposure of the entire fraud, and 
 before the end of the year Ireland published “An Authen- 
 tic Account of the Shakespearian MSS.” He also published 
 a number of ballads, poems, novels, memoirs, and transla- 
 tions. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Ireland Island. One of the Bermudas. 
 Irenseus (I-re-ne'us), Saint. Born in Asia Mi- 
 nor : died at Lyons, probably in 202 A. D. A 
 celebrated Greek church father. He was a native 
 of Asia Minor ; heard Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna ; re- 
 moved to Rome about 155 ; and became bishop of Lyons 
 in 177. He died a martyr during the persecution under 
 the emperor Septimius Severus. He wrote a Greek work 
 against heresies, which is extant in a Latin translation en- 
 titled “Contra hereticos" (ed. by Stieren 1851-53, and by 
 Harvey 1857). 
 
 Irene (l-re'ne). [Gr. E ipr/vr), peace.] Born at 
 Athens about 752 : died in Lesbos, Aug. 15, 803. 
 A Byzantine empress. She became the wife of the 
 emperor Leo IV. in 769, and from 780 to 790 was regent for 
 her son Constantine VI., whom she dethroned and blinded 
 in 797. She was deposed and banished by Nicepliorus in 
 802. 
 
 Irene. An astei*oid (No. 14) discovered by Hind 
 at London, May 19, 1851. 
 
 Irene. A tragedy by Samuel Johnson, it was 
 played under the title “Mahomet and Irene,” under Gar- 
 rick’s management, Feb. 6, 1749. Garrick played Deme- 
 trius. 
 
 Irene (e-ran'). A tragedy by Voltaire, produced 
 March 16, 1778. He was crowned with laurel in his box 
 for this play on the first occasion on which he was able to 
 attend. 
 
 Ireton (Ir'ton), Henry. Born in Nottingham, 
 England, 1611: died near Limerick, Ireland, Nov. 
 26, 1651. An English Parliamentary general, 
 son-in-law of Cromwell. In 1626he became a gentle- 
 man commoner of Trinity College, Oxford, graduating 
 B. A. in 1629. At the beginning of the civil war he was the 
 chief supporter of the Parliamentary interest in Notting- 
 hamshire, and June 30, 1642, was made captain of the Not- 
 tingham horse. He attached himself very intimately to 
 Cromwell, witli whom lie had great influence ; was made 
 commissary-general of the horse at Naseby ; and married 
 Cromwell’s daughter Bridget, June 15, 1646. On Oct. 30, 
 1645, he was returned to Parliament for Appleby. He took 
 
 Irnerius 
 
 part in the treaty between the commissioners of the army 
 and Parliament. He hoped to lay the foundation of an 
 agreement between the king and Parliament, and to es- 
 tablish the liberties of the people on a permanent basis. 
 When Charles I., however, refused the “Four Bills,” Ire- 
 ton advised the settlement of the affairs of the kingdom 
 without him. In the trial of the king he sat regularly in 
 the High Court of Justice, and signed the warrant for the 
 king’s execution. On Aug. 15, 1649, he went with Cromwell 
 to Ireland as second in command, and became his deputy 
 May 29, 1650. 
 
 Iriarte, or Yriarte (e-re-ar'ta), Tomas de. 
 Born at Orotava, TeneiTffe, Canary Islands, 
 Sept. 18, 1750 : died near Cadiz, Sept. 17, 1791. 
 A Spanish poet. His chief works are “La 
 musica”(1780), “Fabulas literarias” (1780-82). 
 Iris (i'ris). [Gr. T I pic.] In Greek mythology, a 
 female divinity, messenger of the gods, often 
 regarded as the personification of the rainbow. 
 Iris. An asteroid (No. 7) discovered by Hind at 
 London, Aug. 13, 1847. 
 
 Insarri(e-re-sa're), Antonio Jose de. Born at 
 Santiago de los Caballeros, Guatemala, Feb. 7, 
 1786 : died at Brooklyn, N. Y., June 10, 1868. A 
 Spanish-Ameriean statesman and author. He 
 settled in Chile, where he took a prominent part in the 
 revolution 1810-18. Subsequently he held various diplo- 
 matic posts for Chile, and from 1855 was minister of Gua- 
 temala and Salvador to the United States. He edited sev- 
 eral journals in various Spanish-Ameriean countries, pub- 
 lished historical and philological works and a collection of 
 satirical poems, and was a well-known bibliophilist. 
 Irish, (i'rish). The language of the native Celtic 
 race in Ireland. It is in age and philological value the 
 most important language of the Celtic family, though its 
 antiquity and importance have been much exaggerated by 
 tradition and patriotism. The alphabet is an adaptation 
 of the Latin. As heretofore printed the letters, like the 
 so-called Anglo-Saxon letters, are usually made to resem- 
 ble a conventionalized form of the Latin alphabet in use 
 in Britain in the early middle ages. Gaelic is a compara- 
 tively recent form of the Irish spoken by the Celts of Scot- 
 land. It differs but slightly from the Irish of the same 
 age. Modern Irish is greatly corrupted in pronunciation, 
 as compared with the Old Irish ; but it retains in great 
 part the old orthography. As a living speech it is fast go- 
 ing out of use, though efforts are making to preserve it. 
 Irish Sea. A body of water lying between Eng- 
 land on the east and Ireland on the west, and 
 connected with the Atlantic Ocean by the North 
 Channel on the north and St. George’s Channel 
 on the south. The Isle of Man is in its center. 
 Irish Widow, The. A comedy by David Gar- 
 rick, taken in part from Moliere’s “ Le mariage 
 force.” It was brought out Oct. 23, 1772. The widenv 
 Brady was played originally by Mrs. Barry, for whom the 
 play was written. 
 
 Irkalla. See TJrugal. 
 
 Irkutsk (ir-kotsk'). 1. A government of Sibe- 
 ria, bounded by Yakutsk on the north and east, 
 Trans-Baikal on the southeast, the Chinese em- 
 pire on the south, and Yeniseisk on the west. 
 Area, 280,429 square miles. Population, 577,- 
 700. — 2. The capital of the government of Ir- 
 kutsk, situated at the junction of the Irkut with 
 the Angara, in lat. 52° 17' N., long. 104° 12' E. 
 It was founded in 1652, and is the chief commercial city 
 of Siberia and the seat of the general government, and is 
 noted for its tea trade. It was nearly destroyed by lire in 
 1879. Population, 70,000, 
 
 Irmin (er'min), or Irmino (er'mi-no). In Ger- 
 manic mythology, a god, eponymic ancestor of 
 the Herminones. 
 
 Xrminones. See Hermiones. 
 
 Irminsul (er'inin-sol). A Saxon idol cast down 
 by Charlemagne, near Eresburg, about 772. Her- 
 mann, or Arminius, the hero of Teutonic independence, 
 was the object of the Saxons’ admiration, and they called 
 this idol Irmensaule (Hermann Saule, ‘Hermann’s Pillar’), 
 from afancied resemblance of the word. No real connec- 
 tion of the idol with Hermann existed. 
 
 The Irmin-Sul, or Column of Hermann, near Eresburg, 
 the modern Stadtberg, was the chosen object of worship 
 to the descendants of the Cherusci, the Old Saxons, in de- 
 fence of which they fought desperately against Charle- 
 magne and his Christianized Franks. “Irmin,” says Sir 
 Francis Palgrave, “in the cloudy Olympus of Teutonic be- 
 lief, appears as a king and a warrior; and the pillar, the 
 Irmin-Sul, bearing the statue, and considered as the sym- 
 bol of the deity, was the Palladium of the Saxon nation 
 until the temple of Eresburg was destroyed by Charle- 
 magne, and the column itself transferred to the monastery 
 of Corbey, where perhaps a portion of the rude rock-idol 
 yet remains, covered by the ornaments of the Gothic era." 
 
 Philip Smith, Hist. World, III. 368. 
 
 Irnerius (er-ne'ri-us), or Warnerius (war-ne'- 
 ri-us). Lived first part of the 12th century. A 
 noted Italian jurist. See the extract. 
 
 Irnerius, by universal testimony, was the founder of all 
 learned investigation into the laws of J ustinian. He gave 
 lectures upon them at Bologna, his native city, not long, 
 in Savigny’s opinion, after the commencement of the cen- 
 tury. And, besides this oral instruction, he began the 
 practice of making glosses, or short marginal explanations, 
 on the law-books, with the whole of which lie was ac- 
 quainted. We owe also to him, according to ancient opin- 
 ion, though much controverted in later times, an epitome, 
 called the Authentica, of what Ora vina calls the prolix and 
 dillicult(salebrosis atquegarrulis) Novels of Justinian, ar- 
 ranged according to the titles of the Code. 
 
 II all am, Lit., p. 63, 
 
Iron 
 
 Iron (Fern), Ralph.. The nom de plume of Olive 
 Schreiner. 
 
 Iron Arm, F. Bras de Fer (bra de far). A sur- 
 name given to the Huguenot leader De Lanoue. 
 Iron Chest, The. A play by George Colman 
 the younger, with music by Storace. it was taken 
 from" Godwin’s “Caleb Williams,” and was produced at 
 Drury Lane March 12, 1796. 
 
 Iron City, The. A name given to Pittsburg, 
 Pennsylvania, on account of its iron manufac- 
 tures. 
 
 Iron Duke. A British war-ship, launched i n 1871. 
 Her chief dimensions are: length, 280 feet; breadth, 64 
 feet; draught, 22.7 feet; displacement, 6,010 tons; thick- 
 ness of armor, 8 to 6 inches. The armored region consists 
 of a belt at the water-line 10 feet wide, and a double-decked 
 central citadel. The lower battery has only broadside fire 
 from 6 12-ton guns. The upper battery has 1 12-ton gun 
 and an indented port at each angle for fore-and-aft as well 
 as broadside fire. The Iron Duke ran into and sank her 
 sister ship the Vanguard off the coast of Ireland Sept., 
 1875. 
 
 Iron Duke, The. A popular surname of the 
 Duke of Wellington. 
 
 Iron Gates, The. A celebrated defile in the Dan- 
 ube, at the confines of Hungary, Servia, and Ku- 
 mania. Length, 1^ miles. 
 
 Iron Man, The. See Tains. 
 
 Iron Mask, Man with the. See Man, etc. 
 Ironmaster, The. A play translated from Oh- 
 net’s “Maitre de Forges” (1882) by Pinero, and 
 produced in 1884. 
 
 Iron Mountain. A hill, 1,075 feet in height, in 
 St. Francois County, eastern Missouri, 67 miles 
 south-southwest of St. Louis, noted for its de- 
 posit of iron ore. 
 
 Ironside. A surname of Edmund H., king of 
 England. 
 
 Ironside, Nestor. A pseudonym of Sir Richard 
 Steele in “The Guardian.” 
 
 Ironsides, Old. See Old Ironsides. 
 
 Ironsides, The. The famous regiment led by 
 Cromwell in the English civil war. The name 
 was afterward applied to the entire army un- 
 der his control. 
 
 Ironton (Fern-ton). A city and the capital of 
 Lawrence County, Ohio, situated on the Ohio 
 in lat. 38° 33' N., long. 82° 30' W. It is the 
 center of an iron district. Population, 13,147, 
 (1910). 
 
 Iroquoian (ir-o-kwoi'an). A linguistic stockof 
 North American Indians, historically of great 
 importance though numerically inferior to sev- 
 eral others. The conductof apartof thesetribes, which 
 are collectively called Iroquois, in the colouial period 
 markedly shaped the history of America north of Mexico, 
 as at the first collisions they became the aUies of the Eng- 
 lish against the French, and by their early procurement of 
 firearms, perhaps more than by the preeminent valor and 
 sagacity imputed to them by most writers, they mastered 
 and drove off from immense districts all the tribes before 
 occupying them which would not submit to their rule. 
 The St. Lawrence River valley was their earliest known 
 habitat, whence they gradually moved southwest along the 
 shores of the great lakes. Cartier in 1535 found between 
 Quebec and Montreal a people the recorded fragments of 
 whose language indicate that they were Wyandots. (See 
 Iroquois.) The Iroquoian tribes were notably sedentary 
 and to a considerable extent agricultural, depending com- 
 paratively little upon hunting, and were remarkable for 
 their skill in house-building and fortification. The re- 
 maining Indians of this stock, both in the United States 
 and in Canada, are distinguished for their advance into 
 civilization. As a rule they are prosperous and increasing 
 in numbers. Their whole population now is about 43,000, 
 of whom over 34,000 are in the United States and nearly 
 9,000 in Canada. They are divided both linguistically 
 and geographically into 4 groups, as follows; northern 
 group —Wyandot, Tionontati, Tohotaenrat, Wenrorono, 
 Neuter, Hochelaga; central group — Mohawk, Oneida, 
 Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Erie, Conestoga; southern 
 group — Tuscarora, Nottoway, Meherrin, Chowanoc, Co- 
 ree ; Cherokee group — Elati or Lower Cherokee, Middle 
 Cherokee, and Atali or Upper Cherokee. The name of the 
 linguistic stock is taken from the form Iroquois, which h is 
 been applied specifically to the confederacy or league also 
 called the “Five Nations,” and later the “Six Nations." 
 Iroquois (ir-o-kwoi'). [The name, given by 
 the French, was derived from Algonkin 
 Iriakhoiw, real adders.] A well-known con- 
 federacy of the North American Indians. 
 They calied themselves by a name meaning ‘ we are of 
 the long lodge.’ The Delaware name for them was 
 Mengwe, corrupted into Mingo. The English knew 
 them as the Confederates or Five Nations, and, after 
 the admission of the Tuscarora, as the Six Nations. 
 The confederacy was, about 1540, composed of five tribes, 
 Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, extend- 
 ing across New York State, in the order named, from Hud- 
 son River to Lake Erie. According to tradition they had 
 before lived on the St. Lawrence River, whence they had 
 been driven by Algonquian tribes. Afterprocuringfirearms 
 from the Dutch, they made war upon all the surrounding 
 tribes, driving off some, incorporating some, and making 
 others tributary, until their rule was acknowledged from 
 the Ottawa River to the Tennessee, and from the Kennebec 
 to the Illinois and Lake Michigan. During the Revolution 
 these tribes sided with the English, with whom they had 
 before been allied against the French; and afterward the 
 Mohawks and Cayugas followed Brant in abody to Canada. 
 
 532 
 
 They, with some individuals of other tribes of the confed- 
 eracy, settled and still remain at a reservation on Grand 
 River, Ontario, and atother points in that province. Those 
 in the United States are on reservations in New York, ex- 
 cept the Oneidas, who are chiefly at Green Bay, Wisconsin. 
 The so-called Senecas of the Indian Territory are really 
 “ Mingos ” collected from all the Iroquois tribes, and the 
 Catholic Iroquois at Caughnawaga, St. Regis, and Oka have 
 no connection with the confederacy. The numbers of the 
 latter are now about 16,000, including mixed blood. See 
 Iroquoian. 
 
 Irrawaddy. See Irawadi. 
 
 Irredentists (ir-e-den'tists). An Italian politi- 
 cal party, formed in 1878 for bringing about the 
 ‘ ‘ redemption ” or the incorporation into the kin g- 
 dom of Italy of all regions situated near Italy 
 where an important part of the population was 
 Italian, but which were still subject to other gov- 
 ernments, andhence called Italiairredenta(‘ un- 
 redeemed Italy’). 
 
 Irrefragable doctor, L. Doctor Irrefragabilis 
 
 (dok'tor i-ref-ra-gab'i-lis). A surname given to 
 the scholastic philosopher Alexander of Hales. 
 
 Irtysh, or Irtish (ir'tish; Russ. pron. ir-tish'). 
 A river in Sungaria and western Siberia, which 
 joins the Obi about 190 miles north of Tobolsk. 
 It traverses Lake Zaisan. Its chief affluentsare the Ishim, 
 Tobol, Bukhtarma and Om. Length, over 1,600 miles ; 
 navigable to Lake Zaisan. 
 
 Iriin, or Yrun (e-ron'). A town in the province 
 of Guipuzeoa, Spain, situated near the French 
 frontier 19 miles southwest of Bayonne. Pop- 
 ulation, 9,912. 
 
 Irus (I-rus). 1. In Homeric legend, a beggar of 
 gigantic stature who kept watch over the suitors 
 of Penelope, and was e mployed by them as a mes- 
 senger. He was celebrated for his voracity. — 
 2. The Blind Beggar of Alexandriain Chapman’s 
 play of that name. He assumes many disguises. 
 
 Iruwai (ir'6-wi). A tribe or division of North 
 American Indians formerly living in Scott Val- 
 ley, Siskiyou County, California. In 1851 it had 
 seven villages and an estimated population of 
 420. See Sastean. 
 
 Irvine (er'vin). A seaport in Ayrshire, Scotland, 
 situated on the river Irvine 23 > miles southwest 
 of Glasgow. Population, 9,603. 
 
 Irving (er'ving), Edward. Boru at Annan, Dum- 
 friesshire, Scotland, Aug. 4, 1792 : died at Glas- 
 gow, Dec.7, 1834. AScottisli preacher and divine. 
 As a boy he was much influenced by the services of the ex- 
 treme Presbyterians, seceders from the Church of Scotland. 
 In 1812 he obtained the mastership of the academy at Kirk- 
 caldy, where he formed a warm friendship for Thomas Car- 
 lyle. In 1818 he went to Edinburgh to obtain a permanent 
 position, and Oct., 1819, became assistant to Dr. Chalmers 
 in Glasgow. He removed to the little chapel in Hatton 
 Garden, London, July, 1822, when he immediately won ex- 
 traordinary popularity. At this time begin the peculiar 
 mental and religious aberrations which are associated with 
 his career. In May,1828,he madeatour of Scotland with the 
 object of proclaiming the imminence of thesecond advent. 
 Another expedition to Scotland followed, and in 1830 his 
 tract on “The Orthodoxy and Catholic Doctrine of Our 
 Lord’s Human Nature ” exposed him to direct charges of 
 heresy. The “unknown tongues,’’ a pentecostal phenom- 
 enon, were first heard in March, 183J, from the mouth of 
 Mary Campbell. They were at first heard only in private 
 assemblies, but Oct. 16, 1831, the services of his new Regent 
 Square church weredisturbed by a woman who gave utter- 
 ance to an outbreak of unintelligible discourse. An at- 
 tempted prosecution for heresy failed in Dec., 1830 ; but on 
 April23, 1832, he was removed from his church. On March 
 13, 1833, he wascondemned by the Presbytery of Annan on a 
 charge of heresy concerning the sinlessness of Christ. This 
 practically terminated his career. The “Irvingite" or 
 “Catholic Apostolic Church ” still survives. Diet. Nat. 
 Biog. 
 
 Irving, Sir Henry (original name, John Henry 
 Brodribb). Born at Keinton, near Glaston- 
 bury, England, Feb. 6, 1838 : died at Bradford, 
 Oct. 13, 1905. A noted English actor. He made 
 his first appearance at the Sunderland Theatre in 1856. 
 After playing at Edinburgh for some time he made his first 
 London appearance at the Princess’s Theatre in 1859. He 
 made no distinct mark till 1870, when he played Tigby 
 Grant in Albery’s “Two Roses.” He played with success 
 till 1874, when his performance of Hamlet created genuine 
 interest. In 1878 he undertook the management of the 
 Lyceum Theatre, where his success was g’ eat. He pro- 
 duced a large number of new plays and Shaksperian re- 
 vivals. He came frequently to the United States with his 
 company, including Miss Ellen Terry. He was especially 
 distinguished in “ Hamlet,” “ Othello,” “Merchantof Ven- 
 ice,” “Richard ITT.,” “Richelieu,” “The Bells,” “Louis 
 XI.,” “ Henry VIII.," “Becket,” etc. Knighted in 1895. 
 
 Irving, Theodore. Born at, New York, May 9 , 
 1809 : died at New York, Dec. 20, 1880. Au 
 American clergyman and author, nephew of 
 Washington Irving. 
 
 Irving, Washington. Born at N ewYork, April 3, 
 1783 : died at Sunnyside, near Tarrytown, N.Y., 
 Nov. 28, 1859. An American historian, essay- 
 ist, and novelist. He was the son of an Englishman, 
 William Irving, who came from the Orkneys. He entered 
 a law office when quite young, and wrote literary squibs 
 for the “Morning Chronicle,” under the pseudonym “Jon- 
 athan Oldstyle.” His health obliged him to travel, and In 
 1804 he was sent abroad for two years. On his return he 
 undertook the publication, with James K. Paulding, of 
 
 Isabella 
 
 “Salmagundi.” In 1809 he published his “History of New 
 York, by Diedrich Knickerbocker. ” Its success established 
 his literary position. In 1810 he became a partner in a com- 
 mercial house established by two of his brothers. In 1815, 
 however, he went abroad again, and lived there till 1832. 
 In 1826 he was attache of the United States legaiion at 
 Madrid, and in 1829 was made secretary of legation at 
 London. He lived principally at Sunnyside (Wolfert’s 
 Roost) from 1832 till 1842, when he was appointed min- 
 ister to Spain. Re returned in 1846 to Sunnyside, where 
 he lived till his death. Besides the works above mentioned, 
 he \Vrote “The Sketch-Book” (which came out in parts 
 in 1819, and collected in 1820), “Bracebridge Hall, or the 
 Humourists ” (1822), “Tales of a Traveler” (1824), “Life and 
 Voyages of Christopher Columbus” (1828), “Chronicle of 
 the Conquest of Granada” (1829), “Voyages of the Com- 
 panions of Columbus" (1831), “The Alhambra” (1832), 
 “Crayon Miscellany ” (including “Tour on the Prairies,” 
 1835), “ Astoria, etc. ” (with Pierre M. Irving, 1836), “Adven- 
 tures of Captain Bonneville, etc.” (1837), “Oliver Gold- 
 smith” (1849), “Mahomet and his Successors” (1850), 
 “Wolfert’s Roost ” (1855), “Life of George Washington” 
 (1855-59). Works in the “Geoffrey Crayon” edition (26 
 vols., 1380); “Life and Letters," edited by Pierre Irving 
 (1862-64). 
 
 Irvingites (er ' ving-its). A religious denomi- 
 nation named from Edward Irving (1792-1834). 
 Irving was not the founder of the sect popularly calied af- 
 ter him, hut accepted and promoted the spread of the prin- 
 ciples upon which, after his death, the sect was formed. 
 Its proper name is the Catholic Apostolic Church, and it 
 has an elaborate organization derived from its twelve 
 “apostles,” the first body of whom was completed in 1835. 
 It recognizes the orders of apostles, prophets, evangelists, 
 pastors or “angels,” elders, deacons, etc. It lays especial 
 stress on the early creeds, the eucharist, prophecies, and 
 gift of tongues. It has an extremely ritualistic service 
 and an elaborate liturgy. The adherents are not numerous, 
 and are found chiefly in Great Britain. There are some on 
 the continent of Europe and in the United States. 
 
 Irwin (er'win), Sir John. Born at Dublin, 1728: 
 died at Parma, May, 1788. A British general, 
 the son of Alexander Irwin. As lieutenant in his 
 father’s regiment he was granted a year’s furlough for con- 
 tinental travel in 1748, when he commenced a regular cor- 
 respondence with Eord Chesterfield, which continued for 
 twenty years. He is supposed to have suggested to Ches- 
 terfield his paper on “Good Breeding,” which appeared in 
 the “ World,” Oct. 30, 1755. Irwin afterward became gov- 
 ernor of Gibraltar (1766-68), and commander-in-chief and 
 privy councilor in Ireland 1775. 
 
 Isaac (i'zak). [Heb.,‘ the laugher.’ See extract 
 below.] A Hebrew patriarch, son of Abraham 
 and Sarah, and father of Jacob and Esau. 
 
 The name of his father Isaak is probably also an abbre- 
 viation for “Isaakel,” ‘He upon whom God smiles.’ It 
 may be that the holy tribe was so designated at a certain 
 epoch ; or the Isaakel may perhaps have been a Puritan 
 group anterior to that of the Jakobel. 
 
 Henan, Hist, of the People of Israel, I. 90. 
 
 Isaac I. Comnenus. Died 1061. Byzantine em- 
 peror 1057-59. He was elevated by the army in oppo- 
 sition to Michael VI., who was defeated and compelled to 
 abdicate. He resigned the crown to Constantine Ducas in 
 consequence of an illness supposed to be mortal, and en- 
 tered a convent. 
 
 Isaac II. Angelas. Died 1204. Byzantine em- 
 peror 1185—95 and 1203-04. He succeeded Androni- 
 cus Comnenus, who was overthrown by a popular revolt. 
 He was dethroned and blinded by his own brother, Alex- 
 ius III., in 1195 ; but, on the latter’s flight before the Cru- 
 saders, was replaced by them on the throne, together with 
 his son Alexias IV., in 1203. Together with his son, he was 
 supplanted by Alexias V. in 1204. 
 
 Isaac, Sacrifice of. A painting by Rembrandt, 
 in the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. Isaac 
 lies bound on a heap of fagots ; Abraham, kneeling over 
 him, with his hand on the boy’s face, is about to give the 
 fatal blow, when the angel strikes the knife from his hand. 
 The entangled ram is seen in the wooded background. 
 Isabella (iz-a-bel'a). [F. Isabeau, Isabelle, It. 
 Isabella, Sp. Tsabel, Pg. Isabel, G.and Dan. Isa- 
 belle.'] Born 1214: died at Foggia, Dec. 1, 1241. 
 German empress, wife of tbe emperor Frederick 
 II., and second daughter and fourth child of 
 John, king of England, and Isabella of Angou- 
 leme. Her marriage with Frederick II. was concluded 
 July 15, 1235. Her daughter Margaret was born Feb., 1237, 
 and by marriage with Albert, landgrave of Thuringia, be- 
 came ancestress of the Saxe-Coburg-Gotlia house. 
 Isabella I., surnamed u The Catholic.” Born at 
 Madrigal, April 22, 1451 : died at Med ina del Cam- 
 po, Nov. 26, 1504. Queen of Castile 1474-1504, 
 daughter of John II. of Castile. She married, in 1469, 
 Ferdinand of Aragon, conjointly with whom she succeeded 
 her brother, Henry IV., as monarch of Castile in 1474. She 
 equipped the expedition of Columbus in 1492. See Fer- 
 dinand V., King of Castile. 
 
 Isabella II. (Maria Isabella Louisa). Born at 
 
 Madrid, Oct. 10, 1830 : died at Paris, April 9, 
 1904. Queen of Spain 1833-68, daughter of 
 Ferdinand VII. whom she succeeded under the 
 regency of her mother, Maria Christina. See 
 Maria Christina, and Carlos, Maria Jos6 Isi- 
 doro dc Bourbon, Don. She assumed personal con- 
 trol of the government in 1843 ; was deposed and banished 
 by a revolution which broke out at Cadiz, Sept. 18, 1868 ; 
 and resigned her claim to the throne in favor of her eldest 
 son (afterward Alfonso XII.), June 25, 1870. 
 
 Isabella. 1. A character in Ariosto’s “Orlando 
 Furioso,” loved by Zerbino, and killed by Rodo- 
 mont. — 2. A character in Shakspere’s comedy 
 
Isabella 
 
 “Measure for Measure,” the sister of Claudio, 
 and object of the base passion of Angelo, but 
 rescued and married by Vincentio, the duke.— 
 
 3. A character in Webster’s tragedy “ Yittoria 
 Corombona, or The White Devil”: the wife of the 
 Duke of Brachiano, lover of Vittoria. To shield 
 him from the vengeance of her family because of his ill 
 treatment of her, she purposely plays the shrew to make 
 them think her worthless. 
 
 4 . The “ insatiate countess ” in Marston’s play 
 of that name. She alternately attracts her lov- 
 ers and induces their successors to kill them. — 
 
 5 . The wife of Biron in Southerne’s “Fatal 
 Marriage.” She marries Villeroy, being deceived into 
 a belief in Biron’s death ; and after his return and actual 
 death she dies distracted. Isabella was a favorite part 
 with Mrs. Barry, Mrs. Siddons, and other tragic actresses. 
 The play was afterward known as “Isabella.” 
 
 6. One of the principal characters in Mrs. 
 Centlivre’s comedy “ The Wonder.” 
 
 Isabella of Angouleme. Died at Fontebrand, 
 1246. Queen of King John of England and 
 daughter of Eymer, count of Angouleme, by Ali- 
 cia, daughter of Peter of Courtenay, a younger 
 son of Louis VI. of France. She was married to 
 John during his visit to France, Aug., 1200. Her first son 
 (afterward Henry III.) was born Oct. 1, 1207. In Dec., 
 1214, she was imprisoned in Gloucester by order of John, 
 and was probably there when he died. In 1217 she re- 
 turned to France, and May, 1220, married Hugh, count 
 of La Marche. 
 
 Isabella of France. Born 1292 : died at Hert- 
 ford, Aug. 23, 1358. Queen of Edward H. of Eng- 
 land, and daughter of Philip the Fair, king of 
 France. They were married at Boulogne, Jan. 25, 1308. 
 Her first son (afterward Edward III.) was born Nov. 13, 
 1312, at Windsor. Edward II. treated her with extreme 
 unkindness. Driven from England by the influence of 
 the Despensers, she raised an army, anil with Roger Mor- 
 timerin command, Sept. 24, 1326, landed at Harwich, begin- 
 ning the campaign which terminated with the deposition 
 of Edward II. by the Parliament in London, Jan. 7, 1327, 
 and the recognition of Edward III., then 14 years old. Isa- 
 bella and Mortimer ruled in his name. In 1330 Edward 
 III. and Henry of Lancaster conspired against her, and she 
 was arrested with Mortimer at Nottingham, Oct. 18. Mor- 
 timer was executed. 
 
 Isabella Of France. Bom at the Louvre, Paris, 
 Nov. 9,1389: died at Blois, Sept. 13, 1409. The 
 second daughter of Charles VI. of France, and 
 second queen of Richard n. of England. The 
 marriage contract was signed March 9, 1396, when she was 
 7 years old. After Richard's death she was restored to 
 France (July, 1401), and June, 1404, married Charles, count 
 of Angouleme, the poet. 
 
 Isabella (so called from Isabella of Castile, 
 queen of Spain). The first European city in 
 the New World, founded by Christopher Colum- 
 bus, Dee., 1493, on a small bay of the northern 
 shore of the island of Espanola or Haiti, 25 miles 
 west of the present town of Puerto Plata. It was 
 abandoned soon after the founding of Santo Domingo city, 
 and only a few’ ruins now remain to mark its site. 
 
 Isabelle (e-za-bel'). 1. A young girl brought up 
 by Sganarelle in Moliere’s “lScole des maris.” 
 He secludes her from all knowledge of the world or of 
 pleasure, intending to marry her. She eludes his vigi- 
 lance and marries Valere. See Liorwre. 
 
 2. An amusing and mischievous girl in Dry- 
 den’s “ Wild Gallant.” 
 
 Isabey (e-za-ba/ ), Eugene Louis Gabriel. Bom 
 at Paris, July 22, 1804: died at Lagny, Seine- 
 et-Marne, April 27, 1886. A French painter, 
 son of J. B. Isabey, noted especially for his ma- 
 rines. He went to Algiers in 1830, as royal marine-painter, 
 with the expedition of that year. He received medals of 
 the first class in 1824, 1827, 1855, and became a member 
 of the Legion of Honor in 1832 and officer in 1852. 
 
 Isabey, Jean Baptiste. BornatNancy, France, 
 April 11, 1767 : died at Paris, April 18, 1855. 
 A French miniature-painter, a pupil of Girar- 
 det and Claudet (at Nancy), and of Dumont 
 and David (at Paris). Among his portraits are those 
 of Josephine, Napoleon, his marshals, members of the 
 Congress of Vienna, etc. 
 
 Isabinda (is-a-bin'da). One of the principal 
 characters in Mrs. Centlivre’s comedy ‘ The 
 Busybody,” the daughter of Sir Jealous Traffick, 
 who keeps her from the sight of all men. 
 
 Isseus (I-se'us). [Gr. ’laaioc.] BornatChalcis 
 (at Athens ?): lived in the first half of the 4th 
 century b. c. One of the ten Attic orators. His 
 11 extant orations, mainly on contested inheritances, have 
 been edited by Schonmann (1831), Biirmann (1883). Eng- 
 lish translation by Sir William Jones. 
 
 Isaiah G-za'ya or l-zi'ya). [Heb., ‘salvation of 
 J ehovah .’] A Hebrew prophet who prophesied 
 from 740 B. C. till 701 B. C. He was the greatest of the 
 Hebrew prophets and orators, a consistent opponent of 
 the policy of the Hebrew kings to enter into entangling 
 alliances with foreign powers. Once, however, the alli- 
 ance with Assyria being formed, he counseled the keeping 
 of faith, continually asserting that no dependence could 
 be placed on Egypt. Chapters xl.-lxvi. of Isaiah, which 
 relate to the captivity and return, are considered by some 
 scholars the work of a post-exilic prophet called Deutero- 
 Isaiah. 
 
 533 
 
 He was the greatest of a race of giants. He gave their 
 final form to Hebrew ideas. He is not the founder of Ju- 
 daism ; he is its classical genius. Semitic speech reaches 
 in him its highest combinations. 
 
 Renan, Hist, of the People of Israel (trans.), II 408. 
 
 Isaiah’s poetical genius is superb. His characteristics 
 are grandeur and beauty of conception, wealth of imagi- 
 nation, vividness of illustration, compressed energy, and 
 splendor of diction. . 
 
 Driver, Introd. to the Lit. of the Old Test., p. 215. 
 
 Isandula (e-san-do'la), or Isandlana (e-sand- 
 la'na). A place in Zululand, South Africa, 90 
 miles north -north west of Durban. Here, Jan. 22, 
 1879, an overwhelming force of Zulus under Cettiwayo de- 
 feated a detachment of the British army under Colonel Pul- 
 leine. 
 
 Isar (e'zar). A river in northern Tyrol, and in 
 Upper and Lower Bavaria, joining the Danube 
 near Deggendorf : the ancient Isarus. Munich 
 and Landshut are on' its banks. Length, about 
 200 miles. 
 
 Isaure (e-zor'), Clemence. Born at Toulouse, 
 France, about 1450 : died at Toulouse about 
 1500. A French lady, restorer of the floral 
 games at Toulouse (1490). 
 
 Isauria (i-sa'ri-a). [Gr. y Tcavpia.'] In ancient 
 geography, a district in Asia Minor, bounded 
 by Phrygia on the north, Lycaonia on the east, 
 Cilicia on the south, and Pisidia on the west. 
 The surface is rugged. The inhabitants were famous in 
 guerrilla warfare. They were defeated by Servilius in 76 
 B. c., and by Pompey, but continued unsubdued. 
 
 Isca (is'ka), or Isca Silurum. A Roman city 
 in the west of England, remarkable for its the- 
 ater, its temples, and its palaces. Part of its 
 massive walls still remain at Caerleon. Wright, 
 Celt, etc., p. 137. 
 
 Ischalis (is'ka-lis). An important town in an- 
 cient Britain : the modern Hchester. 
 
 Ischia (es'ke-a). An island belonging to Na- 
 ples, Italy, near the entrance of the Bay of 
 Naples, 16 miles west-southwest of Naples : the 
 ancient ZEnaria (sometimes Pithecusa or Ina- 
 rime), and medieval Iscla. It contains several vol- 
 canoes ; is noted for its fertility andfor its warm baths ; and 
 produces wine and fruit. The capital is Ischia. It was 
 visited by an earthquake in 1883, causing a loss of about 
 1,700 lives. Area, 26 square miles. Population, 26,891. 
 
 Ischl (ish'l). A watering-place in Upper Aus- 
 tria, situated at the junction of the rivers Ischl 
 and Traun, 27 miles east by south of Salzburg. 
 It is the favorite resort of the Austrian royal family and 
 nobility, and contains salt and other baths. It is the cen- 
 tral point in the Salzkammergut. Population, commune, 
 10,188, (1910). 
 
 Iseghem (e'se-Gem). A town in the province 
 of West Flanders, Belgium, 25 miles west- 
 southwest of Ghent. It has manufactures of 
 linen. Population, commune, 14,302. 
 Isenbras (is'en-bras), or Isumbras (is'um- 
 bras), Sir. A hero of medieval romance. 
 Isengrim(is , en-grim), Sir. The wolf in “Rey- 
 nard the Fox.” 
 
 Iseo (e-za'o), LagO d\ A lake in Lombardy, 
 Italy, 15 miles east of Bergamo: the ancient 
 Lacus Sebinus. It is traversed by the Oglio. 
 Length, 15J miles. Height above sea-level, 607 
 feet. 
 
 Isere (e-zar'). A river in southeastern France, 
 joining the Rhone 7 miles north of Valence: 
 the ancient Isara. Length, about 175 miles. 
 Isere. A department of France. Capital, Gre- 
 noble. It is bounded by Ain on the north, Savoy on the 
 northeast, Hautes-Alpes on the southeast, Drome on the 
 southwest, and Rh6ne and Loire on the west, and is formed 
 from the northern part of the ancient Dauphind. The sur- 
 face is mountainous, particularly in the southeast. The 
 chief occupations are agriculture, working of minerals, 
 and the manufacture of gloves, paper, etc. Area, 3,17s 
 square miles. Population, 502,315. 
 
 Iserlohn (e-zer-lon'). A town in the province 
 of Westphalia, Prussia, on the Baar 44 miles 
 northeast of Cologne. It has alarge trade, and man- 
 ufactures wire, needles, brassware, etc. Near it are cad- 
 mia mines. Population, commune, 29,590. 
 
 Isernia (e-ser'ne-a). A town in the province of 
 Campobasso, Italy, 52 miles north of Naples : 
 the ancient ZEsernia. It contains the remains 
 of ancient walls. Population, commune, 9,322. 
 Iseult (i-solt',is'olt). In Arthurian romance : (a) 
 Daughter of Anguish, king of Ireland, known as 
 Iseult the Fair. She was the wife of Mark, king 
 of Cornwall, and loved Sir Tristram or Tristan. 
 (Jj) The daughter of Hoel or Howell, king of 
 Brittany. She was the wife of Sir Tristram, and 
 was known as Iseult of the White Hands. See 
 Tristram. 
 
 Mr. Leith (on the legend of Tristan, p. 35) gives the fol- 
 lowing enumeration of the forms of name : Isolde, Yseus, 
 Yseutz, Yseut, Ysseulz, Izeutz, Yseul, Ysou, Ysolt, Isault, 
 Essyllt, Ysoue, Yseult, Iset, Ysalde, Yseuda, Yzeult, 
 Iseulte, Isot, Isodda, Ysoude, Ysonde, Ysote, Isond, Isot- 
 
 Isidorus Hispalensis 
 
 ta, Iseo, Isawde, Isowde, Isod, Isold, Ysiaut, and Ysoud, 
 to which Hisolda may be added. 
 
 Dunlop, History of Prose Fiction, I. 471 (supplementary 
 
 [notes). 
 
 Isfendiyar (is-fen-di-yar'), in Pers., correctly, 
 Asfandiyar. (es-fen-di-yar'), or Aspandiyar 
 (es-pen-di-yar'). A hero of the Shahnamah, 
 son of King Gushtasp, the Constantine of the 
 Zoroastrians. After many exploits he was called to con- 
 quer Arjasp, a demon king, who had taken captive two 
 daughters of Gushtasp, and to restore his sisters. For this 
 he undertook his “seven labors." Choosing, like Rustam, 
 the shortest and most perilous way to the enemy’s strong- 
 hold, he first slew two monstrous wolves; secondly, con- 
 quered a fierce lion and his mate ; thirdly, slew a fierce 
 dragon ; fourthly, withstood the wilesof a beautiful woman 
 who, caught in Asfandiyar’s noose, became first a cat and 
 then a wolf, and finally a black, flame-vomiting demon, and 
 was then slain by him ; fifthly, slew a Simurgh, a gigantic 
 bird, which tried to bear him away ; sixthly, brought his 
 troops through a furious storm of wind and snow' ; and 
 seventhly, traversed a deadly desert. Reaching the brazen 
 fortress, Asfandiyar collected a hundred camels and en- 
 tered it with his warriors disguised as a merchant caravan, 
 when his brother Bishutan attacked it from without, as he 
 within. After this success Gushtasp wished Asfandiyar to 
 go against Rustam, to whom Kaikhusrau had given Zabul, 
 Kabul, and Nimruz. Asfandiyar pleaded the nobility and 
 services of Rustam, but the king was obdurate. Rustam 
 came out to welcome Asfandiyar, but when told the errand 
 of the latter refused to yield. The heroes fought on two 
 successive days. Rustam was wounded but recovered and, 
 guided by the Simurgh which had cared for his infancy, on 
 the second day lodged an arrow, made by the Simurgh’s 
 direction from the kazu tree, in the eye of his antagonist, 
 who fell. Zal and Rustam both came to offer sympathy, 
 but Asfandiyar died, intrusting his son Bahman to the 
 care of Rustam. 
 
 Isha (e'sha; with Vedic accent, e-ska'). [Skt., 
 ‘ Lord.’] A title of Shiva ; also, with a long, the 
 name of an Upanishad of which Ishavasya is 
 the first word. It is also known as the Vajasaneyisan- 
 hita Upanishad. It is translated by Muller in “Sacred 
 Books of the East,” I. 311. 
 
 Ishbosheth (ish-bo 'sheth). [Heb., ‘man of 
 shame.’] A son of Saul, proclaimed king of 
 Israel after his father’s death. See David. 
 
 In our text of the Books of Samuel, Saul’s son and suc- 
 cessor is called Ishbosheth, but in 1 Chronicles viii. 33 he 
 is called Eslibaal. Eslibaal means ‘Baal’s man,’ a proper 
 name of a well-known Semitic type, precisely similar to 
 such Arabic names as Imrau-l-Cais, ‘ the man of the god 
 Cais.’ W. R. Smith, 0. T. in the Jewish Ch., p. 78. 
 
 Ishim (ish'im). A river of Siberia which joins 
 the Irtish about 120 miles southeast of Tobolsk. 
 Length, about 1,000 miles. 
 
 Ishmael (ish'ma-el). [Heb., ‘God heareth.’] 
 The sou of Abraham and Hagar: regarded by 
 the Arabs as their ancestor. 
 
 Ishmaelites (ish'ma-el-its). The descendants 
 of Ishmael, Abraham’s son, who, as is related 
 in Gen. xxi. 14, was driven into the wilderness 
 with his mother, Hagar. His twelve sons were 
 “princes” or heads of tribes. The Arabs re- 
 gard him as their ancestor. 
 
 Ishperning (ish'pem-ing). A city in Marquette 
 County, northern Michigan, 14 miles west by 
 south of Marquette : the center of an iron dis- 
 trict. Population, 12,448, (1910). 
 
 Ishtar (ish'tiir), or Istar (is'tar). The prin- 
 cipal and most popular deity of the Assyro- 
 Babylonians, the goddess of love and war, unit- 
 ing, as it were, the Aphrodite (Venus) and 
 Athene (Minerva) of the Greeks, and corre- 
 sponding in name and character to Ashtoreth 
 (Astarte) of the Syro-Canaanites, only that she 
 ruled the planet Venus while Ashtoreth was 
 identified with the moon. In her warlike character 
 she was conceived by the Babylonians as ruling the morn- 
 ing star; as goddess of love she ruled the evening star. 
 In her former character she was also called Annuit, and 
 had her principal seat of worship at Agane, in the temple 
 E-ulbar; in the latter character she was especially wor- 
 shiped at Erech (Orchoe of the Greeks, modern Warka), in 
 the temple E-ana (‘ House of Heaven ’), with a voluptuous 
 cult. With the Assyrians she was the wife of Bel, and 
 was sometimes called Relit (‘Lady’); they distinguished 
 between Ishtar of Arbela, who presided over battles, and 
 Ishtar of Nineveh, in whom the voluptuous aspect pre- 
 dominated. Ishtar also occurs as an appellation, or generic 
 name, for a goddess in general. On the relation of Ishtar 
 to Tammuz, see Adonis and Izdubar. 
 
 Isidorian Decretals, The. A code of native 
 and foreign canons which circulated in Spain 
 in the 6th century, and was afterward accepted 
 throughout the Roman Catholic Church : so 
 called from Isidorus Hispalensis, who was er- 
 roneously supposed to have compiled it. Also 
 called the Spanish Decretals. 
 
 Isidorus (iz-i-do'rus) Hispalensis, or Isidore 
 (is'i-dor) of Seville. Born at Cartagena, Spain, 
 about 560: died April 4, 636. A Spanish eccle- 
 siastic and miscellaneous writer. He became bish- 
 op of Seville in COO. His works, which were held in high 
 esteem during the middle ages, include “Originum seu 
 etymologiarum libri xx.,” “De ecclesiasticis offieiis libri 
 duo,” and “ Sententiarum sivede summo bono libri tres.” 
 He has been erroneously accredited with the compilation 
 of the so-called Isidorian Decretals (which see). 
 
Isidro, San 
 
 Isidro (e-se'dro), San. See the extract. 
 
 His [Lope’s] subject was well chosen. It was that of the 
 great fame and glory of San Isidro the Ploughman. This 
 remarkable personage, who plays so distinguished a part 
 in the ecclesiastical history of Madrid, is supposed to have 
 been born in the twelfth century, on what afterwards be- 
 came the site of that city, and to have led a life so emi- 
 nently pious that the angels came down and ploughed his 
 grounds for him, which the holy man neglected in order 
 to devote his time to religious duties. From an early pe- 
 riod, therefore, he enjoyed much consideration, and was 
 regarded as the patron and friend of the whole territory, 
 as well as of the city of Madrid itself. But his great honors 
 date from the year 1598. In that year Philip the Third 
 was dangerously ill at a neighboring village ; the city sent 
 out the remains of Isidro in procession to avert the im- 
 pending calamity ; the king recovered ; and for the first 
 time the holy man became widely famous and fashionable. 
 
 Ticlcnor, Span. Lit., II. 165. 
 
 Isis(I'sis). 1. [Gr. T I«f.] In Egyptian mythol- 
 ogy, the chief female deity, the sister, wife, and 
 female counterpart of Osiris, and the mother of 
 Horus. She is distinguished by the solar disk and cow’s 
 horns on her head, often surmounted by a diminutive 
 throne, and bears the lotus scepter. By the Greeks she was 
 identified with Io. Her worship in a modified form, as a 
 nature-goddess, was introduced subsequently to the Alex- 
 andrine epoch into Greece, and was very popular at Borne 
 from the end of the republic. The Greek and Roma n priests 
 and priestesses of Isis wore aspecial costume, and had as an 
 attribute a peculiar metallic rattle, the sistrnm. On her 
 statue was an inscription mentioned by Proclus : “I am 
 that which is, has been, and shall be. My veil no one has 
 lifted. The fruit I bore was the Sun”; hence the well- 
 known allusion to a mystery as “the veil of Isis,” or as 
 covered with “the veil of Isis." 
 
 Isis, at once the sister and wife of Osiris, and the mother 
 of Horos. At Thebes she was known as Mut,‘ the mother,’ 
 with the vulture’s head ; at Bubastis as Sekhet, the bride 
 of Ptah and daughter of Ra. As mother of Horos, she 
 was named Hathor or Athor, ‘the house of Horos,’ iden- 
 tified by the Greeks with their Aphrodite, and confused 
 with Astoreth by the Semites. The cow, with its horns, 
 symbolising the crescent moon, which in Egypt appears to 
 lie upon its back, was consecrated to her, indicating at how 
 early a time the bride of Osiris, the Sun-god, was held to 
 be the moon. She was also identified with Sotliis, the 
 dog-star, and in later days with the planet Venus. All 
 that is good and beautiful among men comes from her ; 
 she watches over the birth of children, and rocks the cradle 
 of the Nile. As Neit, too, she is the authoress of weaving 
 and of the arts of female life. Sayck , Anc. Empires, p. 64. 
 
 2. An asteroid (No. 42) discovered by Pogson 
 at Oxford, May 23, 1856. 
 
 Isis. A name sometimes given to the Thames 
 (England) in its upper course. 
 
 Iskander (is-kan'der). [Turk, form of Alexan- 
 der. 1 The pseudonym of Alexander Herzen. 
 Iskander Beg. See Scanderbeg. 
 
 Iskanderun (is-kan-de-ron'). See Alexandretta. 
 Population, about 2,500. 
 
 Iskanderun, Bay of or Gulf of. An arm of 
 
 the Mediterranean, at its northeastern angle, 
 situated between Syria and Cilicia. 
 
 Iskardo. See Skardo. 
 
 Isla (es'la), Jose Francisco de. Born at Vi- 
 danes, Leon, 1703 : died at Bologna, Italy, 1781. 
 A Spanish satirist and Jesuit preacher. He was 
 the author of the satirical romance “ Historia del famoso 
 predicador Fray Gerundio de Campazas ” (“History of the 
 Famous Preacher Friar Gerundio of Campazas,” 1758-70). 
 
 It was an attack on the style of popularpreaching, which, 
 originally corrupted by Paravicino, the distinguished fol- 
 lower of Gdngora, had been constantly falling lower and 
 lower, until at last it seemed to have reached the lowest 
 point of degradation and vulgarity. The assailant was 
 Father Isla, who was born in 1703 and died in 1781, at Bo- 
 logna, where, being a Jesuit, he had been sent as an exile, 
 on the general expulsion of his order from Spain. 
 
 Ticlcnor , Span. Lit., III. 286. 
 
 Islam (is'lam). See Koran, Mohammed. 
 Islamabad (is-lam-a-bad'). Atownin Kashmir, 
 situated on the Jhelum in lat. 33° 43' N., long. 
 75° 17' E. 
 
 Island City. A name sometimes given to Mon- 
 treal. 
 
 Island Number 10. An island in the Missis- 
 sippi River, near the northwestern corner of Ten- 
 nessee. It was captured by the Federal army 
 (under Pope) and navy (under Foote), April 7, 
 1862. 
 
 Island of Saints, L. Insula Sanctorum (in'su- 
 la sangk-to'rum). A medieval name given to 
 Ireland as an early stronghold of Christianity. 
 Island Princess, The. A play by Fletcher, pro- 
 duced at court in 1621, printed 1647. After being 
 
 several times revived with alterations, this play was con- 
 verted into an opera by Motteux in 1699, the music being 
 by Daniel Purcell and others. 
 
 Islandshire (I 'land-shir). Formerly a part of 
 Durham, England, now a part of Northumber- 
 land. It comprises the Fame Islands and some 
 districts near Berwick. 
 
 Islands of the Blest. See Fortunate Islands. 
 Islay (I'la), or Isla (I'la). An island of the Heb- 
 rides, belonging to Argyllshire, Scotland, 15 
 miles west of the mainland of Argyllshire. It 
 manufactures and exports whisky. Formerly it was the 
 seat of the Lords of the Isles. Length, 25 miles. Greatest 
 
 534 
 
 width, 17 miles. Area, 235 square miles. Population, 
 about 8,000. 
 
 Isle of Dogs. See Fogs. 
 
 Isle of France. See Mauritius. 
 
 Isle of Honey. See the extract. 
 
 The Welsh bards indulged their fancy in describing the 
 state of Britain before the arrival of man. According to 
 the authors of the earliest Triads, the swarms of wild bees 
 in the woods ga^e its first name to the “Isle of Honey.’’ 
 Elton , Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 2. 
 
 Isle of Ladies, The. See Bream, Chaucer’s. 
 Isle of Man. See Man. 
 
 Isle of Pines. See Pines. 
 
 Isle of Wight. See Wight. 
 
 Isle Royale (II roi'al ; F. pron. el rwa-yal'). An 
 island in Lake Superior, belonging to Michigan, 
 intersected by lat. 48° N., long. 89° W. Length, 
 45 miles. 
 
 Isles, Lord of the. A title assumed intermit- 
 tently from the 12th to the 16th century by 
 various Scottish chieftains who maintained a 
 practical independence amongthe islands west 
 of Scotland. Some of the most notable were John Mac- 
 donald (died 1388) and Alexander Macdonald, and the elev- 
 enth Earl of Ross. 
 
 Isles of Shoals (ilz ov sholz). A group of small 
 islands in the Atlantic Ocean, 10 miles southeast 
 of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. They belong 
 partly to Rockingham County (New Hampshire), partly to 
 York County (Maine), and comprise Appledore, Star Island, 
 etc. They are a noted summer resort. 
 Isleta(es-la'ta). [Sp.,‘ little island.’] The name 
 of two villages of the Tigua tribe of New Mexico. 
 The first village lies about 12 miles south of the city of 
 Albuquerque, on the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Rail- 
 road, near the Rio Grande. It is inhabited by about 1,000 
 Indians, mostly of Tigua stock. The aboriginal name is 
 Shiehwhibak. Isleta already existed, probably, at the time 
 of the Spanish discovery in 1540, and a mission was estab- 
 lished there previous to 1629. Another Isleta in Texas, 
 on the Rio Grande 9 miles south of El Paso, was founded, 
 about 1682, by Indian refugees from New Mexican Isleta. 
 It has a small population. 
 
 Islington (i z ' li n g-ton ) . A metropolitan an d par- 
 liamentary borough in the north of London, 2 
 miles north of St. Paul’s. It returns 4 memberB 
 to Parliament. Population of metropolitan borough, 
 327,423, (1911). 
 
 Islip, Simon. Died 1366. Archbishop of Can- 
 terbury. He was consecrated in 1349. He derived his 
 name from the village of I slip on the Chenvell near Oxford. 
 Isly (ez-le'). A small river in eastern Morocco, 
 near the Algerian frontier. Here, Aug. 14, 1844, 
 the French under Bugeaud defeated the troops 
 of Morocco. 
 
 Ismail (is-ina-el'). A town in the government of 
 Bessarabia, Russia, situated at the Kilia mouth 
 of the Danube, in lat. 45°21' N., long. 28° 46' E. 
 It was formerly a Turkish fortress ; was taken by the Rus- 
 sians in 1770, 1790 (stormed by Suvaroff, when 38,000 Turks 
 were massacred), and 1809 ; and was ceded to Russia in 
 1812, to Rumania in 1856, and back to Russia in 1878. Pop- 
 ulation, 33,607. 
 
 Ismail Pasha (is-ma-el' pash'a). Born 1830 : 
 died 1895. Viceroy of Egypt 1863-67, khedive 
 1867-79, son of Ibrahim Pasha. He succeeded 
 
 Said Pasha ; annexed Darfur in 1874 ; arid was compelled 
 to abdicate iu favor of his son Tewfik Pasha in 1879. 
 Ismailia (is-ma-e'le-a). 1. A small town in the 
 Isthmus of Suez, Egypt, situated on the Suez 
 Canal 47 miles south of Port Said ; founded in 
 1863. — 2. See Gondolcoro. 
 Ismid(is-med'),orIskimid(is-ke-med'). Atown 
 in Asia Minor, 57 miles southeast of Constanti- 
 nople, at the head of the Gulf of Ismid : the an- 
 cient Nicomedia (which see). Population, es- 
 timated, 25,000. 
 
 Ismi-Dagon (is'me-da/gon). [‘ The god Dagon 
 has heard me.’] The earliest known king or pa- 
 tesi (priest, king, or viceroy) of Assyria, in the 
 ruins of the ancient city of Ashur (modern Kileh-Sher- 
 ghat) were found bricks of a temple bearing his name, and 
 from areference to him in the annals of Tiglath-Pileser I. 
 (1120-1100 B. C.) it was concluded that he lived about 1840 
 B. C. 
 
 Isnard (is-nar'), Maximin. Born at Grasse, 
 Var, France, Feb. 16, 1751 : died there, in 1830. 
 A French Girondist. He became a member of 
 the Council of Five Hundred in 1795. 
 
 Isnik. The modern name of Nictea. 
 
 Isnik, Lake. See Ascania. 
 
 Isoama. See I bo. 
 
 Isocrates (l-sok'ra-tez). [Gr/Icox-par^r.] Born 
 at Athens, 436 B.cV: died338B.C. Oneoftheten 
 Attic orators, distinguished as a teacher of elo- 
 quence after about 392. Of his ora tions twenty- 
 one are extant. 
 
 Thus this remarkable writer [Isocrates] lived through 
 three of the most eventful generations in Greek history, 
 and, though one of the most prominent writers of his time, 
 may be said to have produced no influence whatever ex- 
 cept upon the form of prose writing. For he was in no 
 sense a thorough-going man. He was a curious combination 
 of sophist and patriot, of would-be politician and philoso- 
 pher, of really private and public man at the same time. 
 The candour and honesty of his nature made him in feel- 
 
 Israfeel 
 
 ing a patriot, while his want of appreciation for deeper 
 politics prevented him from seeing the evils of despotism, 
 or taking any thorough interest in the forms and varieties 
 of constitutions. His bashfulness compelled him to re- 
 main in private life, while his vanity urged him to appear 
 in public ; his profession suggested to him the study of 
 philosophy, while his intellect was incapable of under- 
 standing its higher problems. Thus his egregious vanity 
 and self-complacency were perpetually wounded by the 
 consciousness that he had, after all, not made his mark 
 upon the age, and that, though eminent and widely re- 
 spected, he was neither consulted nor obeyed by the men 
 whom he most desired to influence. He aspired to the po- 
 sition of a Swift or a Junius, with the talents of an Addison 
 or a Pope. Mahocffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit,, II. 216. 
 
 Isola (e'so-la,). A small town in Italy, on the 
 Liris about 60 miles east-southeast of Rome. 
 Isola Bella (bel'la) and Isola Madre (ma'dre). 
 [It., ‘fair island’ and ‘mother island.’] The 
 two chief islands of the Borromean Islands 
 • (which see) in Lago Maggiore. 
 
 Isola dei Pescatori (da'e pes-ka-to're). An isl- 
 and in Lago Maggiore. 
 
 IsolaGrossa(gr6s'sa),orLunga(l6ng , ga). [It., 
 ‘great island’ or ‘long island.’] Am island in 
 the Adriatic Sea, belonging to Dalmatia, 10 miles 
 west of Zara. Length, 26 miles. 
 
 Isolde, Isonde, Isoud. See Iseult. 
 
 Isonzo (e-son'zo). A river in Gorz and Gradiska, 
 Austria-Hungary, flowing into the Gulf of Tri- 
 est 13 miles northwest of Triest. Length, about 
 80 miles. 
 
 Isouard (e-zo-ar'), or Isoard (e-zo-ar'), Nicolo. 
 Born at Malta, Dec. 6, 1775 : died at Paris, March 
 23, 1818. A Maltese composer, usually known 
 as Nicolo. Author of about 33 operas, among which are 
 “Michel Ange” (1802), “Cendrillon” (1810), “Joconde” 
 (1813), “ Jeannot et Colin ” (1814), etc. 
 
 Ispahan (is-pa-han'), or Isfahan (is-fa-han'). 
 A city in the province of Irak-Ajemi, Persia, sit- 
 uated on the Zenderud in lat. 32° 39' N., long. 
 51° 45' E. The Great Mosque was built by Shah Abbas 
 in the 16th century. The entrance to the sanctuary is by 
 a keel-shaped arch set in a square panel adorned with in- 
 scriptions and arabesques in colored tiles. The archway 
 is flanked by a double tier of deeply recessed arcades, and 
 behind it rises a large pointed bulbous dome, whose sur- 
 face is decorated witii arabesques. Before the dome stand 
 two slender cylindrical minarets, with a portion toward the 
 top corbeled out to a greater diameter and crowned by 
 cylindrical domed finjals. The interior is arcaded in two 
 tiers. TheBazarof the Tailors is a very rich and monumen- 
 tal example of Persian architecture. The distribution con- 
 sists of wide and high corridors divided into bays by mas- 
 sive keel-shaped arches, and covered with domes on pen- 
 dentives having open eyes for light at the apex. The walls 
 are ornamented with colored tiles, and the arches and bal- 
 ustradesover the square lateral booths are fiUed with geo- 
 metric pierced openwork. The Caravansary of Amin-Abad, 
 on the road to Shiraz, is an octagon inclosing a central 
 court. The gateway opens beneath a high keel-shaped arch 
 which is flanked on each side by two superposed deeply 
 recessed arches. The court, in the middle of which stands 
 a prayer-platform, is surrounded by chambers fortravelers, 
 behind which there is a vaulted corridor with quarters for 
 beasts of burden. Ispahan manufactures fabrics, weapons, 
 etc. It was captured by Tamerlane 1387 ; was the capital 
 and an important city of 600,000 inhabitants in the 17th cen- 
 tury ; and was sacked by the Afghans in 1722. Popula- 
 tion, estimated, 80,000. 
 
 Israel (iz'ra-el). [Heb.,‘SoldierofGod,’or ‘Gou 
 is a warrior.’] A name given to J acob after suc- 
 cessfully wrestling with tlie angel (Gen. xxxii. 
 28). Hence his descendants were called the peo- 
 ple of Israel. See Jews. 
 
 Israel. The kingdom of the northern tribes of 
 the Israelites who seceded from the southern 
 tribes in the reign of Rehoboam, 953 b. c. (or 
 perhaps about 975). Their first king was Jeroboam. 
 Prominent succeeding kings were Ahab, Jehu, Joram, Jero- 
 boam II., and Pekah. Elijah and Elisha belonged to the 
 northern kingdom. Sargon, king of Assyria, captured Sa- 
 maria, ended the kingdom, and carried a large part of the 
 people into captivity in 722 or 721 B. c. Their ultimate 
 fate has been the subject of much speculation, and they 
 are frequently referred to as the lost tribes. They have 
 been found in the Anglo-Saxons, the American Indians, 
 etc. There seems to be no doubt, however, that some 
 intermingled with the Assyrians, others returned to the 
 southern kingdom, and still others are to be found in the 
 scattered Jewish communities in Africa, Abyssinia, and 
 elsewhere. Those remaining eventually united with As- 
 syrian colonists and formed the Samaritans. 
 
 Israel in Egypt. An English oratorio by Handel, 
 first performed April 4, 1739. The words are 
 thought to have been selected by Handel him- 
 self from the Old Testament. 
 
 Israels (ez-ra-als'), Josef. Born at Groningen, 
 1824: died at The Hague, Aug. 12, 1911. A 
 genre-painter of the Belgian school. Be studied 
 at Amsterdam under Kruseman, then went to Paris, where 
 he worked in the atelier of Picot. His works have figured 
 at the expositions of Paris, Brussels, and Rotterdam. He 
 received a first-class medal at Paris in 1878, and a grand 
 prix at the Exposition Universell eat Paris in 1889. Among 
 his pictures are “Les dormeuses ’’ (1868), “ Retour ” (1878), 
 “Le pot au feu," and “Le jour de repos.” 
 
 Israfeel, or Israfil (es-rii-fel'). The angel of 
 music. His voice i9 more melodious than that of any 
 other creature. lie is to sound the resurrection trumpet 
 the last day. Koran. 
 
Issachar 
 
 Issachar (is'a-kjir). [Heb.; meaning doubtful.] 
 
 1 . One of the patriarchs, son of Jacob and Leah. 
 — 2. One of the twelve tribes of Palestine, dwell- 
 ing west of the Jordan, south of Zebulon, and 
 north of Manasseh. The territory included the 
 valley of Esdraelon. 
 
 Issik-Klll (is'ik-kol). A lake in the province of 
 Semiryetchensk, central Asia, about lat. 42 6 20' 
 N., long. 77° 30' E. Length, 112 miles. Height 
 above sea-level, 5,300 feet. 
 
 Issoire ( e-swar' ). A town in the department of 
 Puy-de-Dome, Prance, situated on the Couze 19 
 miles south-southeast of Clermont. It was cap- 
 tured hy the Protestants in 1574, and was destroyed by the 
 Catholics in 1577. It contains a church of St. Paul. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 5,603. 
 
 Issoudun (e-so-dun'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Indre, France, situated on the Theols 
 17 miles northeast of Chateauroux. It has an 
 old keep (the “ Tour Blanche ”), and has been 
 often besieged. Population, 13,949. 
 
 ISSUS (is'us). In ancient geography, a town in 
 Cilicia, Asia Minor, situated near the head of 
 the Gulf of Issus (the modern Gulf of Iskan- 
 derun). Three notable battles were fought in its neigh- 
 borhood : Alexander the Great defeated the Persians un- 
 der Darius III., 333 B. O. ; Septimius Severus defeated his 
 rival Pescennius Niger, 194 A. I>. ; and Heraclius defeated 
 the Persian army of Khusrau, 622. 
 
 Issy (e-se'). A suburb of Paris, immediately 
 southwest of the fortifications. Population, 
 commune, 19,128. 
 
 Istakhr. See Persepolis. 
 
 Istambul.or Istamboul (es-tam-bol'). A Turk- 
 ish name of Constantinople. 
 
 Istar. See Ishtar. 
 
 Ister (is'ter). A Latin name of the Danube. 
 Isthmian games. See Isthmian sanctuary. 
 Isthmian sanctuary, The. A sanctuary in the 
 Isthmus of Corinth, near the eastern mouth of 
 the modern canal. It was the seat of the Isthmian 
 games, which were celebrated every two years, and were 
 second in importance only to those of Olympia. The sa- 
 cred iuclosure, which was strongly fortified in the time of 
 Augustus, is roughly triangular in shape, about 660 feet 
 from east to west, and somewhat more from north to south. 
 Within it were the temples of Poseidon (Doric) and Palse- 
 mon (Ionic), portions of the architecture of both of which 
 have been recovered. The northern wall of the sanctuary 
 coincides with the great defensive wall crossing the isth- 
 mus. Outside of the inclosure, to the south, lies the sta- 
 dium, in which the chief exercises were held, and to the 
 west is the Roman theater, close behind which was the 
 Greek theater, and beyond the Sacred Vale, with temples 
 to Demeter and Persephone, Artemis, and Bacchus. Al- 
 most all topographical knowledge of this historic sanctu- 
 ary is based upon the exploration made in 1883 by the 
 French School at Athens. 
 
 Istib (is-teb'), or Shtiplie (shte'ple). A town 
 in the vilayet of Kosovo, European Turkey, 
 situated in lat. 41° 41' N., long. 22° 20' E. Pop- 
 ulation (estimated), about 10,000. 
 
 Istria (is'tri-a), formerly Histria (his'tri-a), G. 
 Istrien (is'tre-en), formerly Histerreich (his'- 
 ter-rich). [Gr. ’larpia.'] A margraviate in the 
 Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, which 
 forms with Gorz-Gradiska and Triest the ad- 
 ministrative district of Kiistenland. Capital, 
 Parenzo. It is a peninsula, projecting into the Adriatic, 
 and bounded by Triest, Gbrz-Gradiska, Carniola, and Croa- 
 tia. The surface is generally mountainous. Fruit and 
 wine are produced in abundance. Istria is a separate 
 crownland, though belonging administratively to Kiisten- 
 land, and has a Diet of 33 members. Two thirds of the in- 
 habitants are Slavs (Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes), and one 
 third Italians (cities and coast). It was incorporated with 
 Italy about the time of Augustus ; was largely settled by 
 Slavs ; became a margraviate in the 11th century ; was in 
 great part acquired by Venice ; passed with Venice to Aus- 
 tria in 1797 ; formed a part of the Illyrian Provinces under 
 Napoleon ; and was restored to Austria in 1815. Area, 
 1,908 square miles. Population, 403,261, (1910). 
 
 Istria, or Istropolis (is-trop'o-lis). [Gr. ’larpia 
 
 or Torpo7ro/Uf.] See the extract. 
 
 Istria, Ister, or Istropolis, at the mouth of the Danube 
 or Ister, was a colony of the Milesians, founded about the 
 time of the Cimmerian invasion of Asia Minor. (Peripl. 
 Pont. Eux. p. 157.) Its name remains in the modern Wis- 
 teri, but its site was probably nearer to Kostendje. 
 
 Rawlinson, Herod., III. 67, note. 
 
 Isturiz (es-to-reth'), Francisco Xavier de. 
 
 Born at Cadiz, Spain, 1790: died April 16, 1871. 
 A Spanish politician and diplomatist, leader in 
 the revolution of 1820. He was premier in 1836 and 
 1846, and subsequently ambassador in London, St. Peters- 
 burg, and Paris. 
 
 Istvaeones (ist-ve-6'nez). [L. (Tacitus) Is- 
 teevones, the Latinization of a hypothetical Ger- 
 manic fundamental form * Istvaz, a supposed 
 name of the god *Tiwaz, *Tiu. From -\/ idh, 
 to shine.] See Hermiones. 
 
 Itaborahy (e-tiL-bo-ra-e'), Viscount of. See 
 Rodrigues Torres, Joaquim Jos6. 
 
 Italians (i-tal'yanz). 1. The primitive inhabi- 
 tants of Italy. See the extract. 
 
 535 
 
 But whatever we make of the Etruscans, the rest of 
 Italy in the older sense was held by various branches of 
 an Aryan race nearly allied to the Greeks, whom we may 
 call the Italians. Of this race there were two great 
 branches. One of them, under various names, seems to 
 have held all the southern part of the western coast of 
 Italy, and to have spread into Sicily. Some of the tribes 
 of this branch seem to have been almost as nearly akin to 
 the Greeks as the Epeirots and other kindred nations on 
 the east side of the Hadriatic. Of this branch of the Italian 
 race, the most famous people were the Latins ; and it was 
 the greatest Latin city, the border city of the Latins against 
 the Etruscans, the city of Rome on the Tiber, which became, 
 step by step, the mistress of Latium, of Italy, and of the 
 Mediterranean world. The other branch, which held a 
 much larger part of the peninsula, taking in the Sabines, 
 Aequians, Volscians, Samnites, Lucanians, and other peo- 
 ple who play a great part in Roman history, may perhaps be 
 classed together as Opicans or Oscans, in distinction from 
 the Latins and the other tribes allied to them. These 
 tribes seem to have pressed from the eastern, the Hadri- 
 atic, coast of Italy, down upon the nations to the south- 
 west of them, and to have largely extended their borders 
 at their expense. Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 45. 
 
 2. The inhabitants of Italy in general, ancient 
 or modern. 
 
 Italian Moli&re, The. A surname sometimes 
 given to Goldoni. 
 
 Italian Pindar, The. A surname sometimes 
 given to Chiabrera. 
 
 Italian War of 1859. A war between France 
 (under Napoleon III.) and Sardinia (under Vic- 
 tor Emmanuel) allied against Austria, for the 
 liberation and unity of Italy. Victories were won 
 by the allies at Montebello May 20, 1859, at Magenta June 
 4, and at Solferino June 24. Preliminaries of peace were 
 negotiated at Villafranca July 11, and the treaty of Zurich 
 was signed Nov. 10. The work of unifying Italy, begun by 
 this war, was continued in 1860, 1866, and 1870. 
 
 Italica (i-tal'i-ka). An ancient Roman town 
 near Seville in Spain. It has ruins of an amphithe- 
 ater, and was the birthplace of Trajan, Hadrian, and The- 
 odosius. 
 
 Italiens (e-ta-lyan'), Boulevard des. A fa- 
 mous street in the central part of Paris. 
 Italiens, Les. See Thedtre Italien. 
 
 Italy (it'a-li). [Gr. ’I ralia, L. It. Sp. Pg. Italia, 
 F. Italie, G. Italien. ] 1. A kingdom of south- 
 
 ern Europe, bounded by Switzerland aud Aus- 
 tria-Hungaryon the north, Austria-Hungary, the 
 Adriatic Sea, and the Mediterranean on the east, 
 the Mediterranean on the south, and France and 
 the Mediterranean on the west. Capital, Rome. 
 It comprises also Sicily, Sardinia, and some smaller isl- 
 ands, and is divided into 69 provinces (comprising 16 com- 
 partimenti). The government is a hereditary constitu- 
 tional monarchy, with a parliament consisting of a senate 
 of about 377 members and a chamber of 508 deputies. The 
 prevailing religion is Roman Catholic ; the prevailing lan- 
 guage Italian. The northern districts of the country are 
 occupied by the Alps. South of these is the valley of the 
 Po ; and the boot-shaped peninsula in the center and south 
 i3 traversed by the Apennines. The leading industry is 
 agriculture, the chief products being cereals, wine, silk, 
 olives, oranges, lemons, etc. The chief manufacture is 
 silk ; the chief exports silk, olive-oil, fruit, wine, and sul- 
 phur. The following are the leading events and incidents 
 in Italian history : early occupied by the Iapygians, Os- 
 cans, Latins, Volscians, Sabines, Etruscans, Ligurians, Ve- 
 neti(see Rome , Etruria, Magna Greecia) ; entry of the Gauls 
 into northern Italy about the 5th century B. c. ; the penin- 
 sula consolidated under P^oman rule, first half of the 3d 
 century B. c. ; Roman Empire of the West overthrown by 
 the Heruli and other tribes under Odoacer, 476 A. P. ; Odo- 
 acer (who became “patrician”) overthrown by the East- 
 Gothic king Theodoric, 493 ; Narses defeated the last Gothic 
 king Teias, 553, and Italy became an exarchate of the Byzan- 
 tine empire ; Lombard kingdom under Alboin established 
 in 568 ; Lombards in power through a great part of the pe- 
 ninsula, while part remained to the empire ; foundation of 
 the States of the Church through grants by Pepin to the 
 Pope of the exarchate and Pentapolis in 756 ; deposition by 
 Charlemagne of Desiderius, last king of the Lombards, and 
 annexation of his dominions, 774; Charlemagne crowned 
 emperor of the Romans, Dec. 25, 800 ; northern Italy ruled 
 byCarolingians until the end of the reign of Charles the Fat, 
 887 ; southern Italy ruled by Lombard dukes and by the 
 Byzantine empire ; rule of various Italian kings in north- 
 ern Italy until 961 ; accession of Otto I., king of Germany, 
 as king of Italy (961), and emperor (962 : beginning of the 
 permanent connection of Italy with Germany); rise of 
 the Italian cities Genoa, Pisa, Venice, Milan, Amalfi, etc.; 
 conquest of southern Italy by the Normans under Robert 
 Guiscard, who was recognized by the Pope as duke of 
 Apulia and Calabria in 1059; struggle between popes and 
 emperors in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries ; quarrels 
 of tire Guelphs and Ghibellines begun, 12th century ; re- 
 forms of Arnold of Brescia suppressed by Frederick Bar- 
 barossa, 1155; Frederick Barbarossa worsted by the cities 
 of the Lombard League at Legnano, 1176 ; end of the Nor- 
 man rule in southern Italy, 1194; participation of Venice 
 in the Crusade, and overthrow of the Greek empire, 1204; 
 end of the Swabian line in Italy with the overthrow of 
 Conradin, 1268 ; the popes at Avignon 1309-76 ; spread of 
 the Renaissance movement in llth and 15th centuries (the 
 great period of Italian literature), the chief Italian states 
 at this period being the kingdom of Naples, the Papal 
 States, the duchy of Milan, and the republics of Venice, 
 Florence, and Genoa; invasion by Charles VIII. of France, 
 1494 (beginning of the period of foreign interference); 
 the Two Sicilies attached to Spain in 1503, and the Milan- 
 ese soon after, Spanish influence becoming dominant in 
 Italy, the chief independent states being the Papal States, 
 Tuscany, Modena, Ferrara, Parma, Venice, and Piedmont ; 
 Italy the scene of Napoleon's campaigns, 1796 and 1797 ; 
 the Cisalpine, Ligurian, and Tiberine republics formed, 
 
 It is Never too Late to Mend 
 
 and Venetia granted to Austria, 1797; Napoleon king of 
 Italy 1805, his kingdom comprising the Cisalpine Repub- 
 lic, Venetia, Valtellina, the bishopric of Trent, and the 
 march of Ancona ; kingdom of Naples bestowed on Joseph 
 Bonaparte in 1806, and on Murat in 1808; Eome annexed 
 to France, 1809 ; the old division nearly reestablished by 
 the Congress of Vienna (1815), the chief powers being the 
 kingdom of Sardinia, the grand duchy of Tuscany, the 
 duchies of Parma and Modena, the Papal States, and the 
 kingdom of Naples, while Austria held Lombardy and Ve- 
 netia ; unsuccessful insurrections in southern Italy, Pied- 
 mont, etc., 1820-21; revolutions of 1848-49, under the 
 lead of Mazziui, suppressed by Austria (battle of No- 
 vara, March 23, 1849) ; France and Sardinia allied de- 
 feated Austria, 1859 ; Lombardy annexed to Sardinia, 1859 ; 
 Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and Romagna annexed, 1860; 
 Naples invaded by Garibaldi in 1860, and annexed ; Vic- 
 tor Emmanuel, king of Sardinia, proclaimed the first king 
 of Italy, 1861 ; unsuccessful attempts of Garibaldi to lib- 
 erate Rome, 1862 and 1867; capital removed from Turin to 
 Florence, 1865 ; Italy allied with Prussia against Austria 
 in the war of 1866, gaining Venetia ; occupation of Rome 
 (which became the capital) Sept. 20, 1870 ; entry of Italy 
 into the Triple Alliance 1882. Other recent events are 
 the acquisition of foreign possessions in Africa, 1885-89 ; 
 the increase of the army and navy ; and the war with 
 Turkey in Tripoli 1911-12. Area, 110,659 square miles. 
 Pop., 34,686,683. Foreign possessions — colony: Eritrea, in- 
 cluding the Dahlak Archipelago, about 300,000 inhabitants 
 (see Eritrea) ; protectorates and colony : Somaliland ; 
 Libya (former Turkish vilayets of Tripoli and Barca). 
 
 The name of Italy has been used in several meanings at 
 different times, but it has always meant either the whole 
 or a part of the land which we now call Italy. The name 
 gradually spread itself out from the extreme south to the 
 north. At the time when our survey begins, the name 
 did not go beyond the long narrow peninsula itself ; and 
 indeed it hardly took in the whole of that. During the 
 time of the Roman commonwealth Italy did not reach 
 beyond the little rivers Macraon one side, near Luna, and 
 Rubico on the other side, near Ariminum. The land to 
 the north, as far as the Alps, was not counted for Italy 
 till after the time of Csesar. Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 43. 
 
 Northern Italy deserves its German appellation of 
 Wiillschland ; for neither the Roman nor the Lombard 
 conquest, nor the ravages of Goths, Huns, or Vandals, 
 ever rooted out the offspring of those Gallic hordes which 
 settled in the plain of the Po four centuries before our 
 era. Raiolinson, Herod., III. 185. 
 
 2. One of the four great prefectures in the later 
 Roman Empire. It comprised the dioceses of Italy, 
 Illyrieum, and Africa, corresponding to Italy and neigh- 
 boring islands, that part of the Austrian empire and Ger- 
 many northward to the Danube, and nearly all the western 
 part of the Roman possessions in Africa. 
 
 3. A diocese of the later Roman prefecture of 
 Italy. It comprised Italy and neighboring islands, and 
 Rhaiia (Tyrol, Grisons, southern Bavaria), and had 17 
 provinces. 
 
 Italy. A descriptive poem hy Samuel Rogers, 
 published 1822-28. 
 
 Itasca Lake (i-tas'ka lak). A small lake in 
 northern Minnesota, the source of the Missis- 
 sippi, lat. 47° 13' N., long. 95° 12' W. Height 
 above sea-level, 1,457 feet. 
 
 Itenez (e-ta'naz), or Ites (e-taz'). A tribe of 
 Indians of northern Bolivia, on the rivers 
 Guapord and Mamore. It appears that they were 
 anciently found as far east as the Paraguay. They are sav- 
 ages of a low grade, and have always been independent. 
 Their language, called Itonama, has never been classified. 
 Also Itanes. 
 
 Ites. See Itenez. 
 
 Ithaca (ith'a-ka). [Gr. ’PAk?/.] One of the Ionian 
 Islands, Greece, 2 miles northeast of Cephalo- 
 nia : the modern Thiaki. The chief place is Vathy. 
 It is famous as the reputed home of Ulysses, which, how- 
 ever, is identified by Dorpfeld with the island of Leukas. 
 Length, 14 miles. Area, 37 sq. m. Pop., about 10,000. 
 
 Ithaca. A city and the capital of Tompkins 
 County, New York, situated near the head of 
 Cayuga Lake, 46 miles south-southwest of 
 Syracuse. It is the seat of Cornell University 
 (which see). Population, 14,802, (1910). 
 
 Ithake. See Ithaca. 
 
 Ithamar (ith'a-mar). [Heb.; Gr. ’lOapap.'] The 
 youngest son of Aaron. 
 
 Ithamore (ith'a-mor). A Turkish slave in Mar- 
 lowe’s “Jew of Malta.” “He is an effective 
 picture of the basest kind of villain.” Ward. 
 
 Ithobal. See Ethbaal. 
 
 Ithome (i-tho'me). [Gr. ’I dupy.'] In ancient 
 geography, a mountain fortress of Messenia, 
 Greece, 28 miles west-northwest of Sparta. 
 
 Ithuriel (i-tho'ri-el). An angel, a character in 
 Milton’s “Paradise Lost.” He was sent by Gabriel 
 to find out Satan. The slightest touch of his spear ex- 
 posed deceit. 
 
 Itineraries of Antoninus. Two official lists of 
 the stations or the roads of the Roman Empire, 
 with distances by land and sea. 
 
 Itinerary, The. An account by John Leland 
 (1506-52) of his journeys through England, with 
 descriptions of routes and matters of antiqua- 
 rian interest. It was edited and published by 
 Thomas Hearne in 1710. 
 
 It is Never too Late to Mend. A novel by 
 Charles Reade, published in 1856. He afterward 
 dramatized it. 
 
Itius Portus 
 
 Itius PortUS (isk'i-us por'tus). [Gr. to ”lnov.'] 
 In ancient geography, the place from which 
 Csesar sailed for Britain: generally identified 
 with Wissant or Boulogne. 
 
 Ito (e'to), Hirobumi, Prince. Born in Chosu, 
 Japan, Sept. 2, 1841: assassinated at Harbin, 
 Oct. 26, 1909. A noted Japanese statesman: 
 premier 1886-88, 1892-96, Jan. -June, 1898, 
 1900-01, and resident-general in Korea Decem- 
 ber, 1905-09. He became convinced of the advantages 
 of Western civilization through visits to Europe and the 
 United States, and was the leader in the introduction of 
 European ideas and. political methods into Japan. He 
 was the chief founder of the Japanese constitution of 1889. 
 Ituraea (it-u-re'a). In ancient geography, a 
 district lying northeast of Palestine, its location 
 has not been precisely determined, but it was probably 
 southwest of Damascus and southeast of Mount Hermon. 
 
 Iturbide (e-tor-be'Da), Agustm de. _ Born at 
 Valladolid (now Morelia), Sept. 27, 1783: died 
 at Padilla, Tamaulipas, July 19, 1824. A Mexi- 
 can revolutionist, afterward emperor. He was a 
 colonel in the Spanish army, and in 1820 was in command 
 of the forces operating against Guerrero in the south. On 
 Feb. 24, 1821, he published the celebrated manifesto known 
 as the “ Plan of iguala,” in which he proposed that Mexico 
 should be made independent under a Spanish Bourbon 
 prince. Guerrero and other leaders quickly adhered to 
 this plan ; the viceroy was forced to resign ; and O’Donoju, 
 who succeeded him, was induced to recognize the inde- 
 pendence of Mexico in his sovereign’s name. But Fer- 
 dinand VII. regarded the movement as a rebellion, and 
 refused the crown which was offered to him. After much 
 quarreling, Iturbide himself was proclaimed emperor May 
 18, 1822, and was crowned July 21. A strong opposition 
 to him was quickly manifested. Santa Anna proclaimed 
 a republic at Vera Cruz; an army of insurgents marched 
 on Mexico; and in March, 1823, Iturbide was forced to re- 
 sign. He was allowed to retire to Europe with a large 
 pension, on condition that he should not return. At- 
 tempting to enter the country in July, 1824, he was ar- 
 rested and shot. 
 
 Iturbide, Agustm de. Born 1863. Grandson 
 of the emperor Iturbide. His mother was a native 
 of the United States. In 1865 he was adopted by the em- 
 peror Maximilian, and made heir to the Mexican throne. 
 After Maximilian’s death he was taken to theUnited States, 
 where he received part of his education. He is now an 
 officer in the Mexican army. 
 
 ItuzaingO (e-to-za-eng-go'). A plain and rivulet 
 in the southwestern part of the state of Rio 
 Grande do Sul, Brazil : a southern branch of 
 the Ibicuy Here, Feb. 20, 1827, the Brazilians (6,527) 
 under the Viscount of Barbacena were defeated by the 
 Argentines (10,557) under Carlos de Alvear. 
 
 Itys (i'tis). In Greek legend, the son of Tereus 
 and Procne. See Tereus. 
 
 Itzeboe (it'se-ho). A town in the province of 
 Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, on the Stor 33 
 miles northwest of Hamburg. It is the oldest place 
 in Holstein, and was formerly the place of meeting of the 
 estates. Population, commune, 16,195. 
 
 Iuka (i-u'ka). The capital of Tishemingo Coun- 
 ty, northeastern Mississippi, 110 miles east by 
 south of Memphis. Here, Sept. 19, 1862, a battle was 
 fought between the FederaJs under Rosecrans and the Con- 
 federates under Price. Darkness put an end to the fight. 
 The Federal loss was about 700 ; that of the Confederates, 
 nearly 1,400. Population, 1,221, (1910). 
 
 lulus (I-uTus). In classical legend, a son of 
 Ascanius, or, according to other accounts, a sur- 
 name of Ascanius himself. See Ascanius. 
 Ivan (e-van') I., surnamed Kalita. [Ivan is 
 Russ, for John.'] Died March 31, 1340. Grand 
 Duke of Moscow 1328-40. 
 
 Ivan II. Born in 1326 : died in 1359. Grand 
 Duke of Moscow 1353-59, son of Ivau I. 
 
 Ivan III. , surnamed “ The Great.” Died at Mos- 
 cow, Oct. 27, 1505. Grand Duke of Moscow 
 1462-1505. He subjugated Novgorod in 1478, 
 and freed himself from the suzerainty of the 
 Tatars 1480. 
 
 Ivan IV., surnamed" The Terrible.” Born Aug. 
 25, 1530 : died March 18, 1584. Czar of Russia. 
 He was the son of Vasili IV. whom he succeeded as grand 
 duke of Moscow in 1533. He assumed in 1547 the title of 
 Czar of Russia, which has since been borne by the monarchs 
 of Russia. He annexed Kazan in 1552, Astrakhan in 1564, 
 and conquered West Siberia near the end of his reign. 
 Ivan V. Born Aug. 27, 1666: died Jan. 29, 1696. 
 Czar of Russia 1682-89. He was the half-brother 
 of Peter the Great, to whom, being mentally and physically 
 unfitted for the conduct of the government, he resigned 
 the crown in 1689. 
 
 Ivan VI. Born Aug. 24, 1740 : died Dec. 5, 1764 : 
 Czar of Russia 1740-41, son of Anton Ulrich of 
 Brunswick and Anna Leopoldovna. He was adopt- 
 
 536 
 
 ed as her successor by the Czarina Anna Ivanovna whom 
 he succeeded under the regency of Biron. He was deposed 
 by Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, and is said to 
 have been put to death in prison in consequence of a rev- 
 olution in his behalf by Mirovitch. 
 
 Ivanhoe (l'van-ho). A historical novel by Sir 
 Walter Scott J published in 1820: named from its 
 hero, Wilfred, knight of Ivanhoe. The scene is 
 laid in England during the reign of Richard I. 
 (1189-99). 
 
 Ivanoff (e-va'nof), Alexander Andreyevitch. 
 
 Born at St. Petersburg, 1806 : died at St. Peters- 
 burg, July 15, 1858. A Russian painter. 
 Ivanovo (e-va'no-vo). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Vladimir, Russia, situated on the Uvo- 
 da 66 miles north-northeast of Vladimir. It is 
 noted for its manufactures, especially of calico. 
 Population, 64,628. 
 
 Ivens, Robert. See Capello, II. A. de Brito. 
 Iviza (e've-tha), or Ibiza (e'Be-tka), or Iviga 
 (e've-tha). One of the Balearic Islands, 50 
 miles southwest of Majorca : the ancient 
 Bbusus. The chief town has the same name. 
 Length, 25 miles. 
 
 Ivory Coast. That part of the coast of Upper 
 Guinea, West Africa, lying west of the Gold 
 Coast and east of the Grain Coast: annexed by 
 France 1892-93. 
 
 Ivory Gate, The. In classical mythology, the 
 gate of sleep by which false dreams are sent 
 from the lower world. 
 
 Ivrea (e-vra'a). A town in the province of 
 Turin, Italy, situated on the Dora Baltea 29 
 miles north-northeast of Turin: the ancient 
 Eporedia. It was a Roman colony ; was for a time the 
 capital of a marquisate of Ivrea ; and was ceded to Savoy 
 in 1248. It has a cathedral and castle. Population, com- 
 mune, 11,528. 
 
 Ivris (i-vres'), or Ibreez (i-brez'). See the ex- 
 tract. 
 
 More than a cent ury ago a German traveller had observed 
 two figures carved on a wall of rock near Ibreez, or Ivris, 
 in the territory of the ancient Lykaonia. One of them 
 was a god who carried in his hand a stalk of corn and a 
 bunch of grapes ; the other was a man who stood before 
 the god in an attitude of adoration. Both figures were 
 shod with boots with upturned ends, and the deity wore 
 a tunic that reached to his knees, while on his head was a 
 peaked cap ornamented with horn-like ribbons. A cen- 
 tury elapsed before the sculpture was again visited by an 
 European traveller, and it was again a German who found 
 his way to the spot. On this occasion a drawing was made 
 of the figures, which was published by Ritter in his great 
 work on the geography of the world. But the drawing 
 was poor and imperfect, and the first attempt to do ad- 
 equate justice to the original was made by the Rev. E. J. 
 Davis in 1875. He published his copy, and an account of 
 the monument, in the Transactions of the Society of Bib- 
 lical Archaeology the following year. He had noticed that 
 the figures were accompanied by what were known at the 
 time as Hamathite characters. Three lines of these were 
 inserted between the face of the god and his uplifted left 
 arm, four lines more were engraved behind his worship- 
 per, while below, on a level with an aqueduct which fed a 
 mill, were yet other lines of half -obliterated hieroglyphs. 
 It was plain that in Lykaonia also, where the old language 
 of the country still lingered in the days of St. Paul, the Hit- 
 tite system of writing had once been used. 
 
 Sayce, Hittites, p. 61. 
 
 Ivry-la-Bataille (ev-re'la-ba-tay'). A village 
 in the department of Eure, France, 42 miles 
 west of Paris. Here, March 14, 1590, Henry IV. defeated 
 the Catholic Leaguers under the Duke of Mayenne. A 
 memorial pyramid has been erected on the battle-field. 
 Ivry-sur-Seine (ev-re'sfir-san' ). A town in the 
 department of Seine, France, situated near the 
 Seine immediately south of the fortifications of 
 Paris. It has important manufactures. Its fort 
 figured in the war of the Commune, 1871. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 33,198. 
 
 Ixils (e-kels' ) . A tribe of Indians, of Maya stock, 
 in Guatemala. 
 
 Ixion (iks-i'on). [Gr. Tfiwn.] In Greek legend, 
 a king of the Lapithae, father of Piritkous, and 
 father by a cloud (which was caused by Zeus to 
 take the form of Hera) of the Centaurs. For boast- 
 ing of the favors of the fictitious goddess, he was punished 
 in the lower world by being fastened to an ever-revolving 
 wheel. 
 
 Ixion in Heaven. A burlesque by Benjamin 
 Disraeli, published in 1828. 
 
 Ixtaccihuatl. See Iztaccihuatl. 
 
 Ixtapalapa (es-ta-pii-lii'pa). A village of Mex- 
 ico, in the Federal District, 7 miles southeast of 
 
 Iztaccihuatl 
 
 Mexico City. Before the Spanish conquest it was a place 
 of importance on the canal between Lakes Tezcuco and 
 Chaleo, and was noted for its gardens. On an adjoining 
 hill the sacred fire was kindled at the beginning of each 
 cycle of 52 years. Population, about 5,000. Also written 
 Ixtapalapam or Ixtapalapan. 
 
 Ixtlilxochitl (est-lel-Ho-chet' 1), or Ixlilxo- 
 chitl (es-lel-Ho-chet'l). Born at Tezcuco, Mex- 
 ico, about 1500. A son of the chief of Tezcuco, 
 in Mexico, who, on his father’s death, disputed 
 the succession with his brother, Cacama (1516). 
 The war ended in a division of the kingdom. Cortes sup- 
 ported the pretensions of Ixtlilxochitl and deposed Cacama. 
 The former subsequently aided Cortes in variouscampaigns. 
 
 Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alvarado. Born 
 about 1568 : died about 1648. A Mexican his- 
 torian, of native race, who claimed descent 
 from the last war-chiefs of Tezcuco. He was an 
 official interpreter* and, by order of the viceroy, wrote 
 various works on the ancient Mexicans. His history of 
 the Chichimecs was published in the Kingsborough collec- 
 tion, and a French translation w T as printed by Ternaux- 
 Compans in 1840. 
 
 Izabal (e-tha-bal'). A port of Guatemala, cap- 
 ital of the department of the same name. 
 Izabal, Lake. A lake in Guatemala, communi- 
 cating with the Caribbean Sea by the Rio Dulce. 
 Length, about 30 miles. Also Golfo Dulce. 
 Izabel de Braganpa (e-za-bel' de bra-gan'sa), 
 Princess. Born at Rio de Janeiro, July 29, 1846. 
 The eldest daughter of the emperor Pedro II. of 
 Brazil, and heiress to the Brazilian throne until 
 the abdication of her father in 1889. On Oct. 15 , 
 1864, she married Louis Gaston d’Orldans, Comte d’Eu. by 
 whom she has three living sons. During the absence of the 
 emperor in Europe and America she was three times regent 
 (1871-72, 1876-77, 1886-89). She favored the clerical party. 
 Izalco (e-tkal'ko). [Nakuatl.] A volcano in the 
 western part of Salvador, 4,937 feet high, which 
 rose quite suddenly in the latter half of the 18th 
 Century. Ever since that time it has been almost con- 
 stantly active, the eruptions occurring at very short inter- 
 vals. Occasionally there are more violent outbreaks, as 
 that of March 19, 1869. 
 
 Izar (e-zar'). [Ar. al-isdr, the girdle.] The 
 bright third-magnitude star e Bootis, a beauti- 
 fully colored double star in the waist of the 
 constellation. 
 
 Izard (iz'ard), Ralph. Born near Charleston, 
 S. C., 1742: died May 30, 1804. An American 
 politician, United States senator from South 
 Carolina 1789-95. 
 
 Izcohuatl (es-ko-wat'l), orlzcoatzin (es-ko-at- 
 sen'). [Nahuatl, ‘obsidian snake.’] Born about 
 1360: died in 1436. War-chief or (so-called) 
 emperor of ancient Mexico from 1427. Under 
 him the city first rose into prominence, and became the 
 dominant power of the lake valley. Also Izcoatl, Itzcoatl, 
 Izicoatl, etc. 
 
 Izdubar (iz-do-bar'), also called Gilgamesh 
 (gil-ga'mesh). The principal hero of certain 
 ancient Babylonian legends. They are called the 
 Babylonian “Nimrod Epic,” because Izdubar was consid- 
 ered the prototype of Nimrod, who is mentioned in Gene- 
 sis x. The exploits of Izdubar are briefly as follows : Erech 
 (Orchoe of the Greeks, modern Warka), the capital of Shi- 
 nar (Shumir), had been governed by Du’uzu (l’ammuz, 
 Adonis), the husband of Ishtar. After his tragic death it 
 was subjected by the Elamite invaders. In this emergency 
 Izdubar comes from his native place, Marad, to Erech, and. 
 with the help of the demigod Ea-bani kills the last Ela- 
 mite usurper, Khumbaba, and delivers Erech. Thereupon 
 Ishtar offers him her love and hand, but is roughly re- 
 jected by him and reminded of her former amours, which 
 brought only ruin and death to the lovers. The insulted 
 goddess cries to her father Anu for revenge. Anu creates 
 a monstrous bull and sends it against Erech, but the ani- 
 mal is easily killed by Izdubar with the assistance of his 
 friend Ea-bani. At last Ishtar prevails on her mother 
 Anatu to smite Ea-bani with death, and Izdubar with a 
 loathsome disease, a kind of leprosy. To get rid of his 
 maladyand to bring backhisfriendtolife, Izdubar decides 
 to seek for his ancestor Hasisadra, who was translated to 
 the seat of the blessed and enjoyed there immortality with 
 the gods. After many adventures he reaches him. Ha- 
 sisadra describes to him the deluge which once took place, 
 and how he with his friends was saved in a ship that he 
 had built at the advice of the god Ea, and then cures him 
 of his disease. Izdubar thereupon returns to Erech, and 
 upon his lamentation for Ea-bani the gods grant the lat- 
 ter the privilege of returning from the under world. 
 
 Iztaccihuatl (es-tak-se'hwatl), or Ixtacci- 
 huatl. [Nahuatl, from iztac, white, and ci- 
 huatl, woman.] A mountain in Mexico, north 
 of Popocatepetl. Height, 16, 705feet. The name 
 originated on the west side, where the mountain bears 
 some resemblance to a woman lying extended in a white 
 shroud. The summit is covered by glaciers. 
 
TOgralabalpur (jub-al-por '), or 
 Jubbulpore(jub-bul-p6r'). 
 1 . A division of the Central 
 Provinces, British India. 
 Area, 18,950 square miles. 
 Population, 2,081,499.-2. 
 A district in the Jabalpur 
 division, intersected by 
 lat. 23° N., long. 80° E. 
 Area, 3,912 square miles. Population, 680,585. 
 — 3. The capital of the district of Jabalpur, 
 about lat. 23° 10' N., long. 79° 57' E. It is an 
 important trading center. Population, includ- 
 ing cantonment, 90,316. 
 
 Jabbah (jab'ba). [Ar. ikltt al-jebah, crown of 
 the forehead.]" The fine triple star v Seorpii, 
 of the fourth magnitude. 
 
 Jabbok (jab'ok). In Bible geography, a moun- 
 tain stream of Gilead, Palestine, joining the 
 Jordan about 25 miles north of the Dead Sea : 
 the modem Zurka. Length, about 50 miles. 
 Jabesh, or Jabesh-Gilead (ja'besh-gil'e-ad). 
 [Heb., ‘dry.’] In Bible geography, an impor- 
 tant town in Gilead, Palestine. Its situation 
 has not been identified. 
 
 Jabez (ja'bez). A personmentioned in 1 Chron. 
 iv. 9, 10 as more honorable than his brethren. 
 Jabin (ja'bin). [Heb., ‘intelligent.’] In Old 
 Testament history: (a) A king of Hazor in 
 Palestine, defeated by Joshua by the waters 
 of Merom. Josh. xi. 1-3. (6) A king of Hazor, 
 whose general, Sisera, was defeated by Barak. 
 Judges iv. The accounts of these two kings anJ their 
 overthrow are very much alike, and probably relate to the 
 same person and event. 
 
 Jablunka (yab-lon'ka) Pass. A pass across the 
 Carpathians in Austria-Hungary. It connects the 
 basins of the Olsa in Austrian Silesia and theWaag in 
 Hungary, and is traversed by a railway. Height, 1,970 
 feet. 
 
 Jabne (jab'ne), or Jabneel (jab'ne-el or jab'- 
 nel), later Jamnia (jam'ni-a or jam-ni'a). A 
 Philistine city which fell to the lot of the tribe 
 of Dan, situated between Joppa and Ashdod, 
 about an hour distant from the Mediterranean : 
 the modern village of Yebna or Ibna. it was 
 conquered by the Maccabeans ; given by Augustus to Her- 
 od ; and by the will of Salome, sister of Herod, became pri- 
 vate property of the imperial house, but was destined to 
 play an important part in Jewish history. During the 
 siege of Jerusalem by the Romans, Titus granted permis- 
 sion to Jochauanben Zaccai to establish there a Talmudic 
 Bchool. After the fall of Jerusalem a Sanhedrim was also 
 constituted, and Jabne became for centuries the center 
 and nursery of the religious and natioual life of the dis- 
 persed Jewish community. 
 
 Jaboatao (zha-bwa-tan'), Antonio de Santa 
 
 Maria. Born near Pernambuco, 1695 : died after 
 1761. A Brazilian Franciscan author. He occu- 
 pied various posts in his order, of which he was chronicler 
 in Brazil. His most important work is the “Orbe Se- 
 raphico Novo Brasilico ” (Part I, Lisbon, 1761 ; Part II, 
 Rio de Janeiro, 1859). It is a history of the Seraphic 
 Franciscans in Brazil, and contains much of general in- 
 terest. 
 
 Jaca (Ha'ka). Atown in the province of Ilues- 
 ca, Spain, situated on the Aragon 66 miles 
 north-northeast of Saragossa. It has a cathe- 
 dral, and was formerly important. 
 
 Jachin (ja'kin). [Heb., ‘(God) establishes.’] 1. 
 The fourth son of Simeon. Gen. xlvi. 10. — 2. 
 A priest, head of the 21st course, in the time of 
 David. — 3. A column set up in the court of 
 Solomon’s temple. Its companion was named 
 Boaz. 
 
 The two pillars, Jachin and Boaz, were regarded as Hi- 
 ram’s chef d’oeuvres, but were constructed, probably, in 
 several pieces. The shafts, the capitals, and the bases 
 were certainly distinct, and it is not certain that even the 
 shafts were in one piece. The wonderfulness of the pil- 
 lars was in their ornamentation rather than in their con- 
 struction. Each was adorned with “chain-work” and 
 “ checker- work ’’ (I Kings vii. 17), with “nets" and with 
 “ pomegranates,” two hundred of these, in two rows, being 
 embossed on either column (I Kings vii. 42). 
 
 Jlawlinson, Phoenicia, p. 100. 
 
 Jachin ann (yach'miin), Eduard Karl Eman- 
 uel. Born at Dantzic, Prussia, March 2, 1822 : 
 died at Oldenburg, Oct. 23, 1887. A German 
 
 Vice-admiral. He defeated the Danes near Jasmund 
 March 17, 1864. He became president of the ministry of 
 marine in 1867, and vice-admiral in 1868, and was com- 
 mander-in-chief in the North Sea 1870-71. 
 
 Jack (jak), Captain. See the extract. 
 
 Another ally appeared at the camp. This was a person- 
 age long known in Western fireside story as Captain Jack, 
 the Black Hunter, or the Black Rifle. It was said of him 
 that, having been a settler on the farthest frontier, in the 
 valley of the Juniata, he returned one evening to his 
 cabin and found it burned to the ground by Indians, and 
 the bodies of his wife and children lying among the ruins. 
 He vowed undying vengeance, raised a band of kindred 
 spirits, dressed and painted like Indians, and became the 
 scourge of the red man and the champion of the white. 
 But he and his wild crew, useful as they might have been, 
 shocked Braddock’s sense of military fitness ; and he re- 
 ceived them so coldly that they left him. 
 
 Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe, I. 204. 
 
 Jack, Colonel. See Colonel Jaclc. 
 
 Jack and Jill. An English nursery song. Jill or 
 Gill is an abbreviation of the once common feminine name 
 Gillian or Julian (L. Juliana). In Icelandic mythology, 
 Jack and Jill are two children kidnapped by the moon, 
 while drawing water, which is carried on their shoulders 
 in a bucket suspended from a pole. The Swedish peasants 
 still account for the moon-spots in this way. A play with 
 this title was popular at the English court between 1567 
 and 1578. 
 
 Jack and the Bean-stalk. An English nur- 
 sery tale, founded on a world-wide myth. It is 
 found among the Zulus of South Africa and the North 
 American Indians, as well as among the races of Aryan 
 descent. 
 
 Jack and the Bean-stalk may be added to the series of 
 English nursery tales derived from the Teutonic. The 
 bean-stalk is a descendant of the wonderful ash in the 
 “Edda.” Halliwell, Nursery Rhymes, p. 175. 
 
 Jack the Giant-killer. The hero of a nursery 
 
 legend. The story was originally in Walter Map’s book, 
 and he obtained it from France in the 12th century. It 
 was written in British or Armoric, and translated into 
 Latin by Geoffrey of Monmouth. 
 
 Jack Brag. A novel by Theodore Hook, pub- 
 lished in 1837. Jack Brag is a vulgar braggart who 
 contrives to get into good society. 
 
 Jack Horner. An old nursery rime, the hero 
 of which “sat in a corner eating his Christmas 
 pie.” It is one of the oldest of this class of rimes. 
 A copy of his “pleasant history ” is to be found in the 
 Bodleian Library, which is in substance much the same as 
 “The Fryer and the Boy,” published in London 1617. Hal- 
 liwell says “ both are from the more ancient ‘Jack and his 
 Step-dame,’ printed by Mr. Wright.” 
 Jack-in-the-Green. A puppet character in the 
 English May-day games. 
 
 Jackson (jak' son). [The surname Jackson 
 stands for Jack’s son.] A city and the capital 
 of Jackson County, Michigan, situated on the 
 Grand River 75 miles west of Detroit. It has 
 flourishing manufactures and trade. Popula- 
 tion, 31,433, (1910). 
 
 Jackson. The capital of Mississippi and of 
 Hinds County, situated on the Pearl River in 
 lat. 32° 18’ N., long. 90° 8' W. It exports cotton. 
 Here, May 14, 1863, the Federals under Grant defeated the 
 Confederates under J. E. Johnston. Federal loss, 300; 
 Confederate, 845. Population, 21,262, (1910). 
 
 Jackson. A city and the capital of Madison 
 County, Tennessee, situated on the Forked 
 Deer River 77 miles northeast of Memphis. It 
 exports cotton. Population, 15,779, (1910). 
 Jackson, Andrew. Bom at the Waxhaw set- 
 tlement, N. C., March 15, 1767: died at the 
 Hermitage, near Nashville, Tenn., June 8, 1845. 
 The seventh President of the United States 
 (1829-37). Hewasmcmberof Congress from Tennessee 
 1796-97 ; United States senator 1797-98 ; justice of the Su- 
 preme Court of Tennessee 1798-1804 ; defeated the Creeks 
 at Talladega in 1813, and at Emuckfau and Horseshoe 
 Bend in 1814 ; captured Pensacola from the English in 
 1814 ; defeated the English under Sir Edward Pakenham 
 at New Orleans Jan. 8, 1815; commanded against the 
 Seminoles 1817-18 ; was governor of Florida Territory in 
 1821 ; was United States senator from Tennessee 1823-25 ; 
 was an unsuccessful candidate for President 1824 ; was 
 elected as the Democratic candidate for President in 1828 ; 
 and was reelected in 1832. He inaugurated the “spoils 
 system" in Federal politics by dismissing about 690 office- 
 holders during the first year of his administration, as 
 against 74 removals by all the preceding Presidents. In 
 July, 1832, he vetoed a bill rechartering the Bank of the 
 United States. He published, Dec. 11, 1832, a proclamation 
 in answer to the nullification ordinance passed by South 
 Carolina Nov. 24, 1832, declaring void certain obnoxious 
 537 
 
 duties on imports. In this proclamation he announced 
 his intention of enforcing the Federal laws, and ordered 
 United States troops to Charleston and Augusta, with the 
 result that the nullifiers submitted. 
 
 Jackson, Charles Thomas. Born at Plymouth, 
 Mass. , J une 21, 1805 : died at Somerville, Mass. , 
 Aug. 29, 1880. An American geologist and phy- 
 sician . He graduated at the Harvard Medical School in 
 1829, and after having completed his studies abroad prac- 
 tised medicine for a time at Boston. He eventually aban- 
 doned medicine, and in 1838 opened alaboratory at Boston 
 for instruction in analytical chemistry. He became State 
 geologist of Maine in 1836, and of Rhode Island in 1839, 
 and in 1847 was appointed by Congress to survey the min- 
 eral lands of Michigan. He constructed in 1834 a tele- 
 graphic apparatus similar to that patented by Morse in 
 1835, and in 1852 he received a prize from the French Aca- 
 demy for the discovery of etherization. 
 
 Jackson, Mrs. (Helen Maria Eiske, later Mrs. 
 Hunt): pseudonym H. H. Born at Amherst, 
 Mass., Oct. 18, 1831 : died at San Francisco, Aug. 
 12, 1885. An American poet and novelist. In 
 1883 she was appointed special commissioner to examine 
 into the condition of the Mission Indians of California. 
 Among her works are “ Mercy Philbriek’s Choice ” (1876), 
 “ Hetty’s Strange History ” (1877), “ A Century of Dishonor, 
 etc.” (1881), and “ Ramona” (1884). She also published 
 several volumes of poems, tales, Bits of Talk," etc. Re- 
 puted author of the stories by “ Saxe Holm.” 
 
 Jackson, John. Born in Yorkshire, England, 
 1778 : died at London, June 1, 1831. An English 
 portrait-painter, afriend ofWilkieandHaydon. 
 One of his best works is the portrait of Canova exhibited 
 at the Royal Academy in 1820. 
 
 Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, commonly called 
 Stonewall Jackson. Born at Clarksburg, W. 
 Va., Jan. 21, 1824 : died near Chancellorsville, 
 Va., May 10, 1863- A noted Confederate general 
 in the American Civil War. He graduated at West 
 Point in 1846 ; served as a lieutenant in the Mexican war ; 
 and resigned from the army in 1852, having become (1851) 
 professor of physics and artillery tactics in Virginia Mili- 
 tary Institute. He joined the Confederate army at the be- 
 ginning of the Civil War, and served as a brigadier-general 
 at the first battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. Having at a 
 critical period in this engagement been sent forward to re- 
 store the battle on the Confederate left, he maintained an 
 exposed position against great odds until the broken forces 
 were enabled to rally. In rallying his troops General Ber- 
 nard E. Bee cried : “See, there is Jackson standing like a 
 stone wall ! Rally on the Virginians ! ” (whence the sobri- 
 quet Stonewall Jackson). He was promoted major-general 
 in Sept., 1861 ; was defeated by General Shields near Win- 
 chester, March 23, 1862 ; defeated General Banks at Win- 
 chester, May 25, 1862 ; fought an indecisive battle with Gen- 
 eral Fremont at Cross Keys, June 8, 1862; commanded a 
 corps at the battles of Gaines’s Mill, June 27, and Malvern 
 Hill, July 1,1862; defeated General Banks at Cedar Moun- 
 tain, Virginia, Aug. 9, 1862 ; captured Harper’s Ferry, Sept. 
 15, 1862 ; participated in the battle of Antietam, Sept. 17, 
 1862; commanded the right wing at Fredericksburg, Dec. 
 13, 1862 ; was promoted lieutenant-general ; and was mor- 
 tally wounded by his own men at the battle of Chancellors- 
 ville on the evening of May 2, 1863, as he was returning 
 from a reconnaissance beyond the lines. 
 
 Jackson, William. Born at Exeter, May 29, 
 1730: died there, July 5, 1803. An English 
 musical composer, known as Jackson of Exe- 
 ter. He wrote the music for “The Lord of the Manor" 
 (an opera, 1780), “ The Metamorphosis ’’ (an opera, 1783), 
 and much church music, settings for poems, songs, etc., 
 and several volumes of madrigals, canzonets, etc. 
 
 Jackson, William. Born at Masham, York- 
 shire, Jan 9, 1815: died at Bradford, April 15, 
 1866. An English musical composer. Besides a 
 number of hymns and chants, he wrote “The Deliverance 
 of Israel, etc. "(an oratorio, produced in 1847), “ Isaiah ” (an 
 oratorio, 1854), songs, and a good deal of sacred music. 
 His last work, “The Praise of Music,” was composed for 
 the Bradford festival (1866). He did not live to conduct it. 
 Jacksonville (jak '-son-vil). A city and the 
 capital of Duval County, Florida, situated on 
 the St. John’s River in lat. 30° 20' N., long. 81° 
 39' W. It is a railway, steamboat, and commercial cen- 
 ter, with trade in grain and fruit ; is now the largest city 
 in the State ; and is noted as a winter health-resort. Pop- 
 ulation, 57,699, (1910). 
 
 Jacksonville. A city and the capital of Morgan 
 County, Illinois, situated near Mauvaiseterre 
 Creek 30 miles west by south of Springfield, it 
 is the seat of Illinois College, and has various other educa- 
 tional as well as charitable institutions. Population, 15,- 
 326, (1910). 
 
 Jack Sprat. An English nursery rime. 
 
 Few children’s rhymes are more common than those re- 
 lating to Jack Sprat and his wife, “Jack Sprat could eat no 
 
Jack Sprat 
 
 fat,” etc. ; but it is little thought they have been current 
 for two centuries. Such, however, is the fact, and when 
 Howell published his Collection of Proverbs in 1659, p. 20, 
 the story related to no less exalted a personage than an 
 archdeacon : 
 
 “ Archdeacon Pratt would eat no fat, 
 
 His wife would eat no lean : 
 
 ’Twixt Archdeacon Pratt and Joan his wife. 
 
 The meat was eat up clean." 
 
 Halliwell, Nursery Rhymes. 
 
 Jack Tier. A novel by Cooper, published in 1848. 
 It is a recasting of ‘‘The Bed Bover.” 
 
 Jack Upland. An attack on friars, in prose, 
 added by Speght to Chaucer’s works in his 1602 
 edition, but evidently not Chaucer’s. 
 
 Jacmel (zhak-mel'). A seaport on the southern 
 coast of Haiti, lat. 18° 14' N., long. 72° 34' W. 
 Population, about 6, 000 ; commune, over 30,000. 
 Jacob (ja'kob). [F. Jacobe, Sp. Pg. Jacobo, It. 
 Jacopo, Giacoho, G. Dan. Sw. Jakob (in vernacu- 
 lar F. Jacques , Jaques, whence E. Jack), from 
 LL. Jacobus, Gr. ’I asiiji, Heb. Taqobh, of uncer- 
 tain origin, but explained as ‘ supplanter.’ See 
 James.) The son of IsaacandBebekah and twin 
 brother of Esau : father of the twelve patriarchs, 
 and ancestor of the Israelites. The date of his 
 immigration into Egypt is given by Brugseh as 
 about 1730 b. c. 
 
 A kind of synonym of Israel was Jakobel, “ He whom El 
 rewards,” or “ He who follows El, who marches step by step 
 In the ways that He has traced. " This name was abridged 
 to Jacob, as that of Irhamel was to Irham, or Calbel to 
 Caleb. Beni-Jacob or Beni-Israel was the name of the 
 tribe ; and in course of time Jacob was taken to be a living 
 person, grandson of Abraham. 
 
 Renan, Hist, of the People of Israel, I. 90. 
 
 Jacobabad (ja'kob -a -bad'). [‘Jacob’s city,’ 
 named from Gen. John Jacob, 1847.] A town 
 and military station in Sind, British India, about 
 lat. 28° 14' N., long. 68° 28' E. 
 
 Jacob Faithful. A novel by Marryat, published 
 iu 1834: so called from the name of its hero. 
 Jacobi (ja-ko'bi; G. pron.ya-ko'be), Abraham. 
 Born at Harturn, Westphalia, May 6, 1830. A 
 German-American physician. He graduated M. D. 
 at Bonn in 1851, removed to the United States in 1553, and 
 became professor of diseases of children in the New York 
 Medical College in 1861, in the medical department of the 
 University of the City of New York in 1867, and in theCol- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons in 1870. He is the author 
 of “Dentition and its Derangements "(1863), “Infant Diet” 
 (1874), “A Treatise on Diphtheria ” (1880), and “The In- 
 testinal Diseases of Infancy and Childhood ” (1887). 
 
 Jacobi (ya-ko'be), Friedrich Heinrich. Born 
 at Diisseldorf, Prussia, Jan. 25, 1743: died at 
 Munich, March 10, 1819. A noted German phi- 
 losopher. He was the son of a merchant. After study- 
 ing in Geneva he applied himself (1762) to his father's busi- 
 ness. In 1779 he was called to Munich, where he became 
 privy councilor, remaining there until 1794. From that 
 date until 1804 he resided in various places in northern 
 Germany, returning in the latter year to Munich, where he 
 became (1807) president of the Academy of Sciences. His 
 chief works are “Woldemar” (1779), “Eduard Allwills 
 Briefsammlung ” (1781), “Uber die Lehre des Spinoza" 
 (1785), “David Hume uber den Glauben” (1787), “Send- 
 schreiben an Fichte” (1799). 
 
 Jacobi, Johann Georg. Born at Diisseldorf, 
 Prussia, Sept. 2, 1740: died at Freiburg, Baden, 
 Jan. 4, 1814. A German poet, elder brother of 
 F. H. Jacobi, professor of philosophy and rhet- 
 oric at Halle, and later of literature at Freiburg. 
 Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jakob. Born at Potsdam, 
 Prussia, Dec. 10, 1804: died at Berlin, Feb. 18, 
 1851. Acelebrated German mathematician, bro- 
 ther of M. H. Jacobi, especially noted for his dis- 
 coveries in elliptic functions. He was professor at 
 KonigsberglS27-42,and later taught at Berlin. Iiis “Fun- 
 damenta nova theorise functionum ellipticarum ” was pub- 
 lished in 1829. 
 
 Jacobi, Moritz Hermann. Bom at Potsdam, 
 Prussia, Sept. 21, 1801: died at St. Petersburg, 
 March 10, 1874. A German physicist. He went 
 to St. Petersburg in 1837, where he later became a mem- 
 ber of the Academy of Sciences and a councilor of state. 
 He invented the process of electrotyping 1839 (described 
 in his “ Galvanoplastik,” 1840), and the application of elec- 
 tromagnetism as a motive power. 
 
 Jacobini (ya-kd-be'ne), Ludovico. Born at Gen- 
 zano, near Borne, Jan. 6, 1832: died at Borne, 
 Feb. 27, 1887. An Italian cardinal, papal secre- 
 tary of state 1880-87. 
 
 Jacobins (jak'o-binz). 1. In France, the black 
 or Dominican friars : so called from the Church 
 of St. Jacques (Jacobus), in which they were 
 first established in Paris. — 2. The members of a 
 club or society of French revolutionists organ- 
 ized in 1789 under the name of Society of Friends 
 of the Constitution, and called Jacobins from 
 the Jacobin convent in Paris in which they met. 
 The club originally included many of the moderate leaders 
 of the Revolution, but the more violent members speedily 
 gained the control. It had branches in all parts of France, 
 and was all-powerful in determining the course of govern- 
 ment, especially after Robespierre became its leader, sup- 
 
 538 
 
 porting him in the measures which led to the Reign of Ter- 
 ror. Many of its members were executed with Robespierre 
 in July, 1794, and the club was suppressed in November. 
 
 Jacobites (jak'o-bits). 1. In English history, 
 partizans or adherents of James II. after he ab- 
 dicated the throne, or of his descendants. The 
 Jacobites engaged in fruitless rebellions in 1715 and 1745, 
 in behalf of James Francis Edward and of Charles Edward, 
 son and grandson of James II., called the Old and Young 
 Pretender respectively. 
 
 2. A sect of Christians in Syria, Mesopotamia, 
 etc., originally an offshoot of the Monophysites. 
 The sect has its name from Jacobus Baradseus, a' Syrian, 
 consecrated bishop of Edessa about 541. The head of the 
 church is called the Patriarch of Antioch. 
 
 Jacobs (yii'kops), Christian Friedrich Wil- 
 helm. Born at Gotha, Germany, Oct. 6, 1764: 
 died at Gotha, March 30, 1847. A German clas- 
 sical scholar and author, librarian and director 
 of the various art collections at Gotha. He pub- 
 
 lished translations and editions of the classics, juveniles, 
 and “Elementarbuch der griechischen Sprache ” (1805). 
 
 Jacobs, Paul Emil. Born at Gotha, Aug. 18, 
 1802: died there, Jan. 6, 1866. A German his- 
 torical painter, son of C. F. W. Jacobs. 
 
 Jacob’s Well. A well, near Shechem, where 
 Jesus conversed with a woman of Samaria. It 
 seems to be identical with the Bir Y'akub, still existing 
 near Nablus. 
 
 Jacoby (ya-ko'bi), Johann. Bom at Konigs- 
 berg, Prussia, May 1, 1805: died at Kouigsberg, 
 March 6, 1877. A Prussian radical politician, 
 of Hebrew descent. 
 
 Jacopo de Voragine (ya'ko-po de vd-ra'ji-ne). 
 Born at Viraggio, near Genoa, 1230 : died 1298. 
 An Italian ecclesiastic, the compiler of the “ Le- 
 genda aurea” (ed. by Grasse 1846). 
 
 Jacotot (zha-ko-to'), Jean Joseph. Born at Di- 
 jon, France, March 4, 1770: died at Paris, July, 
 1840. A French educator, professor of the 
 French language and literature at Louvain 
 1818—40. He devised a method of instruction 
 which is described in his ‘ ‘ L’Enseignement uni- 
 versel” (1823). 
 
 His method of teaching is based on three principles : 1. 
 All men have an equal intelligence; 2. Every man has re- 
 ceived from God the faculty of being able to instruct him- 
 self ; 3. Every thing is in every thing. The first of these 
 principles is certainly wrong, although Jacotot tried to 
 explain it by asserting that, although men had the same 
 intelligence, they diifered widely in the will to make use 
 of it. Still, it is important to assert that nearly all men 
 are capable of receiving some intellectual education, pro- 
 vided the studies to which they are directed are wide 
 enough to engage their faculties, and the means taken to 
 interest them are sufficiently ingenious. The second prin- 
 ciple lays down that it is more necessary to stimulate the 
 pupil to learn for himself than to teach him didactically. 
 The third principle explains the process which Jacotot 
 adopted. To one learning a language for the first time 
 he would give a short passage of a few lines, and encour- 
 age the pupil to study first the words, then the letters, then 
 the grammar, then the full meaning of the expressions, 
 until by iteration and accretion a single paragraph took 
 the place of an entire literature. Encyc. Brit., VII. 677. 
 
 Jacquard (zha-kar'), Joseph Marie. Born at 
 Lyons, J uly 7, 1752 : died at Oullins, near Lyons, 
 Aug. 7, 1834. A French mechanic, inventor of 
 the Jacquard loom about 1801. 
 
 Jacqueline (zhak-len'), G. Jakobaa (ya-ko- 
 ba'a), of Bavaria or of Holland. Born 1401 : 
 died at the castle Teilingen, on the Bhine, 1436. 
 Daughter of William VI. of Holland, whom she 
 succeeded in Holland and Hainaut in 1417. she 
 carried on a noted conflict with the Duke of Burgundy, to 
 whom she surrendered her lands in 1433. 
 
 Jacquernont (zhak-mon'), Victor. Born at 
 Paris, Aug. 11, 1801: died at Bombay, Dec. 7, 
 1832. A French naturalist and traveler in In- 
 dia (1829-32). His journal and two volumes of 
 letters were published after his death. 
 
 Jacquerie (zhiik-re'). [F., from Jacques, a com- 
 mon name for a peasant.] In French history, 
 a revolt of the peasants against the nobles in 
 northern France in 1358, attended by great de- 
 vastation and slaughter. 
 
 Jacques (zhak) I., Emperor of Haiti. See Des- 
 salines. 
 
 Jacques Bonhomme. [F.,‘ Goodman James.’] 
 Among the French, a general name for a peas- 
 ant: used somewhat contemptuously. 
 
 Jacquin (zha-kan'), Baron Nikolaus Joseph 
 von. Born at Leyden, Netherlands, Feb. 16, 
 1727 : died at Vienna, Oct. 24, 1817. Anoted bota- 
 nist, professor of botany and chemistry in the 
 University of Vienna, and author of numerous 
 scientific works. From 1755-59 he made exten- 
 sive scientific explorations in South America. 
 
 Jacundas (zha-kon-das'). A horde of Brazilian 
 Indians of the Tupi race, on the river Tocan- 
 tins, below the confluence of the Araguaya, and 
 on the head waters of the river Capim. Also 
 written Yacundas, 
 
 Jade, or Jahde (yii'de), Bay or Estuary. An 
 
 Jahangir 
 
 inlet of the North Sea, north of Oldenburg, Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Jadin (zha-dan'), Louis Emmanuel. Born at 
 Versailles, France, Sept. 21, 1768 : died at Paris, 
 April 11, 1853. A French composer, author of 
 many operas, including “ Joconde” (1790) and 
 “ Mahomet II.” (1803); “La bataille d’Auster- 
 litz,” an orchestral piece ; and many string quin- 
 tets, nocturnes, etc. 
 
 Jael (ja'el). [Heb. ; Gr. ’I a;)k.] In Old Testa- 
 ment history, the wife of Heberthe Kenite, and 
 the slayer of Sisera (Judges iv. 17-22). See 
 Sisera. 
 
 Jaell (ya'el), Alfred. Born at Triest, Austria- 
 Hungary, March 5, 1832: died at Paris, Feb. 28, 
 1882. An Austrian pianist and composer. 
 
 Jaen (Ha-en'). 1. A province in Andalusia, 
 
 Spain. Capital, Ja4n. It is bounded by Ciudad Rea) 
 on the north, Albaeete and Granada on the east, Granada 
 on the south, and Cordova on the west. The surface is 
 mountainous. Area, 5,203 square rnileB. Population, about 
 475,000. 
 
 2. The capital of the province of Ja4n, situated 
 on the river Ja6n in lat. 37° 46' N., long. 3° 49' 
 W . It contains a castle and a cathedral. It was an im- 
 portant Moorish city and the capital of a small Moorish 
 kingdom. Population, 27,217. 
 
 Jaffa (jaf'fa or yaf'fa), or Yafa (ya'fa), Heb. 
 Japbo (ja'fo). A seaport of Palestine, situated 
 on the Mediterranean in lat. 32° 2' N., long. 34° 
 47' E. : the ancient Joppa. It is often mentioned 
 in biblical history. It was frequently taken and retaken 
 by the Crusaders ; was stormed by the French under Na- 
 poleon in 1799 ; was taken by Ibrahim Pasha in 1832 ; and 
 was restored to Turkey iu 1841. It is the terminus of the 
 Jaffa- Jerusalem Railway. Population, about 45,000. 
 
 Jaffier. A conspirator in Otway’s “Venice Pre- 
 served.” He is the husband of Belvidera. 
 
 Jaffna (jaf'na), or Jaffnapatam (jaFna-pa- 
 tam'). 1. An island at the northern extremity 
 of Ceylon. — 2. A seaport on the western coast 
 of the island of Jaffna, situated in lat. 9° 41' 
 N., long. 80° E. It was occupied by the Portuguese 
 in 1617, by the Dutch in 1058, and oy the British in 1795. 
 Population, 33,879. 
 
 Jagannatha. See Juggernaut. 
 
 Jagas(zha-gas'). A Portuguese name of a sav- 
 age African tribe which invaded the kingdom of 
 the Kongo in the 16th century. They are called 
 Giaghi by Italian writers. See Fan and Yaka. 
 
 Jagello (ya-gel'lo), or Jagjello. Died at Gro- 
 dek, near Lemberg, 1434. Grand Duke of Lith- 
 uania from 1381. He embraced Christianity and mar- 
 ried Hedwig, queen of Poland, whereby he ascended the 
 Polish throne as Wladislaw II. in 1386. He defeated the 
 Teutonic Knights at Tannenberg in 1410. 
 
 Jagellons (ya-gel'onz). A dynasty, founded 
 by Jagello, which reigned in Poland 1386-1572. 
 It furnished rulers also to Lithuania, Hungary, 
 and Bohemia. 
 
 Jagemann (ya'ge-man), Karoline. Bom at 
 Weimar, Germany, Jan. 5, 1778: died at Dres- 
 den, July 10, 1848. A noted German singer, she 
 made her ddbut in 1795 at Mannheim, and the next year 
 at Weimar produced so great an effect that both Goethe 
 and Schiller interested themselves in her. In 1801 she had 
 another success at Berlin. On her return to Weimar she 
 became the mistress of the grand duke, but her caprice 
 was so troublesome that in 1817 Goethe gave up the direc- 
 tion of the theater to avoid her. She took the name oi Ma- 
 dame Kegendorf, and remained at Weimar till the death 
 of the grand duke, when she retired to Dresden. 
 
 Jagerndorf (va'gem-dorf). A manufacturing 
 town in Silesia, Austria-Hungary, on the Oppa, 
 near the Prussian frontier, 14 miles northwest of 
 Troppau. Population, commune, 14,675. 
 
 Jagersfontein Excelsior, The. The second 
 largest known diamond in the world, found iu 
 the mine of the De Beers Co., Jagersfontein, 
 Orange Free State, South Africa, June 30, 1893. 
 
 Its weight was 971 carats ; its color blue- white, and almost 
 perfect. In 1904 it was cut into ten stones. See ★(, 'ullinan 
 Diamond. 
 
 Jagictya'gich), Vatroslav (Ignatius). Born 
 at Warasdin, Croatia, July 6, 1838. A Croatian 
 philologist, professor of comparative philology 
 at Odessa 1871-74, and later at Berlin. 
 
 Jagst (yagst), or Jaxt (yakst). 1. A river in 
 WUrtemherg, joining theNeckar 6 miles north 
 of Heilbronn. Length, over 100 miles. — 2. A 
 circle of northeastern Wiirtemberg. Area, 
 1,983 square miles. Population, 400,126. 
 
 Jaguarao (zha-gwa-ran'). The southernmost 
 city of Brazil, in the state of Bio Grande do 
 Sul, on the river Jaguarao near its mouth in 
 the Lagoa Mirim. It has an important trade 
 with Uruguay. Population, municipio, 12,172. 
 
 Jahanabad(ja-han-a-bad'). Atown intheGaya 
 district, Bengal, British India, 28 miles south- 
 southwest of Patna. Population, 7,018. 
 
 Jahangir (ja-lian-ger'). Beigned 1605-27. A 
 Mogul emperor, son of Akbar. 
 
Jahde 
 
 539 
 
 Jahde. See Jade. 
 
 Jahn (yan), Otto. Bom at Kiel, Prussia, June 
 16, 1813: died at Gottingen, Prussia, Sept. 9, 
 1869. A German philologist, archaeologist, and 
 musical and art critic, director of the archaeo- 
 logical museum at Leipsic 1847, and professor 
 at Bonn 1855-69. He published “ Telephus und 
 Troilus” (1841), “Die hellenische Kunst” (1846), editions 
 of Latin and Greek classics, a life of Mozart (1856-59), etc. 
 
 Jaihun (ji-hon' ). The Persian name of the Oxus. 
 Jaimini (ji'mi-ni). A Hindu saint and philoso- 
 pher, said to have been the pupil of Vyasa, to 
 have received from him the Samaveda, and 
 to have founded the Purvamimansa school of 
 Hindu philosophy. 
 
 Jainas (jl'naz), or Jains (jinz). [From Skt. 
 jina, the victorious one.] A Hindu sect which 
 numbers about 380,000, at least half of whom 
 are in the Bombay Presidency. They are the follow.- 
 ers of Jina, the ‘victorious,’ as the" Buddhists of Buddha, 
 the ‘ awakened.’ A Jina is a sage who has reached omnis- 
 cience, and who comes to reestablish the corrupted law. 
 There have been 24 Jinas, as Buddha had 24 predecessors. 
 They succeeded each other at immense intervals, their 
 stature and term of life always decreasing. Like the Bud- 
 dhas, the Jinas became deities. They have goddesses, Slia- 
 sanadevis, who execute their commands. Their images, 
 sometimes colossal, especially in the Deccan, are numer- 
 ous in the sanctuaries, which are almost all of a distinctive 
 and elegant type. N ext to the Jinas rank their immediate 
 disciples, the Ganadharas, worshiped as guardian saints, 
 and many deities borrowed from the Hindu pantheon, but 
 who do not share the regular cultus. This cultus is akin 
 to the Buddhist in having the same offerings and acts of 
 faith and homage. Both use little bells. In both women 
 have the same rights as men, and both practise confession, 
 value pilgrimages, and devote four months of the year es- 
 pecially to fasting, reading their Scriptures, and meditation. 
 The Jainas, like the Buddhists, reject the V eda as corrupt, 
 to which they oppose their own Angas as the true Veda. 
 They have no sacerdotal caste. They observe the rules of 
 caste among themselves, but without attaching to them 
 rel igious significance. They have promoted literature and 
 science, especially astronomy, grammar, and romantic lit- 
 erature. Like the Buddhists they are divided into a cler- 
 ical body and a lay (Yatis, ‘ ascetics,’ and Shravakas, 
 ‘hearers’), but the monastic system is less developed. 
 They have two principal sects : the Shvetambaras, ‘having 
 white garments,’ and the Digambaras, ‘those having the 
 air as their garment,’ who go naked — designations applied 
 to both clergy and laity. The first have the highest rank, 
 but the second are more ancient. Both sects go back per- 
 haps to the 5th century A.D. They are rather rivals than 
 enemies. Anotherdivisionisthat intoNorthern andSouth- 
 ern Jainas, which, originally geographical, has extended to 
 the canon and the entire body of traditions and usages. 
 The Digambara Yatis now practise nudity only at their 
 meals when these are taken in common. No Hindu sect 
 is more rigorous in respect for and abstinence from every- 
 thing that has life, though the Southern Jainas frequently 
 practised religious suicide in the middle ages. The gen- 
 eral doctrine of the Jainas is nearly like that of the Bud- 
 dhists. They are atheists. The world is eternal. They 
 deny the possibility of a perfect being existing from all 
 eternity. The Jina became perfect. As the Buddhists 
 have their Adibuddha, the Jainas have also returned to a 
 sort of deism in their Jinapati, a supreme Jina. Beings 
 are animate and inanimate. Animate beings are composed 
 of soul and body, and their souls are eternal — a point of de- 
 viation from Buddhism. Not existence but life is evil to 
 the Jainas, and Nirvana is to them not annihilation, but 
 entrance into endless blessedness. The Jina reveals the 
 means, the Triratna, the ‘three jewels,’ perfect faith in 
 the Jina, perfect knowledge of his doctrine, perfect con- 
 duct. The parallelism of BuddhistandJaina doctrineand 
 usage extends also to the traditions in so many points that 
 some have believed Vardhamana or Mahavira, ‘the great 
 hero,’ the Jina of the present age, to be identical with Gau- 
 tama ; but Biihler thinks he has discovered data which 
 prove that Mahavira was a real personage, distinct from 
 Gautama, whose real name was Nirgrantha Jnatiputra, 
 i. e. the ascetic of the Jnatis, a Rajput tribe. Still Jain- 
 ism must, in view of the affiliation of its doctrines, be re- 
 garded as a sect that took its rise in Buddhism. The 
 Scriptures of the Shvetambara Jainas are comprised in 45 
 works, in 6 groups, collectively called Agamas, and written 
 in a Prakrit dialect called Ardhamagadhi ; those of the 
 Digambaras are in Sanskrit, and still little known. 
 Jaintia Hills. See Khasi and Jaintia Hills. 
 Jaipur. See Jeypore. 
 
 Jais ( ja'is). [Ar. al-ia'is, the goat.] The third- 
 magnitude star <5 Draeonis: the “Nodus secun- 
 dus” of the old catalogues. 
 
 Jaisalmir, or Jaysalmir (jl-sal-mer'), or Jes- 
 almir (jes-al-mer'). 1. A state in Rajpu- 
 tana, India, intersected by lat. 27° N., long. 
 71° E. Area, 16,062 square miles. Population, 
 73,370. — 2. The capital of the state of Jaisal- 
 mir. Population, 7,137. 
 
 Jajali (ja'ja-li). A Brahman said in the Maha- 
 bharata to have acquired by asceticism a super- 
 natural power of locomotion, of which he was 
 so proud that he thought himself superior to 
 all men. When a voice from the sky told him that he 
 was inferior to Tuladhara, a Vaishya and a trader, he went 
 to him and learned of him. 
 
 Jajce. See Jayce. 
 
 Jajpur (jaj-por'), or Jajpore (jiij-por'). A sa- 
 cred town in the Cuttack district, Bengal, Brit- 
 ish India, situated on the river Baitarani in lat. 
 20° 51' N., long! 86° 20' E. Population, about 
 12 , 000 . 
 
 Jakob (yii'kop), Ludwig Heinrich von. Born 
 at Wettin, near Halle, Prussia, Feb. 26, 1759: 
 died at Lauchstadt, near Merseburg, Prussia, 
 July 22, 1827. A German philosopher and po- 
 litical economist, professor of philosophy at 
 Halle 1791-1807, and of political economy at 
 Kharkoff in 1807, and at Halle 1816-27. He 
 wrote “Grundriss der allgemeinen Logik” 
 (1788), “Lehrbuch der Nationalokonomie ” 
 (1805), etc. 
 
 Jakutsk. See Yakutsk. 
 
 Jalalabad. See Jelalabad. 
 
 Jalal uddin Rumi (ja-lal' od-den' ro-me'). 
 Born at Balkh, 1207. A Persian poet. His father 
 was the founder of a college at Iconium, to the direction 
 of which his son succeeded after studies at Aleppo and 
 Damascus. The great work of Jalal uddin is the Mesnevi, 
 a series of stories with moral maxims. 
 
 Jalandhar (jul-un'dhar), or Jullunder (jul- 
 lun'der). 1. A division in the Panjab, British 
 India. Area, 19,410 square miles. Population, 
 4,306,662. — 2. A district in the Jalandhar di- 
 vision, intersected by lat. 31° 20' N., long. 76° 
 E. Area, 1,431 square miles. Population, 
 917,587. — 3. The capital of the division and 
 district of Jalandhar, 75 miles east by south of 
 Lahore, between the Sutlej and the Beas. 
 Population, 67,735. 
 
 Jalapa, or Xalapa (na-la'pa), Aztec Xalapan. 
 [See the extract below.] The capital of the 
 state of Vera Cruz, Mexico, situated about 60 
 miles northwest of Vera Cruz. Population, 
 24,816, (1910). 
 
 Jalapa (meaning ‘ place of water and sand’) was an In- 
 dian town at the time of the Conquest; and because of its 
 position on what, for a long while, was the main road be- 
 tween Vera Cruz and the City of Mexico it early became a 
 place of importance. After the organization of theRepub- 
 lic it was for a time capital of the State of VeraCruz. Be- 
 tween the years 1720 and 1777 a great annual fair was held 
 here for the sale of the goods brought yearly by the fleet 
 from Cadiz; whence is derived the name Jalapa de la 
 Feria, frequently applied to the city in documents of the 
 last century. Janvier, Mex. Guide, p. 435. 
 
 Jalaun (ja-loun'). 1. A district in the Allaha- 
 bad division, United Provinces, British India, 
 intersected by lat. 26° N., long. 79° E. Area, 
 1,480 square miles. Population, 399,726. — 2. 
 A town in the district of Jalaun, in lat. 26° 8' 
 N., long. 79° 21' E. Population, 8,573. 
 Jalisco, or Xalisco (Ha-les'ko). A maritime 
 state of Mexico, bounded by Durango, Zacate- 
 cas, and Aguas Calientes on the north, Guana- 
 juato on the east, Michoacan and Colima on the 
 south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Capi- 
 tal, Guadalajara. Area, 31,846 square miles. 
 Population, 1,202,802, (1910). 
 
 Jalna (jal'na). A small town in Hyderabad, 
 India, situated in lat. 19° 51' N., long. 75° 53' E. 
 Jalpaiguri (jul-pi-go're), or Julpigori (jul-pe- 
 go're). A district in Bengal, British India, in- 
 tersected by lat. 26° 30' N., long. 88° 40' E. 
 Area, 2,962 square miles. Population, about 
 787/100. 
 
 Jamadagni (ja-mad-a,g'ni). A rishi often men- 
 tioned with Vishvamitra as an enemy of Vasish- 
 tha, and sometimes as a descendant of Bhrigu. 
 In epic poetry he is the son of Bliargava Richika and the 
 father of five sons, of whom the most renowned was Pa- 
 rashurama. The Mahabharata and Yishnu Purana contain 
 .^various legends regarding him. 
 
 Jamaica (ja-ma'ka). An island of the Greater 
 Antilles, West Indies, belonging to Great Brit- 
 ain, situated in the Caribbean Sea 90 miles south 
 of the eastern part of Cuba. Capital, Kingston. 
 The surface is generally mountainous, the Blue Moun- 
 tains in the east rising to 7,360 feet. The island has abun- 
 dant vegetable and some mineral resources. The chief 
 exports are sugar, rum, coffee, fruits, dye-woods, etc. 
 Jamaica is a crown colony, with a governor, privy council, 
 and legislative assembly. It was discovered by Columbus 
 May 4, 1494 ; was settled by the Spaniards in 1509 ; and 
 was conquered by the English in 1655. Many risings of the 
 Maroons (or runaway slaves) occurred in the 18th century. 
 The slaves were emancipated by purchase in 1834. A 
 negro insurrection in 1865 was suppressed by Governor 
 Eyre. The Caicos and Turks Islands, Cayman Islands, 
 and a few smaller islands are dependencies of Jamaica. 
 In 1907 an earthquake caused great damage in Kingston. 
 Length, 144 miles. Greatest width, 60 miles. Area, 4,200 
 square miles. Population, 831,383, (1911), of w'hom some 
 15,600 are whites. 
 
 Jamaica (ja-ma'ka). A villageinQueensCounty, 
 Long Island, New York: incorporated in the 
 city of New York. 
 
 Jamaica Bay. An inlet of the Atlantic, south 
 of Long Island, New York. 
 
 Jaman (zha-mon'), Col de. A pass in the can- 
 ton of Vaud, Switzerland, leading from Mon- 
 treux over the Dent de Jaman to the valley of 
 the Saane, Fribourg. Height, 4,974 feet. 
 Jaman, Dent de. See Dent de Jaman. 
 Jamasee. See Yamasi. 
 
 James I. 
 
 Jambavat (jam'ba-vat). In Hindu legend, the 
 chief of the bears who with the monkeys were 
 allies of Rama in his invasion of Lanka. 
 
 Jambres. See Jannes. 
 
 Jambudvipa (jam-bo-dwe'pa). A name of In- 
 dia in Sanskrit poetry, and restricted to India in 
 Buddhist writings, but strictly a poetical name 
 for the whole earth, of which India was thought 
 to be the most important part. In the Mahabha- 
 rata the world is divided into seven circular dvipas, or 
 continents, of which Jambudvipa is the first, surrounded 
 respectively by seven oceans in concentric belts, the moun- 
 tain Meru, or abode of the gods, being in the center of 
 Jambudvipa, which again is divided into nine Varshas, 
 or countries separated by eight ranges of mountains, the 
 Varsha called Bharata (India) lying south of the Himavat 
 (Himalaya) range. Jambudvipa is so named from the 
 jambu (rose-apple) trees which abound in it, or from an 
 enormous jambu tree on Mount Meru. 
 
 Jamburg (yam/boro). A town in the govern- 
 ment of St. Petersburg, Russia, situated on the 
 Luga 68 miles southwest of St. Petersburg. 
 Population, 4,166. 
 
 James Qamz). [The E. name James, dial, also 
 Jeames (whence colloq. Jem and Jim), is from 
 ME. James, also Jam. , from OF. James, another 
 form of Jaques, Jacques , from LL. Jacobus, Ja- 
 cob. See Jacob.'] There are several persons of 
 this name who hold an important place in New 
 Testament history. (i) The son of Zebedee and 
 brother of the apostle John. Originally a fisherman, he 
 was called to be a disciple of Jesus and an apostle. He 
 was killed by Herod Agrippa (A. i>. 44), and is the only 
 apostle whose death is recorded in the Scriptures. Accord- 
 ing to one legend, he traveled and preached in Spain ; ac- 
 cording to another, his body was miraculously conveyed 
 toCompostella.inSpain, and worshiped there. (2) “James 
 the Lord’s brother,” author of the “Epistle of James." 
 He is described as holding office in the church at Jerusa- 
 lem, and appears to have been president of the council 
 that met there in A. D. 50 or 61. He is also called “James 
 the less” (or “the little”) (Mark xv. 40), and in early 
 church history “James the Just.” (3) An apostle, dis- 
 tinguished as “James the son of Alphseus,” identified by 
 many with “James the Lord’s brother.” 
 
 James, Tbe General Epistle of. A New Tes- 
 tament epistle, written by “James the Lord’s 
 brother.” It was written from Jerusalem, and is ad- 
 dressed to the twelve tribes of the Dispersion. Its main 
 object is to inculcate the importance of practical morality. 
 
 James I. Born at Dunfermline, 1394 : died Feb. 
 20, 1437. King of Scotland 1406-37, son of 
 Robert IH. and Annabella Drummond. He was 
 captured by the English while on his way to France, and 
 was detained in captivity until 1423. He repressed the 
 great feudatories with the assistance of the clergy and the 
 burghs, and maintained peaceful relations both with Eng- 
 land and with France. He was murdered at Perth by the 
 Earl of Atholl and Robert Graham. 
 
 James II. Born Oct. 16, 1430: died Aug. 3, 1460. 
 King of Scotland 1437-60, son of James I. and 
 Jane, daughter of the Earl of Somerset. He con- 
 tinued his father’s policy of repressing the great feudatories 
 with the assistance of the clergy and the burghs ; and on 
 Feb. 22, 1452, stabbed with his own hand the Earl of Doug- 
 las, who had entered into a treasonable alliance with the 
 Earls of Crawford and of Ross, and whom he had enticed 
 to Stirling by a safe-conduct. He was accidentally killed 
 by a wedge from a bombard at the siege of Roxburgh. 
 
 James III. Born July 10, 1451: died June 11, 
 1488. King of Scotland 1460-88, son of James 
 II. and Mary of Guelders. He favored men of in- 
 ferior rank to the neglect of the great feudal houses, which 
 provoked a rising of the latter under his son James. He 
 was defeated by the rebels at Sauchieburn, June 11, 1488, 
 and was killed in the flight. 
 
 James IV. Born March 17, 1473: died Sept. 9, 
 1513. King of Scotland 1488-1513, son of James 
 
 IH. and Margaret, daughter of Christian I. of 
 Denmark. He headed therebellious nobles who defeated 
 and killed his father at the battle of Sauchieburn, June 
 
 II, 14S8. He maintained peaceful relations with Henry 
 
 VII. of England, whose daughter Margaret he married in 
 1502 ; but was forced by the aggressive attitude of Henry 
 
 VIII. to seek an offensive alliance with France. He was 
 defeated and killed by the Earl of Surrey at Flouden Field, 
 Sept. 9, 1513, during an invasion of England in Henry's 
 absence in France. 
 
 James V. Born at Linlithgow, April 10, 1512: 
 died Dec. 14, 1542. King of Scotland 1513-42, 
 son of James IV. and Margaret, daughter of 
 Henry VII. of England. During his minority the re- 
 gency was conducted first by his mother, and afterward by 
 the Duke of Albany. He assumed personal exercise of the 
 royal prerogatives in 1528. He was a vigorous adminis- 
 trator, protected the poor against oppression from the 
 nobles, and mingled freely with the commons (sometimes 
 under the incognito of “the Gudeman of Ballinbreich ’’), 
 whence he is often called “the king of the commons." 
 He became involved in war with England in 1542, and suf- 
 fered the loss of an army under Sinclair at Solway Moss, 
 Nov. 24, 1542. 
 
 James I. Born in Edinburgh Castle, June 19, 
 1566: died at Theobalds, March 27, 1625. King 
 of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1603-25, son 
 of Lord Darnley and Mary Queen of Scots. He 
 
 became, on the abdication of his mother, king of Scotland 
 as James VI. July 24, 1567 ; and by virtue of his descent, 
 both through his father and his mother, from Margaret 
 Tudor, daughter of Henry VII., succeeded to tbe English 
 throne on the death of Elizabeth without issue, March 
 
James I. 
 
 24, 1603, being crowned king of England (and Ireland) 
 July 25, 1603. He was a learned but pedantic, weak, and 
 incapable monarch, whence he was aptly characterized 
 by the Due de Sully as the “wisest fool in Europe.’’ In 
 domestic politics he sought to assert the theory of the di- 
 vine right of kingship and of episcopacy ; in his foreign 
 relations he strove to maintain peace at all hazards, even 
 to the prej udice of his natural allies, the Protestant powers 
 on the Continent. He presided, in 1604, over the Hampton 
 Court Conference between the bishops and the Puritans, 
 at which the latter sought but faded to obtain a relaxa- 
 tion of the laws directed against nonconformists. In the 
 same year he concluded peace with Spain, with which he 
 had inherited a war from his predecessor in England ; and 
 appointed a commission to revise the English translation 
 of the Bible, which commission completed the so-called 
 King James version in 1611. He sanctioned in 1606 penal 
 laws of increased severity against the Pujman Catholics in 
 consequence of the discovery of theGunpowder Plot (which 
 see) in the preceding year, and granted a patent organiz- 
 ing the London and Plymouth companies, the former of 
 which founded the settlement of Jamestown in 1607, while 
 a band of English separatists from Holland founded, with- 
 out authority, the settlement of Plymouth in the territory 
 of the latter in 1620. Another important event which took 
 place in 1606 was the restoration of episcopacy in Scotland. 
 He began in 1611 negotiations for the marriage of hiseldest 
 son Charles with a Spanish princess ; and in the same year 
 entered into a defensive alliance with the Protestant Union 
 in Germany, which was followed in 1613 by the marriage 
 of his daughter Elizabeth to the elector palatine Fred- 
 erick V., head of the union. He refused to assist his son- 
 in-law in the struggle with the emperor Ferdinand II. for 
 the crown of Bohemia (see Frederick V elector palatine, 
 Ferdinand II. , emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and 
 Thirty Years' War) ; and after the defeat of Frederick by 
 the Imperialists on the White Hill, and the invasion of the 
 Palatinate by the Spanish troops in 1620, sought by futile 
 negotiations to induce Philip III. of Spain toreinstate Fred- 
 erick in the electorate and to assist in restoring peace. In 
 answer to a rebuke from the king for meddling in affairs 
 of state by sending in a petition against popery and the 
 proposed Spanish marriage. Parliament passed, Dec. 18, 
 1621, the Great Protestation, declaring that affairs which 
 concerned the king and the realm were proper subjects for 
 debate in Parliament. The king tore the page containing 
 the protestation from the journal of the Commons. In 
 1623 hereluctantlypermitted Charles and the Duke of Buck- 
 ingham to depart for Spain to conclude the negotiations 
 for a marriage treaty which had been kept up, with inter- 
 ruptions, since 1611; but as Philip was unwilling to pro- 
 cure the restoration of the Palatinate, Charles and the 
 duke returned in the same year, and the negotiations were 
 finally abandoned. 
 
 James II. Born at St. James’s Palace, Oct. 14, 
 1633: died at St. Germain, Sept. 6, 1701. King 
 of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1685-88, son 
 of Charles I. and Henrietta Maria. Before his ac- 
 cession he was known as the Duke of York. He became 
 lord high admiral of England on the accession of his bro- 
 ther Charles II. in 1660 ; received a grant of the New Neth- 
 erlands in 1664 ; embraced the Roman Catholic faith prob- 
 ably before 1672 ; and was forced by the Test Act to resign 
 the admiralty in 1673. Under the guidance of Father Petre, 
 his confessor and chief adviser, he aimed on his accession 
 to make himself an absolute monarch and to restore the 
 Roman Catholic Church. He increased the standing army 
 from 6,000 to about 30,000 men by keeping up the military 
 force raised to suppress the Scottish rebellion under the 
 Duke of Monmouth in 1685, and granted commissions in 
 the new regiments to Roman Catholics. He published a 
 declaration of liberty of conscience for all denominations 
 in England and Scotland early in 1687, and April 25, 1688, 
 ordered the declaration to be read in all the churches. A 
 petition from the primate and six bishops against the order 
 was pronounced a seditious libel by the king, who sent the 
 seven bishops to the Tower and brought them to trial before 
 the Court of King’s Bench. Thetrialresulted in acquittal 
 •Tune 30, 1688, and the same day an invitation, signed by 
 the Earls of Dauby, Devonshire, and Shrewsbury, the Bish- 
 op of London, and others, was despatched to William of 
 Orange to save England from a Roman Catholic tyranny. 
 William landed at Tor.bay Nov. 5, 1688, and Dec. 22 James 
 escaped to France, where he was assigned the chilteau of 
 St. Germain by Louis XIV. as a place of refuge. In 1689 
 he made a descent on Ireland, but was t tally defeated by 
 William at the battle of the Boyne, July 1, 1690. 
 
 James. A river in Virginia, formed near the 
 border of Botetourt and Alleghany counties by 
 the union of the Jackson and Cowpasture rivers, 
 and flowing by an estuary into Chesapeake Bay 
 near Old Point Comfort. It played an important 
 strategic part in the Civil War. Length, about 450 miles ; 
 navigable to Richmond (150 miles). 
 
 James IV. A play by Robert Greene. It was 
 written about 1591, but was not printed until 1598. The 
 whole title is “The Scottish History of James IV., slain at 
 Flodden.” It contains a fairy interlude in which Oberon 
 appears. Lodge assisted Greene in this play. 
 
 James, Army of the. A Federal army in the 
 American Civil War, which operated in 1864 in 
 conjunction with the Army of the Potomac. It 
 was commanded by General B. F. Butler. 
 James, Duke of Berwick. See Fitzjam.es, James. 
 James, George Payne Rainsford. Born at Lon- 
 don, Aug. 9, 1801: died at Venice, May 9, 1860. 
 An English novelist and historical writer. While 
 still young he traveled on the Continent, read history and 
 poetry, and became acquainted with Cuvier, Darwin, and 
 other distinguished men. Under the influence of Scott’s 
 works he began to write romances which had great suc- 
 cess. He was encouraged by Scott and Washington Irving. 
 “Richelieu," his first novel, was published in 1829. He 
 was a most prolific and mediocre writer. He was appointed 
 historiographer royal by William IV., and in that, capacity 
 did much historical work. In 1850 he was appointed Brit- 
 ish consul to Boston, and in 1852 removed to Norfolk, Vir- 
 
 540 
 
 ginia. In 1856 he became consul-general to Venice, where 
 he died. James is parodied by Thackeray in “Barbazure, 
 by G. P. R. Jeames, Esq.” 
 
 James, Henry. Born at Albany, N. Y., June 
 3, 1811 : died at Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 18, 1882. 
 An American theological and philosophical 
 writer. Among his works are “Moralism and Christian- 
 ity ’’ (1852), “Christianity the Logic of Creation” (1857), etc. 
 
 James, Henry. Born at New York, April 15, 
 1843. An American novelist and critic, son of 
 Henry J ames. He was educated principally in Europe, 
 and studied law at Harvard. He began to contribute to 
 periodicals in 1866. Since 1869 he has lived mostly in 
 England. Among his works are “Transatlantic Sketches” 
 (1875), “A Passionate Pilgrim, etc.” (1875), “The Ameri- 
 can” (1877), “The Europeans ” (1878), “French Poets and 
 Novelists" (1878), “Daisy Miller" (1878), “Hawthorne” 
 (English Men of Letters series, 1879), “Confidence ” (1880), 
 “ Portrait of a Lady ” (1881), “ Daisy Miller ”(a comedy , 1883), 
 “The Author of Beltraffio, etc.” (1885), “The Bostonians ’’ 
 (1886), “ Princess Casamassima ” (1886), “ Partial Portraits ” 
 (18SS), “The Real Thing, etc.” (1893), “The Two Magics” 
 (1898), “ The Wings of the Dove ”(1902), “ The Golden Bowl ” 
 (1905), “The Finer Grain ” (1910), “The Outcry” (1911). 
 
 James, John Angell. Born at Blandford, Dor- 
 set, England, J une 6, 1785: died at Birmingham, 
 Oct., 1859. An English Congregational clergy- 
 man and religions writer. 
 
 James, Thomas. Born about 1593 : died about 
 1635. An English navigator. On May 3, 1631, he 
 sailed from Bristol in the Henrietta Maria to discover the 
 “northwest passage into the south sea” and circumnavi- 
 gate the globe. He reached Greenland in J une, and sailed 
 on to Hudson Bay, where he wintered. He reached Eng- 
 land Oct. 22, 1032. 
 
 James, William. Died at London, May 28, 1827. 
 A British writer on naval history. From 1801 to 
 1813 he was an attorney of the supreme court of Jamaica, 
 and proctor in the vice-admiralty court. In 1812 he was 
 in the United States, where he was detained as a prisoner. 
 In March, 1810, he published “An Enquiry into the Merits 
 of the Principal Naval Actions between Great Britain and 
 the United States.” In 1817 this pamphlet was enlarged 
 as “A Full and Correct Account of the Chief Naval Oc- 
 currences of the Late War between Great Britain and the 
 United States of America. ” He also published “TheNaval 
 History of Great Britain from the Declaration of War by 
 France in 1793 to the Accession of George IV." (1822-24: 
 second edition 1826). It is the standard work on the 
 subject. 
 
 James Bay. The southern portion of Hudson 
 Bay, south of lat. 55° 15' N. Length, about 250 
 miles. 
 
 James Francis Edward Stuart, surnamed 
 “The Pretender.” See Stuart. 
 
 Jameson (ja'me-son), Mrs. (Anna Brownell 
 Murphy). Born at Dublin, May 17, 1794: died 
 at Ealing, Middlesex, March 17, 1860. A Brit- 
 ish author, the eldest daughter of D. Brownell 
 Murphy, an Irish miniature-painter. From (he age 
 of 16 to 20 she was governess in the family of the Marquis 
 of Winchester. About 1821 she entered upon the same ser- 
 vice in the family of Mr. Littleton, afterward Lord Ilather- 
 ton. Her journal was published anonymously as “A Lady’s 
 Diary, ” and then as “ The Diary of an Lnnuyde ” in 1826. In 
 1825 she married a former lover, Robert Jameson, barris- 
 ter; but they soon separated, Jameson going as judge to 
 Jamaica. Her “Characteristics of Women” appeared in 
 1832. In 1842 she began the series of art woiks which 
 made her famous with a “Companion to (he Public Picture 
 Galleries of London.” She traveled extensively in Europe 
 and America, and in 1847 revisited Italy to write her chef- 
 d’oeuvre, “Sacred and Legendary Art." This appeared in 
 four parts: “Legendsof theSaints”( 848), “Legends of the 
 Monastic Orders ”(1850), “Legends of the Madonna ”(1852), 
 and “The History of onr Lord.” The last was left unfin- 
 ished, and was completed by Lady Eastlake after Mrs. Ja^ 
 meson’s death. Among her other works are “I.oves of the 
 Poets ”(1829), “Celebrated Female Sovereigns ”(1831), “Vis- 
 its and Sketches”(1834),“ Win ter Studies and SummerRam- 
 bles in Canada” (1838), “Social Life in Germany,” a trans- 
 lation of the dramas of Princess Amelia of Saxony (184C), 
 “Memories of the Early Italian Painters ” (1845), and “Mis- 
 cellaneous Essays,” chiefly artistic (1846). 
 
 Jameson, James Sligo. Born at Alloa, Clack- 
 mannanshire, Aug. 17, 1856: died at Bangala 
 on the Kongo, Aug. 17, 1888. A British natu- 
 ralist and explorer. He visited Borneo in 1877, South 
 Africa in 1878, the Rocky Mountains in 1882, and Spain and 
 Algeria in 1884. On Jan. 20 , 1887, he became the natural- 
 ist of the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition under Henry M. 
 Stanley, contributing £1,000 to the funds. He was left as 
 second in command of the rear column under Major Bart te- 
 lot, and at Stanley Falls in 1888 witnessed the killing of a 
 gil l of 10 by the cannibals of Tippu Tib. 
 
 Jameson, Sir Leander Starr. Bora at Edin- 
 burgh, 1853. A Scottish physician. He practised 
 medicine in Kimberley, Cape Colony, and was appointed 
 administrator of the British South Africa Company; in 
 this capacity he organized an attack upon the Matabele 
 in 1893. In 1895, at the instigation of Cecil Rhodes and 
 others, he prepared to lead an armed force to Johannes- 
 burg. He started (Dec. 29) from Pitsani, Bechuanaland, 
 with about OOOmen (chiefly drawn from the Bechuanaland 
 and Matabele mounted police), before the preparations 
 were complete, and was obliged to surrender to the South 
 African Republic at Doom Kop, Jan. 2, 1896. President 
 Krtlger sent him to Great Britain for trial. In July, 1896, 
 he was condemned to serve a ten months’ term of impris- 
 onment for having infringed the foreign enlistment act, 
 but was released Dec. 3, 1396, on account of ill health. 
 Jamesone (ja'me-son), George. Born at Aber- 
 deen, Scotland, about 1588 : died 1644. A Scot- 
 
 Janauschek 
 
 tish portrait-painter, a pupil of Rubens with 
 Vandyck: called the Scotch Vandyok. He re- 
 turned to Aberdeen 1620, and established himself in Edin- 
 burgh about 1635. When Charles I. visited Scotland in 
 1635 lie sat to Jamesone, and paid him with a diamond 
 from his own hand. Several of his portraits in Scotland 
 pass for Vandycks. In Aberdeen are several of his por- 
 traits and his picture of the Sibyls. His own portrait of 
 himself is in the gallery at Florence, and another is at 
 Cullen House, Banffshire. 
 
 James’s Palace, St. See St. James’s Palace. 
 James’s Park, St. See St. James’s rark. 
 Jamestown (jamz'toun). [Named from James 
 
 1. ] The first permanent English settlement in 
 thellnited States, situated in James City County, 
 Virginia, on the James River 37 miles northwest 
 of Norfolk. It was the site of the Spanish settlementof 
 San Miguel, founded by Ayllon 1526, but soon abandoned. 
 The colonists sent by the London Company landed May 
 13, 1607 ; the settlement grew slowly and suffered terribly, 
 especially in the starving time of 1609-10. It was burned 
 in Bacon's Rebellion, 1676. The only relics are the tower 
 of the church and a few tombs. 
 
 Jamestown. A city and summer resort in Chau- 
 tauqua County, New York, situated at the out- 
 let of Lake Chautauqua, 57 miles south-south- 
 west of Buffalo. Population, 31,297, (1910). 
 Jamestown. The only town in the island of 
 St. Helena. Population, about 5,000. 
 
 Jami (ja/me). Bora 1411 : died 1492. A cele- 
 brated Persian poet. His name was Nuruddin Ab- 
 durrahman, but he is known as Jami from his birthplace, 
 Jam in Khorasan. He began his career as a general stu- 
 dent, but later devoted himself especially to the philoso- 
 phy of the Sufis under the Sheik ul Islam Saaduddin whom 
 he succeeded. He was the last great poet and mystic of 
 Persia, and is said to have been the author of 99 works in 
 both prose and verse. “The Seven Thrones " is thought by 
 a native critic to combine the most exquisite compositions 
 in the Persian language, with the exception of the “ Five 
 Poems” of Nizami. The 7 poems thus termed are “The 
 Chain of Gold,” “Salamanand Absal,” “ The Present of the 
 Just,” “The Rosary,” “The Loves of Laila and Majnun,” 
 “Yusuf and Zulaikha,” and “The Book of Alexander." 
 Other works are a “ Spring Garden ” (i. e. a book on ethics 
 containing anecdotes and fables written in both prose and 
 verse), the “Magazine of Secrets,” and a biography of the 
 Sufis entitled “Exhalations of Intimacy or of Holiness.” 
 He was buried at Herat, the sultans of which were his pa- 
 trons. 
 
 Jamieson (ja'mi-son), John. Born at Glasgow, 
 March 3, 1759 : died at Edinburgh, July 12, 1838. 
 A Scottish clei’gyman, antiquary, and philolo- 
 gist. He entered Glasgow University at the age of 9, and 
 was licensed to preach in 1781. He was settled in Edin- 
 burgh in 1797. His cnief work is “An Etymological Dic- 
 tionary of the Scottish Language ” (1808 : supplement 1825). 
 
 Jamnia. See Jabne. 
 
 Jamrach (yam'rach), Johann Christian Carl. 
 
 Born at Hamburg, March, 1815 : died at Lon- 
 don, Sept. 6, 1891. A dealer in wild animals. 
 He was the son of a dealer in curiosities in Hamburg. He 
 became a dealer in wild animals in 1840, and acquired a 
 monopoly of that trade, supplying menageries and zoolog- 
 ical gardens. 
 
 Jamrad (jam-rod'). A ruined fort 9 miles west 
 of Peshawar, Panjab, British India, at the en- 
 trance of the Khyber Pass. 
 
 Jamshid (Pers. pron. jem-shed'). In Firdausi, 
 the fourth king of the Pishdadian or earliest dy- 
 nasty. He reigned 700 years, the first 300 of which were 
 happy and beneficent. He softened iron and taught its 
 use in the arts, taught weaving, distinguished castes, sub- 
 dued and employed the devs or demons, discovered pre- 
 cious stones and minerals, invented medicine, and first 
 practised navigation. In his homage men fust celebrated 
 the New Year. Death was unknown, but Jamshid became 
 proud and forgot God. He was forced to flee before Dahak 
 (see Azld Dahaka), andremained concealed 100 years, when 
 he appeared on the shore of the China Sea only to be seized 
 and sawn asunder by Dahak. Jamshid is the Avestan Yiino 
 kshaeto, ‘Shining Yima’ (see Yima), Sanskrit Yarna (see 
 Yama). Also called Jem. 
 
 Jamil (jum-o'), or Jummoo (jum-mo'). A town 
 in Kashmir, situated on the Tavi in lat. 32° 44' 
 N., long. 74° 55' E. Population, 36,130. 
 Janaka (jan'a-ka). In Hindu legend : 1. Aking 
 of Mithila, of the solar race. When Nimi died with- 
 out a successor, the sages rubbed his body and produced 
 from it a prince “called Janaka, from being born without 
 a progenitor.” He was the first Janaka, 20 generations 
 earlier than Janaka the father of Sita. 
 
 2. Kingof Videha, and father of Sita. Hewasre- 
 markable for his knowledge and sanctity. The sage Yajna- 
 valk' a was his priest. He refused to submit to the pre- 
 tensions of the Brahmans, and asserted his right of per- 
 forming sacrifices. He succeeded in his contention, for it 
 is said that by his righteous life he became a Brahman and 
 Rajarshi. 
 
 Janamejaya (jan-a-ma'ja-ya). In Hindu le- 
 gend, a king, son of Parikshit and great-grand- 
 son of Arjuna. He listened to the Mahabharata, as re- 
 cited by Vaishampayana, and so expiated the sin of kUling 
 a Brahman. 
 
 Janauschek (yii'nou-shek), Fanny (originally 
 Franziska Magdalena Romance). Born at 
 
 Prague, July 20, 1830: died at Amity ville, L. I., 
 N. Y., Nov. 28. 1904. A Bohemian tragic actress. 
 She made her first appearance at Prague, and in 1847 was 
 engaged at Cologne. The next year she went to Frankfort, 
 "here she remained for 12 years. She came to the United 
 
Janauschek 
 
 States in 1867, and played successfully in theprineipal cities. 
 She learned English at this time in order to play Sliakspere, 
 She finally settled in the United States. Among her prin 
 cipal parts were Medea, Lady Macbeth, and Mary Stuart, 
 Jandal (jen-del'). In the Sliahnamah, a trav- 
 eler, a noble of Faridun’s court, whom be sent 
 to Sarv, the King of Yemen, to seek his three 
 daughters in marriage for his three sons, Salm, 
 Tur, and Iraj. 
 
 Jane Eyre (jan ar). A noted novel by Charlotte 
 Bronte, published in 1847 under the pseudonym 
 Currer Bell. Its title is the name of its principal char- 
 acter, a woman who is made interesting in spite of a lack 
 of beauty, birth, money, and all the conventional attributes 
 of a heroine. The book is partly autobiographical, and 
 caused much comment, bringing its writer prominently 
 before the public. 
 
 Jane Grey, Lady. See Grey and Lady Jane Grey. 
 Jane Seymour. See Seymour. 
 
 Janes (janz). Edmund Storer. Born at Sheffield, 
 Mass., April 27, 1807: died at New York, Sept. 
 18, 1876. An American bishop of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church. 
 
 Jane Shore (jan shor). 1. A tragedy by Chettle 
 and Day, entered in Henslowe’s “Diary” May, 
 1603. Ward says it was produced in 1602. It was thought 
 to be a revision of an older play. 
 
 2. A tragedy by Kowe (1714). See Shore’s Wife, 
 and Shore, Jane. 
 
 The ballad of “ Jane Shore ” will be found in Percy’s 
 “Reliques.” Itis well known that the Jane Shore of real 
 history survived Edward IV. for thirty years. The char- 
 acter, which had been rendered very popular by Church- 
 yard’s Legend of “Shore’s Wife ”in the“ Mirror for Magis. 
 trates” (see “The Retume from Parnassus,” i. 2), appears 
 in a few scenes of “The True Tragedie of Richard III.” 
 (1594). Ward, Hist. Dram. Lit. 
 
 Janesville (janz'vil). A city and the capital of 
 Rock County, Wisconsin, situated on the Rock 
 River 64 miles west-southwest of Milwaukee. 
 Population, 13,894:, (1910). 
 
 Janet (zhii-na'j, Paul. Born at Paris, April 30, 
 1823: died there, Oct. 4, 1899. A French philos- 
 opher. He was professorof philosophy at theCollege of 
 Bourges 1845-48, and at Strasburg 1848-57. He became 
 professorof logic at the Lyc6e Louis le Grand in 1857, and 
 was professor of the history of philosophy at the Sor -bonne 
 1864-97. He was one of the principal advocates ol liberty 
 of scientific research. He was the author of “La famille ” 
 (1856), “Histoire de la philosophic morale et politique, 
 etc." (1858), “Etudes sur ladialectique dans Platon et He- 
 gel ’’ (1860), “La philosophie du bonheur” (1862), “Le ma- 
 tdrialisme contemporain en Allemagne, etc. ’’ (1864), “Les 
 problemes du X I siecle ” (1872), “Philosophie de la 
 revolution f ran raise” (1875), “Les causes finales” (1876), 
 “Saint-Simon, etc.”(1878), “ La philosophie frangaise con- 
 temporaine" (1879), “Les maitres de la pensde moderne” 
 (18S3), “Les origines du socialisme contemporain" (188 ), 
 “Victor Cousin, etc.” (1885), “Histoire de la philosophie, 
 etc.” (with G. Sdailles, 1887), “Centenaire de 1789, etc.” 
 
 S , “La philosophie de Lamennais ” (1890), “Lectures 
 ;s, etc.” (1890), etc. He also published several text- 
 books, translated Spinoza’s “God, Man, and Happiness” 
 and Leibnitz s “New Essays on Human Understanding,” 
 and contributed articles on the liberty of thought to all 
 the principal periodicals. 
 
 Janiculum (ja-nik'u-lum), or Mons Janiculus 
 
 (monz ja-nik'u-lus). A long ridge or hill in 
 Rome, on the right bank of the Tiber, extend- 
 ing south from the Vatican, and opposite the 
 Capitoline and the Aventine. it is the highest of 
 the hills of Rome, attaining opposite the Porta San Pan- 
 crazio, at about the middle of its extent, a height of 276 
 feet above the sea. 
 
 Janik (ja-nek'), or Yanik (ya-nek'). A district 
 in the vilayet of Trebizond, Asiatic Turkey. 
 Janin (zha-nan'), Jules Gabriel. Born at St.- 
 Etienne, France, Feb. 16, 1804: died at Paris, 
 June 20, 1874. A French novelist, feuilletonist, 
 litterateur, and dramatic critic in the “Journal 
 des Del), 'its.” He wrote “L’Ane mort et la femme guil- 
 lotinde ” (1829), “ Barna ve ”(1831), “ H istoire de la li ttdrature 
 et de la podsie, etc.” (1832), “Histoire de France” for the 
 plates of “La galerie historique de Versailles” (1837-43), 
 “Voyage en Italie” (1839), “La Normandie historique” 
 (1843), “La Bretagne historique” (1844), “Histoire de la 
 literature dramatique ” (from the “Ddbats,” 1851-55),“ Bd- 
 ranger et son temps” (1866), “Circe” (1867), besides many 
 romances, novels, etc. 
 
 Janina (ya/ne-na). A vilayet in Albania, Tur- 
 key. Area, 6,910 square miles. Population, 
 527,100. Also written Yanina, Jannina, Jvan- 
 nina, etc. 
 
 Janina. The capital of the vilayet of Janina, 
 situated on the Lake of Janina in lat. 39° 48' N., 
 long. 20° 54/ E. It has important trade, and manufac- 
 tures of gold lace, etc. It was taken by the Turks about 
 1431, and was flourishing in the time of Ali Pasha (1788- 
 1822). Population, 20,000 (largely Greeks). 
 
 JaRina, Lake of. A lake in Albania, near Ja- 
 nina. Length, 6 miles. 
 
 Janizaries (jan'i-za-riz). [From Turk., ‘new 
 troops.’] A former body of Turkish infantry, 
 constituting the sultan’s guard and the main 
 standing army, first organized in the 14th cen- 
 tury, and until the latter part of the 17th cen- 
 tury largely recruited from compulsory con- 
 scripts and converts taken from the Rayas or 
 
 541 
 
 Christian subjects. In later times Turks and other 
 Mohammedans joined the corps on account of the various 
 
 - privileges attached to it. The body became large and very 
 powerful and turbulent, often controlling the destiny of 
 the government ; and, after a revolt purposely provoked 
 by the sultan Mahmud II. in 1826, many thousand Janiza- 
 ries were massacred, and the organization was abolished. 
 
 Jankau (yan'kou). A village in Bohemia, 32 
 miles south-southeast of Prague. Here, March 6, 
 1645, the Swedes under Torstenson gained an important 
 victory over the Imperialists under Hatzfeld. 
 
 Jan Mayen Island (yan mi'en i'land). An 
 uninhabited island in the Arctic Ocean, it con- 
 tains an extinct volcano, Mount Beerenberg (5,836 feet 
 high), situated in lat. 71° 4' N., long. 7° 36' W. It was dis- 
 covered by the Dutch navigator Jan Mayen in 1611. 
 
 Jannseus. See Alexander. 
 
 Jamies (jan'ez) and Jambres (jam'brez). 
 Names given by St. Paul (2 Tim. iii. 8) to the 
 Egyptian magicians who withstood Moses at 
 Pharaoh’s court. 
 
 Jansen (jan'sen; D. pron. yan'sen), Latinized 
 Jansenius (jan-se'ni-us), 'Cornells. Born at 
 Acquoi, near Gorkuin, Netherlands, Oct. 28, 
 1585: died at Ypres, Belgium, May 6, 1638. A 
 Dutch Roman Catholic theologian, founder of a 
 sect named for him. See Jansenists. His chief 
 work is “Augustinus, seu doctrina St. Augustini de hu- 
 man* n at (me sanitate, segritudine, medicina, etc." (i640). 
 
 Jansenists (jan'sen-ists). A body or school in 
 the Roman Catholic Church, prominent in the 
 17th and 18th centuries, holding the doctrines 
 of Cornelis Jansen. Jansenism is described by Cath- 
 olic authorities as “a heresy which consisted in denying 
 the freedom of the will and the possibility of resisting 
 divine grace,” under “a professed attempt to restore the 
 ancient doctrine and discipline of the Church ” (Cath. 
 Diet.). It is regarded by Protestant authorities as “ a re- 
 action within the Catholic Church against the theological 
 casuistry and general spirit of the Jesuit order,” and “a 
 revival of the Augustinian tenets upon the inability of 
 the fallen will and upon efficacious grace” (G. P. Fisher, 
 Hist. Reformation, p. 451). 
 
 Janson (yan'son), Kristoffer Nagel. Born at 
 Bergen, Norway, May 5, 1841. A Norwegian 
 poet and novelist, author of poems and tales in 
 Norwegian dialect. 
 
 Janson, or Jenson (zhoh-soh'), Nicholas. 
 Died about 1481. A French printer and en- 
 graver who set up a printing establishment at 
 Venice about 1470. He is known chiefly as the 
 introducer of the roman type. 
 
 Januarius (jan-u-a'ri-us), Saint. A Christian 
 martyr who was beheaded under Diocletian. 
 He was bishop of Beneventum. Relics, which are assert- 
 ed to be his head and some of his blood, are preserved at 
 Naples. The blood is supposed to have the miraculous 
 power of becoming fluid when it is brought near the head — 
 a miracle which is performed for the edification of large 
 numbers of people several times a year. His festival is 
 kept in the Roman Church Sept. 19. 
 
 January (jan'u-a-ri). [L. Januarius (sc. mensis), 
 from Janus.} The first month of the year, ac- 
 cording to present and the later Roman reckon- 
 ing, consisting of thirty-one days. 
 
 January and May. Pope’s version of Chau- 
 cer’s ‘ ‘ Merchant’s Tale.” 
 
 Janus (ja'nus). [Prob. connected with Gr. 
 Zelf.] A primitive Italic solar deity, regarded 
 among the Romans as the doorkeeper of heaven 
 and the especial patron of the beginning and 
 ending of all undertakings. As the protector of 
 doors and gateways, he was represented as holding a 
 stall or scepter in the right hand and a key in the left; 
 and as the god of the sun s rising and setting he had two 
 faces, one looking to the east, and the other to the west. 
 His temple at Rome was kept open in time of war, and was 
 closed only in the rare event of universal peace. 
 
 Janus. The pseudonym of Dr. Johann Joseph 
 Ignaz von Dollinger. 
 
 Janus Quadrifrons, Arch of. See Arch of Ja- 
 
 -k ms Quadrifrons. 
 
 Japan (ja-pan'). [Corrupted from Zipanyu (of 
 Marco Polo), corrupted from native Niplion or 
 Nippon, Land of the Rising Sun ; F. Japon, 
 Sp. Japon, G. and D. Japan, Pg. Japao.} An 
 empire of Asia, lying east of China and Siberia. 
 Capital, Tokio. It comprises five islands — Hondu, 
 Yezo, Shikoku, Kiushiu, and Taiwan (Formosa), with Cho- 
 sen (Korea), the southern half of Sakhalin, and about 4,000 
 small islands, including the Loochoo and Kurile groups. 
 The surface is mountainous and hilly, culminating in Fuji- 
 san (12,365 feet). The loading occupation is agriculture. 
 The chief exports are silk, tea, rice, coal, copper, fish, lac- 
 quer, etc. The administrative divisions are 4 7 piefectures(3 
 fu, 43 ken, and 1 do). There is also a subdivision politically 
 into 85 provinces. The government is a limited monarchy, 
 with an emperor, cabinet and privy council, and an Imperial 
 Parliament composed of a House of Peers and a nouse of 
 Representatives. The prevailing religions are Shintoism 
 and Buddhism. Authentic history begins about 500 A. D. 
 Korean influence began at an early date, and Buddhism 
 was introduced from Korea about 550. The shogun Yori- 
 tomo usurped the authority in 1192. Marco Polo visited 
 the islands in the 13th century. A system of feudal baron- 
 age grew up : the Mikados were the emperors, but the real 
 power belonged to the shoguns. The Portuguese traded 
 with Japan from 1543 till their exclusion in 1638, and the 
 
 Jarnac 
 
 native Christians were persecuted from 1624. The Toku- 
 gawa dynasty of shoguns began in 1603. Japan continued 
 isolated, except for restricted trade with the Dutch, till the 
 American expedition under Perry, 1853: he forced a com- 
 mercial treaty, March 31, 1854, which was followed by 
 commercial relat ions with other countries. Thesliogunate 
 wasabolislied in 1867, and a civil war ended in 1868 in the 
 recovery of full power by the Mikado. More recent events 
 are abolition of the feudal system, 1871 ; annexation of the 
 Bonin Islands, 1876, and of the Loochoo Islands, 1879 ; sup- 
 pression of the Satsuma rebellion, 1877 ; constitution pro- 
 mulgated, 18°9; first parliament met. 1890 ; war with China 
 and acquisition of Formosa. 1894-95 (see China)-, and war 
 with Russia, Feb., 1904-Sept., 1905. (See Russo-Japanese 
 War). Area (exclusive of Formosa and the Pescadores), 
 161,113 square miles. Population, 49.581.928. 
 
 Japan, Sea of. That part of the Pacific Ocean 
 which lies between Japan on the east and south, 
 Korea on the west, and Asiatic Russia on the 
 north. It communicates with the Sea of Okhotsk by the 
 Channel of Tatary on the north and the Strait of La P6- 
 rouse on the northeast, and with the Pacific by the Chan- 
 nel of Korea on the southwest and Sangar Strait on the 
 east. 
 
 Japetus. The eighth satellite of Saturn, dis- 
 covered by Cassini, Oct., 1671. 
 
 Japheth (ja'feth), or Japhet (ja'fet). Accord- 
 ing to the account in Genesis, the third son of 
 Noah, and the ancestor of various nations in 
 northern Asia and in Europe (in general, of the 
 so-called Indo-European race). See Shem. 
 
 Attempts have been made to explain the names of the 
 three sons of Noah as referring to the colour of the skin. 
 Japhet liasbeen compared with the Assyrianippatu, ‘ white’; 
 Shem with the Assyrian samu, ‘olive-coloured ’; while in 
 Ham etymologists have seen the Hebrew kliam, 1 to be hot. ’ 
 But all such attempts are of very doubtful value. 
 
 Sayce, Races of the O. T., p. 42. 
 
 Japura (zha-po-ra/), or Yapura (ya-po-ra'), 
 called by Spanish Americans Caqueta (ka-ka'- 
 ta). A river in Colombia and Brazil, it rises in 
 the Amies near Popayan and joins the Amazon through a 
 network of channels extending from about long 63° to 67° 
 W. Length, about 1,500 miles ; navigable nearly 620 miles. 
 The middle course lies in territory claimed by Ecuador. 
 
 Jaquenetta (jak-e-net'a). In Shakspere’s 
 “Love’s Labour’s Lost,” a country maid with 
 whom the ‘ ‘ high fantastical Armado ” is in love. 
 
 Jaques (jaks or jaks, or as F., zhak; on the 
 stage often pron. as if mod. L., ja'quez). [F. 
 Jaques, Jacques, from LL. Jacobus, Jacob. From 
 OF. Jaques is derived ME. Jakes, Jak, mod. E. 
 Jack.'} 1. In Shakspere’s “As you Like it,” 
 a companion of the exiled duke. He is usually 
 spoken of as “the melancholy Jaques.” He has not en- 
 tered on this life with patience, but poses as a censurer of 
 mankind. 
 
 2. A younger son of Sir Rowland de Bois in 
 the same play is also named Jaques, and is 
 spoken of sometimes as Jaques de Bois. — 3. In 
 Ben Jonson’s comedy “The Case is Altered,” a 
 miser with a likeness to Shakspere’s “ Shylock ” 
 in the scenes with his daughter. 
 
 Jaques (zha'kes), Christovao. A Portuguese 
 captain who, in 1526, was sent with a squadron 
 to Brazil, with the title of governor. He captured 
 some French ships on the coast, founded the first Portu- 
 guese settlement at Pernambuco (1527), and explored as far 
 south as the Rio de la Plata. He was recalled in 1528. 
 
 Jaraes. See Charaes. 
 
 Jarasandha (jar-il-sand'ha). In Hindu legend, 
 son of Brihadratha, and king of Magadha. By 
 the favor of Khiva he prevailed over many kings, and es- 
 pecially fought against Krishna, attacking him eighteen 
 times. When Krishna returned from Dvaraka with Bhima 
 and Arjuna to slay Jarasandha and release the captive 
 kings, Jarasandha was slain by Bhima. 
 
 Jar chi. See Bashi. 
 
 Jardine (jiir'din), Sir William. Born at Edin- 
 burgh, Feb. 23, 1800: died at Sandown, Isle of 
 Wight, Nov. 21, 1874. A Scottish baronet and 
 naturalist. His chief works are “Illustrations of Orni- 
 thology ” (1830), “The Naturalist's Library ’’(1845 : which he 
 edited and in part wrote), “The Ichnology of Annandale” 
 (1853), “Birds of Great Britain and Ireland" (18.6), etc. 
 
 Jarita (jar'i-ta). In the Mahabharata, a certain 
 female bird. The saint Mandapala returned from the 
 shades because he had no son, became a male bird, bad by 
 her four sons, and then abandoned her. In the burning 
 of the Khandava forest she devotedly protected her chil- 
 dren, who were saved by the influence of Mandapala with 
 the god of fir e. 
 
 Jarley (jar'li), Mrs. In Dickens’s “Old Curios- 
 ity Shop,” the merry, kind-hearted owner and 
 exhibitor of Jarley’s wax-works, “the delight 
 of the nobility and gentry, and the peculiar pet 
 of the royal family.” 
 
 Jarlsberg (yarls'bero) and Laurvig (lour'vig). 
 A maritime amt in southern Norway. Area, 895 
 square miles. Population, 104,554. 
 
 Jarnac (zhar-niik'). A town in the department 
 of Charente, western France, situated on the 
 Charente 17 miles west of Angoulemo. it has 
 
 important trade in brandy and wine. There, March 13, 
 1569, the Catholics under the Duke of Anjou defeated the 
 Huguenots under Cond6 and Coligny. Population, com- 
 mune, 4,894. 
 
Jarndyce 
 
 Jarndyce (jam'dis), John. In Dickens’s “Bleak 
 House,” the owner of Bleak House, and guar- 
 dian of Richard Carstone, Ada Clare, and Esther 
 Summerson. It is his hahit, when he is disappointed in 
 human nature, to feel a severe east wind. 
 
 Jarnsida (yarn-se'da). [ON .Jarnsidha: Jam , 
 iron, and sidlia, side.] The first law code of Ice- 
 land under Norwegian sovereignty, compiled 
 from old Norwegian laws and sent to Iceland 
 by King Magnus in 1271. It is also called Hakon- 
 arbok, having been erroneously ascribed to King Hakon 
 Hakonsson. It met with strong opposition in Iceland, and 
 was soon superseded by the Jonsbok. 
 
 Jaromierz (ya'ro-merts). A town in Bohemia, 
 situated on the Elbe 66 miles east-northeast of 
 Prague. Population, commune, 8,213, (1910). 
 Jaroslaff. See Yaroslaff. 
 
 Jaroslaw (ya'ro-slav). A town in Galicia, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, situated on the San 57 miles west- 
 northwest of Lemberg. Population, commune, 
 24,974, (1910). 
 
 Jarric (zha-rek'), Louis Etienne. Born at Les 
 Cayes, 1757 : died there, Feb. 21, 1791. A Hai- 
 tian mulatto who, in 1789, was delegate to the 
 French Assembly, and organized there the So- 
 ciety of Amis des Noirs, or Friends of the Blacks. 
 Subsequently he was engaged with Ogd in a revolutionary 
 descent on Santo Domingo, and was captured and put to 
 death. See Og6. 
 
 Jarrow, or Jarrow-on-Tyne (jar'6-on-tin'). A 
 mining and manufacturing town in Durham, 
 England, situated on the Tyne 6 miles east of 
 Newcastle. It contains the ruins of a monastery, found- 
 ed 681, which was the home of Bede. Population, about 
 34,000. 
 
 jarvie (jar'vi), Baillie Nicol. A magistrate of 
 Glasgow, a character in Sir Walter Scott’s novel 
 “Rob Roy.” 
 
 Jasher (ja'sher). Book of. [Heb., ‘upright.’] 
 A lost book of Hebrew national songs, narrating 
 the deeds of the heroes (upright men). Two pas- 
 sages in the Old Testament are quoted from it : the famous 
 song which mentions the standing still of the sun (Josh, 
 x. 13), and the lament of David over Saul and Jonathan 
 (2 Sam. i. 18). It is evident that the work cannot have 
 been completed before the time of David, although the 
 nucleus of the collection may have been in existence ear- 
 lier. There are several Hebrew works of this title extant, 
 and one forgery which appeared in England in 1751. 
 
 Jasmin (zhiis-man'), Jacques. Born at Agen, 
 France, March 6, 1798 : died Oct. 4, 1864. A Pro- 
 vencal poet. He was known as the last of the trouba- 
 dours and the “Barber Poet.” His father was a composer 
 of the burlesque couplets used at fetes, charivaris, etc., 
 and he accompanied him on his expeditions. Put at last 
 in a seminary, he left it abruptly, and was employed in a 
 barber’s shop at Agen : later he entered this businesson his 
 own account. His first work was called “Charivari ”(1825). 
 He also composed a great number of popular songs, patri- 
 otic odes, etc., and “ Mons Soubenis” (“ My Souvenirs”), 
 written in the patois of Agen, a dialect of the langue d’oc. 
 The first collection of his workswas published inl835 under 
 the title, taken from his profession, “Papillotes. ” His name 
 reached Paris : he was presented to the king, and received 
 the cross of the Legion of Honor and a pension. In 1852 
 the Academy granted him a “prix extraordinaire” for his 
 Provencal poems. His principal poemsare “L’Aveugle de 
 Castel-Cuilld ” (1836), translated by Longfellow ; “Fiangon- 
 netto” (1840); “Marthela folle ” (1814) ; “Les deux freres 
 jumeaux ” (1845); “La semaine d’un fils” (1849); etc. 
 Jason (ja'son). [Gr. Tattup, the healer or atoner.] 
 In Greek legend, the leader of the Argonautic 
 expedition. Hewasbornatlolcus.was a son of .-Esonaml 
 Polymede, and was brought up under the instruction of 
 Chiron. The legends concerning him are numerous and 
 varied. His greatest exploit was the expedition to Col- 
 chis with the other Argonauts to obtain the Golden Fleece. 
 This he secured by the aid of the sorceress Medea, daugh- 
 ter of -Eetes, king of Colchis, who fell in love with him. 
 She protected him from the bulls breathing fire and hoofed 
 with brass which he was obliged, in order to obtain the 
 fleece, to yoke to the plow, and from the armed men 
 who sprang up from the dragon's teeth which he was re- 
 quired to sow in the fields. From other perils, also, she 
 saved him, and fled with him and the fleece. Jason finally 
 deserted Medea. See Medea. 
 
 Jassy, or Yassy (yas'se), or Jash (yash). A 
 city in Moldavia, Rumania, situated on the Bach- 
 lui, near the Pruth, in lat. 47° 10' N., long. 27° 
 36' E. It is the chief city of Moldavia, and was its capi- 
 tal from about 1564 to 1861. It has been frequently occu- 
 pied by the Russians, and was nearly destroyed by janiza- 
 ries in 1822. It has a university. A treaty was made here 
 between Russia and Turkey in 1792, by which the Russian 
 frontier was extended to the Dniester. Population, 80,000. 
 
 Jastrow (yas'tro). A town in the province of 
 West Prussia, Prussia, situated in lat. 53° 27' 
 N., long. 16° 47' E. Population, commune, 
 5,396. 
 
 Jasz-Apdthi (yas'o'pii-ti). A towu in the 
 county of Szolnok, Hungary, 52 miles east of 
 Budapest. Population, commune, 10,873. 
 Jcisz-Berdny (yas'be'ranv). A town in the 
 county of Szolnok, Hungary, situated on the 
 Zagyva 42 miles east of Budapest. Population, 
 commune, 26,791. 
 
 jataka (ja'ta-ka). [Skt. jataka, nom. jatakam, 
 nativity, principles of nativity.] Among the 
 
 Jean de Meun 
 
 Buddhists, a former birth of Shakyamuni, and 
 a narrative regarding it; “Birth-story.” The 
 Jatakas are one of the sacred books of the Buddhists, a 
 division of the Khuddakanikaya, or “collection of short 
 treatises,” in the Suttapitaka, or discourses for the laity. 
 There is evidence of the existence of a collection so named 
 as early as the Council of Vesali (about 380 B. c.). They were 
 put into their present form in the Suttapitaka in the 5th 
 century A. D. There were current among the Buddhists 
 fables and parables ascribed to Buddha, the sanctity of 
 which they sought to increase by identifying the best char- 
 acter in any story with Buddha himself in a former birth. 
 Distinguished by quaint humor and gentle earnestness, 
 they teach the duty of tender sympathy with animals. 
 Many, if not all, of the fables of the Hitopadesha may be 
 identified with them. The stories number 550. They have 
 been edited in the original Pali by Fausboll, and are being 
 translated by Rhys Davids and under his superintendence. 
 Rhys Davids terms them “the most important collection 
 of ancient folk-lore extant.” 
 
 Jatayu (ja-ta'yo). In the Ramayana, a bird, 
 the son of Vishnu’s bird Garuda, and king of 
 the vultures. As ally of Rama he fought, to prevent 
 the carrying away of Sita, against Ravana who mortally 
 wounded him. In the Puranas Jatayu is the friend of 
 Dasharatha. 
 
 Jativa, or Xativa (Ha'te-va), or San Felipe de 
 Jativa (san fa-le'pa da Ha'te-va). A town in 
 the province of Valencia, Spain, situated on the 
 Albaida 31 miles south by west of Valencia : the 
 ancient Ssetabis. It has a castle ; was noted in Roman 
 times for linen manufactures ; and was the birthplace of 
 Pope Alexander VI. and of Ribera. Population, about 
 12,600. 
 
 Jats, or Jauts (jats). A mysterious race, per- 
 haps Hinduized Scythians, first mentioned in 
 the beginning of the 11th century. They opposed 
 the invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni, by whom they were 
 defeated, though they are said to have gathered 8,000 boats 
 on the Indus. In Aurung-Zeb’s reign they were banditti 
 in the mountains of the interior of India. Increasing in 
 strength under their chief Suraj Mai in the 18th century, 
 they dictated the policy of the Moguls. Suraj Mai was 
 killed when hunting in bravado in the imperial park at 
 Delhi, which city he had undertaken to besiege. After a 
 con test between the sons of Suraj Mai, their survivor, Ran- 
 jit Singh, secured the chiefship. When British power was 
 established in northern India, Ran jit Singh was allowed to 
 retain his territories, viz. Agra and its district, granted to 
 Suraj Mai by Ahmad Shah as the price of his desertion of 
 the Mahrattas before the battle of Paniput. Disagreements 
 arising between the English and the raja, Lord Comber- 
 mere stormed and captured the Jat fortress of DigJan. 18, 
 1826, and ended finally their power. 
 
 Jaubert (zho-bar'), Arnedee fimilien Probe. 
 
 Born at Aix, France, June 3, 1779: died at Pa- 
 ris, Jan. 20, 1847. A French Orientalist, author 
 of “Elements de la grammaire turque” (1823), 
 translator of Idrisi’s geography (1836-40), etc. 
 
 Jauer (you'er). A town in the province of Si- 
 lesia, Prussia, situated on the Wiitende Neisse 
 37 miles west of Breslau. It was formerly the capi- 
 tal of the ancient principality of Jauer. Population, com- 
 mune, 13,307. 
 
 Jauja (Hou'Ha), or Xauxa (nou'Ha). A town 
 of the department of Junin, Peru, in a valley 
 11, 150 feet above the sea, and 108 miles east of 
 Lima. It was a large native city at the time of the con- 
 quest, and was Pizarro’s temporary capital before the 
 founding of Lima. Population, about 3,000. 
 
 Jaunpur (joun-por'). 1. A district in the Be- 
 nares division, United Provinces, British India, 
 intersected by lat. 25° 40' N., long. 82° 40' E. 
 Area, 1,551 square miles. Population, 1,202,- 
 920. — 2. The capital of the district of Jaunpur, 
 situated on the Gumti 35 miles north-north- 
 west of Benares : formerly an important Mo- 
 hammedan capital. It includes several 
 
 mosques. Population, 42,771. 
 
 Jaunthal (youn'tal), or Jaunertkal (you'ner- 
 tal), F. Val de Bellegarde (viil de bel-gard'). 
 An alpine valley in the canton of Fribourg, 
 Switzerland, joining the valley of the Saane at 
 Broc. 
 
 Jauregui y Aldecoa (Hou'ra-ge e al-da-ko'a), 
 AgUStin de. Born ill Bazan, Navarre, 1708: 
 died at Lima, Peru, April 27, 1784. A Spanish 
 soldier and administrator. Afterserving in the West 
 Indiesand Portugal, he was captain-general of Chile 1773 to 
 1779, and viceroy of Peru July 20, 1780, to April 13, 1784. The 
 revolt of Tupac Amaru took place duriug Ms term in the 
 latter country. He died from the results of an accident a 
 few days after giving up his office. 
 
 Java (ja'vii). One of the Sunda Islands, and the 
 most important island of the Dutch East Indies. 
 Capital, Batavia. It is separated from Sumatra on the 
 northwest by Sunda Strait, from Borneo on the north by the 
 Java Sea, and from Bali on the east by Bali Strait, and bor- 
 ders on the Indian Ocean south. It is traversed by moun- 
 tains throughout its length, and contains many volcanoes. 
 Its soil is noted for its fertility. The chief exports are 
 coffee, tea, sugar, iudigo, and tobacco. It is divided into 17 
 residencies, under Dutch “ residents " and the governor- 
 general of the Dutch East Indies. The inhabitants aremain- 
 ly Javanese, Madurese, and Sundanese. Various Hindu 
 states were flourishing here prior to the introduction of 
 Mohammedanism in the 15th century. Dutch rule com- 
 menced in 1610. The island was taken by the British in 
 1811, but restored to Holland in 1816. There was a native 
 insurrection in 1825-30. Colonial system of enforced labor 
 
 for the natives was introduced in 1830, modified by an 
 agrarian law in 1870, and again modified in 1882. Area, 
 including Madura, 50,554 square miles. Greatest length, 
 664 miles. Greatest breadth, about 129 miles. Popula- 
 tion, with Madura, 30,098,008. 
 
 Javan (ja'van). According to Genesis, son of 
 J aphet and ancestor of Elisha, Tarshish , Kittim, 
 and Dodanim. In Ezek. xxvii. 13 he is mentioned as 
 carrying on trade with the Tyrians (compare also Isa. lxvi. 
 19). In all these passages the Ionians of Asia Minor are 
 meant, with whom the Orientals were earliest and best 
 acquainted. In the annals of Sargon (722-705 B. c.) they 
 are mentioned by the name of Iavanu (or, by the frequent 
 interchange of v and m in Assyrian, Iamanu), and figure as 
 pirates on the coasts of Phenicia and Asia M inor. 
 
 Javary (zha-va-re'), Sp. Yavary (ya-va-re'). 
 A southern affluent of the Amazon, forming 
 the boundary between Brazil and Peru. It rises, 
 presumably, near lat. 7“ S. and long. 74° W., and after a 
 very crooked course joins the Amazon in lat. 4° 15' S., 
 long. 69° 56' W. (nearly). Most of the course is navi- 
 gable. By existing treaties, the extreme source of the 
 Javary (unknown) is the western terminus of the boun- 
 dary between Brazil and Bolivia, and the northwestern 
 terminus of that between Bolivia and Peru. Also written 
 J avari. 
 
 Java Sea. That portion of the ocean partly in- 
 closed by Borneo on the north, Sumatra on the 
 west, Java on the south, and Flores Sea on the 
 east. 
 
 Javea (Ha-va'ii). A seaport in the province of 
 Alicante, Spain, situated on the Mediterranean 
 43 miles northeast of Alicante. Population, 
 6,606. 
 
 Javert (zha-var'). An officer of the police force 
 in “ Les Miserables,” by Victor Hugo. He is 
 the incarnation of inexorable law. 
 
 Jaworow (ya-vo'rov), or Jawardw(ya-vii'rov). 
 A town in Galicia, Austria-Hungary, 28 miles 
 west by north of Lemberg. Population, com- 
 mune, 10,208, (1910). 
 
 Jaxartes (jak-sar'tez). The ancient name of the 
 Sir-Daria. 
 
 Jaxt. See Jagst. 
 
 Jay (ja), John. Bom at New York, Dec. 12,1745 : 
 died at Bedford, Westchester County, N.Y., May 
 17,1829. An American statesman and jurist. He 
 was a delegate to Congress from N ew York 1774-77 and 1778- 
 1779, and drew up the constitution of N ew York in 1777. He 
 was United States minister to Spain 1780-82 ; peace com- 
 missioner at Paris 1782-83; secretaiy for foreign affairs 1784- 
 1789; contributortothe“Federalist”; firstcliief justice of 
 the United States Supreme Court 1789-95 ; unsuccessful 
 candidat e for governor of New York 1792 ; special minister 
 to Great Britain 1794-95; and governor of New York 1795- 
 1801. 
 
 Jay, William. Born at Tisbury, Wilts, May, 
 1769: died at Bath, Dec. 27, 1853. An English 
 Independent clergyman and religious writer. 
 His best-known work is “Morning and Evening 
 Exercises” (1829-31). 
 
 Jayadratha (ja-yad'rat-ha). A prince of the 
 lunar race, and king of Sindhu. He married the 
 daughter of Dhri tarashtra, and was an ally of the Kauravas. 
 In the absence of the Pandavas he carried off Draupadi. 
 Seized by them, he was spared, to be slain by Arjuna iu the 
 great battle. 
 
 Jayce, or Jajce (yit'se), or Jaitza (ylt'sa). A 
 town in Bosnia, situated on the Verbas in lat. 
 44° 16' N. It is one of the most interesting towns in 
 Bosnia, and contains a number of mosques. It has a noted 
 waterfall. Population, about 4,000. 
 
 Jay’s Treaty. A name given to the treaty be- 
 tween Great Britain and the United States con- 
 cluded by John Jay Nov. 19, 1794, and ratified 
 by the United States Aug. 18, 1795. it contained 
 provisions for the surrender to the United States of the 
 northwestern military posts ; for the settlement of the east- 
 ern boundary ; for the payment of British debts .and Ameri- 
 can claims ; for the restriction of American trade in the 
 West Indies ; and for neutrality at sea. 
 
 Jazyges (jaz'i-jez). A Sarmatian people who 
 settled in Hungary about the beginning of the 
 Christian era, and later were merged in the 
 Magyars. 
 
 Jeaffreson (jef'er-son), John Cordy. Born at 
 Eramlingham, Suffolk, England, Jan. 14, 1831 : 
 died Feb. 2, 1901. An English novelist and 
 miscellaneous writer. Among his works are “Isabel, 
 the Young Wife and the Old Love,” “A Book about Doc- 
 tors" (186D), “ Olive Blake’aGood Work ” (1862), “ Live it 
 Down" (1863), “Not Dead Yet" (1864), “Life of Robert 
 Stephenson, etc.” (1864), “Journals and Journalists, etc.,” 
 “A Book about Lawyers” (1866), “A Book about the 
 Clergy” (1870), “ Annals of Oxford” (1870), “The Real 
 Lord Byron, etc." (1883), “The Real Shelley, etc.” (1885), 
 “Lady Hamilton and Lord Nelson ” (1887), etc. 
 
 Jealous Wife, The. A comedy by George Col- 
 man the elder, produced in 1761 . it is founded on 
 the episode in Fielding’s “ Tom Jones ” where Sophia takes 
 refuge with Lady Bellaston. 
 
 Jeames (jemz). [J t ames, formerly pron. jainz, 
 is a var. of James."] A conventional name for 
 a footman or flunkey. Thackeray’s “ Jeames's Diary," 
 which appeared in “Punch," is the diary of a footman, and 
 he occasionally used the name as a pseudonym. 
 
 Jean de Meun (zhon de mun') (Jean Clopinel) 
 (klo-pe-nel'). Born at Meun-sur-Loire, Origan- 
 
Jean de Meun 
 
 ais, about 1250 : died at Paris before Nov., 1305. 
 One of the leading French poets of the 13th cen- 
 tury. He is known chiefly as having continued, after a 
 lapse of 40 years, “Le roman de la rose, "a poem undertaken 
 about 1237 by a young poet, Guillaume de Lorris, and left 
 incomplete at the time of his death. In 1277 J ean de Meun 
 wa 9 still a student in Paris. His translations into French 
 include the “ De re militari” of Vegetius (1284), the 
 correspondence of H^loise and Abdlard, and Gerald 
 Barri's “Topographia Hibenme." “L’Amitid spirituelle,” 
 translated from the English of the monk /Elred, and the 
 French translation of Boethius’s “Deconsolationephiloso- 
 phica ” have both been lost. Between 1291 and 1296 J ean de 
 Meun wrote his “Testament,” a curious piece of work re- 
 plete with sarcasm and criticism, especially of the women 
 and of themendicantordersof his day. Als oJeandeMeung. 
 
 Jeanette, The. See De Long, G. W. 
 
 Jean Jacques. See Bousseau, Jean Jacques. 
 Jean Jacques I. See Dessalines. 
 
 Jeanne d'Albret. See Albret. 
 
 Jeanne d’Arc. See Joan of Arc. 
 
 Jeanne d’Arc (zhan dark'). An opera by Gou- 
 nod, produced at Paris in 1873. 
 
 Jean Paul. See Bichter, Jean Paul Friedrich. 
 Jebb (jeb), Sir Richard Ciaverhouse. Born 
 at Dundee, Aug. 27, 1841: died Dee. 9, 1905. 
 A noted British scholar. In 1875 he became pro- 
 fessor of Greek in Glasgow University, and in 1889 regius 
 professor of Greek at Cambridge. He represented his 
 university in the House of Commons 1891-1905. 
 
 Jebeil (je-bil'),or Jubeil (ju-bil'), or Jebail (je- 
 bal' or je-bil'). A town in Syria, situated on 
 the Mediterranean 18 miles north-northeast of 
 Beirut: the ancient Byblus, and biblical Gebal. 
 Jeblisites (jeb'u-zits). A Canaanitish nation 
 which long withstood the Israelites. The strong- 
 hold of the Jebusites was Jehus on Mount Zion, a part of 
 the site of Jerusalem, of which they were dispossessed by 
 David. 
 
 Jed (yed). [Ar. yed, the hand.] The two third- 
 magnitude stars S and e Ophiuchi, which mark 
 the giant’s left hand. dis Jed prior, and e Jed 
 posterior. 
 
 Jedaya Penini (je-da'ya pe-ne'ne), or Bedar- 
 shi (be-dar'she). A Jewish poet and writer of 
 the 14th century in Provence. The best-known of 
 his works is his didactic poem, “ Meditation on the World ” 
 (‘ ‘ Bechinath Olam ”). On account of his eloquence and the 
 elegance of his style, he was called “ the Jewish Cicero.” 
 Jedburgh (jed'bur // o). The capital of Rox- 
 burghshire, Scotland, situated on the Jed 41 
 miles southeast of Edinburgh, its abbey is one of 
 the chief Scottish ecclesiastical ruins. It was founded in 
 1118 by David I., but the existing nave, well-proportioned 
 and excellent in details, is Early English. What remains 
 of the choir is massive Norman. A Romanesque doorway 
 presents elaborate moldings, in which the chevron is con- 
 spicuous. The nave and the central part of the church are 
 well preserved except that they have lost their vaults and 
 part of their side walls. Jedburgh was famous in border 
 warfare; and Jeddart justice was proverbially summary, 
 hanging the culprit first and trying him afterward (also 
 called Jedwood justice). Population, 2,222. 
 
 Jeddah. See Jiddah. 
 
 Jefferies (jef'rlz), John Richard, called Rich- 
 ard Jefferies. Bom near Swindon, Wiltshire, 
 England. Nov. 6, 1848: died at Goring, Sus- 
 sex (?), Aug. 14, 1887. An English miscellane- 
 ous writer, noted principally for his descriptions 
 of nature. Author of “The Game-Keeper at Home” 
 (1878), “ Wild Life in aSouthern Country” (1879), “Nature 
 near London ” (1883), “ Story of My Heart ” (1883), “ Life of 
 the Fields ” (1884), “ Red-Deer ” (1884), “ Amaryllis at the 
 Fair ” (1887), etc. 
 
 Jefferson (jef'er-son). A river in Montana, 
 formed by the union of the Beaver Head and 
 Wisdom (or Big Hole) rivers in Madison 
 County. It unites with the Madison and Gal- 
 latin to form the Missouri. Total length, about 
 200 miles. 
 
 Jefferson. The capital of Marion County, east- 
 ern Texas, situated on Big Cypress Bayou 
 40 miles northwest of Shreveport, Louisiana. 
 Population, 2,515, (1910). 
 
 Jefferson, Joseph. Born at Philadelphia, Feb. 
 20, 1829: died at Palm Beach, Fla., April 23, 
 1905. A noted American actor. He was the fourth 
 of his family and the third of his name on the stage. He 
 made his first appearance as the child in “ Pizarro ” at the 
 age of three years. Until 1856 he played minor parts and 
 managed several Southern theaters. In 1858 he became 
 prominent as Asa Trenehard in “Our American Cousin.” 
 Later he became a “star,” and his Dr. Pangloss, Bob 
 Acres, and Dr. Ollapod are well known. He is principally 
 noted for his performance of Rip Van Winkle. His auto- 
 biography was published in 1890. 
 
 Jefferson, Mount. One of the summits of the 
 Presidential Range, White Mountains, New 
 Hampshire. Height, 5,725 feet. 
 
 Jefferson, Mount. Apeak of the Cascade Moun- 
 tains, Oregon, 75 miles southeast of Portland. 
 Height, 10,200 feet. 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas. Bom at Shadwell, Albe- 
 marle County, Va., April 13 (N. S.), 1743 : died 
 at Monticello, Albemarle County, July 4, 1826. 
 The third President of the United States (1801- 
 
 543 
 
 1809). He was a member of the Virginia House of Bur- 
 gesses 1769-75 and 1776 78, and of the Continental Con- 
 gress 1775-76, and drafted the Declaration ol Indepen- 
 dence 1776. He was governor of Virginia 1779-81; member 
 of Congress 1783-84"; United States minister to France 
 1785-89 ; secretary of state 1790-93 ; founder of the Demo- 
 cratic-Republican party; V ice-President 1797-1801 ; and 
 President (elected as candidate of the Democratic-Republi- 
 can party) two terms, 1801-09. Among the chief events of 
 his administrations were the war with Tripoli, the Loui- 
 siana Purchase, the reduction of the national debt, the 
 exploration of the West, and the embargo. 
 
 Jefferson City. The capital of Missouri and 
 of Cole County, situated on the Missouri in lat. 
 38° 35' N.,long. 92° 11' W. Population, 11,850, 
 (1910). 
 
 Jeffersonville (jef'er-son-vil). A city and the 
 capital of Clarke County, Indiana, situated on 
 the Ohio at its falls, opposite Louisville, Ken- 
 tucky. Population, 10,412, (J910) . 
 
 Jeffrey (jef'ri), Francis, Lord Jeffrey. Bom 
 at Edinburgh, Oct. 23, 1773: died Jan. 26, 1850. 
 A Scottish critic, essayist, and jurist. He was 
 the son of George Jeffrey, depute clerk in the Court of 
 Session. He studied at Queen’s College, Oxford, for a pm! 
 of one year, 1791-92, and was admitted to the Scottish 
 bar Dec. 16, 1794. The “Edinburgh B-eview” was started 
 by a coterie of which Jeffrey, Sydney Smith, Brougham, 
 and Horner were the chiefs, at the suggestion of Smith, who 
 at first assumed control. He was, however, superseded 
 by Jeffrey, who became responsible editor. The first num- 
 ber was published Oct. 10, 1802. Its success was imme- 
 diate. As Brougham was the principal political contribu- 
 tor, the politics of the “Review” were those of the Whigs. 
 Jeffrey's legal practice continued to increase until July 2, 
 1829, whenhewas unanimouslychosen dean of the Faculty 
 of Advocates, and resigned his editorship of the“Review” 
 to Macvey Napier. In 1830 he was appointed lord advo- 
 cate. After the passage of the Reform Bill he was returned 
 to Parliament for Edinburgh, Dec. 19, 1832. In May, 1834, 
 he accepted a seat in the Court of Session, and became 
 Lord Jeffrey. Jeffrey visited America in 1813 for six 
 months. 
 
 Jeffreys ( jef 'riz), George, Baron J effreys. Bom 
 at Acton, Denbighshire, 1648 : died at London, 
 April 18, 1689. An English judge. He was called 
 to the bar in 1C68, and was appointed common sergeant of 
 the city of London in 1671. Seeing no hope of further 
 advancement from the popular party, with which he had 
 hitherto been associated, he ingratiated himself with the 
 Duke of York, with the result that he was appointed 
 solicitor-general to the duke, and was knighted in 1677. 
 In 1678 he was made recorder of London, a position which 
 he was compelled by Parliament to resign in 1680. He 
 became chief justice of Chester in 1680, and of England in 
 1683; was created Baron Jeffreys of Wem in 1685; and 
 was elevated to the post of lord chancellor of England in 
 1685. He used his position as chief justice and as chan- 
 cellor to transform the judiciary from a stronghold of the 
 opposition to the chief agent in furthering the attempt 
 of James II. to make himself an absolute monarch, and 
 rendered himself notorious by the flagrant injustice and 
 brutality which he displayed on the bench. (See Bloody 
 Assizes.) He was imprisoned on the overthrow of James 
 II., and died in the Tower of London. 
 
 Jehoahaz (je-hd'a-baz). King of Israel 815-798 
 B. C. (Duncker), son of Jehu. He was held in sub- 
 jection by Hazael, king of Damascus, who compelled him 
 to reduce his army to 50 horsemen, 10 chariots, and 10,000 
 infantry. 2 Ki. xiii. 1-9. 
 
 Jehoiachln (je-hoi'a-kin). King of Judah 597 
 B. C. (Duncker), son of Jehoiakim. He was, after 
 a reign of three months and ten days, carried into the 
 Babylonian captivity, with 10,000 of his subjects, by Nebu- 
 chadnezzar. 
 
 Jehoiada (je-hoi'a-da). High priest of Judah. 
 When the usurper Queen Athaliah slew the members of 
 the royal house of Judah in 843 B. c., he saved the prince 
 Joash, whom he brought up in the temple. In 837 he 
 headed a rebellion by which Athaliah was overthrown and 
 Joash placed on the throne. 
 
 Jehoiakim (je-hoi'a-kim). King of Judah 609- 
 597 B. c. (Duncker), son of Josiah. He succeeded 
 his brother Jehoahaz, who was deposed by Pharaoh-Neclio. 
 After the defeat of Pharaoh-N echo at Carchemish by N ebu- 
 cliadnezzar in 605, he remained virtually independent until 
 600, when Nebuchadnezzar invaded his kingdom and com- 
 pelled his submission. 
 
 Jehol (ya'hol), orCheng-te (cheng'te'). A town 
 in Mongolia, about lat. 41° N., long. 118° E. 
 It contains a summer residence of the Chinese 
 emperor. 
 
 Jehoram. See Joram. 
 
 Jehoshaphat (je-hosh'a-fat). King of Judah 
 about 873-848 B. C. (Duncker), son of Asa. He 
 
 married his son Jehoram to Athaliah, daughter of Ahab, 
 king of Israel, and Jezebel; and was defeated with Aliab 
 at Ramoth-Gilead by the king of Syria. 1 Ki. xxii. 41-50, 
 2 Chron. xvii.-xx. 
 
 Jehoshaphat, Valley of. The name now given 
 to the valley between Jerusalem and the Mount 
 of Olives. 
 
 Jehovah. See Yahveli. 
 
 Jehu (je'hu), son of Hanani. A prophet of 
 Judah in the time of Jehoshaphat, 873-848 b. C. 
 Jehu, son of Jehoshaphat, son of Nimshi. King 
 of Israel 843-815 b. C., and the founder of a new 
 dynasty. He was captain of the army under Jehoram, 
 son and successor of Ahab, and at the order of the prophet 
 Elisha was anointed king, and commissioned with the 
 execution of judgment on the house of Ahab. He then 
 ruthlessly exterminated the old dynasty, and with it the 
 
 Jenkins, Thornton Alexander 
 
 worship and worshipers of Baal. In his war with Hazael 
 of Syria he lost the East Jordan region. He is mentioned 
 on the black obelisk of Shalmaneser 11.(860-824 B. C.) among 
 the kings paying tribute. 
 
 Jehu. A common name for a coachman, espe- 
 cially a reckless one. See 2 Ki. ix. 20. 
 
 Jeisk. See Yeisk. 
 
 Jekyll, Dr., and Mr. Hyde. See Strange Case, 
 etc. 
 
 Jelalabad (jeFa-la-bad'), or Jalalabad (jaF- 
 a-la-bad'). A town in Afghanistan, 77 miles 
 east of Kabul. It was successfully defended by the Brit- 
 ish under Sale against the Afghans in 1842, and was held by 
 the British 1878-80. 
 
 Jelal-ed-dm-Rftmi. See Jalal uddin Bumi. 
 Jeletz. See Yelets. 
 
 Jelf (jelf), William Edward. Born 1811 : died 
 Oct. 18, 1875. An English scholar. He was 
 the author of a Greek grammar (1842-45). 
 Jellachich de Buzim (yel'la-chich de bot'sem), 
 Count Joseph. Born at Peterwardein, Slavo- 
 nia, Oct. 16, 1801 : died at Agram, Croatia, May 
 19, 1859. A Croatian general. He was appointed 
 
 ban of Croatia in 1848, and, incited by the court of Austria, 
 took up arms against the Hungarians Sept., 1848. He was 
 finally completely defeated in July, 1849. 
 
 Jellalabad. See Jelalabad. 
 
 Jellyby (jel'i-bi), Mrs. In Dickens’s “Bleak 
 House,” a strong-minded woman, completely 
 occupied with missionary and charitable work, 
 particularly with emigration to Borrioboola- 
 Gha, and having no time to attend to her house- 
 hold duties. 
 
 Jemez (ha/maz), or Emmes, or Hemes. A 
 linguistic stock of North American Indians, 
 occupying the pueblo of Jemez, on Jemez 
 River 20 miles N. W. of Bernalillo, New Mexico. 
 The pueblo of Pecos was formerly occupied by the eastern 
 division of the people speaking the Jemez dialect, but 
 since 1840 the few surviving members of the Pecos tribe 
 have lived with their kindred at Jemez pueblo. The name 
 is an adaptation of the Keresan name of Jemez pueblo. 
 The original name in the Jemez idiom is Uala-tahua. 
 
 Jemmapes, or Jemappes (zhe-map'). A village 
 in the province of Hainaut, Belgium, 3 miles 
 west of Mons. It is famous for the decisive victory 
 gained by the French under Duraouriez over the Austrians 
 under the Duke of Saxe*Teschen, Nov. 6, 1792. It was the 
 first battle won for the republic, and was followed by the 
 occupation of Belgium. Population, commune, 14,096. 
 
 Jemtland (yemt'l&nt). 1. A (former) province 
 of Sweden, about lat. 63° N. — 2. A laen of 
 Sweden, formed from the former province of 
 Jemtland andHerjeMalen. Area, 19,712 square 
 miles. Population, 115,755. 
 
 Jena (ya/na). A city in the district of Apolda, 
 Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, situated on the Saale 
 45 miles southwest of Leipsic. It contains a castle. 
 The university, founded by the elector John Frederick of 
 Saxony, was formally opened in 1558, and reached the 
 height of its celebrity in the end of the 18th century. It 
 has a library of over 250,000 volumes, and the first German 
 literary journal was published under its auspices in 1785. 
 A victory was gained here by the French (numbering about 
 100,000) under Napoleon over the Prussians and Saxons 
 (numbering, with Riichel, about 70,000) under Prince Ho- 
 henlohe, Oct. 14, 1806. The Prussian loss was 12,000 killed 
 and wounded, and 15,000 prisoners. The same day at 
 Auerstadt, a few miles distant, Davout defeated another 
 Prussian army. See Auerstadt. Population, commune, 
 26,360. 
 
 Jenghiz Khan, or Genghis Khan ( jen'gis khan ), 
 or Jinghis Khan (jin'gis khan), etc. (originally 
 Temuchin). Born near the river Onon, Mongo- 
 lia, 1162: died in Mongolia, 1227. A Mongol 
 conqueror, son of Yesukai, a petty tribal chief- 
 tain. He proclaimed himself khan of the Mongol nation 
 in 1206; completed the conquest of northern China with 
 the capture of Peking in 1215 ; and conquered central Asia 
 1218-21. 
 
 Jeniguich. See Chemelmevi. 
 
 Jenil, or Genii (Ha-nel'). A river in Andalusia, 
 Spain, joining the Guadalquivir 30 miles west- 
 southwest of Cordova. Length, about 150 miles. 
 Jenkin (jeng'kin), Henry Charles Fleeming. 
 Born near Dungeness, March 25, 1833: died at 
 Edinburgh, June 12, 1885. A British engineer 
 and electrician. He began his education at the Edin- 
 burgh Academy, and entered the University of Genoa in 
 1848, where he took the degree of M. A. The practical part 
 of his profession he learned in Fairbairn’s shops at 
 Manchester. In 1859 he began, with Sir William Thom- 
 son, experiments to determine the resistance and insula- 
 tion of electric cables, and from 1858 to 1873 was especially 
 occupied with practical work in cable telegraphy. The 
 reports to the British Association of the committee on 
 “ electric standards ” in 1861 are largely his work. He was 
 elected F. R. S. in 1865, and professor of engineering in 
 University College, London, and in 1868 to the same chair 
 in Edinburgh University. 
 
 Jenkins (.jeng'kinz), Edward. Born at Banga- 
 lore, India, 1838 : died June 4, 1910. A British 
 
 author. He wrote a number of books and pamphlets on 
 political and social subjects : the best-knowu of these is 
 “ Giux’s Baby ” (1870). 
 
 Jenkins, Thornton Alexander. Born in Orange 
 County ,Va., Dee. 11, 1811 : died at Washington, 
 
Jenkins, Thornton Alexander 
 
 D. C., Aug. 9. 1893. An American naval officer. 
 He was chief of staff of Farragut’s squadron in the Mis- 
 sissippi River during the Civil War, and was promoted rear- 
 admiral in 1870. 
 
 Jenkinson (jeng'kin-son), Anthony. Died at 
 Tigfie, Rutland, Feb., 1611. An English sailor, 
 merchant, and explorer. He began his career in the 
 Levant (1546), visiting most of the Mediterranean coun- 
 tries. In 1553 he met Soliman the Great at Aleppo, from 
 whom he obtained privileges for trade in Turkish ports. 
 In 1557 he was appointed captain-general of the Muscovy 
 Company’s fleet, and their agent for three years. Their 
 fleet reached the Dwina by way of the North Cape July 12, 
 1557, where he left it and proceeded overland to Moscow 
 (Dec. 6). He was cordially received by the Czar, under 
 whose protection he was enabled to proceed by way of Nijni 
 Novgorod, Astrakhan, the Caspian Sea, and Khiva to Bo- 
 khara, where he arrived Dec. 23, 1558. After two months 
 he returned to Moscow and London by the same route. In 
 1561 the journey was repeated as far as Astrakhan (June, 
 1562), whence he made a somewhat unsuccessful detour 
 into Persia. He returned to Moscow Aug. 20, 1563, and to 
 London, Sept. 28, 1564. He was the first Englishman to 
 penetrate central Asia. 
 
 Jenkinson, Charles, first Earl of Liverpool. 
 Boru at Winchester, April 26, 1727: died at 
 London, Dec. 17, 1808. Au English politician, 
 secretary at war under Lord North 1778-82, and 
 president of the Board of Trade 1784-1801. He 
 wrote “A Treatise on the Coins of the Realm” 
 (1805), etc. 
 
 Jenkinson, Ephraim. A venerable-looking 
 swindler in Goldsmith’s “Vicar of Wakefield.” 
 He swindles the vicar out of his horse. 
 Jenkinson, Robert Banks, second Earl of Liv- 
 erpool. Born June 7, 1770: died at London, Dec. 
 4, 1828. An English politician, eldest son of 
 Charles Jenkinson, first Earl of Liverpool. He 
 was educated at Charterhouse and at Oxford (1786-89). In 
 1789 he went to Paris, where he was present at the capture 
 of the Bastille. He entered Parliament in 1790. In 1796 
 he became by courtesy Lord Hawkesbury (Baron Hawkes- 
 bury 1803), and in 1799 was made master of the mint. In 
 1801 he entered the Foreign Office with a seat in the cabi- 
 net. In 1803 he was responsible for the failure to evacuate 
 Malta according to the treaty of Amiens. On May 12, 1804, 
 he was tr ansferred to the Home Office, and became leaderof 
 the House of Lords. During the Whig ministry 1806-07 he 
 led the opposition. Returning to the Home Office March 
 25, 1807, he opposed the Catholic emancipation movement ; 
 he became earl of Liverpool upon the death of his father 
 (Dec., 1808). From June, 1812, to April, 1827, he was pre- 
 mier in a Tory ministry. He was a prime mover in sending 
 Napoleon to St. Helena, and in the readjustment of French 
 affairs in 1815 and 1818. During the reform struggle he 
 uniformly followed the policy of forcible repression until 
 1826, when he seems to have recognized the necessity of 
 modifying the Corn Laws. 
 
 Jenkins’s Ear, War Of. The name popularly 
 given to the war between Great Britain and 
 Spain which broke out in 1739, and became 
 merged in the War of the Austrian Succession. 
 Its immediate cause was the grievance of an English mar- 
 iner, P.obert Jenkins, who alleged that he had been tortured 
 by the Spaniards, with the loss of his ear. 
 
 Jenne (jen'ne), or Jinne (jin'ne). A town in 
 French West Africa, situated near the Niger 
 about 250 miles southwest of Timbuktu. 
 Jenner (jen'er), Edward. Born at Berkeley, 
 Gloucestershire, May 17, 1749 : died there, Jan. 
 26, 1823. An English physician, famous as the 
 discoverer of vaccination, in i770hebecameapupil 
 of John Hunter in London, and also studied at the same 
 time in St. George’s Hospital. In 1773 he began to prac- 
 tise in Berkeley. His investigation of cowpox began very 
 early, and was suggested by the local rustic tradition that 
 the dairymaids who contracted the disease were exempt 
 from smallpox. On May 14, 1796, he vaccinated a boy of 
 eight with lymph from the hand of a dairymaid, and on 
 July 1 inoculated the same boy with smallpox. The ex- 
 periment was successful: an account of it was published 
 June, 1798. The practice of vaccination gradually gained 
 ground until in 1800 a great part of his time was taken up 
 by the distribution of lymph, much of it in America. 
 Honors came to him from every quarter, and on June 2, 1802, 
 a grant of 1610,000 was made to him by Parliament. 
 
 Jenner, Thomas. Flourished 1631-56. An au- 
 thor, engraver, and publisher, in the reigns of 
 Charles I. and Charles II. he kept a print-shop at the Royal 
 Exchange which was frequented by Pepys and Evelyn. 
 Among his works are the “Soul’s Solace” with thirty curi- 
 ous copperplate engravings (1631), “ Directions for the 
 English Traveller” (1643), “A Further Narrative of the 
 Passages of these Times ” (1648), “ London’s Blame if not its 
 Shame ” (1651). Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Jennings, Sarah. See Marlborough, Duchess 
 of. 
 
 Jenyns (jen'inz), Soame. Born at London, Jan. 
 1, 1704 : died there, Dec. 18, 1787. An English 
 miscellaneous writer. In 1722 he entered St. John's 
 College, Cambridge, leaving without a degree in 1725. He 
 published anonymously “The Art of Dancing: a poem” 
 (1727) and a collection of poems (1752). He was returned 
 to Parliament in 1742. In 1757 he published a “Free En- 
 quiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil,” and in 1765 
 “The Objections to the Taxation of our American Colonies 
 by the Legislature of Great Britain briefly considered.” His 
 “View of the Internal Evidencesof the Christian Religion” 
 was published in 1776. “Jenyns’ prose style was regarded 
 by his contemporaries as a model of ease and elegance.” 
 Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Jephthah (jef'tha). [Heb., ‘(God) opens’ or 
 
 544 
 
 ‘ makes free.’] A chieftain and judge of Israel 
 whose history is given in Judges xi.-xii. When 
 he went to battle against the Ammonites, he vowed that 
 whatsoever should come forth from his home to meet him 
 on his return “in peace from the children of Ammon ” 
 should be offered up as a burnt-offering. The Ammonites 
 were routed, and as Jephthah returned the first to come 
 out to meet him was his daughter and only child. She 
 consented to the fulfilment of his vow after a respite of 
 two months. 
 
 Jephthah. An oratorio by Handel, finished in 
 1751. It was produced in 1752, and was the last 
 he composed, as he became blind at this time. 
 Jephthes (jef'thez), or Jephtha. A play by 
 George Buchanan, written between 1539 and 
 1542. 
 
 Jequitmhonha (zha-ke-ten-yon'ya), or Rio 
 Grande do Belmonte (re'o gran'da do bal- 
 mon'ta). A river in Brazil which flows into 
 the Atlantic about lat. 16° S., long. 38° 50' W. 
 Length, about 500 miles; navigable for 84 miles. The 
 Salto Grande, about 100 miles from the mouth, is one of 
 the finest cataracts in South America. 
 
 Jerace (ya-ra/che), Francesco. Born at Poles- 
 t.ina, Calabria, 1853. An Italian sculptor. 
 Jerba (jer'ba). An island in the Gulf of Ca- 
 hes, belonging to Tunis: the ancient Meninx. 
 It is known as the island of the lotus-eaters, and was the 
 scene of the massacre of 18,000 Christians by the Turks, 
 May 11, 1560. Poole. 
 
 Jeremiah (jer-e-ml'a). [Heb., prob. £ the Lord’s 
 appointed (or exalted) one.’] The second of the 
 greater prophets of Israel. He lived and prophesied 
 during thereigns of the kingsof Judah from Josiah to Zede- 
 kiah (from 629 to about 680 B. C.). The book of his prophecy 
 gives numerous details of his personal history. It is largely 
 occupied with denunciations of the sins of the nation and 
 warnings of evils to come on account of them. Some of 
 his prophetic utterances were accompanied and illustrated 
 by symbolical actions. 
 
 Jeremy. A witty valet in Congreve’s ‘ ‘ Love for 
 Love.” 
 
 Jeremy Diddler. See Diddler. 
 
 Jerez, Francisco. See Xeres. 
 
 Jerez (or Xerez) de la Frontera ( Ha-re th' da 
 la fron-ta'ra). A city in the province of Ca- 
 diz, Spain, situated near the Guadalete 14 miles 
 northeast of Cadiz : probably the ancient Asta 
 Regia. It is celebrated for the production and export of 
 sherry wine. It was the scene of a victory of the Sara- 
 cens under Tarik over the West Goths under Roderic in 
 711. Alfonso X. recovered it in the middle of the 13th 
 century. Population, 63,473. 
 
 Jerez de los Caballeros (Ha-reth'da los ka-Bal- 
 ya'ros). A town in the province of Badajoz, 
 Spain, 39 miles south of Badajoz. Population, 
 10,271. 
 
 Jericho (jer'i-ko). In Bible geography, a city 
 of Palestine, situated west of the Jordan and 
 14 miles east-northeast of Jerusalem, it was de- 
 stroyed by Joshua and rebuilt by Ahab ; was the residence 
 of Herod the Great ; was destroyed by Vespasian, rebuilt by 
 Hadrian, and again destroyed by the Crusaders. 
 
 Jermyn (jer'min), Henry, Earl of St. Albans. 
 Bom in England about 1600 : died at London, 
 Jan., 1684. An English statesman, in 1624 he was 
 attached to the British embassy in Paris, and was returned 
 to Parliament for Liverpool in 1628. On July 2, 1628, he be- 
 came vice-chamberlain to the queen. He represented St. 
 Edmuudsbury in the Long Parliament, and was involved in 
 the “first army plot ” to overawe Parliament, March, 1641. 
 In the hostilities which followed he was engaged mainly in 
 procuring war material on the Continent. He returned 
 to England in 1643, was wounded at Auburn Chase Sept, 
 18, 1643, and was raised to the peerage as Baron Jermyn of 
 St. Edmondsbury, Sept. 8. He returned to France with 
 the queen in 1644 and directed her correspondence, the in- 
 terception of which exposed the king’s attempt to procure 
 foreign aid. After the death of Charles I. he remained in 
 France with Charles II. On April 27, 1660, he was created 
 earl of St. Albans. At the Restoration Jermyn received 
 many favors, his success being largely due to his influence 
 with the queen mother. He was made ambassador to Paris, 
 and employed himself in strengthening the influence of 
 Louis XIV. 
 
 Jeroboam (jer-o-bo'am) I. King of Israel 953- 
 927 B. C. (Duncker), son of Nebat of the tribe 
 of Ephraim. He organized a revolt of the ten northern 
 tribes against Rehoboam, and founded the kingdom of Is- 
 rael (1 Ki. xi.-xiv., 2 Chron. ix.-xiii.), 
 
 Jeroboam II. King of Israel 790-749 b. c. 
 (Duncker), son of Joash whom he succeeded. 
 He was the most prosperous of the kings of Is- 
 rael (2 Ki. xiv.). 
 
 Jerome (je-rom' or jer'om), Saint (Eusebius 
 Hieronymus). [Gr. f I epuwyos, sacred name; 
 L. Hieronymus, It. Geronimo, Girolamo, Sp. Jero- 
 nimo, Jeromo, Pg. Jeronimo, P. Jerdme, G. Hie- 
 ronymus.'] Born at Stridon, Pannonia, about 
 340: died at Bethlehem, Sept. 30, 420. A father 
 of the Latin Church. He studied at Rome under Do- 
 natus the grammarian and Victorinus the rhetorician. In 
 373, during a journey through the Orient, he was attacked 
 with a severe illness, on recovering from which he devoted 
 himself to an ecclesiastical life. He became a presbyter at 
 Antioch in 379, and in 382 removed to Rome, where he be- 
 came secretary to Pope Damasus. After the death of this 
 pontiff he entered a monastery at Bethlehem. He pub- 
 lished a Latin version of the Bible, known as the Vulgate 
 
 Jerusalem 
 
 (which see), and by his knowledge of Greek and Hebrew 
 introduced the treasures of the Eastern Church into the 
 West. The best edition of his works is that by Vallarsi 
 (1734—42). 
 
 Jerome, King of Westphalia. See Bonaparte. 
 Jerome in the Wilderness. A painting by Ti- 
 tian, in the Brera at Milan. The solitary figure of the 
 saint is broadly and vigorously treated. The background 
 brings to mind a wild scene in Friuli, with its rocks, pines, 
 and gnarled oaks. 
 
 Jerome of Prague. Born at Prague, Bohemia, 
 about 1365 : burned at Constance, Baden, May 30, 
 1416. A Bohemian religions reformer, an asso- 
 ciate and follower of Huss. He was condemned 
 for heresy by the Council of Constance, 1415-16. 
 
 Jeronimo (je-ron'i-mo), or Hieronimo (hi-e- 
 ron'i-mo), The first part of. A play by Thomas 
 Kyd. It was acted in 1588 or 1592. The only version ex- 
 tant was printed in 1605. The second part was called “The 
 Spanish Tragedy ” (which see). Jeronimo, the hero of both, 
 is an old man, the marshal of Spain, who goes mad with 
 grief over the murder of his son. His ravings were ridi- 
 culed by contemporary and later dramatists, and became 
 regular expletives in the slang of the period. Shakspere 
 alludes to this in his “Go by J eronymy ” in his “ Taming of 
 the Shrew.” 
 
 Tlie two “Jeronimo” or “ Hieronimo" plays were, as has 
 been said, extremely popular, and it ispositively known that 
 Jonson himself, and probably others, were employed from 
 time to time to freshen them up, with the consequence 
 that the exact authorship of particular passages is some- 
 what problematical. Both plays, however, display, nearly 
 in perfection, the rant, not always quite ridiculous but al- 
 ways extra vagant, from which Shakespere rescued the stage. 
 
 Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 74. 
 
 Jerrold (jer'old), Douglas William. Born at 
 London, Jan. 3, 1803: died there, June 8, 1857. 
 An English dramatist, satirist, and humorist. 
 He was the eldest son of Samuel Jerrold, an actor, and was 
 brought on the stage when a child. In later life he occa- 
 sionally acted, but was never inclined to the profession. 
 His education was very slight: his knowledge of Latin, 
 French, Italian, and English dramatic literature having 
 been acquired entirely by his own efforts. From 1813 to 
 1815 he served as midshipman in the royal navy, which 
 was engaged in operations against Napoleon in Belgium. 
 Returning to London in 1816, he maintained himself as 
 apprentice to a printer, and by contributions to periodical 
 literature. A play, “ More Frightened than Hurt,” was pro- 
 duced in London April 30, 1821, and later in Paris. “Black- 
 eyed Susan, or All in the Downs,” produced June 8, 1829, 
 at the Surrey Theatre, was his first important success. It 
 was brought out also at Drury Lane in 1835. In 18:.6 he 
 undertook the management of the Strand Theatre without 
 success. He now turned his attention to the reviews and 
 magazines, contributing to the “Athenaeum,” “Black- 
 wood's,” etc. He attached himself to “ Punch ” at its ap- 
 pearance in 1841, and was a constant contributor until his 
 death. His articles were signed Q. His greatest success 
 was “Mrs. Caudle’s Curtain Lectures.” From 1852 until 
 his death he edited “Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper.” He 
 wrote about 40 plays. 
 
 Jerrold, William Blanchard. Born at Lon- 
 don, Dec. 23, 1826: died at Westminster, March 
 10, 1884. An English journalist and author, eld- 
 est son of Douglas Jerrold. On the death of his 
 father he succeeded to the editorship of “Lloyd’s Weekly 
 Newspaper.” He was a Liberal in politics, and defended 
 the North in the Civil War. His chief work is a “Life of 
 Napoleon III.” (1875-82), He wrote a number of plays, 
 “Cool as a Cucumber” (1851), etc. 
 
 Jersey (jer'zi). The largest, most important, 
 and. southernmost of the Channel Islands, cap- 
 ital St. Helier’s, situated in lat. 49° 10' N., long 
 2° T W. It exports potatoes, cattle, fruit, oysters, gran- 
 ite, etc. The government is vested in a lieutenant-governor 
 appointed by the British crown, and the “states” (a local 
 legislature). It is the ML. C;esarea. Length, 10 miles. 
 Breadth, 5 to 6 miles. Area, 45 square mileB. Population^ 
 52,796. 
 
 Jersey City. The capital of Hudson County, 
 New Jersey, situated on the Hudson opposite 
 New York. It is the terminus of many railway and 
 steamer lines, and has important manufactures of tobacco, 
 etc. It was formerly called Paulus Hook, and was incor- 
 porated as the City of Jersey in 1820, and as Jersey City in 
 1838. Population, 267,779, (1910). 
 
 Jerseys (jer'ziz), The. A collective name for 
 East Jersey and West Jersey, into which New 
 Jersey was temporarily divided in 1676. 
 
 Jerusalem (je-ro'sa-lem). [Heb. Yerushdlem 
 or Yerushdlayim, probably ‘ city of peace ’ ; in 
 the Assyrian inscriptions Ursalimmu; in the 
 tablets of Tel-el-Amarna Uru-Salim, Gr. 'lepov- 
 aa'/r/fi, L. Hicrosolyma.] The ancient capital of 
 Palestine, regarded by the Jews still as their 
 sacred city, and as a holy city by both Chris- 
 tians and Mohammedans. Its identity with Salem 
 (Gen. xiv. 18) is disputed. It first appears as Jebns, or the 
 city of the Jebusites, from whom David captured it or its 
 site, establishing himself in the “ stronghold of Zion,” and 
 making it his capital. Its situation was suitable for a na- 
 tional metropolis : it lay in the territory of the mighty tribe 
 of Judah, and virtually in the center of the country, 33 
 miles from the sea and about 19 from the Jordan, while it 
 was the more secure from being some distance off the great 
 highroad of the nations. It was also a mountain city, sit- 
 uated in the heart of the “hill country,” surrounded by 
 limestone hills, and itself on the edge of the chain, its 
 highest point being 2,582 feet above sea-level. Solomon 
 beautified it by erecting the temple as a stable national 
 sanctuary, and otherwise, and surrounded the city with a 
 
Jerusalem 
 
 real wall. The secession of the ten tribes under Solomon's 
 son Rehoboam left Jerusalem the capital of the southern 
 kingdom only. Under Rehoboam it was invaded by the 
 Egyptian king Shishak, and the temple and palace were 
 in part despoiled (about 970 B. C.). Under Joram (848- 
 844) the temple w T as again plundered by Arabian and Phil- 
 istine hordes. Joash, king of Israel, defeating King Am- 
 aziah of Judah, made a wide breach in the walls and 
 spoiled the city. Under Uzziah (792-740) Jerusalem and 
 all J udah enjoyed prosperity, but were visited by an earth- 
 quake. Hezekiah provided the city with water by means 
 of a subterranean canal : in his reign it was besieged with- 
 out success by Sennacherib. After Josiah fell in the battle 
 of Megiddo, Judah was at the mercy of Egypt. N echo took 
 Jehoahaz prisoner, and exacted a heavy fine from the city 
 and country. Jerusalem was visited by Nebuchadnezzar, 
 king of Babylon, after his victory over the Egyptians at 
 Carchemish : probably the city was besieged, as he carried 
 off some of the vessels of the temple. In 597 the Babylo- 
 nians reappeared before Jerusalem: the city surrendered, 
 the treasuries of the temple and palace were pillaged, and 
 King Jehoiachin, the whole court, 7,000 warriors, 1,000 ar- 
 tisans, etc. (in all 10,000), were carried off to Babylon. Zed- 
 ekiah, made king in his stead, revolted against Babylon, 
 and Nebuchadnezzar, after a terrible siege of 18 months, 
 again captured Jerusalem (586). The Babylonians now 
 carried off all the treasures that remained; the temple 
 was burned, and the city and land deserted by all but the 
 very poorest class. In 536 Cyrus issued a decree authoriz- 
 ing the rebuilding of the temple, and a large colony, com- 
 prising all classes, returned to Judah. After many delays 
 the temple was finished in 516, and the city and its walls 
 were rebuiltunderNehemiah, about 445. In 320 Jerusalem 
 was taken by Ptolemy I. Soter. The high priest Simeon the 
 Just (about 300-270) effected many improvements in the 
 city. In 198 Judea came under the rule of theSeleucidas, and 
 Jerusalem opened its gates to Antiochus the Great. Un- 
 der Antiochus Epiphanes (175-164) it again became a thea- 
 ter of massacre: in 170 he slew the citizens, plundered 
 the temple, and carried off many captives ; and in 168 his 
 army, after a great slaughter, plundered and burnt the 
 city, and destroyed the walls. Antiochus endeavored to 
 enforce the introduction of heathen worship : the temple 
 was desecrated and the observance of Jewish ceremonies 
 was absolutely forbidden. This persecution provoked the 
 successful rising of the Maccabees, and the temple was pu- 
 rified and consecrated anew in 165. The city enjoyed pros- 
 perity under John Hyrcanus I. (135-105), buta struggle for 
 the throne between two Maccabees resulted in rompey’s 
 coming to Jerusalem in 63 and reducing it, and in an inva- 
 sion in 40 by the Parthians. In 37 B. c. J erusalem was taken 
 by Herod with the aid of the Romans. Herod embellished 
 it with palaces, theaters, gymnasia, etc., and especially by 
 the rebuildingof the temple. He also completed the recon- 
 struction of a fortress built by John Hyrcanus, naming it 
 Antonia, after Mark Antony. Soon after Herod's death 
 Judea was reduced to a Roman province, and Jerusalem 
 wasoftenthe sceneof riots andbloodyencountersbetween 
 the Jews an d the Roman soldiers. The oppressive rul e of 
 the procurators, especially of Gessius Elorus, led to resis- 
 tance which ended in the destruction of Jerusalem. The 
 city, with its triple walls, was besieged first by Cestius 
 Florus, the governor of Syria, and for two years by the em- 
 perors Vespasian and Titus. Within it was ravaged by 
 party quarrels, famine, and pestilence ; and at last, after a 
 most heroic resistance, it fell in 70 A. D. Its temple was 
 burned, and it lost forever its political importance. For 
 more than 50 years after its destruction by Titus, Jerusa- 
 lem ceased to exist. About 130 the emperor Hadrian erected 
 a town on its site, which he named A51ia Capitolina, or 
 simply ASlia, and settled with a colony of veterans. About 
 the same time a revolt under Bar-Cochba occurred, in 
 which the Jews became masters of J erusalem and attempt- 
 ed to rebuild the temple; and it took Julius Severus, the 
 greatest general of his time, two years to recapture it. On 
 the site of the temple various heathen temples were now 
 erected. Jews were forbidden to enter it on pain of 
 death, and a swine was sculptured over the gate leading 
 to Bethlehem. Christian pilgrimages to J erusalem began 
 as early as the 3d century. Helena, mother of Constan- 
 tine, visited it in 326, and the empress Eudociain 438, and 
 numerous churches were erected on the holy places. It 
 was an episcopal see subordinate to Cmsarea till after the 
 Council of Chalcedon (451), when it became an indepen- 
 dent patriarchate. It was taken by the Persians in 614, 
 but was regained by Heraclius in 628. In 637 it fell into the 
 hands of the Saracen Omar it had then about 50,00,1 in- 
 habitants. In 969 it passed over to Egyptian B’atimites. 
 From 1099 to 1187 it was the capital of the kingdom of 
 Jerusalem of the Crusaders, who slew most of the Mo- 
 hammedan and Jewish inhabitants. Captured in 1187 by 
 Saladin, it was surrendered in 1229 to the emperor Fred- 
 erick II. Since 1244 it has been in possession of the Mo- 
 hammedans, and since 1517 under Turkish rule. In 1800 
 Napoleon planned the capture of Jerusalem, but gave up 
 his intention. Mehemet Ali, pasha of Egypt, took pos- 
 session of it in 1832; in 1834 it was seized and held for 
 some time by insurgent Bedouins ; and in 1841 it was again 
 restored to the sultan. Modern Jerusalem is a city of the 
 vilayet of Syria, Asiatic Turkey, situated in lat. 31° 47' N., 
 long. 35° 13' E. The Christian quarter occupies the north- 
 west of it, the Mohammedan the northeast, the Jewish 
 the southeast, and the Armenian the southwest. It is 
 the residence of the Pasha of Palestine, and is now con- 
 nected with Jaffa by railway. The TTaram esh Sherif is on 
 the supposed site of the temple. Population, estimated, 
 70,000. See Centura Atlas, Map X. 
 
 Jerusalem. An opera Verdi, produced at 
 Paris in 1847. 
 
 Jerusalem, Council of. A council of tlie apos- 
 tles, elders, and brethren, convened at Jerusa- 
 lem 50 or 51 A. d. for the settlement of ques- 
 tions that had arisen regarding the recognition 
 of Gentile Christians and the obligation of their 
 being circumcised. The deliverance of the coun- 
 cil is given in Acts xv. 23-29. 
 
 Already the peace of the flourishing community at Anti- 
 och had been disturbed by some of the more zealous con- 
 verts from Jerusalem, who still asserted the indispensable 
 necessity of circumcision. Paul and Barnabas proceeded 
 C.— 35 
 
 545 
 
 as delegates from the community at Antioch ; and what 
 is called the Council of Jerusalem, a full assembly of all 
 the apostles then present in the metropolis, solemnly de- 
 bated this great question. 
 
 MUman, Hist, of Christianity, I. 403. 
 
 J erusalem, Kingdom of. A Christian kingdom 
 in Syria, 1100-87, largely under French influ- 
 ence. It was continued as a titular kingdom, 
 now held nominally by the house of Austria. 
 Jerusalem Chamber. Aroom at the southwest 
 side of Westminster Abbey, dating from 1376 
 or 1386. Henry IV. died in this room. The Upper House 
 of Convocation of the Province of Canterbury meets in it. 
 It probably derives its name from tapestries with the his- 
 tory of Jerusalem on them, which hung on the walls. 
 
 Jerusalem Coffee House. An old house in Corn- 
 
 hill, London. It is one of the oldest of the city news- 
 rooms, and is frequented by merchants and captains con- 
 nected with the commerce of China, India, and Australia. 
 Timbs. 
 
 Jerusalem Delivered, It. Gerusalemme Lib- 
 erata. An epic poem by Torquato Tasso, re- 
 lating to the deliverance of Jerusalem from the 
 unbelievers by the Crusaders under Godfrey of 
 Boiiillon (published 1581 ; English translations 
 by Fairfax, 1600, aDd James, 1865). 
 
 Jervis (jer'vis), John, Earl St. Vincent. Bora 
 at Meaford, Jan. 9, 1735: died March 14, 1823. 
 An English admiral. He entered the royal navy 
 as able seaman Jan. 4, 1749. Sept. 24, 1787, he was pro- 
 moted rear-admiral, and in 1790 was returned to Par- 
 liament for Wycombe. Feb. 1, 1793, he became vice-ad- 
 miral, and on July 1, 1795, was made admiral. On Nov. 
 29, 179E>, he joined the fleet on the coast of Corsica as 
 commander-in-chief. Sept. 25, 1796, he was ordered to 
 abandon Corsica and the Mediterranean and to defend the 
 Channel. To prevent the union of the allied fleet with the 
 French squadron at Brest, he took up a position off Cape 
 St. Vincent Feb., 1797. On Feb. 14 a battle was fought, 
 resulting in the capture of four Spanish ships. He was 
 at once gazetted to an earldom with the title of St. Vin- 
 cent. He relinquished his command June 15, 1799. In the 
 summer of 1800 he again entered the service in command 
 of the Channel fleet. In 1801 he became first lord of the 
 admiralty. On the collapse of the Addington ministry and 
 the return of Pitt to power, St. Vincent’s retirement from 
 the admiralty became necessary. After the death of Pitt 
 he again entered the service with the acting rank of ad- 
 miral of the fleet, March, 1806, but was relieved April 24, 
 1807. 
 
 Jervis, Sir John. Bom Jan. 12, 1802 : died at 
 London, Nov. 1, 1856. An English jurist, lord 
 chief justice of the Common Pleas. He was second 
 cousin of John Jervis, Earl St. Vincent. He studied at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, and was called to the bar in 
 1824. From 1826 to 1832 he reported in the Exchequer 
 court. Dec., 1832, he was returned for Chester as a Liberal 
 in the first reform Parliament. Hewasappointedsolicitor- 
 general in 1846, and attorney-general in the same year. 
 July 16, 1850, he was appointed lord chief justice of the 
 Common Pleas. In 1848 were passed three bills which bear 
 his name, regulating the duties of justices of the peace. 
 Jesi (ya'se). A city in the province of Ancona, 
 easternltaly, situated on the Esino 16 miles west- 
 southwest of Ancona : the ancient rEsis or 2Esi- 
 um. It has a cathedral, and is noted as the birthplace of 
 the emperor Frederick II. Population, commune, 23,208. 
 Jesse (jes'e). The father of David, king of Is- 
 rael. 
 
 Jesse, John Heneage. Bom 1815 : died at Lon- 
 don, July 7, 1874. An English historical writer. 
 He published ‘ ‘ Memoirs of the Court of England 
 during the Reign of the Stuarts ” (1840), and 
 similar works. 
 
 Jessel (jes'el), Sir George. Born at London, 
 Feb. 13, 1824: died there, March 21, 1883. An 
 English jurist. He was the son of a Jewish merchant. 
 He graduated at London University in 1843, and was called 
 to the bar at Lincoln’s Inn in 1847. Jessel was returned 
 to Parliament for Dover in Dec., 1868, and was appointed 
 solicitor-general in 1871. During his tenure of office oc- 
 curred the Geneva arbitration. In 1873 he was made mas- 
 ter of the rolls. 
 
 Jesselmere. See Jaisalmir. 
 
 Jessica (jes'i-ka). In Shakspere’s “Merchant 
 of Venice,” thedaughter of Shylock. she elopes 
 with Lorenzo, taking her father’s jewels and money. “ A 
 most beautiful pagan, a most sweet Jew.” 
 
 Jesso. See Yezo. 
 
 Jessonda. An opera by Spohr, first produced 
 at Cassel in 1823, and at London in 1840. 
 Jessor, or Jessore (jes-sor'). A district in Ben- 
 gal, British India, intersected by lat. 23° N., 
 long. 89° 30' E. Area, 2,925 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 1,813,155. 
 
 Jests of Goimella. The jests of the domestic 
 fool of Nicolo d’Este : they were printed in 
 1506. 
 
 Jesuits (jez'u-its). [So called (first, it is said, 
 by Calvin, about 1550) from the name given to 
 the order by its founder (NL. Societas Jesu, the 
 Company (or Society) of Jesus).] The mem- 
 bers of tho “ Society of Jesus” (or “Company 
 of Jesus ”), founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534, 
 and confirmed by tho Pope in 1540. its member- 
 ship includes two general classes (l:»ymen, or temporal co- 
 adjutors, and priests) and six grades — namely, novices, 
 formed temporal coadjutors, approved scholastics, formed 
 
 Jewel 
 
 spiritual coadjutors, the professed of three vows, and the 
 professed of four vows. The professed of the four vows 
 are the most influential class : they form the general con- 
 gregation, and fill the highest offices and the leading mis- 
 sions. The general is elected for life by the general con- 
 gregation. They were expelled from France in 1594 ; re- 
 stored in 1603 ; again expelled in 1764, and for the last 
 time in 1880. They were expelled from Spain in 1767, and 
 at different times from various other countries. In 1773 
 tlie order was suppressed by Pope Clement XIV., but it 
 was revived in 1814. 
 
 Jesus (je'zus). [Gr. ’It/covr, Sfaviour, from Heb. 
 Jehoshua or Joshua, Jehovah is salvation; used 
 in Acts vii. 45, Heb. iv. 8 for Joshua.] The 
 personal name of the founder of Christianity, 
 often joined with the official name Christ, the 
 Anointed One ( Jesus Christ or Christ Jesus). He 
 is the central figure in the Christian religion, belief in 
 him as the Son of God and the Saviour of men being its dis- 
 tinctive characteristic. His personality has been the sub- 
 ject of much controversy. The Trinitarian doctrine that 
 there is but one God and yet three equal subjects or “per- 
 sons” in one Godhead is that now accepted generally 
 throughout Christendom, the essence of the Father and 
 Son being regarded as the same, as was maintained in the 
 early church by the Homoousians in opposition to the 
 Homoiousians, who held that their natures are only sim- 
 ilar, and the Heteroousians, who held that they are dif- 
 ferent. According to the narratives of the four gospels, 
 Jesus was born of Mary, a virgin of the tribe of Judah and 
 family of David, in a stable at Bethlehem ; was brought 
 up as a carpenter in the workshop of his reputed father ; 
 entered, when about 30 years of age, on a public ministry ; 
 traveled for two or three years through J udea and Galilee, 
 teaching and working numerous miracles, especially of 
 healing, accompanied more or less by twelve men whom 
 he had chosen as his disciples ; was thereafter seized by the 
 Jews, subjected to an irregular trial on a charge of blas- 
 phemy, handed over by the Jews to Pilate, the Roman 
 governor, and ultimately sent by him to crucifixion ; died 
 on the cross, was buried, and on the morning of the third 
 day rose again from the dead ; was afterward seen of many 
 witnesses; and forty days later ascended into Heaven. 
 The birth of Jesus is now generally believed to have taken 
 place about four years before the period from which we 
 reckon our years in the vulgar or Christian era. 
 
 Jesus, Raphael de. See Raphael de Jesus. 
 Jesus College. A college of Cambridge Uni- 
 versity, England, founded in 1496 by John Al- 
 cock, bishop of Ely, on the site of a Benedic- 
 tine monastery. The chapel is the old convent church, 
 somewhat cut down ; its architecture is Norman and Early 
 English, with some Perpendicular interpolations. 
 
 Jesus College. A college of the University of 
 Oxford, founded in 1571 by Queen Elizabeth: 
 originally intended for Welsh students. It was 
 rebuilt in 1621-67, and restored in 1856. The chapel (built 
 1621) is notable for its wainscoting of paneled oak, and the 
 hall for its portraits and Jacobean screen. 
 
 Jesus Disputing with the Doctors. A paint- 
 ing by Paolo Veronese, in the Royal Museum at 
 Madrid. 
 
 Jethro (jeth'ro). [Heb., ‘excellence.’] A priest 
 or chief of the Midianites who inhabited the 
 southern point of Sinai, the father of seven 
 daughters, one of whom, Zipporah, was married 
 to Moses. In Ex. ii. 18, Num. x. 29 the name is given as 
 Reuel. Perhaps the latter was his personal name, and 
 Jethro an honorary title, or the discrepancy of the names 
 may be due to separate and independent narratives. By 
 the advice of Jethro, Moses appointed deputies to judge 
 the people and to share the burden of government with 
 him (Ex. xviii.). 
 
 Jeu de Paume (zhe de pom), Hall of the. [F., 
 
 ‘ tennis.’] A building in Versailles, France. 
 It is famous for the oath to form a constitution sworn here 
 by the representatives of the Third Estate June 20, 1789. 
 
 Jeunesse Doree (zhe-nes' do-ra'). [F., ‘ gilded 
 youth.’] In French history, a liand of young 
 men who formed a reactionary faction against 
 the Jacobins after the 9th Thermidor, year 2 
 (July 27, 1794). 
 
 Jever (ya'fer). A town in Oldenburg, Germany, 
 34 miles north-northwest of Oldenburg : former- 
 ly the chief town of Jeverland, an old division 
 of Friesland. 
 
 Jevons (jev'onz), William Stanley. Born at 
 Liverpool, Sept. 1, 1835: drowned while bath- 
 ing near Hastings, Aug. 13, 1882. An English 
 economist and logician. He was the son of a nail- 
 maker and iron merchant of Liverpool. He entered Uni- 
 versity College, London, in 1851, and studied chemistry with 
 his cousin. Sir Henry Itoscoe. In 1853 he became assayer 
 to the new mint at Sydney, Australia, resigning his ap- 
 pointment in 1859 to return to University College. From 
 1862 to 1864 he published numerous dissertations on cur- 
 rency and finance. In 1864 appeared his “ Pure Logic, or 
 the Logic of Quality apart from Quantity," based on the 
 work of Boole. In 1865 he published a work on the ex- 
 haustion of the coal-mines. He wasappointed to the chair 
 of logic and political economy at Owens College, Manches- 
 ter, in 1866, and to the professorship of political economy 
 at University College in 1876. This he resigned in 1880. 
 He published “The Substitution of Similars "(1869), “Stud- 
 ies in Deductive Logic " (1880), “The Principles of Sci- 
 ence ’’(18741, “ The Theory of Political Economy" (1871). 
 
 Jew, The Wandering. See Wandering Jew, The. 
 Jewel (jo'el), John. Born May 24, 1522. died 
 at Monkton Farleigb, Sept. 23, 1571. Bishop of 
 Salisbury. He graduated at Oxford (Morton College) in 
 1540, and was elected fellow of Corpus Chris! i in 1542. On 
 the accession of Mary in 1553, Jewel was deprived of his 
 
Jewel 
 
 fellowship, and fled to Frankfort March 13, 1555. On Mary s 
 death he returned to England. His letters to Peter Mar 
 tyrand other friends at this time are a valuable source of 
 historical information. He was appointed a disputant at 
 the Westminster Conference in 1559, preacher at Paul’s 
 Cross in June, 1560, and bishop of Salisbury in July, 1560. 
 In 1562 appeared his “Apologia pro Ecclesia Anglicaua," 
 the first methodical statement of the Church of England’s 
 position against the Church of Rome. Jewel’s complete 
 works were collected under the direction of Archbishop 
 Bancroft and published in 1609. 
 
 Jew of Malta, The. A play by Marlowe, it was 
 
 written after 1588, and was frequently acted between 1591 
 and 1596. It was revived in 1601 and 1633, and in 1818 Kean 
 produced an altered version at Drury Lane. The earliest 
 English edition extant is dated 1633, and was edited, some- 
 what altered, by T. Heywood. It presents the popular 
 idea of an avaricious, murderous Jew. 
 
 There was an older play of “The Jew,” named by Ste- 
 phen Gosson in his “ School of Abuse ” as setting forth 
 “the greediness of worldly choosers and the bloody minds 
 of usurers,” which seems to have been a treatment in one 
 play of the two fables which form the groundwork of 
 Shakespeare’s “ Merchant of Venice.” Some years after 
 the death of Marlowe we find evidence in Germany of the 
 existence of a play in which Barabas of “ The Jew of Mal- 
 ta” is made one with the Jew of the other play. It has, 
 therefore, some rough features of resemblance to “The 
 Merchant of Venice,” and in the course of this piece it is 
 to be observed that Barabas changes his name to Joseph. 
 
 Morley , English Writers, X. 117. 
 
 Jews (joz). [From Judah.\ Loosely, t-lie Se- 
 mitic nation that was earlier called Hebrews, 
 Israelites, or the children of Israel; strictly, 
 the people descended from the tribes of Judah 
 and Benjamin (see Judah, Kingdom of). After 
 the destruction of Jerusalem (70 a. n.) these were scat- 
 tered throughout other countries. They still remain a 
 distinct people, often oppressed and persecuted, but re- 
 taining their nationality and distinguished by specific 
 characteristics. Their number at the present time is es- 
 timated at 12,000,000, of which about 6,000,000 are in 
 Russia and 2,000,000 in the United States. 
 
 Jewsbury (joz'ber-i), Geraldine Endsor. Born 
 at Measham, Derbyshire, in 1812 : died Sept. 
 23, 1880. An English novelist. She was the daugh- 
 ter of Thomas Jewsbury of Manchester. In 1841 she 
 became associated with Thomas Carlyle and his wife, and 
 removed to Chelsea, to be near them, in 1854. Among her 
 novels are “ Zoe ” (1845), “ The Half-Sisters ” (1848), “ Sor- 
 rows of Gentility*’ (1856), etc.; and she wrote several 
 children’s stories and short tales. 
 
 Jewsbury, Maria Jane (afterward Mrs. 
 Fletcher). Born at Measham, Derbyshire, Eng- 
 land, Oct. 25, 1800: died at Poonah, India, Oct. 
 4, 1833. An English author, sister of Geraldine. 
 
 She wrote “ Phantasmagoria, etc.," “Letters to the Young,” 
 “Lays of Leisure Hours,” etc. Her best work appeared 
 in the “Athenaeum.” 
 
 Jeypore (ji-por'), or Jaipur (ji-por'). 1. A na- 
 tive state in Rajputana, India, intersected by 
 lat. 27° N., long. 76° E. It passed under British 
 protection in 1818. Area, 15,579 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 2,658,666. 
 
 2. The capital of the state of Jeypore, situated 
 in lat. 26° 55' N., long. 75° 52' E. it is the chief 
 
 city of Rajputana, and an important financial center, and 
 is noted for its fine buildings. It was founded in 1728. 
 Population, 160,167. 
 
 Jezebel (jez'e-bel). The wife of Akab, king of 
 Israel, whom’she married before his accession, 
 and by whom she became the mother of Atha- 
 liak, queen of Judah, and of Ahaziah and Jo- 
 ram, kings of Israel. She was a Phenician princess, 
 daughter of Ethbaal, king of the Sidonians, and estab- 
 lished the Phenician worship at the court of Ahab. She 
 was put to death by order of Jehu. 
 
 Jezreel (jez're-el), mod. Zerin (ze-ren'). In 
 Bible geography, a city in the plain of J czreel, 
 Palestine, situated near Mount Gilboa, 53 miles 
 north of Jerusalem. It was the capital of Israel under 
 the dynasty of Ahab. Ahaziah and Joram were killed 
 here by Jehu. 
 
 Jhalawar (ja/la-war). A native state of Raj- 
 putana, India, consisting of two separate por- 
 tions, situated about lat. 23°-24°N., long. 75°- 
 76° E. It is under British protection. Area, 
 810 square miles. Population, 90,175. The 
 state was remodeled in 1899. 
 
 Jhana (j-ha'na). See Dhyani Buddha. 
 
 Jhang (jung). 1. A district in tho Multan divi- 
 sion, Panjab, British India, intersected by lat. 
 31° 15' N., long. 72° 15' E. Area, 6,652 square 
 miles. Population, 1,002,656. — 2. A town in 
 the district of Jhang, about lat. 31° 18' N., 
 long. 72° 23' E. Population, 24,382. 
 
 Jhansi (jan'se). 1. A district in the Allahabad 
 division, intersected by lat. 25° 30' N., long. 
 79° 10' E. Area, 3,628 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 616,759. — 2. A fortified town in Gwa- 
 lior, India, situated in lat. 25° 27' N., long. 78° 
 35' E. It was the Beene of a massacre of Europeans in 
 1857 ; was captured by the British in 1858 ; and was ceded 
 to Gwalior in 1861, and restored to the British in 1886. 
 Population, 55,724. 
 
 Jhelum, or Jhelam (je'lum), or Jhyluin, or 
 
 Jhilam (jl'lum), etc. 1. One of the rivers of 
 the Panjab, India, rising in Kashmir and join- 
 
 546 
 
 ing the Chenab in lat. 31° 10' N. : the ancient 
 Hydaspes. On its banks Alexander the Great defeated 
 Porus, 326 B. C. Srinagar in Kashmir is on its banks. 
 Length, about 450 miles. 
 
 2. A district in the Rawal Pindi division, 
 Panjab, British India, intersected by lat. 33° 
 N., long. 73° E. Area, 2,813 square miles. 
 Population, 501,424. — 3. The capital of the 
 district of Jhelum, situated on the river Jhelum 
 in lat. 32° 56' N., long. 73° 47' E. Pop., 14,951. 
 Jibaros. See Jivaros. 
 
 Jicarilla (He-ka-rel'ya). An Athapascan tribe 
 of North American Indians: named for their 
 skill in basketry. They are now on a reserva- 
 tion near Tierra Amarilla, in northern New 
 Mexico. 
 
 Jiddah ( jid'da), or Jeddah (jed'da). A seaport 
 in Arabia, in the vilayet of Hedjaz, Asiatic Tur- 
 key, situated on the Red Sea in lat. 21° 28' N., 
 long. 39° 11' E. It is one of the chief commercial cen- 
 ters of Arabia, and the landing-place for Mecca pilgrims. 
 It was the scene of a massacre of the Christians 1858. Pop- 
 ulation, estimated, 22,000. 
 
 Jihun. See Amu-Daria. 
 
 Jijona (He-Ho'na). A town in the province of 
 Alicante, eastern Spain, 12 miles north of Ali- 
 cante. Population, 6,901. 
 
 Jilolo. See Gilolo. 
 
 Jim Crow (jim kro). A dramatic song and 
 negro dance brought out by Thomas D. Rice, 
 the first “negro minstrel,” in Washington in 
 1833. Joseph Jefferson appeared with him in 
 this dance when only 4 years old. 
 
 Jimena de la Frontera (He-ma'na da la fron- 
 ts/ ra). A town in the province of Cadiz, Spain, 
 north of Gibraltar. Population, 7,549. 
 Jimenes. See Ximenes. 
 
 Jimenez (He-ma'nath), Jesus. Born at Cartago, 
 June 18, 1823: died at San Jose, Feb. 17, 1897. A 
 Costa Rican statesman, president of the repub- 
 lic May 8, 1863, to May 8, 1865, and again Nov. 1, 
 1868, to April 28, 1870, when he was overthrown 
 by a revolution. He was moderate in politics, 
 and under him the country progressed steadily. 
 Jina. See Jainas. 
 
 Jingas (zheng'gas). See Ngola. 
 
 Jingle, Alfred, otherwise Charles Fitz Mar- 
 shall. A swindler with an airy temperament 
 and a glib tongue, in Dickens’s “Pickwick Pa- 
 pers.” 
 
 Jinnestan (jin-es-tan'). An ideal region in the 
 mountains of Kaf, the abode of jinns and peris 
 and devs, in Persian mythology. 
 
 Jisdra, or Jizdra (zhez'dra). A town in the 
 government of Kaluga, central Russia, situated 
 on the river Jisdra 82 miles southwest of Kaluga. 
 Jitomir. See Zhitomir. 
 
 Jivaros (He-va'ros). A race of Indians in Ecua- 
 dor and northern Peru, about the rivers flow- 
 ing into the upper Amazon. They are still numer- 
 ous, and are divided into many petty hordes with differ- 
 ent names. AH are savages of a rather low grade, living 
 mainly by hunting, and making waron other tribes; their 
 language has never been classified. For arms they use 
 lances and blow-guns with poisoned arrows. They dry 
 and preserve their enemies’ heads, and also those of their 
 chiefs : these heads are well known in museums. Mis- 
 sionaries preached to the Jivaros in the 16th century, but 
 they revolted in 1599 and destroyed many settlements; 
 recently they hav-e received Italian missionaries. Also 
 written Jibaros, Givaros, or Xivaros. 
 
 Joab(jo'ab). [Heb. , 4 Y aliveh is my father.’] The 
 commander of the Hebrew army under King 
 David (about 1033-993 B. C.). He commanded in the 
 war against Ishboslieth, the son of Saul, as well as against 
 the Gentiles. He treacherously slew Abner, Saul’s former 
 captain, after he had become reconciled with David ; and 
 despatched David’s rebellious son Absalom. He was killed 
 by order of Solomon for conspiring with Adonijah. 
 Joachim, King of Naples. See Murat. 
 Joachim (yo'a-cliim), Joseph. Born at Kittsee, 
 near Presburg, Hungary, June 28, 1831; died' at 
 Ckarlottenburg, Aug. 15, 1907. A celebrated 
 German violinist and composer. He had great 
 success as a solo and quartet player. In 1849 he was made 
 leader of the grand duke’s band at Weimar. He was con- 
 ductor of concerts and solo violinist to the King of Han- 
 over 1853-66, and head of the musical school at Berlin 1868. 
 He received the honorary degree of doctor of music in 
 1877 from Cambridge. He was a master of technic. He 
 composed “Hungarian Concerto," etc. 
 
 Joachimites (jo'a-kim-its). The followers or 
 believers in the doctrines of an Italian mystic, 
 Joachim (died about 1200), abbot of Floris. 
 The most important feature of his doctrines was the belief 
 that the history of man will be covered by three reigns: 
 the first, that of the Father, from the creation till the birth 
 of Christ ; the second, that of the Son, from the birth of 
 Christ till 1260; and the third, that of the Holy Spirit, 
 from 1260 onward. This last view was developed by his 
 adherents into the belief that a new gospel would super- 
 sede the revelation of the Old and New Testaments. These 
 views had many supporters in the 13th century. 
 
 Joachirnsthal (yo'a-chims-tal). A mining and 
 
 Joannes VI. Palaeologus 
 
 manufacturing town in Bohemia, situated in 
 lat. 50° 23' N., long. 12° 54' E. Its silver-mines 
 were celebrated in the 16th century. The word thaler, 
 dollar, is derived from this place. Population, commune, 
 7,550. (1910). 
 
 Joan, surnamed “The Fair Maid of Kent.” [From 
 Joanna .] Born 1328: died at Wallingford Cas- 
 tle, Aug. 7, 1385. The wife of Edward, prince of 
 Wales, ‘ ‘ the Black Prince,” and mother of Rich- 
 ard II., probably the younger daughter of Ed- 
 mund of Woodstock, earl of Kent, sixth son of 
 Edward I. In Oct., 1330, the young queen Philippa took 
 charge of her, and she became “in her time the most 
 beautiful of all the kingdom (?) of England and the most 
 lovable ’’ ( Froissart ). She was first married to Sir Thomas 
 Holland, steward of the household to William de Monta- 
 cute, second earl of Salisbury. A few months after his 
 death (Dec. 28, 1360) she married the Black Prince. The 
 marriage was celebrated by Simon Islip (whom see), arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, at Lambeth, Oct. 10, 1361. Between 
 1362 and 1371 she was with the prince in Aquitaine, where 
 hertwo sons Edward and Richard II. were born. The Black 
 Prince died on June 8, 1376, and in June, 1377, Richard 
 became king. At her interposition in 1378 proceedings 
 against Wyclif at Lambeth were arrested. She also ex- 
 erted all her influence to heal the breach between Richard 
 and John of Gaunt. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Joan, Queen of Scotland, called “Joan of the 
 Tower.” Born in the Tower, London, about 
 July, 1321: died Aug. 14, 1362. The fourth and 
 youngest child of Edward H. and Isabella, 
 daughter of Philip IV. of France. In the summer 
 of 1327 Isabella and Mortimer, in the name of Edward III., 
 proposed to Robert Bruce, then besieging Norham, the 
 marriage of his son and heir David to Joan, and the mar- 
 riage was included among the conditions of the peace con- 
 cluded at Northampton, April, 1328. They were married 
 at Berwick, July 12, 1328. The Scots called the princess 
 “Joan Make-peace.” The children were crowned at Scone 
 Nov. 24, 1331. When Edward Baliol seized the crown of 
 Scotland (Sept. 24, 1332), David and Joan lied to Dumbar- 
 ton, and in 1334 to the Chateau GaiHard in France until 
 May, 1341, when they returned to Scotland. 
 
 Joan. A mythical female pope, supposed to 
 have reigned about 855-858. She is represented as 
 of English descent, although born atlngelheim or Mainz, 
 and as having fallen in love with a young Benedictine 
 monk, with whom she fled in male attire to Athens. After 
 his death she removed to Rome, where she rose to the 
 rank of cardinal. She was elected pope as John VIII. 
 on the death of Leo IV., and died in childbirth during a 
 public procession. 
 
 Joan of Arc (jo-an' or jon ov ark), F. Jeanne 
 d’Arc or Dare (zhan dark), called “The Maid of 
 Orleans.” Born at Domremy, Jan. 6, 1412 : died 
 May 30, 1431. The French national heroine, she 
 was the illiterate daughter of a peasant proprietor at Dom- 
 remy. At the time of her appearance in history the English 
 were masters of the whole of France north of the Loire, and 
 the queen mother Isabella supported the pretensions of her 
 grandson Henry VI. of England to the throne of France 
 in opposition to her son Charles VII. of France. Accord- 
 ing to a version of a prophecy by Merlin, which was cur- 
 rent in her native province and with which she was un- 
 doubtedly familiar, France was to he overwhelmed with 
 calamities, but was to be delivered by a virgin out of the 
 forest of Domremy. She imagined that she heard super- 
 natural voices commanding her to liberate France, and 
 eventually gained access to the court of Charles VII., who 
 intrusted her with the command of an army. She raised 
 the siege of Orleans by the English, May 8, 1429, and gained 
 the great victory of Patay, June 18, 1429, with the result that 
 Charles VII. was enabled, July 17, 1429, to receive the con- 
 secrated oil at Rheims, where the kings of France were 
 anciently accustomed to hold the coronation ceremonies. 
 She was captured May 24, 1430, while defending Conipicgne 
 against the Duke of Burgundy: was sold by the duke to 
 his allies the English; and was burned at the stake as a 
 heretic at Rouen, May 30, 1431. 
 
 J oan of Arc. A painting by Bastien-Lepage, in 
 the Metropolitan Museum, New York. The maid, 
 
 as a coarsely dressed Lorraine peasant girl, leans against 
 an apple-tree amid rustic surroundings, and looks upward 
 with a rapt expression. Above float spectral figures of 
 angels and of knights in armor. 
 
 Joanna (jo-an'a) I. [Fem. of Joannes.'] Died 
 1382. Queen of Naples 1343-82. She procured the 
 murder of her first husband, Andrew, prince of Hungary, 
 in 1345, and in 1346 married Prince Louis of Tarentum. 
 She was expelled by Louis, king of Hungary, who invaded 
 Naples to avenge the death of Andrew, but was restored 
 in 1352. Site was captured and put to death by the usurper 
 Charles III. (whom see). 
 
 Joanna II. Died 1435. Queen of Naples 1414- 
 1435. 
 
 Joannes. See Marajo. 
 
 Joannes (jo-an'ez) I. Zimiskes. Died at Con- 
 stantinople, Jan. 10, 976. Byzantine emperor 
 969-976. Heputto death theemperorNicephorusPhocas, 
 and took possession of th6 throne by means of an adulterous 
 intrigue with the empress Theopliauo. He defeated the 
 Russians in 971. 
 
 Joannes II. Comnenus. See Calo-Joannes. 
 Joannes III. Vatatzes. Died at Nymphaeum, 
 Oct. 30, 1255. Emperor of Nicsea 1222-55. 
 Joannes IV. Lascaris. Emperor of Nicaea 
 1259-61, son of Theodore n. Lascaris whom he 
 succeeded. He was deposed and blinded by 
 Michael Palaeologus. 
 
 Joannes V. Cantacuzenus. See Cantacusenus. 
 Joannes VI. Palaeologus. Born 1332: died 1391. 
 Byzantine emperor 1341-91, son of Androni- 
 
Joannes VI. Palaeologus 
 
 cus III. whom he succeeded under the guardian- 
 ship of Joannes Cantacuzenus. He was forced to 
 share the imperial title with Cantacuzenus in 1347, but 
 became sole emperor on the abdication of the latter in 
 1355. 
 
 Joannes VII. Palaeologus. Born 1390: died 
 1448. Byzantine emperor 1425-48. 
 
 Joannina. See Janina. 
 
 Joannites (jo-an'Its). The adherents of. John 
 Chrysostom^ who supported him after his de- 
 position from the patriarchate of Constantino- 
 ple in 404. 
 
 Joash (jo'ash). King of Israel 798-790 b. C. 
 (Duncker), son of Jehoahaz. He expelled the Syri- 
 ans from his kingdom, and defeated and captured Amaziah, 
 king of Judah, and plundered the temple at Jerusalem. 
 Joash. King of Judah 837-797 B. C. (Duncker), 
 son of Ahaziah. He was the only prince of the royal 
 house who escaped massacre on the usurpation of the 
 throne by Athaliah (whom see). He was proclaimed by the 
 high priest Jehoiada (whom see), who overthrew Athaliah, 
 
 ‘ n 837. He put to death Zechariah, the son of J ehoiada, in 
 anger at being rebuked for restoring the worship of Baal, 
 and was murdered by his own servants during an invasion 
 of the Syrians. 
 
 Job (job). [Heb. lyob.'] The hero of a book 
 of the Old Testament named from him. ne is 
 a man of great wealth and prosperity, who is suddenly 
 overtaken by dire misfortunes. These give rise to a series 
 of discussions between Job and a number of friends who 
 come to visit him. The problem discussed is whether suf- 
 fering is always the punishment for sin, and, conversely, 
 whether sin is always followed by punishment. Job as- 
 serts his righteousness, and his friends assume that his 
 suffering must be a punishment for sin. A righteous man 
 named Job is mentioned in Ezek. xiv. 14, but it is gen- 
 erally assumed that the book itself is not historical in char- 
 acter. This assumption is found as far back as the Talmud. 
 The authorship has been ascribed to Moses, Jeremiah, 
 Ezra, and other biblical writers. Some modern critics 
 consider it an Israelitish production, and place it directly 
 after the fall of Samaria (722 B. c.), while others hold that 
 it is a Judaic production dating from the period of the 
 Babylonian captivity. The work is poetic in form, with a 
 prose prologue and epilogue. Some writers call it a drama, 
 others a didactic lyric. It is held by some that the book 
 in its present form is not the original poem. The prologue 
 and epilogue are considered later additions. The speeches 
 of Elihu (one of the friends) are held to be interpolations 
 made in the interest of orthodox beliefs, and some writers 
 consider still other passages interpolations made from the 
 san, - point of view. The great literary merit of the book 
 is recognized by all modern writers. 
 
 Jocasta (jo-kas'ta). A play by Gascoigne and 
 Francis Kinwelmarsb, acted in 1566. it has been 
 supposed to be the only Early English play derived from 
 the Greek, but is really a translation from the Italian of 
 Lodovico Dolce. 
 
 Jocaste (jo-kas'te), or Epicaste (ep-i-kas'te). 
 [Gr. ’IukAot?/, Eracsr?.] In Greek legend, the 
 wife of Laius, and mother of (Edipus whom she 
 afterward married. See CEdipus. 
 
 Jocelin, or Joscelin (jos'e-lin). Flourished 
 1200. An English hagiographer, a Cistercian 
 monk of the abbey of Furness in Lancashire, 
 and later of the monastery at Down, northern 
 Ireland. He wrote “Life and Miracles of St. Walthen 
 of Melrose," “Life of David, King of Scotland,” “Life 
 of St. Kentigern,” “Life and Miracles of St. Patrick,” and 
 was probably the author of a “Life of St. Helen,” and a 
 work “De Britonum Episcopis” mentioned by Stowe. 
 
 Jocelin de Brakelonde. Flourished 1200. A 
 native of Bury St. Edmunds, and chronicler of 
 St. Edmund’s Abbey. He entered the convent in 
 1173. His chronicle of the abbey covers the period from 
 1173 to 1202. The graphic account of the abbot Samson 
 suggested Carlyle’s “Past and Present” (1843). 
 
 Jochanan ben Zaccai (jo-ka'nan ben zak'ki). 
 The celebrated founder of the school of Jabne 
 (which see), and head of the Jewish community 
 after the destruction of Jerusalem by the Ro- 
 mans. He had a school in Jerusalem. At the outbreak 
 of the revolution he urged the maintenance of peace with 
 Rome. Later he managed to escape from the besieged city 
 into the Roman camp, being carried out of the town as a 
 corpse. He obtained from Vespasian permission to open 
 a school in Jabne, and through the activity he displayed 
 as head of the school and president of the Sanhedrim, 
 which likewise took up its abode at Jabne, became the re- 
 storer and regenerator of Jewish national life out of the 
 ruins of the state and temple. His last blessing to his 
 disciples surrounding his death-bed was: “May the fear of 
 God influence your actions as much as the fear of man.” 
 
 Jodelle (zho-del'), Etienne, Sieur de Lymodin. 
 Born at Paris, 1532: died there, July, 1573. A 
 French dramatic poet, a member of the Pleiade, 
 and the founder of modern French tragedy and 
 comedy. Ho wrote the tragedies “CKiopatre 
 captive” (1552), “ Didon ” (1553), the comedy 
 “ Eugene,” etc. 
 
 Jodhpur (jod-por'). 1. A native state in Raj- 
 putana, India, intersected by lat. 26° N., long. 
 72° E. : called also Marwar. It passed under Brit- 
 ish protection in 1818. Area, 34,963 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 1,935,565. 
 
 2. The capital of the state of Jodhpur, situ- 
 ated in lat. 26° 17' N., long. 73° 4' E. Popu- 
 lation, 79,109. 
 
 Jodrell (jo'drel), Richard Paul. Born Nov. 13, 
 
 547 
 
 1745: died at London, Jan. 26, 1831. An Eng- 
 lish classical scholar and dramatist, a friend 
 of Dr. Johnson. became member of Parliament 
 for Seaford, Sussex, in 1794. He wrote “Philology of the 
 English Language "(1820), “A Widow and no Widow " (pro- 
 duced at the Haymarket July 17, 1779), “The Persian 
 Heroine," a tragedy (printed 1786, and acted under the 
 patronage of the Persian ambassador June 2, 1819). 
 Joel(jo'el). [ITeb., 'Jehovah is God.’] Tliesec- 
 ond in order of the minor prophets of Israel. 
 
 His prophecy, which consists of 3 chapters, is spoken partly 
 in his own name and partly in that of Jehovah. It fore- 
 tells judgments that are to come in Israel, exhorts the peo- 
 ple to repentance and reform, and promises ultimate bless- 
 ings. Its date has been much disputed. 
 
 Jogues ( zhog), Isaac. Born at Orleans, France, 
 Jan. 10, 1607: killed at Caughnawaga, N. Y., 
 Oct. 18, 1646. A French Jesuit missionary. He 
 entered the order of the Jesuits in 1624; was ordained 
 priest in 1636 ; and in the same year went to Canada, being 
 sent there as a missionary to the Hurons. He was cap- 
 tured in 1642 by the Mohawks, hut escaped with the as- 
 sistance of the Dutch in 1643. In 1646 he voluntarily re- 
 turned to the Mohawks, with a view to establishing a mis- 
 sion ; but was looked upon as a sorcerer and killed. He 
 wrote a “Description of New Netherlands,” a “Notice of 
 Rend Goupil,” and a “Journal” of his captivity, which 
 have been published in the “Collections of the New York 
 Historical Society.” 
 
 Johanna. See Joanna. 
 
 Johanna (jo-han'a) Island, or Anzuan (an-zo- 
 an'), or Anjuan (an-jo-an'). One of the Co- 
 moro Islands, situated in Mozambique Channel, 
 east of Africa, in lat. 12° 16' S., long. 44° 25' E. 
 It is governed by a sultan residing at the head 
 town, Johanna. Population (estimated), 12,000. 
 Johannes (yo-hlin'nes), sumamed Parricida 
 (‘ the Parricide’) (John of Swabia). Bom 
 1290: died 1368. A German prince He was the 
 nephew of King Albert I., whom he murdered near Win- 
 disch, Aargau, Switzerland, May 1, 1308, for withholding 
 his hereditary domains. 
 
 Johannesburg (yo-han'nes-borG). A town in 
 Transvaal, South Africa, about 300 miles north- 
 east of Kimberley. It is the center of the Wit- 
 watersrand gold-fields, laid out in 1886. Popu- 
 lation, 158,580. 
 
 Johannes Secundus (jo-lian'ez se-kun'dus) 
 (originallyjan Everaerts). Born at The Hague, 
 Nov., 1511: died at Utrecht, Netherlands, 1536. 
 ADutchpoet, noted for his Latin lyrics, elegies, 
 etc. His “Basia” was published in 1539. 
 Johanngeorgenstadt (y6-han // ga-or'gen-stat) . 
 A town in the kingdom of Saxony, situated in 
 the Erzgebirge, on the Schwarzwasser, 29 miles 
 south-southwest of Chemnitz. Population, 
 6,230. 
 
 Johannisberg (yo-han'nis-berG). A village of 
 Prussia, on the Rhine near Wiesbaden. It is 
 noted for its vineyards, which produce the Jo- 
 hannisberger wine. 
 
 Johannot (zho-a-no'), Alfred. Boru at Offen- 
 bach, March 21, 1800 : died at Paris, Dec. 7, 1837. 
 A French historical painter. He was first known 
 as the engraver of the pictures of Yernet and 
 Ary Scheffer. 
 
 Johannot, Tony. Bom at Offenbach, Nov. 9, 
 1803 : died at Paris, Aug. 4, 1852. A French his- 
 torical painter ami engraver, brother of Alfred. 
 John (jon), the Apostle. [Early mod. E. also 
 Jon; also, after the L., Johan ; ME. Jon (with 
 long vowel, as in the gen. Jones, whence the 
 mod. surname Jones), also Johan, OF. Johan, 
 Jehan, Jean, F. Jean, Sp. Juan, Pg. Jodo, It. 
 Giovanni, Gianni, Gian, D. Jan, G. Johann, Russ. 
 Ivan, etc., fromLL. Joannes, Johannes, Gr. ’luav- 
 vt/c, Heb. Yehohhanan (in Eng. O. T. Johanan), 
 ‘the Lord graciously gave.’ The form Jack, 
 often used as a familiar substitute for John, is 
 really a short form of Jacob.) One of the three 
 disciples of Jesus who were admitted to closest 
 intimacy with him, preeminently “the disciple 
 whom Jesus loved.” He was the son of Zebedee, and 
 originally a fisherman, nis brother James and he were 
 designated “Boanerges,” sons of thunder. He leaned on 
 the bosom of Jesus at the last supper, and was present 
 at the crucifixion, when Jesus committed his mother to 
 John s special care. He is generally believed to have been 
 the author of the gospel and the three epistles that bear 
 his name, and also of the Apocalypse or Revelation, though 
 the question of the authorship of all these has more or less 
 been matter of discussion. Early ecclesiastical traditions 
 tell that, after an enforced or voluntary exile to the isle of 
 Patmos, he returned to Ephesus, and died there at a great 
 age. 
 
 John, The Gospel of. The fourth gospel, the 
 authorship of which is generally attributed to 
 the apostle John. It has very much less in common 
 with the other three gospels than they have with each 
 other. Its main purpose is set forth in the book itself : 
 "These are written that ye might believe that Jesus is the 
 Christ, the Son of God, and that, believing, ye might have 
 life through his name ” (xx. 31). While it is largely nar- 
 rative, the discourses and sayings of Jesus have promi- 
 nence (see especially xiv.-xvii.). The date usually assigned 
 to it is from 80 to 90 A. D. 
 
 John 
 
 John, the Baptist. Bom about 5 (?) b. C. : be- 
 headed about 30 A. D. The forerunner of Jesus, 
 and the last of the Hebrew prophets. 
 
 John I., Saint. Pope 523-526. He was a native of 
 Tuscany, and was elevated on the death of Hormisdas. In 
 526 he was sent by Theodoric, king of the East Goths, at 
 the head of an embassy to the Byzantine emperor to obtain 
 toleration for the Arians, in which he was only partially 
 successful. He was suspected by Theodoric of having 
 secretly opposed the object of the mission, and was on lm 
 return thrown into prison, where he died. He is com- 
 memorated in the Roman Catholic Church on May 27. 
 John II., surnamed Mercurius (on account of 
 his eloquence). Pope 532-535. 
 
 John III. Pope 560-573. During his pontificate 
 Italy was ravaged by frequent incursions of the 
 Lombards. 
 
 J Ohn IV. Pope 640-642. He was a native of Salona in 
 Dalmatia, and condemned the Monothelitic formula of 
 faith prepared by Sergius at the instance of the emperor 
 Hc-raclius. 
 
 John V. Pope 685-686. He was a native of 
 Antioch in Syria. 
 
 John VI. Pope 701-705. 
 
 John VII. Pope 705-707. 
 
 John VIII. Pope 872-882, a Roman by birth. He 
 crowned the emperors Charles the Bald (875) and Charles 
 the Fat (881), and paid tribute to the Saracens. 
 
 John IX. Pope 898-900. 
 
 John X. Pope 914-928. He was elevated through the 
 influence of his mistress Theodora, a courtezan at Rome. 
 He defeated the Saracens near the Garigllano in 916. 
 John XI. Born 906: died 936. Pope 931-932, 
 son of Marozia (whom see) and Pope Sergius 
 
 IH. He was deposed by his brother Alberic, and 
 died in prison. 
 
 John XII. Died 964. Pope 955-963, son of Alberic 
 
 II. , patrician of Rome, and grandson of Marozia 
 (whom see). He called to his aid against Berengarius II. 
 of Italy, Otto I. of Germany, whom he crowned emperor 
 in 962. He presently conspired against the emperor, how- 
 ever, and was deposed by him in 963. 
 
 John XIII. Pope 965-972. 
 
 John XIV. Pope 983-984. He was elected, through 
 the influence of the emperor Otto II., to succeed Benedict 
 VII., but was imprisoned by the antipope Boniface VII. in 
 984, and died probably by poison. 
 
 John XV. Pope 985-996. 
 
 John XVI. (Philagathus). Antipope 997-998. 
 
 lie was elevated by Crescentiuson the expulsion of Gregory 
 V. in 997, hut was imprisoned and blinded by the emperor 
 Otto III. in 998. 
 
 John XVII. (Sicco). Pope 1003. 
 
 John XVIII. (Fanasus or Fasanus). Pope 
 1003-09. 
 
 John XIX. Pope 1024-33. 
 
 John XXI. (or XX.). Pope 1276-77. 
 
 John XXII. (Jacques d’Euse). BomatCahors, 
 France, about 1244: died 1334. Pope 1316-34. 
 He made his residence at Avignon, and was wholly sub- 
 servient to the interests of the French court. He opposed 
 the emperor Louis the Bavarian, whose imperial dignity 
 he offered to Charles the Fair of France. Louis, however, 
 installed Nicholas V. as antipope at Rome in 1328, hut on 
 retiring from Italy was unable to prevent Nicholas from 
 falling into the hands of John. 
 
 John XXIII. (Baltasare Gossa). Bom at Na- 
 ples about 1360 : died at Florence, Nov. 22, 
 1419. Pope 1410—15. He served as a corsair in his 
 youth ; afterward studied at the University of Bologna ; 
 was created a cardinal in 1402 ; and in 1410 succeeded 
 Alexander V., whose death he was suspected of having 
 encompassed. He was opposed by the antipopes Bene- 
 dict XIII. and Gregory XII., along with whom he was 
 deposed by the Council of Constance in 1415. 
 
 John (Sp. Juan (no-an')) I. Born Dec. 27, 
 1350 : died 1395. King of Aragon 1387-95, son 
 of Pedro IV. 
 
 John (Sp. Juan) II. Born June 29, 1397 : died 
 Jan. 20, 1479. King of Aragon 1458-79, son of 
 Ferdinand I. 
 
 John (Sp. Juan) I. Born in Aug., 1358: died 
 1390. King of Castile 1379-90, sonof Henry II. 
 John (Sp. Juan) II. Died in June, 1454. King 
 of Castile 1406-54. 
 
 John, G. Johann (yo'han), surnamed “The 
 Blind.” Born about 1296 : killed at the battle 
 of Crecy, Aug. 26, 1346. King of Bohemia, of 
 the house of Luxemburg, 1310-46. He fought 
 at the battle of Muhldorf in 1322. 
 
 John, surnamed Lackland. Born probably at 
 Oxford, Dec. 24, 1167 (?) : died at Newark, Oct. 
 19, 1216. King of England 1199-1216, son of 
 Henry II. and Eleanor. He ascended the English 
 throne on the death of his brother Richard I. without 
 issue. His succession was recognized also in the duchy 
 of Normandy, but the lords of Anjou, Maine, and Tou- 
 raine declared, according to their custom of inheritance, 
 in favor of Arthur as the son of an elder brother. Having 
 put Arthur to death in 1203, his French fiefs were de- 
 clared forfeited by Philip II. of France, who took Chateau 
 Gaillard, the last of John’s strongholds in France, March 
 6, 1204. On the death of Hubert Walter, archbishop of 
 Canterbury, in 1205, a disputed election for the archbish- 
 opric was followed by a reference to Rome, which re- 
 sulted in the election of Stephen Langton by the com- 
 mand of Pope Innocent III. in 1206. John refused to rcc- 
 
John 
 
 ognize the new archbishop, and England was laid under 
 an interdict in 1208. In 1212 the Pope issued a bull de- 
 posing John and intrusting the execution of the deposi- 
 tion to Philip II. of France. John made his peace with 
 the Pope by consenting to hold his kingdom in fief from 
 the Pope and to pay an annual tribute of 1,000 marks 
 (May 15, 1213). He thereupon invaded France in alliance 
 with the emperor Otto IV., the Flemish, and others, but 
 was defeated with his allies at Bouvines in 1214. In the 
 mean time the barons, with whom he had been embroiled 
 ever since his accession by his exactions and misgovern- 
 ment, iiad combined to secure a reform in the govern- 
 ment, and on his return John was compelled to sign the 
 Magna Charta (which see) at Runnymede, June 15, 1215. 
 He appealed to the Pope, who declared the charter void. 
 The barons retorted by declaring the crown forfeited and 
 bestowing it upon Louis, son of Philip II. of France, who 
 landed in England in 1216. John died during the ensuing 
 war, and his opportune death preserved the crown for 
 his son Henry III. 
 
 John (F. Jean) II., sm-named “Le Bon” (‘the 
 Good’). Died at London, April 8, 1364. King 
 of France 1350-64, son of Philip VI. He was de- 
 feated and captured by the British under the Black Prince 
 at Poitiers in 1356, and was restored to liberty by the 
 peace of BrCtigny in 1360. 
 
 John (Pg. Joao) I., surnamed “The Great.” 
 Born at Lisbon, April 22, 1357 : died Aug. 11, 
 1433. King of Portugal 1385-1433, illegitimate 
 son of Pedro I. He became grand master of Aviz in 
 1364, and was in 1385 elected to succeed his legitimate 
 brother Ferdinand I., to the exclusion of Ferdinand’s 
 daughter Beatrice, wife of John I. of Castile. John of Cas- 
 tile sought to enforce liis wife’s claim, but suffered a de- 
 cisive defeat at Aljubarrota, Aug. 14, 1385. John the Great 
 married Philippa, daughter of John, duke of Lancaster. 
 
 John II., surnamed “The Perfect.” Died in 
 Oct., 1495. King of Portugal 1481-95, sou of 
 Alfonso V. During his reign Bartholomeu Dias 
 discovered the Cape of Good Hope (1486). 
 
 John III. Bom at Lisbon, 1502: died 1557. 
 King of Portugal 1521-57, son of Emanuel I. 
 He introduced the Inquisition about 1526. 
 
 John IV., surnamed “The Fortunate.” Died 
 Nov. 6, 1656. King of Portugal 1640-56. He 
 headed the revolution against Spain, whose authority he 
 threw off, although the independence of Portugal was not 
 formally recognized before 1668. He was the first of the 
 house of Braganza. 
 
 John V. Born at Lisbon, Oct. 22, 1689 : died 
 July 31, 1750. King of Portugal 1706-50, son 
 of Pedro II. 
 
 John VI. Born at Lisbon, May 13, 1767 : died 
 there, Mai’ch 10, 1826. King of Portugal 1816- 
 1826, son of Queen Maria I. He assumed in 1799 the 
 title of regent for his insane mother, whom lie succeeded 
 in 1816. Expelled by the French in 1807, he transferred 
 the government to Brazil, where he resided until 1821. 
 
 John III. Born 1537: died Nov. 17, 1592. King 
 of Sweden 1568-92, second son of Gustavus 
 Vasa. He deposed and murdered his brother 
 Eric NIV. whom he succeeded. 
 
 John II. Casimir. Born March 21, 1609: died 
 at Nevers, France, Dec. 16, 1672. King of Po- 
 land 1648-68, son of Sigismund III. He succeed- 
 ed his stepbrother Ladislaus, and waged war wi h Swe- 
 den and Russia, with which powers lie concluded peace 
 at Oliva May 3, 1660, and Andrussov Jan. LO, 1667, respec- 
 tively. He abdicated Sept. 16, 1668. 
 
 John III. Sobiesld. Born at Olesko, Galicia, 
 June 2, 1624: died June 17, 1696. King of Po- 
 land 1674—96. He brought an army of 20,000 Poles to 
 the relief of Vienna, before which he gained a celebrated 
 victory over the Turks Sept. 12, 1C83. 
 
 John, surnamed “The Fearless.” Born about 
 1370: assassinated 1419. Duke of Burgundy, 
 son of Philip the Bold whom he succeeded in 
 1404. He assassinated the Duke of Orleans in 
 1407, and was at strife with the dauphin (Charles 
 VII.). 
 
 John, G. Johann, surnamed “The Constant.” 
 Born June 30, 1468 : died Aug. 16, 1532. Elector 
 of Saxony, co-regent with his brother Frederick 
 the Wise until the death of the latter (May 5, 
 1525). He was the Protestant leader at Spires 1529, and 
 in the Smalkaldic League 1531. 
 
 John, Don. 1. In Shabspere’s comedy “Much 
 Ado about Nothing,” the bastard brother of 
 Don Pedro of Aragon.— 2. In Beaumont and 
 Fletcher’s comedy “The Chances,” a hare- 
 brained but honorable Spanish gentleman. 
 
 John, Eugenie : pseudonym E. Marlitt. Born 
 at Arnstadt, Thuringia, Dec. 5, 1825: died there, 
 June 22, 1887. A German novelist. Among her 
 novels is “Goldelse” (1866). See Marlitt. 
 
 John, Baron Franz von. Bom at Bruek, 
 Lower Austria, Nov. 20, 1815: died at Vienna, 
 May 26, 1876. An Austrian general. 
 
 John, Little. See Little John. 
 
 John, Prester. See Prester John. 
 
 John of Austria,, generally called Don Juan or 
 John of Austria. Born at Ratisbon, Bavaria, 
 Feb. 24, 1547 : died near Namur, Belgium, Oct. 
 ]. 1578. A celebrated Spanish general, illegiti- 
 mate son of the emperor Charles V. by Barbara 
 Blomberg. He defeated the Moriscos in Granada 1569- 
 
 548 
 
 1570 ; gained a naval victory over the Turks at Lepanto 
 Oct. 7, 1571 ; captured Tunis 1573 ; and was governor of the 
 Netherlands from 1576 until his death. He granted the 
 “perpetual edict” in 1577, and in 1578 declared war against 
 the insurgent provinces under William of Orange. 
 
 John of Beverley, Saint. Died at Beverley, 
 Yorkshire, 721. An English prelate, bishop of 
 Hexham 687, and bishop of York 705. 
 
 John of Beverley. Born at Beverley, York- 
 shire : executed at St. Giles’s Fields, Jan. 19, 
 1414. An English Carmelite theologian, iden- 
 tified with John of Beverley, the Lollard. 
 
 John of Bologna. [F- Jean de Boulogne, It. 
 Giovanni da Bologna.'] Born at Douai about 
 1530: died at Florence, 1608. A celebrated 
 Italian sculptor. He was surnamed by the Italians “II 
 Fiammingo,” from Ms birth in (he Low Countries. L e went 
 to Rome when quite young, and submitted work to Michel- 
 angelo. Aftertwoyears he settled in Florence. Thegreat 
 fountain of Neptune in Bologna was begun in 1563 andfin- 
 ishedinl5G6. From this he derived his name. The date of 
 the “ Mercury, ’’now in Florence, his most popular statue, 
 is not known. He also made the “Rape of the Sabines” 
 in the Loggia dei Lanzi, the equestrian statue of Cosmo I. 
 in the Piazza della Signoria, the fountain in the Boboli 
 Gardens (all at Florence) ; the giant statue of the Apen- 
 nines at Pratolino; a charming statuette of Venus on a 
 fountain at Petraja ; and the bronze doors of the cathedral 
 of Pisa. 
 
 John of Damascus (John Damascene or 
 Joannes Damascenus), surnamed Chrysor- 
 l'hoas. Born at Damascus at the end of the 7th 
 century: died about 760 (?). A theologian and 
 father of the Eastern Church. He is the reputed 
 author of the romance “ Barlaam and Josapliat. " Eis works 
 were edited by Le Quien (1712). 
 
 John of Gamundia. See the extract. 
 
 John of Gamundia was a mathematician and professor of 
 astronomy. At his death, in the year 1442, he was chan- 
 cellor of the University of Vienna. The calendars made 
 by him were highly esteemed, and were engraved and 
 printed for mauy years after his death. In his researches 
 after old prints, the late R. Z. Becker, of Gotha, discovered 
 one of the original blocks of a placard or poster edition of 
 the Calendar of John of Gamundia. He describes it as 
 about 10? inches wide, 15 ; inches long, and 11 inches thick. 
 The block was engraved on both sides. 
 
 De Vinne, Invention of Printing, p. 211, note. 
 
 John of Gaunt (corrupted from Ghent), Duke of 
 Lancaster. Born at Ghent, March, 1340 : died at 
 London, Feb. 3, 1399. The fourth son of Ed- 
 ward III. In 1342 he wascreated earl of Richmond, and in 
 1359 married his cousin Blanche, second daughter of Henry, 
 duke of Lancaster. On the death of Henry (May, 1361) 
 and his eldest daughter Maud, duchess of Bavaria, he suc- 
 ceeded by right of his wife to the rank and possessions of 
 the dukes of Lancaster. In 1367 he accompanied the Elack 
 Prince on the Spanish expedition. Blanche died in 1363, 
 and in 1371 he married Constance, eldest daughterof Pedro 
 the Cruel, the deposed king of Castile. Returning to Eng- 
 land in 1372, he s'.yled himself King of Castile by right of 
 his wife. Lancaster was constantly engaged in the struggle 
 with France, but although a brave knight he was never a 
 competent general, and his repeated failures contributed 
 much to his increasing unpopularity. The Black Prince 
 died June 8, 1376, and the Good Parliament, which under 
 his patronage had undertaken to reform abuses, was dis- 
 solved. On July 6 the supreme power passed into the 
 hands of Lancaster. His most poweiful opponent, William 
 of Wykeham, was disgraced. In the struggle with the 
 clerical party Lancaster was drawn into an alliance with 
 the Reformers, especially Wyclif whom he defended be- 
 fore the convocation at St. Paul’s, Feb. 19, 1377. His brutal 
 behavior excited a riot in London: his palace, the Savoy, 
 was attacked, and he was forced to take refuge with Prince 
 Richard and his mother, the widow of the Llack Prince, at 
 Kennington. Edward III. died June 21, 1377, and Richard 
 II. became king, and Lancaster’s political power declined. 
 He was engaged in futile expeditions to France and Scot- 
 land. While absent in the north his extreme unpopularity 
 was shown by the destruction of his palace of the Savoy 
 in Wat Tyler’s insurrection, June 13, 1381. Richard II. 
 created him duke of Aquitaine March 2, 1390, and he as- 
 sisted in negotiating the French treaty May 24, 1334. 
 
 John of Gischala. Oneof the heroes and leaders 
 in the Judean war with Rome. He first gathered 
 an army of volunteers, and fortified himself in his native 
 place, Gischala, a small city in Galilee. Driven out by 
 Titus, he fled to Jerusalem, and became one of the leading 
 and ruling spirits, distinguishing himself by undaunted 
 courage, heroism, and military ability. He had at last to 
 grace tile triumphal procession of Titus, and perished in 
 a dungeon at Rome. 
 
 John o’ Groat’s (jon o grots) House. A locality 
 in the county of Caithness, Scotland, in lat. 58° 
 38' N., long. 3° 4' W., near the northeastern ex- 
 tremity of the island of Great Britain. 
 
 John of Hexham. Flourished 1180. An Eng- 
 lish historian, prior of Hexham before 1178. 
 He continued the chronicle of Symeon of Durham over 
 a period extending from 1130-54. It deals mainly with 
 the church in the north of England. 
 
 John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford. Born 
 June 20, 1389: died at Rouen, Sept. 14, 1435. 
 Regent of England and France. He was the third 
 son of Henry IV. of England by Mary, daughter of Hum- 
 phrey Bohun, earl of Hereford. He was knighted at his 
 father’s coronation as one of the original knights com- 
 panions of the Bath, and in 1403 was made constable of 
 England and warden of the East Marches. In May, 1414, 
 he was created duke of Bedford and earl of Kendal, and 
 later earl of Richmond. He commanded the troops in 
 the north until the deatli of Henry IV. (March, 1413). On 
 
 John Nepomuk Maria Joseph 
 
 Aug. 16, 1416, the fleet under his command won the great 
 victory over the French in the Channel, and succeeded in 
 relieving the besieged town of Harfleur; and in 1417 his 
 expedition into Scotland was successful. At the death of 
 Henry V. (Aug. , 1422) he assumed the regency. To secure 
 the alliance of Philip, duke of Burgundy, Bedford married 
 his daughter Anne in 1423. Bis administration of France 
 continued both successful and beneficial until the siege 
 of Orleans (1428-29), which marks the appearance of Joan 
 of Arc and the decline of English supremacy. Charles 
 VII. was crowned king of France at Rheims July 17, 1429, 
 and Joan of Arc unsuccessfully assaulted Paris Sept. 8, 
 1429. She was betrayed to the English, and executed May 
 30, 1131. Anne, duchess of Bedford, died Nov. 13, 1432, and 
 Bedford sacrificed the alliance of Philip, duke of Burgundy, 
 by marrying Jacqueline, daughter of Pierre, count of St. 
 Pol, April 20, 1433. Philip entered into an alliance with 
 the French king, thus thwarting Bedford’s hopes, and ter- 
 minating the French dominion of the English king. 
 
 John of Leyden (properly Johann Bockelson 
 
 or Bockold). Born at Leyden about 1510 : put 
 to death at Munster, Westphalia, Jan. 23, 1536. 
 An Anabaptist fanatic. He succeeded Matthiesenas 
 leader of the Anabaptists in Munster 1534, revolutionized 
 the city, and established a theocracy or Kingdom of Zion, 
 of which he was crowned king. He was imprisoned by the 
 bishop of Munster in 1535. He is the subject of Meyer- 
 beer’s opera “ Der Prophet. ” 
 
 John of London, or John Sever. Died 1311. 
 An English chronicler, monk of Westminster 
 Abbey. He was the author of “ Commendatio lamenta- 
 bilis in transitum Magni Regis Edwardi Quarti." He is 
 supposed to have beentheauthorof “ Flores Historiarum ” 
 (from 1265 to 1306). 
 
 John of Luxemburg. See John, King of Bo- 
 hemia. 
 
 John of .Nepomuk. See Nepomuk. 
 
 John of Peterborough. Flourished 1380. The 
 alleged author of the “Chronicon Petrobur- 
 gense,” probably an imaginary person. 
 
 John of Salisbury, surnamed Parvus ( ‘ the Lit- 
 tle ’). Born at Salisbury, Wiltshire, England, 
 about 1115 : died at Chartres, France. Oct. 25, 
 1180. A noted English ecclesiastic, scholar, and 
 author, bishop of Chartres. In 1136 he went to Paris 
 to attend the lectures of Abelard. He also studied witli 
 Alberic of Rheims, Robert of Melun, and William of 
 Conches. At Chartres he laid the foundation of his classi- 
 cal scholarship. In 1141 he returned to Paris to study the- 
 ology under M aster Gilbertde la l’orrke, Robert Pullus, and 
 Simon de Poissy. In 1148 he attended the council held by 
 Eugeuius III. at Rheims, and followed the Pope to Rome. 
 From 1150-64 he lived at the court of Canterbury with 
 Archbishop Theobald. He was repeatedly intrusted with 
 delicate affairs of state, and frequently visited the papal 
 court in Italy. His close alliance with the bishops brought 
 him into disfavor with Henry II., which obliged him to 
 abandon England in 1164 and find shelter at Rheims. He 
 later returned to Canterbury, and was present at the mur- 
 der of Archbishop Thomas Becket. His works consist of 
 his letters, “Policraticus,” “Metalogicus,” “Entheticus,” 
 “Vita Sancti Anselmi," “Vita Sanc'i Thom® Cantuar.," 
 “Eistoria I’ontiflcalis.” His collected works have been 
 edited by Giles (1848). 
 
 John of Swabia. See Johannes Parricida. 
 John (G. Johann) Baptist Joseph Fabian 
 Sebastian, Archduke of Austria. Born at Flor- 
 ence, Jan. 20, 1782: died at Gratz, Styria, May 
 10, 1859. An Austrian general, younger son of 
 the emperor Leopold II. He was made commander- 
 in-chi jf of the Austrian army in Bavaria in Sept., 1800, 
 and was defeated by the French under Moreau at Hohen- 
 linden, Dec. 3, 1800. In 1809 he obtained command of the 
 Austrian army in Italy, and gained a victory over the vice- 
 roy Eugene at Sacile April 16, but was defeated at Raaii 
 June 14, 1839. He commanded on the Rhine in 1815, and 
 was chosen administrator of the empire by the German 
 National Assembly in 1848 (resigned 1849). 
 
 John Frederick (jon fred'er-ik), G. Johann 
 Friedrich, surnamed “The Magnanimous.” 
 Born at Torgau, Prussia, June 30, 1503: died 
 at J cna, March 3, 1554. Elector of Saxony, son 
 of John the Constant whom he succeeded in 
 1532. He was one of the leaders of the Smalkaldic League. 
 At Muhlberg, April 24, 15-17, he was defeated by tire em- 
 peror Charles V., captured, and forced to renounce the 
 electorate. See Muhlberg. 
 
 John George I., G. Johann Georg. Born March 
 5, 1585: died at Dresden, Oct. 8, 1656. Elector 
 of Saxony, in the Albertine line, second son of 
 the elector Christian I. and Sophia, princess of 
 Brandenburg. He succeeded his brother Chris- 
 tian II. in 1611. 
 
 John George II., G. Johann Georg. Born Mat- 
 Si, 1613: died at Dresden, Aug. 22, 1680. Elec- 
 tor of Saxony, eldest son of John George I. 
 whom he succeeded in 1656. 
 
 John George III., G. Johann Georg. Born Juno 
 20, 1647 : died at Tubingen, Sept. 12, 1691. Elec- 
 tor of Saxony, son of John George II. whom ho 
 succeeded in 1680. Hetookpart in warsagainst France, 
 aided the emperor against the Turks, and supported the 
 Venetians in the Morea. 
 
 John George IV., G. Johann Georg. Born Oct. 
 18, 1668 : died April 27, 1694. Elector of Sax- 
 ony, son of John George III. whom he succeeded 
 in 1691. 
 
 John (G. Johann) Nepomuk Maria Joseph. 
 
 Born at Dresden, Dec. 12, 1801 : died at Pillnitz, 
 
John Nepomuk Maria Joseph 
 
 near Dresden, Oct. 29, 1873. King of Saxony 
 1854, brother of Frederick Augustus II. whom 
 he succeeded. He sided with Austria in the Austro- 
 Prussian war in 1866, joined the North German Confedera- 
 tion on its formation in 1866, and became a member of the 
 German Empire in 1871. He published a translation of 
 Dante’s “Divina Commedia” (1839-49). 
 
 John Bull. The English nation personified : used 
 also for an Englishman. 
 
 John Bull, or The Englishman’s Fireside. A 
 
 comedy by Colman the younger, produced in 
 1805. 
 
 John Bull, The History of. A satirical work 
 by Arbuthnot, issued originally as “Law is a 
 Bottomless Pit” in 1712. 
 
 John Buncle. The title of a book by Thomas 
 Amory (1691 (?)-1788), published 1756-66: so 
 called from the name of its hero. The latter mar- 
 ries 7 wives after extremely short intervals. He is “a pro- 
 digious hand at matrimony, divinity, a song, and a peck.” 
 
 John Company (jon kum'pa-ni). An old col- 
 loquial designation for the Honourable East 
 India Company, in familiar use in India and 
 England. 
 
 John Dory. A favorite old ballad frequently 
 referred to by writers of the 16th and 17th cen- 
 turies. 
 
 John Gilpin. A ballad by William Cowper, pub- 
 lished in 1785 (printed anonymously in 1782) : 
 so called from the name of its hero. 
 
 John Hyrcanus. See Hyrcanus. 
 
 John Inglesant. A romance by J. H. Short- 
 house, published in 1881. 
 
 John’s College, St. See St. John's College. 
 
 John Scotus. See Erigena. 
 
 John, St. (the Baptist), in the Desert. 1. A 
 painting by Titian, in the Accademia, Venice. — 
 2. A painting by Raphael, in the Ufifizi, Florence. 
 St. John is represented as a youth of 15, with a panther- 
 skin about his loins, pointing to a cross beside him. This 
 picture is very familiar in engravings, etc. 
 
 John the Baptist, Life of. A series of 7 frescos 
 by Ghirlandaio (1490), in the choir of Santa 
 Maria Novella, Florence. They begin with the “An- 
 gel and Zacharias,” and end with the “Dancing of Hero- 
 dias," and are of high interest not only for their inherent 
 merit, but also for their portraits of contemporary Floren- 
 tines. 
 
 Johns Hopkins University. An institution of 
 learning at Baltimore, Maryland, founded by 
 Johns Hopkins, a capitalist of thatcity, who died 
 in 1873, leaving a bequest of over $7,000,000 
 to be divided between the University and 
 the Johns Hopkins Hospital, also at Balti- 
 more. The university was incorporated Aug. 
 24, 1867, and was opened for instruction 
 in Sept., 1876. It consists of a philosophical faculty, 
 affording instruction in letters and science to graduate 
 students and to undergraduates, and a medical faculty 
 organized in 1893. It has about 200 instructors and 800 
 students, of which about three fourths are graduate 
 students. 
 
 Johnson (jon'son), Andrew. Bom at Raleigh, 
 N.C. ,Dec. 29, 1808 : died in Carter County, Tenn., 
 July 31, 1875. The seventeenth President of the 
 United States (1865—69). He was a member of Con- 
 gress from Tennessee 1843-53 ; was governor of Tennessee 
 1853-57; was a United States senator 1857-62 ; was military 
 governor of Tennessee 1862-64 ; was elected as Republican 
 candidate for Vice-President in 1864, being inaugurated 
 March 4, 1865; succeeded Lincoln as President April 15, 
 1865 ; and was elected United States senator from Tennes- 
 see in 1875. He was nominated to the vice-presidency by 
 the Republicans in order to conciliate the war Democrats, 
 and on his unexpected accession to the presidency it was 
 found that his Democratic State-right convictions placed 
 him hopelessly at variance with the Republican majority 
 in Congress on the question of reconstruction. The quar- 
 rel with Congress came to a head on his attempting to re- 
 move Edwin M. Stanton from the secretaryship of war 
 without the consent of the Senate, contrary to the tenure- 
 of-office act passed over his veto March 2, 1867. He was 
 impeached for high crimes and misdemeanors, but was 
 acquitted (by a vote of 35 to 19, very little short of the two- 
 thuds vote necessary to conviction) after a trial lasting 
 from March 23 to May 26, 1868. 
 
 Johnson, Benjamin. Born 1665 (?) : died A ng., 
 1742. An English actor. lie joined the Drury Lane 
 Company as a scene-painter in 1695, and in 1706 went to 
 the Haymarket, where, Dec. 3, 1706, he played Corbaccio 
 in Ben Jonson’s “ Volpone.” He played ffrst grave-digger, 
 Polonius, and other Shaksperian parts, but was especially 
 devoted to Ben Jonson. 
 
 Johnson, Charles. Born in 1679 : died at Lon- 
 don, March 11, 1748. An English dramatist. 
 Among his plays are “Force of Friendship” (1710), “Love 
 in a Chest” (1710), “The Wife’s Relief, or the Husband’s 
 Cure ’’ (1711), “Country Lasses, etc. "(1715), “Ccelia, orThe 
 Perjured Lover” (1733), “The Cobbler of Preston,” based 
 on the “Taming of the Shrew” (1716), etc. 
 
 Johnson, Captain Charles. Flourished 1724-36. 
 The name (probably a pseudonym) of the writer 
 of “A General History of the Robberies and Mur- 
 ders of the most notorious Pyrates, and also their 
 Policies, Discipline, and Government, from their 
 first Rise and Settlement in 1717 to the present 
 
 549 
 
 year, with the Adventures of two female Py- 
 rates, Mary Read and Anne Bonny ” ( 1724). Some 
 of the lives are reproduced in Howard Pyle’s “The Buca- 
 neers and Marooners of America” (1891). Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Johnson, Eastman. Born July 29, 1824: died 
 April 5, 1906. An American genre- and portrait- 
 painter. He studied at Diisseldorf, and later in Italy, 
 Paris, Holland, and The Hague. He was elected national 
 academician in 1860. Among his works are “ The Old 
 Kentucky Home” (1867), “The Old Stage Coach ” (1871), 
 “Husking Bee" (1876), “Cranberry Harvest ” (1880). 
 
 Johnson, Edward. Born at Herne Hill, Kent, 
 about 1599: died at Woburn, Mass., April 23, 
 1672. A historian of New England. He came to 
 
 America as a joiner, probably with Governor Wintlirop in 
 1630. From 1643 to 1671 he was chosen annually (except 
 1648) to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, of 
 which he was speaker in 1655. He wrote a “ History of 
 New England from the English Planting in 1628 until 
 1652 ” (London, 1654). 
 
 Johnson, Esther. See Stella. 
 
 Johnson, Francis. Born 1796 (?) : died at Hert- 
 ford, Jan. 29, 1876. An English Orientalist, in 
 1824 he accepted the chair of Sanskrit, Bengali, and Telugu 
 in the East India Company’s college at Haileybury. His 
 chief work is a “Persian Dictionary ” (1st ed. 1829 ; 2d ed. 
 1852), “the most important contribution to Persian lexi- 
 cography in any European language ” (Diet. Nat. Biog.). 
 Johnson, Guy. Born in Ireland about 1740: 
 died in the Haymarket, London, March 5, 1788. 
 An American Tory andmilitia colonel. He served 
 in the French war (1757), and under Jeffrey Amherst (1759- 
 1760). He assisted his uncle, Sir William Johnson, in the 
 Indian administration, and succeeded him as superinten- 
 dent at his death in 1774. 
 
 Johnson, Herschel V. Born in Burke County, 
 Ga., Sept. 18, 1812: died in Jefferson County, 
 Ga., Aug. 16, 1880. An American lawyer and 
 politician. He was United States senator from Georgia 
 1848-49 ; governor of Georgia 1853-57; Democratic can- 
 didate for the vice-presidency in 1860 ; and Confederate 
 senator. 
 
 Johnson, Isaac. Born at Clipsham, Rutland- 
 shire, England: died at Boston, Mass., Sept. 30, 
 1630. One of the founders of Massachusetts. 
 
 He came to Salem with Winthrop in 1630, assisted in found- 
 ing the first church in Charlestown July 39 of the same 
 year, and on Sept. 7 superintended the settlement of Shaw- 
 mut or Boston. 
 
 Johnson, James. Died at Edinburgh, Feb. 26, 
 1811. AScottish engraver, publisher, andmusic- 
 dealer. He published at Edinburgh “TheScotsMusical 
 Museum ” (1787-1803), to which Burns contributed a num- 
 ber of pieces. 
 
 Johnson, Sir John. Born 1742; died at Mon- 
 treal, Canada, Jan. 4, 1830. A British general 
 in the Revolutionary War, son of Sir William 
 Johnson. 
 
 Johnson, Manuel John. Bom at Macao, China, 
 May 23, 1805 : died in England, Feb. 28, 1859. 
 An English astronomer. In 1829 he began observing 
 at St. Helena, and in 1835 published a catalogue of 656 
 principal stars in the southern hemisphere, winning the 
 Astronomical Society’s gold medal. On July 27, 1832, he 
 observed the solar eclipse at St. Helena, In 1835 he ma- 
 triculated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, and graduated in 1869. 
 In 1839 he succeeded Rigaud at Radcliffe Observatory, 
 and published 18 volumes of “ Radcliffe Observations.” 
 
 Johnson, Reverdy. Born at Annapolis, Md., 
 May 21, 1796: died there, Feb. 10, 1876. A noted 
 American lawyer and politician. He was United 
 States senator (Whig) from Maryland 1845-49 ; attorney- 
 general 1849-50; United States senator 1863-68; andUnited 
 States minister to Great Britain 1868-69. He negotiated a 
 treaty with England for the settlement of the Alabama 
 claims, which was rejected by the Senate. 
 
 Johnson, Richard. Bom at London, 1573 : died 
 1659 (?). An English poet and prose-writer. 
 His besr-known work is the“ Famous Histone of theSeaven 
 Champions of Christendom : St. George of England, St. 
 Denis of France, St. James of Spain. St. Anthony of Italy, 
 St. Andrew of Scotland, St. Patrick of Ireland, and St. 
 David of Wales.” In 1603 he published “Anglorum La- 
 chrymse: in asad passion complayning of the death of our 
 late soveraigne lady Queene Elizabeth, etc.”; in 1612 “ The 
 Crown Garland of Golden Roses ”; etc. 
 
 Johnson, Richard Mentor. Born near Louis- 
 ville, Ky., Oct. 17, 1780 : died at Frankfort, Ky., 
 Nov. 19, 1850. An American politician. He was 
 member of Congress from Kentucky 1807-19, United States 
 senator 1819-29, and member of Congress 1829-37. He was 
 elected (Democratic) Vice-President in 1837, and served 
 1837-41, and was an unsuccessful candidate for the vice- 
 presidency in 1840. 
 
 Johnson, Samuel. Born at Guilford, Conn., Oct. 
 14, 1696: died at Stratford, Conn., 1772. An 
 American clergyman and educator, first presi- 
 dent of King’s College (Columbia College), New 
 York, 1754-63. 
 
 Johnson, Samuel. Born at Lichfield, England, 
 Sept. 18, 1709: died at London, Dec. 13, 1784. 
 A celebrated English lexicographer, essayist, 
 and poet. He was the son of Michael Johnson, book- 
 seller at Lichfield, a High churchman and Jacobite. He 
 lost the use of one eye from scrofula, and was “touched ” 
 by Queen Anne, fiis uncouth appearance and manner 
 were against him through life. In 1728 he entered Pem- 
 broke College, Oxford, and resided there continuously until 
 Dec. 12, 1729, and afterward at intervals until Oct. 8, 1731. 
 
 Johnston, Alexander Keith 
 
 A Latin translation of Pope’s “Messiah” (much admired 
 by Pope) was written at this time. He began to suffer 
 from violent attacks of the hypochondria which followed 
 him throughlife. In 1732 he becameusherat Market Bos- 
 worth school, but soon abandoned the place and returned 
 to Lichfield and Birmingham, in which latter town he mar- 
 ried a Mrs. Porter, July 9, 1735. He established a school 
 at Edial, near Lichfield, in 1736, which soon failed. Among 
 his pupils was David Garrick, with whom he started for 
 London, March 3, 1737. In March, 1738, a Latin ode to 
 Sylvanus Urban appeared in Cave’s “Gentleman’s Maga- 
 zine,” to which he became a regular contributor. In May, 
 1738, “ London,” an imitation of Juvenal, was published by 
 Dodsley. The “Life of Savage” appeared in Feb., 1744. 
 The plan of his dictionary, inscribed to Lord Chesterfield, 
 was issued in 1747. The booksellers agreed to pay £1,575 
 for the copyright, including the entire work of prepa- 
 ration for the press. He employed 6 amanuenses, 5 of 
 whom were Scotchmen. The book was based on an in- 
 terleaved copy of Nathan Bailey’sdictionary, and appeared 
 in 2 volumes, folio, April 15, 1755. In Jan., 1749, he pub- 
 lished the “Vanity of Human Wishes,” the finest of his 
 poems. His tragedy “ Irene ” (begun at Edial) was pro- 
 duced Feb. 6, 1749, with indifferent success by Garrick at 
 Drury Lane. The “Rambler” appeared every Tuesday 
 and Saturday from March 20, 1750, until March 14, 1752, and, 
 with the exception of Nos. 10, 30, 44, 97, and 100, was en- 
 tirely his work (No. 97 was written by Richardson). His 
 wife died March 17, 1752. On Feb. 20, 1755, he received the 
 degree of M. A. from Oxford. His work “Pmsselas ” was 
 written in the evenings of one week in 1759. Among his 
 political tracts is “ Taxation no Tyranny ” (1775), in answer 
 to the address of the American Congress. After the ac- 
 cession of George III., Johnson received a pension of 
 £300. During his last years he devoted himself almost 
 exclusively to society and conversation, and his sayings 
 and doings were carefully reported by Boswell and Mrs. 
 Piozzi (Thrale). In 1773 he took his well-known journey 
 with Boswell, an account of which was published in 1775 
 as “ A Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland." He also 
 wrote nearly all the numbers of “The Idler” (1758-60), 
 and published an edition of Shakspere in 8 volumes, with 
 notes, in 1765. 
 
 Johnson, Sir William. Born at Warrentown, 
 County Down, Ireland, 1715: died near Johns- 
 town, N. Y., July 4, 1774. ABritish command- 
 er and magistrate in America, superintendent 
 of Indian affairs in the colonies. In 1744 he was 
 appointed colonel of the Six Nations by Governor George 
 Clinton, and in April, 1755, by General Braddock, superin- 
 tendent of the affairs of the Six Nations with the local rank 
 of major-general. He commanded the provincial forces 
 in the attack ag inst Crown Point. In 1760 he commanded 
 the Indian troops in the advance of Amherst on Montreal. 
 He received a grant of land in the Mohawk valley called 
 “King’s land," where he built (1743) Fort Johnson, the vil- 
 lage of Johnson (now Johnstown), and Johnson Hall (1764). 
 He introduced sheep and blooded horses into the Mohawk 
 valley. He published, in the “Transactions of the Philo- 
 sophical Society,” a paper on the “Languages, Custom, 
 and Manners of the Indian Six Nations ” (1772). 
 
 J olmson , W illiam Samuel. Born at Stratford , 
 Conn., Oct. 7, 1727 : died at Stratford, Nov. 14, 
 1819. An American politician and scholar, son 
 of Samuel Johnson (1696-1772), president of 
 Columbia College (1787-1800). 
 
 Johnston (jon'ston), Albert Sidney. Born at 
 Washington, Mason County, Ky., Feb. 3, 1803: 
 killed at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862. An 
 American general in the Confederate service. 
 He graduated at West Point in 1826; was chief of staff to 
 General Henry Atkinson during the Black Hawk war in 
 1832 ; resigned from the army in 1834; enlisted as a private 
 in the Texan army in 1836; succeeded Felix Huston as 
 commander of the Texan army in 1837 ; was secretary of 
 war for the republic of Texas 1838-40 ; served as colonel in 
 the United States army during the Mexican war ; command- 
 ed a successful expedition against the revolted Mormons in 
 Utah in 1857 ; and was appointed command/ rof the Depart- 
 ment of Kentucky and Tennessee in the Confederate service 
 at the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. He occupied 
 Bowling Green, Kentucky, in the autumn of 1861, but was 
 forced to retreat to Corinth, Mississippi, by the fall of Fort 
 Donelson, Feb. 16,1862. Having been reinforced by Gen- 
 erals Beauregard and Bragg, he attacked General Grant’s 
 army at Shiloh, Apr il 6, 1862, and was killed about 2 P. M. 
 by a hall which severed an artery of his leg. See Shiloh, 
 Battle of. 
 
 Johnston, Alexander. Bom at Edinburgh, 1815 : 
 died at Hampstead, Feb. 2, 1891. A Scottish 
 portrait- and figure-painter. He is known from va- 
 rious portraits, “The Interview of the Regent Murray with 
 Mary Queen of Scots ”(1841), “The Covenanters’ Marriage" 
 (1842), etc. 
 
 Johnston, Alexander. Born at Brooklyn, N.Y., 
 April 29, 1849 : died at Princeton, N. J., July 21, 
 1889. An American historian. He graduated at 
 Rutgers College in 1870 ; was admitted to the bar in 1876 ; 
 and was professor of jurisprudence and political economy 
 in Princeton College from 1883 until his death. Among his 
 works are “ History of American Politics ” (1879), “ The 
 Genesis of a New England State [Connecticut/] ” (1883), “A 
 History of the United States” (1885), “Connecticut : a Study 
 of a Commonwealth- Democracy ” (1887), and “ The United 
 States: its History and Constitution” (reprinted from the 
 “ Encyclopajdia Britannica,” 1887). 
 
 Johnston, Alexander Keith. Born at Kirkhill, 
 near Penicuik, Midlothian, Dec. 28, 1804 : died 
 at Ben Rhydding, Yorkshire, July 9, 1871. A 
 Scottish geographer. He was educated at Edinburgh 
 University, and in 1826 formed the firm of W. and A. K. 
 Johnston with his brother William Johnston. In 1830 his 
 first maps were published in “A Traveller’s Guide Look. 
 On Feb. 8, 1840, he was made geographer in ordinary to the 
 queen. His chief publications were Heinrich berghauss 
 “ National Atlas ”(1843),“ The Physical Atlas ”(1848),“ Die- 
 
Johnston, Alexander Keith 
 
 tiouary of Geography ” (1850), “ Atlas of General and De- 
 scriptive Geography " (1852), “The Royal Atlas, of Modern 
 Geography ’’ (1861). 
 
 Johnston, Alexander Keith. Born at Edin- 
 burgh, Nov. 24, 1844: died at Berobero, Zanzi- 
 bar, June 28, 1879. A Scottish geographer and 
 map-engraver. In 1869 he took charge of the geo- 
 graphical department of the London branch of the John- 
 ston house. From 1873 to 1875 he accompanied the com- 
 mission for the survey of Paraguay. In June, 1878, he was 
 appointed chief of the Royal Geographical Society’s expe- 
 dition to Lake Nyassa; arrived at Zanzibar Jan., 1879; and 
 there died. His best-known works are “The Library Map 
 of Africa” (1866), “ A Map of tne Lake Regions of Eastern 
 Africa,” “Handbook of Physical Geography ” (1870), “The 
 Surface Zones of the Globe ” (1874). 
 
 Johnston, George. Born at Simprin, Berwick- 
 shire, July 20, 1797 : died July 30, 1855. A Scot- 
 tish naturalist. His chief works are “History of Brit- 
 ish Zoophytes” (1838), “History of British Sponges and 
 Lithophytes ” (1842). 
 
 Johnston, Henry Erskine. Born at Edinburgh, 
 May, 1777 : died after 1830. An English actor: 
 he was called ‘ ‘ the Scottish Roscius. ” He first ap- 
 peared in London in 1797, and until 1830 was successful in 
 such parts as Romeo, Hamlet, Sir Edward Mortimer, Lo- 
 thario, Sir Archie Macsarcasm, Sir Pertinax Macsycophant, 
 Douglas, Count Romaldi, George Barnwell, Alonzo in “ Pi- 
 zarro,” etc. In 1823 he became manager of the Caledonian 
 Theatre, Edinburgh, but soon resigned. In Oct., 1830, he 
 played a short engagement there, after which there is no 
 record of him. 
 
 Johnston, John Taylor. Born at New York, 
 April 8, 1829 : died there, March 24, 1893. An 
 American business man and philanthropist. 
 
 He was president of the Central Railroad of New Jersey 
 from its beginning till 1877, when he sacrificed his fort une 
 in an effort to sustain its credit. He assisted in organiz- 
 ing the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and was its first presi- 
 dent, but in 188!) his health forced him to resign this office. 
 He was connected with many other educational and benev- 
 olent institutions. 
 
 Johnston, Joseph Eccleston. Born near Farm- 
 ville, Va., Feb. 3, 1807: died at Washington, 
 D. C., March 21, 1891. An American general 
 in the Confederate service. He graduated at West 
 Point in 1829 ; was promoted captain in 1846 ; served in the 
 Mexican war 1846-47 ; was commissioned quarter-master- 
 general of the United States army in 1860 ; and on the 
 outbreak of the Civil War accepted a commission as briga- 
 dier-general in the Confederate service. In May, 1861, he 
 took command at Harper's Ferry, where he was opposed 
 by General Patterson. When General Beauregard was at- 
 tacked byGeneral McDowell, July 18,1861, Johnston eluded 
 Patterson, and on the 20th or 21st formed a junction with 
 Beauregard, whom, although inferior in rank, he left in 
 tactical command. He was promoted general Aug. 31, 
 1861. He afterward (1862) opposed McClellan in the Pe- 
 ninsular campaign, and was defeated at Williamsburg May 
 5, and at Fair Oaks May 31, 1862. He was defeated by Grant 
 at Jackson May 14, 1863, while attempting to relieve Pem- 
 berton at Vicksburg. In the same year he was appointed 
 to the command of the Army of the Tennessee, with head- 
 quarters at Dalton, Georgia, where he was required to op- 
 pose the advance of Sherman toward Atlanta. He was 
 compelled to retreat across the Chattahoochee early in J uly, 
 1864, after having fought unsuccessful engagements at Re- 
 saca, May 15, and at Dallas, May 28, and was in consequence 
 superseded in his command by General John B. Hood, July 
 
 17, 1864. Feb. 23, 1865, he was restored to the command 
 of the Army of the Tennessee, with orders to oppose Gen- 
 eral Sherman, to whom he surrendered at Durham Station, 
 N. C., April 26, 1865, General Lee having previously surren- 
 dered to Grant. He published a “Narrative of Military 
 Operations Directed, during the Late War between the 
 States, by Joseph E. Johnston” (1874). 
 
 Johnston, Samuel. Born at Dundee, Scotland, 
 Dec. 15, 1733: died near Edenton, N. C., Aug. 
 
 18, 1816. An American jurist and statesman. 
 He went with his father to America in 1736. He was a 
 member of the Continental Congress 1781-82 ; governor 
 of the State of North Carolina 1788-89 ; U nited States sen- 
 ator 1789-93; and judge of the Supreme Court 1800-03. 
 
 Johnston, Sir William. Born at Kirkhill, near 
 Penicuik, Midlothian, Oet. 27, 1802 : died there, 
 Feb. 7, 1888. A Scottish geographer, in 1826 he, 
 with his brother Alexander Keith Johnston, founded the 
 house of W. and A. K. Johnston, geographical publishers. 
 He was lord provost of Edinburgh (1848-51), and was knight- 
 ed in 1851. 
 
 Johnstone (jon'ston). A town in Renfrewshire, 
 Scotland, situated on the Black Cart 10 miles 
 west by south of Glasgow. It has manufactures 
 of cotton, etc. Population, 10,502. 
 
 Johnstone, Andrew James Cochrane. Born 
 May 24, 1767 : died some time after July, 1814. 
 A British adventurer and swindler. Hewasamil- 
 itary officer, member of Parliament, and colonial governor. 
 After a career of bribery and corruption, he speculated in 
 the London Stock Exchange on fraudulent reports of Na- 
 poleon’s death Feb. 14, 1814, was found guilty of conspiracy 
 in June, and was expelled from the House of Commons in 
 July. 
 
 Johnstone, Christian Isobel. Born in Fife- 
 shire, 1781 : died at Edinburgh, Aug. 26, 1857. A 
 Scottish novelist and journalist. Her chief works 
 are “Edinburgh Tales,” “ Clan Albin ”(a novel), “Elizabeth 
 De Bruce,” lives and voyages of Drake, Cavendish, and 
 Dampier, “Cook and Housewife’s Manual.” 
 Johnstone, John Henry. Born at Kilkenny, 
 Ireland, 1749: died at London, Dec. 26, 1828. 
 An Irish actor and vocalist. He made hia first ap- 
 
 550 
 
 pearance in Dublin about 1773 ; sang at Covent Garden, 
 London, 1783-1803 ; and played at Drury Lane 1803-2U. 
 
 Johnstone, William Borthwick. Born at Ed- 
 inburgh, July 21, 1804 : died there, June 5, 1868. 
 A Scottish landscape and historical painter, 
 better known as a connoisseur and as the first 
 principal curator of the National Gallery of Scot- 
 land. 
 
 Johnstown (jonz'touu). A manufacturing city, 
 capital of Fulton County, New York, situated 
 on Cayadutta Creek 40 miles northwest of Al- 
 bany. Population, 10,447, (1910). 
 Johnstown. A city in Cambria County, Penn- 
 sylvania, situated on Stony Creek and Cone- 
 maugh River 58 miles east by south of Pitts- 
 burg. It has manufactures of iron. It and the places 
 near it were destroyed by the bursting of a reservoir May 
 31, 1889, with a loss, at the lowest estimate, of about 3,000 
 lives. Population, 55,482, (1910). 
 
 Johore (jo-hor'). A native state at the southern 
 extremity of the Malay peninsula, it is under 
 British influence. Area, 9,000 square miles. Population, 
 estimated, 200,000. 
 
 Joigny (zliwan-ye'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Yonne, France, situated on the Yonne 
 14 miles north-northwest of Auxerre: the 
 Roman Joviniacum. It has noted wines. 
 Population, commune, 6,057. 
 
 Joinville (zhwan-vel'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Haute-Marne, France, situated on the 
 Marne5l miles southeastof Chalons-sur-Marne. 
 It was the seat of an ancient barony, later of a 
 principality. Population, commune, 3,680. 
 Joinville, Jean de. Born at Joinville-sur- 
 Marne, Champagne, about 1224 : died on his 
 ancestral estates, July 16, 1317. A French 
 chronicler. His family was noble and wealthy, and 
 held for four generations the office of seneschal of Cham- 
 pagne. By virtue of his birth he had access to the court 
 circles of Champagne and France. He followed Louis IX. 
 on the seventh Crusade with a retinue of 700 men, and 
 spent six years in Egypt and Syria (1248-54). In 1250, at 
 Saint-Jean-d’Acre, he drew up the articles of his religious 
 belief, his “ Credo,” which he subsequently revised in 
 1287. Tlie great work, however, to which he has left his 
 name is the “Histoire de Saint Louis.” The original copy, 
 presented in 1309 by the author in person to Louis le 
 llutin, great-grandson of Louis IX, is lost. A second copy, 
 belonging to Joinville, shared a like fate : this was pre- 
 sumably used, however, in preparing the first edition in 
 1547. The best modern edition was made by Natalis de 
 Wailly for the Socidtd de 1’Histoire de France in 1868. 
 
 Joinville, Prince de (Francois Ferdinand 
 Philippe Louis Marie d’Orleans). Born at 
 Neuilly,near Paris, Aug. 14, 1818: died at Paris, 
 June 16,1900. The third son of Louis Philippe. 
 He was in the French naval service 1834-48, accompanied 
 McClellan in the Peninsular campaign in 1862, and served 
 (incognito) in the war of 1870-71. 
 
 Jokai (yo'ko-i), Mor. Born at Komorn, Feb. 19, 
 1825 : died May 5, 1904. A Hungarian novelist 
 and politician. Among his novels are “ A Hungarian 
 Nabob ” (1854), “ Black Diamonds" (1873), “ The Romance 
 of the Coming Century " (1874). 
 
 Jokjokarta (jok-yo-kar'ta). 1. A residencyin 
 the southern part of Java, Dutch East Indies. — 
 2. The capital of Jokjokarta residency, situated 
 in lat. 7° 48' S., long. 110° 21' E. Population, 
 about 70,000. 
 
 Joktan (jok'tan). See the extract. 
 
 Arphaxad was the grandfather of Eber or “Hebrew." 
 “UntoEber,” we are told [in Genesis], “were bom two 
 sons : the name of one was Peleg ; for in his days was the 
 earth divided; and his brother’s name was Joktan.’' The 
 tribes and districts of south-eastern Arabia traced their 
 descent to Joktau. Among them we find Hazannaveth, 
 the modern Hadhramaut; Opliir, the famous sea-port and 
 emporium of the goods of the further east ; Havilali, ‘the 
 sandy region,’ compassed by the river Pison (Gen. ii. 11), 
 and occupied by the sons of Ishmael (Gen. xxv. 18); and 
 Amalek (1 Sam. xv. 7), as well as Sheba, the Saba of the 
 native Inscriptions, whose ancient capital is now repre- 
 sented by the ruins of Mareb in the south-western corner 
 of Arabia. Sayce, Peaces of the O. T., p. 65. 
 
 Joliba. See Niger. 
 
 Joliet (jo'li-et). A city and the capital of Will 
 County, Illinois, situated on the Des Plaines 
 River 34 miles southwest of Chicago. It is a 
 railway and manufacturing center, and contains 
 a State prison. Population, 34,670, (1910). 
 Joliet (zho-lya/), Charles. Born at St.-Hip- 
 polyte,Doubs, France, Aug. 8, 1832: died Feb., 
 1910. A French novelist and litterateur. He 
 wrote, under the pseudonym J. Telio and several others, 
 for “La Vie Parisienne,” “Charivari,” and a number of 
 other journals. Besides his novels he wrote “L’Esprit de 
 Diderot” (1859), “Les pseudonymes du jour” (1867 : 2d 
 ed. 1883), “ Cuiiosites des let.tres, etc." (1884), “Le tresor 
 des curiositCs, l’argot, etc.” (1891). 
 
 Joliet, or Jolliet, Louis. Born at Quebec, Sept. 
 21, 1645 : died in May, 1700. A French-Cana- 
 dian explorer. He was intended for the priesthood, 
 and took minor orders in 1662, but abandoned divinity in 
 1667, and became a merchant. In 1672 he was commissioned 
 by Frontenac, governor of New France, to explore the Mis- 
 sissippi River ; and, in company with the J esuit missionary 
 
 Jones, Jacob 
 
 Jacques Marquette and five other Frenchmen, explored the 
 Fox,Wisconsin, Mississippi, and Illinois rivers in 1673. 
 
 Jolley (jol'i), Sir Joslin. One of the principal 
 characters in Etherege’s comedy “She Would 
 if She Could”: a convivial country gentleman. 
 Jollivet (zhol-i-va'), Pierre Jules. Born at 
 Paris, June 27, 1803 : died at Paris, Sept. 7, 1871. 
 A French historical and genre painter. He was 
 a pupil of Gros and De Juinne. Among his pictures are 
 “Massacre of the Innocents ”(1845: Rouen Museum), “ Es- 
 tablishing the Magistracy ” (1855 : bought by the state), 
 “ Christ among the Doctors ’’ (1865 : Prefecture de la 
 Seine), etc., and portraits of Philip III., Queen Victoria, 
 Prince Albert, and others. 
 
 Jolof. Same as Wolof. 
 
 Jomini (zhd-me-ne'), Baron Henri. Born at 
 Pay erne, Vaud, Switzerland, March 6, 1779 : 
 died at Paris, March 24, 1869. A celebrated 
 Swiss military writer, in the French military 
 service as colonel and aide to Marshal Ney. 
 After 1813 he was in the Russian service as lieutenant- 
 general and aide-de-camp to the emperor. His works 
 include “TraitC des grandes operations militaires”(1805), 
 “ Principes de la stratdgie ” (1818), “ Histoire critique et 
 militaire des campagnes de la revolution de 1792 a 1801, 
 etc." (with Koch, 1819-24), “ Vie politique et militaire de 
 Napoleon ”(1827), “ Precis de l’art de la guerre ” (1838), etc. 
 
 Jommelli, or Jomelli (yo-mel'le), Niccolb. 
 Born at Aversa, near Naples, Sept. 10, 1714: 
 died at Naples, Aug. 25, 1774. An Italian com- 
 poser. He wrote the operas “ Merope” (1747), 
 “Didone” (1748), “Armida” (1770), etc., and 
 cantatas, oratorios, and church music. 
 
 Jonah (jo'na). [Heb., ‘a dove’; Gr. ’Iwraf, E. 
 Jonas.'] A Hebrew prophet who flourished in 
 or before the reign of Jeroboam II. His story is 
 given in the Book of Jonah, the date and authorship of 
 which are unknown. The incident of the whale has par- 
 aUels in Babylonian, Egyptian, and Greek mythology. 
 Jonas (yo'nas), Justus. Born at Nordbausen, 
 Prussia, June 5, 1493: died at Eisfeld, Saxe- 
 Meiningen, Oet. 9, 1555. A German Protestant 
 reformer, the friend and collaborator of Luther. 
 Jonathan (jon'a-than). [Heb., ‘gift of Yahveli.’] 
 A Hebrew commander, son of Saul and friend 
 of David. See David. 
 
 Jonathan, Brother, A popular nickname for 
 the American people. Its origin has been explained 
 in several ways, but is not definitely known. 
 
 Jonathan Maccabaeus (mak-a-be'us). Killed 
 143 B. c. The fifth son of Mattathias, and leader 
 of the Maccabees after the death of Judas. 
 Jonathan Wild the Great, The History of. A 
 novel by Fielding, published in 1743. 
 
 Jon Bee. See Badcock , John. 
 
 Jones (jonz), Anson. Born at Great Barring- 
 ton, Mass., Jan. 20, 1798: committed suicide at 
 Houston, Texas, Jan. 7, 1858. A Texan politi- 
 cian, president of Texas 18 14 - 4 5. 
 
 Jones, Davy. The name given by sailors to the 
 evil spirit who is supposed to rule over the sea- 
 demons (hence “to go to Davy Jones’s locker” 
 is to drown or to die). The name has been said 
 to be a corruption of Jonah. 
 
 Jones, George. Bom Jan. 6, 1786: died at Lon- 
 don, Sept. 19, 1869. An English painter. He en- 
 tered the Royal Academy in 1801 and exhibited annually. 
 He served in the Peninsular war and in tlie occupation of 
 Paris after Waterloo. He was most successful in battle- 
 pieces. 
 
 Jones, Henry. Born near Drogheda, Ireland, 
 1721: died at London, April, 1770. An Irish 
 poet and dramatist. He published “Poems on Sev- 
 eral Occasions” (1749), “The Earl of Essex,” a tragedy 
 (1752), etc. 
 
 Jones, Henry. Bom at London, Nov. 2, 1831: 
 died there Feb. 15, 1899. An author^ on whist 
 and other games of cards, on which he wrote 
 under the name of Cavendish. He also wrote on 
 lawn-tennis, backgammon, dominoes, etc. 
 
 Jones, Hugh Bolton. Born at Baltimore, Md., 
 1848. An American landscape-painter. Among 
 his works are “ The Return of the Cows ” (Paris Exposition, 
 1878), “The Poplars ” (Roy, il Academy, London), “Near 
 Maplewood ” (Metropolitan Museum, N ew York), “Break- 
 ing Flax ” (Columbian Exposition). 
 
 Jones, Inigo. Born at London, July 15, 1573: 
 died there, June 21, 1652. A noted English archi- 
 tect, styled “the English Palladio.” He went to 
 Italy and resided there many years, especially in Venice, 
 whence he was called to Denmark by King Christian IV. 
 In 1620 he was appointed commissioner of repairs of St. 
 Paul's, which, however, were not commenced before 1631. 
 In 1643 he was thrown out of his office, and in 1646 fined 
 £345 for being a royal favorite and a Roman Catholic, hav- 
 ing been taken in arms at tlie capture of Basing House. 
 He is supposed to have died of grief, misfortune, and old 
 age at old Somerset House on the Strand. He sat twice to 
 Vandyck, and a portrait by this master has been sent with 
 the Houghton collection to St. Petersburg. Among his 
 works are the banqueting-hall, Whitehall (1619-22), Covent 
 Garden Piazza, tlie famous gateway of St. Mary’s, Oxford 
 (1632), the equally famous portico of old St. Paul's and the 
 reconstruction of that church (1631-41). etc. 
 
 Jones, Jacob. Born near Smyrna, Del., 1770: 
 died at Philadelphia, Aug., 1850. An American 
 
Jones, Jacob 
 
 naval officer, commander of the Wasp at the 
 capture of the Frolic in 1812. 
 
 Jones, John Paul, commonly known as Paul 
 Jones. Born at Kirkbean, Kirkcudbrightshire, 
 Scotland, July 6, 1747 : died at Paris, July 18, 
 1792. A Scottish-American naval adventurer. 
 He was the son of John Paul, a Scotch gardener. In 1773 
 he went to Virginia, and in 1775, under the assumed name 
 of Jones, was appointed first lieutenant of the Alfred, a 30- 
 gun frigate in the American navy. In 1777 he commanded 
 the Ranger, a new 20-gun frigate ; cruised in the Irish Sea 
 and on the coast of Scotland ; and on April 24, 1778, cap- 
 tured the Drake, a British sloop of war. Returning to 
 Brest, he was superseded. When, in July, 1778, war began 
 between France and England, an old East indiaman, the 
 Due (le Duras, was converted into a ship of war called the 
 Bonhomme Richard (which see). She sailed, under the com- 
 mand of Jones, with the Alliance, Pallas, Cell and Ven- 
 geance, Aug. 14, 1779. They sailed around Ireland and Scot- 
 land, and on Sept. 23 fell in with the Serapis (44 guns) and 
 Countess of Scarborough (20 guns). The battle between the 
 Serapis and the Bonhomme Richard, one of the greatest 
 naval engagements in history, resulted in the surrender 
 of the Serapis to the Richard, and the subsequent sinking 
 of the latter. Jones abandoned the American service, and 
 entered the French and later the Russian navy. After 
 serving under Potemkin in the Black Sea, with the rank 
 of rear-admiral, he returned to Paris in 1790. The coffin 
 containing his body was sought for by General Horace 
 Porter, U aited States ambassador to France, in the aban- 
 doned Saint Louis Cemetery in Paris, and found March 31, 
 1905. The body was brought to the United States for in- 
 terment in Annapolis. 
 
 Jones, John Winter. Born at Lambeth, Jxrno 
 16, 1805 : died at Henley, Sept. 7, 1881. Libra- 
 rian of the British Museum. He became assistant 
 librarian of the British Museum in 1837. Upon the retire- 
 ment of Panizzi in 1866, Jones was appointed principal 
 librarian. 
 
 Jones, Owen. Born at London, Feb. 15, 1809: 
 died there, April 19, 1874. An English architect 
 and writer on ornament, son of Owen Jones 
 (1741—1814). In 1851 he was appointed superintendent 
 of the works and decorations of the exhibition in London. 
 He published “ Plans, Elevations, Sections, and Details of 
 the Alhambra ” (1842-45), “ Grammar of Ornament ” (1856), 
 “ The Polychromatic Ornament of Italy ” (1846), “ Examples 
 of Chinese Ornament ” (1867). 
 
 Jones, Paul. See Jones, John Paul. 
 
 Jones, Richard. Born at Birmingham, 1779: 
 died at London, Aug. 30, 1851. An English ac- 
 tor and dramatist. He was successful in light comedy 
 parts and farce. He claimed the authorship of “ The Green 
 Man " (1818) and of “ Too Late for Dinner ” (1820), which 
 was also assigned to Theodore Hook. 
 
 Jones, Thomas Rymer. Born 1810: died at 
 London, Dec. 10, 1880. An English compara- 
 tive anatomist and physiologist, professor of 
 comparative anatomy at King's College, Lon- 
 don 1836-74. His chief work is “General Out- 
 line of the Animal Kingdom” (1838-41). 
 
 Jones, Tom. See Tom Jones. 
 
 Jones, T. Percy. The pseudonym of Professor 
 Aytoun. 
 
 Jones, William. Born in the parish of Llanfi- 
 hangel, Anglesea, 1675: died at London, July 
 3, 1749. An English mathematician. He entered 
 the service of a merchant in London, and visited the West 
 Indies, afterward teaching mathematics on a man-of-war 
 and in London. His “New Compendium of the Whole 
 Art of Navigation" appeared in 1702, and his “Synopsis 
 palmariorum matheseos, or a New Introduction to the 
 Mathematics” in 1706. In 1711 he edited some tracts by 
 Newton. 
 
 Jones, William. Born at Lowick, Northamp- 
 tonshire, July 30, 1726: died at Nayland, Suf- 
 folk, Jan. 6, 1800. An English clergyman and 
 theological and miscellaneous writer. Among his 
 works are “Catholic Doctrine of the Trinity” (1756) and 
 “Figurative Language of the Holy Scripture” (1786). 
 Jones, Sir William. Bom at Westminster, Sept. 
 28, 1746: died at Calcutta, April 27, 1794. A 
 noted English Orientalist and linguist, young- 
 est son of William Jones the mathematician. 
 He entered University College, Oxford, in 1764, and be- 
 came a fellow of that college in 1766. In 1770 he published 
 a translation into French of the Persian life of Nadir Shah, 
 brought to England by Christian VII. of Denmark. It was 
 followed (1770) by the “Traitd sur la podsie orientale.” 
 In 1771 he issued his grammar of the Persian language, 
 followed by “Poems, consistingchiefly of translations from 
 the Asiatick languages, etc.” (1772), “Poeseos Asiatic® 
 Commentariorum Libri Sex ” (1774). He was called to the 
 bar at the Middle Temple in 1774. In 1778 he published 
 a translation of the “Speeches of Isaous in Causes con- 
 cerning the Law of Succession to Property at Athens.” His 
 essay on the “ Law of Bailments” appeared in 1781, and in 
 the same year was issued the translation of the “Moalla- 
 kat.” He was knighted March 19, 1783, and made judge 
 of the high court at Calcutta. In 1784 he founded the 
 Bengal Asiatic Society. He was the first English scholar 
 to master Sanskrit, and to recognize its importance for 
 comparative philology. In 1794 he began a complete di- 
 gest of Hindu law with the “Institutes of Hindu Law,” 
 followed by “ Mohammedan Law of Succession ” and “ Mo- 
 hammedan Law of Inheritance.” 
 
 Jonesboro (jonz'bur // o). The capital of Clay- 
 ton County, Georgia, 18 miles south of Atlanta. 
 Here Aug. 31, 1864, the Federais under Howard repulsed 
 the Confederates under Hardee, with a Federal loss 
 of 1,149, and Confederate loss of about 2,000. Population, 
 970, (1910). 
 
 551 
 
 Jonkoping (yen'che-ping). 1. A laen in south- 
 ern Sweden. Area, 4,447 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 211,377. — 2. The capital of the laen 
 of Jonkoping, situated at the southern end 
 of Lake Wetter in lat. 57° 48' N.,long. 14° 13' E. 
 
 It is noted for its manufactures, especially of matches. 
 A peace between Sweden and Denmark was concluded 
 here in 1809. Population, 24,631. 
 
 Jonsbok (yons'bok). [ON. Jonsbok.'] The law 
 code of Iceland under Norwegian sovereignty 
 and later, brought from Norway to Iceland, in 
 1280, by Jon Einarsson, a lawyer, from whom 
 it received its name. Like the Jarnsida, which 
 it superseded, it was a compilation by King 
 Magnus. 
 
 Jonson (jon'son), Benjamin, usually known as 
 Ben Jonson. Born at Westminster, 1573 (?): 
 died Aug. 6, 1637. A celebrated English dram- 
 atist. His parentage is not certainly known. His mother 
 married, while he was still a child, a master bricklayer said 
 to have been named Fowler. He was sent to a school at St. 
 Martin’s-in-the-Fields, but was soon removed to Westmin- 
 ster school, where William Camden befriended him. After 
 a somewhat obscure period he began to work for the stage : 
 in 1 597 he appeared in Henslowe’s “ Diary ” as a player and 
 a playwright to “The Admiral’s Men." During a break 
 with the Admiral’s company his first extant comedy, “Every 
 Man in his Humour," was offered to the rival company, the 
 “Lord Chamberlain’s Servants.” It was accepted, and was 
 performed at the Globe in 1598, Shakspere playing in it. 
 Jonson ranked from this time with the foremost drama- 
 tists of the period. He became involved in quarrels with 
 Dekker and Marston, and in the plays of the two latter 
 are characters attacking or ridiculing him, while he in 
 turn satirized them in several of his plays. In 1603 he 
 began to write “ Entertainments,” and in 1605 the first 
 of his series of “ Court Masques." He was in favor with 
 the court, and his life now entered its most successful 
 phase. The plays performed during 1605-16 (“Epicoene,” 
 “The Alchemist,” “Catiline,” “Bartholomew Fair,” and 
 “The Devil is an Ass”) are among his best. In 1613 he 
 went to France as tutor to a son of Sir Walter Raleigh, 
 and in 1618 he made his well-known pedestrian journey 
 to Scotland. About this time he spent some weeks at 
 the house of William Drummond of Hawthornden, whose 
 notes of his talk are the principal source of his biography. 
 On his return he wrote a narrative in verse of his adven- 
 tures (“Underwoods, No. 62”). Between 1621 and 1623 the 
 king raised Jonson ’s pension to £200, and the greatest ca- 
 lamity of his private life occurred — the burning of his li- 
 brary, which was one of the finest in England. In 1626 he 
 was attacked with palsy, followed by dropsy, and was con- 
 fined to his bed during his last years. He was appointed 
 chronologer to the city of London in 1628, which increased 
 his income; but his powers were failing and his next play, 
 “The New Inn,” was not heard to the end, and in 1631 
 his salary as chronologer was withdrawn. He brought 
 out more plays and masks, and in 1634 his salary was re- 
 stored. He lived three years longer, during which time 
 he wrote little. “The Sad Shepherd," unfinished, was 
 found among his papers. He was buried in Westminster 
 Abbey, in the Poets’ Corner. The political crisis at this 
 time prevented the erection of an elaborate tomb which 
 was intended, and a casual visitor, Sir John Young, caused 
 “O rare Ben Jonson” to be cut on his tomb. Among 
 bis friends were all the people of culture of the time, no- 
 tably Chapman and Fletcher. With Shakspere he was 
 less intimate : hut the theory of his jealousy of the latter 
 has been completely refuted by Gifford. Among his plays 
 are “Every Man in his Humour ’’(acted 1598, printed 1601), 
 “The Case is Altered "(1599, printed 1609), “Every Man out 
 of his Humour” (1599, printed 1600), “Cynthia’s Revels” 
 (1600), “The Poetaster, etc.” (1601, printed 1602),“ Sejanus, 
 his Fall,” with another (1603, printed 1605), “Eastward Ho,” 
 with Chapman and Marston (1604, printed 1605),“ Volpone, 
 or the Fox’ (1605, printed 1607), “Epicoene, or the Silent 
 Woman”(1609),“TlieAlchemist”(1610, prill ted 1612), “Cati- 
 line, his Conspiracy ” (1011), “ Bartholomew Fair ' (1614, 
 printed (folio) 1031), “ The Devil i3 an Ass ”(1616, folio 1631), 
 “The Staple of News" (1625, folio 1631), “The New Inn, 
 etc.” (1629, printed 1031), “ The Magnetick Lady ” (licensed 
 1632, folio 1640), “ A Tale of a Tub ” (licensed 1633, folio 
 1640), “The Sad Shepherd, etc.” (folio 1641), etc. Besides 
 these, he wrote a number of “Masques,” “Entertain- 
 ments,” and poems : among the latter are included “ Epi- 
 grammes” (published 1616) and “The Forest, ” which con- 
 tains his best songs, etc., up to 1616, most of which were 
 subsequently published under the name of “Under- 
 woods” (his own title) after his death (1640). The lines to 
 the memory of Shakspere prefixed to the Shakspere folio 
 (1623) were first included in Jonson’s works by Gifford. 
 He wrote several prose works, among which are ‘ ‘ Timber, 
 or Discoveries made upon Men and Matter,” usually 
 known as “ Discoveries ” (1641), and “ The English Gram- 
 mar made by Ben Jonson fob the benefit of all strangers” 
 (1640), etc. His works were first collected in a folio edition, 
 of which the first volume, revised by himself, appeared in 
 1616, the second 1630-41. Whalley (1756) first edited him, 
 and in 1816 Gifford brought out an edition, reprinted by 
 Cunningham in 1876. 
 
 Jonzac (zhon-zak'). A town in the department 
 of Charente-Inf 6rieure, France, 45 miles north of 
 Bordeaux. Population, commune, 3,287. 
 Joodpoor. See Jodhpur. 
 
 Joonpoor. See Jauripur. 
 
 Joplin (jop'lin). A mining city in Jasper 
 County, southwestern Missouri, situated in 
 lat. 37° 3' N., long. 94° 35' W. Population, 
 32,073, (1910). 
 
 Joppa. See Jaffa. 
 
 Joram (jo'ram), or Jehoram (je-ho'ram). King 
 of Israel 85i-843 B. C. (Duncker), son of Ahab. 
 Joram, or Jelioram. King of Judah 848-844 
 B. C., son of Jehoshaphat. 
 
 Joscelyn 
 
 Jorat (zho-ra' or zho-rat'), G. Jurten (yor'ten). 
 A chain of heights in the canton of Yaud, Swit- 
 zerland, northeast of Lausanne. It forms part 
 of the watershed between the valleys of the 
 Rhine and Rhone. 
 
 Jord (yerd). [ON. Jordh.'] In Old Norse my- 
 thology, the goddess Earth, the wife of Odin and 
 the mother of Thor. 
 
 Jordaens (yor'diins), Jakob. Born at Antwerp 
 about 1593 : died there, 1678. A Flemish painter 
 of historical and genre scenes and portraits. 
 Jordan. See Jordanes. 
 
 Jordan (jor'dan). [Heb. Yarden, the descend- 
 er; Gr. Topciaw/f, L. Jordanes, mod. Ar. Ksh- 
 Sheriah.'] The chief river of Palestine, it rises 
 in Anti-Libanus, traverses Lake Merorn (Iluleh)aml the Sea 
 of Galilee, and flows into the Dead Sea 19 miles east of Je- 
 rusalem. Its length is about 120 miles. 
 
 Jordan. A river in Utah which flows from Utah 
 Lake into Great Salt Lake. Length, about 40 
 ★ miles. 
 
 Jordan, David Starr. Born at Gainesville, 
 N. Y. , Jan. 19, 1851. An American naturalist and 
 educator. He studied at Cornell University, receiving 
 the degree of M. S. in 1872, and of LL.D. (honorary) in 1886. 
 In 1875 he graduated in medicine at the Indiana Medical 
 College. He was assistant on the United States Fish Com- 
 mission 1877-91 ; professor of zoology at the Indiana Uni- 
 versity 1879-85, and its president 1885-91 ; was president 
 of the Leland Stanford Junior University 1891-1913 and 
 chancellor 1913- He has published “Manual of the Ver- 
 tebrates of the Northern United States” (1876 and later 
 editions), “Contributions to North American Ichthyology ” 
 (1877-83), “Science Sketches" (1888), etc. 
 
 Jordan, Mrs. (assumed name of Dorothy 
 Bland). Born near Waterford, Ireland, about 
 1762: died at St. -Cloud, France, 1816. An Irish 
 actress, known as Dolly Jordan. She became 
 the mistress of the Duke of Clarence (William 
 IV.) in 1790. 
 
 As an actress in comedy Mrs. Jordan can have had few 
 equals. Clenest says that she had never a superior in her 
 line, and adds that her “Hypolita” will never be excelled. 
 Rosalind, Viola, and Lady Contest were among her best 
 characters. Diet. Nat. Biog . 
 
 Jordan, Thomas. Born at London about 1612: 
 died about 1685. An English actor, dramatist, 
 and poet. He supported himself by promiscuous literary 
 work, largely plagiarized, until 1671, when he was made part 
 of the corporation of London in the capaeityof poet to that 
 body. Jordan conducted the lord mayor’s shows for four- 
 teen years with great success. Among his works are “ Poet- 
 icall Varieties or V ariety of Fancies ”(1637), “A Pill to Purge 
 Melancholy "(1637). “TheTricksof Youth”(1663), “ANew 
 Droll, or the Counter Scuffle” (1663), “Money is an Asa” 
 (1663), “ Rosary of Rarities ” (1659), etc. 
 
 Jordan (yor'dan), Wilhelm. Born Feb. 8, 
 1819: died June 25, 1904. A German poet. 
 He wrote “Die Nibelungen ” (1st part, “ Sigfridsage," 
 1868; 2d part, “Hildebrants Heimkehr,” 1874), dramas, 
 “Demiurgos, ” a poem (1852-54), translations, etc. 
 
 Jordanes (j6r-da'nez),or Jordanis (jor-da'nis), 
 or (erroneously) Jornandes (jor-nan'dez). A 
 Gothic (Alan) historian and ecclesiastic of the 
 6th century: by a probably erroneous tradition, 
 bishop of Ravenna. He wrote (in 551) “De Origine 
 Getarum ” often called the “Getica,” a history of the Goths 
 compiled from Cassiodorus and others, and “De suma tem- 
 porum vel origine actibusque gentis Romanorum,” a uni- 
 versal chronicle. The supposition that he may have been 
 bishop of Croton in Italy is rejected. 
 
 Jorg (yerG), Johann Christian Gottfried. 
 
 Born at Predel, near Zeitz, Prussia, Dec. 24, 1779 : 
 died at Leipsic, Sept. 20, 1856. A German physi- 
 cian and medical writer, noted especially for his 
 works on obstetrics. 
 
 Jorg, Joseph Edmund. Born at Immenstadt, 
 Bavaria, Dec. 23, 1819 : died at Landshut, Nov. 
 18, 1901. A Bavarian ultramontane politician 
 and historian. His chief work is “ Geschichte 
 des grossen Bauernkriegs ” (1850). 
 
 Jorgenson (yor'gen-son), Jorgen. Born at Co- 
 penhagen, 1779 : died in New South Wales about 
 1830. A Danish adventurer, governor of Ice- 
 land 1809. 
 
 Jornandes. See Jordanes. 
 
 Jortin (jor'tin), John. Born at London, Oct. 
 23, 1698: died there, Sept. 5, 1770. An English 
 church historian and critic. His father, Renatus 
 Jortin, was a nuguenot exile. He was educated at Char- 
 terhouse and at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he grad- 
 uated in 1719. In 1749 he was Boyle lecturer, and became 
 archdeacon of London in 1764. His chief works are “Lusus 
 poetici” (1722), “Life of Erasmus” (1758), and “Sermons 
 and Charges” (1771-72). 
 
 Jorullo (Ho-rol'yo). A volcano in the state of 
 Michoaean, Mexico, 160 miles west by south of 
 Mexico, formed in 1759. Height, 4,265 feet. 
 Jorundfjord (ye'ron-fydrd). One of the most 
 noted fiords in Norway, on the western coast, 
 southeast of Aalesund. 
 
 Josaphat. See Barlaam and Josapliat. 
 Joscelin. See Jocelin. 
 
 Joscelyn, or Josselin (jos'e-lin), John. Born 
 1529 : died at High Roding, Essex, Dec. 28, 1603. 
 
Joscelyn 
 
 552 
 
 Jovellanos 
 
 One of the earliest students of Anglo-Saxon. He 
 graduated at Queen's College, Cambridge He wm Latin 
 secretary to Parker, archbishop of Canterbury (1.558), and 
 at his suggestion made collections of Anglo-Saxon docu- 
 ments, which he annotated. . ,, 
 
 Joseffy (yo-sef i), Rafael. Born m Hunfalu, 
 Hungary, July 3, 1852. A noted Hungarian 
 pianist and eomposer : a pupil of Tausig. He 
 has published pieces for the pianoforte. 
 
 Joseph (jo'zef). [Heb., of doubtful meaning: 
 perhaps from a verb ‘ to add’; Gr. ’luo?/<p, h.Jase- 
 phus, F. Joseph , It. Giuseppe, Sp. Jose, Josef, Pg. 
 Jose, Joze, G. Joseph .] The son of Jacob and 
 Rachel. He played an important part in traditional He- 
 brew history. He was sold by his brethren as a slave into 
 Egypt where he became prime minister and the progeni- 
 tor of ’two Israelitish tribes, Ephraim and Manasseh. Ac- 
 cording to tradition his sale took place in the reign of the 
 Hyksos or shepherd king Apliobis. See Aphobis. 
 
 Joseph. The husband of Mary the mother of 
 
 Joseph I. Born at Vienna, July 26, 1078: died 
 April 17, 1711. German emperor, son of Leo- 
 pold I. He was crowned ldng of Hungary in 16S9, and 
 of the Romans in 1090, and succeeded to the empire in 
 1705. He continued the W ar of the Spanish Succession. 
 
 Joseph II Born at Vienna, March 13, 1741: 
 died at Vienna, Feb. 20, 1790. German empe- 
 ror, son of Francis I. and Maria Theresa. He 
 was crowned king of the Romans in 1704 ^succeeded to the 
 empire in 1765 ; became co-regent with Maria Theresa in 
 the Hapsburg dominions in 1765; took part in the War of 
 the Bavarian Succession 1778-79 ; and became sole ruler in 
 17S0. He proclaimed the “Edict of Tolerance in 1781; 
 abolished serfdom ; and joined with Russia against Tuikey 
 in 1788. , „ 0 
 
 Joseph, King of Naples, later of Spam. See 
 
 Bonaparte. _ , _ 
 
 Joseph, Father (Francois Leclerc_du Trem- 
 blay) Born at Paris, Nov. 4, 157i : died at 
 Rueil, Dee. 18, 1638. A French Capuchin monk, 
 
 confidential agent of Richelieu 
 
 Joseph of Arimathea. A rich Israelite who ap- 
 parently was a member of the Sanhedrim at the 
 time of the crucifixion. He was afraid to confess his 
 belief in Jesus Christ. After the crucifixion, however he 
 went and begged the body of Jesus and buried it in his 
 own tomb. There is a legend that he was imprisoned for 
 42 years, which seemed but 3 to him on account of the 
 Hoiy Grail which he kept with him in prison; and that 
 lie carried the Grail, after his release by Vespasian, to 
 Britain, where he built the abbey of Glastonbujy. There 
 isan alliterative English romance “Joseph of Arnnathea 
 written about 1350 (edited by Professor Skeatin 1871). 
 Robert de Borron composed two versions of a Legend of 
 Joseph of Arimathea, or The Little St. Grail in verse and 
 in prose, which fell into the hands of Walter Map, who 
 wrote the “Great Saint Grail ” from them. 
 
 Joseph of Exeter, L. Josephus Iscanus. 
 
 Flourished about 1200. A native of Exeter, one 
 of the best medieval Latin poets in England. He 
 resided much in France, and in 1188 went with Archbishop 
 Baldwin on a crusade to the Holy Land, returning to Lng- 
 land in 1190. His chief work3 are “De Bello Trojano in 
 6 books, “ Antiocheis,” a poem on the third Crusade, 
 “Pauegyricus ad Henricum.” ..... f 
 
 Joseph Andrews (jo'zef an droz). The title of 
 a novel by Fielding, published m 1<42, and the 
 name of its hero. He is represented as a young foot- 
 man of great beauty who maintains his uprightness and 
 chastity through a long series of trials. The most promi- 
 nent and famous character in the book is that of the curate 
 Parson Adams. (See Adams.) Thebook (said to have been 
 suggested by the “Paysan Parvenu of Marivaux) was at 
 first intended to be merely a satire on Richardson s Pa- 
 mela " but it grew as its author worked upon it. 
 
 Joseph Bechor Shor (jo'zef be-chor shor ). A 
 Jewish scholar and biblical commentator of the 
 12th century, in the north of France. 
 
 Josephine (jo'ze-fen) (Marie Josephe Rose 
 Tascher de la Pagerie). Born at rrois-llets, 
 Martinique, June 23, 1763: died at Malmaison, 
 near Paris, May 29, 1814. First wife of Napo- 
 leon I., and empress of the French. She removed 
 to France in 1778; married, Dec. 13, 1779, the Vicomte de 
 Beauharnais (who died 1791) ; and became the wife of Na- 
 poleon March 9, 1796. She was crowned empress in 1804, 
 and was divorced in 1809. 
 
 Josephstadt (yo'zef-stiit). A fortified town in 
 Bohemia, situated on the Elbe 66 miles east by 
 north of Prague. Population, 5,438, (1910). 
 Josephus (jo-se'fus), Flavius (Jewish name 
 Joseph hen Matthias). Born 37 a. d.: died 
 about 95. A celebrated Jewish historian. He 
 
 was of illustrious priestly descent, and related to the Mac- 
 cabean house. A visit to Rome in his early years filled 
 him with enthusiastic admiration for it and its institutions. 
 At the outbreak of the .1 udeo-Roman war he was intrusted 
 by the Sanhedrim with the governorship of Galilee, and as 
 such took part in the war against Rome. Hut lie weakened 
 the province under his administration by sowing discord ; 
 and when the fortress Jotapata, after a most heroic resis- 
 tance, was taken by Vespasian, he managed to save his 
 own life after the remnant of the besieged had died by 
 their own hands. V espasian, glad to have him on his side 
 as a guide and adviser, received him with courtesy and 
 friendliness, and he remained with Vespasian and I ltus, 
 following them, after the fall of his people, to Rome, and 
 living in the sunshine of their favor. He received large 
 tracts of land in Judea and an annual pension, and adopted 
 
 the name of Flavius after that of the imperial family. In 
 Rome he wrote his work “The Jewish War, in 7 books, 
 at first in the Syro-Chaldaic tongue and afterward in Greek. 
 
 His “Antiquities of the Jews,” a history of the J ewish peo- 
 ple from the earliest times to 26 A. D., in 20 books, is a de- 
 fense of the Jews against Apion, and his own autobiogra- 
 phy In his writings he displays a great love for his nation 
 and religion. His works are not only the most compre- 
 hensive and important source of information for the his- 
 tory of his times, but also are distinguished for their ex- 
 cellent historical style, which gained for him the title of a 
 Hebrew Livy. He died under Domitian, and, according to 
 some intimations, as a martyr to the faith of his race. 
 Joshua (josh'u-a). [Heh. Yehoshua, whose help 
 is Yahveh. SeeJesMS.] The successor of Moses 
 as leader of the Israelites. He was the son of Nun, 
 of the tribe of Ephraim, and was one of the two spies who 
 reported favorably of Canaan. He was an attendant of 
 Moses who designated him as his successor. He led the 
 nation into the land of promise, and was their captain in 
 the wars that resulted in their peaceful occupation of it 
 The book that bears his name consists mainly of an account 
 of the settlement of the Israelites in Canaan. It is of 
 composite structure. 
 
 Josiah (jo-sl'a). [Heb., ‘Yahveh heals.’] King 
 of Judah 640-609 B. c. (Duncker), son of Amon. 
 
 He was defeated and slain by Pharaoh-Necho at the battle 
 of Megiddo in the valley of Esdraelon. (2 Ki xxn.-xxiv. 30, 
 and 2 Chron. xxxiv.-xxxv.) He brought about important re- 
 forms, destroying all forms of idolatrous worship. It was 
 under his reign that the priest Hilkiah found the hook of 
 the law. See Deuteronomy. 
 
 Josika (yo'she-ko), Baron Miklos. Born at 
 Torda, Transylvania, April 28, 1796: died at 
 Dresden, Feb. - 27, 1865. A Hungarian historical 
 novelist. Among his chief novels are “Abafi” (1836), 
 “The Poet Zrinyi” (1810), “The Last Bitory (1838), The 
 Bohemians in Hungary ” (1840), “A Hungarian Famdy dur- 
 ing the Revolution" (1851), “The Family Mailly (1852), 
 
 “ Esther ” (1853). . 
 
 Josippon. The title of a history, m Hebrew, 
 which originated in the 10th century in Italy, 
 and which the author (under the pseudonym 
 Joseph ben Gorion) claims to be a free trans- 
 lation of Josephus’s historical works. The his- 
 torical events are mingled with legends and tales which 
 the author has drawn from the rabbinical literature, 
 Hegesippus, the oldest compendium of the authentic 
 Josephus, and the patristic writings. It was written in 
 a kind of poetical prose, and was a great favorite with the 
 Jewish people ; it has been translated into many languages. 
 
 Joscruin (zhos-kan') or Josse Desprez (da-pra'), 
 or De Pres (de pra), Latinized to Jodocus R 
 Pratis (jo-do' kus a pra'tis), or a Prato, or 
 Pratensis (pra-ten'sis). Born at or near St - 
 Quentin, Hainault, about 1450! died at Conue, 
 Hainault, Aug. 27, 1521. A celebrated Flemish 
 composer, “one of the greatest masters of the 
 Netherland school,” author of masses, numerous 
 motets, etc. 
 
 Josse ( zhos), Monsieur. A jeweler m Moliere s 
 “L’ Amour medecin.” When asked how to cure a 
 love-sick lady he recommends jewelry at once; hence the 
 sarcastic phrase “ Vous etes orfevre, M. Josse (‘lou are 
 a jeweler, Mr. Josse’)— that is, you advise others for your 
 own benefit. . . , , , , 
 
 Josselin(zhos-lan'). A town m the department 
 of Loire-Inferieure, France, on the Oust 23 
 miles northeast of Vannes. The castle, a seat of the 
 llohan family and the former abode of the Conndtable de 
 Clisson, is a fine medieval stronghold with lofty walls over- 
 topped by cylindrical, conical-roofed towers. The interior 
 front, in the Flamboyant of the end of the Pointed style, is 
 highly picturesque, with gables, canopied windows, open- 
 work parapets, and flaming tracery. 
 
 Jost (yost), Isaak Markus. Born at Bernburg, 
 Germany, Feb. 22, 1793: died at Frankfort-on- 
 the-Main, Nov. 25, 1860. A German-Hebrew 
 historian, teacher in Berlin and later (1835) 
 in Frankfort. He wrote “Geschichte der Israeliten” 
 (1820-29: “Neuere Geschichte der Israeliten,” 1846-47), 
 
 “ Geschichte des Judentums und seinerSekten " (1857-59), 
 
 Jotapata (jo-ta-pa'ta). A fortress on the mod- 
 ern hill Tel Jefat in Galilee. During the Judeo- 
 Roman war it was held by Josephus. Forced by want of 
 food and water to surrender to Vespasian, the garrison re- 
 tired to a cavern and died by their own hands, with the ex- 
 ception of the general, Josephus, and one other 
 
 Jotham (jo'tham). King of Judah /40-734 B. c. 
 J6tunheim(ye ; t6n-hnn). [ON Jotimlieimr: Jo- 
 tunn, giant, and heimr, world.] In Old Norse 
 mythology, the realm of the giants: also called 
 Ut<*ard(ON. tltgardhr), the outer world. It was 
 conceived to he situated in the extreme north. 
 Jotunheim (yo'ton-him). A mountain region 
 in Norway, about lat. 61° 30' N. It contains the 
 highest summits in the country, Galdhoppigen (8,400 feet) 
 and Glittertind. 
 
 Joubert (zho-bar'), Barthelemy Catherine. 
 
 Born at Pont-de-Vaux, Ain, France, April 14, 
 1769: killed at the battle of Novi, Italy, Aug. 
 15 1799. A French general. He served with dis- 
 tinction in Tyrol in 1797, and in Piedmont in 1798, and suc- 
 ceeded Moreau in Italy in 1799. . , 
 
 Joubert, Joseph . Born at Montignac, Pengord, 
 May 6, 1754 : died at Paris, May 4, 18-4. A 
 French moralist and man of letters. Extracts 
 from his manuscripts, under the title “Pensdes, were 
 
 edited by Chateaubriand, and later (1842), under the title 
 “Pensdes, maximes, et correspondance," by Paul Raynal. 
 
 Joueur (zho-er'), Le. A comedy by Regnard, 
 produced in 1696. Mrs. Centlivre’s “Gamester” 
 was adapted from it, 
 
 Jouffroy (zho-frwa/), Theodore Simon. Born 
 at Pontets, Doubs, France, July 7, 1796: died 
 at Paris, Feb. 4, 1842. A noted French philo- 
 sophical writer, a pupil of Cousin, professor at 
 various institutions in Paris, and after 1838 li- 
 brarian of the university. He translated Dougald 
 Stewart and Reid, and wrote “Melanges philosophiques 1 
 (1833), “Cours de droit naturel” (1835), etc. 
 
 Jougne (zhony). Col de. A pass over the Jura, 
 on the borders of Yaud, Switzerland, and Doubs, 
 France, connecting Lausanne with Pontarlier. 
 Joule (jol), James Prescott. Born at Salford, 
 England, Dec. 24, 1818: died at Sale, Oct. 11, 
 1889. An English physicist, noted for his re- 
 searches in the mechanical equivalent of heat. 
 
 His paper on “ Electro-Magnetic Forces ” (1840) describes 
 one of the earliest known attempts to measure an electric 
 current by a definite unit. In a paper “On the Production 
 of Heat by Voltaic Electricity” (1840) he first announced 
 the law “that when a current of voltaic electricity is prop- 
 agated along a metallic conductor, the heat evolved in a 
 given time is proportional to the resistance of the con- 
 ductor multiplied by the square of the electric intensity. 
 
 This discovery was largely suggested by Ohm’s “ Die gal- 
 vanische Kette” (1827). In a paper (1843) “ On the Heat 
 
 Evolved during the Electrolysis of Water,” he demonstrated 
 
 that the mechanical and heating powers of the current 
 are proportional to each other. These discoveries led to 
 a long series of experiments on the equivalence of heat 
 and energy, which occupied the remainder of his life. In 
 a paper “On the Calorific Effects of Magnetic Electricity 
 and the Mechanical Value of Heat ” (1843) it is stated that 
 “the quantity of heat capable of increasing the tempera- 
 ture of a pound of water by one degree of Fahrenheit s 
 scale is equal to ... a mechanical force capable of 
 raising 838 pounds to a perpendicular height of one foot. 
 Joule made his final experiments in 1878, and the physical 
 constant was determined to be 772.55 foot-pounds. 
 
 Jour dam (zhor-dan'), Alfonse, Count of Tou- 
 louse. Bom in Syria, 1103 : died at Acre, Pales- 
 tine, 1148. Ruler of the greater part of southern 
 • France 1125-48. 
 
 Jourdain, Monsieur. In Moli&re s Le bour- 
 geois gentilhomme,” a good, plain citizen, con- 
 sumed with a desire to pass for a perfect gentle- 
 man. To this end he endeavors to educate not only him- 
 eelf but all his family. His astonishment at learning that 
 he had been talking prose all his life has passed into a 
 proverb. 
 
 Jourdan (zhor-don'), Comte Joan Baptiste. 
 Born at Limoges, France, April 29, 1762: died at 
 Paris Nov. 23, 1833. A French marshal. Hewas 
 distinguished in the campaigns of 1792-93 ; became com- 
 mander of the army of the n’orth ; defeated the Austrians 
 at Wattignies Oct. 16, 1793, and at Fleurus June 2<L179L 
 was victorious at Aldenhoven ; was defeated at Hochst 
 Oct. 11 1795; was commander of the army of the hambre 
 and" Meuse ; was defeated at Amberg Aug. 24, and Wurz- 
 burg Sept. 3, 1796 ; was commander of the army of the Dan- 
 ube and was defeated at Ostrach March 21 and Stockach 
 March 25. 1799; was made governor of Piedmont in 1800, 
 and marshal in 1804; and attended Joseph Bonaparte in 
 Naples and Spain. . , 
 
 Journey to London, A. The name given by 
 Vanbrugh to the unfinished comedy afterward 
 completed by Cibber and called “The Provoked 
 Husband” (produced in 1728). 
 
 Jouvenet (zhov-na/), Jean. Born at Rouen, 
 France, Aug. 21, 1647: died at Paris, April 5, 
 1717. AFrenchhistoricalpainter. Amonghischief 
 works are “Descent from the Cross.” “Esther before Aha- 
 suerus,” “Miraculous Draught of Fishes.” 
 
 Jouvet (zho-va'), or Jovet (zho-va'). A peak 
 of the Tarentaise Alps, southeastern France, 
 east of Moutiers, noted for its view. Height, 
 8,410 feet. . , 
 
 Joux (zho), Fort de. A fortress m the depart- 
 ment of Doubs, France, 3 miles south-southeast 
 of Pontarlier. Mirabeau was imprisoned here 
 1775 and Toussaint Louverture died here 1803. 
 Joux, Lac de. A lake on the borders of France 
 and Switzerland, in the Val de J oux. Its outlet 
 istheOrbe. Length, 5 miles. 
 
 Joux Val de. A valley in the Jura, in \ aud, 
 Switzerland, on the border of the departments 
 of Doubs and Jura, France, traversed by the 
 Orbe and the Lac de Joux. . . , 
 
 Jouv (zho-e'), Victor Joseph Etienne (called 
 d e Jouy) . Bom at J ouv, near V ersailles, 1* ranee, 
 1764 (1769 7) : died at St.-Germain-en-Laye, 
 
 France, Sept. 4, 1846. A French dramatist and 
 man of letters. Among his numerous writings are “ Er- 
 mitede la Chaussde d’Antin, ou observations surles mceurs 
 “t ies usages frames an commencement du dix-neuvifsme 
 sifecle” (1812-14), librettos, comedies, tragedies, etc. 
 
 Jova. See Opata. 
 
 Jove (jov). See Jupiter and Zeus. 
 
 Jovellanos (Ho-vel-ya'nos), or Jove-Llanos, 
 Gaspar Melchor de. Born at Gijon, Asturias, 
 Spain, Jan. 5, 1744: died in Asturias, Nov. 2/, 
 1811. A Spanish statesman, poet, and man of 
 
Jovellanos 
 
 letters. He wrote the comedy “ El delincuente honrado " 
 (“The Honest Criminal"), the tragedy “Pelayo,” prose 
 works on politics and political economy, etc. 
 Jovellanos (Ho-vel-ya'nos), Salvador. Bom at 
 Asuncion, 1833. A Paraguayan statesman. Driven 
 out of the country, he established himself in the Argentine 
 Republic, and in 1865 joined the allied army against Lopez. 
 At the end of the war he was made a member of the pro- 
 visional government, and a new constitution having been 
 adopted, he was elec ted president in Oct., 1871, serving from 
 Dec. 12, 1871, to Nov. 25, 1874. With him began the regen- 
 eration of Paraguay. 
 
 Jovial Crew, A, or the Merry Beggars. A 
 
 comedy by Richard Brome, produced in 1641, 
 printed in 1652. 
 
 Jovian. See Jovianus. 
 
 Jovianus (jo-vi-a'nus), Flavius Claudius. 
 
 Bom about 332 : died at Dadastana, Bithynia, 
 Feb. 17, 364. Emperor of Rome 363-364. He was 
 elevated by the army on the death of Julian the Apostate 
 during a campaign against Persia, and purchased the retreat 
 of himself and his army by ceding to the Persian king all 
 the 5 Roman provinces beyond the Tigris. The chief event 
 of his reign was the publication of an edict restoring Chris- 
 tianity to the privileges granted by Constantine the Great. 
 
 Jovius. See Giovio. 
 
 Jowett (jou'et), Benjamin. Born at Camber- 
 well, London, 1817 : died Oct. 1, 1893. A noted 
 English classical scholar, regius professor of 
 Greek at Oxford, and master of Balliol College. 
 In 1882 he was appointed vice-chancellor of the university. 
 His works include “ The Dialogues of Plato translated into 
 English, with Analyses and Introductions” (1871, 3d ed. 
 1892), a translation of Thucydides (1881), and a translation 
 of the "Politics " of Aristotle (1885). In 1860 he was tried 
 and acquitted before the chancellor's court of the Uni- 
 versity of Oxford on a charge of heresy. 
 
 Jowf (jouf), or Djof. A town and oasis in 
 Arabia, about lat. 29° 30' N., long. 40° E. 
 Joyce’s Country (jois'ez kun'tri). Adistrictof 
 County Galway, Ireland, lying north of Conne- 
 mara. 
 
 Joyeuse (zbwa-yez'). The sword of Charle- 
 magne. 
 
 Joyeuse Garde (zhwa-yez' gard), La, or La 
 Garde Joyeuse. in medieval romance, the cas- 
 tle of Lancelot of the Lake. It was given to him 
 by Arthur for his defense of the queen’s honor in a con- 
 flict with Sir Mador who had accused her of poisoning his 
 brother. The name was changed from Dolorous Garde, or 
 La Garde Douloureuse, in honor of his victory. It is thought 
 to have stood at Berwick-upon-Tweed. 
 
 Berwick, but for the dulness within its walls, seems 
 almost as worthy of being called Joyeuse Garde as, both 
 from its real and romance history of siege, conquest, and 
 reconquest, it is of being remembered as Dolorous Garde. 
 
 Stuart Gleruiie, Arthurian Localities, III. L 
 
 J. S. of Dale. The pseudonym of F. J. Stimson. 
 Juan CHo-an'). Spanish form of John. 
 
 Juan, Don. See Don Juan. 
 
 Juan, Don. See John of Austria. 
 
 Juana. See Joanna. 
 
 Juana, or Juanna(Ho-an'na). [Namedin honor 
 of Prince Juan, the son of Ferdinand and Isa- 
 bella.] The name given by Columbus in 1492 
 to Cuba. After his death it was changed, by the king’s 
 desire, to Fernandina, and both names appear in some 
 old books and maps. They were soon abandoned. 
 
 Juan de Arpli (Ho-an' da ar'ple). Born at Leon 
 about 1585 : died at Madrid about the beginning 
 of the 17th century. A Spanish goldsmith, the 
 most celebrated member of a numerous family 
 of goldsmiths: the Spanish Cellini. Philip II. 
 appointed him assayer of money at the Segovia. He left 
 various writings on orfevrerie, sculptur e, and architecture. 
 Juan de Fuca (jo'an de fu'ka, ; Sp. pron. Ho-an' 
 da fo'ka), or Fuca, Strait of. A sea pas- 
 sage separating Vancouver Island from Wash- 
 ington, and connecting the Pacific Ocean with 
 the Gulf of Georgia and with Admiralty Inlet 
 and Puget Sound. 
 
 Juan Fernandez (Ho-an' fer-nan'deth). 1. An 
 island belonging to Chile, situated in the South 
 Pacific in lat. 33° 38' S., long. 78° 53' W. The 
 surface is rocky and mountainous. It was discovered by 
 a Spaniard, Juan Fernandez, about 1583 ; was a resort of 
 bucaneers in the 17th and 18th centuries ; and is famous 
 for the solitary residence of Alexander Selkirk 1704-09. 
 Also called Mas a Tierra. Area, 36 square miles. 
 
 2. A group including the above island, Mas a 
 Fuera (100 miles west of it), and the islet of 
 Santa Clara. Total area, 72 square miles. The 
 population is very small. 
 
 Juarez (Bo-a'reth), Benito Pablo. Bom at 
 Guelatao, Oajaca, March 21, 1806 : died at Mex- 
 ico, July 18, 1872. A Mexican liberal politi- 
 cian, of pure Indian blood. Banished by Santa 
 Anna in 1853, he returned in 1855, was minister of justice 
 under Alvarez, and in 1857 was elected president of the 
 supreme court and vice-president of Mexico. After the 
 fall of Comonfort (Jan., 1858), he became president by suc- 
 cession, but the reactionists had seized the government, 
 and Juarez triumphed over them (Dec., 1860) only after 
 a civil war. He was regularly elected president March, 
 1861. The invasion of Mexico by the French, English, 
 and Spanish, ostensibly in support of foreign bondholders 
 (Dec., 1861), ended in the occupation of Mexico by the 
 VI. 19 
 
 553 
 
 French (June, 1863), and the proclamation of an empire 
 under Maximilian. Juarez was driven to the northern 
 frontier, but on the withdrawal of the French army (Jan., 
 1867) quickly regained strength, and Maximilian was cap- 
 tured and shot. Juarez entered Mexico, and was reelected 
 president Aug., 1867. Revolts continued, and, though he 
 was again elected in 1871, the northern states were in in- 
 surrection when he died. 
 
 Juarez Celman (sal-man'), Miguel. Born at 
 Cordoba, Sept. 29, 1844. An Argentine politi- 
 cian of the liberal party. He became president Oct. 
 12, 1886, but was forced to resign Aug. 6, 1890, by a revolu- 
 tion brought on by the financial panic of that year. 
 
 Juarros (Ho-ar'ros), Domingo. Born at Guate- 
 mala city, 1752 : died there, 1820. A Central 
 American priest and historian. He wrote “His- 
 toria de la Ciudad de Guatemala ” (2 vols. 1808-18). There 
 is an abridged English translation byJohnBailey, entitled 
 “Statistical and Commercial History of Guatemala” (Lou- 
 don, 1823). The work is important for the history of Cen- 
 tral America. 
 
 Juba (jo'ba). A large river in Africa, which 
 flows into the Indian Ocean near the equator. 
 Now proved not to be the Omo. 
 
 Juba (jo'ba) I. Committed suicide, 46 b.c. King 
 of Numidia, and an ally of Pompey. He defeat- 
 ed the Caesareans under Curio in 49, and was 
 defeated at Thapsus in 46. 
 
 Juba II. Died about 19 a. d. Son of Juba I., 
 made king of Numidia about 30 B.c., and trans- 
 ferred to Mauretania in 25 B. C. He was noted 
 as a historical and general writer. 
 
 Jubal (jo'bal). According to Genesis, a son of 
 Lamech by Adah, and the inventor of stringed 
 and wind instruments. 
 
 Jubbulpore. See Jabalpur. 
 
 Juby (jo'be), Cape. A cape on the western coast 
 of Africa, south of Morocco. 
 
 Jucar (Ho'kar). A river of eastern Spain, flow- 
 ing into the Mediterranean 25 miles south by 
 east of Valencia. Length, about 250 miles. 
 
 Jucunas (zho-ko-nas'). A tribe of South Amer- 
 ican Indians, on the river Japura near the con- 
 fines of Brazil and Colombia. They are of the 
 Arawak linguistic stock. 
 
 Judaea. See Judea. 
 
 Judah (jo'da). [Heb., ‘praised’; Gr. ’I ovdac, 
 rarely ’I ov6a, Judas.] 1. One of the Hebrew 
 patriarchs, the fourth son of Jacob and Leah.-- 
 2. The most powerful of the twelve tribes of Is- 
 rael. Its territory was bounded by Dan and Benjamin on 
 the north, the Dead Sea and Idumea on the east, Idumea 
 and Simeon on the south, and the Mediterranean (nomi- 
 nally) on the west. It was subdivided into the districts of 
 the mountain orhill country, the wilderness, the south, and 
 the lowland. 
 
 Judah I., known as “ The Prince” ( lia-Nasi ), or 
 “The Holy” ( ha-Qaddsh ). Flourished 190-220 
 A. d. The seventh patriarch and president of 
 the Sanhedrim in succession from Hillel. He 
 resided first in Tiberias, afterward in Sepphoris, and was, 
 according to atradition, on friendly terms with the emperor 
 Antoninus. The principal work of his life consisted in the 
 compiling of the thousands of decisions (halachoth : see 
 Ualacha) of the teachers of the law, which he arranged 
 according to subjects and redacted as the Mishna (which 
 see) in 6 orders or classes, each comprising the regulations 
 of a certain branch of religious or social life. 
 
 Judah II. Patriarch about 225 a. d., grandson 
 of Judah I. He moderated many laws bearing on the 
 relation of Jews to heathen, and, according to a tradition, 
 was an intimate friend of the emperor Alexander Severus. 
 
 Judah, Kingdom of. The southern kingdom of 
 the Jews, comprising the tribes Judah and Ben- 
 jamin. The northern kingdom of Israel seceded from 
 it in the reign of Rehoboam (about 953 B. C.). Among its 
 kings were Jehoshapliat, Joash, Uzziah, Hezekiah, and 
 Josiah. It was overthrown in 686 B. c. by Nebuchadnez- 
 zar, who carried many of the people to Babylon. 
 
 Judah ha Levi (jo'da ha la've). Born about 
 1085: died about 1140. A Spanish- Jewish poet 
 and physician. In him the Jewish-Spanish renaissance 
 of poetry reached its height of perfection of form and no- 
 bility and loftiness of subject-matter. Of his works there 
 survive more than 800 secular poems, and more than 300 
 religious poems. He was also the author of an apolo- 
 getical work in Arabic, “ The Book of Argumentation and 
 Demonstration for the Defense of the Oppressed Religion,” 
 better known by thetitleof the Hebrew translation, “ Cho- 
 zari.” According to a tradition he undertook a pilgrimage 
 to Jerusalem, and was there trampled to death by a Saracen 
 rider. 
 
 Judas (jo'das), sumamed “TheGaulonite,” or 
 “The Galilean.” A Jewish popular leader in 
 the revolt against the census under the prefect 
 Quirinus. 
 
 The sect of Judas the Gaulonite, or, as he was called, the 
 Galilean, may be considered the lineal inheritors of that 
 mingled spirit of national independence and of religious 
 enthusiasm which had in early days won the glorious tri- 
 umph of freedom from the Syro-Grecian kings, and had 
 maintained a stern though secret resistance to the later 
 Asmoneans, and to the Idumean dynasty. Justbeforethe 
 death of Herod, it had induced the six thousand Pharisees 
 to refuse the oath of allegiance to the king and to his im- 
 perial protector, and had probably been the secret incite- 
 ment in the other acts of resistance to the royal authority. 
 Judas the Galilean openly proclaimed the unlawfulness, 
 
 Judson 
 
 the impiety, of God’s people submitting to a foreign yoke, 
 and thus acknowledging the subordination of the Jewish 
 theocracy to the empire of Rome. 
 
 Milman , Hist, of Christianity, I. 141. 
 
 Judas Iscariot (jo'das is-kar'i-ot). [Heb. (see 
 Judah) ; Gr. Tourfaf ’lauapturr/c. The surname 
 Iscariot is from Kerioth in Judah.] One of the 
 twelve apostles, the betrayer of Jesus. 
 
 Judas Maccabseus (jo'das mak-a-be'us). Died 
 160 B. C. The second of the five sons of Matta- 
 thias the Hasmonean. He succeeded his father in 
 166 as commander and leader in the struggle against An- 
 tiochus Epiphanes. In the battles at Bethhoron and Beth- 
 zur (south of Jerusalem) he gained a decisive victory over 
 the Syrians, and on the 25th Chisleu (December), 165, he 
 entered Jerusalem and reconsecrated the temple : in mem- 
 ory of this event the feast of dedication (hanukah) was 
 instituted. Later he fought many battles, and at last fell 
 in an encounter with the Syrians under Bacchides. 
 
 J udas Maccabseus. An oratorio by Handel, pro- 
 duced in London 1747. 
 
 Judd (jud), Sylvester. Born at Westhampton, 
 Mass., July 23, 1813: died at Augusta, Maine, 
 Jan. 20, 1853. An American Unitarian clergy- 
 man and author. His chief work is the ro- 
 mance “Margaret” (1845). 
 
 Jude (jod), or Judas, Saint. [Heb. : see Judah. ] 
 One of the twelve apostles, probably identical 
 with Thaddeus and Lebbseus (doubtless a cor- 
 ruption of Thaddeus). There are no trustwor- 
 thy traditions concerning him. 
 
 Jude, Epistle of. A book of the New Testa- 
 ment, written, not by the apostle Jude, but pos- 
 sibly by a brother of Jesus. He describes himself 
 as a “brother 6f James,” by whom the brother of Jesus 
 may be meant. But both authorship and date are un- 
 certain. 
 
 Judea, or Judaea (jo-de'a). [L. Judsea, Gr. 
 ’I ovdaia, from ’I ovdaiog, J ew, from ’lovdac, Judah.] 
 
 1 . The southern division of Palestine in the 
 Roman period, lying south of Samaria and west 
 of the Jordan and Dead Sea, sometimes, how- 
 ever, including territory east of the Jordan. — 
 
 2. An occasional name of the land of the Jews, 
 or of Palestine. 
 
 Judea, Kingdom of. See Judah. 
 
 Judenburg (yo'den-borG). A town in Styria, 
 Austria-Hungary, situated on the Mur 36 miles 
 west by north of Gratz. Population, com- 
 mune, 5,904, (1910). 
 
 Judges, Book of. [Heb. Sofetim.) A book of the 
 Old Testament : so named because it gives an 
 account of the history of Israel under the rule 
 of a series of leaders called judges, it describes 
 the transition period between the conquest of Canaan and 
 the growth of a strong, stable government. The judge was 
 chieftain in ancient Semitic communities, and the chief, 
 of whatever title, always exercised juridical functions. 
 The ancient Carthaginians called their rulers by the same 
 name, suffetes. The most famous judges were Deborah 
 and Barak, Gideon, Jephthah, Samson, Eli, and .Samuel. 
 According to its own chronology, the book covers a period 
 of 410 years, but there are many difficulties in the way of 
 the acceptance of this number. 
 
 Judgment of Paris, The. 1 . A painting by Ru- 
 bens, in the museum at Dresden. The three god- 
 desses, accompanied by their attributes, and more or less 
 completely undraped, stand in the foreground of a wood- 
 land. Paris sits on a stone holding the apple, with Mer- 
 cury at his elbow offering advice. This is the original of 
 the painting in the National Gallery, London. 
 
 2. A painting by Rubens, in the National Gal- 
 lery, London. Mercury offers counsel to Paris, who is 
 seated on a rock, in shepherd's costume ; opposite stand the 
 three goddesses, more or less undraped. 
 
 Judith (jo'dith). An Early English poem, prob- 
 ably of the 7th century, first printed in 1698. 
 
 In the same manuscript, which contains the only known 
 copy of “Beowulf," is a fragment — about a fourth part — 
 of another First-English poem, its theme being the Bible 
 story of Judith. Professor Stephens infers, not only from 
 its genuine poetic force, but from its use of a variation in 
 the number of accents marking changes of emotion, a 
 device found nowhere else in First-English except in 
 Ctedmon’s Paraphrase, that the shaping of this poem is to 
 be ascribed to Caedmon. Morley, English Writers, II. 180. 
 
 Judith. The name of the heroine of the Book 
 of Judith (which see). 
 
 Judith, Book of. One of the apocryphal hooka 
 of the Old Testament. It is a historical romance 
 dating from the Maccabean period (probably from about 
 129 B. c.), and was apparently written in Hebrew. The 
 original text is no longer extant : it exists at present in two 
 distinct recensions, the Greek and the Latin. The hero- 
 ine is named Judith (whence the name of the book), and 
 is represented as a native of Bethulia. In order to de- 
 liver her native city, which is besieged by Holofernes, a 
 general of the King of the Assyr ians, she enters the As- 
 syrian camp under the pretense of wishing to betray the 
 city, gains admission to the general’s tent through her ex- 
 traordinary beauty, and slays him in his drunken sleep, 
 Judson (jud'son), Adoniram. Born at Malden, 
 Mass., Aug. 9, 1788 : died at sea, April 12, 1850. 
 An American Baptist missionary. He settled in 
 Burma in 1813. He translated the Bible into Burmese in 
 1835, and wrote a Burmese-English dictionary. 
 
Juel 
 
 Juel (yo'el), Niels. Born at Copenhagen, May 
 8, 1629: died at Copenhagen, April 8, 1697. A 
 Danish admiral, distinguished in the war 
 against Sweden 1675-77. 
 
 Juggernaut (jug'er-nat). [A corruption of the 
 Skt. Jagannatha, Lord of the world.] A name 
 of Vishnu or Krishna, and also of Rama and 
 Dattatreya, both incarnations of Vishnu. He is 
 
 worshiped elsewhere in India, but the Jagannath festival 
 at Puri, near Cuttack in Orissa, is especially celebrated. 
 Its special feature is the drawing of the great car. Such 
 cars, attached to every large Vishnu pagoda in the south 
 of India, typify the moving active world over which the 
 god presides. The Jagannath festival takes place in June 
 or July, and for weeks before pilgrims come into Puri by 
 thousands. The car is 45 feet high, 35 feet square, and 
 supported on 16 wheels 7 feet in diameter. Balarama, the 
 brother, andSubhadra, the sister of Jagannatha, have sep- 
 arate cars a little smaller. When the images are placed 
 on the cars, the multitude kneel, bow their foreheads in 
 the dust, and, rushing forward, draw the cars down the 
 broad street toward Jagannath’s country house. The dis- 
 tance is less than a mile, but the journey takes several 
 days. When the zeal of the pilgrims flags, 4,200 profes- 
 sional pullers drag the cars. An error underlies the 
 commonforeign conception of the festival. “In aclosely- 
 packed eager throng of a hundred thousand men and 
 women under the blazing tropical sun deaths must occa- 
 sionally occur. There have doubtless been instances of 
 pilgrims throwing themselves under the wheels in a 
 frenzy of religious excitement, but such instances have 
 always been rare, and are now unknown. The few sui- 
 cides that did occur were, for the most part, cases of dis- 
 eased and miserable objects, who took this means to put 
 themselves out of pain. The official returns now place this 
 beyond doubt. Nothing could be more opposed to the 
 spirit of Vishnu-worship than self-immolation. According 
 to Chaitanya, the apostle of Jagannath, the destruction of 
 the least of God s creatures is a sin against the Creator. 
 Self-immolation hewouldhaveregardedwith horror.” Sir 
 W. IF. Hunter, Statistical Account of Bengal, XIX 59 ff. 
 Juggernaut, better Jagannath (ju-gun-nat'). 
 A seaport in Orissa, Bengal, British India, situ- 
 ated in lat. 19° 48' N., long. 85° 49' E., celebrated 
 for its temple and festival of the deity Jugger- 
 naut (which see). Also called Puri. Popula- 
 tion, 49,334. 
 
 Jugurtha (jo-ger'tha). Killed at Rome, 104 B. C. 
 King of Numidia, son of Mastanabal and grand- 
 son of Masinissa. He usurped western Numidia in 
 117, and eastern Numidia in 112. A war with Borne com- 
 menced in 111, and he contended against Metellus in 109 
 and 108, and against Marius in 107. He was captured by 
 Sulla in 106. 
 
 Juif Errant (zhfi-ef' e-roh'), Le. [F., 'The 
 Wandering Jew.'] An opera by Halevy, first 
 produced at Paris 1852. 
 
 Juive (zhiiev'), La. [F., ‘The Jewess.'] An 
 opera by Halevy, first produced at Paris 1835. 
 Jujuy (Ho-Hwe'). 1. The northwesternmost 
 province of the ArgentineConfederation, bound- 
 ed on the east and south by Salta. Area, 
 18,977 square miles. Population, 59,075. — 2. 
 The capital of the province of Jujuy, situated 
 on the Rio Grande about lat. 24° 10' S., long. 
 65° 20' W. Also called San Salvador de Jujuy. 
 Population, 10,000. 
 
 Jukes (jbks), Joseph Beete. Born at Birming- 
 ham, Oct., 1811: died at Dublin, July 29, 1869. 
 An English geologist. In 1839 he became geological 
 surveyor of Newfoundland, and in 1842 naturalist to the 
 expedition to t he northeast coast of Australia. In 1846 he 
 joined the British Geological Survey. In 1850 he became 
 director of the Irish branch of the survey, and lecturer on 
 geology at the Royal College of Science, Dublin. Hischief 
 works are “Excursions in and about Newfoundland ”(1842), 
 "Narrative of theSurveying Voyageof H. M. S. Fly”(1847), 
 “A Sketch of the Physical Structure of Australia” (1850), 
 “The Geology of South Staffordshire Coal-fields.” 
 
 Jukovsky(zh6-kof'ske), Vasili Andreyevitch. 
 
 Born Jan. 29, 1783: died at Baden, 1852. A 
 Russian poet and translator. He translated Schil- 
 ler’s “Maid of Orleans,” Byron’s “Prisoner of Chillou,” 
 Moore’s “ Paradise and the Peri,” Gray’s “ Elegy,” etc. 
 Juli (Ho'le). A village of Peru, department of 
 Puno, on a terrace overlooking the southwest 
 shore of Lake Titicaca, 13,100 feet above the 
 sea. It was founded by the Jesuits as a mission station 
 in 1577, and is celebrated in the history of the order. 
 Julia (jo'lya). [L., fem. of Julius.'] Born 39 b. c.: 
 died at Rhegium, Italy, 14 a. d. The daughter 
 of Augustus Caesar and Scribonia. She married in 
 25 M. Marcellus, on whose death in 23 she became the wife 
 of M. Vipsanius Agrippa, by whom she became the mother 
 of C. and L. Caesar, Agrippa Postumus, Julia, and Agrippina. 
 After Agrippa’s death in 12 B. c., she married Tiberius. 
 She was eventually divorced by Tiberius, and banished by 
 her father, first to the island of Pandatoria, and afterward 
 to Rhegium, on account of her vices. 
 
 Julia. Bom in 83 or 82 b. c. : died in 54 B. c. 
 The daughter of J ulius Caesar and Cornelia, she 
 married Cornelius Csepio, from whom, at her father’s com- 
 mand, she procured a divorce in order to become the wife 
 of Pompey the Great in 59. 
 
 Julia. Died 28 a. d. The daughter of M. Vip- 
 sanius Agrippa and Julia, daughter of Augustus 
 Caesar. She became the wife of L. Almilius Paulus, by 
 whom she became the mother of M. vEmilius Lepidus and 
 ^Emilia, first wife of the emperor Claudius. She inherited 
 
 554 
 
 the vices of her mother, and was banished by Augustus 
 in 9 A. D. to the island of Tremerus, where she died. 
 
 Julia. 1. In Shakspere’s comedy “Two Gentle- 
 men of Verona,” a girl loved by Proteus. — 2. 
 In Sheridan’s comedy “The Rivals,” the long- 
 suffering object of the fractious jealousy of Falk- 
 land. — 3. In J. Sheridan Knowles’s play “ The 
 Hunchback,” a type of commonplace senti- 
 ment. 
 
 Julia Domna. Died 217 a. d. A Roman em- 
 
 press. She was the wife of Septimius Severus, whom she 
 married about 175, before his elevation to the imperial 
 throne, and by whom she became the mother of Caracalla 
 and Geta. She was originally a Syrian priestess, and 
 through her influence as empress made Oriental religious 
 rites fashionable at Rome. 
 
 Julia gens(jo'lya jenz). A celebrated patrician 
 clan or house in ancient Rome, its eponymic an- 
 cestor was Julus, the grandson or, according to some ac- 
 counts, the son of -Eneas. The Julia gens was one of 
 the leading Alban houses which Tullus Hostilius re- 
 moved to Borne on the destruction of Alba Longa. Its 
 family names in the time of the republic were Caesar, 
 lulus, Mento, and Libo. 
 
 Julian (jo'lyan), surnamed “The Apostate” 
 (Flavius Claudius Julianus). [L. Julianas, 
 sprung from or pertaining to Julius; It. Giu- 
 liano, Sp. Julian, Pg. Julido, F. Julien.'] Born 
 at Constantinople, probably Nov. 17, 331 a. d. : 
 died June 26, 363. Roman emperor 361-363, 
 son of Julius Constantius and Basilina. He was, 
 with the exception of a half-brother, Gallus, the only 
 member of the Flavian family who escaped massacre on 
 the accession of Constantius II. He was brought up in the 
 Christian faith, and received an excellent education, which 
 was completed in the philosophical schools at Athens. 
 He was in 355 created Cicsar by Constantius, whose sister 
 Helena he married, and by whom he was invested with 
 the government of Gaul, Spain, and Britain. He made his 
 residence chiefly at Paris, and in 357 defeated the Ala- 
 manni in a great battle near Strasburg. He was proclaimed 
 emperor by his troops in 361, and was marching against 
 Constantinople when the death of Constantius left him 
 undisputed master of the empire. On his accession he 
 publicly announced his conversion to paganism (whence 
 his surname), and published an edict in which he granted 
 toleration to ail religions. In 363 he undertook an expedi- 
 tion against Persia, during which he was killed by an arrow 
 while pursuing the enemy after a bloody engagement, June 
 26, 363. 
 
 Julian, Count. Ill Spanish legend, a governor 
 of Andalusia in the 8th century. According to the 
 story, his daughter Florinda was seduced by Roderic, and 
 in revenge he betrayed Ceuta to the Moors. 
 
 Julian Alps. The part of the eastern Alps east 
 and southeast of the Carnic Alps, situated in 
 Venetia, Carinthia, Carniola, and Gorz-Gra- 
 diska. The culminating point is the Terglou (9,394 feet). 
 The pass over the Julian Alps into Italy was of extreme 
 importance, being traversed by the West-Gothic invaders, 
 by Radagais, by Attila, and by others. 
 
 Julian Emperors. A collective name for the 
 Roman emperors Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, 
 Claudius, and Nero, as members by birth or 
 adoption of the family of Julius Caesar. 
 
 julianists (jo'lyan-ists). A sect of Monophy- 
 sites which held the body of Christ to be incor- 
 ruptible: so called from Julian, bishop of Hali- 
 carnassus early in the 6th century. 
 
 Jiilich (yu'lich), F. Juliers (zhii-lya'). A town 
 in the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the 
 Roer 16 miles northeast of Aix-la-Chapelle : the 
 Roman Juliacum, and formerly the capital of 
 the ancient duchy of Jiilich. 
 
 Jiilich, Duchy of. A medieval countship and 
 duchy of Germany, which lay west of the elec- 
 torate of Cologne. Capital, Jiilich. it became 
 united with Berg in 1423. Jiilich, Berg, and Cleves were 
 united in 1521. The extinction of the Cleves ducal house 
 in 1609 brought on the “Contest of the Jiilich Succession,” 
 settled in 1666, when Brandenburg received Cleves, and 
 Jiilich and Berg passed to Pfalz-Neuburg. Jiilich was ac- 
 quired by France in 1801, was ceded to Prussia in 1814-15, 
 and now belongs to the Rhine Province. 
 
 Julie (zhii-lG'). In Rousseau’s “Nouvelle He- 
 loise,” the wife of Volniar, and the mistress of 
 Saint-Preux. 
 
 Julien (zbii-lyan'), Stanislas. Born at Orle- 
 ans, France, Sept. 20, 1799: died at Paris, Feb. 
 14,1873. A French Sinologist. He published vari- 
 ous translations from the Chinese, “Syntaxe nouvelle de 
 la langue chinoise” (1869-70), etc. 
 
 Julier (yol'yer). A pass in the canton of Gri- 
 sons, Switzerland, leading from the Oberhalb- 
 stein valley to the Upper Engadine. It was used 
 by the Romans. Height, 7,500 feet. 
 
 Juliers. See Jiilich. 
 
 Juliet (jo'li-et). [Dim. of Julia.'} 1. The hero- 
 ine of Shakspere’s tragedy “Romeo and Juliet” 
 (which see). She is the daughter of Capulet, and loves 
 Romeo, the heir of the hostile family of Montague. 
 
 2. A character in Shakspere’s “Measure for 
 Measure,” a lady loved by Claudio. 
 
 Julius (jol'yus) I. Bishop of Rome 337-352. 
 He was a supporter of Athanasius. 
 
 Athanasius took up his residence at Rome, and, under 
 the protection of the Roman prelate, defied his adversaries 
 
 Junagarh 
 
 to a new contest, Julius summoned the accusers of Atha- 
 nasius to plead the cause before a council in Rome. The 
 Eastern prelates altogether disclaimed his jurisdiction, and 
 rejected his pretensions to rejudge the cause of a bishop 
 already condemned by the Council of Tyre. The answer 
 of Julius is directed rather to the justification of Athana- 
 sius than to the assertion of his own authority. The synod 
 of Rome solemnly acquitted Athanasius, Paul, and all their 
 adherents. The Western emperor joined in the sentiments 
 of his clergy. A second council at Milan, in the presence 
 of Constans, confirmed the decree of Rome. 
 
 Milman, Hist, of Christianity, II. 421. 
 
 Julius II. (Giuliano della Revere). Bom at 
 
 Albezuola, 1443 : died Feb. 21, 1513. Pope 1503- 
 1513. He joined the League of Cambrai against Venice 
 in 1508 ; formed the Holy League against France in 1511 ; 
 and convened the fifth Lateran Council in 1512. He was a 
 patron ol literature and art. 
 
 Julius III. (Gianmaria de’ Medici, later del 
 Monte). Pope 1550-55. 
 
 Julius Africanus. See Africanus. 
 
 Julius Csesar. See Caesar. 
 
 Julius Ciesar. 1 . A historical tragedy by Shak- 
 spere, probably written in 1600 or 1601. It was 
 not printed till 1623. — 2. A tragedy by Sir Wil- 
 liam Alexander, earl of Stirling, published as 
 “Caesar" in 1604, and as “Julius Caesar” in 
 1607. 
 
 Jullien, or Julien (zhii-lyan'), Louis Antoine. 
 
 Born at Sisteron, Basses-Alpes, France, April 
 23, 1812: died near Paris, March 14, 1860. A 
 French composer and musical director, in 1842 
 he began his annual series of concerts at the English Opera 
 House. His aim was to “popularize music.” He was in 
 the United States from 1852 to 1854. 
 
 Jullunder. See Jalandhar. 
 
 July (jo-11', formerly jo'li). [From L. Julius, 
 July, properly adj. (sc. mensis), month of Julius, 
 so called after Julius Caesar, who was horn in 
 this month, and who gave it this name when 
 reformingthe calendar. It was previously called 
 Quintilis, or the fifth month. The name Julius 
 in ME. and early mod. E. was commonly July.] 
 The seventh month of the year, consisting of 
 thirty-one days, during which the sun enters the 
 sign Leo. 
 
 July, Government Of. In French history, the 
 government of Louis Philippe (1830—18), who 
 was called to the throne in consequence of the 
 revolution of July (which see). 
 
 July, Revolution of. In French history, the rev- 
 olution of July 27, 28, and 29, 1830, by which the 
 government of Charles X. and the elder line 
 of the Bourbons was overthrown. The younger 
 line (Orleans) was soon called to the throne in the per- 
 son of Louis Philippe. 
 
 Jumala (yo'ma-la). See the extract. 
 
 The highest god amongst the Finns is called Jumala, also 
 Num, or Jilibeambaertje, as protector of the flocks ; but 
 this last only amongst certain tribes. The word Jumala 
 indicates rather the godhead in general than a divine in- 
 dividual ; the god of the Christians is also often called Ju- 
 mala. Therefore in the runes another name is more prom- 
 inent; namely, Ukko, the old man, the grandfather, who 
 sends thunder. Both are regarded by Castren as belong- 
 ing to the air-gods ; besides these, there are gods of the 
 elements, such as water-gods and earth-gods. 
 
 La Saussaye, Science of Religion, p. 303. 
 
 Jumanas (zho-ma-nas'). A race of Indians in 
 northwestern Brazil (Amazonas), on the rivers 
 Japura and led, sometimes found on the Ma- 
 ranon, and probably extending into Colombia, 
 where they are called Tecnnas. They belong to 
 the MaypurO linguistic stock, are divided into many petty 
 hordes, live in fixed villages, plant manioc, and are gener- 
 ally peaceful. Their faces are tattooed as a tribal mark. 
 Also written Chumanas, Chimanos, Shumanas, Xomanas, 
 Ximanas. 
 
 Jumet (zhti-ma'). A manufacturing and min- 
 ing town in the province of Hainaut, Belgium, 
 4 miles northwest of Charleroi. Population, 
 commune, 26,636. 
 
 Jumi&ges (zhii-myazh'). A village in the de- 
 partment of Seine-Inf6rieure, France, situated 
 on the Seine 15 miles west of Rouen. The abbey 
 
 church of the Benedictines, formerly the most important 
 monastic monument of this region, is now a noble ruin, 
 almost roofless. The west front has 2 square towers, oc- 
 tagonal above, and a projecting porch. The nave and 
 aisles are round-arched, with alternate square and circu- 
 lar piers, and there is a great tower at the crossing. 
 
 Jumilla (Ho-mel'ya). A town in the province 
 of Murcia, Spain, 33 miles north of Murcia. 
 Population, 16,446. 
 
 Jumma Musjid. See Ahmcdabad. 
 
 Jumna (jum'na), or Jamuna (ya'mo-na). A 
 river of India, the chief tributary of the Ganges. 
 It rises in the Himalaya, and joins the Ganges near Alla- 
 habad. On its banks are Delhi, Agra, and Allahabad. 
 Length, 860 miles. 
 
 Junagarh (jo-na-gar'). 1. A native state in 
 India, under British control, intersected by 
 lat. 21° N., long. 70° 30' E.— 2. The capital of 
 the state of Junagarh, situated in lat. 21° 31' 
 N., long. 70° 36' E. Population, 34,251. 
 
Junction 
 
 Junction (jungk'shon) City. A city in Geary 
 County, eastern Kansas. Pop. 5,598, (1910). 
 June (jon). [From L. Junius, June, properly 
 adj. (sc. mensis), month of the family of Junius, 
 from Junius, a Eoman gentile name, akin to 
 juvenis, young.] The sixth month of the year, 
 consisting of thirty days, during which the sun 
 enters the sign Cancer. 
 
 June, Jennie. The pseudonym of Mrs. Croly. 
 Juneau (jo-no'). A mining town in Alaska, 
 the capital of the Territory since 1906. Popu- 
 lation, 1,644, (1910). 
 
 Jung (yong), or Jungius (jun'ji-us), Joachim. 
 Born at Liibeck, Germany, Oct. 22, 1587 : died 
 at Hamburg, Sept. 17, 1657. A German philo- 
 sophical writer and botanist. He was professor of 
 mathematics at Giessen 1609-14, and at Rostock 1625-28, 
 and rector of the Johanneum at Hamburg 1628-57. 
 
 Jung, Johann Heinrich, generally called Stil- 
 ling. Born at Im-Grund, Nassau, Germany, 
 Sept. 12, 1740: died at Karlsruhe, Baden, April 
 2, 1817. A German mystic. He was professor of 
 economics at Marburg 1787-1803, and later lived in retire- 
 ment at Heidelberg and Karlsruhe. He wrote an autobi- 
 ography (published as “Heinrich Stillings Leben” 1806; 
 continued 1817) and various mystical works. 
 Jungbunzlau (yong-bonts'lou) . A manufactur- 
 ing town in Bohemia, on the Iser 31 miles north- 
 east of Prague. Population, commune, 16,- 
 340, (1910). 
 
 Jungfrau (yong'frou). [G., ‘virgin.’] One 
 of the chief mountains of the Bernese Alps, 
 Switzerland, on the border of Bern and 
 Valais, 13 miles south by east of Interlaken. 
 It was first ascended in 1811. Height, 13,670 
 feet. 
 
 Junghuhn (yong'hon), Franz Wilhelm. Born 
 at Mansfeld, Prussia, Oct. 26, 1812: died at 
 Lembang, Java, April 24, 1864. A German nat- 
 uralist and explorer in Java and Sumatra. Hi3 
 chief work is “Java, seine Gestalt, Pflanzendecke, und in- 
 nere Bauart " (1852-54). 
 
 Jungmann (yong'man), Joseph. Born at Hud- 
 litz, Bohemia, July 16, 1773: died at Prague, 
 Nov., 1847. A Bohemian philologist and his- 
 torian of literature. Hi3 chief works are a “History 
 of Bohemian Literature ” (1825), and a “ Czech-German 
 Dictionary” (1835-39). 
 
 Juniata (jo-ni-at'a). A river in Pennsylvania, 
 formed by the junction of the Little Juniata 
 and the Frankstown Branch at Petersburg, it 
 joins the Susquehanna 13 miles northwest of Harrisburg ; 
 is noted for picturesque scenery ; and has a total length 
 of about 150 miles. 
 
 Junin (Ho-nen'). 1. An interior department of 
 Peru, northeast of Lima. Population, about 
 400,000. — 2. A town of the department of Junin, 
 southeast of Lake Chinehay-cocha. it gave its 
 name to a battle fought on a plain to the south, Aug. 6, 
 1824, in which the patriots under Bolivar defeated the 
 royalists of Canterac. The action was decided entirely by 
 the cavalry, and without th e use of firearms. Population, 
 about 2,000. 
 
 Junius (jo'nyus). The pseudonym of the un- 
 known author of a series of letters directed 
 againstthe Britishministry, SirWilliam Draper, 
 the Duke of Grafton, and others. The letters ap- 
 peared in the London “Public Advertiser” from Nov. 21, 
 1768, to Jan. 21, 1772. Their authorship has been attributed 
 to Edmund Burke, Earl Temple, and others; but they 
 probably were written by Sir Philip Francis. 
 
 Junius (jo'ni-us), Franziskus. Born at Heidel- 
 berg, Baden, 1589: died at Windsor, England, 
 Nov. 19, 1677. A German student of the Teu- 
 tonic languages, son of Franziskus Junius. 
 Among his works is “ Etymologicum Anglica- 
 num” (ed. by Lye 1743). 
 
 Junker (yong'ker), Wilhelm. Bom at Moscow, 
 April 6, 1840 : died at St. Petersburg, Feb. 13, 
 1892. An African explorer. After studying in Ger- 
 many, Switzerland, and Russia, Junker began his career as 
 an explorer by tours in Algeria and Tunis(1873-74), in Lower 
 Egypt (1875), Suakim, Kassala, and Khartum (1876), and 
 Gondokoro and Makaraka as far as Vau (1877), returning to 
 Europe in 1878. Accompanied by his assistant Bohndorff, 
 he returned in 1879 to Khartum, where they embarked on 
 the steamer Ismailia. In 1880-83 he explored the Nyam- 
 Nyam and Mombuttu countries in all directions. He 
 crossed and followed the Welle River several times, and 
 reached Emin Pasha at Ladd, on the upper White Nile, at 
 the close of 1883. For some time he was held in virtual 
 captivity through the Mahdi insurrection, but he finally 
 succeeded (after the failure of the relief expedition under 
 G. A. Fischer) in making his way from Wadelai to the 
 coast, arriving in Zanzibar in Dec., 1886. In 1887 he was 
 again in Europe. He published "Reisen in Afrika" 
 (1891). See Century Atlas, Map 109. 
 
 Junkers (yong'kerz). The members of the aris- 
 tocratic party in Prussia which came into power 
 under Bismarck when he was made prime min- 
 ister in 1862. 
 
 Junkseylon. Same as Salang. 
 
 Juno(jo'no). 1. In Roman mythology, the queen 
 of heaven, the highest divinity of the Latin 
 races in Italy next to Jupiter, of whom she was 
 
 555 
 
 the sister and the wife. She was the parallel of the 
 Greek Hera, with whom in later times she became to a 
 considerable extent identified. She was regarded as the 
 special protectress of marriage, and was the guardian of 
 woman from birth to death. In Rome she was also the 
 patron of the national finances, and a temple which con- 
 tained the mint was erected to her, under the name of Juno 
 Moneta, on the Capitoline. In her distinctively Italic 
 character, Juno (called Lanuvina, from the site at Lanu- 
 vium of her chief sanctuary, or Hospita, the Protectress) 
 was a war-goddess, represented as clad in a mantle of goat- 
 skin, bearing a shield and an uplifted spear, and accom- 
 panied, like Athene, by a sacred serpent. 
 
 2. The third planetoid, discovered by Harding 
 at Lilienthal, Sept. 1, 1804. 
 
 Junot (zhii-no'), Andoche, Due d’Abrantes. 
 Born at Bussy-le-Grand, Oct. 23, 1771: died July 
 29,1813. A French general. He entered the army in 
 1792 ; accompanied Bonaparte in his Italian and Egyptian 
 campaigns ; became a general of division in 1800 ; was ap- 
 pointed governor of Paris in 1806 ; and in 1807 commanded 
 an army which invaded Portugal and captured Lisbon. 
 Shortly afterward he was created duke of Abrantts. He 
 was defeated by Sir Arthur Wellesley at Vimeiro in Aug., 
 1808, and compelled to evacuate Portugal. 
 
 Junot, Madame (Laure Pennon), Duchesse 
 d’Abrantes. Born at Montpellier, Nov. 6, 1784: 
 died at Paris, June 7. 1838. A French author. 
 She married General Junot about 1800. She was the author 
 of “ Souvenirs historiques sur Napoldon, la Revolution, le 
 Directoire, le Consulat, TEmpire et la Restauration "(1831- 
 1835), "Histoire des salons de Paris" (1837), etc. 
 
 Junqueira Freire (zhon-kay'ra fray're), Luiz 
 Jose. Born at Bahia, Dec. 31, 1832 : died there, 
 June 24, 1855. A Brazilian poet. From 1851 to 1854 
 he was a novitiate in a cloister of Carmelite monks, wTiere 
 he wrote his best-known poems, collected in the “Iuspira- 
 £oes do claustro.” 
 
 Junta (jun'ta). [Sp. junta (orig. fern, of junto), 
 from ii.juncta, fern, of junctus, joined.] In 
 Spain, a consultative or legislative assembly, 
 either for the whole country or for one of its 
 separate parts. The most celebrated juntas in his- 
 tory were that convened by Napoleon in 1808 and the later 
 revolutionary juntas. 
 
 Junto (jun'to). In English history, a group of 
 Whig politicians very influential in the reigns 
 of William III. and Anne. Its chief members were 
 Somers, Russell, Wharton, and Montague. They were the 
 chief leaders of the party in Parliament. 
 
 Jupille (zhii-pely'). A manufacturing town in 
 the province of Li&ge, Belgium, 3 miles east of 
 Liege. 
 
 Jupiter (jo'pi-ter). [L., from Jovis (earlier Bio- 
 vis, Gr. Zriy, Ind. Biaus) and pater, father Jove.] 
 
 1. In Roman mythology, the supreme deity, 
 the parallel of the Greek Zeus, and the embodi- 
 ment of the might and national dignity of the 
 Romans. The central seat of his cult was the Capitoline 
 Hill at Rome, where he had the title of Optimus Maximus 
 (‘Best and Greatest'). He was primarily a divinity of the 
 sky, and hence was considered to be the originator of all 
 atmospheric changes. His weapon was the thunderbolt. 
 He controlled and directed the future, and sacrifices were 
 offered to secure his favor at the beginning of every under- 
 taking. He was also the guardian of property, whether 
 of the state or of individuals. White, the color of the light 
 of day, was sacred to him : hence white animals were 
 offered to him in sacrifice, his priests wore white caps, 
 his chariot was drawn by 4 white horses, and the consuls 
 were dressed in white when they sacrificed to him upon 
 assuming office. The eagle was especially consecrated to 
 him. The surviving artistic representations of Jupiter are 
 comparatively late, and betray Greek influence, imitating 
 the type of the Greek Zeus. Also J ove. 
 
 2. The brightest of the superior planets, and 
 the largest body of the solar system except the 
 Sun itself. Its sidereal period of revolution is 11.86198 
 Julian years, and its synodical period 399 days. Its mean 
 distance from the sun is about 483,000,000 miles. Its equa- 
 torial diameter at its mean distance subtends an angle of 
 38", so that its real diameter is about one tenth that of 
 the sun (which subtends 1,922"), and about 11 times that 
 of the earth (the solar parallax being 8''.9). Jupiter is 
 flattened at the poles by no less than one seventeenth of 
 its diameter. Its mass is about irtrr of that of the sun, or 
 304 times that of the earth, making its mean density only 
 1.3, that of the earth being taken at 6.5. Gravity at 
 its surface is 2J times that at the earth. The most re- 
 markable feature of the appearance of this planet is the 
 equatorial fasciae or bands which cross its disk. These 
 fasciae subsist generally for months or even years, but 
 occasionally form in a few hours. They sometimes have a 
 breadth of one sixth of the apparent disk of the planet. 
 There are also spots of much greater permanence. It is, 
 however, probable that no solid matter can be seen, and 
 quite doubtful whether any exists in the planet The spots 
 revolve about the axis in 9 hours, 65 minutes, and 35 sec- 
 onds, but the white clouds in 6 j minutes less time. From 
 his photometric observations Zollner calculates the albedo 
 of Jupiter to be 0.6 : so high a value as to suggest that the 
 planet must be self-luminous. Jupiter has 8 satellites or 
 moons. Their periods of revolution are as follows : lo, 
 16d. 16h. 32.2m. ; Europa, Id. 18h. 27.6m. ; Ganymede, 3d. 
 13h. 13.7m.; Callisto, 7d. 3h. 42.6m.; nameless, llli. 
 57.38m. ; nameless, 253.4d. ; nameless, 260d. ; nameless, 
 931 (7) d. The eighth satellite was discovered at the 
 Greenwich Observatory in 1908. 
 
 Jupiter Amon. Jupiter as identified with the 
 Egyptian Amon. 
 
 Jupiter of otricoli. A marble mask restored 
 as a bust, the finest surviving antique head of 
 
 Justin, Saint 
 
 Zeus. The features are massive and imposing ; the beard 
 is full, separated into locks ; and the abundant hair rises 
 from the forehead and fails down on both sides of the face. 
 
 Jupiter-Scapin. A sobriquet given to Napo- 
 leon I. See Scapin. 
 
 Jupiter Stator. [L., ‘he who stays’ flight.] 
 Jupiter as the giver of victory in battle. 
 
 Jura (jo'ra). A chain of mountains in eastern 
 France and western and northern Switzerland : 
 the ancient Jura Mons or Jurassus. it extends 
 from the junction of the Ain and Rhone to the junction 
 of the Aare and Rhine. The designation is sometimes ex- 
 tended to include the prolongation through Baden, Wiir- 
 temberg, and Bavaria to the valley of the upper Main, 
 called the German Jura, and subdivided into the Swabian 
 Jura and Franconian Jura. The highest peaks are Dole, 
 Mont Tendre, Reculet, CTet de la Neige, Credoz, etc. (over 
 5,000 feet). Length of French and Swiss Jura, about 180 
 miles. 
 
 Jura (zhii-ra/). A department of eastern France. 
 Capital, Lons-le-Saunier. it is bounded by Haute- 
 Saone on the north, Doubs and Switzerland on the east, Ain 
 on the south, and COte-d’Or and Saone-et-Loire on the 
 southeast, and formed part of the ancient Franche-ComtA. 
 Area, 1,951 Bquare miles. Population, 257,725. 
 
 Jura (jo'ra). An island of the Inner Hebrides, 
 belonging to Argyllshire, Scotland, it lies 4 miles 
 west of the mainland, from which it is separated by the 
 Sound of J ura, and is traversed by a range of hills. Length, 
 27 miles. 
 
 Jura, Franconian. See Franconian Jura. 
 
 Jura, Paps of. Two conical hills in the island 
 of Jura, Scotland, about 2,500 feet in height. 
 
 Jura, Sound of. A sea passage separating the 
 island of Jura from the mainland of Argyllshire, 
 Scotland. • 
 
 Jura, Swabian. See Swabian Jura. 
 
 Juripixunas. See Juris. 
 
 Juris (zho-res'). [Abbreviated from Tupi ju- 
 ripixuna, black-mouthed, from their custom of 
 tattooing the face so as to form a black mark 
 about the mouth.] A tribe of Indians in the Bra- 
 zilian state of Amazonas, on the north side of the 
 upper Amazon, between the Japur4 and I9&, oc- 
 casionally ranging east to the Rio Negro. For- 
 merly they were the most numerous and powerful tribe of 
 this region, but they are now greatly reduced in numbers, 
 and most of them have been amalgamated with the country 
 population. They are divided into various hordeB, have 
 fixed villages and plantations, and are especially skilful in 
 the use of the blow-gun. They are classed with the Maypurd 
 stock, and are closely related to the Passes. The name has 
 also been given to a tribe of Argentine Chaco of the Lule 
 stock. 
 
 Jurunas (zho-ro'nas). [Tupi juru, mouth, and 
 una, black.] A tribe of Brazilian Indians of the 
 Tupi race, on the river Xingu between 4° and 8° 
 S. lat. They were formerly very numerous and warlike, 
 and are said to have been cannibals. They tattooed a large 
 black patch on the face (whence the name). The Jurunas 
 still number several thousands, who live in villages and 
 have small plantations. Also written J urunnas and Yu- 
 runas. 
 
 Jurupary (zho-ro-pa-re'). Among Indians of the 
 Tupi race in Brazil, a mythical being supposed 
 to persecute and sometimes to kill men. He 
 dwells in the woods, and is described under various mon- 
 strous forms. The old missionaries identified him with the 
 devil. 
 
 Jussieu (zhii-sye'), Adrien de. Born at Paris, 
 Dec. 23, 1797 : died there, June 29, 1853. A 
 French botanist, son of A. L. de Jussieu. He wrote 
 monographs on the Rutacese , Meliace&, and Malpighiacese, 
 a “ Cours <$l£mentaire de la botanique,” etc. 
 
 Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de. Born at Lyons, 
 France, April 12, 1748 : died at Paris, Sept. 17, 
 1836. A noted French botanist, nephew of Ber- 
 nard de Jussieu. He wrote “Genera plantarum secun- 
 dum ordines naturales, etc.” (1789), “ Introductio in histo- 
 riam plantarum ” (1837), “ Exposition d’un nouvel ordre de 
 plantes, adopte dans les demonstrations du jardin royal " 
 (1774), etc. 
 
 Jussieu, Bernard de. Born at Lyons, France, 
 Aug. 17, 1699: died at Paris, Nov. 6, 1776. A 
 noted French botanist. At first a physician, lie later 
 devoted himself to the study of botany, and in 1758 became 
 superintendent of the garden of the Trianon. He was the 
 founder of the natural system of classification of plants. 
 
 Jussieu, Joseph de. Born in 1704 : died April 
 11, 1779. A French botanist. In 1735 he went to 
 Peru with Condamine and Godin. He spent 15 years study- 
 ing the botany of the Andean region, paying special at- 
 tention to cinchona plants. His collections were lost 
 through the dishonesty of a servant, a misfortune which 
 caused Jussieu to lose his reason. In this state he re- 
 turned to France in 1771. 
 
 Juste (zhiist), Theodore. Born at. Brussels, Jan. 
 11, 1818: died there, Aug. 12, 1888. A Belgian 
 historian. His works include “Histoire delaBelgique ’’ 
 (1838), “Histoire de la revolution des Pays-Bas sous Phi- 
 lippe II.” (1855-63), “Les fondateurs de la monarchie 
 beige ” (1865-84), etc. 
 
 Justin (jus'tin). Lived before the 5th century 
 A. D. A Roman historian, author of an epitome 
 of a lost history by Trogus (ed. by Diibner 1831), 
 etc. 
 
 Justin, Saint, surnamed “The Martyr,” or “ The 
 Philosopher.” Died probably about 163 A. D. 
 
Justin, Saint 
 
 A celebrated Greek church father. He was born 
 of Greek parents at Flavia Neapolis, a Roman colony 
 built on the site of the ancient Shechem in Palestine. He 
 devoted himself to the study of philosophy, and became 
 an adherent and a teacher of the Platonic system. Origi- 
 nally a pagan, he afterward embraced Christianity, and 
 is said to have been scourged and beheaded at Rome. 
 Justin I. Died Aug. 1, 527. Byzantine empe- 
 ror 518-527. He was of barbarian, probably Gothic, ex- 
 traction, and was a native of Tauresium in Dardania. He 
 entered the guards of the emperor Leo I., and was com- 
 mander-in-chief of the imperial guards in the reign of 
 Anastasius, on whose death in 518 he was proclaimed em- 
 peror by the soldiers. 
 
 Justin II. Died Oct. 5, 578. Byzantine empe- 
 ror 565-578, nephew of Justinian I. whom he 
 succeeded. During his reign northern Italy was con- 
 quered by the Lombards, who founded the Kingdom of 
 the Lombards in 5C8; and several important conquests 
 were made by the Persians in the Asiatic provinces. 
 Justina (jus-ti'na). [L.,fem. of Justinus.] Pa- 
 troness of Padua and (with St. Mark) of Venice. 
 She is said to have been a native of Padua, and to have suf- 
 fered martyrdom at that city in 304. Her supposed relics, 
 said to have been recovered in 1177, are preserved at Pa- 
 dua in a church which bears her name. She is commem- 
 orated by the Roman Catholic Church on Oct. 7. 
 
 Justinian (jus-tin'i-an) I. (Flavius Anicius 
 Justinianus), surnamed “The Great.” Born at 
 Tauresium, Dardania, Illyricum, probably May 
 11,483: died Nov. 14, 565. Byzantine empe- 
 ror 527-565, nephew of Justiu I. whom he suc- 
 ceeded. He married in 525 Theodora, an actress, who 
 exercised great influence during his reign, chiefly in eccle- 
 siastical affairs. In 532 a fight broke out in the hippo- 
 drome between the Green and the Blue factions, the lat- 
 terof which favored the emperor and the orthodox church. 
 The fight spread from the hippodrome to the city, and 
 the Green proclaimed Hypatius, nephew of Anastasius 
 I., emperor. The revolt was put down by the general 
 Belisarius with the assistance of the Blue, but not before 
 30,000 of the insurgents had been slain and a large part of 
 the city destroyed, including the Church of Saint Sophia, 
 which was rebuilt 532-537 with great splendor according to 
 plans furnished by the architect Anthemius. In the East 
 Justinian purchased peace from the Persians in 631, but 
 in the West the victories of his generals Belisarius and Nar- 
 ses destroyed the Vandal and the Ostrogothic kingdoms 
 in Africa and Italy respectively, and restored those coun- 
 tries to the Byzantine empire. An important event of his 
 reign was the publication of the Justinian Code (which 
 see). 
 
 Justinian II., surnamed Rhinotmetus (‘he 
 whose nose is cut off’). Died in Dec., 711. By- 
 zantine emperor 685-695 and 705-711, son of 
 
 556 
 
 Constantine IV. He was deposed in 695 by his gen- 
 eral Leontius, who cut off his nose and banished him to 
 Cherson. He made his escape from Cherson, and regained 
 his throne with the assistance of Terbelis, the king of the 
 Bulgarians, in 705, but was overthrown by Philippicus in 
 711 and killed. 
 
 Justinian Code. The body of Roman law com- 
 piled and annotated at the command of the em- 
 peror Justinian. This consists of the “Pandects," or 
 the condensed opinions of the jurists, in fifty books ; the 
 “Institutiones”; and the “Novelise" or “Novelise Consti- 
 tutiones,” a collection of ordinances — the whole forming 
 the “Corpus Juris Civilis,” or body of civil law, the most 
 important of all monuments of jurisprudence. 
 
 Jiiterbog (yii'ter-boG), or Jiiterbock (yii'ter- 
 bok). A town in the province of Brandenburg, 
 Prussia, situated on the Nuthe 40 miles south- 
 southwest of Berlin . It was the scene of a victory of 
 the Swedes over the Imperialists in 1644. Population, 
 commune, 7,102. 
 
 Jutes (jots). A Low German tribe which, with 
 the Saxons and Angles, invaded Great Britain 
 in the 5th century. According to tradition they were 
 invited by the Britons to aid them against the Piets, and 
 landed at Ebbsfleet, under Hengist and Horsa, about 449. 
 They founded the kingdom of Kent. Their connection 
 with Jutland has been matter of dispute. See the extract. 
 
 Now, as to the first settlement of Jutes under Hengist 
 and Horsa (Horse and Mare), who established themselves 
 in Kent, Hampshire, and the Isle of Wight, and whom 
 Bede distinctly believed to have come from Jutland, it is 
 to be observed that Jutland is now occupied by Danes, 
 and that men from Jutland settling on our eastern coasts 
 in the days of the Angles were called Danes ; but that in 
 this case they are called “Jutes,” not “ Danes," and do 
 not seem to have been Danish. Where there has been a 
 Danish settlement, towns commonly are found with names 
 ending in “by.” Thus in Lincolnshire, within a dozen 
 miles of Great Grimsby, there stand Foresby, Utterby, 
 Fotherby, Ashby-cum-Fenby, Barnoldby, Irby, Laceby, 
 Keelby, Grasby, Brocklesby, Ulceby. Yet throughout this 
 “ Jute “ region of Kent, Hampshire, and the Isle of Wight 
 there is not even one place to be found that has a name 
 ending in “ by.” There is no clear ground for asserting, 
 although it has been suggested as one way of conquering 
 this difficulty, that a Germanic people occupied Jutland 
 in the middle of the 5th century. . . . Dr. Latham . . . 
 argues that the “Jutes "of the first settlement were, in 
 fact, Goths; or that, if Jutes, they were Jutes who came 
 in company with Goths, and that they came, not out of Jut- 
 land, but only from the coast of Gaul, across the straits 
 that divide Gaul from Britain. 
 
 Morley, English Writers, I. 244-246. 
 
 Jutliungi (jo-thun'ji). [L. (Ammianus) Juthun- 
 gi.] A German tribe, a branch of the Suevi 
 
 Jyotisha 
 
 and a part of the Alamanni, in the war in Rhrotia 
 during the reign of the emperor Caracalla (a. d. 
 213). Later in the same century they were signally de- 
 feated by Aurelian on the upper Danube. The tribal ap- 
 pellation disappears in the 5th century, after which they 
 were merged in the Suevi. Their original location is un- 
 known. 
 
 Jutland (jut'land). [Dan. Jylland, G. Jutland.'] 
 The continental portion of Denmark, it forms 
 the northern part of an extensive peninsula (the ancient 
 Cimbric Chersonese), the southern part of which belongs 
 to Prussia. It is bounded by the ISorth Sea on the west, 
 the Skager Rack on the north, the Cattegat on tbe east, 
 and Schleswig-Holstein on the south. The surface is gen- 
 erally level, but hilly in the east. Its early inhabitauts 
 are said to have been Cimbri. (Compare Jutes.) Area, 
 9,904 square miles. Population, 1,124,694. 
 
 Juvavia (jo-va'vi-a), or Juvavum (jo-va'vum). 
 
 The ancient name of Salzburg. 
 
 Juvenal (jo've-nal) (Decimus Junius Juve- 
 nalis). Lived about 60-140 A. d. A noted 
 Roman rhetorician and satirical poet of the age 
 of Trajan. Little is known of his life. Sixteen of his 
 satires (in five books) are extant. 
 
 Juventas (jo-ven'tas). In Roman mythology, 
 tlie goddess of youth. 
 
 Juxon (juks'on), William. Born at Chichester, 
 England, 1582 : died at Lambeth, London, June 
 4, 1663. An English prelate, lord high treasurer 
 of England and archbishop of Canterbury, in 
 1598 he entered St. John's College, Oxford, and became 
 head of that college by Laud’s recommendation Dec. 10, 
 1621. In 1626 and 1627 he was vice-chancellor of the 
 university. On Oct. 3, 1633, he was created bishop of Lon- 
 don, and on March 6, 1636, lord high treasurer, which office 
 he resigned on May 17, 1641. He attended Charles I. during 
 the negotiation of the treaty of Newport, during his trial, 
 and on the scaffold, Jan. 30, 1649. In 1649 he was deprived 
 of his see. At the Restoration he was made archbishop 
 of Canterbury (Sept. 13, 1660). As a churchman he was 
 devoted to Laud. 
 
 Juza(jo'za). [Ar. al-juza, the central: though 
 the propriety of the epithet is rather obscure.] 
 The fourth-magnitude star J Draconis, in the 
 tip of the monster’s tail. 
 
 Jyotisha (jyo'ti-sha). [Skt., ‘ relating to the 
 heavenly bodies,’ astronomy, astrology.] The 
 name of the Vedic calendar, a short tract giving 
 the knowledge required for fixing the days and 
 hours of the Vedic sacrifices. It has had a certain 
 significance from being ranked with the Veda, but is of 
 very late origin, dating from the 4th or 5th century A. X). 
 
A high peak of the Hima- 
 laya, now known as Mount 
 Godwin-Austen( which see). 
 Ka(ka). [Skt.,‘the who?’] 
 The inexplicable ; the un- 
 known. By an erroneous inter- 
 pretation of the interrogative pro- 
 noun in a hymn of the Rigveda 
 (x. 121 — kasmai devaya havisha 
 vidhema, 1 what god shall we wor- 
 ship with the oblation?') the word far, ‘who,' is applied 
 as a name to any chief god or object of worship, as Praja- 
 pati, Brahma, Vishnu, air, the sun, the soul, Yama. It is 
 exalted into a deity. In the Puranas, Ka as a recognized 
 god is even provided with an independent genealogy. 
 
 Kaaba, or Caaba (ka'ba or ka'a-ba). [Ar. 
 ka’bah, a square building.] A cube-shaped, 
 flat-roofed building in the center of the Great 
 Mosque at Mecca: the most sacred shrine of 
 the Mohammedans. In its southeast corner it con- 
 tains the sacred black stone called hajar al aswud, said 
 to have been originally a ruby which came down from 
 heaven, but now blackened by the tears shed for sin by 
 pilgrims. This stone is an irregular oval about seven 
 inches in diameter, and is composed of about a dozen 
 smaller stones of different shapes and sizes. It is the 
 point toward which all Mohammedans face during their 
 devotions. The Kaaba is opened to worshipers twice or 
 three times a year, but only the faithful are permitted to 
 approach it. 
 
 How natural stone-worship was amongst the Semites 
 can be seen in the name Betylia, which has become the 
 general name for all sacred stones : we need only remem- 
 ber the numerous time-honoured stones mentioned in the 
 Old Testament, and the Kaabah at Mekka. 
 
 La Saussaye, Science of Religion, p. 85. 
 Kaaden (ka'den). A town in Bohemia., situ- 
 ated on the Eger 54 miles west-northwest of 
 Prague. Population, 8,627, (1910). 
 
 Kaarfca (karta). A Fellatah state in west- 
 ern Africa, east of Senegambia, intersected by 
 lat. 15° N., long. 10° W. Capital, Nioro. It is 
 within the French sphere of influence. Pop- 
 ulation, estimated, 300,000. 
 
 Kabail (ka-bil'), or Kabyles (ka-bilz'). A feder- 
 ation of Berber tribes in Algeria, Tunisia, and a 
 few oases of the Sahara. The name is the plural of 
 the Arabic word for tribe. The principal dialects spoken 
 by the Kabail are that of Bugi, the Zouave, tire Showiah or 
 Zenati, that of Tuggurt, Wargla, that of the Beni Mzab, 
 and that of the Shamba. See Berber. 
 
 So far as outward appearance is concerned, the Kabyles 
 or Riffis of to-day might be found in an English or Irish 
 village. The antiquity of the type which they exhibit is 
 evidenced by the monuments of Egypt, where their an- 
 cestors are portrayed with the same blond features that 
 they still display. Dolichocephalic, fair haired, blue-eyed 
 and white-skinned, they might be mistaken for that 
 branch of the Kelts who are distinguished for their gold- 
 en hair and their clear and freckled skin. Professor de 
 Quatrefages believes that they are the lineal descendants 
 of the race whose remains have been discovered in the 
 caverns of Cro-Magnon in the French province of IVri- 
 gord, along with paleolithic implements and the bones of 
 the mammoth and the reindeer. 
 
 Saycc, Races of the O. T., p. 119. 
 
 Kabale und Liebe (ka-ba'le ont Ib'be). A trag- 
 edy by Schiller, published in 1784. 
 
 Kabandba (ka-band'ha). In the Ram ay ana, a 
 monstrous Rakshasa slain by Rama- Mortally 
 wounded, he asked Rama to bum his body ; and, coming out 
 of the fire in his real shape as a Gandharva (which see), ad- 
 vised Rama as to the war with Havana. 
 
 Kabarda (ka-bar'da). A mountainous region 
 on the northern slope of the Caucasus, belong- 
 ing to the Terek territory, Russia. 
 
 Kabbala, or Cabala (kab'a-la). [Heb. qabbalah, 
 reception, the mysterious doctrine received tra- 
 ditionally.] The theosophy or mystic philoso- 
 phy of the Hebrew religion, which grew up main- 
 ly after the beginning of the 10th century, and 
 flourished to the present time. The Kabbala em- 
 ployed itself in a mystic explanation of Deity and cosmog- 
 ony, and in the creation of hidden meanings for the sacred 
 Hebrew writings, thus drawing into its province all the He- 
 brew law and philosophy. Later Kabbalists pretended to 
 find wonderful meanings even in the letters and forms of 
 the sacred texts, and made for themselves elaborate rules 
 of interpretation. 
 
 Kabeiri. See Cabiri. 
 
 Kabinda (kii-ben'da). See Cabinda and Kongo. 
 Kabir (ke-ber'). [Arabic kabir, great-] A 
 Hindu religious reformer. He was a weaver, and 
 probably a Mussulman by birth, who lived at Benares, and 
 
 also at Magar near Gorakhpur, between 1488 and 1512. 
 His teachings exercised an important influence in upper 
 India in the 15th and 16th centuries, and formed the basis 
 of the Sikh movement in the Panjab. Originally a Mus- 
 sulman, he became a pupil of Ramananda and a Vaishnava 
 with much of the democracy and tolerance of Buddhism ; 
 but he denounced all idol-worship, and taught Vaisli- 
 navism as a form of strict monotheism. True religion, he 
 said, meant nothing but devotion to one God, whether 
 called Vishnu, Rama, or Hari, or by Mohammedan names. 
 He rejects every malevolent distinction of caste, religion, 
 and sect. All authority in faith and morals belongs to the 
 guru, or spiritual guide, though the rights of conscience 
 of the believer are reserved. Kabir’s aim was evidently 
 to found a religion that should unite Hindu and Mussul- 
 man. 
 
 Kabirpanthis (ke-ber-pan't-hez). [‘ Those who 
 follow the path of Kabir.’] The followers of 
 Kabir. They now form 12 principal branches, which 
 have remained in communion notwithstanding some dif- 
 ferences in faith and practice. Their center is Benares, 
 but they are found in Gujarat, Central India, and as far as 
 the Deccan. As they take pains to conform in unessen- 
 tials to the usages about them, it is difficult to ascertain 
 their number. At the end of the last century 85,000 took 
 part in a melah at Benares. They are influential rather 
 than numerous. 
 
 Kabrega (kab-ra'ga). See Nyoro. 
 
 Kabul, or Cabul (ka'bul). 1. A province or 
 division in central Afghanistan. — 2. The capi- 
 tal of Afghanistan, situated on the river Kabul 
 inlat. 34° 30' N., long. 69° 13' E., 5,780 ft. above 
 sea-level. It is noted as a commercial and strategic 
 center, and is famous for its fruit. It was taken by Timur, 
 and by Nadir Shah (1738). The British occupied it in the 
 first Afghan war : it was evacuated by them in Jan., 1842, 
 and retaken in Sept., 1842. In the second Afghan war 
 (1878-80) it was the scene of Cavagnari’s murder, and was 
 captured by General Roberts, and evacuated by the British 
 in 1880. Population, about 150,000. 
 
 3. A river which rises in Afghanistan and 
 flows easterly past Kabul, emptying into the 
 Indus in the Pan jab at Attok, east of Pesha- 
 war. Length, about 316 miles. 
 
 Kabunga (ka-bong'ga). See Mandingo. 
 
 Kabyles. See Kabail. 
 
 Kacha (ka'cha). A son of Brihaspati who in the 
 Mahabharata becomes a disciple of Shukra, the 
 priest of the Asuras, to obtain a charm to restore 
 the dead. Twice killed by the Asuras, Kacha is re- 
 stored by Shukra at the intercession of Devayani, his 
 daughter. A third time killed, his ashes are mixed with 
 Shukra's wine ; but Shukra revives Kacha within his own 
 body, teaches him the charm, allows himself to be ripped 
 open for Kacha’s exit, and is in turn restored by Kacha. 
 This incident is said to have caused Shukra to prohibit wine 
 to Brahmans. When Kacha refuses to marry Devayani, 
 she curses him with the loss of the charm, and he condemn s 
 her to be sought by no Brahman and to wed a Kshatriya. 
 
 Kachh, or Cutch (kucb). A native state under 
 British control, south, of Sind. Area, 7,616 
 square miles. Population, 488,022. 
 
 Kachh, Gulf of. Au arm of the Indian Ocean, 
 south of Kachh and north of Kathiawar. 
 
 Kachh, Ran of, or Runn of Cutch. A salt mo- 
 rass, flooded at times, situated in the northern 
 and eastern parts of Kachh, and communicat- 
 ing with the Gulf of Kachh. 
 
 Kachh Gundava (gun-da'va). A region in 
 eastern Baluchistan, east of Ivhelat. 
 
 Kadambari (ka-dam ' ba-rc). A daughter of 
 Chitraratha and Madira, whoso name is given 
 to a celebrated Sanskrit prose work, a kind of 
 romance, written by Banabhatta and continued 
 by his son in about the 7th century. 
 
 Kadapa, or Cuddapah (kud'a-pa). A district 
 in Madras, British India, intersected by lat. 15° 
 N., long. 78° 30' E. 
 
 Kadesh (ka'desh), more fully Kadesh Barnea 
 (ka'desh bar'ne-a). [Heb., ‘sanctuary.’] 1. A 
 place on the southern boundary of the East Jor- 
 dan territory, the modern Ain Kadish, in the 
 country of the Azarime. It was the headquarters of 
 the Israelites in their wanderings in the desert. Miriam, 
 the sister of Moses, died here ; the episode of the “ waters 
 of strife" took place here ; and from here the spies were 
 sent out to investigate Canaan. 
 
 2. The capital of the Hittites, on the Orontes 
 near Tel Nebi Mende. About moo n. c. Ramesea II. 
 of the 19th dynasty gained there a decisive victory over 
 the Hittites. 
 
 Like Carchemish, Kadesh on the Orontes, the most south- 
 ern capital the Hittites possessed, was also a “holy city.” 
 557 
 
 Pictures of it have been preserved on the monuments of 
 Rameses II. We gather from them that it stood on the 
 shore of the Lake of Homs, still called the “ Lake of Ka- 
 desh,” at the point where the Orontes flowed out of the lake. 
 The river was conducted round the city in a double chan- 
 nel, across which a wide bridge was thrown, the space be- 
 tween the two channels being apparently occupied by a 
 wall. Sayce, Hittites, p. 100. 
 
 Kadiak (kad-yak'), or Kodiak (kod-yak'). An 
 island in the Pacific Ocean, belonging to Alas- 
 ka, situated about lat. 57° 30' N.,long. 153° W. 
 Length, about 90 miles. The inhabitants are 
 Eskimos. 
 
 Kadijah (ka-de'ja). The wife of Mohammed. 
 
 Kadikm (kad-i-ko'i), or Kadikeui (-ku'e). A 
 town in Asiatic Turkey, opposite Constanti- 
 nople : the ancient Chalcedon. 
 
 Kado Hadacho (ka'do ha-da'cho), or Caddo- 
 ques, or Cadodaquioux. The leading tribe of 
 the Caddo Confederacy of North American In- 
 dians. See Caddo. 
 
 Kadom (ka-dom'). A town in the government 
 of Tamboff, Russia, situated on the Moksha 
 about 125 miles southwest of Nijni Novgorod. 
 Population, over 6,000. 
 
 Ka dur, or Cadoor (ka-dor'). A district in 
 Mysore, India, intersected by lat. 13° 30' N., 
 long. 76° E. Area, 2,813 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 362,752. 
 
 Kaempfer. See Kdmpfer. 
 
 Kaf (kiif). In Oriental legend, a range of hills 
 encircling the earth, the chief abode of the 
 jinns. 
 
 Kaffa. See Feodosia. 
 
 Kaffa (kaf'fa), or Gomara(gd'mii-ra). A region 
 in eastern Africa, about lat. 6°-8° N., long. 35°- 
 38° E. It is in the southwestern part of 
 Abyssinia 
 
 Kaffir, or Kafir, or Caffre (kaf'er). [Ar., ‘un- 
 believer,’ ‘ infidel.’] A name given by the Arabs 
 of East Africa to all pagan African natives, 
 and adopted by the Portuguese, Dutch, and 
 English of South and East Africa. In English the 
 word has been used to signify («) the Kaffirs proper, con- 
 sisting of the Xosa, Pondo, and Tembu tribes ; (It) the Zu- 
 lus and the Kaffirs proper taken collectively, as distin- 
 guished from the Bei huana, Hottentots, and other South 
 African natives ; (c) the Bantu family, or all negroes south 
 of the equator. 
 
 Kaffraria (kaf-fra'ri-a). The country of the 
 Kaffirs, in South Africa. It is notan administrative 
 term, though Transkei in Cape Colony is sometimes known 
 as Kaffraria proper, and a region in the southeastern part 
 of Cape Colony was formerly known as British Kaffraria. 
 Kaffirs are found in Natal and neighboring regions, as well 
 as in Cape Colony. The Kaffirs have been repeatedly at 
 war with the British, especially in 1819, 1834-35, 1846-48, 
 1850-52, and 1877. 
 
 Kafiristan (ka-fe-ris-tan'). A mountainous re- 
 gion in Afghanistan, lying due north of Jelal- 
 abad, in which district it is now included. 
 Its area is about 5,000 square miles. The inhabitants 
 (estimated at about 60,000) are various related heathen 
 tribes. 
 
 Kagoshima (ka-go'she-ma), or Kagosima (ka- 
 go'se-ma). A seaport in the island of Kiusiu, 
 Japan, situated in lat. 31° 32' N., long. 130° 30' 
 
 E. It is a very old city, the “seat of the manufacture of 
 the celebrated Satsuma crackled faience.” It was bom- 
 barded by the British in 1863. Population, 63,640. 
 
 Kahlenberg, or Kalenberg (ka'len-bera). A 
 spur of the Norie Alps, in Lower Austria near 
 Vienna. It is now ascended by a mountain railway. 
 Near this locality lived, in the 14th century, the tale- writer 
 “Pfaffe von Kahlenberg” (“Parson of Kahlenberg”). 
 Height, 1,43d feet. 
 
 Kahnis(ka'nis), Karl Friedrich August. Born 
 at Greiz, Germany, Dec. 22, 1814: diedat.Leip- 
 sic, June 20, 1888. A German Protestant theo- 
 logian. Among liis works are “Der innere Gang des 
 deutschen l'rotestantismus " (1854), “ Lutherische Dog- 
 matik " (1861). 
 
 Kahoda ( ka-ho'da). A learned Brahman, father 
 of Ashtavakra (which see). 
 
 Kai (ki), pi. Kayan (ke-yan'). [Kindred with 
 Skt. kavi, wise, a sage, poet; Avestan lcavan, 
 kavya, kavi, king.] A Persian word, meaning 
 ‘ king,’ and especially a great king, prefixed to 
 
Kai 
 
 the names of four old Iranian kings, Kawus, 
 Khusrau, Qubad, and Lukrasp, to which some 
 add Gayumart (also spelled Kayumarth). 
 Kaietur ( ka-e-tor' ) Fall. A cataract of British 
 Guiana, on the Potaro, a western branch of the 
 Essequibo. It was discovered by C. B. Brown 
 in 1870, and is 822 feet high and 370 feet broad. 
 Kaifeng (ki-feng'), or Kai-fung (ki-fung'). 
 The capital of the province of Honan, China, 
 situated near the Hwang-ho about lat. 34° 
 52' N., long. 114° 35' E. Population, about 
 150,000. 
 
 Kaigani (ki-ga'ne). A tribe of North 
 American Indians, a division of the Haida. 
 They reside in Prince of Wales Island, 
 Alaska. They number about 300. See , Skit- 
 tag e tan. 
 
 Kaikawus (ki-ka-wos'). In the Skahnamah, 
 the twelfth Iranian king, son of Kaiqubad, 
 reigning 150 years. A dev or demon, disguised as a 
 singer, sings before the king the beauties of Mazandaran, 
 whence he resolves to conquer the country. Kaikawus 
 succeeds with the aid of Rustam, who has his seven adven- 
 tures during this war. (See Rustam.) The king next in- 
 vades Hamavaran, the king of whichyields to him andgives 
 him his daughter Saudabah in marriage. The king of 
 Hamavaran, however, treacherously seizes Kawus and im- 
 prisons him, during which time Afrasyab attacks Iran. 
 Rustam defeats the three hostile kings and delivers Ka- 
 wus. The war with Afrasyab lasts during the whole reign. 
 The history of Kaikawus contains, besides the account of 
 Rustam's seven adventures, that of Suhrab and that of 
 Syawaush. (See Suhrab, Syawaush.) In his pride Kaika- 
 wus sought to fly to the heavens, and harnessed to his throne 
 four eagles. Wearied, they descended and threw the king 
 on the ground near Amol. He escaped with his life, and, 
 pardoned by God for his arrogance, ruled on. The name 
 is the Eaoses of the Byzantine historians. 
 
 Kaikeyi (kl-ka, ' yo). In Hindu mythology, a 
 princess of Kaikeya, wife of King Dasharatha 
 and mother of his third son, Bharata. Carefully 
 tending Dasharatha when wounded, she induced him to 
 promise any two favors. She used this promise to procure 
 the exile of Rama and the promotion of Bharata. 
 Kaikhusrau (present Pers. pron. ki-khus-rou' ; 
 earlier ki-khos-rou'). [See Kai. Khusrau is the 
 Skt. sushravas, Avestan husravanh (nom. liusra- 
 va ), famous, Gr. ’Oapayc and Chosrocs.\ In the 
 Shahnamah, the thirteenth Iranian king. He 
 reigned 60 years. He was the son of Syawaush and Faran- 
 gis, daughter of Afrasyab. After the murder of Syawaush 
 by Gurwi, Afrasyab was about to slay Farangis, that none 
 of the offspring of Iraj might live; but Piran Wisah per- 
 suaded the king to put her in his care. Piran saved her 
 child when born, and had him brought up by shepherds. 
 Afrasyab, frightened by a dream in which the son of Sya- 
 waush destroyed him, summoned Piran, who allayed the 
 fears of Afrasyab by representing the boy as an idiot. When 
 he warred with Kaikawus, Afrasyab sent Farangis and 
 Khusrau to a remote place, but Giv found them and brought 
 them to Kaikawus, who appointed Khusrau his successor. 
 Khusrau continued the war, and slew Afrasyab. The 
 name Kaikhusrau is identified with that of the elder Cyrus, 
 with the legends of whom as told by the Greeks there are 
 accordances. 
 
 Kailasa (M-la'sa). A mountain in the Hima- 
 laya, north of take Manasa. Shiva’s paradise 
 and Kuvera’s abode are said to be on Kailasa. 
 Kaiqubad (earlier Pers. pron. kl-ko-bad'; pres- 
 ent Pers. pron. kl-ko-bad'). In the Shahnamah, 
 the eleventh Iranian king, a descendant of Fari- 
 dun, brought by Rustam from Mount Alburz at 
 the bidding of Zal after the death of Garshasp. 
 He reigned 100 years, building cities after Rustam, de- 
 feating Afrasyab, compelled Pashang to sue for peace. He 
 left four sons, the eldest being Kaikawus. See Qubad. 
 Kaira (kl'ra). 1. A district in the presidency 
 of Bombay, British India, intersected by lat. 
 22° 40' N., long. 72° 50' E. Area, 1,595 square 
 miles. Population, 716,332. — 2. The capital 
 of the district of Kaira, about lat. 22° 45' N., 
 long. 72° 41' E. Population, 10,392. 
 
 Kairwan (kir-wan'), or Kirwan (ker-wan'). A 
 city 87 miles south of Tunis. It is a holy Moham- 
 medan city, founded about 670. The Djamaat es-Sehebi, 
 or Mosque of the Companion of the Prophet, is the chief 
 sanctuary of the city. Within the usual inclosing wall 
 there are four beautiful arcaded courts, domed vestibules, 
 the mosque proper, and the Shrine of the Companion, Ab- 
 dullah ibn-Zemaa el-Beloui, a small domed structure with 
 ornament of heterogeneous character and date. The re- 
 mainder of the monument abounds with the richest Arabic 
 decoration in plaster- work, inlaid tiles, elaborate carpentry, 
 and color. The square minaret is incrusted with tiles, and 
 has an Ajimez window in each face at the top. The great 
 mosque of Sidi Akbar is a venerable monument occupying 
 the northern corner of the city. In plan it is a rectangle 
 which is divided into three parts, the place of worship 
 proper, the vestibule, and the cloistered court in which 
 stands the minaret. The mosque proper consists of 17 
 aisles of 8 arches springing from coupled columns of mar- 
 ble and porphyry. These columns number 296, and in the 
 entire building there are 439, all taken from old Roman 
 and Christian monuments. The mihrab and mitnbar are 
 beautifully ornamented. There is a central dome, which 
 rests on porphyry columns about 42 feet high. The court 
 is surrounded by a double arcade with coupled columns. 
 Population, estimated, about 26,000. Also Kairoan, A’ c- 
 rouan, etc. 
 
 Kais. See Kenn. 
 
 558 
 
 Kaisariyeh. See Cmarea. 
 
 Kaiserhaus. See Goslar. 
 
 Kaisersaal (kl'zer-sal). See Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 Kaiserslautern (ld'zers-lou-tern). A city in the 
 RhinePalatinate,Bavaria,situatedontheLauter 
 32 miles west of Mannheim, it has manufactures of 
 iron, beer, etc. , and an important fruit-market. It was the 
 residence of Frederick Barbarossa. Here, November 28- 
 30, 1793, the Duke of Brunswick defeated the Freheh under 
 Hoche, and May 23, 1794, the Prussians under Mollendorf 
 again defeated the French. Pop., commune, 52,306. 
 
 Kaiserswerth (ki'zers-vert). A town in the 
 Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the Rhine 
 27 miles north-northwest of Cologne, itis theseat 
 of a training-school for Protestant deaconesses, founded by 
 ITiedner, and has a noted medieval church. 
 
 Kaiser Wilhelm (ki'zer vil'helm) Canal. A 
 ship-canal connecting the harbor of Kiel with 
 the mouth of the Elbe near Brunsbiittel. The 
 canal was begun June 3, 1887, and opened for traffic June 
 19, 1896. Its breadth at the bottom is 72 feet, and at the 
 surface 213 feet ; depth, 29 feet 6 inches. The cost of con- 
 struction was estimated at about 839,000,000. 
 
 Kaiser Wilhelm Islands. A small group of 
 islands in the Antarctic Ocean, belonging to 
 Graham Land. 
 
 Kaiser Wilhelm Land. A German protector- 
 ate (from 1884) in the northeast of New Guinea. 
 Area, estimated, about 70,000 square miles. 
 Population, estimated, 110,000. 
 
 Kaithal. See Kythul. 
 
 Kaiyuh-Khotana (ki'yo-cho-ta'na). A tribe 
 of the northern division of the Athapascan stock 
 of North American Indians, dwelling on the 
 plains of the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers, 
 in the interior of Alaska. They subsist chiefly 
 by fishing and trading. See Athapascan. 
 
 Kakongo (ka-kong'go). See Kongo Nation. 
 
 Kaku (ka-ko'), or Kakui (ka-ko-e'). In the 
 Shahnamah, a grandson of Zohak, who allied 
 himself with Salm in the war of Faridun and 
 Minuchihr against Salm and Tur, and was slain 
 by Minuchihr after a single combat lasting al- 
 most a whole day. 
 
 Kalabagh (ka-la-bag'). A town in Bannu dis- 
 trict, Panjab, British India, situated on the In- 
 dus in lat. 32° 58' N., long. 71° 36' E. It is noted 
 for salt-quarries. 
 
 Kalahari ka-la-bar ' ) . See Calabar , Efik, an d Idzo. 
 
 Kalafat (ka-la-fat'). A town in Wallachia, Ru- 
 mania, situated on the Danube opposite Wid- 
 din. It was the scene of encounters between the Russians 
 and Turks, resulting in the retreat of the former, Jan. 
 6-10, 1854. Population, 7,126. 
 
 Kalah. See Calali. 
 
 Kalahari (ka-la-ha/re) Desert. An elevated and 
 partially desert region in South Africa, north of 
 the Orange River, and mainly comprised within 
 the Bechuanaland protectorate. 
 
 Kalah Shergat (ka'la sher-gat'). The mound 
 of ruins about 50 miles south of Mosul, repre- 
 senting the ancient city of Assur. 
 
 Kalakaua (kal-a-kou'a) I., David. Born Nov. 
 16, 1836: died at San Francisco, Jan. 30, 1891. 
 King of Hawaii 1874-91, son of Kepaakea and 
 Keoliokalole, niece of Kamehameha I. He was 
 elected Feb. 12, 1874, to succeed Lunalilo. He was com- 
 pelled by a revolutionary movement to grant in 1887 a new 
 constitution imposing important restrictions on the royal 
 prerogative. 
 
 Kalamata (ka-la-ma'ta). The capital of Mes- 
 senia, Greece, situated on the Nedon, near the 
 coast, in lat. 37° 2' N., long. 22° 8' E. : the an- 
 cient Pharte or Phene. It, was held by the Venetians 
 1085-1718, and was sacked by Ibrahim Pasha in 1825. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, about 20,000. 
 
 Kalamazoo (kaP'a-ma-zo'). Aeityandthe cap- 
 ital of Kalamazoo County, Michigan, situated 
 on the Kalamazoo River in lat. 42° 19' N., long. 
 85° 34' W. It has various manufactures, and 
 is the seat of Kalamazoo College. Population, 
 39,437, (1910). 
 
 Kalamazoo River. A river in Michigan, flow- 
 ing into Lake Michigan 41 miles northwest of 
 Kalamazoo. Length, 150 miles. 
 
 Kalamita (ka-la-me'ta) Bay. An indentation 
 of the western coast of the Crimea, Russia. 
 
 Kalanemi (ka-la-na'me). In Hindu mythology, 
 in the Ramayana, a Rakshasa, uncle of Ravana. 
 At Ravana’s request he tries to kill Hanuman, assuming 
 the form of a hermit devotee and offering him food. 11a- 
 numan refuses and goes to bathe. His foot is seized by a 
 crocodile, which he kills. From the body rises a lovely 
 Apsaras, who had been cursed to live as a crocodile until 
 released by Hanuman. She warns him against Kalanemi, 
 who is seized by Hanuman and hurled to Lanka, where he 
 falls before the throne of Ravana. 
 
 Kalanos (kal'a-nos). The Greek name of a 
 Brahman (called in Latin Calanus) who followed 
 Alexander the Great from India, and, becoming 
 ill, burned himself alive before the Macedoni- 
 
 Kali 
 
 ans, three months before Alexander’s death 
 (323 B. c.), which he had predicted. 
 
 Kalapooian (kal-a-po'yan). Alinguistic stock 
 of North American Indians, embracing the 
 Ahantchuyuk, Atfalati, Calapooya, Chelamela, 
 Lakmiut, Santiam, Yamil, and Yonkala divi- 
 sions, with their numerous bands. It formerly oc- 
 cupied the main and tributary valleys of Willamette River, 
 Oregon, above the falls. The tribes were large early in 
 the century, but suffered severely from disease in 1824- 
 1825, and later from the depredatory Klikitat. The rem- 
 nants of these tribes are on Grande Ronde reservation, 
 Oregon, and numbered 130 in 1905. 
 
 Kalapooyah. See Calapooya. 
 
 Kalarash (ka-la-rash'), or Kalarashi (ka-la- 
 ra'she). A river port in Wallachia, Rumania, 
 situated on the Danube 10 miles northeast of 
 Silistria. Population, 11,077. 
 
 Kalatamareno. Same as Catamarefio. See 
 Calchaquis. 
 
 Kalatch (ka-lach'). 1. A Cossack settlement 
 in the government of Voronezh, Russia, about 
 lat. 50° 22' N., long. 41° 7' E. — 2. A trading 
 place in the province of the Don Cossacks, 
 Russia, situated on the Don about lat. 48° 43' 
 N., long. 43° 30' E. 
 
 Kalau (ka'lou). A small town in the province 
 of Brandenburg, Prussia, 59 miles south-south- 
 east of Berlin. 
 
 Kalayavana (ka-la-ya'va-na). [‘Black Yava- 
 na,’ ‘Greek,’ or ‘foreigner.’] AYavana, or for- 
 eign king, who led an army of barbarians to 
 Mathura against Krishna. Krishna lured him into 
 the cave of Mucliukunda, who awoke and reduced him to 
 ashes by a glance. 
 
 Kalbe (kal'be). A town in the province of 
 Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Saale 18 miles 
 south by east of Magdeburg. Population, 
 commune, 12, 264. 
 
 Kalckreuth (kalk'roit), Count Friedrich Adolf 
 von. Born at Sottershausen, near Sangerhau- 
 sen, Prussia, Peb. 22, 1737 : died at Berlin, June 
 10,1818. APrussian field-marshal, distinguished 
 in the defense of Dantzic in 1807. 
 
 Kaldu. See Chaldea. 
 
 Kalenberg, or Calenberg (ka'len-berG). A 
 former principality of Germany, now included 
 in the circles of Hannover, Weunigsen, and 
 Ilameln, province of Hannover, Prussia. 
 
 Kalergis (ka-ler'gis), Demetrius. Born in 
 Crete about 1803: died at Athens, April 24, 
 1867. A Greek general and politician. 
 
 Kalevala (ka-le-va'la), or Kalewala (ka-le- 
 va'la). IKaleva, heroic; la, affix sig. ‘abode’: 
 ‘ abode’ or ‘ land of heroes.’] The national epic 
 of Finland. The elements of the poem are ancient pop- 
 ular songs, hitherto orally transmitted, that have been col- 
 lected in different parts of Finnish territory, for the most 
 part within the present century. Short fragments of myth- 
 ical poetry had been known in the 18th century, but the 
 first considerable collection was published by Zacharias 
 Topelius in 1822. The poem owes its present coherent 
 form to Elias Lonnrott, who during years of assiduous labor 
 collected the material in Finland proper, but principally in 
 Russian Karelia eastward to the White Sea. Lonnrott’s 
 first edition, which appeared in 1835, contains 12,000 verses, 
 for the first time systematically arranged as a connected 
 whole. In 1849appeared asecond edition, containing nearly 
 23,000 verses, which is the present form of the poem. The 
 Kalevala is written in eight-syllabled trochaic verse, with 
 alliteration, but without rime. The whole is divided into 
 60 cantos or runes. Its subject-matter is mythical, with a 
 few Christian elements. Its central hero is Wainamoinen, 
 the god of poetry and music. It is the prototype, in form 
 and contents, of Longfellow’s “Hiawatha." 
 
 Kalgan (kal'gan). A city in the province of 
 Chihli, China, situated on the line of the Great 
 Wall, 120 miles northwest of Peking. It has 
 important transit trade, especially in tea. Pop- 
 ulation, estimated, 70,000. 
 
 Kalgueff. See Kolgucff. 
 
 Kalhana (kal'ha-na). [Skt.] The name of the 
 author of the Rajatarangini, a history of Kash- 
 mir, supposed to have lived about 1148. 
 
 Kali (ka'li). In Sanskrit, a name of the die or 
 side of the dio which is marked by one point : 
 personified as an evil genius in the poem of 
 Nala. Finding that Damayanti had chosen Nala, Kali, 
 enraged, entered into him, and caused him to be worsted by 
 his brother Pushkara in the game of dice in which Nala 
 lost his kingdom, his wife, and even his raiment, and in 
 consequence of which he became an exile. 
 
 Kali (ka'le). [In the Vedas Agni has seven 
 flickering tongues for devouring oblations: of 
 these Kali is the black or terrible tongue. 
 The word came to have the following meaning.] 
 In Hindu mythology, the bloody consort of 
 Shiva. (Calcutta is Kalighatta, the ghat or landing- 
 place of Kali.) In her images the body is black, or dark- 
 blue, the insides of the hands red. Her disheveled hair 
 reaches to her feet. She has a necklace of human heads 
 and a cincture of blood-stained hands, while she stands on 
 the body of Shiva. Her tongue protrudes from her mouth, 
 which is marked with blood. Bloody sacrifices are made 
 
Kali 
 
 to her. She has a celebrated temple at Kalighat, near Cal- 
 cutta, which during her festivals swims with blood. She 
 personifies destroying Time. 
 
 Kalidasa (ka-li-da'sa). The greatest poet and 
 dramatist of India. All that is related of his personal 
 history is that he lived at Ujjayini or Oujein, and that he 
 was one of the 9 gems of the court of Vikramaditya ; but 
 since there have been several kings of that name at Ujja- 
 yini, his date remains uncertain. Wilson believed this Vi- 
 kramaditya to be the one whose era begins 56 B. c. Bhau 
 Daji identifies him with Harsha Vikramaditya of the mid- 
 dle of the 6th century. Monier-Williams gives the begin- 
 ning of the 3d century as the date of Kalidasa ; Lassen, 
 the middle of the 2d ; Kern, the first half of the 6th ; Ja- 
 cobi, the middle of the 4th : Shankar Pandit, a time prior 
 to the middle of the 8th • and the southern Buddhists, the 
 6th. Weber assigns the composition of Kalidasa’s three 
 dramas to a period from the 2d to the 4 th century of our 
 era — the period of the Gupta princes, whose reigns corre- 
 spond best to the legendary tradition of the glory of Vi- 
 krama. Kalidasa is the undisputed author of the two 
 dramas Shakuntala and Vikramorvashi, and Weber and 
 Shankar Pandit have submitted strong grounds for ascrib- 
 ing to him also the Malavikagnimitra. The Raghuvansha, 
 Kumarasambhava, Meghaduta, Ritusanhara. Nalodaya,and 
 Shrutabodha have also all been ascribed to him with va- 
 rying degrees of improbability. He is known to Euro- 
 peans especially through the drama of Shakuntala, which, 
 when first translated by Sir William Jones in 1789, pro- 
 duced such a sensation that the early success of Sanskrit 
 studies in England and Germany may be ascribed to this 
 masterpiece. He is characterized by consummate tact in 
 the use of language, delicacy of sentiment, and fertility of 
 imagination. See the several names. 
 
 Kalika (ka/li-ka). The goddess Kali. 
 Kalikapurana(kaHi-ka-po-ra'na). In Sanskrit 
 literature, one of eighteen Upapuranas, or sec- 
 ondary Puranas, containing about 9, 000 stanzas, 
 the object of which is to recommend the worship 
 of Kali, the wife of Shiva, in one or other of her 
 forms. It belongs to the Shakta form of Hindu belief, or 
 the worship of thefemale powers of the deities. A remark- 
 able feature of the work is the description of a number of 
 rivers and mountains in Assam, suggesting to Wilson the 
 possible Assamese origin, or origin in northeastern Bengal, 
 of the Tantrika and Shakta corruptions of the earlier Hindu 
 religion. 
 
 Kalilag and Damnag (ka-le'lag and dam'nag). 
 The name of the Syriac version of the original 
 of the Panchatantra, and an important link in 
 the genealogy of Indo-European folk-lore. That 
 original, a Buddhist Sanskrit work in 13 chapters treating 
 of the conduct of princes, and inculcating its doctrines in 
 the form of beast-fables, was translated from Sanskrit into 
 Pahlavi by a Persian physician named Barzoi at the com- 
 mand of Khusrau Nushirvan (531-679 A.D.). From the Pah- 
 lavi version, now lost, was translated, about 570 A. D.,the 
 older Syriac version, called after the two jackals, Kara- 
 taka and Hamanaka, who figured in the introduction to the 
 Sanskrit original. A notice of this Syriac version had been 
 preserved in a catalogue of Syriac writings made by Ebed- 
 jesus, who died in 1318, and published byAssemani at Rome 
 in 1725. A Chaldean bishop, Georgius Ebed-jesus Khay- 
 yath, on his way to the ecumenical council in 1870, stum- 
 bled upon a manuscript of this version in the episcopal 
 library at Mardin. Through the mediation of the Italian 
 scholar Guidi, and a wonderful combination of accidents 
 and efforts, “the lost manuscript” was made known to 
 Europe, and at last published and translated by Bickell 
 (Leipsic, 1876). Bickell’s work contains an important in- 
 troduction by Benfey resuming the results (already pub- 
 lished in his Pantschatantra) of his studies in the history 
 of fable. 
 
 Kalilah. and Dimnah. (ka-le'la and dim'na), or 
 Fables of Pilpay (pil' pa). The name of the 
 Arabic translation of the Pahlavi translation 
 of the Sanskrit original of the Panchatantra. 
 It was made by Abdallah ibn al-Moqaffa, a Persian convert 
 to Islam, who lived under the calif Al-Mansur and died 
 about 760. The Arabic was published by He Sacy in 1816, 
 and an English translation by Knatchbull (Oxford, 181S). 
 Kalilah and Dimnah is also the name of the later Syriac 
 version made in the 10th or 11th century, edited by Wright 
 and translated by Keith-Falconer (Cambridge, 1885). 
 Keith-Falconer’s introduction is a clear and full account 
 of the history of Indo-European fable. See Kalilag and 
 Damnag , and Pilpay. 
 
 Kalinga (ka-lin'ga). An ancient kingdom of 
 India, which extended along the eastern coast 
 northward from the vicinity of Madras, and 
 sometimes included Orissa. 
 
 Kalingapatam, or Calingapatam (ka-ling // ga- 
 pa-tam'). A small seaport in Ganjam district, 
 Madras, British India, situated at the mouth of 
 the Vangsedharainlat. 18° 21' N.,long. 84° 7' E. 
 Kalir (ka'ler), Eleazar Birrabi. Lived proba- 
 bly in the 9th century in Palestine. The most 
 celebrated and productive writer of the syna- 
 gogal poetry , or pint. About 200 of his poems ( piutim) 
 are extant. His subjects are mostly taken from the Tal- 
 mud. His style is terse and perspicuous, bold in the for- 
 mation of new words and phrases, and often artificial by 
 reason of involved versification, rimes, and acrostics. 
 Kalisch(ka'lish), David. Born atBreslau, Prus- 
 sia, Feb. 23, 1820: died at Berlin, Aug. 21, 1872. 
 A German humorist, of Hebrew descent, founder 
 of the comic journal “ Kladderadatsch ” (Ber- 
 lin, 1848), and author of numerous farces. 
 Kalisch, Marcus. Born at Treptow, Prussia, 
 May 16, 1828 : died at Rowsley, Derbyshire, Eng- 
 land, Aug. 23, 1885. A German biblical critic. 
 Kalish, Pol. Kalisz (ka'lish). 1 . A government 
 
 559 
 
 of Russian Poland, bordering on Prussia. Area, 
 4,377 square miles. Population, 1,028,500. — 
 2. The capital of the government of Kalish, 
 Russian Poland, situated on the Prosna in lat. 
 51° 46' N., long. 18° 10' E. : the ancient Kalisia. 
 Here, Oct. 29, 1706, the Russian and Polish forces defeated 
 the Swedes ; and here an offensive and defensive alliance 
 between Russia and Prussia was concluded Feb. 28, 1813. 
 Population, 24,418. 
 
 Kalitvenskaya (ka-let-vens'ka-ya). A camp in 
 the province of the Don Cossacks, Russia, situ- 
 ated on the Donetz about 81 miles northeast of 
 Novotcherkask. 
 
 Kaliya (ka'li-ya). In Hindu mythology, a five- 
 headed serpent-king dwelling in the Yamuna. 
 His mouths vomited fire. Krishna, when a child, jumped 
 into his pool, and was seized by Kaliya and his attendants. 
 Placing his foot on the middle head of Kaliya, Krishna 
 reduced him to submission, and compelled him to remove 
 to the ocean. 
 
 Kaliyuga (ka-li-yo'ga). In Sanskrit, the name 
 of the last and worst of the four yugas or ages ; 
 the iron age. Their names, Kritayuga, Tretayuga, 
 Dvaparayuga, and Kaliyuga, come from the marks on dice, 
 four being reckoned as best, and one as worst. (See Kali.) 
 The Kali, or fourth age, contains 1,200 years of the gods, or 
 432,000 years of men, and began Feb. 18, 3102 B. C. When 
 it ends, the world is to be destroyed. 
 
 Kalk (kalk) . A manufacturing town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, opposite Cologne. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 25,478. 
 
 Kalkbrenner (kalk'bren-ner), Friedrich Wil- 
 helm. Born about 1784: died at Enghien, 
 near Paris, June 10, 1849. A German pianist 
 and composer for the piano. 
 
 Kalki (kal'ki). A name of Vishnu in his future 
 character of destroyer of the wicked and liber- 
 ator of the world from its enemies. This will be 
 the tenth and last avatar or incarnation of Vishnu, and 
 wiU take place at the end of the fourth and last age, the 
 Kaliyuga. 
 
 Kallapuya. See Calapooya. 
 
 Kallimachos. See Callimachus. 
 
 Kalli-Nuddi (kal'le-nud'de). A river in British 
 India, flowing into the Ganges 47 miles north- 
 west of Cawnpore. 
 
 Kallundborg (kal'lond-borG). A town on the 
 western coast of the island of Zealand, Den- 
 mark. 
 
 Kalm (kalm), Peter. Born in Finland, 1715: 
 died at Abo, Finland, Nov. 16, 1779. A Swedish 
 botanist. He published “ En resa til Norra 
 Amerika ” ( “A J ourney to North America,” 1753- 
 1761), etc. 
 
 Kalmar, or Calmar (kal'mar). 1. A maritime 
 iaen of southeastern Sweden, including the isl- 
 and of Gland. Area, 4,443 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 227,752. — 2. A seaport and the cap- 
 ital of the laen of Kalmar, situated on an island 
 in Kalmar Sound, in lat. 56° 40' N., long. 16° 
 22' E., opposite the island of Oland. it has a 
 cathedral and an ancient castle, and is an important 
 trading port. A union of the kingdoms of Sweden, Nor- 
 way, and Denmark was concluded here July 20, 1397. 
 Population, 14,835. 
 
 Kalmar Sound. A sea passage separating the 
 island of Oland from the mainland of Sweden. 
 Kalmashapada (kal-ma-sha-pa'da). In Hindu 
 mythology, a king of the solar race, son of Su- 
 dasa, and a descendant of Ikshvaku. The Maha- 
 hharata describes him as encountering, when hunting, 
 Sliaktri, Vasishtha’s eldest son, whom he struck with his 
 whip. The incensed Vasishtha cursed him so that he be- 
 came a cannibal. After twelve years he was restored by 
 Vasishtha. The Vishnupurana varies and amplifies the 
 legend. 
 
 Kalmucks, or Calmucks (kal'muks). A branch 
 of the Mongolian family of peoples, divided 
 into four tribes, and dwelling in China, west- 
 ern Siberia, and southeastern Russia. They 
 were nomads, adherents of a form of Buddhism, and num- 
 ber over 200,000. 
 
 Kalna (kal'na), or Culna (kul'na). A town in 
 Bardwan district, Bengal, British India, situated 
 on the Bhagirathi 47 miles north of Calcutta. 
 Kalnoky (kal'no-ki), Count Siegmund Gustav. 
 Born at Lettowitz, Moravia, Dee. 29, 1832 : died 
 in Moravia, Austria, Feb. 13, 1898. An Austrian 
 statesman and diplomatist. He was appointed min- 
 ister at Copenhagen in 1874, and ambassador at St. Peters- 
 burg in 1880, and was minister of foreign affairs 1881-95. 
 
 Kalocsa (ko'loch-o). A cathedral city in the 
 county of Pest.-Pilis-Solt and Little Cumania, 
 Hungary, situated near the Danube 67 miles 
 south of Budapest. It is the seat of a Roman 
 Catholic archbishop. Population, commune, 
 11,380. 
 
 Kalo-Johannes. See Calo-Joanncs. 
 
 Kalpa (kal'pa). In Hindu mythology, a day of 
 Brahma, consisting of 1,000 yugas, or 432,000,- 
 000 years. A month of Brahma contains 30 kalpas, 12 
 months constitute his year, and 100 years his life. We are 
 now in the 61st of his years. The word also means 'man- 
 ner of acting,’ practice prescribed by the Vedas. 
 
 Kamchi 
 
 Kalpasutras (kal-pa-so'traz). In Vedic litera- 
 ture, the works which describe the ceremonial 
 necessary in a Vedic sacrifice, expressed in short 
 technical rules (sutras) ; among the Jainas, the 
 name of their most sacred book, it gives the his- 
 tory of Mahavira, the last of the 24 deified saints or Tirthan- 
 karas, and that of four others. Its author was Bhadra Bahu, 
 who composed it, according to Stevenson, 411 a. D., while 
 another authority makes its date 632 A. D. The Jainas de- 
 vote to the Kalpasutras five of the eight days given in the 
 middle of the rains to reading their scriptures. 
 
 Kalpeny (kal'pe-ni). [A Hindu name of un- 
 certain meaning.] The third-magnitude star 
 8 Aquarii, more commonly known as Sadalsund. 
 
 Kalpi (kal'pe), or Culpee (kul'pe). A town in 
 Jalaun district, United Provinces, British 
 India, situated on the J umna 45 miles southwest 
 of Cawnpore. The Indian rebels were de- 
 feated here by Sir Hugh Rose, May, 1858. 
 Population, 10,139. 
 
 Kaluga (ka-16'ga). 1. A government of Rus- 
 
 sia, surrounded by the governments of Moscow, 
 Tula, Orel, and Smolensk. It has flourishing 
 manufactures. Area, 11,942 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 1,336,200. — 2. The capital of the gov- 
 ernment of Kaluga, situated at the junction of 
 the Yatchenka with the Oka, in lat. 54° 31' N., 
 long. 36° 16' E. It has flourishing manufac- 
 tures and trade. Population, 49,513. 
 
 Kalusz (kal'losh). A town in Galicia, Austria- 
 Hungary, situated on the Lomnicza 58 miles 
 south by east of Lemberg. Population, com- 
 mune, 8,660, (1910). 
 
 Kalvaria (kal-va're-a). A town in the gov- 
 ernment of Suvalki, Russian Poland, situated 
 on the Shelupa 84 miles west-southwest of Vil- 
 na. Population, 9,900. 
 
 Kalw, or Calw (kalv). A town in the Black 
 Forest district of Wiirtemberg, situated on the 
 Nagold 23 miles west of Stuttgart. It was for- 
 merly the chief town of a countship of Kalw. 
 Population, commune, 5,196. 
 
 Kama (ka'ma). [Skt., ‘wish,’ ‘desire,’ ‘love.’] 
 The Hindu god of love. In the Rigveda, desire Is the 
 first movement that arose in the One after it had come into 
 life through the power of fervor or abstraction. It is the 
 bond which connects entity with nonentity. In the Tait- 
 tiriyabrahmana he is the son of Dharma, ‘justice,’ by 
 Shraddha, ‘faith,’ but according to the Harivansha the son 
 of Lakshmi, ‘fortune.’ Inanotheraccounthespringsfrom 
 Brahma’s heart. He is armed with a bow and arrows, the 
 bow being of sugar-cane, the bowstring a line of bees, and 
 each of the five arrows tipped with a distinct flower, sup- 
 posed to conquer one of the five senses. He rides on a par- 
 rot or sparrow, attended by nymphs, one of whom bears 
 his banner displaying the Makara, or a fish on a red ground. 
 His wife is Rati (‘pleasure’) or Priti (‘affection’), his 
 daughter Trisha (‘thirst’ o'- ‘desire’), and his sou Ani- 
 ruddha (‘ the unrestrained ’). 
 
 Kama (ka'ma). A river in Russia, tbe largest 
 tributary of the Volga, which it joins 42 miles 
 south of Kazan. Length, about 1,050 miles; 
 navigable from Perm (930 miles). 
 
 Kamadhemi (ka-ma-d-ha'no). [Skt., ‘ wish- 
 cow.’] In Hindu mythology, the fabulous won- 
 der-cow that gratifies all wishes. Also called 
 Kamadhuk (ka-ma-d-ho'k), ‘ wish-milking,’ i. e. 
 yielding. 
 
 Kamakura (ka-ma'ko-ra). A place near Yoko- 
 hama, Japan. It was the seat of government 
 in the last part of the middle ages. 
 
 Kamandaki (kii-man'da-ki). In Sanskrit litera- 
 ture, the author of a certain Nitishastra (which 
 see). 
 
 Kamaran (ka-ma-ran'), or Cameran (kam-e- 
 ran'). An island in the Red Sea, belonging to the 
 British, situated in lat. 15° 20' N., long. 42° 34' E. 
 
 Kamba (kam'ba), orWakamba (wa-kam'bii). 
 An African tribe of British East Africa, dwell- 
 ing north of Mount Kilimanjaro and bordering 
 on the Masai. The country is called Ukamba. the lan- 
 guage Kikamba. Very imperfectly known, this tribe and 
 language are often said to be Bantu ; but their democratic 
 government, their nomadic and pastoral habits, and their 
 physical traits show Hamitic affinity. In 1882 some Wa- 
 kamba settled in Usagara. The Kikuyu people, northern 
 neighbors of theWakamba, are said to speak a mixture of 
 Kikamba and Kwafi, probably an intermediary dialect 
 
 Kambyses. See Cambyses. 
 
 Kamchatka (kiim-chat'ka). [F. Kamtchatka, 
 G. Kamtschatka.\ A large peninsula in the 
 Maritime Province of eastern Siberia, it extends 
 
 into the Pacific between Bex ingSeaand the Sea of Okhotsk. 
 It is traversed by volcanic mountains (highest point, nearly 
 16,000 feet). The leading people are the Kamchadales or 
 Kamchatkans, mostly Russianized. Kamchatka was occu- 
 pied by Russia in the end of the 17th century, and incor- 
 porated with the Maritime Province in 1855. Population, 
 about 9,000. 
 
 Kamchatka, Sea of. See Bering Sea. 
 
 Kamchi (kam'che), David, known as Radak 
 from the initials of his name (Rabbi David Kam- 
 chi). Lived 1160-1232 in Narbonne, France. 
 One of the most influential Jewish grammari- 
 
Karachi 
 
 ans, lexicographers, and oxegetesof the middle 
 ages. IliH Hebrew grammar and dictionary “The Com- 
 piler" (“ Miehlul "), willi its second part “ Hoots ” (“Shura- 
 shiin "), and ids commentaries Oil several books of the Old 
 Testament, retain their value to the present time. 
 
 Kamehameha (ka-maUia-ma'ha or kii-me-kii'- 
 rne-liii) I., surnamod “ The Groat.” Born 1753 : 
 died at Kailua, Hawaii, May 8, 1819. King of 
 the Handwich Islands 1809-19, son of the chief 
 Keona. lie became ruler of the western part of Hawaii 
 in 1781, and with the aid of Europeans made himself mas- 
 ter of all the Sandwich Islands in 1809. lie suppressed hu- 
 man sacrifice, and encouraged commerce with Europeans. 
 
 Kamehameha II. Bom in Hawaii, 1797 : died 
 at London, July 14, 1824. King of the Sand- 
 wich Islands 1819-24, son of Kamehameha I. 
 He permitted the establishment of an American Protes- 
 tant mission in 1820. He and his wife died of measles 
 at London during a visit to George IV. 
 
 Kamehameha III. Born March 17, 1814 : died 
 at Honolulu, Dec. 15, 1854. King of the Sand- 
 wich Islands 1824-54, brother of Kamehameha 
 II. whom he succeeded. He introduced a con- 
 stitutional form of government in 1840. 
 Kamehameha IV. Born Feb. 9, 1834: died at 
 Honolulu, Nov. 30, 1803. Kingof the Sandwich 
 Islands 1854^63, nephew of Kamehameha III. 
 whom he succeeded. 
 
 Kamehameha V. Born Dee. 11, 1830 : died at 
 Honolulu, Dec. 11, 1872. King of the Sandwich 
 Islands 1863-72, brother of Kamehameha IV. 
 whom he succeeded. Ho proclaimed a new con- 
 stitution in 1864. 
 
 Kamenets-Podolski (ka'me-nets-po-dol'ske). 
 The capital of the government of Podolia, Rus- 
 sia, situated on the Srnotriteh in lat. 48° 40' 
 N., long. 26° 35' E. It was an ancient Polish for- 
 tress, and was held by the Turks 1672-99. Popu- 
 lation, 35,934. 
 
 Kamenskaya (kli-men 'skii-yii). A town in the 
 province of the Don Cossacks, Russia, 70 miles 
 north of Novotcherkask. 
 
 Kamenz (ka'ments). A town in the govern- 
 mental district of Bautzen, Saxony, situated 
 on the Black Elster 22 miles northeast of Dres- 
 den: the birthplace of Lessing. Population, 
 commune, 11,120. 
 
 Kamerun (ka-me-ron'). A German protecto- 
 rate in western Africa, extending from the 
 Bight of Biafra northeastward to Lake Chad. 
 It has some trade in oil, ivory, rubber, and cocoa. Its 
 capital is Buea. The Kamerun Mountains reach a height 
 of 13,300 feet. By the Morocco agreement of November, 
 1911, Germany received from France 107,270 square miles 
 of Kongo territory, and ceded to France 6,460 square miles 
 of Kamerun territory. Also Cameroon. 
 
 Kamerun River. A river of western Africa 
 which falls into the Bight of Biafra. 
 
 Karnes, Lord. See Home, Henry. 
 
 Kamienic. See Kamenets-Podolski. 
 Kammersee. Same as the Attersee. 
 
 Kammin, or Cammin (kam-men'). A town in 
 the province of Pomerania, Prussia, situated on 
 the Kammin Bodden and the Dievenow 38 miles 
 north by east of Stettin. Population, com- 
 mune, 5,923. 
 
 Kampanerthal. See Campanerthal. 
 
 Kampen (kam'pen). A town in the province of 
 Overyssel, Netherlands, situated on the Yssel 
 45 miles east-northeast of Amsterdam, it was 
 formerly a Hanseatic town ; has flourishing trade and man- 
 ufactures ; and has a theological school. Its Stadhuis, or 
 town hall, is a picturesque building of the 16th century, 
 enlarged in 1740. The older facade is adorned with a num- 
 ber of statues in Flamboyant niches. Population, com- 
 mune, 19,664. 
 
 Kampen, Nikolaas Godfried van. Born at 
 Haarlem, Netherlands, May 15, 1776: died at 
 Amsterdam, March 14, 1839. A Dutch historian, 
 professor of the German and Dutch languages 
 and literatures, and later of Dutch history, 
 at Leyden. His works include “ Geschiedenis van de 
 fransche heerschappij in Europa ’’(“History of the French 
 Dominion in Europe,” 1815-25), etc. 
 
 Kampfer, or Kaempfer (kemp'fer), Engel- 
 brecht. Born at Lemgo. Germany, Sept. 16, 
 1651: died at Lemgo, Nov. 2, 1716. A German 
 physician, traveler in Japan, the East Indies, 
 and western and southern Asia: author of a 
 “History of Japan and Siam” (London, 1727). 
 Kampot (kam'pot). The only seaport of Cambo- 
 dia, situated on rhe Gulf of Siam about lat. 
 10° 45' N., long. 103° 47' E. Population, 3,000. 
 Kampti (kamp'te). A town in Nagpur district, 
 Central Provinces, British India, situated in lat. 
 21° 13' N., long. 79° 12' E. Population, 38,888. 
 Also Kamptee or Kamthi. 
 
 Kamrup (kam-rop'). A district in Assam, 
 British India, intersected by lat. 26° 30' N., 
 long. 91° E. Area, 3,858 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 589,187. 
 
 560 
 
 Kamthi. See Kampti. 
 
 Kamyshin (ka -me -shin'). A town in the 
 government of Saratoff, Russia, situated on 
 the Volga 110 miles south-southwest of Sara- 
 toff. It has a nourishing trade. Population, 
 20,300. 
 
 Kanada (ka-nii/da). The reputed founder of 
 the Vaisheshika school of Hindu philosophy. 
 Kanagawa (kii-na-gu/wii,). A seaport in Japan, 
 adjoining Yokohama. It was theplaceoriginally se- 
 lected in 1864 as the treaty port, but soon gave way to 
 Yokohama. 
 
 Kanakas (ka-nak'iiz). [Native, ‘man.'] The ab- 
 original inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands. 
 They are a Polynesian race, resembling the New Zealand- 
 ers, hut of lower stature and lighter frame. They are 
 brown in color, and have (usually) straight hair. In tem- 
 perament they are light-hearted and indolent. They have 
 adopted Protestantism. 
 
 Kananur (kil-na-nor'), or Cananore, or Can- 
 nanore (kii-na-nor'). A seaport ill Malabar dis- 
 trict, Madras, British India, situated on the 
 Arabian Sea in lat. 11° 51' N., long. 75° 22' E. 
 It was acquired by the British in 1791, and is an important 
 military station. 
 
 Kanara, or Canara (kii'na-ra), North. A dis- 
 trict in Bombay, British India, intersected by 
 lat. 15° N., long. 74° 30' E. Area, 3,945 square 
 miles. Population, 454,490. 
 
 Kanara, or Canara, South. A district in Ma- 
 dras, British ln(lia, intersected by lat. 13° N., 
 long. 75° E. Area, 4,021 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 1,134,713. 
 
 Kanaris, Constantine. See Canaris. 
 
 Kanauj ( ka-nouj ' ) . A city i n Farrakhabad dis- 
 trict, United Provinces, British India, lat. 27° 
 3' N., long. 79° 56' E. It was an important Hindu 
 city early in the middle ages. It contains two notable 
 Mohammedan mausoleums. Population, 18,552. 
 
 Kanawha River. See Great Kanawha. 
 Kanazawa (kii-na-za'wa). A town on the 
 western coast of the main island of Japan, 
 northeast of Kioto, noted for its porcelain 
 manufactures. Population (1908), 110,994. 
 Kanchinjanga. See Kunchinjinga. 
 
 Kandahar, or Candahar (kan-da-har' or kan- 
 da-har'). 1 . A province in southern Afghanis- 
 tan. — 2. Thechief city of southern Afghanistan, 
 about lat. 31° 27' N., long. 65° 43' E. it is a great 
 commercial center and an important strategic point. It is 
 said to have been founded by Alexander the Great. It was 
 conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni, and successively by 
 Jenghiz, Timur, Baber, Abbas, and Nadir Shah. It was 
 finally taken by Ahmed Shah in 1747, and was the capital 
 until 1774. In 1839-41 it was held by the British under 
 ! Rawlinson, and again in 1879-81. Near it Roberts defeated 
 Ayub Khan, Sept. 1, 1880. The British strategic Sibi-Pishin 
 railway approaches its neighborhood. Population, esti- 
 mated, about 31,000. 
 
 Kandarv (ken-derv'). In the Shahnamah, the 
 vizir to whom Zohak, after his flight, intrusted 
 his throne, and who announced to Zohak his de- 
 feat by Faridun. See Gandarewa. 
 
 Kandavu (kan-da-vo'). One of the Fiji Islands, 
 Pacific Ocean, situated south of Viti Levu. 
 Kanderthal (kan'der-tal). A valley in the Ber- 
 nese Oberland, Switzerland, south of the Lake 
 of Thun. 
 
 Kandu (kau'do). In Hindu mythology, a sage 
 beguiled from his austerities by the nymph 
 Pramlocha, who was sent by Indra from heaven 
 for this purpose. Kandu lived with her several hun- 
 dred years, which seemed as one day, but at length repudi- 
 ated her and “ went to the region of Vishnu.” Pramlocha 
 bore to him Marisha. 
 
 Kandy, or Candy (kan'de). A town in Ceylon, 
 60 miles northeast of Colombo, it contains various 
 temples and royal tombs ; was formerly the capital of the 
 native kingdom of Kandy ; and was finally occupied by the 
 British in 1815. Population, 26,519. 
 
 Kane (kan), Elisha Kent. Born at Philadel- 
 phia, Feb. 3, 1820: died at Havana, Cuba, Feb. 
 16, 1857. An American physician and Arctic 
 explorer. He traveled extensively in South America, 
 Europe, and the East ; accompanied the first Grinnell ex- 
 pedition to the Arctic regions, 1850-51, in search of Sir 
 John Franklin; and commanded the second Grinnell ex- 
 pedition, 1853-55. He wrote “The U. S. Grinnell Expedi- 
 tion” (1854), and “The Second Grinnell Expedition" 
 (1856). He reached lat. 80° 56' N. (Cape Constitution : by 
 ★some placed at 81° 22' N.). See Century Atlas, Map 3. 
 
 Kanem (ka-nem'). A former vassal state of 
 Wadai, Sudan, Africa, on the northern and 
 eastern shores of Lake Chad. It is within the 
 French sphere of influence. Area, about 30,000 
 square miles. Population, about 100,000. 
 Kangaroo (kang-ga-ro') Island. An island off 
 the coast of South Australia, about lat. 36° S. 
 Length, 87 miles. 
 
 Kangra (kan'gra). A district in the Jalandhar 
 division, Panjab, British India, intersected by 
 lat. 32° N., long. 77° E. Area, est., 9,978 square 
 miles. Population, 768,124. 
 
 Kansas-Nebraska Bill, The 
 
 Kanin (kii-nen') A peninsula in the govern- 
 ment of Archangel, Russia, projecting into the 
 Arctic Ocean between the White Sea on the 
 west and the Gulf of Tcheskaya on the east. 
 It terminates in Cape Kanin. 
 
 Kanishka (ka-nish'ka). The name of one of 
 the three Indo-Scythic kings Hushka, Jushka, 
 and Kanishka, recorded in the Rajatarangini 
 as ruling in Kashmir. Nothing is known of Jushka 
 save his name as thus recorded, but the names of Hushka 
 and Kanishka are found in inscriptions and upon coins. 
 They had considerable dominions in northern India, and 
 were zealous Buddhists. They seem to have reigned just 
 before the Christian era and during the first century. Un- 
 der Kanishka the fourth I5uddhi6t council was held, from 
 which arose the Mahayana, ‘Great Vehicle,’ or Northern 
 School of Buddhism. 
 
 Kanizsa (ko'ne-sho), Nagy, G. Kanischa (kii- 
 ne'shii). A town in the county of Zala, Hun- 
 gary, situated in lat. 46° 28' N., long. 17° E. 
 It was an important fortress in the Turkish 
 period. Population, commune, 23,978. 
 Kanizsa, 0 . [Hung., ‘old Kanizsa.'] A town 
 in the county of Bacs-Bodrog, Hungary, situ- 
 ated on the Theiss near Szegedin. Population, 
 commune, 16,532. 
 
 Kanjut. Same as JTunza. 
 
 Kankakee (ka.ng-ka-ke'). A city and the cap- 
 ital of Kankakee County, Illinois, situated on 
 Kankakee River 54 miles south by west of Chi- 
 cago. Population, township, 17,654, (1910). 
 Kankakee River. A river in northwestern 
 Indiana and eastern Illinois which unites with 
 the Des Plaines in Grundy County, Illinois, to 
 form the Illinois. Length, over 150 miles. 
 Kanninefates. See Caninefates. 
 
 Kano fka-no'). Atown in Sokoto, Sudan (with- 
 in the British Niger territories), about lat. 12°N., 
 long. 8° E. It manufactures cloth, shoes, san- 
 dals, etc. Population, 35, 000. Compare Hausa. 
 Kansa (kaii'sa). In Hindu mythology, a king 
 of Mathura, son of Ugrasena and second cousin 
 of Krishna. It being foretold that a son of Devaki, 
 Krishna’s mother, would destroy him, he tried to kill all 
 her children. Balarama, the seventh, smuggled away to 
 Gokula, was brought up by Rohiui. When Krishna, the 
 eighth, was born his parents fled, upon which the tyrant 
 ordered a general massacre of all vigorous male infants. 
 Kansa became the great persecutor of Krishna, but was at 
 last killed by him. 
 
 Kansa (kan'sa), or Konza, or Kaw. [Their 
 
 own name is Kanze (kan'za), which contains a 
 reference to the wind.] A tribe of the Dhegiha 
 division of the Siouan stock of North American 
 Indians, which gave its name to the State of 
 Kansas and to the Kansas River. They are in 
 Oklahoma, and number about 200. See Dhegiha. 
 Kansabadha (kan-sa-ba'd-ha). [Skt.,‘the 
 slaying of Kansa.’] A Sanskrit drama by She- 
 shakrishna, written about two centuries ago, 
 weak in plot though good in style. See Kansa. 
 Kansas (kan'zas). [Named from the Kansa In- 
 dians.] A North Central State of the United 
 States of America. Capital, Topeka. It is hounded 
 by Nebraskaon the north, Missouri (separated in part by the 
 Missouri River) on the east, Oklahoma on the south, and 
 Colorado on the west. It extends from lat. 37° to 40° N., 
 and long. 94° 40' to 102° W. The surface is undulating, and 
 the soil generally fertile. The chief mineral products are 
 coal and cement, and the leading industries agriculture and 
 stock-raising. It has 105 counties ; sends 2 senators and 
 8 representatives to Congress; and has 10 electoral votes. 
 It was part of the Louisiana Purchase, and was made a 
 Territory in 1854. (See Kansas-Nebraska till.) Itwascol- 
 onized by both free- and slave-State settlers, and a bloody 
 civil war broke out. The Topeka Constitution prohibiting 
 slavery was formed in 1855, and the Lecompton Constitu- 
 tion sanctioning slaveryin 1857. John B" 0 \vn took a prom- 
 inent part as a partizan antislavery leader. The Wyan- 
 dotte Constitution forbidding slavery was adopted in 1859. 
 Kansas was admitted as a State Jan. 29, 1801. It took a 
 prominent part in the Civil War, and suffered much from 
 raids. A prohibitory amendment to the constitution was 
 adopted in 18S0. Kansas has been one of the chief cen- 
 ters of the Populist party. Area, 82,080 square miles. 
 Population, 1,690,949, (1910). 
 
 Kansas City, Kansas. The largest city of Kan- 
 sas, capital of Wyandotte County, situated on 
 the Missouri, contiguous to Kansas City, Mis- 
 souri, with which it has much in common. 
 Among the leading industries is pork -packing. 
 Population, 82,331, (1910). 
 
 Kansas City, Missouri. A city in Jackson 
 County, Missouri, situated on the Missouri in 
 lat. 39° 5' N., long. 94° 38' W. It is the second 
 city of the State, and au important railway center. Pop- 
 ulation, 248,381, (1910). 
 
 Kansas-Nebraska Bill, The. An act passed 
 by Congress in 1854, which provided for the or- 
 ganization of the Territories of Kansas and Ne- 
 braska. It introduced the principle of “squatter sov- 
 ereignty,” or local option on the slavery question, for the 
 people of the Territories, thus abrogating the Missouri 
 Compromise of 1820. It disrupted finally the Whig pnrty, 
 led to the rise of the R epublican party, and was an impor- 
 tant link in the chain of events leading to the Civil War. 
 
Kansas River 
 
 Kansas River. A river i n Kansas ■which joins the 
 Missouri near Kansas City, it is formed by the union 
 of the Smoky Hill Fork anil Solomon River near Abilene. 
 The chief tributary is the Republican River. Length, In- 
 cluding Smoky Hill Fork, about 11(10 miles. 
 
 Kan -SU (kiln-sfi'). A province in the nort hwest 
 of China. Capital, Lanohow-fu. it is bounded by 
 Mongolia on the north, Shensi on the east, Szeohuen on 
 the south, and Tibot on the southwest and west. Aron, 
 126, 150 square miles. Population, 10.886,370. 
 
 Kant (kiint), Immanuel. Born at Konigsborg, 
 Prussia, April 22, 1724 : died there, Feb. 12, 1804. 
 A celebrated German philosopher, one of the 
 most, Influential thinkers of modern times: 
 founder of the “critical philosophy.” Ho was the 
 son of a saddler in very moderate circumstances. His early 
 education was obtained in his native city, where ho entered 
 the university in 1740 and began the study of theology. 
 Subsequently be was tutor in several families, but took 
 his degree in 1765 and settled as docent at the university. 
 In 1700 he received a small salaried position in tho Royal 
 Library. Finally in 1770 he was made professor of logic 
 and metaphysios, a position which ho held until his death. 
 Although lie laid advantageous calls to other universities, 
 he preferred to remain in Konigsberg, and during his 
 whole life is said never to have been further away than 
 Pillau, some 30 English miles distant. During his uni- 
 versity career he lectured not only on logic and the vari- 
 ous branches of metaphysics, but also, at various times, 
 on anthropology, physical geography, and mathematics. 
 His flrst treatise, “Gedanken von der wahren Schatzung 
 der lebendigen Kriifte,” appeared in 1747. His real liter- 
 ary activity began in 1766 with the treatise on cosmic 
 physics, “Allgemeine Naturgeschiclite und Theorie dcs 
 Himmels ” (“General History of Nature and Theory of the 
 Heavens"). In 1704 appeared “Beobaclitungen liber das 
 Gefiihl des Schonen und Erhabenen” (“Observations on 
 the Sense of the Beautiful and the Sublime"). In 1706 he 
 published “Traume eines Geistersehers " (“Dreams of a 
 Ghost-seer ”). The first of his great philosophical works, 
 the most important in modern philosophy, appeared in 
 1781. this is the “ Kritik der reinen Vernunft ’’(“Critique 
 of Pure Reason"), in which he endeavors to ascertain the 
 nature of the transcendental ideas of the human under- 
 standing and to establish the province of certain human 
 knowledge. His second great work, the “ Kritik der prak- 
 tischen Vernunft” (“Critique of Practical Reason"), ap- 
 peared in 1788. This treats of morals : according to it the 
 ideas of God, human liberty, and immortality are postu- 
 lates of practical reason. Finally, the third “Critique," 
 an inquiry into the faculty of judgment, appeared in 1790 
 under the title “Kritik der Urteilskraft” (“Critique of the 
 Power of Judgment”). In addition to the works men- 
 tioned, he published a number of smaller treatises and es- 
 says. To 1784 belongs the short essay “Was ist Aufkla- 
 rung?” (“ What is Enlightenment?”), which pronounces 
 the century of Frederick the Great the age of German en- 
 lightenment. “ Grundlegung der Metaphysik der Sitten " 
 (“Foundation of the Metaphysics of Ethics ") appeared in 
 1785, “Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Ver- 
 nunft" (“Religion within the Limits of Mere Reason”) in 
 1793, “Metaphysische Anfangsgriinde der Rechtslehre" 
 (“Metaphysical Elements of Legal Science ’0 in 1797. A 
 late edition of his collected works is that of Berlin (1868- 
 1873), in 8 volumes. 
 
 Kantemir. See Cantemir. 
 
 Kanth (kant). A small town in the province 
 of Silesia, Prussia, 13 miles west-southwest of 
 Breslau. Here, May 14, 1807, the Prussians de- 
 feated the Bavarians. 
 
 Kanuri (ka'nu-ri). A Nigritic nation of the cen- 
 tral Sudan, on the west of Lake Chad, in physi- 
 cal appearance and in language the Kanuri people differ 
 considerably from the Hausa. They are very dark and 
 have angular features, thus resembling their neighbors 
 the Kanembu. According to their tradition, corroborated 
 by resemblances, they descend from the Tibbu or Teda 
 in the Libyan desert. They accepted Islam early, sub- 
 jected neighboring tribes, and formed the kingdom of 
 Bornu. Some subjugated tribes, the Bedda, Pika, and An- 
 yok, are still pagan, and retain their dialects. The Kanuri 
 language has a literature written in the Arabic character. 
 Since the advent of the present dynasty, the Kanem is the 
 court dialect. Other dialects are the Munio, Nguru, and 
 Gazir. 
 
 Kanva (kan'wa). [‘Deaf,’ according to an In- 
 dian scholiast.^] 1 . One of a class of evil beings 
 against whom a charm of the Atharvaveda is 
 directed. — 2. A Rishi regarded as the author of 
 several hymns in the Rigveda. — 3. The founder 
 of a Vedic school. — 4. The sage, in Kalidasa’s 
 Shakuntala.who brought up Shakuntala as his 
 daughter. 
 
 Kanva (kan'wa). In Vedic literature, the name 
 of one of the two recensions (the other being 
 the Madhyandina) of the Vajasaneyisanhita, or 
 WhiteYajurveda,andtheShatapathabrahmana. 
 Eanvas means properly ‘the descendants of 
 Kanva,’ and so, followers of his school. 
 Kanyakubja (kan-ya-kob' ja). The ancient 
 name of the modern Indian city of Kanauj, on 
 the Kalinadi, an affluent of the Ganges. Kanya- 
 kubja is the Canogyza of classical geography. In antiquity 
 it ranked next to Ayodhya in Oude, and its ruins are said 
 to occupy an area greater than that of London. 
 
 Kapila (kap'i-la). The reputed founder of the 
 Sankhya system of Hindu philosophy. 
 Kapilavastu (kap-i-la-vas'to). [‘ The abode of 
 Kapila’ (Weber).] A town on the Rohini, an 
 affluent of the Rapti : the capital of Shuddho- 
 dana, father of Shakyamuni. 
 c— 36 
 
 5(51 
 
 Kapnist (kiip'nist), Vasili Vasilievitch. Born 
 17o6: died Oct. 28, 1823. A Russian dramatist 
 and lyric poet. 
 
 Kapodistrias. Bee Capo d’Istria. 
 
 K&polna (ka'pol-no). A village in tho county 
 of Hoves, Hungary, 59 miles east-northeast 
 of Budapest. Here, Peb. 20 and 27, 1849, the 
 Austrians defeated tho Hungarians under Dom- 
 binski. 
 
 Kaposv&r (kop'osh-v&r). A town in the coun- 
 ty of Siimeg, Hungary, situated on tho Kapos 
 
 94 miles southwest of Budapost. Population, 
 commune, 18.218. 
 
 Kapp (ktip), Friedrich. Bom at Hamm, Prus- 
 sia, April 13, 1824: died at Berlin, Oct. 27, 1884. 
 A Gorman historian, politician, and lawyer, 
 resident in Now York 1850-70, where he prac- 
 tised his profession. He wrote “Die Sklavenfrage 
 in den Vereinigten Staaten” (“The Slavery Question in 
 the United States,” 1854), “Geschichte dcrSklaverei in den 
 Vereinigten Staaten” (“History of Slavery in the United 
 States,’’ 1800), and other works on American subjects. He 
 was a presidential elector in I860, and commissioner of 
 emigration 1867-70. On his return to Germany he became 
 a member of the Reichstag. 
 
 Kappadokia. See Cappadocia. 
 
 Kappel, or Cappel (kap'pel). A village in the 
 canton of Zurich, Switzerland, 10 miles south 
 of Zurich. Here, Oct. 11, 1531, Zwingli was defeated 
 and slain when leading the Protestant forces against those 
 of the Roman Catholic cantons. The civil wars between 
 the two faiths about 1629 to 1531 were called the Wars of 
 Kappel. 
 
 Kaprutl (ka'pron) Valley. A valley in the Aus- 
 trian Alps, directly north of the Grossglockner. 
 Kapurthala (ka-por'tha-la). A native state 
 in the Panjab, India, intersected by lat. 31° 
 20' N., long. 75° 20' E., tributary to the British. 
 Also EopurtheUa. 
 
 Kara (ka'ra). A valleyin eastern Siberia, about 
 . 300 miles from Chita. It is noted for its gold- 
 mines, worked by political prisoners and con- 
 victs. 
 
 Karabagh (ka-ra-bag'). [Turk., ‘black gar- 
 den.’] A region in the southern part of the 
 government of Yelisavetpol, Transcaucasia, 
 Russia. 
 
 Karabel (ka-ra-bel'). See the extract. 
 
 The Pass of Karabel is a narrow defile, shut in on either 
 side by lofty cliffs, through which ran the ancient road 
 from Ephesos in the south to Sardes and Smyrna in the 
 north. The Greek historian Herodotos tells us that the 
 Egyptian conqueror Sesostris had left memorials of him- 
 self in this place. “ Two images cut by him in the rock” 
 were to be seen beside the road which led “from Ephe- 
 sos to Phokaea and from Sardes to Smyrna. On either 
 side a man is carved, a little over three feet in height, who 
 holds a spear in the right hand and a bow in the left. The 
 rest of his accoutrement is similar, for it is Egyptian and 
 Ethiopian, and from one shoulder to the other, right across 
 the breast, Egyptian hieroglyphics have been cut which 
 declare: ‘I have won this land with my shoulders.”’ 
 These two images were the object of my journey. One of 
 them had been discovered by Renouard in 1839, and shortly 
 afterwards sketched by Texier ; the other had been found 
 by Dr. Beddoe in 1856. Sayce, Hittites, p. 54. 
 
 Kara-Bugaz (ka-ra'bo-gaz') (or-Bogaz), or 
 Adji-Daria (a'je-da're-a). A gulf in the east- 
 ern part of the Caspian Sea, nearly landlocked. 
 Length, 110 miles. 
 
 Karachi (ka-ra'che),orKurrachee (kur-a'che). 
 
 I. A district in Sind, British India, bordering 
 on Baluchistan on the west, tho Arabian Sea on 
 the south, and the Indus on the east. Area, 
 
 II, 970 square miles. Population, 446,513. — 2, 
 A seaport and the chief city of Sind, situated 
 on Karachi Bay in lat. 24° 51' N., long. 67° 4' E. 
 It has important foreign commerce. It was annexed by 
 the British in 1843. Population, including cantonment, 
 116,663. 
 
 Kara George, or Karadjordje. See Czerny. 
 Karagwe (ka-ra/gwe). An African kingdom of 
 German East Africa, southwest of Lake Victo- 
 ria, in a mountainous and healthy country. The 
 population is composed of two races — the Waiiyambo, 
 who are Bantu, and the ruling Waliuma, of Galla stock. 
 See Huma and Ganda. 
 
 Karahissar, Afium-. See Afium-Earahissar. 
 Karahissar (ka-ra-his-sar'), Eski-. Atownnear 
 Afiu m-Karahissar, on the site of the ancient Syn- 
 nada. 
 
 Karaites (ka'ra -Its). [Heb. qaratm, readers, 
 scripturists.] A sect among the Jews which 
 rejects the traditional law as it is fixed in the 
 Talmud, and recognizes only the Pentateuch or 
 five hooks of Moses as binding. The name is de- 
 rived from Hebrew qdrd, ‘to read’ — i. e. adherents of the 
 law that was written and read in opposition to the tradi- 
 tional law which originally was oral. The origin of the 
 sect is ascribed to a certain Anan ben David, of Babylonia, 
 in the 8th century A. i>. , who became leader of the anti- 
 Talmudic movement in indignation at not being chosen 
 exiliarch or head of the Jewish community. The con- 
 troversy between the Karaites and Talmudists has been 
 productive of an accurate and rational study of the Bible 
 
 Karczag 
 
 on both sides. The sect never made great headway. Small 
 communities of it linger in parts of Turkey, Syria Egypt, 
 Galicia (Austrln), Lithuania, and the Crimea (Russia). 
 
 Karajitch (kii-rii'yitsh), Vuk Stephanovitch. 
 
 Born at Trschitsch, Servia, Nov. 7, 1787: died 
 at Vienna, Jan. 26, 1864. A Servian scholar, 
 lie published a “Servian-German- Latin Lexicon ” (1818), 
 Servian grammar (1824), collection of Servian folk-songs 
 (1823-66), Servian tales (1853), proverbs, etc. 
 
 Karak (kii-riik'). A small island in tho Persian 
 Gulf, lat. 29° 15' N., long. 50° 17' E. It has a 
 free haven. Also Earrack, Eharuk, Eerak, etc. 
 
 Karakal (ka-ra-ktil'). A town in Wallachia, 
 Rumania, situated in lat. 44° 8' N., long. 24° 
 16' E, Population, 12,947. 
 
 Karakoram (kii-ra-ko'riim). A ruined medi- 
 eval city, the ancient capital of Mongolia, sit- 
 uated on the Orkhon River about lat. 47° N., 
 long. 102° E. 
 
 Karakoram Pass. A pass in the Himalaya, 
 about lat. 35° 30' N., long. 78° E., on the im- 
 portant commercial route leading from Leh 
 in Kashmir to eastern Turkestan. Height, 
 18,550 feet. 
 
 Karakoram Range. A range of the Hima- 
 laya. The preferable name is Mustagh Range 
 (which see). 
 
 Kara-Kul (ka-ra-kol'). A large lake in the 
 Pamirs, central Asia, west of the boundary be- 
 tween Chinese Turkestan and the Russian pos- 
 sessions. Height above sea-level, 13,200 feet. 
 
 Kara -Kurn (ka'ra-kom' ) . [Turk., ‘black sands.’] 
 A sandy desert in Asia, northeast of the Cas- 
 pian Sea. 
 
 Karaman, or Caraman (ka-ra-man' ). A small 
 town in the vilayet of Konieh, Asia Minor, Tur- 
 key, 65 miles southeast of Konieh : the ancient 
 Laranda. It was the capital of a medieval Turk- 
 ish kingdom. 
 
 Karamania, or Caramania (ka-ra-ma'ne-a). 
 A region in the vilayet of Konieh, Asia Minor: 
 largely a table-land. 
 
 Karamnasa. A short tributary of the Ganges, 
 on the border of Bengal and the Northwest 
 Provinces. 
 
 Kara Mustapha (ka'ra mos'ta-fa). Executed 
 1683. Grand Vizir of the Turkish empire 1676- 
 1683. He was defeated before Vienna by Sobi- 
 eski in 1683. 
 
 Karamzin, or Karamsin (ka-ram-zen' or -zin' ), 
 Nikolai Mikhailovitck. Bom atMikhailovka, 
 Orenburg, Dee. 1 (O. S.), 1765: died near St. 
 Petersburg, June 3 (N. S.), 1826. A Russian his- 
 torian, novelist, and poet. He founded the “Mos- 
 cow Journal” in 1789, and in 1802 “The European Messen- 
 ger.” He wrote a “ History of the Russian Empire, ” Blu- 
 dow, the minister of the interior, adding the last volume 
 (1816-29: French translation by St.-Thomas and Jauffret), 
 etc. 
 
 Karankawan (ka-ran'ka-wan). A linguistic 
 stock of North American Indians, now extinct, 
 which once occupied the middle portions of 
 the coast of Texas. They were remarkably tall and 
 athletic (whence they were named Keles, ‘wrestlers,’ by 
 the Tonkawe). They were met by La Salle about 1( 87 un- 
 der the name of Clamcoet, and were virtually destroyed 
 by the Anglo-American settlers of Texas. 
 
 Karansebes (ko'ron-she-besli). A town in the 
 county of Krassd-Szoreny, Hungary, situated on 
 the Temes 54 miles east-southeast of Temesvar. 
 Population, commune, 6,497. 
 
 Kara Sea (ka'ra se). 'That part of the Arctic 
 Ocean which lies southeast of Nova Zembla, 
 northeast of European Russia, and northwest of 
 Siberia. It is navigable for the Siberian trade 
 via the Yenisei from July to September. 
 
 Karasu (ka-ra'so). [Turk., ‘ black river.’] The 
 modern Turkish name of various rivers, partic- 
 ularly of the ancient Strymon and of the west- 
 ern branch of the Euphrates. 
 
 Karasu-Bazar (ka-ra/so-bii-zar' ). A town in the 
 Crimea, government of Taurida.Russia, 28 miles 
 east-northeast of Simferopol. Population, 
 14,264. 
 
 Karatchef (ka-ra-chef' or -chof'). A town in 
 the government of Orel, Russia, 48 miles west- 
 northwest of Orel. Population, 15,900. 
 
 Karategin (ka-ra-ta-gen'). A mountainous re- 
 gion of central Asia, in Bokhara, intersected by 
 lat. 39° N., long. 70° E. It was annexed to Bo- 
 khara in 1868. Population, about 100,000. 
 
 Karauli. See Ecranli. 
 
 Karawanken (kii-ra-vang'ken). A range of the 
 Alps in Carinthia, Austria-Hungary, south of 
 Klagenfurt. Highest peak, the Stou (7,326 feet). 
 
 Karczag, or Kardszag (kort'sog). A town in 
 the county of Great Kumania, Hungary, 36 miles 
 west-southwest of Debreczin. Population, com- 
 mune, 20,896. 
 
Kar-Duniash 
 
 Kar-Duniash. [‘ Field or park of the god Dun.’] 
 The name in the earliest Babylonian monu- 
 ments for the district immediately adjoining the 
 city of Babylon. 
 
 Karelia, or Carelia (k&r-a-le'a). An ancient dis- 
 trict. in southeastern Finland. It was acquired by 
 Sweden in the 13tli century, and was ceded in part to Rus- 
 sia in 1721, the remainder sharing the fortune of Finland. 
 
 Karen (ka-ren'), or Karens (ka-renz'). A native 
 race of Burma and Siam, numbering 400,000 to 
 
 450.000. Many of them have been Christianized. 
 Karenina, Anna. See Anna. 
 
 Karia. See Caria. 
 
 Kar ikal ( ka-ri-kal ' ) . A town and settlement on 
 the eastern coast of India, belonging to France, 
 situated in lat. 10° 55' N., long. 79° 52' E. Popu- 
 lation, 56,595. 
 
 Karitena. See Karytaina. 
 
 Karkar (kar 'kar). A locality in Syria, on the 
 Orontes, where, in 854 b. c., Shalmaneser II. de- 
 feated a confederacy of western princes, includ- 
 ing Ahab and Ben-hadad. 
 
 Karl (karl). The German form of the name 
 Charles. 
 
 Karli, or Carlee (kitr'le). A village in Bombay, 
 British India, 45miles east-southeast of Bombay . 
 The rock-cut hall or temple here is the largest and ftnest 
 of its type surviving in India. The plan strongly resembles 
 that of a Christian church, including a vestibule, nave, and 
 aisles divided by columns, and rounded apse with dearn- 
 bulatory. Thelengthisl26feet, the width45i. Thecolumns 
 have large vase-formed bases, octagonal shafts, and complex 
 capitals whose leading feature is two kneeling elephants 
 bearing human figures. The roof is of approximately semi- 
 circular section. In the place of the Christian altar stands 
 the dagoba, which has the form of a plain dome on a cylin- 
 drical drum. Upon it stands a square tee or relic-casket 
 which supports an emblematic wooden parasol. The en- 
 trance has 3 portals surmounted by a gallery. Before the 
 vestibule stands a lat, or lion pillar, no doubt one of an origi- 
 nalpair. The date is placed at 78 B.c. Somesimilartemples, 
 as at Ajunta, exhibit facades very elaborately sculptured in 
 architectural forms with figure and geometrical decoration. 
 Kar lings (kar'lingz). Same as Carolingians. 
 Karlowitz, or Carlowitz (kar'16-vits). A town 
 in Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary, situated 
 on the Danube in lat. 45° 11' N., long. 19° 56' E. 
 It is famous for its wine. A peace was concluded here Jan. 
 26, 1699, between Austria, Russia, Venice, and Poland on 
 one side and Turkey on the other, whereby Austria acquired 
 Transylvania and Hungary between the Danube andTheiss; 
 Russia, Azoff ; Venice, the Morea and conquests in Dalma- 
 tia ; and Poland, Podolia and the Ukraine. Population, 
 about 6,000. 
 
 Karlsbad, or Carlsbad (karls'bad), or Kaiser- 
 Karlsbad(ki'zer-kiirls'bad). Atownandwater- 
 ing-place in Bohemia, on the Tepl, near the Eger, 
 68 miles west by north of Prague, it is one of the 
 principal watering-places in Europe. According to tradi- 
 tion, its mineral springs were discovered by the emperor 
 Charles IV. in 1347. The principal spring is the Sprudel. 
 Karlsbad is frequented by 26,000 visitors annually. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 17,446, (1910). 
 
 Karlsbad, Congress of. A congress of ministers 
 representing Austria, Prussia, and a number 
 of minor German states, held at Karlsbad in 
 Aug., 1819, to discuss the democratic movement 
 in Germany. The congress resolved to recommend to 
 their respective governments and to the Diet of the Ger- 
 man Confederation the so-called “Karlsbad Decrees,” the 
 most important of which were that the press should be sub- 
 jected to a rigorous censorship ; that a central commission 
 should be established at Mainz for the investigation of 
 demagogical intrigues; that the Burschenschaft, a secret 
 organization among the students, should be suppressed; 
 and that the universities should be placed under govern- 
 ment inspection. These resolutions were adopted by the 
 Diet Sept. 20, 1819. 
 
 Karlsburg (karls ' boro), formerly Weissen- 
 burg (vis'sen-boro). [Hung. Gyula Fehervdr.'] 
 A fortified town in the county of Unterweissen- 
 burg, Transylvania, situated on the Maros in 
 lat. 46° 6' N., long. 23° 33' E.: the Roman Apu- 
 lum. In the citadel are the cathedral, Batthya- 
 neum, episcopal palace, etc. Population, com- 
 mune, 11,507. 
 
 Karlshaann. or Carlshamn (karls'ham). Asea- 
 port in the laen of Blekinge, Sweden, situated 
 on the Baltic in lat. 56° 10' N., long. 14° 52' E. 
 Population, 7,288. 
 
 Karlskrona, or Carlscrona (karls'kro-na). A 
 seaport and the capital of the laen of Blekinge, 
 Sweden, situated on several islands in the Bal- 
 tic, in lat. 56° 10' N., long. 15° 36' E. it was 
 founded by Charles XI. ; is the chief station of the Swed- 
 ish fleet; and has extensive docks. Population, about 
 
 27.000. 
 
 Karlsruhe, or Carlsruhe (kiirls'ro-e). 1. A dis- 
 trict of Baden, lying between Mannheim on 
 the north and Freiburg on the south. Area, 
 993 square miles. — 2. The capital of Baden, 
 situated 6 miles from the Rhine, in lat. 49° 1' 
 N., long. 8° 24' E. It is built in the form of a fan 
 radiating from the palace. It has recently developed 
 manufactures, aud contains a noted polytechnic Bchool, a 
 hall of art, etc. Population, commune, 133, 953, (1910). 
 
 562 
 
 Karlstad, or Carlstad (karl'stad). The capital 
 of the laen of Wermland, Sweden, situated at 
 the entrance of Klar-Elf into Lake Wener, 
 about lat. 59° 25' N., long. 13° 28' E. Popu- 
 lation, 16,399. 
 
 Karlstadt, or Carlstadt (karl'stat). A small 
 town in Lower Franconia, Bavaria, situated 
 on the Main 14 miles northwest of Wurzburg. 
 
 Karlstadt, or Carlstadt. [Croatian Karlovac.} 
 A fortress and royal free city in Croatia, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, situated at the junction of the 
 Korana with the Kulpa, 29 miles southwest of 
 Agram. Population, 7,396. 
 
 Karlstadt, or Carlstadt (originally Boden- 
 stein), Andreas Rudolf. Born at Karlstadt, 
 Franconia, Germany, about 1480: died at Basel, 
 Switzerland, Dec. 25, 1541. A German Re- 
 former, leader at Wittenberg 1521-22, and op- 
 ponent of Lutber. 
 
 Karlstein (karl'stin). A castle in Bohemia, 
 about 13 miles southwest of Prague, built ( 1348- 
 1357) by the emperor Charles IV. for the safe- 
 keeping of the Bohemian crown jewels. The 
 chapel in the great tower, in which they were 
 kept, is richly adorned with inlaying, gilding, 
 and color. 
 
 Karmamimansa (kar-ma-me-mah'sa). [Skt., 
 
 1 inquiry into the karman (action),’ in the sense 
 of ‘ritual,’ of the Veda.] Another name of the 
 Purvamimansa system of Hindu philosophy. 
 
 Karmat (kar'mat), surname of Hamdan ben- 
 Ashath. The founder of the Karmathians 
 (which see). Also Carmafh. 
 
 Karmathians (kar-ma'thi-ans). [So named 
 from Karmat, the principal apostle of the sect, 
 a poor laborer, who professed to be a prophet.] 
 A Mohammedan sect which arose in Turkey 
 about the end of the 9th century. The Karmathi- 
 ans regarded the Koran as an allegorical boob, rejected 
 all revelation, fasting, and prayer, and were communistic, 
 even in the matter of wives. They carried on wars against 
 the califate, particularly in the loth century, but disap- 
 peared soon after. According to some accounts the Druses 
 developed from them. 
 
 Kama (kar'na). In Hindu mythology, son of 
 Pritha or Kunti by Surya, ‘ the sun,’ before her 
 marriage to Pandu, and so the unknown half- 
 brother of the Pandava princes. He was born 
 equipped with arms and armor. The sage Durvasas had 
 given Kunti a charm by which she might have offspring by 
 any god invoked, and she chose the sun. Afraid of dis- 
 grace, Kunti exposed the child by the Yamuna, where it 
 was found by the charioteer of Dhritarashtra, who had 
 it reared by his wife Radha. In the war Kama took the 
 part of the Kauravas, and was at last killed by Arjuna. Af- 
 ter his death, his relationship becoming known, great kind- 
 ness was shown to his family. 
 
 Karnak (kar'nak). A village in Egypt, on the 
 eastern hank of the Nile, on the site of Thebes, 
 famous for its remains of antiquity. The Great 
 Temple extends to a length of about 1,200 feet from west 
 to east, and is comparatively regular in plan. The double 
 pylon of the great court is about 370 feet wide ; the court 
 is colonnaded at the sides, and has an avenue of columns 
 in the middle. A second pylon follows, and opens on the 
 famous hypostyle hall, 170 by 829 feet, with central avenue 
 of 12 columns 02 feet high and 11$ in diameter, and 122 
 columns 42$ feet high at the sides. The lintel-blocks of 
 the portal are 41 feet long. A narrow court follows, orna- 
 mented with Osiride figures and containing two obelisks, 
 one of which is erect and is 971 feet, high, being surpassed 
 only by that of St. John Lateran at Rome. This court, 
 precedes a structure containing the usual series of halls 
 and chambers, and an isolated cella or sanctuary. Behind 
 this building is another large open court, at the back of 
 which stands the columnar edifice of Thothmes III., an 
 extensive building containing a large hypostyle hall and 
 many comparatively small halls and chambers. The exist- 
 ing temple appears to have been begun by Usertesen I. 
 (about. 2700 B. c.), to whose modest foundation extensive 
 additions were madeby Thothmes I. and III. , Seti I., Raine- 
 ses II. and III., and Shishak (about 950 B. o.). The mu- 
 ral sculptures are vast in quantity, and highly interest- 
 ing in character, particularly those which portray the 
 racial characteristics of various conquered Asiatic peoples. 
 A complete temple of Amen, built by Rameses III., extends 
 toward the south from the great court. The pylon of 
 Ptolemy Euergetes is a conspicuous monument at the 
 end of the long avenue of sphinxes leading from Luxor. 
 The pylon has a single large square portal, and is sur- 
 mounted by a frieze carved with the winged solar disk and 
 by the overhanging oornice. It is covered inside and out 
 with bands of sculpture representing Ptolemy and his 
 queen paying honor to his predecessors and to the gods. 
 In one of the interior compartments Ptolemy appears in 
 Greek costume, an exceedingly rare type. The temple of 
 Ivhonsu, one of the Theban triad, was founded by Rame- 
 ses III. It is notable chiefly for its beautiful hypostyle 
 hall, whose great columns and epistyle beams are deeply 
 cut with hieroglyphs and with crelanaglyphic reliefs of 
 kings and divinities. The exterior wall also presents 
 much remarkable sculpture. Also Camac. 
 
 Karnal (kur-nal'). 1 . A district in the Pan jab, 
 British India, intersected by lat. 29° 45' N., 
 long. 77° E. Area, 3,153 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 883,225. — 2. The capital of the district 
 of Karnal, in lat. 29° 41' N., long. 76° 59' E. 
 Population, 23,559. 
 
 Karsten, Karl Bernhard 
 
 Karnapravaranas (kar // na - pra - va ' ra - naz). 
 
 [Skt. ,‘ having their ears as a coveriug.’] A fabu- 
 lous people mentioned in the Mahabharata, Ra- 
 mayana, and other Sanskrit works. 
 
 Karnata, or Karnatas (kar-na'ta, -taz). Names 
 of a country in India, and of its inhabitants, 
 whence the modern Carnatic. The name Karnata 
 was anciently applied to the central districts of the penin- 
 sula, including Mysore, while the modern Carnatic is lim- 
 ited to a not exactly defined region on the east or Coro- 
 mandel coast of India, from Cape Comorin to about 16° N. 
 It is no longer a recognized division, and exists only as a 
 designation for the theater of the struggle between France 
 and England for Indian supremacy. 
 
 Karnatic. See Carnatic. 
 
 Karnten, or Karnthen (karu'ten). The Ger- 
 man name of Carintliia. 
 
 Kariral (kur-nol'). 1. A district in Madras, 
 British India, intersected by lat. 15° 30' N., long. 
 78° E. Area, 7,578 square miles. Population, 
 872,055. — 2. The capital of the district of 
 Karnul, situated at the junction of the rivers 
 Hundri and Tungabhadra, in lat. 15° 49' N., 
 long. 78° 4' E. Population, 25,376. 
 
 Karo (ka'ro), Joseph ben Ephraim. The 
 greatest Talmudic authority of the 16th cen- 
 tury (1488-1575). When a child he and his parents 
 were exiled from Spain, and settled at different time9 in 
 Nicopolis, Adrianople, aud Palestine. Of his numerous 
 works the best-known are his commentary, “House of 
 Joseph” (“Beth Joseph"), on the “Four Rows” (“Arba 
 Turim”) of Ben- Asher, and especially his “Arranged 
 Table " (“ Shulchan Aruch ”), a methodically arranged com- 
 pendium of all the laws and customs which regulate Jewish 
 life 
 
 Karolinenthal (ka'ro-len-en-tal). A suburb 
 of Prague, Bohemia, situated on the Moldau 
 northeast of the city. Population, 24,445, ( 1910) . 
 
 K&roly (ka'roly), Nagy-. A town in the county 
 of Szathm&r, Hungary, 37 miles east-northeast 
 of Debreczin. Population, commune, 15,382. 
 
 Karpathos. See Carpathus. 
 
 Karr (kar), Jean Baptiste Alphonse. Born 
 
 at Paris, Nov. 24, 1808 : died at Saint Raphael, 
 Var, Sept. 29, 1890. A French novelist, jour- 
 nalist, and satirist. In 1839 he became editor of the 
 “Figaro ” and founded the very successful little satirical 
 review “ Les Guepes.” He wrote “ Voyage autour de mon 
 jardin ” (1845), and more recently “Hdlfene” and “La 
 roaison de l’ogre ” (1890). He also wrote many political, 
 literary, and humorous fragments and sketches, and a 
 large number of novels. He lived at Nice for several 
 years before his death. 
 
 Karroo (kii-ro'), The Great. A dry and elevated 
 region, partly desert, in Cape Colony, between 
 the Zwarteberge and the Nieuweveld Berge. 
 Length, about 350 miles. 
 
 Kars (kars). 1. A province of Transcaucasia, 
 Russia, lying west of Erivan, and bordering 
 on Asiatic Turkey. Area, 7,238 square miles. 
 Population, 359,400. — 2. A fortress and the 
 capital of the territory of Kars, situated on the 
 Kars Tchai in lat. 40° 37' N., long. 43° 8' E., 
 about 6,000 feet above sea-level, it is now an 
 almost impregnable fortress, but was captured from the 
 Turks by Paskevitch in 1828 ; was again taken by the Rus- 
 sians Nov. 28, 1855, after a six months’ defense by the 
 Turks under General Williams ; was invested by the Rus- 
 sians in 1877, relieved in July, again besieged, and stormed 
 by them Nov. 18, 1877. With its territory it was ceded to 
 Russia in 1878. Population, 20,805. 
 
 Karschin (karsli'in) (properly Karsch), Anna 
 Luise. Bom near Schwiebus, Prussia, Dec. 1, 
 1722: died at Berlin, Oct. 12, 1791. A German 
 poet. Her collected poems were published in 
 1792. 
 
 Karshi (kar'she). A town in Bokhara, central 
 Asia, 98 miles southeast of Bokhara: an impor- 
 tant trading center. Population, about 25,000. 
 
 Karshvan (karsh'vaii), or Karshvar (karsh'- 
 var). In the Avesta, the name of each of the 
 seven divisions of the world, corresponding to 
 the Hindu dvipas. (See Jambudvipa.) In Per- 
 sian, kishvar. 
 
 Karst (karst). [It. Carso, Slavic Eras.\ A des- 
 olate limestone plateau in the Maritime Prov- 
 ince, Austria-Hungary, north of Triest. in an 
 extended sense the Karst includes portions of the Alps in 
 Carniola and neighboring regions. 
 
 All over the Karst (as the high plateau behind Trieste 
 is called) the ravages of the Bora, or north-east wind, have 
 long been notorious. Heavily-laden waggons have been 
 overturned by its fury, and where no shelter is afforded 
 from its blasts houses are not built and trees will not grow. 
 
 Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 165. 
 
 Karsten (kar'sten), Hermann, surnaraed “The 
 Younger.” Born at Stralsund, Nov. 6, 1817: 
 died at Berlin, July 13, 1908. A botanist and 
 traveler in South America, professor of botany 
 at Vienna 1868-1872. His works include “Beitrage 
 zur Anatomie und Phyeiolotrie der Pflanzen ” (1865), etc. 
 
 Karsten, Karl Bernhard. Born at Biitzow, 
 Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Nov. 26, 1782: died at 
 
Karsten, Karl Bernhard 
 
 SchOneberg, near Berlin, Aug. 22, 1853. A Ger- 
 man mineralogist. He wrote “ System der Me- 
 tallurgie ” (1831-32), etc. 
 
 Kartavirya (kar-ta-ver'ya). [Skt., ‘sonofKri- 
 tavirya.’] A hero of Hindu mythology, said to 
 have been really named Arjuna, but usually 
 called by his patronymic. Worshiping a portion of 
 the divine being called Dattatreya, in whom a portion of 
 Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, or Vishnu was incarnate, he 
 obtained a thousand arms, a golden chariot answering to 
 his will, the power of restraining wrong, the conquest of the 
 earth and the disposition to rule righteously, invincibility, 
 and Anally death by a man of world- wide renown. He 
 ruled 85,000 years with unbroken health and prosperity, 
 according to the Vishnupurana. Received in Jamadagni’s 
 hermitage by the sage's wife, he carried olf “the calf of 
 the milk-cow of the sacred oblation,” whereupon Parashu- 
 rama cut off his thousand arms and killed him. He is the 
 subject also of other legends. 
 
 Karttikeya (kar-ti-ka'ya). In Hindu mythol- 
 ogy, the god of war and the planet Mars : also 
 called Skanda. He is said to have been the son of 
 Shiva or Rudra, to have been born without a mother, and 
 to have been fostered by the Krittikas or Pleiades ; and so 
 was known as Karttikeya, ‘ son of the Krittikas.’ He was 
 born to destroy Taraka, a Daitya, whose austerities had 
 made him formidable to the gods. He is represented as 
 riding on a peacock, and holding a bow in one hand and an 
 arrow in the other. 
 
 Kartum, or Kartoum. See Khartum. 
 
 Kanin (ka-ron'). A river in Persia which rises 
 near Ispahan, and flows first west and then south, 
 joining the Shaft el-Arab (Euphrates-Tigris) at 
 Mohammerah. It is navigable (except for rap- 
 ids at Ahwaz) to Shuster. 
 
 Karur, or Caroor (ka-ror'). A small town in 
 Coimbatore district, Madras, British India, 
 situated on the Amrawati 45 miles west by 
 north of Trichinopoli. 
 
 Karwar, or Carwar (kar-war'). A seaport and 
 the capital of North Kanara district, Bombay, 
 British India, 50 miles south-southeast of Goa. 
 Population, 16,847. 
 
 Karytaina (ka-re-ta'na), or Karitena (ka-re- 
 ta'na). A locality in Arcadia, Greece, on the 
 Alpheus about 10 miles northwest of Megalopo- 
 lis: the ancient Brenthe. The castle here, a great 
 fortress built by the French 13th-century princes, is one of 
 the most imposing of feudal strongholds. The outer walls 
 with towers, the great keep, dwellings, magazines, and cis- 
 terns, all remain. 
 
 Kasan. See Kazan. 
 
 Kasan (kaz'an) Defile. A celebrated defile in 
 the Danube, on the borders of Servia and Hun- 
 gary, near the confines of Rumania, long in- 
 accessible by land. It has traces of a Roman road built 
 by Trajan. Near it are the Iron Gates. Width of the 
 Danube, StO feet. Depth, 200 feet. 
 
 Kasanlik. See Kazanlik. 
 
 Kasbek. See Kazbek. 
 
 Kasbin (k&z-ben'), or Kasvin (kaz-ven'). A 
 city in the province of Irak-Ajemi, Persia, in 
 lat. 36° 16' N., long. 50° 3' E. It lias an impor- 
 tant transit trade, since it is on the main route from Per- 
 sia to Europe. It was formerly the capital. Population, 
 about 30,000. Also Cochin, Kazvin, etc. 
 
 Kascbau (ka'shou), Hung. Kassa (kosh'sho). 
 A royal free city and the capital of the county 
 of Abauj, Hungary, situated on the Hemad in 
 lat. 48° 42' N., long. 21° 17' E. It is a commercial 
 center, and is noted for its Gothic cathedral of St. Eliza- 
 beth. Here, Jan. 4, 1849, the Austrians under Schlik de- 
 feated the Hungarians under M£szaros. Population, 40,- 
 102 . 
 
 Kasbaa (ka-shan'). A city in the province of 
 Irak-Ajemi, Persia, 95 miles north by west of 
 Ispahan : noted for its manufactures. Popu- 
 lation, 30,000-40,000. 
 
 Kashgar (kash-giir'). 1. The capital of 
 Eastern Turkestan, situated on the Kizil- 
 Su about lat. 39° 25 ' N., long. 76° 7 ' E. 
 It is composed of an old and a new city ; is an important 
 commercial and manufacturing center ; was conquered by 
 the Chinese in the middle of the 18th century ; was the 
 scene of a successful revolt in 1865 ; and was reconquered 
 by the Chinese 1876-77. Population, 60,000-70,000. 
 
 2. See Kashgaria. 
 
 Kashgaria (kash-ga'ri-a), or Kashgar (kash- 
 giir'). That part of Eastern Turkestan, in the 
 Tarim basin, which was independent of China 
 1865-77. 
 
 Kashgil, or Kasgil (kash- or kas-gel ')• A place 
 near El-Obeid, Kordofan, eastern Africa, at 
 which the Mahdi annihilated the Egyptian 
 forces under Hicks Pasha Nov. 3-4, 1883. 
 Kashi (ka'she). A Sanskrit name of the mod- 
 ern Benares, the latter name being the San- 
 skrit Varanasi. 
 
 Kashikhanda (ka-she-k-han'da). [Skt., ‘Ka- 
 shi section.’] A Sanskrit poem forming part of 
 the Skandapurana. It describes minutely the tem- 
 ples of Shiva in and about Benares, and is presumed to 
 have been written before the Mohammedan conquest. 
 Kashin (kii-shen'). A town in the government 
 
 563 
 
 of Tver, Russia, 75 miles northeast of Tver. 
 Population, 7,700. 
 
 Kashkar. See Cliitral. 
 
 Kashmir, or Cashmere (kash-mer'). A na- 
 tive state under British suzerainty, bounded by 
 Eastern Turkestan on the north, Tibet on the 
 east, India ou the south and southwest, and 
 Dardistan and the Pamirs on the west and 
 northwest. Its capital is Srinagar. Ranges of 
 the Himalaya traverse the country. Besides Kashmir 
 proper, the state includes Baltistan, Ladak, Jamu, and Gil- 
 git. The boundaries toward China and Russia (Pamirs) 
 are uncertain. The beautiful “Vale of Cashmere," in- 
 closed by lofty mountains, and occupying a general ele- 
 vation of upward of 5,000 feet, has a length of about 90 
 miles. The Jhelum traverses it in a northwesterly direc- 
 tion. It is noted for its agricultural riches and its manu- 
 factures (Cashmere shawls, etc.). Kashmir is governed by 
 a maharaja of the Dogra Sikh family. It was conquered 
 by Akbar at the close of the 16th century, by the Af- 
 ghans in the middle of the 18th contury, and by the Sikhs 
 in 1819. The British arranged the present form of gov- 
 ernment in 1846. Its northern part was the scene of the 
 Hunza-Nagar war against the British in 1891. Area, 80,900 
 square miles. Population, 2,905,578. 
 
 Kashshi. See Cosseans. 
 
 Kashyapa (kash'ya-pa). A sage to whom are 
 ascribed several Vedic hymns ; in later mythol- 
 ogy, the husband of Aditi and 12 other daugh- 
 ters of Daksha, and father by them of gods, de- 
 mons, men, and all animals. He is also regarded 
 as one of the seven sages, and as the father of V ivasvat and 
 Vishnu. He is supposed by some to be a personification 
 of the race who resided in the Caucasus, on the Caspian, 
 and in Kashmir. Kashraira, according to Burnouf, is for 
 Kashyapamira. 
 
 Kasimbazar (ka/ / sim-ba-zar'), or Cossimbazar 
 (kos^sim-ba-zar'). A ruined town in Bengal, 
 British India, south of Murshidabad : formerly 
 a flourishing commercial center. 
 
 Kasimoff, or Kassimoff (ka-se'mof ). A town 
 in the government of Riasan, Russia, situated 
 on the Oka about lat. 55° N., long. 41° 20' E. 
 Population, 14,200. 
 
 Kaskaskia (kas-kas'ki-ii). [Prom an Indian 
 tribe name (see Illinois).'] A river in Illinois 
 which joins the Mississippi at Chester. Length, 
 about 300 miles. 
 
 Kasmark (kaz'mark), or K6smark (kash'- 
 mark). A small town in the county of Zips, 
 Hungary, situated on the Popriid in lat. 49° 8' 
 N., long. 20° 28' E. It manufactures linen. 
 Kassaba, orKasaba, or Cassaba (ka-sa'ba). A 
 town in the vilayet of Aidin, Asiatic Turkey, 
 about 35 miles east-northeast of Smyrna. Pop- 
 ulation, about 15,000. 
 
 Kassai (ka-si'). A large southern tributary of 
 the Kongo. Its principal affluents are the Sankuru on 
 the right and the Kuango on the left. It traverses the 
 Belgian Kongo, and enters the Kongo River by the Kwa 
 mouth. 
 
 Kassala, or Kasala (ka'sa-la). The capital of 
 the province of Kassala, eastern Africa, situ- 
 ated in lat. 15° 25' N., long. 36° 14' E. : formerly 
 a commercial center. It was captured by the 
 Italians from the Mahdists, July 17, 1894. It was 
 ceded to Egypt in 1897. Population, about 3,000. 
 Kassel. See Cassel. 
 
 Kassr-el-Kebir (kasr'el-ke-ber'), or Lxor 
 (l-ksor'). [Sp. Alcazar-Quivir.] A town in 
 northern Morocco, about 60 miles south of 
 Tangier. Here, Aug. 4, 1578, King Sebastian 
 of Portugal was defeated and slain. Popula- 
 tion, estimated, 25,000. 
 
 Kastamuni (kas-ta-mo'ne). 1. A vilayet in 
 Asia Minor, Turkey, corresponding to the an- 
 cient Paphlagonia and eastern Bithynia. Area, 
 19,570 square miles. Population, 961,200. — 
 2. Tho capital of the vilayet of Kastamuni, 
 about lat. 41° 23' N., long. 33° 42' E. Popula- 
 tion, about 16,000. 
 
 Kastner (kest'ner), Abraham Gotthelf. Born 
 at Leipsie, Sept. 27, 1719: died at Gottingen, 
 Prussia, June 20, 1800. A German mathemati- 
 cian and epigrammatist. He wrote “Anfangs- 
 griinde der Mathematik” (1758-69), “Sinnge- 
 diehte” (1781), etc. 
 
 Kastoria (kas-to-re'a). A town in the vilayet 
 of Monastir, Turkey, situated on Lake Kastoria 
 31 miles south of Monastir: the ancient Cele- 
 trum. It was taken by Alexius I. in 1084. 
 Kastri. See Delphi. 
 
 Kastril (kas'tril). In Jonson’s “Alchemist,” a 
 young country fellow anxious to learn the art 
 of quarreling. 
 
 Kasvin. See Kasbin. 
 
 Kataba (ka-ta'bii), or Catawba (ka-ta'ba). A 
 division of North American Indians, which in- 
 cluded in the last century about 28 confederated 
 tribes. A few of these were in North Carolina, but most 
 of them were in South Carolina. The principal tribe in the 
 latter State was the Kataba, and the chief one in the for- 
 
 Katsena 
 
 mer was the Woccon. The few survivors of this people are 
 on the Kataba reservation in York County, South Caro- 
 lina. See Siouan. 
 
 Kataghan (ka-ta-ghan'). A region in the north- 
 eastern part of Afghanistan, between the Hindu- 
 Kush and the Amu-Daria. 
 
 Katahdin (ka-tii'din), or Ktaadn (ktadn), 
 Mount. The highest mountain in the State of 
 Maine, situated in Piscataquis County 80 miles 
 north of Bangor. Height of west peak, 5,268 
 feet. 
 
 Katak, or Kuttack, or Cuttack (ku-tak'). 
 1 . A district in Orissa, British India, inter- 
 sected by lat. 20° 30' N., long. 86° E. — 2. The 
 capital of the district of Katak, situated on the 
 Mahanadi: the chief city of Orissa. It was 
 taken from the Mahrattas by the British in 
 1803. Population, 51,364. 
 
 Katakana (kat-a-ka/na). [Jap., from kata, side, 
 and kana, for Icari-na, borrowed names.] One 
 of the two styles of wilting the syllabary of 48 
 letters in use among the Japanese, the other 
 being Hiragana. The Katakana letters, which are said 
 to have been invented by Kibi Daishi about the middle of 
 the 8th century, are formed of a part — one side— of square 
 Chinese characters used phonetically, and are confined al- 
 most exclusively to the writing of proper names and foreign 
 words. In Katakana there is but one form for each letter, 
 whereas in Hiragana many of the letters may be written in 
 a variety of ways. 
 
 Katana. See Catania. 
 
 Katanga (ka-tiing'ga). See Garenganze. 
 Katantra(ka-tan'tra). [Skt., lit. ‘whata’(i.e. 
 great) ‘tahtra’ (‘thread,’ ‘warp,’ ‘fundamental 
 doctrine,’ and then ‘work’ or ‘division of a 
 work’) .] A Sanskrit grammar by Sarvavarman, 
 of peculiar interest in its apparent relation to 
 the Pali grammar of Kachchayana. It is said to 
 be the special grammar of the Kashmiras, and to have been 
 the subject of numerous commentaries from the 12th to 
 the 16th century. 
 
 Katha (ka't-ha). 1 . A Hindu sage, the founder 
 of a school of theYajurveda. — 2. AnUpanishad 
 (which see) probably more widely known than 
 any other. It forms part of the Persian translation ren- 
 dered into French by Anquetil Duperron, was translated 
 into English by Rammohun Roy, and is quoted by English, 
 French, and German writers as a specimen of the mystic 
 philosophy of the Hindus. It has been most recently trans- 
 lated into English by M filler (“ Sacred Books of the East," 
 Vol. XV) and Whitney (‘‘Trans, of the American Philologi- 
 cal Association, ”Vol. XXI). The Upanishad professes to be 
 an explanation of death and of a future life, drawn against 
 his will from the mouth of Death himself. Its interest is 
 increased by its story of Nachiketas (which see), which 
 also occurs in the Taittiriyabrahmana. 
 
 Katharnava (ka-t-har'na-va). [Skt., ‘sea of 
 stories.’] A collection of about 35 compara- 
 tively modern stories, in Sanskrit, attributed 
 to Skivadasa. From them are said to have come por- 
 tions of the Hindi Baital Pachisi and the Bengali Batrish 
 Singhasan. 
 
 Kathasaritsagara ( ka - 1 - ha - sa - rit - sa'ga - ra) . 
 [Skt., ‘ ocean of the streams of story.’] A 
 collection of stories in Sanskrit by Somadeva- 
 bhatta of Kashmir, drawn from a larger work, 
 the Brihatkatha, and made between 1063 and 
 1081 A. D. The work contains 22,000 distichs, or not 
 quite twice as much as the Iliad and Odyssey together. 
 The text has been edited by Brockhaus (Leipsie, 1839-66), 
 and translated by Tawney (Calcutta, 1880-84). 
 
 Kathay. See Cathay. 
 
 Katherine, or Katharine. See Catharine. 
 Katherine (katli'e-rin). 1 . The Shrew in Shak- 
 spere’s comedy “The Taming of the Shrew.” 
 She is the daughter of Baptista, and is married to 
 Petruehio, and tamed by his rough treatment. 
 — 2. A lady in attendance on the Princess of 
 France in Shakspere’s “Love’s Labour’s Lost.” 
 Katherine and Petruehio. A play condensed 
 and adapted from Shakspere’s “Taming of the 
 Shrew”by Garrick, produced in 1754. It is still 
 played. 
 
 Kathiawar (kat-e-a-war'), or Kattywar (kat-f- 
 war' ). A peninsula in western India, projecting 
 into the Arabian Sea between the Gulf of Kachh 
 and the Gulf of Cambay. It comprises many na- 
 tive states. Area, 23,445 square miles. Population, 
 2,645,805. 
 
 Katishtya. See San Felipe. 
 
 Katkoff (kiit-kof'), Mikhail Nikiforovitch. 
 
 Born at Moscow, 1820 : died near Moscow, Aug. 
 1, 1887. A Russian journalist, editor of the 
 ‘ ‘ Moscow Gazette ” since 1861 : noted as a leader 
 of the Panslavists. 
 
 Katlamat. See Cathlamct. 
 
 Katmandu. See Kliatmandu. 
 
 Katrine (kat'rin), Loch. A lake in southwestern 
 Perthshire, Scotland, 25 miles north of Glasgow. 
 It is noted for the beauty of its sceneiy. It contains Ellen s 
 Isle, etc., familiar from Scott’s “Lady of tho Lake.” Tho 
 water-supply of Glasgow is obtained from this lake. 
 Length, 8 miles. 
 
 Katsena (kit-tsa'nii). See Hausa. 
 
Katsena 
 
 Katsena, or Katsma (kat-se'na). A town in 
 Northern Nigeria, Africa-, about 150 miles east 
 of Sokoto. Population, 7,500. 
 
 Kattowitz (kat'to-vits). A manufacturing town 
 in the province of Silesia, Prussia, 57 miles 
 southeast of Oppeln. Population, commune, 
 35,772. 
 
 Kattywar. See Kathiawar. 
 
 Katunski (ka-ton'ski), or Katun, Alps. The 
 highest range of the Altai, in the government 
 of Tomsk, Siberia. For the highest summits 
 (the Katunski Pillars), see Altai. 
 
 Katwa, or Cutwa (kut'wii). A town in Bard- 
 wan district, Bengal, British India, situated at 
 the ju notion of the Bhagirathi and Ajai, 77 miles 
 north of Calcutta. Population, 7,220. 
 Katwyk- or Katwijk-aan-Zee (kat'vlk-an- 
 za'). A watering-place in the province of 
 South Holland, Netherlands, at the mouth of 
 the Old Rhine 23 miles southwest of Amster- 
 dam. Population, commune, 8,164. 
 Katyayana (kat-ya'ya-na). [Skt.,‘ descendant 
 of the Katya family.’] The celebrated Sanskrit 
 author of theVarttikas or supplementary rules 
 to Panini, of the Yajurvedapratishakhya, and 
 of the Shrautasutras. Hiouen-Tsang represents a 
 doctor Kia to yan na as living at Tamasavana in the Pan- 
 jab 300 years after Buddha’s death, or 60 B. C. (Weber.) 
 The Kathasaritsagara identifies him with Vararuchi, amin- 
 isterof Nanda, father of Chandragupta, according to which 
 he flourished about 350 B. c. 
 
 Katzbach (kats'bach). A small tributary of the 
 Oder, which it joins 30 miles west-northwest of 
 Breslau. It is noted for the battle fought Aug. 26, 1813, 
 on its banks, near Wahlstatt, in which the Allies (90,000) 
 under Bliicher defeated the French (100,000) under Mac- 
 donald. The French lost 12,000 in killed and wounded. 
 Katzimo (kat-se'rao). The Queres name for a 
 mesa or table-rock, in New Mexico, rising about 
 430 feet above the basin of Acoma, and a few 
 miles from that pueblo. Its Spanish name is Mesa 
 Encantada, ‘enchanted mesa.’ The folk-lore tells that 
 there was once a village on the top of Katzimo, but that 
 one part of the rock fell in, and the inhabitants, cut off 
 from the valley beneath, were starved to death. Former 
 occupation was verified when the mesa was scaled in 1897. 
 Kauai (kou-i'). One of the Hawaiian Islands, 
 situated in the northwest of the group, in lat. 
 22° N., long. 159° 30' W. The surface is mountain- 
 ous. The chief product is sugar. Area, 647 square miles. 
 Also Ataui or Atooi. Pop., with Niihau, 191,909, (1910). 
 Kaufbeuren (kouf'boi-ren). A town in the dis- 
 trict of Swabia and Neuburg, Bavaria, situated 
 on the Wertach 47 miles west-southwest of 
 Munich. It was formerly a free imperial city. 
 Population, 8,955. 
 
 Kauffmann (kouf'man), Marie Angdlique 
 Catharine. Born at Coire, Orisons, Switzer- 
 land, Oct. 30, 1741 : died at Rome, Nov. 5, 1807. 
 A Swiss historical and portrait painter, known 
 as Angelica Kauffmann. ShewenttoEnglandinl766, 
 after passing many years in Italy, where she first attracted 
 attention as an artist. She made an unfortunate marriage 
 with an adventurer who passed for a Count Horn whose 
 valet he had been. Her second husband was an Italian 
 painter named Antonio Zucchi. In 1781 she left London 
 and returned to Rome. She painted many pictures, which 
 are represented in the principal galleries of London and 
 the Continent. 
 
 Kaufmann, or Kauffmann, Konstantin Pe- 
 trovitch. Born near Ivangorod, government 
 of St. Petersburg, Russia, March 3, 1818 : died at 
 Tashkend, Asiatic Russia, May 16, 1882. A Rus- 
 sian general. He was appointed military governor of 
 Turkestan in 1867 ; conquered Samarkand in 1868 ; com- 
 manded the expedition against Khiva in 1873 ; and con- 
 quered Khokand in 1875. 
 
 Kaulbach (koul'bach), Friedrich August. 
 
 Born at Hannover, June 2, 1850. A genre- and 
 portrait-painter, son and pupil of Friedrich 
 Kaulbach. He settled in Munich in 1872, and 
 became director of the Art Academy there. 
 Kaulbach, Wilhelm von. Born at Arolsen in 
 Wa-ldeck, Oct. 15, 1805: died at Munich, April 
 7, 1874. A historical painter, a pupil, at the Diis- 
 seldorf Academy, of Cornelius whom he fol- 
 lowed in 1825 to Munich. In 1839 he went to Some. 
 In 1847 he went to Berlin to decorate the Treppenhaus of 
 the new museum, a work which occupied him many years. 
 In 1849 he was appointed director of the academy at 
 Munich. He made many book illustrations, particularly 
 for “Reynard the Fox," Goethe’s “Faust” and other 
 works, and Shakspere, Schiller, and Wagner, etc. 
 
 Kaumains. See Comanche. 
 
 Kaumodaki (kou-mo'da-ke). The club of 
 Krishna, given him by Varuna when engaged 
 witli him in fighting against Indra. and burning 
 the Khandava forest. 
 
 Kaunitz (kou'nits), Prince Wenzel Anton 
 von, Count of Rietberg. Born at Vienna, Feb. 
 2, 1711: died June 27, 1794. A noted Austrian 
 statesman. As minister to France (1750-52) he formed 
 an alliance between France and Austria. He was state 
 
 564 
 
 chancellor and chief minister 1753-92, and formed the coa- 
 lition against Frederick the Great 1756. 
 
 Kauravas (kou'ra-vaz). [Skt.,‘ descendants of 
 Kuru.’] A patronymic applied especially to 
 the sons of Dhritarashtra. See Mahabharatn . 
 Kaus (kas). [Ar. qaus, a bow.] A name com- 
 mon to the three stars 'A, <S, and > Sagittarii. a, of 
 the fourth magnitude, is Kaus Borealis ; 8, of the third, is 
 Kaus Media ; and e, of the second, is Kaus Australis. 
 
 Kaus. See Kusan. 
 
 Kaushambi (kou-sham'be). The capital of 
 Vatsa, near the junction of the Ganges and the 
 Jumna: the scene of the dramaRatnavali (which 
 see). 
 
 Kautilya (kou'til-ya). Another name of Cha- 
 nakya, minister of Chandragupta. See Chana- 
 kya. 
 
 Kautsa (kout'sa). A rationalistic Hindu phi- 
 losopher who regarded the Veda as devoid of 
 meaning, and the Brahmanas as false interpre- 
 tations. He lived before Yaska, the author of 
 the Nirukta, who replied to him. 
 
 Kavala (ka-va'la), or Kavallo (ka-val'lo). A 
 town in the vilayet of Saloniki, Turkey, situ- 
 ated on Kavala Bay 80 miles east-northeast of 
 Saloniki : the ancient Neapolis. Population, 
 about 5,000. 
 
 Kavanagh (kav'a-nak), Julia. Born at Thurles, 
 Tipperary, Ireland, Jan. 7, 1824: died at Nice, 
 France, Oct. 28, 1877. A British novelist. Among 
 her works are “ Madeleine ” (1848), “Nathalie” (1850), 
 
 “ Daisy Burns ” (1853), “Grace Lee”(1856), “ Queen Mab ’’ 
 (1863), “John Dorrien ’’ (1875), etc. She also wrote “ French 
 W omen of Letters ” and “English W omen of Letters ” (1862). 
 Kavasha (ka'va-sha). A Rishi to whom sev- 
 eral hymns of the Rigveda are ascribed. The 
 
 Aitareyabrahmana relates that theRishis when sacrificing 
 on the Sarasvati drove away Kavasha as the son of a slave, 
 and unworthy to drink the sacred water of the river. When 
 Kavasha was alone in the desert, a prayer was revealed 
 to him by which he prevailed upon the Sarasvati to sur- 
 round him, whence the Rishis, persuaded, admitted him to 
 their companionship. 
 
 Kaveri, or Cavery, or Cauvery (ka've-ri). A 
 river in southern India, flowing into the Bay of 
 Bengal by a delta about lat. 11° N. It is much 
 used for irrigation. Length, about 475 miles. 
 Kavi(ka've). [From Skt. kavi, poet, or kavya, 
 poem.] Tbe ancient sacred language of Java. 
 Java has 3 languages — the vulgar, the polite, and the an- 
 cient— all having words in varying proportions from the 
 Sanskrit, Arabic, and Telugu, as the result of immigration 
 and commerce, though the general structure is Malay. 
 The Sanskrit is traced to a Hindu immigration about 2, 0U0 
 years ago. In the Kavi is written the Javanese literature, 
 largely of Hindu origin. The Kavi language and Hindu- 
 ism were driven from Java to the little island of Bali in the 
 15tli century. Wilhelm von Humboldt made a special study 
 of the language 1836-40. 
 
 Kaviraja (ka-vi-ra/ ja). [Skt., ‘the king of 
 poets.’] The author of the Sanskrit poem Ra- 
 ghavapandaviya, which is highly esteemed iu 
 India. It treats in the same words at once the story of 
 the Ramayana and that of the Mahabharata, and is one 
 of the most characteristically artificial poems of its class. 
 Its date is certainly later than the 10th century. 
 Kavirondo (ka-ve-ron'do). A tribe of British 
 East Africa, at the northeast end of Lake Vic- 
 toria. It is split into many clans, pursues agriculture, 
 herding, and fishing, and speaks a language distinct from 
 Bantu, and said to resemble the Shilluk. The tribe is not 
 yet satisfactorily classified. 
 
 Kavyadarsha (kav-ya-dar'sha). [Skt.: kavya. 
 poem, and Marsha, mirror — ‘mirror of poems.’] 
 A Sanskrit treatise on poetics, written by Dan- 
 din in the 6th century. 
 
 Kavyani (ka-vya-ne'). In Persian mythology, 
 the standard of Kawah: a leathern apron reared 
 on a spear, used by Kawah as a standard when 
 he summoned Faridun to overthrow Dahak. 
 Faridun adorned it with gold and precious stones, and until 
 the Mohammedan conquest it was the royal standard of 
 Persia. Enlarged little by little to receive the jewels added 
 by successive kings, it was 22 feet by 15 feet in size when 
 it fell into the hands of the Arabs at the battle of Kadisi- 
 yali(A.n. 636). The soldier who took it received in exchange 
 the armor of the Persian general Galenus and 30,000 pieces 
 of gold. The flag was cut up and distributed to the army 
 with the general mass of the booty. 
 
 Kavyaprakasha (kav^ya-pra-ka'sha). [Skt., 
 
 ‘ elucidation of poems.’] A Sanskrit treatise 
 on poetics, written by Mammata of Kashmir in 
 the 12th century. 
 
 Kav/. See Kansa. 
 
 Kawah (ka-we'). In Persian mythology, the 
 blacksmith who asked redress against Dahak 
 (see Azin I)ah aka) for the sixteen sons slain to 
 feed Lis serpents, and, on the restoration of the 
 remaining son, excited a rebellion and sum- 
 moned Faridun to restore justice. 
 
 Kawita. See Creek. 
 
 Kay ( ki). A village in the province of Branden- 
 burg, Prussia, 5 miles west of Zullichau. Here, 
 in the Seven Years’ War, the Prussians under Von Wedell 
 were defeated by the Russians, with a loss of 8,000 (J uly 
 23, 1759). 
 
 Kean, Edmund 
 
 Kay (ka), John. Born near Bury, Lancashire, 
 July 16, 1704: died, it is said, in France, some 
 time after 1764. An English inventor, in 1733 
 he was granted a patent for the “ fly-shuttle,” and in 1745 
 anotherpatent for a “ power-loom ” for narrow goods. His 
 inventions were stolen, a mob wrecked his house, and he 
 himself fled to France where he died in destitution. 
 
 Kay, John. Born near Dalkeith, April, 1742 : 
 died at Edinburgh, Feb. 21, 1826. A Scottish 
 painter and etcher. His “Portraits ” are a col- 
 lection of clever caricatures of the Edinburgh 
 celebrities of his time. 
 
 Kay, Sir, called “The Rude” and “ The Boast- 
 ful.” In the Arthurian tales, the foster-brother 
 of Arthur, who made him his seneschal. He 
 was treacherous and malicious. Also spelled 
 Ke, Kci, Quenx, Keux, etc. 
 
 Kayanian (ke-ya'ni-a.n). The collective name 
 of several Iranian kings whose names begin 
 with Kai. See Kai. 
 
 Kayanush (ke-ya-nush'). In the Shahnamah, 
 a brother of Faridun who, in envy, with another 
 brother Purm ayah tries to d estroy Faridu n . See 
 Pur may ah. 
 
 Kaye (ka), Sir John William. Born at Acton, 
 Middlesex, 1814 : died at London, July 24, 1876. 
 An English historical and biographical writer. 
 He succeeded John Stuart Mill iu the political and secret 
 department of the India Office. His works include “ His- 
 tory of the War in Afghanistan ” (1851), “ Administration 
 of the East India Company ” (1853), “The History of the 
 Sepoy War in India 1857-68" (1864-76). 
 
 Kayes (kii-yas'). A town in the French pos- 
 sessions of West Africa, 011 the Senegal about 
 lat. 14° 30' N. 
 
 Kaysersberg (kl'zers-bers). A small town in 
 Alsace, 6 miles northwest of Colmar. It was 
 an imperial residence. 
 
 Kazali (ka-za'le), or Kazala (-la). A fortified 
 trading town in the government of Sir-Daria, 
 Asiatic Russia, situated on the Sir-Daria in lat. 
 45° 45' N., long. 62° 10' E. 
 
 Kazan, or Kasan (kii-zan'). 1. A government 
 of eastern Russia, surrounded by Viatka, Ufa, 
 Samara, Simbirsk, and Nijni-Novgorod. it is 
 traversed by the Volga and the Kama. Area, 24,587 
 square miles. Population, 2,592,900. 
 
 2. The capital of the government of Kazan, 
 situated near the Volga about lat. 55° 47' N., 
 long. 49° 7' E.: the ancient capital of the Kip- 
 tchak khanate. It is a flourishing commercial center ; 
 manufactures cloth, leather, etc.; and is the seat of a uni- 
 versity founded iu 1804. It was conquered and annexed 
 by Russia in 1552. The cathedral, within the picturesque 
 battlemented and towered inclosure of the Kremlin cita- 
 del, was built in 1562, and resembles the Cathedral of the 
 Assumption at Moscow. The curious belfry, of later date 
 than the church, displays marked Tatar characteristics iu 
 its old Russian architecture. The Sumbeki Tower, be- 
 lieved to he the minaret of the mosque of the old khans 
 of Kazan, with subsequent restorations, is the most re- 
 markable structure in Kazan. It is built of brick, and is 
 pyramidal in outline, rising in 4 stages to a height of 244 
 feet. The summit is crowned by the imperial arms sur- 
 mounted by a gilt ball. Population, 143,707. 
 
 Kazanlik, orKasanlik (ka-zan'lik), or Kezan- 
 lyk (ke-zan'lik). A town in Eastern Rumelia, 
 Bulgaria, situated near the Tuudja 44 miles 
 northeast of Philippopolis. It is noted for the pro- 
 duction of attar of roses. It was captured in Jan., 1878, by 
 the Russians from the Turks, who thereupon surrendered 
 the Shipka Pass. Population, 10,790. 
 
 Kazbek, or Kasbek (kaz'bek). One of the chief 
 peaks of the Caucasus, overlooking the Dariel 
 Pass about 75 miles north of Tiflis. In legend 
 this was the scene of the punishment of Prometheus. 
 Height, 16,533 feet. 
 
 Kazerun (ka-za-ron ' ). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of Farsistan, Persia, 51 miles west of Shiraz. 
 Kazinczy (koz'int-se), Ferencz. Born at Er- 
 Semelyen, Bihar, Hungary, Oct. 27, 1759 : died 
 in the county of Zemplin, Hungary, Aug. 22, 
 1831. A Hungarian author. He translated va- 
 rious Greek, Latin, German, French, and Eng- 
 lish classics into Magyar. 
 
 Kazvin. See Kashin. 
 
 Kean (ken), Charles John. Born at Waterford, 
 Ireland, Jan. 18, 1811 : died at Chelsea, Jan. 22, 
 1868. An English actor, son of Edmund Kean. 
 His first appearance was as young Norval in 1827, after 
 which he played with his father till 1833. In 1842 he mar- 
 ried Ellen Tree. In 1850 Charles Kean leased the Prin- 
 cess’s Theatre, at first with Robert Keeley ; in 1851 he 
 began his notable series of spectacular revivals. He was 
 a careful hut not a great actor. His last appearance was 
 as Louis XI. at Liverpool in 1867. 
 
 Kean, Edmund. Born at London, Nov. 4, 1787 : 
 died at Richmond, May 15, 1833. A celebrated 
 English actor. His father was of Irish descent ; his 
 mother was an itinerant actress named Anne Carey, who 
 deserted him. He played children’s parts about 1790, and 
 in 1795 lie ran away to sea. Under his mother's name 
 (Carey) he led the life of a roving actor until lS06,when he 
 first appeared in the Haymarket as Ganein in the “ Moun- 
 taineers.” On Jan. 26, 1814, he appeared at Drury Lane, 
 when he was very successful as Shylock. This was fol- 
 
Kean, Edmund 
 
 lowed by Hamlet, Othello, Iago, and Luke in “Riches." 
 One of his greatest successes was in Lear at Drury Lane, 
 April, 1820. His first appearance in New York was Nov. 
 29J829. He returned to Drury Lane in 1821 as Richard III. , 
 and played there at intervals until 1825 when (Nov. 14) he 
 appeared at the Park Theater, New York. He continued 
 to act at Drury Lane, Covent Garden, and elsewhere ; but 
 the irregularity of his life destroyed his career. From 1829 
 his health continued to decline, and he acted only occa- 
 sionally from that time until May 15, 1833, when he died. 
 He was probably unequaled as Richard III., Othello, Lear, 
 and Sir Giles Overreach. 
 
 Kean, Mrs. (Ellen Tree). Born 1805: died at 
 London, Aug. 21, 1880. An English, actress. 
 She made her first appearance in 1822-23. From 1836-39 
 she played in America. In 1842 she married Charles Kean, 
 with whom she played leading parts, and whose success 
 she greatly furthered. 
 
 Kearny (kar'ni), Philip. Born at New York, 
 June 2, 1815: killed at Chantilly, Va., Sept. 1, 
 1862. An American general. He became a second 
 lieutenant in 1837 ; servedas a volunteer with the French 
 in Algiers, 1839-40 ; took part in the Mexican war ; and 
 resigned from the army in 1851. In 1847 he was brevetted 
 major for gallant and meritorious conduct at Contreras 
 and Churubusco. He fought with the French in Italy in 
 1859, particularly distinguishing himself at the battle of 
 Solferino. On the outbreak of the Civil War he was ap- 
 pointed brigadier-general of volunteers (New Jersey), and 
 became major-general in 18C2. He commanded the 1st 
 New Jersey brigade in Franklin’s division of the Army of 
 the Potomac, served in the battles of the Peninsula with 
 the Army of Virginia, and at the second battle of Bull Earn. 
 He was killed while reconnoitering near Chantilly. 
 
 Kearsarge (ker'sarj ) . 1 , A mountain in Carroll 
 County, NewHampshire, 5 miles north of North 
 Conway. Height, about 3,250 feet. Also Kiar- 
 sarge. — 2. A mountain in Merrimac County, 
 New Hampshire, 21 miles northwest of Concord. 
 Height, 2,943 feet. 
 
 Kearsarge, The. A wooden corvette, launched 
 at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Sept., 1861. 
 Her dimensions were: breadth of beam, 33 feet; draught, 
 15 feet 9 inches. Her register was 1,031 tons. She carried 
 2 engines of 400 horse-power each, and her armament con- 
 sisted of 4 32-pounders, 2 11-inch rifles, and 1 30-pounder 
 rifle. She carried 163 men, including officers, and was in 
 command of Captain John A. Winslow. On June 19, 1864, 
 off Cherbourg, she sank the Confederate cruiser Alabama. 
 On Feb. 2, 1894, she was wrecked upon Roncador reef in the 
 Caribbean Sea. 
 
 Keats (kets), John. Born at London, Oct. 29, 
 1795 : died at Rome, Feh. 23, 1821. A famous 
 English poet. He was the eldest child of Thomas Keats, 
 head ostler at the Swan and Hoop, London. His father 
 died in 1804 ; at the death of his mother (Feb., 1810), he 
 was apprenticed to a surgeon named Hammond at Edmon- 
 ton. In the autumn of 1814 he went to London, where he 
 attended hospital lectures and passed an examination at 
 Apothecaries’ Hall (July, 1816), but never practised. He 
 became intimately associated with Leigh Hunt, Shelley, 
 and Haydon. The sonnet “ On first reading Chapman’s Ho- 
 mer” was written in the summer of 1815. Various poems 
 were published in periodicals, and in March, 1817, a collec- 
 tion of “ Poems by John Keats ” appeared. In April, 1817, he 
 began “Endymion ” at the Isle of Wight, and finished it in 
 Dec. “ Isabella, or the Pot of Basil ’’ was written in Feb., 
 1818. “ Endymion ’’ appeared in May, 1818, and was sharply 
 criticized in “ Blackwood's ” (Aug., 1818) and in the “ Quar- 
 terly ” (Sept. , 1818). A second volume of his more mature 
 work, entitled “ Lamia, Isabella, the Eve of St. Agnes, and 
 other poems by John Keats, author of ‘Endymion,’” was 
 published July, 1820. His health now rapidly declined, 
 and he sailed for Naples Sept. 18, 1820. From Naples he 
 went to Rome(Nov. 12), where he died attended by his friend 
 Severn. He was buried in the Protestant cemetery. 
 
 Keble (ke'bl), John. Born at Fairford, Glou- 
 cestershire, England, April 25, 1792: died at 
 Bournemouth, Hampshire, England, March 27, 
 1866. An English clergyman and religious poet, 
 one of the chief promoters of the “ Oxford move- 
 ment.” He graduated at Oxford (Corpus Christ! College), 
 and from 1831 to 1841 was professor of poetry there. He 
 became vicar of Hursley (March 9, 1836), and remained 
 there thirty years. His influence was due especially to his 
 hymns, which were published in the “Christian Year" 
 (1827). He published a new edition of Hooker (1836), the 
 “ Library of the Fathers” (in conjunction with Newman 
 and Pusey, begun 1838), seven numbers of the “ Tracts of 
 the Times,” etc. 
 
 Keble College. A college of Oxford Univer- 
 sity, founded as a memorial of John Keble, and 
 designed especially for students with limited 
 means. It was incorporated in 1870. The extensive 
 buildings are of brick of different colors, laid in patterns. 
 The chapel is in the Decorated medieval style : the style 
 of the other buildings is later. The chapel possesses Hol- 
 man Hunt’s painting the “ Light of the World.” 
 
 Kecskemet (kech'kem-at). Atowninthecounty 
 of Pest-Pilis-Sdlt and Little Cumania, Hungary, 
 52 miles southeast of Budapest. It has consid- 
 erable trade. Population, 67,000, (1910). 
 
 Kedar (ke'dar). [Ileb., 1 dark,' ‘dusky.’] A son 
 of Ishmael. His descendants the Kedarenes were, next 
 to the Nabateans, the most important tribe of the ancient 
 Arabs. They are often mentioned in the Old Testament. 
 In Pliny (Histor. Natur., V. 12) they are called Ceclrei. 
 Asurbanipal, king of Assy ria (668-626 B. C.), mentions in his 
 annals a son of Hazilu (Hazael) as king of the country of 
 the Kadri or Kidri. The settlements of the Kedarenes 
 were probably in northern Arabia, between Arabia Pe- 
 traea and Babylonia. 
 
 Kedesh (ke'desh). In Bible geography, a town 
 
 565 
 
 in Galilee, Palestine, 22 miles southeast of 
 Tyre. 
 
 Kedor Laomer. See Chedorlaomer. 
 
 Kedron (ke'dron), or Kidron (kid'ron). In 
 Bible geography, a brook that passes to the 
 north and east of Jerusalem, and falls into the 
 Dead Sea. 
 
 Keeling (ke'ling) Islands, or Cocos (ko'koz) 
 Islands. A group of small coral atolls in the 
 Indian Ocean, intersected by lat. 12° 6' S., long. 
 96° 55' E., annexed by Great Britain in 1856. 
 
 Keene (ken). A city and the capital of Che- 
 shire County, New Hampshire, situated on the 
 Ashuelot 43 miles southwest of Concord. Pop- 
 ulation, 10,068, (1910). 
 
 Keene, Charles Samuel. Born at Hornsey, 
 Aug. 10, 1823 : died at London, Jan. 4, 1891. An 
 English illustrator and caricaturist. He worked 
 for the “Illustrated London News,” and later 
 for “Punch.” 
 
 Keene, Henry George. Born Sept. 30, 1781: 
 died at Tunbridge Wells, Jan. 29, 1864. An 
 English Persian scholar. In 1824 he became profes- 
 sor of Arabic and Persian at the East India College at Hai- 
 leybury, near Hertford, England. Among his works are 
 “Persian Fables "(1833), “Persian Stories ” (1835), etc. 
 
 Keene, Laura. Born in England in 1820: died 
 at Montclair, N. J., Nov. 4, 1873. An English 
 actress. She came to the United States in 1852, and was 
 known as a brilliant light-comedy actress. She became 
 the manager of the Varieties Theater in New York, and in 
 1855 was the lessee of the Olympic (at first called “ Laura 
 Keene's Theater”) till 1863. Here she brought out many 
 new plays, among which was “ Our American Cousin,” 
 with Jefferson and Sothem in the cast. 
 
 Keewatin (ke-wa'tin). A former district in Brit- 
 ish America, lying to the north of Manitoba, 
 and under its government, in 1912 it was divided 
 among Manitoba, Ontario, and the Northwest Territories. 
 
 Keff (kef), or El-Keff (el-kef'). A small town 
 in Tunis, 95 miles southwest of Tunis. 
 
 Keharna (ke-ha'ma). An Indian raja, a char- 
 acter in the poem ‘ ‘ The Curse of Keharna,” by 
 Southey. 
 
 Kehl (kal). A town in the circle of Offenburg, 
 Baden, situated at the junction of the Kinzig 
 and the Rhine, opposite Strasburg. it was for- 
 merly a fortified place, and was bombarded by the French 
 in 1870. Population, over 4,000. 
 
 Kei (ka), Great. A river in South Africa, the 
 former boundary between Cape Colony and 
 Kaffraria. 
 
 Kei, or Key, Islands (ka i'landz). A group of 
 small islands, under Dutch protection, about 
 lat. 5°-6° S., long. 133° E. Chief island, Great 
 Kei. Population, estimated, about 21,000. 
 
 Keighley (keth'li). A manufacturing town in 
 the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, situ- 
 ated on the Aire 16 miles west-northwest of 
 Leeds. Population, 41,564. Also Keithley. 
 
 Keightley (kit'li), Thomas. Born in Ireland, 
 Oct., 1789: died at Erith, Kent, Nov. 4, 1872. 
 An Irish writer. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, 
 in 1803, but did not take a degree. He settled in London 
 in 1824, and was mainly occupied with the preparation of 
 university text-books on historical and literary subjects. 
 He wrote “ Fairy Mythology ’’ (1828). 
 
 Keim (Mm), Theodor. Born at Stuttgart, Wiir- 
 temberg, Dec. 17, 1825: died at Giessen, Hesse, 
 Nov. 17, 1878. A noted German Protestant 
 theologian and ecclesiastical historian, profes- 
 sor of theology at Zurich (1860) and at Giessen 
 (1873). Hewrote “Geschichte Jesu von Nazara”(“His- 
 tory of Jesus of Nazareth," 1867-72), works on the Refor- 
 mation, etc. 
 
 Keiser (M'zer), Reinhard. Born at Leipsic, 
 1673 : died at Hamburg, Sept. 12, 1739. An emi- 
 nent German operatic composer. 
 
 Keith (keth), George, fifth Earl Marischal. Born 
 about 1553: died at the Castle of Dunnottar, 
 April 2, 1623. The founder of the Marischal 
 College, Aberdeen. He was educated at King’s Col- 
 lege, Aberdeen, and succeeded to the earldom Oct. 9, 1581. 
 In June, 1589, he was sent as ambassador extraordinary to 
 Denmark to conclude the match between the Scottish 
 king and Princess Anne of Denmark. In 1593 he founded 
 Marischal College, Aberdeen. * 
 
 Keith, George. Born ill Scotland about 1639 : 
 died at Edburton, March 27, 1716. A Christian 
 Quaker and Anglican missionary. He went to 
 America and settled as a schoolmaster in Philadelphia in 
 1689. In 1692 he headed a separate faction called Chris- 
 tian Quakers. He returned to London in 1694, and in 1700 
 he went over to the established church. In 1702 he went 
 to America as one of the first missionaries sent out by the 
 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. He returned to 
 England in 1704, and was made rector of Edburton, Sussex. 
 
 Keith, George, tenth Earl Marischal. Born 
 1693 (?) : died near Potsdam, Prussia, May 28, 
 1778. A Scottish Jacobite. He took up arms for 
 the Pretender, and at Sheriffmuir commanded two squad- 
 rons of horse In 1719 he commanded the Pretender’s 
 Spanish expedition, which was defeated at Glenshiel April 
 1, 1719. In 1751 he was made Prussian ambassador to Paris, 
 
 Kelly 
 
 and in 1752 was made governor of N euchatel. He wt 
 pardoned by George II. in 1759 and restored to his estates. 
 In 1764 he was recalled by Frederick the Great. 
 
 Keith, James Francis Edward. Born near 
 Peterhead, Scotland, June 11, 1696 : Mlled at the 
 battle of Hochkirch, Oct. 14, 1758. A Scottish 
 general in the Russian and Prussian service, 
 second son of William, ninth Earl Marischal of 
 Scotland. He served with his brother, George Keith, 
 tenth Earl Marischal, in the rebellion of 17i5. He escaped 
 to France, where he resumed his studies. In 1728 he en- 
 tered the Russian service as a major-general, served with 
 success in the Turkish war, and was made governor of the 
 Ukraine. Frederick the Great made him a Prussian field- 
 marshal (1747), and later governor of Berlin. 
 
 Keith, Viscount. See Elphinstone, George Eeitli. 
 
 Kej (kej). A place in Baluchistan, about lat. 
 26° N., long. 62° 50' E. 
 
 Kelat. See Khelat. 
 
 Kelati Nadiri (kel-at'ena-de're). Avery strong 
 fortress in Khorasan, Persia, near the Russian 
 frontier. 
 
 Kele (ke-la/), or Bakele (ba-ke-la'). An Afri- 
 can tribe of the French Kongo, on the Ogowe 
 River, back of the Mpongwe, near the Crystal 
 Mountains. Their language (Dikele) is of Bantu struc- 
 ture, but the people do not seem to be of pure Bantu stock. 
 About 1826 they invaded their present territory, impelling 
 the Shekiani on to the Mpongwe. They are kinsmen of the 
 Fan. 
 
 Keler (ka'ler) Bela (real name Albert von 
 K61er). Born at Bartfeld, Hungary, Feb. 13, 
 1820: died Nov. 20, 1882. A Hungarian com- 
 poser and conductor. He composed popular 
 waltzes, the “Hurrah Sturm” galop, the 
 “Friedrich Karl” march, etc. 
 
 Kelheim (kel'him). A small town in Lower Ba- 
 varia, situated at the junction of the Altmiihl 
 with the Danube, 12 miles southwest of Ratis- 
 bon. Near it is the colossal Befreiungshalle (‘Hall of 
 Deliverance ’), erected in 1842-63 as a memorial of the War 
 of Liberation (1813-15). 
 
 Kelland (kel'and), Philip. Born at Dunster, 
 Somerset, 1808: died at Bridge of Allan, Stir- 
 lingshire, May7,1879. ABritish mathematician. 
 He graduated at Queen’s College, Cambridge, in 1834, and 
 in 1838 was appointed professor of mathematics in Edin- 
 burgh University. 
 
 Keller (kel'ler), Adelbert von. Born at Plei- 
 delsheim, Wiirtemberg, July 5, 1812 : died at 
 Tubingen, Wiirtemberg, March 13, 1883. A 
 noted German philologist, professor of German 
 literature and librarian at Tubingen after 1841 : 
 a student of Romance and Teutonic literatures. 
 
 Kellermann (kel'ler-man), Francois Chris- 
 tophe (originally Georg Michael Keller- 
 mann), Due de Yalmy. Born n ear Rothenburg, 
 Bavaria, May 30, 1735: died Sept. 12, 1820. A 
 French marshal, of German extraction. He en- 
 tered the French army inl752, served with distinction in the 
 Seven Years’ War, and in 1792 was appointed to the com- 
 mand of the army on the Moselle. He gained, with Du- 
 mouriez, a brilliant victory over the Duke of Brunswick at 
 Valmy, Sept. 20, 1792. He was created a senator in 1804, and 
 in 1806 was intrust ed by Napoleon with the command of the 
 reserve army on the Rhine. He was created a peer by Louis 
 XVIII. in 1814. 
 
 Kellermann, Francois Etienne, Due de Yalmy. 
 Born at Metz, Lorraine, 1770 : died June 2, 1835. 
 A French general, son of F. C. Kellermann. He 
 served as adjutant-general to Napoleon in Italy in 1796, 
 and became a brigadier-general in 1797. He decided the 
 battle of Marengo in 1800 by a brilliant charge, for which 
 service he was promoted general of division. He after- 
 ward served with distinction at Austerlitz (1805) and Wa- 
 terloo (1816). 
 
 Kelley(kel'i), William Darrah. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, April 12, 1814: died atW ashington , D.C., 
 Jan. 9, 1890. An American politician. He was 
 admitted to the bar in 1841, and was a Republican member 
 of Congress from Pennsylvania from 1861 until his death. 
 He published “Letters from Europe” (1880), “The New 
 South” (1887), etc. 
 
 Kellgren (cliel'gran), Johan Henrik. Born at 
 Floby, West Gothland, Sweden, Dec. 1, 1751 : 
 died at Stockholm, April 20, 1795. A Swedish 
 lyric poet and critic. His collected works were 
 published in 1796. 
 
 Kellogg (kel'og), Clara Louise. Bom at Sum- 
 ter ville, S. C., July 12, 1842. An American opera- 
 singer (soprano), wife of Carl Strakosch. Her 
 childhood was passed in New England. She made her 
 first appearance in New York in 1861, and in London in 1867. 
 In 1874 she organized an English opera company. With 
 this organization she did much for music in America. 
 Her repertoire was large, including about 46 operas. 
 
 Kells (kelz). A small town in County Meath, 
 Ireland, situated on the Blaekwater 37 miles 
 northwest of Dublin: noted for antiquities. 
 
 Kelly (kel'i), John. Born at New York, April 
 21, 1821: died at New York, June 1, 1886. An 
 American politician, leader of Tammany Hall. 
 He was member of Congress from New York 
 1855-58 ; comptroller 1876-80 ; and unsuccessful 
 candidate for governor 1879. 
 
Kelso 
 
 Kelso (kel'8o). A town in Roxburghshire, Scot- 
 land, situated on the Tweed 43 miles south- 
 east of Edinburgh. It contains the ruins of an ab- 
 bey founded by David I. in the 12th century. Near it 
 are Floors Castle (a seat of the Duke of Roxburghe) and 
 ruins of Roxburgh Castle. Population, 4,006. 
 
 Kelts. See Celts. 
 
 Kelung, or Killing (ke-lung'). A small sea- 
 port in northern Formosa, bombarded by the 
 French in 1884. 
 
 Kelvin, Lord. See Thomson, William. 
 
 Kemble (kem'bl), Adelaide. Bom in 1814: 
 died Aug. 4, 1879. An opera-singer, the daughter 
 of Charles Kemble. She had little success till 1839, 
 when shesang in Venice as Norma. Herreputation contin- 
 ued to increase till she retired from the stage upon her 
 marriage to Edward John Sartoris in 1843. She wrote “ A 
 Week in a French Country House" (1867). 
 
 Kemble (kem'bl), Charles. Born atBrecknock, 
 Wales, Nov. 25, 1775: died at London, Nov. 12, 
 1854. A noted English actor. He went on the stage 
 in the winter of 1792-93, and played Malcolm in “ Mac- 
 beth ” at Drury Lane in 1794. He was the original Count 
 Appiani in “Emilia Galotti ” (1794). He was frequently 
 associated with his brother John Kemble and Mrs. Sid- 
 dons in the production of new plays. On July 2, 1896, he 
 married Miss de Camp, who acted afterward as Mrs. Charles 
 Kemble. In Aug., 1832, he sailed with his daughter, Fanny 
 Kemble, to America, and appeared as Hamlet in New York, 
 Sept. 17, 1832. In 1835 he returned to the Haymarket. 
 His last appearance was April 10, 1840. 
 
 Kemble, Elizabeth. See Whitlock, Mrs. 
 Kemble, Frances Anne, generally known as 
 Fanny. Born at London, Nov. 27, 1809: died 
 there, Jan. 15, 1893. An Anglo-American ac- 
 tress, Shaksperian reader, and author: daughter 
 of Charles Kemble. She made her first public appear- 
 ance in 1829, with the intention of retrieving the fortunes 
 of her family, in which at the end of 3 years she was suc- 
 cessful. She visited America in 1832, and married Pierce 
 Butler in 1834, from whom she afterward obtained a di- 
 vorce. She resumed her maiden name, and lived at Lenox, 
 Massachusetts, returning to Europe at intervals. In 1848^9 
 she gave her first series of Shaksperian readings in Boston, 
 followed by readings in other cities. In these she was 
 very successful. In 1851 she again went upon the stage in 
 England. From 1839 to 1873 she was also in Europe. She 
 wrote “Journal of a Residence in America” (1835), “The 
 Star of Seville” (1837, a play), “Poems ’’ (1844), “A Year of 
 Consolation" (1847), “P.ecords of a Girlhood ”(1878), “Notes 
 upon some of Shakspere’s Plays "(1882), “Records of Later 
 Life ” (1882), “ Life on a Georgia Plantation ” (1863). 
 
 Kemble, George Stephen. Born at Kington, 
 Herefordshire, May 3, 1758: died June 5, 1822. 
 An English actor, brother of J. P. Kemble. 
 Kemble, John Mitchell. Born at London, 
 April 2, 1807 : died at Dublin, March 26, 1857. 
 An English philologist and historian, son of 
 Charles Kemble the actor, and nephew of John 
 Philip Kemble and Mrs. Siddons. He graduated 
 at Cambridge in 1830. On Feb. 24, 1840, he succeeded his 
 father as examiner of stage-plays, and held that office until 
 his death. He edited “Beowulf” (1833-37). His most 
 important works are his unfinished “The Saxons in Eng- 
 land” (1849), and the “Codex Diplomaticus TEvi Saxo- 
 nici ” (1839-40). 
 
 Kemble, John Philip. Born at Prescott, near 
 Liverpool, Feb. 1, 1757 : died at Lausanne, 
 Switzerland, Feb. 26, 1823. A celebrated Eng- 
 lish tragedian, son of Roger Kemble, in 1771 he 
 left a Roman Catholic school in Staffordshire for the Eng- 
 lish collc-ge at Douai, where he received a good education ; 
 but he could not agree to his father's plan of having him 
 enter the church. He played in his father’s company 
 while still a child, but on Jan. 8, 1776, he made his real 
 dCbut at Wolverhampton as Theodosius, and played on 
 the York circuit, as well as in Dublin and Cork, with grow- 
 ing success till Sept. 30, 1783, when he made his first ap- 
 pearance in London at Drury Lane as Hamlet. Here he 
 created a good deal of excitement and some unfriendly 
 criticism : he had not yet measured the full extent of his 
 power. He remained with this company for 19 years. In 
 Nov., 1783, his sister, Mrs. Siddons, first played with him 
 and overshadowed him. In 1788-89 he undertook the 
 management of Drury Lane, and in 1802 of Covent Gar- 
 den. It was on the occasion of his opening the New 
 Covent Garden Theatre, in 1809, with a new scale of prices 
 rendered necessary by the expenses incurred, that the 
 famous “old-price riots” occurred. He was a stately actor, 
 with a somewhat stilted and declamatory style. In Corio- 
 lanus he was at his best, but he won applause as Richard 
 III., Hamlet, Cato, Wolsey, Zanga, Penruddock, Jaques, 
 Pierre, Brutus, Hotspur, Octavian, etc. In comedy he 
 was not so successful. 
 
 Kemosb. See Chemosh. 
 
 Kemp, or Kempe (kemp), John. Born at Olan- 
 teign, near Ashford, 1380 (?): died at Lambeth, 
 March 22, 1454. Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 He was a student and later a fellow of Merton College, 
 Oxford. In 1419 he became bishop of Rochester, and was 
 translated to Chichester in 1421, and to the see of London 
 in the same year. In 1426 he became chancellor and arch- 
 bishop of York, and resigned the chancellorship in 1432. 
 He was made cardinal in 1439. In 1452 he was translated 
 to the archbishopric of Canterbury. 
 
 Kempelen(kem'pe-len), Wolfgang von. Born 
 at Presburg, Hungary, Jan. 23, 1734: died at 
 Vienna, March 26, 1804. An Austrian mechani- 
 cian, noted as an inventor of automata. 
 Kempen (kem'pen), or Kempno (kemp'no). A 
 town in the province of Posen, Prussia, 43 miles 
 
 566 
 
 east-northeast of Breslau. Population, com- 
 mune, 5,897. 
 
 Kempen. A town in the Rhine Province, Prus- 
 sia, 38 miles northwest of Cologne, it haB a caBtle 
 and an old church, and is the supposed birthplace of 
 Thomas a Kempis. Population, 6,896. 
 
 Kempenfelt (kem'pen-felt), Richard. Born at 
 Westminster, 1718 : sank with the Royal George 
 off Spit-head, Aug. 29, 1782. An English rear- 
 admiral. His father was Magnus Kempenfelt, a Swede 
 in the service of James II. He served in the West Indies, 
 at the capture of Portobello, and passed through various 
 grades to captain of the Elizabeth (1757). In 1780 he was 
 made rear-admiral of the blue. When Lord Howe took 
 command of the fleet (April, 1782), Kempenfelt was one of 
 his junior admirals, his flag being on the Royal George at 
 Spithead. In refitting this ship, the guns were shifted to 
 one side to give her a slight heel ; but the strain was too 
 great, and she broke up and went down with her admiral 
 aboard. 
 
 Kemper (kem'per), Reuben. Born in Fauquier 
 County, Va. : died at Natchez, Miss., Oct. 10, 
 1826. An American soldier. He commanded in 1812 
 a force of about 600 Americans which cooperated with 
 the Mexican insurgents against Spain, and in 1815 served 
 under General Jackson against the British at New Orleans. 
 
 Kempis, Thomas a. See Thomas a Kempis. 
 Kempten (kemp'ten). A town in the govern- 
 mental district of Swabia and Neuburg, Bavaria, 
 situated on the Iller 65 miles southwest of 
 Munich: the ancient Campodunum. Formerly it 
 wa9 the seat of a princely abbacy. It is the chief place of 
 the Algiiu. Population, commune, 20,663. 
 
 Kemys, or Keymis (ke'mis), Lawrence. Died 
 
 in Guiana, 1618. An English ship-captain, a 
 followerof SirWalter Raleigh, andhis principal 
 lieutenant in the expeditions to Guiana. His 
 account of the first voyage is given in Hakluyt. Kemys 
 committed suicide after a conflict with the Indians in 
 which Raleigh’s son was killed. 
 
 Ken (ken), Thomas. Born at Little Berkhamp- 
 stead, Hertfordshire, England, July, 1637: died 
 at Longleat, Wiltshire, March 19, 1711. An 
 English bishop and hymn-writer. In 1679 he was 
 chaplain of Mary, sister of the king and wifeof William II., 
 prince of Orange. He was created bishop of Bath and W ells 
 in 1684. On Feb. 2, 1685, he attended the king’s death-bed. 
 In May, 1688, he was one of the “ seven bishops ” to petition 
 the king not to oblige theclergy to read the second Declara- 
 tion of Indulgence; and in April, 1691, he was deprived of 
 his see as a nonjuror. His most widely known hymns 
 include the morning and evening hymns “ Awake, my 
 soul,” and “Glory to Thee, my God, this night’’ (both of 
 which end with the familiar doxology “ Praise God, from 
 whom all blessings flow”), etc. 
 
 Kena(ka'na). [Skt.,‘ by whom?’] Anamegiven 
 to an Upanishad,also known as the Talavakara, 
 from a school of the Samaveda. The name, like 
 those of papal bulls, comes from the initial word in the first 
 sentence, “By whom sent forth does the mind fly when sent 
 forth?” It is translated in “Sacred Books of the East,” 
 I. 147-153. 
 
 Kendal (ken'dal), or Kirkby-Kendal (kerk'bi- 
 ken'dal). A town in Westmoreland, England, 
 situated on the Ken 40 miles south of Carlisle. 
 
 It has important manufactures of cloth, and was the birth- 
 place of Catherine Parr. Population, 14,183. 
 
 Kendal, Mrs. (Margaret Brunton Robertson). 
 
 Born at Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire, March 15, 
 1849. An English actress. She is the sister of the 
 dramatist T. W. Robertson, and for some years was known 
 to the public as “ Madge Robertson,” assuming the stage 
 name of Kendal on her marriage with W. H. Grimston in 
 1869. (See Kendal, W. II ) She made her first appearance 
 in London as Ophelia i:i 1865, and soon assumed a position 
 in the first rank of her profession as an actress of high com- 
 edy. Mr. and Mrs. Kendal have made several successful 
 tours In America (the first in 1889). 
 
 Kendal, William Hunter (the stage name as- 
 sumed by William Hunter Grimston). Born 
 in 1843. An English actor. He first appeared on 
 the stage in 18ul,and since his marriage with MadgeRobert- 
 eon has played leading parts with her. They have toured 
 in the United States and Canada with great success. 
 Kendall ( ken ' dal ) , Amos. Born at Dunstabl e, 
 Mass., Aug. 16, 1789 : died at Washington, D. C., 
 Nov., 1869. An American politician, postmas- 
 ter-general 1835-40. He was associated with 
 S. F. B. Morse in his telegraph patents. 
 Kendall, Henry Clarence. Born in Ulladalla 
 district, New South Wales, April 18, 1841 : died 
 at Redfern, near Sydney, Aug. 1, 1882. An Aus- 
 tralian poet. His’chief works are “ Leaves from an Aus- 
 tralian Forest” (1869), and “Songs from the Mountains’’ 
 (1880). 
 
 Kenealy (ke-uel'i), Edward Vaugban Hyde. 
 
 Born July 2, 1S19 : died at London, April 16, 
 1880. An Irish barrister, in 1850 he was impris- 
 oned for cruelty to a natural son, six years old. In April, 
 1873, he became leading counsel for the claimant in the 
 notorious Tichborne trial. On account of his conduct be- 
 fore and after this trial, he was expelled from the circuit 
 and disbarred (1874). He was elected member of Parlia- 
 ment for Stoke in 1875, but on contesting the seat in 1880 
 was not reelected. 
 
 Keneb, or Kenneh (ken'e), or Geneb (gen'e). 
 A town in Upper Egypt, situated on the Nile 
 in lat. 26° 12' N.: the ancient Camopolis. Pop- 
 ulation, about 20,000. 
 
 Kenneth I. 
 
 Kenelm Chillingly (ken'elm chil'ing-li). A 
 
 novel by Bulwer Lytton, published after his 
 death in 1873. 
 
 Kenesaw, or Kennesaw (ken-e-sa'), Moun- 
 tain. A mountain in Cobb County, Georgia, 
 25 miles northwest of Atlanta. It was the scene 
 of fighting between the Federals under Sherman and the 
 Confederates under Johnston, June, 1864. 
 
 Kenesti (ken'es-te). A tribe of the Pacific di- 
 vision of the Athapascan stock of North Ameri- 
 can Indians. They live along the western slope of the 
 Shasta Mountains from North Eel River above Round 
 Valley to Hay Fork ; along Eel and Mad rivers (down the 
 latter to Low Gap); and also on Dobbins and Larrabie 
 creeks, California. (See Athapascan.) Commonly called 
 Wailakki, though differing from the Wailakki proper. 
 
 Kenia (ka'ne-a), Mount. An isolated moun- 
 tain in eastern Africa, about lat. 1° 20' S., long. 
 37° 35' E. Height, 18,000-19,000 feet. 
 
 Kenilworth (ken'l-werth). A town in War- 
 wickshire, England, 5 miles north of Warwick. 
 The castle, one of the most admired of English feudal 
 monuments, was founded about 1120, and was long of note 
 as a royal residence. It was besieged and taken by the 
 royalists in 1266 (compare Kenilworth, Dictum of) ; was the 
 prison of Edward II. in 1327 ; was granted to John of Gaunt, 
 and in 1562 to the Earl of Leicester ; was the scene of en- 
 tertainments given to Queen Elizabeth (1575), of which an 
 account is given in Scott’s non-historical novel “Kenil- 
 worth ” ; and was dismantled under CromwelL Among 
 the notable features of the ruins are the Norman keep, 
 the picturesquely traceried banqueting-hall, and the many 
 towers of the outer line of defense. It has belonged to the 
 Earls of Clarendon since the Restoration. Pop., 4,544. 
 
 Kenilworth. A novel by Sir Walter Scott, pub- 
 lished in 1821. The scene is laid in England in 
 the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and Leicester 
 and Countess Amy Robsart are introduced. 
 
 Kenilworth, Dictum of. An award, designed 
 for the pacification cf the kingdom, made be- 
 tween King Henry III. of England and Parlia- 
 ment in 1266, during the siege of Kenilworth. 
 
 It re-established Henry in all his authority ; proclaimed 
 amnesty for the rebels on payment of a fine ; annulled the 
 Provisions of Oxford and the conditions recently forced on 
 the king; and provided that the king should keep the 
 charter which lie had -freely sworn to. 
 
 Acland and Ransome, Eng. Polit. Hist., p. 36. 
 
 Kenites (ke'nits or ken'its). In Bible history, 
 a nomadic Midianitish people, dwelling in the 
 Sinaitic peninsula. Later they were probably 
 absorbed in the Israelites. 
 
 Kenn (ken), or Keish (kash). An island in the 
 Persian Gulf, lat. 26° 33' N., long. 54° 1' E. : 
 formerly called Kais and Kish. It flourished 
 in the 12th and 13th centuries. 
 
 Kennan (ken'an), George. Born at Norwalk, 
 Ohio, Feb. 16, 1845. An American writer and 
 lecturer. In 1864 he was sent to Siberia by the Russo- 
 American Telegraph Company to supervise the construc- 
 tion of lines. He returned in 1868, hut in 1870-71 he ex- 
 plored the eastern Caucasus. In 1885-86 he was sent by 
 “The Century ” magazine to Russia for the purpose of in- 
 vestigating the condition of the Siberian exiles. He trav- 
 eled 15,000 miles in northern Russia and Siberia, and the 
 results of his observations were published in “The Cen- 
 tury ” magazine(1890-91), and in 1891 in book form, entitled 
 “Siberia and the Exile System.” He has also written 
 “Tent Life in Siberia” (1870), and has lectured in Eng- 
 land and America on the exile system. 
 
 Kennebec (ken-e-bek'). A river in Maine which 
 rises in Mooseiiead Lake and flows into the 
 Atlantic 12 miles south of Bath. Length, over 
 160 miles ; navigable to Augusta. 
 
 Kennedy (ken'e-di), Benjamin Hall. Born at 
 Summer Hill, near Birmingham, Nov. 6, 1804: 
 died at Torquay, April 6, 1889. An English 
 classical scholar. In 1836 he became head-master of 
 Shrewsbury School, and in 1867 was made regius profes- 
 sor of Greek at Cambridge, and canon of Ely. 
 
 Kennedy, Edmund B. Died near Albany Bay, 
 Australia, Dec. 13, 1848. An Australian ex- 
 plorer and government surveyor in New South 
 Wales. In March, 1847, he led an expedition to trace 
 the course of the Victoria River. In Jan., 1848, he at- 
 tempted the exploration of Cape York, and died, on his re- 
 turn, between Weymouth Bay and Albany Bay. 
 
 Kennedy, John Pendleton. Born at Baltimore, 
 Oct. 25, 1795: died at Newport, R. I., Aug. 18, 
 1870. An American statesman and author. 
 
 He was member of Congress from M«iryland 1839—15, and 
 secretary of the navy 1852-53. He wrote “ Horse-Shoe 
 Robinson ” (1835), “Life of William Wirt” (1849), “Mr. 
 Ambrose's Letters on the Rebellion ” (1865). 
 
 Kennesaw Mountain. See Kenesaw Mountain. 
 
 Kennet, or Kennett (ken'et). A river in 
 England which joins the Thames at Reading. 
 Length, about 50 miles. 
 
 Kennet, White. Bom at Dover, England, 1660 : 
 died at London, 1728. An English bishop, anti- 
 quarian , and theological writer. His chief work 
 is a “Compleat nistorv of England ” (1706). 
 
 Kenneth (ken'eth) I. MacAlpine. Died about 
 860. King of the Scots. Hewastheeonof Alpin.king 
 of the Dalriad Scots. Hisfather died in battle with the Piets, 
 
Kenneth I. 
 
 July 20, 834. In 843 he established his rule over Alban, or 
 the united kingdom of the Piets and Scots, and fixed his 
 capital at Scone. 
 
 Kenneth II. Died 995. A Scottish king, son of 
 Malcolm I. During his reign the central districts 
 of Scotland were consolidated and defended. 
 Kennicott (ken'i-kot), Benjamin. Born at Tot- 
 nes, Devonshire, April 4, 1718 : died at Oxford, 
 England, Aug. 18, 1783. An English biblical 
 scholar. He was Itadcliffe librarian at Oxford 1767-83. 
 His special work was the collation of Hebrew manuscripts, 
 in which he was assisted by his wife. She founded two 
 Hebrew scholarships at Oxford in memory of her husband. 
 Kennicott's chief work is his “ Vetus Testamentumhebrai- 
 cum cum variis lectionibus ” (1776-80). His collection of 
 manuscripts is deposited at the Hew Museum, Oxford. 
 Kennington (ken'ing-ton). [‘King’s town.’] A 
 district in Lambeth, London. 
 
 It was here that (1041) Hardicanute died suddenly at a 
 wedding-feast. . . . Nothing remains now of the palace. 
 
 Hare, London, II. 404. 
 
 Kenora (ke-no'ra). See Rat Portage. 
 Kenosha (ke-no'sha). A city and the capital of 
 Kenosha County, Wisconsin, situated on Lake 
 Michigan 34 miles south of Milwaukee : a trad- 
 ing center. Population, 21,371, (1910). 
 Kensal Green (ken'sal gren). A cemetery in 
 the northwestern part of London. 
 
 Kensett (ken'set), John Frederick. Bom at 
 Cheshire, Conn., March 22, 1818: died at New 
 York, Dec. 16, 1872. An American landscape- 
 painter. He spent several years(184(M7)in Europe, paint- 
 ing in England, Italy, etc., and was elected national acad- 
 emician in 1849. In 1859 he was appointed one of the 
 commission to supervise the decoration of the Capitol at 
 Washington. Among his works are “An October After- 
 noon ’’ (1864), “New Hampshire Scenery,” “Afternoon on 
 the Connecticut Shore," “Lake George," etc. 
 Kensington (ken'sing-ton). A borough (met- 
 ropolitan) of London, north of the Thames, 4 
 miles west-southwest of St. Paul’s. It contains 
 Kensington Gardens, Kensington Palace, and Holland 
 House, and sends 2 representatives to Parliament. (For 
 the museum, etc., see South Kensington Museum.) Pop- 
 ulation, 172.402, (1911). 
 
 Kent (kent). [ME. Kent, AS. Cent, Csent, L. Can- 
 tium,Cantia,Gv. Kavnov, fromanOldCeltic name 
 represented by W. Caint.~\ The southeastern- 
 most county of England. It is bounded by Essex 
 (from which it is separated by the Thames) and the North 
 Sea on the north, the North Sea on the east, the Strait of 
 Dover, the English Channel, and Sussex on the south, and 
 Surrey on the west. The surface is undulating. The soil 
 is highly cultivated, Kent being especially noted for hop- 
 raising. It was the scene of Csesar’s invasions in 55 and 54 
 B. c., and of the earliest Teutonic invasions in the 6th cen- 
 tury, and was the seatof the Jutish kingdoms. Its conver- 
 sion to Christianity commenced under Augustine in 597, 
 and it was annexed to Wessexin 823. Area (ad. co.), 1,520 
 square miles. Population (pari, co.), 935,855; including 
 part of London, 1,348,841. 
 
 Kent, PrinceEdward Augustus, Duke of. Bom 
 
 at Buckingham House, London, Nov. 2, 1767 : 
 died at Sidmouth, Devonshire, Jan. 23,1820. The 
 fourth son of George HI. of England, and father 
 of Queen Victoria. On May 28, 1818, he married Vic- 
 toria Mary Louisa, widow of Emich Charles, prince of Lein- 
 ingen-Dachsburg-Hardenburg. Their only child, Victoria, 
 was born at Kensington Palace, May 24, 1819. 
 
 Kent, Earl of. A characterin Shakspere’s “ King 
 Lear”: an upright and faithful counselor. 
 Kent, Fair Maid. of. See Joan. 
 
 Kent, Maid of or Nun of. See Barton, Elisa- 
 beth. 
 
 Kent, Janies. Born at Philippi, Putnam County, 
 N. Y., July 31, 1763 : died at New York, Dec. 12, 
 1847. Anoted American jurist. He became judge 
 of the Supreme Court of New York in 1798 ; was chief jus- 
 tice of the Supreme Court of New York 1804-14; and was 
 chancellor 1814-23. nis chief work is “Commentaries on 
 American Law " (1826-30). 
 
 Kent, William. Born in the North Riding of 
 Yorkshire, 1684: died at London, April 12, 1748. 
 An English painter, sculptor, architect, and 
 landscape-gardener. He studied in Rome, where in 
 1716 he attracted the notice of Richard Boyle, third earl of 
 Burlington, with whom he resided for the rest of his life. 
 He is best known as the butt of Chesterfield, Hogarth, and 
 other wits of the time. 
 
 Kentigern (ken'ti-gern), or Mungo (mung'go), 
 Saint. Born at Culross, Perthshire, probably 
 518 : died Jan. 13, 603. The apostle of the Strath- 
 clyde Britons in Scotland, and patron saint of 
 Glasgow. 
 
 Kentish Town (ken'tish toun). A northern 
 suburb of London, 3 miles northwest of St. 
 Paul’s. 
 
 Kent Island. The largest island in Chesapeake 
 Bay, situated in Queen Anne County, Maryland, 
 7 miles east of Annapolis. The first settlement in 
 Maryland was made here by Claiborne in 1631. Length, 
 15 miles. 
 
 Kent’s Cavern. A cave near Torquay, Devon- 
 shire, England, noted for the paleolithic flint 
 tools and other implements, and for the animal 
 remains, discovered there. 
 
 567 
 
 Kentucky (ken-tuk'i). [Prom the river so 
 named. Ken tucky is an Indian word variously 
 explained as meaning ‘ at the head of a river,’ 
 ‘ river of blood,’ ‘ the dark and bloody land ’ or 
 ‘ground.’] One of the Southern States of the 
 United States of America. Capital, Frankfort. 
 Largest city, Louisville. It is separated by the Mis- 
 sissippi from Missouri on the west, by the Ohio from Ohio, 
 Indiana, and Illinois on the north, and by the Big Sandy 
 from West Virginia on the east, and is bounded by Virginia 
 on the southeast, and by Tennessee on the south. It lies 
 between lat. 36° 3(Y and 39° 6' N., and long. 82° and 89° 38' W. 
 It is mountainous in the east; the “Blue Grass region" is 
 in the center. The chief minerals are coal and iron ; the 
 leading occupations are agriculture and the breeding of 
 horses, cattle, and mules. It is the first State in produc- 
 tion of tobacco and hemp. It has 119 counties ; sends 2 
 senators and 11 representatives to Congress ; and has 13 
 electoral votes. Kentucky, the ancient Indian hunting- 
 ground (“dark and bloody ground”), was explored by 
 Daniel Boone in 1769 ; was settled at Harrodsburg in 1774 ; 
 was formed into a county of Virginia in 1776; was admitted 
 into the Union in 1792; was distinguished in the War of 
 1812 and the Mexican war; was one of the Slave States; 
 attempted to preserve neutrality in the Civil War; was 
 occupied by Federals and Confederates in 1861 ; and was 
 the scene of various campaigns and raids. Area, 40,400 
 square miles. Population, 2,289,905, (1910). 
 
 Kentucky. A river in the State of Kentucky, 
 joining the Ohio 45 miles southwest of Cincin- 
 nati. Length, over 250 miles; navigable to 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Kentucky Resolutions. Nine resolutions pre- 
 pared by Thomas Jefferson and passed by the 
 legislature of Kentucky in 1798. A tenth was 
 passed in 1799. They declared the “alien and sedition 
 laws ” void, and emphasized the rights of the several 
 States. 
 
 Kenwigs (ken'svigz), Morleena. In Dic-kens’s 
 “ Nicholas Nickleby,” a young lady with flaxen 
 pigtails and white-ruffled trousers, who has a 
 habit of fainting at intervals. 
 
 Kenyon (ken'yon), John. Born in the parish 
 of Trelawney, Jamaica, 1784: died at Cowes, 
 Isle of Wight, Dec. 3, 1856. An English poet 
 and philanthropist. He studied at Charterhouse, and 
 in 1802 entered Cambridge, leaving without a degree in 
 1808. He published a few poems, but is bestknown from 
 his charity. 
 
 Kenyon, Lloyd, Baron Kenyon. Born at Gred- 
 ington, Flintshire, Wales, Oct. 5, 1732: died at 
 Bath, England, April 4, 1802. A British jurist, 
 lord chief justice of England 1788-1802. 
 
 Kenyon College. A Protestant Episcopal Col- 
 lege at Gambier, Ohio. It is attended by about 125 
 students, and has a library of over 40,000 volumes. 
 
 Keokuk (ke'o-kuk). A city and one of the 
 capitals of Lee County, Iowa, situated on the 
 Mississippi, at the foot of the rapids, it is a rail- 
 way center and canal terminus, and has iron manufactures. 
 Meat-packing is an important industry. A dam across 
 the Mississippi River from Keokuk to Hamilton, 111., was 
 completed in August, 1913. Population, 14,008, (1910). 
 
 Kephallenia. See Ceplmlonia. 
 
 Kepler (kep'ler), Johann (family name origi- 
 nally Von Kappel). Born at Weil der Stadt, 
 Wiirtemberg, Dec. 27, 1571: died at Ratisbon, 
 Bavaria, Nov. 15, 1630. A celebrated German 
 astronomer, one of the chief founders of mod- 
 em astronomy. He became professor of mathematics 
 at Gratz in 1593, assistant of Tycho at Prague in 1600, aud 
 imperial astronomer in 1601, and was professor at Linz 
 1612-26. His name is especially associated with the three 
 laws of planetary motion (Kepler's laws). The first two 
 were announced in his “De Motibus Stellse Martis” in 
 1609, and he discovered the third on March 8, 1018. The 
 three laws are as follows : (a) The orbits of the planets are 
 ellipses having the sun at one focus. (6) The areas de- 
 scribed by their radii vectores in equal times are equal, 
 (c) The squares of their periodic times are proportional to 
 the cubes of their mean distances from the sun. His com- 
 plete works were edited by Frisch (1858-71). 
 
 Keppel (kep'pel), Arnold Joost van, first Earl 
 of Albemarle. Born in the Netherlands, 1669: 
 died May 30, 1718. A Dutch officer in the ser- 
 vice of William HI., and later of the States- 
 General. 
 
 Keppel, Augustus, Viscount Keppel. Born 
 April 25, 1725: died Oct. 2, 1786. An English 
 admiral, second son of William Anne Keppel, 
 second earl of Albemarle, in 1755 he took command 
 of the North American squadron at Hampton P.oads. He 
 was made rear-admiral of the blue in 1762, vice-admiral 
 in 1770, admiral of the blue in 1778, and commander-in- 
 chief of the fleet in 1778. On July 27, 1778, he engaged the 
 French fleet in the Channel without result. For his be- 
 havior in this battle he was court-martialed Jan., 1779, 
 and acquitted. In Rockingham's cabinet he was appointed 
 first lord of the admiralty (1782), and created Viscount 
 Keppel. He retired from public life in 1783. 
 
 Keppel, George Thomas, sixth Earl of Albe- 
 marle. Born June 13, 1799: died at London, 
 Feb. 21, 1891. An English general and writer 
 of travels, etc. 
 
 Ker (ker), John Bellenden. Born 1765 (?) : died 
 at Ramridge, Hampshire, June, 1842. An Eng- 
 lish botanist and man of fashion. He was the eldest 
 son of John Gawler of Ramridge, and Caroline, daughter 
 
 Kermanshah 
 
 of John, Baron Bellenden. On Nov. 6, 1804, he took, by 
 license of George III. , the name of Ker-Bellenden, but was 
 known as Bellenden Ker. In 1801 he published “Recensio 
 Plantarum.” Iu 1812 he became the first editor of the 
 “Botanical Register,” and served until 1823. In 1828 he 
 published his “Iiidearum Genera." A portrait ot Ker by 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds was sold in 1887 for £2,415. 
 
 Ker a. See Keresan. 
 
 Kerak (ke-rak'). A town in Syria, Asiatic Tur- 
 key, 48 miles southeast of Jerusalem: the an- 
 cient Kir-Hareseth, a city of the Moabites. 
 The castle of the Crusaders, built here about 1131 by King 
 Foulques, is one of the most imposing of medieval monu- 
 ments. The walls and towers are lofty and massive ; the 
 passages, colonnades, cisterns, and moats are of great ex- 
 tent and interest. A subterranean chapel with frescos i3 
 very curious. Population, estimated, 8,000. 
 
 Keratry (ka-ra-tre'), Auguste Hilarion de. 
 
 Born at Rennes, France, Oct. 28, 1769: died 
 Nov., 1859. A French politician and miscella- 
 neous writer. 
 
 Keratry, Comte Emile de. Born at Paris, March 
 20, 1832 : died there, April 7, 1904. A French 
 jolitician and publicist, son of the above, 
 erauli (ker-ou-le'), or Karauli (kar-ou-le'), 
 or Kerowlee (ker-ou-le'). 1. A native state in 
 Rajputana, India, intersected by lat. 26° 30' N., 
 long. 77° E. It is under British control. — 2. 
 The capital of the state of Kerauli, about lat. 
 26° 27' N., long. 77° 4' E. Population, about 
 
 24.000. 
 
 Kerbela (ker 'be -la), or Meshhed-Hussein 
 
 (mesh-ed'hus-san'). A town in the vilayet of 
 Bagdad, Asiatic Turkey, 57 miles south-south- 
 west of Bagdad : the sacred city of the Shiites. 
 Population, estimated, about 65,000. 
 
 Keres. See Keresan. 
 
 Keresan (ka-re'san). Alinguistic stock of North 
 American Indians which embraces the seden- 
 tary tribes occupying the pueblos or communal 
 villages of Acoma, Laguna, Cochiti, Santa Ana, 
 San Felipe, Santo Domingo, andSia, in the main 
 and tributary valleys of the Rio Grande, New 
 Mexico. The stock comprises two dialectic groups : one, 
 the pueblos of Lagpna and Acoma, with their outlying 
 villages ; the other or eastern pueblos, which form the Kera 
 or Keres group, from which the name of the stock is de- 
 rived. In 1540 the tribes inhabited seven villages ; in 1580 
 but five iVeie occupied. Laguna was not established as a 
 pueblo until 1699. Except Acoma, none of the Keresan 
 pueblos is on the site occupied at the time of the early 
 Spanish explorations. They number about 4,000. Also 
 Kera, Keres, Quera, Queres, Quirix, Chuchacas. 
 
 Keresaspa (ke-re-sas'pa). [‘ Having lean, slen- 
 der horses.’] In the Avesta, a hero of the race 
 of Sama. He and Urvakhshaya are sons of Thrita. He 
 avenges the murder of his brother by Hitaspa, and slays 
 the dragon Srvara and the demon Gandarewa. In the 
 Shalmamah the name appears as Garshasp. 
 
 Keretbim (ker'e-thim). See the extract. 
 
 David instituted a bodyguard of Kerethim and Peletbim, 
 or rather of Cretans and Philistines (2 Sam. xv. 18), to 
 whom the Hebrew of 2 Sam. xx. 23 adds a name which lias 
 been obliterated in our English version, the Carians. These 
 foreign soldiers were a sort of Janissaries attached to the 
 person of the sovereign, after the common fashion of 
 Eastern monarclis, who deem themselves most secure when 
 surrounded by a band of followers uninfluenced by family 
 connections with the people of the land. The constitution 
 of the bodyguard appears to have remained unchanged to 
 the fall of the Judaean state. 
 
 IF. if. Smith, 0. T. in the Jewish Ch., p. 249. 
 
 Kerewe (ke-ra'we), orWakerewe (wa-ke-ra'- 
 we). An African tribe of German East Africa, 
 inhabiting the island Ukerewe and adjacent 
 mainland, at the south end of Lake Yictcria. 
 Bukindo is their capital. Though apparently Bantu, their 
 dialect is said to differ considerably from that of their 
 Wasukuma neighbors. 
 
 Kerguelen (kerg'e-len) Land, or Desolation 
 Island. One of a group of islands in the South- 
 ern Ocean, intersected by lat. 49° S., long. 69° 
 30' E. The surface is mountainous. It was discovered 
 by the Frenchman Kerguelen Tr^marec in 1772 : annexed 
 hy France 1893. Length, about 90 miles. 
 
 Kerkenna (ker-ken'na) Islands. A group of 
 
 islands in the Gulf of Cabes (Syrtis Minor), east 
 of Tunis. 
 
 Kerki (ker'ke). A town in Russian central 
 Asia, on the Oxus south of Bokhara. It is an 
 important point on the caravan route, and is 
 garrisoned by Russians. 
 
 Kerkuk (ker-kok'), officially Shahr Zul (shar 
 zol) (or Zor). A town in the vilayet of Mosul, 
 Asiatic Turkey, situated on the Adhem 90 miles 
 southeast of Mosul. Population, estimated, 
 
 30.000. 
 
 Kerkyra. See Corfu. 
 
 Kermadec (k6r-ma-dek') Islands. A group of 
 small islands in the South Pacific, about lat. 
 30° S., long. 178° W. : annexed by Great Britain 
 in 1886. 
 
 Kerman. See Kirman. 
 
 Kermanshah. See Kirmanshahan. 
 
568 
 
 Kern-baby 
 
 Khazars 
 
 Kem-baby (kern'ba-bi), or Kernababy (ker'- 
 na-ba-bi). See the extract. 
 
 Let us take another piece of folklore. All North-country 
 English folk know the Kernababy. The custom of the 
 “ Kernababy ’’ is commonly observed in England, or, at all 
 events, in Scotland, where the writer has seen many a ker- 
 nababy. The last gleanings of the last field are bound up 
 in a rude imitation of the human shape, and dressed in 
 some tag-rags of finery. The usage has fallen into the 
 conservative hands of children, but of old “the Maiden” 
 was a regular image of the harvest goddess, which, with a 
 sickle and sheaves in her arms, attended by a crowd of 
 reapers, and accompanied with music, followed the last 
 carts home to the farm. It is odd enough that the “ Maid- 
 en” should exactly translate the old Sicilian name of the 
 daughter of Demeter. “The Maiden "has dwindled, then, 
 among us to the rudimentary kernababy ; but ancient Peru 
 had her own Maiden, her Harvest Goddess. 
 
 Lang, Custom and Myth, p. 17. 
 
 Kemer (ker'ner), Andreas Justinus. _ Born at 
 Ludwigsburg, Wiirtemberg, Sept. 18, 1786: died 
 at Weinsberg, Wiirtemberg, Feb. 21, 1862. A 
 German lyric poet and medical writer. He was 
 destined at the outset for a mercantile career, but ulti- 
 mately studied natural history at Tubingen, where he was 
 intimately associated with I' bland and Gustav Schwab, 
 with whom he founded the so-called Swabian school of poe- 
 try. After 1819 he was district physiciau at Weinsberg, 
 where he died. His poems are characterized by a true 
 lyric quality : one at least of them, the “ Wanderlied " 
 ("Wander Song”), has become a genuine folk-song. He 
 was a believer in spiritualistic manifestations, and wrote 
 several works in this field, among them “ Die Seherin von 
 Prevorst’’ (“The Prophetess of Prevorst’’). His principal 
 prose work is “Reiseschatten von dem Schattenspieler 
 Luchs ” (" Magic Lantern Pictures of Travel by the Ex- 
 hibitor Luchs,” 1811). 
 
 Keroualle, or Querouaille (ka-ro-aF), Louise 
 Renee de, Duchess of Portsmouth and Aubigny. 
 Born 1649: died at Paris, Nov. 14, 1734. Elder 
 daughter of Guillaume de Penancoet, sieur de 
 Keroualle. She first appears as maid of honor to Hen- 
 rietta, duchess of Orleans, sister of Charles 11., and later 
 to Queen Catharine. She became mistress of Charles II. 
 in 1671, and on July 29, 1672, bore him a son, Charles Len- 
 nox, who was created duke of Richmond. She was nat- 
 uralized and in 1673 created duchess of Portsmouth, and 
 made lady of the bedchamber to the queen. In 1674 she 
 was granted by Louis XIV. the fief of Aubigny in Berry. 
 After the death of Charles II. she retired to Aubigny for 
 the rest of her life. 
 
 Kerr (ker), Robert. Born at Bughtridge, Rox- 
 burghshire, 1755: died at Edinburgh, Oct. 11, 
 1813. A Scottish author. He is best known for his 
 “ General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels ” 
 (28 volumes : 1811-24). 
 
 Kerry (ker'i). A maritime county in Munster, 
 Ireland. It is separated by the Shannon from Clare on 
 the north, and bounded by Limerick and Cork on the east, 
 Cork on the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean on the south- 
 west and west. It contains Macgillicuddy's Reeks and 
 the Lakes of Killamey. The chief town is Tralee. Area, 
 1,859 square miles. Population, 165,726 
 Kertch (kerch). A seaport in the eastern part 
 of the Crimea, Russia, situated on the Strait of 
 Yenikale in lat. 45° 21' N., long. 36° 28' E.: the 
 ancient Pan ticapteum. It is noted for its antiquities; 
 was an ancient Milesian colony ; was the capital of the 
 kingdom of Bosporus ; was occupied later by the Byzantine 
 empire, Genoese, Turks, etc.; passed to Russia in 1774 ; 
 and was sacked by the English and French forces in 1855. 
 Population, with Yenikale, about 33,000. 
 
 Keshab Cbandra Sen (ke-shub' chan'dra san). 
 Born 1838 : died 1884. The third groat tiieistic 
 reformer of British India, following Rammohun 
 Roy and DebeDdranath Tagore. Under ins leader- 
 ship the Bnihmasamaj or Theistic Church wasted to break 
 with almost all the traditional Hindu usages spared by 
 his predecessors, even the distinction of caste. 
 
 Kesho. See Hanoi. 
 
 Kesmark. See Edsmark. 
 
 Kesselsdorf (kes'sels-dorf). A village 5 miles 
 southwest of Dresden. Here, Dec. 15, 1745, the Prus- 
 sians under Leopold of Dessau defeated the Saxons. The 
 peace of Dresden, putting an end to the second Silesian 
 war, immediately followed. 
 
 Kestenholz (kes'ten-holts). A small town in 
 Alsace, 27 miles southwest of Strasburg. 
 Keswhawhay. See Eeresan. 
 
 Keswick (kez'ik). Atown in Cumberland, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Greta 22 miles south- 
 southwest of Carlisle. It was the residence of Southey 
 and Shelley, and is noted for its picturesque scenery. Der- 
 wentwater, Skiddaw, Borrowdale, etc., are in the neigh- 
 borhood. Population, 4,451. 
 
 Keszthely (kest'hely). A town in the county 
 of Zala, Hungary, situated on Lake Balaton 
 in lat 46° 47' N.,long. 17° 15' E. Population, 
 commune, 6,796. 
 
 Ketch (kecb), John, surnamed Jack Ketch. 
 
 Died Nov., 1686. A famous English executioner. 
 
 • On Dec. 2, 1678, his name first appears in a broadside en- 
 titled ‘ The Plotter’s Ballad, being Jack Ketch’s incom- 
 parable receipt for the cure of Traitorous Recusants, etc.” 
 “Punchinello” was about the time of his death intro- 
 duced into England from Italy, and his name passed nat- 
 urally to the executioner in the puppet-show. 
 
 Kete (ka'te), or Bakete (ba-ka'te). A widely 
 scattered Bantu tribe of the Belgian Kongo, on 
 the Kassai, Luebo, and Lubilashi rivers. Their 
 
 towns arc intermixed with those of the Bashi-lange. An 
 American Presbyterian mission has settled among them. 
 
 Ketteler (ket'tel-er), Baron Wilhelm Emanuel 
 
 von. Born at Munster, Prussia, Dec. 25, 1811 : 
 died at Burghausen, Upper Bavaria, July 13, 
 1877. A German ecclesiastic and Ultramontane 
 leader, made bishop of Mainz in 1850. 
 
 Kettering (ket'er-ing). A town in Northamp- 
 tonshire, England, 13 miles northeast of North- 
 ampton. Population, 28,653. 
 
 Kettle (ket'l), Tilly. Born at London about 
 1740 : died at Aleppo, Syria, 1786. An English 
 portrait-painter. His portraits, in the style of 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds, have some merit. 
 
 Keux. See Eay, Sir. 
 
 Kew (ku). A village in the county of Surrey, 
 England, situated on the Thames 9 miles west 
 of London. It is celebrated for its botanical gardens. 
 These originated in gardens laid out by Lord Capel about 
 the middle of the 18th century. They were extended by 
 George III., and since 1840 have been national property. 
 The extent of the gardens is 75 acres, and that of the ad- 
 joining arboretum 178 acres. 
 
 Kew Observatory. The central meteorological 
 observatory of Great Britain, it is at Old Rich- 
 mond Park, between Kew and Richmond, and was built 
 by George III. for the observation of the transit of Venus 
 in 1769, and called the “King’s Observatory." About 70 
 years after this the government determined to cease main- 
 taining it, and in 1842 it was handed over to the British 
 Association under the name of “Kew Observatory.” In 
 1871 it was transferred to the Royal Society, and is now 
 the central station of the meteorological office. 
 
 Keweenaw (ke'we-na) Bay. An arm of Lake 
 Superior, north of Michigan, about lat. 47° N., 
 long. 88° W. 
 
 Keweenaw Point. A peninsula in northern 
 Michigan, projecting into Lake Superior: noted 
 for its copper-mines. 
 
 Kew-kiang, or Kiu-kiang (ku-ke-ang'). A 
 
 city in the province of Kiangsi, China, situated 
 on the Yangtse, lat. 29° 42' N., long. 116° 8' E. 
 It exports tea. Population, about 36.000. 
 
 Key (ke), Sir Astley Cooper. Born 1821: died 
 at Maidenhead, England, March 3, 1888. A 
 British admiral. He was the son of a surgeon, Charles 
 Aston Key ; entered the navy in 1833 ; and was commis- 
 sioned lieutenant Dec. 22, 1842. He was made commander 
 at Obligado Nov. 20, 1845. He commanded the Amphion in 
 the Baltic in theRussian war 1854-55; went to China in 1857 ; 
 was made rear-admiral in 1866 ; organized the Royal Naval 
 College at Greenwich in 1872, and became its president in 
 1873 ; was made vice-admiral in 1873, and admiral in 1878 ; 
 and became first naval lord of the admiralty in 1879. 
 
 Key, Francis Scott. Born in Frederick County, 
 Maryland, Aug. 9, 1780 : died at Baltimore, 
 Jan 11, 1843. An American poet, author of 
 “ The Star-Spangled Banner.” His poems were 
 published in 1857. 
 
 Kezanlyk, or Kezanlik. See Eazanlik. 
 
 Kezdi-Vasarhely (kez'de-va'shar-hely). A 
 town in the county of Haromszek, Transylva- 
 nia, Hungary, 34 miles northeast of Kronstadt. 
 
 Khabarovka (kha-ba-rof'ka). The capital of 
 the Maritime Province, Siberia, situated at the 
 junction of the Ussuri with the Amur, about lat. 
 48° 30' N., long. 135° 30' E. 
 
 Khadijah. See Eadijah. 
 
 Khafra (khaf'ra). An Egyptian king of the 
 4th dynasty, builder of the second of the great 
 pyramids of Gizeh. His statue was removed 
 from Gizeh to Cairo in 1902. Also Eephren, 
 Cliephren, Chabryes. See Sphinx, The. 
 
 The statue of Khafra [of polished green diorite, in the 
 Gizeh palace], the founder of the Second Pyramid, which 
 is remarkable not only for its great age — sixty centuries at 
 least — but. for its breadth and majesty, as well as for the 
 finish of its details. It is therefore a rare object. It also 
 throws an unexpected light across the history of Egyptian 
 Art, and shows that six thousand years ago the Egyptian 
 artist had but little more progress to make. 
 
 Mariette, Outlines, p. 111. 
 
 Khaibar Pass. See Ehyber Pass. 
 
 Khairabad, or Khyrabad (kl-ra-bad'). The 
 capital of Sitapur district, United Provinces, 
 British India, 50 miles north, of Lucknow. Pop- 
 ulation, 13,774. 
 
 Khairpur, or Khyrpur (ldr-por'). A native 
 state in Sind, India, under British protection, 
 intersected by lat. 27° N., long. 69° E. Area, 
 6,050 square miles. Population, 199,313. 
 
 Khalid (cha'led), or Kaled (ka'led). Died at 
 Emesa, Syria . 642 a. d. A Saracen general, sur- 
 n am ed “ th e S word of God . ” He com manded the Mec- 
 can force which defeated Mohammed at Ohod in 626. He 
 a f terward became a follower of the prophet, and was placed 
 by Mohammed’s successor, Abu-Bekr, in command of an ex- 
 pedition against Syria. He defeated the Byzantine army 
 in a decisive battle on the Hieromax (Yarmuk) and cap- 
 tured Damascus in 626. 
 
 Khamil (cha-mel'), or Hami (ha-me'). A town 
 in Eastern Turkestan, about lat. 42° 50' N., 
 long. 93° 30' E. 
 
 Khandesh (khan-desk'), or Candeish (-dash'). 
 A district in Bombay, British India, intersected 
 by lat. 21° N.,long. 75° E. Area, 10,041 square 
 miles. Population, 1,427,382. 
 
 Khandwa (khund'wa),orKhundwa, or Cund- 
 wah (kund'wa). The capital of Nimar district, 
 Central Provinces, British India, situated in 
 lat. 21° 50' N., long. 76° 22' E. 
 
 Kbania. See Canea. 
 
 Khanpur (khan-por'). A town in the state of 
 Bhawalpur, India, situated in lat. 28° 39' N. , 
 long. 70° 41' E. 
 
 Key, Thomas Hewitt.^Born at London, March Khan Tengri (khan ten'gre). The highest peak 
 on i - - 1 - - 1 •*’ XT “ ~' nr7r 4 of the Thian-Shan Mountains, central Asia (24,- 
 
 000 feet). 
 
 20, 1799 : died there, Nov. 29, 1875. An Eng- 
 lish Latin scholar. In 1826 he was made professor of 
 
 mathematics in the University of Virginia, but returned Kharezm (kha-rezm'). A country of central 
 to England in 1827. In 1828 he was appointed professor ... . v , , - - - - - 
 
 of Latin in London University, and in 1842 professor of 
 comparative grammar. He was also head-master of the 
 school attached to University College from 1842 until his 
 death. Hepublisheda“LatinGrammar”(1846). HisLatin 
 dictionary appeared in 1888. 
 
 Keyes (kez), Erasmus Darwin. Born at Brim- 
 field, Mass., May 29, 1810: died Oct. 14, 1895. 
 An American general. He graduated at West Point 
 in 1832 ; was military secretary to General Scott 1860-61 ; 
 and became major-general of volunteers in the Union army 
 in 1862. He commanded a brigade at Bull Run, July 21, 
 1831, and a corps at the battle of Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. 
 He published “Fifty Years’ Observation of Men and 
 Events" (1884). 
 
 Key Islands. See Eei Islands , 
 
 Asia, lying about the lower Oxus and the Aral 
 and Caspian seas. Its monarchs for a short period at 
 the beginning of the 13th century ruled over a large part 
 of central Asia. Also Khwarezm, Khoravesmia, etc. 
 
 Kharkoff (char-kof '). 1. A government of Rus- 
 sia, surrounded by the governments of Kursk, 
 Voronezh, Province of the Don Cossacks, Ye- 
 katerinoslaff, and Pultowa. Area, 21,041 square 
 miles. Population, 3,118,700. — 2. The capital 
 of the government of Kharkoff, situated on the 
 Udyin lat. 50° N., long. 36° 11' E. it has flourish- 
 ing fairs, trade, and manufactures, and is the seat of a uni- 
 versity. The city was founded in 1650, and has been a 
 center of Nihilism. Population, 173,989. 
 
 Key of Christendom. A name once given to Kharput (char-pot'), orHarpoot (har-pot'). A 
 Buda, Hungary, from its strategically impor- town in Kurdistan, Asiatic Turkey, 70 miles 
 tant position between Germany and Turkey. northwest of Diarbekir. Population, estimated, 
 Key of India. Herat. * about 30,000. 
 
 Key of Russia. A name sometimes given to Khartum, or Khartoum (char-tom'). A city in 
 Smolensk. Nubia, situated at the union of the White Nile 
 
 Key of the Gulf. A name sometimes given to and Blue Nile, in lat. 15° 40' N., long. 32° 35' E. 
 Cuba, on account of its position at the entrance It was founded by JMehemet Ali in 1823, and was formerly 
 of the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Key of the Mediterranean. A name some- 
 times given to Gibraltar. 
 
 the capital of the Egyptian Sudan and an important com- 
 mercial center. It was occupied by Gordon in 1884-85, 
 and taken by the troops of the Mahdi Jan. 26 , 1885. It was 
 reentered by the British Sept, i, 1898. Population, 25.000. 
 
 ^ nat „ 1 - 01 - Khasia and Jaintia Hills. A district in As- 
 
 sam, India, under British control, intersected 
 by lat. 25° 30' N., long. 91° 30' E. Area, 6,027 
 square miles. Population, 202,250. 
 
 Khaskioi (chiis-ki-oi'), or Haskovo (has-ko'- 
 vo). A town in Eastern Rumelia, Bulgaria, 
 about 45 miles southeast of Philippopolis. Pop- 
 ulation, 15,105. 
 
 Khassi. See Tigrc. 
 
 Khatmandu, or Katmandu, or Catmandoo 
 
 (kat-man-do'). The capital of Nepal, situated 
 
 Pennsylvania, the central State of the original 
 thirteen. 
 
 Key West (ke west), Sp. Cayo Hueso (ki'o 
 wa'so) (‘Bone Reef’). 1- -Aji island, one of 
 the Florida Keys, belonging to Monroe County, 
 Florida, situated 60 miles southwest of Cape 
 Sable. Length, 7 miles. The population is 
 largely of Cuban and Bahaman descent. — 2. 
 A seaport and the capital of Monroe County, and 
 the southernmost town in the United States, 
 situated on the island of Key West in lat. 24° 
 33' N., long. 81° 48' W. It is an important United 
 States naval station, and manufactures cigars. Popula- 
 tion, 19,946, (1910). 
 
 about lat. 27° 42' N., long. 85° 12' E. Popula- 
 tion, estimated, 80,000. 
 
 Khazars. See Chazars. 
 
Khelat 
 
 Khelat, or Kelat (ke-lat'). The capital of Balu- 
 chistan, situated about lat. 29° 2' N., long. 66° 
 35' E. It was taken by the British 1839 anti 1840, and in 
 1888 Khelat and its territory were incorporated with Brit- 
 ish India. The chief part of Baluchistan is under the 
 suzerainty of the Khan of Khelat. Population of the 
 town, estimated, 2,000. 
 
 Khem (ehem). An Egyptian divinity. See the 
 extract. 
 
 Khem, the generative principle and universal nature, 
 was represented as a phallic figure. He was the god of 
 Coptos . . . and the Pan of Chemmis (Panopolis) — the 
 Egyptian Pan, who, as Herodotus justly observes (ch. 145, 
 book ii.), was one of the eight great gods. 
 
 Raivlinson, Herod., II. 285. 
 
 Khemnitzer. See Chemnitzer. 
 
 Kheraskoff (che-ras-kof'), Mikhail. Born 
 Oct. 25, 1733 : died at Moscow, Oct. 9, 1806. A 
 Russian epic poet. He wrote “Rossiada” in 
 12 books, and “Vladimir” in 18 books, besides 
 minor poems. 
 
 Kheri (khe -re ' ) . A district in the U nited Prov- 
 inces, British India, intersected by lat. 28° N., 
 long. 81° E. Area, 2,963 sq. m. Pop., 905,138. 
 Kherson (cher-son'). 1. A government of soutb- 
 ern Russia, surrounded by the Black Sea and 
 the governments of Bessarabia, Podolia, Kieff, 
 Yekaterinoslaff, and Taurida. Area, 27,337 
 square miles. Population, 3,348,200. — 2. The 
 capital of the government of Kherson, situ- 
 ated on the Dnieper in lat. 46° 39' N., long. 
 32° 35' E. It was founded by Potemkin in 
 1778. Population, 59,076. 
 
 Kheta. See Hittites. 
 
 Kheyr-ed-Din Barbarossa. See Barbarossa. 
 Khilidromi (ke-le-dro'me), or Khiliodromia. 
 
 An island in the gEgeah Sea, belonging to 
 Greece, east of Skopelos and north of Euboea : 
 probably the ancient Peparethus or Halon- 
 nesus. Length, 13 miles. 
 
 Khita. See Hittites. 
 
 Khiva (che'va). 1. A khanate of central Asia, 
 situated in the valley of the lower Oxus, bor- 
 dering on Bokhara on the southeast, and nearly 
 surrounded by Russian territory. It is governed 
 by a khan, vassal (since 1873) of Russia. The leading races 
 are Uzbegs, Sarts, Turkomans, and liberated Persians. The 
 religion is Mohammedan. Khiva was part of the ancient 
 Kharezm. It was unsuccessfully attacked by Russia in 
 1717 and 1339, and conquered by Russia in 1873. Area, 
 estimated, 24,000 square miles. Population, estimated, 
 800,000. 
 
 2. The capital of the khanate of Khiva, in 
 lat. 41° 23' N., long. 60° E. Population, about 
 
 5,000. 
 
 Khnum. An Egyptian deity. See Ita. 
 Khodjend, or Khojend (eho-jend'). Atown in 
 Sir-Daria, Turkestan, Asiatic Russia, situated 
 on the Sir-Daria 76 miles west-southwest of 
 Khokand. Population, 31,881. 
 
 Khoi, or Choi (choi). A town in the province 
 of Azerbaijan, Persia, situated on the Kotur in 
 lat. 38° 32' N., long. 45° 8' E. Near this place, in 
 1514, the Turks under Selim I. defeated the Persians un- 
 der Ismail. Population, estimated, 25,000. 
 
 Khoikhoin (koi-koin'). The native name of the 
 Hottentots. By their Bantu neighbors they are called 
 Balawu or Balao. They occupy the southwestern ex- 
 tremity of Africa, mostly in German territory and in the 
 Pape Colony. (Fortheir physical appearance, see Hottentot- 
 Bushmen.) Though involved in relentless wars with the 
 white intruders, with Bantu neighbors, and with people 
 of their own kin, they have maintained themselves to this 
 day, and are not decreasing. They have subjugated a 
 Bantu tribe, the Hill Daraara, forced upon it their own 
 language, and almost destroyed another Bantu tribe, the 
 Ovaherero. Most of them are now semi-civilized. The 
 principal tribes are that of the Cape (spearing Dutch), 
 the Korana, the Griqua or Bastards (half-breeds of mixed 
 Hottentot and Dutch blood), the Gonaqua in the Eastern 
 Province, and the Namaqua in German Southwest Africa. 
 The last is the strongest tribe, numbering about 350,030. 
 The main features of the Khoikhoin language are — (1) In 
 phonology : (a) the clicks which form an integral part of 
 the words ; (») the musical tones by which several mean- 
 ings of a monosyllabic root are differentiated. (2) In mor- 
 phology : (c) monosyllabic roots ; (d) three grammatic gen- 
 ders and three numbers ; (e) the masculine and feminine 
 letters identical with the Hamitie ; (/) the use of post- 
 positions as in the Hamitie family. Exceedingly rich in 
 grammatical forms and in word-store, the Khoikhoin dia- 
 lects are also well provided withfolk-tales, animal stories, 
 and proverbs, many of which have been collected, but few 
 publi died. See Hottentots and Bantu. 
 
 Khojend. See Khodjend. 
 
 Khokand (cho-kiind'). 1. A former khanate 
 of Turkestan, now the territory of Ferghana 
 in Asiatic Russia: annexed by Russia in 1876. — 
 2. The chief town of the territory of Ferghana, 
 Turkestan, Asiatic Russia, situated in lat. 40° 
 32' N., long. 70° 50' E. It is an important trad- 
 ing center. Population, 81,354. 
 
 Khons, or Chons. See Klmns. 
 
 Khonsar (chon-sar'). A town in the province 
 of Irak-Ajemi, Persia, 73 miles northwest of 
 Ispahan. Population, about 12,000. 
 
 569 
 
 Khoramabad (cho-ra-ma-bad'). Thecapitalof 
 the province of Luristan, Persia, situated in lat. 
 33° 30' N., long. 48° 25' E. Population, esti- 
 mated, 6,000. 
 
 Khorasan, or Khorassan (cho-ra-san'). A 
 province of northeastern Persia, bordering on 
 Asiatic Russia on the north and Afghanistan 
 on the east. Capit al, Meshhed. it is largely a des- 
 ert, and has suffered from invasions at all periods of his- 
 tory. Area, estimated, 120,000 square miles. Population, 
 estimated, 800,000 to 900,000. 
 
 Khorsabad (khor-sa-bad'). A village with a 
 mound of ruins on the site of Dur-Sharukin 
 (‘wall or city of Sargon’), a city founded by 
 Sargon, king of Assyria, 722-705 B. c. it is about 
 4 hours distant from ancient Nineveh, at the foot of the 
 Jebel-el-Maklub, and about 12 miles northeast of Mosul. 
 Between the years 1843 and 1845 Emil Botta, then French 
 consul at Mosul, discovered in the mound the palace of 
 Sargon, the wallsof which were lined with bas-reliefs con- 
 taining a full record of Sargon’s reign ; and Botta’s suc- 
 cessor, Victor Place, excavated in 1852 the gates of the 
 city, which were supported by gigantic winged bulls. The 
 sculptures are now in the Louvre at Paris. 
 
 Khosru. See Khusrau. 
 
 Khotan (cho-tan'), or Ilchi (el-che'). A town 
 in Eastern Turkestan, situated in latitude 
 37° 10' N., longitude 80° 2' E. Population, 
 estimated, 40,000. 
 
 Khotin. See Chotin. 
 
 Khufu (ko'fo). An Egyptian king of the 4th 
 dynasty, builder of the great pyramid at Gizeh. 
 See Pyramid. He lived about 2800-2700 B. C. according 
 to Lepsius ; about 370J B. c. according to Brugsch. Also 
 Cheops, Kheops, Chembes, Euphis. 
 
 Khumbaba (kum-ba'ba), or Chumbaba, or 
 Humbaba. In the Izdubar legends, or “Nim- 
 rod Epic,” represented as the last Elamitic ruler 
 of Babylonia in Erech, who was slain by Izdu- 
 bar and his friend Ea-bani (see these names 
 and Nimrod). 
 
 Khu-n-Aten. See Amenhotep IV. 
 
 Khuns (khons), or Khonsu (khon'so). In Egyp- 
 tian mythology, the son of Annm-Ra and Mut, 
 who form with him the Theban triad. He is a 
 lunar deity, and as such wears the disk and crescent of the 
 moon, his inferior place being further marked by the 
 child's plaited side lock. Occasionally, however, he is 
 shown as hawk-headed, and thus associated with the sun. 
 
 Khons, the 3rd member of the Great Triad of Thebes, com- 
 posed of Amun, Maut, and Khons their offspring. He is 
 supposed to be a character of Hercules, and also of the 
 Moon. In the Etymologicum Magnum, Hercules is called 
 Chon. Bawlinson, Herod., II. 286. 
 
 Khurja (kor'ja). A town in Bulandshahr dis- 
 trict, Northwest Provinces, British India, 50 
 miles southeast of Delhi. Population, about 
 
 29,000. 
 
 Khusrau (khus-rou'), or Khosru (kos-ro'), or 
 Cbosroes (kos'ro-ez). [See Kaikhusrau.) As 
 Kaikhusrau, the thirteenth Iranian king of the 
 Shahnamah (see Kaikhusrau ); in history, the 
 name of the twenty-first and twenty -third Sas- 
 Sanian kings. Khusrau I. (called Nushirvan, ‘ the gen- 
 erous mind’) reigned 531-579. He had several wars with 
 the Romans. At the conclusion of the first in 532 or 533, 
 Justinian purchased peace by an annual tribute of 440,000 
 pieces of gold. One of the conditions imposed by Khus- 
 rau was that seven Greek philosophers who were pagans 
 should be allowed to live in the Roman Empire wilhout 
 persecution. At the close of t! i e second war (540-561) J us- 
 tinian promised an annual tribute of 40, COO pieces of gold, 
 and received in return the cession of Colchis and Lazica. 
 Khusrau died before the end of the third war, which be- 
 gan in 571. He was one of the greatest kings of Persia. 
 His empire extended from the Indus to the Red 8c a, and 
 large portions of central Asia, perhaps also a part of east- 
 ern Europe, recognized him as their king. He was des- 
 potic and cruel but firm, encouraging agriculture, trade, 
 and learning. He caused various Greek, Latin, and San- 
 skrit works to be translated into Persian. Khusrau II. 
 (surnamed Parviz or Parveez, ‘the generous ’) reigned5C0 or 
 691-C28. He recovered the throne of hisfatherHormisdas 
 IV. with the aid of the Byzantine emperor Maurice. After 
 the murder of Maurice, Khusrau made war upon the ty- 
 r nt Phoeas, conquering Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, 
 Egypt, and Asia Minor, finally encamping at Chalcedon, 
 opposite Constantinople. Heraclius saved the empire, re- 
 covering the lost provinces and carrying the war into Per- 
 s'a. Worn out, Khusrau resolved in 628 to abdicate in 
 favor of his son Merdaza; but Shirvah or Siroes, his eldest 
 son, anticipating the design, put his father to death. No 
 Persian king lived so splendidly as Khusrau II. 
 
 Khuzistan (cho-zis-tan'). A province of west- 
 ern Persia, bounded by Luristan on the north 
 andnortheast, Farsistan on the east, the Persian 
 Gulf on the south, and Turkey on the west. It 
 was the ancient Susiana. 
 
 Khyber (chl'ber) Pass. A narrow and difficult 
 mountain pass in eastern Afghanistan, leading 
 from Fort Jummd to Dakka, and commanding 
 the route from Peshawar to Kabul, it has been 
 an important strategic point. It was traversed by Alex- 
 ander the Great and by many later armies, including the 
 British forces in the two Afghan wars. Also Khybar, Khai- 
 bar, etc. 
 
 Khyrabad. See Khairabad. 
 
 Khyrpur. See Khairpur. 
 
 Kielce 
 
 Kiakhta (ke-ach'ta). A town in the govern- 
 ment. of Transbaikalia, Siberia, situated in lat. 
 50° 10' N., long. 106° 50' E. It has border trade 
 with China, particularly in tea. 
 
 Kiang-si (kyang'se'). A province of China, 
 bounded by Hu-peh and Ngan-hui on the north, 
 Che-kiang and Fu-kien on the east, Kwang- 
 tnng on the south, and Hu-nan on the west. 
 Area, 69,480 square miles. Pop., 26,532,125. 
 Kiang-SU (kyang'so'). A province of China, 
 bounded by Shan-tung on the north, the Yellow 
 Sea on the east, Che-kiang on the south, and 
 Honan and Ngan-hui on the west. Area, 38,- 
 600 square miles. Population, 13,980,235. 
 Kiao-chau (ki-ao-chou'). A city and seaport of 
 the province of Shan-tung, China, it was occupied 
 by Germany in 1897, and, with adjoining territory amount- 
 ing to about 200 square miles, became a German protec- 
 torate in 1898. 
 
 Kickapoo (kik'a-po). [Ph, also Kickapoos : < 
 Kiwigapaw, he stands about.] An Algonkian 
 tribe of North American Indians, formerly of 
 the Ohio valley, and prominent in the history 
 of the region to the end of the War of 1812. in 
 1852 many went to Texas and afterward to Mexico, and 
 in 1873 some were brought back and settled in the Indian 
 Territory. 
 
 Kidd (kid), Captain William. Born probably 
 at Greenock, Scotland: hanged at Execution 
 Dock, London, May 23, 1701. A notorious pi- 
 rate. In 1695, on the recommendation of Robert Living- 
 stone, a colonist, Richard Coote, earl of Bellamont, gov- 
 ernor of Massachusetts Bay, placed Kidd in command of a 
 privateer with a special commission to suppress piracy. 
 Beilamont, Orford, Somers, Romney, and Shrewsbury were 
 to pay the greater part of the cost. His ship, the Adven- 
 ture, sailed from Plymouth for New York, May, 1696, and 
 from New York to Madagascar. It was soon reported, how- 
 ever, that Kidd had become a pirate himself, and when he 
 returned to Boston, July, 16: 9, he was arrested. He pre- 
 tended that he had been overpowered by his crew, and that 
 acts of piracy had been committed against his will, and 
 that other ships had been taken under French passes. He 
 failed, however, to give a satisfactory account of the Queda 
 Merchant, his last prize. Kidd and several of his crew 
 were sent to England and were tried at the Old Bailey and 
 executed. A portion of the Qaeda Merchant’s treasure 
 was buried on Gardiner’s Island, New York, and is popu- 
 larly supposed never to have been recovered, but was re- 
 moved by the colonial authorities in 1699. 
 Kidderminster (kid'er-min-ster). A town in 
 Worcestershire, England, situated on the Stour 
 16 miles southwest of Birmingham, it is noted 
 
 for the manufacture of carpets. The town is associated 
 with Richard Baxter. Population, 24,681. 
 
 Kidnapped. A novel byR. L. Stevenson, pub- 
 lished in 1886. 
 
 Kidron. See Kedron. 
 
 Kieff(ke'ef),orKiev(k§'ev). 1. Agovernment 
 of southwestern Russia, surrounded by the gov- 
 ernments of Volhynia, Minsk, Tchernigoff, Pul- 
 towa, Kherson, and Podolia. The soil is fer- 
 tile. Area, 19,676 square miles. Population, 
 
 4,355,000. — 2. The capital of the government 
 of Kieff, situated on the Dnieper in lat. 50° 26' 
 N., long. 30° 35' E. It is called the “mother city 
 of Russia.” The Cathedral of St. Sophia, founded in 
 1017 and restored in the 14th century after injury by the 
 Tatars, was finally put in repair in 1850. It was originally 
 a reproduction of St. Sophia at Constantinople on a scale 
 of one fourth, and this original structure remains almost 
 intact, but subsequent additions on all sides have made 
 the church much larger. The plan is almost a square ; 
 the interior height is 73) feet; the height of the cross on 
 the highestof the 7 domes, 154 feet. The main part of the 
 interior is a Greek cross with arms 96 feet long and 26 
 wide. Nearly all the walls and arches are covered with 
 mosaics on a gold ground, some of them Byzantine. The 
 figure of the Virgin occupying the semi-dome of the chief 
 apse is especially noteworthy. There are many curious 
 frescos in the galleries and subsidiary parts of the church. 
 There is a very fine old crypt. The Pecherskoi monastery 
 (with its catacombs) and the university are also of inter- 
 est. Thecitywas thecapitalof the grand princes of Kieff ; 
 was sacked by the Mongols in 1240 ; passed later to Lithua- 
 nia and Poland ; and was annexed to Prussia in the 17th 
 century. Population, 319,000. 
 
 Kieff (ke'ef), Grand Principality of. A grand 
 rineipality of Russia in the middle ages. Hn- 
 er Oleg (about 900) the seat of the Varangian power was 
 transferred to Kieff. After 1054 it was regarded as the 
 head of the other Russian principalities. From themiddle 
 of the 12th century it lost its preeminence. It fell later to 
 the Tatars and Lithuanians, and finally to Russia. 
 
 Kiel (kel). A seaport in the province of Schles- 
 wig-Holstein, Prussia, situated on Kiel harbor 
 in lat. 54? 19' N., long. 10° 9' E. It is the chief 
 
 German naval station in the Baltic, and the principal city 
 of the province ; has one of the finest harbors in Europe ; 
 and is the terminus of a canal to the North Sea, opened 
 1895. Docks and quays have been recently greatly de- 
 veloped. It has several art and other museums and a 
 university. A peace was concluded here, Jan. 14, 1814, by 
 which Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden and Helgoland 
 to Great Britain, and received Swedish Pomerania and 
 Riigen from Sweden. Pop., commune, 208,845, (1910). 
 Kielce (ke-elt'se). 1. A government of Poland, 
 Russia, hounded by Piotrkoft and Radom on 
 the north, Austria-Hungary on the east and 
 south, and Prussia on the west. Area, 3,897 
 
570 
 
 Kielce 
 
 square miles. Population, 941,000. — 2. The 
 capital of the government of Kielce, situated 
 96 miles south by west of Warsaw. Popula- 
 tion, 23,178. 
 
 Kielland (chel'and), Alexander Lange.. Born 
 
 at Stavanger, Norway, Feb. 18, 1849: died 
 April 6, 1906. A Norwegian novelist. He studied 
 
 at the University of Christiania, and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1872, but never practised law. In 1889 he edited the 
 “ Stavanger Avis," and in 1891 became burgomaster of Stav- 
 anger. Among his works are “Novelletter” (1879), “Nye 
 Novelletter” (1880), “Garman og Worse” (1880), “Arbeids- 
 folk”(1881), “ Else ” (1881), “Skipper Worse "(1882), “Gift" 
 (1883), “Fortuna” (1884), “Sne” (1886), “Sankt Hans 
 Fest ” (1887), “ Jakob ” (1891). 
 
 Kiepert (ke'pert), Heinrich. Born at Berlin, 
 July 31, 1818: died there, April 21, 1899. A 
 noted German geographer and chartographer, 
 professor at the University of Berlin. He pub- 
 lished “Atlas von Hellas” (1840-46; revised ed. 1871), 
 “Karte von Kleinasien” (1843-45), “Neuer Handatlasder 
 Erde” (1857-61), “Atlas Antiquus” (revised ed. 1886), etc. 
 
 Kiev. See Kieff. 
 
 Kiffa (kif'fa). [Ar. lciffa, a scale-pan.] A name 
 of two stars a and ft Librae, both of the second 
 magnitude. The former is Kiffa Australis ; the 
 latter, Kiffa Borealis. They are also known as 
 Zuben al-jeniibi (a) and Zuben al-shemdli (,3). 
 
 Kikinda (ke'ken-do), Nagy. A town in the 
 county of Torontal, Hungary. Population, 
 commune, 24,843. 
 
 Kikuyu (ke-ko'yo). See Kamba. 
 
 Kilauea (ke-lou-a'a). An active volcano in the 
 island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, about 30 
 miles southwest of Hilo. Height, about 4,000 
 feet. Circumference of crater, about 8 miles. 
 
 Kildare (kil-dar'). 1. A county in Leinster, 
 Ireland, bounded by Westmeath and Meath 
 on the north, Dublin and Wicklow on the east, 
 Carlow on the south, and King’s County and 
 Queen’s County on the west. It is famous for 
 its antiquities. Area, 654 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 63,566. — 2. A decayed town, of an- 
 cient political and ecclesiastical importance, 
 in County Kildare. 
 
 Kilham (kil'am), Alexander. Born at Ep- 
 worth, Lincolnshire, July 10, 1762: died at Not- 
 tingham, Dec. 20, 1798. The founder of the 
 “Methodist New Connection.” On Wesley’s death 
 (March 2, 1791), Kilham became a leader of the party op- 
 posed to the established church. He was expelled from 
 the “Connection,” and in 1797, with three Methodist 
 preachers and a few laymen, established at Leeds the 
 “ New Methodist Connection.” 
 
 Kilhamites (kil'am-its). The members of the 
 “New Connection of Wesleyan Methodists”: 
 so called from Alexander Kilham (1762-98), the 
 founder of the organization. 
 
 Kilia (ke'le-a). 1. The northern mouth of the 
 Danube. — 2. A town in the government of Bes- 
 sarabia, Russia, situated on the Kilia arm of the 
 Danube, 97 miles southwest of Odessa. Popu- 
 lation, over 12,000. 
 
 Kilikia. See Cilicia. 
 
 Kilimanjaro (kil-e-man-ja'ro), or Kilima 
 Njaro. The highest known mountain of Africa, 
 situated about lat. 3° 5' S., long. 37° 15' E. it 
 has two summits, connected by a saddle of lava. It was 
 ascended by Meyer and Furtscheller in 1889. Height, 
 19,780 feet. 
 
 Kilkenny (kil-ken'i). 1 . A county in Leinster, 
 Ireland, bounded by Queen’s County on the 
 north, Carlow and Wexford on the east, Water- 
 ford on the south, and Tippera ry on the west. 
 Area, 801 square miles. Population, 79,159. — 
 2. The capital of County Kilkenny, situ- 
 ated on the Nore 63 miles southwest of 
 Dublin. Its chief buildings are the castle, founded in 
 the 12th century by Strongbow, some. of whose towers 
 still remain (now a seat of the Marquis of Ormonde) ; and 
 the cathedral, founded in 1180, a fine Early English build- 
 ing of medium size. It has a large, low, central tower. 
 The western facade presents a large window beneath 
 which are three quatrefoils, and a fine doorway of two tre- 
 foil-headed openings and a traceried tympanum. Close 
 to the south transept rises an old Irish round tower, 100 
 feet high and 16 in base diameter. The entrance is 8 feet 
 above the ground. Population, 10,609. 
 
 Killaloe (kil-a-lo'). A small town in County 
 Clare, Ireland, situated on the Shannon 12 miles 
 northeast of Limerick. It contains a cathedral, a 
 handsome cruciform 12th-century structure, with central 
 tower, and a recessed Romanesque doorway, elaborately 
 sculptured. In the churchyard stands a curious Irish 
 stone-roofed church. 
 
 Killarney (ki-lar'ni) . A town in Co. Kerry, Ire- 
 land, 46 miles west-northwest of Cork. In the neigh- 
 borhood are the Lakes of Killarney, a chain of three small 
 lakes, celebrated for their beauty. Population, 5,656. 
 
 Killiecrankie (kil-i-krang'ki). A pass in Perth- 
 shire, Scotland, 26 miles northwest of Perth. 
 Here, July 17, 1689, the Highlanders under Viscount Dun- 
 dee (Claverhouse) defeated the government forces under 
 Mackay. Dundee was killed in the battle. 
 
 Killigrew (kil'i-gro), Thomas. Born in Loth- 
 
 bury, London, Feb. 7, 1612: died at Whitehall, 
 London, March 19, 1683. An English dramatist, 
 brother of Sir William Killigrew. Hewasapageof 
 Charles I., and remained loyal to him and his successor. 
 He produced and wrote many new plays and built several 
 theaters. He is, however, best remembered as a wit. 
 Among his plays are “Claracilla” (printed 1641), “The 
 Parson's Wedding ” (1644), etc. 
 
 Killigrew, Thomas, known as “the younger.” 
 Born in Feb., 1657: died July 21, 1719. An Eng- 
 lish dramatist, son of Thomas Killigrew (1612- 
 1683). He wrote “ Chit Chat ” (1719), etc. 
 Killigrew, Sir William. Baptized at Haworth, 
 near London, May 28, 1606 : died at London, 
 1695. An English poet and dramatist. Among 
 his works are “Three Playes” (1665), “Four 
 New Playes” (1666), sonuets, etc. 
 
 Killington Peak (kil'ing-ton pek). A peak of 
 the Green Mountains in Rutland County, Ver- 
 mont, 7 miles east of Rutland: 4,241 feet. 
 Killis (kil'lis). A town in the vilayet of Aleppo, 
 Asiatic Turkey, 34 miles north of Aleppo. Pop- 
 ulation, about 6,000. 
 
 Kilmainham (kil-man'am). A western suburb 
 of Dublin. In the government prison here C. S. 
 Parnell was confined in 1882. 
 
 Kilmansegg (kil'man-seg), Miss. In Thomas 
 Hood’s humorous poem so named, an heiress 
 with a golden leg. 
 
 Who can forget her auspicious pedigree, her birth, chris- 
 tening and childhood, her accident, her precious leg, her 
 fancy ball, her marriage h la mode, followed in swift suc- 
 cession by the Hogarthian pictures of her misery and 
 death? ’ E. C. Stedman, V ict. Poets, p. 80. 
 
 Kilmarnock (kil-mar'nok). A town in Ayr- 
 shire, Scotland, situated on Kilmarnock Water 
 20 miles southwest of Glasgow, it manufactures 
 carpets, and was formerly noted for the manufacture of 
 “ Kilmarnock cowls.” The town contains relics of Burns. 
 The Kilmarnock districtof burghs, returning 1 member to 
 Parliament, comprises Kilmarnock, Dumbarton, Port- 
 Glasgoxv, Renfrew, and Rutherglen. Population, 34,161. 
 
 Kilpatrick (kil-pat'rik), Hugh Judson. Born 
 near Deckertown, N. J., Jan. 14, 1836: died at 
 Valparaiso, Chile, Dec. 4, 1881. A Union general 
 in the American Civil War. He graduated at West 
 Point in 1861, and became brigadier-general of volunteers 
 in 1863, and major-general in 1865. He commanded the 
 cavalry of Sherman’s army in the march from Atlanta to 
 Savannah in 1864. He was minister to Chile 1865-70 and 
 1881. 
 
 Kilrush (kil-rush ). A small seaport and water- 
 ing-place in County Clare, Ireland, situated on 
 the Shannon 36 miles west of Limerick. 
 Kilsyth (kil-slth ' ) . A town in Stirlingshire, Scot- 
 land, 10 miles northeast of Glasgow. Here, Aug. 
 15, 1645, the Royalists under Montrose defeated the C'ovo- 
 nanters. Population, 7,331. 
 
 Kilwa (kel'wii), or Quiloa (ke'lo-a). A seaport 
 in German East Africa, situated on an island off 
 the coast, in lat. 8° 58' S., long. 39° 31' E. it was 
 
 founded by the Arabs in the 10th century, and the Portu- 
 guese became established there in 1508. Population, about 
 10 , 000 . 
 
 Kilwinning (kil-win'ing). A town in Ayrshire, 
 Scotland, situated on the Garnoek 22 miles 
 southwest of Glasgow. It is noted for its ruined ab- 
 bey, and as the earliest seat of Scottish freemasonry. Popu- 
 lation, 4,439. 
 
 Kimball (kim'bal), Richard Burleigh. Born 
 at Plainfield, N. H., Oct. 11, 1816 : died at New 
 York, Dec. 28, 1892. An American author. He 
 founded tile town of Kimball in Texas ; built part of tile 
 first railroad in that State, running from Galveston, and 
 was its president from 1854-60. He wrote “ St. Leger, etc.” 
 (1850), “Lettersfrom Cuba ” (1850), “Undercurrents of Wall 
 Street" (1861), “Was He Successful ?” (1863), “Stories of 
 Exceptional Life ”(1887), etc. At the time of his death he 
 had completed “ Half a Century of Recollections.” 
 Kimberley (kim'ber-li). [Named from the Earl 
 of Kimberley. ] The capital of Griqualand W est, 
 Cape of Good Hope. It has been developed by the 
 diamond-mining industry. The diamond-fields were first 
 worked in 1871. During the Boer War it withstood a 
 siege Oct. 15, 1899-Feb. 15, 1900. Population, 34,331. 
 
 Kimberley, Earl of. See Wodehouse. 
 Kimblindu (kem-bon'do). The native language 
 of the Ambundu, or Angola nation, spoken be- 
 tween the Lufuni (Lifune), Kuango, and Longa 
 rivers, West Africa. With the civilized and semi-civ- 
 ilized Angolans this language has extended as a trade lan- 
 guage throughout Lunda and Lubuku, and accompanied 
 Portuguese authorities and settlements to the Benguella, 
 Mossamedes, and Kongo districts of theprovinceof Angola. 
 In the islands of S. Thom 6 and Principe, just north of the 
 equator, it is the general language of the plantation hands, 
 being also understood by the natives of these islands. The 
 dialects of Loanda and Mbaka prevail for intertribal and 
 literary use. The other dialects are Kisama, Lubolo, Haku, 
 Songo, Umbangala or Kasan j i, Mbondo,Ngola, and Mbam ba. 
 See these names and Umbundu. 
 
 Kimchi (kim'ke), or Kimhi (kim'ke), David. 
 See Karachi. 
 
 Kimmerians. See Cimmerians. 
 
 Kimmeridge (kim'er-ij). A locality in the Isle 
 of Purbeck, England, which gives name to the 
 
 King George’s Sound 
 
 geological formation Kimmeridge clay, in the 
 Upper Oolite. 
 
 Kimpolung (kim-po-long'), or Kimpulung 
 
 (kim-po-long'). A town in Wallachia, Rumania, 
 81 miles northwest of Bukharest. In the neigh- 
 borhood is the German colony Eisenau. Pop- 
 ulation, 13,439. 
 
 Kinburn (kin-bom'). A former fortress in the 
 government of Taurida, Russia, situated at the 
 mouth of the Dnieper estuary, 39 miles east of 
 Odessa. 
 
 Kincardine (kin-kar 'din), or The Mearns 
 (marnz). A maritime county of Scotland, hound- 
 ed by Aberdeen on the north, the North Sea on 
 the east, and Forfar on the southwest. Area. 
 381 square miles. Pop. (civil county), 40,918. 
 Kinchinjinga. See Kunchinjinga. 
 
 Kind-hart’s Dream. A pamphlet written by 
 Henry Chettle in 1592. in the preface is the first 
 allusion to Shakspere after that in Greene’s “ Groatsworth 
 of Wit”: “Because myselfe haue seene his demeanor no 
 less ciuill than he exclent in the qualite he professes : be- 
 sides diuers of worship haue reported his vprightness of 
 dealing, which argues his honesty, and his facetious grace 
 in writ ting, that approues his art.” 
 
 Kind Keeper, The. See Limberham. 
 
 King (king), Charles. Born atNewYork, March 
 16, 1789 : died at Frascati, Italy, Sept. 27, 1867 
 An American journalist and educator, son of Ru- 
 fus King : president of Columbia College 1849- 
 1864. 
 
 King, Edward. Born at Cork, Nov. 16, 1795 : died 
 at Dublin, Feb. 27, 1837. An Irish writer on 
 Mexican antiquities. He was a son of thethird Earl of 
 Kingston, and by courtesy had the title of Viscount Kings- 
 borough. Most of his active life was devoted to his illus- 
 trated work “Antiquities of Mexico ” (9 vols. and a portion 
 of a 10th vol., imperial folio, London, 1830-48). In this he 
 attempted to prove a Jewish migration to Mexico. 
 
 King, Francis S. Born in Maine in 1850. An 
 American engraver, principally noted for wood- 
 engraving. He was one of the organizers of 
 the Society of American Wood-Engravers. 
 King, Philip Parker. Born at Norfolk Island, 
 Dec. 13,1793: died at Sydney, NewSouth Wales, 
 Feb., 1856. A British naval officer. From 1817 to 
 1822 lie surveyed and charted th 5 greater part of the 
 north, northwest, and west coasts of Australia; and as 
 commander of the Adventure was associated with Captain 
 Fitzroy in surveying the southern coasts of South America, 
 1826-30. (See Fitzroy, Robert.) King published a narra- 
 tive of his Australian survey, various charts and sailing 
 directions of the regions surveyed by him, and contributed 
 to Vol. I of the narrative of the voyage of the Ad venture and 
 Beagle. During the latter part of his life he resided at 
 Sydney. He became rear-admiral on the retired list in 1855. 
 King, Rufus. Born at Scarborough, Maine, 
 March 24, 1755: died at Jamaica, Long Island, 
 N. Y., April 29, 1827. An American statesman 
 and diplomatist. He was a delegate to Congress in 1784 ; 
 member of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and of the 
 Massachusetts ratifying convention 1787-88 , United States 
 senator from N ew York 1789-96 ; United States minister to 
 Great Britain 1796-1803 ; Federalist candidate for the Vice- 
 Presidency in 1804 and 1808 ; United States senator 1813-25 ; 
 and United States minister to Great Britain 1825-26. He 
 wrote, with Hamilton, the '‘Camillus Letters.” 
 
 King, Thomas Starr, Bom at New York, Dec. 
 16, 1824: died at San Francisco, March 4, 1864. 
 An AmerieanUnitarian clergyman, lecturer, and 
 author. He wrote “The White Hills : their Le- 
 gends, Landscapes, and Poetry” (1859), etc. 
 King, William Rufus. Born in Sampson County, 
 N. C., April, 1786: died in Dallas County, Ala. 
 April, 1853. An American statesman. He was 
 member of Congress from North Carolina 1811-16 ; United 
 States senator from Alabama 1819-44; United States minis- 
 ter to France 1844—46 ; and United States senator from Ala- 
 bama 1846-53. He was elected, as Democratic candidate, 
 Vice-President in 1852, and took theoathof office at Havana 
 in 1853. 
 
 King and No King, A. A play by Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, licensed in 1611 and printed in 1619. 
 King Arthur. An epic poem by Bulwer Lytton, 
 published in 1849. 
 
 King Arthur, or The British Worthy. A dra- 
 matic opera by Dryden, music by Purcell, per- 
 formed and printed in 1691. 
 
 King Cole. A nursery rime : a legendary sat- 
 ire on King Cole, who reigned in Britain, as 
 the old chroniclers inform us, in the 3d century 
 after Christ. AccordingtoRobertof Gloucester, he was 
 the father of St. Helena; and if so, Butler must be wrong 
 in ascribing an obscure origin to the celebrated mother of 
 Constantine. King Cole was a brave and popular man in 
 his day, and ascended the throne of Britain amidst the 
 acclamations of the people. Halliwell, Nursery Rhymes. 
 
 King Estmere. A ballad, preserved in Percy’s 
 “Reliques,” relating the story of Estmere, king 
 of England, who slew the Soudan of Spain and 
 gained a wife. 
 
 Kingfisher (king'fislUfr). A city in Kingfisher 
 County, Oklahoma. Population, 2,538 (1910). 
 King George’s Sound. An excellent harbor at 
 the southwestern corner of West Australia. 
 
King George’s War 
 
 King George’s War. In American history, the 
 war waged by Great Britain and its American 
 colonies against France and its Indian allies, 
 being the American phase of the War of the 
 Austrian Succession, 1741-48 : so named from 
 George II. 
 
 King Horn. An English “ geste ” of the 13th 
 century. It is probably a translation from the French 
 of “Horn and Rimenhild," written during the same cen- 
 tury; but the original idea of the poem is much earlier. 
 Morris. 
 
 King John, or Kyng Johan. A morality with 
 which is blended a historical play by John Bale, 
 written probably about 1538. 
 
 King John. A historical play by Shakspere, 
 founded on “ The Troublesome Reign of King 
 John.” It was written before 1598, and first 
 printed in the 1623 folio. 
 
 King John, Troublesome Reign of. A play 
 classed as a chronicle history, it is in two parts, 
 partly prose and partly verse, probably acted in 1588(Fleay), 
 printed in 15J1 (Ward), reprinted in 1611 as “by W. Sh.,” 
 and in 1622, after Shakspere's death, as “ by William Shak- 
 spere.” It is probably by Peele, with Lodge, Greene, and 
 perhaps Marlowe. 
 
 Kinglake (king'lak), Alexander William. 
 
 Born Aug. 5, 1809: died Jan. 2, 1891. An Eng- 
 lish historian of the Crimean war. In 1S41 he pub- 
 lished “ Eothen, or Traces of Travel Brought Home from 
 the East. ” He went to Algiers in 1845. In 1854 he followed 
 the army to the Crimea, and stayed until the siege of Se- 
 bastopol. The “Invasion of the Crimea” appeared in 
 eight volumes between 1863 and 1887. He was member of 
 Parliament 1857-68. In I860 he vigorously denounced the 
 annexation of .Vice and Savoy. 
 
 King Lear. A tragedy by Shakspere, written in 
 1605 and printed in 1608. “ King Lear was probably on 
 the stage when the old play of Leiron which it was founded 
 was published. ’’The latter is not tragical, and ends happily. 
 “There can be no doubt that Stafford, the publisher, meant 
 to pass off this old play as Shakspere’s." It wa3 pub- 
 lished as “The true Chronicle History of King Leir and 
 his Three Daughters, etc., as it hath been divers and sundry 
 times lately acted,” and was last acted in 1594. Shak- 
 spere’s play was published as “Mr. William Shakspere, 
 HIS True Chronicle History, etc.” The capital HIS is 
 thought to be intended to distinguish it from the older 
 play. (Fleay.) Tate adapted Shakspere’s play in 1681, and 
 Garrick produced “King Lear with restorations from 
 Shakspere ’’ in 1756. The story of Lear was originally told 
 by Geoffrey of Monmouth, and is to be found in Layamon’s 
 “Brut” and the “GestaRomanorum.” Holinshed repeats 
 it, and Spenser gives it in the second book of the “Faerie 
 Queene.” The old ballad of “King Leir and his Three 
 Daughters” is preserved by Percy. It is not certain 
 whether it was written earlier or later than the play. 
 King-maker, The. A popular designation of 
 the Earl of Warwick (1420-71), on account of 
 his influence in securing the accession of Ed- 
 ward IV. and the restoration of Henry VI. 
 King of Bath, The. A nickname of Richard 
 Nash. 
 
 King of Dunces. A name given to Colley Cib- 
 ber in the “Duneiad.” 
 
 King of Ivetot. See Roi d’Yvetot. 
 
 King of Men, The. A title of Zeus (Jupiter) 
 and of Agamemnon. 
 
 King of the Beggars. Bamfylde Moore Carew. 
 King of the Border, The. A nickname of Adam 
 Scott. 
 
 King of the Markets, The. [F. Lc roi des 
 
 lialles .] A name given to the Due de Beaufort 
 (1616-69) from his popularity with the Parisian 
 populace. 
 
 King Philip’s War. In American history, the 
 war between the New England colonists and 
 the confederated Indians (1675-76) under the 
 lead of Philip, an Indian chief. King Philip 
 was killed at Mount Hope, R. I. 
 
 King pym. A nickname given to John Pym 
 from his influence as a parliamentary leader. 
 King Richard. See Richard. 
 
 Kings, Books of. The eleventh and twelfth 
 books of the Bible. In Hebrew manuscripts they are 
 undivided, and form a continuous narrative of the Hebrew 
 people from the later days of King David to the captivity 
 of Judah in Babylon. The division into two books was first 
 made in the Septuagint and retained in the Vulgate, in 
 both of which they are named the third and fourth books 
 of Kings (the two books of Samuel being the first and 
 second); hence, in the English Bible, the double title “The 
 first book of the Kings, commonly called the third book of 
 the Kings,” etc. The period embraces the reigns of all the 
 kings of Israel and Judah, except Saul's and most of David's. 
 The work was probably composed substantially before the 
 end of the captivity, the compiler being supposed by some 
 to have been a contemporary of Jeremiah. The author- 
 ship is uncertain. 
 
 Kingsborough, Viscount. See King, Edward. 
 King’s College. A college of Cambridge Uni- 
 versity, founded in 1441 by Henry VI., and fin- 
 ished by Henry VII. and Henry VIII. The charter 
 was granted July 10, 1443 ; the buildings were begun July 
 26, 1446. The great court is open toward the street, from 
 which it is separated by a modern many-turreted gate and 
 Perpendicular screen. On the west side stand the library 
 and the provost's lodge. On the north side is the chapel, 
 the boast of Cambridge, ranking as the finest example of 
 
 571 
 
 ornate Perpendicular. It was built between 1446 and 1516. 
 The great windows are filled with 16 th-century glass ; the 
 fan-vaulting and the carved stalls are remarkable. The 
 chapel measures 290 by 85 feet. The other buildings of 
 the college are modern. 
 
 King’s County. A county in Leinster, Ireland, 
 bounded by Westmeath and Meath on the north, 
 Kildare on the east, Queen’s County on the 
 south, Tipperary on the southwest, and Galway 
 and Roscommon on the west. Area, 772 square 
 miles. Population, 60,187. 
 
 Kingsley (kingz'li), Charles. Born at Holne, 
 Devonshire, June 12, 1819: died at Eversley, 
 Hampshire, Jan. 23, 1875. An English clergy- 
 man and author. He studied at King's College, Lon- 
 don, and then at Magdalene College, Cambridge. He 
 became curate and later rector of Eversley, Hampshire, 
 and in 1845 was made canon of Middleham. He was ap- 
 pointed professor of English literature in Queen’s College, 
 a London institution, and later became professor of modern 
 history at Cambridge (1860), canon of Chester (1869), and 
 canon of Westminster (1873). In 1874 he visited America. 
 As a leader in Christian socialism he published many 
 pamphlets, and wrote two novels — “Yeast” (1848) and 
 “Alton Locke” (1850). “St. Elizabeth of Hungary,” a 
 drama, appeared in 1848, the historical novel “Hypatia" 
 in 1853, “Westward Ho” in 1855, and “Hereward the 
 Wake” in 1866. In 1859 he was made one of the Queen's 
 chaplains in ordinary. Among his other works are 1 ‘ Glau- 
 cus, or the Wonders of the Shore” (1856), “Two Years 
 Ago ” (1857), “The Water Babies ” (1863), “Prose Idylls" 
 (1873), “Plays and Puritans" (1873), etc. 
 
 Kingsley, Elbridge. Born at Carthage, Ohio, 
 1842. An American wood-engraver. His principal 
 works are engravings after Inness, the Barbizon painters, 
 and others, and engravings directly from nature. 
 Kingsley, Henry. Born at Barnack, Northamp- 
 tonshire, England, Jan. 2, 1830: died in Sussex, 
 May 24, 1876. An English novelist and jour- 
 nalist, brother of Charles Kingsley. He wrote 
 “ Recollections of Geoffry Hamlyn ” (1859), “Ravenshoe" 
 (1862), “Austin Elliott” (1863), “The Hillyars and the Bur- 
 tons”(1865), “Leighton Court ”(1866), “Silcoteof Silcotes” 
 (1867), “Stretton ” (1869), etc. 
 
 King’s Lynn. See Lynn Regis. 
 
 King’s Mountain. A height in York County, 
 South Carolina, 80 miles north-northwest of 
 Columbia. Here, Oct. 7, 1780, the Americans under 
 Sevier, Shelby, Campbell, etc., defeated the British under 
 Ferguson, who was killed. The British loss was 456 killed 
 and wounded, and 648 prisoners. 
 
 Kingston (king'ston). A seaport and the capi- 
 tal of Jamaica, situated on the southern coast 
 in lat. 17° 58' N., long. 76° 48' W. : the chief 
 commercial city of Jamaica. It was founded in 
 1693, and was severely injured by a hurricane in 1880, and 
 by fire in 1882. It was largely destroyed by an earthquake 
 Jan. 14, 1907. Population, 46,542. 
 
 Kingston. A city and the capital of Ulster 
 County, New York, situated on the Hudson 80 
 miles north of New York, it is an important river 
 port, and is noted for the manufacture of cement. It was 
 burned by the British Oct. 16, 1777. Rondout was united 
 with it in 1905. Population, 25,908, (1910). 
 
 Kingston. A lake port and the capital of Fron- 
 tenac County, Ontario, Canada, situated on the 
 site of the French fort Frontenac, at the head 
 of the St. Lawrence, in lat. 44° 11' N., long. 
 76° 31' W. It was taken by the British in 1762, and was 
 the capital of Canada from 1841 to 1844. It is an impor- 
 tant naval and military station. Among its leading in- 
 dustries is that of ship-building. Pop., 18,874, (1911). 
 
 Kingston (in St. Vincent). See Kingstown. 
 Kingston. Duchess of ( Elizabeth Chudleigh). 
 Born 1720: died near Paris, Aug. 28, 1788. An 
 English adventuress who married Captain He r- 
 vey in 1744 and the Duke of Kingston in 1769. 
 Foote satirized her in his “ Trip to Calais.” She revenged 
 herself by securing the prohibition of the play. See Foote. 
 
 Kingston, Vvilliam Henry Giles. Born at Lon- 
 don, Feb. 28, 1814: died at Willesden, near Lon- 
 don, Aug. 5 (2?), 1880. An English novelist. 
 
 He wrote “The Circassian Chief ”(1844), “The Prime Min- 
 ister,” “Lusitanian Sketches,” and numerous books for 
 boys, including travels and translations from Jules Verne. 
 Kingston-on-Thames (king'ston-on-temz). A 
 town in the county of Surrey, England, situ- 
 ated on the Thames 12 miles southwest of Lon- 
 don. It was the place of coronation of the Anglo-Saxon 
 kings in the 10th century. Population, 34,376. 
 
 Kingston-upon-Hull. See Hull. 
 
 Kingstown (kingz'toun). A seaport and wa ter- 
 ing-place in County Dublin, Ireland, situated 
 on Dublin Bay 7 miles southeast of Dublin : 
 formerly called Dunleary. It is the terminus 
 of the packet line from Holyhead. Popula- 
 tion, 17,377. 
 
 Kingstown. The capital of St. Vincent, Brit- 
 ish West Indies, situated in lat. 13° 9' N., long. 
 61° 13' W. Population, about 5,000. 
 King-teh-chin (kingte-chin'). A city in the 
 province of Kiangsi, China, situated on the 
 Chang in lat. 29° 10' N„ long. 117° 30' E. : cele- 
 brated for its porcelain manufactures. Pop- 
 ulation, estimated, about 500,000. 
 
 Kiptchak, Khanate of 
 
 King William’s Town. A town in the Cape 
 of Good Hope, on the coast west of East Lon- 
 don. Population, 9,506. 
 
 King William’s War. Ill American history, the 
 war waged by Great Britain and its colonies 
 against France and its Indian aides, being the 
 American phase of the contest between vari- 
 ous European powers and LouisXIV. of France 
 (1689-97). 
 
 Kinkel (kink'el), Johann Gottfried. Born at 
 Oberkassel, near Bonn, Prussia, Aug. 11, 1815 : 
 died at Zurich, Switzerland, Nov. 12, 1882. A 
 German poet, historian of art, and revolution- 
 ist. He published “Gedichte" (1843), “Otto der Schiitz” 
 (1849), “ .Nimrod ” (1857), “Der Grobschmied von Antwer- 
 pen ” (1868), “Geschichte der bildenden Kiinste ” (1845), 
 etc. 
 
 Kinnaird Head (ki-nard' hed). A promontory 
 in the northeast of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 
 lat. 57° 42' N., long. 2° W. 
 
 Kinross (kin-ros'). A county of Scotland, ly- 
 ing between Perthshire on the north and west 
 and Fife on the south and east. The surface is 
 generally level. Area, 82 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation (civil county), 6,980. 
 
 Kinsale (kin-sal'). A small seaport in County 
 Cork, Ireland, situated on the Bandon 14 miles 
 south of Cork. It was taken by the Spaniards 1601 and 
 retaken by the English 1602, and was the place of landing 
 of James II. in 1689, and of his embarkation in 1690. 
 Kinsayder.W. Apseudonym under which Mars- 
 ton published his satires entitled “ The Scourge 
 of Villanie.” In the play “What you Will” he oddly 
 enough applies it to the antagonist he is abusing. In the 
 “Return from Parnassus" he is apostrophized as “Mon- 
 sieur Kinsayder.” 
 
 The name was taken from a homely word for the cure 
 of mad dogs by cropping their tails. Its root is in the old 
 French cagnon or kignon (‘a little dog’), applied also in 
 Picardy to a pitiably deformed man. 
 
 Morley, English Writers, X. 406. 
 
 Kintyre (kin-tir'), or Cantire (kan-tir'). A 
 peninsula in the southern part of Argyllshire, 
 Scotland, lying between the Firth of Clyde on 
 the east and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. 
 Its southern point, the Mull of Kintyre, is situated in lat. 
 55” 19' N. , long. 5” 48' W. Length, about 40 miles. Great- 
 est breadth, 11 miles. 
 
 Kinzig (kint'siG) Pass. A pass in the canton 
 of Uri, Switzerland, which leads from Altdorf 
 to the Muotta Thai in Schwyz. it is noted in con- 
 nection with Suvaroff’s retreat in 1799. Height, 6,790 feet. 
 Kinzuani (ken-zwa'ne). The language of Yo- 
 hanna, one of the Comoro Islands, East Africa. 
 Kinzuani is a Bantu language, and coexists with other 
 Bantu dialects, and with Malagasy and Arabic, which are 
 spoken by the motley crowds of immigrants. Also called 
 llinzua or Anjuane. 
 
 Kioko (kyo'ko), or Makioko (ma-kyo'ko). A 
 Bantu tribe of the Upper Kassai valley, also 
 called Chibokwe or Kibokwe. From the head waters 
 of the Kassai they have recently extended down its val- 
 ley as far as the confluence of the Luebo and Lulua. Ori- 
 ginally subjects of the Lunda tribe, they have gained the 
 upper hand in the Lunda country, and depopulated it by 
 their slave raids. 
 
 Kiolen (kye'len), or Kjolen, Mountains. A 
 part of the chain of Scandinavian Mountains, 
 extending northward from about lat. 63° N. 
 Kioto, or Kyoto (ke-o'to), sometimes Miako 
 (me-a'ko) (‘ metropolis ’) and Saikio (sl-ke'o) 
 (‘western capital’). A city of Japan, on the 
 main island, about lat. 35° N., long. 135° 30' E. 
 It has manufactures of porcelain, etc. l<or centimes it 
 was the residence of the mikado (until 1869). It contains 
 the imperial palace. The pagoda of Kyomidzu is a highly 
 picturesque Buddhist tower of 5 stages, with widely pro- 
 jecting roofs curved upward at the angles, and a lofty 
 hooped finial. Its carved woodwork is entirely covered 
 with red lacquer. Population, 442,462. 
 
 Kiowan (ki'o-wan). [Comanche Kayowe, rat.] 
 A linguistic stock of North American Indians, 
 represented by a single tribe, the Kiowa (Kia- 
 way or Kayowe). They early lived about the upper 
 Yellowstone and Missouri, and afterward in the valley of 
 the upper Arkansas. They are now in Oklahoma. Their 
 ★lands have been allotted in severalty. 
 
 Kipling (kip'ling), Rudyard. Born at Bombay, 
 India, in 1865. An English writer. He is the son 
 of John Lockwood Kipling, formerly head of the Lahore 
 School of Industrial Art. He was educated in England, 
 and returned to India in 1880 as subeditor of the “ Lahore 
 Civil and Military Gazette.” He returned to England 
 about 1889, and lived for several years in the United States, 
 lie published while in India stories, sketches, and poems 
 descriptive of Indian and Anglo-Indian military and civil 
 life : “ Departmental Ditties, etc.,” “Plain Tales from the 
 Hills,” “Mine Own People,” “Soldiers Three," “Barrack- 
 room Ballads, etc.,’’ and others ; and, after leaving India, 
 “ The Light that Failed,” “ The Naulahka "(with Balestier), 
 “Many Inventions," “The Jungle Book,” “The Second 
 Jungle Book,” “The Seven Seas,” etc. 
 
 Kiptchak (kip-chiik'), or Kaptchak (kiip- 
 chfik' ), Khanate of, or Kingdom of the Golden 
 Horde. A Mongol kingdom in Europe and Asia, 
 founded by descendants of Jenghiz Khan in the 
 13th century. At its greatest extent it reached from 
 
Kiptchak, Khanate of 
 
 the Dniester through southern Russia and western Siberia 
 to central Asia. The capital was Sarai on the lower Vol- 
 ga. Novgorod paid homage to it. It was overthrown by- 
 Ivan III. of Russia in 1480. “In the course of the fifteenth 
 century the great power of the Golden Horde broke up into 
 a number of smaller khanats. . . . The Golden Horde it- 
 self was represented by the khanat of Astrakhan." Free- 
 man. 
 
 Kirby (ker'bi), William. Bom at Witnesham, 
 Suffolk, England, Sept. 19, 1759 : died at Bar- 
 ham, Suffolk, July 4, 1850. An English ento- 
 mologist. His chief works are “Monographia Apum 
 Anglise " (1802), “History, Habits, and Instincts of Ani- 
 mals "(1835), “Introduction to Entomology "(with Spence, 
 1815-26). 
 
 Kirchbach (kirch'bach), Count Hugo Ewald 
 von. Born at Neumarkt, Silesia, Prussia, May 
 23, 1809 : died Oct. 6, 1887. A Prussian general, 
 distinguished at Weissenburg, Worth, Sedan 
 (1870), and Mont-VaKirien (1871). 
 
 Kirchberg (kirch'bera). A town in the govern- 
 ment district of Zwickau, Saxony, 50 miles 
 south by east of Leipsic. Pop., 7,597. 
 Kirchheimbolanden (kirch'him-bo'lan-den). 
 A small town in the Rhine Palatinate, Bavaria, 
 16 miles west of Worms. 
 Kirchheim-unter-Teck (kirch ' him - on " ter- 
 tek'). A town in the Danube circle, Wrirtem- 
 berg, situated on the Lauter 15 miles southeast 
 of Stuttgart. It has an important wool-market. 
 Population, commune, 8,830. 
 
 Kirchhoff (kirch'hof), Gustav Robert. Born 
 at Konigsberg, Prussia, March 12, 1824: died 
 at Berlin, Oct. 17, 1887. A noted German 
 physicist. He was professor of physics at Heidelberg 
 1854-74, and at Berlin from 1874 until his death. He dis- 
 covered (with Bunsen) the method of spectrum analysis 
 in 1860. He published “ Untersuchungen iiber das Son- 
 nenspektrum " (1861), etc. 
 
 Kirchhoff, Johann Wilhelm Adolf. Born at 
 Berlin, Jan. 6, 1826: died there, Feb. 26, 1908. 
 A German philologist and archaeologist, pro- 
 fessor at Berlin. He published “Die homerische 
 Odys8ee" (1859), “Die umbrischen Sprachdenkmaler" (in 
 cooperation with Aufrecht, 1848-61), “ Das Stadtrecht von 
 Bantia" (1853), “Corpus inscriptionura graecarum " (Vol. 
 I, 1873), etc. 
 
 Kirghiz (kir-gez'). A nomadic people of Mon- 
 golian-Tatar race, dwelling in southeastern 
 Russia, western Siberia, Russian central 
 Asia, and the western part of China. 
 The chief divisions are Kara-Kirghiz and Kirghiz-Kazaks 
 (dwelling on the steppes, and comprising the Great, Mid- 
 dle, Little, and Inner Hordes). Their numbers are esti- 
 mated at 3,000,000. 
 
 Kirghiz steppe. An administrative division of 
 Asiatic Russia, southwest of Siberia. It com- 
 prises Akmolinsk, Uralsk, Turgai, Semipalatinsk, and Lake 
 Aral. Area, 755,793 square miles. Population, about 
 2,927,900. 
 
 Kirin (ke'ren'). A town in Manchuria, 
 situated on the Sungari about lat. 44° N., 
 long. 127° E. Population, estimated, 90,000. 
 It was opened to foreign commerce in 1907. 
 Kiriris (ke-re-res'), or Cariris (ka-re-res'). A 
 tribe of Brazilian Indians, formerly numerous 
 in the interior of Bahia and Pernambuco, now 
 reduced to a few hundred. They were agricul- 
 turists, and superior to most Brazilian tribes. 
 Kirjath-jearim (ker'jath-je'a-rim). [Heb., ‘for- 
 est-town.’] In Bible geography, a town of the 
 Gibeonites, 7 miles west-northwest of Jeru- 
 salem. 
 
 Kirk (kerk), John Foster. Born at Frederic- 
 ton, NewBrunswick, 1824: died 1904. An Ameri- 
 can historian and bibliographer. He published a 
 “ History of Charles the Bold ” (1863-68), and a supplement 
 to Allibone’s “ Dictionary of English Literature ” (1891). 
 
 Kirkbride (kerk'brld), Thomas S. Born near 
 Morrisville, Bucks County, Pa., July 31, 1809: 
 died at Philadelphia, Dec. 16, 1883. An American 
 physician, superintendent of the Pennsylvania 
 Hospital for the Insane 1840-83. He published 
 “Hospitals for the Insane” (1854), etc. 
 Kirkcaldy (ker-ka'di). A seaport in Fifeshire, 
 Sc ot land, situated on the Firth of Forth 12 miles 
 north of Edinburgh. It has manufactures of linen, 
 floor-cloth, machinery, etc., and was the birthplace of Adam 
 Smith. Kirkcaldy, Burntisland, Dysart, and Kinghorn form 
 the Kirkcaldy district of burghs, returning 1 member to 
 Parliament. Population, 22,331. 
 
 Kirkcaldy, Sir William, of Grange. Executed 
 Aug. 3, 1573. A Scottish soldier and knight, 
 the eldest son of Sir James Kirkcaldy. He had 
 a prominent share in the murder of Cardinal Beaton, May 
 29, 1546. He was imprisoned in France in 1647, but es- 
 caped, and was employed by Edward VI. in secret service. 
 During the reign of Mary he was alternately her supporter 
 and opposed to her. In the end, when governor of Edin- 
 burgh Castle, he renewed his loyalty, and held the town 
 and castle for her until they were taken by Sir William 
 Drury, May 28, 1573. 
 
 Kirkcudbright (kcr-ko'bri). 1. A maritime 
 county in the southwest of Scotland, also called 
 East Galloway. It is bounded by Ayr on the north- 
 
 572 
 
 west, Dumfries on the northeast, the Solway Firth and the 
 Irish Sea on the south, and Wigtown on the southwest. It 
 was part of the ancient lordship of Galloway ; was for a 
 time under the rule of the royal steward (and hence is still 
 called the “ Stewartry of Kirkcudbright"), and afterward 
 under the Douglases ; and was finally united to the Scottish 
 crown in 1455. The surface is mountainous in the north- 
 west. Area, 899 square miles. Pop. (civil co.), 39,407. 
 
 2. The capital of the county of Kirkcudbright, 
 situated on Kirkcudbright Bay in lat. 54° 50' 
 N., long. 4° 3' W. Population, 2,386. 
 Kirkdale Cave (kerk'dal kav). A cavern in the 
 West Riding of Yorkshire, England, west of 
 Pickering, famous for its remains of mammals. 
 Kirke (kerk), Sir David. Born at Dieppe, 
 France, 1596 : died at Ferryland, Newfoundland, 
 1656. An English adventurer in Canada and 
 Newfoundland. 
 
 Kirke’s Lambs. A name ironically given to 
 the English infantry regiment (Tangier regi- 
 ment) commanded by Colonel Percy Kirke, in- 
 famous for its cruelty in the insurrection of 
 Monmouth, 1685. 
 
 Kirki, or Khil'ki (kir-ke'). A town in the 
 governorship of Bombay, India, situated near 
 Poona. Population, 10,797. 
 
 Kirkintilloch (kerk-in-til'och). A town in 
 Dumbartonshire, Scotland, 7 miles north of 
 Glasgow. Population, 10,502. 
 
 Kirk-Kilisseh (kirk-ke-lis'se), or Kirk-Kilis- 
 sia (kirk-ke-lis'e-ji). A town in the vilayet 
 of Adrianople, Turkey, 33 miles east of Adrian- 
 ople. It was captured by the Bulgarian army, Oct.24, 1912. 
 
 Kirkland (kerk'land), Samuel. Bom at Nor- 
 wich, Conn., Dee. 1, 1741 : died at Clinton, N. Y., 
 Feb. 28, 1808. An American Congregational 
 clergyman, a missionary among the Oneidas, 
 New York. 
 
 Kirkup (ker'kup), Seymour Stocker. Born at 
 London, 1788: died at Leghorn, Jan. 3, 1880. 
 An English artist. In 1816 he settled in Italy, and be- 
 came a leader in the literary circle which included Landor, 
 the Brownings, Trelawney, Severne, and others. W ith the 
 assistance of Bezzi and Henry Wilde, an American, he dis- 
 covered Giotto’s portrait of Dante in the chapel of the 
 Palazzo del Podesta, and made the sketch which was repro- 
 duced by the Arundel Society. 
 
 Kirkwall (kerk'wal). A seaport and the capi- 
 tal of the Orkney Islands, Scotland, situated on 
 the island of Pomona (the Mainland) in lat. 58° 
 58' N., long. 2° 58' W. The Cathedral of St. Magnus, 
 founded in the 12th century, in the Romanesque and early- 
 Pointed styles, though not finished until 1540, is well pro- 
 portioned, and has a central tower with good recessed 
 Pointed windows, and roses in the transepts. This is one 
 of the three old cathedrals in Scotland which have es- 
 caped more or lees complete ruin. Population, 
 3,660. 
 
 Kirman (ker-man'), or Kerman (ker-man'). 
 
 I. A province of southern Persia, lying south 
 of Khorasan: the ancient Carmania. Area, 
 about 60 square miles. Population, estimated, 
 300,000. — 2. The capital of the province of 
 Kirman, in lat. 30° 16' N., long. 57° 5' E., for- 
 merly of great commercial importance. Pop- 
 ulation, estimated, 60,000. 
 
 Kirmanshahan (ker-man-sha-han'), or Ker- 
 manshah (ker-man-sha' ). A city and the capi- 
 tal of the district Kirmanshahan of western 
 Persia, situated in lat. 34° 18' N., long. 47° 12' 
 E. It is a caravan center. Population, esti- 
 mated, 30,000. 
 
 Kim (kirn). A town in the Rhine Province, 
 Prussia, situated on the Nahe 40 miles south 
 by west of Coblenz. Population, commune, 
 6,588. 
 
 Kirriemuir (kir-re-mur'). A burgh of barony 
 in Forfarshire, Scotland, 15 miles north of 
 Dundee. The chief industry is weaving. It is the 
 “Thrums” of J. M. Barrie. Population, 4,096. 
 
 Kirsanoff (kir'sa-nof). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Tamboff, Russia, situated on the Vo- 
 rona 60 miles east of Tamboff. Population, 
 
 II, 400. 
 
 Kisama (ke-sa'ma). A Bantu tribe of Angola, 
 West Africa, between the Kuanza (Quanza) and 
 Longa rivers as far east as Dondo. 
 
 Kisfaludy (kisb'fo-16-di), Karoly. Born at 
 T6t, County Raab, Hungary, Feb. 5, 1788: died 
 Nov. 21, 1830. A Hungarian dramatistand nov- 
 elist, brother of Sandor Kisfaludy : the founder 
 of the modern Hungarian drama. Among his 
 plays are “The Tatars in Hungary” (1812), 
 “Irene” (1820), etc. 
 
 Kisfaludy, Sandor. Born at Siimeg, county of 
 Zala, Hungary, Sept. 27, 1772 : died Oct. 28, 1844. 
 A Hungarian lyric poet, best known as tlie au- 
 thor of the “Love Poems of Hirnfy” (1801-07). 
 Kishangarh (kish-an-gur'), or Kishengarh 
 (kish-en-gur'). A native state in Rajputana, 
 India, intersected by lat. 26° 30' N., long. 75° E. 
 
 Kittim 
 
 *Arca, 858 square miles. Population, 90,970. 
 Kishinef (kesh-e-nef'), Rumanian Kishla- 
 nou (kesh-la-no' or -ngov'). The capital of 
 the government of Bessarabia, Russia, situ- 
 ated on the Byk in lat. 46° 59' N., long. 28° 
 49' E. : an important trading center. Popu- 
 lation, 125,787. 
 
 Kishm (kishm), or Tawilah. A barren island 
 at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, belonging 
 to Persia. Length, 55 miles. 
 
 Kishon (ki'shon). In Bible geography, a small 
 river of Palestine, flowing into the Bay of Acre 
 8 miles south-southwest of Acre : the modem 
 Nabr el-Mukatta. It was the scene of the vic- 
 tory of Barak over Sisera. 
 
 Kislew. See Chisleu. 
 
 Kisliar (kiz-le-ar'). A town in the Terek Ter- 
 ritory, Caucasus, Russia, situated on the Terek 
 about lat. 43° 55' N., long. 46° 50' E. Popula- 
 tion, 7,282. 
 
 Kiss (kis), August. Born at Paprotzan, near 
 Pless, Prussia, Oct. 11, 1802: died at Berlin, 
 March 24, 1865. A German sculptor. Among his 
 chief works is “ Amazon and Panther ” (in Berlin). 
 Kissingen (kis'sing-en). A town and watering- 
 place in Lower Franconia, Bavaria, situated on 
 the Franconian Saale 29 miles north by east of 
 Wurzburg. It is noted for its iron and salt springs. 
 Near the town, July 10, 1866, the Prussians defeated the 
 Bavarians ; and it was also the scene of the unsuccessful 
 attempt on the life of Bismarck in 1874. Resident popu- 
 lation, commune, 5,199. 
 
 Kistna (kist'na), or Krishna (krish'na). 1. 
 A river of the Deccan, India, flowing into the 
 Bay of Bengal about lat. 15° 50' N. Length, 
 about 800 miles. — 2. A district in the presi- 
 dency of Madras, British India, lying along the 
 lower course of the river Kistna. Area, 8,498 
 square miles. Population, 2,154,803. 
 Kis-UjsZcLll<is (kish'oy'sal-lash). A town in 
 the county of Szolnok, Hungary, 46 miles west- 
 southwest of Debreczin. It is the seat of a dis- 
 trict court and contains a gymnasium. Popu- 
 lation, about 14,000. 
 
 Kitchai (ke'chl), or Keechie (ke'chi). A tribe 
 of the Caddoan stock of North American Indi- 
 ans. Their habitat in 1712 was northeastern Texas and 
 the adjacent parts of Louisiana. Now it is on the Wichita 
 reservation, Oklahoma. See Caddoan. 
 
 Kit-Cat Club, The. A London club which flour- 
 ished, according to the generally accepted ac- 
 count, from 1703 to 1733. Its meetings were held at 
 the “ Cat and Fiddle,” kept by Christopher Cat, a noted 
 mutton-pieman, near Temple Bar. It was founded by 
 members of the Whig party, and among its frequenters 
 were Steele, Addison, Lord Orford, and others. Its name 
 is thought to be derived from the name of the landlord of 
 the tavern, though the “Spectator, "No. 9, says it was from 
 the name of the pies, which were called “kit-cats." The 
 club occasionally met in summer at the house of Jacob 
 Tonson at Barn Elms, where a room was built for it, the 
 walls of which were adorned with portraits of its members. 
 As the ceiling was low, Sir Godfrey Kneller, who painted 
 them, used a small canvas (36 by 28 inches), which has since 
 gone by the name of kit-cat size. 
 
 Kitchen Cabinet, The. In United States poli- 
 tics, a group of politicians very influential with 
 Andrew Jackson during his administration, its 
 chief members were Major Lewis and Amos Kendall. They 
 were “men with whom he could smoke and converse at 
 random, without the constraint of a council and clashing 
 minds" ( Schouler , Hist, of U. S., III. 496). 
 
 Kitchener (kich'e-ner), Horatio Herbert,Vis- 
 count Kitchener of Khartum and Aspall. Born 
 June 24, 1850. A British general. He served in 
 surveys of Palestine and Cyprus ; was major of Egyp- 
 tian cavalry 1882-84 ; served in the Nile expedition 1884 ; 
 was governor of Suakin 1886-88 ; commanded the Dongola 
 expedition in 1896 and the Khartum expedition in 1S98, 
 defeating the dervishes in the battle of Omdurman Sept. 
 2, 1898, and establishing the authority of Great Britain in 
 the Sudan, of which he was made governor Jan. 21, 1899. 
 He was made adjutant-general in the Egyptian army in 
 1888 and sirdar in 1892 ; was promoted niajor-general in 
 1896, lieutenant-general in 1900, general in 1902, and fleld- 
 marshal in 1909 ; was raised to the peerage in 1898, and 
 appointed chief of staff under Lord Roberts in South 
 Africa in 1899, and succeeded him in command there in 
 Dec., 1900. He was commander-in-chief of the Indian 
 army 1902-09. He succeeded Gorst in Egypt in 1911. 
 Kit’s Coty House. A noted cromlech near 
 Aylesford, Kent, England. 
 
 Kittatinny (kit'a-tin-i), or Blue Mountains. 
 A range of low mountains in southern New 
 York, New Jersey, and northeastern Pennsyl- 
 vania, belonging to the Appalachian system. 
 It is broken by the Delaware Water Gap. 
 Kittery (kit'e-ri). A seaport in York County, 
 Maine, situated at the mouth of the Piscataqua. 
 
 It contains a United StateB navy-yard. Population, 
 3.533, (1910). 
 
 Kittim (kit'im), or Chittim. In the Old Testa- 
 ment, a name generally assumed to designate 
 the island of Cyprus, where the Phenicians 
 founded the city of Citium ; in a wider sense, 
 
Kittim 
 
 the inhabitants of the islands and coast of the 
 western Mediterranean. The isles of Chittim 
 are mentioned in Isa. xxiii. as a resort of the 
 Tyrian fleet. 
 
 Kittistzu. See Ghjidesdzo. 
 
 Kittlitz (kit'lits), Baron Friedrich von. Born 
 at Breslau, Prussia, Feb. 16, 1799 : died at Mainz, 
 Germany, April 10, 1874. A German soldier 
 (captain), ornithologist, and traveler. He wrote 
 “Denkwiirdigkeiten einer Reise nach dem russischen 
 Amerika, nach Mikronesien und durch Kamtschatka” 
 (1858), etc. 
 
 Kitto (kit'o), John. Born at Plymouth, Eng- 
 land, Dec. 4, 1804: died at Cannstatt, Nov. 25, 
 1854. An English compiler, author of the “Pic- 
 torial Bible.” He was the son of a Cornish stone-mason. 
 In his youth he fell from a ladder and became entirely 
 deaf. The Church Missionary Society sent him to Malta 
 as a printer in 1827. In 1829 he went with a private mis- 
 sion party to Bagdad, returning in 1832. He published 
 “The Lost Senses ” (1845), “ The Pictorial Bible ’’ (1835-38). 
 “ Pictorial History of Palestine and the Holy Land " (1840), 
 “Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature” (1845), “Daily Bible 
 Illustrations ” (1849-54). Although a layman, he was made 
 D. D. by the University of Giessen in 1844. 
 
 Kitty Clive. See Clive. 
 
 Kitunahan (ki-to-na'han), or Cootenai, or Koo- 
 tenay. A linguistic stock of North American 
 Indians, first known as occupying the mountain- 
 ous tract between the two upper forks of the 
 Columbia River, British Columbia, and the ad- 
 jacent parts of the United States. Earlier they 
 
 probably inhabited the territory east of the mountains, 
 but were driven across by the Blackfeet. There are two 
 tribeB, the Kitunaha (Kitonaqa) or Upper Cootenai, and 
 the Akoklako or Lower Cootenai. Some are in Montana 
 and others in British Columbia. 
 
 Kitzbiihl (kits' biil). A town and summer re- 
 sort in northeastern Tyrol, 47 miles east- 
 northeast of Innsbruck. 
 
 Kitzbiihler (kits' bii-ler) Alps. A division of 
 the eastern Alps, on the confines of Tyrol, 
 Bavaria, and Salzburg. Its highest points are 
 over 8,000 feet. 
 
 Kitzingen (kit'sing-en). A town in Lower 
 Franconia, Bavaria, situated on the Main 10 
 miles southeast of Wurzburg. It is noted for 
 its beer. Population, commune, 8,876. 
 
 Kiukiang. See Kew-Kiang. 
 
 Kiung-chau (ke-ong'chou'). The capital of 
 the island of Hainan, China, situated near the 
 coast, in lat. 20° N., long. 110° 25' E. Popu- 
 lation, about 42,000. 
 
 Kiuprili. See Koprili. 
 
 Kiusiu (kyo'syo'). The southernmost of the 
 five principal islands of Japan, southwest of 
 the main island and of Shikoku. Chief city, 
 Nagasaki. It contains also the cities of Fuku- 
 oka, Kagoshima, Kumamoto, etc. The surface 
 is mountainous. Area, 16,840 square miles. 
 Population, 7,748,402. 
 
 Kizil-Irmak (kiz'il-ir-mak'). [Turk., ‘red 
 river.’] The largest river of Asia Minor, Tur- 
 key : the ancient Halvs. its course is first southwest 
 and then northerly. It flows into the Black Sea about lat. 
 41° 40' N., long. 36° E. Length, about 600 miles. 
 
 Kizil-Kum (kiz'il-kom). A desert in central 
 Asia, southeast of the Sea of Aral, between the 
 Amu-Daria and Sir-Daria. 
 
 Kizil-Uzen (kiz'il-o'zen). A chief head stream 
 of the river Sefid, in Persia. 
 
 Kizliar. See Kisliar. 
 
 Kjobenhavn. The Danish name of Copenhagen. 
 
 Kladno (klad'no). A town in Bohemia, 15 miles 
 west-northwest of Prague. It has important 
 coal- and iron-mines. Pop., 19,339, (1910). 
 
 Klagenfurt (kla'gen-fort). The capital of Ca- 
 rinthia, Austria-Hungary, situated in lat. 46° 
 37' N., long. 14° 19' E. It has manufactures of white 
 lead, etc. Its most noted building is the House of the 
 Estates. Population, 28,958, (1910). 
 
 Klamath (kla'mat). A tribe of North Ameri- 
 can Indians, inhabiting mainly the shores of 
 upper Klamath Lake and Sprague River, on 
 Klamath Indian reservation, Oregon. They num- 
 ber about 760, distributed in 8 settlements. Also Clamet, 
 Klamet, Tlamath, Tlamatl. 
 
 Klamath (kla'mat). A river in southern Ore- 
 gon and California, traversing the two Klamath 
 Lakes in southern Oregon and on the Californian 
 border, and flowing iuto the Pacific about lat. 
 41° 35' N. Length, over 200 miles. 
 
 Klamet. See Klamath. 
 
 Klapka (kiop'ko), Gyorgy. Bom at Temosvar, 
 Hungary, April 7, 1820: died at Budapest, May 
 17, 1892. A Hungarian general, distinguished 
 at K&polna, Komoni, and elsewhere in 1849. 
 He capitulated at Komorn, Sept. 27, 1849. 
 
 Klaproth (klap'rot), Heinrich Julius. Born 
 at Berlin, Oct. 11, 1783: died at Paris, Aug. 20, 
 1835. A celebrated German Orientalist and Asi- 
 atic traveler, especially noted as a student of 
 
 573 
 
 Chinese : son of M. H. Klaproth. He was professor 
 of Asiatic languages at Paris 1810-36. He published “Asia 
 polyglotta,” a classification of the peoples of Asia in ac- 
 cordance with the affinities of their languages, with a lan- 
 guage-atlas (1823), and numerous philological and geo- 
 graphical works and accounts of his travels. 
 
 Klaproth, Martin Heinrich. Born at Werni- 
 gerode, Prussia, Dee. 1, 1743: died at Berlin, 
 Jan. 1, 1817. A German chemist, professor at 
 the University of Berlin. 
 
 Klattau(klat'tou),Bohem.Klatovy(kla'to-ve). 
 A town in Bohemia, 68 miles southwest of 
 Prague. Population, commune, 14,387, (1910). 
 
 Klausenburg, or Clausenburg (klou'zen- 
 borG), Hung. Kolosvar (ko'losh-var). The capi- 
 tal of Kolos County, Hungary, situated on the 
 Little Szamos in lat. 46° 44' N., long. 23° 33' E. 
 It was founded by the Germans in 1178, and was taken by 
 the Hungarians 1848. It contains a Magyar university, a. 
 Roman Catholic cathedral, and a citadel. Population, 
 60,400, (1910). 
 
 Klausen (klou'zen) Pass. An Alpine pass in 
 Switzerland, leading from Altdorf, Uri, to 
 Linththal, Glarus. 
 
 Klausthal. See Clausthal. 
 
 Kleber (kla-bar'), Jean Baptiste. Born at 
 Strasburg, 1753 (1754?) : assassinated at Cairo, 
 Egypt, June 14, 1800. A noted French general. 
 He served in the Vendean war in 1793; in the eastern 
 armies 1794-96 ; and at Mount Tabor in 1799 ; succeeded 
 Napoleon as commander in Egypt in 1799; and defeated 
 the Turks at Heliopolis in 1800. 
 
 Klein (kiln), Julius Leopold. Born at Mis- 
 kolcz, Hungary, 1804 : died at Berlin, Aug. 2, 
 1876. A German dramatist and historian of 
 literature. His chief work is a “Geschichte des 
 Dramas” (12vols. 1865-76). 
 
 Kleist (klist), Ewald Christian von. Born at 
 Zeblin, near Koslin, Prussia, March 3, 1715 : 
 died at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, Prussia, Aug. 
 24, 1759. A German poet and officer (first in 
 the Danish and then in the Prussian service). 
 He was mortally wounded at Kunersdorf (Aug. 12, 1759). 
 His best-known poem is “ Der Frtihling ” (“Spring, ”1749). 
 
 Kleist (klist), Heinrich Bernt Wilhelm von. 
 
 Born at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, Oct. 18, 1777 : 
 died at Wannensee, near Potsdam, Nov. 21, 1811. 
 A German dramatist. He entered the army in 1795, 
 but in 1799 left it to study at Frankfort and Berlin. In 
 1801 he went to Paris, and afterward to Switzerland, where 
 he again traveled in 1803. In 1804 he was given a subor- 
 dinate government position at Konigsberg, but resigned 
 it after the disastrous battle of Jena. In 1807 he w ent to 
 Dresden, and engaged there in editorial work on a news- 
 paper. In 1809 he went to Prague, where he wrote as a 
 pamphleteer against France in the war with Austria ; but 
 after the defeat of Wagram he returned to Berlin and 
 again took up his work as a journalist. The first of his 
 dramas, the tragedy “ Die Familie Schroffenstein ” (“ The 
 Family Schroffenstein ’’), appeared in 1803 ; “Amphitryon ” 
 in 1807 ; the tragedy “Penthesilea” in 1808 ; thechivalric 
 drama “Kathchen von Heilbronn ” in 1810 ; and the comedy 
 “ Der zerbrochene Krug "(“The Broken Jug ”) in 1811. He 
 also wrote “ Erzahlungen” (“Tales,” 1810-11), andafew lyr- 
 ics. His fame is almost wholly posthumous. His literary 
 efforts met with but little success during his life, and he 
 at last not only became despondent, but was actually 
 threatened with need. Afterfirstcarryingout the promise 
 he had made to a female friend, as morbid as himself, to 
 kill her, he committed suicide when only 34 years old. Two 
 dramas were published after his death : “ Die Hermanns- 
 schlacht (“The Battle of Hermann,”*, e. Arminius), and 
 “ Der Prinz von Homburg ” (“ The Prince of Homburg "). 
 “ Robert Guiscard ’’ is a fragment. His collected writings 
 were first published at Berlin, 1826, in 3 vols. 
 
 Kleist von Nollendorf (klist fon nol'len-dorf), 
 Count Friedrich Heinrich Ferdinand Emil. 
 
 Born at Berlin, April 9, 1762 : died at Berlin, 
 Feb. 17, 1823. A. Prussian field-marshal, distin- 
 guished in the War of Liberation, 1813-14. 
 
 Klemm (klem), Friedrich Gustav. Born at 
 Chemnitz, Saxony, Nov. 12, 1802 : died at Dres- 
 den, Aug. 26, 1867. A Doted German historian, 
 secretary and later librarian of the royal library 
 at Dresden. He wrote “Die Geschichte von Bayern" 
 (1828), “Allgemeine Kulturgeschichte der Mensehheit” 
 (1843-52), “ Handbucli der germanischen Altertumskunde ” 
 (1835), “Die Frauen ”(1856-58), etc. 
 
 Klengel (kleng'el), Johann Christian. Born 
 at Kesselsdorf, near Dresden, May 5, 1751 : died 
 at Dresden, Dec. 19, 1824. A German landscape- 
 painter. 
 
 Klenze (klent'se), Leo von. Born near Hildes- 
 heim, Prussia, Feb. 29, 1784 : died at Munich, 
 Jan. 27, 1864. A German architect. Among his 
 works are the “ Walhalla ” (near Ratisbon), many buildings 
 in Munich (including the Glyptothek, Odeon, and Pinako- 
 thek), etc. 
 
 Klephts (klefts). Greek or Albanian brigands. 
 As a class, the Klephts were originally those Greeks who, 
 after the Turkish conquest in the 15th century, formed 
 armed bands or communities in mountain fastnesses, and 
 maintained their independence, defying and plundering 
 the Turks and their adherents. They gave powerful aid 
 to the patriots in the war of independence (1821-28), after 
 which those who kept up their organization became mere 
 robbers. They have been suppressed in Greece. 
 
 Klettgau (klet'gou). A mountainous region 
 
 Knapp, Ludwig Friedrich 
 
 situated partly in the canton of Scbaffhausen, 
 Switzerland, partly in the adjoining portion of 
 southern Baden. 
 
 Kleve. See Cleves. 
 
 Klikitat (klik'e-tat). A tribe of North Ameri- 
 can Indians. They wintered in 1805 on the Yakima and 
 Klikitat rivers, Washington, in the region conterminous 
 with the two counties named after those rivers. At that 
 time they numbered 700. They are now on the Yakima 
 reservation, Washington. See Shahaptian. 
 
 Klin (klen). A town in the government of 
 Moscow, Russia, 56 miles northwest of Mos- 
 cow: the ancient seat of the Romanoffs. Pop- 
 ulation, 6,600. 
 
 Klinger ( kling' er) , Friedrich Maximilian von. 
 
 Born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Feb. 17, 1752 : 
 died March 9, 1831. A German dramatic poet 
 and novelist. He wrote the play “ Sturm und Drang " 
 (“Storm and Stress," 1775), which gave its name to the 
 so-called “ Sturm und Drang ” period of German literature. 
 
 Klintsi (klint'se). A manufacturing town in 
 the government of Tchemigoff, Russia, situ- 
 ated in lat. 52° 44' N., long. 32° 16' E. Popu- 
 lation, over 12,000. 
 
 Klissow (klis'ov). Aplace in the government of 
 Kalisz, Russian Poland, near the Prussian fron- 
 tier. Here, J uly 19, 1702, Charles XII. of Sweden 
 defeated the Poles and Saxons. 
 
 Klissura (klis-so'ra). A gorge made by the 
 Danube on the frontier of Hungary and Servia, 
 between Neu-Moldova and Orsova. 
 
 Klondike (klon'dik). A river in the Yukon 
 Territory, Canada, which flows into the Yukon 
 at Dawson, above the 64th parallel north lati. 
 tude. It is noted for the gold-mines in its 
 vicinity. 
 
 Klonowicz (klo-no'vich), Sebastian Fabian 
 (called Acernus). Born at Sulmiercyce, Posen, 
 1551 : died at Lublin about 1608. A Polish poet. 
 He wrote both in Latin and in Polish. Among his poems 
 are "Roxalana" (1584), a translation of Cato's “Disticha 
 moralia” (1602), etc. 
 
 Klonthal (klen'tal). A valley in the canton of 
 Glarus, Switzerland, west of Glarus. 
 Klopstock (klop'stok), Friedrich Gottlieb. 
 Born at Quedlinburg, Prussia, July 2, 1724: died 
 at Hamburg, March 14, 1803. A noted German 
 poet. Before 1745, when he went to Jena to study theol- 
 ogy, he had already conceived the plan of the religious epic 
 afterward written as the “ Messias ” (“The Messiah ”). In 
 Leipsic, in 1748, he published anonymously, in the journal 
 “Bremer Beitrage,” the firstthree cantos of thepoem. This 
 same year he went as tutor to Langensalza. In 1750 he ac- 
 cepted the invitation of the poet and historian Bodmer to 
 Zurich, but the succeeding year was summoned by the King 
 of Denmark to Copenhagen, that he might there find the 
 leisure to complete his poem. He remained there until 
 1771 ; went then to Hamburg ; in 1775 was for a year in 
 Karlsruhe ; and then returned to Hamburg, where he sub- 
 sequently lived. The “Messias," a poem consisting of 
 twenty cantos written in hexameters, did not appear in its 
 complete form until 1773. “Geistliche Lieder” (“Reli- 
 gious Songs ”) appeared in 1758, and “Oden ” (“Odes ”) in 
 1771. He also wrote three dramas on biblical subjects: 
 “Der Tod Adams ’’(“The Death of Adam,” 1757), “ Salomo " 
 (“Solomon”), and “ David ”(1772). Three others were writ- 
 ten on subjects from early national history : “ Hermanns- 
 schlaeht ’’(“The Battle of Hermann," i.e. Arminius. 1769), 
 “Hermann und die Ftirsten ’’(“Hermann and the Princes," 
 1784), “ Hermanns Tod” (“Hermann’s Death,” 1787). The 
 last three dramas were in prose interspersed with bardic 
 choruses, so called, and were consequently named by him 
 “Bardiete.” Minor poems are the ode “An meineFreunde ’’ 
 (“ To My Friends," 1747), later changed to “ Wingolf," ad- 
 dressed to the poets of the Saxon school ; the “ Kriegslied ” 
 (“War Song”), written in 1749 in honor of Frederick the 
 Great ; and the ode “ Hermann und Thusnelda,” written in 
 1752. His principal prose work is “DieGelehrtenrepublik ” 
 (“ The Scholars’ P,epublic,” 1744), an art of poetry from his 
 own standpoint. His complete works appeared (Leipsic, 
 1844-45) in 11 vols. 
 
 Klosterneuburg (klos-ter-noi'borG). A town in 
 Lower Austria, 6 miles north-northwest of Vi- 
 enna. Population, commune, 14,786, (1910). 
 Kloster-Zeven (klos'ter-tse'fen), Convention 
 
 of. See Closter-Seven. 
 
 Knabl (kna'bl), Joseph. Born at Fliess, Tyrol, 
 July 17, 1819 : died at Munich, Nov. 3, 1881. A 
 Tyrolese sculptor. His works are chiefly in 
 Bavaria. 
 
 K’naia-khotana (knl'a-cho-ta'na), or Kenai 
 (ke-nl'). A tribe of the northern division of the 
 Athapascan stock of North American Indians, 
 living in villages along Cook’s Inlet and the 
 Kenai Peninsula, southern Alaska. 
 
 Knapp, Georg Christian. Born at Halle, Prus- 
 sia, Sept. 17, 1753 : died at Halle, Oct. 14, 1825. 
 A German Protestant theologian, professor of 
 theology at the University of Halle. He wrote 
 “Vorlesungen fiber die ehristliche Glaubens- 
 lehre” (1827), etc. 
 
 Knapp, Friedrich Ludwig. Born Feb. 22, 
 1814: died June 8, 1904. A German chemist. 
 He became professor in the University of Giessen in 1841, 
 and of Munich in 1853, and in the Polytechnic School at 
 
Knapp, Ludwig Friedrich 
 
 Brunswick in 1863. Among his chief works are “ Lehr- 
 buch der ehemischen Xechnologie" (1847) and “Technol- 
 ogische Wandtafeln ” (1855-62). 
 
 Knaresborough (narz'bur // o). A town in the 
 West Riding of Yorkshire, England, situated on 
 the Nidd 16 miles west-northwest of York. It 
 has a ruined castle and some natural curiosities. 
 Population, 4,979. 
 
 Knatchbull-Hugessen (nach 'bul-hu'ges-en), 
 Edward Hugessen, Lord Brabourne. Born 
 April 29, 1829: died Feb. 6, 1893. A British 
 politician and author. He was educated at Eton 
 and Oxford, and was Liberal member of Parliament for 
 Sandhurst from 1857 till 1870, when he was raised to the 
 peerage. He joined the Conservative party in 1885. He 
 wrote “ Crackers for Christmas " (1870), “ Higgledy-Pig- 
 gledy ” (1875), and numerous other books for children. 
 
 Knaus (knous), Ludwig. Born at Wiesbaden, 
 Prussia, Oct. 5, 1829: died Dec. 7, 1910. A 
 noted German genre-painter, one of the leaders 
 of the younger Diisseldorf school. He was a pupil 
 of Sohn and Schadow at Diisseldorf 1846-52, studied in 
 Paris till 1860, and was professor at the Berlin Academy 
 from 1874 to 1884. He received first-class medals in 1855, 
 1857, and 1859, aud a medal of honor in 1867. 
 
 Knebel (kna/bel), Karl Ludwig von. Bom at 
 
 Wallerstein, Bavaria, Nov. 30, 1744: died at 
 Jena, Germany, Feb. 23, 1834. A German au- 
 thor, best known as a friend of Goethe. 
 
 Knecht Ruprecht (kneclit ro'preeht). [G., 
 ‘Knight Rupert.’] The German genius of 
 Christmas, corresponding to St. Nicholas, or 
 Santa Claus. In some parts of Germany he is supposed 
 to appear just previous to Christmas, with a hag on his 
 hack and a rod in his hand, to inquire into the conduct of 
 the children, whom he rewards or punishes according to 
 their deserts. The actual dispenser of gifts on Christmas 
 Eve is, however, the Christ-child. 
 
 Kneller (nel'er), Sir Godfrey (Gottfried Knil- 
 ler). Born at Liibeck, Germany, Aug. 8, 1646 : 
 died at London, Oct. 19, 1723. A German-Eng- 
 lish portrait-painter. His father was a portrait- 
 painter of Liibeck. Godfrey was sent to Leyden to study 
 mathematics and fortification. He abandoned the career 
 of a soldier and entered the atelier of Ferdinand Bol at 
 Amsterdam, receiving probably some instruction from 
 Rembrandt. In 1672 he went to Italy ; from Italy he went 
 to Hamburg. In 1675 he found his way to England, and to 
 the patronage of Mr. Vernon, secretary to the Duke of Mon- 
 mouth, and later to that of the duke himself, whose por- 
 trait he paint ed, and who recommended him to Charles II. 
 For Charles he painted the portrait of Louis XIV. in Paris. 
 He succeeded to the patronage of James II., William III., 
 and Anne, and was knighted March 3, 1691. Some of his 
 best portraits are in the series of admirals. He was con- 
 temporary and rival of Sir Peter Lely. He painted the por- 
 traits of ten reigning sovereigns. 
 
 Knep. See Knipp. 
 
 Knickerbocker’s History of New York. A 
 
 burlesque history of New York, by Washington 
 Irving, published in 1809. This he wrote under 
 the name of Diedrich Knickerbocker. 
 
 Kniebis (kne'bis). A mountain group in the 
 Black Forest, on the borders of Baden and Wiir- 
 temberg, about lat. 48° 30' N. 
 
 Knight (nit), Charles. Born at Windsor, Eng- 
 land, March 15, 1791 : died at Addlestone, Sur- 
 rey, England, March 9, 1873. An English pub- 
 lisher and author. His chief work is a “Popular 
 History of England" (8 vols. 1856-62). He edited “The 
 Penny Magazine ” (1832-45), “The Penny Cyclopaedia” 
 (1833-44), “The Pictorial Shakspere ” (1841), “The English 
 Cyclopaidia,” etc. 
 
 Knight, James. Died at Marble Island, Hudson 
 Bay, about 1719. An English explorer, and 
 agent of the Hudson Bay Company. He was gov- 
 ernor of Fort Albany in 1673, and of the Nelson River settle- 
 ment in 1714. In 1718 he built the Prince of Wales Fort 
 at the mouth of Churchill reiver. In June, 1719, he sailed 
 with two of the company’s fleet to discover the fabled 
 Straits of An ian, and to search for gold. The expedition did 
 not return, and a searching party in 1722 failed to And any 
 trace of it. The wreck of the ships was discovered at Mar- 
 ble Island by a whaling party in 1767. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Knight, Joseph Philip. Born at Bradford- 
 on-Avon, July 26, 1812: died at Great Yar- 
 mouth, 1887. A composer of songs, including 
 “ Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep,” etc. 
 Knight, Richard Payne. Born near Ludlow, 
 Herefordshire, 1750: died at London, April 23, 
 1824. An English numismatist and archaeolo- 
 gist. About 1767 he went to Italy, and again in 1777 with 
 Philip Hackert, a German painter, and Charles Gore. In 
 his biography of Hackert, Goethe translated Knight’s di- 
 ary as the “Tagebucli einer Reise nach Sicilien." He was 
 again in Italy in 1785, associated with Sir William Hamil- 
 ton, British ambassador at Naples, and began hiscollection 
 of bronzes with Fox. He wrote “An Account of the Re- 
 mains of the Worship of Priapus lately existing in Iser- 
 nia” (1786), “An Analytical Essay on the Greek Alphabet,” 
 "An Inquiry into the Symbolical Language of Ancient Art 
 and Mythology,” etc. He bequeathed to the British Mu- 
 seum his collection of bronzes, coins, gems, marbles, and 
 drawings. 
 
 Knight, Thomas Andrew. Born near Ludlow, 
 Herefordshire, Aug. 12, 1759 : died at London, 
 May 11, 1838. An English horticulturist and 
 botanist, brother of Richard Payne Knight. 
 
 574 
 
 Knight of La Mancha. Don Quixote de la 
 Mancha. 
 
 Knight of Malta, The. A play by Fletcher, 
 Massinger, and another, produced before 1619, 
 and printed in 1647. 
 
 Knight of the Burning Pestle, The. A mock- 
 heroic drama by Beaumont and Fletcher, pub- 
 lished anonymously in 1613. it was intended to 
 satirize such plays as Heywood’s “Four Prentices of Lon- 
 don," in which extravagantly chivalric and knightly lan- 
 guage was put into the mouths of the middle class. It 
 was doubtless suggested by “Don Quixote.” 
 
 Knight of the Rueful Countenance. Don 
 
 Quixote: so called by Sancho Panza. 
 
 Knight of the Swan. See Swan and Lohengrin. 
 
 Knights (nits), The. A comedy of Aristopha- 
 nes, exhibited in 424 b. c. 
 
 The play [“Knights ”] personifies the Athenian Demos as 
 an easy-going, dull-witted old man, with Nikias, Demos- 
 thenes, and Cleon among his slaves, among whom the lat- 
 ter has attained a tyrannical ascendancy by alternate bully- 
 ing his fellows and flattering his master. By the advice 
 of oracles, which play a great part all through the play, 
 and which imply an earnest faith in religion among the 
 Athenian people of that day, the former two persuade a 
 low sausage-seller (Agoracritus) to undertake the task of 
 supplant ing Cleon. He is assisted by the chorus of Knights, 
 who are determined enemies of Cleon, and whocome in to 
 defend their friends, and attack the demagogue, in their 
 famous parabasis. The greater part of the remainder is 
 occupied with the brazen attempts of both demagogues to 
 out-bully one another, and to devise bribes and promises 
 to gain Demos’ favour. At last Agoracritus prevails and 
 retires with Demos, whom he presently reproduces, appa- 
 rently by eccyclema, sitting crowned, and in his right 
 mind, heartily ashamed of his former follies. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 442. 
 
 Knights, The. A comedy by Foote, produced 
 in 1749, printed in 1754, in which he played 
 Hartop. 
 
 Knightsbridge (nlts'brij). 1. In old London, 
 the bridge across the Tyburn, by which the old 
 Reading road passed : so called from the manor 
 of Neyte, near Kensington. IF. J. Loftie, West- 
 minster Abbey. — 2. In modem London, the 
 street which forms the southern boundary of 
 Hyde Park. The cavalry barracks are here, 
 near Rutland Gate. 
 
 Knights of the Golden Circle. A former secret 
 order in the United States, in sympathy with 
 the Secessionists. 
 
 Knights of the Round Table. See Round 
 Table. 
 
 Knight's Tale of Palamon and Arcite, The. 
 
 One of Chaucer’s “Canterbury Tales.” it is a re- 
 casting by Chaucer of hisversionof Boccaccio’s “Teseide,” 
 which he made before he wrote the “Legend of Good 
 Women.” 
 
 The “Knight’s Tale,” in particular, naturally attracted 
 the attention of the dramatists of the Elizabethan age, 
 who were always on the lookout for suitable material. 
 Upon it was founded an early play called “Palemon and 
 Arcite" that has not come down. It was the work of 
 Richard Edwards, and was produced in 1566 at Oxford Uni- 
 versity before Queen Elizabeth. A play with this tide is 
 also recorded by Henslowe under the year 1594 as having 
 been acted four times. From the same tale also was avow- 
 edly taken the drama called “ The Two Noble Kinsmen,” 
 which, when first printed in 1634, had on its title-page as 
 authors the names of Shakspeare and Fletcher. Whether 
 either had anything to do with it is still a debated ques- 
 tion. Lounsbury, Chaucer, III. 68. 
 
 Knight’s Vision, The. An allegorical painting 
 by Raphael, in the National Gallery, London. 
 In the foreground a youth sleeps, resting on his shield. 
 Beside him stand two girls : one, personifying fame, hold- 
 ing out a sword and a hook ; and the other, representing 
 pleasure, extending a myrtle-blossom. The background is 
 occupied with rocks, hills, and towers. The work is of 
 Raphael's youth, admirable in conception and execution. 
 
 Knin (knen). A town in Dalmatia, Austria- 
 Hungary, on the Kcrka 26 miles northeast of 
 Sebenieo. Pop., commune, 25,930, (1910). 
 
 Knipp (nip), or Knep (nep), Mrs. Flourished 
 about 1670. An English actress. She probably first 
 appeared as Epicosne in Ben Jonson’s “Silent Woman” in 
 1664, and what is known of her is principally from the en- 
 tries in Bepys’s “Diary.” She disappears from the bills in 
 1678. 
 
 Mrs. Knipp (or Knep) . . . was a pretty creature, with 
 a sweet voice, a mad humour, and an ill-looking, moody, 
 jealous husband, who vexed the soul and bruised the body 
 of his sprightly, sweet-toned, and wayward wife. Excel- 
 lent company she was found by Pepys and his friends, 
 whatever her horse- jockey of a husband may have thought 
 of her, or Airs. Pepys of the philandering of her own hus- 
 band with the minx, whom she did not hesitate to pro- 
 nounce a “wench,” and whom Pepys himself speaks of af- 
 fectionately as a “jade ” he was always glad to see. 
 
 Doran, Eng. Stage, I. 59. 
 
 Knipperdolling (knip'per-dol-ling), Bern- 
 hard. Beheaded at Munster, Prussia, Jan. 23, 
 1536. A German Anabaptist, stadtholder of 
 Munster 1534-35, and supporter of the revolu- 
 tionary acts of John of Leyden. 
 
 Knistineaux. See Cree. 
 
 Knobel (kno'bel), August Wilhelm. Born at 
 Tscheeheln, near Sorau, Prussia, 1807 : died at 
 
 Knox, John 
 
 Giessen, Hesse, May 25, 1863. A German Prot- 
 estant exegete, professor at Breslau and after- 
 ward at Giessen. 
 
 Knobelsdorff (kno'bels-dorf), Baron Hans 
 Georg Wenzeslaus von. Born near Krossen, 
 Prussia, Feb. 17, 1699: died at Berlin, Sept. 16, 
 1753. A German architect. He planned the 
 castle of Sans Souei, Potsdam ; the opera-house, 
 Berlin; etc. 
 
 Knobnoses. See Gwamba. 
 
 Knolles (nolz), Richard. Born probably at 
 Cold Ashby, Northamptonshire, about 1550: 
 died at Sandwich, Kent, 1610. An English his- 
 torian of the Turks. He graduated at Oxford in 1565, 
 and became master of the Sandwich grammar-school. 
 His chief work is a “Generali Historic of the Turkesfrom 
 the first beginning of that Nation ” (1603). 
 
 Knollys (nolz), Sir Francis. Born about 1514: 
 died July 19, 1596. An English statesman, in 
 1542 he entered Parliament for Horsham. In Dec. , 1558, 
 he was admitted to the privy council by Elizabeth ; later 
 was made vice-chamberlain of the household ; and in May, 
 1568, with Henry Scrope, was charged with the care of the 
 fugitive Mary Stuart at Carlisle Castle. In July he re- 
 moved her to Bolton Castle, Lord Scrope’s seat. 
 
 Knollys, or Knolles, Sir Robert. Bom in 
 
 Cheshire about 1317 : died at Sculthorpe, Ang. 
 15, 1407. An English soldier. He was one of the 
 principal leaders of the companies of free lances, and in 
 
 1358 commanded the “ Great Company ”in Normandy. In 
 
 1359 he made a raid into Auvergne and threatened Avi- 
 gnon and the Pope (Innocent VI.). He continued his 
 devastations in France until 1367, when he joined the Black 
 Prince's Spanish expedition with his “Great Company." 
 In 1369 he again joined the Black Prince in Aquitaine. 
 In 1370 he commanded Edward III. ’s expedition to Calais, 
 ravaged Artois, Picardy, and Vermandois, and on Sept. 24 
 drew up in order of battle between Villejuif and Paris. 
 Charles V. refused to fight, and Knollys retired into Nor- 
 mandy, where he lost a part of his army and was obliged 
 to return to England. In Wat Tyler's insurrection, June, 
 1381, Knollys was placed in command of the forces of the 
 city of London, and rode out with Richard II. to the in- 
 terview at Smithfield. 
 
 Knowell (no'wel), The Elder. In Jonson’s 
 comedy “Every Man in bis Humour,” a sen- 
 tentious old gentleman. His humor is a strained 
 solicitude for his son’s morals. This character is said to 
 have been played by Shakspere. 
 
 Knowles (nolz), Sir James. Born Oct. 13, 
 1831: died at London, Dec. 13, 1908. An Eng- 
 lish architect and editor. He edited the “ Con- 
 temporary Review” 1870-77, and the “Nine- 
 teenth Century” from 1877. Knighted, 1903. 
 
 Knowles, James Sheridan. Born at Cork, Ire- 
 land, May 12, 1784: died at Torquay, England, 
 Nov. 30, i862. A British playwright. His father, 
 James Knowles, and Richard Brinsley Sheridan were first 
 cousins. He served in the militia, studied medicine, went 
 on the stage, and taught school at Glasgow before his first 
 play (“Caius Gracchus”) was produced in 1815. In 1850 
 he left Glasgow and settled near Edinburgh. In 183-4 he 
 visited the Unit ed States. Until 1843 he continued to act 
 at intervals both in his own plays and others. He also 
 lectured, and in 1844 became a Baptist and preached at 
 Exeter Hall and in other places sermons against Roman 
 Catholicism, Cardinal Wiseman, etc. Among his chief 
 plays are “Caius Gracchus" (1815), “Virginius” (1820), 
 “William Tell” (1825), “Alfred the Great ” (1831), “The 
 Hunchback” (1832), “The Wife, etc.” (1833), “The Beg- 
 gar of Bethnal Green ”(1834 : abridged from “The Beggar’s 
 Daughter of Bethnal Green,” 1828), “ The Love Chase” 
 (1837), “ Love ” (1829), “John of Procida, etc.” (1840), etc. 
 He also wrote a number of poems and tales, and adapted 
 several plays, besides publishing his lectures on various 
 subjects. 
 
 Know-nothing Party. See American Tarty. 
 
 Knox (noks), Henry. Bom at Boston, July 25, 
 1750: died at Thomaston, Maine, Oet. 25, 1806. 
 An American general, distinguished as an ar- 
 tillery general in the Revolution: secretary of 
 war 1785-95. 
 
 Knox, John. Born at Haddington, 1505: died at 
 Edinburgh, Nov. 24, 1572. A celebrated Scot- 
 tish reformer, statesman, and writer, in 1522 he 
 entered Glasgow University, but does not appear to have 
 graduated. He studied law and acted as notary at Had- 
 dington. In 1544 he became tutor to Francis and John, 
 sons of Hugh Douglas of Longniddry, and Alexander Cock- 
 burn, eldest son of the Laird of Ormiston. At this time 
 George Wishart, a Lutheran, sought asylum in the houses 
 of Douglas, Coekburn, and Crichton, and exercised a pow- 
 erful influence on Knox. On March 12, 1546, Wishart was 
 burned at St. Andrews for heresy. His death was avenged 
 by the murder of Cardinal Beaton May 29. Knox took ref- 
 uge in April, 1547, with his pupils, in the castle of St. An- 
 drews; was urged to become a preacher; and accepted a 
 “ call ” from the congregation there. On July 31, 1547, St. 
 Andrews capitulated to the French, and Knox was impris- 
 oned in the galleys until Feb., 1549, when he was released 
 and went to England. For two years he preached at Ber- 
 wick. In 1550 he removed to Newcastle, and in 1551 was 
 made one of the six royal chaplains. As such he assisted 
 in the revision of the second prayer-book of Edward VI., 
 issued Nov. 1, 1552. On the accession of M ary Tudor, Knox 
 Bed to Dieppe, and in 1554 visited Calvin at Geneva and Bol- 
 linger at Zurich. In Nov., 1554, he became pastor of the 
 English congregation at Frankfort-on-the-Main, hut soon 
 was forced to ret urn to Geneva. In 1555 he returned to Ber- 
 wick, and in the winter traveled about Scotland preaching 
 and writing. On May 15, 1556, he was summoned by the 
 bishops to appear at the Blackfriars Kirk in Edinburgh. 
 
Knox, John 
 
 575 
 
 He came with so powerful a following that the prosecution 
 was abandoned. He returned to Geneva in the summer of 
 1556. In 1558 he published the first and second “Blasts 
 of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Wo- 
 men," which, originally directed against Mary of Guise, 
 regent of Scotland, Mary, queen of England, and Catharine 
 de’ Medici, were destined to complicate his dealings with 
 Elizabeth and Mary Stuart. Knox returned to Edinburgh 
 in 1559. The regent Mary had at this time renewed her 
 persecution of the Reformation ; a riot occurred at Perth, 
 where Knox was preaching ; and the struggle began which 
 ended in the deposition of the regent by the Convention in 
 Edinburgh, Oct. 21, 1559, and her death June 10, 1560. On 
 Aug. 17, 1560, his “ Confession of Faith ” was adopted with- 
 out change, and Roman Catholicism was abolished by the 
 Parliament. Francis II. of France, the husband of Mary 
 Queen of Scots, having died Dec. 5, 1560, she returned to 
 Scotland Aug. 19, 1561 ; and in the struggle between her 
 Roman Catholic sympathies and the Protestantism of her 
 people Knox had frequent dramatic encounters with her. 
 He was, however, mainly occupied with the organization 
 of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland. His works, of 
 which the chief is his ‘‘Historie of the Reformation of Re- 
 ligioun within the Realme of Scotland," collected and ed- 
 ited by David Laing, were published in 6 volumes in 1864. 
 
 Knox, Mrs. (Isa Craig). Born at Edinburgh in 
 1831 : died at Brockley, Dec. 23, 1903. A Scot- 
 tish writer. She was employed on the Btaff of the 
 “ Scotsman ” for some time, removed to London in 1857, 
 and was secretary to the National Association for the 
 Promotion ot Social Science till her marriage. She wrote 
 “ The Burns Festival," the prize poem at the Crystal Pal- 
 ace celebration Jan. 25, 1859, and published several novels, 
 “Tales on the Parables" (1872), “ The Little Folks' History 
 of England " (1872), “ In Duty Bound ” (1881), poems, etc. 
 
 Knoxville (noks'vil). A city and the capital of 
 Knox County, Tennessee, situated on the Hol- 
 ston in lat. 35° 58' N., long. 83° 56' W. It is the 
 chief commercial and industrial center of East Tennessee, 
 and the seat of the University of Tennessee. It was set- 
 tled in 1789. Abandoned by the Confederates in Sept., 
 1863, it was occupied by the Federals under Burnside, and 
 was besieged by Longstreet in November without success. 
 Population, 36,346, (1910). 
 
 Knutsford (nuts'ford). A small town in Che- 
 shire, England, 14 miles southwest of Manches- 
 ter. 
 
 Koasati (ko-a-sa'te), or Coosadi, or Cooshat- 
 
 ties. A division of the Creek Confederacy of 
 North American Indians. Before 1836their seat was 
 on the northern bank of Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, Ala- 
 bama. They now number but few individuals, scattered 
 in Oklahoma and on the Trinity River, Texas. See Creek. 
 
 Kobad. See Qubad. 
 
 Kobe (ko'be). A seaport on the southern coast 
 of the main island of Japan, near Osaka. 
 Population, 378,197. 
 
 Kobell (ko'bel), Franz von. Born at Munich, 
 July 19, 1803 : died there, Nov. 11, 1882. A Ger- 
 man mineralogist and poet, professor of min- 
 eralogy at the University of Munich. He wrote 
 “Geschichte der Mineralogie 1650-1860” (1864), and other 
 works on mineralogy, also poems in the Bavarian dialect 
 and High German. 
 
 Kobelyaki (ko-bel-ya'ke). A town in the gov- 
 ernment of Pultowa, Russia, situated on the 
 Vorskla 38 miles southwest of Pultowa. Popu- 
 lation, 15,500. 
 
 Koberstein (ko'ber-stln), Karl August. Born 
 at Riigenwalde, Prussia, Jan. 10, 1797: died at 
 Pforta, Prussia, March 8, 1870. A German his- 
 torian of literature, professor in the national 
 school at Pforta. He published “ Grundriss der Ge- 
 schichte der deutschen Nationalliteratur ’’ (1827 : revised 
 ed. by Bartsch 1872-74 and 1884), etc. 
 
 Kobrin (ko-bren'). A town in the government 
 of Grodno, Russia, situated in lat. 52° 15' N., 
 long. 24° 24' E. Population, over 10,000. 
 
 Koburg. See Coburg. 
 
 Koch (koch), Joseph Anton. Born at Ober- 
 giebeln, Tyrol, July 27, 1768: died at Rome, Jan. 
 12, 1839. A German historical and landscape 
 painter. 
 
 Koch, Karl Heinrich Emil. Bom near Weimar, 
 Germany, June 6, 1809: died at Berlin, May 25, 
 1879. A German botanist and Oriental traveler. 
 He wrote “Wanderungen durch deu Orient” (1846-47), 
 
 *“ Dendrologie " (1869-72), etc. 
 
 Koch, Robert. Born at Klausthal, Dee. 11, 
 1843: died at Baden-Baden, May 27, 1910. A 
 German physician, noted as the discoverer of 
 the bacilli of tuberculosis (1882) and of cholera 
 
 ( Ibod). lie led the German expedition to Egypt and In- 
 dia in 1883 to investigate cholera. In 1890 he announced 
 the discovery of a cure for tuberculosis, which has not 
 been supported by further experience. 
 
 Kochab (ko-lcab'). [Ar. kaulcab al-shemali, the 
 star of the north.] The bright third-magnitude 
 star ft Ursse Minoris, one of the two “ guardians 
 of the pole,” and at the time of Ptolemy the 
 actual pole-star, beingthen considerably nearer 
 to the pole than our present pole-star. 
 
 Kock (kok), Charles Paul de. Born at Passy, 
 near Paris, May 21, 1794 : died at Paris, Aug. 
 29, 1871. A French novelist and dramatist. 
 He excelled In descriptions of the shady side of lower mid- 
 dle-class life in Paris. He wrote “Georgette "(1820), “Gus- 
 
 tave, ou le mauvais sujet" (1821), “Mon voisin Raymond" 
 (1822), “ A rid r 6 le Savoyard 1 ’ (1825), “Le barbier de Paris” 
 (1826), “La maison blanche” (1828), “La femme, le mari et 
 l’amant” (1829), “Les moeurs parisiennes" (1837), “La 
 famille Gogo" (1844), “La mare d’auteuil ” (1851), “Les 
 enfants du boulevard ” (1863), etc., and many other stories, 
 vaudevilles, etc. He wrote, with Carmouche, “Lachouette 
 et la colombe.” His collected works tilled 66 volumes in 
 1844-45. 
 
 Kock, Henri de. Born at Paris, 1819 : died at 
 Limay, Seine-et-Oise, April 14, 1892. A French 
 novelist and dramatist, son of Paul de Kock 
 whose style he imitated. 
 
 Kodungalur. Same as Cranganore. 
 
 Koekkoek (kok'kok), Barend Cornelis. Born 
 at Middelburg, Netherlands, Oct. 11, 1803: died 
 at Cleves, Prussia, April 5, 1862. A Dutch land- 
 scape-painter. He was a member of the Rotterdam 
 and St. Petersburg academies (1840), and founded an 
 academy of design at Cleves in 1841. 
 
 Kohat (ko-hat'). 1. A district of the North- 
 west Frontier Province, British India, inter- 
 sected by lat. 33° 30' N., long. 71° 30' E. Area, 
 2,973 square miles. Population, 217,865. — 2. 
 The capital of the district of Kohat, situated 
 in lat. 33° 35' N., long. 71° 26' E. Pop., 30,762. 
 
 Kohathites (ko'hath-its). In Jewish history, 
 the descendants of Kohath, the second son of 
 Levi. The Kohathites were one of the three great fami- 
 lies of the Levites, and had charge of bearing the ark and 
 its furniture in the march through the wilderness. 
 
 Koh-i-nur (ko'e-nor'). [‘Mountain of light.’] 
 A famous diamond belonging to the British 
 sovereign. It was acquired by Nadir Shah in 1739, and 
 by Queen Victoria in 1850. It then weighed 1863*5 carats, 
 but has been recut, and is now 1063*5 carats. Also Koh-i- 
 noor. 
 
 Kohistan (ko-his-tan'). A wild region in cen- 
 tral Asia, near the Indus, west of Kashmir. 
 
 Kohl (kol), Johann Georg. Born at Bremen, 
 April 28, 1808: died there, Oct. 28, 1878. A 
 German traveler and author. After visiting nearly 
 every country in Europe, he traveled extensively in the 
 United States 1854-58 ; subsequently he resided in Bremen, 
 where he was state librarian. He published many books 
 describing Russia, Austria-Hungary, Denmark, the British 
 Islands, the United States, etc., most of which have been 
 translated into English. In his later years he wrote a 
 number of important works on early American geography 
 and exploration, the ones best known being “Geschichte 
 der Entdeckung Amerikas " (1861), “Die beiden altesten 
 Karten von Amerika” (I860), “A History of the Discovery 
 of the East Coast of North America” (in collections of the 
 Maine Historical Society, 1869), and “Geschichte der Ent- 
 deckungsreisen und Schifffahrten zur Magellan’s Strasse ” 
 (1877). 
 
 Kohlrausch (kol'roush), Heinrich Friedrich 
 
 Theodor. Born at Landolfshausen, near Got- 
 tingen, Prussia, Nov. 15, 1780: died at Han- 
 nover, Prussia, Jan. 29-30, 1867. A German 
 historian, teacher successively at Barmen, Diis- 
 seldorf, Munster, and Hannover. His chief work 
 is “Deutsche Geschichte” (1816). 
 
 Kokomo (ko'ko-mo). A city and the capital of 
 Howard County, Indiana, 52 miles north of In- 
 dianapolis. Population, 17,010, (1910). 
 
 Koko-nor (ko'ko-nor'), or Tsing-Hai (tsing- 
 hi'). 1. A lake in China, near the border 
 
 of Tibet and Kansu, about latitude 37° N., 
 longitude 100° E. Length, 66 miles. Height 
 above sea-level, about 10,000 feet. — 2. A dis- 
 trict near the lake. 
 
 Kola (ko'la). 1. A peninsula in northern Rus- 
 sia, lying between the Arctic Ocean and the 
 White Sea. — 2. A small seaport in Lapland, 
 government of Archangel, Russia, about lat. 
 68° 53' N., long. 33° E. 
 
 Kolaba (kol-a/ba). A district in the presidency 
 of Bombay, British India, intersected by lat. 
 18° 20' N., long. 73° 20' E. Area, 2,131 square 
 miles. Population, 605,566. 
 
 Kolapur, or Kolapoor. See Kolhapur. 
 
 Kolar, or Golar (ko-lar'). A district cf Mysore, 
 India, intersected by lat. 13° N., long. 78° 15' 
 E. Area, 3,180 square miles. Population, 
 723,600. 
 
 Kolauza (ko-la'za). [Of doubtful derivation.] 
 Riccioii’s name for the star Arcturus : seldom 
 used by any one else. 
 
 Kolb (kolb), Georg Friedrich. Born at Spires, 
 Rhenish Bavaria, Sept. 14, 1808: died at Mu- 
 nich, May 16, 1884. A German statistician, 
 journalist, and politician. He published ‘ ‘ Hand- 
 buch der vergleichenden Statistik” (1857), etc. 
 
 Kolbe (kol'be), Adolf Wilhelm Hermann. 
 Born at Elliehansen, near Gottingen, Prussia, 
 Sept. 27, 1818: died at Leipsic, Nov. 25, 1884. 
 A noted German chemist, assistant of Playfair 
 in the Museum of Economic Geology, London, 
 1845, and professor of chemistry at Marburg 
 1851, and at Leipsic 1865: author of “ Ausfiihr- 
 lisches Lehrbuch. der organischen Chemie” 
 (1854-69). 
 
 Koltzof 
 
 Kolbe, Karl Wilhelm. Bom at Berlin, March 
 7, 1781 : died at Berlin, April 8, 1853. A Ger- 
 man historical painter and philologist. 
 
 Kolberg, or Oolberg (kol'bera). A seaport and 
 watering-place in the province of Pomerania, 
 Prussia, at the mouth of the Persante, in the 
 Baltic, 66 miles northeast of Stettin. The Marien- 
 kirche and Rathaus are of interest. It was formerly a 
 strong fortress, and is noted for its sieges. It was taken 
 by the Russians in 1761, and was successfully defended 
 against the French in 1807. Population, commune, about 
 23,000. 
 
 Kolcsey (kel'che-i) ,Ferencz. Born at Szo-Deme- 
 ter, Middle Szolnok, Hungary, Aug. 8, 1790: 
 died at Szatkmur, Hungary, Aug. 24, 1838. A 
 Hungarian critic, orator, and poet, best known 
 as joint editor of the periodical “Life and Lit- 
 erature” (1826-29). 
 
 Koldaji (kol-da'je). An African tribe of Kor- 
 dofan, west of the Upper Nile. Related to the 
 Nuba, it is both ethnically aud linguistically of a mixed 
 Hamitic aud Nigritic type. 
 
 Kolding (kol'ding). A seaport in the province 
 of Yeile, Jutland, Denmark, situated on the 
 Kolding Fjord in lat. 55° 30' N., long. 9° 29' E. 
 Here, April 23, 1849, the troops of Schleswig-Holstein 
 under Bonin defeated the Danes under Billow. Popula- 
 tion, 13,45L 
 
 Kolguef (kol-go'yef), or Kolgujef (kol-go'yef). 
 An island in the Arctic Ocean, belonging to the 
 government of Archangel, Russia. Length, 
 about 55 miles. 
 
 Kolhapur (ko-la-por'). 1. A native state in 
 southern India, under British control, inter- 
 sected by lat. 16° 30' N., long. 74° E. Area, 
 3,165 square miles. Population, 910,011.-2. 
 The capital of the state of Kolhapur, situated 
 in lat. 16° 42' N., long. 74° 14' E. Population, 
 54,373. 
 
 Kolima, or Kolyma (ko-le-ma' or ko-le'ma). 
 A river in the government of Yakutsk, Siberia, 
 flowing into the Arctic Ocean about lat. 69° 30' 
 N., long. 161° E. Length, about 900-1,000 miles. 
 
 Kolin ,orKollin(ko-len'). [Bohem. Kolin Novy .] 
 A town in Bohemia, situated on the Elbe 34 
 miles east of Prague. In the battle of Kolin, June 18, 
 1757, the Austrians (about 53,000) under Daun defeated 
 the Prussians (about 34,000) under Frederick the Great. 
 The victory led to the raising of the siege of Prague and 
 the evacuation of Bohemia. Population, commune, 16,442, 
 (1910). 
 
 Kolis (ko'lis). [Hind.] An aboriginal tribe in 
 the hills of central India, whither they were 
 driven by the early Aryan settlers. They are scat- 
 tered widely, as cultivators and laborers, throughout south- 
 ern India, but have preserved their original language, 
 customs, and superstitions. 
 
 Kollar (kol'lar), Jan. Born at Mossocz, Thu- 
 rocz, Hungary, July 29, 1793: died at Vienna, 
 Jan. 29, 1852. A Bohemian poet, Slavic scholar, 
 
 +and advocate of Panslavism. 
 
 Kolliker (kel'le-ker), Rudolf Albert von. 
 Born at Zurich, Switzerland, July 6, 1817 : died 
 at Wiirzburg, Nov. 2, 1905. A noted Swiss anat- 
 omist and physiologist. He became professor of phys- 
 iology at Zurich in 1845, and at Wurzburg in 1847. Among 
 his works are “ Mikroskopische Anatomie ” (1850-54), 
 “Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen" (1852), 
 “ Entwickelungsgeschichte des Menschen ” (1861), etc. 
 
 Kollin. See Kolin. 
 
 Koln (keln). The German name of Cologne. 
 
 Kolokol (kol-o-kol'). [‘The Bell.’] A journal 
 founded by Alexander Hertzen (or Herzen) in 
 London in 1857. it was published in Russian, and 
 demanded the emancipation of the serfs and other reforms. 
 It had great influence, and many copies were smuggled 
 Into Russia, though prohibited by the government. It 
 was published till 1865. In 1868 it reappeared in Geneva, 
 published in French, but without much success. 
 
 Kolokol (kol-6-kol'), Czar. The great bell in 
 the Kremlin at Moscow. It was cast in its present 
 form in 1733, but four years later, owing' either to a flaw or 
 to a fall, a large piece was broken from the side. It now 
 stands on a circular base of stone. The rings on the sum- 
 mit are surmounted by a large ball and cross. The total 
 height is 26( feet, the base circumference 67 feet 11 inches, 
 the greatest thickness 2 feet, and the weight about 200 tons. 
 
 Kolokotronis (kol-6-ko-tro'nis), Theodoros. 
 Born in Messenia, Greece, April 15, 1770: died 
 at Athens, Feb. 26, 1843. A Greek patriot. 
 He became, on the outbreak of the Greek war for inde- 
 pendence in 1821, one of the chief leaders against Turkey, 
 and was appointed commander-in-chief of the Pelopon- 
 nesus in 1823. 
 
 Kolomea (ko-16-ma'a), or Kolomyia (ko-lo- 
 me'ya). A town in Galicia, Austria-Hungary, 
 situated on the Pruth in lat. 48° 32' N. , long. 25° 
 1' E. Population, commune, 40,520, (1910). 
 
 Kolomna (ko-lom'na). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Moscow, Russia, situated at the junc- 
 tion of the Kolomenka with the Moskva, 60 
 miles southeast of Moscow. Population, 
 23,000. 
 
 Koltzoff (kolt-sof'), Alexei Vasilievitch. Born 
 at Voronezh, Oct. 26, 1809: died Nov. 12, 1842. A 
 
Koltzoff 
 
 Russian poet, known as “the Russian Burns.” 
 He went to St. Petersburg in 1836. The first edition of his 
 poems appeared after his death, in 1846, edited by Bielinski. 
 Some of his poems have been translated by Bodenstedt. 
 
 Roluschan (ko-lush'an). A linguistic stock of 
 North American Indians. Their name is derived from 
 an Aleut word, kalosh or kaluga, meaning ‘dish,’ alluding 
 to the dish-shaped labrets worn by them. They are also 
 often called Thlinkit or Tlinkit, a name (meaning ‘ people ’) 
 which they apply to themselves. They occupy a narrow 
 strip along the northwest coast, together with adjacent 
 islands, from the mouth of Portland Canal in lat. 66° N. 
 to that of Atna or Copper River in lat 60°, and are nearly 
 all in Alaska. They number about 6,000. The chief 
 tribes of the stock are the Auk, Chilcat, Hanega, Hood* 
 8unu, Hunah, Keh, Sitka, Stahkin, Taku, Tongas, and 
 Yak u tat. 
 
 Koma-ga-take (ko-ma-ga-ta'ke). The second 
 highest mountain of Japan, in the western part 
 of the main island. Height, 10,300 feet. 
 
 Komensky. See Comenius. 
 
 Komorn (ko'morn), Hung. Komarom (ko'ma- 
 rom). A royal free city, the capital of the 
 county of Komorn, Hungary, situated on the 
 island of Schiitt at the junction of the Waag and 
 Danube, 46 miles west-northwest of Budapest. 
 
 It is noted for its strong fortifications. The Hungarian 
 insurgents under Mack, Guyon, and Klapka successfully 
 withstood a siege and bombardment by the Austrians, Oct., 
 1848, to Sept. 2i, 1849, when they were induced to capitu- 
 late on a promise of amnesty, which was but partially kept. 
 Population, commune, 19,996. 
 
 Komotau (ko'mo-tou). A town in Bohemia, 
 52 miles northwest of Prague. Population, 
 commune, 19,545, (1910). 
 
 Konde (kon'de), or Makonde (ma-kon'de). A 
 Bantu tribe of Portuguese East Africa, on the 
 Rovurna River. They tattoo themselves, and the wo- 
 men disfigure themselves by weal ing the pelele, a piece of 
 wood stuck in the enormously distended upper lip. Their 
 neighbors, the Mavia and Matambwe, speak dialects so 
 closely allied to Konde that all three must be considered 
 as dialectic variations of one language. 
 
 Kong (kong ) . Ahighland in West Africa, back of 
 the Grain, Ivory, and Gold coasts, it was largely 
 included in a French protectorate in 1889. The Kong 
 Mountains of former maps are in reality a high plateau. 
 
 Kongo, or Congo (kong' go), Pg. Zaire (za-e're), 
 called by Stanley the Livingstone. A river of 
 central Africa. It rises as the Luapula in the high- 
 land separating the basins of Lakes Tanganyika and Nyassa 
 (about lat. 10° S.), rounds Lake Bangweolo on the south, 
 flows northward through Lake Moero to Lake Lanji, and 
 there receives the Lukuga as an affluent from Tangan- 
 yika. The united stream, now known as the Lualaba, 
 flows northward to Stanley Falls, beyond the equator, 
 whence to the sea, over its main course, it is called the 
 Kongo. It discharges into the Atlantic t cean in lat. 6°S., 
 about 240 miles southwest of Stanley Pool. It is naviga- 
 ble by ocean steamers from its mouth to Matadi ( 10 miles) 
 and by river steamers from Stanley Pool to Stanley Falls. 
 These two navigable sections are being connects by a 
 railroad. It is second in volume to the Amazon, and is, 
 among African rivers, next to the Nile in length. Its chief 
 tributaries are the Aruwimi, Mobangi, and Kassai. It has 
 been explored by Cameron, Livingstone, Stanley, and 
 
 ^others. Length, estimated, about 3,000 miles. 
 
 Kongo, French, F. Congo Francais (kon-go' 
 fran-sa'): now French Equatorial Africa. 
 
 The official name, 1891-1912, of the French 
 possessions between the Kongo and the At- 
 lantic. Previously they were called Gaboon, Gabun, or 
 Gabonie. The country is fertile, but mostly insalubrious. 
 The coast was discovered by the Portuguese in the 15th 
 century, and held by them for a long period. In 1842 the 
 French established their first trading-post on the Gaboon 
 River, and extended their authority, in 1862, to Cape Lopez 
 and the Ogowe River. When Stanley revealed the course 
 of the Kongo, S. de Brazza connected the colony of Gaboon 
 with Stanley Pool and annexed large tracts of country. The 
 claims of France were recognized by the Berlin Conference 
 in 1885. By an agreement made with Germany in 1894, 
 French Kongo extends behind the Kamerun northward 
 to Lake Chad. By the Morocco Agreement, November, 
 1911, new boundaries were made between Kamerun and 
 
 + French Equatorial Africa. 
 
 Kongo Free State, or Kongo Independent 
 State, Etat Independant du Congo, or 
 Kongo State : now Belgian Kongo. A state 
 in western Africa, recognized and defined by 
 the conference of powers at Berlin in 1885. 
 It lies mostly on the left bank of the lower Kongo and the 
 Mobangi, extending to the northeastern watershed of the 
 Kongo basin, eastward to long.30°E., and southward, main- 
 ly on that meridian, to about lat. 13° S. It is the succes- 
 sor of the International African Association, founded by 
 Leopold II. and organized by Stanley. This company es- 
 tablished stations, annexed lands, hoisted its own flag, 
 which was first recognized by the United States, and be- 
 came so aggressive as to conflict with Portugal, France, 
 and England. The Beilin Conference constituted (Feb. 
 26 , 1885) the Kongo State, with Leopold II. as sovereign. 
 The conditions under which it received most of the Kongo 
 basin as its sphere of influence were that all nations and 
 religions should have equal privileges within its borders, 
 and that free trade should prevail. The latter clause was 
 modified by the Brussels conferences of 1890 so as to ena- 
 ble the Kongo State and other countries concerned in the 
 Kongo Free Trade Basin to levy certain import duties. 
 By will, dated Aug. 2, 1889, Leopold II. bequeathed to Bel- 
 gium all his sovereign right:-, and by the convention of 
 July3, 1890 (continued Aug. 10, 1901), he gave Belgium the 
 right to annex the Kongo State after a period of 10 years. 
 
 576 
 
 Government is in the hands of an administrator at Boma 
 and of bureaus at Brussels, under the supervision of the 
 King of the Belgians. The chief exports are ivory, rub- 
 ber, nuts, coffee, palm-oil. The principal state stations 
 are Boma (the capital), Matadi, Leopoldville, Equator, 
 Bangala, Stanley Falls, and Luluaburg. Estimated area, 
 909,654 square miles. Population, about 20,000,000. 
 
 Kongo Nation. A great Bantu nation of West 
 Africa, occupying both banks of the lower 
 Kongo River. In its widest sense it consists of ail the 
 tribes between the Nyanga River, the upper Ogowe, Stanley 
 Pool, the Kuango, and the mouth of the Lufuni (Lifune) 
 River, south of Ambriz. The tribes north of the Kongo 
 River speak dialects of the Kongo language, the principal 
 being those of Loango, Kakongo, and Ngoio; and then- 
 beliefs, customs, industries, and physical appearance show 
 a common origin ; but at the time of the Portuguese dis- 
 covery, in 1484, their allegiance to the King of Kongo had 
 already become merely traditional. The Kongo Nation, 
 in the st rict sense, was and is composed of the tribes (called 
 duchies and counties) of Mbamba, Sundi.Pa igu, Sonho, 
 Batta, and Pemba, which to this day recognize the sover- 
 eignty of the King of Kongo, although they are practically 
 independent of his control. At the time of the discovery, 
 the nation of Angola, ethnically and linguistically distinct 
 from that of Kongo, though related, still acknowledged a 
 dependence upon that of Kongo. The decadence of this 
 great kingdom was temporarily stemmed by the friend- 
 ship of the Portuguese and the nominal adoption of Chris- 
 tianity, which gave a new luster and prestige to the court 
 of Kongo. But the relapse into heathenism, constant civil 
 wars, and the suicidal exportation of slaves to America 
 undermined the kingdom so thoroughly that in 1847 one 
 of the royal pretenders was installed by the help of Portu- 
 guese arms, and virtually accepted a sort of protectorate. 
 By the act of the Berlin Conference, 1885, Portugal was 
 allowed to occupy and hold most of the Kongo proper and 
 Ngoio (Cabinda), while most of the tribes of Kongo stock 
 dwelling north of the Kongo River were allotted to France, 
 and the northern margin of the river to the Kongo State. 
 The King of Kongo has become a Portuguese vassal, and his 
 kingdom has been organized as a district of Angola. The 
 capital of the district is Cabinda; that of the native king- 
 dom is San Salvador. The Kongo State, holding only a 
 trifling portion of the old kingdom of Kongo, was in no 
 wise its successor. The Kongo language, called Kishi- 
 kongo in the court dialect, and Ki-kongo in the river dia- 
 lect, is purely Bantu, and closely related to (though dis- 
 tinct from) Kimbundu, the language of Angola. Owing 
 to the growing missionary literature, the use of Ki-kongo 
 is extending far into the Belgian Kongo, and it bids fair 
 to become one of the great literary languages of Africa. 
 The dialects correspond to the tribes enumerated above, 
 to which might be added Hungu. 
 
 Kongo State. See Kongo Free State. 
 
 Kongsberg (kongs'berG). A town in the 
 province of Buskerud, Norway, situated on the 
 Laagen 45 miles southwest of Christiania, it 
 contains government silver-mines, discovered about 1623. 
 Population, 5,696. 
 
 Konieh (ko'ne-e), or Koniah (ko'ne-a). 1. A 
 vilayet in Asia Minor, Turkey. Area, 39,410 
 square miles. Population, 1,069,000. — 2. The 
 capital of the vilayet of Konieh, situated in lat. 
 37° 56' N., long. 32 3 20' E. : the ancient Ieonium. 
 It became the capital of a Seljuk sultanate in 1097 ; was 
 taken by Frederick Barbarossa in IlfO; was incorporated 
 with the Turkish empire in the erd of the 14th century. 
 Here Ibrahim Pasha defeated the Turks under Reshid 
 Pasha, Dec. 20, 1832. Population, estimated, 60,000. 
 
 Konig (ke'niG), Friedrich. Born at Eisleben, 
 Prussia, April 17, 1774: died Jan. 17, 1833. A 
 German printer, inventor of the steam-press. 
 The first machine was patented in England in 1810. He 
 patented a cylinder-press in 1811. 
 
 Konig (ke'nia), Heinrich Josef. Born at Fulda, 
 Prussia, March 19, 1790: died atWiesbaden, Prus- 
 sia, Sept. 23, 1869. A German novelist. Among 
 his historical novels are “Die hohe Braut” 
 (1833) and “Die Klubisten in Mainz” (1847). 
 
 Koniggratz (ke'nig-grats). [Bohem. Hradec 
 Krdlove. ] A cathedral city in Bohemia, situated 
 at the junction of the Adler with the Elbe, 62 
 miles east of Prague. The decisive battle of the 
 Seven Weeks’ War (often called the bat.le of Sadowa) was 
 fought near Koniggratz, July 3, 1863. The Prussians (220,- 
 984) under William I., Crown Prince Frederick William, 
 Prince Frederick Charles, and Herwarth von Bittenfeld 
 defeated the Austrian army (about 205 ,000) under Benedek. 
 The loss of the Austrians was about 40,000, that of the Prus- 
 sians about 1 1,000. A history of the battle by Jahns ap- 
 peared in 1876. Population, commune, 11,064, (1910). 
 
 Koniginhof (ke'mg-in-hof). [Bohem. Dvur 
 Krdlove.] A town in Bohemia, situated on the 
 Elbe 64 miles east-northeast of Prague. Here, 
 June 29, 1866, the Prussians defeated the Aus- 
 trians. Population, commune, 15,0L2, (1910). 
 
 Koniginhof Manuscript. A manuscript con- 
 taining old Bohemian poems (date about 1300), 
 discovered by Hanka at Koniginhof in 1817. 
 
 Konig Rother (ko'nio ro'ter). [G., ‘King Bo- 
 ther.’] A Middle High German epic poem, writ- 
 ten, near the middle of the 12th century, by an 
 unknown author in Bavaria. It receives its name 
 from the legendary hero Rother, a king of the Roman Em- 
 pire, who wins the daughter of King Constantine of Con- 
 stantinople. Rother’s historical prototype was Rothari, 
 a king of the Longobardi in the 7th century. 
 
 Konigsberg (ke' nigs -hero), Pol. Krolewiec 
 (kro-la'vyets). A seaport and fortress and the 
 capital of the province of East Prussia, Prussia, 
 situated on the Pregel, near the Frisches Half, 
 
 Kopitar 
 
 in lat. 54° 43' N.. long. 20° 30' E. ft consists ol 
 the Altstadt, Kneiphof, Lobenicht, and other quarters, 
 and has important commerce in grain, timber, hemp, flax, 
 etc. Pillau is its outer port. The palace and cathedra), 
 the statues of Kant, Frederick I., and Frederick William 
 III., and the city museum are noteworthy. The univer- 
 sity, founded by Albert I., duke of Prussia, in 1544, has 
 an important observatory, and a library of 270,000 volumes. 
 Konigsberg was founded by the Teutonic Order in 1255. 
 It was the residence of the grand masters of the Teutonic 
 Order 1457-1525, and of the dukes of Prussia 1525-1618. 
 Frederick I. took the title of king here in 1701. It is associ- 
 ated with the life of Kant. Population, commune, 248,- 
 059, (1910). 
 
 Konigsberg-in-der-N eumark (ke'nigs-bero- 
 in-der-noi'mark). A town in the province of 
 Brandenburg, Prussia, 52 miles northeast of 
 Berlin. Population, about 6,000. 
 
 Konigshiitte (ke'nigs-hiit-te). A town in the 
 province of Silesia, Prussia, situated in lat. 50° 
 18' N., long. 18° 58' E. It was founded in 1797, and 
 is noted for its iron, steel, and zinc works. Population, 
 commune, 66,042. 
 
 Konigslutter ( ke 'nigs-lot-ter) . A town in Bruns- 
 wick, Germany, 13 miles east of Brunswick. It 
 is the ancient seat of a Benedictine abbey, and 
 is associated with Lothaire II. 
 
 Konigsmark (ke'nigs-mark), Countess Maria 
 Aurora von. Born at Worms, Esthonia, Rus- 
 sia, 1669: died at Quedlinburg, Prussia, Feb. 
 16, 1728. The mistress of Augustus H. of Po- 
 land, and mother of Marshal Saxe. 
 
 Konigsmark, Count Philipp Christoph von. 
 Bom 1662 : assassinated at Hannover, July 1, 
 1694. A Swedish officer, brother of the Coun- 
 tess von Konigsmark. 
 
 Konigssee (ke'nigs-za), or Bartholomaussee 
 
 (bar-tol-o-ma'os-sa). A lake in the southeast- 
 ern extremity of Upper Bavaria, 15 miles south 
 of Salzburg, noted for its beautiful scenery. 
 Length, 6 miles. 
 
 Konigsstuhl (ke'nigs-stol). A stone structure 
 on the left bank of the Rhine, 6 miles south of 
 Coblenz. It was the meeting-place of the Rhen- 
 ish electors in the 14th and 15th centuries. 
 
 Konigstein (ke'nig-stin). A town in the king- 
 dom of Saxony, situated on the Elbe 18 miles 
 southeast of Dresden. Its fortress (800 feet 
 above the Elbe) is considered impregnable. 
 
 Konigswinter (ke'nigs-vin-ter). A town in the 
 Rhine Province, Prussia, on the Rhine 7 miles 
 southeast of Bonn. It has stone-quarries, and is a 
 center for excursions to the Siebengebirge, especially to 
 the Drachenfels. 
 
 Konitz (ko'nits). A town in the province of 
 West Prussia, Prussia, 64 miles southwest of 
 Dantzie. Population, commune, 11,014. 
 
 Konjara (kon-ja'ra). An African tribe of Dar- 
 fur, connected ethnically with the Nubas. Lin- 
 guists are not agreed as to the classification of 
 the language. See Nuba-Fulah. 
 
 Konkan (kon'kan) Coast. A region on the 
 western coast of India, between the Ghats and 
 the sea. 
 
 Konotop (ko-no-top' ). A town in the go vernment 
 of Tchernigoff, Russia, about lat. 51° 15' N., 
 long. 33° 15' E. Population, about 20,000. 
 
 Konrad (kon'rad), surnamed “The Priest.” The 
 date and place of his birth and death unknown. 
 A Middle High German epic poet. He wrote at the 
 court of the Guelph duke Henry the Proud, about 1130, the 
 “ Rolandslied ’ (Middle High German “Ruolantes liet,” 
 “The Song of Roland”), a free version of the French 
 “Chanson de Roland,’’ whose motive is Charlemagne's 
 expedition against the Moors in Spain. It was published 
 by Wilhelm Grimm (Gottingen, 1838), and later by Karl 
 Bartsch (Leipsic, 1874). 
 
 Konrad von Wurzburg (kon'rad fon vurts'- 
 borG). Born at Wiirzburg: died at Basel in 1287. 
 A Middle High German poet. He was of the burgher 
 class. He lived alternately on the Upper Rhine, at Stras- 
 burg, and at Basel where he died. He was a prolific writer. 
 His works are “Der Welt Lohn ” (“The Reward of the 
 World"), written about 1250; the legendary poems “Otto 
 mit dem Bart” (“Otto with the Beard”), “Schwanritter" 
 (“ The Swan-Knight ”), “Engelhard ’’ ; the legends “ Alex- 
 ius,” “Silvester,” “Pantaleon”; an encomium on the Vir- 
 gin Mary, called “Goldene Schmiede” (“The Golden 
 Smithy”); the French legend “Herzmare”; the romance 
 “ Partonopier imd Meliur ” ; a long poem left uncompleted 
 and continued by a later poet, “Trojanerkrieg” (“The 
 Trojan War”); and an allegory called “Klage derKunst” 
 (“The Complaint of Art ”). 
 
 Konza. See Kansa. 
 
 K6penick,or Copenick (ke'pe-nik),or Kopnick 
 (kep'nik). A town in the province of Branden- 
 burg, Prussia, situated on an island at the junc- 
 tion of theDahmo and Spree, 8 miles southeast; 
 of Berlin. Population, commune, 27,721. 
 
 Kopernick. See Copernicus. 
 
 Roping (clffi'ping). A small town in Sweden, 
 Dear the western extremity of Lake Malar. 
 
 Kopitar (ko'pe-tiir), Bartholomews. Bom at 
 Repnje, Carniola, Austria-Hungary, Aug. 23, 
 
Kopitar 
 
 1780: died at Vienna, Aug. 11, 1844. A noted 
 Slavic philologist, custodian of the Imperial Li- 
 brary: editor of “Glagolita Clozianus” 1836. 
 Kopp (kop), Joseph Eutych. Born at Bero- 
 miinster, canton of Lucerne, Switzerland, 1793: 
 died Oct. 25, 1866. A Swiss historian, author of 
 • ‘ Geschichte der eidgenossischen Biinde ” ( 1845- 
 1862), etc. 
 
 Kopparberg (kop'par-bei’G). A laen in central 
 Sweden, northwest of Stockholm: also called 
 Falun. It is rich in minerals. Area, 11,522 
 square miles. Population, 231,109. 
 
 Koppen (kep'pen), Peter von. Born at Khar- 
 koff, Russia, Feb. 19, 1793: died at Karabagh, 
 Crimea, June 4, 1864. A Russian archaeologist, 
 statistician, and scholar. He published an 
 “Ethnographical Map of European Russia” 
 (1851), and other works on Russia. 
 Koppenberg (kop'eu-berG). In the legend of 
 the Pied Piper of Hameln (which see), the 
 mountain into which the sorcerer and the chil- 
 dren disappeared. 
 
 Kopreinitz (ko'pri-nits). A royal free town in 
 Croatia, Hungary, 49 miles northeast of Agram. 
 Population, 7,078. 
 
 Koprili (ke-pre'le). A town in the vilayet of 
 Prisrend, Turkey, situated on the Vardar in lat. 
 41° 43' N., long. 21° 55' E. Population, about 
 15,000. Also Kvprili, Kiuprili, Eyopriilii, etc. 
 Korah (ko'ra). [Heb., ‘ice.’] In Old Testa- 
 ment history, a leader in a rebellion against 
 Moses andAaron. The “sons”or descendants 
 “of Korah” — the Korahites — were a gild of 
 Temple musicians. 
 
 Koran (ko-riin' or ko'ran). [Also rarely Coran, 
 Quran, formerly also Core ; with the Ar. article, 
 Alkoran, Alcoran; = Turk. Pers. qurdn, from 
 Ar. quran, qoran, book, reading, from qdrd, 
 read.] The sacred book of the Mohammedans. 
 
 It is the most important foundation on which the Moham- 
 medan religion rests, and it is held in the highest venera- 
 tion by all sects in the Mohammedan Church. When being 
 read it must be kept on a stand elevated above the floor. 
 Ho one may read it or touch it without first making a 
 legal ablution. It is written in the Arabic language, and 
 its style is considered a model. The substance of the Ko- 
 ran is held to be uncreated and eternal. Mohammed was 
 merely the person to whom the work was revealed. At 
 first the Koran was not written, but entirely committed 
 to memory. But when a great many of the best Koran 
 reciters had been killed in battle, Omar suggested to Abu- 
 Bekr (the successor of Mohammed) that it should be written 
 down. Abu-Bekr accordingly commanded Zeid, an amanu- 
 ensis of the prophet, to commit it to writing. This was 
 the authorized text until 23 years after the death of the 
 prophet. A number of variant readings had, however, 
 crep into use. By order of the calif Osman in the year 
 30 of the Hejira, Zeid and three assistants made a careful 
 revision which was adopted as the standard, and all the 
 other copies were ordered to be burned. The Koran con- 
 sists of 114 suras or divisions. These are not numbered, 
 but each one has a separate name. They are not arranged 
 in historical order. These suras purport to be the ad- 
 dresses delivered by Mohammed during his career at Mecca 
 and Medina. As a general rule the shorter suras, which 
 contain the theology of Islam, belong to the Meccan period; 
 while the longer ones, relating to social duties and rela- 
 tionships, to Medina. The Koran is largely drawn from 
 Jewish and Christian sources, theformerprevailing. Moses 
 and Jesus are reckoned among the prophets. The biblical 
 narratives are interwoven with rabbinical legends. The 
 customs of the Jews are made to conform to those of the 
 Arabians. Mohammedan theology consists in the study of 
 the Koran and its commentaries. A very fine collection 
 of Korans, including one in Cuflc(t heold Arabic character), 
 is to be found in the Khedival Library at Cairo, Egypt. 
 Korana (ko-ra/na). See Khoiklioin. 
 
 Korat (ko-rat'). 1. A small state, tributary to 
 Siam, about lat. 15° N., long. 102° E. Popula- 
 tion, estimated, 60,000. — 2. The chief town of 
 Korat. Population, about 6,000. 
 
 Kordofan (kor-do-fan'). A province of Anglo- 
 Egyptian Sudan lying between the Nile and 
 Darfur. Capital, El-Obeid. The surface is a steppe. 
 It was conquered by Egypt in 1821, and passed into the 
 possession of the Mahdi in 1883, but Anglo- Egyptian au- 
 thority was established in 1899. Area, est., 130,000 square 
 ★ miles. Population, est., 500,000. 
 
 Korea, or Corea (ko-re'a), native Chosen and 
 Kao-li, surnamed “The Hermit Nation.” A 
 former empire of Asia. It is bounded by Manchu- 
 ria on the north, Asiatic Russia on the northeast, the Sea 
 of Japan on the east, Korea Strait on the southeast, and 
 the Yellow Sea and China on the west. Capital, Seul. It 
 is mainly a peninsula, and the surface is mountainous. It 
 exports cowhides, beans, and rice. It became independ- 
 ent of China in 1895 (see China), and passed under Jap- 
 anese control in 1904. In 1910 it was formally annexed to 
 Japan as the province of Chosen. It was noted for its 
 exclusiveness, but after 1876 concluded treaties with dif- 
 ferent foreign nations. The religions are Buddhism and 
 Confucianism. Area, estimated, 86,000 square miles. 
 Population, 13,125,027, (1911). 
 
 Korea (ko-re'a). A small native state in India, 
 under British control, intersected by lat. 23° 
 30' N., long. 82° 30' E. 
 
 Korea Bay. An arm of the Yellow Sea. 
 
 C.— 37 
 
 577 
 
 Koreish (ko-rish). The most celebrated and 
 influential of the Arab tribes, its position is due 
 partly to the fact that its chiefs acquired as early as the 
 5th century the guardianship over the Kaaba in Mecca, 
 and partly to their kinship with Mohammed. 
 
 Korkyra. See Corcyra. 
 
 Korner (ker'ner), Karl Theodor. Born at Dres- 
 den, Sept. 23, 1791 : died on the battle-field at 
 Gadebusch, near Schwerin, in Mecklenburg, 
 Aug. 26, 1813. A German lyric poet, in his eigh 
 teenth year he went to the mining school at Freiberg, and 
 subsequently studied at Leipsic and Berlin. In 1811 in 
 Vienna he devoted himself to literature, and in 1812 was 
 made poet to the court theater. A number of dramas are 
 from this period, among them the comedies “Der Nacht- 
 wachter ’’ (“ The W atchman ”), “ Der grime Domino ” ( “ The 
 Green Domino”), “Der Vetter aus Bremen” (“The Cousin 
 from Bremen"), and the two tragedies “Rosamunde” 
 and “Zriny." In 1813 came the call to arms by the Prus- 
 sian king, and he left Vienna for Breslau, where he en- 
 tered the Liitzow Volunteer Corps, and was afterward 
 lieutenant and then adjutant. At Kitzen, near Leipsic, 
 he was severely wounded, but recovered and returned to 
 his corps, only to be killed shortly after at Gadebusch. 
 Many of his poems were written in the field. His lyrics 
 were published in 1814 under the title “ Leier und 
 Schwert ” (“ Lyre and Sword ”). His complete works were 
 published in 1834. 
 
 Koros (ke'resh). A river iu Hungary, ‘formed 
 by the union of the Swift, Black, and White 
 Koros, and flowing into the Theiss near Cson- 
 gr4d. Total length, over 300 miles. 
 
 Koros, Nagy-. See Nagy-Koros. 
 
 Korotcha (ko'ro-clia). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Kursk, Russia, 77 miles southeast of 
 Kursk. Population, 15,900. 
 
 Korsor (kor'ser). A town on the western coast 
 of Zealand, Denmark. Population, 7,064. 
 Kortetz (kor'tets), or Cortitz (kor'tets). An 
 island in the Dnieper, in the government of 
 Yekaterinoslaff, Russia, about 40 miles south 
 of Yekaterinoslaff. 
 
 Kortiim (kor'tfim), Johann Friedrich Chris- 
 toph. Born at Eiclihorst, Meeklenburg-Stre- 
 litz, Germany, Feb. 24, 1788: died at Heidel- 
 berg, Baden, June 4, 1858. A German histo- 
 rian, appointed professor of history at Bern in 
 1833, and at Heidelberg in 1840. He wrote 
 “Geschichte des Mittelalters” (1836-37), “Ge- 
 schichte Griechenlands” (1854), etc. 
 
 Kortum (kor'tom), Karl Arnold. Born at 
 Muhlheim-on-the-Ruhr, Prussia, July 5, 1745: 
 died at Bochum, Prussia, Aug. 16, 1824. A Ger- 
 man poet. His best-known work is the burlesque 
 epic “Jobsiade” (1784). 
 
 Korvei. See Corvei. 
 
 Kos. See Cos. 
 
 Kosciuszko ( kos-i-us'ko ; Pol. pron. kos-chosh'- 
 ko), Tadeusz. Born at Mereczowszczyzna, 
 Lithuania, Russia, Feb. 12, 1746: died at Solo- 
 thurn, Switzerland, Oct. 15, 1817. A famous 
 Polish patriot and general. He served with the 
 Americans in the Revolution ; fought against the Russians 
 at Dubienka in 1792 ; was commander-in-chief and dicta- 
 t r in the Polish insurrection of 1794 ; was finally defeated 
 and taken prisoner at Maciejowice Oct. 10, 1794 ; was re- 
 leased in 1796; and resided in France, Switzerland, and 
 elsewhere. 
 
 Kosciuszko, Mount. The highest mountain of 
 Australia, situated in the Australian Alps, New 
 South Wales, about lat. 36° 27' 26 // S., long. 
 148° 20' E. Height, 7,336 feet. 
 
 Kosegarten (ko'ze-giir-ten), Johann Gottfried 
 Ludwig. Born at Altenkirchen, Riigen, Prus- 
 sia, Sept. 10, 1792: died at Greifswald, Prussia, 
 Aug. 18, 1860. A German Orientalist, son of 
 L. T. Kosegarten: especially noted for works 
 on the Arabic language and literature. 
 Kosegarten, Ludwig Theobul. Bom at Grevis- 
 miihlen, Mecklenburg, Feb. 1, 1758: died at 
 Greifswald, Prussia, Oct. 26, 1818. A German 
 poet and novelist. 
 
 Kosel, or Cosel (ko'zel). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Oder 74 
 miles southeast of Breslau. Population, com- 
 mune, 7,499. 
 
 Kosfeld, or Koesfeld (kes'feld). A town in 
 the province of Westphalia, Prussia, situated 
 on the Berkel 20 miles west of Munster. Pop- 
 ulation, 8,449. 
 
 Kosheish (ko-shash'). See the extract. 
 
 Very rarely are they built of hewn stone, like that great 
 dike of Kosheish which was constructed by Mena in primae- 
 val times, in order to divert the course of the Nile from 
 the spot on which he founded Memphis. (The remains of 
 this gigantic work may yet be seen about two hours’ dis- 
 tance to the southward of Meydootn. See Herodotus, book 
 ii., chap. 99. — Translator’s note.) 
 
 Maspero, Egyptian Archaeology (trans.), p. 34. 
 
 Koslin, or Coslin (kez'lin). A town in the 
 province of Pomerania, Prussia, in lat. 54° 13' 
 N., long. 16° 11' E. Pop., commune, 21,474. 
 Kosloff, or Kozloff (koz-lof'). 1. A town in 
 the government of Tamboff, Russia, situated 
 
 Kotzebue 
 
 on the Lesnoi-Voronezh, 44 miles west of Tam- 
 boff. It has important trade. Population. 
 40,297. — 2. See Eupatoria. 
 
 KOSOVO (ko'so-vo). [‘Plain of the blackbirds.’] 
 A plain in the vicinity of Prishtina, European 
 Turkey, near the Servian frontier. Here, June 15, 
 1389, the Turks under Amurath I. completely defeated the 
 Servians and their allies under King Lazarus. Here also, 
 Oct. 18-19, 1448, the Hungarians under John Hunyady 
 were defeated by the Turks. Also Kassovo, Kosova, Cos- 
 sova, etc. 
 
 Kossuth (kosh'ot), Lajos (Eng. Louis). Born 
 at Monok, Zemplin, Hungary, Sept. 19, 1802: 
 died at Turin, Italy, March 20, 1894. A cele- 
 brated Hungarian patriot and orator, leader of 
 the Hungarian insurrection of 1848-49. He was 
 a member (as a proxy) of the Hungarian Diet 1832-36 ; was 
 imprisoned by the Austrian government for political rea- 
 sons 1837-40; was editor of the “ Pest Journal” 1841-44; 
 and was elected deputy to the Diet in 1847. In 1848 the 
 emperor Ferdinand was forced to grant an independent 
 Hungarian ministry, of which Kossuth, as minister of 
 finance, was the virtual head. In the same year the deal- 
 ings of the Austrian court drove the Hungarians to insur- 
 rection. On April 14, 1849, the Diet declared the inde- 
 pendence of Hungary, and appointed Kossuth governor. 
 On August 11, 1849, he resigned his powers into the hands 
 of General Gorgey (see Hungarian Insurrection). He 
 lived in exile in Turkey 1849-51 ; visited the United States 
 1851-52 ; and resided later in London and Turin. He pub- 
 lished his memoirs in 1881-82, under the name “Schriften 
 aus der Emigration.” His letters to Bern in 1849 were 
 published by Makray at Pest in 1872. 
 
 Kostendil (kos -ten-del ' ) , Kiostendil ( ky es-ten- 
 del'), Ghiustendil (gyos-ten-del'), etc.. Atown 
 in Bulgaria, situated on the Struma 42 miles 
 southwest of Sofia. Population, 12,334. 
 Koster. See Coster. 
 
 Kostlin (kest'lin), Julius. Born at Stuttgart, 
 Wiirtemberg, May 17, 1826; died at Halle, May 
 12, 1902. A German Protestant theologian, pro- 
 fessor successively at Gottingen (1855), Bres- 
 lau (1860), and Halle (1870). His works include 
 “Luthers Theologie” (1863), a biography of 
 Luther (2 vols. 1875), etc. 
 
 Kqstomaroff (kos-to-mii'rof ), Nicholas Ivano- 
 vich. Born in 1817: died at St. Petersburg, 
 April 19, 1885. A Russian historian. He was made 
 assistant professor at Kieff in 1846, imprisoned for his dem- 
 ocratic sympathies at St. Petersburg for a year, and then 
 banished to Saratoff, and forbidden to publish or teach. He 
 was liberated from surveillance in 1854, and published 40 
 volumes of historical writings. From 1858 he was profes- 
 sor of history at the University of St. Petersburg. He wrote 
 valuable monographs on “Bogdan Khmielnitsky,” “The 
 False Demetrius,” and “The Revolt of Stenka Razine,” 
 and “ Studies of the Nationalities of Northern Russia," etc. 
 A dissertation on the Uniat schism was suppressed in 1842. 
 
 Kostroma (kos-tro-ma'). 1. A government in 
 Russia, surrounded by the governments of Vo- 
 logda, Viatka, Nijni-Novgorod, Vladimir, and 
 Yaroslaff. Area, 32,432 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 1,643,800. — 2. The capital of the gov- 
 ernment of Kostroma, situated at the conflu- 
 ence of the rivers Kostroma and Volga, about 
 lat. 57° 45' N., long. 40° 55' E. It has a cathe- 
 dral. Population, 41,336. 
 
 Koswig (kos'viG). A small town in Anhalt, 
 Germany, situated on the Elbe 39 miles north 
 of Leipsic. 
 
 Kotah (ko'tii). 1. A native state in Rajputana, 
 India, under British control, intersected by lat. 
 25° N., long 76° E. Area, 5,684 square miles. 
 Population, 544,879. — 2. The capital of the 
 state of Kotah, on theChambal, lat. 25° 11' N., 
 long. 75° 51' E. Population, 33,657. 
 
 Kothen (ke'ten). A city in Anhalt, Germany, 
 35 miles northwest of Leipsic. It was formerly 
 the capital of the duchy of Anhalt-Kotlien (definitely 
 united to Anhalt- Dessau in 1863), has a castle, and manu- 
 factures beet-root sugar. Population, 22,978. 
 
 Kotri (ko-tre'). A town in Karachi district, 
 Sind, British India, situated on the Indus 8 
 miles west of Hyderabad. Population, 7,617. 
 Kottbus, or Cottbus (kot'bos). Atown in the 
 province of Brandenburg, Prussia, on the Spree 
 68 miles southeast of Berlin. It is a railway 
 center, and has cloth manufactures. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 46,270. 
 
 Kotzebue (kot'se-bo), Alexander von. Born 
 at Konigsberg, Prussia, May 28, 1815: died at 
 Munich, Feb. 24, 1889. A Russian painter of 
 historical and battle scenes, son of A. F. F. 
 von Kotzebue. He won the great gold medal in 1844, 
 lived in Paris till 1848, and finally settled in Munich. 
 
 Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand von. 
 
 Born at Weimar, Germany, May 3, 1761: assas- 
 sinated at Mannheim, Baden, March 23, 1819. 
 A German dramatist. He filled several offices ill the 
 Russian public service, and besides his plays wrote many 
 tales, sketches, historical works, etc. Among his plays are 
 “Die deutschen Kleinstadter,” “Pagenstreicne,” “Die 
 beiden Klingsberg,” “ Menschenhass und Roue" (known 
 in English as “The Stranger”), “Der arme Poet," “Die 
 Kreuzfahrer,” etc. lie wrote in all more than 200 plays. 
 
Kotzebue 
 
 Kotzebue, Moritz von. Born May 11, 1789: 
 died at Warsaw, Feb. 6, 1861. A Russian mili- 
 tary officer, and traveler in Persia, son of A. F. 
 F. von Kotzebue. He was captured by the French in 
 the campaign of 1812, and described his experiences in 
 “ Der russeische Kriegsgefangene unter den Franzosen” 
 (1815). 
 
 Kotzebue, Otto von. Born at Reval, Russia, 
 Dec. 30, 1787 : died at Reval, Feb. 15, 1846. A 
 Russian navigator, son of A. F. F. von Kotze- 
 bue. He commanded exploring expeditions in the Pa- 
 cific Ocean 1815-18 and 1823-26, and wrote narratives of 
 both voyages (published 1821 and 1830) He discovered 
 numerous islands, and the sound near Bering Strait named 
 from him. 
 
 Kotzebue, Count Paul von. Born at Berlin, 
 Aug. 10, 1801: died at Reval, Russia, May 2, 
 1884. A Russian general, son of A. F. F. von 
 Kotzebue. 
 
 Kotzebue Sound. An inlet of Bering Strait, 
 in the west of Alaska. 
 
 Kovalevsky (ktUval-ef'ski), Sonya (Krukov- 
 sky). Born at Moscow in 1850: died at Stock- 
 holm, Sweden, Feb. 10, 1891. A Russian mathe- 
 matician. She was professor of mathematics 
 at the University of Stockholm. 
 
 Kovno (kov'nd). 1. A government of Russia, 
 bounded by Prussia and the governments of 
 Courland, Wilna, and Suwalki. Area, 15,518 
 square miles. Population, 1,720,500. — 2. The 
 capital of the government of Kovno, about lat. 
 54° 54' N., long. 23° 53' E., at the junction of 
 the Vilia with the Niemen. It has a flourishing trade. 
 Napoleon’s army crossed the Niemen here June 23-25, 1812. 
 The Poles were defeated here by the Russians June 26, 
 1831. Population, 73,743. 
 
 Kovroff (kov-rof'). A town in the government 
 of Vladimir, Russia, situated on the Kliazma 
 36 miles northeast of Vladimir. Population, 
 16,600. 
 
 Koweyt (kd-wat'). A seaport in Arabia, situ- 
 ated on the Persian Gulf in lat. 29° 23' N., long. 
 48° E. Also Kuweit , Grave, etc. 
 
 Koyukukhotana (k6-yd // kuk-cho-ta , na). A 
 tribe of the northern division of the Athapas- 
 can stock of North American Indians, living in 
 villages along the Koyukuk River and its tribu- 
 taries in the interior of Alaska. See Athapas- 
 can. 
 
 Koyunjik. See Kuyunjilc. 
 
 Koza (ko'za), or Makoza (ma-ko'za), or Kosa. 
 A Bantu tribe in eastern Angola, West Africa, 
 on the Chikapa River. They are of Lunda descent, 
 but, having settled in Kiokoland, they have adopted Kioko 
 customs. 
 
 Kozelsk, or Koselsk (ko-zelsk/). A town in 
 the government of Kaluga, Russia, situated on 
 the Zhizdra 40 miles southwest of Kaluga. Pop- 
 ulation, 5,908. 
 
 Kozloff. See Kosloff. 
 
 Kra (kra). The isthmus which connects the Ma- 
 lay peninsula with the rest of the Indo-Chinese 
 peninsula. 
 
 Krafft, or Kraft (kraft), Adam. BornatNurem- 
 berg (?) about the middle of the 15th century: 
 died at Schwabacli (?), near Nuremberg, 1507. 
 A German sculptor of the Nuremberg school. 
 His chief work is the tabernacle in St. Lau- 
 rence’s Church, Nuremberg. 
 
 Krafft, Peter. Born at Hanau, Sept. 17, 1780 : 
 died at Vienna, Oct. 28, 1856. An Austrian his- 
 torical painter. He was a pupil of the Hanau Academy, 
 afterward of Fuger in Vienna. He went to Paris in 1802, 
 and became a follower of the school of David. In 1806 he 
 returned to Vienna, but did not become known till 1813. 
 He was elected member of the Vienna Academy in that 
 year, and in 1815 of the Hanau Academy; professor and cor- 
 rector at the Vienna Academy in 1823 ; director of the Bel- 
 vedere Gallery in 1828 ; and in 1839 honorary member of 
 the Copenhagen Academy. 
 
 Krain. See Carniola. 
 
 Krajova, or Krayova, or Crajova (kra-yo'va). 
 A town in Rumania, situated in lat. 44° 19' N., 
 long. 23° 49' E. Population, 46,000. 
 
 Krakatua (kra-ka-to'a), or Krakatoa (kra-kii- 
 to'a). A small island in the Strait of Sunda, 
 between Sumatra and Java : noted for a volcanic 
 eruption which began Aug. 26, 1883. The accom- 
 panying ocean wave destroyed over 30,000 lives ; and the 
 eruption was followed by extraordinary atmospheric phe- 
 nomena, visible over great portions of the globe, attributed 
 to the presence of the volcanic dust. 
 
 Kralingen (krit'ling-en). A small fishing-town 
 in the province of South Holland, Netherlands, 
 near Rotterdam. 
 
 Kranach. See Cranach. 
 
 Krapf (krapf), Johann Ludwig. Born at Deren- 
 dingen, near Tubingen, Germany, 1810: died at 
 Kornthal, Nov. 26, 1881. An African mission- 
 ary, linguist, and explorer. After studying theology 
 at Tubingen and Basel, heenteredtheservice of the Church 
 Missionary Society 1837, and was sent to Abyssinia. Ex- 
 
 578 
 
 pelled with the other missionaries, he was able to labor in 
 Shoa until 1842. In 1844 he founded the first mission sta- 
 tion among the Wanyika in East Africa. During one of 
 his exploring tours in the interior he discovered Mounts Ke- 
 niaand Amboloila, 1849. He returned to Germany in 1853, 
 but revisited Africa as interpreter of Lord Napier on his 
 expedition to Abyssinia. Many valuable Abyssinian man- 
 uscripts have been secured through him, apd African eth- 
 nology and philology are indebted to him for important 
 contributions. He published an account of some of his 
 journeys in “Reisen in Ostafrika”(18£8). His dictionary of 
 Kisuahili appeared in 1882, shortly after his death. 
 Krapotkin (kra-pot'kin), Prince Peter. Born 
 at Moscow, 1842. A Russian socialist and an- 
 archist. He is a member of the oldest Russian nobility; 
 was brought up as a page at court ; studied geology and 
 geography at St. Petersburg ; became secretary of the Geo- 
 graphical Society ; and was appointed chamberlain to the 
 czarina. He was arrested as an anarchistin 1873, but made 
 his escape in 1876. He was imprisoned in France 1883-86 
 under a law directed against the International Working- 
 men’s Association, of which he was a member. He is 
 the author of “In Russian and French Prisons” (1887), 
 “ Ideals and Realities in Russian Literature ” (1905), etc. 
 Also written Krapptlnne , Kropotkin , etc. 
 
 Krasicki (kra-set'ske), Ignatius. Born at Du- 
 biecko, Galicia, Austria-Hungary, Feb. 3, 1735 : 
 died at Berlin, March 14, 1801. A Polish poet 
 and man of letters. His chief poems are “Mys- 
 zeis” (“Mousiad,” 1790), and “ Mohomachia ” 
 ( “ War of the Monks ”). 
 
 Krasinski (kra-sin'ske), Sigmund. Born at 
 Paris, Feb. 19, 1812: died there, Feb. 24, 1859. 
 A Polish poet. Among his poems are “Nie- 
 boska komedva ” ( “ Undivine Comedy,” 1835- 
 1848), “ Irydion” (1845), etc. 
 
 Krasnoi (kras-noi'), or Krasnyi. A town in 
 the government of Smolensk, Russia, 30 miles 
 southwest of Smolensk. Here, Aug. 14, 1812, the 
 French under Murat and Ney defeated the Russians under 
 Rajevsky; and here, Nov. 16-19, 1812, the Russians under 
 Kutusoff defeated the French under Napoleon. An obe- 
 lisk was erected in 1843 in commemoration of the latter 
 battle. 
 
 Krasnovodsk (kras-no-vodsk'). The capital of 
 the Transcaspian Territory, Asiatic Russia, sit- 
 uated on the Caspian Sea about lat. 40° N., 
 long. 52° 45' E. 
 
 Krasnoyarsk (kras-no-yarsk'). The capital of 
 the government of Yeniseisk, Siberia, situated 
 on the Yenisei about lat. 56° N., long. 92° 30' E. 
 Population, 33,337. 
 
 Krasnyi (or Krasnoi) Jar (kras-noi'yar). A 
 town in the government of Astrakhan, Russia, 
 situated on a mouth of the Volga 27 miles north- 
 east of Astrakhan. Population, 11,900. 
 Kraszewski (kra-shev'ske), J6zef Ignacy. 
 Born at Warsaw, July 26, 1812 : died at Ge- 
 neva, March 19, 1887. A Polish novelist, poet, 
 critic, historian, and general writer, author of 
 many novels of Polish life. 
 
 Kratim (kra-tem.'), or Kratimer (krat'i-mer). 
 The dog of the Seven Sleepers. See the extract. 
 
 Mahomet has somewhat improved on the story. He has 
 made the Sleepers prophesy his coming, and he has given 
 them adog named Kratim, or Kratimer, which sleeps with 
 them, and which is endowed with the gift of prophecy. 
 As a special lavor this dog is to he one of the ten animals 
 to be admitted into his paradise, the others being Jonah's 
 whale, Solomon’s ant, Ishmael’s ram, Abraham’s calf, the 
 Queen of Sheba’s ass, the prophet Salech's camel, Moses’ 
 ox, Belkis’ cuckoo, and Mahomet’s ass. 
 
 Bariny-Govld, Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, p. 102. 
 
 Krause (krou'ze), Gottlob Adolf. BornatOck- 
 rilla, near Meissen, Germany, Jan. 5, 1850. An 
 African traveler. He accompanied Miss Tinnd to the 
 Upper Nile in 1869, but returned before her murder. About 
 1879 he visited Sokoto and the Ahaggar Tuarieks. When a 
 German expedition to the Niger and Binue was contem- 
 plated in 1883, he was sent to Lagos in order to prepare the 
 ground. He has written on the Fulah and Ghat languages. 
 
 Krause, Karl Christian Friedrich. __ Born at 
 Eisenberg, Saxe-Altenburg, May 6, 1781 : died 
 at Munich, Sept. 27, 1832. A German philoso- 
 pher, and writer on freemasonry. 
 
 Krauss (krous), Marie Gabrielle. Born March 
 23, 1842: died Oct. 12, 1903. A noted German 
 soprano opera-singer. She made her d£but at Vienna 
 in 1859, and san£ with success in all the capitals of Europe. 
 
 Krauth (krath), Charles Porterfield. Bom 
 
 at Martinsburg, W. Va., March 17, 1823: died 
 at Philadelphia, Jan. 2, 1883. An American 
 theologian of the Lutheran Church, professor of 
 mental and moral science and vice-provost in 
 the University of Pennsylvania. He published 
 “The Conservative Reformation and its Theology ” (1871), 
 etc., and a “Vocabulary of the Philosophical Sciences,” 
 including William Fleming's “Vocabulary of Philosophy," 
 in 1877. 
 
 Krayova. See Krajova. 
 
 Kreek. See Creek. 
 
 Krefeld. See Crefeld. 
 
 Kremenetz (kre'mo-nets). A town in the gov- 
 ernment of Volhvnia, Russia, situated in lat. 
 50° 7' N., loner. 25° 43' E. Pop., over 16,000. 
 Krementchug (kra-men-chog'). A town in the 
 
 Krishna 
 
 government of Pultowa, Russia, situated on the 
 Dnieper 64 miles west-southwest of Pultow? : 
 an important commercial center. Population, 
 63,007. 
 
 Kremlin (krem'lin). [From F. kremlin (with 
 accoui. F. term, -in) = G. kreml, from Russ. 
 kremli, a citadel, fortress.] The citadel of Mos- 
 cow, Russia. Itis a highly picturesque and interesting 
 triangular inclosure, about li miles in circuit, fortified 
 with battlemented walls from which project cylindrical 
 and square towers, many of them terminating in spires 
 behind which rise the multiform domes and belfries of the 
 churches, brilliant with gold and colors. The present 
 wails date from 1492. The Kremlin contains the imperial 
 palace, the cathedrals of the Assumption, the Archangel 
 Michael, and the Annunciation, the Miracle monastery, 
 the Ascension convent, the arsenal, and the famous Great 
 Bell. The Great Palace dates for the most part only from 
 the middle of the present century, its predecessors having 
 repeatedly been burned, the last one by the soldiers of 
 Napoleon. It is a lofty structure of little architectural 
 quality without, except for its great size, but of unusual 
 richness within. Among the state apartments are the 
 hall of St. George, the Alexander hall, the hall of St. An- 
 drew, and the throne-room, all splendidly adorned with 
 paintings, sculptures, and other rvorks of art, all 68 feet 
 wide, ranging from 100 to 200 feet long, and from 58 to 68 
 high. Several of the chapels also are noteworthy, as 
 well as the Red Staircase, used only for grand functions 
 and recalling many historic scenes from Ivan the Terrible 
 and Peter the Great to Napoleon. The Treasury is ex- 
 tremely rich in ancient jewels and plate, including the old 
 regalia : here also are the thrones of the last emperor of 
 Constantinople and of the old Persian shahs, and the coro- 
 nation-robes. 
 
 Kremnitz (krem'nits), Hung. Kormocz banya 
 
 (ker'mets ban'yo). A royal free city in the 
 county of Bars, Hungary, situated in lat. 48° 
 43' N., long. 18° 55' E.: noted for its gold- and 
 silver-mines. Population, commune, 5,043. 
 
 Krems (kremz). A town in Lower Austria, sit- 
 uated on the Danube 38 miles west-northwest of 
 Vienna. Population, commune, 14,385, (1910). 
 
 Kremsier (krem'zer), Slav. Krcm<Mi2 (kro'- 
 myer-zhizh). A town in Moravia, Austria- 
 Hungary, situated on the March 22 miles south 
 by east of Olmiitz. It was the seat of the Aus- 
 trian Reichstag 1848-19. Population, 16,523, 
 (1910). 
 
 Kreutzer (kroit'ser), Konradin. Born near 
 Messkirch, Baden, Nov. 22, 1780: died at Riga, 
 Russia, Dec. 14, 1849. A German composer and 
 conductor. He composed numerous operas, including 
 “Conradin von Schwahen ” (1812), “Das Nachtlager in 
 Granada" (1834), and “Der Verschwender ’’ ; an oratorio, 
 “ Die Sendung Mosis”; a one-act drama, “Cordelia”; and 
 part-songs. 
 
 Kreutzer (krdt-sar'), Rodolphe. Born at Ver- 
 sailles, France, Nov. 16, 1766: died at Geneva, 
 Switzerland, J une 6, 1831. A noted French vio- 
 linist and composer. His chief work is "IStudes ou 
 caprices pour le violou.” He also wrote thirty-nine operas 
 and ballets, violin concertos, sonatas, etc. He was the 
 friend of Beethoven, and to him Beethoven dedicated the 
 famous “Kreutzer Sonata "for piano and violin, firetplayed 
 by Beethoven and Bridgetower at Augarten in May, 1803. 
 
 Kreuzburg (kroits'bore). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Stober, 
 52 miles east by south of Breslau. Population, 
 commune, 10,919. 
 
 Kreuznach, or Creuznach (kroits'nach). A 
 town and watering-place in the Rhine Prov- 
 ince, Prussia, situated on the Nahe 21 miles 
 west-southwest of Mainz. It is noted for its 
 springs (iodine and bromine). Population, 
 commune, 22,860. 
 
 Kriemhild.or Chriemhild (krem'hild). [MHG. 
 Krimhilt .] The legendary heroine of the “Nibe- 
 lungenlied.” She was the daughter of King Gibich 
 (whose seat was at Worms on the lower Rhine), the sister 
 of the Burgundian princes Gunther, Gemot, and Giselher, 
 and the wife of Siegfried. Afterward, as the wife of Etzel 
 (Attila), king of the Huns, she encompassed the death of 
 her brothers, and avenged Siegfried's murder at their 
 hands, but was herself slain. In the Old Norse version of 
 the legend in the “ Volsunga Saga ” and the “Edda," her 
 counterpart is Gudrun. 
 
 Krik. A pseudonym of Henry G. Crickmore, a 
 writer on the turf and sporting matters. 
 
 Kriloff. See Kryloff. 
 
 Krimmitschau. See Crimmitschau. 
 
 Krimmler (krim'ler) Waterfalls. A series of 
 cascades in the Austrian Alps, north of the 
 Gross-Venediger. Total height, l,300feet. 
 
 Krishna (krish'na). [‘ The black.’] A Hindu 
 deity. Originally the ethnic god of some powerful con- 
 federation of Rajput clans, by fusion with the Vishnu of the 
 older theology Krishna becomes one of the chief divini- 
 ties of Hinduism. He is indeed an avatar of Vishnu, or 
 Vishnu himself. In his physical character mingle myths 
 of fire, lightning, and storm, of heaven and the sun. In the 
 epic he is a hero invincible in war and love, brave, but 
 above all crafty. He was the son of Vasudeva and Devaki, 
 and born at Mathura, on the Yamuna, between Delhi and 
 Agra, among the Yadavas. Likethat of many solar heroes, 
 his birth was beset with peril. On the night when it took 
 place, his parents had to remove him from the reach of his 
 uncle, King Kansa, who sought hi6 life because he had 
 
Krishna 
 
 been warned by a voice from heaven that the eighth son 
 of Devaki would kill him, and who had regularly made 
 away with his nephews at their birth. Conveyed across 
 ' the Yamuna, Krishna was brought up as their son by the 
 shepherd Nanda and his wife Yashoda, together with his 
 brother Balarama, ‘Rama the strong,’ who had been like- 
 wise saved from massacre. The two brothers grew up 
 among the shepherds, slaying monsters and demons and 
 sporting with the Gopis, the female cowherds of Vrinda- 
 vana. Theirbirthaud infancy, their juvenile exploits, and 
 their erotic gambols with the Gopis became in time the 
 essential portion of the legend of Krishna, and their scenes 
 are to-day the most celebrated centers of his worship. 
 When grown, the brothers put their uncle Kansa to death, 
 and Kr ishna became king of the Yadavas. He cleared the 
 land of monsters, warred against impious kings, and took 
 part in the war of the sons of Pandu against those of 
 Dhritarashtra, as described in the Mahabharata. He trans- 
 ferred his capital to Dvaraka(‘ the city of gates’), the gates 
 of the West, since localized in Gujarat. There he and his 
 race were overtaken by the final catastrophe. After seeing 
 his brot her slain, and the Yadavas kill each other to the last 
 man, he himself perished, wounded in the heel, like Achil- 
 les, by the arrow of a hunter. The bible of the worship- 
 ers of Vishnu in his most popular manifestation, that of 
 Krishna, consists of the Bhagavatapurana and the Bha- 
 gavadgita. See these words. 
 
 Krishna. A river and district in India. See 
 Kistna. 
 
 Krishnagar (krish-nug'ur), or Kishnugur 
 (kish-nug'ur). The capital of Nadiya district, 
 Bengal, British India, situated on the Jalangi 
 60 miles north of Calcutta. Population, 25,547. 
 Kriss Kringle. See Criss Kingle. 
 Kristineaux. See Cree. 
 
 Kristinehamn, or Gristinehamn (kris-te'ne- 
 hamn). A town in the laen of Karlstad, Sweden, 
 situated on Lake Wener 20 miles east by south 
 of Karlstad. Population, 8,569. 
 
 Kroia (kroi'a), or Akhissar (iik-his-sar'). A 
 town in the vilayet of Skutari, Turkey, 28 miles 
 northeast of Durazzo: a stronghold of Scan- 
 derbeg. 
 
 Krolevetz, or Krollevetz (kro-lye'vets). A 
 town in the government of Tehernigoff, Russia, 
 88 miles east of Tehernigoff. Population, 16,- 
 646. 
 
 Kronach, or Cronach (kro'nach). A small 
 town in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, on the 
 Kronach 55 miles north by east of Nuremberg. 
 It wa3 the birthplace of Lucas Cranach. 
 Kronenberg, or Cronenberg (kro'nen-bero). 
 A manufacturing town in the Rhine Province, 
 Prussia, 21 miles north -northeast of Cologne. 
 Population, commune, 11,340. 
 
 Kronoberg (kro'no-berg), or Wexjo (veks'ye). 
 A laen in southern Sweden. Area, 3,825 square 
 miles. Population, 157,801. 
 
 Kronos (kron'os). See Cronus. 
 
 Kronstadt, or Cronstadt (kron'stat), Hung. 
 Brasso (brosh'sho), Rumanian Brasov (bra'- 
 sov). The capital of the county of Kronstadt, 
 Transylvania, Hungary, situated in lat. 45° 37' 
 N., long. 25° 30' E. It is the commercial and manu- 
 facturing center of Transylvania. The chief building is 
 the Protestant or “ Black ” church. It was founded at the 
 beginning of the 13th century, and waB the center of the 
 Reformation in Transylvania. Population, commune, 
 36,646. 
 
 Kronstadt, or Cronstadt. A seaport in the 
 government of St. Petersburg, Russia, situated 
 on the island of Kotlin-Ostroff, near the head of 
 the Gulf of Finland, in lat. 60° N., long. 29° 46' E. 
 It is the port of St. Petersburg, and the chief seaport, na- 
 val fortress, and naval station of Russia. It has regular 
 communication (by steamer) with Stockholm, Stettin, Lii- 
 beck, Havre, etc. It was founded by Peter the Great 1710. 
 Population, 69,525. 
 
 Krook (kruk), Mr. A drunkard, in “Bleak 
 House,” who dies by spontaneous combustion. 
 Kropotkin. See Kropotkin. 
 
 Krotoscbin, Pol. Krotoszyn (kro'to-shen). A 
 town in the province of Posen, Prussia, 54 miles 
 south-southeast of Posen. Population, com- 
 mune, 12,665. 
 
 Krozet, or Crozet (kr5-za'), Islands. A group 
 of small uninhabited islands in the Indian 
 Ocean. Possession Island is situated in lat. 
 46° 22' S., long. 51° 30' E. 
 
 Kru, or Croo (kro). A tribe in Liberia, West 
 Africa, settled on the seaboard between the 
 Bassa and the Grebos, to whom they are related. 
 The Kru-men, often called Kru-boys, are famous as a people 
 who never were slaves, as excellent sailors, and as thrifty, 
 hard-working laborers. They hire themselves out to all 
 points of the West Coast for a period rarely exceeding 12 
 moons. They are an athletic race, with strong chests and 
 arms, but rather weak legs. Their tribal mark is a black 
 stripe tattooed on the forehead from the hair to the nose. 
 Since the advent of the American missionaries the Kru- 
 men are beginning to abandon heathenism. In addition 
 to their native tongue, they speak an English Creole con- 
 sisting of an adapted English vocabulary combined with 
 Kru grammar. 
 
 Kru-boys. See Kru. 
 
 Kriidener (krii'de-ner), Baroness of (Barbara 
 Juliane von Vietingboff-Scheel). Bom at 
 
 579 
 
 Riga, Russia, Nov. 11 (O. S.), 1764: died at Ka- 
 rasu-Bazar, Russia, Dec. 13 (O. S.), 1824. ARus- 
 sian pietist and authoress, friend of the czar 
 Alexander I. She published ‘ ‘ V alerie, ou lettres 
 de Gustave de Linar a Ernest de G.” (1803), etc. 
 Krug (krog), Wilbelm Traugott. Born at Ra- 
 dis, near Grafenhainiehen, Prussia, June 22, 
 1770 : died at Leipsic, Jan. 12, 1842. A German 
 philosopher. He became professor of philosophy at 
 Frankfort-on-the-Oder in 1801, of logic and metaphysics 
 at Konigsberg in 1804 (where he was successor to Kant), 
 and of philosophy at Leipsic in 1809. He wrote “ Funda- 
 mentalphilosophie ’’ (1803), “System der theoretischen 
 Philosophie ’’ (1806-10), etc. 
 
 Kruger (kriig'er), Franz. Born at Radegast, 
 Dessau, Sept. 3, 1797 : died at Berlin, Jan. 21, 
 1857. A German portrait- and horse-painter, 
 often called “Pferde (Horse) Kruger.” 
 
 Kruger (kro'ger), Stepbanus Johannes Paul. 
 Born in Colesberg, Cape Colony, Oct. 10, 1825: 
 died at Clarens, Switzerland, July 14, 1904. A 
 South African statesman, the president of the 
 South African Republic. He was chosen a member 
 of the Executive Committee of the Transvaal in 1872, and 
 four times served as president (1883-88, 1888-93, 1S93-98, 
 1898-1900). 
 
 Krumau (kro'mou). A town in southern Bo- 
 hemia, situated on the Moldau 14 miles south- 
 west of Budweis. Pop., commune, 8,716,(1910). 
 
 Kru-men. See Kru. 
 
 Krummacber (krom ' maeh - er), Friedrich 
 
 Adolf. Born at Tecklenburg, Westphalia, 
 Prussia, July, 1767 : died at Bremen, April 4, 
 1845. A German Protestant clergyman and re- 
 ligious writer: best-known work, “Parabeln” 
 (“Parables, 1805”). 
 
 Krummacber, Friedrich Wilhelm. Born at 
 Mors, Prussia, Jan. 28, 1796: died at Potsdam, 
 Prussia, Dec. 10, 1868. A German Protestant 
 clergyman and religious writer, son of F. A. 
 Krummacber. He wrote “Elias der Thisbiter ” 
 (1828-33), “Elisa” (1837-41), etc. 
 Krummacber, Gottfried Daniel. Born at Teck- 
 lenburg, Westphalia, Prussia, April 1, 1774: 
 died at Elberfeld, Prussia, Jan. 30, 1837. A 
 German Protestant clergyman and religious 
 writer, brother of F. A. Krummacber. 
 
 Krupp ikrop), Alfred. Born at Essen, Prussia, 
 April 26, 1812: died July 14, 1887. A German 
 manufacturer. He obtained control in 1848 of an iron 
 forge, employing three men, which was founded by his 
 father in 1810 at Essen, Prussia. He introduced the Besse- 
 mer-steel process into Germany, was the first German manu- 
 facturer to makeuseof thesteam forging-hammer, and took 
 a leading part in the technical development of the German 
 iron and steel industry. He left at his death an establish- 
 ment employing 20,000 people. It is known throughout 
 the world for the excellence of its cannon-foundry. 
 
 Kruse (kro'ze), Heinrich. Born at Stralsund, 
 Dec. 15, 1815: died at Biickeburg, Jan. 13, 1902. 
 A German dramatist. In 1847 he became one of the ed- 
 itors of the “ Cologne Gazette ’’ ; in 1855 its editor-in-chief ; 
 and in 1872 correspondent at Berlin. Among his plays are 
 “ Die Grafin " (1868), “Brutus” (1874), “Marino Faliero” 
 (1876), “ Witzlar von Rtigen” (1882), “Alexis” (1882), 
 “Arabella Stuart” (1888), “ Hans Waldmann” (1890), etc. 
 
 Kruseman van Elten (kro'se-man van el'ten), 
 H. D. Born at Alkmaar, Nov. 14, 1829: died 
 in 1904. A landscape-painter. He studied in 
 Haarlem and Brussels, and settled in Amsterdam, whence 
 he removed to New York in 1865. He was a member of 
 the National Academy at New York. 
 
 Krusenstern (kro'zen-stern), Adam Johann 
 von. Born at Haggud, Esthonia, Russia, Nov. 
 8 (O. S.), 1770: died at Ass, Esthonia, Aug. 12 
 (O. S.), 1846. A Russian admiral and navi- 
 gator. He circumnavigated the world 1803-06, and pub- 
 lished “Reise um die Welt ” (“Journey Round the World,” 
 1810-12), “Atlas de l’ocdan pacifique” (1824-27), “Recueil 
 de mdmoires hydrographiques" (1824-27), etc. 
 
 Kryloff, or Kriloff (kre-lof'), Ivan Andreye- 
 vitch. Born at Moscow, Feb. 13, 1768: died at 
 St. Petersburg, Nov. 21, 1844. A Russian fabu- 
 list. His ill success as journalist and dramatist induced 
 him in 1797 to become the Russian tutor of the children 
 of Prince Galitzin. In 1812 he was appointed one of the 
 librarians in the Imperial Public Library — a position he 
 retained for nearly twenty years. His fables are quoted 
 in Russia as “ Hudibras ” was in England. They were pub- 
 lished in 1809, 1811, and 1816 (English translation by Ral- 
 ston 1868). 
 
 Ktesias. See Ctesias. 
 
 Ktesiphon. See Ctesiphon. 
 
 Kua (ko'ii), or Makua (ma-ko'a). A Bantu 
 tribe of Portuguese East Africa. 
 
 Kuba (ko'ba). A town in the government of 
 Baku, Caucasus, Russia, 50 miles south-south- 
 east of Derbend. Population, 15,363. 
 
 Kuba, or Bakuba (ba-ko'ba). A Bantu tribe 
 of the Belgian Kongo, dwelling between the 
 Lulua, Kassai, and Sankuru rivers. 
 
 Kuba. or Makuba (mii-ko'ba). A Bantu tribe 
 settled on the lower Kubango and Tshobe riv 
 ers. They are peaceful fishermen. 
 
 Ku-Klux Klan 
 
 Kubale (ko-ba'le), or Bakubale (ba-ko-ba'le). 
 A small Bantu tribe of southern Angola, West 
 Africa. They are herdsmen, and speak a dia- 
 lect of the Kunene cluster. 
 
 Kuban (ko-ban'). 1. A river in Caucasia, Rus- 
 sia, flowing into the Sea of Azoff and the Black 
 Sea: the ancient Vardanes or Hypanis. Length, 
 about 450 miles. — 2. A territory in Ciscauca- 
 sia, Russia, in the basin of the river Kuban. 
 Area, 39,277 square miles. Population, 1,918,- 
 881. 
 
 Kublai Khan (kob'll khan). Born about 1216: 
 died 1294. A Mongol emperor, grandson of 
 Jenghiz Kban, founder of the Mongol dynasty 
 in China. He reigned (1259-94) aa ruler of China and 
 large portions of western and central Asia and Russia. 
 Kuchan, or Kushan (ko-shan'). A town in the 
 province of Khorasan, Persia, 90 miles north- 
 west of Meshhed. Population, about 20,000. 
 Kuch Behar, or Cooch Behar (koeh ba-hiir'). 
 A native state in India, under British control, 
 intersected by lat. 26° 15' N., long. 89° 20' E. 
 Area, 1,307 square miles. Population, about 
 567,000. 
 
 Kiicken (kiik'ken), Friedrich Wilhelm. Born 
 
 at Bleckede, Prussia, Nov. 16, 1810: died at 
 Schwerin, Germany, April 3, 1882. A German 
 composer, best known from his songs. 
 Kudur-Mabuk (ko-dor'ma-bok'). An Elamite 
 ruler who, about 2272 b. c., invaded Babylonia 
 and established his son Rim-Sin as king of 
 Larsa in southern Babylonia (the modern Sen- 
 kereh). 
 
 Kuenen (kti'nen), Abraham. Born at Haarlem, 
 Netherlands, Sept. 16, 1828: died at Leyden, 
 Dec. 10, 1891. A noted Dutch biblical critic. 
 He became extraordinary professor of theology at the U Di- 
 versity of Leydeu in 1853, and ordinary professor in 1855. 
 He was rector of the university 1861-62. Among his works 
 are “ Historisch-kritisch Onderzoek naar het ontstaan en 
 de verzamelung van de boeken des Ouden Verbonds” 
 (“Historico-Critical Inquiry into the Origin and Collection 
 of the Books of the Old Covenant,” 1861-65), “ De Gods- 
 dienst van Israel tot den Ondergang van den Joodschen 
 Staat” (1869-70), etc. 
 
 Kuenlun. See Kwanlun. 
 
 Kufstein (kof'stin). An ancient and almost im- 
 pregnable fortress on the Inn, the boundary be- 
 tween Austria and Bavaria. 
 
 Kugler (kog'ler), Franz Theodor. Born at 
 Stettin, Prussia, Jan. 19, 1808: died at Berlin, 
 March 18, 1858. A noted German historian of 
 art, and poet. His chief work is ‘ ‘ Handbuch der 
 Kunstgeschichte” (“Manual of the History of 
 Art,” 1841-42). 
 
 Kuhn (kon), Franz Felix Adalbert. Born at 
 Konigsberg-in-der-Neumark, Prussia, Nov. 19, 
 1812: died at Kolln (Berlin), May 5, 1881. A 
 celebrated German philologist and mythologist, 
 director of the Kollnisches Gymnasium. He was 
 one of the founders of the science of comparative mythol- 
 ogy. Among his works are “Zur altesten Geschichte der 
 indogermanischen Vulker” (1845), “Die Herabkunft deB 
 Feuers und des Gottertranks” (1859), etc. 
 
 Kiihner (kii'ner), Rafael. Born at Gotha, Ger- 
 many, March 22, 1802 : died at Hannover, Prus- 
 sia, April 16, 1878. A noted German philologist, 
 teacher at the lyceum in Hannover. He pub- 
 lished “ Ausfiihrliche Grammatik der griechischen 
 Sprache” (“Complete Grammar of the Greek Language,” 
 1834-35), “Elementargrammatik der griechischen 
 Sprache” (1837), and other Greek and Latin grammars. 
 
 Kuilenburg (koi'len-borG), or Culenborg (ko'- 
 len-borG). A town in the province of Gelder- 
 land, Netherlands, situated on the Lek 32 miles 
 south-southeast of Amsterdam. Population, 
 commune, 8,280. 
 
 Kuitc (ko-ech'), or Lower Umpqua (um'kwa). 
 A tribe of North American Indians. They for- 
 merly lived in 21 villages along the lower part of Umpqua 
 River, Oregon. The few survivors are now on the Siletz 
 reservation, Oregon. These Lower Umpqua Indians should 
 be distinguished from the Upper Umpqua people, who are 
 of the Athapascan stock (which see). See Yakonan. 
 Kuka (ko'ka). A Nigritic tribe of the central 
 Sudan, east of Lake Chad and northeast of Ba- 
 ghirrni. They are now subjected to the Tula dynasty of 
 Bulala, which is related to the Bornu dynasty. The lan- 
 guage of the Kuka is closely allied to that of Baghirmi, 
 and distinct from that of Wadai, its eastern neighbor. 
 
 Kuka (ko'ka), properly Kukana, or Kukawa. 
 The former capital of Boruu, central Africa, 
 situated near Lake Chad. It was rebuilt in 1847- 
 1848 after an army from Wadai had destroyed it, and was 
 again destroyed in Kabah’s invasion, 1803-94. It is now a 
 garrison station of British Bornu. It had an important 
 trade, being at the end of the great route across the Sahara. 
 
 Ku-Klux Klan (ku'kluks klan). A former se- 
 cret organization in the southern United States, 
 of which the object was to intimidate the ne- 
 groes, carpet-baggers, and “scalawags,” and to 
 prevent them from political action, it arose prob- 
 
Ku-Klux Klan 
 
 ably In 1867 ; was guilty of numerous outrages ; and was 
 suppressed in consequence of an act of Congress (the 
 “force bill ”) passed in 1871. 
 
 Kukolnik (ko'koly-nik), Nestor. Born 1808: 
 died at St. Petersburg, Dec. 20, 1868. A Rus- 
 sian dramatic poet and historical novelist. 
 Kuku-Kiioto (ko'ko-ko'to). A city in China, 
 about latitude 40° 50' N., longitude 111° 
 35' E. 
 
 Kulanapan (ko-la'na-pan). [From Iculenapo, 
 stone house.] A linguistic stock of North Amer- 
 ican Indians. They were also called Pomo (derived 
 from a word meaning ‘earth’) and Mendocino Indians. 
 They once occupied northwestern California from the Rus- 
 sian River watershed to near Santa Rosa, and from Clear 
 Lake on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west. In this 
 family more than fifty small tribes were included, which 
 together made a large population ; but now only a few scat- 
 tered individuals survive. 
 
 Kuldja (kol'ja). The capital of Hi, China, 
 situated on the Hi in latitude 43° 55' N., longi- 
 tude 81° 30' E.: an important trading center. 
 It was held by Russia 1871-81. Population, 
 about 12,500. 
 
 Kulikovo (ko'le-ko-vo). [Russ., ‘field of wood- 
 cocks.’] A plain in the government of Tula, 
 Russia, near the Don. Here, in Sept., 1380, the Rus- 
 sians under Dmitri (sur named “ Donskoi ” from this famous 
 “ battle of the Don ”), son of Ivan II. , defeated the Mongols 
 under Mamai. The Mongols are said to have lost 100,000 
 men. 
 
 Kullu (ko-lo'). A portion of Kangra district, 
 Panjab, British India, intersected by lat. 32° N., 
 long. 77° 30' E. 
 
 Kulluka (kol-16'ka). The name of a famous 
 Sanskrit commentator on the so-called Laws of 
 Manu. 
 
 Kulm (kolm). [Bohem. Chlumec.'] A village in 
 Bohemia, 48 miles north-northwest of Prague. 
 Here, Aug. 29 and 30, 1813, the Allies under Ostermann and 
 Kleist defeated the lien, n (about 40,000) under Van- 
 damme, who was compelled to surrender with 10,000 of 
 his men. 
 
 Kulm, or Culm (kolm). [Pol. Chelmno.] A 
 town in the province of West Prussia, Prussia, 
 situated on the Vistula 70 miles south by west 
 of Dantzic: the oldest town in West Prussia. 
 Population, commune, 11,665. 
 
 Kulmbach, or Culmbach (kolm'bacli). A town 
 in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, situated on the 
 White Main 48 miles north-northeast of Nu- 
 remberg. It is noted for its breweries of Kulmbacher 
 beer, and was formerly the residence of the margraves of 
 Brandenburg- Kulmbach. Population, commune, 10,543. 
 Kulpa (kol'pa). A river in Croatia, Austria- 
 Hungary, joining the Save 32 miles southeast 
 of Agram. Length, over 200 miles. It is navi- 
 gable to Karlstadt. 
 
 Kum (kom), or Kom (kom). A sacred city in 
 the province of Irak-Ajemi, Persia, 81 miles 
 south-southwest of Teheran. Population, esti- 
 mated, 30,000-40,000. 
 
 Kuma (ko'ma). A river in the government of 
 Stavropol, Caucasia, Russia, flowing into the 
 Caspian Sea about lat. 44° 50' N. Length, 
 about 300 miles. 
 
 Kumamoto (ko-ma-mo-to'). A town in the 
 island of Kiusiu, Japan. Population, 61,233. 
 
 Kumania. See Cumania. 
 
 Kumara (ko-ma'ra). [Skt., ‘new-born child,’ 
 ‘youth.’] The Youth: an epithet of the eter- 
 nally youthful god of war Skandaor Karttikeya. 
 Kumarasambbava (ko -ma - ra - sam'b -ha - va). 
 [Skt., ‘the birth of Kumara,’ the war-god.] An 
 “artificial poem” ascribed to Kalidasa. 
 Kumarila (ko-ma'ri-la). A celebrated teacher 
 of the Mimansa system of Hindu philosophy, 
 and opponent of the Buddhists, whom he is 
 ★said to have extirpated by force and argument. 
 Kumassi, or Coomassie (ko-mas'se). The cap- 
 ital of Ashanti, West Africa, about lat. 6° 35' 
 N., long. 1° 40' W. It was captured by the British 
 in 1874, and again in 1805-96. It is connected by railroad 
 with the coast at Sekondi. Population, about 6,000. 
 Kumaun (ku-man'). A division in the United 
 Provinces, British India, bordering on Nepal 
 and Tibet. Area, 13,725 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 1,207,030. 
 
 Kumbhakonam (kom-ba-ko'nam), or Comba- 
 COnum (kom-ba-ko'num). A town in the dis- 
 trict of Tanjore, Madras, British India, about 
 20 miles northeast of Tanjore. Population, 
 59,673. 
 
 Kumpta, or Coomptah (komp'ta), or Coomtah 
 
 (kom'ta). A seaport in North Kanara district, 
 Bombay, British India, situated in lat. 14° 26' 
 N., long. 74° 25' E. Population, 10,818. 
 Kunch (koneh). A town in the United Prov- 
 inces, British India. 80 miles southwest of 
 Cawnpore. Population, 15,888. 
 
 Kunchinjinga (kon-chin // jing , gil). One of the 
 
 580 
 
 loftiest peaks of the Himalaya (once consid- 
 ered the highest), between Nepal and Sikhim. 
 Height, 28,176 feet. Also Kinchinjinga, etc. 
 
 Kunduz (kon-doz'). A region in Afghan Turk- 
 estan, south of the Amu-Daria and west of 
 Badakshan. 
 
 Kunersdorf (ko'ners-dorf). A village 4 miles 
 east of Frankfort-on-the-Oder, Prussia. Here, 
 Aug. 12, 1759, the allied army ol Russians and Austrians 
 (about 60,000) under Soltikoff and Laudon totally defeated 
 the Prussians (48,000) under Frederick the Great. Loss of 
 Prussians, 18,500 ; of allies, 16,000. 
 
 Kung(kong), Prince (Kung-Tsin-Wang). Born 
 Jan. 11, 1833: died at Peking, May 2, 1898. A 
 Chinese statesman, brother of the emperor 
 Hien-fnng. He was prime minister 1861-84. 
 
 Kungur (kong-gor ' ) . A town in the government 
 of Perm, eastern Russia, situated on the Sylva 
 55 miles south-southeast of Perm. Population, 
 15,400. 
 
 Kunstmann (konst'man), Friedrich. Born at 
 Nuremberg, Jan. 4, 1811 : died at Munich, Aug. 
 15, 1867. A German historical and geographical 
 writer. He was tutor of the princess Donna Amalia of 
 Brazil, in Lisbon, 1841-46, and from 1847 was a professor 
 in the University of Munich. His best-known works are 
 “ Afrika vor den Entdeckungen der Portugiesen ” (1853), 
 and“DieEntdeckungAmerikasnachdenaltesten Quellen" 
 (Munich, 1859, with atlas: the latter, known as the “Mu- 
 nich Atlas,”gives facsimile copies of many early maps). 
 
 Kunth (kont),Karl Sigismund, Born at Leipsic, 
 June 18, 1788: died at Berlin, March 22, 1850. 
 A German botanist. He published “Nova genera et 
 species plantarum" (1815-25), “Enumeratio plantarum 
 omnium, etc.” (1833-60). 
 
 Kunti (kon'te). In Hindu mythology, daughter 
 of the Yadava prince Shura, whose capital was 
 Mathura on theYamuna. She was the mother of 
 Kama by the Sun. (See Kama.) Afterward she wedded 
 Pandu and bore Yudhishthira, Bhima, and Arjuna, said 
 respectively to be the sons of the gods Dharma.Vayu, and 
 Indra. At the end of the great war she retired into the 
 forest with Dhritarashtra and his wife Gandhari, where 
 they all perished by a forest fire. 
 
 Kuopio (ko-6'pe-o). 1. A laen of Finland, Rus- 
 sia. Area, 16,499 square miles. Population, 
 319,501. — 2. The capital of the laen of Kuopio, 
 situated on Lake Kallavesi about lat. 63° N., 
 long. 27° 30' E. Population, 14,864. 
 
 Kuprili. See Koprili. 
 
 Kur (kor), or Kura (ko'ra). A river of Trans- 
 caucasia, Asiatic Russia, flowing by a delta into 
 the Caspian Sea, about 70 miles southwest of 
 Baku : the ancient Cyrus. Length, about 700 
 miles. 
 
 Kural (ko-ral'). [‘Proverbs.’] An admirable 
 collection of gnomic stanzas in the Tamil lan- 
 guage, by Tiruvalluvar who lived about the 3d 
 century A. D. Its language is the norm of literary ex- 
 cellence, and it has exercised a great influence upon its 
 people. See Tiruvalluvar. 
 
 Kurdistan (kor-dis-tan'). The country of the 
 Kurds, a region of vague boundaries in eastern 
 Asiatic Turkey and western Persia, about lat. 
 34°-39° N., long. 38°-47° E. The surface is moun- 
 tainous. The inhabitants (the ancient Carduchi) belong 
 to the Aryan race, but are Mohammedans in creed. They 
 have a quasi independence under their chiefs, and are 
 noted for their robberies. It is estimat ed that they num- 
 ber about 1,600,000 in Turkey, and 700,000 in Persia. 
 
 Kurds (kordz). See Kurdistan. 
 
 Kurg, or Coorg (korg). A chief-commission- 
 ership of British India, under the administra- 
 tion of the governor-general of India, inter- 
 sected by lat. 12° 15' N., long. 76° E. It was 
 annexed by Great Britain in 1834. Area, 
 1,582 square miles. Population, 174,976. 
 
 Kurgan (kor-gan'). A town in the government 
 of Tobolsk, Siberia, situated on the Tobol about 
 lat. 55° 30' N., long. 65° 20' E. Population, 
 10,301. 
 
 Kuria Muria (ko're-a mo're-a) Islands. A 
 group of small islands in the Arabian Sea, off 
 the Arabian coast, in lat. 17° 32' N., long. 56° 
 3' E. : a British possession. 
 
 Kurigalzu (ku-re-gal'zo). The name of two 
 Babylonian kings of the Cossean dynasty. The 
 first (“ the Great”) must have lived at the beginning of the 
 15th century B. c. ; the second (“the Small ”) was a son of 
 Burnaburiash, and reigned about 1400-1370 B. o. In a war 
 with Bel-Nirari, king of Assyria, he was defeated, and lost 
 part of his territory. 
 
 Kurile (ko'ril) Islands. [Jap. Chishima, Thou- 
 sand Islands.] A chain of islands (about 32 
 in number) extending from the southern ex- 
 tremity of Kamchatka to Yezo. The surface is 
 mountainous and volcanic. They were discovered by the 
 Dutch navigator DeVrees in 1634. By treaty with Russia 
 in 1875 t hey passed entirely to Japan. The few inhabitants 
 are Ainos. 
 
 Kurisches Half (ko'rish-es hiif). A lagoon 
 north of the province of East Prussia. It is sep- 
 arated from the Baltic by sand-dunes, and connected with 
 it by the Memel Deeps. Length, about 60 miles. 
 
 Kiissnacht 
 
 Kurland. See Courland. 
 
 Kurina Avatar (kor'ma av-a-tar' ). The “tor- 
 toise incarnation” of Vishnu (his second). Hein- 
 fused a portion of his essence into an immense tortoise to 
 recover certain treasures lost in the deluge. His back 
 served as a pivot for the mountain Mandara, round which 
 the gods and demons twisted the serpent Vasuki. From 
 the ocean thus churned emerged fourteen objects : Am- 
 brosia ; Dhanvantari, physician of the gods ; Lakshmi or 
 Shii, good fortune, or beauty ; Sura, goddess of wine ; 
 Chandra, the moon ; Rambha, prototype of lovely women ; 
 Uchchaihshravas, prototype of horses ; the wonder-jewel 
 Raustubha; Parijata, a celestial tree yielding all desires; 
 Ramadhenu, the cow granting all boons ; Airavata, pro- 
 totype of elephants; Shankha, a conch shell discomfit- 
 ing enemies by its sound ; an unerring bow ; and a deadly 
 p oison. 
 
 Kurmark (kor'mark). The former name for the 
 larger (northern and western) portion of the 
 mark of Brandenburg, Prussia. It comprised 
 the Altmark, Mittelmark, Ukermark, etc. 
 
 Kurnegalle (k8r-na-gal'le),or Kornegalle (kor- 
 na-gal'le). A sacred town in Ceylon, 53 miles 
 northeast of Colombo. 
 
 Kuroshiwo (ko-ro-she'wo). [Jap., from kuro, 
 black, and sliiwo, tide.] The Black Current or 
 Gulf Stream of Japan. Beginning about 20 ° N. lati- 
 tude, near the Bashi Islands, between Luzon and Formosa, 
 it flows northward along the eastern shores of Formosa 
 and the south of Loochoo, till it reaches the 26th parallel 
 of latitude, where it divides, the main current flowing 
 northeast to the eastern shores of Kiushiu, Shikoku, and 
 the main island of Japan. About lat. 38° it bends more to 
 the east, and continues southward of the Aleutian Islands 
 to the North American coast, where it is known as the Pa- 
 cific drift. On the coast of Japan its temperature is always 
 several degrees higher than that of the neighboring waters, 
 but it decreases in temperature and depth as it runs north- 
 ward and eastward. Its breadth increases as it approaches 
 the American coast. 
 
 Kurrachee. See Karachi. 
 
 Kursk (korsk). 1. A government of Russia, 
 surrounded by the governments of Orel, Voro- 
 nezh, Kharkoff, Pultowa, and Tchernigoff : one 
 of the chief agricultural governments of Russia. 
 Area, 17,937 square miles. Population, 2,903,- 
 200. — -2. The capital of the government of 
 Kursk, situated at the junction of the Kur and 
 Tuskora, in lat. 51° 44' N., long. 36° 15' E. 
 Population, 75,721. 
 
 Kuril (ko'ro). In Hindu mythology, a prince of 
 the lunar race, ruling in the northwest of India, 
 about Delhi, and ancestor of Dhritarashtra and 
 Pandu, though the patronymic Kauravas is gen- 
 erally used of the sons of the former. 
 
 Kurukshetra (ko-rok-sha'tra). [‘Field of the 
 Kurus.’] A plain, near Delhi, where the great 
 battle of the Mahabharata, between the Kaura- 
 vas and the Pandavas, was fought. It lies south- 
 east of Thanesar, not far from Panipat, and has been the 
 scene of many historic battles. 
 
 Kurz (korts), Heinrich. Born at Paris, April 
 28, 1805: died at Aarau, Switzerland, Feb. 24, 
 1873. A German historian of literature. From 
 1834 he was professor of the German language and liter- 
 ature in various places in Switzerland. He wrote “Ge- 
 schichte der deutschen Litteratur ” (1851-72), etc. 
 
 Kurz, Hermann. Born at Reutlingen, Wiirtem- 
 berg, Nov. 30, 1813 : died at Tubingen, Wiir- 
 temberg, Oct. 10, 1873. A German poet, nov- 
 elist, and litterateur. 
 
 Kusai. See Strong Island. 
 
 Kusan (ko'zan). [‘Lake,’ ‘lagoon,’ or ‘inland 
 hay.’] A linguistic stock of North American 
 Indians who formerly lived on Coos Bay and at 
 the mouth of Coquille River, Oregon. They are 
 now on the Siletz reservation, Oregon. They were in four 
 tribes, occupying as many villages — namely, Anasitch and 
 Melukitz, on Coos Bay; and Mulluk, or Lower Coquille, 
 and Nacu, or Nasumi, at the mouth of Coquille River. 
 Also Cookkoo-oosc, Kaus, Kwokwoos, Coos. 
 
 Kusel (ko'zel). A small town in the Rhine 
 Palatinate, Bavaria, 39 miles east-southeast of 
 Treves. 
 
 Kushk-i-Nakhud (koshk'e-na-khod'), or 
 Kashk-i-Nakhud (kashk'-)’. A town in Af- 
 ghanistan, about. 38 miles west of Kandahar. 
 Here, July 27, 1880, Ayub Khan totally defeat- 
 ed a British army under General Burrows. 
 
 Kusi (ko' se) . A northern tributary of the Ganges, 
 which rises in Nepal. Length, about 325 miles. 
 
 Kusi-Utah. Same as Gosiute. 
 
 Kuskoquim (kus'ko-kwim), Kuskokvim, etc. 
 A river in Alaska, flowing into Kuskoquim Bay 
 about lat. 60° N., long. 162° 15' W. Length, 
 400-500 miles. 
 
 Kusnetsk, or Kuznetsk (koz-netsk'). A town 
 in the government of Saratoff, . eastern Russia, 
 115 miles north by east of Saratoff. Population, 
 23,400. 
 
 Kiissnacht (kiis nacht), or Kiissnach (Ms'- 
 nach). A town in the canton of Schwyz, Swit- 
 zerland, situated on the Lake of Lucerne, at 
 the foot of the Rigi, 7 miles east-northeast of 
 Lucerne. 
 
Kustenaus 
 
 581 
 
 Eyzikos 
 
 Kustenaus (kiis-te-nous'). A tribe of Brazilian 
 Indians discovered by Von den St.einen on the 
 upper Xingu River in 1885. They are distantly 
 related to the Arawaks of Guiana. 
 
 Kustendje (kos-t.end'je), or Kiistendje (kfis- 
 tend'je), Rumanian Constantza (kon-stant'- 
 sa). A seaport and the chief towu of the Do- 
 brudja, Rumania, situated on the Black Sea in 
 lat. 44° 10' N., long. 28° 39' E. It was the ancient 
 Constantiana, situated at the end of Trajan’s Wall. The 
 ancient Tomi is in the vicinity. Population, 14,653. 
 
 Kiistenland (kus'ten-lant),or Maritime Prov- 
 ince. The collective name for the three crown- 
 lands Gorz and Gradiska, Istria, and Triest, in 
 Austria-Hungary. 
 
 Kiistrin, or Oiistrin (kiis-treu'). A town and 
 fortress in the province of Brandenburg, Prus- 
 sia, situated at the confluence of the Warthe 
 with the Oder, 52 miles east by north of Berlin. 
 
 It was formerly capital of the Neumark. Frederick the 
 Great was imprisoned here 1730-31. It surrendered to the 
 French in 1806. Population, commune, 17,404. 
 Kusu(ko'so), or Bakusu (ba-ko'so). A Bantu 
 tribe of the Belgian Kongo, on the left bank 
 of the Lualaba River, north of Nyangwe. They 
 are agriculturists and copper-smelters. 
 
 Kutab minar (ko'tab me-nar ' ). A lofty column 
 of red sandstone erected by the Mussulmans at 
 Delhi in India, to commemorate their decisive 
 victory over the Rajputs in 1193, which gained 
 for them the sovereignty of the Panjab. It is 50 
 feet in diameter at the base, and 13 at the top, and is con- 
 sidered the highest column in the world. Its face is cov- 
 ered with texts from the Koran. Named in honor of Kutab- 
 uddin, the general of the conqueror. 
 
 Kutahia, or Kutaya (ko-ti'ya). A town in Asia 
 Minor, Turkey, situated in lat. 39° 28' N., long. 
 29° 52' E. It is a trading center. A peace was nego- 
 tiated here, May, 1833, whereby the sultan made over 
 Syria and the province of Adana to Ibrahim Pasha. Pop- 
 ulation, estimated, 40,000-60,000. 
 
 Kutais (ko-tis'). 1 . A government in Transcau- 
 casia, Asiatic Russia, bordering on the Black 
 Sea and Asiatic Turkey. The territories of Sukhum 
 and Batum were annexed to it in 1882. Area, 8,166 squar e 
 miles. Population, 955,100. 
 
 2. The capital of the government of Kutais, 
 situated on the Rion in lat. 42° 16' N., long. 
 42° 40' E., acquired by Russia in 1810. It is 
 one of the oldest towns in the Caucasus. Pop- 
 ulation, 32,476. 
 
 Kutchin (ku-chin'). A general name given to 
 many tribes of the northern division of the Atha- 
 pascan stock of North American Indians, who 
 live on and near the Yukon River and its trib- 
 utaries in Alaska, and in the northwestern part 
 of British North America, west of the Mac- 
 kenzie River. Sometimes called Loucheux and 
 Quarrelers. See Athapascan. 
 Kutchuk-Kainardji (kot-chok ' ki-nard 'ie), 
 Treaty of. A treaty between Russia and Tur- 
 key, concluded at Kutchuk-Kainardji (a place 
 in Bulgaria 15 miles southeast of Silistria) July 
 21, 1774. Turkey renounced sovereignty over the Tatars 
 in southern Russia ; Russia acquired territory and strate- 
 gical points in the Crimea and on the Black Sea. 
 
 Kutno (kot'no). A town in the government of 
 Warsaw, Russian Poland, 74 miles west of War- 
 saw. Population, 13,400. 
 
 Kuttack. See Cuttack. 
 
 Kuttenberg (kot'ten-berG),Bohem. Hora Kut- 
 n& (ho'ra kot'na) . A town in Bohemia, 39 milos 
 east by south of Prague. Its lead-mines were 
 long noted for their production of silver. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 15,671, (1910). 
 
 Kutusoff, or Kutuzoff (ko-to'zof), Mikhail, 
 Prince of Smolensk. Born Sept. 16, 1745 : died 
 at Bunzlau, Prussia, April 28, 1813. A Russian 
 field-marshal. He served in the Turkish and Napole- 
 onic wars ; commanded at Austerlitz Dec. 2, 1805 ; suc- 
 ceeded Barclay de Tolly as commander-in-chief in 1812 ; 
 commanded at Borodino in 1812 ; and was victorious at 
 Smolensk Nov., 1812. 
 
 Kilty (ko'te). A town in Galicia, Austria-Hun- 
 
 gary. situated on the Czeremosz in lat. 48° 16' 
 N., long. 25° 10' E. Population, commune, 
 6,741, (1910). 
 
 Kuvera (ko-va'ra). [Skt. : said to be from ku, 
 what a (interrogative and depreciative), and 
 vera, body (in reference to his ugliness).] In 
 Hindu my thology, originally, the chief of the evil 
 beings dwelling in darkness, a sort of Pluto; 
 later, the god of riches and the regent of the 
 northern quarter. His city is Alaka in the Himalaya, 
 and his garden Chaitraratha on Mount Mandara. He was 
 half-brother of Havana, and once possessed the city of 
 Lanka in Ceylon, from which he was driven by Ravana. 
 He is represented as white and deformed, having three 
 legs and only eight teeth. 
 
 Kuyp. See Cuyp. 
 
 Kuyunjik (ko-yon-jek'). Avillageand amound 
 of ruins on the site of ancient Nineveh, which 
 in the reign of Sennacherib (705-681 b. c.) was 
 the capital of Assyria, and remained such un- 
 til its destruction in 608 b. C. : the Mespila of 
 Xenophon. It represents the northern quarter of Nine- 
 veh. It lies on the eastern bank of the Tigris, nearly op- 
 posite to the modern Mosul. Opposite to it lies the other 
 mound of ruins Nebbi Yunus, representing the southern 
 quarter of Nineveh. Between them flows the Chosr, an 
 auxiliary river of the Tigris Sir Henry Layard, English 
 ambassaaor at Constantinople, discovered in Kuyunjik, 
 1852, the largest Assyrian palace thus far known (the so- 
 called southwest palace of Sennacherib, which contained 
 71 rooms); and HormuzdRassam, 1854, the north palace of 
 Asurbanipal, with the great collection of engraved tablets 
 known as “ the Library of Asurbanipal." See Nineveh. 
 
 Kwafi (kwa'fe). An African tribe, ethnically 
 allied and conterminous with the Masai, but 
 not on friendly terms with them. Like the Masai, 
 they are split into clans, and are warlike, nomadic, and 
 pagan. They are called Wakwafl by the Bantu tribes. 
 
 Kwakiutl (kwa-ke-otl'). Originally, the name 
 of a group of closely related tribes or septs of 
 North American Indians, living in the neigh- 
 borhood of Ft. Rupert, British Columbia : later 
 the application of the name has been variously 
 limited. The Kwakiutl proper numbers about 
 180. The name is said to signify ‘ smoke of 
 the world,’ but more probably “means ‘beach 
 at the north side of the river.’ ” 
 
 Kwakwa (kwa'kwa), also called Avekvom. A 
 Nigritic tribe of the Ivory Coast, West Africa, 
 between Liberia and Ashanti, in the French 
 sphere of influence. Like the Kru-men, they 
 are muscular and bold sailors. 
 
 Kwalhiokwa (kwal-he-6'kwa). A tribe of the 
 Pacific division of the Athapascan stock of 
 North American Indians, formerly on Willopah 
 River, Washington, near the Lower Chinook 
 Indians : often confounded with the Owilapsh 
 or Whilpah. See Athapascan. 
 
 Kwangsi (kwang-se'). A province of southern 
 China, bounded by KweichowandHunan on the 
 north, Kwangtung on the east, Kwangtung and 
 Tongking on the south, and Yunnan on the west. 
 Area, 77,200 square miles. Population, 5,- 
 142,330. 
 
 Kwangtung (kwang-tong'). A province of 
 southern China, bounded by Hunan and Kiangsi 
 on the north, Fuhkien on the northeast, the 
 China Sea and Gulf of Tongking on the south, 
 and Tongking and Kwangsi on the west. Chief 
 city, Canton. Area, 99,970 square miles. Popu- 
 lation (with Hainan), 31,865,251. 
 
 Kwanlun(kwan-liin'), orKwunlun (kwun-), or 
 Kuenlun (kwen-). A mountain-chain in 
 China which separates Tibet on the south 
 from Eastern Turkestan on the north. High- 
 est peaks, about 25,000 feet. They were par- 
 tially explored by Prjevalski about 1880. 
 
 Kwapa (kwa'pa),or Quapaw (kwa'pa). A tribe 
 of the Dhegiha division of North American In- 
 dians. The name they give themselves is Ukaqpa, mean- 
 ing ‘those who went down stream’ or ‘with the current,’ 
 the correlative of U manhan. (See Omaha.) Some of them 
 are in the Indian Territory ; others are with the Osage in 
 Oklahoma. Their total number is about 300. The Kwapa 
 were called Akansa by the Illinois; hence the name Arkan- 
 sas. See Dhegiha. 
 
 Kwatami (kwa-ta'me), or Sixes (siks'ez). A 
 village of the Pacific division of the Athapascan 
 stock of North American Indians, formerly on 
 Sixes Creek, Oregon, now on the Siletz reser- 
 vation, Oregon. See Athapascan. 
 
 Kweichow (kwa'chou'), or Kui-chau. A prov- 
 ince of China, bounded by Szechuen on the 
 north, Hunan on the east, Kwangsi on the 
 south, and Yunnan on the west. Area, 67,160 
 square miles. Population, 7,650,282. 
 Kwichpak. See Yukon. 
 
 Kwiliute. See Quileute. 
 
 Kwilu, or Kuilu (kwe'lo). A river in the 
 French Kongo, Africa. 
 
 Kwokwoos. See Kusan. 
 
 Kworatem (kwo'ra-tem). A division of the 
 Quoratean stock of North American Indians, 
 embracing the Ehnek, Ikwanek, Opigoi, and 
 Shiwo bands or villages on Salmon River, north- 
 western California. The name is also applied 
 by the natives to the river. See Quoratean. 
 Kyaxares. See Cyaxares. 
 
 Kybele. See Cyhele. 
 
 Kyd (kid), Thomas. Lived in the latter half 
 of the 16th century. An English dramatist. He 
 wrote usually on bloodcurdling subjects, aud is best known 
 by his two plays, “ The Fust Part of Jeronimo or Hieroni- 
 mo, etc.,’’ published in 1605, and “The Spanish Tragedy” 
 (licensed 1592, printed 1599 and 1602), written after the other, 
 though purporting to precede it. He also translated Gar- 
 nier’s “ Pompey the Great,” known as “ Cornelia, ” and wrote 
 “Solimon and Perseda," etc. He is said to have died in 
 poverty in 1595. ’ 
 
 The well-known epithet of Jonson, “sporting” Kyd, 
 seems to have been either a mere play on the poet’s name, 
 or else a lucus a non lucendo; for both “Jeronimo” and 
 its sequel are in the ghastliest and bloodiest vein of tra- 
 gedy, and “Cornelia’ is a model of stately dullness. 
 
 Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 74. 
 
 Kydonia. See Cydonia. 
 
 Kyffhauser (kif'hoi-zer). A mountain and cas- 
 tle in Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Germany, 31 
 miles north-northwest of Weimar. According 
 to tradition it is the sleeping-place of Freder- 
 ick Barbarossa. Height, 1,395 feet. 
 
 Kygani, or Kaigani. See Skittagetan. 
 
 Kyle (kll). The central district of Ayrshire, 
 Scotland, between the Doon and the Irvine. 
 Kyme. See Cumse. 
 
 Kymry. See Gytniry. 
 
 Kynaston (kin'as-ton), Edward. Bom at Lon- 
 don about 1640 : died in Jan., 1706. An English 
 actor. He was remarkably handsome, and was noted for 
 his impersonation of female parts in his youth, and for his 
 demeanor in the parts of kings and noble personages in 
 his later years. 
 
 Kynaston, Sir Francis. Bom at Oteley, Shrop- 
 shire, in 1587 : died in 1642. An English poet 
 and scholar. In 1635 he founded the “Musamm Mi- 
 nervse,” a college intended to give instruction to “our gen- 
 tlemen before their taking long journeys into foreign 
 parts.” It perished with its founder. He published a 
 version of Chaucer’s “Troilus and Cressida,” and a romance 
 in verse, “Leoline and Sydanis,” and other poems. 
 
 Kyoto. See Kioto. 
 
 Kypros. See Cyprus. 
 
 Kyrene. See Cyrene. 
 
 Kyritz (ke'rits). A town in the province of 
 Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on the Jaglitz 51 
 miles northwest of Berlin. Population, over 
 8 , 000 . 
 
 Kyrle (kerl), John. Born at Dymock, Glouces- 
 tershire, May 22, 1637 : died at Ross, Hert- 
 fordshire, Nov. 7, 1724. A benevolent and 
 public-spirited man, a general mediator in the 
 neighborhood of the estates he inherited from 
 his father. He was known as “ the Man of Ross.” Pope 
 has immortalized him in his “Moral Essays,” iii. 250. 
 
 Kyros. See Cyrus. 
 
 Kythul, or Kaithal (ki-thul'). A town in Kar- 
 nal district, Panjab, British India, 92 miles 
 north-northwest of Delhi. Population, about 
 15,000. 
 
 Kyzikos. See Cyzicus. 
 
aach (lach). A small lake in 
 the Rhine Province, Prussia, 
 16 miles west-northwest of 
 Coblenz. 
 
 Laaland (la'land), or Lol- 
 land (lol'and). An island of 
 Denmark, south of Zealand. 
 Itssurfaceislevel. ItformswithFal- 
 ster the province of Maribo. Length, 
 37 miles. Area, 445 square miles. 
 La Antigua (lit an-te'gwa). 1. One of the 
 names given to the old colony of Darien: in 
 full, Santa Maria de la Antigua del Darien . — 2. 
 Guatemala la Antigua. See Guatemala, Old. 
 Laar, or Laer (lar), Pieter van. Born in the 
 Netherlands about 1613: died at Haarlem, 
 Netherlands, about 1674. A Dutch genre paint- 
 er, called Bamboccio (‘cripple’)- He painted with 
 
 much humor and naturalness, and his style was imitated 
 so that “bambocciade ” became a special artistic term ap- 
 plied to scenes of low life. 
 
 Labadie, or La Badie (la ba-de'), Jean de. 
 Born at Bourg-en-Guienne, France, Feb. 13, 
 1610: died at Altona, Prussia, Feb. 13, 1674. A 
 French mystic and separatist. Originally a Jesuit, 
 he joined the Reformed Church iu 1650, and founded a sect 
 known as the Labadists. 
 
 Labadists (lab'a-dists). The followers of Jean 
 deLabadie. See Labadie. TheLabadistswereChris- 
 tian communists. Among their tenets were denial of the 
 obligation of Sabbath observance, on the ground that life 
 is a perpetual sabbath ; belief in the direct influence of the 
 Holy Spirit; and belief in marriage as a holy ordinance 
 valid only among believers, the children of the regenerate 
 being bom without original sin. The sect disappeared 
 about the middle of the 18th century. 
 
 Laban (la'ban). [Heb.,‘ white.’] A Syrian, fa- 
 ther-in-law of the patriarch Jacob. 
 
 Labanoff de Rostoff (la-ba'nof de ros'tof), 
 Prince Alexander. Born 1788 : died at St. Pe- 
 tersburg, Dec. 8, 1866. A Russian general and 
 historian. He wrote “Lettres, instructions, et 
 memoires de Marie Stuart, reine d’Ecosse” 
 (1844), etc. 
 
 La Barre, Antoine le Fevre de. See Barre. 
 Labastida y Davalos (la-bas-te 'da e da' va-los), 
 Pelagio A ut, on in de. Born at Zamora, Micho- 
 acan, March 21, 1816: died at Mexico City, Feb. 
 5, 1891. A Mexican ecclesiastic, bishop of Pue- 
 bla from July 8, 1855, and archbishop of Mexico 
 from March 19, 1863. He was a leader of the conser- 
 vatives and church party in the struggles of 1856; was 
 exiled; subsequently was active in the movement for an 
 empire; was one of the regents in 1863; and was again* 
 exiled by Juarez in 1867. 
 
 Labat (la-ba'), Jean Baptiste. Born at Paris, 
 1663: died there, Jan. 6, 1738. A French Do- 
 minican missionary and author. From 1694 to 1705 
 he was stationed in the French West Indies. During this 
 time he visited many French and English islands under 
 governmentcommission He published “ Nouveau voyage 
 aux isles de l’Amdrique, etc.”(lst ed., ‘2vols., 1724; 3d ed., 
 with additions, 8 vols., 1742 ; Dutch and German transla- 
 tions), etc. 
 
 Labe (la-ba'), Louise, surnamed La belle Cor- 
 
 difere (‘the beautiful ropemaker’). Bom at 
 Lyons, France, 1526: died at Lyons, March, 
 1566. The most important French female poet 
 of the 16th century. In her youth she was a soldier, 
 and was sometimes called Captain Loys. She was the au- 
 thor of elegies, sonnets, and a prose work, “D6bat de la 
 folie et de l’amour.” 
 
 Labeatis Lacus (la-be-a'tis la'kus). The an- 
 cient name of the Lake of Scutari. 
 
 La Bella (la bel'lil). [It., ‘the beautiful.’] A 
 portrait by Titian, in the Galleria Pitti, Flor- 
 ence. It is a three-quarter length of Eleonora Gonzaga, 
 duchess of Urbino, in a very rich damask robe of blue and 
 gold, with white slashings. 
 
 Labelye (lab-le'), Charles. Born at Vevay, 
 Switzerland, Aug. 12, 1705: died at Paris (?) 
 about 1781. The architect of the first West- 
 minster bridge. He came to England about 1725, and 
 was appointed “engineer "of the bridge in May, 1738. The 
 bridge was opened to the public Nov. 18, 1760. 
 
 Laberius (la-be'ri-us), Decimus. Born about 
 105 b. c. : died at Puteoli, Italy, Jan., 43 b. c. A 
 Roman knight, author of mimes or popular 
 farces, comic and satirical poems, an epic poem 
 
 on Ctesar’s Gallic war, and a prose work con- 
 taining anecdotes, etc. 
 
 Labes (la'bes). A town in the province of Po- 
 merania, Prussia, situated on the Riga 45 miles 
 east-northeast of Stettin. Population, com- 
 mune, 5,183. 
 
 Labezares (la-Ba-tba'res), Guido de. Born in 
 Biscay about 1510: died in the Philippine Isl- 
 ands about 1580. A Spanish commander. He 
 went to Mexico ; accompanied Villalobos to the Spice Isl- 
 ands iu 1542, returning in 1549; was engaged in an attempt to 
 settle Florida 1558-62 ; was royal factor of Legazpe’s expedi- 
 tion to the Philippines in 1564 ; and after Legazpe’s death, 
 Aug. 20, 1572, remained in command of the conquests un- 
 til Aug. 24, 1575. His reports on the Florida expedition 
 and on the conquest of the Philippines were published in 
 the “Cartas de Indias,” 1877. Also written Labazares. 
 
 Labiau (lii'be-ou). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of East Prussia, Prussia, 26 miles east- 
 northeast of Konigsberg. By a treaty concluded 
 here in 1656, between Charles Gustavus of Sweden and 
 Frederick William tire Great Elector, the sovereignty of 
 Brandenburg over East Prussia was recognized. 
 
 Labiche (lii -bosh '), Eugene Marie. Born at 
 Paris, May 5, 1815: died at Paris, Jan. 23, 1888. 
 A French dramatist, author of numerous suc- 
 cessful comedies, farces, and vaudevilles. He 
 was elected a member of the Academy in 1880. A col- 
 lected edition of his plays was issued in 1879. 
 
 Labienus (la-bi-e'nus), Quintus. Killed in 
 Cilicia about 39 B. C. A Roman general, son of 
 Titus Labienus. As a republican and Parthian com- 
 mander he invaded Syria and Asia Minor 40 and 39 B. 0. 
 
 Labienus, Titus. Killed at the battle ofMunda, 
 Spain, 45 B. C. A Roman general, distinguished 
 as Ccesar’s legate in the Gallic war. He joined 
 the Pompeians in 49 B. C. 
 
 Labillardi&re (la-be-yar-dyar'), Jacques Ju- 
 lien. Born at Alemjon, France, Oct. 23, 1755: 
 died at Paris, Jan. 8, 1834. A French naturalist 
 and traveler. Hepublished “ leones plantarum Syriae ” 
 (1791-1812), “ Novaj Hollandise plantation specimen" (1804- 
 1806), “Relation du voyage h la recherche de La POrouse 
 pendant les aunbes 1791-1792 ” (1800), etc. 
 
 Lablache (la-blash'), Luigi. Born at Naples, 
 Dec. 6, 1794 : died there, Jan. 23, 1858. An opera- 
 singer of French-Irish descent (his mother was 
 Irish), regarded as the chief basso of modem 
 times. He made his first appearance in opera at Naples 
 in 1812, and from this time till 1856, when his health began 
 to fail, lie sang with great success. His voice, “when he 
 chose, easily exceeded the tones of the instruments that ac- 
 companied it." 
 
 Laborde (la-bord'), Alexandre Louis Joseph, 
 
 Comte de. Born at Paris, Sept. 17, 1773 : died 
 there, Oct. 24, 1842. A French scholar and man 
 of letters, son of J. J. Laborde. He wrote ‘ ‘ V oy- 
 age pittoresque et historique en Espagne” 
 (1807-18), etc. 
 
 Laborde, Leon Emmanuel Simon Joseph, 
 
 Comte de. Born at Paris, June 15, 1807 : died 
 there, March 25, 1869. A French archaeologist 
 and traveler in Egypt, Arabia, and Asia Minor, 
 son of A. L. J. de Laborde. He wrote ‘ ‘ V oyage 
 en Orient, etc.” (1837-64), etc. 
 
 Labouchere (la-bo-shar'), Henry, Lord Taun- 
 ton. Born Aug. 15, 1798 : died at London, July 
 13, 1869. An English politician, of Huguenot 
 descent, created Baron Taunton of Taunton 
 Aug. 18, 1859. The Labouchere family (of which Hen- 
 ry’s father was the first to live in England) left France at 
 the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and settled in Holland. 
 He was elected (Whig) member of Parliament in 1826; was 
 appointed a lord of the admiralty in 1832 ; became master 
 of the mint in 1835, and a member of the privy council 
 and vice-president of the board of trade; was under-sec- 
 retary of war and the colonies and president of the board 
 of trade in 1839 ; was made chief secretary to the lord lieu- 
 tenant of Ireland in 1846 ; and became secretary of state for 
 the colonies in 1855. His title became extinct on his death. 
 
 Labouchere, Henry. Born 1831 : died at Flor- 
 ence, Italy, Jan. 16, 1912. An English 
 journalist and advanced Liberal politician, 
 nephew of Henry Labouchere, Lord Taunton. 
 He was engaged in the diplomatic service from 1854 to 1864. 
 He represented Windsor in Parliament 1865-66, Middle- 
 sex 1867-68, and Northampton 1886-1905. He was owner 
 and editor of the London weekly Journal “Truth." His 
 “ Diary of a Besieged Resident in Paris ” appeared in 
 187L He was appointed a privy councillor in 1905. 
 
 582 
 
 Laboulaye (la-bo-la' ) , Edouard ReneLefebvre 
 
 de. Born at Paris, Jan. 18, 1811 : died at Paris, 
 May 25, 1883. A French jurist, historian, and 
 politician. He became professor of comparative legis- 
 lation in the College de France in 1849, and was made dep- 
 uty in 1871 and lite senatqr in 1875. His works include 
 “Histoire politique des Etats-Unis” (“ Political History 
 of the United States,” 1855-66), “Les Etats-Unis et la 
 France ” (1862), “Paris en Amerique "(1863), “ Recherches 
 sur la condition civile et politique des femmes ” (1843), 
 translations of Channing’s works, etc. 
 
 Labourdan ( la-bor-don'), or Labourd (la-bor'). 
 A Basque district, situated mainly in the west- 
 ern part of the department of Basses-Pyr6n6es, 
 Prance. 
 
 Labourdonnais, or Labourdonnaie (la-bor-do- 
 na'), Bertrand Frangois Mahe de. Born at 
 St.-Malo, Prance, Feb. 11, 1699 : died Sept. 9, 
 1753. A French admiral, governor-general of 
 the Isle of France and Isle of Bourbon. He cap- 
 tured Madras in 1746. 
 
 Labra (la'bra), Rafael Maria de. Born at 
 Havana in 1841. A Cuban publicist, a resident 
 of Madrid, Spain, since 1851. He has represented 
 Porto Rico in several legislatures; was one of the leaders 
 of the abolition party ; and has published many works on 
 slavery, emancipation, and kindred topics, besides histori- 
 cal studies on Spanish America, etc. 
 
 Labrador (lab-ra-dor'). In an extended sense, 
 a peninsula comprised between the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence, the Atlantic, Hudson Strait, and 
 Hudson Bay (since 1912 included in Quebec, 
 except for the Atlantic coast-line, which be- 
 longs to Newfoundland); in a restricted 
 sense, a dependency of Newfoundland, in- 
 cluding the coast from Cape Chidley to the 
 Strait of Belle-Isle. The surface is rugged, the cli- 
 mate rigorous. Labrador has important fisheries. The 
 inhabitants are mainly Eskimos, Indians, and French. The 
 interior near the Grand Falls has been recently explored 
 by American parties. It was discovered by the Norsemen ; 
 and in 1497 by the Cabots. It was named by G. Cortereal 
 (1501) “Terra de Lavradores” (land of laborers or slaves). 
 It was also called on some old maps Terra Oorterealis (from 
 Cortereal), and by Hudson Magna Britannia. Population, 
 3,947. 
 
 Labrunie, Gerard. See Gerard de Nerval. 
 
 La Rruyere (la brti-yar'), Jean de. Born at 
 Paris, Aug., 1645: died at Versailles, May 10, 
 1696. A French moralist. He was educated in Paris 
 and studied law. He left the bar, how ever, to fill an ad- 
 ministrative position in Normandy (1673-87), but resided 
 in Paris, where he was appointed tutor to the young Duke 
 of Bourbon in 1684. His claim to literary recognition rests 
 on his great work “ Les caractferes,” which he undertook in 
 imitation of Theophrastus. He had made a translation 
 of the latter’s work, and appended to it notes on the cus- 
 toms of his own times. The first edition was entitled “ Ca- 
 raetcres de Thdophraste, traduits du grec, avec les carac- 
 tferes ou les moeurs de ce siFcle " (1688). It contained 386 
 “ caracteres ” ; the fourth edition (1689) contained 340 ad- 
 ditional ones; the fifth added 141, the sixth 103, the sev- 
 enth 110, and the eighth 40. The ninth edition, contain- 
 ing over 1,100 “ caracteres, ” was in press at the time of La 
 +Bruyi.re's death. 
 
 Labuan (la-bo-an'). An island in the East In- 
 dies, situated about 6 miles northwest of Bor- 
 neo, in lat. 5° 17' N., long. 115° 15' E. Capi- 
 tal, Victoria. It belongs since 1846 to Great Britain, 
 and was administered by the British North Borneo Com- 
 pany 1889-1905. Area, 30 square miles. Population, over 
 8,000. 
 
 Labyrinth (lab'i-rintli). [L. labyrinthus, from 
 Gr. ^afivpivdoc.'] Amaze; especially, a subter- 
 ranean structure having many intricate pas- 
 sages. Several such mazes were famous in antiquity. 
 The greatest was that which lay near Lake Moeris, in the 
 Fayum, Egypt, and was probably built by Amenemhat 
 III. (about 2300 B. C.). According to Herodotus, it bad 
 3,000 halls and chambers, half of them above ground and 
 half below, and 12 covered courts. Only fragments of it 
 remain. (See the extract below.) Another famous laby- 
 rinth (that of Crete) was fabled to have been built for King 
 Minos by DaMalus, on the model of the Egyptian, hut very 
 much smaller. The ruins of the Palace of Cnosus, recently 
 brought to light by Dr. A. J. Evans, are believed by many 
 to be identical with this Labyrinth. There also was one 
 on the island of Lemnos and one on Samos. 
 
 The Labyrinth — that famous building of which it was 
 Baid by Herodotus that it was “ larger than all the temples 
 of Greece put together, and more wonderful than the pyra- 
 mids." The Labyrinth wa9 utterly destroyed by order of 
 the Roman Government some seventeen or eighteen cen- 
 turies ago, and all that remains of its former magnificence 
 is this platform, heaped six feet deep with thousands and 
 
Labyrinth 
 
 tens of thousands of tons of limestone and granite chips. 
 This tremendous destruction was undoubtedly wrought 
 by order of the Roman Government, and the people who 
 smashed up and quarried out the most splendid building 
 of the ancient world lived in that little town on the south- 
 west corner of the platform. As they went on clearing 
 the site they made use of it for a cemetery ; and so, in 
 course of time, the last vestiges of the labyrinth disap- 
 peared, and the place thereof became a city of the dead. 
 It was this cemetery which Mr. Petrie explored during the 
 seasons of 1887-88 and 1888-89 ; and it was here that he dis- 
 covered the extraordinary series of portraits, some of which 
 are here reproduced from his original photographs. 
 
 Edwards, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 95. 
 
 Lacaille (la-kay'), orLaCaille, Nicolas Louis 
 de. BornatRumigny, Ardennes, Prance, March 
 15, 1713 : died at Paris, March 21, 1762. A noted 
 French astronomer, professor of mathematics 
 in Mazarin College. He wrote numerous scientific 
 works, including “ Astronomiaj fundaments, etc." (1757), 
 “Coelum australe stelligerum, etc." (a catalogue of over 
 10,000 southern stars, 1763), “Tabulee solares” (giving cor- 
 rections for planetary perturbations, 1758), etc. In 1739- 
 1740 he was employed in remeasuring the french arc of 
 the meridian. He conducted a successful astronomical 
 expedition to the Cape of Good Hope 1750-54. 
 
 La Calle (la kal or la kal'la). A seaport in the 
 province of Constantine, Algeria, 40 miles east 
 of Bona. Population, 2,625. 
 
 La CalprenMe (la kal-pre-nad'), Gautier de 
 Costes de. Born at the Chateau de Tolgon, 
 near Sarlat, Dordogne, France, 1610 : died at 
 Grand-Audelv, Oct., 1663. A French novelist 
 and dramatist. He wrote the historical romances 
 “Cassandre" (1642-50), “La C16opatre” (1647-68), and 
 “ Faramond, ou 1’histoire de France" (1661) ; and several 
 tragedies, including “La mort de Mithridate" (1637), 
 “Bradamante” (1636), “Jeanne d’Angleterre" (1637), “Le 
 comte d’Essex ” (1639), “ fidouard, roi d'Angleterre " (1640). 
 
 Lacandones (la-kiin-do'nes). [F. Lacandons.'] 
 An Indian tribe of the Maya stock, in northern 
 Guatemala and the adjacent parts of Mexico. 
 Formerly they were numerous, and until 1750 were hos- 
 tile to the whites. At present they are reduced to a few 
 thousand. Those called Eastern Lacandones are friendly 
 to strangers, though living in a state of semi-independence 
 and retaining mostoftheir ancient customs. The Western 
 Lacandones, on the Passion River, have no intercourse with 
 the whites. 
 
 Laccadives (lak'a-dlvz), or Laccadive, or 
 Lakkadiv, Islands. A group of small coral 
 islands, situated in the Indian Ocean, west of 
 British India, about lat. 8°-14° N., long. 71° 
 40'-74° E. They belong partly to Great Britain, partly 
 to Kanara. The leading product is coir. The inhabitants 
 are Moplas ; the religion is Mohammedan. These islands 
 were discovered by Vasco da Gama 1499. Population, 
 
 ★10,274. 
 
 Lacedaemon (las-e-de'mon). [Gr. Aaicf daifiuv.] 
 A name anciently given to Laconia, and some- 
 times to Sparta. 
 
 La^epfede (la-sa-pad'), Bernard Germain 
 Etienne de la Ville, Comte de. Born at 
 Agen, France, Dec. 26, 1756 : died at Epinay, 
 near St.-Denis, France, Oct. 6, 1825. A noted 
 French naturalist. He continued Button’s “ Histoire 
 naturelle ” under the titles “Histoire des quadruples ovi- 
 pares et des serpents ” (1788-89) and “Histoire naturelle 
 des reptiles ” (1789). He also published “ Histoire natu- 
 relle des poissons ” (1798-1803), “ Histoire des cdtacds ” 
 (1804), etc. His earliest works were an “ Essai sur l elec- 
 tricitd naturelle et artiflcielle ” (1781), and the “ Podtique 
 de la musique ’’ (1785). He was an amateur musician of 
 ability. 
 
 Lacerda e Almeida (lii-sar'da e al-ma'dii), 
 Francisco Jose de. Born at Sao Paulo about 
 1750 : died near Tete, Mozambique, Africa, 1798. 
 A Portuguese-Brazilian engineer and traveler. 
 From 1780 to 1790 he was engaged in northern and west- 
 ern Brazil on the commission employed to mark the 
 boundaries of that country with the Spanish colonies. In 
 1797 he was sent to explore the interior of Mozambique, 
 where he died of malarial fever. Several of his reports 
 have been published. 
 
 Lacerta (la-ser'tii). [L./ the lizard.’] A small 
 constellation which first appears in the “Pro- 
 dromus Astronomite ” of Hevelius, published in 
 1690. It is bounded by Cepheus, Cygnus, Pegasus, and 
 Andromeda. Its brightest star is of the fourth magnitude. 
 
 Lachaise, or La Chaise (la shaz), Francois 
 d’Aix de. Born at Aix, Loire, France, Aug. 25, 
 1624: died at Paris, Jan. 20, 1709. A French 
 Jesuit, confessor of Louis XIV. 
 
 Lachaise, P6re, Cemetery of. See Pere La- 
 
 chaise. 
 
 La 0hauss6e (la sho-sa'), Pierre Claude Ni- 
 
 velle de. Born at Paris, 1692 : died at Paris, 
 March 14, 1754. A French dramatist, the in- 
 troducer or popularizer of the so-called pathetic 
 comedy (com6die larmoyante) or sentimental 
 play : author of “ Le pr6jug6 a la mode ” (1735), 
 etc. 
 
 Laches (la'kez). [Gr. Ad^f.] A dialogue of 
 Plato : a conversation on courage between Ly- 
 simachus,the son of Aristides, and Melesias,t,he 
 son of the elder Thucydides (who are consid- 
 ering the question of the education of their 
 
 583 
 
 sons), the generals Nicias and Laches, and 
 Socrates. 
 
 Lachesis (lak'e-sis). [Gr. Adjccur, disposer of 
 lots.] In Greek mythology, one of the three 
 Mcerse or Fates. See Fates. 
 
 Lachine (la-shen') Rapids. Rapids in the St. 
 Lawrence River, a few miles above Montreal. 
 Lachish (la'kish). One of the capitals of the 
 Canaanites, conquered by Joshua, situated on 
 an elevation between Gaza and Eleutheropolis 
 (Bet Jibrin). Itseemstohavebeenan important fron- 
 tier fortress in the direction of Egypt. It was conquered 
 by Sennacherib during his invasion of Judah in 701 B. c. 
 A representation of its siege was found on a slab in a hall 
 of Sennacherib’s palace, which was excavated in the ruins 
 of Kuyunjik. It was again taken, after a long resistance, 
 by Nebuchadnezzar. After the return from captivity it 
 was restored. It is now represented by the stone heaps of 
 Tel-el-Hesy. This site was excavated in 1889 and the fol- 
 lowing years by Flinders Petrie and Frederick Jones Bliss, 
 and important ruins, pottery, and a cuneiform tablet were 
 discovered there. 
 
 Lachlan (lak'lan). Ariverof New South Wales, 
 Australia, joining the Murrumbidgee about 
 long. 144° 10' E. Length, 400-500 miles. 
 Lachmann (lach'man), Karl. Born at Bruns- 
 wick, Germany, March 4, 1793 : died at Berlin, 
 March 13, 1851. A noted German philologist 
 and critic, professor at Konigsberg (1818) and 
 later (1825) at Berlin. He wrote “Zu den Nibelun- 
 gen und zurKlage ” (1836), ‘ ‘ Betrachtungen iiber die Ilias ” 
 (1847), and published editions of the “ Nibelungenlied ” 
 (1826), Walther von der Vogelweide, Wolfram von Eschen- 
 baeh, Propertius, Catullus, Tibullus, Lucretius, etc. 
 Laclmer (lach'ner), Franz. Born at Rain, Ba- 
 varia, April 2, 1803: died at Munich, Jan. 20, 
 1890. A German composer and noted musical 
 director at Munich. Among his operas are “Catarina 
 Cornaro’’and “Benvenuto Cellini.’’ He also wrote two 
 oratorios, etc. 
 
 Lachner, Ignaz. Born at Rain, Bavaria, Sept. 
 11, 1807 : died at Hannover, Feb. 24, 1895. A 
 German composer and violinist, brother of 
 Franz Lachner. He was kapellmeister, 1861-75, at 
 the city theater in Frankfort. Among his works are the 
 operas “Der Geisterturm,” “Die Kegenbriider,” and 
 “ Loreley,” and a favorite song “Uberall Du.” 
 Lachner, Vincenz. Born at Rain, Bavaria, July 
 19, 1811: died at Karlsruhe, Jan. 21, 1893. A 
 German composer, brother of Franz Lachner. 
 He was kapellmeister at Mannheim from 1836- 
 1873. 
 
 Lackawanna (lak-a-won'a). A river in north- 
 eastern Pennsylvania, joining the Susquehanna 
 at Pittston. Its lower valley is noted for the 
 production of anthracite coal. Length, about 
 55 miles. 
 
 La Cloche (F. pron. la klosh), James. Born in 
 Jersey, 1647 : date of death unknown. A nat- 
 ural son of Charles II. of England. He became 
 a Jesuit in 1667. 
 
 Laclos (la-klo'), Pierre Ambroise Francois 
 Choderlos de. Born at Amiens, France, 1741 : 
 died at Taranto, Italy, Nov. 5, 1803. A French 
 general and man of letters. He wrote the novel 
 “Les liaisons dangereuses ” (1782), etc. 
 
 La Condamine (lakon-da-men'), Charles Ma- 
 rie de. Born at Paris, Jan. 28,1701: died there, 
 Feb. 4, 1774. A French scientist who in 1735 
 was chosen, with Bouguer and Godin, to mea- 
 sure an arc of the meridian on the plain of Qui- 
 to, South America. The expedition occupied nine 
 years, and in 1744 La Condamine descended the Amazon ou 
 his way to Europe. He published several works on the 
 measurement, besides “Relation abr^gde d’un voyage fait 
 dans l’intdrieur do 1 ’Amdrique meridionale ” (1745),“ Jour- 
 nal d’un voyage fait par ordre du roi ” (1751), various 
 papers on inoculation, etc. It is said that he carried the 
 first knowledge of india-rubber to Europe. 
 
 Laconia (la-ko'ni-a). 1 . In ancient geography, 
 the southeastern division of the Peloponnesus, 
 Greece, lying south of Argolis and Arcadia and 
 east of Messenia. Chief city, Sparta. It was nearly 
 surrounded by mountains and the sea, and was traversed 
 by the Eurotas. 
 
 2. A nomarehy of modem Greece, lying south- 
 west of Lacedtemon. Area, 457 square miles. 
 Population, 61,522.^ 
 
 Laconicus Sinus (la-kon'i-kus sl'nus), G.ulf of 
 Laconia. In ancient geography, the arm of the 
 Mediterranean south of Laconia. 
 
 Lacordaire (lii-kor-dar' ), Jean Baptiste Henri. 
 Born near Dijon, May 12, 1802 : died at Sorbze 
 (Tarn), Nov. 22, 1861. A celebrated French di- 
 vine. He entered the college at Dijon in 1810, graduated 
 with honors in 1819, studied law, and finally entered an 
 office in Paris. In 1824 he gave up law for theology; 
 was admitted to the seminary of Saint-Sulpice ; and three 
 years lator was ordained priest. At the time of the 
 revolution of July, 1830, the Catholic element in France 
 sought new means of strengthening its influence, and 
 thought to accomplish that end in preaching the doctrines 
 of liberty. Lacordaire eagerly followed the movement, and 
 was active in editing a paper called “ L’Avenir,” published 
 for the first time Oct. 18, 1830. He retired from the staff. 
 
 Lacy, Hugh de 
 
 however, on account of the condemnation passed on the 
 undertaking by the pontifical court at Rome. He attaiued 
 a great reputation as a preacher at Notre Dame. On April 
 6, 1840, he joined the Dominican order of monks, and Feb. 2, 
 1860, he was elected to the French Academy. Some of La- 
 cordaire’s works are “ Considerations philosophiques sur 
 le systfeme de M.de Lamennais ” (1834), “ Vie de Saint Do- 
 minique ’’ (1840), “Conferences de Notre-Dame de Paris " 
 (1835-50),“ Conferences k Lyon et h Grenoble ’’ (1845),“ Ser- 
 mons isolds et oraisons funbbres” (1844-47), of which the 
 finest was undoubtedly the funeral oration preached over 
 the remains of General Drouot at Nancy on May 25, 1847 ; 
 and lastly a voluminous correspondence. A complete edi- 
 tion of Lacordaire’s works was published in six volumes in 
 1858. 
 
 Lacordaire, Jean Theodore. Born at Recey- 
 sur-Ouree, Feb. 1, 1801 : died at Liege, Belgium, 
 July 18, 1870. A French entomologist, brother 
 of J. B. H. Lacordaire. From 1825 to 1832 he made four 
 journeys in South America ; from 1835 he was a professor 
 at the University of Lifege. His greatest work is the “Gen- 
 era des coleoptbres ” (12 vols. 1854-76 : the last three by 
 Chapuis). He also published numerous works and papers 
 on the Coleoptera, articles on South America, and an “In- 
 troduction a i’entomologie ” (2 vols. 1837-39). 
 
 La Coruna. See Corunna. 
 
 La Coruna, Count of, fifth Viceroy of Mexico. 
 See Mendoza, Lorenzo Suarez de. 
 
 La Cosa, Juan de. ’See Cosa. 
 
 Lacressoniere (la-kres-so-nyar'), stage name of 
 Louis Charles Adrien Lesot de la Penne- 
 terie. Born at Chauny, Haute-Marne, Dec. 11, 
 1819 : died June 9, 1893. A noted French actor. 
 He first played in Palis at the Ambigu in 1842. In 1847, 
 joining the Thd&tre Historique, he was for a long time the 
 impersonator of the principal characters of Soulid and 
 Dumas. He was very successful in the double role in the 
 “ Courrier de Lyon.’’ 
 
 Lacretelle (la-kre-tel'), Jean Charles Domi- 
 nique de. Born at Metz, Sept. 3, 1766 : died at 
 Macon, France, March 26, 1855. A French his- 
 torian and journalist. Among his works is “Histoire 
 de France pendant le XVIII e sitcle ” (1808-12 : continued 
 for the revolution, consulate and empire, and restoration). 
 
 Lacroix (la-krwa/), Paul. Born at Paris, Feb. 
 27, 1806 : died there, Oct. 16, 1884. A French 
 novelist and historical and miscellaneous wri- 
 ter under the pseudonym “ Bibliophile Jacob.” 
 Among his numerous works are “Contes du Bibliophile 
 Jacob, etc. ”(1831 : reprinted in 1844 as “Rdcitshistoriques 
 Ala jeunesse”), “LadanceMacabre, etc.”(1832), “Convales- 
 cence du vieux conteur” (1832-36-38), “Romans relatifs k 
 l’histoire de France aux XV° et XVL- siecles” (1838), “Le 
 moyen age et ia renaissance ’’(conjointly with S<5r6, 1847- 
 1852), “Curiosites de l’histoire des arts, etc.” (1858), “Les 
 arts au moyen age, etc.” (1868), “Les moeurs, usages, et 
 costumes au moyen kge, etc. ” (1871), etc. He published 
 many catalogues and edited a number of works. He also 
 wrote under the names of Pierre Dufour and Antony 
 Dubourg. 
 
 Lacroix, Sylvestre Francois. Born at Paris, 
 1765 : died there, May 25, 1843. A noted French 
 mathematician. His chief work is “ Traits du 
 calcul differentiel etdu calcul integral” (1797). 
 
 La Crosse (la kros). A city and the capital of 
 La Crosse County, Wisconsin, situated on the 
 Mississippi, at the mouth of the La Crosse and 
 Black rivers, in lat. 43° 48' N., long. 91° 14' W. 
 It has important lumber trade and sawmills. 
 Population, 30,417, (1910). 
 
 Lactantius Firmianus (lak-tan'shi-us fer-mi- 
 a'nus), Lucius Ceelius (or Csecilius). Lived 
 at the beginning of the 4th century. A Chris- 
 tian apologist, preceptor of Crispus in Gaul 
 about 313 : called “the Christian Cicero.” His 
 chief work is “Divinarum institutionum libri 
 septem” (“Seven Books of the Divine Institu- 
 tions”). 
 
 La Cuba (la ko'bii). A castle at Palermo, Italy, 
 built for recreation by King William II. in 1182. 
 It is square. Its lofty walls are ornamented to their full 
 height with alternately wide and narrow Saracenic pointed 
 wall-arcades, beneath which open several tiers of pointed 
 windows, the highest single, the others coupled. The 
 castle is built around an interior court. The design pos- 
 sesses much elegance. 
 
 La Cueva. See Cueva. 
 
 Lacunza (la-kon'sa), Manuel. Born at Santi- 
 ago, Chile, July 19, 1731: died at Imola, Italy, 
 June 17, 1801. A Jesuit author. After the expul- 
 sion of his order from America (1767), he lived a very se- 
 cluded life in Italy. His commentary “ La venida del Me- 
 sias ’’ has had many editions. 
 
 Lacy, or Lascy (las'e), Count Franz Moritz 
 
 von. Born at St. Petersburg, Oct. 16, 1725 : 
 died at Vienna, Nov. 24, 1801. An Austrian 
 field-marshal, distinguished in the Seven Years’ 
 War. 
 
 Lacy ( la'si), Henry de. Born about 1249 : died at 
 London, Feb. 5, 1311. An English nobleman, 
 thirdEarl of Lincoln : an influential counselor of 
 Edward I. and Edward II. ne took part in the siege 
 of Bordeaux, 1296, under the Earl of Lancaster, and on the 
 death of the latter (June 6) was chosen general. 
 
 Lacy, Hugh de. Murdered at Durrow, Ireland, 
 July 25, 1186. An English soldier and conqueror 
 of Ireland, fifth Baron Lacy, and first Lord of 
 
Lacy, Hugh de 
 
 Meath. In Oct., 117I, he followed Henry II. to Ireland. 
 In 1172 he received the submission of Roderick, king of 
 Connaught, and was granted Meath and Dublin Castle. 
 He secured Meath by the erection of numerous castles. 
 In 1173 he fought in France. His administration of Ire- 
 land was characterized by peace ami good order. He was 
 recalled, temporarily, in 1181, returning the next winter. 
 On July 25, 1186, while inspecting the new castle at Dur- 
 row, he was murdered. 
 
 Lacy, Hugh de. Died at Carrickfergus about 
 1242. An English soldier, created earl of Ulster 
 May 29, 1205: noted as a leader in the partizan 
 wars in Ireland in the early part of the 13th 
 century. 
 
 Lacy, John. Born near Doncaster: died at Lon- 
 don, Sept. 17, 1681. An English dramatist and 
 actor, noted in his day as a comedian and mimic. 
 He was the original Bayes in “The Rehearsal." Among 
 his plays are “The Old Troop, or Monsieur Raggou ’’(about 
 1665), and “Sir Hercules Buffoon, or the Poetical Squire’’ 
 (1684). 
 
 Lacy, John William or William. Born in the 
 last part of the 18th century: died in Devonshire 
 about 1865. An English bass singer. He was a 
 pupil at Bath of Rauzzini, and also studied in Italy. His 
 wife was also a singer of some note. She died in May, 
 1858. 
 
 Lacy, Peter, Count Lacy. Born at Killeedy, 
 Limerick, Sept. 29, 1678 : died in Livonia, May 
 
 II, 1751. A noted L’ish soldier, made a field- 
 marshal in the Russian army in 1736. He served 
 with the Irish troops in France and Italy and on the 
 Rhine from 1692 until the peace of Ryswick ; entered the 
 Russian service as captain of infantry, and was employed 
 by Peter the Great in training the Russian troops ; and 
 served, with repeated promotions, in the various wars in 
 which Russia was engaged until his retirement in 1743. 
 At the battle of Pultowa he commanded a brigade of the 
 right wing. He was governor of Livonia and Esthonia. 
 
 Ladak, or Ladakh (la-dak'). A province of 
 Kashmir, southeast of Baltistan and west of 
 Tibet, traversed by the Upper Indus. It is the 
 most elevated inhabited country in the world. It was con- 
 quered by Kashmir in 1834-42. Population, over 30,- 
 * 000 . 
 
 Ladd (lad), George Trumbull. Born at Paines- 
 
 ville, Ohio, Jan. 19, 1842. An American theo- 
 logian and psychologist, professor of philoso- 
 phy at Bowdoin College, and later at Yale Uni- 
 versity. He has published “Doctrine of Sacred Scrip- 
 ture, etc." (1882), “Elements of Physiological Psychology, 
 etc." (1887), “What is the Bible? etc. ”(1888), etc. Healso 
 translated Lotze’s “Outlines of Metaphysics, etc.” (1884), 
 “ Outlines of Practical Philosophy, etc.’’ (1885), “Outlines 
 of the Philosophy of Religion” (1885), “Outlines of .Es- 
 thetics” (1886), “Outlines of Psychology ’’(1886), “Outlines 
 of Logic and of Encyclopaedia of Philosophy " (1887). 
 Lade (la'de). In ancient geography, a small 
 island in the Aegean Sea, near Miletus. Near it, 
 about 495or 494 b. c., the Persian fleet defeated 
 the Ionian Greeks. 
 
 Ladies i la Mode. A play by Dryden, produced 
 in 1668. 
 
 Ladies’ Battle, The. A comedy by Robertson, 
 from the French of Scribe and Legouvd. It was 
 produced in 1851. 
 
 Ladies’ Mile, The. A drive in Hyde Park, Lon- 
 don, on the north side of the Serpentine. The 
 Coaching and Four-in-Hand clubs meet there. 
 Ladies’ Peace. [F. Paix des dames.'] See Cam- 
 bray, Peace of. 
 
 Ladikieh (la-deke'e), or Latakia (la-ta-ke'a). 
 A seaport in Syria, Asiatic Turkey, situated 
 in lat. 35° 30' N., long. 35° 47' E. : the ancient 
 Laodicea. It exports Ladikiyeh tobacco. Pop- 
 ulation, about 20,000. 
 
 Ladislaus (lad'is-las), or Ladislas (lad'is-las). 
 Saint. King of Hungary 1077-95, son of B61a I. 
 He conquered Croatia and Slavonia in 1087. 
 Ladislaus, or Lancelot. Died at Naples, Aug. 
 6, 1414. King of Naples 1386-1414, son of Charles 
 
 III. , king of Naples and Hungary. His claim to 
 the throne was disputed by Louis II. of Anjou, who was 
 supported by the popes Urban VI. and Clement VII. Boni- 
 face IX. declared in his favor, however, and he was ena- 
 bled to take possession of his capital in 1400. In 1403 he 
 made an ineffectual attempt to obtain the crown of Hun- 
 gary. He attempted to unite all Italy under his sway, in 
 which he was opposed by Boniface's successors, Innocent 
 VII. and John XXIII., the latter of whom he expelled 
 from Rome in 1413. He died before he could consolidate 
 his conquests. 
 
 Ladislaus, King of Poland. See Wladislaw. 
 Ladislaw, Will. ^ One of the principal charac- 
 ters in George Eliot’s novel “ Middlemarch ” : 
 a young artist who marries Dorothea Brooke 
 after the death of her first husband, Mr. Casau- 
 bon. 
 
 Ladmirault (lad-me-ro'), Louis Rend Paul de. 
 Born at Montmorillon, near Vienne, France, Feb. 
 17, 1808: died at Paris, Feb. 3, 1898. A French 
 general. Hecommanded adivision at Solferinoin 1859, 
 and an army-corps in the Franco-German war in 1870. He 
 served with distinction in the engagements before Metz, 
 and was military governor of Paris 1871-78, when he retired 
 
 584 
 
 from active service. He published “Bases dun projet 
 pour le recrutement de I’annee de terre ” (1871). 
 
 Lado (la'do). A town in central Africa, situ- 
 ated on the White Nile, near Gondokoro, about 
 lat. 5° N.: founded by Gordon in 1874. 
 
 Ladoga (la'do-ga), Lake. The largest lake of 
 Europe, situated in northwestern Russia be- 
 tween the governments of Viborg, Olonetz, and 
 St. Petersburg. Itreceivesthe waters of Lakes Saima, 
 Ilmen, Onega, etc., and has for its outlet the Neva. Length, 
 130 miles. Average breadth, 68 miles. Area, 6,996 square 
 miles. 
 
 Ladon (la'don). A name given to the northern 
 head stream of the Ruphia (Alpheus) in Greece. 
 Ladron de Guevara (lad-ron' da gwa-va'ra), 
 Diego. Died in Mexico, 1718. A Spanish prel- 
 ate who was successively bishop of Panama 
 (1689), Guamanga (1699), and Quito (1703). 
 From Aug. 30, 1710, to March 2, 1716, he was viceroy of 
 Peru. He was superseded on the ground that he had shown 
 too much favor to the colonists in his expenditures, and 
 died while on his way to Spain. 
 
 Ladrone (la-drou') Islands, or Mariana (ma- 
 re-a'na) (or Marianne (ma-ri-an')) Islands. 
 A chain of 15 islands in the North Pacific, 
 situated in lat. 13°-21° N., long. 144°-146° E. 
 They were discovered by MageUan 1521, and were occupied 
 by Spain 1668. They formed a dependency of the Philip- 
 pines. Guahan now belongs to the United States, and the 
 remainder of the group was purchased by Germany in 
 1899. Area, 420 square miles. Population of Guahan, 
 over 11,000 ; of German possessions, about 3,000. 
 
 Lady Hideous (la'di hid'e-us). See the extract. 
 
 On his [Perceval's] arrival he takes vengeance on the sen- 
 eschal Kreux, and accompanies Arthur to Carlion, where 
 that prince holds a full court. Buring his stay there, he 
 one day sees Lady Hideous pass, who loads him with her 
 maledictions. Her neck and hands, says theromance, were 
 brown as iron, which was the least part of her ugliness; 
 her eyes were blacker than a Moor’s, and as little as those 
 of a mouse ; she had the nose of a cat or an ape, and lips 
 like an ox ; her teeth were red, like the yolk of eggs ; she 
 was bearded like a goat, was humped before and behind, 
 and had both legs twisted. 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 177. 
 
 Lady in Fashion, The. A play by Cibber. 
 Lady Jane Grey, The. 1 . A play, in two parts, 
 
 by Dekker, Hey wood, Wentworth Smith, and 
 Webster, and perhaps Chettle. It was produced in 
 1602. The parts written by Dekker and Webster were cob- 
 bled into a play called “The Famous History of Sir Thomas 
 Wyatt," published in 1607. Fleay. 
 
 2. A tragedy by Rowe, produced in 1715. Ma- 
 dame de Stael, Brifaut, Soumet, and Tenny- 
 son have also written tragedies on the subject, 
 though not all with the same title. 
 
 Lady of England, The. A title given to Ma- 
 tilda, daughter of Henry I. , wife of Geoffrey V. 
 of Anjou, and mother of Henry II. 
 
 Lady of Lyons, The. A play by Bulwer Ly tton, 
 produced in 1838. It was originally written under the 
 title of “The Adventurer,” which was altered at Macready’s 
 suggestion to “The Lady of Lyons.” The chief incidents 
 of the plot were suggested by a tale named “The Bellows 
 Menders." Molloy , Famous Plays. 
 
 Lady of Shalott, The. A poem by Alfred Ten- 
 nyson, published in 1832. It is substantially 
 the same as the story of “Elaine.” 
 
 Lady of the Lake, F. Dame du Lac. A name 
 given, in Arthurian romance, to Vivienne, Vi- 
 viane, or Vivian, the mistress of the enchanter 
 Merlin. She lived in a splendid palace in the midst of 
 a delusive lake, w r hich apparently prevented approach. 
 In the romance of “Perceforet ” the name is given to ,S6bile, 
 whose castle was in the midst of a river covered by a thick 
 fog. See Vivian, Merlin, and Perceforet. 
 
 Lady of the Lake, The. 1. A narrative poem 
 by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1810. It is so 
 called from the surname of its principal char- 
 acter, Ellen Douglas. — 2. A cantata founded 
 on Scott’s poem, the music by G. A. Macfarren, 
 produced in 1877. — 3. See Donna del Logo. 
 Lady of the Mercians. A name applied to 
 ./Ethel iked, daughter of Alfred the Great, and 
 wife of HUthelred, ealdorman of Mercia. 
 Lady’s Last Stake, The, or The Wife’s Re- 
 sentment. A comedy by Cibber, produced in 
 1707. It is a kind of pendant to “The Careless 
 Husband.” 
 
 Ladysmith (la'di-smith). A village in Natal, 
 Soutji Africa, about 80 miles north-northwest 
 of Pietermaritzburg, at the junction of two 
 railroads, one running into the Transvaal and 
 the other into the Orange Free State : an im- 
 portant strategical point in the Boer war of 
 1899. General White, with about 10,000 troops, was be- 
 sieged here by the Boers from Oct. 29, 1899, to Feb. 28, 1900, 
 when he was rescued by the British under General Buller. 
 Population, 5,568. 
 
 Laeken (la'ken). A village \\ miles north of 
 Brussels, noted for its royal castle. 
 
 L3elius (le'li-us), Caius. Lived about, 200 b. c. 
 A Roman general and consul, a friend of Scipio 
 Africanus, distinguished in the second Punic 
 war. 
 
 Lafayette 
 
 Lselius, Caius, sumamed Sapiens (‘the Wise’). 
 Lived about 140 b. c. A Roman orator and 
 philosopher, a friend of the younger Scipio 
 Africanus. He is the chief character in the 
 “De Amicitia” of Cicero. See De Amicitia. 
 Laennec (le-nek'), Rend Theophile Hya- 
 Cinthe. Born at Quimper, France, Feb. 17, 1781: 
 died near Douamenez, Finistere, France, Aug. 
 13, 1826. A French physician, professor at the 
 College de France from 1822. He was the inventor 
 of the stethoscope (described in his “Traits de l’ausculta- 
 tion mediate et des maladies des poumons et du coeur,” 
 1819). 
 
 Laer, Pieter van. See Laar. 
 
 Laerdal (lar'dal). A valley in western Norway, 
 east of the Sogne Fjord, lat. 61° N., noted for its 
 picturesque scenery. 
 
 Laertes (la-er'tez). [Gr. Aaepryg.] In Greek 
 legend, the father of Ulysses. 
 
 Laertes. In Shakspere’s tragedy “Hamlet,” the 
 son of Polonius and brother of Ophelia : a manly 
 and resolute person, a foil to the irresolute na- 
 ture of Hamlet. 
 
 Laestrygones (les-trig'6-nez), or Laestrygoni- 
 ans(les-tri-go'ni-anz). * Inthe Odyssey, a myth- 
 ical race of cannibal giants visited by Ulysses 
 in a northern country, where “the nights are so 
 short that the shepherd driving his flock out 
 meets the shepherd who is driving his flock in.” 
 They were placed by later writers in Sicily, south of Etna, 
 and by the Romans near Formise in Latium. 
 
 Laet (lat), Jan van or Johannes de. Died at 
 Antwerp, 1649. A Dutch author. His best-known 
 work Is “ De Nieuwe Wereld, of Beschrijving van West In- 
 dien ” (1626 : enlarged in 1630 and edited in various lan- 
 guages). _ It is a general description of America. He ed- 
 ited Piso’s “Historia Naturalis Brasilia,” and published 
 various controversial and other works. 
 
 Lsetitia (le-tish'ia). An asteroid (No. 39) dis- 
 covered by Chacornac at Paris, Feb. 8, 1856. 
 Laetitia Frampul. See Frampul. 
 
 La Farge (la farj), John. Born at New York in 
 *1835: died at Providence, R. I., Nov. 14, 1910. 
 An American landscape- and figure-painter, 
 decorator, and glass-painter. He was a pupil of 
 William Hunt; was elected national academician in 1869; 
 and was a member of the Society of American Artists. 
 He painted an altarpiece for St. Peter’s, New York, in 
 1863, and decorated Trinity Church, Boston, 1876, and the 
 chancel of St. Thomas's Church, New York, 1877. His 
 also are the battle window in the Harvard Memorial Hall 
 (1880), and the altarpiece in the Church of the Ascension, 
 New York, and the peacock window in the Worcester 
 Museum. He designed the King family monument at 
 Newport, Rhode Island, executed by St. Gaudens. 
 
 Lafaye, or Lafaist (la-fa'), Pierre Benjamin. 
 
 Born at Mont-Saint-Sulpice, Yonne, France, 
 1808 : died at Aix, June 5, 1867. A French phi- 
 lologist, professor of philosophy in the faculty 
 of letters at Aix. His chief work is a “Dic- 
 tionnaire des synonymes de la langue fran^aise, 
 etc.” (1858-65). 
 
 Lafayette (la-fa-yet'), Gilbert de. Born about 
 1380: died Feb. 23, 1462. A marshal of France. 
 He was made marshal in 1420, and afterward became one 
 of the chief counselors of Charles VII. He contributed 
 to the victory of Joan of Arc at Orleans in 1429. 
 
 Lafayette, or La Fayette. Marquis de (Marie 
 Jean Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Motier). Bom 
 
 attkeChateaudeChavagniac, Auvergne, France, 
 Sept. 6, 1757: died at Paris, May 20, 1834. A cele- 
 brated French general and statesman. Leaving 
 France for America, he entered the Revolutionary army 
 as a volunteer, with the rank of major-general, in 1777 ; 
 served at Brandywine, Monmouth, and Yorktown ; was 
 sent on a mission to France 1779, and in 1781 was present 
 at the surrender of Cornwallis. He became a member 
 of the Assembly of Notables in France in 1787, and of the 
 States General in 1789; was commander-in-chief of the 
 national guard 1789-91 ; commanded an army against the 
 Austrians in 1792, and in the same year left France to 
 avoid the consequences of his opposition to the Jacobins. 
 He was imprisoned as a political suspect by the Prus- 
 sians and Austrians 1792-97 ; returned to France 1800; re- 
 visited America 1824-25 ; and commanded the national 
 guard in the revolution of 1830, when he was instrumental 
 in placing Louis Philippe on the throne. He has been 
 nicknamed “Grandison-Cromwell." See “ Memoircs et 
 manuscrlts de Lafayette ” (6 vols. 1837-38). 
 
 La Fayette, Marie Madeleine Pioche de la 
 Vergne, Comtesse de. Born at Paris, March 16, 
 1634 : died at Paris, May, 1693. A noted French 
 novelist, daughter of Aymar de la Vergne, gov- 
 ernor of Havre, and wife of the Comte de La 
 Fayette. Some time after the death of her husband she 
 formed aliaison with La Rochefoucauld (1667-80). She was 
 one of the most brilliant of the “prdcieuses” of the Hotel 
 Rambouillet. She wrote “La princesse de Montpensier" 
 (1660), “Zaide” (1670: written with and published under 
 the name of Segrais), "La princesse de Cleves ’’ (1677, with 
 La Rochefoucauld : hermasterpiece),etc., “Histoired’Hen- 
 riette d’Angleterre ” (published after her death), etc. Her 
 “Letters” were published in 1823. 
 
 Lafayette (la-fa-et'). A city and the capital of 
 Tippecanoe County, Indiana, situated on the 
 Wabash 60 miles northwest of Indianapolis. 
 
Lafayette 
 
 It is a manufacturing and trading center, and the seat 
 of Purdue University (practical industries). Population, 
 20,081, (1910). 
 
 Lafayette, Mount. The highest peak of the 
 Franconia Mountains, New Hampshire, 18 
 miles west-southwest of Mount Washington. 
 Height, 5,269 feet. 
 
 Lafayette College. An institution of learning 
 situated at Easton, Pennsylvania, chartered in 
 1826. It is controlled by the Presbyterians, and has 
 about 40 instructors and about 600 students, with a library 
 of 30,000 volumes. 
 
 La F6re Champenoise. See Fbre Champenoise, 
 
 La. 
 
 Lafeu (la-fe')- A sagacious old lord in Shak- 
 spere’s “All's Well that Ends Well.” 
 
 Laffitte (la-fet'), Jacques. Born at Bayonne, 
 France, Oct. 24, 1767 : died at Paris, May 26, 
 1844. A French banker and statesman, pre- 
 mier and minister of finance 1830-31. 
 
 Lafitau (la-fe-to'), Joseph Francois. Born at 
 Bordeaux, 1670: died there, July 3, 1746. A 
 French Jesuit author. From 1712 to 1717 he was a 
 missionary among the Iroquois of Canada. He published 
 “Mceurs des sauvages amdriquains” (1st ed. 1724), “His- 
 toire des dGcouvertes et des conquestes des Portugais 
 dans le nouveau monde " (1733), and a memoir on ginseng. 
 Lafitau argued for the Asiatic origin of the American race. 
 Lafitte (la-fet'), Jean. Bom in Franco about 
 1780: died probably in 1826. A French privateer 
 and smuggler. He was the commander of a band of 
 adventurers at Barataria, Louisiana, 1813-14, and served 
 with the Americans at New Orleans in 1815. He was called 
 “the Pirate of the Gulf." 
 
 La Fl&che. See Fleche, La. 
 
 Lafond (la-f6n'), Gabriel, called Lafond de 
 Lurcy. Born at Lurcy-Levy, March 25, 1802: 
 died at Paris, April 11, 1876. A French sea- 
 captain and author. He visited various parts of the 
 world, and from 1849 was consul-general of Costa Rica at 
 Paris. He published “Voyages autour du monde et nau- 
 frages calibres” (8 vols. 1844), and various works on Span- 
 ish America and on commerce. 
 
 La Fontaine (la fon-tan' ; F. pron. la fob-tan'), 
 Jean de. Bom at Chateau-Thierry, Cham- 
 pagne, July 8,1621: died at Paris, April 13, 1695. 
 The most noted French fabulist. He left the Col- 
 lege of Rheims at the age of nineteen to study for the min- 
 istry, but he gave up that pursuit after two years. He is 
 commonly said to have given the first evidence of his liter- 
 ary genius when he was twenty-six years old. His name is 
 chiefly associated with his fables. The first six books, pub- 
 lished in 1668, were inscribed to the Dauphin of Fi ance. 
 The next five books appeared in 1678 and 1679, and were pref- 
 aced with a eulogy of Madame de Montespan. The twelfth 
 book was dedicated to the youngDuke of Bourgogne(1694). 
 Besides these fables, La Fontaine wrote his “Contes” 
 (1665), “Amours de Psychd et de Cupidon” (1669), “Nou- 
 veaux contes ’’ (1671), “ La captivity de Saint M alo ” (1673), 
 and “Le Quinquina ”(1682). His comedies, “L’Eunuque” 
 (translated from Terence), “Le Florentin," “La coupe en- 
 chants, ” “ Je vousprends sans vert," “Ragotin," were col- 
 lected as “ Pieces de theatre de J. de La Fontaine ”(1702). He 
 had many generous patrons in the highest court circles, but 
 never won favor in the eyes of Louis XIV. La Fontaine was 
 elected to the French Academy in 1683. The king, how- 
 ever, did not sanction his admission till several months 
 after his election. Among his friends La Fontaine num- 
 bered Racine, Boileau, and Molibre. 
 
 La Foole (la fol). Sir Amorous. A “brave he- 
 roic coward” in Jonson’s comedy “Epiccene.” 
 LaForce (lafors'). An ancient Parisian prison, 
 now suppressed. It was situated on the Rue Pavde au 
 Marais and the Rue du Roi de Sicile. It was built in 1265 
 by Charles, King of Naples and Sicily, and was the residence 
 of the dukes of La Force in the 16th century. It became a 
 prison in the reign of Louis XV., and was the scene of the 
 massacre of Sept., 1792, and of the murder of the Princesse 
 de Lamballe and other atrocities of the Reign of Terror. 
 La Foret (la fo-ra'). The servant and house- 
 keeper of Moli&re. She was an excellent critic of his 
 plays, and was also the original of Madame Jourdain in 
 “Le bourgeois gentilliomme,” and of Jacqueline in “Le 
 medecin malgr6 lui.” 
 
 Lafosse (la-fos'), Antoine de (Seigneur d’Au- 
 bigny). Bora at Paris about 1653 : died there 
 in 1708. A French poet. He wrote four plays, one 
 of which, “ Manlius Capitolinus ” (1698), is worthy of note. 
 In it he gave Roman names and setting to Otway’s “Venice 
 Preserved." His works were published in 1311. 
 
 La Fosse, or Lafosse, Charles de. Bom at 
 Paris, June 15, 1640: died at Paris, Dec. 13, 1716. 
 A French historical painter, a pupil of Chau- 
 veau and Lebrun. In 1658 he wentto Rome and Ven- 
 ice, where he studied for three years. He was elected 
 member of the Academy in 1673, and chancellor in 1716. 
 He decorated the country house of Lord Montague in Eng- 
 land. the cupola of the Church of the Iuvalides at Paris, 
 the choir and dome of the Assumption, a part of the palace 
 at V ersailles, etc. , and his pictures are in nearly all the royal 
 palaces and the museums. Most of them have been en- 
 graved. 
 
 La Fuente (la fwen'te), Antonio Gutierrez 
 
 de. Bomin Tarapaefi about 1798. A Peruvian 
 general. He was conspicuous in the civil wars 1829 to 
 1843 ; was vice president under Gamarra Aug., 1829, to April 
 16, 1831 ; was one of the claimants of the presidency 1834 ; 
 and led the revolt which deposed Menendez in 1842. In 
 later years he was senator and alcalde of Lima. 
 
 Lafuente, or La Fuente (la fwen'te), Modesto. 
 VI. 20 
 
 585 
 
 Bom at Rabanal de los Caballeros, Palencia, 
 Spain, 1806 : died Oct. 25, 1866. A Spanish his- 
 torian. His chief work is “ Historia general de Espafia " 
 (30 vols. 1850-66). He was known also for his satirical 
 writings under the names of Fray GeruDdio and Tira- 
 beque (1844-50). 
 
 Lafuente y Alcantara, Miguel. Born at Archi- 
 dona, province of Malaga, Spain, July 10, 1817 : 
 died at Havana, Aug. , 1850. A Spanish histo- 
 rian, author of “Historia de Granada” (1843- 
 1848), etc. 
 
 Lagado (la-ga'do). In “Gulliver’s Travels,” by 
 Swift, a city which figures in the voyage to the 
 flying island of Laputa. 
 
 Lagamaru (la-ga-ma'ro). The name of one of 
 the deities of Elam in the cuneiform inscrip- 
 tions. It appears in the name of the Elamite 
 king Chedorlaomer (Assyrian Kudur-Lagamar). 
 
 Lagarde (la-gard') (originally B6tticher),Paul 
 Anton de. Bom at Berlin, Nov. 2, 1827 : died 
 at Gottingen, Dec. 22, 1891. A German Orien- 
 talist and biblical scholar. He held a profes- 
 sorship in the University of Gottingen from 1869 
 until his death. 
 
 La Gasca, Pedro de. See Gasca. 
 
 Laghouat (la-go-at'). A townand military post 
 in the Sahara, province of Algiers, Algeria, 
 about lat. 33° 50' N., long. 2° 53' E. Population, 
 about 6,000. 
 
 Laghukaumudi (la-g-ho-kou'mo-de). [Skt., 
 
 ‘ the Short Kaumudi.’] In Sanskrit literature, 
 the name of an epitome by Varadaraja of the 
 Siddhantakaumudi of Bhattojidikshita. 
 
 La Gloire (la glwar). A French war-ship, the 
 first fully equipped iron-clad ship, launched in 
 1858. Her length was 254 feet ; breadth, 65 feet; depth, 
 25 feet. The Napoleon, a two-decked 91-gun ship of 1867, 
 was razed to one deck, lengthened 23 feet, and armored 
 from stem to stern with 5-inch iron plates. 
 
 Lagny (lan-ye'). A town in the department of 
 Seine-et-Marne, France, situated on the Marne 
 15 miles east of Paris. Population, commune, 
 5,560. 
 
 Lago Maggiore. See Maggiore. 
 
 Lagonegro (la-go-na'gr5). A small town in the 
 province of Potenza, Italy, 38 miles south of 
 Potenza. It was the scene of a French victory 
 over the Neapolitans in 1806. 
 
 Lagos (la'gos). A small seaport in the province 
 of Algarve, Portugal, in lat. 37° 8' N., long. 8° 
 40' W. : probably the ancient Lacobriga. it was 
 the point of departure of the expeditions of Henry the 
 Navigator. In its bay the British fleet under Boscawen 
 defeated the French, Aug. 17, 1759. 
 
 Lagos (la'gos). 1 . A town on the western coast 
 of Africa, in lat. 6° 18' N., loug. 3° 26' E.: a com- 
 mercial center. It was captured by the British in 1851 
 and annexed by them in 1861. 
 
 *2. A British (former) protectorate, situated be- 
 tween Dahomey (French) and Nigeria. Area, 
 over 21,000 square miles. Pop., about 1,500,000. 
 
 LagOSta (la-g5s't;i). A small island of Dalma- 
 tia, situated in the Adriatic Sea 8 miles south 
 of Curzola. 
 
 Lagrange (la-grofizli'), Anna Caroline de, 
 
 Countess of Stankowitcli. Bom at Paris in 
 1825. A French singer, a pupil of Bordogni. 
 She made her debut in Italy, and has sung with success 
 in all the great cities of Europe and the United States. In 
 1843 she married Count Stankowitcli. 
 
 La Grange, Charles Varlet, Sieur de. Born at 
 Amiens : died at Paris, March 1, 1692. A French 
 actor. He ran away from his tutor and joined the troupe 
 of Moliere, from whom he received instruction. He after- 
 ward became a public favorite. He edited, with Vinot, the 
 first important edition of Molitre (1682). His wife was also 
 a popular actress of comedy. 
 
 Lagrange (la-grofizh'), Joseph Louis, Comte. 
 Born at Turin, Jan. 25, 1736: died at Paris, 
 April 10, 1813. A celebrated mathematician, 
 of French descent. He was appointed professor of 
 mathematics at the military school in Turin in 1754, and 
 succeeded Euler as director of the Academy of Berlin in 
 1766. In 1787 he established himself in Paris. He pub- 
 lished “ Mecanique analytique ” (1788), “Th6orie des fonc- 
 tions analytiques ’’ (1799), etc. 
 
 La Granja (la gran'Hii), or San Ildefonso (el- 
 da-fon'so). A small town in the province 
 of Segovia, Spain, 37 miles north-northwest of 
 Madrid. It contains a royal castle built by Philip V., 
 surrounded by a splendid wooded park with elaborate 
 fountains and waterworks. The castle was the scene of 
 the “revolution of La Granja," Aug., 1836, by which Queen 
 MariaChristina was compelled to restore the Constitution 
 of 1812. 
 
 Lagthing (lag'ting). The upper house of the 
 Norwegian Storthing or parliament, consisting 
 of one fourth of the members of the latter elected 
 by the whole body. See Storthing. 
 
 La Guaira (la. gwi'rii). A seaport of Vene- 
 zuela, situated on the Caribbean Sea in lat. 10° 
 
 Laibach, Congress of 
 
 37' N., long. 66° 57' W. : the port of Caracas. 
 Population, about 10,000. 
 
 Laguna (la-go'na). [PI., also Lagunas. Sp., 
 ‘ lagoon.’] A tribe of North American Indians, 
 inhabiting a group of small pueblos on or near 
 the Rio San Josfi, a western affluent of the Rio 
 Grande in New Mexico. The pueblo was established 
 in 1699, under the name Kawaiko, by Zufii and Keresan 
 natives. Since the advent of white settlers there have 
 been formed several new villages, the oldest and most 
 populous of which is Paguate. These were formerly sum- 
 mer villages, but now are permanently occupied. See 
 Keresan. 
 
 La Hague. See Hogue, La. 
 
 La Halle (la al), Adam de. Bom at Arras, 
 France, about 1230: died in Italy about 1287. 
 A French poet and dramatist, surnamed “Le 
 Bossu d’ Arras” (though he appears not to have 
 been a hunchback). He was educated for a monk, but 
 left his convent and married ; later he abandoned his native 
 town and his family, and went first to Douai, and then with 
 Robert of Artois to Italy. “In ‘Le jeu de la feuillee ’ he 
 has left us the earliest comedy in the vulgar tongue 
 known; in the pastoral drama of ‘Robin et Marion,’ the 
 earliest specimen of comic opera.” Saintsbury. 
 
 Laharpe, or La Harpe (la arp), Fr6d6ric Ce- 
 sar. Bom at Rolle, Switzerland, April 6, 1754 : 
 died at Lausanne, Switzerland, March 30, 1838. 
 A Swiss politician, instructor of the czar Alex- 
 ander I. He was a leader in the establishment 
 of the Helvetic Republic in 1798. 
 
 Laharpe, or La Harpe, Jean Francois de. 
 Born at Paris, Nov. 20, 1739: died at Paris, Feb. 
 11, 1803. A French critic and poet. His chief 
 work is “Lycfie, ou cours de literature an- 
 cienne et modern e” (1800-18). 
 
 La Haye (la. a'). The French name of the 
 Dutch ’s Graven Hage, The Hague. 
 
 Lahidjan (la-hed-jan' ). A town in the province 
 of Ghilan, northern Persia, situated near the 
 Caspian Sea 30 miles east-southeast of Resht. 
 Population, about 7‘,000. 
 
 La Hire (la er) (Etienne Vignoles). Born 
 about 1390: died at Montauban, Jan. 11, 1443. 
 A French general, distinguished in the war of 
 Charles VII. against the English. 
 
 Lahire, or Lahyre, Laurent de. Bom at Pa- 
 ris, Feb., 1606: died there, Dec., 1656. A French 
 painter, chiefly of religious subjects. 
 
 Lahn (lan). A river of Germany which joins 
 the Rhine 4 miles south of Coblenz. Length, 
 135 miles. 
 
 La Hogue. See Hogue, La. 
 
 Lahontan (la-ofi-tofi'), Baron de ( Armand 
 Louis de Delondarce). Born near Mont-de- 
 Marsan, France, about 1667 : died at Hannover, 
 1715. A French soldier in North America. He 
 came out to Canada, probably as a private, in 1633, and 
 served against the Iroquois and the English, becoming 
 eventually theking’slieutenant in Newfoundland and Aca- 
 dia. He published “Nouveaux voyages de M. le baron de 
 Lahontan dans l’Am<5rique septentrionale" (170?), “Dia- 
 logue de M. le baron de Lahontan et d un sauvage dans 
 l’Amdrique, avec les voyages du m£me en Portugal (1704), 
 etc. 
 
 Lahore, or Lahor (la-hor'). 1. A division of 
 the Panjab, British India. Area, 17,154 square 
 miles. Population, 5,598,463. — 2. A district 
 in the Lahore division, intersected by lat. 31° 
 30' N., long. 74° E. Area, 3,704 square miles. 
 Population, 1,162,109. — 3. The capital of the 
 Panjab, and of the district and division of 
 Lahore, situated near the Ravi in lat. 31° 35' 
 N., long. 74° 20' E. It is an important seat of trade, 
 and contains various educational institutions. There are 
 notable buildings here and in the vicinity, including the 
 tomb of Jahangir and the garden of Shah Jehan. Lahore 
 was long noted for its carpets. It was held by the Qhaz- 
 nevids from 1023 to 1186 ; was sacked by the Mongols in 
 1241 ; was taken by Baber in 1522 ; became a Mogul capi- 
 tal under Akbar ; was flourishing under the Moguls and 
 under Ranjit Singh ; was occupied by the British in 1846; 
 and was annexed by them in 1849. Population, including 
 cantonment, 202,964. 
 
 Lahr (lar). A town in the circle of Offenburg, 
 Baden, situated on the Scbutter 17 miles south 
 by east of Strasburg. It manufactures tobacco, 
 cigars, etc. Population, commune, 14,752. 
 Laianas. Same as Layanas. See Guanas. 
 Laibach, or Laybach (li'bach). [Slovenian 
 Ljubljana, It. Lubiana.'] The capital of Carai- 
 ola, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Laibach 
 in lat. 46° 3' N., long. 14° 31' E. : the ancient 
 Emona. It has a castle and a cathedral. It was sacked 
 by the Huns in the 5th century, and by the Magyars in 900; 
 passed to the Hapsburgs in 1276 ; and was the capital of 
 the Illyrian Provinces 1809-13, and of the kingdom of Il- 
 lyria 1815-49. Population, 41,711, (1910). 
 
 Laibach, Congress of. A meeting, Jam- 
 May, 1821, of the emperors of Russia aDd Aus- 
 tria, the King of the Two Sicilies, the Duke of 
 Modena, and representatives from France, Great 
 
Laibach, Congress of 
 
 Britain, Prussia, Sardinia, etc., at which armed 
 intervention was resolved on for the repression 
 of the revolutions in Piedmont and Naples. 
 
 Laidley Worm of Spindlestonheugh, The. A 
 
 ballad by Duncan Frasier of Cheviot, made in 
 1270. The story is of an enchanted lady who could only 
 be released from the form of a “laidley worm ” or ‘ loath- 
 some serpent” by a knight brave enough to give her three 
 kisses. The same story exists in other forms as “The 
 Worme of Lambton,” “The Lambton Worm of Durham,” 
 “Kempion,” and other old ballads. “The name ‘Kempion’ 
 is itself a monument of the relation of our ballads to the 
 ‘Ksempeviser.’” (Child.) The version preserved in Child’s 
 “ English and Scottish Ballads” is by Mr. Robert Lambe, 
 vicar of Norham : some of the stanzas, however, are of 
 older origin. 
 
 Laigle ( lagl). A manufacturing town in the de- 
 partment of Orne, Normandy, France, 33 miles 
 northeast of Alengon. Population, commune, 
 5,242. 
 
 Laila (ll'la) and Majmm (mej-non'). A hero- 
 ine and hero of Arab romance, whose story has 
 been versified by several Persian poets, notably 
 by Nizami (1141-1202). Kals (called Majnun, ‘mad,’ 
 after his love cost him his reason) was the son of a proud 
 chief ; Laila, a member of ahumble tribe. Chancing to see 
 Laila, Kais loved her and sought her in a search in whicli 
 he became mad. His father at last discovered the strong- 
 hold of Laila’s father, and asked her hand for his son ; but 
 the father refused to wed his daughter to a madman, 
 Laila goes forth hoping to encounter Majnun wandering 
 in search of her, and is seen by a prince, Ibn Salam, whom 
 her father compels her to wed. Laila is imprisoned by Ibn 
 Salam, but escapes and meets Majnun in the desert. Not 
 able now to make her his wife, he sends her back. She 
 dies of grief, and Majnun also a little later at her grave. 
 Majnun is buried beside her. Zaid, Laila's faithful page, 
 sees a vision of the lovers happy in paradise. 
 
 Laing (lang), Alexander Gordon. Born Dec. 
 27, 1793: murdered by Arabs near Timbuktu, 
 Sept. 26, 1826. An English soldier and African 
 explorer. 
 
 Laing, Samuel. Born at Kirkwall, Orkney, Oct. 
 4, 1780 : died at Edinburgh, April 23, 1868. A 
 Scottish author and traveler. He entered the 
 army in 1805, and served in the Peninsular war under Sir 
 Arthur Wellesley and Sir John Moore. In 1834, on the fail- 
 ure of his business, he left Orkney and traveled in Norway 
 and Sweden. He published the “Journal of a Residence 
 in Norway during the Years 1834-1835 and 1836 ”(1836), 
 “ A Tour in Sweden ’’(London, 1839). In 1844 he published 
 his most important work, the translation of the “ Heims- 
 kringla or Icelandic Chronicle of the Kings of Norway” 
 with a “ Preliminary Dissertation ” (1844 : revised by Ras- 
 mus B. Anderson 1889). 
 
 Laing’s Neck. A pass in the Drakenberg, 
 South Africa : the scene of a Boer victory over 
 the British Jan. 28, 1881. 
 
 Laird (lard), Macgregor. Born at Greenock, 
 1808: died Jan. 9, 1861. A Scottish African 
 explorer, younger sou of William Laird, ship- 
 builder and founder of the Birkenhead house of 
 Laird. He dissolved partnership with his father to as- 
 sist in forming a company in Liverpool to develop com- 
 merce on the river Niger. 
 
 Lais (la/is). [Gr. Aatf.] The name of two Greek 
 courtezans celebrated for their beauty. Theelder, 
 probably a native of Corinth, lived in the" 5tli century 
 B. c., and was famous for the beauty of her form and for 
 her vices. She died at Corinth, where a monument (a 
 lioness tearing a ram) was erected to her. The younger 
 (born probably in Hyccara, in Sicily, and brought to Cor- 
 inth when a child) lived in the middle of the 4th century 
 ii. o. Apelles is said to have induced her to follow the 
 life of a courtezan. She was slain in Thessaly by some 
 women whose jealousy she had aroused. 
 
 Lais, or Laish. See Dan, 3. 
 
 Laius (la'yus). [Gr. Aaiof.] In Greek legend, 
 a king of Thebes, husband of Jocaste and father 
 of (Edipus. 
 
 Laiyang (11-yang'). A city in the province of 
 Shantung, China, about lat. 37° 5' N., long. 
 120° 50' E. Population, estimated, 50,000. 
 Laieunesse. See Albani. 
 
 Lajeunesse (la-zhe-nes'), Gabriel. The lover 
 of Evangeline in Longfellow’s poem of that 
 name. 
 
 Lake (lak), Gerard, Viscount Lake. Born July 
 27, 1744: died at London, Feb. 20, 1808. Ail 
 English general. He commanded a brigade against the 
 French in Holland in 1793 ; was commander-in-chief in 
 Ireland 1797-98 ; became commander-in-chief in India in 
 1800 ; gained the victories of Aligarh and Laswari in In- 
 dia in 1803 ; captured Delhi and Agra in 1803 ; and com- 
 manded against Holkar 1804-05. 
 
 Lakedaimon. See Lacedaemon. 
 
 Lake District. A region in Westmoreland 
 and Cumberland, England, which abounds in 
 lakes inclosed by mountains. The lakes include 
 Windermere, Ulswater, Derwentwater, and Bassenthwaite 
 Water; and Skiddaw, Helvellyn, and Scafell Pike are the 
 principal mountains. The district is a celebrated tourist 
 center, and is associated with the poetry of Wordsworth. 
 
 Lake of the Thousand Lakes. A name given 
 to Lake Saima in Finland. 
 
 Lake of the Woods. A lake on the frontier 
 between Minnesota and Canada. Its outlet is by 
 the Winnipeg River. 
 
 586 
 
 Lake School. In English literature, a name 
 given to a group of poets iucluding Words- 
 worth, Coleridge, and Southey, from their resi- 
 dence in or connection with the lake country 
 of England (Cumberland, Westmoreland, and 
 Lancashire) : first given in derision in the 
 “ Edinburgh Review.” 
 
 Lake state. A name sometimes given to Michi- 
 gan, which borders on Lakes Michigan, Supe- 
 rior, Huron, St. Clair, and Erie. 
 
 Lakewood (lak'wud). A town in Ocean County, 
 New Jersey, 31 miles east of Trenton: noted 
 as a winter health-resort. Pop., 5,149, (1910). 
 Lakhimpur, or Luckimpur (luk-im-por'). A 
 district m Assam, British India, intersected by 
 latitude 26° 30' N., longitude 95° E. It is trav- 
 ersed by the Brahmaputra River. Area., 4,529 
 square miles. Population, 371,396. 
 
 Lakhmids (lak'midz), Kingdom of the. A 
 medieval realm in the Euphrates valley (about 
 500 a. d.). It was a dependency of the new 
 Persian kingdom. 
 
 Lakonike. See Laconia. 
 
 Lakmiut (lak'mut). A division of the Kala- 
 pooian stock of North American Indians, for- 
 merly on Lakmiut River, Oregon, but since 1855 
 on Grande Ronde reservation. Their number on 
 the reservation was 28 iu 1905. 
 
 Lakshmana (laksh'ma-na). [Skt., ‘having 
 lucky marks’; from lakshmdn, mark, sign.] In 
 Hindu mythology, son of Dasharatha by Sumi- 
 tra, and twin brother of Shatrughna and half- 
 brother and special friend of Rama. One eighth 
 of Vishnu's divinity was manifest in him. A fierce war 
 resulted from the mutilation by Lakshmana of Shurpa- 
 nakha, Havana’s sister, who had attacked Sitaon being re- 
 pulsed by both Hama and Lakshmana. When Sita was car- 
 ried off by Ravana, Lakshmana accompanied Kama in the 
 search for her. He broke in upon Hama’s interview with 
 Kala, or Time, to save him from the curse of Durvasas, 
 knowing that it would be fatal to do so. When he then 
 retired, resigned, to the river Sharayu, the gods showered 
 flowers upon him and bore him to heaven. 
 
 Lakshmi (laksh'me). [Skt., ‘mark,’ ‘sign’; 
 with or without pdpi, ‘bad/ ‘a bad sign/ ‘mis- 
 fortune’; in the older language usually with 
 punya, ‘prosperous/ ‘a good sign/ ‘good for- 
 tune/ and then personified.] In Hindu mythol- 
 ogy, the goddess of fortune, wife of Vishnu and 
 mother of Kama. The Ramayana describes her as 
 springing like Aphrodite from the foam of the ocean when 
 it was churned by the gods and Asuras. (See Kurina Ava- 
 tar.) She appeared in full beauty with a lotus in her 
 hand. Another legend represents her as floating on alotus 
 flower at the creation. She is said to have four arms, 
 typifying her bounty, but is generally depicted with only 
 two, as the type of beauty, and holding a lotus. The theory 
 of incarnation identifies her with the wives respectively of 
 Parashurama, Ramachandra, and Krishna. 
 
 Lalande (la-lohd'), Joseph Gerome Lefran- 
 gais de. Bom at Bourg, Ain, Prance, July 11. 
 1732: died at Paris, April 4, 1807. A noted 
 French astronomer, appointed professor at the 
 College de France in 1762. He wrote “ Trait 6 
 d’astronomie ” (1764), etc. 
 
 Lalitavistara (la-li-ta-vis'ta-ra). [Skt., ‘sim- 
 ple, artless detail.’] The standard Sanskrit work 
 of the northern Buddhists on the life of Buddha. 
 It is full of extravagant fictions in his honor, hut is of 
 value in the comparison of the later Northern and earlier 
 Southern traditions. It was probably composed in Nepal 
 and by some Buddhist poet who lived between 600 and 
 1,000 years after the death of the Buddha. It is partly in 
 prose, partly in verse, and brings the life only to the time 
 of Buddha’s appearance as a teacher. 
 
 Lalitpur, or Luliitpur (lul-lit-por'). A sub- 
 division of the Jhansi district in the United 
 Provinces, British India, intersected by lat. 
 24° 30' N., long. 78° 30' E. Area, 1,945 square 
 miles. 
 
 Laila Rookh (lal'a. rok). A poem by Thomas 
 
 Moore. It was composed about 1815, and published in 
 1817. It is a series of four Eastern stories connected with 
 a slight prose narrative showing how these poems were 
 recited to please Laila Bookh, an Indian princess, on her 
 journey to meet her betrothed, the Sultan of Bucharia, in 
 the vale of Cashmere. (See Feramorz.) Fdlicien David 
 produced an opera “Laila Roukh,” founded on this poem, 
 in 1862. The words were by Lucas and Carr£. Rubinstein 
 also composed one, produced in 1863. A number of other 
 musical compositions have been based on it, such as 
 Schumann's “Das Paradies und die Peri’’ and Sterndale 
 Bennett’s “Paradise and the Peri.” 
 
 L’Allegro (liil-la'gro). A poem by Milton, writ- 
 ten about 1632. 
 
 Lally (la-le'), Thomas Arthur, Baron de Tol- 
 lendal, Comte de. Born at Romaus Drome in 
 Jan., 1702: beheaded at Paris, May 9, 1766. A 
 French general. He was of Irish descent, entered in 
 his youth an Irish regiment in the French service, and in 
 1745 accompanied the pretender Charles Edward to Scot- 
 land. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the 
 French East Indies in 1756, and in 1768 assumed the of- 
 fensive in the war with the English in India. He was, how- 
 ever, compelled to surrender to Sir E. Coote in 1761, after 
 having sustained a siege of ten months at Pondicherry. 
 
 Lamas 
 
 He was executed by order of the parliament of Paris on 
 the unj ust charge of treason and cowardice. The sentence 
 was aunuUed by Louis XVI. in 1778. 
 
 Lally-Tollendal (la-le'to-lon-dal'), Trophime 
 Gerard, Marquis de. Born at Paris, March 5, 
 1751 : died at Paris, March 11, 1830. A French 
 politician and litterateur, son of Count de Lally. 
 He was a member of the National Assembly in 
 1789. 
 
 Lalo (la-lo'), Edouard. Born at Lille, Jan. 27, 
 1823 : died at Paris, April 22, 1892. A French 
 composer, of Spanish parentage. Among his com- 
 positions are “Fiesque," “Namouna," and “Le roi d'Ys,” 
 also a number of symphonies and concerted pieces, a 
 divertissement for the orchestra, and music for a Roman 
 pantomime, entitled “ Ntron," for the Hippodrome. 
 
 La-malle. See Chelamela. 
 
 Lama-miao. See Dolon-nor. 
 
 La Mancha, Don Quixote de. See Don Quix- 
 ote. 
 
 Lamar, or Lamar y Oortezar (la-mar' e kor-ta- 
 thar'), Jose. Born at Cuenca (now in Ecuador), 
 1778: died at San Jose, Costa Rica, Oct. 11, 
 1830. A Spanish- American general. He was a 
 member of the governmental junta in 1822 ; commanded 
 the Peruvian troops at Ayacucho Dec. 9, 1824 ; and on 
 Aug. 24, 1827, was elected president of Peru. He at once 
 demanded and obtained the deposition of Sucre, president 
 of Bolivia ; provoked a war with Colombia ; was defeated 
 near Cuenca, Feb. 26, 1829 ; and on June 7, 1829, was de- 
 posed by his own officers and exiled. 
 
 Lamar (la-mar'), Lucius Quintus Cincinna- 
 tus. Born in Jasper County, Ga., Sept. 1, 
 1825: died at Macon, Ga., Jan. 23, 1893. An 
 American politician and jurist. He was a Demo- 
 cratic member of Congress from Mississippi 1857-61; 
 served in the Confederate military and diplomatic service 
 during the Civil War; was a member of Congress from 
 Mississippi 1873-77 ; was a United States senator 1877-85 ; 
 was secretary of the interior 1885-88 ; and was appointed 
 an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United 
 States in 1888. 
 
 Lamar, Mirabeau Buonaparte. Born at Louis- 
 ville, Ga., Aug. 16, 1798: died at Richmond, 
 Texas, Dee. 19, 1859. An American politician 
 and diplomatist, president of Texas 1838-41. 
 Lamarck (la-mark'), Jean Baptiste Pierre 
 Antoine de Monet de. Bom at Bazentin, 
 Somme, France, Aug. 1, 1744 : died at Paris, 
 Dec. 18, 1829. A celebrated French naturalist. 
 He entered the military service in 1760 ; soon abandoned 
 this for the study of medicine and the natural sciences ; 
 edited for several years the “Annuaire M^tdorologique ” ; 
 then devoted himself to botany and published “ Flore fran- 
 gaise ’’ (1773) ; and in 1792 became professor of natuial his- 
 tory at the Jardin des Plantes. During the last 17 years 
 of his life he was blind. His chief works are “Histoire 
 naturelle des animaux sans vertebres” (1815-22) and “Phi- 
 losophie zoologique ” (1809). He was one of the founders 
 of the doctrine of biological evolution, but differed from 
 the modern (Darwinian) theory especially in his view of 
 the part played by “ appetency ” and the active exertion 
 of the organism. 
 
 La Marck, Robert de. See Fleuranges. 
 
 La Marck, William de. See March. 
 
 La Marmora, or Lamarmora (la-mar'mo-ra), 
 Marchese di (Alfonso Ferrero). Born at Tu- 
 rin, Nov. 18, 1804 : died at Florence, Jan. 5, 
 1878. An Italian general and statesman. He 
 served in the war with Austria 184S-49 ; was minister of 
 war 1848 and 1849-55 ; commanded the Sardinian contin- 
 gent in the Crimea 1855 ; was minister of war 1856-59 ; 
 served at Solferino in 1859; was premier 1859-60 and 1864- 
 1866 ; and was chief of staff in 1866. 
 
 Lamarque (la-mark'), Comte Maximilian. 
 Born at St. -Sever, Landes, France, July 22, 
 1770: died at Paris, June 1, 1832. A French 
 general and politician. His funeral, which the re- 
 publicans desired to utilize as an occasion for a public 
 demonstration, gave rise to an insurrection in Paris. 
 
 Lamartine (la -mar -ten'), Alphonse Marie 
 Louis. Born at Macon, Oct. 21, 1790 : died 
 at Paris, March 1, 1869. A celebrated French 
 poet. Standing midway between the agesof classical and 
 Romantic literature, Lamartine combined a modern spirit 
 with the old form of expression. He rauks with Victor 
 Hugo and Alfred de Musset among the foremost poets of 
 the 19th century. At the age of twenty he was sent to for- 
 eign countries to complete his education. During a great 
 part of the time he was away he lived in Italy. Lamartine’s 
 first work “ Meditat ions podtiques ” (1820) was epoch-mak- 
 ing in the history of the new Romantic school. Its success 
 was immediate : it went rapidly through thirty editions. 
 The elegy “ Lelac ” is one of the most perfect compositions 
 of its kind in French literature. Further poetic writings 
 are “Les nouvelles meditations” (1823), “La inort de So- 
 crate ” (1S23), “Dernier chant du pelerinage de Childe Har- 
 old ” (1825), “Harmonies po^tiques et religieuses" (1829X 
 “Jocelyn ”(1836), “La chute d’un ange ” (183s),“Recueille- 
 ments poetiques ” (1S39). In prose Lamartine wrote “ Le 
 voyage en Orient” (1835), “ Histoire des Girondins" ( 1847 ), 
 “ Histoire de la revolution de fevrier ” (1849), “ Graziella " 
 (1852), “Histoire de la restauration ’’ (1861-63), and many 
 other works, remarkable at least for their style. He was 
 intimately connected with the political life of his day, and 
 attained great success as an orator. He was minister of 
 foreign affairs in the provisional government of 1848. He 
 was received into the French Academy in 1830. 
 
 Lamas (la'mas), Andrds. Born at Montevideo, 
 Nov. 30, 1817. An Uruguayan historian and 
 
Lamas 
 
 statesman. He haa held various high civil and diplo- 
 matic positions, but is best known from his collection of 
 historical documents, portions of which have been pub- 
 lished as “ Coleccion de obras, documentos, etc. , para servir 
 & la historia del Rio de la Plata. " 
 
 Lamb (lam), Lady Caroline. Born Nov. 13, 1785: 
 died at Melbourne House, Whitehall, Jan. 26, 
 1828. An English novelist, daughter of Fred- 
 erick Pousonby, third earl of Bessborough. In 
 1805 she married William Lamb (afterward Lord Mel- 
 bourne), from whom she was separated in 1825. She was 
 involved in intrigues with Byron, who left her in 1813. She 
 wrote “ Glenarvon "(1816), which contained a caricature of 
 Byron, “ A New Canto ” (1819), “Graham Hamilton ” (1822), 
 “ Ada Reis : a Tale ” (1823). 
 
 Lamb, Charles. Born in Crown Office Row, in 
 the Temple, London, Feb. 10, 1775 : died at Ed- 
 monton, Dec. 27, 1834. A noted English man 
 of letters, critic, and humorist. His father, John 
 Lamb, was engaged in his youth in domestic service, and 
 became the clerk of a bencher of the Inner Temple. In 
 1782 Charles entered Christ’s Hospital (Blue-coat School), 
 where he remained until Nov., 1789. Samuel TaylorCole- 
 ridge was afellow-pupil and lifelong friend. In 1789 Lamb 
 became a clerk in the South Sea House, and in 1792 in 
 the India House. The Lambs left the Temple, and in 1796 
 lodged in Little Queen street, Holborn. In 1796 Mary Lamb 
 killed her mother in a fit of temporary insanity, and was 
 placed under the guardianship of her brother Charles (her 
 father being almost imbecile), who cared for her during the 
 restof his life. In 1796 Coleridge published in “ Poeinson 
 Various Subjects" four sonnets by Charles Lamb. To a 
 second edition in 1797 Coleridge added poems by Charles 
 Lamb and Charles Lloyd. In 1798 was published a little 
 volume of blank verse by Charles Lamb and Charles 
 Lloyd, and later a “Tale of Rosamund Gray and Old Blind 
 Margaret." In 1802 appeared “John Woodvil,” a play, 
 showing the influence of Beaumont and Fletcher and the 
 writers of that period. “Mr. H.,” a two-act farce, was pro- 
 duced at Drury Lane Dec. 10, 1805, and hopelessly damned. 
 His first success was in “Tales from Shakspere’' (1807), in 
 which Charles did the tragedies and Mary the comedies. 
 This was followed by “Specimens of English Dramatic 
 Poets Contemporary with Shakspere " (1808), which secured 
 his position as critic. His contributions to the “ London 
 Magazine” Degan with “Recollections of the South Sea 
 House, "Aug., 1820, signed “Elia." Twenty-five essays thus 
 signed were published in 1823 as the “Essays of Elia." 
 In 1822 Charles and Mary went abroad. In March, 1825, he 
 was retired from the India House with a pension of £441 
 a year. In 1833 were published the “Last Essays of Elia,” 
 his last literary work. He died in the next year. His 
 sister survived till 1847. 
 
 Lamb, Mrs. (Martha Joanna Reade Nash). 
 
 Born at Plainfield, Mass., Aug. 13, 1829: died 
 at New York, Jan. 2, 1893. An American his- 
 torical and miscellaneous writer. She was the ed- 
 itor of the “ Magazine of American History "from 1883, and 
 the author of a “History of the City of New York" (1877- 
 1881), etc. 
 
 Lamb, Mary Ann. Born in Crown Office Row, 
 in the Temple, London, 1764: died 1847. An 
 English author, sister of Charles Lamb whom 
 she assisted in the “Tales from Shakspere” 
 (1807). See Lamb, Charles. 
 
 Lamb, William. Born March 15, 1779: died Nov. 
 24, 1848. An English Whig statesman, second 
 Viscount Melbourne. He was home secretary under 
 Grey 1830-34, and was prime minister July 17-Nov. 15, 
 1834, and April, 1835, -Aug., 1841. 
 
 Larnballe (lon-bal'). A town in the department 
 of Cdtes-du-Nord, Brittany, France, situa ted on 
 the Grouessant 12 miles east-southeast of St.- 
 Brieuc. It has a church of Notre Dame. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 4,562. 
 
 Larnballe, Princesse de (Marie Therfese 
 Louise de Savoie-Carignan). Born at Turin, 
 Sept. 8, 1749: murdered at Paris, Sept. 3, 1792. 
 A French princess, the daughter of the Prince 
 de Carignan. She was the intimate friend of Marie 
 Antoinette, who made her superintendent of the royal 
 household. She proved her loyalty to the queen by re- 
 turning to France from England after the unsuccessful 
 flight from Versailles, and voluntarily sharing her im- 
 prisonment for a week in the Temple. She refused on Sept. 
 3 to take the oath against the monarchy, and was literally 
 torn to pieces by the mob as she emerged from the court- 
 house. 
 
 Lambe(lam), John, called Doctor Lambe. Died 
 June 23, 1628. An English astrologer, a client 
 of the Duke of Buckingham, killed by a London 
 mob on account of his reputed magicalinfluence 
 over the duke and others. 
 
 Lamber, Juliette. See Adam, Mmc. Edmond. 
 Lambert (lam'bert), Aylmer Bourke. Born 
 at Bath, Feb. 2, 1761 : died at London, Jan. 10, 
 1842. An English botanist, vice-president of the 
 Linnean Society. He was the author of works 
 on the genera Cinchona (1797) and Finns ( 1 803— 
 1824), etc. 
 
 Lambert, Daniel. Born at Leicester, March 13, 
 1770 : died at Stamford, July 21, 1809. An Eng- 
 lishman celebrated for his corpulency. At his 
 death he was 5 feet 11 inches in height, and 
 weighed 739 pounds. 
 
 Lambert, John (originally John Nicholson). 
 
 Burned at Smithfield, Nov., 1538. An English 
 priest and Protestant martyr, tried before the 
 
 587 
 
 king and peers Nov. 16, 1538, and condemned 
 for denying the real presence. 
 
 Lambert, John. Born atCalton, near Malham 
 Tarn, Yorkshire, 1619 (baptized Nov. 7): died 
 1683. An English general, distinguished in the 
 Parliamentary service in the civil war. He served 
 as colonel under Fairfax 1643-44 ; took part in the battle 
 of Marston Moor ; was appointed to the command of a regi- 
 ment of foot in the “New Model” Jan., 1646; played a 
 prominent part as leader of the discontented officers in 
 the disputes between the army and Parliament in 1647; 
 was made general of the northern army in Aug., 1647 ; 
 served against the Scots in 1648 (at Preston Aug. 17-19); 
 received the surrender of Pontefract March 22, 1649 ; and 
 served as second in command under Cromwell in Scotland 
 1650, and at Worcester 1651. He became influential on 
 the appointment of Cromwell as Protector ; was a member 
 of his council of state ; advocated the making of the pro- 
 tectorship i hereditary ; and attained great civil and military 
 influence in the state. But he refused to assent to the pro- 
 posed assumption by Cromwell of the title of king ; de- 
 clined to take the oath of allegiance required by Parlia- 
 ment June 24, 1657 ; and resigned his commission July, 
 1657. After Cromwell’s death he entered Parliament, 
 regained in great measure his influence with the army and 
 in the state, and defeated Sir George Booth at Winwick 
 Bridge Aug. 19, 1659. He was cashiered Oct. 12, 1659, re- 
 belled, intimidated Parliament, and became major-general 
 of the army, member of the committee of safety, and the 
 principal man in the state. When Monk declared for the 
 Parliament, Lambert marched against him, but his army 
 went to pieces and he was deprived of all his commands. 
 At the Restoration he was tried and exiled to Germany. 
 In 1667 he was transferred to the island of St. Nicholas in 
 Plymouth Sound. 
 
 Lambert, Sir John. Born at Tisbury, Wiltshire, 
 Feb. 4, 1815: died at London, Jan. 27, 1892. An 
 English lawyer, politician, and writer on music. 
 He wrote a “Grammarof Plain Chant,” “Music 
 of the Middle Ages,” etc. 
 
 Lambessa (lam-bes'sa), or Lamb&se (lon-baz'). 
 A small town in the province of Constantine, 
 Algeria, 63 miles south-southwest of Constan- 
 tine : the ancient Lambfesa, or Lambese, and 
 native Tazzut. It contains a convict establishment 
 (since 1850). It was an old Roman military station, and con- 
 tains important remains of antiquity. The Roman pre- 
 torium is arectangular building 90 feet long, 65 wide, and 49 
 high. The entrance is on the north : it is flanked by two 
 smaller arches, and adorned with detached columns and 
 niches for statues. The south side had a fine Corinthian 
 portico, with pilasters on the wall corresponding to the 
 columns, and there were porticos also on ‘the east and 
 west sides. The interior forms a great hall, with archi- 
 tectural decoration on the walls. A temple of Jupiter, 
 with octastyle fagade, has lately been excavated, and a 
 triumphal arch of Commodus survives almost entire. 
 Lambeth (lam'beth ). A metropolitan and par- 
 liamentary borough of London, situated south 
 of the Thames. It contains Lambeth Palace. The bor- 
 ough returns 4 members to Parliament. Population, 
 298,126, (1911). 
 
 Lambeth, Treaty of. A treaty concluded at 
 Lambeth in 1217 between the Earl of Pem- 
 broke and Prince Louis (Louis VIII. of France), 
 whereby the latter agreed to leave England. 
 Lambeth Articles. Nine articles drawn up at 
 Lambeth in 1595, intended to embody the Cal- 
 vinistic doctrine respecting predestination, jus- 
 tification, etc. They were never approved by the church 
 in any regular synod, and therefore possess no ecclesiasti- 
 cal authority. 
 
 Lambeth Palace. The city residence of the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, situated in Lambeth, 
 near the Thames, 14 miles southwest of St. 
 Paul’s. It was acquired by the archbishops in 1197. The 
 present building was commenced in the 13th century. It 
 contains a valuable library. . 
 
 Lambinet (lon-be-na'), Emile Charles. Born 
 at Versailles, Jan. 13, 1815: died at Bougival, 
 Jan. 1, 1878. A noted French landscape-painter. 
 He was a pupil of Boiselier, Drolling, and Hor- 
 ace Vemet. 
 
 Lambruschini (lam-bros-ke'ne), Luigi. Born 
 at Genoa, May 16, 1776: died at Rome, May 12, 
 1854. An Italian cardinal and politician, min- 
 ister and state councilor under Gregory XVI. 
 and Pius IX. 
 
 Lambton (lam'ton), John George, first Earl of 
 Durham. Born at London, April 12, 1792 : died 
 at Cowes, Isle of Wight, July 28, 1840. An Eng- 
 lish Whig politician and diplomatist, created Ba- 
 ron Durham in 1828, and earl of Durham in 1833. 
 He sat in the House of Commons 1813-28 ; was appointed 
 lord privy seal Nov. 22, 1830; took part in the preparation 
 of the first, reform bill ; was ambassador extraordinary to 
 St. Petersburg July, 1832, and to Vienna and Berlin Sept., 
 1832; was minister to St. Petersburg 1836-37; and was 
 made high commissioner for the settlement of certain Ca- 
 nadian questions, and governor-general of the British 
 provinces in North America, March 31, 1838. He resigned 
 in 1838. 
 
 Lamech (la'mek). In Old Testament history: 
 (a) The son of Methusael, a descendant of Cain, 
 and the father of Tubal-Cain. His address to 
 his wives (Gen. iv. 23, 24) is probably the oldest 
 extant Hebrew poetry. (6) The sou of Methu- 
 selah, seventh in descent from Seth, and father 
 of Noah. 
 
 Lamont 
 
 Lamego (la-ma'go). A town in the district of 
 Vizeu, province of Beira, Portugal, 46 miles east 
 of Oporto. It was the scene of the alleged con- 
 stitutional cortes of 1143. It has a cathedral. 
 
 Lame Lover, The. A comedy by Foote, pro- 
 duced in 1770. 
 
 Lamennais (la-me-na/), Felicite Robert de. 
 
 Born at St. Malo, June 19, 1782: died at Paris, 
 Feb. 27, 1854. A French writer and philosopher. 
 From earliest infancy he was dwarfed in stature, nervous, 
 and irritable. He studied under his uncle’s guidance, 
 and taught himself Greek, Latin, and several modern lan- 
 guages. In time he became strongly attracted by the philo- 
 sophical teachingsof the 18th century, especially those of .1. 
 J. Rousseau. Afterpublishingan essay, “Lesphilosophes,” 
 in 1802, he went to live for a while in the retirement of his 
 native region. His “Reflexions sur TOtat de l’dglise en 
 France pendant le XVIII° sifecle, et sur sa situation ac tuelle’ ’ 
 appeared in 1808, but was suppressed by the police until 1814. 
 In 1S11 he taught mathematics in the Seminary of St. 
 Malo ; the following year he took the first orders, and in 
 1816 became a priest. He published the first volume 
 of his great work “Essai sur l’indiffdrence en matifere de 
 religion ” in 1817 ; the second volume is dated 1820, and the 
 third and fourth are from 1822-23. With a view to spread 
 his religious ideas, he founded a paper “L’Avenir" (1830). 
 His doctrines favoring freedom in religious matters were 
 not approved by the clergy, and his fearless utterances led 
 to frequent censure and condemnation before the courts. 
 In 1848 he founded a new paper, “Le Peuple Constituant.” 
 His last appearance as a political writer was in connection 
 with his management of the journal “LaRdforme.” Among 
 Lamennais’s works are “Melanges religieux et philoso- 
 phiques” (1819-35), “ Les paroles d’un croyant,” “ Le livre 
 du peuple ”(1837), “Questions politiques etphilosophiques” 
 (1840),“L’Esquisse d’une philosophic "(1842 46). His “Dis- 
 cussions critiques” came out in 1856, and likewise his 
 translation of Dante’s “ Divina Commedia.” 
 
 Lamentation of Mary Magdalen. A spurious 
 poem introduced in the early editions of Chau- 
 cer. It was inserted under the impression that it was the 
 lost “ Origenes upon the Maudeleyne," which was prob- 
 ably a translation from a piece attributed to Origen. This 
 idea arose from Chaucer's lines in the prologue to the “Le- 
 gend of Good Women,” 
 
 “He made also, goone is a greatt while, 
 
 Origenes upon the Maudelain.” 
 
 Lamentations (lam-en-ta'shonz). A book of 
 the Old Testament of which the authorship is 
 by tradition ascribed to the prophet Jeremiah. 
 It comprises five dirges. Its date and author- 
 ship are matters of dispute. 
 
 Lamettrie, or La Mettrie (la me-tre'), Julien 
 Off ray de. Born at St.-Malo, France, Dec. 25, 
 1709 : died at Berlin, Nov. 11, 1751. A French 
 materialist. He wrote “Histoire naturelle de lYuue ” 
 (1745: ostensibly translated from the English)," La faculty 
 veng^e ” (1747 : a satirical comedy), “ L’Homme machine” 
 (1748), “ L’Homme plante ” (1748), “ Reflexions philoso- 
 phiques sur l’origine des animaux ” (1750), “ Les animaux 
 plusquemachines”(1750), etc. He was the (eaderof French 
 materialism in its most extreme form, and was persecuted 
 for his opinions. He was driven from France to Holland, 
 and thence to Prussia, where he found an asylum with 
 Frederick the Great. 
 
 Lamia (la'ini-a). [Gr. Aa/u'a.] The capital of 
 the nomarchy of Phthiotis, Greece, situated 
 in lat. 38° 54' N., long. 22° 27' E. It was an 
 ancient city of Malis. The modern name was until re- 
 cently Zituni, but the old name has been restored. An- 
 tipater was besieged here 323 B. C. Population, 9,685. 
 
 Lamia. 1. In classical mythology: (a) A 
 daughter of Poseidon, the mother of the sibyl 
 Herophile. (6) The daughter of Belus. She was 
 a Libyan queen, beloved by Zeus, and transformed through 
 Juno’s jealousy into a hideous child-devouring monster. 
 
 Lilith, the nocturnal female vampire of the Hebrews, 
 mentioned in Isaiah, is rendered Lamia in the Vulgate. 
 In the plural (Lamise), they appear to have corresponded, 
 very nearly, to the witches of the Middle Ages, who, in- 
 deed, were then frequently called Lamias. Keats’s poem 
 of “ Lamia ” (1820), in which the bride, recognized by the 
 keen-eyed sage, returns to her original serpent-form, rep- 
 resents another of the superstitions attached to the race. 
 
 B. Taylor, Notes to Faust, Pt. II. 
 
 2. A celebrated Athenian courtezan, in the sea- 
 fight off Salamis 306 B. c. she fell into the hands of Deme- 
 trius and captivated him. Her sway was unbroken for 
 many years, and she was noted for her extravagance. The 
 Athenians and Thebans consecrated temples in her honor 
 under the name of Aphrodite. 
 
 Lamian War. A war in which Athens and its 
 allies were defeated by Macedonia under An- 
 tipater, 323-322 B. C. : so named from the siege 
 of Lamia by the allies. 
 
 Lammermuir(lam-mer-mur , ),orLammermoor 
 
 (lam-mer-mor'), Hills. A range of low moun- 
 tains in the counties of Edinburgh, Berwick, 
 and Haddington, Scotland, extending to the 
 North Sea. 
 
 Lammle (lam'l), Alfred. In Dickens’s “ Our 
 Mutual Fri end, ’’amature young man, a swindler 
 and fortune-hunter. He marries Sophroma 
 Akershem, each of the pair believing, mis- 
 takenly, that the other was wealthy. 
 
 Lammle, Mrs. Alfred. See Lammle, Alfred. 
 
 Lamont (la'mont), Johann von. Born at 
 Braemar, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, Dec. 13, 
 1805 : diod at Bogenliausen, near Munich, Aug. 
 
Lamont 
 
 6, 1879. An astronomer and magnetician, direc- 
 tor of the observatory at Bogenhausen. He 
 wrote “Handbuch desErdmagnetismns” (1849), 
 “ Handbuch des Magnetismus” (1867), etc. 
 Lamoracke (Lamerocke, Lamorake, etc.), 
 Sir. A Knight of the Round Table. He was killed 
 by the sons of King Lot for adultery with their mother. 
 
 Lamorici&re (la-m5-re-syar '), Ghristophe Leon 
 
 Louis Juchault de. Born at Nantes, France, 
 Feb. 5, 1806: died near Amiens, France, Sept. 
 11, 1865. A noted French general. He entered 
 the array as an engineer ; served with distinction in Alge- 
 ria against Abd-el-Kadir ; was military governor of Paris 
 from Feb. 24 to June 28, 1848, and minister of war from 
 June 28 to Dec. 28 of the same year; and was deputy 
 to the Legislative Assembly 1849-51. He opposed the 
 schemes of Louis Napoleon, and was arrested Dec. 2, 1851, 
 imprisoned, and then banished. As commanderof the pa- 
 pal forces he was defeated at Castelfldardo, Sept, 18, 1860. 
 
 Lamothe (la-mot'), Pierre Alexandre Bessot 
 
 de. Born at P6rigueux, Jan. 8, 1823: died at 
 Villeneuve-l&s- Avignon, France, Oct., 1897. A 
 French novelist. He is well known for his series of 
 romances for the young, which have been translated into 
 a number of languages. Among his other works are 
 “Coutumes de Saint Gilles au XlVe si£cle ” (1873), “ Exe- 
 cutions de Camisards faites it Nimes de 1702 a 1705" 
 (1875), “Histoire populaire de la Prnsse” (1872), etc. 
 
 LaMotte(la mot), Antoine Houdart de. Born 
 at Paris, Jan. 17, 1672: died there, Dec. 26, 1731. 
 A French poet and critic. He wrote “ L'Europe ga- 
 lante,” a ballet (1697), “ Scanderbeg," a lyrical tragedy 
 (1735), “Infes de Castro,” a tragedy in one act, in verse 
 (1723), “Fables,” etc. 
 
 La Motte-Fouque. See Fouque. 
 
 Lampadion (lam-pa/di-on). The conventional 
 name of a lively, hot-tempered courtezan in 
 later Greek comedy. 
 
 Lampatho (lam-pa'tho). In Marston’s play 
 “ What You Will,” a cynical observer intended 
 to represent Marston "himself. 
 
 Lampe (liim'pe), John Frederick. Born at 
 Helmstadt, Germany, about 1703 : died at Edin- 
 burgh, July 25, 1751. A German musician resi- 
 dent in Great Britain from about 1725, noted 
 as a bassoonist and composer. He was the author 
 of the music for several successful burlesque operas and 
 masks, and for songs and hymns. 
 
 Lampedusa (lam-pa-do'sa). A small island in 
 the Mediterranean, eastof Tunis, situatedinlat. 
 35° 30' N.,long. 12° 36' E.: the ancient Lopa- 
 dussa. It belongs to the Italian province of Cirgenti. 
 This is one of the islands said to be the original of Shak- 
 spere’s “uninhabited island” in “The Tempest.” 
 Lampertheim (lam'pert-hlm). A small town in 
 the province of Starkenburg, Hesse, 5 miles 
 southeast of Worms. 
 
 Lamprecht (lam'precht), called “The Priest.” 
 The date and place of his birth and death un- 
 known. A Middle High German epic poet. He 
 wrote, about 1130, the “Alexanderlied ’’(‘‘Song of Alexan- 
 der "), a free version of a French poem by Aubrey de Besan- 
 con, whose subject is the life and deeds of Alexander the 
 Great. It was published at Vienna in 1860, and at Halle in 
 1884. 
 
 Lampridius (lam-prid'i-us), .Allius. Lived in 
 the first part of the 4th century. One of the 
 writers of the “Augustan History” (which see). 
 LampsacUS(lamp'sa-kus). [Gr. Aa^a/cof.] In 
 ancient geography, a city of Mysia, Asia Minor, 
 situated on the Hellespont in lat. 40° 20' N., 
 long. 26° 39' E., colonized by Ionian Greeks. 
 Lanai (la'nl). One of the Hawaiian Islands, 7 
 miles west of Maui. Length, 18 miles. 
 Lanark (lan'ark). 1. An inland county of Scot- 
 land, lying between Dumbarton and Stirling on 
 the north, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Peebles, and 
 Dumfries on the east, Dumfries on the south, 
 and Dumfries, Ayr, Renfrew, and Dumbarton on 
 the west. It is divided into the tipper, Middle, and 
 Bower Wards. The city of Glasgow is in the Lower Ward. 
 Lanark is mountainous in the south and east ; is traversed 
 by the Clyde ; and has important manufactures. Area, 879 
 square miles. Population (civil county), 1,339,289. 
 
 2. The county town of Lanarkshire, Scotland, 
 on the Clyde 22 miles southeast of Glasgow. 
 Near it are the Falls of the Clyde. William Wallace was 
 in hiding near the town. Robert Owen had mills on the 
 Clyde in its neighborhood. Population, 6,440. 
 LaNavidad (lana-ve-THaTH'). The name giv- 
 en by Columbus to the fort built by him on the 
 northern coast of Haiti, in Jan., 1493. In it he left 
 43 (or 36 7) men, constituting the first Spanish settlement in 
 the New World. Before his return, in Nov., the garrison 
 had all been killed by Indians, and the fort destroyed. 
 The site was then abandoned for the more favorable one of 
 Isabella. La Navidad was a short distance southeast of the 
 present town of Cap Haitien. 
 
 Lancashire(laug'ka-shir). Amaritime county of 
 northwestern England. It comprises a main portion 
 bounded by Westmoreland on the north, Yorkshire on the 
 east, Cheshire on the south, and the Irish Sea on the west, 
 and a detached portion (called Furness) west of Westmore- 
 land. It is mountainous and picturesque in the north , is 
 celebrated for the production of coal, for commerce, and for 
 manufactures of linen, silk, woolen, etc.; and is the chief 
 
 588 
 
 seat of the cotton manufacture in the world. It contains 
 the cities of Liverpool and Manchester. It formed part of 
 the ancient kingdom of Strathclyde ; was made a county 
 palatine in the reign of Edward III.; and sided with the 
 Royalists in the civil war. Area (ad. co.), 1,708 square 
 miles. Population (pari. co. ), 4,406,409. 
 
 Lancashire Witches, The, and Tegue O’Div- 
 elly the Irish Priest. A comedy by Shadwell 
 (1681). Compare Late Lancashire Witches. 
 
 Lancaster (lang'kas-ter). [From Lan (Lime) 
 and ceaster, camp.] A seaport and the county 
 town of Lancashire, situated on the Lune in 
 lat. 54° 3' N., long. 2° 47' W. Itcontains a castle on 
 the site of an ancient Roman camp. It was twice burned 
 by the Scots In the 14th century ; was taken and retaken in 
 the civil war ; and was entered by the Jacobites in 1715 and 
 1745. It was the birthplace of Whewell and Sir Richard 
 Owen. Population, 40,329. 
 
 Lancaster. A city and the capital of Fairfield 
 County, Ohio, situated on the Hocking 28 miles 
 southeast of Columbus. Population, 13,093, 
 (1910). 
 
 Lancaster. A city and the capital of Lancaster 
 County, Pennsylvania, situated on the Cones- 
 toga 62 miles west of Philadelphia. Itisamanu- 
 
 facturing and commercial center ; is the seat of Franklin 
 and Marshall College and Theological Seminary (Reformed 
 Church) ; and was State capital from 1799 to 1812. Popu- 
 lation, 47,227, (1910). 
 
 Lancaster, County of. See Lancashire. 
 
 Lancaster, Duchy of. A possession of the Eng- 
 lish royal family. John of Gaunt was made Duke of 
 Lancaster in 1361. * The revenues and title of the duchy 
 were made hereditary in the reign of Henry IV. Since 
 1873 its court has been merged in the system of the rest of 
 England. 
 
 Lancaster, Dukes of. See Henry of Lancaster 
 and John of Gaun t. 
 
 Lancaster^ Edmund, Earl of, surnamed 
 “Crouchback.” Born Jan. 16, 1245: died at Ba- 
 yonne, June, 1296. The second son of Henry 
 III. of England and Eleanor of Provence, made 
 in his infancy king of Sicily and Apulia by Pope 
 Innocent IV. The grant of the kingdom was annulled 
 by Urban IV. July 29, 1263. Lancaster took the cross In 
 1268, and went to Palestine in 1271. His nickname was due 
 either to this crusade (from the cross on his hack) or to 
 personal deformity. 
 
 Lancaster, House of. A line of English kings 
 descended* from John of Gaunt, fourth son of 
 Edward III. The kings of this house were Henry IV. 
 (reigned 1399-1413), Henry V. (reigned 1413-22), and Henry 
 VI. (reigned 1422-61). 
 
 Lancaster, Sir James. Died at London, May, 
 1618. An English navigator. He served under Drake 
 against the Armada; sailed in command of the Edward 
 Bonaventure with the first English expedition to the East 
 Indies in 1591, returning to England after many adven- 
 tures in May, 1594 ; sailed with 3 ships against the Portu- 
 guese in 1594, capturing Pernambuco in 1595; and com- 
 manded the tirst fleet of the East India Company 1600-03. 
 From him Baffin named Lancaster Sound. 
 
 Lancaster, Joseph. Born at London, 1778 : died 
 at New York, Oct. 24, 1838. An English edu- 
 cator. He founded in 1801 a private school in the Borough 
 Road, Southwark, London, in which he employed the 
 monitorial system of instruction, which obtained great 
 popularity. He emigrated to the United States in 1818. 
 He published “Improvements in Education" (1803), etc. 
 
 Lancaster Sound. [Named after Sir James 
 Lancaster.] A channel in the north polar re- 
 gions, leading from Baffin Bay westward to Bar- 
 row Strait, about lat. 74° N. Discovered by 
 Baffin in 1616: first traversed by Parry in 1819. 
 
 Lance (Ians), George. Born at Little Easton, 
 near Dunmow, Essex, March 24, 1802 : died near 
 Birkenhead, June 18, 1864. An English painter, 
 a pupil of Haydon, chiefly known by his paint- 
 ings of fruit and flowers. 
 
 Lancelot. Same as Lancelot du Lac. 
 
 Lancelot du Lac. A French Arthurian romance. 
 It was probably the work of Walter Map in the latter part 
 of the 12th century: a Scottish metrical romance “Lance- 
 lot of the Laik" was made from this at the end of the 15th 
 century. Chrestien de Troyes's metrical romance “ Le Che- 
 valier de la Charette” gives some of Lancelot's adventures, 
 and was based on Map’s prose romance. Sir Thomas Mal- 
 ory’s “Morte d'Arthur”also does notgive his entire story. 
 Sir Lancelot was the son of Ban, king of Brittany, and was 
 one of the most famous knights of the Round Table. He 
 received the name “du Lac” from the fact that he was 
 educated at the castle of Vivian, known as the Dame du 
 Lac or Lady of the Lake. The main features of the legend 
 are his guilty love for Guinevere and the exploits he per- 
 formed in her service, and the war with Arthur in which 
 his passion involved him. Guinevere retired to a convent, 
 and Lancelot became a monk and a holy man, and died 
 saying masses for the souls of his old companions in arms. 
 He was the father of Sir Galahad by Elaine, the daughter 
 of King Pelles, who is not the Elaine of Tennyson’s poem. 
 
 Lancelot Greaves. See Sir Launcelot Greaves. 
 
 Lan-chau (liin-chou'). The capital of the prov- 
 ince of Kan-su, China, situated on the Hwang- 
 ho about lat. 36° 8' N., long. 103° 55' E. Pop- 
 ulation, estimated, 100,000. 
 
 Lanciani (lan-cha'ne), Rodolfo Amadeo. An 
 Italian archaeologist. He is professor of archaeology 
 at the University of Rome, and director of excavations for 
 the Italian government. He has published “Ancient Rome 
 
 Landnama B6k 
 
 in the Light of Recent Discoveries” (1888) and “Pagan 
 and Christian Rome” (1892), and is now issuing “Forma 
 urbis Roma;, etc.,’’ in eight parts (the tirst in 1893). 
 
 Lanciano (lan-cha'no). Atownin the province 
 of Chieti, Italy, situated in lat. 42° 14' N., long. 
 14° 25' E., near the site of the ancient Anxanum 
 of the Frentani. Population, commune, 7,836. 
 
 Landa (lan'da), Diego de. Born at Cienfuentes, 
 March 17, 1524: died at Merida, Yucatan, April 
 30, 1579. A Spanish ecclesiastic of the Fran- 
 ciscan order. He was sent to Yucatan about 1651 ; be- 
 came provincial of his order there in 1561; and in 1572 was 
 created bishop of Merida. His measures for the extirpa- 
 tion of idolatry were excessively severe, and by his orders 
 hundreds of Indian hieroglyphic writings were destroyed. 
 Landa wrote “Relacion de las cosas de Yucatan," first pub- 
 lished in 1864. 
 
 Landau (lan'dou). A town in the Rhine Palati- 
 nate, Bavaria, situated on the Queich 18 miles 
 southwest of Spires. It was often taken and retaken 
 in the Thirty Years’ War. Later it belonged to France, 
 and after the fall of Napoleon it passed to Bavaria. The 
 carriages named landaus were first made here. Popula- 
 tion, 17,165. 
 
 Landeck (lan'dek). Atownand watering-place 
 in the province of Silesia, Prussia, on the Biela 
 54 miles south by west of Breslau : noted for 
 warm sulphur springs. Population, about4,000. 
 
 Landells (lan'delz), Ebenezer. Born at New- 
 castle-on-Tyne, April 13, 1808: died at London, 
 Oct. 1, 1860. An English wood-engraver, a pupil 
 of Bewick, and the projector, about 1840, of 
 “Punch.” 
 
 Landen (lan'deu). A town in Belgium, 23 miles 
 west-northwest of 1 <iege. it was the birthplace of 
 Pepin, founder of the later Carolingian line. For the bat- 
 tle of Landen (1693), see Neerwinden. 
 
 Landen (lan'den), John. Born at Peakirk, 
 Peterborough, Jan. 23, 1719: died at Milton, 
 Northamptonshire, Jan. 15, 1790. An English 
 mathematician, author of “Residual Analysis” 
 (1764: only the first book published), “A Dis- 
 course Concerning the Residual Analysis” 
 (1758), etc. 
 
 Lander (lan'der), John. Bornin Cornwall, 1807 : 
 died at London, Nov. 16, 1839. An English ex- 
 plorer in Africa (1830-31), younger brother of 
 Richard Lander. 
 
 Lander, Richard Lemon. Born at Truro, Corn- 
 wall, Feb. 8, 1804: died at Fernando Po, Africa, 
 Feb. 2 (7?), 1834. An English explorer in Africa. 
 He was in Cape Colony as servant to Major (later General) 
 Colebrooke 1823-24 ; accompanied Clapperton to western 
 Africa 1825-27 ; and explored the Niger (with his brother) 
 1830-31 and 1832-34. He published his journal pf Clap- 
 perton’s expedition (1829), another account of the expedi- 
 tion (1830), and a “Journal of an Expedition to Explore the 
 Course and Termination of the Niger” (ed. 1832). 
 
 Landerneau (lon-der-no'). A town irrthe de- 
 partment of Pinistere, France, situated on the 
 Elorn 13 miles northeast of Brest. It manufac- 
 tures cloth. Population, commune, 7,737. 
 
 Landes (lond). A department in southwestern 
 France. Capital, Mont-de-Marsan. it is bounded 
 by Gironde on the north, Lot-et-Garonne and Gers on the 
 east, Basses-Pyrenees on the south, and the Bay of Biscay 
 on the west, corresponding to parts of the ancient Guienne, 
 Gascony, and B(am. It comprises the sandy plains called 
 lnnd.es, and in the southeast the district Chalosse. It is 
 the leading forest department in France. Area, 3,604 
 square miles. Population, 293,397. 
 
 Landes, The. A plain in the department of 
 Landes, France. It is largely composed of sands and 
 marshes, and much of it is covered with pine forests. 
 Length, about 120 miles. 
 
 Landeshut (lan'des-hot). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Silesia, Prussia, on the Bober 51 miles 
 southwest of Breslau. It has flax manufactures. 
 An intrenched camp here, held by the Prussians under 
 Fouquet in the Seven Years' War, was stormed and taken 
 by the Austrians under Laudon, June 23, 1760. 
 
 Landi (lan'de), Gasparo. Born at Piacenza in 
 1756: died at Rome, Feb. 24, 1830. An Italian 
 historical and portrait painter, one of the foun- 
 ders of the modern school of Italian painting. 
 
 Landin (lan-din'). See Zulu. 
 
 Land League, Irish. A league formed in Oct., 
 1879, by the Irish Nationalist party, under 
 which organized resistance was made to the 
 payment of rent. It was “ proclaimed ” by the 
 Liberal government as “ an illegal and criminal 
 association” Oct. 20, 1881. 
 
 Landnama B6k. See the extract. 
 
 The “Landnama B6k ” was a development from the 
 work of the priest Ari Frdthi, the son of Thorgil, and from 
 another of the same kind. Its author was Sturla Thor- 
 tharson, a judge in the Higher Court, who died in 1284, 
 aged seventy. His work was edited by Hauk Erlendsen, 
 who was himself a judge in the Higher Court from 1294 
 to 1334, and his “ l andnama Bdk ” is Thortharson’s with 
 addition of facts from a history by Styrmer the Learned, 
 wherever Styrmer had anything to add. This “Land- 
 nama Bdk ” (Book of the Taking of the Land), the fullest 
 of the old Icelandic chronicles, is in five parts. The first 
 treats of the discovery and settlement of the island and 
 the other four are given to a description of its several 
 
Landnama Bok 
 
 quarters, including detail as to the families by which 
 each was settled. This record is of great value for the 
 verification of the Sagas. Morley, English Writers, I. 271. 
 
 Land of Beulah. See Beulah. 
 
 Land of Cakes. Scotland: so named (in jest) 
 on account of the general use of oatmeal cakes 
 as an article of diet. 
 
 Land of Cockaigne. A popular poem assigned 
 to the latter part of the 13th century. See 
 Cockaigne. 
 
 A satire upon corruptions in the Church, that paints a 
 Fool's Paradise for monks, wherein all the delights are 
 sensual, and spiritual life passes for nothing. The Para- 
 dise of this satire, which spread through several countries, 
 was entitled “the Land of Cockaigne,” . . . or the land of 
 animal delights painted by popular satire as the happy 
 land of monks who had turned their backs upon thehigher 
 life to which they were devoted. An old German poet de- 
 scribed it as “Dat edele lant van Cockoengen. " In what 
 spirit this popular satire was written none can doubt 
 when they find at the close how such a Paradise as it paints 
 is to be earned only by seven years’ wading chin-deep in 
 swinish filth. Morley, English Writers, III. 354. 
 
 Land o’ the Leal (land' o thc lei' )• A mythical 
 
 land of happiness. Lady Nairne,in her poem of that 
 name, uses it for heaven, and the use has now become an 
 accepted one. 
 
 Land of Steady Habits. A popular nickname 
 of Connecticut. 
 
 Land of Wisdom. [F. Pays de sapience.'} A 
 name given by the French to Normandy. 
 Landon (lan'don), Letitia Elizabeth (later 
 Mrs. Maclean) : pseudonym L. E. L. Born at 
 London (Chelsea), Aug. 14, 1802 : died at Cape 
 Coast Castle, Africa, Oct. 15, 1838. An English 
 poet and novelist, wife (June, 1838) of George 
 Maclean, governor of Cape Coast Castle, she 
 was the author of poems (collected 1838, later editions 
 1860, 1873), the novels “ Ilomance and Reality ” (1831), 
 “Francesca Carrara” (1834), “Ethel Churchill” (1837), 
 “Lady Granard ” (1842), etc. Her death, probably acci- 
 dental, was due to a dose of a preparation of prussic acid. 
 
 Landor (lan'dor), Walter Savage. Born at 
 Warwick, Jan! 30, 1775 : died at Florence, Italy, 
 Sept. 17, 1864. A noted English poet and prose- 
 writer. He entered Trinity College, Oxford, in 1793 ; be- 
 came conspicuous for his advocacy of republican princi- 
 ples ; and was rusticated in 1794 for firing a gun (without 
 damage to any one) at the windows of an obnoxious Tory. 
 For some years he led an unsettled life, visiting Paris 
 in 1802, and joining the Spaniards at Corunna against 
 the French in 1808. In 1809 he purchased Llanthony Ab- 
 bey, Monmouthshire, and in 1811 married Julia Thuillier, 
 daughter of a banker. A combination of troubles drove 
 him in 1814 to Jersey, then to Tours, and in 1815 to Italy. 
 In 1821 he settled in Florence, where he resided until 1835, 
 when, separating from his wife, he went to England. He 
 returned to Florence in 1858. He published “Poems" 
 (1796), “ Gebir ” (1798), “ Simonidea ” (1800 : English and 
 Latin poems), “Count Julian” (1812), “Idyllia Heroica” 
 (1814, enlarged 1820), “Imaginary Conversations” (1824- 
 1848), “ Citation and Examination of William Shakespeare 
 . . . touching Deer-stealing, etc.” (1834), “Pericles and 
 Aspasia” (1836), “The Pentameron ” (1837), “Andrea of 
 Hungary and Giovanni of Naples ” (1839), " Fra Rupert ” 
 (1840), “ Hellenics ” (1847, revised 1859), “Poemata et In- 
 scriptiones” (1847), “Italics" (1848), “The Last Fruit of 
 an Old Tree " (1853), “ Dry Sticks Fagoted by W. S. Landor ” 
 (1858), “ Heroic Idylls ” (1863), etc. 
 
 Landrecies, or Landrecy (lon-dre-se' ). Atown 
 in the department of Nord, France, situated on 
 the Sambre 17 miles south-southeast of Valen- 
 ciennes. It was taken from the French by Charles V. 
 in 1543 ; passed several times from Spain to France and 
 back again in the 17th century ; and was besieged and 
 taken by the Allies in 1794 and by the Prussians in 1815. 
 It was the birthplace of Dupleix. Population, commune, 
 3,924. 
 
 Landsberg (lands'berG). A town in Upper Ba- 
 varia, situated on the Lech 32 miles west by 
 south of Munich. Population, 6,505. 
 Landsberg-an-der-W arthe (lands ' bera - iin- 
 der-var'te). A town in the province of Bran- 
 denburg, Prussia, situated on the Warthe 78 
 miles east by north of Berlin. Population, 
 commune, 36,934. 
 
 Landseer (land'ser), Charles. Born at Lon- 
 don, 1799: died there, July 22, 1879. An Eng- 
 lish historical painter, elder brother of Sir Ed- 
 win Landseer. 
 
 Landseer, Sir Edwin Henry. Born at London , 
 March 7, 1802 : died there, Oct. 1, 1873 (buried 
 in St. Paul’s Cathedral). A celebrated English 
 animal-painter, youngest son of John Landseer. 
 He was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1826, 
 and member 1831, and was knighted in 1850. Among his 
 more noted paintings are “Fighting Dogs” (1819), “Cat’s 
 Paw” (1824), “Chevy Chase ” (1826), “Return from Deer- 
 stalking" (1827), “Illicit Whiskey Still” (1828), “High 
 Life" and “ Low Life ”(1831), “Jack in Office ”(1833), “Sir 
 Walter Scott and his Dogs” (1833), “Suspense" (1840), 
 “Highland Shepherd’s Chief Mourner” (1837), “Life ’s in 
 the Old DogYet” (1838), “Dignity and Impudence” (1839), 
 “Stag at Bay" (1846), “Monarch of the Glen” (186l), 
 “Flood in the Highlands” (I860), and “Titania and Bot- 
 tom ”(1851). 
 
 Landseer, John. Born at Lincoln, England, 
 1769: died at London, Feb. 29, 1852. An Eng- 
 
 589 
 
 lish painter, engraver, and writer on art: father 
 of Sir Edwin Landseer. 
 
 Landseer, Thomas. Born at London, 1795: 
 died there, Jan. 20, 1880. An English engraver, 
 eldest brother of Sir Edwin Landseer. He exe- 
 cuted many engravings and etchings after his 
 brother’s paintings. 
 
 Land’s End (landz end). A granite promon- 
 tory, the southwesternmost extremity of Eng- 
 land, in Cornwall, situated in lat. 50° 4' N., long. 
 5° 45' W. : the ancient Bolerium. Height, 60- 
 100 feet. 
 
 Landshut (liinds'hot). 1. The capital of the 
 province of Lower Bavaria, Bavaria, on the Isar 
 38 miles northeast of Munich. The Church of St. 
 Martin, Church of St. Jodocus, Holy Ghost Church, castle 
 of Trausnitz, and new palace are of interest. It was the 
 seat of a university from 1800 to 1826. Population, about 
 25,000. 
 
 2. Same as Landeshut. 
 
 Landskron (liinds'kron). A town in Bohemia, 
 36 miles northwest of Olmiitz. Population, 
 6,103. 
 
 Landskrona (lands'kro-na). A seaport in the 
 laen of Malmohus, Sweden, situated on the 
 Sound in lat. 55° 52' N., long. 12° 50' E. it has 
 a castle. Near this place, July 14, 1677, the Swedes de- 
 feated the Danes. Population, 16,083. 
 
 Landsthing (lans'ting). The upper house of 
 the Danish Rigsdag or parliament, it consists of 
 66 members, of whom 12 are appointed for life by the crown, 
 and the others are elected for 8 years, not directly, but by 
 delegates in each of the 64 electoral districts, chosen by 
 those having the necessary property qualification. 
 
 Landstuhl (lant'stol). A town in the Palati- 
 nate, Bavaria, 40 miles west of Spires. It is 
 the seat of the Sickingen family. Population, 
 6 , 112 . 
 
 Landtag (lant'taG). In Germany, the legisla- 
 ture of a country ; a territorial Diet; now, spe- 
 cifically, one of the Parliaments of the countries 
 constituting the German Empire, as Prussia, 
 Saxony, Bavaria, etc., and of some of the crown- 
 lands of Austria-Hungary, as Moravia and Bo- 
 hemia. Compare Reichstag. 
 
 Lane (lan), Edward William. Born at Here- 
 ford, England, Sept. 17, 1801 : died at Worthing, 
 England, Aug. 10, 1876. A noted English Ori- 
 entalist and Egyptologist. His works include “Ac- 
 count of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyp- 
 tians ” (1836 : best ed. 1860), a translation of the “Arabian 
 Nights” (1834-40), an “ Arabic-English Lexicon” (1863-74: 
 and, under the editorship of S. Lane-Poole, 1877-92). Lane 
 visited Egypt three times : 1826-28, 1833-36, and 1842-49. 
 
 Lane, James Henry. Bom at Lawrenceburg, 
 Ind., June 22, 1814: committed suicide at Leav- 
 enworth, Kansas, July, 1866. An American 
 politician, a leader of the Free-State party in 
 Kansas. 
 
 Lane, Joseph. Bom in North Carolina, 1801: 
 died there, April 19, 1881. An American poli- 
 tician and general, unsuccessful candidate for 
 the vice-presidency on the Breckenridge ticket 
 1860. 
 
 Lane, Sir Ralph. Died at Dublin, Oct., 1603. 
 An English adventurer, a companion of Sir 
 Richard Grenville in his expedition to the coast 
 of North America in 1585, and the first governor 
 of the colony of Virginia then founded. The set- 
 tlers soon removed to Roanoke, and were all taken back to 
 England by Drake, July, 1586. 
 
 Laneham (lan 'am), Robert. An English mer- 
 chant in the service of the Earl of Leicester, 
 and doorkeeper of the council-chamber, who 
 left an account, in the form of a letter, of the 
 entertainment given by Leicester to Queen 
 Elizabeth at Kenilworth July, 1575. Copies of the 
 letter are in the Bodleian Library and the library of the 
 British Museum. Laneham appears in Scott's “Kenil- 
 worth." 
 
 Lane-Poole (lan'pol'), Stanley. Born at Lon- 
 don, Dec. 18, 1854. AnEnglish numismatist. He 
 wrote the official “Catalogue of the Oriental and Indian 
 Coins ” for the British Museum. It appeared in 14 vol- 
 umes in 1875-92. On thedeathof hisgreat-uncleE.W. Lane, 
 the Orientalist, in 1876, he continued the latter’s Arabic 
 lexicon, the last partin 1887. He was sent to Egypt in 1883 
 by the British Museum ; in 1886 he went to Russia and 
 Turkey to study numismatics ; he was employed by the 
 Egyptian government in archeological research at Cairo 
 1895-97 ; and was professor of Arabic at Trinity College, 
 Dublin, 1898-1904. Among his other works are “ Egypt" 
 (1881), “Studies in a Mosque" (1883), “The Art of the 
 Saracens in Egypt ” (1886), “Life of the Right Hon. Strat- 
 ford Canning, Viscount de Redcliffe” (1888), etc. 
 
 Lanfranc (lan'frangk). Born at Pavia, Italy, 
 about 1005 : died at Canterbury, England, May 
 24, 1089. A celebrated prelate and scholar, arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury. He emigrated from Italy 
 and established a school at Avranches, France, about 1039 ; 
 entered the monastery of Bee in 1042 ; and became its prior 
 about 1046. He opposed the marriage of William and 
 Matilda, but regained the friendship of William about 
 1050; was installed abbot of Caen in 1066; and was made 
 archbishop of Canterbury in 1070. As the chief counselor 
 
 Langendijk 
 
 of the Conqueror, he played an important part in English 
 ecclesiastical and civil affairs. He wrote “ De corpore et 
 sanguine Domini,” etc. His works were coUected by Luc 
 d’Achery in 1648 ; reprinted by Giles 1844. 
 
 Lanfrey ( loa-f ra ' ) , Pierre. Born at Chambery , 
 France, Oct. 26, 1828: died atPau, France, Nov. 
 15, 1877. A French historian and politician. He 
 published “Histoire de Napoleon I.” (1867-75), “L’Egltse 
 *et les philosophes au XVI II< ; sitcle ” (1856), etc. 
 
 Lang (lang), Andrew. Born at Selkirk, March 
 31, 1844: died at Banchory, Kincardineshire, 
 July 20, 1912. A Scottish miscellaneous writer. 
 He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy, St. Andrews 
 University, and Balliol College, Oxford. He was elected 
 fellow of Merton, Oxford, in 1868, and appointed Gifford 
 lecturer on natural religion at St. Andrews in 1888. He 
 was the author of “ Ballads and Lyrics of Old France, etc." 
 (1872), “Oxford, etc.” (1880), “XXII Ballades in Blue 
 China” (1880: with additions 1881), “Theocritus, Bion, and 
 Moschus rendered into English Prose” (1880), “Helen of 
 Troy” (1882), “Ballades and Verses Vain ” (1884), “Custom 
 and Myth, etc.” (1884), “Letters to Dead Authors ” (1886), 
 “ The Politics of Aristotle " (1886), “ Myth, Ritual, and Re- 
 ligion " (1887), “ Grass of Parnassus ” (1888), “ Aucassin and 
 Nicolette ” (1887 : a translation), “ Perrault’s Fairy Tales” 
 (a translation), “The Blue Fairy Tale Book," “The Red 
 Fairy Tale Book,” etc. He also translated the Odyssey 
 with Professor Butcher, and the Iliad with Walter Leaf 
 and Ernest Myers, and published a series of critical articles 
 on Shakspere’s plays. 
 
 Lang, John Duhmore. Bom at Greenock, Scot- 
 land, Aug. 25, 1799: died at Sydney, Australia, 
 Aug. 8, 1878. An Australian Presbyterian cler- 
 gyman, journalist, and politician. He was editor 
 of “The Colonist" 1835-40 and “The Press” 1851-52, and 
 author of “An Historical and Statistical Account of New 
 South Wales” (1834), “Historical Account of the Separa- 
 tion of Victoria from New South Wales ” (1870), and other 
 books and pamphlets on the Australian colonies. 
 
 Langbaine (lang'ban), Gerard. Born at Bar- 
 ton, Westmoreland, 1609: died at Oxford, Feb. 
 10, 1658. AnEnglish scholar, provost of Queen’s 
 College, Oxford, 1646-58. He was an ardent 
 Royalist during the civil war, but retained his 
 office. 
 
 Langbaine, Gerard. Born at Oxford, July 15, 
 1656: died there, June 23, 1692. An English 
 student of dramatic literature, and critic: an in- 
 veterate enemy of Dryden. He wrote “ Momus Tri- 
 umphans, or the Plagiaries of the English Stage Exposed, 
 etc.” (1687: reissued as “A New Catalogue of English 
 Plays” 1688), and “An Account of the English Dramatic 
 Poets, etc." (1691). 
 
 Langdale, Baron. See Bickersteth, Henry. 
 Lange (lang'ge), or Bashi-lange (ba'she-lang'- 
 ge). See Luba. 
 
 Lange (lang'e), Friedrich Albert. Bom at 
 
 Wald, near Solingen, Prussia, Sept. 28, 1828: 
 died at Marburg, Prussia, Nov. 21, 1875. A Ger- 
 man writer on philosophy and economics, pro- 
 fessor at Marburg 1873-75. His principal work 
 is his “Geschichte des Materialismus ” (“His- 
 tory of Materialism,” 1866). 
 
 Lange, Helene. Born at Oldenburg in 1848. The 
 head of a training college for teachers at Ber- 
 lin. She is one of the foremost representatives 
 of the movement for women’s education in Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Lange, Johann Peter. Born at Sonnborn, near 
 Elberfeld, Prussia, April 10, 1802 : died at Bonn, 
 Prussia. July 9, 1884. A German Protestant 
 theologian, professor of theology at Zurich 
 (1841) and later (1854) at Bonn. He published the 
 
 commentary “ Bibelwerk * (1856-76 : English translation by 
 Schaff , etc. ), “ Das Leben Jesu ” (“ Life of J esus," 1844-47), 
 ‘ ‘ Christliche Dogmatik ”(1849-52), “Geschichte der Kirche” 
 (1853-54), etc. 
 
 Lange, Ludwig. Bom at Hannover, Prussia, 
 March 4, 1825 : died at Leipsic, Aug. 18, 1885. 
 A German archaeologist, author of “Handbueh 
 der romischen Altertiimer” (1856-71), etc. 
 Langeland (liing'e-land). An island of Den- 
 mark, situated southeast of Ftinen and west 
 of Laaland. Itbelongstotheamtof Svendborg. Town, 
 Rudkjobing. Length, 32 miles. Area, 106 square miles. 
 Langenau (lang'en-ou). A small town in Wur- 
 temberg, 11 miles northeast of Ulm. 
 Langenbeck (lang'en-bek), Konrad Johann 
 Martin. Born at Horneburg, Prussia, Dec. 5, 
 1776 : died at Gottingen, Prussia, Jan. 24, 1851. 
 A noted German anatomist and surgeon, pro- 
 fessor at Gottingen 1804, and surgeon-general 
 of the Hanoverian army. 
 
 Langenberg (liing'en-berG). A town in the 
 Rhine Province, Prussia, 29 miles north-north- 
 east of Cologne. Population, commune, 9,606. 
 Langenbielau(lang'en-be-lou). Amanufactur- 
 ing town in the province of Silesia, Prussia, 35 
 miles south-southwest of Breslau. Popula- 
 tion, 19,666. 
 
 Langendijk (liing'en-dlk), Pieter. Born at 
 Haarlem, 1683 : died there, 1756. A Dutch dram- 
 atist and poet. His father, who was a mason, died 
 early, and his mother then removed to The Hague, where 
 she supported herself and him from the profits of a little 
 
Langendijk 
 
 shop. He worked at this time as a damask-weaver after 
 patterns of his own designing. Subsequently he went to 
 Amsterdam asadesignertoalarge factory. Here appeared 
 the comedies “ DonQuichot" (“Don Quixote," 1711) ; “De 
 Zwetser” (“The Braggart ”) and “ Het wederzijds Huwe- 
 lyks Bedrog ” (“ The Mutual Marriage Deception ”), both 
 in 1712; “Krelis Louwen" and “De Wiskonstenaars ” 
 ("The Mathematicians”), both in 1715, “ De Windhande- 
 laars”and “ Arlequijn Actionist,” both in 1720. In 1721 
 hepublished his poems in two quarto volumes, which were 
 followed subsequently by three more. In 1722 he returned 
 to Haarlem as a designer, and lived there until his death. 
 In this last period fall two other comedies, “Xantippe” 
 and “Papirius," and, finally, the comedy not quite com- 
 pleted at his death, “Spieghel der vaderlandsche Koop- 
 lieden” (“A Mirror of our Merchants”). His collected 
 works were published in 1760. 
 
 Langensalza (lang'en-zalt-sa). A manufactur- 
 ing town in the province of Saxony, Prussia, 
 situated on the Salza 19 miles northwest of Er- 
 furt. Near this town, June 27, 1866, the Hanoverians 
 (18,000) under Arendtschildt defeated the Prussians (8,700) 
 under Von Flies, and the Prussian force (increased to 40,- 
 000, June 28) compelled the capitulation of the Hanoveri- 
 ans June 29. Population, commune, 12,545. 
 Langenschwalbach (lang'en-shviil-bach), or 
 Schwalbach (shviil'baeh). A small town and 
 watering-place in the province of Hesse-Nas- 
 sau, Prussia, 8 miles northwest of Wiesbaden: 
 noted for its mineral springs. Pop., over 2,000. 
 Langevin (lonzh-van'), Sir Hector Louis. 
 Born Aug. 25, 1826: died June 11, 1906. A 
 Canadian minister of public works 1879-91. 
 Langey, Guillaume du Bellay, Seigneur de. 
 Born at the Chateau de Glatigny, 1491: died near 
 Lyons, 1543. A noted French general and dip- 
 lomat. He conducted a number of missions to the Pope, 
 England, and Germany with great success, and in 1539 was 
 made viceroy of Piedmont by Franqois I. He wrote his 
 “ MCmoires ” under the name of “Ogdoades ” (“ liuitaines ’’), 
 because he divided his work into eight books ; they were 
 not printed till 1757. He also wrote “Epitome de l’anti- 
 quite des Gaules” (1566), and “Instruction sur le faict de 
 la guerre" (1588). 
 
 Langham (lang'am), Simon. Died July 22, 
 1376. An English prelate. He became abbot of 
 Westminster in 1349; treasurer of England in 1360; bish- 
 op of Ely in 1362 ; chanceUor of England 1363-66 ; arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury in 1366 (enthroned March 25, 1367) ; 
 and cardinal in 1368. He resigned his archbishopric Nov. 
 27, 1368, and went to the papal court at Avignon in 1369. He 
 filled a number of important places in England and in the 
 papal service ; was made cardinal-bishop of Preneste in 
 1373 ; and in 1374 was again chosen archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, but the Pope refused to confirm the election. 
 Langholm (lang'om). A town in Dumfries- 
 shire, Scotland, situated on the Esk. Popula- 
 tion, 3,500. 
 
 Langhorne (lang'horn), John. Born at Win- 
 ton, in Westmoreland, March, 1735: died at 
 Blagdon, in Somersetshire, England, April 1, 
 1779. An English poet and prose-writer, rec- 
 tor of Blagdon 1765 : best known by his trans- 
 lation of Plutarch’s “Lives” (conjointly with 
 his brother William, 1770). His poetical works 
 were collected and published by his son in 1804. 
 Langhorne, Sir William. Born at London, 
 1629: died at Charlton, Kent, Feb. 26, 1715. An 
 English merchant, governor of Madras 1670-77. 
 Langiewicz (lang-gye'vich), Maryan. Born 
 at Krotoschin, Prussia, Aug. 5, 1827 : died at 
 Constantinople, May 11, 1887. A Polish revolu- 
 tionist, insurgent leader and dictator in 1863. 
 Langland (lang'land), or Langley (lang'li), 
 Will iam. Born, probably in South Shrop- 
 
 shire, about 1330 : died about 1400. An Eng- 
 lish poet, author of the “ Vision of Piers Plow- 
 man,” and probably of a poem entitled by 
 Skeat “ Richard the Redeless.” Of his life very 
 little is definitely known. From passages in his poems 
 it appears that his early years were spent in the western 
 midland counties of England (Worcestershire, Shropshire); 
 that he received a considerable education, and probably 
 took minor orders ; that he was married and had a daugh- 
 ter ; that he lived as a mendicant singer ; and that most of 
 his later life was spent in London, where he dwelt in Corn- 
 hill. See Vision of Piers Plowman. 
 
 Langlfes (lon-glas'), Louis Matthieu. Born 
 at Perenne, near St.-Didier, France, Aug. 23, 
 1763 : died Jan. 28, 1824. A French Orientalist, 
 author of “ Instituts politiques et militaires de 
 Tamerlan, 6crits par lui-meme, en Mongol” 
 (1787), “Alphabet Tartare-Mandchon ” (1787), 
 etc. 
 
 Langley (lang'li), Edmund de. Born at King’s 
 Langley, Hertfordshire, June 5, 1341: died at 
 Langley, Aug. 1, 1402. The fifth son of Edward 
 III. by Philippa of Hainault, created first duke 
 of York Aug. 6, 1385. He became a member of the 
 councilof regency on the accession of Richard II. ; went in 
 July, 1381, at the head of an expedition to aid the Portu- 
 guese against the King of Castile, returning 1382; and was 
 regent Sept., 1394, and Sept., 1396, during the absence of 
 the king. Through his second son Richard, earl of Cam- 
 bridge, he was great-grandfather of Edward IV. 
 
 Langley, Samuel Pierpont. Born at Roxbury, 
 
 Boston, Aug. 22, 1834: died at Aikon, S. C., 
 
 590 
 
 Feb. 27, 1906. An American astronomer. 
 He became professor of astronomy in the Western Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania, Pittsburg, in 1867, and in 1887 
 was appointed secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 
 He published “Researches on Solar Heat and its Ab- 
 sorption by the Earth’s Atmosphere” (1884); and “The 
 New Astronomy” (1887). He was later engaged in 
 experiments tending to demonstrate the possibility of 
 mechanical flight; and as a result of these published 
 “ Experiments in Aerodynamics ” (1891), and “ The Inter- 
 nal Work of the Wind ” (1894). 
 
 Langlois (loh-glwa'V, Jean Charles. Born 
 July 22, 1789 : died March 24, 1870. A French 
 painter of battle-scenes. He was a pupil of Horace 
 Vemet, and in 1849 became a colonel in the army. He also 
 painted several panoramas: “The Battle of Navarino,” 
 “Burning of Moscow,” “Capture of the Malakoff,” etc. 
 
 Langnau (lang'nou). The chief town in the 
 Emmenthal, canton of Bern, Switzerland, situ- 
 ated on the Ilfis and Emme 16 miles east of 
 Bern. Population, 4,140. 
 
 Langobardi (lan-go-bar'di). [L. (Tacitus) Lan- 
 gobardi, Gr. (Strabo) Aayu6/3apooi, (Ptolemy) 
 A ayyojiapdoi.'] A people of northern Germany, 
 first mentioned by Strabo. At the time of Tacitus 
 they were situated south of the lower Elbe, adjoining the 
 Chauci. In 568-572, under Alboin, they conquered the 
 part of northern Italy still called Lombardy, and founded 
 the kingdom of that name, which was afterward extended 
 over a much larger territory, and was finally overthrown 
 by Charlemagne in 774. 
 
 Langon (loh-gon'). A town in the department 
 of Gironde, France, on the Garonne 24 miles 
 southeast of Bordeaux. Population, com- 
 mune, 4,836. 
 
 Langres (longr). A town in the department of 
 Haute-Marne, France, situated on the Marne 
 in lat. 47° 53' N., long. 5° 20' E. : the ancient 
 Andematunn um. It was the capital of the ancient 
 Lingones ; is an important fortress, and a bishopric ; man- 
 ufactures cutlery ; and has a museum and some antiquities. 
 The cathedral is an important early-Pointed monument, 
 still containing much that is Romanesque. The interior 
 is imposing ; the fluted pilasters and sculptured scroll- 
 ornament are imitations from the Roman. The chevet is 
 covered with a semi-dome. There is a Renaissance choir- 
 screen and calvary. The flying buttresses are architectu- 
 rally interesting as presenting the earliest type. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 9,803. 
 
 Langres, Plateau of. A table-land lying around 
 Langres (which see). It lies on the watershed 
 between the Mediterranean and the North Sea 
 and English Channel. 
 
 Langside (lang-sid'). A village, now a suburb 
 of Glasgow, where, May 13, 1568, the regent 
 Murray defeated Mary Queen of Scots. 
 Langson (lang-son'). A town in Tongking, 
 about lat. 21° 40' N., long. 106° 45' E. In its neigh- 
 borhood, Feb. 12, 1885, the French under De NAgrier de- 
 feated the Chinese, and March, 1885, the Chinese defeated 
 the French. 
 
 Langstaff (lang'staf), Esq., Launcelot. The 
 
 pseudonym of Washington Irving, William Ir- 
 ving, and James Kirke Paulding in “Salma- 
 gundi.” 
 
 Langtoft (lang'toft), Peter of. Born probably 
 at Langtoft, in the East Riding of Yorkshire (the 
 place from which he was named): died about 
 1307. An English chronicler, author of a his- 
 tory of England to the death of Edward I., in 
 barbarous French verse. The latter part of it was 
 translated into English by Robert of Brunne. It has been 
 published by Thorpe in the Rolls Series 1866 and 1868. 
 Langton (lang'ton), Bennet. Born in Lincoln- 
 shire, 1737 : died at Southampton, Dec. 18, 1801. 
 An English Greek scholar, a graduate of Trinity 
 College, Oxford. He was appointed professor of an- 
 cient literature at the Royal Academy in 1788; and is now 
 known only as the intimate friend of Dr. Johnson. 
 
 Langton, Simon. Died 1248. An English eccle- 
 siastic, archdeacon of Canterbury, brother of 
 Stephen Langton. He was an active partizan of the 
 barons against King John and the Pope, but under Henry 
 III. possessed great influence both at the court and in 
 ecclesiastical affairs. 
 
 Langton, Stephen. Died at Slindon, Sussex, 
 July 9 (?), 1228. A celebrated English prelate 
 and statesman, archbishop of Canterbury, and 
 leader of the confederated barons against John. 
 He was educated at the University of Paris, and lectured 
 there on theology until 1206 ; was made cardinal-priest in 
 that year; was elected archbishop of Canterbury (as a 
 compromise between the subprior Reginald, chosen by 
 the monks, and John de Grey, supported by the king), and 
 consecrated by the Pope June 17, 1207, but prevented by 
 the king (in a long struggle with the Pope) from admission 
 to liissee until 1213; and soon thereafterbecame the leader 
 of the contest with John. On April 17, 1222, he opened 
 a church council at Osney, the decrees of which (the “ Con- 
 stitutions of Stephen Langton") are the earliest provin- 
 cial canons still recognized as binding in the English ec- 
 clesiastical courts. He was a voluminous writer, and was 
 distinguished as a theologian, biblical scholar, historian, 
 and poet. 
 
 Langtry (lang'tri), Mrs. (Lily Le Breton). 
 
 Born at St. Heller's, Jersey, 1852. An English 
 actress. After gaining celebrity in English society sb a 
 
 Lansdown 
 
 beauty, she went on the stage in 1881. She has visited 
 the United States several times. 
 
 Languedoc ( lang'gwe-dok) . An ancient govern- 
 ment of southern France. Capital, Toulouse, it 
 was bounded by Guicnne, Auvergne, and Lyonnais on the 
 north, the Rhone on the east, the Mediterranean and Rous- 
 sillon on the south, and Foix, Gascony, and Guienne on 
 the west, and was traversed hy the Cevennes Mountains. 
 It was named from the langue d’oc, or Provencal, the lan- 
 guage of the south of France. The departments of Haute- 
 Loire, Lozere, Ardeche, Gard, Herault, Aude, Tarn, and 
 Haute-Garonne correspond to it. Haut-Languedoc was in 
 the west, Bas- Languedoc in the east. Languedoc formed 
 part of Gallia Narbonensis and of the West-Gothic king- 
 dom. It was overrun by the Saracens in the 8th century. 
 The chief powers were the marquisate of Septimania 
 (which became in the 10th century the county of Tou- 
 louse) and Narbonne. Narbonne was annexed to France 
 in 1229, and Toulouse in 1270 or 1271. 
 
 Languedoc, Canal du. See Midi, Canal du. 
 Languet (lon-ga'), Hubert. Born at Viteaux, 
 Burgundy, 1518; died at Antwerp, Sept. 30, 1581. 
 A French political writer and diplomatist, au- 
 thor of “ Vindiciro contra tyrannos” (1579), etc. 
 Languish, Lydia. In Sheridan’s comedy “The 
 Rivals,” a fantastical, romantic girl, unwilling 
 to marry unless the affair is conducted on the 
 most sentimental principles. See Absolute and 
 Beverley. 
 
 Lanier (la-ner'), Sidney. Born at Macon, Ga., 
 Eeb. 3, 1842: died at Lynn, N. C., Sept. 7, 1881. 
 An American poet, critic, and litterateur, in 
 1879 he was appointed lecturer on English literature at 
 the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. His works in- 
 clude the novel “Tiger Lilies” (1867), “Centennial Ode” 
 (1876), “Science of English Verse” (1881), “The English 
 Novel and its Development ” (1883), and “ Poems ” (1884). 
 He edited “Boys’ Froissart ” (1879), “Boys’ King Arthur” 
 (1880), “Boys’ Mabinogion”(1881). 
 
 Lanigan (lan'i-gan), John. Born at Cashel, 
 Ireland, 1758: died at Finglas (in an asylum), 
 July 7, 1828. An Irish Roman Catholic clergy- 
 man, author of an “Ecclesiastical History of 
 Ireland” (1822), etc. 
 
 Lanjuinais (loh-zhtie-na'), Jean Denis, Comte. 
 Born at Rennes, France, March 12, 1753: died 
 at Paris, Jan. 13, 1827. A French politician and 
 political writer, deputy to the National Assem- 
 bly in 1789, and Girondist deputy to the Con- 
 vention in 1792. 
 
 Lanka (lang'ka). The Sanskrit name of Cey- 
 lon or its capital, renowned as the habitation 
 of Ravana and his demons, whose conquest by 
 Ramachandra, after his wife Sita had been car- 
 ried off by Ravana, forms the subject of the 
 Ramayana. 
 
 Lankester (langk'es-ter), Edwin. Born at Mel- 
 ton, Suffolk, April 23, 1814 : died Oct. 30, 1874. 
 An English physician and man of science. He 
 studied at London University 1834-37, graduated M. D. at 
 Heidelberg in 1839, and settled in London as a physician 
 and writer for the press in 1840. In 1850 he was appointed 
 professor of natural history in New College, London, and 
 in 1859 was elected president of the London Microscopical 
 Society. He edited the work on natural history in the 
 “Penny” and “English" encyclopedias, and published a 
 “Natural History of Plants yielding Food ”(1845), “Me- 
 ^.morials of John Ray ” (1845), etc. 
 
 Lankester, Sir Edwin Ray. Born at London, 
 May 15, 1847. An English anatomist and zoolo- 
 gist, the eldest son of E. Lankester. He was 
 educated at St Paul’s School, London, and Christ Church, 
 Oxford ; was professor of zoology in University College, 
 London, 1874-90; was Linacre professor of comparative 
 anatomy at Oxford 1891-98 ; and was director of the natu- 
 ral history departments of the British Museum 1898-1907. 
 He has published many scientific papers. 
 
 Lannes (lan or lan), Jean, Due de Montebello. 
 
 Born at Leetoure, Gers, France, April 11, 1769 : 
 died at Vienna, May 31, 1809. A celebrated 
 French marshal. He served with distinction in Italy 
 1796-97, and in the Egyptian expedition 1798-99 ; gained 
 the victory of Montebello in 1800; served with distinction 
 at Marengo in 1800, Austerlitz in 1805, Jena and Pultusk 
 in 1806, and Friedland in 1807 ; gained the victory of 
 Tudela in 1808 ; captured Saragossa in 1809 ; and was mor- 
 tally wounded at Aspern, May, 1809. 
 
 Lannes, Napoleon Auguste, Due de Monte- 
 bello. Born July 30, 1801 : died July 19, 1874. 
 A French diplomatist and politician, son of 
 Marshal Lannes. 
 
 Lannion (lan-yon'). A town in the department 
 of Cotes-du-Nord, France, situated on the Guer 
 34 miles west-northwest of St.-Brieuc. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 5,856. 
 
 La Noue (land), Francois de, sumamed Bras 
 de Fer (‘ IronArm’). Born 1531 : died at Mon- 
 contour, France, Aug. 4, 1591. A noted French 
 Huguenot gen eral. He was taken prisonerat Jarnacand 
 Moncontour in 1569; lost his arm at Fontenay-le-Comtein 
 1570 (and supplied its place with an iron one: whence his 
 surname); commanded the forces of La Rochelle; was im- 
 prisoned by the Spaniards 1580-85; and was mortally 
 wounded at Lamballe in 1591. He wrote “ Discours poli- 
 tiques et militaires ” (1587). 
 
 Lansdown (lanz'doun). A place near Bath, 
 England, where the Royalists under Sir R. Hop- 
 
Lansdown 
 
 ton defeated the Parliamentarians under Sir W. 
 Waller, July 5, 1643. 
 
 Lansdowne, Marquis of. See Petty and Petty- 
 Fitzmaurice. 
 
 Lansing (lan'sing). The capital city of Michi- 
 gan, situated in Ingham County, on the Grand 
 River, in lat. 42° 46' N. , long. 84° 33 ' W. it is the 
 seat of the State Agricultural College. It became the cap- 
 ital in 1847. Population, 31,229, (1910). 
 
 Lansingburg (lan'sing-berg). A former vil- 
 lage in Rensselaer County, New York, situated 
 on the Hudson 9 miles northeast of Albany. 
 It is noted for its brush manufactures. Since 1901 it has 
 formed a part of Troy. 
 
 Lantfred (lant 'fred), or Lanfred ( lan'fred) . An 
 English hagiographer of the 10th century, a 
 monk of Winchester : author of “ De Miraculis 
 Swithuni.” 
 
 Lanuvium (la-no'vi-um). In ancient geography, 
 a town of Latium, Italy, situated 20 miles south- 
 east of Rome : the modern Civita Lavinia. It 
 was noted for the worship of Juno Sospita. 
 Lanza (lan'za), Giovanni. Born at Vignale, 
 near Casale-Monteferrato, Italy, 1810 : died at 
 Rome, March 9, 1882. An Italian statesman, 
 premier 1869-73. 
 
 Lanzarote (lan-tha-ro'ta). The easternmost of 
 the Canary Islands, situated in lat. 28° 55' N., 
 long. 13° 40' W. Capital, Puerto del Arrecife. 
 Length, 31 miles. Area, 311 square miles. Population, 
 about 18,000. 
 
 Lanzi (lan'ze), Luigi. Born at Montolmo, near 
 Macerata, Italy, June 13, 1732 : died at Florence, 
 March 31,1810. An Italian antiquary and writer 
 on art. His chief works are “ Saggio di lingua etrusca, 
 etc.” (“Essay on the Etruscan Language, ' 1789), “Storia 
 pittorica dell’ Italia, etc. ” (“ History of Painting in Italy,” 
 1792), etc. 
 
 Laocoon (la-ok'o-on). [Gr. Aao/cdor.] In Greek 
 legend (post-Homeric), a priest of Apollo at 
 Troy, who, because he had offended the god, 
 was strangled, with one of his sons, by two ser- 
 pents while he was offering a sacrifice to Posei- 
 don. In Vergil’s version of the story two of his 
 sons are killed with him. 
 
 Laocoon. A famous antique group in the Vati- 
 can, Rome, showing the Trojan priest of Apollo 
 and his two young sons enveloped and bitten 
 to death by serpents. Tt is a masterpiece of anatomi- 
 cal knowledge and skilful execution. In style it is akin 
 to the Gigantomachy of the Pergamene altar, and it is at- 
 tributed to the contemporaneous school of Rhodes. The 
 outstretched arms of Laocoon and one son are falsely re- 
 stored. 
 
 Laocoon. A critical treatise on art by Lessing, 
 published in 1766. 
 
 Laodaxnas (la-od'a-mas). [Gr. AaoSayac.'] In 
 Greek legend, a son of Eteocles, and king of 
 Thebes. 
 
 Laodamia (la-od-a-mi'a). [Gr. A a.odayua.'] In 
 Greek legend, the daughter of Acastus, and wife 
 of Protesilaus with whom she voluntarily died. 
 Wordsworth published a poem with this title. 
 Laodicea (la-od-i-se'a). [Gr. Aaodkua.] 1. An 
 ancient city in Phrygia, Asia Minor, in the valley 
 of Lyeus, an auxiliary river of the Meeander 50 
 miles north of Aradus. It was one of the most north- 
 ern of the Phenician cities, and its original name was 
 Ramantha. It did not attain great importance until the 
 time of the Seleuckhe. Antiochus II. reestablished it and 
 named it, after his wife, Laodicea, and it soon became a 
 prosperous city. In 1402 A. I>. it was destroyed by Timur, 
 but its great ruins at Eski-Hissar are still witnesses of its 
 former splendor. In the Apocalypse it is one of the con- 
 gregations to which an epistle is addressed. 
 
 2. See Ladikiyeh. 
 
 Laodogant. In Arthurian romance, the father 
 of Guinevere. 
 
 Laomedon (la-om'e-don). [Gr. Aaoyeduv.'] In 
 Greek legend, the son of Ilus and Eurydice, and 
 father of Priam, founder and king of Troy. For 
 an offense against Poseidon he was forced to offer his 
 daughter Hesione to a sea-monster. Hercules found her 
 chained to a rock, and agreed to free her for a pair of magi- 
 cal horses which Zeus had given to Laomedon in exchange 
 for Ganymede. Laomedon failed to keep his promise, and 
 Hercules captured his city and slew him and all his sons 
 except Priam. 
 
 Laon (Ion). The capital of the department 
 of Aisne, France, situated in lat. 49° 33' N., 
 long. 3° 35' E. : the Roman Bibrax, Laudunum, 
 or Lugdunum Clavatum. It is a fortified town. Laon 
 was the residence of the early kings ; was the seat of a 
 bishopric from about 600 to the Revolution ; often changed 
 hands; and suffered in the English, religious, and League 
 wars. The French under Marmont v/ere defeated here 
 with heavy loss by the Allies under Bliichcr, March 9, 
 1814. Laon surrendered to the Germans Sept. 9, 1870. 
 The cathedral is one of the most splendid of medieval 
 monuments, possessing the finest west front after those 
 of the cathedrals of Rheims, Paris, and Amiens. The style 
 is early Pointed ; the facade has a noble projecting porch 
 of 3 great arches, above which are arcades in picturesquely 
 broken ranges, and a magnificent rose, surmounted by 2 
 fine towels. The chevet is square, with a splendid rose 
 above 3 lancets. The interior is admirably proportioned, 
 
 591 
 
 400 feet long and 80 high. There is a double triforium. 
 The cathedral was designed for 9 towers and spires, most 
 of which were completed : but the spires have all disap- 
 peared, with some of the towers. The accessory buildings 
 are of unusual interest. Population, commune, 15,288. 
 Laonnais (la-na'). An ancient district of 
 France, now comprised in the department of 
 Aisne. 
 
 Laos (la'os). Arace of Further India, northeast 
 of Siam proper, allied to the Siamese, to whom 
 they are tributary. Numbers, estimated, 1,500,- 
 000 . 
 
 Lao-tsze (la'o-tsa'). Born about 604 b. c. A 
 Chinese philosopher, founder of the system of 
 Taoism, and the reputed author of the book 
 “ Tao-teh King.” 
 
 La Palata, Duke of. See Navarra y Bocafull. 
 La Paz (la path; local pron. la paz'). i. A 
 department of western Bolivia, on the Peru- 
 vian frontier. Area variously estimated. Pop- 
 ulation, 516,914. — 2. A city of Bolivia, capi- 
 tal of the department of La Paz, situated in a 
 valley of the Andes, 12,226 feet above sea-level, 
 in lat. 16° 30' S., long. 67° 59' W. It has a con- 
 siderable trade in agricultural and mining products, and 
 contains a cathedral and a university. Population, 
 78,856. 
 
 La Paz. A seaport and the capital of Lower 
 California, Mexico, situated on the Gulf of 
 California in lat. 24° 10' N., long. 110° 21' W. 
 Population, 5,456, (1910). 
 
 La Perouse (la pa-roz'), Jean Frangois de 
 Galaup, Comte de. Born near Albi, France, 
 Aug. 22, 1741: lost at sea in 1788. A French 
 navigator. He commanded an exploring expedition 
 which set sail from France in 1785 and arrived on the 
 northeastern coast of Asia in 1787. He discovered the 
 Strait of Perouse, Aug. 9, 1787, and in the following year 
 suffered shipwreck and perished with his whole expedition 
 off the island of Vanikoro. 
 
 La Perouse strait. [Named for the Count de 
 la Perouse.] A sea passage separating the 
 islands of Saghalin and Yezo, and connecting 
 the Sea of Japan with the Sea of Okhotsk. 
 Lapham (lap'am), Increase Allen. Born at 
 Palmyra, N. Y., March 7, 1811: died at Oeono- 
 mowoc, Wis. , Sept. 14, 1875. An American geol- 
 ogist, author of various works on Wisconsin. 
 Lapithae (lap'i-the). [Gr. AamOat.'] In Greek 
 legend, a Thessalian race, descendants of La- 
 pithes, son of Apollo and Stilbe, and brother of 
 Centaurus. They were governed by Pirithous, a half- 
 brother of the Centaurs. On the occasion of his marriage 
 to Hippodameia, a fierce struggle took place between the 
 Centaurs (who had been invited to the wedding) and the 
 Lapithae, which ended in the expulsion of the former from 
 Pelion. The cause of the quarrel was the attempt of a 
 drunken Centaur, Eurytion, to carry off the bride. 
 
 Lapito (la-pe-to'), Louis Auguste. Born at 
 St.-Maur, near Paris, 1805: died at Boulogne- 
 sur-Seine, near Paris, April 7, 1874. A French 
 landscape-painter. 
 
 Laplace (lii-plas'), Marquis Pierre Simon de. 
 
 Born at Beaumont-en-Auge, Calvados, France, 
 March 28, 1749: died at Paris, March 5, 1827. 
 A celebrated French astronomer and mathe- 
 matician. His father was a farmer. Laplace went to 
 Paris and obtained, through the influence of D’Alembert, a 
 position asprofessorof mathematics in the Ecole Militaire. 
 In 1799 Napoleon made him minister of the interior, a post 
 which he held only six weeks. In 1803 he was vice-presi- 
 dent of the Senate. He was made a peer by Louis XVIII. 
 and marquis in 1817. Among his most noted researches 
 are those on the inequality of the motions of Jupiter and 
 Saturn, on lunar motions, on probabilities, and on the 
 tides. His most famous work is the “ Mecanique cdleste " 
 (1799-1825: English translation by Nathaniel Bowditch). 
 He published also “Exposition du system e du monde” 
 (1796), etc. 
 
 Lapland, or Lappland (lap'land). The country 
 of the Lapps, situated in the extreme north of 
 Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the north-west- 
 ern part of the government of Archangel, 
 Russia. The inhabitants are chiefly Lapps (estimated 
 at 28,000), comprising Mountain Lapps (chiefly nomadic) 
 and Fisher Lapps. The religions are Lutheran and Greek 
 Church. The Lapps were reduced by the Russians in the 
 11th century, by the Norwegians in the 14th, and by the 
 Swedes in the 16th. 
 
 La Plata. See Bio de la Plata. 
 
 La Plata (la. pla/tii). One of the old names of 
 Sucre or Chuquisaca, Bolivia. 
 
 La Plata (la pla'ta). A port and the capital of 
 the province of Buenos Ayres, Argentine Re- 
 public, situated at the mouth of the river San- 
 tiago, an affluent of the Rio de la Plata, 24 miles 
 east-southeast of Buenos Ayres, it was founded in 
 Nov., 18S2, and its growth has been phenomenal. It is now 
 the most important port of the republic, and has a cathe- 
 dral, astronomical observatory, museum, and many other 
 public institutions. The suburb of Tolosa is the central 
 point of the Argentine railway syBtem. Population, esti- 
 mated, 80,000. 
 
 La Plata, The United Provinces of. The of- 
 ficial namo of the Argentine Republic from 
 
 Laramie Mountains 
 
 1813 to 1830. Duri ng this period a federal system pre- 
 vailed, but with many changes and much confusion. 
 Uruguay was included during a part of the time. 
 
 La Plata, Viceroyalty of. A division and vice- 
 royalty of Spanish South America, established 
 in 1776 to include the colonies of Buenos Ayres, 
 Tucuman, and Paraguay, the Banda Oriental 
 (Uruguay), Charcas (now Bolivia), taken from 
 Peru, and Cuyo (Mendoza, etc.), separated from 
 Chile. It corresponded nearly to the present countries of 
 the Argentine Republic, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia. 
 The viceroyalty practically came to an end in 1810, and 
 during the war for independence the countries separated. 
 Also called the Viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres, from the 
 capital. 
 
 Lapommeraye (la-pom-ra'), Pierre Henri 
 Victor Berdalle de. Born at Rouen, Oct. 20, 
 1839: died at Paris, Dec. 23, 1891. A French 
 critic and lecturer. In 1881 he took charge of the 
 course of dramatic history and literature at the Conser- 
 vatory. 
 
 La Porte (la, pdrt'). A city and the capital of 
 La Porte County, Indiana, 51 miles east-south- 
 east of Chicago. Population, 10,525, (1910). 
 Lappenberg (lap'pen-berG), Johann Martin. 
 
 Born at Hamburg, July 30, 1794 : died Nov. 28. 
 1865. A German historian, keeper of the ar- 
 chives to the Hamburg senate 1823-63. Hew'rote 
 “Geschichte von England ” (“History of England,” 1834- 
 1837 : continued by Pauli, translated by Thorpe), the history 
 of Hamburg and of the Hanseatic League, etc. 
 
 Lapps (laps). A race from which Lapland (which 
 see ) takes its name. The Lapps are an inferior branch 
 of the Finnic race, physically dwarfish and w eak, and low 
 in the scale of civilization. 
 
 Laputa (la-pu'ta). A flying island in Swift’s 
 “ Gulliver’s Travels.” 
 
 In the voyage to Laputa the satire is directed against the 
 vanity of human wisdom, and the folly of abandoning use- 
 ful occupations for the empty schemes of visionaries. The 
 philosophers of Laputa had allowed their land to run waste, 
 and their people to fall into poverty, in their attempts to 
 “soften marble for pillows and pin-cushions,” to “petrify 
 the hoofs of a living horse to prevent them from founder- 
 ing,” to “sow land with chaff,” and to “extract sunbeams 
 from cucumbers, which were to be put in phials hermeti- 
 cally sealed, and let out to warm the air in raw, inclement 
 summers. ” Tuclcerman, Hist, of Prose Fiction, p. 176. 
 
 Lar. See Lares. 
 
 Lar (lar). The capital of the province of Laris- 
 tan, Persia, situated about lat. 27° 31' N., long. 
 54° 10' E. Population, estimated, about 12,000. 
 Lara (la'ra). The name of a family belonging 
 to the Castilian aristocracy of the 10th century, 
 whose adventures have been made the subject 
 of many ballads. See the extract. 
 
 The ballads which naturally form the next group are 
 those on the Seven Lords of Lara, who lived in the time 
 of Garcia Fernandez, the son of Fernan Gonzalez. Some 
 of them are beautiful, and the story they contain is one of 
 the most romantic in Spanish history. The Seven Lords 
 of Lara, in consequence of a family quarrel, are betrayed by 
 their uncle into the hands of the Moors, and put to death ; 
 while their father, with the basest treason, is confined in 
 a Moorish prison, where, by a noble Moorish lady, he has 
 an eighth son, the famous' Mudarra, who at last avenges 
 all the wrongs of his race. On this story there are above 
 thirty ballads : some very old and exhibiting either inven- 
 tions or traditions not elsewhere recorded, while others 
 seem to have come directly from the “General Chronicle." 
 
 Ticlmor, Span. Lit., I. 126. 
 
 Lara. A narrative poem by Lord Byrou, pub- 
 lished in 1814: so called from the name of its hero. 
 Lara (la'ra). Astate of north western Venezuela, 
 between Falcon and Carabobo, with a small ex- 
 tent of coast on the Caribbean Sea. Capital, 
 Barquisimeto. Area, 9,296 square miles. Popu- 
 lation (estimated), 260,681. 
 
 Lara (la'ra), Juan Jacinto. Born at Carora, 
 Barquisimeto, 1778 : died at Barquisimeto, Feb. 
 25, 1859. A Venezuelan general of the war for 
 independence. He enlisted in 1810, and held many im- 
 portant commands in Venezuela, Colombia, and Peru ; led 
 the Colombian troops at the battle of Ayacucho, Dec. 9, 
 1824 ; and remained in command of the Colombian con- 
 tingent after Bolivar left Peru in 1826. On Jan. 26, 1827, 
 his troops revolted, made him prisoner, and sent him to 
 Bogota, where he was released. This event led to the with- 
 drawal of the Colombians from Peru, and the rejection by 
 that country of Bolivar’s constitution. 
 
 La Rabida (la ra'be-da). The name commonly 
 given to the Franciscan convent of Santa Maria 
 de Rabida, on a hill near the town of Palos, 
 Spain. It is associated with several incidents in the life 
 of Christopher Columbus. The convent, which had fallen 
 to ruins, was restored in 1855. 
 
 Laracke, or Larash. See El-Araish. 
 
 Laramie City (lar'a-me sit'i). The capital of 
 Albany County, Wyoming, situated on theUnion 
 Pacific Railroad 45 miles west-northwest of 
 Cheyenne : a trading center. Population, 
 8,237, (1910). 
 
 Laramie Mountains. A range of mountains 
 in southern Wyoming and northern Colorado. 
 It extends east and northeast of the Laramie 
 Plains. 
 
Laramie Peak 
 
 Laramie Peak. A peak of the Laramie Moun- 
 tains, situated in Wyoming about lat.42° 20' N. 
 Height, about 10,000 feet. 
 
 Laramie Plains. A plateau in southern Wyo- 
 ming, northwest of Cheyenne. Its height is 
 about 7,500 feet. 
 
 Laramie River. A river which rises in northern 
 Colorado and joins the North Platte at Port 
 Laramie, eastern Wyoming. Length, about 
 200 miles. 
 
 Laranda (la-ran'da). The ancient name of Ka- 
 raman (which see). 
 
 La Ravardidre (la ra-var-dyar'), Daniel de la 
 
 Tousche, Sieur de. Born in Poitou about 1570 : 
 died after 1631. A French Protestant soldier. 
 About 1609 and 1611 he made two voyages to the coast of 
 northern Brazil for trading purposes. Subsequently he 
 joined with Francois de Razilly in establishing a French 
 colony at Maranhao (1612), from whence he explored the 
 Lower Amazon. The colony was taken by the Portuguese 
 in 1616, and La E-avardiere remained a prisoner for 9 years. 
 In 1630 he was vice-admiral, under Razilly, in an expedi- 
 tion against the Barbary corsairs. 
 
 Lareher(Iar-slia'), Pierre Henri. Bornat Dijon, 
 France, Oct. 12, 1720: died at Paris, Dec. 22, 1812. 
 A French Hellenist, translator of Herodotus 
 (1786). 
 
 Larcom (lar'kom), Lucy. Born at Beverly 
 Farms, Mass., i826: died April 17, 1893. An 
 American poet. In her youth she worked in a factory 
 at Lowell, Mass., and was a contributor to the “ Lowell 
 Offering.” From 1866-74 she was editor of “Our Young 
 Folks.” She was the author of “ Ships in the Mist, etc..” 
 stories (1859), and 4 or 5 volumes of poems, and compiled 
 and edited “Roadside Poems, etc. ”(1876), “Hillside and 
 Seaside in Poetry ” (1877), etc. Perhaps her best-known 
 single poem is “Poor Lone Hannah." 
 
 Lardner (lard'ner), Dionysius. Born at Dub- 
 lin, April 3, 1793: died at Naples, April 29, 1859. 
 An English clergyman and scientific writer, a 
 graduate of Trinity College, Dublin (1817). in 
 1827 he was appointed professor of natural philosophy and 
 astronomy in London University. He eloped, 1840, with 
 the wife of a cavalry officer (afterward marrying her) ; vis- 
 ited the United States and Cuba; and in 1845 established 
 himself in Paris. Among his numerous publications are 
 the “Cabinet Cyclopedia" (1839-49), to which he contrib- 
 uted the articles on hydrostatics, pneumatics, arithmetic, 
 and geometry (and collaborated in others), “The Great Ex- 
 hibition and London in 1851 ’’ (1852), and numerous works 
 and papers on natural science and railway economics. He 
 is notable chiefly as a popularizer of science. 
 
 Lardner, Nathaniel. Born at Hawkliurst, Kent, 
 June 6, 1684: died there, July 24, 1768. An Eng- 
 lish nonconformist divine and biblical scholar, 
 author of “ The Credibility of the Gospel His- 
 tory” (1727-57 : anoted defense of Christianity), 
 sermons, etc. 
 
 Laredo (lii-ra'thS). A seaport in the province of 
 Santander, Spain, on the Bay of Biscay. It has 
 a large trade in fish. Population, 4,179. 
 Lares (la'rez). In Roman antiquity, a class 
 of infernal deities whose cult was primitive. 
 They were looked upon as natural protectors of the state 
 and family, and also as powerful for evil if not duly re- 
 spected and propitiated. The public Lares, originaUy two 
 in number, were the guardians of the unity of the state, 
 and were honored with temples and an elaborate ceremo- 
 nial. After the time of Augustus, at least, each division of 
 the city had also its own public Lares (Lares compitales). 
 The private Lares differed for each family, and were wor- 
 shiped daily in the house, being domiciled either on the 
 family hearth or in a special shrine. They received also 
 especial recognition upon every occasion of festivity, pub- 
 lic or private, and on certain days devoted particularly to 
 them, and claimed tribute alike from the bride upon en- 
 tering the family and from the youth upon attaining his 
 majority. The chief of the private Lares in each family, the 
 domestic or household Lar (Lar familiaris) in the fullest 
 sense, was the spirit of the founder of the family. To the 
 family spirits were often added in later times, among the 
 household Lares, the shades of heroes, or other personal- 
 ities who were looked upon with admiration or awe. In 
 their character as malignant divinities, the Lares were 
 commonly classed under the title of Lemures or Larvse. 
 Largs (largz). A town in Ayrshire, Scotland, 
 situated on the Firth of Clyde, it was the scene 
 of a victory of Alexander III. over Haco of Norway in 
 12G3. Population, 5,4y5. 
 
 Larino (la-re'no). A town in the province of 
 Campobasso, Italy, situated in lat. 41° 48' N., 
 long. 14° 55' E. Population, commune, 7,063. 
 Larissa, or Larisa (la-res'a: Gr. la're-sa). 1. 
 Anomarchy of northern Greece, ceded by Tur- 
 key in 1881 Area, since 1899, 1,622 square 
 miles. Population, 95,066. — 2. The capital of 
 the nomarchy of Larissa, situated on the Salam- 
 bria (Peneius) in lat. 39° 37' N., long. 22° 22' 
 E.: the ancient capital (underthename Larissa) 
 of the district Pelasgiotis. Population, 18,001. 
 Larissa Cremaste (la-ris'ii kre-mas'te). In 
 ancient geography, a town in Thessaly, Greece, 
 situated in lat. 38° 56' N., long. 22° 50' E. 
 Laristan (liir-is-tan'). A province in southern 
 Persia, hordering on the Persian Gulf south- 
 east of Farsistan. Capital, Lar. The surface is 
 largely mountainous. Area, about 20,000 square miles. 
 Population, about 90,000. 
 
 592 
 
 Larius (la'ri-us) Lacus. [Gr. y Adptoc Aipvr/.] 
 The Roman name of the Lake of Como. 
 
 La Rive (la rev'), Auguste de. Born at Ge- 
 neva, Oct. 9, 1801: died at Marseilles, Nov. 27, 
 1873. A Swiss physicist, son of Charles Gaspard 
 de La Rive, physician and chemist (1770-1834). 
 He was made professor of natural philosophy at the Acad- 
 emy at Geneva in 1823; went to Paris in 1830; became 
 corresponding member of the Institute; went to London, 
 and was admitted to the Royal Society ; returned to Geneva 
 in 1836, and conducted the “ Biblmtheque Universelle de 
 Genfeve.” He devoted himself to the investigation of the 
 specific heat of gases and the conductibiiityof heat, but 
 especially to researches in electricity. His name is asso- 
 ciated with many original discoveries in magnetism, elec- 
 tro-dynamics, etc. He invented the process of electro-gild- 
 ing, and propounded a new theory of the aurora. Among 
 his published works are “ Momoire sur les caustiques” 
 (1824), “Th^orie de la pile voltaique” (1830), and a com- 
 plete treatise on electricity, regarded as authoritative, en- 
 titled “Archives de I’^bctricito : Trait e de l’61ectriciti5 
 tlnSorique et appliqu^e ” (1854-58). 
 
 Larivey (la-re-va'), Pierre de. Born at Troyes 
 about 1550 : died about 1612. A French drama- 
 tist. He was of Italian birth, and translated his Italian 
 name Giunti into Larivey. He may be considered one of 
 the creators of Ftench comedy. Both Molifere and R egnard 
 were indebted to him. His comedies were published 
 together by Viollet-le-Duc in 1579, and several editions 
 followed. He also translated and imitated Straparola's 
 “Nights,” etc. 
 
 Larnaka, or Larnaea (lar'na-ka), or Larnica 
 (lar'ne-kii). A town and the chief seaport in 
 Cyprus, with roadstead in lat. 34° 55' N., long. 
 33° 39' E. : the ancient Citium. Population, 
 8,681. 
 
 Laroche (la-rosh'), Madame (Maria Sophie Gu- 
 termann). Bom atKaufbeuren, Bavaria, Dee. 
 6, 1731 : died at Offenbach, Hesse, Fob. 18, 1807. 
 A German novelist. Her novels are somewhat after 
 the manner of Richardson. Among them are “Fraulein 
 Sternheim " (1771), “Rosaliens Briefe ” (1779), “Melusinens 
 Sommerlieder” (1806), etc. 
 
 La Rochefoucauld (la rdsh-fo-ko'), Francois, 
 sixth Duke of, Prince of Marcillac. Boru at 
 Paris, Dee. 15, 1613 : died there, March 17, 1680. 
 A French moralist. He is known in literature through 
 his maxims, his memoirs, and his correspondence. The first 
 edition of the “Maxims” was issued anonymously under the 
 title “ Reflexions ou sentences et maximes morales ” (1665). 
 The fifth edition (1678), published during the authors life- 
 time, is considered definitive. A sixth edition (1693) con- 
 tains 60 posthumous maxims. The best modern edition 
 was made by Gilbert for the series of the “ G'-ands ecri- 
 vains de la France ” ( ! 868). La Rochefoucauld’s memoirs 
 were published in 1662 under the title “ Mdmoires sur la 
 r^gence d'Anne d’Autriche.” His correspondence was 
 made public in 1818 through Belin’s edition of the great 
 moralist’s works. 
 
 La Rockefoucauld-Liancourt (lyon-kor'),Duc 
 Franqois Alexandre Frederic de. Born J an. 
 
 11, 1747: died March 27, 1827. A French phi- 
 lanthropist and politician. Hefounded onliisestate, 
 Liancourt, near Clermont, a model school for the education 
 of .poor soldiers’ children, which in 1788 received the name 
 “Ecole des Enfants de la Patrie.” He emigrated at the 
 beginning of the Revolution, and wascreateda peer at the 
 restoration of the Bourbons in 1814. He wrote “Voyage 
 dans les Etats-Unis d’Amfiriquefait en 1795-97 ”(1798), etc. 
 
 La Rochejacquelein (la rosh-zhak-lan'), Henri 
 du Vergier, Comte de. Born near Chatillon, 
 Deux-Sevres, Aug., 1772: killed at Nouaill6, 
 March 4, 1794. A French Vendean leader. He 
 was made generalissimo in Oct., 1793 ; was victorious at 
 Antrain and elsewhere ; and was defeated at Le Mans in 
 1793. 
 
 La Rochejacquelein, Louis du Vergier, Mar- 
 quis de. Bom at St. Aubin, Deux-Sevres, 
 France, Nov., 1777 : killed in battle at Pont- 
 des-Mathis, near St.-Gilles, France, June 4, 
 1815. A French Vendean leader, brother of the 
 Comte de la Rochejacquelein. 
 
 La Rochejacquelein, Marie Louise Victoire 
 de Donnisson, Marquise de. Born at Ver- 
 sailles, France, Oct. 25, 1772: died at Orleans, 
 France, Feb. 15, 1857. A French royalist, sec- 
 ond wife of the Marquis de la Rochejacquelein. 
 She published “Mfimoires” (1815). 
 
 La Rochelle (la ro-skel'). The capital of the 
 department of Charente-Tn ferieure, France, sit- 
 uated on an arm of the Bay of Biscay, in lat. 46° 
 9' N., long. 1° 9' W. : the medieval Rupella. it 
 is a strong fortress and an important seaport. Its fisheries 
 are flourishing, and its trade extensive in wine, brandy, 
 coal, timber, salt, grain, etc. It has a good harbor, and 
 contains a cathedral, several old towers, and an interest- 
 ing hotel de ville. It was the ancient capital of Aunis. 
 After various changes it was finally restored to France 
 about 1372. After 1568 it was the Huguenot headquarters. 
 It was besieged by Richelieu 1627 and taken 1628 (through 
 the construction of a mole, and in spite of the relief expe- 
 dition under the Duke of Buckingham in 1627). The Eng- 
 lish attempted to destroy the F rench fleet here in 1809. 
 Population, commune, 33,858. 
 
 La Rochelle, Peace of. A peace signed at ba 
 Rochelle, July 6, 1573, whereby Charles IX, 
 granted the Protestants partial toleration. 
 
 La-Roche-sur-Yon (la-rosh ' siir-y6n '). The 
 
 Lasca, 11 
 
 capital of the department of Vend6e, France, 
 situated on the Yon in lat. 46° 41' N., long. 1° 
 27' W. The town was founded by Napoleon, and was 
 named Napoleonville 1808-14, Bourbon-Vendee 1814-48, 
 and NapolCon- Vendee 1848-70. The castle Roche-sur-Yon 
 was formerly important in the English and religious wars. 
 Napoleon erected in the town a number of buildings which 
 are not remarkable. Population, commune, 13,685. 
 
 Laromigui&re (la-ro-me-gyar'), Pierre. Born 
 at Livignac-le-Haut, Aveyron, France, Nov. 3, 
 1756: died at Paris, Aug. 12, 1837. A French 
 philosophical writer, author of “ Lemons de 
 philosophie ” (1815-18), etc. 
 
 La Rothiere (la-ro-tyar'). A village 23 miles 
 east of Troyes, Aube, France. Here, Feb. l, 1814 , 
 the Allies (100,000) under Bliicher defeated the French 
 (45,000) under Napoleon. 
 
 Larousse (la-ros'), Pierre Athanase. Born at 
 Toucy, Yonne, France, Oct. 23, 1817 : died at 
 Paris, Jan. 3, 1875. A French grammarian, lex- 
 icographer, and author : editor of the “ Grand 
 dictionnaire universel” (1866-78). 
 
 Larra (lar'ra), Mariano Jose de. Born at 
 Madrid, March, 1809 : committed suicide, Feb. 
 13, 1837. A Spanish satirist and dramatist. 
 He first attracted notice by his “ El duende Satirico ” 
 (1829) and “El pobrecito hablador ” (1832). He became 
 editor in chief of the “ Spanish Review ” in 1833, and wrote 
 for periodicals, under the pseudonym Figaro, a variety of 
 humorous articles published in 5 volumes as “ Figaro ” 
 after his death in 1837. 
 
 Larrazabal(lar-ra-tha'bal), Felipe. Born about 
 1822: died 1873. A Venezuelan author. He is 
 best known for his “Vida del Libertador Simon Bolivar," 
 first published in 1863 (Caracas, 2 vols.), which has passed 
 through several editions. Larrazabal collected a large 
 amount of manuscript material on the history of America, 
 including over 8,000 letters of Bolivar. He wason his way 
 to Europe to arrange for the publication of several works 
 when he was drowned in the wreck of the steamship 
 Ville du Havre. 
 
 Larrey (la-ra'), Dominique Jean, Baron. Born 
 near Bagneres-de-Bigorre, France, July, 1766: 
 died at Lyons, July 25, 1842. A noted French 
 Surgeon. He served first in the navy, and then in the 
 army, and became distinguished in the Napoleonic cam- 
 paigns as the head of the medical and surgical department 
 of the army. He introduced the ambulances volantes (fly- 
 ing ambulances). He published “MCmoires de m^decine 
 et de chirurgie” (1812-18), etc. 
 
 Larsa (lar'sa). See Ellasar. 
 
 La Salle (la sal). A city of La Salle County, 
 Illinois, situated on the Illinois, at the head of 
 navigation, 85 miles west-southwest of Chi- 
 cago. Population, 11,537, (1910). 
 
 La Salle (la sal'), Antoine de. A French poet. 
 See the extract. 
 
 Critics have vied with each other in heaping unacknow- 
 ledged masterpieces on his head. His only acknowledged 
 work is the charming romance of “Petit Jean de SaintrA” 
 The first thing added to this has been the admirable satire 
 of the “Quinze Joyes du Mariage,” the next the famous 
 collection of the “Cent Nouvelles,” and the last the still 
 more famous farce of “Pathelin.” There are for once few 
 or no external reasons why these various attributions 
 should notbe admitted, while there are many internal ones 
 why they should. Antoine de la Salle was born in 1398, 
 and spent his life in the employment of different kings 
 and princes. — Louis III. of Anjou, king of Naples, his 
 son the good King Rend, the count of Saint Pol, and Philip 
 the Good of Burgundy, who was his natural sovereign. 
 Nothing is known of him after 1461. Of the three prose 
 works w hich have been attributed to him — there are others 
 of a didactic character in manuscript — the “ Quinze Joyes 
 du Mariage” is extremely brief, but it contains the quin- 
 tessence of all the satire on that honourable estate which 
 the middle ages had elaborated. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 147. 
 
 La Salle (la sal), Jean Baptiste. Born at 
 Rheims, France, April 30, 1651: died at Rouen, 
 France, April 7, 1719. A French priest, founder 
 of the “Brethren of the Christian Schools.” 
 
 La Salle, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de. Born 
 at Rouen, Nov. 22, 1643: died in Texas, March 
 20, 1687. A French explorer. He was of burgher 
 descent; was educated by the Jesuits, with whom he was 
 for a time connected ; and in 1666 went out to Canada. In 
 1669 he set out upon a tour of western exploration, in the 
 course of which he discovered the Ohio River. In the 
 course of another journey, a year or two later, he explored 
 the upper part of the Illinois. He was granted a patent of 
 nobility in 1673. In 1679 he established Fort Creveecrur 
 on the Illinois River, near the site of the present Peoria, 
 which was intended as the starting-point of an expedition 
 down the Mississippi. Returning in 1680 from a journey 
 to Canada after supplies, he found the fort destroyed by 
 the Iroquois. The garrison, under Henry de Tonti, had 
 made good its escape, however, and afterward rejoined 
 La Salle at Mackinaw. Organizing a new expedition, he 
 set out from Fort F’rontenac with Henry de Tonti, thirty 
 Frenchmen, and a band of Indians in 1681, and, reaching 
 the Mississippi by way of the Chicago portage and the Illi- 
 nois River, descended to its mouth, which he reached April 
 9, 16S2. In 1684 he,led a band of colonists from F'rance, 
 intending to found a settlement at the mouth of the Mis- 
 sissippi. He landed at Matagorda Bay, Texas, which he 
 mistook for a western outlet of the river, and was on his 
 way to Canada to procure provisions for his colony when 
 he was assassinated by some oi his followers near a branch 
 of the Trinity River, Texas. See Century Atlas, Map 4. 
 
 Lasca, II. See Grazzini. 
 
Lascaris, Andreas Joannes 
 
 Lascaris (las'ka-ris), Andreas Joannes or 
 Janos or JanUS. Bom at Rhyndacus, in Phry- 
 gia, about 1445: died at Rome, 1535. A noted 
 Greek scholar, resident in Italy and France after 
 the fall of Constantinople. He first sought the court 
 of Lorenzo de' Medici, and after his patron's death went 
 to Paris where he taught Greek. In 1503, and again in 
 1505, he was French ambassador at Venice, and after 1508 
 went to Rome. His most notable work is an edition of 
 the Greek anthology (1494). He also edited the Greek 
 scholia on the Iliad, etc. 
 
 Lascaris, Constantine. Flourished in the sec- 
 ond half of the 15th century. A Greek scholar, 
 settled in Italy after 1453. He wrote a Greek 
 grammar (1476 : the first book printed in Greek). 
 Lascaris, Theodore. See Theodore I. Lascaris. 
 Las Casas, Bartolome de. See Casas. 
 
 Las Cases (liis kaz), Comte Emmanuel Augus- 
 tin Dieudonne de. Born near Revel, Haute- 
 Garonne, France, 1766 : died at Paris, May 15, 
 1842. A French historian, companion of Na- 
 poleon at St. Helena 1815—16. He served the royal- 
 ist cause in the army of Condd in 1792, and then went to 
 England, returning to France in 1799. In 1808 Napoleon 
 made him a baron, and gave him a position in the council 
 of state. When the emperor was sent to St. Helena, Las 
 Cases, with his eldest son, followed him. He was sent 
 away from the island in Nov., 1816, for attempting to for- 
 ward a letter toLucien Bonaparte without the knowledge 
 of the commandant, and was confined at the Cape for 8 
 months. To him Napoleon dictated a part of his memoirs. 
 He published “Memorial de 8ainte-H61iue" (1822-23). 
 
 Lascy. See Lacy._ 
 
 La Serena (la sa-ra/nii,). The capital of the prov- 
 ince of Coquimbo, situated at the mouth of the 
 Coquimbo River, in lat. 29° 53' S. it was founded 
 by V aldlvia in 1544, and was an important point in the early 
 history of Chile. Coquimbo, its commercial port, is 7 miles 
 southwest of it, but the two names are often used inter- 
 changeably. Population, 15,996. 
 
 La Serna y Hinojosa (la, sar'na e en-o-Ho'sa), 
 Jose de. Born at Jerez de la Frontera, 1770 : 
 died at Cadiz, 1832. A noted Spanish general. 
 In 1816, with the rank of major-general, he was put in 
 command of the army in Upper Peru. He was defeated 
 by the patriots at Salta and Jujuy, and, owing to disagree- 
 ments with the viceroy, resigned in 1819, and was made 
 lieutenant-general and president of the council of war: 
 soon after this he was made commander of the army against 
 San Martin. On Jan. 29, 1821, the viceroy Pezuela was de- 
 posed by his officers, and La Serna was put in his place. 
 La Serna was forced to evacuate Lima July 6, 1821, but he 
 kept his ground in the interior with great skill and resolu- 
 tion, making his capital at Cuzco. During three years and 
 ahalf he was practically cutoff from Spain. Hewasfinally 
 defeated by Sucre and captured with his whole army at 
 the battle of Ayacucho, Dec. 9, 1824. 
 
 Las Heras (las a'ras), Juan Gregorio de. Born 
 at Buenos Ayres, July 11, 1780: died at Santi- 
 ago de Chile, Feb. 6, 1866. A Spanish- Ameri- 
 can general. In 1824 he was chosen governor of Buenos 
 Ayres, and from May 9 of that year until Feb. 7, 1825, was 
 acting president of the Argentine Confederation. Soon 
 after he retired to Chile, where he resided until his death. 
 Lask (lask). A town in the government of 
 Piotrkow, Russian Poland, 92 miles southwest 
 of Warsaw. Population, over 4,000. 
 
 Lasker (las'ker), Eduard. Born at Jarocin, 
 Posen, Prussia, Oct. 14, 1829 : died at New York, 
 Jan. 5, 1884. A German statesman, one of the 
 founders and leaders of the National Liberal 
 party. He entered the Prussian Landtag in 1865, and the 
 German Reichstag in 1867, and headed the secessionists 
 from the National Liberal party in 1880. 
 
 Lasker, Emanuel. Born at Berlinchen, near 
 Berlin, Dec. 24, 1868. A noted German chess- 
 player, A match with W. Steinitz for the chess cham- 
 pionship of the world, played March 15 to May 26, 1824 , 
 at New York, Philadelphia, and Montreal, resulted in 
 favor of Lasker by 10 games to 5, witli 4 draws. He also 
 won the return match in 1856. 
 
 Laski (las'ke), or a Lasco (a las'ko), John. 
 Born at the castle of Lask, Poland, 1499: died 
 at Kalisch, Poland, Jan. 13, 1560. APolishProt- 
 estant theologian, the second son of Jaroslaw, 
 baron of Lask. He studied at Bologna 1515-17 ; was 
 ordained a priest and dean at Gnesen 1521 ; went to Basel 
 in 1523, and lived for a year with Erasmus ; returned to 
 Poland in Oct., 1525; and became bishop of Vesprim in 
 1529, and archdeacon of Warsaw in 1538. He became a re- 
 former of the Swiss school. In 1540 he settled in Emden, 
 East Friesland ; was appointed pastor of a congregation 
 therein 1542 ; went to England on the invitation of Cranmer 
 in Aug., 1548, returning to Emden in March, 1549; and re- 
 turned to England in May, 1550, remaining there until 
 Sept., 1563. While in England he was superintendent of 
 the Church of Foreign Protestants in London, and took an 
 important part in the discussions of ecclesiastical affairs. 
 He was a voluminous writer. 
 
 La Sorbonne. See Sorhonne, La. 
 
 Las Palmas. See Palmas, Las. 
 
 Las Pilas (las pe'las). An extinct volcano in 
 Nicaragua, Central America, east-northeast of 
 Leon. 
 
 Lassa. See Lhasa. 
 
 Las Salinas (las sa-le'niis). A place about three 
 miles north of Cuzco, Peru : so called because 
 salt had been obtained there. Here on April 26 
 0.— 38 
 
 593 
 
 1638, the forces of Diego de Almagro (I he elder), command- 
 ed by his lieutenant, Orgonez, were defeated by Francisco 
 Pizarro s army under his brother, Hernando. Almagro 
 was captured and executed soon after. 
 
 Lassalle( la-sal'), Ferdinand. Born at Breslau, 
 April 11, 1825: died at Geneva, Aug. 31, 1864. 
 A German socialist and agitator, leader in the 
 social-democratic movement. He published “ Die 
 Philosophie Herakleitos ” (1858), “ Das System der erwor- 
 benen Rechte ’’ (“System of acquired Rights," 1861), etc. 
 He was killed in a duel growing out of a love-affair. 
 
 Lassalle, Jean. Born at Lyons, Dec. 14, 1847 : 
 died at Paris, Sept. 7, 1909. A French oper- 
 atic singer (barytone). He made his d6but in 1871 
 at Brussels, and sang with great success in Paris, Lon- 
 don, and Vienna. In 1893-94 he came to the United 
 States. 
 
 Lassell (la-sel'), William. Born at Bolton, 
 Lancashire, June 18, 1799: died at Maidenhead, 
 Oct. 5, 1880. An English astronomer, noted as 
 a constructor of reflecting telescopes and as an 
 observer. He discovered the satellite of Neptune Oct. 
 10, 1846, the seventh satellite of Saturn (Hyperion) Sept. 19, 
 1848 (simultaneously with Bond), and the two inner satel- 
 lites of Uranus(Ariel and Umbriel) Oct. 24, 1851, and cata- 
 logued a large number of new nebulae. 
 
 Lassen (las'sen), Christian. Born at Bergen, 
 Norway, Oct. 22, 1800: died at Bonn, Prussia, 
 May 8, 1876. A noted Norwegian Orientalist, 
 professor at Bonn from 1830. He published “In- 
 dische Altertumskunde” (“Indian Antiquities,” 1S44-62), 
 etc., edited various Sanskrit works, and deciphered the 
 Cld Persian cuneiform inscriptions (“Die altpersischen 
 Keiliuschriften," 1836). 
 
 Lassen, Eduard. Born at Copenhagen, April 
 13, 1830 : died at Weimar, Jan. 15, 1904. A Bel- 
 gian composer. He went to Brussels when only two 
 years old, where he received hi3 musical education. In 
 1S51 he took the prix de Rome. In 1857 his opera “Le 
 roi Edgard” was produced (as “Landgraf Ludwigs Braut- 
 fahrt ’’) at Weimar under the care of Liszt. Here he was 
 made conductor of the opera after the latter retired. 
 Among his other works are “ Frauenlob," “Der Ge- 
 fangene,” and “ Tristan and Isolde ” — all operas ; the music 
 to Sophocles's “CEdipus,” to Goethe's “Faust,” to Hebbel's 
 “ Nibelungen," to Devrient’s version of Calderon's “Circe," 
 and to Goethe's “Pandora." He also wrote two sym- 
 phonies and a large number of songs which are famous. 
 
 Lassus (las'us), Orlandus: or Lasso (las'so), 
 Orlando (originally Roland Delattre). Born 
 at Mons, Hainault, 1520 ( 1530 ?) : died at Munich, 
 J une, 1594. The leading composer (next to Pa- 
 lestrina) of the 16th century. In 1556 or 1557 he 
 was made director of chamber-music to Albert V., duke 
 of Bavaria, and in 1562 was made chapel-master. Here he 
 composed the famous music for the Seven Penitential 
 Psalms. He composed over 2,000 works, chiefly sacred, 
 including between 50 and 60 masses, and a number of mad- 
 rigals, songs, etc. 
 
 Last (last), Doctor. A shoemaker who passes 
 an amusing examination for the degree of M. D. 
 in Foote’s “ The Devil upon Two Sticks.” 
 Lastarria (las-ta-re'a), Jose Victorino. Born 
 at Rancagua, 1817 : died at Santiago, June 14, 
 1888. A Chilean publicist and author. He held 
 many important civil positions, and published works in 
 various branches of literature : the most valuable of these 
 relate to the constitutional history of Chile. 
 
 Last Days of Pompeii. A historical novel by 
 Bulwer, published in 1834. The scene is laid 
 chiefly at Pompeii, 79 A. d. 
 
 Last Judgment, The. Among the noted paint- 
 ings with this subject are the following, (a) A 
 painting by Fra Angelico da Fiesole, in the Old Museum 
 at Berlin. It is an altarpiece in 3 parts. ( b ) A famous 
 painting by Michelangelo, covering the entire end wall 
 above the high altar of the Sistine Chapel, Rome. The 
 composition is separated into 5 subdivisions : (1) above, 
 angels with the emblems of Christ’s Passion ; (2) upper 
 middle, Christ, with a gesture of condemnation, as the di- 
 vine Avenger, with Mary at his feet; (3) on both sides, the 
 chief of the elect; (4) at Christ’s feet, the angel sounding 
 the trump of doom ; (5) below, the fate of those awakened 
 from the dead, the blessed borne upward, and the accursed 
 dashed down by angels and hurled by devils into torment. 
 The painting has suffered from incense and taper smoke, 
 and above all from the clothing, by overscrupulous popes, 
 of many of Michelangelo’s undraped figures, (e) A fresco 
 in the Campo Santo, Pisa, formerly ascribed to Orcagna, 
 but now to the Lorenzetti (1350). The blessed and the 
 lost are rising from their graves, and being conducted to 
 one side or the other 1 >y angels or by devils. Many great 
 ecclesiastical and civil dignitaries are represented as in 
 the latter case. The subject is powerfully presented; 
 the gesture of condemnation made by Christ toward the 
 damned is famous, (d) A very large painting by Rubens 
 (1617), in the Old Pinakothek at Munich. The Three Per- 
 sons of the Trinity occupy the central upper part of the 
 canvas. Christ sits, as Judge, with uplifted right arm mo- 
 tioning to the dead to rise. The saints are gathered about 
 the Deity. Below, the dead are returning to life, and the 
 entire right side is occupied by the damned, who are 
 hurled down to perdition by the archangel Michael with 
 flaming sword. (<?) An altarpiece by Roger van der Wey- 
 den (1447), in the hospital at Beaune, France. It consists 
 of 9 compartments, with 6 more on the outside shutters, 
 and contains portraits of Chancellor Rollin (the donor), of 
 Philippe le Bon of Burgundy, and other personages. It is 
 one of the finest of early Flemish pictures, beautiful in 
 color. (/) A paint ing by Fra A ngelieo, in the Accademia, 
 Florence. Christ turns toward the blessed, with a gesture 
 of doom to the lost, who, as they rise from their graves, 
 are dragged off by devils to their fate. Among the lost 
 
 Lateran Council 
 
 appear monks and even popes. The angels and the blessed 
 upon the flowery meadows, and at the gates of paradise, 
 are of the greatest beauty and charm. 
 
 Last Judgment, The. The English version of 
 Spohr’s oratorio “Die letzten Dinge,” produced 
 in 1830. 
 
 Last of the Barons, The. A historical novel 
 by Bulwer, published in 1843, founded on the 
 life of the Earl of Warwick. 
 
 Last of the Fathers, The. St. Bernard. 
 
 Last of the Goths, The. Roderick, the last 
 monarch of the West-Gothic kingdom of Spain. 
 Last of the Greeks, The. Philopoemen. 
 
 Last of the Knights, The. A surname of the 
 emperor Maximilian I. 
 
 Last of the Mohicans, The. One of the “Lea- 
 therstocking ” series of novels by Cooper, pub- 
 lished in 1826. It is so called from the nickname 
 of Uncas, one of its leading characters. 
 
 Last of the Troubadours, The. Jasmin. 
 
 Last Sigh of the Moor, The. See the extract. 
 
 There, at Padul, on a spur of the Alpuxarras, Boabdil 
 stood and gazed back upon the kingdom he had lost : the 
 beautiful Vega, the towers of the Alhambra, and the gar- 
 dens of the Generalife ; all the beauty and magnificence of 
 his lost home. “Allahu Akbar,” he said, “God is most 
 great," as he burst into tears. His mother Ayesha stood 
 beside him : “You may well weep like a woman,’' she said, 
 “for what you could not defend like a man.” The spot 
 whence Boabdil took his sad farewell look at his city from 
 which he was banished for ever, bears to this day the name 
 of “ el ultimo sospiro del Moro, ” ‘ the last sigh of the Moor. ’ 
 Poole, Story of the Moors, p. 267. 
 
 Last Supper, The. Among the noted repre- 
 sentations of this subject are the following, (a) 
 A painting by Dieric Bouts (1467), in St. Pierre at Louvain, 
 Belgium. This is the central panel of a large altarpiece. 
 The side panels are in the Berlin Museum. (6) A paint- 
 ing by Justus of Ghent, a pupil of Van Eyck, in the Isti- 
 tuto di belle Arti at Urbino. It is a beautiful early-Flem- 
 ish picture, one of the oldest works in oils in Italy. Fede- 
 rigo da Montefeltro, with his family, and the Persian 
 ambassador are introduced as spectators, (c) A painting 
 by Luca Signorelli (1512), in the duomo of Cortona, Italy. 
 It represents Christ as distributing bread to 3 kneeling 
 apostles, while the others wait grouped behind, (d) A 
 famous wall-painting by Leonardo da Vinci, in the refec- 
 toryof Santa Maria delle Grazie atMilan. Christ is seated 
 at the middle of the table, while the apostles are ranged 
 on each side of him, full of excitement at the announce- 
 ment of his impending betrayal. The painting has suf- 
 fered greatly from damp, abuse, and repainting. 
 
 Last Token, The. A painting by Gabriel Max, 
 in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. 
 It shows a beautiful young girl in the Roman arena, ex- 
 posed to wild beasts. Some spectator has thrown her 
 down a rose. She stands over it, resting her hand against 
 the wall, and, looking up, tries to distinguish the one who 
 has pitied her. 
 
 Last Tournament, The. One of the “Idylls 
 of the King,” by Tennyson. 
 
 Las Vegas (las va'gas). A city in San Miguel 
 County, New Mexico, east of Santa Fe: a rail- 
 road and manufacturing center. Population, 
 3,775, (1910). 
 
 Laswari (las-war'e). A place in Rajputana, 
 India, 78 miles south by west of Delhi. Here, 
 Nov. 1, 1803, the British (about 4,000) under 
 Lake defeated the Mabrattas (9,000). 
 Latacunga (la-ta-kon'ga), or Tacunga (ta- 
 koti'gii). A city, capital of the province of 
 Leon, Ecuador, in lat. 0° 55' S., long. 78° 45' W. 
 
 It was founded in 1534 on the site of an Indian village. 
 Between 1678 and 1797 it was destroyed four times by 
 earthquakes. Population, about 10,006. 
 
 Latakia, or Latakiyah. See Ladikiyeh. 
 
 Late Lancashire Witches, The. A comedy 
 by Heywood, revived and altered by Brome, 
 acted at the Globe in 1634. Heywood’s part is evi- 
 dently founded on ‘The Witches of Lancaster" by T. 
 Potts, 1613. Fleay. 
 
 Lateran (lat'e-ran) ,The. A palace in the eastern 
 part of Rome. The present edifice dates from the 16 tli 
 to 18th centuries. The palace was originally named from 
 the Roman family Lateranus to which, until the time of 
 Nero, it belonged. Nero put the last owner, Plautius 
 Lateranus, to death, and appropriated the palace. It was 
 given by Constantine (who also built a church in its pre- 
 cincts) to the Bishop of Rome. See St.John Lateran and 
 Scala Santa. 
 
 Till the 14th century the Lateran was the usual residence 
 of the pope ; this was once a very extensive building, cov- 
 ering four times its present area. The original house is 
 said to have belonged to the senator Plautius Lateranus in 
 the reign of Nero ; but the existing part on the line of the 
 Aurelian wall is of the 3rd century. This house, which had 
 become the property of the emperors, was given by Con- 
 stantine as a residence for S. Sylvester ; it was very much 
 enlarged at many periods during the next ten centuries ; 
 in 1308 a great part was burnt, and in 1586 the ancient 
 palace was completely destroyed by Sixtus V., and the 
 present palace built by Domenico Fontana. The Capella 
 Sancta Sanctorum is the only relic of the older palace. 
 The present palace has never been used as a papal resi- 
 dence ; in the ISth century it was an orphan asylum, and is 
 now a museum of classical sculpture and early Christian 
 remains. J. H. Middleton, in Encyc. Blit., XX. 836. 
 Lateran Council. The name of a number of ec- 
 clesiastical councils held in the Lateran Church 
 at Rome. The following five are regarded by the Roman 
 
Lateran Council 
 
 Catholic Church as ecumenical : (1) The council of 1123, 
 under Calixtus II., which confirmed the Concordat of 
 Worms (which see) and renewed the grant of indulgences 
 promulgated by Urban II. in favor of the Crusaders. (2) 
 The council of 1139, under Innocent II. , which condemned 
 the antipope Anacletus II. and Arnold of Brescia. (3) 
 The council of 1179, under Alexander III., which declared 
 that the popes should be elected exclusively by the college 
 of cardinals, and that a two-thirds vote of the college 
 should be necessary to form a valid election. (4) The coun- 
 cil of 1215, under Innocent III., which condemned the Albi- 
 genses. (5) The council of 1512-17, under Julius II. and 
 Leo X., which abrogated the canons of the Council of Pisa, 
 
 Lateran Palace. See Lateran, The. 
 
 Latham (la'tham), John. Born at Eltliam, 
 near London, June 27, 1740: died Feb. 4, 1837. 
 
 A noted English physician and ornithologist, 
 one of the founders of the Linnean Society 
 (1788). His last years were spent in Winchester. He 
 published “ A General Synopsis of Birds ” (1781-85), “In- 
 dex Ornithologicus sive Systema Ornithologiae”(1790), “ A 
 General History of Birds ” (11 vols. 1821-28), etc. : the illus- 
 trations of the last-named work were all designed, etched, 
 and colored by himself. 
 
 Latham (la'tham), Robert Gordon. Born at 
 Billingborougli, Lincolnshire, March 24, 1812 : 
 died at Putney, March 9, 1888. A noted Eng- 
 lish philologist, ethnologist, and physician. He 
 was a graduate of King's College, Cambridge, 1832 ; pro- 
 fessorof English in University College, London, 1839 ; and 
 lecturer and assistant physician at Middlesex Hospital. 
 He published “ Norway and the Norwegians ” (1840), “The 
 English Language "(1841), “An Elementary English Gram- 
 mar” (1843), “A Handbook of the English Language" 
 (1851), an edition of Johnson’s “ Dictionary,” and numerous 
 works on ethnology. 
 
 To the late Dr. Latham belongs the credit of having been 
 the first to call in question the prevalent belief [with re- 
 gard to the origin of the Aryans], As early as 1851, in his 
 edition of the Germania of Tacitus, he ventured to assert 
 that no valid argument whatever had been produced in 
 favour of the Asiatic origin of the Aryans. He maintained, 
 on the other hand, that a European origin was far more 
 probable. Taylor, Aryans, p. 20. 
 
 Lathbury (lath'bui'-i), Thomas. Born at Brack- 
 ley, Northamptonshire, 1798 : died at Bristol, 
 Feb. 11, 1865. An English ecclesiastical histo- 
 rian. He was vicar, after 1848, of St. Simon’s, Baptist 
 Mills, Bristol, and the author of “ A History of the English 
 Episcopacy, etc." (1836), “The State of theChurchof Eng- 
 land from the Introduction of Christianity to the Period 
 of the Reformation "(1839), “A History of the Convocation 
 of the Church of England, etc." (1842), “A History of the 
 Non- Jurors, etc." (1845), “A History of the Book of Com- 
 mon Prayer and other Books of Authority ” (1858), etc. 
 Lathom House. A place in Lancashire, Eng- 
 land, 13 miles northeast of Liverpool. The pres- 
 ent house, the seat of the Earl of Lathom, was built in 1750. 
 The older house was defended by Charlotte de la Trd- 
 mouille, the Countess of Derby, against the Parliamentary 
 forces in 1644, and taken by them in 1645. 
 
 Lathrop (la'throp), Francis. Born at sea near 
 the Sandwich Islands, June 22, 1849 : died at 
 Woodcliff, N. J., Oct. 18, 1909. An American 
 painter, brother of George Parsons Lathrop. 
 
 He assisted Burne-Jones and William Morris in London, 
 and came to the United States in 1873. He is best known 
 for his portraits and mural paintings, of the last the most 
 important being the reredos in St. Bartholomew’s Church, 
 New York. 
 
 Lathrop (la'throp), George Parsons. Born at 
 Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, Aug. 25, 1851: 
 died at New York, April 19, 1898. An Ameri- 
 can journalist and miscellaneous author, son- 
 in-law of Hawthorne. He was assistant editorof the 
 “Atlantic Monthly” 1875-77. He wrote “A Study of 
 Hawthorne" (1876), “A Masque of Poets” (1878), “An 
 Echo of Passion" (1882), “Spanish Vistas” (1883), “New- 
 port” (1884), “Behind Time" (1888), etc. 
 
 Latimer, Darsie. See Redgauntlet (Sir Arthur 
 Darsie). 
 
 Latimer (lat'i-mer), Hugh. Bom at Thurcas- 
 ton, Leicestershire, about 1485: burned at Ox- 
 ford, Oct. 16, 1555. A celebrated English prel- 
 ate and reformer. He graduated B. A. at Cambridge 
 in 1510 ; became a priest ; rose in favor at court, especially 
 with Cromwell, and obtained the benefice of West King- 
 ton (or Kineton), Wiltshire ; was cited to appear before 
 the Bishop of London on a charge of heresy Jan. 29, 1532 ; 
 recanted April 10 ; was made a royal chaplain 1534, and 
 bishop of Worcester 1535; and resigned his bishopric 
 July 1, 1539, on account of his opposition to the Act of the 
 Six Articles (by his own account at the request of the 
 king). He was ordered into the custody of the Bishop of 
 Chichester, but was soon released. During the reign of 
 Edward VI. he regained his influence at court, and identi- 
 fied himself more closely with the Reformation. On the 
 accession of Mary he was arrested and committed to the 
 Tower (Sept., 1553) ; was sent to Oxford with Ridley and 
 Cranmer to defend their doctrines regarding the mass be- 
 fore the divines of the two universities, March, 1564 ; was 
 excommunicated April 20 ; and was burned with Ridley 
 “at the ditch over against Balliol College," Oct. 16, 1655. 
 Latin America. A collective term for all the 
 countries and islands of America in which the 
 Spanish, Portuguese, or French races are pre- 
 dominant; broadly speaking, all of South 
 America, Central America, Mexico, and most 
 of the West Indies. 
 
 Latin Empire, The. The empire established by 
 the Crusaders of western and southern Europe 
 
 594 
 
 at Constantinople in 1204. It was overthrown 
 and succeeded by the (restored) Byzantine em- 
 pire in 1261. 
 
 Latini (la-tl'nl). In ancient history, the Latins, 
 or people inhabiting Latium. 
 
 Latini (la-te'ne), Brunetto. Born at Florence, 
 1230 : died there, 1294. An Italian poet, scholar, 
 and orator. His most noted work is an ency- 
 clopedia (“Tr6sor”) -written in French. 
 
 Latin League. A confederation of the cities of 
 Latium, existing in Italy in the earliest historic 
 times, and continuing till 338 B. c., when the 
 Latin towns were finally incorporated in the 
 dominion of Rome. According to the earliest tradi- 
 tion, the league included thirty cities, among whicli Alba 
 Longa held the preeminent place. After the fall of Alba, 
 Aricia, Lanuvium, and Tusculum, with other important 
 communities not originally included, were united with the 
 league. The confederation held assemblies in the grove 
 of Ferentino, below Marino in the Alban hills, and had a 
 common religious sanctuary in the temple of Jupiter La- 
 tiaris on the summit of the Alban Mount (Monte Cavo), 
 where annual sacrifices were celebrated. 
 
 Latin Quarter. The quarter of Paris on the 
 south side of the Seine, in the vicinity of the 
 Sorbonne. It has been frequented for centuries 
 by the student class. 
 
 Latin Union. A monetary alliance of France, 
 Belgium, Italy, and Switzerland, formed by con- 
 vention Dec. 23, 1865, and joined by Greece in 
 1868. Its object was the maintenance and regulation of 
 a uniform interchangeable gold and silver coinage, based 
 on the French franc. Its limited term was continued by 
 two renewals (1878 and 1885), Belgium withdrawing on the 
 latter occasion and adopting the single gold standard. 
 
 Latinus (la-ti'nus). In Roman legend, a king 
 of Latium, father of Lavinia. 
 
 Latin War, The Great. A war between Rome 
 and Latium, 340-338 B. C., ending in the subju- 
 gation of the latter. 
 
 Latium (la'shi-um). In ancient geography, the 
 part of central Italy lying along the Mediter- 
 ranean southeast of Etruria and northwest of 
 Campan ia . The name was originally restricted to the land 
 of the Latins, chiefly comprised in the Roman Campagna. 
 Its chief cities formed a league, which was at war with 
 Rome 340-338 B. C., and was incorporated with Rome after 
 338 B. C. In an extended sense Latium (also Latium Adjec- 
 tum or Novum) was the region from the Tiber to the Liris 
 or to Mount Massicus, including the territories of the 
 Latins, Hernicans, Volscians, and Auruncans, and (in part) 
 of the JJquians. 
 
 LatmUS (lat'mus). [Gr. Aar//of.] In ancient 
 geography, a mountain-range in Caria, Asia 
 Minor, east of Miletus. 
 
 Latobrigi (lat-o-bri'ji or la-tob'ri-ji). A Celtic 
 people associated with the Helvetii in their cam- 
 paign of 58 B. c. They probably lived in south- 
 ern Baden. 
 
 Latona (la-to'na). In classical mythology, the 
 Roman name of the Greek goddess Leto, mother 
 by Jupiter of Apollo and Diana. See Leto. 
 
 La Torre (la tor'ra), Miguel de. Died after 
 1823. A Spanish general who fought under Mo- 
 rillo in Venezuela and New Granada 1815-20, 
 and succeeded him in command at the end of the 
 latter year. He was defeated by Bolivar at Cara- 
 bobo (which see) June 24, 1821. 
 
 Latour (la-tor'), Louis Antoine Tenant de. 
 Born at St.-Yrieix, Haute-Vienne, France, Aug. 
 30, 1808: died at Seeaux, Aug. 27, 1881. A 
 French poet and miscellaneous author. 
 
 Latour, Tomline. A pseudonym of W. S. Gil- 
 bert. 
 
 Latour d’Auvergne (la-tor' do-varny'), The- 
 ophile Malo Corret de. Born at Carhaix, Fin- 
 isthre, France, Nov. 23, 1743: killed at Ober- 
 hausen, near Neuburg, Bavaria, June 27, 1800. 
 A French soldier, named by Napoleon “ the first 
 grenadier of the republic” (he refused the rank 
 of general). He was distinguished in the wars of 1792- 
 1800, and was commander of the “Infernal Column.” So 
 great was the admiration with which he was regarded that 
 from his death to 1814 his name was retained on the roll- 
 call of his company of grenadiers as a mark of honor, the 
 color-sergeant answering, “Dead on the field of honor,” 
 when it was called. 
 
 La Trappe (la trap). A medieval Cistercian 
 abbey in the department of Orne, France, near 
 Mort’agne. It was founded in 1140, and gave 
 name to the Trappists. See Trappists. 
 Latreille (lii -tray'), Pierre Andre. Born at 
 Brives, Corrhze. France, Nov. 29, 1762: died at 
 Paris, Feb. 6, 1833. A noted French zoologist. 
 
 Among his works are “Histoire des salamandres” (1800), 
 “Histoire naturelledes singes "(1801), “Histoire des four- 
 mis ” (1802), “Histoire naturelledes reptiles” (1802), “His- 
 toire naturelle des crustacds et des insectes ’’ (1802-05), 
 “ Families naturellesdurfegne animal ”(1825), “Coursd en- 
 tomologie ” (1831), etc. 
 
 Latrohe (la-trob'). Charles Joseph. Born at 
 London, March 20. 1801: died there, Dec. 2, 1875. 
 An English traveler and politician, son of the 
 musical composer C. I. Latrobe: noted as an 
 
 Lauenburg 
 
 alpinist. In 1832-34 he traveled in North America, go- 
 ing to Mexico with Washington Irving, and in 1839 was 
 appointed superintendent of the Port Philip district of 
 New South Wales, and later (Jan. 27, 1851) lieutenant-gov- 
 ernor of Victoria, a post which he resigned May 5, 1854. 
 
 He published several works of travel. 
 
 Latrohe, Christian Ignatius. Born at Leeds, 
 Yorkshire, Feb. 12, 1757 : died near Manchester, 
 May 6, 1836. An English musical composer. He 
 took orders in the Church of the United Brethren, and in 
 1795 was appointed their secretary in England. He com- 
 posed a number of anthems, a “Te Deum,” a “Miserere,” 
 etc. ; but his principal work was his “ Selection of Sacred 
 Music from the Works of the most eminent Composers of 
 Germany and Italy ” (6 vols. 1806-25). 
 
 Latter-Day Saints. The Mormons : so called 
 by themselves. See Mormons. 
 
 Latude (la-ttid'), Jean Henri Masers de. Bom 
 
 at Montagnac, H6rault, France, March 23, 1725: 
 died at Paris, Jan. 1, 1805. A French officer of 
 engineers. Not being successful in his profession, he 
 conceived the idea of attracting public attention by send- 
 ing an imitation infernal machine to Madame de Pompa- 
 dour and going himself to warn her not to open it as he 
 had discovered a plot against her. Suspicion being aroused, 
 he was arrested and confessed the whole story, which was 
 not believed. By command of Pompadour he was impris- 
 oned in the Bastille and elsewhere 1749-84. He was treat- 
 ed with extraordinary severity, but continued to write his 
 memoirs, which gave an account of his numerous escapes 
 and arrests, 
 
 Lauban (lou'ban). A town in the province of 
 Silesia, Prussia, on the Queis 38 miles west by 
 south of Liegnitz. It was in former times an 
 important town of Lusatia. Population, com- 
 mune, 14,624. 
 
 Laube (lou'be), Heinrich. Bom at Sprottau, 
 Prussia, Sept. 18, 1806: died at Vienna, Aug. 1, 
 1884. A German novelist, dramatist, and mis- 
 cellaneous author, one of the leaders of “Young 
 Germany.” Among his dramas are “ Rococo ’’ (1846), 
 
 “ Struensee ” (1847), “Gottsched und Gellert ’(1847), “ Die 
 Karlssch filer ” (1847), “Graf Essex ” (1856) ; and among his 
 novels, “Das junge Europa ” (1833-37 : comprising “Die 
 Poeten,” “Die Krieger,” “Die Biirger"), “Reisenovellen ” 
 (1834-37), “ Die Grafin Chateaubriand ”(1843), “ Der deutsche 
 Krieg " (1863-66), etc. He also wrote “ Das erste deutsche 
 Parlament ” (1849). 
 
 Laud (lad), William. Born at Reading, Oct. 
 7, 1573: beheaded at London, Jan. 10, 1645. A 
 celebrated English prelate, archbishop of Can- 
 terbury. He was the son of a clothier. In 1594 he gr adu- 
 ated at St. John's College, Oxford ; was made vicar of Stain 
 ford in Northamptonshire in 1607, and of Caxton in Kent 
 in 1610 ; and was elected president of St. John’s College, 
 May 10, 1611. On Jan. 22, 1621, he became a prebendary 
 of Westminster, and on June 29 bishop of St. David’s, re- 
 signing the presidency of St. John’s in the same year. He 
 was elected bishop of London in 1628, chancellor of the 
 University of Oxford, and archbishop of Canterbuiy in 
 1633. Throughout the reign of Charles I. he was one of 
 the foremost supporters of the king and most influential 
 men of the state. He was impeached by the Commons 
 (Long Parliament) Dec. 18, 1640, and committed to the 
 Tower March 1, 1641. His trial began March 12, 1644, and 
 he was executed on Tower Hill Jan. 10, 1645. His com- 
 plete works were published as a part of the “Library of 
 Anglo-Catholic Theology” (1847-60). 
 
 Lauder (la'der), Robert Scott. Born at Silver- 
 mills, Edinburgh, June 25, 1803: died at Edin- 
 burgh, April 21, 1869. A Scottish painter and 
 teacher of art. His subjects were taken chiefly from 
 Scott's novels, as “ The Trial of Effie Deans ’’ (1840), “ The 
 Bride of Lammermoor” (1831), etc. 
 
 Lauder, William. Died in Barbados in 1771. 
 A Scottish literary impostor, a graduate of 
 Edinburgh University, who rendered himself 
 notorious by charging Milton with plagiarism 
 (1747), and supporting the accusation by forged, 
 garbled, and interpolatedquotations from mod- 
 ern Latin authors. The fraud was laid bare (1750) by 
 John Douglas, and Dr. Johnson, who had countenanced 
 Lauder's attack, forced him to confess his guilt. 
 
 Lauderdale, Earls and Dukes of. See Mait- 
 land. 
 
 Laudon (lou'don), or Loudon, Baron Gideon 
 Ernst von. Born at Tootzen, Livonia, Rus- 
 sia, Feb. 2, 1717: died at Neutitsekein, Mora- 
 via, July, 1790. An Austrian field-marshal. He 
 served at Prague and Kolin in 1757, and at Hochkireh in 
 1758 • was Austrian commander at Kunersdorf in 1759 ; 
 commanded at Landeshut and Liegnitz in 1760 ; stormed 
 Schweidnitz in 1761; served in (he War of the Bavarian 
 Succession 1778-79 ; and captured Belgrad in 1789. 
 
 Laudonni&re (lo-do-nyar'), Rene de. A French 
 Huguenot who was despatched by Coligny in 
 1564 to carry aid to the Huguenot colony sent 
 out in 1562 under Ribault. Finding Ribault’s set- 
 tlement abandoned, he built Fort Carolina on the St. John - 
 River in Florida, in June, 1564. The fort was stormed and 
 tlie garrison massacred by the Spaniards under Menen 
 dez de Aviles, Sept. 21, 1565. Laudonnifere escaped with 
 a number of other fugitives to England, and afterward 
 returned to France. lie wrote “L’Histoire notable de Ir. 
 Floride, contenant les trois voyages faits en icelle par des 
 capitaines et pilotes fran<;ais ” (1586). 
 
 Lauenburg (lou'en-boro). Acirclein the prov- 
 ince of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, lying north 
 of the Elbe, bordering on Hamburg, Liibeck 
 
Lauenburg 
 
 Mecklenburg, and Hannover, it is fertile, and 
 abounds in forests. The ancient inhabitants were Polabs. 
 It formed part of the old Saxon duchy. On the fall of Hen- 
 ry the Lion in 1180 it fell to Bernard of Ascania, and it 
 continued in that family (with the exception of a few years 
 at the beginning of the 13th century, when it belonged to 
 Denmark), under the name of Saxe- Lauenburg, until the 
 extinction of the Ascanian line in 1689. There were sev- 
 eral claimants to the duchy. It finally passed to Hano- 
 ver in 1705 and followed its fortunes ; was ceded in 1815 
 to Prussia, which immediately ceded it to Denmark in ex- 
 change for Swedish Pomerania; was taken from Denmark 
 (see Schleswig-Holstein Wars) in 1864 ; and was taken pos- 
 session of by Prussia in 1865. Bismarck received the title 
 of Duke of Lauenburg in 1890. Area, 457 square miles. 
 Population, 52,684. 
 
 Lauenburg. A town in the circle of Lauen- 
 burg, situated on the Elbe 26 miles southeast 
 of Hamburg. Population, 5,178. 
 
 Lauenburg. A town in the province of Pome- 
 rania, Prussia, situated on the Leba 38 miles 
 west-northwest of Dantzic. Population, com- 
 mune, 12,502. 
 
 Laufach (lou'fach). A village in Lower Fran- 
 conia, Bavaria, 28 miles east-southeast of Frank- 
 fort-on-the-Main. Here, July 13, 1866, the Prus- 
 sians defeated the Hessians. 
 
 Laugerie Basse (lozh-re' bas). See the extract. 
 
 Probably the very earliest record which we possess of 
 any actual event is the scene depicted on the fragment of 
 an antler which was found in the rock shelter at Laugerie 
 Basse, in Auvergne. A primeval hunter, naked save for 
 the long hair which protects his body from the cold, has 
 crept up to a gigantic Urus feeding in the grass, and is 
 seen in the very act of casting a spear at his unsuspecting 
 prey. Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 16. 
 
 Laughing Philosopher, The. A name given 
 to Democritus of Abdera because he was said 
 to laugh at the follies of mankind. 
 
 Laugier (lo-zhya/), Cesar de Bellecour, Comte 
 de. Born at Porto Ferrajo, Elba, Oct. 5, 1789: 
 died at Florence, March 25, 1871. An Italian 
 general and man of letters. 
 
 Lauingen (lou'ing-en). A town in Swabia and 
 Neuburg, Bavaria, on the Danube 25 miles 
 northwest of Augsburg: the birthplace of Al- 
 bertus Magnus. Population, about 4,000. 
 Laun (loun). A town in Bohemia, on the Eger 
 40 miles northwest of Prague. Population, 
 commune, 10,212. 
 
 Launce (Ians). A character in Shakspere’s 
 “ Two Gentlemen of Verona,” a servant of Pro- 
 teus, noted for his remarks to his dog Crab. 
 Launcelot. See Lancelot. 
 
 Launceston (lans'ton). A town in Cornwall, 
 England, situated near the Tamar 20 miles 
 north-northwest of Plymouth. It has a ruined 
 castle. Population, 4,053. 
 
 Launceston. The second largest town in Tas- 
 mania, situated in the northern part 105 miles 
 north of Hobart. Population, 18,077. 
 
 Launfal (lan'fal), Sir. A knight of the Round 
 Table, in the Arthurian cycle of romance. 
 Thomas Chestre wrote a metrical romance with this title 
 in the reign of Henry VI. See Vision of Sir Launfal. 
 LaUnion (la 6-ne-on'). A seaport in Salvador, 
 Central America, situated on an arm of Fonseca 
 Bay. Population, about 2,000. 
 
 Launitz (lou'nits), Eduard Schmidt von der. 
 Born at Grobin, Courland, Russia, Nov. 23, 
 1796: died at Frankfort-on-th e-Main, Dec. 12, 
 1869. A Russo-German sculptor. 
 
 Launitz, Robert Eberhard (Schmidt von der). 
 Born at Grobin, Courland, Russia, Nov. 16, 
 1806: died at New York, Dee. 13, 1870. A Rus- 
 sian-American sculptor. 
 
 Laupen (lou/pen). A town in the canton of 
 Bern, Switzerland, situated at the junction of 
 the Sense and Saane, 10 miles west-southwest 
 of Bern. It was the scene of a victory of Bern over 
 Fribourg and allies in 1339. 
 
 Laura (la'ra; It. pron. lou'ra) (identified with 
 Laur e de N oves, later Madame de Sale ) . [L. , 
 ‘alaurel’; It., etc., Laura, F. Laure.J Bornl308: 
 died at Avignon, France, April 6, 1348. A French 
 lady, beloved by Petrarch, and celebrated in 
 his poems. 
 
 When Petrarch first beheld her, on the sixth of April, 
 1327, Laura was in the church of Avignon. She was the 
 daughter of Audibert de Noves, and wife of Hugues de 
 Sale, both of Avignon. When she died of the plague, on 
 the sixth of April, 1348, she had been the mother of eleven 
 children. Sismondi, Lit. of South of Europe, I. 282. 
 
 Laura Matilda. A writer of sentimental verse 
 in Horace and James Smith’s “Rejected Ad- 
 dresses.” See Anna Matilda. 
 
 Lauraguais (lo-rii-ga'). An ancient division of 
 Languedoc. France, situated near Castelnau- 
 dary. It now forms parts of the departments 
 of Aude, Tarn, and Haute-Garonne. 
 
 Laurel (la'rel) Hill. A cemetery near Fair- 
 mount Park, Philadelphia. 
 
 595 
 
 Laurel Ridge. A range of low mountains, of 
 the Appalachian system, in southwestern Penn- 
 sylvania, east of Chestnut Ridge. 
 
 Laurence (la'rens), Saint. [Also Lawrence ; L. 
 Laurentius, laurel-crowned; F. Laurent, It. Lo- 
 renzo, Sp. Lorenzo, Pg. Lourengo, G. Lorens.'] 
 A Christian martyr of the 3d century, roasted 
 alive in an iron chair at Rome. His festival is 
 celebrated on Aug. 10. 
 
 Laurence, Saint. A prelate of the early Eng- 
 lish church. He succeeded St. Augustine as 
 archbishop of Canterbury. 
 
 Laurence. See Lawrence. 
 
 Laurence, Friar. A character in Shakspere’s 
 “Romeo and Juliet”: a Franciscan friar, the 
 adviser of Romeo and Juliet. 
 
 Laurence, Samuel. Born at Guildford, Surrey, 
 1812 : died at London, Feb. 28, 1884. An emi- 
 nent English portrait-painter. Among his works 
 are portraits of many men of letters, including Carlyle, 
 Whewell, Browning, F. D. Maurice, Dickens, Sir Henry 
 Taylor, Froude, Thackeray, Tennyson, and Lowell. 
 
 Laurens (la'rens), Henry. Born at Charleston, 
 S. C., 1724: died there, Dec., 1792. An American 
 statesman. He became a delegate to Congress in 1776; 
 was president of Congress 1777-78 ; and was peace com- 
 missioner at Paris in 1782. 
 
 Laurens, John. Born at Charleston, S. C., 1753: 
 killed at the Combahee, S. C., Aug. 27, 1782. 
 An American soldier, son of Henry Laurens, 
 distinguished for his gallantry in the Revolu- 
 tionary War. 
 
 Laurent (16-ron'), Francois. Born at Luxem- 
 burg, July 8, 1810: died at Brussels, Feb. 11, 
 1887. A Belgian historian, author of “ Etudes 
 sur l’histoire de l’humanit.d” (1850-70), etc. 
 
 Laurentian (la-ren'shi-an) Mountains. A 
 range of mountains in the dominion of Canada, 
 forming the watershed between the Hudson 
 Bay and St. Lawrence River systems. Often 
 referred to as the “ Height of Land.” 
 
 Laurentie (lo-ron-te'), Pierre Sebastien. Bom 
 at Houga, Gers, France, Jan. 21, 1793 : died at 
 Paris, Feb. 9, 1876. A French historian and 
 Legitimist journalist, author of “ Histoire de 
 France” (1841-43), etc. 
 
 Laurentius Valla. See Valla, Laurentius. 
 
 Laurentum (la-ren'tum). In ancient geogra- 
 phy a city of Latium, Italy, situated near the 
 coast, 16 miles southwest of Rome: the ancient 
 capital of Latium. 
 
 Lauria (lou're-a). A town in the province of 
 Potenza, Italy, situated in lat. 40° 2' N., long. 
 15° 49' E. Population, about 11,000. 
 
 Laurie (lou'ri), Robert. Born about 1755: died 
 at Broxboume, Hertfordshire, May 19, 1836. 
 An English mezzotint engraver. His name was 
 variously written Lowery, Lowry, Lawrie, etc. 
 
 Laurier (lo'ri-a), Sir Wilfrid. Born at St. 
 
 t Lin, Quebec, Nov. 20, 1841. A Canadian states- 
 man. He was minister of inland revenue 1877-78 ; was 
 appointed queen's counsel 1880 ; became leader of the 
 Liberal party 1887 ; and was premier of Canada 1896-1911. 
 He was knighted in 1897. 
 
 Laurion (la/ri-on or la-ri'on), or Laurium (13/- 
 ri-um or la-ri'um). [Gr. A aiipiov, Aavpeiov.] A 
 mountain at the southeastern extremity of At- 
 tica, Greece. It was celebrated in antiquity for its sil- 
 ver-mines. Recently its mines have been worked, and 
 produce lead, zinc, etc. 
 
 Laurvig (lour'vig), or Larvik (lar'vik). A 
 seaport in the province of Jarlsberg-Laurvig, 
 southern Norway, 63 miles south-southwest of 
 Christiania, near the mouth of the Laagen on 
 the Laurvig Fjord. Population, 10,401. 
 
 Lausanne (lo-zan'). The capital of the canton 
 of Vaud, Switzerland, situated near Lake Ge- 
 neva in lat. 46° 32' N., long. 6° 38' E. : the 
 Roman Lausonium. It is an educational and literary 
 center, and has a museum and a picture-gallery. The ca- 
 thedral, dating from the middle of the 13th century, is by far 
 thefinest medieval monument in Switzerland. Thetransepts 
 have low, arcaded towers on the east side, and the facades 
 exhibit fine roseB. There is a tower at the crossing witha 
 slender spire, and a finetoweronthesouthsideof the west 
 front, terminating in two tiers of arcades and angle-pinna- 
 cles. The sculptured portals also are fine. The interior 
 is of great symmetry and beauty, with a noteworthy trifo- 
 rium, and contains many remarkable monuments, among 
 them that of Victor Amadeus VIII. of Savoy. The length 
 of the cathedral is 352 feet, length of transepts 160, height 
 of vaulting 66. The admirable restoration was planned by 
 Viollet-le-Duc. Lausanne was made the seat of a bish- 
 opric in the 6tli century ; was conquered by Bern in 1636 ; 
 and became the capital of the canton of L4man in 1798, and 
 of the canton of V and ip 1803. Gibbon was a resident of 
 the city. Population, 40,717. 
 
 Lausitz. See Lusalia. 
 
 Lautaro (lou-ta'ro), or Latur (la-tor'). Born 
 about 1535: died Feb. (?), 1557. An Arauca- 
 nian Indian of Chile. He was the son of a chief ; was 
 captured by the Spaniards ; and became a servant of the 
 governor Valdivia. Escaping in 1553, he joined his coun- 
 trymen, took part in the battle of Tucapel, in which Val- 
 
 Laveleye 
 
 divia was killed (Jan. 1, 1554), and during the next three 
 years was the most noted aud successiui of the Indian 
 leaders. He was eventually defeated and killed by Villa- 
 gra at the battle of Mataquito. Lautaro’s deeds are cele- 
 brated in the “Araucana ” of Ercilla. 
 
 Lautaro (lou-ta'ro) Society. [Sp. Sociedad de 
 Lautaro.] A secret political society, originally 
 established in various Spanish cities during the 
 first years of the 19th century, it was affiliated 
 with the Gran Reunion Americana(which see), and had for 
 its aim the emancipation of Spanish South America. The 
 first American branch (called the Lautaro Lodge) was 
 formed at Buenos Ayres, by San Martin and others, about 
 July, 1812. In Jan., 1813, it obtained practical control of the 
 government at Buenos Ayres, and during the succeeding 
 years, until about 1823, was the hidden moving spring of 
 nearly all political action on the patriot side. 
 
 The Lodge of Lautaro was not a machine of government 
 or of speculative propaganda, it was an engine of revolu- 
 tion, of war against a common enemy and of defense 
 against internal dangers. Under itsauspices wascreated 
 the first popular assembly which gave form to the sover- 
 eignty of the people ; to it was due that spirit of propa- 
 ganda which characterized the Argentine revolution, and 
 the maintenance of the alliance with Chile, which gave 
 independence to half the continent. 
 
 Mitre, The Emancipation of South America (Eng. trans. 
 
 [of Pilling, 1893), pp. 48, 49. 
 
 Lauter (lou'ter). F. Lutter (lii-tar'). A river 
 in Germany, forming in part the boundary be- 
 tween the Rhine Palatinate and Alsace. It 
 joins the Rhine 9 miles southwest of Karlsruhe. 
 Length, 51 miles. 
 
 Lauterbrunnen (lou'ter-bron-nen). A valley 
 and parish in the Bernese Oberland, Switzer- 
 land, 33 miles southeast of Bern. It is noted for 
 the Staubbach, Triimmelbaeh, and other falls. 
 Lavagna (la-van'ya). A seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Genoa, Italy, 22 miles east by south of 
 Genoa. Population, commune, 5,315. 
 
 Laval (la-val' ). The capital of the department 
 of Mayenne, France, on the Mayenne in lat. 
 48° 5' N., long. 0°48' W. It is noted for the mauufac- 
 tureof ticking, and for its castle and cathedral. Formerly 
 a barony, it was made a countship in 14*29. Near it the 
 Vendeans under La Roche jacquelein defeated the repub- 
 licans Oct. 24-25, 1793. Population, commune, 29,751. 
 
 La Valette, Jean Parisot de. See Valette. 
 Lavalle (lii-val'ya), Juan. Born at Buenos 
 Ayres, Oct. 16, 1797 : assassinated at Jujuy, Oet. 
 9,1841. An Argentinian general. He fought under 
 San Martin in Chile and Peru, and against the Brazilians 
 1825-28. In Dec., 1828, he deposed and shot Dorrego, the 
 Federalist governor of Buenos Ayres, and was himself 
 governor for a year. Subsequently he was the leader of 
 the opposition to Rosas, and in 1839, at the head of pro- 
 vincial forces, marched on Buenos Ayres ; but after repeated 
 defeats he was forced to fly to Jujuy. 
 
 La Valliere (lava-lyar'), Frantjoise Louise de 
 La Baume Le Blanc, Duchesse de. Born at 
 Tours, France, Aug. 7, 1644 : died at Paris, June 
 6, 1710. A mistress of Louis XIV., whose at- 
 tention she attracted in 1661. She was created a 
 duchess In 1666, and retired to a convent in 1674, after 
 having been superseded in the king’s affections by the 
 Marquise de Montespan. She is the reputed author of 
 “Reflexions sur la raisdricorde de Dieu "(1685). 
 
 Laval-Montmorency (la-val'mon-mo-ron-se'), 
 Francois de. Born at. Laval, France, March 23, 
 1622: died at Quebec, May, 1708. A French 
 prelate in Canada. 
 
 Lavater (la'va-ter), Johann Caspar. Born at 
 Zurich, Nov. 15, 1741 : died there, Jan. 2, 1801. 
 A Swiss poet and theologian, the founder of the 
 so-called science of physiognomy. He studied 
 theology at Zurich, where he subsequently lived as a 
 clergyman, and where he died from the effects of a wound 
 received from a French soldier at the capture of the city 
 in 1799. As a poet he is chiefly known by his “Scliwei- 
 zerlieder" (“Swiss Songs," 1767). “Aussichten in die 
 Ewigkeit " (“Looks into Eternity ”) appeared the following 
 year. His principal work, in which he gives an account 
 of his science of physiognomy and attempts its justifica- 
 tion, is “Physiognomische Fragmente zur Beforderung 
 der Menschenkenntniss und Menschenliebe "(“ Physiog- 
 nomical Fragments for the Promotion of a Knowledge of 
 Marrand of Love of Man,” 1775-78). Goethe contributed 
 to it a chapter on the skulls of animals. His complete 
 works were published 1836-38, in 6 volumes. 
 
 Lavaur (la-vor'). A cathedral town in the de- 
 partment of Tarn, France, situated on the 
 Agout. 20 miles east-northeast of Toulouse. It 
 was the leading town of the Albigenses. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 6,388. 
 
 La Vaux, or Lavaux (lii-vo'), G. Ryffthal 
 (ref'tal). A district in the canton of Vaud, 
 Switzerland, north of the Lake of Geneva and 
 east of Lausanne. 
 
 Lavedan (liiv-don'), Henri Leon Emile. Born 
 at Orleans, April, 1859. A French litterateur, 
 elected to the Academy in 1898. He writes for “La 
 Vie Parisienne ’’ under the name of Mancheeourt, and is 
 the author of comedies, tales, etc. 
 
 Laveleyc (lav-la'), Emile Louis Victor de. 
 
 Born at Bruges, Belgium, April 5, 1822: died 
 at Doyon, near Li6ge, Jan. 3, 1892. A Belgian 
 political economist and political writer. Among 
 his works are “Do la propriety et de ses formes prinii- 
 
Laveleye 
 
 tives" (1873), “ Le parti clerical en Belgique" (1874), “Le 
 protestantisme et le catholicisme ’’ (1876), "Le socialisme 
 con temporal n ” (1881), etc. 
 
 Lavello (la-vel'lo). A town in the province of 
 Potenza, Italy, situated in lat. 41° 3' N., long. 
 15° 46' E. Population, commune, 7,445. 
 
 La Vendee. See Vendee. 
 
 Lavigerie (la-vezh-re'), Charles Martial Alle- 
 mand. Born at Bayonne, Oct. 31, 1825 : died 
 at Algiers, Nov. 26, 1892. A French cardinal, 
 chiefly known as an opponent of the slave-trade 
 in Africa. He became bishop of Nancy in 1863, arch- 
 bishop of Algiers and Carthage in 1867, and cardinal in 1882. 
 
 La Villemarque (la vel-mar-ka'), Vicomte de 
 (Theodore Claude Henri Hersart). Born at 
 Quimperld, FinistOre, France, 1815: died 1895. 
 A French philologist, noted for works on the 
 language and literature of Brittany. 
 
 Lavinia (la-vin'i-ii). 1. In Roman legend, the 
 daughter of Latinus and wife of JEneas. — 
 2. The daughter of Titus Andronicus in Shak- 
 spere’s (?) “Titus Andronicus.” 
 
 Lavinium (la-vin'i-um). Ill ancient geography, 
 a city of Latium, Italy, 15 miles south of Rome. 
 Lavoisier (la-vwfi-zya'), Antoine Laurent. 
 Born at Paris, Aug. 16, 1743: guillotined at 
 Paris, May 8, 1794. A celebrated French chem- 
 ist, the chief founder of modern chemistry, and 
 the reformer of chemical nomenclature. He was 
 the son of a tradesman, and was educated at the College 
 Mazarin. In 1769 he was appointed farmer-general of the 
 revenue, and in 1776 director of the government powder- 
 mills. In May, 1794, he was attacked in the Convention as 
 an ex-farmer-general, and was sentenced to death by the 
 Revolutionary tribunal. He overthrew the old "phlo- 
 gistic "chemistry. His chief work is “Traito tlemcntaire 
 de chimie ’’ (1789). 
 
 Lavoro, Terra di. See Cascrta. 
 
 Law (la), Edmund. Born at Cartmel, Lanca- 
 shire, June 6, 1703: died at Carlisle, Aug. 14, 
 1787. Au English prelate (bishop of Carlisle) 
 and theological and philosophical writer. He was 
 made archdeacon of thediocese of Carlisle in 1743 ; master 
 of Peterhouse in 1756 ; librarian of the University of Cam- 
 bridge in 1760; Knightbridge professor of moral philoso- 
 phy in 1764 ; and bishop of Carlisle in 1768. He published 
 an “ Enquiry into the Idea of Space and Time " (1734), 
 “Considerations on the State of the World with Regard to 
 the Theory of Religion " (1745), etc. 
 
 Law, Edward. Born at Great Salkeld, Cum- 
 berland, Nov. 16, 1750: died at London, Dec. 13, 
 1818. A noted English jurist, son of Bishop 
 Edmund Law, made Baron Ellenborough April 
 19, 1802. He graduated at Peterhouse, Cambridge, in 
 1771; was called to the bar June, 1780; was leading coun- 
 sel for Warren Hastings, and appeared in other famous 
 trials ; became attorney-general under Addington, Feb. 14, 
 1801 ; entered Parliament March, 1801 ; and became lord 
 chief justice of England April 12, 1802. In 1806 he ac- 
 cepted a seat in the cabinet, under Addington, without 
 office. His most important attempt in legislation was the 
 act which bears his name (now repealed), by which the 
 number of capital felonies was largely increased. 
 
 Law, Edward. Born Sept. 8, 1790: died Dee. 
 22, 1871. An English statesman, earl of Ellen- 
 borough, eldest son of Baron Ellenborough, chief 
 justice of England. He graduated (M. A.) at St. John’s 
 College, Cambridge, in 1809 ; was appointed lord privy seal 
 under Wellington in 1828; was transferred to the presi- 
 dency of the board of control in the same year, and became 
 interested in Indian affairs ; went out of office In 1830 ; and 
 was appointed governor-general of India (succeeding Lord 
 Auckland) Oct. 20, 1841, a post which he held until 1844. 
 During his administration .ie annexed Sind (which was 
 conquered by Sir Charles Napier) and invaded Gwalior, 
 conquering the Mahrattas at Maharajpore, Dec. 28, 1843. 
 He succeeded his father as Lord Ellenborough in 1818, and 
 was advanced to an earldom in 1844. 
 
 Law (F. prom la'o), Jacques Alexandre Ber- 
 nard, Marquis of Lauriston. Born at Pondi- 
 cherry, India, Feb. 1, 1768: died at Paris, .June 
 10, 1828. A French marshal and diplomatist. 
 He served with distinction at Ragusa, Wagram, 
 Bautzen, Leipsic, etc. 
 
 Law (la), John. Born at Edinburgh, April, 1671: 
 died at Venice, March 21, 1729. A celebrated 
 financier and projector of commercial schemes, 
 the son of a goldsmith and banker. In April, 1694, 
 he killed “Beau” (Edward) Wilson in a duel in London 
 and was condemned to death, but escaped to the Continent 
 where for a time he led a roving life, largely that of a gam- 
 bler: at the same time endeavoring to secure the adoption 
 t>y various governments of his banking and other financial 
 schemes, especially of his plans fortheissueof paper money, 
 of which he was an earnest advocate. In May, 1716, he, 
 with others, founded the Banque G6n6rale, and succeeded 
 in carrying out with success his views with regard to 
 paper currency, his notes being accepted in payment of 
 taxes, and commandinga premium over specie. Soon after 
 this he acquired from the French government control of 
 the territory then called “Louisiana ” for colonization and 
 trade, the “Compagnie d’Occident” being incorporated 
 for this purpose in 1717 : an enterprise which became fa- 
 mous under the name of “The Mississippi Scheme" or 
 “ The System. ” This company soon absorbed the East In- 
 dia and China companies (being thereafter known as the 
 “Compagnie de9 Indes”), the African Company, the mint, 
 and the power of receivers-general, thus becoming supreme 
 both in the American and Asial ic commerce of France and 
 
 596 
 
 in its internal financial affairs. Meanwhile, in 1718, the 
 ‘ Banque Gffiffirale "had been transformed into the “Banque 
 Royale,” with Law as director-general and its notes guar- 
 anteed by the king. On Jan. 5, 1720, Law was made con- 
 troller general of finance, and on Feb. 23 the company 
 and the bank were combined. For a while the “ System’’ 
 prospered, fortunes were made in speculation, and Law 
 possessed great power ; but the overissue of paper money 
 and the hostile action of the government brought on the 
 catasrtophe, and in May, 1720, the “System - collapsed. 
 Law was driven from France and his estates were confis- 
 cated. In Dec., 1720, however, he was invited by the czar 
 Peter to take charge of the finances of Russia, but declined. 
 Later (1721) he returned to England, remaining there until 
 1725, when he went to Italy. 
 
 Law, Thomas. Born at Cambridge, England, 
 Oct. 23, 1759: died at Washington, D. C., Oet., 
 1834. The seventh son of Edmund Law, bishop 
 of Carlisle. He emigrated to America in 1793, became 
 a friend of Washington, and married, as his second wife, 
 Eliza Parke Custis, granddaughter of Martha Wasliington. 
 He wrote several works on financial topics. 
 
 Law, William. BornatKing’sClifiie, near Stam- 
 ford, Northamptonshire, 1686: died there, April 
 9, 1761. An English controversial and devo- 
 tional writer, a graduate of Emmanuel College, 
 Cambridge, and for a time tutor of Edward Gib- 
 bon, father of the historian : author of “A Se- 
 rious Call to a Devout and Holy Life ” (1728), 
 etc. About 1740 he came under the influence 
 of the mysticism of Jakob Bohme. 
 
 Lawes (laz), Henry. Born at Dinton, Wiltshire, 
 Dec. (?), 1595: died at London, Oct. 21, 1662. An 
 English musician (a member of the king’s band), 
 composer of the music for Milton’s “Comus” 
 (1634), and of numerous songs and anthems. 
 He was buried in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Lawes, William. Killed at the siege of Chester, 
 Sept., 1645. Am English composer, elder brother 
 of Henry Lawes. He wrote the music for va- 
 rious masks, instrumental pieces, etc. 
 
 Lawfeld (law'feld). A village in the province 
 of Limburg, Netherlands, near Maastricht. Here, 
 July 2, 1747, the French under Marshal Saxe defeated the 
 allies under the Duke of Cumberland. 
 
 Lawgiver of Parnassus, The. A nickname of 
 Nicholas Boileau. 
 
 Lawrence. See Laurence. 
 
 Lawrence (la'rens). A city and the capital of 
 Douglas County, Kansas, situated on the Kan- 
 sas River 25 miles east by south of Topeka. 
 It is a railway center, has flourishing manufactures and 
 trade, and is the seat of the State University. It was 
 founded by Free-Soil settlers in 1854, became an anti- 
 slavery center, and was sacked and burned by Confederate 
 guerrillas under Quantrell in 1863. Pop., 12,374, (1910). 
 Lawrence. A city and one of the capitals of 
 Essex County, Massachusetts, situated on the 
 Merrimac 25 miles north of Boston, it was made 
 a city in 1853, and is one of the leading cotton and woolen 
 manufacturing cities of New England. A strike of 18,000 
 textile workers, led by the Industrial Workers of the 
 World, took place Jan. 12-Mar. 24, 1912. Pop., 85,892, (1910). 
 
 Lawrence, Abbott. Born at Groton, Mass., 
 Dec. 16, 1792: died at Boston, Aug. 18, 1855. 
 An American merchant and politician, brother 
 of Amos Lawrence. He was United States minister 
 to Great P»ritain 1849-52, and founded the Lawrence Scien- 
 tific School at Harvard. 
 
 Lawrence, Amos. Born at Groton, Mass., 
 April 22, 1786: died at Boston, Dec. 31, 1852. 
 An American merchant and philanthropist. He 
 gave about $20,000 to the academy at Groton, which received 
 the name of Lawrence Academy in 1843. 
 
 Lawrence, Charles. Died at Halifax, Nova 
 Scotia, Oct. 17, 1760. An English general (com- 
 mander of a brigade at the siege of .Louisburg), 
 lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia 1754, and 
 governor 1756. 
 
 Lawrence, George Alfred. Born 1827: died 
 Sept. 23, 1876. An English novelist. He wrote 
 “Guy Livingstone” (1857), etc. 
 
 Lawrence, Sir George St. Patrick. Born at 
 Trineomalee, Ceylon, March 17, 1804: died at 
 London, Nov. 16, 1884. An English general, 
 elder brother of Sir Henry M. Lawrence. He 
 served with distinction in India from 1822 to 1864, except 
 for a brief period, and was made major-general in 1861. 
 He wrote “Forty-three Years in India “(1874). 
 
 Lawrence, Sir Henry Montgomery. Born at 
 Matura, Ceylon, June 28, 1806: died at Luck- 
 now, July 4, 1857. A noted English general 
 and administrator in India, newns the fourth son 
 of Colonel Alexander Lawrence (an Indian officer), and 
 brother of Lord Lawrence and Sir George St. P. Lawrence. 
 He served in India from 1822, and was appointed resident 
 at Lahore Jan. 8, 1S47; president of the board of adminis- 
 tration in the Panjab April 14, 1849 ; governor-general’s 
 agent in Rajputana 1853 ; and chief commissioner of Oudh 
 1857. When the mutiny broke out, May, 1857, he was in 
 Lucknow, the defense of which he organized, and where 
 he died from a wound received July 2. He was the author 
 of several works on India. 
 
 Lawrence, James. Bom at Burlington, N. J., 
 Oet. 1, 1781 : died at sea, June 5, 1813. An 
 American naval officer. While in command of the 
 
 Layamon 
 
 Hornet he captured the British ship Peacock, Feb., 1813. 
 He was defeated and mortally wounded as commander of 
 the Chesapeake against the Shannon, June 1, 1813. See 
 Chesapeake. 
 
 Lawrence, John Laird Mair, Lord Lawrence. 
 Born at Richmond, Yorkshire, England, March 
 4, 1811 : died June 26, 1879. Am English states- 
 man and administrator in India, younger brother 
 of Sir Henry M. Lawrence. He went to India in 
 1S29 ; became one of the administrators of the Panjab 1849, 
 chief commissioner 1853, and governor-general of India 
 1863-69. The services which he rendered as governor of 
 the Panjab, during the Sepoy mutiny, earned for him the 
 title of “savior of India.” 
 
 Lawrence, Slingsby A pseudonym of George 
 Henry Lewes. 
 
 Lawrence, Stringer. Born at Hereford, March 
 6, 1697 : died at London, Jan. 10, 1775. An 
 English soldier, distinguished by his services 
 in India 1748-59, made major-general in the 
 East Indies in 1759. He went to India as major to 
 take command of the troops of the East India Company, 
 and at once began the labors in military organization which 
 earned for him the title of “father of the Indian army." 
 He was chiefly occnp.ed in fighting the French and check- 
 ing the growth of their influence in India. His last service 
 was the defense of Fort St. George during its famous siege 
 by the French under Lally, 1758-59. 
 
 Lawrence, Sir Thomas. Bom at Bristol, May 
 
 4, 1769: died at London, Jan. 7, 1830. A cele- 
 brated portrait-painter, son of an innkeeper of 
 Bristol. He was knighted April 22, 1816, and elected 
 president of the Royal Academy to succeed Benjamin 
 West, March 20, 1820. He was patronized by George III., 
 and among his sitters were a large number of notable per- 
 sons. 
 
 Lawrence, Sir William. Born at Cirencester, 
 England, July 16, 1783: died at London, July 
 
 5, 1867. A noted English surgeon and anato- 
 mist. He was appointed professorof anatomy and surgery 
 at the College of Surgeons in 1815, and in 1829 successor 
 of Abernethy as lecturer ou surgery at St. Bartholomew's 
 Hospital. Of his works his "Lectures on the Physiology, 
 Zoology, and Natural History of Man " are noted from the 
 fact that the courts fled by Lord Eldon) refused to protect 
 their author's rights in them because they were held to 
 contradict the Scriptures. 
 
 Lawrence , W illiam Beacn. Born at N ew Y ork, 
 Oct. 23, 1800 : died at New York, March 26, 1881. 
 An American jurist and politician. Among his 
 works are “Law of Charitable Uses” (1845), "Visitation and 
 Search ” (1858), “Commentaire sur les ^ffiments du droit 
 international ”(1868-80). He edited Wheaton s “Elements 
 ol International Law ” (1855). 
 
 Laws of Candy, The. A play by Massinger and 
 Fletcher, printed in 1647. It was probably written 
 about 1619. The plot is from one of Cinthio's novels. 
 
 Lawson (la/son), Cecil Gordon. Born at Wel- 
 lington, in Shropshire, Dec. 3, 1851 : died at Lon- 
 don, June 10, 1882. An English landscape- 
 painter, fifth son of the painter William Lawson. 
 Lawson, Sir John. Died at Greenwich, June 
 29, 1665, from a. wound received in the action 
 off Lowestoft June 3. An English sailor, com- 
 mander in the service of Parliament 1642-56 and 
 1659, and then in that of the king. He served under 
 Vice-Admiral Penn in the Mediterranean, and under Blake 
 in the North Sea, and became vice-admiral in 1653. In 
 1659 he took, by order of Parliament, command of the 
 fleet in the “Narrow Seas." In 1661-64 he commanded a 
 fleet in the Mediterranean, and succeeded temporarily in 
 coercing the corsairs of Tunis and Algiers. 
 
 Lawson, John. Died 1712. A Scotch surgeon 
 who came to America as surveyor-general of 
 North Carolina in 1700. He traveled extensively 
 through the Carolinas in the prosecution of his business, 
 writing down his experiences and observations as he went. 
 He became an object of suspicion to the Indians, and in 
 1712 they waylaid and murdered him. His book "A New 
 Voyage to Carolina, etc.,” was published in London in 1709. 
 Lawson, Sir Wilfrid. Born in Cumberland, 
 Sept. 4, 1829: died at London, July 1, 1906. 
 An English baronet and Radical politician. 
 
 He represented Carlisle in Parliament 1859-65 and 1868- 
 85, sat for a division of Cumberland 1886-1900 and in 1906, 
 and for a division of Cornwall 1903-05. He was one of 
 the most strenuous advocates of the cause of temperance. 
 
 Lawton (la'ton), Henry W. Born at Toledo, 
 Ohio, March 17, 1843 : died at San Mateo, near 
 Manila, Philippine Islands, Dec. 18, 1899. An 
 American general. He served as a volunteer on the 
 Union side in theCivil War, rising to the brevet rank of colo- 
 nel ; entered the regular army in 1866 ; served in the West 
 against the Indians, and became famous for his successful 
 operations against Geronimo ; was commissioned briga- 
 dier-general of volunteers in 1898 ; commanded a division 
 in the attack on Santiago; captured El Caney July 1 ; was 
 promoted major-general of volunteers July 8; and was 
 assigned to t lie command of a corps in the Philippines in 
 the same year. 
 
 Laxenburg (laks ' en-boro), or Lachsenburg 
 
 (laks'en-boro). A village in Lower Austria, 
 9 miles south of Vienna, noted for its royal 
 castle and park. 
 
 Layamon (lii'ya-mon), or Laweman (la'man). 
 [ME. Lagamon. also in a later text of the poem 
 Laweman, in other places Lagcmann (ML. Lage- 
 
Layamon 
 
 mannus), from AS. Haguman, lahman (— Icel. 
 lagamadhr, logmadhr), ‘law-man,’ a judge or 
 juror.] Lived about 1200. An English priest, 
 author of a semi-Saxon paraphrase of Wace’s 
 “Roman de Brut.” S ee Brut. All that is known 
 of his life i 3 contained in a few passages of his work which 
 refer to himself. From these it appears that he was a priest 
 and lived at “Ernley”— that is, Areley Regis in North 
 Worcestershire. 
 
 Layanas (li-a'nas). An Indian tribe of Matto 
 Grosso, Brazil, a branch of the Guanas (which 
 see). 
 
 Layard (la'ard), Sir Austen Henry. Bom at 
 Paris, March 5, 1817 : died at London, July 5, 
 1894. An English arclifeologist and diploma- 
 tist, noted for his archaeological discoveries in 
 Asiatic Turkey. He was a member of Parliament for 
 Southwark 1860 70 ; under-secretary for foreign affairs 
 1861-66 ; commissioner of works 1868-69 ; minister to Spain 
 1869-77 ; and ambassador to Constantinople 1877-80. He 
 published “Nineveh and its Remains’’ (1848), “Fresh 
 Discoveries at Nineveh, and Researches at Babylon” 
 (1853), “The Monuments of Nineveh" (1849-53), '“In- 
 scriptions in the Cuneiform Character from Assyrian 
 Monuments ” (1851), etc. 
 
 Laybach. See Laibach. 
 
 Laycock (la'kok), Thomas. Bom in Wetherby, 
 Yorkshire, 1812: died at Edinburgh, Sept. 21, 
 1876. An English physiologist, professor of the 
 practice of physic in Edinburgh University. He 
 wrote “A Treatise on the Nervous Diseases of Women” 
 (1840), “ Mind and Brain ” (1859), etc. 
 
 Lay of the Last Minstrel. A narrative poem 
 by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1805. The scene 
 is laid on the Scottish border, 16th century. 
 Lays of Ancient Rome, The. A volume of 
 poems by Macaulay, published in 1842. 
 Lazarillo(laz-a-rilTo). 1. A character in Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher’s “The Woman-Hater,” de- 
 scribed as a voluptuous “smell-feast” in the 
 old dramatis personae. He is a poor and hungry cour- 
 tier, whose whole soul is given to the subject of delicate 
 eating, with a particular desire toward an umbrana’s ( fish’s) 
 head, which he pursues through the play and finally ob- 
 tains by marrying its possessor. 
 
 2. A character in Middleton’s play “Blurt, Mas- 
 ter Constable,” a Spanish gentleman of exag- 
 gerated etiquette. 
 
 Lazarillo de Tormes (la-tha-rel'yo da tor'mes). 
 A work by Diego Hurtado de Mendoza (first 
 known edition 1553), the autobiography of a boy, 
 “Little Lazarus,” who began life as the guide of 
 a blind beggar. “With an inexhaustible fund of good- 
 humor and great quickness of parts, he learns, at once, the 
 cunning and profligacy that qualify him to rise to still great- 
 er frauds and a yet wider range of adventures and crimes in 
 the service successively of a priest, agentleman starving on 
 his own pride, a friar, a seller of indulgences, a chaplain, 
 and an alguazil, until, at last, from the most disgraceful 
 motives, he settles down as a married man ; and then the 
 story terminates without reaching any proper conclusion, 
 and without intimating that any is to follow.” ( Ticknor .) 
 The book enjoyed great popularity. Starvation is raised 
 to the dignity of an art. It was “the foundation for a 
 class of fictions essentially national, which under the name 
 of the gusto picaresco , or the style of the rogues, is as well 
 known as any other department of Spanish literature, and 
 one which the ‘Gil Bias’ of Le Sage has made famous 
 throughout the world.” Ticknor. 
 
 Lazarus (laz'a-rus). 1. In New Testament bis- 
 tory, the brother of Mary and Martha, and friend 
 of Jesus, who raised him from the dead. — 2. A 
 character in one of the parables of Jesus, a 
 beggar at the gate of Dives, a rich man. 
 Lazarus (laz'a-rus), Emma. BornatNew York, 
 July 22, 1849": died there, Nov. 19, 1887. An 
 American poet, of Hebrew origin, she wrote 
 “Admetus” (1871), “Songs of a Semite” (1882), a prose 
 work “ Alide : an Episode of Goethe’s Life ’’ (1874), etc. 
 
 Lazarusjlat'sa-ros), Moritz. Born at Filehne, 
 Posen, Sept. 15, 1824: died at Meran, Tyrol, 
 April 13, 1903. A German philosopher of Her- 
 bartian tendencies, professor of psychology at 
 Bern (1860-66) and later (1873) at the Univer- 
 sity of Berlin. He wrote “ Das Leben der Seele in Mo- 
 nographieniiber seine Erscheinungen und Gesetze” (1856— 
 1867), etc., and edited, with Steinthal, the “ Zeitschriftfur 
 Volkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft.” 
 
 Lea (le). A river in England which joins the 
 ★Thames near the Isle of Dogs, London. 
 
 Lea, Henry Charles. Born at Philadelphia, 
 Sept. 19, 1825 : died Oct. 24, 1909. An Ameri- 
 can author and publisher, son of Tsaac Lea. He 
 published “ Superstition and Force ” (1866), “ Sacerdotal 
 Celibacy " (1867), « Studies in Church History ” (1869), “ A 
 History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages ” (1887-88), 
 etc. 
 
 Lea, Isaac. Bom at Wilmington, Del., March 
 4, 1792: died at Philadelphia, Dec. 7, 1886. An 
 American naturalist. Among his works are "Contri- 
 butions to Geology ” (1833), “ Fossil Footmarks ” (1853), and 
 numerous impo rtan t papers on conchology. 
 
 Leach (lech), William Elford. Born at Ply- 
 mouth, England, 1790 : died of cholera at the 
 Palazzo San Sebastiano, near Tortona, Italy, 
 Aug. 25, 1836. An English physician and natu- 
 
 597 
 
 ralist, assistant librarian, and later assistant 
 keeper, of the natural-history department in the 
 British Museum : noted especially for his work 
 in entomology and malacology. He withdrew from 
 the museum in 1821. He published “The Zoological Mis- 
 cellany ” (1814-17), “ Malacostraca podophthalma Britan- 
 nia, or a Monograph on the British Crabs, etc." (1815-16), 
 “Systematic Catalogue of the Specimens of the Indigenous 
 Mammalia and Birds that are preserved in the British 
 Museum, etc.” (1816), “A Synopsisof the Molluscaof Great 
 Britain, etc. ” (ed. by J. E. Gray 1852 : but in part printed 
 and circulated as early as 1820). 
 
 Leadbeater (led'be"t>er), Mrs. (Mary Shackle- 
 ton). Bom at Ballitore, County Kildare, Ire- 
 land, Dee., 1758: died there, June 27, 1826. An 
 English writer, of Quaker birth, a friend and 
 correspondent of Burke. She published “Poems” 
 (1808), “Cottage Dialogues among the Irish Peasantry” 
 (1811), “ Cottage Biography ” (1822), “ Annals of Ballitore ” 
 (published 1862 as “The Leadbeater Papers” by R. D. 
 Webb). 
 
 Leadville (led'vil). A city and the capital of 
 Lake County, Colorado, situated about 10,200 
 feet above sea-level, 78 miles southwest of Den- 
 ver. It is noted for the mining of silver and lead (and 
 formerly of gold). Settled 1877. Pop., 7,608, (1910). 
 
 League (leg) ? The. [F. La Ligue.'] Specifically, 
 in French history, the Holy League, formed in 
 the Roman Catholic interest in 1576. The Guise 
 family was at its head, and it carried on for many years a 
 contest against Henry of Navarre. See Holy League. 
 
 League of the German Princes, The. [G. 
 
 Der Fiirstenbund.] A league formed at the in- 
 stance of Frederick the Great in July, 1785, be- 
 tween Prussia, Hannover, and the electorate of 
 Saxony, against the emperor Joseph II. it was 
 afterward joined by Brunswick, Mainz, Hesse-Cassel, Ba- 
 den, Mecklenburg, Anhalt, and the Thuringian lands. 
 
 League of the Public Weal. [F. Ligue du bien 
 publique .] A union of powerful French nobles 
 formed against Louis XL about 1465. 
 
 Leah (le' ji). [Heb., probably ‘wild cow.’] Elder 
 daughter of Laban, and first wife of Jacob (Gen. 
 xxix. ) . She became the ancestress of the six tribes Reu- 
 ben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, and Zebulon. She also 
 became the mother of Dinah, the only daughter of Jacob 
 mentioned. She was buried in the double cave (Mach- 
 pelah), the family burial-place of the patriarchs, at Hebron. 
 Gen. xlix. 31. 
 
 Leahy (le'hi), Edward Daniel. Born at Lon- 
 don, 1797 : died at Brighton, Feb. 9, 1875. An 
 English painter, best known from his portraits. 
 Leake (lek). Sir John. Bom at Rotherhithe, 
 England, 1656: died at Greenwich, Aug. 21, 
 1720. An English sailor. He was knighted Feb., 1704, 
 and made rear-admiral of Great Britain May 20, 1709. He 
 relieved Barcelona, April, 1706 ; received the submission 
 of Cartagena in May ; and, with the cooperation of the land 
 forces, captured the city of Alicante, and secured the sur- 
 render of Majorca and Iviza. He was appointed admiral 
 and commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean Jan. 15, 
 1708, and cooperated in the reduction of Sardinia and Mi- 
 norca. In Dec. he again received a commission as admiral 
 and commander-in-chief. In 1709 he was appointed one of 
 the lords of the admiralty. 
 
 Leake, William Martin. Bom at Londou, Jau. 
 14, 1777 : died at Brighton, Jan. 6, 1860. A noted 
 English antiquarian and classical topographer. 
 He was educated at the Royal Military Academy at Wool- 
 wich ; served in the West Indies 1794-98 ; went (with the 
 rank of captain) to Constantinople as instructor in artil- 
 lery practice in 1799 ; traveled through Asia Minor and 
 Cyprus in 1800 ; and joined the Turkish army in Egypt (via 
 Athens, Cyprus, and Syria) 1801. He was employed in a 
 survey of Egypt until March, 1802. In 1805 he visited 
 Greece, and remained there engaged in surveys and ex- 
 plorations and diplomatic negotiations until 1807. In 
 1808 he went to Greece on business of the British govern- 
 ment, returning to England in 1809. He was appointed 
 brevet lieutenant-colonel June 4, 1813. Among his publi- 
 cations are “ The Topography of Athens ” (1821), “Journal 
 of a Tour in Asia Minor” (1824), “Travels in the Morea” 
 (1830), “Travels in Northern Greece” (1835), “Numismata 
 Hellenics " (1854-59). 
 
 Leamington (lern'ing-ton), or Royal Leaming- 
 ton Spa, formerly Leamington Priors. A town 
 and watering-place in Warwickshire, England, 
 situated on the Learn 2 miles east of Warwick. 
 Saline springs were discovered here about 1786. It is a 
 central point for various excursions (Warwick, Stratford- 
 on-Avon, Kenilworth, Coventry, etc.). Population, 20,- 
 888 . 
 
 Leander (le-an'der). [Gr. AdavSpog.] In Greek 
 legend, a youth of Abydos, the lover of Hero. 
 Each night he swam the Hellespont to visit her in her 
 tower at Lesbos. One stormy night the light in the tower, 
 by which his course was guided, was extinguished, and 
 he perished. His body was washed ashore, and on discov- 
 ering it Hero threw herself from her tower and was killed. 
 Leandre (la-on'dr). 1. The rival of L61ie in 
 Moliere’s comedy “L’Etourdi.” — 2. The son of 
 G6ronte in “Les fourberies de Scapin.” — 3. 
 The lover of Lucindo in “Le m^decin malgrd 
 lui.” 
 
 Leaning Tower. See Pisa. 
 
 Lear (ler), also Leir, Lir, and Leyr. A mythi- 
 cal king of Britain. See the extracts, and King 
 Lear. 
 
 Lebanon 
 
 “Lir” was another Ocean -god who was worshipped both 
 in Ireland and Britain. He appears in the Irish romance 
 on “ the fate of the Children of Lir ’’ as a king of the divine 
 race whose children were turned into swans by enchant- 
 ment : “ and the men of Erin were grieved at their depar- 
 ture, and they made a law and proclaimed it throughout the 
 land, that no one should kill a swan in Erin from that 
 time forth. ” In the Welsh histories he appears as “ Lear. ” 
 According to the version in Geoffrey of .Monmouth’s his- 
 tory, which Shakespeare adopted as the framework of his 
 tragedy, King Lear built the town of Leicester about the 
 time when Amos was a prophet in Israel ; and his daugh- 
 ter Cordelia is represented as burying him in a vault under 
 the River Sore, which had been originally built as a Tem- 
 ple of Janus. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 279. 
 
 After the death of Brutus the author of Perceforest drags 
 us through the history of his numerous descendants. One 
 of these monarchs is King Leyr, whose story was first 
 related of a Roman emperor in the Gesta Romanorum, 
 and was afterwards told of the British monarch in the 
 Chronicle of Geoffrey of Monmouth. These works were 
 the origin of Shakspeare’s celebrated tragedy, which, how- 
 ever, differs so far from them that both in Geoffrey’s Chron- 
 icle and Perceforest the events have a happy conclusion, 
 as Cordelia defeats her sisters and reinstates her father 
 on the throne. From Perceforest the tale had found its 
 way into Fabyan’s “Concordance of Histories," written in 
 the time of Henry VII., and thence passed into various la- 
 mentable ballads of the death of King Leyr and his three 
 daughters, of which the catastrophe probably suggested to 
 Shakspeare the tragic termination which he has given to 
 his drama. The story of King Lear is also in the fifteenth 
 chapter of the third book of Warner’s “Albion’s England,” 
 and in Spenser’s “Faery Queen ’’(hook 2, canto 10), where, 
 in conformity with the romance and chronicle, the war 
 against the sisters has a successful termination : 
 
 “So to his crown she restored him again, 
 
 In which he dyde, made ripe for death by eld.” 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 240. 
 
 Lear, Edward. Born at London, May 12, 1812 : 
 died at San Remo, 1888. An English artist and 
 writer, best known from his ornithological and 
 other zoological drawings. He assisted as drafts- 
 man J. Gould, Swainson, Grey, and others. Among his 
 publications are “Illustrations of the Family of the Psit- 
 tacidse” (1832), “Book of Nonsense” (1846), “Journal of a 
 Landscape Painter in Corsica” (1870). 
 
 Lear of the steppe. A novel by Turgenieff. 
 
 Learmont. Thomas. See Thomas the Kliymer. 
 
 Learned Blacksmith, The. A name given to 
 Elihu Burritt. 
 
 Leatherhead, Lanthorn. In Ben Jonson’s com- 
 edy ‘ ‘Bartholomew Fair,” a toy-man who is said, 
 though on doubtful authority, to be intended to 
 ridicule Inigo Jones, with whom Jonson had a 
 continual quarrel. 
 
 Leatherstocking. A name given to Natty 
 Bumpo in some of Cooper’s novels, which are 
 hence called the “Leatherstocking novels.” He 
 is also called Eawlcey e, the Trapper, the Path- 
 finder, and the Deerslayer. 
 
 In “The Pioneers,” “The Last of the Mohicans,” “The 
 Prairie,” “The Pathfinder,” and “The Deerslayer ” figures 
 the character of Leatherstocking, than whom no fictitious 
 personage has a greater claim to interest. His bravery, reso- 
 lution, and woodland skill make him a type of the hardy 
 race who pushed westward the reign of civilization. 
 
 Tuckerman, Hist, of Eng. Prose Fiction, p. 307. 
 
 Leau (la-o' ), Flem. Zout-Leeuw. A town in the 
 province of Brabant, Belgium, 18 miles east of 
 Louvain: noted for the church of St. Leonhard. 
 
 Leavenworth (lev'en-werth). A city and the 
 capital of Leavenworth County, Kansas, situ- 
 ated on the Missouri in lat.39° 19' N., long. 94° 
 58' W. It is a railway, commercial, and manufacturing 
 center. It was settled in 1854, and was formerly the largest 
 city in the State, but is now the fourth in population. 
 Population, 19,363, (1910). 
 
 Leaves of Grass. A collection of poems by 
 
 Walt Whitman. The first edition, containing 12 poems, 
 was published in 1855 ; the second edition (32 poems), in 
 1856; the third, including the first and second editions, 
 in 1860. 
 
 Leavitt (lev'it), Joshua. Born at Heath, Mass., 
 Sept. 8, 1794: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 16, 
 1873. An American journalist, lecturer, and 
 antislavery politician. He founded the New York 
 “Evangelist” in 1831, and became managing editor of the 
 New York “Independent" in 1848. 
 
 Lebadeia, or Lebadea. See Livadia. 
 
 Lebanon (leb'a-non). [Heb., ‘the white.’] The 
 lofty mountain-range in the southern part of 
 Syria, which runs on its western skirts from 
 northeast by north to southeast by south, and 
 extends in one unbroken dorsal ridge to a dis- 
 tance of more than 100 miles : the classical Liba- 
 nus,andthe el-Libnan of the Arabs. It is bounded 
 on the north by the Nahr el-Kebir (the classical Eleuthe- 
 rus) near Tripolis and Homs. Its highest summits rise in 
 the north. Beginning with the Jebcl el-Akra (4,500 feet), 
 it rises till it attains near Beirut and Tripolis in the Jebel 
 el-Machmal the height of 10,016 feet, and in the Dahr el- 
 Kodib 10,052 feet, which is overtowered by the Timarun 
 (10,639 feet). At the height of 7,500 feet the French built 
 in 1863 a post-road leading from Beirut to Damascus. From 
 this pass the mountain gradually slopes down to the val- 
 ley of the Litany. Lebanon consists mainly of limeBtone. 
 It is cut through by many gorges, ravines, and glens, with 
 here and there tremendous chasms and precipices thatde- 
 scend for nearly a thousand feet. The peaks of the Mach- 
 
Lebanon 
 
 mal and Kodibare clothed with snow eight months in the 
 year, while in the ravines the snow never melts. From 
 these snow-peaks the name of the mountain is derived. 
 Of the chief ornament of Lebanon in ancient time, the 
 cedars, there still exist small groups on many places in the 
 mountain, the largest consisting of about 350 trees, at the 
 foot of the Machinal. Lebanon is still covered with in- 
 dustrious villages and monasteries, and adorned with 
 gardens of olives, dates, figs, mulberries, and other fruit- 
 trees. It exhibits the greatest variety in its climatic con- 
 ditions and the character of its soil, so that an Arabian 
 poet has said of it : “The winter is upon its head, the 
 spring upon its shoulders, the autumn in its bosom, and 
 at its feet slumbers the summer.” Lebanon is inhabited 
 by Mohammedans, Druses, and Maronite Christians. Op- 
 posite Lebanon on the east side is Anti-Lebanon or Anti- 
 Libanns (which see). Between the two ranges is inclosed 
 the great and fertile valley of Bik’ah, called by the Greeks 
 and Romans Ccele-Syria (‘ hollow Syria’), cut through by 
 the rivers Asi and Litany (the classical Orontes and Leon- 
 tes), and containing the city of Baalbec, with its magnifi- 
 cent ruins. In the Assyrian inscriptions Lebanon is men- 
 tioned by the name of Libndnu as the chief source from 
 which the Assyrian kings procured costly woods for their 
 buildings. 
 
 Lebanon. A town in Grafton County, New 
 Hampshire, situated on the Connecticut about 
 50 miles northwest of Concord. Population, 
 5,718, (1910). 
 
 Lebanon. A manufacturing city, the capital 
 of Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, 25 miles 
 east by north of Harrisburg. Population, 
 19,240, (1910). 
 
 Lebanon Springs. See New Lebanon. 
 
 Lebas (le-ba'), Philippe. Born at Paris, 1794: 
 died 1861. A French archteologist and philolo- 
 gist. He wrote ‘ ‘Voyage archeologique en Greee 
 et en Asie Mineure,” etc. 
 
 Lebbaeus (le-be'us). [Gr. A e/3/Satoc.] A sur- 
 name (Mat. x. 3) of Jude, one of the apostles. 
 Lebda (leb'da). The modern name of Leptis 
 Magna. 
 
 Le Beau. A character in Shakspere’s “As you 
 Like it,” a courtier in attendance on Frederick 
 the usurping duke. 
 
 Le Beau (le bo), Charles. Born at Paris, Oct. 15, 
 1701: died at Paris, March 13, 1778. A French 
 historian, professor of eloquence at the College 
 de France 1752: author of “Histoire du Bas- 
 Empire ” (1756-79), etc. 
 
 Lebeau, Jean Louis Joseph. Born at Huy, 
 Belgium, Jan. 2, 1794: died at Huy, March 19, 
 1865. A Belgian statesman, prominent at the 
 time of the Belgian revolution (1830). He was 
 minister of justice 1832-34, and minister of foreign affairs 
 1840-41. 
 
 Lebedin (leb-e-den'). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Kharkoff, Russia, 85 miles northwest 
 of Kharkoff. Population, 20,174. 
 Lebedos(leb'e-dos). [Gr. Ae/Mof.] In ancient 
 geography, an Ionian seaport of Lydia, Asia 
 Minor, 25 miles northwest of Ephesus. 
 Lebedyan (leb-e-dyan'). A town in the gov- 
 ernment of Tamboff, Russia, situated on the 
 Don 106 miles west by north of Tamboff. 
 Population, 14,400. 
 
 Lebert (la'bert), Hermann. Born at Breslau, 
 Prussia, June 9, 1813: died at Bex, Switzerland, 
 Aug. 1, 1878. A German physician, noted as a 
 pathologist. He practised medicine for a time in Paris, 
 and was professor at Zurich in 1853-59, and at Breslau 
 1859-74. He wrote “Physiologie pathologique ” (1845), 
 “Anatomie pathologique” (1854-62), “Allgemeine Patho- 
 logie ” (1865), etc. 
 
 Leblond (le-bloh'), Jacques (Jacob) Chris- 
 
 tophe. Born at Frankfort-on-the-Main in 1670 : 
 died at Paris in 1741. A German painter and 
 engraver. He was noted for his miniatures, and in 1720 
 set on foot in London a process of printing engravings in 
 color, which he explained in “II Coloretto” (1730). 
 
 Leblond (le-bloh.' ) , Jean Baptiste. Born near 
 Autun, Dec. 2, 1747 : died at Guzy, Aug. 15, 
 1815. A French naturalist and traveler. From 
 1767 to 1802 he resided in Guiana, part of the time engaged 
 in government scientific work. He published “Voyage 
 aux Antilles et hl’Amdrique Meridional e" (1813), and works 
 on Guiana, on applied botany, etc. 
 
 Lebceuf (16 -bef'), Edmond. Bom at Paris, Dec. 
 6, 1809 : died near Argentan, Orne, June 7, 1888. 
 A French marshal. He was chief of the artillery staff 
 during the Crimean war ; commanded the artillery of the 
 French army in Italy in 1859 ; was minister of war 1869- 
 1870 ; and was made a marshal of France in 1869. On be- 
 ing asked by the emperor, when war seemed imminent 
 with Prussia, as to the condition of the army, he answered 
 that it was perfectly equipped down to the buttons on the 
 gaiters. He was compelled to resign when its actual condi- 
 tion became manifest at the beginning of the war. He 
 lived in retirement after the restoration of peace. 
 
 Le Bossu (le bos-sii'), Rene. Born at Paris in 
 1631 : died in 1680. Subprior of the Abbey of 
 St. Jean de Chartres. He published “ Traite du 
 poeme dpique” (1675). 
 
 Lebrija (la-bre'Ha). A town in the province of 
 Seville, Spain, 34 miles south by west of Seville. 
 Population, 9,617. 
 
 598 
 
 Lebrun (le-brah' ), Charles. Bom at Paris, Feb. 
 22, 1619 : died there, Feb. 12, 1690. A noted 
 French historical painter. He was a pupil of Vouet, 
 and studied at Rome 1642-46, where he met Poussin who 
 instructed him in the antiquities of Rome. On his return 
 to France he undertook notableworks, and in 1648 became 
 one of the founders of the Academic Royale de Peinture. 
 In 1660 he was appointed director of the Gobelins, and was 
 charged by Louis XIV. with the series of pictures from the 
 life of Alexander the Great reproduced in tapestry. In 1679 
 he undertook the great works in the Galerie de V ersailles. 
 Lebrun exercised despotic power in art. After the death 
 of Colbert in 1683 he met with more opposition. 
 
 Lebrun, Charles Franqois, Due de Piacenza. 
 Born at St.-Sauveur-Landelin, Manche, France, 
 March 19, 1739 : died near Dourdan, France, 
 June 16, 1824. A French politician. He was a 
 member of the National Assembly ; was elected to the 
 Council of Five Hundred in 1795 ; became third consul in 
 1799, archtreasurer of the empire in 1804, and duke of 
 Piacenza about 1806 ; and was governor of Holland 1810-13. 
 
 Lebrun, Mme. (Marie AnnefUisabeth Vigee). 
 
 Bom at Paris, April 16, 1755 : died there, March 
 30, 1842. A French portrait, historical, and 
 landscape painter. In 1783 she was made a member 
 of the French Academy. She was also an associate mem- 
 ber of the academies at Bologna, Parma, Berlin, St. Peters- 
 burg, Copenhagen, and Geneva. She left over 650 por- 
 traits, 200 landscapes, and 15 historical pictures. 
 
 Lebrun, Pierre Antoine. Born at Paris, Nov. 
 29, 1785 : died at Paris, May 27, 1873. A French 
 lyric and dramatic poet. Among his dramas is 1 1 Ma- 
 rie Stuart ” (1820). “Voyage en Grice,” a series of epic 
 fragments, reflections, etc. , was published in 1827. He al30 
 wrote a number of occasional odes, etc. 
 
 Lebrun, Ponce Denis Elcouchard, sumamed 
 Pindare. Born at Paris, Aug.ll, 1729: died at 
 Paris, Sept. 2, 1807. A French lyric poet. His 
 works were published (4 vols.) in 1811. 
 
 It has been said that the glory of Delille as the greatest 
 poet of the last quarter of the century was shared by 
 a writer whom his contemporaries sumamed (absurdly 
 enough) Pindar. Escouchard Lebrun had a strange resem- 
 blance to J. B. Rousseau, of whom, however, lie was by no 
 means a warm admirer. Like his forerunner, he divided 
 his time between bombastic lyrics and epigrams of veiy 
 considerable merit. Lebrun was not destitute of a certain 
 force, but his time was too much for him. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 398. 
 
 Lecce (lech'e). 1. A province in the comparti- 
 mento of Apulia, Italy : formerly called Terra di 
 Otranto. Area, 2,623 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 770,096. — 2. The capital of the province 
 of Lecce, situated in lat. 40° 23' N., long. 18° 
 11' E. It stands near the site of the ancient Lupiae, has 
 a cathedral, and numbers tobacco and Lecce oil among its 
 products. Population, commune, 32,687. 
 
 Lecco (lek'ko). A town in the province of Como, 
 Italy, at the southern end of the Lake of Lecco, 
 30 miles north-northeast of Milan. It has manu- 
 factures of silk, cotton, etc., and is one of the scenes of 
 Manzoni’s “ Promessi Sposi.” 
 
 Lecco, Lake of. The southeastern arm of the 
 Lake of Como, Italy. Length, 12 miles. 
 
 Lech (lech). A river in Tyrol and southern Ba- 
 varia, joining the Danube 25 miles north of 
 Augsburg: the ancient Licus. Length, 177 miles. 
 Near the mouth of the Lech, Gustavus Adolphus defeated 
 the Imperialists under Tilly (who was mortally wounded 
 in the battle), April 15, 1632. 
 
 Lechevalier (le-she-va-lya'), Jean Baptiste. 
 
 Born near Coutances, France, July 1, 1752 : died 
 at Paris, July 2, 1836. A French archasologist. 
 He wrote “Voyage de la 1’roade, etc.” (3d ed. 1802), 
 “Voyage de la Propontide et du Pont-Euxin " (1800), 
 “Ulysse-Homer,” a work on the authorship of the Hiad 
 and Odyssey (1829), etc. 
 
 Lechfeld (lech'felt). A large plain in Bavaria, 
 south of Augsburg, between the Lech and the 
 Wertach. Here, Aug. 10, 955, Otto I. defeated 
 the Magyars. 
 
 Lechhausen (lech'hou-zen). A town in Upper 
 Bavaria, situated on the Lech opposite Augs- 
 burg. Population, commune, 16,892. 
 
 Lechthal (G. pron. lech'tal) Alps. A group of 
 the Alps near the valley of the upper Lech, on 
 the borders of Bavaria and Tyrol. 
 
 Lecky (lek'i), William Edward Hartpole. 
 Born near Dublin, March 26, 1838: died at Lon- 
 don, Oct. 22, 1903. A noted British historian. 
 He represented (Unionist) Dublin University in theHouse 
 of Commons, 1896-1903. His works include “ The Leaders 
 of Public Opinion in Ireland” (1861), “History of the Rise 
 and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe ” 
 ■(1865), “History of European Morals from Augustus to 
 Charlemagne" (1869), “History of England in the Eigh- 
 teenth Century ” (1878-90). 
 
 Leclerc, or Le Clerc (16 klar), Jean. Born at 
 Geneva, March 19, 1657 : died at Amsterdam, 
 Jan. 8, 1736. A Swiss Protestant theologian. 
 He published biblical commentaries, edited the “Biblio- 
 thbque universelle et historique ” (1686-93), etc. 
 
 Leclerc, Victor Emmanuel. Born at Pont oise, 
 near Paris, March 17, 1772: died at Cap Hai- 
 tien, Santo Domingo, Dec. 2, 1802. A French 
 general. In 1797 he married Pauline, sister of Napoleon 
 
 Leda 
 
 Bonaparte ; accompanied his brother-in-law to Egypt ; 
 and was prominent in the overthrow of the Directory. In 
 Dec., 1801, he was sent with 25,000 men and a large fleet 
 under Admiral Villaret-Joyeuse to subdue the island of 
 Santo Domingo. Toussaint Louverture made a desperate 
 resistance, but finally capitulated, and was subsequently 
 arrested in June, 1802, and sent to France. New uprisings 
 of the blacks followed, and the French army was decimated 
 by yeUow fever, of which Leclerc himself finally died. In 
 the end the French were obliged to abandon the island, 
 having been beaten rather by disease than by the natives. 
 
 Lecocq (16-kok'), Alexandre Charles. Born 
 at Paris, June 3, 1832 : died in Guernsey, March, 
 1911. A French composer. His works include 
 “ Fleur de the ” (1868), “ Le beau Dunois ” (1870), “ Le 
 barbierde Trouville " (1871), “La fllle de Madame Angot" 
 (1872), “Les pres St.-Gervais” (1874), “ Girofle-Girofla " 
 (1874), “Le pompon” (1875), “La petite Mariee ’’ (1876), 
 
 “ Kosiki " (1877), “ La Marjolaine ” (1877), “ La petite Made- 
 moiselle ” (1879), “ La princesse dee Canaries ” (1883), etc. 
 
 Lecompton(le-komp'tqn). Asmallcity in Doug- 
 las County , Kansas, situated onthe Kansas River 
 16 miles east of Topeka : formerly the capital 
 of the Territory of Kansas. Pop., 386,(1910). 
 
 Lecompton Constitution. A pro-slavery con- 
 stitution framed during the agitation for the 
 admission of Kansas to the Union by a consti- 
 tutional convention at Lecompton, Sept. 5- 
 Nov. 7, 1857, and rejected as a whole by the 
 people, Jan. 4, 1858. The clause sanctioning 
 slavery was separately submitted, Dec. 21, 1857, 
 and adopted. 
 
 Le Conte (lekont), John. Born in Liberty Coun- 
 ty, Ga., Dec. 4, 1818: died at Berkeley, Cal., 
 April 29, 1891. An American physicist. He was 
 professor of physics, industrial mechanics, and physiology 
 in the University of California from 1869 until his death, 
 and president of the university 1876-81. He was the author 
 of numerous papers printed in scientific journals both in 
 the United States and abroad. 
 
 Le Conte, John Lawrence. Born at New York, 
 May 13, 1825 : diedatPhiladelphia,Nov. 15,1883. 
 An American naturalist. Hemadescientificjourneys 
 in various pails of the United States and elsewhere; was a 
 United States surgeon of volunteers during the Civil War ; 
 and was chief clerk of the United States mint at Philadel- 
 phia from 1878 until his death. He was the authorof “Clas- 
 sification of the Coleoptera of North America” (1862-73: 
 later editions with Dr. G. H. Horn), “List of Coleoptera of 
 North America ” (1866), and many important entomological 
 papers. His collections were bequeathed to the Museum 
 of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 
 
 Le Conte, Joseph. Born in Liberty County, Ga., 
 Feb. 26, 1823: died in the Yosemite Valley, 
 July 6, 1901. An American physicist. He was 
 professor of geology and natural history in the University 
 of California 1869-1901. He published “Religion and 
 Science" (1874), “Elements of Geology ” (1878), “Sight: 
 an Exposition of thePrinciplesof Monocularand Binocular 
 Vision ” (1881), “ Compendof Geology” (1884), and “ Evo- 
 lution " (1888). 
 
 Leconte de Lisle (le-kont' de lei) (Charles 
 Marie Ren6). Born on the lie Bourbon, Oct. 
 25, 1818: died at Louveciennes, July 17, 1894. 
 A French poet. After graduating with honors he spent 
 some time in India, then came to France and settled down 
 permanently in Paris. His works bear ample testimony to 
 his fondness for antiquity .whether Scandinavian, Hellenic, 
 or Oriental. His first volume of Greek studies,*' Pofemes 
 antiques,” appeared in 1852, and was followed by “Poemes 
 et poesies ” (1854), “ Le cliemin de la croix,” published in 
 the “ Revue Fran^aise ” (1859), “ Pofemes barbares ” (1862), 
 “ Kain,” published in “ Le Parnasse contemporain ” (1869), 
 and “ Pot mes tragiques ”(1884). Leconte de Lisle is widely 
 known as a translator : in this capacity he published 
 “L’Hiade” (1866), “Hymnes orphiques” (1869), and 
 “L’Odyssde” (1867). He translated Hesiod in 1869, Hor- 
 ace in 1873, Sophocles in 1877, and Euripides in 1885. He 
 made two attempts to write for the stage : “ Les Erinnyes ” 
 (1872) is a study of iEschylus and of the Greek tragic poets, 
 and “ L’Apollonide ” is a lyric drama based on the “ Ion "of 
 Euripides. A candidate for the French Academy in 1873 
 and 1877, he was defeated in 8pite of the support of Victor 
 Hugo ; but ultimately, Feb. 11, 1886, he was elected to fill 
 the vacancy caused by Hugo's death. 
 
 Lecoq (le-kok'), Henri. Born at Avesnes, 
 France, 1802 : died 1871. A French naturalist. 
 His chief work is “ Etude de la g6ograpbie bo- 
 tanique de l’Europe” (1854—58). 
 
 Lecouvreur (le-kov-rer') (originally Cou- 
 vreur), Adrienne. Born at Damery, near Eper- 
 nay, April 5, 1692: died at Paris, March 20, 
 1730. A noted French actress. She made her dd- 
 but at the Comddie Franqaise May 14, 1717, and attained 
 a high rank in both comedy and tragedy. She was one of 
 the mistresses of Maurice of Saxony, and is said to have 
 been poisoned, from jealousy, by another, the Duchesse de 
 Bouillon. She was buried secretly. Voltaire wrote a poem 
 upon her death and burial, and she has been made the 
 subject of a drama by Scribe and I.egouvd (1849). 
 
 Le Creusot, or Le Creuzot. See Creusot, Le. 
 
 Lectoure (lek-tor'). A town in the department 
 of Gers, France, situated on the Gers, lat. 43° 
 56' N., long. 0° 38' E. : the ancient Lactora. 
 It was taken from the Annagnacs in 1473. The church 
 was formerly a cathedral. Population, commune, 4,310. 
 
 Leda(le'da). [Gr.A^da.] 1. In Greek mythology, 
 the wife of Tyndareus, and mother of Helen, 
 Clytemnestra, Castor, and Pollux. According to 
 the later legends, she was approached by Zeus in the 
 
Leda 
 
 form of a swan, and brought forth two eggs, from one of 
 which came Castor and Clytemnestra, and from the other 
 Pollux and Helen. 
 
 2 . An asteroid (No. 38) discovered by Cha- 
 cornac at Paris, Jan. 12, 1856. 
 
 Ledebour (lfi'de-bor), Karl Friedrich vpn. 
 
 Bom at Stralsund, Prussia, July 8, 1785 : died 
 at Munich, July 4, 1851. A German botanist, 
 professor of natural history at Dorpat 1811-36. 
 He wrote “Flora Altaica” (1829-33), “Flora 
 Rossica” (1841-53), etc. 
 
 Leddchowski (led-6-chov'ske), Count Mieczys- 
 law. Born Oct. 29, 1822: died at Rome, July 
 22, 1902. A Polish cardinal, archbishop of 
 Posen andGnesen 1865-74, removed for opposi- 
 tion to the May laws. In 1892 he was made 
 general prefect of the Propaganda. 
 
 Ledru (le-drii'), Andrd Pierre. Born at Chan- 
 tenay, Jan. 22, 1761: died at Mans, July 11, 1825. 
 A French priest and author. He was naturalist in 
 Baudin's expedition to the Canaries and West Indies 1796- 
 1798, and published an account of the voyage (2 vols. 1810), 
 a “ Histoire de la prise de Mans en 1662,” an essay on the 
 Guanches, etc. 
 
 Ledru-Rollin (16-drii'ro-lan'), Alexandre Au- 
 guste. Bom at Paris, Feb. 2, 1808: died at 
 Fontenay-aux-Roses, near Paris, Dec. 31, 1874. 
 A French Radical politician and advocate of 
 universal suffrage. He was provisional minister of 
 the interior in 1848, and a candidate for the presidency in 
 the same year. 
 
 Ledyard (led' yard), John. Bom at Groton, 
 Conn., 1751: died at Cairo, Egypt, Nov. 17, 1789. 
 An American traveler. He accompanied Captain 
 Cook on his third voyage around the world 1776-80. and in 
 1786 setout on a journey through northern Europe and Asia, 
 but was arrested at Irkutsk as a spy Feb. 24, 1788, and com- 
 pelled to abandon his project. Hesetoutonavoyageof dis- 
 covery to central Africa, under the patronageof the African 
 Association, in June, 1788, in the course of which he died. 
 Ledyard, William. Born at Groton, Conn., 
 about 1750: died Sept. 6, 1781. An American 
 Revolutionary officer. He defended Fort Griswold, 
 near New London, Connecticut, against a greatly superior 
 force of British under Lieutenant-Colonel Eyre, Sept. 6, 1781. 
 The fort was eventually carried by Major Bromfield, on 
 whom the command had devolved by the death of his su- 
 perior officers. Ledyard is said tohave been run through the 
 body with his own sword by Bromfield after the surrender. 
 Lee (le). A town in Berkshire County, Massachu- 
 setts, situated on the Housatonic 37 miles west- 
 northwest of Springfield: a summer resort. 
 Population, 4,106, (1910). 
 
 Lee, Alfred. Born at Cambridge, Mass., Sept. 
 9, 1807: died at Wilmington, Del., April 12, 
 1887. An American bishop of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church. He wrote a “Life of the 
 Apostle Peter” (1852), etc. 
 
 Lee, Alice. One of the principal characters in 
 Scott's “Woodstock.” 
 
 Lee, Ann. Bom at Manchester, England, Feb. 
 29, 1736: diedatWatervliet, N. Y., Sept. 8, 1784. 
 The foundress of the American Society of Shak- 
 ers. She was the daughter of a blacksmith ; was em- 
 ployed as a factory hand and cook ; and was entirely un- 
 educated. About 1758 she joined the Shakers, a band 
 of seceders from the Society of Friends ; in 1762 was mar- 
 ried to a blacksmith, one Abraham Standerin (Standley, or 
 Stanley); in 1770 was imprisoned as a Sabbath-breaker for 
 preaching her newly discovered gospel of celibacy, and 
 posed as a wonder-worker and recipient of the gift of 
 tongues ; in 1774 emigrated to America ; and in 1776 found- 
 ed, at what was afterward Watervliet, the American So- 
 ciety of Shakers. She was called by her followers “ Mother 
 Ann." 
 
 Lee, Arthur. Born in Westmoreland County, 
 Va., Dec. 20, 1740: died in Middlesex County, 
 Va., Dec. 12, 1792. An American diplomatist 
 and statesman, brother of R. H. Lee. He became 
 American agent in England in 1770 ; was appointed com- 
 missioner to France 1776; conducted negotiations with 
 France, Spain, Prussia, and Holland ; and returned to 
 America in 1780. He was a member of Congress 1782-85. 
 Lee, Charles. Bom at Dernhall, Cheshire, Eng- 
 land, 1731: died at Philadelphia, Oct. 2, 1782. 
 A general in the American Revolutionary ser- 
 vice. He was appointed major-general by the Continental 
 Congress in 1775 ; was captured by the British at his head- 
 quarters at Basking Ridge, New Jersey, 4 miles from his 
 army, in 1776 ; and was exchanged in 1778. He disobeyed 
 the orders of General Washington at the battle of Mon- 
 mouth in 1778, and was sentenced by a court martial to 
 one year’s suspension from military service. He was after- 
 ward dismissed altogether by Congress. 
 
 Lee, Fitzhugh. Born in Fairfax County, Va., 
 Nov. 19, 1835: died at Washington, D. C., April 
 28, 1905. An American soldier and politician, 
 nephew of General R. E. Lee. He was graduated at 
 West Point in 1856; served as cavalry commander in ail the 
 campaignsof the Army of Northern Virginia (Confederate), 
 rising to the rank of major-general in Aug., 1863 ; was gov- 
 ernor of Virginia 1886-89 ; and was United States consul- 
 general in Havana, Cuba, June, 1896, -April, 1898. He was 
 appointed major-general of volunteers in 1898. 
 
 Lee, Francis. Born at Cobham,in Surrey, March 
 12, 1661: died at Gravelines, Flanders, Aug. 23, 
 1719. An English physician and scholar, a grad- 
 
 599 
 
 uate of St. John’s College, Oxford, especially 
 noted for his knowledge of Oriental literature. 
 He was a voluminous writer. 
 
 Lee, Francis Lightfoot. Born at Stratford, 
 Westmoreland County, Va., Oct. 14, 1734: died 
 at Richmond, April 3, 1797. An American 
 politician, brother of R. H. Lee. He signed 
 the Declaration of Independence as member of 
 Congress from Virginia. 
 
 Lee, Harriet. Born at London, 1757 : died at 
 Clifton, near Bristol, England, Aug. 1, 1851. An 
 English author, daughter of John Lee the actor, 
 and sister of Sophia Lee, her collaborator in the 
 “Canterbury Tales” (1797-1805). she also pub- 
 lished “The Errors of Innocence,” a novel (1786), “The 
 New Peerage, or our Eyes may Deceive us,” a comedy (1787), 
 “Clara Lennox,” a novel (1797), etc. “Kruitzner,” one of 
 her “Canterbury Tales,” was dramatized by Lord Byron as 
 “Werner.” 
 
 Lee, Henry. Born in Westmoreland County, 
 Va., Jan. 29, 1756: died at Cumberland Island, 
 Ga., March 25, 1818. An American general, 
 surnamed “Light Horse Harry.” He was distin- 
 guished in the Revolution as the commander of “Lee’s 
 Legion”; was governor of Virginia 1792-95; took part in 
 the suppression of the whisky insurrection in 1794 ; and 
 was member of Congress 1799-1801. He wrote “Memoirs 
 of the War in the Southern Department” (1809). 
 
 Lee, Henry. Born in Nottingham, Oct. 27, 1765: 
 died at London, March 30, 1836. An English 
 Writer and actor. He was the author of the farce 
 “ Caleb Quotem, ” first acted, under the title “ Throw Physic 
 to the Dogs," at the Haymarket, July 6, 1798. 
 
 Lee, Holme. The pseudonym of Harriet Parr. 
 Lee, John Edward. Born at Hull, Dec. 21, 1808: 
 died at Torquay, Aug. 18, 1887. An English anti- 
 quarian and geologist. His works include “Isca Si- 
 lurum, or an Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of An- 
 tiquities at Caerleon” (1862), “Selections from an Anti- 
 quarian’s Sketch-book ”(1859), “Note-hook of an Amateur 
 Geologist ” (1881), etc., and translations of several archaeo- 
 logical works. 
 
 Lee, Nathaniel. BornatHatfield, 1653(f): died 
 at London, 1692. An English dramatist. He 
 was a graduate of Westminster School and of Trinity Col- 
 lege, Cambridge. He wrote “Nero" (1675), “Gloriana” 
 (1676), “ Sophonisba, or Hannibal’s Overthrow ”(1676), “ The 
 Rival Queens, or the Death of Alexander the Great ” (1677 : 
 in which appeared the line “When Greeks joined Greeks 
 then was the tug of war ”), “ Mithridates, King of Pontus ” 
 (1678), “Caesar Borgia ”(1680), “Theodorus”(1680), “Lucius 
 Junius Brutus ”(1681, published 1685); with Dryden, “The 
 Duke of Guise ”(1682) and “Constantine the Great” (1684). 
 Lee became insane in 1684, and was confined in an asylum 
 for 5 years. He died in a fit of intoxication. 
 
 Lee, Patty. A pseudonym of Alice Cary. 
 
 Lee, Richard Henry. Born at Stratford, W est- 
 moreland County, Va., Jan. 20, 1732: died at 
 Chantilly, Va., June 19, 1794. An American 
 statesman and orator. He was a prominent member 
 of the Virginia house of burgesses ; was a member of the 
 Continental Congress in 1774 ; was the authorof the memo- 
 rial to the people of British America, and probable author 
 of the address to the king (1774) ; was a member of Congress 
 1775 ; wrote the address to the people of Great Britain in 
 1775 ; introduced the resolutions for independence June 
 7, 1776 ; was several times reelected to Congress ; and was 
 United States senator from Virginia 1789-92. 
 
 Lee, Robert. Born at Tweedmouth, England, 
 Nov. 11, 1804: died at Torquay, England, March 
 14, 1868. A clergyman of the established church 
 of Scotland, professor of biblical criticism in 
 the University of Edinburgh, and dean of the 
 chapel royal (1847). He was conspicuous, and ulti- 
 mately successful, as an advocate of the use of instrumen- 
 tal music and other so-called “innovations” in public 
 worship. He published a Reference Bible (1854), “The 
 Reform of the Church in Worship, Government, and Doc- 
 trine (Part I, Worship)” in 1864, and various devotional 
 works, sermons, etc. 
 
 Lee, Robert Edward. Born in Westmoreland 
 County, Va., Jan. 19, 1807 : died at Lexington, 
 Va., Oct. 12, 1870. A celebrated American gen- 
 eral in the Confederate service, son of Henry 
 Lee. He graduated at West Point in 1829 ; served with 
 distinction in the Mexican war; was superintendent of 
 West Point Military Academy 1852-55; commanded the 
 forces opposed to John Brown in 1859 ; resigned his com- 
 mission in the United States army April, 1861 ; was ap- 
 pointed major-general of the Virginia forces in April, 
 1861 ; was the third in order of seniority of the five Con- 
 federate generals appointed in 1861 ; was made command- 
 er of the Army of Northern Virginia June 3, 1862; com- 
 manded in the Seven Days’ Battles and in the Manassas 
 campaign ; invaded Maryland and commanded at Antietam 
 and Fredericksburg in 1862, and at Chancellorsville in 1863 ; 
 invaded Maiyland and Pennsylvania, and was defeated at 
 Gettysburg in 1863; was opposed to Grant, 1864-65, at the 
 Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, etc. ; 
 abandoned Petersburg April 2, 1865 ; and surrendered to 
 Grant at Appomattox April 9, 1865. He was president of 
 Washington College (Lexington, Virginia) 1865-70. 
 
 Lee, Samuel. Born at Longnor, near Shrews- 
 bury, May 14, 1783: died at Bailey, Hertford- 
 shire, Dec. 16, 1852. An English clergyman 
 and linguist (originally a carpenter by trade), 
 professor of Arabic in Cambridge University 
 1819, regius professor of Hebrew 1831-48, and 
 rector of Bailey 1838-52. He was the author of 
 
 Le Fanu 
 
 works (translations of parts of the Bible, etc.) in Syriac, 
 Malay, Persian, Arabic, Coptic, and Hin dustani ; a Hebrew 
 grammar ; a Hebrew, Chaldee, and English lexicon ; etc. 
 Lee, Mrs. (Sarah Wallis). Born at Colchester, 
 Sept. 10, 1791: died at Erith, Kent, Sept. 22, 1856. 
 An English writer and artist. She was married in 
 1813 to the naturalist Thomas Edward Bowdich (died 1824), 
 and again (1829) to Robert Lee. Author of “Taxidermy ” 
 (1820), “Excursions in Madeira and Porto Santo ” (1825), 
 “The Fresh-water Fishes of Great Britain ” (1828 : illus- 
 trated by herself), “ Adventures in Australia ” (1851), etc. 
 She accompanied her first husband to Africa in 1815. 
 
 Lee, Sophia. Born at London, 1750: died at 
 Clifton, March 13, 1824. An English novelist 
 and dramatist, a sister of Harriet Lee, with 
 whom she collaborated in the production of the 
 “Canterbury Tales.” Author of “The Chapter of 
 Accidents,” a comedy (produced Aug. 5, 1780), “ The Re- 
 cess,” a novel (1785), “Almeyda, Queen of Grenada, ”a 
 tragedy (1796), etc. 
 
 Lee, Vernon. A pseudonym of Violet Paget. 
 Lee, William. Born at Calverton (?), Notting- 
 hamshire : died at Paris about 1610. An Eng- 
 lishman, a graduate of Cambridge University: 
 the inventor of the stocking-frame, in 1598 he 
 produced a pair of silk stockings, knit by his machine, 
 which he presented to the queen. His invention was op- 
 posed, in the interest of the hand-knitters, and he took it 
 to France, only to meet with failure there also. His death 
 is said to have been the result of this disappointment. 
 Leech (lech), John. Born at London, Aug. 29, 
 1817: died at London, Oct. 29, 1864. A cele- 
 brated English caricaturist, especially noted for 
 his contributions to “Punch.” His father was an 
 Irishman, the proprietor of a coffee house, and a man of 
 some culture. John went to Charterhouse school, where 
 he gained the friendship of Thackeray. He left the school 
 at 16, and was apprenticed to one Whittle, a surgeon, at 
 Haxton, an extraordinary character who furnished him 
 with much material. He continued his medical studies 
 with Dr. John Cockle of the Royal Free Hospital. He 
 finally abandoned medicine, and at 18 published “Etch- 
 ings and Sketches by A. Pen, Esq.” When Seymour shot 
 himself in 1836, Leech applied to Dickens for the place of 
 illustrator of “Pickwick Papers,” but failed to obtain it. 
 It was only about 1840 that Leech matured the style aud 
 manner which afterward made him famous. In 1841 he 
 joined the staff of “ Punch,” on which he remained 23 
 years. 
 
 Leeds (ledz). [ME. Ledes, Ledis, AS. Loidis (in 
 translation of the L. text of Beda). The name 
 has been attributed by conjecture to a chief 
 named Leod ; if so, the proper AS. form woidd 
 he Leodes (sc. burh or tui\).\ A city in the West 
 Riding of Yorkshire, England, situated on the 
 Aire in lat. 53° 48' N., long. 1° 31' W. it is the 
 largest city of Yorkshire, and the fifth in point of size in 
 England, the chief seat of the English woolen manufac- 
 ture, and an important railway center. The leading manu- 
 factures are woolen, flax, iron, machinery, clothing, caps, 
 leather, boots. The city contains Leeds University, li- 
 brary (founded by Priestley), town hall, exchanges, etc., 
 and has triennial musical festivals. The principal 
 churches are St. Peter's, St. , 'aviour's, St. John’s, and All 
 Souls. Mill Hill Chapel, which was founded in 1672, was 
 rebuilt in 1849. Dr. Joseph Priestley was its minister for 
 seven years. Population, 445,568, (1911). 
 
 Leek (lek). A town in Staffordshire, England, 
 26 miles south by east of Manchester. Popula- 
 tion, 15,484. 
 
 Leer (lar). A seaport in the province of Han- 
 nover, Prussia, situated on the Leda, near the 
 Ems, in lat. 53° 14' N., long. 7° 27' E. : a trad- 
 ing town. Population, commune, 12^347. 
 
 Lees (lez), William Nassau. Born Feb. 26, 
 1825: died at London, March 9, 1889. An Eng- 
 lish major-general (Indian army) and Oriental 
 scholar, for a time principal of the Mohamme- 
 dan College in Calcutta. He was the author of nu- 
 merous books and papers on Oriental subjects. 
 Leeu warden (la' war-den). The capital of the 
 province of Friesland, Netherlands, situated ou 
 the Ee in lat. 53° 12' N., long. 5° 47' E. it has 
 considerable trade, manufactures gold and silyer wares, 
 and has several interesting buildings. Population, about 
 37,000. 
 
 Leeuwenhoek (la'wen-h6k // ), or Leuwenhoek, 
 
 Antonius von. Born at Delft, Netherlands, Oct. 
 24, 1632 : died at Delft, Aug. 26, 1723. A Dutch 
 microscopist and naturalist. He discovered red 
 blood-corpuscles, infusoria, spermatozoa, and the capillary 
 circulation of blood. His complete works (4 vols.) were 
 published 1719-22. 
 
 Leeuwin (le'win or la'vin), Cape. A cape at 
 the southwestern extremity of Australia. 
 Leeward (lu'ard) Islands. A name applied 
 to three distinct groups of the islands form- 
 ing the West Indies (which see), (a) The group of 
 islands north of Venezuela aud west of Trinidad : the 
 Leeward Islands of the Spaniards. ( b ) Same as Greater 
 Antilles. See Antilles, (c) A British colony in the north- 
 ern division of the Lesser Antilles, West Indies, which 
 comprises Antigua, Barbuda, Redonda, St. Kitts, Nevis, 
 Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Anguilla, and Dominica. They 
 are ruled by a governor, federal executive council, and 
 federal legislative council. Area, 701 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 127,434. 
 
 Le Fanu (le-fa'nii or lef'a-nu), Joseph Sheri- 
 dan. Born at Dublin, Aug. 28, 1814: died at 
 
Le Fanu 
 
 Dublin, Feb. 7, 1873. An Irish journalist and 
 novelist, of Huguenot descent. As a journalist he 
 was connected with the “Dublin University Magazine," 
 “The Evening Mail,” and other journals. He wrote the 
 ballads “Phaudhrig Crohoore” and “Shanms O'Brien" 
 (1837). Among his novels are “The House by the Church- 
 yard ” (1863), “Uncle Silas” (1864), “Guy Deverell " (1866), 
 “The Tenants of Malory” (1867), “A Lost Name” (1868), 
 “The Wyvern Mystery ” (1869), “Checkmate" (1870), “The 
 Kose and the Key" (1871), “Chronicles of Golden Friars" 
 (1871), “In a Glass Darkly ” (1872), etc. 
 
 Lefebvre (le-favr'), Francois Joseph, Due de 
 
 Dantzig. Born at Ruft'ach, Alsace, Oct. 25, 
 1755 : died at Paris, Sept. 14, 1820. A French 
 marshal. He fought at Fleurus in 1794, Altenkirchen 
 in 1796, and Stockach in 1799 ; captured Danlzic in 1807 ; 
 and served throughout the Napoleonic campaigns. 
 
 Lefebvre-Desnouettes (le-favr ' da-no-et '), 
 Comte Charles. Born at Paris, Sept. 14, 1773: 
 lost at sea, April 22, 1822. A French cavalry 
 general. 
 
 Lefbbvre d’Etaples. See Faber, Jacques. 
 
 Le Fevre (lefavr). A poor lieutenant in Sterne’s 
 “Tristram Shandy,” -with reference to whose 
 death Uncle Toby swore his famous oath which 
 the recording angel dropped a tear upon “and 
 blotted it out for ever.” 
 
 Lefkosia. See Nicosia. 
 
 Le Flo (16 Ho), Adolphe Emmanuel Charles. 
 Bom at Lesneven, Finistere, France, Nov. 2, 
 1804 : died at Nechoat, Nov. 16, 1887. A French 
 general, politician, and diplomatist, minister 
 of war 1870-71, and minister at St. Petersburg 
 1871-79. 
 
 Lefroy (le-froi'), Sir John Henry. Bom at 
 Ashe, Hampshire, Jan. 28, 1817 : died at Le- 
 warne, Cornwall, April 11, 1890. An English 
 6oldier, administrator, and man of science. He 
 was occupied in taking magnetic observations at St. He- 
 lena 1840-42 ; was transferred to the observatory at Toronto 
 in 1842; journeyed to Hudson Bay, traveling by canoe 
 and on snow-shoes about 6,500 miles, to observe magnetic 
 phenomena 1843-44, and obtained very valuable results ; 
 returned to England in 1853 ; was made inspector-general 
 of army schools in 1857, colonel in 1865, and director-gen- 
 eral of ordnance in 1858 ; and was appointed governor and 
 commander-in-chief of the Bermudas in 1871, and governor 
 of Tasmania in 1880, returning to England in 1882. He 
 published works on military affairs, and numerous scien- 
 tific books and papers. 
 
 Legare (la-gre'), Hugh Swinton. Bom at 
 Charleston, S. C., Jan. 2, 1789: died at Boston, 
 June, 1843. AnAmericanpoliticianand lawyer. 
 He was member of Congress from South Carolina 1837-39, 
 attorney-general 1841-43, and secretary of state 1843. 
 
 Legaspi, Miguel Lopez de. See Legazpe. 
 
 Legataire Universe!, Le. A comedy by Reg- 
 nard, produced in 1708. 
 
 Legate (leg'at), Bartholomew. Born in Essex 
 about 1575 : burned at Smithlield, March 18, 
 1612. An English preacher of the Seekers, a 
 sect of Mennonite Baptists: the last person 
 burned for heresy at Smithfield. 
 
 Legations, Siege of the. See Siege. 
 
 Legazpe (la-gath'pa), or Legaspi (la-gas'pe), 
 Miguel Lopez de. Born at Zumarraga, Gui- 
 puzcoa, about 1510: died at Manilla, Aug. 20, 
 1572. The Spanish conqueror of the Philip- 
 pines. For some years he was chief secretary of the city 
 government of Mexico. In 1564 he was made general of 
 the forces destined to conquer and settle the Philippine 
 Islands. He founded San Miguel in Zebu, May, 1565 ; took 
 possession of various other islands ; began the conquest of 
 Luzon in 1571 ; and founded Manila in May of that year. 
 
 Legend, Sir Sampson. In Congreve’s “Love 
 for Love,” an overbearing old man with a per- 
 verse and ill-natured wit. 
 
 Legenda Aurea. See Golden Legend. 
 
 L6gende des Sibcles, La. [F., ‘ the legend of 
 the centuries.’] A collection of short epic 
 poems by Victor Hugo, published in 1859-77. 
 
 Legend of Good Women. An unfinished poem 
 by Chaucer, based on stories from Ovid, Livy, 
 and others. Nearly all are in Boccaccio’s “De Claris 
 mulieribus," hut Chaucer follows the original authorities. 
 He also borrowed from Dante, Vergil, and Guido da Co- 
 lonna. 
 
 Legend of Jubal, and other Poems. Poems 
 by George Eliot, published in 1874. 
 
 Legend of Montrose. A historical novel by 
 Sir Walter Scott, published in 1819. The scene 
 is laid in Scotland in the middle of the 17th 
 century. 
 
 Legendre (le-zhondr'), Adrien Marie. Born at 
 Toulouse, Sept. 18, 1752: died at Paris, Jan. 10, 
 1833. A celebrated French mathematician. He 
 became professor of mathematics at the Ecole Militaire 
 and then at the Ecole Normale in Paris ; was elected a 
 member of the Academy in 1783 ; and in 1787 took part in 
 measuring a degree of latitude between Dunkirk and Bou- 
 logne. His chief works are “Elements de geometric " 
 (1794), “Essai snr la thdorie des nombres" (1798), “Traitd 
 des functions elliptiques ” (1827-32). 
 
 Leges Regise (le'jez re'ji-e). [L., ‘laws of the 
 kings.’] Ancient laws which are ‘ ‘ supposed to 
 
 600 
 
 be decrees and decisions of the Roman kings, 
 but which in reality represent traditional laws 
 of a very high age, which were not, however, 
 written down till a later time, and were then 
 arbitrarily assigned to single kings ” (Teuffel and 
 Seine abe (trans.)). 
 
 Legge (leg), George, Baron Dartmouth. Bom 
 1648 : died in the Tower, Oct. 25, 1691. An Eng- 
 lish admiral, grandnephew of the first Duke of 
 Buckingham. He was created Baron Dartmouth Dec. 
 2, 1682, and appointed admiral and commander-in-chief 
 by James II., Oct., 1688, for the purpose of attacking and 
 repelling the Dutch fleet. This he failed to do. remaining 
 inactive, and after the flight of the king submitted to the 
 Prince of Orange and was relieved of his command, Jan. 
 10, 1689. He was accused of treason (conspiracy to betray 
 the country to the French in the interestof James) and was 
 committed to the Tower 1691. 
 
 Legge ( Bilson-Legge after 1754), Henry. Bom 
 
 May 29, 1708: died at Tunbridge Wells, Aug. 
 23, 1764. An English politician, fourth son of 
 the first Earl of Dartmouth. He was private secre- 
 tary to Sir Eobert Walpole; was appointed secretary for 
 Ireland under the Duke of Devonshire Oct., 1739 ; entered 
 Parliament in 1740 ; became a lord of the admiralty April, 
 1745 ; was appointed envoy extraordinary to the King of 
 Prussia Jan., 1748 ; became chancellor of the exchequer 
 April 6, 1754, in Newcastle’s administration, retiring Nov. 
 20, 1755 ; resumed this office under the Duke of Devonshire 
 Nov. 15, 1756, retiring in April, 1757 ; and was appointed to 
 it a third time July 2, 1767. He assumed the name Bilson- 
 Legge to secure an inheritance left him, on this condition, 
 by a cousin, Leonard Bilson. 
 
 Legge, James. Born at Huntly, Aberdeenshire, 
 Dec. 20, 1815 : died at Oxford, Nov. 29, 1897. A 
 Scottish sinologist. He labored as missionary at Ma- 
 lacca and Hongkong from ls39 to 1873, and in 1876 was ap- 
 pointed professor of Chinese at Oxford University. He 
 published a noteworthy ed tion of the Chinese classics, 
 with translation, prolegomena, and notes (1S61-86), for 
 which he received the Julien prize of the French Insti- 
 tute in 1875. 
 
 Legge, Thomas. Born at Norwich, 1535 : died 
 at Cambridge, July 12, 1607. An English scholar 
 and Latin dramatist. He was a graduate and fellow 
 of Trinity College, and later fellow of Jesus College, Cam- 
 bridge, and was appointed master of Caius College June 
 27, 1573. He was vice-chancellor of the university in 1588 
 and 1593. His best-known work is a Latin tragedy “Rich- 
 ardus Tertius” (“Richard III."). 
 
 Legge, William, Born Oct. 14, 1672 : died at 
 Blackheath, Dec. 15, 1750. An English noble- 
 man, son of the first Baron Dartmouth, created 
 Viscount Lewisham and Earl of Dartmouth 
 Sept. 5, 1711. He was appointed secretary of state for 
 the southern department June 15, 1710. 
 
 Legge, William, second Earl of Dartmouth. Born 
 June 20, 1731 : died at Blackheath, Kent, July 
 15, 1801. An English politician who was sec- 
 retary of state for the colonies 1772-75. He became 
 president of the trustees of a fund collected in England 
 for the benefit of the Indian charity school founded by 
 Eleazar Wheelock at Lebanon, Connecticut. Wheelock 
 afterward removed to Hanover, New Hampshire, where lie 
 founded a college to which he gave the name of Dartmouth 
 in 1769. See Dartmouth College. 
 
 Leggett (leg'et ), William. Born at. New York, 
 1802 : died at New Rochelle, N. Y. , May 29, 1839. 
 An American author. He was connected with the 
 New York “ Evening Post ” 1829-36. Among his works are 
 “Leisure Hours at Sea” (1825),“ Tales of a Country School- 
 master" (1835), and “Naval Stories” (1835). 
 
 Leghorn (leg'horn or leg-horn'). A province 
 in Tuscany, Italy. Area, 133 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 136,665. 
 
 Leghorn, It. Livorno (le-vor'no), F. Livourne 
 
 (le-vorn'). [F. Livourne, Sp. Liorna, It. Livorno, 
 ML. Liburnum, Liburni Portus .] The capital of 
 the province of Leghorn, Italy, situated on the 
 Mediterranean in lat. 43° 33' N., long. 10° 17' E. 
 Next to Genoa it is the most important seaport in Italy. 
 It has a large trade with the Levant and Black Sea, and is, 
 engaged in iron ship-building and other manufacturing 
 industries. The trade is in grain, cotton, wool, silk, etc. 
 It is a frequented watering-place, and is the seat of the 
 Royal Naval Academy. It was acquired by Florence in 
 1421 ; rose to importance under the Medici ; and ceased to 
 be a free port in 1867. Population, commune, 98,321. 
 
 Legion of nonor. In France, an order of dis- 
 tinction and reward for civil and military ser- 
 vices, instituted in May, 1802, during the consul- 
 ate, by Napoleon Bonaparte, but since modified 
 from time to time in important particulars. 
 Under the first empire the distinctions conferred invested 
 the person decorated with the rank of legionary, officer, 
 commander, grand officeror grand cross. The order holds 
 considerable property, the proceeds of which are paid out 
 in pensions, principally to wounded anddisabled members. 
 
 Legislative Assembly. 1. The collective title 
 of the legislature in the State of Oregon and 
 the Territories of the United States ; also, the 
 title of the lower house or of the single legis- 
 lative body in many of the British colonies. — 
 2. In French history, the legislative bodies of 
 1791-92 and 1849-51, as distinguished from the 
 Constituent Assemblies of 1789-91 and 1848-49. 
 
 Legliago (len-ya'go). A town in the province 
 of Verona, northern Italy, situated on the Adige 
 
 Leibnitz 
 
 22 miles southeast of Verona; one of the for- 
 tresses of the “ Quadrilateral.” 
 
 Legnano (len-ya'no). Atown in the province of 
 Milan, Italy, 18 miles northwest of Milan. Here, 
 May 29, 1176, the Lombard League defeated Frederick 
 Barbarossa. 
 
 Legouve (R-gd-va/), Gabriel Jean Baptiste 
 Ernest Wilfrid. Born at Paris, Feb. 15. 1807 : 
 
 died there, March 14, 1903. A French drama- 
 tist, litterateur, and member of the Academy: 
 son of G. M. J . B. Legouvd. In 1881 he received the 
 appointment of director of studies at the Normal School 
 at Sevres, with the title of inspector-general of public in- 
 struction. Among his dramas (written alone or conjointly 
 with Scribe) are “ Adrienne Lecouvreur ” (1849), “ Contes 
 de la reine de Navarre” (1850), “BataiUe des dames” 
 (1851), “ M&lde” (1855), “ Les doigts de fCe” (“Fairy Fin- 
 gers,” 1858), “Beatrix,” a comedy written to introduce 
 Ristori in a French play (1861), “Miss Suzanne” (1867), 
 “Lesdeuxreinesde France” (produced in 1872), “Une Se- 
 paration ” (1877), etc. His plays were published 1887-90. 
 He also published nearly 20 volumes of poems, dramatic 
 essays, etc. Elected member of the Academy in 1865. 
 
 Legouve, Gabriel Marie Jean Baptiste. Bom 
 
 at Paris, June 23,1764: died there, Aug. 30,1812. 
 A French poet and dramatist. Among his plays 
 are “Lamort d’Abel"(1792), “Epicharis”(1793), “Etdocle” 
 (1799), and “La mort de Henri IV.” (1806). 
 
 Legree (le-gre'), Simon. A brutal slave-dealer 
 in “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” by Mrs. Stowe. 
 
 Legros (le-gro'), Alphonse. Born at Dijon, 
 France, May 8, 1837 : died Dec. 8, 1911. An 
 historical, genre, and portrait painter. He was 
 pupil of Lecoq de Boisbaudran and of the Beaux-Arts. 
 He became professor of etching at South Kensington, and 
 was Slade professor of fine arts at University College, 
 London, 1876-93. His portrait of his father (1857) and 
 “The Angelus " (1859) first attracted attention. Among 
 his other works are “Ex Voto” (1861), “Amende honor- 
 able” (1868), “Old Woodburner” (1881), etc. He was also 
 noted as an etcher, and for his drawings in sepia and chalk. 
 
 Legros, Pierre. Born at Paris, 1666 : died at 
 Rome, 1719. A French sculptor. Among his works 
 are the Vestal of the Tuileries garden and numerous re- 
 ligious groups in the churches of Rome and Paris. 
 
 Leb, or Le (la). A chief town in Ladak, Kash- 
 mir, near the upper Indus. It is 11,500 feet above sea- 
 level, and an important trading center for the routes 
 between India, Turkestan, and Tibet. Population, about 
 5,000. 
 
 Lehigh (le 'hi). A river in eastern Pennsylvania, 
 which joins the Delaware at Easton. Length, 
 about 120 miles. It is navigable to White Haven. Its 
 valley is noted for antliracite coal. 
 
 Lehigh University. An institution of learning 
 at South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, founded in 
 1866 by Asa Packer. It is non-sectarian, and has 
 about 70 instructors and 600 students. 
 
 Lehmann (la'man), Charles Ernest Rodolphe 
 Henri. Born at Kiel, Prussia, April 14, 1814: 
 died at Paris, March 30, 1882. A noted German- 
 French historical painter. He was the pupil of his 
 father Leo Lehmann and of Ingres. In 1847 he was natural- 
 ized at Paris as a French citizen. He was a member of the 
 Institute (1864) and of the superior council of the Beaux 
 Arts (1875), and also a professor there. 
 
 Lehmann, Lilli. Born at Wurzburg in 1848. A 
 German soprano singer. She was the pupil of her 
 mother, also an opera-singer. She made her debut at 
 Prague, and first appeared in Berlin in 1870. She has sung 
 in German opera for several seasons in the United States, 
 and has been especially successful in her rendering of 
 Wagner’s music. She married II err Kalisch, a tenor singer. 
 
 Lehnin (la-nen'). A small town in the province 
 of Brandenburg, Prussia, 30 miles southwest of 
 Berlin, noted for its Cistercian monastery. 
 
 Lehl’te (ler'te). A town and important railway 
 junction in the province of Hannover, Prussia, 
 12 miles east of Hannover. 
 
 Leiah, or Leia (la'ya). A town in the district 
 of Mianwali, Panjab, British India, situated in 
 lat. 30° 58' N., long. 70° 56' E. Population, 
 7,546. 
 
 Leibl (U'bl), Wilhelm. Born Oct. 23, 1844: 
 died Dec. 4, 1900. A portrait- and genre-painter, 
 a pupil of Piloty in Munich. He went to Paris in 
 1869, and returned to Munich in 1870. He studied the 
 manner of Holbein very closely. 
 
 Leibnitz, or Leibniz (lib'nits), Baron Gottfried 
 Wilhelm von. Born at Leipsic, July 6, 1646: 
 died at Hannover, Nov. 14, 1716. A celebrated 
 German philosopher and mathematician. His 
 father was professor of law at Leipsic. He entered the 
 university there in 1661, devoting himself to the study of 
 jurisprudence and philosophy; studied mathematics at 
 Jena in 1663 ; returned to Leipsic ; and in 1666 took the de- 
 gree of doctor of law at Altdorf. In 1667 he entered the 
 service of the elector of Mainz, where he remained, occu- 
 pied with literary and political labors, until about 1673. 
 In 1676 he established similar relations with the Duke of 
 Brunswick-Liineburg, and served him and his successors 
 for the remainder of his life. Leibnitz is celebrated for the 
 universality of his genius, as well as for his special achieve- 
 ments in mathematics and philosophy. In the former he 
 was the inventor of the differential and integral calculus 
 (the principle of which was independently discovered by 
 Newton); and in the latter, of the doctrine of monads and 
 the preestablished harmony. Among hisnumerousworks 
 are “ De Arte combinatoria ” (1666), a history of the house 
 of Brunswick (edited by Pertz 18)3-45), “Codex juris gen- 
 
Leibnitz 
 
 tiumdiplomaticus”(1693), “Thdodicde”(1710), “Nouveaux 
 essaissur l’entendement humain ' ’ (written 1704 : published 
 after Leibnitz's death! etc. 
 
 Leicester (les'ter). [Formerly also Leycester 
 (and in the title and surname Lester) ; ME. Lei- 
 cester, Leiceter, Leyceter, AS. Legceaster, Lega- 
 ceaster, Ligeraceaster, Ligoraceaster , prob. orig. 
 L. Legionis castra, camp of the legion.] 1. 
 The capital of Leicestershire, on the Soar, lat. 
 52° 38' N., long. 1° 8' W. : the Roman Ratoe. 
 The leading manufacture is hosiery, but boots, etc., are 
 also manufactured. The town contains remains of a cas- 
 tle, several old churches, the Jewry Wall, and other Ro- 
 man antiquities. It was an ancient British and Roman 
 town, and one of the “Five Boroughs” of the Danes. It 
 was associated with Richard III. Stormed by Charles I., 
 May, 1645, it was retaken by Fairfax, June, 1645. It re- 
 turns 2 members to Parliament. Population, 227,242, 
 0 9 H). 
 
 2. A north midland county of England, it is 
 bounded by Derby on the northwest, Nottingham on the 
 north, Lincoln and Rutland on the east, Northampton on 
 the southeast, and Warwick on the southwest The sur- 
 face is undulating ; the chief mineral coal. It manufac- 
 tures woolen hosiery, and is noted for Leicester sheep 
 and aB a hunting county. Area (ad. co.), 819 square miles. 
 Population (pari, co.), 434,019. 
 
 Leicester, Earls of. See Mon tfort, Dudley, Sid- 
 ney, and Coke. 
 
 Leicester Square. A square in the West End 
 
 of London. It has been the most popular resort of for- 
 eigners of the middle classes, especially of French visi- 
 tors to London, and draigr6 s. Till the present century the 
 square was known as “Leicester Fields,” and until the 
 time of Charles II. it continued to be uninclosed country. 
 On what is the north side of the square Leicester House 
 was built for Robert Sidney, earl of Leicester, from whom 
 it was rented by Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia — “the 
 Queen of Hearts ” — who died there Feb. 13, 1662. Fred- 
 erick, prince of Wales, resided there in 1737. Hare, Lon- 
 don, II. 124. 
 
 Leichhardt (lich'hart), Friedrich Wilhelm 
 
 Ludwig. Bom at Trebatseh, near Beskow, 
 Prussia, Oct. 23, 1813: disappeared in Austra- 
 lia, 1848. A German explorer in Australia. He 
 traversed Queensland and Arnhem Land 1844-45, and at- 
 tempted to traverse the continent in 1848. He was last 
 heard from April 3, 1848, being then on the river Cogoon. 
 He published a “Journal of an Overland Expedition in 
 Australia, from Moreton Bay to Port Essington, during 
 the Years 1844-45" (1847). 
 
 Leichlingen (lich'ling-en) . A town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, situated on the Wupper 12 
 miles north by east of Cologne. Population, 
 about 6,000. 
 
 Leidy (li'di), Joseph. Bom at Philadelphia, 
 Sept. 9, 1823: died there, April 30, 1891. An 
 American naturalist, professor of anatomy 
 (1853) and director of the department of biol- 
 ogy (1884) at the University of Pennsylvania. 
 He was also president of the Philadelphia Academy of 
 Natural Sciences (1882), and held other offices. Among 
 his works are “Elementary Treatise on Human Anatomy ” 
 (I860 : rewritten 1889), “Cretaceous Reptiles of the United 
 States "(1865), “ Extinct Mammalian Fauna of Dakota and 
 Nebraska, etc.’’ (1870), “Extinct Vertebrate Fauna of the 
 Western Territories ” (V ol. 1, 1874), ‘ ‘ Description of V erte- 
 brate Remains from the Phosphate Beds of South Carolina " 
 (1877), “Tape-Worm in Birds" (1887), etc. 
 
 Leigh (le). A manufacturing town in Lanca- 
 shire, England, 20 miles east-northeast of Liv- 
 erpool. Population, 40,001. 
 
 Leigh, Edward. Bom at Shawell, Leicester- 
 shire, March 24, 1602: died at Rushall Hall, 
 Staffordshire, June 2, 1671. An English Puri- 
 tan theologian. He wrote “Critica Sacra, or Philolo- 
 gicall and Theologicall Observations upon all the Greek 
 Words of the New Testament, etc.,” (1639), “ Critica Sacra : 
 Observations on all the Radices or Primitive Hebrew 
 Words of the Old Testament, etc.” (1642), etc. 
 
 Leigh, Egerton. Born in Cheshire, 1815 : died 
 at London, July 1, 1876. An English soldier 
 (lieutenant-colonel of militia) and antiquarian: 
 author of “A Glossary of Words used in the Di- 
 alect of Cheshire” (1877). 
 
 Leigh, Sir Amyas. The principal character in 
 Kingsley’s novel “Westward Ho!” 
 
 Leighton (la'ton), Alexander. Bom in Scot- 
 land, 1568: died 1649. A Scottish physician and 
 divine. He was a fierce opponent of Romanism, and 
 was fined, mutilated, and imprisoned (1630-40) for his at- 
 tack upon the episcopacy and the queen, and released and 
 recompensed with a gift of £6,000 by the Long Parliament. 
 He wrote “ Speculum Belli Sacri, or the Looking Glass of 
 ■ War " (1624), and “ An Appeal to the Parliament, or Sion’s 
 Plea against the Prelacie " (1628). 
 
 Leighton, Alexander. Born at Dundee in 1800: 
 died Dec. 24, 1874. A Scottish writer and editor : 
 writer, in part, of the “ Tales of the Borders.” 
 Leighton, Frederick, Lord. Born Dec. 3, 1830 : 
 died Jan. 25, 1896. A noted English historical 
 and portrait painter. When ll years old he studied 
 drawing in Rome under Francesco Meli. He studied at the 
 Berlin Academy, the Florence Academy, at Frankfort, at 
 Brussels, at the Louvre life school at Paris, and finally for 
 three years at Rome. He exhibited at the Royal Academy 
 “The Procession of Cimabue’s Madonna" (1855) : it is at 
 Buckingham Palace. He then returned to Paris to study 
 under Ary Scheffer, and sent pictures nearly every year to 
 the Royal Academy. He was elected royal academician in 
 
 601 
 
 1869, and president of the Royal Academy in 1878, when he 
 wasknighted. He was made a baronet in 1885. Hetraveled 
 extensively in Europe, Egypt, and the East. He was also 
 a fine sculptor and musician. Among his paintings are 
 “Romeo and Juliet" (1858), “Odalisque" and “Star of 
 Bethlehem" (1862), “Orpheus and Eurydice"(1864), “Her- 
 cules wrestling with Death” (1871), “Industrial Arts of 
 Peace” (1873), “Dapbnephoria” (1876), “Wedded" (1882), 
 “ Cymon and Iphigenia ” (1884). He also painted a triptych 
 Illustrating Music for a ceiling in Mr. Marquand’s house 
 in New York. He was raised to the peerage Jan. 1, 1896. 
 Perkins, Cyclopedia of Painters and Paintings. 
 
 Leighton (la'ton), Robert. Bom 1611: died at 
 London, June 25, 1684. A Scottish prelate, 
 originally a Presbyterian divine. He was made 
 principal of the University of Edinburgh and professor of 
 divinity in 1663 ; was bishop of Dunblane (on the restora- 
 tion of the episcopacy) 1661-70 ; and was archbishop of 
 Glasgow 1670-74. His “Rules and Instructions for a Holy 
 Life " and other works were published posthumously. 
 
 As saint, author, and peacemaker, Leighton presents a 
 combination of qualities which has called forth almost 
 unrivalled tributes of admiration. Diet. Nat. Biop. 
 
 Leighton-Buzzard (la'ton-buz'ard). A town 
 in Bedfordshire, England, situated on the Ouse 
 38 miles northwest of London. Population of 
 parish, 6,331. 
 
 Leila, or the Siege of Granada. A novel by 
 Bulwer Lytton, published in 1838. 
 
 Leine ( li ' ne ) . A river in Germany , joining the Al- 
 ler25milesnorthby west of Hannover. Length, 
 about 120 miles. 
 
 Leiningen (li'ning-en). A former county of 
 Germany, situated in the modern nesse and 
 Rhine Palatinate. It was made a principality in 1779; 
 an exchange of territories was made in 1803 ; and the princi- 
 pality was mediatized 1806. 
 
 Leinster (len'ster or lin'ster). One of the four 
 provinces of Ireland, occupying the southeast- 
 ern part of the island. It is made up of Leinster 
 proper in the south and Meath in the north, and com- 
 prises the following counties : Louth, Meath, Westmeath, 
 Longford, King's County, Kildare, Dublin, Wicklow, Wex- 
 ford, Carlow, Kilkenny, and Queen's County. The king- 
 dom of Leinster was under native rulers until the Anglo- 
 Norman invasion in the 12th century. Area, 7,626 square 
 miles. Population, 1,152,829. 
 
 Leipa. See Bohmisch-Leipa. 
 
 Leipnik (lip'nik). A town in Moravia, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, situated on the Betschwa 16 
 miles east-southeast of Olmiitz. Population, 
 commune, 6,013, (1910). 
 
 Leipsic (lip' sik), G. Leipzig (lip 'tsio) . [Of Slav, 
 origin, from Up, lipa, a linden ; L. Lipsia.~\ A city 
 in the kingdom of Saxony, situated on the El- 
 ster, Pleisse, and Parthe in lat. 51° 20' N., long. 
 12° 23' E. It is one of the great commercial centers in 
 Germany, the first city in Saxony, the center of the Ger- 
 man book trade, one of the leading cities in the world in 
 bookselling and publishing, and one of the leading musical 
 centers. Its annual fairs at Jubilate, Michaelmas, and 
 New Year are celebrated. The sales at the fairs include 
 furs, cloth, leather, linen, glass, etc. There are manufac- 
 tures of pianos, tobacco, cigars, etc. Among the objects 
 of interest are the theater, museum (with picture-gallery), 
 Augusteum (seat of the university), Old Gewandhaus, New 
 Gewandhaus, Rathaus, war monument, Marktplatz, Pleis- 
 senburg (former citadel), bourse, Reformation monument, 
 Ethnographical Museum, and Museum of the Book Trade. 
 The university, founded in 1409 on the secession of German 
 students from the University of Prague, ranks as the second 
 or third in size of the German universities. It has about 
 5,000 students, and a library of over 500,000 volumes. The 
 city is the seat of the supreme courts of the empire. It 
 was the birthplace of Leibnitz and of Richard Wagner. 
 Leipsic was an ancient Slavic settlement. It received 
 privileges from the Margrave of Meissen in the 12th cen- 
 tury, and developed into a great commercial center in the 
 later middle ages ; was besieged and taken in the Thirty 
 Years' War ; was the scene of riots in 1848-49 ; and was 
 occupied by the Prussians 1866. (For battles fought here, 
 see below.) Population, 685,743, (1910). 
 
 Leipsic, Battles of. 1 . A victory gained Sept. 
 7 (O. S.), 1631, by the Swedes and Saxons un- 
 der Gustavus Adolphus over the Imperialists 
 under Tilly. Also called the first battle of 
 Breitenfeld. — 2. A victory gained Oct. 23 
 (0. S.), 1642, by the Swedes under Torstenson 
 over the Imperialists under Leopold of Austria 
 and Piccolomini. Also called the second battle 
 of Breitenfeld. — 3. A victory gained by the 
 Prussians, Russians, Austrians, and Swedes 
 (200,000 at first, 300,000 later) under Schwarz- 
 enberg over the French (about 180,000) under 
 Napoleon, Oct. 16—19, 1813. The loss of the Allies is 
 estimated at 64,000 killed and wounded ; that of the French 
 at 40,000 killed and wounded and 30,000 prisoners. The 
 victory virtually secured the liberation of Germany. Also 
 called “the Battle of the Nations” (“Volkerschlacht”). 
 
 Leipsic Colloquy. A conference between Lu- 
 theran and Reformed theologians, held at Leip- 
 sic in 1631. 
 
 Leipsic Disputation. A theological contro- 
 versy between Luther and Karlstadt on one 
 side and Eck on the other, held at Leipsic 
 June 27- July 15, 1519. 
 
 Leipsic Interim. A statement of belief drawn 
 up by Melanehthon and other German Protes- 
 
 Lekain 
 
 tant theologians, making important concessions 
 to the Roman Catholics. It was formally adopt- 
 ed in Dec., 1548. 
 
 Leisewitz (li'ze-vits), Johann Anton. Bom 
 
 at Hannover, May 9, 1752 : died at Brunswick, 
 Germany, Sept. 10, 1806. A German drama- 
 tist, author of the tragedy “Julius von Tarent” 
 (1776), etc. 
 
 Leisler (lis'Rr), Jacob. Died at New York, 
 May 16, 1691. An American patriot. He was a 
 native of Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany ; came to Amer- 
 ica in 1660 as a soldier in the service of the Dutch West 
 India Company ; acquired a fortune by trade with the In- 
 dians ; and became acaptain in the military force stationed 
 at New York. He headed the movement which deposed 
 the Jacobite lieutenant-governor Francis Nicholson and 
 proclaimed William and Mary in June, 1689. He assumed 
 without formal authority the functions of a royal lieuten- 
 ant-governor, but laid down his power on the arrival of 
 Henry Sloughter as governor in 1691, in spite of which he 
 was tried and executed for treason. The sentence was 
 so manifestly unjust that it is said Sloughter hesitated to 
 sign the death-warrant until heated with wine. 
 
 Leisnig (lis'niG). A town in Saxony, situated 
 on the Freiberger Mulde 28 miles southeast of 
 Leipsic. 
 
 Leitch (lech), William Leighton. Born at 
 Glasgow, Nov. 22, 1804: died April 25, 1883. A 
 Scotch painter, vice-president of the Royal 
 Institute of Painters in Water Colors, and espe- 
 cially noted as a teacher of his art. 
 
 Leith (leth). A seaport and parliamentary 
 borough in the county of Edinburgh, Scotland, 
 situated on the Firth of Forth north-northeast 
 of Edinburgh, and contiguous to that city. It 
 has important docks, ship-building, and foreign 
 and coasting trade. Population, 78,894. 
 
 Leith, Sir James. Born at Leithhall, Aber- 
 deenshire, Aug. 8, 1763 : died at Barbados, 
 Oct. 16, 1816. A Scottish soldier, appointed 
 lieutenant-general in 1813. He served at Toulon 
 In 1793; In Ireland (as colonel) 1798-1803 ; at Lugo 1809; 
 at Corunna, at (he siege of Badajoz, and at Salamanca 1812 ; 
 and at St. Sebastian 1813. He was appointed commander 
 in the West Indies and governor of the Leeward Islands, 
 1S14. 
 
 Leitha (ll'ta). A river in Lower Austria and 
 Hungary, which joins the Danube near Unga- 
 risch-Altenburg. Length, 110 miles, it forms in 
 part the boundary between Austria and Hungary (hence 
 the terms Cisleithan and Transleithan). 
 
 Leitmeritz (lit'mer-its). A town in Bohemia, 
 situated on the Elbe 34 miles north-northwest 
 of Prague. It is the center of a rich agricultural region 
 (“the Bohemian Paradise”), and has manufactures of 
 beer. Population, commune, 15,421, (1910). 
 
 Leitomischl (li'to-mishl). A town in Bohemia, 
 situated on the Lautschna 46 miles north by west 
 of Briinn. Population, commune, 7,795, (1910). 
 
 Leitrim (le'trim). The northeasternmost 
 county in Connaught, Ireland, it is bounded by 
 Donegal Bay on the northwest, Fermanagh and Cavan on 
 the northeast, Longford on the southeast, and Roscommon 
 and Sligo on the southwest. Area, 619 square miles. 
 Population, 69,343. 
 
 Leiva (lay'va), Ponciano. Born about 1828. A 
 politician of Honduras. Aided by Guatemala and 
 Salvador, he deposed Arias, Jan., 1874, taking the title of 
 provisional president ; was elected president Feb. 1, 1876 ; 
 put down an insurrection in 1876 ; and resigned .1 une 8, 1876, 
 to prevent another civil war. Subsequently he was minis- 
 ter of war under Bogran, and succeeded him as president 
 Nov. 10, 1891, but resigned Aug. 3, 1893. 
 
 Leiva y de la Cerda (lay'va e da la ther'THa), 
 Juan de, Marquis of Leiva and Labrada and 
 Count of Banos. Bom about 1610 : died after 
 1667. A Spanish nobleman, viceroy of Mexico 
 Sept. 16, 1660, to June 28, 1664. He was one of the 
 
 worst rulers that the country everhad, and, when finally de- 
 posed, he schemed to retain his place until forced by the 
 Audience to give it up. Returning to Spain in 1666, he en- 
 tered the Carmelite order. 
 
 Lejean (le-zhoh'), Guillaume. Born at Plou<5- 
 gat-Gu6rand, Finistere, France, 1828: died at 
 Plou6gat-Gu6rand, Feb. 1, 1871. A French 
 traveler in southeastern Europe, the Nile val- 
 ley, and western Asia. 
 
 Lejeune (le-zhen'), Baron Louis Frangois. 
 
 Born at Strasburg, 1775: died at Toulouse, 
 France, 1848. A distinguished French general, 
 and painter of battles. 
 
 Le Jeune, Claude or ciaudin. Bom at Valen- 
 ciennes about 1530 (?) : died about 1598. A 
 French composer. His fame rests on his setting of 
 Marot and Beza’s psalms, printed after bis death. This 
 went t hrough many editions, and was used in all the Calvin- 
 istic churches, except in Switzerland. 
 
 Lekain (16-kan') (originally Cain), Henri 
 Louis. Bora at Paris, April 14, 1728: died at 
 Paris, Feb. 8, 1778. A noted French tragedian. 
 
 He was the son of a goldsmith, and was noted as a maker of 
 delicate surgical instruments. In 1750 he created a rOle in 
 “ l.e mauvais riche ” which attracted the attention of Vol- 
 taire, who remained his friend. It was the custom to com- 
 pare him with Garrick, but they had little in common. He 
 
Lekain 
 
 left interesting memoirs, with letters from Garrick, Vol- 
 taire, etc. These were published by his son, and reedited 
 by Talma in 1826. 
 
 L. E. L. The initials (used as a pen-name) of 
 *Letitia Elizabeth Landon (Mrs. Maclean). 
 Leland (le'land), Charles Godfrey. Born at 
 Philadelphia, Aug. 15, 1824 : died at Florence, 
 Italy, March 20, 1903. An American author. 
 He resided principally at London 1869-80, and gave much 
 time to the study of the language and customs of the Gip- 
 sies. Among his works are “Hans Breitmann’s Party, 
 and Other Ballads ” (1868 : burlesque poems in Pennsyl- 
 vania Dutch; there were four series of these), “Poe- 
 try and Mystery of Dreams ”(1865), “English Gypsies, etc." 
 (1873), “Minor Arts, etc.”(1880), “ The Gypsies ”(1882), and 
 “Practical Education ” (1888). 
 
 Leland (lel'and), or Leyland, John. Born at 
 London about 1506: died April 18, 1552. A 
 noted English antiquary. He studied at Cambridge 
 (Christ’s College, where he proceeded B. A. ), Oxford (All 
 Soul 8 College), and Paris, and entered the church. He was 
 appointed king’s antiquar y in 1533, with a commission to 
 search for English antiquities in all libraries and other 
 placeB where they might be found ; and for this purpose 
 journeyed for six years (1536-42), through England, making 
 exhaustive researches and minutely recording his observa- 
 tions. He was adjudged insane in 1650. Most of his work 
 was left in manuscript at his death. His “Itinerary” was 
 published in 1710, and his “Collectanea ’’ in 1715. 
 Leland, John. Born at Wigan, England, Oct. 
 18, 1691 : died at Dublin, Jan. 16, 1766. An 
 English Presbyterian clergyman and controver- 
 sialist, pastor in Dublin. He was the author of “ A 
 View of the Principal Deistical Writers that have Appeared 
 in England During the Lastand Present Centuries ”(1754- 
 1756), etc. 
 
 Leland Stanford Junior University. A co- 
 educational institution of learningat Palo Alto, 
 California, founded in 1891 by Leland Stan- 
 ford in memory of bis son. It has over 150 
 instructors and more than 1,600 students. 
 Several of the university buildings were 
 wrecked by earthquake April 18, 1906, the loss 
 being estimated at $4,000,000. 
 
 Leleges (lel'e-jez). In ancient history, a people 
 represented as living on the coasts of Greece, 
 Asia Minor, and the islands of the iEgean. 
 Leleux (le-le'), Adolphe. Born at Paris, Nov. 
 15, 1812: died there, July 27, 1891. A French 
 painter of landscape and genre scenes. 
 Leleux, Armand. Born at Paris, 1818: died 
 there, June, 1885. A French genre-painter, 
 brother of Adolphe Leleux, and pupil of Ingres. 
 Lelewel (le'le-vel), Joachim. Bornat Warsaw, 
 March 21, 1786 : died at Paris, May 29, 1861. A 
 Polish historian, noted especially for his studies 
 in the geography of the middle ages. His works 
 include “ Geographic des Arabes” (1851), “G^ographie du 
 moyen Age " (1352-57), and various works on Polish history 
 and antiquities. He was appointed professor of history at 
 the University of Warsaw in 1816, and soon after at Wilna. 
 In 1 824 he was deprived of his position for political reasons, 
 and became one of the chiefs of the Polish revolution of 
 1830. 
 
 L61ie (la-le'). The “ 6tourdi ” in Moliere’s play 
 of that name. His singular carelessness and dtourde- 
 rie bring to naught all the astonishing schemes for his 
 benefit concocted by Mascarille, bis valet. 
 
 Lely (le'li), Sir Peter (originally Van derVaes 
 or Faes). Born at Soest, Westphalia, Sept. 14, 
 1618 : died at London, Nov. 30, 1680. A famous 
 Dutch-English artist, court painter to Charles 
 II. He studied in Haarlem under Franz Pietersz de Grab- 
 ber (Grelber), and worked there until 1641, when he went 
 to England with the Prince of Orange, who wedded the 
 Princess Mary in that year. He remained in England and 
 enjoyed until his death great popularity as a portrait- 
 painter, his pictures of the beauties of the court of Charles 
 II. being especially famous. He executed portraits of 
 William of Orange, of Mary, and of a large number of the 
 most eminent men and women in England during his time. 
 The name Lely was assumed by his father, who was born 
 in a house bearing the sign of a lily. 
 
 Lemaire, or Le Maire (le mar), Jean. Born at 
 Beiges, or Baria, in Hainant, 1473 : died about 
 1548. A Belgian poet and historian, after 1504 
 secretary and librarian to Margaret of Austria. 
 His most important work is his “ Illustrations 
 de Gaule Belgique” (1812). 
 
 Lemaire, Nicolas Hloi. Born at Triaucourt, 
 Meuse, France, Dec. 1, 1767 : died Oct. 3, 1832. 
 A French classical scholar. He was appointed pro- 
 fessor of Latin poetry in the Faculty of Letters, Paris, in 
 1811, of which he became dean in 1825. After the Resto- 
 ration he undertook, as chief editor, the publication of the 
 “ Bibliotheca classica latina,” a series of Latin authors, 
 which he did not live to complete. 
 
 Lemaitre (16-matr'), Frederic. Born at Havre, 
 France, J uly 21, 1800 : died at Paris, J an. 26, 1876. 
 A noted French actor. He studied two years at the 
 Conservatoire, but made his first public appearance on four 
 feet as the lion in a poor melodrama,” Pyrame et Thisbd," 
 owing to the fact that the Od6on refused to engage him 
 though he was backed by Talma. He made slow progress, 
 but in 1823, being cast for the melodramatic part of Robert 
 Macaire in a tame play in which he feared he could make 
 no impression, he conceived the idea of playing it as a 
 comic part. From this time his success as a comedian was 
 
 602 
 
 complete. He was considered in France the greatest dra- 
 matic artist of his time, with the exception of Talma. His 
 play “Robert Macaire,” with Saint-Amand and Antier, 
 was played over five hundred times in succession. 
 Ldman (la-mon'). A French department and 
 Swiss canton in the neighborhood of the Lake 
 of Geneva during the era of the French Revo- 
 lution. 
 
 Leman, Lake. See Geneva, Lake of. 
 
 Lemanlc Republic. The name assumed by the 
 canton of Vaud, Switzerland, Jan., 1798, as an 
 independent state. It entered the Helvetic Re- 
 public as the canton of Leman in April, 1798. 
 Lemannus (le-man'us), or Lemanus (le-ma'- 
 nus), Lacus. The Roman name of the Lake of 
 Geneva. 
 
 Le Mans. See Mans, Le. 
 
 Le Marchant (le mar-shon'), John Gaspard. 
 
 Born in Guernsey, 1766 : killed at the battle of 
 Salamanca, July 22, 1812. An English soldier, 
 made major-general in 1810. He served in Flanders 
 1793-94 ; was governor of the Royal Military College 1801- 
 1810; and commanded a brigade of cavalry in the Penin- 
 sula 1810-12. 
 
 Le Marchant, Sir John Gaspard. Born 1803: 
 died at London, Feb. 6, 1874. A son of Major- 
 General J. G. Le Marchant, appointed lieuten- 
 ant-general in 1864. He was lieutenant-governor of 
 Newfoundland 1847-52, and of Nova Scotia 1852-57 ; gover- 
 nor of Malta 1859-64 ; and commander-in-chief at Madras 
 1865-68. 
 
 Lemberg (lem'berG), Polish Lw6w (lvov). [L. 
 Leopolis, F. Leopold] The capital of Galicia, 
 Austria-Hungary, situated on the Peltew in lat. 
 49° 51' N., long. 24° E. Its trade is important. It is 
 an archiepiscopal see of the Roman Catholic, Armenian, 
 and United Greek churches, and has cathedrals of these 
 churches. It also contains a university, a polytechnic 
 institution, and Ossolinski’s National Institute. It was 
 founded in the 13th century; conquered by Casimir the 
 Great of Poland in 1340 ; besieged by the Cossacks in 1648, 
 and by the Turks in 1672 ; taken by Swedes in 1704 ; an- 
 nexed by Austria In 1772 ; and bombarded in the outbreak 
 of 1848. Population, 206,574, (1910). 
 
 Lemercier (le-mer-sya'), Jacques. Born at 
 Pontoise about 1585: died at Paris, 1660. A 
 celebrated French architect, in 1618 he was ap- 
 pointed architect du roi, and in 1620 he rebuilt the bridge 
 at Rouen. In 1624 he took charge of the works at the 
 Louvre, which had not advanced beyond the constructions 
 of Pierre Lescot : these he doubled on the western and 
 southern sides, quadrupling the intended size of the court. 
 In the middle of the western side he built the Pavilion 
 d'Orloge, crowned by the famous caryatids of Jacques Sar- 
 rozin. In 1627 he constructed the Chateau de Lilly. He 
 was the favorite architect of Richelieu, and in 1629 built 
 the Palais Richelieu, later developed into the Palais Roy- 
 al. About the same time also he built the church and 
 buildings of the Sorbonne. He superseded Francois Man- 
 sart as architect of the Church of Val de Gr&ce. In 1636, 
 with Salomon de Brosse, he built the lanterns of the ca- 
 thedral of Troyes. In 1652 he succeeded Clement Mete- 
 zeau at the Oratoire at Paris, and in 1653 he built the choir 
 and part of the nave of St. Roche. 
 
 Lemercier, Louis Jean Nepomucdne. Born at 
 Paris, April 21,1771: died June 7, 1840. AFrench 
 poet and dramatist. He wrote a number of plays, 
 among which are “Tartuffer6volutionnaire”(1795), “Aga- 
 memnon” (produced 1794), “Ophis "(1798), “Charlemagne,” 
 “ Baudouin,”“St. Louis, etc. Among his poems are “Pan- 
 hypocrisiade, ou la comedie infernale du seizieme siecle ” 
 (1819), “ Les Ages frangais,” etc. 
 
 Lemery (lam-re'), Nicolas. Born at Rouen, 
 France, Nov. 17, 1645: died at Paris, June 19, 
 1715. A noted French chemist, author of 
 “Cours de chimie” (1675), etc. 
 
 Lemgo (lem'go). A town in the principality of 
 Lippe, Germany, 41 miles southwest of Hanno- 
 ver. It has manufactures of meerschaum pipes. 
 Population, commune, 9,033. 
 
 Lemnos (lem'nos), mod. Limno (lirn'no), or 
 Limni (lem'ne), It. Stalimene (sta-le-ma'ne). 
 [Gr. A?//trof .] An island in the iEgean Sea, be- 
 longing to Turkey, situated in lat. 39° 50' N., 
 long. 25° 20' E. Chief town, Kastro. The sur- 
 face is hilly. It was long famous for its earth (“terra sigil- 
 lata Lemnia”). It was sacred to Hephaestus in ancient 
 times ; was conquered by Miltiades ; and was in 1657 ac- 
 quired by the Turks from the Venetians. Length, about 
 20 miles. Population, about 30,000 (mainly Greeks). 
 
 The myth ran that in Lemnos at the time of the Argo- 
 nautic expedition there were no males, the women having 
 revenged their ill-treatment upon the men by murdering 
 them all. The Argonauts touched at the island, and were 
 received with great favour. They stayed some months, and 
 the subsequent population of the island was the fruit of 
 this visit. Hypsipyle, the queen, had twin sons by Jason. 
 Sophocles wrote a tragedy, which is lost, upon this piece 
 of ancient story. Jlawlinson, Herod., III. 116. 
 
 Lemoine. See Le Moyne. 
 
 Lemoine (le-moin'), Henry. Bom at London, 
 Jan. 14, 1756: died there, April 30, 1812. An 
 English bookseller and writer. He published “ Ty- 
 pographical Antiquities : the History, Origin, and Progress 
 of the Art of Printing, etc.” (1797), etc. 
 
 Lemoine, Jean Baptiste. See Bienville. 
 Lemon (lem'on), Mark. Bom at London, Nov. 
 30, 1809 : died at Crawley, Sussex, May 23, 1870. 
 
 Lensea 
 
 An English journalist, dramatist, and novelist, 
 one of the founders and the first editor of 
 “Punch” (1843-70). Among his numerous plays are 
 “ Hearts are Trumps,” “ Lost and Won," “Self- Accusa- 
 tion,” aud “Love and War.” He also wrote a number of 
 fairy tales, and published a “jest-book" in 1867. 
 
 Lemonnier (le-mo-nya'), Pierre Charles. Born 
 at Paris, Nov. 23, 1715 : died near Bayeux, 
 France, 1799. A French astronomer. 
 
 Lemos, Count of. See Fernandes de Castro 
 Andrade y Portugal, Pedro. 
 
 Le Moyne (le mwanj, Antoine, Sieur de Cha- 
 teauguay. Born at Montreal, July 7, 1683 : died 
 at Rochefort, France, March 21, 1747. A French- 
 Canadian commander, son of Charles Le Moyne. 
 He served under Iberville against the English 1705-06 ; was 
 made commandant of the troops in Louisiana in 1717, and 
 king's lieutenant of the colony in 1718 ; was governor of 
 Martinique 1727-44 ; and became governor of Isle Royale, 
 or Cape Breton, in 1745. 
 
 Le Moyne, Charles, Sieur de Longueuil. Born 
 in Normandy, France, 1626: died at Villemarie, 
 Canada, 1683. A French pioneer in Canada. 
 He distinguished himself in the border warfare against the 
 Iroquois and the English, and was ennobled by Louis XIV. 
 in 1668. 
 
 Le Moyne, Charles, Baron de Longueuil. Born 
 at Montreal, Dec. 10, 1656: died at Montreal, 
 June 8, 1729. AFrench-Canadian commander, 
 son of Charles Le Moyne. He was made governor 
 of Montreal and created a baron in 1700 ; became comman- 
 dant-general of Canada in 1711, and governor of Three 
 Rivers in 1720 ; and was reappointed governor of Montreal 
 in 1724. 
 
 Le Moyne, Jacques, Sieur de Sainte-H61&ne. 
 Bornat Villemarie, Canada, April 16, 1659 : died 
 at Quebec, Oct., 1690. AFrench-Canadian offi- 
 cer, son of Charles Le Moyne. He was one of the 
 leaders of the expedition which captured and plundered 
 Schenectady in 1690. He fell mortally wounded at the mo- 
 ment of victory, while defending the passage of the St. 
 Charles against the British admiral Phips. 
 
 Le Moyne, Joseph, Sieur de Serigny. Born at 
 Montreal, July 22, 1668: died at Rochefort, 
 France, 1734. A French naval officer, son of 
 Charles Le Moyne. He was made governor of 
 Rochefort in 1723. 
 
 Le Moyne, Paul, Sieur de Maricourt. Born at 
 Montreal, Dee. 15,1663: killed March 21,1704. 
 AFrench-Canadian commander, son of Charles 
 Le Moyne. 
 
 Le Moyne, Pierre. See Iberville. 
 
 Lempa (Rndpa)- A river in San Salvador, Cen- 
 tral America, flowing into the Pacific about 40 
 miles southeast of San Salvador. Length, about 
 200 miles. 
 
 Lemprikre (lem-prer'), John. Born in Jersey 
 about 1765 : died at London, Feb. 1, 1824. An 
 English classical scholar. He became assistant mas- 
 ter of the grammar-school at Reading in 1788 ; was master 
 of the grammar-school at Abingdon 1792-1808 ; and later 
 (1809) was master of the grammar-school at Exeter. He 
 published “Bibliotheca Classica, or a Classical Diction- 
 ary, etc.” (1788), etc. 
 
 Lemuel (lem'u-el). [Heb. : etym. unknown.] 
 An unknown king mentioned in Prov. xxxi. 1, 
 4. The rabbinical commentators identified him 
 with Solomon. 
 
 Lemuria (le-mu'ri-a). SclatePs name for a 
 land supposed to have formerly existed in the 
 Indian Ocean, connecting Madagascar, the pen- 
 insula of India, and Sumatra. 
 
 Lena (le'na; Russ. pron. la-na'). One of the 
 chief rivers of Siberia. It rises near Lake Baikal, 
 flows northeast and north, and empties by a delta into the 
 Arctic Ocean about lat. 72°-73° N. Yakutsk is on its banks, 
 and the chief tributaries are the Vitim, Vilui, and Aldan. 
 Its delta was noted in the De Long expedition, and is also 
 famous for its mammoth ivory. Length, about 2,800 miles. 
 
 Lenasa (le-ne'a). [Gr. A tjvaia.'] The “feast of 
 vats,” an ancient Greek festival in honor of Dio- 
 nysus. It was held at Athens in the month Gamelion 
 (Jan.-Feb.), at the Lenaeum. There was a great public 
 feast, and then the peoplewentin procession, with jesting 
 and mockery, to the theater. 
 
 Fragments of lists of dramatic authors, and their vic- 
 tories, are still being found about the acropolis and the 
 theatre at Athens, and from the publications of them by 
 Komanudes in the Athenaion , Bergk has endeavoured to 
 reconstruct the chronology of the drama. His conclusions 
 have been contested by Kohler, and are as yet uncertain. 
 But he has probably established this much, that while the 
 tragic contests were carried on at the greater Dionysia, 
 in the city, and in spring time, and vecorded since about 
 01. 64, the winter feast of the Lensea in the suburbs was 
 originally devoted to comedy, which w T as not recognised 
 by the state till about 01. 79. In 01. 84 new regulations 
 were introduced, probably by Pericles, according to which 
 tragic contests were established at the Lena 1 a, and comic 
 admitted to the greater Dionysia. From this time both 
 kinds of contests were carried on at both feasts, and in 
 the great theatre. But as the Lemra was only a home feast, 
 and not attended by strangers, a victory gained there was 
 by no means of the same importance as a victory before 
 tiie great concourse of citizens and visitors in the spring, 
 and consequently they were separately catalogued. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 247. 
 
Lenau 
 
 Lenau (la'nou), Nikolaus. The pseudonym of 
 Niembsch von Strehlenau. 
 
 Lenbach (len'bach), Franz von. Bora at Schro- 
 beu hausen, Bavaria, Dec. 13, 1836: died May 
 6, 1904. A German portrait-painter. He was a 
 pupil of the Munich Academy and of Grade and Piloty, 
 whom in 1858 he accompanied to Rome. In 1860 he be- 
 came professor in the Weimar Art School, but resigned in 
 1862 and went to Italy and Spain, where he studied and 
 copied the old masters for Baron Schack’s gallery in 
 Munich. After his return to Munich he devoted himself 
 exclusively to portraiture. From 1872 to 1879 he worked 
 in Vienna, visited Morocco, and spent the winter of 1875- 
 1876 in Egypt with Makart and Leopold Muller. He be- 
 came a member of the Berlin Academy in 1883. 
 
 Lencas (lan'kiis). A race of Central- American 
 Indians in central and southern Honduras and 
 northern Nicaragua. At present they are semi-civ- 
 ilized. Of their history and relations to the whites little 
 is known. Their language, divided into several dialects, 
 shows no relation with those of the surrounding tribes. It 
 is known as Chontal, a term also applied to the languages 
 of various other tribes. See Chontals. 
 
 Lenclos (loh-klo'), or L’Enclos, Anne, called 
 Ninon de. Born at Paris, May 15, 1616: died 
 there, Oct. 17, 1706. A noted French woman of 
 pleasure. Although she gave herself up to a free life, she 
 was never a public courtezan. She retained her beauty and 
 charm to very old age. Mademoiselle Scudery drew her por- 
 trait in “ Cldlie ’’ under the name of Clarisse. She received 
 the highest society in her salon, which has been compared 
 for its tone with the Hotel Rambouillet. Madame Scar- 
 ron (afterward de Maintenon), Madame de Lafayette, and 
 Christina of Sweden were her friends. St. Evremond, 
 La Rochefoucauld, D’Estrdes, the great Condd, and three 
 generations of the family of Sdvignd were among her lov- 
 ers. According to Voltaire, Richelieu was the first of 
 these. 
 
 Lendinara (len-de-na'ra). A small town in the 
 province of Rovigo, northern Italy, situated on 
 the Adigetto 26 miles southwest of Padua. 
 
 Le Neve (le nev), John. Born at Bloomsbury, 
 London, Dec. 27, 1679 : died 1741. An English 
 antiquary, author of “Fasti Eceleshe Anglica- 
 nas ” (1716), “Monumenta Anglicana” (1717), 
 etc. 
 
 Le Neve, Peter. Bom at London, 1661 : died 
 in Norfolk, Sept. 24, 1729. An English anti- 
 quary. He left extensive manuscript collec- 
 tions, but printed nothing. 
 
 Lenfant (lon-foh'), Jacques. Born at Ba- 
 zoches, France, April 13, 1661 : died at Ber- 
 lin, Au". 7, 1728. A noted French Protestant 
 theologian and church historian, author of 
 “ Histoire du concile de Constance” (1714), etc. 
 Lenguas,orLengoas(lan'gwaz).[Sp., ‘tongues’: 
 so called from their custom of inserting in the 
 lower lip a piece of wood which, at a distance, 
 made them appear as if their tongues were pro- 
 truded.] A tribe of South American Indians, 
 formerly numerous and formidable in the Gran 
 Chaco region, west of the river Paraguay. 
 
 They appear to have been an offshoot of the Chiquitos of 
 Bolivia (which see). They were long at war with the set- 
 tlements, and were nearly exterminated : in 1828 only about 
 300 remained near Corrientes. The remnants are merged 
 in other tribes. 
 
 Lenk (lengk). A town and watering-place in 
 the canton of Bern, Switzerland, situated on the 
 Simme 35 miles south of Bern. 
 
 Lenkoran ( leng-ko-ran'). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Baku, Transcaucasia, Russia, situated 
 on the Caspian Sea, lat. 38° 46' N., long. 48° 
 50' E. : stormed and annexed by the Russians 
 1813. 
 
 Lennep (len'nep). A manufacturing town in 
 the Rhine Province, Prussia, 22 miles northeast 
 of Cologne. Population, commune, 10,323. 
 Lennep, David Jakob van. Born at Amster- 
 dam, July 15, 1774: died at Amsterdam, Feb. 
 10, 1853. A Dutch classical philologist. 
 Lennep, Jacob van. Bom at Amsterdam, March 
 24, 1802 : died at Oosterbeek, near Arnhem, Aug. 
 25, 1868. A Dutch novelist and poet. He was 
 the son of the Amsterdam professor and poet David Jakob 
 van Lennep. He studied jurisprudence at Leyden, and 
 subsequently practised law in Amsterdam. For a short 
 term he was conservative member of the second chamber. 
 His “ Academische Idyllen" (“ Academic Idyls ”), a collec- 
 tion of poems on student life, appeared in 1826. A second 
 volume of poems was “Nederlandsche Legenden ” (“Le- 
 gends of the Netherlands’’), upon which is chiefly based his 
 fame as a poet. He also wrote numerous dramatic pieces, 
 among them the comedies “Het Dorp an de Grenzen” 
 (‘‘The Village on the Frontier") and “Het Dorp over de 
 Grenzen " (“The Village over the Frontier”). His most 
 celebrated works are his historical novels, in the manner 
 of Sir WalterScott. The principal of them are “De Pleeg- 
 zoon” (“The Foster-son,” 1829), “De Roos van Dekama” 
 (“The Rose of Dekama," 1836), the series of narratives 
 under the common title “Onze Vooronders”(“Our Ances- 
 tors,” 1838-14), ‘Ferdinand lluyck” (1840), “Elisabeth 
 Mnsch " (1850), “De Lotgevallen van Klaasje Zevenster ” 
 (“ The Adventures of Claus Sevenstars,” 1865). His poeti- 
 cal works were published 1859-72, in 13 volumes; his 
 romances 1855-72, in 23 volumes. 
 
 Lenni-Lenape. See Delaware. 
 
 603 
 
 Lennox (len'oks). An old division of Scotland. 
 It corresponded’ to Dumbartonshire, a large part of Stir- 
 lingshire, and parts of Perth and Renfrew. 
 
 Lennox, Charles, first Duke of Richmond. Born 
 July 29, 1672: died at Goodwood, in Sussex, May 
 27, 1723. A natural son of Charles II. and the 
 Duchess of Portsmouth. He went to Paris, at the 
 Revolution, in the service of James, but later changed 
 both his politics and his religion, becoming reconciled to 
 King William and entering the Church of England. He 
 was an unprincipled adventurer. 
 
 Lennox, Charles, third Duke of Richmond and 
 Lennox. Bom at London, Feb. 22, 1735 : died 
 at Goodwood, Sussex, Dec. 29, 1806. An Eng- 
 lish diplomatist and politician. He was ministerat 
 Paris 1765 ; secretary of state for the southern department 
 1766 ; and master-general of the ordnance, with aseat in the 
 cabinet, 1782-95. He defended the action of the American 
 colonies in resisting the government, advocated the redress 
 of grievances in Ireland, and pronounced in favor of uni- 
 versal suffrage. 
 
 Lennox, Mrs. (Charlotte Ramsay). Born at 
 New York, 1720: died iu England, Jan. 4, 1804. 
 An English novelist and poet. She published 
 “The Female Quixote” (1752), “Shakespeare 
 Illustrated” (1753-54), etc., and wrote “The 
 Sister,” a comedy (to which Goldsmith wrote 
 the epilogue), acted Feb. 18, 1769. 
 
 Lennox, Lord William Pitt. Born at Winestead 
 Abbey, Yorkshire, Sept. 20, 1799: died at Lon- 
 don, Feb. 18, 1881. An English soldier, writer, 
 and journalist, fourth son of the fourth Duke of 
 Richmond. He wrote several novels, books on 
 sports, etc. 
 
 Lenoir (le-nwiir'), Alexandre Albert. Bom 
 
 at Paris, 1801: died there, Feb. 17, 1891. A 
 French architect and archaeologist, son of M. A. 
 Lenoir. He wrote a number of works on archi- 
 tecture ancient and modem. 
 
 Lenoir (le-nwiir'), Marie Alexandre. Bom at 
 Paris, Dee. 26, 1761: died at Paris, June 11, 
 1839. A French archaeologist. His works include 
 
 “ MusCe des monuments frangais ” (1804), “Histoire des 
 arts en France, prouv^e par les monument? ” (1810), etc. 
 
 Le Noir, Mrs. (Elizabeth Anne Smart). Bom 
 
 about 1755: died at Caversham, May 6, 1841. 
 An English novelist and poet, daughter of the 
 poet Christopher Smart : author of ‘ ‘Village An- 
 nals”(1803), “Village Anecdotes” (1804), “Mis- 
 cellaneous Poems” (1825), etc. 
 
 Lenore (le-nor'). A ballad by Burger: so called 
 from the name of its heroine. 
 
 Lenormand (le-nor-mon'), Marie Anne Ade- 
 laide. Bom at A lexicon, France, May 27, 1772 : 
 died at Paris, June 25, 1843. A celebrated 
 French fortune-teller. She wrote a number 
 of books on subjects connected with her pro- 
 fession. 
 
 Lenormant (le-nor-mon'), Charles. Bom at 
 
 Paris, June 1, 1802: died at Athens, Nov. 24, 
 1859. A French archeologist and numisma- 
 tist. His chief works (with collaborators) are “ TrCsor de 
 numismatique et de glyptique ” (1836-50), “ Elite des monu- 
 ments c4ramo-graphiques ” (1844-57). 
 
 Lenormant, Francois. Born at Paris, Jan. 17, 
 1837 : died at Paris, Dec. 10, 1883. A noted 
 French archeologist and historian, son of 
 Charles Lenormant. His works include “ Manuel 
 d’histoire ancienne de TOrient” (1868), “Lettres assyrio- 
 logiques et bpigraphiques " (1871-72), “Les sciences oc- 
 cultes en Asie" (1874-75), “Les origines de l’histoire 
 d’aprts la Bible ” (1880-82), etc. 
 
 Lenotre (16-notr' ) , Andre. Born at Paris, March 
 12, 1613 : died at Versailles, Sept. 15, 1700. A 
 noted French architect and landscape-garden er. 
 In 1675 Louis XIV. accorded to him letters of ennoble- 
 ment. His first work was the park and gardens of the 
 Chateau de Vaux le-Vicompte. He also designed the gar- 
 dens and parks, wholly or iu part, at Versailles, Rambouil- 
 let, Saint-Cloud, Chantilly, Meudon, Fontainebleau, the 
 Ch.'iteau de la Reine de Navarre, etc. In England he laid 
 out Kensington Gardens, St. James’s Park, and Greenwich 
 Park. In Rome he designed the gardens of the Villa 
 Ludovisi, the Villa Pamphili, the Quirinal, the Vatican, 
 and the Villa Albani. 
 
 Lenox (len'oks). A town and summer resort 
 in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, situated 
 near the Housatonic 40 miles west-northwest 
 of Springfield. Population, 3,060, (1910). 
 Lenox. A character in Shakspere’s “ Macbeth,” 
 a thane of Scotland. 
 
 Lenox, James. Born at New York, Aug. 19, 
 1800: died there, Feb. 18, 1880. An American 
 bibliophilist and philanthropist, founder of the 
 Lenox Library in New York city. 
 
 Lenox Library. A public reference library 
 founded in New York in 1870 by James Lenox. 
 In 1911 the collections were transferred to the New York 
 Public Library on Fifth Avenue between 40th and 42d 
 streets, and the building was demolished in 1912. It con- 
 tained a museum, ai t galleries, library, and lecture-room. 
 Its principal aim was in the direction of American history 
 and historical study. An annex was built iu 70th street, 
 through a bequest from Mrs. Robert L. Stewart, to con- 
 
 Leo X. 
 
 tain a collection of paintings given by her. It has been 
 combined with the Astor and the proposed Tilden Library 
 ★ as the New York Public Library. 
 
 Lens (Ions). A town in the department of Pas- 
 de-Calais, northern France, 9 miles north by 
 east of Arras. It is in the center of important coal- 
 fields. Here, Aug. 20, 1648, the French under Condo de- 
 feated the Spauiards under the archduke Leopold W illiam. 
 Population, commune, 27,744. 
 
 Lenten Stuffe. A pamphlet by Nashe, pub- 
 lished in 1599. It is a lively description of Great Yar- 
 mouth, where he had found a safe shelter, with a pane- 
 gyric on the red herring, its staple commodity. 
 
 Lenthall (lent'al), William. Bom at Henley- 
 on-Thames, June, 1591 : died Sept. 3, 1662. An 
 English lawyer and politician. He was a mem- 
 ber of the Short Parliament and speaker of the Long Par- 
 liament (Nov. 3, 1640,- April 20, 1653), a position which he 
 filled with ability and success. He became famous from 
 his refusal to tell Charles whether or not any one of the 
 “five members” was present when the king attempted to 
 arrest them in the House of Commons. He was also speaker 
 of the first Parliament summoned by Cromwell, and was 
 a member of the Parliament of 1656. When the Long 
 Parliament reassembled he resumed his office in it, and 
 later contributed to bring about the Restoration. 
 Lentienses (len-ti-en' sez). [L. (Ammianus) 
 Lentienses .] A German tribe, a southern branch 
 of the Alamanni, dwelling in the 3d century in 
 the region to the north of the Boden See, where 
 Constantius Chlorus (298) led an expedition 
 against them. 
 
 Lentini (len-te'ne). A town in the province of 
 Syracuse, Sicily, 21 miles northwest of Syra- 
 cuse : the ancient Leontini. It wasfounded by colo- 
 nists from Naxos in 729 b. c., became subject to Syracuse, 
 and was a prosperous Greek city. Population, 16,300. 
 
 Lentulus (len'tii-lus), Publius Cornelius, sur- 
 named Sura,. Executed at Rome, Dec., 63 B. o. 
 A Roman politician, pretor and conspirator 
 with Catiline in 63 B. c. 
 
 Lenz (lents). A town in the canton of Grisons, 
 Switzerland, 13 miles south of Coire. It was 
 formerly a strategic point. 
 
 Lenz, Heinrich Oskar. Born at Leipsic, April 
 13, 1848. A German geologist and African trav- 
 eler. After a few geological explorations in Austria, he 
 accompanied the expedition of Giissfeldt to West Africa 
 (1874), and explored Morocco, Timbuktu, andSenegal (1879). 
 Foiled in his attempt to determine the watershed of the 
 Nile and Kongo basins (1885), he crossed the continent by 
 way of Tanganyika and Nyassa lakes, returning to Vienna 
 in 1887. Since then he has been professor of geography at 
 Prague. He wrote “Skizzen aus West-Afrika”(1878),“Tim- 
 buktu : Reise durch Marokko, Sahara, und Sudan ’’ (1884). 
 
 Lenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold. Born at Sess- 
 wegen, Livonia, Jan. 12 (N. S. 23), 1751: died 
 near Moscow, May 23-24, 1792. A German poet 
 of the “ Sturm und Drang” period. His works 
 were edited by Tieck (1828). 
 
 Lenzburg (lents'bora). A small town in the 
 canton of Aargau, Switzerland, situated on the 
 Aa east of Aarau. 
 
 Lenzen (lent'sen). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of Brandenburg, Prussia, 66 miles north of 
 Magdeburg. Here, Sept. 4, 929, the Germans 
 defeated the Slavs. 
 
 Leo (le'o). [L., ‘the lion.’] An ancient zodiacal 
 constellation, the Lion, containing Regulus, a 
 star of magnitude 14, and two stars of the second 
 magnitude. It is easily found, for the pointers of the 
 Great Bear point southerly to its brightest star, distant 
 about 46 degrees from the southernmost of them. Four 
 stars in the body of Leo form a characteristic trapezium, 
 and those about the neck and mane make a sickle. It is 
 the fifth sign of the zodiac, its symbol as such (.9) showing 
 the lion’s mane. 
 
 Leo I., Saint, surnamed “The Great.” Born 
 probably at Rome: died at Rome 461. Pope 
 440-461. He extended the authority of the Roman see, 
 and in 452 induced Attila to leave Italy without attacking 
 Rome. His works, including sermons and letters, have 
 been edited by Ballerini (1753-57). 
 
 Leo II. Pope 682-683. 
 
 Leo III. Died May 25, 816. Pope 795-816. He 
 crowned Charles the Great Roman emperor in 
 800. 
 
 Leo IV. Pope 847-855. 
 
 Leo V. Pope 903. 
 
 Leo VI. Pope 928-929. 
 
 Leo VII. Pope 936-939. 
 
 Leo VIII. Pope 963-965. 
 
 Leo IX. (Bruno). Born in Alsace, June 21, 1002: 
 died at Rome, April 19, 1054. Pope 1049-54. 
 He was defeated and captured by the Normans 
 at Astagnum, near Civitella, June 18, 1053. 
 Leo X. (Giovanni de’ Medici). Born at Flor- 
 ence, Dec. 11, 1475: died at Rome, Doe. 1, 1521. 
 Pope 1513-21, second son of Lorenzo de’ Medici. 
 He expelled the petty tyrants from the ecclesiastical states, 
 added Perugia, Sinigaglia, and Fermo to the domains of 
 the church, and restored Parma and Piacenza to the holy 
 see. During his pontificate the Reformation began with 
 Luther's protest against the sale of indulgences in 1617. 
 (See I/uther, Martin, and Reformation, The.) He was a 
 liberal patron of art and literature. 
 
Leo XI. 
 
 Leo XI. (Alessandro de’ Medici). Bom 1535: 
 died April 27, 1605. Pope 1605. 
 
 Leo XII. (Annibale della Genga). Born 1760: 
 died Feb. 10, 1829. Pope 1823-29. 
 
 Leo XIII. (Giacchino Peed). Born at Carpi- 
 neto, near Anagni, Italy, March 2, 1810 : died 
 at Rome, July 20, L903. Pope 1878-1903. He 
 was sent as nuncio to Brussels in 1843 ; was created arch- 
 bishop of Perugia in 1846, and cardinal in 1853; and 
 was elected successor of Pius IX. Feb. 20, 1878. 
 
 Leo I., surnamed “The Thracian” and “The 
 Great.” Born in Thrace about 400: died Feb. 
 3, 474. Byzantine emperor 457-474. His army 
 
 under Anthemius defeated the Huns at Sardica about 466. 
 He afterward concerted with Anthemius, who had in the 
 meantime been elected emperor of Rome, a joint attack 
 on Genseric in Africa, which failed through the treachery 
 of the Byzantine general Aspar. 
 
 Leo II. Byzantine emperor 474, grandson of 
 Leo I. 
 
 Leo III., surnamed “The Isaurian.” Born at 
 Germanicia, Armenia Minor : died June 18, 741. 
 Byzantine emperor 718-741. He successfully de- 
 fended Constantinople against the Arabs who besieged 
 the city 717-720. He prohibited the veneration of images 
 in 726. 
 
 Leo V., surnamed “The Armenian.” Killed at 
 Constantinople, 820. Byzantine emperor 813- 
 820. Defeated the Bulgarians in 814 and 815. 
 Leo VI., surnamed “The Wise” and “The Phi- 
 losopher.” Died 911. Byzantine emperor 886- 
 911, son of Basil I. 
 
 L6o (la-o')) Andre. A pseudonym of Madame 
 Champseix. 
 
 Leo (la'o), Heinrich. Born at Rudolstadt, Ger- 
 many, March 19, 1799 : died April 24, 1878. A 
 German historian , from 1828 professor of history 
 atHalle. His works include “Geschichtederitalienischen 
 Staaten" 71829-30), “Zwolf Bucher niederlandischer Ge- 
 schichten " (1832-35), ‘ ‘ Lehrbuch der Universalgeschichte ” 
 (1835 — 44), works on German philosophy, etc. 
 
 Leo, Leonardo. Born at San Vito degli Schiavi, 
 Italy, 1694: died 1744. A noted Neapolitan 
 composer and professor of music. He was the 
 authorof nearly 50 operas (among them “ Sofonisbe,” 1718), 
 dramatic cantatas, about 100 sacred compositions, etc. 
 Among his sacred works is a celebrated “Miserere" com- 
 posed in 1739. For this he received a pension from the 
 Duke of Savoy. 
 
 Leo Africanus (le'o af-ri-ka'nus) (Hasan ibn 
 Mohammed). Died after 1526. A Moorish 
 geographer, author of a description of Africa 
 (published in Italian in 1588). 
 
 Leoben (la-6'ben). A town in Styria, Austria- 
 Hungary, 28 miles northwest of Gratz. Here, 
 April 18, 1797, Bonaparte signed a provisional treaty with 
 the Austrians, secretly agreeing to give them the greater 
 part of the mainland territory of Venice in return for the 
 Netherlands. It was modified by the peace of Campo- 
 Formio (which see). Pop., commune, 11,504, (1910). 
 Leobschiitz (la'op-shiits). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Silesia, Prussia, on the Zinna 73 miles 
 south-southeast of Breslau. Population, com- 
 mune, 12,700. 
 
 L£ocadie (la-o-ka-de'). A lyrical drama by 
 Scribe and Mdlesville, music by Auber. It was 
 produced at the Opera Comique Nov. 4, 1824. 
 Leochares(le-ok'a-rez). [Gr. Aeoxapyg.] Lived 
 about the middle of the 4th century B. C. An 
 Athenian sculptor, a pupil of Scopas and asso- 
 ciated with him on the mausoleum of Halicar- 
 nassus. He is probably represented by the Ganymede 
 and eagle of the Vatican, supposed to he a copy of his 
 celebrated work. 
 
 Leofric (le-of 'rik). Died at Bromley, Stafford- 
 shire, Aug. 31, 1057. An earl of Mercia, son of 
 Leofwine, ealdorman of the Hwiccas, a power- 
 ful nobleman who shared with Godwin and 
 Siward the chief influence in the kingdom dur- 
 ing the reigns of Hardicanute and Edward the 
 Confessor. His wife was Godiva (Godgifu), the 
 subject of a well-known legend. See Godiva. 
 Leofric. Died Feb. 10, 1072. An English prel- 
 ate, appointed bishop of Devonshire and Corn- 
 wall in 1046. The seat of the bishopric was, at his re- 
 quest, removed from Crediton to Exeter in 1050. 
 
 Leofwine (le-of 'wi-ne). Killed at the battle 
 of Hastings, Oct. 14, 1066. A younger son of 
 Earl Godwin. He was governor after 1057 of a part of 
 the kingdom comprising Kent, Surrey, Essex, Middlesex 
 (except London), Hertfordshire, and Buckinghamshire. 
 He fell fighting under the standard. His death is repre- 
 sented in the Bayeux tapestry. 
 
 Leoline (le'o-lin), Sir. A character in Coleridge’s 
 “Christabel.” 
 
 Leo Minor (le'o ml'nor). [L.,‘ the lesser lion.’] 
 A constellation between Leo and the Great Bear, 
 first introduced in 1690 by Hevelius. 
 Leominster (lem'ster). A town in Hereford- 
 shire, England, situated on the Lug 12 miles 
 north of Hereford. It had formerly a priory. 
 Population, 5,826. 
 
 Leominster (lem'in-ster). A town in Woreee- 
 
 604 
 
 ter County, Massachusetts, situated on the 
 Nashua River 38 miles west-northwest of Bos- 
 ton. Population, 17,580, (1910). 
 
 Le6n (la-on'). 1. A former kingdom in Spain, 
 bounded by Asturias on the north, .Old Castile 
 on the east, Estremadura on the south, and Por- 
 tugal and Galicia on the west. The surface is gen- 
 erally mountainous. It comprised the modern provinces 
 of Leon, Zamora, and Salamanca. The name of Kingdom 
 of Leon was given to the Asturian dominions (see Astu- 
 rias) early in the 10th century. Leon was united with Cas- 
 tile in 1037, separated in 1157, and finally reunited in 1230. 
 2. A province of Spain, bounded by Oviedo ou 
 the north, Palencia on the east, Valladolid on 
 the southeast, Zamora on the south, and Orense 
 and Lugo on the west. Area, 5,936 square miles. 
 Population, 386,083. — 3. The capital of the 
 province of Leon, situated on the Torio and 
 Bernesga in lat. 42° 37' N., long. 5° 38' W. : the 
 Roman Legio Gemina. The cathedral, one of the 
 finest in Spain, is of the 13th century, and evidently by a 
 French architect. There are three great roses, and the 
 vaulting is bold and lofty. The triple recessed and sculp- 
 tured western doors are the best in Spain. The chapel of 
 Santiago has Flemish windows. Le6n was a Roman fron- 
 tier town, and was very early reconquered from the Moors. 
 Population, 16,807. 
 
 Leon. The capital of the department of Ledn, 
 Nicaragua, situated about lat. 12° 25' N., long. 
 86 3 53' W. It contains a cathedral. Founded on Lake 
 Managua in 1525, it was removed to its present site in 1610. 
 Population, 62,569. 
 
 Le6n (in Mexico). See Leon de los Aldamas. 
 Leon (la- on'). In Beaumarchais’s “La mere cou- 
 pable,” the supposed son of Count Almaviva : 
 really the son of the countess and Chdrubin her 
 page. 
 
 Leon (le'on). A character in Fletcher’s “Rule 
 a Wife and Have a Wife.” 
 
 Le6n, Juan Ponce de. See Ponce de Leon. 
 Le6n (la-on'), Luis Ponce de. Born in Belmonte 
 in 1528 : died in 1591. A distinguished Spanish 
 scholar, theologian, and poet. He was a monk of 
 the order of St. Augustine, and professor of theology and 
 sacred literature at the University of Salamanca. He was 
 persecuted by the Inquisition and imprisoned, but finally 
 was set at liberty. 
 
 Le6n, New. See Nuevo Ledn. 
 
 Leon, Nuevo Reino de. See Nuevo Ledn. 
 Ledn, Pedro de Cieza de. See Ciesa de Ledn. 
 Ledn, Ponce de. See Ponce de Leon. 
 
 Leonais. See Lyonesse. 
 
 Leonardo Aretiho. See Bruni. 
 
 Leonardo da Pisa. Born at Pisa, 1175 : date of 
 death unknown. An Italian mathematician. 
 He studied mathematics in the Orient, and was the first 
 to apply algebraical forinulse to geometrical demonstra- 
 tions in his treatise “Algebra et Almuchabala.’' His real 
 name was Leonardo Bonacci, more frequently known as 
 Fibonacci (filius Bonacci). 
 
 Leonardo da Vinci. See Vinci. 
 Leonato(le-6-na'to). A character in Shakspere’s 
 “Much Ado about Nothing,” the governor of 
 Messina and the uncle of Beatrice. 
 
 Leon de los Aldamas (la-on' da los al-da'mas), 
 or Ledn. A city in the state of Guanajuato, 
 Mexico, situated on the Torbio about 190 
 miles northwest of Mexico. It has manufac- 
 tures of leather, etc. Population, 63,263. 
 Leonforte (la-on-for'te). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Catania, Sicily, Italy, 40 miles west- 
 northwest of Catania. Population, commune, 
 19,751. 
 
 Leonhard (la'on-hart), Gustav. Born at Mu- 
 nich, Nov. 22, 1816: died Dec. 27, 1878. A Ger- 
 man geologist and mineralogist, son of K. C. 
 von Leonhard. He was professor at Heidelberg. His 
 chief work is “ Handworterbuch der topograpluschen 
 Mineralogie ”(1843). 
 
 Leonhard, Karl Casar von. Born at Rumpen- 
 heim, near Hanau, Prussia, Sept. 12, 1779: died 
 at Heidelberg, Baden, Jan. 23, 1862. A German 
 geologist and mineralogist, professor of miner- 
 alogy and geognosy at Heidelberg 1818-62. 
 Leoni (la-5'ne), Leone. Born, probably in the 
 neighborhood of Arezzo, about 1509: died at 
 Milan, July 22, 1590. An Italian sculptor and 
 medallist. He first appears in Venice associated with 
 Titian and Pietro Aretino. In 1537 he met Benvenuto 
 Cellini at Padua in competition for the medal of Beinbo. 
 Through the good will of Ferrante Gonzaga he entered the 
 service of Charles V., and remained attached to the impe- 
 rial household. Many of his works are in the Mus6e de 
 Prado, Madrid. He was assisted and succeeded by his son, 
 Pompeo (d. 1610). They executed the bronze groups of 
 Charles V. and Philip II. with their families in the Escorial. 
 
 Leonidas (le-on'i-das) I. [Gr. Aeowidaf.] Killed 
 at Thermopylte, Greece, 480 B. c. A Greek hero, 
 king of Sparta, famous for his defense of the 
 pass of Thermopylte against the Persian army. 
 He was slain in company with 300 Spartans and 
 700 Thespians. See Thermopylm. 
 
 Leonidas. An epic poem by Glover, published 
 in 1737. 
 
 Leopold I. 
 
 Leonidas of Modern Greece, The. A name 
 
 given to Markos Bozzaris. 
 
 Leonine (le'o-nin). In Shakspere’s “Pericles,” 
 the attendant of Dionysia, employed to murder 
 Marina: he, however, sells her for a slave. 
 
 Leonine City. That part of the city of Rome 
 which is west of the Tiber and north of Tras- 
 tevere. It contains the Vatican, the Castle of St. Angelo, 
 and the district between (known as the Borgo), and is in- 
 closed within a separate line of walls. It was first forti- 
 fied by Pope Leo IV. (whence the name). 
 
 Leonists (le'o-nists). A name sometimes used 
 for the members of the religious body known 
 as the Waldenses. 
 
 Leonnatus (le-5-na'tus). [Gr. Aiowdroc.'] Died 
 322 b. c. A general of Alexander the Great, one 
 of the ablest of his officers. On Alexander’s death, 
 Leonnatus received the satrapy of Hellespontine Phrygia. 
 He fell in battle against the Athenians and their allies while 
 seeking to relieve Antipater who was blockaded in Lamia. 
 
 Leonnoys. See Lyonesse. 
 
 Leonore (la-6-ndr'). In Moliere’s “Ecole des 
 maris,” the sister of Isabelle, she has been brought 
 up by Ariste, the brother of Sganarelle, on a system the 
 reverse of that pursued by the latter with Isabelle. 
 
 Leonora d’Este. The daughter of the Duke of 
 Ferrara, with whom Tasso fell in love. For this 
 her father imprisoned him in a madhouse for seven years. 
 
 Leonore (la-6-nor'), ou L’ Amour Conjugal. 
 
 An opera by Bouilly, music by Gaveaux, pro- 
 duced at the Opera Comique Feb. 19, 1798. 
 The book was translated into Italian, composed by Paer, 
 and produced at Dresden Oct. 3, 1804. It was also trans- 
 lated into German by Jos. Sonnleithner (late in 1804) and 
 composed by Beethoven. (See Fidelio.) The dates of 
 Beethoven’s overtures are as follows : Leonore No. 2, in 
 C, for the production of the opera, Nov. 20, 1806 ; L6o- 
 nore No. 3, in C, for the production of the modified opera, 
 March 29, 1806; Leonore No. 1, in C, for a performance 
 of the opera at Prague, May, 1807, which did not take place ; 
 Fidelio, in E, for the second and final revision of the opera, 
 May, 1814. drove. 
 
 Leontes (le-on'tez). A prominent character in 
 Shakspere’s “Winter’s Tale,” the King of Si- 
 cily. His jealousy, unlike that of Othello, is wilful and ty- 
 rannical. He is the Egistus of Greene’s “ Pandosto," from 
 which the play was taken. 
 
 Leontes. See Litany. 
 
 Leontini. See Lentini. 
 
 Leopardi (la-6-par'de), Alessandro. Borninthe 
 second half of the 15th century : died some time 
 before 1545. A Venetian sculptor and architect. 
 In 1487 he was banished from Venice for forgery, but was 
 recalled about 1490 to finish the Colleoni statue begun by 
 Verocchio: this he did in 1496. He signed his name on 
 the girth of the saddle, and was called ever after “del Ca- 
 ballo." He also made the pedestal of the statue. 
 
 Leopardi, Count Giacomo. Born at Recanati, 
 Italy, June 29, 1798: died at Naples, June 14, 
 1837. An Italian poet and philologist. He was from 
 his youth sickly and deformed, was educated at home, and 
 devoted himself to the study of the Greek and Latin clas- 
 sics. He published in 1818 an ode to Italy, in which he 
 lamented the political and intellectual degeneracy of his 
 country, and which created a profound impression. Other 
 odes in the same vein, notably one occasioned by Cardi- 
 nal Mai’s discovery of part of Cicero’s “De republica," 
 shortly secured for him a place among the first lyric poets 
 of Italy. His writings are marked by a tone of despair 
 which has placed him among the leaders of modem pes- 
 simism. He went in 1822 to Rome, where he prosecuted 
 the study of philology. He afterward resided during 
 short periods at Recanati, Bologna, Florence, Rome, and 
 Naples. The first collective edition of his poems was pub- 
 lished in 1824. A collection of miscellaneous prose essays, 
 which are hardly inferior to his poems in point of style, 
 was published in 1827 under the title of “Operette mo- 
 rali.” His works have been edited by Ranieri (“Opere,” 
 1846-80) and Cugnotii (“Opere inedite,” 1878-80). 
 
 Leopold (le'o-pold) 1. [G. Leopold, Leupold, 
 
 F. Leopold, Sp. Pg. It. Leopoldo, from OHG. 
 Liutpald, Lintbald (G. Luitpold), bold for the 
 people.] Born at Coburg, Germany, Dec. 16, 
 1790: died at Laeken, near Brussels, Dec. 10, 
 1865. King of the Belgians 1831-65, youngest 
 son of Francis, duke of Saxe-Coburg. He married 
 Princess Charlotte, daughter of George IV. of England, 
 in 1816 ; refused the crown of Greece in 1830 ; was elected 
 king of the Belgians 1831; and married Princess Louise, 
 daughter of Louis Philippe, in 1832. 
 
 Leopold II. Born at Brussels, April 9, 1835 : 
 died there, Dec. 17, 1909. King of tne Belgians 
 1865-1909, son of Leopold I. He founded in 1876 
 the International African Association. See also Kongo 
 Free State ( Belgian Kongo). 
 
 Leoppld (le'o-pold) I. Born June 9, 1640: died 
 at Vienna, May 5, 1705. Emperor of the Holy 
 Roman Empire 1658-1705, second son of Ferdi- 
 nand III. He succeeded his father in the empire, in the 
 hereditary Hapsburg dominions, and in Hungary in 1668. 
 War broke out with the Turks in 1661, and lasted until 1664, 
 when a victory of the imperial general Montecucculi, at St. 
 Gotthai d on the Raab, secured the conclusion of a truce for 
 20 years. In 1672 the emperor joined Brandenburg in sup- 
 portof 11 ollandagainstLouisXIV.of France. Peace was con- 
 cluded in 1679 at Nimwegen, where the emperor was forced 
 to cede Freiburg in the Breisgau to France. In 1682 a sec- 
 ond war broke out with the l urks, who were called in by 
 the Hungarian magnates under Tokdly. The grand vizir 
 Kara Mustapha invested (July 14, 1683) Vienna, which was 
 
Leopold I. 
 
 defended by Rudiger von Starhemberg. The siege was 
 raised by John Sobieski, king of Poland, and Charles, duke 
 of Lorraine, Sept. 12, 1683. A victory by the imperial gen- 
 eral Prince Eugene at Zenta, in 1697, brought about the 
 peace of Carlowitz (which see) in 1699. Through the claim 
 of his family to the throne of Spain, vacated by the death 
 of Charles II., he became involved in the War of the Span- 
 ish Succession (see Spanish Succession, War of), which was 
 continued under his successors Joseph I. and Charles VI. 
 Leopold II. Born May 5, 1747 : died March 1, 
 1792. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 
 1790-92, third son of Francis I. and Maria 
 Theresa. He was grand duke of Tuscany 1766-90, and 
 succeeded his brother Joseph II. as emperor in 1790. He 
 formed an alliance with Prussia, Feb. 7, 1792, against 
 revolutionary France, and died just as hostilities were 
 about to begin. 
 
 Leopold, Prince of Ankalt-Dessau, called “Der 
 Alte Dessauer” (‘The Old Dessauer’). Bom 
 at Dessau, Germany, July 3, 1676: died at Des- 
 sau, April, 1747. A Prussian field-marshal. 
 He was distinguished at Hochstadt in 1703, Blenheim in 
 ' 1704, Cassano in 1705. Turin in 1706, etc.; was made field- 
 marshal in 1712; captured Riigen in 1715; and gained the 
 victories of Neustadt, Jagerndorf, and Kesselsdorf in 1745. 
 Leopold I., Grand Duke of Tuscany. See Leo- 
 pold II., Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. 
 Leopold II. Born Oct. 3, 1797; died atBrandeis, 
 Bohemia, Jan. 29,1870. GrandDuke of Tuscany 
 1824-59, second son of the grand duke Ferdi- 
 nand III. He granted in 1847 a liberal constitution, 
 which, however, he abolished in 1852. He was expelled by 
 the democratic party in 1859, and Tuscany was united with 
 Sardinia. 
 
 Leopold George Duncan Albert. Born at 
 Buckingham Palace, April 7, 1853 : died March 
 28, 1884. Duke of Albany, youngest son of 
 Queen Victoria, noted for his patronage of lit- 
 erature and education. 
 
 Leopoldville (le'o-pold-vil). A station in 
 Belgian Kongo, situated on the Kongo, at 
 Stanley Pool, in lat. 4° 22' S., long. 15° 16' E. 
 It was founded by Stanley in 1882. A railway has been 
 constructed between this place and Matadi. 
 
 Leosthenes (le-os'the-nez). [Gr. Aewadh >%•.] 
 Died 323 b. c. An Athenian general, command- 
 er of the combined Greek armies in the Lamian 
 war, 323 b. c. 
 
 Leotychides (le-o-tik'i-dez). [Gr. A euTvx^VC-l 
 Died at Tegea, Greece, about 469 B. c. A Spar- 
 tan king, victor at Mycale in 479 b. c. 
 Leovigild. King of the Visigoths in Spain 569- 
 586. See the extract. 
 
 Leovigild was in many ways one of the greatest kings of 
 his time. A bold and skilful general, he subdued the king- 
 dom of the Sueves in the northwest of Spain, wrested from 
 the emperor’s soldiers several of the cities which they had 
 occupied, and brought the native inhabitants of the penin- 
 sula into complete subjection. He built fortresses and 
 founded cities, established a new system of administration 
 of the kingdom, and made many new laws suited to the 
 altered needs of his people. It was under his firm rule that 
 the Goths and the Romanised natives were taught to feel 
 themselves to be the fellow subjects of one kingdom, and 
 so the process began which ended in the complete blending 
 of the two peoples into one. . . . It will be remembered 
 that Southey, in his poem of “Roderick,” in the complete 
 blending speaks of : 
 
 "The golden pome, the proud array 
 Of ermine, aureate vests, and jewelry, 
 
 With all which Leovigild for after kings 
 Left, ostentatious of his power.” 
 
 The name of Leovigild, however, is best known on account 
 of the tragic story of the rebellion of his eldest son Ermene- 
 gild, honoured in later ages as a saint and martyr of the 
 Catholic Church. The cause of trouble was, in this in- 
 stance as in many others in Visigoth history, a Frankish 
 marriage. The bride whom Leovigild obtained for his son 
 was Ingunthis, the young daughter of Sigebert and Brun- 
 hild, and the wedding was celebrated in Toledo with the 
 splendid ostentation of which the king was so fond. Er- 
 menegild had already received from his father a share in 
 the kingly dignity, and Leovigild hoped that the marriage 
 with a Frankish princess would help to ensure his son’s 
 succession to the crown. But the young daughter of Brun- 
 hild belonged of course to the Catholic faith; and Queen 
 Goiswintha (the widow of Athanagild, whom Leovigild had 
 married) was a bigoted Arian. The Frankish historian 
 Gregory of Tours tells the story that Goiswintha dragged 
 Ingunthis to the ground by her hair, beat her cruelly, and 
 then forced her to undergo baptism by an Arian priest. 
 Very likely this is pure fiction, but it seems to be true that 
 Queen Goiswintha and her daughter-in-law quarreled so 
 much that Leovigild, for the sake of peace, was glad to send 
 his son to Seville as ruler of Southern Spain. 
 
 Bradley, Story of the Goths, pp. 321, 322. 
 
 Lepage, Bastien-. See Bastien-Lepage. 
 Lepanto (le-pan'to). A small town in the nom- 
 archy of Acarnania and Hltolia, Greece, situ- 
 ated on the Gulf of Lepanto in lat. 38° 25' N., 
 long. 21°48' E. : the ancient Naupaetus. It was 
 an Athenian military station 5th century B. c., 
 and was taken from the Venetians by the Turks 
 in 1499. 
 
 Lepanto, Battle of. A naval victory gained Oct. 
 7, 1571, by the Italian and Spanish fleets, under 
 Don John of Austria, over the Turks, west of 
 Lepanto. 
 
 Lepanto, Gulf of . An arm of the Mediterranean 
 Sea, with which it is connected by the Gulf of 
 
 605 
 
 Patras : the ancient Corinthiacus Sinus (Gulf of 
 Corinth). It separates Middle Greece from the 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 Lepe (la'pa), Diego de. Born in Spain about 
 1460: died, probably in Portugal, before 1515. 
 A Spanish navigator. In Dec., 1499, he sailed from 
 Palos with two vessels, following nearly in the track of 
 Pinzon and reaching the coast of South America south 
 of Cape St. Augustine : thence he followed the shore to 
 Venezuela, returning to Spain in June, 1500. 
 
 Lepidus (lep'i-dus), Marcus Almilius. A Ro- 
 man consul (137 B. C. ) and orator. He was sent into 
 Spain during his consulship, and conducted an unsuccess- 
 ful war against the Vaeeaei. 
 
 Lepidus, Marcus iEmilius. Died about 77 b. c. 
 
 Father of Lepidus the triumvir. He was consul in 
 78 B. c., and was defeated by Pompey and Catulus at Rome 
 77 n. c. 
 
 Lepidus, Marcus iEmilius. Died 13 b. c. A 
 
 Roman politician, a member of the triumvirate 
 with Octavian and Antony in 43 B. C. He was 
 deposed in 36. 
 
 Lepontii (le-pon'shi-i). In ancient geography, 
 an Alpine people in Rhaotia, chiefly in what is 
 now the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. 
 
 Lepontine (le-pon'tin) Alps. [Named from 
 the Lepontii. j That part of the Alps which ex- 
 tends from the Simplon Pass eastward to the 
 Spliigen Pass. It comprises the St. Gotthard, Ticino, 
 and Adula Alps. Monte Leone is 11,660 feet in height. 
 
 Leporello (le-po-rel'15). The valet of Don Gio- 
 vanni in Mozart’s opera of that name. He exe- 
 cutes the perfidious orders of his master, sympathizes with 
 his success, helps him out of scrapes, and is a physical and 
 moral coward. Compare Mascarille and Sganarelle. 
 
 Lepsius (lep'se-os), Karl Richard. Born at 
 Naumburg, Prussia, Dec. 23, 1810: died at Ber- 
 lin, July 10, 1884. A celebrated German Egyp- 
 tologist and philologist. He conducted the Prussian 
 expedition to Egypt 1842-46,. Among his works are “ Denk- 
 maler aus Agypten und Athiopien" (“Monuments of 
 Egypt and Ethiopia,” 1849-59), “Chronologie der Agypter ” 
 (1848-49), “Briefe aus Agypten, etc.” (1852), “ Uber den 
 ersten agyptischen Gotterkreis ” (1851), etc. He also pub- 
 lished “A Standard Alphabet for reducing Unwritten 
 Languages and Foreign Graphic Systems to a Uniform 
 Orthography in European Letters ” (1S55). 
 
 Leptis Magna (lep'tis mag'na), or Neapolis 
 
 (ne-ap'o-lis). [Gr. Ah me.] In ancient geogra- 
 phy, a seaport in northern Africa, situated in 
 lat. 32° 38' N., long. 14° 13' E. : the modern 
 Lebda. It was a Phenieian colony. 
 
 Lepus (le'pus). [L.,‘ the Hare.’] An ancient 
 southern constellation, situated south of Orion 
 and east of Canis Major. Its brightest star, of 2.7 
 magnitude, is in a line from the middle star of Orion’s 
 belt through the sword of Orion. 
 
 Le Puy. See Buy. 
 
 Lerdo de Tejada (lar'do da ta-Ha'THfi), Miguel. 
 Born at Vera Cruz, 1814 : flied in Mexico City, 
 March 22, 1861. A Mexican liberal politician and 
 author. In 1856 he was Comonfort’s minister of the 
 treasury ; held other important offices ; was a judge of the 
 Supreme Court from I860 ; and was twice a presidential 
 candidate. His best-known book is “ Apuntes histdricos 
 de la heroica ciudad de Vera Cruz ’’ (5 parts, 1850-55). 
 
 Lerdo de Tejada y Correal (e kor-ra-al'), Se- 
 bastian. Born in Jalapa, April 25, 1825 : died 
 at New York, April 21, 1889. A Mexican states- 
 man, brother of Miguel Lerdo de Tejada. He was 
 the leading minister of Juarez 1863-71. Elected presi- 
 dent of the Supreme Court, he became, by virtue of that 
 office, president of Mexico on the death of Juarez (July 18, 
 1872). He was confirmed in the position by an election, 
 and claimed to have been reelected in 1876 ; but in Nov. 
 of that year he was driven from Mexico by the revolu- 
 tionary army of Diaz. 
 
 Lerici (ler'e-che). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of Genoa, Italy, situated on the Gulf of 
 Spezia 35 miles northwest of Pisa. 
 
 L6rida (ler'e-tha). 1. A province in Catalonia, 
 Spain, which borders on France. Area, 4,690 
 square miles. Population, 274,590. — 2. The 
 capital of the province of Ldrida, situated on 
 the Segre in lat. 41° 33' N., long. 0° 39' E. : the 
 ancient Ilerda. It is strongly fortified ; has a cathe- 
 dral, one of the best existing examples of early- Pointed 
 architecture ; and formerly had a university. The place 
 was the scene of Cfesar’s victory over the Pompeians (Afra- 
 nius and Petreius) in 49 B. C. It surrendered to the French 
 in 1707 and 1810. Population, 21,815. 
 
 Lerins (la-ran'), ties de. A group of small isl 
 ands in the Mediterranean, opposite Cannes, 
 southeastern France. The chief islands are 
 St.-Honorat, and Ste. -Marguerite. 
 
 Lermontof (ler ' mon-tof), Mikhail Yurie- 
 vitch. Born at Moscow, Oct. 15, 1814: killed 
 in the Caucasus, July 27, 1841. A Russian poet 
 and novelist, surnamed “the poet of the Cau- 
 casus,” whitkerho was twice exiled (1837, 1840), 
 and where he was killed in a duel. His best-known 
 works are the novel “Hero of our Time, ’’and the poems 
 “ Song of the Tsar Ivan Vassilievitch,” *■ Ismail-Bey,” and 
 “The Demon.” 
 
 Lerna (lfer'na). [Gr. A epva.] In ancient geog- 
 
 Lesina 
 
 raphy, a marshy region in Argolis, Greece, south 
 of Argos. It is notable in Greek mythology for 
 the Lernean hydra. See Hercules. 
 
 Lero (la'ro). A small island of the Sporades, 
 iEgean Sea, belonging to Turkey, situated 32 
 miles south of Samos : the ancient Leros. 
 Leroux (le-ro'), Pierre. Born at Paris. April 
 17, 1797 : died there, April 12, 1871. A French 
 philosophical writer, journalist, and socialist, 
 leader of the Humanitarians. His chief work 
 *is “De l’humanit6” (1840). 
 
 Leroy-Beaulieu (le-rwa'bo-lye'), Pierre Paul. 
 Born at Saumur, France, Dec. 9, 1843. A French 
 political economist. He became professor of political 
 economy at the Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques at 
 Paris in 1872, and in the same year founded “ L’Jicono- 
 miste franfais.” Among his works are “De l’etat social 
 et mtellectuel des populations ouvriferes” (1868), “ Traite 
 de la science des finances ” (2d ed. 1879). 
 
 Leroy de Saint- Arnaud. See Saint-Arnaud. 
 Lerwick (ler'wik or ler'ik). A seaport and the 
 chief town of the Shetland Islands, Scotland, 
 situated in lat. 60° 9' N., long. 1° 9' W. Popu- 
 lation, 6,519. 
 
 L6ry (la-re'), Jean de. Born at La Margelle, 
 Burgundy, 1534: died at Bern, Switzerland, 
 1611. A Protestant minister and author. He was 
 with Villegaignon at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1655-58. Sub- 
 sequently he preached in the south of France ; narrowly 
 escaped the massacre of St. Bartholomew (1572) ; and was 
 among the Protestants besieged in Sancerre. His last 
 years were passed in Switzerland. He wrote “Voyage 
 faictenlaterredu l’.resil ”(1578, and numerous subsequent 
 editions), and “Relation du siege de Sancerre ” (1674). 
 
 Le Sage, or Lesage (le-sazk'), Alain Renfe. 
 
 Born at Sarzeau, Morbihan, May 8, 1668 : died 
 at Boulogne-sur-Mer, Nov. 17, 1747. A noted 
 French novelist and dramatist. He studied phi- 
 losophy and law at Paris, and was enrolled as a parliamen- 
 tary advocate, but soon devoted himself to literature. 
 His chief work is the novel “Gil Bias” (1715-35). Among 
 his other works are the novel “ Le diable boiteux ” (1707) ; 
 the plays “Le point d’honneur” (from the Spanish of 
 Rojas, 1702), “ Crispin rival de son rnaitre ” (1707), “Tur- 
 caret " (1708), etc. ; the short works “La valise trouvde” 
 and “Une journec des Parques”; and “Guzman d’Alfa- 
 rache," “ Estdvanille Gonzales,” “ Le bachelier de Salaman- 
 que,” and “Vie et aventures de M, de Beauchene," ro- 
 mances all more or less borrowed from Spanish originals. 
 He also translated Boiardo’s “ Orlando innamorato," and 
 wrote for the theatre de la foire (see the extract). 
 
 Lesage is said to have written no less than twenty-four 
 farce-operettas, as they may perhaps best be termed, for 
 these boards [the thbfitre de la foire], and the total number 
 which he wrote for them as whole or part author is some- 
 times put at sixty-four and sometimes at a hundred and 
 one. Saintsbury, French Novelists, p. 73. 
 
 Lesath (le-sath'). [Ar. les'ali, tke sting.] The 
 third-magnitude star v Scorpii, at tke end of tke 
 creature’s tail. 
 
 Lesbia (lez'bi-a). The name by which Clodia, 
 the favorite of Catullus, is referred to in his 
 poems. 
 
 Lesbian Adventures, The, or Lesbiaca (les- 
 bi'a-ka). A Greek romance, attributed to Lon- 
 gus. See Daphnis and Chloe. 
 
 Lesbos (lez'bos). [Gr. Aiafio<;.\ An island in 
 the iEgean Sea, intersected by lat. 39° N. , long. 
 26° 20' E., west of Mysia, Asia Minor: the mod- 
 ern Metelino. Chief town, Mytilene. The surface 
 
 is mountainous ; soilfertile. It was colonized by j-Eolians ; 
 was celebrated as a seat of literature ; and was acquired 
 by the Turks in 1462. (See further under Mytilene.) 
 Length, about 43 miles. Population, estimated, about 
 145,000 (mainly Greeks). 
 
 Lesches (les'kez), or Lescheus (les'kus). [Gr. 
 A'eaxvc, A eox ev C-] Born at Pyrrha, near Myti- 
 lene, about 700 b. c. One of the so-called cyclic 
 poets, author of an epic entitled “ The Little 
 Iliad ” (’LAiac/uRpa), in four books. It was designed 
 to be a supplement to the Iliad of Homer, and related the 
 events which followed the death of Hector — namely, the 
 fate of Ajax, the exploits of Ulysses, the fall of Troy, etc. 
 
 Lescot, (les-ko'), Pierre. Bora at Paris about 
 1510 : died Sept. 10, 1578. Anoted French archi- 
 tect. About all that is known of his personal history is de- 
 rived from apoem by Ronsard, and the accounts of the royal 
 buildings. He was practically the first architect of France 
 to employ the classic forms in a truly classic way, previous 
 attempts being largely influenced by Gothic feeling. His 
 work is considered the best that the Renaissance produced 
 in France. He was made architect of the Louvre Aug. 3, 
 1546, and retained the office as long as he lived. That part 
 of the Louvre which was built by Lescot consists of the 
 western sidesou 1 h of the Tour d’Orloge, which stands upon 
 the foundations of thegreat hall of Philippe Auguste, and, 
 with a lower roof, remains just as Lescot left it; the Pa- 
 vilion du Roi, remodeled ; and the western half of the 
 south side, also remodeled. It is the oldest portion of tile 
 present palace, and has furnished the type which has been 
 followed throughout the building. 
 
 Lesghians (les'gi-anz). A collection of tribes 
 living in Daghestan, Caucasus, Russia. Their 
 religion is a form of Mohammedanism. Num- 
 ber estimated at about 500,000. 
 
 Lesina (les'e-na). 1. An island in the Adriatic 
 Sea, belonging to Dalmatia, Austria-Hungary, 
 
Lesina 
 
 intersected by lat. 43° 8' N., long. 17° E. 
 Length, 43 miles. — 2. A seaport on the island 
 of Lesina. Population, 3,519, (1910). 
 Leskovatz (les'ko-vats). A town in Servia, 
 situated on the Veternitza in lat. 42° 56' N., 
 long. 21° 57' E. Population, 13,647. 
 
 Leslie (les'li or lez'li), Alexander, first Earl of 
 Leven. Born about 1580: died at Balgonie, 
 Fif eshire, April 4, 1661 . A Scottish general, long 
 in the service of Charles IX. of Sweden, and 
 Gustavus Adolphus, in the campaigns against 
 Russia, Poland, Denmark, and Austria, in 1628 
 he compelled Wallenstein to raise the siege of Stralsnnd, 
 and in 1630 seized the island of Riigen for the Swedish king. 
 He was made field-marshal in 1636. He returned to Scot- 
 land, and identified himself with the Covenanters, resign- 
 ing from the Swedish service in 1638. The organization 
 and command of the Scottish army were intrusted to him. 
 He captured Aberdeen and Edinburgh Castle in 1639, but 
 resigned in June of that year in order that there might be 
 no obstacle to the proposed peace with Charles. On the 
 rupture of the peace, he resumed his position as general 
 (April, 1640). In 1644 he led an army into England to sup- 
 port the Parliament, and took part in the battle of Marston 
 Moor, where the troops under his command were routed. 
 (See Marston Moor.) He was relieved of his command 
 May 11, 1648, but assumed it again in 1648 when Cromwell 
 threatened Scotland. In 1651 he was surprised and cap- 
 tured by a body of English horse, carried to London, and 
 imprisoned in the Tower, from which he was soon released. 
 
 Leslie, or Lesley, Charles. Born at Dublin, 
 Ireland, July 17, 1650 : died at Glaslough, Mona- 
 ghan, Ireland, April 13, 1722. A British non- 
 juror (Jacobite) and controversialist. Hewasan 
 opponent of William III. whom he attacked in a pamphlet 
 “GallienusRedivivus.orMurther will out”(1695 : aprinci- 
 pal authority on the Glencoe massacre), of Burnet(“Tem- 
 pora mutantur,” 1689), Tillotson, and others. He also at- 
 tacked the Quakers (“The Snake in the Grass, or Satan 
 transformed into an Angel of Light ”(1696), and other pam- 
 phlets) and the Jews, and engagedin political controversies. 
 His best-known work is “A short and Easy Method with 
 the Deists ” (1698). He was obliged to leave England (1711) 
 to avoid arrest on account of his political opinions, and 
 later joined the household of the Pretender, whom he ar- 
 dently supported. 
 
 Leslie, Charles Robert. Born at London, Oct. 
 19, 1794 : died there, May 5, 1859. A noted Eng- 
 lish painter and writer, son of Robert Leslie, 
 an American. He went to America with his parents in 
 1799, returned to England in 1811 to study art, and became 
 a pupil of Allston and West, and a close friend of Consta- 
 ble. In 1833 he was for a brief period instructor of drawing 
 at W est Point. He was professor of painting at the Royal 
 Academy 1848-52. Among his works are numerous por- 
 traits (Washington Irving, Scott, Dickens asBobadil, etc.), 
 “SirRogerde Coverley going to Church” (1819), “Among 
 the Gypsies ”(1829), illustrations of Irving’s “Sketch-book” 
 and “ Knickerbocker," “ May-day Revels in the Time of 
 Queen Elizabeth” (1821), “The Taming of the Shrew ” 
 (1831), “ Columbus and the Egg ” (1835), etc. He wrote 
 “Memoirs of John Constable” (1845), “Handbook for 
 Young Painters ”(1855), “Autobiographical Recollections” 
 (edited by Taylor, 1865), “ Life of Reynolds ” (completed by 
 Taylor, 1865). 
 
 Leslie, David. Died 1682. A Scottish general, 
 first Lord Newark. He was colonel of horse under 
 Gustavus Adolphus, but returned to Scotland in 1640 to 
 support the cause of the Covenanters, and was appointed 
 maj or-general in the Scottish army under th e Earl of Leven. 
 At the battle of Marston Moor, in which the troops under 
 Leven were routed by Rupert, he with Cromwell stood 
 firm, and won the day. His part in the victory, which was 
 ignored by Cromwell, has been much discussed, but it was 
 certainly an important one. On Sept. 13, 1645, he defeated 
 Montrose. He later supported the cause of Charles II., 
 and was defeated by Cromwell at Dunbar Sept. 3, 1650, 
 and again at Worcester. He was captured and confined 
 in the Tower until 1660. After the Restoration he was 
 created Lord Newark. 
 
 Leslie, Eliza. Born at Philadelphia, Nov., 1787 : 
 died at Gloucester, N. J., Jan. 2, 1858. An 
 American authoress, sister of C. R. Leslie : pub- 
 lished “Domestic Cookery Book” (1837), etc. 
 Leslie, Frank (the assumed name of Henry 
 Carter). Born at Ipswich, England, 1821 : died 
 at New York, Jan. 10, 1880. An American pub- 
 lisher, founder (1855) of “Frank Leslie’s Illus- 
 trated Newspaper.” 
 
 Leslie, or Lesley, John. Born Sept. 29, 1527: 
 died at Guirtenburg, near Brussels, May 30, 
 1596. A Scottish Roman Catholic prelate and 
 historian, bishop of Ross, a partizan and influ- 
 ential adviser of Mary Queen of Scots, and her 
 agent in many affairs during her imprisonment. 
 He was involved in the Norfolk conspiracy, and was con- 
 fined in the Tower, and later transferred to Farnham Castle. 
 In 1573 he was released. He wrote a history of Scotland, 
 partly in Latin (1578) and partly in Scotch (published 
 1830), and various other works. 
 
 Leslie, Sir John. Born at Largo, Fifeshire, 
 Scotland, April 16, 1766: died at Coates, near 
 Largo, Nov. 3, 1832. A Scottish physicist and 
 geometrician, made professor of mathematics 
 at Edinburgh 1805. He wrote an "Inquiry into the 
 Nature and ihoperties of Heat” (1804), “Elements of 
 Geometry ” (1809), “Geometrical Analysis” (1821), “Ele- 
 ments of Physics” (1823), etc. 
 
 Leslie, Thomas Edward Cliffe. Bom in Ire- 
 land, 1827 : died at Belfast, Ireland, Jan. 27, 
 1882. A British political economist. He was ap- 
 
 606 
 
 pointed professor of jurisprudence and political economy 
 in Queen’s College, Belfast, in 1863. He wrote “ Land 
 Systems and Industrial Economy of Ireland, England, and 
 Continental Countries” (1870), “Essays on Political and 
 Moral Philosophy ” (1879), etc. 
 
 Lesly, Ludovic. In Scott’s “ Quentin Durward, ” 
 an archer of Louis XI.’s body-guard. 
 
 Les Miserables. See Miserables , Les. 
 
 Lespinasse (la-pi-nas'), Mademoiselle Julie 
 Jeanne E16onore de. Born at Lyons (baptized 
 Nov. 19, 1732) : died at Paris, May 22, 1776. A 
 French letter-writer and leader of society. She 
 was the illegitimate daughter of the Countess d’Albon. In 
 
 Lettres Edifiantes 
 
 written by the Hamburg professor and philosopher H. S. 
 Reimarus, published from 1774 to 1778, involved him in a 
 bitter controversy with Pastor Goeze of Hamburg. Against 
 him he wrote the scathing polemics contained in his “Anti- 
 Goeze,” which appeared also in 1778. This same year 
 was published “Ernst und Falk, Gesprache fur Frel- 
 maurer ’’ (“ Ernst and Falk, Dialogues for Freemasons ”) 
 In 1779 appeared the drama “ Nathan der W eise ” (“ N athan 
 the Wise ”), and in 1780, finally, the treatise “ Die Erzie- 
 hung des Menschengeschlechts ” (“ The Education of the 
 Human Race”) — like the “Anti-Goeze ’’papers and “Na- 
 than,” a result of the theological controversies of the last 
 years of his life. His collected works were published in 
 Berlin 1825-28, in 32 vols. ; and again, by Karl Lachmann, 
 in Berlin 1838-40, in 13 vols. 
 
 1754Madamedu Deffand,whohadbecomeblind,iuvitedher T pccin cr TCarl FrioH-ririh 
 i live with her For ten rears they nresided toffetherover -‘-‘ysmiig, ttilU XUVUUtU. 
 
 Born at Breslau, 
 Prussia, Feb. 15, 1808: died at Karlsruhe, Baden, 
 June 5, 1880. A German historical and land- 
 scape painter, grandnephew of G. E. Lessing. 
 Many of his subjects were taken from scenes in 
 the life of Huss. 
 
 to live with her. For ten years they presided together over 
 their fashionable and literary salon. At the end of that 
 time they quarreled, and Mademoiselle Lespinasse estab- 
 lished herself elsewhere with D’Alembert, who lived with 
 her in a curious sort of relationship till her death. 
 
 During this time she was a gracious hostess, and a bond 
 
 of union to many men of letters, especially those of the T . . .. . ,. - . . . _ , ., 
 
 younger philosophe school. But this is not what gives her LeSSlHia.il (le-sin l-an) Alps. A group Of the 
 her place here. Her claim rests upon a collection of love- Alps on the border of Tyrol and Italy , between 
 letters, not addressed to D’Alembert. She was thirty-four fpe Adige and the Brenta. 
 
 Lesson in Anatomy, The. A painting by Rem- 
 brandt (1632), m the museum at The Hague, 
 Holland. It represents Nicolaus Tulp, a noted anato- 
 mist, demonstrating the anatomy of the dissected arm of a 
 
 been beautiful. When she died she was forty-four, and 
 her later letters are more passionate than the earlier. 
 Her first lover was a young Spaniard, the Marquis Gonsalvo 
 de Mora; her second, the Count de Guibert, a poet and 
 essayist of no great merit, a military reformer said to have 
 been of some talent, and pretty evidently a bad-hearted 
 coxcomb. To him the epistles we have are addressed. 
 
 Saintsbury, Short Hist. French Lit., p. 417. 
 [Published by the widow of Guibert in 1809.] 
 
 Lesseps (les'eps; F. pron. le-seps'), Vicomte 
 Ferdinand de. Born at Versailles, France, 
 Nov. 19, 1805: died near Paris, Dee. 7, 1894. 
 A celebrated French engineer and diplomatist. 
 He was ambassador at Madrid in 1848, and was sent on a 
 special mission to Rome in 1849. He is chiefly known as 
 the projector and engineer of the Suez Canal, work on 
 which was commenced in 1859, and which was opened in 
 1869. He afterward formed a company for the purpose of 
 cutting a canal through the Isthmus of Panama, and work 
 on the canal began in 1881. The scheme collapsed, and a 
 judicial inquiry into the affairs of the company resulted 
 in a sentence of imprisonment against De Lesseps in 1893, 
 which was not carried into effect. He published “Lettres, 
 etc., pour servir A l’histoire du canal de Suez” (1875). 
 See Suez Canal, Panama Canal. 
 
 Lessines (les-sen'). A town in the province of 
 Hainaut, Belgium, situated on the Dender 26 
 miles west-southwest of Brussels. Population, 
 commune, 10,764. 
 
 Lessing (les'sing), Gotthold Ephraim. Born 
 
 corpse to several students, in presence of two members of 
 the gild of surgeons. All the figures are portraits. 
 
 Lestocq (les-tok'), Count Johann Hermann 
 
 von. Born at Celle, Prussia, April 29, 1692: 
 died June 23, 1767. A surgeon at the Russian 
 court, a favorite and councilor of the empress 
 Elizabeth 1741-48. 
 
 L’Estrange (les-tranj'), Sir Roger. Born at 
 Hunstanton, Norfolk, Dec. 17, 1616: died at 
 London, Dec. 11, 1704. An English journalist 
 and royalist pamphleteer, licenser of the press 
 under Charles II. and James II. He served in the 
 royal army against the Parliament, and in an attempt to 
 carry out a plot for the capture of Lynn was betrayed, 
 arrested, and condemned to death, but remained at New- 
 gate until 1648, when he escaped to Holland. He returned 
 to England in 1653. In 1663 he was appointed surveyor 
 of printing-offices and licenser of the press, and founded 
 “The Intelligencer” (Aug. 31) and “The News,” both of 
 which ceased to exist in 1666. From 1681 to 1687 he issued 
 the “Observator.” He published a great number of pam- 
 phlets political and personal, “The Fables of AEsop and 
 other Eminent My thologists with Moral Reflections ’’(1692), 
 “The Works of Flavius Josephus compared with the Origi- 
 nal Greek” (1702), a translation of the “Vision of Queve- 
 do,” etc. 
 
 at Camenz, Upper Lusatia, Jan. 22, 1729: died Lesueur (le-su-er'), Eustache. Born at Paris, 
 
 at Brunswick, Feb. 15, 1781. A celebrated Ger- 
 man dramatist and critic. His father was a clergy- 
 man. He attended school at Camenz and Meissen, and 
 in 1746 went to Leipsic to study theology. Instead, how- 
 ever, of pursuing his studies in this direction, he soon gave 
 his principal attention to the theater. In 1748, in his third 
 semester at the university, was produced his first comedy, 
 “Der junge Gelehrte” (“The Young Scholar"). His asso- 
 ciation with the theater having given offense to his parents, 
 he was summoned home. He soon, nevertheless, returned 
 
 Nov. 19, 1617 : died there, April 30, 1655. A 
 French historical painter. His chief work is 
 “Life of St. Bruno” (Louvre). 
 
 Lesueur, Hubert. Born at Paris about 1595: 
 died at London about 1652. A French sculp- 
 tor, resident in England after 1628. He completed, 
 in 1634, bronze statues of the king and queen, now in St. 
 John’s College, Oxford, and executed many works for the 
 king 
 
 to Leipsic, where lie matriculated as a student of medi- Lesueur, Jean Francois. Born at Drucat-Pies- 
 cine. This same year (1748) he went to Berlin, where he s j e i near Abbeville, France, Feb. 15, 1760: 
 supported himself by making translations and writing 1 . p • Oct 6 1837 A French comnoser 
 
 criticisms, reviews, and original work. In 1751 he went at 1 ails, UCt. 0, 1061 . A fi re nen Composer, 
 
 to Wittenberg to complete his studies at the university, author of the opera 1j6S Dardes (1804), ©tc. 
 After taking the degree of master, he returned to Berlin LeSZCZynski. See Stanislaus Leszczynski. 
 in 1752. In 1751 he had already published a collection of Lethe (le'the). [Gr. A i/Orj.l InGreekmythology: 
 poems under the title “Kleimgkeiten (‘Trifles). In . , nowinmfientinii nf oblivion a duiicrh 
 
 1753 he began the publication of his collected works, two \ a ) . 51 pci soinlicat ion or ODliyion, a uaugn 
 volumes of which were issued that year, two in 1754, and 
 two more in 1755, in which year he also wrote his first 
 tragedy, “Miss Sara Sampson.” Several comedies fall in 
 this early period, namely, “Der Misogyn”(“The Misogy- 
 nist”), “Die Juden” (“The Jews”), “Der Freigeist" (“The 
 Freethinker”), “Der Schatz” (“The Treasure”). He had 
 
 also written a number of Anacreontic poems, poetic fables, . 
 
 epigrams, and didactic poems. In the autumn of 1765 he Teethe 
 returned once more to Leipsic, where with slight interrup- 
 tions he remained until 1757. In 1758 he went back to 
 
 ter of Erls. (6) The river of oblivion, one of 
 the streams of Hades, the waters of which pos- 
 sessed the property of causing those who drank 
 of them to forget their former existence. Ari- 
 osto places it in the moon, and Dante in pnrga- 
 tory. 
 
 A play hy Garrick, produced April 15, 
 1740, and subsequently enlarged. 
 
 Berlin, and began there the following year, in conjunction Letheby (leth'bi), Henry. Born at Plymouth, 
 with Moses Mendelssohn and the bookseller Nicolai, his 1816: died at London, March 28, 1876. An Eng- 
 “Litteraturbriefe’ (“Letters on Literature ), winch were jjgp c ] lem j s t lecturer on chemistry at the Lon- 
 
 continued down to 1765. He published too, at this time, j, v . . • „ 
 
 a collection of prose fables, a number of odes in prose, and don Hospital: author ot rood, its v aneties, 
 the one-act tragedy “Philotas,” and sketched the plan of etc.” (1870). 
 
 a “Faust,” which, however, was never written. In 1760 Letmathe (let'ma-te). A town in the province 
 he went to Breslau as secretary to General von Tauentzien. f Prnsrin past of Elberfeld-Bar- 
 
 In 1763 he wrote the comedy “Minna von Barnhelm,” ot Westpnaua, Prussia, cast 01 Pioeneiu ear 
 
 which was not published until 1767. From Breslau he men. ^ 
 
 returned in 1765 to Berlin, where he next wrote his great Leto (le'to). [Gr. A?/T(j.] In Greekmythology, 
 
 critical work “Laokoon,” which was published in 1766. 
 The succeeding year he went to Hamburg in order to take 
 part as a critic in the foundation of a German national 
 theater. The result of this undertaking was the series of 
 dramatic criticisms published twice a week from 1767 to 
 1769 underthetitle“ Hamhurgisclie Dramaturgie ” (“ Ham- 
 burg Dramaturgy "). In 1768 appeared “Briefe antiqua- 
 
 the daughter of the Titan Coeus and Phoebe, 
 and mother by Zeus of Apollo and Artemis. Ac- 
 cording to the earlier form of the myth, she was the wife 
 of Zeus before he married Hera; according to the later 
 form, his mistress after his marriage with Hera. Her 
 ourg inamaungy in i™ appeareu name became Latona in Roman mythology 
 
 rischen Inhalts” (“Antiquarian Letters”), directed against Ii6t0 (lcl to), Pomponio. ill© nom deplume or 
 Professor Klotz of Halle. In 1769 appeared the archseo- the Marchese Vitellesehi. 
 
 logical treatise “Wie die Alton den Tod gebildet (“How Lg-fton (let'on), John. A printer, living in the 
 the Ancients depicted Death”). In this year lie received t.ho ISP 
 
 a call as librarian to the ducal library in Wolfenbuttel, a 
 position 
 death. In 
 
 From 1773 to 1781 were published a series of “l ontribu- ceased'printing about 1483” (Diet. 
 
 tions to History and Literature from the Treasures of the V b . ' ^ 
 
 Wolfenbuttel Library ’’(“BeitragezurGeschiclite und Lit- Lettres Edifiantes: in full “Lettres Ldihantes 
 teratur aus den Schatzen der Wolfenbuttel. Bibliothek "). e t Curieuses, Sorites des missions etraugeres par 
 “Fragmente ernes Wolfenbiittelschen XJngenannten,” mlfi i nllPR missionaires de la eomDavnie de J6- 
 theological criticisms purporting to be extracts from the queiques nnssionaires ue ia compagme ue oe 
 writings of “an anonymous Wolfenbutteler,” but really SUS. A collection of letters from Jesuit mis- 
 
 second half of the 15th century, who was “the 
 
 3 liuiaiiu.il tu 111C UllUll liuiai J 1»1 u umuivvi, “ , . . • • 
 
 which lie held from the spring of 1770 until his first printer 'who set up a printing-press in 
 In 1772 appeared the tragedy “Emilia Galotti.” the city of London. . . . He probably died or 
 173 to 1781 were published a series of “Oontribu- eease d printing about 1483” (Diet. Nat. Biog.). 
 
Lettres Edifiantes 
 
 sionaries, principally in America and Asia, first 
 published at Paris, in 34 vols. 12mo, 1702-76. 
 There are many other editions, that of 1780-83 in 26 vols. 
 being generally preferred ; later ones have various addi- 
 tions ; and there is a second collection entitled “ Nouvelles 
 Lettres Edifiantes des missions de la Chine et des Indes 
 Orientales ” (8 vols. 1818-23). Spanish and Italian editions 
 have been published, and an abridged one in English. 
 Many of these letters are of great historical and ethno- 
 graphical interest. 
 
 Letts (lets). A branch of the Lithuanian or 
 Lettic race, inhabiting chiefly the Russian prov- 
 inces of Courland, Livonia, and Vitebsk. The 
 Letts call themselves Latvis. 
 
 Letzten Dinge, Die. [G., ‘ The Last Things.’] 
 An oratorio by Spohr, produced at Cassel on 
 Good Friday, 1826. It is known in English as 
 “The Last Judgment.” 
 
 Leueadia, or Leucas. See Santa Maura. 
 Leuciltenberg (loich ' ten -here;). Formerly, a 
 small princely landgraviate in the Upper Palati- 
 nate. It came into the possession of the Bavarian dynasty 
 in the middle of the 17th century. Eugene de Beauhar- 
 nais was made duke of Leuchtenberg in 1817. 
 
 Leucippe and Cleitophon (lu-sip'e and kll'to- 
 fon). A Greek romance by Achilles Tatius, 
 written in the 5th century. 
 
 The story [by Achilles Tatius] is entitled “the adven- 
 tures of Leucippe and Cleitophon,” in eight books. Its 
 chief merit consistsinthe descriptions in which itabounds; 
 the incidents are complicated and tedious, and the char- 
 acter of the hero is below contempt. The probability of 
 the narrative is quite overthrown by the awkward machin- 
 ery. The hero, Cleitophon, tells his own story, from the 
 third chapter of the first book down to the end of the ro- 
 mance, without any interruption from the unknown lis- 
 tener, who happens to be looking, with him, at a picture 
 of the rape of Europa. The dramatis personae are Hippias 
 of Tyre, who has two children by different mothers, Cleito- 
 phon and Calligone ; Sostratus, the brother of Hippias, 
 his wife Panthia, and his daughter Leucippe ; Cleinias, the 
 cousin of Cleitophon ; a cunning slave, Satyrus ; Menelaus, 
 an Egyptian, whose acquaintance Cleitophon makes when 
 he runs away with Leucippe from Berytus to Alexandria; 
 certain pirates and soldiers; Melitte, a supposed widow 
 of Ephesus, but residing at Alexandria, who falls in love 
 with Cleitophon, and induces him to marry her, in the be- 
 lief that Leucippe is dead; Thersander, the husband of 
 Melitte, who had escaped from shipwreck without her 
 knowledge ; and Sosthenes, the slave of Thersander. All 
 these parties make their entries on the stage with melo- 
 dramatic exactness; everybody appears at the critical 
 time ; and, in spite of all difficulties, the lovers are united 
 at the end of the piece. 
 
 K. 0. Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 356. 
 
 [(Donaldson.) 
 
 Leucippus (lu-sip'us). [Gr. Aev/cunroc.] Lived 
 about 500 B. C. A noted Greek philosopher, 
 founder of the atomic school of philosophy. 
 Leuckart (loik'art), Karl Georg Friedrich 
 Rudolf. Born at Helmstedt, Germany, Oct. 7, 
 1822 : died at Leipsic, Feb. 6, 1898. A German 
 zoologist, professor at Leipsic from 1869 : espe- 
 cially noted as a helminthologist. He published 
 “Die Parasiten des Menschen” (1863-76), etc. 
 Leucopetra (lu-kop'e-tra). [Gr. AevKo-rrirpa.] 
 In ancient geography: (a) A promontory at 
 the southwestern extremity of Italy: the mod- 
 em Capo dell’ Armi. (b) A village on the Isth- 
 mus of Corinth. Here, 146 B. C., the Romans 
 under Mummius defeated the Achaean League 
 under Diseus. 
 
 LeuCOthea (lu-ko-the'a). [Gr. Aeva odea.'] A 
 
 name of Ino. 
 
 Leucothea, or Leukothea. An asteroid (No. 
 35) discovered by Luther at Bilk, April 19, 1855. 
 Leuctra (luk'tra). [Gr. ~a. Aev/crpa.] In ancient 
 geography, a village in Boeotia, Greece, about 
 7 miles southwest of Thebes, it is celebrated for 
 the victory gained here, 371 B. c., by the Thebans under 
 Epaminondas over the Spartans under Cleombrotus. 
 
 Leuk (loik), F. Loueche (lo-esh' ). A village in 
 the canton of Valais, Switzerland, situated on 
 the Rhone 14 miles northeast of Sion. 
 
 Leuk, Baths of, G. Leukerbad (loi'ker-bad). 
 A village 5 miles north of Leuk, noted for its 
 hot mineral baths. 
 
 Leukas. See Santa Maura. 
 
 Leuthen (loi'ten). A village in the province 
 of Silesia, Prussia, 10 miles west of Breslau, it 
 was the scene of a victory gained Dec. 5, 1757, by the Prus- 
 sians (30,000) under Frederick the Great over the Austrians 
 (80,000)underPrinceCharles. The Austrian loss was about 
 7,000 in killed and wounded, and many thousands were 
 taken prisoners. The Prussian loss was about 5,000. This 
 battle is a remarkable instance of Frederick's superiority 
 in tactics. 
 
 Leutkirch (loit'kirch). A small town in Wiir- 
 temberg, 41 miles south of Ulm. 
 
 Leutschau (loit'shou), Hung. Locse (le'cha). 
 The capita] of the county of Zips, Hungary, sit- 
 uated in lat. 49° 2' N., long. 20° 35' E. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 7,866. 
 
 Leutze (loit'se), Emanuel. Bom at Gmiind, 
 Wurtemberg, May 24, 1816: died at Washing- 
 ton, D. C., July 18, 1868. A German -American 
 
 607 
 
 historical painter of the Diisseldorf school. 
 Among his works are “Washington Crossing the Dela- 
 ware,” “Washington at Monmouth," “Landing of the 
 ISorsemen,” “Cromwell and his Daughter,” etc. 
 Leuwenhoek. See Leeuwenhoek. 
 
 Levadia. See Livadia. 
 
 Levaillant (le-va-yon'), Frangois. Born at 
 Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana, 1753: died at Se- 
 zanne, France, Nov. 22, 1824. A French orni- 
 thologist, and traveler in southern Africa 1781- 
 1785. He published accounts of his travels 
 (1790 and 1796). 
 
 Levambert (le-von-bar'), Louis. Born at Pa- 
 ris, 1614: died 1670. A French sculptor. Much 
 of his work is in the park of Versailles. 
 
 Levan (la-von'), Louis. Born in 1612: died in 
 1668. A noted French architect. His first work, ap- 
 parently, was in 1643 at the Ch&teau de Vaux-le-Vicompte. 
 He was afterward charged with the transformation of the 
 Chateau de Vincennes. He succeeded Lemercieras archi- 
 tect of the Louvre and Tuileries, and completed the eastern 
 and northern sides, except the portico of Perrault. At the 
 Tuileries Louis XIV. ordered Ldvan to remodel the pal- 
 ace, which he did at the expense of De l’Orme’s work, 
 leaving intact only the order of the Rez de Chaussde. He 
 also built the Pavilion de Marsan and the old Pavilion de 
 Flore. In 1661 he built the Palais des Quatres Nations, 
 now the Institut. He was also the first architect of Saint 
 Sulpice, and built the Chapel de la Salp6trifere, Saint-Louis 
 en l’ile, etc. He added two pavilions and an orangerie to 
 the old Chateau de Versailles built by Louis XIII. 
 Levana (le-va'na). In Roman mythology, a 
 goddess, the protectress of children. 
 
 Levana. An educational treatise by Richter, 
 published in 1807. 
 
 Levanna(le-van'na). A peak of the Graian Alps, 
 on the frontier of France and Italy. Height, 
 11,940 feet. 
 
 Levant (le-vant'), The. [D. levant, G. Levante, 
 Dan. Sw. levant, F. levant, Sp. Pg. It. leva.nte, 
 from ML. levan(t-)s, the sunrise, the east, the 
 orient; prop, adj., rising: applied to the sun.] 
 The region, east of Italy, lying on and near the 
 Mediterranean, sometimes reckoned as extend- 
 ing east to the Euphrates and as taking in the 
 Nile valley, thus including Greece and Egypt ; 
 more specifically, the coast region and islands 
 of Asia Minor and Syria: a name originally 
 given by the Italians. 
 
 Levantina, Valle. See Leventina. 
 
 Levanto (le-vau'to). A small town in north- 
 ern Italy, on the Riviera 12 miles northwest of 
 Spezia. 
 
 Leven, Earl of. See Leslie, Alexander. 
 
 Leven (le'vn), Loch. 1. A salt-water loch on 
 the boundary of Argyll and Inverness, Scotland. 
 It joins Loch Linnhe. — 2. See Lochleven. 
 Leventina (la-ven-te'na), or Levantina (la- 
 van-te'na), Valle, G. Livinenthal (le-fe'nen- 
 tal). The valley of the upper Ticino from 
 Airolo to Biasca, in the canton of Ticino, Swit- 
 zerland. Length, about 22 miles. 
 
 Lever (le'ver), Sir Ashton. Born at Alkring- 
 ton, near Manchester, March 5, 1729 : died at 
 Manchester, Jan. 24, 1788. An English natu- 
 ralist, noted as a collector. His extensive collection 
 of various objects of interest — the Leverian Museum — 
 was for many years one of the sights of London. It was 
 disposed of by lottery in 1788, and dispersed by auction in 
 1806. 
 
 Lever, Charles James. Born at Dublin, Aug. 
 31, 1806 : died at Triest, June 1, 1872. An Irish 
 novelist, of English descent. He graduated at Trin- 
 ity College, Dublin ; studied medicine (which he prac- 
 tised in Brussels 1840-42) ; was editor of the “Dublin Uni- 
 versity Magazine ” 1842-45 ; settled in Florence in 1847 ; 
 and was appointed consul at Spezia in 1857, and at Triest 
 in 1867. He wrote “Harry Lorrequer” (1837), “Charles 
 O’Malley'' (1840), “Tom Burke of Ours” (1844), “Arthur 
 O’Leary ’’ (1844), “Roland Cashel ” (1850), “The DoddFam- 
 ily Abroad” (1853-54), “Con Cregan" (1849), “The Dal- 
 tons” (1852), “Lord Kilgobbin” (1872), etc. 
 
 Leverett (lev'er-et), Frederick Percival. 
 
 Born at Portsmouth, N. H., Sept. 11, 1803: died 
 at Boston, Oct. 6, 1836. An American classical 
 scholar, author of a Latin lexicon (1837). 
 Leverett, Sir John. Born in England, 1616: 
 died March 16, 1679. A colonial governor of 
 Massachusetts 1673-79. 
 
 Leveridge (lev'er-ij), Richard. Born in 1670: 
 died March 22, 1758. An English singer. He had 
 a very deep bass voice, which was unimpaired for many 
 years. He published a collection of songs with music in 
 1727. To him is credited the air of “Roast Beef of Old 
 England." 
 
 Leverrier (16-va-rya'), Urbain Jean Joseph. 
 
 Born at St.-Lo, France, March 11, 1811 : died at 
 Paris, Sept. 23, 1877. A noted French astrono- 
 mer, who shares with J. C. Adams the honor of 
 discovering the planet Neptune in 1846. (See 
 Neptune.) He became director of the Paris 
 Observatory in 1854. 
 
 Leveson (lu'son), Sir Richard. Born 1570: died 
 at London, July, 1605. An English admiral, 
 
 Levites 
 
 appointed vice-admiral of England in 1604. He 
 commanded a squadron despatched (unsuccessfully) to the 
 Azores to capture the Spanish treasure-ships in 1600, and 
 defeated the Spaniards in the harbor of Kinsale Oct. , 1601, 
 and in Cezimbra Bay June 3, 1602. 
 
 Leveson-Gower, Lord Francis. See Egertwt , 
 Francis. 
 
 Leveson-Gower (lu'son-gdr'), George Gran- 
 ville, first Duke of Sutherland. Born at 
 London, Jan. 9, 1758 : died July 19, 1833. Ail 
 English nobleman, eldest son of the first Mar- 
 quis of Stafford by his second wife, daughter 
 of the first Duke of Bridgewater: created duke 
 of Sutherland in 1833. He was a member of the 
 House of Commons 1778-98 (except 1784-87), and was am- 
 bassador at Paris 1790-92. By inheritance and by marriage 
 with the Countess of Sutherland, he became possessed of 
 vast wealth. 
 
 Leveson-Gower, Lady Georgiana Charlotte. 
 
 Born Sept. 23, 1812: died Jan. 19, 1885. An 
 English novelist, daughter of the first Earl Gran- 
 ville : after her marriage in 1833 Lady Georgi- 
 ana Fullerton. She wrote “ Life of St. Francis of Rome, 
 etc.” (1885), “Laurentia” (1861), “Rose Leblanc ” (1861), 
 “TooStrangenotto be True (1864), “Constance Sherwood" 
 (1865), “A Stormy Life” (1867), “ Mrs. Gerald's Niece ” (1869), 
 “A Will and a Way” (1881), and various lives of saints, 
 and translations, principally from the French. 
 
 Leveson-Gower, Granville, first Marquis of 
 Stafford. Born Aug. 4, 1721 : died Aug. 15, 
 1805. An English nobleman. The third son of the 
 first Earl Gower, he succeeded his father in 1754, and was 
 created marquis of Stafford in 1786. He was a lord of the 
 admiralty in 1749, lord privy seal 1755-57 and 1784-94, and 
 president of the council 1767-79 and 1783-84. 
 
 Leveson-Gower, Granville, first Earl Gran- 
 ville. Born Oct. 12, 1773 : died at London, Jan. 
 8, 1846. An English diplomatist, created Earl 
 Granville in 1833: third son of the first Mar- 
 quis of Stafford. He was ambassador extraordinary at 
 St. Petersburg 1804-05, minister at Brussels 1816, and am- 
 bassador at Paris 1824—41 (with interruptions). 
 
 Leveson-Gower, Granville George, second 
 Earl Granville. Born at London, May 11, 1815 : 
 died at London, March 31, 1891. An English 
 Liberal statesman, eldest son and successor 
 (1846) of the first Earl Granville. He entered the 
 House of Commons in 1836, and the House of Lords in 1846. 
 He was under-secretary of state for foreign affairs 1840-41 ; 
 vice-president of the board of trade and paymaster of the 
 forces 1848-51 (entering the cabinet 1851) ; successor to 
 Palmerston in the foreign office 1851-52 ; and president of 
 the council 1852-54. In June, 1859, he attempted, with- 
 out success, to form a cabinet, and accepted the presi- 
 dency of the council under Palmerston. He was appoint- 
 ed secretary of state for the colonies under Gladstone in 
 1868, and was secretary for foreign affairs 1870-74. It was 
 during this administration that the treaty of Washington 
 was signed. (See Alabama claims, and Washington, Treaty 
 of.) He reassumed charge of the foreign office under Glad- 
 stone 1880-85. 
 
 Levi (le'vi). A son of Jacob and Leah, the an- 
 cestor of the Levites. 
 
 Levi (la've or le'vi), Leone. Born at Ancona, 
 Italy, June 6, 1821 : died May 7, 1888. A noted 
 jurist and statistician, of Hebrew descent, re- 
 siding from 1844 in England. He became professor 
 of commerce at King's College 1852, and was the author of 
 “Commercial Law: its Principles and Administration, 
 etc.” (1850-52), “Manual of the Mercantile of Great Britain 
 and Ireland ” (1854), “Annals of British Legislation,” “His- 
 tory of British Commerce and of the Economic Progress 
 of the British Nation, 1763-1870” (1872), etc. He early 
 became a member of the Presbyterian Church of England. 
 
 Leviathan, The. See Hobbes. 
 
 Leviathan of Literature, The. A surname of 
 Dr. Samuel Johnson. 
 
 Levico (lev'e-ko). A town in Tyrol, Austria- 
 Hungary, 9 miles east-southeast of Trent. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 6,682, (1910). 
 
 Levin, Rahel. See Varnhagen von Fuse. 
 Levis (la-ve' or lev'is), or Point Levi (le'vi). 
 A river port in the province of Quebec, Canada, 
 situated on the St. Lawrence, opposite Quebec. 
 Population, 7,452, (1911). 
 
 Levita, Elias. See Elias Levita. 
 
 Levites (le'vits). 1. In Jewish history, the de- 
 scendants of Levi, one of the sons of Jacob ; 
 the tribe of Levi. — 2. Specifically, a body of 
 assistants to the priests in the tabernacle and 
 temple service of the Jews. This body was com- 
 posed of all males of the tribe of Levi between 30 (or 25) 
 and 50 years of age, exclusive of the family of Aaron, 
 which constituted the priesthood. Originally they guard- 
 ed the tabernacle, and assisted in carrying it and its ves- 
 sels, and in preparing the corn, wine, oil, etc., for sacrifice ; 
 they furnished the music at the services, and had charge 
 of the sacred treasures and revenues. After the settle- 
 ment in Palestine they were relieved of some of these 
 duties, but assumed those of religious guides and teach- 
 ers. Later they were also the learned class, and became 
 scribes, judges, etc. They were allowed no territorial pos- 
 sessions, except thirty-five cities in which they lived, sup- 
 ported by tithes on the produce of the lands of the tribes. 
 The Levites were divided into three families, which bore 
 the names of the sons of Levi — the Gershonites, the Ko- 
 hathites, and the Merarites. 
 
Leviticus 
 
 Leviticus (le-vit'i-kus). [‘The book of the Le- 
 vites.’] A canonical book of the Old Testa- 
 ment, the third book of Moses or of the Pen- 
 tateuch, containing principally the laws and 
 regulations relating to the priests and Levites 
 and to religious ceremonies, or the body of the 
 ceremonial law. 
 
 Levkas (lev'kas), Amaxiki, Amaxicki (a- 
 
 maks-e'ke), Santa Maura (san'ta mou'ra), 
 Hamaxiki (ha-maks-e'ke), etc. A seaport and 
 the chief place in the island of Santa Maura, 
 Ionian Islands, Greece, situated at the north- 
 eastern extremity of the island. Population, 
 5,419. 
 
 Levkosia. See Nicosia. 
 
 Levroux (le-vro'). A town in the department 
 of Indre, central Prance, 13 miles north by west 
 of Chateauroux. Population, commune, about 
 4,200. 
 
 Levuka (la-vo'ka). A town in the Fiji Islands : 
 formerly the capital. 
 
 Levy (le'vi), Amv. Born at Clapham, Nov. 10, 
 1861 : committee! suicide Sept. 10, 1889. An 
 English poet and novelist, of Hebrew descent. 
 She wrote several volumes of poems (“ Xantippe and other 
 Poems” (1881), “A Minor Poet” (1884), “A London 
 Plane-tree ” (1889)) and the novel “ Reuben Sachs ” (1889). 
 
 Levy (la-ve'), Calmann. Born at Phalsbourg, 
 Lorraine, Oct. 19, 1819: died June 18, 1891. A 
 French bookseller and editor, brother of Michel 
 L6vy, with whom and a third brother he formed 
 the firm of Michel Levy freres. 
 
 L6vy (la-ve'), Ulmile. Born at Paris, Aug. 29, 
 1826 : died there, April 4, 1890. A French genre- 
 and portrait-painter. He was a pupil of theEcoledes 
 Beaux Arts, of De Pujol, and of Picot, and won the grand prix 
 deRcmein 1854. Among his works are “ Lerepaslibredes 
 martyrs ” (1859), ‘ ‘ V ercingetorix se rendant a Cfear ” (1863), 
 “ Venus ceignant sa ceinture”(1863), “ La mortd’Orph6e” 
 (1866),“ Le jugement de Midas” (1870),“ Le saule” (1876), 
 “ Jeune mfcre ” (1881), “ Circe " (1889), “Silfene ” (1890), etc. 
 He decorated the mairie of the 16th arrondissement 1885- 
 1887, and had much success in pasteL 
 Levy, Michel. Born at Phalsbourg, Lorraine, 
 Dec. 20, 1821: died at Paris, May 6, 1875. A 
 French bookseller and publisher. 
 
 Lewald (la' vald), Fanny, later Madame Stahr. 
 Bom at Konigsberg, Prussia, March 24, 1811 : 
 died at Dresden, Aug. 5, 1889. A German nov- 
 elist and writer of travels. Among her novels are 
 “Prinz Louis Ferdinand” (1849), “Von Geschlecht zu 
 Gesclilecht” (1863-66). 
 
 Lew-chew Islands. See Loochoo Islands. 
 Lewes (lu'es). The capital of Sussex, England, 
 situated on the Ouse 45 miles south of London. 
 Here, May 14, 1264, Henry III. was defeated by the barons 
 under Simon de Montfort. Henry and his son gave them- 
 selves up to the barons after the battle. Population, 
 11,249. 
 
 Lewes, or Lewis (lu'is), Charles Lee. Bom at 
 London. Nov. 29, 1740: died July 23 (June 26?), 
 1803. A noted English comedian. 
 
 Lewes (lu'es), George Henry. Born at London, 
 April 18, 1817 : died at London, Nov. 28, 1878. 
 An English philosophical and miscellaneous 
 writer, largely influenced by the philosophy of 
 August Comte. Lewes was married in 1840, but in 
 1854 left his wife, living thereafter with Miss Mary 
 Anne Evans (George Eliot). He wrote a “ Biographical 
 History of Philosophy ” (1845-46), “The Spanish Drama” 
 (1847), “The Life of Goethe " (1855), “Seaside Studies” 
 (1858), " Physiology of Common Life ” (1859-60), “Studies 
 in Animal Life ” (1862), “Aristotle ” (1864), “ Problems of 
 Life and Mind ” (1874-79), “ Actors and the Art of Acting” 
 (1875), “ Physical Basis of Mind ” (1877). He was the first 
 editor of the “ Fortnightly Review ” (1865-66). 
 
 Lewes, Mise of. [From OF. mise, a settling, a 
 judgment.] An agreement between the English 
 defeated party under Henry in. and the barons 
 under Simon de Montfort, in 1264, directly after 
 the battle of Lewes. It provided for native 
 councilors and the reorganization of Parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 Lewin (lu'in), Thomas. Born April 19, 1805: 
 died Jan. 5, 1877. An English lawyer, antiquary, 
 and miscellaneous writer. He wrote “A Practical 
 Treatise on the Law of Trusts and Trustees ” (1837), “ The 
 Life and Epistles of St. Paul ” (1851), “An Essay on the 
 Chronology of the New Testament ” (1854), etc. 
 
 Lewis (lu'is), or The Lews (luz). The north- 
 ern and larger portion of the main island of the 
 Hebrides, Ross-shire, Scotland, situated 27 
 miles west of the mainland, from which it is 
 separated by the Minch. Chief town, Storno- 
 way. Area, 575 square miles. 
 
 Lewis. See Louis. 
 
 Lewis, Andrew. Born in Donegal, Belaud, 
 about 1720: died in Bedford County, Va., Sept. 
 26, 1/81. An American soldier. He was major in 
 Washington’s regiment in Braddock’s expedition in 1755, 
 and commander of an expedition against the Shawnesse 
 Indians in 1756 ; served in the attack on Fort Duquesne in 
 1758, and was captured and taken to Montreal ; gained the 
 
 608 
 
 victory of Point Pleasant over the Indians, Oct. 10, 1774 
 (as major-general) ; and served as brigadier-general in the 
 Continental army March 1, 1776, to April 6, 1777. 
 
 Lewis, Charles. Born at Gloucester, England, 
 1753 : died at Edinburgh, July 12, 1795. An 
 English painter of still life. 
 
 Lewis, Charles George. Born at Enfield, Mid- 
 dlesex, June 13, 1808 : died June 16, 1880. An 
 English engraver, best known for his engrav- 
 ings of Landseer’s works. 
 
 Lewis, David. Born in Wales about 1683 : died 
 at Low Leyton, Essex, April, 1760. A British 
 poet, author of “Philip of Macedon,” a tragedy 
 (1727). 
 
 Lewis, Dio. Bom at Auburn, N. Y., March 3, 
 1823 : died at Yonkers, N. Y., May 21, 1886. An 
 American homeopathic physician, well known 
 as a lecturer on hygiene and an advocate of 
 various methods of physical culture. He wrote 
 “New Gymnastics” (1862), “Weak Lungs” (1863), “Our 
 Gilds ” (1871), etc. 
 
 Lewis, Edmonia. Born near Albany, N. Y., 
 1845. An American sculptor, of African and 
 Indian descent. Her first known work was a bust of 
 Colonel Shaw who commanded the first colored regiment 
 in the Civil War. She went to Rome in 1867. Among her 
 works are “The Death of Cleopatra” (1876), “The Old 
 Arrow-maker and his Daughters,” “The Marriage of Hia- 
 watha,” etc. 
 
 Lewis, Mrs. (Estelle Anna Robinson). Bom 
 
 near Baltimore about 1824 : died at London, 
 Nov. 24, 1880. An American poet and miscel- 
 laneous writer. Among her works is the tragedy 
 “Sapphoof Lesbos ”(1868), which was translated into Greek 
 and played at Athens. 
 
 Lewis, Francis. Bom at Llandaff , W ales, March, 
 1713: diedatNew York, Dec. 19, 1803. An Amer- 
 ican patriot, signer of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence as member of Congress from New 
 York. 
 
 Lewis, Frederick Christian. Bom at London, 
 March 14, 1779 : died at Enfield, Dec. 18, 1856. 
 An English engraver and landscape-painter. 
 He engraved works of Raphael, Michelangelo, Claude, 
 Poussin, Flaxman, Turner, Landseer, etc. 
 
 Lewis, Sir George Cornewall. Born at London, 
 April 21, 1806: died at Harp ton Court, Radnor- 
 shire, April 13, 1863. An English statesman, 
 scholar, and author. He was poor-law commissioner 
 for England and Wales 1839-47 ; under-secretary for the 
 home department 1848 ; financial secretary to the treasury 
 1850-52 ; chancellor of the exchequer 1855-68 ; home sec- 
 retary 1859-01 ; and secretary for war 1861-63. His chief 
 work is an “Enquiry into the Credibility of the Early Ro- 
 man History " (1855). 
 
 Lewis, Ida. Born at Newport, R. I., in 1841: 
 died there, Oct. 24, 1911. The daughter of the 
 keeper of the Lime Rock lighthouse. She was 
 official keeper from 1889. She was noted for 
 her courage in saving life. She married Wil- 
 liam H. Wilson in 1870. 
 
 Lewis, John. Born at Bristol, Aug. 29, 1675: 
 died Jan. 16, 1747. An English biographer, an- 
 tiquarian, and bibliographer, author of biogra- 
 phies of Wyclif, Caxton, Pecoek, Fisher, etc. 
 Lewis, John Frederick. Born at London, 1805: 
 died at Walton on the Thames, Aug. 15, 1876. 
 An English etcher and painter, at first of ani- 
 mals, but later of Highland, Italian, Spanish 
 (for which he was called “Spanish Lewis”), 
 and Oriental subjects. His latest (Oriental) 
 pictures are the best-known. 
 
 Lewis, Matthew Gregory. Born at London, 
 July 9, 1775: died at sea (of yellow fever), May 
 14, 1818. An English poet, dramatist, and ro- 
 mance-writer, best known as the author of “Am- 
 brosio, or the Monk” (1795), from which he was 
 commonly known as “Monk” Lewis. He visited 
 Weimar 1792-93; became an attach^ of the British legation 
 at The Hague 1794 ; sat in the Houseof Commons 1796-1802 ; 
 and went to Jamaica (where he owned property) Nov., 1815, 
 and again toward the end of 1817. Healsowrote“Village 
 Virtues,” a satire (1796), “The Castle Spectre ” (acted at 
 Drury Lane Dec. 14, 1797), “Tales of Horror” (1799), “Al- 
 phonso, King of Castile,” a tragedy (1801), “Adelgitha,” a 
 tragedy (acted at Drury Lane April 30, 1807), etc. 
 
 Lewis, Meriwether. Born near Charlottesville, 
 Va., Aug. 18, 1774: committed suicide near 
 Nashville, Tenn., Oct. 8, 1809. An American 
 explorer, joint commander with Clark of an ex- 
 ploring expedition in the northwestern part of 
 the United States 1804—06. 
 
 Lewis, Morgan. Born at New York, Oct. 16, 
 1754: died at New York, April 7, 1844. An 
 American general, jurist, and politician, son of 
 Francis Lewis: governor of New York 1805-06. 
 Lewis, Tayler. Born at Northumberland, N. Y., 
 March 27, 1802: died at Schenectady, N. Y., 
 May 11, 1877. An American scholar and author. 
 He became professor of Greek at the University of New 
 York in 1838, and at Union College in 1849. Among his 
 works are “Six Days of Creation ” (18551, “The Bible and 
 Science” (1856), “i’he Divine Human iu the Scripture" 
 (I 860 ). 
 
 Leyden, John 
 
 Lewis, William Thomas. Born at Ormskirk, 
 Lancashire, about 1748: died at London, Jan. 
 13,1811. A noted English comedian. Amongthe 
 parts which he created are Falkland in the “Rivals,” 
 Wyndham in the “Man of Reason, "Sir Charles Racket in 
 “Three Weeks after Marriage,” Counsellor Witmore in 
 Kenrick’s “Duellist,” Beverly in Colman’s “ Man of Busi- 
 ness," Arviragus in Mason’s “Caractacus," Millamour in 
 Murphy’s “Know your own Mind,” Doricourt in the 
 “Belle’s Stratagem,” and Egerton in the “Man of the 
 World.” Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Lewis River. See Snake River. 
 
 Lewiston (lu'is-ton). A city in Androscoggin 
 County, Maine, situated on the Androscoggin, 
 opposite Auburn, 31 miles north of Portland. 
 Its leading manufactures are woolen and cotton. It is the 
 seat of Bates College (undenominational). Population, 
 26,247, (1910). 
 
 Lexington (lek'sing-ton). A city and the capi- 
 tal of Fayette County, Kentucky, 22 miles south- 
 east of Frankfort. It is a commercial and manufac- 
 turing center ; has a famous horse-market ; and is the seat 
 of Kentucky University. It was settled in 1775. Popu- 
 lation, 35,099, (1910). 
 
 Lexington. A small town in Middlesex County, 
 Massachusetts, 11 miles northwest of Boston. 
 It is noted as the scene of the first bloodshed of the Amer- 
 ican revolution, April 19, 1775. The British(8oO men) un- 
 der Colonel Smith left Boston on the night of April 18, to 
 take the military stores in Concord. The advance under 
 Major Pitcairn was confronted at Lexington Green by about 
 50 minute-men under Captain Parker, and this force was 
 dispersed with the loss of 7 Americans killed. The British 
 proceeded to Concord, and a part of the force was repulsed 
 at the Concord bridge by the minute-men. Colonel Smith 
 ordered a retreat, and maintained a running fight back to 
 Charlestown with the constantly increasing Americans. 
 At Lexington he was reinforced by 1,200 men under Lord 
 Percy. The British loss was 273; the American loss, 88. 
 The fighting at Concord is often called the battle of Con- 
 cord, while the entire day’s fighting is called the battle of 
 Lexington. Population, 4,918, (1910). 
 
 Lexington. A city and the capital of Lafayette 
 County, Missouri, situated on the Missouri 40 
 miles east by north of Kansas City. The Federals 
 under Mulligan surrendered here to the Confederates un- 
 der Price, Sept. 21, 1861. Population, 6,242, (1910). 
 
 Lexington. The capital of Rockbridge County, 
 Virginia, situated on North River 108 miles west 
 by north of Richmond. It isthe seat of the Virginia 
 Military Institute and of Washington and Lee University 
 (which see). Population, 2,931, (1910). 
 
 Lexington. A famous American bay race-horse, 
 foaled in 1851. 
 
 Lexinton,orLessington (les'ing-ton), Stephen 
 de. Lived about the middle of the i3th century. 
 An English ecclesiastic, abbot of Stanley in 
 Wiltshire, later abbot of Savigny in Normandy 
 (1229) and (1243) of Clairvaux. 
 
 Lexovii (leks-6'vi-i). In ancient history, a Cel- 
 tic people in northern Gaul, which lived near 
 the English Channel west of the Seine. 
 
 Ley (le), James. Born 1550; diedMarchl4, 1629. 
 An English jurist and politician, created first 
 Earl of Marlborough Feb. 5, 1626. He was ap- 
 pointed lord chief justice of the King’s Bench for Ireland 
 in 1604, lord chief justice of England 1622, and lord high 
 treasurer 1624. He succeeded Bacon as speaker of the 
 House of Lords, and pronounced the judgment of the 
 Lords upon him. 
 
 Leybourn (le'bern), William. Born 1626: died 
 about 1700. An English surgeon and mathema- 
 tician. He was the author, with Vincent Wing, of the 
 first English treatise on astronomy. “Urania Practica “ 
 (1048). He also published “ Planometria " (1650 : repub- 
 lished as “The Complete Surveyor" 1653), “Arithmetick, 
 Vulgar, Decimal, and Instrumental" (1657), “Census 
 Mathematicus ” (1690), “ Panarithmologia,” the earliest 
 English ready reckoner (1693), etc. 
 
 Leycester (les'tcr), Sir Peter. Born at Nether 
 T abley, Cheshire, March 3, 1614: died there, 
 Oct. 11, 1678. An English antiquary, author of 
 “ Historical Antiquities” of Great Britain and 
 Ireland and particularly of Cheshire (1653). 
 
 Leyden, or Leiden (li'den). A city in the prov- 
 ince of South Holland, Netherlands, situated 
 on the Old Rhine 6 miles from the North Sea 
 and 22 miles southwest of Amsterdam : the Ro- 
 man Lugdunum Batavorum, and the medieval 
 Leithen. It was the birthplace of Rembrandt, Jan 
 Steen. Gerard Douw, and other painters. The university, 
 founded in 1575, is attended by about 1,600 students, and has 
 valuable museums of natural history, ethnography, archae- 
 ology, etc. , an observatory, and a I i brary of 200,000 volumes. 
 Other objects of interest are the Stadhuis. Church of St, 
 Pancras, Church of St. Peter, the mound Burg, Museum of 
 Ant iquities, Natural History Museum, Municipal Museum, 
 Ethnographical Museum, and Botanic Garden. Leyden 
 was formerly noted for its cloth manufacture; was unsuc- 
 cessfully besieged by the Spaniards in 1573-74 ; and was 
 the residence of the Pilgrim Fathers 1609-20. Population, 
 57,919. 
 
 Leyden, John. Born at Denholm, Roxburgh- 
 shire, Sept. 8, 1775: died at Batavia, Java, Aug. 
 28, 1811. A noted Scottish poet, physician, 
 and Orientalist. He was appointed assistant surgeon 
 at Madras 1803 ; traveled extensively in India; settled in 
 Calcutta in 1806 ; was made a«say master of the mint 
 there iu 1810; and went to Java iu 1811, where he died. 
 
Leyden, John 
 
 He published “A Historical and Philosophical Sketch of 
 the Discoveries and Settlements of the Europeans in North- 
 ern and Western Africa at the Close of the Eighteenth Cen- 
 tury” (1799), an “Essay on the Languages and Literature 
 of the Indo-Chinese Nations” (in “Asiatic Researches”), 
 etc His poetical remains were published in 1819. 
 
 Leys (lls or la), Baron Hendrik. Born at Ant- 
 werp, Feb. 18, 1815 : died there, Aug. 26, 1869. 
 A Belgian historical and genre painter. 
 
 Leyte (la'e-ta or la'ta). An island of the Philip- 
 pines, aboutlat. 11° N., long. 124° 50' E. Length, 
 about 115 miles. Population, 357,641. 
 Lhameos. See Llameos. 
 
 Lhasa (lba'sa), or Lassa (las'sa). The capi- 
 tal of Tibet, situated in lat. 29° 39' N., long. 
 90° 57' E., about 11,900 feet above sea-level. 
 
 It is an important trading center ; is celebrated as a place 
 of pilgrimage; and is remarkable for the number of its 
 convents. The chief building is the grand temple. It be- 
 came the residence of the dalai lama in the middle of the 
 17th century. It has been visited by very few Europeans 
 (as by Hue in 1846 and the British political mission under 
 Col. Younghusband in 1904). Population, 15,000-20,000. 
 
 L’Hopital, or L’Hospital (lo-pe-tal'), Michel 
 de. B orn at Aigueperse, Puy-de-Dome, France, 
 about 1505 : died March, 1573. A noted French 
 statesman. He was in 1547 sent on a mission to the 
 Council of Trent, which was at that time sitting at Bo- 
 logna. He was made superintendent of the royal finances 
 in 1554, and in 1560 became chancellor of France. He 
 caused the States-General to be assembled at Orleans in 
 1560, and procured the passage in 1562 of the Edict of 
 Jan., which granted toleration to the Huguenots. His 
 liberal policy was, however, distasteful to the Guises, and 
 civil war broke out in 1562 in spite of his efforts to main- 
 tain peace. He was dismissed from office in 1568. His 
 complete works were edited by Dufey (1824-25). 
 
 Lhuyd (loid), Edward. Born 1660: died June 
 30, 1709. A British scholar and naturalist, best 
 known from his researches in Celtic. He was the 
 author of “ Lithophylacii Britannici ichnographia, etc." 
 (1699), a catalogue of the figured fossils of the Ashmolean 
 Museum, “ Archfeologia Britannica” (1707), etc. He be- 
 came a fellow of the Royal Society in 1708. 
 
 Liais (lya), Emmanuel. Bom at Cherbourg, 
 Feb. 15, 1826: died there, March 5, 1900. A 
 French astronomer. He was attached to the Bureau 
 of Longitudes from 1852 ; was sent to Brazil on a scientific 
 mission in 1858 ; and had charge of the Astronomical Ob- 
 servatory at Rio de Janeiro for several years. He pub- 
 lished several works on Brazilian geography, etc., and on 
 astronomy. 
 
 Liakhofl; (le'ach-of). An island in the New Sibe- 
 ria group, in the Arctic Ocean. 
 Liancourt-sous-Clermont (lyon - kor 'so - kler- 
 mon'). A manufacturing town in the depart- 
 ment of Oise, France, 30 miles north of Paris. 
 It contains a ruined castle of its dukes. Population, 3,924. 
 Liao-yang (lyou-yang'). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Sheng-king, Manchuria, southwest of 
 Mukden. Here the Japanese under Marshal Oyama de- 
 feated the Russians under General Kuropatkin Aug. 25- 
 Sept. 4, 1904. It was opened to foreign tiade in 1907. 
 
 Liar, The. An adaptation by Foote of Cor- 
 neille’s “ Le menteur." He himself played the 
 part of Young Wilding the liar. 
 
 Libanius (li-ba'ni-us). Bom at Antioch, Syria, 
 about 314 a. d. A Greek sophist. His ora- 
 tions and declamations were edited by Reiske 
 (1791-97). 
 
 From his autobiography and letters, as well as from the 
 numerous works which he has left us, Libanius is better 
 known to modern scholars than any sophist of the fourth 
 century. He was horn about A. D. 314 at Antioch on the 
 Orontes, of a distinguished family, and after receiving 
 there some part of his early training, to which, however, 
 he does not revert with much respe.ct or gratitude, he be- 
 took himself to Athens, at the age of twenty, in the ardent 
 hope of finding there all the teaching which he required. 
 The account which lie gives of his adventures in that uni- 
 versity furnishes us with a curious picture of the state of 
 learning in the fourth century. The rival professors had 
 press-gangs of students who had sworn allegiance to them, 
 and who forcibly seized on all freshmen and carried them 
 off to their own lecture-room. Although Libanius had 
 determined beforehand which of the sophists he wished 
 to attend, he was kidnapped, as soon as he entered the 
 city, by the adherents of another teacher, from whom he 
 was again seized by an opposition gang and obliged to 
 take the oath to their master. In this thraldom he was 
 detained for five years, when the riotous sophists were for 
 a time displaced and he was promoted to one of the chairs. 
 
 K. O. Miiller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, ITI. 294. 
 
 {(Donaldson.) 
 
 Libanus. The Latin name of Lebanon. 
 
 Libau (le'bou), Lettish Leepaja (la'pa-ya). A 
 seaport in the government of Courland, Russia, 
 situated on the Baltic Sea in lat. 56° 31' N., long. 
 21° E.: an important export place. Population, 
 64,489. 
 
 Libby Prison, Ths. A notorious Confederate 
 military prison in Richmond, Virginia, during 
 the Civil War: originally a tobacco warehouse. 
 It was afterward taken down, carried to Chi- 
 cago, and there set up as a war museum. 
 Libelt (le'belt), Karol. Bora at Posen, Prus- 
 sia, April 8, 1807 : died near Gollantsch, Prussia, 
 a— 39 
 
 609 
 
 June 9, 1875. A Polish politician and philo- 
 sophical writer. 
 
 Liber (li'bey). In Italian mythology, a god of 
 wine, afterward identified with the Greek Di- 
 onysus (Bacchus). 
 
 Libera (lib'e-ra). In Italian mythology, a god- 
 dess, wife of the wine-god Liber, afterward 
 identified with the Greek Persephone. 
 
 Liberal Party. In British politics, the name 
 by which the Whig party has been known since 
 about the time of the first Reform Bill. It has 
 generally advocated reforms in government and extension 
 of power to the peopie, has favored free trade, and has ad- 
 vocated Home Rule for Ireland. It has held office under 
 Grey, Melbourne, Russell, Aberdeen, Palmerston, Glad- 
 stone, Rosebery, Campbell-Bannerman, and Asquith as 
 prime ministers. 
 
 Liberal Unionists. In British politics, a party 
 formed in 1886 by the secession from the Lib- 
 eral party of those who objected to Gladstone’s 
 Home Rule proposals. They act generally with the 
 Conservatives. 
 
 Liberation, War Of. [G. Befremngslcrieg. ] A 
 name given by the Germans to the war of the 
 Allies against the French in 1813-14. A leading re- 
 suit was the freeing of various German states from French 
 occupation and influence. 
 
 Liberator, Tbe. An antislavery paper pub- 
 
 • lished at Boston 1831-65, edited by Garrison. 
 Liberator, Tbe. 1. [Sp . El Liber tador.~\ The 
 
 title of Simon Bolivar. The municipality of Caracas, 
 after he had taken that city from (he Spaniards, proclaimed 
 him Oct. 13, 1813, “Salvador de la Patna, Libertador de 
 Venezuela” (‘ Savior of the Country, and Liberator of Vene- 
 zuela ’). The title of Liberator of New Granada was con- 
 ferred on him after the battle of BoyacA, Aug., 1819 ; and 
 that of Liberator of Peru after the victory of Ayacucho in 
 1824. 
 
 2. A surname of O’Connell. 
 
 Liber de Hyda (ll'ber de M'da). See the ex- 
 tract. 
 
 A circumstantial account of the foundation of the schools 
 of Oxford in the year 886 is to be found in the Liber de Hyda, 
 a monastic record which seems to have been compiled dur- 
 ing the second half of the fourteenth century. It professes 
 togivealistof the original staff of teachers. St. Neotand 
 St. Grimbald are stated to have given lectures on theology, 
 Asser on grammar and rhetoric, John, a monk of St. David’s, 
 on logic, music, and arithmetic, and another monk of the 
 same name, on geometry and astronomy. The absence of 
 any allusion to lectures on medicine or lav/ may be due to 
 the fact that the compiler of the Liber de Hyda was a monk 
 who, as such, had no interest in either of these branches of 
 study. He shows himself singularly inaccurate as to the 
 history of Oxford in his own -century, for he states posi- 
 tively that the University had its abode outside the North 
 Gate until the year 13. 4, and used the church of St. Giles 
 
 A- as its formal place of assembly. Lyte, Oxford, p. 241. 
 
 Liberia (11-be'ri-a). A negro republic on the 
 western coast of Africa, extending from about 
 6° 40' W. about 400 miles along the coast to the 
 northwest. Capital, Monrovia. The coast is low. 
 Tropical products are exported. The government is vested 
 in a president and a congress comprising a senate and a 
 house of representatives. Liberia was founded by free 
 negroes sent by the American Colonization Society in 1822, 
 and was declared independent in 1847 Area, estimated, 
 40,000 Bquare miles. Population, 1,500,000 to 2,120,000. 
 
 Liber Pontificalis (ll'ber pon-tif-i-ka'lis). [L., 
 
 ‘ book of the Pope.*’] A work containing the 
 lives of the popes from St. Peter to Stephen VI. 
 It has been attributed to Anastasius Bibliothecarius, but 
 without ancient authority. 
 
 Liber Studiorum (ll'ber stu-di-6'rum). [L., 
 
 ‘ book of studies.’] A volume of studies by 
 Turner, the English landscape-painter. He pub- 
 lished it 1806-16 with a desire to rival Claude’s “ Liber 
 Veritatis." 
 
 Libertad (le-ber-taTH'), La. A maritime de- 
 partment in Peru. Capital, Trujillo. The old 
 department of Libertad, formed in 1825 from the colonial 
 intendency of Trujillo, embraced also the present depart- 
 ments of Amazonas, Cajamarca, Lambayeque, and Piura, 
 which have been separated from it at different times. 
 Area, 18,765 square miles. Population, over 150,000. 
 
 Libertine, The. A tragedy by Tbomas Shad- 
 well, produced in 1676. It is professedly derived from 
 “II Atheisto Fulminato,” but apparently from MolRre’s 
 “Don Juan.” 
 
 Liberty Bell, The. A famous bell cast in Lon- 
 don in 1752. It bore the motto “Proclaim liberty 
 throughout the land unto all the inhabitants thereof.” It 
 was afterward recast at Philadelphia, with the same in- 
 scription, and it was rung when the Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence was adopted by Congress. It is now in Independence 
 Hall in Philadelphia. 
 
 Liberty Enlightening tbe World. A colossal 
 figure formed of plates of bronze on an iron 
 framework, supported on a high granite pedes- 
 tal, on Bedloe’s Island in New York Bay. The 
 figure represents a robustly formed woman, fully draped 
 in Greek tunic and mantle, and diademed, holding a torch 
 in her uplifted right hand. The height of the statue is 
 151 feet; of the pedestal, 155. It is by the sculptor Bar- 
 tholdi, and is a gift made to the United States by popular 
 subscription by the people of France. The pedestal was 
 designed Ivy Richard M. Hunt, and paid for by popular sub- 
 scription in the United States. Thestatuewasinaugurated 
 in 1886. 
 
 Liberty Party. In United States politics, an 
 
 Lichfield 
 
 antislavery party, founded 1839-46. it opposed 
 the annexation of Texas, and nominated James G. Birney 
 for President of the United States in 1840, and again in 
 1844, when he polled 62,263 votes. This vote incidentally 
 caused the defeat of Henry Clay and the election of James 
 K. Polk. 
 
 Liberty Tree, Tbe. An elm-tree formerly stand- 
 ing on Washington street, Boston. Effigies of ob- 
 jectionable persons were hung upon it during the Stamp 
 Act excitement. A building now covers its site. 
 
 Liber Veritatis (ver-i-ta'tis). [L., ‘book of 
 truth.’] A collection of original drawings by 
 Claude Lorraill. There are six copies in existence: 
 one is at Chatsworth, England. 
 
 Libitina (lib-i-ti'na). An ancient Italian god- 
 dess of gardens, vineyards, and voluptuous 
 pleasures, identified with Venus as “Venus Libi- 
 tina.” She was also goddess of death and of the dead, 
 and in this aspect was later identified with Proserpine. A 
 piece of money was deposited in her temple for every one 
 who died in Rome. 
 
 Libius Severus (lib'i-us se-ve'rus). A Roman 
 emperor, a Lucanian by birth, proclaimed em- 
 peror at Ravenna Nov. 19, 461. He died at 
 Rome, Aug. 15, 465. 
 
 Libollo. See Lubolo. 
 
 Libourne (le-born'). A town in the department 
 of Gironde, France, situated at the confluence 
 of the Isle and Dordogne, 18 miles east-north- 
 east of Bordeaux. It exports wine, brandy, etc. 
 Population, commune, 19,323. 
 
 Libra (li'bra). [L., ‘the balance.’] An ancient 
 zodiacal constellation, representing an ordi- 
 nary pair of scales. This constellation was not com- 
 monly used among the Greeks, its place being occupied 
 by the Chelse, or Scorpion’s Claws. It is found, however, 
 in all the Egyptian zodiacs going back to 600 B. c. ; but 
 there is reason to believe that it is not so old as the rest of 
 the zodiac (that is, 2,000 years or more B. c.). Its principal 
 stars, K ilia borealis and Kiffa australis, 2.7 and 3.0 mag- 
 nitudes respectively, are at the base of an isosceles triangle 
 of which Antares forms the vertex. 
 
 Libreville (lebr-vel'). The capital of French 
 Kongo, about 32 miles north of the equator, on 
 the Bay of G aboon. It consists of the French town, 
 where the government buildings, the hospital, and the 
 Catholic mission attract attention, and of the suburbs 
 Glasstown and Baraka, where foreign traders reside and 
 American Presbyterians have their mission station. The 
 nucleus of the native population was formed by a settle- 
 . ment of liberated slaves. Population, about 1,500. 
 Librode Tasa3 (ie'bro data'sas). [Sp., ‘book 
 of rules ’ or ‘ laws.’] A code of laws and regu- 
 lations compiled under the direction of the 
 viceroy Toledo for the government of Peru. 
 They were promulgated at different times, the first instal- 
 ment being dated Oct. 18, 1572. The Libro de T r asas was 
 founded on ancient Spanish legislation, with a wise adap- 
 tation to the customs and needs of the Indians, and on 
 rules established by the Council of the Indies. The coun- 
 try was divided into corregimientos (abolished in 1784) ; 
 the duties of officers were defined ; and it was directed 
 that the Indians should be governed by their own chiefs, 
 subject to the viceroy. The mitta, or forced labor of the 
 Indians, was confirmed and regulated. These rules were 
 the basis of the Peruvian colonial laws. 
 
 Libro d’Oro (Ie'bro do'ro). [It., ‘book of gold.’] 
 1 . A roll or register of the noble families of a 
 state or province, with the list of their estates; 
 an institution of the Italian republics of the 
 middle ages, the most famous being that of Ven- 
 ice. Hence — 2. By extension and in the way 
 of allusion, any list or imaginary list of titles of 
 honor, or the like. 
 
 Liburnia (11-ber'ni-a). [Gr. A i/Sovpv!a.\ In an- 
 cient geography, a country in Illyria, along the 
 Adriatic, corresponding to the western part of 
 modern Croatia and northern Dalmatia, and 
 neighboring islands. The inhabitants were 
 celebrated as navigators and pirates. 
 
 Libya (lib'ia). [Gr. At/JD?.] l.Jn ancient geog- 
 raphy, a name of varying signification, denot- 
 ing Africa, or Africa excluding Egypt, or 
 Africa excluding Egypt and Ethiopia. — 2. The 
 name given (1912) to the Italian province in 
 Africa formed from Tripoli and Barca. 
 
 Libyan Desert. In ancient times, the Sahara : 
 now restricted to its eastern portion. 
 
 Libyan languages. See Berbers and Samites. 
 Libyan Sea (lib'ian se). In ancient geography, 
 that part of the Mediterranean which extends 
 from Africa proper eastward to Egypt : the Ro- 
 man Libycum Mare. 
 
 Licata (le-kii'ta), or Alicata (a-le-ka'ta). A 
 seaport in the province of Girgenti, Sicily. It 
 exports 6ulphur. Population, commune, 22, 931. 
 Lichfield (Hch'feld). [‘ The field of the dead.’] 
 A city in Staffordshire, England, 14 miles north 
 by east of Birmingham. The cathedral is a large 
 and impressive church, mostly of the 13tli and 14th cen- 
 turies. The exterior is marked by its three lofty spires, 
 the central one built by Wren. The west front is Covered, 
 except the space taken by the great central window, with 
 arcades forming niches for about 100 statues. The details 
 of the ornament are of great beauty. The nave has a fine 
 
Lichfield 
 
 triforium; the choir has none. The Lady chapel t erminates 
 in a polygonal chevet, said to be the only example of this 
 normal Pointed form in an English cathedral. The hand- 
 some 16th-century windows were brought from a convent 
 near Libge. The cathedral measures 403 by 65 feet ; length 
 of transepts, 149; height of vault, 60; height of central 
 spire, 260. There is an interesting oblong octagonal chap- 
 ter-house. Lichtield was the birthplace of Samuel John- 
 son. It was made a bishopric about 656, and was an arch- 
 bishopric for a few years at the close of the 8th century. 
 It was besieged by the Parliament in 1643. It manufac- 
 tures ale. Population, 7,902. 
 
 Lichtenberg (licli'ten-berG). A former princi- 
 pality of Germany, lying between the Rhine 
 Palatinate and Birkenfeld. It was granted to the 
 Duke of Saxe-Coburg in 1816; was made a principality in 
 1819 ; was ceded to Prussia in 1834 ; and is now the circle 
 of Sankt-Wendel, Rhine Province. 
 
 Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph. Born at Ober- 
 ramstadt, near Darmstadt, Germany, July 1, 
 1742: died at Gottingen, Feb. 24, 1799. A Ger- 
 man physicist and satirist, professor at the Uni- 
 versity of Gottingen. He is best known as the dis- 
 coverer of the electrical figures named from him. His 
 works were published 1800-05. 
 
 Lichtenstein (lich'ten-stin). A town in the 
 kingdom of Saxony, 14 miles west-southwest of 
 Chemnitz. Population.7,504. 
 
 Lichtenstein, Martin Heinrich Karl. Born 
 at Hamburg, Jan. 10, 1780: died at sea, Sept. 3, 
 1857. A German African traveler and zoolo- 
 gist, appointed professor of zoology at Berlin 
 in 1811. He lived at the Cape of Good Hope 1802-06. 
 He wrote ** Reisen im sudlichen Afrika” (“Travels in 
 Southern Africa,” 1810-11). 
 
 Lichterfelde (lich'ter-fel-de). A village 6 miles 
 southwest of Berlin. It has a school for cadets. 
 Licinia gens (11-sin 'i- a jenz). A celebrated 
 plebeian clan or house, of uncertain origin, in 
 ancient Rome. The first member of the gens who ob- 
 tained the consulship was C. Licinius Calvus Stolo, 364 B. C. 
 The Licinii almost constant ly occupied high offices of state 
 until in the4th century they obtained the imperial dignity. 
 Their family names are Calvus (with the agnomens Esqui- 
 Iinus and Stolo), Crassus (with the agnomen Dives), Geta, 
 Lucullus, Macer, Murena, Nerva, Sacerdos, Varus. The 
 following cognomens are more in the nature of personal 
 surnames than family names: Arehias, Ciecina, Damasip- 
 pus. Imbrex, Lartius, Lenticulus, Nepos, Proculus, Regu- 
 lus, Rufinus, Squillus, and Tegula. 
 
 Licinian (li-sin'i-an) Laws or Rogations. A 
 
 collection of laws proposed by the Roman trib- 
 unes Licinius Stolo and Sextius 376 B. C., and 
 passed 367 after a long obstructive contest. They 
 provided that one of the consuls must be a plebeian ; that 
 no person' could occupy more than 500 jugera of the pub- 
 lic land ; that interest on debts should be deducted from 
 the principal and the balance paid in three years; and 
 that plebeians should be admitted to the College of the 
 Sibylline Books. There were provisions limiting the cattle 
 on the public lands and limiting the slave labor on large 
 estates. 
 
 Licinius (ll-sin'i-us) (Caius Licinius Calvus 
 
 Stolo). A Roman tribune who proposed the 
 Licinian Laws (which see). 
 
 Licinius (Caius Flavius Valerius Licinia- 
 nus). BorninDacia: killed at Thessalonica, 324 
 A. D. A Roman emperor. He was made Augustus 
 by Galerius in 307. In 313 he married Constantia, sister 
 of Constantine the Great. He defeated Maximinus in the 
 same year, whereby he became sole ruler of the East, In 
 314 he became involved in war with Constantine, who had 
 made himself sole ruler of the West. Peace was shortly 
 concluded, but a new war begun in 323 ended in his defeat 
 and death. 
 
 Licking (lik'ing). A river in Kentucky, join- 
 ing the Ohio at Newport, opposite Cincinnati. 
 Length, about 200 miles. 
 
 Lick (lik) Observatory. An observatory found- 
 ed and endowed by James Lick, a wealthy Cali- 
 fornian (1796-1876), and transferred to the re- 
 gents of the University of California in 1888. 
 It is situated on the summit of Mount Hamilton in Santa 
 Clara County, California, east of San Josd. It is in lat. 37° 
 21' 8" N., long. 121° 21' 40" W. It contains a refracting tele- 
 scope of 36-inch aperture, made by Alvan Clark and Sons. 
 
 Liddell (lid'el), Henry George. Born 1811: 
 died at Ascot, Berks, Jan. 18, 1898. An English 
 clergyman and classical scholar, dean of Christ 
 Church, Oxford, 1855-92. HepublishedwithR. Scott 
 
 a Greek lexicon (1843: 7th ed. 1883), and wrote a “His- 
 tory of Rome” (1855), etc. 
 
 Liddesdale (lid'ez-dal). The valley of the Lid- 
 del, a small tributary of the Esk, in Roxburgh- 
 shire, Scotland. 
 
 Liddon (lid'ou), Henry Parry. Born at North 
 Stoneham, Hampshire, Aug. 20, 1829 : died at 
 Weston-super-Mare, Sept. 9, 1890. An English 
 High-church clergyman, celebrated as a preach- 
 er. He graduated at Oxford (Christ Church) 1850, where 
 he identified himself with the Oxford (High-church) move- 
 ment. In 1854 he became vice-principal of the theological 
 college at Cuddesdon (resigning in 1859), and in 1859 vice- 
 principal of St. Edmund s Hall, Oxford. In 1863 he was 
 appointed select preacher to the university (reappointed 
 1870, 1877, 1884) ; in 1870 a canon of St. Paul's, where he 
 preached with great effect ; and in 1886 chancellor of St. 
 Paul’s. He published several series of sermons and other 
 religious works. 
 
 610 
 
 Lidkoping (lid'che-ping). A town in the laen 
 of Skaraborg, Sweden, situated on Lake Wener 
 70 miles northeast of Gothenburg. Population, 
 6,660. 
 
 Lie (le), Jonas Lauritz Edemil. BornatDram- 
 men, Norway, Nov. 6, 1833: died at Bterum, 
 near Christiania, July 5, 1908. A Norwegian 
 novelist. He entered the naval academy at Frederiks- 
 viern, but a year later was forced to give up this career 
 because of near-sightedness. Subsequently he studied 
 jurisprudence at Christiania, and ultimately Bettled at 
 Kongsviqger in the practice of his profession. Here he 
 also found time for journalistic work, and made frequent 
 contributions to journals and periodicals. In 1864 ap- 
 peared a first collection of poems. In 1865 he removed to 
 Christiania in order to devote himself wholly to literature. 
 His first novel, "Den Fremsynte" (“The Foreseer ”), ap- 
 peared in 1870. With government assistance he now spent 
 a summer in travel in the north, the fruit of which was 
 “Fortsellinger og Skildringer fra Norze” (“Tales and De- 
 scriptions of Norway ”), and then was enabled to undertake 
 a journey to Rome. His next novel, “ Tremasteren Frem- 
 tiden eller Liv nordpaa” (“The Bark Future, or Life up 
 North," 1872), was a description of Norse life at sea, the 
 direction in which he made his particular fame. This 
 was followed in 1874 by his most widely known novel, 
 “Lodsen og hans Hustru” (“The Pilot and his Wife”). 
 
 • Results of his Italian journey were “Fanfulia,” “Antonio 
 Banniera,” and the lyrical drama “Faustina Strozzi” (all 
 from 1875). “ Thomas Ross ” (1878) and “ Adam Schrader " 
 (1879) are novels of city life. “Rutland" (1881) is a sea 
 story. A three-act comedy, “ Grabows Kat,” was success- 
 fully produced in Christiania and Stockholm. In his later 
 years he lived much abroad (alternately in Stuttgart, 
 Berchtesgaden, and Dresden). 
 
 Liebau (le'bou). A manufacturing town in the 
 province of Silesia, Prussia, 54 miles southwest 
 of Breslau. Population, about 5,000. 
 
 Liebenstein (le'ben-stin). A watering-place in 
 Saxe-Meiningen, in the Thuringian Forest 12 
 miles south of Eisenach. 
 
 Lieber (le'ber), Francis. Born at Berlin, March 
 18, 1800: died at New York, Oct. 2, 1872. A Ger- 
 man-Ameriean publicist. He was imprisoned by the 
 Prussian authorities in 1819 and 1824 ; removed to the 
 United States in 1827 ; edited the “ Encyclopiedia Ameri- 
 cana” (1829-33) ; and was professor of history and political 
 economy in South Carolina College 1835-56, and in Columbia 
 College 1857-72. His works include “ Manual of Political 
 Ethics” (1838), “Legal and Political Hermeneutics” (1839), 
 “Civil Liberty and Self-Government" (1853), “Guerrilla 
 Parties” (1S62), “Instructions for the Government of the 
 Armies of the United States in the Field” (1863), etc. 
 
 Lieber, Oscar Montgomery. Born at. Boston, 
 Sept. 8, 1830 : died at Richmond, Va., June 27, 
 1862. An American geologist and chemist, son 
 of Francis Lieber. 
 
 Lieberkiihn (le'ber-kiin), Johann Nathanael. 
 Born 1711: died at Berlin, 1765. A noted Ger- 
 man anatomist. The Lieberkuhnian glands were 
 named from him. 
 
 Liebig (le'bia), Baron Justus von. Born at 
 Darmstadt, May 12,1803: died at Munich, April 
 18, 1873. A celebrated German chemist, ap- 
 pointed professor of chemistry at Giessen in 
 1824, and at Munich in 1852. He established at 
 Giessen a noted laboratory for researches in organic chem- 
 istry and the application of chemistry to agriculture, food, 
 etc. With Poggendorlf he wrote the “Handworterbnch 
 der Chemie ’ (“Dictionary of Chemistry,” 1837-64). His 
 works include “Handbuch der organischen Chemie” (in 
 Geiger’s “Handbuch der Pharmacie,” 1839), “Die orga- 
 nische Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agrikultur ” (“ Or- 
 ganic Chemistry in its Application to Agriculture,” 1840), 
 
 ‘ ‘ Die Tierchemie Oder oiganische Chemie in ihrer Anwen- 
 dung auf Physiologic und Pathologie ” (“Animal Chemistry 
 or Organic Chemistry in its Application to Physiology anil 
 Pathology, ’’ 1842), “ Chemische Briefe”(translated into Eng- 
 lish as “Familiar Letters on Chemistry," 1844), “Grund- 
 satze der Agrikulturchemie ” (1855), “Theorie und Praxis 
 der Landwirtlischaft ” (1856), “Naturwissenschaftliehe 
 Brief e fiber die moderne Landwirthschaft” (1859), etc. 
 
 Liebknecht (lep'knecht), Wilhelm. Born at 
 Giessen, Hesse, March 29, 1826 : died at Ber- 
 lin, Aug. 7, 1900. A German politician and 
 journalist. He took part in the revolutionary move- 
 ment in Baden in 1848, and lived in exile in Switzer- 
 land and England from 1849 to 1862, when he returned to 
 Germany. He joined the International in 1864, became 
 the leader of the Verband deutscher Arbeitervereine in 
 1868, and was elected a member of the Reichstag by the 
 Social Democrats in 1874. 
 
 Liechtenstein (lech'ten-stin). An independent 
 principality of Europe, bounded by Vorarlberg 
 on the east, the canton of Grisons (Switzerland) 
 on the south, and the canton of St.-Gall on the 
 west. Capital, Vaduz. The surface is generally moun- 
 tainous. The government is vested in the Prince of Liech- 
 tenstein and a Landtag ; they are under Austrian influence. 
 The religion is Roman Catholic. It was made a principality 
 in 1719, and belonged to the German Confederation until 
 1866. Area, 65 square miles. Population, 9,477. 
 
 Lieder ohne Worte (le'der o'ne vor'te). [G., 
 ‘ songs without words.’] A series of pianoforte 
 pieces by Mendelssohn, six books, containing six 
 songs each, were published before his death, and two 
 others after it. 
 
 Liege (lyazh), G. Liittich (liit'tich), D. Luik 
 (loik). 1 . A province of Belgium, hounded by 
 
 Light Brigade, Charge of the 
 
 Limburg and the Netherlands on the north, 
 Rhenish Prussia on the east, Luxemburg on the 
 south, Namur on the southwest, and Brabant on 
 the west. The inhabitants are chiefly Walloons. 
 Area, 1,117 square miles. Population, 826,- 
 175. — 2. [L. Leodium .] The capital of the 
 province of Liege, situated at the junction of the 
 Ourthe and Meuse, in lat. 50° 39' N., long. 5° 33' 
 E. It is the center of an important mining region of coal, 
 iron, etc. ; is famous for the manufacture of firearms ; and 
 has also manufactures of engines, zinc, etc. The cathedral is 
 of very early foundation, but the existing nave was rebuilt 
 in 1528, and the choir in 1280. The dimensions are £76 by 
 111 feet ; height of vaulting, 80. St. Jacques ia a late- 
 Pointed church with polygonal chevet and radiating chap- 
 els, and a fine Romanesque west tower. On the north is 
 a notable Renaissance portal of the 16th century. The inte- 
 rior is very rich, with intricately carved moldings around the 
 arches, color-decoration on the vaulting, 16th-century glass, 
 and a sculptured stone choir-screen. The dimensions axe 
 260 by 100 feet ; height of vaulting, 75. The state univer- 
 sity, founded in 1817, has over 2,600 students. The Palais 
 de Justice was formerly the episcopal palace. Liege was 
 sacked by Charles the Bold in 1467 and 1468, and was often 
 besieged and taken. It belonged to France from 1794 to 
 1814. Population, commune, 175,870. 
 
 Li&ge, Bishopric of. A former bishopric extend- 
 ing northward and southwestward of the city of 
 Liege. It belonged to the Westphalian circle of the em- 
 pire ; was acquired by France in 1794 ; passed by the Con- 
 gress of Vienna to the Netherlands; and in 1831 was ceded 
 to Belgium. 
 
 Liegnitz (leg' nits). The capital of the govern- 
 ment district of Liegnitz, Silesia, Prussia, situ- 
 ated at the junction of the Schwarzwasser and 
 Katzbach, in lat. 51° 13' N., long. 16° 9' E. its 
 manufactures are extensive and varied, and it has a flour- 
 ishing trade. It was the capital of the principality of 
 Liegnitz down to 1675, when it was acquir ed by Austria. 
 It was ceded to Prussia in 1742. Near it was fought the 
 battle of Katzbach 1813. Population, commune, 59,706. 
 
 Liegnitz, Battles of. 1. A battle fought at 
 Wahlstatt, near Liegnitz, April 9, 1241. it was 
 a victory for the Mongols under Batu over the Germans 
 and Poles; but the Mongol advance into central Europe 
 was checked, and the contest is hence regarded as one of 
 the decisive battles of the world. 
 
 2. A victory gained near Liegnitz, Aug. 15, 
 1760, by Frederick the Great over the Austrians 
 under Laudon. It prevented the junction of 
 the Austrians and Russians. 
 
 Lierre (le-ar'), Flem. Lier (le'er). A town in 
 the province of Antwerp, Belgium, situated at 
 the junction of the Great and Little Neethe, 10 
 miles southeast of Antwerp, it lias silk factories, 
 and the Church of St. Gomarius is noteworthy. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 25,612. 
 
 Liestal (les'tal). The capital of the half-ea: - 
 ton of Basel-Laud, Switzerland, situated on 
 the Ergolz 8 miles southeast of Basel. Popu- 
 lation, 5,403. 
 
 Lievens, or Livens (le'vens), or Lievenz, Jan. 
 
 Boru at Leyden, Oct. 24, 1607 : died at Antwerp 
 about 1663. A Dutch painter and engraver. 
 Li6vin (lya-van'). A town in the department 
 of Pas-de-Calais, northern Franee, situated 
 near Lens. Population, commune, 22,070. 
 Life Let US Cherish. [G. Freuteucli des Lebens. ] 
 A favorite German song, written by Martin Us- 
 teri .of Zurich, published in 1796. The music was 
 written by Hans Georg Nageli in 1793. Grove. 
 Life of Christ, The. A remarkable series of six 
 paintings by Rembrandt, executed about 1640 
 for the Stallholder of the Netherlands, and now 
 in the Old Pinakothek, Munich. The finest of the 
 series is the “Entombment,” whose chief group is thrown 
 into vigorous relief by a ray of strong light amid the som- 
 ber surroundings. In the “ Nativity,” the Virgin sits be- 
 side the infant Jesus, who lies on a bed of straw before the 
 wondering shepherds. St. Joseph holds a lamp, from which 
 all the light of the picture proceeds. 
 
 Liffey (lif'i). A river iii eastern Ireland which 
 flows into Dublin Bay at Dublin. Length, about 
 50 miles. 
 
 Ligarius (li-ga'ri-us), Quintus. Lived in the 
 middle of the 1st century B. c. A Roman com- 
 mander, an adherent of Pompey, defended be- 
 fore Caesar by Cicero. 
 
 Liger (li'jer), or Ligeris (-is). [Gr. A elyt/p.] 
 The Latin name of the Loire. 
 
 Light Brigade, Charge of the. A celebrated 
 charge made by the Light Brigade of 670 men, 
 under Lord Cardigan, on a Russian battery at 
 Balaklava, Oct. 25, 1854. The command to charge 
 (about which there has been much dispute) was given to 
 Lord Cardigan by Lord Lucan, in pursuance of orders is- 
 sued by Lord Raglan. There was a battery in front, a bat- 
 tery on each flank, and Russian riflemen on both sides. 
 According to Cardigan's account (Kinglake)," the time oc- 
 cupied from the movement of the brigade to the attack to 
 the time of re-forming on the same ground did not exceed 
 twenty minutes — the distance passed over was one mile 
 aiidaquarter, at the lowest calculat ion — and in that space 
 of time 300 men who had gone into action were killed, 
 wounded, or missing, and 396 horses were put horn de com- 
 bat. Of the 670 men who had gone into action, only 195 
 were mounted when the brigade re-formed on the ground 
 
Light Brigade, Charge of the 611 Lima e Silva, Luiz Alves de 
 
 from which they had moved off, and during the engage- cient geography, that part of the Mediterranean Lillibullero (lil // i-bu-le ' ro), or Lilliburlero 
 ment 24 officers were killed or wounded. ” Tennyson’slyric w ] 1 j c j 1 ij es uear Liguria. (-ber-le'ro). A political song satirizing James 
 
 on the charge is well known. T i TTnncr Fhnnir fie hone - chanff) Born about II. of England, who had made an unwelcome 
 
 Lightfoot (lit'fut), John. Born at Stoke-upon- , 1 qoo'| fn„ m - 0 to nee 0 f Anhwei - died at Peking nomination to the lord-lieutenancy of Ireland 
 Trent, England, March 29, 1602 : died at Ely, I , , ppjJpop statesman’ It was written by Lord Wharton about 1686. Itisclaimed 
 
 rv,„ R An ominnnt TTohrn.ist and rnhhini- hi 01 . /, iJOL. A noted Omnese siai.sman, that the music, originally a march or quickstep, was by 
 
 Henry Purcell, but it is also said to have been known in 
 
 Dec. 6, 1675. An eminent Hebraist and rabbini- 
 cal scholar. He was rector successively of Stone (Staf- 
 ford), St. Bartholomew’s (London), and Great Munden 
 (Hertfordshire); a member of tile Westminster Assembly ; 
 and vice-chancellor of Cambridge University (1654). He 
 was appointed to a prebend at Ely in 1668. His chief works 
 are “Horse Hebraicse et Talmudicse ’ (1658-74) and a “Har- 
 mony of the Four Evangelists, etc." (1644). 
 
 Lightfoot, Joseph Barber. Born at Liverpool, 
 April 13, 1828 ; died at Bournemouth, Dec. 21, 
 1889. An English prelate and scholar, made 
 bishop of Durham in 1879. He graduated at the 
 University of Cambridge (Trinity College) in 1851, became 
 a fellow of Trinity in 1852, and Hulsean professor of divin- 
 ity in 1861. In 1871 he was appointed a canon of St. Panl’s. 
 He was an influential member of the committee for the 
 revision of the New Testament. He published commen- 
 taries on St. Paul's Epistles to the Galatians (1865), the 
 Philippines (1868), and the Colossians and Philemon (1875), 
 “A Fresh Revision of the New Testament” (1871), an edi- 
 tion of Ignatius and Polycarp (1885), sermons, addresses, 
 etc. 
 
 Light-Horse Harry. A surname of the Ameri- 
 can cavalry commander Henry Lee. 
 Lighthouse of San Salvador, The. The Izalco 
 volcano, in the republic of Salvador, so called 
 because the light of its almost constant erup- 
 
 pr 
 
 Nov. 7, 1901. A noted Chinese statesman, 
 known as “the Bismarck of Asia.” He joined 
 General Gordon in opposing the T'ai-p’ing rebellion against 
 Tatar rule : they were successful, both receiving the yellow 
 jacket and the three-eyed peacock's feather, the highest 
 orders bestowed by the emperors. He was appointed 
 governor-general of Chi-li province and senior grand sec- 
 retary of state in 1870, remaining the intermediary be- 
 
 Ireland in the first quarter of the 17th century. The son 
 is the merest doggerel, but contributed a great impetus 
 to the revolution of 1688. The whole army and the people 
 sang it constantly. The taking refrain “ Lilliburlero 
 bullen a la" was specially adapted to the music of the 
 
 j ... , „ , quickstep with which the soldiers were familiar. 
 
 tween China and the world at large until the beginning of t j-i l;—.. 4. /inn vui t ) A ennutrv mi tho clinro nf 
 
 the war with Japan. With thefirst reversesof the waroi lilliiput (JU l-put). A COlinuy on tne Shore 01 
 1894, on the Chinese side, his enemies prevailed upon the which Uulliver is wrecked, in Swift S hrulli- 
 emperor to strip him of his highest decorations, and, vei^S Travels. The inhabitants (the Lilliputians) were 
 
 he was obliged to share the command of the army with go sma n that Gulliver was a giant to them. 
 
 Prince Kunf’were superseded in command^/ the armyb.Y Lilliput. A play, taken from ‘ Gulliver's Trav- 
 Liu-kun-yi, an enemy of Li. But at the close of the war, els,” produced by Garrick m Dec., 1/56. It was 
 afterineifectual efforts by others, Li Hung Chang was made played by children whom he trained himself, 
 the high commissioner for China, with absolute powers, -r .-ii m . / = \ r<nr,rfTa Born near Mnnrfiolds 
 
 and brought about an agreement for peace between his WUO (^0^ Oeorgtb Bom near Mooifaelds, 
 
 country and Japan. He was the organizer of the only body 
 of modem soldiers China employed, the founder of her navy 
 of modern ships, the builder of her first railway. The faults 
 of the Chinese army for which he was degraded early in 
 the war were due to the weakness and ignorance of the 
 Tsung-li-yamen, the board which conducted the war, and 
 to which Li was subordinated. He was prime minister of 
 Chins 1895-98. He visited Europe and the United States 
 in 1896. In July, 1900, he was appointed governor of Chi-li, 
 and played an important part in the negotiations which 
 accompanied and followed the siege of the legations. He 
 was one of the Chinese peace commissioners. 
 
 Feb. 4, 1693: died at London, Sept. 3, 1739. An 
 English dramatist. He was the son of a Dutch jew- 
 eler (his mother was English), aud was bred to his father's 
 trade. Hewrote “ Sylvia, ortheCountry Burial,” a ballad- 
 opera (acted 1730) ; “ The Merchant,” renamed “ The Lon- 
 don Merchant, or the History of George Barnwell,” and 
 usually called “George Barnwell ” (acted 1731), longa suc- 
 cessful play ; “Britannia, or the Royal Lovers "(acted 1734); 
 “The Christian Hero” (acted 1735); “Fatal Curiosity" 
 (acted 1736) ; and an adaptation of an old play, “ Arden of 
 Feversham,” completed after Lillo’s death by John Hoad- 
 ley (acted 1759). 
 
 IGrrht nf Asin The ^ Anoeui by Sir Edwin Ar- LilbTlrne ( lil ' b6m ), John. Born at Greenwich, Lilly, John. See Lyly. 
 
 Ii?‘l«78 P England, about 1614: died at Eltham, Aug. 29, Lilly (lil'i), William. Born at Diseworth, 
 
 1657. An English political agitator and Puri- 
 tan pamphleteer. He was arrested Dec. 11, 1637, on the 
 charge of printing unlicensed books (Prynne’s and others), 
 whipped and pilloried, and imprisoned until released at 
 the opening of the Long Parliament. At the battle of Brent- 
 ford he was taken prisoner, and was subsequently tried for 
 treason, but was exchanged in 1643, and became (1644) lieu- 
 tenant-colonel of dragoons. He was several times im- 
 prisoned and fined foi scandalous attacks on persons of 
 authority, and finally tried for sedition. Notwithstanding T /lil'i) William 
 his acquittal, he was transferred to the Tower, thence to 1 — ’’ - YV 
 
 Elizabeth Castle, Guernsey, and from there to Dover 
 Castle (Oct., 1655) He became a Quaker, and shortly after 
 that Cromwell released him. He wrote a large number 
 of controversial pamphlets. 
 
 nold, published in 1878. 
 
 Light of the World, The. 1. An oratorio in 
 two parts by Sir Arthui Sullivan, produced in 
 1873 . — 2. A poem by Sir Edwin Arnold, pub- 
 lished in 1890. — 3. A noted picture by Holman 
 Hunt. It represents the Saviour standing at night be- 
 fore a closed door with a lighted lantern in his hand. It was 
 presented to Keble College, Oxford, by Mrs. Thomas Combe. 
 
 Ligne (leny), Prince Charles Joseph de. Born 
 at Brussels, May 12, 1735: died at Vienna, Dec. 
 
 13, 1814. An Austrian field-marshal. He wrote 
 ‘ Melanges militaires, littoraires, et sentimentaires ” (1795- 
 1811) “ CEuvres posthumes” (1817), etc. 
 
 Lionv (len-ye'). ^A village in the province of Lilburne, Robert. Born in Durham, 1613: died 
 " ’ ' 25 miles south-southeast of at St. Nicholas Island, 1665. An English “ regi- 
 
 cide,” brother of J ohn Lilburne. He was an officer 
 (colonel of infantry) in the Parliamentary army and in 
 Dec., 1648, was appointed oneof Charles’s judges, and signed 
 his death-warrant. In the Scottish campaigns (1651) he 
 served with distinction, aud was rewarded by Parliament. 
 At the Restoration he was tried and condemned to death, 
 but the sentence was not executed. He died a prisoner. 
 Lili. See Schonemann. 
 
 Ligon (lig'on), Richard. An English royalist Lilienstein (lei' yen- stin). Oneof the chief 
 who, having lost his fortune, emigrated to Bar- heights of the Saxon Switzerland, southeast of 
 hados in 1647. Soon after his return in 1650, his credi- Dresden. Height, 1,325 feet, 
 tore cast him into prison, where he died. He published T rTU-1, tvonoloWI ‘ nicrhl mon 
 
 “A True and Exact History of Barbadoes” (London, 1650), Lilltll (ill ltn). [Ueb., tianslateu night mon- 
 
 which is the best of the early works on that island. ster ’ : usually referred to the Semitic word for 
 
 Ligonier (lig-o-ner'), John (Jean Louis), Earl ‘ night.’] A demon that dwells in deserted 
 
 Lei- 
 
 Narnur, Belgium, 
 
 Brussels. A victory was gained here by Napoleon over 
 the Prussians under Bliicher June 16, 1815. Loss of the Prus- 
 sians, 12,000 ; of the French, 8,000. 
 
 Ligny-en-Barrois (len-ye 'on-ba-rwa'). A 
 town in the department of Meuse, France, sit- 
 uated 11 miles southeast of Bar-le-Duc, on the 
 Ornain. Population, commune, 5,488. 
 
 Ligonier. Born at Castres, France, Nov. 7, 1680 : 
 died April 28, 1770. A distinguished English 
 soldier, of Huguenot descent, made field-mar- 
 shal and Earl Ligonier of Ripley, Surrey, in 1766. 
 He came to England in 1697 ; entered the army under Marl- 
 
 eestershire, May 1, 1602 : died at Hersham, June 
 9, 1681. A noted English astrologer and prophet. 
 He was the author of a series of almanacs (1644-80, yearly), 
 of many prophetic pamphlets, of the “ Christian Aeti ology " 
 
 S , long an authority on the art (reprinted as an “ Intro- 
 on to Astrology,” 1852), of the “True History of King 
 James I. and King Charles I.” (1651), and of “The History 
 of Lilly’s Life and Times” (1715), an autobiography. He 
 resided in London 1620-66, and after that at Hersham. 
 
 Born at Odiham, Hamp- 
 shire, England, about 1468: died at London, 
 1522. A noted English grammarian, a friend of 
 Colet, Erasmus, and More, and one of the first 
 teachers of Greek in England. He studied the class- 
 ics in Italy under Sulpicius and Pomponius Lretus, ana in 
 1512 was appointed high master of Colet’s school in St. 
 Paul's Churchyard. He contributed a Latin syntax (“Grain- 
 matices Rudimenta ”) to the “ Jiditio ” of Colet (1509 ?), aud, 
 with the aid of Erasmus, wrote a syntax (“Absolutissimus 
 de octo orationis partium constructione ”), published in 
 1513. The two (“,-T-Mitio" and “Absolutissimus") were 
 revised and combined as a Latin grammar (1540), entitled 
 “Institutio compendiaria totius grammaticse, etc., "which 
 was again issued, in altered form, in 1574, under the title 
 “A Short Introduction of Grammar, etc.” In this form it 
 was used and quoted by Shakspere. It was the national 
 Latin grammar, and continued in popular use in various 
 editions for many years. 
 
 Lilybaeum (lil-i-be'um). In ancient geography, 
 a city near the promontory of Lilybseum (at the 
 western extremity of Sicily: now Cape Boeo), 
 founded by Carthage: the modern Marsala 
 (which see). It was besieged and finally taken 
 bv the Romans 250-241 B. c. 
 
 places, mentioned in Isa. xxxiv. 14 : in rabbin- 
 ical literature depicted as a female roaming in 
 
 the night, and especially dangerous to children Lily Maid of Astolat. The name given to 
 and to women in childbirth. The demon is proba- Elaine in the story of Sir Lancelot. 
 
 _ . .... K y £ f . i ; e S'l ent I y !“ Lily of the Valley, The. See Ly.s dans la Val- 
 
 borough in 1702, and took part in all the military events the incantations. The Talmudists say that the name of , - t 
 
 till 1710 ; was appointed governor of Fort St. Philip, Mi- Adam s first wife was Lilith. . ’ ' A-, ..-. mu. Pi rn and of the 
 
 norca; became brigadier-general and major-general in Lililiokalani (le-le-WO-kii-la'ne). Born Sept. 2, Lima (le ma). the capital Ot e , a ft ' 
 1739; commanded the English infantry at the battle of ]838 . Th( , ex-queen of the Hawaiian Islands: department of Lima, situated in lat. 1- 2 Jm, 
 
 sister of King Kalaka.ua. She married an American, 
 
 John O. Dominis, who was governor of Oahu. He died in 
 1891, and in the same year, on the death of the king, she 
 ascended the throne. In 1893 she was deposed. (See 
 Hawaiian Inlands.) Her heiress presumptive was her 
 niece, daughter of her younger sister and A. S. Cleghorn, 
 governor of Oahu after the death of Dominis. 
 
 Fontenoy, May 11, 1745; and was commander-in-chief of 
 the British forces at the battle of Raucoux, Oct. 11, 1746. 
 He was made prisoner at the battle of Lawfeld, July 2, 
 1747. 
 
 Liguori (le-gwo're), Alfonso Maria de’. Born 
 at Marianella, near Naples, Sept 26, 1696: died 
 at Noeera dei Pagani, Italy, Aug. 1, 1787. An 
 
 Italian theologian, founder of the order of the Lille (lei); formerly L’lsle (lei), Flem. Ryssel 
 n-j 1,700 A ~~ ' u: 1 (ris'sel). The capital of the department of 
 
 Redemptorists in 1732. Among his works are 
 “Theologia moralis” (1755), “Homo apostoli- 
 cus” (1782), etc. 
 
 Liguria (li-gu'ri-a). In ancient geography, the 
 country of the Ligurians, in northwestern Italy 
 and southeastern France. At the time of Augustus 
 it was included between the Mediterranean and the rivers 
 Var , Po, Trebbia, and Magra. Originally it extended be- 
 yond these limits. It was at war with Rome from about 
 200 B. C. to about 120 B. 0. ; and waa finally subjugated 14 
 B. a 
 
 long. 77° 7' W., 7 miles east of its seaport Cal- 
 lao. It is the leading commercial center of Peru. The 
 cathedral is alarge building in a style based on the Renais- 
 sance. Tlie university, chartered by Charles V. in 1551, is 
 the oldest in America. Lima was founded by Pizarro in 
 1535 ; has been often visited by earthquakes, most disas- 
 trously Oct. 28, 1746 ; has been the scene of frequent in- 
 surrections ; was entered by the army of San Martin 1821 ; 
 and was occupied bv the Chileans from Jan. 17, 1881, to 
 Oct. 21, 1883. Population, 140,884. 
 
 Nord, France, situated on the Deule in lat. Lima (li'ma). A city and the capital of Allen 
 50° 38' N., long 3° 2' E. It is an important fortress; County, western Ohio, 84 miles northwest of 
 is one of the chief cities of France, and a great manufac- Columbus : noted as the center of a petroleum 
 turing center ; has grown largely in late years ; and has ■ Bonn Inti on 30 508 ( 1910 ) 
 
 manufactures of woolen cotton, and linen goods, thread, region. Population, ou,ooo, ( iviv). 
 
 sugar, mafchinery, etc. Lille was fortified by Baldwin IV. Lima (le'rnii), Audience of. The supreme Court 
 of Flanders (about 1030) ; passed to Burgundy, and later to of p eru ( l, lr i n tr the colonial period. It was estab- 
 the B ouse of Hapsburg ; was taken by Louis XI V in 1667 ; j n J544, and originally there was no appeal from its 
 
 was taken by the Duke of Marlborough in 1708, but restored 
 to France in 1713 ; and was unsuccessfully besieged by the 
 Austrians in 1792. Population, commune, 205,602. 
 
 Liguria (It. pron. le-go're-a). Acompartimento Lillebonne (lel-bon'). A town in the depart- 
 of modern Italy, comprising the provinces of ment of Seine-Inf erieure, France, on the Bolbec 
 Genoa and Porto Maurizio. 19 miles east of Havre: the Roman Juliobana. 
 
 Ligurian (li-gfi'ri-an) Alps. That part of the It contains a ruined medieval castle and Roman antiqui- 
 Alps in northwestern Italy which extends from tie3 > including a theater which is the best-preserved ex- 
 tho fiol rli Ginvi to tho Gol rli Ten /in am P le *> f:lr nolUl - Population, commune, 6,180. 
 
 That part of' the Apen- Lillehammer (lil'le-ham-mer). A small town 
 rom the Ligurian Alps m southern Norway, situated on Lake Mjosen. 
 
 the Col di Giovi to the Col di Tenda. 
 
 Ligurian Apennines. 
 
 nines which extends fr 0 
 
 to the borders of Tuscany. Liliers (le-lar'). A town in the department of 
 
 Ligurian Republic. The name assumed by the Pas-de-Calais, northern France, 23 miles north- 
 republic of Genoa, formed on the model of west of Arras. It is said to have contained 
 France, in 1797. It was annexed to France 1805. Ibe earliest artesian well. 
 
 Ligurian Sea. [L. Ugusticum Mare.] In an- mune, 7,993. 
 
 decisions except in civil cases involving more than 10,000 
 pesos de oro: later its powers were somewhat restricted. 
 The audiences of Chile, Charcas, etc., were subordinate to 
 it. The viceroy was ex-officio president of the audience; 
 in case of a vacancy in bis office one of the auditors became 
 president, and acted ad interim as viceroy. 
 
 Lima e Silva (le'ma e sel'va). Francisco de. 
 
 Born at Rio de Janeiro, July 5, 1785 : died there, 
 Dec. 2, 1853. A Brazilian general and states- 
 man. In 1824 he suppressed the revolt at Pernambuco. 
 After the abdication of Pedro I. (April 6, 1831) he was a 
 member of the temporary regency, and, by the death of one 
 of his colleagues and the retirement of the other, remained 
 the sole ruler until Oct. 12, 1835. Soon after this he was 
 elected senator. 
 
 Population, com- Lima e Silva, Luiz Alves de, Baron, Count, 
 Marquis, and, from March 23, 1869, Duko of 
 
Lima e Silva, Luiz Alves de 
 
 Caxias. Born at Bio de Janeiro, Aug. 25,1803: 
 died near that city, May 7, 1880. A Brazilian sol- 
 dier and statesman, son of Francisco de Lima e 
 Silva. Aspresidentof Maranhao(Feb., 1840, to May, 1841), 
 Sao Paulo (May, 1842, to Dec., 1*42), and Rio Grande do Sul 
 (Dec., 1842, to Oct., 1846), he crushed rebellions in all those 
 provinces. In 1851-62 he commanded the Brazilian army 
 which, in alliance with Urquiza, drove the dictator Rosas 
 from Buenos Ayres. A conservative, he was senator from 
 1866; minister of war June, 1855; and, by the death of 
 the Marquis of Parand, premier Sept. 3, 1856, to May 3, 
 1857, and again March 3, 1861, to May 4, 1862. From Oct., 
 1866, to Feb., 1869 he was commander-in-chief of the Bra- 
 zilian forces in Paraguay, and during a portion of the time 
 commanded the Argentine forces also. This period was 
 marked by the great successes of the war, including the oc- 
 cupation of Humaitd, July, 1868, and of Asuncion, Jan. 5, 
 1869. He was for a third time premier June 25, 1875, to 
 Jau. 1, 1878; attained the military rank of marshal Dec., 
 1862; and was the only duke created during the empire. 
 
 Limagne (le-many'). A fertile district in the 
 basin of the Allier, Auvergne, France, forming 
 part of the department of Ptiy-de-Dome. 
 Limasol, or Limassol (le-ma-sol'). A seaport 
 on the southern coast of Cyprus, situated in lat. 
 34° 40' N., long. 33° 3' E. It exports wine. Pop- 
 ulation, 9,044. 
 
 Limbach (lim'b&ch), A town in the kingdom 
 of Saxony, 8 miles west-northwest of Chem- 
 nitz. It manufactures stockings, etc. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 13,723. 
 
 Limberham, or The Kind Keeper. A play by 
 Dryden, produced in 1678. The character of Lim- 
 berham is said to be a satire of the Duke of Lauderdale, 
 but there were also features of Shaftesbury in it. 
 
 Limborch (lim'boreh), Philippus van. Born 
 at Amsterdam, June 19, 1633: died there, April 
 30, 1712. A Dutch Arminian theologian, pastor 
 and later (1668) professor in the College of the 
 Bemonstrants in Amsterdam. He was a friend 
 of Locke, who addressed to him his ‘‘Epistola 
 de tolerantia.” 
 
 Limburg (lan-bor'). A province of Belgium, 
 bounded by the Netherlands on the north and 
 east. Capital, Hasselt. Area, 931 square miles. 
 Population, 240,796. 
 
 Limburg (lim'borG). A province of the Nether- 
 lands, bordering on Prussia and Belgium. 
 Capital, Maestricht. Area, 850 square miles. 
 Population, 334,586. 
 
 Limburg. A former duchy, corresponding to 
 the two provinces defined above, it passed to Bra- 
 bant in 128S ; was divided between Spain and the Nether- 
 lands in 1648; was under French rule from 1794 to 1814 ; 
 was allotted to the Netherlands in 1814-15 ; joined Belgium 
 in 1830 ; and in 1839 was divided between Belgium and the 
 Netherlands. 
 
 Limburg. A town in the province of Li&ge, Bel- 
 gium, on the Vesdre 17 miles east of Li^ge. it 
 was the former capital of the duchy of Limburg. Near it, 
 at Herve, the Limburger cheese is manufactured. 
 Limburg-on-the-Lahn (lim'boro-on-THe-lan'). 
 A town in the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prus- 
 sia, situated on the Lahn 21 miles east of Co- 
 blenz: noted for its cathedral (13th century), 
 and for the ‘ 1 Limburg Chronicle,” which records 
 its history. 
 
 Limburg-on-the-Lenne (-len'). S eeSohenlim- 
 burg. 
 
 Limerick (lim'e-rik). 1. A county in Munster, 
 Ireland. It is bounded by Clare (separated by the Shan- 
 non)aud Tipperary on the north, Tipperary on the east, Cork 
 on the south, and Kerry on the west The soil is fertile, 
 especially near the Shannon and in the “ Golden Vale/' 
 Area, 1,064 eq. m. Pop. (inch co. borough), 146,098. 
 
 2. The capital of County Limerick, situated on 
 the Shannon in lat. 52° 40' N., long. 8° 37' W. 
 It consists of English Town (on an island), Irish Town, and 
 Newtown Perry, and is an important river port. The cathe- 
 dral was founded in the 12th century, but modified through 
 the later middle ages. It has no transepts, and possesses a 
 fine tower over the west end. The exterior is battlemented. 
 The nave has Early English arches, hut rouud arches in 
 the triforium ; the choir has a square chevet with a win- 
 dowof early- Pointed type. The aisleshave been encroached 
 upon to form an extensive series of chapels. Limerick was 
 a Danisli town in the 9tli, 10th, and 11th centuries ; was con- 
 quered by the English iu 1174 ; was taken by the English 
 under Ireton in 1651 ; was unsuccessfully besieged by Wil- 
 liam III. 1690 ; and wa9 the last Jacobite stronghold, sur- 
 rendering to the English Oct. 3, 1691. It was known as 
 “ the City of the Violated Treaty ” (see below). Popula- 
 tion, 38,151. 
 
 Limerick, Treaty of, or Pacification of. A 
 
 treaty concluded between the English com- 
 mander Ginkel and the Irish commander Sars- 
 field, Oct., 1691, granting amnesty, liberty, and 
 other privileges to the Irish Catholics, and per- 
 mission to volunteer in the French service. The 
 Irish Parliament, however, insisted on its being 
 virtually ignored. 
 
 Limfjord (lim'fydrd). A sea passage cutting off 
 the northern portion of Jutland, Denmark, from 
 the main division. Length, about 100 miles. 
 Limmat (lim'mat). A river in northern Swit- 
 zerland which flows through the Lake of Zurich 
 
 612 
 
 and joins the Aar near Brugg (Aargau). It is 
 called the Linth in its upper course. Total 
 length, about 80 miles. 
 
 Limnse (lirn'ne). [L., from Gr.,‘the marshes.’] 
 A region in ancient Athens, important as the 
 seat of the earliest cult of Bacchus and the first 
 rudimentary dramatic performances in Athens, 
 and also important from the standpoint of to- 
 pography. It has long been placed on the maps to the 
 south of the Acropolis and the Dionysiac theater ; but Dorp- 
 feld has adduced reasons which may be accepted as con- 
 clusive for shifting it far to the northwest, so that it em- 
 braces the neighborhood of the Dipylon gate. 
 
 Limoges (le-mozh'). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Haute-Vienne, France, situated on the 
 Vienne in lat. 45° 50' N., long. 1° 16' E. : the 
 Boman Augustoritum. its porcelain manufactures 
 are celebrated, and there are also manufactures of textiles 
 and shoes. Kaolin is exported. The cathedral was begun 
 in the 13th century, but the nave was only partly com- 
 pleted by the 16th ; the remainder has lately been added. 
 The interior is high and imposing. It possesses, though 
 displaced, a remarkable rood-loft of 1533, covered with 
 sculptures. Limoges was the capital of the Lemovices, and 
 was a flourishing Roman city. It consisted of two towns 
 in the middle ages. It suffered in the English and Hugue- 
 not wars ; was sacked by the Black Prince in 1370 ; was the 
 former capital of Limousin ; and suffered from plague and 
 fires. It was a center of the enameling industry from the 
 12th to the 16th century. Population, commune, 88,697. 
 
 Limousin (le-mo-zan'). An ancient government 
 of France. Capital, Limoges, it was bounded by 
 Marche on the north, Auvergne on the east, and Guienue 
 on the south and west, corresponding generally to the 
 department of Com ze and a large part of Haute-Vienne. 
 The ancient inhabitants were the Lemovices. It passed 
 with Eleanor of Aquitaine to Henry II. (of England), a cen- 
 tury later to Brittany, and in the 15th century to the house 
 of Albret. Henry IV. united it with the French crown. 
 
 Limousin, Leonard. Born at Limoges about 
 1505: died before Feb. 10, 1577. A French 
 painter, enameler, and engraver, the greatest 
 of the enamelers of Limoges. His portraits are es- 
 pecially celebrated. At the commencement of his work 
 Leonard copied the engravers very closely. His oldest 
 known work (1532) is a copy of an engraving from Albrecht 
 Diirer. The latest date given for his enamels is 1574. 
 
 Limoux (le-mo'). A town in the department of 
 Aiule, southern France, situated on the Aude 
 13 miles south-southwest of Carcassonne. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 7,223. 
 
 Limp, Sir Luke. The principal character in 
 Foote’s play of “ The Lame Lover,” played by 
 himself. 
 
 Limpopo (lim-po'po). A river in southern Af- 
 rica, forming part of the northern boundary of 
 the Transvaal, and flowing into the Indian 
 Ocean near lat. 25° S. Length, estimated, 
 about 900 miles. Also called Bempe, Croco- 
 dile River, Ouri, Inhampura, etc. 
 
 Linacre (lin'a-ker), Thomas. Born probably 
 at Canterbury, England, about 1460: died at 
 London, Oct. 20, 1524. A noted English physi- 
 cian and classical scholar, the projector and 
 one of the founders of the College of Physicians 
 in London, and the founder of lectureships at 
 Oxford and Cambridge. He was elected fellow of All 
 Souls College, Oxford, in 1484, and traveled and studied in 
 Italy, taking the degree of M. D. at Padua. He returned to 
 Oxford, and had among his pupils in Greek More and Eras- 
 mus. Soon after Henry VIII. came to the throne, Linacre 
 was appointed one of his physicians, and thereafter lived 
 chiefly in London. He received priest's orders in 1520. 
 He published grammatical works and translations, espe- 
 cially of Galen, from Greek into Latin. 
 
 Linares (le-na'res). 1. An interior province of 
 Chile. Area, 3,941 square miles. Population, 
 109,363. — 2. The capital of the province of 
 Linares, situated 90 miles northeast of Concep- 
 cion. Population, 11,122. 
 
 Linares. A town in the province of Jaen, 
 southern Spain, 29 miles north-nortbeast of 
 Jaen: probably the ancient Silpia. It is the 
 center of a copper- and lead-mining region. 
 Population, 38,245. 
 
 Linares (le-na'res), Jose Maria. Born at Po- 
 tosi, July 10, 1810 : died at Valparaiso, Chile, 
 1861. A Bolivian statesman. He was minister of 
 the interior under Santa Cruz ; president of the sena te and 
 acting president of the republic 1848 ; and in 1857 was 
 elected president. His rule was progressive, but he was 
 deposed by a revolution Jan., 1861. 
 
 Lincei (lin-eha'e). The. [‘Lynxes.’] An Italian 
 academy, founded in the latter part of the 16th 
 century by Frederic Cesi, the son of the Duke 
 of Acqua Sparta. Its special object was the study of 
 physical science, and its members called themselves the 
 Lynxes from their desire to pierce into the depths of truth. 
 Porta, Galileo, Colonna, and others were members. 
 
 Lincoln (ling'kon). A maritime county of Eng- 
 land, next to Yorkshire the largest in the coun- 
 try. It is bounded by Yorkshire (separated by the Hum- 
 ber) on the north, the North Sea on the east, Norfolk on 
 the southeast, Cambridge and Northampton on the south, 
 Rutland on the southwest, Leicester and Notts on the west, 
 and Yorkshire on the northwest. The surface is gen- 
 erally level. It is partly occupied by the Fens (drained 
 
 Lincoln, Fair of 
 
 in the 17th and 18th centuries) ; is an important agricul- 
 tural county ; and is noted for the beauty of Its parish 
 churches. It formed part of ancient Mercia, later of the 
 Danelagh. Area (ad. co.), 2,640 square miles. Population 
 (pari, co.), 498,868. 
 
 Lincoln. The capital of Lincolnshire, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Witham in lat. 53° 14' 
 N., long. 0° 33' W.: the Boman Lindum Colo- 
 nia, or simply Lindum. The cathedral is a grand 
 building, founded iu the 11th century, but rebuilt in the 
 end of the 12th and the first half of the 13th. The exte- 
 rior is characterized by its 3 square towers — the central 
 tower 262 feet high, and the 2 of the west front 200 feet 
 high. The west front has 3 great arches corresponding 
 to the nave and aisles, around which and in front of the 
 towers is built a wide arcaded screen flanked by turrets. 
 The gable between the towers is very richly ornamented. 
 The portals are Norman. The squar e east end and the lat- 
 eral elevations, with their double transepts, are of beau- 
 tiful Early English. The imposing interior is for the most 
 part Early English. The choir, inclosed by a Decorated 
 screen, is Early English except the 5 easternmost bays (fin- 
 ished 1280), which constitute the celebrated Angel Choir, 
 so called from its sculptured figures of angels. The stalls 
 are of the 14th century. The dimensions of the cathedral 
 are 480 by 80 feet ; length of western transepts, 220 feet ; 
 height of vaulting, 82. The cloister and chapter-house are 
 of the 13th century. The city contains many medieval 
 buildings of interest. It has some trade and manufac- 
 tures agricultural implements. It was important in the 
 Roman and Saxon periods, and was a chief town of the 
 Danelagh. Stephen captured its castle, and was defeated 
 near it by partizans of Matilda in 1141. The castle was 
 taken by the barons in 1216, and by the Parliamentarians 
 in 1644. Population, 57,294, (1911). 
 
 Lincoln. A city and the capital of Logan Coun- 
 ty, central Illinois, 28 miles northeast of Spring- 
 field. It is the seat of Lincoln University (Cum- 
 berland Presbyterian). Pop., 10,892, (1910). 
 Lincoln. The capital of Nebraska and of Lan- 
 caster County, situated on Salt Creek, lat. 40° 
 49' N. ? long. 96° 46' W. It is the seat of the State 
 university ; is a railroad center ; and has a trade in grain 
 and cattle. It was settled in 1867. Population, 43,973, 
 (1910). 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham. Born in Hardin County, 
 Ky., Feb. 12, 1809 : died at Washington, D. C., 
 April 15, 1865. The sixteenth President of 
 the United States. He was descended from a Quaker 
 family, of English origin, residing in the middle of the 
 18th century in Berks County, Pennsylvania. His grand- 
 father emigrated from Virginia to Kentucky about 1780. 
 His father, Thomas Lincoln, settled with his family 
 in Indiana in 1816, and in Illinois in 1830. His mother was 
 Nancy Hanks, Thomas Lincoln's first wife. He left his 
 father’s home soon after settling in Illinois, and after fol- 
 lowing various occupations, including those of a farm la- 
 borer, a salesman, a merchant, and a surveyor, was admit- 
 ted to the bar in 1836, and began the practice of law at 
 Springfield in 1837. He served first as a captain and after- 
 ward as a private in the Black Hawk war in 1832 ; was a 
 Whig member of the Illinois State legislature 1834-42 ; 
 and was a Whig member of Congress from Illinois 1S47- 
 1849. In 1858, as Republican candidate for United States 
 senator, he held a series of joint discussions throughout 
 Illinois with the Democratic candidate, Stephen A. Doug- 
 las, in which he took a pronounced stand against the in- 
 stitution of slavery. This debate attracted the attention 
 of the country, and in 1860 he was nominated as candidate 
 for President by the Republican party. The disunion of 
 the Democratic party secured for him an easy victor}’. 
 He received 180 electoral votes against 72 for John C. 
 Breckenridge, candidate of the Southern Democrats; 39 for 
 John Bell, candidate of the Constitutional Union party; 
 and 12 for Stephen A. Douglas, candidate of the Northern 
 Democrats ; and was inaugurated on March 4, 1861. His 
 election was the signal for the secession, one after ano- 
 ther, of the slave States of the South, and for the organiza- 
 tion of the Confederate States (which see). Hostilities be- 
 gan with an attack by the Secessionists of South Carolina 
 on the Federal troops at Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861. The 
 fort surrendered on the 13th. On the 15th a call was is- 
 sued by the President for 75,000 volunteers, and the con- 
 trol of events passed from the cabinet to the camp. (See 
 Civil War.) He proclaimed a blockade of the Southern 
 ports April 19, 1861 ; and Sept. 22, 1862, issued a procla- 
 mation emancipating all slaves in States or parts of States 
 which should be in rebellion on Jan. 1, 1863. He was re- 
 elected president by the Republican party in 1864, receiv- 
 ing 212 electoral votes against 21 for George B. McClellan, 
 candidate of the Democratic party. He began his second 
 term of office March 4, 1865. He entered Richmond with 
 the Federal army April 4, 1865, two days after the flight of 
 the Confederate government ; and was occupied with plans 
 for the reconstruction of the South when he was shot by 
 John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater, Washington, April 
 14, 1865, and died on the following day. Numerous biog- 
 raphies of Lincoln have been published, the most compre- 
 hensive of which is that by .1. G. Nicolay and John Hav 
 (1S90). 
 
 Lincoln, Benjamin. Born at Hingham, Mass., 
 Jan. 24, 1733 : died there, May 9, 1810. An Ameri- 
 can general. He served through the Revolution ; un- 
 successfully besieged Savannah in 1779 ; and surrendered 
 Charleston to the British in 1780. He was secretary of 
 war 1781-84, and suppressed Shays’s rebellion in 1787. 
 Lincoln, Earls of. See Lacy and Clinton. 
 Lincoln, Enoch. Born at Worcester, Mass., Dee. 
 28, 1788: died at Augusta, Maine, Oct. 8, 1829. 
 An American politician and author, son of Levi 
 Lincoln. He was governor of Maine 1827-29. 
 Lincoln, Fair of. A battle fought at Lin- 
 coln, England, 1217. in which the Earl of Pem- 
 broke defeated the French under Louis, son of 
 Philip II. 
 
Lincoln, Hugh of 
 
 Lincoln, Hugh of. See Hugh. 
 
 Lincoln, Levi. Bom at Hingham, Mass., May 
 15, 1749: died at Worcester, Mass., April 14, 
 1820. An American politician, attorney-general 
 1801-05, and acting governor of Massachusetts 
 1808-09. 
 
 Lincoln, Levi. Born at Worcester. Mass., Oct. 
 25, 1782 : died there, May 29, 1868. An American 
 politician, son of Levi Lincoln (1749-1820). He 
 was governor of Massachusetts 1825-34, and 
 member of Congress from Massachusetts 1835- 
 1841. 
 
 Lincoln, Mount. A peak of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, in Colorado, northeast of Leadville. On 
 its summit is a meteorological station. Height, 
 14,297 feet. 
 
 Lincoln, Robert Todd. Born at Springfield, 
 111., Aug. 1, 1843. An American statesman, son 
 of Abraham Lincoln, secretary of war 1881-85 
 and minister to England 1889-93. 
 
 Lincoln College. A college of the University 
 of Oxford. It was founded by Richard Fleming, bishop 
 of Lincoln, in 1427, asadefense of the Catholic faith against 
 heretical opinions; and refounded in 1478 by Thomas 
 Rotheram, bishop of Lincoln, later lord chancellor of Eng- 
 land and archbishop of York. 
 
 Lincoln’s Inn. One of the London Inns of Court. 
 
 It takes its name from the Earl of Lincoln who built his 
 town house here i n the 14th century, on property originally 
 belonging to the Black Friars. See Inns of Court. 
 
 Lincoln’s Inn Fields. The largest square in 
 
 London. It is near the junction of High Holborn and 
 Chancery Lane, and is surrounded by lawyers’ offices, Lin- 
 coln’s Inn, the Royal College of Surgeons, and the Soane 
 Museum. It was laid out by Inigo Jones. The spot for- 
 merly bore an evil reputation. Babington and other con- 
 spiratorsfor MaryQueen of Scots were “hanged, bowelled, 
 and quartered” here in 1586, and William, Lord Russell, 
 unjustly suffered for high treason here in 1683. See Lin- 
 coln’/ Inn. • 
 
 Lincoln’s Inn Fields Theatre. A theater for- 
 merly standing on the south side of Lincoln’s 
 Inn Fields. Itwasbuilt by Christopher Richand opened 
 by John Rich in 1714. In 1734 Italian operas were given 
 here. In 1756 it was converted into barracks and used for 
 other purposes till 1848, when it was demolished to make 
 room for an addition to the College of Surgeons. Two 
 other theaters near its site, the Duke’s Theatre (1662-71) 
 and the theater in Little Lincoln’s Inn Fields (1695-1705), 
 are sometimes confounded with it. 
 
 Lind (lind), Jenny (Madame Goldschmidt). 
 Born at Stockholm, Oct. 6, 1820: died at Wynd’s 
 Point, Malvern, Nov. 2, 1887. A famous Swe- 
 dish singer. She first appeared at the royal theater, 
 Stockholm, as Agatha in ‘‘Der Freisehutz," March 7, 1838 ; 
 studied in Paris 1841-42 ; returned to Stockholm 1842-44 ; 
 studied and sang in Germany 1844-A7 ; and sang in England 
 1847-49, and in America 1850-52. She was married to 
 Otto Goldschmidt, a musical conductor and composer, in 
 Boston, Feb. 5, 1852. From 1883-86 she was teacher of 
 Binging at the Royal College of Music. 
 
 Lindabrides (lin'da-bridz). A character in the 
 “Mirror of Knighthood.” She is often mentioned by 
 old writers. From her celebrity Lindabrides became with 
 them a common name for a mistress or a courtezan. 
 
 Linda di Chamouni (len'da de sha-mo'ni). An 
 opera by Donizetti, first produced at Vienna 
 
 Lindau (lin'dou). A town in Swabia, Bavaria, 
 situated on two islands in Lake Constance, in 
 lat. 47° 33' N., long. 9° 42' E. Formerly a free im- 
 perial oity, it passed to Bavaria in 1805. It is a favorite 
 summer resort. Population, 6,531. 
 
 Lindau, Paul. Born at Magdeburg, Prussia, 
 June 3, 1839. A German critic, dramatist, and 
 novelist. 
 
 Lindau, Rudolf. Born at Gardelegen, Prussia, 
 Oct. 10, 1830. A German novelist, journalist, and 
 miscellaneous writer, brother of Paul Lindau. 
 Linde (lin'de), Samuel Bogumil. Bom at 
 Thom, Prussia, 1771: died at Warsaw, Aug. 8, 
 1847. A Polish lexicographer. He published a 
 dictionary of the Polish language (6 vols. 1807- 
 1814). 
 
 Linden (lin'den). A manufacturing suburb of 
 Hannover, Prussia. Population, 57,941. 
 Lindesey. See Lindsey. 
 
 Lindesna.3. See Naze', The. 
 
 Lindisfarne. See Holy Island. 
 
 Lindley (lind'li), John. Born at Catton, near 
 Norwich, Feb. 5, 1799: died Nov. 1, 1865. A 
 noted English botanist and horticulturist, pro- 
 fessor of botany in the University of London 
 (University College) 1829-60. Ho wrote “Synopsis 
 of the British Flora ”(1829), “Key to Structural and Sys- 
 tematic Botany ”(1835 : enlarged as the “Elements of Bot- 
 any " 1841), “The Theory of Horticulture” (1840 : enlarged 
 as “The Theory and Practice of Horticulture” 1842), “The 
 Vegetable Kingdom” (1846), etc. He was the editor of 
 the “Botanical Register" (1826), of the “Journal of the 
 Horticultural Society” (1846-55), and of the “Gardeners’ 
 Chronicle” (1841-65). 
 
 Lindo (len'do), Juan. A Cent.ral-American poli- 
 tician, president of Salvador for a short time 
 (1841-42), and president of Honduras J an. , 1847, 
 
 613 
 
 to March, 1852. He subdued a revolt attempted 
 by Guardiola in 1850. 
 
 Lindor (lin'dor). A poetical name for a lover, 
 usually a shepherd lover. 
 
 Lindpaintner (lint' pint- ner), Peter Joseph 
 von. Born at Coblenz, Prussia, Dec. 8, 1791: 
 died at Nonnenhorn, Lake Constance, Aug. 21, 
 1856. A German composer. 
 
 Lindsay (lin'za). The capital ofVictoriaCounty, 
 Ontario, Canada, situated on the Seugog 56 miles 
 northeast- of Toronto. Population, 6, 964, (1911). 
 Lindsay, Alexander. Died 1454. A Scottish 
 noble, fourth earl of Crawford, surnamed “the 
 Tiger Earl” and “Earl Beardie,” made heredi- 
 tary sheriff of Aberdeen in 1446, and warden of 
 the Marches in 1451. He raised a force against James 
 II., after the murder of his ally the Earl of Douglas (Feb. 
 21, 1452), but was defeated at Brechin May 18, 1452. 
 
 Lindsay, Alexander. Died June 5, 1607. A 
 Scottish noble, created Lord Spynio in 1590, 
 second son of the tenth earl of Crawford, and 
 vice-chamberlain to James VI. He was accidentally 
 slain while endeavoring to stop a quarrel between two 
 kinsmen. Ilis death is the subject of an old ballad. 
 
 Lindsay, Alexander. Born Jan. 18, 1752 : died 
 near Wigan, Lancashire, May 27, 1825. A Scot- 
 tish noble, sixth earl of Balcarres from 1768 and 
 twenty-third earl of Crawford from 1808, made 
 general of the British army in 1803. He served as 
 commander of an infantry battal ion at Ticonderoga, J uly 7, 
 1777, and was involved in Burgoyne’s surrender, remaining 
 aprisoner until 1779. In 1793(thenmajor-general)he was 
 appointed commander of the forces in Jersey, and in 1794 
 governor of Jamaica, where he remained till 1801. He en- 
 gaged in a duel with Benedict Arnold, but refused to shoot 
 in his turn, preferring, as he said, to leave Arnold “to the 
 executioner." 
 
 Lindsay, or Lyndsay, Sir David. Born 1490: 
 died before April 18, 1555. A Scottish poet, 
 appointed Lyon king at arms about 1529. He was 
 the son of David Lyndsay of the Mount in Monimail, Fife, 
 and of Garmylton, near Haddington. He was the author 
 of “The Dreme,”“The Complaynt to the King ’’ (1629), 
 “ The Complaynt of Bagsche, the Kingis auld Hound, to 
 Bawtie, the Kingis best belovit Dog ” (a satire on the court), 
 “ Ane Satyre of the Three Estaits ’’ (1640 : a dramatic poem 
 satirizing abuses in church and state, acted again in 1555), 
 “The Monarchie ” (154.3 : his last and longest poem), “The 
 Register of t he Arms of the Scottish Nobility and Gentry ” 
 (first published in 1821), “Kittie’s Confession ”(a satire on 
 the confessional), etc. 
 
 He was a reformer before the Reformation, and an advo- 
 cate for the "common well” before the word common- 
 wealth had a place in English speech. 
 
 Maclcay, in Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Lindsay, Patrick. Died Dec. 11, 1589. A Scot- 
 tish noble, sixth Lord Lindsay of the Byres, said 
 to have been the first of the nobles to give open 
 support to the cause of the Reformers. He played 
 a prominent part in the affairs of Scotland during Mary’s 
 reign and the regencies of Murray and Morton. He sup- 
 ported the plot for the murder of Rizzio; was guardian with 
 Lord Ruthven of Queen Mary in Lochleven Castle ; was 
 deputed to obtain the signature to the deed of abdication ; 
 and decided by his skill the result of the battle of Lang- 
 side, in which she was defeated. 
 
 Lindsay, Robert. Bom at. Pitscottie, Fifeshire, 
 about 1500 : died about 1565. A Scottish writer, 
 author of a history of Scotland, first published 
 in 1728. 
 
 Lindsey (lin'zi), Parts of. A district (riding) 
 in the northern and central parts of Lincoln- 
 shire, England. 
 
 Lindum (lin'dum). [Gr. Aivdov.'] The Roman 
 name of Lincoln (England). 
 
 LindllS (lin'dus). [Gr. AMor.\ In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a town on the eastern coast of Rhodes : 
 the modem Lindo. 
 
 Line (lin), Francis(alias Hall). Bom probably 
 at London, 1595: died at Liege, Nov. 25, 1675. 
 An English Jesuit, professor of Hebrew and 
 mathematics in the Jesuit college of Lifege. He 
 wrote “Refutation of the Attempt to Square the Circle” 
 (1660), “ Tractatus de corporum inseparabilitate ’’ (1661), 
 “An Explication of the Diall set up in the King’s Garden 
 at London, an. 1669, etc.” (1673), “A Treatise on the Ba- 
 rometer,” etc. 
 
 Linet (li-uet'). In Arthurian romance', the sister 
 of Liones of Castle Perilous. In the “Morte d’Ar- 
 tbur ” she engages Gareth to rescue LionOs. He does so, 
 and marries her : but Tennyson in “Gareth and Lynette” 
 makes him marry Lynette. 
 
 Ling (ling), Peter Henrik. Bora at Ljunga, 
 Smaland, Sweden, Nov. 15, 1776: died at 
 Stockholm, May 3, 1839. A Swedish poet, and 
 founder of the so-called “movement cure.” 
 Linga Purana (ling'ga po-rii'na). The Purana 
 in which Shiva explains the objects of life : vir- 
 tue, wealth, pleasure, and final liberation. It 
 contains 11,000 stanzas, and is not earlier than 
 the 8th or 9th centum. 
 
 Lingard(ling'giird), John. BornatWinchester, 
 England, Feb. 5, 1771: died at Hornby, Lan- 
 cashire, England, July 17, 1851. An English 
 Roman Catholic priest and historian. He was 
 
 Linlithgow 
 
 vice-president of the Roman Catholic College atCrookhall, 
 near Durham (later St. Cuthbert’s College, Ushaw), until 
 1811. From that time until his death he lived in retire- 
 ment at Hornby. He wrote a “History of England” (8 
 vols. 1819-30 : last edition, revised by the author, 10 vols. 
 1849-51), “ Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church” (1806: 
 enlarged as “The History and Antiquities of the Anglo- 
 Saxon Church,” 1845), etc. 
 
 Lingen (ling'en). A town in the province of 
 Hannover, Prussia, situated on the Ems 36 
 miles northwest of Osnabriick. Population, 
 7,004. 
 
 Lingo (ling'go ) . A character in Foote’s ‘ ‘Agree- 
 able Surprise.” 
 
 There are in this [play] some of the most felicitous blun- 
 ders in situation and character that can be conceived ; and 
 in Lingo’s superb replication, “ A scholar ! 1 was a master 
 of scholars,” he has hit the height of the ridiculous. 
 
 Bazlitt, Eng. Poets, p. 230. 
 
 Lingoa Geral (leng'gwa zha-ral'). [Pg., ‘com- 
 mon language. ’] The Indian language former- 
 ly universal in the settlements of the interior of 
 Brazil, and still spoken on the upper Amazon. 
 At the time of the conquest various dialects of the Tupi 
 tongue were spoken over the greater part of Brazil, and 
 the Jesuits adopted them as the medium for their teach- 
 ings. These dialects became amalgamated through in- 
 tercourse between the missions: Indians of other tribes 
 brought into the missions readily learned the Tupi, and 
 modified it by words from their own languages; other 
 words were introduced from the Portuguese ; and gradually 
 a language was formed which, though based on the original 
 Tupi, differed from it considerably. It is closely allied to 
 the modern Guarany of Paraguay. 
 
 Lingones (ling'go-nez). [Gr. Aqqowr.] In an- 
 cient geography, a Celtic tribe living in eastern 
 Gaul, in the vicinity of the modem Langres 
 (Haute-Marne). 
 
 Liniers y Bremont (Sp. len-e-ars' e bra-mont'), 
 Santiago Antonio Maria de (F. Jacques An- 
 toine Marie Deliniers-Bremont). Bom at 
 
 Niort (Deux-S&vres), France, Feb. 6, 1756; died 
 near Buenos Ayres, Aug. 26, 1810. A royalist 
 in the Spanish naval service. He commanded a 
 force on the Rio de la Plata, retaking Buenos Ayres from 
 the English in 1806, and defending it against Whitelock in 
 1807. The people deposed the weak viceroy Sobremont.e, 
 and put Liniers in his place, Aug. 14, 1806; but he was 
 dismissed by the Spanish central junta in July, 1809. 
 He retired to Cordoba and, on hearing of the revolution of 
 May 10, 1810, collected a force and attempted to reestablish 
 royal authority, but was captured and shot. 
 
 Link (lingk), Heinrich Friedrich. Born at Hil- 
 desheim, Prussia, Feb. 2, 1767 : died at Berlin, 
 Jan. 1,1851. A noted German botanist. He was 
 appointed professor of natural history, chemistry, and 
 botany at Rostock in 1792, professor of chemistry and bot- 
 any at Breslau in 1811, and professor of botany and director 
 of the botanical garden at Berlin in 1815. 
 
 Linkinwater (ling'kin-wa-ter), Tim. In Dick- 
 ens’s “Nicholas Nickleby,” the faithful and 
 trustworthy clerk of Cheeryhle Brothers. 
 
 Linkoping (lin'che-ping). The capital of the 
 laen of Linkoping, situated on the St&ng&n 107 
 miles southwest of Stockholm. It is an ancient 
 town. The cathedral (begun 1150, finished 1499) is Roman- 
 esque in architecture except the fine Pointed choir. Pop- 
 ulation, 17,623. 
 
 Linley (lin'li), Elizabeth Ann. Born at Bath, 
 England, 1754: died at Bristol in 1792. An 
 English soprano singer. She was the daughter of 
 Thomas Linley, and in 1773 married R. B. Sheridan under 
 romantic circumstances. Foote used them for the plot of 
 his “ Maid of Bath.” See Linnet, Kitty. 
 
 Linley (lin'li), George. Bom at Leeds, 1798: 
 died at London, Sept. 10, 1865. An English mu- 
 sical composer and poet, best known as the au- 
 thor of numerous popular songs. 
 
 Linley, Thomas. Born at Wells, England, 1732: 
 died at London, Nov. 19, 1795. An English 
 composer and teacher of music. He was the author 
 of the music of the opera “The Duenna” with his son 
 Thomas (1756-78) as collaborator (1775), “The Camp” 
 (1778), “The Carnival of Venice” (1781), “The Strangers 
 at Home,” etc. In 1776 he left Bath, where he had lived, 
 for London, and with his son-in-law, Sheridan, and Rich- 
 ard Ford bought Garrick’s share in Drury Lane Theatre, 
 where he was director of music for a number of years. 
 
 Linley, William. Bom at Bath, 1771: died at 
 London, May 6, 1835. An English writer and 
 composer, youngest son of Thomas Linley, for 
 a time (1790-96, and again 1800-06) in the ser- 
 vice of the East India Company at Madras. He 
 was the author of several operatic pieces, glees, etc., 
 “Shakspere’s Dramatic Lyrics ” (1816), and several novels 
 and poems. 
 
 Linlithgow (lin-lith'go), or West Lothian (15'- 
 THi-an) . A county in Scotland, bounded by the 
 Forth on the north, Edinburgh on the east and 
 south, Lanark on the southwest, and Stirling on 
 the northwest. The surface is diversified. The lead- 
 ing industries are agriculture and coal-mining. Area, 120 
 square miles. Population (civil county), 65,699. 
 
 Linlithgow. The county town of Linlithgow, 
 Scotland, 16 miles west by north of Edinburgh. 
 Its palace, a residence of the sovereigns of Scotland, and 
 the birthplace of Mary Queen of Scots, was built between 
 the 14th and the 17th century, and forms a square maBS 
 with low towers at the angles. Population, 4,279. 
 
Linnaeus 
 
 614 
 
 Lismore 
 
 Linnaeus (li-ne'us), Carolus (Karl von Linne). 
 
 Born at R&shult, Sm&land, Sweden, May 13, 
 1707 : died at Upsala, Sweden, Jan. 10, 1778. 
 A celebrated Swedish botanist and naturalist, 
 founder of the “Linnean system” in botany. 
 He made a journey to Lapland in 1732 ; resided in the 
 Netherlands 1735-38 ; and became professor of medicine 
 (later of botany) at Upsala in 1741. Among his works are 
 “Systema naturae” (1735), “Fundamenta botanica” (1736), 
 “Genera plantarum ” (1737), “Flora lapponica" (1737), 
 “ Philosophia botanica "(1751), “Species plantarum ” (1753). 
 Linne (lin-na'). [Named from Linnaeus.] A 
 large crater in the moon. 
 
 Linnell (lin'el), John. Born at London, June 
 16, 1792: died at Redhill, Surrey, Jan. 20, 1882. 
 A noted English painter in oil and water-color, 
 best known for his landscapes. 
 
 Linnet (lin'et), Kitty. A poor and pretty ac- 
 tress, the chief character in Foote’s “The Maid 
 of Bath.” 
 
 Linnhe (Hn'e), Loch. An arm of the sea in Ar- 
 gyllshire, Scotland, connected with Loch Eil 
 on the northeast, the Sound of Mull on the west, 
 and the Firth of Lorn on the south. Length, 
 about 20 miles. 
 
 Linos. See Linus. 
 
 Linskill(lin'skil),Mary. Born at Whitby, York- 
 shire, Dec. 13, 1840: died at Whitby, April 9, 
 1891. An English novelist (pseudonym Stephen 
 Yorke) : author of “ Tales of the North Riding” 
 (1871), “Cleveden” (1876), “The Haven under 
 the Hill” (1886), etc. 
 
 Linth (lint). The name given to the Limmat in 
 its upper course. 
 
 Linthtal (lint'tal). A small manufacturing 
 town in the canton of Glarus, Switzerland, on 
 the Linth 10 miles south of Glarus. 
 
 Linton (lin'tqn), Mrs. (Eliza Lynn). Born at 
 Keswick, Feb. 10, 1822: died at London, July 
 14, 1898. An English novelist and author, wife 
 of W. J. Linton. 
 
 Linton, William. Born at Liverpool, April 22, 
 1791 : died at London, Aug. 18, 1876. An Eng- 
 lish landscape-painter and writer, author of 
 “ The Scenery of Greece audits Islands” (1856), 
 “Colossal Vestiges of the Older Nations” 
 (1862), etc. 
 
 Linton, William James. Born at London, 
 1812 : died at New Haven, Conn., Dec. 29, 1897. 
 An English-American engraver, Radical politi- 
 cian, and author. He removed to the United States 
 in 1867, living first at New York, and then at New Haven, 
 Connecticut, where he had an engraving establishment. 
 His works include “Claribel, and Other Poems" (1865), 
 “ Life of Thomas Paine," “ The English Republic," a “ His- 
 tory of Wood Engraving in America " (1882), “ Poems and 
 Translations " (1889), etc. He edited “ Golden Apples of 
 Hesperus," which he printed himself (1882), “ Rare Poems 
 of the 16th and 17th Centuries ” (1883), etc. 
 
 Lintot (lin'tot), Barnaby Bernard. Born at 
 
 So uthwater, Sussex, Dec. 1, 1675 : died atLondon, 
 Feb. 3, 1736. An English bookseller, noted as the 
 publisher of the translations of the Iliad and 
 Odyssy and other works of Pope : a prominent 
 figure in the literary anecdotes of the period. 
 Linus (li'nus). [Gr. AAof.j An exclamation of 
 grief or lamentation, of Eastern origin, per- 
 sonified in ancient Greek poetry through ig- 
 norance of its meaning. 
 
 The words were carried across the western sea to men 
 of an alien race and language. “ Cry ailinon, ailinon ! 
 woe, woe ! ’’ says the Greek poet of Athens, and already in 
 Homeric days the dirge was attributed to a mythic Linos 
 whose tragic fate was commemorated in its opening words: 
 “O Linos, Linos!" Linos, however had no existence ex- 
 cept in a popular etymology ; the Greek ailinos is in reality 
 the Phoenician ailenu, “alas for us!” with which the la- 
 mentations for the death of the divine Adonis were wont 
 to begin. Sayce, Anc. Babylonians, p. 228. 
 
 Linz (lints). The capital of Upper Austria, situ- 
 ated on the Danube in lat. 48° 17' N., long. 14° 
 17' E. It has flourishing manufactures and trade, and 
 contains a cathedral and a museum. It was unsuccess- 
 fully besieged by insurgent peasants in 1626, and was 
 taken by the Bavarians in 1741. Here, May 17, 1809, the 
 troops of Saxony and Wiirtemberg defeated the Austrians. 
 Population, 67,859, (1910). 
 
 Linz. A small town i n the Rhine Province, Prus- 
 sia, on the Rhine 15 miles southeast of Bonn. 
 Lion (le-oh), Golfe du. [F., ‘gulf of the lion.’] 
 An arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of 
 France : erroneously called the Gulf of Lyons. 
 Lionarte (li-o-nart'). In the romance of Ama- 
 dis de Gaul : (a) A king of England, father of 
 Oriana. (b) A son of Esplandian and grandson 
 of Amadis. 
 
 Lionel Lincoln. A novel by Cooper, published 
 in 1825. 
 
 Lionel (li'o-nel) of Antwerp. Born at Antwerp. 
 Nov. 29.1338: died at Alba, Italy, Oct. 7, 1368. 
 An English noble, earl of Ulster and duke of 
 Clarence, third son of Edward III. and Philippa. 
 
 In 1352 he married Elizabeth, daughter of William de 
 Burgh, lord of Connaught and earl of Ulster, and Maud 
 of Lancaster. By her he had a daughter, Philippa, who in 
 1368 married Edmund Mortimer, third earl of March, and 
 who thus transmitted to the Yorkist house her claim to 
 the throne. From 1361 to 1366 he was the king's lieuten- 
 ant in Ireland. Elizabeth having died (1362), he was again 
 married to Violante, daughter of Galeazzo Visconti of 
 Milan, June 5, 1368. 
 
 Liones. See Li net. 
 
 Lionesse. See Lyonesse. 
 
 Lion Hunt. A large painting by Rubens, in the 
 Old Pinakothek at Munich, a number of men, 
 mounted and on foot, are fighting two lions, which have 
 wounded or killed three of their assailants. 
 
 Lion of Charonea. A recumbent figure form- 
 ing the monument on the common tomb of the 
 Greeks who fell in the battle against Philip of 
 Macedon in 338 B. C 
 
 Lion of God. A surname of the calif Ali. 
 
 Lion of Lucerne. See Lucerne, Lion of. 
 
 Lion of the North. A surname of Gustavus 
 Adolphus of Sweden. 
 
 Lion’s Mouth. [It. Boccadi Leone.'] A famous 
 hole or opening in the wall of the antechamber 
 of the Great Council in the Doge’s palace, 
 Venice, through which anonymous accusations 
 were passed in. Wheeler. 
 
 Liotard (lyo-tar'), Jean Etienne. Born at 
 Geneva, 1702: died there, 1789. A noted por- 
 trait- and genre-painter of the French school. 
 His portraits in pastel still preserve their color. Among 
 his works are “La belle Lisense ” (1746), “ La belle Choco- 
 latiere ” (1746), etc., and portraits of the Pope and many of 
 the crowned heads of Europe. 
 
 Lipan (le-pan'). A tribe of the Apache group 
 of North American Indians. In 1799 the Lipan oc- 
 cupied the central part of Texas, extending from the Co- 
 manche country about Red River south to the Rio Grande. 
 More recently they have moved southward into Mexico, 
 where they extend as far as Durango. See Apaches. 
 
 Lipara. See Lipari. 
 
 Lipari (le'pa-re). 1. The chief island of the 
 Lipari group: the ancient Lipara. It was colo- 
 nized by the Greeks, and was held later by Carthage and 
 Rome. 
 
 2. A seaport on the island of Lipari : the chief 
 town of the group. 
 
 Lipari Islands. A group of volcanic islands 
 north of Sicily: the ancient zEoliae, Vulcanise, 
 etc., Insulae. The principal islands are Lipari, Strom- 
 holi, Panaria, Vuleano, Salina, Filicuri (or Filicudi), and 
 Alicuri (or Alicudi). They are the scene of ancient le- 
 gends ; were occupied by the Saracens and Normans ; and 
 were finally annexed to Sicily, now belonging to the prov- 
 ince of Messina. Area, 45 square miles. Population, 
 20,224. 
 
 Lipetsk (le-petsk'). A town in the government 
 of Tamboft, central Russia, situated at the 
 junction of the Lipovka with the Lesnoi-Vo- 
 ronezh, 82 miles west by south of Tamboft'. It 
 has mineral springs. Population, 22,500. 
 Lippa (lip'po). A town in the county of Ternes, 
 Hungary, situated on the Maros 30 miles north- 
 east of Temesvar. Population, 7,427. 
 
 Lippe (lip'pe). A river in Germany which rises 
 in the Teutoburgerwald and joins the Rhine 
 at Wesel. Length, 158 miles. 
 
 Lippe, sometimes called Lippe-Detmold (lip'- 
 pe-det'molt). Apriucipalityof theGerman Em- 
 pire, surrounded by the provinces of W estphalia, 
 Hesse-Nassau, Hannover (Prussia), and Wal- 
 deck, and comprising also three small enclaves. 
 Capital, Detmold. It is traversed by the Teutoburger- 
 wald, and abounds in forests. Its govern mentis a constitu- 
 tional hereditary monarchy, aud it sends 1 member to the 
 Bundesratandlmembertothe Reichstag. Theprevailing 
 religion is Protestant. The ancient inhabitants were Che- 
 rusci : later they were Saxons. Lippe joined the Rhine 
 Confederation in 1807, the German Confederation in 1815, 
 and the North German Confederation in 1866. Area, 469 
 square miles. Population, 145,577. 
 
 Lippe, Schaumburg-. See Schaumh u rg-Lippe. 
 Lippi (lep'pe), Filippino or Lippino. Born 
 about 1460: died about 1505. An Italian paint- 
 er, illegitimate son of Filippo Lippi : works 
 chiefly ah Florence. 
 
 Lippi, Fra Filippo. Born at Florence, 1402 (?) : 
 died at Spoleto, Italy, Oct. 9, 1469. A noted 
 Italian painter. His chief works are frescos in 
 Prato. 
 
 Lippi, Lorenzo. Born at Florence, 1606: died 
 there, 1664. An Italian poet and painter. 
 Lippincott (lip'in-kot), Mrs. (Sara Jane 
 Clarke) : pseudonym Grace Greenwood. Born 
 at Pompey, N. Y., Sept. 23, 1823: died at New 
 Rochelle, N. Y., April 20, 1904. An American 
 author. Among her works are “Greenwood Leaves ’ 
 (1850-52), “Poems” (1851), “Five Years" (1867), “New 
 Life in New Lands" (1873), etc. 
 
 Lippspringe (lip'spriug-e). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Westphalia, Prussia, 6 miles northeast 
 of Paderborn. It is at the source of the Lippe, and has 
 warm springs of Glauber's salt.. Population, over 2,000. 
 
 Lippstadt (lip'stat). A townin the province of 
 Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the Lippe 37 
 miles southeast of Munster. Population, 15,- 
 436. 
 
 Lipsia (lip'si-a). The Latin name of Leipsic. 
 Lipsius (lip'se-os), Justus (Joest Lips). Born 
 at Overyssche, near Brussels, Oct. 18, 1547 : died 
 at Louvain, Belgium, March 23, 1606. A Flemish 
 philologist and critic. His chief work is an 
 edition of Tacitus (1575). 
 
 Lipsius, Richard Adelbert. Born at Gera, Ger- 
 many, Feb. 14, 1830: died at Jena, Aug. 19, 1892. 
 A German Protestant theologian, professor at 
 Jena. His chief work is “Lehrbuch der evangelisch- 
 protestantischen Dogmatik ” (1876). 
 
 Lir, Lyr. See Lear. 
 
 Liria (le're-a). A town in the province of Va- 
 lencia, Spain, 12 miles northwest of Valencia. 
 Population, 8,733. 
 
 Liris. See Gangliano. 
 
 Lisaine (le-zan'). A small tributary of the Sa- 
 voureuse, department of Haute-Saoue, eastern 
 France. In its vicinity, near H(*ri court, was fought the 
 battle of Belfort (wluch see). 
 
 Lisboa (lez-bo'ii), Joao Francisco. Born at 
 Iguarfi, Maranhao, March 22, 1812: died at Lis- 
 bon, Portugal, April 26, 1863. A Brazilian au- 
 thor. He is best known for his “ Jornal de Timon,” issued 
 in 12 numbers from 1852 to 1858, and consisting of satiri- 
 cal, political, and historical essays. His “Vida do Padre 
 Antonio Vieira” was published in 1874. 
 
 Lisbon (liz'hon), Pg. and Sp. Lisboa (lez-bo'a), 
 F. Lisbonne (lez-bon'), G. Lissabon (lis'sa- 
 bon). The capital of Portugal, situated in the 
 province of Estremadura, on the Tagus near 
 its mouth, in lat. 38° 43' N., long. 9° 11' W. : the 
 ancient Olisipo and Felicitas Julia. Ithasimpor- 
 tant commerce, especially with Great Britain and Brazil, 
 and is the terminus hf various steamer lines. The cele- 
 brated aqueduct of the Aguas Livres, finished in 1749, 
 crosses the valley of Alcintara on a bridge of 35 pointed 
 arches, the largest 204 feet high with a span of 95 feet. The 
 cathedral was originally a fine Romanesque building, but 
 has been disfigured by earthquakes and modernization. 
 The royal palace of Ajuda is a large building in a com- 
 manding situation above the Tagus, with a library con- 
 sidered the finest in Portugal. Lisbon was an ancient Ro- 
 man city; was captured by the Saracens about 716; was 
 taken from them by Alfonso I. in 1147 ; was made the capi- 
 tal in 1422 ; was in its most flourishing state about 1520 ; 
 was occupied by the Spaniards 1580-1640 ; was nearly de- 
 stroyed by an earthquake Nov. 1, 1755 (with a loss of about 
 40,000 lives) ; was held by the French 1807-08 ; suffered 
 from a series of military revolts about 1831, and in 1859 
 was ravaged by yellow fever. It was the birthplace of St. 
 Anthony of Padua, Camoens, and Pope John XXI. Popu- 
 lation, 356,009 (1910). 
 
 Lisburn (lis'bern). A town in the counties of 
 Antrim and Down, Ireland, situated on the La- 
 gan 8 miles southwest of Belfast. It manufac- 
 tures linen, and has a cathedral. Population, 
 11,461. 
 
 Liscow (lis'ko), Cbristian Ludwig. Born at 
 Wittenberg, Mecklenburg, April, 1701: died 
 near Eilenburg, Germany, Oct. 30, 1760. A Ger- 
 man satirical writer. 
 
 Lisieux (le-zye'). A town in the department of 
 Calvados, Prance, at the junction of the Orbi- 
 quet and Touques, 26 miles east of Caen : the 
 ancient Noviomagus. It manufactures woolens and 
 flannels. The cathedral is one of the most interesting of 
 Norman churches, exhibiting the long, sharp Norman lan- 
 cets, the central lantern, and other characteristic local 
 architectural and sculptural forms. It was the ancient 
 capital of the Lexovii. Population, 16,239. 
 
 Liskeard (lis-kard'). A town in Cornwall, Eng- 
 land, 16 miles northwest of Plymouth. Popu- 
 lation, 4,010. 
 
 L’lsle-Adam. See Villiers de L’ Isle- Adam , Phi- 
 lippe de. 
 
 Lisle (HI), Alice. Bom about 1614 : died Sept. 
 2, 1685. An Englishwoman, wife of John Lisle 
 the regicide, executed on the charge of harbor- 
 ing a dissenting minister, John Hiekes, who was 
 accused of treason. Shewas tried before Jeffreys, and 
 her death was a judicial murder. Her second daughter, 
 Bridget, was the wife of Leonard Hoar, president of Har- 
 vard College. 
 
 Lisle, Leconte de. See Leconte de Lisle. 
 L’Isle, Rouget de. See Rouget. 
 
 Lisle, or L’lsle (lei), William. Born at Tand- 
 ridge, Surrey, about 1579: died atWilbraham, 
 Sept., 1637. An English scholar and poet, noted 
 especially for his studies in Anglo-Saxon. He 
 published in 1623, with an English translation, the treatise 
 on the Old and New Testaments by vElfric Grammaticus, a 
 translation of parts of Du Bartas’s “Weeks ” (1625), etc. _ 
 
 Lismahago (lis-ma-ha'go), Captain. A proud, 
 disputatious, but honorable Scottish officer, in 
 Smollett’s “ Humphrey Clinker.” He marries 
 Tabitha Bramble after romantic adventures 
 among the Indians. 
 
 Lismore ( li z-mor' ) . An island in Loch Li nnhe, 
 Argyllshire, Scotland, 6 miles north of Oban. 
 Length, nearly 10 miles. 
 
Lismore 
 
 Lismore. A small town in the counties of Wa- 
 terford and Cork, Ireland, situated on the Black- 
 water 28 miles northeast of Cork. It has a castle 
 and cathedral. Population, 1,583. 
 
 Lissa (lis'sa). 1. An island of Dalmatia, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, about lat. 43° 3' N., long. 16° 10' 
 E. : the ancient Issa. It is famous for its wine. In 
 a naval battle fought near the island, July 20, 1866, the 
 Austrians under Tegettholf defeated the Italians under 
 Persano. length, 11 miles. Population, 10,107, (1910). 
 
 2. A fortified town on the island of Lissa. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 5,159, (1910). 
 
 Lissa, Pol. Leszno (lyesh'no). A town in the 
 province of Posen, Prussia, 40 miles south by 
 west of Posen. It was founded by the Moravian Breth- 
 ren in the middle of the 16th century, and became their 
 chief seat in Poland. Population, commune. 16,021. 
 Lissardo (li-sar'do). A conceited man-servant 
 in Mrs. Centlivre’s comedy ‘ ‘ The Wonder.” His 
 voluble love-affair with Flora forms the under- 
 plot of the play. 
 
 List (list), Friedrich. Born at Re utl inge n, Wiir- 
 temberg, Aug. 6, 1789: committed suicide at 
 Kufstein, Tyrol, Nov. 30, 1846. A noted Ger- 
 man political economist. For an attack upon the 
 government of Wiirtemberg he was imprisoned in 1822, and 
 again in 1824. He emigrated to the United States in 1825 ; 
 returned to Germany in 1832 ; and resided at Hamburg and 
 later in Leipsic, Paris, and Augsburg. His chief works are 
 “Outlines of a New System of Political Economy ” (1827), 
 “Das nationale System der politischen Okonomie” (“The 
 National System of Political Economy,” 1841). 
 
 Lista y Aragon (les'ta e a-ra-gon'), Alberto. 
 Born at Triana, near Seville, Spain, Oct. 15, 
 1775: died at Seville, Oct. 5, 1848. A Spanish 
 ★lyric poet, critic, and mathematician. 
 
 Lister (lis'ter), Joseph, first Baron Lister. 
 Bom April 5, 1827 : died Feb. 10, 1912. An 
 English surgeon, noted for his introduction of 
 the antiseptic method of bandaging. He was 
 made a baronet in 1883, and a baron in 1897. 
 Lister, Joseph Jackson. Born at London, Jan. 
 11, 1786 : died Oct. 24, 1869. An English wine 
 merchant and optician, noted for the improve- 
 ments which he introduced in the construction 
 of the object-glasses of microscopes, due to his 
 discovery of the principle of aplanatic foci. 
 Lister, Thomas Henry. Born near Lichfield 
 in 1800 : died at Kent House, Knightsbridge, 
 June 5, 1842. An English novelist aud drama- 
 tist, registrar-general of England and Wales 
 (1836). He was the author of “Romance of Real Life,” 
 “Flirtation,” “ Granby,” “ Epicharis ” (a tragedy), “ Life and 
 Administration of Edward, first Earl of Clarendon ” (1837- 
 1838), etc. 
 
 Lister (lis'ter) and Mandal (man'dal). The 
 southernmost province of Norway. Area, 2,804 
 square miles. Population, 81,567. 
 
 Liston (lis'ton), John. Born at London about 
 1776: died there, March 22, 1846. A noted Eng- 
 lish actor. He played first in the north of England, ap- 
 peared at the Haymarket June 10, 1805, and at Covent 
 Garden Oct. 15, 1806, and was connected with these thea- 
 ters for many years. He acted later at Drury Lane and 
 the Olympic, retiring in 1837. He acted a large number 
 of comic parts, of which the most successful was his “Paul 
 Pry.” His wife (died 1854) was a successful comic actress 
 and singer. 
 
 Liston . . . belonged rather to farce than comedy. Like 
 Suett, he excited more laughter than he ever enjoyed him- 
 self. He suffered from attacks of the nerves, and, in his 
 most humorous representations, was the more humorous 
 from his humor always partaking of a melancholy tone. 
 
 Doran, Eng. Stage, II. 351. 
 
 Liston, Sir Robert. Born at Overtoun, parish 
 of Kirkliston, Scotland, Oct. 8, 1742 : died near 
 Edinburgh, July 15, 1836. ABritish diplomatist. 
 He was secretary of embassy at Madrid March, 1783 ; min- 
 ister plenipotentiary there May, 1783, to Aug. , 1788 ; envoy 
 extraordinary at Constantinople 1793-96 ; and ambassador 
 at Washington 1796. He was later envoy at The Hague, and 
 ambassador at Constantinople. 
 
 Liston, Robert. Born at Ecclesmachan, Lin- 
 lithgowshire, Oct. 28, 1794: died at London, Dec. 
 7, 1847. A Scottish surgeon, professor of chem- 
 ical surgery in the University of London (from 
 1835), noted especially for his skill as an oper- 
 ator, and as the inventor of a splint, named from 
 him, which is used in cases of dislocation of the 
 thigh. 
 
 Lisuarte of England. In the romance “ Amadis 
 of Gaul,” the King of England, and the father of 
 Oriana, the wife of Amadis. 
 
 Lisuarte of Greece. The grandson of Amadis, 
 and son of Esplandian. Two of the books of the 
 Amadis of Gaul romance contain his adventures : the 
 seventh, by Feliciano de Silva (1514); and the eighth, by 
 Juan Diaz (152 6). 
 
 Liszt ( list), Franz. Born at Raiding, Hungary, 
 Oct. 22, 1811: died at Bayreuth, Bavaria, July 
 31, 1886. A celebrated Hungarian composer, 
 and cue of the greatest of pianists. He made his 
 first public appearance when oidy 9 years old at Oden- 
 burg. In 1823 at a concert in Vienna he was received with 
 
 615 
 
 much enthusiasm, aud Beethoven kissed him after he had 
 finished playing. He went to Paris to study, and became 
 intimate with Victor Hugo, Lamartine, George Sand, and 
 others. From 1834 to 1844 lasted his connection with the 
 Comtes8e d'Agoult (Daniel Stern), by whom he had three 
 children, one of whom married Von Billow and afterward 
 Richard Wagner. In 1849 he became musical director at 
 Weimar, where he brought out Wagner's “Tannhauser" 
 and “Lohengrin” and Berlioz’s “ Benvenuto Cellini." He 
 resigned Iris appointment in 1861 and divided his time be- 
 tween Weimar, Rome, and Budapest. He revisited Eng- 
 land in 1886. In 1879 he received the tonsure, and is 
 known as the Abbd Liszt. Among his numerous works are 
 “ Symphonic Poems," the oratorios “ Christus ” and “ Saint 
 Elizabeth,” “Rhapsodic hongroise," and other arrange- 
 ments and many pianofdrte pieces, etc. He published 8 or 
 9 books, among which are “ Die Zigeuner und ihre Musik " 
 (“The Gipsies and their Music,” 1861), “Lohengrin et 
 Tannhauser," works on Franz, Chopin, Schumann, etc. 
 
 Litany (le'ta-ne). A river of Syria which flows 
 into the Mediterranean 4 miles north of Tyre : 
 the ancient Leontes. It is called near its mouth 
 the Nahr-el-Kasimiyeh. Length, over 100 miles. 
 
 Litchfield (licli'feld). The capital of Litchfield 
 County, Connecticut, 27 miles west of Hartford. 
 It was the seat of a noted law school 1784-1838. 
 Population, 3,005, (1910). 
 
 Literary Club, The. A club founded in 1764 
 by Sir Joshua Reynolds, Dr. Samuel Johnson, 
 and others. It met originally at the Turk’s Head in 
 Gerrard street, and continued to meet there till 1783. Af- 
 ter several removals, in 1799 they settled in the Thatched 
 House in St. James’s street. “ So originated and was 
 formed, ” says Forster, “ that famous club which had made 
 itself a name in literary history long before it received, at 
 Garrick's funeral, the name of the Literary Club.” The 
 name was changed to “the Johnson Club,” and on the 
 taking down of the Thatched House the club removed to 
 the Clarendon Hotel in Bond street, where it celebrated 
 its centennial in 1864. It is still in existence. Chambers; 
 Timbs. 
 
 Liternum (li-ter'num). In ancient geography, 
 a town in Campania, Italy, situated on the 
 coast about 14 miles northwest of Naples. 
 
 LithgOW (lith'go), William. Born at Lanark, 
 1582 : died, probably at Lanark, about 1645. A 
 Scottish traveler in Europe and the East. He 
 was the author of “ The Totall Discourse of the Rare Ad- 
 ventures and Painfull Peregrinations of Long Nineteen 
 Years, etc.” (London, 1632), “a book of uncommon value 
 and interest for its descriptions of men and manners even 
 more than of places, . . . probably the earliest authority 
 for coffee-drinking in Europe, Turkish baths, etc.” (Diet. 
 Nat. Biog.). 
 
 Lithuania (lith-u-a'ni-a). [Pol. Litiva, G. Li- 
 tauen, F. Lithuanie, L. Lituania.~\ A former 
 grand duchy of Europe, in its later history unit- 
 ed with Poland. It comprised what are now the gov- 
 ernments of Kovno, Grodno, Vilna, Minsk, Mohilelf, Vi- 
 tebsk, and Suwalki of Russia. The surface is level. It 
 is noted for its horses, cattle, and game. Lithuania proper 
 was the region about Vilna, which was its capital. The in- 
 habitants are principally Lithuanians and White Russians. 
 Lithuania became consolidated in the beginning of the 
 13th century. Gedimin (1315-10) was the real founder of 
 its power. It made various conquests at the expense of 
 the Russians, including Kieff ; cleared the lower Dnieper 
 of the Mongols in 1368; was united with Poland under 
 Jagello in 1386; and was also Christianized under Jagello. 
 Under Vitov, its grand prince (1392-1430), it gained Smo- 
 lensk and acquired great power. It was definitely united 
 with Poland in 1501, and the union was made closer by the 
 Diet of Lublin in 1569. After that it followed the fortunes 
 of Poland. 
 
 Litorale. See Kiistenland. 
 
 Litta (let'ta), Count Ponipeo. Born at Milan, 
 Sept. 27, 1781: died at Milan, Aug. 17, 1852. 
 An Italian historian, author of “Famiglie cele- 
 bri d’ltalia” (“Celebrated Families of Italy,” 
 1819-83), etc. 
 
 Littell (li-tel'),Eliakim. Born at Burlington, 
 N. J., Jan. 2, 1797: died at Brookline, Mass., 
 May 17, 1870. An American publisher. He 
 established the periodical “Littell’s Living 
 Age” (Boston, 1844). 
 
 Little (lit'l), Thomas. A pseudonym of Thomas 
 Moore. He published a volume of amatory poems in 
 1808 under this name. He is also spoken of as “Master 
 Little.” 
 
 Little Bear. See Ursa Minor. 
 
 Little Belt. The strait between Fiinen and the 
 peninsula of J utland. The Swedish army under 
 Charles X. marched across it on the ice to Fiinen 
 in 1658. 
 
 Little Corporal, The. See Corporal. 
 
 Little Dog. See Canis Minor. 
 
 Little Dorrit. A novel by Dickens. It was pub- 
 lished serially from Dee., 1855, to June, 1857. 
 
 Little-endians. See Big-endians. 
 
 Little Falls. A city in Herkimer County, 
 New York, situated at falls of the Mohawk, 64 
 miles west-northwest of Albany. It has man- 
 ufactures and a cheese-market. Population, 
 12,273, (1910). 
 
 Little French Lawyer, The. A comedy by 
 Fletcher and Massinger, written about 1620, 
 and printed in 1647. The plot is from “The Spanish 
 Rogue,” a novel which was also used by Aleman in his 
 “Guzman de Alfarache.” 
 
 Little Venice 
 
 Little Giant, The. A popular surname of Ste- 
 phen A. Douglas. 
 
 Littlehampton (lit-l-hamp'ton). A watering- 
 place in the county of Sussex, England, situ- 
 ated at the mouth of the Arun, on the English 
 Channel, 18 miles west of Brighton. Popula- 
 tion, 7,363. 
 
 Little Iliad, The. A Greek epic poem of the 
 Trojan cycle, by Lesches, a Lesbian. It contin- 
 ued the Iliad to the fall of Troy. 
 
 Little John. One of the chief followers of Robin 
 Hood, said to have been one John Nailor. He 
 was enormously tall and strong. 
 
 Littlejohn (lit'l-jon), Hugh. The name given 
 to John Hugh Lockhart, son of John Gibson 
 Lockhart, and grandson of Sir Walter Scott, 
 for whom the latter wrote “ Tales of a Grand- 
 father.” 
 
 Little Kanawha. A river in West Virginia 
 which joins the Ohio at Parkersburg. Length, 
 over 100 miles. 
 
 Little Mac. A nickname of General George B. 
 McClellan. 
 
 Little Magician, The. A popular name of Mar- 
 tin Van Buren. 
 
 Little Marlborough, The. A surname of 
 Schwerin. 
 
 Little Missouri. A river in eastern Wyoming, 
 southeastern Montana, and western Dakota. It 
 joins the Missouri 83 miles northwest of Bismarck. Length, 
 about 400 miles. 
 
 Little Nell. A child character in the novel 
 “Old Curiosity Shop,” by Dickens. 
 
 Littlepage (lit'l-paj), Cornelius. The pseudo- 
 nym of James Fenimore Cooper, under which he 
 wrote “ Satanstoe.” 
 
 Little Paris. A name sometimes given to 
 Brussels. 
 
 Little Parliament. The Parliament convened 
 by Cromwell July 4, 1653: so called from the 
 small number — about 140 — of its members. It 
 constituted Cromwell Lord Protector. It is also called, 
 from one of its members, “Barebone’s Parliament.” See 
 Barbon. 
 
 Little Phil. A nickname of General Philip H. 
 Sheridan. 
 
 Little Popo. [G. Klein-Popo, native name Ane- 
 ho.~\ A district and coast station of Togoland, 
 western Africa, situated in lat. 6° 12' N., long. 
 1° 46' E. 
 
 Little Red Riding-hood, F. Le Chaperon 
 Rouge, G. Rothkappchen. A nursery tale of 
 a little girl who forgets her mother’s command 
 “to speak to no one whom she meets.” She tells a 
 wolf that she is going to her grandmother’s cottage with 
 some wiue and bread. He reaches the cottage before her, 
 eats her grandmother, and, when Little Red Riding-hood 
 arrives, devours her. Iu the German at this point a hun- 
 ter comes who rips open the wolf, and Red Riding-hood 
 and her grandmother are restored to life. This legend is 
 found in many countries, but comes to us from Perrault’s 
 French version, which heprobably derived from the Italian 
 stories of Straparola and the “Pentamerone.” 
 
 Little Rock. The capital of Arkansas and of 
 Pulaski County, situated on the Arkansas River 
 about lat. 34° 44' N., long. 92° 16' W. It has a 
 
 flourishing trade in cotton. Population, 45,941, (1910). 
 
 Little Russia. A name given to the division of 
 Russia comprising the governments of Khar- 
 koff, Kieff, Pultowa, and Tchernigoff. in some 
 classifications Volhynia and Podolia are included. 
 
 Little Tibet. Same as Baltistan. 
 
 Littleton (lit'l-ton), Adam. Born at Hales- 
 owen, Worcestershire, Nov. 2, 1627 : died June 
 30, 1694. An English scholar. He was rector of 
 Chelsea 1669, chaplain of Charles II. 1670, rector of over- 
 ton, Hampshire, 1683, and of the Church of St. Botolph, 
 Aldersgate, 1685-89. His principal work is a Latin dic- 
 tionary, “ Linguae latinae liber dictionr.riusquadripartitus ” 
 (London, 1673). 
 
 Littleton, Edward, Lord Littleton. Born at 
 Munslow, Shropshire, 1589: died at Oxford, 
 Aug. 27, 1645. An English jurist. He was chief 
 justice of North Wales 1621 ; recorder of London Dec. 7, 
 1631; solicitor-general Oct. 17, 1634 ; chief justice of the 
 Common Pleas Jan. 27, 1640 ; lord keeper of the great seal 
 Jan. 18, 1641 ; aud first commissioner of the treasury May 
 18, 1641. He argued against Hampden in the ship-money 
 case, and was a firm partizan of the king. In May, 1642, he 
 followed the king to York, taking the seal with him. 
 
 Littleton, Sir Thomas. Born at Frankiey, 
 Worcestershire, 1402: died at Frankiey, Aug. 
 23, 1481. A noted English jurist, eldest son of 
 Thomas Westcote of Westeote, near Barn- 
 staple, and Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas de 
 Littleton of Frankiey. In baptism he received his 
 mother’s surname, ne was made justice of the Common 
 Pleas April 27, 1466, and was the author of a famouswork, 
 in law-French, on tenures, which, with Coke’s commentary, 
 was long the authority on the English law of real property. 
 
 Little Vehicle. See Great Vehicle. 
 
 Little Venice.* A name sometimes given to 
 Arendal, Norway, on account of its situation. 
 
Littlewit 
 
 Littlewit (lit'l-wit), John. A foolish proctor 
 in Ben Jonson’s “Bartholomew Fair.” He 
 adores his hypocritical wife Winifred. 
 
 Litton (lit'on), Marie (Mary Lowe). Born in 
 Derbyshire, 1847 : died at London, April 1, 1884. 
 An English actress, wife of Mr. W. Robertson, 
 successful as a player of comedy, and a theatri- 
 cal manager. She first appeared at the Prin- 
 cess’s Theatre March 23, 1868. 
 
 Littorale. See Kiistenland. 
 
 Littre (le-tra'), Maximilien Paul Emile. 
 Bom at Paris, Feb. 1, 1801: died there, June 2, 
 1881. A French philologist and philosopher. He 
 graduated with high honors from college, and took up the 
 study of medicine, which he never completed. His decided 
 taste for literary labors induced him to turn his attention 
 to the acquisition of Greek, Arabic, and Sanskrit. As a jour- 
 nalist he wrote for the “Journal Hebdomadaire d • Mdde- 
 cine,”“LeNational,” “Experience,” “Journaldes Savants,” 
 “ Revue de Philosophie Positive." etc. He was a fervent 
 advocate of the doctrine of positivism, and greatly admired 
 Auguste Comte. At the death of Comte, l.ittrf was recog- 
 nized as the head of the positivist school. His great work 
 Is unquestionably the “Dictionnaire de la langue fran- 
 $aise” (1863-72). He made a French translation of the 
 works of Hippocrates (10 vols. 1839-61), and also published 
 translations of Strauss's “ Life of Jesus ” (1839-40) and 
 Pliny’s “ Natural History "(1848). He edited the works of 
 Arrnand Carrel (1857), and a new “ Dictionnaire de inede- 
 cinede Nysten.” Besides a number of books and papers on 
 positivism, he wrote “Le cholera oriental” (1832), “His- 
 toire de la langue franyaise " (1862), “Etudes sur les bar- 
 bares et le moyen-age ” (i§67), “Mddecine et mddecins” 
 (1872),“Restauration delalbgitimitdetdeses allies "(1873), 
 “ La science au point de vue philosophique " (1873), “ Lit- 
 erature et histoire " (1875), “De l'dtablissement etla troi- 
 Biime r 'publique ” (1880), etc. I.ittrC was one of the finest 
 linguists and scientists of his century. He was elected 
 to the French Academy, Dec. 30, 1871. 
 
 Littrow (lit'trou), Joseph Johann von. Bom 
 
 at Bischof-Teinitz, Bohemia, March 13, 1781: 
 died Nov. 30, 1840. An Austrian astronomer, 
 director of the observatory at Vienna, author of 
 “Die Wunder des Himmels” (“The Wonders of 
 the Heavens,” 1836), etc. 
 
 Littrow, Karl von. Born at Kazan, Russia, 
 July 18, 1811: died atVenice, Nov. 16, 1877. An 
 Austrian astronomer, son of J. J. von Littrow. 
 Liukiu Islands. See Loochoo Islands. 
 Liutprand (li-ot'prand), or Luitprand (lo'it- 
 prand). King of the Lombards from about 712 
 to 744. 
 
 Liutprand, or Luitprand. Died 972. An Ital- 
 ian chronicler. He wrote “Antapodosis ” and other 
 histories of his time (ed. by Pertz in “Monumenta Ger- 
 manise ” 1839, and by Dummler 1877). 
 
 Livadia (li-va'de-a). An estate and summer 
 resort of the Russian imperial family, situated 
 on the southern coast of the Crimea, about 32 
 miles east-southeast, of Sebastopol. 
 
 Livadia (liv-a-de'a), or Levadia (lev-a-de'a). 
 1. A town in Boeotia, Greece, 57 miles north- 
 west of Athens : the ancient Lebadeia (Greek 
 A e/3adaa). It was noted for its oracle of Tro- 
 phonius. — 2. A name formerly given to Middle 
 Greece. 
 
 Live-Oak State. The State of Florida. 
 Liverpool (liv'er-pol). AseaportinLancashire, 
 England, situated on the Mersey, 3 miles from 
 the Irish Sea, in lat. 53° 24' N., long. 3° 4' W. 
 It is the principal seaport in England and in the world, 
 and in respect of population the second city of England ; 
 is the terminus of many steamship lines, especially trans- 
 atlantic (Cunard, White Star, etc.) to New York ; has large 
 trade with the United States, Canada, India, China, Aus- 
 tralia, South America, Ireland, etc. ; exports cotton goods 
 and other manufactured articles, coal, etc. ; imports cot- 
 ton, provisions, cattle, grain, timber, sugar, tobacco, etc. ; 
 and has extensive shipbuilding, and manufactures of 
 ropes, sugar, iron, chemicals, etc. St. George’s Hall, 
 opened in 1854, a modern classical building, forms the 
 chief architectural ornament. Other objects of interest 
 are the cathedral (now building), town hall, exchange, 
 revenue buildings, Liverpool University College, Museum 
 of Japanese Art, Walker and other art galleries, and the 
 very extensive docks. Liverpool received a charter from 
 King John in 1207; was incorporated in 1229; and was 
 taken by Prince Rupert in 1644. The commencement of 
 its prosperity dates from the last half of the 17th century. 
 It was largely engaged in the African slave-trade and in 
 smuggling. It developed greatly in the 18th and still 
 more in the 19th century. It was the birthplace of W. E. 
 Gladstone and Mrs. Hemans. Population, 746,566, (1911). 
 Liverpool. A seaport and the capital of Queen’s 
 County, Nova Scotia, situated at the mouth of 
 the Mersey, 70 miles southwestof Halifax. Pop- 
 ulation, 1,937. 
 
 Liverpool, Earls of. See Jenlcinson. 
 
 Livia (liv'i-a). In Middleton’s play “Women 
 beware Women,” an artful and malicious court 
 lady who, with consummate knowledge of the 
 world, betrays Bianca (hence the title of the 
 
 jfiay). 
 
 Livia Dmsilla (liv'i-a, dro-sil'la). Born about 
 56 B. C. : died 29 a. d. The wife of Augustus, and 
 mother of Tiberius and Drusus. She was the daugh- 
 ter of Livius Drusus Claudianus, anfl was married to Ti- 
 berius Claudius Nero (the father of her sons Tiberius and 
 
 616 
 
 Drusus), who was compelled to divorce her in order that 
 she might become the wife of the future emperor. She 
 was accused of committing various crimes, even of hasten- 
 ing the death of her husband in her endeavor to secure 
 the succession to her son Tiberius. For a time after the 
 accession of the latter she was all-powerful in the state, 
 but was soon forced to retire from public affairs. 
 
 Livigno (le-ven'yo), Valle di, G. Welsch-Li- 
 
 vinen (vclsh'le-ve'nen). The upper valley of 
 the Spol, in the northern part of the province 
 of Sondrio, northern Italy, bordering on the 
 Grisons (Switzerland). 
 
 Living, or Lyfing. Died June 12, 1020. Anarch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, the successor of gElflieah . 
 He crowned Edmund Ironside and Canute. 
 Living, or Lyfing. An Anglo-Saxon prelate, 
 bishop of Crediton (1027), of Cornwall (date un- 
 certain), and also of Worcester (1038). He was 
 a councilor of Canute, and his companion in his pilgrimage 
 to Rome, and was later a partizan of Earl Godwin and a 
 supporter of his house. 
 
 Livingston (liv'ing-ston), Brockholst. Born 
 at New York, Nov. 25, 1757: died at Washington, 
 D. C., March, 1823. An American jurist, son of 
 William Livingston. He was a judge of the 
 United States Supreme Court 1806-23. 
 Livingston (liv'ing-ston), Edward. Born at 
 Clermont, Columbia County, N. Y., May 26, 
 1764: died at Rhinebeck, N. Y., May 23, 1836. 
 An American jurist and statesman, brother of 
 R. R. Livingston. He was member of Congress from 
 New York 1795-1801 ; mayor of New York 1801-03 ; mem- 
 ber of Congress from Louisiana 1823-29; United States 
 senator 1829-31 ; secretary of state 1831-33 ; aud United 
 States minister to France 1833-35. He prepared a code of 
 criminal law and procedure (1833). His complete works 
 (2 vols.) were published iu 1873. 
 
 Livingston, John Henry. Born at Poughkeep- 
 sie, N. Y., May 30, 1746: died at New Bruns- 
 wick, N. J., Jan. 20, 1825. An American clergy- 
 man of the Dutch Reformed Church, president 
 of Rutgers College, New Brunswick. 
 Livingston, Philip. Born at Albany, N. Y. , Jan. 
 15, 1716 : died at York, Pa., June 12, 1778. An 
 American politician, a signer of the Declaration 
 of Independence as member of Congress from 
 New York, 1776. 
 
 Livingston, Robert R. Born at New York, 
 Nov. 27, 1746: died Feb. 26, 1813. An American 
 statesman and jurist. He was a member of the Con- 
 tinental Congress; chancellor of the State of New York 
 1777-1801; secretary of foreign affairs 1781-83 ; and United 
 States minister to France 1801-06. He negotiated the Loui- 
 siana Purchase in 1803, and was associated with Fulton in 
 furthering steamboat navigation. 
 
 Livingston, "William. Born 1723 : died at Eliza- 
 bethtown, N. J., July 25, 1790. An American 
 politician, brother of Philip Livingston. He was 
 governor of New Jersey 1776-90, and a member 
 of the Constitutional Convention in 1787. 
 Livingstone (liv'ing-ston). A name proposed 
 by Stanley for the Kongo. 
 
 Livingstone, Alexander. Died April 2, 1622. 
 A Scottish noble, created first earl of Linlith- 
 gow in Dec., 1600. 
 
 Livingstone, Charles. Born at Blantyre, Lan- 
 arkshire, Feb. 28, 1821: died near Lagos, Oct. 
 28, 1873. A clergyman and missionary, brother 
 of David Livingstone. He emigrated to the United 
 States in 1840 ; graduated at the Union Theological Semi- 
 nary, New York city, in 1850 ; returned to England iu 1857 ; 
 and went with his brother to Africa, remaining with him 
 until 1863. In 1864 he was appointed British consul at 
 Fernando Po. 
 
 Livingstone, David. Born at Blantyre, near 
 Glasgow, Scotland, March 19, 1813 : died at Chi- 
 tambo, central Africa, April 30, 1873. A cele- 
 brated African explorer and missionary. From 
 1840-49 he was medical missionary among the Bechuana 
 of South Africa. He discovered Lake Ngami in 1849 ; ex- 
 plored the Zambesi and Kuanza basins to Loanda 1851-54 ; 
 recrossed the continent from Loanda to Kilimane, discov- 
 ering Victoria Falls, in 1855 ; led a government expedition 
 up the Zambesi and Shire rivers, and discovered Lakes 
 Shirwa and Nyassa, 1-58-59 ; explored the Rovuma val- 
 ley in 1868, the Cliambezi in 1867, and Lakes Tanganyika, 
 Moero, and Bangweolo 1867-68 ; was at TJjiji in 1869 ; navi- 
 gated Tanganyika, and was driven back by the Manyema; 
 was relieved by Stanley at TJjiji in 1871 ; parted with Stan- 
 ley in Unyanyembe in 1872, and returned to Lake Bang- 
 weolo; and died at Chitainbo from dysentery in 1873. 
 His body was carried to the coast, and was buried in West- 
 minster Abbey April 18, 1874. He wrote “Missionary 
 Travels in South Africa ” (1857). and a “Narrative of an 
 Expedition to the Zambesi ” (1865). His “Last Journals ” 
 were published in 1874. See Century Atlas, Hap 109. 
 Livius (liv'i-us), Saint. Died 656 (?). An ec- 
 clesiastic, called “the Apostle of Brabant,” con- 
 cerning whose life (if indeed he existed at all) 
 little is recorded. 
 
 Livius Andronicus. See Andronicus. 
 
 Livny (liv'ne). A town in the government of 
 Orel, central Russia, situated on the Sosna 75 
 miles southeast of Orel. Population, 21,100. 
 Livonia (li-vo'ni-a), G. Livland or Liefland 
 (lef'lant), F. Livohie (le-vo-ne'). A govern- 
 
 Llanos de Chiquitos 
 
 ment of Russia, one of the Baltic provinces. 
 Capital, Riga. It is bounded by Esthonia on the north. 
 Lake Peipus, Pskoff, and Vitebsk on the east, Couriand 
 (separated by the Duna) on the south, and the Gulf of Riga 
 on the west. The island of Osel belongs to it. The surface 
 is mainly level. The inhabitants are chiefly Letts and F.s- 
 thonians. The nobility is German. The prevailing reli- 
 gion is Protestant. Livonia was the nucleus of the do- 
 minions of the Livonian (Sword-Bearer) Knights, who 
 began their settlements in 1201. In 1237 they united with 
 the Teutonic Order. The Prussian and Livonian Knights 
 were separated in 1521. After the dissolution of the order 
 (1558-61) Livonia was for a short time a kingdom. After 
 some changes it became Polish in 1582 ; passed to Sweden 
 1660 (having been conquered by Sweden in 1621-25) ; and 
 was annexed toRussiainl721. It is being Russified like the 
 other Baltic provinces. Area, 17,574 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 1,431,000. 
 
 Livorno. See Leghorn. 
 
 Livy (liv'i) (Titus Livius). Born at Patavium 
 (Padua), 59 b. c. : died there, 17 a. d. The great- 
 est of Roman historians, and the most impor- 
 tant prose- writer of the Augustan age. He wrote 
 a comprehensive history of Rome, from the founding of 
 the city to the death of Drusus, in 142 books, of which only 
 35 are extant (1-10 and 21-45), and also several philosophi- 
 cal dialogues and a work on rhetorical training. He spent 
 the greater part of his life (over 40 years of which were 
 given to his history) at Rome. 
 
 Lixouri (liks-6're)., A town in Cephalonia, 
 Greece. Population, about 5,000. 
 
 Lizard, The. See Lacerta. 
 
 Lizard Head, or Lizard Point, or Lizard (liz'- 
 ard). The southernmost point of England, 
 situated in Cornwall, lat. 49° 58' N., long. 5° 
 12' W. The name is sometimes applied to the 
 whole peninsula. 
 
 Lizars (li-zarz'), John. Bom at Edinburgh 
 about 1787 : died May 21, 1860. A Scottish sur- 
 geon, professor of surgery in the Royal College 
 of Surgeons, Edinburgh: noted for the intro- 
 duction of the operation for the removal of the 
 upper jaw. He published “A System of An- 
 atomical Plates of the Human Body” (1822), 
 etc. 
 
 Llameos (lya-ma'os). A race of Indians of 
 northern Pern, on the river Maranon near Nau- 
 ta, the lower Huallaga, and the Javary: formerly 
 found between the Tigre and Napo. The Llameos 
 are rather undersized, but were formerly very warlike. 
 They are agriculturistsand industrious. The remnants are 
 mostly merged in the general country population. Their 
 language appears to have no relation to those of other 
 tribes. Also Yameos, Lamas, or Lamistas, and, in Portu- 
 guese, Ltiameos. 
 
 Llanberis (lan-ber'is). A town in Carnarvon- 
 shire, Wales, at the base of Snowdon, 10 miles 
 south of Bangor: a tourist center. 
 
 Llandaff (lan-daf'). The smallest British city, 
 situated on the Tail in Glamorgan, South Wales : 
 a mere suburb of Cardiff. Llandaff is said to be the 
 oldest episcopal see in Great Britain. The cathedral is a 
 small building, representing in its construction all the 
 stages of medieval architecture. It has been thoroughly 
 restored in the present century. The fine west front has 
 more of a French character than is usual in Great Britain. 
 There are no transepts. The interior is imposing; the 
 Norman arch of the Lady chapel is notable ; and there is a 
 square chapter-house with central pillar. 
 
 Llandudno (lan-dud'no). A watering-place in 
 Carnarvonshire, North Wales, situated at the 
 mouth of the Conway, on the Irish Sea, 38 miles 
 west of Liverpool. There is a fine “marine drive” 
 round Great Orme’s Head. Population, 7,282. 
 
 Llanelly (la-neth'li). A seaport in Carmarthen- 
 shire, South Wales. It is situated on an inlet of Car- 
 marthen Bay, 11 miles TV. N. W. of Swansea. There are 
 manufactures of iron, copper, tin, etc., and coal is ex- 
 ported. Population, 25,617. 
 
 Llaneros (lya-na'ros), corrupted into Yaneros 
 (ya-na'ros). [‘ People of the plains.’] An in- 
 definite name for the former wild Indians of 
 the staked plains of western Texas and eastern 
 New Mexico. 
 
 Llangollen (lan-goth'len). A town in Denbigh- 
 shire, North Wales, situated on the Dee 31 
 miles south-southwest of Liverpool. Popula- 
 tion, 3,303. 
 
 Llanos (Sp. pron. lya'nos). [Sp., from llano, 
 a flat field.] A name given in many parts of 
 Spanish America to large tracts of open land: 
 in a special manner, and in a geographical sense, 
 to the Llanos del Orinoco or de Venezuela, ly- 
 ing principally in Venezuela, with extensions 
 into Colombia. They comprise nearly all the space be 
 tween the Orinoco and its delta, the coast-range of Vene- 
 zuela, and the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia as far as the 
 Vichada branch of the Orinoco (about lat. 5° N.). The 
 total area is probably 150,000 square miles, and most of i' 
 is quite flat and near the sea-level; but some parts are 
 varied with table-topped hills a few hundred feet high. 
 During the rainy season large areas are overflowed. The 
 llanos are thinly inhabited, and the only industry is grazing, 
 immense herds of cattle being kept in a nearly wild state. 
 
 Llanos de Chiquitos, or Llanos de los Chi- 
 quitos (da los che-ke'tos). An extensive plain 
 in eastern Bolivia, in the departments of Santa 
 
Llanos de Chiquitos 
 
 Cruz andChuquisaca, extendingfrom the moun- 
 tains of Santa Cruz de la Sierra nearly to the 
 river Paraguay. It is continuous with the Gran Chaco 
 on the south, consists of grass-lands varied with woods 
 or with scattered trees, has occasional isolated^ hills, and 
 contains few inhabitants except Indians. Portions in the 
 east are annually overflowed. 
 
 Llanos de Guarayos (gwa-ra'yos). A northern 
 extension of the Llanos de Chiquitos, near the 
 river San Miguel. 
 
 Llanos de Manso (miin'so) or de Manzo (man'- 
 tho). A portion of the Chaco region of South 
 America, in the extreme southeastern part of 
 Bolivia, between the rivers Pilcomayo and 
 Paraguay. In the 16th cent ury this region was 
 conceded to Andres Manso for colonization. 
 Llanquiliue (Ivan -he' wa). A province of 
 Chile, about lat. 41° S. Capital, Puerto 
 Montt. Area, 35,390 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 105,043. 
 
 Llerena (lya-ra'na). A town in the province 
 of Badajoz, southwestern Spain, 55 miles north 
 of Seville. Population, 7,049. 
 
 Llewelyn, or Llywelyn (in full Llywelyn ab 
 Gruffydd (lo-el'in ab grii'feTH)). Died 1282. 
 Prince of Wales 1246-82, nephew of David II. 
 whom he succeeded. He supported the Eng- 
 lish barons under Simon de Montfort against 
 Henry HI., and was defeated with them at 
 Evesham in 1265. He refused to do homage to Ed- 
 ward L, whereupon the latter subdued Wales in 1277. He 
 subsequently revolted, and fell in battle. 
 
 Lloque Ynpanqui (lyo'ka yo-pan'ke). Third 
 head war-chief of the Incas of Peru in the 
 last quarter of the 14th century. He made 
 few conquests. Also written Loque Yupan- 
 qui, etc. 
 
 Llorente (lyo-ran'ta), Juan Antonio. Born 
 near Calahorra, Aragon, March 30, 1756: died 
 at Madrid, Feb. 5, 1823. A Spanish historian. 
 He was a priest, though holding rationalistic views, and 
 from 1789 to 1801 was general secretary of the Inquisition. 
 Under Joseph Bonaparte he received charge of the con- 
 fiscated property of the Inquisition and the religious orders, 
 and in 1809 was ordered to examine the archives of the 
 Inquisition and write its history. When the French were 
 driven out of Spain he retired with them to Paris, where 
 his history of the Inquisition was published 1817-18. It 
 was strongly condemned by the Roman Catholic authori- 
 ties, and he was interdicted from performing priestly func- 
 tions. In 1822 he published a French edition of the prin- 
 cipal works of Las Casas, with a biography ; and the same 
 year a work on the popes, which was condemned by the 
 government : he was ordered to leave Paris. He pub- 
 lished various other works, principally on Spanish history. 
 Lloyd (loid), Charles. Born at Birmingham, 
 Peb. 12, 1775: died at Chaillot, near Versailles, 
 Jan. 16, 1839. An English poet, a friend (and 
 pupil) of Coleridge ( with whom he lived for some 
 time) and of Lamb. He became insane about 
 1815, and died in a madhouse. 
 
 Lloyd, Edward. Flourished about the begin- 
 ning of the 18th century. The keeper of a cof- 
 feeJtouse in Tower street, London, and later 
 (1692) of “Lloyd’s Coffee House” in Lombard 
 street. His coffee house became the center of ship brok- 
 ing and marineinsurance. He published a paper, “ Lloyd’s 
 News” (Sept., 1696, -Feb., 1697), which was revived as 
 “Lloyd’s List*’ (1726), containing shipping and commer- 
 cial news. From him the association and the corporation 
 now known as “Lloyd’s” were named. 
 
 Lloyd, Edward. Born at Thornton Heath, Sur- 
 rey, Feb. 16, 1815: died at Westminster, April 
 8, 1890. A London publisher, founder (1842) 
 of “Lloyd’sIllustratedLondon Newspaper, ’’and 
 after 1876 proprietor of the “Daily Chronicle.” 
 Lloyd, Edward. Born March 7, 1845. An Eng- 
 lish tenor singer. He made his first great success in 
 1871, at the Gloucester festival, singing in Bach’s “St. Mat- 
 thew ” passion music. He has since been successful in 
 oratorio and concert music. 
 
 Lloyd, Henry. Born in Merionethshire about 
 1720: died at Huy, Belgium, June 19, 1783. A 
 Welsh soldier of fortune, for a time lay brother 
 in a religious house, and successively in the 
 service of the Pretender, of France, of Austria, 
 and of Prussia. He wrote a “History of the War be- 
 tween the King of Prussia and the Empress of Germany 
 and her Allies" (London, 1766-82), “A Political and Mili- 
 tary Rhapsody on the Defense of Great Britain ” (1779), etc. 
 Lloyd, Humphrey. Born at Dublin, April 16, 
 1800: died there, Jan. 17, 1881. A British man 
 of science, provost of Trinity College, Dublin, 
 1867-81 . He is noted for his researches in optics and 
 magnetism, and particularly for his experimental discovery 
 of conical refraction in biaxial crystals, the existence of 
 which had been theoretically determined by Sir W. R. 
 Hamilton. His works include “A Treatise on Light and 
 Vision” 11831), “Elementary Treatise on the Wave Theory 
 of Light’’ (1857), “Treatise on Magnetism, General and 
 Terrestrial’ 1 (1874), etc. 
 
 Lloyd, Robert. Born at Westminster, 1733: 
 died in the Fleet Prison, Dec. 15, 1764. A Brit- 
 ish poet. He was a graduate of W estminster School and 
 VI. 21 
 
 617 ’ 
 
 of Trinity College, Cambridge, and later was usher at West- 
 minster School. He wrote “The Actor : a Poetical Epistle ” 
 (1760), “The Tears and Triumphs of Parnassus,” etc. He 
 was imprisoned for debt in 1763. 
 
 Lloyd, William. Born at Tilehurst, Aug. 18, 
 1627 : died at Hartlebury Castle, Worcester- 
 shire, Aug. 30, 1717. An English prelate, bishop 
 successively of St. Asaph (1680), Lichfield and 
 Coventry (1692), and Worcester (1700). He was 
 one of the' six bishops tried on the charge of publishing a 
 seditious libel, and acquitted June 29, 1688, and was an 
 earnest supporter of the Revolution. 
 
 Lloyd’s (loidz). An association at the Royal 
 Exchange, London, comprising underwriters, 
 merchants, shipowners, and brokers, for the 
 furtherance of commerce, especially for marine 
 instu’anee and the publication of shipping news. 
 It originated in meetings at Lloyd’s Coffee House about 
 1688. The present rooms include a restaurant accessible 
 only to members of Lloyd’s and their friends. See Lloyd , 
 Edward (18th century), above. 
 
 Lloyd’s, Austrian. [It. Lloyd Austro- ungarico, 
 G. Osterreichisr.h-Unqarischcr Lloyd.'] A mer- 
 cantile company in Triest, founded in 1833 for 
 the furtherance of Austrian commerce. It com- 
 prises 3 sections : (a) insurance ; ( b ) steamship lines in the 
 Mediterranean, Black, and Red seas, etc. ; (c) publication 
 of periodicals. 
 
 Lloyd’s, North German. [G. Norddeutscher 
 Lloyd.] A company in Bremen, founded in 
 1857, for maintaining regular steamship lines 
 between Bremen and New York, Baltimore, and 
 other ports: also between New York and va- 
 rious Mediterranean ports. 
 
 Lloyd’s List. A periodical containing shipping 
 intelligence, issued by Lloyd’s (London) since 
 1716, as a daily since 1800. 
 
 Llywarch Hen. A Cymric poet, living in the 
 last part of the 6th century. 
 
 Llywelyn ab Gruffydd. See Llewelyn. 
 Loadstone, Lady. The “magnetic lady,” a char- 
 acter in Ben Jonson’s play of that name, she is 
 magnetic in the sense of making her house attractive, and 
 so drawing to it a variety of guests. 
 
 Loaisa, or Loaysa (lo-I'sa), Garcia Jofre de. 
 
 Born at Plaeencia, Caceres, about 1485: died 
 July 30, 1526. A Spanish captain, commenda- 
 dor of the order of St. John, who, in 1525, was 
 put in command of a fleet destined to follow up 
 the discoveries of Magalhaes. He left Spain with 
 7 ships, July 24, 1525; reached the Strait of Magellan in 
 Jan., 1526; lost there one of his ships; passed the strait 
 safely with the rest ; but died during the voyage across the 
 Pacific. One ship only reached the Moluccas. 
 
 Loanda (lo-an'dii), properly Sao Paulo de 
 Loanda (san pou'lo de lo-an'da). A seaport 
 and the capital of the Portuguese province of 
 Angola, Africa, in lat. 8° 48' S., long. 13° 13' E. 
 Population, estimated, about 20,000. 
 
 Loango (lo-ang'gd). A region on the western 
 coast of Africa, extending from the mouth of 
 the Kongo to about lat. 4° S. It is now divided 
 between the Belgian Kongo, Portugal, and France. 
 Loano (lo-a'no). A small town in Italy, situ- 
 ated on the coast 39 miles southwest of Genoa. 
 Here, Nov. 23-24, 1795, the French under Sche- 
 rer defeated the Austrians. The victory was 
 mainly due to Massena. 
 
 Loayza(lo-i' tha), orLoaysa (lo-i'sa) , Geronymo 
 de. Born at Traxillo,Estremadura, Spain, about 
 1500 : died at Lima, Peru, Oet. 25, 1575. A Span- 
 ish Dominican ecclesiastic. He was a missionary 
 at Cartagena, New Granada, 1526-31, and in 1537 was ap- 
 pointed bishop of that diocese ; became bishop of Lima 
 in 1543 ; and was the first archbishop in 1548. During the 
 rebellions of Gonzalo Pizarro and Giron he adhered to the 
 king, but did his best to prevent bloodshed. In 1552 and 
 1567 he presided over provincial councils. 
 
 Lobau (lo'bou). An island in the Danube, near 
 Vienna. It was occupied by the French after 
 the battle of Aspern in 1809. 
 
 Lobau (le'bou). A town in the kingdom of Sax- 
 ony, 41 miles east of Dresden : one of the prin- 
 cipal towns of ancient Lusatia. Population, 
 10,683. 
 
 Lobau. A town in the province of West Prus- 
 sia, Prussia, situated on the Sandelle 75 miles 
 southeast of Dantzic. Pop., commune, 5,048. 
 Lobeira (lo-ba'e-rii), or Loveira (lo-va'e-ra), 
 Vasco de. Born at Oporto, Portugal, about 
 the middle of the 14th century: died at Elvas, 
 Portugal, about 1403. A Portuguese romance- 
 writer and soldier (in the service of John I. of 
 Portugal, by whom he was knighted in 1385) : 
 reputed author of the famousromance “Amadis 
 of Gaul” (which see). 
 
 Lobengula (lo-beng-go'lii). [‘The defender.’] 
 Bom about 1833 : died 1894. King of the Mata- 
 bele (see Matabele), a son of Mosilikatse. He was 
 long feared as a powerful warrior and persistent oppo- 
 nent of Christianity and civilization in his kingdom ; hut 
 finally the British South African Company succeeded in 
 obtaining from hint, in exchange for improved firearms 
 and ammunition, permission to settle in Maslionaland and 
 
 Locke, John 
 
 to exploit its gold-mines. As soon as the company had 
 built Fort Salisbury and supplied it well with men, artil- 
 lery, ammunition, and provisions, it provoked the Mata 
 bele with a view to seizing their territory. In the war 
 which ensued, in 1893, the brave Matabele regiments were 
 mowed down by Maxim guns and dispersed by cavalry in 
 several engagements. A decisive battle, in which 500 
 Matabele and only one white man fell, was fought on Oct. 
 23, some thirty miles from Buluwayo, Lobengula’s capital. 
 The latter was taken without further resistance and the 
 king pursued as a fugitive. In his flight he managed to 
 entrap and kill Major Wilson and his detachment. 
 
 Lobensteill (lo'ben-stin). A town and health- 
 resort in Reuss (younger line), Germany, 39 
 miles south-southeast of Weimar. Population, 
 about 3,000. 
 
 Lob-Nor (lob'nor'). A lake in Eastern Tur- 
 kestan, about lat. 39° N., long. 89° E. It re- 
 ceives the Tarim, and has no outlet. 
 
 Lobo (16' bo), Jeronimo. Bom at Lisbon about 
 1593 : died at Lisbon, Jan. 29, 1678. A Portu- 
 guese Jesuit, missionary in Abyssinia. 
 
 Lobos (16'bos) or Seal Islands. A group of 
 small islands west of Peru, situated (Lobos de 
 Tierra) in lat. 6° 27' S., long. 80° 49' W. They 
 are noted for guano deposits. 
 
 Lobositz (lo'bo-zits). A town in Bohemia, sit- 
 uated on the Elbe 35 miles north-northwest of 
 Prague. Here, Oct. 1, 1756, Frederick the Great de- 
 feated the Austrians under Browne. Population, com- 
 mune, 5,076, (1910). 
 
 Locarno (lo-kiir'no). A town in the canton of 
 Ticino, Switzerland, situated on Lago Mag- 
 giore 11 miles west of Bellinzona. Annexed 
 to Switzerland in 1513. Pop., about 4,000. 
 
 Locatelli (lo-ka-tel'le), Pietro. Born at Ber- 
 gamo, 1693: died at Amsterdam, 1764. A noted 
 violinist. He was a pupil of Corelli at Rome. 
 
 Lochaber (loch-a'ber). Amountainous district 
 in the southern part of Inverness-shire, Scot- 
 land. 
 
 Lochaber No More. An air claimed for both 
 Scotland and Ireland, of which some two or three 
 versions are extant. “The earliest known copy of 
 the melody is one called 1 King James’ March to Ireland’ 
 (Leyden MS. about 1692). . . . Adlan Ramsay included in 
 the second volume of ‘ The Tea-Table Miscellany 1 a song to 
 the tune of ‘Lochaber no more, ’apparently written by him- 
 self. It is the one now associated with the melody." Grove. 
 
 Loches (losh). A town in the department of In- 
 dre-et-Loire, France, situated on the Indre 22 
 miles southeast of Tours. The chateau, a residence 
 of the old counts of Anjou, of the Plantagenet kings, and 
 of the kings of France as late as the 16th century, is a great 
 pile of massive walls and square and cylindrical towers, 
 several of which are occupied by the grim dungeons of 
 Louis XI. It was the place of imprisonment of La Balue, 
 Commines, and Sforza. The palace, of the 15th and 16th 
 centuries, with fine Renaissance front, is row the sous-pre- 
 
 . fecture. The interesting Chapel of St. Ours, founded in 
 the 10th century, displays rich Romanesque ornament. 
 Population, commune, 5,115. 
 
 Lochiel’s (loch-elz') Warning. A poem by 
 Thomas Campbell: so called from its subject, 
 Donald Cameron of Lochiel. 
 
 Lochinvar (loch-in -var'). A ballad in the poem 
 of “Marmion,” by Sir Walter Scott: so called 
 from the name of its hero, the yotmg Lochinvar. 
 
 Lochleven(loch-le'vn). A lake in Kinross-shire, 
 Scotland, 18 miles north-northwest of Edin- 
 burgh. On an island in it are the remains of a castle 
 which was the scene in 1567-6S of the imprisonment of 
 Mary Queen of Scots. The Leven carries its waters to the 
 Firth of Forth. Length, 3J miles. 
 
 Lochliagar (loch-na-giir'). A mountain in the 
 southwest part of Aberdeenshire, Scotland. 
 Height, 3,780 feet. 
 
 Locke (lok), David Ross: pseudonym Petro- 
 leum V. Nasby. Born at Vestal, Brome County, 
 N. Y., Sept. 20, 1833 : died in 1888. An Ameri- 
 can political satirist. He commenced in 1860 the pub- 
 lication of the “ Nasby Letters,” contributed chiefly to the 
 “Toledo Blade.” 
 
 Locke, John. Born at Wrington, Somerset, Aug. 
 29, 1632 : died at Oates, High Laver, Essex, Oct. 
 28, 1704. A celebrated English philosoph er, one 
 of the most influential thinkers of modern times. 
 His father was a lawyer, and a captain in the Parliamen- 
 tary army. Locke was educated at Westminster School (of 
 which Busby was head-master), and at Christ Church, Ox- 
 ford, where he graduated in Feb., 1656. He continued to 
 reside at Oxford, and was for brief periods lecturer on 
 Greek, lecturer on rhetoric, and censor of moral philoso- 
 phy. In Dec., 1665, and Jan., 1666, he accompanied Sir 
 W alter Vane as secretary on a mission to the Elector of 
 Brandenburg. On his return he again went to Oxford to 
 study medicine, but did not take a degree. In 1667 he be- 
 came a member of the family of the (later) Ear l of Shaftes- 
 bury, at first as physician and afterward as confidential 
 agent. In 1669 he drew up a constitution for the colonists 
 of Carolina, of which Shaftesbury (then Ashley) was one of 
 the lords proprietors. Through his patron Locke was ap- 
 pointed‘secretary of presentations in 1672, and secretary of 
 the council of trade 1673-76. He visited France in 1672, 
 and again 1675-79. After the fall of Shaftesbury, I.ocke be- 
 came an object of suspicion, and found it necessary (1683) 
 to escape to Holland where he remained until 1689. In 
 this year he became commissioner of appeals. From 1691 
 
Locke, John 
 
 he resided at Oates, High Laver, Essex, in the family of 
 Sir Francis Masham. His chief work is the “Essay con- 
 cerning Humane Understanding” (1690: four subsequent 
 editions, revised by Locke, appeared 1694, 1695, 1700, 1706). 
 Among his other writings are several letters “Concerning 
 Toleration” (1689 (Latin and English), 1690), “Two Trea- 
 tises on Government” (1690), “ Some Thoughts concern- 
 ing Education ” (1693), etc. Various collective editions 
 of his works have been published. Locke was the founder 
 of the English and French “sensational” philosophy and 
 psychology, and the skeptical application of his principles 
 by David Hume led Kant to the development of the “ crit- 
 ical " philosophy. 
 
 Locker (lok'er), Frederick. Born 1821: died 
 May 30, 1895. An English poet, writer of 
 “vers de societe.” He married as his second wife 
 the daughter of Sir Curtis Lampson, and assumed the 
 name of Locker-Lampson. Among his poems are “Lon- 
 don Lyrics” (1857 and 1870), “Patchwork” (1879). He 
 edited “Lyra Elegantiarum ’ in 1869, and contributed to 
 various periodicals. 
 
 Lockerbie (lok'er-bi). A town in Dumfries- 
 shire, Scotland, 11 miles east-northeast of Dum- 
 fries. Population, 2,358. 
 
 Lockhart (lok'iirt), John Gibson. Born at 
 Cambusnethan, Lanarkshire, July 14, 1794 : 
 died at Abbotsford, Nov. 25, 1854. A Scottish 
 author, noted as the biographer of Sir Walter 
 Scott. He became an advocate in 1816 ; joined the staff 
 of “Blackwood’s Magazine" in 1818; married Sophia, the 
 eldest daughter of Sir WalterScott, in 1820; and edited the 
 “Quarterly Review” 1820-53. His principal work is the 
 “Memoirs of the Life of Sir Walter Scott” (7 vols. 1836- 
 1838). Among his other publications are “Peter’s Letters 
 to his Kinsfolk” (1819); “Adam Blair" (1822) and other 
 novels ; translations of “Ancient Spanish Ballads ” (1823) ; 
 and “The Ballantyne Humbug Handled ” (1839). 
 
 Lock Haven (lok ha/vn). A city, the capital 
 of Clinton County, Pennsylvania, situated on 
 the West Branch of the Susquehanna, 69 miles 
 northwest of Harrisburg, it has a flourishing lum- 
 ber trade. Population, 7,772, (1910). 
 
 Lockport (lok'port). A city and the capital of 
 Niagara County, New York, situated on the 
 Erie Canal 22 miles north-northeast of Buffalo. 
 It has flourishing manufactures. Population, 
 
 *17,970, (1910). 
 
 Lockrpy (lok-rwa/) (properly Simon), Edou 1 
 ard Etienne Antoine. Born at Paris, July- 
 18, 1838. A French journalist and Radical poli- 
 tician, son of J. P. Lockroy. He was minister of 
 commerce and industry 1886-87 ; minister of education 
 1888-89 ; minister of marine 1895-96, 1898, 1898-99. 
 
 Lockroy, Joseph Philippe Simon, called. Born' 
 at Turin, Feb. 17, 1803: died at Paris, Jan. 19, 
 1891. A French dramatist and comedian. 
 
 Locksley (loks'li). The name assumed by 
 Robin Hood at the tournament at Ashby de 
 la Zouche, in Scott’s “Ivanhoe.” 
 
 Locksley Hall. A poem by Tennyson, pub- 
 
 *lished in 1842. 
 
 Lockyer (lok'yer), Sir (Joseph) Norman. Bom 
 at Rugby, England, May 17, 1836. A noted Eng- 
 lish astronomer. He has published “Elementary Les- 
 sons in Astronomy ” (1868), “ Contributions to Solar Phys- 
 ics” (1873), “The Spectroscope” (1873), “Studies in Spec- 
 trum Analysis ” (1878), ‘ ‘ The i lawn of Astronomy "(1894 ), etc. 
 
 Locle (lok'l), Le. A town in the canton of Neu- 
 chatel, Switzerland, 10 miles northwest of Neu- 
 ehatel. It is celebrated for the manufacture of 
 watches (established in 1680) and of lace. Pop- 
 ulation, 12,559. 
 
 Locmariaquer (lok-ma-rya-kar'). A seaport in 
 the department of Morbihan, Prance, 11 miles 
 west-southwest of Vamies, celebrated for me- 
 galithic monuments. 
 
 Locofocos (lo-ko-fo'koz). In United States his- 
 tory, the equal-rights or radical section of the 
 Democratic party about 1835 ; by extension, in 
 disparagement, any of the members of that 
 party. The name was given in allusion to an incident 
 which occurred at a tumultuous meeting of the Democratic 
 party in Tammany Hall, N ew York, in 1835, when the radi- 
 cal faction, after their opponents had turned off the gas, 
 relighted the room with candles by the aid of locofoco 
 matches. The Locofoco faction soon disappeared, but the 
 name was long used for the Democratic party in general 
 by its opponents. Often abbreviated Locos. 
 
 Locri Epicnemidii (lo'krl e-pik-ne-mid'i-i). In 
 ancient geography, a Greek people dwelling 
 along the Maliac Gidf, north of Phocis: so 
 named from Mount Cnemis. 
 
 Locri Epizephyrii (epH-ze-fir'i-i), or Locri. In 
 ancient geography, a city in southern Italy, situ- 
 ated on the coast in lat. 38° 15' N., long. 16° 15' 
 E. Its site is near the modern Gerace. It was founded by 
 the Locriansof Greece; was closely allied with Syracuse in 
 the 4th century B. C. ; and vacillated between Rome, Pyr- 
 rhus, and Carthage in the 3d century B. c. A Greek Ionic 
 temple of Persephone, of the 5th century B. c., has been 
 recovered by excavation here. 
 
 Locrine (lo'krin). Amythical king of England. 
 
 He was the eldest son of Brute or Brutus, and the father 
 of Sabrina, celebrated in Milton’s “Conius.” His story is 
 told in Geoffrey of Monmouth. 
 
 Locrine. A tragedy published anonymously in 
 
 618 
 
 1595, probably written by Peele and Tilney 
 about 1585. It has been ascribed to Shakspere (from the 
 initials W. S. on the title-page) and to Marlowe. The 
 plot was taken from Holinshed, based on Geoffrey of Mon- 
 mouth. 
 
 Locri Opuntii (o-pun'shi-i). In ancient geogra- 
 phy, a Greek people living north of Boeotia and 
 opposite Euboea: so named from Opus, their 
 chief town. The name sometimes includes the 
 country of the Locri Epicnemidii. 
 
 Locri Ozolae (o'zo-le). In ancient geography, a 
 Greek people living along the Corinthian Gulf, 
 west of Phocis. The origin of the name is 
 doubtful. 
 
 Locris (lo'kris). In ancient geography, a divi- 
 sion of middle Greece, occupied by the Locri 
 Epicnemidii and Locri Opuntii, or eastern Lo- 
 crians, and the Locri Ozolas, or western Locrians. 
 Locusta (lo-kus'ta). A professional poisoner 
 living at Rome about 54 A. D. Juvenal speaks of 
 her as the agent for ridding many a wife of her husband, 
 and Tacitus as “long reckoned as among the instruments 
 of government.” She was employed by Agrippina to pre- 
 pare a poison for the emperor Claudius. She was exe- 
 cuted in the reign of Galba. 
 
 Locteve (lo-dav'). A town in the department of 
 Hdrault, southern France, situated on the Ergue 
 29 miles west-northwest of Montpellier: the 
 Roman Luteva. It has important manufactures, par- 
 ticularly of woolen (military cloth), and contains a cathe- 
 dral. It was formerly ruled by viscounts. Population, 
 commune, 7,395. 
 
 Lodge (loj), Henry Cabot. Born at Boston, May 
 12, 1850. An American historian and politician. 
 He graduated at Harvard in 1871; was admitted to the bar 
 in 1876 ; was university lecturer on American history at 
 Harvard 1874-79 ; was editor of the “North American Re- 
 view ” 1873-76, and of the “ International Review ” 1879-81 ; 
 and was a Republican member of Congress from Massa- 
 chusetts 1886-93, when lie was transferred to the United 
 States Senate. He has published * ‘ A Short History of the 
 English Colonies in America” (1881), “Alexander Hamil- 
 ton ”(1882), “Daniel Webster "(1883), “Studies in History” 
 (1884), etc. 
 
 Lodge, Thomas. Born at West Ham, near Lon- 
 don, about 1556 : died 1625. An English nov- 
 elist, dramatist, lyric poet, and miscellaneous 
 writer. Among his works are the novel “Rosalynde: 
 Euphues Golden Legacie, etc.” (1590), “Euphues Shadow: 
 theBattleof the Senses" (1592), “TheWoundsof tlieCivil 
 War,” a tragedy (1594), poems (1589), "Phillis ” and “Life 
 and Death of William Longbeard, etc.” (1593), “ A Fig for 
 Momus,” satires (1595). He also wrote, with Greene, an- 
 other play, “A Looking-glass for London and England” 
 (1594), which was very popular. 
 
 Lodi (lo'de). A city in the province of Milan, 
 Italy, situated on the Adda in lat. 45° 18' N., 
 long. 9° 30' E. It contains a cathedral, and the church 
 Incoronata, begun in 1476 from a design by Bramante. 
 It is especially noted for the manufacture of Parmesan 
 cheese and of majolica. It was founded by Frederick Bar- 
 barossa, in place of the neighboring Lodi Veccliio (the 
 Roman Laus Pompeia), destroyed in 1158. Population, 
 20,730. 
 
 Lodi, Battle of. A victory gained May 10, 1796, 
 by the French under Napoleon over the Austri- 
 ans under Beaulieu. Napoleon himself led the charge 
 of the grenadiers (6,000) across the bridge of the Adda. 
 The Austrians, posted behind the bridge, numbered, ac- 
 cording to Thiers, 16,000 (probably less). Lannes was the 
 first man across the bridge, Napoleon (who won this day 
 the epithet “ Little Corporal ”) the second. The Austrian 
 loss was 2,500; the French loss, probably 2,000. The 
 battle is known as “the terrible passage of the bridge of 
 Lodi. ” It was followed by the capture of Milan. 
 
 Lodomeria (lo-do-me'ri-a). The Latin name of 
 the medieval principality of Vladimir in Vol- 
 hynia, which became part of the kingdom of 
 Poland. The Emperor of Austria-Hungary 
 bears the title of King of Galicia and Lodo- 
 meria. 
 
 Lodore (lo-d5r'). A cascade in Cumberland, 
 England, near Keswick. 
 
 Lodovico (lo-do-ve'ko). A kinsman of Braban- 
 tio in Shakspere’s “ Othello.” 
 
 Lodz (lodz). A city in the government of Piotr- 
 kow, Russian Poland, 67 miles southwest of War- 
 saw. It is the center of the Polish textile manufacture, 
 the leading manufacture being cotton. Population, 
 351,570. 
 
 Loegres, Logres. The name by which Geoffrey 
 of Monmouth calls England, from Logris or 
 Locrine, son of the legendary King Brute. 
 Lolling (lef Ting), Peter. BornatTollforsbruch, 
 near Walbo, Sweden, Jan. 31, 1729 : died in Ven- 
 ezuela, Feb. 22, 1756. A Swedish botanist, a 
 pupil and friend of Linnaeus. In 1751 he accom- 
 panied a Spanish scientific expedition to Venezuela, and, 
 after traveling extensively in the province of Cumana,went 
 to the missions of Guayana, where he died of a fever. An 
 account of Iris travels was published in Swedish, under the 
 direction of Linnajus, in 1758. 
 
 Lofoten, (lo-fo'ten) (less correctly Lofoden or 
 Loffoden (lof-fo'den)) Islands. A group of 
 islands belonging to the province of Nordland, 
 Norway, situated west of the mainland about 
 lat. 67° 30' to 69° 20' N. The surface is mountain- 
 
 Logistilla 
 
 ous. The chief islands are Hindd, Lango, Ando, Ost-Vaago, 
 and Vest-Vaago. The chief industry is the cod and her- 
 ring fishery. Population, about 40,000. 
 
 Loftus (lof'tus), Lord Augustus William 
 Frederick Spencer. Born Oct. 4, 1817 : died 
 March 7, 1904. An English diplomatist, fourth 
 son of the second Marquis of Ely; ambassador 
 to Russia 1871-79. 
 
 Loftus, William Kennett. Born at Rye, Eng- 
 land, about 1820: died at sea, Nov., 1858. An 
 English archteologist. He published “Travels 
 and Research es in Chaldtea and Susiana ” ( 1857), 
 etc. 
 
 Log (log), King. In ZEsop’s “Fables,” a worth- 
 less and heavy log sent by Jove to the frogs who 
 prayed for a king. They complained to him 
 of this inert monarch, and he sent them a stork 
 who ate them up. 
 
 Logan (lo'gan), George. Born at Stenton, near 
 Philadelphia, Sept. 9, 1753 : died there, April 
 9, 1821. An American politician, grandson of 
 J ames Logan. He went to France in 1798 with 
 the design of averting a war with that country, 
 and was United States senator from Pennsyl- 
 vania 1801-07. 
 
 Logan, James. Born at Lurgan, County Ar- 
 magh, Ireland, Oct. 20, 1674; died near Ger- 
 mantown, Pa., Oct. 31, 1751. An American 
 colonial politician. He was a member of the Society 
 of Friends, and accompanied William Penn to America as 
 his secretary in 1699. He was chief justice of the Supreme 
 Court of Pennsylvanial731-39, and as president of the coun- 
 cil was for two years acting governor of the colony after 
 tiie death of Governor Gordon in 1736. He bequeathed 
 over two thousand volumes to the city of Philadelphia, 
 which now form part of the Philadelphia Library under the 
 title of the Loganian Library. He wrote “ Experimenta et 
 Meletemata de Plantarum Generatione ” (1739), etc. 
 
 Logan (lo'gan), John, assumed name of Tah- 
 gah-jute. Bom about 1725: killed near De- 
 troit, 1780. An Indian chief. He was a Cayuga by 
 birth ; lived many years near Reedsville, Pennsylvania, in 
 friendly intercourse with the whites ; aDd became a chief 
 among the Mingoes. His family was murdered by the 
 whites on the Ohio in 1774, whereupon he instigated a 
 war against them. He was killed in a skirmish with 
 a party of Indians. 
 
 Logan, John. Born in Scotland in 1748: died 
 at London, Dec., 1788. A Scottish lyric poet. 
 He published his poems, with those of Michael Bruce, in 
 1770. The much-debated question whether the “Ode to 
 the Cuckoo ” is the production of Bruce or of Logan is still 
 matter of dispute. 
 
 Logan, John Alexander. Born in Jackson 
 County, HI., Feb. 9, 1826: died at Washington, 
 D. C., Dee. 26, 1886. An American general and 
 statesman, unsuccessful Republican candidate 
 for the vice-presidency in 1884. He served in the 
 Mexican war ; was member of Congress from Illinois 1859- 
 1861 ; served with distinction in the Civil War under Grant 
 in 1862, in the Vicksburg campaign of 1863, and in north- 
 ern Georgia under Shennan in 1864 ; was member of Con- 
 gress from Illinois 1867-71 ; and was United States sena- 
 tor 1871-77 and 1879-86. He published “The Great Con- 
 spiracy ” (1886). 
 
 Logan, Mount. A mountain situated in Yukon, 
 Canada, 26 miles northeast of Mount St. Elias, 
 in lat. 60° 34' N., long. 140° 24' W. Height, 
 19,514 feet ; after Mount McKinley, probably 
 the highest in North America. 
 
 Logan, Olive. See Sykes. 
 
 Logan’s Cross Koads, or Mill Springs. A 
 locality in Wayne County, Kentucky, on the 
 Cumberland River, where, Jan. 19, 1862, the 
 Federals under Thomas defeated the Confed- 
 erates under Crittenden. See Mill Springs. 
 Logansport (15'ganz-port). A city and the capi- 
 tal of Cass County, Indiana, situated at the 
 junction of the Eel and Wabash rivers, 70 miles 
 north by west of Indianapolis. It has flourish- 
 ing trade and car-works. Population, 19,050, 
 (1910). 
 
 Logan (lo'gou), Friedrich von. Born in Silesia, 
 1604: died at Lieguitz, July 25, 1655. A Ger- 
 man poet. He was councilor to the Duke of Brieg and 
 Liegnitz. He belonged to the first Silesian school of poets, 
 and was the principal epigrammatist of the period, and 
 one of the most celebrated in German literature. In 1654 
 he published, under the title “Sinngedichte” (“Epi- 
 grams”), a collection of more than 3,500 poems, many of 
 which are, however, but rimed couplets. A complete 
 edition was published at Tubingen in 1872. 
 
 Loggia dei Lanzi (loj'ja da'e land'ze). A me- 
 dieval vaulted portico, one of the characteristic 
 buildings of Florence, begun 1374. The front lias 
 tliree great round arches with molded columns, a rich 
 bracketed cornice and balustrade, and medallions of the 
 Theological Virtues in the spandrels. In the portico are 
 placed Cellini’s “Perseus,” Donatello’s “Judith, "and other 
 important Renaissance and antique statues. 
 
 Logic, Bob. See Tom ami Jerry. 
 
 Logistilla (lo-jis-til'la). In “ Orlando Ftirioso,” 
 the sister of Alcina and Morgana. She repre- 
 sents reason or virtue. 
 
Logone 
 
 Logone (lo-go'ne). A tribe of the central Sudan, 
 southeast of Lake Chad, between Bornu and 
 Baghirmi. They number about 250,000. They are vassals 
 of Bornu, but are self-governing ; they are related alike to 
 the Makaris and the Musgu ; and their language is said to 
 have affinity with Hausa and Galla. 
 
 Logrono (lo-gron'yo). A province in Old Cas- 
 tile, Spain. It is bounded by Alava and Navarre on the 
 north, Navarre and Saragossa on the east, Soria on the 
 south, and Burgos on the west. It belongs to the Ebro val- 
 ley. Area, 1,946 square miles. Population, 189,376. 
 Logrono. The capital of the province of Lo- 
 grono, situated on the Ebro about lat. 42° 26' 
 N., long. 2° 36' W. : the Roman Julia Briga. 
 Population, 20,983. 
 
 Logrono, Pedro. Born at Guadalajara, Spain : 
 died, probably in Mexico, after 1567. A Span- 
 ish priest. His “ Manual de los adultos para bautizar" 
 (known only in a fragment) is probably the oldest existing 
 book published in America. It was printed at Mexico in 
 1540. 
 
 Lohardaga (lo-har-da'ga), or Lohardugga (16- 
 har-dug'ga). The name of a former district 
 in Bengal, British India, intersected by lat. 
 23° 30' N., long. 85° E. Area, 7,140 square 
 miles. Now included in the Ranchi district. 
 Loheia, or Loheyyah (lo-ha'ya). A seaport in 
 Yemen, Arabia, situated on the Red Sea in lat. 
 15° 42' N., long. 42° 39' E. Population, 5,000- 
 6 , 000 . 
 
 Lohengrin (lo'en-grin). [MHG. Lolierangrin, 
 Lohengrin .] In German legend, the mythical 
 knight of the swan, the son of Parzival, and 
 a knight of the Holy Grail. He is carried in a boat 
 drawn by a swan to Antwerp, where he becomes the hus- 
 band of the Princess of Brabant, on the condition that she 
 shall never ask his name. She nevertheless breaks the 
 agreement, and the swan comes with the boat and bears 
 him away to the Grail. Allusion is made to his history at 
 the end of the poem “Parzival,” written by Wolfram von 
 Eschenbach between 1205 and 1215. He is also mentioned 
 in the “Titurel," written by one Albrecht between 1260 
 and 1270 ; and the same legend is the subject of the poem 
 “ Schwamitter ’’ (“The Swan Knight”), by Konrad von 
 Wurzburg (died 1287), who does not, however, connect 
 his hero with the Grail. A poem,“ Lohengrin,” later re- 
 modeled under the name “Lorengel,” written by an un- 
 known author in Bavaria before 1290, gives a detailed 
 history of the mythical knight. The legend has been 
 localized on the lower Khine as well as on the Schelde. 
 Lohengrin. Aromantic drama, composed( words 
 and music) by Richard Wagner in 1847, founded 
 on the poem of “Lohengrin.” It was first produced 
 at Weimar under the direction of Liszt in 1850, and was 
 produced at London May 8, 1875. 
 
 Lohenstein (lo'en-stin), Daniel Kaspar von. 
 
 Born at Nimptsch, Silesia, Jan. 25, 1635: died 
 at Breslau, April 28, 1683. A German poet of 
 the second Silesian school. 
 
 Lohr (lor). A town in Lower Franconia, Bava- 
 ria, situated on the Main 40 miles east by south 
 of Frankfort. Population, over 4,000. 
 
 Loi (loi), or Baloi (ba-loi'). A Bantu tribe set- 
 tled on the lower Mobangi River in the Kongo 
 State and French Kongo. 
 
 Loigny (lwan-ye' ). A village in the department 
 of Eure-et-Loir, France, south of Chartres. It 
 gives name to the battle of Loigny-Poupry, Dec. 2, 1870, 
 gained by the Germans under the Grand Duke of Mecklen- 
 burg over the French under Aurelle de Paladines, and 
 forming part of the battle before Orleans. 
 
 Loir (lwar). A river of northwestern France, 
 joining the Sarthe 5 miles north of Angers: the 
 Roman Lidericus. Length, about 190 miles. 
 Loire (lwar). The largest river of France : the 
 Roman Liger. It rises in the Gerbier-des-Joncs, de- 
 partment of Ardeche, flows first toward the north and then 
 toward the west, and falls into the Bay of Biscay at St.- 
 Nazaire, 33 miles west of Nantes. It is noted for its inun- 
 dations, and is important in history. Its chief tributaries 
 are the Allier, Cher, Indre, and Vienne on the left, and the 
 Maine on the right. Length, over 600 miles ; navigable 
 for ships to Nantes. 
 
 Loire. A department of central France. Capi- 
 tal, St. -Etienne. It is bounded by Allier on the north- 
 west, Sadne-et-Loire on the north, Khdne and Isfere on the 
 east, Ardtche on the south, Haute- Loire on thesouthwest, 
 and Puy-de-D6me on the west, and formed part of the an- 
 cient Lyonnais. The surface is largely mountainous. It 
 is traversed by the river Loire, and has important indus- 
 tries, especially coal-mining and dependent manufactures. 
 Area, 1,852 square miles. Population, 643,943. 
 
 Loire, Army of the. 1 . A French army im- 
 provised after the battle of Sedan (Sept. 1, 
 1870) for the relief of Paris. It was commanded 
 by Aurelle de Paladines. — 2. After the begin- 
 ning of Dec., 1870, the part of the first army 
 commanded by Chanzy (the remaining part be- 
 ing commanded by Bourbaki). 
 
 Loire, Haute-. See Hauie-Zoire. 
 Loire-Inferieure (lwar'an-fa-ryer'). A depart- 
 ment of western France. Capital, Nantes, it 
 is bounded by Morbihan and Ille-et-Vilaine on the north, 
 Maine-et- Loire on the east, Vendee on the south, and the 
 Bay of Biscay on the west, and formed part of the ancient 
 Brittany. The surface is flat. It has flourishing agricul- 
 
 619 
 
 tural industries, commerce, and manufactures. Area, 
 2,693 square miles. Population, 666,748. 
 
 Loiret (lwa-ra'). A department of central 
 France. Capital, Orleans. It is bounded by Eure- 
 et-Loir on the northwest, Seine-et-Oiseand Seine-et-Marne 
 on the north, Yonne on the east, Nievre, Cher, and Loir-et- 
 Cher on the south, and Loir-et-Cher on the west, being 
 formed principally from part of the ancient Orleanais. It 
 has flourishing agricultural industries and manufactures. 
 Area, 2,629 square miles. Population, 364,999. 
 
 Loir-et-Cher (lwar'a-shar'). A department of 
 central France. Capital, Blois. It is bounded by 
 Eure-et-Loir on the north, Loiret on the northeast, Cher 
 on the southeast, Indre on tile south, Indre-et- Loire on 
 the southwest, and Sarthe on the northwest, being formed 
 from parts of Orleanais and a small part of Touraine. It 
 is a rich agricultural department. Area, 2,478 square 
 miles. Population, 276,019. 
 
 Loja, or Loxa (lo'na). A town in the province 
 of Granada, Spain, situated on the Jenil 29 miles 
 west of Granada. It was formerly a strong fortress. 
 It was taken from the Moors in 1486. Population, 
 19,198. 
 
 Loja, or Loxa (lo'Ha). A town in Ecuador, 
 capital of the province of Loja: noted for 
 cinchona. Population, about 10,000. 
 
 Loka (lo'ka). [Skt., ‘ world.’] A world, in Hin- 
 
 d u works, the triloka, or three worlds, are generally heaven, 
 earth, and hell. Another division gives seven, exclusive of 
 seven hells (patalas) . The upper worlds are (1) the earth ; (2) 
 the space between earth and sun, the region of the saints ; 
 (3) Indra's heaven, between the sun and the pole star ; (4) 
 Maharloka, the usual abode of Bhrigu and other saints ; 
 (5) the abode of Brahma's sons, Sanaka, Sananda, and Sa- 
 natkumara ; (6) the abode of the Vairagins ; (7) the abode of 
 Brahma. The first three are destroyed at the end of each 
 kalpa, or day of Brahma; the last four at the end of his life. 
 The Sankhya and Vedanta schools recognize eight lokas: 
 (1) that of the superior deities ; (2) that of the Pitris, Rishis, 
 and Prajapatis ; (3) that of the moon and planets; (4) that 
 of the inferior deities ; (5)thatof theGandharvas ; (6) that 
 of the Rakshasas ; (7) that of the Yakshas ; (8) that of the 
 Pishachas. See these words. 
 
 Lokapalas (lo-ka-paTaz). [Skt., ‘ guardians of 
 the world.’] In Hindu mythology, the deities 
 who preside over the eight points of the com- 
 pass: i. e., the four cardinal and four interme- 
 diate. They are Indra, E. ; Agni, S.E. ; Yama, S. ; Surya, 
 S.W. ; Varuna, W. ; Vayu, N. W. ; Kuvera, N. ; Soma, N. E. 
 Each of these has an elephant who helps to protect the 
 region : these are also known as Lokapalas. 
 
 Lokeren (lo'ker-en). A town in the province 
 of East Flanders, Belgium, situated on the 
 Durme 23 miles northwest of Brussels. It has 
 flourishing manufactures and trade. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 22,395. 
 
 Loki (lo'ke). [ON.: I ok, end; Ijdka, luka, to 
 close, end.] In Old Norse mythology, the god 
 of destruction. His father was the giant Farbauti (ON. 
 Fdrbauti), his mother Laufey or Nal (ON. Nal). By the 
 giantess Angurboda (ON. Angrbodha) he had 3 children : 
 the Midgard-serpent, the Fenris-wolf, and Hel. Loki 
 had throughout a twofold nature. He was of handsome 
 appearance but of evil disposition, and was at the same 
 time the friend and the enemy of the gods. For his evil 
 deeds he was finally seized by the gods and bound. Over 
 him was set a serpent whose poison would have fallen in 
 drops upon his face had not his wife, Sigyn, caught them 
 in a bowl. He was freed at Ragnarok, when he and Heim- 
 dall slew each other. 
 
 Lokman (lok-man'). [Ar. Luqman , called “ The 
 Wise.”] The reputed author of a collection of 
 fables in Arabic. Luqman is the title of the 31st su- 
 rah of the Koran, in the 11th verse of which are found the 
 words “ We gave to Luqman wisdom.” To this shadowy 
 character have been ascribed the circumstances and say- 
 ings of a number of men ; hence Lokman has been rep- 
 resented as a nephew of Job or Abraham, a councilor of 
 David or Solomon, Balaam, an ugly Ethiopian slave, a king 
 of Yaraan, a tailor, a carpenter, a shepherd. The fables 
 are very like those of H5sop, and still more like those of Syn- 
 tipas. Many are of Greek origin, and a number of them 
 go back, as do the fables of Pilpay, to Indian originals. 
 They were first put into their present form by an Egyptian 
 Christian named Barsuma, probably toward the end of the 
 13th century. They were first edited (with a Latin trans- 
 lation) by Erpenius (Leyden, 1615). Recent editions are by 
 Rodiger (2d ed. 1839) and Derenbourg (1850). 
 
 Lola Montez. See Gilbert, Marie I). E. Tl. 
 
 Lollards (lol'ardz). [From MD. Lollaerdt, oue 
 who mumbles prayers or hymns.] 1. A semi- 
 monastic society for the care of the sick and the 
 burial of the dead, which originated at Antwerp 
 aboutl300. Also called Cellites . — 2. TheEuglish 
 followers of Wyclif, adherents of a wide-spread 
 mo vement, partly political and socialistic, and in 
 some respects anticipating Protestantism and 
 Puritanism, in the 14tli and 15th centuries. They 
 were also called Bible men, from their reverence for the 
 Bible. They differed on some points both among them- 
 selves and from Wyclif, but in the main condemned the 
 use of images in churches, pilgrimages to the tombs of 
 saints, the temporal lordship of the clergy, the hierarchi- 
 cal organization, papal authority, religious orders, ecclesi- 
 astical decorations, the ceremony of the mass, the doc- 
 trine of transubstantiation, waging of wars, and capital 
 punishment. Some of them engaged in seditious proceed- 
 ings, and they were severely persecuted for more than a 
 hundred years, especially after the adoption of a special 
 statute (“ De haeretico comburendo ”) against them in 
 1401. Lollards were very numerous at the close of the 
 14th century, and perhaps formed later part of the Lancas- 
 trian party in the VV ars of the Roses. 
 
 Lombard street 
 
 Lolli (lol'le), Antonio. Born at Bergamo, Italy, 
 about 1730 : died in Sicily, 1802. A noted Ital- 
 ian violinist. He played with success in Stuttgart, St. 
 Petersburg, Palis, and infrequently at London. “Owing to 
 the eccentricity of his style of composition and execution, 
 he was regarded as a madman by most of the audience.” 
 Burney, Hist. Music, IV. 680. 
 
 Lollius (lol'i-us). An unknown author from 
 whomChaueer professed to have derived various 
 things in his poems. He seems to stand for Petrarch, 
 Boccaccio, and others, and “occupies in English poetry 
 very much the same position as Junius in English politics ” 
 ( Lounsbury , Studies in Chaucer, II. 411). 
 
 Lolo (16 ' 16), or Balolo (ba-15'16). A great 
 Bantu nation of the Kongo State, occupying the 
 basins of the Lulongo, Tshuapa, and Lomami 
 rivers in the horseshoe bend of the Kongo River, 
 between Lake Leopold and Stanley Falls. 
 L’Olonnois (lo-lo-nwa'), Francois. Died in 
 Costa Rica about 1668. A French bucaneer 
 and pirate, noted for his ferocity. He was trans- 
 ported to the West Indies for crimes, joined the buca- 
 neers as a common sailor, rose to high command among 
 them, and from 1660 ravaged the coasts of Central Ameri- 
 ca. He was eventually wrecked, and was killed by Indians. 
 His real name is supposed to have been Jacques Jean 
 David Nau. 
 
 Lolos (lo'loz). A race of aborigines in west- 
 ern China, on the Tibetan frontier. 
 
 Lom (lorn). A river in Bulgaria, joining the 
 Danube at Rustehuk. It was the scene of Turk- 
 ish victories over the Russians, Aug.-Sept., 
 1877. 
 
 Lomami (16-ma'me). One of the great afflu- 
 ents of the Kongo River, which it joins on the 
 left bank midway between Stanley Falls and 
 the Aruwimi. It has its source near lat. 10°S., and its 
 mouth near lat. 1“ N., running parallel with the Lualaba 
 from south to north. It was discovered by Cameron, and 
 is also called Boloko. Lomami is also the name of an 
 abluent of the Sankuru. 
 
 Lombard (lom'bard), Peter, L. Petrus Lom- 
 bardus (pe'trus lom-bar'dus). Born at No- 
 vara, Italy, about 1100 : died at Paris, 1160. An 
 Italian theologian, appointed bishop of Paris 
 m 1159. He was surnamed “ Master of Sentences,” from 
 his work “ Sententiarum libri IV "(“Four Books of Sen- 
 tences ”). See Book of Sentences. 
 
 Lombardi, I. An opera by Verdi, produced at La 
 Scala, Milan, in 1843. Much of the music was 
 afterward used by him in the opera “ Gerusa- 
 lemme.” 
 
 Lombard League. An association between Bres- 
 cia, Bergamo, Mantua, Verona, Cremona, Tre- 
 viso, and other cities of Lombardy and north- 
 ern Italy, founded in 1167 for protection against 
 Frederick Barbarossa. It rebuilt Milan, defeated 
 Frederick at Legnano in 1176, and secured liberties by the 
 peace of Constance in 1183. It was renewed against Fred- 
 erick II. in 1226. 
 
 Lombardo (lom-bar'do), Pietro . Died in 1515. 
 A Venetian architect. The namt Lombardo was the 
 patronymic of many north Italian artists who nourished in 
 Venice from the middle of the 15th to the beginning of the 
 16th century. It is associated with a large class of works 
 peculiar to the early Renaissance in Venice. The most 
 definite personality of the school is Pietro the architect, 
 to whom are attributed two altars in the choir of .San 
 Marco (1462, 1471), the Church of Santa Maria dei Mira- 
 coli (begun in 1480), the monument to Dante (1482) at Ra- 
 venna, the Vendramini palace, the tomb of Doge Pietro 
 Mocenigo in San Giovanni e Paolo, and the Moro chapel 
 in San Giobbe. He was made director of public works 
 March 15, 1499, The anonymous marbles which have been 
 classed as belonging to the school of the Lombardi com- 
 prehend nearly all the Renaissance work produced about 
 1475-1550. Martino Lombardo is also noted as having 
 built the Scuola di San Marco and the San Zaccaria in 
 Venice. It is not known whether or not he was the son 
 of Pietro. To the Lombardi family also belong Tullio, An- 
 tonio, and Giulio (sons of Pietro), Santi, and Moro. The 
 last probably came from Bergamo. 
 
 Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom. A kingdom 
 
 constituted by Austria in 1815 out of the Italian 
 territories assigned to her by the Congress of 
 Vienna. It comprises Lombardy, Venetia, and Mantua. 
 Lombardy was ceded to Victor Emmanuel in 1859. and 
 Venetia and Mantua were surrendered to him in 1866. 
 
 Lombards (lom'bardz, formerly lum'bardz). 
 [Appar. ‘long-beards.’] The natives or inhab- 
 itants of Lombardy in Italy. The name is used 
 more specifically for the members of the Germanic tribe 
 (Longobards) who about 568, under Alboin, conquered the 
 part of northern Italy still called Lombardy, and founded 
 the kingdom of that name, which was afterward extended 
 over a much larger territory, and was finally overthrown 
 by Charlemagne in 774. In old London the name Lom- 
 bards was generic, and was applied to foreign merchants 
 from southern Europe, hut more especially to represen- 
 tatives of the great houses of the northern Italian cities. 
 They also established themselves in France, chielly at 
 Nimes and Montpellier. See Lombard street. 
 
 Lombard street. A street ill the City, London, 
 where the Lombard merchants of the middle 
 ages established themselves before the reign 
 of Edward II. With the Germans of the Steelyard they 
 engrossed the more profitable branches of English trade. 
 The goldsmiths seem to have had the most ready money. 
 On occasion they lent money on interest, and gradually 
 
Lombard street 
 
 took up the business of banking, as it was then understood. 
 They did not call themselves bankers, but kept “running 
 cashes ” or current accounts. In 1677 there were no less 
 than thirty-seven goldsmiths keeping “running cashes” 
 in Lombard street. The seizure by Charles I. of £200,000 
 stored in the Tower forced them to keep their money in 
 circulation, and was practically the origin of modern sys- 
 tematic banking. (Compare Lombards.) Lombard street 
 is now a great banking center. 
 
 Lombardy (lom'bar-di). A Teutonic kingdom, 
 founded in 568 by Alboin, which comprised at 
 its height a large part of northern and central 
 Italy. Its capital was Pavia. Various Lombard duchies 
 (as Benevento) were founded further south in Italy. See 
 Lombards. 
 
 Lombardy. [It. Lombardia .] A compartimento 
 in northern Italy. It includes the provinces Como, 
 Milan, Pavia, Bergamo, Sondrio, Brescia, Cremona, and 
 Mantua, comprising the alpine and subalpine regions in 
 the north and the Lombard plain of the Po. 
 
 Lombardy. A theme (province) of the Byzan- 
 tine empire, in the early part of the middle 
 ages, situated in southeastern Italy. 
 
 Lombok, or Lomboc (lom-bok'). An island of 
 the Lesser Sunda group, East Indies: the native 
 Tanah Sasak. It is separated from Bali on the west by 
 the Strait of Lombok, and from Sumbawa on the east by the 
 Strait of Alias. The surface is generally mountainous. 
 It is under native rulers, ami the inhabitants are 
 chiefly Sassaks (Mohammedan) . Area, about 2,000 square 
 miles. 
 
 Lombroso (lom-bro'zo), Cesare. Born at Ven- 
 ice, Nov., 1836: died at Turin, Oct. 19, 1909. 
 A noted Italian criminologist and alienist. 
 Among his works are “The Criminal: an Anthropological 
 and Medico-legal Study,” “The Man of Genius,’' “ Epilep- 
 tic Insanity,” Political Crime and Revolutions,” “The 
 Physiognomy of the Anarchist,” etc. 
 
 Lombroso, Jacob or John. A Jewish physician 
 who lived in the colony of Maryland 1656-65. 
 He practised his profession and acquired land ; was ar- 
 rested on the charge of blasphemy ; but escaped through 
 the general amnestyproclaimed by Richard Cromwell. 
 
 Lome (lo'ma). The principal port of Togoland, 
 Slave Coast, western Africa. 
 
 Lome Arme. See Homme Arme, L\ 
 
 Lomenie (lo-ma-ne'), Louis Leonard de. Bom 
 at St.-Yrieix, Hante-Vienne, France, Dec. 3, 
 1815 : died at Menton, France, April 2, 1878. 
 A French man of letters, author of “Galerie 
 des contemporains” (1840-47), “Beaumarchais 
 et son temps ” (1855), etc. 
 m6nie de Brienne (lo-ma-ne' do bre-en'), 
 tienne Charles de. Born at Paris, 1727: died 
 in prison, Feb. 15-16, 1794. A French politician 
 and prelate. Hebecame archbishop of Toulouse in 1763 ; 
 was a member of the Assembly of Notables in 1787 ; and 
 succeeded Calonne as comptroller-general of finances in 
 
 1787. He was made premier and archbishop of Sens in 
 
 1788. hut was forced to resign the premiership in the same 
 year, after having convoked the States-Qeneral for May 1, 
 
 1789. He was succeeded by Necker. 
 
 Lomond (ld'mond), Loch. A lake in Scotland, 
 the largest in Great Britain. It lies between Dum- 
 bartonshire on the west and Stirlingshire on the east, and 
 is famous for its beauty. Length, 25 miles. Greatest width, 
 7 miles. Its outlet is the Leven. 
 omwe (lo'mwe). See Kua. 
 omza (lom'zha). 1 . A government of Russian 
 Poland, borderingon East Prussia. Area, 4,072 
 square miles. Population, 670,600. — 2. The 
 capital of the government of Lomza, situated 
 on the Narew 78 miles northeast of Warsaw. 
 Population, 20,093. 
 
 Lonato (lo-na'to). A town in the province of 
 Brescia, northern Italy, 14 miles east-southeast 
 of Brescia. Here, Aug. 3, 1796, the French un- 
 der Bonaparte defeated the Austrians under 
 Wurmser. 
 
 Londinium (lon-din'i-um). The Roman name 
 of London. 
 
 London (lun'dqu). [L. Londinium, origin un- 
 certain ; F. Londres, It. Lorulra, Sp. Londres. ~\ 
 The capital of England and seat of the govern- 
 ment of the British empire, the largest and most 
 important city in the world, and its principal 
 business and financial center. It is situated in the 
 counties of Middlesex, Surrey, ana Kent, on both sides of 
 the Thames, about 50 miles from its mouth, in lat. 51° 30' 
 48" N., long. 0°6' 48" W. (St. Paul's Cathedral). In its wid- 
 est extent (the Metropolitan Police District witli the City 
 of London Police District, which together form “Greater 
 London") it occupies an area of 699.42 square miles and 
 contains (1911) 7,252,963 inhabitants. Of these, according 
 to the census of 1911, 4,522,961 reside within the “Inner 
 Ring" (see County of London, below) or Registration 
 District and 2,730,002 within the “Outer Ring ” or subur- 
 ban district. For administrative purposes this vast cen- 
 ter of population is variously subdivided. The City of 
 London proper (generally called “ The City ”) is little over 
 a square mile in extent, and had in 1911 a population of 
 only 19,657. It extends along the north bank of the 
 Thames from the Temple to the Tower, and northward 
 as far as Holborn and Finsbury Circus, and is the business 
 center, its “day" population exceeding 300,000. It has 
 a distinct administration under the lord mayor, with 
 twenty-five aldermen and a court of common council. 
 The rest of “Inner” London forms an administrative 
 county, which since 1888 lias been under the control of 
 the London County Council of 118 members. For par- 
 
 620 
 
 liamentary purposes London is divided into 58 constitu- 
 encies with 1 member each, except the City, which returns 
 2 members (West Ham is sometimes included in parlia- 
 mentary London, making 60 divisions): Battersea, Ber- 
 mondsey, Bethnal Green (2), Bow and Bromley, Brixton, 
 Camberwell North, Chelsea, City of London, Clapham, 
 Deptford, Dulwich, Finsbury (2), Fulham, Greenwich, 
 Hackney (3), Haggerston, Hammersmith, Hampstead, 
 Holborn, Hoxton, Islington (4), Kensington (2), Lambeth 
 (2), Lewisham, Limehouse, Marylebone (2), Mile End, 
 Newington West, Norwood, Paddington (2), Pecltham, 
 Poplar, Rotherhithe, St. George (Hanover Square), St. 
 George's-in-the-East, St. Paneras (4), Southwark West, 
 Stepney, Strand, Walworth, Wandsworth, West Ham (2), 
 Westminster, Whitechapel, Woolwich. The University 
 of London is also represented. London was probably 
 an ancient British town. It appears to have been reset- 
 tied by the Romans about43 A. D., and Londinium (called 
 also Augusta) was the capital of Britannia in the last part 
 of the Roman period. After the departure of the Romans 
 (about 410) and in the early Saxon period its history is ob- 
 scure, though there were bishops of London from the 7th 
 century. It was plundered by the Danes, and rebuilt by 
 Alfred and Athelstan, It received a charter from Wil- 
 liam I., and many privileges from Henry I. By the 14th 
 century its commerce had greatly developed. The insur- 
 rection of Wat Tyler occurred in 1331. London sided with 
 the Yorkists in the Wars of the Roses, and with the Par- 
 liamentarians in the civil war. It was scourged by the 
 plague iu 1665, and was almost entirely destroyed by the 
 great lire of 1666. A financial panic happened in 1720, and 
 the “No- Popery” riots in 1780. The “Great Exhibition” 
 of 1851 was the first of the international expositions : it was 
 followed by another in 1862. (Forvariousobjectsof inter- 
 est (the British Museum, the Guildhall, the Monument, 
 the National Gallery, the Houses of Parliament, Royal 
 Academy, St. Paul's Cathedral, the Tower, Westminster 
 Abbey, etc.), and for very many local details, see the spe- 
 cial headings.) The London Government Act of 1899 di- 
 vided tile administrative county of London (with the excep- 
 tion of the City) into 28 metropolitan boroughs : Battersea, 
 Bermondsey, Bethnal Green, Camberwell, Chelsea, Dept- 
 ford, Finsbury, Fulham, Greenwich, Hackney, Hammer- 
 smith, Hampstead, Holborn, Islington, Kensington, Lam- 
 beth, Lewisham, Marylebone, Paddington, Poplar, St. 
 Paneras, Shoreditch, Southwark, Stepney, Stoke Newing- 
 ton, Wandsworth, Westminster, Woolwich. 
 
 London. A city and the capital of Middle- 
 sex County, Ontario, Canada, situated on the 
 Thames in lat. 43° N. It is a manufacturing 
 and commercial center. Population, 46,300, 
 (1911). 
 
 London, Convention of. A convention con- 
 cluded between England and France, Oct. 22, 
 1832, for the purpose of coercing Holland into 
 withdrawing its troops from Belgium. 
 
 London, Treaty of. The name of a number of 
 treaties concluded at London between England 
 and other powers, chief among which are the 
 following, (a) The treaty of July 6, 1827, between Eng- 
 land, France, and Russia, whereby those powers agreed 
 to compel Turkey and Greece to accept their mediation 
 with a view to restoring peace in the East. Greece was 
 to be made autonomous under the sovereignty of the sul- 
 tan, the Mohammedan population was to be removed, and 
 the Greeks were to receive possession of all Turkish prop- 
 erty in Greece on the payment of an indemnity. The of- 
 fer of mediation was rejected by Turkey, which resulted 
 in armed intervention, (b) The treaty of Nov. 15, 1831, 
 between Great Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Rus- 
 sia, for the settlement of the Belgian question. It pre- 
 scribed, among other things, that Belgium and Holland 
 should bear separately the debts which they had contracted 
 before the union, and that they should share the liabili- 
 ties contracted since. The treaty was eventually carried 
 out. (c) The treaty of 1832 between England, France, 
 Russia, and Bavaria, by which the crown of Greece was 
 given to Frederick Otho, second son of the king of Bava- 
 ria. ( d ) The treaty of March 13, 1871, by which the signa- 
 tory powers of the treaty of Paris (which see) of 1856 ac- 
 ceded to the demand of Russia to strike out the clauses 
 ★ neutralizing the Black Sea. 
 
 London, University of. An educational insti- 
 tution, founded at London in 1836, which con- 
 fers degrees after examination, but, until 1900, 
 provided no courses of instruction. 
 
 London Bridge. The first of the bridges across 
 the Thames at London, situated at the head of 
 navigation, half a mile above the Tower. The 
 earliest structure of which there is historical record was 
 destroyed Nov. 16, 1091, by a storm and high tide. The 
 first stone bridge was built 1176-1209 on a wooden founda- 
 tion. It consisted of 20 arches. The roadway was 926 feet 
 long, 60 feet above water, and 40 feet wide. Houses were 
 built upon it, and in course of time it became a continuous 
 street with 3 openings on each side to the river. A chapel 
 of St. Thomas Becket stood upon the east side. The super- 
 structures were repeatedly devastated by fire, most notably 
 the great fire of 1666. The eleventh span from the South- 
 wark end formed a drawbridge flanked by a tower built in 
 1426, on the top of which were stuck the heads of persons 
 executed for treason. All the superstructures were re- 
 moved in 1757. The present stone bridge, built by the 
 Rennies, was begun Marcli 15, 1824, and opened Aug. 1, 
 1831. It stands about 180 feet above the site of the old 
 structure, which was pulled down in 1832. It is 920 feet 
 long, 56 feet wide, and 55 feet high, and the central span is 
 150 feet. 
 
 London Company. A company of merchants 
 and others dwelling in and near London, formed 
 for the purpose of planting colonies in Ameri- 
 ca. It was chartered in 1606, founded a colony 
 at Jamestown in 1607, and was dissolved in 1624. 
 Londonderry (lun'don-der-i). 1. A maritime 
 county in Ulster, Ireland, it is bounded by the At- 
 
 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth 
 
 lantic on the north, Antrim and Lough Neagh on the east, 
 Tyrone on the south, Tyrone and Donegal on the west., and 
 Lough Foyle on the northwest. Its chief manufacture Is 
 linen. Area, 816 sq. m. Pop., (including co. bor.), 144,404. 
 2. The capital of the county of Londonderry, 
 situated on the Foyle in lat. 55° N., long. 7° 
 19' W.: formerly called Derry. Its chief manufac- 
 ture is linen. It contains a cathedral. A monastery was 
 founded here by Columba in 546. The city is celebrated 
 for its successful defense by the Irish Protestants against 
 James II. (April-Aug., 1689). Population, 39,892. 
 
 Londonderry, Marquises of. See Stewart and 
 Yane-Tempest-Stewart. 
 
 London Protocol. 1. The protocol of May 8, 
 
 1852, by which the great powers recognized 
 Prince Christian of Gliicksburg and his male 
 descendants as heirs to Denmark, including 
 Schleswig and Holstein. It was not ratified by 
 the German Diet or the estates of Schleswig and 
 Holstein. — 2. The protocol of March 31, 1877, 
 by which the great powers called upon Turkey to 
 make peace with Montenegro and to carry out 
 certain reforms affecting the Christian popula- 
 tions in the sultan’s dominions. It was rejected 
 by the Porte, and Russia alone took up arms 
 against Turkey. 
 
 London Wall. A Roman wall built between 350 
 and 369 around London. It inclosed 380 acres. There 
 were two gates in it — the western gate, now Newgate, for 
 the Pretorian way or Watling street; and the northern 
 gate, for the road to York, or Ermine street, now Bishops- 
 gate. There was also a gate at the bridge at Dowgate, and 
 possibly one at Billingsgate. During the Danish invasion 
 the waU was broken down, but was restored by Alfred in 
 886. Posterns were then opened at Ludgate, at Cripple- 
 gate, and probably at what was later Moorgate. The wall 
 was kept up till comparatively modern times, and frag- 
 ments of it are still discernible. The most notable portion 
 is in the street now called London WaU, between Wood 
 street and Aldermanbury. 
 
 Long, Charles, first Baron Faruborough. Born 
 1761 : died at Bromley Hill, Keut, Jan. 17, 1838. 
 An English politician and connoisseur of art. 
 
 He was joint-secretary to the treasury 1791-1801, secretary 
 of state for Ireland 1806, joint-paymaster-general and 
 paymaster-general 1810-26. He was created Baron Fara- 
 borough in 1826. 
 
 Long, Charles Chaille-. See ChailU-Long. 
 Long, Edwin Longsden. Bern at Bath, July 
 12, 1829 : died at Hampstead, May 15, 1891. 
 An English painter and royal academician. 
 He excelled as a painter of Oriental scenes. 
 
 Long, George. Born at Poulton, Lancashire, 
 England, Nov. 4, 1800 : died at Chichester, Aug. 
 10, 1879. An English classical scholar, historian, 
 geographer, and miscellaneous author. 
 
 Long, George Washington de. See De Long. 
 Long, John Davis. Bom atBuckfield, Maine, 
 Oct. 27, 1838. An American statesman. He was 
 a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives 
 1875-78, and three times speaker of the House ; lieutenant- 
 governor 1879 ; governor 1880-82 ; United States congress- 
 man 1883-89; and secretary of the navy 1897-1902. He 
 published a translation of Vergil's “U5neid” iu 1879, 
 “ After-dinner and Other Speeches " (1895), and “ The 
 New American Navy ’’ (1903), etc. 
 
 Long, Loch. An arm of the Firth of Clyde, be- 
 tween Dumbartonshire and Argyllshire, Scot- 
 land. Length, 17 miles. 
 
 Long Acre. A street in London, near Covent 
 Garden, running into Drury Lane. It is or was 
 the headquarters of carriage-builders. 
 Longaville (long'ga-vil). A lord attending on 
 the King of Navarre in Shakspere’s “Love’s 
 Labour ’s Lost.” 
 
 Long Branch. A town in Monmouth County, 
 New Jersey, situated on the Atlantic coast 29 
 miles south of New York. It is a fashionable 
 seaside resort. Population, 13,298, (1910). 
 Long Bridge. A bridge about a mile long, built 
 across the Potomac at Washington, District of 
 Columbia. It was the main avenue of communication 
 with the Army of the Potomac during the Civil War, and 
 was strongly fortified. 
 
 Longchamp, or Longchamps (lon-shon'). A 
 race-course at the end of the Boisde Boulogne, 
 west of Paris. It was long noted for its prom- 
 enade. An abbey formerly stood here. 
 Longchamp (lon-shon'), William of. Died 
 at Poitiers, Jan. 31, 1197. An English prelate, 
 bishop of Ely and chancellor of Richard I. 
 Longfellow (16ng'fel-o), Henry Wadsworth. 
 Born at Portland, Maine, Feb. 27, 1807 : died 
 at Cambridge, Mass., March 24, 1882. A dis- 
 tinguished American poet. He graduated at Bow- 
 doin College in 1826 ; traveled in Europe 1826-29 ; was 
 professor of modem languages at Bowdoin 1829-36 ; again 
 visited Europe 1835-36; and was professor of modern lan- 
 guages and belles-lettres at Harvard College 1836-64. ne 
 continued to reside at Cambridge. His poetical works in- 
 clude “Voices of the Night” (1SS9), “Ballads and other 
 Poems ’ (1841), “ Poems on Slavery ” (1842), “ Spanish Stu- 
 dent” (1843), “Poets of Europe" (1845: trans.), “Belfry of 
 Bruges and other Poems ” (1845), “Evangeline: a Tale of 
 Acadie " (1847), “Seasideand Fireside" (1849), “The Gold- 
 en Legend ” (1851), “ The Song of Hiawatha " (1865X " The 
 
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth 
 
 Courtship of Miles Stand ish ” (1868), “Birds of Passage" 
 (1858-63), “Tales of a Wayside Inn” (1863), “Flower-de- 
 Luce ” (1867), a translation of the “ Divine Comedy ” (1867- 
 1870), “New England Tragedies ”(1868), “The Divine Tra- 
 gedy” (1871), “Three Books of Song” (1872), “Aftermath” 
 (1873), "Hanging of the Crane” (1874), “Morituri Salu- 
 tamus ” (1875), “Mask of Pandora’ 1 (1876), “Keramos and 
 other Poems" (1878), “Ultima Thule” (1880), “Hermes 
 Trismegistus”(1882), “In the Harbor ”(1882). His prose 
 works are “ Outre-Mer ” (1835), and the novels ‘ ‘ Hyperion ” 
 (1839) and “ Kavanagh ” (1849). He also edited “ Poems 
 of Places ” (81 vols. 1876-79). 
 
 Longfellow, Samuel. Born at Portland, Maine, 
 June 18, 1819: died there, Oct. 3, 1892. An 
 American Unitarian clergyman and hymn-wri- 
 ter, brother of H. W. Longfellow. He graduated 
 at Harvard in 1839, and at the Divinity School in 1846. He 
 was pastor of a church in Fall River, Massachusetts, 1848- 
 1853 ; in Brooklyn 1853-60 ; and in Germantown, Pennsyl- 
 vania, 1878-82. He then returned to Cambridge. He edited 
 a“Lifeof Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ” (lS86)and “Final 
 Memorials,” etc. (1887), and published a number of books 
 of hymns, and “ Thalatta : a Book for the Seaside ” (with 
 T. W. Higginson, 1853). 
 
 Longford (long'ford). 1 . A county in Leinster, 
 Ireland. It is bounded by Leitrim on the northwest, 
 Cavan on the northeast, Westmeath on the east and south, 
 and Lough Bee and Boscommon on the west. The sur- 
 face is generally level. Area, 421 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 46,672. 
 
 2. The capital of the county of Longford, situ- 
 ated on the Camlin 68 miles west-northwest of 
 Dublin. Population, 3,747. 
 
 Longhi (long'ge), Giuseppe. Born at Monza, 
 near Milan, Oct. 13, 1766: died at Milan, Jan. 
 2, 1831. A noted Italian engraver. His best- 
 known works are engravings after Correggio and Raphael. 
 
 Longimanus. See Artaxerxes I. 
 
 Longinus (lon-ji'nus), Dionysius Cassius. Born 
 about 210 A. D. : executed 273. A celebrated 
 Greek critic and philosopher, chief counselor 
 of Zenobia, and the instructor of her children. 
 “To him is ascribed, though doubtfully, the essay ‘On 
 Sublimity,’ one of the best pieces of literary criticism in 
 the language.” ( Jebb .) On the fall of Zenobia, Longinus 
 was beheaded as a traitor by the command of the emperor 
 Aurelian. 
 
 Longis (lon'jis), or Longius (lon'ji-us). The 
 name given in the middle ages to the soldier 
 who pierced the side of Jesus with his lance. 
 Long Island. An island forming part of the 
 State of New York. It is separated from Connecti- 
 cut on the north by Long Island Sound, and from the 
 mainland of New York on the northwest, and Manhattan 
 Island on thewest, by Long Island Sound and theEastPdver ; 
 it is also bordered on the west by New York Bay and the 
 Narrows. The surface is diversified, and the coast-line is 
 much indented. It is divided into 4 counties — Suffolk, 
 Nassau, Queens, and Kings (containing Brooklyn)— and 
 contains many seaside resorts. It was discovered by the 
 Dutch in 1609, and was first settled by them about 1632-36. 
 Length, 118 miles. Greatest width, 23 miles. Area, 1,682 
 square miles. 
 
 Long Island, Battle of. A battle fought at the 
 western extremity of Long Island, Aug. 27, 1776, 
 in which the British under Howe defeated the 
 Americans under the immediate command of 
 Sullivan, Stirling, and Putnam. 
 
 Long Island City. A former city of Queens 
 County, Long Island, New York, separated from 
 Brooklyn on the south by Newtown Creek: in- 
 corporate din New York city (act of 1896). It com- 
 prises Hunter’s Point, Astoria, Kavenswood, etc., and has 
 extensive manufactures. 
 
 Long Island Sound. An arm of the Atlantic 
 Ocean which separates Connecticut and the 
 mainland of New York on the north from Long 
 Island on the south. It is connected with the ocean 
 on the east by the Bace, and with New York Bay by the 
 East Kiver on the southwest. Length, about 110 miles. 
 Greatest width, about 20 miles. 
 
 Longjumeau (lon-zhii-mo'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Seine-et-Oise, France, on theYvette 
 12 miles south of Paris. A treaty of peace between 
 the Catholics and Protestants was signed here March 23, 
 1568, but war broke out again six months later. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 2,344. 
 
 Longland. See Langland. 
 
 Longman (ldng'man), Thomas. Born at Bris- 
 tol, England, 1699. died at London, June 18, 
 1755. An English publisher. He was apprenticed 
 to his uncle, John Osborn, a London bookseller, with whom 
 he later entered into partnership, and to whose business 
 he ultimately succeeded about 1734. He was part owner of 
 "Chambers’s Cycloptedia ’’ and of Johnson’s “ Dictionary.'’ 
 Longman, Thomas. Born at London, 1730: 
 died near London, 1797. An English publisher, 
 nephew, partner, and successor of ThomasLong- 
 man (1699-1755). 
 
 Longman, Thomas Norton. Born at London, 
 1771: died at Hampstead, Aug. 29, 1842. An 
 English publisher, son and successor of Thomas 
 Longman (1730-97). He published, with Bees, Lard- 
 ner’s and Rees’s cyclopsedias, Lindley Murray’s “English 
 Grammar,” and works of Scott, Moore, Macaulay, Words- 
 worth, Southey, and others. After 1826 they were sole 
 proprietors of the “Edinburgh Review.” 
 
 Long Meg of Westminster. A name given to 
 a noted scold and procuress iu the time of Heury 
 
 621 
 
 VIII. A play with this name was performed at the For- 
 tune Theatre in 1594. The name “ Long Meg ” has since 
 been given to a number of things of unusual length, par- 
 ticularly to a column of red freestone near Penrith, Eng- 
 land. It is 15 feet in circumference and 18 feet high, and 
 is supposed to be part of a Druidical temple. 
 
 Longobardi, Longobards. See Langobardi. 
 Long Parliament. The Parliament which as- 
 sembled on Nov. 3, 1640, and carried on the 
 civil war. On its showing a disposition to come to terms 
 with the party of Charles I., it was “purged,” Dec. 6, 1648, 
 by the expulsion of a large number of its members. It 
 then abolished the House of Lords, and appointed the 
 High Court of Justice which tried and condemned the 
 king. The Parliament was forcibly dissolved by Cromwell 
 on April 20, 1653, but was twice restored in 1659, and was 
 finally dissolved in March, 1660, after providing for the 
 summoning of a free Parliament. In its later history it 
 was known as the liump Parliament. 
 
 Long’s Peak (longz pek). Apeak in the Rocky 
 Mountains, Colorado, about 45 miles northwest 
 of Denver. Height, 14,270 feet. 
 
 Longstreet (long'stret), Augustus Baldwin. 
 Born at Augusta, Ga., Sept. 22, 1790: died at 
 Oxford, Miss., Sept. 9, 1870. An American cler- 
 gyman of the Methodist Episcopal Church, edu- 
 cator, and humorous writer. He is best known from 
 his “Georgia Scenes” (1840). He also wrote “Master 
 William Mitten ” (1858), etc. 
 
 Longstreet, James. Born in Edgefield district, 
 S. C., Jan. 8,1821: died at Gainesville, Ga., Jan. 
 2, 1904. An American general in the Confed- 
 erate service. He graduated at West Point in 1842 ; 
 served in the Mexican war ; entered the Confederate ser- 
 vice with the rank of brigadier-general in 1861 ; was pro- 
 moted major-general in the same year ; commanded a 
 corps at the second battle of Bull Run ; commanded the 
 right wing of Lee’s army at Antietam ; commanded a 
 corps with the rank of lieutenant-general at Gettysburg; 
 led the left wing at Chickamauga; unsuccessfully at- 
 tacked Burnside at Knoxville in 1863; and served with 
 distinction in theWilderness in 1864, and before Richmond 
 1864-65. He was United States ministerto Turkey 1880-81. 
 
 Longsword (long'sord), Richard. A son of 
 Henry II. Rosamond Clifford has long been said to be 
 his mother. 
 
 The evidence of Longsword being Rosamund’s son is 
 equally untrustworthy, and the fact is discredited by all 
 sound recent historical writers. The name of his true 
 mother is unknown even in early tradition. The argu- 
 ment, drawn from the grant made to Longsword by his 
 father, shortly before his death, in 1188, of the manor of 
 Appleby in Lincolnshire, rests on a confusion between that 
 manor and the manor of Appleby in Westmoreland, which 
 was held by Rosamund’s family, the Cliffords. 
 
 Notes and Queries, 8th ser.. III. 293. 
 
 Long Tom. A 42-pound gun, originally part of 
 the armament of the French line-of -battle ship 
 Hoche, captured by the English 1798, and sold 
 to the Americans. It was used during the French at- 
 tack on Haiti in 1804 ; was dismounted till 1812 ; and was 
 placed on the General Armstrong, which ran the blockade 
 of the British at New Orleans, Sept. 9, 1814. This vessel 
 ran into the bay near Horta, Fayal, for water after an en- 
 counter with a British squadron, in which she was rendered 
 helpless. Long Tom was dismantled, and lay at Fayal till 
 it was brought back to New York on the steamship Vega 
 April 18, 1893, through the efforts of Colonel Reid, the son 
 of the commander of the General Armstrong. 
 
 Long Tom Coffin. See Coffin. 
 
 Long Tom Indians. See Chelamela. 
 
 Longton (long'ton). A town in Staffordshire, 
 England, 34 miles south of Manchester. It has 
 coal- and iron-mines, manufactures of pottery, 
 etc. Population, 35,815. 
 
 Longneville (long-vel'), Duchesse de (Anne 
 Genevieve de Bourbon-Conde). Born at Vin- 
 cennes, near Paris, Aug. 28, 1619 : died at Paris, 
 April 15, 1679. Sister of the great Condfi, and 
 one of the chief leaders of the Fronde. She 
 was afterward a leading Jansenist. 
 
 Longus (long'gus). [Gr. Adyyof.] A Greek ro- 
 mancer and sophist, probably of the 5th century 
 A. D. : author of the pastoral romance “ Daphnis 
 and Ohio©” (which see). Nothing is known of his 
 life, and it is doubtful wiiether the name “ Longus ” has 
 been rightly assigned to him. 
 
 Longus (the grammarian). See Yelius Longus. 
 Longuyon (loh-gyon'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Meurthe-et-Moselle, France, situated at 
 the junction of the Crusne and Chiers, 35 miles 
 northwest of Metz. It ha.s important hardware 
 manufactures. Pop., commune, 3,243. 
 
 Long Walk, The. A straight avenue, about 3 
 miles long, in Windsor Park near London. 
 Longwooa (long' wild). A farm-house in the 
 interior of the island of St. Helena : the resi- 
 dence of Napoleon in his exile. 
 
 Longwy (16n-w6'). A fortified town in the de- 
 partment of Meurthe-et-Moselle, northeastern 
 France, situated on the Chiers 34 miles north- 
 west of Metz. It was besieged and taken by the Prus- 
 sians in Aup., 1792, ami Sept., 1815, and by the German 
 forces in 1871. Population, commune, 9,911. 
 
 Lonigo (16-ne'go). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of Vicenza, northeastern Italy, situated on 
 the Gua 19 miles east by south of Verona. 
 
 Lopez, Carlos Antonio 
 
 Lonnrot (len'rot), Elias. Born at Sammatti, 
 Nyland, Finland, April 9, 1802 : died there, 
 March 19, 1884. A Finnish scholar, one of the 
 founders of modem Finnish literature. He ed- 
 ited the “ Kalevala ” (1835-49), and collections of Finnish 
 poems, proverbs, and riddles, and published a Finnish- 
 Swedish lexicon (1874-80). 
 
 Lons-le-Saunier (lon'le-so-nya'). The capital 
 of the department of Jura, France, situated on 
 the Valliere in lat. 46° 41' N., long. 5° 33' E. : 
 the Roman Ledo Salinarius. It contains noted salt- 
 springs, and has a museum. It was an ancient Gallic and 
 Roman town. Rouget de 1’Isle was born here. Population, 
 commune, 13,133. 
 
 Loockoo (lo'cho), or Liu-kiu (lyo'kyo'), or 
 Riu-kiu. (reo'kyo) Islands. A group of islands 
 southwest of Japan, to which they belong. The 
 chief islands are Okinawa and Oshima. The chief port is 
 Nafa. They were annexed to Japan in 1874. Area, 950 
 square miles. Population, over 400,000. 
 
 Looking Backward : 2000-1887. A story by 
 Edward Bellamy, published in 1888. in it he sets 
 forth his views of the “ next stage in the industrial and so- 
 cial development of humanity.” His idea is a pure so- 
 cialism. 
 
 Looking-Glass for London and England, A 
 
 A play by Lodge and Greene, published in 1594. 
 The plot is the story of Jonah and the Ninevites, with ap- 
 plication to London and England. It was probably written 
 about 1590. 
 
 Lookout (lnk'out), Cape. A cape in North Car- 
 olina, projecting into the Atlantic Ocean in lat. 
 34° 37' N., long. 76° 31' W. 
 
 Lookout Mountain. A ridge in northwestern 
 Georgia and adjacent parts of Tennessee and 
 Alabama. It is 1,600 feet above the Tennessee 
 River. 
 
 Lookout Mountain, Battle of. A part of the 
 battle of Chattanooga, a Federal victory won 
 by General Grant over the Confederates under 
 Bragg. In the storming of Lookout Mountain, Nov. 24, 
 1863, the Federals were under the immediate command 
 of Hooker, and advanced up the northern face. Owing to 
 the heavy mist on the mountain-side, the battle is often 
 called “the battle above the clouds." 
 
 Loomis (lo'mis), Elias. Born at Willington, 
 Conn., Aug. 7, 1811 ; died at New Haven, Ang. 
 15, 1889. An American mathematician and 
 physicist. He graduated at Yale in 1830, and was pro- 
 fessor of mathematics at Western Reserve College 1837-44, 
 of natural philosophy at the University of the City of New 
 York 1844-60, and of natural philosophy and astronomy at 
 Yale 1860-89. He published a series of mathematical text- 
 books, including “Plane and Spherical Trigonometry” 
 (1848), “Elements of Algebra ” (1851), “ Elements of Geom- 
 etry and Conic Sections ” (1851). 
 
 Loos (los). A town in the department of Nord. 
 France, immediately west of Lille. Population, 
 commune, 10,640. 
 
 Loosjes (los'yes), Adriaan. Born on the island 
 of Texel in 1761 : died at Haarlem in 1818. A 
 Dutch novelist and poet. He was intended, at the 
 outset, for the church, but became a bookseller, a calling 
 which he followed until his death. He wrote the volume 
 of poems “Minnezangen ’’ (“Love Songs,” 1783), the epic 
 “De Ruyter” (1784), and a number of dramas. His prin- 
 cipal work is, however, his romances. These are the his- 
 torical novels “Frank van Borselen en Jacoba van Bei- 
 jeren ” (1790-91), “Charlotte van Bourbon” (1792), “Hugo 
 de Groot en Maria van Reigershergen ” (1794), “Louise de 
 Colligny ” (1803), “ Johan de Witt” (1805). They were fol- 
 lowed by a series of contemporary character sketches in 
 three parts, under the title “Zedelijke Vertalen” (“Moral 
 Tales,” 1804-05). The novel “Historie van Mejnfvrouw 
 Susanna Bronkhorst” (“The History of MissSusanna Bronk- 
 horst," 1806-07) was in epistolary form. His principal 
 historical novel, “Maurita Lijnslager,” was the next to ap- 
 peal - (1808). This was followed, finally, by four others : 
 “ HillegondaBuisman ”(1808), “Lotgevallen van den Heere 
 R. J. van Golstein” (“The Adventures of Mr. R. J. van 
 Golstein,” 1809-10), “Robert Hellemans” (1815), and 
 “Johan Wouter Blommestein ” (1816). 
 
 Lopamudra (lo-pa-mo'dra). In Hindu mythol- 
 ogy, a girl whom the sage Agastya formed from 
 the most graceful parts of different animals 
 and introduced into the palace of the King of 
 Vidarbha, who believed her to be his daughter. 
 When she was grown, Agastya, who had formed her that 
 he might have a wife after his own heart, asked her in 
 marriage. Her name is explained as meaning that the 
 animals suffered loss (lopa) by her engrossing of their dis- 
 tinctive beauties (mudra), such as the eyes of the deer. 
 
 Lope de Rueda. See Rueda. 
 
 Lope de Vega. See Vega. 
 
 Lopez (lo'path), Cape. A cape on the western 
 coast of Africa, situated in lat. 0°36'S.,long. 8° 
 44' E. 
 
 Lopez (lo'path, locally lo'paz), Carlos Anto- 
 nio. Born near Asuncion about 1795: died 
 there, Sept. 3.0, 1862. President of Paraguay. 
 He was made first consul March 12, 1841, and from that 
 time was practically dictator. Elected president for 10 
 years in 1844, he was reelected for 3 years iu 1854, and for 7 
 years in 1857 : but these elections were merely nominal, 
 since Congress simply obeyed his orders. H is arbitrary acts 
 caused constant quaiTels with foreign nations, and in 1859 
 the United States sent a squadron to the Plata to enforce 
 demands against him ; in this case he offered to submit 
 the question of damages to arbitration, but subsequently 
 evaded the claim. 
 
Lopez, Francisco Solano 
 
 Lopez, Francisco Solano. Born at Asuncion, 
 July 24, 1826 or 1827 : died near the Aquidaban, 
 March 1, 1870. A Paraguayan soldier and states- 
 man, son of Carlos Antonio Lopez. On the death 
 of the elder Lopez, Sept. 10, 1862, he assumed the execu- 
 tive by virtue of his father’s will, and convoked a congress 
 which elected him president for 10 years. Having pre- 
 viously made secret preparations for war, he interfered in 
 the quarrel of Brazil and Uruguay, and finally, without 
 previous declaration of hostilities, seized a Brazilian mail 
 steamer which was ascending the river (Nov., 1S64). Soon 
 after this he sent a large force to invade Matto Grosso, a 
 Brazilian province, and made war on the Argentine. This 
 led to the alliance of Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina 
 against Paraguay, and a long and bloody struggle. (See 
 Triple Alliance, War of the.) As the events of the war 
 turned against him, his despotism and cruelty bordered on 
 insanity. In many of his worst acts he appears to have 
 been influenced by his Irish mistress, known as Madam 
 Lynch. In 18C8 several hundred natives and foreigners 
 were arrested, tortured, and executed on an entirely un- 
 proved charge of conspiracy : they included generals, 
 ministers, judges, bishops, priests, merchants, foreign con- 
 suls, and his own brothers and brothers-in-law. The Amer- 
 ican minister, Mr. Washburn, was only saved by the timely 
 arrival of a United States gunboat, and two members of 
 the legation were tortured. Driven at length from Asun- 
 cion, he retreated to the interior with a small force, was 
 surprised near the river Aquidaban by a Brazilian force, 
 and was killed with his eldest son. 
 
 Lopez, Hermogenes. A Y enezuelan politician, 
 president of the republic Feb. 20, 1886, to Feb. 
 20, 1888. 
 
 Lopez, Jose Hilario. Born at Popayan, Feb. 
 18, 1798: died at Neiva, Nov. 27, 1869. A New 
 Granadan (Colombian) general and politician. 
 From March 7, 1849, to March 7, 1852, he was president of 
 New Granada. Under him slavery was abolished (Jan., 
 1852), and various changes were made in the direction of 
 a federal form of government. In 1854, and again from 
 1859 to 1862, he fought on the side of the federalists, part of 
 the time as commander-in-chief; and on the triumph of 
 his party was made a member of the provisional govern- 
 ment 1862-63. Later he was president of Tolima, and in 
 1867 was named commander-in-chief of the army, but soon 
 retired. 
 
 Lopez, Narciso. Born in Venezuela, 1798 or 
 1799 : died at Havana, Cuba, Sept. 1, 1851. A 
 Spanish-Ameriean general and filibuster. He 
 fought against the patriots in Venezuela, and subsequently 
 against the Carlists in Spain, where he was governor of 
 Valencia 1839, and became general in 1840. In 1841 he 
 went to Cuba, became involved in revolutionary plots, and 
 in 1849 fled to the United States. Thence lie organized 
 three filibustering expeditions. The first(1849) was stopped 
 by the United States authorities; the others (May, 1850, 
 and Aug., 1851) left New Orleans and reached Cuba, but 
 resulted disastrously, and Lopez was finally captured and 
 shot with many of his followers. 
 
 Lopez, Vicente Fidel. Born at Buenos Ayres, 
 1814. An Argentine author, son of Vicente 
 Lopez y Planes. In 1874 he was made rector of the 
 University of Buenos Ayres. Amonghisworks are “Bazas 
 del Peril anteriores a la conquista,” “Tratado de derecho 
 Romano,” and “Historia de la Reptiblica Argentina.” He 
 edited the “Revista del Rio de la Plata.” 
 
 Lopez de Honiara, Francisco. See Gomara. 
 Lopez de Villalobos (da, vel-ya-16'bos), Rui. 
 Died at Amboyna, East Indies, 1546. A Span- 
 ish navigator, a relative of Antonio de Mendoza, 
 viceroy of Mexico. In Nov., 1542, he sailed from the 
 west coast of Mexico with a small fleet destined to form a 
 colony in the Philippine Islands ; but his ships were scat- 
 tered by storms, be quarreled with the Portuguese of the 
 Moluccas, and in the end the enterprise was given up. 
 Most of the members of the expedition returned to Europe 
 by the Cape of Good Hope, Villalobos dying on the way. 
 
 Lopez de Zuniga (thon'ye-ga), Diego de, Count 
 of Nieva. Born in Spain about 1520: died at 
 Lima, Peru, Feb. 20, 1564. Viceroy of Peru 
 from April 17, 1561. He led a loose life, and, 
 as was suppose d, was assassinated by a jealous 
 husband. 
 
 Lopez Pacheco Cabrera y Bobadilla (pa-cha'- 
 ko ka-bra'rti e bo-ba-THel'yii), Diego, Duke of 
 Escalona and Marquis of Villena. Died after 
 1643. A Spanish administrator. He became vice- 
 roy of Mexico Aug. 28, 1640. Owing to his being related 
 to the royal house of Portugal, which at this period sepa- 
 rated from Spain, lie was an object of suspicion, and this 
 was increased by his quarrels with the visitador Palafox. 
 On June 9, 1642, he was arrested, and soon after sent to 
 Spain. There he cleared himself of all charges, and was 
 appointed viceroy of Sicily. 
 
 Lorbrulgrud (lor'bml-grud), The. The capital 
 of Brobdingnag in Swift’s “ Gullivers Travels.” 
 Lorca (lor'ka). A city in the province of Mur- 
 cia, southeastern Spain, situated on the San- 
 gonera 35 miles southwest of Murcia. It has 
 a castle. Population, 69,836. 
 
 Lord (lord), John. Born at Portsmouth, N. H., 
 Dec. 27, 1810: died at Stamford, Conu., Dec. 
 15, 1894. An American historian. He was pastor 
 of Congregational churches in New Marlborough, Massu- 
 chusetts, and Utica, New York ; lecturer on history at Dart- 
 mouth College 1866-76 ; and public lecturer from 1843. He 
 wrote “ Modern History” (1850), “ The Old Roman World ” 
 (1867), “Ancient States and Empires” (1869), “Ancient 
 History ” (1876), “ Beacon Lights of History ”(1 h 83-94), etc. 
 
 Lord (lord), Nathan. Bom at Berwick, Maine, 
 Nov. 28, 1793 : died at Hanover, N. H., Sept. 9, 
 
 622 
 
 1870. An American Congregational clergyman, 
 president of Dartmouth College 1828-63V 
 Lord Cromwell. A play once attributed to 
 Shakspere on account of * the initials W. S. on 
 the title-page of the edition of 1602. 
 
 Lord Fanny. See Fanny. 
 
 Lord of Burleigh. A poem by Tennyson, show- 
 ing the disadvantages of an unequal marriage. 
 Lord of the Age. A title of Soliman the Mag- 
 nificent, 
 
 Lord of the Isles. See Isles, Lord of the. 
 Lord of the Isles. A narrative poem by Sir 
 Walter Scott, published in 1814. The scene is 
 laid in Scotland early in the 14th century. 
 Lorel (lo'rel). In Ben Jonson’s “ Sad Shepherd,” 
 a swineherd, a rustic lover of Eariue. There is 
 very beautiful rustic imagery in his part, taken from Ovid's 
 song of Polyphemus to Galatea. 
 
 Lorelei, or Loreley (lo're-li), or Lurlei (lor'H). 
 A dangerous cliff on the Rhine, between St. 
 Goar and Oberwesel, the traditional abode of a 
 river siren. It is the subject of poems by Heine and 
 others, and of operas by Mendelssohn (fragmentary) and 
 Lachner. Height above the Rhine, 430 feet. 
 
 Lorelei, Die. 1. An opera begun by Mendelssohn 
 in 1847. The words are by Geibel. It has since 
 been composed by Max Bruch (1864). — 2. An 
 opera by Lachner, with words by Molitor, pro- 
 duced at Munich in 1846. 
 
 Lorencez (lo-ron-sa' ), Comte de (Charles Fer- 
 dinand Latrille). Born at Paris, May 23, 1814: 
 died in Bearn, April 25, 1892. A French gen- 
 eral. He distinguished himself in the Crimean war, and 
 from April to Nov., 1862, commanded the French army of 
 invasion in Mexico. On May 5 he was repulsed at Puebla. 
 
 Lorente (lo-ren'te). Sebastian. Bom about 
 1820: died at Lima, Nov., 1884. A Peruvian his- 
 torian. From 1845 he was professor of historyat the Uni- 
 versity of San Marcos. His most important works are “His- 
 toria del Peru ” (5 vols. 1860) and “ Historia de ia Conquista 
 del Peru ” (1861). He contributed various important arti- 
 cles to the “Revista Peruana." 
 
 Lorenz (lo'rents), Qttokar. Born at Iglau, 
 Moravia, Sept. 17, 1832: died at Jena, May 13, 
 1904. An Austrian historian. He was profes- 
 sor of history at Vienna 1860-85, and at Jena 
 1885—1904. His works include “Deutsche Geschichte 
 im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert” (1863-67), with Scherer“Ge- 
 schichte des Elsass " (1871), etc. 
 
 Lorenzana y Butron (lo-ren-tha'na e bo-tron'), 
 Francisco Antonio. Born in Leon, Spain, 
 Sept. 22, 1722 : died at Rome, April 17, 1804. A 
 Spanish prelate and historian. He was bishop of 
 Plasencia 1765 ; archbishop of Mexico 1766-72 ; and arch- 
 bishop of Toledo and primate of Spain 1772-1809. In 1789 
 he became a cardinal. During the French Revolution 
 he protected many banished priests, and by direction of 
 Charles IV. he accompanied and aided the Pope during 
 his French captivity. After 18C0 he resided at Rome. His 
 most important works are “Historia de Nueva-Espafia" 
 (1770 : founded on the letters of Cortes), and several books 
 (in Latin) on the Mexican ecclesiastical councils. 
 Lorenzo (lo-ren'zo). See Laurence. 
 
 Lorenzo. 1. AVenetiangeutlemaniulovewith 
 Jessica, in Sh akspere’s ‘ * Merchant of V enice.” — 
 2. The principal character in Shirley’s tragedy 
 “ The Traitor,” the kinsman and favorite of the 
 duke : a subtle and traitorous schemer for the 
 duke’s death. 
 
 Lorenzo de’ Medici. See Medici, Lorenzo de’. 
 Lorenzo Marques (lo-ran'so mar'kes). The 
 capital of Portuguese East Africa, situated ou 
 Delagoa Bay iu Tat. 25° 58' S.; also, one of the 
 five districts of Portuguese East Africa. 
 Loreto (lo-ra'to),or Loretto (lo-ret'to). A small 
 town in the province of Ancona, eastern Italy, 
 situated on the Musone 13 miles south by east 
 of Ancona. The Chiesa della Santa Casa here is a beau- 
 tiful late-Pointed building of 1465, with a Renaissance 
 marble facade and three celebrated bronze doors bearing 
 Old and New Testament reliefs. The three-aisled interior 
 incloses beneath the central dome the Santa Casa, a famous 
 pilgrimage shrine, reputed to be the veritable bouse of the 
 Virgin, transported by angels from Nazareth and miracu- 
 lously set down in Italy ou Dec. 10, 1294. The Santa Casa 
 is 44 feet long, 29.) wide, and 36 high ; it is incased in 
 marble, with columns and niches, and panels sculptured 
 by Sansovino with scenes from the life of the Virgin ; and 
 in its present form is one of the most beautiful productions 
 of the Renaissance. The interior is disposed as a chapel, 
 and displays the rough masonry of the original structure. 
 Loreto. An inland department of Peru. Area, 
 288,456 square miles. Pop., est., 100,596. 
 Lorient, or L’Orient (lo-ryoh'). A town in 
 the department of Morbihan, France, situated 
 at the entrance of the Scorff and Blavet into 
 the ocean, in lat. 47° 45' N., long. 3° 22' W. 
 It is an important seaport, is strongly fortified, and has a 
 noted dockyard and arsenal. It was developed in the 17th 
 century when the French East India Company founded 
 their ship-building yards there. It was unsuccessfully 
 attacked by the British in 1746. Pop., commune, 46,403. 
 
 Loring (lor'ing), William Wing, called Lcr- 
 ing Pasha. Born in North Carolina, 1818: 
 died Dec. 30, 1886. An American soldier. He 
 
 Lorraine, Henri II. de 
 
 served in the Mexican war, and during the Civil War was 
 first a brigadier-general and afterward a major-general in 
 the Confederate army. He served in the Egyptian army 
 1869-79, attaining the rank of a general of division. He 
 published “A Confederate Soldier in Egypt” (1884). 
 
 Lorinser (lo'rin-ser), Karl Ignaz. Bom at 
 Niemes, Bohemia, July 24, 1796 : died at Patsch- 
 kau, Silesia, Oct. 2, 1853. A German physician, 
 known from his studies of contagious diseases. 
 He wrote “Untersuchungen fiber die Rinderpest ” (1831), 
 “ Die Pest des Orients ” (1837), etc. 
 
 Loris-Melikoff (lo'ns-mel'i-kof), M ik1h a.il Ta- 
 rielowitch Tainoff, Count. Born at Tiflis, 
 
 Russia, Jan. 1, 1826 : died at Nice, Dec. 22, 1888. 
 A Russian general and statesman, of Armenian 
 descent. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the 
 Russian army in Armenia in 1877 ; was defeated by Mukh- 
 tar Pasha at Zewin and at Guediklar in the same year; 
 stormed Kars in 1877 ; was created a count in 1878 ; was 
 appointed governor-general of Kharkoff in 1879 ; and was 
 minister of the interior 1880-81. 
 
 Lorme, Marion de. See Delorme. 
 
 Lormes (lorm). A town in the department of 
 Nievre, France, 39 miles northeast of Nevers. 
 Population, commune, 2,576. 
 
 Lorna Doone (lor'na don't, a Romance of Ex- 
 moor. A novel by R. D. Blacktnore, published 
 + in 1869. 
 
 Lorne (lorn), Marquis of (John George Ed- 
 ward Ilenry Douglas Sutherland Camp- 
 bell). Born at London, Aug. 6, 1845. A British 
 statesman, eldest son of the eighth Duke of Ar- 
 gyll : succeeded to the dukedom April, 1900. He 
 married the Princess Louise, fourth daughterof Queen Vic- 
 toria, in 1871. He represented Argyllshire in Parliament 
 1868-78, and was governor-general of Canada 1878-83. 
 Lorrach (ler'rach). A town in the district of 
 Freiburg, Baden, situated on the Wiese 6 miles 
 northeast of Basel. It has considerable manu- 
 factures. Population, commune, 13,961. 
 Lorrain, Claude. See Claude Lorrain. 
 Lorraine (lo-ran'),G.Lothringen(16t'ring-en), 
 L. Lotharingia (lo-tha-rin'jia). Aregion which 
 as a lordship has varied greatly in medieval 
 and modern times, but has always been on the 
 border between France and Germany, it was 
 originally the realm of Lothaire(son of Lothaire I., empe- 
 ror of the Romans), who inherited it ill 855. This king- 
 dom which existed but for a few years, was included 
 mainly between the Rhine, Schelde, Meuse, Saflne, and 
 the Alps. Lorraine appears as a duchy about 911, and be- 
 came an imperial fief under Henry the Fowler. About 
 959 the division was made of Lower Lorraine (which de- 
 veloped into the separate duchies of Brabant, Limburg, 
 etc.) and Upper Lorraine. The latter continued an im- 
 perial fief. The bishoprics of Metz, Tool, and Verdun 
 were annexed to France 1552. Lorraine was several times 
 conquered by France in the 17th century. It was given 
 to Stanislaus of Poland in 1737, and on his death in 1766 
 reverted to France. The region thus annexed constituted 
 a grand government with its capital at Nancy, and was 
 bounded by Luxemburg and Prussia on the north, the 
 Palatinate on the northeast, Alsace on the east, Franche- 
 Comtd on the south, and Champagne on the west. It was 
 afterward transformed into the departments of Meuse, 
 Moselle, Meurthe, and Vosges. In 1871 part of it (Ger- 
 man Lorraine) was ceded to Germany. This forms the 
 district (Bezirk) of Lothringen in Elsass-Lothringen (Al- 
 sace-Lorraine), with Metz as capital, having an area of 
 2,403 square miles, and a population of about 616,000. 
 The remaining part (French Lorraine) comprises the de- 
 partments of Meuse, of Meurthe-et- Moselle, and also that 
 of V osges. 
 
 Lorraine, Cardinal of (Charles de Guise). Born 
 Feb. 17, 1524: died Dec. 26, 1574. A French 
 prelate, diplomatist, and politician, brother of 
 the second Duke of Guise. He became archbishop of 
 Rheims in 1538, and cardinal in 1547, and was minister of 
 finance under Francis II. and Charles IX. He was, with 
 his brother, the leader of the Roman Catholic party against 
 the Huguenots. 
 
 Lorraine, Charles de, fourth Duke of Guise. 
 Born Aug. 20, 1571: died near Siena, Italy, 1640. 
 A French noble, son of the third Duke of Guise. 
 Lorraine, Claude de, first Duke of Guise. Born 
 Oct. 20, 1496: died at Joinville, France, April 
 12, 1550. A French general and politician, son 
 of Rene II., duke of Lorraine. 
 
 Lorraine, Frangois de, surnamed “LeBalafrA,” 
 second Duke of Guise. Born Feb. 17, 1519 : died 
 Feb. 24, 1563. A French general and states- 
 man, son of the first Duke of Guise. He defended 
 Metz against Charles V., 1552-53 ; captured Calais in 1558 ; 
 gained the victory of Dreux over the Huguenots in 1562 ; 
 and was mortally wounded at Orleans, Feb. 18, 1563. 
 Lorraine, Henri I. de, surnamed “Le Balafrfi,” 
 third Duke of Guise. Bom Dee. 31, 1550: died 
 at Blois, France, Dec. 23 (25?), 1588. A 
 French general and politician, son of the sec- 
 ond Duke of Guise. He became head of the Catholic 
 League in 1576 ; and in 1588 entered Paris with an army, 
 with a view to deposing the king, Henry III., at whose 
 instigation he was assassinated at Blois. 
 
 Lorraine, Henri II. de, fifth Duke of Guise. 
 Born at Blois, France, April 4, 1614: died at 
 Paris, June, 1664. A French general and ad- 
 venturer, son of the fourth Duke of Guise. He 
 took part in the insurrection at Naples 1647—48. 
 
Lorraine, Louis de 
 
 Lorraine, Louis de, second Cardinal of Guise. 
 Born at Dampierre, Jura, France, July 6, 1555 : 
 assassinated at Blois, France, Dec. 24, 1588. A 
 French ecclesiastic and politician, son of the 
 second Duke of Guise. 
 
 Lorraine, Louis de, third Cardinal of Guise. 
 Bom about 1580: died at Saintes, France, June 
 21, 1621. A French ecclesiastic, son of the third 
 Duke of Guise. 
 
 Lorraine, or Hapsburg-Lorraine, House of. 
 
 A royal house descended from Francis of Lor- 
 raine, who became grand duke of Tuscany in 
 1737, married Maria Theresa (the last Haps- 
 burg), and was Holy Roman emperor 1745-65. 
 It furnished thenceforth the emperors, Austrian 
 sovereigns, and rulers of Tuscany. 
 
 Lorris (lo-res'), Guillaume de. Died about 
 1240 (or 1260). A French trouv&re, author of 
 the beginning (4,670 lines) of the “ Roman de la 
 Rose,” which was continued by Jean de Meun. 
 Of his life nothing is known. 
 
 Lorsch (lorsh). A town in the province of Star- 
 kenburg, Hesse, on the Wescknitz 9 miles east 
 of Worms. It is a very ancient town. The Mi- 
 chaelskapelle dates from the 9th century. Pop- 
 ulation, about 4,500. 
 
 Lortzing (lort'sing), Gustav Albert. Born at 
 Berlin, Oct. 23, 1803 : died at Berlin, Jan. 21, 1851. 
 A German composer of comic opera. Among 
 his operas are “ Zar und Zimmermann ” (1837), 
 “ Wildschutz” (1842), “Undine” (1845). 
 Losada (lo-sa'THa), Diego de. Born in San 
 Lucar de Barrameda, Spain, about 1520 : died 
 at Tocuyo, Venezuela, 1569. A Spanish soldier. 
 He served for several years in Venezuela, and in 1567 was 
 sent to conquer the country of the Caracas Indians; found- 
 ed Caracas 1567 or 1568 ; and carried on a bloody war with 
 the Indians, who submitted only after the death of their 
 chief, Guaicaipuro. Quarrelsaboutthedistributionof en- 
 comiendas led to Losada’s deposition from command in 
 1569. Also written Lozada. 
 
 Losada, or Lozada, Manuel. Born near Tepic 
 about 1825 : died there, July 19, 1873. A Mexi- 
 can bandit. He was of mixed blood, but always lived 
 among the Tepic Indians, becoming their acknowledged 
 chief. Though often engaged in cattle-thieving and high- 
 way robbery, his power made him feared, and he was flat- 
 tered by the various governments : Maximilian even ac- 
 knowledged his rank as general. Early in 1873 he headed 
 an uprising in which, it is said, 20,000 Indians were engaged. 
 Defeated by General Corona near Guadalajara, Jan. 28, 1873, 
 he was soon after captured and shot. 
 
 Los Altos (Ids al'tos). The name given to a por- 
 tion of western Guatemala which, on Feb. 2, 
 1838, seceded to form a sixth state of the Cen- 
 tral American Confederacy. It embraced the de- 
 partments of Soldi, Totonicapan, and Quezaltenango, cor- 
 responding nearly to the present departments of those 
 names, together with Huehuetenango, San Marcos, Retal- 
 huleu, and Suchitepequez. A constitution was adopted, 
 and Marcelo Molina was elected president, Dec., 1838. The 
 state was recognized by Salvador, and at first by Guatemala, 
 but was destroyed by Carrera in Jan., 1810, and reincorpo- 
 rated with Guatemala. 
 
 Los Angeles (los an'ge-les or los an'je-les ; Sp. 
 pron. los ang'He-les). A city and the capital 
 of Los Angeles County, California, situated 
 on the river Los Angeles in lat. 34° 3' M N., 
 long. 118° 14' 32 // W. It is the center of an orange- 
 and grape-growing district, and is a winter health-resort. 
 It was founded by the Spaniards in 1781, and was taken 
 from the Mexicans in 1846. Population, 319,198, (1910). 
 
 Los Angeles, or Anjeles. The capital of the 
 province of Biobio, Chile. Population, 11,691. 
 
 Losecoat Field. The battle of Stamford (1470) : 
 so called because the defeated rebels threw 
 awav their coats in their flight. 
 
 Los Herreros. See Herreros, Manuel Breton de 
 los. 
 
 Los Lunas (los lo'nas). A settlement on the 
 Atchison, Topeka, and Santa F6 Railroad, 23 
 miles south of Albuquerque. The name is de- 
 rived from the Spanish families of Lima. 
 
 Los Reyes, Ciudad de. See Ciudad de los Reyes 
 and Lima. 
 
 Lossing (los'ing), Benson John. Born atBeek- 
 man, N. Y., Feb. 12, 1813; died near Dover 
 Plains, N. Y., June 3, 1891. An American his- 
 torian and journalist. Among his works are “Pic- 
 torial Field-Book of the Revolution " (1850-52), “ History 
 of the United States ’’ (1854-56), “History of the Civil War 
 in the United States” (1866-69), “Pictorial Field-Book of 
 the War of 1812” (1869), etc. 
 
 Lossnitz (les'nits). A town in the kingdom of 
 Saxony, 17 miles southwest of Chemnitz. Pop- 
 ulation, 6,929. 
 
 Lost Leader, The. A poem by Robert Browning, 
 referring to Wordsworth. 
 
 Lost Tales of Miletus, The. A volume of poems 
 by Bulwer Lytton, published in 1866. 
 
 Lot (lot). In Old Testament history, the son 
 of Haran and nephew of Abraham. 
 
 623 
 
 Lot. In Geoffrey of Monmouth, a king of Nor- 
 way; in Malory’s “Morte d’ Arthur,” a king of 
 Orkney. In the first he marries Anne, sisterof Arthur; 
 in the second he marries Margawse, the sister of Arthur. 
 Tennyson makes him the husband of Bellicent and king of 
 Orkney. 
 
 Lot (16). A river in southern France, joining 
 the Garonne at Aiguillon. Length, 300 miles; 
 navigable from Entraygues (194 miles). 
 
 Lot. A department of southern France, capi- 
 tal Cahors, formed chiefly from the ancient 
 Quercy in Guienne. It is bounded by Correze on the 
 north, Cantal and Aveyron on the east, Tarn-et-Garonne 
 on the south, and Lot-et-Garonne and Dordogne on the 
 west. The chief occupation is agriculture. Area, 2,017 
 square miles. Population, 216,611. 
 
 Lot (lot), Parson. A pseudonym of the Rev. 
 Charles Kingsley 1848-56. 
 
 Lot-et-Garonne (lo-ta-ga-ron'). A department 
 of France, capital Agen, formed from parts of 
 the ancient Guienne and Gascony, it is bounded 
 by Dordogne on the north, Lot and Tarn-et-Garonne on 
 the east, Gers on the south, and Landes and Gironde on 
 the west. It is mainly an agricultural department. Area, 
 2,078 square miles. Population, 274,610. 
 
 Lothair (lo-thar') I G. Lothar (lo'tar), F. 
 Lothaire (lo-tar'). Born about 795: died at 
 Priim, Prussia, Sept., 855. Emperor of the Holy 
 Roman Empire 840-855, eldest son of Louis lo 
 D6bonnaire. On the death of his father a war broke 
 out between him and his brothers Louis the German and 
 Charles the Bald over the division of the empire. He was 
 defeated by them at Fontenay 841, and consented to the 
 treaty of V erdun in 843, by which he was left in possession 
 of the imperial title and of the territory included between 
 the Alps, the Rhine, the Meuse, the Saone, and the Rhone. 
 
 Lothair II., called “The Saxon.” Died near 
 Trent, Tyrol, Dee. 3, 1137. Emperor of the Holy 
 Roman Empire 1125-37. He was made duke of Sax- 
 ony in 1106; was elected king of Germany in 1125; and 
 was crowned by the Pope in 1133. 
 
 Lothair. Born 941 : died 986. King of France 
 954-986, son of Louis IV. 
 
 Lothair (lo-thar'). 1. A Norman knight in 
 M. G. Lewis’s tragedy “Adelgitha.” He proves 
 to he Adelgitha’s son. The part was played by 
 Maeready. — 2. The principal character in Dis- 
 raeli’s novel of that name, published in 1870. 
 
 Lotharingia. See Lorraine. 
 
 Lothario (lo-tha're-o). 1. The principal male 
 character in Rowe’s play “The Fair Penitent.” 
 He is a libertine (“that haughty gallant, gay Lothario ”), 
 the seducer of Calista, the fair, penitent. His name has 
 become the synonym for a fashionable and unscrupulous 
 rake. He was the original of Richardson’s Lovelace. 
 
 2. A German gentleman and aristocrat in 
 Goethe’s “Wilhelm MeisteFs Lehrjahre.” He 
 bears an undoubted resemblance to Karl August, and is 
 worshiped by Wilhelm Meister. 
 
 Lothian (lo'THi-an). A former division of Scot- 
 land, reaching at one time from the English bor- 
 der to the Forth. For East Lothian, Midlothian, and 
 West Lothian, see Haddington, Edinburgh, and Linlithgow. 
 
 Lothringen. See Lorraine. 
 
 Loti (lo-te'), Pierre. See Viaud, Louis Marie 
 Julien. 
 
 Lotophagi (lo-tof'a-jl). [Gr. A urotyayot, lotus- 
 eaters.] The lotus-eaters; in Greek legend, 
 especially as given in the Odyssey, the name of 
 a people who ate the fruit of a plant called 
 the lotus, conjecturally identified with various 
 plants which have borne that name. Those of the 
 followers of Odysseus or Ulysses who ate of it are described 
 as being rendered forgetful of then' friends and unwilling 
 to return to their own land. In historical times a people 
 known under the name of Lotophagi lived on the northern 
 coast of Africa in Tripoli, and on the island of Meninx 
 (Lotophagi tis, modern Jerba) in Tunis. 
 
 Lotschenthal (let'shen-tal). The valley of the 
 Lonza, a right-hand tributary of the Rhone, 
 canton of Valais, Switzerland, about 13 miles 
 west-northwest of Brieg. 
 
 Lotte. See Charlotte. 
 
 Lotus-eaters, The. See Lotophagi. 
 
 Lotze (lot'se), Rudolf Hermann. BomatBaut- 
 zen, Saxony, May 21, 1817 : died at Berlin, July 
 1, 1881. A noted German philosopher, psycholo- 
 gist, and physiologist, professor of philosophy 
 at Gottingen 1844—81. Ill 1881 he was appointed pro- 
 fessor of philosophy at Berlin. He opposed, as a physi- 
 ologist, the theory of a “vital force”; was one of the 
 founders of physiological psychology; and, as a metaphy- 
 sician, elaborated a system of ideal-realism or teleologi- 
 cal idealism. He published notable articles in Wagner’s 
 “Handworterbuchder Bhysiologie,” “Metaphysilc ” (1840), 
 “Allgemeine Pathologie und Therapie als mechanische 
 Naturwissenschaften ” (1842), “System der Philosophic” 
 (“ Loglk," 1843, revised 1874 ; “Metaphysilc," 1878), “ All- 
 gemeine Physiologie des korperlichen Ltbens' - (1861), 
 “Medizinische Psychologic " (1852), “Mikrokosmus ’'(1860- 
 1864), “Geschichte der Asthetik in Deutschland” (1868), 
 etc. 
 
 Lotzen (let'sen). A town in the province of 
 East Prussia, Prussia, 68 miles southeast of 
 Konigsberg. Population, commune, 6,551. 
 
 Loubet (lo-ba'), Emile. Born at Marsanne, 
 
 Louis II. 
 
 France, Dec. 31, 1838. A French statesman. 
 He was elected in 1876 to the chamber as a Republican, and 
 was reelected in 1877 and 1881 ; elected to the senate in 
 1886 ; minister of public works Dec., 1887, -April, 1888 ; 
 president of the council and minister of the interior 1892 ; 
 minister of the interior (under M. Ribot) Dec. 6-10, 1892 ; 
 president of the senate 1896-99 ; president of France Feb. 
 18, 1899-Feb. 18, 1906. 
 
 Loucheux. See Kutclnn. 
 
 Loudon, Baron Gideon Ernst von. S eeLaudon. 
 Loudon (lou'don), John Claudius. Born at 
 
 Cambuslang, near Glasgow, April 8, 1783 : died 
 at Loudon, Dec. 14, 1843. An English land- 
 scape gardener and horticulturist. He published 
 “Encyclopaedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture” 
 (1832), “Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum” (1838), 
 and other encyclopedic works. 
 
 Loudun (16-dun'). A town in the department 
 of Vienne, France, 39 miles southwest of Tours. 
 An edict or treaty was published here 1616, favoring Cond6 
 and the malcontent nobles and the Protestants. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 4,653. 
 
 Lough (luf), John Graham. Bora at Green- 
 head, Northumberland, England, about 1804: 
 died at London, April 8, 1876. An English 
 sculptor. 
 
 Loughborough (luf'bur // 6). A town in Leices- 
 tershire, Englaud, 10 miles north by west of 
 Leicester. It manufactures hosiery, etc. Pop- 
 ulation, 18,196. 
 
 Louhans (lo-on'). A town in the department 
 of Saone-et-Loire, France, 23 miles southeast 
 of Chalon-sur-Saone. Population, commune, 
 4,494. 
 
 Louis (lo'is or lo'e) I., surnamed “Le Pieux” 
 and “ Lo Debormaire.” [E. Lewis, F. Louis, It. 
 Luigi or Lodovico, Sp. Luis, Pg. Luis, L. Ludo- 
 vicus, G. Ludwig. ] Born 778: died on an island 
 in the Rhine, near Mainz, June 20, 840. Em- 
 peror of the Holy Roman Empire 814-840, son 
 of Charles the Great whom he succeeded. He es- 
 tablished in 817 an order of succession in accordance with 
 which his eldest son Lothair was to inherit the imperial title 
 with Austrasia and the greater part of Germany, while the 
 restof the empirewas to be divided amonghis younger sons 
 Pepin and Louis. He married a second wife in 819, and in 
 829 modified the order of succession adopted in 817 in such 
 a manner as to give Charles, a child of his second marriage, 
 Alamannia, with the title of king. The three elder sons re- 
 volted in consequence, and he was compelled to surrender 
 by the defection of his troops on the Field of Lies, near 
 Colmar, in Alsace, in 833. He was liberated by Louis and 
 restored to the throne in 834. 
 
 Louis, surnamed “ The German.” Bom about 
 804: died at Frankfort, Aug. 28, 876. King of 
 Germany 843-876, son of the emperor Louis I. 
 (whom see). On the death of his father he united with 
 his brother Charles against Lothair, whom they defeated 
 at the battle of Fontenay in 841. By the treaty of Verdun 
 in 843, which finally settled the dispute as to the division 
 between the brothers, he received the whole of Germany 
 east of the PJiine, and Mainz, Spires, and Worms on the 
 west. He is commonly regarded as the founder of the 
 German kingdom. 
 
 Louis II. Born about 822 : died 875. Emperor 
 of the Holy Roman Empire 855-875, son of the 
 emperor Lothair I. whom he succeeded iu Italy. 
 He was crowned king of Lorraine by the Pope in 872, in 
 opposition to his uncles Charles the Bald and Louis the 
 German, the throne of Lorraine having been vacated by 
 the death of his brother Lothair in 869. 
 
 Louis III. Died 929 (917?). Emperor of the Holy 
 Roman Empire 901-905, son of Boso, king of 
 Provence. Heacceded to the throne of Provence in 890 ; 
 was crowned emperor in 901; and was deposed in 905 by 
 Berengarius I. of Italy, by whom he was blinded and sent 
 back to Provence. 
 
 Louis, surnamed “The Child.” Bom 893: died 
 911. King of Germany 900-911, son of the em- 
 peror Arnulf. He acceded at the age of six, and the 
 government was conducted chiefly by Hatto, archbishop 
 of Mainz. During his reign Germany was devastated by 
 the Magyars or Hungarians. He was the last of the Caro- 
 liugians in Germany. 
 
 Louis IV., surnamed “ The Bavarian.” Bom 
 1286 : died near Munich, Oct. 11, 1347. Emperor 
 of the Holy Roman Empire 1314-47, son of the 
 Duke of Bavaria. He was opposed by Frederick, duke 
 of Austria, whom he made prisoner at the battle of Miilil- 
 dorf in 1322. He was crowned emperor in 1328. In 1338 
 the electoral princes met at R.hense, where they adopted 
 resolutions to the effect that the emperor derived his right 
 to the German and imperial crowns by virtue of his elec- 
 tion by the electoral princes, independent of any corona- 
 tion by the Pope. 
 
 Louis I. Born at Strasburg, Aug. 25, 1786: died 
 at Nice, Feh. 29,1868. King of Bavaria 1825-48, 
 son of Maximilian I. Joseph. He was a patron of 
 art and literature. On the outbreak of the revolution in 
 1848 he abdicated in favor of his son Maximilian II. 
 Louis II. Born at Nymphenburg, near Munich, 
 Aug. 25, 1845: died June 13, 1886. King of Ba- 
 varia 1864-86, son of Maximilian II. He supported 
 Austria against Prussia in 1866, and Prussia against France 
 in 1870-71. He joined the North German Zollverein in 
 1867, and became a member of the German Empire in 1871. 
 He is chiefly known as the patron of Richard Wagner. 
 
Louis II. 624 Louisiana 
 
 Having become insane, he was confined in the palace of 
 Berg on Lake Starnberg, near Munich, in 1886, and com- 
 mitted suicide by drowning in the lake. 
 
 Louis I., King of France. See Louis I., Empe- 
 ror of the Holy Roman Empire. 
 
 Louis II., surnamed “Le Begue” (F.,‘ the Stam- 
 merer’). Born 846: died at Compi^gne, France, 
 April 10, 879. King of France 877-879, son of 
 Charles the Bald. 
 
 Louis III. Born about 863 : died 882. King of 
 France (conjointly with his brother Carloman) 
 879-882 , son of Louis II. 
 
 Louis IV., surnamed “ D’Outre-Mer ” (F., 'from 
 beyond seas’). Born 921: died 954. King of 
 France 936-954, son of Charles the Simple. Dur- 
 ing his reign the kingdom was practically governed by 
 Hugh the Great and other powerful vassals. He received 
 his surname from the fact that he was, on the death of his 
 father, carried to Englaud by his mother, Eadgifu, sister 
 of Athelstan, kiug of England, to avoid falling into the 
 hands of his rival, Rudolph of Burgundy, who had been 
 elected king of France by the nobles. He returned from 
 England on the death of Rudolph in 936. 
 
 Louis V., surnamed "Le Faineant” (F., ‘the 
 Sluggard’). Born 966: died May, 987. King 
 of France 986-987, son of Lothair. He was the 
 last of the Carolingians in France. 
 
 Louis VI., surnamed "Le Gros” (F.,‘ the Fat’). 
 Born about 1078: died 1137. King of France 
 1108-37, son of Philip I. He made Suger, abbot 
 of St. Denis, his chief minister. 
 
 Louis VII., surnamed “Le Jeunc” and "Le 
 Pieux” (F., ‘the Young’ and ‘the Pious’). 
 Born about 1120 : died 1180. King of France 
 1137-80, son of Louis VI. He took part (1147-49) in 
 the second Crusade, and in 1152 divorced his wife, Eleanor 
 of Poitou (whom see), who married Henry of Anjou (after- 
 ward Henry II. of England) in the same year. He retained 
 during the earlier part of liis reign his father’s great min- 
 ister, Suger. 
 
 Louis VIII., surnamed “ Le Lion.” Born 1187 : 
 died at Montpensier, Auvergne, France, Nov. 8, 
 1226. King of France 1223-26, son of Philip 
 Augustus. He married Blanche of Castile, grand- 
 daughter of Henry II. of England, in 1200, and in 1216 was 
 offered the English crown by the barons in opposition to 
 John. He landed in England in 1216; but after the death 
 of John the barons gradually went over to the court party, 
 which recognized John’s son, Henry III.; and he returned 
 to France in 1217. 
 
 Louis IX. (St. Louis). Born at Poissy, France, 
 April 25, 1215: died near Tunis, Aug. 25,1270. 
 King of France 1226-70, son of Louis VIII. He 
 undertook a crusade in 1248; captured Damietta in 1249; 
 
 *' and during an expedition against Cairo was defeated by the 
 Ayoubite sultan TooiAnsMb (Almoaden) and captured, 
 with the whole French army, in April, 1250. He was liber- 
 ated on the evacuation of Damietta and the payment of a 
 ransom, and returned to France in 1254. He surrendered 
 Pf'rigord, the Limousin, and southern Saintonge to Henry 
 III. of England in 1259, in return for which the latter re- 
 nounced his claim to Normandy, Anjou, Maine, Touraine, 
 Poitou, and northern Saintonge. He undertook a crusade 
 against Tunis in 1270, during which he died. He was can- 
 onized by Boniface VIII. in 1297. 
 
 Louis X., surnamed “Le Hutin” (F., ‘the 
 Quarreler’). Born 1289: died 1316. King of 
 France 1314-16, son of Philip IV. He inherited 
 the kingdom of Navarre through his mother, Joan of Na- 
 varre, in 1305. 
 
 Louis XI. Born at Bourges, France, July 3, 
 1423 : died at Plessis-les-Tours, near Tours, 
 France, Ang. 30, 1483. King of France 1461- 
 1483, son of Charles VII. He destroyed the power 
 of the great feudatories, and laid the foundation of the 
 absolute monarchy which afterward obtained in France. 
 The arbitrary and perfidious measures which he adopted 
 provoked a conspiracy of the nobles under the lead of 
 Charles the Bold of Burgundy. The conspirators organ- 
 ized a “ league of the publicweal/’andfoughtadrawn bat- 
 tle at Montlhery in 1465, but succumbed to the diplomacy 
 of the king, who detached Charles the Bold and the Duke 
 of Berry by bribery. After having destroyed his less for- 
 midable opponents, he made war on Charles, who allied 
 himself with Edward IV. of England. On the death of 
 Charles, at the battle of Nancy against the Swiss in 1477, 
 he united the duchy of Burgundy with the crown. In 1481 
 he obtained possession of Provence, Anjou, and Maine by 
 the extinction of the house of Anjou. 
 
 Louis XII., surnamed “The Father of the Peo- 
 ple.” Born at Blois, France, June 27, 1462: 
 died Jan. 1, 1515. King of France 1498-1515, 
 a descendant of the younger son of Charles V., 
 and founder of the branch line of Valois-Or- 
 16ans. He divorced his wife, Jeanne, daughter of Louis 
 XI. , and married (1499) Anne of Brittany, widow of Charles 
 VIII., in order to retain the duchy of Brittany for the 
 crown. In 1499 he expelled Ludovico Moro and took pos- 
 session of M ilan, to which lie laid claim as the grandson of 
 Valentina Visconti. He conquered Naples in 1501 in alli- 
 ance with Ferdinand the Catholic of Aragon, but disagreed 
 with his ally over the division of the spoil, with the result 
 that his army was defeated by the Spanish general Gon- 
 zalvo de Cordova on the Garigliano in 1503. In 1508 he 
 joined the emperor Maximilian, Pope Julius II., and Ferdi- 
 nand the Catholic in the League of Cambray against Venice. 
 The Pope, however, who feared the presence of the French 
 in Italy, negotiated in 1511 the Holy League with Venice 
 and Ferdinand the Catholic for the expulsion of the French: 
 the league wa3 afterward joined by the emperor and Henry 
 
 VIII. of England. Henry and the emperor defeated 
 Longueville at Guinegate in the “ battle of the spurs,” 
 Aug. 16, 1513, and the French were in the same year ex- 
 pelled from Italy ; but Louis succeeded in breaking up the 
 leagueby diplomacy, and was preparing to reconquer Milan 
 when he died. 
 
 Louis XIII. Born at Fontainebleau, France, 
 Sept. 27, 1601: died at St. Germain-en-Laye, 
 France, May 14, 1643. King of France 1610- 
 1643, son of Henry IV . He succeeded under the 
 regency of his mother Marie de Msidieis ; was declared of 
 age in 1614 ; and married Anne of Austria in 1615. In 1614 
 he summoned the States-General, which were not sum- 
 moned again before the Revolution of 1789. In 1024 he 
 chose as his prime minister Richelieu, whom he main- 
 tained in office until Richelieu’s death in 1642. The chief 
 results of his reign, due to the policy of Richelieu, were 
 the destruction of the political power of the Huguenots, 
 which was completed by the siege and capture of Rochelle 
 1627-28 ; the centralization of the government in the hands 
 of the king, who was made independent of the nobles and 
 the parliament ; and the abatement of the power of the 
 house of Austria, whose preponderance in Europe was irre- 
 trievably lost by the intervention of France and Sweden 
 in the Thir ty Years’ War. See Richelieu. 
 
 Louis XIV., surnamed “Le Grand” (F., ‘the 
 Great’). Born at St.-Germain-en-Laye, France, 
 Sept. 5 (16 ?), 1638 : died at Versailles, France, 
 Sept. 1, 1715. King of France 1643-1715, son 
 of Louis XIII. and Anne of Austria: He ascended 
 
 the throne underthe guardianship of his mother, who chose 
 Cardinal Mazarin as her chief minister. He was declared 
 of age at fourteen, but retained Mazarin in office until the 
 cardinal's death in 1661, when he assumed personal con- 
 trol of the government. He assumed the direction of af- 
 fairs at a time when the policy inaugurated by Richelieu 
 and continued by Mazarin had made the Bourbons abso- 
 lute at home and paramount abroad. The reforms of Col- 
 bert, his comptroller-general of the finances (1661-83), 
 swelled his treasury while p-omoting industry and econ- 
 omy; and those of Louvois, his minister of war (1666-91), 
 transformed hisarmyinto themostperfectmilitaryorgani- 
 zation in Europe. His desire of conquest and dreams of a 
 French universal monarchy embroiled him in numerous 
 wars, in which his arms were sustained by Turenne, Cond6, 
 Luxembourg, Catinat, Villars,Vend6me, and Vauban. His 
 first war (1667-6S) was fought with Spain on account of the 
 Spanish Netherlands, which he claimed through his wife 
 Maria Theresa, daughter of Philip IV. of Spain. It was 
 ended by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, and resulted in the 
 acquisition of a number of fortified towns on the Belgian 
 frontier. His second war (1672-78) was directed against 
 Holland supported by the Empire, Spain, Brandenburg, 
 and Sweden, and resulted in the acquisition of territory 
 from Spain and Austria at the peace of Nimwegen. In 
 1681 he annexed Strnshurg (see Reunion. Chambers of ), and 
 in 1685 revoked theEdictof Nantes(which see). Bis third 
 war (1688-97) was with England, the Netherlands, the Em- 
 pire, Spain, and Savoy, and concerned the Palatinate, to 
 which he laid claim. It was unsuccessful, and was ended 
 by the peace of Ryswick, by which Alsace and Strasburg 
 were formally ceded to France. His fourth war (1701-14) 
 concerned the succession in Spain, whose tlirone he claimed 
 for his grandson, Philip of Anjou. In this war he fought, 
 after 1703, almost single-handed against the bulk of Eu- 
 rope. (See Spanish Succession, War of.) The peace of 
 Utrecht (1713) ami of Rastatt and Baden (1714) secured 
 Spain for his grandson, but left Louis with an exhausted 
 treasury and a broken army. As a result of these wars, 
 of the vicious fiscal policy which he introduced after the 
 death of Colbert, and of liis bigoted and intolerant policy 
 toward the Huguenots, which drove 50,000 families from 
 France, the country was prostrated, and the way prepared 
 for the Revolution. The reign of Louis XIV. has been 
 styled the Augustan Age of France. 
 
 Louis XV. Born at Versailles, France, Feb. 15, 
 1710: died at Versailles, May 10, 1774. King of 
 France 1715-74, great-grandson of Louis XIV. 
 During his minority the government was administered by 
 the Duke of Orleans. He was declared of age in 1723, and 
 in 1725 married Marie Leczinska, daughter of Stanislas, 
 the dethroned king of Poland. On the death of the Duke 
 of Orleans in 1723, the Duke of Bourbon was appointed 
 prime minister. He was in 1726 superseded by Fleury, 
 after whose death in 1743 the government was conducted 
 by appointees of the king’s mistresses Pompadour and Du 
 Barry. In 1741 Louis joined the coalition against Maria 
 Theresa of Austria (see Austrian Succession, War of), and 
 was a party to the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. In 1754 
 hostilities broke out between the French and the English 
 in America without any declaration of war (see French 
 and Indian War), and in 1756 he became involved in the 
 Seven Years’ War as the ally of Maria Iheresa and Russia 
 against Prussia and England. He lost by the treaty of 
 Paris in 1763 Canada and Louisiana, and at his death left 
 the kingdom impoverished, oppressed, and discontented. 
 
 Louis XVI. Born at Versailles, France, Aug. 
 23, 1754: guillotined at Paris, Jan. 21, 1793. 
 King of France 1774—92, grandson of Louis XV. 
 He married in 1770 Marie Antoinette, daughter of Maria 
 Theresa of Austria, who was at first extremely popular, but 
 afterward incurred the dislike of the people, and whose 
 influence was exerted for the maintenance of the system 
 of favoritism which obtained at court. On ascending the 
 throne in 1774, lie appointed Turgot minister of finance. 
 The finances were in extreme disorder, dating from the 
 closing years of the reign of Louis XIV., and the temper 
 of the nation had been roused by the waste and incompe- 
 tence under Louis XV. Turgot began a series of reforms 
 which were opposed by the nobility and the ciergy, with 
 the result that he was superseded byNecker in 1777. Louis 
 recognized the independence of the United States in 1778, 
 and sent an army and a fleet to their support, w hich ma- 
 terially assisted in securing the peace of Paris between 
 the United States and Great Britain in 1783. France con- 
 cluded a separate treaty with Great Britain in the same 
 year. On the conclusion of peace, the French troops which 
 had been employed in America returned enthusiastic for 
 freedom and a republican form of government. In 1781 
 
 Necker resigned, owing to the failure of the court to sup- 
 port his financial reforms, and Calonne became minister 
 of finance in 1783. He gratified the court by securing new 
 loans, but the increasing deficit compelled him to resign 
 in 1787. He was followed by De Brienne, who advised the 
 king to convoke the States-General, which had not met 
 since 1614. The States-General convened at Versailles in 
 May, 1789, and enabled the nation to give expression to 
 the revolutionary tendencies which had been fostered by 
 generations of misrule. (See French Revolution.) The 
 weak and vacillating king, acting on the advice of his 
 queen, refused, until too late, to grant the demands of the 
 popular party, but could not be induced to adopt energetic 
 measures to resist them. France was declared a republic 
 in 1792, and Louis was executed Jan. 21, 1793, after a mock 
 trial by the Convention. 
 
 Louis XVII. Born at Versailles , Fran ce , M arch 
 27, 1785: died in the Temple, Paris, June 8, 
 1795. Titular king of France, second son of 
 Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette. He became 
 dauphin in 1789, was imprisoned in the Temple in 1792, 
 and was proclaimed king by the dmigrds on the execution 
 of his father in 1793, but died in prison. See Williarm, B. 
 
 Louis XVIII. (Stanislas Xavier). Bom at 
 
 Versailles, France, Nov. 17, 1755: died at Paris, 
 Sept. 16, 1824. King of France 181-1-24, young- 
 er brother of Louis XVI. He emigrated in 1791, and 
 assumed the royal title on the death of Louis XVII. (whom 
 see) in 1795. He ascended the tlirone on the fall of Napo- 
 leon in 1S14, and promulgated a constitution based on the 
 English model. He was expelled by Napoleon in March, 
 1815 (see Hundred Days), and was restored by the allied 
 armies in June, 1815. 
 
 Louis XI. A melodrama by Casimir Delavigne, 
 produced in 1832. Boucicault wrote an English ver- 
 sion in 1846. Henry Irving is identified with the character. 
 
 Louis, Pierre Charles Alexandre. Born at 
 Ai, Mame, France, 1787: died at Paris, 1872. 
 A French physician. He wrote “Recherches 
 sur la fievre typhoide” (1828), etc. 
 
 Louis Napoleon. See Napoleon III. 
 
 Louis Philippe (lo'e fi-lep'), surnamed “Roi 
 Citoyen” (F., ‘Citizen King’). Born at Paris, 
 Oct. 6, 1773 : died at Claremont, England, Aug. 
 26, 1850. King of the French 1830-48, son of 
 Philippe Egalitfi, due ((’Orleans. He favored the 
 Revolution, and served under Dumouriez against the Aus- 
 trians, but became involved in the conspiracy of his chief 
 against the republic, and found himself compelled to join 
 the 6migr6s. He returned to France on the restoration of 
 the Bourbons in 1814, and was restored to his hereditary 
 estates. On the deposition of Charles X. in 1830, he was 
 elected by the deputies and peers to the vacant, throne, 
 chiefly at the instance of Lafayette. He was deposed by 
 the revolution of Feb., 1848. 
 
 Louis William I. Born at Paris, April 8, 1655 : 
 died at Rastatt, Baden, Jan. 4, 17 07. Margrave 
 of Baden. He fought with distinction against the Turks 
 1683-91, and against the French in the War of the Spanish 
 Succession. 
 
 Louisa (lo-e'za), G. Luise (lo-e'ze). Bom at 
 Hannover, March 10, 1776: died at Hohenzie- 
 ritz, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, July 19, 1810. A 
 celebrated queen of Prussia, wife of Frederick 
 William III. 
 
 Louisa, or Luisa, Miller. An opera by Verdi, 
 first produced at Naples 1849. 
 
 Louisa Ulrica (16-e'za ul-re'ka), Queen of Swe- 
 den. Born July 24, 1720 : died July 16, 1782. 
 Wife of Adolphus Frederick of Sweden, and 
 sister of Frederick the Great : a patron of art 
 and science. 
 
 Louisburg (lo'is-berg or lo'e-berg). A mined 
 fortress on the coast of Cape Breton, Nova Sco- 
 tia, situated in lat. 45° 53' N., long. 60° W. It 
 was built by the French after the peace of Utrecht (1713) ; 
 was besieged and taken by a New England force under 
 Pepperell, June 17, 1745 ; was restored in 1748 ; and was 
 again besieged and taken by the British under Amherst 
 July 27, 1758 l 
 
 Louise (lo-ez') of Savoy. Born at Pont-d’Ain, 
 France, 1476: died about 1531. The mother of 
 Francis I. of France. She was twice regent, 
 and negotiated the peace of Cambray ( “Ladies’ 
 Peace ”) in 1529. 
 
 Louisiade (lo-e-ze-ad') Archipelago. An ar- 
 chipelago of small islands, belonging since 1885 
 to Great Britain, southeast of Papua, inter- 
 sected by lat. 11° S., long. 153° E. 
 
 Louisiana (lo-e-zi-an'a). One of the Southern 
 States of the United States of America. Capi- 
 tal, Baton Rouge ; chief city. New Orleans. It is 
 bounded by Arkansas and Mississippi on the north, Mis- 
 sissippi and the Gulf of Mexico on the east, the Gulf of 
 Mexico oirthe south, and Texas on the west. Its north- 
 ern boundary is lat. 33° N. It is separated partly from 
 Texas by the Sabine, and from Mississippi by the Missis- 
 sippi and Pearl. The surface is generally level, in part oc- 
 cupied by swamps and alluvial lands. It abounds in for- 
 ests. The chief industry is agriculture. The leading pro- 
 ducts are cotton, sugar, rice, Indian corn, and petroleum. It 
 is the leading State in the production of sugar. It has 61 
 parishes (corresponding to the counties of the other States), 
 sends 2 senators and 8 representatives to Congress, and has 
 10 electoral votes. It was explored by De Soto in 1541. by 
 Marquette in 167.3, and by La Salle in 1682 ; was settled by 
 the French under Iberville and Bienville about 1700 ; was 
 granted to Law’s company in 1717, but in 1732 reverted to 
 the crown ; was ceded by Franco to Spain in 1763 ; was 
 
Louisiana 
 
 retroceded to France in 1800 ; was purchased by the U nited 
 States in 1803 (see Louisiana Purchase) ; was made a sep- 
 arate Territory (the Territory of Orleans) in 1804 ; had the 
 portion east of the Mississippi annexed in 1810 ; was admit- 
 ted to the Union in 1812 ; seceded Jan. 26, 1861 ; was large- 
 ly occupied by the Federals 1862-63 ; and was readmitted 
 In June, 1868. There were rival State governments under 
 Kellogg (Republican) and McEnery (Democrat) in 1872- 
 1874. The disputed electoral vote for President in 1876 
 was given to Hayes by the Electoral Commission in 1877. 
 Area, 48,720 square miles. Population, 1,656,388, (1910). 
 
 Louisiana Purchase. The territory which the 
 United States in 1803, under Jefferson’s admin- 
 istration, acquired by purchase from France, 
 then under the government of Bonaparte as 
 first consul. The price was .$15,000,000. The purchase 
 consisted of New Orleans and a vast tract extending west- 
 ward from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, 
 and from the Gulf of Mexico to British America. See 
 Century Atlas, Map XIX. 
 
 Louisiana Territory. That part of the Louisi- 
 ana Purchase which .is not included in the pres- 
 ent State of Louisiana. It was formed in 1804. 
 Named Missouri Territory in 1812. 
 
 Louisville (lo'is-vil or lo'i-vil). The capital of 
 Jefferson County, Kent ucky, situated at thefalls 
 of the Ohio River in lat. 38° 15' N., long. 85° 
 45' W. It is the largest city of Kentucky, and has im- 
 portant trade in tobacco, provisions, and whisky. The 
 other leading industries are pork-packing and the manu- 
 facture of agricultural implements, leather, wagons, ce- 
 ment. wood work, etc. It was founded in 1778. and is 
 often called Falls City. Population, 223,928, (1910). 
 Loul6 (lo-la'). A town in the province of Al- 
 garve, Portugal, situated in lat. 37° 4' N.,long. 
 7° 54' W. Population, commune, 22,478. 
 Loupgarou (lo-ga-ro'). [F., ‘a werwolf.’] A 
 leader of the giants in Rabelais’s “Gargantua 
 and Pantagruel.” Pantagruel, becoming angry with 
 him, picked him up by the ankles and used him like a quar- 
 ter-staff. 
 
 Loups. See Delaware and Mohican. 
 
 Lourdes (lord). A town in the department of 
 Hautes-Pyren6es, France, on the Gave de Pau 
 
 13 miles south-southwest of Tarbes. it contains 
 an ancient castle, and is famous as a place of pilgrimage. 
 The basilica and the subterranean Church of the Rosary 
 are noteworthy, but interest centers in the grotto in which 
 the Virgin is said to have appeared to a peasant girl, Ber- 
 nadette Soubirous, in 1858, and disclosed to her the mirac- 
 ulous properties of the spring which the pilgrims visit. 
 Population, commune, 8,364. 
 
 Lourenpo Marques. See Lorenzo Marques. 
 Louth (Iouth or louth). A maritime county in 
 Leinster, Ireland . It is bounded by Armagh on the 
 north, the Irish Sea on the east, Meath on the south, and 
 Meath and Monaghan on the west. The surface is undu- 
 lating and in the northeast mountainous. The chief towns 
 are Drogheda and Dundalk. Area, 316 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 65,820. 
 
 Louth. A town in Lincolnshire, England, sit- 
 uated on the Lud 24 miles east-northeast of 
 Lincoln. Population, 9,518. 
 
 Louvain (16-van'), Flem. Leuven (le'ven or 
 lii'ven) or Loven (lo'ven), G. Lowen (le'ven), 
 L. Lovania (lo-va'ni-a). A city in the prov- 
 ince of Brabant, Belgium, situated on the Dyle 
 16 miles east of Brussels. The chief manufacture is 
 beer. The hotel de ville, or town hall, is one of the most 
 elegant of the characteristic late-Pointed Flemish civic 
 edifices. St. Pierre is a handsome 15th-century church 
 containing many fine paintings, especially the “St. Eras- 
 mus ” and the “Bast Supper ” of Dieric Bouts, and a sculp- 
 tured tabernacle 60 feet high. The pulpit, in the peculiar 
 Flemish style (1742), represents “St. Peter’s Denial" and 
 the “Conversion of St. Paul," with life-size figures beneath 
 palm-trees. The university, founded in 1426, is attended by 
 over 2,300 students. In the middle ages Louvain was 
 the capital of Brabant, and a leading center of cloth 
 manufacture. An unsuccessful insurrection of the weav- 
 ers against the nobility in 1378 was followed soon after- 
 ward by the emigration of many citizens. Population, 
 commune, 42,001. 
 
 Louverture, or L’ Ouverture, Toussaint. See 
 
 Toussaint Louverture. 
 
 Louvet de Couvray (lo-va' de ko-vra'), Jean 
 Baptiste. Born at Paris, June 11, 1760: died 
 at Paris, Aug. 25, 1797. A French revolution- 
 ist and novelist, a deputy to the Convention in 
 1792. He wrote the novel “Les amours du 
 chevalier deFaublas” (1787-89). 
 
 Louviers (lo-vya'). A town in the department 
 of Eure, northern France, situated on the Eure 
 
 14 miles south by east of Rouen. It has flour- 
 ishing manufactures, especially of cloth. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 10,302. 
 
 Louvois (lo-vwa'), Franqois Michel Letellier, 
 Marquis de. Bom at Paris, Jan. 18, 1641 : died 
 July 16, 1691. A noted French statesman, min- 
 ister of war under Louis XIV. 1666-91. He or- 
 ganized the French standing army. 
 
 Louvre (lovr). A castle (in Paris) of the kings 
 of Frauce from or before the 13th century, and 
 the chief royal palace until Louis XIV. built 
 Versailles. The existing palace was begun by Francis T. 
 In 1541, and was extended by his successors down to Louis 
 XIV., who added much, including the imposing east front 
 Or — 40 
 
 625 
 
 with its celebrated Corinthian colonnade, 570 feet long, 
 with 28 pairs of coupled columns. Napoleon I. made some 
 additions, to which Napoleon III. added very largely ; and 
 the present republic has rebuilt a large section of the 
 north wing which was burned by the Commune. The 
 whole forms one of the most extensive and historically in- 
 teresting buildings in the world. Thefagade on the west 
 side of the court ranks as the most perfect example of the 
 early French Renaissance ; the additions of Catharine de 
 M6dicis are also architecturally important. Those of Napo- 
 leon III., while less pure in style, are of great richness, 
 with profuse use of sculpture. In the interior the splen- 
 did Galerie d’Apollon, rebuilt by Louis XIV., is one of the 
 few apartments which retain their original aspect. A 
 great part of the interior has been occupied since 1793 by 
 the famous museum, and successive governments have 
 employed the best artists at their command for its deco- 
 ration. 
 
 Lo vania. The Latin name of Louvain. 
 
 Lovat (lo'vat). A river in Russia, flowing into 
 Lake Hmen opposite Novgorod. Length, about 
 300 miles. 
 
 Lovat (lo'vat), Lord. See Fraser, Simon. 
 
 Lovatz (lo'vats), Turk. Loftcha (lof'cha). A 
 small town in Bulgaria, situated on the Osma 
 about lat. 43° 10' N., long. 24° 42' E. It was 
 stormed by the Russians Sept. 3, 1877. 
 
 Love. A play by J. Sheridan Knowles, pro- 
 duced in 1839. 
 
 Love cl la Mode. A farce by Macklin, printed 
 in 1793 : written in 1759. 
 
 Love and a Bottle. A comedy by George Far- 
 quhar, produced in 1699. 
 
 Love and Business. A miscellany by George 
 Farqukar, printed in 1702. 
 
 Love and Death, and Love and Life. Com- 
 panion paintings by George Frederick Watts. 
 In the former Death, a white-draped figure, crushes Love 
 back among garlands of roses, and forces his way through 
 a portal. In the latter Love guides and aids Life, a fair 
 young girl, undraped, up a rough ascent, while flowers 
 spring up in his footsteps. They are in the Tate Gallery 
 
 Love and Honour. A play by Davenant, li- 
 censed 1634, printed 1649, and revived with 
 great success after the Restoration. 
 
 Love at a Venture. A comedy by Mrs. Cent- 
 livre, printed in 1706. It is founded on T. Cor- 
 neille’s “Le galant double.” See Double Gal- 
 lant, The. 
 
 Loveby (luv'bi). The wild gallant in Dry den’s 
 play of that name. 
 
 Love Chase, The. A comedy by J. Sheridan 
 Knowles, produced in 1837. 
 
 Love for Love. A comedy by Congreve, printed 
 in 1695. 
 
 Those who will take the pains to read this tedious drama 
 [Otway’s “Friendship in Fashion ’’[will perceive that Con- 
 greve deigned to remember it in the composition of his 
 exquisite masterpiece, “ Love for Love. ” The hero in each 
 case is named Valentine, and Malagene, Otway’s tiresome 
 button-holer and secret-monger, is a clumsy prototype of 
 the inimitable Tattle. . Gosse. 
 
 Love in a Forest. A play adapted from Shak- 
 spere’s “As you Like it” by Charles Johnson 
 in 1723. 
 
 Love in a Maze. A comedy by Shirley, licensed 
 in 1631. The title was borrowed by Dion Bouci- 
 cault for a comedy in 1844. 
 
 Love in a Riddle. A pastoral by Cibber, printed 
 in 1729. This was written in imitation of the “Beggar’s 
 Opera," and played at Drury Lane on Jan. 7, 1729. It was 
 hissed by Cibber’s enemies, and converted into “Damon 
 and Phillida.” Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Love in a Tub. See Comical Revenge, The. 
 
 Love in a Village. A comic opera by Isaac 
 Bickerstaffe, produced in 1762, printed in 1763. 
 The music is by Arne. 
 
 Love in a Wood, or St. James’s Park. A play 
 by Wycherley, produced in 1672. 
 
 Loveira. See Lobeira. 
 
 Lovejoy (luv'joi), Elijah Parish. Born at Al- 
 bion, Maine, Nov. 9, 1802 : killed at Alton, 111., 
 Nov. 7, 1837. An American clergyman and 
 journalist, an opponent of slavery, killed by a 
 pro-slavery mob at Alton. 
 
 Lovejoy, Owen. Born at Albion, Maine, Jan. 6, 
 1811 : died at Brooklyn, N. Y., March 25, 1864. 
 An American clergyman and antislavery poli- 
 tician, brother of E. P. Lovejoy. He was a 
 member of Congress from Illinois 1857-64. 
 
 Lovel (luv'el). In Ben Jonson’s comedy “ The 
 New Inn,” a soldier and scholar, and a chivalric 
 lover. This part contains some of Jonson’s 
 most beautiful poetry. 
 
 Lovel. The name under which Charles Lamb 
 describes his father, John Lamb, in “Old 
 Benchers of the Inner Temple.” 
 
 Lovelace (luv'las). The principal male char- 
 acter in Richardson’s novel “Clarissa Har- 
 lowe”: an unscrupulous libertine whose name 
 has become a synonym for characters of that 
 nature. He is an expansion of Rowe’s Lothario. 
 
 Lovelace (luv'las), Countess of (Augusta Ada 
 
 Love’s Cure 
 
 Byron). Born Dec. 10, 1815 : died Nov. 29,1852. 
 The daughter of Lord Byron. 
 
 Lovelace, Richard. Born in Kent, 1618 : died 
 at London, 1658. An English Cavalier poet. He 
 was educated at the Charterhouse and at Gloucester Hall, 
 Oxford. He was imprisoned by the Parliament in 1642 ; 
 took part in the siege of Dunkirk in 1646 ; and was im- 
 prisoned on his return to England in 1648. He was released 
 after the king’s execution, but his estate was spent, and he 
 died in poverty in the purlieus of London. In 1649 he pub- 
 lished “Lucasta" (from Lux Casta, his name for Lucy 
 Sacheverell) : this was revised while he was in prison. 
 After his death his brother collected and published his 
 poems as “ Lucasta ; Posthume Poems ”(1659). His name 
 survives chiefly on account of his lyrics “ To Althea from 
 Prison ” and “ To Lucasta on going to the Wars.” 
 
 Loveless (luv'les). A character in Cibber’s 
 comedy “ Love’s Last Shift,” and in its continu- 
 ation, Vanbrugh’s “The Relapse”: a debauched 
 libertine. He grows weary of his wife, Amanda, in six 
 months; leaves the country and his debts behind him; 
 and returns penniless to England to reform and be for- 
 given (after a “ Relapse ” with Berinthia) by Amanda whom 
 he really loves. 
 
 Loveless, Elder. The principal male charac- 
 ter in Beaumont and Fletcher’s play “The 
 Scornful Lady.” He is a suitor of the lady, who scorns 
 and flouts him ; but in the end he wins her by a trick. 
 
 Loveless, Young. The brother of the elder 
 Loveless : a heartless, callous prodigal. 
 
 Love Lies a Bleeding. See Philaster. 
 
 Lovell (luv'el), George William. Bom iu 1804 : 
 died at Hampstead, May 13, 1878. An English 
 dramatic writer. Among his plays are “The Provost 
 of Bruges ” (1836), “Love's Sacrifice ’’ (1842), “Look before 
 you Leap” (1846), “The Wife’s Secret ” (1846), “The Trial 
 of Love ” (1852). 
 
 Lovell, Mansfield. Born at Washington, D. C., 
 Oct. 20, 1822: died at New York, June 1, 1884. An 
 American general in the Confederate service. 
 
 Lovel the Widower. A novel by Thackeray, 
 published in 1861. 
 
 Lovely (luv'li), Ann. A character in Mrs. Cent- 
 livre’s comedy “A Bold Stroke for a Lover”: 
 an heiress to win whom Colonel Fainwell, her 
 lover, disguises himself as the real Simon Pure 
 whom she was intended by her guardian to 
 marry. 
 
 Love ‘makes tlie Man, or the Fop’s Fortune. 
 
 A comedy by Cibber, made from Fletcher and 
 Massinger’s “ Custom of the Country” and “ El- 
 der Brother.” It was acted and printed in 
 1701. 
 
 Lover (luv'er), Samuel. Born at Dublin, Feb. 
 24, 1797 : died at St. Heliers, July 6, 1868. An 
 Irish novelist, song- writer, and painter. His chief 
 novels are “Rory O’More ” (1837 : it was dramatized and had 
 arun of 108 nights) and “Handy Andy ”(1842). His “Songs 
 and Ballads” were published in 1839, including “The 
 Angel’s Whisper,” “The Low-hacked Car,” “The Four- 
 leaved Shamrock," “Molly Bawn,” “Father Molloy,” etc. 
 
 Lovere (lo-va're). A town in northern Italy, 
 on the Lake of Iseo 21 miles north-northwest 
 of Brescia. 
 
 Lover’s Complaint, A. A poem by Shak- 
 spere, written probably in 1593-94, but pub- 
 lished with the sonnets in 1609. Fleay. 
 
 Lover’s Leap. A promontory at the south- 
 western extremity of Leucas (Santa Maura), 
 Ionian Islands: the traditional scene of the 
 death of Sappho. 
 
 Lover’s Life, Complaint of a. A poem in- 
 serted in the 16th-century editions of Chaucer, 
 and attributed to him. Manuscript authority 
 gives it to Lydgate. 
 
 Lovers’ Melancholy, The. A play by Ford , pro- 
 duced in 1628, printed in 1629. This play contains 
 the celebrated contention between the nightingale and the 
 musician from Strada. 
 
 Lovers’ Progress, The. A play by Fletcher and 
 Massinger, printed in 1647. “The plot is token from 
 D’Audignier’s ‘Histoire tragi-comique de notre temps,’ 
 1616. . . . This play is unquestionably a revised version 
 of the ‘Wandering hovel's, ' a play licensed 6 Dec., 1623, 
 and may be identified with the ‘Tragedy of Oleander ’(as- 
 cribed to Massinger), which was performed atBlackfriars 
 7 May, 1634. A play called ‘The Wandering Lovers or The 
 Picture’ was entered in the ‘Stationers’ Register’ 9 Sept., 
 1653, as a work of Massinger. In spite of the puzzling 
 after-title the entry probably refers to the ‘ Lovers' Pro- 
 gress.’” Bullen. 
 
 Lovers’ Quarrels. A play by King, altered 
 from Vanbrugh’s “ The Mistake ” in 1790. 
 
 Lover’s Vows. A comedy by Mrs. Inchbald, 
 produced at Covent Garden Oct. 11, 1798. It is 
 from Kotzebue. 
 
 Love’s Contrivance, or Le Medecin Malgre 
 lui. A comedy by Mrs. Centlivre, acted and 
 printed in 1703. It- was taken from “Le mCdecin mal- 
 grd lui ” and “Le mariage forc6 ” by Molifcre. 
 
 Love’s Cure, or the Martial Maid. A play, 
 
 probably by Massinger and Middleton accord- 
 ing to Bullen. Fleay thinks it was by Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, altered by Massinger. It was produced about 
 1623, printed 1647. 
 
Love’s Labour ’s Lost 
 
 Love’s Labour ’s Lost. A comedy by Shakspere, 
 
 produced in 1589, printed in 1598. Various changes 
 were made in it in 1597, when it was retouched for a court 
 performance. The title is “ A pleasant conceited Comedy 
 as it was presented before her Highness this last Christ- 
 mas. Newly corrected and augmented by W. Shakespeare. 
 Imprinted 1698.” This is the first appearance of Shak- 
 spere's name on a play title-page. There is no doubt that 
 an earlier version existed. Morley ; Fleay. 
 
 Love’s Labour’s Won. A lost play by Shak- 
 spere, printed in 1600, and entered in the “ Sta- 
 tioners’ Register” Aug. 23, 1600. It is probably the 
 original of “Much Ado about Nothing,” as it was called 
 “ Benedict and Bettris ” when acted before King J ames in 
 1612-13, although presented that same Christmas to Prince 
 Charles, the Palatine, and Lady Elizabeth under its proper 
 name. Fleay. 
 
 Love’s Last Shift, or the Fool in Fashion. A 
 
 comedy by Cibber, produced in Jan., 1694. Van- 
 brugh’s “ Relapse ” is a sequel to this. See Fop- 
 pington, Lord. 
 
 Love’s Metamorphosis. A comedy by John 
 Lyly, published in 1601. 
 
 Loves of the Angels, The. A poem by Thomas 
 Moore, published in 1822. 
 
 Loves of the Plants, The. The second part 
 of the “ Botanic Garden,” a versified treatise on 
 botany, by Erasmus Darwin, published in 1789. 
 The first part, “ The Economy of Vegetation,” 
 did not appear till 1792. 
 
 Loves of the Triangles, The. A satirical poem 
 by Canning and Frere, published in the “ Anti- 
 Jacobin.” It was in ridicule of Erasmus Dar- 
 win and his “Loves of the Plants.” 
 
 Love Spell, The. See Elisire d’Amore. 
 
 Love’s Pilgrimage. A romantic comedy by 
 Fletcher and another, probably written by 1612. 
 It was printed in 1647. The plot is from a novel of Cer- 
 vantes, and a part of Jonson's “ New Inn ” is incorporated 
 in it. Fleay identifies it with “The History of Cardenio.” 
 Low (16), Seth. Born at Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 
 18, 1850. An American educator. He was elected 
 mayor of Brooklyn in 1881 and again in 1883, and president 
 of Columbia University, New York, in 1890. In 1901 he 
 resigned the presidency of the university and was mayor 
 of New York 1902-3. 
 
 Low, Will H. Born at Albany, N. Y., May 31, 
 1853. An American figure-painter, noted also 
 for his decorative work and designs for stained 
 glass, and as an illustrator. He was a pupil of 
 Carolus Duran. 
 
 Low (16) Archipelago, or Paumota (pou-mo'- 
 ta), or Paumotu (-to), or Tuamotu (twfi-mo'to) 
 Islands. An extensive group of small islands, 
 chiefly coral, situated in the South Pacific, east 
 of the Society Islands and south of the Marque- 
 sas Islands. They are a French protectorate. 
 Low Countries. A name given (a) to the Neth- 
 erlands; (b) to the low region near the North 
 Sea comprised in the modern Netherlands and 
 Flanders (Belgium). 
 
 Lowe (16), Sir Hudson. Born at Galway, Ire- 
 land, July 28, 1769: died at London, Jan. 10, 
 1844. A British general, governor of St. He- 
 lena during the captivity of Napoleon, 1815-21. 
 Lowe (le've), Johann Karl Gottfried. Born 
 at Lobejiin, near Halle, Prussia, Nov. 30, 1796 : 
 died at Kiel, Prussia, April 20, 1869. A Ger- 
 man composer of ballads, songs, and oratorios. 
 Lowe, Johanna Sophie. Born at Oldenburg, 
 Germany, March 24, 1815: died at Budapest, 
 Nov. 29, 1866. A German opera-singer. 
 
 Lowe (16), Robert, Viscount Sherbrooke. Born 
 at Bingham, Nottinghamshire, Dec. 4, 1811: died 
 at London, July 27, 1892. An English politician. 
 He was vice-president of the board of trade and paymas- 
 ter-general 1865-69 ; vice-president of the education board 
 1859-64 ; chancellor of the exchequer 1868-73 ; and home 
 secretary 1873-74. He was a Liberal, but opposed his party 
 as an “ Adullamite ” on the question of reform in 1866. 
 
 Lowe (le've), Wilhelm, called Lowe-Kalhe. 
 
 Born at Olvenstedt, near Magdeburg, Prussia, 
 Nov. 14, 1814: died at Meran, Tyrol, Nov. 2, 
 1886. A German politician, member of the 
 Frankfort Parliament (1848), president of the 
 Stuttgart Parliament (1849), and, later, liberal 
 leader in the Reichstag and Prussian Landtag. 
 Lowell (lo'el). One of the capitals of Middle- 
 sex County, Massachusetts, situated at the falls 
 of the Merrimac and its junction with the Con- 
 cord, 24 miles north-northwest of Boston, it is 
 noted for manufactures, especially of cotton and woolen 
 goods, and was long the chief seat of cotton manufacture 
 in America (established 1823). It is sometimes called the 
 “ Manchester of America " and the “ Spindle City." It 
 became a town in 1826 ; a city in 1836. Pop., 106,294 (1910). 
 
 Lowell, Francis Cabot. Bom at Newburyport, 
 Mass., April 7, 1775: died at Boston, Sept. 2, 1817. 
 An American merchant, one of the pioneers of 
 thecottonmanufacture at Waltham andLowell. 
 Lowell, James Russell. Bom at Cambridge, 
 Mass., Feb. 22, 1819: died there, Aug. 12, 1891. 
 An American poet, essayist, scholar, and diplo- 
 
 626 
 
 matist, son of Charles Lowell. He graduated at 
 Harvard College in 1838. In Jan., 1855, on the resigna- 
 tion of Longfellow, Lowell was elected to his professor- 
 ship at Harvard. He did not assume it at once, but went 
 abroad and spent two years in the study of modern lan- 
 guages, and in perfecting himself in Old French and Pro- 
 vencal poetry. On his return he took the chair of belles- 
 lettres. He was editor of the “Atlantic Monthly” 1857- 
 1862, and of the “North American Review” 1863-72. He 
 was sent as United States minister to Spain 1877-80, and 
 to Great Britain 1880-85. He delivered many public ad- 
 dresses both in England and in the United States, and a 
 course of lectures on the English dramatists at the Lowell 
 Institute in 1887. These were published after his death. 
 Among his poetical works are “A Year’s Life” (1841), 
 “Poems” (1844, 1848, 1849, 1854), "Complete Poetical 
 Works” (1850, 1858, 1880), “The Vision of Sir Launfal” 
 (1845), “A Fable for Critics” (1848), “The Biglow Papers,” 
 (two series, 1848 and 1867), “Mason and Slidell, etc.” 
 (1862), “Commemoration Ode” (1865), “Under the Wil- 
 lows, etc. ” (1868), “ The Cathedral ” (1869), “Three Memo- 
 rial Poems ” (1876), ‘ ‘ Heartsease and Rue ” (1888), etc. His 
 prose works and essays are collected in “Conversations on 
 Some of the Old Poets ” (1845), “Fireside Travels” (1864), 
 “Among my Books” (1870 and 1876), “My Study Win- 
 dows ” (1871), “ Democracy ” (1886), and “Political Essays ” 
 (1888). His “ Letters ” were edited by Professor Norton in 
 1893. 
 
 Lowell, John. Born at Boston, May 11, 1799: 
 died at Bombay, March 4, 1836. An American 
 merchant, son of F. C. Lowell: founder of the 
 Lowell Institute at Boston. 
 
 Lowell, Mary. See Putnam, Mrs. 
 
 Lowell, Robert Traill Spence. Born at Bos- 
 ton, Oct. 8, 1816: died at Schenectady, N. Y., 
 Sept. 12, 1891. An American Episcopal cler- 
 gyman, instructor, poet, and novelist: son of 
 Charles Lowell and elder brother of James 
 Russell Lowell. He published the novel “The New 
 Priest in Conception Bay ” (1858), ‘ 1 Fresh Hearts that Failed 
 Three Thousand Years Ago, and Other Poems ” (1860), “An- 
 tony Brode,” a story (1874), etc. 
 
 Lowenberg (le'ven-berG). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Bober 
 64 miles west of Breslau. Population, com- 
 mune, 5,682. 
 
 Lowenburg (le'ven-borG). A peak of the Sie- 
 bengebirge, in the Rhineland. Height, 1,505 
 feet. 
 
 Lower Bavaria, G. Niederbayern (ne // der- 
 bi'ern). A government district in the south- 
 east of Bavaria, lying on both sides of the 
 Danube. Area, 4,148 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 701,866. 
 
 Lower California. See California, Lower. 
 Lower Canada. See Ontario, Quebec. 
 
 Lower Chinook. One of the two divisions of 
 the Chinookan stock of North American Indi- 
 ans. Its chief tribes are the Artsmilsh (col- 
 lective), Chinook proper, and Clatsop. See Chi- 
 nookan. 
 
 Lower Coquille. See Kusan. 
 
 Lower Empire. [F. Bus-Empire. A name 
 given to the Byzantine empire. 
 
 Under the names of the “ Greek Empire,” the “ Lower 
 Empire ” — whatever may be the exact meaning of that last 
 strange formula — not a few readers and writers are con- 
 tent to conceal their ignorance of a thousand years of event- 
 ful history. Freeman , Hist. Essays, III. 232. 
 
 Lower Rhine Circle, G. Niederrheinischer 
 Kreis (ne-der-n'nish-er kris), or Electoral 
 Rhine Circle, G. Kurrheinischer Kreis (kor- 
 ri'nish-er kris). One of the ten circles of the 
 Holy Roman Empire, comprising electoral 
 Mainz, Treves, and Cologne, the Rhine Palati- 
 nate, etc. 
 
 Lower Saxon Circle, G. Niedersachsischer 
 Kreis (ne-der-zek'sish-er kris). One of the 
 ten circles of the Holy Roman Empire, com- 
 prising Magdeburg, Liineburg, Wolfenbiittel, 
 Liibeck, Bremen, Hamburg, Hildesheim, Hal- 
 berstadt, Mecklenburg, Holstein, etc. 
 
 Lower Spokane. See Spolcane. 
 
 Lower Umpqua. See Euitc. 
 
 Lowerzer See (lo'vert-ser za). A lake in the 
 canton of Sehwyz, Switzerland, northeast of 
 the Lake of Lucerne. Length, 2\ miles. 
 Lowestoft (lo'stoft or lo'e-stoft). A seaport and 
 seaside resort in Suffolk, England, situated on 
 the North Sea 10 miles south of Yarmouth. Near 
 
 it in 1665 tlie British fleet under the Duke of York defeated 
 the Dutch. Population, 29,850. 
 
 Lowicz (lo'vich). A town in the government 
 of Warsaw, Russian Poland, situated on the 
 Bzura 47 miles west by south of Warsaw. Pop- 
 ulation, 13,400. 
 
 Lowin (lo'win), John. Born 1576: died 1659. 
 An English actor, contemporary with Shak- 
 spere. He played some of the greater characters, includ- 
 ing Hamlet, and ended his days keeping the Three Pigeons, 
 a tavern at Brentford. 
 
 Lowth (louth), Robert. Bom at Winchester, 
 Nov. 27, 1710: died at Fulham, near London, 
 Nov. 3, 1787. An English divine and scholar, 
 
 Lubbock, Sir John 
 
 bishop of London. He published “Praelectiones de 
 sacra poesi Hebrseorum ” (“Lectures on the Sacred Poetry 
 of the Hebrews,” 1753), a translation of Isaiah (1778), etc. 
 
 Loxa. See Loja. 
 
 Loyal (loi'al), Monsieur. A catchpoll in Mo- 
 liere’s “Tartufe”: a veiy small part made fa- 
 mous by Coquelin. 
 
 Loyal Legion (official title: Military Order 
 of the Loyal Legion of the United States). 
 
 A society organized at Philadelphia, April 15, 
 1865, to commemorate the services and perpetu- 
 ate the memory of those who served in the Union 
 army, and to afford relief to soldiers who sur- 
 vived the war. Membership descends to the eldest 
 male lineal descendant according to the rules of primo- 
 geniture. 
 
 Loyalty (loi'al-ti) Islands. A group of small 
 islands belonging to Prance, situated in the 
 South Pacific, east of New Caledonia, in lat. 21° 
 S., long. 167° E. The chief islands are Lifu, Uea, and 
 Mare (or Nengone). The group is a dependency of New 
 Caledonia. 
 
 Loyola (lo-yoTa), Ignatius de (Inigo Lopez 
 de Recalde). Born at the castle of Loyola, 
 Guipuzcoa, Spain, 1491: died at Rome, July 31, 
 1556. A Spanish soldier and prelate, founder 
 of the Society of Jesus. He was educated as a page 
 at the court of Ferdinand the Catholic, and afterward 
 joined the army. While recovering from a severe wound 
 received at the siege of Pamplona by the French in 1521, 
 he was converted, and dedicated himself to the service 
 of the Virgin. He entered in 1528 the University of Paris, 
 where, with a number of fellow-students, among whom 
 were Laynez, Bobadilla, Rodriguez, and Pierre Lefevre, he 
 projected in 1534 a religious order, which received the 
 name of the Society or Company of Jesus, for the conver- 
 sion of the infidels, and to counteract the Protestant Ref- 
 ormation. The order was confirmed by Pope Paul III. in 
 1540, and Loyola became its first general in 1541, although 
 Laynez was from its inception really the controlling spirit 
 of the organization. He remained in office until his death. 
 He wrote in Spanish “Constitution of the Order” and 
 1 * Spiritual Exercises ” (1548). His life has been written by 
 Ribadeneira, Maffei, Bouhours, and SpuUer. 
 
 Loyola, Martin Garcia Onez de. Born in Gui- 
 puzcoa about 1548 : died between Imperial and 
 Angol, Chile, Nov. 22, 1598. A Spanish cava- 
 lier, nephew of Ignatius Loyola. He went to Peru 
 in 1568, distinguished himself in the campaign against the 
 Inca Tupac Amaru, and finally captured him in 1571. Sub- 
 sequently he married the Inca’s niece. In 1592 he was 
 appointed captain-general of Chile. There he prosecuted 
 the Araucanian war with vigor, but was eventually sur- 
 prised by the Indians at a camp and killed with 60 com- 
 panions. In the general Indian uprising w hich followed, 
 the Spaniards were driven beyond the Biobio. 
 
 Loyson (lwa-zoh'), Charles, called Pffi-e Hya- 
 cinthe. Born at Orleans, March 10, 1827: died 
 at Paris, Feb. 9, 1912. A French pulpit orator. 
 He became a priest in 1851, and afterward entered the 
 order of the Carmelites. About 1865 he removed to Paris, 
 where he acquired a reputation for eloquence in the pul- 
 pit, and for boldness in denouncing abuses in the Roman 
 Catholic Church. He married in 1872 ; was chosen curate 
 of a congregation of Liberal Catholics at Geneva in 1873; 
 and founded a “Gallican” congregation at Paris in 1879. 
 Loz&re (lo-zar'). A department in southern 
 France, capital Mende, formed chiefly from the 
 ancient Gevaudan in Languedoc. It is bounded 
 by Cantal on the northwest, Haute-Loire on the northeast, 
 Ardfeche on the east, Gard on the southeast and south, and 
 Aveyron on the west. The surface is mountainous. Area, 
 1,996 square miles. Population, 128,016. 
 
 Lualaba (lo-a-la'ba). A name given to the 
 upper part of the Kongo and to one of its head 
 streams. 
 
 Luapula (lo-a-po'la). The main head stream 
 of the Kongo. 
 
 Luba (lo'ba), or Baluba (ba-16'ba). A great 
 Bantu nation of the Belgian Kongo, it extends from 
 the confluence of the Kassai and Lulua to Lake Tangan- 
 yika and to Katanga, and includes the Bashilange, Ba- 
 songe, Warua (of Cameron), Moluas (of the Portuguese 
 authors), and the Baluba of Katanga. All these tribes are 
 independent, and speak dialectsof the one Luba language. 
 In physical appearance the Baluba are tall, well formed, 
 bronze-colored, and intelligent. The tribe of the Bashi- 
 lange, forming the western wing of the nation, is said to 
 be mixed with the first occupants of its territory. This is 
 called Lubuku— i. e. ‘friendship’— by the people of An- 
 gola. 
 
 Liibben (liih'hen). A town in the province of 
 Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on the Spree 
 45 miles south-southeast of Berlin. Popula- 
 tion, about 7,000. 
 
 Lubberland. See Cockaigne. 
 
 Lubbock (lub'ok), Sir John William. Bom at 
 London, March 26, 1803: died near Farabor- 
 ough, Kent, June 20, 1865. An English astron- 
 omer and mathematician, treasurer and vice- 
 president of the Royal Society 1830-35. He wrote 
 “On the Theory of the'Moon and on the Perturbations of 
 ★ (he Planets" (1833). etc. 
 
 Lubbock, Sir John, first Baron Avebury. 
 Born April 30, 1834: died in Kent, May 28, 
 1913. A noted English naturalist and politi- 
 cian; raised to the peerage Jan. 22, 1900. He 
 represented the University of London 1880-1900. He was 
 president of the Linnean Society and of the Institute of 
 
Lubbock, Sir John 
 
 Bankers, a trustee of the British Museum, a vice-president 
 of the Royal Society, etc. His works include “ Prehistoric 
 Times" <,18661. “Origin of Civilization and the Primitive 
 Condition of Mail” (18701, “Origin and Metamorphoses 
 of Insects " (1873), “ On British Wild Flowers, etc." (1875), 
 “Relations between Plants and Insects ” (1878), “Scienti- 
 fic Lectures" and “ Addresses Political and Educational" 
 (1879), “ Ants, Bees, and Wasps, etc.” (1882), “Fifty Years 
 of Science" (1881), “Chapters in Popular Natural History" 
 (1883), and “ On the Senses, Instincts, and Intelligence of 
 Animals, etc.” (1888). 
 
 Liibeck (lii'bek). A state of the German Em- 
 pire, comprising the city of Liibeck and a small 
 adjoining territory, inclosed by the Baltic, 
 Mecklenburg, Holstein, and the principality of 
 Liibeck (belonging to Oldenburg). It is a repub- 
 lic, government being administered by a senate of 14 mem- 
 bers and a Biirgerschaft, or house of burgesses (120 mem- 
 bers). It has 1 member in the Bundesrat, and 1 in the 
 Reichstag. The prevailing religion is Protestant. Area, 
 115 square miles. Population, 105,857. 
 
 Liibeck. A free city of Germany, forming with 
 its territory a state of the German Empire. The 
 city is situated on the Trave and Wakenitz in lat. 53° 62' 
 N., long. 10° 41' E. It is among the leading German sea- 
 ports, and has a large trade in timber, tar, wine, grain, 
 etc., with Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, and regular steam 
 communication with the Baltic ports. The cathedral was 
 built between the 12th and the 14th century. The nave 
 and transepts are Romanesque, the aisles and choir Point- 
 ed. The spires are 394 feet high. The Rathaus, completed 
 inl442, is a characteristic example of the style of medieval 
 brick building developed here. It consists of two wings at 
 right angles, with large gables and picturesque spires. A 
 fine Renaissance entrance-hall and stair were afterward 
 added. The interior, late-Pointed in character, contains 
 much that is of artistic interest. The Holsten Thor is a 
 picturesque medieval gateway, built in 1477. Liibeck was 
 founded in 1143 ; was ceded to Henry the Lion; became a 
 free imperial city in 1226; took the lead among the cities 
 of the Hanseatic League ; sided with the Reformation in 
 1531 ; was incorporated with France in 1810 ; became in- 
 dependent in 1813; and has been successively a member 
 of the Germanic Confederation, the North German Con- 
 federation, and the German Empire. Population, 98,612, 
 (1910). 
 
 Liibeck, Principality of. A district forming a 
 part of the dominions of Oldenburg, situated 
 north of the free city of Liibeck. Chief city, 
 Eutin. Under the old German Empire it was 
 ruled by prince-bishops, and in 1803 was 
 annexed to Oldenburg. Population, 38,- 
 583. 
 
 Liiben (lii'ben). A town in the province of Si- 
 lesia, Prussia, 14 miles north of Liegnitz. 
 Population, commune, 6,568. 
 
 Liibke (ltib'ke), Wilhelm. Born at, Dortmund, 
 Prussia, Jan. 17, 1826: died at Karlsruhe, April 
 5, 1893. A noted German historian of art. He 
 was professor of the history of art and of archaeology at 
 the polytechnic school at Zurich 1861-66, at the similar 
 school in Stuttgart 1866-85, and at the technical high school 
 atKarlsruhe 1885-93. Among his works are “Geschichte 
 der Architektur”(1855), “Grundrissder Kunstgeschichte ” 
 (“Outlines of the History of Art,” 1860), “Geschichte der 
 Plastik" (“History of the Plastic Art,” 1863), etc. 
 Lublin (lo'blin). 1. A government of Russian 
 Poland, bordering on Galicia and the govern- 
 ments of Volhynia, Siedlee, and Radom. Area, 
 6,499 square miles. Population, 1,414,000. — 
 2. The capital of the government of Lublin, 
 situated on the Bistrzyca 92 miles southeast 
 of Warsaw. It is the chief town of Russian Poland 
 after Warsaw and L6dz, and has manufactures of wool- 
 ens, etc. It was a place of importance under the Jagel- 
 lons. The union of Poland and Lithuania was proclaimed 
 here in 1569. The city was taken by Charles in 1703, 
 and was captured by the Russians in 1831. Population, 
 50,385. 
 
 Lubolo (lo-bo'lo). A country, tribe, and dialect 
 of Angola, West Africa, on the left bank of the 
 Kuanza River, between Dondo, Pungo Andon- 
 go, and Bailundo. The country is mountainous and 
 fertile; the tribe is independent, and governed by petty 
 chiefs. The dialect belongs to the Kimbundu language. 
 
 Lubuku (lo-bo'ko). See Luba. 
 
 Luca Giordano. See Giordano. 
 
 Lucan (lu'kan) (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus). 
 
 Bom at Cordova, Spain, 39 a. d.: committed 
 suicide 65 a. d. A Roman poet and prose-writer, 
 author of the “Pharsalia,”in 10 books, an epic 
 poem on the civil war between Ctesar and Pom- 
 pey. See Pharsalia. He was forbidden by Nero, 
 through jealousy, to recite in public, and in revenge joined 
 the conspiracy of Piso. He was betrayed, and by a promise 
 of pardon was induced to turn informer ; but, after denoun- 
 cing his mother and his other accomplices, he was con- 
 demned to death. He anticipated his punishment by caus- 
 ing his veins to be opened. 
 
 Lucan, Earl of. See Sarsfield, Patrick. 
 
 Lucan, Third Earl of (George Charles Bing- 
 ham). Born at London, April 16, 1800: died 
 Nov. 10, 1888. A British general and field-mar- 
 shal. He became a major-general in 1851, and com- 
 mandexl the cavalry in the Crimean war. He was largely 
 responsible for the charge of the Light Brigade. 
 
 Lncania (lu-ka'ni-a). In ancient geography, a 
 division of southern Italy, it was bounded by Cam- 
 panla, Samnium, and Apulia on the north, the Gulf of 
 
 627 
 
 Tarentum on the east, Bruttium on the south, and the 
 Tyrrhenian Sea on the southwest. The surface is moun- 
 tainous. The inhabitants were Lucanians (a branch of the 
 Samnites) and Greeks on the coast. It was reduced by 
 Rome in the 3d century B. c. 
 
 Lucaris (lo-ka'ris), Cyrillus. Born about 1572: 
 murdered 1638. A reforming prelate of the 
 Greek Church. He became patriarch of Con- 
 stantinople in 1621. 
 
 Lucasta. See Lovelace, Richard. 
 
 Lucas van Leyden (lo'kas van IP den) (Lucas 
 Jacobsz). Born at Leyden about 1494: died 
 there, 1533. A Dutch engraver and painter. 
 
 Lucayans (lo-ki'anz). [Sp. Lucayos , from some 
 Indian word.] The aboriginal inhabitants of 
 the Bahama Islands. They were the first Americans 
 encountered by Columbus, who described them as a mild 
 and indolent race, living partly by agriculture, and going 
 naked. It appears thatriheir language was related to that 
 of Cuba and Haiti, and probably they were of Arawak 
 stock. Their foreheadswereartiflcially flattened, asis shown 
 by recently discovered skulls. Early in the 16th century 
 many thousands of them were induced, by false promises, 
 to go to Espanola, where they were enslaved; others were 
 carried off by force, and in a few years all had perished. 
 
 Lucayos (lo-ki'os). The name originally given 
 by the Spaniards to the Bahama islands, from 
 the Indians who inhabited them. It is still used 
 occasionally, principally by Spanish authors. 
 
 Lucca (lok'ka). A province of Tuscany, Italy. 
 It was made a principality by Napoleon for his sister Elisa 
 Bacciocchi; was granted as a duchy to Maria Louisa of 
 Spain in 1815; and was annexed by Tuscany in 1847. 
 Area, 568 square miles. Population, 340,607. 
 
 Lucca, I’ 1 . Lucques (liik). The capital of the 
 province of Lucca, Italy, situated in lat. 43° 51' 
 N., long. 10°31' E. : the RomanLuca. itisnoted 
 especially for silk manufactures, and also for oil and 
 woolen manufactures. The cathedral (duomo) is a notable 
 medieval church with arcaded exterior. The exterior is 
 remarkable for its rich inlaid work in colored stone, repre- 
 senting hunting scenes. The interior has round arches 
 below with massive piers, a high triforium with rich tra- 
 cery, and a low clearstory with circular windows. The 
 so-called “Tempietto,” in one aisle, is a little octagonal 
 domed Renaissance temple, built in 1482 to receive the 
 Oriental crucifix called the Volto Santo. San Giovanni is 
 an early basilica with later medieval alterations. The 
 chief portal has a fine Romanesque relief of the Virgin, 
 with the apostles and angels. The fluted columns of the 
 nave are Roman. The old Lombard baptistery is 59 feet 
 square ; it has a remarkable 14th-century dome on pen- 
 dentives. The Deposito di Mendicity (poorhouse), formerly 
 the Palazzo Borghi, is a fine example of an Italian medie- 
 val palace (1413) designed for defense. It is of red brick, 
 with tracer ied windows, and has a high tower. There are 
 considerable remains existing of a Roman amphitheater, 
 of date about 100 A. I)., though the arena is occupied by 
 the Piazza del Mercato. It had two tiers of 54 arches, and 
 could seat about 10,000. One of the entrance gates, in rus- 
 ticated masonry, survives. Lucca was an ancient Italian 
 town, and became a Roman colony about 177 B. C. ; was 
 the seat of a medieval duchy, and later of a republic ; be 
 longed to Pisa in the 14th century; and became inde- 
 
 ? endent in 1369. It was conquered by the French in 1797. 
 opulation, commune, 74,971. 
 
 Lucca, Bagni di. [It., ‘ baths of Lucca.'] A 
 watering-place in Italy, situated on the Lima 
 14 miles north by east of Lucca. 
 
 Lucca, Pauline. Born at Vienna, April 26, 1841 : 
 died there, Feb. 28, 1908. A noted German 
 Opera-Singer. Her parents were Italian. Her voice was 
 a full soprauo. She made her debut at Olmiitz in 1859 as 
 Elvira in “ Ernani." In 1861 she aroused great enthusiasm 
 at Berlin, and was engaged as court singer for life there. 
 She was also successful in London in 1863, and sang there 
 nearly every season till 1872. In that year she resigned 
 her position at Berlin and came to the United States. 
 She returned to Europe in 1874, and sang in nearly all the 
 great cities except Berlin. She married Baron von Rah- 
 den in 1869, and was divorced from him. Later she mar- 
 ried M. de Wallhofen (died 1899). 
 
 Luce (lbs). In Shakspere’s “ Comedy of Er- 
 rors,” a female servant. 
 
 Lucena (lo-tha'na). A town in the province 
 of Cordova, Spain, situated on the Caseajar 37 
 miles southeast of Cordova. Pop., 21,179. 
 
 Lucentio (lo-sen'shio). In Shakspere's "Tam- 
 ing of the Shrew,” an accomplished young stu- 
 dent from Pisa, whose skilful wooing of Bianca 
 forms the underplot of the play. 
 
 Lucera (lo-eha'ra). A town in the province of 
 Foggia, Italy, 10 miles west-northwest of Fog- 
 gia ; the ancient Luceria. It has a cathedral and a 
 castle. The latter, built on the site of the classical citadel 
 by the emperor Frederick II., is of great extent and im- 
 posing aspect. Population, 17,515. 
 
 Lucerne (lu-sern' ; F. pron. lii-sarn'), G. Lu- 
 zern (lo-tsern'). 1. A canton of Switzerland, 
 hounded by Aargau on the north, Zug and 
 Schwyz on the east, Unterwalden on the south- 
 east, and Bern on the south and west , its surface 
 is hilly and mountainous. Itisoneof the four Forest Can- 
 tons, and sends 7 members to the National Council. The 
 prevailing language is German, and the religion Roman 
 Catholic. Lucerne joined the League of the Forest Cantons 
 in 1332. It took part in the battleof Sempach in 1386, and 
 annexed the Entlebuch at the beginning of the 15th cen- 
 tury. It was part of the Helvetic Republic. In 1847 it 
 was the leading member of the Sonderbund (which see). 
 Area, 679 square miles. Population, 166,782, (1910). 
 
 Luciana 
 
 2. The capital of the canton of Lucerne, situ- 
 ated at the outflow of the Reuss from the Lake 
 of Lucerne, in lat. 47° 3' N., long. 8° 18' E. it 
 is a central point for tourists. The R,euss is crossed here 
 by two interesting old bridges. The Kapellbriicke is a 
 roofed bridge, having 154 subjects painted on the interior 
 of the roof, most of them from the legends of Sts. Mauritius 
 and Leodegar, the patrons of Lucerne. The picturesque 
 medieval Wasserthurm stands in the middle of the river, 
 beside the bridge. The Miihlen- or Sprener-Briicke is 
 another roofed bridge : the inner side of its roof is painted 
 with an elaborate Dance of Death. Other objects of in- 
 terest are the Lion of Lucerne (see below), Hofkirche, 
 Gletseher-Garten, and Rathaus (with antiquarian mu- 
 seum). Near the city are the Rigi, Pilatus, etc. It was 
 founded on the site of a monastery. It was occupied by 
 the federal troops in the Sonderbund war (1847). Popula- 
 tion, 36,200. 
 
 Lucerne, Lake of, or Lake of the Four Forest 
 Cantons, G. Vierwaldstattersee (fer-valt'- 
 stet-ter-za). A lake in Switzerland, border- 
 ing on the four cantons Lucerne, Schwyz, 
 Uri, and Unterwalden. It is irregular in shape. Lo- 
 cally it is divided into the Luzernersee, Alpnachersee, 
 Kiissnachtersee, Umersee or Bay of Uri, Gersauersee, and 
 Weggisersee. It is traversed by the Reuss, which has its 
 outlet at Lucerne. Violent winds prevail on it. It is bor- 
 dered by lofty mountains (Rigi, etc.), and is famous for its 
 magnificent scenery and for the legendary history of Wil- 
 liam Tell. Length, 23 miles. Height above sea-level, 1,435 
 feet. 
 
 Lucerne, Lion of. A famous piece of sculpture, 
 by Thorwaldsen, commemorating the heroism 
 and devotion of nearly 800 Swiss guards who 
 died to save Louis XVI. in the attack on the 
 Tuileries, Aug. 10, 1792. The colossal figure of the 
 crouching lion, transfixed and dying but still faithfully 
 defending the lilied shield of France, is carved in the round 
 in a recess in the face of an upright, vine-draped rock, in a 
 littlepark, at Lucerne. A cornmemorativeinscription.with 
 the names of the officers killed, is cut in the rock. 
 Lucetta (lo-set'ta). A waiting-woman in Shak- 
 spere’s “Two Gentlemen of Verona.” 
 
 Luchaze (lb-cka'ze), orBaluchaze (ba-16-cha'- 
 ze). A Bantu tribe of Angola, West Africa. 
 They live between the head streams of the Kuito River, 
 southeast of Bihe, in a beautiful wooded country. They 
 are related to the Ambuela and Ngangela tribes, file their 
 fore teeth, wear skins and baobab cloth, and are clever 
 iron- and copper-smiths. They obtain their pottery by bar- 
 ter. Their granaries are large, and their villages clean and 
 well built. 
 
 Luchon. See Bagn&res-de-Luchon. 
 
 Lucia (lu'shia), Saint. [L., fern, of Lucius', E. 
 Lucy. ] A martyr of the primitive church in 
 Syracuse, who perished during the persecution 
 of Diocletian. According to the legend, she rejected 
 a pagan suitor whom her mother desired her to marry, was 
 denounced as a Christian, and was condemned to be out- 
 raged, hut escaped this fate and died in prison. She is the 
 patroness especially of those who suffer from distemper of 
 the eyes. 
 
 Lucia. In Southerne’s “ Sir Antony Love, or The 
 Rambling Lady,” a young girl who disguises 
 herself as a man (Sir Antony) and follows her 
 lover to win him. She is the “ rambling 
 lady.” 
 
 Lucia di Lammermoor (lo-che'a de lam-mer- 
 mor'). An opera by Donizetti, produced at 
 Naples in 1835, at Paris in 1839, at London in 
 1838 in Italian and in English in 1843. The 
 plot is from Scott’s “Bride of Lammermoor.” 
 Lucian (lii'skian). [Gr. AoviuavSc, L. Lacianus.~] 
 Born at Samosata, Syria, about 120 a. d. : died 
 about 200. A celebrated Greek satirist and 
 humorist. He was a free-thinker, attacking with pun- 
 gent satire the religious beliefs of his time ; for this, ac- 
 cording to Suidas, he was called “the Blasphemer,” and 
 was torn to pieces by dogs — doubtless a pious invention. 
 He wrote rhetorical, critical, and biographical works, ro- 
 mances, dialogues, poems, etc. 
 
 Lucian (160 A. p.), a native of Samosata on the Euphrates, 
 lived to write Attic prose which, though by no means fault- 
 less, was the best that had been written for 400 years. His 
 “ Dialogues of the Gods,” almost Homeric in their freshness 
 and almost Aristophanic in their fun, bring out the ludi- 
 crous side of the popular Greek faith ; the “ Dialogues of 
 the Dead ” are brilliant satires on theliving. In his “Auc- 
 tion of Philosophers ” the gods knock down each of the 
 great thinkers to the highest bidder ; Socrates goes for 
 about £500; Aristotle for a fifth of that sum. . . . Much 
 historical interest belongs to his sketch of “ Peregrinus, ” 
 a man whom he represents as having been a Christian. . . 
 His “Timon,” the misanthrope, is interesting in connec- 
 tion with Shakspere’s play. The “Veracious History," a 
 mock narrative of travel, is the original of such books as 
 "Gulliver’s Travels.” Lucian has much in common with 
 Swift, and more, perhaps, with Voltaire. 
 
 Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 153. 
 
 Lucian. Born at Samosata, Syria, about 240 a. d.: 
 martyred at Nicomedia, Bithynia, about 312. A 
 theologian and biblical critic, presbyter of An- 
 tioch, who was put to death as a Christian under 
 Maximin. Little is known of his career. He was the 
 reputed author of a creed which was submitted to the 
 Synod of Antioch (341) as a substitute for the Nicene Creed, 
 and which is said lo have been adopted by a Semi-Arian 
 synod in Caria in 367. 
 
 Luciana (lo-si-a'na). In Shakspere’s “Comedy 
 of Errors,” the sister of Adriana. 
 
Lucianists 
 
 Lueianists (lu-shian-ists). The followers of 
 Lucian or Lucan, a Marcionite leader in the 
 2d century, who taught that the actual soul 
 and body of a man would not come forth in the 
 resurrection, but some representative of them. 
 Lucifer (lu'si-fer). [L., ‘light-bringing.’] The 
 morning star ; the planet Y enus when it appears 
 in the morning before sunrise : when it follows 
 the sun, or appears in the evening, it is called 
 Hesperus, or the evening star. The name “ day-star ” 
 is applied by Isaiah figuratively to a king of Babylon : 
 this was rendered in the authorized version by “ Lucifer." 
 From this passage (Isa. xiv. 12) the name was, by mistake, 
 also given to Satan. 
 
 Parid.cmonium, city and proud seat 
 Of Lucifer ; so by allusion call'd 
 Of that bright star to Satan paragon'd. 
 
 Milton, P. L., x. 425. 
 
 Lucifer. Died 371 a. d. A bishop of Caliris 
 (Cagliari) in Sardinia, a fierce controversialist, 
 and founder of a sect of Lucif erians named from 
 him, whose chief tenet was that no bishop who 
 had conformed in any measure to Arianism could 
 retain his rank if he rejoined the orthodox party. 
 Lucile (lu-sel'). A narrative poem by the Earl 
 of Lytton (Owen Meredith), published in 1860. 
 LuciLius (lu-sil'i-us), Caius. Born at Suessa 
 Aurunca, Campania, about 180 b. c. : died at 
 Naples, 103 b. c. A Latin satirical poet, author 
 of “ Saturse,” miscellaneous poems containing 
 a very free criticism of contemporary life. 
 Lucina (lu-sl'na). In Roman mythology, the 
 goddess who presided over childbirth, consid- 
 ered as a daughter of Jupiter and Juno, but fre- 
 quently confused with Juno or with Diana. She 
 corresponded more or less closely to the Greek 
 goddess Ilithyia. 
 
 Lucinde (lii-sand'). 1. The daughter of Sgana- 
 relle in Moliere’s “L’ Amour rnMecin.” — 2. The 
 daughter of G6ronte in Moliere’s “Le medecin 
 malgre lui.” It is to cure her that Sganarelle is 
 obliged to pretend to be a doctor. 
 
 Lucio (lu'shio). A fantastic and profligate char- 
 acter in Shakspere’s “ Measure for Measure.” 
 Lucius (lu'shius). [L., ‘pertainingto the light or 
 daybreak’; Gr. A ovKtog, It. Lucio, Sp .Lucio, Pg. 
 Ljucio, F. Luce.'] Bishop of Adrianople in the 
 4th century. He was expelled from his see by the 
 Ariaus about 340; appealed to the Roman Council under 
 Julius, which ordered his restoration — a decree which was 
 resisted by the Eusebians in his diocese ; and was finally 
 reestablished in his see by Constantius, in accordance with 
 the decision of the Council of Sardica. 
 
 Lucius I. Bishop of Rome 253-254. 
 
 Lucius II. (Gerhard da Caccianamichi). Died 
 Feb. 25, 1145. Pope 1144-45. He was killed 
 by a stone thrown during the insurrection 
 against the papal government. 
 
 Lucius III. (Ubaldo Allucingoli). Died Nov. 
 24, 1185. Pope 1181-85. 
 
 Lucius. 1. In Shakspere’s tragedy “Julius 
 Caesar,” a boy, a servant of Brutus. — 2. In 
 Shakspere’s “Cymbeline,” a general of the Ro- 
 man forces. — 3. In Shakspere’s (?) “ Titus An- 
 dronicus,” the son of Titus. He has a son who is 
 also named Lucius. — 4. In Shakspere’s “ Timon 
 of Athens,” a flattering lord ; also, in the same 
 play, a servant who waits on Timon’s creditors. 
 Lucius Junius Brutus. A tragedy by Andrieux, 
 produced at the Comedie Francaise in 1830. 
 Lucius Junius Brutus, Father of his Country. 
 A tragedy by Nathaniel Lee, produced in 1681. 
 Lucka (lok'a). A small town in Saxe-Altenburg, 
 Germany, situated on the Schnauder 18 miles 
 south of Leipsie. Here, May 31, 1307, the Thu- 
 ringians defeated the Imperialists under Philip 
 of Nassau. 
 
 Luckau (lok'ou). A small town in the province 
 of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on the Berste 
 47 miles south by east of Berlin. Here, June 4, 
 1813 the Prussians and Russians under V on Biilow defeated 
 the French under Oudinot. 
 
 Liicke(lu'ke), Gottfried Christian Friedrich. 
 
 Born at Egeln, near Magdeburg, Prussia, Aug. 
 23, 1791 : died at Gottingen, Feb. 14, 1855. A 
 German theologian, professor successively at 
 Berlin, Bonn, and Gottingen. He wrote “Kom- 
 mentar fiber die Scliriften des Evangelisten Johannes " 
 (“Commentary on the Writings of the Evangelist John,” 
 1820-32), etc. 
 
 Luckenwalde (lo'ken-val-de). A town in the 
 province of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on 
 the Nuthe 29 miles south by west of Berlin. It 
 manufactures cloth, etc. Population, com- 
 mune, 22,263. 
 
 Luckner (Uik'ner), Count Nikolaus. Born at 
 Cham, Bavaria, Jan., 1722: guillotined at Paris, 
 Jan. 4, 1794. A general in the Dutch and Ger- 
 man and (after the Seven Years’ War) in the 
 French service. He became a marshal in 1791, and 
 
 628 
 
 wa3 condemned and put to death by the Revolutionary tri- 
 bunal on a charge of treason. 
 
 Lucknow, or Lakhnau (luk'nou). 1. A divi- 
 sion in Oudh, United Provinces, British India. 
 Area, 12,051 square miles. Population, 5,977,- 
 086. — 2. A district in the division of Luck- 
 now, intersected by lat. 27° N., long. 81° E. 
 Area, 967 square miles. Population, 793,241. 
 — 3. The capital of Oudh and of the dis- 
 trict of Lucknow, situated on the Gumti. 
 It manufactures gold and silver brocade, muslin, 
 etc. Among the chief buildings is the mausoleum Imam- 
 bara, a great hall dating from the middle of the last cen- 
 tury, and one of the most interesting productions of the 
 later Indian-Saracenic style. The plan is rectangular, 263 
 by 146 feet. The fine central hall, 162 by 531 feet, is ar- 
 caded on both sides and flanked in front by a porch and at 
 the back by agallery. Each end presents an octagonalroom 
 and two closed side chambers. The vaults are formed in 
 thick, solid masses of concrete, precisely according to the 
 ancient Roman system. The general effect is picturesque 
 and impressive, though the ornamental details show de- 
 cadence. Lucknow was defended (at first under Sir Henry 
 Lawrence) against the Indian mutineers July-Sept., 1857 ; 
 relieved by Havelock Sept. 25 ; again relieved by Campbell 
 Nov. 17 ; and finally captured by Campbell March, 1858. 
 Population, with cantonment, 264,049. 
 
 Luck of Eden Hall, The. A drinkiug-cup long 
 preserved at Eden Hall in Cumberland. Accord- 
 ing to “Notes and Queries,” Feb. 18, 1893, it is still in ex- 
 istence. It is a chalice of enameled glass, and is of 10th- 
 century workmanship, presumably Venetian. There is a 
 legend that the luck of the llusgrave family depends on 
 its preservation : 
 
 “If this cup either break or fall, 
 
 Farewell the luck of Eden Hall.” 
 
 Lutjon (lii-son'). A town in tbe department of 
 Vend£e, western France, 20 miles north of La 
 Rochelle. Here, 1793, the French republicans defeated 
 the Vendeans. It has a cathedral. Population, com- 
 mune, 6,766. 
 
 LuQOn. See Luzon. 
 
 Lucrece (lu-kres'). [L. Lucretia.] A poem by 
 Shakspere, published in 1594. 
 
 Lucretia (lu-kre'shia). In Roman legend, the 
 wife of Tarquinius Collatinus. Her rapeby Sextus 
 Tarquinius led to the overthrow of the Tarquins and the 
 establishment of the republic. See Sextos. 
 
 Lucretia, or the Children of Night. A novel 
 by Bulwer Lytton, published in 1846. 
 
 Lucretia gens (lu-kre'shia jenz). A Roman 
 patrician, and later also plebeian, clan. Its sur- 
 names were (patrician) Triciptinus, (plebeian) 
 Gallus, Ofella, Vespillo, and Cams. 
 
 Lucretius (lu-kre'shius) (Titus Lucretius Ca- 
 rus). Born at Rome, probably about 96 b. C. : 
 died Oct. 15, 55 B. c. A celebrated Roman phil- 
 osophical poet. He was the author of “Be rerum na- 
 tuia ’’ (“On the Nature of Things"), a didactic and philo- 
 sophical poem in six books, treating of physics, of psy- 
 chology, and (briefly) of ethics from the Epicurean point 
 of view. He committed suicide probably in a fit of insan- 
 ity. According to a popular but doubtless erroneous tra- 
 dition, his madness was due to a love-philter administered 
 to him by his wife. 
 
 Lucrezia Borgia. See Borgia. 
 
 Lucrezia Borgia (lo-krat'se-a bor'ja). An opera 
 by Donizetti, first produced at Milan in 1834. 
 The words were adapted from Victor Hugo's play of the 
 same name, produced at Paris in 1833. The opera was 
 produced at the Italiens in 1840, and was at once stopped 
 by Victor Hugo. The words were rewritten and called 
 “La Pduegata.” Grove. 
 
 Lucrezia Floriani (flo-re-a'ne). A novel by 
 George Sand, published in 1846. 
 
 Lucrine (lu'krin) Lake. In ancient geography, 
 a small salt-water lake in Campania, Italy, 9 
 miles west-northwest of Naples: the Roman 
 Lacus Lucrinus, modern Lago Lucrino. It was 
 famous for its oysters. 
 
 Luc-SUr-Mer (liik'siw-mar'). A watering-place 
 in the department of Calvados, France, on the 
 English Channel 10 miles north of Caen. 
 Lucullus (lu-kul'us), Lucius Licinius, sur- 
 named Ponticus. Born probably about 110 
 B. c.: died about 57 b. c. A Roman general. 
 He served under Sulla in the East ; was curule edile in 79, 
 and consul in 74 ; defeated Mithridates in Asia Minor 74- 
 71 ; defeated Tigranes near Tigranocerta in 69; and was re- 
 called to Rome in 66. He wa3 afterward famous for his 
 wealth and his luxury. His villas at Tusculum and near 
 Neapolis were famous for their splendor, and lie is said to 
 have expended fabulous sums on his table. He was the 
 first to introduce cherries into Italy. He was also a col- 
 lector of books and a patron of learning. 
 
 Lucy (lu' si). [From L. Lucia (which see).] 1. 
 In Sheridan’s comedy “The Rivals,” a clever 
 waiting-maid of great apparent simplicity.— 
 2. The rival of Polly in Gay’s “Beggar’s Opera.” 
 Lud (lud). In Gen. x., the fourth in the list of 
 the children of Shem. 
 
 The name Lud, which follows that of Arphaxad, cannot 
 be correct. The reading must be corrupt, though it is 
 impossible to conjecture what it could originally have 
 been. Lud or Lydia belongs to a different zone from that 
 of the children of Shem, and, as we have seen, is already 
 referred to under the name of Magog. 
 
 Sayce, Races of the 0. T., p. 64. 
 
 Ludovisi Ares 
 
 Lud (lud). A mythical king of Britain. 
 
 The association of Llfid, or “ King Lud ” as he has come 
 to be called in English, with London, is apparently found- 
 ed on a certain amount of fact : one of the Welsh names 
 for London is Caer Lfid, or Lud’s Fort, and if this is open 
 to the suspicion of having been suggested first by Geof- 
 frey, that can hardly be supposed possible in the case of 
 the English name of Ludgate Hill. The probability is 
 that, as a temple on a hill near the Severn associated him 
 with that river in the west, so a still more ambitious 
 temple on a hill connected him with the Thames in the 
 east ; and as an aggressive creed can hardly signalize its 
 conquests more effectually than by appropriating the fanes 
 of the retreating faith, no site could be guessed with more 
 probability to have been sacred to the Celtic Zeus than 
 the eminence on which the dome of St. Paul s now rears 
 its magnificent form. Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 129. 
 
 Luddites (lud'Its). A name given to tbe riot- 
 ers who attempted to destroy machinery at Not- 
 tingham and elsewhere in England," 1811-12 
 and 1816 : so called from a man named Lud. 
 Luden (lo'den), Heinrich. Born at Loxstedt, 
 near Bremen, April 10, 1780 : died at Jena, Ger- 
 many, May 23, 1847. A German historian, pro- 
 fessor of history at Jena. His chief work is a 
 “Geschichte des deutschen Yolks” (1825-37: 
 “ History of the German People” to 1237). 
 Liidenscheid (lii'den-shid). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Westphalia, Prussia, 34 miles northeast 
 of Cologne. Population, 28,921. 
 
 Liideritzland (lii'der-its-land). The region 
 around Angra Pequena, annexed by Germany 
 1884. It is now included in German Southwest 
 Africa. 
 
 Liiders (lii'ders), Count Alexander. Born Jan. 
 26, 1790 : died at St. Petersburg, Feb. 13, 1874. 
 A Russian general. He served in the Turkish war 
 1828-29, in the Polish insurrection 1831, and in the Cauca- 
 sus ; defeated the Hungarians at Schassburg July 31, 1849 ; 
 was commander-in-chief in the Crimea 1856 ; and was gov- 
 ernor of Poland 1861-62. 
 
 Ludewig (lo'de-viG), Hermann Ernst. Born 
 
 at Dresden, Oct. 14, 1809: died at Brooklyn, 
 Dec. 12, 1856. A German-American bibliogra- 
 pher. He published “ Literature of American 
 Local History” (1846^48), etc. 
 
 Ludgate (lud'gat). [Possibly from the legen- 
 dary British king Lud.] An old gate of the City 
 of London. In the earlier history of the city, all the re- 
 gion between the city and W estminster was a marsh or fen, 
 and the only western egress was by Watling street at New- 
 gate. Later the fen was filled up, the “ Straunde” road was 
 made, and Ludgate was built some time in the 12th cen- 
 tury. The gate itself was for a long time used as a prison, 
 but was abandoned when Newgate was built. Ludgate 
 was destroyed in 1760, except the statue of Elizabeth, which 
 still stands by St. Dunstan’s Church. 
 
 Ludgate Hill. A London street running di- 
 rectly west from St. Paul’s. 
 
 Ludhiana (lo-de-a'na). 1. A district in the 
 Jullundur division of the Pan jab, British In- 
 dia, intersected by lat. 30° 50' N., long. 76° E. 
 Area, 1,455 square miles. Population. 673,097. 
 — 2. The capital of the district of Ludhiana. 
 Population, 48,649. 
 
 Ludington (lud'ing-ton). A city in Mason 
 County, Michigan, situated on Lake Michigan, 
 at the mouth of Pere Marquette River, in lat. 
 43° 56' N., long. 86° 26' W. Population, 
 9,132, (1910). 
 
 Ludlow (lud'lo). A town in Shropshire, Eng- 
 land, situated at the junction of the Teme and 
 Corve, 25 miles south of Shrewsbury. The castle 
 is a magnificent ruin, chiefly of the 12th century, with 
 many huge square towers on its outer walls, a great keep 
 with angle- turrets, and ruins of a circular Norman chapel. 
 It was the residence of the lords president of Wales, and 
 for a time a royal abode. Ludlow was taken by the Par- 
 liament in 1646. Population, 4,552. 
 
 Ludlow, Edmund. Born at Maiden Bradley, 
 Wilts, England, 1617 (?) : died at Vevay, Swit- 
 zerland, 1692. An English general and repub- 
 lican politician. He was one of King Charles's judges 
 in 1649, and signed his death-warrant ; was deputy of Ire- 
 land 1651-52; and lived in exile after 1660. His “Me- 
 moirs ” were published 1698-99. 
 
 Ludlow, Johnny. The pseudonym of (Mrs. 
 Henry Wood. 
 
 Ludlow’s Code. See Code of 1650. 
 
 Ludolf (lo'dolf), Hiob. Born at Erfurt, Prussia, 
 1624: died at Frankfort-on-the-Maiu, April 8, 
 1704. A German Orientalist, noted especially 
 for his works on the language and history of 
 Abyssinia. 
 
 Ludovisi Ares (lo-do-ve'ze a'rez) or Mars. An 
 antique marble statue in the Villa Ludovisi, 
 Rome, discovered in the Renaissance period 
 near the Piazza Campitelli. The figure is of colossal 
 size. The god is represented seated in an easy position, 
 as if resting from effort, on a rock, against which lean his 
 greaves and circular shield. The right leg is extended ; the 
 left is raised and supported on the helmet, which rests on 
 the ground. The hands are crossed on the left knee, the 
 left holding a sword. The face bears a calm expression, 
 the glance being directed forward, as in reflection. The 
 chlamys, the only garment, has slid down from the shoul- 
 
Ludovisi Ares 
 
 ders, and its folds lie loosely about the hips and over 
 the thighs. An Eros, with quiver beside him, sits on the 
 ground behind the god’s right leg. From marks on the left 
 shoulder and below, a figure completing the group appears 
 to be missing : this may have been another Eros, a Nike, 
 or an Aphrodite. The work is held by most authorities to 
 be a good copy of an original of the school of Lysippus. 
 Ludovisi Juno. A colossal head in the Villa 
 Ludovisi, Rome. It is one of the most impressive con- 
 ceptions of the Greek Hera, ascribed by the best critics to 
 an Attic artist of the early 4th century B. o. The calm oval 
 face is crowned with an ornamented stephane. 
 
 Ludovisi Palace. See Villa Ludovisi. 
 
 Ludwig. The German form of the name Louis. 
 Ludwig (ldd'vio), Karl Friedrich Wilhelm. 
 
 Bom Dec. 29, 1316: died April 23, 1895. A noted 
 German physiologist, professor successively at 
 Marburg (1846), Zurich (1849), Vienna (1855), 
 and Leipsic (1865). He published “Lehrbuch der 
 Physiologie des Menschen ” (1852-56), etc., and numerous 
 important papers. 
 
 Ludwig, Otto. Born at Eisfeld, Saxe-Meinin- 
 gen,Feb. 11, 1813: died at Dresdeu, Feb. 25, 
 1865. A German poet and novelist. His chief 
 works are the tragedies “ Der Erbforster ” (1853) and “Die 
 Makkabaer ” (1854), and the tale “Zwischen Himmel und 
 Erde ” (1856). 
 
 Ludwigsburg (lod'viGs-borG). A town in the 
 Neckar circle, Wiirtemberg, situated 8 miles 
 north of Stuttgart. It was founded at the beginning 
 of the 18th century ; contains the second royal residence 
 and a noted royal palace ; manufactures organs, etc. ; and 
 is an important military station. Pop., commune, 22,585. 
 Ludwig’s Canal. A canal in Bavaria which 
 joins the Danube and Main, it connects Bamberg 
 on the Regnitz with Dietfurt on the Altmiihl. Length, 
 110 miles. 
 
 Ludwigshafen(lod'viGs-ha-fen). Atown in the 
 Rhine Palatinate, Bavaria, situated on the 
 Rhine opposite Mannheim: formerly called 
 
 Rheiuschanze. It is the chief commercial place of 
 the Palatinate. Population, commune, 72,286. 
 Ludwigslied (lod'vios-led). [’Song of Lud- 
 wig.’] A poem, in Old High German, on the 
 victory of King Louis III. over the Normans in 
 881. 
 
 Ludwigslust (lod'viGs-lost). [G., ‘Ludwig’s 
 delight.’] A town in Meeklenburg-Schwerin, 
 Germany, 22 miles south of Schwerin, it is the 
 second grand-ducal residence. Pop., commune, 6,728. 
 Lugano (lo-ga'no). A town in the canton of 
 Ticino, Switzerland, situated on the Lake of 
 Lugano 13 miles south by west of Beilin zona. 
 
 It is the chief commercial place of the canton, and is a 
 central point for tourists. It was annexed to Switzerland 
 about 15l£ Population, 9,394. 
 
 Lugano, Lake of, It. Lago di Lugano (la'go de 
 lo-ga'no) or Lago Ceresio (che-ra'ze-o). A 
 lake situated partly in northern Italy, partly in 
 the canton of Ticino, Switzerland, its outlet is 
 the Tresa (into Lago Maggiore). It is noted for its beauty. 
 Length, 20 miles. Greatest breadth, 2 miles. Height above 
 sea-level, 897 feet. 
 
 Lugansk (lo-gansk'). A town in the government 
 of Yekaterinoslaff, Russia, situated on the Lu- 
 gan about lat. 48° 30' N., long. 39° 25' E. It is 
 the center of a coal-mining region, and has iron manufac- 
 tures. Population, 34,175. 
 
 Luganski, Kosak. See Dahl, Vladimir. 
 Lugdunensis, or Gallia Lugdunensis ( gal'i-a 
 lug-du-nen'sis). A province of the Roman 
 Empire, situated in Gaul. It extended from Lugdu- 
 num (Lyons), northward to the line of the lower Seine (in- 
 cluding Paris), and northwestward through Brittany to the 
 ocean, comprehending the upper course of the Seine and 
 nearly the entire course of the Loire. It was conquered 
 by Jiilius Caesar 58-51 B. C. 
 
 Lugdunum (lug-du'num). The Roman name of 
 Lyons. 
 
 Lugdunum Batavorum (bat-a-vo'ruin). The 
 Roman name of Leyden. 
 
 Liigenfeld (lii'gen-felt). [G., ‘field of lies.’] 
 The name given to the field near Colmar (Al- 
 sace) where, in 833, Louis the Pious was led 
 by treachery to surrender to his sons. 
 Luggnagg (lug'nag). An imaginary island 
 mentioned in “Gulliver’s Travels” by Swift. 
 Lugii (lu'ji-i), or Lygii (lij'i-i). [L. (Taci- 
 tus) Lugii, Gr. (Strabo) A oijyioi.] The collective 
 name of a Germanic people, first mentioned by 
 Strabo, in the region between the middle anil 
 upper Vistula and the Oder, in the present 
 Silesia, Posen, and Poland. The Burgundii formed 
 their northern part. The Burii and the Vandal! were also 
 Included under the common name. The Lugii were early 
 in the 1st century under the sovereignty of Maroboduus, 
 the Marcomannic king. 
 
 Lugnetz (log'nots) Valley. A valley in the 
 western part of the canton of Orisons, Switzer- 
 land, south of Ilanz. Length, 18 miles. 
 
 Lugo (lo'go). 1. A province of Galicia, Spain. 
 It is bounded by the Atlantic on the north, Oviedo and 
 Leon on the east, Orense on the south, and Pontevedra 
 and Corunna on the west. The surface is generally moun- 
 tainous. Area, 3,814 square miles. Population, about 
 465,400. 
 
 629 
 
 2. The capital of the province of Lugo, situated 
 on the Miuho in lat. 42° 59' N., long. 7° 32' W. : 
 the ancient Lucus Augusti . The cathedral is a large 
 church of the 12th and 13th centuries. From time im- 
 memorial the consecrated host has here been permanently 
 exposed day and night. The circuit of the city walls, of 
 Roman foundation, and still in great part Roman, is com- 
 plete. There are sulphur baths in the vicinity. Popula- 
 tion, 28,237. 
 
 Lugo. A small town in the province of Ra- 
 venna, Italy, 14 miles west of Ravenna. 
 
 Lugos (lo'gosh). The capital of the county 
 of Krassd-Szoreny, Hungary, situated on the 
 Temes 32 miles east by south of Temesvdr. 
 It was the last place of resort of the Hungarian revolu- 
 tionists in 1849. Population, commune, 16,126. 
 
 Luhrasp (Pers. pron. loh-rasp'). [According 
 to Oppert, for rudraspa, having red or bay 
 horses.] In the Shahnamah, the name of the 
 fourteenth Iranian king, successor of Kaikhus- 
 rau, and a descendant of Kaipishin, third son of 
 Kaiqubad. He is said to have enlarged and beautified 
 Balkh, and to have there built a fire-temple called Adar 
 Burzin. He had two sons, Gushtasp and Zarir. To the 
 former, represented as the patron of Zoroaster, he left his 
 kingdom, retiring to his fire-temple at Balkh. 
 
 Luimbe (lwem'be), or Ovaluimbe (o-va-lwem'- 
 be). A Bantu tribe of Angola, West Africa, 
 east of Bihe. They are a good-looking and peaceful 
 people, given to fishing and herding, and are frequently 
 harassed by their neighbors of Bihe. 
 
 Luini (lo-e'ne), or Luvini (lo-ve'ne), Bernar- 
 dino. Born at Luino, Italy, about 1475: died 
 about 1535. An Italian painter of the Lombard 
 school. Many of his works are in Milan. 
 
 Luino (lo-e'nb), or Luvino (lo-ve'no). A small 
 town in the province of Como, Italy, situated 
 on Lago Maggiore 43 miles northwest of Milan. 
 
 Luitpold (lo’it-polt), Prince. Bom March 12, 
 1821: died at Munich, Dec. 12, 1912. Third son 
 of Louis I. of Bavaria, and uncle of Louis II. 
 and Otto I. : regent of Bavaria from June, 1886. 
 
 Luitprand. See JAutprand. 
 
 Luiz. See Louis. 
 
 Luke (lok). [L. Lucas, Gr. Aowcfif.] The author, 
 according to tradition, of the third gospel and 
 also of the Acts of the Apostles. He has been re- 
 garded as identical with the Luke several times mentioned 
 In the New Testament as a companion of St. Paul (called 
 in Colossians “the beloved physician ”). Of his life little 
 is known. According to tradition he was a painter as well 
 as a physician. Whether or not he suffered martyrdom is 
 uncertain. His symbol is the ox (often winged), which 
 was given him as an emblem of sacrifice and priesthood 
 because “he devised about the priesthood of Jesus Christ. ” 
 
 Luke, Gospel of. The third gospel, attributed 
 by tradition to Luke, the companion of St. Paul. 
 
 Lukmanier (lok-man'yer). A pass on the bor- 
 der of the cantons of Grisons and Ticino, Swit- 
 zerland. It connects Dissentis, in the valley of the 
 Rhine, with Biasca, in the valley of the Ticino. Height, 
 6,290 feet. 
 
 Lukow (lo'kov). A town in the province of 
 Siedlce, Russian Poland, 58 miles east-south- 
 east of Warsaw. Population, 11,500. 
 
 Lukoyanoff (lo-ko-ya'nof). A small town in 
 the government of Nijni-Novgorod, Russia, 
 about 80 miles south of Nijni-Novgorod. 
 
 Lukuga (lo-ko'ga). The western outlet of Lake 
 Tanganyika into the Kongo system. 
 
 Lulel (loTe-a/). The capital of thelaen of Norr- 
 botten, Sweden, situated on the Gulf of Both- 
 nia, at the mouth of the Lulea Elf, about lat. 65° 
 36' N., long. 22° 10' E. It has trade in timber. 
 Population, 9,172. 
 
 Lulea Elf. A river in northern Sweden which 
 flows into the Gulf of Bothnia. Length, about 
 200 miles. 
 
 Lules (lo'les). A South American Indian tribe, 
 formerly inhabiting the plains of the Gran 
 Chaco, west of the river Parand, about lat. 30° 
 S. The Jesuit Barcena preached to them in 1690, and 
 wrote a grammar of their language, which he called Toni- 
 cote. Since that time the tribe has disappeared, and is 
 either extinct or is known by some other name. Possibly 
 the modern Vilelas are descended from it. 
 
 Lule (lo'le) stock. The name given by some 
 ethnologists to a group of South American In- 
 dian tribes of the Chaco region. The Vilelas, Ma- 
 taras, the ancient Lules, and others are included in it. The 
 tribes are very imperfectly known, and the proposed clas- 
 sification is doubtful. 
 
 Lully, or Lulli (lii-le'), Giovanni Battista. 
 
 Born at Florence, 1633 : died at Paris, March 
 22, 1687. A noted French composer, chiefly of 
 operas. Ho was the founder of the French 
 grand opera. 
 
 Lully (lul'i), Raymond. [L . Raimundus Luttus . ] 
 Born at Palma, Balearic Islands, about 1235: 
 died on his return from Africa, June 30, 1315. 
 A Spanish scholastic and alchemist, missionary 
 to the Mohammedans. His missionary labors led him 
 to Asia, and several times to Africa. He was the author of 
 a system of logic, “Ars Magna," and of many other works. 
 
 Lundy’s Lane 
 
 Luloilgo (lo-long'go). An affluent of the Kongo 
 River which drains the country between the 
 equator and the bend of the Kongo. The Lo- 
 pori and the Maringa are its principal arms. 
 Lummi (lum'e). A tribe of North American 
 Indians, now on the Lummi reservation, on 
 Bellingham Bay, Whatcom County, Washing- 
 ton. They number about 400. See Salishan. 
 Lumpkin (lump'kin), Tony. In Goldsmith’s 
 comedy “ She Stoops to Conquer,” an ignorant, 
 noisy, conceited country squire, both loutish 
 and vicious. Liston was noted for his perf orm- 
 ance of this part. 
 
 The widow Blackacre and her son are like her lawsuit 
 — everlasting. A more lively, palpable, bustling, ridicu- 
 lous picture cannot be drawn. Jerry is a hopeful lad, 
 though undutiful, and gets out of bad hands into worse. 
 Goldsmith evidently had an eye to these two precious char- 
 acters in “She Stoops to Conquer." Tony Lumpkin and 
 his mother are of the same family, and the incident of the 
 theft of the casket of jewels and the bag of parchments is 
 nearly the same in both authors. 
 
 Hazlitt, Eng. Poets, p. 103. 
 
 Luna (lu'na). [L., ‘the moon.’] The Italian 
 goddess of the moon. She had at Rome an ancient 
 sanctuary on the Aventine and a temple on the Palatine. 
 The latter was illuminated at night. 
 
 Luna. In ancient geography, a city in Italy, 
 near the site of the modern Spezia. 
 
 Luna (lo'na), Alvaro de. Bom 1388: died 
 1453. A Spanish courtier and poet. He became 
 a page at the courtof John II. of Castile 1408, rising quickly 
 to the position of favorite and minister. He was made 
 constable of Castile in 1423 ; exiled through the influence 
 of the grandees in 1427 ; recalled in 1430, and made grand 
 master of the order of St. James of Compostella; exiled 
 1439, and recalled 1445 ; and intrusted with the command 
 of the army. Having lost the favor of the king, he fell a 
 victim to a conspiracy of the court nobles ; was arrested 
 in Burgos April 5, 1453 ; and shortly after was executed at 
 Valladolid. 
 
 Luna, Pedro de. See Benedict XIII. 
 
 Lunalilo (lo-na-le'lo). Born at Honolulu, 
 Hawaiian Islands, Jan. 31, 1835: died there, 
 Feb. 3, 1874. King of the Hawaiian Islands 
 1873-74. 
 
 Luna y Arellano (lo'na e a-ral-ya'no), Tristan 
 de. Born in Aragon early in the 16th century. 
 A Spanish captain. He served under Coronado in 
 northern Mexico in 1539. In 1559 he was given command 
 of an expedition destined to conquer and colonize Florida, 
 of which he was named governor. He sailed from Vera 
 Cruz in June, with 13 ships and a force variously given at 
 from 500 to 2,000 men ; and in Aug. formed a settlement, 
 probably on Santa RosaBay. Mostof his ships were shortly 
 after lost in a hurricane ; the men, after great suffering, 
 mutinied ; and in 1561 the enterprise was abandoned. 
 Luna went to Havana, and thence returned to Mexico in 
 1562. 
 
 Lund (lond). A city in the laen of Malmohus, 
 Sweden, situated 9 miles northeast of Malmo 
 and 23 miles east of Copenhagen : the medieval 
 Londinum Gotliorum. The cathedral, reputed the 
 finest church in Scandinavia, was built about the middle 
 of the 11th century, and has been well restored. In style 
 it is Romanesque, with a group of 5 towers and a semi- 
 circular apse. The remarkable crypt contains a monu- 
 mental well. The university was founded in 1666, and 
 has about 1,100 students. Lund is an important medieval 
 city ; was the seat of an archbishopric from 1104 to 1636 ; 
 and was the scene of a defeatof the Danes by the Swedes in 
 1676, and of a treaty between Denmark and Sweden in 1679. 
 It was frequently a royal residence, and was the place 
 where Tegner lived. Population, 19,675. 
 
 Lund, Peter William. Born at Copenhagen, 
 Denmark, June 14, 1801: died at Lagoa Santa, 
 Minas Geraes, Brazil, May 5, 1880. A Danish 
 naturalist. He traveled in Brazil from 1827 to 1830, and 
 returned to that country in 1831 on a scientific mission 
 from the government of Russia. In 1834 he fixed his resi- 
 dence at Lag6a Santa, and the remainder of his life was 
 passed in the exploration of the numerous limestone caves 
 of Minas Geraes, and the study of the fossil (Quaternary) 
 animals found in them. Of these he discovered several 
 hundred species. 
 
 Lunda (lon'da). A great Bantu nation and 
 kingdom, recently divided between Portuguese 
 Angola and the Belgian Kongo. Muata-Yamvua, the 
 ruler of Lunda, was at one time the head of an empire ex- 
 tending from the Kuango River to the Lualaba, including, at 
 the extreme northwest and southeast, the vassal states of 
 Muene Putu Kassongo and Muata Cazembe, and in the 
 southwest the Kioko nation. The Lunda tribe occupies 
 the basins of the upper Kassai and Lulua. They have a fine 
 physique, like the Baluba, and are friendly to the whites, 
 but are lazy and given to slave-trading. Weakened by 
 feuds, they are victimized by the Makioko, their nominal 
 vassals, and are powerless to resist the encroachments of 
 the whites. The Lunda language differs little in struc- 
 ture from KimbundU, the language of Angola. 
 
 Lundy (lim'di) Island. A small island in the 
 Bristol Channel, 27 miles west-northwest of 
 Barnstaple, Devonshire, England. 
 
 Lundy’s Lane (lun'diz lan). A road loading 
 westward from Niagara River, near Niagara 
 Falls. Here, July 25, 1814, a battle was fought (called 
 also the battle of Bridgewater or of Niagara) between the 
 Americans (2,600) under Brown and the British (4,600) un- 
 
Lundy’s Lane 
 
 ;r Drummond. The British were repulsed, but afterward 
 returned and kept possession of the Held. American loss, 
 852; British, 878. 
 
 Luneburg (lii'ne-borG). 1. A former princi- 
 pality, now a government district in the east- 
 ern part of the province of Hannover, Prussia. 
 The surface is generally level. It was the ancient inher- 
 itance of the Welf family. The duchy of Luneburg grew 
 into the electorate (later the kingdom) of Hannover (which 
 see). 
 
 2. The capital of Liineburg, situated on the 
 Ilmenau26 miles southeast of Hamburg. It has 
 manufactures of salt and cement. It is an ancient Hanse 
 town. The War of Liberation opened here with a defeat 
 of the French under Morand, April 2, 1813. Population, 
 2t>,571. 
 
 Liineburg Heath, G. Liineburger Heide (lii'- 
 ne-boro-er hi'de). A moor in the province of 
 Hannover, Prussia, north of Celle. 
 
 Lunel (lii-nel'). A town in the department of 
 Herault, southern France, 15 miles east-north- 
 east of Montpellier. It has trade in muscat 
 wines. Population, commune, 7,489. 
 Lundville (lii-na-vel')- A city in the department 
 of Meurthe-et-Moselle, France, near the con- 
 fluence of the Meurthe and Vezouze 16 miles 
 east-southeast of Nancy. It is a commercial and 
 manufacturing center, and contains a noted riding-school 
 and a chateau. It was the capital of Lorraine in the 18th 
 century. The emperor Francis I. was born here. Popula- 
 tion, 24,266. 
 
 Lundville, Peace of. A treaty which theemperor 
 concluded with France at Lumiville Feb. 9,1801. 
 France received the left bank of the Rhine. The arrange- 
 ments made with Austria by the peace of Campo-Formio 
 were confirmed ; Tuscany was ceded to Parma ; aud the 
 Cisalpine, Ligurian, Helvetic, and Batavian republics were 
 recognized. It was the beginning of the end of the Holy 
 Roman Empire. 
 
 Lungasi (long-ga'se). An African river and 
 tribe of Kamerun. 
 
 Lupaca (lo-pa-ka/). The dialect formerly spoken 
 by a branch of the Aymard Indians of Bolivia. 
 See Aymards. 
 
 Lupercal(lu'per-kal). [See Lupercus . ] Agrotto 
 near the western angle of the Palatine Hill, in 
 ancient Rome, dedicated, accordingto tradition, 
 by the original Arcadian settlers to Lupercus, a 
 Latin rustic deity. It was the den of the slie-wolf that 
 suckled Romulus and Rem us. As time went on the Lupercal 
 was adorned architecturally, and its decoration was re- 
 newed by Augustus. Near the Lupercal was the Ficus 
 Ruminalis, the fig-tree beneath which Romulus and Re- 
 mus were left by the retiring watersof the Tiber, and above 
 it was the primitive thatched hut preserved to imperial 
 days as a relic of Romulus. 
 
 Lupercalia (lu-per-ka'li-a). [See Lupercal.'] 
 One of the most ancient of Roman festivals, cel- 
 ebrated every year in the middle of February. 
 The origin of the festival is older than the legend of Rom- 
 ulus and the wolf, with which, as with the Greek cult of 
 Pan, it was sought later to connect it. It was originally a 
 local purification ceremony of the Palatine city, in which 
 human victims were sacrificed in the Lupercal cave near 
 the Porta Romana, after having been conducted around the 
 walls. In historic times the victims were goats and a dog, 
 and the celebrants ran around the old line of the Palatine 
 walls, striking all whom they met with thongs cut from 
 the skins of the slaughtered animals. These blows were re- 
 puted to preserve women from sterility. The divinity of 
 the Lupercalia was the old Etrurian god Inuus, akin to 
 Mars. 
 
 Lupercus (lu-per'kus). [L., ‘he who wards off 
 the wolves.’] The god Inuus as the protecting 
 deity of shepherds. 
 
 Lupus (lu'pus). [L., ‘a wolf.’] An ancient south- 
 ern constellation, the Wolf, representing a 
 beast held by the hand of the Centaur. It has 
 two stars of the third magnitude. 
 
 Lur (lor). A tribe of central Africa, occupying 
 a wide district northwest of Albert Nyanza. 
 Their customs are similar to those of the Wanyoro, whose 
 nominal suzerainty they acknowledge. The "accent and 
 the ground-words of the Lur language are identical with 
 those of the Shuli, from which it is separated by the Madi. 
 Both may belong to one cluster with Shilluk. 
 
 Luray (lu-ra/) Cave. A cave in Page County, 
 Virginia, near Luray, 78 miles west by south 
 of Washington. It consists of numerous chambers 
 extending over a large area, and is especially remarkable 
 for its enormous stalactites. It was discovered in 1878. 
 Lure (liir). Atownin the department of Haute- 
 Saone, France, 17 miles east by north of Vesoul. 
 Population, commune, 6,473. 
 
 Lurewell (lur'wel), Mistress. A character in 
 Farquhar’s comedy “ The Constant Couple” : 
 a jilt with a strong desire to wreak vengeance 
 on men for the wrongs done her. 
 
 Lurgan (ler'gan). A town in County Armagh, 
 Ireland, 19 miles southwest of Belfast. Popu- 
 lation, 11,782. 
 
 Luria (lo're-a), Isaac. Born at Jerusalem, 
 1534 : died 1572. One of the most celebrated 
 and influential Jewish eabalists and mystics. 
 His teachings were published by his disciple Hayim Vital 
 Calabrese in the works “Tree of Life ” (“Ez ha-Hayim "), 
 “Book of Transmigrations" (“Seplier ha-Gilguim "), and 
 “Book of Gleamings ” (“Sepher ha-Likutim ”). 
 
 630 
 
 ★ 
 
 Luxistan (lo-ris-tan'). A province of western 
 Persia, bordering on Turkey. The surface is 
 mountainous. Population, estimated, 300,000. 
 
 Lurlei. See Lorelei. 
 
 Lur line (ler-len'). An opera by Wallace, first 
 produced at Covent Garden in 1860. 
 
 Lusatia (lu-sa'shia), G. Lausitz (lou'sits). A 
 region in Germany, no wincludedin thekingdoms 
 of Saxony and Prussia. Its early inhabitants were 
 Slavs, and, though partly Germanized, it still has a large 
 population of Slavs (Wends). It was a mark or march on 
 the border of the empire. Upper Lusatia (Ober-Lausitz), 
 in the southern part, was acquired by Brandenburg from 
 Bohemia about 1253. Lower Lusatia (N ieder-Lausit.z), in 
 the northern part, was acquired by Brandenburg early in 
 the 14th century. Upper Lusatia was gained by Bohemia 
 in 1346, and Lower Lusat ia in 1373. Lusatia belonged tem- 
 porarily to Hungary in the second half of the 15th century. 
 With Bohemia it passed to the house of Hapsburg in 
 1526. It was ceded by Austria to Saxony in 1635. Lower 
 Lusatia and part of Upper Lusatia were ceded by Saxony 
 to Prussia in 1815. 
 
 Lushais. A nomadic race living on the frontier 
 of Assam, Bengal, and Burma, about lat. 24° 
 N., long. 93° E. 
 
 Lusiad (lu' si-ad), The. The national epic of 
 Portugal, by Camoens, published in 1572. it has 
 been translated into English by Fanshawe, Mickle, Mus- 
 grave, Mitchell, and others. It is in 10 cantos, containing 
 1,102 stanzas. See the extract. 
 
 The poem on which the general reputation of Camoens 
 depends, usually known under the name of the Lusiad, is 
 entitled by the Portuguese “Os Lusiadas,”or the Lusi- 
 tanians. It appears to have been the object of the author 
 to produce a work altogether national. It was the exploits 
 of his fellow-countrymen that he undertook to celebrate. 
 But, though the great object of the poem is the recital of 
 the Portuguese conquests in the Indies, the author has very 
 happily succeeded in embracing all the illustrious actions 
 performed by his compatriots in other quarters of the 
 world, together with whatever of splendid and heroic 
 achievement historical narration or popular fables could 
 supply. It is by mistake that Vasco da Gama has been 
 represented as the hero of Camoens, and that t hose portions 
 of the work not immediately connected with that com- 
 mander’s expedition are regarded as episodes to the main 
 action. There is, in truth, no other leading subject than 
 his country, nor are there any episodes except such parts 
 as are not immediately connected with her glory. 
 
 Sismondi, Lit. of South of Europe, II. 480. 
 
 Lusignan (lii-zen-yon'). A town in tbe depart- 
 ment of Vienne, western France, 16 miles south- 
 west of Poitiers. It is noted for its ruined castle 
 (built, according to fable, by the fairy M41usine). The 
 family of Lusignan furnished kings to Jerusalem and 
 Cyprus. Population, commune, 2,183. 
 
 Lusignan, Guy of. See Guy of Lusignan. 
 
 Lusitania (lu-si-ta'ni-a). In ancient geography, 
 the country of the Lusitanians, comprising the 
 modern Portugal to the river Duero, and adjoin- 
 ingparts of western Spain. In a later, more extended 
 use, it was one of the Roman provinces into which His- 
 pania was divided by Augustus. 
 
 Lussin (los-sen'). An island in the Adriatic Sea, 
 about lat. 44° 35' N., belonging to the crown- 
 land of Istria, Austria-Hungary. Length, about 
 20 miles. 
 
 Lussin-Piccolo (los-sen'pik'ko-lo). A seaport 
 on the island of Lussin, Istria, Austria-Hungary. 
 Population, commune, 7,348. 
 
 Lust’s Dominion, or the Lascivious Queen. 
 
 A play published in 1657. It was attributed to Mar- 
 lowe, and was published as his in 1657 ; but it is probably 
 the same play as “The Spanish Moor’s Tragedy," now at- 
 tributed to Dekker, Haughton, and Day, published Feb. 13, 
 1600. Although the play as it exists dates from 1600, it 
 was certainly founded on a much older one. Fleay. 
 
 Lute-Player (lut'pla // er), The. A painting by 
 Caravaggio, in the Hermitage Museum, St. Pe- 
 tersburg. A youth, who wears a white shirt, is seated 
 at a table singing to his lute. On the table are flowers, fruit, 
 and books. 
 
 Lutetia, or Lutetia Parisior urn ( lu-te ' sh i-a par- 
 is-i-o'rum). [F .Lutece.] 1. TheRomannameof 
 Paris. The town, the chief seat of the Parisii, 
 was an inconsiderable place in Roman times. 
 — 2. An asteroid (No. 21) discovered by Gold- 
 schmidt at Paris, Nov. 15, 1852. 
 
 Luther (lo'ther), Martin. Born at Eisleben, 
 Prussian Saxony, Nov. 10, 1483: died there, 
 Feb. 18, 1546. A German reformer and trans- 
 lator of the Bible. His father, who was a slate-cutter 
 by trade, removed with his family to Mansfeld the year 
 after the birth of the son. His early education was ob- 
 tained at Magdeburg, and at Eisenach (1498), where he 
 lived with Frau Ursula Cotta. In 1501 he matriculated at 
 the University of Erfurt for the study of jurisprudence. 
 He took his examination in 1505, and subsequently deliv- 
 ered lectures on the physics and ethics of Aristotle. This 
 same year, against the wishes of his family, he determined 
 to become a monk, and entered the Augustine monastery 
 at Erfurt. In 1507 he was consecrated a priest, and in 
 1508 was called as professor of philosophy to the Univer- 
 sity of Wittenberg. In 1510 he went to Rome on business 
 connected with his monastic order. In 1512, after his re- 
 turn to Wittenberg, he was made doctor of theology. His 
 first important action in the direction of ecclesiastical re- 
 form was his publication, Oct. 31, 1517, on the church door 
 at Wittenberg, of ninety-five theses against the sale of 
 indulgences by the Dominican Tetzel. His proposit ions 
 
 Lutuamian 
 
 were immediately condemned as heretical, and violent at- 
 tacks were made upon him from various quarters, both 
 before and after a summons to Rome, which he did not 
 obey. In 1520 he published his famous “Address to the 
 Christian Nobles of the German Nation,” which was fol- 
 lowed by the tract “On the Babylonian Captivity of the 
 Church of God.” This same year, together with his adher- 
 ents, he was formally excommunicated by Leo X., and 
 his writings were burned at Rome, Cologne, and Louvain. 
 He retaliated by publicly burning, at Wittenberg, the bull 
 of excommunication and the decretals of the Pope, to 
 whom he now renounced all allegiance. At the Diet of 
 Worms, April, 1521, whither he was summoned by the 
 emperor Charles V., he made the celebrated speech which 
 ended with: “There I take my stand. I can do naught 
 else. So help me, God. Amen.” In spite of his vigorous 
 defense of his doctrines, he was proscribed by the em- 
 peror. On his return from Worms, through the Thuringian 
 Forest, he was, by order of his fiiend, the Elector of Sax- 
 ony, ostensibly taken prisoner and conveyed to the Wart- 
 bu’rg, at Eisenach, where he remained in disguise the fol- 
 lowing ten months under the name of Junker Georg. 
 During this time he translated the New Testament into 
 German, and had already completed it when he left the 
 Wartburg in March, 1522. At this time, in spite of a new 
 proscription by the emperor, he returned to Wittenberg, 
 and delivered there a series of sermons against the fanati- 
 cism of the puritanical image-breakers. Here, too, was 
 published this same year the translation of the New Testa- 
 ment. He had already begun the translation of the Old 
 Testameut, of which the books of Moses were put into 
 print in 1523 and the Psalms in 1524 ; and in this latter 
 year appeared also his first hymn-book. In 1524, further, 
 he laid aside his cowl, and in 1525 married Katharina von 
 Bora, a nun, who had renounced her vows and left the 
 convent. From 1526-29 he was engaged in the prepara- 
 tion of a new church service. In this latter year, also, he 
 engaged in the conference at Marburg with Zwingli and 
 other Swiss divines. The Lutheran translation of the 
 whole Bible, completed in 1532, was finally published in 
 1534. It was revised in 1541, and the subsequent editions 
 of 1543 and 1545 also received a few amendments. During 
 the whole of his strugglesfortheReformation, he wrote nu- 
 merous polemical pamphlets which exhibitedhim as a most 
 powerful though passionate controversialist. His “Tisch- 
 reden" (“ Table-Talk ") contains his opinionson a variety of 
 subjects, the principal source of the material being Lau- 
 terbach’s “Tagebuch” (“Diary”) from 1538. In 1530 he 
 began to make a new version, in prose, of .-Esop’s and 
 other classical fables. Besides prose, he also wrote a num- 
 ber of sacred hymns, whose prototype in construction and 
 melody he found in the folk-songs. The “Hymn-Book "of 
 1524 contains four hymns written by him ; that of 1545 
 thirty-seven. In the edition of 1528 was published for the 
 first time the most celebrated of his hymns, “Ein feste 
 Burg ist unser Gott,” written in 1527, the melody of which 
 he is also said to have composed. Luther is to be re- 
 garded as the founder of the present literary language of 
 Germany — that is, of New High German, so called. In 
 his “Tischreden" he states his language to be that of the 
 Saxon Chancery, to which, in reality, his early writings 
 closely conform. It is, however, not the language of the 
 court, but of the people, and much of the vocabulary of the 
 Bible translation has been drawn from Low German as 
 well as from High German sources. In this sense he is, as 
 he is frequently asserted to be, the real creator of the 
 present language. His own language, contrasted in his 
 early and later writings, shows a distinct progression to- 
 ward a more consistently normalized and universal form. 
 The Bible translation permanently established the literary 
 language of Germany. Books were written afterward, no- 
 tably in Switzerland, in dialect, but they are in an ever de- 
 creasing minority, and writers and printers in all parts of 
 German-speaking territory soon accepted the language of 
 Luther as a standard to which they consciously or un- 
 consciously conformed. A good complete edition of his 
 works is that published at Erlangen, 1826-57, in 67 vol- 
 umes. 
 
 Liitke (liit'ke), Count Feodor Petrovitch. 
 
 Born at St. Petersburg, Sept. 17 (0,S.), 1797: 
 died at St. Petersburg, Aug. 8 (O. S.), 1882. 
 A Russian navigator. His narrative of his jour- 
 ney around the world was published 1834-36. 
 Luton (lut'on). A town in Bedfordshire, Eng- 
 land, 30 miles north-northwest of London, it is 
 the chief seat of English straw-plait manufacture. Popu- 
 lation, 36,404. 
 
 Lutrin (lu-tran'), Le. [F., ‘the lectern.’] A 
 mock-heroic poem by Boileau-Despr^aux, pub- 
 lished in 1674. 
 
 Lutter am Barenberge (lot ' ter am bii ' ren- 
 berg-e). A village in Brunswick, Germany, 23 
 miles south-southwest of Brunswick. Here, Aug. 
 27, 1626, the Imperialists under Tilly defeated the Danes 
 under Christian IV. 
 
 Lutterworth (lut'er-werth). A small town in 
 Leicestershire, England, 29 miles east of Bir- 
 mingham. Wyclif was rector of the parish for 
 the last ten years of his life. 
 
 Liittich (liit'tich). The German name of Liege. 
 Liittringhausen (liit'tring-hou-zen). A town 
 in tho Rhine Province, Prussia, 23 miles north- 
 east of Cologne. Population, commune, about 
 12 , 000 . 
 
 Lutuamian (lo-to-am'i-an). A linguistic stock 
 of North American Indians, comprising the Kla- 
 math and Modoc tribes which formerly occu- 
 pied the region of Little and Upper Klamath 
 lakes, Klamath marsh, and Sprague River, Ore- 
 gon, extending into northern California. This 
 territory is mainly embraced by the Klamath reservation, 
 where about 700 survivors of the two tribes reside. There 
 are also a few Modocs in Oklahoma. The name is derived 
 from a Pit ltiver word meaning ‘lake.’ 
 
Liitzen 
 
 Liitzen (liit'sen ). A small town in the province 
 of Saxony, Prussia, 11 miles southwest of Leip- 
 sic. Two important battles were fought here. (1) A 
 victory was gained by the Swedes (about 18,000) under 
 Gustavus Adolphus over the Imperialists (towards 30,000) 
 under Wallenstein, Nov. 16, 1632. The Swedish king was 
 killed, and was succeeded in command by Bernhard of 
 Saxe- Weimar. (2) On May 2, 1813, a victory was gained by 
 the French army (116,000) under Napoleon over the allied 
 Russians and Prussians (about 70,000) under Wittgenstein. 
 Napoleon was unable to follow up his victory. The battle 
 is frequently called the battle of Grossgorschen. 
 
 Lutzk (lotsk), or Luck (lotsk). A town in the 
 government of Volhynia, Russia, situated on 
 the Styr about lat. 50° 45' N., long. 25° 20' E. 
 Population, 18,200. 
 
 Liitzow (liit'so), Baron Ludwig Adolf Wil- 
 helm von. Born at Berlin, Prussia, May 
 18, 1782: died at Berlin, Dec. 5-6, 1834. A 
 Prussian general, commander of the Liitzow 
 "free corps” or "black troop” in 1813. 
 
 Lux (loks), Adam. Born at Obernburg, Bava- 
 ria, 1766: guillotined at Paris, Nov. 4, 1793. A 
 Girondist deputy to the Convention from Mainz 
 in 1793. 
 
 Luxembourg (liik-son-bor'), Due de (Francois 
 Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville). Born 
 at Paris, Jan. 8, 1628: diedat Versailles, France, 
 Jan. 4, 1695. A French marshal, a relative and 
 a companion of Conde. He served in the wars against 
 Spain and Holland ; defeated the Prince of Waldeck at 
 Fleurus in 1690 ; and defeated William of Orange at Steen- 
 kerke in 1692, and at Neerwinden in 1693. 
 
 Luxembourg, Palace of the. A palace in Pa- 
 ris, built by Debrosse (1615-20) for Maria de’ 
 Medici. There are 3 stories, the lowest arcaded, with 
 entablatures and coupled pilasters between the windows. 
 The well-proportioned fronts are marked by projecting, 
 high-roofed pavilions. The smaller diameter of the rec- 
 tangle is about 300 feet. The large court is now colonnaded. 
 Many of the interior apartments are splendidly painted 
 and adorned with sculpture. Since the Revolution this 
 former royal palace has served as the House of Peers or of 
 the Senate, and has long contained a museum of art. The 
 Museum of Modern Art is now removed to anew building 
 on the west of the Petit-Luxembourg, Rue Vaugirard. 
 Luxemburg (luk'sem-berg ; F. pron. luk-soh- 
 bor'). A province of Belgium. Capital, Arlon. 
 It is bounded by Namur and Liege on the north, Rhenish 
 Prussia and the grand duchy of Luxemburg on the east, 
 France on the south, and France and Namur on the west. 
 The surface is hilly. It has important minerals, including 
 iron and slate. Annexed to Belgium 1839. Area, 1,706 
 ★square miles. Population, 219,210. 
 
 Luxemburg (luk'sem-berg; D. pron. lok'sem- 
 borG), F. Luxembourg (liik-son-bor'), old form 
 Lutzelburg. A grand ducky of Europe. Cap- 
 ital, Luxemburg. It is bounded by the Rhine Prov- 
 ince of Prussia on the northeast and east, Lorraine on the 
 south, France on the southwest, and Belgium on the west. 
 The surface is a low table-land. It lies mainly in the basin 
 of the Moselle, which is on its eastern border. The lead- 
 ing occupation is agriculture. Iron ore occurs in abun- 
 dance. The government is a constitutional monarchy, ad- 
 ministered by a grand duke and a chamber of 45 deputies. 
 It belongs to the German Zollverein. The religion is Ro- 
 man Catholic. The prevailing language is German. Lux- 
 emburg formed part of the Holy Roman Empire. It was 
 a countship in the middle ages. It furnished the empe- 
 rors Henry VII. (1308), Charles IV. (1347), Wenceslaus 
 (1378), and Sigismund (1411). It was united in personal 
 union with Bohemia in 1310 ; became a duchy in 1354 ; 
 and passed to Burgundy in 1443. It passed with the N eth- 
 erlands to the house of Hapsburg, and to Spain. Part of 
 it was ceded to France in 1659. It was ceded to Austria 
 in 1713, and was conquered by France 1794-95. By the Con- 
 gress of Vienna (1815) it was made a grand duchy under 
 the rule of the King of the Netherlands, and became a 
 member of the Germanic Confederation. It joined the 
 Belgian revolt against the Netherlands, and continued 
 provisionaHy in Belgian hands until 1839, when part of it 
 was ceded to Belgium, the King of the Netherlands ruling 
 as grand duke over the remainder. It entered the Zoll- 
 verein in 1842, and ceased to be a part of Germany in 1866. 
 Its neutrality was guaranteed by the treaty of London in 
 1867. In 1890 the crown passed to Adolf of Nassau. 
 Area, 998 square miles. Population, 245,838. 
 Luxemburg, formerly Liitzelburg. The capi- 
 tal of the grand duchy of Luxemburg, situated 
 on the Petrusse and Alzette in lat. 49° 37' N., 
 long. 6° 7' E. It has a remarkably picturesque situa- 
 tion, and consists of the Oberstadt and Unterstadt. For- 
 merly it was celebrated for its fortifications, strengthened 
 by Vauban and others ; and it has often been besieged. It 
 was garrisoned by the Prussians 1815-67. The fortifica- 
 tions were in great part demolished after the treaty of 
 1867. Population, 20,928. 
 
 Luxeuil (liik-sey'). [L. Luxovium . ] A town 
 in the department of Haute-Saone, situated 17 
 miles northeast of Vesoul. It has noted mineral 
 springs. It had an abbey in the middle ages. Population, 
 commune, 5,474. 
 
 Luxor (luk'sor or lok'sor). A village in Upper 
 Egypt, situated on the Nile, in lat. 25° 39' N., 
 on part of the site of the ancient Thebes, it is 
 celebrated for its antiquities, which include a very large 
 and complex temple built by Amenhotep III. and Raine- 
 ses II. The buildings of Rameses form the present front 
 of the temple, and were preceded, at the end of a great 
 dromos of sphinxes leading to Karnak, by two beautiful 
 obelisks of red granite, one of which remains in situ, and 
 the other stands in the Place de la Concorde, Paris. Be- 
 
 631 
 
 fore the large double pylon of Rameses’s court are two co- 
 lossal seated statues of himself. The court is surrounded 
 by a double range of columns. Beyond, the avenue to the 
 buildings of Amenhotep makes a sharp angle and meets 
 the pylon of the court, which is surrounded by a double 
 colonnade. The buildings behind the court contain a great 
 number of chambers and an isolated sanctuary, all pro- 
 fusely sculptured and colored. 
 
 Luynes (lii-en'), Due de (Charles d’ Albert). 
 
 Born at Pont-St.-Esprit, Gard, France, Aug. 5, 
 1578: died Dec. 15, 1621. A French courtier, 
 a favorite of Louis XIII. 
 
 Luynes, Due de (Honore Theodoric Paul Jo- 
 seph d’ Albert). Born at Paris, Dec. 15, 1802: 
 died at Rome, Dec., 1867. A French archaeolo- 
 gist. 
 
 Luz (loz). A district in southeastern Balu- 
 chistan. 
 
 Luz (luz). A town in the department of Hautes- 
 Pyrenees, France, 26 miles south of Tarbes. it 
 is noted for its springs and for its fortified church. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 1,518. 
 
 Luzern. The German name of Lucerne. 
 Luzdn, or Lugon (lo-zon' ; Sp. pron. lo-thon'). 
 The largest island of the Philippines. The Bur- 
 face is largely mountainous. It contains Manila, the capi- 
 tal of the group. Area, 40,875 square miles. Population, 
 3,798,507. 
 
 Luzzara (lot-sa'ra). A village in the province 
 of Reggio nell’ Emilia, Italy, situated on the 
 Po 14 miles south-southwest of Mantua, it was 
 the scene of a drawn battle between the Imperialists under 
 Prince Eugene and the French and Spanish forces under 
 Vendome, Aug. 15, 1702. 
 
 Lvoff (1-vof'), Alexei. Born at Reval, Russia, 
 May 25 (N. S. June 5), 1799: died near Kovno, 
 Russia, Dec. 16 (N. S. 28), 1870. A Russian 
 composer, author of the Russian national hymn 
 (1833). 
 
 Lyasus(li-e'us). [Gr. AuaZof.] In Greek mythol- 
 ogy, the god who frees from care : a surname 
 of Bacchus. 
 
 Lyall (li'al), Edna. The pseudonym of Ada 
 Ellen Bayly. 
 
 Lvcabettus (lik-a-bet'us). [Gr. AvKaftr/Troq. ] 
 A red rocky bill rising amid the northeastern 
 outskirts of Athens to a height of 910 feet above 
 the sea, or 670 above the city. It is a very con- 
 spicuous object in the landscape, presenting from most 
 points of the city the general form of an abrupt, slightly 
 concave cone ; there is, however, beyond a slight depres- 
 sion, a long ridge behind it. Upon the top stands a small 
 chapel of St. George. The view is very extensive. On the 
 southern slope is the large reservoir built by Hadrian 
 and Antoninus Pius, which still supplies the city. 
 Lycseus (li-se'us). [Gr. A vaaiog, the Lyctean; 
 from Mount Lycseum in Arcadia.] In Greek 
 mythology, a surname of Zeus. 
 
 Lycaon (li-ka'on). [Gr. A vk&up.~] In Greek le- 
 gend, a king of Arcadia, for his impiety changed 
 into a wolf (or killed by lightning). 
 
 Lycaonia (lik-a-6'ni-a). [Gr. A vnaovia.\ In 
 ancient geography, a province of Asia Minor. 
 Chief city, Iconium. It was bounded by Galatia on 
 the north, Cappadocia on the east, Cilicia on the south, 
 and Pisidia and Phrygia on the west. Sometimes it in- 
 cluded Isauria, and sometimes it was included in Cappa- 
 docia. Surface elevated. 
 
 Lyceius, Lyceus (li-se'us). [Gr. Afoc«o?, per- 
 haps (from/WAof, wolf) ‘wolf-slayer.'] In Greek 
 mythology, an epithet of Apollo. 
 
 Lyceum (H-se'um). [Gr. Afeioi’.] Agymnasium 
 and exercise-ground of ancient Athens, lying 
 on the right bank of the Uissus, at the place 
 now called Ilissia, a short distance east of the 
 palace garden. It was dedicated to Apollo Lyceius, 
 and was already the chief gymnasium of Athens in the 
 time of Pisistratus. It was noted for its fine groves of 
 plane-trees. Aristotle and his disciples formed the habit 
 of discussing their philosophy while following the shady 
 walks of this gymnasium, and hence received the name of 
 Peripatetics. 
 
 Lycia (lis'i-ti). [Gr. Aw'o.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a division of Asia Minor, bordering on 
 the Mediterranean and on Caria, Phrygia, Pi- 
 sidia, and Pamphylia. The surface is mountainous. 
 The Lycians aided the Khita against Rameses II. Its 23 
 cities formed the Lycian League. It was conquered by 
 Persia in the 6th century B. o., and afterward passed to 
 Macedon, Egypt, Syria, and finally to Rome. 
 
 Lycians (lis'i-anz). The inhabitants of Lycia; 
 especially, a race inhabiting ancient Lycia, Ar- 
 yan or Indo-European in language, as is shown 
 by important inscriptions in a peculiar char- 
 acter recently recovered and elucidated. The 
 Lycians seem to have exerted considerable influence in 
 early days on the Greeks, especially through their worship 
 of Apollo. Interesting monuments of their architecture 
 and sculpture have been brought together in the British 
 Museum. Some sculptures found in Lycia vie in refine- 
 ment with the riper archaic art of Attica. 
 
 Lycidas (lis'i-das). A shepherd in Vergil’s third 
 Bucolic. 
 
 Lycidas. An elegiac poem by Milton (published 
 1637), commemorating the death of his friend 
 Edward King. 
 
 Lyell 
 
 Lyck (lik). A town in the province of East 
 Prussia, Prussia, situated on the river and lake 
 Lyck in lat. 53° 49' N., long. 22° 21' E. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 12.397. 
 
 Lycon (li'kon). [Gr. Avkuv.] Lived in the 3d 
 century b. c. A Greek Peripatetic philosopher. 
 Lycophron (ll'kof-ron). [Gr. Avutypov.'] Born 
 at Cnalcis, Euboea: lived in the 3d century B. c. 
 A noted Alexandrian tragic poet and gramma- 
 rian. His only extant poem is the “Alexandra ” or “Cas- 
 sandra,” comprising about 1,400 iambic verses, in which 
 Cassandra predicts the results of the voyage of Paris to 
 Sparta. 
 
 Lycopolis (li-kop'o-lis). [Gr. // Aimuv rroLr.] An 
 ancient city in Egypt, whose ruins are near the 
 modem Siut. 
 
 LycurgUS (11-ker'gus). [Gr. A moupyof.] Lived 
 probably in the 9th century B. C. A Spartan 
 legislator, the traditional author of the laws 
 and institutions of Sparta. 
 
 Lycurgus. Born at Athens about 396 b. c. : died 
 about 323 B. c. An Attic orator, son of Ly- 
 cophron of the aristocratic family of the Eteo- 
 butadse. He was thrice appointed manager of the Athe- 
 nian finances for terms of 5 years each. Only one entire 
 oration of Lycurgus is extant. 
 
 Lydda (lid'a). A place in the territory of Ben- 
 jamin : in the Old Testament Lod. In Acts it is 
 mentioned in connection with a miracleperformed by Peter. 
 During the Judeo-Roman war it was destroyed by Cestius 
 Gallus. After the uprising of Bar-Cochba it became the 
 seat of a Talmudical school. It was also an episcopal see, 
 and in 445 a council was held there at which Pelagius de- 
 fended himself. Tradition makes it the birthplace of St. 
 George, where he also was buried. In 1191 it was de- 
 stroyed by Saladin, and in 1271 sacked by the Mongols. At 
 present it is a village (Ludd) with a church of St. George, 
 situated between Ramleh and Jaffa. 
 
 Lydgate (lid'gat), Doctor. A physician in 
 George Eliot’s " Middlemarch.” He is ambitious, 
 but a selfish wife takes the savor out of his ambition, and 
 he dies a comparatively young and obscure man. 
 
 Lydgate, who has received a true vocation, whose intel- 
 lectual passion predestines him to far-resonant action in 
 the world of scientific research, — Lydgate, against whom 
 the temptations of the flesh and the devil would have been 
 idle, is subdued by that third enemy of man, the world, 
 incarnated in the form of a creature [Rosamond] with 
 feminine voice, swan-like neck, perfectly turned shoulders, 
 exquisite curves of lip and eyelid, and, hidden behind 
 these, the hardness of a little sordid soul. 
 
 Dowden, Studies in Literature, p. 281. 
 
 Lydgate, John. Born at Lydgate, near New- 
 market, about 1370 : died about 1451. An Eng- 
 lish poet. He is said to have studied at both Oxford and 
 Cambridge, and later in France and Italy (but this is doubt- 
 ful). He entered the church in 1389. He gained a posi- 
 tion as poet at the court of Henry IV., which he held dur- 
 ing the reign of Henry V. and after the accession of Henry 
 VI. After 1390 he made the acquaintance of Chaucer, and 
 often calls himself “Chaucer’s disciple.” His numerous 
 works include “Falls of Princes," a narrative poem written 
 between 1430 and 1438 ; “Troy Book,” in heroic couplets, 
 containing a panegyric on Chaucer (1412-20 : first printed 
 by Pynson in 1513) ; “The Story of Thebes," intended as 
 an additional Canterbury tale (about 1420); “The Life of 
 Our Lady," a religious narrative poem, printed by Caxton 
 in 1484 ; “ The Dance of Death,” from the French, printed 
 first in 1554 (also, with Holbein’s drawings, in 1794) ; “The 
 Court of Sapience,” a philosophical work printed by Cax- 
 ton (1481?); “The Temple of Glass,” printed by Caxton 
 (1479?); and a number of lives of saints, allegories, fables, 
 historical and political poems, satires, etc. “The Com- 
 plaint of the Black Knight," which was attributed to Chau- 
 cer, is by Lydgate, and also a number of the minor poems 
 which have been attributed to Chaucer. 
 
 Lydia (lid'i-ii). [Gr. A txk'a.] A country occu- 
 pying the western coast of Asia Minor, border- 
 ing on tbe iEgean Sea and on Mysia, Phrygia, 
 and Caria. The old name of it seems to have been 
 Mfeonia, and its inhabitants a division of the adjacent 
 Phrygians. Later it was invaded by Semites, who gave it 
 the name of Lydia (compare the Old Testament Lud, de- 
 scendants of Shem, Gen. x. 22). The name Mseonia was 
 afterward confined to the eastern part of the country, and 
 Lydia to the western. About 700 B. c. a revolution over- 
 threw the Semitic reign, and brought the native dynasty 
 of the Mermnadse to the throne, with Gyges as first king. 
 Underthem Lydia rose to the position of a mighty kingdom 
 extending from the coast to the river Halys, with Sardes as 
 capital. The prosperous Greek cities were brought either 
 to subjection or alliance. But under the fifth and best- 
 known of the dynasty, Croesus, the Lydian empire was 
 brought to a sudden end by the Persian conqueror Cyrus, 
 who in 546 B. c. captured Sardes and the king himself. 
 From the Persians Lydia passed over, through Alexander 
 the Great, to Syria, and later to Eumenes of Pergamum. 
 During the Roman period Lydia formed a separate prov- 
 ince, with Sardes ascapital. Sardes was a prominent epis- 
 copal see (compare Rev. iii. 1), but was destroyed by Timur 
 in 1402 A. D. Lydia is now a Turkish province, with the 
 cities Smyrna, Manissa (the classical Magnesia), and Aidin. 
 To the Lydians is ascribed the invention of coins, and the 
 oldest coins thus far found are those of Lydia. 
 
 Lye (II), Edward. Born at Totnes, Devonshire, 
 1694: died at Yardley-Hastings, Northampton- 
 shire, Aug. 19, 1767. An English philologist, 
 author of an Anglo-Saxon and Gothic diction- 
 ary (1772). 
 
 Lyell (ll'el), Sir Charles. Born at Kinnordy, 
 Forfarshire, Scotland, Nov. 14, 1797 : died at 
 
Lyell 
 
 London, Feb. 22, 1875. A celebrated British 
 geologist. He graduated at Oxford (Exeter College) in 
 1819 ; studied law ; was secretary of the Geological Society 
 1823-26 ; traveled on the Continent with Murchison in 
 1828 ; became professor in King’s College, London, in 1831 ; 
 was elected president of the Geological Society in 1835 and 
 1836, and again in 1819 and 1850 ; traveled and lectured 
 in the United States in 1841, 1845-46, 1852, and 1853; was 
 knighted in 1848 ; and was president of the British Associa- 
 tion in 1864 . He is especial ly famous as an opponent of the 
 older catastrophism in geology. His works include “Prin- 
 ciples of Geology ” (3 vols. 1830-33), “ Elements of Geology ” 
 (1838; latereditions called “A Manual of Elementary Geol- 
 ogy ”), “The Antiquity of Man ’’ (1863), “Travels in North 
 America” (1845), “A Second Visit to the United States of 
 North America " (1849), “ The Student’s Elements of Geol- 
 ogy ” (1871). 
 
 Lyell, Mount. [Namedfrom Sir Charles Lyell.] 
 A peak of the Sierra Nevada, California, in the 
 neighborhood of the Yosemite. Height, 13,090 
 feet. 
 
 Lyfing. See Living. 
 
 Lygdarnis (lig'da-mis). Lived in the 6th cen- 
 tury B. c. A Greek tyrant of Naxos. 
 
 Lying Lover, The, or the Ladies’ Friendship. 
 
 A comedy by Steele, produced in 1703. It was 
 taken from P. Corneille’s “Le menteur.” 
 Lying Valet, The. A play by David Garrick, 
 adapted by him from Motteux’s “ Novelty.” 
 Lykia. See Lycia. 
 
 Lyly (lil'i), John. Born in the Weald of Kent 
 about 1554: died at London, Nov., 1606. An 
 English dramatist and novelist. He graduated at 
 Oxford (Magdalen College) in 1573 ; went to London, where 
 he entered upon literary work and endeavored to establish 
 himself at court; championed the bishops in the “Martin 
 Marprelate” controversy ; and became a member of Par- 
 liament in 1589 (reelected in 1593, 1597, and 1601). His 
 principal work is “ Euphues, or the Anatomy of Wit”( which 
 see), which brought into prominence the affected style 
 named from it “Euphuism." In the Marprelate contro- 
 versy he wrote “ Pappe with a Hatchet, etc.” He also 
 wrote a number of plays, including “Alexander and Cam- 
 paspe,” “Sapho and Phao,” “Endimion, the Man in the 
 Moon,” etc. 
 
 Lyly’s two secrets are in the first place an antithesis 
 more laboured, more monotonous, aud infinitely more 
 pointless than Macaulay's — which antithesis seems to 
 have met with not a little favour, and was indeed an ob- 
 vious expedient for lightening up and giving character to 
 the correct but featureless prose of Ascham and other 
 "Latiners." The second was a fancy which amounts to a 
 mania for similes, strung together in endless lists, and 
 derived as a rule from animals, vegetables, or minerals, 
 especially from the Fauna and Flora of fancy. It isimpos- 
 sible to open a page of “ Euphues ” without finding an ex- 
 ample of this eccentric and tasteless trick, and in it, as 
 far as in any single thing, must be found the recipe for 
 euphuism pure and simple. As used in modern language 
 for conceited and precious language in general, the term 
 has only a very partial application to its original, or to that 
 original’s author. Indeed Lyly’s vocabulary, except occa- 
 sionally in his similes, is decidedly vernacular, and he 
 very commonly mingles extremely homely words with his 
 highest flights. 
 
 Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 37. 
 
 Lyme-Regis (lim're'jis). A seaport and bath- 
 ing-place in Dorset, England, situated on the 
 English Channel 26 miles east of Exeter. The 
 Duke of Monmouth landed here in his rising of 
 1685. Population, 2,095. 
 
 Lymfjord. See Limfjord. 
 
 Lymington (lim'ing-toti). A seaport and water- 
 ing-place in Hampshire, England, situated at 
 the junction of the Lym with the Solent, 13 
 miles southwest of Southampton : noted for 
 yacht-building. Population, 4,165. 
 
 Lvnch flinch), Charles. Born 1736 : died 1796. 
 A Virginia planter and colonel. He is said to have 
 set himself, in conjunction with two neighbors, to secure 
 good order by punishing offenders with stripes or banish- 
 ment without process of law. This is said to be the origin 
 of the expression “lynch law.” 
 
 Lynch, Patricio. Bom at Santiago, Chile, 1824 : 
 died at sea, May, 1886. A Chilean naval officer, 
 of Irish descent. After entering the navy', 1838, he 
 was permitted to take service with the British marine 
 1840-47. In 1865 he fought against the Spaniards. I 11 I 88 O 
 he ravaged the northern coast regions of Peru ; subse- 
 quently commanded a division in the attack on Lima; 
 and was military governor of that city for the Chileans, 
 May 4, 1881, to Oct. 22, 1883. He deposed and imprisoned 
 President Calderon, Nov., 1881, and in 1883 invested Igle- 
 sias with supreme power. He carried away a vast amount 
 of plunder. From 1884 to 1886 he was minister to Spain. 
 Lynch, Thomas. Bora in Prince George par- 
 ish, S. C., Aug. 5, 1749: lost at sea, 1779. An 
 American politician, a signer of the Declaration 
 of Independence as delegate to Congress from 
 South Carolina in 1776. 
 
 Lynch, William F. Born in Virginia, 1801: died 
 at Baltimore, Oct. 17, 1865. An American naval 
 officer. He commanded an exploring expedition to the 
 Jordan and Dead Sea in 1848, and published a narrative of 
 the expedition (1849). Later he was in the Confederate 
 service. 
 
 Lynchburg (linch'bferg). A city in Campbell 
 County, Virginia, situated on the James River 
 91 miles west by south of Richmond. The chief 
 
 632 
 
 industry is tobacco manufacture. It \yas founded in 1786. 
 The Confederates used it as a base of supplies in the Civil 
 War. Population, 29,494, (1910). 
 
 Lyndhurst, Baron. See Copley, John Singleton. 
 
 Lyndsay. See Lindsay. 
 
 Lyngenfjord (liing'en-fyord). One of the finest 
 fiords in Norway, on the northern coast, near 
 lat. 70° N. It is hemmed in by mountains and 
 glaciers. 
 
 Lynmouth (lin'muth). A village of Devon- 
 shire, England, near Barnstaple : noted for its 
 picturesque situation. 
 
 Lynn (lin). A city in Essex County, Massachu- 
 setts, situated on Lynn harbor 10 miles north- 
 east of Boston. It is noted for its extensive manufac- 
 ture of shoes, and for leather manufacture. It was settled 
 in 1629, became a city in 1850, and was devastated by fire 
 in 1889. Population, 89,336, (1910). 
 
 Lynn, Ethel. The pseudonym of Mrs. Beers 
 (Ethelinda Eliot). 
 
 Lynn Regis (lin re'jis), or King's Lynn. A 
 seaport in Norfolk, England, situated on the 
 Great Ouse, near the Wash, in lat. 52° 45' N., 
 long. 0° 24' E. It has important commerce. It was a 
 famous port in old times, and was visited by various 
 monarchs. Population, 20,288. 
 
 Lynton (lin'ton). A village of Devonshire, 
 England, near Barnstaple: noted for its pic- 
 turesque situation. 
 
 Lynx (lingks), The. A small northern constella- 
 tion, introduced by Hevelius in 1690, the name 
 being chosen because the sharp-sightedness of a 
 lynx is required to distinguish any of its stars. 
 It is placed between the Great Bear and Auriga, north of 
 the Twins. Its ten brightest, stars are of the fifth magni- 
 tude. 
 
 Ly6-Baa. See Mitla. 
 
 Lyon (li'on), Mary. Born at Buckland, Mass., 
 Feb. 28, ”1797: died at South Hadley, Mass., 
 March 5, 1849. An American teacher, founder 
 of Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (South 
 Hadley), of which she was principal 1837-49. 
 
 Lyon., Matthew. Born in Wicklow County, 
 Ireland, 1746: died at Spadra Bluff, Ark., Aug. 
 1, 1822. An American politician, member of 
 Congress from Vermont 1797-1801, and from 
 Kentucky 1803-11. 
 
 Lyon, Nathaniel. Bom at Ashford, Conn. , July 
 14, 1818 : killed at Wilson’s Creek, Mo., Aug. 10, 
 1861. An American general. He served in the 
 Mexican war, and at the beginning of the Civil War ren- 
 dered efficient service to the Union cause as commander 
 of the United States arsenal at St. Louis. He captured a 
 force of Secessionists at Camp Jackson, Missouri, in May, 
 1861 ; was appointed commander of the Department of Mis- 
 souri in June, 1801 ; defeated the Secessionists at Boone- 
 ville, June 17, 1861 ; and was defeated and killed at Wil- 
 son’s Creek, Missouri, Aug. 10, 1861. 
 
 Lyonesse (li-o-nes'), or Leonnoys. A mythi- 
 cal region near Cornwall, in the Arthurian cycle 
 of romance. It was the land from which Arthur came, 
 and of which Meliadus was king. Tristram, the son of the 
 latter, was also born there. It is said to he more than 40 
 fathoms under water between the Land’s End and the isles 
 of Scilly, the sea having gradually encroached upon the 
 land. 
 
 Lyonnais (le-6-na'). An ancient government 
 of France. It was hounded by Burgundy on the north, 
 the Saone and Rhone on the east, Languedoc on the south, 
 and Auvergne and Bourbonnais on the west. It com- 
 prised Lyonnais proper, Forez, and Beaujolais, and formed 
 essentially the departments of Rh&ne and Loire. Lyon- 
 nais proper was a medieval county. It was united to 
 France by Philip the Fair in 1307. 
 
 Lyons (ll'onz), F. Lyon (le-6i>'). The capital 
 of the department of Rhone, France, situated 
 at the junction of the Saone with the Rhone, in 
 lat. 45° 46' N., long. 4° 49' E. : the ancient Lug- 
 dunnm. It is the third city in France, a fortress, and 
 a great railway, commercial, and manufacturing center. 
 It has the largest silk manufactures in the world. The ca- 
 thedral, chiefly of the 12th and 13th centuries, has an ex- 
 ceedingly impressive interior. There are double aisles, 
 and fine roses in both transepts and in the west front. The 
 medieval glass is magnificent, and thetracery illustrates the 
 entire development of medieval architecture. The exterior 
 is much masked by abutting buildings, but is admirable 
 where visible. The churches of Notre Dame de Fourvitres 
 (modern), of Ainay (chiefly Romanesque), and of St.-Ni- 
 zier, the hotel de ville, the palais des arts (containing pic- 
 ture-galleries, sculpture, antiquities, natural-history col- 
 lections, marbles), the bourse, and the Academic Universi- 
 taire (with 5 faculties) are noteworthy. Lyons was founded 
 by Greeks in 560 B. c. ; was developed especially by the 
 Roman consul Plancus 41 B. c. ; was the capital of Lugdu- 
 nensis; was made by Claudius a Roman colony ; was the 
 capital of the first Burgundian kingdom, and afterward 
 passed to the Franks; was plundered by the Saracens in 
 the 8th century ; cameunder the power of the Archbishop 
 of Lyons ; and was united to France at the beginning of 
 the 11th century. Two important councils were held there 
 (1245 and 1274). Its silk industry suffered from the revo- 
 cation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. Revolting against 
 the Convention, it was besieged in 1793 and partly de- 
 stroyed by Collot d’Herbois. Since then it has been the 
 scene of several insurrections, especially in 1834. A great 
 inundation visited it in 1856. It was the birthplace of 
 Claudius, Caracalla, Stichet, and Ampere. Population, 
 commune, 623,796, (1911). 
 
 Lysippus 
 
 Lyons (ll'onz). Aformer city in Clinton County, 
 Iowa, situated on the Mississippi ; now incor- 
 porated in the city of Clinton. 
 
 Lyons. The capital of Wayne County, New 
 York, situated on the Erie Canal 33 miles east by 
 south of Rochester. Pop., village, 4,460, (1910). 
 Lyons, Edmund, Lord Lyons. Bora at Burton, 
 Hampshire, N ov. 29, 1790 : died at Arundel Cas- 
 tle, Nov. 24, 1858. A British admiral and diplo- 
 matist. He was minister at the court of Athens 1835-49, 
 to the Swiss Confederation 1849-51, and then to Sweden. 
 In 1853 he was appointed (then a rear-admiral) second in 
 command in the Mediterranean. He played an important 
 part in the Crimean war, becoming naval commander-in- 
 chief in Jan., 1855. He was created Baron Lyons in 1856. 
 
 Lyons, Gulf of. See Lion, Golfe du. 
 
 Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell, first Earl 
 Lyons. Bora at Lymington, England, April 26, 
 1817: died at London, Dec. 5, 1887. An Eng- 
 lish diplomatist, son of the first Baron Lyons. 
 He was minister to the United States 1858-65, and ambas- 
 sador to Turkey 1865-67, and to France 1867-87. He suc- 
 ceeded his father as the second Baron Lyons in 1858, and 
 was created Viscount Lyons in 1881 and Earl Lyons in 1887. 
 Lyra (li'ra). [L.,‘ the lyre.’] An ancient north- 
 ern constellation, representing the lyre of Her- 
 mes or of Orpheus. Also called The Harp. The 
 brightest star of this constellation is Vega (a Lyise). It 
 is the seventh in order of brightness in the heavens, and 
 the third brightest in the northern hemisphere, being half 
 a magnitude brighter than a standard star of the first mag- 
 nitude. It forms, with two small stars near it, an equilat- 
 eral triangle, one of the most striking configurations of 
 the summer sky. Vega, Arcturus, and Polaris form alarge 
 triangle, nearly right-angled at Vega. 
 
 Lyrical Ballads. A collection of poems by 
 Wordsworth and Coleridge, including the lat- 
 ter’s “Ancient Mariner,” published in 1798. 
 Lys (les), or Leye (li'e). A river in northeast- 
 ern France and western Belgium, which joins 
 the Schelde at Ghent. Length, 127 miles ; navi- 
 gable 98 miles. 
 
 Lysander (li-san'der). [Gr. Af>aai;<jpof.] Killed 
 near Haliartus, Boeotia, Greece, 395 b. C. A 
 Spartan commander. He gained the victory of No- 
 tium in 407, and that of jEgospotami in 405, and took Athens 
 and destroyed its walls in 404. 
 
 Lysander. In Shakspere’s “ Midsummer Night’s 
 Dream,” a young Athenian in love with Hermia. 
 Lys dans la Vallee, Le. A novel by Balzac, 
 written in 1835-36. 
 
 Lysefjord (lii'se-fyord). A fiord on the south- 
 western coast of Norway, near Stavanger, it is 
 inclosed by high mountains, and the scenery is of remark- 
 able grandeur. Length, 23 miles. 
 
 Lysias (lis'i-as). [Gr. Avoiag.] Died about 
 380 B. c. One of the ten Attic orators. He lived 
 at Thurii until about 412, and later at Athens, and lived 
 in exile under the rule of the Thirty Tyrants, 404. See the 
 extract. 
 
 Lysias did a great work for Attic prose, and is, in his 
 own style, one of its most perfect writers. He broke away 
 from the stiff monotony of the old school, and dared to he 
 natural and simple, using the language of daily life, hut 
 with perfect purity and grace. His father wasa Syracusan, 
 and Lysias, though born at Athens, had not the rights of 
 a citizen. After passing his youth and early manhood at 
 Thurii in south Italy, he settled at Athens, a wealthy man, 
 in 412 B. C. In 404 he fled from the Thirty Tyrants, who 
 had put his brother Polemarchus to death ; and, after the 
 restoration of the Democracy, impeached Eratosthenes, one 
 of the Thirty, in the most splendid of his extant speeches 
 (403 B. c.), the only one which we know that he himself 
 spoke at Athens. ' But in 388 B. c. he addressed the as- 
 sembled Greeks at Olympia, in a fine speech of which we 
 have a fragment, urging them to unite against the two 
 great foes of Greece — Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, in 
 the west, and Persia in the east. The speech “Against 
 Agoratus ” (399 B. C. 7) was written for the impeachment of 
 an informer who had slandered away the lives of citizens 
 under the Thirty Tyrants. The great majority of our 3i 
 speeches were composed by Lysias for his clients to speak 
 in public or private causes. Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 118. 
 
 Lysicrates (li-sik'ra-tez), Choragic Monument 
 
 of. The finest surviving example of this class 
 of Greek monuments. It consists, above a cubical 
 base, of a cylindrical structure 9 feet in diameter with 0 
 engaged Corinthian columns. The roof is cut from a sin- 
 gle block of marble, and is crowned by a rich anthemion- 
 acroterium. The graceful reliefs of the frieze represent 
 the chastisement of the Tyrrhenian pirates by Bacchus. 
 
 Lysimachus (li-sim'a-kus). [Gr. Awqnzq-of.] 
 Born at Pella (?), in Macedonia (of Thessalian 
 parentage), about 361 B. c. : killed at the battle 
 on the plain of Corns, Asia Minor, 281 b. c. A 
 general of Alexander the Great,. After the latter’s 
 death, he received the kingdom of Thrace. He joined 
 the league against Antigonus in 315; assumed the title of 
 king in 306; was one of the victors at Ipsus in 301; re- 
 ceived a large part of Asia Minor ; obtained Macedonia 
 287-286; and was finally defeated by Selcucus Nicator. 
 Lysippus (li-sip 'us). [Gr. A{iff«nrof.] Flourished 
 about 372-316 B. c. A Greek sculptor, a native 
 of Sicyon. According to Pliny he revised the canon of 
 Polyclitus, making the head smaller, the legs longer, and 
 adjusting details to a greater elongation. This new canon 
 has been preserved in the Apoxyomenus of the Vatican, 
 thought to be discovered in 1849, a very perfect copy of 
 the great bronze original placed by Agrippa before his 
 
Lysippus 
 
 baths in Rome. Lysippus also developed and fixed the 
 extreme athletic type in Hercules, whom he repeatedly 
 represented. A small table figure of Hercules in bronze 
 was made for Alexander, and carried about with him in 
 his campaigns. It was afterward owned by Hannibal and 
 Sulla. The Torso Belvedere is supposed to have been copied 
 from this figure by Apollonius of Athens. Through Chares 
 of Lindus his characteristics were transmitted to the great 
 Rhodian school which produced the Laocoon. Lysippus 
 was the favorite sculptor of Alexander the Great, and author 
 of most of his portraits in sculpture. 
 
 Lysis (li'sis). A dialogue of Plato : the narra- 
 tion by Socrates of a conversation on friend- 
 ship which took place in a palaestra outside the 
 walls of Athens, between himself, the boyish 
 friends Lysis and Menexenus, Hippothales, and 
 Ctesippus. 
 
 Lysistrata (ll-sis'tra-ta). A comedy of Aristo- 
 phanes, exhibited in 411 B. C. 
 
 Lyskamm (les'kam). A peak of the Valais 
 Alps, immediately west of Monte Eosa. Height, 
 14,890 feet. 
 
 Lysterfjord (ltis'ter-fyord). A northeastern 
 arm of the Sogne Fjord, on the western coast of 
 Norway. Length, 25 miles. 
 
 Lystra (lis'tra). [Gr. Avarpa.'] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a city in Lycaonia, Asia Minor : position 
 undetermined. 
 
 033 
 
 Lyte (lit), Henry Francis. Born at Kelso, 
 
 Scotland, June 1, 1793: died at Nice, France, 
 Nov. 20, 1847. A British hymn-writer, author 
 of “ Abide with me,” etc. 
 
 Lyttelton (lit'el-ton), George, first Baron Lyt- 
 telton. Born at Hagley, Worcestershire, Eng- 
 land, Jan. 17, 1709: died there, Aug. 22, 1773. 
 An English author and politician. He was chan- 
 cellor of the exchequer 1755-56. His chief works are “Ob- 
 servations on the Conversion and Apostleship of St. Paul ” 
 (1747), “Dialogues of the Dead ”(1760), “History of Henry 
 II. "(1767-71), and poems. 
 
 Lytton (lit-on), Edward George Earle Lytton 
 Bulwer, first Baron Lytton. Born at London, 
 May 25, 1803: died at Torquay, Jan. 18, 1873. 
 A noted English novelist, poet, dramatist, poli- 
 tician, and orator. He graduated at Cambridge (B. A. 
 1826) ; was a member of Parliament 18:11—41 and 1852-66 ; 
 was colonial secretary 1858-59 ; and was raised to the peer- 
 age in 1866. He wrote “ Falkland "(1827), “Pelham, or the 
 Adventuresof aGentleinan”(1828), “TheDisowned "(1829), 
 “Devereux”(1829), “Paul Clifford "(1830), “EugeneAram ” 
 (1832), “Godolphin ” (1833), “England and the English” 
 (1833), “Pilgrims of the Rhine” (1834), “LastDaysof Pom- 
 peii" (1834), “Rienzi” (1835), “The Student" and “The 
 Crisis” (1835), “Ernest Maltravers” (1837), “Alice, or the 
 Mysteries "(1838), “Athens, its Rise and Fall ”(1837), “Leila” 
 (1838), “Night and Morning” (1841), “Zanoni ” (1842), “Last 
 of the Barons " (1843), “ Lucretia, or the Children of the 
 
 Lytton 
 
 Night ”(1846), “ Harold (1848), ‘ ‘ The Caxtons ” (1850), “My 
 Novel, or Varieties of English Life” (1853),“ What will He 
 do with It? ” (1868), “A Strange Story ”(1861), “ Caxtoniana” 
 (1863), “Kenelm Chillingly ”(1873), “ The Parisians ”(1873), 
 “ The Coming Race ” (1871), “ Pausanias,” an unfinished 
 romance, edited by his son (1876), Among his poems are 
 “ Poems and Ballads of Schiller ” (translation, 1844), “ The 
 New Timon "(1847), “ King Arthur ” (1849), “ St. Stephens ” 
 (1860), “Lost Tales of Miletus” (1866), translation of Hor- 
 ace’s “Odes” (1869). Among his dramas are “The Lady 
 of Lyons ” (1838), “ Richelieu ” (1839), “ Cromwell” (1842), 
 “Money” (1840), “Not so Bad as we Seem” (1852), “The 
 Rightful Heir ” (1869X 
 
 Lytton, Edward Robert Lytton Bulwer, first 
 
 Earl of Lytton: pseudonym Owen Meredith. 
 Born at London, Nov. 8, 1831: died at Paris, 
 Nov. 24, 1891. An English diplomatist, poli- 
 tician, and poet: son of the first Baron Lytton. 
 He succeeded his father as the second Baron Lytton in 
 1873, and was created earl of Lytton in 1880. He was min- 
 ister to Portugal 1874-76 ; governor-general of India 1878- 
 1880; ambassador to France 1887-91. He wrote “Clytem- 
 nestra” (1855), “The Wanderer” (1859), “Lucile ’’ (1860), 
 “ Serbski Pesme : National Songs of Servia ” (1861), “The 
 Ring of Amasis” (1863), “Chronicles and Characters” and 
 “Poems” (1867), “Orval” (1869), “Julian Fane” (1871), 
 “Fables in Song ” (1874), “ Poems ” (1877), “ The Life, Let- 
 ters, and Literary Remains of Edward Bulwer, Lord Lytton,” 
 Vols. I and II (1883), “Glenaveril, or the Metamorphoses" 
 (1885), “After Paradise” (1887), etc. “King Poppy” was 
 published posthumously in 1892. 
 
 
aartens, Maarten. The nom 
 
 de plume of J.M.H. vander 
 Poorten-Schwarz, a modern 
 novelist. 
 
 Maas. See Meuse , a river 
 in Franee and Belgium. 
 Maassluis (mas'slois), or 
 Maaslandsluis (mas'lant- 
 slois). A small town in the 
 province of South Holland, Netherlands, situ- 
 ated on the Meuse 10 miles west of Rotterdam. 
 
 Maastricht. See Maestriclit. 
 
 Mab (mab), Queen. [Orig. Ir. Medb, ‘ queen’ of 
 Connaught, mentioned in Irish poems about the 
 year 1100. The ordinary etym. from W. mab, a 
 child, has no basis of fact. See Mabinogion. ] 
 In fairy and folk lore, the fairies’ midwife. She 
 is first mentioned as Queen Mab in Shakspere’s “ Romeo 
 and Juliet,” i. 4. Drayton introduces her in his “Nym- 
 phidia," written several years later, and Ben Jonson in 
 his “Entertainment of the Queen and Prince at Althrope.” 
 Shakspere represents her not only as adroit in all kinds of 
 teasing and mischief, but as the hag Nightmare herself. 
 She is the fairies’ midwife — that is, the fairy whose duty 
 it is to deliver the fancies of men and to produce dreams 
 by driving over the sleeper in her chariot. Titania, the 
 fairy queen, is not the same person. In Shelley’s “Queen 
 Mab" she has a wider sphere, and is made to rule over- 
 men's thoughts. 
 
 Maba (ma/ba). The largest tribe of Wadai, liv- 
 ing in the northern portion of central Sudan, 
 Africa. It is of Nigritic stock, largely Mohammedan, 
 and composed of 22 tribes (Kodoi, Malanga, Madaba, Mat- 
 lamba, Kondongo, Kadjanga, Karanga, etc.), all speaking 
 different dialects of Maba, which is understood beyond its 
 own territory. Maba slaves used to be exported to the east 
 coast, while their neighbors went to the west coast. The 
 rnler of Wadai must be born of a Maba woman. 
 
 Mabillon (ma- be -yon'), Jean. Born at St.- 
 Pierremont, Ardennes, France, Nov. 23, 1632: 
 died at Paris, Dec. 27, 1707. A noted French 
 scholar and historian, a member of the Bene- 
 dictine order. He lived after 1664 in the Abbey of St.- 
 Germain-des-Pres in Paris. His works include “Acta sanc- 
 torum ordinis S.-Benedicti ” (1668-1702), “ Vetera analec- 
 ta ” (1675-81), “ De re diplomatica ” (1681), “ Musseum Itali- 
 cura ” (1687-89), etc. 
 
 Mabinogion (mab-i-no'gi-on), The. The fairy 
 tales and romances of the Welsh. See the ex- 
 tract. 
 
 Mabinogion is the plural of the Welsh word mabinogi, 
 which means instruction for the young — the word being 
 derived from 'mab, a child, aud the same root running 
 through many words with a like sense, Queen Mab herself 
 included. . . . The great collection of these tales is at 
 Jesus College, Oxford, in a MS. volume of the fourteenth 
 century, known as the Red Book of Hergest, of which the 
 tales have been published, both in the original Cymric and 
 in a delightful English translation, as the Mabinogion, by 
 Lady Charlotte Guest (now Schreiber), who takes the word 
 Mabinogion as simply meaning stories for the young. The 
 Mabinogion thus represented contains Welsh versions of 
 three of the French Arthurian romances by Chrestien de 
 Troyes, namely, “ The Lady of the Fountain," and among 
 the notes to it the text of the “Chevalier au Lion,” with 
 which that story corresponds ; “Peredur, the son of Ev- 
 rawc,” corresponding to the “ Percival le Gallois ’’ of Chres- 
 tien ; and “Geraint, the son of Erbin,” which is his “Erec 
 and Enide.” Besides these, in the Mabinogion are two Brit- 
 ish tales ascribed to the time of King Arthur, “ Kilhwch 
 and Olwen” and the “Dream of Rhonabwy.” The rest are 
 tales in which King Arthur does not appear, or is named 
 only as by interpolation — namely, “Pwyll, Prince of 
 Dyved"; “Branwen, the Daughter of Llyr”; “Math, the 
 Son of Mathonwy ’’ ; these four being the sections which 
 Professor Rhys regards as the foundation of the Mabino- 
 gion ; the rest, being later editions, are, besides the Arthur 
 romances already named, the “Dream of Emperor Maxi- 
 mus,’’ “Lludd and Llevelys," and the romance of “Ta- 
 liesin." Morley, English Writers, III. 257-259. 
 
 Since the publication of Lady Charlotte Guest’s edition 
 of the Mabinogion the idea seems to prevail that any Welsh 
 tale of respectable antiquity may be called a Mabinogi, 
 plural Mabinogion, but there is no warrant for so extend- 
 ing the use of the word ; and, of the eleven stories contained 
 in Lady Charlotte Guest’s collection, only four are entitled 
 to be called Mabinogion. More strictly speaking, they are 
 not Mabinogion so much perhaps as the “ four branches of 
 the Mabinogi.” The word Mabinogi is derived from Mabi- 
 nog, and that was a term belonging to the bardic system, 
 meaning a sort of a literary apprentice or young man who 
 was receiving instruction from a qualified bard; and the 
 lowest description of Mabinog was one who had not ac- 
 quired the art of making verse. The inference to be drawn 
 Is that Mabinogi meant the collection of things which 
 formed the Mabinog’s literary training and stock in trade, 
 so to say. He was probably allowed to relate the tales 
 
 forming the four branches of the Mabinogi at a fixed price, 
 but he was usually a young man, not a child in the nursery, 
 and it is utterly wrong to suppose the Mabinogiou to be 
 nursery tales. Rhys, Arthurian Legend, pp. 1, 2. 
 
 Mably (ma-ble'), Gabriel Bonnot, Abbe de. 
 Born at Grenoble, Franee, Marc-b 14, 1709 : died 
 at Paris, April 23, 1785. A French publicist, 
 elder brother of Condillac. For a time he was sec- 
 retary to his uncle Cardinal Tencin, and was occupied with 
 diplomatic affairs ; but he soon gave up his office, and there- 
 after lived in retirement. He wrote “ ParalUle des Ro- 
 maics et des Frangais ” (1740), “ Observations sur les Ro- 
 mains” (1751), “Observations sur lliistoire de France” 
 (1765), “Droit publique de 1 ’Europe ’’ (1748), “Entretiens 
 de Phocion ” (1763), etc. 
 
 Mabuse. See Gossaert. 
 
 Mac. [Gael, mac, Ir. mac, W. map, mab, also 
 ap, ah, a son, Goth, magus, a son.] An ele- 
 ment, usually a conjoined prolix, in many 
 Scotch and Irish names of Celtic origin, cog- 
 nate with the Welsh Ap-, signifying ‘son,’ and 
 being thus equivalent to the Irish O’, the Eng- 
 lish -son or -s, and the Norman Fite-. The prefix 
 is either written in full, Mac-, or abbreviated to Me- ovM c -, 
 which in works printed in the British Isles almost invari- 
 ably appears as M‘ — the abbreviated form being followed 
 by a capital letter, while Mac- takes a capital alter it but 
 rarely. Thus a name may be variously spelled as Macdonald 
 (rarely MacDonald), McDonald, or McDonald ; so Mackenzie, 
 McKenzie, or M'Kenzie, etc. In alphabetical lists, names 
 with this prefix, however written, are properly entered in 
 the place of Mac-. 
 
 Macaber, or Macabre. See Dance of Death. 
 
 Macadam (mak-ad'am), John Loudon. Born 
 at Ayr, Sept. 21, 1756: died at Moffat, Nov. 26, 
 1836. A Scottish engineer, inventor of the sys- 
 tem of macadamizing roads. 
 
 Macaire (ma-kar' ). A chanson de geste, written 
 in a mixed French and Italian dialect. The MS. 
 was discovered in V enice, and was published in 1866 by M. 
 Guessard at Paris. It contains the original of the weU- 
 known story of the dog of Montargis. 
 
 Macaire, Robert. A typical villain in French 
 comedy, originally an assassin heavily loaded 
 with crimes. He was transformed by Fr^dSric Le- 
 maitre into an adroit highwayman and fripon, which is 
 an amiable diminutive of thief. See Robert Macaire. 
 
 McAllister, Fort. See Fort McAllister. 
 
 Macao (ma-kou' or nia-ka/o). A Portuguese 
 settlement and city, situated on an island at 
 the mouth of the Canton River, China, in lat. 
 22° 11' N., long. 113° 33’ E. : formerly the seat 
 of important commerce. It was occupied by the 
 Portuguese in the second half of the 16th century. Popu- 
 lation, over 60,000. 
 
 Macarians(ma-ka'ri-anz). 1. The followers of 
 the monastic system or customs of the elder 
 Macarius of Egypt, or'of the younger Macarius 
 of Alexandria, contemporary monks of the 4th 
 century, who were noted for their severe asceti- 
 cism. — 2. The followers of the Monothelite 
 Macarius, patriarch of Antioch in the 7th cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Macarska. See Makarska. 
 
 Me Arthur (mak-ar'ther), Duncan. Born in 
 Dutchess County, N. Y., June 14, 1772: died 
 near Chillicothe, Ohio, April 28, 1839. An 
 American pioneer in Ohio, general in the War 
 of 1812, and governor of Ohio 1830-32. 
 
 Macartney (ma-kiirt'ni), George, Earl Macart- 
 ney. Born at Lissanoure, Antrim, Ireland, 
 May, 1737 : died at Chiswick, England, March 
 31, 1806. A British diplomatist and colonial 
 governor, appointed the first British envoy to 
 China in 1792. 
 
 Macassar (rnii-kas'sar). 1. A former native 
 kingdom in Celebes. — 2. A department in the 
 residency of Celebes. — 3. The capital of the 
 residency of Celebes, situated on the coast in 
 lat. 5° 8' S., long. 119° 24' E. It has a flourishing 
 trade, and was made a free port in 1840. Population, 
 about 20,000. 
 
 Macassar, Strait of. A sea passage separating 
 Borneo on the west from Celebes on the east. 
 
 Macaulay (ma-ka'li), Mrs. (Catharine Saw- 
 bridge). Born in Kent, England, 1733 : died 
 June 22, 1791. An English historian, author of 
 a “History of England” (1763-83), etc. 
 
 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron Macau- 
 
 634 
 
 lay. Born at Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, 
 England, Oct. 25, 1800 : died at Kensington, 
 London, Dec. 28, 1859. A celebrated English 
 historian, essayist, poet, and statesman. He en- 
 tered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1818, and was called 
 to the bar in 1826. He was a member of Parliament 1830- 
 1834 ; a member of the supreme council in India 1834-88 ; 
 member of Parliament 1839-47 ; secretary at war 1839- 
 1841 ; and paymaster-general 1846-47. He reentered Par- 
 liament in 1852, and was raised to the peerage in 1857. 
 His chief work is a ‘ ‘ History of England " (reigns of James 
 II. and William III.: Vols. I and II published 1848; 
 III and IV, 1855; V, 1861). He published “Lays of An- 
 cient Rome ” (1842). His complete works, including es- 
 says, biographies, and speeches, were edited in 8 vols. 
 by Lady Trevelyan in 1866. See life by G. O. Trevelyan 
 (2 vols. 1876). 
 
 Mapayo. See Maceid. 
 
 Macbeth (mak-beth'). Killed at Lumphanan, 
 Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 1057 (1056?). AScot- 
 tish chieftain. He killed Duncan 1040 (10397), and was 
 proclaimed king of Scotland. He was defeated by Si- 
 ward at Dunsinane, Perthshire, in 1054. He is the hero 
 of a tragedy of the same name by Shakspere. See the 
 following. 
 
 Macbeth. A tragedy by Shakspere. its first 
 recorded production is April 20, 1610, but it is thought 
 to have been played before, and revised by Shak- 
 spere in 1606. It is thought to have been reduced 
 to the form of the 1623 folio by Middleton about 
 1622 (Fleay). The story is from Holinshed. Davenant 
 produced an adaptation printedin 1674 — not 1673, as is usu- 
 ally said, which is probably Betterton's version (Furness). 
 It is not known precisely when it was first produced, but 
 probably before 1664. It was more like an opera, with 
 music by Matthew Lock, and it held the stage till Garrick 
 restored the Shakspere version. In 1773 Macklin first 
 dressed Macbeth in his native costume: Garrick had been 
 accustomed to wear the uniform of a military officer of 
 the time. The character of Macbeth is that of a man of 
 acquired though not constitutional courage, tempted by 
 ambition to treachery and murder. Before he commits the 
 crime he wavers and shudders at both end and means ; 
 but, once made resolute through the courage of his wife, 
 he goes forward to subsequent murders through fear of 
 discovery and defeat. “ Lady Macbeth, like all in Shak- 
 spere, is a class individualized: of high rank, left much 
 alone, and feeding herself with day-dreams of ambition, 
 she mistakes the courage of fantasy forthe power of bear- 
 ing the consequences of the realities of guilt. Hers is the 
 mock fort itude of a mind deluded by ambition ; she shames 
 her husband with a superhuman audacity of fancy which 
 she cannot support, but sinks in the season of remorse, and 
 dies in suicidal agony.” Coleridge, Lects. on Shak., etc., 
 p. 375. 
 
 Macbeth. An opera by Verdi, first produced at 
 Florence in 1847, and at Paris in 1865. 
 Maccabseus, Judas. See Judas Maccab&us. 
 Maccabees (mak'a-bez), The. [From Macca- 
 bi (see below).] A family of heroes who be- 
 came the deliverers of Judea and Judaism dur- 
 ing the bloody persecutions of the Syrian king 
 Antiochus Epiphanes, 175-164 b. c., and after- 
 ward established a dynasty of priest-kings 
 which lasted until supplanted by Herod in 40 
 B. C. The original name of the family was the Hasmo- 
 neans. It consisted of the aged Mattathias and his five 
 sons, Jochanan, Simon, Judas, Eleazar, and Jonathan, liv- 
 ing at Modin, a small town near Jerusalem. When the 
 sufferings of the Judeans at the hands of the Syrians be- 
 came unbearable, and the existence of the Jewish religion 
 was at stake, Mattathias and his sons became the leaders 
 of an open rebellion against Antiochus. On Mattathias 
 and his sons being summoned by Apelles, one of the Syr- 
 ian overseers, to sacrifice to the gods, Mattathias an- 
 swered, “ If all the people in the kingdom obey the order 
 of the monarch to depart from the faith of their fathers, 
 I and my sons will abide by the covenant of our forefa- 
 thers." When one of the Judeans approached the altar to 
 sacrifice to Jupiter, Mattathias rushed upon the apostate 
 and killed him at the altar. His sons then fell upon Apel- 
 les and his troops, killed them, and destroyed the altar. 
 Gradually an army of religious patriots rallied around 
 these hero-leaders, and carried on a kind of guerrilla war- 
 fare against the oppressing Syrians. Mattathias died in 
 167, appointing Judas as his successor in the command, 
 and Simon as the man of counsel. Judas bore the name 
 “ Maccabi,” either made up of the initials from the He- 
 brew words mi kamocha baelim Jehovah (‘Who is like 
 thee among the gods, Jehovah?’), or derived from the He- 
 brew word makeb, ‘a hammer,’ expressive of his heroism 
 (compare Charles Martel), and gave by his genuinely he- 
 roic bearing his name to this whole glorious epoch of Jew- 
 ish history. For the rest of the history of this race, with 
 which that of Judea is intimately interwoven, see Alex- 
 ander Jannseus, Aristobulus, Uerod, and Judas Mac- 
 cabseus. 
 
 Maccabees, Books of the. The last two books 
 of the Apocrypha. They contain a record of the he- 
 
Maccabees, Books of the 
 
 roio struggles of the Maccabees from 168 to 136 B. c. The 
 first book was written in Hebrew, the second in Greek. 
 
 Maccabees, The, G. Die Makkabaer. An 
 
 opera by Rubinstein, first produced at Berlin, 
 1875. 
 
 Mac Calain More (ma-kal'an mor). A name 
 given to the earls, marquises, and dukes of 
 
 Argyll. 
 
 McCall (ma-kal'), George Archibald. Born at 
 Bhiladelphia, March 16, 1802: died at West 
 Chester, Ra., Feb. 25, 1868. An American gen- 
 eral. He graduated at West Point in 1822, and served in 
 the Florida and Mexican wars, and in the Federal army, 
 Virginia, 1861-62. In May, 1861, he was commissioned 
 brigadier-general of volunteers. He commanded at the 
 battle of Mechanicsville, June 26, 1862, and was taken 
 prisoner on June 30, and confined for several weeks in 
 + Libby prison. He resigned in March, 1863. 
 
 M'Carthy (ma-kar'thi), Justin. Bom at Cork, 
 Nov. 22, 1830: died at Folkestone, April 24, 
 1912. An Irish journalist, politician, historian, 
 and novelist. He was a Home Rule member of Parlia- 
 ment 1879-1900, and on the fall of Parnell became the chair- 
 man of the Irish Parliamentary party : resigned Jan., 1896. 
 His works include “ History of Our Own Times ' 1 (1878-80 : 
 completed 1905), “History of the Four Georges" (1884), 
 “The Epoch of Reform" (1882), “A Fair Saxon” (1873), 
 “Donna Quixote” (1879), “Camiola” (1885), etc. With 
 Mrs. Campbell-Praed he wrote the novels “The Right 
 Honorable ” (1886), “The Rebel Rose ” (1887), etc. 
 
 Macchiavelli. See Machiavelli. 
 
 McClellan (ma-klel'an), George Brinton. Bom 
 
 at Bhiladelphia, Dec. 3, 1826: died at Orange, 
 N. J., Oct. 29, 1885. A celebrated American 
 general and statesman. He graduated at West Point 
 In 1846 ; served in the Mexican war 1846-48 ; was sent to 
 Europe during the Crimean war to report on military sys- 
 tems (1855-56) ; and was occupied with railroad business 
 1857-6L In May, 1861, he was commissioned major-general 
 in the United States army, and was appointed commander 
 of the Department of the Ohio. His success in West Vir- 
 ginia in June and July led to his appointment as com- 
 mander of the Department of the Potomac in August. He 
 organized the Army of the Potomac ; was general-in-chief 
 of the armies Nov. 1, 1861, -March 11, 1862 ; conducted the 
 Peninsula campaign March-August, 1862 ; commanded at 
 Antietam Sept. 17, 1862 ; and was superseded by Burnside 
 Nov. 10, 1862. He was the unsuccessful candidate of the 
 Democratic party for the presidency in 1864, and was gov- 
 ernor of New Jersey 1878-81. He wrote “ McClellan’s 
 Own Story " (1886), military reports, text-books, etc. 
 
 McClernand (ma-kler'nand). John Alexander. 
 
 Bom May 30, "1812: "died Sept. 20, 1900. 
 An American general and politician, a lawyer 
 by profession, he joined the Federal army at the begin- 
 ning of the Civil War, and was appointed a brigadier- 
 general of volunteers. He served at Belmont and at Fort 
 Donelson (where he commanded the right of the line, and 
 for his services was promoted major-general), and led a 
 division at Shiloh. Herelieved Sherman in the command 
 of the expedition against Vicksburg in 1863, and captured 
 Arkansas Post in the same year. He led the 13th army 
 corps until July, 1863, and resigned in Nov., 1864. 
 
 Macclesfield (mak'lz-feld). A manufacturing 
 town in Cheshire, England, 16 miles south- 
 southeast of Manchester. Population, 34,624. 
 M'Clintock (ma-klin'tok), Sir Francis Leo- 
 pold. Born at Dundalk, Ireland, July 8, 1819: 
 died at London, Nov. 17, 1907. A British ad- 
 miral and arctic explorer. He took part in various 
 Franklin relief expeditions, commanding the final expedi- 
 tion 1857-59. In 1851 he made a sledge journey of about 
 760 miles along the north shore of Parry Sound. 
 
 McClintock, Jobn. Born at Philadelphia, Oct. 
 27, 1814: died at Madison, N. J., March 4, 1870. 
 An American clergyman and theologian of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, president of Drew 
 Theological Seminary (Madison, New Jersey) 
 1867-70. He was the leading editor of McClintock and 
 Strong’s “Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Eccle- 
 siastical Literature ’’ (1867-81). 
 
 McCloskey(ma-klos'ki), John. Born at Brook- 
 lyn, N. Y., March 20, 1810: died at New York, 
 Oct. 10, 1885. An American prelate. He was 
 president of St. John’s College, Fordham, New York, 1841- 
 1842 ; was appointed bishop inpartibus in 1844 ; was bish- 
 op of Albany 1847-64 ; became archbishop of New York in 
 1864 ; and was created the first American cardinal in 1875. 
 McCluer Inlet. An arm of the sea on the north- 
 western coast of New Guinea. 
 
 M'Clure (ma-klor'), Sir Robert John Le Me- 
 surier. Born at Wexford, Ireland, Jan. 28, 
 1807 : died at London, Oct. , 1873. A British na- 
 val officer and arctic explorer. He discovered the 
 northwest passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic, 1850-54. 
 
 McCook (ma-kuk'), Alexander McDowell. 
 Born April 22, 1831 : died June 12, 1903. An 
 American general. He graduated at West Point in 
 1853 ; served in New Mexico against the Indians 1852-67, 
 commanded the 1st Ohio regiment at Bull Run, and was 
 brevetted major ; became brigadier-general of volunteers 
 in Sept., 1861, and major-general in 1862 ; and served at 
 Shiloh, Min freesboro, Chickamuuga, and elsewhere. He 
 was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army in 
 1865. In 1880 he became colonel of the 6th infantry, and 
 later took charge of the military school at Fort Leaven- 
 worth. Brigadier-general, U. S. A., 1890 ; major-general 
 1894 ; retired 1896. 
 
 McCormick (rna-kor'mik), Cyrus Hall. Born 
 
 635 
 
 at Walnut Grove, W. Va., Feb. 15, 1809: died 
 at Chicago, May 13, 1884. An American manu- 
 facturer, the inventor of a reaping-machine. 
 McCosh (ma-kosh'), James. Born at Carske- 
 och, Ayrshire, April 1, 1811 : died at Princeton, 
 N. J., Nov. 16, 1894. A Scottish- American 
 philosopher and educator. He was professor at 
 Belfast, Ireland, 1851-68 ; president of Princeton College, 
 New Jersey, 1868-88. Among his works are “Method of 
 the Divine Government ’’ (18 j 0), “Intuitions of the Mind " 
 (1860), “The Supernatural in Relation to the Natural" 
 (1862), “Examination of Mill’s Philosophy, etc.” (1866), 
 “ Laws of Discursive Thought ’’ (1869), “ Christianity and 
 Positivism ”(1871), “The Scottish Philosophy "(1874), “The 
 Development Theory, etc.” (1876), “Philosophic Series” 
 (1882-86: republished as “Realistic Philosophy defended 
 iu a Philosophic Series,” 1887), “Psychology, etc." (1887), 
 “Religious Aspects of Evolution” (1888). 
 
 McCrea (ma-kra/), Jane. Born in New Jersey, 
 1754: killed near Fort Edward, N. Y., July 27, 
 1777. An American woman, murdered (it is 
 said) by Indian allies of Burgoyne. 
 
 M'Crie (ma-kre'), Thomas. Born at Duns, 
 Nov., 1772 : died at Edinburgh, Aug. 5, 1835. A 
 Scottish Presbyterian clergyman and author. 
 His works includea “ Life of John Knox ” (1812), “ Life of 
 Andrew Melville” (1819), “The Reformation in Italy” 
 (1827), etc. 
 
 McCulloch (ma-kul'o), Ben. Born in Ruther- 
 ford County, Tennessee, Nov. 11, 1811: killed 
 at the battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., March 7, 1862. 
 An American general iu the Confederate ser- 
 vice. He served in Texas under Houston, and in the 
 Mexican war. He commanded at Wilson’s Creek 1861, and 
 led a corps at the battle of Pea Ridge. 
 
 Macculloch. (ma-kul'och), Horatio. Born at 
 Glasgow in Nov., 1805: died at Edinburgh, June 
 24, 1867. A Scottish landscape-painter. He be- 
 gan to exhibit at the Royal Scottish Academy in 1829, and 
 was elected an academician in 1838, about which time he 
 settled at Edinburgh. Among his best-known pictures 
 are “Inverlochy Castle,” “Evening,” and “A Lowland 
 River’’ — all in the National Gallery in Scotland. 
 McCulloch, Hugh. Born at Kennebunk, Maine, 
 Dec. 7, 1808 : died May 24, 1895. An American 
 politician. He was comptroller of tlie currency 
 1863-65, and secretary of the treasury 1865-69 
 and 1884-85. He funded the national debt dur- 
 ing his first term as secretary. 
 
 Macculloch (ma-kul'och), John. Born in 
 Guernsey, Oct. 6, 1773 : died Aug. 20, 1835. A 
 Scottish geologist. He graduated as M. D. at Edin- 
 burgh in 1793 ; became chemist to the board of ordnance 
 in 1803 ; practised medicine at Blackheath 1807-11 ; and 
 was employed by the government in various scientific ca- 
 pacities, being appointed geologist to the trigonometrical 
 survey about 1814. He was for a time lecturer on chem- 
 istry and mineralogy at the Royal Military Academy, Wool- 
 wich, and afterward at the East India Company’s College 
 at Addiscombe. Among his works are “A Description of 
 the Western Isles of Scotland, including the Isle of Man” 
 (1819), and “Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland” 
 (1824). 
 
 M’Culloch, John Ramsay. Born at Whithorn, 
 Wigtownshire, March 1, 1789 : died at London, 
 Nov. 11, 1864. A Scottish statistician and po- 
 litical economist. He studied at Edinburgh without 
 taking a degree; was editor of the “Scotsman” 1818-20; 
 was professor of political economy at the University of 
 London (now University College) 1828-32 ; and was comp- 
 troller of the stationery office from 1838 until his death. 
 Among his chief publications are “The Principles of Polit- 
 ical Economy ” (1825), “A Dictionary, Practical, Theoreti- 
 cal, and Historical, of Commerce and Commercial Naviga- 
 tion ”(1832), and “AStatistical Accountof the British Em- 
 pire” (1837), the last of which was written in collaboration 
 with others. 
 
 McCullough (ma-kul'o), John Edward. Born 
 at Coleraine, Ireland, Nov. 2, 1837 : died at 
 Philadelphia, Nov. 8, 1885. An American 
 tragedian. He was brought to the United States in 
 1853, and in 1855 made his first appearance at Philadelphia. 
 He played much with Forrest, who left him his manu- 
 script plays and regarded him as his histrionic successor. 
 In 1884 he broke down both mentally and physically, and 
 died insane. 
 
 Macdonald (mak-do-nal'), Etienne Jacques 
 Joseph Alexandre, Due de Tarente. Born at 
 Sancerre, Cher, France, Nov. 17,1765: died at 
 his chateau Courcelles, near Guise, Loire, Sept. 
 25, 1840. A French marshal. He adopted the cause 
 of the French Revolution ; fought as colonel at Jemappes 
 in 1792, becoming brigadier-general in the same year and 
 general of division in 1795 for his services under Piche- 
 gru ; fought on the Rhine and in Italy in 1796 ; was made 
 governor of the Roman States in 1798 and of Naples in 
 1799; was defeated by Suvaroff at the Trebbia June 17-19, 
 1799 ; made the passage of the Splugen in 1801 ; was espe- 
 cially distinguished at Wagram July 6, 1809, where he 
 earned the rank of marshal ; commanded the left wing in 
 the Russian invasion in 1812 ; and served in the campaigns 
 ol 1813-14. He was defeated at Katzbach in 1813. 
 
 Macdonald (mak-don'ald), Flora. Born in 
 1722: died at Kingsbu^gh, March 5, 1790. A 
 Scottish Jacobite heroine. She was the daughter of 
 Ranald Macdonald, a farmer in South Uist, an island of 
 the Hebrides. She assisted Prince Charles Edward, who 
 was a fugitive after the battle of Culloden, to escape, dis- 
 used as her female attendant, from the island of Ben- 
 ecula to Skye, June 27, 1716. In 1750 she married Allan 
 
 Macedonia 
 
 Macdonald, with whom she emigrated to North Carolina 
 in 1774, and who became a brigadier-general in the British 
 army in the American Revolution. She returned in 1779 
 to Scotland, and was afterward rejoined by her husband. 
 
 MacDonald, George. Born at Huntly, Scot- 
 land, iu 1824 : died Sept. 18, 1905. A Scottish 
 novelist and poet. Among his works are “Phan- 
 tastes,” a poem (1858), “ David Elginbrod ” (1862), “ Alec 
 Forbes of Howglen ” (1865), “Annals of a Quiet Neighbor- 
 hood” (1866), “The Seaboard Parish" (1868), “Robert 
 Falconer ” (1868), “ Wilfrid Cumbermede ” (1871), “ Mal- 
 colm” (1874), “The Marquis of Lossie” (1877), “Sir 
 Gibbie" (1879), “What’s Mine ’s Mine” (1886), “The Elect 
 Lady ” (1888), etc. He also wrote a number of books for 
 the young, and “Unspoken Sermons" (1866-89) and “The 
 Miracles of Our Lord ’’ (1870). 
 
 Macdonald, John. Died about 1498. The fourth 
 and last Lord of the Isles, and eleventh Earl of 
 Ross. 
 
 Macdonald, John, called “The Apostle of the 
 North.” Born at Reay, Caithness, Nov. 12,1779: 
 died at Urquhart, April 16, 1849. A Scottish 
 Presbyterian clergyman . He was a man of great in- 
 fluence as a maintainer and promoter of evangelical reli- 
 gion in the north of Scotland. 
 
 Macdonald, Sir John Alexander. Born at Glas- 
 gow, Jan. 11, 1815: died at his residence, Earns- 
 cliffe Hall, near Ottawa, June 6, 1891. A noted 
 Canadian Conservative politician. He became re- 
 ceiver-general in 1847 ; attorney-general for Canada West 
 (an office which he repeatedly held) 1854; prime minister 
 i857-58 (Cartier assuming the premiership in the latter 
 year, the ministry being known as the “Cartier- Macdon- 
 ald ” until its downfall in 1862) ; prime minister 1868-73 ; 
 and again 1878-91. He was one of the British commis- 
 sioners who signed the treaty of Washington. His great 
 political service was the effecting of Canadian federation. 
 
 Macdonald, Lawrence. Born at Gask, Perth- 
 shire, Scotland, 1798 : died at Rome, March 4, 
 1878. A Scottish sculptor. 
 
 McDonough (mak-don'o), Thomas. Born in 
 New Castle County, Del., Dec. 23, 1783: died at 
 sea, Nov. 16, 1825. An American naval officer. 
 He defeated the British squadron under Downie on Lake 
 Champlain Sept. 11, 1814, and was appointed captain in 
 that year. 
 
 McDougall (mak-do'gal), Alexander. Born 
 
 on the island of Islay, Scotland, 1731: died at 
 New York, June 8, 1786. An American Revo- 
 lutionary general. He was defeated at White Plains 
 1776. In 1777 he was pronioted major-general He was 
 chosen a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1780 and 
 1784. 
 
 McDowell (mak-dou'el), Irvin. Bora near 
 Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 15, 1818 : died at San Fran- 
 cisco, May 5, 1885. An American major-general. 
 He graduated at West Point in 1838, and taught there 1841- 
 1845 ; served in the Mexican war as aide-de-camp to Gen- 
 eral Wool, and acting adjutant-general, being brevetted 
 captain for his services at Buena Vista ; was made briga- 
 dier-general May 14, 1861, and given command of the De- 
 partment of Northeastern Virginia, and in a few days (May 
 29) of the Army of the Potomac. He commanded at Bull 
 Run in 1861 ; was commander of a corps (Army of the Rap- 
 pahannock) in Virginia in 1862; served at Cedar Mountain 
 and in the second battle of Bull Run ; and was later a de- 
 partment commander. He was promoted major-general 
 in the United States army in 1872. 
 
 Macdowell, Patrick. Bom at Belfast, Aug. 12, 
 1799: died at London, Dec. 9, 1870. An Irish 
 sculptor. He studied under Pierre Francois Chenn, a 
 French sculptor, at London ; first exhibited at the Royal 
 Academy in 1822; and became an academician in 1846. He 
 executed marble statues of William Pitt and the Earl of 
 Chatham, and designed the group typical of Europe for 
 the Albert memorial in Hyde Park. 
 
 Macduff (mak-duf'). A Scottish hero, thane or 
 earl of Fife. According to tradition, he was the chief 
 instrument in overthrowing the usurper Macbeth at the 
 battle of Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire, Aug. 15, 1067, and 
 in restoring Malcolm Canmore to the Scottish throne. For 
 this service he was granted, among other privileges, that 
 of a sanctuary to which he and his successors might flee in 
 case of committing unpremeditated slaughter. This sanc- 
 tuary consisted of a cross, called the Cross Macduff, which 
 stood north of Newburgh, in the pass leading to Strath- 
 earn: its pedestal still remains; the cross itself was de- 
 stroyed by the Reformers in 1559. He appears in Shak- 
 spere’s “ Macbeth ”as a man once mild and compassionate, 
 but divested of the milk of human kindness by the exter- 
 mination of his family. 
 
 McDuffie (mak-duf 'i), George. Born in Colum- 
 bia County (now Warren County), Ga., 1788: 
 died in Sumter district, S. C., March 11, 1851. 
 An American statesman and orator, a promi- 
 nent supporter of nullification. He was member 
 of Congress from South Carolina 1821-34; governor of 
 South Carolina 1834-36; and United States senator 1843- 
 1846. 
 
 Macedo (mii-sa'do), Joaquim Manuel de. 
 
 Born at Itaborahy, province of Rio de Janeiro, 
 June 24, 1820: died at Rio de Janeiro, April 
 11, 1882. A Brazilian author, in i860 he became 
 professor of history in the Pedro II. College. He is best 
 known for his romances “A Moreninha," “O Forasteiro,” 
 etc., and “A Nebulosa," a romance in blank verse which 
 appeared in 1857. His “Corographia do Brasil” (2 vols. 
 1873) had a wide circulation. 
 
 Macedon. See Macedonia. 
 
 Macedonia (mas-e-do'ni-ii). [Gr. Maw Jovi'a.] In 
 ancient geography, a country of southeastern 
 
Macedonia 636 
 
 Europe, of vague limits. It lay north of the /Egean 
 Sea and Thessaly, east of Illyria, and west of Thrace, sepa- 
 rated from Illyria by the Scardus Mountains. The chief 
 rivers were the Axius (Vardar) and Strymon; the chief 
 cities, Edessa, Pella, and Thessalonica. Macedonia was 
 not originally a part of Hellas. It first became powerful 
 under Philip. (See Macedonian Empire.) Its possession 
 was contested by Alexander’s successors, and was finally 
 obtained by Antigonus Gonatas about 278. The Macedo- 
 nians were defeated by Home at Cynoscephalas in 197, and 
 finally at Pydna in 168, and Macedonia was made a Roman 
 province in 146. It is now a part of Turkey, its inhabitants 
 being chiefly Bulgarians, Greeks, and Turks. 
 Macedonia. A diocese in the southern part of 
 the later Roman prefecture of Illyricum (Mace- 
 donia, Epirus, and Greece). 
 
 Macedonian (mas-e-do'ni-an) Empire. The 
 empire built up by Philip (who reigned 359-336 
 b. c.) and Alexander the Great (336-323). it 
 included at its greatest extent Macedonia, Greece, Thrace, 
 Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, As- 
 syria, part of Armenia, and the countries comprised in the 
 modern Persia, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, western India, 
 and a large part of central Asia. The empire was divided 
 under Alexander’s successors — the chief divisions being 
 Macedonia, Egypt, Syria, Pergamum, Bithynia, Rhodes, 
 and Greek states. 
 
 Macedonians (mas-e-do'ni-anz). 1. The natives 
 or inhabitants of ancient Macedonia. The Macedo- 
 nians, the conquerors of Greece and of many other coun- 
 tries, have generally been regarded as not Hellenes, or gen- 
 uine Greeks, although they used the Greek language. 
 
 West of the Thracian district in antiquity was the abode 
 of the Macedonians, whose language, in spite of the scanty 
 remains in which it is preserved to us, shows itself un- 
 doubtedly to be Greek and nearly related to Doric. There 
 has then rightly been a tendency, gathering strength of 
 late, to regard the tribe of the Macedonians as the portion, 
 left behind in the north, of the Greek people, whose origi- 
 nal abode was at the foot of Olympus, and perhaps even 
 further north still. 
 
 Schrader, Aryan Peoples (tr. by Jevons), p. 431. 
 2. The followers of Macedonius, bishop of Con- 
 stantinople in the 4th century, who denied the 
 distinct existence and Godhead of the Holy 
 Spirit, which he conceived to be a creature or 
 merely a divine energy diffused through the 
 universe. Members of this sect were also known as 
 Marathonians and Pneumatomachi. TheSemi-Arians were 
 often called by this name, and the name of Semi-Arians 
 was also given to the Macedonians in the proper sense. 
 
 Macedonian Wars. Wars between Rome and 
 Macedonia: (1) 214-205 b. c., when Philip V. 
 fought in alliance with Carthage; (2) 200-197, 
 when Philip V. was defeated by Flamininus at 
 Cynoscephake (197) ; (3) 171-168, when Perseus 
 was defeated by rEmilius Paulus at Pydna (168) ; 
 (4) 149-148, soon after which Macedonia was 
 made a Roman province. 
 
 Macedonius (mas-e-do'ni-us). Died about 360. 
 Patriarch of Constantinople. He was ordained 
 by the Arian party in 341, and deposed in 360. 
 Maceio (ma-sa-yo'), orMagayo (ma-si-o'). The 
 capital of the state of Alagoas, Brazil, situated 
 near the coast, lat. (of lighthouse) 9° 40' S., long. 
 35° 45' W. Population, municipio, 33,000. 
 McEntee (mak'en-te), Jervis. Born at Ron- 
 dout, N. Y., July 14, 1828: died there, Jan. 27, 
 1891. An American painter of landscapes and 
 figures. He was elected a member of the National Acad- 
 emy in 1861. He was particularly noted for his autumn 
 and winter landscapes. 
 
 Macerata (ma-cha-ra'ta). 1. A province in 
 the compartimento of the Marches, Italy. 
 Area, 1,087 square miles. Population, 259,576. 
 — 2. The capital of the province of Macerata, 
 situated in lat. 43° 18' N., long. 13° 26' E. It 
 has a university and a cathedral. Population, 
 commune, 22,784. 
 
 Maceroni (It. pron. ma-cha-ro'ne), Francis. 
 Born at Manchester in 1788: died at London, 
 July 25, 1846. An English inventor and mili- 
 tary adventurer. He was of Italian extraction ; was 
 an aide-de-camp, with the rank of colonel, to Murat, king 
 of Naples, In 1814 ; and afterward received the rank of 
 brigadier-general in the service of the Republic of Colom- 
 bia, for which he procured supplies of men and arms at 
 Paris and London. He invented an improved steam-coach 
 for common roads, which was, however, rendered valueless 
 by the introduction of railways. He published “Interest- 
 ing Facts Relating to the Fall and Death of Joachim Mu- 
 rat, King of Naples” (1817). 
 
 Macfarren (mak-far'en), Sir George Alexan- 
 der. Born at London, March 2, 1813: died 
 there, Oct. 31, 1887. An English composer and 
 writer on music. He was professor at the Royal Acad- 
 emy of Music 1834, and principal 1875. Among his 
 works are the operas “The Devil’s Opera” (1838), “Don 
 Quixote ” (1846), “ Robin Hood ” (18601, “Jessy Lea ’’ (1863), 
 etc., and the oratorios “St. John the Baptist” (1873), “The 
 Resurrection ” (1876), “Joseph” (1877), besides a number 
 of cantatas aud numerous cathedral services, etc. He also 
 published the “ Rudiments of Harmony ’’ (I860), “ Six Lec- 
 tures on Harmony" (1866), etc., and harmonized Chap- 
 pell’s “Popular Music of the Olden Time." His eyesight 
 gradually failed, and from about 1860 he was totally blind. 
 
 McFingal (mak-fing'gal). A Hudibrastic epic 
 poem by John Trumbull. The first canto was pub- 
 
 lished in 1775 and the whole in 1782. It describes the char- 
 acter and manners of the times, and contains an account, 
 of the “American Contest, ” Many editions were published. 
 
 Macfirbis (mak-fer'bis), Duald; Eng. Dudley 
 Ferbisie, Ir. Dubhaltach MacFirbhisigh. 
 
 Born in 1585: died in 1670. The last of the 
 hereditary chroniclers of Ireland. His chief 
 work is a manuscript treatise on Irish genealogy, 
 completed in 1650. 
 
 MacFlecknoe, or a Satire on the True Blue 
 Protestant Poet T. S. A satirical poem by 
 Dryden (1682), directed against Shadwell: it 
 served as a model for the “Dunciad.” Flecknoe 
 was a Roman Catholic priest very much addicted to scrib- 
 bling verses. His name has been chiefly preserved by this 
 satire, in which the author has depicted Shadwell as the 
 literary son and heir of this “ wretched poetaster. ” 
 
 McFlimsey (mak-flim'zi), Plora. The subject 
 of William Allen Butler’s satirical poem 
 “Nothing to Wear.” 
 
 MacGakan (ma-gan'), Januarius Aloysius. 
 
 Born in Ohio, June 12, 1844: died at Constanti- 
 nople, June 10, 1878. An American journalist 
 and war correspondent. He was correspondent for 
 the “New York Herald” during the Frauco-Prussian 
 war 1870-71 ; went on the Russian expedition against 
 Khiva in 1873, described in “Campaigning on the Oxus, 
 and the Fall of Khiva ’’ ; accompanied the Arctic expedi- 
 tion on the Pandora in 1875, described in “ Under the 
 Northern Lights.” In 1876 he began a celebrated series 
 of letters to the London “Daily News,” on tile Bulgarian 
 atrocities. 
 
 McGee (ma-ge'), Thomas D’Arcy. Born at 
 Carlingford, Ireland, April 13, 1825 : killed at Ot- 
 tawa, Canada, April 7, 1868. An Irish journal- 
 ist in Great Britain, the United States, and 
 Canada. He wrote “Irish Settlers in Amer- 
 ica” (1851), “History of Ireland” (1862), etc. 
 
 MacGillicuddy’s Reeks (ma-gil-i-kud'iz reks). 
 The highest mountain-range in Ireland, situ- 
 ated in County Kerry west of the Lakes of Kil- 
 larney. Height, about 3,400 feet. 
 
 McGiiEvray (ma-gil'i-vra), Alexander. Bom 
 in Alabama about 1740: died at Pensacola, Fla., 
 Feb. 17, 1793. A chief of the Creek Indians. 
 
 MacGillivray, William. Born at Old Aber- 
 deen, Jan. 25, 1796: died at Aberdeen, Sept. 4, 
 1852. A Scottish naturalist, especially noted 
 as an ornithologist. He was professor of natural his- 
 tory in Marischal College, Aberdeen, from 1841. His chief 
 work is a “History of British Birds” (1837-52). 
 
 Macgregor (ma-greg' or), John. Born atGraves- 
 end, England, Jan. 24, 1825: died at Boscombe, 
 near Bournemouth, July 16, 1892. An English 
 traveler. He wrote “A Thousand Miles in the Pmh Roy 
 Canoe on Rivers and Lakes in Europe” (1860), “The Rob 
 Roy on the Jordan, Red Sea, and Gennesareth ” (1809), etc. 
 
 Macgregor, or Campbell, Robert, commonly 
 called Rob Roy. Born in 1671 : died Dec. 28, 
 1734. A Scottish freebooter. See Rob Roy. 
 
 Machault, or Machaut (raa-sho'), Guillaume 
 de. Born about 1284: died after 1370. A French 
 poet and musician. Chaucer’s indebtedness to him is 
 marked. “ A native of Champagne and of noble birth, he 
 early entered, like most of the lesser nobility of the period, 
 the service of great feudal lords. He was chamberlain to 
 Philip the Fair, and at his death became the secretary of 
 John of Luxembourg, the well-known king of Bohemia. 
 After the death of this prince at Cr&cy, he returned to the 
 service of the court of France and served John and Charles 
 
 V. , finally, as it appears, becoming in someway connected 
 with Pierre de Lusignan, king of Cyprus. His works were 
 very numerous, amounting in all to some 80,000 lines, of 
 which, until recently, nothing hut a few extracts was in 
 print. In the last few years, however, ‘La Prise d’Alexan- 
 drie,’ a rhymed chronicle of the exploits of Lusignan, and 
 the ‘ Voir Dit,’ a curious love-poem in the style of the age, 
 have been printed. Besides these, his works include nu- 
 merous ballades, etc., and several long poems in tire style 
 of those of Froissart.” Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 102. 
 
 Macheath (mak-heth'), Captain. The principal 
 character in Gay’s ‘ ‘ Beggar’s Opera ” : a gay and 
 dissolute highwayman. 
 
 Machias (ma-chi'as). A seaport and the capi- 
 tal of Washington County, Maine, situated on 
 Machias River in lat. 44° 43' N., long. 67° 27' 
 
 W. Population, 2,089, (1910). 
 
 Machiavelli (mak-i-a-vel'li), Niccolo. Born at 
 
 Florence, May 3, 1469: died at Florence, June 
 22, 1527. A celebrated Italian statesman and 
 author. He was descended from a noble but impoverished 
 family, and was the son of Bernardo Machiavelli, a jurist. 
 He is said to have studied under Marcello Virgilio Adriani, 
 although little is known of his youth and education. He 
 was in 1498 appointed secretary to the Dieci di Liberty e 
 Pace at Florence, by whom he was employed in numerous 
 diplomatic missions to the petty states of Italy, to France, 
 and to Germany. He was deprived of office on the return 
 of the banished Medici in 1512, and in 1513 was impris- 
 oned and put to the torture on suspicion of conspiring 
 against Giovanni de’ Medici. He was, however, released 
 in the same year, and retired to a country estate near San 
 Caseiano, where he devoted himself to literary pursuits. 
 His chief works are “II Principe ’’(“The Prince”), “Isto- 
 rie florentine’’(“ Horen tine History ”), “Arte della guerra ” 
 (“Art of War"), “Discorsi” (essays on Livy and govern- 
 ment), “ Mandragola ” and other comedies. His complete 
 works were edited in 8 Vols. in 1813. (See Principe, II.) 
 Also Macchiavelli. 
 
 McKean 
 
 Machin (mak'in), or Macham (-am), Robert. 
 The legendary discoverer of Madeira. He is rep- 
 resented as an English squire who fled from England with 
 his inamorata, Annad’Arsetor Dorset, daughterof a power- 
 ful noble at the court of Edward III. The vessel in which 
 he sailed was driven by stress of weather to the coast of 
 an unknown island, where he landed with part of the crew 
 at a port which they named Machico. During their ab- 
 sence the ship was driven out to sea, and Anna, who had 
 remained on board, died of grief and fatigue, while Machin 
 and his companions made their way to Spain and thence 
 to England. His story incited the Spanish and the Portu- 
 guese to search for the island, which was found by Gonsal- 
 vez Zarco in 1419. The legend was first printed in the 
 “ Descobrimentos ” of Antonio Galvano (1503-57), of which 
 Hakluyt published a translation in 1601. 
 
 Machpelah (mak-pe'la). In Old Testament his- 
 tory, a cave in Hebron, Palestine : the burial- 
 place of the patriarchs. See Hebron. 
 
 Macias el Enamorado (ma-the'as el a-na-mo- 
 ra'THo). [‘ Macias the lover.’] A Spanish gen- 
 tleman and troubadour of the first half of the 
 15th centiuy. He fell in love with the wife of a knight 
 of Porcuna. He expressed his passion in his verses, arid 
 was finally imprisoned and killed by the husband while he 
 was singing her praises at the window of his prison. His 
 few poems were greatly admired, and constant allusions 
 to him and his fate were made in ballads and popular 
 songs. Ticknor. 
 
 Maciejowice (ma-eba-yo-vit'se). A village in 
 Poland, about 45 miles south-southeast of War- 
 saw. Here, Oct. 10, 1794, the Russians under 
 Fersen defeated the Poles under Kosciuszko. 
 Maciej owski ( m a-eha-yo v ' ske ) , W aclaw Alex- 
 ander. Born 1793 : died Feb. 10, 1883. A Polish 
 historian, professor at Warsaw. He wrote a 
 “History of Slavic Jurisprudence” (1832-35), 
 etc. 
 
 Maciel Parente (ma-se-al' pa-ran'te), Bento. 
 Bom about 1570: died in Rio Grande do Norte, 
 Feb., 1642. A Portuguese soldier. Hewaspromi- 
 nent in the conquest of Maranhao and Pari 1616-20. As 
 governor of Pari (1621-26) he founded the first Portu- 
 guese settlements of the lower Amazon. In 1637 the cap- 
 taincy of Cabo do Norte (Brazilian Guiana) was formed 
 and granted to him in perpetuity ; and in 1638 he was made 
 governor-general of Pari and Maranhao. In Nov., 1641, he 
 surrendered to the Dutch expedition which conquered 
 Maranhao, and shortly after died in captivity. 
 
 Mcllvaine (mak-il-van'), Charles Pettit. Bom 
 at Burlington, N. J., Jan. 18, 1799 : died at Flor- 
 ence, Italy, March 13,1873. An American bishop 
 and theologian of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church. He was bishop of Ohio 1832-73. His 
 best-known work is “Evidences of Christian- 
 ity” (1832). 
 
 Macintosh (mak'in-t.osh), Charles. Born at 
 Glasgow, Dec. 29. 1766: died at Dunehattan, 
 near Glasgow, July 25, 1843. A Scottish chem- 
 ist and inventor. He introduced from Holland the 
 manufacture of sugar of lead in 1786 ; started the first alum- 
 works in Scotland iu 1797 ; and in 1828 assisted J. B. Neil- 
 son in bringing into use his “hot-blast” process for con- 
 verting iron into steel. He is chiefly known as the inventor 
 of the water-proof fabric called macintosh or mackintosh 
 cloth, patented in 1823. 
 
 Maelvor (mak-e'vor), Fergus. A Highland 
 chief, a character in Scott’s novel “ Waverley.” 
 He was beheaded after the rout of the Jacobite 
 army. 
 
 Maelvor, Flora. The sister of Fergus Maelvor, 
 and the principal female character, in Scott’s 
 novel “Waverley.” She refuses Waverley, and 
 after her brother’s death retires to a convent. 
 Mack vonLeiberich(makfonli'he-rich), Baron 
 Karl. Born at Nenslingen, Franconia, Aug. 24, 
 1752: died at St. Polten, Austria, Oct. 22, 1828. 
 An Austrian general. In 1798 he commanded the 
 Neapolitan army against the French. He was sent as pris- 
 oner of war to Paris, whence he escaped in 1800 by violat- 
 ing his parole. He capitulated at Llm to Napoleon Oct. 
 17, 1805. 
 
 Mackay (ma-M'), Alexander Murdoch. Born 
 at Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, Oct. 13, 
 1849: died in Usambiro, Africa, Feb. 8, 1890. 
 A noted African missionary. As a mechanical en- 
 gineer, he was sent to Uganda with the first party of the 
 Church Missionary Society in 1876, aud reached his post 
 in 1878. He labored in Uganda uninterruptedly until his 
 death. He had a great influence over King Mtesa, was 
 very popular among the people, and rendered invaluable 
 services as a pioneer of civilization. 
 
 Mackay, Charles. Born at Perth, March 27, 
 1814: died at London, Dec. 24, 1889. A Scot- 
 tish poet. He was editor of the “Glasgow Argus ”1844- 
 1847, editor of the “Illustrated London News" 1852-59, 
 and special correspondentof theLondon “Times at New 
 York during the Civil War. He revealed in the “Times" 
 in 1862 the existence of the Fenian conspiracy in America. 
 .Among his works are “ The Salamandrine, or Love and Im- 
 mortality ’’(1842), “Voices from the Crowd ”(1846), “ Voices 
 from the Mountains” (1847), and “History of the Mor- 
 mons ” (1851). 
 
 McKean, or Mackean (ma-ken'), Thomas. 
 Born at New London, Chester County, Pa., 
 March 19, 1734: died at Philadelphia, June 24, 
 1817. An American politician and jurist. He was 
 
McKean 
 
 a member of Congress from Delaware 1774-83 ; signed the 
 Declaration of Independence in 1776; was chief justice of 
 Pennsylvania 1777 -'j 9 ; and was governor of Pennsylvania 
 1799-1808. 
 
 McKeesport (ma-kez'port). A borough in Al- 
 legheny County, Pennsylvania, situated at the 
 junctionof the Youghioghenyand Monongahela, 
 10 miles southeast of Pittsburg. Population, 
 42,694, (1910). 
 
 Mackenna, Benjamin Vicuna. See Vienna 
 Mackenna. 
 
 Mackenzie (ma-ken'zi). [Named for its dis- 
 coverer, Sir Alexander Mackenzie.] A river in 
 British North America. It rises in the Rocky Moun- 
 tains as the Athabasca, traverses Lake Athabasca, issues 
 thence as the Slave River, traverses the Great Slave Lake, 
 and issues thence as the Mackenzie. It flows into the Arc- 
 tic Ocean about lat. 69° N. Total length, over 2,000 miles. 
 
 Mackenzie, Sir Alexander. Died at Mulnain, 
 near Dunkeld, March 11, 1820. A Scottish ex- 
 plorer. He entered the service of the Northwest Fur 
 Company in 1779, and in 1789 commanded an exploring expe- 
 dition to the Northwest, during which he discovered the 
 Mackenzie River, June 29, 1789. He afterward conducted 
 an expedition from Fort Chippewayan to the Pacific coast, 
 which he reached near Cape Menzies, June 22, 1793, being 
 the first white man to make the overland journey. He was 
 knighted in 1802. He published “Voyages on the River 
 St. Lawrence and through the Continent of North America 
 to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans in the years 1789 and 1793 “ 
 (1801). 
 
 Mackenzie, Alexander. Born at Logierait, 
 near Dunkeld, Perthshire, Scotland, Jan. 28, 
 1822: died at Toronto, April 17, 1892. A Cana- 
 dian politician. He emigrated to Canada in 1812 ; be- 
 came editor of the “Lambton Shield” at Sarnia in 1852; 
 was elected to the provincial parliament of Ontario in 
 1861 ; entered the first Dominion House of Commons in 1867 ; 
 and was premier 1873-78. 
 
 Mackenzie, Sir George. Born at Dundee, Scot- 
 land, 1636: died at London, 1691. A Scottish 
 lawyer. He became king’s advocate in Scotland 1677. 
 He strained his powers as prosecutor to such excess, espe- 
 cially against the Covenanters, that he was known as the 
 “Bloody Mackenzie.” 
 
 Mackenzie, Henry. Born at Edinburgh, Aug., 
 1745: died at Edinburgh, Jan. 14, 1831. A Scot- 
 tish novelist. He wrote “ The Man of Feeling ” (1771), 
 “The Man of the World " (1773), “Julia de Roubignd” 
 (1777), etc. 
 
 Mackenzie, Sir Morell. Born at Leytonstone, 
 July 7, 1837 : died at London, Feb. 3, 1892. A 
 Scottish physician. He graduated (B. M.) at London 
 University in 1861 ; was assistant physician to the London 
 Hospital 1866-73 ; and was one of the founders of the Hos- 
 pital for Diseases of the Throat at London in 1863. He was 
 invited to Berlin in 1887 to attend the Crown Prince of Ger- 
 many (afterward Frederick III ), who was attacked with 
 a malady which eventually proved to be cancer of the 
 throat, and which terminated fatally June 1 5, 1888. Among 
 his works are “ Manual of Diseases of the Throat and Nose” 
 (1880-84) and “ Use of the Laryngoscope ” (1865). 
 Mackenzie, Robert Shelton. Born at Drews 
 Court, County Limerick, June 22, 1809: died at 
 Philadelphia, Nov. 30, 1880. An Irish author. 
 He came to the United States in 1852. He wrote “Titian, 
 a Venetian Art-Novel” (1843), “Life of Guizot” (1846), 
 “Mornings at Matlock” (1850), “Tresillian” (1859), and 
 “ Partnership ‘en Commandite,’ ”a legal commercial work 
 (1847). He edited with many notes Shell's “ Sketches of 
 the Irish Bar,” the “ Noctes Ambrosian®,” De Quiucey’s 
 “ Klo8terhoim,” Dr. Maginu’s works, etc. 
 
 Mackenzie, William Lyon. Born in Scotland, 
 March 12, 1795: died at Toronto, Canada, Aug. 
 28, 1861. A Canadian politician and journalist, 
 a leader of the Canadian rising 1837-38. 
 Mackinac, or Mackinaw (mak'i-na), formerly 
 Michilimackinac (mik'T-li-mak'i-na), Strait 
 of. A strait connecting Lakes Michigan and 
 Huron, and separating the northern and south- 
 ernpeninsulas of Michigan. 
 
 McKinley (ma-kin'li), William. Born at Niles, 
 Trumbull County, Ohio, Jan. 29, 1843 : died at 
 Buffalo, N. Y., Sept. 14, 1901. An American 
 statesman. He served in the Civil War, attaining the 
 rank of major; was attorney of Stark County, Ohio, 1869- 
 1871; was Republican member of Congress from Ohio 
 1877-91 ; was chairman of tire platform committee in the 
 Republican National Conventions of 1884 and 1888; was 
 chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means in Con- 
 gress 1889-91 ; was defeated as Republican candidate for 
 member of Congress in 1890 ; was elected governor of Ohio 
 by the Republicans in 1891 ; was reelected in 1893 ; and 
 was elected President in 1896, and again in 1900 . On 
 Sept. 6, 1901, while attending the Pan-American Exposi- 
 tion at Buffalo, he was shot by Leon Czolgosz, an an- 
 archist. 
 
 McKinley Act. A tariff act, named from the 
 chairman (William McKinley) of the Ways and 
 Means Committee, which became law Oct., 1890. 
 
 Some of its leading provisions are increased duties on tin- 
 plates, and on barley and some other agricultural products ; 
 a general increase in the duties on wool and woolen and 
 cotton manufactures; and the remission of the duty on raw 
 sugar (witli a bounty to domestic sugar producers). An- 
 other important part was the reciprocity feature, which 
 provided for the remission of duties on sugar, molasses, 
 tea, coffee, and hides from countries which should remove 
 duties on American imported products. Repealed 1894. 
 
 637 
 
 Mackintosh, Sir Janies. Bom at Aldourie, near 
 Inverness, Scotland, Oct. 24, 1765; died at Lon- 
 don, May 30, 1832. A Scottish philosopher. He 
 was admitted to the bar at Lincoln’s Inn, London, in 1796 ; 
 accepted the recordership of Bombay in 1803 ; was com- 
 missioned judge in the court of vice-admiralty at Bombay 
 in 1806 ; returned to England in 1811 ; entered Parliament 
 in 1813 ; and was professor of law at Haileybury 1818 . 21 . 
 Among his works are “Dissertation on the Progress of 
 Ethical Philosophy ”(1830) and “ History of the Revolution 
 in England in 1688 ” (1834). 
 
 Macklin (mak'lin), Charles. Born in Ireland, 
 1697 (?) : died at London, July 11, 1797. An 
 English actor and dramatist. He was the son of 
 William M’Laughlin, but changed his name to Mechlin, 
 afterward Macklin. In 1713 he was a scout or badgemau 
 at Trinity College, Dublin. Little is known of his early life. 
 He was playing at Lincoln’s Inn Theatre about 1725, and 
 rose steadily in public favor till his famous appearance as 
 Shylock in 1741. From this time he played constantly in 
 tragedy, comedy, and farce for nearly 50 years. When 
 about 90 years old he created the part of Sir l’ertinax Mac- 
 sycophant in his own play “ The Man of the World,” one 
 of the most arduous characters in his large repertory. Dur- 
 ing this time he also wrote plays, taught acting, and kept 
 a coffee-house for some years in Covent Garden. His ex- 
 treme quarrelsomeness embittered his lifeandendangered 
 his success. He wrote “King Henry VII.” (produced 
 1746), “Love a la Mode” (1759), and “The Man of the 
 World ” (1781 : originally “ The True-born Scotchman,” 
 1766). 
 
 Mackonochie (ma-kon'o-ki), Alexander Her- 
 iot. Born at Farekam, Hampshire, Aug. 11, 
 1825 : found dead near Ballachulish, Scotland, 
 Dec. 17, 1887. An English clergyman. He was 
 prosecuted from 1867 to 1882 for ritualistic practices at his 
 church, St. Albans, Holborn, where for 20 years he worked 
 among the lowest poor. He resigned in accordance with 
 the dying wish of Archbishop Tait. The practices in ques- 
 tion have been generally allowed since. 
 
 McLane (mak-lan'), Louis. Born at Smyrna, 
 Del., May 28, 1786: died at Baltimore, Oct. 7, 
 1857. Ail American politician. He was United 
 States senator from Delaware. 1827-29; United States min- 
 ister to Great Britain 1829-31 ; secretary of the treasury 
 1831-33 ; and secretary of state 1833-34. 
 
 McLane, Robert Milligan. Born at Wilming- 
 ton, Del., June 23, 1815; died at Paris, April 16, 
 1898. An American diplomatist, son of Louis 
 McLane. He was member of Congress from Maryland 
 1847-51, and United States minister to China 1863-55, to 
 Mexico 1859-60, and to France 1885-88. 
 
 Maclaren (ma-klar'en), Archibald. Bom in 
 the Highlands of Scotland, March 2, 1755 : died 
 at London, 1826. A Scottish playwright. He 
 wrote 80 or 90 plays, opei’as, farces, etc., many 
 of them successful. 
 
 Maclaren, Ian. Pseudonym of Dr. John Watson. 
 Maclaurin (mak-la'rin), Colin. Born at Kil- 
 modan, Argyllshire, Feb., 1698: died at Edin- 
 burgh, June 14, 1746. A noted Scottish mathe- 
 matician and physicist. He graduated at Glasgow 
 about 1713 ; became’ professor of mathematics in Mari- 
 schal College, Aberdeen, in 1717 ; and in 1724 wasappointed 
 a deputy professor in the University of Edinburgh. He 
 wrote “ Geometria Organica, sive Descriptio Linearum Cur- 
 varum Universalis ” ( 1 720), ‘ ' A Treatise of Fluxions ” (1742), 
 “A Treatise of Algebra, with an Appendix De Linearum 
 Geometricarum Proprietatibus Generalibus” (1748), and 
 “An Account of Sir Isaac Newton’s Philosophy ” (1748). 
 
 McLawS (mak-laz'), Lafayette. Born at Au- 
 gusta, Ga., Jan. 15, 1821: died at Savannah, Ga., 
 July 23, 1897. An American soldier in the Con- 
 federate service, ne was promoted major-general 
 May 23, 1862, and commanded a division at Gettysburg and 
 in other important battles. 
 
 McLean (mak-lan'), John. Born in Morris 
 County, N. J., March 11, 1785: died at Cincin- 
 nati, April 4, 1861. An American jurist and 
 politician. He was member of Congress from Ohio 1813- 
 1816; postmaster-general 1823-29 ; associate justice of the 
 United States Supreme Court 1829-61 ; and unsuccessful 
 candidate for the Republican nomination for President in 
 1856 and 1860. 
 
 Maclean (mak-lan'), John. Bom at London, 
 1835 (?) : died there, March 15, 1890. An Eng- 
 lish actor. He made his first appearance in 
 1859. He was a good but not eminent actor. 
 McLennan (mak-len'an), John Ferguson. 
 Bom at Inverness, Oct. 14, 1827 : died at Hayes 
 Common, Kent, June 16, 1881. A Scottish sociol- 
 ogist. He was admitted to the Scottish bar in 1857, and 
 in 1871 became parliamentary draftsman for Scotland. 
 He is known chiefly from his researches in connection with 
 the history of the evolution of marriage, which led him to 
 adopt the theory, in which he had to some extent been an- 
 ticipated by the Swiss jurist Bachofen, that the primitive 
 form of marriage was exogamy, of which polyandry and 
 polygamous or monogamous monandry were successive 
 developments. This theory is expounded in his principal 
 work, “ An Inquiry into the Origin of the Form of Capture 
 in Marriage Ceremonies” (1865). 
 
 McLeod (mak-loud'), Alexander. Born in 
 Mull, Scotland, Juno 12, 1774: died at Now York, 
 Feb. 17, 1833. An American clergyman of the 
 Reformed Presbyterian Church, and religious 
 writer. He was pastor of the First Reformed 
 Presbyterian Church of New York about 1801-33. 
 MacLeod, Henry Dunning. Born at Edin- 
 
 Macon 
 
 burgh, 1821: died July 16,1902. A Scotch polit- 
 ical economist. He wrote “Theory and Practice of 
 Banking” (1856), “Elements of Political Economy” (1858), 
 “Dictionary of Political Economy” (Vol. 1,1862), “Prin- 
 ciples of Economical Philosophy” (1873), “Elements of 
 Banking” (1876), “ Economics' for Beginners” (1878), 
 “ Elements of Economics” (1881-86), “ Theory and Prac- 
 tice of Banking” (1883-86). 
 
 Macleod, Norman. Born at Campbeltown, 
 Argyllshire, June 3, 1812 : died at Glasgow, 
 June 16, 1872. A Scottish clergyman. He was 
 parish minister successively of Loudoun, in Ayrshire ; Dal- 
 keith, near Edinburgh ; and Barony parish, Glasgow ; and 
 was editor of the Edinburgh “Christian Instructor” from 
 1849, and of “ Good Words ” from 1860. In 1867 he was 
 sent by the General Assembly to visit the mission stations 
 in India. Among his works are “ Parish Papers ” (1862), 
 “Wee Davie” (1864), “The Starling" (1867), “Character 
 Sketches ” (1872), etc. 
 
 McLeod, Xavier Donald. Born at New York, 
 Nov. 17, 1821: killed near Cincinnati, July 20, 
 1865. An American poet and miscellaneous 
 author, son of Alexander McLeod. 
 
 McLeod Case, The. The case of a British sub- 
 ject, Alexander McLeod, tried in New York 
 State, 1841, for his part in the burning of the 
 steamer Caroline in Niagara River in 1837. 
 McLeod was acquitted. 
 
 Maclise (mak-les'), Daniel. Bom at Cork. Ire- 
 land, Feb. 2, 1806: died at London, April 25, 
 1870. A British historical and figure painter. 
 He left a bank clerkship for the studio of the Cork Society 
 of Arts. In 1828 he entered the academy at London, and 
 won the gold medal (1831) for his historic composition 
 “The Choice of Hercules.” He was made an academician 
 in 1840. He painted a portrait of Dickens (1839), but his 
 later years were chiefly engrossed with the decorations of 
 the Houses of Parliament, especially with the famous 
 water-glass pictures “The Meeting of Wellington and 
 Blucher”and “The Death of Nelson.” His drawings of 
 The Story of the Norman Conquest” are notable. He 
 also designed illustrations for many books, among them 
 Moore’s “Irish Melodies,’’ Lytton’s “Pilgrims of the 
 Rhine," etc. 
 
 Maclure (mak-lur'), William. Born at Ayr, 
 Scotland, 1763 : died at San Angel, near Mexico, 
 March 23, 1840. An American geologist. Me- 
 moirs of his geological survey of the United States were 
 published in 1809 and 1817. 
 
 MacMahon (mak-ma-6n'), Comte Marie 
 Edme Patrice Maurice de, Due de Magenta. 
 Bom at Sully, Saone-et-Loire, France, J une 13, 
 1808 : died at Paris, Oct. 17, 1893. A marshal of 
 France, and president of the French republic. 
 He was the descendant of an Irish family which fled to 
 France on the fall of the Stuarts, and was of noble birth, 
 his father being a peer of France. He entered the army 
 in 1825 ; served in Algeria 1830-50 ; and in the siege of Sebas- 
 topol, during the Crimean war, led the division which 
 stormed the Malakoff Sept. 8, 1855. He commanded an 
 army corps in Italy dur ing the war of France and Sardinia 
 against Austria in 1859, in which year he was made a mar- 
 shal of France and created duke of Magenta as a reward 
 for his services at the battle of that name. He was gov- 
 ernor-general of Algeria 1864-70, and at the outbreak of 
 the Franco-Prussian war he was placed in command of 
 the first ar my corps. He was totally defeated at Worth, 
 Aug. 6, 1870, and was overwhelmed at Sedan, Sept. 1. He 
 was for a time a prisoner of war in Germany 1870-71, 
 suppressed the Commune at Paris in 1871, and was presi- 
 *dent of the French republic 1873-79. 
 
 McMaster (mak-mas'ter), John Each. Bom 
 at Brooklyn, N. Y., 1852. An American histo- 
 rian. He became professor of history in the University 
 of Pennsylvania in 1883. He has published “ A History of 
 the People of the United States” (1883 et seq ), etc. 
 
 MacMonnies (mak-mun'iz), Frederick Wil- 
 liam. Born at Brooklyn, N. Y., Sept. 28, 1863. 
 An American sculptor. He studied in New York, 
 Paris, Munich, and London. Among his principal works 
 are a fountain at the Columbian Exposition, “Nathan 
 Hale” (City Hall park, New Vork), “Victory” (West 
 Point), “Diana,” “ Bacchante,” and “Pan of Rohallion.” 
 
 McNab (mak-nab'), Sir Alan Napier. Born at 
 Niagara, Canada, Feb. 19, 1798: died at Toron- 
 to, Canada, Aug. 8, 1862. A Canadian states- 
 man. He was admitted to the bar in 1826 ; was elected 
 to the legislature of Upper Canada in 1830 ; and as colonel 
 of militia repressed the rebellion of 1837-38. He was 
 knighted in 1838 ; was prime minister of the united prov- 
 inces of Canada 1854-56 ; and was made a baronet in 1867, 
 and a member of the legislative council in 1860. 
 
 McNiel(mak-nel'), John. Bom at Hillsborough, 
 N. H., 1784: died at Washington, D. C., Feb. 
 23, 1850. An American officer, distinguished at 
 the battles of Chippewa and Lundy’s Lane 1814. 
 Macnish(mak-nish'), Robert. Bom at Glasgow, 
 Feb. 15, 1802: died at Glasgow, Jan. 16, 1837. 
 A Scottish medical and miscellaneous writer. 
 Macomb (ma-kom' or ma-kom'), Alexander. 
 Bora at Detroit, Mich., April 13, 1782: died at 
 Washington, D. C., June 25, 1841. An Ameri- 
 can major-general. He defeated the British under 
 Prcvost, at Plattsburgh, Sept. 11, 1814, and was command- 
 er-in-chief of the anny 1828-41. 
 
 Macon (ma-kon'). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Saone-et-Loire, France, situated on the 
 Sadne in lat. 46° 19' N., long. 4° 49' F. : the 
 Roman Matisco /Fduorum. It has flourishing com- 
 
Macon 
 
 merce and manufactures, and contains a ruined cathedral 
 and some Roman antiquities. It was a place of some im- 
 portance in the time of Caesar. It suffered in the Hugue- 
 not wars. Population, commune, 19,059. 
 
 Macon (ma'kon). A city and the capital of 
 Bibb County, central Georgia, situated on the 
 Ocmulgee 80 miles southeast of Atlanta. It is 
 
 a railway, commercial, and manufacturing center ; has a 
 large trade in cotton ; and is the seat of various educational 
 institutions. Population, 40,665, (1910). 
 
 Maqon (ma-s6n'), Le. A comic opera by Auber, 
 words by Scribe and Delavigne, produced in 
 1825. 
 
 Macon (ma'kon), Nathaniel. Born in Warren 
 County, N. C., 1757 : died there, June 29, 1837. 
 An American politician. He was a member of Con- 
 gress from North Carolina 1791-1815, speaker 1801-06, and 
 United States senator 1816-28. He was chosen president 
 ; pro tempore of the Senate in 1825. 
 
 Maconnais (ma-ko-na'). A former district of 
 France, now comprised in the department of 
 Saone-et-Loire. It was united to France under 
 Louis XI. 
 
 Macorix, or Macoris. In the early history of 
 Haiti, a region or “province-” which, at the 
 time of the conquest, was under the chief Guari- 
 onex. It was in the interior, south of the set- 
 tlement of Isabella, and included a large part 
 of tbe Vega Real. 
 
 Macpherson (mak-fer'son), James. Born at 
 Ruthven, Inverness-shire, Oct. 27, 1736: died 
 Feb. 17, 1796. The alleged translator of the Os- 
 siauic poems. In 1759, while a schoolmaster in his na- 
 tive village, he showed to “Jupiter” Carlyle and John 
 Home some fragments of Gaelic verse with translations. 
 They were published in 1760, and excited so much interest 
 that he was sent to the Highlands for the purpose of dis- 
 covering more of these poems. The result was that he 
 published the “Poems of Ossian,” consisting of “Fingal, 
 an Epic Poem in six books ” (1762), and “Temora, an Epic 
 Poem in eight books” (1763). The controversy which at 
 once arose as to their genuineness (as Gaelic remains) has 
 not yet been settled, though opinion is generally against 
 Macpherson. In 1764 he was sent as governor-general to 
 the Eloridas ; in 1779 was made agent to the Nabob of Ar- 
 cot ; and in 1780 entered Parliament, where he sat for 10 
 years. He also wrote “History of Great Britain " (1775), 
 etc. 
 
 Macpherson, James Birdseye. Born in San- 
 dusky County, Ohio, Nov. 14, 1828: killed be- 
 fore Atlanta, Ga., July 22, 1864. An American 
 general. HegraduatedatWestPointinl853; waschief 
 engineer on the staff of General Grant in 1862 ; was ap. 
 pointed to the command of a corps of Grant’s army in 1863 ; 
 and in the same year routed part of Joseph E. Johnston’s 
 army at Raymond, and with the aid of Sherman’s corps 
 defeated Johnston at Jackson. He also served with dis- 
 tinction at Campion Hill and in the assaults on Vicksburg 
 in 1863, and in 1864 took part in Sherman’s campaign in 
 Georgia as commander of the Army of the Tennessee. 
 Macpherson, Sir John. Born at Sleat, in the 
 Isle of Skye, in 1745: died at Brompton Grove, 
 Jan. 12, 1821. A Scottish politician. He went 
 out to Madras as purser in an East India ship in 1767 ; re- 
 turned to England as a financial agent of the Nabob of the 
 Carnatic in 1768 ; became a writer in the East India Com- 
 pany’s service at Madras in 1770 ; was appointed to the su- 
 preme council at Calcutta in 1781; and on Warren Hast- 
 ings’s resignation succeeded to the governor-generalship 
 of India as senior member of the council in 1785. He was 
 created a baronet in 1786, and in the same year was super- 
 seded as governor-general by Lord Cornwallis. 
 
 Macquarie (ma-kwor'e). [Named from Lach- 
 lan Macquarie, governor of South Wales 1809- 
 1821.] A river in New South Wales, which 
 flows through marshes into the Darling about 
 lat. 30° 15' S. Length, about 400 miles. 
 Macquarie Islands. A group of small uninhab- 
 ited islands southwest of New Zealand. The 
 northern end is situated in lat. 54° 19' S., long. 
 158° 56' E. 
 
 Macquart. See Rougon~Hacquart. 
 Macready(mak-re'di), William Charles. Born 
 at London, March 3, 1793 : died at Cheltenham, 
 April 27, 1873. A noted English tragedian. His 
 father was an actor and manager of the theater at Bir- 
 mingham where Macready made his first appearance in 
 1810. In 1816 he appeared in London at Covent Garden. 
 In 1837 he had advanced to the front rank of his profes- 
 sion, having for many years struggled for supremacy with 
 Kean, Young, and Charles Kemble. He then undertook 
 the management of the Covent Garden Theatre, and pro- 
 duced Shakspere’s plays. After two seasons he abandoned 
 it and played in the provinces and in Paris. He managed 
 the Drury Lane Theatre 1841-43. He made several visits 
 to America, during the last of which occurred the famous 
 Astor Place riot (which see). In 1851 lie left the stage. 
 He was noted for his Macbeth, Cassius, Lear, Henry IV., 
 Iago, Virginius, Richelieu, and other parts. 
 
 Macrinus (ma-kri'nus), Marcus Opelius. Born 
 at Csesarea, Mauretania, 164 a. d.: killed in 
 Cappadocia, 218. Roman emperor 217-218. He 
 was of humble origin ; was admitted to the service of the 
 emperor Septimius Severus at the instance of the favorite 
 Plautianus; and was appointed prefect of the pretorians 
 by Caracalla, whose murder he instigated and whom he 
 succeeded. He was signally defeated by the Parthians at 
 Nisibis, and was defeated and killed by the partisans of 
 Elagabalus who succeeded him. 
 
 Macro (ma'kro), Naevius Sertorius. Killed 
 
 638 
 
 about 38 a. d. A prefect of the Roman pre- 
 torians under Tiberius and Caligula. 
 Macrobius (ma-kro'bi-us), Ambrosius Theo- 
 dosius. Lived probably at the beginning of the 
 5th century. A Roman grammarian. His extant 
 works are a collection of essays, “Saturnaliorum convivi- 
 orum libri septem ” (imperfect), and a commentary on 
 Cicero’s “Dream of Scipio.” 
 
 MacSarcasm (mak-sar'kazm), Sir Archy. A 
 noted character in Macklin’s “Love a la Mode.” 
 Macsycophant (mak-sik'o-fant), Sir Perti- 
 nax. A hard, worldly old man in Macklin’s 
 “ Man of the World,” ambitious for his son, and 
 quite insensible to degradation if upheld by 
 worldly influence. Macklin created the part 
 himself when about 90 years old. 
 
 MacTab (mak-tab' ). The Hon. Miss Lucretia. 
 One of the principal characters in Colman’s 
 “ Poor Gentleman ” : a proud and prudish old 
 maid. 
 
 Macusis (ma-ko-sez'). A tribe of Indians of the 
 Carib stock, inhabiting the open lands of south- 
 western British Guiana and the adjacent parts 
 of Brazil and Venezuela. Formerly they ranged 
 northwestward to the Orinoco, and were very numerous and 
 warlike. They are now reduced to a few thousands, who 
 are friendly to the whites, but are practically independent. 
 They are of darker color than the other Guiana tribes, well 
 formed and athletic, and very cleanly. Their houses are 
 grouped in small villages, and they cultivate manioc and 
 
 pother plants. Also written Macuchis or ilacuxis. 
 
 MacVeagh (mak-va'), Wayne. Born at Phoe- 
 nixville, Chester County, Fa., April 19, 1833. 
 An American politician. He was admitted to the bar 
 in 1856; was United States minister to Turkey 1870-71; 
 was United States attorney-general under President Gar- 
 
 Afield in 1881 ; and was ambassador to Italy 1893-97. 
 
 Madagascar (mad-a-gas'kar). An island in the 
 Indian Ocean, east of southern Africa, from 
 which it is separated by the Mozambique Chan- 
 nel. Capital, Antananarivo. It extendsfrom about 
 lat. 12° to 25° 35' S. The surface in the interior is generally 
 elevated and mountainous. The productions are tropical. 
 Tamatave is the chief port. The government was a mon- 
 archy. The inhabitants and language are Malagasy. The 
 leading tribe is the Hovas. The state religion is Christian- 
 ity. Madagascar was early visited by the Arabs, and was 
 discovered by the Portuguese in 1506. The introduction 
 of Christianity under Radama 1.(1810-28) was followed by 
 a persecution of the Christians under Queen Ranavalona I. 
 (1828-61). A war with France in 1883-85 was terminated 
 by a treaty (Dec. 12, 1885) establishing a French protec- 
 torate. In 1896 it became a French colony, and in Febru- 
 ary, 1897, the queen was deposed. Length, about 980 
 miles. Greatest breadth, about 360 miles. Area, about 
 228,000 square miles. Population, over 2,700,000. 
 
 Madai (ma'di). A name given in Genesis x. as 
 that of the third son of Japhet: commonly re- 
 garded as the eponymic ancestor of the Medes. 
 
 Madame Bovary (bo-va-re'). A novel by Flau- 
 bert, published in 1857. It is notable as an ex- 
 pression of “realism.” 
 
 Madan (mad'an), Martin. Born in 1726: died 
 at Epsom, May 2, 1790. An English Methodist 
 divine. He was called to the bar in 1748, but shortly 
 abandoned law in order to enter the ministry, and was for 
 many years chaplain to the Lock Hospital. He is chiefly 
 known as the author of “ Telyphthora ’’ (1780), in which he 
 advocated polygamy. 
 
 Mad Anthony. A nickname often given An- 
 thony Wayne on account of his reckless bravery. 
 
 Mad Cavalier, The. A surname of Prince Ru- 
 pert, nephew of Charles I. of England. 
 
 Maddaloni (mad-dh-lo'ne). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Caserta, Italy, situated 15 miles north- 
 east of Naples. Population, commune, 20,682. 
 
 Madden (mad'en), Sir Frederick. Born at 
 Portsmouth, Feb. 16, 1801: died at London, 
 March 8, 1873. An English antiquary and paleog- 
 rapher. He became assistant keeper of manuscripts in 
 the British Museum in 1828, and head of the manuscript 
 department in 1837. He edited “Havelok the Dane ”(1828), 
 Layamon’s “Brut” (1847), Matthew Paris's “Historia An- 
 glorum” (Rolls Series, 1866-69), and, with Josiah Forshall, 
 Wyclif’s Bible (1850). 
 
 Madden, Sir George Allan. Born at London, 
 Jan. 3, 1771: died at Portsmouth, Dec. 8, 1828. 
 A British general. He entered the British army in 
 1788 ; served in Corsica in 1794, in Portugal 1797-1800, and 
 in Egypt in 1801 ; aud was compelled to retire from the 
 service about 1802 in consequence of a quarrel with a su- 
 perior officer. He was appointed brigadier-general in the 
 Portuguese army in 1809, and commanded a brigade of cav- 
 alry at Fuente de Cantos (Sept. 15, 1810), where he saved 
 the Spanish army by charging a superior force of French 
 hussars. He was made nmrechal de campo in the Portu- 
 guese service in 1813, and in 1819 was promoted major- 
 general in the British army (in which lie had previously 
 been reinstated in recognition of his services in the Penin- 
 sular war). 
 
 Madeira (ma-da'e-ra). The largest tributary of 
 the Amazon, into which it flows about lat. 3° 25' 
 S., long. 58° 48' W. The chief head streams are the 
 Mamord, Beni, and Itenez (or Guapord). Total length, in- 
 cluding the Mam on), about 2,000 miles. 
 
 Madeira (ma-de'rii; Pg.pron. ma-da'e-ra). [So 
 called with ref. to the forest which once covered 
 
 Madison, James 
 
 it: from Pg. madeira, wood, from L. materies, 
 matter.] The chief of the Madeira Islands, 
 belonging to Portugal, situated in the Atlantic 
 Ocean west of Africa. The chief town is Funchal, lat. 
 32° 38' N., long:. 16° 54' W. The surface is mountainous and 
 picturesque. The chief products are wine and sugar. The 
 inhabitants are of Portuguese descent. The island is noted 
 as a health-resort. 1 1 was visited by the Portuguese in 1419, 
 and colonized by them about 1420. It was occupied by the 
 British in 1801, and from 1807 to 1814. Length, 32 miles. 
 Madeira Islands. A group of islands forming a 
 Portuguese province, including Madeira, Porto 
 Santo, and some smaller islands. Area, 505 
 square miles. Population, 150,574. 
 
 Madeleine (mad-lan'), Church of the. A 
 church in Paris, begun under Louis XV. and 
 Louis XVI. , but not finished until 1842. At the 
 end of the 18th century it was determined to build the pres- 
 ent church in the Rue Royale, to complete the architec- 
 tural scheme of the Place de la Concorde; and the first 
 stone was laid April 13, 1764. Coutant d’lvry, the archi- 
 tect, died in 1777, and was succeeded by Couture, who de- 
 molished the works already under way and substituted a 
 plan of his own. The Revolution put an end to the work, 
 but the empire revived it under the name of the Temple 
 it la Gloire ; and the work owes its present character to 
 Vignon. It is a huge Roman Corinthian temple, measur- 
 ing 141 by 354 feet, and 100 high, on a raised basement. 
 It is a peripteros of 8 by 18 columns, without windows, 
 with frieze richly sculptured with garlands, and the tym- 
 panum of the south faqade filled with a colossal group of 
 sculpture representing Christ as the judge of the world. 
 The interior forms a great hall lighted from above : it 
 is effective, and richly adorned with painting and sculp- 
 ture. 
 
 Madelon (mad-lon'). One of tbe “precieuses 
 ridicules” in Moliere’s play of that name. She 
 takes the more romantic name of Polixena. 
 
 Mademoiselle, La Grande, or Mademoiselle. 
 
 See Montpensier. 
 
 Mademoiselle de Belle-Isle. A play by Alex- 
 andre Dumas, produced in 1839. 
 Mademoiselle de Maupin. A novel by Theo- 
 phile Gautier, published in 1835. 
 Madenassana (ma-den-as-sa'na). See Bushmen. 
 Maderaner Thal(ma-de-ra'ner tal). An Alpine 
 valley in the canton of Uri, Switzerland, south 
 of Altdorf. Length, 8 miles. 
 
 Madge Wildfire. A madwoman in Scott’s 
 “Heart of Midlothian.” 
 
 Madhava (ma'dha-va), orMadhavacarya (-va- 
 char-ya). [Skt., ‘the learned Madhava,’ or 
 ‘the teacher Madhava’; from deary a, teacher, 
 especially of the Veda.] A great Hindu scholar 
 of the 13th century. He was the author, or reputed 
 author, of great commentaries on the Rig- (in conjunction 
 with Sayana), Yajur-, and Samaveda, of the Nyayamala- 
 vistara, the Sarvadarshanasangraha, the Parasharasmritiv- 
 yakhya, the Sankshepashankaravijaya, the Kalanirnaya, 
 and other works. He was the prime minister of Sangama, 
 who began to reign at Vijayanagara about 1336, and of 
 Bukka I., who began to reign about 1361. He died at 
 the age of 90. The circumstance that so many works are 
 ascribed to Madhava and his brother Sayana is explained 
 by the Hindu practice according to which works composed 
 by order of a d istinguished person bear his name. Accord- 
 ing to Burnell the two names denote one person, Sayana 
 being the Bhoganatha or mortal body of Madhava, the 
 soul, identified with Vishnu ; and the 29 writings current 
 under the name of Madhava all proceed from Madhava 
 himself, and were composed during 30 of the 55 years 
 between 1331 and 1386, which he spent as abbot of the 
 monastery at Shringeri under the name of Vidyaranya, ‘for- 
 est of knowledge.’ Weber disputes the identification of 
 Madhava and Sayana (“Literarisches Centralblatt,” 1873, 
 p. 1421). 
 
 Mad Heracles ( Hercules), The. A tragedy by 
 Euripides, exhibited about 420 B. C. It portrays 
 Heracles’s rescue of his family from Lycus, a Theban ty- 
 rant ; the slaughter of his wife and children by him in a 
 sudden attack of madness ; and his return to sanity. 
 Madi (ma'de). An African tribe dwelling on 
 tbe banks of the Nile, north of Albert Nyanza, 
 and bordering on the Lur and Shuli tribes, with 
 whom it is related in physique and customs but 
 not in language. The latter shows affinity with the 
 Makaraka dialect of Nyam-Nyam, and also with the 
 Nyangbara. It is rich in monosyllables, and has a jerk- 
 ing accent A subtribe of the Mittu is also called Madi, 
 but the two are not related. 
 
 Madison (mad'i-son). A city and the capital of 
 Jefferson County, Indiana, situated on the Ohio 
 38 miles north-northeast of Louisville. It has 
 pork-packing and other flourishing industries. Popula- 
 tion, 6,934, (1910). 
 
 Madison. A borough in the township of Chat- 
 ham, Morris County, New Jersey, 23 miles west 
 of New York : the seat of Drew Theological Sem- 
 inary (Methodist). Population, 4,658, (1910). 
 Madison. A city and the capital of Wisconsin 
 and of Dane County, situated between Lakes 
 Mendot.a and Monona, in lat. 43° 5' N., long. 
 89 3 30' W. It has flourishing manufactures and trade; 
 is the seat of the University of Wisconsin ; and is a health 
 and summer resort. Population, 25,531, (1910). 
 
 Madison, James. Born in RockingliamCounty, 
 Va., Aug. 27, 1749: died MarchG, 1812. AnAmer- 
 
Madison, James 
 
 ican bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 
 president of William and Mary College 1777- 
 
 1812. 
 
 Madison, James. Born at Port Conway, Va., 
 March 16, 1751 : died at Montpelier, Orange 
 County, Va., June 28, 1836. The fourth Presi- 
 dent of the United States ( 1809-17) . He graduated 
 at Princeton College in 1771 ; was a delegate to Congress 
 from Virginial780-83, and to the Constitutional Convention 
 of 1787 ; was member of Congress from Virginia 1789-97 ; 
 drew up the V irginia Resolutions of 1798 ; was secretary of 
 state 1801-09 ; was elected President as Democratic candi- 
 date in 1808 ; and was reelected in 1812. War was declared 
 with Great Britain in 1812 (see War of 1812). He was asso- 
 ciated with Jay and Hamilton in the composition of the 
 “ Federalist "(which see). He left many manuscripts, some 
 of which have been published in “Madison Papers" (3 
 vols. 1840) and “ Letters and other Writings ’’ (4 vols. 1865). 
 
 Madison Square. A public park, six acres in 
 extent, in New York city, bounded by Fifth 
 Avenue, 23d street, Madison Avenue, and 26th 
 street. It was originally the junction of the Blooming- 
 dale road and old Boston road. 
 
 Madison Square Garden. A place of amuse- 
 ment in New York city, architecturally notable 
 not only for its great size, but also for its suc- 
 cessful artistic treatment, completed in 1890. 
 It combines an amphitheater 300 feet long and 200 wide, a 
 theater, a concert-hall, a dining-hall, and a roof-garden. 
 The architecture is a plain rendering in yellow brick and 
 terra-cotta of a good type of the Spanish Renaissance, with 
 a single main story of round-arched windows above the 
 basement. The front is adorned above the cornice with 
 colonnaded loggias of considerable extent, and below with 
 fine arcades covering the sidewalk and springing from 
 shafts of polished granite. At the angles are placed tur- 
 rets terminating in pavilions, 'which are repeated in the 
 middle of the front and at the base of the great square 
 tower which rises from the south side. This tower re- 
 produces the famous Giralda at Seville, upon a somewhat 
 reduced scale and with the ornament greatly simplified. 
 It is 332 feet high to the head of the crowning statue. 
 
 Madler (mad'ler), Johann Heinrich von. Born 
 at Berlin, May 29, 1794 : died at Hannover, March 
 14, 1874. A German astronomer, professor at 
 Berlin 1837-40, and professor and director of the 
 observatory at Dorpat 1840-65. He published a 
 map of the moon (1834-36), “ Allgemeine Selenographie ” 
 (1837), “ Populare Astronomie”(1841), “DieCentralsonne” 
 (1846), “Die Eigenbewegungen der Fixsterne" (1850), etc. 
 
 Mad Lover, The. A play by Fletcher, produced 
 before 1618, printed in 1647. It is founded on Jo- 
 sephus, Ant., xviii. Bandello has the same story. It con- 
 tains a fool quite in the Shaksperian vein. 
 
 Madman of the North. A surname given to 
 Charles XII. of Sweden. 
 
 Madoc (mad' ok). A legendary Welsh prince, 
 said to have discovered America about 1170. 
 He is the subject of a poem by Southey (1805). 
 
 Madonna (ma-don'ii). fit., ‘my lady’; specifi- 
 cally, ‘ Our Lady,’ the Virgin Mary.] Of the 
 numerous pictures with this subject, the follow- 
 ing are among the most noted, (l) Madonna and 
 Child, with St. John, sometimes called the Aldobrandini 
 or Garvagh Madonna : a painting by Raphael, in the Na- 
 tional Gallery, London. (2) Madonna and Child, with St. 
 John and Angels : a paintingby Sandro Botticelli, in the Na- 
 tional Gallery, London. The picture is characterized by 
 the beautiful roses of the hedge in the background. (3) 
 Madonna and Child, with SS. Jerome and Sebastian, called 
 the Madonna della Rondinefrom the swallow which figures 
 in the composition : a small painting by Crivelli, in the Na- 
 tional Gallery, London. (4) Madonna and Child : a paint- 
 ing by Murillo, in the museum at Dresden. The Virgin sits 
 on a stone bench, holding the Child, who leans his head on 
 his hand against her breast. (5) Madonna and Child, with 
 SS. John and Catharine : a painting by Titian, in the Na- 
 tional Gallery, London. (6) Madonna degli Ansidei (‘of 
 the Ansidei’), from the Marlborough collection : a paint- 
 ing by Raphael (1506), in the N atioual Gallery, London. The 
 Virgin is seated on a high throne, holding the Child and 
 reading from a book ; on either side stand St. John and St. 
 Nicholas of Bari. This is the finest Raphael in Great Brit- 
 ain. It is sometimes called the Blenheim Madonna. (7) 
 Madonna de la Servilleta (‘ of the napkin ’) : a celebrated 
 painting by Murillo (about 1676), in the museum at Se- 
 ville, Spain. The Virgin, seen in half-length, holds the 
 Child on her left arm. He appears to be struggling to es- 
 cape. According to tradition it was painted, in the absence 
 of canvas, on a table-napkin supplied by the cook. (8) Ma- 
 donna della Casa d’Alba (‘of the house of Alva ") : a small 
 but noted painting by Raphael (1509), in the Hermitage 
 Museum, St. Petersburg. The picture i3 circular, with a 
 landscape background. TheVirginisseatedontheground ; 
 the Child rests partly on her knee, and seizes a cross held 
 by the infant St. John, who kneels beside him. (9) Ma- 
 donna della Cesta (‘ of the basket ’) : a painting by Correg- 
 gio, in the National Gallery, London. The Virgin is seated 
 on a grassy bank, holding the Child on her knee ; in the 
 background St. Joseph is seen working. (10) Madonna della 
 Rosa (‘of the rose ’) : a painting by Parmigianino, in the 
 museum at Dresden. TheVirgin has given the Child a rose, 
 which he holds as he lies with one hand resting on a globe 
 typifying the earth. (11) Madonna della Verdura(‘ of the 
 meadow’): a painting by Raphael (1506), in the Imperial 
 Gallery at Vienna. The Virgin sits in a meadow studded 
 with flowers : before her are the infant Christ and the boy 
 St. John, who kneels and presents a cross to Jesus. The 
 type is that of the Belle Jardinitre and the Madonna del 
 Cardellino. (12) Madonna del Rosario (‘of the rosary ’) : a 
 large painting by Caravaggio, in the Imperial Gallery at 
 Vienna. The Virgin is enthroned; SS. Peter Martyr and 
 Dominic are distributing wreaths of roses among the as- 
 sembled people. (13) Madonna del Rosario (‘of the ro- 
 
 639 
 
 Madrid 
 
 sary ’) : a painting by Murillo, in the Dulwich Gallery, Eng- 
 land. The Virgin, seated among clouds, has the Child on 
 her lap. He holds a rosary, which the Virgin holds also. 
 Beneath are angels. (14) Madonnadel Rosario : one of Van 
 Dyck’s finest paintings (1623), in the chapel of the same 
 name at Palermo, Sicily. The Virgin, surrounded by cher- 
 ubim and attended by saints, extends a rose-garland to 
 St. Dominic, while St. Rosalie kneels before her. (15) Ma- 
 donna di Casa Tempi : a painting by Raphael (1506), in 
 the Old Pinakothek at Munich. TheVirgin, in half-length, 
 stands, holding the Child in her arms, in a landscape with 
 a town in the background. (16) Madonna di San Sisto, or 
 Sistine Madonna : a famous painting by Raphael (1518), in 
 the museum at Dresden. It was bought by the elector 
 Augustus III. in 1754 from the Benedictine monastery at 
 Piacenza. It represents the Virgin, holding the Child, ad- 
 vancing among clouds, surrounded by cherub faces ; at the 
 left Pope Sixtus II. kneels in adoration, and at the right 
 St. Barbara looks down and out of the picture. Below, two 
 winged cherubs, familiar in popular reproductions, lean 
 on a parapet looking upward. (17) Madonna in Adoration : 
 a painting by Francesco Francia (about 1500), in the Old 
 Pinakothek at Munich. The Virgin, standing, adores the 
 Child, who lies before her in a bower of roses. (18) Madon- 
 na Niccolini: a painting by Raphael (1508), inPanshanger 
 House, England. The Virgin sits holding the Child on a 
 white cushion. Also called the large Cowper Madonna. 
 (19) Madonna of Burgomaster Meyer : a famous painting 
 by Hans Holbein the younger (about 1525), belonging to 
 the Princess Charles of Hesse-Darmstadt. It represents 
 the Virgin, crowned, standing in a niche, holding against 
 her breast the Child, whose left arm is extended in bless- 
 ing. At the Virgin’s feet kneel Burgomaster Meyer of 
 Basel, his first and second wives, his daughter, and a boy 
 who supports a nude child. An old copy in the Dresden 
 museum was until 1871 held to be the original. (20) Ma- 
 donna of St. Francis : a painting by Correggio (1514-15), 
 in the museum at Dresden. The Virgin is enthroned be- 
 neath a canopy ; about her head are a radiant nimbus and a 
 circle of cherubs. Before the throne are ranged SS. Francis 
 and Anthony of Padua, and SS. John and Catharine. (21) 
 Madonna of the Rocks : a painting by Leonardo da Vinci, 
 in the National Gallery, London. Itrepresents the Virgin 
 and Child, with the adoring St. John and an angel, amid a 
 landscape of cliffs. It is a replica, with some modifications, 
 of the Vierge aux Rochers in the Louvre. (22) Madonna 
 of the Cherries : a painting by Titian (about 1508), in the 
 Imperial Gallery at V ienna. The Virgin sits behind a para- 
 pet on which the Child stands holding a bunch of cherries. 
 The boy St. John stands below, and SS. Joseph and Zach- 
 arias at the sides. (23) Madonna of the Grapes : a small 
 paintingby Martin Sehongauer, in the Imperial Gallery at 
 Vienna. The Virgin, who is seated on a bench, plucks a 
 berry from a bunch of grapes and offers it to Jesus, who 
 stands in her lap with his arms around her neck. St. 
 Joseph, with an ox and an ass, is seen in the background. 
 (24) Madonna with Saints : a painting by Titian, sometimes 
 called the Madonna with the White Lady, in the museum 
 at Dresden. The Child is held on the Virgin’s lap by St. 
 John, and adored by SS. Paul and Jerome and the Mag- 
 dalen. The Magdalen is richly robed in white (whence the 
 popular name of the picture). (26) Madonna with St. John 
 the Baptist and St. Mark, and outside St. Peter and St. 
 Mark : a triptych by Fra Angelico, in the Uffizi, Florence, 
 one of his most admired works. The Madonna is sur- 
 rounded by twelve angels playing on musical instruments. 
 (26) Madonna with Angels : one of the most noted paint- 
 ings of Sandro Botticelli, in the Uffizi, Florence. The Vir- 
 gin sits writing, attended by angels, while others support 
 a crown over her head. The Child holds a pomegranate 
 and reaches out for his mother's writing hand. (27) Ma- 
 donna with Angels, Apostles, and Saints : a noted paint- 
 ing by Duccio di Buoninsegna (end of 13th century), in the 
 Duomo at Siena, Italy. It is the chief Sienese painting of 
 itstime,somewhatarchaicintype. (28) MadonnadelSacco 
 (‘ of the sack ’) : a fresco by Andrea del Sarto (1525), in the 
 Chiostro dei Morti of Santissima Annunziata, Florence. It 
 is a Holy Family, and is named from the sack against 
 which Joseph is leaning reading. (23) Madonna del Divino 
 Amore (‘of the divine love ’) : a painting by Raphael, in the 
 Museo Nazionale, Naples. The Virgin, with hands clasped 
 behind the Child pressed to her breast, is praying. Christ 
 blesses the youthful Baptist while holding St. Elizabeth by 
 the hand. Joseph is walking slowly behind the group. 
 (39) Madonna della Sedia or Seggiola (‘chair’ or ‘little 
 chair') : a famous painting by Raphael, in the PittI Gal- 
 lery, Florence, perhaps the master’s most popular work. 
 The picture is circular. The young mother, a beautiful 
 peasant girl, sits in an arm-chair pressing her Child to h er 
 bosom with an air of calm happiness, while the boy St. 
 John stands reverently at her knee. (31) Madonna della 
 Scodella (‘of the little bowl ’) : a painting by Correggio, in 
 the Pinacoteca at Parma, Italy. It is an episode of rest 
 during the flight into Egypt, described as a painted poem 
 of family happiness, beautiful in light, color, and thought, 
 and with accompaniment of Correggio’s charming angels. 
 (32) Madonna della Misericordia (‘of pity ’), the Virgin in- 
 terceding for the peopleof Lucca : a beautiful painting by 
 Fra Bartolommeo, in the Palazzo Pubblico at Lucca, Italy. 
 Christ appears above, a majestic figure. (33) Madonna del 
 Cardellino (‘of the thistle-finch ’): a painting by Raphael, 
 in the Uffizi, Florence. The Virgin, graceful and of very 
 sweet expression, sits on a mossy bank, with the child 
 Christ and St. John at her knee. (34) Madonna del Bal- 
 daccliino (‘of the canopy’): a painting by Raphael, in the 
 Galleria Pitti, Florence. The Virgin isenthronedin adorned 
 niche, beneath a canopy whose draperies are supported 
 by two long-robed angels. The Child sits smiling on her 
 knee, playing with his toes. Several saints are in atten- 
 dance. (35) A painting by Cimabue (1270), in Santa Maria 
 Novella, Florence. It was the most notable painting of 
 its day, and when finished was borne to the church in a 
 popular procession. The Virgin is enthroned, with the 
 Child on her knee, and six attendant angels, the whole on 
 a gold ground. Some of the Byzantine stiffness and con- 
 ventionality remains, but in expression and in naturalness 
 of drapery and movement the picture justifies the admira- 
 tion it excited. (36) Madonna with two Angels playing on 
 musical instruments: an altarpiece by Giovanni Bellini, 
 in Santa Mariadei Frari at Venice. The side compartments 
 contain St. Benedict and St. Nicholas, each with a com- 
 panion. (37) Madonna of Pesaro: a votive picture over 17 
 feet high, by Titian, in Santa Maria dei Frari at Venice. In 
 
 technical perfection and splendor of color this is one of 
 Titian’s finest paintings. The seated Madonna, holding 
 the Child on her knee, inclines graciously toward the kneel- 
 ing donor of the picture, the senator Benedetto Pesaro, in 
 presence of St. Francis, St. Anthony of Padua, and St. Peter, 
 and of other dignitaries of the Pesari. (38) Madonna of the 
 Green Cushion : a painting by Andrea Solario of Milan, in 
 the Louvre, Paris. The Virgin, her head shrouded in white, 
 is suckling the Child, who lies on a green pillow. The land- 
 scape background is pleasing, and the color very brilliant. 
 
 (39) Madonna del Coniglio ( of the rabbit') : a celebrated 
 painting by Titian, in the Louvre, Paris. TheVirgin is 
 seated on the ground with her hand on a white rabbit, to 
 the delight of the inf an t Christ, who is held by St. Catharine. 
 
 (40) Madonna della Vittoria : a beautiful painting by Man- 
 tegna, intheLouvre, Paris. TheVirgin, holding the infant 
 Christ, sits in an overarched bower, between SS. Michael 
 and Maurice ; in frontare St. Elizabeth with St. John, and 
 Francesco Gonzaga of Mantua, kneeling, over whom the 
 Virgin makes a gesture of blessing. A relief of the Fall 
 of Man appears on the pedestal of the Virgin’s throne. (41) 
 Madonna with the Diadem : a painting by Raphael, in the 
 Louvre, Paris. The Virgin, wearing a coronet, kneels, with 
 the boy St. John beside her, and lifts the covering from 
 the sleeping Child. (42) Madonna and Child with St. Anna : 
 one of the finest paintings of Leonardo da Vinci, in the 
 Louvre, Paris. The Virgin is seated in St. Anna’s lap, and 
 supports the Child, who is playing with a lamb, amid a fair 
 landscape. (43) See Orleans Madonna. 
 
 Mador (ma/dor), Sir. In Arthurian romance, 
 a Scottish knight slain by Sir Lancelot of the 
 Lake on account of his attack on the reputation 
 of Guinevere. 
 
 Madou(ma-do'), Jean Baptiste. Bom at Brus- 
 sels, Jan. 26, 1796 : died there, April 3, 1877. A 
 Belgian genre-painter and lithographer. He pub- 
 lished a number of illustrated works, “Scenes of Society," 
 “Picturesque Views,” etc., from 1821-40. Many of his 
 pictures are humorous. 
 
 Madoz (ma/doth), Pascual. Bom at Pam- 
 plona, Spain, May 17, 1806 : died at Genoa, Dec. 
 11, 1870. A Spanish author and liberal poli- 
 tician. He published “ Diccionario geogr&fico, 
 estadistico 6 hist6rico de Espana ” (1848-50), 
 etc. 
 
 Mad Parliament. See Parliament, Mad. 
 
 Madras (ma-dras'). 1. A province and presi- 
 dency of British India, comprising the east- 
 ern or Coromandel coast, a large part of the 
 interior of the Deccan, and part of the western 
 or Malabar coast. The principal mountains are the 
 East and West Ghats ; the chief rivers, the Godavari, Ka- 
 veri, and Kistna. The leading occupation is agriculture. 
 Government is administered by a governor and council 
 The inhabitants are chiefly Hindus. This province was 
 formed from the states of the Carnatic, Tanjore, parts of 
 Mysore, etc., in the last half of the 18th century and the 
 beginning of the 19th. Area, 141,705 square miles. Pop- 
 lation, 38,209,436. 
 
 2. The capital of Madras, situated on the coast 
 in lat. 13° 4' N., long. 80° 15' E. Its commercial 
 quarter is the Black Town (named George Town, 1906). 
 Madras is the third in importance of the seaports of 
 British India; exports coffee, cotton, etc.; and is the seat 
 of various societies and educational institutions. It was 
 founded by Francis Day of the East India Company in 1639 ; 
 was made a presidency in 1653 ; was unsuccessfully attacked 
 by the natives in 1702 and 1741 ; was captured by Iabour- 
 donnais in 1746, and restored to the British in 1748 ; and 
 was unsuccessfully besieged by the French in 1758-59. 
 Its (exposed) roads are often visited by hurricanes, most 
 disastrously in 1872. Population, 609,346. 
 
 Madrazo (ma-THr8/th5), Jose de. Bom at San- 
 tander, Spain, April 28, 1781 ; died May 8, 1859. 
 A Spanish historical and portrait painter. 
 
 Madrazo, Rainmndo de. Born at Rome, July 
 24, 1841. A genre- and portrait-painter, the 
 son and pupil of Federico Madrazo. Among his 
 works are “ The End of a Masked Ball ” (1878),“ F6te dur- 
 ing Carnival,” “El Jaleo," “Pierrette” (1878), “La Sou- 
 brette ” (1882), “The Domino ” (1883), etc. 
 
 Madrazo (ma - THra ' tho) y Kunt, Federico. 
 
 BornFeb.12, 1815: diedJunell,1894. ASpanish 
 historical and portrait painter, son of Jos6 de 
 Madrazo. He studied at Paris with Winterhalter. He 
 was court painter and professor at the Madrid Academy. 
 He founded, with Ochoa, “ El Artista," an art journal, in 
 1835, and was made foreign associate of the Beaux Arts in 
 1873. Among his works are “ Godefroy de Bouillon pro- 
 claimed King of Jerusalem ” (1839), “Maria Christina as 
 a Nun, etc.”(1843), “ The Women at the Sepulcher ”(1845), 
 and many portraits of noted persons. 
 
 Madre de Deus(ma'dro de da'os), Gaspar da. 
 Born at Santos, Sao Paulo, 1714 : died in Sao 
 Paulo, 1804. A Brazilian Benedictine monk and 
 
 historian. He is best known for his “ Memorias para a 
 historia da Capitania de 8. Vicente” (Lisbon, 1797 ; Rio 
 de Janeiro, 1847), a work of great historical value._ 
 
 Madrid (ma-drid'; Sp. pron. ma-dreTii'). 
 [Sp. Madrid, At. Majrlt, ML. Majoritum.] 1 . 
 A province in New Castile, Spain. Area, 3,084 
 square miles. Population, 77 >,034. — 2. The 
 capital of Spain and of the province of Ma- 
 drid, situated on the Manzanares in lat. 40° 25' 
 N., long. 3° 42' \V. It stands on a plateau 2,160 feet 
 
 above sea-level, nearly in the geographical center MSptun. 
 The Church of San Francisco, finished in 1784 }a a great 
 tunda, witha dome 163 feet high, an u l>s e .at ' dt 1 * ‘ ‘ l" 1 
 
 chapels radially arranged on each side. The interior is re- 
 markable for its spaciousness, and for its prof usedeco^ 
 
 in sculpture and paintingby modern masters. 1 hi royal pal 
 ace, begun in 1737, is imposing from its great size and its 
 
Madrid 
 
 fine situation on a lofty terrace above the river Mauza- 
 nares. The royal armory is a unique collection of splen- 
 did medieval and Renaissance armor, arms, banners, and 
 trappings, a large proportion of which was actually used 
 by some of the most famous personages in Spanish history 
 (Charles V., Philip II., Isabella the Catholic, the Gran Capi- 
 tan, Pedro the Cruel, Don John of Austria, etc.). The 
 bronze statue of Philip IV., by Montanes (19 feet high), 
 in the Plaza del Oriente, cast in Florence in 1640, ranks 
 as one of the finest equestrian statues existing : the horse 
 prances, with no support but his own hind legs. The 
 Museo del Prado, or Royal Museum, ranks as one of the 
 great galleries of paintings of the world, excelling, more 
 especially, in the masterpieces of Murillo and Velasquez. 
 Madrid was a Moorish outpost ; was taken from the Moors 
 in 1083; became a favorite residence of Charles V., and 
 was made the capital by Philip II. in 1560 ; was occupied 
 by the French in 1808-13 ; and has been the scene of vari- 
 ous insurrections (1868, etc.). Population, 524,150. 
 
 Madrid, Treaty of. A treaty between the em- 
 peror CharlesV. and Francis I.of France, signed 
 Jan. 14, 1526. Francis was released from captivity in 
 return for the cession of Burgundy and other concessions. 
 
 Madridejos (ma-dre-da ' hos). A town in the 
 province of Toledo, Spain, 37 miles southeast 
 of Toledo. Population, 7,158. 
 
 Madrigal de las Altas Torres (mad-re-gal' da 
 lasal'tas tor'ras). A small place near Medina 
 del Campo, Spain, said by some to be the 
 birthplace of Isabella. 
 
 Madura (mad'u-ra). An island of the Dutch 
 East Indies, north of Java, from which it is sepa- 
 rated by the Strait of Madura. Length, about 
 100 miles. 
 
 Madura. 1 . A district in Madras, British India, 
 intersected by lat. 10° N., long. 78° E. Area, 
 8,701 square miles. Population, 2,831,280. — 2. 
 The capital of the district of Madura, situated 
 on the Vaigai in lat. 9° 55' N., long. 78° 7' E. 
 
 The great temple here was built for the most part in the 
 early 17th century. The inclosure forms a rectangle 720 by 
 840 feet, with a lofty pyramidal gopura or pylon in the 
 middle of each face. The choltry, or columned hall, of 
 Tirumulla Nayak (about 1650), built to receive the chief 
 local divinity during his annual visitto the king, is 333 feet 
 long and 105 wide, with 4 ranges of cruciform piers, all 
 richly sculptured, and presents an imposing effect. The 
 piersof the faqade exhibit figures in the round of prancing 
 horses resting their fore feet and bodies on groups of sol- 
 diers beneath them. Population, 105,984. 
 
 Madvig (mad'vig), Johan Nicolai. Bom at 
 Svaneke, Bornholm, Denmark, Aug. 7, 1804: 
 died at Copenhagen, Dec. 13, 1886. A celebrated 
 Danish philologist and statesman. He was pro- 
 fessor at Copenhagen, at first (1829) of the Latin language 
 and literature, and later of classical philology; minister 
 of public worship 1848-51 ; and later inspector of public 
 instruction. His chief works are a Latin grammar (1841), 
 “ Adversaria critica’’ (1871-73), “Die Verfassung und Ver- 
 waltung des romischen Staats ” (1881), etc. 
 
 Mad World, A, my Masters. 1. A dialogue 
 by Nicholas Breton, printed in 1603. — 2. A 
 play by Middleton, probably produced in 1606. 
 It was printed in 1608. Mrs. Aphra Behn copied it in 
 “The City Heiress," and it was used by Charles Johnson 
 in “Country Lasses.” 
 
 Maeander (me-an'der). The ancient name of 
 the Mendere. 
 
 Mseatse (me-a'te). A warlike tribe in the south 
 of Scotland and north of England, just beyond 
 the Roman wall. 
 
 Maecenas (me-se'nas), Cams Cilnius. Died 8 
 B. c. A Roman statesman and patron of litera- 
 ture. He was descended from an ancient Etruscan fam- 
 ily, and belonged to the equestrian order. He appears in 
 40 as the agent of Octavianus (afterward emperor under 
 the title of Augustus) in negotiating a marriage with Seri- 
 bonia, daughter of Libo, the father-in-law of Sextus Pom- 
 peius. He was intrusted with the administration of Rome 
 during the absence of Oetavianns on an expedition against 
 Pompeius in 36 ; and after the battle of Actium in 31, when 
 Octavianus made himself master of the Roman world, 
 urged him to establish an empire instead of restoring the 
 republic. He remained, with Agrippa, the chief adviser 
 of Augustus down to 16, when he became estranged from 
 his master and retired to private life. He was the friend 
 and patron of Horace and Vergil, and wrote a number of 
 works, fragments only of which are extant. 
 
 Maelar. See Malar. 
 
 Maelstrom (mal'strom). A celebrated whirl- 
 pool or violent current in the Arctic Ocean, near 
 the western coast of Norway, between the isl- 
 ands Moskenaso and Varo, formerly supposed 
 to suck in and destroy anythingthat approached 
 it at any time, but now know:: not to be danger- 
 ous except under certain conditions. 
 
 Mteonia (me-o'ni-a). The ancient name of 
 Lydia, Asia Minor. 
 
 Maeonides (me-on'i-dez). [Gr. Mtudwdt??.] A 
 surname of Homer, a native (according to one 
 account) of Mreonia. 
 
 Maeotis Palus (me-6'tis pa'lus). [Gr. ■>) M aiu- 
 ncXiuvTj.'] The ancient name of the Sea of 
 
 Azoff. 
 
 Maerlant (mar'lant), Jacob (de Coster) van. 
 
 Born probably at Maerlant, on the island of 
 Voome (date unknown) ; died at Damme, near 
 Bruges, after 1291. A Flemish poet. He was ap- 
 
 640 
 
 parently a sacristan in Maerlant, as is inferred from the 
 title “de Coster” given him in one of his works. He be- 
 came, ultimately, town clerk at Damme, where he died, 
 and where a statue has been erected to him. He was the 
 founder of the didactic school of poetry in the N etherlands. 
 His principal work is the long poem (after a Latin original) 
 
 ‘ * Spieghel Historiel ” (“ Mirror of History ”), begun in 1283 
 and left uncompleted at his death. Among his other works 
 are the romantic poems “Troyen ” and “Alexander ” (after 
 French originals); “Der Naturen Bloeme” (“Flowers of 
 Nature”). “Heimelijkheid der Heimelijkheiden” (“The 
 Secret of ' Secrets ”), “Rijmbijbel” (“Rime Bible'’)— all 
 after Latin originals ; a strophic dialogue, “ Wapene Mar- 
 tijn”; and the poem “Van den Lande van over Zee” (“Of 
 the Lands over the Sea ”), a summons to the Crusades. He 
 has been called “the father of Dutch poets.” 
 
 Maestricht, or Maastricht (mas'tricht), G. 
 Mastricht (mas'tricht). The capital of the 
 province of Limburg, Netherlands, situated on 
 the left hank of the Meuse, in lat. 50° 51' N., 
 long. 5° 42' E. : the Roman Trajectum Superius, 
 and medieval Trajectum ad Mosam. it has flour- 
 ishing manufactures and trade. Formerly it was a very 
 strong fortress. The chief attractions are the old church 
 of St. Servatius, and in the vicinity the Petersberg sand- 
 stone quarries. It was a Roman town, and later frequently 
 a Frankish royal residence ; was afterward held by the 
 dukes of Brabant and bishops of Liege; was taken by Alex- 
 ander of Parma in 1579, by Prince Frederick Henry of 
 Orange in 1632, by the French in 1673 and 1748, and again 
 by the French under Kldber in 1794 ; and was held by the 
 ^llutch against the Belgians in 1830. Population, 37,550. 
 
 Maeterlinck(ma,' ter-lingk) , Maurice(Mooris). 
 
 Born at Ghent, Aug. 29, 1862. A noted Belgian 
 poet. He wentto Paris in 1886, where he came under the 
 infiuenceof Villiers de ITsle Adam. Among his worksare 
 “ Serres chaudes” (poems), the dramas “Les aveugles,” 
 “LaprincesseMaleine” “Les sept princesses," “LTntruse," 
 “Pelleas et Melisande,” “La quenouille et la besace,” 
 “Trois petits drames pour marionnettes,” and various 
 critical works. 
 
 Maeviad, The. See Baviaa. 
 
 Maevius. See Bavins. 
 
 Mafekillg (maf'e-king). A town in British Be- 
 *chua,naland, in lat. 25° 51' S., long. 23° 41' E. 
 Maffei (maf-fa'e), Francesco Scipione, Mar- 
 quese di. Born at Verona, Italy, June 1, 1675: 
 died at Verona, Feb. 11, 1755. An Italian poet, 
 archteologist, and litterateur. He wrote the tragedy 
 “ Merope ” (1713), “ V erona illustrata ” (1731-32), etc. His 
 complete works were published in 1790. 
 
 Maffia, or Mafia (ma-fe'a). A formidable se- 
 cret society in Sicily, organized for the purpose 
 of promoting smuggling and protectingits mem- 
 bers against the police. 
 
 Mafra (ma'fra). A town in the province of Es- 
 tremadura, Portugal, 18 miles northwest of Lis- 
 bon. The royal palace, founded in 1717 in emulation of 
 the Eseorial, is an enormous rectangle, the long sides mea- 
 suring 770 feet, and contains 866 rooms, the finest of which 
 is the great library. The domed church is well propor- 
 tioned and incrusted in good taste with colored marbles. 
 Population, about 5,000. 
 
 Magadha, or Magada (mag 'a- da). An an- 
 cient empire in India, corresponding generally 
 to the modern Behar and Oudh. Its capital was 
 Pataliputra. It was flourishing about 300 B. c. 
 Magadoxo (mag-a-dok'so ; Pg. pron.ma-ga-do'- 
 sho). A town on the eastern coast of Africa, 
 situated in lat. 2° 2' N., long. 45° 25' E. Pop- 
 ulation, 6,000-8,000. 
 
 Magalhaes (ma-gal-yins'), Benjamin Con- 
 stant Botelho de, generally known as Ben- 
 jamin Constant. Born at Rio de Janeiro, 1838 ; 
 died there, Jan. 22, 1891. A Brazilian repub- 
 lican, one of the leaders of the revolution of 
 Nov. 15, 1889. He was secretary of war, and 
 for a time of posts and telegraphs, in the pro- 
 visional government. 
 
 Magalhaes, Domingos Jos4 Gongalves de, 
 
 Visconde de Araguaya. Born Aug. 13, 1811: 
 died July 10, 1882. A Brazilian poet and diplo- 
 matist. He is regarded as the leader of the romantic 
 school in Brazilian literature. Of his numerous poetical 
 works the best known are “ A Confederac&o dos Tamoyos,” 
 an epic (1857), “Mysterios” (1858), and “Urania” (1862). 
 
 Magalhaes, Fernao de. [Sp. Fernando de Ma- 
 gallanes; F., G., and E. generally Ferdinand 
 Magellan.'] Born at Saborosa, Traz-os-Montes, 
 Portugal, aboutl480: died on the island of Mac- 
 tan, Philippines, April 27, 1521. The discoverer 
 of the Strait of Magellan and of the Philippine 
 Islands. He served with the Portuguese in the East 
 Indies 1505-12, and in Morocco in 1514. He complained 
 that his services were not properly rewarded, and formally 
 renounced allegiance to Portugal in 1517 ; went to Spain ; 
 and, in conjunction with Ruy Faleiro, anotherPortuguese, 
 offered to find for Spain a western passage to the Moluc- 
 cas, maintaining that those islands were outside of the 
 hemisphere which, by treaty, had been assigned to Portu- 
 gal for conquest. (See Tordesilhas.) Charles V. accepted 
 the plan, and fitted out for the expedition a government 
 squadron of 5 ships and 205 men. At first Magalhaes and 
 Faleiro were made joint commanders, but later Faleiro 
 was separated from the expedition, and Magalhaes re- 
 mained in full command. The squadron sailed from San 
 Luear, Sept. 20, 1519, and touched at Madeira. Soon after 
 the veedor, or inspector, Juau de Cartagena, refused to 
 
 Magdalene College 
 
 obey commands, and was arrested. Reaching the Bra- 
 zilian coast, they stopped at Rio de Janeiro Bay, Dec. 13- 
 26 ; explored Rio de la Plata Jan. 10-Feb. 7, 1520 ; and on 
 March 31 reached the port of San Julian on the Patago- 
 nian coast, where Magalhaes decided to winter. Three of 
 the captains, with their ships' crews, joined by Juan de 
 Cartagena, mutinied against this order, but were subdued, 
 one being killed in the struggle and another executed. 
 Cartagena and a priest were abandoned on the coast. One 
 of the ships was lost in a reconnaissance southward ; and 
 the Spaniards had slight encounters with the Indians, 
 whom they described as a race of giants. On Oct. 21 the 
 squadron reached the entrance to the Strait of Magellan 
 (called by the commander Todos los Santos), and passed 
 through after losing another ship, which became separated 
 and returned to Spain. They reached the Pacific (so called 
 by Magalhaes) Nov. 28, 1520 ; kept at first to the north, 
 then northwest and west ; discovered afew islands, among 
 others the Ladrones ; suffered greatly from bad food and 
 water, and from scurvy ; and, misinformed of the position 
 of the Moluccas, kept too far north, discovering the Phil- 
 ippines March 16, 1521. The King of Zebu, one of the 
 islands, was very friendly to the Spaniards, made a formal 
 act of allegiance to Spain, and was baptized with several 
 hundred of hissubjects; but in an attack on the unfriendly 
 natives of Mactan, Magalhaes was killed with several of 
 his men. Soon after the King of Zebu revolted and mur- 
 dered 27 Spaniards, including Serrano and Barboza whom 
 they had elected captains. The survivors burned one of 
 their vessels, and in the remaining two, after various wan- 
 derings (in which they discovered Borneo and lost more 
 men), reached the Moluccas. There they loaded with 
 spices ; one of the ships, the Trinidad, attempted to reach 
 Panama, but failed; and the Victoria, with 18 men, ar- 
 rived in Europe by the Cape of Good Hope, thus making 
 the first voyage around the world. See Cano, J tuxn Sebas- 
 tian del. 
 
 Magalhaes de Gandavo, Pero de. See Gan- 
 
 davo. 
 
 Magallanes (ma-gal-ya'nes). A territory of 
 Chile, comprising the region south of about lat. 
 47° S., the coasts of the Strait of Magellan, and 
 the western portion of Tierra del Fuego. Area, 
 66,174 square miles. Population, 17,483. 
 Magallanes, Fernando de. See Magalhaes, 
 Fernao de. 
 
 Magan (ma-gan'), or Makan (ma-kan'). A geo- 
 graphical name occurring in the cuneiform in- 
 scriptions. Its meaning is not certain, but it 
 probably designated the Arabian coast. 
 Magarinos Cervantes (ma-ga-ren'yos ther- 
 van'tes), Alejandro. Bom in Montevideo, 
 1826. An Uruguayan author. He has published 
 “Estudios histdricos sobre el Rio de la Plata,” “La Iglesia 
 y el Estado,” several volumes of poems, etc. 
 
 Magdala (mag'da-la). [Gr. M aySala- prefer- 
 ably MayacSw.] In biblical geography, a town 
 in Palestine, situated on the western shore of 
 the Sea of Galilee : the modem El-Mejdel. The 
 form Magadan is preferable. 
 
 Magdala (mag'da-la). A stronghold in Abys- 
 sinia, situated in lat. 11° 22' N., long. 39° 25' E. 
 It was captured in 1868 by the British under Sir Robert 
 Napier, who in consequence was created Baron Napier of 
 Magdala, 
 
 Magdalen (mag'da-len). See Mary Magdalen. 
 Among the numerouspaintingsof this subject thefollowing 
 are notable . (1) A pai nting by Correggio, in the museum at 
 Dresden. The Magdalen lies on the ground amid a thickly 
 wooded landscape, supporting her head on one elbow and 
 reading intently. Herform is wrapped in dark-blue drapery, 
 whichleavesthebustandfeetbare. (2) A picture by Paolo 
 Veronese, by some considered his masterpiece, in the Pina- 
 coteca at Turin. Mary is portrayed anointing the Saviour's 
 feet. (3) A painting by Tintoret, in the Scuola di San Roe- 
 co at V enice. It is remarkable for its wild -landscape back- 
 ground, full of stormy light and fantastic with tangled 
 laurel. The figure of the Magdalen is small. (4) A paint- 
 ing by Titian (familiar in reproductions), in the Pitti Gallery, 
 Florence. It is the picture of a beautiful woman, her un- 
 draped shoulders and bust enveloped in her rich golden 
 hair, and with uplifted, tearful face and eyes. (5) A paint- 
 ing by Titian (about 1561), in the Hermitage Museum, St, 
 Petersburg. The figure, seen half-length, is lightly draped : 
 the partly exposed neck and breast are veiled by the flow- 
 ing hair. The skull and open book are introduced as at- 
 tributes. (6) Death of the Magdalen : a celebrated paint- 
 ing by Rubens, in the musee at Lille, France. 
 Magdalena (mag-da-la'na). The chief river of 
 Colombia. It flows by a delta into the Caribbean Sea, 
 about lat. IT N. Its chief tributary Is the Cauca. Length, 
 about 1,050 miles ; navigable to the vicinity of Honda (620 
 miles). 
 
 Magdalena. A department in the northeastern 
 part of the Republic of Colombia, bordering 
 on the Caribbean Sea on the north and on Vene- 
 zuela on the east. Capital, Santa Marta. 
 Magdalen (mad'lin) College : in full St.Mary 
 Magdalen College. A college of Oxford Uni- 
 versity, founded in 1457 by Bishop Waynflete. 
 The charter was issued in 1458, and the founda- 
 tion-stone was laid May 5, 1474. The most 
 notable feature of the college is a tower of 
 singular beauty, erected 1492-1505. It is said 
 to have been built under Wolsey. 
 
 Magdalene (mag'da-len) College. A college 
 
 of Cambridge University, England, founded in 
 1519. The Pepysian Building in the second court con- 
 tains Pepys’s library, the MS. of his “Diary,” and many 
 other literary treasures and curiosities. 
 
Magdalene College 
 
 The College of St. Mary Magdalene originated in two 
 messuages granted by Henry VI. in 1428 to the Benedic- 
 tine House of Croyland for the convenience of those monks 
 who wished to study at Cambridge. Out of these mes- 
 suages, or on their site, a house was gradually constructed 
 for the general use of the Benedictine Order, “different 
 monasteries building different portions ; thus Ely built 
 one chamber, Walden a second, Ramsey a third,' 1 says Dr. 
 Caius ; and so late as 1777 Cole saw the arms of Ely in the 
 spandrels of the door at the north-west corner of the court. 
 
 Clark, Cambridge, p. 210. 
 
 Magdalen (mag'da-len) Islands. A group of 
 small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, be- 
 longing to Quebec, Canada, situated northeast 
 of Prince Edward Island. The chief occupa- 
 tion is fishing. Population, about 5,000. 
 Magdeburg (mag'de-borG). The capital of the 
 province of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the 
 Elbe in lat. 52° 8' N., long. 11° 39' E. it con- 
 sists of the city proper and five suburbs, andisapower- 
 ful fortress. It is the center of the German sugar trade : 
 is one of the leading commercial centers in Germany ; and 
 has manufactures of cotton, wool, tobacco, spirits, chicory, 
 etc. The cathedral, of the 12th and 13th centuries, with 
 later towers, measures 390 by 105 feet : height of the spire 
 of the north tower, 337 feet. Thechoirand radiating chapels 
 recaU in style the French Romanesque : the western por- 
 tions are Pointed. The sculptured west portal is magnifi- 
 cent. There are choir-stalls of the 14th century, and many 
 beautiful tombs, especially that of Archbishop Ernst by 
 the noted Vischer, with figures of the twelve apostles. 
 Magdeburg was founded in the 9th century. A Benedic- 
 tine monastery was established there by Otto the Great. 
 It became an archbishopric about 967, and was an impor- 
 tant Hanseatic town. The Reformation was introduced in 
 1524. It was besieged and taken by Maurice of Saxony in 
 1550-51; resisted Wallenstein in 1629; was stormed and 
 sacked by Tilly in 1631 (with the massacre, it is said, of 
 30,000 persons) ; was governed after the Reformation by 
 archbishops and administrators; was secularized in 1648 ; 
 was annexed to Brandenburg in 1680 ; was taken by the 
 French in 1806 ; and was restored to Prussia in 1814. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 279,644, (1910). 
 
 Magdeburg, Centuries of. An ecclesiastical 
 history of the first 1,300 years of the Christian 
 era, in which the records of each century oc- 
 cupy a volume. It was compiled by a numberof Prot- 
 estants at Magdeburg, and was published at Basel 1560- 
 1574. 
 
 Magellan (ma-jel'an), Ferdinand. See Magal- 
 haes, Fcrndo de. 
 
 Magellan (ma-jel'an), ^ ’;rait of. Asea passage 
 separating the mainland of South America from 
 the group of Tierra del Fuego, and connecting 
 the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Length, over 
 300 miles. See Magalhaes, Ferndo de. 
 Magellan’s Sea. See Mar Magallanico. 
 Magendie (ma-zhoh-de'), Francois. Bom at 
 Bordeaux, France, Oct. 15, 1783 : died at Paris, 
 Oct. 7, 1855. A French physiologist, professor 
 of anatomy in the College de France, especially 
 noted for experiments on the physiology of the 
 nerves. Among his works are “Precis t-lementaire de 
 physiologie" (1816), “Leeo.ns sur les phenomiSnes phy- 
 siques de la vie ” (1835-38), “ Lemons sur ies fonctions et les 
 maladies du systfeme nerveux” (1839). 
 
 Magenta (ma-jen'ta). A small place near the 
 river Ticino in Lombardy, Italy, about 15 miles 
 west of Milan. Here, June 4, 1859, a notable victory 
 was won by the allied French and Sardinians (55,000 7) over 
 the Austrians (75, 000?)under Gyulai. The emperor Napo- 
 leon III. was nominally in command of the allies, but the 
 chief credit belonged to MacMahon, who was afterward 
 created duke of Magenta. The loss of the victors was 
 4,000 ; that of the Austrians, 10,000, besides prisoners. The 
 battle led to the occupation of Milan. 
 
 Magenta, Due de. See MacMalion. 
 
 Magero (ma'ge-re). The island of Norway on 
 which the North Cape is situated. 
 
 Maggia (mad'ja), Valle. An Alpine valley 
 in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland, north of 
 Lago Maggiore. 
 
 Maggiore (mad-jo're), Lago, F. Lac Majeur. 
 [It., ‘greater lake.'] One of the chief lakes of 
 northern Italy, situated on the border of Italy 
 and the canton of Ticino in Switzerland: the 
 Roman Lacus Verbanus. It is traversed by the 
 Ticino : other tributaries are the Fosa and Maggia. It 
 contains the Borromean Islands, and is famous for pictu- 
 resque scenery. On its banks are Luino, Locarno, Intra, 
 Pallanza, etc. Its northern part is called the Lake of Lo- 
 carno. Height above sea-level, 645 feet. Length, 37 miles. 
 
 Maghiana (mii-ge-a'na). The capital of the 
 district of Jhang, Panjab, British India, situ- 
 ated about lat. 31° 18' N., long. 72° 20' E. Pop- 
 ulation, 24,382. 
 
 Maghreb (ma/greb). An Arabic word for ‘sun- 
 set’ and ‘ west,’ applied by Arabs to Morocco 
 and to all northwestern Africa and Spain. Com- 
 are Arabic. 
 
 agi (ma'ji). [L., from Gr. M ayot.\ 1. The 
 members of the learned and priestly caste in 
 ancient Persia, who had official charge of the 
 sacred rites, practised interpretation of dreams, 
 professed supernatural arts, and were distin- 
 
 S fished by peculiarities of dress and insignia, 
 lelr origin maybe traced to the Akkadians, the earliest 
 C.— 41 
 
 641 
 
 settlers of the lower Euphrates valley. The first biblical 
 reference to the Magi occurs in Jer. xxxix. 3, 13, where a 
 Babylonian rab-mag, or chief of the Magi, is mentioned 
 in connection with the siege, capture, and rule of Jeru- 
 salem. 
 
 2. The “wise men” who, according to the Gos- 
 pel of Matthew (ii. 1, 2), came from the East to 
 Jerusalem to do homage to the new-born King 
 of the J ews. A tradition as old as the 2d century (rest- 
 ing on Ps. lxxii. 10, Isa. xlix. 7) makes them kings, and at 
 a later period the names Melchior, Kaspar, and Balthasar 
 became attached to them. As the first of the pagans to 
 whom the birth of the Messiah was announced, they are 
 honored at the feast of the Epiphany : in the calendar, how- 
 ever, the three days immediately following the first of the 
 new year are caUed after them. In works of art the young- 
 est of them is represented as a Moor. 
 
 Magians (ma/ji-anz). See Magi, 1. 
 
 Magic Flute, The. See Zauberflote. 
 
 Maginn (ma-gin'), William. Born at Cork, 
 July 10, 1793 : died at Walton-on-Thames, Aug. 
 21 ? 1842. An Irish author. He graduated (B. A.) at 
 Trinity College, Dublin, in 1811 ; conducted a private school 
 at Cork 1813-23 ; and founded “Fraser’s Magazine ” in 1830. 
 He is known chiefly as the author of “The City of Demons” 
 and “ Bob Burke’s Duel with Ensign Brady.” His “ Mis- 
 cellanies ” were edited by Dr. Shelton Mackenzie 1855-57. 
 
 Magister Sententiarum. [L., ‘master of sen- 
 tences.’] See Book of Sentences. 
 
 MagliabecM (mal-ya-bek'o), Antonio. Born 
 at Florence, Oct., 1633: died July 4, 1714. An 
 Italian bibliophile. He was for many years librarian 
 of Cosmo III., grand duke of Tuscany ; and was famous 
 for his vast and varied knowledge of languages and anti- 
 quities. He bequeathed to thegrandduke a valuablecol- 
 lection of manuscriptsand early editions, which now forms 
 part of the Biblioteca Nazionale at Florence. 
 
 Magna Charta, or Magna Carta (mag'na kar'- 
 ta). The groat charter of the liberties (Magna 
 Charta Libertatum) of England, granted and 
 sealed by King John in a conference between 
 him and his barons at Runnymede, June 15, 
 1215. Its most important articles are those which pro- 
 vide that no freeman shall be taken, or imprisoned, or 
 proceeded against, except by the lawful judgment of his 
 peers or in accordance with the law of the land, and that 
 no scutage or aid shall be imposed in the kingdom (except 
 certain feudal dues from tenants of the crown), unless by 
 the common council of the kingdom. The remaining and 
 greater part of the charter is directed against abuses of 
 the king’s power as feudal superior. The charter granted 
 by Henry III. is only a confirmation of that of his father, 
 King John. 
 
 Magna Grsecia (mag'na gre'shia). [L., ‘great 
 Greece.’] Iu ancient geography, the name given 
 to the part of southern Italy colonized by Greeks. 
 Among the leading cities were Cumae, Crotona, Sybaris, 
 Metapontum, Locri, Rhegium, Tarentum, Thurii, Hera- 
 clea, and Neapolis. Its most flourishing period was the 
 7th and 6th centuries B. 0. 
 
 Magnalia Christi Americana. [L., ‘the 
 mighty works of Christ in America.’] An ec- 
 clesiastical history of New England, by Cotton 
 Mather, published in 1702 (new ed. 1853). 
 Magnan (man-yoh'), Bernard Pierre. Bom 
 at Paris, Dec. 7, 1791: died at Paris, May 29, 
 1865. A French marshal. He repressed the insur- 
 rection iu Lyons in 1849, and aided in the coud d’etat of 
 1851. 
 
 Magnano (man-ya'no). A place in northern 
 Italy, 26 miles west of Parma. Here, April 5, 1799, 
 the Austrians under Kray defeated the French under 
 Scherer. 
 
 Magnentius (mag-nen'shius). Died 353 a. d. 
 Roman emperor 350-353. He murdered Constans 
 and usurped the western proviuces of the empire in 350, 
 but was defeated by Constantius at Mursa in 351, and 
 committed suicide to avoid capture in 353. 
 
 Magnesia (mag-ne'shiii). [Gr. Mayvycia. ] In 
 ancient geography, the easternmost district of 
 Thessaly, Greece, bordering on the zEgean Sea 
 and the Pagasean Gulf, it is supposed that mag- 
 neticore was first found here, and that from this the word 
 'magnet i3 derived. 
 
 Magnesia. 1 . In ancient geography, a city in 
 Ionia, Asia Minor, 14 miles southeast of Ephe- 
 sus : often called Magnesia ad Mseandrum. The 
 temple of Artemis Leucophryne, here, is one of the most 
 magnificent of ancient monuments, rebuilt about 300 B. C. 
 as an Ionic pseudodipteros of 8 by 15 columns, measuring 
 100 by 180 feet. The cella had pronaos and opisthodomos 
 with 2 columns in antis. The frieze, now in the Louvre, 
 bears reliefs of combats between Greeks and Amazons. 
 The temple stood in a splendid peribolos surrounded by 
 Doric porticos. There are also remains of a theater of 
 the 4th century B. c., with later modifications, and of a 
 large stadium. 
 
 2. A city in Lydia, Asia Minor, situated on the 
 Hermus 20 miles northeast of Smyrna: often 
 called Magnesia ad Sipylum : the modern Ma- 
 nissa (which see). Here, 190 b. c., the Romans under 
 Scipio Asiaticus defeated Antiochus the Great. 
 
 Magnetick Lady, Tlie, or Humours Recon- 
 ciled. A comedy by Ben Jonson. It was li- 
 censed and acted in 1632, but not published till 
 1640. 
 
 Magnificat (mag-nif'i-kat). [L. magnificat; as 
 used in the Vulgate, Luke i. 46, “Magnificat 
 
 Maguana 
 
 anima mea Dominum.”] The song or hymn of 
 the Virgin Mary in Luke i. 46-55, beginning 
 ‘ ‘ My soul doth magnify the Lord. ” it is very sim- 
 ilar to the song of Hannah (Sam. ii. 1-10), which has ac- 
 cordingly been called the Old Testament Magnificat. The 
 Magnificat was in use in the hours or daily service of the 
 Christian church as early as about 500 A. D. In the Greek 
 Church it is called the Ode of the Theotocos. It was at 
 first omitted from the American Prayer-book, but was re- 
 stored in 1886. 
 
 Magnin (man-yan'), Charles. Born at Paris, 
 Nov. 4, 1793: died at Paris, Oct. 8, 1862. A 
 French dramatic critic. He wrote “Les origines du 
 theatre en Europe ” (1838), “ Histoire des Marionettes " 
 (1852), etc. 
 
 Magnus (mag'nus) I., surnamed “The Good.” 
 King of Norway 1035-47, and of Denmark 1042- 
 1047, son of St. Olaf. 
 
 Magnus III., surnamed “Barfod” (‘Barefoot’). 
 Died Aug. 24, 1103. King of Norway 1093-1103. 
 He conquered the Orkneys and the Hebrides, and was 
 killed before Dublin during an invasion of Ireland. 
 Magnus VII., surnamed “Lagabceter” (‘Re- 
 former of the Laws’). Died May 9, 1280. King of 
 Norway 1262-80. He collected and published 
 a new code of laws. 
 
 Magnus II., surnamed “Smek.” Born in 1316 : 
 died at sea, Dec. 1, 1374. King of Sweden 1319- 
 1363. He was deposed by the nobles, who ele- 
 vated Albert of Mecklenburg. 
 
 Magnus (mag'nos), Eduard. Bom at Berlin, 
 Jan. 7, 1799: died at Berlin, Aug. 8, 1872. A 
 German portrait-painter and writer on art. 
 Magnus, Heinrich Gustav. Bom at Berlin, 
 May 2, 1802: died at Berlin, April 4, 1870. A 
 noted German chemist and physicist, professor 
 of physical technology at Berlin 1834-69. He 
 published in Poggendorff’s “ Annalen,” and the proceed- 
 ings of the Berlin Aeademy of Sciences, a number of im- 
 portant papers on chemistry and physical topics. 
 
 Magnusen,orMagnussen(mag'n6s-sen),Finn. 
 Bom at Skalholt, Iceland, Aug. 27, 1781 : died at 
 Copenhagen, Dec. 24, 1847. A noted Icelandic 
 archaeologist, appointed professor at Copenha- 
 gen in 1815. He was the author of important works on 
 the elder Edda, and on Norse mythology, literature, and 
 antiquities. 
 
 Magnusson (mag'nos-son), Arne or Arni. [L. 
 
 Magneeus.'] Born in Iceland, 1663 : died at Co- 
 penhagen, Jan., 1730. A noted Icelandic his- 
 torian and archaeologist. He became secretary of 
 the royal archives in 1697, and professor of history and 
 Danish antiquities at the University of Copenhagen in 
 1713. He made a notable collection of Icelandic manu- 
 scripts. 
 
 Magny (man-ye'), Olivier de. Bom at Cahors : 
 died about 1560. A French poet, author of 
 “Les amours” (1553), “Les gayetds” (1554), 
 “Les soupirs” (1557), and “Les odes” (1559). 
 MagO (ma'go). A Carthaginian general of the 
 6th century b. c., the reputed organizer of the 
 military system of Carthage. 
 
 MagO. A Carthaginian naval commander of the 
 4th century B. C., distinguished in the wars 
 with the Syracusans 396-392, and later sufCete 
 or king of Carthage. 
 
 MagO. The commander of the Carthaginian 
 forces in Sicily 343 b. c., the ally of Hicetas in 
 his struggle with Timoleon. His conduct of the 
 campaign was marked by cowardice, and on his return to 
 Carthage he committed suicide. 
 
 MagO. Died 203 b. c. (about 193 b. c. ?). A 
 Carthaginian general, younger brother of Han- 
 nibal. He accompanied bis brother to Italy 218 B. C., sup- 
 ported Hasdrubal iu Spain 215 B. c. , and was defeated by 
 Scipio at Silpia 206 B. 0. 
 
 Magog. See the extract, and Gog. 
 
 For an explanation of Magog we must go to the prophet 
 Ezekiel. II e tells us (xxxviii. 2) that Magog was the land 
 of Gog, “the chief prince ” of Tubal and Meshech. Gog 
 is the Gugu of the Assyrian inscriptions, the Gyges of the 
 Greeks ; and in Magog, therefore, we must see a title of 
 Lydia. The name is evidently a compound of that of Gog; 
 perhaps it represents the Assyrian Mat Gugi, or ‘ country 
 of Gugu.’ Sayce, Races of the O. T., p. 46. 
 
 Magoon(ma-gon'), Elias Lyman. Born at Leb- 
 anon, N. Ef., Oct. 20, 1810 : died at Philadel- 
 phia, Nov. 25, 1886. An American Baptist clergy- 
 man and writer. His works include “Orators of the 
 American Revolution ” (1848), “ Republican Christianity'* 
 (1849), etc. 
 
 Magruder (ma-gro'der), John Bankhead. Born 
 in Winchester, Va., Aug. 15,1810: died at Hous- 
 ton, Texas, Feb. 19, 1871. An American gen- 
 eral in the Confederate service. He graduated at 
 West Point in 1830 ; served in the Mexican war 1846-17 ; 
 served as a major-general at the battle of Malvern Hili, 
 .1 illy 1, 18 1 12 ; and was appointed commander of the Depart- 
 ment of Texas, Oct. 16, 1862. He afterward served under 
 the emperor Maximilian of Mexico. 
 
 Maguana (ma-gwix'nii). A region or “province” 
 in the southwestern part of the island of Haiti 
 at the time of the conquest. Its principal 
 cacique was Caonabo. 
 
Maguelonne 
 
 Maguelonne (mag-lon'). A former seaport 
 on the Mediterranean, about 10 miles south of 
 Montpellier, France. It. was built by the Phocaeans, 
 and destroyed by Charles Martel 737, and finally by Louis 
 XIII. 1633. There is a ruined cathedral on the site. 
 Magui. See Tusayan. 
 
 Maguindanao. See Mindanao. 
 
 Maguire (ma-gwir'), John Francis. Bom at 
 Cork, Ireland, 1815: died at Cork, Nov. 1, 1872. 
 An Irish journalist and author. He published 
 “ The Pontificate of Pius IX. ” (1870), “ The Irish in Amer- 
 ica ” (1808), etc. 
 
 Magyar (mo'dyor),Laszl6. Bom at Maria-The- 
 resiopol, Austria-Hungary, 1817 : died at Cuio, 
 near Benguella, West Africa, Nov. 9, 1864. An 
 African traveler. After many voyages as officer and 
 captain of Austrian and American ships, he went to Bra- 
 zil (1844), and thence to the Kongo and Angola (1847-48), 
 settling in Bihe. He visited theMuata Yamvo in 1850 and 
 the Kunene River in 1852 ; then entered the Portuguese 
 service and founded a settlement at Lucira Bay. Only the 
 first volume of his “Reisen in Siidafrika, 1849-57,” has 
 been published (1859). 
 
 Magyars (mo'dyorz). [Hung., from Turk, ma- 
 jor.] The members of a race, of the Finno- 
 Ugrian stock, which invaded Hungary about 
 the end of the 9th century, and settled there, 
 where it still forms the predominant element 
 of the population. See Hungary. 
 Mahabaleshwar (ma-ha-ba-lesh-wur'). A 
 health-resort in Bombay, British India, situated 
 on the Western Ghats about lat. 17° 57' N., 
 long. 73° 40' E. 
 
 Mahabharata, (ma-ha-bha/ra-ta). [ Mahdblid - 
 
 rata-akhyana, great Bharata story; or, more 
 briefly, Mahabharata.'] The name of one of the 
 two great epics of ancient India, the other being 
 the Ramayana. It contains over 100,000 distichs, di- 
 vided into 18 parvans (‘ knots ’ or ‘ joints,’ and then ‘sec- 
 tions,’ ‘ chapters ’). It is about eight times as large as the 
 Iliad and Odyssey together. The tales originally compos- 
 ing it were probably first circulated in prose, and put later 
 into metrical form. They may have existed several cen- 
 turies before our era, but there is no satisfactory evidence 
 as to their date. Neither is there better as to their au- 
 thors. They are ascribed to Vyasa, “ the arranger,” called 
 also Krishna Dvaipayana ; but as the same Vyasa is the 
 reputed compiler of the Vedas, Puranas, and other works, 
 no historical value can be attached to the detail . Scarcely 
 a fourth of the poem is taken up by the main narrative. 
 The rest consists of inserted episodes and diverse accre- 
 tions, which are, aside from minor additions, either nar- 
 ratives of the ancient or mythical history of India, the- 
 ogony and cosmogony, or didactic and dogmatic matter. 
 To the first class belong the episodes of Nala and Shakun- 
 tala, to the third the Bhagavadgita. Thus through con- 
 stant accretion the Mahabharata became a sort of encyclo- 
 pedia of India, intended by the Brabmanic authors for 
 the Kshatriya or military caste. Krishna Dvaipayana is 
 said to have taught the poem to his pupil Vaishampayana, 
 who recited it at a festival before King Janamejaya. The 
 leading subject is the great war between the Kauravas 
 and the Pandavas, who were descendants through Bharata 
 from Puru, the ancestor of one branch of the lunar race. 
 The following is a brief summary of the main story : The 
 two brothers Dhritarashtra and Pandu were brought up in 
 their royal home at Hastinapura, about 60 miles northeast 
 of Delhi. Dhritarashtra, the eider, being blind, Pandu be- 
 came king. Pandu had 5 sons — Yudhishthira, Bhima, and 
 Arjuna by Kunti, and Nakula and Sahadeva by Madri. 
 These are called the Pandavas, and are types of heroic ex- 
 cellence. Dhritarashtra had 100 sons, of whom the chief 
 was Duryodhana. These are called the Kauravas, aud are 
 represented as altogether bad. After Pandu’s death the 
 Pandavas were brought up with the Kauravas by Dhrita- 
 rashtra, who made his nephew Yudhishthira heir appa- 
 rent. Yudhishthira's exploits having excited the ill will of 
 the Kauravas, the Pandavas went to the King of Panchala, 
 whose daughter Draupadi became their common wife. 
 After this alliance, in order to reconcile the feud, Dhri- 
 tarashtra divided his kingdom, giving Hastinapura to his 
 sons, and to his nephews a district in the southwest, where 
 they built Indraprastha, the modern Delhi. Here the 
 Pandavas lived for a time happily under the rule of Yu- 
 dhishthira. Once, however, Dhritarashtra held at his cap- 
 ital a great assembly to which came the Pandavas. In a 
 game of dice with Duryodhana, Yudhishthira lost wealth, 
 kingdom, brothers, and wife, when by a compromise the 
 Pandavas agreed to give up their portion of the kingdom 
 for 12 years and remain incognito for a thirteenth. They 
 retired with Draupadi to the Kamyaka forest on the Saras- 
 vati, and dwelt there 12 years. In the fourteenth year they 
 demanded their possessions, but in vain ; hence the great 
 war, in which they overthrew the reigning house, slew 
 Duryodhana, aud got back their kingdom. In the present 
 poem the story of the combat is extended through several 
 books. When Yudhishthira is crowned in Hastinapura, 
 Bhishma, leader of the Kauravas, though mortally wound- 
 ed, instructs him on the duties of kings through 20,000 
 distichs and then dies. In the 17th book the Pandavas 
 renounce the kingdom, and in the 18tli, the last, they as- 
 cend to heaven with Draupadi. (For a fuller account, see 
 Monier-Williams’s “Indian Wisdom,’’ xiii. xiv.) Thecom- 
 plete text of the Mahabharata has been printed at Bom- 
 bay and at Calcutta. An attempt at a complete translation 
 into French by Fauche was interrupted by his death. This 
 translation is in many respects untrustworthy. Several 
 episodes have been often translated into various modern 
 languages, notably the Nala and the Bhagavadgita (which 
 see). 
 
 Mahabhashya ( ma-ha-bha'shya). [Skt. , ‘ great 
 commentary contracted from vyakaranamaha- 
 bhdshya, great commentary on grammar.] In 
 Sanskrit literature, Patanjali’s commentary on 
 
 642 
 
 the grammatical sutras of Panini, written some 
 time between B. c. 140 and 60 A. d. it is not a 
 full commentary on Panini, but with some exceptions a 
 commentary on the Varttikas, or critical remarks of Katya- 
 yana on Panini. It is a paramoun t authority in all matters 
 relating to classical Sanskrit grammar. There is a photo- 
 lithographed edition by Goldstiicker and a translation of 
 40 pages by Ballantyne. 
 
 Mahadeva (ma-ha-da'va). [Skt., ‘the great 
 god.’] 1. A name of Shiva. — 2. In the history 
 of Buddhism, a schismatic teacher who is said 
 to have lived 200 years after Buddha’s death. 
 Mahadevi (ma-ka-da've). [Skt., ‘the great 
 goddess.’] A name of Devi, the wife of Shiva. 
 ★ See Devi. 
 
 Mahaffy (ma-haf'i), John P. Bom in Switzer- 
 land, 1839. An Irish classical scholar, professor 
 of ancient history at Trinity College, Dublin, 
 1871-1901. Hehas written “SocialLife in Greece "(1874), 
 “A History of Greek Classical Literature” (1880), etc. 
 Mahakashyapa (ina-ha // kash'ya-pa). The dis- 
 ciple of Buddha to whom are ascribed the ar- 
 rangement of the Abhidharma and the found- 
 ing of the Sthavira division of the Vaibhashika 
 ★school. 
 
 Mahan (ma-han'), Alfred Thayer. Borp Sept. 
 27, 1840. An American sailor and writer on naval 
 history. He became midshipman in 1859, lieutenant in 
 1861, lieutenant-commander in 1865, commander in 1872, 
 captain in 1885; and retired in 1896. He was made lecturer 
 on history, strategetics, and tactics in, and president of, the 
 United States Naval War College. In 1894 he was in com- 
 mand of the Chicago. He has written several important 
 works : “The Gulf and Inland Waters ” (1883), “ Influence 
 of Sea Power upon History 1660-1783” (1890), “Influence 
 of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire 1793- 
 1812 ” (1892), a “Life of Admiral Farragut” (1894), and a 
 “ Life of Nelson ” (1897). 
 
 Mahan (ma-han'), Asa. Born at Vernon, N. Y., 
 Nov. 9, 1800: died at Eastbourne, England, 
 April 4, 1889. An American clergyman, edu- 
 cator, and author. He became president of Oberlin 
 College in 1835, a position which he held until about 1850. 
 He afterward held similar positions at Cleveland Univer- 
 sity and Adrian College, Michigan. Among his works are 
 “System of Intellectual Philosophy "(1845), “Science of 
 Logic ”(1857), and “Critical History of Philosophy ” (1883). 
 
 Mahan, Dennis Hart. Born at New York, April 
 2, 1802: died near Stony Point, N. Y., Sept. 16, 
 1871. An American military engineer. He was 
 professor of engineering at West Point from 1832 until his 
 death, holding also the office of dean after 1838. He com- 
 mitted suicide by drowning in a fit of insanity. Among 
 his works are “Treatise on Field Fortifications” (1836) 
 and “Military Engineering” (1866-67). 
 
 Mahan, Milo. Born at Suffolk, Va., May 24, 1819: 
 died at Baltimore, Sept. 3, 1870. An American 
 clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 
 brother of D. H. Mahan. His chief work is a 
 “History of the Church” (1860: newed. 1872). 
 Mahanadi, or Mahanuddy (ma-ha-nud'i). A 
 river in British India, which flows by a delta 
 into the Bay of Bengal, about lat. 20° N. 
 Length, over 500 miles. It has a large discharge. 
 Mahanaim (ma-ha-na'im). [Heb., ‘double 
 camp.’] In Old Testament geography, a place 
 in Palestine, east of the Jordan and north of the 
 Jabbok. Its exact position is unknown. It 
 was taken by Sliishak. 
 
 Mahanataka (ma-ha-na'ta-ka). [Skt., ‘the 
 great drama.’] In Sanskrit literature, a name 
 of the Hanumannataka (which see). 
 
 Mahanoy City (ma-ha-noi' sit'i). A borough 
 in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, 109 miles 
 northwest of Philadelphia : the center of a coal- 
 mining region. Population, 15,936, (1910). 
 Mahapralaya (ma-ha-pra'ia-ya). [Skt., ‘the 
 great dissolution.’] In Hindu belief, the total 
 destruction of all things at the end of a kalpa, 
 when the seven Lokas and their inhabitants, 
 saints, gods, and Brahma himself, are annihi- 
 lated. 
 
 Mahapuranas (ma-ha-po-ra'naz). [Skt., ‘the 
 great Puranas.’] The Vishnupurana and the 
 Bhagavatapurana. 
 
 Maharajpur (ma-ha-riij-por'). A village in 
 Gwalior, India, 51 miles south of Agra. Here, 
 Dec., 1843, the British under Gough defeated the 
 Mahrattas. 
 
 Mahavansha (ma-ha-van'sha). [Skt., ‘history 
 of the great families’ (of Ceylon).] The name 
 of two Pali works on the history of Ceylon from 
 the earliest times to the death of King Maha- 
 sena (302A.D.). The older work, probably composed by 
 monks at Anuradhapura in Ceylon, was read in public by 
 command of King Dhatusena (459-477 A. D.). The younger 
 work, a continuation of the elder, was composed by Ma- 
 hanama, son of an aunt of Dhatusena. The Pali form of 
 the name is Mahavanso, the above the Sanskrit. The first 
 volume of a text and translation by Tumour appeared at 
 Colombo, 1837. 
 
 Mahavira (ma-hii-ve'ra). [Skt., ‘great hero.’] 
 A name of Rama and other personages, but es- 
 pecially of the 24th or last Jina, or deified saint 
 
 Mahon 
 
 of the Jainas (which see). His legendary history 
 is given in the Kalpasutra and the Mahaviracharitra, sacred 
 books of the Jainas. The points of contact between his 
 legend and that of Buddha have led some to identify the 
 two. According to Biihler, however, Mahavira was a dis- 
 tinct personage whose real name was Nirgrantha Jnati- 
 putra, “ the asceticof the Jnatis,” a Rajput tribe. Accord- 
 ing to Williams, most scholars are now of opinion that Ma- 
 havira was a contemporary of Gautama Buddha, and that 
 the Jainas were an independent skeptical sect a little ante- 
 cedent to the Buddhists and their rivals. Williams’s “Bud- 
 dhism,” p. 529 ; Barth’s “ Religions of India," p. 148 if. 
 
 Mahaviracharita (ma - ha - ve -ra- cha ' ri - ta). 
 [Skt., ‘ the exploits of the great hero ’ (Rama).] 
 1 . A Sanskrit drama by Bhavabhuti, translated 
 by Wilson and Pickford. — 2. [In this sense 
 usually written -charitra.] The exploits of Ma- 
 havira (the Arhat), a work in Jaina Prakrit 
 held in great estimation by the Jainas. See 
 Mahavira. 
 
 Mahayana (ma-ha-ya'na). See Great Vehicle. 
 Mahdi (ma'de). [Also sometimes Mchdee; lit. 
 ‘ the guided or directed one.’] According to 
 Mohammedan belief, a spiritual and temporal 
 ruler destined to appear on earth during the 
 last days. Some sects hold that the Mahdi has appeared, 
 and in concealment awaits the time of his manifestation. 
 There have been a number of pretended M ahdis, of whom 
 the latest of importance was the chief whose armed fol- 
 lowers resisted the advance of the British troops into the 
 Sudan in 1884-85, and overthrew the Egyptian power in 
 that region, which they cont inued to hold. The belief ap- 
 parently grew out of the Jewish belief in the coming of the 
 Messiah. 
 
 It is from the descendants of ’Alee that the more devout 
 Moslems expect the Mehdee, who is to reappear on earth, 
 in company with the Prophet Elias, on the second coming 
 of Christ. J. P. Brown, The Dervishes, p. 74. 
 
 Mahdi, or ‘the well-guided,’ is the name given by the 
 Shi'ites to that member of the family of 'Ali who, accord- 
 ing to their belief, is one day to gain possession of the 
 whole world, and set up the reign of righteousness in it. 
 
 Encyc. Brit., XVI. 570. 
 
 Mahe (ina-ha/). The chief island of the Sey- 
 chelles group, Indian Ocean. 
 
 Mahe. A seaport and small settlement belong- 
 ing to France, situated on the Malabar coast of 
 India, in lat. 11° 43' N., long. 75° 33' E. Pop- 
 ulation. 10,298. 
 
 Mahe (B. F. Mahd de Labourdonnais). See 
 
 Labour donnais. 
 
 Mahican (ma-hik'an). [Native name: ‘wolf’ 
 according to some, or ‘ seaside people ’ accord- 
 ing to others.] A tribe or a loose confederacy 
 of North American Indians. When first known they 
 occupied both banks of the upper Hudson River, extending 
 north nearly to Lake Champlain, west to CatskiU Creek, 
 and east into Massachusetts. Their council-fire was first at 
 Schodac, on an island near Albany ; but, owing to the pres- 
 sure of the Mohawks, it was removed in 1664 to the site of 
 Stockbridge, Mass. About 1730 many of them migrated to 
 the Susquehanna River at and near Wyoming valley, 
 Pennsylvania, in the vicinity of theDelawares and Munsees, 
 with whom they afterward removed to Ohio. In 1736 
 those in the Housatonic valley were collected at Stock- 
 bridge and called by that name. The French included 
 them with other tribes under the name Loups. Their two 
 principal divisions known to the English were the Mahican, 
 or Mohican, on the upper Hudson and Housatonic rivers, 
 and Mohegau (which see), or Monhegan, on the lower Con- 
 necticut River, both of which were often called River 
 Indians and confounded, though historically distinct. 
 
 Mahidpore, or Mahedpore. See Mehadpur. 
 Mahi Kantha (ma'he kan'tha). A eolleetion 
 of native states in India, under the protection 
 of Great Britain, intersected by lat. 24° N.,long. 
 73° E. Area, 3,125 square miles. Population, 
 361,545. 
 
 Mahmud (ma-mod') I. [A form of Moham- 
 med.] Born 1696: died 1754. Sultan of Turkey 
 1730-54, son of Mustapha II., and nephew of 
 Ahmed HI. whom he succeeded. He compelled 
 Austria to cede Belgrad in 1739. 
 
 Mahmud II. Born July 20, 1785 : died July 1, 
 1839. Sultan of Turkey 1808-39, brother of 
 Mustapha IV. whom he succeeded. He carried on 
 an unsuccessful w r ar against Russia 1809-12. In 1821 the 
 Greeks began a war of independence, and after the defeat 
 of his fleet by the allied fleets of France, England, and 
 Russia at Navarino (1827), and the capture of Adrianople 
 by the Russians (1829), he was compelled in 1829 to sign the 
 peace of Adrianople, which secured the independence of 
 Greece. He massacred a large number of the janizaries 
 in 1826 and reorganized the army, and at his death was 
 engaged in a war with Mehemet Ali, viceroy of Egypt 
 Mahmud of Ghazni, surnamed “The Great.” 
 Born about 971 : died at Ghazni, Afghanistan, 
 1030. Sultan of Ghazni 997-1030, son of Su- 
 buktigiu. He professed Islam, and made twelve great 
 expeditions against the infidels of India, besides carrying 
 on important wars in central Asia. He extended his vic- 
 tories from the Tigris to the Ganges, and from the Indian 
 Ocean to the Oxus. 
 
 Mahomet. See Mohammed. 
 
 Mahomet. A play by Voltaire , produced at Brus- 
 sels in 1741. 
 
 Mahometans. See Mohammed. 
 
 Mahon. See Port Mahon. 
 
Mahon, Charles James Patrick 
 
 Mahon (ma-hon'), Charles James Patrick, 
 called The O’Gorman Mahon. Born at Ennis, 
 County Clare, March 17, 1800 : died at London, 
 June 15, 1891. An Irish politician and adven- 
 turer. He was member of Parliament for Ennis 1847-52 ; 
 served under the Russian, Turkish, and Austrian flags ; 
 was a general in the government army during the civil war 
 in Uruguay ; commanded a Chilean fleet against Spain ; 
 was a colonel in the Brazilian service; fought in the Union 
 army during the American Civil War ; was a colonel under 
 Louis Napoleon ; became an intimate of Bismarck ; and 
 was member of Parliament for Clare 1879-85, and for Car- 
 low from 1887 until his death. 
 
 Mahon, Lord. See Stanhope. 
 
 Mahone (ma-hon'), William. Born in South- 
 ampton County, Va.,Dec. 1, 1826: died at Wash- 
 ington, D. C., Oct. 8, 1895. An American poli- 
 tician. He served in the Confederate army during the 
 Civil War, obtaining the rank of major-general; became 
 afterward the leader of the Readjuster party in Virginia; 
 and was United States senator from Virginia 1881-87. 
 
 Mahony (mah'o-ni), Francis. Born at Cork, 
 Ireland, about 1804 : died at Paris, May 18, 1866. 
 An Irish journalist and poet, known by the 
 pseudonym of “Father Prout.” He was educated 
 for the priesthood in Paris and Rome, and was ordained, 
 but about 1834 gave up his calling and began to write on 
 the staff of “Fraser’s Magazine." The articles which he 
 contributed were published as “ Reliques of Father Prout " 
 in 1836 : a final volume was published in 1876 by Blan- 
 chard Jerrold. He contributed to “Bentley's Magazine,” 
 and wrote to the “Daily News” from Rome for some years. 
 These letters were published as “Facts and Figures from 
 Italy, by Don Jeremy Savonarola, Benedictine Monk,” in 
 1847. He retired to a monastery in 1864, and died there. 
 
 Mahrattas, or Marhattas (ma-rat'az). Arace 
 of Hindus, inhabiting western and central India, 
 who in the 17th and 18th centuries conquered 
 and ruled many states, of which they formed a 
 confederation, but which are now largely under 
 British rule. They are Brahmans in religion, but differ 
 physically from other Hindus, and have a distinct Hindu 
 dialect, the Mahratti (Marathi). Their power was at its 
 height about 1750. They were defeated by Ahmed Shah 
 at Panipat in 1761. The war in which they were engaged 
 with the British in 1775-82 was undecisive ; in that of 1803 
 Wellesley (Wellington) gained the victories of Assaye and 
 Argaum, and Lake those of Aligarh and Laswari ; and in 
 that of 1816-18 the Mahrattas were again decisively beaten. 
 They number about 20,000,000. 
 
 Mahren(ma'ren). TheGermannameof Moravia. 
 
 Mahu. A fiend alluded to in Sliakspere’s ‘ ‘ King 
 Lear.” 
 
 Mai (ma'e or mi), Angelo. Born at Schilpario, 
 province of Bergamo, Italy, March 7, 1782 : died 
 near Rome, Sept. 9, 1854. An Italian cardinal, 
 noted as a philologist and antiquary. He dis- 
 covered various manuscripts and palimpsests, and edited 
 Cicero ’8 “De republics ’’ (1822), etc. 
 
 Maia(ma'ya). [Gr.Maia.] 1. In Greek mythol- 
 ogy, the eldest of the Pleiades, mother by Zeus 
 of Hermes. — 2. In Roman mythology, the Bona 
 Dea. — 3. The star 20 Pleiadum, which is sur- 
 rounded with an adhering nebulosity that was 
 discovered by photography. 
 
 Maida (mi'da). A place in Calabria, Italy, 13 
 miles west of Catanzaro. Here, July 4, 1806, 
 the British defeated the French under Reynier. 
 
 Maideh. See Maidu. 
 
 Maiden, The. A name given to a sort of guil- 
 lotine which the regent Morton introduced into 
 Scotland. He was himself beheaded by it in 
 
 1581. 
 
 Maidenhead (ma'dn-hed). A town in Berk- 
 shire, England, situated on the Thames 28 miles 
 west of London. Population, 12,980. 
 
 Maiden Lane. 1 . A street in London, between 
 Covent Garden and the Strand. Andrew Marvell, 
 Turner the landscape-painter, and Voltaire lived here at 
 different times. Thenameis said tohavebeen givenfrom 
 an image of the Virgin which once stood there. 
 
 2. A street in New York, running from Broad- 
 way, opposite Cortlandt street, southeast to the 
 East River. 
 
 Maiden Queen, The. Queen Elizabeth of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Maid in the Mill, The. A comedy by Fletcher 
 and Rowley, produced in 1623. “ Theplot is taken 
 partly from Gonqalo de Cespides’s ‘ Gerardo ' and partly 
 from a novel of Bandello.” ( liullen .) A droll, called “The 
 Surprise,” was made from this play, and is in “ The Wits.” 
 
 Maid Marian. Robin Hood’s sweetheart in the 
 old ballads. She was the daughter of an earl, and loved 
 Robin Hood when hewas earl of Huntingdon. When hewas 
 banished to the “merry greenwood," she dressed herself 
 as a page and followed him, living with his company as a 
 virgin huntress till the marriage rites could be performed. 
 This is the most popular of the legends concerning her. 
 
 Maid of Artois, The. An opera by Balfe, pro- 
 duced in 1836. It contains the song “ The Light 
 of Other Days.” 
 
 Maid of Athens. The daughter of Theodore 
 Macri, a consul at Athens. She made Byron’s ac- 
 quaintance, and he is said to have addressed to her the 
 song beginning “Maid of Athens, ere we part." 
 
 Maid of Bath, The. A comedy by Foote, pro- 
 
 643 
 
 duced in 1771. The play holds up to ridicule (as Mr. 
 Flint) Mr. Walter Long, who behaved shamefully to the 
 Maid of Bath, the Miss Linley who afterward married 
 Richard Brinsley Sheridan. 
 
 Maid of Honor, The. 1 . A play by Massinger, 
 printed in 1632. Kemble altered and produced 
 it in 1785, with Mrs. Siddons in the cast. — 2. 
 An opera by Balfe, produced in 1847. The sub- 
 ject is the same as that of Flotow’s “ Martha.” 
 
 Maid of Mariendorpt, The. A play in verse 
 by James Sheridan Knowles, produced in 1838. 
 
 Maid of Norway, The. A surname of Marga- 
 ret, queen of Scotland 1285-90. 
 
 Maid of Orleans, The. Joan of Arc : so named 
 on account of her efforts for the relief of Or- 
 leans. Schiller produced a play with this title, 
 “ Die Jungfrau von Orleans,” published 1802. 
 
 Maid of Sker, The. A novel by R. D. Black- 
 more, published in 1872. 
 
 Maid of the Mill, The. A play by Isaac Bick- 
 erstaffe, printed in 1765. It was founded on 
 Richardson’s i ‘ Pamela.” 
 
 Maid of the Mist, The. Anne of Geierstein 
 in Scott’s novel of that name. 
 
 Maidstone (mad'ston). The county town of 
 Kent, England, situated on the Medway 32 
 miles east-southeast of London, it has manu- 
 factures of paper and beer. The Church of All Saints and 
 the buildings of the former College of All Saints are note- 
 worthy. The Kentish Royalists were defeated here by 
 Fairfax, June 2, 1648. Population, 33,516. 
 
 Maid’s Tragedy, The. A play by Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, first acted not later than 1611, 
 printed in 1619. Waller altered it in 1682, and Macready 
 produced, with Sheridan Knowles, an adaptation called 
 “ The Bridal ” about 1834. 
 
 Maiella (mi-el'la) One of the loftiest groups 
 
 Maine, Sir Henry Janies Sumner 
 
 tary on the Mishnah, written in Arabic. His greatest and 
 most comprehensive work, on which he labored for ten 
 years (1170-80), is the “Repetition of the Law ”(“ Mishneh 
 Torah”), also called the “Strong Hand” (“Yad Hahaza- 
 qah”), written in Hebrew. It is a masterly, systematic 
 exposition in 14 books of the whole of the Jewish law as 
 contained in the Pentateuch and the vast Talmudical lit- 
 erature. It was preceded by a small Arabic introduc- 
 tion, “Book of the Command merits ” (“ Heferha-Mifvoth”), 
 containing a treatise on the 613 precepts of the law. His 
 philosophical work par excellence is the “Guide of the 
 Perplexed ”(“ Dalalt al Hairin’’: Hebrew “More Nebu- 
 chim ’’ ), written in Arabic. It is divided into three parts. 
 The firsttreatsof t heanthropomorphic expressions found in 
 the Bible, and of the religio-philosophical sects ; the sec- 
 ond of eternity and the creation of the world ; the thud 
 contains a rational explanation of the commandments of 
 Scripture. Of his lesser writings may be mentioned “An 
 Epistle on Apostasy” ( “Iggereth ha-Shemad”), in which 
 he contends that Islam is not as bad as paganism, and 
 that the feigned accommodation to it was not absolutely 
 culpable ; “An Epistle to Yemen ” ( “Iggereth Teman ”), 
 an exhortation to the Jews in South Arabia not to be led 
 astray by false Messiahs ; “A Treatise of Moses” (“lirke 
 Mosheh ’) on medical subjects; “A Treatise on Happi- 
 ness ” (“ Perakim be-Ha?lachah ”); and “A Treatise on the 
 Unity of God ” (“Ma'amar ha-Yihud”). He was also the 
 first to condense the dogmatical tenets of Judaism into 13 
 articles of faith, which found a place in the Jewish liturgy. 
 His writings caused bitter disputes. He was condemned 
 by many as a heretic, and his works were burned. But 
 at last he was recognized as “the light of the West” 
 (ner ha-ma’arbi) and “ the great eagle ” (ha-ne5er ha- 
 gadfil), and the saying was applied to him that “from 
 Moses (the lawgiver) unto Moses (Maimonides) there has 
 been none like unto Moses.” 
 
 Main (man; G. pron. min), F. Mein (man). 
 The most important of the riglit-band tributa- 
 ries of the Rhine: the ancient Mcenus. it is 
 formed by the union of the White Main and Red Main near 
 Kulmbach, Bavaria, and joins the Rhine opposite Mainz. 
 It is navigable to its junction with the Regnitz. The chief 
 towns on its banks are Schweinfurt, Wiirzburg, Aschaffen- 
 
 of the Apennines, in central Italy, southwest of ,.]i ur . g > °* enbac J 1 >^ nd Frankfort, j-ength, about 300 miles. 
 Chieti and south of the Gran Sasso. Height, M a * n > Spanish, See Spanish Mam. 
 
 9 170 feet Mama (mi na). A rugged peninsula in the 
 
 Maienfeld, or Mayenfeld (mi'en-felt). An “ft PF 1 the Pekiponnesus, Greece, east 
 old town in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, ' lJ y, °* rk° ron - 
 
 on the Rhine near Ragatz. Mamas. ^ See Maynas. 
 
 Maikop, or Maykop (rnl'kop). Afortifiedtown ^ amau ^ ml f A sn ,A, lsl and m the Uber- 
 
 in the territory of Kuban, Caucasus, Russia, situ- lm S er f ® of „ the Lake of Constance the prop- 
 ated on the Byelaya about 65 miles southeast 
 
 of Yekaterinodar. Population, 34,327. 
 
 Mailand. The German name of Milan. 
 
 Mailath (mi'lat), Count Janos. Born at Buda- 
 pest, Hungary, Oct. 3, 1786 : committed suicide 
 in the Starnbergersee, Bavaria, Jan. 3, 1855. A 
 Hungarian historian and poet. His chief works 
 are “Geschichte der Magyaren” (1828-31) and 
 ‘ ‘ Geschichte des osterreichischen Kaiserstaats ” 
 (1834-50). 
 
 Maillet (ma-ya' ), Jacques Leonard. Born July 
 12,1823: died Feb. 15, 1894. A French sculptor. 
 He studied with Pradier, and obtained the prix de Rome 
 
 erty of the Grand Duke of Baden. It had for- 
 merly a commandery of the Teutonic Order. 
 
 Maine (man). [F., perhaps from the second 
 element of the Old Celtic name (L. Cenomanni) .] 
 A former government in northern France : the 
 country of the ancient Cenomanni. Chief city, 
 Le Mans. Including Perche, it was bounded by Nor- 
 mandy on the north, Orli'anais on the east, Touraine and 
 Anjou on the south, and Brittany on the w'est, correspond- 
 ing generally to the departments of Mayenne and Sarthe. 
 It was a countship in the middle ages ; was conquered by 
 William of Normandy in 1063 ; was united to Anjou 1110, 
 and with Anjou became united to England in 1164; was 
 conquered by Philip Augustus of France about 1204 ; and 
 after several separations was reunited to France in 1481. 
 
 in 1847 with his “TcBcimaque.” He exhibited at the Salons, Maine. A river in the department of Maine-et- 
 and executed a number of decorative groups at the new T v . . x , , , ,, 
 
 Louvre, the Opera House, the churches of Saint Severin, Licnie, r ranee. It is formed by the union of the Ma- 
 Sainte Clotilde, Saint Leu, etc. yenneand Sarthe, and joins the Loire near Angers. Length, 
 
 Maimansinh (mi-man-sin'), or Mymensing .‘A'A 7 mU rT - n, , , , , , , T 
 
 (mi-men-sing'). A Si.triet in Be 
 India, intersected by lat. 24° 30' N., long. 90° 
 
 E. Area, 6,332 square miles. Population, 
 3,915,068. 
 
 Maimatchin (mi-ma-chen'). A trading town 
 in Mongolia, on the Siberian frontier opposite 
 Kiakhta. 
 
 Maimbourg (man-hor'), Louis. Bom at Nancy, 
 France, 1610: died at Paris, Aug. 13, 1686. *A 
 French Jesuit church historian. 
 
 Maimene (ml-ma'ne), or Maimana (mi-ma'na). 
 1. A district in northern Afghanistan, about 
 lat. 36° N., long. 64° 40' E. — 2. The chief town 
 of the district of Maimene. 
 
 Maimonides (mi-mon'i-dez) (Moses ben Mai- 
 mun, also called Maimuni or, after the initials 
 of his name (Rabbi Moses ben Maimun), Ram- 
 bam: in Arabic, Abu Amram Musa ben Mai- 
 mun Obaid Allah). Born at Cordova, Spain, 
 in 1135: died in 1204. The most celebrated 
 Jewish scholar, philosopher, and writer of the 
 middle ages. In him the scientific development of Ju- 
 daism in Spain reached its climax. He brought order and 
 system into the chaotic masses of Talmudic literature, 
 pointed out the aims and directions of religio-philosophical 
 studies, and brought- as far as this can be done — Judaism 
 and philosophy into harmony. Hisfamily had to fly before 
 the persecutions of the Almohades to Fez, where for many 
 
 in 1639 named “The Province or Countie of 
 Mayne,” because regarded as a part of “the 
 Mayne Lande of New England.”] The north- 
 easternmost State of the United States of Amer- 
 ica, and one of the New England States. Capi- 
 tal, Augusta ; chief city, Portland, it is bounded 
 by the province of Quebec on the north, New Brunswick 
 on the east, the Atlantic on the southeast and south, and 
 New Hampshire and Quebec on the west, extending from 
 lat. 43° 4' to 47° 28' N., and from long. 66° 57' to 71° 7' 
 W. The surface is hilly, and in the northwest and north 
 mountainous, the highest summit being Mount Katahdin. 
 The chief lake is Moosehead Lake ; the chief rivers, the 
 Saco, Androscoggin, Kennebec, Penobscot, and St John. 
 The coast-line is deeply indented. The State contains 
 many places of summer resort. The leading occupations 
 are agriculture, fishing, lumbering, ship-building, and com- 
 merce. Among the chief products are lumber, ice, build- 
 ing-stone, and cotton goods. It is the second State in the 
 Union in fisheries. It has 16 counties, sends 2 senators 
 and 4 representatives to Congress, and has 6 electoral 
 votes. It was early visited by the Cabots, Verrazano, Gos- 
 nold, Bring, and other explorers. Attempts at coloniza- 
 tion were made by the French under Du Monts in 1604, 
 and by the English in 1607. The first permanent settle- 
 ment dates from about 1623. Maine was merged in the 
 “province of Massachusetts Bay” in 1691, and became a 
 separate State in 1820. A boundary dispute with Great 
 Britain was settled in 1842 ; and the international boundary 
 along the southeast coast was fixed by treaty in 1910. The 
 “Maine liquor law” was passed in 1851. Area, 33,040 
 square miles. Population, 742,371, (1910). 
 
 years they were obliged to conceal their religion. Here-- . , TT ... m., , , • ,, 
 
 Moses became, by association with Mohammedan schol- Maine. A United^ States battleship, blown u| 
 
 ars, thoroughly acquainted with the Aristotelian philoso- 
 phy. In 1165 the family emigrated from Fez by way of 
 Palestine to Egypt, and settled in Fostat (old Cairo), w here 
 the father of Maimun died. Moses first supported the 
 family by trading in jewels. He next devoted himself to 
 medicine, and subsequently became physician to Saladin’s 
 successor. At the same time he was chief rabbi of Cairo. 
 Of his writings may be mentioned ashort scientific treatise 
 
 in the harbor of Havana. Feb. 15, 1898. she was 
 of 6,682 tons displacement, and was launched in 1890. The 
 naval court of inquiry appointed by the United States 
 government reported (March 22) that “the Maine was de- 
 stroyed by the explosion of a submarine mine, which 
 caused the partial explosion of two or more of her for- 
 ward magazines.” She was raised 1910-11, examined, and 
 sunk at sea, March 16, 1912. 
 
 on the Jewish calendar, and another on the terms used in Maine. Sir Henrv James S’lmner. Born Aug. 
 logic (“ Miloth ldggayon ’), written before his twenty-third 1& , 8 $ 2; difid a t Cannes, Fob. 3, 1888. A dis- 
 
 year. In 1168 he produced his first great work, acommen- 
 
Maine, Sir Henry James Sumner 
 
 tinguished English jurist. He studied at Cambridge, 
 where, in 1847, he became regius professor of civil law, a 
 position which he held until 1854. He was called to the 
 bar in 1850 ; became reader on Roman law and jurispru- 
 dence at the Inns of Court, London, in 1852 ; was legal 
 member of council in India 1862-69 ; was Corpus professor 
 of jurisprudence at Oxford 1869-78; was elected master 
 of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in 1877 ; and in 1887 became 
 Whewell pi-ofessor of international law at Cambridge. 
 Among his works are “Ancient Law ” (18611, “Village Com- 
 munities" (1871), ‘ Early History of Institutions ” (1875), 
 “ Dissertations on Early Law and Custom ” (1883), “ Popu- 
 lar Government” (1885), and “International Law” (1888). 
 
 Maine de Biran (man de be-ron' ) (Marie Fran- 
 cois Pierre Gonthier de Biran). Born Nov. 
 29, 1766: died at Paris, July 16, 1824. A French 
 royalist politician and noted philosophical wri- 
 ter. He was one of the administrators of the department 
 of Dordogne in 1795, and a member of the Council of Five 
 Hundred in 1797. His works were edited by Cousin 1834- 
 1841, and in 1859 were published his “(Euvres ini'ditea," 
 edited by F. Naville and, after his death, by E. Naville. 
 
 Maine-et-Loire (man'a-lwar'). A department 
 of western France. Capital, Angers. It is bounded 
 by Mayenne and Sarthe on the north, Indre-et-Loire on 
 the east, Vienne, Deux-Sfevres, and Vendee on the south, 
 and Loire-Inferieure on the west, and is formed chiefly 
 from the ancient Anjou. The surface is hilly. The de- 
 partment, which is traversed by the Loire, is rich In agri- 
 cultural produce and has flourishing manufactures. Area, 
 2,811 square miles. Population, 613,490. 
 
 Maine Liquor Law. A stringent law directed 
 against the sale of intoxicating liquors as a bev- 
 erage, enacted in Maine in 1851. It was the 
 first prohibitory law in the United States. 
 
 Maingau (min'gou). A former district on the 
 lower Main, now divided between Bavaria, 
 Hesse, and Prussia. 
 
 Mainland (man'land), or Pomona (po-mo'na). 
 The largest of the Orkney Islands. 
 
 Mainland. The largest of the Shetland Islands. 
 
 Main Plot, The. A conspiracy in 1603 in favor of 
 Arabella Stuart against James I. of England. 
 
 Raleigh was implicated in it, and was imprisoned. It was 
 the principal or “main ” plot of two organized against 
 James on his accession. Compare Bye Plot. 
 
 Mainpuri, or Mynpurii mm-po ' re ) . 1 . A dis- 
 trict in the United Provinces, British India, 
 intersected by lat. 27° N., long. 79° E. Area, 
 1,679 square miles. Population, 829,357. — 2. 
 The capital of the district of Mainpuri, situ- 
 ated in lat. 27° 14' N., long. 79° 3' E. Popu- 
 lation, 19,000. 
 
 Ma in ten on (mant-non'). A small town in the 
 department of Eure-et-Loir, France, situated 
 on the Eure 37 miles west-southwest of Paris. 
 It was a place of some importance in the time 
 of Louis XIV. and Louis XV. 
 
 Maintenon, Frangoise d’Aubign6, Marquise 
 de. Born in a prison at Niort, France, Nov. 
 27, 1635: died at St.-Cyr, near Versailles, April 
 15, 1719. The second wife of Louis XIV. She 
 was the granddaughter of Agrippa d'Aubignd, and the 
 daughter of Constant d’Aubignd who was imprisoned as 
 a malcontent. On the death of her mother she found her- 
 self in abject poverty, and was married in 1652 to the kind- 
 hearted wit and poet Scarron, who offered either to pay 
 for her entrance to a convent or to make her his wife. She 
 lived nine years with him, and their salon was frequented 
 by the intellectual society of the time. In 1660 he died, 
 and left her again in poverty. Her pension was discon- 
 tinued in 1666 at the death of Anne of Austria, who had 
 augmented it, and it was not till 1669 that Madame de 
 Montespan gave her the charge of her son by Louis XIV. 
 She was given a large income and a house at Vaugirard in 
 which to bring up this child and another, horn later, in se- 
 crecy. She was devoted to them, and established an as- 
 cendancy over the heart of the king, who advanced her to 
 various positions in the court. In 1674 she purchased the 
 estate of Maintenon, and in 1678 the king made it a mar- 
 quisate. In 1685, two years after the death of the queen, 
 Madame Maintenon married Louis privately. Her influ- 
 ence was almost unbounded in matters both of church and 
 state, and she was a patroness of letters and the fine arts. 
 Her somewhat questionable position induced her to behave 
 with rigid propriety, and her reputation for orthodoxy was 
 extreme. She founded a home for the daughters of poor 
 gentlemen at St.-Cyr, and on the death of the king she re- 
 tired there for the rest of her life. 
 
 Mainz (mints), F. Mayence (ma-yons'), E. 
 sometimes Mentz (ments). The capital of the 
 province of Rhine-Hesse, Hesse, situated on the 
 left hank of the Rhine, opposite the mouth of the 
 Main, in lat. 50° N., long. 8° 16' E. : the Roman 
 Mogontiacum or Magontiacum. It. is an important 
 strategic point, and one of the strongest fortresses in Ger- 
 many ; has extensive commerce by the river and by rail- 
 way, especially in wine; and has important manufactures, 
 particular ly of leather and furniture. The cathedral, one 
 of the most interesting monuments of the Rhenish Ro- 
 manesque, was founded in 975 on a different site. It has 
 been repeatedly ruined by fire, and was finally restored 
 much in its existing form after the fire of 1181. It is a 
 large cruciform church, with pseudo-transepts at the west 
 end also. Both east and west ends are flanked by towers, 
 and larger polygonal arcaded towers surmount both cross- 
 ings. The eastern apse, with its rich arcading beneath 
 the roof and its curious gables, is highly picturesque. The 
 main entrance is on the north side. The interior has 
 been adorned with mural paintings designed by Veit: it 
 contains a remarkable number of monumental tombs of 
 
 644 
 
 all ages. There are many statues of -emperors and elec- 
 tors, ana some fine glass. The cathedral is 366 feet long 
 and 150 wide ; the vaulting is 89 high. The cloister is of 
 the early 15th century. Other objects of interest are the 
 electoral palace (with library, picture-gallery, and collec- 
 tions), statue of Gutenberg (a native of Mainz), Church of 
 St. Stephen, and citadel. Mainz was a Celtic town and 
 was the site of a Roman camp, and capital of Germania 
 Superior. It was ruled by the archbishops (electors) of 
 Mainz, except for a period of about 200 years, terminating 
 in 1462, during which time it was a prominent member of 
 the League of Rhenish Towns. It was called “the Golden 
 Mainz." Formerly it had a university. It was conquered 
 by the Swedes in i631, and by the French in 1644 and 1688 ; 
 was occupied by the French in 1792. retaken after a siege 
 in 1793, ceded to France in 1801, and assigned to Hesse- 
 Darmstadt in 1816. Population, commune, 113,245, (1910). 
 
 Mainz, Electorate of. One of the three ecclesi- 
 astical electorates of the Holy Roman Empire. 
 
 The archbishopric of Mainz appears in the time of Boniface 
 (about. 750) as the most important in the eastern Frankish 
 dominions. It was recognized as one of the seven elec- 
 torates in 1356. In 1801 its possessions left of the Rhine 
 were ceded to France. In 1803 Erfurt, Eichsfeld, and the 
 Thuringian possessions were ceded to Prussia. Other pos- 
 sessions passed in 1803 to Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Darmstadt, 
 Nassau, etc. The coadjutor Dalberg received Ratisbon, 
 Aschaffenburg, and Wetzlar, and the archiepiscopal dig- 
 nity passed to Ratisbon. The elector renounced his pos- 
 sessions in 1813. In 1814-15 the recent territories of 
 Mainz fell to Hesse-Darmstadt, Bavaria, Nassau; etc. 
 
 Maipo, orMaipu(mi'po) : often, but incorrectly, 
 written and pronounced Maipii (ml-po'). A 
 river of Chile, crossing the province of Santiago 
 about 7 miles south of Santiago City. It gave its 
 name to a battle fought on a plain by its northern bank, 
 April 5, 1818, in which 5,000 patriots under San Martin de- 
 feated 6,500 Spaniards under Osorio. The patriots lost 1,000 
 in killed and wounded, and 1,000 Spaniards were killed. 
 Osorio escaped, but all his principal officers and 2,200 men 
 surrendered. This victory retrieved the defeat of Cancha 
 Rayada, and practically secured theindependence of Chile. 
 
 Maipures. See Maypures. 
 
 Mairet (ma-ra/), Jean. Born at Besamjon in 
 1604: died there in 1686. A French dramatist. 
 He has been called “the French Marston.” In 1631(1629?) 
 his most noted play, “Sophonisbe, "was produced. Among 
 his other plays are “Sylvie,” “Virginie," “Roland Furi- 
 eux,” “Sidonie,” “Sylvanire,"“Ath6nais,” “Marc Antoine, 
 ou la Cl(;op;itre,’’ etc. 
 
 Maison (ma-zon'), Marquis Nicolas Joseph de. 
 
 Born at Epinay, near Paris, Dec. 19, 1771 : died 
 at Paris, Feb. 13, 1840. A French marshal. He 
 served in the Napoleonic campaigns, and commanded the 
 expedition to the Morea 1828-29. 
 
 Maison Carr6e (ma-zon' ka-ra'). [F., 1 square 
 house.’] Ad ancient building at Nimes, France, 
 perhaps the most perfect of surviving Roman 
 temples. It is assigned to the 2d century. It is a Co- 
 rinthian hexastyle pseudoperipteros, with 11 columns on 
 the flanks, on a raised basement with steps in front, and 
 measures 40 by 76 feet, and 40 feet high. “It is constructed 
 with the optical refinement of the curved horizontal lines 
 hitherto considered peculiar to the Parthenon and other 
 Greek temples of the 6th and 6th centuries B. C.” (IF. II. 
 Goodyear, Amer. Jour, of Archseol., X. 1). 
 
 Maison Doree, La (la ma-zon' do-ra'). [F.,‘the 
 gilded house.’] A once noted restaurant in 
 Paris, situated on the Boulevard des Italiens. 
 It was built by Lemaire in 1839. 
 
 Maisonneuve (ma-zo-nev'), Jules Germain 
 Francois. Born in 1809: died in 1894. A 
 French surgeon, author of many surgical works. 
 
 Maisonneuve, Sieur de (Paul de Chomedey). 
 
 Died at Paris, Sept. 9, 1676. Governor of Mon- 
 treal 1642—64. He was a native of Champagne, entered 
 the French army in his youth, and was the leader of a 
 hand of colonists who arrived at Quebec in 1641 and set- 
 tled at Montreal in 1642. He remained governor of the 
 colony at Montreal until 1664, when he was removed from 
 office, and returned to France. 
 
 Maistre (mastr), Joseph Marie, Comte de. 
 Born at ChamMry, Savoy, April 1, 1754 : died 
 at Turin, Feb. 26, 1821. A French statesman, 
 writer, and philosopher. Joseph de Maistre was one 
 of the greatest writers in the French language since the 
 days of Voltaire and Rousseau. His family was of French 
 origin, but this particular branch had settled in Savoy as 
 early as the 17th century, and had sworn allegiance to the 
 King of Sardinia, The eldest of ten children, he prepared 
 to follow his father’s calling and become a magistrate. On 
 completing his classical studies under the Jesuits, he left 
 home and took up the study of law in Turin. In 1788 he 
 became senator of Savoy, but at no time was he in sympathy 
 with the judiciary duties of his office. He emigrated at 
 the time of the French Revolution, and spent several years 
 in Switzerland and northern Italy. After residing some 
 time in Sardinia in a diplomatic capacity, he finally went 
 to St, Petersburg as envoy extraordinary and minister pleni- 
 potentiary of the King of Sardinia (1802-17): this is by far 
 the most brilliant period in his political and literary life. 
 One of his earlier publications that had made his name 
 known throughout Europe was the “ Considerations sur la 
 revolution franpaise ” (1796). Duringthe period of his resi- 
 dence at the Russian capital he kept up a voluminous 
 correspondence. H e wrote an “ Essai sur le principe gdndra- 
 teur des institutions humaines" (1810), “Des deiais de la 
 justice divine ”(1815), “Du pape ” (1819), “De l’dglise galli- 
 cane" (1821), “Soirees de Saint- Pdtersbourg” ( 1821 ), and 
 “Examen de la philosophic de Bacon ’’ (1835). On the ex- 
 minister’s return to Turin, the King of Sardinia bestowed 
 numerous honors upon him. Joseph de Maistre’s letters 
 were edited many years after his death, and afford a valu- 
 able insight into the privacy of his thought and life. Two 
 
 Majlath 
 
 separate publications exist : “Lettres et opuscules inedits 
 du Comte Joseph de Maistre ” (1861) and “ Memoires poli- 
 tiques et correspondence diplomatique de Joseph de Mais- 
 tre ’’ (1858). 
 
 Maistre, Comte Xavier de. Born at Chamb6ry, 
 Savoy, Oct. , 1764 : died at St. Petersburg, June 
 12, 1852. A Savoyard soldier and author, brother 
 of J oseph de Maistre . He served in youth in the army 
 of Piedmont, and, after the occupation of Piedmont by the 
 French in 1798, took part in the Austrian and Russian cam- 
 paign in Italy (1799). In the same year he went to Russia, 
 where he rose to the rank of major-general. He wrote 
 “Voyage autour de ma chambre” (“Journey round my 
 Room, ” 1794, in the style of Sterne : written while under 
 arrest for taking part in a duel), “Le ldpreux de la citd 
 d’Aoste”(1812), “La jeune Sibdrienne”(1815), “Prisonniers 
 du Caucase’’ (1815), “Expedition nocturne autour de ma 
 chambre ” (1825). 
 
 The chief merit of these works [of de Maistre], as of the 
 less mannerised and more direct “Prisonniers du Caucase " 
 and “JeuneSibdrienne," resides in their dainty style, in 
 their singular narrative power (Sainte-Beuve says justly 
 enough that the ‘ ‘Prisonniers duCaucase "has been equalled 
 by no other writer except Merimde), and in the remarkable 
 charm of the personality of the author, which escapes at 
 every moment from the work. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Novelists, p. 144. 
 
 Maita Capac. See Mayta Ccapac. 
 
 Maitland (mat'land). A town in New South 
 Wales, Australia^ situated on Hunter River 83 
 miles north by east of Sydney. Population, 
 including East and West Maitland, 10,073. 
 
 Maitland, Sir Frederick Lewis. Born at Ran- 
 keilour, Fife, Sept. 7, 1777 : died off Bombay, 
 Nov. 30, 1839. A British rear-admiral. He was 
 
 stationed off Rochefort in command of the Bellerophon af- 
 ter the battle of Waterloo, under instructions to intercept 
 Napoleon, who opened negotiations with him July 10, 1816, 
 for permission to sail for the United States. He refused 
 his consent in the absence of instructions from the govern- 
 ment, but offered to carry Napoleon to England. Napo- 
 leon embarked in the Bellerophon July 15, and Aug. 7 was 
 transferred to the Northumberland off Berry Head. M ait- 
 land was promoted rear-admiral in 1830, and was appointed 
 commander-in-chief in the East Indies and China in 1837. 
 He wrote “Narrative of the Surrender of Buonaparte and 
 of his Residence on hoard H. M. S. Bellerophon,’’ etc. 
 (1826). 
 
 Maitland, John, Lord Maitland of Thirlestane. 
 Born about 1545 : died at Thirlestane, Oct. 3, 
 1595. A Scottish politician. He became lord privy 
 seal of Scotland in 1567, and spiritual lord of session in 
 1568 ; supported the cause of Mary Queen of Scots against 
 the Presbyterian party ; in 1587 was made chancellor by 
 James VI. (afterward James I. of England); and was 
 raised to the peerage as Lord Maitland of Thirlestane in 
 1590. By his advice James consented to the act establish- 
 ing the church on a strictly Presbyterian basis. 
 
 Maitland, John, second Earl and first Duke of 
 Lauderdale. Born at Lethington, May 24, 1616 : 
 died at Tunbridge Wells, Aug. 20(24?), 1682. A 
 Scottish politician, son of John Maitland, first 
 Earl of Lauderdale. He became one of the commis- 
 sioners for the Solemn League and Covenant in 1643, and a 
 member of the joint committee of the two kingdoms in 
 1644 ; afterward joined Prince Charles in his exile : and on 
 the Restoration became the chief adviser of Charles II. in 
 Scottish affairs, a position which lie used to establish the 
 absolutism of the crown both in the church and in the 
 state. He was created duke of Lauderdale in 1672. 
 
 Maitland, Samuel Roffey. Born at London, 
 Jan. 7, 1792: died at Gloucester, Jan. 19, 1866. 
 An English clergyman, and theological and his- 
 torical writer. He was librarian to the Archbishop of 
 Canterbury 1838-48. Among his works are “ The Dark 
 Ages "(1844) and “The Reformation in England " (1849). 
 
 Maitland, Thomas. The nom de plume of 
 
 Robert Buchanan. 
 
 Maitland, William, of Lethington. Bom 
 
 about 1528: died at Leith, June 9, 1573. A 
 Scottish politician. He studied at the University of 
 St. Andrews and on the Continent, and afterward became 
 secretary to Mary Queen of Scots, whose cause he sup- 
 ported against the Scottish reformers. He was captured 
 at the surrender of Edinburgh Castle to the English May 
 29, 1573, and died in prison. 
 
 Maittaire (ma-tar'), Michel. Born in France, 
 1668 : died at London, Sept. 18, 1747. A French 
 bibliographer and classical editor. He wasa teacher 
 in Westminster School 1695-1747. His chief work is “An- 
 nales typographic! ” (1719—41). 
 
 Maiwand (mi-wand'). A locality west of Kan- 
 dahar, Afghanistan. Here, July 27, 1880, the Afghans 
 (9,000) under Ayub Khan defeated the British (2,476) under 
 Burrows. The Brit ish loss was 964 killed and 167 wounded. 
 This has also been called the battle of Kushk-i-Nakhud. 
 
 Majano (ma-ya'no), Benedetto da. Born at 
 Majano, 1442 : died May 24, 1497. A Florentine 
 sculptor and architect. He began as a worker in wood 
 mosaic. Early in life he went to Hungary in the service 
 of KingCorvinus. Afterhis return he designed the Strozzi 
 palace, the corner-stone of which was laid in 1489. In 
 1491 he made the monument to Filippo Strozzi in Santa 
 Maria Novella. He went to Faenza to sculpture the monu- 
 mental altarof San Savino for the Duomo 1471-72. On his 
 return to Florence he made the marble pulpit of Santa 
 Croce. 
 
 Majano, Giuliano da. Born at Majano, 1432: 
 died 1490. A sculptor and builder, elder bro- 
 ther of Benedetto da Majano. 
 
 Majldth. See M a Hath. 
 
Majnrm 645 
 
 Majnun. See Lnila and Majnun. ‘messenger of Yahveh.’] The last of the minor 
 
 Major (ma'jor), Richard Henry. Born at Lon- prophets, 
 don, Oct. 3,1818: died at Kensington, June 25, Malachy (mal'a-ki), Saint. Born in Armagh, 
 1891. An English historian and geographer. Ireland, about 1094 : died at Clairvaux, France, 
 He was connected with the British Museum library 1844- Nov. 2, 1148. An Irish prelate, archbishop of 
 1880 ; was honorary secretary of the Hakluyt Society 1819- Armagh and papal legate in Ireland. 
 
 1868; and was vice-president of the Royal Geographical „ . J 5 Tmnirmniro T n TF ‘the im-ieinnrv 
 Society. He published a “ Life of Prince Henry of Portu- JxLalaCie imaginaire, Le. •> imaginary 
 gal, surnamed the Navigator " (1868), “The Discoveries of invalid/] A comedy by Moliere, produced m 
 Prince Henry the Navigator and their Results” (1877), 1673. 
 
 Maladetta jmS-la-det'tS), or Monts-Maudits 
 
 Letters of Christopher Columbus ” (1847) and various other 
 works. 
 
 Majorano. See Caffarelli. 
 
 Majorca (ma-j6r'ka), or Mallorca (mal-yor'- 
 
 (mon-mo-de'). A group of the central Pyre- 
 nees, on the Spanish side, south of the main 
 range. It contains the highest summit of the 
 Pyrenees, the Pic de Nethou. 
 
 ka). The largest of the Balearic Islands, Spain. Malaga (ma'la-gii, Eng. mal'a-ga). 1. A 
 
 n 1 i. 1 T~»_l . . . .v ii. T\i>ATrin/io in A nnolnoio fine in Tf in Vimm V.,. 
 
 Capital, Palma. It is mountainous in the northwest. 
 Olive-oil, wine, etc., are exported. The museum in the 
 castle of the Conde de Montenegro is a very remarka- 
 ble and valuable collection of antiquities, chiefly Roman, 
 formed by Cardinal Despuig toward the close of the 18th 
 century by extensive excavations during ten years at Aric- 
 cia, near the Alban Lake. The chief treasure is a head of 
 Augustus. Area, about 1,300 square miles. See Balearic 
 Islands. 
 
 Majorian. See Majorianus. 
 
 Majorianus (ma-jo-ri-a/nus), Julius. Roman 
 emperor of the West 457-461. He was elevated by 
 Ricimer (whom see) in 457, defeated the Vandals on the 
 coast of Campania in 458, but lost his fleet through treach- 
 ery at the battle of Carthagena in 460. He was forced to 
 abdicate by Ricimer, who viewed with concern his grow- 
 ing popularity. He died shortly after, probably put to 
 death by order of Ricimer. 
 
 Majuba (ma-jo'ba) Hill. A height in the Dra- 
 kenberge, South Africa. Here, Feb. 27, 1881, about 
 450 Boers, with slight loss, defeated about 700 British. 
 
 province in Andalusia, Spain, it is bounded by 
 Seville on the northwest, Cordova on the north, Granada 
 on the east, the Mediterranean on the south, and Cadiz on 
 the west. It is traversed by mountain-ranges. The chief 
 products are grapes, sugar, and tropical fruits. The area 
 iB 2,812 square miles. Population, 511,989. 
 
 2. A seaport and the capital of the province of 
 Malaga, situated on the Mediterranean in lat. 
 36° 43' N., long. 4° 25' W. : the ancient Malaea. 
 It is the chief seaport of Spain after Barcelona, exporting 
 grapes, raisins, wine, olive-oil, oranges, lemons, figs, lead, 
 etc. The cathedral, begun in 1538, but not completed 
 until 1719, is very large (the vaulting being 130 feet high), 
 but is built in a heavy bastard Corinthian architecture, 
 with tawdry d ecoration. The carved wooden Renaissance 
 choir-stalls, however, are superb, the 68 large figures of 
 saints with their emblems being especially noteworthy. 
 Malaga was probably founded by the Phenicians ; waB 
 taken by the Moors about 711 ; was besieged and taken by 
 Ferdinand the Catholic in 1487 ; and was taken by the 
 French in 1810. It figured conspicuously in the troubles 
 of 1868 and 1873. Population, 153,661. 
 
 Of the latter 92 including Gen. Sir G. P. Colley, were Malagasy (mal-a-gas'i). [PI. and sing.] The 
 Makah “S inhabitants of Madagascar. They are an off- 
 
 Makallah (ma-kal'la), orMaculla (ma-kul'la). * h ° ot f 1 '?™ *¥ Majay-Poiynesian group. 
 
 A seaport in Hadramaut, southern Arabia, sit- Malaglgl (ma-la-je je). In the Charlemagne 
 uated in lat. 14° 32' N., long. 49° 3' E. cycle of romances, an enchanter and magician, 
 
 Makari (ma-ka're). A Nigritic tribe of Bornu, the cousm of Rinaldo. M ,. 
 
 central Sudan, which inhabits the province of Malagrowther (mal-a-grou THer), Malachi. 
 Kotoko and the vassal kingdom of Logone. A ™m,dnuvm 8 "* Waltfir Scott 1,1 Thrfifi 
 
 A pseudonym of Sir Walter Scott in “Three 
 Letters by Malachi Malagrowther” on paper 
 money, first published in th e “ Edinburgh Week- 
 ly Journal”in 1826. In 1830 a fourth letter was added. 
 Sir Mungo Malagrowther is a malicious old courtier in 
 
 They are kinsmen of the Gamergu, Musgu, and Mandara; 
 are darker and shorter than the Kanuri ; and profess Islam- 
 ism. See Masa. 
 
 Makarief (ma-ka're-ef). 1. A town in the 
 government of Kostroma, Russia, situated Scott's novel “The Fortunes .of Nigel.” 
 on the Unsha 110 miles north of Nijni-Nov- Malahlde. An ancient fortified 
 gorod. Population, 8,425. 2. A small town 
 
 in the government of Nijni-Novgorod, Russia, 
 
 mansion near 
 
 Dublin, Ireland, formerly the residence of the 
 Talbot family, and still in their possession. It 
 rituated^on^lTo^ east-southeast is one of the best specimens of pure Norman 
 
 of Nijni-Novgorod: formerly noted for its fair, architecture in the British Isles 
 Makarska. or Macarska (ma-kars'ka). a Malakoff, or Malakhoff (ma la-kof). A forti- 
 small seaport iu Dalmatia, on the Adriatic 34 fication which formed one of the principal de- 
 miles southeast of Spalato. t ens( L s of Sebastopol, Crimea. On Sept. 8, 1855 the 
 
 Makar t (mak art), Hans. Boin at tealzburg, commen ced immediately after its capture. 
 
 Austria, May 28, 1840 : died at Vienna, Oct. 3, Malaprop (mal'a-prop), Mrs. A vain, good- 
 1884. A noted Austrian historical and figure natured woman in Sheridan’s “Rivals, ’’remark- 
 
 able for her misapplication of words. 
 
 Mrs. Mai. There, sir, an attack upon my language ! what 
 do you think of that? — an aspersion upon my parts of 
 speech ! was ever such a brute I Sure if I reprehend any- 
 thing in this world, it is the use of my oracular tongue, 
 and a nice derangement of epitaphs. 
 
 Sheridan, Rivals, iii. 3. 
 
 painter. He studied at Vienna under Ruben, and at 
 Munich under Piloty, and after visiting Paris, Rome, Ven- 
 ice, and other cities finally settled in Vienna in 1869 at 
 the request of the emperor Francis Joseph, who in 1879 
 gave him the title of professor. Among his chief works 
 are the “Homage of the Venetians to Catarina Cornaro,” 
 
 “ Entry of Charles V. into Antwerp,” “ Hunt of Diana,” 
 
 “Plague in Florence,” “Cleopatra,” “The Five Senses," 
 
 “Ophelia," etc. Malar, or Maelar (naa'lar), or Malaren (ma'- 
 
 Mako (mo ko). The capital of tlie county of lar-en). A lake in eastern Sweden, connecting 
 Csanad, Hungary, situated near the Maros 15 the Baltic at Stockholm. It contains over 1,200 
 
 miles east by south of Szegedm. Population, ialands. Stockholm is situated on it. Length, 80 mileB. 
 33,722. .Malaspina (ma-las-pe'na), Alejandro. Born 
 
 Makololo(ma-ko-16T6). See Nganga and Botse. about 1750 : died at Cadiz about 1810. A Span- 
 Makrisi (mak-re'ze), Al- (Taki-uddin Ah- ish navigator who, from 1789to 1794, command- 
 mad). Born 1366 : died 1442. An Arabian his- ed a surveying expedition on the western coast 
 
 torian. The name Makrisi is derived from his birth- 
 place, Makris near Baalbec. His “ Egyptian History and 
 
 of South and North America. He penetrated to lat. 
 60° N. in search of a passage from the Pacific to the At. 
 
 Topography ” is still an important work, and some of his lantic, and subsequently returned to Spain by way of the 
 workB have been translated into Latin and French. *East Indies. 
 
 Makua (ma-ko'a). See Kua. Malaspina Glacier. [Named in honor of A. Ma- 
 
 Malabar (mal-a-bar'). A district in Madras, laspina.] A glacier in Alaska, between Mount 
 British India, intersected by lat. 11° N., long. St. Elias and the Pacific. 
 
 76° E. Area, 5,795 square miles. Population, Malatesta (ma-la-tes'ta). [It., ‘had head.’] 
 2,800,555. An Italian family ruling in Rimini, Italy, and 
 
 Malabar Coast. A name often given to the in other parts of the Romagna, from the 13th 
 western coast of British India, bordering on to the 15th century. 
 
 the Arabian Sea : it is properly confined to the Malatia (ma-la-te'a), orMalatiyeh(ma-l;i-te'- 
 southern part. ye). A town in the vilayet of Diarbekir, Asiatic 
 
 Malacca (ma-lak'a). 1. See Malay Peninsula. Turkey, about lat. 38° 30' N., long. 38° 25' E. : 
 — 2. A territory in the British colony of the the ancient Melitene. The Persians were defeated 
 Straits Settlements, Malay Peninsula. Area, here by the Byzantine forces in 577. Pop., about 30, 000 . 
 659 square miles. Population, 95,487. — 3. A Malavikagnimitra (ma-la-vi-kag-ni'mi-tra). 
 
 ' the territory of Malacca, [Skt., ‘Malavika and Agnimitra.’] A Sanskrit 
 
 seaport, capital of 
 situated on the Strait of Malacca in lat. 2° 12 
 N., long. 102° 16' E. It was formerly under Portu- 
 guese and later under Dutch rule. Pop., about 16,000. 
 
 Malacca, Strait of. A sea passage separating 
 
 drama, very probably by Kalidasa, it treats of 
 the loves of King Agnimitra and Malavika, a girl in the 
 train of his queen Dharini. There is an epitome by Wil- 
 son in his 11 Hindu Theatre.” For the plot, see, also, Wil- 
 liams’s “ Indian Wisdom,” p. 478. Translation by Tawney. 
 
 Sumatra from the Malay Peninsula, and con- Malay (ma-la/) Archipelago, Eastern Archi- 
 necting the China Sea with the Indian Ocean, pelago, or Indian Archipelago. An exten- 
 Width, 30-200 miles. sive group of islands lying south and southeast 
 
 Malachi (mal'a-ki). [Heb., ‘ my messenger,’ or of Asia. It includes, among others, Sumatra, Java, Bor- 
 
 Malcontent, The 
 
 neo, Celebes, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sandalwood 
 Island, Timor, and the Moluccas. The Philippines are 
 often included, and sometimes Papua, the Andaman Isl- 
 ands, and the Nicobar Islands. The inhabitants are chiefly 
 of Malay or Papuan race. W ith the exception of the north- 
 ern face of Borneo, almost the entire region is under Dutch 
 domination. The eastern half of Timor is a Portuguese 
 ^government. See the respective names. 
 
 Malay Peninsula, or Malacca (ma-lak'a). A 
 peninsula at the southern extremity of Asia, 
 connected with the rest of Further India by the 
 Isthmus of Kva, and terminating in Cape Roma- 
 nia.. It lies between the Gulf of Siam and the China Sea on 
 the east and the Bay of Bengal and the Strait of Malacca on 
 the west; is traversed by a mountain-range; and is divided 
 politically into Siamese possessions, British possessions 
 (Straits Settlements), and Malay states(Perak, Johor, etc., 
 in alliance with Great Britain). The chief races are Malays, 
 Siamese, Chinese, and Negritos. Area, estimated, 70,000 
 square miles. Population, about. 1,000,000. 
 
 Malay-Polynesian (ma-la, ' pol -i-ne 'sian). A 
 family of languages occupying most of the isl- 
 ands of the Pacific, from Madagascar to Easter 
 Island (not, however, Australia and Tasmania, 
 northe central parts of Borneo andNew Guinea, 
 and of some other of the large islands), toge- 
 ther with the Malay Peninsula. Its principal 
 branches are the Malayan, v of the peninsula and the islands 
 nearest it, and the Polynesian, of the great mass of scat- 
 tered islands (including Madagascar and New Zealand) ; to 
 these is added by many the Melanesian, of the Fiji Archi- 
 pelago and its vicinity, which others regard as a separate 
 family. The languages are of extreme simplicity in regard 
 both to phonetic and to grammatical structure. 
 
 Malays (rna-laz'). [E. Malay, F. Malais, G. 
 Malaje, Russ. Malax , etc., Malay Orang Malaga, 
 Malay man.] The natives of Malacca or the 
 Malay Peninsula, or of the adjacent islands. 
 Malbone (mal-bon'), Edward G. Born at New- 
 port, R. I., Aug., 1777 : died at Savannah, Ga., 
 May 7, 1807. An American portrait-painter. 
 Malbrough (mal-brok'), or Malbrook (mal- 
 hruk'). A celebrated French song, commencing 
 “ Malbrough s’en va-t-en guerre.” The authorsof 
 words and music are not certainly known, but it probably 
 dates from about 1709. Marie Antoinette took a fancy to it 
 in 1781, and it became popular throughout France, after 
 which Beaumarchais introduced it in “Le mariage de 
 Figaro ” in 1784, and Beethoven repeated it in his “ Battle 
 Symphony ” (1813), as the symbol of the French army. The 
 air is that to which “We won't go home till morning” is 
 sung. Grove. 
 
 Malchin (mal-chen'). A town in Mecklenburg- 
 Schwerin, German}', situated on the Peene 57 
 miles east by north of Schwerin. Population, 
 over 7,000. 
 
 Malcolm (mal'kom or ma'korn) I. [ME. Mal- 
 colm, Malcolyn, AS. Mselcolm; Gael. Calum .] 
 Died in 954. King of Scotland 943-954. He an- 
 nexed Moray to the Scottish kingdom in 943. 
 Malcolm II. Mackenneth. Died Nov. 25, 1034. 
 King of Scotland 1005—34. He gained the throne 
 by defeating and killing Kenneth III. at Monzievaird, 
 Perthshire, in 1005 ; was repulsed with great slaughter by 
 Uchtred, son of Waltheof, ealdorman of Northumbria, Id 
 an attack on Durham in 1008 ; and married his daughter 
 to Sigurd, jarl of Orkney, in 1008. During his reign Lo- 
 thian and Cumbria north of the Solway were annexed to 
 Scotland. 
 
 Malcolm III., called Canmore. Died Nov. 13, 
 1093. King of Scotland 1054-93, son of Dun- 
 can I. He ascended the throne on the defeat of the 
 usurper Macbeth by Earl Siwardof Northumbria July 27, 
 1064, which was followed by his own victory at Lumpha- 
 nan in Aberdeenshire, where Macbeth was slain. He was 
 crowned at Scone April 25, 1057, and in 1058 married Mar- 
 garet as his second wife, through whose influence the 
 Roman ritual was introduced into Scotland. In 1070 he 
 supported the cause of his brother-in-law, Edgar Atheling, 
 but was obliged to do homage to William the Conqueror 
 at Abernethy in 1072. He was defeated and slain by Mo- 
 rel of Bamborough near the Alne, at a place which after- 
 ward received the name of Malcolm’s Cross. Shakspere 
 introduces him in “ Macbeth.” 
 
 Malcolm IV., surnamed “The Maiden.” Born 
 in 1141: died at Jedburgh, Dec. 9, 1165. King 
 of Scotland 1153-65, son of Henry, and grandson 
 of David I. whom he succeeded. He was compelled 
 to surrender to Henry II. ot England at Chester in 1157 
 the fiefs granted to his grandfather by Matilda, mother of 
 Henry II., in return for the assistance of the Scots against 
 Stephen, and in 1159 served as an English baron in the ex- 
 pedition against Toulouse, 
 
 Malcolm, Howard. Born at Philadel phia, Jan . 
 19, 1799: died at Philadelphia, March 25, 1879. 
 An American Baptist clergyman and writer. 
 Among his works are a “Dictionary of the Bible” (1828), 
 “ Travels in South-eastern Asia ” (1839), etc. 
 
 Malcolm, Sir John. Born at Burnfoot, Dum- 
 friesshire, May 2, 1769: died May 30, 1833. A 
 Scottish politician. He received a commission in the 
 East India Company’s service in 1781; was governor of 
 Bombay 1827-30; and was Tory member of Parliament for 
 Launceston 1831-32. He wrote a “ Political History of In- 
 dia” (1811), a “History of Persia" (1816), etc. 
 Malcontent, The. A play by Marston, acted 
 in 1601, printed in 1604. Another edition, aug- 
 mented by Webster, appeared the same year. 
 
Malcontent, The 
 
 Then came Marston’s completest work in drama, “The 
 Malcontent, ” an anticipation, after Elizabethan fashion, of 
 “Le Misanthrope ’’ and “ The Plain Dealer." Though not 
 free from Marston’s two chief vices of coarseness and exag- 
 gerated cynicism, it is a play of great merit, and much the 
 best thing he has done, though the reconciliation, at the 
 end, of such a husband and such a wife as Piero and Au- 
 relia, between whom there is a chasm of adultery and mur- 
 der, again lacks verisimilitude. 
 
 Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 198. 
 
 Malczewski (mal-chev'ske), or Malezeski 
 (miil-ches'kf \ Alltoni. Born about 1792: died 
 at Warsaw, May 2, 1826. A Polish poet. His 
 chief work is a narrative poem, “Maria” (1825). 
 Maldah (mal'da). A district in Bengal, Brit- 
 ish India, intersected by lat. 25° N., long. 
 88° E. Area, 1,899 square miles. Population, 
 884,030. 
 
 Malden (mal'den). A city in Middlesex County, 
 Massachusetts, situated onMaldenRiverS miles 
 north of Boston. Population, 44,404, (1910). 
 Malden Island. A small island in the Pacific, 
 northwest of the Marquesas. It is a British pos- 
 session. 
 
 Maidive (mal'div) Islands. [Native name Mal- 
 diva, Muldiua ; from mat- (uncertain) and diva, 
 Skt. dvipa, island. Cf. Laccadive Islands. ] An 
 archipelago in the Indian Ocean, about500miles 
 southwest of Ceylon. Capital, Mali. The islands 
 comprise 17 atolls, and are ruled by a sultan, tributary to 
 the British government of Ceylon. The religion is Moham- 
 medan. Population, about 30,000. 
 
 Maldon (mal'don). A river port in Essex, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Blaekwater 37 miles east- 
 northeast of London. Here, 991, the Danes 
 defeated the English. The battle is described 
 in an Anglo-Saxon poem. Population, about 
 6 , 000 . 
 
 Malea (ma'le-a). [Gr. Ma/ia.] 1. The ancient 
 name of Cape Malia. — 2. In ancient geography, 
 the southernmost point of the island of Lesbos. 
 Male-bolge (ma'le-bol'je). In Dante’s “In- 
 ferno,” the eighth circle. It was filled with bolgi 
 or pits. 
 
 Malebranche (mal-bronsh'), Nicolas. Bom 
 at Paris, Aug. 6, 1638: died at Paris, Oct. 13, 
 1715. A French metaphysician, a follower of 
 Descartes. He sought to overcome the dualism of the 
 Cartesian philosophy by the doctrine that God is the real 
 ground of all being and knowing, and that we “see all 
 things in him.” His principal work is “Recherche de la 
 vdrite” (“Search for Truth,” 1674). He also wrote “Con- 
 versations chretieunes ” (1677), “Traite de la nature et de 
 la grace ” (1680), “ Meditations chrdtiennes et metaphy- 
 siques ” (1683), “Traite de morale ” (1684), “Entretiens sur 
 la mdtaphysique et la religion" (1687), etc. 
 
 Maler Kotla (ma'ler kot'la). A small native 
 state in India, controlled by the British, situ- 
 ated about lat. 30° 30' N., long. 75° 50' E. Pop- 
 ulation, 77,506. 
 
 Malesherbes (mal-zarb'). A small town in 
 the department of Loiret, France, situated on 
 the Essonne, eleven miles northeast of Pitlii- 
 viers. Near it are the Chateau de Malesherbes 
 (17th cent.) and the Chateau de Rouville (15th 
 cent.). 
 
 Malesherbes (mal-zarb'), Chretien Guillaume 
 de Lamoignon de. Born at Paris, Dec. 6, 1721 : 
 guillotined at Paris, April 22, 1794. A noted 
 French statesman, president of the “ cour des 
 aides ” (1750) and director of the press. He was 
 minister under Louis XVI. and his counsel 
 (1792-93) before the Convention. He was ar- 
 rested (Dec., 1793) and condemned to death by 
 the Revolutionary tribunal on a charge of trea- 
 son. 
 
 Malespin (mii-las-pen'), Francisco. Born about 
 1800 : died at San Fernando, Salvador, 1846. A 
 Central American soldier and politician. He 
 was commandant-general of Salvador in 1811, 
 and on Sept. 20 of that year headed the revo- 
 lution which deposed Canas and put the aris- 
 tocratic party in power. Thereafter he was 
 the leading spirit in Salvador, and became 
 resident Feb. 5, 1844. He had two wars with 
 uatemala in 1844, and at the end of that year, in alli- 
 ance with Honduras, invaded Nicaragua, taking Leon 
 after a terrible siege (Jan. 24, 1845), and committing many 
 atrocities. Xn his absence he was deposed (Feb. 2, 1845), 
 and, attempting to recover his place, was captured and 
 shot. 
 
 Malet (ma-la/), Claude Francois de. Born at 
 Dole, France, June 28, 1754 : executed at Paris, 
 Oct. 29, 1812. A French general, head of an un- 
 successful conspiracy against Napoleon in Oct., 
 1812. He was of noblefamily, an ardent republican, and 
 entered the army at the aye of sixteen. 
 
 Malet, Lucas. The pseudonym of Mrs. William 
 Harrison, the youngest daughter of Charles 
 Kingsley. See * Harrison. 
 
 Malevole. The name assumed by Giovanni 
 Altofronto, formerly duke of Genoa, a character 
 
 646 
 
 in Marston’s play “The Malcontent,” to which 
 he gives its name. 
 
 Malherbe (mal-arb'), Frangois de. Born at 
 Caen in 1555 : died at Paris, Oct. 16, 1628. A cele- 
 brated French poet. His studies, begun in his native 
 city, were continued at Paris, and completedat Basel and 
 Heidelberg. He was married in 1581, and spent much of his 
 time in southern France. One of his first com positions, “ Les 
 larrnes de Saint-Pierre,” was published at Paris in 1587. 
 Before the close of the century he had written his ode to 
 Dupdrier entitled “Consolation sur la mort de sa fille," 
 and had addressed odes to Henry IV. and Marie de 
 Medicis. His ambition to become court poet was realized 
 about 1605. He was presented to the king, and remained 
 in residence at court till the death of Henry IV. in 1610, 
 and was then further retained duringthe minority of Louis 
 XIII. The best modern edition of his works is that of 
 Ludovic Lalanne and Ad. Regnier for the “Collection des 
 grands ccrivains de la France ” (Paris, 5 vols. 1862-69). Mal- 
 herbe’s claims to recognition lie in the nicety of his vocabu- 
 lary, the purity of his expression, and the perfection of his 
 verse. Buileau, in his “Art pottique," hailed him intheoft- 
 quoted words: “Enfin Malherbe vint.” Contemporaneous 
 writers, however, surnamed Malherbe “le tyran des mots 
 et des syllabes” (‘ the tyrant of words and syllables ’). 
 
 Mali. See Mandingo. 
 
 Malia (ma'le-a), Cape. A promontory at the 
 southeastern extremity of Laconia, Greece : the 
 ancient Malea. 
 
 Maliacus Sinus (ma-li'a-kus si'nus). [L.,‘Ma- 
 liac Gulf.’] In ancient geography, an arm of 
 the yEgean Sea, south of Thessaly, Greece: the 
 modern Gulf of Lamia. 
 
 Malibran (ma-le-broh'), Madame (Maria Fe- 
 licita Garcia), later Madame de Beriot. Born 
 at Paris, March 24, 1808 : died at Manchester, 
 England, Sept. 23, 1836. A celebrated opera- 
 siuger, daughter and pupil of Manuel del Popolo 
 Vicente Garcia. Her voice was a contralto. In 1824 
 she appeared in public for the first time at a musical club. 
 Her operatic debut was on June 7, 1825, in London, where 
 she took the place of Pasta, who was ill. She made a great 
 sensation, and wasat once engaged for therestof theseason. 
 Shortly after til is she went to Ne w Y ork with her father. In 
 the midst of a successful season there he married her to 
 Mr. Malibran, who soon became bankrupt. In 1827 she left 
 him and returned to France. She sang with increasing 
 success in Paris, London, and other cities till the time of 
 her death. In 1836 she married the violinist De BCriot, 
 with whom she had lived from 1830. 
 
 Malignants (ma-lig'nants), The. In English 
 history, the adherents of Charles I. and his son 
 Charles II. during the civil war ; the Royalists ; 
 the Cavaliers : so called by the Roundheads, the 
 opposite party. 
 
 Malinche. See Malintzin. 
 
 Malines. See Mechlin. 
 
 Malintzin (ma-len'tzen). The name given by 
 the Mexican Indians to Marina, the Indian mis- 
 tress of Hernando Cortes. See Marina. Either 
 her original Indian name was Malina, or the Indians so 
 pronounced her Spanish name ; and the suffix • tzin (‘ chief,’ 
 ‘ lady ’) was added out of respect. Subsequently Cortes him- 
 self was called Malintzin, the name in this case meaning 
 ‘lord of Marina.’ The Spaniards corrupted Malintzin to 
 Malinche. 
 
 Malis (ma'lis). [Gr. i) MeiUf y#.] In ancient 
 geography, a district of Greece, south of Thes- 
 saly and north of Doris. 
 
 Mall (mel or mal), The. A broad promenade 
 in St. James’s Park, London, planted with rows 
 of trees. The name is also given to a somewhat similar 
 promenade in the Central Park, N ew York. See Pall Mall. 
 
 Mallarino (mal-ya-re'no), Manuel Maria. 
 
 Born in Cauca, 1798: died at Bogota, Jan. 6, 
 1872. A politician of New Granada (Colombia). 
 He was vice-president under Obando in 1853, 
 and president 1855-57. 
 
 Mallet (mal'et), originally Malloch (mal'leck), 
 David. Born at Crieff, Perthshire, about 1700: 
 died in England, April 21, 1765. A Scottish poet 
 and author. He wrote the plays “Mustapha" (1739), 
 “Eurydice”(1731),and “Elvira "(1763). “Alfred, aMasque," 
 was written with Thomson, and “Rule, Britannia,” one of 
 the songs contained in it, has been claimed for both. 
 Among his poems were “ The Excursion ” (1728), “ The 
 Hermit” (1742), and several volumes of miscellaneous 
 verse. 
 
 Mallet (ma-la'), Paul Henri. Born at Geneva, 
 1730: died there, Feb. 8, 1807. A Swiss historian 
 and student of Scandinavian antiquities, pro- 
 fessor of belles-lettres at the Academy of Copen- 
 hagen 1752-60. He was appointed professor of history 
 at the Academy of Geneva in the latter year. He pub- 
 lished an “Introduction k l’histoire du Danemark, etc.” 
 (1755-56), “Northern Antiquities” (1770), “ Monuments de 
 la inythologie et de la poesie des Celtes et particulierement 
 des anciens Scandinaves”(1756),“Histoire du Danemark” 
 (1758-77), etc. 
 
 Mallet du Pan (ma-la' du poh), Jacques. Born 
 at Geneva, 1749: died in England, May 10, 1800. 
 A Swiss publicist. He was professor of French liter- 
 ature at Cassel in 1772 ; soon went to London, where he oc- 
 cupied himself with journalism ; founded the “Mdmoires 
 Historiques, Politiques, et Litteraires" at Geneva in 1779 ; 
 went to Paris in 1783, where he founded, with Pankoucke, 
 the “Journal Historique et Politique,” later combined 
 with the “ Mercure de France ” (suppressed in 1792) ; fled 
 
 Malone 
 
 from France in 1792 ; and settled in London in 1799, where 
 
 ★ he founded the “Mercure Britannique." 
 
 Mallock (mal'ok), William Hurrell. Bom in 
 
 Devonshire (?), 1849. An English author. He 
 was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and gained the 
 Newdigate prize there in 1871. Among his works are “ The 
 New Republic, etc.” (1877), “ The New Paul and Virginia, 
 etc.” (1878), “Lucretius” (1878), “Is Life worth living?" 
 (1879), “Poems” (1880), “A Romance of the Nineteenth 
 Century ’’ (1881), “ Social Equality, etc.” (1882), “ Property 
 and Progress, etc.” (1884), “Landlords and the National 
 Income” (1884), “Atheism and the Value of Life, etc.” 
 GS84), “ The Old Order Changes ” (1886). 
 
 Mallorca. See Majorca. 
 
 Mallory ( mal'o-ri), Stephen Russell. Bom in 
 
 Trinidad, West Indies, 1813 : died at Pensacola, 
 Fla., Nov. 9, 1873. An American politician. He 
 was a Democratic United States senator from Florida 1851- 
 1861, when he resigned on the secession of his State. He 
 was in the latter year appointed by President Davis sec- 
 retary of the navy of the Confederate States, a position 
 which he held until the end of the war in 1865. 
 
 Mallow (mal'o). A town in the county of Cork, 
 Ireland, situated on the Blaekwater 18 miles 
 north-northwest of Cork. It contains a warm 
 mineral spring. Population, 4,542. 
 
 Malmaison (mal-ma-zon'). A hamlet a few 
 miles west of Paris, noted for its castle, the 
 residence of the empress Josephine 1798-1814. 
 
 Malmedy (mal'me-de). A town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, situated on the Warche 25 
 miles south of Aix-la-Chapelle. Population, 
 about 5,000. 
 
 Malmesbury (mamz'ber-i). A town in Wilt- 
 shire, England, situated on the Lower Avon 23 
 miles east-northeast of Bristol, it formerly con- 
 tained a Benedictine monastery. Hobbes was born there. 
 Population, 2,854. 
 
 Malmesbury, Earl of. See Harris, James. 
 
 Malmo (mal'me). A seaport, capital of thelaen 
 of Malmohus, situated on the Sound, nearly op- 
 posite Copenhagen, in lat. 55° 36' N., long. 13° 
 E. It is the third city of Sweden in importance ; has 
 manufactures of gloves ; exports grain, etc. ; and was for- 
 merly one of the leading northern seaports. A truce be- 
 tween Prussia and Denmark was concluded here in 1848. 
 Population, 81,120. 
 
 Malmohus (mal'me-hos). The southernmost 
 laen of Sweden, bordering on the Baltic, Sound, 
 andCattegat. Area, 1,866 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 447,274. 
 
 Malmstrom (malm'strem), Bernhard Elis. 
 
 Born in Nerike, Sweden, March 14, 1816: died 
 at Upsala, June 21, 1865. A Swedish poet and 
 writer. He studied at Upsala, where in 1843 he became 
 docent, and in 1856 professor of esthetics and the history 
 of literature. His first work was the epic poem “Ariadne,” 
 which appeared in 1838. In 1840 he was awarded the prize 
 of the Swedish Academy for the elegiac cycle “ Angelica.” 
 Among his other poetical works are the narrative poem 
 “Fiskarflickan frito Tunnelso”(“TheFisherMaid of Tun- 
 nelso ”) and a number of lyrics. In the field of criticism 
 he is the author of “Literaturhistoriska Studier”(‘ Studies 
 in Literary History”) and the collection of lectures “ Grund- 
 dragen af Svenska Vitterhetens Historia’” (“Elements of 
 the History of Swedish Literature," published after his 
 death, 1866-68, 5 vols.). 
 
 Maloja (ma-lo'ya), It. Maloggia (ma-lod'ja). 
 A pass in the southern part of the canton of 
 Grisons, Switzerland, connecting the Upper En- 
 gadine with Chiavenna (in Italy) . Height, 5,960 
 
 feet. 
 
 Malojaroslavetz, or Maloyaroslavetz (maUo- 
 ya-ro-sla'vets). A town in the government of 
 Kaluga, Russia, situated on the Lusha 66 miles 
 southwest of Moscow. Here, Oct. 24, 1812, Na- 
 poleon was checked by the Russians. Popula- 
 tion, 2,500. 
 
 Malone (ma-lon'). The capital of Franklin 
 County, New York, situated on Salmon River, 
 42 miles west by north of Plattsburg. Popu- 
 lation, 6,467, (1910). 
 
 Malone, Edmund. Bom at Dublin, Oct. 4, 1741 : 
 died at London, April 25, 1812. An Irish literary 
 critic and Shaksperian scholar. He graduated at 
 Trinity College, Dublin, and in 1763 went to London and be- 
 came alaw student in the Inner Temple. Returning to Ire- 
 land, he was called to the Irish bar in 1767. Not long after 
 this his father’s death left him in possession of a small estate 
 and sufficient money to live upon. He therefore returned 
 to London to devote himself to literature. He soon entered 
 the best political and literary society, and counted among 
 his friends Johnson, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Bishop Percy, 
 Burke, Canning, Horace Walpole, and others. His edition 
 of Shakspere was published in 17C0, but he had previously 
 writ ten an “ Attempt to ascertain the order in which the 
 plays of Shakspere were written ” (1778), a supplement to 
 Johnson’s edition of Shakspere (1780), containing observa- 
 tions on the Elizabethan stage and the text of 5 plays 
 wrongly ascribed to Shakspere, etc. He published an edi- 
 tion of Sir Joshua Reynolds's works in 1797, and an edition 
 of Dryden, 4 volumes of which appeared in 1800. Besides 
 writing a number of minor works, he found time to devote 
 himself to book-collecting, and accumulated alargelibi ary. 
 After his death the greater part of it was sent to Oxford. 
 He left material for another edition of Shakspere, which 
 was published by James Boswell the younger in 1821, and 
 is known as the “third variorum Shakspere,” sometimes 
 as “Boswell’s Malone. ” 
 
Malory 
 
 Malory (mal'o-ri), Sir Thomas. Born probably 
 about 1430: died after 1470. The author of the 
 prose romance “ Morte Arthure” (which see). 
 Little is known of him. 
 
 Malou(ma-lo'), Jules. Born at Ypres, Belgium, 
 Oct. 19, 1810: died at Brussels, July 11, 1886. 
 A Belgian politician of the clerical party, pre- 
 mier 1871-78 and 1884. 
 
 Malpighi (miil-pe'ge), Marcello. Born near 
 Bologna, Italy, March 10, 1628: died at Borne, 
 Nov. 29, 1694. An Italian anatomist and physi- 
 ologist, the founder of microscopic anatomy. 
 He was lecturer on medicine at Bologna (1656), professor 
 at Pisa (1657), at Bologna (1660), at Messina (1662), and 
 again at Bologna. In 1691 he went to Rome as physician 
 to Pope Innocent XII. 
 
 Malplaquet (mal-pla-ka'). A village in the de- 
 partment of Nord, France, near the Belgian 
 frontier, 20 miles east of Valenciennes, it was 
 
 the scene, Sept. 11, 1709, of a victory of the allied English, 
 Dutch, and Austrian forces (about 120,000) under the Duke 
 of Marlborough and PrinceEugene over the French (about 
 90,000) under Villars. The loss of the Allies was about 
 20,000 ; that of the French, probably from 11,000 to 14,000. 
 
 Malstatt-Burbach (mal ' stat - bor ' bach). A 
 town in the Bhine Province, Prussia, situated 
 on the Saar, opposite Saarbriicken, 32 miles 
 south-southeast of Treves. It has iron manu- 
 factures. Population, commune, 38,554. 
 Malstrom. See Maelstrom. 
 
 Malta (mal'ta), F. Malte (malt). [Probably 
 Phenician, ‘refuge.’] The chief of the Maltese 
 Islands, situated about lat. 35° 55' N., long. 14° 
 30' E. : the ancient Melita. Chief town,Valetta. 
 The surface is hilly. It is an important strategic point. 
 The island anciently belonged to the Pheuicians, and later 
 to the Romans. It was the scene of the shipwreck of St. 
 Paul. (For further history, see Maltese Islands.) Length, 
 17 miles. Breadth, 9 miles. Area, about 95 square miles. 
 Malta, Knights of. See Hospitalers of St. John 
 of Jerusalem, Order of the. 
 
 Malte-Brun (mal'te-bron; F.pron. malt -bruit'), 
 Conrad (originally Malte Conrad Brunn). 
 Born at Thisted, Denmark, Aug. 12, 1775 : died 
 at Paris, Dee. 14, 1826. A noted Danish-French 
 geographer and publicist, author of “ Precis de 
 g6ographie universelle ” (commenced 1810, con- 
 tinued by Huot), collaborator with Mentelle 
 and Herbin in “ Geographic math6matique, 
 etc.” (1803-07), and founder of the “Annales 
 des voyages” (1808). 
 
 Malte-Brun, Victor Adolphe. Bom 1816: 
 died 1889. A French geographer, son of Con- 
 rad Malte-Brun : general secretary of the Geo- 
 raphical Society of Paris, 
 altese (mal-tes' or mal-tez') Islands. A 
 British colony in the Mediterranean, compris- 
 ing Malta, Gozo, Comino, and two islets. Capi- 
 tal, V aletta. They produce coin, cotton, tropical fruits, 
 etc. The inhabitants are chiefly Maltese. The islands 
 were conquered by the Vandals, Goths, and Saracens (5th 
 to 9th century) ; belonged to Sicily from the 12th to the 
 16th century ; were granted to the Knights of St. John in 
 1630 ; resisted the Turks 1565, when a siege of Malta con- 
 ducted by Mustapha Pasha was successfully opposed by the 
 Knights ; were conquered by Bonaparte in 1798 ; and were 
 taken by the English in 1800, their possession being con- 
 firmed by treaty in 1814. The colony is administered by a 
 governor with an executive council and a council of gov- 
 ernment. Area, 119 square miles. Population, 212,888. 
 
 Malthus (mal'thus), Thomas Robert. Born 
 near Guildford, Surrey, Feb. 17, 1766: died at 
 St. Catharine’s, near Bath, Dec. 23, 1834. An 
 English poli tical economist. He graduated at Cam- 
 bridge in 1788, and became a fellow of Jesus College in 
 1793. In 1798 he took orders, and was made curate of Al- 
 bury, Surrey. In 1798 he published his first essay on the 
 “Principle of Population,” which he defines to be that 
 population increases in a geometrical and means of subsis- 
 tence in an arithmetical ratio, and that vice and crime are 
 necessary checks of this increase in numbers (the so-called 
 “ Malthusian doctrine ”). He published in 1803 a revision 
 of the “Essay on Population.” In 1805 he was made pro- 
 fessor of history and political economy at Haileybury. 
 His other works are “The Nature and Progress of Rent ” 
 (1815), which stated the now generally accepted theory of 
 rent, and “ Political Economy ”(1820). In politics he was 
 a Whig ; he supported the Catholic emancipation, and ac- 
 cepted the Reform Bill 
 
 Maltitz (mal'tits), Baron Apollonius von. 
 
 Bom at Gera, Germany, June 11, 1795: died at 
 Weimar, Germany, March 2, 1870. A German 
 poet, dramatist, and novelist, brother of F. I 1 , 
 von Maltitz. 
 
 Maltitz, Baron Franz Friedrich von. Born at 
 Nuremberg, June 6, 1794 : died at Boppard, Prus- 
 sia, April 25, 1857. A German dramatic and lyric 
 poet. 
 
 Maltitz, Baron Gotthilf August von. Born at 
 Konigsberg, Prussia, July 9, 1794: died atDres- 
 den, J une 7, 1837. A German poet. 
 
 Malton (mal'tou). A town in Yorkshire, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Derwent 17 miles northeast 
 of York. It comprises New Malton, Old Malton, 
 and Norton. Population, 4,758. 
 
 647 
 
 Maltzan (malt'san), Heinrich Karl Eckardt 
 Helmuth von, Baron of Wartenberg and Penz- 
 lin. Born at Dresden, Sept. 6, 1826: committed 
 suicide at Pisa, Italy, Feb. 22, 1874. A German 
 traveler, ethnologist, philologist, and archaeolo- 
 gist. He pub] ished works descriptive of his travels in Ara- 
 bia, northern Africa, and the East generally (including 
 “Meine Wallfahrt nach Mekka," 1865). 
 
 Malula (ma-16'la). A village in Syria, situated 
 between Damascus and Baalbec . It is inhabited by 
 Christians only, and the Aramaic dialect of the time of 
 Christ is still spoken there. 
 
 Malus (ma-liis'), E tienne Louis. Born at Paris, 
 June 23, 1775: died there, Feb., 1812. A French 
 physicist and engineer, noted for discoveries in 
 optics, especially the polarization of light by re- 
 flection. 
 
 Malvasia. See Monembasia. 
 
 Malvern (mal'vern). A health-resort in Wor- 
 cestershire, England, 7 miles southwest of Wor- 
 cester. It comprises the town of Great Malvern and sev- 
 eral villages. NearitaretheMalvernHiUs. It has a priory 
 church, and a college and other schools. Population, 
 16,449. 
 
 Malvern Hill (mal'vern hil). A plateau near 
 the James Biver, Virginia, southeast of Bich- 
 mond. Here, July 1, 1862, the Federals under McClel- 
 lan defeated the Confederates under Lee (the last of the 
 “ Seven Days’ Battles ”). 
 
 Malvern Hills (mal'vern hilz). Arange of hills 
 on the borders of Worcestershire and Hereford- 
 shire, England. Highest point, Worcester Bea- 
 con (1,444 feet). 
 
 Malvolio (mal-vo'li-o). In Shakspere’s comedy 
 “ Twelfth Night,” Olivia’s steward, a conceited, 
 grave, self-important personage forced into 
 comic positions by the fantastic nature of the 
 situation. 
 
 Malwa (mal' wa) . A former kingdom in central 
 India, and afterward a Mogul province. It be- 
 longs now chiefly to Indore, Bhopal, Sindhia, and 
 other native states. 
 
 Malynes, orMalines (ma-len'), or de Malines, 
 Gerard. Flourished 1586-1641. An English mer- 
 chant and economist, the son of an English mint- 
 master. He came to England with his father iu 1561. In 
 1586 he was commissioner of trade in the Low Countries, 
 and in 1609 was appointed commissioner of the mint. He 
 was one of the first English economists to recognize the 
 natural laws on which modern economy is based. Among 
 his works are “ A Treatise of the Canker of England’s Com- 
 monwealth ” (1601), “St. George for England” (1601), “The 
 Maintenance of Free Trade” (1622), “Consuetudo vel lex 
 mercatoria” (1622), “The Center of the Circle of Com- 
 merce, or the Balance of Trade ” (1623). 
 
 Mama Occlo Huaco (ma'ma ok ' 16 wa'ko). 
 [Quichua : mama, mother.] According to some 
 folk-tales, the traditional first mother of the 
 Inca chiefs of Peru, daughter of the sun and 
 sister and wife of Manco Capac, whom she 
 accompanied in his wanderings until he 
 founded Cuzco. Subsequently she taught the 
 Indian women to spin and weave. Also 
 written Mama Oello Huaca. 
 
 Mamsea, or Mamimea (ma-me'a), Julia. Born 
 at Emesa, Syria. The wife of Gessius Mareia- 
 nus, and the mother of Alexander Severus. she 
 was the first cousin of Caracalla and the aunt of Elagabalus. 
 She was in many respects a woman of high character. 
 
 Mambrino (mam-bre'no). A pagan king in an 
 old romance, “ Innamoramento di Binaldo,” an- 
 terior to Ariosto’s “Orlando Furioso.” He is 
 killed by Rinaldo. No mention is made in this romance of 
 his helmet, but in “ Orlando Furioso ” Riualdo is said to 
 have won it. It is the same helmet so frequently men- 
 tioned in “Don Quixote,” made of pure gold, and rendering 
 its wearer invisible. Don Quixote took possession of a 
 barber's basin which he conceived to be the helmet of King 
 Mambrino. 
 
 Mamelucos (ma-ma-lo ' kos). [Pg. Mameluco, 
 a Mameluke; applied in Brazil to persons of 
 mixed Indian and negro blood.] A name given 
 by the Jesuits of Paraguay to bands of Brazil- 
 ian (Sao Paulo) slave-hunters who, in the 17th 
 century, attacked their missions, carrying off 
 thousands of Indians. Some of the Jesuit writers er- 
 roneously described the Mamelucos as an independent 
 race, forming what they called the “ Mameluco Republic,” 
 a mistake which has been copied by various English his- 
 torians. 
 
 Mamelukes (mam'e-liiks). A corps of cavalry 
 formerly existing in Egypt, whose chiefs were 
 long the sovereign rulers of the country. They 
 originated with a body of Mingrelians, Turks, and other 
 slaves, who were sold by Jengmz Khan to the Egyptian 
 sultan in the 13th century. About 1251 they established 
 their government in Egypt by making one of their own 
 number sultan. Their government was overthrown by 
 Selim I. of Turkey in 1517, but they formed part of the 
 Egyptian army until 1811, when Mehemet Ali destroyed 
 most of them by a general massacre. 
 
 Mamers (ma'merz). An Italian (Oscan) name 
 of the god Mars. He was worshiped by the Romans 
 as a rustic divinity, one of the rural Lares. 
 
 Manacicas 
 
 Mamers (ma-mar'). Atowninthe department 
 of Sarthe, France, situated on the Dive 24 miles 
 north-uortheast of Le Mans. Population, 
 commune, 5,924. 
 
 Mamertines (mam'6r-tlnz). [L. Mamertini.\ 
 In ancient history, a band of Campanian mer- 
 cenaries who became rulers of Messiua about 
 282 B. C. Their request for aid from the Romans and 
 Carthaginians (caused by an attack from Hiero of Syra- 
 cuse) brought about the first Punic war, 264 B. o. 
 
 Mames (ma'mas), or Mams (mamz). [Said to 
 be a corruption of the Cakchiquel mem, a stut- 
 terer, applied to the Maya-speaking nations.] 
 An ancient Indian tribe of Guatemala, of the 
 Maya stock. They occupied the region now included 
 in the department of Totonicapan (northwest of Guate- 
 mala City), and under their chief, Caibil Balam, made a 
 brave resistance to the Spaniards. They were conquered 
 by Gonzalo de Alvarado in 1525, and their descendants are 
 now amalgamated with the country population. 
 
 Mamiani della Rovere (ma-me-a'ne del'laro'- 
 ve-re), Count Terenzio. Born at Pesaro, Italy, 
 1800: died at Rome, May 21, 1885. An Italian 
 philosopher, poet, and statesman in the papal 
 and later in the Italian service. He was minister 
 of the interior to Pius IX. in 1848, and minister of foreign 
 affairs for a short time in the same year ; professor of 
 philosophy at Turin 1857-60 ; and in 1860 minister of pub- 
 lic instruction under Cavour. His works include “Rinno- 
 vamento della filosofia antica italiana” (“Revival of the 
 Ancient Italian Philosophy,” 1834), “Dialoghi di scienza 
 prima ” (1846), “ Confessioni d’un metafisico ” (1865), etc. 
 
 Mamilia gens (ma-mil'i-a jenz). A Roman 
 plebeian gens, comprising the families Limeta- 
 nus, Turrinus, and Vitulus. 
 
 Mamilius (ma-mil'i-us). In Shakspere’s play 
 “ The Winter’s Tale,” a boy, the young prince 
 of Sicilia. 
 
 Mammaea. See Mamsea. 
 
 Mammon (mam'on). [Syr. mdmond, riches.] 
 A Syriac word used once in the New Testament 
 as a personification of riches and worldliness, 
 or the god of this world; hence, the spirit or 
 deity of avarice ; cupidity personified. 
 
 Mammon, Sir Epicure. In Jonson’s “Alchem- 
 ist,” a worldly sensualist finally gulled by his 
 own rapacity. 
 
 The judgment is absolutely overwhelmed by the torrent 
 of magnificent images with which Mammon confounds the 
 incredulity of Surly, and inflames the supposed ambition 
 of Dol. There is a “towering bravery ” in his sensuality 
 which sets him above all power of imitation. Gifford. 
 
 Mammoth Cave (mam'oth kav). The largest 
 known cave, situatedin Edmonson County, near 
 Green Biver, Kentucky, 75 miles south-south- 
 west of Louisville. It extends over an area of 8 or 10 
 miles in diameter, and consists of numerous chambers con- 
 nected by avenues which are said to be in the aggregate 
 150 miles in length. The stalactitic formations are of 
 great beauty, and the animal inhabitants are of great in- 
 terest. The cave was discovered in 1809. 
 
 Mamor6 (ma-mo-ra/). A river in Bolivia, one 
 of the principal head streams of the Madeira. 
 
 Mamre (mam're). In Old Testament geogra- 
 phy, a place in Palestine, probably near He- 
 bron. 
 
 Mamun. See Al-Mamun. 
 
 Man (man), Isle of. An island in the Irish Sea, 
 belonging to Great Britain, intersected by lat. 
 54° 15' N., long. 4° 30' W., 17 miles south of 
 Scotland, and nearly equidistant from England 
 and Ireland : the ancient Eubonia and Manx 
 Mannin or Yannin. Capital, Douglas. The cen- 
 tral part is mountainous, the highest point, Snaefell, rising 
 to 2,034 feet. The government is vested in a lieutenant- 
 governor, executive council, and House of Keys (forming 
 the Tynwald). English is generally spoken, and the na- 
 tive Manx is fast disappearing. The island was ruled 
 by Northmen from the 9th or 10th to the 13th century; 
 was annexed to Scotland by Alexander III.; and was af- 
 terward ruled by various kings. It was ruled by the 
 Stanley (Derby) family from the beginning of the 15th 
 century to 1735, when it passed to the earls of Athole. In 
 1765 the British government acquired most of the royal 
 rights of the Athole family, the last rights falling to the 
 crown in 1829. Length, 32 miles. Area, 220 square miles. 
 Population, 54,752. 
 
 Manaar, or Manar (ma-nar'). A small island 
 northwest of Ceylon. 
 
 Manaar, Gulf of. All arm of the India-n Ocean, 
 partly inclosed by Ceylon, the southern ex- 
 tremity of India, and the chain of islands con- 
 necting them. 
 
 Manabi (ma/na-Be). A maritime province of 
 Ecuador, north of Guayaquil. Capital, Porto- 
 viejo. Population, 64,123. 
 
 Manacicas (ma-na-se'kas). A division of the 
 Chiquitos Indians who, in the 17th century, oc- 
 cupied the region now embraced by northeast- 
 ern Bolivia, near the river Paraguay. They were 
 very numerous, and were divided into many petty hordes 
 or villages, defended by stockades. The Manacicas were 
 gathered into mission villages by the Jesuits, and beoame 
 amalgamated with the other Chiquitos tribes. 
 
Manacor 
 
 Manacor (ma-na-kor'). A town in Majorca, 
 Balearic Islands, Spain, 30 miles east of Palma. 
 Wine is exported. Population, 12,408. 
 Managua (ma-na'gwa). The capital of Nicara- 
 gua, situated on Lake Managua in lat. 12° 7' 
 N., long. 86' 12' W. Population, 34,872. 
 Managua, Lake. A lake in Nicaragua, north- 
 west of Lake Nicaragua, into which it dis- 
 charges its waters by the Tipitapa. Length, 
 about 40 miles. 
 
 Manantadi. A town in the Malabar district, 
 Madras, British India, situated about lat. 11° 
 49' N., long. 76° E. Population, about 2,000. 
 Manaos (mfe-na'os). A tribe of Indians on the 
 northern side of the Amazon, about the lower 
 course of the Bio Negro. They are of Arawak stock, 
 and are closely allied to the Bares of the same region. 
 An agricultural and pacific nation, they readily received 
 the Jesuit missionaries, and during the 18th century were 
 partly civilized. Their descendants have adopted the Por- 
 tuguese language and customs. The city of ManAos, for- 
 merly a mission village and fort in this territory, derived 
 its name from them. Also written Manaus. 
 
 Manaos (ma-na'os), formerly Barra do Rio 
 Negro (bar-'ra. do re'o na'gro). The capital 
 and principal city of the state of Amazonas, 
 Brazil, situated on the left bank of the Bio 
 Negro, 6 miles above its mouth In the Amazon. 
 It has an important trade, especially in rubber, and is 
 connected with the upper Amazon and its branches, and 
 with Pari, Rio de Janeiro, Europe, and the United States, 
 by regular lines of steamers. The city is improving and 
 growing rapidly. Population, about 50,000. 
 
 Manassas (ma-nas'as). A village in Prince 
 William County, Virginia, 31 miles west-south- 
 west of Washington. The battles of Bull Run were 
 named battles of Manassas by the Confederates. 
 Manasseh (ma-nas'e). [Heb./who causes for- 
 getfulness’ ; Cr. Mrarccrcrr/f.] 1 . One of the sons 
 of the patriarch Joseph. — 2. One of the ten 
 tribes of the Hebrews, dwelling partly east of 
 the Jordan and partly west of the Jordan and 
 north of Ephraim. — 3. A king of Judah, son of 
 Hezekiah. He reigned 697-642 b. C. (Duncker). 
 Manasseh ben Israel ("ma-nas'e ben iz'ra-el). 
 Born in Portugal, 1604: died at Middleburg, 
 Nov. 20, 1657. A Jewish theologian and states- 
 man. After the death of Charles I. he undertook to 
 abolish the legal exclusion of the Jews from England 
 which had existed since the reign of Edward I. Cromwell 
 appointed an assembly of lawyers and divines to consider 
 his petition. In Dec., 1655, the legal prohibition was re- 
 moved. More fully Manasseh ben Joseph ben Israel. 
 Manayunk (man-a-yuugk'). A manufacturing 
 suburb of Philadelphia, situated east of the 
 Schuylkill and northwest of the city proper. 
 Manbhuin (man'bhom). A district in Chota 
 Nagpur, British India, intersected by lat. 23° 
 30' N., long. 86° 30' E. Area, 4,147 square 
 miles. Population, 1,301,364. 
 
 Mancera, Marquis of, Viceroy of Peru. See 
 Toledo y Leyva, Pedro de. 
 
 Mancha (man'cha), La. A former province of 
 Spain, nearly identical with the modern prov- 
 ince of Ciudad Beal. In a wider sense it included 
 also parts of Albacete, Cuenca, and Toledo. It is the coun- 
 try celebrated in “Don Quixote," and is a district composed 
 of monotonous steppes traversed by the rivers Guadiana, 
 Azuer, Jabalon, Zancara, and Giguela. It is the most 
 sparsely populated province of Spain. 
 
 Manche (monsh), La. [F., lit. ‘the sleeve.’] 1. 
 The French name for the English Channel. — 2. 
 A department in northwestern France, capital 
 Saint-L6, formed from the ancient Normandy. 
 It is bounded by the English Channel on the west and 
 north, the English Channel, Calvados, and Orne on the 
 east, and Mayenne and Ille-et-Vilaine on the south. Its 
 surface is hilly. It produces cider, live stock, etc. Area, 
 2,476 square miles. Population, 487,443. 
 
 Manchester (man'ches-ter). A city in Lanca- 
 shire, England, situated on the Irwell in lat. 
 53° 29' N., long. 2° 15' W. Salford, on the opposite 
 bank, is practically part of Manchester. It is the chief 
 manufacturing place of England, the center of the Eng- 
 lish cotton manufacture and trade, and one of the princi- 
 pal cotton centers in the world. It has also manufactures 
 of woolen, silk, machinery, and chemicals, and has many 
 manufacturing suburbs. It is connected with Liverpool 
 by the Bridgewater Canal and by aship-canal. The cathe- 
 dral has double aisles, and though short is exceptionally 
 wide : it measures 220 by 112 feet. It is Perpendicular, 
 of t he early 14th century, but much restored. The choir- 
 stalls, dating from 1505, show excellent carving, and the 
 clearstory is of unusual beauty. Other objects of interest 
 are the cotton-factories, Free-Trade Hall, exchange, town 
 hall, Royal Infirmary, Victoria University, Rylands Li- 
 brary, Chetham College, Athenseum, several art galleries, 
 and the Assize Courts. Manchester occupies the site of 
 the Roman Mancunium. It was known as a manufactur- 
 ing place by the 14th century ; developed rapidly during 
 the last half of the 18th century ; was a leading center of the 
 reform agitation in the early part of the 19th century (the 
 scene of the “ Peterloo massacre ” in 1819), and became the 
 center of the anti-corn-law and free trade movements 
 under the lead of Cobden and Bright. Pop., 714,427, (1911). 
 
 Manchester. A town in Hartford County, Con- 
 necticut, 7 miles east of Hartford. It has manu- 
 
 648 
 
 facturea of silk, paper, etc.' Population, 13,641, 
 (1910). 
 
 Manchester. A city and formerly one of the 
 capitals of Hillsborough County, New Hamp- 
 shire, situated on the Merrimac 16 miles south 
 by east of Concord. It is the largest city of the State, 
 and one of the chief seats of cotton and woolen manufac- 
 tures in the country, manufacturing also engines, machin- 
 ery, etc. It was incorporated as Derryfield in 1751 ; the 
 name was changed to Manchester in 1810; and it became 
 a city in 1846. Population, 70,063, (1910). 
 
 Manchester, Earl of. See Montagu, Edward. 
 Manchester New College. A college at Oxford, 
 founded originally at London in the interest of 
 the Unitarians. 
 
 Manchester Poet, The. Charles Swain. 
 Manchester Ship-Canal. A canal for sea-ves- 
 sels connecting Manchester, England, with the 
 *Mersey at Eastham: opened May 21, 1894. 
 Manchuria, orMantchuria(man-cho'ri-a). A 
 dependency of China. It lips to the northeast of 
 China proper, and borders also on Mongolia, Siberia, and 
 Korea, and is divided into three provinces : Shingking, Ki- 
 rin, and Hilung-chiang. The ranges of the Long White 
 Mountains are in the east and center. The chief towns are 
 Mukden, Kirin, and New-chwang. It was occupied by 
 Russia as a result of the “ Boxer ” uprising in 1900, but 
 was restored to China by the provisions of the Treaty of 
 Portsmouth (Sept. 6, 1905). Area, about 363,610 square 
 miles. Population, about 16,000,000. 
 
 Manchus, or Manehoos (man-choz'). [Also 
 Manchows, Mantchoos (Chin. Mancha), from 
 Manchu Manchu, lit. ‘pure’: applied by the 
 founder of the Manchu dynasty to his family 
 or the people over whom he ruled.] A race be- 
 longing to the Tungusic branch of the Ural- 
 Altaic family, from which Manchuria, takes its 
 name, and which conquered China in the 17th 
 century and established the last dynasty. 
 Mancilia, Lucio. See Mansilla. 
 
 Mancini (man-che'ne), Hortense, Duchesse de 
 Mazarin. Born at Rome in 1640: died at Chelsea, 
 England, in 1699. Sister of Laure and Olympe 
 Mancini, noted at the court of Charles H. She 
 wasthe most beautiful andintelligent of Cardinal Mazarin’s 
 nieces, and he received many offers for her hand. Among 
 her lovers were Charles II. (not then king), Turenne, Pe- 
 dro II. the future king of Portugal, Charles of Lorraine, 
 and others. He finally married her to the Marquis de La 
 Meilleraye, who took the name and arms of Mazarin. He 
 treated her with gloomy severity, and she found a refuge 
 from his jealousy in England, where she engaged in an in- 
 trigue with Charles II. 
 
 Mancini, Signora(LauraBeatriceOliva). Bom 
 
 at Naples, 1823: died at Florence, July 17, 1869. 
 An Italian poet, wife of Pasquale Stanislaus 
 Mancini, best known from her patriotic poems. 
 Mancini, Laure, Duchesse de Mercoaur. Bom 
 at Borne, 1635: died at Paris, Feb. 8, 1657. A 
 niece of Cardinal Mazarin, and mother of the 
 Due de Vendome. 
 
 Mancini, Olympe, Comtesse de Soissons and 
 Princesse de Carignan. Born about 1639: died 
 at Brussels, 1708. A sister of Laure Mancini, 
 and mistress of Louis XIV. she waa the wife of 
 Eugfene (of Savoy) and mother of Prince Eugene. She was 
 a kind of Lucrezia Borgia, aud fled from France to escape 
 the consequences of her crimes. 
 
 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao. Born at Cas- 
 tel-Baronia, near Ariano, Italy, March 17, 1817 : 
 died at Borne, Dec. 26, 1888. An Italian states- 
 man and jurist . He was minister of public instruction 
 March, 1862 ; minister of justice and worship 1876-78 ; aud 
 minister of foreign affairs 1881-85. 
 
 Manciple’s Tale, The. One of Chaucer’s “Can- 
 terbury Tales.” It is partly from Ovid's “ Metamor- 
 Xihoses,” being the story of the crow that was turned white 
 for telling Apollo of the deceitfulness of Coronis. 
 
 Manco Capac or Ccapac (man'ko kil-pak'). 
 The traditional first father of the Iucas of Peru, 
 and founder of the Inca monarchy. According to 
 the legend, he was the child of the sun, and was sent with 
 his sister and wife, Mama Occlo Huaco, to civilize the In- 
 dians. One of the stories represents him as advancing 
 northward from Lake Titicaca, with a golden wand, which 
 sank into the ground at the place where, warned by this 
 sign, he founded the city of Cuzco. Another fable makes 
 him one of four brothers who issued from a cave in the 
 valley of the Vilcamayu. It is believed that Manco Capac 
 was a real personage, probably the chief of a small tribe 
 in the Vilcamayu valley, whence by force or policy he 
 reached Cuzco (though he did not found it), and, acquiring 
 the leadership there, laid the foundations of the Inca 
 “ empire. " See Incas. 
 
 Manco (man'ko) : called Manco Inca, Inca 
 Manco, Manco Inca Yupanqui, and, incor- 
 rectly, Manco Capac or Ccapac II. Born about 
 1500: died 1544. Son of tbe Inca Huaina Ccapac 
 of Peru, and brother of Huascar. After the death 
 of Atahualpa and ITuascar be was recognized by Pizarro 
 (Nov., 1533) as the rightful sovereign of Peru (according to 
 European ideas), and was crowned at Cuzco ; but he had 
 no real power, and was virtually a prisoner. In April, 
 1536, he escaped, raised an army, and besieged Cuzco and 
 other Spanish strongholds. Finally defeated in 1537, he 
 retired to the mountains of Vilcabamba, whence he kept 
 up a predatory warfare. II e was killed by followers of 
 the younger Almagro who had taken refuge with him. 
 
 Manetho 
 
 Mandaeans (man-de'anz). [From NL. Man- 
 die us, from Mandaaan Manda, knowledge, gno- 
 sis.] A very ancient religious body, stiU found, 
 though its members are few, in the southern 
 part of Babylonia. The religion of the Mandseans ia 
 a kind of Gnosticism retaining many Jewish and Parsee 
 elements. They worship as divine beings a number of 
 personifications, especially of the attributes or names of 
 God. Also called Mendaites, Nasoreans, and Sabians, and, 
 by a misunderstanding, Christians of St. John. 
 
 Mandalay (man 'da-la), or Mandelay (man'- 
 de-la). The capital of the former kingdom of 
 Burma, situated near the Irawadi about lat. 
 22° N . It was founded in 1856, and contains the royal 
 palace. Population, with cantonment, 183,816. 
 
 Mandan (man'dan). A tribe of North American 
 Indians. They were originally in several tribes or vil- 
 lages which have been consolidated since the latter part 
 of the 18th century. They were nearly exterminated by 
 smallpox in 1837. The survivors occupy a village in com- 
 mon with the Hirlatsa and Arikara on the Fort Berthold 
 reservation, North Dakota. See Siouan. 
 
 Mandane (man-da'ne). [Gr. M av6avg.~\ The 
 mother of Cyrus. According to Herodotus, she was 
 the daughter of Astyages, king of Media, and wife of Cam- 
 byses, a Persian noble, and on the birth of Cyrus Astyages 
 was induced by a dream to order the infant to be put to 
 death. (See Harpagus.) On discovering his grandson, 
 ten years later, Astyages sent him to his parents in Persia. 
 
 Mandara(man-da'ra),orUandala(wan-da'la). 
 A Nigritic (partly Mohammedan) tribe, north of 
 Lake Chad, Africa. Its language is allied with that 
 of the Gamergu. In the Mahdi wars the Mandaras joined 
 the Baggaras and Nuers in destroying Egyptian posts. 
 
 Mandelay. See Mandalay. 
 
 Mandeville (man ' de - vil), Bernard. Bom at 
 Dordrecht, Holland, about 1670: died Jan. 21, 
 1733. A Dutch-English writer. He studied at the 
 Erasmus school in Rotterdam, took his degree in medicine 
 at Leyden in 1691, and settled in London. In 1714 he pub- 
 lished his “Inquiry into the Origin of Moral Virtue,” with 
 notes, under the title “The Fable of the Bees, or Private 
 Vices Public Benefits," which was pronounced a nuisance 
 by the grand jury of Middlesex in 1723. His other works 
 are “Treatise of Hypochondriack and Hysteric Passions" 
 (1711), “Free Thoughts on Religion ” (1720), “A Modern 
 Defense of Public News ” (1740). 
 
 Mandeville, Sir John. The reputed writer of 
 a 14th-century book of travels. Tbe author calls 
 himself Jehan de Mandeville, or John Maundevylle, knight 
 of St. Aubin or St. Albans, England, and says that, starting 
 on Michaelmas day, 1322 (or 1332), he visited Turkey, Ar- 
 menia, Tatary, Persia, Syria, Arabia, Egypt, Libya, Ethio- 
 pia, Chaldea, Amazonia, and India. The book is, how- 
 ever, a compilation intended as a guide to pilgrims to the 
 Holy Land, based upon William of Boldensele (1336) and 
 Friar Odoric of Pordenone (1330). The original was in 
 French, and the oldest manuscript is in thatlanguage, dated 
 137L The English version was made in the early part of 
 the 15th century by an unknown hand. The manuscripts 
 are numerous. 
 
 Mandeville, William de. Died at Rouen, 
 Nov. 14, 1189. Third Earl of Essex and Earl or 
 Count of Aumale. In 1177 he went on a crusade with 
 Philip, count of Flanders. In 1189 he accompanied Henry 
 II. in his flight from Le Mans. 
 
 Mandingo (man-deng'go), orMandenga (man- 
 deng'ga). An important negro nation of West 
 Africa. The principal tribes and dialects are the So- 
 ninke, Malinke.and Bambara; thesmallertribes, Kabunga, 
 Toronka, and Jalunka. The suffix -nga or -nka signifies 
 ‘people.’ The Mandingos, though negroes, are less dark 
 than the Wolofs, and are good metal-workers, agricultur- 
 ists, traders, and herdsmen. They are mostly Mohamme- 
 dan. In the middle ages Mali, on the Niger, was the 
 capital of a great negro kingdom which finally succumbed 
 to the attacks of the Mossi, the Twarick, and the Sonrhai 
 (1500). 
 
 Mandla, or Mundlah (mund'la). A district 
 in the Central Provinces, British India, inter- 
 sected by lat. 22° 45' N., long. 81° E. Area, 
 5,054 square miles. Population, 317,250. 
 
 Mandogarh. A ruined city in India, southwest 
 of Indore. It was the capital of the old kingdom 
 of Malwa. 
 
 Mandricardo (man - dri - kar ' do) . The son of 
 Agrican in Boiardo’s and Ariosto’s “Orlando.” 
 He laid siege to Albracca for the love of Angelica, and 
 was slain by Orlando. He is noted for his pride and cruelty. 
 
 Mandubii (man-du'bi-i). In ancient geogra- 
 phy, a people living in central France, north of 
 the iEclui. Their chief town was Alesia. 
 
 Manduria (man-do're-a). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Lecce, southeastern Italy, situated 25 
 miles southwest of Brindisi. Population, 
 commune, 13,113,, 
 
 Manet (mii-na'), Edouard. Born at Paris in 
 1833 : died there, April 30, 1883. A French genre- 
 painter, pupil of Couture. He was the founder and 
 head of the Impressionist school. His paintings “Boy 
 with a Sword ” (1860) and “ Girl with a Parrot ” are in the 
 Metropolitan Museum, New York. 
 
 Manetho (man'e-tho). An Egyptian historian 
 and priest. He was a native of Sebennytus, in Lower 
 Egypt, and lived about 250 B. c. He wrote a history of 
 Egypt in Greek, fragments only of which are extant. 
 
 Egyptian by birth and priest by profession, Manetho, be- 
 sides being instructed in all the mysteries of his religion, 
 must have also been conversant with foreign literature, 
 
Manetho 
 
 for he was a Greek scholar, and equal to the task of writ- 
 ing a complete history of his own country in that lan- 
 guage. ilariette, Outlines, p. 3. 
 
 Manfred (man'fred). Born about 1231: killed 
 at the battle of Benevento, Italy, Feb. 26, 1266. 
 King of Sicily, an illegitimate son of the em- 
 peror Frederick II. He was prince of Tarentum and 
 regent till the accession of Conrad IV. in 1252 : became re- 
 gent for Conradin in 1254 ; was crowned king in 1258 ; and 
 was defeated and slain at Benevento by Charles of Anjou. 
 Manfred. The Prince of Otranto, the principal 
 character in Walpole’s “ Castle of Otranto.” 
 Manfred. A dramatic poe m by Lord Byron , pub- 
 lished in 1817. It was so called from the name of its 
 hero, Manfred, who in Byron’s own words is “ a kind of ma- 
 gician who suffers from a half-unexplained remorse.” He 
 Uves in a casile among the Alps, and is substantially alone 
 throughout the piece. Schumann wrote music for this 
 drama and adapted it for the stage himself : it was first 
 produced by Liszt in Weimar in 1852. It was put on the 
 stage as a play in England in 1863, Mr. Phelps playing Man- 
 fred. 
 
 Manfredonia (man-fre-do'ne-a). A seaport in 
 the province of Foggia, Italy, situated in lat. 
 41° 38' N., long. 15° 55' E. It is near the site of the 
 ancient Sipontum, whose inhabitants were transferred to 
 Manfredonia by Manfred about 1261. Population, com- 
 mune, 12,188. 
 
 Manfredonia, Gulf of. An indentation of the 
 eastern coast of Italy, east of Manfredonia. 
 Mangalia (man-ga-le'a). A small seaport in 
 the Dobrudja, Rumania, situated on the Black 
 Sea 27 miles south of Kustendji. Population, 
 about 1,500. 
 
 Mangalore(mang-ga-16r'),orMangalur(mang- 
 garlor'). A seaport, the capital of South Ka- 
 nara district, Madras, British India, situated 
 in lat. 12° 52' N., long. 74° 51' E. it was taken 
 by Tippu Saib in 1784. In 1799 it became British. Popu- 
 lation, 44,108. 
 
 Mangalore, Treaty of. A peace concluded 
 1784 between the British and Tippu Saib, on the 
 basis of a mutual restitution of conquests. 
 Mangan (mang'gan), James. Born at Dublin, 
 May 1, 1803 : died in Meath Hospital, June 20, 
 1849. Anlrishpoet. His chief works are “ Romances 
 and Ballads of Ireland” (1850), “German Anthology” 
 (1849), “ Poets and Poetry of Munster " (1849). 
 Mangbuttu (mang-bot'to). See Mornbuttu. 
 Mangi (mang'ge), or Mangu (mang'go). A 
 country of Asia, described by Marco Polo. It 
 is supposed to be the same as southern China. 
 Mangoni (man-go'ne). See Zulu. 
 
 Mangues (man'gas), or Chorotegans (cho-ro- 
 ta'gans). A tribe of Indians which, at the time 
 of the conquest, occupied the vicinity of Lake 
 Managua in Nicaragua. They formed numerous 
 populous villages. The Mangues are believed to have 
 been an offshoot of the Chiapanecs (which see). 
 
 Mangum (mang'gum), Willie Person. Born in 
 Orange County, N. C., 1792: died at Red Moun- 
 tain, N. C., Sept. 14, 1861. An American Whig 
 politician. He was United States senator from 
 North Carolina 1831-36 and 1840-53. 
 Manhattan Island (man-hat'an i'land). An 
 island at the mouth of the Hudson, lying be- 
 tween that river on the west, Spuyten Duyvil 
 Creek and Harlem River on the north, East River 
 on the east, and New York Bay on the south. 
 It forms the principal partof the city of Hew York. Length, 
 14 miles. Greatest width, 2j miles. Area, about 22 square 
 miles. 
 
 Manheim. See Mannheim. 
 
 Man! (ma-ne'). A ruined place of Yucatan, Mex- 
 ico, about 45 miles south of Merida. According 
 to Indian accounts it was settled by the Mayas, under the 
 Totul Xiu chiefs, after the abandonment of Mayapan. The 
 last chief submitted to the Spaniards in 1541. 
 
 Mani (ma'ne), or Manes (ma'nez), or Mani- 
 chaeus (man-i-ke'us). The founder of Maniche- 
 ism. The only source of information about him that is 
 comparatively credible i3 the Mohammedan tradition. He 
 was bom 215-216 A. D., and received a careful education 
 from his father, Futak,at Ctesiphon. Futak connected him- 
 self later with the sect of the Moghtasilah, or ‘Baptists,’ 
 in southern Babylonia, which had absorbed Christian ele- 
 ments, and thus made his son acquainted with different 
 forms of religion. Only at the age of 25 or 30 did Mani begin 
 to proclaim his new religion, and this he did at the court of 
 Sapor I. He undertook long journeys into Transoxiana, 
 western China, and southward as far as India, and sent forth 
 disciples in the interest of his faith. Returning to the Per- 
 sian capital in the last years of Sapor I. (about 270), he gained 
 adherents even at court, but was at last imprisoned and put 
 to flight through the hostility of the Magians on whom the 
 king was dependent. Sapor’s successor Hormuz seems to 
 have been more favorable, but Bahrain T. abandoned Mani 
 to the Magians and had him crucified in the year 276-277 
 A. D. Mani composed a number of works and epistles, 
 which were known to the Mohammedan historians, but 
 are now lost. The Fihrist reckons seven principal works 
 — six in Syriac and one in Persian. The name of the Per- 
 sian work is not given in the extant form of the Fihrist, but 
 it is conjectured that it may have been the Artang (pron. 
 er-teng-g'), or ‘Holy Gospel,’ of which mention is made 
 in the “Acta Archelai" and elsewhere among Western 
 writers. These “Acta,” extant in a Latin translation from 
 a Greek original of which some extracts are preserved in 
 VI. 22 
 
 649 
 
 Eplphanius, purport to describe a dispute between Ar- 
 chelaus, bishop of Carehar in Mesopotamia, and Manes. 
 They are a chief source of the Western tradition as to 
 Manes, but, besides being of entirely uncertain authorship 
 and date, bear upon their face marks indicating that they 
 are only a polemic treatise put on literary grounds in the 
 form of an alleged debate. They have the authority of a 
 historical novel, not that of a history. 
 
 Mania (ma'ni-a). An old Italian goddess of the 
 dead (Manes), mother of the Lares by Mercury. 
 She was a daughter of the river-god Almo, and was origi- 
 nally named Lara. J upiter deprived her of her tongue for 
 betraying his secret amours. 
 
 Manica (ma-ne'ka). See Nika, Monomotapa, 
 and Maslionaland. 
 
 Manicheans, or Manichseans (man-i-ke'anz). 
 The followers of Mani. See Mani. Manicheism 
 was the old Babylonian religion of nature, modified by 
 Christian and Persian elements, elevated into a gnosis, and 
 subjecting human life to stringent regulation. According 
 to Mani, a realm of light and a realm of darkness have 
 always been opposed to each other. In the visible world 
 both are mingled. The object of the world is to free the 
 lightfrom the intermingled darkness. Christ was sent for 
 this end, but the apostles misrepresented his doctrine. 
 This Mani was sent to restore. The object of Manichean 
 ethics was to purify the elements of light and attain free- 
 dom from those of darkness ; hence the three seals — those 
 of the mouth, the hand, and the bosom. The first forbids 
 unclean food, such as the flesh of animals and wine; the 
 second, any traffic in things involving the elements of dark- 
 ness ; the third, every gratification of sexual desire, even 
 marriage being forbidden. There was a rigorous system 
 of fasts, Sunday being regularly and Monday generally so 
 observed. The Manichean prayed 4 times a day, preceding 
 each prayer by ablution, and turning toward the sun, the 
 moon, or the north as the seat of light. The prayers were 
 addressed to the God of light, to the whole kingdom of light, 
 to the angels, and to Mani. The rigidity of the system was 
 mitigated by distinguishing between the electi or perfect! 
 (perfect Manicheans) and the catechumeni or audi tores (the 
 secular Manicheans). For the latter the stringency of the 
 requirements was somewhat relaxed. The churchhad in all 
 five gradations: (1) the teachers Mani and his successors; 
 2) the administrators, bishops ; (3) the elders, presbyters ; 
 4) the electi ; and (5) the auditores. The worship was sim- 
 ple, and consisted of prayers, hymns, and eeremoniesof ad- 
 oration. Manicheism first gained a firm footing in Persia, 
 Mesopotamia, and Transoxiana. The seat of its pope was 
 for centuries at Babylon, and then at Samarkand. It pene- 
 trated the Roman Empire in the reign of Probus (about 280 
 A. D.), and spread rapidly after 330, finding its most numer- 
 ous adherents in N orth Africa, Augustine being an auditor 
 for nine years. Traces of Manicheism are found in the 
 history of the Catholic Churcu until the 13th century. 
 Manihiki (ma-ne-he'ke) Islands. A group of 
 small islands in the central Pacific, between tbe 
 Marquesas and Union Islands. 
 
 Manila (ma-ne'la), sometimes written Manilla 
 (ma-nil'a). Tlie^capital of tbe Philippine Isl- 
 ands and of Luzon, situated in Luzon, on Ma- 
 nila Bay, in lat. 14° 36' N., long. 120° 58' E. it 
 comprises the city proper, Binondo, and various suburbs, 
 and was the chief seat of Spanish commerce in the Pacific. 
 Hemp, cigars, coffee, sugar, etc., are exported ; the lead- 
 ing manufacture is cigars. It contains a cathedral and a 
 university. Manila was founded by the Spaniards in 1571; 
 was taken by the English in 1762 ; was captured by the 
 United States forces Aug. 13, 1898 ; and lias often been dev- 
 astated by earthquakes. The Spanish fleet was destroyed 
 by a United States squadron under Commodore Dewey 
 off Cavite, near Manila, May 1, 1898. Battles with the 
 Philippine insurgents occurred near Manila Feb. 6. 1899, 
 and later, in which the American troops were victorious. 
 Population, 223,542. 
 
 Manilian Law (ma-nil'i-an la). In Roman his- 
 tory, a law proposed by Caius Manilius in 66 b. c. , 
 granting to Pompey extraordinary powers in 
 the East, including the command of the Mithri- 
 datic war. It was supported by Cicero in bis 
 oration “ Pro lege Manilia ” ( ‘ ‘ For the Manilian 
 Law”). 
 
 Manilius (ma-nil'i-us), Caius. Lived in the 
 first half of the 1st century B. c. A Roman trib- 
 une (66 B. c.), proposer of the Manilian Law. 
 Manin (ma-nen'), Daniele. Born at Venice, 
 May 13, 1804: died at Paris, Sept. 22, 1857. An 
 Italian patriot. He was the leader of the revolution 
 which broke out against Austria at Venice in 1848, and in 
 the same year was chosen president of the republic of St. 
 Mark proclaimed by the insurgents. The city was, how- 
 ever, compelled to surrender to the Austrians in 1849 after 
 a heroic resistance, and he spent therestof his life in exile 
 at Paris. 
 
 Manipur, or Mannipur (man-i-por'). Anative 
 state in India, intersected Tw lat. 24° 40' N., 
 long. 94° E., under British influence. Capital, 
 Manipur. A serious rising against the Brit- 
 ish occurred here in 1891. Population, 
 284,465. 
 
 Manissa (ma-nis'a), or Manisa (ma-ne'sa). A 
 city in the vilayet of Aidin, Asia Minor, Tur- 
 key, situated on tho Hormus (Sarabat) 20 miles 
 northeast of Smyrna : the ancient Magnesia ad 
 Sipylum. (See Magnesia.) It has manufactures 
 of cotton, etc. Population, estimated, 40,000- 
 50,000. 
 
 Manistee ( man-is-to' ). A river in Michigan Row- 
 ing into Lake Michigan at Manistee. Length, 
 about 130 miles. 
 
 Manistee. A city and the capital of Manistee 
 
 Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus 
 
 County, Michigan, situatedon Lake Michigan, at 
 the mouth of the Manistee River, in lat. 44° 14' 
 N • ^ It is noted for its manufacture and export of lumber ; 
 it has the largest shingle manufactures in the world. 
 Population, 12,381, (1910). 
 
 Manitenerys (ma-ne-ta-na-res'). A tribe of Bra- 
 zilian Indians, living in a wild state on the river 
 Purus. They have been variously referred to 
 the Pano, Carih, and Maypure stocks. 
 
 Manito (man'i-to), or Manitou (-to). [Algon- 
 kin.] Among certain of the American Indians, 
 a spirit or other object of religious awe or rev- 
 erence, whether a good or evil spirit or a fetish. 
 Two manitos or spirits are spoken of by preeminence, the 
 one the spir it of good, the other the spirit of evil. 
 
 The Pere Paul le Jeune remarks, “The savages give the 
 name of Manitou to whatsoever in nature, good or evil, is 
 superior to man. Therefore, when we speak of God, they 
 sometimes call him “The Good Manitou,” that is, ‘The 
 Good Spirit.’” The same P&re Paul le Jeune says that by 
 Manitou his flock meant un ange ou quelque nature puis- 
 sante. II y’en a de bons et de mauvais. 
 
 Lang, Myth, etc., II. 45. 
 
 Manitoba (man-i-to'ba or manU-td-ba'). A 
 province of Canada. It is bounded by Saskatchewan 
 on the west, Northwest Territories on the north, Hudson 
 Bay on the northeast, Ontario on the east, and the United 
 States on the south. The surface is generally level. The 
 province is noted for its wheat. It is governed by a 
 lieutenant-governor and a legislative assembly. The in- 
 habitants are of British origin, with many French Cana- 
 dians and Russian Mennonites. Manitoba was a part of 
 the Hudson Bay Company’s territory. It was settled in 
 1812, its early name being the Red River Settlement. It 
 entered the Dominion in 1870. The Riel insurrection oc- 
 curred in 1869-70. In 1885 the Canadian Pacific Railroad 
 was finished. Capital, Winnipeg. Area, 251,832 square 
 miles. Population, 455,614, (1911). 
 
 Manitoba, Lake. A lake in Manitoba, south- 
 west of Lake Winnipeg. It discharges into 
 Lake Winnipeg. Length, 130 miles. 
 
 Manitou. See Manito. 
 
 Manitou (man'i-to). A town and summer resort 
 at the foot of Pike’s Peak, Colorado. Noted for 
 its mineral springs. Population, 1,357, (1910). 
 Manitoulin (man-i-to'lin) Islands. A group of 
 islands in Lake Huron, comprising Grand 
 Manitoulin (length about 80 miles), Little 
 Manitoulin, Drummond, etc. They belong to 
 Ontario (except Drummond, which belongs to 
 Michigan). 
 
 Manitowoc (manU-to-wok'). A city and the 
 capital of Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, situ- 
 ated on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Mani- 
 towoc River, 76 miles north of Milwaukee. 
 Population, 13,027, (1910). 
 
 Manivas (ma-ne'vas). A tribe of South Amer- 
 ican Indians on the upper Rio Negro, Cassiqui- 
 are, Orinoco, and Guaviare. They are of Maypure 
 stock, live in fixed villages, subsist by agriculture and 
 fishing, and are of a mild and tractable disposition. At 
 present most of them are partly civilized, and they are 
 much employed as rubber-gatherers. They still number 
 several thousands. Also written Maniwas, Manitivas, 
 Banivas. 
 
 Mankato (man-ka'to). A manufacturing city, 
 the capital of Blue Earth County, Minnesota, 
 situated on Minnesota River 70 miles south- 
 west of St. Paul. Population, 10,365, (1910). 
 Manley (man'li), Mrs. (Mary de la Riviere). 
 Born in the isle of Jersey, or Guernsey, about 
 1672: died atLambethHill, July 11, 1724. ABrit- 
 ish novelist, dramatist, and political pamphle- 
 teer, daughter of Sir Roger Manley, and biga- 
 mous wifeof John Manley of Truro. OnMay 26,1709, 
 she published “ Secret Memoirs and Manners of Several 
 Persons of Quality of both Sexes, from the New Atalantis," 
 usually known as “The New Atalantis," devoted entirely 
 to intrigue and scandal. She was arrested for libel Oct. 
 29, 1709, and discharged Feb. 13, 1710. She also published 
 “The Power of Love, in Seven Novels ” (1720), ‘ Memoirs 
 of Europe, etc.” (1710), etc. She died at the house of Bar- 
 ber, a printer, with whom she had lived for some years. 
 
 Manlius Capitolinus (man'li-us kap"i-to-li'- 
 nus), Marcus. Died 384 B. C. The deliverer 
 of the Capitol at Rome from the Gauls. He was 
 a patrician by birth, and was consul In 392. According to 
 tradition, he was aroused by the cackling of geese one 
 night when the Gauls, who were besieging the Capitol un- 
 der Brennus in 390, attempted to surprise the fortress, and, 
 collecting a handful of men, repelled the attack. To this 
 circumstance the origin of his surname Capitolinus is com- 
 monly ascribed, although it was also borneby his father and 
 had already acquired the force of a family name in his 
 gens. In 385 he began to champion the cause of the ple- 
 beians against the patricians, with a view to making him- 
 self tyrant of Rome, and in the following year was arrested 
 by the dictator Camillus. He was tried in the Poetelinian 
 grove, instead of on the Campus Martius, which com- 
 manded a view of the Capitol, and was sentenced to be 
 thrown from the Tarpeian rock. 
 
 Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus (im-pe-ri-o'- 
 sns tor-kwa/tus), Titus. A Roman hero. He 
 was a son of the dictator L. Manlius Capitolinas Imperio- 
 sus; was elected military tribune in 362 B. o.; and in 361 
 served under the dictator T. Quintius Pennus against the 
 Gauls. During this campaign he slew a gigantic Gaul In 
 single combat in the presence of the two armies, and de- 
 
Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus 
 
 spoiled him of a chain (torques), which he placed around 
 his own neck (whence the surname Torquatus). He was 
 appointed dictator in 353, and again in 349, and was consul 
 in 347, 344, and 340. During his third consulship, while 
 engaged with his colleague, P. Decius Mus, in a campaign 
 against the Latins, he put to death his own son, who, con- 
 trary to orders, fought and killed in single combat an ene- 
 my from the opposing army. 
 
 Manlius Torquatus, Titus. Died 202 b. c. A 
 
 Roman general. He was consul in 235 and 224, and 
 dictator in 208. During his first consulship he conquered 
 the Sardinians, after whose subjugation the Romans en- 
 joyed a brief period of universal peace, the temple of 
 Janus being closed for the first time since Numa Pom- 
 piiius. He opposed the ransom of the prisoners taken by 
 Hannibal at Cannse in 216, and gained a decisive victory 
 over the Carthaginians in Sardinia in 215. 
 
 Manlius Vulso (vul'so), Cnseus. A Roman 
 consul 189 B. c. He defeated the Galatians in 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 Manly (man'li). 1. In Jonson’s “Devil is an 
 Ass,” a young gallant, the friend of Wittipol. — 
 2. The “plain dealer” in Wycherley’s play of 
 that name. He is a brutalized caricature of 
 Moliere’s Alceste. — 3. In Vanbrugh and Cib- 
 ber’s “Provoked Husband,” a man of worldly 
 good sense. 
 
 Mann (man), Sir Horace. Bom 1701: died at 
 Florence, Italy, Nov. 6, 1786. An English diplo- 
 matist and virtuoso. In 1740 he became envoy ex- 
 traordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the court of 
 Florence, and retained that post until his death. His prin- 
 cipal duty was to watch the Old Pretender (James Stuart, 
 prince of Wales). He is chiefly known from his corre- 
 spondence with Horace Walpole 1741-86. 
 
 Mann, Horace. Born at Franklin, Mass., May 
 4, 1796: died at Yellow Springs, Ohio, Aug. 2, 
 1859. An American educator, noted for his re- 
 forms in the Massachusetts school system. He 
 was admitted to the bar in 1823 ; was secretary of the Mas- 
 sachusetts board of education 1837-48 ; was a Whig mem- 
 ber of Congress from Massachusetts 1848-53 ; was presi- 
 dent of Antioch College (Yellow Springs) 1852-69 ; and was 
 unsuccessful Free-Soil candidate for governor of Massa- 
 chusetts in 1852. 
 
 Mannering (ma-n'er-ing), Mas. A pseudonym 
 of Josiah Gilbert Holland. 
 
 Manners (man'erz), Charles, fourth Duke of 
 Rutland. Born March 15, 1754 : died at Dublin, 
 Oct. 24, 1787. An English statesman, eldest son 
 of John Manners, marquis of Granby. He was 
 educated at Eton and Cambridge (M. A. 1774), and became 
 member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge in 
 1774. Id 1775 he protested against the taxation of the 
 American colonies. He succeeded his grandfather as 
 duke of Rutland May 29, 1779, and on Feb. 11, 1784, was 
 appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland. He advocated the 
 legislative union of Ireland with England. 
 
 Manners, John, Marquis of Granby. Born Aug. 
 2, 1721: died at Scarborough, Oct. 18, 1770. An 
 English general, eldest son of John, third duke 
 of Rutland. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge. 
 In 1741 he became member of Parliament for Grantham ; 
 in 1745 he was made colonel of the “Leicester Blues in 
 1755 major-general; in 1759 lieutenant-general, serving at 
 Minden (Aug. 1, 1759); and commander-in-chief of the 
 British contingent in Germany Aug. 14, 1759. He fought 
 with great bravery at Warburg (July 31, 1760), at Villings- 
 hausen (July 15, 1761), at Gravenstein (June 24, 1762), and 
 at Homburg (Aug. 6, 1762). His portrait was twice painted 
 by Reynolds. 
 
 Manners, John James Robert, seventh Duke 
 of Rutland, better known as Lord John Man- 
 ners. Born Dec. 13, 1818 : died Aug. 4, 1906. 
 An English Conservative politician, second son 
 of the fifth Duke of Rutland. He was commissioner 
 of works 1852, 1858-59, and 1866-68, postmaster-general 
 1874-80 and 1885-86, and chancellor of the duchy of Lancas- 
 ter 1886-92. He succeeded to the dukedom March 2, 1887. 
 He was one of the leaders of the “Young England ” move- 
 ment. Hepublished “England’s Trust, and Other Poems” 
 (3841), “Notes of a Cruise in Scotch Waters ” (1850), etc. 
 
 Manners-Sutton (man'erz-sut'on), Charles. 
 Born Feb. 14, 1755: died at Lambeth, July 21, 
 1828. Archbishop of Canterbury, fourth son 
 of Lord George Manners-Sutton, and grandson 
 of John, third duke of Rutland. He was educated 
 at the Charterhouse and at Cambridge ; was rector of 
 Averham-with-Kelham in Nottinghamshire in 1785; was 
 bishop of Norwich in 1791 ; and was archbishop of Canter- 
 bury in 1805. 
 
 Mannheim (man'hhn). The northern admin- 
 istrative district of Baden. 
 
 Mannheim, or Manheim. A city of Baden, sit- 
 uated at the junction of the Neckar with the 
 Rhine, in lat. 49° 29' N., long. 8° 28' E. It is very 
 regularly built ; is the chief commercial center of the up- 
 per Rhine; has trade in grain, tobacco, coffee, petroleum, 
 etc.; and has manufactures of cigars, machinery, mirrors, 
 etc. The river, harbor, and docks are extensive. The 
 chief building is the grand-ducal castle (with antiquarian 
 collections and picture-gallery). There is a noted theater. 
 Mannheim was founded in 1606; was destroyed in the 
 Thirty Years’ War, and by the French in 1688 ; became 
 the capital of the Palatinate in 1720; was bombarded and 
 taken by the French in 1794 ; and was ceded to Baden in 
 1803. Population, commune, 193,379, (1910). 
 
 Manning (man'ing), Daniel. Born at Albany. 
 N. Y., Aug., 1831 : died at Albany, Dec. 24, 1887. 
 
 650 
 
 An American Democratic politician, secretary 
 of the treasury 1885-87. 
 
 Manning, Henry Edward. Born at Totter- 
 idge, Hertfordshire, July 15, 1808: died at 
 Westminster, Jan. 14, 1892. An English cardi- 
 nal. He was the youngest son of William Manning, a 
 West India merchant. He entered Harrow in 1822, and 
 Balliol College, Oxford, in 1827, where Charles Wordsworth 
 was his tutor, and William E. Gladstone an associate. He 
 was made a fellow of Merton, Oxford, in 1832, and was or- 
 dained rector of Woollavington-cum-Graffham in 1833. He 
 was married Nov. 7, 1833, and his wife died July 24, 1837. 
 In 1840 he was created archdeacon of Chichester. He took 
 no part in the secession of Ward and Newman, but con- 
 tinued a leader of the High-church party until 1848. In 
 May, 1848, he visited Rome, and on his return found him- 
 self in opposition to the established church. In April, 
 1850, he resigned his archdeaconry, and on June 14, 1851, 
 was ordained a priest of the Roman Catholic Church. In 
 1854 he was made D. D. by the Pope, and installed as su- 
 perior of the “Congregation of the Oblates of St. Charles" 
 at Bayswater (March 31, 1857). On April 30, 1865, he suc- 
 ceeded Cardinal Wiseman as archbishop of Westminster, 
 and was created cardinal March 31, 1875. He was the au- 
 thor of “Unity of the Church ” (1842), “Temporal Mission 
 of the Holy Ghost ” (1865), “ Temporal Power of the Pope ” 
 (1866), “ England and Christendom ” (1867), etc. 
 
 Manning, Janies. Born at Elizabethtown, N. J., 
 Oct. 22, 1738: died at Providence, R. I., July, 
 1791. An American Baptist clergyman, first 
 president of Brown University (Providence) 
 1765-90. 
 
 Manning, or Mannyng, Robert, or Robert of 
 Brunne. Lived in the latter part of the 13th 
 and the commencement of the 14th century. An 
 English chronicler and poet. He was a native of 
 Brunne in Lincolnshire, and in 1288 joined the Gilbertine 
 canons at Sempringham. He wrote “ Handlyng Synue” 
 (1303), a translation of the “Manuel des Pechiez ” of Wil- 
 liam of Wadington, who wrote in the time of Edward I.; 
 “The Chronicle of England "(ttnished in 1338); and “Medi- 
 tacyuns of the Soper of our Lorde Ihesus, etc.” Hewasin 
 no sense a historian, as his work was not original ; and his 
 importance is entirely literary. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Manny (man'i), or Mauny, Sir Walter, after- 
 ward Lord de Manny. Died at London, Jan. 
 15, 1372. The founder of the Charterhouse, 
 London. He was a native of Manny, near Valenciennes, 
 Ilainaut, and a fellow-townsman of Froissart. He prob- 
 ably came to England with Queen Philippa in 1327, and 
 was knighted in 1331. He was one of the ablest- of the sol- 
 diers of Edward III. In 1371 he was licensed to found a 
 house of Carthusian monks to be called “La Salutation 
 M6re Dieu. ” This Chartreuse became the London Charter- 
 house (which see). 
 
 Manoa (ma-no'a). The fabled city ruled by El 
 Dorado, or the gilded king. According to most of 
 the accounts it was built on an island in a lake called Pa- 
 rima, or on its shores. See El Dorado. 
 
 Manoah (ma-no'a). In Bible history, the fa- 
 ther of Samson. 
 
 Manoas. See Conibos. 
 
 Manoel (ina-no-el'), or Manuel, I., King of 
 Portugal. See Emanuel. 
 
 Man of Blood, The. A name given by the Eng- 
 lish Puritans to Charles I. 
 
 Man of Blood and Iron, The. A name given 
 to Bismarck. 
 
 Man of Business, The. A comedy by George 
 Colman the elder, produced in 1774. 
 
 Man of December, The. [F. L’homme de I)e- 
 cembre.\ A name given to Napoleon III. in 
 1870, when he was deposed, in allusion to his 
 coup d’dtat in Dec., 1851. 
 
 Man of Destiny, The. Napoleon I. 
 
 Man of Feeling, The. A novel by Henry Mac- 
 kenzie, published in 1771. 
 
 Man of Law’s Tale, The. One of Chaucer’s 
 “ Canterbury Tales.” Gower tells the story in his 
 “Confessio Amantis.” It was taken from the Anglo-Nor- 
 man chronicle of N icolas Trivet. The prologue contains 
 a list of some of Chaucer’s works. 
 
 Man of Mode, The, or Sir Fopling Flutter. 
 
 A comedy by Etherege (1676). 
 
 Man of Ross, The. See Eyrie, John. 
 
 Man of Sedan, The. Napoleon III. 
 
 Man of Steel, The. An epithet (L. Adaman- 
 tius) given to Origen on account of his strength 
 and tireless industry. 
 
 Man of the People, The. A name given to 
 Charles James Fox on account of a satire by 
 George Colman the younger. 
 
 Man of the World, The." 1. A novel by Mac- 
 kenzie, published in 1773. — 2. A comedy by 
 Macklin, first played in 1781. 
 
 Manon Lescaut (ma-non' les-ko'). A romance 
 written by the Abbd Provost, published in 1733, 
 appended to “Memoirs of a Man of Quality.” 
 
 But he [Provost! would have been long forgotten had it 
 not been for an episode or postscript of the “ Mi-moires ” 
 entitled “Manon Lescaut," in which all competent criti- 
 cism recognises the first masterpiece of French literature 
 which can properly he called a novel. Manon is a young 
 girl with whom the Chevalier des Grieux, almost as young 
 as herself, falls frantically in love. The pair fly to Paris, 
 and the novel is occupied with the description of Manon’s 
 
 Mansfeld, Count Ernst von 
 
 faithlessness — a faithlessness based not on want of love 
 for Des Grieux, but on an overmastering desire for luxury 
 and comfort with which he cannot always supply her. 
 The story, which is narrated by Des Grieux, and which 
 has a most pathetic ending, is chiefly remarkable for the 
 perfect simplicity and absolute lifelikeness of the char- 
 acter-drawing. Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 420. 
 
 Manosque (ma-nosk'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Basses-Alpes, France, 40 miles north- 
 northeast of Marseilles. Population, commune. 
 5,017. 
 
 Manresa (man-ra'sa). A manufacturing town 
 in the province of Barcelona, Spain, situated 
 on the Cardoner 32 miles northwest of Barce- 
 lona. Population, 23,252. 
 
 Man’s Bewitched, The, or The Devil to Bo 
 about Her. A comedy by Mrs. Centlivre, pro- 
 duced in 1709. 
 
 Mans (moh), Le. The capital of the department 
 of Sarthe, France, situated on the Sarthe in lat. 
 48° 1' N., long. 0° 11' E. ; the ancient Vindinum 
 or Suindinum. It has a trade in poultry and manufac- 
 tures of linen, sail-cloth, etc. The cathedral has a massive 
 round-arched 12th-century nave, and a very fine, light 13th- 
 century choir, 5-aisled, having 12 radiating chapels, beau- 
 tiful tracery, and a world-famous display of medieval 
 glass. The Church of Notre Dame de la Couture, the an- 
 cient abbey buildings (containing the prefecture, museum, 
 and library), and the Museum of Historical Monuments are 
 also of interest. Le Mans was the capital of the ancient 
 AulerciCenomani, and the capital of Maine ; was thehirth- 
 place of Henry II. of England; and was many times be- 
 sieged, especially by Henry IV. in 1689. Here, Dec., 1793, 
 the French republicans under Marceau defeated the Ven- 
 deans under La Rochejacquelin ; and here, Jan. 10 and 12, 
 1871, the Germans under Prince Frederick Charles defeated 
 the French army of the Loire under Chanzy. Population, 
 commune, 65,467. 
 
 Mansart, or Mansard (mon-sar'), Francois. 
 Bom at Paris, Jan. 23, 1598 : died there, Sept. 23, 
 1666. A noted French architect. He revived the 
 use of “Mansard” roofs about 1650; they had been em- 
 ployed about 100 years before by Lescot, but Mansart's 
 name was now given to them. He built the churches of 
 Sainte- Marie de Chaillot, the Minimes de la Place Royale, 
 the Visitation de Saint-e-Marie in the Rue Saint- Antoine, 
 etc., and numerous chateaus : that known as the Chateau 
 de Maisons-sur-Seine is the most famous. 
 
 Mansart, Jules Hardouin. Born at Paris, April 
 16, 1645; died at Versailles, May 11, 1708. Acele- 
 brated French architect, nephew of Francois 
 Mansart-. He built the Chateau de Clagny for the resi- 
 dence of Madame de Montespau, and was so much of the 
 courtier as to gain not only an enormous fortune but the 
 notice of the king, who heaped honors upon him. He di- 
 rected all the principal architectural works of Louis XIV., 
 including the building of the palace of Versailles, the 
 Maison de Saint-Cyr, the Grand Trianon, the dome of the 
 Hotel des Invalides (perhaps his greatest work), the Place 
 Venddme, the Place des Victoires, etc. 
 
 Mansel (man'sel), Henry Longueville. Born 
 at Cosgrove, Northamptonshire, Oct. 6, 1820: 
 died at Cosgrove Hall, July 30, 1871. An Eng- 
 lish metaphysician. He matriculated at St. John’s 
 College, Oxford, June 11,1839; was ordained in 1845; was 
 appointed Bampton lecturer in 1858 ; and in 1868 was made 
 dean of St. Paul's. In metaphysics he was a follower of 
 Sir William Hamilton, and developed the latter’s theory of 
 “ the conditioned. ” Among his works are ‘ ‘ Phrontist erion, 
 orOxford in the Nineteenth Century, "an imitation of Aris- 
 tophanes (1850), “The Limits of Demonstrative Science 
 Considered ” (1853), “ On the Philosophy of Kant ” (1856), 
 the article on metaphysics in the eighth edition of the 
 “ Encyclopaedia Britannica ” (1857), “Bampton Lectures ” 
 (1858), etc. 
 
 Mansel, or Maunsel (man'sel), John. Died at 
 Florence, Jan., 1265. An English military ec- 
 clesiastic, keeper of the seal and counselor of 
 Henry III. He was brought up at court, and on Nov. 
 8, 1246, received the custody of the privy seal. He was one 
 of Heury’s chief advisers. He held at one time 300 bene- 
 fices, with a rental of 18,000 marks. In the struggle with 
 the barons in 1262 he fled to France, and his holdings w ere 
 taken from him. 
 
 Mansfeld (mans'felt). 1. A former county of 
 Germany, which lay west of the Saale, and is 
 now in the government district of Merseburg, 
 Prussian Saxony. It fell in 1780, on the extinction of 
 the reigning house, partly to Prussia and partly to Saxony. 
 Since the Napoleonic period it has belonged entirely to 
 Prussia. 
 
 2. A town in the province of Saxony, Prus- 
 sia, 38 miles south of Magdeburg, capital of the 
 former county of Mansfeld. Luther lived hero 
 in his early youth. Population, over 2,500. 
 
 Mansfeld, Count Ernst von. Born 1580: died 
 near Zara, Dalmatia, Nov. 29, 1626. A cele- 
 brated German general, natural son of Count 
 P. E. von Mansfeld. He was educated by his god- 
 father Ernest, archduke of Austria, and distinguished him- 
 self as a soldier in the Spanish and in the imperial service. 
 In 1610 lie embraced the Reformed faith, and entered the 
 service of the Protestant Union. In 1618, when the head 
 of the union, the elector palatine Frederick V., was ele- 
 vated to the throne by the Protestant estates in Bohemia, 
 he became commander-in-chief in that country. After the 
 disastrous battle on the White Hill (which see), at which 
 he was not present, he maintained a brilliant but unequal 
 contest against the Imperialists in Germany. He was de- 
 feated by Wallenstein at Dessau, April 25, 1626. 
 
Mansfeld, Count Peter Ernst von 
 
 Mansfeld, Count Peter Ernst von. Born July 
 10, 1517 : died May 22, 1604. A German general. 
 He served under the emperor Charles V. and under his son 
 Philip II. of Spain ; was for a time governor of Luxem- 
 burg ; and in 1592 succeeded the Duke of Parma as gover- 
 nor-general of the Netherlands, a post which he held two 
 years. 
 
 Mansfield (manz'feld). A town in Nottingham- 
 shire, England, 15 miles north of Nottingham. 
 Population, 21,445. 
 
 Mansfield. A city, capital of Richland County, 
 Ohio, 64 miles north-northeast of Columbus. It 
 is a railway and industrial center. Population, 
 20,768, (1910). 
 
 Mansfield, Charles Blachford. Born atRoyner, 
 Hampshire, May 8, 1819 : died at London, Feb. 
 26, 1855. An English chemist and traveler. He 
 discovered the method of extracting benzol from coal-tar, 
 and thus laid the foundation for the aniline industry. In 
 1850 he traveled in Brazil and Paraguay. He died from 
 the effects of an explosion of naphtha while preparing 
 benzol. He wrote “ Aerial Navigation ’’ (1850), and “ Let- 
 ters from Brazil and Paraguay ’’ (posthumous). 
 
 Mansfield, Earls of. See Murray, David, and 
 Murray, William. 
 
 Mansfield, Joseph King Fenno. Born at New 
 Haven, Conn., Dec. 22, 1803 : died Sept. 18, 1862. 
 An American general. He commanded at Washing- 
 ton 1861, and was mortally wounded at Antietam 1862. 
 
 Mansfield, Mount. The most noted summit of 
 the Green Mountains, Vermont, 20 miles east 
 of Burlington. It is the highest of the range. 
 Height, 4,406 feet. 
 
 Mansfield, Richard. Born in Helgoland, in 
 1857: died at New London, Conn., Aug. 30, 
 1907. A German-American actor. He obtained 
 success both as tragedian and comedian. 
 Mansfield College. A college founded at Ox- 
 ford in 1886, especially for members of non-es- 
 tablished churches. Students must be graduates 
 in arts of some recognized university. 
 Mansfield Park. A novel by Jane Austen, writ- 
 ten in 1796, published in 1814. 
 
 Mansilla (man-sel'ya), Lucio. Born at Buenos 
 Ayres, 1792: died 1871. An Argentine general, 
 brother-in-law of the dictator Rosas, in 1845 he 
 was commander-in-chief of the army under Rosas, and was 
 defeated at Punta de Obligado by the combined British 
 and French fleet, Nov. 20. 
 
 Mansilla de Garcia (man-sel'ya. da gar-the'a), 
 Eduarda (n6e Mansilla). Born at Buenos 
 Ayres, 1838. An Argentine novelist, in 1855 she 
 married Manuel Garcia, a diplomatist. She has published 
 several novels of Argent ine customs and historical episodes, 
 including “El Medico de San Luis, "“Lucia Miranda, "and 
 “ Pablo, 6 la vida en las pampas ” : the last was translated 
 into French. 
 
 Mansion House, The. The official residence 
 of the lord mayor of London, situated $ mile 
 east of St. Paul’s. It was begun in 1739. The front 
 has a fine hexastyle Corinthian pedimented portico. The 
 suite of state apartments contains some excellent modern 
 statues and paintings. 
 
 Manso de Velasco (miin'so da va-las'ko), Jose 
 Antonio, Count of Superunda. Born in Biscay 
 about 1695 : died after 1762. A Spanish soldier 
 and administrator. He served in the War of Succes- 
 sion; was captain-general of Chile 1735-45 ; and viceroy of 
 Peru July 12, 1745, -Oct. 12, 1761. His administration in 
 the latter country was longer than that of any other vice- 
 roy, and was distinguished for excellence. The great earth- 
 quake which destroyed Lima and Callao, Oct. 28, 1746, 
 occurred during his rule. 
 
 Manson (man'son), George. Born at Edin- 
 burgh, Dec. 3, 1850: died in Devonshire, Eng- 
 land, Feb. 27, 1876. A Scottish painter in 
 water-colors. 
 
 Mansos (man'sos). [Sp., from manso, tame.] A 
 tribe of semi-nomadic aborigines, from the banks 
 of the Rio Grande in southern New Mexico, 
 who were Christianized by Fray Garcia de San 
 Francisco, a Franciscan, in the first half of the 
 17th century, and in 1659 were transferred to 
 the present site of El Paso del Norte in northern 
 Chihuahua. There are still a few families dwelling at 
 the latter place, but they have adopted the mode of life 
 and customs of the northern Mexicans. Some of the older 
 men, however, still preserve the language of the tribe and 
 many of the primitive rites and religious practices. 
 Mansur. See A l- Mansur. 
 
 Mansurah (man-so 'ra) . A town in Lower Egypt, 
 situated on the Damietta branch of the Nile, 
 50 miles west by south of Port Said. Near it, in 
 1250, Louis IX. of France was defeated by the Egyptians. 
 Population, 40,279. 
 
 Mant (mant), Richard. Born at Southampton, 
 England, Feb. 12, 1776: died at Ballymoney, 
 Ireland, Nov. 2, 1848. An English author, bishop 
 of Down, Connor, and Dromore in Ireland. He 
 was joint author with D’Oyly of an “ Annotated Bible ” 
 (1814), and published a “History of the Church of Ireland ” 
 0840), etc. 
 
 Mantalini (man-ta-le'ne). The husband of Ma- 
 dame Mantalini in Dickens’s “Nicholas Nickle- 
 by,” a feeble-minded, elegant person. 
 
 651 
 
 Mantchuria. See Manchuria. 
 
 Mantegna (man-tan'ya), Andrea. Born near 
 Padua, Italy, 1431 : died at Mantua, Italy, Sept. 
 13, 1506. A celebrated Italian historical painter 
 and engraver. Among his works are “The Triumph 
 of Caesar ” (Hampton Court), “ Madonna della Vittoria ’’ 
 (Louvre), “Christ in the Garden ” (Baring collection), “St. 
 George" (Venice Academy), “The Dead Christ" (Brera, 
 Milan), “ Parnassus,” “The Man of Sorrows ” (Copenhagen), 
 “The Crucifixion" and “Adoration of the Magi ” (New 
 York Historical Society), “St. Sebastian” (Vienna Mu- 
 seum), “Summer and Autumn,” “Samson and Delilah," 
 “ Triumph of Scipio " (National Gallery, London), etc. 
 
 Mantell (man'tel), Gideon Algernon. Born 
 at Lewes, Sussex, 1790: died at London, Nov. 
 10, 1852. An English geologist. He was the son 
 of a shoemaker, and was apprenticed to James Moore, a 
 surgeon, at Lewes, with whom he later entered into part- 
 nership. His collection of fossils was sold to the British 
 Museum. Among his works are “ Fossils of the South 
 Downs " (1822), “ The Geology of the Southeast of England " 
 (1833), “Geological Excursions round the Isle of Wight 
 and along the Adjacent Coast of Dorsetshire "(1847), etc. 
 He was made a fellow of the Royal Society in 1825. 
 Mantes (mont). A town in the department of 
 Seine-et-Oise, France, situated on the Seine 35 
 miles west-northwest of Paris. Its church of Notre 
 Dame, of the end of the 12th century, is interesting as a 
 reduced reproduction (including the west front with its 
 galleries, rose, and twin square towers) of Notre Dame in 
 Paris. Population, commune, 8,329. 
 
 Manteuffel (man'toif-fel), Baron Karl Rochus 
 Edwin von. Born at Dresden, Feb. 24, 1809: 
 died at Karlsbad, Bohemia, June 17, 1885. A 
 Prussian field-marshal. He became chief of the mili- 
 tary cabinet in 1857 ; served in the Danish war 1864 ; was 
 governor of Schleswig 1865-66 ; as commander of the Main 
 army defeated the South Germans at Hochhausen and 
 elsewhere in 1866 ; commanded the 1st army corps at 
 Colombey-Nouilly Aug. 14, 1870, and Noisseville Aug. 31- 
 Sept. 1 ; as commander in the north defeated the French 
 at Amiens 1870; commanded the army of the south in 
 1871, and the army of occupation in France 1871-73; and 
 was appointed governor of Alsace-Lorraine in 1879. 
 
 Manteuffel, Baron Otto Theodor von. Born at 
 Liibben, Prussia, Feb. 3, 1805 : died near Gols- 
 sen, Prussia, Nov. 26, 1882. A Prussian reac- 
 tionary politician, minister of the interior 1848- 
 1850, and prime minister 1850-58. 
 
 Mantianus (man-ti-a'nus), or Matianus (ma-ti- 
 a'nus). An ancient name of Lake Urumiah. 
 Mantinea (man-ti-ne'a), or Mantineia (-ni'a). 
 [Gr. M avrtvcca.] In ancient geography, a city in 
 Arcadia, Greece, situated 43 miles southwest of 
 Corinth. It was the scene of several battles : in 418 b. c. 
 the Spartans defeated the Athenians and Aigives ; in 362 
 B. c. the Thebans under Epaminondas defeated the Spar- 
 tans and allies ; and in 207 or 206 B. c. Philopoemen, gen- 
 eral of the Achaean League, defeated the Spartans. 
 Mantinino (man-te-ne'no). An is! and reported 
 to Columbus, 1492-93, by the Indians of Haiti. 
 He understood them to say that it was inhabited by Ama- 
 zon women. The name was a corruption of the Carib Ma- 
 dinina, corresponding to the modern Martinique. 
 Manton (man'ton), Joseph. Born about 1766 : 
 died at Maida Hill, June 29, 1835. An English 
 gunsmith. He patented many improvements in large 
 and small arms,. and was a principal mover in the intro- 
 duction of the percussion system. 
 
 Mantua (man'tu-a). A province in Lombardy, 
 Italy. Area, 903 square miles. Population, 
 310,469. 
 
 Mantua, It. Mantova (miin'to-va). The capi- 
 tal of the province of Mantua, Italy, situated 
 on an island in the Mincio, in lat. 45° 9' N., 
 long. 10° 47' E. It is a strong fortress. Tire chief ob- 
 jects of interest are the Church of San Andrea, cathedral, 
 ducal palace, museum of antiquities, and Palazzo del Tfe 
 (with works by Giulio Romano). It is noted in art history 
 for its connection with Mantegna and Romano, and lias an 
 academy of sciences and arts. It was the home of Vergil, 
 who was born in the neighborhood. It was a Guelph 
 town ; was ruled by the Gonzaga family ; and was capital 
 of the duchy of Mantua. It was sacked by the Imperial- 
 ists in 1630; besieged by the French under Bonaparte in 
 1796-97, and taken in 1797 ; and held by the French under 
 the Napoleonic regime but restored to Austria in 1814. 
 It was one of the fortresses of the Austrian “Quadri- 
 lateral." In 1866 it was ceded to Italy. Population, com- 
 mune, 29,142. 
 
 Mantua, Duchy of. A former Italian marqui- 
 sate and duchy. The territory was ruled by the fam- 
 ily of Gonzaga from about 1328 to 1708, and by Austria 
 1708-97 ; belonged to the Cisalpine Republic, kingdom of 
 Italy, etc., 1797-1814 ; passed to Austria in 1814 ; and was 
 ceded to Italy in 1859 and 1866. 
 
 Mantuan(mau'tu-an)Bard,orMantuanSwan. 
 
 A surname of Vergil as a native of Mantua. 
 Mantuan War. A war for the succession to 
 the duchy of Mantua, 1628-30. TheDukeof Nevers, 
 supported by France, was confirmed as duke in opposition 
 to the Imperialist candidate. 
 
 Manu (ma'no). In Sanskrit, man; man collec- 
 tively; mankind ; the Demiurge ; one of a class 
 of fourteen demiurgic beings, each of whom 
 presides over a Manvantara, ‘interval or period 
 of a Manu.’ The first in order of these is called Sva- 
 yambhuva, as sprung from Svayambhu, the self-existent, 
 identified with Brahma, who divided himself into two 
 persons, male and female, whence was produced Viraj, 
 
 Manutius, Paulus 
 
 and from him the first Manu. This Manu Svayambhnva 
 is a sort of secondary creator. He produced ten Praja- 
 patis, ‘lords of creatures,' and these again seven other 
 Manus. Of these the seventh, Manu Vaivasvata, ‘ the sun- 
 born,’ is the Manu of the present period, and is regarded 
 as the progenitor of the present race of beings. He has 
 been compared to Noah, from various legends of his preser- 
 vation from a deluge by Vishnu, or by Brahma, in the 
 form of a fish. He was the founder and first king of 
 Ayodhya, afterward reigned over by Ikshvaku, his son, 
 founder of the solar race. Manu Vaivasvata’s daughter 
 Ila marr ied Budha, son of Soma, ‘ the moon,’ and ancestor 
 of the lunar race. To Manu Vaivasvata are ascribed the 
 so-called “Laws of Manu" and a work on Vedic ritual. 
 Upon the first seven are to follow seven other Manus. 
 
 Manu, Laws of. Until recently, the desig- 
 nation commonly employed for the Manava- 
 dharmashastra, which native tradition regarded 
 as the law-book of Manu (see Manu), but which 
 the scholars of to-day view as the law-book 
 of the Manavans. The works constituting the Veda 
 in its broader sense fall into the three classes of Sanhita, 
 Brahmana, and Sutra, or text, exposition, and brief rule. 
 Chief among the last are the Kalpasutras, or ‘ceremony 
 rules,’ many important families having each its distinct 
 Kalpasutra. This Kalpasutra was divided into Shrauta- 
 sutra, ‘ rules for the fire sacrifices ’ ; Grhyasutra, ‘ domestic 
 usages’ ; and Dharmasutra, ‘sacred law.’ The Sutras are 
 in mingled prose and verse ; the Dharmasbastras are a 
 later metrical recast in the ordinary epic meter of ante- 
 cedent Dharmasutras ; and the Manavadharmashastra is 
 such a recast of a Manavadharmasutra, or is the law- 
 book of the Manavans. Out of clannish differences grew 
 various Caranas, or ‘schools,’ in which Vedic traditions 
 were handed down. The Manavans were a school of the 
 Black Yajurveda. Of the Maitrayaniya branch of the 
 schools of the Black Yajurveda there are still some sur- 
 vivors in western India who call their Sutras Manavasu- 
 tras. The occasion of the recast was the development — 
 beside the sectarian schools, which studied exclusively a 
 single branch of theVeda — of non-sectarian schools, whose 
 teachings claimed validity for all Aryans. These compiled 
 from the only locally valid sectarian Sutras a school-book 
 intended to be systematic, complete, and generally valid, 
 and the Manavan Dharmasutra was chosen as its basis 
 from the greatness of the name of the legendary Manu. 
 By interpreting the title as ‘of Manu,’ they had an authori- 
 tative name to commend their work. Perhaps one half 
 of the present work consists, however, of additions to the 
 original, drawn from popular metrical maxims, and made, 
 as Bidder thinks, at the date of the recast, which he con- 
 siders to be between 100 B. c. and the 2d century A. D. (For 
 a general account of the character and contents, see Wil- 
 liams’s “Indian Wisdom,” pp. 211-294. For the literature, 
 see Lanman’s “Sanskrit Reader " (Boston : Ginn and Co.), 
 p. 340, from which the above view is taken.) It was first 
 translated from the original by Sir William Jones. The 
 most recent translations, accompanied by valuable intro- 
 ductions, are those of Bidder (“Sacred Books of the East," 
 vol. xxv.) and Burnell (Triibner). 
 
 Manuel (man'u-el). A tragedy by Charles 
 Robert Maturin, produced at Drury Lane March 
 8, 1817, with Kean in the title role. 
 
 Manuel I. Comnenus. Born about 1120 : died 
 Sept. 24, 1180. Byzantine emperor 1143-80, 
 son of the emperor Calo-Joannes. He permitted 
 the Crusaders, under Conrad III., emperor of the Holy 
 Roman Empire, and Louis VII. of France, to pass through 
 his dominions in llt7, and in 1148 repelled an invasion of 
 Greece by the Normans under Roger, king of Sicily. He 
 was totally defeated by the Turks at Myriocephalus in 
 1176. 
 
 Manuel II. Palaeologus. Died 1425. Byzan- 
 tine emperor 1391-1425, son of John VII. Being 
 besieged in Constantinople by the sultan Bajazet, he im- 
 plored the aid of western Europe, and an army composed 
 of the chivalry of Fi ance, Germany, and Hungary came to 
 his assistance, but was totally defeated by the sultan at 
 Nicopolis in 1396. Bajazet was, however, compelled to 
 raise the siege in 1402 in order to meet the Tatar con- 
 queror Timur, by whom he was defeated and captured at 
 Angora. Manuel passed the subsequent years of his reign 
 in peace, though in a state of semi-dependence on Mo- 
 hammed, the son of Bajazet. 
 
 Manuel (ma -no-el '), Don Juan. Born 1282: 
 died 1347. A Spanish statesman and writer, of 
 the royal house of Castile and Leon. His best- 
 known work is the “Conde Lucanor,” a collection of fifty 
 tales in the Oriental style. 
 
 Manuel (ma-no-el'), E. The nom de plume of 
 Ernest L’Epine, a French writer, who is not to 
 be confounded with Eugene Manuel, the author 
 of “Pages Intimes,” etc. 
 
 Manuel (ma-no-el' ), Nikolaus. Born at Bern, 
 Switzerland, about 1484 : died at Bern, 1530. A 
 Swiss painter and poet. 
 
 Manutms (ma-nfi'shius), Aldus, It. Aldo Ma- 
 nuzio (al'do mii-not'se-o) or Manucci. Born 
 at Bassiano, near Velletri, Italy, about 1450 : 
 died at Venice, Feb. 3, 1515. An Italian classi- 
 cal scholar and. celebrated printer, the founder 
 of the Aldine press at Venice about 1490. He pub- 
 lished editions of Aristotle, Aristophanes, Herodotus, De- 
 mosthenes, Plato, and other Greek classics, and Latin and 
 Italian works. 
 
 Manutius, Aldus, “The Younger.” Born at 
 Venice, Feb. 13, 1547: died at Rome, Oct. 28, 
 1597. An Italian printer and classical scholar, 
 son of Paulus Manutius. 
 
 Manutius, Paulus. Bom at Venice, June 12, 
 15] 1 : died there, April 6, 1574. An Italian clas- 
 sical scholar, author, and noted printer, son of 
 Aldus Manutius. 
 
Man with Finks 
 
 Man With Pinks. A notod painting by Jan van 
 Eyck, in the Old Museum at Berlin, it is a bust 
 
 portrait of a man wearing a fur lined cloak and a high fur 
 cap, and holding white pinks in one hand and red in the 
 other. 
 
 Man with the Iron Mask, The. A French stato 
 prisoner, confined in the Bastille (where he died 
 Nov. ID, 1703), Pignerol,andotherprisonsinthe 
 reign of Louis XIV. His name was never mentioned, 
 bat he was buried under that of Marehiali, and lie always 
 wore a mask of iron(V) covered with black velvet, lie has 
 been supposed to be ( i) the Duke of V ermandois, a natural 
 son of Louis XIV. and Mademoiselle do la Valliero; (2) an 
 elder brother of Louis XIV., the son of Anne of Austria 
 and the Duke of Buckingham ; (.'!) a twin brother of Louis 
 XIV.; (4) Count Matthioli, a minister of the Duke of Man- 
 tua, imprisoned for treachery; (ft) a soldier of fortune 
 named Marechiel, the head of a conspiracy to assassinate 
 the king and his ministers. This last conjecture was consid- 
 ered tlie most reasonable until 1891, when Captain Baze- 
 rifcs, of tho garrison of Nantes, published in the “Progrcs 
 de Nantes” (republished in “Le Temps,” Aug. 7, 1891) a 
 translation of some cipher despatches of Louis XIV. and 
 of Louvois, apparently showing that the prisoner was 
 Ginbral de Bulonde, who raised the siege of Cuneo unne- 
 cessarily and compromised the success of the campaign. 
 Louis shut him up at Pignerol for reasons of his own, in- 
 stead of dooming him to the fate of a traitor, which was 
 his due. Opinions still dilfer as to the identity of the 
 prisoner. 
 
 Manx (mangks). The native language of the in- 
 habitants of the Isle of Man, which belongs to 
 the Gadhelic branch of the Celtic tongues, and 
 is thus closely allied to the Irish and the Gaelic. 
 
 Manzanares (man-tha-na'res). A small tribu- 
 tary of the river Jarama, in Spain. Madrid is 
 situated on it. 
 
 Manzanares. A town in the province of Ciu- 
 dad Beal, Spain, situated on the Azuer in lat. 
 39° N., long. 3° 27' W. Population, about 
 12 , 000 . 
 
 Manzanillo (man-thii-nel'yd). A seaport on 
 the southern coast of Cuba. It has a trade 
 in coffee, sugar, and fruit. Population, 15,819. 
 
 Manzano (man-za'no), El. [Sp. manzana, ap- 
 ple-tree.] A settlement in central New Mex- 
 ico, east of the Rio Grande. It lies on the 
 eastern border of well-known and extensive 
 deposits of rock-salt. The white settlement 
 dates from 1829. 
 
 Manzoni (man-zo'ne), Alessandro. Born at 
 Milan, March 7, 1785 : died at Milan, May 22, 
 1873. A noted Italian novelist and poet, the 
 chief of the Italian romantic school. He went in 
 his early youth to Paris with his mother, who was a daugh- 
 ter of the Marquis Beccaria, and who introduced him to 
 literary society. He became acquainted with Volney, Ma- 
 dame Condorcet, Fauriel, and others, and became imbued 
 with many of their deistical and other opinions. In 1807 
 he returned to Italy, and was made a member of the 
 Italian senate in 18G0. He wrote the historical novel 
 “I Promessi Sposi" (1825-27: translated into English as 
 “ The Betrothed Lovers "). Among his other works are 
 the tragedies “ II Conte di Carmagnola ” (1820), “Adel chi " 
 (1823), the lyric poem “II cinque Maggio”(“The 5th of 
 May," an ode on Napoleon’s death, 1821), “Inni sacri ” 
 (1810: sacred lyrics), “ Osservazioni sulla morale cattoli- 
 ca " (a vindication of Catholic morality), “ Storia della Co- 
 lonna inf ame ” (a historical treatise, 1842). 
 
 Maoris (ma'o-riz or mou'riz). [From maori, 
 lit. ‘ native,’ ‘ indigenous.’] The primitive in- 
 habitants of New Zealand, a Polynesian race of 
 the Malay family, distinguished for their natu- 
 ral capacity and vigor. Most of them now profess 
 Christianity, but they have vigorously though unsuccess- 
 fully resisted English dominion. 
 
 The Maoris, when first discovered by Europeans, were 
 in a comparatively advanced stage of barbarism. Their 
 society had definite ranks, from that of the Rangatira, the 
 chief with a long pedigree, to the slave. Their religious 
 hymns, of great antiquity, have been collected and trans- 
 lated by Grey, Taylor, Bastian, and others. 
 
 Lang, Myth, etc., II. 27. 
 
 Map (map), or Mapes (maps), Walter. Born 
 probably about 1140 : died about 1210. A medi- 
 eval author and satirist. He was of a Welsh family 
 in Herefordshire, and studied in Paris from about 1154 to 
 1160. He was present at the court of Henry II., while 
 Thomas Becket was still chancellor, as one of the clerks of 
 the royal household, and was employed as an itinerant jus- 
 tice. In 1179 Henry II. sent him to the Lateran Council 
 at Rome. In 1197 he was made archdeacon of Oxford. The 
 only undoubted work extant by Map is the “ De nugis cu- 
 rialium” (“ Courtiers’ Triflings”), composed between 1182 
 and 1192. He has also been credited with a large share in 
 
 . the composition of the Arthurian romances, and it is prob- 
 able that the “Lancelot” is based on an Anglo-French 
 poem by him. A great part of the “ Goliardic” or satiri- 
 cal verse of the 12 th and 13th centuries is doubtless by Map. 
 
 Mapimi (ma-pe'rae), Bolson de. [Origin of 
 name unknown.] A section of the Mexican 
 states of Chihuahua and Coahuila in northern 
 Mexico, parts of which are quite arid and low, 
 while others are very fertile and well watered. 
 
 Mapures. See Maypures. 
 
 Magnet (ma-ka'), Auguste. Born at Paris, Sept. 
 13, 1813 : died at Saint-M6en, Jan. 8. 1888. A 
 French novelist and dramatist, collaborator 
 
 652 
 
 with the elder Dumas in some of his chief 
 works. 
 
 Maqui. See Tusayan. 
 
 Maquiritares (mii-ke-re-tii'res). An Indian 
 tribe of Venezuela, on the Ventuari, a branch 
 of the upper Orinoco, ranging at times, it is 
 said, as far east as the coniines of British Gui- 
 ana. They are of Carib stock, have rarely had any inter- 
 course with the whites, and still retain their savage inde- 
 pendence. Though living in regular villages and having 
 small plantations, they are much given to wandering. The 
 tribal relations are very loose. 
 
 Mar (mar). A district of Aberdeenshire, Scot- 
 land, forming the southern part of the county. 
 Tho Earls of Mar derive their title from it. 
 Mar, Juan Manuel del. Bom at Cuzco, 1806 : 
 died at Lima, June 15, 1862. A Peruvian states- 
 man. He was minister of war under Castilla 1855-60, 
 and in 1859 was temporarily in charge of the executive. 
 In 1800 he was elected first vice-president under the new 
 constitution. 
 
 Mara (ma'ra), Madame (Gertrud Elisabeth 
 Schmeling). Born at Cassel, Germany, Feb. 
 23, 1749: died at Revel, Russia, Jan. 20, 1833. 
 A noted German soprano singer, she studied 
 with Hiller at Leipsic, and about 1771 made her dObut 
 at Dresden, where she had immediate success and was 
 made court singer. In 1784 she went to London, where 
 she sang to enthusiastic audiences. She was connected 
 with the opera in London till 1791, but was better suited 
 for concerts and oratorios on account of her weak physique 
 and lack of knowledge of acting. After singing in Paris, 
 Vienna, and the German cities with success, she lost her 
 voice in 1802 or thereabouts, and supported herself by 
 teaching. She married Mara the violoncellist about 1771. 
 Marabouts (mar 'a-bots). [Also Maraboot. \ 
 The members of a Moorish priestly order or race 
 of northern Africa, successors of the Morabits 
 or Almoravides, a Mohammedan sect or tribe 
 who ruled Morocco and part of Spain in the 11th 
 and 12th centuries. The Marabouts are reputed as 
 saints, prophets, and sorcerers, and exercise great influence 
 over the Berbers and Moslem negroes. 
 
 Maracaibo, or Maracaybo (ma-ra-kl'bo). A 
 seaport in Venezuela, situated on the outlet of 
 Lake Maracaibo about lat. 10° 48' N., long. 71° 
 45' W. It is an important commercial city, exporting 
 coffee, hides, cocoa, etc.; is the seat of a national college; 
 and was formerly the seat of a Jesuit college. It was 
 founded in 1571. Population, over 30,000. 
 
 Maracaibo, Gulf of, or Gulf of Venezuela. 
 
 An arm of the Caribbean Sea, north of Vene- 
 zuela. Length, about 150 miles. 
 
 Maracaibo, Lake. A large lake or lagoon in 
 northern Venezuela, communicating with the 
 Gulf of Maracaibo. The water is brackish. 
 Length, about 1 10 miles. 
 
 Maragha (ma-ra'gii). A town in the province 
 of Azerbaijan, Persia, 60 miles south, of Ta- 
 briz. Population, about 15,000. 
 
 Maraguas. See Marauas. 
 
 Marah. (ma'ra). In Old Testament history, a 
 place in the 'peninsula of Sinai, southeast of 
 Suez, containing a spring noted for its bitter- 
 ness. 
 
 Marabuas. See Marauas. 
 
 Marais (ma-ra'), Le. [F.,‘ the marsh.’] In the 
 politics of the first French Revolution, the group 
 of members who sat in the lower part of the as- 
 sembly. 
 
 Marais, Le. 1. The name especially applied to 
 the region lying east of the Rue St.-Denis and 
 north of the Rue St. -Antoine, -within the fortifi- 
 cations of Charles V. in Paris. It was subject to 
 inundation. A large part of it was held in the middle ages 
 by the Knights of the Temple. 
 
 2. A swampy region in the western part of 
 France, near La Rochelle. In ancient times it 
 was an arm of the sea. 
 
 Marajo (ma-ra-zho') : formerly also Joannes 
 (zho-iin'nas). An island between the estuaries 
 of the Amazon and the Para, belonging to the 
 state of Pard, Brazil. Length, 165 miles. Great- 
 est width, about 100 miles. 
 
 Marandaise. The sword of Ryance. 
 Maranhao, or Maranham (ma-ran-yan'). A 
 state of Brazil, bounded by the Atlantic on the 
 north, Piauhy on the east and southeast, Goyaz 
 on the southwest and west, and Para on the west 
 and northwest. Area, 177,561 square miles. 
 Population, 499,308. 
 
 Maranhao, or Maranham, or Sao Luiz do 
 Maranhao (sah lo-ezh' do ma-ran-yah'). A 
 seaport, capital of the state of Maranhao, situ- 
 ated on the island Sao Luiz in lat. 2° 32' S., 
 long. 44° 18' \V. It exports hides, cotton, sugar, rice, 
 etc. Maranhao was founded by the French in 1612, but 
 was taken by the Portuguese three years after. Popula- 
 tion, 29,475. 
 
 Maranhao, State of. [Pg. Estado do Maranhao.] 
 A colonial division of Portuguese South Amer- 
 ica. In 1621 Portuguese America was divided into two 
 
 Marblehead 
 
 states — Brazil and Maranhao. The latter included at first 
 all from Cearii northward. Ceari was subsequently sep- 
 arated from it, and the remaining portion was divided into 
 various captaincies, eventually reduced to four which cor- 
 respond to the modern states, Piauhy, Maranhao, Pari, 
 and Rio Negro (now Amazonas). The colonial state was 
 suppressed in 1774. 
 
 Marandn (mii-ran-yon'). [Probably corrupted 
 from the Tupi parand, the sea, a name given by 
 the Indians to this and other great rivers.] A 
 Spanish-American name for the Amazon, it is 
 used especially in Peru, and geographers have adopted the 
 term, somewhat vaguely, to indicate the upper or Peru- 
 vian portion of the river. 
 
 Maranones (mii-ran-yo'nes). [Lit. ‘conspira- 
 tors’: from the Spanish marafla, a plot.] The 
 name adopted by the followers of Aguirre. (See 
 Aguirre.) It has been erroneously supposed 
 that the word Maranon was derived from it. 
 Marash. (ma-rash'). A town in the vilayet of 
 Aleppo, Asiatic Turkey, situated near the Jihun 
 100 miles north by west of Aleppo, in ancienttimes 
 It was probably a city of the Hittites. Numerous inscrip- 
 tions have been found there. Population, estimated, 60,000. 
 
 Marat (ma-ra'), Jean Paul. Bom at Boudry, 
 Switzerland, May 24, 1744 : assassinated at Pa- 
 ris, July 13, 1793. A French revolutionist. He 
 studied medicine at Bordeaux ; practised his profession 
 with conspicuous success at London and at Paris ; and 
 wrote a number of meritorious scientific works, chiefly on 
 electricity and optics. At the beginning of the Revolu. 
 tion in 1789 he began to publish a paper entitled “ L’Ami 
 du Peuple," in which he boldly advocated a republican 
 form of government and incited the populace to violence. 
 He was in 1792 elected to the National Convention, in 
 which, as the most ultra-revolutionary of the Jacobin 
 party, he was attacked by the Girondists, who were in a 
 majority. He was tried before the Revolutionary tribu- 
 nal, but was acquitted April 24, 1793, and with Dantonand 
 Robespierre overthrew the Girondists June 2, 1793. He 
 was stabbed to death by Charlotte Corday while in his bath 
 seeking relief from a skin-disease. 
 
 Maratea (ma-rii-ta'fi). A small seaport in the 
 province of Potenza, Italy, situated on the Gulf 
 of Policastro in lat. 39° 59' N., long. 15° 43' E. 
 Marathon (mar'a-thon). [Gr. MapaOuv.] A 
 plain in Attica, Greece, 18 miles northeast of 
 Athens, between Mount Pentelicus and the sea. 
 It is celebrated for the battle of Sept., 490 B. C., between 
 the Greeks (10,000 Athenians and 1,000 Plataeans), under 
 Miltiades, and over 100,000 Persians, under Datis and Ar- 
 taphernes. The result was a Greek victory, due to the 
 tactics of Miltiades. The Greek loss was 192 ; the Persian, 
 6,400. The victory ended Darius’s attempt against Greece, 
 and is classed among the decisive battles of the world. 
 The conical mound, 40 feet high and 200 in diameter, which 
 covers the Athenian dead marks the central point of the 
 famous battle. All doubt as to its identification was set at 
 rest by a recent excavation of the Archaeological Society of 
 Athens, which disclosed ashes, charred remnants of the 
 funeral pyre, and fragments of pottery of the beginning of 
 the 5th century B. C. 
 
 Maratre (ma-ra'tr), La. A play by Balzac, pro- 
 duced at the Theatre Historique, Paris, in June, 
 1848. 
 
 Maratti (ma-rat'te), or Maratta (ma-rat'ta), 
 Carlo. Born near Ancona, Italy, 1625 : died at 
 Rome, Dec. 15, 1713. An Italian painter of Ma- 
 donnas and other religious subjects. 
 
 Marauas (ma-ra-was'). A tribe or horde of In- 
 dians of Brazil and Peru, on the south side of 
 the Amazon, aboutthe rivers Jurafi, Jutahy, and 
 Javary. They are said to be closely allied in language 
 and customs to the Mayorunas (which see). Formerly, 
 according to report, they were cannibals. Most of the 
 Marauas have submitted to the whites, and the missions 
 (now villages) of Fonte Boa and CaicAra were formed by 
 them. The remnants in the forests still retain their sav- 
 age customs. Also written Marahuas, Maraguas. 
 Marbach (mar' bach). A small town in Neckar 
 circle, Wiirtemberg, situated at the junction of 
 the Murr with the Neckar, 12 miles north by 
 east of Stuttgart : the birthplace of Schiller. 
 Marbella (mar-bel'ya). A seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Malaga, Spain, 30 miles west-southwest 
 of Malaga. There are rich iron-mines in the 
 vicinity. Population, 9.629. 
 
 Marble Canon, The. A noted canon of the 
 Colorado River, in northern Arizona, above the 
 Grand Canon. 
 
 Marble Faun, The. A romance by Hawthorne, 
 published in 1860. The English edition, published In 
 the same year, is called “ Transformation, or the Romance 
 of Monte Beni.” See Donatello. 
 
 The sole idea of the “Marble Faun " is to illustrate the 
 intellectually and morally awakening power of a sudden 
 impulsive sin, committed by a simple, joyous, instinctive, 
 “natural "man. The whole group of characters is ima- 
 gined solely with a view to the development of this idea. 
 
 li. II. Ilutton, Essays in Lit. Crit 
 
 Marblehead (miir'bl-lied). A seaport and sum- 
 mer resort in Essex County, Massachusetts, situ- 
 ated on Massachusetts Bay 15 miles northeast 
 of Boston. It lias manufactures of boots and shoes ; was 
 formerly one of the chief towns of the Stato ; and is noted 
 for its fisheries. The original settlers were largely from 
 the Channel Islands. Population, 7,338, (1910). 
 
Marbols 
 
 Marbois (mlir-bwli'), Francois. Marquis de 
 Barb6-. B orn at Metz in 1745: (lied at Paris in 
 1837. A French statesman and writer. In 1803 
 ho conducted the treaty of the cession of Louisiana to the 
 United States. 
 
 Marburg (mlir'bOro). A town in the province 
 of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated on the Lahn 
 49 miles north of Frankfort-on-the-Main. It lias 
 manufactures of pottery, etc. Tho chief buildings nro tho 
 Churcii of St. Ellzabeth(13th century) and tho castle(noted 
 for its Kittersaal (1280-1320) and chapel). Tho university, 
 founded by l’liilip, landgrave of Hesse, has about 2,300 
 students, and a library of over 2.30,000 volumes. Marburg 
 was tlie residence of St. Elizabeth in the 13th century, 
 became one of tile capitals of Hesse, and was the scene of 
 outbreaks of the Hessian peasants against the French in 
 1800 and 1800. Population, commune, 20,130. 
 
 Marburg. A town in Styria, Austria-Hungary, 
 situated on the Drave 36 miles south by east of 
 Gratz. It is in tho center of a fruit region. Pop- 
 ulation, 27,974, (1910). 
 
 Marburg Conference. A fruitless conference 
 held at Marburg, Prussia, Oct., 1529, between 
 Luther and others on one side and Zwingli and 
 other Swiss reformers on the other. 
 Marcantonio. See Raimondi. 
 
 Marceau (miir-sd' ), Francois S6verin des Gra- 
 viers. Born at Chartres, France, March 1, 1769 : 
 died at Altenkirchen, Prussia, Sept. 23, 1796. A 
 French general. He served in Vendee in 1793, and at 
 Fleurus in 1794; captured Coblenz in 1794; and served 
 along the Rhine 1795-96. 
 
 Marcellians (miir-sel'i-anz). The professed 
 followers of Marcellus, bishop of Ancyra in the 
 4th century. The Marcellians held the doctrine, nearly 
 agreeing with that of the Sabellians, that the Holy Spirit 
 and the Word, or Logos, are merely impersonal agencies 1 
 and qualities of God, and that the incarnation of the Lo- 
 gos is temporary only. It has been doubted by some 
 whether Marcellus held the views ascribed to him. 
 
 Marcellinists (mar-se-lin'ists). The adherents 
 of Marcellina, a female gnostic of the 2d cen- 
 tury, and a teacher of Gnosticism in Rome. 
 Also Marcellinians. 
 
 Marcellinus (miir-se-li'nus). Bishop of Rome 
 from June 30, 296, to Oct. 25 (?), 304. He is said 
 to have yielded during the persecution under Diocletian 
 to the demand to offer incense to the pagan gods, and to 
 have repented and suffered martyrdom. 
 
 Marcellinus, or Marcellianus (mar-sel-i-a'- 
 nus). A Roman officer, in the 5th century, who 
 became the independent prince of Ulyricum, and 
 after the death of V alent inian HI. an unsuccess- 
 ful aspirant to the throne. During the reign of Ma- 
 jorian the title “Patrician of the West " (Patricius Occi- 
 dentis) was conferred upon him, and he aided that emperor 
 in defending Sicily from the Vandals. He again opposed the 
 Vandals in Sicily 464-468. He was assassinated by his allies. 
 Marcellinus. A count of II Ivria, and one of the 
 first ministers of Justinian,* living in the first 
 half of the 6th century: author of a chronicle 
 of the events from the accession of Theodosius 
 to the year 534 (continued by a later hand to 
 566). It is much fuller for the affairs of the 
 East than for those of the West. 
 
 Marcellinus, Anunianus. See Ammianus. 
 Marcello (mar-ehel'lo), Benedetto. Born at 
 Venice, July 31 (?), 1686: died at Brescia, Italy, 
 J uly 24, 1739. A noted Italian composer. His 
 most important work is the musical setting of 50 of the 
 psalms (1724-27), paraphrased by Girolamo Giustiniani. 
 
 Marcellus (mar-sel'us). [L., dim. of Marcus.'] 
 An illustrious Roman plebeian family of the 
 Claudia gens. 
 
 Marcellus. An officer of the guard in Shak- 
 spere’s “Hamlet.” 
 
 Marcellus I. Bishop of Rome 307-309 a. d. 
 Marcellus II. Pope 1555. 
 
 Marcellus, Marcus Claudius. Born before 
 268 B. c. : slain near Venusia, Apulia, 208 B. c. 
 A celebrated Roman general and statesman. 
 He was five times consul (first in 222) ; defeated the Gauls, 
 during his first consulship, at Clastidium, slaying with his 
 ownlrand their leader, Briwmartus ; defended Nola against 
 Hannibal 216 ; captured Syracuse 212 ; and, taking the com- 
 mand in Apulia, contended against Hannibal in southern 
 Italy until his death in a skirmish near Venusia. 
 
 Marcellus, Marcus Claudius. Killed about 
 46 b. c. A Roman consul (51 b. c.), an adher- 
 ent of Pompey. 
 
 Marcellus, Marcus Claudius. Born 43 b. c. : 
 
 died at Baite, Italy, 23 b. c. The son of C. Clau- 
 dius Marcellas and Octavia, sister of Augustus, 
 and the adopted son and favorite of the latter, 
 whose daughter Julia he married. 
 
 Marcellus, Nonius. A Roman grammarian 
 who flourished about the beginning of the 4th (?) 
 century : author of an extant treatise, “ De eom- 
 pendiosa doctrina per litteras ad filium.” 
 
 The work is intended to assist in explaining the authors, 
 both as regards their diction (cap. 1-12) and their subject, 
 matter (cap. 13-20), and it is invaluable to us on account 
 of its numerous quotations from early Roman literature, 
 
 653 
 
 In splto of tho author's total want of solid information, 
 Judgment, and accuracy. 
 
 Teufel and Schuiabe, Hist, of Rom. Lit. (tr. by Warr), 
 
 (II. 328. 
 
 March (rnttrcli). [From L. Martins, tho month 
 of Mars.] The third month of our year, con- 
 sisting of thirty -0110 days. It was tho first month 
 of tho anciout Roman year till the adoption of the Julian 
 calendar, which was followed by the Gregorian. Previous 
 to the latter it was reckoned flic first month in many Eu- 
 ropean countries, and so continued in England until 1752, 
 tho legal yoar there before that date beginning on tho 25th 
 of March. 
 
 March (march), Slav. Morava (mo-ra/va). A 
 river in Moravia, and on the boundary between 
 Hungary on tho east and. Moravia and Lower 
 Austria on the west: the Roman Marus. It joins 
 the Danube 6 miles west of Presburg. Length, 
 220 miles; navigable to Goding. 
 
 March (march). A town in Cambridgeshire, 
 England, situated on the Nen 24 miles north of 
 Cambridge. Population, 7,565. 
 
 March (mark), Ausias or Augustin. Born at 
 Valencia toward the end of the 14th century : 
 died about 1460. A noted Spanish poet, of 
 noble rank, seignior of Beniarjo and a member 
 of the Cortes of Valencia in 1446. “He has been 
 called tlie Petrarch of Catalonia, and is said to have 
 equalled the lover of Laura in elegance, in brilliancy of ex- 
 pression, and in harmony ; and while, like him, he contrib- 
 uted to the formation of his language, which he carried 
 to a high degree of polish and perfection, he possessed 
 more real feeling, and did not suffer himself to be seduced 
 by a passion for concetti and false brilliancy." Sismondi, 
 Lit. of South of Europe, I. 172. 
 
 March (march), Earls of. See Mortimer. 
 March, Francis Andrew. Born at Millbury, 
 ♦Mass., Oct. 25, 1825 : died at Easton, Pa., Sept. 
 9, 1911. An American philologist. He became 
 professor of the English language and comparative phi- 
 lology at Lafayette College in 1858, and was noted as an 
 Anglo-Saxon scholar. Among his works are “Method of 
 Philological Study of the English Language” (1865), “Com- 
 parative Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language ” (1870), 
 an “Anglo-Saxon Reader” (1871), etc. 
 
 Marche (marsh). An ancient government of 
 Prance. Capital, Gudret. It is bounded by Berry 
 on the north, Bourbonnais on the northeast, Auvergne on 
 the east, Limousin on the south, and Poitou and Angou- 
 mois on the west, and corresponds generally to the modern 
 department of Creuse and part of Haute-Vienne. It be- 
 came a countship in the 10th century, and was a fief united 
 permanently to France in the middle of the 16th century. 
 
 Marche. A small town in Belgium, 27 miles 
 southeast of Namur. 
 
 Marchena (mar-cha/na). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Seville, Spain, 32 miles east of Seville. 
 Population, 12,468. 
 
 Marches (march'ez), It. Marche (mar'ke). A 
 compartimento of Italy, lying along the Adri- 
 atic Sea east of Umbria,. It comprises the provinces 
 Pesaro-ed-Urbino, Ancona, Macerata, and Ascoli-Piceno. 
 Marches. The border regions of England and 
 Wales. 
 
 Marchesi (mar-ka'se), Pompeo. Born at Sal- 
 trio, near Milan, Aug. 7, 1789: died at Milan, 
 Feb. 7, 1858. An Italian sculptor. His best-known 
 work is “The Good Mother" (in Milan). 
 
 Marchfeld (march'felt). A plain in Lower 
 Austria, near Vienna, between the Danube 
 and the March. Here, July 13, 1260, Ottocar, king of 
 Bohemia, defeated Bela IV. of Hungary ; and in the neigh- 
 borhood, Aug. 26, 1278, Rudolf of Hapsburg defeated Ot- 
 tocar. It also contains the battle-fields of Aspem and 
 Wagram. 
 
 Marchi (mar'ke), Giuseppe Filippo Liberati. 
 
 Born at Rome about 1735: died at London, 
 April 2, 1808. An Italian painter and engraver. 
 He came to England in 1752, studied in St. Martin’s Lane 
 Academy, and was Sir Joshua Reynolds’s chief assistant. 
 He practised mezzotint engraving, and from 1766 to 1775 
 exhibited engravings with the Society of Artists. 
 
 Marchienne-au-Pont (mar-shyen'o-pon/). A 
 town in the province of Hainaut, Belgium, situ- 
 ated on the Sambre 31 miles south of Brussels. 
 Population, commune, 21,496. 
 
 Marchioness, The. A little servant in the “ Old 
 Curiosity Shop,” by Dickens : so nicknamed by 
 Dick Swiveller. 
 
 Marcian. See Marcianus. 
 
 Marciana (mar-cha'na). A small town in the 
 island of Elba, Italy. 
 
 Marcian Codex. See the extract. 
 
 The discovery of the Marcian codex of the Iliad at Ven- 
 ice, by Villoison, and the publication of its text and scho- 
 lia (Venice, 1778), known as Schol. Ven. A, form an epoch 
 in the history of Homeric studies. It is from these notes 
 that we derive all our information about the several old 
 editions used or produced by the Alexandrian critics. 
 The text is also furnished with the critical marks of Aris- 
 tarchus and his pupils, which are explained in a prefatory 
 note. Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 41. 
 
 Marcianus (mar-shi-a'nus), or Marcian (mar'- 
 shi-an). Bom about 391: died 457. Emperor 
 of the East 450— 457. He was raised to the throne by 
 Pulcheria, widow of the emperor Theodosius the younger, 
 whom he married at her own request, and is represented 
 
 Marcy, Mount 
 
 as a wise and firm ruler. He refused to continue the trib- 
 ute paid by his predecessor to Attlla, saying to the llun- 
 nisli ambassador, “1 have iron for Attlla, but no gold.” 
 Marcion (milr'shigii). A noted heretic of the 
 2d cent ury, son of a bishop of Sinope in Pontus. 
 Ho founded an important sect (sec M arciimites), and was 
 tiro author of a recension of tho Gospel of Luko and of the 
 Epistles of 1’aul. 
 
 Marcionites (mar'shion-Its). The followers 
 of Marcion of Sinope, a Gnostic religious teacher 
 of the 2d century, and the founder at Rome of 
 the Marcionite sect, which lasted until tho 7th 
 century or later. Marcion taught that there were three 
 primal forces : tho good God, first revealed by Jesus Christ ; 
 the evil matter, ruled by tlie devil ; and the Demiurge, the 
 finite and imperfect God of the Jews. He rejected the 
 Old Testament, denied the incarnation and resurrection, 
 and admitted only a gospel akin to or altered from that of 
 St. Luko and ten of St. Raul’s epistles as inspired and au- 
 thoritative. He repeated baptism thrice, excluded wine 
 from the eucharist, inculcated an extreme asceticism, and 
 allowed women to minister. 
 
 Marck (miirk), William de la. Died 1485. A 
 historical character in Scott’s novel “ Quentin 
 Durward,” nicknamed the “Boar of Ardennes” 
 on account of his resemblance to the animal 
 both in looks and in disposition. 
 
 Marcke (mark), £mile van. Bom at S&vres, 
 Aug. 20, 1827 : died at Hyferes in 1891. A noted 
 French landscape- and animal-painter, pupil of 
 Troyon. Many of his works are in America. 
 Marcomanni (mar-ko-man'ni). [L. (Caesar) 
 Marcomanni, Gr. (Ptolemy) Mapsofiavoi.] A 
 German tribe, a branch of the Suevi, first men- 
 tioned by Caesar as in the army of Ariovistus. In 
 the campaigns of Drusus they were on the middle and up- 
 per Main, but under their king Maroboduus they moved 
 eastward into Bohemia, and werelaterfurtlierto the south 
 in the Danube region, between the Lech and the Inn. In 
 the 2d century they were signally defeated by Marcus Au- 
 relius in the so-called Marcomannic war. They were in 
 frequent conflict with the Romans down to the 4th cen- 
 tury, when the name disappeared. 
 
 Marconi (mar-ko'ne), Guglielmo. Bom at 
 
 Bologna, Italy, April 25, 1874. An Italian elec- 
 trician, noted as the perfecter of a system of 
 wireless telegraphy. He studied at Bologna, Flor- 
 ence, and Leghorn, and for short periods at Bedford and 
 Riigby, England. His experiments in wireless telegraphy 
 were begun in 1895, and in March, 1899, lie succeeded in 
 Bending messages across the English Channel between 
 Dover and Boulogne — a distance later greatly increased. 
 
 Marco Polo. See Polo. 
 
 Marcos de Obregon (Vida del Escudero). A 
 
 Spanish romance by Vicente Espinel (1618). 
 Le Sage was said by Voltaire to have based his “Gil Bias " 
 on it, but this is an exaggeration. 
 
 Marcou (mar-ko'), Jules. Bom at Salins, 
 France, April 20, 1824 : died at Cambridge, Mass., 
 April 17, 1898. A French geologist. He explored 
 various points on Lake Superior with Agassiz in 1848, and 
 afterward many other portions of the United States both 
 alone and with government expeditions. Among his 
 works are “Geological Map of the United States” (1853), 
 “Geology of North America" (1858), “Carte g^ologique 
 delaterre" (1862), “ Recherches gtologiques sur le Jura 
 salinois” (184'i), “ Lias et Trias, ou le nouveau gtos rouge 
 en Europe, etc.” (1859), " Lettres sur les roches du Jura ” 
 (1860), “De la science en France” (1869). 
 Marcq-en-Barceul (mark'on-ba-rely'). A town 
 in the department of Nord, France, near Lille. 
 Population, commune, 11,520. 
 
 Marcus (mar'kus). Bishop of Rome 336 A. D. 
 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (milr'kus a-re'- 
 li-us an-to-nl'nus), originally Marcus Arming 
 Verus, commonly known as Marcus Aurelius. 
 Born at Rome, April 20, 121 a. d. : died in Pan- 
 nonia, March 17, 180. A celebrated Roman 
 emperor 161—180. He was the son of Annius Verus, 
 and was a nephew of Antoninus Pius, by whom he was 
 adopted in 138, and whom lie succeeded as emperor in 161, 
 with Lucius Verus, also an adopted son of Antoninus Pius, 
 as his associate in the government. He was a pupil of 
 the Stoic Cornelius Fronto, and is frequently called “the 
 philosopher” on account of his devotion to philosophy 
 and literature. In 162 Verus undertook an expedition 
 against the Parthians, but soon abandoned himself to dis- 
 sipation at Antiochia. His generals, however, stormed 
 Artaxata, burned Seleucia and Ctesiphon, reconquered 
 Mesopotamia, and enabled him to dictate terms of peace 
 in 165. In 166 a war broke out with the Marcomanni and 
 Quadi, which was continued with various fortunes during 
 the rest of the reign of Aurelias. Verus died in 169, leav- 
 ing his colleague sole emperor. In 175 the general Avid- 
 ius Cassius organized a revolt in Syria, but was killed by 
 his own officers in the same year. Aurelius died in Pan- 
 nonia, either at Vindobona(Vienna) or at Sirmium, March 
 17, 180, after a wise and prosperous reign. He wrote a 
 work in Greek, entitled “The Meditations of Marcus An- 
 toninus.” There is a bronze equestrian statue of Marcus 
 Aurelius in the Piazza del Campidoglio, Rome, the finest 
 piece of ancient bronze-work surviving. The emperor, 
 simply robed, extends his arm in token of peace ; the horse 
 is of heavy build. It was set on its present pedestal by 
 Michelangelo in 1538. 
 
 Marcus Aurelius, Column of. See Column of 
 Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 Marcy (mar'si), Mount, or Tahawus. [Named 
 from W. L. Marcy.] The highest summit of the 
 Adirondacks, New York, situated in Keene, Es- 
 
Marcy, Mount 
 
 sex County, 45 miles south-southwest of Platts- 
 burg. Height, 5,344 feet. 
 
 Marcy, Randolph Barnes. Born at Greenwich, 
 Mass., April 9, 1812: died at Orange, N. J., Nov. 
 22, 1887. An American general, father-in-law 
 of General McClellan. He graduated at West Point 
 in 1832 ; served in the Mexican war, during which he was 
 promoted captain; was appointed chief of staff to General 
 McClellan at the beginning of the Civil War in 1861; was 
 commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers in the same 
 year ; and in 1868 was made inspector-general of the United 
 States army, with the rank of brigadier-general, being re- 
 tired in 1881. He wrote “Explorations of the Red River 
 in 1852” (1853), “The Prairie Traveller” (1859), “Thirty 
 Years of Army Life on the Border” (1866), and “Border 
 Reminiscences ” (1872). 
 
 Marcy, William Learned. Born at South- 
 bridge, Mass., Dee. 12, 1786: died at Ballston 
 Spa, N. Y., July 4, 1857. An American states- 
 man. He served in the War of 1812 ; was United States 
 senator (Democratic) from New York 1831-33 ; was gov- 
 ernor of New York 1833-38 ; was Mexican claims commis- 
 sioner 1839-42 ; was secretary of war 1845-49 ; and was sec- 
 retary of state 1853-57. 
 
 Mardia (mar'di-a). In ancient geography, a 
 place in Thrace, near Adrianople. Here Con- 
 stantine defeated Licinius 314 A. D. 
 
 Mardian (mar'di-an). An attendant of Cleo- 
 patra, a character in Shakspere’s “Antony and 
 Cleopatra.” 
 
 Mardi gras (mar'de gra). [F., lit. ‘fat Tues- 
 day’: so called from the French practice of 
 parading a fat ox (bceufgras) during the cele- 
 bration of the day.] Shrove Tuesday ; the last 
 day of carnival; the day before Ash Wednes- 
 day (the first day of Lent), which in some places, 
 as in New Orleans, is celebrated with revelry 
 and elaborate display. 
 
 Mardin (mar-den'). A town in the vilayet of 
 Diarbekir, Asiatic Turkey, situated about 55 
 miles southeast of Diarbekir. Population (esti- 
 mated), 15,000. 
 
 Mardonius (mar-do' ni-us). [Gr. Mapddwoc, 
 OPers. Marduniya .] Killed at the battle of 
 
 Platsea, 479 b. c. A Persian general, son of 
 Gobyras and a sister of Darius. He married the 
 daughter of Darius and sister of Xerxes. He commanded 
 an unsuccessful expedition against Greece in 492, and was 
 commander in Greece after the battle of Salamis (480). He 
 was defeated and probably slain at the battle of Plataja. 
 According to Ctesias he was wounded at Platsea, and, being 
 afterward sent by Xerxes to plunder Delphi, was killed 
 there by hailstones. 
 
 Marduk. See Merodach. 
 
 Marduk-idin-achi (mar ' dok -i - den ' a ' eke). 
 [‘ Merodach gave the brother.’] A Babylonian 
 king about 1115—1106 B. C. He engaged in war with 
 Tiglath-Pileser I., king of Assyria 1120-1100 B. C., and was 
 at first victorious, conquering Ekalate (‘city of palaces’) 
 and carrying off the images of the god Ramman to Baby- 
 lon, where they remained until the time of Sennacherib 
 (705-681 B. C. ). In the second year of the war (1106) he was 
 defeated and lost his life. Tiglath-Pileser then took Baby- 
 lon, Sippara, and other Babylonian cities. 
 
 Marduk-nadin-shum (mar'dok-na'din-shom). 
 [‘ Merodach is giver of the name.’] King of Ba- 
 bylonia about 852—840 B. C. When his brother Mar- 
 duk-bel-usati had driven him out of his kingdom, he in- 
 voked the help of the Assyrians. Thereupon Shalmaneser 
 
 II. invaded Babylonia (852), killed Marduk-bel-usati, and 
 restored Marduk-nadin-shum to the throne. 
 
 Mare auDiable.La. [F., ‘the devil’s pool.’] A 
 prose idyl by George Sand, published in 1846. 
 Maree (ma-re'), Loch. A lake in the western 
 part of Ross-shire, Scotland. Its outlet is the 
 Ewe. Length, 12|- miles. 
 
 Mare Island (mar i'land). An island in San 
 Pablo Bay, western California, near San Fran- 
 cisco. It contains a United States navy-yard. 
 Maremma (ma-rem'mii). An unhealthy swampy 
 region on the coast of Tuscany, Italy, extending 
 from Orbetello to the mouth of the Cecina. 
 Marenco (mii-reng'kd), Carlo. Born at Cassolo, 
 Piedmont, May 1, 1800: died at Savona, Italy, 
 Sept. 20, 1843. An Italian tragic poet. Among 
 his tragedies are “ Pia de’ Tolomei,” “Corso 
 Donati,” “Arnaldo da Brescia,” etc. 
 
 Marengo (ma-reng'go). A village about 3 miles 
 southeast of Alessandria, Italy. It is celebrated 
 for the battle of June 14, 1800, which completed Napoleon’s 
 campaign in northern Italy. There were really two bat- 
 tles : in the first the Austrian general Melas defeated Na- 
 poleon after seven hours’ fighting ; Desaix arrived with 
 French reinforcements, and the battlewas resumed at three 
 in the afternoon, and decided by Kellermann’s cavalry. 
 Besides Desaix (killed in the battle), Lannes was especially 
 distinguished. The French numbered about 28,000; the 
 Austrians, about 33,000. French loss, about 7,000; Austrian 
 loss, 10,000 to 12,000. The result was the gaining of Upper 
 Italy. 
 
 Marennes (mit-ren'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Charente-Inf6rieure, western France, 
 situated near the Bay of Biscay 23 miles south 
 of La Rochelle. Population, commune, about 
 6,500. 
 
 Marenzio (ma-ren'ze-6), Luca. Born at Cocca- 
 
 654 
 
 glia, between Brescia and Bergamo, Italy, about 
 1560 : died at Rome, Aug. 22, 1599. A noted 
 Italian musician, best known from his books of 
 madrigals. 
 
 Mareotis (ma-re-o'tis). [Gr. Mapeurig.] In an- 
 cient geography, a lake in Lower Egypt, south 
 and east of Alexandria : the modern Birket-el- 
 Mariut. 
 
 Maret (ma-ra' ), Hugues Bernard, Duke of Bas- 
 sano. Born at Dijon, March 1, 1763: died at 
 Paris, May 13, 1839. A French publicist, diplo- 
 matist, and statesman. After the outbreak of the Rev- 
 olution be established the “Bulletin del’Assemblde," which 
 was united with the “Moniteur.” He was ambassadorto 
 England in 1792, and was sent as ambassador to Naples in 
 1793, but was arrested by the Austrians and imprisoned for 
 nearly three years in Briinn. He was a confidential agent of 
 Napoleon, and conducted his official correspondence. In 
 1811 he became minister of foreign affairs. Exiled at the 
 restoration, he returned and became a peer in 1831. 
 
 Marfak (mar'fak). [Ar. al-mirfaq, the elbow.] 
 A name given to the two stars 6 and //, Cassio- 
 peite, of the fourth and fifth magnitudes respec- 
 tively, situated in the queen’s right elbow. 
 
 Marfik (mar'fik). [Ar. al-mirfaq, the elbow.] 
 The fourth-magnitude binary star 7i Ophiuchi. 
 
 Marforio (mar-fo'ri-o). An ancient statue of a 
 river-god (thought to be of Mars), now in the 
 Capitoline Museum at Rome. See Pasquin. 
 
 Margarelon. A character in Shakspere’s “Troi- 
 lus and Cressida”: a bastard son of Priam, 
 king of Troy. He appears also in Lydgate’s 
 “ Book of Troy.” 
 
 Margaret (mar'ga-ret), Saint. [Gr. papyaphr/c, 
 a pearl; It. Margherita, Sp. Margarita, P g.Mar- 
 garkla, F. Marguerite.'] Born between 1038 and 
 1057: died at Edinburgh, Nov. 16, 1093. Queen 
 of Scotland, daughter of Edward, son of Edmund 
 Ironside, and sister of Edgar iEtheling. She 
 married Malcolm HI. of Scotland about 1067. 
 
 Margaret. Born at Windsor, Oct. 5, 1240 : died 
 at Cupar Castle, Feb. 27, 1275. Queen of Scot- 
 land, eldest daughter and second child of Henry 
 III. of England and his queen, Eleanor of Pro- 
 vence. At the age of two she was betrothed to Alexander, 
 son of Alexander II. of Scotland, and afterward Alexander 
 
 III. After the death of Alexander II. they were married 
 at York (Dec. 26, 1251). 
 
 Margaret, called “ The Maid of Norway.” Born 
 in Norway, 1283: died at sea, 1290. Queen of 
 Scotland, daughter of Eric of Norway, and 
 granddaughter of Alexander HI. of Scotland 
 whom she succeeded in 1285. Her death was fol- 
 lowed by the contests of the families of Bruce aud Baliol 
 for the throne. 
 
 Margaret. Born about 1282 : died Feb. 14, 1318. 
 Second wife of Edward I., youngest daughter 
 of Philip IH. and sister of Philip IV. At the 
 peace of Montreuil in 1299 she was betrothed to Edward I. 
 of England, then a widower, and they were married at Can- 
 terbury Sept. 9, 1299. She was never crowned queen. 
 
 Margaret. Born 1353: died Oct. 28, 1412. 
 Daughter of Waldemar IV. of Denmark, and 
 queen of Denmark (1387), Sweden (1388), and 
 Norway (1388). She resigned the throne of 
 Sweden in 1397. The Union of Kalmar was con- 
 cluded in 1397. 
 
 Margaret. 1. In Shakspere’s comedy “Much 
 Ado about Nothing,” a gentlewoman attending 
 Hero. — 2. See Gretclien. 
 
 Margaret. Anovelby Sylvester Judd, published 
 in 1845. It has been called “the New England classic.” 
 An edition was published with illustrations in outline by 
 F. 0. C. Darley. 
 
 Margaret of Angouleme, or of Valois, or of 
 Alengon, or of Navarre. Born at Angouleme, 
 France, April, 1492: died in Bigorre, France, 
 1549. Queen of Navarre, daiighter of Charles 
 of Orleans (due d’Angouleme) and sister of 
 Francis I. of France. She married (1509) the Due 
 d’AlenQon, and later Henri d’Albret, king of Navarre. After 
 the death of the king in 1544, she assumed the direction of 
 the government. For a time she was favorably disposed 
 toward Protestantism, but later abandoned it. She is es- 
 pecially famous as a patroness of literature and as the 
 author of the “ Heptameron ” (which see). A number of 
 her poems were published (1547) by Sylvius de la Haye 
 under the title “Marguerites de la marguerite des prin- 
 cesses, etc.” Her letters were published 1811-12. 
 
 Margaret of Anj ou. Born probably at Pont-a- 
 Mousson or Nancy, France, March 23, 1430 : 
 died at Dampierre, near Saurnur, Aug. 25, 1482. 
 Queen consort of Henry VI. of England, she 
 was the daughter of Rend of Anjou and Isabella of Lor- 
 raine, and was married to Henry VI. at Titchfleld Abbey, 
 April 22, 1445. The marriage was brought about by Wil- 
 liam de la Pole, earl (afterward duke) of Suffolk, in con- 
 firmation of a truce witli France, and was extremely un- 
 popular with the nation, which desired a conti nuance of the 
 war (the Hundred Years’ War). Margaret, after her mar- 
 riage, supported the peace policy of Suffolk and afterward 
 of the Duke of Somerset. In August, 1453, Henry was 
 seized with his first attack of insanity, and in the following 
 October the queen gave birth to her only son, Edward. A 
 contest for the regency ensued between her and the Duke 
 
 Margitea 
 
 of York (until the birth of Edward heir presumptive to 
 the throne), who represented the popular party, and who 
 was appointed protector of the realm in March, 1454. The 
 protectorate came to an end with the king’s recovery in 
 January, 1455 ; but the birth of an heir apparent aud the 
 hostile attitude of the queen induced the Duke of York to 
 take up arms in 1455, thereby inaugurating the series of 
 wars between the houses of Lancaster and York known as 
 the Wars of the Roses (which see), which ended in the de- 
 feat aud capture of Margaret and the death of her son at 
 Tewkesbury, May 4, 1471, and in the death of her husband 
 in the Tower of London, May 21, 1471. Margaret was lib- 
 erated in 1475 on the renunciation of her claim to the 
 throne and on the payment of a ransom by Louis XI. of 
 France, and returned to the Continent. 
 
 Margaret of Austria. Born at Ghent, Bel- 
 gium, Jan. 10, 1480: died at Mechlin, Belgium, 
 Dec. 1, 1530. Daughter of the emperor Maxi- 
 milian I., regent of the Netherlands 1507-30. 
 She married the infante John of Spain in 1497, and Phili- 
 bert II. of Savoy iu 1501. She negotiated the peace of 
 Cambray in 1529. 
 
 Margaret of Austria. See Margaret of Parma. 
 
 Margaret of Burgundy. Born at Fotheringay 
 Castle, Nottinghamshire, May 3, 1446: died at 
 Mechlin, 1503. The third daughter of Richard, 
 duke of York, and sister of Edward IV. On July 
 3, 1468, she married the young duke Charles of Burgundy 
 at Damme. Caxton learned the new art of printing in her 
 household. 
 
 Margaret of Navarre. See Margaret of An- 
 gouleme. 
 
 Margaret of Parma, or of Austria. Born 1522 : 
 died at Ortona, Italy, 1586. Duchess of Parma, 
 illegitimate daughter of the emperor Charles V. 
 She married in 1533 Alexander, duke of Florence, who 
 died iu 1537. In 1542 she married Ottavio Farnese, duke 
 of Parma. She was regent of the Netherlands 1559-67. 
 
 Margaret of Scotland. Born 1425 (?): died at 
 Chalons, France, Aug. 16, 1445. The eldest child 
 of James I. of Scotland, and wife of the dauphin 
 Louis (Louis XI.). She was married at Tom’s, 
 June 25, 1436. She wrote rondeaux, and con- 
 sidered herself a pupil of Alain Chartier. 
 
 Margaret of Valois. See Margaret of Angou- 
 leme. 
 
 Margaret of Valois, or of France. Born at St. - 
 
 Germain-en-Laye, 1553: died at Paris, March 
 27, 1615. Daughter of Henry II. and Catharine 
 de’ Medici. She married Henry of Navarre (later Henry 
 
 IV. of France) Aug. 18, 1572. The marriage was the pre- 
 cursor of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. Henry fled 
 from the court, and Margaret did not rejoin him until 1578. 
 In 1582 she abandoned him, later rejoined him, and was 
 divorced in 1599. In her last years she became a patroness 
 of science and literature. Her “ Memoires ’’ were published 
 in 1628. 
 
 Margaret Beaufort. See Beaufort. 
 
 Margaret Tudor. Born at Westminster, Nov. 
 29, 1489: died at Methven Castle, Scotland, Oct. 
 18, 1541. Queen of James IV. of Scotland, and 
 eldest daughter of Henry VII. of England. She 
 was married at llolyrood, Aug. 8, 1503. Dunbar wrote a 
 poem on the occasion, and was her constant attendant. 
 Her fourth child (later James V.) was born April 10, 1512. 
 James TV. was killed at Flodden, 1513. On Aug. 6, 1514, 
 she married Archibald Douglas, sixth earl of Angus, and 
 on Oct. 8, 1515, gave birth to Margaret Douglas, later coun- 
 tess of Lenox and mother of Lord Darnley. She was di- 
 vorced March 11. 1527, and in March, 152S, acknowledged 
 her marriage with Henry Stewart, created Lord Methven 
 by James V. 
 
 Margarita (mar-ga-re'ta). A mountainous isl- 
 and belongiug to Venezuela, in the Caribbean 
 Sea north of Cuman(L. Capital, Asuncion, it 
 was discovered by Columbus in 1498, and was long noted 
 for its pearl-fisheries. Area, 450 square miles. Population, 
 about 40,000. 
 
 Margate (mar'gat). A seaport and watering- 
 place in Kent, England, situated on the Isle of 
 Thanet 64 miles east by south of London. Pop- 
 ulation, 23,118. 
 
 Margaux (mar-go'). A village in the depart- 
 ment of Gironde, France, situated on the Gi- 
 ronde 16 miles north-northwest of Bordeaux. 
 The vicinity is noted for the production of Cha- 
 teau-Margaux wines. 
 
 Margelan (mar-ge-lan'), Margilan, or Mar- 
 ghilan (mar-ge-lan'). The capital of the prov- 
 ince of Ferghana, Asiatic Russia, situated about 
 lat. 40° 30' N., loDg. 71° 45' E. Population, 
 36,490. 
 
 Marggrav (marg'graf), Georg, Latinized Ge- 
 orgius Margravius (je-6r'ji-us raar-gra'vi-us). 
 Born at Liebstadt, Saxony, 1610: died on the 
 coast of Guinea, 1644. A German naturalist 
 who accompanied the Dutch expedition of Nas- 
 sau to Brazil in 1636, remaining in the country 
 several years. He published “ Historia naturalis Bra- 
 silke" (1640), “Itinerarium Brasilia;,” etc. 
 
 Margiana (mar-ji-a'nii). [Gr. Uapyiavfi.] In 
 ancient geography, a region in central Asia, 
 east of Hyreania. 
 
 Margites (mar-ji'tez). [Gr. Mapylrtfc, from 
 gapyoc, mad.] “ The Booby,” an ancient Greek 
 comic poem (perhaps about 700 B. C.) “on a silly 
 
Margites 
 
 jack-of -all-trades, lialf milksop half coxcomb.” 
 It was considered by Aristotle as the first germ 
 of comedy. Jebb. 
 
 Marguerite. See Margaret. 
 
 Margum (mar'gum). [Gr. Map/or.] An ancient 
 city of Mossia, situated at the junction of the 
 Morava (Margus) with the Danube, a battle was 
 fought here in 285, in which the emperor Carinus, after 
 gaining an advantage over Diocletian, was killed by a pri- 
 vate enemy. 
 
 Marhattas, See Mahrattas. 
 
 Marheineke (mar-hi'ne-ke), Philipp Konrad. 
 
 Born at Hildesheim, Prussia, May 1, 1780: died 
 at Berlin, May 31, 1846. A German Protestant 
 theologian and church historian. He became uni- 
 versity preacher at Erlangen in 1804 ; professor there in 
 1806; professor at Heidelberg in 1807; and professor and 
 preacher at Berlin in 1811. He was the author of “Ge- 
 schichte der deutschen Reformation ” (1816-34), etc. 
 
 Maria (ma-rl'a). [LL. Maria, Mary.] l. r In 
 Shakspere’s comedy “ Twelfth Night,” Olivia’s 
 witty waiting-woman. — 2. In Shakspere’s com- 
 edy “Love’s Labour’s Lost,” a lady attending 
 the Princess of France. — 3. In Beaumont and 
 Fletcher’s comedy ‘ 1 The Woman’s Prize, or the 
 Tamer Tamed,” a sequel to Shakspere’s “Tam- 
 ing of the Shrew,” the daughter of Petrovius and 
 second wife of Petruchio, whom she subjugates 
 by a series of witty and well-planned attacks, as 
 completely as his first wife Katharine was tamed 
 by him. — 4. In Massinger’s “Bashful Lover,” 
 the daughter of Octavio. Disguised as a page, 
 and called Ascanio, she resembles Imogen. — 5. 
 In Sheridan’s “School for Scandal,” a witty 
 young girl who marries Charles Surface. 
 Maria (ma-re'a), Princess. Said to be an ille- 
 gitimate daughter of King Robert of Sicily, be- 
 loved by Boccaccio and portrayed by him under 
 the name Fiammetta. 
 
 Maria II. (Maria da Gloria). Born at Rio do 
 Janeiro, April 4, 1819 : died at Lisbon, Nov. 15, 
 1853. Queen of Portugal, daughter of Pedro I. 
 of Brazil. On the death of her paternal grandfather, 
 John VI. of Portugal, in 1826, her father resigned the Por- 
 tuguese crown in her favor. Before she could assume the 
 throne it was seized by her uncle, Don Miguel, in 1828, and 
 acivil war ensued whichresulted in her restoration in 1833. 
 (See Pedro I. of Brazil.) She was declared of age in 1834, 
 and married Augustus, duke of Leuchtenberg, in 1835, and 
 in 1836 Duke Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Kohary. 
 
 Maria Christina. Born at Naples, April 27, 
 1806 : died at Havre, Aug. 22, 1878. Queen of 
 Spain, wife of Ferdinand VII. She was regent 
 for her daughter Isabella II. 1833-40. 
 
 Maria Christina. Born July 21, 1858. Queen 
 Regent of Spain Nov., 1885-1902, mother of 
 Alfonso XIII. she is the second daughter of Arch- 
 duke Karl Ferdinand of Austria, and married Alfonso XII., 
 King of Spain, Nov. 29, 1879. 
 
 Maria del Occidente. See Brooks, Mrs. 
 Maria de’ Medici (ma-re'a da ma'de-che), F. 
 Marie de Medicis (ma-re' dema-de-sis'). Bom 
 at Florence, April 26, 1573: died at Cologne, 
 July 3, 1642. Queen consort of Henry IV. of 
 France. She was the daughter of Francis of Tuscany; 
 married Henry IV. in 1600 ; was regent of France 1610-17 ; 
 and was exiled by Richelieu in 1631. 
 
 Maria Louisa, F. Marie Louise. Born at Vi- 
 enna, Dec. 12, 1791: died at Vienna, Dec., 1847. 
 Empress of the French, she was the daughter of 
 Francis I. of Austria, and became the second wife of Na- 
 poleon in 1810. She left France on the overthrow of her 
 husband in 1814, and was appointed ruler of the duchies of 
 Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla by tbe Allies. She con- 
 tracted a morganatic marriage with Count Neipperg, her 
 chamberlain, in 1821. 
 
 Maria stuarda (ma-re'a sto-Sr'da). An opera 
 by Mereadante, first produced at Bologua in 
 
 1821. 
 
 Maria Stuart. A tragedy by Schiller, founded 
 on the fortunes of Mary Queen of Scots, pub- 
 lished in 1801. 
 
 Maria Theresa (ma-re'a te-re'sa). Born Sept. 
 10, 1638: died at Versailles, France, July 30, 
 1683. Queen consort of Louis XIV. of France. 
 She was the daughter of Philip IV. of Spain, and married 
 Louis XIV. in 1660. She isfrequently called Maria Theresa 
 of Austria (i. e., of the house of Austria or Hapsburg). 
 
 Maria Theresa (or Theresia). Born at Vien- 
 na, May 13, 1717 : died at Vienna, Nov. 29, 1780. 
 Archduchess of Austria and queen of Hungary 
 and Bohemia, daughter of the emperor Charles 
 VI. She married Francis of Lorraine in 1736, and on the 
 death of her father in 1740 succeeded to the hereditary 
 possessions of the house of Austria by virtue of the Prag- 
 matic Sanction. Her title being disputed, she became 
 involved in the War of the Austrian Succession, which, 
 with the exception of some unimportant cessions, includ- 
 ing that of Silesia to Prussia, left her in the possession of 
 her inheritance. Her husband was elected emperor as 
 Francis I. in 1745. Her desire to recover Silesia led to the 
 Seven Years’ War (1766-63), which, however, ended in a 
 confirmation of the cession. She made her son Joseph IT. 
 co-regent in 1765. See Pragmatic Sanction ; Austrian Suc- 
 cession, War of; and Seven Years' War. 
 
 655 
 
 Maria gens (ma'ri-a jenz). A Roman plebeian 
 gens. Its most celebrated member was Caius 
 Marius. 
 
 Mariage de Figaro, Le, ou La Folle Journee a 
 la Mode. A comedy by Beaumarchais, produced 
 in 1784. It is the continuation of the “Barbier de Se- 
 ville.” In 1793 it was arranged to Mozart’s music and rep- 
 resented at the Opera House, but in this shape was not 
 successful. See Figaro and Nozze di Figaro. 
 
 Mariage Force, Le. A comedyballet by Moliere, 
 acted at the Louvre in 1664. Louis XIV. appeared 
 in it as a gipsy, and the play was hence called the “ Ballet 
 du roi. ” See Sganarelle. 
 
 Mariage Secret, Le. See Matrimony. i Segrcto. 
 Marianme (ma-ri-am'ne). [Gr. M apiagvr/, a form 
 of the Heb. Miriam.'] 1. In Jewish history, 
 granddaughter of Hyrcanus II., daughter of 
 Alexandra, and wife of Herod I., executed by 
 Herod in a savage fit of jealousy. She became 
 famous in history by her beauty, noble charac- 
 ter, and tragic fate. — 2. A daughter of the priest 
 Simon, and wife of Herod I. who raised her 
 father to the high-priesthood. — 3. A sister of 
 Agrippa II. 
 
 Mariamne. 1 . A tragedy by Alexandre Hardy, 
 produced in 1610. — 2. A tragedy by Tristan 
 l’Hermite (1637). — 3. A tragedy by Elijah Fen- 
 ton (1723).— -4. A tragedy by Voltaire (1724). 
 Mariana (ma-ri-a'na). In American colonial 
 history, the name given by John Mason to the 
 territory granted to him between the Salem 
 River and the Merrimac. 
 
 Mariana. 1 . In “All ’sWell that Ends Well,” 
 by Shakspere, a Florentine girl. — 2. In “Mea- 
 sure for Measure,” by Sliakspei’e, a lady be- 
 trothed to Angelo. It was in allusion to her that 
 Tennyson wrote his “ Mariana in the Moated Grange ’’ and 
 “Mariana in the South.’’ 
 
 3. The principal character in Sheridan Knowles’s 
 play “ The Wife,” a faithful and constant wife 
 entangled in a mesh of circumstantial evidence. 
 Mariana (ma-re-a'na), Juan de. Bom at Tala- 
 vera, Spain, 1536 : died 1623. A Spanish histo- 
 rian. His chief work is a “History of Spain” 
 (published in Latin 1592-1605, in Spanish 1601). 
 
 From the nature of their subjects, however, neither of 
 them [Ribadeneira and Siguenza] rose to be the great his- 
 torian of his country : an honor which belongs to Juan 
 de Mariana, a foundling, who was born at Talavera in 1536, 
 and whose extraordinary talents attracted the attention of 
 the Jesuits, then fast advancing into notice as a religious 
 power. Ticknor, Span. Lit., III. 176. 
 
 Mariana Islands. See Ladrone Islands. 
 Marianna (ma-re-a'na). The episcopal city of 
 the state of Minas Geraes, Brazil, situated about 
 170 miles north by west of Rio de Janeiro. 
 Population, munieipio, 52,750. 
 
 Marianne (mar-yan'), La. A French repub- 
 lican secret society which was formed to over- 
 turn the government instituted by the coup 
 d’6tat of 1851. It received orders from the society in 
 London of which Ledru-Roilin and Mazzini were members. 
 One of its passwords was “ Connaissez-vous Marianne?” 
 and the answer was “De la montagne." In 1854 the gov- 
 ernment arrested many members of the society, and pun- 
 ished them by longer or shorter terms of imprisonment. 
 Also called, in English, Mary Ann. 
 
 Marianne, ou les A ventures de la Comtesse 
 
 de. . . . A novel by Marivaux, published in 
 eleven volumes 1731-41. 
 
 Marianne has been said to be the origin of “Pamela,” 
 which is not exactly the fact. But it is certain that it is 
 a remarkable novel, and that it, rather than the plays, 
 gave rise to the singular phrase “Marivaudage,” with 
 which the author, not at all voluntarily, has enriched lit- 
 erature. The plot is simple enough. A poor but virtu- 
 ous girl has adventures and recounts them, and the man- 
 ner of recounting is extremely original. A morally faulty 
 but intellectually admirable contemporary, Crebillon the 
 younger, described this manner excellently by saying that 
 the characters not only say everything that they have done 
 and everything that they have thought, but everything 
 that they would have liked to think but did not. 
 
 Saintsbm-y, French Lit., p. 418. 
 
 Marianne Islands. See Ladrone Islands. 
 Marias (ma-re'as), Las Tres. [Sp., ‘the three 
 Maries.’] A group of three small islands in 
 the Pacific, west of Mexico, about lat. 21° 30' N., 
 long. 106° 30' W. 
 
 Maria-Theresiopol. See Theresienstadt. 
 Mariazell (mii-re-ii-tsel'). A village in Styria, 
 Austria-Hungary, situated on the Salzabach 
 57 miles southwest of Vienna. It is the most fre- 
 qnented place of pilgrimage in the empire, on account of 
 its shrine of the Virgin. The image was presented to the 
 place in 1157. Population, about 1,500. 
 
 Maribois (ma-rf-bo-es'). A tribe of Indians 
 which, at the period of the conquest, inhabited 
 Nicaragua, near the present site of Leon. Prob- 
 ably their descendants are those now occupying the Indian 
 suburb of Subtiaba, adjacent to Leon, and called Nagran- 
 dians by Squier and others, from the ancient name of this 
 region. Their language appears to constitute a distinct 
 stock. 
 
 Mariette 
 
 Maricopa (ma-re-ko'pa). [PL, also Maricopas .] 
 A tribe of North American Indians, living in 
 Arizona on the middle course of the Gila River. 
 There are several hundred at the Pima agency, 
 Arizona. See Yuman. 
 
 Marie Amelie (ma-re' a-ma-le'). Born at Ca- 
 serta. Italy, 1782: died at Claremont, near Wind- 
 sor, England, 1866. Queen consort of Louis 
 Philippe of France. She was the daughter of Ferdi- 
 nand I., king of the Two Sicilies, and married Louis Phi- 
 lippe, duke of Orleans, who was chosen king of the French 
 in 1830. She retired with her husband to England on his 
 deposition in 1848. 
 
 Marie Antoinette (mar'i an-toi-net'; F. pron. 
 ma-re' an-twa-net'), Josephe Jeanne. Bom 
 at Vienna, Nov. 2, 1755 : died at Paris, Oct. 16, 
 1793. Queen of France, daughter of the em- 
 peror Francis I. and Maria Theresa, she mar- 
 ried the Dauphin of France (afterward Louis XVI.) in 1770. 
 After the accession of her husband she acquired consid- 
 erable influence in public affairs, which was exercised to 
 oppose the demands of the popular party. She displayed 
 great fortitude on the outbreak of the Revolution, and 
 sought in vain to induce her husband to take decisive 
 measures for the suppression of the movement. She was 
 imprisoned in Aug., 1792, and was executed Oct. 16, 1793. 
 
 Marie Antoinette and her Children. A por- 
 trait by Madame Vigee-Lebrun, in the palace 
 of Versailles. 
 
 Marie de France (ma-re' de frons). Lived prob- 
 ably in the first part of the 13th century. A 
 French poet. She was born in France, but lived in Eng- 
 land. Her works include narrative poems (“Lais”), a col- 
 lection of fables (“ Ysopet ”), and a poem on the purgatory 
 of St. Patrick. Works edited by Roquefort (1820). 
 
 Marie de Medicis. See Maria de ’ Medici. 
 Marie de Medicis, Life of. A series of 21 large 
 paintings by Rubens, executed for the Luxem- 
 bourg Palace, and now in the Louvre, Paris. 
 The first painting shows the Fates spinning out the destiny 
 of the future queen, and the series proceeds with her birth, 
 her youth, her marriage to Henry IV., the king’s death 
 and the queen's regency, the assumption of power by 
 Louis XIII., and his quarrel and reconciliation with his 
 mother. The subjects are treated allegorically, with plen- 
 tiful introduction of mythology. 
 
 Marie Galante (ma-re' ga-loht'). An island of 
 the French West Indies, southeast of Guade- 
 loupe, of which it is a dependency. Area, 58 
 square miles. Population, over 15,000. 
 Marien (ma-re-an'). A region ou the north 
 coast of the island of Haiti: so named when 
 Columbus first visited the isiand. It was gov- 
 erned by Guacanagari. 
 
 Marienbad (ma-re'en-bad). A town and water- 
 ing-place in Bohemia, 75 miles west of Prague. 
 It is famous for its salt-springs. Population, 
 commune, 6,279, (1910). 
 
 Marienberg ( ma-re 'en-bero). A town in the 
 kingdom of Saxony, 38 miles southwest of Dres- 
 den. Population, 7,603. 
 
 Marienburg (ma-re'en-borG). A town in the 
 province of West Prussia, Prussia, on the Nogat 
 26 miles southeast of Dantzic. The castle of the Teu- 
 tonic Order, the finest medieval secular monument in 
 Germany, was founded in 1274 as an outpost against the 
 heathen Prussians, and soon became the seat of the grand 
 master. In 1335 the Mittelschloss was added. TheHoch- 
 schloss, next the town, incloses a quadrangle surrounded 
 by beautiful cloisters, and includes the Marienkirche, a 
 fine Pointed church with admirable sculpture. The Mit- 
 telschloss also incloses a quadrangle, and measures about 
 300 by 270 feet. It contains the residence of the grand 
 master and the state apartments. The splendid vaulting of 
 the great hall is supported by a single column 38 feet high 
 and only 10 inches thick. The assembly hall is also ad- 
 mirably vaulted, and has 3 slender central columns. The 
 Vorburg, the third division of the castle, constituting the 
 outer defenses, has been in part destroyed. Marienburg 
 was the residence of the grand masters of the Teutonic 
 Order 1309-1457. Later it belonged to Poland. Population, 
 commune, 13,095. 
 
 Marienwerder (ma-re'en-ver-der). A town in 
 the province of West Prussia, Prussia, 45 miles 
 south by east of Dantzic. it was an ancient town 
 of the Teutonic Order, and has a cathedral and a castle. 
 Population, commune, 10,258. 
 
 Marietta (ma-ri-et'a). A city, capital of Wash- 
 ington County, Ohio, situated at the junction 
 of the Muskingum with the Ohio, 94 miles east- 
 southeast of Columbus. It occupies the site of pre- 
 historic mounds, and is the oldest town in Ohio (founded 
 in 1788). It is the seat of Marietta College, founded in 
 1835. Population, 12,923, (1910). 
 
 Mariette (ma-ryet' j , Auguste Edouard. Born 
 
 at Boulogne, Feb. 11, 1821: died at Cairo, Egypt, 
 Jan. 18, 1881. A French Egyptologist, noted 
 for his discoveries in Egypt, beginning with the 
 excavation of the Serapeum and the Apis bulls 
 in 1850. He founded the Egyptian Museum at Bulak, 
 near Cairo (now at Cairo), the French school of Egyptoi- 
 ogy, and the Egyptian Institute, llis works include “Le 
 Sdrapdum de Memphis ” (1857-60), “Karnak, etc.” (1876), 
 “Aperqu de l’histoire d’Egypte,” “ Dendcrah ” (1870-76), 
 “ Abydos ” (1869), “ Deir-el-Bahari ’’ (1877), “Monuments 
 divers” (1876), “Itindraire de la Iiaute- Egyple,” and 
 “Mastnbas.” 
 
Marigliano 
 
 Marigliaao (ma-rel-ya'no). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Caserta, Italy, 12 miles east-northeast 
 of Naples. Pop., town, 6,665; commune, 12,491. 
 Marignano. See Melegnano. 
 
 Marignolli (ma-ren-yol'le), Giovanni de’. An 
 Italian traveler in China. He was sent by Pope 
 Benedict XII. on a mission to the Khan of Cathay or China 
 in 1338, resided several years at Peking, and returned to the 
 papal court at Avignon in 1353. He became chaplain to 
 the emperor Charles IV. in 1354, and was afterward ap- 
 pointed bishop of Bisignano. He incorporated notes of 
 his travels in a chronicle of Bohemia which he compiled 
 by order of the emperor. 
 
 Marihueno (ma-re-wa-no'). A rocky hill on the 
 coast of Chile, fronting the bay of Arauco and 
 a few miles north of the town of that name. 
 The coast road passes along its side. This hill wasa favorite 
 stronghold of the Araucanian Indians, and on or near it 
 many of the bloodiest battles of the Araucanian war were 
 fought, especially in 1554, 1563, and 1568. A fort was built 
 on the top of the hill by Sotomayor in 1589. Also written 
 Marygueno. 
 
 Mariinsk (ma-re-insk'), or Marinsk (ma- 
 rinsk'). A small town in the government of 
 Tomsk, Siberia, situated on the Kiya about 100 
 miles east-southeast of Tomsk. 
 
 Marina (ma-re'na). Born in Goazacoalco (Mex- 
 ico) about 1501: died in Mexico after 1550. 
 A Spanish name given to the Indian woman who 
 became the mistress of Hernando Cortes, and 
 was a prominent character in the conquest of 
 Mexico. She was sold as a slave to the Tabascan Indians, 
 and was one of the girls given by them to the Spaniards in 
 1519 : owing to her knowledge of the Mexican language, 
 she acted as interpreter. She bore several children to 
 1 Cortos. In 1524 she was married to a Spanish captain 
 named Juan Jaramillo. The name Marina was corrupted 
 by the Indians to Medina, to which they added the titular 
 suflix tzin, making Malintzin. This name was also given 
 to Cortes. 
 
 Marina (ma-ri'na). In Shakspere’s (?) “ Peri- 
 cles, Prince of Tyre,” the daughter of Pericles 
 and Thaisa. She was sold by perfidy as a slave 
 at Mytilene, where Pericles found her. 
 Marineo (ma-re-na'o). A town in the province 
 of Palermo, Sicily, 12 miles south of Palermo. 
 Population, 9,961. 
 
 Marini (ma-re'ne), or Marino (ma-re'no), Gio- 
 vanni Battista. Born at Naples, Oct. 18, 1569 : 
 died at Naples, March 25, 1625. A noted Italian 
 poet, known in Prance as Le Cavalier Marin. 
 
 His works include “Adone ” (1623), “La strage degli inno- 
 centi ” (“The Massacre of the Innocents,” 1633), sonnets, 
 etc. 
 
 Giovanni Battista Marini, the celebrated innovator on 
 classic Italian taste, and who first seduced the poets of 
 the seventeenth century into that labored and affected 
 style which his own richness and vivacity of imagination 
 were so well calculated to recommend. The most whim- 
 sical comparisons, pompous and overwrought descriptions, 
 with a speciesof poetical punning and research, were soon 
 esteemed, under his authority, as beauties of the very first 
 order. Sismondi, Lit. of the South of Europe, I. 451. 
 
 Marino (ma-re'no). A town in the province of 
 Borne, Italy, 13 miles southeast of Rome. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 8,177. 
 
 Marino (ma-ren' yo), Santiago. Born on the 
 island of Margarita about 1788: died at La Vic- 
 toria, Sept. 4, 1854. A Venezuelan general, 
 prominent in the war for independence. After 
 the first defeat of the patriots he invaded eastern Vene- 
 zuela with only 45 men, rapidly gained ground, and was 
 soon master of a large territory ; but the rivalry between 
 Marino and Bolivar prevented them from cooperating until 
 forced to do so, and eventually led to the defeat of both. 
 Marifio was prominent in later campaigns and at Carabobo. 
 
 Marino Faliero (ma-re'no fa-le-a'rd). A tra- 
 gedy by Lord Byron, published in 1820. 
 Marinus (Popes). See Martin. 
 
 Mario (ma're-o), Marchese di Candia. Born at 
 Cagliari, Oct. 18, 1810: died Dec. 11, 1883. A 
 celebrated Italian opera-singer. His voice was a 
 tenor. He made his d6but in 1828 as Robert le Diable, 
 having previously sung only in the fashionable society to 
 which his noble birth admitted him. It was not till 1816 
 that he took the high rank in his profession which he 
 afterward held. He sang with Grisi for twenty-five years 
 in London, Paris, and St. Petersburg, and married her on 
 the dissolution of her previous marriage. He left the 
 stage in 1867. He was considered the best lover on the 
 operatic stage. 
 
 Marion (mar' i- on). The capital of Marion 
 County, central Ohio. Pop., 18,232, (1910). 
 Marion (mar'i-on), Francis. Born at Winyaw, 
 near Georgetown, S.C., 1732: died near Eutaw, 
 S. C., Feb. 27, 1795. An American Revolution- 
 ary general, distinguished as a partizan leader 
 in South Carolina 1780-82. He served at Eutaw 
 Springs in 1781. 
 
 Marion Delorme (ma-re-on' de-lorm'). A play 
 by Victor Hugo, produced in 1831. Marion De- 
 lorme also appears in Bulwer’s play “Riche- 
 lieu.” 
 
 Mariotte ( ma-ryot'), Edme. Born in Burgundy 
 about 1620 : died at Paris, May 12, 1684. A 
 noted French physicist, prior of St.-Martin-sous- 
 
 656 
 
 Beaune, near Dijon. He made many discoveries in 
 hydrodynamics. His “ Traito du mouvement des eaux” 
 was published in 1786. The name “Mariotte’s law” has 
 been given to the principle (earlier discovered by Boyle) 
 that at any given temperature the volume of a given mass 
 of gas varies inversely as the pressure which it bears. 
 
 Mariposa (ma-re-po'sa). [Sp.,‘ butterfly’: first 
 applied to a county of California, and afterward 
 taken for the stock name.] A county in the 
 central part of California, east by south of San 
 Francisco. It contains the Yosemite Valley and 
 the Big Tree Grove. 
 
 Mariposa Grove. A grove of gigantic trees 
 ( Sequoia ) in Mariposa County, California. 
 
 Mariposan (mar-i-po'san). [From Mariposa.] 
 A linguistic stock of North American Indians, 
 comprising the Yokut and Cholovone divisions, 
 which embraced about 40 small tribes. The Yo- 
 kut, or southern division, formerly inhabited that portion 
 of California which is drained by the Eresno, the upper San 
 J oaquin above the Fresno, Kings, Kaweah, and Tule rivers ; 
 the northern, eastern, and western shores of Tulare Lake; 
 and a narrow strip in and along the foot-hills from the 
 middle of the western shore of the lake to Mount Pinos on 
 the south. The Cholovone, or northern division, which was 
 separated from the Yokutshytrihesof Moquelumnan stock, 
 occupied the east bank of the San Joaquin from the Stan- 
 islaus to the point where the former turns westward to 
 enter Suisun Bay. In 1850 the tribes of the stock contained 
 2,000 to 3,000 individuals, but the number has gradually 
 diminished, and the Cholovone division appears to be ex- 
 tinct. The rest live on, or north of, the Tule reservation. 
 
 Marischal, Earls. See Keith. 
 
 Marisco (ma-ris'ko), or Marsh (marsh), Rich- 
 ard de. Died at Peterborough, May 1, 1226. 
 Bishop of Durham and chancellor. In 1209 he was 
 appointed rector of Bampton, Oxfordshire, and in 1210 was 
 John’s adviser in the persecutions of the Cistercians. In 
 1212 he was sheriff of Dorset and Somerset, and in 1214 
 chancellor (an office which he retained after John's death). 
 In 1217 he was made bishop of Durham. 
 
 Maritana (mar-i-ta'nii). A tambourine dancer 
 in “Don Caesar de Bazan.” Don Caesar marries 
 her to save his life. 
 
 Maritana. An opera by Wallace, first produced 
 at London in 1845. 
 
 Maritime Alps. A division of the Alps which 
 lies on the border of France and Italy, south- 
 west of the Ligurian and the Cottian Alps: 
 sometimes made to include the Ligurian Alps. 
 
 Maritime Andes. The so-called branch of the 
 Andes on the coast of Venezuela. 
 
 Maritime Province, Russ. Primorskaya (pre- 
 mor'skl-a). A province in eastern Siberia, ex- 
 tending along the Pacific. Capital, Khabarovka ; 
 chief port, Vladivostok. Area, 712,585 square 
 miles. Population, 289,600. 
 
 Maritime Province. See Kiistenland. 
 
 Maritza(ma-ret'sa). A river in Eastern Rumelia 
 and European Turkey: the ancient Hebrus. it 
 flows past Philippopolis and Adrianople, and empties into 
 the HJgean Sea near Enos. Length, 270 miles. Itisnaviga- 
 ble in its lower course. 
 
 In 1364 the first encounter between the northern Chris- 
 tians and the invaders took place on the banks of the Ma- 
 ritza, near Adrianople, whither Louis I., king of Hungary 
 and Poland, and the princes of Bosnia, Serbia, and Wal- 
 lachia, pushed forward to put an end once for all to the 
 rule of the Ottoman in Europe. Lala Shahin, Murad's 
 commander-in-chief, could not muster more than half the 
 numberof troops that the Christians brought against him ; 
 but he took advantage of the state of drunken revelry in 
 which the too confident enemy was plunged to make a 
 sudden night attack, and the army of Hungary, heavy with 
 sleep after its riotous festivities, was suddenly aroused by 
 the beating of the Turkish drums and the shrill music of 
 their fifes. The Ottomans were upon them before they 
 could stand to arms. “ They were like wild beasts scared 
 from their lair,” says the Turkish historian Sa’-ud-din ; 
 “ speeding from the field of fight to the waste of flight, 
 those abjects poured into the stream Maritza and were 
 drowned.” To this day the spot is called Sirf Sindughi, 
 “Serbs’ rout.” Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 30. 
 
 Mariupol (mii-re-6'poly). A seaport in the gov- 
 ernment of Yekaterinoslaff, Russia, situated on 
 the Sea of Azoff, at the mouth of the Kalmius, 
 about lat, 47° V N., long. 37° 35' E. Popula- 
 tion, 31,116. 
 
 Marius (ma-re-iis'). A character in the novel 
 “Les Miserables,” by Victor Hugo. 
 
 Marius (ma'ri-us), Caius. Born near Arpinum, 
 Italy, about 155 b. C.: died 86 B. c. A celebrated 
 Roman general. He served in the Numantine war in 
 134 ; was tribune in 119, and pretor in 115 ; was legate un- 
 der Metellus in the Jugurthine war 109-108; was consul 
 in 107, 104, 103, 102, 10i, 100, and 86 ; commanded against 
 Jugurtha 107-106, and against the Cimbri and Teutones 
 104-101 ; defeated the Teutones at Aix in 102, and the Cim- 
 bri at the Raudian Fields, near Yercellse, in 101 ; and de- 
 feated the Marsi in the Social War in 90. His rivalry with 
 Sulla caused the first civil war in 88. He was driven from 
 Rome in that year, but returned, and with Cinna captured 
 Rome in 87, and proscribed the aristocrats. 
 
 Marivaux (mii-re-vo' ) , Pierre Car let de Cham- 
 berlain de. Born at Paris, Feb. 4, 1688 : died 
 Feb. 12, 1763. A French dramatist and novelist. 
 The plays he wrote previous to 1720 were distinct failures. 
 His best work was done between 1722 and 1746 : in that time 
 he wrote some twenty-five plays, foremost among which 
 
 Markham, John 
 
 stand “Le jeu de l’amour et du hasard ” (1730), “L’Ecole 
 des moeurs ” (1732), Les fausses confidences ” (1736), ‘ Le 
 legs ”(1736), and “ L’Epreuve "(1740). All Marivaux’s plays 
 are more or less alike in their subject-matter. As Sainte- 
 Beuve remarks, the various situations are effected not 
 through outside events, but by the expression of inner 
 feelings on the part of the different characters. Diffi- 
 culties arise entirely through the fault of the lovers them- 
 selves, either in their curiosity, their timidity, their ig- 
 norance, their pride, or their pique. As a novelist Mari- 
 vaux wrote “Marianne ’’(which see), his masterpiece ; also 
 “Le paysan parvenu ” (1735) and “Pharamond, ou lesfolies 
 romanesques” (1737). Marivaux’s peculiar style has been 
 named for him marivaudage. The term is now generally 
 used in a depreciative sense. On the whole, Marivaux is 
 original in his conceptions, and may be ranked next to 
 Moliere. He was received into theFrench Academy in 1743. 
 Mark (mark). An ancient countship of Ger- 
 many, now comprised in the province of West- 
 phalia, Prussia, in the government district of 
 Arnsberg. The countship arose in the middle ages, and 
 became united with Cleves about 1400. In 1666, in conse- 
 quence of the contest of the Jiilich succession, it passed to 
 Brandenburg. It passed to France in 1807, and formed part 
 of the duchy of Berg. In 1813 it was restored to Prussia. 
 Mark (mark), Saint. [L. Marcus, Gr. Map/cof.] 
 The writer to whom is assigned by tradition the 
 authorship of the second gospel. He has been gen- 
 erally supposed to be identical with the “ J ohn whose sur- 
 name was Mark,” mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles 
 (particularly as a companion of Paul and Barnabas, and 
 after their separation of Barnabas alone), and with the 
 Mark whose name occurs in other passages In the New 
 Testament (Pauline Epistles and 1 Peter). Probably the 
 person mentioned in the Acts and the Pauline Epistles is 
 not the same as the one named in the Epistle of Peter. 
 Mark, Gospel of. The second gospel, the author- 
 ship of which is traditionally assigned to Mark. 
 It is the most original of the synoptical gospels. It has 
 been regarded as reflecting especially the influence ol 
 Peter. 
 
 Mark, St., Basilica of. A famous Venetian 
 basilica, founded in 830 to receive the relics of 
 the evangelist brought from Alexandria, rebuilt 
 in 976, and given its definitive form in 1052. 
 It is the most famed Byzantine structure of western Eu- 
 rope, cruciform in plau, with five great domes on penden- 
 tives, and many smaller domes in subordinate positions. 
 The outer aisle or atrium was added later : with its five deep, 
 many-columned arches, repeated and fantastically cano- 
 pied above, its ricli mosaics, and the wonderful color of its 
 incrusted marbles, it gives, with the domes and many pin- 
 nacles, to the exterior its picturesque and unique charac- 
 ter. Tlie four celebrated bronze horses in front of the 
 upper middle arch came from Constantinople, and prob- 
 ably adorned originally a Roman triumphal arch. The 
 interior, though it measures only 205 by 164 feet, is one of 
 the most impressive in the world. Almost the whole sur- 
 face of walls, domes, and arches is covered with magnifi- 
 cent mosaics, representing Old and New Testament scenes 
 on a gold ground. Most of the capitals of the columns are 
 of the finest Byzantine, though some are classical ; and the 
 rood-screen, surmounted by its long row of statues, is at 
 once beautiful and venerable. Externally and internally, 
 and despite regrettable restorations, St. Mark’s is the most 
 superb piece of architectural coloring in the world. 
 Mark. The cowardly and treacherous king of 
 Cornwall, in Arthurian romance. 
 
 Mark appears in his more general form in the older ro- 
 mance as evidence that the later romance- writer found in 
 the king's treachery some sort of palliation for what Sir 
 Walter Scott calls the extreme ingratitude and profligacy 
 of the hero. Cox, Pop. Romances, Int. , p. 38. 
 
 Markab (mar'kab). [Heb. and Ar., usually ‘a 
 wagon’ or ‘a chariot,’ sometimes ‘a saddle.’ 
 The name is from the Alphonsine tables.] The 
 bright second-magnitude star a Pegasi, at the 
 base of the horse’s neck. 
 
 Mark Antony. See Antony. 
 
 Market Harborough (mar'ket, har'bur-o). A 
 town in Leicestershire, England, 12 miles south 
 of Leicester. It is a hunting center. Popula- 
 tion, 7,735. 
 
 Markham (mark'am), Sir Clements Robert. 
 
 Born at Stillingfleet, near York, July 20, 1830. 
 An English traveler, geographer, and historian. 
 He served in the navy ; took part in an arctic expedition 
 1851 ; traveled in Peru 1852-54 ; and in 1860 visited Peru 
 and India as commissioner to introduce cinchona plants 
 into the latter country. He was secretary of the Royal 
 Geographical Society 1S63-88, and was attached to the 
 Abyssinian expedition of 1S67-68. His works include 
 “ Travels in Peru and India ’’ (1862), “ History of the Abys- 
 sinian Expedition ” (1869), "The War between Peru and 
 Chile ” (1882), “History of Peru ” (1892), works on arctic 
 exploration, etc. He has edited reprints of works on South 
 America for the Hakluyt Society. Knighted 1896. 
 
 Markham, Frederick. Born near Lewes, Sus- 
 sex, Aug. 16, 1805: died at London, Dec. 21, 
 1855. An English lieutenant-general. He served 
 as lieutenant-colonel in the Panjab campaign 1848-49. In 
 1854 he was made major-general, and in 1856 received the 
 local rank of lieutenant-general. He commanded the sec- 
 ond division before Sebastopol. 
 
 Markham, Gervase or Jervis. Born about, 
 1568: died at London, Feb., 1637. An English 
 author. He fought in the Low Countries and in Ireland, 
 and was a poet and dramatist. 
 
 Markham, John. Born at Westminster, June 
 13, 1761: died at Naples, Feb. 13, 1827. An 
 English admiral, the second son of William 
 
Markham, John 
 
 Markham, archbishop of York, in March, 1775, he 
 entered the navy, and in 1776 joined Lord Howe in New 
 York. He was made post-captain Jan. 3, 1783. When in 
 Feb., 1801, Lord St. Vincent was appointed first lord of 
 the admiralty, he made Markham a member of the board. 
 Markham, William. Born at Kinsale, Ireland, 
 April, 1719: died at London, Nov. 3, 1807. Arch- 
 bishop of York. He graduated at Oxford in 1742. In 
 1763 he became head-master of Westminster School; in 
 1767 dean of Christ Church, Oxford ; in 1771 bishop of Ches- 
 ter ; and in 1777 archbishop of York. 
 
 Markneukirchen (mark // noi'kirch-en). A town 
 in the kingdom of Saxony, 45 miles southwest 
 of Chemnitz. It has manufactures of musical instru- 
 ments. Population, 8,490. 
 
 Mark Twain. See Clemens. 
 
 Marlborough (marl'bur-o or mal'bur-o). A 
 town in Wiltshire, England, situated on the 
 Kennet 27 miles east of Bath. It contains a school 
 (Marlborough College) near the site of its ancient castle. 
 There are megalithic remains in the neighborhood. Pop- 
 ulation, 3,046. 
 
 Marlborough, or Marlboro’ (marl'bur-o). A 
 city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, 26 
 miles west of Boston. It has manufactures of boots 
 and shoes. Population, 14,579, (1910). 
 
 Marlborough, Dukes or. See Churchill and 
 Spencer. 
 
 Marlborough, Sarah Jennings, Duchess of. 
 
 Born near St. Albans, May 29, 1660 : died (prob- 
 ably) at Marlborough House, Oct. 18, 1744. A 
 celebrated favorite of Queen Anne. She married 
 John Churchill, afterward Duke of Marlborough, in 1678. 
 In 1683 she was appointed one of the ladies of the bed- 
 chamber to Anne, then the princess Anne, with whom she 
 was very intimate. Her imperious nature and strong in- 
 tellect for a while entirely dominated the latter, but her 
 rule became unbearable, and she was superseded in the 
 queen’s affection by Mrs. Masham. In 1711, on the dis- 
 missal of Marlborough from office, she retired from the 
 queen’s service, and passed the rest of her life in a series 
 of bitter quarrels. See Freeman, Mrs. 
 
 Marlborough House. A London residence 
 belonging to the British government. It is a 
 large building of brick trimmed with stone, with exten- 
 sive gardens fronting on the Mall. It was built for the 
 first Duke of Marlborough by Wren in 1710. 
 
 Marlitt (mar'lit), E., pseudonym of Eugenie 
 John. Born at Amstadt, in Thuringia, Dec. 
 5, 1825 : died there, June 22, 1887. A German 
 novelist. Her father was a portrait-painter. In her 
 seventeenth year she was sent by her foster-mother, the 
 Princess of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, to Vienna to re- 
 ceive instruction in vocal music, but beca me deaf and was 
 obliged to give up a contemplated musical career. Subse- 
 quently she lived for eleven years at the court of the 
 princess, but ultimately took up her residence in her na- 
 tive place. Beginning with “Die zwolf Apostel”(“The 
 Twelve Apostles "), which was published in 1865, all her 
 stories have first appeared in the journal “Die Garten- 
 laube.” Other worksare“Goldelse "(“Gold Elsie”), “Blau- 
 bart” (“Blue Beard’’). “ Das Geheimniss der alten Mam- 
 sell” (“The Old Mamselle s Secret"), all 1868, “Thuringer 
 Erzahlungen”(‘‘Thuringian Tales," 1869), “Reichsgrafin 
 Gisela" (“Countess Gisela,” 1870), “ Heideprinzesschen ” 
 (“TheMoorland Princess, ”1872), “DiezweiteFrau”(“The 
 Second Wife,” 1874), “ Im Haus des Kommerzienrats ’’ 
 (“In the House of the Counselor,” 1877), “Im Schillings- 
 hof ’’ (1879), etc. 
 
 Marlow, Great. See Great Marlow. 
 
 Marlow (mar'lo), Young. The sou of Sir Charles 
 Marlow in Goldsmith’s * 4 She Stoops to Conquer.” 
 He is extremely shy with women of reputation and virtue, 
 but an impudent fellow among women of another stamp ; 
 hence Miss Hardcastle “ stoops ” to the disguise of a bar- 
 maid “to conquer” him. 
 
 Marlowe (mar'lo), Christopher. Born at Can- 
 terbury (baptized Feb. 26, 1564): killed in a street 
 fight at Deptford, June 1, 1593. An English poet 
 and dramatist, son of John Marlowe, a shoe- 
 maker of Canterbury. He graduated B. A. at Corpus 
 Christi College, Cambridge, in 1583. He may have seen 
 some military service, but more probably settled in London 
 at once, and attached himself to the “Lord Admiral’s Com- 
 pany ” as dramatist. Most of his plays were produced by 
 that company. “Tamburlaine ’’ was licensed for publica- 
 tion Aug. 14, 1590, and is ascribed to Marlowe on internal 
 evidence alone. His second play, “The Tragedy of Dr. 
 Faustus,”was entered on the “Stationers’ Register ” Jan. 7, 
 1601. Twenty-three performances were given by Hens- 
 lowe between 1594 and 1597, and by English companies at 
 Gratz in 1608, at Dresden in 1626, and frequently in Vienna. 
 “The Jew of Malta" was written after 1588, and was fre- 
 quently acted between 1591 and 1596, and by English com- 
 panies at Passau in 1607 and Gratz in 1608. On April 24, 
 1818, a version by S. Penley was brought out by Edmund 
 Kean at Drury Lane. “Edward II.” was entered on the 
 “ Stationers'Register” July 6, 1593. He was also concerned 
 in “The Massacre at Paris” and “The Tragedy of Dido,” 
 and there are indications that he assisted in writing some 
 of the earlier Shaksperian plays. He wrote two sestiads of 
 a paraphrase of the “ Hero and Leander ’’ of Musreus, which 
 was finished by George Chapman. “ Come live with me 
 and be my love” was first printed in the “Passionate Pil- 
 grim” in 1599. 
 
 Marlowe, Owen. Born in England, Aug. 1, 
 1830 : died at Boston, Mass., May 19, 1876. An 
 American actor. His first stage appearance in America 
 was in Sept., 1855. He was noted as Sir Lucius O’Trigger, 
 Captain Hawtree, etc. 
 
 C.— 42 
 
 657 
 
 Marly-le-Roi (mar-le'16-rwa'). A village in the 
 department of Seine-et-Oise, France, situated 
 on the Seine 10 miles west of Paris. It was for- 
 merly noted for its chateau of Louis XIV. Near it is 
 Marly-la- Machine, a hamlet noted for its hydraulic works 
 for supplying Versailles with water. Population, 1,428. 
 
 Mar Magallanico or Magalhanico. [‘ Sea of 
 
 Magellan.’] A name sometimes given by 
 geographers of the 16th century to the South 
 Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Marmande (mar-mond'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Lot-et-Garonne, France, situated 
 on the Garonne 42 miles southeast of Bordeaux. 
 Population, commune, 9,748. 
 Mdrmaros-Sziget. See Sziget. 
 
 Marmier (mar-mya'), Xavier. Born at Pon- 
 tarlier, France, June 24, 1809: died Oct. 11, 
 1892. A French litterateur, author of travels 
 and translator from the German. He made a jour- 
 ney to Scandinavia and Lapland at the expense of the gov- 
 ernment in 1836-38; was appointed professor of foreign 
 literature at Rennes in 1839 ; and became librarian of the 
 ministry of public instruction at Paris in 1841, and in 1846 
 custodian of the library of Sainte-Genevieve. He pub- 
 lished histories of the German, Danish, and Swedish lit- 
 eratures, a history of Iceland, translations from the Ger- 
 man and Scandinavian, etc. 
 
 Marmion (mar 'mi-on). A narrative poem by 
 Sir Walter Scott, published in 1808. Macready 
 adapted it for the stage, and played it at his 
 benefit. 
 
 Marmion, Shakerley or Shackerley. Bom 
 
 near Brackley, Northamptonshire, Jan., 1603: 
 died at London, J an., 1639. An English drama- 
 tist and poet. He wrote “Holland’s Leaguer "(licensed 
 and printed 1632), “A Fine Companion ” (1633), "The An- 
 tiquary” (his best-known play : acted in 1636, printed 1641). 
 He also wrote “Cupid and Psyche,” and other poems. 
 Marmol (mar-mol'), Jose. Born in Buenos 
 Ayres about 1818: died there, Aug. 12, 1871. 
 An Argentine author. He was exiled by Rosas, fought 
 against him, and was subsequently a member of Congress 
 and director of the national library. His works include 
 many poems and dramas, and “La Amalia,” a romance of 
 the time of Rosas, which has been translated into French 
 and German. 
 
 Marmolada (mar-mo-la/da). The highest sum- 
 mit of the Dolomite Alps, near the border of 
 southern Tyrol and Italy. Height, 11,045 feet. 
 
 Marmolejo, Alonso de Gongora. See Gongora 
 Marmolejo. 
 
 Marmont (mar-mon ' ) , Auguste Frederic Louis 
 Viesse de. Due de Raguse. Born at Chatillon- 
 sur-Seine, France, July 20, 1774: diedatVenice, 
 March 2, 1852. A French marshal. He served 
 with distinction in the Napoleonic campaigns, particularly 
 at Marengo (1800) and Ulm (1805), and in the campaigns 
 of 1809 and 1813-14 ; was governor-general of the Illyrian 
 Provinces 1809-11 ; was defeated by Wellington at Sala- 
 manca July 22, 1812 ; and surrendered his army to the 
 provisional government April, 1814. He unsuccessfully 
 attempted to suppress the revolution of 1830. His “ M<5- 
 moires” were published 1856-67. 
 
 Marmontel (mar-mon-tel'), Jean Francois. 
 
 Born at Bort, Limousin, July 11, 1723: died at 
 Abbeville, Eure, Dec. 31, 1799. A French writer. 
 He was brought up by the Jesuits, and destined for the 
 church. In 1741 he was appointed substitute instructor in 
 philosophy at Toulouse. His first piece of literary work, 
 an ode (1743), proved a failure. Encouraged by Voltaire’s 
 sympathy, however, he came to Paris, and took several 
 prizes in literary competition (1745-47). He wrote several 
 tragedies, “Denys le tyran ” (1748), “Arsitomfene” (1749), 
 “( 'leopfitre ”(1760), “Les HCraclides ”(1752), and “ Egyptus ’’ 
 (1753), but his success was not great as a poet. Then he 
 turned his attention to prose, and contributed largely to 
 the" Encyclopedic. " He recast several of his articles and 
 published them subsequently in book form, such as his 
 “Po6tique framjaise ”(1763), and his “liifiments de litera- 
 ture ” (1787) : this latter work places him second to La Harpe 
 only as a propagandist of literature in the 18th century. 
 He had already acquired renown by his “Contes moraux” 
 (17G1), his philosophical novel “B61isaire” (1767), and his 
 historical novel “ Les Incas ” (1777). He published further 
 “La Phan: ale,” translated from Lucan (1701), and wrote 
 the words for several comic operas, as “Le Huron " (1768), 
 “ Zdmire et Azor ’’ (1771), “Didon ”(1783), and “ I’ent'lope ” 
 (1785). Between 1789 and 1792 he published in “ Le Mer- 
 cure ’’ a second series of “Contes moraux.” His posthu- 
 mous works are “ Memoires d’un pfere a ses enfants ” (1804), 
 and “ Le'-ons d'un perc h ses enfants sur la langue fran- 
 ?aise” (1806). He was elected to the French Academy in 
 1763. He is a truly representative disciple of Voltaire. 
 Marmora (mar'mo-ra). An island in the Sea 
 of Marmora, belonging to Turkey, about 70 miles 
 west-southwest of Constantinople : the ancient 
 Proconnesus. Length, about 11 miles. 
 Marmora, Sea of. A sea between European 
 and Asiatic Turkey, communicating with the 
 Black Sea on the northeast by the Strait of 
 Bosporus, and with the Aegean Sea on the south- 
 west by ttie Dardanelles : the ancient Propontis. 
 Length, about 170 miles. Greatest width, about 
 50 miles. 
 
 Marmore (mar'mo-ra), Cascate delle, or Falls 
 
 of Terni (ter'ne). A series of cascades near 
 Tomi, Italy, in the Velino near its mouth in the 
 
 Marozia 
 
 Nera, celebrated for its beauty. Height of the 
 falls, 65 feet, 330 feet, and 190 feet respectively. 
 Marne (marn). A river in France which joins 
 the Seine 2 miles southeast of Paris : the 
 Roman Matrona. Length, 306 miles ; naviga- 
 ble from St.-Dizier. 
 
 Marne. A department in France. Capital, 
 Chalons-Slir-Marne. It is bounded by Aisue and Ar- 
 dennes on the north, Meuse on the east, Haute-Marne and 
 Aube on the south, and Aisne and Seiue-et-Marne on the 
 west, forming part of the ancient Champagne. The sur- 
 face is partly level and partly hilly. It is traversed by the 
 Marne. The leading product is champagne. Area, 3,167 
 square miles. Population, 434,157. 
 
 Marne, Haute-. See Haute-Marne. 
 
 Marnix, Philipp. See Sainte-Aldegonde. 
 Marno (mar'no), Ernst. Born at Vienna, 1844: 
 died at Khartum, 1883. An African traveler. 
 A specialist in zoology, he accompanied Casanova as far as 
 Abyssinia in 1866 ; visited Khartum in 1869, and Sennaar 
 and Fazogl in 1870 ; explored the Bahr es-8eraf 1871-72 ; 
 and published in 1874 “ Reisen im Gebiete des Blauen und 
 Meissen Nil.” Called again to the Egyptian Sudan by Gor- 
 don, he explored the Makaraka and Kordofan, and returned 
 and wrote “Reisen in der Aquatorialprovinz und in Kor- 
 dofan ” (1876). In 1879 he was again with Gordon fight- 
 ing the slave-traders. 
 
 Maro (ma'ro). The family name of Vergil 
 (Publius Vergilius Maro). 
 
 Marocco. See Morocco. 
 
 Marochetti (ma-ro-ket'te), Carlo. Born at 
 Turin, 1805 : died at Paris, Jan. 4, 1868. An 
 Italian sculptor, royal academician, and baron 
 of the Italian kingdom. He was educated at the 
 Lycde Napoleon at Paris, and studied sculpture with Baron 
 Bosio. His chief works are equestrian statues of the Duke 
 of Orleans, the equestrian statue of Richard Co:ur de Lion 
 at Westminster, the equestrian statues of the Queen and 
 Duke of Wellington at Glasgow, and the Iukerman monu- 
 ment at St. Paul’s. 
 
 Maronites (mar'o-nits). A section of the Syrian 
 population, settled chiefly on and around Mount 
 Lebanon, from Tripolis in the north to Tyre 
 and the Sea of Galilee in the south. Their num- 
 ber is above 200,000. They live by cattle-breeding, agri- 
 culture, and silk-culture. They form a separate ecclesi- 
 astical community, having been originally Monothelites 
 (holding that in Christ there was only one will). Since 
 1182 they have been gradually united to the Roman 
 Catholic Church, but stiH retain some of their special privi- 
 leges, as the Syrian liturgy and marriage of the lower 
 clergy. They also consider themselves politically a sepa- 
 rate nation, being ruled by a Christian pasha and by 
 sheiks chosen from their aristocracy, and only paying a 
 tribute to the Turkish government. The name Maronites 
 is derived from an old monastery which was situated on 
 the Orontes (modern al-Azi) between Hamah and Emesa, 
 and was so named after a saint who lived in the 4th cen- 
 tury (mar meaning in Syrian ‘lord,’ ‘master,’ then ‘saint’; 
 maron, my lord). Some derive it from a village, Maronea, 
 situated east of Antioch. 
 
 Maroons (ma-ronz'). The name formerly given 
 in Jamaica to bands of fugitive slaves and 
 their descendants. They formed villages in the moun- 
 tains in the 17th century. Early in the 18th century they 
 became formidable under their leader, Cudjoe, attacking 
 plantations and openly opposing government troops. In 
 1738 Governor Trelawney made a treaty of peace with 
 them, securing their freedom and granting them lands. 
 They rebelled in 1795, were partially reduced in 1796, and 
 many of them were sent to Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone. 
 The last outbreak of the survivors was in 1798. The name 
 (French ntyres marrons) is sometimes applied to the bush 
 negroes of Guiana. 
 
 Maros (mor'osh). A river in Transylvania and 
 Hungary which joins the Theiss near Szegedin. 
 Length, about 600 miles ; navigable from Karls- 
 burg. 
 
 Maros-V£s&rhely (mor'osh-va' shar-hely), 
 G. Neumarkt (noi'markt). The capital of 
 the county of Maros-Torda, Transylvania, sit- 
 uated on the Maros in lat. 46° 28' N., long. 24° 
 35' E. : the chief town of the Szeklers. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 19,522. 
 
 Marot (ma-ro'), Clement. Bom at Cahors, 
 1497 : died at Turin, 1544. A noted French poet. 
 He was sent to Paris at an early age to study law, but the 
 work was not to his taste, and he soon gave it up. His 
 father had been court poet to the Queen of France, Anne de 
 Bretagne, and through him the son obtained access to the 
 court circles, where he won the good will of Marguerite 
 de Valois. When Francis I. came to the throne of France 
 in 1515, Clement Marot attracted the king’s attention by 
 his poem “Le temple de Cupidon,” and was retained by 
 him at court. The poet followed his royal patron on his 
 expeditions, and led on the whole an eventful life. Besides 
 a great deal of original poetry, Marot translated portions 
 of Vergil, Ovid, and Petrarch, also 52 psalms of David. 
 His complete works have been variously edited : the last 
 edition from the author’s lifetime is dated 1544. His 
 modern editors are Fresnoy (1731), Rapilly (1824), Jannet 
 (1868-72), and Guiffrey, whose work is still (1894) in course 
 of publication. 
 
 Marozia (ma-ro'zi-a). Died before 945. A 
 Roman woman notorious for her profligacy and 
 for the influence she exercised over the papal 
 court. She was the daughter of the infamous Theodora 
 and Theophylactus, became the mistress of Pope Sergius 
 III., and married successively Alberic I., prince of Rome, 
 her stepson Guido, and Hugo, king of Italy. She was in- 
 
Marozia 
 
 strumental in raising three popes to the throne, among 
 whom was her son by Sergius, John XI. She was eventu- 
 ally imprisoned by her son Alberic. See Alberic II. 
 
 Marplot, or the Second Part of The Busy 
 Body. A comedy by Mrs. Centlivre, produced 
 in 1710. Henry Woodward altered it, and called it 
 “Marplot in Lisbon.” Martin Marplot is a silly, cowardly 
 fellow, who spoils everything he undertakes. He differs 
 somewhat from Mar-all in Dryden's play, and is the origi- 
 nal of the more modern Paul Pry. 
 
 Marprelate Controversy, The. A vigorous and 
 vituperative pamphlet war waged by the Puri- 
 tans against the defenders of English Church 
 discipline about 1589. The pamphlets were written 
 by a number of persons, but were published under the 
 name of Martin Marprelate. Udall was the originator of 
 the controversy, but afterward announced his disapproval 
 of the Martinist methods. The press which printed the 
 tracts was moved from place to place to avoid government 
 suppression, and was once seized, near Manchester, but 
 the publications were continued. Penry, Barrow, Job 
 Throckmorton, Fenner, John Field, and others have all 
 been supposed to be the authors of the tracts, but some 
 think Martin Marprelate to have been a layman about the 
 court. The controversy was suppressed by the death of 
 Udall in prison, and the execution of Penry and Barrow 
 in 1593. 
 
 So great was the stir that a formal answer of great 
 length was put forth by “ T. C. ” (well known to be Thomas 
 Cooper, Bishop of Winchester), entitled, ‘‘An Admonition 
 to the People of England.” The Martinists, from their 
 invisible and shifting citadel, replied with perhaps the 
 cleverest tract of the whole controversy, named, with de- 
 liberate quaintness, Hay any Work for Cooper? (“Have 
 You any Work for the Cooper?" said to be an actual trade 
 London cry). Thenceforward the m SUe of pamphlets, an- 
 swers, “replies, duplies, quadruples, ” became, in small 
 space, indescribable. Petheram’s prospectus of reprints 
 (only partially carried out) enumerates twenty-six, almost 
 all printed in the three years 1588-1590 ; Mr. Arber, includ- 
 ing the preliminary works, counts some thirty. 
 
 Saintsbury, Hist, of Eng. Lit., II. 245. 
 
 Marquesas (mar-ka'sas) Islands. [So named 
 from the Marquis of Caiiete (see Hurtado de 
 Mendoza, Garcia ) ; F. les Marquises.'] A group 
 of islands in the South Pacific, north of the Low 
 Archipelago, situated about lat. 7° 50'-10° 
 30' S., long. 138° 30'-140° 50' W. : also called 
 the Mendana Islands. Nukahiva and Hivaoa are the 
 largest. The surface is mountainous. They were discov- 
 ered by Mendafia in 1595, and again by Cook in 1774. In 
 1842 they became a French protectorate. Area, 480 square 
 miles. Population, 3,424. 
 
 Marquette (mar-ket'). A city and the capital 
 of Marquette County, Michigan, situated on 
 Lake Superior about lat. 46° 32' N., long. 87° 
 26' W. It exports iron ore. Population, 11,- 
 503, (1910). 
 
 Marquette, Jacques. Born at Laon, France, 
 1637 : died near Lake Michigan, May 18, 1675. 
 A French Jesuit missionary and explorer. He 
 accompanied Joliet in his voyage down the "W isconsin and 
 Mississippi and up the Illinois in 1673. He died while 
 attempting to establish a mission among the Illinois. He 
 wrote a description of the expedition of 1673, entitled 
 “Voyage et decouverte de quelques pays et nations de 
 l’Amerique Septentrionale.” See Century Atlas , Map 4. 
 
 Marquez (mar'keth), Jose Arnaldo. Born 
 about 1825: killed in the defense of Lima, Jan. 
 15, 1881. A Peruvian poet. He took part in the 
 early civil wars, was several times banished, and traveled 
 in Chile, Cuba, and the United States. In later life he 
 occupied various consular and diplomatic positions. Mar- 
 quez is regarded as the best of modern Peruvian poets, 
 especially in the lyric style. He published a book of 
 travels in the United States, and various other prose 
 works. 
 
 Marquez, Jose Ignacio. A Colombian politi- 
 cian, president of New Granada for a short time 
 in 1832, and again 1837-41. During the latter period 
 a civil war broke out, in which Marquez was victorious, 
 but which did great injury to the country. 
 
 Marquez, Leonardo. Born inthecityof Mexico 
 about 1820. A Mexican general, prominent un- 
 der Miramon in the struggle against Juarez 
 (1858-60). Subsequently he sustained the French in- 
 tervention ; was Maximilian’s minister to Constantinople ; 
 returned in 1866, and undertook the defense of Mexico 
 (April, 1867) ; was closely besieged by Diaz, and repeatedly 
 defeated; and resigned on June 19, and escaped to Ha- 
 vana. He was accused of great cruelty, and was called “the 
 tiger of Tacubaya," in allusion to his massacre of pris- 
 oners at that place in April, 1859. 
 
 Marquis (mar'kwis), The. 1 . In early Peruvian 
 history, Francisco Pizarro, who was created a 
 marquis by Charles V. in 1535. There is no rec- 
 ord of a special designation for the marquisate. 
 — 2. In early Mexican history, Hernando Cor- 
 tes, marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca from 1529. 
 Marquise (mar-kez'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Pas-de-Calais, France, 14 miles south- 
 west of Calais. It has marble-quarries. Pop- 
 ^ulation, over 3,000. 
 
 Man* (mar), Carl. Born at Milwaukee, Wis., 
 1859. An American figure-painter. He studied 
 at Berlin and at Munich. Among his works are “The Mys- 
 tery of Life” (at the Metropolitan Museum, New York), 
 “The Flagellants” (1889), and “1806 in Germany” (1890). 
 
 Marracci (mar-ra'che), Lodovico. Born at 
 
 658 
 
 Lucca, Italy, 1612 : died at Rome, Feb. 5, 1700. 
 A distinguished Italian Orientalist. His most im- 
 portant work is an edition of the Koran with a Latin 
 translation (1698), to which he devoted nearly forty years 
 
 of labor. 
 
 Marrast (ma-ra'), Armand. Born at St.-Gau- 
 dens, France, June 5, 1801 : died at Paris, March 
 10, 1852. A French politician and journalist. 
 He was secretary and member of the provi- 
 sional government and mayor of Paris in 1848, 
 and president of the Constituent Assembly 
 1848-49. 
 
 Marriage. A novel by Miss Susan Edmonstone 
 Ferrier, published anonymously in 1818. This 
 novel was begun in concert with Miss Clavering, a grand- 
 daughter of the Duke of Argyll, who soon, however, relin- 
 quished her share of the work, and Miss Ferrier completed 
 it alone. 
 
 Marriage a la Mode. [F. manage d la mode, 
 fashionable marriage.] 1. A play by Dryden, 
 acted in 1673. — 2. A series of six paintings by 
 Hogarth( 1745), in the National Gallery, London. 
 The subject is the disastrous consequences of marriage, 
 without love, in high life ; and Is illustrated through scenes 
 of hollow festivity, profligacy, dueling, the execution of the 
 victor for murder, and the suicide of the guilty wife. 
 
 Marriage & la Mode, or the Comical Lovers. 
 
 A comedy by Colley Cibber, a combination of 
 the comic scenes of Dryden’s “ Marriage a la 
 Mode” and “ The Maiden Queen,” produced in 
 1707. 
 
 Marriage at Cana. 1 . A painting by Paolo 
 Veronese, in tlie museum at Dresden. The table 
 is in an open court with monumental architecture. Christ 
 is seated with a brilliant company, for the most part in 
 Venetian dress. 
 
 2. A painting by Paolo Veronese (1563), in the 
 Louvre, Paris. The picture measures 32 by 21 feet, and 
 is throughout a triumph of coloring. The subject istreated 
 as a sumptuous banquet, in a rich architectural setting. 
 Many of the personages are portraits of sovereigns and 
 other distinguished people of the 16tli cent ury. The musi- 
 cians represent the chief Venetian painters. " 
 
 3. A famous picture by Tintoret, iu the sa- 
 cristy of Santa Maria della Salute, Venice. 
 
 Marriage of St. Catharine. There are numer- 
 ous paintings of the “Sposalizio,” or Mystical 
 Marriage of St. Catharine of Siena, thus desig- 
 nated. The following are the more important : (1) A 
 masterpiece by Correggio (1519), in the Louvre, Paris. The 
 child Christ, seated on the Virgin's knee, holds St. Catha- 
 rine’s ring-finger, upon which lie is about to place a ring. 
 St. Sebastian, holding his arrows, looks over St. Catharine's 
 shoulder. (2) Apaiuting(called the Piccolo Sposalizio in dis- 
 tinction from the Louvre masterpiece) by Correggio, in the 
 Museo Nazionale, Naples. (3) A painting by Innocenzo da 
 Imola, in San Giacomo Maggiore, Bologna, Italy. (4) A trip- 
 tych by Hans Memling (1479), in the Hospital of St. John at 
 Bruges, Belgium. The Virgin, holding the Child, sits un- 
 der a portico, attended by floating angels ; St. Catharine 
 kneels, about to receive the ring. At the sides stand the 
 two Sts. John, St. Barbara, angels, and monks. On one 
 wing is painted the story of Salome, on the other the vi- 
 sion of St. John the Evangelist. (5) A painting by Murillo, 
 in the Church of Los Capuchinos at Cadiz. While at work 
 on this picture, in 1682, the painter fell from his scaffold- 
 ing and received injuries which caused his death. (6) A 
 painting by Rubens, in the Church of the Augustinians at 
 Antwerp, Belgium. The Virgin is enthroned ; the Child 
 on her knee leans toward St. Catharine, extending the ring; 
 behind are St. Joseph, several apostles and other saints, 
 and angels. (7) A decorative painting by Paolo V eronese, 
 in Santa Caterina at Venice. The youthful figure of the 
 saint is especially beautiful. 
 
 Marriage of the Virgin. 1 . One of the most 
 important paintings of Perugino, in the musee 
 at Caen, France.— 2. A celebrated painting by 
 Raphael, in the Brera at Milan. Mary and her at- 
 tendant maidens stand at the Spectator’s left; Joseph, 
 bearing the flowering staff, and behind him the suitors 
 with the barren staves, face them at the right ; while the 
 venerable high priest in the middle performs his function, 
 and a youth in the foreground breaks his dry staff across 
 his knee. The temple occupies the background, in the 
 form of a domical 16-sided building with an arcaded peri- 
 style of 16 columns. 
 
 Married Man, The. A play by Mrs. Inehbald, 
 produced in 1789. It is taken from “Le philo- 
 sopke marie ” of Destouehes. 
 
 Marrow Controversy. A controversy in the 
 Church of Scotland, about 1719-22, relating to 
 the doctrines which were of the type more re- 
 cently called “evangelical,” set forth in the 
 book entitled “ The Marrow of Modern Divin- 
 ity” by Edward Fisher (1644). Ebenezer and 
 Ralph Erskine and Thomas Boston were among 
 the “Marrow men.” 
 
 Marrucini (mar-o-sl'ni). In ancient geography, 
 a people in Italy, dwelling near the Adriatic, 
 north of Samnium. They were allied to the 
 Marsi. 
 
 Marryat (mar 'i-at). Florence. BornatBrighton 
 in 1837: died at London, Oct. 27, 1899. An Eng- 
 lish novelist, thedaughterof Frederick Marryat. 
 She married first Colonel Ross Church, and afterward 
 Colonel Francis Lean. She was also known as a dramatic 
 reader, she was editor of “ London Society ” 1872-76, and 
 published many novels, and a life of her father (1872). 
 
 Marseillaise, La 
 
 Marryat (mar'i-at), Frederick. Born at Lon- 
 don, July 10, 1792: died at Langham, Norfolk, 
 Aug. 9, 1848. A captain in the British navy, 
 and novelist. In 1806 he entered the navy, and in 1815 
 was made commander. He was serving on the St. Helena 
 station when Napoleon died. He resigned 1830, and de- 
 voted himself to literature. He published “Frank Mild- 
 may, or Adventures of a Naval Officer ” (1829), “The King's 
 Own” (1830), “Peter Simple" (1834), “Mr. Midshipman 
 Easy” (1836), “Japhet iu Search of a Father" (1836), 
 “Snarleyyow” (1837), “Jacob Faithful" (1834), “The 
 Phantom Ship" (1839), “Masterman Ready" (1841), “The 
 Children of the New Forest” (1847), “The Little Savage” 
 (1848). He edited the “Metropolitan Magazine” from 
 1832 to 1835. 
 
 Mars (marz). 1. A Latin deity, identified at 
 an early period by the Romans with the Greek 
 Ares, with whom he originally had no connec- 
 tion. He was principally worshiped as the god of war, 
 and as such bore the epithet Gradivus ; but he was earlier 
 regarded as a patron of agriculture, which procured him 
 the title of Silvanus, and as the protector of the Roman 
 state, in virtue of which he was called Quirinus. In works 
 of art Mars is generally represented as of a youthful but 
 powerful figure, armed with the helmet, shield, and spear ; 
 in other examples he is bearded and heavily armed. 
 
 2. The planet next outside the earth in the so- 
 lar System. Its diameter (about 4, 300 miles) isonly0.53 
 that of the earth, its superficies 0.28, and its volume 0.147. 
 Its mean density is 0.74 that of the earth, so that the density 
 of its crust may very likely be the same as the earth’s ; but the 
 weight of a given mass at the surface of Mars is only three 
 eighths of the weight of the same mass on the earth. The 
 strength of materials is therefore relatively much greater 
 there, and mountains, animals, and buildings would natu- 
 rally be much lar ger. The mean distance from the sun is 
 141,500, OOOmiles. The eccentricity of its orbit is very much 
 greater than that of the earth, being 0.093 as compared 
 with 0.017 ; the inclination of its equator to its orbit is 
 about the same. Its day is half an hour longer than ours. 
 Its year is 687 of our days. The surface of Mars has been 
 carefully mapped, aud is characterized by the predomi- 
 nance of land and the great number of canals or straits. 
 Its color is strikingly red. As to its temperature and 
 climate widely divergent views prevail. It has two moons, 
 discovered by Professor Asaph Hall in Washington in 1877, 
 conformably to the prediction of Kepler, and realizing 
 the fancies of Swift and of Voltaire. The inner of these, 
 Phobos, revolves in less than 8 hours, so that to an ob- 
 server on the planet it rises in the west and sets in the 
 east ; the outer, Deirnos, revolves in 30 hours, so that it 
 appears nearly stationary for a long time. The symbol of 
 Mars is f, which seems to show the shield and spear of 
 the god. 
 
 Mars in Repose. A colossal Greek statue of 
 the school of Lysippus, in the Villa Ludovisi, 
 Rome. The god, iu the guiseof a strong, healthy youth, 
 sits quietly with both hands on one raised knee ; he holds 
 his sheathed sword, and his round shield stands beside 
 him. An Eros sits at his feet. 
 
 Mars, Hill of. See Areopagus. 
 
 Mars (mars), Mile. (Anne Franqoise Hip- 
 polyte Mars-Boutet). Born at Paris, Feb. 
 9, 1779: died there, March 20, 1847. A cele- 
 brated French actress, distinguished in comedy. 
 
 She made her debut at the age of 14 at the Theatre Fey- 
 deau, and shortly after entered the Comddie Fyanfaise. She 
 made her first great success in “ L’Abbe de l’Epde ” in 1803, 
 and later worked a great reform in stage costume, playing 
 her parts in dress of a proper date. Her manner in high 
 comedy was perfectly simple and true, and she was un- 
 equaled in the precieuses and coquettes of Moliere and 
 Marivaux. She left the stage in 1841 with a large fortune. 
 
 Mar Saba (mar sa'ba). A monastery of the 
 Greek Church, situated in the Kedron valley 3£ 
 hours distant from Jerusalem. It derives its name 
 from the founder, St. Sabas, who was born in Cappadocia 
 about 439, and died 532. 
 
 Marsala (raar-sa'la). A seaport iu the province 
 of Trapani, Sicily, situated in lat. 37° 47' N., 
 long. 12° 26' E. It occupies part of the site of the an- 
 cient Lilybjeum, is a cathedral city, and has an export 
 trade in wine. Garibaldi landed Here iu 1860. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 37,015. 
 
 Marschner (marsh'ner), Heinrich. Born at 
 Zittau, Saxony, Aug. 16, 1795: died at Han- 
 nover, Dec. 14, 1861 . A noted German composer. 
 He was joint kapellmeister with Weber and Morlacchi of 
 the opera at Dresden (1823-26), kapellmeister of the Leip- 
 sic theater (1827-31), and court kapellmeister at Hannover 
 after the last date. He was the author of the operas “ Der 
 Vampyr” (182S), “ Hans Heiling ” (1833), etc. 
 
 Marsden (miirz'den), William. Born at Ver- 
 val, Ireland, Nov. 16, 1754: died near London, 
 Oct. 6. 1836. An English Orientalist and numis- 
 matist. He received an appointment in the service of 
 the East India Company at Sumatra in 1771. In 17S5 he 
 returned and established an East India agency in Gower 
 street, London. In 1804 he was made first secretary of the 
 admiralty. His chief works are “History of Sumatra” 
 (1783), “Dictionary and Grammar of the Malayan Lan- 
 guage” (1812), “Numismata illustrata orientalia” (1S23- 
 1825). He presented his collection of 3,447 Oriental coins 
 to the British Museum. 
 
 Marsdiep (mars - dep '). A strait in the Neth- 
 erlands, separating the island of Texel from 
 the mainland. 
 
 Marseillaise, La (la mar-se-yaz'). A popular 
 French patriotic song. The words and music are by 
 Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, a captain of engineers, 
 and were composed at Strasburg in a fit of enthusiasm on 
 the night of April 24, 1792. It was first called “Chant de 
 guerre pour l’armde du Rhin.” 
 
Marseillaise, La 
 
 The “Chant de guerre” was sung in Dietrich’s [the 
 mayor’s] house on April 25, copied and arranged for a mili- 
 tary band on the following day, and performed by the band 
 of the Garde Nationale at a review on Sunday, the 29th. 
 On June 25 a singer named Mireur sang it at a civic ban- 
 quet at Marseilles with so much effect that it was imme- 
 diately printed and distributed to the volunteers of the 
 battalion just starting for Paris. They entered Paris on 
 July 30, singing their new hymn ; and with it on their lips 
 they marched to the attack on the Tuileries on August 
 10, 1792. From that day the “Chant de guerre pour l'armee 
 du Rhin ” was called “ Chanson ” or “ Chant des Marseil- 
 lais,” and finally “La Marseillaise.” The “Marseillaise" 
 has often been made use of by composers. Of these, two may 
 be cited : Salieri, in the opening chorus of his opera “Pal- 
 mira” (1795), and Grison, in the introduction to the ora- 
 torio “Esther" (still in MS.), both evidently international. 
 Schumann uses it in his song of the “Two Grenadiers” 
 with magnificent effect; and also introduces it in his over- 
 ture to “Hermann und Dorothea." 
 
 Grove, Diet, of Music, XI. 220. 
 
 Marseilles (m;ir-salz'),F. Marseille (mar-say'). 
 [L. Massilia, Gr. M acoMa.] The capital of the 
 department of Bouches-du-Rhone, France, situ- 
 ated on the Mediterranean in lat. 43° 18' N., 
 long. 5° 24' E. It is the second city and the principal 
 seaport of France, and also the chief seaport of the Medi- 
 terranean. In Europe it ranks after London, Liverpool, and 
 Hamburg. Its commerce is with Africa, Italy, the Levant, 
 the Indies, etc. It is the terminus of the Messageries Mari- 
 times and other steamer lines. Its especial trade is in 
 grain, coffee, hides, silk, wool, and oil-seeds. The leading 
 manufacture is soap. It has a large artificial harbor. The 
 chief promenade is the Prado. Among its notable build- 
 ings are the Museum of Fine Arts, the bourse, the Palais de 
 Justice, and the cathedral, a modern building by Vandoyer, 
 in a modified Byzantine style, built in alternate courses of 
 dark and light stone. The Palais de Longehamp is a fine 
 modem Renaissance building, forminga monumental ter- 
 mination to the great Durance aqueduct. It consists of 
 two wings which contain the museums of painting and nat- 
 ural history, and are connected by a colonnade wit h a cen- 
 tral pavilion from which issues a beautiful fountain in the 
 form of a cascade. The city was founded by Greek colon- 
 ists from Phocaea about 600 B. 0. ; became an important 
 colonizing and commercial center in southern Gaul ; was 
 destroyed by the Saracens, and rebuilt ; was ruled by vis- 
 counts ; was independent for a short time in the 13th cen- 
 tury ; was deprived of its freedom by the counts of Pro- 
 vence ; was united to France in 1481; had its privileges 
 taken away in 1060 ; was punished for its royalist princi- 
 ples in the Revolution; and was noted in 1792 for the 
 march of its volunteers to Paris with the “ Marseillaise ” 
 (which see). It has frequently suffered from epidemics, 
 it was the birthplace of Thiers. Pop., commune, 550,619. 
 
 Marsh (marsh), or de Marisco, Adam. Born 
 probably in Somerset: died about 1257. A learn- 
 ed English Franciscan monk. He was educated at 
 Oxford, and later taught in the Franciscan school there. 
 He was a friend of Grosseteste and Simon de Montfort. 
 
 Friar Roger Bacon, a writer by no means inclined to flat- 
 ter the members of his own order, can hardly find words 
 strong enough to express his admiration of his friend Adam 
 Marsh. In one passage he classes him with Solomon, Aris- 
 totle, Avicenna, and Grosseteste as “perfect in all know- 
 ledge ” ; in another he describes Grosseteste and Marsh as 
 “ the greatest clerks of the world, and men perfect in 
 knowledge divine and human. ” Some of the letters of “ the 
 Illu8triousDoctor,”as Marsh was formerly styled, have been 
 preserved, and, if they scarcely warrant the high enco- 
 mium of Bacon, they are at least interesting records of an 
 
 , unselfish and honourable life. The Oxford friar had as his 
 two chief correspondents Robert Grosseteste, the cham- 
 pion of the English church, and Simon de Montfort, the 
 champion of the English people. hyte, Oxford, p. 51. 
 
 Marsh, Mrs. (Anne Caldwell). Bom in Staf- 
 fordshire about 1798 : died there, Oct., 1874. An 
 English novelist. Among her works are “Two Old 
 Men’s Tales” (1846), “Emilia Wyndham” (1846 and 1888), 
 and “Norman’s Bridge.” 
 
 Marsh, George Perkins. Born at Woodstock, 
 Vt., March 15, 1801 : died at Vallombrosa, Italy, 
 July 24, 1882. An American philologist, diplo- 
 matist, and politician. He was member of Congress 
 from Vermont 1842-49 ; and United States ministerto Tur- 
 key 1849-53, and to Italy 18G1-82. He published a “ Com- 
 pendious Grammar of the Old Northern or Icelandic Lan- 
 guage ” (1838), “The Camel ’’ (1856), “ Lectures on the Eng- 
 lish Language ” (1861), “ Origin and History of the English 
 Language" (1862), “Man and Nature” (1864: revised as 
 “The Earth as Modified by Human Action,” 1874). 
 
 Marsh, Herbert. Bom 1757 : died at Peter- 
 borough, England, 1839. Bishop of Peterbor- 
 ough. His chief work is a translation of the “Introduc- 
 tion to the New Testament” by Michael is (1702-1801). 
 
 Marsh, Othniel Charles. Bom at Lockport, 
 N. Y., Oct. 29, 1831 ; died at New Haven, Conn., 
 March 18, 1899. A distinguished American 
 paleontologist, professor at Yale University 
 1866-99. His special study was the extinct vertebrates 
 of the United States. His works include “ Odoutornithes : 
 a Monograph on the Extinct Toothed Birds of North Amer- 
 ica" (1880), “ Dinocerata : a Monograph on an Extinct 
 Order of Gigantic Mammals ’’ (1884), etc. 
 
 Marshal (mar'shal), William. Born about 
 1146; died at Caversham, near Reading, May 
 14, 1219. First Earl of Pembroke and Striguil 
 of the Marshal line, and regent of England. 
 When King Stephen besieged John Marshal at Newbury 
 in 1162, William was made hostage for his father at the 
 royal court. In 1170 he was placed by Henry 1 1 . in charge 
 of his oldest son, Henry. At the death of Henry II. he 
 served Richard I. On Richard’s death Marshal declared 
 for John. He was present at Runnymede, June 15, 1215. 
 
 659 
 
 John died Oct. 19, 1216, and on Nov. 11, 1216, Marshal was 
 chosen regent. 
 
 Marshal Forwards. A nickname of Blucher. 
 
 Marshall (mar'shal). A city and the capital of 
 Calhoun County, southern Michigan, situated 
 on the Kalamazoo 100 miles west of Detroit. 
 Population, 4,236, (1910). 
 
 Marshall. A city and the capital of Harrison 
 County, eastern Texas, situated about 245 miles 
 northeast of Austin. Population, 11,452, (1910). 
 
 Marshall, Humphrey. Born in Kentucky, Jan. 
 13, 1812: died at Louisville, Ky., March 28, 
 1872. An American politician and soldier. He 
 was member of Congress from Kentucky 1849-52 and 1855- 
 1859 ; United States commissioner to China 1852-53 ; and 
 later a Confederate general and member of Congress. 
 
 Marshall, John. BorninFauquierCounty,Va., 
 Sept. 24, 1755: died at Philadelphia, July 6, 
 1835. A celebrated American jurist. He served 
 in the Revolutionary War; was a member of the Virginia 
 convention to ratify the constitution in 1788 ; was a United 
 States envoy to France 1797-98 ; was a member of Con- 
 gress from Virginia 1799-1800 ; was secretary of state 1800- 
 1801 ; and was chief justice of the United States Supreme 
 Court 1801-35. He published a “Life of Washington ” (5 
 vols. 1804-07), the first volume of which was published 
 separately under the title of “ A History of the American 
 Colonies ” (1824). 
 
 Marshall, J ohn . Born at Ely, Cambridgeshire, 
 Sept. 11, lSl8: died Jan. 1, 1891. An English 
 anatomist and surgeon. In 1838 he entered Univer- 
 sity College, London, and in 1844 was admitted a member, 
 and on Dec. 7, 1849, a fellow, of the Royal College of Sur- 
 geons of England. He was appointed professor of sur- 
 gery at University College in 1866, and of anatomy at the 
 Royal Academy in 1873. In 1883 he became president of 
 the Royal College of Surgeons. 
 
 Marshall, William. Flourished 1630-50. An 
 English engraver. He engraved portraits of 
 Donne, Milton, Shalispere, Bacon, and Charles 
 I. on horseback. 
 
 Marshall, William Calder. Bom at Edin- 
 burgh, 1813: died June 16, 1894. A Scottish 
 sculptor. Among his works are “Sabrina,” a statue of 
 Sir Robert Peel (in Manchester), decorations in the Houses 
 of Parliament and St. Paul’s, etc. 
 
 Marshall, Gent., William. The pseudonym 
 under which Horace Walpole wrote “ The Cas- 
 tle of Otranto.” 
 
 Marshall Islands. An archipelago of atolls 
 in the Pacific Ocean, under German protection 
 since 1885, situated about lat. 5°-12° N., long. 
 161°— 172° E. It comprises two main groups, Ralik and 
 Ratak. They were discovered by Saavedra in 1529, and 
 explored by Marshall and Gilbert in 1788. Area (with 
 Brown and Providence Islands), about 150 square miles. 
 Population, about 15,000. 
 
 Marshall Pass. A noted pass in the Cordil- 
 leras of Colorado, in the neighborhood of Gun- 
 nison. It is traversed by a railway. Height, 
 10,846 feet. 
 
 Marshalltown (ma-r'shal-toun). A city, capi- 
 tal of Marshall County, Iowa, situated on the 
 Iowa River 48 miles northeast of Des Moines. 
 Population, 13,374, (1910). 
 
 Marshalsea (miir'shal-se) Prison. A prison in 
 Southwark, London, used latterly for debtors, 
 and abolished in 1849. “This prison was used for 
 persons guilty of offences on the high seas, or within the 
 precincts of the court. The marshal of this prison was 
 seized and beheaded by the rebels under Wat Tyler in 
 1381. Connected with the prison was the Marshalsea 
 Court, the seat (‘siege’) of the marshal of the king's house- 
 hold, ‘ to decide differences and to punish criminals within 
 the royal palace, or on the verge thereof, which extended 
 to twelve miles around it.’ This court was united with 
 that of Queen’s Bench in 1842.” Hare, London, I. 465. 
 
 Marshman (miirsh'man), John Clark. Born 
 Aug., 1794 : died at London, July 8, 1877. An 
 English historian, son of Joshua Marshman 
 (1768—1837). He went to Serampore with his father in 
 1800. He started the first paper-mill in India, and estab- 
 lished the Serampore College for the education of the na- 
 tives. He returned to England in 1852. He was a secular 
 bishop for 20 years. His chief works are a “ Dictionary of 
 the Bengalee Language," abridged from Carey’s diction- 
 ary (1827), “ History of India from Remote Antiquity to 
 the Accession of the Mogul Dynasty” (1842), “Memoirs of 
 Major-General Sir Henry Havelock ” (1860). 
 
 Marshman (marsh 'man), Joshua. Born at 
 Westbury Leigh, Wiltshire, England, April 20, 
 1768: died at Serampore, Bengal, India, Dec. 
 5, 1837. An English Baptist missionary and. 
 Orientalist, originally a weaver by trade. He 
 was missionary at Serampore 1799-1837, and published 
 “The Works of Confucius ” (1811), “ Elements of Chinese 
 Grammar,” etc. 
 
 Marsi (miir'sl). [L. (Tacitus) Marsi, Gr. (Stra- 
 bo) MapfTo/.] A German tribe first mentioned 
 by Strabo. They took part in the uprising under Ar- 
 minius, but disappear after the campaigns of Germanicus. 
 They were probably a part of the Sygambri, whom they 
 adjoined on the southeast, west of the Cherusci and 
 Chatti. 
 
 Marsic (mar'sik). [Ar., perhaps modified from 
 marfiq or marfaq , the elbow.] The fiftii-mag- 
 
 Martaban, Gulf of 
 
 nitude double star ic Herculis, situated in the 
 right elbow of the giant as usually drawn. 
 
 Marsico Nuovo (mar'se-ko no-o'vo). A small 
 town in the province of Potenza, southern Italy, 
 situated on the Agri 20 miles south of Potenza. 
 
 Marsic War. See Social War, 
 
 Marsigli (mar-sel'ye), Count Luigi Ferdi- 
 naudo. Born at Bologna, Italy, June 10, 1658: 
 died there, Nov. 1, 1730. An Italian soldier, 
 naturalist, and geographer. He was in the Austrian 
 military service, and for the surrender of the fortress of 
 Altbreisach in the War of the Spanish Succession was 
 degraded by a court martial. He wrote a “ Physical His- 
 tory of the Sea” (1711), “Danubius Pannonico-Mysicus, 
 cum observationibus geographicis ” (1726), “ Stato militare 
 dell’ imperio Ottomano ’’ (1732). 
 
 Marsiglio (miir-sel'yo), or Marsirio, or Mar- 
 silius, etc. A Saracen king in the Carolingian 
 cycle of romance. 
 
 Marsivan (miir-se-van'). A manufacturing 
 town in the vilayet of Sivas, Asia Minor, 25 miles 
 northwest of Amasia. Population, about 15,000. 
 
 Mars-la-Tour (marsTii-tor'). A village in the 
 department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, France, 14 
 miles west of Metz. For the battle of Aug. 16, 
 1870, see Vionville. 
 
 Marston (mars'tou), John. Born about 1575 : 
 died at London, June 25, 1634. An English 
 dramatist, satirist, and divine. He graduated at 
 Oxford (Brasenose College) in 1594, and was rector of 
 Christchurch, Hampshire, 1616-31, giving up writing for 
 the stage after his appointment. He was involved in the 
 endless quarrels with Jonson and Dekker referred to in 
 their plays and his ; and also attacked Joseph Hall in his 
 satires, in reply to an assault in Hall’s “ Virgidemhe.” He 
 wrote “ The Metamorphosis of Pygmalion’s Image,” a 
 poem (1598), “The Scourge of Villanie,” three books of 
 satires (1598). Among his plays are “History of Antonio 
 and Mellida” (1602), “The Malcontent” (1604), “East- 
 ward Ho,” with Jonson and Chapman (1605), “The Dutch 
 Courtezan" (1605), “ Parasitaster, or the Fawn” (1606), 
 “ The Wonder of Women, or the Tragedy of Sophonisba” 
 (1607), “The Insatiate Countess," also attributed to W. 
 Barksteed (1613). He also wrote parts of “ Histriomastix ” 
 (1610) and “Jack Drum’s Entertainment” (1616). 
 
 Marston, John Westland. Born at Boston, 
 Lincolnshire, Jan. 30, 1819 : died at London, 
 Jan. 5, 1890. An English dramatist. In 1834 he 
 entered the office of his uncle, a London solicitor. He was 
 closely associated with a group of mystics corresponding 
 somewhat to the Transcendentalists of New England. He 
 wrote “ The Patrician’s Daughter ’’ (performed Dec. , 1842), 
 “Strathmore ” (1849), “ Marie de Meranie ” (1850), “ A Life's 
 Ransom ’’ (1857), “A Hard Struggle ” (1858), “ Donna Diana,” 
 his best play (1863), “ The Favourite of Fortune ” (1866). 
 He contributed much poetical criticism to the “Athe- 
 naeum,” including a review of “ Atalanta in Calydon. ’’ In 
 1888 appeared “Our Recent Actors” and “Recollections 
 of Late Distinguished Performers of both Sexes.” Some 
 of his smaller poems were very successful, especially that 
 on the charge of Balaklava. 
 
 Marston, Philip Bourke. Born at London, 
 Aug. 13, 1850 : died Feb. 13, 1887. An English 
 poet, son of John Westland Marston. From his 
 youth he was almost totally blind. He published “Song- 
 tide, and Other Poems ’’ (1871), “ All in All ” (1875), and 
 “ Wind Voices ” (1883). After his death appeared “For a 
 Song's Sake, and Other Stories” (1887), “Garden Secrets ” 
 (1887), and “ A Last Harvest" (1891). His “ Collected 
 Poems ” were edited by Mrs. Louise Chandler Moulton in 
 1892. 
 
 Marston Moor. A plain in Yorkshire, Eng- 
 land, 8 miles west-northwest of York. Here, July 
 2, 1644, the Parliamentary forces and Scots (about 24,000) 
 under the Fairfaxes, Leven, Cromwell, and Manchester de- 
 feated the Royalists (about 22,000) under Prince Rupert. 
 
 Marstrand (mar'strand), Vilhelm. Born at 
 Copenhagen, Dec. 24, 1810 : died at Copenhagen, 
 March 25, 1873. A Danish painter of historical 
 and genre subjects. He was professor at the 
 Academy of Copenhagen from 1848, and its di- 
 rector 1853-59. 
 
 Marsus (mar'sus), Domitius. Born 54 (?) B. c. : 
 died 4 (?) B. C. A Roman poet of the Augustan 
 age, author of a collection of epigrams (“ Ci- 
 euta”) and comic tales, a work on oratory, an 
 epic (“ Amazonis”), and erotic elegies. He 
 was noted for the severity of his satire. 
 
 Marsyaff(mar'si-as). [Gr. Napalm ;. ] In Greek 
 mythology, aPhrygian(in some accounts a peas- 
 ant, and in others a satyr) defeated by Apollo 
 in a musical contest. According to the myth, Marsyas 
 picked up the flute of Athene, which the goddess had 
 thrown away in disgust on seeing, from the reflectionof her 
 face in water, how playing distorted her features, and 
 found that when he blew it beautiful strains came forth 
 from it of their own accord. He challenged Apollo to a 
 combat, flute against lyre, and only when he added Ins 
 voice to his instrument was the god declared victor by the 
 umpires, the Muses (or, in some accounts, the Nysseans). 
 For his presumpl ion Apollo flayed him alive. Chaucer, in 
 his “ House of Fame,” makes Marsyas a woman, Marcia. 
 
 Martaban (mar-ta-biin'). A small town and 
 former fortress in British Burma, opposite 
 Maulmain: the medieval capital of Pegu, it was 
 stormed and taken by the British Oct. 29, 1825, and April 
 15, 1852. 
 
 Martaban, Gulf of. An arm of the Bay of Ben- 
 gal, west of Burma, in about lat. 16° N. 
 
Martano 
 
 660 
 
 Martano (mar-ta'no). A character in Ariosto’s Martin II„ or Marinus I. Pope 882-884. 
 
 “ Orlando Furioso,” evidently the original of Martin III., or Marinus II. Pope 942-946. 
 Spenser’s Braggadocchio. Martin IV. (Simon de Brion). Born in France 
 
 Martel, Charles. See Charles Martel. about 1210: died at Perugia, Italy, March, 1285. 
 
 Martel (mar-tel'), Louis Joseph. Bom at St.- Pope 1281-85. 
 
 Omer, Sept. 15, 1813: died at Evreux, March 4, Martin V. (family name Coloima). Died Feb. 
 1892. A French politician. He was a member of 20, 1431. Pope 1417—31. He was elected by the 
 the Legislative Assembly in 1849; waselectedmemberof the Council of Constance after the deposition of John XXIII., 
 legislative bodies in 1863 and 1869 ; and was a member and Gregory XII., and Benedict XIII. 
 vice-president of the National Assem bly (1871), in which he Martin, Alexander. Born in New J ersey about 
 belonged to the left center. He became a life senator in 17 4 0; died at Danbury, N. C., Nov., 1807. An 
 
 187o; was minister of justice Dec., 1876, -May, 18/7 : and A . i.<> • / ^ t> „ s ^ 
 
 was president of the Senate in 1879. American politician and Revolutionary officer. 
 
 Ma-rtel de JanTrillef n.il.-tol' Si- 
 
 bylle G-aorielle Jylarie AjluOinette Cie ICi- ventionof 1787; and served in the United States Senate 
 quetti de Mirabeau, Comtesse de. Born at 1793 - 99 . 
 
 the Chateau de Koetsal, Morbihan, about 1850. Martin, Benjamin. Born at Worplesdon, Sur- 
 A French writer, known under her pseudonym rey, 1704: died at London, Feb. 9, 1782. An 
 “Gyp.” She has written for “ La Vie Parisienne ” and English mathematician and instrument-maker, 
 more recently for “ La Revue des Deux Mondes. She He wrote “Bibliotheca Technologica” (1737), an "English 
 has created several well-known types (notably Paulette, Dictionary ” (1749), “Martin’s Magazine” (1755), “Mathe- 
 Loulou, and le petit Bob), which appear in her sketches matical Institutions" (1759-64), etc. 
 and have given titles to several of her books. Among the Martin (mar-tan'), Bon Louis Henri. Bom at 
 latter are “Amour du manage (1883 : dramatized in the St ._Q uentin> Aisne, Feb. 20, 1810 : died at Paris, 
 
 same year with M. Crdmieux), “Ce que femme vent!” 
 (1883), “Sans voiles” (1885), “Autour du divorce” (1886), 
 “Bob au salon,” with illustrations by “Bob” (1888-90), 
 “C’est nous qui sont 1’liistoire” (1890), “ Passionette ” 
 (1891), etc. 
 
 Martens (mar'tens), Georg Friedrich von. 
 
 Bom at Hamburg, Feb. 22, 1756: died atFrank- 
 fort-on-the-Main, Feb. 21, 1821. A German pub- 
 licist and diplomatist. He became professor of law 
 at Gottingen in 1784. His chief work is “ Recueil des trails ’’ 
 (2d ed. 1817-35). 
 
 Martens (mar'tens), Baron Karl von. Born 
 at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1790 : died at Dres- 
 den, March 28, 1863. A German diplomatist, 
 nephew of G. F. von Martens. He wrote 
 “ Guide diplomatique” (5th ed. 1866), etc. 
 
 Martensen (mar'ten-sen), Hans Lassen. Born 
 Aug. 19, 1808 : died at Copenhagen, Feb. 4, 1884. 
 A Danish theologian. He became professor of theol- 
 ogy at Copenhagen in 1840, court preacher in 1845, and 
 bishop of Zealand in 1854. 
 
 Dec. 14, 1883. AneminentFrenchhistorian. He 
 studiedforthebarandservedasclerkinalawofflcein Paris. 
 Through a happy concourseof circumstances, he was led to 
 concentrate his energies on a “Histoire de France par les 
 principaux historiens ”(1834-36), which is merely a sequence 
 of excerpts from the works of leading chroniclers and his- 
 torians. Next he undertook a “Histoire de France” on 
 his own account, and the results of his arduous andpatient 
 investigations were published in 19 volumes (1837-54). Im- 
 mediately on completion of this task, Martin revised and 
 enlarged his work, and replaced the original publication 
 by a new edition in 16 volumes (1855-60). Besides his 
 early writings and his numerous contributions to periodi- 
 cals, he published “Minuit et Midi” (1832), “ Histoire de 
 Soissons” (1837), “De la France, de son gjnie et de ses 
 destinbes”(1847),“ Daniel Manin”(1859),“ L’Unitditalienne 
 et la France” (1861), “Jean Reynaud” (1863), “Pologne et 
 Moscovie ” (1863), a heroic drama “ Vercingbtorix ” (1865), 
 “La Russie d’Europe” (1866), “Histoire de Fiance popu- 
 late ” (1867-75), “Etudes d’areh^ologie celtique" (1871), 
 and “Napoleon et les frontibres de la France” (1874). He 
 served his country in various political capacities, and was 
 elected a member of the French Academy in 1878. 
 
 Martext (mar'tekst), Sir Oliver. In Shak- Martin, Francois Xavier. Bom at Marseilles, 
 spere’s comedy “As you Like it,” a country Marchl7, 1764: died at New Orleans, Dec., 1846. 
 curate. The title Sir was a pontifical style sold by the An American jtxrist. He was judge of the Supreme 
 legates of the Pope to those clergymen who could pay Court of Louisiana 1815-45. He published a history of 
 for it, and was frequently bestowed on parsons by the old North Carolina (1829) and of Louisiana (1827). 
 dramatists. Martext was perhaps a satirical name forone Martin (miir'tin), Homer D. Born at Albany, 
 whose style was rustic and unlearned. Furness. N. Y., Oct., 1836 : died at St. Paul, Minn., Feb. 
 
 Martha (mar'tha). [Aramean, ‘lady It. Sp. 12,1897. An American landscape-painter. He 
 Marta , Pg. Martha , P. Marthe.j One of the was elected national academician in 1875. 
 adherents of Jesus, sister of Mary and Lazarus, Martin (mar'tin), John. Born at Haydon Bridge, 
 whose house in Bethany Jesus often visited, near Hexham, Northumberland, July 19, 1789 : 
 
 A later tradition makes her come with her brother Laza- 
 rus to the south of France. She is the patron saint, of 
 good housewives. 
 
 Martha. An opera by Flotow, first produced 
 at Vienna in 1847. 
 
 died in the Isle of Man, Feb. 17, 1854. An Eng- 
 lish historical painter and engraver. His chief 
 works are “Belshazzar’s Feast” (1821), “The Fall of Nine- 
 veh "(1833), “The Deluge” (1837), “The Last Man” (1839), 
 and “The Eve of the Deluge” (1840). 
 
 Martha’s Vineyard (mfir'thaz vin'yard). An Martin, Luther. Born at New Brunswick, N.J., 
 
 island southeast of Massachusetts, to which it ” ~ 
 
 belongs, forming the chief part of Dukes Coun- 
 ty. It is separated from the mainland by Vineyard Sound 
 (about 5 miles wide), and is a summer resort. It was dis- 
 covered by Gosnold in 1602, and was named by him. 
 
 Length, 21 miles. 
 
 Martial (mar'shial) (Marcus Valerius Mar- 
 tialis). Born at Bilbilis, Spain, 43 a. d. : died 
 in Spain about 104. A Latin poet, author of 
 14 books of epigrams. He resided chiefly at Martin, Mary Letitia (Mrs. Bell). Born at 
 Borne. Little is known of his life. Ballinahiuch Castle, Count} 7 Galway, Ireland, 
 
 Martial Maid, The. See Love's Cure. Aug. 28, 1815: died at New York, Nov. 7, 1850. 
 
 Martigny (mar-ten-ye'), G. Martinach (mar'- A British novelist, known as Mrs. Bell Martin 
 te-nach), Roman Octodlirum. A town in the and the “Princess of Connemara.” Her chief 
 canton of Valais, Switzerland, situated near the * work is “Julia Howard: a Romance” (1850). 
 Rhone in lat. 46° 7' N., long. 7° 4' E. It con- Martin, Sir Theodore. Born at Edinburgh, 
 tains the communes Martigny-Ville, Martigny-Bourg, and 1816: died Aug. 18, 1909. A British author. 
 
 1744: died at New York, July 10, 1826. An 
 American lawyer. He was attorney-general of Mary- 
 land 1778-1805, and in 1787 was a member of the conven- 
 tion which framed the United States Constitution. He left 
 the convention to avoid signing the Constitution. He was 
 reappointed attorney-general in 1818, but two years later 
 was disabled by a stroke of paralysis. In 1822 the legisla- 
 ture of Maryland passed an act requiring every lawyer in 
 the State to pay annually a license fee of $5.00 for the bene- 
 fit of Luther Martin. 
 
 He settled in London as a parliamentary agent in 1846. He 
 translated “ Poems and Ballads of Goethe ’’ (1858), Horace’s 
 odes (1860), Catullus (1861), Dante’s “Vita nuova " (1862), 
 Goethe’s “Faust” (1862), and wrote “Life of the Prince 
 Consort" (1874-80), “Life of Lord Lyndhurst" (1883), etc. 
 
 Martigny-Combe, and is a tourist center. 
 
 Martigues (mar-teg'), Les. A town in the de- 
 partment of^Bouches-du-Rhone, France, situ- 
 ated on the Etang de Berre 18 miles northwest 
 
 of Marseilles. It was once the capital of a small Martin, ' Sir Thomas Byam. Bom July 25, 
 
 principality. Population, commune, about — - • ' ' ~~ ' -- 
 
 6 , 000 . 
 
 Martin (mar'tin), Saint. [LL. Martinus , of 
 Mars, or little Mars.] Born at Saharia, Pan- 
 nonia, about 316: died about 397 (400?). A 
 
 1773: died at Portsmouth, Oct. 21, 1854. An 
 English admiral. As commander of the Fisgard he 
 captured the Immortality off Brest, Oct. 20, 1798 ; in 1808 
 and 1809 he served in the Baltic. He was made rear-ad- 
 miral in 1811, vice-admiral in 1819, and admiral in 1849. 
 
 sainToAhe Roman Catholic Chxu-ch.' He became Martin, Sir William. Born at Birmingham, 
 — 1807 : died at Torquay, Nov. 8, 1880. An Eng- 
 
 lish scholar and jurist. He graduated at Cambridge 
 (St. John’s College) in 1826, and was made fellow in 1831. 
 He was called to the bar in 1836, and was made chief justice 
 of New Zealand in 1841, resigning in 1857. In New Zealand 
 he defended the rights of the natives. Hepublislied “In- 
 quiries concerning the Structure of the SemiticLanguages ” 
 0876-78). 
 
 bishop of Tours about 371. He founded the famous mon- 
 astery of Marmontier. His festival in the Roman and 
 Anglican churches is Nov. 11. Martinmas is the name 
 given to the day in England : it is the time when cattle are 
 killed for winter use, and new wine is drawn from the lees 
 and tasted. The celebration was common over most of 
 Christendom, and, being a somewhat jovial occasion, St. 
 Martin became a very popular saint, the patron saint of 
 
 publicans and tavern-keepers, the beggars being taken Martina (mar-te'na). A town in southeastern 
 
 frrvrvi him ATl/l OM VftTl t/1 SL (rllpR. ( .ha'lflbcrSi vinw V ' 
 
 Italy, northeast of Taranto. 
 
 ~ Vtown 
 
 miles west 
 
 , I, ui i^i i. , commune, 
 
 Pope 649-653. He condemned the Monothelites at the ,, 8 
 
 iron, mm a.m m en au ones. Italy, northeast of Taranto. 
 
 Martin , Panther ’ th0 Martina Franca (mar-te'nafrang'ka), A 
 
 Lutheran ])4 ty. Q , in the province of Lecce, Italy, 34 miles 
 
 Lateran Synod of 649, in consequence of which lie was de- 
 posed by the emperor Constans II. 
 
 Martin Chuzzlewit (chuz'l-wit). A novel by 
 
 Martini, Giovanni Battista 
 
 Dickens, produced in 20 monthly parts, the first 
 Coming out in 1843. It was published in one volume 
 in 1844, and in Dickens’s own words was intended “to show 
 how selfishness propagates itself, and to what a grim giant 
 it may grow from small beginnings.” See Chuzzlewit. 
 
 Martin de Moussy (mar-tan' de mo-se'), Jean 
 Antoine Victor. Born at Moussy-le-Vieux, 
 J une 26, 1810 : died near Paris, March 26, 1869. 
 A French physician and traveler. He established 
 himself at Montevideo in 1842, and from 1855 to 1859 made 
 extensive explorations of the Argentine provinces under 
 the auspices of the government. The results were pub- 
 lished as “Description g^ographique et statistique de la 
 Confederation Argentine ” (Paris, 3 vols. and atlas, 1860- 
 1864), and in various scientific papers. 
 
 Martine (mar-ten'). The wife of Sganarelle 
 in MoliSre’s “ Le medecin malgre lui.” 
 
 Martineau (mar'ti-no), Harriet. Born at Nor- 
 wich, June 12, 1802: died at Clappersgate, near 
 Ambleside, Westmoreland, June 27, 1876. A 
 noted English author, sister of Dr. James Mar- 
 tineau. At the age of 16 she became very deaf, and she 
 never possessed the senses of taste and smell. In 1820 she 
 became interested in the writings of Hartley and Priestley, 
 who exerted a strong influence upon her philosophical 
 and religious beliefs. Her first literary success was with 
 a series of stories illustrating the political economy of Mal- 
 thus, Ricardo, and James Mill (1832). In 1834 she visited 
 America and assisted the abolitionists. Among her works 
 are “The Essential Faith of the Universal Church," “The 
 Faith as Unfolded by Many Prophets," “Providence Mani- 
 fested through Israel” (these were prize essays published 
 by the Unitarian Society); “Society in America” (1836), 
 “Retrospect of Western Travel" (1838), “Deerbrook," a 
 novel (1839), “Forest and Game-Law Tales” (1845), “His- 
 tory of England during the Thirty Years’ Peace” (written 
 forCharles Knight, 184S), “ The Philosophy of Comte, freely 
 translated and condensed” (1853), “ British Rule in India” 
 (1857), “ The Endowed Schools of Ireland "(1859), “ Health, 
 Husbandry, and Handicraft” (1861), etc. Her autobiog- 
 raphy was edited by Maria Weston Chapman in 1877. 
 
 Martineau, James. Born at Norwich, England, 
 April 21, 1805 : died at London, Jan. 11, 1900. 
 An English Unitarian clergyman. He removed 
 to London in 1857, and was principal of Manchester New 
 College 1868-85. He was the author of “Endeavours 
 after the Christian Life ” (1843-47), “ Miscellanies ” (1852), 
 “Studies of Christianity" (1858), “Essays” (1866), “A 
 Word for Scientific Theology" (1868), “Religion as Af- 
 fected by Modern Materialism ”"(1874), “ Modern Material- 
 ism, etc.” (1876), “ The Relation between Ethics and Reli- 
 gion” (1881), “A Study of Spinoza ”(1882), “Types of Ethi- 
 cal Theory ” (1885), "A Study of Religion, etc.” (1888), “The 
 Seat of Authority in Religion ” (1890), etc. 
 
 Martinestje, or Martinesti (mar-te-nes'te). A 
 village in Rumania, situated on the Rimnik 
 about 37 miles west of Galatz. Here, Sept. 22, 1789, 
 the allied Austrians and Russians under Suvaroff defeated 
 the Turks. 
 
 Martinet (mar-te-na'), Achille Louis. Born 
 at Paris, Jan. 21, 1806: died at Paris, Dec. 11, 
 1877. A French engraver. 
 
 Martinez (mar-te'neth), Enrico. Born either in 
 Holland or in Andalusia, about 1570: died in 
 the city of Mexico, 1632. An engineer who, 
 from 1607, was engaged in works for the drain- 
 age of the Mexican lake. He wrote a work on 
 New Spain. 
 
 Martinez (mar-te'neth), Tomas. Born in Leon 
 about 1812: died at Managua, March 12, 1873. 
 A Nicaraguan general and statesman. He fought 
 
 against Walker 1856-57; governed Nicaragua conjointly 
 with Jerez, June-Oct., 1867 ; commanded the army against 
 Costa Rica; and was president Nov. 15, 1857, -March 1, 
 1867. This period was the most prosperous in the history 
 of the republic. From Sept., 1862, to May, 1863, Nicaragua 
 and Guatemala were engaged in a war with Honduras and 
 Salvador, in which the latter were victorious. 
 
 Martinez Campos (kam'pos), Arsenio. Born 
 Dec. 14, 1834: died Sept. 23, 1900. A Spanish 
 general and politician. He served with distinction 
 in Spain against the Carlists, and in Cuba; was premier 
 for a time in 1879 ; and in 1881 with Senor Sagasta formed 
 a cabinet which was in power until 1883. In 1895 he was 
 charged with the suppression of the Cuban insurrection. 
 
 Martinez de la Rosa (da laro'sa), Francisco. 
 
 Born at Granada, Spain, March 10, 1789: died 
 at Madrid, Feb. 7, 1862. A Spanish statesman 
 and man of letters. He was premier 1820-23 and 1834- 
 1835, and was minister of foreign affairs 1844-46. Among 
 his works are “Edipo,” “LaConjuracionde Venecia," and 
 “La hija en casa y la madre en la masc&ra." 
 
 Martinez de Rozas (ro'zas), Juan. Bora at 
 Mendoza (then in Chile, no w in Argentina ) , 1759 : 
 died there, March 3, 1813. A Chilean patriot. 
 He was intendente of Concepcion, and acquired great influ- 
 ence in the south of Chile. Appointed secretary of the 
 captain-general Carrasco in 1808, he virtually controUed 
 his policy, preparing the way for the revolution. He was 
 a member of the first revolutionary junta (Sept., 1810,- 
 July, 1811) and its leading spirit, but the intrigues of Car- 
 rera eventually gave that leader the ascendancy, and in 
 1812 Rozas was banished. 
 
 Martini ( m ar-te ' ne ) , Giovanni Battista (ca lied 
 Padre Martini). Born at Bologna, Italy, April 
 24, 1706: died at Bologna, Aug. 4 (?), 1784. A 
 Franciscan monk, noted as a writer on music, 
 nis principal works are “Storia della musica "(1757-81 : 
 3 vols. on the history of music), “ Saggio di contrapunto " 
 (“ Essay on Counterpoint,” 1774-76). 
 
Martini, Simone 
 
 Martini, Simone, or Simone di Martino : in- 
 correctly Simone Memmi. Born at Siena, 
 Italy, 1283: died at Avignon, France, 1344. An 
 ★Italian painter, of the Sienese school. 
 Martinique (mar-ti-nek'). An island of the 
 Lesser Antilles, West Indies, belonging to 
 France, situated south of Dominica and north 
 of St. Lucia, and intersected by lat. 14° 40' N., 
 long. 61° 10' W. Capital, Fort de France ; chief 
 port, St. -Pierre. The surface is mountainous. The 
 leading product is sugar. The inhabitants are chiefly ne- 
 groes and half-castes. It was discovered by Columbus in 
 1502, and in 1035 was colonized by the French. At the end 
 of the Seven Years’ War, and at two periods in the Napo- 
 leonic wars, it was held by the British. On May 8, 1902, 
 an eruption of Montagne Pel^e, in the northern part of 
 the island, entirely destroyed St. Pierre and the sur- 
 rounding district, with theloss of about 40,000 lives. Area, 
 381 square miles. Population, 182,024. 
 
 Martinists (miir'tin-ists). The members of the 
 school of religionists formed originally by the 
 Chevalier St.-Martin (1743-1803), a few years 
 before the French Revolution broke out: a kind 
 of pietistic imitation of freemasonry. The Mar- 
 tinista were transplanted to Russia during the reign of 
 Catharine II. Blunt, Diet, of Sects. 
 
 Martin Mar-all. See Sir Martin Mar-all. 
 
 Martino, Simone di. See Martini. 
 Martinsburg (mar'tinz-berg). The capital of 
 Berkeley Cotmty, West Virginia, 60 miles north- 
 west of Washington. Pop., 10,698, (1910). 
 Martin’s summer. Saint. A period of fine 
 weather occurring about St. Martin’s day 
 (Nov. 11). 
 
 Martinus Scriblerus (mar-ti'nus skrib-le'rus), 
 Memoirs Of. A satire written principally by 
 John Arbuthnot, published in 1741. Pope and 
 Swift were also among the contributors and 
 members of the Scriblerus Club. 
 
 The famous Martinus Scriblerus Club, in which Pope, 
 Swift, and Arbuthnot took the leading parts, was formed, 
 at Pope's suggestion, for the purpose of satirizing broadly 
 all literary incompetence. During the latest period of 
 Pope's career the projects of Scriblerus were constantly 
 present to the mind of that poet, and “ the great and won- 
 derful work of ‘The Dunciad”' is the most celebrated of 
 his fragmentary contributions to the labours of the club. 
 Swift, on the other hand, was to exert himself on the 
 creation of a satirical romance, and the fust intima- 
 tion which the world received of this production was a 
 mysterious series of allusions in Pope’s “Memoirs of 
 Scriblerus," in which the four parts of Martin's Travels 
 were rudely sketched. 
 
 Oosse, Eighteenth-Century Lit., p. 159. 
 
 Martin Vas (or Vaz) (mar-ten' vfiz). A group 
 of islets belonging to Great Britain, situated in 
 the South Atlantic, near Trinidad, in lat. 20° 
 28' S., long. 28° 53' W. 
 
 Martius. A character in Shakspere’s (?) “ Titus 
 Andronicus”: a son of Titus Andronicus. 
 Martius (mart'se-os), Karl Friedrich Philipp 
 von. Bom at Erlangen, April 17, 1794: died 
 at Munich, Dec. 13, 1868. A Bavarian natural- 
 ist. From 1817 to 1820 he traveled with Spix in Brazil, 
 under the auspices of the Bavarian government. On his 
 return he was knighted. In 1826 he was appointed pro- 
 fessor of botany in the University of Munich, and in 1832 
 conservator of the botanical garden, butresigned bothposi- 
 tions in 1864. The results of the Brazilian expedition were 
 published at the expense of the Bavarian government as 
 “Reise in Brasilien’’ (3 vols. and atlas, 1823-31), and in a 
 seriesof richly ^ illustrated works on animals and plants, the 
 latter by Martius. His work on palms was published from 
 1823 to 1850 in 3 folio volumes. He planned and edited 
 the first volumes of the “Flora Brasiliensis " (begun in 
 1840), one of the greatest botanical works ever under- 
 taken. His contributions to Brazilian ethnology are im- 
 portant. His minor works embrace over 160 titles. 
 Martos (miir'tos). A town in the province of 
 Jae'n, Spain, 41 miles north-northwest of Gra- 
 nada. Population, 17,078. 
 
 Martyn (mar'tin), Henry. Born at Truro, Eng- 
 land, Feb. 18, 1781 : died at Tokat, Armenia, Oct. 
 16, 1812. An English missionary. He graduated 
 at Cambridge (St. John’s College) in 1801, and became a 
 fellow of his college in 1802. His career was suggested by 
 reading the life of David Brainerd. He arrived at Calcutta 
 as chaplain of the East India Company in 1808, and began 
 to preach to the natives at Cawnpore. In 1811 he visited 
 Persia, and in 1812 started on his return to England byway 
 of Constantinople. He died on the way at Tokat. His 
 “Journals and Letters ” appeared in 1837. His works in- 
 clude “The New Testament translated into the Hindoo- 
 stanee Language from the Original Greek’’ (1814) and 
 “The New Testament translated into Persian" (1827). 
 Martyn, John. Born at London, Sopt. 12, 1699: 
 died at Chelsea, Jan. 29, 1768. An English bot- 
 anist, son of Thomas Martyn, a Hamburg mer- 
 chant. In 1725 he contributed the technical botanical 
 terms to Bailey’s dictionary ; in 1728 issued the first decad 
 of his “ Historia plantarum rariorum ” ; in 1730 entered 
 Emmanuel College, Cambridge ; and in 1732 was elected 
 professor of botany at Cambridge. 
 
 Martyr, Justin. See Justin, Saint. 
 
 Martyr, or Martir (miir'ter), Peter: com- 
 monly called Peter Martyr de Anghierra or 
 Angleria. Born at Anghierra, in the state of 
 Milan, Feb. 2, 1455: died in Granada, 1526. 
 
 661 
 
 An Italian courtier and historian. In 1487 he went 
 to Spain with the Count of Tendilla, and remained in the 
 service ol Queen Isabella. In 1492 he opened a school for 
 young nobles in Madrid ; later he was tutor of the Span- 
 ish princes; and in 1501 he was sent as ambassador to 
 Venice and Egypt. In 1524 he became a member of the 
 Council of the Indies, and he held other public offices. 
 “De Orbe Novo," his principal historical work, treats of 
 the first thirty years of American discovery. His pub- 
 lished letters are also of historical value. 
 
 Martyrdom of St. George. A picture by Paolo 
 Veronese, over the high altar of the Church of 
 San Giorgio in Braida, in Verona. 
 
 Martyrdom of St. Lawrence. A painting by 
 Rubens, in the Old Pinakothek at Munich. The 
 saint is being forced down on the gridiron by an execu- 
 tioner and a soldier ; an attendant is putting wood on the 
 fire, and soldiers and spectators complete the group. An 
 angel with the martyr’s crown and palm hovers above. 
 
 Martyrios mine (mar-te're-os min). A gold- 
 mine said to have been discovered in the in- 
 terior of Brazil, in the region now embraced in 
 northern Matto Grosso, about 1685. The know- 
 ledge of the locality, if it, ever existed, was lost. Numerous 
 expeditions were made in search of it, and these, though 
 without the desired result, were important in other re- 
 spects. Search for the mine is occasionally made even at 
 the present day. 
 
 Martyrs, Les. [F., ‘The Martyrs.’] A prose 
 epic on the triumph of Christianity, by Chateau- 
 briand (1809). 
 
 The unequal but remarkable prose epic of “ Les Martyrs ” 
 [of Chateaubriand]. This, the story of which is laid in the 
 time of Diocletian, shifts its scene from classical countries 
 to Gaul, where the half-mythical heroes of the Franks ap- 
 pear, and then hack to Greece, Rome, and Purgatory. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 427. 
 
 Martyrs, Les. An opera by Donizetti, produced 
 at Paris in 1840, in London as “I Martiri” in 
 1852: an adaptation of Donizetti’s “ Poliuto.” 
 Marure (ma-ro'ra), Alejandro. Born near 
 Quezaltenango, 1803: died in Guatemala City, 
 1866. A Guatemalan politician and historian. 
 His principal works deal with the history of Central 
 America from 1811 to 1844. 
 
 Marvejols (marv-zhol'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Lozere, southern France, situated on 
 the Colagne 11 miles west-northwest of Mende. 
 Population, commune, 3,643. 
 
 Marvel (mar'vel), Ik. The pseudonym of Don- 
 ald Grant Mitchell. 
 
 Marvell (mar'vel), Andrew. Born March 31, 
 1621 : died Aug. 18, 1678. An English poet and 
 satirist. He graduated at Cambridge in 1638. In 1653 he 
 became tutor of Cromwell’s ward, William Dutton, and in 
 1657 was appointed Milton’s assistant in the Latin secre- 
 taryship. He is known chiefly for his satires on Charles 
 II. and the Stuarts, originally circulated in manuscript 
 and collected in “Poems on Affairs of State ” (1689). His 
 most notable poem is the “Horatian Ode" to Cromwell 
 (printedl776). Healso wrote“TheRehearsalTransprosed,” 
 a successful attack on Parker for his assaults on the non- 
 conformists(1672-73). Perhaps the most noted of his minor 
 poems is his “Nymph Complaining” (or “The White 
 Faun ’’). 
 
 Marvellous Boy, The. Aname given to Thomas 
 Chatterton. - 
 Marwar. See Jodhpur. 
 
 Marwood (mar' wud), Mrs. One of the principal 
 characters in Congreve’s comedy “The Way of 
 t he World.” 
 
 Marx (marks), Adolf Bernhard. Born at Halle, 
 Prussia, May 15, 1799: died at Berlin, May 17, 
 1866. A German composer and writer on music, 
 author of “Lehre von der musikalischen Kom- 
 position” (1*837 — 47), etc. 
 
 Marx, Karl. Born at Treves, Prussia, May 5, 
 1818 : died at London, March 14, 1883. A Ger- 
 man socialist. He studied jurisprudence, philosophy, 
 and history at Bonn and Bei lin, and in 1842 became editor 
 of the “Rheinische Zeitung ’’ at Cologne, on the suppres- 
 sion of which in 1843 he went to Paris, where he devoted 
 himself to the study of sociology and political economy. 
 He was soon expelled from France at the instance of the 
 Prussian government, and took refuge at Brussels. On 
 the outbreak of the revolutionary movement in Germany 
 in 1848, he returned to Cologne, where he founded the 
 “Neue Rheinische Zeitung." He was, however, expelled 
 from Prussia again in 1849, and eventually settled at Lon- 
 don, where he continued his socialistic agitation. He was 
 the controlling spirit of the International from its founda- 
 tion in 1864 to its disruption in 1872. His chief work is 
 “ Das Kapital ” (1867). 
 
 Mary (ma'ri). [Heb. Miriam, Gr. M apia or 
 M api&p, L. Maria, F. Marie , It. Sp. Pg. G. Maria. 
 See Miriam. The mother of Jesus. According 
 to the Gospel narrative, the angel Gabriel, sent from God to 
 Mary, “a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, 
 of the house of David,” told her that she was to bring forth a 
 son, adding the explanation t hat, the holy thing tobebornof 
 her was to be conceived of the Holy Ghost. This “annuncia- 
 tion ” is commemorated as a church festival on March 25, 
 which is hence known as Lady-day. In due time she gave 
 birth to the child Jesus in a stable at Bethlehem. Very 
 little is told in the New Testament of Mary s personal his- 
 tory. The doctrine of her immaculate conception and con- 
 sequent sinlessness is an article of faith in the Roman 
 Catholic Church, promulgated Dec. 8, 1864, by a bull of 
 
 Mary of Egypt, Saint 
 
 Pope Pius IX. which declares that from the first instant 
 of her conception the Blessed Virgin Mary was kept free 
 from all taint of original sin In that church, and in the 
 Greek Church, she is regarded as the most exalted of cre- 
 ated beings : while angels and saints have that secondary 
 veneration or worship paid to them which is called “ dulia," 
 she alone is entitled to “hyperdulia,’’and her intercession 
 is invoked more than that of all others. She is often 
 called “ The Virgin," and in art “The Madonna.” 
 
 Mary. The sister of Martha and Lazarus, resi- 
 dent at Bethany. 
 
 Mary I. (Mary Tudor), called “Bloody Mary.” 
 Born at Greenwich Palace, Feb. 18, 1516: died 
 Nov. 17, 1558. Queen of England and Ireland, 
 only surviving child of Henry VIII. and Catha- 
 rine of Aragon. She was affianced first to the dauphin 
 in 1518, and later to Charles V. in 1522. An attempt was 
 also made to marry her to Francis I. in 1526. At the di- 
 vorce of Catharine in 1533, Mary was adjudged illegiti- 
 mate, but on Feb. 7, 1544, the crown was entailed upon 
 her after Edward or any lawful child of the king. Edward 
 VI. died July 6, 1553, and on July 13, 1553, Mary was pro- 
 claimed queen at Norwich, and crowned at Westminster 
 Oct. 1, 1553. The council proclaimed Lady Jane Grey 
 queen ; but Mary quickly overcame opposition. She mar- 
 ried Philip of Spain (later Philip II.) at Winchester, July 
 25, 1554. An insurrection headed by the Duke of Suffolk 
 in favor of his daughter, Lady Jane Grey, and one of 
 Kentishmen led by Sir Thomas Wyatt were suppressed 
 early in this year. In 1556 Parliament restored the papal 
 power, and revived the penal laws against heresy. The first 
 martyr was burned at Smithfield, Feb. 4, 1555. After 1556 
 her principal adviser was Cardinal Pole. (See Pole, Regi- 
 nald.) On Nov. 10, 1558, the last heretics were burned at 
 Canterbury, the total number of martyrs during her reign 
 being 300. 
 
 Mary II. Born at St. James’s Palace, April 30, 
 1662: (lied at Kensington Palace, Dec. 28, 1694. 
 Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, eldest 
 child of James II. By the death of her younger bro- 
 ther, Edgar, in 1671, she became heiress presumptive to the 
 crown, and on Nov. 4, 1677. married William, prince of 
 Orange. In the struggle with James II. she identified 
 herself with her husband. On Dec. 22, 1688, James II. fled 
 to France, and on Feb. 13, 1689, William and Mary assented 
 to the "Declaration of Right,” and were crowned joint 
 sovereigns. She took little interest in public business, and 
 in the king's absence ruled through the counciL 
 
 Mary Queen of Scots (Mary Stuart). Born 
 in Linlithgow Palace, Dec. 7 (8?), 1542: be- 
 headed at Fotheringay, Feb. 8, 1587. Third 
 child and only daughter of James V. of Scot- 
 land and Mary of Guise. By the death of James 
 (Dec. 14, 1542) she became queen, and was crowned at Stir- 
 ling Castle Sept. 9, 1543. On July 7, 1548, a marriage with 
 the dauphin (Francis II.) was agreed upon. She was sent 
 to Saint-Germains on Oct. 11, and educated with the royal 
 children of France. They were married at Notre Dame 
 April 24, 1558. At the death of Mary Tudor (see Mary I.) 
 on Nov. 17, 1558, Mary Stuart laid claim to the English 
 throne, asgreat-granddaugliter of Henry VII., on theground 
 of Elizabeth’s illegitimacy. Francis II. succeeded Henry 
 II. of France on July 10, 1559, and the union of the three 
 kingdoms seemed probable : but he died Dec. 5, 1560. On 
 Aug. 19, 1561, Mary landed at Leith. Her scheme for a 
 marriage with Don Carlos of Spain having been thwarted, 
 on July 29, 1565, she married Lord Darnley, son of Lady 
 Margaret Douglas, next heir after Mary to the English 
 throne. She labored assiduously to restore the Roman 
 Catholic faith in her kingdom, and to establish an absolute 
 royal authority. Her remsal to grant Darnley the crown 
 matrimonial, and his part in the murder of Rizzio, created 
 an estrangement which terminated in the murder of Darn- 
 ley with her consent Feb. 10, 1567. She married Bothwell, 
 the murderer of Darnley, May 15, 1567; was seized by 
 the lords, June 15, 1567, and imprisoned in Lochleven Cas- 
 tle ; and was compelled to abdicate in favor of her son 
 (James VI.) in July. She escaped May 2,1668; wasdefeated 
 at the battle of Langside May 13, 1568 ; and fled to Eng- 
 land. Elizabeth confined her first at Carlisle, and then in 
 various other castles. She was removed to Fotheringay 
 Sept. 25, 1586 ; tried Oct. 14-15 on the charge of conspiring 
 against the life of Elizabeth; and beheaded Feb. 8, 1587. 
 
 Mary of Burgundy. Bom at Brussels, Feb. 
 13, 1457 ; died at Brussels, March 27, 1482. 
 Daughter of Charles the Bold. She married 
 Maximilian (later German emperor) in 1477. 
 Mary of Egypt, Saint. A half-mythical African 
 saint whose history is founded on that of a fe- 
 male anchoret who lived and died in a desert 
 near the river Jordan in Palestine: she be- 
 wailed her sins there for many years, and was 
 accidentally discovered. This is a very ancient tra- 
 dition, and is supported by contemporary evidence. Many 
 picturesque and miraculous additions have been made to 
 her story, which in its present form is attributed to St. Je- 
 rome. She is said by him to have lived in Alexandria 
 about the year 365, and to have far exceeded Mary Magda- 
 lene, with whom she is frequently confounded, in the in- 
 famy of her early life : they are sometimes united in pic- 
 tures as joint emblems of female penitence. Mary of 
 Egypt is distinguished by three loaves which she took to 
 the desert with her when she repented of her sins. The 
 earliest pictures of her are thought to be in a series on the 
 wall of the chapel of the Bargello, Florence, and there is 
 a celebrated picture of her by Tintoretto at the Scuola di 
 San Rocco, Venice. 
 
 St. Mary of Egypt was early a popular saint in France, 
 and particularly venerated by the Parisians, till eclipsed 
 by the increasing celebrity of the Magdalene. She was 
 styled, familiarly. La Gipsienne (the Gipsy), softened by 
 time into La Jussienne. The street in which Btood a con- 
 vent of reformed women dedicated to her is still la Rne 
 Jussienne. We find her whole story in one of the richly 
 
Mary of Egypt, Saint 
 
 painted windows of the cathedral of Chartres ; and again 
 in the “ Vitraux de Bourges,” where the inscription under- 
 neath is written “Segiptiaca.” 
 
 Mrs. J ameson , Sacred and Legendary Art, I. 389. 
 
 Mary of France. Born about March, 1496 : died 
 at Westhorpe, Deo. 24, 1533. The third daugh- 
 ter of Henry VII. of England. On Oct. 9, 1514, she 
 married Louis XIT. of France, who died Jan. 1, 1515. She 
 soon after married Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk : their 
 daughter Frances was the mother of Lady Jane Grey. 
 
 Mary of Guise, or of Lorraine. Born at Bar- 
 le-Duc, Nov. 22, 1515 : died at Edinburgh, June 
 
 10, 1560. Queen of James V. of Scotland, and 
 mother of Mary Queen of Scots : the eldest 
 daughter of Claude, duke of Guise. On Aug. 4 , 
 1534, she married Louis of Orleans, who died June 9, 1537. 
 She married James V. of Scotland in June, 1538, and Mary 
 Stuart was born Dec. 7 (8?), 1542. James V. died Dec. 
 14, 1542. On April 12, 1554, Mary was made regent of 
 Scotland. In March, 1559, Henry II. of France sent her 
 instructions to suppress heresy in Scotland. A conflict 
 with Knox and the Reformers resulted in her suspension 
 from the regency Oct. 21, 1559. 
 
 Mary of Modena. Born at Modena, Oct. 5, 1658 : 
 died at Saint-Germain, Trance, May 7, 1718. 
 Queen of James II. of England, the only daugh- 
 ter of Alfonso IV. of Modena (Este). Her mar- 
 riage with the Duke of York (James II.) was concluded at 
 Dover, Nov. 21, 1673. The Prince of Wales (see Stuart , 
 James Francis Edward) was born June 10, 1688 (O. S.). 
 Her previous children had died in infancy, and rumors 
 of substitution were immediately credited. On the inva- 
 sion of England by William of Orange, she joined James 
 
 11. at Saint-Germain. 
 
 Mary Barton. A novel by Mrs. Gaskell, pub- 
 lished in 1848. 
 
 Mary de Medici. See Maria de’ Medici. 
 
 Mary Magdalene (mag-da-le'ne, or as English 
 mag'da-len), or Magdalen (mag'da-len) 
 (Mary of Magdala). A woman described by 
 Luke, and mentioned elsewhere in the gospels, 
 as a demoniac from whom seven devils had been 
 cast out, and who was closely associated with 
 Jesus, especially at the resurrection, she has 
 commonly been identified, erroneously, with the woman 
 who was “a sinner ’* mentioned in Luke (vii. 37-50), and 
 also, with even less ground, with Mary of Bethany. See 
 Magdalen. 
 
 Mary Tudor. See Mary I. 
 
 Maryborough (ma'ri-bur-o). A seaport in 
 Queensland, Australia, situated on the Mary 
 River 140 miles north of Brisbane. Popula- 
 tion, 10,159. 
 
 Maryland (mer'i-land). [Named in honor of 
 Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I.] One of the 
 thirteen original States of the United States of 
 America, comprised (according to the common 
 classification) in the Southern States. Capital, 
 Annapolis; chief city, Baltimore. It is bounded 
 by Pennsylvania on the north, Delaware and the Atlantic 
 on the east, Chesapeake Bay on the south, Virginia and 
 West Virginia (separated by the Potomac) on the south 
 and west, and West Virginia on the west. It extendsfrom 
 lat. 37° 63' to 39° 43' N„ and from long. 75° 4' to 79° 33' W. 
 The boundaries on the south and west are very irregular. 
 It is divided into two parts (the eastern called the East- 
 ern Shore) by Chesapeake Bay. It is mountainous in the 
 west. The chief agricultural products are tobacco, Indian 
 corn, and wheat; the leading manufactures are iron and 
 steel, and cotton. It is noted for the production of oysters. 
 It contains 24 counties, sends 2 senators and 6 representa- 
 tives to Congress, and has 8 electoral votes. Maryland was 
 formerly a proprietary colony under the Baltimore family 
 (patent issued 1632 ; colony established at St. Mary’s 1634). 
 It had serious disputes with Claiborne in the 17th century ; 
 was noted for its religious tolerance ; was governed as a 
 royal province 1691-1716; had a boundary dispute with 
 Pennsylvania which was settled by the establishment of 
 “Mason and Dixon’s line" in 1767; ratified the United 
 States Constitution in 1788; was plundered by (he Brit- 
 ish in 1813 and 1814; was one of the slave States; and 
 was the scene of the battle of Antietam, and of various 
 other engagements in the Civil War. Area, 12,210 square 
 miles. Population, 1,295,346, (1910). 
 
 Maryland! My Maryland! A song popular 
 among the Confederates in 1861-65, written by 
 J. R. Randall in 1861. It was sung to the col- 
 lege tune of “Lauriger Horatius.” 
 Marylebone (ma'ri-le-bdn; popularly miir'li- 
 bun), St. A parliamentary and metropolitan 
 borough in the N. W. of London, between St. 
 Pancras and Paddington. It returns 2 members 
 to Parliament. Pop., met. bor., 118,221,(1911). 
 
 Marylebone Gardens. A formerly celebrated 
 place of entertainment in London, it consisted 
 principally of a garden at the back of “The Rose ” tavern 
 on High street, Marylebone. It was in existence in the mid- 
 dle of the 17th century. It was planted with trees and had 
 a large bowling-green. In 1738 an orchestra was added, and 
 morning and evening performances of burletta, etc., were 
 given. Thegardenswerealsousedfortea-drinking. Itspop- 
 ularity gradually died out, and about 1778 the site was built 
 over. Beaumont street and part of Devonshire Place now 
 cover it. The tavern was rebuilt in 1855, and the Maryle- 
 bone Music Hall was built behind it. Grove. 
 
 Mary-le-Bow, St. See St. Mary de Arcubus. 
 Maryport (ma'ri-port). A seaport in Cumber- 
 land, England, situated on the Irish Sea, at the 
 
 662 
 
 mouth of the Ellen, 26 miles southwest of Car- 
 lisle. Population, 11,897. 
 
 Marysville (ma'riz-vil). A city, capital of 
 Yuba County, California, situated at the junc- 
 tion of the Yuba and Feather rivers, 110 miles 
 north-northeast of San Francisco. It has a 
 flourishing trade, and is a fruit center. Pop- 
 ulation, 5,430, (1910). 
 
 Mar Zutra(mar zo'tra). A distinguished teach- 
 er of the law (Talmud) at the Academy of Sora, 
 and head of the Jewish community, or Prince 
 of the Captivity ( Eesh-galutlia ), in Babylonia, at 
 the beginning of the 5th century. 
 
 Masa (ma'sa). An ethnic and linguistic clus- 
 ter of the Central Sudan, embracing the Musgu, 
 Makari, Logone, Mandara, Gamergu, and Batta 
 tribes and dialects. 
 
 Masaba Heights. A range of hills in north- 
 eastern Minnesota, famous for their iron-ores. 
 
 Masaccio (mii-sat'cho ) ( Tommaso Guidi: called 
 Masaccio, ‘careless Thomas’). Born at Gastello 
 San Giovanni di Valdamo, Tuscany, Dec. 21, 
 1401: died at Rome (?) about 1429. A noted 
 Italian painter, of the Florentine school, called 
 the father of modern art, as he rescued it from 
 medievalism. His most celebrated works are frescos 
 in the Brancacci chapel in the Carmine, and in Santa Maria 
 Novella, at Florence, and several pictures now in the Ber- 
 lin Museum. The frescos have been a school of instruction 
 for all succeedingpainters: even Michelangelo and Raphael 
 have been indebted to him. 
 
 Mas a Fuera (mas a fwa'rti). [Sp., ‘ more out- 
 ward.’] A small island 100 miles west of Juan 
 Fernandez. 
 
 Masai (ma-si'), or Elmoran (el-mo-ran'). An 
 African nation occupying the vast and arid pla- 
 teau between Lake Baringo and Nguru. Like 
 their northern neighbors, the Wakwafi, they call themselves 
 Eloikob, ‘ men. ’ They are of mixed Hamitic and Negro type, 
 but are included by some in the Nuba-Fulah group. The 
 young and able-bodied men lead a military life in camp, 
 having women in common ; the old men, children, and 
 women inhabit villages and tend the cattle. The despised 
 tribe of the Andoroboare hunters and middlemen between 
 their proud brethren and the agricultural Bantu. 
 
 Masalit (ma-sa'lit). A Nigritic tribe of the 
 Eastern Sudan, in Wadai and on the borders of 
 Darfur, found in scattered independent clans 
 who pretend they are Arabs. 
 
 Masaniello (ma-sa-nyel'ld), properly Tom- 
 maso Aniello. Born about 1622 : died at Na- 
 ples, July 16, 1647. A Neapolitan insurrectionist, 
 lie was a fisherman and a fruit-vender. Provoked by the 
 loss of his scanty possessions, which were sold to pay a 
 fine imposed on his wife for attempting to smuggle a bag 
 of flour into the city, he headed a revolt of the populace in 
 J uly, 1647, against tlie Duke of Arcos, Spanish viceroy of Na- 
 ples, who was compelled to abolish the taxes on the neces- 
 saries of life and to restore the charter of exemption granted 
 by the emperor Charles V. He was assassinated by the 
 adherents of the viceroy after he had given orders to his 
 own followers to return to their occupations. 
 
 Masaniello. See Muettc de Portici. 
 
 Masarwa (ma-siir'wii). See Bushmen. 
 
 Mas a Tierra(masate-er'ra). [Sp.,‘ more land- 
 ward.’] Another name for Juan Fernandez. 
 
 Masaya (inii-sl'a). A town in Nicaragua, Cen- 
 tral America, about 20 miles southeast of Mana- 
 gua. Population, 13,023. 
 
 Mascagni (ma.s-kan'ye), Paolo. Born at Cas- 
 telleto, near Siena, Italy, Feb. 5, 1752 : died at 
 Florence, Oct. 19, 1815. ' A noted Italian anato- 
 mist. He was professor of anatomy at Siena 1774-1800, at 
 Pisa 1800-01, and at Florence (at the hospital of Santa Ma- 
 ria Meora) after 1801. He is best known from his study of 
 
 + tile lymphatics. 
 
 Mascagni, Pietro. Born at Leghorn, Dec. 7, 
 1863. An Italian musical composer, director 
 of the Philharmonic Society at Cerignola. Be- 
 sides various orchestral works and songs, he has written 
 the operas “ Cavalleria Rusticana,” “ L’Araico Fritz,” and 
 “I Rantzau.” 
 
 Mascali (mas-kii/le). A small townin the prov- 
 ince of Catania, Sicily, 18 miles north-northeast 
 of Catania. 
 
 Mascara, or Maskara (mas-ka-ra/). A forti- 
 fied town in the department of Oran, Algeria, 
 about 50 miles southeast of Oran. It became the 
 residence of Abd-el-Kader in 1832; was burned by the 
 French 1835 ; and was taken by them in 1841. Population, 
 commune, 18,405. 
 
 Mascarene (mas-ka-ren') Islands, or Masca- 
 renhas (Pg. pron. mas-ka-ren'yiis) Islands. A 
 name given to Mauritius, Reunion (or Bourbon), 
 and Rodriguez collectively, in the Indian Ocean : 
 so called because Reunion was discovered by the 
 Portuguese navigator Mascarenhas in the 16th 
 century. 
 
 Mascarille (mas-ka-rel'). An adroit, ingenious, 
 unscrupulous valet who appears in three of Mo- 
 lihre’s plays : “ L’Etourdi,” “Be d6pit araou- 
 reux,” and “Les pr6cieuses ridicules.” in the 
 last he is at his best, and assumes the role of a marquis 
 
 Masks and Faces 
 
 to oblige his master. His name has passed into the lan- 
 guage, and has become a synonym for skilful impudence, 
 effrontery, lying, and intrigue. 
 
 Mascaron (mas-ka-rdn'), Jules. Born at Aix, 
 March, 1634: died at Agen, France, Nov. 20, 1703. 
 A French ecclesiastic, bishop of Tulle (1671), 
 celebrated as a pulpit orator. 
 Mascezel(ma-se'zel ). A brother of Gildo, whom 
 398commanded a Roman army in Africa against 
 his brother, and defeated him. See Gildo. 
 
 The fate of Mascezel, the re- vindicator of Africa, is an 
 enigma. The version given by Zosimus is that generally 
 accepted. He says that he returned in triumph to Italy ; 
 that Stilicho, who was secretly envious of his reputation, 
 professed an earnest desire to advance his interests ; but 
 that when the Vandal was going forth to a suburb (prob- 
 ably of Milan), as he was crossing over a certain bridge 
 with Mascezel and others in his train, at a given signal the 
 guards crowded round the African and hustled him off 
 into the river below. “ Thereat Stilicho laughed ; hut the 
 stream, hurrying the man away, caused him to perish for 
 lack of breath. ” Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 265. 
 
 Mascogee. See Creel:. 
 
 Maseres (rna-zar'), Francis. Born at London, 
 Dec. 15, 1731: died at Reigate, May 19, 1824. 
 An English mathematician, historian, and re- 
 former. He graduated at Cambridge in 1752, and in 1758 
 was called to the bar. (He is introduced by Charles Lamb 
 in his “Old Benchers of the Inner Temple.") From 1760 
 to 1769 he was attorney-general of Quebec, and cursitor 
 baron of the exchequer from 1773 to 1824. Among his 
 works are “Dissertation on the Use of the Negative Sign 
 in Algebra ” (1758), “ Doctrine of Permutations and Combi- 
 nations ” (1795), ‘ ‘ Scriptores optici ’’ (1823), “ A View of the 
 English Constitution ” (1781), etc. 
 
 Maserfeld (ma'ser-feld). Alocality, apparently 
 near Oswestry, where, in 642, Oswald, king of 
 Northumbria, was defeated and slain by Penda. 
 Masers de Latude. See Latude. 
 
 Mash. (mash). In Babylonian and Assyrian lit- 
 erature, the name of the great Syrian and Ara- 
 bian desert which forms the southern and south- 
 western border of the Euphrates and Tigris 
 territory. It is considered by some to be identical with 
 Mesha, in Gen. x. 30, and the small kingdom Mesene, on 
 the Persian Gulf. 
 
 Masham ( mash'am), Lady(AbigailHill). Died 
 Dec. 6, 1734. An intimate friend of Queen Anne, 
 the daughter of Francis Hill of London, she 
 
 entered the service of Lady Rivers, and afterward of her 
 cousin the Duchess of Marlborough at St. Albans, and later 
 became lady of the bedchamber to Queen Anne, in whose 
 favor she at length supplanted the duchess. In 1707 she 
 married Samuel Masham, who was created Baron Masham 
 in 1712. In 1711 she was given charge of the privy purse 
 of Queen Anne. She was a woman of plain appearance, 
 but intelligent, and very serviceable to the queen, over 
 whom she exerted considerable influence. 
 
 Mashita (ma-she'ta). Alocalityin Moab, Pales- 
 tine, notable for a palace built by Khusrau II. 
 in 620. It is a square of 730 feet a side. The walls are 
 strengthened by semicircular towers, and the interior con- 
 tains spacious courts, a series of vaulted halls, and a triap- 
 sidal hail which was covered by a dome on pendentives. 
 The chief facade, almost 200 feet long, displays a square 
 doorway between polygonal towers. Though never fin- 
 ished, this fagade is remarkable for its decoration of zig- 
 zags, rosettes, pediments, etc., all sculptured with diaper- 
 work of vines and foliage combined with birds and animals, 
 as delicate in execution as the ornament of the Alhambra. 
 Mashonaland (ma-sho'na-land or ma-sho'na- 
 land). [Named after the Mashonatribe, which 
 is subject to the Matabele.] A high, salubri- 
 ous, and gold-bearing country between the Ma- 
 tabele and the Zambesi. Formerly considered Por- 
 tuguese, it was annexed by England in 1888 and placed 
 under the British South Africa Company in 1889. The pio- 
 neer expedition reached Mount Hampden in 1890. It is 
 now one of the two provinces of Southern Rhodesia. Salis- 
 bury is the capital of Southern Rhodesia. The Rhodesian 
 Railway from Vryburg to Bulawayo was opened in 1897, 
 and the railway from Beira to Umtali was extended to 
 Salisbury in 1899. Bulawayo is also connected with Salis- 
 bury. Population, European, 6,364 ; native, about 461,000. 
 For interesting ruins there, see Zimbabwe. 
 
 Masinissa, or Massinissa (mas-i-nis'a). [Gr. 
 
 Mamviooai Maaoavaom/t;.'] Born about 238 B. c. : 
 died 148 B. C. A king of Numidia, ruler at first 
 of the Massylians in eastern Numidia. He wasat 
 war with Syphax ; fought as ally of the Carthaginians in 
 Spain ; as ally of Rome served with Scipio against Syphax 
 204-203 ; and served at Zama 202. He became ruler of all 
 Numidia in 201. 
 
 Masis (ma-ses'), Mount. The native name of 
 Mount Ararat. 
 
 Masked Ball, The. See Ballo in Maschera. 
 Maskelyne (mas'ke-lin), Nevil. Born at Lon- 
 don, Oct. 6, 1732 ; died at Greenwich, Feb. 9, 
 1811. A noted English astronomer. He grad- 
 uated at Cambridge in 1754 ; became curate of Barnet in 
 Hertfordshire in 1755 ; succeeded Nathaniel Bliss as astron- 
 omer royal Feb. 26, 1765 ; and established the “ Nautical 
 Almanac ” in 1767. He is best known from his experi- 
 ments upon the attraction of mountains as shown by de- 
 viations of the plumb-line. 
 
 Maskoki. See Creek. 
 
 Masks and Faces. A dramatic version of Charles 
 Reade’s novel “ Peg Woffington,” by Reade and 
 Tom Taylor (1854). 
 
Maskwell 
 
 Maskwell (mask'wel). The “double dealer” in 
 Congreve’s play of that name : an unmitigated 
 scoundrel, almost too sinister for a comedy. 
 
 The audience was shocked by the characters of Mask- 
 well and Lady Touchwood. And, indeed, there is some- 
 thing strangely revolting in the way in which a group that 
 seems to belong to the house of Laius or of Pelops is in- 
 troduced into the midst of the Brisks, Froths, Carelesses, 
 and Plyants. Macaulay, Essays, II. 390. 
 
 Masmiinster (mas'miin-ster), or Massemiin- 
 ster (mas'se-miin-ster), F. Massevaux (mas- 
 vo' ). A small town in Alsace, 17 miles west of 
 Miilhausen. 
 
 Masnadieri (maz-na-de-a're),I. [It.,‘ The Brig- 
 ands.’] An opera by Verdi, produced in Lon- 
 don in 1847 with Jenny Lind in the cast. The 
 libretto is by Malfei from Schiller’s “Rauber” 
 Robbers’). 
 
 Masolino da Panicale (ma-so-le'no da pa-ne- 
 ka/le) (Tommaso di Cristofano di Fino). 
 
 Born at Panicale di Valdese, near Florence, 
 1383: died Oct., 1440. A Florentine painter. 
 He was a master of Masaccio. He established himself in 
 Florence, where he was received in 1423 into the gild of 
 druggists or physicians, which included the painters. From 
 1423-26 he worked on the capella of the Carmine. In 
 
 1427 he was in Hungary in the service of the famous Flor- 
 entine adventurer Filippo Scolari (Pippo Spano). From 
 
 1428 to 1435 he painted the frescos of the baptistery at 
 Castiglione d’Olona. His compositions are especially no- 
 table for the improvement of perspective. His picture of 
 the “ Baptism of Christ” at Castiglione contains a group of 
 nude figures putting on their garments, which suggested 
 to Michelangelo the composition of his famous cartoon. 
 
 Mason (ma'son), Charles. Born about 1730: 
 died at Philadelphia, Feb., 1787. An English 
 astronomer. He was an assistant of Bradley at Green- 
 wich 1756-60; was sent by the Royal Society with Jere- 
 miah Dixon to observe the transit of Venus (June 6, 1761) 
 in Sumatra, but succeeded only in reaching the Cape of 
 Good Hope ; and was employed with Dixon by Lord Balti- 
 more and William Penn to establish the boundary between 
 Maryland and Pennsylvania. The line fixed (1763-67) ran 
 to a point 244 miles west from the Delaware River, in lat. 
 39° 43" N. It is famous as (in part) the boundary between 
 the free and the former slave States. Resurveyed in 1900. 
 
 Mason, Francis. Born at York, England, April 
 2, 1799: died at Rangoon, British Burma, March 
 3, 1874. An American Baptist missionary to 
 the Karens in Burma. He published “Burmah : its 
 People and Natural Productions ” (2d ed. 1860), etc. 
 
 Mason, George. Born at Doeg’s Neck, now in 
 Fairfax County, Va., 1725 : died there, Oct. 7, 
 1792. An American politician. He drafted the 
 Virginia declaration of rights and constitution in 1776; 
 was a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, 
 where he presented liberal views, but refused to sign the 
 Constitution ; and with Patrick Henry led the opposition 
 to its ratification in the Virginia convention of 1788. 
 
 Mason, George Heming. Born at Stoke-upon- 
 Trent, Staffordshire, March 11, 1818: died Oct. 
 22, 1872. An English painter. He established his 
 studio in Rome in 1845, and delighted in subjects from the 
 Campagna. 
 
 Mason, Janies Murray. Born in Fairfax Coun- 
 ty, Va., Nov. 3, 1798: died near Alexandria, 
 Va., April, 1871. An American politician, grand- 
 son of George Mason. He became United States sen- 
 ator from Virginia in 1847 ; drafted the “ fugitive-slave 
 law" in 1850 ; was expelled from the Senate in 1861 ; was 
 sent as Confederate commissioner with Slidell to England 
 and France in 1861 ; and was captured by Wilkes on the 
 Trent Nov. 8, 1861, and imprisoned at Boston until Jan. 2, 
 1862. See Trent, The. 
 
 Mason, Jeremiah. Born at Lebanon, Conn., 
 April 27, 1768: died at Boston, Oct. 14, 1848. 
 An American lawyer and politician, United 
 States senator from New Hampshire 1813-17. 
 Mason, John. Born at King’s Lynn, England, 
 Dec., 1586: died at London, Dec., 1635. The 
 founder of New Hampshire. He went to Oxford, 
 (Magdalen College) in 1602 ; soon entered the service of 
 a commercial house in London ; and in 1610 was sent in 
 command of several war-ships to the Hebrides to assist 
 Andrew Knox. In 1615 he was appointed governor of 
 Newfoundland, and in 1622 a patent for all land between 
 the Nahumheik and Merrimac rivers in New England 
 was granted to him. In 1623 he established himself as 
 deputy governor at New Plymouth, but in 1624 returned 
 to England. In 1629 he returned to New England and 
 joined Gorges and others in forming the Laconia Com- 
 pany, the purpose of which was the founding of an agri- 
 cultural settlement : this was effected on a new grant on 
 the Piscataqua River. His rights in New Hampshire were 
 sold to Governor Samuel Allen in 1691. 
 
 Mason, John. Born in England, 1600: died at 
 Norwich, Conn., 1672. A colonial commander. 
 He served in New England as early as 1633. In 1635 he 
 assisted in the migration of the Dorchester settlers to 
 Windsor, Connecticut; and in 1637 commanded the colo- 
 nial troops in the Pequot war. He wrote a ‘‘Brief His- 
 tory of the Pequot War." 
 
 Mason, John Young. Born in Greensville Coun- 
 ty, Va., April 18, 1799: died at Paris, Oct. 3, 
 1859. An American politician. He was a repre- 
 sentative from Virginia 1831-37 ; secretary of the navy 
 1844-45; attorney-general 1845-46 ; secretary of the navy 
 1846-49 ; and United States minister to France 1853-59. 
 
 Mason, Lowell. Born at Medfield, Mass., Jan. 
 
 663 
 
 24 (Grove), 1792; died at Orange, N. J., Aug. 
 11, 1872. An American musical composer, es- 
 pecially noted as a teacher. He published many 
 collections, principally of church and Sunday-school music. 
 
 Mason, William. Born Feb. 12, 1724: died 
 April 7, 1797. An English poet, a friend of the 
 poet Gray . He graduated at Cambridge (St. John's Col- 
 lege) 1745, and was rector of Aston, Yorkshire. He pub. 
 lished the “Life and Letters of Gray” (1774), the dramas 
 “ Elfrida ’’ (1752), “ Caractacus ” (1759), “English Garden ’’ 
 *(1772-82), etc. 
 
 Mason, William. Bom at Boston, Mass., Jan. 
 24, 1829: died July 14, 1908. An American musi- 
 cian and composer. He was a pupil of Moscheles, 
 Liszt, and Dreyschock, and published a pianoforte method 
 and many studies, etc. 
 
 Mason and Dixon’s Line. See Mason, Charles. 
 Masovia (ma-so'vi-a), or Mazovia (ma-zo'- 
 vi-a). A medieval duchy in Poland, along the 
 middle Vistula, in the neighborhood of and in- 
 cluding Warsaw. It was reunited with the 
 Polish crown in 1526. 
 
 Maspero (mas-pa-ro'), Sir Gaston Camille 
 Charles. Born at Paris, June 24, 1846. A 
 noted French Egyptologist. In 1874 he became 
 professor of archaeology and Egyptian philology in the 
 College de France, and continued the work of Mariette 
 as director of the museum at Bulak (now at Cairo). He 
 became director-general of the Egyptian department of 
 antiquities in 1899. His works include “ Histoire des 
 peuples de l’Orient ” (1875), “ Art in Egypt ” (1912), etc. 
 
 Masquerier (mask-e-rer'), John James. Born 
 at .Chelsea, Oct., 1778: died at Brighton, March 
 13, 1855. An English painter, of French parent- 
 age. He is extensively represented in the col- 
 lection of the Baroness Burdett-Coutts. 
 
 Massa (mas'sa). The capital of the province 
 of Massa-e-Carrara, situated on the Fregido in 
 lat. 44° 3' N., long. 10° 9' E. It has marble 
 quarries. Population, town, 10,690 ; commune, 
 26,413. 
 
 Massachuset (mas-a-cho'set). [Native,' at the 
 great hills,’ i. e. the Blue Hills of Milton.] A 
 tribe or undefined confederacy of North Ameri- 
 can Indians, formerly living about Massachu- 
 setts Bay from Plymouth to Salem (including 
 the basins of the Neponset and Charles rivers). 
 Their number was much reduced by pestilence in 1617. 
 About 1650 they were gathered into the villages of the 
 Praying Indians, and lost their tribal autonomy. See Al- 
 yonquian. 
 
 Massachusetts (mas-a-cho'sets). [From the 
 Massachuset Indians.] One of the New Eng- 
 land States, and one of the thirteen original 
 States of the United States of America. Capi- 
 tal, Boston. It is bounded by Vermont and New Hamp- 
 shire on the north, the Atlantic on the east, the Atlantic, 
 Rhode Island, and Connecticut on the south, and New 
 York on the west. It extends from lat. 41° 14' to 42° 53' N., 
 and from long. 69° 53' to 73° 32' W. The surface is gener- 
 ally hilly (Taconic and Hoosac ranges in the west), but is 
 low in the southeast. The chief rivers are the Connecti- 
 cut, Housatonic, Merrimac, and Charles. The leading oc- 
 cupations are commerce, manufactures, and fisheries. It 
 is the first State in the manufacture of boots and shoes 
 and of cotton and woolen goods. Massachusetts contains 
 14 counties, sends 2 senators and 16 representatives to Con- 
 gress, and has 18 electoral votes. It was explored by Gos- 
 nold in 1602, and by John Smith in 1614, and was settled 
 by the English (by the Pilgrims at Plymouth in 1620, and by 
 the Puritans at Salem in 1628 and at Boston in 1630). The 
 confederate union of the Massachusetts, Plymouth, New 
 Haven, and Connecticut colonies existed from 1643 to 1684. 
 King Philip’s war took place in 1675-76 ; the union with 
 Plymouth Colony in 1691 ; the Salem “ witchcraft” trials in 
 1692. The State took an important part ih the colonial 
 wars, and in the resistance to British oppression ; was the 
 scene of the outbreak of the Revolution in 1775 ; and was 
 the scene of Shays’s Rebellion in 1785-87. Called the “ Old 
 Bay State.” Area, 8,315 square miles. Population, 3,366,- 
 416, (1910). 
 
 Massachusetts Bay. A colony founded at 
 Salem, Massachusetts, in 1628, under John En- 
 dicott, and greatly increased in 1630 by the ar- 
 rival of a large force under Winthrop. its capital 
 was removed to Boston. The Plymouth Colony was in 
 1691 incorporated with it. 
 
 Massachusetts Bay Company. A colonizing 
 company chartered in 1629, and growing out of 
 the Dorchester Company, its immediate cause was 
 the danger to political and religious freedom in England 
 under Charles I. Endicott was the first local governor. 
 In 1630 Winthrop, as the new governor, conducted a large 
 expedition, which founded Boston. 
 
 Massacre of the Innocents, The. 1 . A paint- 
 ing by Tintoretto, in the Scuola di San Roeco 
 at Venice. — 2. A painting by Rubens, in the 
 Old Pinakothek at Munich. 
 
 Massada (mas-sa'da). A stronghold on a hill 
 in the desert of Judah, on the western bank of 
 the Dead Sea, founded by the Maccabees and 
 made impregnable by Herod, it played a great part 
 during the war with Rome, holding out for some time after 
 the fall of Jerusalem. When it had to surrender, its gar- 
 rison, consisting of 1,000 Zealots under the command of 
 Eleazar, first killed their wives and children, and then 
 themselves. There are still ruins of a castle on the hill, 
 and their modern name is Sebbeh. 
 
 Massillon 
 
 Massa-e-Carrara (mas'sa-a-kar-ra/ra). Aprov- 
 ince in Tuscany, Italy, formerly a duchy, be- 
 longing to Modena. Capital, Massa. Area, 687 
 square miles. Population, 217,377. 
 
 Massafra (tnas-sa'fra). A town in the province 
 of Lecce, Apulia, Italy, 12 miles northwest of 
 Taranto. Population, commune, 11,026. 
 
 Massagetse (ma-saj'e-te). [Gr. M aocraySrai.] 
 In ancient history, a nomadic people, allied to 
 the Scythians, dwelling northeast of the Cas- 
 pian Sea. 
 
 Massalia (ma-sa'li-a). [Gr. M aacaXia.'] The 
 Greek name of Marseilles. 
 
 Massalia. An asteroid (No. 20) discovered by 
 De Gasparis at Naples, Sept. 19, 1852. 
 
 Massa-Lubrense (mas'sa-16-bren'se). A small 
 town in the province of Naples, Italy, 16 miles 
 south-southeast of Naples. 
 
 Massa Marittima (mas'sa ma-rit'te-ma). A 
 town in the province of Grosseto, Italy, 30 miles 
 southwest of Siena. 
 
 Massaruni. See Mazaruni. 
 
 Massasoit (mas'a-soit). Born probably about 
 1580: died 1662. A chief of the Wampanoag 
 Indians in southeastern Massachusetts and 
 Rhode Island, in alliance with the Plymouth 
 colonists 1621-61. 
 
 Masse (ma-sa'), Victor (Felix Marie). Born at 
 Lorient, France, March 7, 1822 : died at Paris, 
 July 5, 1884. A French operatic composer. He 
 gained the grand prix de Rome in 1844 ; from 1866-76 was 
 professor of composition at the Conservatoire ; and in 1872 
 was elected to the Institut. Among his works are “ Gala- 
 We”(1852), “Les noces de Jeannette” (1853), “La reine 
 Topaze” (1856), “Les saisons ”(1855),“ Fiord’ Aiiza "(1866), 
 “Paul et Virginie” (1876), etc. “La mort de Cleopktre,” 
 upon which he was engaged j ust before his death, was per- 
 formed in his honor April 25, 1885. 
 
 Massena (ma-sa-na'), Andre, Due de Rivoli, 
 Prince d’Essling. Born at or near Nice, May, 
 1758 : died at Paris, April 4, 1817. A French 
 marshal. He won the victory of Loano in 1795; served with 
 distinction under Napoleon in Italy; as commander-in- 
 chief in Switzerland defeated Korsakoff at Zurich, Sept. 
 26, 1799 (see Zurich, Battles of)-, defended Genoa in 1800; 
 gained the victory of Caldiero Oct. 30, 1805; captured Gaeta 
 in 1806 ; served at Landshut, Eckmiihl, Essling, and Wa- 
 
 ^ gram in 1809 ; and commanded in the Peninsula 1810-11. 
 
 Massenet (mas-na'), Jules Emile Frederic. 
 
 Born at Montaud, near St.-Etienne, France, 
 May 12, 1842 : died at Paris, Aug. 13, 1912. A 
 French composer. He won the grand prix de Rome 
 in 1863, and in 1878 was elected to the chair of advanced 
 composition at the Conservatoire and a member of the 
 Beaux-Arts. In addition to orchestral and pianoforte 
 music (“ Scenes hongroises,” etc.), he wrote many operas, 
 among which are “Don Cesar de Bazan ” (1872), “Lea 
 Erinnyes ” (1873), “Leroi de Lahore ”(1877), “Herodiade ” 
 (1881), “Manon ’’ (1884), “Le Cid ” (1885). He also wrote 
 several oratorios: “Marie Madeleine” (1873), “five” 
 (1875), “LaVierge” (1879), etc. 
 
 Massey (mas'i), Bartle. A schoolmaster in 
 the novel “Adam Bede” by George Eliot. 
 
 Massey (mas'i), Sir Edward. Born about 1619 : 
 died in Ireland about 1674. An English gen- 
 eral. At the outbreak of the civil war of 1642 he was 
 in the service of the king, but later became lieutenant- 
 colonel in the Parliamentary army, serving near Glouces- 
 ter. Later, in the struggle between Parliament aDd the 
 army, he served Parliament, and was made lieutenant-gen- 
 eral of the horse April 2, 1647. He was impeached by the 
 army, and fled to Holland. Entering the service of Charles 
 II., he assisted as lieutenant-general during the invasion, 
 and was captured and confined in the Tower in Nov., 1651. 
 He escaped to Holland, and assisted in the Restoration. 
 
 Massey, Gerald. Bom at Tring, England, May 
 29, 1828: died at South Norwood, Oct. 29, 1907. 
 An English poet. He wrote “ Ballad of Babe Christa- 
 bel” (1854), “Craigcrook Castle" (1856), “Shakspere’s Son- 
 nets never before Interpreted, etc.” (1866), “A Tale of 
 Eternity ” (1869), “ Concerning Spiritualism ” (1871), “ A 
 Book of the Beginnings, etc.” (1881), “The Natural Gene- 
 sis " (1883 : the second part of “ Book of the Beginnings ”), 
 “The Secret Drama of Shakspere’s Sonnets” (1888), etc. 
 In 1889 he published a collection of his poems. 
 
 Massicus (mas'i-kus), Mons. In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a range of hills on the border of Cam- 
 pania and Latium, Italy: the modern Monte 
 Massico. It is famous for wines. 
 
 Massilia (ma-sil'i-ji). Marseilles. 
 
 Massilians (ma-sil'i-anz). The members of a 
 Christian school, most numerous at Marseilles, 
 later and more usually called Semi-Pelagians. 
 
 Massillon (mas'il-on). A city in Stark County, 
 northern Ohio, situated on the Tuscarawas 50 
 miles south of Cleveland. It has coal-mines and 
 sandstone-quarries. Population, 13,879, (1910). 
 
 Massillon (ma-se-y6n'), Jean Baptiste. Bom 
 at l lyores, France, June 24, 1663: died Sept. 18, 
 1742. A noted French pulpit orator, a member 
 of the Congregation of the Oratory. He lived for 
 many yeara in a monastery (Sept-Fonts) ; and in 1696 waa 
 called to Paris, where he became director of the seminary 
 of St.-Magloire and in 1704 court preacher, attaining great 
 celebrity as a pulpit orator. In 1717 he waa made biahop 
 
Massillon 
 
 664 
 
 Mathews, Charles 
 
 of Clermont, and became an academician in 1719. His 
 works (including sermons, funeral orations, etc.) were pub- 
 lished in 15 vols. 1745-48. 
 
 Massina (ma-se'na). See Fulah. 
 
 Massinger (mas'in-jer), Philip. Baptized at St. 
 Thomas’s, Salisbury, Nov. 24, 1583: died at the 
 Bankside, Southwark, March, 1640. An English 
 dramatist. He entered Oxford in 1602, and left in 1606 
 (without a degree), when he went to London and devoted 
 himself to writing plays, sometimes working alone, but 
 more frequently in collaboration with Nathaniel Field, 
 Robert Daborne, Dekker, Cyril Tourneur, and Fletcher : 
 with the last he was associated from 1613 to 1625. He is 
 sole author of 15 plays, among the most important of which 
 are “ The Unnatural Combat” (1619), “The Duke of Milan ’’ 
 (1623), “ The Bondman " (1624), “The Parliament of Love ” 
 (licensed to be played Nov. 3, 1624), “ A New Way to Pay 
 Old Debts ” (1632), “The Maid of Honour ” (1632). In col- 
 laboration with Fletcher he wrote “The Honest Man's 
 Fortune ’’ (acted 1613), “ The Knight of Malta ” (acted be- 
 fore 1619), and others. “Henry VIII." is doubtless the 
 work of Massinger and Fletcher. “ Sir John Van Olden 
 Barnaveldt " is assigned by Bullen to these authors : it was 
 first printed from manuscript by him in his “Old Plays." 
 Thirty-eight plays in all may be attributed to Massinger 
 alone and with others. 
 
 Massinissa. See Masinissa. 
 
 Masson (rnas'on), David. Born at Aberdeen, 
 Scotland, Dec. 2, 1822: died at Edinburgh, Oct. 
 6, 1907. A Scottish author, professor of rhetoric 
 and English literature at Edinburgh 1865-95. 
 His chief work is his “Life of John Milton and History of 
 his Time’’ (1859-80). He wrote also “Essays, Biographi- 
 cal and Critical ” (1856-74) and “ British Novelists and their 
 Styles ” (1859), and for a number of years was editor of 
 “Macmillan's Magazine.” 
 
 Masson, George Joseph Gustave. Born at Lon- 
 don, March 9, 1819: died at Ewhurst, Surrey, 
 Aug. 29, 1888. An English educational writer. 
 His father had been a soldier under Napoleon in Russia. 
 Masson was educated at Tours, and was made French mas- 
 ter at Harrow in 1855. He published “ Introduction to the 
 Study of French Literature” (1860), “La lyre frangaise” 
 (1867), “ The Huguenots ” (1881), “Richelieu ” (1884), etc. 
 He was principally occupied with educational compila- 
 tions and translations. 
 
 Massorah (mas-so'ra). [Heb., ‘ tradition.’] The 
 name given to the work of the Jewish scholars 
 in establishing the traditional pronunciation 
 and accents of the Hebrew Old Testament. The 
 men who were engaged in this work were called Masso- 
 retes. The work of the Massorah went on for centuries, 
 beginning soon after the return from the Babylonian cap- 
 tivity, when the study of the law became the center of the 
 life of the Jews. Of later Massoretes the most prominent 
 were the family of Asher, called ben Asher, who flour- 
 ished in the 8th to the 10th centuries A. D. The last of 
 the family, Aaron ben Moses ben Asher (see Aaron ben 
 Asher), in the 10th century brought the Massorah to a 
 close. Their rivals and opponents with regard to the vo- 
 calization of the text, originally merely consonantal, were 
 the family of Ben Naftali in Babylonia. The system of 
 the ben Asher has prevailed. The Massoretes worked 
 with the minutest care and conscientiousness. Their ob- 
 servations they either noted on the margin of the text 
 (Masora marginalia, which is distinguished as magna and 
 parva)or in separate works. Where the traditional read- 
 ing of a passage seemed to them untenable, they added 
 their emendation on the margin, as “ that which is to be 
 read ” ( qre ), opposed to “that which is written” ( kethib ). 
 
 Massowah (mas-sou'a), or Massawa. The chief 
 seaport in the Italian colony of Eritrea, Africa, 
 situated on a small island in lat. 15° 37' N., 
 long. 39° 27' E. It is the chief port for Abyssinia and 
 the neighboring regions. It was formerly under Turkish, 
 and after 1865 under Egyptian, rule. The Italians took 
 military possession in 1885. Population, about 2,500. 
 
 Massuccio. See Masuccio. 
 
 Massys (mas-sis'), or Matsys (mat-sis'), or 
 Metsys ( met-sis' ), Quentin or Quintin. Bom 
 at Louvain, Belgium, about 1466 : died at Ant- 
 werp, 1530. A noted Flemish painter. 
 
 Mastabat-el-F araun (mas-ta' bat-el-f a-ra-on' ) . 
 See the extract. 
 
 The name of Unas is not found at the Wady Magarah ; 
 but several small objects inscribed with it, probably de- 
 rived from the tombs at Gizeh, are in the different muse- 
 ums of Europe. He reigned thirty-three years, and was 
 buried in the long building constructed of enormous 
 blocks of limestone, anciently inlaid with hard stones, at 
 Sakkarah, and known at the present day by the name of 
 the “ Mastabat-el-Faraoun " or “Pharaoh's board.” His 
 name has been found upon a stone near the entrance. 
 
 Birch, Egypt, p. 52. 
 
 Master Adam, F. Maitre Adam. The poet 
 Adam Billaut. 
 
 Master Builder, The. A play by Ibsen, pro- 
 duced in 1892. 
 
 Master Humphrey’s Clock. A collection of 
 tales by Charles Dickens, published iu 1840-41. 
 They included “The Old Curiosity Shop "and “Barnaby 
 Rudge.” The stories were related by Master Humphrey : 
 this part, however, was afterward taken out. 
 
 Masterman Beady. A sea story by Frederick 
 Marryat, published in 1841. 
 
 Master of Sentences. Peter Lombard. See 
 
 Booh of Sentences. 
 
 Masuccio di Salerno (mii-sot'cho de sa-ler'no). 
 Born at Salerno about 1420: died after 1476. 
 An Italian novelist. He was a man of some rank, and 
 passed most of his life in the service of the Duke of Milan. 
 
 Fifty of his novels, in the Neapolitan dialect, were pub- 
 lished in 1476 under the title “ II Novellino con le largo- 
 menti emorali conclusioni d’alcuni esempli.” Oneof these 
 is the same as “Romeo and Juliet." The scene is laid in 
 Siena. 
 
 Masudi (ma-so'de), A1-. Died 957. An Arabi- 
 an historian. He is called “the Herodotus of Arabian 
 history.” Of his numerous works the principal one is 
 “Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems," which has been 
 published in 9 volumes, with the Arabic text above and 
 a French translation below, by Barbier de Meynard in 
 collaboration with Pavet de Courteille 1861-77. One 
 volume has been translated into English (1841) by A. 
 Sprenger. 
 
 Masulipatam (ma-soHi-pa-tam'). A seaport, 
 capital of the Kistna district, Madras, British 
 India, situated on the Coromandel coast in lat. 
 16° 11' N., long. 81° 8' E. It has manufactures 
 of cotton, etc. Population, 39,507. 
 
 Masym (ma'sim). A rarely used name for the 
 fifth-magnitude star x Herculis, in the left hand 
 of the giant. 
 
 Maat (mat). In Egyptian mythology, the god- 
 dess of truth, child of the sun, wearing on her 
 head the ostrich plume, emblematical of truth. 
 She was often called “the Two Truths." In her haU the 
 souls of the dead were j udged before Osiris. 
 
 Matabele (ma-ta-ba'le), or Matebele (ma-te- 
 ba'le), or Matabeli (ma-ta-ba'le). A Bantu 
 tribe of British South Africa, north of the Trans- 
 
 Mataro (mii-ta-ro') A seaport and manufac- 
 turing town in the province of Barcelona, Spain, 
 17 miles northeast of Barcelona. Pop., 19,704. 
 
 Matejko (ma-tay'ko), Jan. Bom at Cracow, 
 July 30, 1838: died Nov. 1, 1893. A Polish his- 
 torical painter. His subjects were taken from 
 Polish history. 
 
 Matelica (ma-tel'e-ka). A small town in the 
 province of Macerata, eastern Italy, 22 miles 
 west of Macerata. 
 
 Matera (ma-ta'ra). A town in the province of 
 Potenza, southern Italy, 37 miles west-north- 
 west of Taranto. Population, 17,237. 
 
 Mater Dolorosa (ma'ter dol-o-ro'sa). [L., ‘ the 
 sorrowful mother.’] A painting by Titian 
 (1554), in the royal museum at Madrid, it is a 
 bust of the Virgin, in violet robe, with blue mantle drawn 
 over the white cap on her head, mourning her son with 
 upraised hands. It is a companion piece to the master’s 
 “ Ecce Homo" in the same museum. 
 
 Materna (ma-ter'na), Amalie (Frau Fried- 
 rich). Born at St. Georgen, Styria, July 10, 
 1845 (Grove). A noted German opera-singer. 
 She made her first appearance at Gratz about 1864. In 
 1869 she made her first success as Selika in “L’Africaine " 
 at Vienna, and in 1876 created her great reputation as a 
 Wagnerian singer by her impersonation of Brunhild at the 
 Wagner festival at Bayreuth. She has also sung in Eng- 
 land and the United States. She retired in 1897. 
 
 vaal, claiming territory from about lat. 20° S. 
 to the Zambesi River, especially Mashonaland. 
 It is organized on the Zulu model. See Loben- 
 fjula, Mashonaland, Manica. Also Tabele, Tebele. 
 Matabeleland (ma-ta-ba'le-land). A province 
 of Southern Rhodesia, chief town Bulawayo. It 
 was proclaimed in 1888 to be within the British 
 sphere of influence. It was forcibly taken possession 
 of by the British South Africa Company 1893-94. 
 
 Mataco (ma-ta-ko'), or Mataguaya (ma-ta- 
 gwi'a), stock. A linguistic group of South 
 American Indians, iu the Gran Chaco, princi- 
 pally between the rivers Vermejo and Pilco- 
 mayo. It includes the Matacos, Mataguayas, Enimagas, 
 Ocolos, and various other hordes, all of more or less wan- 
 dering habits and dark-skinned. 
 
 Matacos (ma-ta-kos'). A tribe of Indians of the 
 Argentine Republic, in the Chaco region, about 
 the upper course of the Rio Vermejo. They have 
 considerable herds of cattle and horses, and migrate from 
 time to time in search of fresh pastures. Iu color they are 
 dark. The Matacos have long been at war with the Tobas. 
 They are friendly to the whites, and readily work for them 
 on sugar-plantations or as servants. 
 
 Matagalpan (ma-ta-gal'pan) stock. The name 
 given by Dr. Brinton to the so-called Chontales 
 Indians in Nicaragua (departments of Mata- 
 galpa, Segovia, and Chontales). He regards their 
 language as essentially different from that of other known 
 stocks. 
 
 Matagorda Bay ( mat-a-gor ' da ha) . An inlet of 
 the Gulf of Mexico, south of Texas, at the 
 mouth of the Colorado, about long. 96° W. 
 Matagorda Island. An island on the coast of 
 Texas, southwest of Matagorda Bay. 
 Mataguayas (ma-ta-gwl'as). A tribe of In- 
 dians of the Argentine Republic, in the Chaco 
 region north of the Rio Vermejo. They are closely 
 allied to the Matacos, but are more savage, and have ad- 
 mitted little intercourse with the whites. Old authors 
 used this name somewhat loosely for various tribes of the 
 Mataco and Guaycuru stocks. 
 
 Matambwe (ma-tani'bwe). See Konde. 
 Matamorqs (mat-a-mo'ros ; Sp. pron. ma-ta- 
 mo'ros). A port and city in the state of Ta- 
 maulipas, Mexico, situated on the Rio Grande 
 opposite Brownsville in Texas. It was taken by 
 Taylor May 18, 1846. Population, 8,347. 
 Matamoros (ma-ta-mo'ros), Mariano. Born 
 about 1770: executed at Valladolid, Feb. 3, 
 1814. A Mexican priest and patriot, the prin- 
 cipal lieutenant of Morelos (Dec., 1811, -Jan., 
 1814). He gained the victory of San Agustin del Pal- 
 mar (Oct. 14, 1813), and shared in the repulse at Vallado- 
 lid and the defeat at Puruaran (Jan. 5, 1814), where he was 
 captured. 
 
 Matanzas (ma-tan'zas; Sp.pron. ma-tan'thas). 
 A seaport on the northern coast of Cuba, situ- 
 ated on the Bay of Matanzas in lat. 23° 2' N., 
 long. 81° 43' W. It is the chief commercial city of 
 Cuba next to Havana. Population, 36,009. 
 
 Matapan (ma-ta-pan'), Cape. A promontory 
 at the extremity of Laconia, Greece, situated 
 in lat. 36° 23' N., long. 22° 29' E.: the ancient 
 Teenarum. It is, after Cape Tarifa, the south- 
 ernmost point of continental Europe. 
 
 Matape (mil-ta'pa). A pueblo in central So- 
 nora, known to the Spaniards in 1540 under 
 the name Vacapa. It was later a considerable 
 mission of the Jesuits. 
 
 Mataras (ma-ta'ras). An Indian tribe of the 
 Argentine Republic, in the Chaco region on 
 the river Pilcomayo. They are classed with 
 the Lule stock. 
 
 Maternus, Julius Firmicus. See Firmicus. 
 
 Mather (maTH'6r), Cotton. Born at Boston, 
 Mass., Feb. 12, 1663: died there, Feb. 13, 1728. 
 An American Congregational clergyman, au- 
 thor, and scholar : son of Increase Mather. He 
 became the colleague of his father in the North Church in 
 Boston in 1684, andremained in that pulpit until his death. 
 He took an active part in the persecutions for witchcraft. 
 His chief works are“Magnalia Christi Americana” (on 
 New England ecclesiastical history, 1702; new ed. 1853), 
 “ Wonders of the Invisible World ” (1692), “ Manuductio 
 adMinisterium,” “Biblia Americana, or Sacred Scriptures 
 of the Old and New Testament, Illustrated " (in MS.). 
 
 Mather, Increase. Born at Dorchester, Mass., 
 1639 : died at Boston, Aug. 23, 1723. President 
 of Harvard College, youngest son of Richard 
 Mather. He graduated (M. A.) at Harvard in 1656, vis- 
 ited England in 1657, and graduated (M. A.) at Trinity Col- 
 lege, Dublin, in 1658. He preached at Great Torrington, 
 Devonshire, until May, 1659, and afterward in Guernsey. 
 At the Restoration he refused to conform, and returned to 
 Boston, where he was ordained minister of the new North 
 Church on May 27, 1664. In 1680 he presided at the Synod 
 of Boston. In 1685 he was elected president of Harvard 
 College. In 1687 Mather was charged by the New England 
 ministers to convey a vote of thanks to James II. for his 
 declaration of liberty of conscience, and visited England 
 in 1688. In 1701 he resigned the presidency of Harvard 
 College, but retained his Boston pastorate until his death. 
 
 Mather, Nathaniel. Born at Much Woolton, 
 Lancashire, March 20, 1631: died at London, 
 July 26, 1697. The second son of Richard Math- 
 er. He went with his father to America, and graduated 
 (M. A.) at Harvard College in 1647. He returned to Eng- 
 land about 1650. In 1656 he received from the Protector 
 the vicarage of Barnstaple, Devonshire, and at the Resto- 
 ration became pastor of the English church at Rotterdam. 
 In 1671 he succeeded his brother Samuel at the church in 
 New Row, Dublin, and in 1688 took charge of the Indepen- 
 dent church in Paved'Alley, Lime street. London. He wrote 
 “ The Righteousness of God through Faith ” (1694), etc. 
 
 Mather, Richard. Born at Lowton, Lanca- 
 shire, 1596: died at Dorchester, Mass., April 
 22, 1669. A Congregational divine. He entered 
 Brasenose College, Oxford, May 9, 1618, but soon went to 
 Toxteth Park, Liverpool, preaching his first sermon Nov. 
 30. In 1634 he was suspended for nonconformity, and went 
 to New England, arriving in Boston Aug. 16, 1635. He waB 
 settled at Dorchester. Aug. 23, 1636, and remained there 
 until his death. Among his sons were Samuel, Nathaniel 
 and Increase. 
 
 Mathers, Helen. See Reeves, Mrs. 
 
 Mathew (math'u), Theobald, called “The 
 Apostle of Temperance.” Born at Thomastown 
 Castle, near Cashel, Ireland, Oct. 10, 1790: died at 
 Queenstown, Dec. 8, 1856. An Irish priest and 
 temperance advocate. He entered the college at 
 Maynooth in 1807, and was ordained in the Franciscan 
 order in 1841. His first charge was “the Little Friary "in 
 Cork. On April 10, 1838, he signed the total abstinence 
 pledge, and began a temperance crusade. As a result 
 nearly one half of the adult population of Ireland, it is 
 said, joined him ; and “ the duties on Irish spirits fell from 
 £1,434,573 in 1839 to £852,418 in 1844." The results of his 
 work were largely destroyed by the Irish famine, which 
 he also did more than any one else to relieve. Father 
 Mathew visited America in 1849. 
 
 Mathews (math'uz), Charles. Bornat London, 
 June 28, 1776: died at Plymouth, June 28, 1835. 
 An English comedian, son of James Mathews, 
 a Wesleyan preacher. He was educated at the Mer- 
 chant Taylors’ School, London. After a successful tour of 
 the York circuit, he appeared in the Haymarket Theatre 
 under George Colman the younger May 16, 1S03, and at 
 Drury Lane for the first time Sept. IS, 1804. On March 28, 
 1803, he married as his second wife Anne Jackson, an 
 actress, who often appeared in his support. In 1822 and 
 again in 1834 he visited New York. Mathews was espe- 
 cially successful as a mimic, and was in his way inimitable. 
 His series of “At Homes " were his most memorable per- 
 formances. They consisted of songs, recitations, ventri- 
 
Mathews, Charles 
 
 loquial imitations, etc. In these his wife aided him. She 
 also edited his memoirs, and wrote “Anecdotes of Actors," 
 etc. 
 
 Mathews, Charles James. Born at Liverpool, 
 Dec. 26, 1803: died at Manchester, June 24, 
 1878. An English actor and dramatist, son of 
 Charles Mathews. He was educated at the private 
 school of Richardson the lexicographer, and copied extracts 
 for his dictionary. On May 4, 1819, he entered the atelier 
 of Augustus Pugin the architect, and continued to practise 
 architecture for several years. On April 26, 1822, he ap- 
 peared for the first time, as an amateur, at the Lyceum, 
 London. On July 18, 1838, he married Madame Vestris, his 
 manager. In Oct., 1842, they were engaged by Macready 
 at Drury Lane, and on Nov. 14, 1842, they went to the Hay- 
 market. On July 4, 1856, he was imprisoned for debt in 
 Lancaster Castle. Madame Vestris died Aug. 8, 1856; a 
 year later he visited New York, where he married Mrs. 
 Davenport, an actress at Burton’s Theater. On April 9, 
 1870, he appeared in the Theatre Royal, Melbourne. In 
 1875 he played in Calcutta, and after his return made his 
 last appearance June 8, 1875, at Stalybridge. Among his 
 own compositions are “The Black Domino,” “Dead for a 
 Ducat," “ Married for Money,” “ The Court Jester,” “ My 
 Awful Dad," “Little Toddlekins,” “Mathews & Co.,” etc. 
 His best parts were Sir Charles Coldstream, Sir Affable 
 Hawk, Lavater, Puff in “ The Critic,” etc. 
 
 Mathews, Lucia Elizabeth or Elizabetta 
 (Madame Vestris). Bom at London, Jan., 1797: 
 died there, Aug. 8, 1856. An English actress, 
 daughter of Gaetano Stefano Bartolozzi. On 
 Jan. 28, 1813, she married Auguste Armand Vestris, bal- 
 let-master at the King’s Theatre. She had a fine contralto 
 voice, and first appeared as Proserpina in Peter Winter’s 
 opera “ H Ratto di Proserpina "(July 20, 1815). She ap- 
 peared first in English at Drury Lane on Feb. 19, 1820, 
 and continued to play until Jan. 3, 1831, when she under- 
 took the management of the Olympic. On Dec. 7, 1835, 
 Charles James Mathews made his debut under her man- 
 agement, and they were married J uly 18, 1838. She under- 
 took the management of the Lyceum in 1847, and appeared 
 there for the last time July 26, 1854. 
 
 Mathews, Thomas. Born at Llandaff Court, 
 Oct., 1676: died at London, Oct. 2, 1751. An 
 English admiral. He entered the navy about 1690, and 
 in 1703 was promoted captain of the Yarmouth. In 1736 
 he was made commissioner of the navy at Chatham, and 
 on March 13, 1742, was created vice-admiral of the red, com- 
 mander-in-chief in the Mediterranean, and minister to 
 Sardinia. He resigned in Aug., 1744. 
 
 Mathias (ma-thl'as). The principal character 
 in “The Bells,” dramatized by Leopold Lewis 
 from Ware’s “The Polish Jew”: a conscience- 
 stricken murderer, very powerfully and poeti- 
 cally drawn. Henry Irving has been remark- 
 ably successful in this part. 
 
 Mathias (ma-tln'as), Thomas James. Bom 
 about 1754: died" at Naples, Aug., 1835. An 
 English satirist and Italian scholar. He graduated 
 at Trinity College, Cambridge. He went to Italy in 1817, 
 and remained there the rest of his life. His “ Pursuits of 
 Literature ” was begun in 1794. Other satires are “ The 
 Political Dramatist ” (1795), “ An Equestrian Epistle in 
 Verse to the Earl of Jersey ” (1796), “An Imperial Epistle 
 from Kien Long, Emperor of China, to George III. in 1794." 
 His “Works of Gray ’’ were published in 1814. In Italian 
 he wrote “Poesie Liriche ’’ and “Canzone Toscane.” 
 Mathura(ma'th6-ra). A celebrated city of India, 
 situated on the right bank of the Jumna, the 
 name of which survives in the modern Muttra. 
 It was the birthplace of Krishna, and one of the 
 seven sacred cities. 
 
 Matilda (ma-til'dii) . [ML. , fromMHG. Malithilt, 
 Mahtilt, Mehtilt, G. dial. Mechtild (G. Mathilde, 
 F. Matilde, fromML.), AS. Mahtild; lit. ‘mighty 
 in battle.’ Hence OF. Mahald (whence late 
 AS. Mahceld, ME. Molde), Makaud, whence E. 
 Maud.~\ Died in Normandy, Nov. 3, 1083. Queen 
 of William the Conqueror and daughter of 
 Baldwin V., count of Flanders. She married William 
 about 1053, and was crowned at Westminster May 11, 1067. 
 
 Matilda, or Maud (mad). Born 1080: died at 
 Westminster, May 1, 1118. The first wife of 
 Henry I. of England, and daughter of Malcolm 
 HI., king of Scotland, and St. Margaret, she 
 was baptized Eadgyth (Edith), but was always known as 
 Matilda or Maud. Malcolm III. and Margaret died in 
 1093, and Matilda was sheltered in England by her uncle 
 Edgar TEtheling. On Nov. 11, 1100, she was married to 
 Henry I. at Westminster Abbey by Anselm. She founded 
 the first Austin priory in England in 1108. She was pious 
 and learned, and had great influence- on the life of the 
 time. She was buried in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Matilda. Bom 1103 (?) : died at Hedingham 
 Castle, May 3, 1152. Queen of Stephen, king 
 of England. She was the only child of Eustace III., 
 count of Boulogne, and Mary, daughter of Malcolm III. of 
 Scotland and St. Margaret. Before 1125 she married 
 Stephen de Blois, nephew of Henry I. of England, who 
 seized the English crown in 1135. In the civil war which 
 followed the empress Matilda’s invasion, she took the field 
 in person, and, after Stephen's imprisonment, with her 
 general William of Ypresand the aid of the citizens drove 
 the empress from London. In 1148 she founded the hos- 
 pital of St. Katharine by the Tower. 
 
 Matilda, or Maud, or Mold (iEtlielic or 
 
 Aaliz). Bom at London, 1102: died at Notre 
 Dame des Pr6s, near Rouen, Sept. 10, 1167. 
 Empress, the daughter of Henry I. of England 
 and his first wife Matilda. She married the German 
 
 665 
 
 king Henry V. at Mainz Jan. 7, 1114, and may have been 
 with him when he was crowned at Rome in 1111. When 
 Henry V. died (1125) she returned to Normandy, and in 
 1126 to England. On June 17, 1128, she married Geoffrey 
 Plantagenet, son of the Count of Anjou. Their first child 
 (Henry II.) was born March 5, 1133. On the death of Henry 
 I. (Dec. 1, 1135) her cousin Stephen assumed the crown. 
 On Sept. 30, 1139, she invaded England, captured Stephen 
 (Feb., 1141), was acknowledged lady of England and Nor- 
 mandy (April 8, 1141), and established herself at Westmin- 
 ster. She misused her power, was driven from the city, 
 and fled to Oxford. She returned to Normandy in 1148. 
 After the accession of her son Henry Plantagenet, she set- 
 tled at Notre Dame des Prds, near Rouen, where she died. 
 Her most noted exploit was her escape from Oxford with 
 three of her knights nt Christmas time. They clothed 
 themselves in white, and tied over the frozen river and 
 through Stephen’s camp. 
 
 Matilda. Born about 1046: died about 1115. 
 Countess of Tuscany, and ruler also of a large 
 part of northern Italy. She was a supporter of 
 Gregory VII. and other popes against the em- 
 pire. 
 
 Matilda. Born 1156 : died at Brunswick, Ger- 
 many, June 28, 1189. Duchess of Saxony, the 
 third child and eldest daughter of Henry II. of 
 England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. On Feb. l, 
 1168, she married Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, and 
 cousin of Frederick Barbarossa. 
 
 Matlatzincas (mat-lat-zen'kas). A tribe of 
 Mexican Indians who occupied the district west 
 of the lakes. They were of Otomi stock, and at the 
 time of the Spanish conquest had been recently subdued 
 by the Aztecs. In the war with the ‘Spaniards they ad- 
 hered at first to the Mexican chiefs, and shortly before 
 Mexico was taken they were defeated by Sandoval, and 
 their town of Matlalzinco was burned. Their descendants 
 inhabit the valley of Mexico and portions of Michoacan. 
 
 Matlock (mat'lok). A town in Derbyshire, 
 England, situated on the Derwent 15 miles 
 north by west of Derby. Near it is Matlock 
 Bath, noted for hot springs. Population, about 
 6 , 000 . 
 
 Matrimonio Segreto (ma-tre-mo'ne-o se-gra'- 
 to), II (‘ The Secret Marriage ’). Art opera by 
 Cimarosa, first produced at Vienna in 1792: 
 known in French as “ Le mariage secret.” 
 
 Matris (ma'trez). [Skt., ‘ mothers.’] In Hindu 
 theology, the personified energies of the great 
 gods. Their number, at first small, later became count- 
 less. They are the special object of the worship of the 
 Shaktas (which see). 
 
 Matrona (mat'ro-na). The Latin name of the 
 Marne. 
 
 Matsumai (miit-so-mi'), or Matsumaye (mat- 
 so-mi'a), or Fukuyama. A town at the 
 southern extremity of Yezo, Japan, 40 miles 
 southwest of Hakodate. 
 
 Matsya Avatara (mat'sya a-va-ta/ra). [Skt., 
 ‘fish incarnation.’] The first incarnation of 
 Vishnu. He is believed to have infused a portion of his 
 essence into a fish, or to have taken the form of a fish, to 
 save Manu, the primeval man, from the universal deluge. 
 Conciliating the Deity by his piety, Manu was warned of 
 the deluge and commanded to build a ship and go on board 
 with the seven Rishis, or patriarchs, and the seeds of all 
 existing things. When the flood came, Vishnu appeared as 
 a vast fish with a horn on its head, to which the ship’s cable 
 was fastened. The ship was thus drawn along and secured 
 to a high crag till the flood passed. 
 
 Matsya Purana (mat'sya po-ra'na). In San- 
 skrit literature, a Purana of between fourteen 
 and fifteen thousand stanzas, compiled from va- 
 rious materials. Many chapters are identical with 
 parts of the Vishnu and Padma Puranas, and much is taken 
 from the Mahabharata. It is so called as narrated to Manu 
 by Vishnu in the form of a fish (mateya). 
 
 Matsys. See Massys. 
 
 Matta (mat'ta), Guillermo. Born in Copiaud, 
 1829: died 1899. A Chilean politician and poet. 
 His lyrics are popular. 
 
 Mattathias (mat-a-thl' as), surnamed “The 
 Hasmonean.” [See Matthew.'] The father of 
 the Maccabees. See Maccabees. 
 
 Matter (ma-tar'), Jacques. Born at Alt-Eck- 
 endorf, Alsace, May 31, 1791: died at Strasburg, 
 June 23, 1864. A French historian and philos- 
 opher. His works include “Histoire critique du gnos- 
 ticisms ’’ (1828), “Histoire universelle de l’bglise chrb- 
 tienne” (1828-35), “Histoire de la philosophic dans ses 
 rapports avec la religion ’’ (1854), etc. 
 
 Matterhorn (mat'ter-horn), F. Mont Cervin 
 
 (mon ser-van'), It. Monte Silvio (mon'te sel'- 
 ve-o). A peak of the Pennine Alps, situated 
 on the border between Valais (Switzerland) and 
 Piedmont (Italy), west of Monte Rosa, it is 
 noted for its steepness. It was first ascended in 1865 by 
 Whymper’s party, four of whom lost their lives. Height, 
 14,703 feet. 
 
 Matteucci (mat-ta'6-che), Carlo. Bom at 
 Forli, Italy, June 20, 1811: died at Leghorn, 
 Italy, June 25, 1868. An Italian physicist and 
 politician. He became professor at Bologna in 1832, at 
 Ravenna in 1837, and at Pisa in 1840. In 1860 he became 
 a senator and superintendent of the Italian telegraph sys- 
 tem, and later also of the meteorological bureau. For a 
 short time in 1862 he was minister of public instruction 
 
 Mattiaci 
 
 under Rattazzi. He is best known from his works on 
 electricity. 
 
 Mattheson, or Math eson (mat'e-son), Johann. 
 Born at Hamburg, Sept. 28, 1681 : died there, 
 April 17 , 1764. A German composer and writer 
 on music. 
 
 Matthew (math'u), Saint. [Heb., acontraction 
 of Mattathiah, gift of God ; Gr. Maddaiog, Mar- 
 Oaiog, L. Mattliseus , It. Matteo, Sp. Mateo, F. 
 Matthieu .] One of the apostles, and, according 
 to tradition, the author of the gospel which 
 hears his name. He is described as a tax-gatherer. 
 In Mark and Luke he is called Levi. According to the 
 earlier legends he labored as a missionary on the shores of 
 the Black Sea; according to others, in Ethiopia. In the 
 latter country he was said to have suffered martyrdom, 
 hut he was also asserted to have died a natural death. 
 
 Matthew, Gospel of. The first gospel, attrib- 
 uted by tradition to the apostle Matthew. 
 Matthew, Master. In Ben Jonson’s comedy 
 “Every Man in his Humour,” “a town-bred 
 gull,” half fool, half coxcomb, vain of his own 
 poetry, his affairs with women, and his associa- 
 tion with those above him in rank. 
 
 Matthew, Sir Tobie. Born at Salisbury, Oet. 
 3, 1577: died at the English College, Ghent, 
 Oet. 13, 1655. An English diplomatist and man 
 of letters, son of Tobias Matthew, archbishop of 
 York. He graduated at Oxford (Christ Church) in 1594, 
 and was admitted of Gray’s Inn iu 1599. He became a 
 member of Parliament in 1601. In 1604 he visited Italy, 
 and entered the Roman Catholic Church in March, 1606. 
 He was imprisoned in the Fleet prison for his religion un- 
 til Feb. 7, 1608. He was ordained a priest at Rome in 
 1614, and remained in Italy until 1617. He was banished 
 from Jan., 1619, to Dec., 1621. He busied himself with vari- 
 ous Jesuitical schemes until 1640, when he retired to Ghent, 
 where he died. His letters were published five years after 
 his death. 
 
 Matthew of Paris, or Matthew Paris. Bom 
 
 probably about 1200 : died 1259. A celebrated 
 English chronicler. His surname probably originated 
 in the circumstance that he studied at the University of 
 Paris. He entered the Benedictine monastery of St. Al- 
 bans in 1217; was present at the nuptials of Henry III. 
 and Eleanor of Provence in 1236; and was sent on a mis- 
 sion to the Benedictine monastery of Holm (Trondhjem) 
 in 1248. He enjoyed the favor of Henry III. , who admitted 
 him to his table and to private conversations during a visit 
 of a week’s duration at St. Albans in March, 1257. His 
 chief works are “Historia Major” (also called “Chronica 
 Majora”)and “Historia Anglorum,” which is mainly com- 
 piled from the first-mentioned work. The “ Historia Ma- 
 jor ” is a chronicle of events from the creation of the world 
 to the year 1259. Down to 1235 it is a modified transcrip- 
 tion of an earlier work, entitled “Flores Historiarum,” 
 begun by John de Celia and completed by Roger of Wen- 
 dover ; from 1235 to 1259 it was compiled exclusively from 
 ^original sources. 
 
 Matthews (math'uz), James Brander. Bom 
 at New Orleans, La., Feb. 21, 1852. An American 
 writer ; professor of dramatic literature at Co- 
 lumbia University, New York. 
 
 Matthew’s Bible. A folio Bible, published in 
 1537, which professed to be translated into Eng- 
 lish by Thomas Matthew. See Rogers, John. 
 Matthias (ma-thi'as or mat-tbi'as). [See Mat- 
 thew.] The apostle chosen to fill the place of 
 Judas Iscariot. 
 
 Matthias (ma-t.hi'as ; G. pron. mat-te'as). Bom 
 Feb. 24, 1557 : died March 20, 1619. Emperor of 
 the Holy Roman Empire 1612-19, younger son of 
 Maximilian II. He intrigued against his brother the 
 emperor Rudolf II., whom he displaced as ruler in Hun- 
 gary, Moravia, Silesia, Lusatia, and Bohemia in 1608-11. 
 He was elected emperor on the death of his brother in 
 1612. Being childless, he secured the succession in Bo- 
 hemia and Hungary for his cousin Ferdinand, duke of 
 Styria (afterward emperor Ferdinand II.), in 1617 and 1618, 
 respectively. 
 
 Matthias I. Oorvinus, surnamed “The Great.” 
 Born 1443 ; died at Vienna, 1490. King of Hun- 
 gary 1458-90, younger son of John Hunyady. 
 He carried on wars with the emperor, the Turks, the 
 Bohemians, and the Poles ; conquered Vienna, which he 
 made his residence ; and was a patron of learning. 
 
 Matthiesen (math'i-sen), Augustus. Bom at 
 London, Jan. 2, 1831: committed suicide Oet. 6, 
 1870. An English chemist and physicist. After 
 1853 he spent four years with Bunsen at Heidelberg. He 
 was the first to isolate calcium and strontium in the pore 
 state, and made valuable investigations on the physical 
 properties of metals and alloys. In 1857 he fitted up a 
 laboratory in London. He was a lecturer on chemistry at 
 St. Bartholomew’s Hospital in 1868. 
 
 Matthisson (mat'tis-son), Friedrich von. Bom 
 
 at Hohendodeleben, near Magdeburg, Prussia, 
 Jan. 23, 1761: died at Worlitz, near Dessau, 
 Germany, March 12, 1831. A German lyric poet. 
 Mattiaci (ma-ti'a-si). [L. (Pliny) Mattiaci.] A 
 German tribe, a branch of the Chatti (first men- 
 tioned by Pliny), iu the Tauuus region, south- 
 ward to the Main, about the present Wies- 
 baden (called by the Romans Aquas Mattiacse). 
 They took part iu the rising under (Jivilis, but 
 were soon afterward subjugated by Rome. 
 
Matto Grosso 
 
 Matto, or Mato, Grosso (mat 'to gros'so). [Pg., 
 ‘ great forest.’] A western state of Brazil, bor- 
 dering on Bolivia. Capital, Cuyaba. it is rich in 
 agricultural and mineral products. Area, 532,683 square 
 miles. Population, 118,525. 
 
 Mattocks (mat'oks), Isabella. Born 1746: died 
 at Kensington, June 25, 1826. An English ac- 
 tress, daughterof LewisHallam,alowcomedian. 
 At four and a half years of age she played children's parts 
 at Covent Garden. She married Mattocks in 1765, and 
 was chief support of Covent Garden until her retirement 
 in 1808. Her best roles were chambermaids and old women. 
 
 Mattoon (ma-ton'). A city in Coles County, 
 eastern Illinois, 73 miles east-southeast of 
 Springfield. Population, 11,456, (1910). 
 Maturin (mat'u-rin), Charles Robert. Born 
 at Dublin, 1782: died there, Oct. 30, 1824. An 
 Irish novelist, of a French refugee family. He 
 graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1800, and became 
 curate of St. Peter’s, Dublin. He published “The Fatal 
 Revenge, or the Family of Montorio” (1807), “The Wild 
 Irish Boy" (1808), and the “Milesian Chief" (1812), which 
 attracted the attention of Sir Walter Scott. His tragedy 
 “ Bertram ” was brought out by Kean at Drury Lane, May 
 3, 1816. He also wrote the tragedies “ Manuel ” (1817) and 
 "Fredolfo” (1817). His best novel, “Melmoth the Wan- 
 derer," appeared in 1820, and is said to have influenced the 
 romantic school in France, especially Balzac. 
 
 Matzner (mets'ner), Eduard Adolf Ferdi- 
 nand. Born at Rostock, Germany, May 25, 1805 : 
 died at Berlin, July 14, 1892. A noted German 
 philologist. He taught at the French gymnasium in 
 Berlin and at the gymnasium in Bromberg 1830-34, and 
 was director of the “ Luisenschule," the principal female 
 school in Berlin, from 1838. He published “ Englische 
 Grammatik ’’(3d ed. 1880-85), “AltenglischeSprachproben” 
 (1867-),“Altenglisches Worterbuch "(1872-), and works on 
 Romance philology. 
 
 Maubeuge (mo-bezb'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Nord, France, situated on the Sambre, 
 near the Belgian frontier, 22 miles east by south 
 of V alenciennes. It has manufactures of tools and 
 metal goods. It was the ancient capital of Hainaut, and 
 was fortified by Vauban. It surrendered to the Prussians 
 July 11, 1815. Population, commune, 21,520. 
 
 Mauch Chunk (mak chungk). The capital of 
 Carbon County, Pennsylvania, situated on the 
 Lehigh 74 miles north-northwest of Philadel- 
 phia. There are importantanthracite-coalmines 
 in its vicinity. Pop. (borough), 3,952, (1910). 
 Maud. [A contraction of Matilda.'] See Ma- 
 tilda. 
 
 Maud. A poem by Tennyson, published in 1855. 
 Maud Muller. A short poem by Whittier. 
 Maud S. An American trotting mare, by Har- 
 old, dam Miss Russell. At Cleveland in 1885 
 she made the record of one mile in 2:08|, but lost 
 it to Sunol (2:081:) in 1891. 
 
 Maudsley (madz'li), Henry. Born at Rome, 
 near Settle, Yorkshire, Feb. 5, 1835. An Eng- 
 lish physiologist. He has been professor of medical 
 jurisprudence at University College, London, and editor 
 of the “ Journal of Mental Science.” His chief works are 
 “ The Physiology and Pathology of the Mind ’’ (1867), “Body 
 and Mind’’ (1870), “Responsibility in Mental Disease" 
 (1874), “The Physiology of Mind” (1876), “The Pathology 
 of Mind ’’ (1879), “ Body and Will ” (1883), “ Natural Causes 
 and Supernatural Seemings ’’ (1886), “Life in Mind and 
 Conduct ” (1902), “ Heredity, Variation and Genius ” (1908). 
 
 Mauer See (mou'er za). A lake in the province 
 of East Prussia, Prussia. 
 
 Maues, or Mauhes (mou-az'). A tribe of Bra- 
 zilian Indians, occupying a region to the south of 
 the Amazon, between the Tapajos and Madeira 
 (states of Pard and Amazonas). Their best-known 
 villages are on the Maue-assu. They are classed with the 
 great Tupi stock, but are more degraded than most of the 
 Tupi tribes; they practise agriculture, live in fixed vil- 
 lages, and since about 1820 have had some intercourse with 
 the whites. Much of the drug called guarana ( Paullinia 
 sorbilis), used as a beverage in western Brazil and Bolivia, 
 is prepared by them and sold to the traders. They still 
 number several thousands. 
 
 Maugis. Same as Malagigi. 
 
 Mauhes. See Maues. 
 
 Maui (mou'e), formerly Mowee (mou'e). The 
 second in size of the Hawaiian Islands, situated 
 25 miles northwest of Hawaii. Chief town, 
 Lahaina. It contains one of the largest (extinct) craters 
 in the world, on Mount Haleakala. Length, 64 miles. 
 Area, 728 square miles. 
 
 Maui (mou'e). A hero in New Zealand legend. 
 See the extract. 
 
 Though all these mythical beings are in a sense depart- 
 mental gods, they yield in renown to a later child of their 
 race, Maui, the great culture-hero, who is an advanced 
 form of the culture-heroes, mainly theriomorphic, of the 
 lower races. Maui, like many heroesof myth, was a young- 
 est son. He was prematurely born (a similar story comes 
 in the Brahmanic legend of the Adityas) ; his mother 
 wrapped him up in her long hair, and threw him out to 
 sea. A kinsman rescued him, and he grew up to be much 
 the most important member of his family ; like Qat in his 
 larger circle of brethren. Maui it was who snared the sun, 
 beat him, and taught him to run his appointed course, in- 
 stead of careering at will and at any pace he chose about 
 the heavens. He was the culture-hero who invented barbs 
 for spears and hooks ; he turned his brother into the first 
 
 666 
 
 dog, whence dogs are sacred ; he fished New Zealand out 
 of the sea ; he stole fire for men. How Maui performed 
 this feat, and how he “brought death into the world and 
 all our woe,” are topics that belong to the myths of Death 
 and of the Fire-Stealer. Maui could not only change men 
 into animals, but could himself assume animal shapes at 
 wilL Lang, Myth, etc., II. 30. 
 
 Maul (mal). A giant in Bunyan’s "Pilgrim’s 
 Progress.” 
 
 Maulbronn (monl'bron). A town in Wurtem- 
 berg, 23 miles northwest of Stuttgart. It has a 
 noted abbey church and a Protestant theologi- 
 cal seminary. Population, over 1,000. 
 
 Maule (mou'la). 1. A river of Chile, rising in 
 the Andes and reaching the Pacific Ocean in 
 lat. 35° 18' S. It formed the southern limit of the Inca 
 conquests, and long separated the Spanish colonies from 
 Araucania. Length, 145 miles ; navigable for 50 miles. 
 
 2. A maritime province in Chile, intersected 
 by lat. 36° S. Capital, Cauqudnes. Area, 2,474 
 square miles. Population, 110,447. 
 
 Maule, Fox. See Ramsay, Fox Maule. 
 
 Mauley (ma'li), Sir Edward. The “black 
 dwarf” in Scott’s novel of that name. He is 
 also called Elsbender the Recluse. 
 
 Maulmain (mal-man'), or Moulmein (moul- 
 min'). A seaport in Amherst district, Burma, 
 situated on the river Salwin in lat. 16° 29' N., 
 long. 97° 38' E. It has been developed since 1826, and 
 is noted for its export of timber, rice, etc., and for ship- 
 building. Population, 58,446. 
 
 Maumbury (mam'ber-i) Rings. The best-pre- 
 served Roman amphitheater in England. It is 
 south of Dorchester. 
 
 Maumee (ma-me'). A river in Indiana and Ohio. 
 It is formed by the union of the St. Mary’s and St. Jo- 
 seph’s at Fort Wayne, and flows into Maumee Bay, Lake 
 Erie, 5 miles northeast of Toledo. Length (including the 
 St. Mary’s), over 200 miles. 
 
 Maumee Rapids, Battle of. A victory gained 
 by the Americans under Wayne over the In- 
 dians, in northwestern Ohio, Aug. 20, 1794. 
 
 Mauna Kea (mou'naka'a). An extinct volcano 
 in the island of Hawaii. It is the highest peak 
 in the Pacific Ocean. Height, 13,823 feet. 
 
 Mauna Loa (mou'na lo'a). An active volcano 
 in the island of Hawaii, south-southwest of 
 Mauna Kea. There have been noted eruptions in 1843, 
 1859, 1868, 1877, and 1899. Height, 13,675 feet. 
 
 Maundeville, Sir John. See Mandeville. 
 
 Maundrell (man'drel), Henry. Born at Comp- 
 ton Bassett, near Caine, Wiltshire, 1665: died 
 at Aleppo, 1701. An English Oriental traveler. 
 He graduated at Oxford (Exeter College) in 1685, and was 
 curate of Bromley in Kent 1689-95. He was made chap- 
 lain of the Aleppo factory of the Company of Levant Mer- 
 chants in 1695. “A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at 
 Easter A. I>. 1697 ” was printed at Oxford hi 1703. 
 
 Maupassant (mo-pa-son' ), Henri Rene Albert 
 
 Guy de. Born at the Chateau de Miromesnil, 
 Seine-Inf 4rieure, Aug. 5, 1850: died at Passy, 
 Paris, July 6, 1893. A French novelist. He went 
 to school at Yvetot, and graduated from the college of 
 Rouen, while Gustave Flaubert, his godfather, looked after 
 his literary training. He spent about ten years in civil 
 service in the navy department. In Feb., 1879, his one-act 
 play “ Histoire du vieux temps” was performed in Paris, 
 without, however, attracting any special attention. The 
 next year, however, the success of his short story “Boule 
 desuif ” stamped him at once as a writer of marked ability. 
 Then he published in rapid succession “La maison Tel- 
 lier" (1881), “Mademoiselle Fifi”(lC82), “Contes de la b4- 
 casse”(1883), “Une vie ”(1883),“Miss Harriet ’’(1884), “Les 
 sceurs Rondoli ” (1884), “Au soleil ” (1884), “Clairde lune” 
 (1884), “Yvette ”(1884), “Bel-Ami ”(1885), “Contes du jour 
 et de la nuit”(18S5), “Contes et nouvelles” (18S5), “M. 
 Parent” (1886), “La petite Roque” (1886), “Toine”(1886), 
 “Contes choisis” (1887), “Mont-Oriol” (1887), “Le Horla" 
 (1887), “Pierre et Jean" (1S88), “Sur l’eau” (1888), “Le 
 rosier de Mine. Husson ” (1888), “Fort comme la mort” 
 
 S , “La main gauche ” (1889), “Histoire d’une fille de 
 s ’’ (1890), “ Lavieerrante”(1890), “L’lnutile beauty ” 
 (1890), “Notre coeur”(1890). Among his other works are 
 “Trois contes,” “Enmer,” “L’Homme de lettres” (1892), 
 and two plays “ Musotte "(1891) and “La paix dn mfinage ” 
 (Com4die Franqaise, March 6, 1893). The Insanity and 
 death of a brother unbalanced him, and he attempted 
 suicide during a fit of depression in Dec., 1891 ; general 
 paresis set in, and he had to be confined in a private asylum. 
 
 Maupeou (mo-po' ), Rene Nicolas Charles Au- 
 gustin de. Born at Paris, 1714: died, near 
 Andelvs, France, July 29, 1792. A French poli- 
 tician, chancellor of France 1768-74. He was in- 
 strumental in the overthrow of the Parliament of Paris in 
 1771. 
 
 Maupertuis (mo-per-ttie'), Pierre Louis Mo- 
 reau de. Born at St.-Malo, France, July 17, 
 1698 : died at Basel, Switzerland, J uly 27, 1759. 
 A French mathematician, astronomer, and phi- 
 losopher, appointed president of the Academy 
 of Berlin in 1740. His most important scientific per- 
 formance was his work as head of the expedition sent by 
 Louis XV. to Lapland (1736-37) to measure a degree of 
 longitude. The results of this expedition were published 
 by him in “ La figure de la terre determinee par les ob- 
 servations, etc." (1738). He was a supporter of the Newto- 
 nian theory against the Cartesians. He took part in sev- 
 
 Maurice, Frederick Denison 
 
 eral other controversies, the most notable being one with 
 Voltaire, who satirized him in the “Diatribe du Docteur 
 Akakia. ” 
 
 Maupin (mo-pan'). Mademoiselle de. Anovel 
 
 by Theophile Gautier. See Gautier. 
 
 Mauprat (mo-pra'). A novel by George Sand, 
 published in 1836. It was put on the stage in 
 1853. 
 
 Maurepas (mo-re-pa'), Comte de (Jean Frede- 
 ric Phelippeaux). Born July 9, 1701: died Nov. 
 21, 1/81. A French politician. He was minister 
 under Louis XV. ; was banished from court in 1749 through 
 the influence of Madame Pompadour whom he had at- 
 tacked; and was made prime minister by Louis XVI. in 
 1774. He restored the Parliament of Paris. 
 
 Maurepas (mor-pa'), Lake. A lake in eastern 
 Louisiana, west of Lake Pontcliartrain, with 
 which it communicates. Length, about 14 miles. 
 Maurer (mou'rer), Georg Ludwig von. Born 
 at Erpolsheim, Rhine Palatinate, Nov. 2, 1790: 
 died at Munich, July 9, 1872. A noted German 
 jurist and politician, member of the regency in 
 Greece 1832-34, and Bavarian minister of for- 
 eign affairs and justice in 1847. He published “Das 
 griechische Volk ” (1836), “Geschichte der Dorfverfassung 
 in Deutschland ” (1865-66), “Geschichte der Stadteverfas- 
 sung in Deutschland ” (1S6&-71), etc. 
 
 Maurer, Konrad von. Born April '29, 1823: 
 died Sept. 16, 1902. A German writer, son of G. 
 L. von Maurer : professor at Munich from 1847. 
 His works include “Die Entstehung des islandischen 
 Staats ” (1852), and other books on Scandinavian history, 
 literature, and law. 
 
 Mauretania (ma-re-ta'ni-a), or Mauritania 
 
 (ma-ri-ta'ni-a). [Gr. Mavpiravlaj from L. Mau- 
 rus, Gr. M avpog, a Moor.] In ancient geography, 
 the northwestern part of Africa, corresponding 
 to the northern parts of Morocco and of western 
 Algeria. Juba II. of Numidia was confirmed king of 
 Mauretania by Augustus, 25 B. c. It was annexed to the 
 Roman Empire by Claudius in 42 A. D., and was divided 
 into the provinces Mauretania Tingitana in the west and 
 Mauretania Caesariensis in the east. It was overrun by 
 the Vandals in 429. 
 
 Maurice (ma'ris), Saint. [LL. Mauricius, Mau- 
 ritius, Moorish; It. Maurizio, Sp. Mauricio, F. 
 Maurice, G. Moritz. Also Morris.] A Chris- 
 tian martyr. According to the legend, he was com- 
 mander of the “Theban Legion,” and was put to death in 
 Valais (Switzerland) in 286. 
 
 Maurice (Flavius Tiberius Mauricius). Born 
 in Cappadocia about 539; killed near Chalce- 
 don, Asia Minor, Nov., 602. Byzantine emperor 
 582-602. He served with distinction against the Persians ; 
 was appointed by Tiberius as his successor ; and married 
 Tiberius’s daughter Constantina. Heproved himself a wise 
 and vigorous ruler. He was deposed and murdered by the 
 general Phocas, commander-in-chief of an army operating 
 against the Avars. 
 
 Maurice. Born at Freiberg, Saxony, March 21, 
 1521: died at Sievershausen, near Hannover, 
 July 11, 1553. Duke of Saxony, son of Henry the 
 Pious. He succeeded to the duchy of Saxony in 1541; 
 assisted the emperor Charles V. against the Turks and 
 the French 1542-43 ; joined the emperor against the Smal- 
 kaldic League in 1546; was made elector of Saxony in 
 1547 ; formed an alliance with France and various German 
 states against the emperor in 1551; compelled the emperor 
 to sign the peace of Passau in 1552; and was mortally 
 wounded in his victory over Albert of Brandenburg at 
 Sievershausen, July 9, 1553. 
 
 Maurice. Born at Dillenhurg, Prussia, Nov. 14, 
 1567 : died at The Hague, April 23, 1625. Prince 
 of Orange and Count of Nassau, a younger son 
 of William the Silent. He was elected stadholderof 
 the provinces of Holland and Zealand on the assassination 
 of his father in 1584, and became stadholder of the Seven 
 United Provinces in 1587. He expelled the Spaniards from 
 the Seven L'nitedProvincesinaseriesof brilliant campaigns 
 which entitle him to a place among the foremost generals 
 of modern times. Groningen, the last stronghold of the 
 Spaniards, fell in 1594. In 1609 a truce of i2 years was con- 
 cluded with Spain at the instance of Olden-Barneveldt, 
 the head of the aristocratic republican party, who feared 
 that a continuance of the war might enable Maurice to 
 usurp the sovereignty. A political contest ensued, which 
 was further embittered by religious strife, inasmuch as 
 Maurice, who was supported by the populace, favored the 
 Gomarists, while Olden-Barneveldt favored the Arminians 
 or Remonstrants. This contest resulted in the execution 
 of Olden-Barneveldt in 1619, and in the victory of Maurice, 
 who renewed the war with Spain at the expiration of the 
 truce in 1621. 
 
 Maurice, Frederick Denison. Born at Nor- 
 
 manston, near Lowestoft, England, Aug. 29, 
 1805 : died at London, April 1, 1872. A noted 
 English divine. He entered Trinity College. Cam- 
 bridge, in 1823, and Exeter College, Oxford, in 1830. He 
 was appointed curate of BubbenhalL near Leamington, in 
 1834 ; chaplain of Guy’s Hospital in 1836 ; and in 1840 pro- 
 fessor of English literature and history, and in 1846 pro- 
 fessor of theology, at King’s College, London. From 1839 
 to 1841 he edited the “Educational Magazine.” In 1848 he 
 assisted in establishing Queen’s College, London. During 
 the revolutionary movement of 1848 he became the leader 
 of the “Christian Socialists." His “Theological Essays,” 
 published in 1853, excited so much criticism that he was 
 obliged to resign his professorship at King’s College. On 
 Oct 30, 1854, he became principal o' St. Martin’s Hall, 
 Queen Square, a working-men’s college. On Oct. 25, 1866, 
 
Maurice, Frederick Denison 
 
 he was elected professor of moral philosophy at Cambridge. 
 He wrote “ Eustace Conway, or the Brother and Sister : a 
 novel" (1834), the article “Moral and Metaphysical Phi- 
 losophy" for the “Encyclopaedia Metropolitana " (subse- 
 quently enlarged and published in 3 volumes: “Ancient 
 Philosophy ’’ (1850), “ Philosophy of the First Six Centu- 
 ries " (1853), and “ Mediaival Philosophy ’’ (1857)), “ Modern 
 Philosophy ” (1862), and numerous other works on religious, 
 historical, theological, and philosophical topics. 
 
 Maurice, or Mauritz, Johann. See Nassau-Sie- 
 gen. 
 
 Maurice, Thomas. Born at Hertford, England, 
 1754 : died at London, March 30, 1824. An Eng- 
 lish clergyman, Orientalist, and poet. He became 
 assistant keeper of manuscripts at the British Museum, 
 aud vicar of Cudham, Kent, in 1804. He wrote various 
 works on India (“Indian Antiquities,” 1793-1800, etc.), and 
 poems (including “Kichraond Hill,” 1807). 
 
 Maurice, Walter. A nom de plume of Walter 
 Besant. 
 
 Maurice of Nassau, Governor-General of Bra- 
 zil. See Nassau-Siegen. 
 
 Maurice of Saxony. See Saxe. 
 
 Mauricius, Emperor of the East. See Maurice. 
 Maurienne (mo-ryen'). A small region in the 
 department of Savoie, France, in the upper val- 
 ley of the Arc, from Modane eastward to the 
 Italian frontier. It was a medieval county, and 
 developed into the county of Savoy. 
 Mauritania. See Mauretania. 
 
 Mauritius (ma-rish'ius), formerly called Isle 
 of France. An island in the Indian Ocean, be- 
 longing to the Mascarene group, intersected by 
 lat. 20° 15' S., long. 57° 30' E. Capital, Port Louis. 
 Its surface is largely hilly. The chief export is sugar. 
 Mauritius, with its dependencies Rodrigues, Seychelles, 
 and Diego Garcia, is a British colony. The inhabitants are 
 Hindus, mixed races, and Europeans of French and British 
 origin. Mauritius was discovered by the Portuguese in 
 1505. From 1598 to 1710 it was held by the Dutch. In 1715 
 the French took possession. The island was the scene of 
 “Paul and Virginia." It was conquered by the British in 
 1810. It has been severely visited by epidemics and hurri- 
 canes. Area, 713 square miles. Population, 373,336. 
 
 Maurocordatos, or Mavrocordatos (mav-ro- 
 kor-da'tos), Alexander. Born 1639 : died 1709. 
 A Greek physician. He was physician to the 
 Sultan of Turkey, and dragoman of the Porte. 
 Maurocordatos, Alexander. Born at Constan- 
 tinople, Feb. 15, 1791: died at ACgina, Greece, 
 Aug. 18, 1865. A Greek statesman, distinguished 
 as a leader in the war of independence, and later 
 as a minister and diplomatist. 
 
 Maurus (ma'rus), Saint, F. Maur (mor). Died 
 584. The traditional founder and first abbot of 
 the Benedictine monastery of Glanfeuil or St.- 
 Maur-sur-Loire, France. He was sent into Gaul by 
 St. Benedict about 543, and established his monastery by the 
 favor of King Theodebert. His feast is observed on Jan. 15. 
 
 Maurus, Rabanus. See Rabanus. 
 
 Maury (mo-re'), Jean Siffrein. Born at Val- 
 reas, France, June 26, 1746 : died at Rome, May 
 11, 1817. A French cardinal and politician, 
 distinguished as a royalist orator in the Con- 
 stituent Assembly 1789-91. He was archbishop 
 of Paris 1810-14. His “Selected Works” were 
 published in 1842. 
 
 Maury, Louis Ferdinand Alfred. Bom at 
 
 Meaux, France, March 23, 1817 : died at Paris, 
 Feb. 12, 1892. A French archaeologist and li- 
 brarian. ne was appointed assistant librarian of the In- 
 stitute in 1841 ; imperial librarian of the Tuileries in 1800 ; 
 professor of history at the College de France in 1862; and 
 general director of the national archives in 1868. His works 
 include “Essai sur les lcgendes pieuses du moyen age” 
 (1843), “Histoire des grandes forets de la Gaule” (1850), 
 “ Histoire des religions de la GrCce antique ” (1867-60), etc. 
 
 Maury (ma'ri), Matthew Fontaine. Born in 
 Spottsylvania County, Va., Jan. 14, 1806: died 
 at Lexington, Va.. Feb. 1, 1873. An American 
 hydrographer, and naval officer. He was superin- 
 tendent of the hydrographical office and national observa- 
 tory in Washington 1844-61, when he entered the Confed- 
 erate navy. He established the Confederate naval sub- 
 marine battery service at Richmond in 1862. At the close 
 of the Civil War he retired to Mexico, where he accepted 
 a position under the government of Maximilian. He was 
 afterward professor of physics in the Virginia Military In- 
 stitute. He was the first to give a complete description 
 of the Gulf Stream, and to mark out specific routes to be 
 followed in crossing the Atlantic. His chief work is “ Phys- 
 ical Geography of the Sea ” (1855). 
 
 Mausoleum (ma-so-le'um). [From Mausolus.~} 
 See Halicarnassus. 
 
 Mausolus (ma-sd'lus). [Gr. Mabaokoc or Mavo- 
 g<jXo $ .] Died about 353 B. c. A king or dynast 
 of Caria, who first appears in history in the re- 
 volt of the satraps against Artaxorxos Mnemon 
 362 B. C. He married his sister Artemisia, who after his 
 death erected at Halicarnassus in his honor the celebrated 
 monument named from him the Mausoleum. A Greek 
 statue of Mausolus from the Mausoleum (352 n. c.) is in the 
 British Museum. It is admirable in its characterization 
 of the somewhat rude type of the king. It was believed 
 that this figure and the companion statue of Artemisia 
 stood in the chariot on the summit of the monument, but 
 this view is now considered erroneous. 
 
 667 
 
 Mauvaises Terres. See Bad Lands. 
 
 Mauve (mdv), Anton. Born at Zaandam, 
 North Holland, Sept. 18, 1838: died at Arnhem, 
 Gelderland, Feb. 5, 1888. A celebrated Dutch 
 painter. He received medals at Vienna, Philadelphia, 
 Antwerp, Amsterdam, and Paris. Among his principal 
 works are “Crepuscule” (formerly in the George I. Seney 
 and David H. King, Jr., col lections), “Cattle in the Haarlem 
 Meadows” (owned by S. Untermyer, New York city), “A 
 Summer Day in Holland ” (owned bv H. N. Slater. Boston). 
 “The Departure of the Flock,” “Near Laren,” “On the 
 Heath,” “ Returning to the Fold " (formerly in the Mrs. F. 
 C. Crosby collection), etc. 
 
 Mavia (ma-ve'a). See Eonde. 
 
 Maviti (ma-ve'te). See Zulu. 
 Mavrocordatos. See Maurocordatos. 
 
 Max (maks), Cornelius Gabriel. Born at 
 
 Prague, Aug. 23, 1840. A German historical 
 and genre painter. He is the son of Joseph Max, a 
 sculptor, and was a pupil of Piloty at Munich. He was 
 professor at the Academy of Munich 1879-83. Among his 
 works are “The Anatomist” (1869), “The Last Token” 
 (1874 : now in the Metropolitan Museum, New York), 
 “Nydia” (1874), “The Lion’s Bride ’’ (1879), etc. 
 Maxen (maks'en). A village in Saxony, 10 miles 
 South of Dresden. Here, Nov. 20, 1759, the Prussians 
 (12,000-13,000) under Finck surrendered to the Austrians 
 under Daun. 
 
 Maxentius, Circus of. See Circus of Romulus. 
 Maxentius (mak-sen'shius), Marcus Aurelius 
 
 Valerius. Drowned ill the Tiber, Oct., 312 A. D. 
 Roman emperor 306-312, son of Maximianus 
 Herculius. On the abdication of his father andDiocletian 
 as Augusti and the promotion of the Caesars Constantius 
 and Galerius in 305, he was passed over in the appoint- 
 ment of the new Ctesars, the choice falling on Severus and 
 Maximinus. In the following year, however, he had him- 
 self proclaimed Caesar by the pretorians at Rome, and 
 witli the assistance of his father, who resumed his former 
 rank, he overthrew Severus, who had ruled in Italy and 
 Africa. He next banished his father, and eventually de- 
 clared war against Constantine (the Great), son of Con- 
 stantius, who had assumed the administration of his fa- 
 ther’s provinces (Gaul, Spain, and Britain) on the hitter’s 
 death in 303. He was totally defeated by Constantine at 
 Saxa Rubra, Oct. 27, 312, and perished in the flight. 
 Maxim (maks'im), Sir Hiram Stevens. Born 
 at Sangerville, Me., Feb. 5, 1840. An Ameri- 
 can-Euglish engineer and inventor. He invented 
 the automatic system of firearms, etc., and has devoted 
 much time to the study of explosives and of aerial navi- 
 gation. Knighted 1901. 
 
 Maximes (mak-sem'). [F., ‘ Maxims.’] A col- 
 lection of moral maxims by La Rochefoucauld 
 (1665). 
 
 Maximian. See Maximianus. 
 
 Maximianus _(mak // sim-i-a'nus), Marcus Au- 
 relius Valerius, surnamed Herculius. Died 
 in Feb., 310. Roman emperor 286-305 and 306- 
 308. He was a Pannonian peasant by birth, rose to the 
 highest offices in the army, and was made Caesar by Dio- 
 cletian in 285 and Augustus in 286. (See Diocletian.) He 
 resigned the imperial dignity simultaneously with Diocle- 
 tian in 305, but reassumed it in 303 at the instance of bis 
 son Maxentius, who had caused himself to be proclaimed 
 Ciesar by the pretorians at Rome. He captured Severus 
 (who commanded in Italy and Africa) in 307, but was him- 
 self expelled from Rome by Maxentius in 308, and eventu- 
 ally found refuge with his son-in-law Constantine at Arles. 
 Having been twice discovered in conspiracy against his 
 son-in-law, he was ordered to choose the manner of his 
 death, and strangled himself. 
 
 Maximilian (mak-si-mil'i-an ; G. pron. maks-e- 
 me'le-an) I. [ML. Maximilianus ( —Maxi[mus 
 2E~\milianus), F. Maximilien.J Born March 22, 
 1459: died at Weis, Upper Austria, Jan. 12, 1519. 
 Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 1493-1519, 
 Son of Frederick III. ne married Mary, daughter and 
 heiress of Charles the Bold of Burgundy, in 1477, and was 
 elected king of the Romans in 1486. He became emperor 
 in 1493. In order to suppress the system of private war and 
 restore the imperial authority, he proclaimed a perpet- 
 ual public peace in 1495 ; established the imperial chain- 
 her (Reichskammergericht) in 1495, and the imperial au- 
 lic council (Reichshofrat) in 1501; and divided Germany 
 into six, and afterward (1512) into ten, circles (Landfried- 
 enskreise), over each of which was placed a captain with a 
 force of standing troops for the punishment of disturbers 
 of the peace. In 1499 he carried on an unsuccessful war 
 against the Swiss Confederacy, which resulted in the 
 practical independence of the latter. Through the in- 
 fluence of his second wife, Bianca Sforza, daughter of 
 the Duke of Milan, whom he married in 1494, he became 
 involved in a contest with France for the sovereignty 
 of Milan and Naples. In 1508 he joined the League of 
 Cambray against Venice. In 1513 he joined the Holy 
 League against France; and in the same year assisted 
 Henry VIII. of England in gaining the brilliant victory over 
 the French at Guinegate (“the battle of the spurs ”). 
 
 Maximilian II. Born at Vienna, Aug. 1, 1527: 
 died Oct. 12, 1576. Emperor of the Holy Roman 
 Empire 1564-76, son of Ferdinand I. ne suc- 
 ceeded hisfather in 1561 as emperor, archduke of Austria, 
 and king of Hungary and Bohemia. At his accession 
 to the imperial throne he found the empire at war with 
 the Turks. He concluded a truce with Selim 1 1, in 1568, 
 each party retaining its possessions. He was of a mild 
 and tolerant disposition, and left the Protestants undis- 
 turbed in the exercise of their religion. 
 
 Maximilian I. Born at Landshut, Bavaria, 
 
 Maxwell, James Clerk- 
 
 April 17, 1573: died at Ingolstadt, Bavaria, 
 Sept. 27, 1651. Duke of Bavaria. He was the chief 
 instrument in organizing the Catholic League in opposi- 
 tion to the Protestant Union in 1600. As the head of the 
 Catholic League, he assisted the emperor Ferdinand II. 
 against the elector palatine Frederick V. in the Thirty 
 Years War (see Ferdinand II., Emperor of the Holy Ro- 
 man Empire), in return for which he received in 1623 the 
 electoral vote forfeited by Frederick, and in 1628 was in- 
 vested with the Upper Palatinate. 
 
 Maximilian II. Maria Emanuel. Born July 
 Hj 1662 : died F eb. 26, 1726. Elector of Bavaria 
 1679-1726. He was allied with the French in 
 the War of the Spanish Succession. 
 Maximilian I. Joseph. Born at Schwetzingen, 
 Baden, May 27, 1756: diedatthe castle of Nym- 
 phenburg, near Munich, Oct. 13, 1825. King of 
 Bavaria 1806-25. He became elector of Bavaria in 
 1799. In 1805 he sided witli France against the allied 
 powers, with the result that he acquired considerable ter- 
 ritory at the peace of Presburg, Dec. 26, 1805. In accor- 
 dance with the same treaty, he assumed the title of king 
 in 1806. 6 
 
 Maximilian II. Joseph. Born Nov. 28, 1811: 
 died at Munich, March 10, 1864. King of Bava- 
 ria 1848-64, son of Louis I. He was a liberal 
 patron of art and literature. 
 
 Maximilian(Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph), 
 
 Sp.Maximiliano(mak-se-me-le-a'no). Born at 
 Vienna, July 6, 1832 : shot at Queretaro, Mex- 
 ico, June 19, 1867. Archduke of Austria, and 
 emperor of Mexico from 1864. He was the second 
 son of the Archduke Francis Charles, aud brother of Fran- 
 cis Joseph who became emperor of Austria in 1848. 
 Trained for the navy, he was placed at its head in 1854. 
 On J uly 27, 1857, he married Princess Charlotte of Belgium 
 (see Charlotte ), and during the succeeding two years was 
 viceroy of the Lombard-Venetian kingdom. After the 
 French had conquered Mexico in part, an assembly of 
 notables, called under French influence, and formed al- 
 most entirely of opponents of Juarez, adopted an imperial 
 form of government for that country (July, 1863), and of- 
 fered the throne to Maximilian. He formally accepted on 
 April 10, 1864; reached Vera Cruz May 28, and Mexico 
 June 12; and was received with great apparent enthusi- 
 asm. Aided by the French, his forces drove Juarez over 
 the northern frontier, and on Oct. 3, 1865, he decreed that 
 those taken in arms against the empire should be treated 
 as bandits. This decree was loudly condemned, and did 
 much to weaken the emperor’s personal popularity. The 
 United States government had refused to recognize the 
 empire, and on its urgent demand (note of Feb. 12, 1866) 
 the 1 rench troops were withdrawn, contrary to the express 
 stipulation which Napoleon III. had made with Maxi- 
 milian. The latter at first resolved to resign, but was 
 induced to remain; took personal command of his army 
 at Queretaro, Feb., 1867 ; was besieged by a republican 
 army in March ; and was forced to surrender May 15. 
 Condemned to death by a court martial, he was refused 
 mercy on the ground of his severe edict against the Juar- 
 ists, and was shot with his generals Miramon and Mejia. 
 
 Maximilian Alexander Philipp, Prince of 
 Neuwied. See Neuwied. 
 
 Maximilian Joseph. Born at Bamberg, Bava- 
 ria, Dec. 4, 1808 : died at Munich, Nov. 15, 1888. 
 Duke in Bavaria. He wrote “ Wauderung nach dem 
 Orient, etc.” (1839), and a number of novels and dramas. 
 He used the pseudonym Pliantasus. 
 
 Maximin. See Maximinus. 
 
 Maximinus (mak-si-mi'nus), or Maximin 
 (mak'si-min), Caius Julius Verus, surnamed 
 Thrax (‘the Thracian'). Killed near Aqui- 
 leia, Italy, May, 238. Roman emperor 235-238. 
 He was a Thracian of extraordinary size and strength, who 
 was elevated by the soldiers on the Rhine on the murder 
 of Alexander Severus. His cruelty and exactions caused 
 a revolt under Gordianus in Africa. He was killed by his 
 own soldiers. 
 
 Maximinus, or Maximin, Galerius Valerius. 
 
 Born in Illyria: died at Tarsus, Asia Minor, 
 313. Roman emperor 308-313, nephew of Ga- 
 lerius. He became Caesar in 305, and Augustus in 308 ; 
 was defeated by Licinius in 313 ; and perished in the flight. 
 Maximus (mak'si-mus), Saint. Born about 
 580 : died in. Lazica, Aug. 13, 662. An eastern 
 theologian, noted as an opponent of the Mo- 
 nothelites. 
 
 Maximus. See Petronius Maximus and Pupic- 
 nus Maximus. 
 
 Maximus, Magnus. Born in Spain: executed 
 at Aquileia, Italy, 388 A. D. Roman emperor 
 383-388. He headed an insurrection of the legions sta- 
 tioned in Britaiu in 383, and, crossing over into Gaul, de- 
 feated Gratian, who was killed in the flight. He was 
 afterward recognized by Theodosius and Valentinian II. 
 as Augustus in Gaul, Spain, and Britaiu. He conquered 
 Italy from Valentinian in 387, but was defeated and put 
 to death by Theodosius in 388. 
 
 Maximus, Valerius. See Valerius Maximus. 
 Maximus Tyrannus (ti-ran'us). Killed at Ra- 
 venna, Italy, 422. Roman emperor 409-411. Ho 
 was elevated by the rebel Gerontius about 409, but was de- 
 feated and deposed by Constantine, emperor in Britain, 
 Gaul, and Spain, in 411. lie afterward raised an unsuc- 
 cessful insurrection in Spain. 
 
 Max O’Rell. The pseudonym of Paul Blouet. 
 
 Maxwell (maks'wel), James. Born 1581: died 
 about 1640. A Scottish man of letters. 
 
 Maxwell, James Clerk-. See Clerk- Maxwell. 
 
Maxwell, William Hamilton 
 
 Maxwell, William Hamilton. BornatNewry, 
 County Dowd, Ireland, 1792: died at Mussel- 
 burgh, near Edinburgh, Dec. 29, 1850. An Irish 
 novelist. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1807, 
 and in 1812 was made captain in an infantry regiment, and 
 served in the Peninsular war and at W aterloo. H e took holy 
 orders and was made rector of Ballagh in Connemara. His 
 best-known works are “O’Hara, or 1798,” a novel (1825), 
 “Sports of the West, etc.” (1832), “Stories of Waterloo” 
 (1834), and a “Life of the Duke of Wellington ” (1839-41). 
 He edited the military and naval almanac for 1840. 
 
 Maxwell, Sir William Stirling-. See Stirling- 
 Maxicell. 
 
 Maxyes(maks'i-ez). [Gr. Mafutr.] In ancient 
 geography, a Libyan tribe. 
 
 About the Mashuash [of the Egyptian inscriptions] there 
 is no dispute. They are the Maxyes of Herodotosfiv. 191), 
 in the modern Tunisia, of whom we are told that they left 
 a long lock of hair on the right side of the head and 
 painted their bodies red. We learn from the Egyptian 
 texts that while the Lebu were circumcised, the Mashuash 
 were not. The lock of hair which characterises them on 
 the Egyptian monuments is also wanting in the case of 
 the Lebu. But, like the Lebu, they have a good deal of hair 
 on the face, the eyebrows are well defined, and the nose is 
 straight and leptorrhine. The forehead is high, the lips 
 thin, and the jaws orthognathous. 
 
 Sayce, Baces of the 0. T., p. 151. 
 
 May (rna). [From L. Mains, Majus (sc. mensis), 
 the third month of the Roman year, usually 
 associated with Maia or Maja (see Maia).~\ 
 The fifth month of the year, consisting of thirty- 
 one days, reckoned on the continent of Europe 
 and in America as the last mouth of spring, but 
 in Great Britain commonly as the first of sum- 
 mer. 
 
 May, Thomas. Born 1595 : died Nov. 13, 1650. 
 An English poet and prose-writer. He graduated 
 at Cambridge (Sidney Sussex College) in 1612, aud entered 
 Gray’? Inn in 1615. He turned to the stage, and in 1620 
 produced “ The Heir,” a comedy. May published several 
 plays, translations from the classics, a “Continuation of 
 Lucan " (1630) in English and Latin, etc. He sided with 
 the Parliament against the king in the civil war, and in 
 1647 published a “ History of the Long Parliament” (Iris 
 most important work). 
 
 May Sir Thomas Erskine, Lord Farnborough. 
 Born at London, Feb. 8, 1815 : died at West- 
 minster Palace, May 17, 1886. An English 
 jurist. He was educated at Bedford Grammar School ; 
 was appointed in 1831 assistant librarian of the House of 
 Commons ; and was called to the bar in 1838. He published 
 “A Practical Treatise on the Law, Privileges, Proceedings, 
 and Usage of Parliament” (1844). After 1871 he was clerk 
 of the House of Commons. In 1854 his “Buies, Orders, 
 and Forms of Procedure of the House of Commons ” was 
 printed by order of Parliament. His other works are 
 “The Constitutional History of England since the Acces- 
 sion of George III. ” (1861), “ Democracy in Europe” (1877), 
 etc. He was made Baron Farnborough in 1886. 
 
 Mayaguez (mi-a'gwath). A seaport in Porto 
 Rico, West Indies, situated in lat. 18° 14' N., 
 long. 67° 12' W. Population, municipality, 
 42,429, (1910). 
 
 Mayapan (mi-ya-pan'). A legendary ancient 
 settlement of Yucatan. According to tradition it 
 was founded by Maya Indians. The location is uncertain 
 and the date of founding as well as that of abandonment 
 is doubtful. The latter was at some time previous to the 
 16th century. 
 
 Mayas (mi'iiz or ma'yaz). A race of Indians 
 inhabiting the peninsula of Yucatan, Mexico. 
 At the time of the conquest they were divided 
 into a number of tribes, which were often at 
 war with one another. Their principal pueblos 
 were well built, in part of stone ; they had 
 pictorial records, and preserved legends of for- 
 mer greatness. The Mayas were idolaters. 
 Crimes were severely punished. Several of 
 the tribes resisted the Spaniards bravely, and 
 some of those in the interior and south have 
 never been entirely subdued. Descendants of 
 the conquered Indians form the great bulk of 
 the population of Yucatan, and the Maya lan- 
 guage is still commonly used in country dis- 
 tricts. Under some of their chiefs they rebelled 
 (1847-53), and for a short time held possession 
 of a great part of the peninsula. S ee Maya stock. 
 Maya (mi'a or ma/ya) stock. A well-marked 
 linguistic group of American Indians, in south- 
 eastern Mexico and Central America, it includes 
 among others the Mayas of Yucatan, the Tzendals and 
 Chinantecs of Chiapas, the Cakchiquels, Ixils, Mames, and 
 Quiches of Guatemala, and the outlying Huastecs to the 
 north of V era Cruz. Traces of the stock are found in Hon- 
 duras. Among American races the Mayas ranked with 
 the Aztecs in advancement, and in many respects were 
 their superiors. They excelled in sculptured building, in 
 weaving (cotton), feather- work, etc. ; they dwelt in popu- 
 lous cities (Chichen Itza, Peten, Uxmal, etc.). Many of 
 their strongholds, especially in Guatemala, were chosen 
 and fortified with great skill, and the Spaniards took 
 them only after long sieges. Chieftainship was gener- 
 ally elective ; the laws were often complex and severe. 
 The Maya calendar resembled that of the Nalmatl tribes, 
 and there was also some resemblance in their compli- 
 cated mythology. The Mayas, Quiches, Cakchiquels, 
 and others had pictographic records painted on pre- 
 pared bark or sculptured: a few of these have sur- 
 
 668 
 
 vived in translations, but the original pictograplis have 
 baffled modern research. The records and traditions ap- 
 pear to show that the Maya races were formerly united 
 and very powerful ; back of that they go vaguely to a re- 
 mote period, possibly to the beginning of the Christian 
 era, and speak of a migration from the north. Many writers 
 believe that this connects them with the ancient Toltecs, 
 said to have occupied the highlands of Mexico. Brasseur 
 de Bourbourg and others have formed ingenious theories 
 on Maya history, which have not been generally accepted. 
 
 Maybole (ma'bol). A town in Ayrshire, Scot- 
 land, 39 miles south-southwest of Glasgow. 
 Population, 5,892. 
 
 May-day (ma/da). The first day of May : a day 
 on which the opening of the season of flowers 
 and fruit was formerly celebrated throughout 
 Europe : it is still marked in some places by 
 various festive observances. The chief features of 
 the celebration in Great Britain (where, however, it has 
 nearly disappeared) are the gathering of hawthorn-blos- 
 soms and other flowers, the crowning of the May-queen, 
 dancing round the May-pole, etc. 
 
 May Day. A comedy by Chapman, acted in 1601, 
 printed in 1611. It is thought to be founded on aplay 
 of ’the same name acted in 1595. A play also with the 
 same name was produced in 1775, and attributed to Gar- 
 rick. 
 
 Mayen (ml'en). Atown in the Rhine Province, 
 Prussia, situated on the Nette 17 miles west 
 of Coblenz. Population, commune, 13,435. 
 
 Mayence. See Mainz. 
 
 Mayertne (rnl-en' or ma-yen'). A river in north- 
 western France which unites near Angers with 
 the Sarthe to form the Maine. Length, 127 miles ; 
 navigable from Laval. 
 
 Mayenne. 1. A department of northwestern 
 France, capital Laval, formed front parts of the 
 ancient Maine and Anjou. It is bounded by Manche 
 and Ome on the north, Sarthe on the east, Maine-et- Loire 
 on the south, and Ille-et-Vilaine on the west. It has im- 
 portant agricultural and mineral resources. Area, 1,986 
 square miles. Population, 305,457. 
 
 2. A town in the department of Mayenne, 
 France, on the Mayenne 17 miles north by east 
 of Laval. It has flourishing cloth manufactures, and 
 contains a castle and a church of Notre Dame. Formerly 
 it was the seat of a marquisate aud duchy. Population, 
 commune, 10,020. 
 
 Mayer (ma'£r), Brantz. Born at Baltimore, 
 Sept. 27, 1809: died there, Feb. 23, 1879. An 
 American author. He was a lawyer; was editor of the 
 “ Baltimore American”; and in 1841-42 was secretary of the 
 United States legation in Mexico. During the Civil Warhe 
 was commissioned colonel in the Federal army. He pub- 
 lished “ Mexico : Aztec, Spanish, and Bepublican " (2 vols. 
 1853); several other works on Mexico ; “Captain Canot,” 
 a novel (1854); etc. 
 
 Mayer (ml'er), Johann Tobias. Bom at Mar- 
 bach, Wurtemberg, Feb. 17, 1723: died at Got- 
 tingen, Feb 20, 1762. A German astronomer, 
 professor of mathematics at Gottingen. He wrote 
 “Theoria lunre, etc.” (1767), “Tabulse motuum solis et 
 lunse” (revised edition, 1770). 
 
 Mayer, Julius Robert von. Born atHeilbronn, 
 Wurtemberg, Nov. 25, 1814: died at Heilbronn, 
 March 20, 1878. A German physician. He studied 
 medicine at Tubingen, Munich, and Paris ; and, after a 
 journey to Java as ship’s surgeon in 1840-41, settled as 
 a surgeon at Heilbronn. He is by many regarded as the 
 originator of the mechanical theory of heat. A collective 
 edition of his works appeared in 1867 under the title of 
 “Die Mechanik der Warme.” 
 
 Mayer, Karl. Born at Konigsberg, Prussia, 
 March 21, 1799: died at Dresden, July 2, 1862. 
 A German pianist and composer. 
 
 Mayer, Karl Friedrich Hartmann. Born at 
 Neckarbisehofsheim, Baden, March 22, 1786: 
 died at Tubingen, Wurtemberg, Feb. 25, 1870. 
 A German poet. His “ Poems ’’were published in 1833 
 (later editions 1839, 1864). He also wrote “Ludwig Uh- 
 land, seine Freunde und Zeitgenossen " (1867), etc. 
 
 Mayeux (ma-ye'). One of the types of modern 
 French caricature, very popular between 1830 
 and 1848. He is a compound of Panurge, Falstaff, and 
 Polichinelle, deformed, sensual, patriotic, and witty. The 
 creator of .Mayeux was Charles Travies. 
 
 Mayeyes. A tribe of North American In- 
 dians, formerly in northern Texas, near the 
 coast. See Tonlcawan. 
 
 Mayfair (ma'far). A fashionable locality in 
 London, east of Hyde Park. All streets north of 
 Piccadilly now lead into the district of Mayfair, which 
 takes its name from a fair which used to he held in Shep- 
 herd’s Market and its surrounding sheets. ( Hare .) The 
 fair became an excuse for license and profligacy, and was 
 abolished in 1708, though revived some years afterward. 
 
 Mayflower (ma'flou // 6r). 1. A ship, of about 
 180 tons burden, in which the English Pilgrims 
 sailed from Southampton to Plymouth, Massa- 
 chusetts, in 1620. Some of them had left Leyden for 
 Delfshaven and embarked there in the Speedwell some 
 weeks before, joining the others at Southampton. 
 
 2. An American wooden center-board sloop 
 yacht, designed by Edward Burgess, launched 
 May 6, 1886. The dimensions are : length over all, 100 
 feet ; length, load water line, 85.7; beam, 23.6; beam, load 
 water-line, 22.3; draught, 10 feet; displacement, 128 tons. 
 
 Mayorunas 
 
 She was selected to defend America's cup against the 
 Galatea in 1886, on Sept. 7 and 9, and won both races. 
 
 Mayhew (ma'hu), Experience. Bom in Mar- 
 tha’s Vineyard, Mass., Jan. 27, 1673 : died there, 
 Nov. 29, 1758. An American missionary to the 
 Indians in Martha’s Vineyard. 
 
 Mayhew, Henry. Born at London, Nov. 25, 
 1812: died July 25, 1887. An English journal- 
 ist and writer of juveniles and miscellaneous 
 works. With his brothers Augustus and Horace (“The 
 Brothers Mayhew ”) he wrote a number of popular works 
 of fiction. He was one of the originators and first editor 
 of “Punch.” His chief work is “London Labour and the 
 London Poor ” (1851). 
 
 Mayhew, Jonathan. Born in Martha’s Vine- 
 yard, Mass., Oct. 8, 1720: died at Boston, July 
 9, 1766. An American clergyman, controver- 
 sialist, and advocate of liberalism, son of Ex- 
 perience Mavhew. His writings were edited by 
 A. Bradford *(1838). 
 
 Maykop. See Maikop. 
 
 May Laws. A series of Prussian laws passed 
 1873-74, and modified in 1887, regulating eccle- 
 siastical matters. They restricted the power of the 
 church over individuals and property. So named because 
 first promulgated in May, 1873 : also called Falk Laws, from 
 the name of the minister who furthered them. 
 
 Maynard (ma/nard), Horace. Bom at West- 
 boro, Mass., Aug. 30, 1814; died at Knoxville, 
 Tenn., May 3, 1882. An American politician. 
 He was congressman from Tennessee ; United States min- 
 ister to Turkey 1875-SO; and postmaster-general 1880-SL 
 
 Maynas (mi'nas). Various Indian hordes of 
 northern Peru aud Ecuador, in the forests of 
 the upper Maranon and on the Pastaza and Mo- 
 rona affluents. They are very savage, lead a wander- 
 ing life, and subsist by hunting and fishing. A few have, 
 from time to time, been gathered into the mission vil- 
 lages. The different bands have distinct names (Chapos, 
 Coronados, Humuranos, etc.). All speak harsh and diffi- 
 cult languages. Brinton and others have united them in 
 a single linguistic stock, the Mayna. Hervas believed that 
 they constituted two stocks, which he called the Mayna 
 and Chayavita. Also written Mainas. 
 
 Maynas y Quijos (mi'nas e ke'Hos). A colonial 
 intendencia of Pern, subsequently a depart- 
 ment. It corresponded to the present departments of 
 Amazonas and Loreto, together with a region north of the 
 Maranon which is claimed both by Ecuador and by 
 Peru. 
 
 Maynooth (ma-noth'). A town in the county 
 of Kildare, Ireland, 14 miles west by north of 
 Dublin. It is the seat of a Boman Catholic college for the 
 training of priests, founded 1795. A parliamentary grant 
 to this college was the subject of keen discussion in 1845. 
 The increase and perpetuation of it were eventually car- 
 ried. 
 
 Mayo (mi'o). [PI., also Mayos. 'Terminus’: 
 
 “ because the Mayo river was the dividing line 
 between them and their enemies.”] A divi- 
 sion of the Caliita branch of the Piman stock 
 of North American Indians, inhabiting the val- 
 leys of the lower Mayo and the Puerte in 
 southern Sonora and northwestern Sinaloa, 
 Mexi CO. They are peaceable and have been almost com- 
 pletely Mexicanized. Their dialect closely resembles that 
 of the Yaqui. The Mayos were easily brought to submis- 
 sion in the later years of the 16th century, and adopted 
 the Catholic faith without resistance. Their original 
 number is said to have been about 30,000. Their present 
 number is about 6,600. See Caliita. 
 
 Mayo (ma'o). A county in Connaught, Ire- 
 land, bounded by the Atlantic on the west and 
 north, Sligo and Roscommon on the east, and 
 Galway on the south. It is mountainous in the 
 west. Area, 2, 156 square miles. Pop., 199,166. 
 
 Mayobanex (mi-6-ba-naks'). Died 1498 or 1499. 
 An Indian cacique of the eastern part of the 
 island of Haiti. In 1498 he joined with Guarionex in 
 war on the Spaniards, and was captured and executed. 
 Also written Maiobanex. 
 
 Mayon (ma-yon'j, or Albay (al-bi'). A vol- 
 cano in the southern part of Luzon, Philippines, 
 near the town of Albay. 
 
 Mayorga (mi-or'ga), Martin de. Bom in Cata- 
 lonia about 1715 : died at sea, 1783. A Spanish 
 general and administrator. He was captain-general 
 of Guatemala June, 1773, -April, 1779, during which period 
 Old Guatemala was destroyed by an earthquake (July 29, 
 1773) and the new city was founded. From Aug. 23, 1779, 
 to April 29, 1783, he was viceroy of Mexico. He died 
 while returning to Spain, and it was suspected that he was 
 poisoned. 
 
 Mayor of Garratt, The. A play by Foote, pro- 
 duced in 1763. See Garratt. 
 
 Mayor of Quinborough, The. A comedy by 
 Middleton, printed in 1661. It was probably written 
 or sketched before 1602, and owed its publication after the 
 Restoration to the caricature of a Puritan. 
 
 Mayorunas (ma-yo-ro'nas). [Quichua, 'river- 
 men.’] An Indian horde of northeastern Peru 
 and the adjacent parts of Brazil, south of the 
 Amazon, and in the forests about the rivers 
 Javary, Ucayale, and Tapichl. They are very sav- 
 age, subsist mainly by hunting, use poisoned arrows, and 
 
Mayorunas 
 
 have frequently attacked explorers. They have been 
 accused of cannibalism. The men are said to have 
 beards, and perhaps for this reason there are traditions 
 that they are descended from early Spanish explorers. 
 Their language has been referred to the Pano stock, 
 and they appear to be closely related to the semi- 
 civilized Marauas. } 
 
 Mayotte (ma-yot'), or Mayotta (ma-yot'ta). 
 Asmall island of the Comores group, in the Mo- 
 zambique Channel, east of Africa, situated in 
 lat. 12° 47' S., long. 45° 20' E. It has been a 
 French possession since 1843. 
 
 Mayow (ma'o), or Mayouwe, or Mayo, John. 
 
 Bom at London, May, 1643: died there, Oct. 
 10, 1679. An English physiologist and chem- 
 ist, discoverer of laws in regard to respiration. 
 He was graduated B.C.L. at Oxford (scholar 
 of Wadham College and fellow of All Souls’) 
 in 1665, took his D.C.L. in 1670, studied medi- 
 cine, and practised at Bath. He discovered the 
 double articulation of the ribs with the spine. 
 His views on the function of the internal in- 
 tercostals are still under discussion. They were 
 set forth in his “Tractatus quinque Medico- Physici,” 
 published in 1674. The book contained his earlier work, 
 ‘‘Tractatus duo, de Respiratione et de Rachitide,” pub- 
 lished at Oxford in 1668. The five essays were translated 
 into Dutch (1684), German (1799), and French (1840). lie 
 was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1678. 
 
 Maypu. See Maipo. 
 
 Maypures (mi-po-ras'). An Indian tribe of 
 Venezuelan Guiana, on the upper Orinoco and 
 its affluent, the Ventuario. They belong to the Ara- 
 wak stock, are gentle in disposition, agriculturists, and 
 live in fixed villages. The tribe was among the first on 
 the upper Orinoco to be gathered into mission villages. 
 Some of the Maypures have been amalgamated with the 
 country population ; others live in a semi-independent 
 state in the interior. Also written Maipures and Ma- 
 pures. 
 
 Maypure (ml-po-ra') stock. See Ararvaks. 
 May Queen, The. 1 . A cantata by W. Stern- 
 dale Bennett, produced in 1858. The words are 
 by Chorley. — 2. A poem by Tennyson, pub- 
 lished in 1832. 
 
 Mayr (mir), or Mayer (mi'er), Johann Simon. 
 Born at Mendorf, Bavaria, June 14, 1763: died 
 at Bergamo, Italy, Dec. 2, 1845. A German op- 
 eratic composer. Donizetti was one of his pupils 
 at the musical institute at Bergamo, and he is said to have 
 been the first to introduce the crescendo of the orchestra to 
 which Rossiniowes somuchof liisfame. (Grove.) Among 
 his operas are “ Saffo,” “ Lodoiska,” “ Ginevra di Seozia,” 
 “Lauso e Lidia,” “Medea,” “ Rosa bianca e Rosarossa,” etc. 
 Maysville (maz'vil). A city, capital of Mason 
 County, Kentucky, situated on the Ohio 52 
 miles southeast of Cincinnati. It has an im- 
 portanttradeinhemp. Population, 6, 141, (1910). 
 Mayta Ccapac (ml'ta ka'pak). Died about 
 1300 (according to Acosta in 1255, and by other 
 accounts about 1211). The fourth Inca war- 
 chief of Peru. He was the successor of Llo- 
 que Yupanqui and made few conquests. 
 Mazaca (maz'a-ka). The ancient name of 
 Csesarea (in Cappadocia). 
 
 Mazade (ma-zad'), Louis Charles Jean Robert 
 de. Born at Castel-Sarrazin, Tarn-et-Garonne, 
 in 1820 : died at Paris, April 27, 1893. A French 
 author, editor, and critic, member of the Acad- 
 emy 1882. Among his works are “ La guerre de France 
 1870-71,” “ M. Thiers : cinquaute ann^es d’histoire oontem- 
 poraine," “L’Espagnemoderne,” “LTtaliemodeme,” “La- 
 martine, sa vie litthraire et politique, ’’etc. He edited the 
 “Correspondance du Mardchal Davout.” 
 
 Mazamet (ma-za-ma'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Tarn, southern France, situated on the 
 Arnette 50 miles east by south of Toulouse. 
 It has cloth manufactures. Population, com- 
 mune, 14,386. 
 
 Mazanderan (ma-zan-de-ran'). A province of 
 Persia, south of the Caspian Sea, mostly low 
 coast-land, about 200 miles long and 50 broad. 
 Capital, Sari. Population, 300,000. 
 Mazariegos (ma-tha-re-a'gos), Diego. Born at 
 Ciudad de la Mancha about 1495 : died after 1565. 
 A Spanish soldier, conqueror of Chiapas (1524- 
 1529). He was governor of Cuba 1556-65. 
 Mazarin (maz'a-rin; F. pron. ma-za-ran') 
 (properly Mazarini), Jules. Bom at Piscina, 
 Italy, July 14, 1602 : died at Vincennes, France, 
 March 9, 1661. A French statesman. He was de- 
 scended from a noble Sicilian family, studied at a Jesuit col- 
 lege at Rome and at the University of AlcalA, and in 1622 
 entered the papal military service. He was afterward em- 
 ployed in various diplomatic missions, and attracted the 
 attention of Richelieu, at whose instance he entered the 
 French service. He became a naturalized Frenchman in 
 1639, and in 1641 was made a cardinal by the Pope on the pres- 
 entation of Louis XIII., although he had never taken any- 
 thing but minor orders. He was appointed prime minister 
 on the death of Richelieu in 1642, and was retained in of- 
 floe by the queen regeut, Anne of Austria, after the death 
 of Louis XIII. in 1643. He continued the foreign policy of 
 Richelieu, which looked to the abatement of the power of 
 
 669 
 
 the house of Austria by interfering in favor of the Protes- 
 tants in the Thirty Years’ War, and which resulted in com- 
 plete success at the peace of Westphalia in 1648. At home 
 his policy of centralizing all administrative authority in the 
 crown — also a legacy from Richelieu — was opposed by 
 the nobles and the Parliament of Paris, and gave rise to the 
 wars of the Fronde (which see), during which he was twice 
 expelled by his opponents from the court (1651-52 and 
 1652-53). In 1659 he concluded the peace of the Pyrenees, 
 putting an end to the hostilities with Spain which had 
 sprung up during the Thirty Years’ War, and securing an 
 increase of French territory. 
 
 Mazarin Bible. An edition of the Bible printed 
 by Gutenberg at Mainz in 1450-55, being the 
 first hook ever printed with movable types. It 
 is so named because the first known copy of it was dis- 
 covered in the Mazarin library at Paris in 1760. 
 
 Mazarron (ma-thar-ron'). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Murcia, Spain, situated near the Medi- 
 terranean 30 miles south of Murcia. Popula- 
 tion, 23,284. 
 
 Mazartmi (ma-za-ro'ne), or Massaruni (ma- 
 sa-ro'ne). Ariver in British Guiana which joins 
 the Essequiho about 45 miles southwest of 
 Georgetown. Length, about 400 miles. 
 
 Mazas (ma-za/). .A prison in Paris, situated on 
 the Boulevard Mazas, opened in 1850. it is offi- 
 cially called Maison d’Arret Cellulaire, having renounced 
 in 1858, at the request of the family of Mazas, the name it 
 had hitherto borne. It is still, however, popularly called 
 the Prison Mazas. 
 
 Mazatenango (mfi-tha-ta-nan'go). A town of 
 southwestern Guatemala, the capital of themod- 
 ern department of Suchitepequez, about lat. 14° 
 45' N., long. 91° 30' W. It was a stronghold of the 
 Mames Indians, and was taken by the Spaniards in 1525. 
 Population, 6,970. 
 
 Mazatlan (ma-sat-lan'). [Nahuatl, ‘place of 
 the deer’; from mazatl, a deer.] A town of about 
 12,000 inhabitants, on the southern coast of the 
 Mexican state of Sinaloa, in lat. 23° 10' "A7" N. 
 The town has been besieged a numherof timesiti the course 
 of the numerous revolutions of Mexico. In 1847 it was 
 taken by the American forces. On March 31, 1864, the 
 French corvette Cordellitre attacked the port and was re- 
 pulsed, but on Nov. 13 of the same year a French fleet cap- 
 tured it after a short bombardment. On Nov. 13, 1866, the 
 Mexican general Corona took the place again. It is the 
 capital of the district of the same name, and the principal 
 port of entry for the state of Sinaloa. 
 
 Maze (miiz), Hippolyte. Born at Arras, Nov. 
 5, 1839 : died at Paris, Oct. 25, 1891. A French 
 statesman and historian. Hewas elected deputyfor 
 V ersailles in 1879, and took his seat with the republican left, 
 and was reelected in 1881. He was noted for his speeches 
 on public education and mutual benefit associations. He 
 was elected senator in 1886, and again in 1891 at the head 
 of the list of four. Among his works are “Les gouverne- 
 ments de la Frapce du XVII 0 an XIX° sitcle” (1864), “La 
 rtpubliquedesEtats Unis, etc. ”(1869), "La fin de la revolu- 
 tion. etc.” (1872), “ La lutte contre la miscre ” (1883), “ Les 
 gfineraux de la rdpublique ” (1889), etc. 
 
 Mazeppa (mii-zep'a), Ivan. Born 1644: died at 
 Bender, 1709. A Cossack chief. He was descended 
 from a poor but noble family at Mazepintzui in the 
 palatinate of Podolia, and was educated as a page at the 
 court of John Casimir, king of Poland. Having been de- 
 tected in an intrigue with a Polish lady of high rank, he 
 was by order of the injured husband bound naked on the 
 back of an untamed horse from the Ukraine. The horse 
 on being let loose galloped off to its native haunts, where 
 it was caught by some Cossack peasants. Mazeppa re- 
 mained among the Cossacks, whose hetman or chief he be- 
 came in 1687. He enjoyed the favor of Peter the Great, 
 who gave him the title of Prince of the Ukraine. With a 
 view to making himself independent of Russia, he con- 
 spired first with Stanislaus Leszczynski of Poland, and af- 
 terward with Charles XII. of Sweden. Besieged by the 
 Russians in his capital Baturin, he escaped to the camp of 
 Charles XII., whom he accompanied to Bender after the 
 battle of Pultovva. He committed suicide by taking poison. 
 Lord Byron made him the subject of a poem in 1819. 
 
 Maz^res. See Haseres. 
 
 Mazillier. Born at Marseilles in 1797 : died at 
 Paris in 1868. A noted French dancer and com- 
 poser of ballets. He began his career at Bordeaux in 
 1820. His pantomime was noted as particularly good. 
 Among his ballets (in which he performed at the Op6ra 
 in Paris) are “Lediable amoureux ” (1845), “Le diable a 
 quatre ” (1846), “ Le corsaire ” (1856), “ Marco Spada ’’ 
 (1857) , etc. In these he had the collaboration of Paul Fou- 
 cher, St.-Georges, Th6ophile Gautier, and others. 
 Ma2uranic(m8,-zh6-ra'nich), Ivan. Born 1814: 
 died 1890. A Croatian poet, ban of Croatia 
 1 873-80. His chi ef work is a n epic n ation al poem. 
 Mazzara, or Mazzara del Vallo (mat-sa'ra 
 del val'lo). A seaport in the province of Tra- 
 pani, Sicily, 53 miles southwest of Palermo. 
 It has a cathedral and ruined castle. Popula- 
 tion, 17,677. 
 
 Mazzarino (mat-sil-re'no). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Caltanissetta, Sicily, 47 miles west- 
 southwest of Catania. Pop., commune, 16,355. 
 Mazzini (mat-se' no), Giuseppe. Born at Genoa, 
 June 28 (22?), 1805 (1808 ?) : died at Pisa, Italy, 
 March 10, 1872. An Italian patriot and revo- 
 lutionist. He graduated at the University of Genoa in 
 1826, became a member of the bar of that city, and joined 
 the Carbonari. In 1830 he was arrested by the authorities 
 of Piedmont on the charge of conspiring against the gov- 
 ernment, but after an imprisonment of six months was 
 
 Meade, Richard Kidder 
 
 released for want of sufficient evidence to procure a con- 
 viction. He thereupon left Italy and resided successively 
 at Marseilles, Paris, and London, whence he conducted 
 agitations for the liberation of Italy. He founded about 
 1832 the secret revolutionary society of “Young Italy," 
 whose object was the unification of Italy under a repub- 
 lican government. He returned to Italy at the outbreak 
 of the revolutionary movements of 1848, and in 1849 be- 
 came a member of the triumvirate in the short-lived re- 
 public at Rome, being again driven into exile on the res- 
 toration of the papal government (1849). He afterward 
 organized insurrections in Mantua (1852), Milan (1853), 
 and Genoa (1857), but played a subordinate part in the 
 movement which resulted in the unification of Italy (except 
 V eniceand the Patriinonium Petri)underVictor Emmanuel 
 in 1861. Unwilling to take the oath of allegiance to a 
 monarchy, he remained abroad. In 1870 he took part in 
 an insurrection at Palermo, during which he was cap 
 tured. lie was, however, released by the general am- 
 nesty published by the Italian government after the occu- 
 pation of Rome. 
 
 Mazzola. See Parmigiano. 
 
 Mazzolini (miit-so-le'ne), Lodovico. Born 
 about 1481: died about 1530. An Italian painter, 
 the most noted member of the school of Fer- 
 rara. 
 
 Mazzuola. See Parmigiano. 
 
 Mbamba (mbam'ba). A Bantu tribe of Angola, 
 West Africa, dwelling between the Mbidiji and 
 Loji rivers, and scattered in small villages 
 around Malange. The Duke of Mbamba was one of 
 the great dignitaries of the kingdom of Kongo. The mod- 
 ern Mbamba grow coffee, which is exported via Loanda 
 and Ambr z: the Mbamba of Malange are carriers. Their 
 dialect is half Kimbundu and half Kongo. 
 
 Mbangala (mbfing-ga'la), or Imbangala (em- 
 bang-ga'la). A Bantu tribe of Angola, West 
 Africa, dwelling between the Kuangu River and 
 the Tala Mungongo range : also called Kasanji 
 or Cassange, from the title of the head chief. 
 The dialect is Umbangala. This tribe is independent and 
 enterprising in trade, but fond of rum and quarrelsome. 
 Mbayas (mba-yas'). The Guarany and Para- 
 guayan name for the Guaycnrus Indians and 
 other related hordes in the Chaco. See (Puay- 
 curus. 
 
 Mbocobis. See Mocobis. 
 
 Mbondo (mhon'do). A Bantu tribe of Angola, 
 West Africa, dwelling to the northeast of Ma- 
 lange. They wear skins, are in a lower state of culture 
 than the Ngola, and speak a dialect of Kimbundu. 
 Mbuiyi (mbwe'ye). See JSumbe. 
 
 Mbunda ( mbon'dii), or Mambunda (miim-bon'- 
 da). A Bantu tribe of the Barotse kingdom, in 
 the upper Zambesi valley, often confounded 
 With the dominant Barotse. They are strong enough 
 to excite fear, and in 1880 the Barotse weakened them by 
 a massacre. 
 
 Mbundu (mhon'do). See Kimbundu and Um- 
 bundu. 
 
 Mdewakanton (mda-wa'kah-ton). [‘Mysteri- 
 ous lake village.’] A tribe of the Dakota di- 
 vision of North American Indians: the Minda- 
 waearton of Lewis and Clark, the original 
 Isanyati or Santee. They were conspicuous in the 
 Minnesota outbreak, under the leadership of Little Crow, 
 in 1862. Most of them are farmers in Nebraska. 
 
 Mead (med), Larkin Goldsmith. Bom at 
 
 Chesterfield, N. H., Jan. 3, 1835 : died at Flor- 
 ence, Oct. 15, 1910. An American sculptor. 
 He went to Florence in 1862, and made his residence there. 
 Among his works are a colossal statue of “ Vermont ” 
 (1857); “Ethan Allen ” (1861), at Montpelier, Vermont'; 
 “ Lincoln ” (1874), at Springfield, Illinois ; “Ethan Allen” 
 (1874), at Washington ; etc. He also executed four colos- 
 sal groups representing the different branches of the 
 army and navy service. 
 
 Mead, Richard. Born at Stepney, London, Aug. 
 11, 1673: died at London, Feb. 16, 1754. An 
 English physician. He entered the University of 
 Utrecht in 1689, and studied under Grevius for three years. 
 In 1692 he went to Leyden, and took his degree of M.D. at 
 Padua in 1696. He was made a fellow of the Royal So- 
 ciety in 1703. In 1703 he was elected physician at St. 
 Thomas’s Hospital, London, andinthe sameyeardiscovered 
 the itch-mite. He became the most popular physician of 
 the day, and a famous collector of books, coins, etc. In 
 1727 he was made court physician to George II. He pub- 
 lished “ De Variolis et Morbilis" (1747), “ Monita et Prse- 
 cepta Medica ” (1751). He is best known as the friend of 
 Pope, Johnson, and other famous men. 
 
 Meade (med), George Gordon. Born at Cadiz, 
 Spain, Dec. 31, 1815: died at Philadelphia, Pa., 
 Nov. 6, 1872. An American general. He graduated 
 at West Point in 1835, served in the Mexican war, and was 
 appointed to the command of a brigade of volunteers in 
 the Army of the Potomac at the beginning of the Civil 
 War in 1861. He served in the Peninsular campaign, and 
 commanded a division at Antietam and a division at Fred- 
 ericksburg. He succeeded General Hooker as commander 
 of the Army of the Potomac June 28, 1863, and defeated 
 General Lee at Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863. He remained in 
 command of the Army of the Potomac during the rest of 
 the war. He was promoted major-general in the regular 
 army Aug. 18, 1864 (having held a corresponding rank in 
 the volunteer service since 1862). 
 
 Meade, Richard Kidder. Born in Nansemond 
 County, Va., July 14, 1746: died in Frederick 
 (now Clarke) County, Va., Feb., 1805. An 
 American Revolutionary officer. 
 
Meadows, Drinkwater 
 
 Meadows (med'oz), Drinkwater. Born in 
 Yorkshire or Wales, 1799 : died at Barnes, June 
 12, 1869. An English actor. After playing in pro- 
 vincial theaters, he -made his first appearance in London 
 at Covent Garden in 1821, and remained there until 1844, 
 when he went to the Lyceum, and later to the Princess’s. 
 Meadows, Sir Philip. Born at Chattlsham, Suf- 
 folk, 1626: died Sept. 16, 1718. An English diplo- 
 matist. He graduated at Cambridge, and in Oct., 1653, 
 relieved Milton as Latin secretary to Cromwell’s council. 
 In 1656 he represented Cromwell at Lisbon at the ratifica- 
 tion of the Anglo-Portuguese treaty. In 1657 he was sent 
 as envoy to Frederick III. of Denmark, and afterward 
 acted as negotiator between Sweden and Poland. In 1658 
 he was knighted and made ambassador to Sweden. At the 
 Restoration he retired, and in 1677 published “A Narra- 
 tive of the Principal Actions occurring in the Wars betwixt 
 Sueden and Denmark,” and in 1689 “ Observations concern- 
 ing the Dominion and Sovereignty of the Seas.” At the 
 Revolution (1688) he was restored to favor, and in 1692 was 
 appointed commissioner for taking public accounts. 
 
 Meadville (med'vil). A city, capital of Craw- 
 ford County, Pennsylvania, situated on French 
 Creek 84 miles north of Pittsburg, it has flourish- 
 ing manufactures (of iron and woolens) and trade, and is 
 the seat of Allegheny College (Methodist Episcopal) and of 
 a Unitarian theological seminary. Pop., 12,780, (1910). 
 
 Meagher (ma'Her), Thomas Francis. Born at 
 Waterford, Ireland, Aug. 3, 1823 : drowned near 
 Port Benton, Montana, July 1, 1867. An Irish- 
 American general. In 1844 lie became an orator of 
 the Irish repeal association, andfor advocating insurrection 
 was dubbed “Meagher of the Sword" by Thackeray. In 
 July, 1848, he was appointed to the war directory of the 
 Irish Confederation. He was arrested Aug. 13, 1848, and 
 transported to Van Diemen’s Land in July, 1849. He es- 
 caped to New York in 1852, where he was admitted to the 
 bar in 1855. In 1861 he entered the Federal army, orga- 
 nized the Irish Brigade, and was made brigadier-general 
 Feb. 3, 1862. He fought in the first and second battles of 
 Bull Run, in the Seven Days’ Battles before Richmond, at 
 Antietam, at Fredericksburg, and at Chanceilorsville, re- 
 signing in May, 1863. At the close of the war he became 
 secretary (1865) and governor (1866) of Montana, where lie 
 died. With John Savage he published “Speeches on the 
 Legislative Independence of Ireland, etc.” (1853). He also 
 wrote “Recollections of Ireland and the Irish,” etc. 
 Meal-Tub Plot. Apretended conspiracy against 
 the Protestants, fabricated by Dangerfield in 
 1679 : so named because the papers were kept 
 in a meal-tub. Dangerfield subsequently con- 
 fessed, and was whipped and pilloried. 
 Meander. See Mseander. 
 
 Meanee. See Miani. 
 
 Mearns, The. See Kincardine. 
 
 Measure for Measure. AcomedybyShakspere, 
 first acted in 1604, printed in 1623. The play is 
 founded on Whetstone’s “Promos and Cassandra ’’ (1582) ; 
 the story had previously appeared as the 85th novel in Ciu- 
 thio’s “Hecatommithi.” Davenant produced an alteration 
 of “ Measure for Measure ” in 1662, called “ Law against 
 Lovers,” in which he introduced Benedick and Beatrice. 
 It was again recast by Gildon, and produced in 1700 with 
 the second title of “Beauty the Best Advocate.” 
 
 Meath (meth). A maritime county of Leinster, 
 Ireland. Capital, Trim. It is bounded by Cavan and 
 Monaghan on the north, Louth on the northeast, the Irish 
 Sea on the east, Dublin on the southeast, Kildare on the 
 south. King's County on the southwest, and Westmeath on 
 the west. The surface is level and undulating. Area, 
 906 square miles. Population, 67,497. 
 
 Meaux (mo). A town in the department of Sein e- 
 et-Marne, France, situated on the Marne 27 
 miles east by north of Paris. Its cathedral, begun 
 in the 12th century, has a very beautiful choir of early- 
 Pointed work, and a nave 109 feet high. Bossuet was 
 bishop of Meaux. It was the scene of disorders in the war 
 of the Jacquerie (1358) and in the religious wars (16th 
 century). Population, commune, 13,921. 
 
 Mehsuta (meb-so'ta). [Ar. ab-mebsutah, the 
 outstretched (sc. arm).] The third-magnitude 
 star £ Geminorum. On some globes and maps 
 it is written Meboula. Neither name is in very 
 common use. 
 
 Mecca (mek'a). The capital of Arabia, and the 
 most sacred city of the Mohammedan world, 
 as the birthplace of Mohammed and the site of 
 the Kaaba. It is situated in a sandy valley 70 miles 
 from the Red Sea, about lat. 21° 25' N., long. 40° 15' E. Its 
 principal building is the Great Mosque, Masjidu l-Haram, 
 in the center of which is the Kaaba (which see). Every 
 Moslem is bound to undertake once in his life a pilgrimage 
 to Mecca, and in the rites performed on this occasion are 
 included the circuit around the Kaaba and the kissing of 
 the black stone. Mecca is now governed by a sherif, who 
 is chosen by the people from the descendants of the 
 prophet, but holds his authority from the Turkish sultan. 
 Mecca was sacked by the Carmathians in 930, and passed 
 to the Turks in 1517. Population, about 50,000. See Me- 
 dina. 
 
 Mechain (ma-shan'), Pierre Francois Andre. 
 
 Born at Laon, France, Aug. 16, 1744: died at 
 Castellon de la Plana, Spain, Sept. 20, 1804. A 
 French astronomer, best known as an observer 
 particularly of comets, of which ho discovered a 
 number. He was employed in measuring the arc of the 
 meridian between Dunkirk and Barcelona. 
 Mechanicsville (me-kan'iks-vil). A place in 
 Virginia, 7 miles north by east of Richmond. 
 Here, June 26, 1862, a part of McClellan’s army under Fitz 
 
 670 
 
 John Porter defeated a part of Lee’s under Longstreet and 
 A. P. Hill. This is also called battle of Beaver Dam Creek, 
 and formed part of the Seven Days’ Battles. 
 
 Mechant (ma-shon'), Le. [F., ‘The Wicked 
 One/] A comedy by De Gresset, produced in 
 Paris in 1745. Villemain says it is the exact reflection 
 of the salons of the 18th century. The hero perhaps might 
 more properly be called a roue. 
 
 Mechi (mek'i), John Joseph. Born at Lon- 
 don, May 22, 1802 : died Dec., 1880. An English 
 agricultural reformer. 
 
 Mechitar. See MeTchitar. 
 
 Mechitarists. See Mekhitarists. 
 
 Mechlin (mek'lin; D. pron. mech'lin). [Flein. 
 Mechelen, G. Mecheln, F. Halines. \ A city in 
 the province of Antwerp, Belgium, situated on 
 the Dyle 13 miles north-northeast of Brussels. 
 It is arailway center, and still has manufactures of Mech- 
 lin lace (formerly very important). The archbishop is the 
 primate of Belgium. The cathedral was built chiefly in the 
 13th century , but in considerable part rebuilt in the 14 th and 
 15th, in consequence of a fire. The choir is unusually rich. 
 The pulpit, carved in wood, embodies a group represent- 
 ing the Conversion of St. Paul, flanked by Adam and Eve, 
 and having above St. John and the holy women beneath 
 the cross. There are a number of fine paintings, includ- 
 ing a notable Crucifixion by Vanayck. The massive west 
 tower is 324 feet high. The church is 306 feet long and 89 
 high. The Tribunal, several works of art, and old build- 
 ings are also notable. Mechlin was under the rule of the 
 bishops of Liege from the 10th century to 1333, and passed 
 later to Brabant and Burgundy. Population, 59,218. 
 Mechlin (mek'lin). The name under which 
 Charles Macklin made his first appearance at 
 Drury Lane as Captain Brazen, Oct. 31, 1733. 
 Mechoacan. See Michoacan. 
 
 Mecklenburg (mek'len-bora). A land in north- 
 ern Germany, lying along the Baltic Sea : it is 
 divided into Mecklenburg-Sehwerin and Meck- 
 lenburg-Strelitz. 
 
 Mecklenburg (mek'len-berg) Declaration of 
 
 Independence. A declaration of independence 
 of England, said to have been made at Charlotte, 
 North Carolina, by the citizens of Mecklenburg 
 County, North Carolina, May 20 or 31, 1775. 
 Mecklenburg-Sehwerin (mekTen-borG-shva- 
 ren'). A grand duchy, a state of the German 
 Empire. Capital, Schwerin. It is hounded by the 
 Baltic on the north, Pomerania and Mecklenburg-Strelitz 
 on the east, Brandenburg and Hannover on the south, and 
 Liibeck, Ratzeburg, and Schleswig-Holstein on the west. 
 It comprises also a few enclaves. The surface is generally 
 level. Thechief occupation is agriculture. Thegovernment 
 is a constitutional hereditary monarchy(peasan try unrepre- 
 sented), with 2 members in the Bundesrat and 6 members in 
 the Reichstag. The prevailing religion isProtestant. Meck- 
 lenburg was early peopled by Slavs ; was conquered by the 
 Germans in 1169 ; and was made a duchy in 1348. The 
 region was variously divided, finally into Mecklenburg- 
 Sehwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz in 1701. Mecklen- 
 burg-Schwerin joined the Confederation of the Rhine in 
 1808; became a grand duchy in 1816; joined the Ger- 
 manic Confederation in 1815 ; abolished serfdom in 1820 ; 
 was the scene of an unsuccessful agitation to change the 
 feudal conditions in 1848 ; sided with Prussia in 1866 ; 
 and joined the North German Confederation in 1867, and 
 the new German Empire in 1871. Area, 5,068 square 
 miles. Population, 625,045. 
 
 Mecklenburg-Strelitz (mek ' len - boro - stra'- 
 1 its). A grand duchy, one of the statesof the Ger- 
 manEmpire. Capital, Neustrelitz. it comprises 
 two divisions : Stargard, lying east of Mecklenburg- 
 Sehwerin and northwest of Brandenburg ; and Ratzeburg, 
 lying northwest of Mecklenburg-Sehwerin. The surface 
 is nearly level. The chief occupation is agriculture. The 
 government is a constitutional hereditary monarchy (gen- 
 eral conditions as in Mecklenburg-Sehwerin), with 1 mem- 
 ber in the Bundesrat and one in the Reichstag. The 
 prevailing religion is Protestant. It became a separate 
 duchy in 1701, and adopted the constitution of Mecklen- 
 burg-Schwerin in 1755. Its later history is generally the 
 same as that of Mecklenburg-Sehwerin. Area, 1,131 
 square miles. Population, 103,451. 
 
 Medal, The. A satire by Dryden, which ap- 
 peared in 1682. 
 
 Medamothi (me-da-mo-te'). An island iu Ra- 
 belais’s “Life of Gargantua and Pantagruel.” 
 “Thus, the first place touched at (chap, iv.) is the island of 
 Medamothi (,u.i)Sa/i.60i, Nowhere); and in the account of the 
 rarities with which this country abounds, the improbable 
 fictions of travellers are ridiculed. ’’ Dunlop, Hist. Prose 
 Fiction, II. 305. 
 
 Meddle (med'l). In Dion Boucicault’s comedy 
 “London Assurance,” a pettifogging lawyer. 
 Medea (me-de'a). [Gr. M ?)t5eta.] In Greek le- 
 gend, a sorceress, daughter of /Fetes, king of 
 the Colehians, and wife of Jason. When Jason came 
 with the Argonauts (see Jason) toobtain theGoldeu Fleece, 
 Medea aided him by her magic arts, and escaped with him 
 to Corinth, where, ten years later, she murdered Creusa or 
 Glauce, daughter of King Creon, for whom Jason had de- 
 termined to abandon her. From Corinth she fled to Athens, 
 and married iEgeus (father of Theseus), by whom she had 
 a son, Medus, regarded by the Greeks as the ancestor of 
 the Medes. Having plotted against the life of Theseus, she 
 was obliged to flee, and finally returned to Colchis. 
 Medea. 1. Aplay by Euripides. See the extract. 
 
 The “Medea ’’came out in 431 B. C. along with the poet’s 
 “Philoctetes,” “Dictys," and the satyric “Reapers ’’ (tin- 
 last was early lost). It was based upon a play of Neo- 
 phron’s, and only obtained the third prize, Euphorion 
 
 Media 
 
 being first and Sophocles second. It may accordingly be 
 regarded as a failure in its day — an opinion apparently 
 confirmed by the faults (viz., ASgeus and the winged 
 chariot) selected from it as specimens in Aristotle’s “Po- 
 etic. ” There is considerable evidence of there being a sec- 
 ond edition of the play, and many of the variants, or 
 so-called interpolations, seem to arise from both versions 
 being preserved and confused. Nevertheless, there was 
 no play of Euripides more praised and imitated by both 
 Romans and moderns. 
 
 Mahaffy , Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 329. 
 
 2. A tragedy by Seneca, written in the 1st cen- 
 tury. It was inspired by Euripides, but is not a slavish 
 translation. John Studley translated this for the English 
 stage (1566). 
 
 3. A tragedy by Richard Glover, published in 
 1761. — 4. An opera by Mayr, produced in 1812. 
 — 5. See Mt'dee. 
 
 Medecin malgre lui (mad-san' mal-gra' liie), 
 Le. [F., ‘ The Doctor in Spite of Himself.’] A 
 farce-comedy by Moliere, produced in 1666. The 
 story is taken from a fabliau of the middle ages, “ Le vilain 
 mire.” (S ee Sganarelle.) Gounod wrote music for an adap- 
 tation of this comedy, and it was produced in 1858 in Paris. 
 It was brought out as “ The Mock Doctor ” in England in 
 1865. Mrs. Centlivre’s “ Love’s Contrivance ” (1703) is made 
 from “Le mbdecin malgrb lui” and “Le manage force.” 
 
 Medecin Volant (mad-san' vo-loh'), Le. [F., 
 
 ‘ The Flying Doctor.’] An early comedy of Mo- 
 liere, in the Italian style, acted in 1659. Parts 
 of it were afterward incorporated in “Le mbdecin malgrb 
 lui ” and “L’ Amour mbdecin.” 
 
 Medee (ma-da'). 1. A tragedy by La Peruse, 
 
 played in 1553. It was the second tragedy played 
 in France. — 2. A tragedy by Pierre Corneille, 
 played in 1635 : ‘ ‘ incomparably the best French 
 tragedy up to its date” ( Saintsbury ). — 3. Alyrie 
 tragedy by Thomas Corneille, with music by 
 Charpentier, produced in 1693. — 4. An opera 
 by Cherubini, produced in 1797. The words are 
 by Hoffman. — 5. A tragedy by Legouve, played 
 in 1855. 
 
 Medellin (ma-del-yen'). A small town in the 
 province of Badajoz, Spain, situated on the 
 Guadiana 53 miles east of Badajoz. it was the 
 birthplace of Cortes. Here, March 28, 1809, the French 
 under Victor defeated the Spaniards. 
 
 Medellin. The capital of the department of 
 Antioquia, Colombia, about 40 miles southeast 
 of Antioquia. Population, about 60,000. 
 
 Medelpad (ma/del-pad). A territory in the laen 
 (province) of Westemorrland, Sweden. 
 
 Medes (medz). [Gr. M?/dot.] The inhabitants 
 of Media. See the extract, and Media. 
 
 Madai are the Medes, the Mada of the Assyrians. We 
 first hear of them in the cuneiform records under the name 
 of Amada, about B. C. 840, when their country was invaded 
 by the Assyrian monarch. They were at that time settled 
 in the. Kurdish Mountains, considerably to the east of Lake 
 Urumiyeh. Some fifty years later, however, we find them 
 in Media Rhagiana, where they are called no longer Amadd 
 but MadS. It was from the latter form of the name that 
 the Greeks took the familiar “Mede.” The Medes proper 
 were an Aryan people who claimed relationship to the 
 Aryans of northern India and the Aryan populations of 
 Europe, and one of the tribes belonging to them was that 
 of the Persians, who had established themselves further 
 south, on the eastern shores of the Persian Gulf. But in 
 classical times the older inhabitants of the regions into 
 which the Medes migrated were classed along with them 
 under the general title of ‘ ‘ Medes,” so that the name ceased 
 to be distinctive of race. Sayce, Races of the O. T., p. 45. 
 
 Medford (med'fqrd). A city in Middlesex 
 County, Massachusetts, situated on Mystic 
 River 5 miles northwest of Boston : the seat of 
 Tufts College (non-sectarian). Population, 
 23,150, (1910). 
 
 Medhurst (med'herst), Walter Henry. Born 
 
 at London, 1796: died at London, Jan. 24, 1857. 
 An English missionary in China and the East 
 Indies, and Sinologist. He translated the Bible into 
 Chinese; edited the “Chinese Repository ” (1838-51) ; and 
 published “ A Chinese-English Dictionary ” (1842-43), “ An 
 Englisli-Chinese Dictionary ’’ (1847-48), “China: its State 
 and Prospects ” (1838), etc. 
 
 Media (me'di-a). [Gr.M?/h'a.] An ancient coun- 
 try comprising the northwest of the Iranian 
 highland, extending from the Caspian Sea to 
 the Araxes. It was bounded on the northeast by Hyr- 
 cania, on the east by Parthia, on the south by Susiana- 
 Persia, and nearly corresponded to the modern Persian 
 provinces Azerbaijan, Ardilan, and Irak-Ajemi. Later the 
 southeastern part of the country was called Great Media, 
 and the northwestern, or Atropatene, Little Media. The 
 Medes (Hebrew and Assyrian Madai, Old Persian Mada) 
 are enumerated in Genesis x. 2 as among the descendants 
 of Japhet; and they, together with the Persians, constituted 
 the most important and powerful Aryan population in 
 western Asia. It is assumed that the country- was origi- 
 nally settled by another (perhaps Turanian) tribe, and that 
 the Medes gradually advanced from the northeast to the 
 west and southwest. Media came into contact with Assyria 
 at least as early as Ramannirari III. (811-782 B. c.), who 
 mentions Media as a conquered and tributary land. Tiglath- 
 Pileser III. was the first Assyrian king who annexed 
 Median territory; and Sargon transplanted Israelitish war 
 captives to Median cities, and claims in his annals of 713 
 B. C. to have received tribute from 45 Median chiefs. 
 Sennacherib also received tribute from the Medes. Un- 
 der Esarhaddon the Medes entered into alliance with the 
 
Media 
 
 Mineans (see Armenia) and the Cimmerians against As- 
 syria, apparently without success. But from that time the 
 Medes grew more united and more powerful against tyran- 
 nical Assyria. The Median kings of this period are, accord- 
 ing to Herodotus, Deioces (about 700-647), Phraortes (647- 
 625), and Cyaxares (625-585). The first Median expedition 
 against Assyria was undertaken by Phraortes, and, accord- 
 ing to Herodotus, ended with the complete defeat of the 
 Medes and the death of Phraortes. Cyaxares repeated the 
 undertaking, and defeated the Assyrian army. The attack 
 on the Assyrian capital, Nineveh, was delayed for a while 
 in consequence of the invasion of the Scythians. After 
 these were driven out, the Medes, in alliance with the 
 Babylonians under Nabopolassar, advanced once more 
 against Nineveh, and brought about its downfall (608 or 
 606 B. c.). In the division of the Assyrian empire, Assyria 
 proper and Mesopotamia as far as Haran fell to Media, 
 which, however, could not develop into a world's empire 
 on account of the rise of the new Babylonian empire un- 
 der Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar. Even the inde- 
 pendence of Media was of but short duration, for Astyages 
 (585-549) lost in 549 his crown to Cyrus. After that the 
 fate of Mediawasboundupin that of Persia. Still it seems 
 to have preserved a kind of independence or particularism 
 while united to Persia. Thus, the Old Testament writings 
 speak of an empire of “the Persians and Medes.’’ Only 
 the Book of Daniel seems to assume the existence of a 
 Median empire between the last Babylonian king, Naboni- 
 dus (Belshazzar), and Cyrus. After the destruction of the 
 Persian empire, Media fell, in the division of Alexander’s 
 empire, to Seleucus, the founder of the Syrian monarchy, 
 and later to the Parthian empire. Since the Mohamme- 
 dan conquest, the name of Media has given place to that 
 of Irak (Arjaka), also Irak-Ajemi (Persian) to distinguish 
 it from the Arabic or Babylonian Irak. The old Medes 
 were, according to the classical writers, a warlike people : 
 in Isa. xiii. they are described as hard and cruel. The 
 religion of the Medes was, according to Strabo (XV. 7, 32), 
 the same as that of the Persians, i. e. dualism. They 
 worshiped, besides the sun-god Mitlioras, the moon, Venus, 
 fire, the earth, winds, and water. The oldest capital of 
 Media was Rhagae, on the site of modern Teheran. Deioces 
 moved the capital to Ecbatana, founded by himself, in the 
 western part of the country, which remained the summer 
 residence of the Persian and Parthian kings. To Media 
 belonged also Behistun (Baghastana, ‘ place of the gods’), 
 famous from the trilingual cuneiform inscription discov- 
 ered there. See Century Atlas, Map Till. 
 
 Median Wall (me'di-an wal). [L. Mediae mu- 
 rws.] In ancient history, a wall north of Baby- 
 lon, extending from the Tigris to the Euphrates, 
 built as a defense of Babylonia. 
 
 Mediasch(ma/ de-ash). A town in the county 
 of Nagy-Kiikiil 16, Transylvania, situated on the 
 river Nagy-Kukullo 26 milesnorth-northeast of 
 Hermannstadt. It has a trade in wine. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 7,954. 
 
 Medicean stars (med-i-se'an starz). The name 
 given by Galileo, in honor of the Medici, to the 
 satellites of Jupiter discovered by him. 
 
 Medici (med'e-che or ma'de-che). [It., ‘physi- 
 cians.’] An Italian family which formerly ruled 
 in Florence and Tuscany, celebrated for the num- 
 ber of statesmen which it produced, and for its 
 patronage of art and letters, its origin is uncer- 
 tain. The first member of the family to play a part in his- 
 tory was Silvestro de’ Medici, who took part in the revolt 
 of the Ciompi in 1378. Giovanni de’ Medici (died 1429) 
 amassed a large fortune as a banker, and became the 
 founder of the political greatness of the family. He ruled 
 the city by means of his wealth, without holding office. 
 He left two sons Cosmo (1389-1404) and Lorenzo (1395- 
 1440), each of whom became the founder of a branch line 
 of the family. The elder branch, descended from Cosmo, 
 ruled in Florence until its extinction in 1537, except dur- 
 ing two periods when it was in exile (1494-1512 and 1527- 
 1530). Its rule was exercised under the forms of republi- 
 can institutions down to about 1531, when Alessandro de’ 
 Medici was made hereditary duke of Florence by the em- 
 peror. Among the notable members of this branch were 
 Cosmo the Elder, Lorenzo the Magnificent, and the popes 
 Leo X. and Clement VII. The elder branch became ex- 
 tinct at the death of Alessandro in 1537. He was succeeded 
 as duke of Florence by Cosmo I., who represented the 
 younger branch of the family, descended from Lorenzo. 
 Cosmo I. obtained possession of Siena and its territories, 
 and in 1569 received the title of grand duke of Tuscany 
 from the Pope, although the imperial confirmation wa3 
 first received by his successor Francesco I. in 1575. The 
 younger branch ruled as grand dukes of Tuscany until its 
 extinction at the death of Giovan Gastone de’ Medici in 
 1737. 
 
 Medici, Alessandro de’. Assassinated Jan. 5, 
 1537. First duke of Florence, illegitimate son 
 of Lorenzo (1492-1519). In 1523 the head of the Me- 
 dici at Florence, Cardinal Giulio, became pope under the 
 title of Clement VII. He appointed his nephews Alessan- 
 dro and Ippolito joint rulers of Florence in his place un- 
 der the regency of Cardinal Silvio Passerini. In 1527 the 
 populace expelled both Alessandro and Ippolito ; but in 
 1531 the former, who had married Margaret of Austria, 
 natural daughter of the emperor Charles V., was restored 
 by his father-in-law and made hereditary duke of Florence, 
 the Medici having till that time exercised power under the 
 forms of republican institutions. 
 
 Medici, Catharine de’. See Catharine do’ Me- 
 dici. 
 
 Medici, Cosmo or Cosimo de’, surnamed “ The 
 Elder.” Born 1389: died Aug. I, 1464. A Flor- 
 entine banker, statesman, and patron of liter- 
 ature, son of Giovanni de’ Medici (died 1429). 
 He inherited his father's vast fortune, and, like him, prac- 
 tically ruled the republic through his skill in securing the 
 elevation of his own creatures to the chief offices in the 
 commonwealth. He was expelled with his whole family 
 
 671 
 
 by the rival family of the Albizzi in 1433, but returned in 
 1434. He was a magnificent patron of art and literature, 
 and his palace became an asylum for Greek scholars exiled 
 by the fall of Constantinople in 1453. 
 
 Medici, Cosmo or Cosimo de’, called “The 
 Great.” Born 1519 : died 1574. Grand Duke of 
 Tuscany, son of Giovanni de’ Medici (1498-1526). 
 He represented the younger branch of the Medici, de- 
 scended from Lorenzo de’ Medici (1395-1440), and became 
 duke of Florence on the extinction of the elder branch in 
 1537. He conquered Siena in 1555, and had the title of 
 grand duke of Tuscany conferred on him by the Pope in 
 1569. See Medici. 
 
 Medici, Ferdinand I. de’. Born about 1549: 
 died 1609. Grand Duke of Tuscany 1587-1609, 
 younger son of Cosmo the Great. He succeeded 
 his brother Francesco I. 
 
 Medici, Francesco I. de’. Bom 1541 : died 1587. 
 Grand Duke of Tuscany 1574-87, son of Cosmo 
 the Great whom he succeeded. 
 
 Medici, Giovanni de’. Died 1429. A Floren- 
 tine merchant. He amassed an immense fortune, and 
 by his adroitness in procuring the elevation of his crea- 
 tines to the chief offices became virtual ruler of the repub- 
 lic. He left two sons Cosmo (1389-1464) and Lorenzo (1395- 
 1440), who became the founders of the elder and younger 
 branches of the Medici respectively. 
 
 Medici, Giovanni de’. See Leo X. 
 
 Medici, Giovanni de’, called “Giovanni delle 
 Bande Nere.” Born 1498 : killed in battle, 1526. 
 An Italian general. He was a descendant of Lorenzo 
 de’ Medici (1395-1440), founder of the younger branch of 
 the Medici. 
 
 Medici, Giulio de’. See Clement VII. 
 
 Medici, Ippolito de'. Born 1511 : died 1535. 
 An Italian cardinal, grandson (illegitimate) of 
 Lorenzo the Magnificent. 
 
 Medici, Lorenzo de’, surnamed “II Magnifico” 
 (‘the Magnificent’). Born about 1449: died April 
 8, 1492. A celebrated Florentine statesman and 
 patron of letters, grandson of Cosmo the Elder. 
 On the death of his father Piero in 1469, he succeeded to 
 the immense wealth and political power of his family con- 
 jointly with a younger brother Giuliano. The latter was 
 assassinated by a rival family, the Pazzi, in 1478, leaving 
 Lorenzo sole ruler of Florence. Like his predecessors, he 
 governed the republic without any title, merely by a free 
 use of his wealth and by his adroitness in procuring the 
 elevation of his own creatures to the chief offices in the 
 state. 
 
 Medici, Lorenzo de’. Born 1492 : died 1519. 
 Duke of Urbino, grandson of Lorenzo de’ Me- 
 dici (the Magnificent). He became the head of the 
 republic of Florence on the elevation of his uncle to the 
 papal chair under the title of Leo X. in 1513, and in 1516 
 was appointed by the latter duke of Urbino. 
 
 Medici, Maria de’. See Maria de? Medici. 
 
 Medicine Bow Mountains. A chain of the 
 Rocky Mountains, in northern Colorado and 
 southern Wyoming. 
 
 Medill (me-dil'), Joseph. Born at St. John, 
 New Brunswick, April 6, 1823: died at San 
 Antonio, Texas, March 16, 1899. An American 
 journalist. He was admitted to the bar in 1846, but 
 abandoned law and took up journalism about 1849. In 
 1855 he became connected with the Chicago “Tribune,” 
 of which he obtained control in 1874. 
 
 Medina (me-de'na), Ar. Medinat-Rasul- Allah 
 
 (me-de'nat-ra-soi'alTa), or Medinat-el-Rabi 
 (me-de'nat-el-ra'be). A city in Hedjaz, Ara- 
 bia, the second holy city of the Mohammedans, 
 situated about lat. 24° 30' N., long. 40° E. : the 
 ancient Yathrib, called by Ptolemy Lathrippa. 
 It is celebrated as the place where Mohammed took refuge 
 at the flight (622 A. r>.) (see Hejira), and where he died and 
 was buried. From this it is sometimes designated “the city 
 of the prophet.” The Great Mosque contains Mohammed’s 
 tomb. The inclosure measures about 600 by 390 feet, and as 
 usual is surrounded by arcaded galleries. The tomb is in an 
 inclosure in the southeastern corner, beneath a conspicuous 
 pointed dome : the pavement of this part of the mosque is 
 formed of beautiful mosaics. The tomb consists of a struc- 
 ture of black stones, with two pillars : it is wholly concealed 
 from the eyes of the profane by precious draperies. The 
 actual buildings of the mosque are at least in large part 
 very modern, the arches, though of pointed horseshoe-form, 
 not being extradosed, while the columns are pseudo-classi- 
 cal. Medina was the capital of the Mohammedan empire 
 down to the accession of the Ommiads (661). Population, 
 estimated, 50,000. 
 
 Medina (me-di'na). In Spenser’s “Faerie 
 Queene,” the second of tlie three sisters Elissa, 
 Medina, and Perissa. She far excelled the other two, 
 representing the golden mean, while Elissa was froward 
 and always discontented, and Perissa was loose and ex- 
 travagant, and indulgent in all pleasures. 
 
 Medina (ma-de'nii), Sir John Baptist. Born at 
 Brussels in 1659 : died at Edinburgh, Oct. 5, 1710. 
 A Belgian-English portrait-painter, pupil of 
 Francois Du Chatel of Brussels. He was 
 knighted in 1707. 
 
 Medina (ma-de'nii). Jos6 Maria. Born about 
 1815: died at Santa Rosa, Feb. 8, 1878. A Central 
 American politician .president of HondurasFeb. 
 15, 1864, to Aug. , 1872. During this period the country 
 was brought to bankruptcy by reckless financiering in con- 
 nection with an interoceanic railway scheme. Salvador 
 
 Mediterranean Sea 
 
 and Guatemala having made war on Honduras, Medina 
 was defeated and deposed by his own troops. He revolted 
 against Leiva (Dec., 1875, to May, 1876), but was defeated, 
 and for a second attempted revolt was shot. 
 Medina-Celi (-tha'le). Asmalltowninthe prov- 
 ince of Soria, Spain, situated 12 miles north- 
 east of Siguenza : noted for an ancient castle. 
 Medina del Campo (ma-de'na del kam'po). 
 A town in the province of Valladolid, Spain, 
 situated ou the Zabardiel 25 miles south-south- 
 west of Valladolid . The Castillo de la Mota is a very in- 
 teresting castle, built of brick in 1440, now ruinous within 
 but comparatively perfect without, with its broad moat, 
 strongly fortified gate, square keep, round angle-towers, 
 and numerous projecting bartizans. Here Queen Isabella 
 died in 1504. Population, 5,971. 
 
 Medina de Rio Seco (da re'o sa'ko). A town 
 in the province of Valladolid, Spain, 24 miles 
 northwest of Valladolid. Here, July 14, 1808, the 
 French under Bessi&res defeated the Spaniards under 
 Ouesta. Population, 5,007. 
 
 Medina Sidonia (ma-de'na se-do'ne-a). A 
 town in the province of Cadiz, Spain, 24 miles 
 east by south of Cadiz : noted in Spanish his- 
 tory. Population, 11,040. 
 
 Medinat-ez-Zahra (me-de'nat-ez-za'ra). See 
 the extract. 
 
 One of his [the calif’s] wives, whose name was Ez-Zahra, 
 ‘ the Fairest,’ to whom he was devotedly attached, once 
 begged him to build her a city which should be called 
 after her name. The Great Khalif, like most Mohamme- 
 dan sovereigns, delighted in building, and he adopted the 
 suggestion. He at once began to found a city at the foot 
 of the mountain called the “ Hill of the Bride,” over against 
 Cordova, and a few miles distant. Every year he spent a 
 third of his revenues upon this building ; and it went on 
 all the twenty-five remaining years of his reign, and fifteen 
 years of the reign of his son, who made many additions to 
 it. Ten thousand workmen laboured daily at the task, 
 and six thousand blocks of stone were cut and polished 
 every day for the construction of the houses of the new 
 city. Some three thousand beasts of burden were daily 
 used to carry the materials to the spot, and four thousand 
 columns were set up, many of which were presents from 
 the Emperor of Constantinople, or came from Borne, Car- 
 thage, Sfax, and other places, besides the home marbles 
 quarried at Tarragona and Almeria. There were fifteen 
 thousand doors, coated with iron or polished brass. The 
 Hall of the Khalifs at the new city had a roof and walls 
 of marble and gold, and in it was a wonderful sculptured 
 fountain, a present from the Greek Emperor, who also sent 
 the Khalif a unique pearl. In the midst of the hall was a 
 basin of quicksilver; at either side were eight doors set in 
 ivory and ebony and adorned with precious stones. When 
 the sun shone through these doors and the quicksilver 
 lake was set quivering, the whole room was filled with 
 flashes like lightning, and the courtiers would cover their 
 dazzled eyes. The Arabian authors delight in telling of 
 the wonders of this “City of the Fairest,” Medinat-ez- 
 Zahra, as it was called, after the Khalif’s mistress. 
 
 Poole, Story of the Moors, p. 140. 
 
 Medinet-Abu (me-de'net-a-bo') or -Habu (-ha- 
 bo'). One of the villages on the site of Thebes, 
 Egypt, noted for its ruins. The temple and palace 
 of Rameses III. here are notable. The front buildings, 
 facing the south, constitute the royal palace. Many of 
 the very interesting mural sculptures reproduce the pri- 
 vate life of the king. From the palace a dromos 265 feet 
 long leads to the massive outer pylon of the temple, which 
 opens on a court over 100 feet square with Osirid figures 
 on the north side and columns with bell-capitals on the 
 south. A second pylon with portal between pyramidal 
 towers leads to an imposing court 123 by 133 feet, sur- 
 rounded by a peristyle having Osirid figures in front and 
 rear and columns on the sides. Behind the rear figures is 
 a range of 8 splendid columns with colored coelanaglyphic 
 sculptures. The portal of this court gives access to the 
 hypostyle hall, bordered with chambers, behind which two 
 columned vestibules precede the sanctuary and a laby- 
 rinth of corridors and small chambers. The sculptures of 
 this temple are of great importance. They include in the 
 interior ceremonial scenes of the cult, the king’s corona- 
 tion, and battle-scenes, many of them very richly colored. 
 The exteriorof the temple is covered with sculptures which 
 are even more remarkable, illustrating Rameses’s cam- 
 paignsagainst the Libyans and an Asiatic people. Among 
 the scenes a naval battle is of especial interest. 
 Medinet-el-Fayum (me-de'net-el-fi-om'). The 
 capital of the province of Fayum, Egypt, 54 
 miles southwest of Cairo. It is situated on the ruins 
 of the ancient Arsinoe or Crocodilopolis. Population, 
 37,320. 
 
 Meding (ma'ding), Johann Ferdinand Mar- 
 tin Oskar : pseudonym Gregor Samarow. 
 
 Born April 11, 1829: died July 11, 1903. A 
 German statesman and historical novelist. 
 Mediolanum (me // di - 6 - la ' num) . The Latin 
 name of Milan. 
 
 Mediomatrici (me // di-o-mat'ri-si). In ancient 
 geography, a tribe of eastern Gaul, whose cap- 
 ital was Metz (Divodurum or Mediomatrica). 
 Meditations. The name generally given to 
 the philosophical work by the emperor Marcus 
 Aurelius (English translation by George Long, 
 1862). 
 
 Mediterranean Sea (med // i-to-ra'ne-an se). 
 [F Mediterrande, G. MittelldneliscUes Meer, L. 
 Mare Internum, etc., the midland sea.] A sea, 
 the most important extension of the Atlantic, 
 separating Europe on the north from Africa 
 on the south, and communicating with the 
 
Mediterranean Sea 
 
 Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar, and 
 with the Black Sea by the Dardanelles, Sea of 
 Marmora, and Bosporus. It is divided into two 
 basins, the western reaching from Gibraltar to Sicily and 
 Tunis, and the eastern from there to Syria. Its chief 
 branches are the Golfe du Lion, Gulf of Genoa, Tyrrhenian 
 Sea, Ionian Sea, Adriatic Sea, iEgean Sea, Levant, Gulf of 
 Sidra, and Gulf of Cabes. The chief islands are the Balearic 
 Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, the Lipari Islands, Sicily, the 
 Maltese Islands, the Ionian Islands, Crete, Cyprus, and 
 the Grecian Archipelago. The chief tributary rivers are the 
 Ebro, Rhone, Po, and Kile. Its coasts are famous in the 
 history of civilization. Length, about 2,200 miles. Great- 
 est width of sea proper, about 700 miles. Greatest depth, 
 about 14,000 feet. Area, about 900,000 square miles. 
 
 Medjerda, or Mejerda (me-jer'da). A river in 
 eastern Algeria and Tunis, which flows into the 
 Gulf of Tunis 24 miles north of Tunis : the an- 
 cient Bagradas. Length, about 200 miles. 
 
 Medjidi (me-jed'e). [Turk., ‘glorious.’] A 
 Turkish order of knighthood, instituted in 1852 
 by the sultan Abdul-Medjid, and conferred on 
 many foreign olHcers who took part with Turkey 
 in the Crimean war. 
 
 Medjidieh (me-je-de'ye). A Tatar town in the 
 Dobrudja, Rumania, 20 miles west-northwest 
 of Kustendji. Population, 3,329. 
 
 Medley (med'li), In Etherege’s comedy “The 
 Man of Mode,” the friend of Young Bellair : sup- 
 posed by some to be a portrait of Sir Charles Sed- 
 ley, by others a portrait of the author himself. 
 
 Medmenham Abbey. A ruined house near 
 Great Marlow in Buckinghamshire, England, 
 formerly a Cistercian monastery, it acquired no- 
 toriety as the scene of the scandalous orgies of a convivial 
 association known as the Monks of St. Francis in the latter 
 part of the 18th century. 
 
 M6doc (rna-dok'). A district in the department 
 of Gironde, France, extending along the Gi- 
 ronde: noted for its production of wines. 
 Length, about 48 miles. 
 
 Medusa (me-do'sa). [Gr. Medowra.] In Greek 
 mythology, one of the Gorgons, according to 
 some legends originally a beautiful maiden 
 whose hair was transformed into serpents by 
 Athene because with Poseidon (by whom she 
 was the mother of Chrysaor and Pegasus) she 
 had violated one of the temples of that goddess. 
 Her head was so fearful to look upon that whoever saw it 
 was changed into stone. Accordingly when Perseus sought 
 her to cut off her head, he attacked her with averted face, 
 seeing only her reflection in the shield of Athene, who also 
 guided his hand. See Perseus. 
 
 Medusa Rondanini. An antique mask in the 
 Glyptothek at Munich. It is the well-known late type 
 of the Gorgon, in which the distorted grimacing face gives 
 place to calm regular features, and only two serpents ar- 
 ranged as ornaments appear amid the locks of the hair. 
 Over each temple a small wing is set. 
 
 Medway (med'wa). A river in southeastern 
 England which joins the Thames at Sheemess. 
 Length, about 70 miles ; navigable to Maidstone. 
 
 Medyn (ma-din'), or Medysy (ma-dis'i). A 
 town in the government of Kaluga, 86 miles 
 southwest of Moscow. Population, about 
 5,000. 
 
 Meeanee. See Miami. 
 
 Meek ( mek) , Fielding Bradford. Born in Iowa, 
 Dec. 10, 1817 : died at Washington, D. C., Dec. 
 28, 1876. An American geologist and paleon- 
 tologist. 
 
 Meer (mar), Jan van der, the elder. Born at 
 Haarlem about 1632: died there, Aug., 1691. A 
 Dutch painter. 
 
 Meer, Jan van der. Bom at Delft, Netherlands, 
 1632: died there, 1675. A Dutch painter. 
 
 Meer, Jan van der, the younger. Born at Haar- 
 lem, 1656 : died May 28, 1705. A Dutch painter, 
 son of Jan van der Meer (1632-91). 
 
 Meerane(ma-ra'ne). A town in the kingdom of 
 Saxony, 35 miles south of Leipsic. It has manu- 
 factures of woolen and half-woolen cloth. Population, 
 commune, 25,011. 
 
 Meeraugspitze(mar'oug-spit-se). A peak of the 
 Tatra, Carpathians, noted for its view. Height, 
 8,230 feet. 
 
 Meercraft (mer'kraft). In Ben Jonson’s com- 
 edy “The Devil is an Ass,” a clever rogue, a 
 projector or speculator who carries about with 
 him prospectuses to suit all tastes. 
 
 Meerut (me'rut), or Mirat (me'rat), or Mirath 
 (me'rath). 1. A division in the United Prov- 
 inces, British India. Area, 11,302 square miles. 
 Population, 5,979,711. — 2. A district in the 
 division of Meerut, intersected by lat. 29° N., 
 long. 77° 45' E. Area, 2,354 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 1,540,175. — 3. The capital of Meerut 
 district, situated on a tributary of the Ganges, 
 20 miles northeast of Delhi. It is an important 
 military station, and was the scene of the outbreak of the 
 Sepoy mutiny, May 10, 1857. Population, including can- 
 tonment, 118,129. 
 
 Meewoc. See Miwolc. 
 
 672 
 
 Mefistofele(ma-fes-td'fe-le). An opera by Boi to 
 first produced at Milan in 1868. See Mepliis- 
 topheles. 
 
 Megaera (me-je'ra). [Gr. M iyaipa.'] In Greek 
 mythology, one of the Eumenides (which see). 
 Megalesian Games ( meg-a-le ' shi-an gamz ) . [Gr . 
 Meya7J/ma.\ In Roman antiquity, a magnificent 
 festival, with a stately procession, feasting, and 
 scenic performances in the theaters, celebrated 
 at Rome in the month of April, and lasting for 
 6 days, in honor of “the great mother,” Cybele. 
 The image of this goddess was brought to Rome from Pes- 
 sinus in Galatia, about 203 B. c., and the games were in- 
 stituted then or shortly afterward, in consequence of a 
 sibylline oracle promising continual victory to the Romans 
 if due honors were paid to her. 
 
 Megalokastron (meg-a-16-kas'tron). A seaport 
 on the northern coast of Crete. 
 
 Megalopolis (meg-a-lop'o-lis). [Gr. M-eyaMmo- 
 /hf, the great city.] In ancient geography, a 
 city in Arcadia, Greece, situated on the Helis- 
 son in lat. 37° 25' N., long. 22° 9' E. it was built 
 in 370 B. c. as an Arcadian outpost against Sparta. There 
 are extensive ruins near the modern Sinanu. An ancient 
 theater and other structures were excavated, 1890-93. The 
 cavea, 475 feet in diameter, is entirely supported by an 
 artificial embankment with massive retaining walls. The 
 monastery, the most famous in Greece proper, was found- 
 ed by Constantine Paloeologus. The great building, five 
 stories high, is erected in a cave, 100 feet deep and high and 
 200 wide, in the face of a cliff : the distant view is highly 
 picturesque. The church possesses one of the miracle- 
 working icons of the Madonna, attributed to St. Luke. 
 
 Megara (meg'a-rii). [Gr. Mh/npa-, Semitic Me- 
 'drdh, cave.] A city in Greece, with its ter- 
 ritory, Megaris, situated between the Halcyon 
 Sea, the Corinthian Bay, and the Saronic Gulf. 
 The city of Megara, with its port Hisaea, was situated on 
 the pass leading from central Greece to the Peloponne- 
 sus. Its primitive inhabitants were Carians. From it 
 went out the colonies Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heracleia 
 on the Pontus, and Megara Hyblaea in Sicily. It had two 
 citadels : on the Acropolis Caria stood a celebrated tem- 
 ple of Demeter (the Megaron). It fell later into the hands 
 of the Macedonians, and afterward of the Romans. The 
 modern Megara, situated on the site of the ancient city, 
 has 8,082 inhabitants. 
 
 Megara Hyblsea(meg'a-rahl-ble'a). In ancient 
 geography, a Megarian colony in Sicily, north of 
 Syracuse. See Hybla Minor. 
 
 Megarics (me-gar'iks). The. A school of Greek 
 philosophy, founded by Euclid of Megara, which 
 combined the ethical doctrines of Socrates and 
 the metaphysics of the Eleaties. 
 
 Megaris (meg'a-ris). [Gr. Meyaptf.] In ancient 
 geography, a district in Greece which formed 
 part of the isthmus connecting the Peloponne- 
 sus with central Greece and lay southwest of 
 Attica and northeast of Corinthia. Chief town, 
 Megara. The surface is mountainous. 
 
 Megasthenes (me-gas'the-nez). [Gr. Mcyao- 
 Oh’tje.] Lived about 300 b. c. A Greek writer, 
 a friend and companion of Seleucus Nicator, 
 and his ambassador to Sandrocottus, king of 
 the Prasii in India, whose capital, Palibothra, 
 was probably near the modem Patna. He wrote 
 a work on India which was the chief source of the later 
 Greek information on the subject. 
 
 Megerle, or Megerlin. See Abraham a Sancta- 
 Clara. 
 
 Meghazil (me-gha-zel'). See the extract. 
 
 The “ tomb of Hiram ’’has been already described. Four 
 monuments of a more or less similar character exist on the 
 Syrian mainland opposite Aradus, in the near vicinity of 
 Amrit. Two are known as “the MggMzils.” They stand 
 near together on a low hill, at some little distance from 
 the coast, between the Nahr Amrit and the Kahr Kubld. 
 The more striking of the two has been described as a 
 “real masterpiece in respect of proportion, elegance, and 
 majesty.’’ It consists of abasement story, which is circu- 
 lar and flanked by four stone lions, whereof the effect is 
 admirable, with a second story of a cylindrical shape, and 
 a third similar one, of smaller dimensions, crowned by a 
 dome or half-sphere. The whole, except the basement- 
 story or plinth, which consists of four blocks, is cut out of 
 a single stone. The double cylinder is decorated round 
 the summit of each of its parts with a row of carved cren- 
 ellations standing out about four inches from the general 
 surface. The lions, whose heads and fore-quarters alone 
 project from the mass of the base, are roughly carved and 
 seem to have been left unfinished, but the mouldings, and 
 the general dressing of the stone, have been executed with 
 much care. The entire height of the monument is thirty- 
 two feet. Rawlinson, Phoenicia, p. 260. 
 
 Megi (ma'ge), or Wamegi (wa-ma'ge). See 
 Sagara. 
 
 Megiddo (me-gid'o). [Heb., ‘host,’ ‘garrison.’] 
 An ancient town in the plain of Jezreel, Pales- 
 tine, at the southeastern foot of Mount Carmel, 
 nowrepresented by the ruins of Lej jun : theLegio 
 of Eusebius. It was one of the Canaanitish capitals, and 
 became one of the strongholds of the tribe of Manasseh, 
 and the valley dominated by it became a celebrated battle- 
 field in the history of Israel. Kear it Deborah and Barak 
 defeated the Canaanites under Sisera. Solomon made it 
 a fortress. In 609 JB. c. Josiah succumbed here to Pharaoh- 
 Neeho of Egypt. 
 
 Megna (meg'nii), or Meghna (megh'na). The 
 
 Meije 
 
 name given to the Brahmaputra in the lower 
 part of its course, and to the principal mouth 
 of the united Brahmaputra and Ganges : noted 
 for its bore. 
 
 Megrez (me'grez). [Ar. maghres-al-dub, the 
 root of the bear’s tail.] The bright third-mag- 
 nitude star 6 Ursa: Majoris, the faintest of the 
 seven stars which form the Dipper. 
 
 Mehadia (me-ha/de-o). A town in the county 
 of Krasso-Szordny, Hungary, situated on the 
 Bella-Reka in lat. 44° 55' N.,long. 22° 22' E. 
 Kear it are the sulphur “Hercules Baths,” celebrated 
 since Roman times. It was stormed by the Turks in 1716, 
 1738, and 1789. Population, 2,497. 
 
 Mehadpur (me-had-por'), or Mahidpore (ma- 
 hid-por'), or Mehidpur (me-hid-por'), etc. A 
 town in central India, 56 miles north of Indore. 
 Here, Dec. 21, 1817, the British under Hislop de- 
 feated the forces of Holkar. 
 
 Mehemet Ali (ma'he-met a'le), or Moham- 
 med Ali (mo-ham'ed a'le). Bom at Kavala, 
 Macedonia, about 1769: died at Cairo, Aug. 2, 
 1849. Viceroy of Egypt. He went as a military com- 
 mander to Egypt in 1799 ; was appointed governor of Egypt 
 in 1805 ; massacred the Mamelukes in 1811 ; suppressed 
 the Wahhabee revolt in Arabia in 1818 ; introduced vari- 
 ous internal improvements; conquered Nubia, Sennaar, 
 and Kordofan 1820-22 ; assisted the Turks in the Greek 
 war of independence ; conquered Syria 1831-32 ; defeated 
 Turkey in 1839 ; and was compelled by the European pow- 
 ers to give up Syria in 1841. 
 
 Mehemet Ali Pasha ( Karl Detroit). Born at 
 Brandenburg, Prussia, Nov. 18, 1827: assassi- 
 nated in Diakova, Sept. 7, 1878. A Turkish gen- 
 eral. In 1877 he commanded the main army in 
 Bulgaria, and was successful against the Rus- 
 sians on the Lorn, Aug.-Sept., but was super- 
 seded by Suleiman Pasha. 
 
 Meherrin (me-her'in). Atribe of North Ameri- 
 can Indians, formerly living on the river of the 
 same name in southern Virginia. In 1710 they 
 attacked the neighboring settlements and were 
 driven away. See Iroquoian. 
 
 Mehul ( ma-fil') , Etienne Henri. Born at Givet, 
 Ardennes, France, June 22,1763 : died at Paris, 
 Oct. 18, 1817. A Frencn composer. He wrote the 
 operas “Stratonice” (1792), “ Le jeune Henri" (1797), 
 “ Uthal,” “Gabrielle d’Estr^es ’’ (1806), “Joseph” (1807), 
 “La journ^e aux aventures ”(1816), etc., and many patriotic 
 songs and cantatas (the “Chant du depart," “Chant du 
 retour,” etc.). 
 
 Mehun-sur-Yevre (me-un'siir-yav'r). A town 
 in the department of Cher, France, situated on 
 the Yevre 10 miles northwest of Bourses, it 
 
 contains a ruined castle (the place of death of Charles 
 VII.). Population, commune, 6,397. 
 
 Meiderich (mi'der-ich). A manufacturing vil- 
 lage in the Rhine Province, Prussia, about 37 
 miles north of Cologne. Population, 40,822. 
 Meidoo. See Maidu. 
 
 Meidum (ma-dom'). A locality in Egypt, west 
 of the Nile. The pyramid here is important not only 
 from its peculiar form, but as the oldest dated monument 
 in Egypt. It was built by Sneferu, of the 3d dynasty, 
 about 3766 B. C. It stands on a small hill, and rises in 
 three inclined and recessed stages of orange-colored 
 masonry to the height of 115 feet. The entrance is on the 
 north side; the simple descending and ascending passage 
 leads to an empty chamber. On the east side a very per- 
 fect pyramid-temple lies before the pyramid, with which 
 it is connected architecturally by a court containing an 
 altar and two small obelisks. 
 
 Meiggs (megz), Henry. Born in Catskill, N. Y., 
 July 7, 1811: died at Lima, Peru, Sept. 29, 
 1877. An American contractor. He was a lumber 
 merchant in San Francisco, but failed in 1854, and left the 
 country. He engaged in railway construction in Chile, 
 and after 1867 in Peru, where he undertook and carried 
 out extensive public works, the greatest being the Oroya 
 railroad over the Andes. 
 
 Meigs (megz), Fort. A fort at the Maumee 
 Rapids, northwestern Ohio, held by the Ameri- 
 cans under Harrison against the British and 
 Indians, May and July, 1813. 
 
 Meigs, Montgomery ‘Cunningham. Born at 
 Augusta, Ga., May 3, 1816: died at Washington, 
 Jan. 2, 1892. An American engineer and gen- 
 eral. He became quartermaster-general of the army in 
 1861, and was brevetted major-general in the United States 
 army in 1864. The plans of several government buildings in 
 Washington were prepared by him. He retired in 1882. 
 
 Meigs, Return Jonathan. Bom at Middletown, 
 Conn., Dec., 1734: died at the* Cherokee agency, 
 Jan. 28, 1823. An American Revolutionary of- 
 ficer. 
 
 Meigs, Return Jonathan. Bom at Middletown, 
 
 Conn., 1765: died at Marietta, Ohio, 1825. An 
 American politician and jurist, son of R. J. 
 Meigs. He was U nited States senator from Ohio 1S09-10, 
 governor of Ohio 1810-14, and postmaster-general 1814- 
 
 1823. 
 
 Meije (mazh). One of the chief summits of the 
 Pelvoux range, Dauphine Alps. Height, 13,080 
 fed . 
 
Meikle 
 
 Meikle, or Mickle, William Julius. See 
 
 Mickle. 
 
 Meilhac (ma-yak'), Henri. Bom at Paris, Feb. 
 23, 1832: died there, July 6, 1897. A French 
 dramatist and author. Among his plays written alone 
 are “P4ch6 cach6 ” (1858), “Un petit-ills de M ascarille ” 
 (1859), “ Ce qui plait aux hommes ” (1860), “ La vertu de C4- 
 limene” (1861), “Les Bourguignonnes (opdra comique, 
 1862), “Fabienne” (1865), ‘Les demoiselles Clocliart’’ 
 (1886), ‘ ‘ D4core ” (1888), “ Margot" (1890), “ Brevet supdri- 
 eur " (1892). From about 1860 he wrote in collaboration with 
 Ludovio Haldvy (see HaUvy for list of plays, < pera bouffes, 
 etc.), and also with Delavigne(“ L’Echdance,” “ L’Elixirdu 
 Docteur Cornelius," etc.), with Narrey(“ Vert-Vert ”), with 
 Massenet (“ Manon Lescaut ”), and with a u umber of others. 
 He also wrote adramatic poem, “Les patens, in the “Re- 
 vue de Paris,” and a number of articles in “La Vie Pari- 
 sienne ” (signed Ivan Baskott), etc. 
 
 Meineke (mi'ne-ke), Johann Albert Friedrich 
 August. Born at Soest, Prussia, Dec. 8, 1790: 
 died at Berlin, Dec. 12, 1870. A German philol- 
 ogist, director of the Joachimsthal Gymnasium 
 at Berlin 1826-57. He edited fragments of the Greek 
 comic poets (1839-57), Horace (1834), Strabo (ISfc’-jP),. Aris- 
 tophanes (1860), etc. 
 
 Meiners (mi'ners), Christoph. Born near Ot- 
 temdorf, Hannover, Prussia, July 31, 1747 : died 
 at Gottingen, May 1, 1810. A German philo- 
 sophical and historical writer, professor of phi- 
 losophy at Gottingen. 
 
 Meiningen (ml'ning-en). The capital of Saxe- 
 Meiningen, Germany, situated on the Werra in 
 lat. 50° 34' N., long. 10° 25' E. The ducal theater 
 
 and a castle (with picture-gallery) are of interest. It was 
 for a time the residence of Richter. Populat ion, commune, 
 15,945. 
 
 Meiringen, or Meyringen (mi'ring-en). A vil- 
 lage in the canton of Bern, Switzerland, situ- 
 ated in the valley of the Aare, 38 miles east- 
 southeast of Bern. It is the chief place in the 
 Hasli Thai, and a tourist center. 
 
 Meissen (mi'sen). [OHG. Misna, MHG. Misne , 
 Missen, Miszen, Meiclisen, G. Meissen, ML. Mis- 
 nia.~\ A medieval margraviate of Germany, 
 which developed in the region around Dresden 
 and Meissen, and was the nucleus of the modern 
 kingdom of Saxony. It came under the house of 
 Wettin (the present reigning house of Saxony) in 1089. 
 Its margrave Frederick received from Sigismund the 
 Saxon electorate in 1423 (confirmed 1425). 
 
 Meissen. A town in the kingdom of Saxony, 
 situated on the Elbe 13 miles northwest of 
 Dresden. It is noted for its manufactures, especially of 
 porcelain. The cathedral is of the 13th century and later. 
 The southeast tower and spire (254 feet high) are of the 
 15th century. The doors are admirably sculptured. The 
 interior is chiefly remarkable for the Princes’ Chapel, in 
 which are buried the medieval representatives of the 
 Saxon royal family. Some of the monuments are very 
 fine, especially a brass designed by Diirer. (For the castle, 
 s ee AlbrcchUburg.) Meissen is an ancient town. It was the 
 capital of the medieval margraviate of Meissen, and suf- 
 fered in the Hussite and Thirty Years’ wars. Population, 
 commune, 32,336. 
 
 Meissner (mis'ner), Alfred. Born at Teplitz, 
 Bohemia, Oct. 15, 1822 : died at Bregenz, Tyrol, 
 May 29, 1885. A German novelist, poet, and 
 dramatist. His works include the epic “Ziska ’’ (1846), 
 the novels “Zwischen Fiirst und Volk ’’ (1855), “Sansara” 
 ( 1858 ), “ Schwarzgelb ” (1864), etc. 
 
 Meissonier (ma-so-m a,'), Jean Louis Ernest. 
 
 BomatLyons, Feb. 21, 1815: died at Paris, Jan. 
 31, 1891. A celebrated French genre and his- 
 torical painter. He was a pupil of Cogniet, and was 
 made a member of the Beaux Arts in 1861. He first made 
 himself known as an illustrator of books (“Les frau<;ais 
 peints par eux-m6mes,“ etc.), but soon began to paint 
 genre-pictures on a small scale, with the microscopic 
 detail and finish for which he was famous. He painted 
 between 450 and 500 of these, about 75 of which are 
 owned in America. His favorite subjects were military, 
 and many of his pictures represent men at arms, guards, 
 cavaliers, or soldiers playing cards, drinking, etc. The 
 most celebrated of his pictures are the four known as 
 “The Napoleon Cycle.” One of these, “1807,” was pur- 
 chased in 1887 for $66,000, and presented to the Metropoli- 
 tan Museum of Art, New York. Among his other works 
 may be mentioned “Le petit rnessager" (1836), “Reli- 
 gieuse consolant un malade ”(1838), “Le liseur”(1840),“La 
 partie d’4checs ” (1841), “ Le peintre dans son atelier ” (1843), 
 “Le corps de garde/’ “ Jeune homme regardant les des- 
 sins,” “La partie de piquet ”(1845), “La partie des houles ” 
 (1848) “ Le fumeur ” (1849), “ Les bravi ” (1852), “La rixe ” 
 (1855) “Le hallebardier,” “NapolCon III. a SoUerino,” 
 “Un mariichal-ferrant,” “Un musicien,” “Un peintre” 
 (1861) “Suite d’une querclle de jeu ”(1865), “ Une lecture 
 chez Diderot,” “ Le capitaine,” “Cavaliers se faisant ser- 
 vir a boire,” “L’Ordonnance," “Le general Desaix a l’ar- 
 m6e du Rhin,” “Le portrait de Monsieur Delahante” 
 (1867), “Charge de cuirassiers" (1867), “Madonna del 
 baccio” (1871), “Le billet-doux,” “Vedette,” “Le voya- 
 geur," and “L’Adieu” (1880), “Le guide” (1883). He 
 presented to the state two of his most celebrated pictures, 
 
 ‘ ‘ Le graveur a l’eau forte ” and “ Le cavalier a sa fenfctre . " 
 They are now in the Louvre. 
 
 Meistersinger von Niirnberg (mis'ter-zing-er 
 fon niim'berG), Die. An opera by Richard 
 Wagner, produced at Munich in 1868 by Yon 
 Biilow. 
 
 Mejerda. See Medjcrda. 
 
 c.— 43 
 
 673 
 
 Mejia (ma-He'ii), Tomas. Born in Guanajuato 
 about 1812 : died at Queretaro, June 19, 1867. 
 A Mexican general, of Indian race. He was con- 
 spicuous in the civil wars as an adherent of the conserva- 
 tive or church party ; was one of the most trusted lieuten- 
 ants of Maximilian ; and was executed with him after the 
 fall of Querdtaro. 
 
 Mekbuda (mek-bu'da). [Ar. al-makhbudah, the 
 contracted (arm), in antithesis to al-mebsiitah .] 
 A seldom used name of the fourth-magnitude 
 star C Geminorum. 
 
 Mekhitar (mek-i-tar'), Peter. Born at Sebaste, 
 Armenia, Feb. 7, 1676: died at San Lazzaro, 
 near Venice, April, 1749. An Armenian eccle- 
 siastic, founder of a congregation of Armenian 
 monks (Roman Catholic) at San Lazzaro. Also 
 Mechitar. 
 
 Mekhitarists (mek-i-tar'ists). An order of Ar- 
 menian monks in communion with the Church 
 of Rome, under a rule resembling the Bene- 
 dictine, founded by Peter Mekhitar at Con- 
 stantino pie in 1701, confirmed by the Pope in 
 1712, and finally settled on the island of San 
 Lazzaro, near Venice, in 1717. This is still their 
 
 chief seat, while they have an independent monastery at 
 Vienna, and branches in Russia, Fi ance, Italy, Turkey, etc. 
 The Mekhitarists are devoted to the religious and literary 
 interests of the Armenian race wherever found, and have 
 published many ancient Armenian manuscripts as well 
 as original works; and their society is also organized as 
 a literary academy which confers honorary membership 
 without regard to race or religion. Also Mechitarists. 
 
 Meknez, or Mekinez. See Mequinez. 
 
 Mekong, or Mekhong (ma-kong' ), or Cambodia 
 
 (kam-bo'di-a). A river in southeastern Asia, 
 it rises in Tibet, flows through Yunnan (in China) Burma, 
 Siam, Cambodia, and French Cochin-China, and empties 
 by a delta into the China Sea about lat. 10° N. Length, es- 
 timated, about 2,000 miles ; navigable to Kratieh in Cam- 
 bodia. 
 
 Mekran (mek-ran'), or Makran (mak-ran'). A 
 region on the coast of the Arabian Sea, in south- 
 western Baluchistan and southeastern Persia, 
 corresponding in part to the ancient Gedrosia. 
 
 Mela ( me'la), Pomponius. Born at Tingentera 
 in Spain : Sourish ed about the middle of the 1st 
 century. A Roman geographer, author of three 
 books “De Chorographia,” a compendium of 
 geography ana or manners and customs. It is the 
 earliest extantaccountof theancientworld written inLatin. 
 
 Melampus (me -lam ' pus). [Gr. MeM/tirovs, 
 black-footed. J In Greek legend, a sooth- 
 
 sayer, the son of Amythaon and Eidomene, 
 brother of Bias, the sage, and ancestor of the 
 Melampodidse, a family of seers. According to the 
 myth, some serpents which he saved from death cleansed 
 his ears with their tongues while he was asleep, and on 
 awakening he understood the voices of birds and beasts, 
 and thus learned many secret things. Thus, by listening 
 to the worms in the woodwork of the prison in which 
 he was confined, he learned that it was soon to fall. 
 
 Melanchthon (me-langk'thon ; G. pron. me- 
 lanch'ton), or Melanthon (me-lau'thpn), Phi- 
 lipp. [Grecized from Schwarzerd, black earth. ] 
 Born at Bretten, Baden, Feb. 16, 1497 : died 
 at Wittenberg, Germany, April 19, 1560. A 
 German Reformer, famous as the collaborator 
 of Luther. He was educated at Tubingen ; became pro- 
 fessor of Greek at Wittenberg in 1518 ; revised the “Augs- 
 burg Confession ” in 1530, and drew up the “Apology ” in 
 1530; and took part in the various Protestant conferences 
 witli the Roman Catholics. His chief theological work 
 is the “Loci communes” (1521). The best edition of his 
 works is by BretschneiderandBindseil in the “Corpus re- 
 formatorum ” (1834-60). 
 
 Melanesia (mel-a-ne'shi-a). [LL., ‘islands of 
 the blacks.’] A name given to a collection of 
 island groups in the Pacific, whose inhabitants 
 are related. It comprises New Guinea, New Britain, 
 New Ireland, the Solomon Islands, Santa Cruz, the Banks 
 Islands, the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, the Loyalty 
 Islands, the Fiji Islands, and some smaller groups. 
 
 Melantha (me-lan'tha). In Dryden’s comedy 
 “ Marriage a la Mode,” an attractive and im- 
 pertinent fashionable lady, said by Cibber to 
 exhibit the most complete system of female 
 foppery that could possibly be crowded into 
 the tortured form of a fine lady. 
 
 Melanthus (me-lan'thus), or Melanthius (me- 
 lan'thi-us), of Sicyon. [Gr. Me'Aavdog, MeXav- 
 Oior.] A Greek painter, especially noted as a 
 colorist: one of the great Sicyonian school 
 founded by Eupompus. See Eupompus. He was 
 a pupil of Pamphilus. Like his teacher, lie based his work 
 on the scientific training which characterized the artistic 
 activity of the Peloponnesian cities. He wrote a work 
 much used by Pliny in the compilation of his 35th book. 
 Quintilian distinguishes Pamphilus and Melanthus for 
 “ ratio,” referring to the intellectual quality of their work. 
 
 Melantius (me-lan'ti-us). In Beaumont and 
 Fletcher’s “ Maid’s Tragedy,” a rough, honest 
 soldier, the brother of Evadne. 
 
 The Elisabeth an drama lias few better types of the he- 
 roic soldier, jealous of his honour and faithful as a friend. 
 
 Melegnano 
 
 a man of acts rather than of words, unflinching in pursuit of 
 his purpose, but big of heart withal. Ward, Hist. Dram. Lit. 
 
 Melas (ma'las), Baron Michael von. Born at 
 Schassburg, Transylvania, 1729 : died at Elbe- 
 Teinitz, Bohemia, May 31, 1806. An Austrian 
 general. He commanded with Suvaroff at Cassano, the 
 Trebbia and Novi in 1799, and alone at Genola in 1799, and 
 Marengo in 1800. 
 
 Melas Sinus (me'las si'nus). [Gr. MElaf K6X- 
 7rof.] The ancient name of the Gulf of Saros. 
 
 Melazzo. See Milazzo. 
 
 Melba (mel'ba), Nellie (Mitchell). Bom 
 
 ♦near Melbourne, May 19, 1859. A noted so- 
 prano singer. She was a pupil of Marches) and made 
 her debut at Brussels Oct. 15, 1887, in “Rigoletto." 
 
 Melbourne (mel'bern). The capital of Victoria, 
 and the largest city of Australia, situated on 
 the Yarra River and Port Phillip Bay, in lat. 37° 
 50'S.,loug. 144° 59' E. It comprises the city proper 
 and numerous suburbs (including Fitzroy, Richmond, 
 Emerald Hill, Collingwood, and Prahran). It has impor- 
 tant commerce and general manufactures, and exports 
 gold, wool, hides, etc. It is one of the chief seaports of 
 the southern hemisphere. Its public buildings include the 
 university, national museum, mint, exhibition building, 
 parliament houses, treasury, government offices, library, 
 etc. It was settled in 1835, and made the capital in 1851. 
 Population, with suburbs, 591,830, (1911). 
 
 Melbourne, Viscount. See Lamb, William. 
 
 Melcarth. See Melkarth. 
 
 Melchers (mel'cherz), Gari. Born at Detroit, 
 Mich., 1860. An American painter. He painted 
 the large frescos “ The Arts of War ” and “ The Arts of 
 Peace,” in the tympana of the tower of the Liberal Arts 
 Building at the Chicago Fair. Among his works are 
 “ Maternity ” (Luxembourg), “ The Family ” (National 
 Gallery, Berlin), the mural decoration “ Peace and War ” 
 (Congressional Library) portrait of Theodore Roosevelt 
 (Freer Collection, Smithsonian Inst.), etc. 
 
 Melchiades (mel-kl'a-dez), or Miltiades (mil- 
 
 ti'a-dez). Bishop of Rome 310-314. 
 
 Melchites (mel'kits). [From Ar. rnelelc, king.] 
 The orthodox Eastern Christians, as distin- 
 guished from the Monophysites or Nestorians. 
 The name was originally given to the orthodox as belong- 
 ing to the imperial church, the title of king being that 
 which was commonly given in Greek and Oriental lan- 
 guages to the Roman and to the Byzantine emperor. Al- 
 though the term Melchites is older than the Council of 
 Chalcedon (451) its wider use dates from its adoption after 
 that council by the Monophysites, who rejected the de- 
 crees of the council, and employed this name to represent 
 the orthodox as receiving them merely in submission to 
 the edict of the emperor Marcian. The name Melchites 
 is sometimes given also to members of communities of 
 Christians in Syria and Egypt, formerly in communion 
 with the Orthodox Greek Church, who have submitted to 
 the Roman see. 
 
 Melchizedek, or Melchisedec (mel-kiz'e-dek). 
 
 [Heb., ‘ king of righteousness.’] In Old Testa- 
 ment history, a king of Salem and priest of the 
 most high God, who entertained and blessed 
 Abraham and received tithes from him. His 
 relation to Christ as a type is discussed in Heb. 
 v.-vii. 
 
 Melchthal (melch'tal). A valley in the canton 
 of TJnterwalden, Switzerland, south of Saraen. 
 The valley of Little Melchthal lies west of 
 Melchthal. 
 
 Melchthal, Arnold von. The youngest of the 
 three Swiss liberators, representing Unterwal- 
 den. He is one of the principal characters in Schiller’s 
 “ Wilhelm Tell ” and in Rossini’s opera “ Guillaume Tell." 
 
 Melcombe-Regis. See Weymouth. 
 
 Meleager (mel-e-a'jer). [Gr. Mr/royp 01 -'.] In 
 Greek legend, a celebrated hero, son of (Eneus 
 of Calydon and Althaea : one of the Argonauts 
 and slayer of the Calydonian boar. See Caly- 
 donian Hunt. He slew his uncles (brothers of Althoea) 
 who attempted to rob Atalantaof the boar’s hide, and was 
 brought to death through the agency of his mother, who 
 in turn put an end to herself. 
 
 Meleager. Killed about 323 b. c. A Macedo- 
 nian general, distinguished under Alexander 
 the Great. 
 
 Meleager. A Greek epigrammatist of Gadara,, 
 in Palestine, who flourished about the middle 
 of the 1st century b. c. His collected epigrams, 
 entitled “Stephanos” (‘Wreath’), formed the 
 nucleus of the Greek Anthology. 
 
 Meleager. A statue of early imperial date, in 
 the Vatican, Rome. The body of the youthful hunter 
 is nude except for a chiamys wound about the neck and 
 left arm. A hunting-dog sits at his master’s feet, and a 
 boar’s head is introduced at one side as a support. 
 
 Meleager, House of. See Pompeii. 
 
 Meleager and Atalanta. A painting by Ru- 
 bens, in the Old Pinakothek, Munich. Meleager, 
 surrounded by hunting-dogs, and with attributes of the 
 chase, is offering the head of the Calydonian boar to Ata^ 
 lanta, who is seated under a tree. 
 
 Meleda (mel'a-da). An island in the Adriatic 
 Sea, belonging to Dalmatia, situated in lat. 42° 
 45' N. : the ancient Melita. Length, 23 miles. 
 
 Melegnano (ma-len-yit'no), formerly Marigna- 
 no (ma-ren-ya'no). A town in the province 
 
Melegnano 
 
 of Milan, Italy, situated on the Lamtaro 9 miles 
 southeast of Milan. It is noted for the victory gained 
 there by the French under Francis I. over the Swiss Sept. 
 13 and 14, 1515, and for the victory of the French over the 
 Austrians June 8, 1859. 
 
 Melema (me-la'ma), Tito. A young Greek of 
 great beauty and ability, but unprincipled and 
 treacherous, husband of Romola, in George 
 Eliot’s novel of that name. 
 
 Tito is pictured, not as originally false, but as naturally 
 pleasure-loving, and swerving aside before every unpleas- 
 ant obstacle in the straight path, at the instance of a 
 quick intelligence and a keen dislike both to personal col- 
 lisions and to personal sacrifices. 
 
 M. H. Hutton, Essays in hit. Crit. 
 
 Melendez Vald6s (ma-len'deth val-das'), 
 Juan. Bom at Ribera del Fresno, Spain, March 
 11, 1754: died at Montpellier, France, May 24, 
 1817. A Spanish poet. His works, including 
 lyrics and pastorals, were published in 1820. 
 
 Melesville. See Duveyrier. 
 
 Meletians (me-le'shanz). 1. A sect of the 4th 
 and 5th centuries, followers of Meletius, a schis- 
 matic bishop of Lycopolis in Egypt. After his 
 death they adopted Arian views.— 2. Follow- 
 ers of Meletius, made bishop of Antioch about 
 360. He was supposed to be an Arian, but proceeded 
 immediately to profess the Nicene faith, and the Arians 
 appointed another bishoji in his stead. Among the or- 
 thodox some were adherents of Meletius, and therefore 
 knowD as Meletians; others remained separate, and were 
 known (from the last canonically ordained bishop, Eusta- 
 thius, then dead) as Eustathians. Further difficulty was 
 occasioned by the two orthodox parties using the word 
 “hypostasis" in different, senses. The schism between 
 them continued till the end of the century. 
 
 Melfi (mel'fe). A town in the province of Po- 
 tenza, Italy, situated in lat. 41° N., long. 15° 
 39' E. It has a noted cathedral. It was made 
 the Norman capital of Apulia in 1041. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 1L649. 
 
 Melgar (mal-gar'j, Mariano. Bornat Arequipa, 
 1791 : died at Cuzco, March 11, 1815. A Peru- 
 vian poet. He joined the patriots under Vicente An- 
 gulo and was taken prisonei at the battle of Umachiri and 
 immediately shot. His songs are very popular in Spanish 
 America. 
 
 Melgarejo (mal-ga-ra'Ho), Mariano. Born in 
 Cochabamba, 1818 : assassinated at Lima, Peru, 
 by his son-in-law, Nov. 23, 1871. A Bolivian 
 general and revolutionist. He was involved in many 
 revolts; finally deposed his brother-in-law, General Achd, 
 in 1865, and had himself made president. He was driven 
 from La Paz in 1865, but very soon recovered it, and 
 shot his rival Belzu with his own hand. He ruled amid 
 constant disorders, and on Jan. 15, 1871, was overthrown by 
 an Indian revolt after a hot battle in the streets of the 
 capitah 
 
 Meli(ma'le), Giovanni. Bora at Palermo, March 
 4, 1740 : died at Palermo, Dec. 20, 1815. A Si- 
 cilian poet. His works, including odes, sonnets, 
 and pastorals, were published 1830-39. 
 
 Meliadus(me-H'a-dus). In Arthurian romance, 
 the father of Tristram, and king of Lyonesse. 
 
 Mellbocus (me-lib'6-kus). [Gr. M>//U/3o/con opor . ] 
 1. In ancient geography, a mountain-range in 
 Germany, probably theHarz. — 2 ( mel-i-bo'kus). 
 A mountain in the Odenwald, Hesse, 10 miles 
 south of Darmstadt. Height, about 1,700 feet. 
 
 Meliboens (mel-i-be'us). The name of a shep- 
 herd in Vergil’s first eclogue. 
 
 Meliboeus, The Tale of. One of Chaucer’s 
 “Canterbury Tales.” it is a prose translation of 
 the Latin “Liber consolationis et concilii”of Albertano 
 da Brescia, through a free French version of the latter, the 
 “ Livre de Melibie et Dame Prudence,” probably by Jean 
 de Meung. 
 
 Melicerte (ma-le-sert'). A pastoral by Moliere, 
 produced at Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1666, 
 though unfinished. 
 
 Melicertes (mel-i-ser'tez). [Gr. MeAt/c^p-n??.] 
 In Greek mythology, a son of Athamas and Ino, 
 changed, after her death by drowning, into a 
 sea divinity with the name of Pahemon. He is 
 identified with the Phenician Melkarth, and was wor- 
 shiped on the coast, especially at Megara and the Isthmus 
 of Corinth. By the Romans lie was identified with Portu- 
 nus, god of harbors. 
 
 Melikoff. See Loris-Melikoff. 
 
 Melinde (ma-len'da), or Melinda (ma-len'da). 
 A town in British East Africa, situated on the 
 coast in lat. 3° 13' S., long. 40° 11' E. It was 
 successively an Arabian, Portuguese, and Zan- 
 zibari trading-place. 
 
 Melissa (me-lis'a). [Gr. MeiWoa.] In Greek 
 legend, the wife of Periander, tyrant of Corinth. 
 Her husband murdered her in a fit of jealousy. 
 
 Melissa. An enchantress in Ariosto’s “Orlando 
 Furioso.” She assists Rogero and Bradamant, 
 and restores the lovers of Alcina to their natural 
 shapes. 
 
 Melissus (me-lis'us). [Gr. M£W<roc.] Lived 
 about 440 B. c. A Greek philosopher of Samos, 
 
 674 
 
 a disciple of Parmenides and a representative 
 of the Eleatic school. Fragments of his writ- 
 ings have been preserved. 
 
 Melita (mel'i-ta). [Gr. MeArn?.] The ancient 
 name (a) of Malta, and (b) of Meleda. 
 
 Melite (ma-let'). A comedy by Pierre Cor- 
 neille, produced in 1629. 
 
 Melitene (mel-i-te'ne). [Gr. MLUryi^.] 1. In 
 ancient geography, a district in eastern Cappa- 
 docia, Asia Minor. — 2. The chief town of Meli- 
 tene : the modern Malatia. 
 
 Melito (mel'i-to). [Gr. MeXiruv.'] Lived in the 
 second half of the 2d century. A bishop of 
 Sardis, noted as a Christian writer. 
 
 Melitopol (me-l^-tfi'poly). A town in the gov- 
 ernment of Taurida, southern Russia, situated 
 on the Molotchna 135 miles east of Kherson. 
 Population, 15,489. 
 
 Melkarth (mel'karth). [‘City king.’] The 
 tutelary god of Tyre : the Greek Melicertes. He 
 was merely another aspect of the Canaanitish supreme god 
 Baal. His temple at Tyre was celebrated for its magnifi- 
 cence. By the Greeks he was identified with Hercules, an 
 idea which was caught by the Phenicians, and on their 
 later coins Baal-Melkarth is frequently represented as Her- 
 cules. Therefore the Straits of Gibraltar were also called 
 “The Pillars of Hercules,” properly of Melkarth, the Phe- 
 nicians believing that they were the boundary of him in 
 his aspect as the sun-god, and therefore also of navigation. 
 
 Mellefont (mel'e-font). Oue of the principal 
 characters in Congreve’s comedy “ The Double 
 Dealer.” He is in love with Cynthia. 
 
 Mellen (mel'en ), Grenville. Born at Biddeford, 
 Maine, June 19, 1799: died at New York, Sept. 
 5, 1841. An American poet. 
 
 Mellifluous Doctor, The. A surname of St. 
 Bernard. 
 
 Mellill (mel-len'), Gustaf Henrik. Born at 
 Revolax, Finland, April 23, 1803 : died Aug. 2, 
 1876. A Swedish novelist, especially noted for 
 historical novels. 
 
 Mellitus (mel'i-tus). Died April 24, 624. The 
 first bishop of London and third archbishop of 
 Canterbury. He was sent by Pope Gregory the Great 
 to St, Augustine in Canterbury in 601. Many of Gregory's 
 episties to Mellitus are extant. He was consecrated bishop 
 about 604, and in 619 became archbishop of Canterbury. * 
 
 Mello (ma'lo). Custodio Jose de. Born about 
 1845 : died in March, 1902. A Brazilian naval 
 officer and revolutionist. As captain in 1889 lie was 
 prominent in the overthrow of the empire; was promoted 
 to admiral ; and for a time was minister of marine. On 
 Sept. 6, 1893, he secretly seized the Brazilian war-ships in 
 the harbor of Riode Janeiro, and at the head of this force 
 declared against President Peixoto. Some of the har- 
 bor forts yielded to him; an intermittent bombardment 
 of the loyal forts, of Nictlieroy, and, to some extent, of 
 Rio de Janeiro, was kept up for 6 months, and there were 
 several sharp land engagements. Foreign powers refused 
 to recognize the rebels as belligerents, and they were hence 
 unable to establish a blockade. During much of this time 
 Mello operated on the southern coasts, leaving the com- 
 mand of the ships at Rio to Saldanha da Gama. Santa 
 Catharina was taken late in Sept., 1893, and a provisional 
 government established there, and communications were 
 opened with the insurgents in Rio Grande do Sul. During 
 Mello's absence a government fleet, which had been hastily 
 ordered from Europe and the United States, arrived before 
 Rio de Janeiro, and Saldanha da Gama gave up the ships 
 there (March 12, 1894), taking refuge on a Portuguese man- 
 of-war. Mello still retained several of the strongest ves- 
 sels, including the Republica and the Aquidaban, as well 
 as portions of the southern states. He attacked Rio Grande 
 do Sul early in April, 1894, but was repulsed, and on April 
 16 gave himself up to the Argentine authorities at Buenos 
 Ayres. On April 17 the Brazilian forces recovered Santa 
 Catharina, the Aquidaban being sunk by torpedoes. 
 
 Melloni (mel-16'ne), Macedonio. Born at Par- 
 ma, Italy, April 11, 1798: died near Naples, Aug. 
 11, 1854. An Italian physicist, noted especially 
 for Ms discoveries in radiant heat. 
 
 Melmoth (mel'mqth), Courtney. The pseudo- 
 nym of Samuel Jackson Pratt, an English poet 
 and novelist. 
 
 Melo (ma'lo), or Mello (mel'lo), Francisco 
 Manuel de. Born at Lisbon, Nov. 23, 1611: 
 died at Lisbon, Oct. 13, 1666. A Portuguese 
 historian and poet. He was a soldier in the service 
 of Spain until 1640, when he entered the service of the 
 house of Braganza. He wrote “ Historia de los movimien- 
 tos, separacion, y guerra de Catalufia” (“ History of theSedi- 
 tions, Separation, and War of Catalonia,” 1645), and poems 
 and other works in both Portuguese and Spanish. 
 
 Melo de Portugal y Villena (ma'lo da por-to- 
 gal' e vel-ya'na), Pedro. Born about 1725 : died 
 at Montevideo, April 15, 1797. A Spanish naval 
 officer and administrator, governor of Paraguay 
 1778, and sixth viceroy of the Platine colonies 
 from March, 1795. 
 
 Melos (me'los), It. Milo (me'lo). [Gr. Mt/Zof.] 
 A volcanic island in the nomarchy of the Cyc- 
 lades, Greece, situated in lat. 36° 42' N., long. 
 24° 30' E. It is noted for the Venus of Melos, found in 
 the ruins of the city of Melos. Population, 4,8(>4. Length, 
 13 mile9. See Venus of Melos. 
 
 Melozzo da Forli. See Forli. 
 
 Melville, Sir Janies 
 
 Melpomene (mel-pom'e-ne). [Gr. Mt/Uro/uin?.] 
 1. In Greek mythology, the Muse of tragedy. 
 See Muses.— 2. An asteroid (No. 18) discovered 
 by Hind at London, June 24, 1852. 
 
 Melpomene. An antique statue in the Louvre, 
 Paris, remarkable not only for its excellence, 
 but as one of the largest ancient sculptures sur- 
 viving. It is 13 feet high, carved in a single block of Pen- 
 telic marble. The Muse stands, fully draped, with calm 
 expression, holding a bearded, open-mouthed mask. 
 
 Melrose (mel'roz). A village in Roxburghshire, 
 Scotland, situated on the Tweed 29 miles south- 
 east of Edinburgh. Abbotsford is in the neighbor- 
 hood. The abbey is considered the finest ruin in Scotland, 
 though more dilapidated than Jedburgh. The great church 
 was founded by David I., but what remaius is almost en- 
 tirely of the 15th century. The choir is characterized by 
 slender clustered columns with rid. capitals; both the 
 square chevet and the transepts exhibit large traceried 
 windows. A few bays retain their vaulting. 
 
 Melrose. A city in Middlesex County, Massa- 
 chusetts, 7 miles north of Boston. Population, 
 15,715, (1910). 
 
 Melton Mowbray (mel'ton mo'bre). A town 
 in Leicestershire, England, situated at the junc- 
 tion of the Wreak and Eye, 13 miles northeast 
 of Leicester. It is noted as a fox-hunting center, and 
 for it9 cheese-trade and its pork pies. Population, about 
 7,500. 
 
 Melucha (me-16-cha'). In the cuneiform in- 
 scriptions, a name designating probably the 
 west coast of Arabia. 
 
 Melnkitz (mel-d-kits'). A tribe of the Kusan 
 stock of North American Indians. It formerly had 
 a village on the north side of Coos Bay, Oregon. The sur- 
 vivors are on the Siletz reservation, Oregon. See Kusan. 
 
 Melun (me-lmi'). The capital of the department 
 of Seine-et-Mame, France, situated on the Seine 
 in lat. 48° 32' N,, long. 2° 39' E. : the ancient 
 Melodunum. It was taken by Labienus 52 B. c. ; was 
 ravaged by the Northmen; was an early Capetian resi- 
 dence ; and was held by the EngliBhfrom 1420 to 1430. It 
 was the birthplace of Amyot. Population, 13,908. 
 
 Melun. A min or character in Shakspere’s “King 
 John,” a French lord. 
 
 Melusina (mel-6-si'na), P. Melusine (ma-lii- 
 zen'). in French legend, a water-fay of great 
 power and wealth. She married Raymond, son of a 
 Comte de la Foret, who found her near a fountain or spring 
 in the forest of Colombiers, in Poitou. The mar riage took 
 place in a castle which she built around the fountain. This 
 she called Lusinia, after herself — a name corrupted into 
 Lusignan, which the place still bears. They lived happily 
 till, breaking a promise he had made before marriage that 
 he would never intrude on her seclusion on Saturdays, he 
 discovered her, half fish or serpent half woman, swimming 
 in a bath. His breach of faith compelled her to leave him. 
 Until the destruction of Lusignan (1574) she was said to 
 appear on its t owers, and to shriek shrilly thrice whenever 
 the head of that family or the King of France lay dying. 
 The story of Jean d' Arras, compiled by the order of his mas- 
 ter, the Duke of Berry, in 1387, differs somewhat from the 
 legend. Stephan, a Dominican of the house of Lusignan, 
 developed the work of Jean d’Arras, and made the story so 
 famous that the families of Luxembourg, Rohan, and Sas- 
 senaye altered their pedigrees so as to be able to claim 
 descent from the illustrious Melusine. She is connected 
 with the legends of both the Banshee and the Mermaid. 
 Baring-GovXd. 
 
 Melusine, Marchen von der schonen. [G., 
 ‘ Story of the Beautiful Melusine.’] An over- 
 ture by Mendelssohn, produced in 1833. 
 
 Melvill, Sir James. See Melville, Sir James. 
 
 Melville, or Melvill (mel'vil), Andrew. Bom 
 at Baldovie, Forfarshire, Scotland, Aug. 1, 1545 : 
 died at Sedan, France, 1622. A Scottish re- 
 former, scholar, and Presbyterian leader, in 1559 
 lie entered St. Mary ’s College, St. Andrews ; in 1564 went to 
 Paris and in 1666 to Poitiers, where he became regent of the 
 College of St. Marceon; and in 1569 went to Geneva. He was 
 principal of Glasgow University 1574-80, of St. Mary’s Col- 
 lege, St. Andrews, 1580-1606. He was an active leader in 
 the organization of the Scottish Presbyterian Church, and 
 assisted in drafting the second “book of discipline” in 
 1581. He reorganized the Scottish universities, particu- 
 larly St. Andrews, of which he became rector in 1590. In 
 the long struggle against the spiritual authority of the 
 king and hierarchy, he was repeatedly imprisoned. He was 
 sent to the Tower of London April, 1607. At his release 
 he was installed in the chair of biblical theology at Sedan, 
 1611, and died there. 
 
 Melville, George John Whyte-. See Whyte- 
 
 Melville. 
 
 Melville, Herman. Born at New York, Aug. 1, 
 1819 : died there, Sept. 28, 1891. An American 
 novelist. He had a roving spirit, and went to sea as a 
 cabin-boy, returning but once till 1844. From 1857 to 1S60 
 he lectured in the United States, and traveled in England 
 and on the Continent. He was a district officer in the New 
 York custom-house 1866-85. His adventures in the Mar- 
 quesas Islands are described in “Typee” (1846) and 
 “ Omoo ” (1847), and his other adventures in “Mardi, etc.” 
 (1849),“Redtmrn, his First Voyage" (1849), “ White Jacket, 
 or the World in a Man-Of-War ” (1850), “ Moby Dick, or the 
 White Whale” (1851), and “ Pierre, or the Ambiguities” 
 (1852). After this his popularity declined. He published 
 several volumes of poems, “Battle Pieces, etc." (1866), 
 “ Clare], a Poem ” (1876), “ Timoleon " (1891). 
 
 Melville, Sir James. Born 1535: died at his 
 estate of Hallbill, Fife, Nov. 13, 1617. A Scot- 
 
Melville, Sir James 
 
 tish soldier, diplomat, and historical writer. He 
 was privy councilor and gentleman of the bedchamber to 
 Mary Queen of Scots, and later held the same position in 
 the court of Anne, queen of James VI. His autobiog- 
 raphy (“ Memoirs ") is important historically. 
 
 Melville, or Melvill, James. Born July 26, 
 1556 : died at Berwick-on-Tweed, Jan. 13, 1614. 
 A Scottish reformer, nephew of Andrew Mel- 
 ville. He shared his uncle’s fortunes in the struggle for 
 Presbyterianism, and when Andrew was confined in the 
 Tower, James was forbidden to enter Scotland. He was 
 allowed to return in 1613, but died on his way at Berwick. 
 Among his works are “ A Spiritual Propine of a Pastor to 
 his People ” (1598) ; “The Black Bastill, ”a poem; and the 
 “Diary," an invaluable historical record. 
 
 Melville, Viscount. See Dumas. 
 
 Melville Island. 1. An island north of North 
 Australia. — 2. A large island in the Arctic 
 Ocean, intersected by lat. 75° N., long. 110° W. 
 Melville Peninsula. A peninsula in the north- 
 ern part of British America, west of Fox Chan- 
 nel, and separated from Cockburn Island on the 
 north by Fury and Hecla Strait. 
 
 Melville Sound. An inlet of the Arctic Ocean, 
 south of Melville Island. 
 
 Melvill van Carnbee (mel'vil van karn'ba), 
 Baron Pieter. Born at The Hague, May 20, 
 1816 : died at Batavia, Oct. 24, 1856. A Dutch 
 geographer, author of works on the hydrography 
 and geography of the East Indies. 
 
 Membre (mon-bra''), Zenobius. Born at Ba- 
 paume, France, 1645: killed in Texas about 1687. 
 A French missionary, companion of La Salle in 
 his exploring expeditions. 
 
 Memel (ma'mel). A seaport in the province of 
 East Prussia, Prussia, situated at the mouth of 
 the Dange, and at the entrance of the Kurisches 
 Half, in lat. 55° 44' N., long. 21° 7' E.: the north- 
 ernmost city in Germany. It exports lumber, grain, 
 etc. It was founded about 1253. The Russians captured 
 it in 1757 and in 1812. The treaty between England and 
 Prussia was concluded here in 1807. Population, com- 
 mune, 20,685. 
 
 Memel. The name given to the Niemen in its 
 lower course. 
 
 Memling (memTing) (wrongly Hemling), 
 Hans. Died 1494. A Blemish painter of Bruges. 
 His works include a “Shrine of St. Ursula” (Bruges), 
 “Seven Griefs oi Mary ” (Turin), “Seven Joys of Mary” 
 (Munich), an altar at Bruges, etc. 
 
 Memmi, Simone. See Martini, Simone. 
 Memmingen (mem'ing-en). Atown in the gov- 
 ernment district of Swabia and Neuburg, Ba- 
 varia, 42 miles southwest of Augsburg, it was a 
 free imperial city from 1286 to 1802, and was one of the 
 protesting cities at the Diet of Spires, 1529. Population, 
 commune, 11,620. 
 
 Memminger (mem'min-jer), Christopher Gus- 
 
 tavus. Born in Wiirtemberg, Germany, Jan. 
 17, 1803 : died March 7, 1888. An American 
 politician. He was Confederate secretary of 
 the treasury 1861-64. 
 
 Memnon (mem'non). [Gr. Miuvov . ] An Ori- 
 ental or Ethiopian hero in the Trojan war, slain 
 by Achilles. He was a solar hero, son of the Dawn 
 (Eos), or of Day (Hemera), symbolized as a youth of mar- 
 velous beauty and strength. The Greeks gave his name 
 to one of the colossi of Amenophis III. at Thebes in Egypt, 
 “the vocal Memnon,” so called because the stone, when 
 reached by the rays of the rising sun, gave forth, it was 
 believed, a sound resembling that of a breaking chord. 
 
 The fable of Memnon is one of those in which it is dif- 
 ficult to discover any germs of truth. Memnon, the son 
 of Tithdnus and Eos (Dawn) or Hemera (Day), is, accord- 
 ing to most accounts, an Ethiopian king. His father Ti- 
 thouus, however, reigns at Susa, and he himself leads a 
 combined army of Susianians and Ethiopians to the as- 
 sistance of his father’s brother, Priam, king of Troy. We 
 seem here to have nothing but the wildest imaginations 
 of pure romancers. Homer makes very slight and passing 
 allusions to Memnon. Hesiod calls him king of the Ethi- 
 opians. So Pindar (Nem. iii. 62, 63, Dissen.). This seems 
 to have been the first form of the legend, from which all 
 mention of Susa was omitted. The earliest author who is 
 known to have connected Memnon with Susa is ASschylus, 
 who made his mother a Cissian woman. It is clear, how- 
 ever, that by the time of Herodotus the story that he 
 built Susa, or its great palace, was generally accepted in 
 Greece. Perhaps the adoption of this account may be re- 
 garded as indicating some knowledge of the ethnic connec- 
 tion which really existed between Ethiopia and Susiana. 
 
 Rawlinson, Herod, III. 254, note. 
 
 Memnon. The “mad lover” in Fletcher’s play 
 of that name. 
 
 Memnoninm. See Thebes (Egypt). 
 
 Memphis (mem'fis). [Egyptian Mennufer, Men- 
 nofer, city of the good ; Gr. Mift<pir.~\ In ancient 
 geography, the early capital of Egypt, it was 
 on the western bank of the Nile, south of Cairo. It is said 
 to have been built by Mcnes. In the 4th dynasty it wa3 
 the capital. It suffered from the llyksos, and in the new 
 empire was second to Thebes. It was captured by the 
 Assyrians and stormed by Cambyses. It continued to 
 exist under the Roman Empire, but was gradually aban- 
 doned and ruined after the Mohammedan conquest. The 
 ruins of Sakkara are near it. 
 
 The new city received a name which reflects the satis- 
 faction of the ancient founder : he called it Mennufre, ‘ the 
 
 675 
 
 Good’ or ‘Perfect Mansion.’ This was the civil name. 
 . . . The civil name is the parent of the Greek Memphis 
 and the Hebrew Moph, also found in the form Noph. 
 Lately, scholars have thought that the famous capital of 
 Ethiopia, the royal seat of l’irliakah, the classical Napata 
 and Egyptian Nap, is intended by Noph. 
 
 Poole, Cities of Egypt, p. 22. 
 Memphis. A city, capital of Shelby County, 
 Tennessee, situated on the Mississippi in lat. 
 35° 8' N., long. 90° 5' W. : the chief place on the 
 Mississippi between St. Louis andNew Orleans. 
 It has manufactures of lumber, etc.; is one of the chief 
 cotton markets in the United States; and has important 
 river commerce. It was founded in 1820. The Mississippi 
 is crossed here by the only bridge that spans it below St. 
 Louis : it is built of steel, on the cantaliver system, with 5 
 spans ; is 2,597 feet long ; and was opened for traffic May 12, 
 1893. Near Memphis the Federal fleet defeated the Con- 
 federates June 6, 1862, and the city was taken by the Fed- 
 erals. The Confederates under Forrest raided it in 1864. 
 It was disastrously ravaged by yellow fever in 1873, 1878, 
 and 1879. Population, 131,105, (1910). 
 
 Memphremagog (mem-fre-ma'gog), Lake. A 
 lake on the border of Vermont and the province 
 of Quebec, Canada. It discharges by the rivers Ma- 
 gog and St. Francis into the St. Lawrence. Length, about 
 35 miles. 
 
 Mena. See Menes. 
 
 Mena (ma'na), Juan de. Born at Cordova, 
 Spain, about 1411 : died 1456. A Spanish poet. 
 He was the author of a didactic allegory called “ El labe- 
 rinto" or “Las tres cieutas," published in 1496. 
 
 Menabrea (ma-na-bra'a), Count Luigi Fede- 
 rigo, Marche, so di Valdora. Born at Cham- 
 b6ry, Sept. 4, 1809: died May 26, 1896. An 
 Italian general and statesman. He was appointed 
 chief of the engineer corps in the Sardinian army at the 
 beginning of the war of Sardinia and France against Aus- 
 tria in 1859 ; was made minister of marine in 1861 ; and 
 was prime minister 1867-69, ambassador at London 1876-82, 
 and ambassador at Paris 1882-92. 
 
 Menaechmi (me-nek'nri). A celebrated comedy 
 of Plautus, the plot of which turns upon the 
 comical mistakes arising from the resemblance 
 of twin brothers. It was translated into English 
 in 1595 by “W.W.”( William Warner). See Com- 
 edy of Errors. 
 
 Menage (ma-nazh'), Gilles. Born at Angers, 
 France, Aug. 15, 1613 : died at Paris, July 23, 
 1692. A French philologist. He wrote “ Origines 
 do la langue frangaise ” (1650), “Origini della lingua itali- 
 ana" (1669), etc. “Menagiana” appeared in 1693. 
 Menaggio (ma-nad'jo). A small town in north- 
 ern Italy, on the western bank of Lake Como, 
 16 miles northeast of Como. 
 
 Menahem (men'a-hein). [Heb., ‘ comforter. 
 King of Israel 748—738 B. C. He was general under 
 Zechariah, son of Jeroboam II., and obtained the throne 
 by a revolution after having killed Shallum, the murderer 
 of Zechariah. To secure his throne he applied for support 
 to the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III. (in the Old Testa- 
 ment called Phut), for which he paid a thousand talents. 
 From that time on the northern kingdom remained tribu- 
 tary to Assyria. In the Assyrian inscriptions he is men- 
 tioned by the name of Minihimmi of Samirina, ‘ Menahem 
 of Samaria.’ 
 
 Menai Strait (men'! strat). A strait separat- 
 ing Anglesea from Carnarvonshire, NorthWales, 
 and connecting Carnarvon Bay with Beaumaris 
 Bay. Length, about 13 miles. It is crossed by the Bri- 
 tannia tubular bridge (which see) and the Menai bridge. 
 The latter, built by Telford between 1819 and 1826, is 580 
 feet long between the piers, and the roadway, supported 
 by 16 chains, is 100 feet above the liigh-tide level. 
 Menam (ma-nam'). Ariverin Siam which flows 
 into the Gulf of Siam a few miles below Bang- 
 kok. Length, estimated, about 600 miles. 
 Menander (me-nan'der). [Gr. Mevavdpog.] Born 
 at Athens, 342 b. C. : said to have been drowned 
 about 291 b. c. A celebrated Athenian comic 
 poet, the chief of the writers of the “new com- 
 edy,” son of the general Deiopeithes and Hege- 
 sistrate. Fragments of a few of his plays have 
 been preserved. 
 
 Menant (ma-non'), Joachim. Born at Cher- 
 bourg, France, April 16, 1820: diedat Paris, Aug. 
 30,1899. AFrench jurist and Assyriologist. He 
 published “LesbriquesdeBabylone” (1859), “Les inscrip- 
 tions cunffiformes ” (1800), “Inscriptions de Hammou- 
 rabi " (1864), “ Expose de la grammaire de la langue assy- 
 rietine ” (1868), “ Anuales des rois d’Assyrie” (1872), with 
 Oppert “La grande inscription de Khorsabad ’’ (1863), etc. 
 
 Menaphon (men'a-fon) : Camilla’s Alarom to 
 Slumbering Euphues. A love-story by Robert 
 Greene. It was published in 1589, and as “Greene’s 
 Arcadia, or Menaphon ’’ in 1599. It contains his best lyri- 
 cal verses. Sidney’s “ Arcadia ’’ was published in 1590, a 
 year after the first appearance of “ Menaphon." 
 Menapia (me-na'pi-a). See the extract. 
 
 Tho forms “ Menapia ” and “ Menevia ’’ are applied, with 
 trifling variations, to t ile city of St. David’s, the Isle of Man, 
 the.Menai Straits, and the coast between Dublin and Wick- 
 low ; and we can hardly attribute their occurrence to any 
 contact with the “Menapii ” of the coast of Flanders. 
 
 Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 160. 
 
 Menapii (me-na'pi-I). In ancient history, a 
 people in Gallia Belgica, living in the modern 
 Belgium and Netherlands. 
 
 Mendelssohn-Bartholdy 
 
 Menasseh ben Israel. See Manasseh. 
 Mencheres. See Menlmura. 
 
 Menchikoff. See Menshikoff. 
 
 Mencius (men ' shi-us), Latinized from Meng-tse 
 (meng-tse'). Bom early in the 4th century b. c. : 
 died about 289 b. c. A Chinese philosopher, 
 one of the most noted of the expounders of 
 Confucianism. 
 
 Mencke (meng'ke), Jobann Burkbard. Born 
 at Leipsic, March 27, 1675: died at Leipsic, April 
 1, 1732. A German scholar, son of Otto Mencke : 
 professor of history at Leipsic, and historiogra- 
 pher to Frederick Augustus. He published “Scrip- 
 tores rerum Germanicarum, prsecipue Saxoniearum.” 
 Mencke, Otto. Born at Oldenburg, Germany, 
 March 22, 1644 : died at Leipsic, Jan. 29, 1707. 
 A German scholar, founder of the “Acta Erudi- 
 torum” in 1682. 
 
 Mendana de Neyra (man-dan'ya, da na'e-ra), 
 Alvaro. Born at Saragossa, 1541 : died in the 
 Solomon Islands, Oct. 17, 1596. A Spanish nav- 
 igator. He went to Peru in 1565, and in 1567 his uncle, 
 the viceroy Garcia de Mendoza, sent him with two ships 
 to explore the Pacific Ocean. He discovered and named 
 the Solomon Islands, and brought back exaggerated re- 
 ports of their riches. In 1594 Philip II. commissioned 
 him governor of one of the islands. He sailed from Cal- 
 lao, April 11, 1595, to colonize it ; discovered and named 
 the Marquesas group ; and arrived at the Solomon Islands, 
 where he died. The expedition then went on to Manila. 
 
 Mendana Islands. See Marquesas Islands. 
 Mende (mond). The capital of the department 
 of Lozere, France, situated on the Lot in lat. 
 44° 31' N., long. 3° 29' E. Population, com- 
 mune, 7,007. 
 
 Mendelejeff (tnen-da-la'yef), Dmitrii Ivano- 
 vitcb. Born at Tobolsk, Feb. 7, 1834 : died at 
 St. Petersburg, Feb. 2, 1907. A Russian chemist, 
 professor at St. Petersburg 1866-1907. He 
 discovered the periodic system of the chemical elements. 
 
 Mendelssohn (men'dels-son), Moses. Born in 
 Dessau, Germany, Sept. 6, 1729: died Jan. 4,1786. 
 A noted J e wish philosopher. Premature and severe 
 intellectual labor weakened his health and injured the 
 growth of his spine. In 1743 he went to Berlin, where he 
 at first lived in great- poverty, devoting himself to the ac- 
 quisition of knowledge, until lie obtained a position, first 
 as tutor and then as accountant, with a rich silk manu- 
 facturer, and at last became a partner in the house. He 
 became acquainted with and was befriended by Lessing, 
 Nicoiai, Herder, Wieland, Jacobi, Lavater, and others. 
 Lessing, in his great drama “Nathan the Wise,” has erected 
 a lasting memorial to his Jewish friend. Mendelssohn 
 soon became known as a writer upon esthetic subjects. 
 His writings were distinguished by beauty and elegance 
 of style, as much as by largeness of intellect and wisdom. 
 He obtained from the Berlin Academy the prize for an 
 essay “On Evidence in the Metaphysical Sciences,” 
 among his competitors being Immanuel Kant. His best- 
 known works are “Jerusalem," a sort of comprehensive 
 survey of Judaism in its religious and national aspects, 
 published in 1783 ; and especially his “ Phsedo,” published 
 in 1767, a summary of all that religion, reason, and experi- 
 ence urge in support of the belief in the immortality of 
 the soul. For the Jews his translation of the Pentateuch 
 and the Psalms into pure German was epoch-making, in- 
 asmuch as it opened the way for them to German litera- 
 ture and culture. He also wrote commentaries on several 
 books of the Old Testament. The Berlin Academy of Sci- 
 ences elected him a member, but King Frederick II. re- 
 fused to ratify the election of a Jew. In 1786 Mendels- 
 sohn died, mourned by all as “the German Socrates.” 
 
 Mendelssohn-Bartholdy ( men'dels - son - bar- 
 tol'de), Jakob Ludwig Felix. Born at Ham- 
 burg, Feb. 3, 1809 : died at Leipsic, Nov. 4, 1847. 
 A celebrated German composer and musician, 
 grandson of Moses Mendelssohn. He and bis sister 
 Fanny (Madame Hensel) were first taught music by their 
 mother ; but in 1816, when they were 7 and 11 years old re- 
 spectively, they were taken to Paris and placed under the 
 instruction of Madame Bigot. On the return of Felix to 
 Berlin, he studied with Berger, Zelt-er, and Henning, and 
 afterward with Rietz. He made his first appearance in 
 public Oct. 28, 1818, and was much applauded in the piano- 
 forte part of a trio for pianoforte and two horns by Woelfl. 
 He began to compose regularly in his twelfth year, and the 
 symphonies, quartets, concertos, etc., which he produced 
 after this time were performed at the musical parties 
 which took place at his father’s house on alternate Sunday 
 mornings, his brother and two sisters assisting — he, how- 
 ever, always conducting and generally playing the piano- 
 forte parts. Many great artists visited the house on these 
 occasions. He visited Paris in 1825, and ill 1829 trium- 
 phantly conducted Bach’s “ Passion Music ” at Berlin, after 
 much opposition, for the first time after the death of the 
 composer. The same year he went to England, where he 
 was enthusiastically received ; and lie traveled there and on 
 the Continent till July, 1832. In 1833 he was made musical 
 director at Dtisseldorf ; in 1834 member of the Berlin Acad- 
 emy of Fine Arts ; and in 1835 conductor of the Gewand- 
 haus concerts at Leipsic, where he became the idol of the 
 town, lie became engaged toCccile Charlotte Sophie Jean- 
 renaud in 1836 ; was married in 1837 ; went to Berlin in 
 1841 to assist in founding an academy of arts ; and paid 
 his ninth visit to England in 1846, for the purpose of pro- 
 ducing " Elijah ’’ (went again in 1847). On his return he 
 heard of the death of his sister Fanny. This, with the 
 severe work which was beginning to tell on him, produced 
 illness and depression from which he did not recover. lie 
 left between one and two hundred works, among which 
 are the opera “The Wedding of Camacho” (1825), songs, 
 
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy 
 
 chamber and orchestral music, the oratorios " Elijah “ 
 (18461 and “ St. Paul ” (1836), overture (1826) and music 
 (1843) of “Midsummer Night’s Dream,” “Marchen von der 
 schonen Melusine" (“Story of the Beautiful Melusine," 
 1833), “Die Hebriden" (“The Hebrides ”), “Liederohne 
 Worte " (“Songs without W ords ”), m usic to Goethe’s ‘ ‘ W al- 
 purgisnacht," “Antigone ”(1841), “(Edipus Coloneus,”and 
 “Athalie,” sonatas, and fragments of the opera “Die Lore- 
 lei, "of the oratorio “ Christus,” etc. His letters from 1830 
 to 1832 were published in 1861 ; from 1833 to 1847, in 1863. 
 Other letters are in his biographies by Hiller, Devrient, 
 Benedict, Schubring, etc., and in Hensel's “ Die Familie 
 Mendelssohn.” 
 
 Menden (men'den). A town in the province of 
 Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the Honne 50 
 miles northeast of Cologne. Population, com- 
 mune, 10,037. 
 
 Mendenhall (men'den-hal), Thomas Corwin. 
 
 Born near Hanoverton, Ohio, Oct. 4, 1841. An 
 American physicist. He was professor of physics and 
 mechanics in Ohio University 1873-78, when he became 
 professor of physics in the Imperial University at Tokio, 
 Japan. He returned to the United States in 1881, and re- 
 sumed his chair in Ohio University. He held a professor- 
 ship in the United States signal-service 1884-86, when he 
 became president of Rose Polytechnic Institute, Terre 
 Haute, Indiana. He was superintendent of the United 
 States Coast Survey 1889-94, and president of the Worces- 
 ter Polytechnic Institute 1894-1901. 
 Mendere(men'de-re). 1. A river in western Asia 
 Minor, which flows into the iEgean Sea 65 miles 
 south of Smyrna: the ancient Mseander. Its 
 windings are proverbial. Length, about 200 
 miles. — 2. The modern nam e of the Scamander. 
 Mendes (men'dez). In ancient geography, a city 
 in Egypt, situated in the Delta about 100 miles 
 east of Alexandria. 
 
 Mendesian (men-de'shian) Goat, The. In 
 
 Egyptian mythology, oue of the three most 
 famous sacred animals, the others being the 
 hulls Apis and Mnevis. He was called the Lam, and 
 the seat of his cult, which was similar to that of Apis, was 
 Mendes in the Delta. He was held to be a manifestation 
 of Osiris, with whom were associated in him Ha and Shu, 
 and was a symbol of the productive force in nature. 
 
 Mendez, or Mendes, Pinto. See Pinto. 
 Mendiburu ( men-de-bo'ro), Manuel de. Born 
 at Lima, 1805: died there, Jan. 21, 1885. A Pe- 
 ruvian general and historian. He was minister of 
 war under Gamarra and of finance under Echenique, and 
 special envoy to Europe 1851. His “Diccionario histbrico- 
 biogrfifico del Peril ” is a work of the highest value : only 
 the first part, including the Inca and colonial periods, has 
 been published (8 vols. 1874 et seq.). 
 
 Mendieta (men-de-a'ta), Geronimo de. Born 
 at Victoria, Guipuzcoa, about 1530: died at 
 Mexico City, May 9, 1604. A Spanish Francis- 
 can author. He resided in Mexico from 1554, held high 
 positions in his order, and was noted for his wisdom and 
 justice. He is best known for his “Historia Eclesiastica 
 Indiana,” first published in 1870 with notes by Icazbal- 
 ceta : it is of great historical value. 
 
 Mendinueta y Musquiz (men-de-no-a'ta, e 
 mos-keth'), Pedro. A Spanish administrator, 
 viceroy of New Granada 1797-1803. 
 
 Mendip Hills (men'dip hilz). A range of hills 
 in Somerset, England, south-southwest of Bris- 
 tol. Highest point, 1,065 feet. 
 
 Mendive (men-de'va), Rafael Maria. Born at 
 Havana, Oct. 24, 1821: died at Matanzas, 1886. 
 A Cuban poet and journalist. He was involved in 
 the revolts of 1869, was arrested and sent to Spain, and re- 
 turned to Cuba only in 1878. 
 
 Meadizabal (men-de-tha'bal), Juan Alva- 
 rez y. Born at Cadiz, Spain, about 1790: died 
 at Madrid, Nov. 3, 1853. A Spanish politician, 
 several times minister of finance. 
 
 Mendocino (men-do-se'no), Cape. [For An- 
 tonio de Mendoza.] The westernmost point 
 of California, in lat.40°26' N., long. 124° 25' W. 
 Mendocino Indians. See Kulanapan. 
 Mendota (men-do'ta). A city in La Salle Coun- 
 ty, northern Illinois, 80 miles west by south of 
 Chicago. Population, 3,806, (1910). 
 
 Mendota, Lake. A small lake in Dane County, 
 southern Wisconsin. 
 
 Mendoza (men-do'tha). 1. A province in the 
 western part of the Argentine Republic, lying 
 south of San Juan and east of Chile, it is moun- 
 tainous in the west, but is generally rich in agricultural 
 products. Area, 56,502 squar e miles. Population, 216,196. 
 2. The capital of the province of Mendoza, sit- 
 uated about lat. 32° 50' S., long. 68° 40' W., on 
 the trans-Andean railroad, at the eastern base 
 of the mountains. It was founded in 1559 ; was capi- 
 tal of the former province of Cuyo ; and was the point 
 whence San Martin made his celebrated march over the 
 Andes. On March 20, 1861, it was entirely destroyed by 
 an earthquake, in which 13,000 people perished, only 1,600 
 surviving. Population, 32,000. 
 
 Mendoza, Andres Hurtado de. See Hurtado. 
 Mendoza (men-do'tha), Antonio de. Born 
 about 1590: died in 1644. A Spanish dramatist 
 and lyric poet, secretary of state, and member 
 
 676 
 
 of the Inquisition. He wrote 7 or 8 plays, a “Life of 
 Our Lady ” in about 800 redondillas, and a number of bal- 
 lads and short poems. 
 
 Mendoza, Antonio de. Born about 1485: died 
 at Lima, Peru, July 21, 1552. A Spanish ad- 
 ministrator. He was the first viceroy of New Spain, or 
 Mexico, Oct., 1535, to Nov., 1649, and viceroy of Peru from 
 Sept. 23, 1551. In the former country settlements were 
 pushed to the north and northwest, and new mines of great 
 wealth were discovered. The viceroy evaded the execu- 
 tion of the new laws in favor of the Indians. In Peru 
 Mendoza ordered the preparation of the code of laws 
 called the “Libro de Tasas” (which see). 
 
 Mendoza, Diego Hurtado de. Born at Grana- 
 da, Spain, about 1503: died at Valladolid, 1575. 
 A Spanish diplomatist, politician, novelist, his- 
 torian, and poet. He studied at Granada and Sala- 
 manca, and in Italy ; took part in the battle of Pavia in 
 1525 ; was ambassador of Charles V. to England in 1537, 
 and to Venice in 1538 ; was imperial plenipotentiary at the 
 Council of Trent ; and was ambassador to the papal court 
 in 1547, and governor of Siena. He lived at the court of 
 Philip II. until 1564. His works include the novel “La- 
 zarillo de Tormes” (1553), “Guerra de Granada” (“War 
 of Granada,” 1776), poems (1610), etc. See Lazarillo de 
 Tonnes. 
 
 Mendoza, Garcia Hurtado de. See Hurtado 
 de Mendoza. 
 
 Mendoza, Inigo Lopez de. See Santillana. 
 
 Mendoza, Juan Gonzalez de. Born at Toledo 
 about 1540: died at Popayan, New Granada, 
 1617. A Spanish prelate and author, a member 
 of the Augustine order. He was in China from 1580 
 to 1583, and on his return spent two years in Mexico : sub- 
 sequently he was bishop of the Lipari Islands, of Chiapas, 
 and of Popayan. His accountof China, published in 1586, 
 contains also much of interest concerning America. An 
 English translation has been published by the Hakluyt 
 Society (1853-54). 
 
 Mendoza, Lorenzo Suarez de, Count of La 
 Coruna. Born about 1510: died at Mexico, June 
 19, 1582. A Spanish nobleman, viceroy of New 
 Spain, or Mexico, from Oct. 4, 1580. 
 
 Mendoza, Pedro de. Born at Gaudix, Grana- 
 da, about 1487 : died at sea, 1537. A Spanish 
 Captain. In 1534 he undertook, at his own expense, the 
 colonization of the region about the Rio de la Plata; 
 sailed from San Lucar, Sept. 1, wi h 14 ships and 2,650 men ; 
 and founded the first colony of Euenos Ayres Feb. 2, 1535. 
 The Spaniards suffered greatly from Indian attacks and 
 from famine. Mendoza Anally left for Spain with a few 
 companions, and died a maniac on the voyage. The colony, 
 removed to Asuncion, subsequently prospered and led to 
 the settlement of that part of South America. 
 
 Mendoza Caamano (ka-a-man'yo), Jose An- 
 tonio de, Marquis of Villa Garcia. Born about 
 1680: died 1746. A Spanish diplomatist and 
 statesman. He was ambassador to Venice, viceroy of 
 Catalonia, and from Jan. 4, 1736, to July 12, 1745, viceroy 
 of Peru. During his rule New Granada was separated 
 from Peru. He died at sea while returning to Spain. 
 
 Mendoza Codex. A famous Aztec manuscript, 
 or, rather, a copy on European paper with a 
 Spanish translation. It was sent from Mexico by the 
 viceroy Antonio de Mendoza as a present to Charles V. ; 
 fell into the hands of a French cruiser ; and after various 
 vicissitudes was taken to England, and was published by 
 Purchas in 1625. Subsequently it became a part of the 
 Bodleian Library, and was published in the Kingsborough 
 collection. Other copies (one perhaps the original) are 
 known. The manuscript relates to the history of the Az- 
 tecs and their domestic and civil economy. 
 
 Mendoza y Luna, Juan Manuel Hurtado de. 
 
 See Hurtado de Mendoza y Luna. 
 
 Mendrisio (men-dre'ze-o). Asmall towninthe 
 canton of Ticino, Switzerland, near the south- 
 ern end of the Lake of Lugano. 
 
 Menelaus (men -e -la 'us). [Gr. M evDiaog or 
 MerrAaf.] In Greek legend, the son of Atreus, 
 brother of Agamemnon, and husband of Helen. 
 See Trojan War. 
 
 Menelaus. The brother of Agamemnon, a char- 
 acter in Shakspere’s “ Troilus and Cressida.” 
 Menelaus with the Corpse of Patroclus. An 
 
 antique group in marble, in the Loggia dei Lanzi, 
 Florence. Menelaus, lightly draped and wearing a heavy 
 helmet, lifts from the ground the sinking, nude body of the 
 dead youth. This is a good Roman copy of a Greek original. 
 
 Menendez (ma-nen'deth), Manuel. Born about 
 1790 : died after 1845. A Peruvian politician. 
 He was president of the council of state under Gamarra 
 in 1840, and on Gamarra’s death (Nov. 20, 1841) became, by 
 the constitution, acting president of Peru. He was de- 
 posed by Torricoin Aug., 1842, but was restored by Cas- 
 tilla in 1844, and held the post until Castilla's election, 
 April 20, 1845. 
 
 Menendez de Aviles (ma-nan'dath da, a-ve- 
 las'), Pedro. Born at Aviles, Asturias, 1519 : 
 died at Santander, Sept. 17, 1574. A Spanish 
 Captain. He was captain-general in the navy under Philip 
 II., and served that monarch in many important enter- 
 prises ; was disgraced and imprisoned in 1563 ; but re- 
 gained favor, and in 1565 was appointed governor of Cuba 
 and Florida, with orders to colonize the latter country. He 
 sailed from Cadiz, June 29, 1565, with 19 vessels and 1,500 
 men. The fleet was scattered by a storm, and he reached 
 Florida with only 7 ships. HefoundedSt. Augustine Sept. 
 8, 1565, captured a colony of French Protestants on the St. 
 John’s River and massacred nearly all of them, and, after 
 
 Mennonites 
 
 the privations of the first winter had passed, succeeded in 
 establishing Spanish rule firmly in Florida. In subse- 
 quent voyages Menendez founded apost on Port Royal Bay, 
 now in South Carolina, and left a mission on Chesapeake 
 Bay. The latter was destroyed by the Indians, and in 1572 
 he ascended the Chesapeake and Potomac and killed many 
 of them. In 1574 he was put in command of a large Span- 
 ish fleet destined to make a descent on the Netherlands, 
 but he died soon after. 
 
 Menenius Agrippa (me-ne'ni-us a-grip'a). In 
 Roman legend, the patrician ambassador to the 
 plebeians during their secession to the Sacred 
 Mount (about 494 B. C.). He is represented as hav- 
 ing persuaded the plebeians to accept a compromise by 
 relating the fable of the belly and the members. 
 
 Menephtah, Menephthah, Menephthes. See 
 
 Mineptah. 
 
 Menes (me'nez), or Mena (me'na), or Men 
 (men). [Gr. M^v.] The founder of the 1st dy- 
 nasty of Egyptian kings. His date is variously 
 given by Egyptologists, from 5702 b. c. to 2691. 
 Brugscli gives it as 4445. 
 
 Menezes (me-na'zes), Luiz de. Bom at Lis- 
 bon, July 22, 1632: committed suicide there, 
 May 26, 1690. A Portuguese historian, general, 
 and politician, third count of Ericeira. His prin- 
 cipal work is “ Historia de Portugal restaurado ” (two 
 parts, 1G79-98 ; various subsequent editions). It compre- 
 hends the military events in the war between Portugal and 
 Spain from 1640 to 1668. 
 
 Menfi (men'fe), orMenfrici (men-fre'che). A 
 town in the province of Girgenti, Sicily, situated 
 43 miles southwest of Palermo. Population, 
 10,208. 
 
 Mengs (mengs), Anton Raphael. Bora at Aus- 
 sig, Bohemia, March 12, 1728 : died at Rome, 
 June 29, 1779. A German historical and por- 
 trait painter. Augustus III., king of Poland, made him 
 his court painter at the age of twenty-one, and he went 
 soon after to Rome, where about 1754 he was made di- 
 rector of the school of painting then recently established 
 there. From this time his reputation was great, and in 
 1761 he was made court painter to Charles III. of Spain, 
 who had urged him to go to Madrid. He worked chiefly 
 in Rome and in Spain. Among his works are decorations 
 in the banqueting-hall of Madrid, and various works in 
 Dresden, the chief of which is an “Ascension.” 
 
 Mengwe. See Iroquois. 
 
 Menm (me-nah'), Flem. Meenen (ma'nen). A 
 town in the province of West Flanders, Bel- 
 gium, on the French frontier, situated on the 
 Lys 32 miles southwest of Ghent. It is the 
 center of a flourishing tobacco trade. Popula- 
 tion, 19.742. 
 
 Menippee, Satire. See Satire Menippee. 
 
 Menippus (me-nip'us). [Gr. Mei>«nrof .] Bora at 
 Gadara, Syria : lived probably about 250 B. c. 
 A Cynic philosopher, originally a slave, noted 
 for iiis satirical jests upon the follies of man- 
 kind, especially of philosophers. His writings, 
 which combined prose and verse, are lost. 
 
 Menkalinan (men-ka-le-nan' or men-kal'i- 
 nan). [Ar. menkib-di-Vinan , the shoulder of 
 the driver.] The bright second-magnitude star 
 f3 Aurigas. The star is one of the first discovered and 
 most remarkable “spectroscopic binaries,” the two com- 
 ponents moving in an orbit about 8,000,000 miles in diam- 
 eter, with a relative velocity of about 150 miles a second, 
 and thus causing the alternate doubling and undoubling 
 of the lines in the spectrum of the star once in two days. 
 
 Menkar (men'kar). [Ar. al-minkliir, the snout.] 
 The 24-in»gnitude star a Ceti, in the nose or 
 jaw of the sea-monster. Sometimes written 
 Menkab. 
 
 Menkaura (men-ka-ra'), or Mencheres (men- 
 che'rez). An Egyptian king of the 4th dynasty, 
 builder of the third of the great pyramids at 
 Gizeh. His date is given by Brugsch as 3633 B. c. 
 
 Men kin (men-kib'). [Ar. menkib-al-faras, shoul- 
 der of the horse.] A rarely used Arabic name 
 for the second-magnitude star [i Pegasi, more 
 usually called Scheat. 
 
 Menno (men'no) Simons, or Symons, or Si- 
 monis. Born at Witmarsum, Friesland, 1492 : 
 died at Oldesloe, Holstein, Jan. 13, 1559. A 
 Friesian preacher and reformer, chief founder 
 of the Mennonites. His works were published 
 in 1681. 
 
 Mennonites (men'on-its). A Christian denomi- 
 nation which originated in Friesland in the 
 early part of the 16th century, and holds doc- 
 trines of which Menno Simons (1492-1559) was 
 the chief exponent. The leading features of the Men- 
 nonite bodies have been baptism on profession of faith, 
 refusal of oaths, of civic offices, and of the support of the 
 state in war, and a t endency to asceticism. Many of these 
 beliefs and practices have been modified. The sect be- 
 came divided in the 17th century into the Upland (Obere) 
 Mennonites, or Ammanites, and the Lowland (Untere) Men- 
 nonites, the former being the more conservative and rigor- 
 ous. Members of the sect are found in the Netherlands, 
 Germany, Russia, etc., and especially in the United States. 
 In the last-named country they are divided into Untere 
 (or Old) Mennonites, Obere Mennonites (or Ammanites), 
 New Mennonites, Evangelical Mennonites, and Reformed 
 Mennonites (or lleniaus). 
 
Meno 
 
 Meno (me'no), or Menon (me'non). [Gr. Me- 
 vqv.] A dialogue of Plato : a conversation be- 
 tween Socrates, Meno (Menon), aslaveof Meno, 
 and Anytus upon the teachableness of virtue. 
 Menominee (me-nom'i-ne). [PL, also Me- 
 nominees. ] A tribe of North American Indians 
 which since it first became known has occupied 
 lands in Wisconsin and upper Michigan, chiefly 
 living upon Menominee Kiver and the west side 
 of Green Bay, but ranging south to Fox River 
 and west to the Mississippi River. The name means 
 ‘wild rice men,’ from their staple food, translated by the 
 French to “ Folles Avoines," by which the tribe is known in 
 early literature. They are now on a reservation near the. 
 head of Wolf river, Wisconsin. See Algonquian. 
 Menon (me'non). [Gr. M even/.'] Rilled about 
 399 B. C. A Thessalian mercenary, one of the 
 leading generals in the expedition of Cyrus the 
 ounger. 
 
 enorca. See Minorca. 
 
 Menon (me-no'), Baron Jacques Francois de. 
 Bom at Boussay, Touraine, 1750: died at Ven- 
 ice, Aug. 13, 1810. A French general. He be- 
 came commander of the army in Egypt in 1800, and was 
 defeated at Alexandria March 21, 1801, by the English 
 under Abercromby. 
 
 Menshikoff (men'she-ltof), Prince Alexander 
 Danilovitch. Born at Moscow, Nov. 16, 1672: 
 died at Berezoff, Siberia, 1729 or 1730. A Rus- 
 sian general and minister of state. He was of ob- 
 scure origin, became a page at the court of Peter the Great, 
 served with distinction against the Swedes, and in 1704 
 was promoted general. At the instance of Peter the Great 
 he was also appointed a prince of the Holy Roman Em- 
 pire. On the death of Peter in 1725 lie caused the empress 
 dowager to be proclaimed empress under the title of Cath- 
 arine X. 81ie died in 1727, leaving him regent for her 
 grandson Peter II. He was about to marry his daughter 
 Mary to the emperor when the latter revolted against hi3 
 domination, and exiled him to Siberia in 1727. 
 
 Menshikoff, Prince Alexander Sergevitch. 
 
 Bom Sept. 11, 1787 : died May 2, 1869. A Rus- 
 sian general, diplomatist, and. politician, great- 
 grandson of Alexander Danilovitch Menshikoff. 
 He served in the Napoleonic, Persian, and Turkish wars, 
 and was commander of the Russian naval and military 
 forces in the Crimea 1804-55. He was defeated at the 
 Alma and at Inkerman in 1854. 
 
 Mentana (men-ta'na). A small town in the 
 province of Rome, Italy, 13 miles northeast of 
 Rome. Here, Nov. 3, 1867, the Italian insurgents under 
 Garibaldi, after gaining an advantage over the papal forces, 
 were defeated by the French troops sent to the relief of 
 Pius IX. The former lost about 1,000 killed and wounded, 
 the latter only 171. 
 
 Menteith (men-teth ' ) . A district in the south of 
 Perthshire, Scotland, lying between the Teith 
 and the Forth. 
 
 Menteith. A thane of Scotland, a minor char- 
 acter, in Shakspere’s “Macbeth.” 
 
 Mentel (men'tel), Johann. A German printer 
 of Strasburg in the 15th century. He was con- 
 nected in business with Gutenberg after the latter’s quar- 
 rel with Fust. After his death the claim that he was the 
 Inventor of printing was, without ground, made for him by 
 his grandson. 
 
 The claim that Mentel was the inventor of typography 
 was first made in 1520 by John .Schott, son of Martin Schott, 
 who had married Mentel’s daughter and inherited his 
 business. In the year 1521 Jeromo Gebweiler, misled by 
 the assertions of Schott, undertook to controvert the pre- 
 tensions of Fust and Schoeffer as the first printers. He 
 writes that printing was practised in Strasburg by John 
 Mentel, who had obtained the new art of chalcography, or 
 of making books with tin pens (types), about the year 1417 ; 
 that Mentel, and Eggestcin, his partner, made an agree- 
 ment that they should keep secret the new art; that John 
 Schott, whom he praises, showed him a manuscript book, 
 without date, written by Mentel, in which were drawings 
 of typographic instruments, and observations on the man- 
 ufacture of printing-ink. It was by similar methods that 
 John Schott induced James Spiegel to declare, in a book 
 printed in 1531, that John Mentel invented printing in 
 Strasburg in the year 1444. 
 
 De Vinne, Invention of Printing, p. 488. 
 
 Menteur (mon-ter'), Le. [F., ‘The Liar.’] A 
 comedy by Corneille, produced in 1642. it was 
 the foundation of good comedy in France, and paved the 
 way for Moli&re. “La suite du menteur ” (“ The Sequel to 
 the Liar”) came out in 1045. The characters are in part 
 the same, but the piece is not so interesting. 
 
 Mentone (men-to'no), or Menton (mon-ton'). 
 A seaport in the department of Alpes-Mari- 
 times, France, situated on the Mediterranean 
 15 miles northeast of Nice. It is a leading winter 
 health-resort of the Riviera, and has a trade in fruit and 
 essence. The noted hone-caves of Mentone, with prehis- 
 toric remains, are in the vicinity. It belonged to Monaco 
 prior to 1848, was then occupied by Sardinia, and ceded to 
 France in 1861. Population, commune, 13,020. 
 
 Mentor (men'tpr). [Gr. Mtvrop.] In Greek 
 legend, an Ithacan to whom Odysseus, when 
 about to depart for the Trojan war, intrusted 
 the care of his house and the education of his 
 son Telemachus. His name has become a syn- 
 onym for a faithful monitor. 
 
 Mentu (men'to). In Egyptian mythology, the 
 rising sun, a double of Ra, worshiped at south- 
 
 677 
 
 ern An(Hermonthis). He was represented asRa 
 with the addition of the tall plumes of Amun. 
 Mentu-hotep (men'to-ho'tep). An Egyptian 
 king of the 11th dynasty. He is represented in a 
 bas-relief carved on the rocks of the island of Konono, near 
 Phil®, above ancient Syene (Assuan). There were several 
 kings of this name. 
 
 Mentu-hotep. Royal architect in the time of 
 Usurtesen I., an Egyptian king of the 12th dy- 
 nasty. His tombstone, the inscriptions on which 
 have been deciphered, is in the Gizeh Museum. 
 Mentz. See Mains. 
 
 Menu. See Mann. 
 
 Menza (men'za). See Tigre. 
 
 Menzaleh (men-za'le), Lake. A lagoon or arm 
 of the Mediterranean, situated in the Delta, 
 Egypt, east of the Damietta branch of the Nile. 
 Menzel (ment'sel), Adolf Friedrich Erd- 
 mann von. Born at Breslau, Prussia, Dec. 8, 
 1815: died at Berlin, Feb. 9, 1905. A noted 
 German historical and genre painter. He first 
 made a name as an illustrator. His subjects were taken 
 chiefly from Prussian history. 
 
 Menzel, Karl Adolf. Born at Griinberg, Prus- 
 sia, Dec. 7, 1784: died at Breslau, Prussia, Aug. 
 19, 1855. A German historian, professor at Bres- 
 lau. He wrote “Geschichte der Deutschen” (1815-23), 
 “Neuere Geschichte der Deutschen ” (1826—48), etc. 
 Menzel, Wolfgang. Born atWaklenburg, Prus- 
 sia, June 21, 1798 : died at Stuttgart, Wiir- 
 temberg, April 23, 1873. A German historian, 
 critic, poet, and novelist. He wrote “Geschichte 
 der Deutschen ”(1824-25),“ Die deutscheLitteratur "(1828), 
 and historical works on modern times, the wars of 1866 
 and 1870-71, etc. 
 
 Meopham (mep'am), or Mepeham, Simon. 
 
 Bom probably at Meopham, near Rochester, 
 Kent (date unknown) : died Oct. 12, 1333. Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury. He was educated at Oxford ; 
 was elected archbishop against tho opposition of Queen 
 Isabella and Mortimer; and was consecrated in 1328 at 
 Avignon. He was involved in constant quarrels with his 
 clergy, which finally resulted in his excommunication in 
 1333. 
 
 Mephibosheth(me-fib'o-sheth; Heb. pron. mef- 
 i-bo'sheth). In Old Testament history, the son 
 of Jonathan, and grandson of Saul. 
 Mephistopheles (mef-is-tof'e-lez). [Written 
 Mephostophilus in Shakspere, Fletcher, etc., 
 Mcphostophilis in Marlowe, but now generally 
 Mephistopheles, as in Goethe : a made-up name, 
 like most of the names of the medieval devils, 
 hut supposed by some to be formed (irregularly) 
 from Gr. nr/, not, <j>ac (<jxjr-), light, and if Mr, lov- 
 ing.] A familiar spirit mentioned in the old le- 
 gend of Sir John Faustus, and a principal agent 
 in Marlowe’s play “Dr. Faustus” and in Goethe’s 
 “ Faust.” “He is frequently referred to as ‘the Devil,’ 
 but it was'well understood that he was only a devil. Goethe 
 took only the name and a few circumstances connected 
 with the first appearance of Mephistopheles from the le- 
 gend : the character, from first to last, is his own creation ; 
 and, in his own words, ‘on account of the irony and know- 
 ledge of the world it displays, is not easily comprehended.’ 
 Although he sometimes slyly used it (though less fre- 
 quently than Faust) as a mask through which to speak with 
 liis own voice, he evidently drew the germ of some char- 
 acteristics from his early associate, Merck. . . . The ori- 
 ginal form of this name was Mephostophiles. There has 
 been much discussion in regard to its meaning, but Diint- 
 zen’s conjecture is probably correct, — that it was imper- 
 fectly formed by some one who knew little Greek, and was 
 intended to signify ‘not loving the light.’” li. Taylor, 
 Notes to Faust. 
 
 Meppel (mep'pel). A town in the province of 
 Drenthe, Netherlands, 59 miles east-northeast 
 of Amsterdam. It has considerable manufac- 
 tures and trade. Population, commune, 10,154. 
 Meppeix (mep'pen). A town in the province of 
 Hannover, Prussia, at the junction of the 
 Haase and Ems, 43 miles northwest of Osna- 
 briick: chief town of the duchy of Arenberg- 
 Meppen. Population, about 5,000. 
 
 Mequinez (mek'i-nez), or Meknez (mek'nez), 
 or Mekinez (mek'i-nez). A city in Morocco, 
 about 35 miles west-southwest of Fez : one of 
 the royal residences. Population, about 30,000. 
 Merak (me'rak). [Ar. mvrdq al-dub, the loin 
 of the bear.] The second-magnitude star fi 
 Ursae Majoris, the southern of the two “point- 
 ers.” 
 
 Meran (ma-ran'), A town in Tyrol, Austria- 
 Hungary, situated on the Passer, near the 
 Adige, 44 miles south by west of Innsbruck. 
 It is a noted health-resort, with grape-cure and whey-cure 
 establishments. Near it are several noted castles, includ- 
 ing that of Tyrol. Population, commune, 11,570, (1010). 
 
 Merbal (mdr'bal). King of Tyre about 556-552 
 B. c. Before bis accession to tho throne he 
 was a hostage in Babylon. 
 
 Mercadante (mer-ka-dan'te), Saverio. Born 
 at Altamura, Italy, in 1795: died at Naples, 
 Dec. 13, 1870. An Italian operatic composer. 
 Being suddenly dismissed from his position as leader of 
 
 Mercia 
 
 the orchestraof the Collegio di San Sebastiano near Naples, 
 where he was educated, he began composing for the stage : 
 his first work, a cantata, was written in 1818. He became 
 maestro di capella at the cathedral of N ovara in 1833, and 
 director of the Conservatorio at Naples in 1840. In 1862 
 he became totally blind. Among bis operas are “Elisa e 
 Claudio” (1821), “I Briganti ” (1836), “11 Giuramento 
 (1837). 
 
 Mercadet (mer-kit-da'). A play by Balzac, 
 produced at the Gymnase, Paris, in 1851. The 
 original play was called “Lefaiseur” (“The Speculator”), 
 and was not played in the author's lifetime. After his death 
 it was shortened and brought out under its present title. 
 Mercator (mer-ka'tor; D. pfon. mer-ka'tor) 
 (properly Gerhard Kremer). [L. Mercator, 
 equiv. to D. Kramer, LG. Kremer, G. Kramer, 
 merchant, peddler.] Born at Rupelmonde, Bel- 
 gium, March 5, 1512 : died at Duisburg, Prussia, 
 Dec. 2, 1594. A Flemish geographer. He studied 
 philosophy and mathematics at the University of Louvain, 
 and afterward devoted himself to geography. Through 
 the influence of Cardinal Granvella, he received a com- 
 mission from the emperor Charles V. to manufacture a 
 terrestrial globe and a celestial globe, which are said to 
 have been superior to any that had then appeared. Ha 
 took np his residence at Duisburg in 1559, and eventually 
 became cosmographer to the Duke of Jiilich and Cleves. 
 He invented the Mercator system of projection. His chief 
 works are “ Tabula; geographies; ” (1578-84) and “Atlas ” 
 (1595). 
 
 Merced (mer-sad' ) River. A river in California. 
 It traverses the Yosemite Valley, and joins the San Joaqnin 
 86 miles east-southeast of San Francisco. Length, about 
 150 miles. 
 
 Mercedes (mer-tha'THes), or Soriano (so-re-a'- 
 no). A town in Uruguay, situated on the Rio 
 Negro 20 miles above its junction with the 
 Uruguay. Population, about 9,000. 
 
 Mercedes of Castile. A novel by Cooper, pub- 
 lished in 1840. 
 
 Mercedonius (mer-se-dd'ni-us), or Mercedinus 
 
 (mer-se-di'nus). In the Roman calendar com- 
 monly ascribed to Nurna Pompilius, second king 
 of Rome, an intercalary month inserted every 
 second year between the 23d and the 24th of 
 February, and having 22 or 23 days. 
 
 Mercer (mer'ser), Charles Fenton. Bom at 
 Fredericksburg, Va., June 6, 1778: died near 
 Alexandria, Va., May 4, 1858. An American 
 politician, Federalist and Whig member of Con- 
 gress from Virginia 1817—39. 
 
 Mercer, Hugh. Born in Scotland about 1721: 
 died near Princeton, N. J., Jan. 12, 1777. An 
 American general. He served in the French and In- 
 dian war ; was distinguished at Trenton 1776; and was 
 mortally wounded at Princeton 1777. 
 
 Merchant of Bruges, The. An alteration, by 
 Kinnaird, of “The Beggar’s Bush” by Fletcher 
 and others, produced in 1815, Kean taking the 
 part of Flores. 
 
 Merchant of Venice, The. A comedy by Shak- 
 spere, entered on the “Stationers’ Register” 
 in 1598, published in quarto in 1600, 1637, 1652. 
 See Jew of Malta, and Barlaam and Josaphat. 
 
 There can he no doubt that the play was new in 1598. 
 The two stories interwoven by it are medneval myths ; the 
 germ of each is in Latin in the collection of the “Gesta 
 Romanorum,” and the story of the Jew was developed in 
 the direction of Shakespeare’s play as the "Adventures of 
 Giannetto” in a collection of Italian tales called the “Pe- 
 corone," produced in 1378 by one of the imitators of Boc- 
 caccio’s “Decameron,” Ser Giovanni Fiorentiuo. This is 
 an Italian collection of which there is no known translation 
 into English that could have been seen by Shakespeare. In 
 1579, in his pamphlet against the stage as “The School of 
 Abuse,” Stephen Gosson referred to a play known as “ The 
 Jew," which set forth “ the greediness of worldly choosers, 
 and the bloody minds of usurers.” So it may be that a pre- 
 vious play, now lost, had interwoven the tales of thecaskets 
 and the pound of flesh, and that the transmuting power 
 of Shakespeare’s genius was exercised upon this. 
 
 Morley, English Writers, X. 238. 
 [Poor versions and adaptations of “The Merchant of Ven- 
 ice ’’ were made by Dryden, Otway. Shadwell, Lansdowne, 
 and others, which held the stage until 1741, when Macklin 
 restored Shakspere. See Shy lock.] 
 
 Merchant’s Tale, The. Oneof Chaucer’s “Can- 
 terbury Tales." It is the story of the deception of an 
 old husband by a young wife with the friendly assistance 
 of an enchanted tree. The original is Eastern : an ac- 
 count of the Indo-Persian, Turkish, Arabian, Singhalese, 
 and other versions of it is given in the Chaucer Society’s 
 “Originals and Analogues.” The Latin versions are Boc- 
 caccio's and Caxton’s ; the immediate source of Chaucer’s 
 version, however, is thought to lie the Latin fable of 
 Adolphe (about 1315). Tope modernized it as “January 
 and May.’ 
 
 Mercia (mer'shiii). [ML., from AS. Mierce, 
 Myrce, Mcrce, pi., tho people, Miercna land or 
 rice, tho land of tho Mercians, from mearc, 
 mark, border.] An anedent Anglian kingdom 
 in the interior of England, which lay south of 
 Northumbria and north of Wessex, and reached 
 westward to the Welsh “Mark.” it was founded 
 probably in the second half of the 6th century ; was flour- 
 ishing under Penda and his successors in the 7th century ; 
 attained the overlordship under Ethelbald and Offa in the 
 8tli century ; passed under the supremacy of Wessex about 
 827 ; and later was one of the great earldoms until the 
 Norman conquest. 
 
Mercie 
 
 Mercia (mer-sya'), Marius Jean Antoine. 
 
 Bom at Toulouse, Oct. 30, 1845. A French 
 sculptor, a pupil of Falguiere and Jouifroy. 
 He gained the prix de Rome in 1868. Among his works 
 are the statue of “David "(1872),“Dalila’’ (XS7H : a bust in 
 bronze), “Gloria victis” (1874: bought by the state and 
 placed in the Square Montholon), “Le loup, la mere et 
 tenfant” (1876: a bas-relief), “David avant le combat" 
 and “Fleur de Mai" (1876), “Le genie des arts” (1877 : for 
 the Guichet des Tuileries), tomb of Michelet at Ptre-la- 
 Chaise (1879), and “Judith " (1880: a portrait). 
 
 Mercier (mer-sya'), Louis Sebastien. Born at 
 Paris, June 6, 1740: died at Paris, April 25, 
 1814. A French litt4rateur and politician. 
 Mercier, Philip. Born at Berlin, 1689 : died at 
 London, July .18, 1760. An English portrait- 
 painter. He was a pupil of Antoine Pesne at Berlin ; 
 went to London 1716 ; and was appointed court painter 
 and librarian in 1727. He was a clever painter inthe style 
 of Watteau. His portrait of Peg Woffington is in the Gar- 
 rick Club. 
 
 Merciless Parliament, The. An English par- 
 liament of 1388: so named on account of the 
 cruelty exercised by it toward the adherents of 
 Richard II. 
 
 Merck (merk), Johann Heinrich. Born at 
 Darmstadt, Germany, April 11, 1741: committed 
 suicide, June 27, 1791. A German literary critic 
 and author, a friend of Herder and Goethe. He 
 exercised great influence upon the life of the 
 latter. 
 
 Mercurius Aulicius (mer-ku'ri-us a-lish'i-us). 
 A journal in the Royalist interest which was 
 written and published by Sir John Birkenhead 
 at Oxford while the king and court were there. 
 The first number was issued in Jan., 1642, and it appeared 
 continuously till 1645, after which it was issued occasion- 
 ally as a weekly. It has never been reprinted or edited. 
 Birkenhead received very little help from others. In lit- 
 erary quality it is far superior to the “Mercurius Britan- 
 nicus." Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Mercury (mer'ku-ri). [L. Mercurius, Mercury 
 (the deity and the planet) : so called (apparent- 
 ly) as the god of trade, from merx, merchan- 
 dise.] 1. In Roman mythology, the name of 
 a Roman divinity who became identified with 
 the Greek Hermes. He was the son of Jupiter and 
 Maia, and was the herald and ambassador of Jupiter. As 
 a god of darkness, Mercury is the tutelary deity of thieves 
 and tricksters ; he became also the protector of herdsmen, 
 the god of science, commerce, and the arts and graces 
 of life, and the patron of travelers and athletes. It was 
 he who guided the shades of the dead to their final abid- 
 ing-place. He is represented in art as a young man, usu- 
 ally wearing a winged hat and the talaria or winged san- 
 dals, and bearing the caduceus or pastoral staff, and often 
 a purse. 
 
 2. The innermost planet of the solar system. 
 Its mean distance from the sun is 0.387 that of the earth. 
 The inclination (7 degrees) and the eccentricity (0.2056) of 
 its orbit are exceeded only by some of the minor planets. 
 Its diameter is only 3,000 miles, or about | of that of the 
 earth ; its volume is to that of the earth as I to 18.5. It 
 performs its sidereal revolution in 88 days, its synodical 
 in 116. Its proximity to the sun prevents its being often 
 seen with the naked eye. The mass of Mercury, though 
 as yet not very precisely determined, is less than that of 
 any other planet (asteroids excepted). According to Schia- 
 parelli it rotates on its axis in the same way as the moon 
 does, once in each orbital revolution. 
 
 Mercury, Belvedere. A Greek statue of the 
 period of full development of Hellenic sculp- 
 ture, in the Vatican, Rome. The statue is undraped 
 except for a himation wound about the left arm and shoul- 
 der. 
 
 Mercury Fastening his Sandal. An antique 
 marble statue, undraped, in the Glyptothek at 
 Munich. 
 
 Mercutio (mer-ku'shio). In Shakspere’s “Ro- 
 meo and Juliet,” the friend of Romeo. He is 
 endowed with courage, an easy mind, wit, fancy, 
 and a light heart. 
 
 Mercutio is, I think, one of the best instances of such a 
 comic person as may reasonably and with propriety be 
 admitted into tragedy. 
 
 Scott, Life of Dryden (Vol. I. of Works), p. 193. 
 
 Mercy (mer'si). In Bunyan’s “Pilgrim’s Pro- 
 gress,” the friend and companion of Christiana. 
 Mercy (mer-se'), Claudius Florimond, Count. 
 Born in Lorraine, 1666 : killed near Parma, Italy, 
 June 29, 1733. An Austrian field-marshal. He 
 served in Italy in 1706, at Peterwardein in 1716, and at 
 Temesvar in 1717. In 1720 he became governor of Temes- 
 v;lr, and in 1733 was appointed commander in Italy. 
 
 Mercy, Baron Franz von. Killed at the battle 
 of Nordlingen, Aug. 3, 1645. A Bavarian field- 
 marshal in the imperial service. He defeated 
 Turenne at Mergentheim May 5, 1645. 
 
 Mer de Glace (mar de glas). [F.,‘sea of ice.’] 
 A glacier on the northern slope of Mont Blanc, 
 above the valley of Chamonix. The Arveyron 
 conveys its waters to the Arve. 
 
 M6re coupable, La, ou L’ Autre Tartufe. A 
 comedy by Beaumarchais, played in 1792: a 
 sequel to the “Barbierde Seville ” and “Mariage 
 de Figaro.” 
 
 678 
 
 ★ 
 
 Meredith (mer'e-dith), George. Bom in Hamp- 
 shire, England, Feb. 12, 1828 : died at London, 
 May 18, 1909. An English novelist and poet. 
 He was educated in Germany, and studied law. Among 
 his works are “ Poems " (1851), “ The Shaving of Shagpat," 
 a burlesque tale (1856), “The Ordeal of Richard Feverel," 
 a novel (1859), “Modern Love, etc.,” poems (1862), 
 “Rhoda Fleming,” a story (1865), “Vittoria,” a novel 
 (1866), “Beauchamp’s Career” (1875), “The Egoist, a Com- 
 edy in Narrative" (1879), “The Tragic Comedians, etc." 
 (1880), “ Poems ” (1883), “ Diana of the Crossways " (1885), 
 “Ballads, etc., ” (1887), “A Reading of Earth," a poem 
 (1888), “ One of our Conquerors ” (1891), “Lord Onnont and 
 his Aminta" (1894), “The Amazing Marriage” (1895), etc. 
 
 Meredith, Owen. The pseudonym of the first 
 Earl of Lytton. 
 
 Meres (rnerz), Francis. Born in Lincolnshire, 
 1565 : died at Wing, Rutland, Jan. 29, 1647. An 
 English divine and author. He was a graduate of 
 Cambridge (Pembroke College), became rector of Wing in 
 1602, and kept a school there. Among his works is “ Pal- 
 ladis Tamia, Wits Treasury ; being the second part of Wits 
 Commonwealth ” (1598), one of a series of volumes of col- 
 lected apothegms, etc. 
 
 Meres passes in review all literary effort from the time 
 of Chaucer to his own day, briefly contrasting each Eng- 
 lish author with a writer of like character in Latin, Greek, 
 or Italian. In other sections, on “ Bookes,” “Reading of 
 Bookes,” “Philosophie,” “Poets and Poetrie,” he makes 
 casual references to contemporary English authors, and 
 in his section on “ Painting ” and “Music ” he supplies a 
 few commentson contemporary English paintersand musi- 
 cians. He thus commemorates in all 125 Englishmen ; and 
 his list of Shakespeare's works, with his commendation of 
 the great dramatist’s "fine filed phrase,” and his account 
 of Marlowe’s death are loci classici in English literary his- 
 tory. The work was reissued in 1634 as “ Wits Common- 
 wealth, the second part : A Treasurie of Diuine, Moral, 
 and Phylosophical Similes, generally useful, but more par- 
 ticularly for the use of schools.” Did. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Mergentheim (mer'gent-Mm), formerly Mari- 
 enthal (ma-re'en-tiil). A town in the Jagst 
 circle, Wurtemberg, situated on the Tauber 56 
 miles northeast of Stuttgart. It was the seat of the 
 grand master of the Teutonic Order from 1527 to 1809. 
 Here, May 5, 1645, the Imperialists under Mercy defeated 
 the French under Turenne. Population, about 5,000. 
 Mergui (mer-ge'). 1. A maritime district in 
 the division of Tenasserim, British Burma, in- 
 tersected by lat. 12° N. Area, 9,798 square 
 miles. Population, 88,744. — 2. The capital of 
 Mergui district and a seaport, situated on an 
 island at the mouth of the Tenasserim, in lat. 
 12° 27' N., long. 98° 35' E. Population, about 
 12 , 000 . 
 
 Mergui Archipelago. A group of islands west 
 of the southern part of British Burma, to which 
 they belong. 
 
 Merian (ma're-an), Maria Sibylla (Frau 
 Graff). Born at Frankfort, Germany, April 2, 
 1647 : died at Amsterdam, Jan. 13, 1717. A Ger- 
 man naturalist and artist. In 1665 she married a 
 Nuremberg artist named Graff, but she is generally known 
 as Madame Merian. Her best -known work is on the meta- 
 morphoses of insects of Surinam, the result of a visit to 
 that country 1699-1701. It was first published in Latin, 
 1705, and republished in French after her death, together 
 with a similar work on the insects of Europe. The large 
 plates illustrating these books are among the best of early 
 zoological drawings, and the accompanying observations 
 are generally very accurate. 
 
 Merian, Matthaus, surnamed “The Elder.” 
 Bom atBasel, Switzerland, 1593: diedat Schwal- 
 bach, June 19, 1650. A Swiss engraver. 
 Merian, Matthaus, surnamed “The Younger.” 
 Born at Basel, Switzerland, 1621: died at Frank- 
 fort, 1687. A Swiss portrait-painter, son of M. 
 Merian (1593-1650). 
 
 Meribah (mer'i-ba). [Heb., ‘strife.’] In Old 
 Testament geography, the name of two places 
 in the wilderness south of Palestine, noted in 
 the history of Moses. 
 
 There are a few palm-trees and a little water, but the 
 name of these pools is characteristic, for they were called 
 the waters of Meriba, that is “ of strife," on account of the 
 incessant fights which took place there between the Bed- 
 ouins when they came to let their flocks drink of them. 
 
 ltcnan , Hist, of the People of Israel, I. 154. 
 
 Merida (mer'e-THa). A town in the province 
 of Badajoz, Spain, situated on the Guadiana 30 
 miles east of Badajoz: the Roman Emerita Au- 
 gusta. It is noted for many relies of antiquity, including 
 a Roman bridge (built by Trajan, consisting of 81 arches, 
 and 2,675 feet in length), a ruined castle, the Roman arch 
 of Santiago, an aqueduct, the Circus Maximus, an amphi- 
 theater, and a theater. There are Roman reservoirs in 
 the vicinity. A very old church and museum of antiqui- 
 ties are also noteworthy. Merida was founded about 25 
 B. 0., and was the ancient capital of Lusitania. It was 
 taken by the Arabs about 712, and retaken by the Span- 
 iards about 1230. Population, 11,168. 
 
 Merida. A colonial intendencia of New Spain, 
 or Mexico, founded in 1786, and continued 
 until the independence. It corresponded to the older 
 province of Yucatan, and to the modem states of Y ucatan, 
 Campeche, and Tabasco. 
 
 Merida. A city in Venezuela, capital of the 
 state of Merida, situated about lat. 8° 16' 
 
 Merlin 
 
 N., long, 71° 10' W. It was founded in 1558. 
 Population, estimated, over 12,000. 
 
 Merida. The capital of the state of Yucatan, 
 Mexico, situated about lat. 20° 58' N., long. 
 89° 40' W. It was founded in 1542 on the Bite of a 
 Maya town ; has flourishing manufactures and trade ; and 
 has a cathedral and many educational institutions. Pop- 
 ulation, 61,999, (1910). 
 
 Meriden (mer'i-den). A city in New Haven 
 County, Connecticut, 18 miles north-northeast 
 of New Haven. It is the seat of flourishing manufac- 
 tures, and is especially noted for Britannia-metal wares. 
 Population, 27,265, (1910). 
 
 Meridian (me-rid'i-an). A city, capital of Lau- 
 derdale County, eastern Mississippi, 86 miles 
 east of Jackson. Population, 23,285, (1910). 
 Merimee (ma-re-ma'), Prosper. Born at Paris, 
 Sept. 28, 1803 : died at Cannes, Sept. 23, 1870. A 
 French author, archaeologist, historian, andliter- 
 ary critic. After spending some time in the study of law, 
 he entered public life, and rose finally to the dignity of sena- 
 tor under the empire (1853). His achievements, however, 
 in this line of life were surpassed by liissuccess in literature. 
 He first published two apocryphal works, “ ThAatre de Clara 
 Gazul ’’ (1825) and “LaGuzla”(1827). He gave further evi- 
 dence of his talent in “La Jacquerie ’’(1828) and “Lafamille 
 Carvajal." He wrote a novel, “Chronique du temps de 
 Charles IX.”(1829). which testiflestocarefulhistorical prep- 
 aration ; and in 1830 he published “Colomba,” his master- 
 piece, which deals with the Corsican vendettas. From 
 1835 to 1843 11 or im 6e published a number of works de- 
 scribing his travels in Fi ance. As a historian he wrote an 
 “ Essai sur la guerre sociale’’(1841), “ Histoire de Don Pe- 
 dre" (1843), “La conjuration de Catilina”(1844), and “Les 
 faux DAmAtrius ” (1852). He appears as a translator from 
 the Russian of stories by Pushkin, Turgenieff, and Gogol. 
 In 1856 he edited the works of Brantome and Agrippa 
 d’Aubignd. He wrote frequently for “ La Revue de Paris,” 
 “La Revue des Deux Mondes,”and “LeMoniteur.” These 
 articles and other papers by Merinuie have appeared in 
 book form, as, for instance, “Melanges historiques et 
 littdraires” (1855), “ Nouvelles," “ Der nitres Nouvelles ” 
 (1873), “ Portraits historiques et littAraires ”(1874), “ Etudes 
 sur les arts au moyen Age” (1874). Another posthumous 
 publication is “ Lettres h une inconnue ” (1873) : who this 
 “inconnue " was has not yet been determined. M(5rim6e 
 was elected a member of the French Academy in 1844. 
 
 Merino (ma-re'no), Ignacio. Born at Piura, 
 1819. A Peruvian painter. He was principal of the 
 Academy of Design at Lima 1841-50, and in 1851 took up 
 his residence at Paris. Among his best-known works are 
 “Columbus and the Council of the Indies,” purchased by 
 the Peruvian government, and “Hamlet,” exhibited at the 
 exposition of 1872. 
 
 Merioneth (mer-i-on'etb). A county of North 
 Wales. Capital, Dolgelly. It is bounded by Carnar- 
 von and Denbigh on the north, Denbigh and Montgomery 
 on the east, Montgomery on the south, and Cardigan Bay 
 on the west. The surface is mountainous. Area (ad. co.), 
 659 square miles. Population (pail, co.), 49,149. 
 
 Merivale (mer'i-val), Charles. Born at Barton 
 Place in Devonshire, 1808 : died Dec. 27, 1893. 
 An English historian and divine, brother of 
 Herman Merivale. He graduated at Cambridge (St. 
 John’s College); was rector of Lawford, Essex, 1848-69; 
 and became dean of Ely in 1869. His chief work is the 
 “History of the Romans under the Empire ” (1850-62). He 
 also wrote “A General History of Rome ”(1875), “Lectures 
 on Early Church History ” (1879), “ Contrast between Chris- 
 tiau and Pagan Society” (1880), a translation of the Hiad 
 in rimed verse, etc. 
 
 Merivale, Herman. Born at Dawlish, Devon- 
 shire, Nov. 8, 1806: died at London, Feb. 9, 
 1874. An English lawyer, author, and politician, 
 brother of Charles Merivale. He was professor of 
 political economy at Oxford 1837-42; assistant under-secre- 
 tary of state for the colonies in 1847, and under-secretary 
 1848-59 ; and under-secretary for India 1859-74. He wrote 
 “ Historical Studies ’’ (1865), etc. 
 
 Merivale, J ohn Herman. Born at Exeter , Aug. 
 5, 1779 : died April 25, 1844. An English scholar 
 and poet. He studied at St. John’s College, Cambridge ; 
 entered Lincoln's Inn in 1798 ; and was called to the bar 
 in 1804. In 1831 he was appointed commissioner in bank- 
 ruptcy. In 1814 he published “ Orlando in Roncesvalles ” ; 
 a collection of his “ Poems ” appeared in 1838. Byron was 
 his friend and admir er. 
 
 Merle d’AuTbigne (merl do-ben-ya'), Jean 
 Henri. Born at Eaux-Vives, near Geneva, Aug. 
 16,1794: died at Geneva, Oct. 20, 1872. A cele- 
 brated Swiss Protestant church historian, after 
 1830 professor of historical theology at the Ecole 
 de Th6ologie Evang61ique at Geneva. He wrote 
 “ Histoire de la reformation ” (“ History of the Reforma- 
 tion,” 1835-53), continued in “Histoire de la reformation 
 au temps de Calvin ” (“History of the Reformation in the 
 Time of Calvin,” 1863-76), etc. 
 
 Merlin (mer'lin), or Myrddliin. A half -legen- 
 dary bard of the 6th century, to whom a number 
 of poems (none genuine) are attributed. In 
 the course of time popular imagination and confusion with 
 another of the same name made him the enchanter Mer- 
 lin, hut “more associated with fable than even Taliesin. 
 The true history of Merlin seems to be that he was born 
 between the years 470 and 480, during the invasion of the 
 Saxons, and took the name of Ambrose, which preceded 
 his surname of Merlin, from the successful leader of the 
 Britons, Ambrosius Aurelianus, who was his first chief, and 
 from whose service he passed, as bard, into that of King 
 Arthur, the southern leader of the Britons. After he had 
 been present in many battles, on one disastrous day be- 
 tween the years 560 and 574, in a field of horrible slaughter 
 
Merlin 
 
 on the Solway Firth, he lost his reason, broke his sword, 
 and forsook human society, finding peace and consolation 
 only in his minstrelsy. He was at last found dead on 
 the bank of a river” ( Morley , English Writers, I. 218). 
 The enchanter Merlin of Arthurian romance also held the 
 position of companion and counselor to Arthur, but his 
 adventures and the manner of his death differ from the 
 above. The romances state that he was of miraculous 
 birth, was an adept in magic, and was beguiled by the en- 
 chantress Nimue or Ninive, who buried him under a rock 
 from which he could not escape; also that his mistress, 
 Vivien, the Lady of the Lake, left him .spellbound in the tan- 
 gled branches of a thorn-bush, where he still sleeps, though 
 sometimes his voice is heard. Tennyson, in his “Idylls of 
 the King,” adopts nearly the latter version. Among other 
 famous deeds Merlin instituted the Bound Table at Car- 
 duel. He first appears in Nennius as Ambrosius. Geof- 
 frey of Monmouth’s “Vita Merlini" (1139-49) wastranslated 
 by W ace into French verse (1155), and was probably adapted 
 by Robert de Borron about 1100-70. About 1200 H61ie 
 de Borron wrote the French prose romance of Merlin, 
 which contained what are called Merlin’s prophecies in 
 the appendix. Robert de Borron’s poem was translated 
 into Italian in 1379, Spanish in 1498, and German in 1478. 
 The English prose romance of Merlin (c. 1450-60) was taken 
 from the French original attributed to Robert de Borron. 
 It was printed by the Early English Text Society for the 
 first time. 
 
 Merlin de Douai (mer-lait' cl 6 dcj-a'), Comte 
 Philippe Antoine. Born at Arleux, near Douai, 
 France, Oct. 30, 1734: died at Paris, Dec. 26, 
 1838. A French jurist and revolutionary poli- 
 tician. He was a member of the National Assembly ; went 
 over to the radical party in 1792 ; was president of the Con- 
 vention after the Reign of Terror ; was later minister of 
 justice ; and on the revolution of the ISth Fructidor be- 
 came a member of the Directory. 
 
 Merlin de Thionville (tyon-vel'), Antoine 
 Christophe. Born at Thionville, Lorraine, 
 Sept. 13, 1762 : died at Paris, Sept. 14, 1833. A 
 French revolutionist, a member of the Legis- 
 lative Assembly 1791-92, and of the Convention 
 1792-95. 
 
 Mermaid Club, The. A celebrated club said 
 to have been established by Sir Walter Raleigh 
 in 1603. It met at the Mermaid Taveru. Jonson, Beau- 
 mont, Fletcher, Selden, and probably Shakspere were 
 among its members. 
 
 Mermaid Tavern, The. See Mermaid Club. 
 Mermnadse (merm'na-de). The last dynasty of 
 the Lydian kings, beginning with Gyges (about 
 700 B. C.) and ending with Croesus (560-546). 
 Besides these kings it included Ardys, Sadyat- 
 tes, and Alyattes. 
 
 Merodach (mer ' 5 - dak). [In the inscriptions 
 Marduk.] One of the 12 great gods of the As- 
 syro-Babylonian pantheon, son of Ea. His wife 
 was Zarpaint. He was especially the tutelar divinity of 
 the city of Babylon, and during the supremacy of Baby 
 Ionia his temple, Esagila (‘the exalted house’), restored 
 with great splendor by Nebuchadnezzar, became the na- 
 tional sanctuary of the whole empire. He also had an 
 old and famous sanctuary at Sippar. He was especially 
 considered the compassionate god of mankind, relieving 
 their ills with the knowledge and power his father, the 
 god of profound wisdom, gave him. He was also the pa- 
 tron of the magi. His son is Nebo (Nabu), the god of 
 learning. Of the planets, Jupiter was sacred to him. He is 
 mentioned in J er. 1. 2, but is referred to as Bel in Isa. xlvL 1 
 and Jer. 1L 44. 
 
 Merodach-baladan (mer'o-dak-bal'a-dan). [In 
 the cuneiform inscriptions Marduk bal-iddina, 
 Merodach has given the son.] The name of 
 several kings of Babylon. The most important of 
 these appears first as the ruler of Bit Yakin. He submit-/ 
 ted and paid tribute to the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser 
 III. (745-727 B. C.). From 722 to 709 he appears in the in- 
 scriptions as king of entire Babylonia. Afterward he en- 
 tered into alliancewiththeElamitesagainstSargon. The 
 allies were defeated by the Assyrian king, and Merodach- 
 baladan saved himself otdy by flight. He reappears in the 
 first year of Sennacherib (705), and is, in all probability, 
 identical with the Merodach-baladan mentioned in Isa. 
 xxxix., 2 Ki. xx. 12 ff. (under the form Berodachbaladan) 
 as having sent ambassadors to Hezekiah to congratulate 
 him upon his recovery from sickness. This embassy was 
 also, no doubt, intended to draw Hezekiah into an alliance 
 against Assyiia. He was defeated by Sennacherib, who 
 placed a certain Belibus on the Babylonian throne (702- 
 699). In 699 Merodach-baladan is again found in rebellion 
 against Assyria, and, again defeated, he escapes to Elam. 
 He must have died shortly afterward, but his descendants 
 continued to stir up rebellions in Babylonia against As- 
 syria. The last scion of this house, when about to be de- 
 livered to Asurbanipal, caused his armor-bearer to slay him. 
 Meroe (mer'o-e). [Gr. Meptb/.J In ancient ge- 
 ography, the capital of the later kingdom of 
 Ethiopia, situated between the Nile and the 
 Atbara, about lat. 17° N. 
 
 Merom (me'rom), Waters of. A lake in Pal- 
 estine, 10i miles north of the Sea of Galilee, 
 traversed by the Jordan: the modern Bahr-el- 
 Huleh, and the Semechonitis Lake of Josephus. 
 Length, 4 miles. It was the scene of a great 
 victory of Joshua over Jabin, king of Hazor. 
 Merope (mer'o-pe). [Gr. MepStry.] 1. In Greek 
 mythology, one of the Pleiades (which see). — 2. 
 The 4^ magnitude star 23 Pleiadum. I tis enveloped 
 in a nebulosity which was discovered before the applica- 
 tion of photography, but is difficult to observe visually. 
 M6rope (ma-rop'). A play by Voltaire (1743). 
 
 679 
 
 Merovingians (mer-o-vin'ji-anz). A dynasty of 
 Frankish kings, whose eponymic ancestor, Mer- 
 wig or Merovseus, lived in the 5th century, it 
 rose to power under ciovis, king of the Salian Franks, who 
 defeated the Roman governor Syagrius in 486, accepted 
 the Roman faith in 496, and died in 511, after having 
 made himself sole ruler of all the Franks. His kingdom 
 was divided among his four sons, one of whom, Clotaire 
 I., reunited the several parts in 558. A second division of 
 the Frankish kingdom took place among the Merovingians 
 on his death in 561. This was also a quadruple division. 
 In 567 the parts were reduced to three in number, whence 
 arose the kingdoms of Austrasia (capital Metz), Neustria 
 (capital Soissons), and Burgundy (capital Orleans), of which 
 the first contained a German, the last two a Romance pop- 
 ulation. Burgundy was eventually united with N eustria, 
 leaving two principal divisions, Neustria and Austrasia. 
 Violent family feuds, as, for instance, that between Brune- 
 hilde of Austrasia and Fredegunde of Neustria in the 6th 
 century, caused the power of the Merovingians to wane, 
 bothin Neustriaandin Austrasia, before that of themayors 
 of the palace, until in 687 Pepin of Heristal, mayor of the 
 palace in Austrasia, made himself practically ruler of both 
 kingdoms. His grandson, Pepin the Short, finally deposed 
 the Merovingians and caused himself to be crowned king 
 of the Franks in 751. 
 
 Merowig (mer'6-wig), or Merwig (mer'wig). 
 [L- Merovseus.'] An alleged chief or king of a 
 part of the Salian Franks, and grandfather of 
 Clovis. Some suppose Merowig or Merovseus to have 
 been the patronymic of the family or clan of Clovis, de- 
 rived from a more remote ancestor. 
 
 Merrick (mer'ik), James. Born at Reading, 
 Eng., 1720 : died there, 1769. An English poet. 
 He wrote sacred poems, and the “ Chameleon.” 
 Merrifield (mer ' i - feld), Charles Watkins. 
 Born at London or Brighton, Oct. 20,1827: died 
 at Brighton, Jan. 1, 1884. An English mathe- 
 matician. About 1867 he became principal of the Royal 
 School of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering at 
 South Kensington. Among his works are “ Miscellaneous 
 Memoirs on Pure Mathematics" (1861), and “Technical 
 Arithmetic ” (1872). He contributed numerous papers to 
 the “Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects.” 
 
 Merrilies(mer'i-lez), Meg. In Sir Walter Scott’s 
 novel ‘ ‘ Guy Mannering,” a weird and masculine 
 gipsy who is devoted to Bertram’s family, she 
 remonstrates in vain against the theft of Han-y Bertram, 
 and on his return helps him to his own at the cost of her 
 life. Charlotte Cushman was noted in this part in the 
 dramatization of the novel. 
 
 Merrimac, or Merrimack (mer'i-mak). Ariver 
 in New Hampshire and northeastern Massachu- 
 setts. It is formed by the junction of the Pemigewasset 
 and Winnepiseogee at Franklin, New Hampshire, andflows 
 into the Atlantic 4 miles east of Newburyport. It furnishes 
 water-power to Manchester, Nashua, Lowell, Lawrence, 
 etc. Length, about 120 miles (including the Pemigewasset, 
 about 90 miles) • 
 
 Merrimac. 1 . A 40-gun screw frigate built for 
 the United States government in 1855. On April 19, 
 1861, the Norfolk navy-yard was abandoned by the Federal 
 government, and the ships there, including the Merrimac, 
 were sunk. The hull was raised by the Confederates and 
 cut down to the berth-deck. On the midship section a 
 casemate of timber 170 feet long was built, protected by 
 a double iron plating 4 inches thick. The prow was of cast- 
 iron. She was named the Virginia, and was commanded 
 by Commodore Franklin Buchanan. On March 8, 1862, she 
 destroyed the Congress (a sailing ship of 50 guns) and the 
 Cumberland (a sailing ship of 30 guns) at Newport News. 
 On March 9 she attacked the Minnesota, and was met by 
 the Monitor, which had arrived the night before. The 
 battle lasted from 8 A. M. until noon, and resulted in favor 
 of the Monitor. See Monitor. 
 
 2. A collier suuk by Assistant Naval-Con- 
 structor Hobson June 3, 1898, in an attempt to 
 block the entrance to Santiago harbor. 
 
 Merriman, Henry Seton. The pseudonym of 
 Hugh S. Scott. 
 
 Merritt (mer'it), Wesley. Born at New York, 
 June 16, 1836: died at Natural Bridge, 
 Va., Dec. 3, 1910. An American general. He 
 was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 
 1860 ; promoted captain in 1862, and brigadier-general of 
 volunteers June 29, 1863; brevetted major-general of vol- 
 unteers Oct. 19, 1864, and major-general in the United 
 States army March 13, 1865 ; and appointed major-general 
 of volunteers April 1, 1865, brigadier-general April, 1887, 
 and major-general April, 1895. He was superintendent of 
 theU. S. Military Academy Sept., 1882, -June, 1887 ; and 
 commanded the Department of the Missouri 1887-91 and 
 1895-97, the Department of Dakota 1891-95, and the De- 
 partment of the East 1897-98. He was in command at the 
 capture of Manila, Aug. 13, 1898; retired June, 1900. 
 
 Merry (mer'i), Felix. A pseudonym of Evert 
 Augustus Duyckinck. 
 
 Merry, Robert. Born at London, April, 1755: 
 died at Baltimore, Md., Dec. 14, 1798. An Eng- 
 lish dilettante. He became a member of the English 
 Delia Cruscan Academy at Florence, and his pseudonym 
 “ Della Crusca ” gave its name to the school. His affected 
 and tasteless style is exhibited in the correspondence with 
 “Anna Matilda," which continued in the “World" till 
 1789, when the writers met and were disenchanted. (See 
 Anna Matilda.) The best and worst poems were collected 
 in the “British Album” in 1789. Gifford's “Baviad,” a 
 satire on it, sold a fourth edition of this in 1791. 
 
 Merry Dancers. A name given to tho aurora. 
 
 The meteoric rays which have given the name of the 
 “ Merry Dancers ” to the flickering Northern Lights. 
 
 lilton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 71. 
 
 Merry Devil of Edmonton, The. A comedy 
 
 Merton, Walter de 
 
 acted by the King’s Men at the Globe before 
 Oct. 22, 1607. Fleay believes from internal evidence 
 that this play was originally called “Sir John Oldcastle, ’ 
 and was written by Drayton for the Chamberlain’s Men 
 before Dec., 1597. A prose tract, “The Life and Death of 
 the Merry DevU of Edmonton, etc.,’’ was entered on the 
 4 ‘ Stationers' Register ’ ’ in 1608 by “T. B. ” (Thomas Brewer) . 
 The popularity of the comedy probably suggested this 
 tract, which does not cover quite the same ground. The 
 latter has, however, been ascribed to Tony (Antony) Brewer 
 on the strength of the initials in the above entry, the tract 
 having been confounded with the play. ( Bullen .) Theplay 
 has also been ascribed without reason to Shakspere, on the 
 authority of Kirkman the bookseller. 
 
 Merrygreek, or Merigreek (mer'i-grek), Mat- 
 thew. In Udall’s play “Ralph Roister Doister,” 
 a parasite and mischievous boon companion of 
 Ralph. He adroitly gets his own way by flattery 
 and abuse. 
 
 Merry Monarch, The. Charles II. of England. 
 Merrymount (mer 'i -mount). A settlement 
 within the present city of Quincy, Massachu- 
 setts, made by Thomas Morton and others in 
 1625. The Pilgrims of Plymouth dispersed it 
 in 1628, and it was again dispersed a few years 
 later. 
 
 Merry Wives of Windsor, The. A comedy by 
 Shakspere, produced about 1600. it was first printed 
 as we know it in the first folio, 1623. In 1602 an imperfect 
 and probably unauthorized version in quarto was printed 
 (reprinted in 1619). It seems to have been based on a 
 mangled repetition stolen from the theater, or else was hur- 
 riedly written by command. Rowe in 1709 says, probably 
 without foundation, that Queen Elizabeth was so pleased 
 with the Fal staff of “ Henry IV.” that she commanded Shak- 
 spere to show how he conducted himself when in love. 
 For the plot he was probably but little indebted to other 
 writers. “The Two Lovers of Pisa ’’from Straparola, in 
 Tarleton’s “ News Out of Purgatory ” (1590), and a story 
 from “11 Pecorone” of Ser Giovanni Fiorentino which 
 suggests the hiding of Falstaff in the soiled linen, may pos- 
 sibly have suggested some of the incidents. John Dennis 
 wrote a play, “The Comical Gallant, or the Amours of Sir 
 John Falstaff,” in 1702, in which “ The Merry Wives ’’ may 
 be recognized; and an opera, “Die lustigen Weiber von 
 Windsor,” by Otto Nicolai, words from Shakspere by Mo- 
 senthal, was produced at Berlin in 1849, at London in 1864, 
 and at Paris, as “ Les joyeuses commeres de Windsor. "in 
 1866. 
 
 Mers (mars). A sea-bathing resort, a suburb of 
 Le Treport, France, northeast of Dieppe. 
 Merscheid (mer'shit). A town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, 17 miles north by east of Co- 
 logne. Population, 17,865; commune, 24,257. 
 Since 1891 called Ohligs. 
 
 Merse (mers), The. the lower valley of the 
 Tweed, Scotland. 
 
 Merseburg (mer'ze-bora). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Saale 
 16 miles west of Leipsic. its chief buildings are the 
 cathedral and the castle. It was formerly noted for its beer. 
 It was one of the leading medieval German cities, the 
 seat of a bishopric from the 10th to the 16th century, and 
 of the dukes of Saxe-Merseburg from 1666 to 1738. Near 
 it Henry the Fowler won an important victory over the 
 Hungarians in 933. Population, commune, 20,024. 
 
 Mersenne (mer-sen'), Marin. Born at La Soul- 
 
 tiere, Maine, France, Sept. 8,1588: died at Paris, 
 Sept. 1,1648. A noted French theologian, mathe- 
 matician, and philosopher, a friend of Descartes. 
 He discovered the laws which show the dependence of the 
 time of vibration of a string upon its length, tension, and 
 density— namely, that the time varies directly as the length 
 and as the square root of the density, and inversely as the 
 square root of the tension. 
 
 Mersey (mer'zi). Ariver in England, itisformed 
 by the union of the Tame and Goyt near Stockport, and 
 flows by an estuary into the Irish Sea below Liverpool. 
 Length, 70 miles; navigable to the mouth of the Irwell. 
 
 Mertetefs (mer-te-tafs'). See the extract. 
 
 The oldest historical portrait-statue yet discovered is that 
 of Queen Mertetefs, wife of Seneferu, the last king of the 
 Third Dynasty, and wife, by her second marriage, toKhufu, 
 the first king of the Fourth Dynasty, who was no less fa- 
 mous a personage than the builder of the Great Pyramid. 
 The statue is one of a limestone group of three figures, 
 representing Queen Mertetefs, her Ka, and a priest named 
 Kennu, who was her private secretary. 
 
 Edwards, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 135. 
 
 Merthyr Tydfil, or Merthyr Tydvil (mfr'thcr 
 tid'vil; W. pron. mer'ther tud'vil). [Said to 
 have received its name from a martyred British 
 saint Tydfil ( mcrthyr — E. martyr).] A town 
 in Glamorganshire, South Wales, situated on 
 the Tail in lat. 51° 45' N., long. 3° 23' W. Its 
 importance is of modern growth. It is the center of an ex- 
 tensive coal region, and is noted for iron and steel manu- 
 factures. It returns 2 members to Parliament. Popula- 
 tion, 80,999, (1911). 
 
 Merton (mer'ton), Ambrose. A pseudonym of 
 W. J. Thoms, theeditorof “Notes and Queries.” 
 Merton, Lower. A village in Surrey, 10 miles 
 southwest of London. 
 
 Merton (mer'ton), Walter de. Died Oct. 27, 
 1277. Bishop of Rochester, and founder of Mer- 
 ton College, Oxford. He was educated at Oxford ; in 
 1261 was appointed chancellor; and was elected bishop of 
 Rochester in 1274. He originated the collegiate system 
 of the English universities by the establishment in 1264 of 
 
Merton, Walter de 
 
 Merton College, the “final statutes” of which date from 
 Aug.. 1274. The chapel of the college is marked by its large 
 square pinnacled Perpendicular tower : its choir was built 
 by the founder, and the remainder is of the early 15th cen- 
 tury. The library, as well as the college, has the distinc- 
 tion of being the oldest in England. The picturesque 
 inner quadrangle is Jacobean. The Meadow front of the 
 buildings, with their long range of gables, is characteristic. 
 
 This system (which has been beneficial in its effects 
 down to our own time, for many of our most distinguished 
 scholars entered the university as sizars) was part of the 
 deliberate purpose that animated the design of W alter de 
 Merton, who may be called the founder of the whole col- 
 legiate system. He sought to attract the most capable 
 men of all classes, and so to raise up secular schools which 
 should check the influence of the monasteries, and through 
 them of the pope. Clark, Cambridge, p. 36. 
 
 Meru (mer'o). In Hindu mythology, the cen- 
 tral mountain of the earth, of prodigious size 
 and precious material, having on its summit 
 the abode of the gods. 
 
 Merv (merv), or Merve. An oasis in Russian 
 central Asia, lying along the river Murgab 
 about lat. 37° 30' N., long. 62° E. Its inhabitants 
 
 are Tekke-Turkomans. From its strategic and commer- 
 cial position between Persia, Bokhara, and Herat it has 
 been important from remote times. It was conquered by 
 Alexander, and belonged successively to the Parthians, 
 Saracens, and Seljuks. It was ravaged by the Mongols in 
 1221. Later it belonged in turn to Uzbegs, Persians, and 
 Bokharans. The Russians overran and annexed it in 1883- 
 1884. It is now traversed by the Transcaspian Rail way. Pop- 
 ulation, about 120,000. The old city of Merv was formerly 
 a place of considerable size and importance. About 25 
 miles from it3 ruins is New Merv. Population, about9,000. 
 
 Merveilleuse (mer-va-yez'). [F., ‘marvelous.'] 
 The sword of Doolin of Mayence. 
 
 Merville (mer-vel'). A town in the department 
 of Nord, France, situated on the Lys 18 miles 
 west of Lille. Population, commune, about 
 8 , 000 . 
 
 Mery (ma-re'), Joseph. Born near Marseilles, 
 Jan. 21, 1798 : died at Paris, June 17, 1866. A 
 French litterateur. Among his numerous works are 
 novels, books of travel, plays, and poems. Conjointly 
 with Barth^lemy he wrote satirical verses. 
 
 Meryon (ma-rydn'), Charles. Born at Paris 
 in 1821 : died at Charenton, near Paris, in 1868. 
 A French etcher and engraver. Among his works 
 are “Le pont du change,” “La vieille morgue,” “Le petit 
 ont,” “ La rue de la Pirouette,” etc. 
 erzig (mert'siG). A small town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, situated on the Saar 20 miles 
 south by east of Treves. 
 
 Mesa. See Mesha. 
 
 MesartilO. (me-sar'tim). [Deriv. uncertain.] 
 A commonly used name for the 44-magnitude 
 double star y Arietis. 
 
 Mescala(mes-ka'la),orMexcala (mas-ka'la),or 
 Mercala ( mer-ka'lS), or Rio de las Balsas (re'o 
 da las bal'sas). A river in Mexico which flows 
 into the Pacific between the states of Michoa- 
 can and Guerrero. Length, 500 miles. 
 Mescaleros(mez"ka-la/ros). [Sp., ‘mescal peo- 
 ple,’ from their habit of eating mescal.] A 
 tribe of the Apache group of North American 
 Indians, north of San Carlos agency in 1883. 
 Meschede (mesh'a-de). A small town in the 
 province of Westphalia, Prussia, 10 miles east- 
 southeast of Arnsberg. 
 
 Mescua (mes'ko-a), Antonio Mirade. See the 
 
 extract. 
 
 Contemporary with these events and discussions lived 
 Antonio Mira de Mescua, well known from 1602 to 1635 as 
 a writer for the stage, and much praised by Cervantes and 
 LopedeVega. He was a native of Guadix in the kingdom 
 of Granada, and in his youth became archdeacon of its ca- 
 thedral; but in 1610 he was at Naples, attached to the 
 poetical court of the Count de Lemos, and in 1620 he 
 gained a prize in Madrid, where he died in 1636 while in 
 the office of chaplain to Philip the Fourth He wrote 
 secular plays, autos, and lyrical poetry. 
 
 Ticknor, Span. Lit., II. 329. 
 
 Mesembria. See Misivri. 
 
 Meseritz (ma'ze-rits). A town in the province 
 of Posen-Prussia, situated on the Obra 55 miles 
 west of Posen. Population, commune, 5,800. 
 Mesha (me'sha), or Mesa (me'zfi). [Heb./help/ 
 ‘ deliverance/] A king of Moab about 850 B. C. 
 He is mentioned in 2 Ki. iii. as having been subject to 
 the kings of Israel, but after Ahab's death he fell away. 
 Hereupon Joram, king of Israel, in alliance with Jehosh- 
 aphat, king of Judah, undertook an expedition against 
 him, and shut him up in Kir-Haresheth, situated a little 
 to the east of the southern end of the Dead Sea. In this 
 emergency Mesha sacrificed his first-born son to Chemosh. 
 The Israelites thereupon departed to their land. In 
 1868 a stele was discovered near Dibon, the ancient cap- 
 ital of Moab, on which Mesha had recorded this event. 
 It is written in the Moabite dialect, which only slightly 
 differs from Hebrew, with the ancient Hebrew charac- 
 ter, the so-called Samaritan or Phenician, and is the oldest 
 Semitic monument known. The stone, badly damaged, 
 is now in the Louvre at Paris. See Moabite Stone. 
 Mesha. See Mash. 
 
 Meshech. See Mushi. 
 
 Meshhed (mesh'hed), or Meshed (mesh'ed), or 
 Mashhad (mash'had). The capital of the 
 
 680 
 
 province of Khorasan, Persia, situated about 
 lat. 36° 18' N., long. 59° 35' E. it is a commercial 
 center, and a noted place of pilgrimage. The mosque con- 
 tains the Shiite shrine of the imam Riza. Population, 
 estimated, 60,000. 
 
 Meshhed- Ali (mesh'hed-a'le), or Nedjef. A 
 
 town in the vilayet of Bagdad, Asiatic Turkey, 
 97 miles south of Bagdad. It is a Shiite place of 
 pilgrimage, on account of the mosque containing the shrine 
 of Ali. Population, estimated, about 5,000. 
 
 Meshhed-Hussein. See Kerhela. 
 
 Meshtseraks (mesh-tse-raks'). A people of 
 Finnish origin, living in eastern Russia. They 
 are in part Russianized, in part (about 125,000) allied to 
 the Bashkirs in language and religion. 
 
 Meshtshovsk (mesh-ehofsk'). A town in the 
 government of Kaluga, Russia, 42 miles west- 
 southwest of Kaluga. Population, about 
 
 5.000. 
 
 Mesilla (ma-sel'ya). [Sp., ‘little mesa.’] A 
 town in southern New Mexico, on the Rio 
 Grande, founded about 1830. 
 
 Mesmer (mes'mer), Friedrich Anton. Bom 
 
 near Constance, Baden, May 23, 1733 : died at 
 Meersburg, Baden, March 5, 1815. A German 
 physician, originator of the theory of mesmer- 
 ism or animal magnetism. He studied divinity at 
 Dillingen and Ingolstadt, hut afterward studied medicine 
 at Vienna, where he took his degree in 1766. He began 
 about 1771 an investigation into the supposed curative 
 powers of the magnet, which led him to adopt the theory 
 of animal magnetism. This he made public in 1776 in a 
 pamphlet entitled “Sendsi hreiben an einen auswiirtigen 
 Arzt fiber die Magnetkur.” In 1778 he settled at Paris, 
 where he created a sensation as a practitioner of mesmer- 
 ism. In 1785 the French government appointed a com- 
 mission of eminent physicians and scientists to investi- 
 gate his system. An adverse report followed, and he fell 
 into disrepute and spent his last years at Meersburg. 
 
 Mesocco. See Misocco. 
 
 Mesolonghi. See Missolonghi. 
 
 Mesopotamia (mes^o-po-ta'ini-a). [Gr. Mecotro- 
 Ta/iia, the land between the rivers.] The great 
 plain between the Euphrates and Tigris : in the 
 Old Testament called Aram Naharaim. it is 
 usually divided into Upper Mesopotamia, covering ancient 
 Assyria, and Lower Mesopotamia, comprising ancient 
 Chaldea and Babylonia. It was conquered by Thothmes 
 
 111., Seti I., Rameses II., and other Egyptian monarchs, 
 and has belonged at different times to the Median, Per- 
 sian, Macedonian, Syrian, Parthian, Roman, New Persian, 
 Saracenic, and Turkish empires, and is now a Turkish 
 province with Bagdad as capital. See also Aram and 
 Babylon. 
 
 Mesopotamia, The Argentine. [Sp. Mesopo- 
 tamia Argentina .] A name ^frequently given 
 to that portion of the Argentine Republic which 
 lies between the rivers Parana and Uruguay. 
 It includes the provinces of Entre Rios and Corrientes and 
 the territory' of Missiones. 
 
 Mesrob (mes-roh'), or Miesrob (myes-roh'). 
 Lived in the 5th century a. D. A patriarch of 
 Armenia, a reputed founder of Armenian liter- 
 ature, who devised the Armenian alphabet of 
 36 letters, to which after his time two more were 
 added, and the Georgian alphabet of 39 or 40 
 letters, still in use. 
 
 Messala (me-sa'la), or Messalla (me-sal'la), 
 Corvinus Marcus Valerius. Lived in the 
 second half of the 1st century B. C. A Roman 
 general, official, orator, historian, and patron 
 of literature. 
 
 Messalina, or Messallina (mes-a-U'nfi), Vale- 
 ria. Executed 48 a. d. Wife of the emperor 
 Claudius. She was the daughter of Marcus Valerius 
 Messala Barbatus, and became the third wife of Claudius, 
 who afterward ascended the imperial throne. She was a 
 woman of infamous vices, and during a temporary absence 
 of her husband publicly married her favorite, C. Silius. 
 She was put to death by order of Claudius. 
 
 Messana (me-sa'na). An ancient name of Mes- 
 sina. 
 
 Messapia (me-sa'pi-a). [Gr. M coca-rvia.] In 
 ancient geography, the peninsula at the south- 
 eastern extremity of Italy: often used as synony- 
 mous with Calabria or Iapygia. 
 
 Messene (me-se'ne). [Gr. Msaar/vyJ] 1. Inancient 
 geography, a city in Messenia, Greece, on the 
 slope of Mt. Ithome in lat. 37° 11' N., long. 21° 
 56' E. It was founded as a fortress against Sparta, under 
 the influence of Epaminondas, in 369 B. c., and is noted now 
 for its extensive ruins at the modern village of Mavromati. 
 2. An ancient name of Messina. 
 
 Messenger (mes'en-jer). A gray thoroughbred 
 horse, by Mambrino, which was imported into 
 the United States from England about 1788. 
 
 All the main lines of trotting-horses except the Morgans 
 and Clays are derived from him. The Hambletonians trace 
 directly to him by way of Hambletonian (10), Abdallah, 
 and Mambrino. 
 
 Messenia (me-se'ni-a). [Gr. Meccrrjvia.] 1. In an- 
 cient geography, a division of the Peloponnesus. 
 It was bounded by Elis and Arcadia on the north, Laconia 
 (separated by Mount Taygetus) on the east, and the sea on 
 the south and west. It contained the fertile valley of the 
 Paralsus ; was early settled by Dorians ; was at war with 
 
 Messina 
 
 Sparta from about 743 to 724 B. c., and was subjugated ; 
 attempted unsuccessfully to shake off the Spartan yoke 
 about 648-631 ; had its independence restored 369 B. c. ; 
 and was annexed to Rome about 146 B. C. 
 
 2. A nomarchy of modern Greece, situated be- 
 tween Triphylia and Lacedcemon. Area, 667 
 square miles. Population, 127,991. 
 
 Messenia, or Koron (ko'ron), Gulf of. An inlet 
 of the Mediterranean, south and east of Messe- 
 nia, Greece. 
 
 Messer (mes'er), Asa. Born at Methuen, Mass., 
 1769: died at Providence, R. I., Oct. 11, 1836. 
 An American educator, president of Brown 
 University 1802-27. 
 
 Messiah (me-si'a). [Heb., ‘anointed’ ; Gr. M ta- 
 aiar.] A designation of Jesus as the Saviour of 
 the world; the Hebrew equivalent of Christ, 
 the Anointed: from prophetic passages in the 
 Hebrew Scriptures (where, except in two in- 
 stances in Daniel, it is translated Anointed, 
 often as a norm) interpreted by Jesus and by 
 Christians as referring to him and universal in 
 scope, but regarded by the Jews as promising a 
 divinely sent deliverer for their own race. This 
 belief in a coming Messiah is still held as a doctrine by 
 many Jews; and at various periods of the Christian era 
 impostors have assumed the name and character, and have 
 had many adherents. The title is also applied figuratively 
 to historical characters who have been great deliverers. 
 Sometimes written, after the Greek of the New Testament, 
 Messias. 
 
 The connection of ideas in this prophecy is so clear, and 
 it sets forth with so much completeness Isaiah's whole view 
 of Jehovah's purpose towards Judah, that we may regard 
 it as a typical exampleof what is usually called Messianic 
 prediction. The name Messiah is never used in the Old Tes- 
 tament in that special sense which we are accustomed to as- 
 sociate with it. The Messiah (with the article and no other 
 word in apposition) is not an Old Testament phrase at all, 
 and the word Messiah (Mashlah), or “anointed one," in the 
 connection “Jehovah’s anointed one” is no theological 
 term, but an ordinary title of the human king whom J eho- 
 vah has set over Israel. Thus the usual way in which the 
 time of Israel’s redemption and final glory is called the 
 Messianic time is incorrect and misleading. So long as 
 the Hebrew kingdom lasted, every king was “Jehovah's 
 anointed,” and it was only after the Jews lost their inde- 
 pendence that the future restoration could he spoken of 
 in contrast to the present as the days of the Messiah. To 
 Isaiah the restoration of Israel is not the commencement 
 but the continuation of that personal sovereignty of Jeho- 
 vah over His people of which the Davidic king was the 
 recognised representative. As the holy seed whicli re- 
 peoples the land after the work of judgment is done is a 
 fresh growth from the ancient stock of the nation (vi. 13), 
 so too the new Davidic kingship is a fresh outgrowth of 
 the old stem of Jesse. W e are apt to think of the Messiah 
 as an altogether new and miraculous dispensation. That 
 was not Isaiah's view. The restoration of Jerusalem is a 
 return to an old state of things, interrupted by national 
 sin. W. Ii. Smith, Prophets of Israel, p. 802. 
 
 Messiah, The. 1. A sacred pastoral hv Pope, 
 published in the “Spectator” May 14, i712. 
 
 Technically this is one of the most faultless of Pope's 
 writings. . . . This poem is marked by the broken pause 
 and by the use of alexandrines — features which he had 
 hitherto eschewed. The Messiah is a dexterous cento of 
 passages from Isaiah foretelling the advent of Christ. 
 Wordsworth has attacked it with great severity, and it no 
 longer holds its former popularity. 
 
 Gosse, Eighteenth-Century Literature, p. 115. 
 
 2. An oratorio by Handel, composed in 1741 
 (first produced at Dublin in 1742). The words are by 
 Charles Jennens from the Scriptures. Mozart composed 
 additional accompaniments to it in 1789. Probably no 
 musical composition has created such lasting and deep 
 enthusiasm. 
 
 Messias ( The Messiah ) . An epic poem by Klop- 
 Stock, in 20 cantos. The first 3 cantos were published 
 in 1748 in the “Bremer Beitrage,” but he did not finish it 
 till 1773. The model before him was Milton's “Paradise 
 Lost," but he did not profit sufficiently by his example. 
 The poem suffers from excess of sentiment, and the lyric 
 quality is more nearly related to the religious oratorios 
 than to a genuine epic. 
 
 Messidor (mes-si-dor'). [F., fromL. messis, har- 
 vest, and Gr. diopov, a gift.] The name adopted 
 in 1793 by the National Convention of the first 
 French republic for the tenth month of the 
 year. It consisted of 30 days, beginning in the 
 years 1 to 7 with June 19, and in 8 to 13 with 
 June 20. 
 
 Messin, Pays (pa-e' me-san'). An ancient dis- 
 trict of eastern France, whose chief town was 
 Metz. With Verdunois it formed one of the 
 small governments of France prior to 1790. 
 Messina (mes-se'na). 1. A province in Sicily, 
 Italy. Area, 1,245 square miles. Population, 
 498,246. — 2. The capital of the province of Mes- 
 sina, a seaport, situated on the Strait of Messi- 
 na in lat. 38° 12' N., long. 15° 34' E.: the ancient 
 Messana. and earlier Zancle. It had an excellent 
 harbor and a fine situation ; was the second commercial 
 place in Sicily; and exported fruit, olive-oil, wine, silk, etc. 
 It had a cathedral and a university. It was founded by 
 Chalcidians and others, and received a colony of Messe- 
 nians ; was destroyed by the Carthaginians and rebuilt by 
 Dionysius ; came under the rule of the Mamertlnes in 282 
 B. C. ; gave rise to the first Punic war and was annexed by 
 Rome ; passed successively to the Saracens, Normans, 
 
Messina 
 
 Hohenstaufen, and Spaniards ; suffered from the strife 
 between the French and Spaniards in 1672-78, from the 
 plague in 1743, and from an earthquake in 1783 ; was bom- 
 barded in 1848; was the last Sicilian Btronghold of the 
 Neapolitans against Garibaldi in 1860-61, and was totally 
 destroyed by an earthquake, Dec. 28, 1908. 
 
 Messina, strait of. A strait in the Mediterra- 
 nean, separating Sicily from the mainland of 
 Italy : the ancient Pretum Sieulum. Width in 
 narrowest part, 2^ miles. 
 
 Messkirch (mes'kirch), or Mosskirch (mes'- 
 kirch). A small town in Baden, 24 miles north 
 of Constance. Near it, May 5, 1800, the French under 
 Moreau defeated the Austrians under Kray. 
 
 Meston (mes'ton), William. Born in Aber- 
 deenshire about 1688: died at Aberdeen, 1745. 
 A Scottish burlesque poet. He was educated at 
 Marischal College, Aberdeen, of which he became a regent 
 in 1715. His poems are mostly imitations of Butler's 
 “ Hudibras.” Among them are “TheKnightof the Kirk” 
 (1723), “ Mob contra Mob " (1731), “ Old Mother Grim's 
 Tales " (1737), etc. 
 
 Mestre (mes'tre). A town in the province of 
 Venice, Italy, 6 miles northwest of Venice. 
 Mesurado (mes-6-ra'dd), Cape. A headland on 
 the coast of Liberia, Africa, situated in lat. 6° 
 19' N., long. 10° 50' W. 
 
 Mesz^ros (ma'sa-rosh), Laz&r. Bom at Baja, 
 Hungary, Feb. 20, 1796 : died at Eywood, Here- 
 fordshire, England, Nov. 16, 1858. A Hunga- 
 rian revolutionary general and politician. He 
 was minister of war 1848-49, and succeeded Gor- 
 gey as commander-in-chief in 1849. 
 
 Meta (ma'ta). A small town in the province of 
 Naples, Italy, east of Sorrento. 
 
 Meta. A river in Colombia and Venezuela, 
 which joins the Orinoco about lat. 6° 15' N., 
 long. 67° 45' W. Length, about 750 miles; 
 navigable for about 400 miles. 
 
 Metamneh (me-tam'na), or Metemneh (me- 
 tem'na). A place in Nubia, onthe Nile, opposite 
 Shendy, about lat. 16° 41' N. It was the objec- 
 tive point of Stewart’s division of Wolseley’s 
 relief expedition in 1885. 
 
 Metamorphoses (met-a-mor'fo-sez). A poeti- 
 cal work by Ovid, based on the principal classi- 
 cal legends. 
 
 Metaphysical School of Poets, The. A name 
 wrongly given by Dr. Johnson to Donne, Cow- 
 ley, and other poets of the 17th century, who 
 were noted for fantastic language and strained 
 style. 
 
 Metaphysics (met - a - fiz ' iks) of Aristotle. 
 [From the Greek title tuv yera ra (pvciKa A-N, 
 ‘ The (Books) after the Physics, 1-50,’ probably 
 given by Andronicus of Rhodes, in the 1st cen- 
 tury B. C., to a group of Aristotelian books not 
 designed as a connected treatise.] A cele- 
 brated work by Aristotle. It consists of 13 books, 
 more or less disconnected and imperfect, dealing with the 
 doctrines of his predecessors and with various metaphys- 
 ical topics. 
 
 Metapontom (met-a-pon'tum), or Metapon- 
 tium (met-a-pon'sEi-um). [Gr. Merandvriov.'] 
 In ancient geography, a city in southern Italy, 
 situated on the Gulf of Tarentum 25 miles south- 
 west of Tarentum. It was one of the flourishing 
 cities of Magna Gracia. Pythagoras died here. Near the 
 modern Torremare are the ruins of a temple of Apollo, 
 Greek Doric of the 5th century B. c., hexastyle, peripteral, 
 with sculptured metopes ; and of a temple called the Ta- 
 vola dei Paladini, Greek Doric of about 600 B. c., hexastyle, 
 with 12 columns on the flanks. 
 Metastasio(ma-tas-ta'ze-o): the assumed name 
 of Pietro Antonio Domenico Bonaventura 
 Trapassi. Bom at Rome. Jan. 3, 1698 : died at 
 Vienna, April 12, 1782. A noted Italian poet, 
 court poet at Vienna 1730-82. He was the author 
 of numerous lyric dramas (various composers supplying 
 the music for each) : “ Didone abbandonata ” (1724), “ Ca- 
 tone in Utica,” “ Ezio,” “ Semiramide, ' “Alessandro nell’ 
 Indie,” “Artaserse,” “Deraetrio," “Adriano in Siria,” 
 “ Olimpiade,” “ Demofoonte," “La clemenza di Tito" 
 (1734), “Achille in Sciro,” “Antigone,” “II trionfo di Cle- 
 lia, ” “ Partenope," etc. He also wrote poems for cantatas, 
 oratorios, etc. Burney wrote his memoirs (1796). 
 Metauro (ma-tou'ro). A small river in Italy, 
 which flows into the Adriatic 28 miles north- 
 west of Ancona: the ancient Metaurus. The bat- 
 tle of the Metaurus was a victory gained at the river, south 
 of Rimini, in 207 B. C., by the Romans under the consuls 
 Livius and Nero over the Carthaginians under Hasdrubal. 
 Nero had eluded Hannibal in southern Italy, and made a 
 forced march of 250 miles with 7,000 men. Hasdrubal 
 was slain, and his army nearly annihilated. This victory 
 is ranked as one of the decisive battles of the world. 
 
 Metcalfe (met'kaf), Charles Theophilus, 
 
 Baron Metcalfe. Bom in Calcutta, Jan. 30, 1785: 
 died near Basingstoke, Hampshire, Sept. 5, 1846. 
 A British administrator. He was provisional gover- 
 nor-general of British India 1835-36 ; lieutenant-governor 
 of the Northwest Provinces 1836-38 ; governor of Jamaica 
 1839-42 ; and governor-general of Canada 1843-45. 
 
 Metcalfe, Frederick. Born 1815 : died Aug. 24, 
 1885. An English Scandinavian scholar. Ho 
 VI. 23 
 
 681 
 
 published “The Oxonian in Norway ” (1856), “The Oxo- 
 nian in Thelemarken " (1858), “ A History of German Lit- 
 erature ” (1858), “ The Oxonian in Iceland ” (1861), etc. 
 
 Metellus (me-tel'us), Lucius Csecilius. Died 
 about 221 b. c. A Roman general. As pro- 
 consul he defeated the Carthaginians at Panor- 
 mus in 250. 
 
 Metellus, Quintus Caecilius, sumamed Mace- 
 donicus (‘the Macedonian’). Died 115 b. c. 
 A Roman general. As pretor he was distinguished 
 for his victories in Macedonia and Greece 148-146 B. c. 
 He was consul in 143, and censor in 131. 
 
 Metellus, Quintus Caecilius, sumamed Nu- 
 midicus (‘the Numidian’). Died 99 B. c. A 
 Roman general, nephew of Metellus Mace- 
 donicus. As consul and proconsul he defeated 
 Jugurtha in Numidia 109 and 108 B. c. 
 Metellus, Quintus Csecilius, sumamed Pius. 
 Died about 64 B. c. A Roman general, son of 
 Metellus Numidicus. He was commander under Sulla 
 in the civil wars ; was consul in 80 B. C.; and commanded 
 later in Spain against Sertorius. 
 
 Metellus, Quintus Csecilius, sumamed Creti- 
 CUS (‘the Cretan’). Died probably about 56 
 B. c. A Roman general. He was consul in 69, 
 and subdued Crete 68-67. 
 
 Metellus Celer (se'ler), Quintus Csecilius. 
 Died 59 B. C. A Roman statesman. He was 
 pretor in 63 ; opposed the conspiracy of Catiline ; 
 and was consul in 60. 
 
 Metellus Nepos (ne'pos), Quintus Csecilius. 
 
 Died about 55 b. c. A partizan of Pompey, 
 tribune in 62, and consul in 57. 
 
 Metellus Pius Scipio (pi'us sip'i-o), Quintus 
 Csecilius. Committed suicide 46 b. c. A son 
 of Scipio Nasica, and adopted son of Metellus 
 Pius. He was consul with Pompey in 52 B. c., 
 and Pompeian commander in Syria and Egypt. 
 Metemneh. See Metamneh. 
 
 Meteora (me-ta'6-ra). [From Gr. yereoipog, 
 lofty.] A group of monasteries, built on nearly 
 perpendicular rocks, 14 miles northwest of Tri- 
 kala, Thessaly. 
 
 Methodius (me-tho'di-us). Died 885. Brother 
 of Cyril, and co-laborer with him as missionary 
 among the Slavic peoples in the Danube basin : 
 called “the Apostle of the Slavs.” 
 
 Methow (met-hou'). A tribe of North Ameri- 
 can Indians which occupied the drainage-area 
 of Lake Chelan and that of the Methow and 
 Enteeatook rivers, in what is now Okanogan 
 County, Washington. See Salishan. 
 
 Methuen (me-thii'en). A town in Essex County, 
 Massachusetts, 27 miles north by west of Bos- 
 ton. Population, 11,448, (1910). 
 
 Methuen Treaty. A commercial treaty be- 
 tween England and Portugal, negotiated in 
 1703 by Paul Methuen. Portuguese wines imported 
 into England were admitted for one third less duty than 
 French wines. 
 
 Methusael (me-thu'sa-el). [Heb., ‘ man of God.’] 
 One of the patriarchs of the race of Cain, fa- 
 ther of Lamech. 
 
 Methuselah (me-thu'se-la). [Heb., ‘man of 
 the dart ’(?),] According to the account in 
 Genesis, the son of Enoch. He died at the age 
 of 969 years, the oldest man mentioned in the 
 Bible. 
 
 Methymna (me-thim'na). [Gr. Mr/dv/iva.] In 
 ancient geography, a city in Lesbos. 
 
 Metidja (ma-te'ja). A fertile plain in Algeria, 
 south and southwest of Algiers. 
 
 Metis (me'tis). [Gr. M yrzc.] 1. In Greek mythol- 
 ogy, a goddess personifying prudence, daughter 
 of Oceanus and Tethys, and first wife of Zeus. 
 — 2. The ninth of the planetoids in the order 
 of discovery, first observed by Graham at Mark- 
 ree, Ireland, in April, 1848. 
 
 Metkovic (met'ko-vich). A town on the fron- 
 tier of Dalmatia and Herzegovina, 37 miles 
 north of Ragusa. Population, commune, 5,723, 
 (1910). 
 
 Meton (me'ton). [Gr. M trow.] A Greek of the 
 5th century b. c., the discoverer of the Metonic 
 cycle. See the extract. 
 
 Meton 's cycle was corrected a hundred years later (330 
 B. C.) by Calippus, who discovered the error of it by ob- 
 serving an eclipse of the moon six years before the death 
 of Alexander. In this corrected period, four cycles of 19 
 years were taken, and a day left out at the end of the 76 
 years, in order to make allowance for the hours by which, 
 as already observed, 6,94p days are greater than 19 years 
 and than 235 lunations : and this Calippic period is used in 
 Ptolemy’s Almagest in stating observations of eclipses. 
 
 Whewell , Ind. Sciences, 1. 130. 
 
 Metopes from the Temple of Hera at Selinus. 
 
 Four metopes in the Museo Nazionale, Palermo, 
 Sicily, representing Hercules fighting an Ama- 
 zon, Zeus and Hera, Actaaon and Artemis, and 
 Athene and Enceladus. They date from about the 
 
 Meulen 
 
 middle of the 5th century B. c., and display consummate 
 knowledge of the human form. They are earlier in style 
 than the Parthenon marbles. 
 
 Metopes from Temple C at Selinus. Three 
 metopes in the Museo Nazionale, Palermo, Si- 
 cily. They are a quadriga with three personages (Helios 
 and Hours'?), Perseus slaying Medusa,and Hercules bearing 
 off theCercopes. The style is highly archaic. These met- 
 opes are assigned to the end of the 7th century B. c., and 
 as early Dorian sculpture are artistically important. 
 
 Metropolitan Museum of Art. An institu- 
 tion organized in 1870, and afterward incor- 
 porated, having for its object the collection of 
 works of art and the promotion of art culture 
 in New York city. It is situated in Central Park, op- 
 posite East 82d street. The building was inaugurated 
 in 1880, and a new wing was added in 1908. Near it 
 stands the Egyptian obelisk known as Cleopatra's Needle. 
 
 Metsu. See Metzu. 
 
 Metsys. See Massys. 
 
 Metternich-Winneburg (met'ter-nieh-vin'ne- 
 borG), Prince Clemens Wenzel Nepomuk 
 Lothar von. Born at Coblenz, Prussia, May 
 15, 1773: died at Vienna, June 11, 1859. An 
 Austrian statesman and diplomatist. He became 
 minister at Dresden in 1801, at Berlin in 1803, and at Pa- 
 ris in 1806 ; was appointed minister of foreign affairs in 
 1809, and chancellor in 1821 ; and was chief minister 1809- 
 1848. He was the leader of the reactionary party in Eu- 
 rope 1815-48; was prominent at the Congress of Vienna 
 1814-15 ; and was overthrown by the disturbances of 1848. 
 His memoirs (8 vols.) were published 1880-84. 
 
 Metternich-Winneburg, Prince Richard 
 Clemens Lothar Hermann von. Born Jan. 
 7, 1829 : died at Vienna, March 1, 1895. An Aus- 
 trian diplomatist, son of C. W. N. L. von Metter- 
 nich. He was ambassador at Paris 1859-71. 
 Mettmann (met'miin). A town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, 22 miles north of Cologne. 
 Population, commune. 9,495. 
 
 Mettray (met-ra'). An agricultural peniten- 
 tiary establishment for juvenile criminals, 6 
 miles north of Tours, France, on the Choisille : 
 founded by Demetz in 1840. 
 
 Metz (mets). The capital of Lorraine, Alsace- 
 Lorraine, Germany, situated at the junction of 
 the Seille with the Moselle, in lat. 49° 7' N., 
 long. 6° 11' E. : the ancient Mediomatrica and 
 Roman Divodurum. It is one of the strongest for- 
 tresses in Europe, with a large garrison, and is of great 
 strategic importance. Its commerce is considerable. The 
 cathedral is a beautiful light Pointed structure of the 
 14th century, with two towers of openwork flanking the 
 nave, one of them crowned with a slender spire. The in- 
 terior is 370 feet long and 141 high. There are practically 
 no walls : the architecture constitutes merely frames for 
 the splendid windows. The town has a museum, and is 
 the seat of several learned societies. A large colony of 
 Germans has recently settled there. Metz was an impor- 
 tant Gallic town and Roman fortress ; was plundered by 
 the Vandals and Huns ; was the capital of Austrasia ; and 
 later was a free imperial city. The latter part of the 
 “Golden Bull" was issued there in 1356. It was seized 
 by France in 1552 and annexed; was defended against 
 Charles V. 1552-53; was formally ceded to France in 
 1648 ; and figured very prominently in the Franco-German 
 war 1870-71. (See Metz, Siege of.) Pop., commune, 60,419. 
 
 Metz, Bishopric of. A medieval bishopric, 
 around Metz. It was taken by France in 1552, 
 and formally ceded to France in 1648. 
 
 Metz, Siege of. 1 . A noted siege by Charles V. 
 which occurred 1552-53, when the city was suc- 
 cessfully defended by the French under the 
 Duke of Guise. — 2. The investment by the Ger- 
 man army, as a result of the battles of Cour- 
 eelles, Vionville, and Gravelotte, Aug. 14-18, 
 1870, of Bazaine’s army in Metz. On Oct. 27 
 Bazaine surrendered the fortress and 173,000 
 men to Prince Frederick Charles. See Bazaine. 
 Metzingen (met'sing-en). A town in the Black 
 Forest circle, Wiirtemberg, situated on the 
 Erms 17 miles south-southeast of Stuttgart. 
 Population, commuue, 5,856. 
 
 Metzu (met'zii), or Metsu (met'sii), Gabriel. 
 Born at Leyden about 1630: died at Amsterdam, 
 Oct. 22, 1667. A noted Dutch genre- and por- 
 trait-painter. He studied with Gerard Douw, or was 
 influenced by him. In 1650 he settled in Amsterdam, and 
 received the freedom of the city in 1659. Among his works 
 are “ Music Lesson " (National Gallery), “ Gentleman play- 
 ing Violoncello” (Buckingham Palace), “Sleeping Hunts- 
 man,” “Corset Bleu,” “Corset Rouge," etc., all owned in 
 London. There are also specimens of his work in all the 
 famous galleries on the Continent. 
 
 Meudon (me-don'). A town in the department 
 of Seine-et-Oise, France, 5 miles west-south- 
 west of Paris, its castle, long a royal residence, was 
 destroyed in the siege of 1870-71. Population, commune, 
 10,289. 
 
 Meulebeke (md'le-ba-ko). A town in the prov- 
 ince of West Flanders, Belgium, 20 miles west- 
 southwest of Ghent. Population, 9,425. 
 
 Meulen (mAlen), Antoine Francois van der. 
 
 Bom at Brussels, Jan. 11, 1632: died at Paris, 
 Oct. 15, 1690. A French battle-painter. 
 
Meung-sur-Loire 
 
 Meung-sur-Loire (mun'siir-lwar'). A town in 
 the department of Loiret, France, on the Loire 
 11 miles west-southwest of Orleans. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 3,048. 
 
 Meursius (mer'se-os), Johannes, surnamed 
 “The Elder”: Latinized from Jan de Meurs. 
 Born at Loosduinen, near The Hague, Feb. 9, 
 1579: died at Soroe, Denmark, Sept. 20, 1639. 
 A Dutch classical philologist and antiquarian. 
 Meurthe (inert), i. A river in eastern France 
 which joins the Moselle at Frouard, northwest 
 of Nancy. Length, 100 miles. — 2. A former 
 department of northeastern France. Part was 
 ceded to Germany in 1871 : the remainder forms part of 
 the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle. 
 
 Meurthe-et-Moselle (mert'a-mo-zel'). A de- 
 partment of northeastern France. Capital, 
 Nancy. It is bounded by Belgium and Luxemburg on 
 the north, German Lorraine on the northeast and east, 
 Vosges on the south, and Meuse on the west. It belongs 
 to the Moselle basin ; is an important manufacturing de- 
 partment ; and is the leading department in the production 
 of iron and salt. The department consists of territory com- 
 prised formerly in Lorraine and the bishoprics of Metz, 
 Toul, and Verdun. It was formed in 1871 from parts of the 
 former departments of Meurthe and Moselle. Area, 2,036 
 square miles. Population, 517,508. 
 
 Meuse (muz ; F. pron. mez), D. Maas (mas). A 
 river in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands: 
 the Roman Mosa. It rises in the plateau of Langres, de- 
 partment of Haute- llarne ; unites with the Waal ; divides 
 at Dordrecht into two arms ; and flows into the North Sea. 
 Its chief tributaries are the Chiers, Semoy, Sambre, Ourthe, 
 and Roer ; the chief cities on it are V erdun, Sedan, Mezieres, 
 NSmur, Lifege, Maestricht, Roermond, Venloo, Gorkum, 
 Dordrecht, and Rotterdam. Length, 500 miles ; navigable 
 from Verdun. 
 
 Meuse. A department of northeastern France, 
 formed from parts of the ancient Lorraine. 
 Capital, Bar-le-Duc. it is bounded by Ardennes and 
 Luxemburg on the north, Meurthe-et-Moselle on the east, 
 Vosges and Haute-Marne on the south, and Marne and 
 Ardennes on the west. It is traversed by the river Meuse, 
 andcontains ranges of the Ardennes and Argonnes. Itlias 
 considerable mineral wealth, and flourishing manufac- 
 tures ; and the rearing of live stock is an important indus- 
 try. Area, 2,408 square miles. Population, 280,220. 
 Mewar. See Udaipur. 
 
 Mexicans, Ancient. See Aztecas and Nalmas. 
 Mexican War. A war between the United 
 States and Mexico, occasioned by the annexa- 
 tion of Texas in 1845. War was declared in May, 
 1846, and General Taylor won the battles of Palo Alto 
 May 8 and Resaca de la Palma May 9, and forced Monterey 
 to surrender Sept, 24, 1840. On Feb. 23, 1847, he gained the 
 victory of Buena Vista. The next month General Scott 
 took Vera Cruz, and thence marched on Mexico. He won 
 the battle of Gerro Gordo April 18 ; the battles of Contre- 
 ras and Churubuseo Aug. 20, Molino del Rey Sept. 8, and 
 ChapultepecSept. 13 ; and entered the city of Mexico Sept. 
 14, 1847. Other events were the reduction of California by 
 Fremont and Stockton, and the long marches of Kearny 
 and Doniphan. Tne war was ended Feb. 2, 1848, by the 
 treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (which see). 
 
 Mexico (mek'si-ko; Sp. pron. ma/He-ko), F. 
 Mexique (meks-ek'), officially Estados Uni- 
 dos Mexicanos. A republic of North Amer- 
 ica, extending from about lat. 15° to 32° 42' 
 N., long. 86° 40° to 117° 10' W. Capital, Mex- 
 ico. It is bounded by the United States on the north, 
 the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea on the east, British 
 Houduras, Guatemala, and the Pacific Ocean on the south, 
 and the Pacific Ocean on the west. It comprises, besides 
 the main portion, the peninsulas of Lower California and 
 Yucatan. The surface is generally a table-land traversed 
 by high mountain-ranges. The leading mineral products 
 are silver, gold, copper, and lead. The chief occupations 
 are agriculture and the raising of live stock (in the north), 
 the chief agricultural products being sugar, maize, coffee, 
 tobacco, hemp, etc. It is divided into 27 states, 1 federal 
 district, and 3 territories. The government is republican 
 (largely modeled on that of the United States), with a 
 president as executive, and a congress (senate of 2 mem- 
 bers from each state and the federal district, and lower 
 house of 1 member from every 40,000 inhabitants). The in- 
 habitants are chiefly creoles (of Spanish descent), Indians, 
 and mixed races (including Mestizos, Zambos, etc.). The 
 prevailing language is Spanish ; the prevailing religion, 
 Roman Catholic. The early inhabitants were Aztecs and 
 other native races. The following are the leading histori- 
 cal events : invasion of Cortes 1519 ; conquest of the capital 
 1521; the country made a Spanish colony under the name 
 of New Spain (a viceroyalty after 1535) ; revolution under 
 Hidalgo begun 1810 ; partially suppressed 1815 ; guerrilla 
 warfare until the revolution under Iturbide in 1821 ; last 
 Spanish viceroy deposed 1821 ; empire under Iturbide 1822- 
 1823; secession of Texas 1836; war with the United States 
 1846-48 (see Guadalupe- Hidalgo) ; frequent changes of gov- 
 ernmentforsome time ; foreign intervention 1861 ; war with 
 France commenced in 1862 ; empire under Maximilian (up- 
 held by French troops) 1864-67 ; French troops withdrawn 
 1867 ; restoration of the republic 1867 ; revolution under 
 Madero 1910-11. Area, 767,005 sq. m. Pop., 15,063,207. 
 Mexico. A state in the interior of the republic 
 of Mexico. Capita], Toluca. The Federal District 
 of 473 square miles, containing the City of Mexico, has been 
 separated from it. Area, 9,247 sq.m. Pop., 975,019, (1910). 
 
 Mexico. The capital of the republic of Mexico, 
 situated in the Federal District (473 square 
 miles in extent) iu the valley of Mexico, in lat. 
 19° 25' 45" N., long. 99° 7' 18" W., about 7,400feet 
 above sea-level. It is the largest city of Mexico, and 
 
 682 
 
 the finest in Spanish America. It is built in the form of 
 a square, and contains a cathedral (a large Renaissance 
 building founded in 1573) , a national library, museum, and 
 picture-gallery, and various educational institutions and 
 learned societies. It was founded by the Aztecs about 
 1325 ; was besieged, taken, and destroyed by the Spaniards 
 in 1521 ; has been several times inundated ; and has been 
 the scene of various revolutions. Battles were fought near 
 it between the Mexicans and Americans in 1847, and it was 
 occupied by the Americans in 1847-48. The city was for- 
 merly situated, on islands, within the confines of Lake Tez- 
 cuco. Its ancient name was Tenochtitlan. Population, 
 470,659, (1910X 
 
 Mexico, Gulf of. A large gulf of the Atlantic, 
 lying south of the United States and east of 
 Mexico. It communicates with the Atlantic on the east 
 by Florida Strait, and with the Caribbean Sea southeast by 
 the Channel of Yucatan, and receives the Mississippi, Rio 
 Grande, and other large rivers. Length (east to west), 
 about 1,000 miles ; width (north to south), about 800 miles. 
 
 Mexico, Valley of. An inclosed basin of the 
 Mexican plateau, in which the city of Mexico 
 is situated. It is about 60 miles long by 40 miles wide, 
 and 7,400 feet in average elevation above the sea, and 
 shows many evidences of volcanic action. It contains 
 5 principal lakes; Xochimilco, Chaleo, Tezcuco, Xaltocan, 
 andZumpango. At the time of the conquest these appear 
 to have been much more extensive than at present and 
 nearly confluent, entirely surrounding the city pf Mexico 
 or Tenochtitlan, which was reached by causeways. 
 
 Mextli, or Mexitl, or Mecitl. See Huitzilo- 
 poclitli. 
 
 Meyer (ml'er), Ernst. [The common G. sur- 
 name Meyer means ‘steward/ ‘bailiff'; = E. 
 mayor , formerly maire, ult. from L. major.'] Born 
 at Altona, May 11, 1797 : died at Rome, Feb. 1, 
 1861. A genre-painter, pupil of the Copen- 
 hagen Academy, and of Cornelius at Munich. 
 Many of his works are Italian in subject. 
 
 Meyer, Felix. Born at Winterthur, Switzer- 
 land, Feb. 6, 1653: died near Husen, 1713. A 
 Swiss landscape-painter, regarded as the head 
 of that class. 
 
 Meyer, Georg Friedrich. Born at Mannheim, 
 1735 : died at Ermenonville, Oise, France, 1809. 
 A genre- and landscape-painter, pupil of Daniel 
 Hien. Helived for a short time with lean Jacques Rous- 
 seau in the park of M. de Girardin at Ermenonville. 
 
 Meyer, Hans. Born at Hildburghausen, Ger- 
 many, 1858. An African explorer. He traveled 
 in America, Asia, and Polynesia ; visited South Africa 
 in 1886 ; explored German East Africa in 1887 ; and as- 
 cended Kilimanjaro to 5,700 meters. On anew expedition 
 he was made prisoner by the Arabs, but was ransomed. 
 In 1889, accompanied by the Austrian alpinist Purtschel- 
 ler, he scaled the summit of Kibo, the highest peak of 
 Kilimanjaro, to the height of 6,000 meters, and discovered 
 its crater and glacier. He wrote “ Eine Weitreise ”(1885), 
 “ Zum Schneedom des Kilima-Ndscharo ” (1888). 
 
 Meyer, Heinrich August Wilhelm. Born at 
 Gotha, Germany, Jan. 10, 1800: died June, 1873. 
 A German exegete, author of a commentary on 
 the New Testament (1832-47). 
 
 Meyer, Johann Georg, called Meyer von Bre- 
 men. Born at Bremen, Germany, Oct. 28, 1813 : 
 died there, Dec. 3, 1886. A noted German genre- 
 painter. He studied at Diisseldorf with Karl Sohn and 
 Schadow, moved to Berlin in 1852, and was made professor 
 there in 1863. Ilis pictures of children are among his best 
 productions. Many of them are in the United States. 
 
 Meyer, Johann Heinrich. Born at Stafa, Swit- 
 zerland, March 16, 1759 ; died at Weimar, Ger- 
 many, Oct. 14, 1832. A German writer on art, 
 one of the editors of Winckelmann’s works. 
 He published “Geschichte der bildenden Kttnste bei den 
 Griechen ” (1824-36), etc. 
 
 Meyer, Jiirgen Bona. Born Oct. 25, 1829 : died 
 June 22, 1897. A German philosophical writer, 
 appointed professor of philosophy at Bonn in 
 1868. He wrote “KantsPhilosophie”(1869),etc. 
 
 Meyer, Leo. Born at Bledeln, Hannover, July 
 3, 1830: died June 6, 1910. A German philolo- 
 gist, professor at Dorpat 1865-99, and honorary 
 professor at Gottingen 1899-1910. 
 
 Meyerbeer (ml'er-bar), Giacomo (originally 
 Jakob Meyer Beer). Bom at Berlin, Sept. 5, 
 1791 : died at Paris, May 2, 1864. A celebrated 
 German composer of opera. He lived chiefly at 
 Paris after 1826. He was a pupil of Lauska, who was a pu- 
 pil of dementi, and the latter also gave him lessons. When 
 only 7 years old he played Mozart's D minor concerto in 
 public. He early obtained fame as a pianist, but his com- 
 positions were not successful till he went in 1815 to Italy to 
 study vocal composition. There hebegan to produce operas 
 in the style then recently introduced by Rossini ; and “H 
 Crociato in Egitto,” produced in Venice in 1824, was com- 
 pletely successful, while three or four other operas were 
 well received. From 1831 till lti49 he produced operas in 
 a new style, the result of a study of French art. In 1849 
 he turned his attention to opdra comique. Among his 
 operas are “Robert le Diable" (1831), “ Les Huguenots" 
 (1836), “ Ein FeJdlager in Schlesien " (1840), overture and 
 entr’actes to “Struensee” (1846), "Le prophfete” (1849), 
 “L'Etoile du Nord"(1854), “Le pardon de Ploermel”(in 
 Italian “Dinorah," 1859), “ L'Africaine ” (1865). Among 
 his other compositions are a number of cantatas and songs, 
 and several Fackeltanze, marches, and overtures, besides 
 pianoforte music some of which has never been published. 
 
 Miani 
 
 Meyerheim (mi'er-him), Friedrich Eduard. 
 
 Born at Dantzic, Prussia, Jan. 7, 1808; died at 
 Berlin, Jan. 18, 1879. A German genre-painter. 
 Meyerheim, Wilhelm Alexander. Born 1815: 
 died at Berlin, J an. 13, 1882. A German painter 
 of battle-scenes, horses, etc. : brother of F. E. 
 Meyerheim. 
 
 Meyer von Bremen. See Meyer, Johann Georg. 
 Meyr (mir), Melchior. Born at Ehringen, near 
 Nordlingen, Bavaria, June 28, 1810: died at 
 Munich, April 22, 1871. A German novelist, 
 poet, and philosophical writer. 
 
 Meyrick (ml'rik), Hans. One of the principal 
 male characters in George Eliot’s novel “Daniel 
 Deronda.” 
 
 Meywar. See Udaipur. 
 
 Meze (maz). A town in the department of He- 
 rault, southern France, situated on the Etang 
 de Thau 19 miles southwest of Montpellier. 
 Population, commune, 6,017. 
 
 Mezen, or Mesen (mez-any'). A river in north- 
 ern Russia which flows into the Gulf of Mezen, 
 a branch of the White Sea, about lat. 66° N. 
 Length, about 375 miles. 
 
 Mezentius (me-zen'shi-us). A mythical Etrus- 
 can king, noted for his cruelty, alleged to have 
 formed an alliance with the Rutulians. 
 Mezeray (maz-ra'), Frangois Eudes de. Born 
 at Ry, near Falaise, Normandy, 1610 : died at 
 Paris, July 10, 1683. A French historian. His 
 chief work isa“HistoiredeFrance” (1638-51: published 
 as “ Abtogd chronologique de l’histoire de France,” 1668). 
 Mezieres (ma-zyar'). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Ardennes, France, situated on the 
 Meuse in lat. 49° 46' N., long. 4° 42' E. it is an 
 important fortress ; was successfully defended by Bayard 
 against the Imperialists in 1521 ; and was besieged and 
 taken by the Germans in 1815 and in 1870-71. Population, 
 commune, 9,393. 
 
 Mezieres, Alfred Jean Frangois. Bom at Re- 
 
 hon, Moselle, France, Nov. 19, 1826. A French 
 critic, member of the Academy from 1874. He 
 took part in the repression of theinsurrection of June, 1848 ; 
 served in the Franco- Prussian war; and was elected as 
 republican member of the legislature for the arrondisse- 
 ment of Briey in 1881, 1885, 18S9. His works include 
 “ Shakespeare, ses oeuvres et ses critiques" (1861), “ Prfc- 
 drtesseurs et contemporains de Shakespeare "(1863 : this 
 work took the prix de Montyon), “Contemporains et suc- 
 cesseurs de Shakespeare” (1864), “Pdtrarque” (1867), 
 “ Goethe "(1872-73), “Bn France, etc.” (1883), “Hors de 
 France, etc.” (1883), “Vie de Mirabeau” (1891). 
 Mezo-Tur (me'ze-tor). Atownintheeonntyof 
 Great-Kumania-Szolnok, situated on the Beret - 
 tyo 80 miles east-southeast of Budapest. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 25,383. 
 
 Mezzofanti (med-zo-fan'te), Giuseppe. Bom 
 at Bologna, Italy, Sept. 17, 1774: died at Rome, 
 March 14, 1849. An Italian linguist. He was or- 
 dained priest in 1797 ; became professor of Arabic at Bo- 
 logna in 1804 ; was appointed chief keeper of the Vatican 
 library in 1833 ; and was made cardinal in 1838. He is said 
 to have spoken 58 languages^ 
 
 Mfumbiro (mffim-be'ro). A volcano in east- 
 central Africa, west of Lake Victoria Nyanza. 
 It falls within British East Africa. Height, 
 10,000-12,000 feet. 
 
 Mglin (m-glen'). A town in the government of 
 Tchernigoff, Russia, situated on the Sudinka 
 128 miles south by east of Smolensk. Popula- 
 tion, about 8,000. 
 
 Mhow (m-hou'). A town and cantonment in 
 Indore, India. Population, 36,039. 
 
 Miako. See Kioto. 
 
 Miall (mi'al), Edward. Born at Portsmouth, 
 England, May 8, 1809 : died at Sevenoaks, Kent, 
 April 29, 1881. An English journalist and poli- 
 tician. He studied for the Independent ministry. In 
 Feb., 1831, he took charge of the congregation at Ware in 
 Hertfordshire. In 1840 he established the “Nonconfor- 
 mist," and devoted his life to the advocacy of the freedom 
 of religion from state control. In 1852 he was elected mem- 
 ber of Parliament for Rochdale, and in 1858 served on the 
 royal commission on education. 
 
 Miami (mi-am'e). A tribe of North American 
 Indians, first known about the middle of the 
 17th century in southeastern Wisconsin. After 
 several changes they settled, about 1690, on the St. Joseph 
 River in southern Michigan, and afterward in treaty nego- 
 tiations were considered as owners of the entire Wabash 
 country and western Ohio. There is much confusion in 
 literature between the Miami and the Illinois. The Pot- 
 tawottomi translated the name ‘ crippled,’ and the northern 
 tribes called them “ walkers " — the two epithets probably 
 referring to their not using canoe6. The English called 
 them T wightwees, derived from their own name for them- 
 selves, which was an imitation of the crane's cry. 
 
 Mi ami (mi-ain'i). Ariverin Ohio which joins the 
 Ohio at the southwestern corner of the State. 
 Length, over 150 miles. 
 
 Miani, or Meanee (me-a'ne). A village near 
 Hyderabad, Sind, British India. Here, Feb. 17, 
 1843, Sir Charles J. Napier (with 2,800 men) de- 
 feated the army of Sind (30,000). 
 
Miantonomoh 
 
 Mian ton om oh (mi-an-to-no'mo). Died 1643. 
 A sachem of the Narraganset Indians, nephew 
 of Canonicus. He maintained friendly relations with the 
 English, and in 1637 aided Connecticut and Massachusetts 
 in defeating the Pequots. Having become involved in a war 
 with IJncas, sachem of the Mohegans, he was defeated and 
 captured by the latter in 1643, and was put to death in the 
 same year, with the approval of the English, who claimed 
 a protectorate over both tribes. 
 
 Miao-tse (myou-tza'), or Miautse. A general 
 name of numerous Chinese tribes dwelling in 
 the provinces of Yunnan, Kweichow, Kwangsi, 
 and Kwangtung. 
 
 Miaulis (me-ou'lis), Andreas Vokos. Born in 
 Negropont, 1772 (1768?): died at Athens, June 
 24, 1835. A Greek admiral, commander-in-chief 
 in the war of independence. 
 
 Miautse. See Miao-tse. 
 
 Miava (me'o-vo). A town in the county of 
 Neutra, Hungary, situated on the river Miava 46 
 miles northeast of Presburg. Population, 
 commune, 10,639. 
 
 Micah(mi'ka). [Heb., ‘who is like Jehovah?’] In 
 Old Testament history: (a) An Ephraimite who 
 stole 1,100 pieces of silver from his mother, but, 
 alarmed by her imprecations on the thief, con- 
 fessed the deed and returned the money: she 
 thereupon dedicated it to the Lord, and made 
 with it a graven and a molten image (teraphim), 
 which Micah set up in his house and then hired a 
 Leviteasapriest. ( b ) A prophet, a native of Mo- 
 resheth of Gath, near Eleutheropolis, and a con- 
 temporary of Isaiah. He is reckoned as the sixth of 
 the minor prophets (the third in the Septuagint). He pro- 
 phesied near the beginning of the reign of Hezekiah. 
 
 Micali(me-ka'le), Giuseppe. Born at Leghorn, 
 Italy, about 1776: died at Florence, March 27, 
 1844. An Italian archaeologist, author of ‘ ‘ Storia 
 degli antichi popoli d’ltalia” (1832), etc. 
 Micawber (mi-ka/ber), Wilkins. One of the 
 principal characters in Dickens’s “David Cop- 
 perfield.” He is remarkable for his rapid alternations of 
 depression and elevation of spirits, his “temporary em- 
 barrassments of a pecuniary nature," and his constant per- 
 suasion that “ something will turn up. ’’ His wife, as far as 
 the elasticity of her spirits goes, is quite his equal. Her 
 devotion to “the parent of her children and the father of 
 her twins ” induces her frequent well-known exclamation, 
 “I never wiU desert Mr. Micawber ! ” The couple appear 
 to have been suggested more or less by Dickens’s father 
 and mother. 
 
 Michabo. The Great Hare, in Algonquian le- 
 gends. 
 
 What Ioskeha was to the Iroquois, Michabo or Mani- 
 bozho was to the Algonkin tribes. There has been a good 
 deal of mystification about Michabo, or Manibozho, or 
 Messou,who was probably from the first a hare sans phrase, 
 but who has been converted by philological processes into 
 a personification of light or dawn. It has already been seen 
 that the wild North Pacific peoples recognise in tiled hero 
 and demiurge animals of various species : dogs, ravens, 
 muskrats, and coyotes have been found in this lofty esti- 
 mation, and the Utes believe in “Cin-au-av, the ancient 
 of wolveB. ” It would require some labour to derive all the 
 ancient heroes and gods from misconceptions about the 
 names of vast natural phenomena like light and dawn, and 
 it is probable that Michabo or Manibozho, the Great Hare 
 of the Algonkins, is only a successful apotheosised totem 
 like the rest. His legend and his dominion are very widely 
 spread. Dr. Brinton himself (p. 153) allows that thegreat 
 hare is a totem. Perhaps our earliest authority about the 
 mythical great hare in America is William Strachey’s “Tra- 
 vaile” into Virginia. Lang, Myth, etc., II. 64. 
 
 Michael (ml ' kel or ml 'ka-el) . [Heb. , ‘ who is like 
 God?’ F. Michel, It. Michele, Sp. Pg. Miguel, G. 
 Michael .] An archangelmentionedin the Bible. 
 He iB regarded as the leader of the whole host of angels, 
 and, owing to miraculous appearances recorded in Roman 
 Catholic legends, is considered by that church to be the 
 representative of the church triumphant. His feast occurs 
 on Sept. 29 in that church and in the Anglican Church 
 also. He is spoken of five times in the Bible, always as 
 fighting: John mentions him as fighting at the head of 
 the angels against the dragon and his host. 
 
 Probably, on the hint thus given by St. John, the Rom- 
 ish church taught at an early period that Michael was em- 
 ployed, in command of the loyal angels of God, to over- 
 throw and consign to the pit of perdition Lucifer and his 
 rebellious associates — a legend which was at length em- 
 balmed in the sublimest poetry by Milton. Sometimes 
 Michael is represented as the sole archangel, sometimes as 
 only the head of a fraternity of archangels, which includes 
 likewise Gabriel, Raphael, and someothers. Heis usually 
 represented in coat-armour, with a glory round his head, 
 and a dart in his hand, trampling on the fallen Lucifer. He 
 has even been furnished, like the human warriors of the 
 middle ages, with a heraldic ensign — namely, a banner 
 hanging from a cross. We obtain a curious idea of the 
 religious notions of those ages when we learn that the 
 red-velvet-covered buckler worn by Michael in his war 
 with Lucifer used to be shewn in a church in Normandy 
 down to 1G07, when the bishop of Avranches at length for- 
 bade its being any longer exhibited. 
 
 Cham hern's Boole of Days , II. 388. 
 
 Michael I. Rhangabe or Rhagabe. Died about 
 845. Byzantine emperor 811-813. He was the son 
 of one of the high functionaries at court, and was made 
 master of the palace by Nicephorus I., whose daughter 
 Procopia he married. He succeeded his wife’s brother 
 Stauraclus. He waB deposed by Leo V., and retired to a 
 convent. 
 
 683 
 
 Michael II. Balbus (‘the Stammerer’). By- 
 zantine emperor 820-829. He was of obscure origin, 
 but rose to the highest dignities under Leo V., whom he 
 had assisted in deposing Michael I., and whom he deposed 
 in turn. 
 
 Michael III. Byzantine emperor 842-867, son 
 of Tbeopbilus. He undertook, with his uncle Bardas, 
 an expedition against the Bulgarians in 861, which resulted 
 in the conversion of the Bulgarian king. In 863 his uncle 
 Petronas gained a splendid victory over the Saracens in 
 Asia Minor. He was assassinated in 867 by Basilius the 
 Macedonian, whom he had associated with himself in the 
 government in 866. 
 
 Michael IV., surnamed “The Paphlagonian.” 
 Byzantine emperor 1034—41. He was a younger bro- 
 ther of John the Eunuch, prime minister under Constan- 
 tine IX. and Romanus III. He became chamberlain to 
 Zoe, wife of Romanus III., who in 1034 poisoned her hus- 
 band in order to marry Michael. He was a man of weak 
 character, and was a mere instrument in the hands of his 
 brother. 
 
 Michael V. Calaphates (‘the Calker’). By- 
 zantine emperor 1041-42, nephew of Michael 
 IV. He banished his uncle John the Eunuch, which led 
 to an insurrection at Constantinople. He was dethroned, 
 and spent the rest of his life in a convent. 
 
 Michael VI., surnamed “The Warrior.” By- 
 zantine emperor 1056-57. He was appointed by the 
 empress Theodora as her successor on account of his mili- 
 tary virtues. He was, however, old and feeble, and was 
 deposed by Isaac Comnenus. He was allowed to retire to 
 a convent. 
 
 Michael VII. Ducas or Parapinaces. Byzan- 
 tine emperor 1071-78, son of Constantine XI. 
 
 Michael VIII. Palseologus. Born 1234: died 
 in Dec. , 1282. Byzantine emperor 1261-82, grand- 
 son (through his mother Irene Angela) of the 
 Byzantine emperor Alexius Angelus. He became 
 commander of the French mercenaries in the service of 
 the Emperor of Nicsea, and in 1259 became, with the patri- 
 arch Arsenius, guardian of the emperor John Lascaris. 
 He caused himself to be proclaimed joint emperor of Ni- 
 c;ea in 1260. In 1261 he conquered Constantinople from 
 the Latins, thus restoring the Byzantine empire, of which 
 he was crowned emperor in the same year. He deposed 
 and blinded John Lascaris in 1261. 
 
 Michael IX. Palseologus. Died 1320. Byzan- 
 tine emperor 1295-1320, son and associate of 
 Andronicus II. who outlived him. 
 
 Michael. Czar of Russia 1613-45. He was the 
 founder of the Romanoff dynasty. 
 
 Michael. Born Oct. 13, 1832 : died at Cannes, 
 Dec. 5, 1909. Grand Duke of Russia. 
 
 Michael. A bark of 25 tons, one of the ships 
 of Frobisher’s first expedition. It early aban- 
 doned the other ship, the Gabriel, and returned 
 to England. 
 
 Michael, Archangel. A celebrated painting 
 by Guido Reni, in Santa Maria dei Cappuccini, 
 Rome. Thesaint, becauseof his beauty of face andform 
 often called “ the Catholic Apollo, ” is in the act of enchain- 
 ing Lucifer. The color is vigorous and good. 
 
 Michael, Order of Saint. An order instituted 
 in France by Louis XI., Aug. 1, 1469. 
 
 Michael Angelo. See Michelangelo. 
 
 Michael Obrenovitch (o-bren'6-vieh), Prince 
 of Servia. Born at Kragujevatz, Servia, Sept. 
 4, 1825 : murdered near Belgrad, June 10, 1868. 
 A younger son of Milosh. He reigned 1839-42 
 and 1860-68. 
 
 Michaelis (me-clia-a'lis), Johann David. Born 
 at Halle, Prussia, Feb. 27, 1717 : died at Gottin- 
 gen, Aug. 22, 1791. A German biblical scholar, 
 professor at Gottingen 1745-91 . His works include 
 an introduction to the New Testament (4th edition, 1788), 
 “ Supplem enta ” to Hebrew lexicons (1784-92), “ Mosaisches 
 Recht’’ (1770-71), etc. 
 
 Michaelmas Day. See the extract. 
 
 Michaelmas Day, the 29th of September, properly named 
 the day of St. Michael and All Angels, is a great festival in 
 the Church of Rome, and also observed as a feast by the 
 Church of England. In England it is one of the four quar- 
 terly terms, or quarter-days, on which rents are paid, and 
 in that and other divisions of the United Kingdom, as well 
 as perhaps in other countries, it is the day on which bur- 
 gal magistracies and councils are reelected. The only 
 other remarkable thing connected with the day is a widely 
 prevalent custom of marking it with a goose at dinner. 
 
 Chambers' s Book of Days, II. 387. 
 
 Michaelmas Terme. A play by Thomas Mid- 
 dleton, licensed and printed in 1607 : a lively 
 and effective comedy of city intrigue. 
 
 Michaud (me-sho'), Joseph Francois. Born 
 at Alberts, Savoy, June 19, 1767 : died at Passy, 
 near Paris, Sept. 30, 1839. A French poet, his- 
 torian, and Bourbon publicist. His principal his- 
 torical works are “Histoire des progr&s et de la chute do 
 l’empire de Mysore,” etc. (1801), “ Histoire des croisades” 
 (1812-17). With his brother L. G. Michaud he edited the 
 “ Biographic universelle.” 
 
 Michaud, Louis Gabriel. Bom at Bourg, 1772: 
 died at Terries, March 13, 1858. A French lit- 
 terateur, brother of J. F. Michaud, and his col- 
 laborator in editing the “Biographic univer- 
 selle.” 
 
 Michaux (me-sho'), AndrA Bom near Ver- 
 
 Michelangelo 
 
 sailles, March 7, 1746: died in Madagascar, 
 Nov. 13, 1802. A French botanist and traveler 
 in Asia and America. He wrote a “Histoire des 
 chenes de l’Ambrique Septentrionale ” (1801), “Flora Bo- 
 reali- Americana ” (1803), etc. 
 
 Michaux, Francois Andre. Bom at Versailles, 
 France, 1770: died near Pontoise, France, 1855. 
 A French botanist, son of Andre Michaux. Ho 
 wrote “Histoire des arbres forestiers de l’Amriique Sep- 
 tentrionale ” (1810-13), etc. 
 
 Michegamea. See Illinois. 
 
 Michel (mich'el), or Cousin Michel. A humor- 
 ous personification of the German nation. 
 Michel (mich'el ) of N orthgate, Dan. Abrother 
 
 of the cloister of St. Austin at Canterbury. He 
 is noted as having completed in 1340 a translation of “ La 
 somme des vices et des vertus,” known as “The Ayenbite 
 of iDwyt ” (which see). 
 
 Michel (me-shel'), Francisque Xavier. Bom 
 
 at Lyons, Feb. 18, 1809: died at Paris, May 18, 
 1887. A French archaeologist, philologist, and 
 historian, professor at Bordeaux. 
 
 Michel (me-shel'), Louise. Bom in Haute- 
 Marne in 1839 : died at Marseilles, Jan. 9, 1905. 
 A French anarchist. She opened a school in the 
 Quartier Montmartre, Paris, in 1360. In 1371 she took part 
 in the uprising of the Commune, and for this was sen- 
 tenced in the same year to deportation for life to New Cale- 
 donia. She was released by the amnesty of 1880, and re- 
 turned to Paris, where she became prominent as an agitator 
 of anarchism. In 1883 she was sentenced to six years’ im- 
 prisonment for inciting the poor to plunder the haliers’ 
 shops. She was released and agaiu imprisoned in 1886, 
 and later went to live in London. 
 
 Michelangelo (mi-kel-an'je-lo ; It. pron. me- 
 kel-an'je-lo) (Michelagnolo Buonarroti). 
 Born at Caprese, March 6, 1475 : died at Rome, 
 Feb. 18, 1564. A famous Italian sculptor, paint- 
 er, architect, and poet. He came of an ancient but 
 poor Florentine family. He was apprenticed to the painter 
 Ghirlandajo April 1, 1488, and with other boys from the 
 atelier began soon after to study the antique marbles col- 
 lected by Lorenzo de’ Medici in the garden of San Marco. 
 Lorenzo discovered him there, and in 1489 took him into 
 his palace, where he had every opportunity for improve- 
 ment and study. The Centaur relief in the Casa Buonar- 
 roti was made at this time, at the suggestion of Angelo 
 Poliziano. In 1491 he came under the influence of Savon- 
 arola, whom he always held in great reverence. In 1492 
 Lorenzo died, and Michelangelo’s intimate relations with 
 the Medici family terminated. In 1493 he made a large 
 wooden crucifix for the prior of S. Spirito, and with the as- 
 sistance of the prior began the profound study of anatomy 
 in which he delighted. Before the expulsion of the 
 Medici he fled to Bologna, where he was soon engaged 
 upon the Area di San Domenico begun by Niccolo Pisano 
 in 1265, to which he added the well-known kneeling angel 
 of Bologna. He was probably much influenced by the 
 reliefs of Della Quercia about the door of San Petronio : 
 two of these he afterward imitated in the Sistine Chapel. 
 In 1495 he returned to Florence, when he is supposed to 
 have made the San Giovannino in the Berlin Museum. 
 From 1496 to 1501 he lived in Rome. To this period are 
 attributed the Bacchus of the Bargello and the Cupid of 
 the South Kensington Museum. The most important work 
 of this time is the Pieth di San Pietro (1498). In 1501 he 
 returned to Florence, and Sept. 13 began the great David 
 of the Signoria, made from a block of marble abandoned 
 by Agostino di Duccio, which wasplaced in position May 18, 
 1504. The two roundels of the Madonna and Child in Bur- 
 lington House and the Bargello were probably made then, 
 and also the picture of the Holy Family in the Uflizi. In 
 1503 Piero Soderini, gonfaloniere, projected two frescos 
 for the Sala Grande of the Palazzo Vecchio. The commis- 
 sion for one was given to Leonardo da Vinci, that for the 
 other to Michelangelo in 1504. For it he prepared the 
 great cartoon of the Battle of Cascina, an incident in the 
 war with Pisa when, July 28, 1364, a band of 400 Floren- 
 tines were attacked while bathing by Sir John Hawk- 
 wood’s English troopers. This cartoon contained 288 square 
 feet of surface, and was crowded with nude figures in every 
 position. It had, probably, more influence upon the art of 
 the Renaissance than any other single work. To about 
 this time may be attributed the beginning of his poetic 
 creations, of the multitude of which undoubtedly written 
 a few only have come down to us. In Nov , 1505, he was 
 called to Rome by Pope Julius II. to design his mauso- 
 leum, the history of which runs through the entire life of 
 the master. Repeated designs and repeated attempts to 
 carry them out were made, only to he frustrated by the suc- 
 cessors of the great Pope. The matter finally ended in 
 the reign of Paul III. by the placing in San Pietro in Vin- 
 coli of the statue of Moses surrounded by mediocre works 
 finished by Raffaello da Montelupo and others. The Two 
 Captives of the Louvre are part of the work as originally 
 designed. In the spring of 1506 he assisted in the discov- 
 ery of the Laocoon in the palace of Titus. His favorite 
 antique was the Belvedere Torso, supposed to be a copy 
 of the Hercules Epitrapezius of Lysippus. In April, 1506 
 probably as a result of the intrigues of Bramante, he was 
 forced to abandon Rome for Florence. In the autumn he 
 joined the Pope at Bologna, and made (1606-07) the bronze 
 statue of Julius which stood over the door of San Petro- 
 nio and was destroyed in 1511. The ceiling of the Sistine 
 Chapel was begun early in 1508, and finished in Oct., 1512. 
 Julius II. died Feb. 21, 1513, and was succeeded by Cardi- 
 nal Giovanni de’ Medici, son of the great Lorenzo, as Leo 
 X. Michelangelo was diverted from the tomb of Julius by 
 Leo, and employed from 161 7 to 1620 in an abortive attempt 
 to build tire facade of San Lorenzo in Florence, and in de- 
 veloping the quarries of Carrara and Seravezza. In 1520 
 he began, byorderof’Cardinal Giuliode’ Medici, thesacristy 
 of San Lorenzo and the tombs of Giuliano and Lorenzo de' 
 Medici with the famous reclining figures on the sarcoph- 
 agi, perhaps the most thoroughly characteristic of all hia 
 works. Leo X. was succeeded by Adrian VI. in 1621, and 
 
Michelangelo 
 
 he in turn byOlulio de' Medici as Clement VII. in 1528. 
 On April 11, 1520, Michelangelo was appointed “governor 
 and procurator-general over the construction and fortifi- 
 cation of the city walls " in Florence. On Sept. 21, 1529, 
 occurred his unexplained (light to Venice. Ife returned 
 Nov. 20 of the same year, and was engaged In the defense 
 of the city until its capitulation, Aug. 12, IT 80. Before 
 the end of the year 1584 lie left Florence, never to return. 
 The statues of the sacristy, including the Madonna and 
 Child, were arranged after his departure. Alessandro 
 Farnese succeeded Clement VII. as Paul III., Oct., 1534. 
 The hast Judgment was begun about Sept. 1, 1636, and 
 finished before Christmas, 1541. Michelangelo's friend- 
 ship for Vittoria Colonna began about 1538. (See Colonna, 
 V Morin.) The frescos of the Paulino Chapel were painted 
 between 1642 and 1549. They represent the conversion of 
 St. Paul and the martyrdom of St. Peter. He succeeded 
 Antonio da Sangallo in 1640 in the offices which ho held, 
 and became architect of St. Peter’s Jan. 1, 1547. From this 
 time until his death he worked on the church without com- 
 pensation. The dome alone was completed with any regard 
 to his plans. 
 
 Michelet (mesh-la'), Jules. Born at Paris, Aug. 
 21, 1798: died at Hy&res, southern Prance, Fob. 
 9,1874. An eminent French historian. He be- 
 gan his literary studies under the guidance of an old book- 
 seller, and in his spare moments helped his father, a print- 
 er by trade, in setting type. He went through the College 
 Charlemagne, and entered then on a highercourse of study. 
 In 1821 he graduated with the highest university honors, 
 and was called at once to the chair of history in the 
 Collfcge Rollin (1821-20). His first works were a “Tab- 
 leau chronologiijue de l’histoire moderne” (1825), “Tab- 
 leaux synclironiques de l’histoire moderne” (1826), and 
 “ Precis de l’histoire moderne ” (1827). He was appointed 
 lecturer at the bcole Normale in 1827, and published his 
 “Introduction k l’histoire universelle” (1831), “(Euvres 
 choisies de Vico" (1835), “Origines du droit franfais” 
 (1837), and “ Histoire romaine : rdpublique ” (1839), etc. 
 Michelet began his famous courses of lectures at the Col- 
 lege de France in 1838, and wrote in that connection “Des 
 JCsuites ’’ (1843), “Du pietre,de la femme etde la famille” 
 (1844), and “Du peuple ’’ (1845). The clergy succeeded at 
 last in silencing him, and he retired to a life of study. The 
 publication of his “ Histoire de France ” in sixteen volumes 
 (1833-67) was interrupted by his "Histoire de la revolution 
 franQaise ’’ (1847-53), “ Le proces des templiers ’’ (1851), and 
 “L6gendesd6mocratiques du Nord”(1854). Michelet was 
 married twice. He wrote, further, “Les femmes de la 
 revolution ” (1854), “L’Oiseau ” (1856), “L’lnsccte” (18581, 
 “L’Amour” (1859), “La femme” (1860), “ La mer” (1861), 
 “La bible de l’humanitd ” (1864). Michelet made a last 
 return to history in attempting to bring his great, work 
 down to date. Death stopped him after he had published 
 but few volumes of his “ Histoire du XIX“ siecle ” (1872- 
 1873). 
 
 Michelet (me-she-la'), Karl Ludwig. Born at 
 Berlin, Dee. 1, 1801 : died at Berlin, Dec. 16, 
 1893. A German philosophical (Hegelian) writer, 
 appointed professor of philosophy at Berlin in 
 1829. He wrote works on Aristotle, “Geschichte der 
 letzten Systeme der Philosophie in Deutschland ’’ (1837- 
 1838), “ Entwickelungsgeschichte der neuesten deutschen 
 Philosophie” (1843), “Die Personliehkeit Gottes” (1841), 
 “Die Epiphanie der ewigen Personliehkeit des Geistes” 
 (1844-52), “Geschichte der Menschheit" (1859-60), “Sys- 
 tem der Philosophie” (1876-81), etc. 
 
 Michelis (me-eha'lis), Friedrich. Born at Mun- 
 ster, Prussia, July 27, 1815: died at Freiburg, 
 Baden, May 28, 1886. A noted German theo- 
 logian and philosopher, one of the leaders of the 
 Old Catholic movement. 
 
 Michelozzo Michelozzi (me -ke -lot' so me- 
 ke-lot'se), Bartolommeo di Gherardo di. 
 Born at Florence, 1396 : died 1472. An eminent 
 sculptor, engraver of gems, and architect. While 
 associated with Donatello in making the monuments of 
 Pope John XXIII., Cardinal Brancacci, and Bartolommeo 
 Aragazzi, he was employed by Cosmo de’ Medici to design 
 and build the Medici Palace — now called the Riccardi Pal- 
 ace, as it was enlarged by the Marcliese Riccardi in the 
 17th century. He created adistinctly Florentine typewhich 
 was subsequently followed in the Strozzi and other Flor- 
 entine palaces. During his exile(1433-34) with Cosmo de’ 
 Medici in Venice, he built the library of San Giorgio Mag- 
 giore, adjoining the Convent of San Marco, which Cosmo 
 endowed with many precious manuscripts and books. In 
 Milan he designed the chapel of St. Peter Martyr in Santo 
 Eustorgio, and other buildings. After his return to Flor- 
 ence, Michelozzo displayed greatskill in restoring the lower 
 part of the Palazzo Vecchio, which had been dangerously 
 weakened by the weight of the upper stories. He also 
 built the Villas Careggi, Caffagiolo, and Mozzi, and en- 
 larged and rebuilt the Convent of San Marco. Among the 
 few remaining examples of his skill as a sculptor are a 
 silver statuette of St. John Baptist on the altar of the 
 Opera del Duomo in Florence, and a small St. John over 
 the door of the Canonica opposite the Baptistery. 
 Michelstadt (me'chel-stat). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Starkenburg, Hesse, 21 miles southeast 
 of Darmstadt : the chief town of the Odenwald. 
 Population, about 3,500. 
 
 Michigan (mish'i-gan). One of the western 
 States of the United States of America, extend- 
 ing (exclusive of islands) from about lat. 41° 
 45' to 47° 30' N., and from long. 82° 25' to 90° 
 30' W. Capital, Lansing ; chief city, Detroit. 
 It consists of two peninsulas (separated by the Strait of 
 Mackinaw). The southern is bounded by Lakes Huron, 
 St. Clair, and Erie and St. Clair and Detroit rivers on the 
 east, Lake Michigan on the west, and Ohio and Indiana on 
 the south ; and the northern lies between Lake Superior 
 on the north and Lakes Huron and Michigan and the State 
 of Wisconsin on the south. The surface in the south is gen- 
 erallylevel ; in the north it is rugged. There isrich mineral 
 wealth in the north. Michigan i3 one of the first States in 
 
 684 
 
 the production of copper, salt, and iron ore, the fifth in 
 wool, and one of the first in lumber and wheat. It pro- 
 duces also apples, Indian corn, etc., and lias important 
 fisheries of lake trout, whitefish, etc. It has 83 counties, 
 sends 2 senators and 13 representatives to Congress, and 
 lias 15 electoral votes. It was explored by the French in 
 the 17th contury, and first permanently settled by them 
 at Sault Ste. Marie in 1668; was ceded to Great Britain 
 in 1763; was the scene of Pontiac’s war; was formally 
 surrendered to the United States in 1796; formed part of 
 the Northwest Territory, and later of Indiana Territory; 
 and was constituted Michigan Territory in 1806. Detroit 
 was taken by the British in 1812. Michigan was recovered 
 by the United States in 1813, and was admitted to tlic Union 
 in 1837. Its name iB from that of the lake. Area, 68,916 
 square miles. Population, 2,810,173, (1910). 
 
 Michigan, Lake. [Algonkin,* great lake.’] One 
 of the five great lakes of the United States, 
 inclosed by Michigan on the north and east, 
 Indiana on the south, and Illinois and Wis- 
 consin on the west. Its chief bays are Green Bay 
 and Grand Traverse Bay ; its chief tributaries the Fox, 
 Menominee, Manistee, Muskegon, Grand, Kalamazoo, and 
 St. Joseph. Chicago and Milwaukee are the chief cities on 
 its banks. It discharges by the Strait of Mackinaw into 
 Lake Huron. Length, about 340 miles. Greatest width, 
 about 85 miles. Greatest depth, 870 feet. Mean height 
 above sea-level, 682 feet. Area, over 22,000 square miles. 
 
 Michigan, University of. An institution of 
 learning, for both sexes, situated at Ann Arbor, 
 Michigan. It is under State control; was opened in 
 1841 ; contains collegiate, medical, engineering, and law 
 departments, witli an observatory, dental college, school 
 of pharmacy, scientific museums, and library of 200,000 
 volumes ; and is attended by about 5,400 Btudents. 
 
 Michigan City. A city in La Porte County, 
 Indiana, situated on Lake Michigan 40 miles 
 east-southeast of Chicago. It has a lumber 
 trade. It contains the State prison for north- 
 ern Indiana. Population, 19,027, (1910). 
 Michilimackinac. See Mackinac. 
 
 Michmash (mik'mash). In Old Testament his- 
 tory, a place in Palestine, 7 miles north by 
 east of Jerusalem: the modem Mukhmas. 
 
 “The historical interest of Hichmmh is connected with 
 the strategical importance of the position, . . . which made 
 it the headquarters of the Philistines and the centre of 
 their forays in tlieir attempt to quell the first rising under 
 Saul.” [I Samuel, xiv.] 
 
 Cheyne and Ulack, Encyclopaidia Biblica, HI. 3077. 
 
 Michoacan (me-cbo-ii-kan'), or Mechoacin 
 (ma-cho-a-kan'). A maritime state in Mexico. 
 Capital, Morelia. It is surrounded by the states of 
 Colima, Jalisco, Guanajuato, Queretaro, Mexico, and Guer- 
 rero, and the Pacific Ocean. The surface is elevated and 
 mountainous. Area, 22,874 square miles. Population, 
 991,649, (1910). 
 
 Micipsa (mi-sip'sa). Died 118 b. c. A son of 
 Masinissa, and chief ruler of Numidia after the 
 latter’s death in 148 b. c. 
 
 Mickiewicz (mits-ke-ev'ich), Adam. Born near 
 Novogrodek, Lithuania, Dec. 24, 1798: died at 
 Constantinople, Nov. 26, 1855. A noted Polish 
 
 poet. He resided chiefly at Paris after 1828. He was the 
 author of the epic “ Konrad Wallenrod ”(18 0: translated 
 into English both in prose and verse). His poem “ Pan 
 Tadewsz ” is one of the masterpieces of Slavonic literature. 
 
 Mickle (mik'l), William Julius. Born at Lang- 
 holm, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, Sept. 28, 1735 : 
 died at Forest Hill. Oct. 28, 1788. A Scottish 
 poet. He translated the “ Lusiad ” (1775), and is the re- 
 puted author of the song “ There ’s nae luck aboot the 
 boose.” 
 
 Micmac (mik'mak). [Migmak, allies.] A tribe 
 of North American Indians, occupying Nova 
 Scotia, Cape Breton, and Prince Edward Island, 
 the north of New Brunswick, and adjacent 
 parts of Quebec, and also ranging over New- 
 foundland. They number about 4,000. The French 
 called them Souriquois, imitating words meaning ‘good 
 canoe-men.’ Also Slikmak. See Algonquian. 
 
 Micon (mi'kon) of Athens. [Gr. M'ucuv.] A 
 Greek painter, a contemporary of Polygnoftis, 
 known principally from the works executed in 
 conjunction with the latter in the Stoa Poikile, 
 Theseum, and temple of the Dioscuri at Athens. 
 He made the statue of the Athenian Callias, victor in 
 Olympiad 77(or4G8 B. C.). His methods were probably the 
 same as those of Polygnotus. 
 
 MicromSgas. A philosophical romance by Vol- 
 taire, published in 1752: imitated from Swift’s 
 “Gulliver’s Travels.” 
 
 Micronesia (mi-kro-ne'§ia). [NL., ‘ little 
 islands.’] A collection of island groups in the 
 Pacific Ocean, comprising principally the Car- 
 oline, Ladrone, Gilbert, and Marshall groups. 
 
 The islands (except the Ladrones) are generally small, low, 
 and mainly of coral formation. The inhabitants are re- 
 lated in race and language. 
 
 Microscopium (ini-kro-sko'pi-um). [LL., ‘the 
 Microscope.’] A constellation south of Capri- 
 corn, introduced by Lacaille in 1752. 
 
 Mictlan. See Mitla. 
 
 Midas (mi'das). [Gr. M«Sar.] In Greek legend, 
 a king of Phrygia, son of Gordius and Cybele. 
 According to the common form of the myth, the god Diony- 
 
 Middleton, Arthur 
 
 bus, from gratitude for kindness which had been shown to 
 his teacher Silenus by Midas, promised to grant whatever 
 the latter might ask. Midas, accordingly, requested that 
 whatever he touched might turn to gold ; but when he found 
 that even his food was not excepted, and that he was likely 
 to starve, he prayed that the gift might be taken away, and 
 on bathing in the Pactolus was restored to his natural con- 
 dition. The sands of the river, however, were ever after 
 full of gold. On his refusing to award the prize of a musi- 
 cal contest between Pan and Apollo to the latter, the god 
 changed his ears into those of an ass. These, which he con- 
 cealed under his cap, were discovered by his barber, who, 
 afraid to mention the secret to any one, relieved himself by 
 digging a bole in the ground, whispering into it “King 
 Midas has ass’s ears,” and then covering it up. 
 Middelburg (mid'del-boTG). The capital of the 
 province of Zealand, Netherlands, situated on 
 the island of Walcheren in lat. 51° 30' N., long. 
 3° 37' E. It has a noted town hall, an abbey, and some 
 collections; was formerly a flourishing Hanseatic town; 
 was taken by the Dutch from the Spaniards in 1674 ; ana 
 was taken by the English in 1809. Population, commune, 
 18,837. 
 
 Middle Ages. A period of about a thousand 
 years, between the close of what is technically 
 considered ancient history and the first definite 
 movements in Europe of the distinctively mod- 
 ern spirit of freedom and enterprise. Its begin- 
 ning is synchronous with that of the dark ages, and it is 
 variously reckoned as extending to the fall of Constan- 
 tinople (1453), the invention of printing, the Renaissance, 
 or the discovery of America, in the 15th century, or to the 
 Reformation, in the early part of the 16th. 
 
 For, in truth, through all that period which we call the 
 Dark and Middle Ages, men’s minds were possessed by the 
 belief that all things continued as they were from the be- 
 ginning, that no chasm never to be recrossed lay between 
 them and that ancient world to which they had not ceased 
 to look back. We who are centuries removed can see that 
 there had passed a great and wonderful change upon 
 thought, and art, and literature, and politics, and society 
 itself : a change whose best illustration is to be found in the 
 process whereby there arose out of the primitive basilica 
 the Romanesque cathedral, and from it, in turn, the endless 
 varieties of Gothic. But so gradual was the change that 
 each generation felt it passing over them no more than a 
 man feels that perpetual transformation by which his body 
 is renewed from year to year ; while the few who had learn- 
 ing enough to study antiquity through its contemporary 
 records were prevented by the utter want of criticism, and 
 of that which we call historical feeling, from seeing how 
 prodigious was the contrast between themselves and those 
 whom they admired. There is nothing more modern than 
 the critical spirit which dwells upon the difference between 
 the minds of men in one age and in another ; which endea- 
 vours to make each age its own interpreter, and judge 
 what it did or produced by a relative standard. 
 
 Bryce, Holy Roman Empire, p. 260. 
 
 Middleborough (mid'l-bur-o). A town in Ply- 
 mouth County, Massachusetts, 34 miles south 
 by east of Boston. Population, 8,214, (1910). 
 Middlebury (mid'l-berri). The capital of Ad- 
 dison County, Vermont, situated on Otter 
 Creek 33 miles southwest of Montpelier: the 
 seat of Middlebury College (non-sectarian). 
 Population, 2,848, (1910). 
 
 Middle Flowery Kingdom. A native appella- 
 tion of China. 
 
 Middlemarch ( mid'l-m arch ) . A novel by George 
 Eliot, published in 1871 in “Blackwood’s Mag- 
 azine,” and in book form in 1872. 
 
 Middle Park. A plateau or elevated valley in 
 Grand County, northern Colorado. Length, from 
 60 to 70 miles. 
 
 Middlesbrough (mid'lz-bro), or Middlesbor- 
 
 OUgh (mid'lz-bur-o). A seaport and parliamen- 
 tary borough in the North Riding of Yorkshire, 
 England, situated on the Tees, near its month. 
 44 miles north of York. It is the chief seat 
 of the English iron trade. Pop., 104, 787, (1911). 
 Middlesex (mid'l-seks). [ME. Mhldelsexe, AS. 
 Hiddelseaxe, Middle Saxons.] A south midland 
 county of England. It lies to the south of Herts, and 
 is separated from Essex on the east by the Lea, from Kent 
 and Surrey on the south by the Thames, and from Bucks 
 on the west by the Colne. The surface is generally level. 
 Next to Rutland, it is the smallest English county ; but, 
 next to Lancashire, it has the largest population, over 
 2,500,090 of the inhabitants of London being included in 
 it. It was an ancient Saxon kingdom dependent on Essex. 
 From 1101 it was subject to the city of London. In 1888, 
 by the Local Government Act, parts of Middlesex, Kent, 
 and Surrey were incorporated into a county of London. 
 Area (ad. co.), 232 square miles. Population, including 
 part of London, 3,585,323. 
 
 Middle States. A name given collectively to 
 the States of New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- 
 vania, Delaware, and (sometimes) Maryland. 
 Middle Temple. See Inns of Court, and Temple. 
 Middleton (mid'l-ton). A town in Lancashire, 
 England, situated on tho Irk 5 miles north of 
 Manchester. It has manufactures of cotton, 
 etc. Population, 25,178. 
 
 Middleton. A small town in the county of 
 Cork, Ireland, situated on Cork harbor 13 miles 
 east of Cork. Population, 3,361. 
 
 Middleton, Arthur. Born June 26, 1742: died 
 Jan. 1, 1787. An American patriot. He was a 
 
Middleton, Arthur 
 
 delegate from South Carolina to tlio Continental Congress 
 in 177(1, uml signed tlio Declaration of Indopomlonco. Ilo 
 silt lignin in Congress 1781-83. 
 
 Middleton, Charles, second Earl of Middleton 
 and titular Earl of Monmouth. Born about 1040: 
 died 1719. Secretary of state to James II. At 
 tlio Restoration lie was appointed envoy extraordinary to 
 Vienna, became earl by succession in 1071, and on Aug. 
 
 26, 1081, succeeded Qodolpbln as secretary of state. After 
 the reign of James II. taeremained in England, and in May, 
 161)2, was committed to the Tower. In 1688 ho joined 
 Jnmcs at St. -Germain. At the death of the king he was 
 proclaimed earl of Monmouth by the titular James III. 
 He assisted in the Pretender's Scottish expedition in 1708. 
 
 Middleton. Christopher. Died Feb. 12, 1770. 
 An English naval commander and arctic ex- 
 plorer. About 1720 ho entered the employment of the 
 Hudson Bay Company. In 1721 he observed the variation 
 of tlie needle at Churchill River. He became a commander 
 in the navy in 1741, and in the same year made a voyage 
 of discovery in Honduras Bay. 
 
 Middleton, Conyers. Born in Yorkshire, Dec. 
 
 27, 1683: died at Hildersham, July 28, 1750. An 
 English divine. In 1724 he went to Rome, and in 1729 
 published the “Letter from Rome" upon pagan beliefs 
 and ceremonies in the Roman Catholic Church. In his 
 “Letter to Waterland "lie ridiculed some parts of the Book 
 of Genesis, and showed a skeptical tendency in an “Intro- 
 ductory Discourse" (1747). Of his numerous works the 
 best-known is his “Life of Cicero.” 
 
 Middleton, Henry. Born 1771: died at Charles- 
 ton, S. C., June 14, 1846. An American politi- 
 cian and diplomatist, son of Arthur Middleton. 
 He was governor of South Carolina 1810-12 ; was a repre- 
 sentative in Congress 1815-19 ; and was minister to Russia 
 1820-31. 
 
 Middleton, Thomas. Born at London (?) about 
 1570 : died at Newington Butts, 1627. An Eng- 
 lish dramatist. He entered Gray’s Inn about 1593, be- 
 came a playwright about 1599, and wrote in conjunction 
 with William Rowley, Munday, Drayton, Webster, and 
 others. Hearraugedlord mayor’s shows and court masks, 
 and in 1620 was appointed city chronologer. Among his 
 playsare “The Old Law ” with Massingerand Rowley (print- 
 ed 1666), “The Mayor of Quinborough "(1661), “ Blurt, Mas- 
 ter Constable ” (1602), “ The Phoenix ” (1607), “ Michaelmas 
 Terme" (1607), “The Family of Love’’ (licensed 1607), “A 
 Trick to Catch the Old One” (licensed 1607), “Your Five 
 Gallants ”(1608), “A Mad World, my Masters "(1608), “The 
 Roaring Girl " with Dekker (printed 1611), “A Fair Quar- 
 rel ” with Rowley ’’ (1617), “The Changeling" and “The 
 Spanish Gipsy ’’ with Rowley (1653), “ More Dissemblers 
 besides Women "with “Women beware Women "(licensed 
 before 1622, printed 1657), “ A Game at Chess ’’ (1624). The 
 date of the following plays is conjectural : “A Chaste Maid 
 in Cheapside ’’ (1630), “ No Wit, no Help like a Woman’s ” 
 (1657), “ The Witch ” (which see) (first printed in 1778), 
 “ Anything for a Quiet Life ” (1662), “The Widow " with 
 Ben Jonson and Fletcher (1652). He wrote also about 20 
 masks, entertainments, and pageants ; some miscellaneous 
 verse, including “Microcynicon: Six Snarling Satires” 
 (1699) ; and various prose pamphlets, including • ‘ The Black 
 Book” (1604), “Father Hubberd’s Tales, etc.” (1604), etc. 
 Middleton’s works were not collected till 1840, when Dyce’s 
 edition appeared, which is now out of print. In 1886 Mr. 
 Bullen's edition, in 8 vols., appeared. Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Middleton, Thomas Fanshaw. Born at Ked- 
 leston, Derbyshire, England, Jan. 26, 1769: died 
 at Calcutta, July 8, 1822. An English scholar 
 and divine, appointed first bishop of Calcutta 
 in 1814. He published “Doctrine of the Greek Article 
 applied to the Criticism and Illustration of the New Tes- 
 tament ” (1808), etc. 
 
 Middletown (mid'l-toun). A city, one of the 
 capitals of Middlesex County, Connecticut, sit- 
 uated on the Connecticut 15 miles south of 
 Hartford. It is a port of entry, and is the seat of Wes- 
 leyan University (Methodist Episcopal), Berkeley Divinity 
 School (Episcopal), a State insane asylum, and an industrial 
 school for girls. Population, 11,851, (1910). 
 Middletown. A manufacturing city in Orange 
 County, New York, 54 miles’ north-northwest of 
 New York city. Population, 15,313, (1910). 
 Middlewich (mid'l-wich). A town in Che- 
 shire, England, 26 miles southeast of Liver- 
 pool. Population, 4,669. 
 
 Midgard (mid'gard). [ON. Hidligardhr, Goth. 
 Midjungards, OHG. Mittilgart, Mittigart, OS. 
 Middilgard ; AS. Middangeard, the middle yard 
 or inclosure, i. e. the earth.] In Old Norse 
 mythology, the abode of the human race, 
 formed in the midst of Ginnungagap out of 
 the eyebrows of the giant Ymir, the first created 
 being, and joined to heaven by the rainbow 
 bridge of the gods. The word is common to 
 the Germanic languages. 
 
 Midgardsorm (mid'gard-sorm). [ON. Midli- 
 gardlisormr : Midhgardhs and ortur, serpent, 
 worm.] In Old Norse mythology, a water- 
 demon, the monstrous serpent which lies about 
 the earth in the encircling sea. it was the off- 
 spring of Loki and the giantess Angurboda(01d Norse Angr- 
 bodha). At Ragnarok Thor slays the serpent, but falls 
 dead from the poison which the monster breathes forth. 
 It was also called Jormungand (Old Norse Jormungandr). 
 Midhat Pasha (mid'hat pash'a). Born in Bul- 
 garia, 1822: died in Arabia, May 8, 1884. A 
 Turkish politician, grand vizir ‘in 1872 and 
 1876-77. 
 
 685 
 
 Midhurst (mid'h^rst). A small town in Sussex, 
 England, situated on the West Bother 46 miles 
 southwest of London. 
 
 Midi (me-de'), Canal du, or Canal du Langue- 
 doc. [F., ‘canal of the south’ or ‘ of Langue- 
 doc.’] A canal uniting the Mediterranean with 
 the Atlantic. It extends from the Garonne, near Tou- 
 louse, to the Etang do Thau, near Agdc. It was opened 
 in 1681- Length, 149 miles. 
 
 Midian (mid'i-an). An Arabian tribe settled in 
 the northern part of the Syro-Arabian desert. 
 In Gen. xxv. 2 the Mldianltes are represented as descen- 
 dants of Abraham and Kcturah. They harassed the Israel- 
 ites in the period of the judges, crossing the Jordan with 
 their hordes and despoiling the country, until they were 
 defeated by Gideon. Later they disappear more and more 
 from history, and are mentioned only as a trading people 
 (Isa. lx. 6). 
 
 Midland (mid' land). The district of Virginia 
 which extends from Tidewater westward to the 
 base of the Appalachians. 
 
 Midland Counties. A name given collectively 
 to nearly the whole of the inland counties of 
 England. In the registration system they are grouped 
 as South Midland, West Midland, and North Midland 
 counties. 
 
 Midlothian, or Mid-Lothian (mid-lo'THi-an). 
 
 The county of Edinburgh, Scotland. 
 
 Midnapur (mid-na-por'). 1 . A district in Ben- 
 gal, British India, intersected by lat. 22° N., 
 long. 87° E. Area, 5,186 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 2,789,114. — 2. The capital of the dis- 
 trict of Midnapur, situated on the Kasai 70 
 miles west of Calcutta. Population, about 
 33,000. 
 
 Midrash (mid'rash). [Heb., ‘exposition,’ ‘ex- 
 planation.’] The name for the old rabbinical 
 commentaries on biblical books, which grew 
 out of the popular discourses and lectures de- 
 livered during the services in the synagogue. 
 Among the older Midrashim are Mechilta on a part of Exo- 
 dus, Siphra on Leviticus, and Siphre on Numbers and Deu- 
 teronomy, all of which belong to the period of the Mishnah 
 (which see). The most popular of the Midrashim was that 
 of Rabbah or Rabboth (magnum) on the Pentateuch and 
 the so-called “Five Rolls ” — i. e., the books of Canticles, 
 Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, and Esther — which was 
 composed between the 6th and 12th centuries. 
 
 Midshipman Easy, Mr. See Mr. Midshipman 
 Easy. 
 
 Midsummer Night’s Dream, A. A comedy 
 by Shakspere, acted in 1595. it is mentioned by 
 Meres in his “ Palladia Tamia," which was issued in 1598, 
 and was entered on the “ Stationers’ Register ” Oct. 8, 1600. 
 Two editions were printed in that year — one by James 
 Roberts, the other by Thomas Fisher. Roberts’s copy was 
 • used for the folio reprint. 
 
 Chaucer’s legend of “ Thisbe of Babilon,” and Golding’s 
 translation of the same story from Ovid, probably furnished 
 the matter for the Interlude. So much as relates to Bot- 
 tom and his fellows evidently came fresh from nature as 
 she had passed under the poet’s eye. The linking of these 
 clowns in with the ancient tragic tale of Pyramus and 
 Thisbe, so as to draw the latter within the region of 
 modern farce, thus travestying the classic into the gro- 
 tesque, is not less original than droll. 
 
 Hudson, Int. to Midsummer Night’s Dream. 
 
 Midsummer Night’s Dream. An overture by 
 Mendelssohn, written in 1826. [The music for 
 the drama was written in 1843.] 
 
 Miel (mel), or Meel (mal), Jan, called Gio- 
 vanni della Vite. Born near Antwerp, 1599: 
 died 1664. A Flemish painter. 
 
 Mierevelt (me're-velt), Janszen van. Born at 
 Delft, May 1, 1567 : died there, July 27, 1651. A 
 noted Dutch portrait-painter. 
 
 Mierevelt, Pieter van. Born 1596: died 1632. 
 A Dutch portrait-painter, son of J. van Miere- 
 velt. 
 
 Mieris (me'ris), Frans van, the elder. Bom 
 at Delft, April 16, 1635: died at Leyden, March 
 12, 1681. A Dutch genre-painter. 
 
 Mieris, Frans van, the younger. Born 1689: 
 died 1763. ADutch painter and historian, grand- 
 son of Frans van Mieris (1635-81). 
 
 Mieris, Willem van. Born at Leyden, 1662: 
 died there, Jan. 24, 1747. A Dutch painter, son 
 of Frans van Mieris. 
 
 Mieroslawski (mya - ro - sliiv ' ske), Ludwig. 
 Born at Nemours, France, 1814: died at Paris, 
 Nov. 23, 1878. A Polish revolutionist and mili- 
 tary writer. He was the leader in the attempted rising 
 of the Poles in 1846, and in the insurrections in Posen in 
 1848, in Sicily and Baden in 1849, and in Poland in 18C3. 
 Miers, John. Born at London, Aug. 25, 1789: 
 died at Kensington, Oct. 17, 1879. An English 
 engineer and botanist. He resided in Buenos Ayres 
 and Riode Janeiro 1819-38 ; made several journeys across 
 the pampas to Chile ; and erected mints for the govern- 
 ments of La Plata and Brazil. He published “ Travels in 
 Chile and La Plata” (1825), and several monographs on 
 South American plants. 
 
 Mies (mes). A mining town in western Bohe- 
 mia, situated on the Mies 65 miles west-south- 
 
 Mihrgan 
 
 west of Prague. Population, commune, 4,579, 
 (1910). 
 
 Mifflin (mif'lin), Thomas. Born at Philadel- 
 phia. 1744: died at Lancaster, I’a., Jan. 20, 1800. 
 An American Be volutionary general and politi- 
 cian, a member of the “Conway Cabal” (see 
 Conway , Thomas ) in 1777. He was president of the 
 executive council of Pennsylvania 1788-90, and governor 
 of Pennsylvania 1790-99. 
 
 Migdol (mig'dol). A station on the route of 
 the Israelites from Egypt to the Bed Sea (Ex. 
 xiv. 2). The Migdol of Ezekiel was in the neigh- 
 borhood of Pelusium. 
 
 Mighty Dollar, The. A play by B. E. Woolf, 
 produced in 1875. 
 
 Mignard (men-yiir' ), Pierre. Born at Troyes, 
 France, Nov., 1610: died at Paris, May 13, 1695. 
 A French painter of portraits and historical 
 pieces. 
 
 Migne (meny), Jacques Paul. Bom at Saint- 
 Flour, Cantal, France, 1800 : died at Paris, Oct. 
 25, 1875. A French priest, noted as an editor 
 and publisher of religious works. He served for a 
 time as curate at Puiseaux in the diocese of Orleans; 
 but in 1833 a quarrel witli his bishop drove him to Paris, 
 where he founded “ L’Univers Religieux,” and, having 
 soon sold this paper, established alarge publishing house. 
 The works issued by him include “Scriptmas sacra; cur- 
 sus completus" (28 vols.), “Theologioo cursus" (28 vols.), 
 “Collection des orateurs saerds ’’ (100 vols.), “Patrologiee 
 cursus completus" (383 vols.), “ Encyclopddie thdolo- 
 gique ” (171 vols.). 
 
 Mignet (men-ya'), Francois Auguste Marie. 
 
 Born at Aix, southern France, May 8, 1796: 
 died at Paris, March 24, 1884. One of the fore- 
 most French historians of the 19th century, in 
 1815 he studied law in his native town, and enjoyed there 
 the companionship of a young fellow-student, M. Thiers, 
 for whom he kept up a lifelong friendship. In 1830 Mi- 
 gnet and Thiers founded a newspaper, “Le National” Mi- 
 gnet was at heart a liberal, and was always ready to take up 
 his pen in defense of his ideas. He appeared for the first 
 time before the public, in successful competition for a 
 prize offered by the Academic des Inscriptions, with an es- 
 say entitled “De la fdodalitd, des institutions de Saint- 
 Louis, et de la legislation de ce prince" (1821). There- 
 upon he came to Paris, where he published his “Histoire 
 de la revolution fraugaise de 1789 ii 1814” (1824), “Ndgo- 
 ciations relatives a la succession d’Espagne sous Louis 
 XIV.” (1836-42), “Notices et mdmoires historiques ” (1843, 
 and again 1853 and 1854), “Vie de Franklin ” (l848), “Hi3- 
 toire de Marie Stuart” (1851), “ Charles-Quint ” (1864), 
 “Bloges historiques" (1863 and 1877), various “Notices 
 historiques” (1872-75), “Rivalite de Francois I. et de 
 Charles-Quint’’ (1875), etc. As dramatist Mignet wrote 
 “Autonio Perez et Philippe II.” (1845 and 1846). He was 
 received into the French Academy in 1836. 
 
 Mignon (men-yon'). In Goethe’s “Wilhelm 
 Meister’s Lehrjahre,” a mysterious Italian 
 maiden, the daughter of an old harper. She 
 loves Wilhelm, and dies in despair when she 
 finds that her love is not returned. 
 
 Two tragic figures are added to these, wandering in a 
 twilight of mystery over the earth — Mignon and the harp- 
 er ; they are daughter and father, unknown to each other, 
 exiles from then- native country, and united to Wilhelm 
 Meister by ties of love and gratitude. None of Goethe's 
 creations appeal more strongly to the depths of the human 
 soul than these two characters, with their touching songs. 
 Solemn echoes of old mysticism seem revived in these 
 songs full of earthly misery and longing for heaven ; the 
 laments of the loving but unloved maiden, the homeless, 
 friendless child, who may not reveal her inmost soul be- 
 cause her lips are sealed by a vow, alternate with the tears 
 of the guilty, God-forsaken, lonely, and remorseful old man. 
 
 Scherer, History of German Lit. (trans.), II. 183. 
 
 Mignon. An opera by Ambroise Thomas, first 
 produced at Paris in 1866, and at London in 
 1870. The words, founded on “Wilhelm Meis- 
 ter,” are by Carre and Barbier. 
 
 Mignon ( men-yon' ) , Abraham. Born at Frank- 
 fort-on-the-Main about 1640: died at Wetzlar, 
 Prussia, 1679. A noted painter of flowers, fruit, 
 and still life. 
 
 Mignot, Louise. See Denis, Louise. 
 
 Miguel (rue-gel') (Maria Evaristo): generally 
 called Dom Miguel. Born at Lisbon, Oct. 26, 
 1802 : died at Bronnbach, near Wertheim, Baden, 
 Nov. 14, 1866. The third son of John VI. of 
 Portugal. He was the head of the absolutist party; 
 was expelled from the kingdom in 1824 ; became regent 
 in 1828; usurped the kingdom 1828-34 ; and was deposed 
 and capitulated at Evora, May 26, 1834. 
 
 Migulinskaia Stanitsa (me-go-len'ska-ya sta- 
 ne'tsa). A town in the northern part of the 
 government of the Don Cossacks, southern Bus- 
 sia, situated on the Don. Population, about 
 28,000. 
 
 Mihrgan (me-her-gan'). Among the Persians, 
 the festival of the autumnal equinox, begin- 
 ning on the 16th day of the month Mihr (Sep- 
 tember), and lasting six days. Firdausi ascribes its 
 institution to Faridun. “It is he who has instituted the 
 festival Mihrgan, and the custom of resting then and of 
 seating one’s self at the banquet comes from him. To-day 
 the month of Mihr still recalls his memory. Do not then 
 show a countenance anxious and sad.” Shahnamali. 
 
Mikado, The 
 
 Mikado, The. An opera by Sullivan, words by 
 W. S. Gilbert, produced in London 1885. 
 Mikhailovskaia Stanitsa (me-<ihi-lov'ska-ya 
 sta-ne'tsa). A town in the government of the 
 Don Cossacks, southern Russia, situated on the 
 Khoper 115 miles south of Tamboff. Popula- 
 tion, about 20,000. 
 
 Miklosich (mik'lo-zich), Franz von. Born 
 near Luttenberg, Styria, Nov. 20, 1813: died at 
 Vienna, March 7, 1891. A noted Slavic scholar, 
 professor of the Slavic languages and literature 
 at Vienna. He published “ VergleichendeGrammatik 
 der slawischen Sprachen ” (“ Comparative Grammar of the 
 Slavic Languages,” 1852-74), “Etymologisches Worterbuch 
 der slawischen Sprachen " (“ Etymological Dictionary of 
 the Slavic Languages,” 1886), etc. 
 
 Mikmak. See Micmac. 
 
 Miknas. See Mequinez. 
 
 Mikono Tunne (me-ko-no' tu-ne'). [‘People 
 among the white clover roots. ’] One of the vil- 
 lages of the Pacific division of the Athapascan 
 stock of North American Indians, it was formerly 
 on the lower Rogue River, Oregon, but is now on the Siletz 
 reservation, Oregon. See Athapascan. 
 
 Milan (tni-lan' or mil'an). A province of Lom- 
 bardy, Italy. Area, 1,221 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 1,606,948. 
 
 Milan. A former duchy in Lombardy, north- 
 ern Italy. Gian Galeazzo Visconti was the first duke 
 (1395) ; and the end of the Visconti line came in 1447. 
 The duchy was ruled by the Sforza family 1450-1535 (pos- 
 session being disputed rvitli France 1499-1526) ; passed to 
 Spain in 15:15, and to Austria in 1713-14; was conquered 
 by France in 1796 ; formed part of the Cisalpine Republic 
 from 1797, of the Italian Republic from 1802, and of the 
 kingdom of Italy from 1805 ; was ceded to Austria in 1814 ; 
 and was annexed to Sardinia in 1859. 
 
 Milan, It. Milano (me-la'no), G. Mailand (im'- 
 liind). The capital of the province of Milan, 
 Italy, situated on the river Olona, in the Lom- 
 bard. plain, in lat. 45° 28' N., long. 9° 11' E. : 
 the Roman Mediolanum. It is the second city in 
 size in Italy, the chief city in Lombardy, and the chief com- 
 mercial and financial center of the country. As the center 
 of a rich agricultural district it exports dairy and other 
 farm products. It has important manufactures of furni- 
 ture, woolens, silk, machinery, gloves, etc. ; and is noted 
 also as an educational, musical, and theatrical center. The 
 cathedral, begun in its present form in 1387, is popularly 
 celebrated for the profusion of its sculptured decoration 
 and pinnacles, and the beauty of its material (white mar- 
 ble) ; but as an architectural whole it does not justify its 
 reputation, despite the beauty of such details as the Flam- 
 boyant tracery of tiie great windows of the apse, and the 
 majestic effect of the interior. The central lantern and 
 spire are graceful, but the other parts are not well propor- 
 tioned, and the west front, with its semi-modern jumble 
 of Pointed and classical forms, is barbarous, while the 
 decoration is cold and without the vigorous life of good 
 medieval art. There are 5 aisles. The chief dimensions 
 are : length, 486 feet ; breadth, 252 ; transepts, 288 ; height 
 of vaulting, 153 ; height of spire, 355. It is surpassed in 
 size in Italy by St. Peter’s only. The cathedral contains 
 many beautiful tombs. The Ospedale Maggiore, founded 
 by Francesco Sforza in 1456, is one of the most beautiful 
 creations of Lombard brick architecture, with two tiers 
 of rich Pointed arches inclosing double Pointed windows, 
 the lower tier inclosed in a Corinthian arcade. Other ob- 
 jects of interest are the gallery Vittorio Emmanuele, Bre- 
 ra (with picture-gallery and library), Museum Poldi-Pez- 
 zoli, archaeological and some other museums, Ambrosian 
 library, Piazza de’ Mercanti, the churches of the Monas- 
 tero Maggiore, of SantaMariadelle Grazie(with the “Last 
 Supper ” of Leonardo da Vinci), of San Ambrogio, and of 
 San Lorenzo, the Arco della Pace, and the Scala theater. 
 The tradition is that Milan was founded by the Celtic prince 
 Bellovesus about 600 B. C. It was the capital of the In- 
 subrian Gauls; was taken by the Romans 222 B. o.; and 
 was one of the chief cities of the later Roman Empire, and 
 ar. imperial residence. Ambrose was bishop of Milan 374- 
 397. It was sacked by Attila in 452 ; was destroyed by the 
 Goths in 539; belonged to Lombardy and later to the em- 
 pire ; was taken and nearly destroyed by Frederick Bar- 
 barossa in 1162; was rebuilt by the Lombard League in 
 1167 ; was ruled by the Torre, Visconti, and Sforza fami- 
 lies ; and has been the capital of the Milanese, or duchy of 
 Milan (which see), the Cisalpine Republic, the kingdom 
 of Italy (1805), and the Lomhardo-Venetian kingdom. It 
 was the scene of an insurrection against Austrian rule in 
 1848. and of outbreaks in 1849 and 1853. In 1859 it was 
 united to the kingdom of Sardinia. It has been noted in 
 art as the residence of Bramante, Leonardo da Vinci, etc. 
 Population, commune, 584,000. 
 
 Milan (mil'an) I. Born Aug. 22, 1854: died 
 Feb. 11, 1901. King of Servia 1882-89. He be- 
 came prince of Servia on the assassination of his cousin 
 Michael in 1868, the government being conducted by a 
 regency until he became of age in 1872. He married 
 Natalie, princess of Stourdza, in 1875. He allied himself 
 with Russia in the Turco-Russian war (1877-78), with the 
 result that Servia was made independent of Turkey in 1878. 
 He was proclaimed king in 1882 (Servia havingbeen erected 
 into a kingdom), and abdicated in favor of his son Alexan- 
 der in 1889, in consequence of a quarrel with Queen Natalie. 
 Milan, Edict of. An edict proclaiming toler- 
 ation of the Christians, promulgated by Con- 
 stantine and Licinius 313. 
 
 Milan Decree. A decree issued by Napoleon at 
 Milan, Dee. 17, 1807. It declared the forfeiture of all 
 vessels bound to or from British ports, and of all which 
 paid licenses or duties to Great Britain or had submitted 
 to search by British cruisers. 
 
 686 
 
 Milanese (mil-an-es' or -ez'), The. A name 
 often given to the duchy of Milan, or to Milan 
 and the surrounding district. 
 
 Milages y Fuentes (me-lan-as' e fwen'tes), 
 Jose Jacinto. Born at Matanzas, Aug. 16, 
 1814: died there, Nov. 14, 1863. A Cuban poet. 
 He was poor and self-educated. After 1842 he suffered 
 from mental disease, and at length fell into hopeless mel- 
 ancholia. His verses are mostly lyrics of a moral tone. 
 He published several plays, the best being “El Conde 
 Alarcon,” a tragedy (1838). Next to Heredia he is the most 
 popular of the Cuban poets. 
 
 Milazzo (me-lat'so), or Melazzo (ma-lat'so). 
 A seaport in the province of Messina, Sicily, 18 
 miles west of Messina : the ancient My lie. Near 
 this place the Roman fleet under Duilius gained its first 
 naval victory over the Carthaginians in 260 B. c., and Agrip- 
 pa defeated Sextus Pompey’s fleet in 36 B. c. ; and here, 
 July 20, 1860, Garibaldi defeated the Neapolitans. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 9,503. 
 
 Milcom. See Milkom. 
 
 Mildmay (mild'ma), Sir Walter. Bom 1520 (?): 
 died at Hackney, May 31, 1589. Chancellor 
 of the exchequer, and founder of Emmanuel 
 College, Cambridge. He was educated at Christ’s Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, and entered Gray’s Inn in 1546. He was 
 a good financier, and was appointed examiner of the king’s 
 mints in 1550. He was elected member of Parliament for 
 Maldon in 1553. Although a Calvinist, he was employed 
 by Queen Mary. On the accession of Elizabeth he was 
 made treasurer of her household, and on April 21, 1566, suc- 
 ceeded Sir - Richard Lockville as chancellor of the exche- 
 quer. In 1586 he was one of the judges of Mary Queen of 
 Scots at Fotheringay. On Nov. 23, 1583, he bought the 
 site of the Black Friars’ Monastery at Cambridge, and on 
 Jan. 11, 1584, was licensed to establish Emmanuel College, 
 the statutes of which date from Oct. 1, 1585. 
 
 Miles (mllz). Bacon’s servant in Greene’s play 
 “Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay.” 
 
 He plays the fool unabashed by either living monarchs or 
 supernatural phenomena, and in the end cheerfully con- 
 sents to be carried off by a devil, on being given to under- 
 stand that in the quarters for which he is bound he will 
 find a lusty fire, a pot of good ale, a “ pair ” of cards, and 
 other requisites for a comfortable life. Ward. 
 
 Miles, Nelson Appleton. Born at Westminster, 
 Mass., Aug. 8, 1839. An American general. He 
 served as a volunteer in the Army of the Potomac through- 
 out the Civil War, attaining the rank of major-general of 
 volunteers. He accepted a commission as colonel in the 
 regular army at the close of the war, and was promoted 
 major-general in 1890, and lieutenant-general in 1900. He 
 has conducted several campaigns againsthostile Indians on 
 the western frontiers, notably that against the Apaciies un- 
 der Geronimo and Natchez, both of whom surrendered 
 Sept. 4, 1886. In 1895 he was appointed general-in-chief. 
 During the Spanish-American war he led a successful 
 expedition to Porto Rico, landing at Guanica July 25, 
 1898. Retired Aug., 1903. 
 
 Milesians (mi-le'shianz or-zhanz). 1. The- in- 
 habitants of Miletus. — 2. The natives of Ire- 
 land: members of the Irish race. They have been 
 so called from the tradition of an ancient conquest and 
 reorganization of the country by two sons of Milesius, a 
 fabulous king of Spain. 
 
 Milesian Tales or Fables. Short stories of 
 a witty and obscene nature, greatly in vogue 
 among the Greeks and Romans. The name has 
 arisen from a collection of tales by Anton ius Diogenes, 
 compiled by Aristides of Miletus; they were translated 
 into Latin by Cornelius Sisenna (119-67 B. c.). These tales 
 are now lost, but the name is still given to stories of a like 
 nature. Bulwer published in 1866 a volume of poems en- 
 titled “ The Lost Tales of Miletus.” 
 
 Miles Wallingford. A novel by Cooper, pub- 
 lished in 1844. 
 
 Mileto (me-la'to). A town in Calabria, Italy, 
 43 miles northeast of Reggio. 
 
 Miletus (mi-le'tus). [Gr. Mt/.z/rof.] In ancient 
 geography, a city situated in Caria, Asia Minor, 
 on the Latmic Gulf, opposite the mouth of the 
 Mseander, about lat. 37° 30' N., long. 27° 10' E. 
 
 The temple of Apollo Didyimeus here was restored in its 
 final form about the time of Alexander. The ancients con- 
 sidered it one of the most splendid four existing. It was 
 an Ionic dipteros of 10 by 21 columns, on a stylobate of 3 
 steps, measuring 160 by 350 feet. The columns were over 
 6 feet in base diameter, and 64 high. The cella, in plan 
 97 by 290 feet, had a deep pronaos with 4 columns in antis, 
 and 2 subordinate interior chambers. The main chamber 
 was divided into 3 aisles by ranges of columns. Remains 
 exist of an ancient theater, entirely built of masonry, and 
 enormous in mass : there is much sculptured ornament, 
 including rich Composite capitals with Victories amid the 
 foliage. It was early colonized by Ionian Greeks ; was 
 one of the leading Greek cities, a colonizer, and a center 
 of philosophy and literature ; headed the Ionian revolt 
 against Persia in 600 B. c.; and was stormed and sacked 
 by the Persians 494 B. C. It is now a village (Palatia). 
 Milford (mil'ford). A seaport in Pembroke- 
 shire, South Wales, situated on Milford Haven 
 in lat. 51° 44' N., long. 5° 3' W. It was formerly 
 an important seaport, and was the landing-place 
 of Henry VII. in 1485. Population, 3,576. 
 Milford (mil ' ford). A town in Worcester 
 County, Massachusetts, 28 miles southwest of 
 Boston. It has manufactures of boots, etc. 
 Population, 13,055, (1910). 
 
 Milford Haven. A landlocked estuary in South 
 Wales, an arm of St. George’s Channel. It is 
 
 Mill, John Stuart 
 
 one of the best harbors in Great Britain. 
 Length, about 17 miles. 
 
 This northern peninsula, itself made up to a considera- 
 ble extent of smaller peninsulas, is cut off from its south- 
 ern fellow by the haven of Milford. Here again we seem 
 to see a Scandinavian trace. The ford here is surely 
 neither an English ford nor a Welsh ffordd, but a Scandi- 
 navian fiord, like Waterford and Wexford. 
 
 Freeman, English Towns, p. 41. 
 
 Milford Sound. An inlet on the southwestern 
 coast of the South Island, New Zealand. 
 Milfort (mil'fort ; F. pron. mel-for'), Le Clerc. 
 Born near Mezieres, France, about 1750 : died 
 at Mezieres, 1817. A French adventurer. He 
 was a chief among the Creek Indians, and later 
 became a general under Napoleon. 
 
 Milhau. See Millau. 
 
 Milicz (me'lich) of Kremsier. Born at Krem- 
 sier, Moravia: died at Avignon, France, June 
 29, 1374. A Bohemian preacher, one of the pre- 
 cursors of the Reformation. 
 
 Milindapanha (mi -lin- da -pang 'ha). [Skt., 
 ‘ the questions of Melinda.’’] A Pali work, con- 
 taining a conversation between the Buddhist 
 monk Nagasena, supposed to have lived about 
 140 b. C., and King Milinda or Menander, the 
 powerful Greco-Bactrian sovereign. It has 
 been edited in Pali and in part translated into 
 English by Trenckner. 
 
 Military Frontier, The. [G. Mili targrenze. ] 
 Formerly a part, of the Austrian-Hungarian 
 monarchy, bordering on the Turkish empire, 
 and under special military regulations. It was 
 formed in the 16th century for defense against the Turks ; 
 made a crownland in 1849 ; abolished and uuited in part to 
 Transylvania in 1851, in part to Hungary in 1872, and the 
 remainder to Croatia-Slavonia in 1881. 
 
 Milkom (mil'kom). The god of the Ammonites. 
 See Molech. 
 
 Milk (milk) River. A riverin Montana and Brit- 
 ish America, which joins the Missouri in Daw- 
 son County, northeastern Montana. Length, 
 over 400 miles. 
 
 Milky Way, The. In astronomy, the Galaxy, 
 a luminous band extending around the heavens. 
 It is produced by myriads of stars, into which it is resolved 
 by the telescope. It divides into two great branches, 
 which remain apart for a distance of 150° and then reunite ; 
 there are also many smaller branches. At one point it 
 spreads out very widely, exhibiting a fan-like expanse of 
 interlacing branches nearly 20° broad ; this terminates 
 abruptly and leaves a kind of gap. At several points are 
 seen dark spots in the midst of some of the brightest por- 
 tions. 
 
 Mill (mil), James. Born at Nortbwater Bridge, 
 Forfarshire, April 6, 1773 : died at Kensington, 
 June 23, 1836. An English utilitarian philoso- 
 pher. He was the son of a shoemaker. He entered Edin- 
 burgh University in 1790, and from 1794 to 1798 studied di- 
 vinity. He was licensed to preach in 1798. He sought 
 literary employment in London in 1802, and in 1806 began 
 the “ History of India,” which was finished 10 years later. 
 He also formed a close intimacy with Bentham, whose dis- 
 ciple he became, revising his writings and advancing his 
 principles. The “ History of India ’’ appeared in 1817, and 
 became a standard work immediately. In 1819 he entered 
 the India House. His intimacy with Ricardo began in 
 1811. Other disciples were George Grote, Henry Bicker- 
 steth, John Black, and Albany Fonblanque. He assisted 
 in establishing the “Westminster Review ” in 1824. His 
 “Analysis of the Human Mind” was published in 1829, 
 his “Elements of Political Economy” in 1821. 
 
 Mill, John. Born at Shap, Westmoreland, 
 England, about 1645: died June 23, 1707. An 
 English biblical scholar. He published a criti- 
 cal edition of the New Testament (1707), etc. 
 Mill, John Stuart* Born at London, May 20, 
 1806: died at Avignon, France, May 8, 1873. 
 A celebrated English philosophical writer, 
 logician, and economist: eldest son of James 
 Mill. He was a precocious child, and was put through an 
 extraordinary system of forcing by his father, who took 
 entire charge of his education. He was brought up an ag- 
 nostic from his infancy, and never acquired any religious 
 beliefs. In 1820 he visited France, and in 1823 entered the 
 India House as his father’s assistant. He became chief 
 examiner in 1856. His first important literary work was 
 the editing of Buchanan’s “ Treatise upon Evidence ” (1825). 
 His “Essays on Unsettled Questions of Political Economy” 
 were written about 1830 (published 1844). In 1836 the 
 “London Review,” established in 1835, was amalgamated 
 with the “Westminster Review,” and Mill became practi- 
 cally its superintendent: he was its proprietor 1837-tO. In 
 1836 he passed through a severe mental crisis, probably as 
 a result of his extraordinary training, and was led to modify 
 the strict utilitarianism of his father’s schooL His inti- 
 macy with Mrs. Taylor (whom he married in 1851) began 
 in 1830. Mill’s “ Logic,” his first successful work, was 
 published in 1843. His r ‘ Political Economy ” was pub- 
 lished in 1848. His most carefully written work, the 
 “Essay on Liberty,” was published in 1859. lie was elected 
 member of Parliament for Westminster in 1865. His book 
 “ On the Subjection of Women ” was published in 1869 ; 
 his “Autobiography ” appeared in 1S73. Among his other 
 publications are “ Thoughts on Parliamentary Reform ” 
 (1859), “ Dissertations and Discussions ” (1859-67), “ Consid- 
 erations on Representative Government” (1861), “ Utilita- 
 rianism ” (1863), “ Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s 
 Philosophy, etc.”(1865), “Auguste Comte and Positivism ” 
 
Mill, John Stuart 
 
 (1866). “ England and Ireland " (1868), “On the Irish Land 
 Question "(1870), “Nature, the Utility of Religion, and 
 Theism ” (1874). , 
 
 Millais (mil-la'), Sir John Everett. Born at 
 Southampton, June 8, 1829: died at London, 
 Aug. 13, 1896. A noted English genre-, land- 
 scape-, and portrait-painter. He won the silver 
 medal at the Royal Academy in 1843, and the gold medal 
 in 1847. In 1848, with Holman Hunt, I). G. Rossetti, and 
 others, he founded the association which was afterward 
 known as the Preraphaelite Brotherhood (which see), and 
 began to paint with the precision and attention to detail 
 which characterize that school. He became associate royal 
 academician in 1854, royal academician in 1863, and presi- 
 dent of the Royal Academy in 1896. He was created baro- 
 net in 1885. In 1883 he was elected to the French Insti- 
 tute. Among his works are “ Isabella ” (1849), “ Christ in 
 the House of his Parents "(1850), “The Huguenot ” (1852), 
 “ Ophelia ” (1852), “The Proscribed Royalist” (1853), “The 
 Order of Release” (1853), “ Autumn Leaves” (1856), “Sir 
 Isumbras at the Ford ”(1857), “The Black Brunswicker” 
 (1860),“ Charlie is my Darling ” (1864), “The Minuet "(1866), 
 “Rosalind and Celia ”(1868), “The Gambler’s Wife” (1869), 
 “The Boyhood of Raleigh "(1870), “Chill October ” (1871), 
 “The Northwest Passage ”(1874), “ STes or No ?”(1875), “Yeo- 
 man of the Guard ”(1876), “Jersey Lily "(1878), “Bride of 
 Lammermoor ” (1878), “ Olivia "(1882), “Idyl of 1746 ”(1884), 
 “Lady Peggy Primrose” (1885), “Dew-drenched Furze” 
 (18901, “ Dorothy 1 (1891), etc. He also designed illustra- 
 tions for a number of books, including Tennyson’s poems 
 and some of Trollope’s novels. 
 
 Millamant (mil' a-mant). The principal female 
 character in Congreve’s comedy “The Way of 
 the W Ol’ld.” She is an incarnation of elegance, indiffer- 
 ence, impertinence, and affectation ; and, though a brilliant 
 coquette and fine lady, is not without heart. 
 
 The chase and surrender of Millamant, superior to any- 
 thing that is to be found in the whole range of English 
 comedy from the civil war downwards. 
 
 Macaulay, Essays, II. 403. 
 
 Millau, or Milhau (me-yo'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Aveyron, southern France, situated 
 on the Tam 54 miles northwest of Montpellier. 
 It has manufactures of kid gloves. Population, 
 commune, 18,482. 
 
 Millbank Prison. A London penitentiary, on 
 the Thames, near Vauxhall Bridge, between 
 Chelsea and Westminster. It was built from de- 
 signs by Jeremy Bentham, and is now disused. 
 
 Millbank Sound Indians. See Haeltzuk, 2. 
 
 Mill-Boy of the Slashes. A name sometimes 
 given to Henry Clay, on account of the circum- 
 stances of his boyhood. 
 
 Millbury (mil'bu-ri). A town in Worcester 
 County, Massachusetts, 38 miles west-southwest 
 of Boston. Population, 4,740, (1910). 
 
 Milledge (mil'ej), John. Born at Savannah, 
 Ga., 1757 : died Feb. 9, 1818. An American 
 Revolutionary soldier and politician. 
 
 Mllledgeville (mil'ej-vil). A city, capital of 
 Baldwin County, Georgia, situated on the Oco- 
 nee 85 miles southeast of Atlanta. It was the 
 State capital before 1868. Population, 4,385, 
 (1910). 
 
 Millenary Petition. A petition presented by 
 about a thousand Puritan ministers to James I. 
 on his progress to London in April, 1603, ask- 
 ing for certain changes in ceremonial, etc. 
 
 Miller (me-ya'),Benigne Emmanuel Clement. 
 Bom at Paris, 1812 : died at Nice, France, 1886. 
 A French Hellenist, noted as a paleographer. 
 
 Miller, Cincinnatus Heine. See Miller , Joa- 
 
 quin. 
 
 Miller (mil'er), Hugh. Born at Cromarty, Oct. 
 10, 1802: committed suicide near Edinburgh, 
 Dec. 24, 1856. A Scottish geologist, editor from 
 1840 of “ The Witness,” an Edinburgh news- 
 paper. In his youth he worked a9 a stone-mason. In 
 1829 he published “Poems, Written in the Leisure Hours 
 of a Journeyman Mason.” In 1834 he became an accoun- 
 tant in the Commercial Bank of Cromarty. His “Scenes 
 and Legends of the North of Scotland,” with a chapter on 
 geology, appeared in 1835. He corresponded with Murchi- 
 son and Agassiz, and published “ The Old Red Sandstone ” 
 (1841), “The Footprints of the Creator, or the Asterolepis 
 of Stromness” (1847), “My Schools and Schoolmasters" 
 (1862), etc. “The Testimony of theRocks,” explaining the 
 six days of creation as six periods, was published in 1857. 
 His death occurred in a fit of insanity caused by excessive 
 brain-work. 
 
 Miller, James. Bora at Peterborough, N. H., 
 April 25, 1776: died at Temple, N. H., July 7, 
 1851. An American general and politician, dis- 
 tinguished at Lundy’s Lane in 1814. 
 
 Miller, Joaquin (originally Cincinnatus Heine 
 Miller). Born in Indiana, Nov. 10, 1841: died 
 Feb. 17, 1913. An American poet. He went to Ore- 
 gon in 1854 ; was afterward a miner in California ; studied 
 law ; edited the “ Democratic Register ” in Eugene, Ore- 
 gon ; and was judge of Grant County, Oregon, 1866-70. He 
 was led to adopt his pseudonym from having written in 
 defense of Joaquin Marietta, a Mexican brigand. He was 
 a journalist at Washington, District of Columbia, and in 
 1887 returned to California. He is the author of “ Songs of 
 the Sierras” (1871), “ Songs of the Sun Lands” (1872), “ The 
 Ships in the Desert ” (1875), “The First Families of the Si- 
 erras "(1875), “Songs ofltaly "(1878), “ Shadowsof Shasta ’’ 
 (1881), “The Destruction of Gotham ” (1886), “ Songs of the 
 
 687 
 
 Mexican Seas” (1887), “Building of the City Beautiful” 
 (1893), and other works. 
 
 Miller, Johann Martin. Bom at Ulm, Wiir- 
 temberg, Dec. 3, 1750 : died there, June 21, 1814. 
 A German novelist and lyric poet, author of the 
 novel “Siegwart” (1776), etc. 
 
 Miller, Joseph. Bom 1684: died at London, 
 1738. An English comedian. The collection of 
 jests known as “Joe Miller’s Jests ” appeared originallyin 
 1739 as “Joe Miller’s Jest Book, or the Wit’s Vade Mecum, 
 etc.” Itwas made by John Mottleyand received its name 
 unwarrantably from Joseph Miller, who is popularly said 
 never to have made a joke in his life, and could neither 
 read nor write. It has been many times enlarged and re- 
 printed. Any stale jest is now known as a “Joe Miller” 
 from the fact that it is supposed to have at some time 
 emanated from this source. 
 
 Miller, Samuel Freeman. Born at Richmond, 
 Ky., April 5, 1816: died at Washington, D. C., 
 Oct. 13, 1890. An Americau jurist. He practised 
 
 medicine for a time, hut afterward became a lawyer, and 
 in 1850 removed from Kentucky to Keokuk, Iowa. He 
 was appointed associate justice of the United States Su- 
 preme Court by President Lincoln in 1862, and was a mem- 
 ber of the U nited States Electoral Commission of 1877. He 
 was a Republican in politics. 
 
 Miller, Thomas. Born at Gainsborough, Eng- 
 land, 1807 : died at London, Oct. 24, 1874. An 
 English poet, novelist, and writer on rural life, 
 known as “the Basket-maker.” Among hisworks 
 are “Royston Gower,” a novel (1838), “Rural Sketches,” 
 in verse (1839), “ Gideon Giles the Roper ” (1840), ‘ ‘ Godfrey 
 Malvern ” (1843), “ H istory of the Anglo-Saxons, etc. ’’ (1848 : 
 this went through five editions). He also wrote the fifth 
 volume of G. W. Reynolds’s “ Mysteries of London ” (1849), 
 
 Miller, William. Born at Pittsfield, Mass., 1782: 
 died in Washington County, N. Y., Dec. 20, 1849. 
 An American religious enthusiast, the founder 
 of the Millerites or Adventists. He commenced 
 lecturing on the millennium in 1831. 
 
 Miller, William. Born at Wingham, Kent, Dec. 
 2, 1795 : died at Callao, Peru, Oct. 31, 1861. An 
 English general in the service of Peru. He fought 
 with the British in the Peninsula 1811-14, and in the United 
 States in 1816 ; took service with the patriots at Buenos 
 Ayres in 1816; and distinguished himself in the invasion 
 of Chile 1817-19, and in Peru, where he held independent 
 commands and led the cavalry at Junin (Aug. 6, 1824) and 
 Ayacucho (Dec. 9, 1824). He remained in the service of 
 Peru, became grand marshal under Santa Cruz, and on his 
 defeat (1839) was banished. He returned and was rein- 
 stated in rank in 1859. His “ Memoirs” were published in 
 1829 by his brother, John Miller: they give one of the best 
 accounts of the Spanish-American revolution. 
 
 Miller, William. Born at Edinburgh, May 28, 
 1796: died at Sheffield, England, Jan. 20, 1882. 
 A Scottish line-engraver. He was apprenticed in 
 1811 to William Archibald, engraver, and in 1819 studied 
 with George Cook in London. He returned to Edinburgh, 
 and his first plates were for Williams’s “Views in Greece” 
 (1822). In 1824 he began to engrave after Turner, of whom 
 he was the chief interpreter. 
 
 Miller, William Allen. Born at Ipswich, Dec. 
 17, 1817 : died at Liverpool, Sept. 30, 1870. An 
 English chemist. He was educated at MerchantTaylors’ 
 School and at aQuaker seminary at Ackworth in Yorkshire. 
 About 1837 he entered the medical department of King's 
 College, London, and in 1840 studied with Liebig at Gies- 
 sen. In 1842 he received the degree of M. D. from the 
 University of London, and in 1845 he was made an F. R. S. 
 His first experiments in spectrum analysis were pub- 
 lished in a paper before the British Association in 1845, in 
 which diagrams of flame spectra were first shown. In 
 1862 this was followed by a paper on the “ Photographic 
 Transparency of Various Bodies,” illustrated by photo- 
 graphs of the spectra of twenty-five metals. With the as- 
 sistance of Dr. Huggins he began in 1862 experiments on 
 the spectra of the heavenly bodies, procuring the first 
 trustworthy results in solar chemistry. They were award- 
 ed the gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society for 
 their results. In 1851 he published a “ Report on the Met- 
 ropolitan Water Supply.” He invented a self-registering 
 thermometer for deep-sea soundings. 
 
 Miller’s Tale of the Carpenter, The. One of 
 
 Chaucer’s “Canterbury Tales.” Its source is 
 unknown, hut it is probably from some rough 
 jest of the day. 
 
 Millesimo (mil-la'se-mo). A village in the prov- 
 ince of Genoa, Italy, situated on the Bormida 
 36 miles west of Genoa. Here, April 13 and 14, 1796, 
 Bonaparte defeated the Austrian and Sardinian forces. 
 
 Millet (me-la'), Aime. Bom at Paris, Sept. 27, 
 1819 : died there, Jan. 13, 1891. A French sculp- 
 tor. He stud ied both painting and sculpture, and was for a 
 time in the studio of David d’Angers. He first exhibited 
 drawings at the Salon of 1842, and until 1852 his exhibits 
 were both paintings and statues. After that he confined 
 himself entirely to sculpture. Among his works are “ Une 
 Bacchante” (1845); “Ariane” (1857), now at the Luxem- 
 bourg ; “ Vercingdtorix,’’ a colossal statue in copper set up 
 at Alise-Sainte-Reine, C6te-d’Or (1865) ; a number of por- 
 trait busts, including George Sand and Edmotid Adam; 
 “ Tombeau de la ITincesse Christine de Montpensier,”for 
 the city of Seville (1881); “La Physique, ’’for the Nice Ob- 
 servatory (1881) ; various colossal figures for public build- 
 ings in Paris (1882); a bronze statue of Edgar Quinet (1885) ; 
 “ Phidias," for the Luxembourg Gardens (18s7) ; etc. 
 
 Millet (mil'let), Francis Davis. Born at Mat- 
 tapoisett, Mass,, Nov. 3, 1846: drowned on the 
 steamship Titanic, April 15, 1912. An American 
 figure- and portrait-painter. He studied at Antwerp 
 
 Milman 
 
 at the Royal Academy with Van Lerius and De Keyser. He 
 was correspondent for the London “Daily News” in the 
 war between Russia and Turkey. Among his works are 
 “Bay of Naples ” (1875), “Bashi Bazouk ” (1880), “A Window 
 Seat ”(1885), “The Handmaid ” and “A Cosy Corner "(1886), 
 “How the Gossip Grew ” (1890). 
 
 Millet (me-la'), Francois (Frans Mille), often 
 called Francisque. Born at Antwerp, 1642: 
 died at Paris, 1679. A Flemish landscape- 
 painter, a pupil of Laurens Franeken, and after- 
 ward a follower of Poussin. 
 
 Millet, Jean Francois. Born at Gruchy, near 
 Greville, Manche., France, Oct. 4, 1814: died 
 at Barbison, near Fontainebleau, France, Jan. 
 20, 1875. A celebrated French painter, noted 
 for his simple and pathetic representations of 
 peasant life in France. He worked with his father, 
 a farmer, as a farm-laborer in hisyouth ; but in 1832, having 
 shown ability in drawing, he was placed at Cherbourg with 
 Mouchel, who secured for him an anuuity to enable him 
 to proceed with his studies. He went to Paris in 1837, and 
 studied with Paul Delaroche ; and in 1840 his first work, a 
 portrait, was accepted at the Salon. He struggled to main- 
 tain himself for some years, and in 1848 fought at the bar- 
 ricades in Paris. The next year he settled at Baibizon, 
 where he remained for the rest of his life. Among his 
 works are “ The Sower ” (1849), “ Peasants Grafting " (1855), 
 “ The Gleaners ” (1857),“ The Angelus ” (1859 : which see), 
 “Death and the Wood-cutter ” (1859),“ Waiting ” and “The 
 Sheep-shearers” (1860), “The Man with the Hoe” and 
 “Wool-Carding” (1863), “Shepherdess and Sheep ” (1864), 
 “Goose Girl” (1867), “Evening Prayer” (1868), “Potato 
 Planters ” (1868), etc. 
 
 Millevoye (mel-vwa'), Charles Hubert. Born 
 at Abbeville, 1782: died at Paris, 1816. AFrench 
 poet. He published a volume of poems in 1801. His 
 article on “Le danger des romans” (1804) and a series of 
 his poems (1806-12) were crowned by the Academy. 
 
 At the head of the poets of this minor band has to be 
 mentioned Millevoye, who might, perhaps with equal or 
 greater appropriateness, have found a place in the pre- 
 ceding book. He is chiefly remarkable as the author of 
 one charming piece of sentimental verse, “La Chute des 
 Feuilles”; and as the occasion of an immortal criticism of 
 Sainte-Beuve’s, “II se trouve dans les trois quarts des 
 homines un poete qui meurt jeune tandis qne l’homme 
 survit.” Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 541. 
 
 Milliken’s Bend (mil'i-kenz bend). A village 
 in Madison parish, Louisiana, situated on the 
 Mississippi 17 miles northwest of Yieksburg. A 
 body of 3,000 Confederates was repulsed here by the Fed- 
 erate June 7, 1863. 
 
 Mill on the Floss, The. A novel by George 
 Eliot, published in 1860. 
 
 Millot (me-yo'), Claude Frangois Xavier. 
 
 Born at Ornans, France, March 5, 1726: died 
 at Paris, March 21, 1785. A French historical 
 writer, a member of the Jesuit order. 
 
 Mills (milz), Charles. Born near Greenwich, 
 England, July 29, 1788: died at Southampton, 
 Oct. 9, 1826. An English historian, author of 
 a “History of Mohammedanism ” (1817), etc. 
 Mills, Clark. Born in Onondaga County, N. Y., 
 Dec. 1, 1815: died at Washington, D. C., Jan. 
 12,1883. An American sculptor. Hemadeeques- 
 trian statues of Jackson and Washington (at Washington), 
 a statue of “Liberty” (Capitol, Washington), etc. 
 
 Mills, Roger Quarles. Born in Todd County, 
 Ky., March 30, 1832: died at Corsicana, Texas, 
 Sept. 2, 1911. An American Democratic poli- 
 tician. He settled in Texas in 1849, served as a Con- 
 federate officer in the Civil War, and was a member of 
 Congress from Texas 1873-92. He was chairman of the 
 Ways and Means Committee 1887-89, and as such intro- 
 duced the Mills Bill (which see) in 1888. He represented 
 Texas in the United States Senate 1892-98. 
 
 Mills Bill. A tariff hill, named from the chair- 
 man (R. Q. Mills) of the Ways and Means Com- 
 mittee, passed by the Democratic House in 1888, 
 andrejectedby the Republican Senate. It placed 
 wool, lumber, hemp, and flax on the free list, and reduced 
 duties on pig-iron, woolen goods, etc. 
 
 Mill Springs (mil springz). A village in Wayne 
 County, southern Kentucky, situated on the 
 Cumberland 89 miles south of Frankfort. Near 
 it, Jan. 19, 1862, the Federals under Thomas defeated the 
 Confederates underCrittenden andZollicoffer. q'he Fed- 
 eral and Confederate losses were respectively about 250 
 and 350. 
 
 Millville (mil'vil). A cityin Cumberland Coun- 
 ty, New Jersey, situated on Maurice River 40 
 miles south of Philadelphia.. It manufactures 
 glass, cotton, etc. Population, 12,451, (1910). 
 Milman (mil 'man), Henry Hart. Born at Lon- 
 don, Feb. 10, 1791: died near Ascot, Sept. 24, 
 1868. An English clergyman, the third son of 
 Sir Francis Milman, physician of George III. 
 He was educated at Eton and Brasenose College, Oxford, 
 where he graduated in 1814. In 1812 he won the Newdi- 
 gate prize with an English poem on the “Apollo Belve- 
 dere,” and in 1821 was elected professor of poetry at Ox- 
 ford. “Fazio,” a drama, composed at Oxford, was pub- 
 lished in 1815, and performed at Covent Garden Feb. 5, 
 1818, with Miss O’Neill in the cast. It was also used by 
 Madame Ristori in 1856. “Samor,” an epic, appeared in 
 1818; “ The Fall of Jerusalem ” in 1820 ; and the “Martyr of 
 Antioch ” in 1822. In 1835 he published translations from 
 Sanskrit poems. In 1827 he delivered the Bampton Lec- 
 tures. His “History of the Jews, ’’which appeared in 1880, 
 
Milman 
 
 treated them as an Oriental tribe, with little attention to 
 the miraculous element. In 1835 Sir Robert Peel made 
 him canon of Westminster and rector of St. Margaret's. 
 In 1840 he published the “History of Christianity under 
 the Empire. ” Although shunned by the clergy for his un- 
 conventional views, he was advanced to the deanery of St. 
 Paul’s in 1849. In 1838 he edited Gibbon, and in 1855 pub- 
 lished the “History of Latin Christianity down to the 
 death of Pope Nicholas V. " The remainder of his life was 
 devoted to the administration of his office. 
 
 Milne Edwards (mel-na-dwar'), Alphonse. 
 Born at Paris, Oct. 13, 1835: died there, April 
 21, 1900. A French naturalist, son of Henri 
 Milne Edwards: director of the Museum of Nat- 
 ural History of Paris. 
 
 Milne Edwards, Henri. Born at Bruges, Bel- 
 gium, Oct. 23, 1800: died at Paris, July 28, 1885. 
 A noted French naturalist. Hisworks include “la- 
 ments de zoologie ” (1836), “ Histoire naturelle des crus- 
 tacbs” (1834-41), “Recherehes pour servir a l’histoire na- 
 turelle des mammifferes" (1864-74), “Le?ons sur la physi- 
 ologic et l’anatomie compare del'homme et des animaux” 
 (1857-83), etc. 
 
 Milner (mil'ner), Isaac. [The surname Milner 
 is an older form of Miller , from miller .] Born 
 at Leeds, Jan. 11, 1751 : died at Kensington, 
 April 1, 1820. An English mathematician and 
 divine. He entered Queens’ College, Cambridge, in 1770 ; 
 became rector of St. Botolph’s, Cambridge, in 1778; and 
 first Jackson professor of natural philosophy in 1782. He 
 was made dean of Queens’ College in 1788, vice-chancellor 
 of the university in 1792, and Lucasian professor of mathe- 
 matics in 1798. He was intimate with William Wilber- 
 force, and died at his home in Kensington Gore. 
 
 Milner, John. Born at London, Oct. 14, 1752 : 
 died at Wolverhampton, April 19, 1826. An Eng- 
 lish bishop and vicar-apostolic of the Roman 
 Catholic Church. In 1766 he entered the English col- 
 lege at Douai ; was ordained priest in 1777 ; and was ap- 
 pointed pastor of the Catholic congregation at Winchester. 
 In 1803 he was appointed by Pope Pius VII. bishop of 
 Castabala in partibus, and vicar-apostolic of the Midland 
 district. In politics he opposed any plan for Catholic eman- 
 cipation which should recognize a right of veto in the 
 English crown. As an archeologist he published “ The 
 History, Civil and Ecclesiastical, and Survey of the Anti- 
 quities of Winchester” (1798-1801). A “Treatise on the 
 Ecclesiastical Architecture of England during the Middle 
 Ages ” was published in 1835. 
 
 Milner, Joseph. Born at Leeds, England, Jan. 
 2, 1744: died at Hull, England, Nov. 15, 1797. 
 An English church historian. 
 
 Milner, Miss. The principal character in Mrs. 
 Lnchbald’s “ Simple Story.” 
 
 The tale of a young lady, Miss Milner, left to the care 
 of a Roman Catholic priest, Dorriforth, with whom she 
 falls in love ; and, as he becomes theEarl of Elmwood, and 
 is released from his ordination vows, she marries him ; aud 
 afterward becomes unfaithful, and dies in great misery. 
 Forsyth, Novels and Novelists of the 18th Cent., p. 172. 
 
 Milnes (milz), Richard Monckton, first Lord 
 Houghton. Born at London, June 19, 1809 : 
 died at Vichy, Aug. 11, 1885. An English states- 
 man, poet, and litterateur: only son of Robert 
 Pemberton Milnes, member of Parliament for 
 Pontefract in 1806. He graduated at Cambridge (Trin- 
 ity College) in 1831, and was intimate there with Tenny- 
 son, Hallara, and Thackeray. He visited Germany, Italy, 
 and Greece, and settled in London in 1835. He became 
 member of Parliament for Pontefract in 1837, joined the 
 Liberal party, and assisted in passing the Copyright Act. 
 In 1863 he was created Baron Houghton. He visited Amer- 
 ica in 1875. He published several volumes of poems, “The 
 Life aud Letters of Keats” (1848), etc. 
 
 Milo. See Melos. 
 
 Milo (miT5), or Milon (mi'lon). [Gr. Mfiltw.] 
 Born at Crotona, Magna Grtecia, Italy: lived in 
 the last part of the 6th century B. c. A Greek 
 athlete, famous for his strength. He was six times 
 victor in wrestling at the Olympic games and six times at 
 the Pythian, and many stories were told of his extraordi- 
 naryfeats of strength, of which the best-known is his car- 
 rying a heifer, four years old, on his shoulders through the 
 stadium at Olympia, then slaying it and eating the whole 
 of it in a day. He is said to have been eaten by wolves 
 which attacked him while his hands were caught in a cleft 
 tree which he had endeavored to rend. 
 
 Milo, Titus Annius Papianus. Killed in Lu- 
 cania, Italy, 48 b. C. A Roman part.izan leader, 
 tribune 57 b. c. : a rival of Clodius whom he 
 killed at Bovillas 52. He was exiled to Massilia. The 
 oration of Cicero in his behalf which we possess is not 
 the speech actually delivered (which was unsuccessful), 
 but a subsequent revision of it. 
 
 Miloradovitch (me-16-ra'do-vich), Count Mi- 
 khail. Born at St. Petersburg, 1770: killed at 
 St. Petersburg, Dec. 26,1825. A Russian general, 
 distinguished in the Napoleonic wars. 
 
 Milosh Obrenovitch (mil'osh d-bren'6-vich). 
 Born at Dobrinia, Servia, 1780 : died at Belgrad, 
 Servia, Sept. 26, 1860. The leader in the second 
 Servian war of liberation ( 1815). He became ruler 
 of Servia in 1817 ; was proclaimed hereditary prince in 1827; 
 was compelled to abdicate in 1839; and was again prince 
 1858-f>0. 
 
 Miltiades (mil-ti'a-dez). [Gr. MG-MKb/r.] Died 
 about 489 B. c. A celebrated Athenian general. 
 
 He defeated the Persians under Datis and Artaphernes at 
 Marathon Sept. 12, 490. Having failed in an expedition 
 
 688 
 
 against Paros, he was fined fifty talents, which he was un- 
 able to pay, and died in prison. 
 
 Milton (mil'ton), John. Born about 1563 : died 
 in March, 1647. The father of John Milton the 
 poet, and son of Richard Milton of Stanton St. 
 J ohn, near Oxford. He was educated at Christ Church, 
 Oxford, where he became a Protestant. He was admitted 
 to the Company of Scriveners in London Feb. 27, 1600. 
 He married Sarah, daughter of Paul Jeffrey, a merchant 
 tailor. He was a man of high character, a good scholar, 
 and devoted to music. 
 
 Milton, John. BoruatLondon,Dec.9,1608: died 
 there, Nov. 8, 1674. A celebrated English poet. 
 He was the son of John Milton, a scrivener. His tutor was 
 Thomas Young, graduate of St. Andrews University, after- 
 ward well known as a Presbyterian clergyman and masfer 
 of Jesus College, Cambridge. He also attended St. Paul’s 
 School until 1624. At 16 he entered Christ’s College, Cam- 
 bridge, in the grade of pensioner, and graduated in 1629. 
 To this period belong most of his Latin poems, the “ Ode 
 on the Nativity ’’ (1629), the sonnet to Shakspere (1630), and 
 the sonnet to the nightingale, etc. For the next six years 
 he devoted himself to literature at Horton, near Windsor, 
 where he wrote “Ad Patrem,” “L’Allegro,” “11 Pensero- 
 so,” “ Comus ” (1634), and “ Lycidas ” (Nov., 1637). In 1638 
 he went to Italy, meeting Grotius in Paris and Galileo in 
 Florence. The Scottish war called him back in 1639. The 
 first suggestion of “ Paradise Lost,” in the form of a tra- 
 gedy, dates from 1640. After the meeting of the Long 
 Parliament (Nov., 1640), Milton joined in the attacks on 
 the Episcopacy, and began his political writings with “ Of 
 Reformation touching Church Discipline in England" 
 (1641), “ The Reason of Church Government urged against 
 Prelacy ” (1642), and others. In 1643 he married as his first 
 wife Mary Powell, of Forest Hill, Oxfordshire. She was 
 the daughter of a Royalist, and was only 17 years old ; she 
 found life dull with him, and abandoned him a month later. 
 This desertion was the occasionof hispamphlets on divorce, 
 and the persecution which followed suggested the “ Areo- 
 pagitica,” a plea for a free press (the most popular of his 
 prose works). She returned to him after a few years, and 
 he forgave her. She died in 1652. Of this marriage three 
 children, daughters, lived to maturity. After the execu- 
 tion of Charles I., Milton was made Latin secretary to the 
 new Commonwealth (March, 1649). Of his political writ- 
 ings during this period the most important are the “Ei- 
 konoklastes” (1649), in answer to the “Eikon Basilike ” of 
 John Gauden, and the famous “ Defensio prima’’or “ Pro 
 Populo Anglicano Defensio ” (1650), an answer to the 
 “Defensio Regia pro Carolo I.” by Claude de Saumaise of 
 Leyden. The “ Defensio secunda ” appeared in May, 1654. 
 By May, 1652, he had become totally blind. In 1656 he 
 married Catharine Woodcock, who died in 1658; and in 1663 
 he married Elizabeth Minshull, who survived him. Up 
 to the period of his third marriage his domestic life had 
 been rendered unhappy by the undutifulness of his daugh- 
 ters, who were impatient of the restraints and employ- 
 ments his blindness imposed upon them. At the Restora- 
 tion he was freed from all legal consequences of his actions 
 by the Indemnity Act (Oct., 1660). “ Paradise Lost” was 
 actually begun in the epic form in 1658, finished before 
 July, 1665, and published in 1667. He sold his rights in 
 the poem to Samuel Simmons, printer, for £5 down and 
 the promise of three subsequent payments of £5 each. It 
 was entered on the “ Stationers’ Register ” Aug. 20, 1667. 
 Suggestions for “Paradise Lost” may have come from the 
 Anglo-Saxon poem attributed to Caedmon (published in 
 1655), the “Adamo" of Andreini, and the “Lucifer” of 
 Joost van Vondel (1654). In 1669 appeared his history of 
 Britain to the Norman Conquest, and in 1671 “Paradise 
 Regained ” and “Samson Agonistes.” His numerous other 
 works in Latin and English were mostly polemical. His 
 last political pamphlet, “ Of True Religion, Heresy, Schism, 
 Toleration, etc.," was published in 1673. 
 
 Milton, The Anglo-Saxon. Cjedmon. 
 
 Miltsin (melt-sen' ). A peak of the Atlas Moun- 
 tains, Morocco, S.E. of the city of Morocco, once 
 considered the culminating point of the chain. 
 Milvian Bridge. See Pons Milvius. 
 
 Milwaukee (mil-wa'ke). The capital of Mil- 
 waukee County, Wisconsin, situated on Lake 
 Michigan and on the Milwaukee and Menomi- 
 nee rivers, in lat. 43° 3' N., long. 87° 56' W. 
 It was settled in 1835; is the largest city of Wisconsin; 
 exports grain and flour ; and is an important rail way, manu- 
 facturing, and commercial center. Pork-packing and the 
 manufacture of flour and beer are among the leading in- 
 dustries. It is sometimes called “the Cream City,” from 
 the cream-colored bricks. It has a very large German 
 population. Population, 373,857, (1910). 
 
 Milyas (mil'i-as). [Gr. Mdtazf.] In ancient 
 geography, a region in Asia Minor, of varying 
 boundaries, usually including parts of Lycia 
 and Pisidia. 
 
 Mimas (mi'mas). The first satellite of Saturn, 
 discovered by Herschel, Sept. 17, 1789. 
 
 Mimbreno (mim-bran'yo). A subtribe of the 
 Gileno tribe of North American Indians, inhab- 
 iting the Mimbres Mountains. See Gileno. 
 
 Mimbres (mem'bres), Rio. [Sp.] A stream in 
 southern New Mexico which empties into the in- 
 land basin occupied by the lagoons of northern 
 Chihuahua. 
 
 Mimbres, Sierra. A mountain-range in south- 
 ern New Mexico. Also called the Biack Range. 
 
 Mimir (me'mir). [ON. Mimir.'] In Old Norse 
 mythology, a water-demon in the form of a 
 giant. He dwelt under the root of the ash Yggdrasil at 
 the so-called well of Mimir (ON. Jlimisbrunnr), the source 
 of all wisdom, from which he drank with the Gjallarhorn. 
 Odin, to obtain a drink from the well, was obliged to leave 
 one of his eyes in pawn. 
 
 Mimnermus (mim-uer'mus). [Gr. Mipveppo£.] 
 
 Minersville 
 
 A Greek elegiac poet of Colophon, who flour- 
 ished about 630-600 B. C. His poetry, fragments of 
 which have been preserved, is of the erotic type. He was 
 a contemporary of Solon. His elegiac poemsform an epoch 
 in the history of that form of verse. He was the first sys- 
 tematically to make it the vehicle for plaintive, mournful, 
 and erotic strains. “ His name has passed into a proverb 
 for luxurious verse, saddened by reflexions on the fleeting 
 joys of youth and on the sure and steady progress of old 
 age and death." Symonds. 
 
 Min (men). See Khem. 
 
 Mina (me'nii), Francisco Javier. Born at 
 Otan, near Monreal, Navarre, Dec. 3, 1789: died 
 in tbe province of Guanajuato, Mexico, Nov. 11, 
 1817. A Spanish soldier. He was a noted guerrilla 
 leader against the French(1808-10), and against Ferdinand 
 VII. (1814); organized in England and the United States 
 an expedition in aid of the patriots of Mexico ; landed in 
 Tamaulipas, April, 1817 ; marched into the interior and re- 
 peatedly defeated the Spanish forces; but was eventually 
 captured by surprise and shot. 
 
 Minas (me'nas) Basin. The easternmost arm 
 of the Bay di Fundy, Nova Scotia : noted for 
 its high tides. Length, about 60 miles. 
 
 Minas Channel. A branch of the Bay of Fundy, 
 connecting it with Minas Basin. 
 
 Minas Geraes (me'nas zhe-ris'). An interior 
 state of Brazil, between Sao Paulo and Bahia. 
 Capital, Bello Horizonte. It is crossed by several 
 mountain-chains, and is rich in metals and precious stones, 
 but most of the mines are now abandoned and agriculture 
 is the principal industry. Area, 221,951 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 3,594,471. 
 
 Minch ( rninch) . A sea passage separating Lewis 
 and Harris from the mainland of Scotland. 
 Width, about 25 to 40 miles. 
 
 Minch, Little. A sea passage separating the 
 Outer Hebrides from Skye. 
 
 Mincing (min'sing). A character in Congreve’s 
 comedy “The Way of the World,” Millamant’s 
 waiting-maid, a good specimen of her class. 
 Mincing Lane. A street in London connecting 
 Fenchurch street with Great Towel 1 street : the 
 center of colonial (wholesale) trade, it received 
 its name from the ‘minchens”(nuns)ofSt. Helen’s, apart 
 of whose domain it once was. 
 
 Mincio (min'cho). A river in northern Italy: 
 the ancient Mincius. It rises in Tyrol as the Sarca, 
 traverses the Lake of Garda, and falls into the Po 11 miles 
 southeast of Mantua. Near it, Dec. 25 and 26, 1800, the 
 French under Brune defeated the Austrians under Belle- 
 garde ; and in 1814 Engi ne de Beauharnais defeated the 
 Austrians. The battle of Solferino Is sometimes called the 
 battle of the Mincio. The river formed the boundary be- 
 tween the dominions of Victor Emmanuel and Austria 
 from 1859 to 1866. Total length, about 120 miles. 
 
 Mind (mind), Gottfried, called “The Bernese 
 Friedli ” and “The Raphael of Cats.” Born at 
 Bern, Switzerland, 1768: died at Bern, Nov. 7, 
 1814. A Swiss painter, especially remarkable 
 for his pictures of cats. 
 
 Mindanao (men-da-na'o), or Maguindanao 
 
 (ma-gen-da-na'o). One of the southern islands 
 of the Philippines. Next to Luzon, it is the largest 
 of the group. The surface is mountainous. It came into 
 the possession of the United States in 1898. Area, 36,292 
 square miles. Population, 499, 631. 
 
 Mindelheim (min'del-him). A town in Swabia 
 and Neuburg, Bavaria, on the Mmdel 29 miles 
 southwest of Augsburg. Pop., about 4,500. 
 Minden (min'den). A city in the province of 
 Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the Weser 35 
 miles west by south of Hannover, it has a cathe- 
 dral. It was under the rule of bishops till 1648 ; then as 
 a secular principality it passed to Brandenburg. Near it. 
 Aug. 1, 1759, the English and German forces under Duke 
 Ferdinand of Brunswick defeated the French under Con- 
 tades. Population, commune, 25,425. 
 
 Mindoro (men-do'ro). An island in the Philip- 
 pines, south of Luzon, from which it is sepa- 
 rated by San Bernardino Strait. Area, 3,934 
 square miles. 
 
 Mineo (me-na'o). A town in the province of 
 Catania, Sicily, 25 miles southwest of Catania. 
 Population, 9,828. 
 
 Mineptah (mi-nep'ta) II., or Menephthes (me- 
 nef'thez). An Egyptian king of the 19th dy- 
 nasty, the thirteenth (or fourteenth [SayceJ) 
 son of Rameses II., and his successor (about 
 1300 b. c.). It is supposed that tbe Exodus took 
 place during his reign. Also Mcneplitah, Ain- 
 menephthes. 
 
 Miner (nh'ner), Alonzo Ames. Born at Lemp- 
 ster, N. H., Aug. 17. 1814: died June 14, 1895. 
 An American Universalist clergyman and anti- 
 slavery and total-abstinence lecturer : president 
 of Tufts College, Massachusetts, 1862-74. 
 Mineral Point (ruin'e-ral point). A city in 
 Iowa County, Wisconsin, northeastof Dubuque. 
 Population, 2,J25, (1910). 
 
 Minersville (mi'nerz-vil). A borough in Schuyl- 
 kill County, Pennsylvania, situated on the west 
 branch of the Schuylkill, 81 miles northwest of 
 Philadelphia. Population, 7,240, (1910). 
 
Minerva 
 
 Minerva (mi-ner'va). In Roman mythology, 
 one of the three chief divinities, the other two 
 being Jupiter and Juno. The chief seat of the cult 
 of all three was the great templeon the CapitolineHill. Mi- 
 nerva was a virgin, the daughter of Jupiter, the supreme 
 god, and hence was identified, as the Romans came more 
 and more under the influence of Hellenic culture, with 
 the Greek Athene (or Athena) or Pallas, the goddess of 
 wisdom, of war, and of the liberal arts. Like Athene, Mi- 
 nerva was represented in art with a grave and majestic 
 countenance, armed with helmet, shield, and spear, and 
 wearing long full drapery, and on her breast the tegis. 
 Minerva. An antique statue in marble, in the 
 Glyptothek at Munich. The goddess wears the scaled 
 segis, with tunic and himation. The helmeted head, though 
 antique, does Dot belong to this statue, and the right arm 
 is incorrectly restored as raised to hold a spear : it was 
 probably extended, supporting a Victory. See Famese. 
 
 Minerva Medica. [So called from the contorted 
 serpent at the goddess’s feet.] An impressive 
 antique statue in Parian marble, in the V atican, 
 Rome. It is a copy from a fine Greek original, and is 
 believed to have been the cult-statue of the temple re- 
 placed by Santa Maria sopra Minerva. The goddess stands 
 erect as guardian, holding her spear. She is clad in a long 
 diploidion-tunic, with the aegis and himation, and wears a 
 Corinthian helmet. 
 
 Minerva Pacifera. [‘The peace-bringer.’] A 
 fine statue found at Velletri, now in the Capi- 
 toline Museum, Rome. The goddess holds her spear, 
 and wears diploidion and himation and Corinthian hel- 
 met, but no segis, and is attended by no serpent. The 
 type is closely similar to that of the Minerva Medica. 
 Minerva Press. A printing-house in Leaden- 
 hall street, London, which was noted in the eigh- 
 teenth century for the publication of trashy 
 sentimental novels. 
 
 Minervino Murge (me-ner-ve'nd mor'je). A 
 town in the province of Bari, Apulia, Italy, 43 
 miles west of Bari. Population, 17,353. 
 Minetta (mi-net'a). A flippant waiting-maid 
 in Mrs. Cowley’s comedy “A Bold Stroke for a 
 Husband.” 
 
 Ming (meng). The ruling dynasty in China from 
 1368 to the accession of the Manchu dynasty 
 in 1644. 
 
 Minghetti (men-get'te), Marco. Bom at Bo- 
 logna, Italy, Sept. 8, 1818: died at Rome, Dec. 
 10, 1886. An Italian statesman, political econo- 
 mist, and publicist. He became minister of the in- 
 terior under Cavour in 1860, and retained the position, after 
 Cavour’s death, in the cabinet of Ricasoli ; was minister 
 of finance under Farini in 1862 ; and was premier 1863-64 
 and 1873-76. Among his works is “Dell' economia pub- 
 blica” (“ On Public Economy," 1859). 
 
 Mingo. See Iroquois. 
 
 Mingrelia (min-gre'li-a). A former princi- 
 pality, now a part of the government of Kutais, 
 Transcaucasia, Russia. The inhabitants are allied 
 to the Georgians. It became feudatory to Russia in 1804, 
 and was incorporated with Russia in 1867. 
 
 Minho (Pg., men'yq), Sp. Mifio (men'yo). A 
 river which rises in northwestern Spain, forms 
 part of the northern boundary between Portu- 
 gal and Spain, and falls into the Atlantic at the 
 northwestern corner of Portugal: the Roman 
 Minius. Length, about 170 miles. 
 Mini6(me-nya'), Claude Etienne. Bornabout 
 1804: died 1879. A French infantry captain, 
 and instructor in the military school at Vin- 
 cennes: inventor of the Mini6 rifle (1849). 
 Minieh (me'ne-e). A town in Middle Egypt, 
 situated on the Nile in lat. 28° 7' N. Popula- 
 tion, 27,221. 
 
 Minims (min'imz). [From L. minimus, least.] 
 An order of monks, founded in the middle of the 
 15th century by St. Francis of Paula, confirmed 
 by Pope Sixtus IV., and again confirmed by 
 Pope Alexander VI. under the name of “ Ordo 
 Minimorum Eremitarum S. Francisci de Paula” 
 (Order of the Least Hermits of St. Francis of 
 Paula). Members of this order, in addition to the usual 
 Franciscan vows, were pledged to the observance of a per- 
 petual Lent. 
 
 Minister’s Wooing, The. A novel by Mrs. Har- 
 riet Beecher Stowe, published in 1859. The scene 
 is laid chiefly in Hew England during the Revolutionary 
 period. 
 
 Minitari. See Eidatsa. 
 
 Minna von Bamhelm (min'd fon barn'helm). 
 A comedy by Lessing, published in 1767. it is 
 the first German national drama which deals with con- 
 temporary events. 
 
 Minneapolis (tnin-e-ap'o-lis). [From Hinne- 
 (haha) and Gr. ttomc, city.] A city, capital of 
 Hennepin County, Minnesota, situated on the 
 Mississippi, at the Falls of St. Anthony, north- 
 west of and adjoining St. Paul, in lat. 44° 58' N., 
 long. 93° 18' W. It is the largest city in the State ; is 
 noted for its manufactures of flour and lumber, having the 
 most extensive flouring-mills in the world ; has also iron- 
 works ; and is the seat of the University of Minnesota and 
 of Augsburg Theological Seminary (Lutheran). St. An- 
 thony was united with it in 1872. Population, 301,408, (1910). 
 Minneapolis and St. Paul are called “the twin cities.” 
 C. — 44. 
 
 689 
 
 Minnehaha (min-e-ha'ha), Falls of. [Amer. 
 Ind. Minnehaha, said to mean ‘laughing water.’] 
 A cascade in the Minnehaha River, near Minne- 
 apolis, Minnesota. Height, 60 feet. Longfellow 
 gave the name Minnehaha to the principal female char- 
 acter of “ Hiawatha.” 
 
 Minnesingers (min 'e -sing- erz). [G., ‘love- 
 singers.’] A class of German lyric poets and 
 singers of the 12th and 13th centuries, so called 
 because love was their chief theme. They were 
 chiefly or exclusively men of noble descent— knights, 
 nobles, princes, and even emperors. They sang their 
 pieces to their own accompaniment on the viol, and often 
 engaged in poetical contests for the gratification of princes 
 and ladies of the court. Among the chief seats of the 
 minnesingers were Swabia and Austria, and the leading 
 dialect used was the Swabian. The minnesingers were 
 succeeded by the mastersingers. 
 
 Minnesota (min-e-so'ta). A river in Minne- 
 sota, rising in lakes on the South Dakota border, 
 and joining the Mississippi about 7 miles south- 
 west of St. Paul. Length, about 450 miles. 
 Minnesota. One of the North Central States 
 of the United States, extending from lat. 43° 
 30' to 49° 25' N., and from long. 89° 29' to 97° 
 5' W. Capital, St. Paul. It is bounded by British 
 America on the north, Lake Superior and Wisconsin 
 on the east, Iowa on the south, and the Dakotas on the 
 west. The surface is generally an undulating plain. The 
 “ Height of Land ” in the north forms the watershed be- 
 tween the Mississippi, St. Lawrence, and Hudson Bay sys- 
 tems. The chief rivers are the Mississippi and the Red 
 River of the North. The leading industry is agriculture, 
 this being one of the leading States in the production of 
 wheat. The chief exports are wheat, flour, and lumber. 
 It has 86 counties, sends 2 senators and 10 representatives 
 to Congress, and has 12 electoral votes. The region was 
 first explored by the French in the end of the 17th century. 
 The Territory of Minnesota, formed from part of the North- 
 west Territory (acquired 1783), and from part of the Loui- 
 siana Purchase of 1803, was organized in 1849. The State 
 was admitted to the Union in 1858. It was the scene of 
 the Sioux massacre and war in 1862-63. The name is from 
 that of the river. Area, 83,365 square miles. Population, 
 2,075,708, (1910). 
 
 Minnesota, University of. An institution of 
 leamingfor both sexes, situated at Minneapolis. 
 It was chartered in 1868, is attended by about 5,000 stu- 
 dents, and has a library of about 120,000 volumes. 
 
 Minnetonka (min-e-tong'ka), Lake. A small 
 lake about 12 miles west of Minneapolis. 
 Minni (min'I). In Jer. li. 27, the name of a tribe 
 inhabiting ancient Armenia, mentioned in the 
 cuneiform inscriptions. 
 
 Minor, The. A comedy by Foote, produced in 
 Dublin in 1760, in which he played Shift. 
 
 In the “ Minor," the author pilloried Longford, the plau- 
 sible auctioneer ; Mother Douglas, a woman of very evil life ; 
 and, in Shift, the Rev. George Whitefleld, who was nobly, 
 and with much self-abnegation, endeavoring to amend life 
 wherever he found it of an evil quality. 
 
 Doran, English Stage, II. 122. 
 
 Minorca (mi-nor'ka), or Menorca (Sp. pron. 
 ma-nor'ka). The largest of the Balearic Isl- 
 ands next to Majorca, situated 27 miles north- 
 east of that island. Capital, Port Mahon, it 
 was held by the British 1708-56, 1763-82, and 1798-1802. 
 Area, with adjacent small islands, 293 square miles. 
 Minories (mi'nor-iz), The. A parish in London, 
 on the left bank of the Thames, not far from 
 the Tower. In old London, the house of the sisters of 
 the Franciscan order without the walls at Oldgate was 
 called the Abbey of St. Clare. The nuns were called Poor 
 Clares or Minoresses, whence the name Minories. This is 
 now part of the Jewish quarter. 
 
 Minors (ml'norz). The Franciscan friars : the 
 Minorites : so called from a name of the Fran- 
 ciscan order, Fratres Minores, or Lesser Breth- 
 ren. 
 
 Minps (mi'nos). [Gr. Mmjf.] In Greek legend, 
 a king of Crete, and lawgiver of that island: 
 after his death a judge in the lower world. 
 Minot (ml'not), George Richards. Bom at 
 Boston, Dec. 28, 1758: died at Boston, Jan. 2, 
 1802. An American jurist and historian. He 
 wrote a “History of Shays's Rebellion” (1788), and con- 
 tinued Hutchinson's “History of Massachusetts Bay" 
 (1798-1803). 
 
 Minotaur (min ' o - tar) . [Gr. MivtoTavpor, the 
 bull of Minos.] 1. In Greek mythology, a mon- 
 ster represented as having a human body and 
 the head of a bull, and as the offspring of Pasi- 
 phae (wife of Minos) and a bull sent by Posei- 
 don. He was confined in the Cretan labyrinth and fed with 
 human flesh ; devoured the seven youths and seven maid- 
 ens whom Minos compelled the Athenians to sendhim peri- 
 odically as a tribute ; and was killed by the hero Theseus, 
 a member of the last company so sent, who escaped from 
 the labyrinth by the aid of Ariadne, daughter of Minos. 
 
 2. One of three five-masted iron-clad British 
 ships built from the same designs (Minotaur, 
 Northumberland, and Agincourt), launched in 
 1863. The dimensions are: length, 400 feet; breadth, 
 59 ; displacement, 10,690 tons. She has an all-round belt 
 of armor, protecting water-line and guns, of 51-inch plate 
 over 9 inch wooden backing. 
 
 Minot’s Ledge (mi'nots loj). A reef near the 
 
 Minutoli, Heinrich 
 
 entrance of Massachusetts Bay, 15 miles south- 
 east of Boston. It has a lighthouse. 
 
 Minsheu (min'shu), John. Flourished early in 
 the 17th century. An English lexicographer. 
 He lived chiefly in London in great poverty, visiting Ox- 
 ford and Cambridge to collect material. He wrote a “ Dic- 
 tionary in Spanish and English ”(1699 and 1623), “A Span- 
 ish Grammar ”(1599) (both founded on the works of Richard 
 Percival), and a large English dictionary, “Doctor in Lin- 
 guas, or the Guide into Tongues” (1617, 1625, 1627), contain- 
 ing equivalent words in eleven languages, of great value 
 in the study of English. 
 
 Minsk (minsk). 1. A government in western 
 Russia which formed part of the ancient Lithua- 
 nia.. It is surrounded by the governments of Vilua, Vi- 
 tebsk, Mohileff, Tchernigoff, Kieff, Volhynia, and Grodno. 
 It has a generally flat surface, and abounds in marshes. 
 Area, 35,220 square miles. Population, 2,693,900. 
 
 2. The capital of the government of Minsk, 
 situated on the Svislotch about lat. 53° 53' N., 
 long. 27° 33' E. Population, 90,912. 
 
 Minstrel, The. A poem by James Beattie, 
 published in 1771-74. 
 
 Mintaka (min'ta-ka). [Ar. mintaqah al-jausd, 
 the belt of the giant.] The bright third-mag- 
 nitude star 6 Orionis, the westernmost in the 
 t)6lt 
 
 Minto (min'to), First Earl of (Gilbert Elliot). 
 
 Born at Edinburgh, April 23, 1751 : died June 
 21, 1814. A British politician and diplomatist. 
 He was governor-general of British India 1807- 
 1813. 
 
 Minto, Second Earl of (Gilbert Elliot-Mur- 
 ray-Kynynmound). Bom at Lyons, Nov. 16, 
 1782 : died July 31, 1859. A British politician, 
 son of the first Earl of Minto. He was lord privy 
 seal 1846-52. 
 
 Minto, William. Born in Alford parish, Aber- 
 deenshire, Oct. 10, 1845 : died at Aberdeen, 
 March 1, 1893. A Scottish man of letters, 
 editor of the London “Examiner” 1874-78, 
 and professor of logic and English literature in 
 the University of Aberdeen from 1880. He wrote 
 “English Prose Writers ” (1872), “English Poets ” (1874), 
 several novels, many of the articles on English authors in 
 the “ Encyclopaedia Britannica,”and numerous contribu- 
 tions to magazines and reviews. 
 
 Minturnae (min-ter'ne). In ancient geography, 
 a town in Latium, Italy, situated near the mouth 
 of the Liris (the modem Garigliano). 
 Minuanes (me-no-a'naz). An extinct Indian 
 tribe of the La Plata region in South America. 
 They occupied a district between the rivers ParanA and 
 Uruguay, and were closely allied to if not identical with 
 the ChaiTuas (which see). 
 
 Minuchihr (mod. Pers. pron. mi-no^cheh'r). 
 [‘Heavenly-faced.’] In the Shalinamah, an 
 Iranian king, the son of Iraj and father of 
 Naudar. For his life before his accession to the throne 
 of his great-grandfather Faridun, see Faridun. Before 
 his death Faridun intrusted the care of Minuchihr to his 
 trusty warrior Sam, the son of Nariman. The story of Mi- 
 nuehihr’s reign is essentially that of the birth and adven- 
 tures of Zal, the son of Sam, including the birth of Zal’s 
 son Rustam, and his first two adventures, the slaying of 
 the white elephant and the taking of Sipand. 
 
 Minucius Felix (mi-nu'shi-us fe'liks), Marcus. 
 A Roman advocate and Christian apologist, 
 probably a contemporary of Marcus Aurelius. 
 His dialogue “Octavius" is the earliest extant work of 
 Latin Christian literature. The scene of the conversation 
 is laid at Ostia, and the speakers are Csecilius Natalis, Oc- 
 tavius Januarius, and the author. Csecilius attacks Chris- 
 tianity on various grounds, and Octavius defends it : at the 
 conclusion Csecilius admits that he is beaten in the argu- 
 ment, and the author, who acts as umpire, declares that a 
 decision is unnecessary. 
 
 Minuit (min'u-it), or Minnewit (min'e-wit), 
 Peter. Bom at Wesel, Rhenish Prussia, about 
 1580: died at Fort Christina, New Sweden (Dela- 
 ware), 1641. A colonial official in the Dutch and 
 afterward in the Swedish service in America. He 
 was appointed governor of New Netherlands by the Dutch 
 West India Company Dec. 19, 1625, and landed on Manhat- 
 tan Island May 4, 1626. He purchased the island from the 
 Indians for trinkets valued at about twenty-four dollars, 
 and erected Fort Amsterdam. He was recalled in Aug., 
 1631. Having been commissioned by the Swedish West 
 India Company to found a colony on the west side of Del- 
 aware Bay, he left Gothenburg with a band of fifty colo- 
 nists late in 1637, and, after having touched at Jamestown, 
 reached Delaware Bay in April, 1638. He purchased from 
 the Indians the region between Cape Henlopen and the 
 falls of the Delaware at Trenton (to which was given 
 the name of New Sweden), and erected Fort Christina. 
 He remained governor of New Sweden until his death. 
 Minungo (me-nong'go). A Bantu tribe of An- 
 gola, West Africa, between the Songo tribe and 
 the Kuangu River. 
 
 Minusinsk (me-no-sinsk'). A town in the 
 government of Yeniseisk, Siberia, situated on 
 the Yenisei about lat. 53° 45' N., long. 91° 30' E. 
 Population, 10,231. 
 
 Minutoli (me-no'to-le), Heinrich (Baron Menu 
 von Minutoli). Born at Geneva, May 12, 1772: 
 died at Lausanne, Sept. 16, 1846. A German 
 archaeologist and traveler. His chief work is “Reisa 
 
Minutoli, Heinrich 
 
 zum Tempel des Jupiter Ammon und naeh Oberagypten ” 
 (“Journey to the Temple of Jupiter Ammon and to Upper 
 Egypt,” 1824). 
 
 Minutoli, Baron Julius von. Born at Berlin, 
 Aug. 30, 1804 : died near Shiraz, Persia, Nov. 
 5, 1860. A Prussian administrator, diplomatist, 
 and author, son of Heinrich Minutoli. He 
 wrote works on Spain and Portugal. 
 Minyse(min'i-e). [Gr. Mivvai.] In Greek legend, 
 a semi-mythical heroic race, descendants of 
 Minyas, who founded Orchomenus and there 
 established his family. Most of the Argonauts 
 were his descendants. For the so-called “trea- 
 sury of Minyas,” see Orchomenus. 
 
 Minyas (inin'i-as). [Gr. M ivba<;.] See Minym. 
 Miolan-Oarvalho (myo-loii'kar-va-lyo'), Ma- 
 dame Marie Caroline Felix. Born Dec. 31, 
 1827: died J uly 10, 1895. A noted French singer, 
 the wife of Leon Carvalho, whom she married 
 in 1853. She first went to London in 18G0, and sang 
 with great success both there and in Paris. She retired 
 from the stage before her death. 
 
 Mionnet (myo-na'), Theodore Edme. Born at 
 Paris, Sept. 2, 1770 : died there, May 7, 1842. A 
 French numismatist. His principal work is 
 “Description des medailles grecques et ro- 
 maines” (18 vols. 1806-39). 
 
 Miot (myo), Andre Frangois, Comte de Melito. 
 Born at Versailles, France, 1762: died at Paris, 
 1841. A French diplomatist, politician, and 
 author. 
 
 Miquel (me-kel'), Friedrich Anton Wilhelm. 
 
 Born at Neuenhaus, Hannover, Oct. 24, 1811: 
 died at Utrecht, Jan. 23, 1871. A noted German 
 botanist, and physician, professor of botany at 
 Utrecht from 1859. He published numerous 
 botanical works. 
 
 Miquel, Johannes. Born at Neuenhaus, Han- 
 nover, Feb. 21, 1829: died Sept. 8, 1901. A 
 German politician. He was a National Liberal mem- 
 ber of the Prussian House of Deputies from 1867 to 1882, 
 when he entered the Upper Chamber. He was a member 
 of the Iteichstag 1867-77, reentered it in 1887, and was 
 Prussian minister of finance 1890-1901. 
 
 Miquelon (mek-lon'). A small island south of 
 Newfoundland, belonging to France. 
 
 Mira (mi'ra or me'ra). [NL. Mira, the won- 
 derful.] The remarkable variable star o Ceti, 
 which is sometimes brighter than the second 
 magnitude, and sometimes fainter than the 
 tenth, though its brightness at maximum now 
 seldom exceeds the fourth magnitude: its period 
 is about eleven months. 
 
 Mirabeau (me-ra-bo'), Vicomte de (Andre 
 Boniface Louis Riquetti). Born at Bignon, 
 near Nemours, France, 1754: died at Freiburg, 
 Baden, 1792. A French royalist deputy to the 
 National Assembly, brother of Gabriel Honore 
 de Mirabeau. 
 
 Mirabeau, Comte de (Gabriel Honor 6 Ri- 
 quetti). Bom at Bignon, near Nemours, France, 
 March 9, 1749: died at Paris, April 2, 1791. 
 The greatest orator of the French Revolution. 
 As a child he was so unruly that his father treated him with 
 great severity, and ended by putting him through a course 
 of military training. He entered the army, served in Cor- 
 sica, and rose to the rank of captain of dragoons. He 
 married in 1772, and had soon spent the better part of his 
 wife's fortune. Various intrigues, especially his elope- 
 ment with Sophie de Ruffey, the young wife of the Marquis 
 de Mounier, led to his imprisonment at different times: 
 he obtained final release in Dec., 1780. Up to that time 
 he had written essays and pamphlets, translated Eng- 
 lish and German books, and kept up a correspondence 
 with Sophie de Ruffey, to whom he had dedicated his 
 “Erotica biblion"and other works. After traveling in 
 Switzerland, he went to London (1784-85), and then to 
 Berlin (1785-86). From here he wrote home a series of 
 official reports, “Histoire secrfete de la cour de Berlin” 
 (1789), and he also gathered materials for his “ Monarchie 
 prussienne” (1788). Mirabeau was elected a delegate of 
 the third estate from Aix to the convention of the States- 
 General in Paris (1789), and his ability as an orator at once 
 made him a political power. In 1790 he became president 
 of the Jacobin Club, also (1791) of the National Assembly. 
 His course of life undermined his robust constitution, and 
 he died in his forty-third year. 
 
 Mirabeau, Marquis de (Victor Riquetti). 
 
 Born in Provence, France, Oct. 5, 1715: died at 
 Argenteuil, France, July 13, 1789. A French 
 political economist, father of Gabriel Honore de 
 Mirabeau : called “The Friend of Man ” ( “ L’ami 
 deshommes”), from the title of one of his works. 
 Mirabeau-Tonneau (-to-no'). [F., ‘Mirabeau 
 
 the barrel.’]. Andr6 Boniface Louis Riquetti, 
 Vicomte de Mirabeau: so nicknamed on account 
 of his size. 
 
 Mirabel, or Mirabell (mir'a-bel). 1 . The prin- 
 cipal character in Fletcher’s play “The Wild 
 Goose Chase.” He is a libertine and fashionable rake, 
 gaining his title of “ wild goose ” from his successful eva- 
 sion of the marriage noose. 
 
 2. In Congreve’s comedy “The Way of the 
 
 690 
 
 World,” a brilliant and witty fine gentleman, 
 said to be like Congreve himself. 
 
 Mirabel, Old. In Farquhar’s comedy ‘ ‘ The In- 
 constant,” a peevish old man with a fondness 
 for his son. 
 
 Mirabel, Tommy. The son of Old Mirabel: “the 
 inconstant,” in Farquhar’s play of that name. 
 He is a gay and generous fine gentleman, but unstable in 
 his affections. The first four acts of this play are taken 
 from “The Wild Goose Chase”; and, though somewhat 
 modified, the characters are the same. All these parts 
 have been general favorites both with actors and with 
 audiences. 
 
 Mirabella (mir-a-bel'la). A fair maiden, ill 
 Spenser’s “ Faerie Queene,” who had scorned 
 many lovers. She was sentenced in Cupid’s court to 
 ride on a wretched lade, “accompanied by a fool, till she 
 had saved as many lovers as she had slain.” 
 
 Mirach, or Mirak (rnl'rak or me'rak). [Ar. 
 mirdq, the loins: but the derivation is doubtful.] 
 The ordinary name of the second-magnitude 
 star /3 Andromeda'. The name is also applied to 
 the third-magnitude star e Bootis, which is more usually 
 known as Izar (which see). 
 
 Miracle of St, Anthony of Padua, The. A 
 
 painting by Van Dyck, in the inusee at Lille, 
 France. Before the saint, who holds the Host, kneels 
 a mule, neglecting oats placed beside him. 
 
 Miracle of St. Mark, The. A noted painting 
 by Tintoretto, in the Accademia, Venice. The 
 saint descends from heaven, and saves from the heathen a 
 slave about to suffer martyrdom. It is splendid in color, 
 treatment of light, drawing, and united variety and har- 
 mony of composition. 
 
 Miraculous Draught of Fishes, The, A paint- 
 ing by Rubens, in Notre Dame at Malines, Bel- 
 gium. It is vigorously drawn and richly colored. 
 Mirafiores (me-ra-flo'res). A village of Peru, 
 6 miles south of Lima. It is the residence of many 
 wealthy Limenos. Here the Peruvians established their 
 last line of defense against the Chileans, and were defeated 
 after a bloody battle, Jan. 15, 1881. 
 
 Mirafiores, Marquis of (Manuel de Pando). 
 
 Bom at Madrid, Dec. 24, 1792 : died there, March 
 17, 1872. A Spanish diplomatist, politician, and 
 political writer. 
 
 Miramar (me-ra-mar'). The palace of the 
 archduke (Mexican emperor) Maximilian, near 
 Triest. 
 
 Mirambo (me-ram'bo). Died 1885. A chief of 
 the Wanyamwezi, East Africa, who from the 
 rank of a common porter rose to that of a pow- 
 erful chief and conqueror. 
 
 Miramichi (mirta-mi-she'). 1. Abayforming 
 an arm of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, situated 
 east of New Brunswick. — 2. A river in New 
 Brunswick which falls into Miramichi Bay. 
 Length, about 175 miles. 
 
 Miramion (me-ra-myon'), Madame de (Marie 
 Bonneau). Born at Paris, 1629: died there, 
 1696. A Frenchwoman noted for her good 
 works. After an unhappy youth she founded the House 
 of Refuge, the establishment of Ste.-Pdlagie, and the origi- 
 nal community of 12 girls which became later the Congre- 
 gation des Miramiones. Of this she became the superior, 
 and left her great fortune to this and other benevolent in- 
 stitutions. 
 
 Miramdu (me-ra-mon'), Miguel. Born at Mex- 
 ico City, Sept. 29, 1832: died at Quer6taro, June 
 19, 1867. A Mexican general. He was prominent 
 on the side of the reactionists 1856-58 ; succeeded Zuloaga 
 as president of that faction Feb. 2, 1859 ; and during the 
 succeeding two years of the “reform ” war spent much of 
 the time in the field against Juarez and his adherents. 
 He was eventually defeated at the battle of Calpulalpam, 
 near Mexico, Dec. 22, 1860, and fled from the country. 
 Maximilian, to whom he adhered, made him grand mar- 
 shal and minister to Berlin. He returned to Mexico in 
 1866, became one of Maximilian's most trusted generals, 
 and was captured and shot with him at Querdtaro. 
 Miranda (mi-ran’da). [L., ‘admirable.’] 1. In 
 Shakspere’s play “The Tempest,” the daughter 
 of Prospero : she is loved by Ferdinand. 
 
 The character of Miranda resolves itself into the very 
 elements of womanhood. She is beautiful, modest, and 
 tender, and she is these only ; they comprise her whole 
 being, external and internal. She is so perfectly unsophis- 
 ticated, so delicately refined, that she is all but ethereal. 
 
 ,1/A Jameson, Characteristics of Women. 
 
 2. In Mrs. Centli vre’s comedy “The Busybody,” 
 an heiress. Mrs. Abingdon made her debut in 
 this character in 1755. 
 
 Miranda (me-ran'da). A northern state of 
 Venezuela, between Bermudez and Carabobo, 
 and extending from the Caribbean Sea to the 
 Orinoco. Capital, Oeumare del Tuy. It incloses 
 the Federal District and Caracas. The southern part lies 
 in the llanos and is a grazing country ; the northern sec- 
 tion is mountainous and agricultural. Miranda corre- 
 sponds nearly to the extinct state of Guzman Blanco. Area, 
 S3, 963 square miles. Population, 578,363. 
 
 Miranda, Countess of. See Nilsson, Christine. 
 Miranda (me-ran'da), Francisco Antonio Ga- 
 briel. Born at Caracas, Venezuela, June 9, 
 1756: died at Cadiz, Spain, July 14, 1816. A 
 
 Mirror for Magistrates, Tke 
 
 Spanish-American revolutionist. He was an offi- 
 cer in the Spanish army 1773-82, and subsequently served 
 with the French allies of the North Americans ; was in St. 
 Petersburg, where he received a pension from Catharine 
 II. ; fought in the French republican army as general of 
 division 1792-93; and in the latter year was accused before 
 the Revolutionary tribunal, but escaped. He spent many 
 years in scheming for the emancipation of Spanish South 
 America, and made an unsuccessful descent on the coast 
 of Venezuela in 1806, with the design of leading a revolt. 
 After the revolution of 1810 he returned to Venezuela, was 
 made commander of the patriot army, and in April, 1812, 
 was made dictator. The great earthquake of March 26, 
 1812, left the country impoverished, and was regarded by 
 many as a sign of divine wrath : as a consequence the roy- 
 alists gained ground, and on July 25 Miranda signed a 
 treaty which gave up the country to them. He was ar- 
 rested soon alter, sent to Spain, and died in captivity. 
 Miranda’s influence on the Spanish-American revolution 
 was very great, but mainly indirect, through the secret 
 societies which he established, and through his influence 
 with European statesmen. See Gran Reunion Americana. 
 Miranda, Sa de. See Sd de Miranda. 
 Mirandola (me-ran'do-la). A small town in the 
 pro vince of Modena, Italy, 18 miles north-north- 
 east of Modena. It was once the capital of a duchy 
 belonging to the Pico family. Francesco Maria, the last 
 duke, sold it to Modena in 1710. 
 
 Mirandola, Count of. See Pico. 
 
 Miranhas, Sp. Miraiias (me-ran'yaz). A horde 
 of Indians in Brazil and Colombia, principally 
 between the rivers I<;a and Japiird. They number 
 at least several thousands, are very savage, and are said to 
 be cannibals. Their linguistic affinities are doubtful. 
 
 Mirbel (mer-bel'), Charles Francois, called 
 Brisseau de Mirbel. Bom at Paris, March 27, 
 1776; died near Paris, Sept. 12, 1854. A noted 
 French botanist, professor at the Musee d’His- 
 toire Naturelle in Paris from 1829. Among his 
 works are “Traitd d’anatomie et de physiologie vdgdtale ” 
 (1802), “ Elements de physiologie vdgdtale et de botanique” 
 (1815). 
 
 Mirecourt (mer-kor'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Vosges, France, situated on the Madon 
 27 miles south of Nancy. It has manufactures 
 of musical instruments, lace, and embroidery. 
 Population, commune, 5,511. 
 
 Mirecourt, Eugene de (originally Jacquot). 
 Born at Mirecourt, France, Nov. 19, 1812: died 
 in Tahiti, Feb. 13, 1880. A French novelist and 
 miscellaneous writer. Among his romances are ‘ Me- 
 moires de Ninon de Lenclos ” (1852), “ Les confessions de 
 Marion Delorme” (1848), “La marquise de Courcelles ” 
 (1859). 
 
 Mireille (me-ray'). An opera by Gounod, li- 
 bretto by Carre, produced in 1864. It was taken 
 from Mistral’s poem “Mirbio.” 
 
 Mir&io (me-ra'yo). A poem by Frederic Mis- 
 tral, published in 1859 in the Provencal dialect 
 with a French translation. It was translated 
 into English by Miss Harriet Waters Preston 
 in 1873. 
 
 Miremont (mer-mon'). A small place in the 
 department of Dordogne, France, 18 miles south- 
 east of Perigueux. Near it is a celebrated grotto 
 (Trou de Granville). 
 
 Mirfak (mer'fak). [Ar. al-mirfak, the elbow.] 
 The bright second-magnitude star a Persei: 
 often called Algenib, and sometimes Alchemb. 
 Mirgorod (mer'go-rod). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Pultowa, southern Russia, situated on 
 the Khorol 57 miles northwest of Pultowa. 
 Population, 13,800. 
 
 Miri. See Mirim. 
 
 Miriam (mir'i-am). [See Mary.'] A Hebrew 
 prophetess, sister of Moses and Aaron, she is 
 
 represented as giving a response to the song of Moses sung 
 by the Israelites at the Red Sea. 
 
 Miriam. In Hawthorne’s “Marble Faun,” a wo- 
 man of warm andpassionate nature and myste- 
 rious origin and powers. She sanctions the crime 
 which Donatello commits, and in so doing binds herself 
 to him. See Dqnatello. 
 
 Mirim (me-ren'), Lake. A lake on the boun- 
 dary of Uruguay and the province of Rio Grande 
 do Sul, Brazil. Length, about 115 miles. Also 
 Min. 
 
 Miropolie (me-ro-pol'ye). A town in the gov- 
 ernment of Kursk, Russia, situated on the Psiol 
 82 miles north-northwest of Kharkoff. Popu- 
 lation, over 11,090. 
 
 Mirror for Magistrates, The. A compilation 
 
 of poems undertaken by William Baldwin with 
 aid from George Ferrers and others. It was begun 
 and partly printed in 1555, hut was stopped by the lord 
 chancellor, Stephen Gardiner. In 1559 it was licensed and 
 first issued. It then contained 19 metrical tragedies, or 
 biographies, of men in high place who had come to violent 
 ends, and was an English sequel to Lydgate's “Falls of 
 Princes" from Boccaccio. It has been justly said to con- 
 nect the work of Lydgate with that of Spenser. It was re- 
 published in 1563, 1574, 1578, and 1587, each time with addi- 
 tions. The “Induction "and “Complaint of Buckingham," 
 which were contributed by Thomas Sackville, Lord Buck- 
 hurst, to the edition of 1559, not published till 1563, out- 
 weigh all the rest in value. 
 
Mirror for Magistrates, The 
 
 691 
 
 Aldee published in October, 1579, what [Anthony] Mun- 
 day may well have regarded as his first piece of substan- 
 tial work, a religious companion to ' ‘ The Mirror for Magis- 
 trates," called “ The Mirrour of Mutabilitie ; or, principal 
 part of the Mirrour of Magistrates, selected out of the sa- 
 cred scriptures.” Mirrors were in fashion. There was a 
 “ Theatre or Mirror of the World," in 1569 ; a “ Mirror of 
 Madness,” in 1676; a “Mirror of Modestie ” [by Thomas 
 Colter] had been licensed to Edward White in April, 1679 ; 
 there was afterwards a “Mirror of Mirth,” in 1583 [a “Mir- 
 ror of Modestie” was published by Robert Greene, 1584]; 
 a “Mirror of Man's Miseries," in 1584 ; a “ Mirror of Mag- 
 nanimity," in 1699 ; a“Mirror of Martyrs, "in 1601; with 
 more of the kind. Mathematics, Politics, and the Latin 
 Tongue were shown also in “Mirrors,” “The Mirrourof Mu- 
 tabilitie "was a series of metrical tragedies in two parts. 
 
 Morley, English Writers, IX. 155. 
 
 Mirror of Knighthood, The. A translation of 
 the Spanish romance “ Cavallero del Febo or 
 Phebo ” (“ the Knight of the Sun ”), containing 
 the adventures of the Donzel del Phebo, the fair 
 Lindabrides, etc. It belongs to the Amadis cycle 
 of romances. 
 
 Mirror of Modesty, The. A pamphlet by 
 Robert Greene, published in 1584. It tells the 
 story of Susanna and the elders. 
 
 Mirror of the World, The. See the extract. 
 
 There was also, upon a hundred leaves of folio, “The 
 Mirrour of the World, "translated aud printed in the year 
 1481, with wood-engravings. It was a book translated from 
 a Latin “ Speculum vel Imago Mundi ” in 1245, for the 
 Duke of Berry, into French verse, which was afterwards 
 turned by a Maistre Gossouin — unless that be only the 
 name of a copyist — into French prose. From that prose 
 Caxton made his translation in 1481 at the request of Hugh 
 Brice, of the Mercers’ Company, citizen and alderman of 
 London, and, like Caxton, a Kentish man, w ho wished for 
 the book as a present to Lord Hastings. 
 
 Morley, English Writers, VI. 314. 
 
 Mirs Bay (merz ba). A bay on the southeast- 
 ern coast of China, now included in the British 
 colony of Hong-Kong. 
 
 Mirza. See Vision of Mirza. 
 
 Mirzam (mer-zam'). [Av. al-mirzam, the roar- 
 er.] Tlie third-magnitude star [5 Canis Ma- 
 joris, in the paw of the animal. The Arabs gave 
 the same name to three other stars : /S’ Canis 
 Minoris and a and y Orionis. 
 
 Mirzapur (mer-za,-p6r'). 1. A district in the 
 United Provinces, British India, intersected 
 by lat. 25° N., long. 82° 40' E. Area, 5,238 
 square miles. Population, 1,082,430. — 2. The 
 capital of the district of Mirzapur, situated on 
 the Ganges 31 miles west-southwest of Benares. 
 It was long noted for its cotton trade. Popu- 
 lation, 79,862. 
 
 Mirza-Schaffy (mer'za-shaf-fe'). An Oriental 
 poet who was the teacher and friend of Friedrich 
 Bodenstedt during his residence in Tiflis. The 
 “Songs of Mirza-Schaffy, "published by Bodenstedt in 1851, 
 are (with one or two exceptions) his own, but are Oriental 
 in spirit and imagery. They became, and still are, extraor- 
 dinarily popular. See Bodenstedt. 
 
 Misanthrope, Le (le me-zan-trop'). A com- 
 edy by Moliere, produced in 1666. This play is an 
 almost inexhaustible source of allusions, quotations, pro- 
 verbial sayings, etc. Its principal interest lies in the devel- 
 opment of various pairs of opposing characters in even 
 their lightest shades. It is the ideal of classic comedy. 
 
 Here Molibre’s special vein of satire was worked most 
 deeply and to most profit, though the reproach that the 
 handling is somewhat too serious for comedy is not un- 
 deserved. Alceste the impatient but not cynical hero, 
 Celimcne the coquette, Oronte the fop, Eliante the rea- 
 sonable woman, Arsinod the mischief-maker, are all im- 
 mortal types. Saintsbv.ry, French Lit., p. 310. 
 
 Mischabelhorner (me-sha-bel-her'ner). Spurs 
 of Monte Rosa, in the Swiss Alps. They are 
 the Dom (14,940 feet) and the Taschhorn (14,- 
 757 feet). 
 
 Miseno (me-sa'no), Cape. A promontory at the 
 northwestern entrance to the Bay of Naples, it 
 was the ancient Misenum, or Promontorium Misenum; 
 and near it there was a city Misenum. 
 
 Misenus (ml-se'nus). In Roman legend, a com- 
 panion of .(Eneas. 
 
 Miser, The. 1. A comedy by Thomas Shad- 
 well (1671), founded on Moli&re’s “ L’Avare.” 
 — 2. A comedy by Fielding (1733), from the 
 same source. 
 
 Miserables, Les (la xne-za-rabl'). [F., ‘The 
 Unfortunates.’] A novel by Victor Hugo, in 
 five parts: “Fantine,” “Cosette,” “Marius,” 
 “L’Idylle rue Plumet,” and “Jean Valjean.” 
 It was published in 1862. 
 
 Misfortunes of Arthur, The. A tragedy writ- 
 ten principally by Thomas Hughes, produced 
 in 1587 before Queen Elizabeth. Eight members of 
 the Society of Gray’s Inn cooperated with him, and the 
 “triumphs" and dmnb-show were devised principally by 
 Bacon. 
 
 Mishnah (raish'na). A collection of rabbini- 
 cal discussions on the law of Moses, the object 
 of which was to apply and adapt it to the vary- 
 ing circumstances of life and of the times, and 
 
 to extend it by logical conclusions and analo- 
 gies. The word Mishnah properly means ‘repetition,’ 
 then ‘ instruction,’ ‘ learning. ’ It was not at first allowable 
 that these discourses should be reduced to writing : they 
 had to be learned by heart, and are called the oral law as 
 opposed to the written law, or the Pentateuch. The be- 
 ginning of the Mishnah goes back to the time of the Mac- 
 cabees. It was delivered in the schools orally from gen- 
 eration to generation. At the end of the 2d century A. I>. 
 the patriarch Judah I. collected, arranged, and codified the 
 accumulated material in its present shape. The numer- 
 ous rules and decisious are arranged according to subject 
 in 6 orders ( sedarim ) : (1) seeds (zeraim), on agriculture ; 
 (2) festivals tinned) ; (3) women ( nashim ), on connubial 
 affairs ; (4) damages (nezildm), civil and criminal laws; (5) 
 sacrifices t^odashim) ; (6) purifications (tahoroth). The 6 
 orders are divided into 63 tracts, and these again into chap- 
 ters. The explanations of or comments on the Mishnah 
 are called Genutra, and both together constitute the Tal- 
 mud (which see). 
 
 Misiones, Pg.Missiones(me-se-o'nes). Aterri- 
 tory forming the extreme northeastern part of 
 the Argentine Republic, between the Parana, 
 and Uruguay rivers. An easterly extension, called Up- 
 per or Brazilian Misiones, held by Brazil, was claimed by 
 the Argentine government. In 1894 the claim was sub- 
 mitted to the arbitration of the President of the United 
 States, and was decided in favor of Brazil. Misiones was 
 included in the region called Guayra (which see) ; was oc- 
 cupied by flourishing Jesuit missions from 1633 to 1767 ; 
 and is said to have had a population of 130,000. Area, 
 11,282 square miles. Population, 42,933. 
 
 Misisaga, or Missisauga (mis-e-sa'ga, -sa'ga). 
 A tribe of North American Indians, once a part 
 of the Ojibwa, first known in the middle of the 
 17th century north of Lake Huron and on Ma- 
 ll oulin Island. After the flight of the Huron and Ottawa 
 they spread over southern Ontario. In 1746 they were ad- 
 mitted as the seventh tribe of the Iroquois Confederacy. 
 The name is translated ‘great mouth,’ referring to the 
 mouth of Mississauga River emptying into Lake Huron. 
 Their present number in Ontario is upward of 700. See 
 Algonquian. 
 
 Misivri (me-sev'ie). A small town in Eastern 
 Rumelia, Bulgaria, situated on the Black Sea 
 18 miles northeast of Burgas: the ancient Me- 
 sembria. It was a Greek colony. 
 
 Miskolcz (mish'kolts). The capital of the coun- 
 ty of Borsod, Hungary, situated in lat. 48° 6' 
 N., long. 20° 49' E. It has flourishing com- 
 merce. Population, 51,500, (1910). 
 
 Misnia (mis'ni-ii,). The Latin name of Meissen. 
 
 Misocco (me-zok'ko), or Mesocco (ma-zok'ko), 
 Valle, G. Misos (me'zoks). The valley of the 
 Moesa in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, 
 south of San Bernardino. Length, about 20 
 miles. 
 
 Misogonus (mi-sog'o-nus). A rimed play, pre- 
 sumably by Thomas Richards in 1560. it con- 
 tains songs, and has some changes of meter, but is mainly 
 four-lined stanzas. See “ Gammer Gurton’s Needle ” and 
 “Ralph Roister Doister.” 
 
 Misol, or Mysol (mi-sol' ). A small island north- 
 west of Papua, situated in lat. 2° 4' S., long. 
 130° 12' E. 
 
 Mispah. See Mizpah. 
 
 Miss Betsy Thoughtless. A novel by Mrs. 
 Haywood, published in 1751. 
 
 “Miss Betsy Thoughtless” is rather a clever work and 
 interesting as the first really domestic novel, according 
 to modern ideas, that exists in the language. It has been 
 supposed that Miss Burney took it as the model of her 
 “ Evelina,” and it is the only novel I know which could 
 have served for the purpose. 
 
 Forsyth , Novels and Novelists of the 18th Century, p. 204. 
 
 Miss in her Teens, or the Medley of Lovers. 
 
 A comedy by David Garrick, produced in 1747 
 with Garrick as Fribble. 
 
 Missinnippi (mis-i-nip'i). A name given in 
 part of its course to the Churchill River. 
 
 Missionary Ridge (mish'qn-a-ri rij). A moun- 
 tain on the border of Georgia and Tennessee, 
 southeast of Chattanooga. It was the scene of the 
 final struggle in the battle of Chattanooga, Nov. 25, 1863. 
 The ridge was occupied by the Confederates in a strongly 
 intrenched position. The Federals attacked them in three 
 divisions under Hooker, Thomas, and Sherman, and after a 
 longhand-to-hand fight succeededin puttingtbemtoflight. 
 
 Missiones. See Misiones. 
 
 Mississippi (mis-i-sip'i). [Iud., ‘the great 
 river ’ or ‘ the father of waters.’] The largest 
 river of North America. It rises in or near Lake 
 Itasca, northern Minnesota, about lat. 47° 13' N., 1,457 feet 
 above sea-level; traverses part of Minnesota; forms the 
 boundary between Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, 
 and Louisiana on the west and Wisconsin, Illinois, Ken- 
 tucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi on the east ; flows gener- 
 ally south ; and empties in Louisiana into the Gulf of Mex- 
 ico by 5 mouths about lat. 29°-29° 10' N. It is navigable 
 for steamboats to the Falls of St. Anthony, Minnesota 
 (about 2, 000 miles). The banks below the river-level in Mis- 
 sissippi and Louisiana have to be protected by levees. The 
 chief tributaries are the Minnesota, Des Moines, Missouri, 
 St. Francis, White River, Arkansas, and Red River from the 
 west, and the Wisconsin, Rock, Illinois, Ohio, and Yazoo 
 from the east. It was discovered by He Soto in 1541; Mar- 
 quette and Joliet descended it in 1673, and La Salle in 
 1681 ; it formed the western boundary of the United States 
 1783-1803 ; and its source was discovered by Schoolcraft in 
 1832. St. Raul, Minneapolis, Dubuque, St. Louis, Mem- 
 
 Missouri 
 
 phis, Vicksburg, Baton Rouge, and New Orleans are on its 
 banks. Length of the Mississippi to Lake Itasca, 2,547 
 miles. Length of the lower Mississippi with the Missouri, 
 about 3,900 miles. Basin, 1,257,545 square miles. The 
 oombined river is the longest stream in the world. 
 
 Mississippi. One of the Southern States of the 
 United States of America, extending from about 
 lat. 30° 10' to 35° N., and from long. 88° 5' to 
 91° 40' W. Capital, Jackson, it is bounded by 
 Tennessee on the north, Alabama on the east, the Gulf of 
 Mexico and Louisiana on the south, and is separated by 
 the Mississippi on the west from Arkansas and in part 
 from Louisiana. It is one of the Gulf States. The surface 
 is hilly in part, but generally level. The chief industry is 
 agriculture ; the State is one of the first in the production 
 of cotton. It has 78 counties, sends 2 senators and 8 rep- 
 resentatives to Congress, and has 10 electoral votes. The 
 region was visited by De Soto in 1540 ; the Mississippi River 
 was explored by Marquette and La Salle ; an attempt at 
 settlement was made by the French under Iberville at 
 Biloxi in 1699; and a settlement was made on the site of 
 Natchez in 1716. The territory was ceded by France to 
 Great Britain in 1763, part was ceded to the United States 
 in 1783, and the remainder was acquired in 1811. Missis- 
 sippi Territory was organized in 1798, and the State was 
 admitted to the Union in 1817. It receded Jan. 9, 1861 ; 
 was the scene of various conflicts in the Civil War, includ- 
 ing the siege of Vicksburg in 1863; aud was readmitted 
 Feb., 1870. Area, 46,810 square miles. Population, 1,797,- 
 114, (1910). 
 
 Mississippi Scheme, or Mississippi Bubble. 
 
 A speculative scheme formed under the lead of 
 John Law for paying off the national debt of 
 France. It resulted in a financial panic in 1720. 
 See Law, John. 
 
 Mississippi Sound. A part of the Gulf of Mex- 
 ico lying south of Mississippi, and partly in- 
 closed by a chain of islands. 
 
 Mississippi Valley. The region drained by the 
 Mississippi and its affluents, lying in general 
 between the Alleghanies on the east and the 
 Rocky Mountains on the west. The basin includes 
 the whole of Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, 
 South Dakota, Arkansas, Indian Territory, Kentucky, and 
 Tennessee ; portions of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, 
 Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, 
 Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Texas, Louisiana, and Mis- 
 sissippi ; and small parts of New York, Maryland, Vir- 
 ginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, New Mexico, and 
 British America. 
 
 Miss Kilmansegg and her Precious Leg. A 
 
 poem by Thomas Hood, which, “as a sustained 
 piece of metrical humor, is absolutely unique.” 
 
 The poem is full of rollicking, unhampered fancy ; long 
 as it is, the movement is so rapid that it almost seems to 
 have been written at a heat, — at least, can easily be read 
 at a sitting. Though not without those absurd lapses 
 which constantly irritate iis in tire perusal of Hood’s lighter 
 pieces, it is the most lusty and characteristic of them all. 
 Standing at the front of its author’s facetious verse, it 
 renders him the leading poet-humorist of his generation. 
 
 Stedman, Victorian Poets, p. 80. 
 
 Missolonghi (mis-so-long'ge), or Mesolonghi 
 (ma-so-long'ge), mod. Gr. Mesolongion (ma- 
 zo-long'ge-on). A town in the nomarchy of 
 Acarnauia and AStolia, Greece, situated on the 
 Gulf of Patras in lat. 38° 22' N., long. 21° 25' E. 
 It was successfully defended by the Greeks against the 
 Turks in 1822 and 1823, and was besieged and taken by tlie 
 Turks and Egyptians in 1825-26. Byron died there in 1824. 
 Population, 7,718. 
 
 Missoula (mi-zo'la). A river in western Mon- 
 tana which unites with the Flathead to form 
 Clarke’s Fork. Its chief head streams are the 
 Bitter Root, Deer Lodge, and Blackfoot rivers. 
 
 Missouri (mi-zo'ri). A tribe of the Tciwere 
 division of the Siouan stock of North American 
 Indians. Their name for themselves is Niut’atci, ‘those 
 who reached the mouth ’ (of the river) : called Micudje by 
 the Kansa, which appellation may have been corrupted 
 into Missouri. For many years they have been consoli- 
 dated with the Oto. See Tciwere. 
 
 Missouri. [‘Great muddy.’] AriverintheUnited 
 States, the largest tributary of the Mississippi. 
 It is formed by the junction near Gallatin, Montana, of 
 the Madison (which rises in the National Park) with the 
 Jefferson ; flows through Montana and the Dakotas ; forms 
 in part the boundary between Nebraska and Kansas on the 
 right and South Dakota, Iowa, and Missouri on the left ; 
 traverses Missouri; and unites with the Mississippi 17 miles 
 north of St. Louis. It passes in Montana through the gorge 
 “Gates of the Rocky Mountains,” below which are the 
 Great Falls. Bismarck, Yankton, SiouxCity, Omaha, Council 
 Bluffs, St. Joseph, Atchison, Leavenworth, and Kansas City 
 are on its banks. Length (including the Madison), 3,047 
 miles; navigable to Fort Benton (over 2,400 miles). For 
 the total length of the stream to the sea, see Mississippi. 
 
 Missouri. A central State of the United States 
 of America, extending from about lat. 36° to 
 40° 30' N., and from long. 89° 2' to 95° 44' W. 
 Capital, Jefferson City ; chief city, St. Louis, it 
 is bounded by Iowa on the north, Illinois, Kentucky, and 
 Tennessee on the east (separated from all three by the 
 Mississippi), Arkansas on the south, and Oklahoma, Kan- 
 sas, and Nebraska on the west (separated in part from 
 Kansas and Nebraska by the Missouri). The surface is hilly, 
 undulating, and partly prairie ; the Ozark Mountains (low) 
 are in tlie southwest. TheStateis rich in mineral wealth, 
 especially iron (at Iron Mountain, Pilot Knob, Shepherd 
 Mountain, all in the southeast), zinc, and lead. The 
 leading agricultural products are corn, hay, wheat, and 
 
Missouri 
 
 692 
 
 Mitre 
 
 oats. The State is one of the first in the raising of live stock 
 and in the production of wine and corn, and has important 
 meat-packing industries, manufactures of flour, iron, etc., 
 and flourishing domestic and foreign commerce. It has 115 
 counties, sends 2 senators and 16 representatives to Con- 
 gress, and has 18 electoral votes. The Territory was claimed 
 by France in virtue of exploration ; was first settled at St. 
 Genevieve by the French about 1755 ; was ceded to Spain 
 in 1763 ; was ceded back to France in 1800 ; formed part of 
 the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 ; and was included in Loui- 
 siana Territory in 1805. Missouri Territory was formed in 
 1812, and Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave 
 State in 1821. Martial law was proclaimed there in 1861. 
 It was the scene of several battles in the Civil War. Area, 
 69,415 square miles. Population, 3,293,335, (1910). 
 
 Missouri, Great Falls of the. A cataract in 
 
 wrote “Planetary and Stellar Worlds ” (1848), “Orbs of 
 Heaven " (1851), etc. 
 
 Mitchell, Donald Grant : pseudonym Ik Mar- 
 vel. Born at Norwich, Conn., April, 1822: 
 died at Edgewood, Conn., Dec. 15, 1908. An 
 American essayist and novelist. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1841 ; studied law in New York ; was consul at 
 Venice 1853-55 ; and later lived on his farm Edgewood, 
 near New Haven, Connecticut. He wrote “Reveries of a 
 Bachelor" (1850), “Dream Life" (1851), “My Farm of 
 Edgewood ’’ (1863), “ Seven Stories with Basement and 
 Attic” (1861), “Wet Days at Edgewood, etc.” (1864), 
 “ Rural Studies, etc." (1867), a novel “ Doctor Johns, etc.” 
 (1866), “Bound Together, etc.” (1884), “Out-of-Town 
 Places,” a reprint of “Rural Studies" (1884), “English 
 Lands, etc.” (1889-90), etc. 
 
 the Missouri River, in Montan a, above Port Ben- Mitcll eli, Elisha.' Born at Washington, Conn., 
 ton. Width, i mile. Height, J- teet. Aug. 19, 1793: died in the Black Mountains, 
 
 Missouri Compromise. An agreement relative N _ £ j une 27, 1857. An American chemist 
 to the extension of slavery, embodied in a bill surveyor and clergyman, 
 passed by Congress March 2 1820, and in the M rs. (Lucy Myers Wright). Born 
 
 act of Congress admitting Missouri into the at Unim ’ iah) Pe ' rs ia, 1845: died at Wliii, Ger- 
 many, March 10, 1888. An American archte- 
 ologist. She married Samuel S. Mitchell, an artist, in 
 1867, and passed most of her life abroad. She wrote “A 
 
 __ ^ , .... ... . _ .. History of Ancient Sculpture ”(1883). 
 
 slave State. ' It was abrogated by the passage of the Kan- Mitchell, Maria. Born at Nantucket, Mass., 
 
 Aug. 1, 1818: died at Lynn, Mass., June 28, 
 1889. An American astronomer, daughter of 
 William Mitchell (1791-1868): professor of as- 
 tronomy at Yassar College, Poughkeepsie, New 
 York, from 1865. she received the degree of LL.D. from 
 Dartmouth in 1852 and Columbia in 1887 ; was the first wo- 
 man elected to the American Aca demy of Arts and Sciences; 
 and was a member of various scientific associations. 
 
 Union, passed in 1821. It was enacted that in all the 
 territory ceded by France, known as Louisiana, north of 
 36“ 30' north lat., excepting Missouri, slavery should be 
 forever prohibited ; and on this concession by the pro- 
 slavery party in Congress, Missouri was admitted as a 
 slave State. It was abroj: 
 sas-Nebraska Bill in 1854. 
 
 Miss Sara Sampson. A play by Lessing, pro- 
 duced in 1755. 
 
 Missunde (mis-son'de). A small village 6 miles 
 east of Schleswig, Prussia, situated on the 
 Schlei. It was the scene of engagements between the 
 Danes and troops of Schleswig-Holstein Sept. 12, 1850, and 
 
 between the Danes.and Prussians Feb. 2, 1864. 
 
 Mistake, The. A comedy by John \ anbrugh jjiteliell, Mount. The highest mountain in the 
 ( 1705) . it was taken in part from Moliere s “ Le d£pit United States east of the Rocky Mountains, situ- 
 “ration by Kh,g “ 1,90 aS L ° verS Quarrel8 ’ ated in the Black Mountains, Yancey County, 
 Mistassini (mis-tas-se'ne), Lake. A lake in North Carolina. Height, 6,710 feet, it is also 
 Canada, an expansion of the river Rupert, which Black Dome. It is named from Professor Elisha 
 
 , tv T , , 1 , . , Mitchell, who perished while exploring the mountain 1857. 
 
 empties into Hudson Bay. Length, about 100 Mitchell> Silas W eir. Born at Philadelphia, 
 
 miles (?). _ ........ . Feb. 15, 1829. An American physician and au- 
 
 Misterbianco (mes-ter-be-ang ko). A small ^ or no ted for researches in toxicology, the 
 townmS lcl ly, west ofCataina. . nervous system, etc. He has edited “ Five Essays : 
 
 Mr. Fs Aunt. A noted character m Dickens s - - - • - • ■ - 
 
 “ Little Dorrit.” She is characterized by “extreme 
 severity and grim taciturnity • sometimes by a propensity 
 to offer remarks . . . totally uncalled for by anything said 
 by anybody, and traceable to no association of ideas.” 
 
 Mr. H. A play by Charles Lamb. This farce (in 
 two acts) was performed at Drury Lane Theatre, London, in 
 Dec., 1806, but did not survive the first night of its ap- 
 pearance. In America, however, it was performed with 
 some success. The point of the play is the anxiety of the 
 hero to conceal his name (Hogsflesh) and the way in which 
 all his devices to this end are frustrated by his unhappy 
 destiny 
 
 On the Cryptogamous Origin of Malarious Eevers, etc.” 
 (1858), and has written “Researches upon the Venom of 
 the Rattlesnake ” (1860), “Researches upon the Venoms 
 of Poisonous Serpents ” withE. T. Reichert (1886), “Wear 
 and Tear, or Hints for the Overworked" (1871), “Injuries 
 oftheNerves, etc.” (1873), “Fatand Blood” (1877), “Heph- 
 zibah Guinness, and Other Stories ” (1880), “Lectures on 
 Diseases of the Nervous System, etc.” (1881), “In War 
 Time, "a novel (1885), Poems (1882 and 1887), “Doctor and 
 Patient ” (1887), “ Characteristics ” (serially, 1891), “ When 
 all the Woods are Green ” (1894), “ A Madeira Party ” (1895), 
 “Collected Poems " (1896), “ Hugh Wynne ” (1897), “The 
 Adventures of Francois ’’ (serially, 1898). 
 
 Mr. Midshipman Easy (e'zi). A sea story by Mitchell, Sir Thomas Livingstone. Born in 
 
 Frederick Marrvat, published in 1836 
 Mistra (mes'tra), or Misitra (mes'e-tra). A 
 fortress and town near Sparta, Greece, built in 
 1248. The fortress, founded in the 13th century by the 
 prince of Achaia, is one of the most curious and complete 
 memorials of medieval life now existing. On the slopes re- 
 main churches, escutcheoned palaces, andfortified streets, 
 and the hill is crowned by a great castle with imposing 
 groups of battlemented and machicolated towers and 
 * every defensive device of the middle ages. 
 
 Mistral (mes-tral'), Frederic. Born at Mail- 
 
 Stirlingshire, Scotland, Juue 16, 1792: died at 
 Carthona, Darling Point, Australia, Oct. 5, 1855. 
 A British explorer in Australia. At sixteen years 
 of age he entered the Peninsular army, and was promoted 
 lieutenant Sept. 16, 1813, and major Aug. 29, 1826. In 
 1828 he was appointed surveyor-general to the colony of 
 New South Wales. He is best known from his four expe- 
 ditions into the interior of Australia, 1831-35 and 1836-45. 
 He was appointed lieutenant-colonel in 1841. He pub- 
 lished “Three Expeditions” (1838), “Journal” of his 
 fourth expedition (1848), “The Lusiad of Camoens closely 
 translated " (1854), etc. 
 
 lane, Bouches-du-Rhone, France, Sept. 8, 1830. Mitckelstown (mich ' elz -toun). A town in 
 A Provencal poet, belonging to the brotherhood County Cork, Ireland. It was the scene of a riot be- 
 of modern Provencal poets known as “Les Feli- tween the Home Rulers and police, Sept. 9, 1887. 
 briges.” Among his works (in Provencal, witli French Mitchill (mich il), Samuel Latham. Born at 
 translations) are “ Mireio”.(“Mireille,” 1859), “Calendau" North Hempstead, N. Y., Aug. 20, 1(64: died 
 (1867), “Lis iselo d’or” (“Les lies d’or, ” 1875), “ Lou Tre- at New York, Sept. 7, 1831. An American phy- 
 
 sician, naturalist, politician, and miscellaneous 
 writer. He founded, with Dr. Edward Miller and Dr. 
 Elihu H. Smith, the “New York Medical Repository,” and 
 was its chief editor. 
 
 sor dou felibrige” (1879-86: a Provencal-French diction- 
 ary), “Nerto" (1884). 
 
 Mistress, The. A “ love-cycle” by Abraham 
 Cowley, published in 1647. 
 
 Mistretta (mes-lret'ta). A town in the province Mite, Sir Matthew. The “ nabob ” in Foote’s 
 of Messina, Sicily, 50 miles northwest of Ca- • - - 
 
 tania. Population, 13,481. 
 
 Mita. See Weitspekan. 
 
 Mitau (me'tou), Lett. Jelgava (yel'ga-va), 
 Russ. Mitava (me-ta'va). The capital of the 
 government of Courland, Russia, on the Aa 25 
 miles southwest of Riga. It was the residence 
 of the dukes of Courland from the middle of 
 the 16th century. Population, 35,131. 
 
 play of that name. He returns from a profitable resi- 
 dence in India with ill-gotten gains, which he uses to an- 
 noy and ruin his neighbors. 
 
 Foote brought on the stage an Anglo-Indian chief, dis- 
 solute, ungenerous, and tyrannical, ashamed of the hum- 
 ble friends of his youth, hating the aristocracy, yet child- 
 ishly eagertobe numbered among them, squandering his 
 wealth on pandars and flatterers, tricking out his chair- 
 man with the most costly hot-house flowers, and astound- 
 ing the ignorant with jargon about rupees, lacs, and ja- 
 ghires. Macaulay , Essays, I. 282. 
 
 Mitchel (mich'el), John. Bom at Dungiven, Mitford (mit'ford), John. Born at Richmond, 
 
 County Derry, Ireland, Nov. 3, 1815: died March 
 20, 1875. An Irish revolutionist, a leader in the 
 “Young Ireland” movement. He was convicted 
 as editor of the “United Irishman” and sentenced to 14 
 years' banishment in 1848; escaped from Van Diemen’s 
 Land and came to New York in 1854 ; and lived in the 
 United States fintil 1874, when he returned to Ireland and 
 in 1875 was elected to Parliament for Tipperary, but was 
 declared ineligible. He wrote “Jail Journal ” (1854), “The 
 Last Conquest of Ireland — Perhaps ” (1861), etc. 
 
 Mitchel, Ormsby McKnight. Born in Union 
 County, Ky., Aug. 28, 1810; died at Beaufort, 
 S. C., Oct. 30, 1862. An American astronomer 
 and general. He became director of the Cincinnati 
 Observatory in 1845, and of the Dudley Observatory (Al- 
 bany) in 1859, and served in the Civil War 1861-62. He 
 
 Surrey, Aug. 13,1781: died at Benhall vicarage, 
 April 27, 1859. An English writer and clergy- 
 man. He was the eldest son of John Mitford, commander 
 of a China merchantman. He entered Oriel College, Ox- 
 ford, in 1801, graduating in 1804. He was licensed cu- 
 rate of Kelsale, Suffolk, in 1809. From 1834 until 1850 he 
 edited the “Gentleman’s Magazine.” He assisted in ed- 
 iting the Aldine edition of British poets, and wrote “ Ag- 
 nes, the Indian Captive,” a poem (1811). 
 
 Mitford, Mary Russell. Bom at Alresford, 
 Hampshire, Dec. 16, 1787: died at Swallow- 
 field, Jan. 10, 1855. An English author. Her 
 father, George Mitford, was a physician who squandered 
 a fortune and finally became dependent upon Iris daugh- 
 ter’s earnings. At ten years of age she drew a lottery prize 
 of £20,000. In 1810 her “ Miscellaneous Poems ” appeared, 
 
 and m 1812 “Blanche of Castile.” In 1820 her father's 
 irregularities obliged her to support herself by literature. 
 “Julian,” a tragedy, was accepted by Macready and per- 
 formed atCoventGarden, March 15,1823. “The Foscari”was 
 produced by Charles Kemble, Nov. 4, 1826, and “Rienzi," 
 her best tragedy, was produced at Drury Lane, Oct. 9, 1828. 
 The sketches entitled “Our Village "began in the “ Lady’s 
 Magazine ” in 1819, and gained great popularity. “ Belford 
 Regis, etc.,” a novel, was published in 1835, and “Recol- 
 lections of a Literary Life, etc.,” in 1852. She also pub- 
 lished a number of poems, sonnets, stories of American 
 life, stories for children, etc. 
 
 Mitford, William. Born at London, Feb. 10, 
 1744: died at Exbury, Feb. 10, 1827. An Eng- 
 lish historian. He matriculated at Queen’s College, 
 Oxford, in 1761, but left without a degree. He entered the 
 Middle Temple in 1763, but never practised. The first 
 volume of his “History of Greece," suggested by Gibbon, 
 appeared in 1784 : the work was completed in 1810. He 
 was a member of Parliament 1785-90, 1796-1806, and 1812- 
 1818. 
 
 Mithra (mith'ra), or Mithras (mith'ras)- In 
 ancient Persian mythology, the god of light, 
 later of the sun. His worship was introduced 
 into Rome. 
 
 After Pontus in Asia Minor, previously held by Persia, 
 had been conquered by Pompey, the worship of Mithras 
 superseded the Dionysia, and extended over the Roman 
 Empire. The Emperor Commodus was initiated into these 
 Mysteries ; and they have been maintained by a constant 
 tradition, with their penances and tests of the courage of 
 the candidate for admission, through the Secret Societies 
 of the Middle Ages and the Rosicrucians, down to the 
 modern faint reflex of the latter, the Freemasons. The 
 Mithraic rites supplied the model of the initiatory cere- 
 monies observed in those societies, and are described by 
 Justin Martyr and Tertullian as resembling the Christian 
 Sacraments. The believers were admitted by the rite of 
 baptism ; they had a species of Eucharist ; while the cour- 
 age and endurance of the neophyte were tested by twelve 
 consecutive trials denominated Tortures, undergone with- 
 in a cave constructed for the purpose, and lasted forty 
 days before he was admitted to a participation in the Mys- 
 teries. The peculiar symbol of these rites have been found 
 all over Europe ; and the burial-place of the Three Kings 
 of Cologne, Caspar, Balthasar, and Melchior, was shown 
 as the tombs of the Magians that visited Bethlehem. 
 
 Knight, Symbolical Language, p. xxiv. 
 
 Mithridate (met-re-dat'). A tragedy by Ra- 
 cine, produced Jan. 13, 1673. 
 
 Mithridates (mith-ri-da'tez) (more correctly 
 Mithradates (mith-ra-da'tez)) VI. Eupator, 
 surnamed “ The Great.” Born about 132 B. c. : 
 died 63 b. c. King of Pontus 120-63. He subju- 
 gated the peoples on the eastern shore of the Black Sea, 
 and conquered the Crimea and southern Russia. He next 
 attacked Paphlagonia, Cappadocia, and Bithynia, client 
 states of Rome, which caused the interference of that 
 power. War broke out in consequence in 88. He rapidly 
 made himself master of all the Roman possessions in Asia 
 Minor, except Magnesia on the Mceander, and caused a 
 general massacre of the Italian inhabitants, said to have 
 numbered 80,000, or, according to others, 150,000. He also 
 instigated a rising of the European Greeks, to whose aid 
 he sent a formidable land and naval force under his gen- 
 eral Archelaus. Archelaus was defeated by Sulla at Chae- 
 ronea in 86 and at Orehomenus in 85. Sulla crossed the 
 Hellespont to Asia, and dictated a peace at Dardanus in 
 84. Mithridates surrendered his fleet, paid a heavy war 
 indemnity, and restored all his conquests, retaining Pon- 
 tus only. In 83 a second war broke out, owing to his fail- 
 ure completely to evacuate Cappadocia. The propretor 
 Murena invaded Pontus, but was defeated and forced to 
 withdraw. Peace was restored in 81 on the basis of the 
 treaty of Dardanus. In 74 a third war broke out, occa- 
 sioned by an attempt on the part of Mithridates to take 
 possession of Bithynia, which had been bequeathed to the 
 Romans by his son-in-law Nicomedes III. , late king of Bi- 
 thynia. Mithridates defeated M. Aurelius Cotta at Chal- 
 cedon in 74, but was expelled from his own kingdom by 
 Lucullus, and took refuge with his son-in-law Tigranes, 
 king of Armenia. Lucullus defeated the latter at Tigra- 
 nocerta in 69, but was unable to prevent Mithridates from 
 reconquering Pontus and ravaging Bithynia and Cappa- 
 docia. He was superseded by Cn. Pompeius, who defeat- 
 ed Mithridates on the Lycos in 66, and compelled the sur- 
 render of Tigranes at Artaxata. Mithridates fled to Pan- 
 tacapseum, and was planning a new campaign when his 
 troops revolted. He was at liis own bidding put to death 
 by a Celtic soldier in 63, after having vainly sought to kill 
 himself by poison. 
 
 Mithridates, King of Pontus. A tragedy by 
 Nathaniel Lee, produced in 1678. 
 
 Mithridatic Wars (mith-ri-dat'ikwaxz). Three 
 wars between Rome and Mithridates, king of 
 Pontus. The Romans were commanded in the first (88- 
 84 B. C.) by Sulla and his lieutenant Fimbria ; in the sec- 
 ond (83-81) by Murena; and in the third (74-63) by Lncul- 
 lus, later by Pompey. In the last Mithridates and his ally 
 Tigranes were defeated, and Pontus was annexed to Rome 
 in 63. 
 
 Mitla (met'lii), or Mictlan (mek-tlan'). [Na- 
 liuatl, ‘ place of the dead called by the Zapotecs 
 Lyd-Baa, entrance to the grave.] A group of 
 large ruined buildings in the state of Oajaca, 
 Mexico, about 20miles southeast of OaxacaCity. 
 They are built of adobe and stone, and some of them are 
 elaborately ornamented with a kind of mosaic work pro- 
 duced by stones set in cement. There are also mural 
 paintings. The origin and purpose of the Mitla buildings 
 are unknown. At the time of the conquest they appear to 
 have been occupied by Zapotec Indians. There is a mod- 
 ern village on the site. 
 
 Mitre (me'tra), Bartolome. Born June 26, 
 1821: died Jan. 19, 1906. An Argentine 
 
Mitre 
 
 general, statesman, journalist, and author. 
 Banished by Rosas, he lived successively in Uruguay, Bo- 
 livia, Peru, and Chile, and was a noted journalist in all 
 those countries. HO served in the Uruguayan army 1838- 
 1846, and in the Bolivian army 1847 ; as colonel of artillery, 
 took part in the overthrow of Rosas, 1852; opposed Ur- 
 quiza ; led the movement by which Buenos Ayres declared 
 itself independent, Sept. 17, 1852; was made minister of 
 the interior and later minister of war of the Buenos Ayres 
 government ; and in the latter capacity commanded the 
 army which was defeated by Urquiza at Cepeda Oct. 23, 
 1859, the result being the reunion of Buenos Ayres with the 
 Argentine Confederation. Mitre was then elected gov- 
 ernorof Buenos Ayres, May, 1860 ; and, new difficulties hav- 
 ing arisen with the federal government, he defeated Ur- 
 quiza's army at Pavon, Sept. 11, 1861. Soon after Mitre 
 was made president ad interim, and in Oct., 1862, was 
 elected president of the new Argentine Republic for six 
 years. With his term opened an era of great prosperity. 
 During two years he commanded the allied army against 
 Paraguay. (See Triple Alliance.) At the end of his term 
 Mitre was made minister to Brazil. He was a presidential 
 candidate in 1874, and, being defeated, headed an abortive 
 rebellion. In 1891 he was again a candidate, but subse- 
 quently withdrew his name. In 1852 General Mitre founded 
 “La Nacion," which became the most important journal 
 of the Platine region, and remained under his direction. 
 Besides poems, essays, speeches, etc., he published two 
 historical works, the “ Historia de Belgrano (1857 et seq.) 
 and the “ Historia de San Martin ” (1884 : English abridged 
 translation 1893). 
 
 Mitre (mi't£r), The. A noted London tavern, 
 formerly standing in Mitre Court, off Fleet 
 street. It was Dr. Samuel Johnson’s favorite resort. 
 There were other taverns of the name in London. 
 MitrowitZ (mit'ro-vits). A town in Croatia- 
 Slavonia, Austria-Hungary, situated on the 
 Save in lat. 44° 58' N., long. 19° 37' E. it oc- 
 cupies the site of the ancient Sirmium. Population, 11,- 
 518. 
 
 Mitscherlich (mitsh'er-lieh), Eilhard. Born 
 at Neuende, near Jever, Germany, Jan. 7, 1794: 
 died at Berlin, Aug. 28, 1863. A noted German 
 chemist, professor at Berlin from 1821. He dis- 
 covered isomorphism in 1818. He wrote “ Lehrbuch der 
 Chemie ” (1829-40), etc. 
 
 Mittelmark (mit'tel-mark). A region in the 
 province of Brandenburg, Prussia, extending 
 from the Havel eastward to the Oder, it com- 
 prised the districts around Brandenburg, Berlin, and Pots- 
 dam, forming part of the old possessions of Brandenburg, 
 and of the original holding of the house of Hohenzollern 
 in 1415. 
 
 Mittermaier (mit'ter-mi-er), Karl Joseph 
 
 Anton. Born at Munich, Aug. 5, 1787 : died 
 at Heidelberg, Aug. 28, 1867. A German jurist 
 and politician, professor at Heidelberg from 
 1821. He wrote works on criminal law, etc. 
 Mittu (met'to). An independent Nigritic tribe 
 of the eastern Sudan, between the Dinka and 
 the Nyam-Nyam. TheMadi, Abaka, and Lubaaresub- 
 tribes. The northern dialects differ from the southern. 
 In customs the Mittu are much like the Soli and the Bongo, 
 but are not so hardy. They are agriculturists in a fertile 
 country, and are good bowmen and musicians. 
 
 Mittweida(mit'vi-da). A manufacturing town 
 in the kingdom of Saxony, situated on the Zscho- 
 pau 34 miles west by south of Dresden. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 17,498. 
 
 Mituas (me-to'az). A horde of Indians of the 
 upper Orinoco valley, on the llanos bordering 
 the Guaviare affluent (Colombia). 
 
 Mitylene. See Mytilene. 
 
 Mivart (miv'art), St. George Jackson. Born 
 at London, Nov. 30, 1827: died there, April 1, 
 1900. An English naturalist. He was called to the 
 baratLincoln’s Inn in 1851; became a lecturer in St. Mary’s 
 Hospital Medical School in 1862 ; was appointed professor 
 of biology in University College, London, in 1874, and pro- 
 fessor of the philosophy of natural history in the Univer- 
 sity of Louvain in 1890. He published “On the Genesis of 
 Species” (1871), “Lessons in Elementary Anatomy” (1873), 
 “The Cat” (1880), “Nature and Thought” (1882), etc. 
 Miwok, or Meewoc (me'wok), The southern 
 division of the Moquelumnan stock of North 
 American Indians, comprising 23 small tribes 
 whose pristine habitat extended from the Co- 
 sumnes to the Fresno, and from the snow-line 
 of the Sierra Nevada to San Joaquin River, ex- 
 cept a strip along the latter occupied by the 
 Cholovone. The name signifies ‘men’ or ‘people’ in 
 the dialect formerly spoken north of the Stanislaus. See 
 Moquelumnan. 
 
 Mixco (mes'ko). A city and stronghold of the 
 ancient Cakchiquel Indians of Guatemala, about 
 25 miles north of the modern Guatemala City. 
 It was on a nearly inaccessible hill, and was fortified with 
 great skill. In 1525 the Spaniards, under Gonzalo Alvarado, 
 besieged it for a month, and finally took it by assault after 
 a terrible fight. The town was burned, and only its ruins 
 remain ; the surviving inhabitants were removed to the 
 modem village of Mixco, 5 miles east of Guatemala. 
 Mizes (me'Haz). Anlndian stock of southeast- 
 ern Mexico, in the mountains of the isthmus of 
 Tehuantepec (states of Oaxaca and Chiapas). 
 By language they are related to the Zoques. Historians 
 describe them as very savage, and cannibals ; but they 
 early submitted to the whites, and are now a degraded but 
 peaceful part of the country population. 
 
 693 
 
 Mixtecs (mes-taks'), or Mixtecas (mes-ta'kaz). 
 Anlndianstockof southern Mexico, inthemoun- 
 tains of western Oaxaca and the adjacent parts 
 of Guerrero and Puebla. At the period of the Span- 
 ish conquest they also occupied the corresponding parts 
 of the Pacific coast, and at one time had extended east- 
 ward to the isthmus of Tehuantepec, from which they 
 were driven by the Zapotecs. They were frequently at war 
 with the Aztecs of Mexico. They were considerably ad- 
 vanced in civilization, built adobe or stone houses, were 
 agricultur ists but brave warriors, and had a form of picture- 
 writing. The Mixtecs readily submitted to the Spaniards, 
 and are now useful citizens. They number not less than 
 200,000. By their language they are allied to the Zapotecs 
 (which see). 
 
 Mizar (mi'zjjr or me'zar). [Ar. mizdr, a waist- 
 cloth or apron.] The familiar name of the 
 bright second-magnitude double star £ Ursa; 
 Majoris. Smyth says the name was unknown to the 
 Arabs, but was introduced in consequence of a conjecture 
 of Scaliger’s. The appropriateness is not evident. The 
 same name is also, rarely, applied to e Bootis. 
 
 Mizen (miz'en). A character in Charles Shad- 
 well’s play “The Fair Quaker of Deal.” 
 
 In this character-piece Flip, the sea-brute, is contrasted 
 with Beau Mizen, the sea-fop ; but the latter is, in some 
 degree, a copy of Baker’s Maiden, the progenitor of the 
 family of Dundreary. Doran, English Stage, I. 213. 
 
 Mizpah (miz'pa), or Mizpeh (miz'pe). [Heb., 
 ‘watch-tower.’] The name of several places 
 mentioned in Old Testament history. ( a ) A place 
 in Gilead : sometimes identified with Tel es-Safiyeh (about 
 lat. 32° 5' N.). ( b ) A place in Benjamin, Palestine : prob- 
 ably on thesiteof Nebi-Samwil, 5miles northwest of Jeru- 
 salem. 
 
 Mispeh, the culminating point of the tribe of Benjamin, 
 became the meeting-place of the tribes, the Washington 
 of the Israelite federation. This mountain, which rises 
 nearly 4,000 feet above the level of the sea, on the horizon 
 of Jerusalem, was not made to serve as the site of a great 
 city. On the contrary, it was an excellent spot for those 
 federal diets which were soon to assume a sacred charac- 
 ter. The ark was never established there ; but the sofet 
 was induced to make it his habitual residence, and no 
 doubt the political importance of Mispeh had some weight 
 in the providential selection of Jerusalem for such bril- 
 liant destinies. Jerusalem is only a league from Mispeh, 
 and from the top of the mountain the little acropolis ( millo ) 
 of the Jebusites on the hill of Sion must have been visi- 
 ble. Renan, Hist, of the People of Israel, I. 302. 
 
 Mizraim (miz-ra'im). The Hebrew name of 
 Egypt. 
 
 Mizraim, the brother of Cush, is the Hebrew name of 
 Egypt. It signifies ‘ the two Mazors,’ or walls of fortifica- 
 tion. On the Asiatic side Egypt was defended from attack 
 by a chain of fortresses, sometimes called Shur, or ‘ the 
 wall,’ by the Canaanites, and it was from this line of de- 
 fence that the name of Mazor was derived. The name, 
 however, did not apply to the whole of Egypt. It denoted 
 only Lower or Northern Egypt, which extended from the 
 sea to the neighbourhood of the modern Cairo. The rest 
 of the country was Upper Egypt, called Pe-to-Res, ‘the 
 land of the South,’ in ancient Egyptian, the Pathros of the 
 Old Testament (Isaiah xi. 11). The division of Egypt into 
 two provinces dated from prehistoric times, and has been 
 remembered through all the vicissitudes of Egyptian his- 
 tory down to the present day. It was essentially ‘ the 
 double land,’ and its rulers wore a double crown. Hence 
 the use of the dual form, “the two Mazors,” in Hebrew. 
 Here and there, where Lower Egypt is alone alluded to, 
 the singular Mazor is employed, but otherwise the dual 
 “Mizraim” only is found throughout the Old Testament. 
 
 Sayce, Races of the 0. T., p. 62. 
 
 Mjollnir (myel'nir). [ON.] In Old Norse my- 
 thology, Thor’s hammer, “the crusher,” made 
 by the dwarfs. It was the trusty weapon of 
 Thor in his constant warfare against the giants. 
 
 Mjosen (mye'sen), Lake. The largest lake in 
 Norway, about 35 miles northeast of Christiania 
 at the nearest point. Length, 62 miles. Great- 
 est depth, 1,500 feet. 
 
 Mlawa (mla'va). A town in the government 
 of Plock, Russian Poland, 67 miles north-north- 
 west of Warsaw. Population, over 11,000. 
 
 Mnemosyne (ne-mos'i-ne). [Gr. Mvr/fioo'wi), the 
 mother of the Muses.] In Greek mythology, 
 the goddess of memory, daughter of Uranus 
 (Heaven) and Ge (Earth), and mother, by Zeus, 
 of the Muses. 
 
 Mnesicles (ne'sik-lez). [Gr. Mvym/cXyc.J Archi- 
 tect of the Propylseum (begun 437 B. C.). it was 
 5 years in building, and cost about $2,000,000. An inscrip- 
 tion with his name, but later in time, has been found 
 among the ruins of the Propylseum. 
 
 Mnevis (ne'vis). The ancient Egyptian sacred 
 bull of Heliopolis. 
 
 Apis of Memphis, Mnevis of Heliopolis, and Pakis of 
 Hermonthis, are all links that bind together the Egypt of 
 the Pharaohs and the Egypt of the stone age. They were 
 the sacred animals of the clans which first settled in these 
 localities, and their identification with the deities of the 
 official religion must have been a slow process, never fully 
 earned out, in fact, in the minds of the lower classes. 
 
 Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 66. 
 
 Moab (mo'ab). A Semitic tribe settled at the 
 southeastern end of the Dead Sea (the modern 
 district of Kerak). In Gen. xix. Moab and Ammon are 
 represented as descendants of Lot, and their names are 
 explained from their incestuous origin. The Moabites ap- 
 
 Mocarabians 
 
 pear to have been a warlike tribe, and the Israelites dur- 
 ing their wanderings through the desert tried to avoid an 
 encounter with them. During the period of the Judges 
 they opposed the Israelites until they were routed by 
 Ehud (J udges iii.). Saul and David, whose ancestress Ruth 
 was a Moabitess, subjugated them. After Solomon’s death 
 Moab fell to the northern kingdom. After Ahab’s death 
 Mesha refused to pay tribute. They were afterward, ac- 
 cording to the cuneiform inscriptions, subjected to Assyria, 
 Shalman, Camoshnadab, and Mussari being mentioned as 
 kings of Moab paying tribute. They participated in the 
 fall of Jerusalem thr ough the Babylonians, and Nebuchad- 
 nezzar subjected them on his expedition against Egypt. 
 They appear after the exile as seeking to maintain friendly 
 relations with the Judeans. Later they were subjected to 
 the Nabataeans, the Maccabees, and the Romans. Chemosh 
 was their principal divinity ; another was Baal Peor. The 
 only authentic monument of the Moabite civilization thus 
 far known is the so-called Moabite Stone. See below. 
 
 Moabite Stone. A slab of black basalt bearing 
 an inscription of 34 lines in Hebrew-Pbenician 
 characters : the oldest monument of the Semitic 
 alphabet. It was found in 1868 at the ancient Dibon of 
 Moab. Before it could be removed it was broken in many 
 pieces, through the jealousies of Arab tribes, but a squeeze 
 of the inscription had been previously taken, and the chief 
 fragments are now in the Louvre Museum. The stone is the 
 most important surviving relic of Moabite civilization, and 
 is believed to date from about 850 B. o. The inscription 
 records the victories of King Mesha over the Israelites. 
 See Mesha. 
 
 Moadoc. See Modoc. 
 
 MoallakSt (mo-al-la-kat'). A collection of 
 seven Arabic poems, composed by different au- 
 thors in the 6th and 7th centuries. 
 
 Moaria (mo-a'ri-a). [NL.] A hypothetical 
 South Pacific continent of which only New 
 Zealand and other Oceanian or Polynesian isl- 
 ands remain: so named from the supposed 
 former range of the moa. Its assumed existence 
 accounts for many features of the present geographical 
 distribution of animals and plants. The name was pro- 
 posed by Dr. Mantell. 
 
 Moatcaht (mo'ach-at), or Mowachaht. The 
 
 people to whom the name Nootka was first ap- 
 plied, a tribe of North American Indians living 
 near Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island, British 
 Columbia. They numbered 254 in 1884. S eeAht. 
 
 Moawiyah (mo-a'we-ya). Governor of Syria, 
 and, after his victory over Ali, calif 661-680 A. D. 
 
 He founded the dynasty of the Ommiads, which held the 
 califate for 89 years (661-750) with Damascus as capital. 
 
 Mobangi. Same as Ubangi. 
 
 Moberly (mo'ber-li). The capital of Randolph 
 County, central Missouri. Population, 10,- 
 923, (1910). 
 
 Mobile (mo-bel'). A river in Alabama which 
 is formed by the union of the Alabama and 
 Tombigbee, and falls into Mobile Bay. Length, 
 about 45 miles. 
 
 Mobile. A city, capital of Mobile County, Ala- 
 bama, situated on Mobile River in lat. 30° 41' 
 N., long. 88° 2' W. It is the only seaport and the lar- 
 gest city of the State. It has a large trade in timber, naval 
 stores, coal, etc., and is one of the leading ports in the 
 country for the export of cotton. It was founded by De 
 Bienville in 1702 ; was the capital of Louisiana until 1723 ; 
 passed to Great Britain in 1763, and to Spain in 1783 ; was 
 taken by the Americans under Wilkinson in 1813 ; and 
 became a city in 1819. It was occupied by the Federals 
 April 12, 1865. It has now steamer lines to Liverpool and 
 New York. Population, 51,521, (1910). 
 
 Mobile Bay. An inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, in 
 the southwestern part of Alabama. Length, 
 about 36 miles. 
 
 Mobile Bay, Battle of. A naval victory gained 
 Aug. 5, 1864, by the Federals (with 7 sloops of 
 war and 4 iron-clad monitors), under Farragut, 
 over the Confederates (with the ram Tennessee, 
 which had to surrender, and 3 gunboats), under 
 Buchanan. 
 
 Mobile Point. A sandy point at the eastern 
 entrance of Mobile Bay: the site of Fort Mor- 
 gan (previously Fort Bowyer). 
 
 Mobilian. See Creek. 
 
 Mobimas. See Movimas. 
 
 Mobius (m&'be-6s), August Ferdinand. Born 
 at Schulpforta, Prussia, Nov. 17, 1790: died at 
 Leipsic, Sept. 26, 1868. A German mathemati- 
 cian and astronomer, professor at Leipsic from 
 1816. His chief work is “ Der barycentrische 
 Kalkul ” (1827). 
 
 Mobius, Paul Heinrich August. Born at Leip- 
 sic, May 31, 1825 : died at Friedrichroda, June 
 8, 1889. A German miscellaneous writer, son of 
 A. F. Mobius. He wrote tales, “ Bar-Cocheba” (a 
 tragedy), a catechism of German literature, etc. 
 
 Mobius, Theodor. Born at Leipsic, June 22, 
 1821: died there, April 25, 1890. A German 
 philologist, son of A. F. Mobius, appointed pro- 
 fessor at Leipsic in 1859, and at Kiel in 1865. 
 He published numerous works on Scandina- 
 vian philology and literature. 
 
 Mocarabians (mo-ka-ra'bi-anz). See the ex- 
 tract and Mosarabs. 
 
Mocarabians 
 
 A complete toleration had been granted by the first con- 
 querors to the Christian Goths, who, under the name of 
 Mocarabians (mixed Arabians), lived in the midst of the 
 Musulmans. Sismondi, Lit. of South of Europe, I. 81. 
 
 Mocetenas. See Mosetenas. 
 
 Mocha (rno'ka ; Arab. pron. mo'cha). A sea- 
 port in Yemen, Arabia, situated on the Red Sea 
 in lat. 13° 20' N., long. 43° 13' E. : long famous 
 for its export of coffee. Population, about 
 5,000. 
 
 Mochica. See Chimu. 
 
 Mock Astrologer, The. See Evening’s Love, An. 
 Mock Doctor, The. 1. A farce by Henry Field- 
 ing, slightly altered from Moliere’s comedy “ Le 
 inedeein malgrd lui,” and produced with Gar- 
 rick in the cast about 1736. — 2. An English li- 
 bretto of Gounod’s “ Le medecin malgre lui,” by 
 Charles Kenny. The opera was produced under 
 this name at London in 1865. 
 
 Mockern (mek'ern). A small town in Prussian 
 Saxony, situated on the Ehle 14 miles east of 
 Magdeburg. Here, April 5, 1813, the Prussians 
 under York defeated the French under Eugene 
 de Beauharnais. 
 
 Mockern. A village 2 miles northwest of Leip- 
 sic. Here, Oct. 16, 1813, Bliicher defeated the 
 French under Marmont (part of the battle of 
 Leipsic). 
 
 Mocoas (mo-ko'az). A tribe of Indians in south- 
 ern Colombia, about the upper Caqueta or Ja- 
 pur& and its branches. They are an agricultural and 
 peaceable race, and are noted for their skill in weaving and 
 dyeing cotton fabrics, and in other small industries. At 
 present they are partially civilized, and speak a corrupt 
 dialect of the Quichua. Their own language, with that of 
 the Mesayas and other neighboring tribes, appears to con- 
 stitute a distinct stock. The Enganos or Iugafios, on the 
 Engano River, a branch of the Caqueta, are either identi- 
 cal with the Mocoas or closely allied to them. 
 
 Mocobis (mo-ko-bez'), or Mbocobis. An Indian 
 tribe or group of tribes in the northern part of 
 the Argentine Republic (Gran Chaco region), 
 about the river Vermejo. They are still numerous, 
 subsist mainly by hunting and rapine, but have cattle and 
 horses derived from Spanish stock. Their villages are 
 composed of slighthuts, and are frequently moved in search 
 of fresh pasture. The Mocobis belong to the Guaycuru 
 linguistic stock, and are closely allied to the extinct Abi- 
 poues and to the modern Tobas, with whom, however, they 
 are almost constantly at war. 
 
 Mocochies, or Mucuchies. See Timotes. 
 Moctezuma. See Montezuma. 
 
 Moctezuma. See Oposura. 
 
 Moctoby. See Biloxi. 
 
 Modena (mo'de-nii). A province in the com- 
 partimentoof Emilia, Italy. Area, 1,002 square 
 miles. Population, 334,335. 
 
 Modena. The capital of the province of Mo- 
 dena, Italy, situated between the Secchia and 
 the Panaro, in lat. 44° 39' N., long. 10° 56' E. : 
 the ancient Mutina. The cathedral, consecrated in 
 1184, is a well-designed Romanesque structure. The west 
 facade is one of the best of its date in Italy : it has three 
 round-arched portals, a gallery of graceful triple arcades 
 which is continued around the church, a large wheel-win- 
 dow, and much interesting sculpture. There are two 
 sculptured porches on the south side. The three-aisled 
 interior contains interesting sculpture and tombs. The 
 Ghirlandina Tower, the campanile of the cathedral, fin- 
 ished to the spire in 1315, is one of the best of its kind. 
 The height is 315 feet. The massive square lower stage, 
 about 200 feet high, bears the slender spire, which springs 
 from an octagon of two arcaded tiers and is pierced with 
 flower-like openings (whence the name of the tower). Other 
 objects of iuterest are the art academy, university, pic- 
 ture-gallery, library, and ducal palace. Modena became 
 a Roman colony about 183 B. c. It was situated on the 
 JEmilian Way, and was a flourishing Roman city. It be- 
 came the capital of the duchy of Modena, ruled by the 
 Este family, and was famous in the 16th century for the 
 sculpture of terra-cottas. (See Mutinensian War, and 
 Modena, Duchy of.) Population, commune, 64,843. 
 
 Modena, Duchy of. A former duchy of north- 
 ern Italy, comprising the modern provinces of 
 Modena, Massa-e-Carrara, and Reggio (in Emi- 
 lia). The family of Este became rulers of Modena about 
 1290 ; it was made a duchy in 1452 ; was annexed to the Cis- 
 padane Republic in 1796 ; and passed to an Austrian line in 
 1814. There was an unsuccessful insurrection in 1848-49 ; 
 the duke was deposed in 1859 ; and the duchy was united 
 to the dominions of Victor Emmanuel in 186U. 
 
 Modern Athens, The. Boston or Edinburgh. 
 Modern Babylon, The. London. 
 
 Modern Messalina, The. Catharine II. of Rus- 
 sia. 
 
 Modern Painters. A work on art, by John Rus- 
 kin (published 1843, 1846, 1856, and 1860). 
 Modica (mod'e-ka). A town in the province of 
 Syracuse, Sicily, 30 miles southwest of Syra- 
 cuse : the ancient Motyca. There are remarkable 
 prehistoric caves in the vicinity. Population, 48,- 
 962. 
 
 Modigliana (mo-del-ya'na). A small town in 
 the province of Florence, Italy, 37 miles north- 
 east of Florence. 
 
 Modish (mo'dish), Lady Betty. In Cibber’s 
 
 694 
 
 comedy “The Careless Husband,” a brilliant 
 coquettish woman of quality, wayward and sel- 
 fish, but not heartless: one of the principal 
 characters in the play. Mrs. Oldfield was cele- 
 brated in the part. 
 
 Modjeska (mod-jes'ka), Helena. Bom at Cra- 
 cow, Poland, Oct. 12, 1840 : died at Bay City, 
 Cal., April 8, 1909. A noted Polish actress. 
 Her maiden name was Opid. She married Gustave Mod- 
 jeski when about 17 years of age, and with him joined a 
 company of strolling players. In 1868 she married the 
 Count Bozenta Chlapowski. She made her first ap- 
 pearance in America in 1877 as Adrienne Lecouvreur, in an 
 English version of the play, at San Francisco, after a very 
 short study of the language. She was well received in 
 America, and made a number of tours throughout the 
 country. Her roles were numerous, including Beatrice, 
 Ophelia, etc. Her autobiography was published in 1910. 
 
 Modlin. See NovogeorgievsJc. 
 
 Modling (medTing). A town in Lower Austria, 
 9 miles south-southwest of Vienna. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 18,067, (1910). 
 
 Modoc, or Modock (mo'dok). [PI., also Mo- 
 docs.'] A tribe of North America n Indians which 
 formerly occupied the shores of Little Klamath, 
 Modoc, and Clear lakes, Oregon, and the valleys 
 of Lost River and its tributaries. It also had tran- 
 sitory settlements eastward to Goose and Warner lakes, on 
 the California border. After their conflict with the United 
 States government in 1872-73, through which they became 
 well known, about 80 of the Modoc were removed to Indian 
 Territory. The remainder, about 200, have resided since 
 1869 near Yaneks, on Sprague River, Klamath reservation, 
 Oregon. The name is adapted from Mbatokni, signifying 
 ‘ southerners.’ (See Lutuamian.) Written by some authori- 
 ties Moadvc and Modook. 
 
 Modoc W ar. A war between the United States 
 government and the Modoc Indians led by Cap- 
 tain Jack. The Modocs refused in 1872 to go to the 
 Klamath reservation in southern Oregon, and went to the 
 Lava Beds. At a conference between General Canby and 
 the Indians, April, 1873, the former was treacherously 
 killed. War followed; the band had to surrender; and 
 Captain Jack was executed. 
 
 Modred (mo'dred), or Mordred (mor'dred). 
 The treacherous nephew of King Arthur: a 
 knight of the Round Table. 
 
 Modugno (md-don'yd). A townin the province 
 of Bari, Apulia, Italy, 6 miles west-southwest 
 of Bari. Population, town, 10,295; commune, 
 11,885. 
 
 Moe (mo'e;, Jorgen Ingebrektsen. Born on 
 the estate Moe, Ringerige, Norway, 1813: died 
 at Christiansand, 1880. A Norwegian poet and 
 theologian. Hisfatherwasapeasant. Hestudiedtheology 
 in Christiania after 1830. His first literary venture was the 
 little “ Samling af Sange, Fol keviser og Stev i norske Almue- 
 dialecter ” (“ Collection of Songs, Ballads, and Staves in the 
 Norwegian Popular Dialects ”), published in 1840. With 
 public assistance he now set about the collecting, in vari- 
 ous parts of Norway, of popular literature of the same char- 
 acter; and in 1841, in collaboration with Peter Christian 
 Asbjornsen (born 1812), published “ NorskeFolke Eventyr " 
 (“ Norwegian Folk-Tales”). A collection of his later poems 
 appeared in 1845 underthe title “At hsenge paa .Tuletrseet" 
 (“To Hang on the Christmas Tree”). His earlier poems 
 were collected and published as “Digte” (“Poems”) in 
 1849. In 1853 he became a clergyman, and ultimately was 
 made bishop of Christiansand. His collected works, “ Sam- 
 lede Skrifter,” were published at Christiania in 1877 in 2 
 vols. 
 
 Moen (me'en). An island in the Baltic, belong- 
 ing to Denmark, situated southeast of Zealand. 
 Chief town, Stege. Area, 81 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 14,213. 
 
 Mosnus (me'nus). The Latin name of the Main. 
 Moerae (me 're). [Gr. Moipao] The Greek god- 
 desses of fate ; the Fates. Homer uses the name in 
 the singular, as of a single divinity, and also in the plural. 
 He also calls them the “ spinners of the thread of life. ” By 
 Hesiod they are spoken of both as daughters of Night and as 
 daughters of Zeus and Themis. They were represented as 
 three in number : Clotho (the spinner), Lachesis (disposer 
 of lots), and Atropos (the inevitable). The first spins the 
 thread of life, the second fixes its length, and the third sev- 
 ers it. Also ilairai. 
 
 Mceris (me'ris), Lake. [Gr. i) Molpiog liuvj ], ] 
 According to Herodotus, an artificial lake in 
 Middle Egypt, west of the Nile, 50 miles south- 
 west of Cairo, near the modern Lake Birket el- 
 Kurun. Its existence has been doubted. See 
 the extract. 
 
 A king, named Moeris, desired to create a reservoir in the 
 Fayoom which should neutralise the evil effects of insuf- 
 ficient or superabundant inundations. This reservoir was 
 named, after him, Lake Moeris. If the supply fell below 
 the average, then the stored waters were let loose, and 
 Lower Egypt and the Western Delta were flooded to the 
 needful height. If next year the inundation came down 
 in too great force. Lake Moeris received and stored the 
 surplus till such time as the waters began to subside. Two 
 pyramids, each surmounted by a sitting colossus, one rep- 
 resenting the king and the other his queen, were erected 
 in the midst of the lake. Such is the tale told by Herodo- 
 tus, and it is a tale which has considerably embarrassed 
 our modern engineers and topographers. How, in fact, 
 was it possible to find in the Fayoom a site which could 
 have contained a basin measuring at least ninety miles in 
 circumference? The most reasonable theory is that of 
 Linant, who supposes Lake Moeris to have extended over 
 
 Moguls, Empire of the 
 
 the whole of the lowlying land which skirts the Libyan 
 cliffs between Illahoun and Medinet el-Fayoom ; but re- 
 cent explorations have proved that the dikes by which this 
 pretended reservoir was bounded aremodem works, erect- 
 ed probably wit hin the last two hundred years. I no longer 
 believe that Lake Moeris ever existed. If Herodotus did 
 actually visit the Fayoom, it was probably in summer, at 
 the time of the High Nile, when the whole district pre- 
 sents the appearance of an inland sea. What lie took for 
 the shores of this lake were the embankments which di- 
 vided it into basins and acted as highways between the 
 various towns. Maspero, Egypt. Arehseol. (trans.), p. 35. 
 
 Moero (mwa'ro),or Meru (ma'ro), Lake. A 
 lake in central Africa, about lat. 9° 30' S. It is 
 traversed by the upper Kongo. 
 
 Moesia (me'shia). [Gr. Mixfia.] In ancient 
 geography, a province of the Roman Empire, 
 ly ing north of the Balkans, south of the Danube, 
 and west of the Black Sea, corresponding nearly 
 to modern Bulgaria and Servia. It was made a Ro- 
 man province about 16 B. C. ; was divided later into Moesia 
 Superior (in the west) and Moesia Inferior (in the east) ; 
 and was overrun by Goths in the 3d and 4th centuries. 
 Mcesogoths (me'so-goths). Those Goths who, 
 after their conversion to Christianity by Ulfilas 
 about the middle of the 4th century, settled in 
 Moesia, and there, under the protection of the 
 Roman emperors, devoted themselves to agri- 
 cultural pursuits. See Goths and Ulfilas. 
 
 Mofadhdhal (mo-fad'dal), Abul Abbas A1-. 
 Died 784 A. D. An Arabian poet, philologist, 
 and genealogist. His principal work was a collection 
 of the most celebrated longer poems of the Arabs, 128 in 
 number, called after him the “Mofadhdhaliat,” which is 
 the oldest anthology of Arabian poets. His other works 
 were a book of proverbs, a treatise on prosody, and a vo- 
 cabulary. 
 
 Moffat (mof 'at). A watering-place in Dumfries- 
 shire, Scotland, 43 miles south by west of Ed- 
 inburgh. It has mineral springs. Population, 
 2,798. 
 
 Moffat, Robert. Born at Ormiston, East Lo- 
 thian, Dec. 21, 1795: died at Leigh, Aug. 8, 
 1883. A celebrated Scottish missionary. For 
 a while he was occupied as under-gardener, but after a 
 course of study he was accepted by the London Mis- 
 sionary Society in 1816, arrived at Cape Town Jan. 13, 1817, 
 and labored among the Bechuana until 1870. By 1826 he 
 had prepared a spelling-book of the Bechuana language. 
 Parts of the Scriptures were translated into Bechuana. 
 The New Testament was completed and carried by him to 
 London in 1839. In London he met David Livingstone, 
 who married his daughter in 1844. The translation of the 
 Old Testament into Bechuana was finished in 1857. He 
 returned to England finally in June, 1870. He published 
 “Missionary Labours in South Africa” (1842). 
 
 Mogador (mog-a-dor'), or Suera (swa'ra). A 
 seaport in Morocco, situated on the Atlantic in 
 lat. 31° 30' N. , long. 9° 43' W. It has important 
 commerce. The French bombarded it in 1844. Popula- 
 tion, about 19,000. 
 
 Moghileff. See Mohileff. 
 
 Mogilas (mo-ge'las), or Mogila. (mo-ge'la), 
 Peter. Born about 1596: died 1647. A Rus- 
 sian prelate and theologian. He drew up the 
 “ Orthodox Confession,” the leading symbol of 
 the Eastern Church. 
 
 Mogollon (mo-go-lyon' or mo-go-yon'). [From 
 the mesa and mountains so named.] A sub- 
 tribe of the Gileno tribe of North American 
 Indians, living in the Mogollon Mountains, 
 Arizona. See G ileno. 
 
 Mogollon Mesa. [For J. I. F. Mogollon, Gov. 
 of N. Mexico, 1712-15.] See the supplement. 
 Mogollons. The name of a range of mountains 
 in southwestern New Mexico. 
 
 Mogontiacum (mo-gon-tl'a-kum). A Roman 
 name of Mainz. 
 
 Mogridge (mog'rij), George. Born at Ashted, 
 near Birmingham, Feb. 17, 1787 : died at 
 Hastings, Nov. 2, 1854. An English writer, 
 chiefly of juveniles. He entered into the japan 
 trade in Birmingham, and, failing in business, 
 took to literature. He published the “ Juvenile 
 Culprits” (1829), “Juvenile Moralists” (1829), 
 the “ Churchyard Lyrist” (1832), “A Ramble 
 in the Woods” (1840), “Soldiers and Sailors” 
 (1842), etc. He used various pseudonyms, 
 including “Old Humphrey,” “Peter Parley” 
 (first used by S. G. Goodrich), etc. 
 
 Mogul (mo-gul'). Great. An Indian diamond, 
 said to have been seen at the court of Aurung- 
 Zeb in 1665, and to have weighed 280 carats. 
 Moguls (mo-gulz'). The Mongols or Mongolians; 
 specifically, in history, the subjects of the Mo- 
 gul empire (see below). 
 
 Moguls (mo-gulz'), orMughals (mo'galz), Em- 
 pire of the. A Mohammedan Tatar empire in 
 India. It began with Baber, conqueror of Hindustan, 
 1526; and was at its height under Akbar, Jahangir, Shah 
 Jehan, and Aurung-Zeb. After the deat h of the last-named 
 (1707), the empire split up and the power passed to the 
 Mahrattas and British. The last (nominal) emperor was 
 deposed in 1857 (died 1862). 
 
Mohacs 
 
 Mohacs (mo'hach). A town in the county of 
 Baranya, Hungary, situated on the Danube 
 in lat. 45° 58' N., long. 18° 37' E. Here, Aug. 29, 
 1526, the Turks under Soliraan II. defeated the Hunga- 
 rians under Louis II. ; and Aug. 12, 1687, the Imperialists 
 under Charles of Lorraine inflicted a crushing defeat on 
 the Turks. Population, commune, 15,832. 
 
 Mohammed (mo-ham 'ed), or Mahomet (ma- 
 hom'et). [‘The praised one’: the name is also 
 written Mahomed, Muhammad (the Arabic 
 form), Mahmoud, Mehemet, etc.] Born at Mecca, 
 Arabia, about 570: died at Medina, Arabia, 
 June 8, 632. Tha founder of Mohammedanism, 
 or Islam (‘surrender,’ namely, to God). He was 
 the posthumous son of Abdallah by his wife Amina, of the 
 family of Hashim, the noblest among the Koreish, and 
 was brought up in the desert among the Banu Saad by a 
 Bedouin woman named Halima. At the age of six he lost 
 his mother, and at eight his grandfather, when he was 
 cared for by his uncle Abu-Talib. When about twelve 
 years old (682) he accompanied a caravan to Syria, and 
 may on this occasion have come for the first time in con- 
 tact with Jews and Christians. A few years later he took 
 part in the “sacrilegious war" (so called because carried 
 on during the sacred months, when fighting was for- 
 bidden) which raged between the Koreish and the Banu 
 Hawazin 580-590. He attended sundry preachings and 
 recitations at Okatz, which may have awakened his poeti- 
 cal and rhetorical powers and his religious feelings ; and 
 for some time was occupied as a shepherd, to which he 
 later refers as being in accordance with his career as a 
 prophet, even as it was with that of Moses and David. When 
 twenty-five years old he entered the service of the widow 
 Khadijah, and made a second journey to Syria, on which 
 he again had an opportunity to come in frequent contact 
 with Jews and Christians, and to acquire some knowledge 
 of their religious teachings. He soon married Khadijah, 
 who was fifteen years his senior. Of the six children 
 which she bore him, Fatima became the most famous. 
 In 605 lie attained some influence in Mecca by settling 
 a dispute about the rebuilding of the Kaaba. The im- 
 pressions which he had gathered from his contact with 
 Judaism and Christianity, and from Arabic lore, began 
 now strongly to engage his mind. He frequently retired 
 to solitary places, especially to the cave of Moun t Hira, north 
 of Mecca. He passed at that time (he was then about 
 forty years old) through great mental struggles, and re- 
 peatedly meditated suicide. It must have been during 
 these lonely contemplations that the yearnings for a mes- 
 senger from God for his people, and the thought that he 
 himself might be destined for this mission, were born in 
 his ardent mind. During one of his reveries, in the 
 month of Ramadhan, 610, he beheld in sleep the angel 
 Gabriel, who ordered him to read from a scroll which 
 he held before him the words which begin the 96th sura 
 (chapter) of the Koran. After the lapse of some time, a 
 second vision came, and then the revelations began to fol- 
 low one another frequently. His own belief in his mis- 
 sion as apostle and prophet of God was now firmly estab- 
 lished. The first convert was his wife Khadijah, then 
 followed his cousin and adopted son Ali, his other adopted 
 son Zeid, and Abu-Bekr, afterward his father-in-law and 
 first successor (calif). Gradually about 50 adherents ral- 
 lied about him. But after three years’ preaching the 
 mass of the Meccans rose against him, so that part of his 
 followers had to resort to Abyssinia for safety in 614. 
 This is termed the first hejira. Mohammed in the mean- 
 while continued his meetings in the house of one of his 
 disciples, Arqaan, in front of the Kaaba, which later be- 
 came known as the “House of Islam.” At one time he 
 offered the Koreish a compromise, admitting their gods 
 into his system as intercessors with the Supreme Being, 
 but, becoming conscience-stricken, took back his words. 
 The conversion of Hamza and Omar and 39 others in 615- 
 616 strengthened his cause. The Koreish excommuni- 
 cated Mohammed and his followers, who were forced to 
 live in retirement. In 620, at the pilgrimage, he won over 
 to his teachings a small party from Medina. In Medina, 
 whither a teacher was deputed, the new religion spread 
 rapidly. To this period belongs the vision or dream of 
 the miraculous ride, on the winged horse Borak, to Jeru- 
 salem, where he was received by the prophets, and thence 
 ascended to heaven. In 622 more than 70 persons from 
 Medina bound themselves to stand by Mohammed. The 
 Meccans proposed to kill him, and he fled on the 20th of 
 June, 622, to Medina. This is known as the hejira (‘the 
 flight 1 ), and marks the beginning of the Mohammedan era. 
 This event formed a turning-point in the activity of Mo- 
 hammed. He was thus far a religious preacher and per- 
 suader ; he became in his Medinian period a legislator and 
 warrior. He built there in 623 the first mosque, and married 
 Ayesha. In 624 the first battle for the faith took place be- 
 tween Mohammed and the Meccans in the plain of Bedr, in 
 which the latter were defeated. At this time, also, Mo- 
 hammed began bitterly to inveigh against the Jews, who 
 did not recognize his claims to be the “greater prophet” 
 promised by Moses. He changed the attitude of prayer 
 (kibla)from the direction of Jerusalem to thatof the Kaaba 
 in Mecca, appointed Friday as the day for public worship, 
 and instituted the fast of Ramadhan and the tithe or poor- 
 rate. The Jewish tribe of the Banu Kainuka, settled at 
 Medina, was driven out ; while of another Jewish tribe, the 
 Banu Kuraiza, all the men, 700 in number, were massacred. 
 In 625 Mohammed and his followers were defeated by the 
 Meccans in the battle of Ohud. The following years were 
 filled out with expeditions. One tribe after another sub- 
 mitted to Mohammed) until in 631 something like a defi- 
 nite Mohammedan empire was established. In 632 the 
 prophet made his last pilgrimage to Mecca, known as the 
 “farewell pilgrimage,” or the pilgrimage of the “an- 
 nouncement” or of “Islam.” In the same year he died 
 while planning an expedition against the frontier of the 
 Byzantine empire. Mohammed was a little above the 
 middle height, of a commanding figure, and is described as 
 being of a modest, tender, and generous disposition. His 
 manner of life was very simple and frugal. He mended 
 his own clothes, and his common diet was barley-bread 
 and water. But he enjoyed perfumes and the charms of 
 women. His character appears composed of the strongest 
 inconsistencies. He could be tender, kind, and liberal, 
 
 695 
 
 but on occasions indulged in cruel and perfidious assassi- 
 nations. With regard to his prophetic claims, it is as 
 difficult to assume that he was sincere throughout, or 
 self-deceived, as that he was throughout an impostor. In 
 his doctrines there is practically nothing original. The 
 legends of the Koran are chiefly drawn from the Old 
 Testament and the rabbinical literature, which Mo- 
 hammed must have learned from a Jew near Mecca, 
 though he presents them as original revelations by the 
 angel Gabriel. See Koran. 
 
 Mohammed I., or Mahomet. Sultan of the 
 Turks 1413-21, a younger brother of Bajazet I. 
 Mohammed II., surnamed “The Conqueror” 
 and “The Great.” Born about 1430 : died 1481. 
 Sultan of Turkey 1451-81, son of Amurath H. 
 whom he succeeded. He besieged and captured Con- 
 stantinople in 1453 ; and conquered the Morea, Servia, Bos- 
 nia, and Albania, and made the Crimea a dependency of 
 Turkey (1475). He was defeated by Hunyadi at Belgrad 
 in 1456, and unsuccessfully besieged Rhodes in 1480. 
 
 Mohammed III. Died 1603. Sultan of Turkey 
 1595-1603, son of Amurath III. whom he suc- 
 ceeded. His army defeated the Imperialists 
 at Keresztes in 1596. 
 
 Mohammed IV. Born about 1641 : died 1691. 
 Sultan of Turkey 1648-87, son of Ibrahim whom 
 he succeeded. He was deposed as a result of the re- 
 verses sustained by his arms at Vienna (1683) and Mohdcs 
 (1687). 
 
 Mohammed Ali. See Mehemet Ali. 
 Mohammedan Empire. See Calif Moham- 
 med. 
 
 Mohammerah (mo-ham'me-ra) . A small town 
 in the province of Khuzistan, Persia, on the 
 Karun near the Turkish frontier. 
 
 Moharram. See Muharram. 
 
 Mohave (mo-ha' va). [PL, also Mohaves. The 
 name means ‘three mountains.’] A tribe of 
 North American Indians, living, since first 
 known, on the Colorado River, chiefly on the 
 east side, from the Needles (whence their name) 
 northward to the Black Canon. Now mostly 
 under the Ft. Mohave and Colorado Eiver 
 school superintendents. See Yuman. 
 
 Mohave (mo-ha' va.) Desert. A low-lying ba- 
 sin in San Bernardino County, southeastern 
 California. 
 
 Mohawk ( mo 'hak). [PL, also Mohaiclcs. Narra- 
 ganset Mohowauuck, they eat (animate) things, 
 hence man-eaters. They called themselves 
 Kaniengehaga, people of the place of the flint.] 
 A tribe of North American Indians. Their vil- 
 lages were along the valley of the Mohawk River, New 
 York, but they claimed the territory north to the St. Law- 
 rence and south to the Delaware River watershed and the 
 Catskill Mountains. They number about 1,500. 
 
 Mohawk (mo'hak). A river in New York which 
 joins the Hudson 9 miles north of Albany, it 
 forms the Cohoes Falls (70 feet high) near its mouth. 
 Length, about 176 miles. 
 
 Mohegan (mo-he'gan), orMonhegan(mon-he'- 
 gan ) . A tribe of N orth American Indians . They 
 once lived chiefly on Thames River, Connecticut, and 
 claimed a large territory extending eastward into Massa- 
 chusetts and PJiode Island and west along the coast to 
 Guilford. After the destruction of the Pequots in 1637 
 they claimed their country. They had once formed one 
 tribe with those Indians under Sassacus against whom 
 Uncas rebelled and led the Thames River band. On the 
 fall of Sassacus in 1637, most of the survivors of the Pe- 
 quots came under the Mohegan chief. After the death 
 of King Philip in 1676, the Mohegan were the only im- 
 portant body in the region. They became scattered, some 
 joining the Brotherton Indians in New York. See Mahican 
 and Algonquian. 
 
 Mohican. See Mahican. 
 
 Mohileff, or Mogilef (mo-ge-lef'). A govern- 
 ment of western Eussia, surrounded by the 
 governments of Vitebsk, Smolensk, Tchemi- 
 gofli, and Minsk. The surface is level and undulating. 
 The chief occupation is agriculture. It belonged formerly 
 to Lithuania, and was annexed by Russia in 1772. Area, 
 18,514 square miles. Population, 2,114,600. 
 
 Mohileff- (orMoghileff-) on-the-Bnieper. The 
 
 capital of the government of Mohilelf, situated 
 on the Dnieper about lat. 53° 55' N., long. 30° 
 12' E. It has a flourishing trade. Near it, July 23, 1812, 
 the French under Davout defeated the Russians under 
 Bagration. Population, 47,591. 
 
 Mohileff- (or Moghileff-) on-the-Dniester. A 
 
 town in the government of Podolia, Eussia, sit- 
 uated on the Dniester about lat. 48° 25' N., 
 long. 27° 50' E. Population, 32,297. 
 
 Mohl (mol), Hugo von. Born at Stuttgart, Wiir- 
 temberg, April 8, 1805: died at Tubingen, Wtir- 
 temberg, April 1, 1872. A German botanist, 
 brother of Eobert von Mohl : professor of botany 
 at Tubingen from 1835. He was an authority 
 on vegetable anatomy and physiology. 
 
 Mohl, Julius von. Born at Stuttgart, Wiirtem- 
 berg, Oct. 28, 1800: died at Paris, Jan. 4, 1876. 
 A German-French Orientalist, brother of Eobert 
 von Mohl. He became professor of Oriental literature 
 at Tiibingen in 1826 ; resided 1826-27 and 1830-31 at Lon- 
 
 Moivre 
 
 don and Oxford ; and was appointed professor of Persian 
 in the Collfege de France in 1845. He edited the “ Shana- 
 mah” (1838-68), etc. 
 
 Mohl, Robert von. Born at Stuttgart, Wiir- 
 temberg, Aug. 17, 1799: died at Berlin, Nov. 5, 
 
 1875. A German jurist. He published works on con- 
 stitutional law, political science, etc., including “Ge- 
 schichte und Litteratur der Staatswissenschaft ” (1855-58), 
 “ Staatsrecht, Volkerrecht und Politik ” (1860-69). 
 
 Mohler (me'ler), Johann Adam. Born at Igers- 
 heim, Wiirtemberg, May 6, 1796: died at Mu- 
 nich, April 12, 1838. A German Eoman Catho- 
 lic theologian, professor at Tubingen, and after 
 1835 at Munich. His chief work is “ Symbolik” 
 (1832). 
 
 Mohn (mon). A small island in the Baltic Sea, 
 belonging to Livonia, Eussia, situated north- 
 east of Osel. 
 
 Mohoce. See Tusayan. 
 
 Mohocks (mo'hoks). Buffians who infested the 
 streets of London about the beginning of the 
 18th century: so called from the Indian tribe 
 Mohawks or Mohocks. 
 
 In 1712 a tribe of young men of the higher classes, who 
 assumed the name of Mohocks, were accustomed nightly 
 to sally out drunk into the streets to hunt the passers-by 
 and to subject them in mere wantonness to the most atro- 
 cious outrages. . . . Matrons inclosed in barrels were 
 rolled down the steep and stony incline of Snow Hill. 
 Watchmen were unmercifully beaten and their noses slit. 
 Country gentlemen went to the theatre, as if in time of war, 
 accompanied by their armed retainers. A bishop’s son was 
 said to be one of the gang, and a baronet was among those 
 who were arrested. 
 
 Leclcy, England in the 18tll Century, I. 522, 523. 
 
 Mohotze. See Tusayan. 
 
 Mohr (mor), Eduard. Born at Bremen, Feb. 
 
 19, 1828: died at Malange, Africa, Nov. 26, 
 
 1876. A German traveler. He visited Polynesia, 
 the Bering Sea, and California ; traveled in Natal, Zulu- 
 land, and Matabeleland in 1866-67 and 1869-70 ; and died 
 at Malange, Angola, where he was recruiting carriers for 
 an exploration of Lunda and adjoining countries. He pub- 
 lished “Reise- und Jagdbilder aus der Siidsee” (1868) and 
 “Nach den Victoria Fallen des Zambesi” (1875). 
 
 Mohr, Karl Friedrich. Born at Coblenz, Prus- 
 sia, Nov. 4, 1806: died at Bonn, Prussia, Sept. 
 27, 1879. A German chemist and physicist, pro- 
 fessor of pharmacy at Bonn from 1867. 
 Mohrungen (mo'rong-en). A small town in the 
 province of East Prussia, Prussia, 60 miles south- 
 east of Dantzic. Here, Jan. 25, 1807, the French 
 under Bernadotte defeated the Eussiaus. 
 Mohs (mos), Friedrich. Born at Gernrode, An- 
 halt, Germany, Jan. 29, 1773 : died at Agordo, 
 near Bellimo, Italy, Sept. 29, 1839. A German 
 mineralogist, professor successively at Gratz, 
 Freiberg, and Vienna. He wrote “Grundriss 
 der Mineralogie” (1822-24), etc. 
 
 Mohun (mo'hun), Charles, fifth Baron Mohun. 
 Born about 1675 : killed in a duel in Hyde Park, 
 London, Nov. 15, 1712. An English desperado, 
 the eldest son of Charles, fourth Baron Mohun. 
 On Dec. 9, 1692, he was associated with Captain Richard Hill 
 in the murder of William Mountfort the actor. From 1694 
 to 1697 he served in Flanders. A f ter 1699 he sat in the House 
 of Lords as a stanch Whig. He was repeatedly engaged 
 in duels, and twice tried for murder and acquitted. In 
 1701 he was involved in a protracted lawsuit with James 
 Douglas, fourth duke of Hamilton, over the estate of the 
 Earl of Macclesfield, which resulted in a duel and the 
 death of both parties. This duel (Mohun being represented 
 by a fictitious “Harry” Mohun) figures in Thackeray’s 
 “Henry Esmond.” 
 
 Mohun, Michael. Born about 1625: died at 
 London, Oct., 1684. An English actor. Before 
 the civil war he performed under Beeston at the Cockpit, 
 Drury Lane. He fought as captain in the army of Charles 
 I. and in Flanders. He returned with Charles II. , and was 
 with Killigrew’s company 1660-63. Pepys calls him the 
 “best actor in the world,” and he was said to “speak as 
 Shakspere wrote.” He played at the Theatre Royal after 
 April 8, 1663, and in the theater of Lincoln’s Inn Fields 
 after 1672. He was very versatile, and played with equal 
 ease a succession of classical heroes, modern rakes, sim- 
 pletons, etc. 
 
 Moigno (mwan-yo'), Francois Napoleon Ma- 
 rie. BornatGu6m6n6, Morbihan, France, April 
 
 20, 1804: died at St. Denis, July 13, 1884. A 
 French mathematician and scientist. He wrote 
 “Le 9 ons de calcul” (1840-44), etc. 
 
 Moir (moir), David Macbeth: pseudonym 
 Delta. Born at Musselburgh, Jan. 5, 1798 : died 
 at Dumfries, July 6, 1851. A Scottish author. 
 Among his works are poems, the tale “ Autobiography of 
 Mansie Wauch ” (1828), ** Sketches of the Poetical Litera- 
 ture of the Tast Half-Century ” (1S51), etc. 
 
 Moira, Earl of. See Hastings, Francis liawdon. 
 Moirai. See Mcerse. 
 
 Moissac (mwiis-sak'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Tam-et-Garonne, southern France, sit- 
 uated on the Tarn 15 miles northwest of Mon- 
 tauban. The abbey church. St.-Pierre et St. -Paul, is re- 
 markable for the porch of its narthex and for its cloister. 
 Population, commune, 8,218. 
 
 Moivre (mwa-vr), Abraham de. Born at Vitry, 
 Champagne, France, May 26, 1667 : died at Lon- 
 
Moivre 
 
 don, Nov. 27, 1754. A noted French mathema- 
 tician. He published “Doctrine of Chances” (1718), 
 etc., and invented the mathematical formula named from 
 him “ De Moivre's theorem. ” 
 
 Moja. See Mojos. 
 
 Moj&car (mo-Ha'kar). A town in the province 
 of Almeria, southern Spain, situated near the 
 coast 100 miles east of Granada. It was taken 
 from the Moors by Ferdinand and Isabella in 
 1488. It has a ruined castle. Population, 
 4,427. 
 
 Mojaisk. See Mozhaisk. 
 
 Mojave. See Mohave. 
 
 Mojos (mo'lioz). An Indian tribe of northern 
 Bolivia, living about the great head streams 
 of the Madeira River, especially on the Ma- 
 mor£. They were a mild, agricultural race, readily re- 
 ceived the Jesuit missionaries in the 17th century, and 
 have ever since remained devout Catholics. Fifteen large 
 missions were established in their territory, and still exist 
 as villages : the largest, Trinidad (founded 1687), is now 
 the capital of Beni. The Mojos are much sought after as 
 canoemen and rubber-gatherers. The tribe has been 
 greatly reduced, principally by epidemics, but is still said 
 to number 30,000 (perhaps too high an estimate, as all the 
 mission Indians are classed with them). They belong to 
 the great Arawak stock. Also written Moxos. 
 
 Mokanna (mo-kan'nii) (surname of Atha ben 
 Hakem). [Ar.,‘ veiled.’] Killed about 780. A 
 Mohammedan impostor in Khorasan. He is the 
 hero of the “Veiled Prophet of Khorassan ” in the first part 
 of Moore's “ Lalla Itookh.” 
 
 Mokattam (mo-kat'am) Hills. A low range 
 near Cairo in Egypt, noted for its quarries. 
 Moki. See Tusayan. 
 
 Moko (mo'ko). [PL, also Mokos.] An African 
 tribe inland from Old Calabar, between the 
 Kamerun Mountains and the Cross River. In 
 America all slaves shipped from Old Calabar 
 used to be called Mokos. 
 
 Mokshan (mok-shan'). A town in the gov- 
 ernment of Penza, Russia, about 27 miles 
 north-northwest of Penza. Population, 11,600. 
 Mola (mo'la). A seaport in the province of Bari, 
 Apulia, Italy, situated on the Adriatic 12 miles 
 southeast of Bari. Pop., commune, 13,962. 
 Mola, Pietro Francesco, called Mola di 
 Roma. Born at Coldre, near Como, about 
 1621: died at Rome about 1665. An Italian 
 landscape-painter. 
 
 Mola di Gaeta. See Formia. 
 
 Molale (mo-la'la), or Molele (mo-la'la). The 
 western tribe of the Waiilatpuan stock of North 
 American Indians : originally an offshoot of the 
 Cayuse. They are essentially mountain Indians, dwell- 
 ing in the Cascade Mountains, Oregon, at various points 
 between Mount Hood (in Clackamas County) and Mount 
 Scott (in Klamath County). There are a few on the 
 Grande Ronde reservation, Oregon, and some in the moun- 
 tains west of Klamath Lake. See Waiilatpuan. 
 
 Molay, or Molai (mo-la'), Jacques de. Born 
 in Burgundy: burned at Paris, March 18, 1314. 
 The last grand master of the Templars, 1298- 
 1314. See Templars. 
 
 Molbech (mol'bech), Christian. Bornat Soroo, 
 Denmark, Oct. 8, 1783: died at Copenhagen, 
 June 23, 1857. A noted Danish philologist and 
 historian. Among his philological works are a "Danish 
 Dictionary ” (1833), a “ Danish Dialect-Lexicon " (1833-41), 
 etc. 
 
 Molbech, Christian Knud Frederik. Born at 
 Copenhagen, July 20, 1821: died at Kiel, May 
 20, 1888. A Danish poet and dramatist. He 
 studied at the Copenhagen University after 1839. In 1840 
 appeared a first volume of poems, “Billeder af Jesu 
 Liv " (“ Pictures from the Life of Jesus”). The romantic 
 drama “Klintekongens Brud”(“The Bride of the Moun- 
 tain King ') appeared in 1845, in which year also was 
 produced the drama “ Venusbjerget ”(“ The Venusberg ”). 
 A collection of poems with the title " Dajmring ”(“ Twi- 
 light") appeared in 185L “Dante," a tragedy, is from 
 1852. In 1863 he was made professor of the Danish lan- 
 guage and literature at Kiel, which position he held until 
 1864, when he returned to Copenhagen and began work 
 as a journalist. In 1863 had appeared “Digte lyriske og 
 dramatiske” (“Poems Lyric and Dramatic”). Afterward, 
 as censor at the royal theater, he again turned his atten- 
 tion to the drama, and wrote the comedy “ Renteskrive- 
 ren” (“The Financier"), and the dramas “Ambrosius" 
 and “Faraos Ring” (“Pharaoh's Ring”). He was also 
 the translator of Dante’s “ Divine Comedy" (“Guddomlige 
 Komedie,” the first part of which appeared in 1861). 
 Mold (mold). A town in Flintshire, North 
 Wales, situated on the Alyn 18 miles south- 
 southwest of Liverpool. Population, 4,263. See 
 Hallelujah Victory. 
 
 Moldau (mol'dou). The principal river in Bo- 
 hemia. It rises in the Bohmerwald, flows past Prague, 
 and joins the Elbe 18 miles north of Prague. Length, 260 
 miles. 
 
 Moldavia(mol-da'vi-ii), G. Moldau (mol'dou), 
 F. Moldavie (mol-d;i-ve'). A former princi- 
 pality, now a part of Rumania. Chief city, 
 Jassy. It is bounded by Bukowina on the north, Russia 
 
 696 
 
 (separated by the Pruth) on the east, Wallachia on the 
 south, and Transylvania (separated by the Carpathians) on 
 the west. It is mountainous in the west, and is traversed 
 by the Sereth. It was founded early in the 14th century 
 (9ee the extract) ; became tributary to Turkey early in the 
 16th century ; was ruled for more than a century (until 1821) 
 by Fanariot families ; and was frequently under Russian in- 
 fluence. Alexander John Cusa was elected prince in 1859. It 
 was formally united with Wallachia in 1861. See Rumania. 
 
 Another Rouman migration, passing from the land of 
 Marmaros north of Transsilvania, founded the principality 
 of Moldavia between the Carpathians and the Dniester. 
 This too stood to the Hungarian crown in the same shift- 
 ing relation as Great Wallachia, and sometimes trans- 
 ferred its vassalage to Lithuania and Poland. 
 
 Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 452. 
 
 Mole (mo-la'), Comte Louis Matthieu. Born 
 at Paris, Jan. 24, 1781: died at his Chateau 
 Champlatreux, Nov. 25, 1855. A French poli- 
 tician, minister of foreign affairs 1830, and pre- 
 mier 1836-39. 
 
 Mole, Matthieu. Born 1584: died 1656. A 
 French politician. He was appointed president of the 
 Parliament of Paris by Richelieu in 1641, a post which he 
 retained until 1653. He became keeper of the great seal 
 in 1651. 
 
 Molech (mo'lek), or Moloch (mo'lok). [‘King.’ 
 In 1 Ki. xi. 7, he is mentioned as an idol of the 
 Ammonites, but the worship of Molech was 
 spread among all the Canaanitish and Semitic 
 tribes.] A form of Baal, the sun-god, or the 
 personification of the male generative principle 
 in nature. Molech represents the sun in his fierce de- 
 structive aspect. The worship of Molech consisted in of- 
 fering human sacrifices. The god was represented with a 
 bull's head and long arms to receive the victims, which 
 were lifted up to an opening in the breast of the brass 
 statue and rolled into the furnace blazing inside. Whe- 
 ther the victims were first killed, or were burned alive, is 
 a disputed question. The worship of Molech was at dif- 
 ferent periods introduced into Israel, with its principal 
 place in the valley of Hinnom : so under Ahaz (king of 
 Judah 734-728 B. C.), Manasseh (697-642), and Amon (642- 
 640). In the cuneiform inscriptions malik (‘ruler,’ prop- 
 erly ‘decider’) can be the epithet of any god, but it is es- 
 pecially applied to Adar, who is among others the god 
 of the destructive south or midday sun, and in the Old 
 Testament is called Adrammelech (Adar-malik) : to him 
 children were sacrificed (2 Ki. xvii. 31), although in the 
 Assyrian-Babylonian literature no reference to human sac- 
 rifices in honor of a divinity has been found. At Carthage 
 the bloody rites of Molech were officially suppressed by 
 the emperor Tiberius (14-37 A. i>.). 
 
 Molele. See Molale. 
 
 Molenbeek-Saint- Jean (mo - Ion - bak ' san - 
 
 zhon'). A northwestern suburb of Brussels. 
 Population, 70,926. 
 
 Moleschott (mo'le-skot), Jacob. Born at Bois- 
 le-Duc, Netherlands, Aug. 9, 1822 : died at Rome, 
 May 20, 1893. A noted Dutch-Italian physiolo- 
 gist, professor of physiology successively at 
 Zurich (1856), Turin (1861), and Rome (1879). 
 He was made a senator of the kingdom of Italy in 1876. 
 Among his work3 are “Physiologie der Nahrungsmittel ” 
 (“Physiology of Food, ”1850),“ Lehre der Nahrungsmittel ” 
 (1850 : Eng. trans. as “Chemistry of Food and Diet,” 1856), 
 “ Der Kreislauf des Lebens ’’ (1852), etc. 
 
 Mol6son (mo-la-zon'). A noted peak and point 
 of view in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland, 
 18 miles east of Lausanne. Height, 6,578 feet. 
 
 Molesworth (molz'werth), Richard, third Vis- 
 count Molesworth. Born in 1680: died Oct. 12, 
 1758. An English field-marshal, second son of 
 Robert, first Viscount Molesworth. He was en- 
 tered at the Temple, but abandoned thelawand joined the 
 army in Holland. He was present at Blenheim, and was 
 one of Marlborough’s aides-de-camp at Ramillies on May 
 23, 1706, when he saved the duke's life. In 1735 he was 
 made major-general ; in 1739 lieutenant-general in Ireland; 
 in 1751 commander-in-cbief in Ireland ; and in 1757 field- 
 marshal. 
 
 Molesworth, Sir William. Born at London, 
 May 23, 1810: died there, Oct. 22, 1855. An 
 English baronet and politician, son of Sir Ars- 
 cott-Ourry Molesworth. He entered Cambridge, but 
 finished his education at Edinburgh University. He lived 
 in southern Europe until 1831, when he took part in the 
 reform movement , and was returned member of Parliament 
 for East Cornwall in 1832. He associated himself with 
 Grote and J. S. Mill, and was disliked for his infidel opin- 
 ions. In April, 1835, he started the “London Review." 
 His special work was in colonial policy. His edition of 
 Hobbes’s works was published in 16 volumes from 1839 to 
 1845. In July, 1855 , he was appointed colonial secretary. 
 
 Molesworth, William N assau. Born at Mill- 
 brook, near Southampton, Nov. 8, 1816: died at 
 Rochdale, Dec. 19, 1890. An English historian. 
 He graduated at Cambridge in 1839, and in 1844 w’as ap- 
 pointed vicar of Spotland, near Rochdale. He was a friend 
 of John Bright. His chief works are a “History of Eng- 
 land from 1830 ” (1871-73), a “ History of the Reform BUI 
 of 1832 ” (1864), a “ History of the Church of England from 
 1660 "(1882). 
 
 Molfetta (mol-fet'ta). A seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Bari, Apulia, Italy, situated on the Adri- 
 atic 16 miles northwest of Bari. Population, 
 40,135. 
 
 Moliere (mo-lyar'): the stage name of Jean 
 Baptiste Poquelin (pok-lan'). Born at Paris, 
 Jan. 15, 1622 : died there, Feb. 17, 1673. A cele- 
 
 Molique 
 
 brated French dramatist and actor, the great- 
 est French writer of comedies. He graduated 
 from the Jesuits’ College in Paris, after spending five years 
 in the companionship of Chapelle, Bernier, and Cyrano de 
 Bergerac (1636-41). Even before graduation Molitre was 
 promised the office of tapissier valet de chambre to the 
 king, a distinction already held by his family for two gen- 
 erations. He was not yet twenty when he followed the 
 court to Narbonne on the memorable trip that witnessed 
 the execution of Cinq- Mars and the last victory of Riche- 
 lieu. At twenty-three he began to devote his entire time 
 to acting and play-writing. At the head of a troop of ac- 
 tors he performed in Paris and the provinces (1643-58). He 
 settled down finally at Paris, where he was very successful 
 until 1666. From that time on, the enmities contracted in 
 his public career and the troubles in his own house embit- 
 tered his life, told on his work, and probably hastened his 
 death. He was seized with illness while acting the “ Ma- 
 lade imaginaire” for the first time, and died a few hours 
 later, at his own house, from hemorrhage. His comedies 
 include “Les, prdcieuses ridicules ” (1669), “Lcole des ma- 
 ria "(1661), “Ecole des femmes " (1662), “ Le mariage f orcd " 
 (1664), “Le misanthrope "(1666), “Le mddecinmalgrb lui " 
 (1668), “Tartufe”(1667), “Amphitryon”(1668), “L’Avare” 
 (1668), “Le bourgeois gentilhomme " (1670), “Lesfourbe- 
 ries deScapin "(1671), “Les femmes savantes " (1672), “Le 
 malade imaginaire ” (1673), etc. His works were published 
 for the first time as “ (Euvres de M. Molitre ” (1674). The 
 first complete set, edited by Yinot and La Grange, was en- 
 titled “G5uvres de M. -Molitre, revues, corrigbes et aug- 
 mentdes ” (1682). The best modern edition of Molibre’s 
 complete plays was made by Despois (finished by Paul Mes- 
 nard) in the “Collection des grands dcrivains ’’ (1873-89). 
 
 Independently of the characters which Moliere shares 
 with aU the great names of literature, his fertility and 
 justness of thought, the felicity of the expression in which 
 he clothes it, and his accurate observation of human life, 
 there are two points in his drama which belong, in the 
 highest degree, to him alone. One is the extraordinary 
 manner in which he manages to imbue farce and burlesque 
 with the true spirit of refined comedy. This manner has 
 been spoken of by unfriendly critics as “ exaggerated,” 
 but the reproach argues a deficiency of perception. Even 
 the most roaring farces of Moliere, even 9uch pieces as “ M. 
 de Pourceaugnac ’’ and the “Bourgeois Gentilhomme,” de- 
 mand rank as legitimate comedy, owing to his unmatched 
 faculty of intimating a general purpose under the cloak of 
 the merely ludicrous incidents which aremade to surround 
 the fortunes of a particular person. Thi9 general pur- 
 pose (and here we come to the second point) is invariably 
 a moral one. Of all dramatists, ancient and modern, Mc- 
 ltere is perhaps that one who has borne most constantly in 
 mind the theory that the stage is a lay pulpit, and that its 
 end is not merely amusement, but the reformation of 
 manners by means of amusing spectacles. ... In bril- 
 liancy of wit he is, among dramatists, inferior only to Aris- 
 tophanes and Congreve. Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 311. 
 
 Molina (mo-le'na), Alonso de. Bom in Esca- 
 lona about 1510: died at Mexico, 1585 (f). A 
 Spanish Franciscanmissionary. He went to Mexico 
 when a child, early learned the Nahuatl tongue, and acted 
 as interpreter to the first Franciscan missionaries, subse- 
 quently joining the order. His books on the Nahuatl 
 language were among the earliest printed in America, and 
 are greatly prized by bibliophilists. 
 
 Molina, Jnan Ignacio. Bom in Talca, Chile, 
 June 23, 1737 : died at Bologna, Italy, Sept. 12, 
 1829. A Jesuit historian. After the expulsion of 
 his order (1767) he lived in Italy, and in 1774 settled at 
 Bologna. His principal works are “Saggio sulla storia 
 naturale di Chile ’’ (1782) and “ Saggio della storia civile di 
 Chile ” (1787). They were widely read, and there are many 
 editions in various languages. 
 
 Molina, Luis. Bom at Cuenca, New Castile, 
 1535 : died at Madrid, Oct. 12, 1600. A Spanish 
 Jesuit theologian. He propounded in 1588 the doc- 
 trine that the efficacy of divine grace depends simply on 
 the will which accepts it — that grace is a free gift to all, 
 but that the consent of the will is requisite in order that 
 grace may be efficacious. His chief work is “Liberi arbi- 
 trii, etc., Concordia” (1588). 
 
 Molinara (mo-le-na'ra), La. [It., ‘ The Miller- 
 ess or Mill Girl.’] An opera by Paisiello, pro- 
 duced at Naples in 1788, in London in 1803. 
 
 Moline (mo-len' ). A city in Rock Island County, 
 Illinois, situated on the Mississippi near Rock 
 Island. Population, 24,199, (1910). 
 
 Molinella (mo-le-nel'la). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Bologna, Italy, 19miles N.E.of Bologna. 
 Population, town, 3,662; commune, 12,041. 
 
 Molinists (mo'li-nists). 1. Those who hold the 
 opinions of Luis Molina in respect to grace, 
 free will, and predestination . — 2 . The Quietists, 
 or followers of Miguel Molinos, who taught the 
 direct relationship between the soul and God. 
 
 Molino del Rey (mo-le'no del ra'). [Sp., ‘ king’s 
 mill.’] A place about 4 miles west of the 
 city of Mexico, and i mile from Chapultepec 
 Castle, which commands it. Here, in 1847, were 
 several massive stone buildings used as mills and foun- 
 dries. These buildings, defended by 4,000 Mexicans under 
 Leon and Perez, were stormed by about the same number 
 of United States troops under Worth, Sept. 8. The battle 
 was one of the hardest fought of the war, and the loss on 
 both sides was heavy. 
 
 Molinos (mo-le'nos), Miguel. Bom at or near 
 Saragossa, Spain, Dec. 21, 1640 : died at Rome, 
 Dec. 29, 1696. A Spanish mystic, founder of 
 t he Quietists. He was condemned by the Inquisition 
 in 1687. His most noted work is • ‘Guida spirituale ’’(“Spiri- 
 tual Guide,” 1675). 
 
 Molique (mo-lek'), Wilhelm Bernhard. Bom 
 
 at Nuremberg, Bavaria, Oct. 7, 1802: died at 
 
Molique 
 
 Cannstatt, Wiirtemberg, May 10, 1869. A Ger- 
 man violinist, and composer especially for the 
 violin. Spohr gave him a few lessons, and he studied at 
 Munich with Rovelli. He was leader of the royal band at 
 Stuttgart 1826-49. In the latter year he went to England, 
 where he taught and passed the rest of his professional 
 life. In 1866 he retired to Cannstatt. 
 
 Molise (mo-le'se). A former province of the 
 kingdom of Naples, now the province of Campo- 
 basso, in the compartimento of Abruzzi and 
 Molise, Italy. 
 
 Moliterno (mo-le-ter'no). A small town in the 
 province of Basilicata, southern Italy. 
 
 Molitor (mo-le-tor'), Comte Gabriel Jean Jo- 
 seph. Born at Hayange, Lorraine, March 7, 
 1770: died at Paris, July 28, 1849. A French 
 marshal, distinguished throughout the Napole- 
 onic wars, especially at Essling and Wagram in 
 1809. 
 
 Moll (mol), Herman. Died Sept. 22, 1732. A 
 Dutch-English geographer. He established himself 
 in London in 1698. Among his works are “ A System of 
 Geography” (1701), “A History of the English Wars in 
 France, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, Germany, etc.” 
 (1706), a “ New Map of the Earth and Water according to 
 Wright’s, alias Mercator’s, Projection," Nieuwe Kaart von 
 noord-Amerika” (1720), and many other maps (of Europe, 
 Asia, Africa, and America) and charts. 
 
 Moll Cutpurse. See Cutpurse. 
 
 Mollendorf (mel'len-dorf), Richard Joachim 
 
 Heinrich von. Born in Priegnitz, Jan. 7, 1724 : 
 died at Havelberg, Prussia, Jan. 28, 1816. A 
 Prussian field-marshal, distinguished in the 
 Seven Years’ War. He was victorious over the 
 French at Kaiserslautern, May 23, 1794. He 
 did not command in the second battle. 
 
 Moller (mol'ler), Georg. Born at Diepholz, 
 Hannover, Jan. 21, 1784: died March 13, 1852. 
 A noted German architect. 
 
 Moll Flanders (mol flan'dOrz), The Life of. 
 A tale by Defoe, published in 1722. 
 
 “ Moll Flanders ” is a sort of English version of “Manon 
 Lescaut,” but there is no comparison between them as 
 works of art and passion ; from this point of view Defoe is 
 as crude as Prdvost on this one occasion was subtle and 
 exquisite. Gosse, Eng. Lit. in 18th Century, p. 181. 
 
 Mdllhausen (mel'hou-zen), Balduin. Born 
 Jan. 27, 1825: died at Berlin, May 28, 1905. A 
 German traveler in the United States, and 
 writer of novels and works of travel. He pub- 
 lished “ Tagebuch einer Eeise vom Mississippi naeh der 
 Siidsee ” (1868 : republished as “ Wanderungen durch die 
 Prairien und Wusten des westlichen Nordamerika,” 
 (1860), "Reisen in die Felsengebirge Nordamerikas bis 
 zum Hochplateau von Neumexiko” (1861), etc. 
 Mollinedo y Saravia (mol-ye-na'THo e sa-ra- 
 ve'a), Antonio Gonzalez, often called Anto- 
 nio Gonzalez de Saravia. Born about 1745: 
 died near Oajaca, Mexico, Dec. 2, 1812. A Span- 
 ish general. He was captain-general of Guatemala 
 July 28, 1801, to March 14, 1811 ; and subsequently served 
 against the revolutionists in Mexico. He was captured 
 when they took Oajaca, and shot. 
 
 Molln (mein). A town in Lauenburg, province 
 of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, 24 miles east of 
 Hamburg. Eulenspiegel is alleged to have been 
 buried there. Population, about 5,000. 
 Mollwitz (mol'vits). A village south of Brieg, 
 in Silesia. Here, April 10, 1741, was gained the first 
 Prussian victory in the Silesian wars. Frederick the Great 
 was in nominal command, but left the battle field, and 
 Schwerin and Leopold of Dessau were the real chiefs. The 
 Austrians were commanded by Neipperg. Each army num- 
 bered about 22,000, and lost about 4,600. Also Molwitz. 
 
 Molly Maguires (mol'i ma-gwirz'). [A name 
 assumed (from Molly, a familiar form of the 
 name Mary, and Maguire, a common Irish sur- 
 name) by the members of the Irish organization, 
 in allusion to the woman’s dress they wore as a 
 disguise.] 1. A lawless secret association in 
 Ireland, organized with the object of defeating 
 and terrorizing agents and process-servers and 
 others engaged in the business of evicting ten- 
 ants. — 2. A secret organization in the mining 
 regions of Pennsylvania, notorious for the com- 
 mission of various crimes, including murderous 
 attacks upon the owners, officers, or agents of 
 mines, until their suppression by the execution 
 of several of their leaders, in 1877. 
 
 Moloch. See Molech. 
 
 Mologa (mo-16'ga). A town in the government 
 of Yaroslaff, Russia, situated on the Mologa, 
 near its junction with the V olga, 175 miles north 
 of Moscow. Population, 4,300. 
 
 Mologa. A tributary of the Volga. Length, 
 ★about 300 miles. 
 
 Molokai (mo-lo-kl'). One of the Hawaiian Isl- 
 ands, Pacific Ocean, situated southeast of Oahu. 
 The surface is mountainous. Length, 35 miles. 
 Area, 261 square miles. Population, with 
 Lanai, Maui, and Kahoolawe, 30,547, ( 1910). 
 Molossians (mo-losh'ianz). [Gr. M o/looaoi] An 
 
 697 
 
 ancient tribe or race of Epirus, in northern 
 Greece. They occupied at first a district in the center, 
 but ultimately their kings ruled over all Epirus. Their 
 breed of sheplierd-dogs was famous. 
 
 M0l0SSUS(mo-los'us). [Gr. Mo/tocmdf.] In Greek 
 legend, the son of Neoptolemus and Andro- 
 mache. 
 
 Moltke (molt'ke), Count Hellmuth Karl Bern- 
 hard von. Born at Parchim, Mecklenburg- 
 Schwerin, Oct. 26, 1800 : died at Berlin, April 
 24, 1891. A celebrated Prussian field-marshal. 
 He was the son of Fritz von Moltke, an officer first in the 
 Prussian and afterward in the Danish service. He gradu- 
 ated at the military academy at Copenhagen in 1818 ; re- 
 ceived a commission in the Danish army in 1819 ; entered 
 the Prussian army in 1822 ; completed his studies at the 
 military academy at Berlin 1823-26 ; was assigned to duty 
 on the general staff in 1832 ; and assisted the sultan Mah- 
 mud II. in the reorganization of the Turkish army on the 
 Prussian model during a leave of absence 1835-39. He was 
 appointed chief of the general staff in 1868, and, in con- 
 formity with the determination of William I. to raise 
 Prussia to the rank of a great military power, immediately 
 began a reorganization of the army on an enlarged plan, 
 which, with the parliamentary support of Count von Bis- 
 marck, the head of the cabinet, and of General von Roon ,the 
 secretary of war, was completed in 1863. He was the chief 
 strategist in the war of Austria and Prussia against Den- 
 mark in 1864, in the Austro-Prussian war in 1866, and in 
 the Franco-German war 1870-71. He was promoted gen- 
 eral of infantry in 1866 ; was created a count in 1870 ; was 
 made field-marshal in 1871, and a life member of the Prus- 
 sian Upper House in 1872. He resigned his post as chief 
 of staff in 1888. Among his works are “Briefe uber Zu- 
 stande, etc., in der Tiirkei 1836-39” (1841), “Der russisch- 
 tiirkische Feldzug 1828-29” (1845), and “Geschichte des 
 deutsch-franzosischen Krieges von 1870-71 ” (1891). The 
 appendix to the last contains a fuller version of the article 
 on the battle of Koniggratz and the war of 1866 which ap- 
 peared in 1881. His ‘ Briefe ’’ (1892) cover a period of 65 
 years, including, besides those from Turkey, letters from 
 Rome 1845-46, and Paris and Russia 18 8-61. His collected 
 works, including numerous letters, essays, speeches, auto- 
 biographical notes, and a novel, appeared 1891-93. Hifl 
 military works were published separately 1892-93. 
 
 Moluas (mo-16'as). See Luba. 
 
 Molucca (mo-lufe'a) Passage. A sea passage 
 lying between Gilolo on the east and the north- 
 ern part of Celebes on the west. 
 
 Moluccas (mo-luk'az), or Spice Islands. A 
 collection of islands belonging to the Dutch, 
 situated in the Malay Archipelago east of Cel- 
 ebes and west of Papua. The chief islands are 
 Gilolo, Ternate, Amboyna, Ceram, Buru, and the Banda 
 Islands. The surface is generally mountainous. The 
 group is noted for the production of cloves and nutmegs. 
 The inhabitants are generally Alfures, Malays, and Papu- 
 ans. The islands were discovered and taken possession of 
 by the Portuguese about 1512, but have been under Dutch 
 suzerainty since the beginning of the 17th century. Area, 
 43,864 square miles. Population, estimated, 400,000. 
 
 Molwitz. See Mollivitz. 
 
 Molyneux (mol'i-noks), William. Born at 
 Dublin, April 17, 1656: died there, Oct. 11, 
 1698. An Irish philosopher. He entered Trinity 
 College, Dublin, in 1671, and the Middle Temple in 1675. 
 He devoted himself especially to philosophy and mathe- 
 matics. His version of Descartes's ‘‘Meditations’’ was 
 published in 1680. In 1686 he published his “ Sciotheri- 
 cum Telescopum,”and the “DioptricaNova’’in 1692. He 
 enjoyed the intimate friendship of John Locke. His best- 
 known work," The Case of Ireland’s being Bound by Acts 
 of Parliament in England Stated," was published in 1698. 
 
 Mombasa (mom-ba'sa), or Mombaz (mom- 
 bas'). A seaport in British East Africa, situ- 
 ated in lat. 4° 4' S., long. 39° 43' E.: the former 
 capital of the British East Africa Protectorate. 
 It was taken by the Portuguese in 1505, and toward the 
 close of the century they built a fort there. They were 
 expelled in 1698. Mombasa was acquired by Zanzibar in 
 1834, and in 1890 passed to the British East Africa Com- 
 pany. It is the terminus of a railway to the interior, and a 
 naval coaling-station. Population, about 30,000. 
 
 Mombuttu (mom-bot'to). An important tribe of 
 central Africa, densely settled in a fertile tract 
 on the river Welle between the Nyam-Nyam and 
 the Mabode. The Mombuttu are not so black as the 
 N yam- Nyam.and have long noses, which give theinaSemitic 
 expression. They paint their bodies, wear bark cloth, use 
 iron and copper as currency, are in a higher state of culture 
 than other negroes, and yet they are the worst cannibals 
 of the Dark Continent. Number estimated at 1,000,000. 
 
 Mommsen (mom'zen), Theodor. Born at Gard- 
 ing, Schleswig, Nov. 30, 1817 : died at Char- 
 lottenburg, Nov. 1, 1903. A celebrated German 
 historian. He studied philology and jurisprudence at 
 Kiel. From 1844 to 1847 he traveled in France and Italy, 
 engaged in archaeological studies. In 1848 he was made 
 professor of law at Leipsic, a position which he was 
 obliged to renounce in 1850 in consequence of his partici- 
 pation in the political movements of 1848-49. In 1852 he 
 became professor of Roman law at Zurich. In 1854 he ac- 
 cepted a similar professorship at Breslau, and in 1857 was 
 made professor of ancient history at the University of 
 Berlin. His principal work is his “ Romische Geschichte” 
 (“ Roman History,’ 1854-66). Other works are “ Die ro- 
 mische Chronologic bis auf Cilsar ’ (“ Roman Chronology 
 down to Cajsar,” 1868), “ Geschichte des romischen Munz- 
 wesens ’’ (“ History of Roman Coinage,” I860), “ Romische 
 Forschungen ” (“Roman Investigations,” 1864-79), “Ro- 
 niischesStaatareclit” (1871-76), and numerous minorarti- 
 cles and monographs on archaeological subjects and Ro- 
 man law. As secretary, after 1873, of the Berlin Academy, 
 he was the editor of the great “ Corpus iuscriptionum 
 
 Moncey 
 
 latinarum ” published by that body. He took, at various 
 times, an active part in politics, and was a member of the 
 Prussian House of Delegates, where his political views 
 were those of the National Liberal party. 
 
 Mompos (mom'pos), or Mompox (mom-poH'). 
 A town in Colombia, department of Bolivar, 
 situated on the Magdalena about lat. 9° 15' N. 
 Population, 7,526. 
 
 MomilS (mo'mus). [Gr. Mw/rof.] In Greek my- 
 thology, a god personifying censure and mock- 
 ery : according to Hesiod, the son of Night. 
 Mona (mo'na). The Latin name of Anglesea : 
 used also for the Isle of Man. 
 
 Monaco (mon'a-ko). 1. A principality situ- 
 ated on the Mediterranean and inclosed by the 
 department of Alpes-Maritimes, France, it pro- 
 duces fruits, olive-oil, perfumes, liqueurs, etc. The gov- 
 ernment is a monarchy. A constitution was proclaimed 
 January 7, 1911. It has been successively under Spanish, 
 Sardinian, and French protection, and was united to France 
 1793-1814. Area, 8 square miles. Population, 19,121. 
 
 2. The capital of Monaco, situated on a prom- 
 ontory projecting into the Mediterranean 9 
 miles east-northeast of Nice: the ancient Her- 
 culis Monoeci Portus. Near it is the gambling 
 resort Monte Carlo. Population, 2,410. 
 Monadnock (mo-nad'nok), or Grand Monad- 
 nock. An isolated mountain in Cheshire 
 County, southwestern New Hampshire, 37 miles 
 southwest of Concord. Height, 3,186 feet. 
 Monagas (mo-na'gas), Josd Gregorio. Born at 
 Maturin, 1795 : died at Maracaibo, 1858. A 
 Venezuelan soldier and politician, brother of 
 J Os6 Tadeo Monagas. He was an unsuccessful pres- 
 idential candidate in 1846, and was elected for the term 
 1851-55 : during this period slavery was abolished (March, 
 1854). After his brother's downfall he was arrested, and 
 died in captivity. 
 
 Monagas, Jose Tadeo. Bom near Maturin, 
 Oct. 28, 1784: died at El Valle, near La Guaira, 
 Nov. 18, 1868. A Venezuelan general and poli- 
 tician. He served under Bolivar 1813-21 ; headed an 
 unsuccessful rebellion 1835 ; was elected president for the 
 term 1847-61 ; and in 1848 assumed dictatorial powers, im- 
 prisoning Paez who had declared against him. Succeeded 
 by his brother in 1851, he took command of the army, and 
 was reelected president (1856), but was deposed in 1868 
 and banished. In March, 1868, he declared against Fal- 
 con, drove him from the country, and was elected presi- 
 dent by Congress, but died before he could assume office. 
 Monaghan (mon'a-chan). 1. A county in Ul- 
 ster, Ireland. It is bounded by Tyrone on the north, 
 Armagh on the east, Louth on the southeast, Meath on the 
 south, and Cavan and Fermanagh on the west The sur- 
 face is hilly. Area, 500 square miles. Population, 74,611. 
 2. The capital of the county of Monaghan, 48 
 miles west-southwest of Belfast. Population, 
 2,932. 
 
 Monaldeschi (mo-nal-des'ke), Marchese Gio- 
 vanni. Died at Fontainebleau, France, Nov. 
 10, 1657. An Italian, favorite of Queen Chris- 
 tine of Sweden, murdered by her orders. 
 Mona (Madonna) Lisa. A famous portrait by 
 Leonardo da Vinci, in the Louvre, Paris (stolen 
 August, 1911 : recovered December, 1913). 
 It represents “La Gioconda,” the wife of the Florentine 
 Fr. del Giocondo. The painter worked at it for 4 years, 
 and then proclaimed it unfinished. 
 
 Monarcho (md-nar'ko). A half-witted Italian 
 who lived in London in the 16th century. He 
 professed to be the king of all the world. Armado, in Shak- 
 spere’s “ Love’s Labour ’s Lost, ” is supposed to be intended 
 for him, and indeed is once called by his name. 
 
 Monastery, The. A novel by Sir Walter Scott, 
 published in 1820. The scene is laid in Scotland 
 in the 16th century. ‘ ‘ The Abbot ” is a sequel 
 or continuation of it. 
 
 Monastir (mo-nas-ter'). A vilayet in European 
 Turkey. Area, 11,000 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 848,900. 
 
 Monastir, or Bitolia (be-to'li-a), or Toli-Mo- 
 nastir ( to 'le-mo-n as-ter ' ) . A t o wn i n the vil ay et. 
 of Monastir, European Turkey, situated in lat. 
 41° l'N. , long. 21° 17' E. It is an important stra- 
 tegic and commercial point, and was captured by the Ser- 
 vians, Nov. 18, 1912. Population, 45,000. 
 
 Monastir, or Mistir (mes-ter'). A seaport in 
 Tunis, situated on the Gulf of Hammamet 
 in lat. 35° 45' N., long. 10° 51' E. Population, 
 about 8,000. 
 
 Monboddo, Lord. See Burnett, James. 
 Monbuttu. See Mombuttu. 
 
 Moncada (mon-ka'THa), Francisco de. Born 
 at V alencia, Spain, Dec. 29, 1586 : killed at Goch, 
 Prussia, 1635. A Spanish historian and gen- 
 eral. lie wrote a “History of the Expedition of the Cata- 
 lans and Aragonese against the Turks and Greeks ” (1623). 
 Moncalieri (mon-kii-le-a're). A town in the 
 province of Turin, Italy, situated on the Po 5 
 miles south of Turin. Population, town, 3,758 ; 
 commune, 11,561. 
 
 Moncey (mon-sa'), Bon Adrien Jeannot de, 
 
 Due de Conegliano. Born July 31, 1754: died 
 
Moncey 
 
 April 20, 1842. A French marshal, distin- 
 guished in the Napoleonic campaigns in Italy 
 and Spain. 
 
 Monch (mench), or W eiss-Monch (vls'mench). 
 [G. , ‘the monk,’ or ‘white monk.’] A peak of 
 the Bernese Alps, situated on the border of the 
 canteus of Bern and Valais, Switzerland, 38 
 miles southeast of Bern. It was ascended first 
 in 1857. Height, 13,465 feet. 
 
 Monck. See Monk. 
 
 Monckton (mungk'ton), Robert. Born June 
 24, 1726 : died May 3, 1782. An English gen- 
 eral, the second son of John Monckton, Vis- 
 count Galway. He served in Germany in 1743, and in 
 Flanders in 1745; was member of Parliament for Ponte- 
 fract in 1751 ; in 1752 was sent to Nova Scotia ; and in 1755 
 assisted in carrying out Braddock’s scheme of driving the 
 French army out of Nova Scotia. On March 11, 1759, he 
 was appointed second in command in Wolfe's expedition 
 against Quebec, and was wounded in the assault of Sept. 
 13. In Feb., 1761, he was made major-general, and in 
 March governor of New York and commander-in-chief of 
 the province. In the same year he engaged in the reduc- 
 tion of Martinique. On June 2S, 1763, he returned to Eng- 
 land, and was appointed lieutenant-general April 30, 1770. 
 Moncontour (mon-kon-tor'). A small town in 
 the department of Vienne, France, situated on 
 the Dive 28 miles northwest of Poitiers. Here, 
 Oct. 3, 1569, the French Catholics under the Due d'Anjou 
 defeated the Huguenots under Coligny. 
 
 Moncrieff (mon-kref'), James. Born 1744: 
 died at Dunkirk, Sept. 7, 1793. A British mili- 
 tary engineer. Heservedinthe Westlndiesand North 
 America for many years. In Sept., 1777, he was present 
 at the battle of the Brandywine, and in 1779 distinguished 
 himself with General Prevost in Carolina, and was chief 
 engineer at the investment of Charleston in 1780. On 
 the declaration of war with France in 1793, he was ap- 
 pointed quartermaster-general to the army in Holland, 
 andacted as chief engineer for the British at Valenciennes, 
 July, 1793. He was killed at the siege of Dunkirk. 
 
 Moncrieff, William Thomas. Born at Lon- 
 don, Aug. 24, 1794: died in the Charter- 
 house, Dec. 3, 1857. An English dramatist. 
 In 1804 he became a clerk in a solicitor's office. As 
 manager of the Regency (later Prince of Wales) Thea- 
 tre, he wrote “Moscow, or the Cossack’s Daughter" 
 in 1810; and for the Olympic “All at Coventry” (Oct. 20, 
 1815), and “Rochester, etc.,” a musical comedy (Nov. 16, 
 1818). He joined Elliston at Drury Lane, and wrote 
 “ Wanted, a Wife "(May, 1819),“ Monsieur Tonson” (Sept., 
 1821), and the “ Spectre Bridegroom ” (July 2, 1821). “ Tom 
 and jerry, or Life in London ” was produced at the Adelphi 
 Nov. 26, 1821, and ran continuously for two seasons ; “The 
 Cataract of the Ganges ” at Drury Lane in 1823 : it intro- 
 duced a real waterfall, which was then an innovation. For 
 Charles Mathews the elder he wrote the “Bashful Man” 
 (1826); for the Surrey Theatre, “Old Heads and Young 
 Shoulders ”(1828); and forW. J. Hammond of the Strand, 
 “ Sam Weller "(July, 1837). In 1843 he became blind, and 
 was admitted as a brother at the Charterhouse in 1844. He 
 wrote more than 170 plays in all, besides other works. 
 Moncton (mungk'ton). A river port in West- 
 moreland County, New Brunswick, Canada, sit- 
 uated on the Petitcodiae 82 miles northeast of 
 St. John. Pojiulation, 11,345, (1911). 
 Monday (mun'da), [Lit. ‘moon’s day.' The 
 day was so called from its name in L., dies 
 lunse . ] The second day of the week. 
 Mondonedo (mdn-don-ya'do). A town in tho 
 province of Lugo, northwestern Spain, 31 miles 
 north-northeast of Lugo. Population, 10,- 
 590. 
 
 Mondovi (mon-do-ve'). A town in tire province 
 of Cuneo, Italy, situated on theEllero 48 miles 
 south of Turin. It has a cathedral. Here, April 22, 
 1796, Napoleon defeated the Sardinian general Colli. 
 Mondsee (mont-za'). A lake in Upper Austria, 
 15 miles east of Salzburg. The Schafberg rises 
 from it. Length, 7 miles. 
 
 Mone (mo'ne), Franz Joseph. Born at Min- 
 golsheim, Baden, May 12, 1796 : died at Karls- 
 ruhe, Baden, March 12, 1871. A German his- 
 torian, antiquary, and philologist. 
 Monembasia (mo-nem-bii-se'a), or Malvasia 
 (mal-va-se'a). Asmall town on the coast of La- 
 conia, Greece, 46 miles southeast of Sparta, it 
 was an important medieval fortress, and was formerly 
 noted for its export of wine. 
 
 Monemuji (mo-ne-mo'zhe). At the time of the 
 Portuguese discoveries in Africa, a great na- 
 tive kingdom between Lake Tanganyika and 
 the east coast : probably the modern Unyam- 
 wezi. See Nyamwezi. 
 
 Monet (mo-na'), Claude. BornatParis. A con- 
 temporary French landscape-painter, belonging 
 to the group known as Impressionists. Amonghis 
 works are “The Seine at Giver ny, " “ Bordighera," “ Cape 
 Martin," “The Orchard,” “Low Tide at Pourville,” “A 
 Wheat Field," “Snow at Port Villers,” “Willow Trees, "etc. 
 Money. AeomedybyBulwer Lytton, first pro- 
 duced on Dec. 8, 1849. 
 
 Moneytrap (mun'i-trap). In Vanbrugh’s play 
 “The Confederacy,” a threadbare, rusty, rich 
 money-scrivener. This was one of Doggett’s 
 best characters. 
 
 698 
 
 Monferrato. See Montferrat. 
 
 Monge (monzh), Gaspard. Born at Beaune, 
 France, May 10, 1746 : died at Paris, July 18, 
 1818. A celebrated French mathematician, 
 founder of the science of descriptive geometry. 
 He was minister of marine 1792-93 ; and the chief founder 
 of the Polytechnic School in Paris. His best-known work 
 is “ Gfionrftrie descriptive " (1799). 
 
 Monghyr, or Monghir (mon-ger'), or Mungir 
 (mun-ger'), or Mongarh (mon-gar'). 1. A dis- 
 trict in Behar, British India, intersected by lat. 
 25° N., long. 86° E. Area, 3,922 square miles. 
 Population, 2,068,804. — 2. The capital of the 
 district of Monghyr, situated on the Ganges in 
 lat. 25° 22' N., long. 86° 29' E. : formerly a 
 fortress. Population, 35,880. 
 Mongolia(mon-go'li-a). A dependency of China, 
 lying in general between Siberia on the north, 
 Manchuria on the east, China on the south, and 
 East Turkestan andSnngaria on the west: some- 
 times made to include parts of Sungaria and 
 Kokonor. The surface is a plateau. It contains the 
 desert of Gobi. Area, 1,367,600 square miles. Population, 
 about 2,600,000. 
 
 Mongolian race. The second in Blumenbach’s 
 classification of the races of mankind. The chief 
 characteristics are a brachycephalic skull, broad cheek- 
 bones, low retreating forehead, short and broad nose, and 
 yellowish complexion. It included the Chinese, Turks, 
 Tatars, Indo-Chinese, Lapps, Eskimos, etc. 
 
 Mongols (mong'golz). [Said to be ultimately 
 from mong, brave.] An Asiatic race nowchiefly 
 resident in Mongolia, a vast region north of 
 China proper and south of Siberia, forming a 
 possession of China. Mongols are also found elsewhere 
 iu the Chinese republic and in Siberia, etc. The Mongols 
 in the 13th century conquered a large part of Asia and 
 overran eastern Europe. See Moguls. 
 
 Mongols, Empire of the. A medieval Asiatic 
 
 empire. Itwasfounded by Jenghiz Khan(died 1227); ex- 
 tended over China, large portions of central and western 
 Asia and of Russia ; was checked in its western advance at 
 Wahlstatt (Silesia) in 1241 ; and overthrew the califatein 
 1258. A Mongol dynasty ruled in China from Kuhlai Khan 
 (about 1259) to 13: 8. The empire divided into various parts 
 (compare Kiptchak ) at the close of the 13th century, but 
 was temporarily revived under Timur the Tatar about 
 1400. His descendant Baber founded the empire of the 
 Moguls (which see). 
 
 Monhegan. See Mohegan. 
 
 Monier-Williams, Sir Monier. See Williams. 
 Monikins, The. A novel by Cooper, published 
 in 1835. 
 
 Monime (mo-nem'). The principal female char- 
 acter in Racine’s “ Mithridate.” 
 
 Monimia (mo-niin'i-a). The chief female char- 
 acter in Otway’s play “The Orphan”: an orphan 
 left iu charge of old Acasto, and loved by both 
 his sons, Castalio and Polydore. Though married 
 totheformer, she became the innocent victim of the latter, 
 and her woes have made the character proverbial as a type 
 of suffering innocence. 
 
 Over the character of Monimia probably more tears have 
 been shed than over that of any stage heroine. 
 
 Gosse, History of Eighteenth-Century Literature, p. 55. 
 
 Moniteur (mo-ne-ter'). The official journal of 
 the French government 1799-1868. it, first appeared 
 in 1789 under the name “Gazette Nationale," and from 1799 
 was known as the “ Moniteur Universe! ” 
 
 Monitor (mon'i-tor). An iron-clad steam bat- 
 tery, consisting of an iron hull covered by a pro- 
 jecting deck, and surmounted by a revolving tur- 
 ret protecting the guns, designed by John Erics- 
 son. Her commander was Lieutenant J. L. Worden, and 
 her executive officer Lieutenant S. D. Greene. She was 
 launched at Greenpoint, New Y’ork, Jan. 30, 1S62, and ar- 
 rived at Fort Monroe in the evening of March 8, 1862. On 
 March 9 occurred the battle between the Monitor and the 
 Merrimac (see Merrimac), which resulted in a draw that 
 was equivalent to a victory for the Monitor. She afterward 
 joined theunsuccessful expedition commanded by Captain 
 John Rodgers against Fort Darling, near Richmond, and was 
 sunk off Cape Hatteras on her way to Beaufort, South Caro- 
 lina, Dec. 29,1862. Sixty vessels were builtor projected on 
 her plan during the war. The modern improved battle- 
 ship is a combination of the Monitor and Merrimac types. 
 Her dimensions were : length of hull, 124 feet ; beam of hull, 
 34 feet ; length of deck, 172 feet; width of deck, 41 feet ; 
 draught, llfeet; inside diameter of turret, 20feet; height 
 of turret, 9 feet ; thickness of turret atmor, 8 inches ; 
 thickness of side armor, 5 inches ; thickness of deck armor, 
 1 inch ; thickness of pilot-house armor, 9 inches. Arma- 
 ment, 2 11-inch Dahlgreu guns, throwing 180-pound shot. 
 
 Monk, or Monck (mtmgk), George, first Duke 
 of Albemarle. Born at Potberidge, Devonshire, 
 Dee. 6, 1608 : died Jan. 3, 1670. An English gen- 
 eral. He served as lieutenant-colonel in the Scottish war 
 in 1640, and in the Irish rebellion of 1642. In the civil war 
 he entered the king’s service, was captured at Nantwich, 
 and was committed to the Tower for two years. I n 1046 he 
 was released, and 1647-49 served Parliament in Ireland. 
 Tn 1651 he was left in Scotland by Cromwell as commander- 
 in-chief. He was associated with Blake and Deane in com- 
 mand of the fleet in the Dutch war in 1653. In 1654 he sup- 
 pressed the Royalist insurrection in Scotland, and was made 
 governor of that country. He was faithful to both the 
 Cromwells. After the death of Richard Cromwell, he took 
 the part of Parliament and the army, and on the expul- 
 
 Monomotapa 
 
 sion of Parliament by Lambert Oct. 13, 1659, secured the 
 Scottish fortresses, advanced into England, scattered Lam- 
 bert’s army, and entered London Feb. 3, 1660. On Feb. 12 
 he ordered the guards to admit the “secluded” or Royalist 
 members to Parliament, and a new council was elected with 
 Monk at its head. A new parliament met April 25, 1660, 
 and the restoration of the monarchy was voted May 1, 1660. 
 Monk met Charles II. at Dover May 25. On July 7 he 
 was created earl of Torrington and duke of Albemarle. 
 He served in the Dutch war- as admiral April, 1666, and as- 
 sisted in restoring order at the great fire of London (1666), 
 and in defending the Thames against the invading Dutch 
 fleet (1667). 
 
 Monk, Ambrosio, or the. A romance by M. 
 Gr. Lewis, published in 1795. From the popularity 
 of this hook he was caUed “Monk ” Lewis. 
 
 Monkey Indians. See Tusayan. 
 
 Monk’s Tale, The. One of Chaucer’s “Canter- 
 bury Tales.” It is unfinished, being stopped by the 
 knight. It contains the story of llgolino from Dante, and 
 follows Boccaccio’s “De casibus illustrium virorum” in a 
 general way. 
 
 Monkwearmouth (mungk-wer'mutb). A sub- 
 urb of Sunderland, England, situated north of 
 the Wear. 
 
 Monmouth (mon'muth). 1. A county of west- 
 ern England. It is bounded by Brecknock on the north- 
 west, Hereford on the northeast, Gloucester on the east, 
 the estuaiy of the Severn and Bristol Channel on the south, 
 and Glamorgan on the west. The surface is hilly, except 
 in the south. The county has important iron-works. It 
 was included in Wales till, in 1535, it was made an English 
 county. Welsh is very generally spoken, and the county 
 has more affinities with Wales than with England. Area, 
 (ad. co.), 599.5square miles. Population (pari, co.), 292,317. 
 
 2. The capital of Monmouthshire, situated at 
 the junction of the Monnow and Wye, 25 miles 
 north of Bristol. Population, 5,095. 
 
 Monmouth. A city and the capital of Warren 
 County, western Illinois, 94 miles northwest of 
 Springfield. It is the seat of Monmouth Col- 
 lege (United Presbyterian). Population, 9,128, 
 (1910). 
 
 Monmouth, Battle of. A victory gained June 
 28, 1778, at Monmouth Court House, Freehold. 
 Monmouth County, New Jersey, by the Ameri- 
 cans under Washington over the British under 
 Clint on. The Americans under Charles Lee were at first 
 repulsed. The loss of the Americans was about 230; that 
 of the British, over 400, besides many deserters. A consid- 
 erable number of men on both sides succumbed to the in- 
 tense heat. 
 
 Monmouth, Duke of (James Fitzroy). Born 
 
 at Rotterdam, April 9, 1649: executed at Lon- 
 don, July 15, 1685. A (reputed) illegitimate 
 son of Charles II. of England and Lucy Wal- 
 ters. He was created duke of Monmouth in 1663, and 
 treated as a prince ; was made captain-general of the army 
 in 1670; and came to be known as “ the Protestant duke.” 
 He commanded the English forces sent to assist the French 
 in the Dutch war, and afterward the army sent against the 
 Scottish Covenanters (1675-79). In 1679 hejvent into exile. 
 He associated later with the Whig leaders ; escaped to 
 Holland in 1684; landed at Lyme Regis June 11, 1685 ; 
 headed an unsuccessful insurrection against James II. ; 
 and was defeated at Sedgeinoor, J uly 6, 1685, and captured 
 two days after the battle. 
 
 Monmouth, Geoffrey of. See Geoffrey of Mon- 
 mouth. 
 
 Monnica, or Monica (mon'i-kji), Saint. Born 
 about 332 : died at Ostia, Italy, 387. The mo- 
 ther of St. Augustine. 
 
 Monnier (mo-nya'), Henri Bonaventure. 
 
 Born at Paris, June 6, 1799 : died at Paris, Jan. 
 3, 1877. A French caricaturist and author. He 
 
 wrote “Scfenes populaires’’ (1830), “ Memoires de M. Jo- 
 seph Prudhomme” (1857), etc. 
 
 Monnier, Marc. Born at Florence, 1829 ; died 
 at Geneva, April 18, 1885. A French poet and 
 prose-writer. His works include poems, liter- 
 ary criticisms, volumes on Italy, etc. 
 
 Monocacy (mo-nok'a-si). A small tributary of 
 the Potomac. Near it, in the vicinity of Frederick in 
 Maryland, on July 9, 1864, the Confederates (20,000) un- 
 der Early defeated the Federals (6,050) under Lew Wallace. 
 
 Monoceros (mo-nos'e-ros). [Gr. Uiwoaepug. from 
 ydvog, single, and idpar, a horn.] A constella- 
 tion, the Unicorn, south of the Twins and the 
 Crab, and between the two Dogs, introduced 
 by Jacob Bartsch in 1624. 
 
 Monod (mo-no'), Adolphe. Born at Copen- 
 hagen, Jan. 21, 1802: died at Paris, April 6, 1856. 
 A French Protestant clergyman, noted as a pul- 
 pit orator. 
 
 Monod, Frederic Joel Jean Gerard. Born at 
 
 Monnaz, Vaud, Switzerland, May 17, 1794 : died 
 at Paris, 1863. A French Protestant clergy- 
 man, founder of (he Free Church of France. 
 
 Mono (mo'no) Lake. A salt lake in Mono Coun- 
 ty, eastern California, situated in lat. 38° N. It 
 has no outlet. Length, 14 miles. 
 
 Monomotapa (mo-no-mo-ta'pa). An ancient 
 native African kingdom in the lower Zambesi 
 basin, mostly in the present Mashonaland and 
 district of Mauica: famous among old Portu- 
 
Monomotapa 
 
 guese writers for its gold-mines. All the attempts 
 of the Portuguese to colonize it failed, and moat of the ac- 
 counts of it were fantastic. 
 
 Monongahela (mo-non-ga-he'la). A river in 
 West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania. 
 It is formed by the union of the West Fork and Tygarts 
 Valley River, and unites with the Allegheny at Pittsburg 
 to form the Ohio. Iu the battle of the Monongahela (some- 
 times called “Braddock's defeat”), fought on its banks 
 near Pittsburg, July 9, 1755, the French and Indians de- 
 feated the British and colonial forces under Braddock. 
 Total length, about 300 miles ; navigable to Brownsville, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mono (mo'no) Pass. A pass in the Sierra Ne- 
 vada Mountains, California, situated about lat. 
 38° N. Height, 10,599 feet. 
 
 Monopoli (mo-nop'6-le). A seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Bari, Apulia, Italy, situated on the 
 Adriatic 25 miles southeast of Bari. It has a 
 cathedral and some antiquities. Population, 
 commune, 22,545. 
 
 Monovar (mo-no'viir). A town in the province 
 of Alicante, Spain, 24 miles west-northwest of 
 Alicante. Population, 10,601. 
 
 Monrad (mon'rad), Ditlev Gothard. Born at 
 Copenhagen, Nov. 24, 1811: died March 28, 1887. 
 A Danish statesman and bishop. 
 
 Monreale (mon-ra-a'le). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Palermo, Sicily, Italy, 5 miles southwest 
 of Palermo. The cathedral, the finest building of the 
 Sicilian Norman-Saracenic style, was begun iu 1173. The 
 exterior, except the arcaded chevet, is very plain ; the 
 bronze north doors, with 2S Romanesque relief-panels, and 
 the west doors, with 43 Bible scenes, are beautiful. The 
 interior length is 335 feet, the greatest width 131 : the nave 
 has 18 Corinthian columns, in part antique, with stilted 
 pointed arches ; the three apses open on the broad tran- 
 sept. The roof is of wood, open-framed. The lower parts 
 of the walls are incrusted with marble; all the rest is 
 covered with mosaics on gold ground, of the most gorgeous 
 effect, consisting of Old and Hew Testament scenes and 
 rich arabesques. The cloister, one of the most admirable 
 creations of the 12th century, is a large quadrangle : it has 
 coupled columns with many of the shafts inlaid with mo- 
 saic, beautifully carved foliage- and figure-capitals, and 
 stilted arches. Population, commune, 17,633. 
 
 Monro (mua-ro'), Alexander. Born at Lon- 
 don, Sept. 8, 1697 : died at Edinburgh, July 10, 
 1767. A British anatomist and surgeon. His 
 chief work is “Osteology” (1726). 
 
 Monro, orMonroe (mun-ro' ), or Munro, Henry. 
 Born 1768: hung at Lisburn, Ireland, June, 1798. 
 A United Irishman, son of a Scotch Presbyterian 
 minister settled at Lisburn. He entered the linen 
 business about 1788, and in 1795 joined the United Irish- 
 men. In the rebellion of 1798 he succeeded Dickson in 
 command; was captured on June 15; and was hung at 
 Lisburn. 
 
 Monroe (mun-ro'). A city, the capital of Mon- 
 roe County, Michigan, situated on the Raisin 
 35 miles south-southwest of Detroit. Popula- 
 tion, 6,893, (1910). 
 
 Monroe, James. Bom in Westmoreland County, 
 Va., April 28, 1758: died at New York, July 4, 
 1831. The fifth President of the United States 
 (1817-25). He served in the Revolutionary War; entered 
 the Virginia assembly in 1782 ; was a member of Congress 
 from Virginia 1783-86; was a member of the Virginia rati- 
 fying convention in 1788 ; was United States senator from 
 Virginia 1790-94; was United States minister to France 
 1794-06; was governor of Virginia 1799-1802 ; was one of 
 the negotiators of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; was 
 United States minister to Great Britain 1803-07; was gov- 
 ernor of V irginia in 1811 ; was secretary of state 1811-17, and 
 secretary of war 1814-15; and was elected President as 
 candidate of the Democratic-Republican party in 1816, and 
 was reelected in 1820. The period of his administration is 
 known as the “era of good feeling." Among its chief 
 events were the acquisition of Florida (1819) : the Missouri 
 Compromise (1820) ; and the promulgation of the Monroe 
 Doctrine (1823). 
 
 Monroe Doctrine. In American polities, the 
 doctrine of the non-intervention of European 
 powers in matters relating to the American con- 
 tinents. It received its name from statements contained 
 in President Monroe’s annual message to Congress in Dec., 
 1823, at the period of a suspected concert of the powers 
 in the Holy Alliance to interfere in Spanish America in 
 behalf of Spain. The following are the most significant 
 passages in the message : “We could not view an inter- 
 position for oppressing them [the Spanish-American re- 
 publics] or controlling in any other manner their destiny, 
 by any European power, in any other light than as a mani- 
 festation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United 
 States. . . . The American continents should no longer be 
 subjects for any new European colonial settlement." 
 Monrovia (muu-ro'vi-a). The capital of Liberia, 
 Africa, situated on tlie coast, at the mouth of 
 the Mesurado, in lat. 6° 19' N., long. 10° 49' W. 
 Population, estimated, 5,000. 
 
 Mons (m6ns), Flem. Bergen (ber'aen). The 
 capital of the province of Ilainaut, Belgium, 
 situated on the Trouble in lat. 50° 27' N., long. 
 3° 58' L. It is thecenterof a large and rich coal region. 
 The cathedral, in the late-Pointed style, was founded in 
 the middle of the 15th century. The exterior is rich, the 
 interior bold and graceful, and there is superb 16th-cen- 
 tury glass. The hdtel de ville is a picturesque late-Pointed 
 building, begun in 1458. There are several battle-fields in 
 the neighborhood. A fortress was founded on the site of the 
 
 699 
 
 city by Caesar. Mons was taken by Louis of Nassau in May, 
 and by the Spaniards in Sept., 1572 ; was taken by the 
 French 1691, and restored 1697 ; was held by the French 
 in the War of the Spanish Succession ; was ceded to Aus- 
 tria in 1714 ; and was taken by the French in 1746 and in 
 1792. Population, commune, 27,324. 
 
 Mons Badonicus. See Badon. 
 
 Monselice (mon-sa-Ie'che). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Padua, Italy, 14 miles southwest of 
 Padua. Pop., town, 3,557; commune, 11,509. 
 
 Mons-en-Pev§le (mons'on-pa-val'), or Mons- 
 en-Puelle (mons'on-pii-el'). A village in the 
 department of Nord, France, 13 miles south of 
 Lille. Here, Aug. 18, 1304, Philip IY. defeated 
 the Flemings. 
 
 Monserrat. See Montserrat. 
 
 Monserrat (mon-se -rat'), Joaquin de. A Span- 
 ish general, marquis of Cruillas, and viceroy of 
 Mexico from Jan. 25, 1761, to Aug., 1766. He 
 
 was the first to organize the militia of the country, a mea- 
 sure which had an important bearing on subsequent events. 
 
 Monsieur (me-sye'). [F., ‘ my lord/ ‘ sir.’] A 
 title formerly applied to the eldest brother of 
 the King of France. 
 
 Monsieur, Peace of. See Peace of Monsieur. 
 
 Monsieur, Theatre de. A theater existing in 
 Paris, in the Foire St. -Germain, in the latter 
 part of the 18th century. It was founded by a coiffeur 
 of Marie Antoinette named Leonard Autre, and was named 
 from “Monsieur," the king’s brother, who backed it (“au 
 credit duquel il devait son privilege ”). Italian opera and 
 French comedy were played there, and it had a brilliant 
 existence from 1789 to 1791, when a new house was built 
 for it in the Rue Feydeau and it received the name of 
 Theatre Feydeau. 
 
 Monsieur de Pourceaugnac (me-sye' de pijr- 
 son-yak'). A comedy by Moliere, playedinl660: 
 “an ingenious satire, pushed to the verge of 
 burlesque and farce, on the country squires of 
 France” ( Saintsbury ). 
 
 Monsigny (mfin-sen-ye'), Pierre Alexandre. 
 
 Born near St.-Omer, France, Oct. 17, 1729: died 
 Jan. 14, 1817. A French composer. His most 
 successful opera was “Felix, ou l’enfant trouve ” 
 (1777). 
 
 Mons Meg (monz meg). An old cannon in the 
 castle at Edinburgh. It was made at Mons in 
 Flanders. 
 
 Monson (mun'son), Sir William. Born 1569: 
 died at Kinnersley, Feb., 1643. An English 
 admiral. In 1585 he ran away to sea, and in 1588 was 
 made lieutenant of the Charles. In 1591 he was captured 
 and detained in the castle of Lisbon. In 1694 he took his 
 M. A. degree at Oxford. In 1602 he was vice-admiral of 
 the squadron under Sir Richard Leveson ; in 1604 was ap- 
 pointed admiral of the Narrow Seas ; and in 1614 was en- 
 gaged in suppressing piracy on the coast of Ireland. He 
 was imprisoned in the Tower Jan. 12, 1615-16, and did not 
 serve again until the Dutch campaign of 1635. 
 
 Monstrelet (mons-tre-la'), Enguerrand de. 
 
 Died 1453. A French chronicler, author of a 
 chronicle of contemporary French history (ed- 
 ited 1857). 
 
 Monsumma.no (mon-som-ma'no). A town in 
 the province of Lucca, Italy, 22 miles west- 
 northwest of Florence. Near it is a warm stalactitic 
 grotto noted as a health-reBort. Population, 8,527. 
 
 Montabaur (mon'ta-bour). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, 12 miles east- 
 northeast of Coblenz. Population, about 3,500. 
 
 Montacute (mon'ta-kut), or Montagu (mon'- 
 ta-gu), John de, third Earl of Salisbury. Born 
 about 1350: beheaded at Cirencester, Jan. 7, 
 1400. An English soldier, nephew of William 
 de Montacute, second earl of Salisbury. A promi- 
 nent Lollard, he attended their meetings, and kept a Lol- 
 lard chaplain. In 1397 he succeeded to the earldom. He 
 was a favorite adviser of Richard II. On the landing of 
 the Duke of Lancaster (Henry IV.), he raised troops in the 
 west to oppose him. On the downfall of Richard, and the 
 accession of Henry IV., he was committed to the Tower. 
 He was released, entered into a conspiracy against Henry, 
 was discovered, and was murdered by a mob. 
 
 Montacute, or Montagu, Thomas de, fourth 
 Earl of Salisbury. Born iu 1388 : died at Meung, 
 France, Nov. 3, 1428. An English general. He 
 was summoned to Parliament as Earl of Salisbury in Oct., 
 1409, and restored to the dignity of his father in 1421. In 
 1415 he served the king in France, fighting at Harfleur and 
 Agincourt, and was made lieutenant-general of Normandy 
 in April, 1419. He continued to fight in France as the most 
 famous and skilful English general until the siege of Or- 
 leans, Oct., 1428. He was wounded there, and died at 
 Meung. 
 
 Montacute, or Montagu, William de, third 
 Enron Montacute and first Earl of Salisbury. 
 Born 1301: died Jan. 30, 1344. Au English 
 soldier, eldest son of William de Montacute, 
 second baron. In 1327 he fought with Edward III. in 
 Scotland. During the Parliament of Nottingham (Oct., 
 1330) be arrested Mortimer in the queen mother’s apart- 
 ments. On March 10, 1337, he was created earl of Salis- 
 bury, and was appointed marshal of England Sept. 20, 
 1338. 
 
 Montacute, or Montagu, William de, second 
 
 Montagu, Edward 
 
 Earl of Salisbury. Born June 25, 1328: died 
 June 3, 1397. An English soldier. He was one of 
 the original knights of the Order of the Garter (1350). In 
 1354 he was appointed constable of the king’s army in 
 France, and served until the peace of 1360. In 1369 he 
 served under John of Gaunt in the north of France. He 
 assisted at the coronation of Richard II. in 1377, and in 
 1381 went with the king to meet Wat Tyler’s rebels at 
 Smithfield. 
 
 Montagnais (mon-tan-ya'). [F., ‘mountain- 
 eers.’] 1. A collective name given by the French 
 (and adopted by the English) to the group of 
 North American Indian tribes in Quebec prov- 
 ince, extending along the north shore of the St. 
 Lawrence from near the city of Quebec to the 
 Strait of Belle Isle, and inland northwest and 
 northeast. They are divided into several tribes, among 
 which are the Berseamite, Chisedec, and Tadousac. The 
 name Montagnais is from the elevated land on which they 
 dwelt, and they are sometimes confounded with the tribe 
 of the same name of an Athapascan stock in the Rocky 
 Mountains. They number about 2,000. See Algonquian. 
 2. A collective name given to four tribes of the 
 northern division of the Athapascan stock of 
 North American Indians, occupying the interior 
 of British North America. These tribes are the 
 Thilan ottine or Chippewayan proper, the Athapascan 
 proper, the Ethen eldeli or Caribou-eaters, and the T’atsan 
 ottine or Yellow Knives. They should not be confounded 
 with the other Montagnais, who belong to the Algonquian 
 stock. See Athapascan. 
 
 Montagnana (mon-tan-ya'na). A town in the 
 province of Padua, Italy, 24 miles southwest of 
 Padua. Pomdation, commune, 10,364. 
 
 Montagnards (mon-tiin-yar'). [F.,‘ mountain- 
 eers.’] A collective name given to six tribes of 
 the northern division of the Athapascan stock 
 of North American Indians, occupying the in- 
 terior of British North America. These tribes are 
 the Tsa ottine or Beaver, Sarci, Altatin or Thekenneh, 
 Nehaunee, Ettcha ottine or Mauvais Monde, and Espato- 
 tina. They number about 1,016. See Athapascan. 
 
 Montagnards. See Mountain. 
 
 Montagu. See Montacute. 
 
 Montagu (mon'ta-gu), Basil. Born at London, 
 April 24, 1770 : died at Boulogne-sur-Mer, Nov. 
 27, 1851. An English legal and miscellaneous 
 writer, son of John Montagu, fourth earl of 
 Sandwich, by his mistress Martha Ray. Ac- 
 knowledged by his father, he was educated at the Charter- 
 house and at Christ’s College, Cambridge, where he gradu- 
 ated in 1790. He was admitted to Gray’s Inn, and came to 
 London in 1795. He was intimate with Coleridge and 
 Wordsworth. He was called to the bar in 1798, and pub- 
 lished in 1801 “A Summary of the Law of Set Off,” and 
 from 1805 to 1807 prepared a, “ Digest of the Bankruptcy 
 Laws.” In 1807 he was appointed a commissioner in bank- 
 ruptcy. He also printed much matter on the death-pen- 
 alty and copyright laws. In 1825 he exposed the delay and 
 expense of the existing bankruptcy procedure, and in 1835 
 was made accountant-general in bankruptcy. Between 
 1825 and 1834 he edited the “ Works of Lord Bacon." His 
 “Essays ” were published in 1824. 
 
 Montagu, Charles, first Earl of Halifax. Born 
 probably at Horton, Northamptonshire, April 
 16, 1661 : died May 19, 1715. Au English states- 
 man, financier, and poet, grandson of the first 
 Earl of Manchester. He studied at Westminster and 
 at Cambridge (Trinity College). In 1689 he was returned 
 to the Convention Parliament for Maldon. Iu March, 
 1692, he was appointed a lord of the treasury, and induced 
 Parliament to raise a loan of a million in annuities based 
 on new excise duties. This loan was the beginning of the 
 English national debt. Adopting Patterson’s scheme for 
 a national bank, he carried through a bill to raise a loan of 
 £ 1,200, 000 based on a tonnage bill, the subscribers to form 
 a corporation known as the Governor and Company of the 
 Bank of England. On April 30, 1694, he was made chan- 
 cellor of the exchequer. With the aid of Somers, Locke, 
 Newton, and Halley he reformed the currency in 1695, and 
 for the first time issued the exchequer bills by which the 
 British government gets its first credit from the House of 
 Commons. In 1696 he carried his “general mortgage” 
 scheme, by which a consolidated fund was formed. In 
 1698 he established the society to which a monopoly of the 
 Indian trade was given. On Dec. 13, 1700, he was created 
 Baron Halifax. He was impeached in 1701 and acquitted, 
 but was not in office during Anne’s reign. On Oct. 19, 
 1714, he was created earl of Halifax. He served as presi- 
 dent of the Royal Society from 1695 to 1698. He was the 
 collaborator of Prior in the “City Mouse and Country 
 Mouse” (1687). 
 
 Montagu, Edward, second Earl of Manches- 
 ter. Born 1602 : died May 5, 1671. An English 
 statesman, eldest son of Henry Montagu, first 
 earl of Manchester. He entered Cambridge (Sidney 
 Sussex College) in 1618, and was elected memberof Parlia- 
 ment for Huntingdon in 1623. In 1626 lie was created 
 Baron Montagu, while holding the courtesy title of Vis- 
 count Mandeville. In 1640 he was one of twelve peers to 
 petition the king to call the Long Parliament, and was in 
 accord with Pym, Hampden, Fiennes, and St. John. In 
 Jan., 1642, he was impeached by the king for high trea- 
 son ; in Sept, commanded a regiment of foot in Essex’s 
 army ; and in Nov. became earl of Manchester. In Aug., 
 
 1643, he was made major-general in the eastern counties. 
 At Marston Moor (July 2, 1644) he was general field-officer 
 with Cromwell as commander of his horse. On Nov. 25, 
 
 1644, Cromwell charged Manchester before the Commons 
 with neglect and incompetency, and on April 2, 1645, lie 
 resigned his commission in the army. On Jail. 2, 1649, lie 
 opposed the ordinance for the king's trial in the House 
 
Montagu, Edward 
 
 700 
 
 Mont Cenis 
 
 of Lords, and retired from public life before the formation 
 of the Commonwealth. On March 15, 1649, he was made 
 chancellor of the University of Cambridge. He assisted 
 in the restoration of Charles II., and in 1660 regained many 
 of his offices. 
 
 Montagu, or Mountagu, Edward, first Earl of 
 Sandwich. Born July 27, 1625 : killed in a na- 
 val action, May 28, 1672. An English admiral. 
 
 He followed Parliament, and in 1643 raised a regiment of 
 foot in Cambridgeshire ; fought at Naseby June 14, and 
 at Bristol Sept. 10, 1645 ; but had no share in the king’s 
 trial and execution. In 1656 he was appointed Blake's 
 colleague in command of the fleet. He supported Rich- 
 ard Cromwell, and was actively engaged in the restoration 
 of Charles II. In 1660 he was appointed general of the 
 fleet with Monk, and with Pepys (author of the “Diary ”) 
 as his secretary. On May 23, 1660, the ldug embarked on 
 his flagship, and on May 25 landed at Dover. He was cre- 
 ated earl of Sand wich J uly 12. In 1661-62 he was engaged 
 In Morocco and Portugal. He was blown up in his ship, 
 the Royal James, May 28, in a battle with the Dutch. 
 
 Montagu, Edward Wortley. Born in 1713: 
 died in Italy, 1776. An English author, son of 
 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu : reputed author 
 of ‘ ‘ Reflections on the Rise and Fall of Ancient 
 
 Republics” (1759). 
 
 Montagu, Mrs. (Elizabeth Robinson). Born 
 at York, Oct. 2, 1720 : died at Montagu House, 
 London, Aug. 25, 1800. An English author and 
 social leader. On Aug. 5, 1742, she married Edward 
 Montagu, grandson of the first Earl of Sandwich. After 
 1750 she held her salon in Hill street, Mayfair. The epi- 
 thet “ blue-stocking ” was first applied to her assemblies. 
 Among her visitors were Lord Lyttelton, Burke, Garrick, 
 and Sir Joshua Reynolds. Her younger associates in- 
 cluded Hannah More and Fanny Burney. In 1760 she con- 
 tributed three dialogues to Lyttelton’s “ Dialogues of the 
 Dead.’’ She visited Paris after the peace of 1763. In 1769 
 she wrote an essay on the “Genius of Shakspere" in an- 
 swer to Voltaire. In 1776 she built Montagu House, now 
 No. 22 Portman Square, where she died. (This was not 
 the Montagu House upon the site of which the British 
 Museum was built.) 
 
 Montagu, George. Born at Lackliam, Wilt- 
 shire, 1751: died at Knowle House, Kingsbridge, 
 Devonshire, Aug. 28, 1815. An English natu- 
 ralist. He served as captain in the American Revolu- 
 tion. He was an early member of the Linnean Society 
 (established 1788). Among his works are “The Sports- 
 man’s Directory ” (1792), the “ Ornithological Dictionary, 
 etc. ’’ (1802), “Testacea Britannica ’’ (1803), etc. 
 
 Montagu, John, fourth Earl of Sandwich. Born 
 Nov. 3, 1718 : died at London, April 30, 1792. 
 An English diplomatist, eldest son of Edward 
 Richard Montagu, Viscount Hinchinbroke. He 
 was educated at Eton and Cambridge, but left the univer- 
 sity in 1738 without a degree, and traveled in Europe and 
 the East. In Dec., 1744, he was appointed a lord com- 
 missioner of the admiralty by the Duke of Bedford. In 
 1748 he was plenipotentiary at the conclusion of the treaty 
 of Aix-la-Chapelle. In Feb., 1748, he was made first lord 
 of the admiralty, and was dismissed from office June 12, 
 1751. He disgraced himself at the notorious prosecution 
 of John Wilkes. In Dec., 1770, he was appointed a secre- 
 tary of state under Lord North, and was first lord of the 
 admiralty during the American war, when the lowest 
 depths of corruption were reached by the British navy. 
 He retired from public life on the fall of the North ad- 
 ministration, March, 1782. Basil Montagu was his son by 
 his mistress, Miss Ray, who was murdered April 7, 1779. 
 
 Montagu, Lady Mary W ortley. Baptized at Co- 
 vent Garden, May 26, 1689 : died inEngland, Aug. 
 21, 1762. An English writer, eldest daughter of 
 Evelyn Pierrepont, fifth earl (later duke) of 
 Kingston. She privately married Edward Wortley Mon- 
 tagu, grandson of Edward Montagu, first earl of Sandwich, 
 on Aug. 12, 1712. Her son Edward Wortley Montagu was 
 horn in 1713. She was a favorite of the Princess of Wales 
 (afterwardQueen Caroline). In 1716 Montagu wasappointed 
 ambassador to the Porte. He was recalled in Oct., 1717, 
 but resided in Constantinople until June, 1718. An inter- 
 esting account of the visit appears in her “ Letters. ” While 
 at Adrianople she observed the practice of inoculation, 
 and assisted in introducing it into England. She was very 
 intimate with Pope, but quarreled with him finally, and be- 
 came an object of his malignity. In 1739 she again went 
 abroad, and in 1758 settled at Venice, returning to England 
 in 1762. Her daughter Mary (born in 1718) became Lady 
 Bute. She wrote “ Town Eclogues,” published as “Court 
 Poems ” (1716). Her “ Letters ” appeared in 1763 and 1767. 
 
 Montagu House. A mansion erected by Hooke 
 for Ralph Montagu, first duke of Montagu, 
 “ after the French manner,” in the suburb of 
 Bloomsbury, London. It was burned down in 1686. 
 It was rebuilt, but only partially inhabited, and was sold 
 to the nation for £10,000 in 1753, for the reception of the 
 81oane collection. The last remnants of the old house 
 were removed in 1846 and replaced by the present British 
 Museum. 
 
 Montague (mon 7 fa-gu). 1. In Shakspere’s 
 tragedy “Romeo and Juliet, ”the father of Ro- 
 meo. — 2. The “honest man” in Fletcher and 
 Massinger’s play “ The Honest Man’s Fortune.” 
 
 Montague, Henry James (the stage name of 
 Henry J. Mann). Born in Staffordshire, Eng- 
 land, 1843 : died at. San Francisco, Aug. 11, 1878. 
 An English- American actor. He played in London 
 till 1874, when he made bis first appearance in New York. 
 He went to San Francisco in 1875. He was a graceful and 
 refined comedian. 
 
 Montague, Lady. In Shakspere’s 
 Juliet, the mother of Romeo. 
 
 “Romeo and 
 
 Montaigne (mon-tan 7 ; F. pron. mon-tany 7 ), 
 Michel Eyquem de. Born at. the Chateau Mon- 
 taigne, Dordogne, France, Feb. 28, 1533: died 
 Sept. 13 (?), 1592. A celebrated French essayist. 
 His early education was carried on at home under his fa- 
 ther’s guidance. After graduating from college at Bor- 
 deaux, he studied law. In 1559 he was at the court of Fran- 
 cis II., and in 1571 became attached to the person of Henry 
 III. In this year Montaigne published his friend La Bod- 
 tie’s translations from the Greek, and in 1572 edited the 
 latter’s French verses. In 1580 he traveled in Germany, 
 Switzerland, and Italy. He left Rome in 1581 to become 
 mayor of Bordeaux. Montaigne is chiefly known from his 
 “Essais" (Bordeaux, 1580 : the edition of 1588 was the last 
 to bepublishedduringtheauthor’slifetime. Mademoiselle 
 de Gournay, a warm admirer of Montaigne, did not have 
 access to a copy of this last edition with the author’s own 
 corrections when she edited the “ Essais ” in 1595, together 
 with some posthumous writings and notes). An English 
 translation was made in 1601 by the Italian Giovanni Florio, 
 based on Mademoiselle de Gournay’s work. The best classi- 
 cal edition of Montaigne’s ‘ 1 Essais ” is due to J. V. Leclerc : 
 a reprint of it was made in 1865-66. In his essays Montaigne 
 studies the men of the society of his day. He examines 
 everything in a skeptical spirit, is inclined to doubt, and 
 his motto is Que sais-je ? Montaigne’s ideas and influence 
 are to be traced in many of the best French authors of the 
 17th and 18th centuries, while outside of France his essays 
 were diligently read by Bacon and Shakspere. 
 Montalba (mont-al'ba) , Clara. Born atLondon. 
 A contemporary English landscape- and marine- 
 painter. She is the eldest of the four daughtersof Antony 
 and Emiline Montalba ; was a pupil of Isabey in Paris ; 
 and was made associate of the London Society of Painters 
 in Water Colors in 1874, aud of the Belgian Society in 1876. 
 Among her works are several Venetian scenes, one of the 
 port of Amsterdam, etc. Her sisters Ellen and Hilda are 
 portrait- and figure-painters. 
 
 Montalba, Henrietta Skerrett. Born at Lon- 
 don, 1856: died at Venice, Sept. 14, 1893. An 
 English sculptor, sister of Clara Montalba. she 
 studied at South Kensington, at the Belle Art! in Venice, 
 and with Jules Dalou in London. She exhibited first at the 
 Royal Academy in 1876. Among her portrait-busts is one 
 of Browning in terra-cotta (1883). Among her other works 
 are “A Dalecarlian Peasant Woman,” “The Raven, "and a 
 “Venetian Boy catching a Crab ”(1893 : exhibited in Lon- 
 don and at the International Exhibition at Chicago). 
 Montalcino (mon-tal-che'no). A town in tbe 
 province of Siena, Italy, 52 miles south by east 
 of Florence. Population, commune, 8,942. 
 Montalembert (mon-ta -Ion -bar 7 ), Comte de 
 (Charles Forbes de Montalembert). Born 
 at London, May 29, 1810 : died at Paris, March 
 13, 1870. A French historian, orator, publicist, 
 and politician (representing the Roman Catho- 
 lic and clerical interest). His chief works are “ Vie 
 de Sainte-Elisabetb de Hongrie ” (“ Life of St. Elizabeth of 
 Hungary," 1836), “ Les Moines d’Occident ” (“ The Monks 
 of the West,” 1860-68). 
 
 Montalembert, Marquis Marc Rene de. Born 
 at Angouleme, France, July 16, 1714: died 
 March 29, 1800. A French military engineer. 
 His chief work is “La fortification perpendicu- 
 laire,” etc. (1776-96). 
 
 Montalvdn (mon-tal-van 7 ), Juan Perez de. 
 
 Born at Madrid, 1602 : died June 25, 1638. A 
 noted Spanish dramatist, novelist, and ecclesi- 
 astic, apostolic notary of the Inquisition. 
 Montalvo (mon-tal'vo), Francisco. Born at 
 Havana, Cuba, 1754: died at Madrid, Oct., 1822. 
 A Spanish general. He was acting viceroy of New 
 Granada and Venezuela, with the title of captain-general, 
 from May, 1813, to Dec., 1817. During this period the rev- 
 olution was temporarily subdued, mainly by the opera- 
 tions of Murillo (whom see). 
 
 Montana (mon-tan'ya). [Sp.,‘ mountain land.’] 
 A name given in Spanish America, especially 
 in Peru and Bolivia, to the forest-covered re- 
 gion which forms the lower portion of the east- 
 ern slope of the Andes, and includes the numer- 
 ous valleys of the Amazonian tributaries. By 
 
 extension the term is often used for all forest land in con- 
 tradistinction to the open sierra, thus including portions 
 of the plain. 
 
 Montana (mon-ta, 7 na). One of the Western 
 States of the United States of America. Capi- 
 tal, Helena. It is bounded by Canada on the north, 
 North Dakota and South Dakota on the east, Wyoming and 
 Idaho on the south, and Idaho on the west. It is traversed 
 by the Rocky Mountains in the west. The eastern portion 
 consists of plateaus and plains, and there are fertile val- 
 leys in the west. The chief metals are copper and silver. 
 The leading industries are mining and stock-raising. Mon- 
 tana formed part of the Louisiana Purchase, and the greater 
 part of it was included in Nebraska Territory. Gold was 
 discovered there in 1861. Montana Territory was organ- 
 ized in 1864. It was admitted as a State in 1889. It has 31 
 counties, sends 2 senators and 2 representatives to Con- 
 gress, and has 4 electoral votes. Area, 146,080 square 
 miles. Population, 376,053, (1910). 
 
 Montanelli ( mon-ta-nel'le), Giuseppe. Born at 
 Fucecchio, Tuscany, about 1813: died June 17, 
 1863. A Tuscan revolutionist, triumvir in 1849. 
 Montanists (mon'ta-nists). A sect of the Chris- 
 tian church, now extinct, founded during the 
 2d century by Montanus of Phrygia. The Mon- 
 tanists believed in the divine and prophetic inspiration of 
 Montanus, the continuance of the miraculous gifts of the 
 apostolic church, the immediate approach of the second 
 
 advent of Christ, and the establishment of the heavenly 
 Jerusalem at Pepuza in Phrygia. They practised rigor- 
 ous asceticism. 
 
 Montanus (mon-ta, 7 nus). Bom in Phrygia, 
 Asia Minor. Lived in the 2d century. A schis- 
 matic, founder of the Montanist sect probably 
 about 157. See Montanists. 
 
 Montanus, Arias. See Arias Montanus. 
 Montanvert (mon-ton-var 7 ), or Montenvers. 
 A height in the Mont Blanc group of the Alps, 
 east of Chamonix, near the Mer de Glace. It 
 commands a fine prospect. Height, 6,303 feet. 
 Montargis (mon-tar-zhe 7 ). A town in the de- 
 partment of Loiret, France, situated at the 
 union of the Loing and Vernisson, 63 miles 
 south by east of Paris. It contains ruins of a castle. 
 (For the dog of Montargis, see Aubry de Alontdidicr.) Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 13,104. 
 
 Montataire (mon-ta-tar 7 ). A manufacturing 
 town in tbe department of Oise, France, 30 
 miles north of Paris. 
 
 Montauban (mon-to-boh 7 ). [L. Mans Albanus.'] 
 The capital of the department of Tarn-et-Ga- 
 ronne, France, situated on the Tarn in lat. 44° 
 l 7 N., long. 1° 21' E. It has considerable trade and 
 manufactures ; contains a faculty of Protestant theology ; 
 and was the birthplace of Ingres. It was founded in 1144 
 on the site of the Roman Mons Albanus. It was a strong- 
 hold of the Albigenses and the Huguenots, and successfully 
 resisted Louis XIII. in 1621. Population, commune, 28,688. 
 
 Montauban, Renaud de. See Rinaldo (F. 
 Renaud). 
 
 Montauk (mon-tak 7 ). A tribe of North Amer- 
 ican Indians, formerly occupying the eastern 
 end of Long Island, New York. Those remaining 
 about 1788 joined the Brotherton Indians in New York. 
 One translation of their name is ‘lookout ’or ‘place of see- 
 ing.’ See Algonquian. 
 
 Montauk Point. The easternmost point of 
 Long Island, New York, situated in the town- 
 ship of East Hampton, in lat. 41° 4 7 N., long. 
 71° 51 7 W. 
 
 Montbard (mon-bar 7 ). A town in the depart- 
 ment of C6te-d’Or, France, 40 miles northwest 
 of Dijon. Population, commune, 3,490. 
 Montbars (mon-bar 7 ). Born in Languedoc 
 about 1645. A French bucaneer, called “ the 
 Exterminator ” from his ferocity. He was of good 
 family, and accompanied his uncle, a naval officer, to the 
 West Indies in 1663. His uncle having been killed by the 
 Spaniards, he joined the bucaneers, rose to high command, 
 and for several years ravaged the Spanish colonies about 
 the Caribbean Sea. There is no record of his subsequent 
 life or of his death. 
 
 Montbeliard (mon-ba-lyar 7 ). [G. MdmpeJgard . ] 
 A town in the department of Doubs, France, 
 situated near the junction of the Allaine and 
 Lisaine, 36 miles northeast of Besancon. it has 
 manufactures of watches, etc., contains a chateau, and was 
 the birthplace of Cuvier. It was the capital of a medieval 
 countship ; passed to Wtirtemberg; and belonged to it un- 
 til 1793. Near it was fought the battle of Belfort, Jan. 15- 
 17, 1871. Population, commune, 10,455. 
 
 Mont Blanc (monblon). [F.,‘ white mountain.’] 
 The highest mountain of the Alps, situated on 
 the frontier of France (department of Haute- 
 Savoie) and Italy (Piedmont). The summit is 
 crossed by the Frencb-Italian boundary line. The Mont 
 Blanc massif is sometimes classed with the Pennine Alps, 
 but more generally as a group by itself. The mountain 
 was first ascended in 1786. A French observatory was 
 erected on its summit in 1893. Its largest glacier is the 
 Mer de Glace, and the valley of Chamonix is at its foot. 
 Height, 15,781 feet. 
 
 Montbrison (mon-bre-zon 7 ). A town in the de- 
 partment of Loire, France, situated on the Vi- 
 zezy 38 miles west-southwest of Lyons. It was 
 formerly the capital of the department. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 7,631. 
 
 Montcalm Gozon de Saint-Veran (mont- 
 kam'; F. pron. mon-kalm 7 go-zon 7 d6 sah-va- 
 ron 7 ), Louis Joseph, Marquis de. Born at the 
 Chateau de Candiac, near Nimes, France, Feb. 
 29, 1712: died at Quebec, Sept. 14, 1759. A 
 French general. He was appointed commander of the 
 forces in Canada in 1756; captured Fort Ontario at Oswego 
 in 1756, and Fort William Henry in 1757 ; repulsed the Brit- 
 ish under Abercrombie at Ticonderoga in 1758; repelled 
 Wolfe’s attack on Quebec, July 31, 1759; and was defeated 
 and mortally wounded in the battle of Quebec, Sept- 13. 
 
 Montceau-les-Mines (mon-so'la-men 7 ). A 
 town in the department of Saone-et-Loire, 
 France, 34 miles northwest of Macon. It is 
 noted for coal-mines and manufactures. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 26,305. 
 
 Mont Cenis (moh se-ne 7 ). A mountain pass of 
 the Graian Alps, between France and Italy, 
 situated in lat. 45° 17' N., long. 6° 50 7 E. The 
 
 present Mont Cenis road was made by Napoleon I. (1803- 
 1810) to connect the valley of the I sere in France with 
 Susa in Italy : it reaches the height of 6,881 feet. The 
 Mont Cenis tunnel, in the Mont Cenis railway route be- 
 tween France and Italy, built 1861-70, passes under the 
 Col de Frdjus, 14 miles from the Mont Cenis road. Its 
 length is 7§ miles (the second longest in the world), and 
 it reaches the height of 4,245 feet. 
 
Montchanin 
 
 Montchanin (mon-sha-nan'). A mining and 
 manufacturing town in the department of 
 Saone-et-Loire, France, 17 miles southeast of 
 Autun. 
 
 Montchrestien (mon-kra-tyan'), Antoine de. 
 See the extract. 
 
 We have seen that the early tragedy, which was more or 
 less directly reproductive of Seneca, attained its highest 
 pitch in the work of Gamier. This pitch was on the whole 
 well maintained by Antoine de Montchrestien, a man of 
 a singular history and of a singular genius. The date 
 of his birth is not exactly known, but he was the son of 
 an apothecary at Falaise, and belonged to the Huguenot 
 party. Duels and lawsuits succeed each other in his story, 
 and by some means or other he was able to assume the title 
 of Seigneur de Vasteville. In one of his duels he killed 
 his man, and had to fly to England. Being pardoned, he 
 returned to Prance and took to commerce. But after the 
 death of Henry IV. he joined a Huguenot rising, and was 
 killed in October, 1621. Montchrestien wrote a treatise 
 on political economy (he is even said to have been the first 
 to introduce the term into Prench), some poems, and six 
 tragedies, “ Sophonisbe ” or “Ea Cartaginoise,", “ Les La- 
 ■ c&nes,” “David,” “ Aman,” “Hector,” and “ L’Ecossaise. ” 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 289. 
 
 Montclair (mont-klar'). A township in Essex 
 County, New Jersey, 13 miles northwest of New 
 York. Population, 21,550, (1910). 
 Mont-de-Marsan (mon'de-mar-son'). The 
 capital of the department of Landes, France, 
 situatedatthe junction of the Douze and Midou, 
 in lat. 43° 54' N., long. 0° 29' W. Population, 
 commune, 11,923. 
 
 Montdidier (mon-de-dya'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Somme, France, situated on the 
 Don 20 miles southeast of Amiens. Population, 
 commune, 4,443. 
 
 Mont Dore, or Monts Dore (mon dor) . A moun- 
 tain mass in Auvergne, in the department of 
 Puy-de-Ddme. Highest peak, Puy-de-Sancy 
 (6,185 feet). 
 
 Mont-Dore-les-Bains (mon-dor'la-ban'), or 
 Bains-du-Mont-Dore. A village in the de- 
 partment of Puy-de-Dome, France, situated on 
 the Dordogne about 20 miles southwest of Cler- 
 mont-Ferrand : noted for its mineral springs. 
 Monteagndo (mon - ta - a - go ' do), Bernardo. 
 Born at Tucuman (now in the Argentine Repub- 
 lic), 1787 : assassinated at Lima, Peru, Jan. 28, 
 1825. A Spanish- American republican. He was 
 one of the most influential advocates of independence ; 
 was secretary of San Martin ; and was the leading spirit 
 of the first republican government of Peru, 1821-22, as 
 minister of war' and marine. 
 
 Montealegre (mon-ta^a-la'gra), Jose Maria. 
 Born at San Jos6, March 19, 1815 : died at Mis- 
 sion San Jose, Cal., Sept. 26, 1887. A Costa- 
 Rican statesman. After the deposition of Mora, he 
 was made provisional president Aug. 14, 1859, and was 
 regularly elected president May 8, I860, holding office until 
 May 7, 1863. 
 
 Monte Alegre, Baron, Viscount, and Marquis 
 
 of. See Costa Carvalho, Jose da. 
 
 Monte Amaro (mon'te a-ma'ro). [It., ‘bitter 
 mountain.’] The highest summit of the Maiella 
 group of the Apennines, central Italy. Height, 
 9,170 feet. 
 
 Monte Argentario (ar-jen-ta're-o). [It., ‘silver 
 mountain.’] A promontory on the coast of Tus- 
 cany, Italy, near Orbetello. Height, 2,090 feet. 
 Monte Baldo (bal'do). A chain of the Triden- 
 tine Alps, on the border of Tyrol and northern 
 Italy, separating the Lake of Garda from the 
 Adige. Length, 25 miles. Height of Cinna 
 Val Dritta, 7,275 feet. 
 
 Montebello (mon-te-bel'lo), Battle of. 1. A 
 
 victory gained at the village of Montebello (32 
 miles south of Milan) by the French under 
 Lannes over the Austrians under Ott, June 9, 
 1800. It was speedily followed by the battle of 
 Marengo. — 2. A victory gained at Montebello 
 May 20, 1859, by the French under Forey over 
 the Austrians under Stadion. It was the open- 
 ing battle of the Italian campaign of 1859. 
 Monte Carlo (kar'lo). A place in the princi- 
 pality of Monaco, northeast of the town of Mo- 
 naco. It is noted as a gambling resort, and also 
 as a sea-bathing place and winter health-resort. 
 Monte-Caseros (mon'ta-ka-sa/rSs). A village 
 of the province of Buenos Ayres. Argentine 
 Republic, 25 miles west of Buenos Ayres. Here, 
 Feb. 3, 1852, the forces of Urquiza and his Brazilian allies 
 defeated the dictator Rosas, forcing him from the country. 
 
 Monte Cassino (kas-se'no). A monastery on 
 a hill near Cassino, Italy, about 45 miles north- 
 west of Naples. It was founded in 529 by St. Benedict, 
 and is the cradle of the famous Benedictine order. The 
 existing buildings, architecturally plain, are imposing from 
 their enormous size. The arcaded courts and cloister are 
 handsome. The great church, rebuilt in the 17th century, 
 is not pure in style, hut is almost inconceivably rich in its 
 
 701 
 
 Montero, Lizardo 
 
 a national monument, with a renowned school, library, and Monte Leone (mon'te la-6'ne). Apeak of the 
 
 arcnives. tti* > > • * - - 
 
 Valais Alps, near the Simplon Pass, on the bor- 
 der of Switzerland and Italy. Height, 11,660 
 feet. 
 
 Monteleone di Calabria (de ka-la'bre-a). A 
 town in the province of Catanzaro, Italy, in lat. 
 38° 44' N., long. 16° 8' E. : the ancient Hippo- 
 niurn, later Vibo Valentia. It has an ancient 
 
 Monte Cavo (mon'te ka'vo), or Mount Albano Mnn+oT 'to'? 1 ?'* 116 ’ . • 
 
 fnl-hfl/oAt Tho Lio-wt m m i t tK„ Aiw Monte Lettere (mon telet te-re). A mountain 
 
 m the neighborhood of Castellamare, Naples: 
 
 Montecatini di Val di Cecina (mon-te-ka-te'- 
 ne de val de cha-che'na). A small town in the 
 province of Pisa, Italy. 
 
 Montecatini di Val di Nievole (ne-a'vo-le). 
 A small town in the province of Lucca, Italy, 
 24 miles west-northwest of Florence. It has 
 warm baths. 
 
 (al-ba'no). The highest summit of the Alban 
 Mountains, situated 15 miles southeast of Rome. 
 On it are the ruins of the temple of Jupiter La- 
 tiaris. Height, 3,145 feet. 
 
 Montecchio (mon-tek'ke-o). A town in north- 
 ern Italy, 20 miles east of Verona. 
 
 Monte Ceneri (mon'te cba/ne-re). Amountain 
 southwest of Bellinzona, in Switzerland. It is 
 penetrated by a railway tunnel. 
 
 the ancient Mons Lactarius. Here, March, 553 , a 
 battle was fought between Narses and Teias, the last king 
 of the Goths in Italy, in which the latter was defeated and 
 slain. 
 
 Mont61imar (mon-ta-le-mar'). A town in the 
 department of Drome, France, situated near the 
 junction of the Roubion and Jabron, 25 miles 
 south of Valence. Pop., commune, 13,554. 
 
 Monte Massico. See Massicus. 
 
 Montecerboli (mon-te-cher'bo-le) A place in Montemayor (mon-ta-ma-yor' ), Jorge de Born 
 thejprovmce of Pisa, Italy, 42 miles southwest at Montemayor, Portugalf about 1520 “died at 
 
 Turin, Feb. 26, 1561. A Spanish romancer and 
 poet, author of the pastoral romance “ Diana 
 Enamorada ” (which see). “ in his youth he was a 
 soldier ; but later, from his skill in music, he became at- 
 tached to the travelling chapel of the prince of Spain, 
 afterwards Philip the Second, and thus enjoyed an oppor- 
 tunity of visiting foreign countries, especially Italy and 
 Flanders.” Tickiwr. 
 
 of Florence. It is noted for boracic springs or 
 lagoons. 
 
 Monte Como. See Gran Sasso d’ltalia. 
 
 Monte Cristo (kres'to). A small uninhabited 
 island in the Mediterranean, belonging to Italy, 
 situated 27 miles south of Elba. 
 
 Monte Cristo. The principal character in Du- 
 mas’s novel “Le Comte de Monte Cristo.” He i- - t ,, „ . - 
 
 is originally Edmond Dant&s, an innocent youth, unjustly "*-OHv6in01in (mon-ta-mo-Ien ), Count 01. A 
 imprisoned. He escapes, becomes immensely wealthy, and name assumed by Don Carlos (1818-61). 
 carries out an elaborate system of revenge in the various Montemorelos. See Morelos. 
 
 ° £ M ° ntC CriSt °' Lord wilmore - Monte Motterono (mot-te-ro'ne). Amountain 
 ana the Abbe Lusom. in northern Italy, west of Stresa on Lago Mtur- 
 
 Montecucull (mon-te-ko ko-le), or Montecuc- gi 0 re: famous for its view. Height, 4,890 feet. 
 S® 1 * ( 7“‘ 4o R k ko-le), Count Raimondo, Monten (mon'ten), Dietrich. Born at Diissel- 
 DukeofMelfi. Born at the castle of Montecu- dorf, Prussia, Sept , 1799: died at Munich, Dec. 
 cull, m the territory of Modena, Italy, 1608: . iq -.040 » }-, . ,,, ’ 
 
 died at Linz, Austria, Oct. 16, 1680. A noted 'Jt pa , mt - e ? °J battle-scenes. 
 
 Austrian general. He served with distinction in the ^fblwna mVra 1 °Ti!rk D TCni-n "H a <r>» 
 
 Thirty Years' War; commanded the Austrian array sent to n a £>° 7^1 J£ 3 »ra» Dagn (ka ra dag) 
 
 the assistance of Poland against the Swedes and Transyl- (all meaning black mountain’). A kingdom 
 vanians 1657-60; gained the victory of St. Gotthard over of Europe, surrounded by Dalmatia, Herzego- 
 the Turks Aug. 1, 1664 ; and opposed Turenne and Cond6 vina Rascia fNovi-Bnvni't Albania and t~h„ 
 on the Rhine 1672-75, wi thou t fighting any decisive battle. Adriatic Sea ■ • ’ d ™ 
 
 His works include “ Commentarii bellici cum puncto artis 
 bellicse systemate ” (1718). 
 
 Monte dellaDisgrazia(mon'te del'ladis-grat'- 
 se-a). A peak of the Alps, on the border of Italy 
 and the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, north- 
 west of Sondrio. Height, 12,050 feet. 
 
 Montefiascone (mon-te-fe-as-ko'ne). A town 
 in the province of Rome, Italy, 50 miles north- 
 northwest of Rome. It produces muscat wine. 
 Population, town, 3,070; commune, 9,381. 
 
 Capital, Cettinje. The Biirface is 
 mountainous. The chief occupation is the raising of cat- 
 tle. The government is a hereditary constitutional mon- 
 archy. The prevailing religion is orthodox Greek. The 
 Montenegrins are of Servian race, and speak a dialect of 
 that language. Montenegro became independent of Servia 
 in 1389 ; came under the rule of prince-bishops in 1516 ; has 
 been under the present dynasty since 1697 ; became a secu- 
 lar state under Danilo I. (1851-60); and has been at war 
 with the Turks for over 400 years (recently in 1852-63, 
 1861-62, 1876-78, Oct. 8, 1912-). It acquired territory in 
 1878 and in 1880 (including Dulcigno). Area, estimated, 
 3,630 square miles. Population, about 250,000. 
 
 SJ5BS: 
 
 gate, July 28, 1885. .InEegl.sl, -Jewish,, I, il,„. 
 
 tnropist. He was the son of an Italian- Jewish merchant under D’Argenteau. 
 
 of London. He amassed a fortune as a stockbroker in Monte Pellegrino (mon'te pel-le-gre'no). [It., 
 London, and retired in 1824, devoting himself thereafter to n , in An isolated mountain 
 
 improving the condition of the Jews. In Nov., 1840, he mountain.) ^ An isolated mountain 
 
 obtained a firman securing the rights of Jews throughout near P alermo, m bicily, on tne coast. It was 
 the Ottoman empire. In 1846 he secured the abrogation occupied by Hamilcar in the first Punic war, and then 
 of the ukase of the czar Nicholas, removing the Jews on called Heircte or Ercte. Formerly it was an island, 
 the German and Austrian frontier into the interior of Rus- Height, 1,960 feet. 
 
 sia. OnJunelO,i812, he married Judith, second daughter Montepill (mdn-ta-pan'), Xavier Aymon de. 
 of Levi Cohen^brother-in-law of Baron Nathan Mayer de Born at Apremont, Haute-Saone, France, March 
 
 Rothschild, fie published a “ Narrative of a Forty Days’ 
 Sojourn in the Holy Land” (1875). 
 
 Monte Generoso (mon'te je-ne-ro'so). A 
 mountain southeast of the Lake of Lugano, on 
 the border of Switzerland and Italy. It com. 
 
 18, 1824 : died at Passy, Paris, April 30, 1902. A 
 French novelist and playwright. He wrote nearly 
 100 novels and about 30 plays, and collaborated in 1848 on 
 anti-revolutionary journals. His works have been trans- 
 lated into nearly ali languages. 
 
 mands a fine prospect, and is ascended by a Montepulciano (mon-te-pol-cha'no). Acathe- 
 rack-and-pinion railway. Height, 5,560 feet. clral city in the province of Siena, Italy, 55 
 Monte Gennaro (jen-na/ro). One of the chief miles south-southeast of Florence : famous for 
 peaks of the Sabine Mountains, Italy, 7 miles its wine. It was the birthplace of Poliziano. 
 north of Tivoli. Height, 4,160 feet. Population, about 3,000. 
 
 Montego Bay (mon-te'go ba). A seaport on the Montereau (m6nt-ro'). A town in the depart- 
 northern coast of Jamaica. Population, about ment of Seine-et-Marne, France, situated at 
 
 5,000, 
 
 Montegut (m6h-ta-gii'), Jean Baptiste Joseph 
 £mile. Bom June 24, 1825 : died Dec. 11, 1895. 
 A French litterateur and translator from the 
 English. About 1847 he introduced the doctrines of 
 Emerson, then unknown in France, in an article in the 
 
 the junction of the Yonne and Seine, 51 miles 
 southeast of Paris. It has a fine church. John the 
 Fearless, duke of Burgundy, was assassinated here at the 
 instigation of the dauphin (afterward Charles VII.), Sept. 
 10, 1419. Here, Feb. 18, 1814, Napoleon defeated the Allies 
 under the Crown Prince of Wiirtemberg. Population, 
 commune, 8,213. 
 
 Revue desDeux Mondes.” In 1850 he published a trans- Monterey (mon-ta-ra'). [Sp., ‘kingmountain.’] 
 
 lation of Emerson’s philosophical essays ; in 1862 he became 
 literary critic of “ Le Moniteur Universel.” He also pub- 
 lished volumes of literary criticisms and translations. 
 
 Montejo (mon-ta/no), Francisco. Born in Sal- 
 amanca about 1484 : died in Spain about 1550. 
 A Spanish soldier. In 1514 he went to Darien and 
 
 A city, the capital of the state of Nuevo Le6n, 
 Mexico, situated near lat. 25° 40' N., long. 100° 
 25' W. It was taken by the United States troops (6,600) 
 under Taylor from the Mexicans (about 10,000) under Am- 
 pudia, after 3 days’ fighting, Sept. 24, 1846. Population, 
 81,006, (1910). 
 
 soon after to Cuba; was one of Grijalva’s captains in 1518; Monterey (mon-te-ra'). A city in Monterey 
 
 ° l r '“ 00 County, California, situated on the Bay of Mon- 
 
 terey in lat. 36° 35' N., long. 121° 53' W. it is 
 
 a noted winter and health resort. A Spanish mission was 
 established here in 1770. It was the capital of California 
 until 1847. Population, 4,923, (1910). 
 
 and followed Cortes, and was his agent in Spain 1519-22 
 and 1526. In the latter year he was authorized to conquer 
 and govern Yucatan, and sailed in 1527 with three ships and 
 five hundred men. After much fighting with the Indians he 
 was driven from the peninsula in 1535, but conquered part 
 of Campeche. From 1537 to 1539 ho was governor of Hon- 
 
 profusion of precious marbles, mosaic, sculpture, and paint- 
 ing. The walnut choir-stalls are exquisitely carved. It is catan, but was deposed on charges in 1648. 
 
 duras. In 1540 he delegated his authority in Yucatan to Monterey, Count Of, Viceroy of Peru and Mex- 
 his son (of the same name) while lie made an expedition j c0 . g ee Zuniqa V Asevedo, Caspar de. 
 into Chiapas. His son having founded Merida, 1542, and r ; r , fi 1Q 
 
 subdued most of the peninsula, Montejo returned to Yu- Montero (mon-ta ro), Lizardo. Be l e 
 
 province of Piura, May 27, 1832. A Peruvian 
 
Montero, Lizardo 
 
 naval officer and politician. He joined the rebellion 
 of Vivanco (1856-58) ; was prominent in the defense of Cal- 
 lao in 1866 and in the war against Pierola in 1874, and in 
 the latter year was a presidential candidate ; was made 
 admiral, but fought with the land forces against the Chil- 
 eans 1879-81 : and after the fall of Lima was vice-presi- 
 dent in the provisional government, and soon after presi- 
 dent. Calderon being imprisoned by the Chileans, Mon- 
 tero assumed the executive power at Arequipa. In Oct., 
 1883, he was driven into Bolivia by the Chileans ; but soon 
 after returned and submitted to Iglesias. 
 
 Montero, Luis. Died in 1868. A Peruvian 
 painter. His principal work is the “Funeral 
 of Atahualpa” (which see). 
 
 Monte Rosa (mon'te rd'sa). [It., ‘rosy moun- 
 tain.’] The highest mountain of the Alps next 
 to Mont Blanc. It is situated on the border of north- 
 ern Italy and the canton of Valais, Switzerland, 60 miles 
 north of Turin. It was first ascended in 1855. Height, 
 15,217 feet (Dufour Spitze). 
 
 Monte Rotondo (ro-ton'do). [It., ‘ round moun- 
 tain.’] One of the principal summits of Cor- 
 sica, in the central part. Height, 8,775 feet. 
 
 Montes, Lola. See Gilbert, Marie D. E. H. 
 
 Monte San Giuliano (san jo-le-a'no). [It., 
 ‘ mount of St. Julian.’] A mountain near Tra- 
 pani and near the western extremity of Sicily : 
 the ancient Eryx. It was the ancient shrine of Venus 
 Erycina, and figured in the first Punic war. Height, 2,465 
 feet-. 
 
 Monte San Salvatore (sal-va-to're). [It., 
 
 ‘mount of the holy Saviour.’] A noted point 
 of view near Lugano in Switzerland. Height, 
 2,980 feet. 
 
 Monte Sant-Angelo (sant-an' je-lo). [It., 
 ‘ mount of the holy angel.’] A town and place of 
 pilgrimage in the province of Foggia, Apulia, 
 Italy, 28 miles northeast of Foggia. 
 
 Montes-Claros, Marquis of, Viceroy of Mexico 
 and Peru. See Hurtado de Mendoza y Luna. 
 
 Montesino (mon-ta-se'no), or Montesinos 
 (mon-ta-se'nos), Antonio. Died after 1526. 
 A Spanish Dominican missionary. He went to 
 Espanola in 1510 ; was the first to preach against Indian 
 slavery ; and in 1511 was sent to Spain to appeal against 
 the evil. His representations resulted in the promulga- 
 tion of the “laws of Burgos.” Later he was a friend of Las 
 Casas, and was constantly engaged in helping the Indians. 
 From 1521 he preached in Porto Rico, and he is known as 
 the apostle of that island. He accompanied Ayllon’s ex- 
 pedition to Florida in 1526. 
 
 Montesinos ( mon-ta-se 'nos) . A character in me- 
 dieval romance. Bon Quixote’s visit to the cave of 
 Montesinos (book ii., chap. 23) is an important part of that 
 romance. 
 
 Montesinos, Fernando. Born at Osuna, Se- 
 ville, about 1600: died, probably in Seville, 
 about 1655. A Spanish lawyer and historian. 
 From 1629 to about 1650 lie was in Peru, where he held 
 important offices and made special studies of mines and 
 of early Indian history. His principal works are “Memo- 
 rias antiguas historiales del Peru” and “ An ales nuevas 
 del Peru,” first published in French (1840) and in Spanish 
 (1882). Montesinos gives a long list of the pre-Incarial 
 monarchs of Peru, which he professes to have received 
 from the natives. 
 
 Montespan (mon-tes-poh'), Marquise de 
 (Franqoise Athenais de Rochechouart). 
 
 Born 1641 : died at Bourbon-1’ Archambault, 
 France, May 27, 1707. Amistress of Louis XIV. 
 She was a daughter of the Due de Mortemart, and married 
 the Marquis de Montespan in 1663. She succeeded Made- 
 moiselle de la Vallifere as mistress of Louis XIV. about 1667, 
 and was in turn supplantedby Madame de Main tenon three 
 years later, although she was not wholly discarded before 
 1686. She eventually entered a convent. She had eight 
 children by the king, including the Due de Maine, Louis 
 CCsar, the Comte de Vexin, and the Comte de Toulouse. 
 The Marquis d’Antin wa3 her son by her husband. 
 
 Montesquieu (moh-tes-kye', Anglicized mon- 
 tes-ku'), Baron de laBr&de et de (Charles de 
 Secondat). Born at the Chateau de la BnVle, 
 near Bordeaux, Jan. 18, 1689: died at Paris, 
 Feb. 10, 1755. A celebrated French writer. He 
 was brought up at the College of Juilly, near Meaux, and 
 returned to his native province to study law. In 1714 he 
 was made councilor, and in 1716 president, of the Bor- 
 deaux parliament. He was not in sympathy, however, with 
 the duties of his position, and he gradually withdrew from 
 them and devoted his attention to the study of literature 
 and jurisprudence. In 1721 he won fame in the world of 
 letters with his “ Lettres persanes," in which he criticizes 
 cleverly the French society of his time. For this work he 
 was elected to the French Academy in 1728. The follow- 
 ing years were spent in travel, and he visited successively 
 Austria, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Holland, and Eng- 
 land. On his return to France he gave up the remainder 
 of his life to literary work. Among his many productions, 
 the two which have contributed most to his renown are 
 the “Considerations sur les causes de la grandeur et de la 
 decadence des Romains” (1734), and “L’Esprit des lois” 
 (1748) (which see). 
 
 Montes Rauraci. See Abnoba. 
 
 Monte Testaccio (mon'te tes-tii/ehd). [If., 
 ‘potsherd hill.’] A hill in the extreme south- 
 ern part of Rome, southwest of the Aventine, 
 on the left bank of the Tiber, it is about 115 feet 
 in height above the surrounding area, and 2 500 in cir- 
 cumference, and is formed entirely of the fragments of pot- 
 tery vases, chiefly amphorae, from the extensive ware- 
 
 702 
 
 houses which lined the neighboring quay. The potters' 
 stamps on the fragments show that this rubbish-heap was 
 still used in the 4th century, and it is believed to have been 
 begun about the inception of the empire. The view from 
 the summit is celebrated. 
 
 Montevarchi (mon-te-var'ke). A small town 
 in the province of Arezzo, Italy, 24 miles south- 
 east of Florence. 
 
 Monte Velino (mon'te ve-le'no). One of the 
 principal summits of the Apennines, about 50 
 miles east-northeast of Rome. It was the scene 
 of the defeat of Conradin by Charles of Anjou 
 in 1268. Height, 8,160 feet. 
 
 Monteverde (mon-te-ver'de), Claudio. Born 
 at Cremona, Italy, May, 1567: died 1643. An 
 Italian composer. Among his works are the 
 operas “ Arianna” (1607) and “Orfeo” (1607). 
 Monteverde (mon-ta-ver'da), Juan Domingo. 
 Born in Teneriife, Canary Islands, about 1772: 
 died in Spain, 1823. A Spa nish general. From 
 1811 to the end of 1813 he was the most prominent royalist 
 commander in Venezuela, though without legitimate au- 
 thority. He received the submission of Miranda in July, 
 1812, and in violation of his treaty sent him a prisoner to 
 Spain. His cruelty to the subjugated provinces led to 
 fresh rebellions. He was repeatedly defeated by Bolivar, 
 and at length besieged in Puerto Cabello, where he was 
 deposed by his own followers in Dec., 1813. He returned 
 to Spain in 1816. 
 
 Monteverde, Jules. Born at Bistagno, Italy, 
 Oct. 8, 1837. Am Italian sculptor. 
 
 Montevideo (mon-te-vid'e-o ; Sp. pron. mon-ta- 
 vd-’iTla'o). The capital of Uruguay, situated 
 on the estuary of the Rio de la Plata in lat. 34° 
 54' 'd'd" S., long. 56° 12' i S W. It has important 
 foreign commerce ; exports hides, wool, tallow, horns, etc. ; 
 is the terminus of various steamship lines ; and has a uni- 
 versity and a cathedral. It was colonized by Spanish set- 
 tlers in 1726 ; taken by the British in 1807, but recovered the 
 same year ; and since 1828 has been the capital of Uruguay. 
 Until 1834, when the walls were removed, it was little 
 more than a fortress. Population, with suburbs, 306,000. 
 
 Monte Viso (mon'te ve'so). A peak of the Cot- 
 tian Alps, in Italy, near the French border, 42 
 miles southwest of Turin. It contains the source of 
 the Po, and is one of the most conspicuous peaks of the 
 western Alps. Height, 12,615 feet. 
 
 Monte Vulture (vol-to're). [It., ‘Mount Vul- 
 ture.’] An extinct volcano in southern Italy, 
 near Melfi.: the ancient Vultur Mons. It was 
 on the boundary of the ancient Apulia and 
 Lucania. Height, 4,365 feet. 
 
 Montez, Lola. See Gilbert, Marie I). E. It. 
 
 Montezuma (mon-te-zo'ma), or Moteczuma 
 (mo-tak-zo'ma): called Montezuma I., and sur- 
 named Illmicamina (el-we-ka-me'fla), prop- 
 erly Motecuhzoma, ‘ he who shoots arrows to 
 the sky.’ [Nahuatl, ‘ angry chief .’] Born about 
 1390: died 1464. A war-chief or “emperor” 
 of ancient Mexico. He was the son of Huitzilihuit], 
 and succeeded his brother Izcohuatl in 1436 (formally 
 inaugurated 1440). He had wars with the Mixtecs and 
 Tlascalans, and is said to have earned his arms to the 
 Gulf of Mexico. Also written Muteczuma (Cortes), Mon - 
 tecuma (Bernal Diaz and Oviedo), Motezuma (Acosta), 
 Moctezuma , Motecuhzoma, etc. 
 
 Montezuma, or Moteczuma : called Montezu- 
 ma II., or Xocoyotzin (Ho-ko-yot-zen'). 
 Properly Motecuhzoma (Nah., ‘angry chief ’). 
 Born in 1477 (according to Bernal Diaz in 1479) : 
 died at Tenochtitlan, June 30, 1520. An Az- 
 tec war-chief or “ emperor” of Mexico at the 
 time of the Spanish conquest. He was the son of 
 Axayacatl, and succeeded his uncle Ahuizotl in 1503. Be- 
 sides his almost continuous wars with the Tlascalans and 
 Tarascans, he carried his arms far southward. Many cap- 
 tives were brought back for sacrifice. The tidings of 
 ships and white men on the coast excited his superstitious 
 fears. When Cortes landed he sent him presents, but tried 
 to dissuade him from coming to Tenochtitlan. Cortes in- 
 sisted, and reached tile city with his army in Nov., 1519. 
 He was well received and given rich presents, but, fearing 
 violence from the natives, seized Montezuma in his own 
 house and confined him in the Spanish quarters as a hos- 
 tage. The Aztecs at length rose in arms ,.nd attacked the 
 quarters : Montezuma, although deposed from office, at 
 the request of Cortes, appeared on the wall and attempted 
 to expostulate with them, but was received with a shower 
 of stones, and died of his wounds four days later. After 
 the Spanish conquest Montezuma became a mythical per- 
 sonage among the Indians : this hero or hero-god they 
 mention to strangers as their principal deity, although 
 they do not pay him the slightest worship. A Montezuma 
 worship does not exist. 
 
 Montezuma, Baths of. See Tezcotzinco. 
 
 Montfaucon (mon-fo-kon'), Bernard de. Born 
 at the Chateau Soulage, in Languedoc, France, 
 Jan. 18, 1655: died at Paris, Dec. 21, 1741. A 
 French critic and classical scholar. Among his 
 works are “Paloeographia Grama ” (1708), “ L’Antiquite ex- 
 pliquCe et reprCsentee en figures "(1719-24), “Les monu- 
 ments de la monarchic fran?aise ” (1729-33), an edition of 
 Athanasius, etc. 
 
 Montferrat (mon-fer-ra'), It. Monferrato 
 
 (mon-fer-ra 'to). [It., ‘iron mountain.’] A 
 
 former marquisate, later a duchy, in north- 
 western Italy, lying south of the Po and north 
 of the Ligurian Apennines and Alps. Capital, 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Casale. Its marquises from the 10th century ruled not 
 only in Italy but for some time in Greece. A branch of 
 the Palreologi ruled from 1306. The marquisate was made 
 a duchy and united to Mantua in 1536. Its possession was 
 later a matter of dispute between Mantua and Savoy. It 
 passed to Savoy in 1703. 
 
 Montfleury (moh-fle-re'), Antoine Jacob, 
 
 called. Born at Paris, 1640 : died at Aix, 1685. 
 A French dramatist, son of Zacharie Jacob, 
 also called Montfleury, an actor. His comedy “La 
 femme juge etpartie ” (1669) is still played, though reduced 
 to three acts. It was almost as successful as “ Tartufe.” 
 He wrote sixteen comedies, partly on contemporary sub- 
 jects and partly adaptations of Spanish originals. The two 
 best are “La Femme Juge et Partie” and “La Fille Capi- 
 taine.” They belong to an older style of comedy than 
 Moliere’s, being both extravagant and coarse, but there is 
 considerable vis comica in them. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 313. 
 
 Montfort (mon-for'), Comte Simon de. Killed 
 near Toulouse, France, June 25, 1218. A French 
 commander and crusader, leader of the crusade 
 against the Albigenses in 1208. He was the 
 father of the following. 
 
 Montfort(mont'fprt.; F.pron. mon-for'), Simon 
 of, Earl of Leicester. Born about 1208: killed 
 at Evesbam, Aug. 4, 1265. A celebrated Eng- 
 lish general and statesman. He was the son of Si- 
 mon de Montfort (see preceding name). The earldom of 
 Leicester came into the family through his grandmother, 
 Amicia, daughter of Robert of Beaumont, third earl of 
 Leicester. In 1238 Montfort married Eleanor, widow of 
 William Marshal, earl of Pembroke, and sister of Henry 
 III. In 1240 he went on a crusade. In 1248 he was ap- 
 pointed governor of Gascony. His vigorous administration 
 result ed in an open quarrel with the king, and he resigned 
 his office Sept. 29, 1252. The ill feeling between the earl 
 and king forced Simon more and more into the popular 
 party, and he was openly recognized as leader of the “ bar- 
 ons’ war ’’ in 1263. On May 14, 1264, he captured the king, 
 and became virtually governor of the kingdom. By writs 
 in the king’s name (Dec. 14 and 24, 1264) he summoned 
 to a parliament, which met in London Jan. 30, 1265, 120 
 churchmen, 23 lay barons, and 2 knights from every shire, 
 and also 2 citizens from every borough in England — the 
 first appearance of the Commons. At this parliament the 
 quarrel between Simon and Gilbert, earl of Gloucester, 
 began, which ended in the death of Simon at Evesham. 
 
 Montfort, Simon of. Born near Brindisi, 1240: 
 died near Siena, Italy, 1271. The second child 
 of Simon of Montfort, earl of Leicester. In the 
 ‘ ‘ barons’ war ” of 1264 he defended Northampton against the 
 king, and was captured April. After his father’s victory 
 at Lewes, May 14, 1264, he was made constable of Porches- 
 ter. He reached Evesham after the death of his father, 
 Aug. 4, 1265, and was obliged to surrender to Edward at 
 Christmas. He was banished, and was still in France 
 March 26, 1268. On March 13, 1271, lie assisted in the 
 murder of Henry of Cornwall. 
 
 Montfort-l’Amaury (moh-for'la-mo-re'). A 
 small town in the department of Seine-et-Oise, 
 France, 20 miles west by south of Paris. It con- 
 tains the ruined castle of the counts of Montfort. 
 
 Mont Genevre (mon zhe-navr'). A pass in 
 the Cottian Alps, department of Hautes-Alpes, 
 France, 7 miles northeast of Briancjon, on the 
 Italian border. It has frequently been crossed 
 by armies. Height, 6,100 feet. 
 
 Montgolfier (mont-gol'fi-er ; F. pron. mon-gol- 
 fya'), Jacques fStienne. Born at Vidalon-lez- 
 Annonay, Ardeche, France, Jan. 7, 1745: died at 
 Servieres, Aug. 2, 1799. A French mechanician 
 and inventor. Like his elder brother, Joseph Michel, 
 he studied mathematics, mechanics, and physics. He was 
 tor a time an architect, but gave up that prof ession in order 
 to take charge with his brother of his father’s paper-manu- 
 factory at Annonay. Together with his brotherhe invented 
 the form of air-balloon known as the montgolfier, a pub- 
 lic experiment with which was made at Annonay in 1782. 
 The experiment was repeated by J oseph Montgolfier before 
 the court at Versailles, Sept. 19, 1783, and both brothers 
 were subsequently elected corresponding members of the 
 Academy. 
 
 Montgolfier, Joseph Michel. Born at Vidalon- 
 
 lez-Annonay, Ardeche, France, 1740: died at 
 Balaruc, France, June 26, 1810. A French 
 mechanician, brother of Jacques Etienne Mont- 
 golfier, with whom he was associated iu the in- 
 vention of the air-balloon. 
 
 Montgomerie (mont-gum'e-ri), Alexander. 
 Born about 1556 : died before 1615. A Scottish 
 poet, a relative of the earls of Eglinton. His 
 
 chief work is the allegorical poem “ The Cherry and the 
 Slae” (1597). He also" wrote “The Flyting betwixt Mont- 
 gomery and Pol wart,” etc. 
 
 Montgomerie, Archibald William, thirteenth 
 Earl of Eglinton. Born at Palermo, Sicily, Sept. 
 29, 1812: died at St. Andrews, Scotland, Oct. 
 4, 1861. A British politician, lord lieutenant 
 of Ireland in 1852 and 1858-59. 
 
 Montgomery (mont-gum'e-ri). 1 . A county in 
 W ales. It is hounded by Merioneth and Denbigh on the 
 north, Shropshire on the east, Radnor on the south, and 
 Cardigan and Merioneth on the west. It is hilly and moun- 
 tainous, and has lead-mines and flannel manufactures. 
 Area (ad. co.), 797 square miles. Pop. (pari, co.), 54,901. 
 2. The capital of the county of Montgomery, 
 situated near the Severn 21 miles southwest of 
 Shrewsbury. Population, 1,034. 
 
Montgomery 
 
 Montgomery. A district of the Panjab, British 
 India, intersected by lat. 30° 40' N., long. 73° E. 
 Area, 4,771 square miles. Population, 497,- 
 706. 
 
 Montgomery. The capital of Alabama and of 
 Montgomery County, situated on the Alabama 
 in lat. 32° 22' N., long. 86° 25' W. Ithasaflour- 
 
 ishing trade, especially in cotton. It became the State 
 capital in 1847, and was the capital of the Confederate 
 . States Feb. -May, 1861. Population, 38,136, (1910). 
 
 Montgomery(m6n-gom-re '), Gabriel, Comtede. 
 Born about 1530: executed at Paris, May 25, 1574. 
 A French commander who, by accident, mortal- 
 ly wounded Henry II. in a tournament June 30, 
 1559. He retired to Normandy and thence escaped to 
 England, where he became a Protestant. Returning to 
 France on the death of his father, he took part in the reli- 
 gious wars of the period ; established himself about 1574 
 in the islands of Jersey and Guernsey, whence he directed 
 an expedition against France ; and was finally captured and 
 put to death. 
 
 Montgomery (mont-gum'e-ri), James. Born at 
 Irvine, Ayrshire, Nov. 4, 1776: died April 30, 
 1854. A Scottish poet, son of John Montgom- 
 ery, a Moravian clergyman. In 1792 he entered the 
 office of the “Sheffield Register,” and in 1795 the paper 
 became his property : the name had been changed to the 
 “Sheffield Iris.” In 1806 his poems “The Wanderer of 
 Switzerland” and “The Grave” won him recognition. 
 The numerous hymns on which his reputation chiefly rests 
 were collected in 1853. His lectures on poetry before the 
 Royal Institution were published in 1833. Hisotherworks 
 are “The West Indies” (1810), “The World before the 
 Flood "(1812), “Greenland '(1819), “ Pelican Island "(1826). 
 Montgomery, Richard. Born at Swords, Coun- 
 ty Dublin, Ireland, Dec. 2, 1736: killed before 
 Quebec, Dec. 31, 1775. An American Revolu- 
 tionary general. He commanded an expedition for the 
 invasion of Canada in 1775, during which he captured Fort 
 Chambly and Montreal. He was killed while leading an 
 attack on Quebec. 
 
 Montgomery, Robert. Bom at Bath, England, 
 1807 : died at Brighton, England, Dec. 3, 1855. 
 An English poet. Among his poems are “The Stage- 
 coach” (1827), “Omnipresence of the Deity ’’ (1828), “Sa- 
 tan, etc.” (1830), “The Puffiad” (1830), etc. “With an 
 unfortunate facility in florid versification Montgomery 
 combined no genuinely poetic gift. Macaulay, in trying to 
 anticipate the office of time, only succeeded in rescuing 
 him from the oblivion to which he was properly destined.” 
 Diet. Nat. Bioy. 
 
 Montgomery Charter, The. A charter granted 
 to the city of New York by John Montgomery 
 ( “ Captain General and Governor in chief of the 
 Province of New York and the Province of New 
 Jersey and territories depending thereon in 
 America, and Vice Admiral of the same”) un- 
 der George II. , dated Jan. 15, 1730. It extended 
 the Dongan Charter, and was in force until 1830. 
 Montherme (mon-ter-ma'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Ardennes, France, situated on the 
 Meuse 8 miles north of Mezieres. Population, 
 commune, 4,170. 
 
 Montholon (mon-to-Ion - '), Comte Charles Tris- 
 tan de. Born at Paris, July 21, 1783 : died Aug. 
 21, 1853. A French general, companion of Na- 
 poleon at St. Helena, and one of his executors. 
 He published, with Gourgaud, “ Memoires pour servir k 
 l’histoire de France sous Napoleon, dcrits a Sainte-Hdlene 
 sous sa dietde ’’ (1823), etc. 
 
 Monthyon. See Montyon. 
 
 Monti ( mon'te), Vincenzo. Born at Fusignano, 
 near Ravenna, Italy, Feb. 19. 1754: died at 
 Milan, Oct. 13, 1828. A noted Italian poet. 
 Cardinal Borghese was so much pleased with his “Vision 
 of Ezekiel” (1776) that he took him to Rome, where, after 
 winning praise as a poet, lie essayed tragedy in imitation 
 of his friend Alfieri. At this time he was the secretary of 
 Cardinal Braschi, the Pope’s nephew. His “Bassevilliana ” 
 (1793) was inspired by the massacre by the populace of the 
 French envoy Basseville. He was professor of eloquence 
 at Pavia, and was made historiographer to the court under 
 Napoleon, and member of the Italian Institute. Among 
 his other poems are “Fanatismo," “Musogonia,” “Mas- 
 cherniana,”“Ilritornod’Astrea,”“Superstiziohe,”a trans- 
 lation of the Iliad, etc. His tragedies are “ Aristodemo” 
 (1787), “Galeotto Manfredi,” “Caio Graeco.” (Complete 
 works, 6 vols., 1839.) 
 
 Monticello (mon-te-sel'lo; It. mon-te-chel'lo). 
 [It., ‘little mount.’] A mansion and estate, the 
 former residence of Thomas Jefferson, situated 
 in Albemarle County, Virginia, near Charlottes- 
 ville. 
 
 Montiel (mon-te-el'). A small place in La 
 Mancha, Spain, near V aldepenas. Here, in March, 
 1369, Henry of Trastamare and Du Guesclin defeated Pe- 
 dro the Cruel. 
 
 Monti jo (mon-te'no). A town in the province 
 of Badajoz, Spain, 14 miles east of Badajoz. 
 Population, 7,644. 
 
 Montilla (mon-tel'ya). A town in the province 
 of Cordova, Spain, 22 miles south of Cordova. 
 It is famous for its wine, and was the birthplace of Gon- 
 ealvo de Cordova. Population, 13,603. 
 
 Montivilliers (m6n-te-vel-ya'). A town in the 
 department of Seine-Inferieure, France, situ- 
 
 703 
 
 ated on the Lezarde 6 miles east-northeast of 
 Havre. Population, commune, 5,492. 
 
 Montjoie (mon-zhwa'). A small town in the 
 Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the Roer 
 16 miles southeast of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 Montjoie. The name of the hill near Paris 
 where St. Denis was martyred. Before 1789 it was 
 the name of the king at arms. In ancient tournaments 
 “ Montjoie ” was the cry of the French heralds, and “ Mont- 
 joie St. Denis ’’ the war-cry of the French in battle. The 
 kings of England had at one time the war-cry “ Montjoie St. 
 George.” It was last used by the French at the siege of 
 Montargis in 1426. Larousse. 
 
 Montlbery (mon-la-re'). A small town in the 
 department of Seine-et-Oise, France, 18 miles 
 south of Paris. Here, July 16, 1465, the forces of the 
 League of the Public Good defeated Louis XI. 
 
 Montluc (mon-liik'), Blaise de Lasseran-Mas- 
 sencome, Seigneur de. Born near Condom, 
 Guienne, about 1503 : died in the province of 
 Agenois, 1577. A noted French marshal. His 
 family was noble but in moderate circumstances, so that 
 he, the eldest of 12 children, was soon called upon to sup- 
 port himself. He went into the army and took part in all 
 the campaigns of Francis I. against Charles V., and also 
 became celebrated for iris exploits in the reign of Henry 
 II. Charles IX. and Henry ill. honored him with high 
 positions. In the later years of his life he dictated from 
 memory his account of the wars from 1521 to 1574. His 
 work is of great value to historians, and is furthermore 
 possessed of considerable literary merit. Henry IV. paid 
 it a just tribute in calling it “la Bible du soldat.” Mont- 
 luc’s “ Commentaires ” appeared first in 1592 at Bordeaux, 
 and have been reprinted several times since. The best 
 edition in modern times was made by M. de Ruble for the 
 Socidtd de l’Histoire de France. 
 
 MontlllQOn ( m on-lii-son ' ) . A city in the depart- 
 ment of Allier, central France, situated on the 
 Cher 38 miles southwest of Moulins. It has 
 flourishing manufactures, especially of mirrors, and is 
 sometimes called “the Manchester of France.” Popula- 
 tion, commune, 34,251. 
 
 Montmartre (moh - mar ' tr). A height and 
 (since 1860) a quarter in the northern part of 
 Paris, formerly a separate commune. It was 
 stormed by the Allies March 30, 1814, and was 
 in the hands of the Commune March-May, 1871. 
 
 Montmedy (mon-ma-de'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Meuse, France, situated on the 
 Chiers 23 miles southeast of Sedan, it has often 
 been besieged and taken (last time by the Germans Nov.- 
 Dec., 1870). Population, commune, 2,441. 
 
 Montmirail (mon-me-ray'). A town in the 
 department of Marne, France, situated on the 
 Petit-Morin 55 miles east of Paris. Here, Feb. 11 , 
 1814, the French under Napoleon defeated the Allies. 
 Population, commune, 2,335. 
 
 Montmorency (moh-mo-ron-se'). Atownin the 
 department of Seine-et-Oise, France, 9 miles 
 north of Paris. It was the residence of Rousseau. 
 Its castle was the seat, of the Montmorency family. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 5,997. 
 
 Montmorency, or Montmorenci (mont-mo- 
 ren'si ; F. pron. mon-mo-ron-se'), A small river 
 in the province of Quebec, Canada, which joins 
 the St. Lawrence 8 miles below Quebec. It is 
 noted for the cataract (250 feet high) situated 
 near its mouth 
 
 Montmorency, or Montmorenci (mon-mo-ron- 
 se'), Anne de. Born at Chantilly, France, 
 March 15, 1492 : died at Paris, Nov. 12, 1567. A 
 French marshal and constable, distinguished in 
 the wars in Italy and against Charles V. He was 
 defeated at St. -Quentin in 1557, and commanded 
 at Dreux in 1562, and at St. -Denis in 1567. 
 
 Montmorency, Henri II., Due de. Born at 
 Chantilly, France, April 30, 1595 : executed at 
 Toulouse, France, Oct. 30, 1632. A French mar- 
 shal, grandson of Anne de Montmorency. He 
 joined the rebellion of Gaston of Orleans in 
 1632. 
 
 Montmorillon (mon-mo-re-yon'). A town in 
 the department of Vienne, France, situated on 
 the Gartempe 28 miles east-southeast of Poi- 
 tiers. Population, commune, 5,051. 
 
 Montoro (mon-to'ro). A town in the province 
 of Cordova, Spain, situated on the Guadalqui- 
 vir 27 miles east-northeast of Cordova. Popu- 
 lation, 14,581. 
 
 Montorsoli (mon-lor'so-le), Giovanni Angelo. 
 
 Bom at Montorsoli, near Florence, about 1500: 
 died at Florence, 1563. An Italian sculptor and 
 architect, a pupil of Andrea Ferucci of Fiesole. 
 He restored the left arm of the Apollo Belvedere and the 
 right arm of the Laocoon. He assisted Michelangelo in 
 finishing the statues of Giuliano and Lorenzo de’ Medici, 
 and made the statue oi San Cosimo in the sacristy of San 
 Lorenzo in Florence. His most famous work is the great 
 fountain of Messina (1547). 
 
 Montoya (mon-to'ya), Antonio Ruiz de. Born 
 at Lima, Peru, 1583 (?) : died there, April 11, 1652. 
 A Jesuit missionary and author. He spent many 
 yeara in the Gtiarany missions of Paraguay, and published 
 a history of them, “Conquista espiritual hecha por los 
 religiosos de la Compauia de Jesus en las provincias del 
 
 Montrond 
 
 Paraguay, etc.” (Madrid, 1639). His“ Tesoro ” (1639), “Arte 
 y Vocabulario "(1640), and “Cateeismo ” (1640) are the best 
 authorities on the Guarany language. There are modern 
 editions. 
 
 Montpelier (mont-pe'lyer). The capital of Ver- 
 mont and of Washington County, situated on 
 the Onion River in lat. 44° 17' N., long. 72° 36' 
 W. Population, 7,856, (1910). 
 
 Montpellier (mdn-pel-lya'). The capital of the 
 department of Hdrault, France, situated on the 
 Lez, near the Mediterranean, in lat. 43° 37' N., 
 long. 3° 53' E. Its trade is largely in wine and brandy ; 
 and it has manufactures of verdigris, soap, cream of tartar, 
 etc. Tlie cathedra], jardin des plantes, university, acad- 
 emy, and Mushe Falire (one of the best in France) are note- 
 worthy. It contains a noted square, the Place du Peyrou. 
 Its school of medicine was founded in the 12th century. 
 It came into the possession of Aragon and Majorca, and 
 was acquired by France about 1350. It was a Protestant 
 stronghold, and was besieged and taken by Louis XIIL in 
 1622. Comte was born there. Pop., commune, 77,114. 
 
 Montpellier-le-Vieux (mon-pel-lya'le-vye'). A 
 noted group of huge fantastic rocks, discovered 
 in 1883 near Millau, Aveyron, southern France. 
 Montpensier (mon-poii-sya'), Duchesse de 
 (Anne Marie Louise d’Orleans). Born at Pa- 
 ris, May 29, 1627 : died there, March 5, 1693. The 
 only daughter of Gaston of Orleans and the 
 Duchesse de Montpensier: commonly called La 
 Grande Mademoiselle, she was a cousin of Louis 
 XIV. Her ‘ Memoires ” were published in 1729. 
 
 Personal and literary interest both appear in a very high 
 degree in the Memoirs of Anne Marie Louise de Montpen- 
 sier, commonly called La Grande Mademoiselle. The only 
 daughter of Gaston of Orleans and of the Duchesse de Mont- 
 pensier, she inherited enormous wealth and a position 
 which made it difficult for her to marry any one but a 
 crowned head. In her youth she was self-willed and by 
 no means inclined to marriage, and prince after prince was 
 proposed to her in vain. During the Fronde she took an 
 extraordinary part — heading armies, mounting the walls 
 of Orleans by a scaling-ladder, and saving the routed troops 
 of Condd, after the battle of the Faubourg Saint Antoine, 
 by opening the gates of Paris to them, and causing the 
 cannon of the Bastille to cover their flight. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit,, p. 339. 
 
 Montpensier, Due de (Antoine Marie Phi- 
 lippe Louis d’Orleansj. Born at Paris, July 
 31, 1824 : died at San Luear, near Seville, Feb. 
 4, 1890. The fifth son of Louis Philippe. He mar- 
 ried the infanta Maria Luisa (sister of Queen Isabella) in 
 1846 ; became infante in 1859 ; and was an unsuccessful 
 candidate for the Spanish throne in 1870. In 1871 he was 
 exiled to the Balearic Isles, hut soon returned. His 
 daughter Mercedes became the wife of King Alphonso 
 XII. of Spain in 1873. 
 
 Montpensier, Duchesse de (Catherine Marie 
 
 de Lorraine). Born 1552 : died about 1594. The 
 daughter of Francis, duke of Guise : one of the 
 leaders of the League. 
 
 Mont Perdu (mdh per-dii'), Sp. Monte Per- 
 dido (mon'taper-de'THo). [‘ Lost mountain.’] 
 One of the highest peaks of the Pyrenees, situ- 
 ated in the province of Huesca, Spain, about 
 long. 0°. Height, 10,995 feet. 
 
 Montreal (mont-re-al'). [‘ Mount Royal.’] A 
 city in the province of Quebec, Dominion of Can- 
 ada, situated on Montreal Island in lat. 45° 30' 
 N., long. 73° 33' W. It is the largest city and the chief 
 commercial center of Canada, being at the head of ocean 
 steamship navigation. The St. Lawrence is crossed here by 
 the Victoria Jubilee Bridge. The city lias important manu- 
 factures. TheMcGill University, theRomanCatholiccathe- 
 di al and Church of N otre Dame, the English cathedral, and 
 the Roman Catholic institutions are noteworthy. The re- 
 gion was visited byCartierinl536; asettlement called Ville 
 Marie was made by the French in 1642. Montreal was taken 
 by the British in 1760, taken by the Americans in 1775, and 
 retaken by the British in 1776. Population, 470,480 (1911). 
 
 Montreal Island. An island in the St. Law- 
 rence, at the mouth of the Ottawa. Length, 
 about 32 miles. 
 
 Montrejeau (mon-tra-zho'). A town in the 
 department of Haute-Garonne, France, situ- 
 ated on the Garonne 27 miles east-southeast of 
 Tarbes. Population, commune, 2,724. 
 Montretout (mbn-tr-to'). A height west of 
 Paris, near St. -Cloud. It was tlie scene of an 
 unsuccessful sortie of the French, Jan. 19, 1871. 
 Montreuil-sous-Bois (mon-trey'so-bwa'). A 
 town in the department of Seine, France, east 
 of Paris, near Vincennes. Population, com- 
 mune, 35,904. 
 
 Montreuil-Sur-Mer (-Stir-mar'). Atownin the 
 department of Pas-de-Calais, France, 20 miles 
 south-southeast of Boulogne. Population, 
 commune, 3,535. 
 
 Montreux (mon-tre'). A health-resort in the 
 canton of Valid, Switzerland, near the eastern 
 end of theLakeof Geneva, 16 miles southeast of 
 Lausanne. It comprises Montreux- Vernex, Olarene, 
 Glion, etc. Near it is tlie castle of Chillon. It is a noted 
 place of residence for foreigners. 
 
 Montrond (mdn-ron'). A small town in the de- 
 partment of Loire, France, situated on the Loire 
 30 miles west-southwest of Lyons. 
 
Montrose 
 
 Montrose (mon-troz'). Aseaport in Forfarshire, 
 Scotland, situated onthe North Sea, at themouth 
 of the South Esk, 26 miles northeast of Dundee. 
 
 It has important flax and linen manufactures, and flourish- 
 ing trade and fisheries. Population, 12,427. 
 
 Montrose, Marquises of. See Graham. 
 Montrouge (moh-rozh'). A suburb of Paris, 
 lying directly to the south. Population, com- 
 mune, 19,261. 
 
 Mont-Saint-Jean (mon-sah-zhoh'). A hamlet 
 near Waterloo, which sometimes gives name to 
 the battle. 
 
 Mont-Saint-Michel (mon-sah-me-shel'). A vil- 
 lage in the department of Manehe, northwestern 
 France, situated on an island in the Bay of St.- 
 Michel, 6 miles west of Avranehes. The mount is 
 in its entirety one of the most curious of medieval monu- 
 ments. It is a small pyramidal island, now connected with 
 the shore by a causeway. It is defended on the sea-level 
 by towered ramparts, within which nestles the village. 
 Above rise, tier over tier, the huge fortified walls and 
 towers and the extensive buildings of the monastery, long 
 a fortress and afterward used as a prison. The rock is 
 crowned by the great granite church, with Romanesque 
 nave. The cloister is of great beauty. It has a double 
 range of overlapping lancet arches, and beautifully sculp- 
 tured foliage-rosettes in the spandrels. 
 
 Monts Dore. See Mont Bore. 
 
 Montserrat (mont-ser-rat'), or Monserrat 
 (mon-ser-rat'). [‘ Toothed’ or ‘ serrate moun- 
 tain.’] A jagged mountain about 30 miles 
 northwest of Barcelona, Spain, famous for its 
 monastery (founded 880), noted for an image of 
 the Virgin. Height, about 4,000 feet. 
 Montserrat (mont-se-rat'). An island of the 
 British West Indies, situated southwest of An- 
 tigua in lat. 16° 42' N., long. 62° 13' W. Chief 
 town, Plymouth. The most important products are 
 sugar and fruits. It was discovered by Columbus in 1493 ; 
 settled by the British in 1632; and occupied temporarily by 
 the french in 1664 and in 1782. Area, 32£ square miles. 
 Population, 12,215. 
 
 Montt (mont), Jorge. Born at Santiago, 1847. 
 A Chilean naval officer and politician, son of 
 Manuel Montt. In Jan., 1891, he sided with Congress 
 against President Balmaceda; was given temporary com- 
 mand of the congressional forces; and was a member of 
 the governing junta. After the fall of Balmaceda he was 
 elected president, assuming office Nov. 6, 1891. He was 
 succeeded in 1896 by Sefior ErrAzuriz. 
 
 Montt, Manuel. Born at Petorca, Sept. 5, 
 1809 : died at Santiago, Sept. 20, 1880. A Chilean 
 statesman. As a leader of the conservatives, he was 
 president of the House of Deputies, minister of foreign 
 affairs 1840, minister of justice and education 1841-45, 
 and minister of the interior 1845-50. In 1861 he became 
 president of Chile, and was reelected in 1856, serving un- 
 til Sept., 1861. During this period the country was very 
 prosperous ; but the extreme conservative policy of the 
 government led to revolts of the liberals in 1851 and 
 1858, and to a bloody civil war in 1859. President Montt 
 resigned his office peacefully to his successor, and was 
 subsequently president of the supreme court until his 
 death. 
 
 Mont-Tendre (mon-ton'dr). A mountain in 
 the Jura, in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, 
 15 miles west-northwest of Lausanne. Height, 
 5,519 feet. 
 
 Montt- Varistas (mont'va-res'tas). Apolitical 
 party in Chile, formed about 1850 by a division 
 of the conservative or Pelucones party. It de- 
 rived its name from President Manuel Montt and Antonio 
 Varas who was his minister of state 1851-56. The Montt- 
 Varistas advocate extreme conservative principles, a semi- 
 aristocratic form of government, and partial union of 
 church and state. 
 
 Montucla (mon-tii-kla'), Jean Etienne. Born 
 
 at Lyons, Sept. 5, 1725: died at Versailles, Dec. 
 18, 1799. A noted French mathematician. Hi3 
 chief work is a “ Histoire des mathdmatiques ” (1758 : con- 
 tinued by Ealande). 
 
 Montlifar (mon-to'far), Lorenzo. Born at Gua- 
 temala, March 11, 1823. A Central American 
 jurist, politician, and author. His principal 
 work is “ Memorias historicas de Centro-Am6r- 
 ica” ( 1881). '■ 
 
 Mont-Val6rien (mon'va-la-ryan'). A hill and 
 fortress west of the Seine, 2^ miles west of the 
 fortifications of Paris. It was an important point 
 of defense in 1870-71. An unsuccessful sortie was made 
 from it by the French Jan. 19, 1871. 
 
 Montyon (moh-tyoh') (incorrectly Monthyon), 
 Baron de (Antoine Jean Baptiste Robert 
 Auget). Born at Paris, Dec., 1733: died at 
 Paris, Dec. 29, 1820. A French philanthropist. 
 He founded various prizes (including the Mon- 
 tyon prize of virtue). 
 
 Monument, The. A column in London, north 
 of the Thames, near London Bridge, it was 
 erected to commemorate the great fire of 1666, and stands 
 close to the spot where the conflagration started. It is 
 a fluted Roman-Doric column by Wren, standing on a 
 square base ornamented with reliefs, and supporting on 
 a pedestal above the capital an urn from which flames 
 issue. The height is 202 feet. 
 
 Monumentum Ancyranum. Sec Ancyra. 
 Monza (mon'za). A manufacturing town in tho 
 
 704 
 
 province of Milan, Italy, situated on tho Lam- 
 bro 9 miles north-northeast of Milan : the an- 
 cient Modicia. It was the residence of the Gothic and 
 Lombard kings. The cathedral was founded by Queen 
 Theodolinda in 590, but reconstructed in the 14th century. 
 The treasury is extremely rich in Lombard and medieval 
 goldsmiths' work, its most prized treasure being the fa- 
 mous iron crown of Lombardy, so called from the thin rib- 
 bon of iron within it, said to be forged from a nail of the 
 crucifixion. 
 
 Moodkee. See Mudki. 
 
 Moody (mo'di). 1. The guardian of Peggy, the 
 country girl, in Garrick’s adaptation of Wych- 
 erley’s “Country Wife.” — 2. In Dryden’s play 
 “Sir Martin Mar-all,” a swashbuckler — that 
 is, one who retained the boisterous manners 
 of the period when sword and buckler were in 
 common use and brawls were frequent. 
 
 Moody, Dwight Lyman. Born at Northfield, 
 Mass., Feb. 5, 1837 : died Dec. 22, 1899. An 
 American evangelist. He was engaged in missionary 
 work in Chicago about 1856; conducted, with Ira D.Sankey, 
 various revival meetings in the United States, and 1873-75 
 and 1881-83 in Great Britain ; and established a school for 
 Christian workers in Northfield and a Bible Institute in 
 Chicago. 
 
 Mooker (mok'er), or Mook (mok), Heath. A 
 place in the Netherlands, near the Meuse, 
 south of Nimwegen. Here (1574) the Spaniards 
 defeated the Dutch under Louis of Nassau. 
 
 Mooltan. See Midtan. 
 
 Moon (mon). A heavenly body which revolves 
 around the earth monthly, accompanying the 
 earth as a satellite in its annual revolution, and 
 shining by the sun’s reflected light. Next to the 
 sun, the moon is the most conspicuous and interesting of 
 celestial objects. The rapidity of its motion, the variety 
 of its phases, and especially the striking phenomena of 
 its eclipses, compelled the attention of the earliest observ- 
 ers; and the fact that the longitude can be determined 
 from lunar observations has given the theory of the moon's 
 motion economic importance. Of all the heavenly bodies 
 (meteors excepted), the moon is nearest to us. Its mean 
 distance is a little more than sixty times the radius of the 
 earth, or 238,800 miles. Its diameter is 2,162 miles (about 
 0.273 of the earth’s equatorial diameter), and its volume 
 is about of that of the earth. It revolves around the 
 earth in 27d. 7h. 43m. 11.5s. ; the time from new moon to 
 new moon is 29d. 12h. 44m. 2.7s. The moon always pre- 
 sents nearly the same face to the earth. It has no clouds, 
 and shows no certain indications of an atmosphere or of 
 the presence of water. 
 
 Moon, Mountains of the. A range of moun- 
 tains placed by Ptolemy in the interior of 
 Africa, containing the sources of the Nile. They 
 were conceived afterward as traversing Africa from east 
 to west. They have disappeared from modern maps. 
 
 Moonlight Sonata. A name given to Beetho- 
 ven’s “ Sonata quasi una fantasia” in C sharp 
 minor, one of the two which form his Opus 27, 
 published in 1802. The romantic stories about the 
 name and dedication appear to be without foundation. 
 Moonstone (mon'ston), The. Anovel by Wilkie 
 Collins, published in 1868. 
 
 Moor, or M6r (mor). A town in the county of 
 Stuhlweissenburg, Hungary, 37 miles west by 
 BOUth of Budapest. Here, Dec., 1848, the Austrians de- 
 feated the Hungarians under PerczeL Pop., over 10,000. 
 
 Moor (mor), Edward. Bom in 1771 : died at 
 London, Feb. 26, 1848. A writer on Hindu my- 
 thology. He entered the Madras establishment of the 
 East India Company as cadet in April, 1783, served in the 
 war of 1790-91, and was wounded Dec. 29, 1791, at Gadj- 
 moor. He went to Bombay April, 1796, as brevet captain, 
 and in 1800 made a “Digest of the Military Orders and Reg- 
 ulations of the Bombay Army.” He published “Hindoo 
 Pantheon ’’ (1810), “ Hindoo Infanticide ” (1811), “ The Gen- 
 tle Sponge,” a proposal for reducing the interest on the 
 national debt (1829), and “Suffolk Words and Phrases" 
 (1823). 
 
 Moor (mor), Karl. The principal character in 
 Schiller’s play 1 ‘ Die Riiuber ” ( “ The Robbers”). 
 
 The hero of his first drama, the entnusiastic young rob- 
 ber, Moor, like Goethe's Gotz, has recourse to force on his 
 own responsibility. lie has all the feelings of a Werther, 
 and, like Werther, he falls foul of society. Werther turns 
 the destroying weapon upon himself, but Moor directs it 
 against society. He is a rebel, like the Satan of Milton 
 and of KJopstock, and a vagabond, like Goethe’s Crugan- 
 tino ; but, while love and reconciliation lead Crugantino 
 back to the bosom of his family, the shameful intrigues 
 of an unnatural brother Franz turn Moor into a robber 
 anil a murderer. Hostile brothers had already been de- 
 picted by Fielding in romance, and by Leisewitz and Klin- 
 ger in tragedy : the two latter had introduced fratricide 
 upon the stage itself, and Gessner had written a patri- 
 archal romance based on the story of Cain and Abel ; but 
 Schiller far surpasses these writers in power in the grand 
 scene where the criminal, in fear of the avengers of his 
 crime, pronounces and carries out his own sentence. 
 
 Scherer, History of German Literature, II. 116. 
 
 Moorcroft (mor'kroft), William. Bom in Lan- 
 cashire about 1 7 65 : died in Afghanistan, Aug. 
 27, 1825. An English veterinary surgeon and 
 traveler in central Asia 1819-25. His “ Trav- 
 els” were published in 1841. 
 
 Moore (mor or mor), Albert Joseph. Born at 
 York, Sept. 4, 1841 : died at Westminster, Sept. 
 25, 1893. An English painter, brother of Henry 
 
 Moors 
 
 Moore the marine-painter. in 1861 he exhibited 
 “The Mother of Sisera” and “Elijah running before 
 Ahab’s Chariot.” He showed great skill in decorative 
 painting. In 1864 he exhibited at the Royal Academy a 
 fresco of “ The Seasons,” and in 1865 “The Marble Seat.” 
 Moore, Alfred. Born in Brunswick County, 
 N. C., May 21, 1755: died at Belfont, N. C., Oct. 
 15, 1810. An American jurist, associate justice 
 of the United States Supreme Court 1799-1805. 
 Moore, Clement Clarke. Born at New York, 
 July 15, 1779 : died at Newport, R. I., July 10, 
 1863. An American scholar and poet. He gave 
 in 1818 a large gift to the General Theological Seminary 
 in New York, on condition that its buildings should be 
 erected on a part of his property in Chelsea Village (Ninth 
 and Tenth avenues and 20th and 21st streets), where they 
 now stand. He was professor of biblical learning there, 
 and afterward of Oriental and Greek literature, 1821-50. 
 He published a “ Hebrew and Greek Lexicon ’’ (1809), 
 “Poems” (1844), “George Castriot, etc.” (1852), etc., and 
 was the author of the verses “’Twas the night before 
 Christmas.” 
 
 Moore, Edward. Born at Abingdon, England, 
 March 22, 1712 : died at South Lambeth, Lon- 
 don, March 1, 1757. An English dramatist and 
 fabulist, third son of Thomas Moore, a dissent- 
 ing clergyman. He failed in business as a linen-draper 
 in London, and began as a writer with his “ Fables for the 
 Female Sex” in 1744. “The Foundling," a comedy, was 
 produced at Drury Lane on Feb. 13, 1748 ; “Gil Bias,” a com- 
 edy, in 1751 ; and “ The Gamester,” in which Garrick ap- 
 peared (and which he partly wrote), at Drury Lane on Feb. 
 7, 1753. In 1753 he was made editor of “The World,” a 
 popular paper, which had Lord Lyttelton, Lord Bath, Lord 
 Chesterfield, Soame Jenyns, Horace Walpole, and Edward 
 Lovibond as contributors. His only son, Edward, was 
 educated and pensioned by Lord Chesterfield. 
 
 Moore, George Henry. Born at Concord, 
 N. H., April 20, 1823: died at New York, May 
 5, 1892. An American historical writer, son of 
 J. B. Moore. He became superintendent of the Lenox 
 Library in New York in 1872. Among his works are “Notes 
 on the History of Slavery in Massachusetts ’’ (1866), “His- 
 tory of the Jurisprudence of New York ” (1872), etc. 
 
 Moore, Jacob Bailey. Born at Andover, 
 N. H., Oct. 31, 1797 : died at Bellows Falls, Vt., 
 Sept. 1,1853. An Amerieanhistorian. He wrote 
 especially on the history of New Hampshire. 
 Moore, John. Born at Stirling, Scotland, 1729 : 
 died at Richmond, Surrey, Jan. 21, 1802. A 
 Scottish physician, novelist, and writer of trav- 
 els. His best-known work is the novel “ Ze- 
 luco” (1786). 
 
 Moore, Sir John. Born at Glasgow, Nov. 13, 
 1761 : died at Corunna, Spain, Jan. 16, 1809. A 
 British general. He was the eldest surviving son of 
 Dr. John Moore, author of “Zeluco.” In 1776 he became 
 ensign of the 51st foot, and served as captain-lieutenant in 
 Nova Scotia during the American Revolutionary War. He 
 became member of Parliament for Linlithgow in 1784 ; 
 and served in Corsica 1793-94, but displeased Nelson and 
 Elliot and was ordered home. In Nov., 1797, he joined 
 Abercromby in Ireland. He was made major-general in 
 1798. In July, 1808, he sailed for Portugal as second in 
 command to Sir Henry Burrard, and by Sept, the entire 
 command was left to him. He entered Spain Nov. 11, 
 1808 ; but, abandoned by the Spaniards and threatened by 
 the actual presence of Napoleon, was obliged to retreat 
 250 miles to Corunna. While the troops were embarking 
 the French attacked them, and Moore was killed and 
 buried in the citadel during the night of Jan. 16-17. He 
 received a monument in St. Paul’s Cathedral. The “ Bur- 
 ial of Sir John Moore,” by Rev. Charles Wolfe, is one of 
 the most popular English poems. 
 
 Moore, Thomas. Bom at Dublin, May 28, 1779 : 
 died at Bromham, near Devizes, Feb. 25, 1852. 
 An Irish poet, son of John Moore, a grocer of 
 Kerry. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1794, 
 where he was intimate with Robert Emmet. In 1799 he 
 entered the Middle Temple, London, and in 1800 published 
 his translation of “Anacreon." In 1803 and 1804 he trav- 
 eled in America. In 1806 he published his “Odes and 
 Epistles,” and his “Irish Melodies" from 1807 to 1834, re- 
 ceiving from them about £500 a year. His lampoons on 
 the regen t and his favorites were extremely successful, and 
 were collected in 1813 in “ The Twopenny Post Bag.” On 
 March 25, 1811, he married Bessie Dyke, an actress, and 
 in the same year his friendship for Byron began. “ Lalla 
 Rookh," for which Longmans agreed to pay £3,000 without 
 having seen it, was published in 1817 ; “National Airs” in 
 1815; and “Sacred Songs” in 1816. His prose works, besides 
 the political squibs, are “Life of Sheridan" (1825), “The 
 Epicurean" (1S27), “Life of Byron’ (1830), “History of 
 Ireland, "etc., besides a number of collections of humorous 
 short papers like “The Fudge Family in Paris,” all under 
 the pseudonym Thomas Brown the Younger. “ Moore’s 
 Memoirs, Journals, and Correspondence ’’ were published 
 1853-56 by Earl Russell. 
 
 Moorfields (mor'feldz). A district of old Lon- 
 don, outside tbe wall, once used as a place of 
 recreat ion. It received its name from the moor which 
 lay on the north side of the city. Finsbury Square and 
 adjacent streets now cover it. 
 
 Moorgate (mor'gat). A postern gate in the old 
 London city wall, built on the moor side of the 
 city in the time of Henry V. (about 1415). It was 
 rebuilt in 1472, and was pulled down about 1750. 
 Moor of Venice, The, or the Tragedy of Othel- 
 lo. See Othello. 
 
 Moors (morz). [L. Mauri, Gr. Mniyjo/, dark men.] 
 A dark race dwelling in Barbary, in northern 
 
Moors 
 
 Africa. They derive their name from the ancient Mauri, 
 or Mauretanians ; but the present Moors are a mixed race, 
 chiefly of Arab and Mauretanian origin. The name is ap- 
 plied especially to the dwellers in the cities. The Arab 
 conquerors of Spain were called Moors. 
 
 Moorshedabad. See Murshidabad. 
 Moosehead (mos'hed) Lake. The largest lake 
 in Maine, situated about lat. 45° 40' N. it is 
 
 the source of the Kennebec River. Length, about 35 miles. 
 Greatest breadth, about 10 miles. 
 
 Moosilauke (mo-si-la'ke). A mountain in Ben- 
 ton, New Hampshire, 30 miles southwest of 
 Mount Washington. Height, 4,810 feet. 
 Mopsa (mop'sa). 1. A shepherdess in Shak- 
 spere’s “Winter’s Tale.” — 2. In Sidney’s ro- 
 mance “Arcadia,” a deformed country girl, the 
 daughter of Dametas. 
 
 Mopsus (mop'sus). [Or. Moi/’of.] A seer in 
 Greek legend, son of Apollo by Himantis. 
 Moquegna (m5-ka'gwii). 1. A southern lit- 
 toral province of Peru, adjoining Chile on the 
 
 south. Its capital is Moquegua, which is situated about 
 30 miles from the coast. It. is traversed by the main range 
 of the Andes. Area, 5,549 square miles. Population, 
 about 45,000. Previous to 1879 it included also the prov- 
 inces of Arica and Tacna. 
 
 2. A town, the capital of this department, near 
 lat. 17° 15' S., long. 70° 50' W. It has been re- 
 peatedly destroyed by earthquakes, the last time in 1868. 
 Population, about 5,000. 
 
 Moqaeltimnan (mo-kel-um'nan), or Mutsun. 
 [From Wakalumitoh, the Miwok name of a river 
 and hill.] A linguistic stock of North American 
 Indians, comprising the Miwok and Olamentke 
 groups of tribes. The habitat of the former was the 
 portion of California between Cosumnes and Fresno rivers 
 on the north and south respectively, and from the Sierra 
 Nevada on the east to San Joaquin River on the west, ex- 
 cept a strip on the east bank occupied by the Cholovone. 
 The Olamentke group occupied a territory bounded on the 
 south by San Francisco Bay and the western half of San 
 Pablo Bay, on the west by the Pacific from the Golden 
 Gate to Bodega Head, on the north by a line running from 
 Bodega Head to a point a few miles northeast of Santa 
 Rosa, and thence, on the west, to the northernmost point 
 of San Pablo Bay. Few of the once populous Miwok tribes 
 survive, and these are scattered; while scarcely any repre- 
 sentatives of the Olamentke division remain. 
 
 Mora (md'ra), Jose Maria Luis. Born at Cha- 
 macuero, Michoacan, Oct., 1794: died at Paris, 
 July 14, 1850. A Mexican historian. He studied 
 theology ; was ordained presbyter in 1819; and was admitted 
 to the bar in 1827, but never practised. Iturbide impris- 
 oned him, and later he was a prominent member of the 
 Escocez party. After 1834 he resided in Paris. His prin- 
 cipal work is “MdjicoysusRevoluciones”(Vols. I, III, and 
 IV only published, 1836). His “ Obras sueltas ” (2 vols. 1837) 
 are mainly political essays. 
 
 Mora, Juan. Bom at San Jose, July 12, 1784: 
 died there, Sept., 1854. A Costa Bican states- 
 man, jefe or president during two terms (1825- 
 1833). Subsequently he held other offices, and 
 from 1850 was president of the supreme court. 
 Mora, Juan Rafael. Born at San Jos6, Feb. 
 8, 1814: died at Puntarenas, Sept. 30, 1860. A 
 Costa Rican politician. He was vice-president and 
 acting president in 1848, and president Nov., 1849, to Aug. 
 14, 1859, when he was deposed and banished. Attempting 
 a counter-revolution in 1860, he was captured and shot. 
 
 Moradabad. See Muradabad. 
 
 Moraes (mo-ris') Barros, Prudente de. Born 
 at ltd, Sao Paulo, about 1844: died at Piraci- 
 caba, Dec. 3, 1902. A Brazilian politician. He 
 was a prominent advocate of republican principles from 
 1871 ; was one of the three republicans elected to the im- 
 perial parliament 1885 ; and after the revolution of 1889 
 was governor of Sao Paulo 1889-90. In 1891 he was a can- 
 didate for the presidency. In 1893 he was president of 
 the national senate, and on Feb. 28, 1894, was elected presi- 
 dent of Brazil. His term of 4 years began Nov. 15, 1894. 
 
 Moraes Silva (mo-ris' sel'va), Antonio de. 
 Bom at Bio de Janeiro about 1757: died at 
 Pernambuco, 1825. A Brazilian lexicographer. 
 Little is known of his life, a part of which was passed in 
 Europe. His “Diccionario da Lingua Portugueza "(1st ed., 
 2 vols., 1789) was the first and for a long time the only 
 dictionary of the Portuguese language, and is still an au- 
 thority. 
 
 Morakanabad. The grand vizir of Vathekin 
 Beckford’s tale of that name. 
 
 Morales (mo-rii'les), Augustin. Bom at La 
 Paz, 1810: assassinated there, Nov. 28, 1872. A 
 Bolivian politician and general. He led the revo- 
 lution which overturned Melgarejo, Jan. 15, 1871; was im- 
 mediately proclaimed president; and held the post until 
 his death. 
 
 Morales (mo-rii'les), Luis de. Bom at Badajoz, 
 Spain, about 1509: died at Badajoz, 1586. A 
 Spanish religious painter, surnamed “El Di- 
 vino” (‘The Divine’). 
 
 Morales Bermudez, Remijio. See Bermudez. 
 Morales de Toro (mo-riiTes da. to'rd). A small 
 place in northwestern Spain, near Toro, prov- 
 ince of Zamora, said by some to have been the 
 birthplace of Isabella of Castile. 
 
 Moran (mo-ran'), Edward. Bom at Bolton, 
 
 C. — 45 
 
 705 
 
 England, Aug. 19,1829: died at New York, June 
 9, 1901. An English-American marine- and 
 figure-painter. He came to America in 1844, 
 and exhibited in Paris and London. 
 
 Morau, Leon. Bom atPhiladelphiainl863. An 
 American marine- and figure-painter, son and 
 pupil of Edward Moran. He also studied at 
 the National Academy, New York. 
 
 Moran, Percy. Born at Philadelphia in 1862. 
 An American genre-painter, son and pupil of 
 Edward Moran. 
 
 Moran, Peter. Born at Bolton, England, March 
 4, 1842. An English-American painter of land- 
 scape and animals, brother and pupil of Edward 
 and Thomas Moran. 
 
 Moran, Thomas. Born at Bolton, England, J an. 
 12,1837. An English-American landscape-paint- 
 er, brotherand pupil ofEdward Moran. Hecameto 
 America in 1844. He went to the Yellowstone Park in 1871, 
 and many of his subjects are from that region and Mexico. 
 
 Morano (mo-ra'no). A town in southern Italy, 
 northwest of Cosenza. 
 
 Morat (mo-ra'), G. Murten (mor'ten). A small 
 town in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland, 
 situated on the Lake of Morat 15 miles west of 
 Bern. It is celebrated for the victory gained near it, June 
 22, 1476, by the Swiss over Charles the Bold, duke of Bur- 
 gundy. 
 
 Morat (mo-ra'), Lake of. A lake in Switzer- 
 land, surroundedby the cantons of Fribourg and 
 Vaud, 2-J miles east of the Lake of Neuchatel: 
 the Roman Lacus Aventicensis, later Uchtsee. 
 Its outlet is the Broye, falling into the Lake of 
 Neuchatel. Length. 5-| miles. 
 
 Moral alia (mo-ra-tal'ya). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Murcia, southeastern Spain. Popula- 
 tion, 12,689. 
 
 Moratin (mo-ra-ten'), Leandro Fernandezde. 
 
 Bom at Madrid, March 10, 1760 : died at Paris, 
 June 21, 1828. A Spanish dramatist and poet, 
 son of N. F. de Moratin: called “the Spanish 
 Moliere.” His works include the plays “El viejo y la 
 niua” (“The Old Man and the Young Girl,” 1790), “La 
 comedia nueva” (1792), “El baron ” (1803), “Lamogigata” 
 (“The Female Hypocrite,” 1804), “El si de las nifias” 
 (“ The Girl's Yes," 1806). He also wrote a prose version of 
 Shakspere’s “Hamlet” (never performed), and translated 
 and altered Moliere s “ llcole des maris" and “Le mdde- 
 cin malgre luL ” 
 
 Moratin. Nicolas Fernandez de. Bora at Ma- 
 drid, July 20, 1737 : died there, May 11, 1780. 
 A Spanish poet. He wrote the first Spanish play con- 
 structed according to the Fr ench model, a comedy, “ Peti- 
 metra ” (“ The Female Fribble ”), printed 1762. In 1770 he 
 produced on the stage a tragedy, “Hormesinda,” on the 
 canons of Racine and Corneille. He wrote the epics “ De 
 las naves de Cortes destruidas” (“Destruction of Cortes’s 
 Ships,” 1785), “Diana,” etc. 
 
 Morava (mo-ra'va). 1. The principal river of 
 Servia. It is formed by the union of the Western and 
 Southern Morava, and joins the Danube by two mouths 
 about 30 miles east-southeast of Belgrad. Total length, 
 about 240 miles. 
 
 2. The Slavic name of the river March. 
 Moravia (mo-ra'vi-a). , [F. Moravie, Sp. Pg. 
 It. Moravia, NL. Moravia (G. Mdhren, etc.), 
 named from the river Morava. ] A crownland 
 of the Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary. 
 Capital, Brunn. It is bounded by Bohemia (partlysepa- 
 rated by the Mahrische Gebirge) on the west and north- 
 west, Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia (separated by the 
 Sudetic Mountains) on the north and northeast, Hungary 
 (separated by the Little Carpathians) on the southeast, and 
 Hungary and Lower Austria on the south. The surface 
 is largely mountainous and table-land : it is drained in 
 great part by the March. Moravia is to a great degree an 
 agricultural country. It produces rye, oats, barley, fruit, 
 vegetables, etc. ; lias manufactures of cotton, woolen, 
 sugar, and linen ; and has mines of coal and iron. It has 
 49 representatives in the Austrian Reichsrat, and has a 
 Landtag of 151 members. The prevailing religion is Ro- 
 man Catholic. The majority of the inhabitants are Slava 
 in race and language, closely allied to the Czechs ; but 
 about 30 per cent, are Germans. The early inhabitants 
 were Germanic tribes. The region was recolonized by 
 Slavs. Christianity was introduced from Constantinople 
 in the 9th century, but the Moravians were subsequently 
 brought within the influence of Rome. Under Svatopluk 
 in the end of the 9th century Moravia was the center of a 
 short-lived great Slavic power, Great Moravia, which was 
 overthrown by the Magyars in 906. Moravia was perma- 
 nently united with Bohemia in 1029, and after that gener- 
 ally shared the fortunes of that kingdom. It became a 
 margraviate in 1197 ; passed to the house of Hapsburg in 
 1526 ; and became a crownland separate from Bohemia in 
 1849. Area, 8, 583 square miles. Population, 2,620,914, (1910). 
 
 Moravians (mo-ra'vi-anz). 1. The natives or 
 inhabitants of Moravia (which see). — 2. The 
 members of the Christian denomination entitled 
 the Unitas Fratrum, or United Brethren, which 
 traces its origin to John IIuss. Its members were 
 expelled from Bohemia and Moravia in 1627, but in 1722 
 a remnant settled in Herrnhut, Saxony (hence the brethren 
 are sometimes, in Germany, called Herrnhut er). The or- 
 ganization at present has three home provinces (German, 
 British, and American — each of which has its own gov- 
 ernment by synod) and several mission provinces. All 
 
 Mordure 
 
 these are represented by a general synod which meets 
 every 10 years in Herrnhut. The ministers are bishops 
 (not diocesan), presbyters, and deacons. The worship is 
 liturgical. The members of the denomination believe in 
 the Scriptures as the only rule of faith and practice, and 
 maintain the doctrines of the total depravity of human 
 nature, the love of God the Father, the actual humanity 
 and godhead of Jesus Christ, the atonement, the work of 
 the Holy Spirit, good works as the fruit of the Spirit, the 
 second coming of Christ, and the resurrection of the dead. 
 The Moravians are especially noted for their energy and 
 success in missionary work. 
 
 Moray, or Morayshire. See Elgin. 
 
 Moray, Earl of. See Stuart. 
 
 Moray Firth (mur'a ferth). A large indenta- 
 tion of the North Sea, inclosed by the coast 
 of Scotland from Kinnaird’s Head in the north- 
 east of Aberdeenshire to Duncansby Head in the 
 northeast of Caithness; sometimes, in a more 
 restricted sense, the branch of this between 
 Elgin and Ross. 
 
 Moraz&n (mo-ra-than'bFrancisco. Born at Te- 
 gucigalpa, Honduras, Oct., 1792 : died at San 
 Jose, Costa Rica, Sept. 15, 1842. A Central 
 American statesman and politician. He was leader 
 of the liberal-federalists in the revolt against the conser- 
 vatives ; defeated them in 1827, and becameye/e of Hondu- 
 ras ; by successive victories routed the conservatives in 
 Salvador, 1828, and Guatemala, April, 1829 ; and in Sept., 
 1830, was elected president of the Central American Con- 
 federation. He governed with wisdom and liberality, and 
 was reelected in 1834 ; but opposition to the union led to 
 numerous revolts, and when his second term expired (Feb. 
 1, 1839) there had been no reelection. Morazan made a 
 vain attempt to keep the union together by force, and was 
 supported by Salvador ; but he was finally defeated by 
 Cairera at Guatemala, March 19, 1840, and fled to Peru. 
 In April, 1842, he invaded Costa Rica with a view to mak- 
 ing it the basis of federal reorganization : he was at first 
 successful, and assumed the executive of Costa Rica in 
 July, but was deposed by a counter-revolution (Sept. 11), 
 captured, and shot. 
 
 Morbegno (mor-ben'yo). A town in northern 
 Italy, on the Adda 15 miles west of Sondrio. 
 
 Morbihan (mor-be-oh'). A department of west- 
 ern France, capital Vannes, formed from part 
 of the ancient Brittany. It is bounded by COtes-du- 
 Nord on the north, Ille-et-Vilaine on the east, Loire-Infd- 
 rieure and the Bay of Biscay on the south, and Finis tire 
 on the west. The surface is hilly and marshy. Area, 
 2,738 square mile9. Population, 573,152. 
 
 Morcillo Rubio de Aunon (mor-sel'yo ro-be'o 
 da a-on-yon'), Diego. Died at Lima, March 12, 
 1730. A Spanish prelate, bishop of Charcas, 
 and archbishop of Lima from 1723. In 1716, and 
 again Jan. 26, 1720, to May 14, 1724, he was act- 
 ing viceroy of Peru. 
 
 Mordaunt (mor'dant), Charles, third Earl of 
 Peterborough. Born 1658 : died at Li sbon, Oct. 
 25, 1735. An English general and admiral, son 
 of John, Viscount Mordaunt. He matriculated at 
 Oxford (Christ Church), April 11, 1674, and in 1675 went 
 to the Mediterranean in the Cambridge. In 1675 he suc- 
 ceeded his father as Viscount Mordaunt. He intrigued 
 actively in Holland and England against .Tames II., and in 
 the former country was intimately associated with John 
 Locke. In 1689 he was appointed councilor to William 
 III. and first lord of the treasury, and was created earl of 
 Monmouth. Later he incurred the displeasure of the 
 court, eventually losing all his places, and in 1697 was 
 imprisoned 3 months in the Tower. On June 19, 1697, he 
 succeeded his uncle as earl of Peterborough, and on the 
 accession of Anne was again in favor at court. In 1705 he 
 was appointed admiral and commander-in-chief of the 
 fleet jointly with Sir Cloudesley Shovel, and was largely 
 responsible for the capture of Barcelona Sept. 28. In Jan., 
 1708, his conduct in Spain was investigated by the House 
 of Lords, and he was acquitted. In 1710 he was ambassa- 
 dor extraordinary to Vienna, and in 1711 to Frankfort. He 
 was very eccentric, and was devoted to the society of lit- 
 erary men, especially Swift, Pope, Arbuthnot, and Gay. 
 
 Mordecai (mor'de-kl). [From the name of the 
 Babylonian god Marduk or Merodach (which 
 see).] According to the book of Esther, a Jew 
 of the tribe of Benjamin, who lived in captivity 
 in the time of Xerxes. He accepted a post at the 
 court in order to be near his adopted daughter, Esther, who 
 had been elevated to the rank of queen, and with her help 
 frustrated the machinations of Haman which tended to the 
 extermination of the Jews in the Persian empire. In re- 
 membrance of this deliverance the feast of Purim is still 
 celebrated by the Jews in the month of Adar (March- 
 April). 
 
 Mordecai. In George Eliot’s novel “Daniel 
 Deronda,” a Jew who believes himself inspired 
 with a mission to elevate and reunite the Jew- 
 ish people. 
 
 It might be said, in answer to some of these questions, 
 that as a fact Mordecai is an ideal study from a veritable 
 Jew, Cohn or Kohn, one of the club of students who met 
 some forty years since at Red Lion Square, Holbom ; and 
 that recently a scheme for the redemption of Palestine for 
 Israel was actually in contemplation among members of 
 the Jewish race. But to criticiso “ Daniel Deronda ” from 
 the literal, prosaic point of view , would be as much a crit- 
 ical stupidity as to undertake the defence of Shakspere’s 
 “King Lear " from the charge of historical improbability. 
 
 Drnvden, Studies in Literature, p. 298. 
 
 Mordred. See Modred. 
 
 Mordure (mor-dur'). Prince Arthur’s enchant- 
 ed sword : also called Excalibur or Calibum. 
 
Mordvinians 
 
 Mordvinians (mdrd-vin'i-anz), or Mordvins 
 (mdrd'vinz). A people of Finnic origin, living 
 in Russia, chiefly in the governments of Nijni- 
 Novgorod, Penza, Samara, Saratoff, Simbirsk, 
 and Tamboff. They are largely Russianized, and com- 
 prise two main divisions, the Moksha and the Erzya. Their 
 number is estimated at about 1,000,000. 
 
 More (mor), Hannah. Born at Stapleton, Glou- 
 cestershire, Feb. 2, 1745 : died at Clifton, Sept. 
 7, 1833. An English religious writer. She was 
 educated by her father, and in 1757 joined her other sis- 
 ters in establishing a school in Bristol. In 1762 she pub- 
 lished “The Search for Happiness,” a pastoral drama. In 
 1773 and 1774 she visited London, and became intimate 
 with Garrick and his wife : she also met Reynolds, Burke, 
 Dr. Johnson, and Mrs. Montagu. In 1782 she published 
 “Sacred Dramas." After the death of Garrick, Jan. 20, 
 1779, her religious tendencies became stronger. In 1787 
 she was attracted by Wilberforce’s agitation against the 
 slave-trade, and was much interested in establishingschools 
 among the poor as an antidote to the prevailing atheism. 
 She wrote in 1792 “Village Politics, by Will Chip,” fol- 
 lowed by “Cheap Repositoiy Tracts” (1795-98), one of 
 which was “ The Shepherd of Salisbury Plain.” Some of 
 them were illustrated by John Bewick. The organization 
 which circulated them developed into the Religious Tract 
 Depository in 1799. Her other works are “Thoughts on 
 the Importance of the Manners of the Great to General So- 
 ciety "(1788), “ Strictures on the Modern System of Female 
 Education ’*(1799), “Ccelebs in Search of a W if e ” (1809), 
 "PraeticalPiety, etc.” (1811) , ‘ ‘ Christian Morals ” (1813), et c. 
 More, Henry. Born at Grantham, England, 
 Oct. 12, 1614 : died at Cambridge, England, Sept. 
 1, 1687. An English philosopliical writer. His 
 philosophical works (largely mystical and Pla- 
 tonic) were published in 1678. Flis chief work 
 in verse is “ The Song of the Soul.” 
 
 More, Sir Thomas. Born at London, Feb. 7, 
 1478: executed on Tower Hill, July 6, 1535. An 
 English statesman and author. He was the son of 
 Sir John More, a London barrister. At thirteen years of 
 age he entered the service of Thomas Morton, archbishop 
 of Canterbury. In 1492 he entered Canterbury Hall (later 
 merged in Christ Church), Oxford. He entered the New 
 Inn, London, in 1494, and Lincoln’s Inn in 1496. In 1497 
 he met Erasmus in Englaud, and corresponded with him 
 through life. For several years he was absorbed in reli- 
 gious studies and exercises, and thought of becoming a 
 monk : but after 1503 he devoted himself mainly to poli- 
 tics. He entered Parliament in 1504. In 1508 he went 
 to France. After his second marriage in 1511 he moved to 
 Crosby Place, Bisliopsgate Street Without. In May, 1515, 
 he was sent as ambassador to Flanders to settle disputes 
 with the merchants of the Steelyard. “Utopia ” was pub- 
 lished in 1516. In 1518 he was made master of bequests 
 by Henry VIII. and privy councilor. In June, 1520, he 
 was with Henry at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, and met 
 Budaeus. In 1521 he was knighted and made subtrea- 
 surer to the king ; in April, 1523, speaker of the House of 
 Commons ; and in 1525 high steward of Cambridge Uni- 
 versity. He defended the papacy against Luther, sug- 
 gested the “Defensio Septem Sacramentorum ” of Henry 
 VIII., 1521, and opposed Tyndale. On Oct. 25, 1629, he 
 succeeded Wolsey as chancellor. He opposed the reforms 
 passed by Parliament of Nov. 3, 1529, and the projected di- 
 vorce of the king from Catharine, and resigned May 16, 1532. 
 By act of Parliament in March, 1534, an oath of adherence 
 to the act which vested the succession in the issue of Anne 
 Boleyn, and of renunciation of the Pope, was imposed. 
 This oath More refused to take, and he was committed to 
 the Tower April 17, 1635. On July 1, 1535, he was indicted for 
 high treason, and was executed July 6, 1535. More was 
 beatified by Pope Leo XIII. Dec. 9, 1886. Among his Eng- 
 lish works are “Life of John Picus, Earl of Mirandula, 
 etc.,” printed in 1510 by Wynkyn de W orde (it was a trans- 
 lation from the Latin of Giovanni Francesco Pico, 1498), 
 “ History of Richard III.” (1513), a number of controver- 
 sial works, meditations, etc. Rastell, the nephew of Sir 
 Thomas More, collected most of his English works and 
 printed them in 1557. Among his Latin works are the 
 “ Utopia ” (1516 : which see), “ Luciani Dialogi, etc. ” (1506), 
 “ Epigrammata, etc.” (1518), a number of volumes of letters 
 to Erasmus and others, dissertations, etc. His Latin works 
 were first collected at Basel in 1563. The most complete 
 edition was that published at Frankfort-on-the-Main and 
 Leipsic, 1689. 
 
 More of More Hall. An English legendary hero 
 who slew the Dragon of Wantley. 
 
 Morea ( mq-re'a). The name given in modern 
 geography to tbe Peloponnesus. 
 
 Called Morea by the modern post-Hellenic or Romaic 
 Greeks, from more, the name for the sea in the Slavonic 
 vernacular of its inhabitants during the heart of the mid- 
 dle ages. M. Arnold , Study of Celtic Lit., p. 79, note. 
 
 Moreau (mo-ro'), Hegesippe. Born at Paris, 
 April 9, 1810: died at Paris, Dee. 10, 1838. A 
 French poet. His poems were published under 
 the name “ Myosotis” in 1838. 
 
 Moreau, Jean Victor. Born at. Morlaix, France, 
 Aug. 11, 1761: died at Laun, Bohemia, Sept. 2, 
 1813. A French general. He commanded the right 
 wing of Pichegru’s army in Holland in 1795, and super- 
 seded Pichegru as commander of the army of the Rhine 
 and the Moselle in 1796. He crossed the Rhine at K I hi 
 June 24, defeated the archduke Charles at Ettlingen July 
 9, and drove the Austrians back to the Danube, when 
 the defeat of the army of the Meuse and the Sambre un- 
 der Jourdan compelled him to retreat. He commanded 
 in Italy in 1799, being defeated by the Russians under Su- 
 varoff at Cassano, April 7. In 1800 he was appointed to 
 the command of the army of the Rhine by the first consul, 
 Bonaparte; and in the same year gained a decisive victory 
 over the Austrians at Hohenlinden (Dec. 3). Having placed 
 himself at thehead of a party of republicans and royalists 
 
 706 
 
 opposed to Napoleon, he was in 1804 sentenced to two 
 years’ imprisonment on the charge of complicity in Ca- 
 doudal and Pichegru’s conspiracy against the first con- 
 sul. The sentence was commuted to exile. He lived in 
 the United States (near Trenton, New Jersey) from 1805 to 
 1813, when he entered the Russian service. He was mor- 
 tally wounded at the battle of Dresden, Aug. 27, and died 
 Sept. 2, 1813. 
 
 Moreau de Saint-Mery (mo-ro' de san'ma-re'), 
 Mederie Louis Elie. Born at Fort Royal, 
 Martinique, Jan. 13, 1750: died at Paris, Jan. 
 28, 1819. A French jurist and author, a dis- 
 tant relative of the empress Josephine. He was 
 judge of the Supreme Court of French Santo Domingo, 
 I78o ; deputy for Martinique at Paris, 1790; was impris- 
 oned by the Revolutionary tribunal, but escaped and lived 
 in the United States until 1800. From 1800 to 1806 he was 
 councilor of state. He published “ Lois et constitutions 
 des colonies francaises de I Ainerique sous le vent” 
 (Paris, 5 vols., 1784-85), and important works on Santo 
 Domingo, etc. 
 
 Morecambe (mor'kam). A watering-place in 
 Lancashire, England, on Morecambe Bay three 
 miles west of Lancaster. 
 
 Morecambe Bay. An arm of the Irish Sea, 
 separating the northwestern detached part of 
 Lancashire, England, from the main division. 
 More Dissemblers besides Women. A com- 
 edy by Thomas Middleton, licensed as “ an old 
 play” in 1623, printed in 1657 with ’‘Women 
 beware Women,” but certainly acted before 
 1623. 
 
 Morelia (mo-ra'le-a), formerly Valladolid (val- 
 ya-THo-leTH '). The capital of the state of 
 Michoacan, Mexico, situated about 125 miles 
 west by north of Mexico : so named in 1828 in 
 honor of the patriot Morelos. It was founded 
 in 1541. Population, 39,116, (1910). 
 
 Morell (mo-rel'), Sir Charles. The pseudonym 
 of the Rev. James Ridley, under which he wrote 
 “ The Tales of the Genii” (1764). 
 
 Morelia (mo-ral'ya). A town in the province 
 of Castellon, eastern Spain, 78 miles southwest 
 of Tarragona : the Roman Castra 2Elia. It has 
 an old castle. Population, 7,335. 
 
 Morellet (mo-rel-la'), Andre. Born at Lyons, 
 March 7, 1727 : died at Paris, Jan. 12, 1819. A 
 French litterateur and philosophical writer. 
 He wrote “ Melanges de litterature et de phi- 
 losophic au XVIII 6 si&cle” (1818), etc. 
 Morelos (mo-ra'los). A state of Mexico, situ- 
 ated south of the state of Mexico. Capital, 
 Cuernavaca, with about 10,000 inhabitants. 
 Cuautla has 7,000 inhabitants. Area, about 
 1,773 square miles. Population, 179,814, (1910). 
 Morelos, or Montemorelos ( mon-ta-mo-ra'los). 
 A town in the state of Nuevo Leon, Mexico, 
 situated about 55 miles southeast of Monterey. 
 Population, 15,279. 
 
 Morelos y Pavon (mo-ra'los e pa-von'), Jos6 
 Maria. Born near Apatzingan, Michoacan, 
 Sept. 30, 1765 : died near Mexico, Dec. 22, 1815. 
 A Mexican patriot. He was a priest; joined the re- 
 volt of Hidalgo in 1810; held separate commands; and at 
 first- was very successful, but after Nov., 1813, was re- 
 peatedly defeated. He was finally captured, Nov. 5, 1815, 
 taken to Mexico, and shot. 
 
 The last notable auto de fi (November 26, 1815) was that 
 at which the accused was the patriot Morelos. The find- 
 ing against him was a foregone conclusion. “ The Pres- 
 hitero Josd Maria Morelos," declared the inquisitors,” is 
 an unconfessed heretic (hcreje formal negative), an abet- 
 tor of heretics, and a disturber of the ecclesiastical hier- 
 archy ; a profaner of the holy sacraments ; a traitor to God, 
 to the King, and to the Pope.” For which sins he was 
 “condemned to do penance in a jjenitent’s dress "(after 
 the usual form), and was surrendered to the tender mer- 
 cies of the secular arm. Janvier, Mexican Guide, p. 29. 
 
 Morelove (mdr'luv), Lord. The lover of Lady 
 Betty Modish in Cibber’s “Careless Husband.” 
 
 In Lord Morelove we have the first lover in English 
 comedy, since licentiousness possessed it, who is at once a 
 gentleman and an honest man. Doran, Eng. Stage, p. 200. 
 
 Moreno (mo-ra'no), Francisco. Born at Bue- 
 nos Ayres, Oct. 7, 1827. An Argentine explorer 
 and ethnologist. Since 1872 he has made numerous 
 expeditions to the wilder parts of the country, with the 
 special object of studying the Indian tribes. In 1880 he 
 was captured by the Pehuelches and condemned to death, 
 but escaped. 
 
 Moreno, Gabriel Garcia. See Garcia Moreno. 
 Moresnet (mo-ra-na'), or Kelmis (kel'mis). 
 A small neutral strip of land southwest of Aix- 
 la-Chapelle, between Prussia and Belgium, it 
 is ruled conjointly by officials of these two countries. Pop- 
 ulation, about, 3,000. 
 
 Moret (mo-ra'). A town in the department of 
 Seine-et-Marne, France, situated on the Loing 
 40 miles southeast of Paris. Popfilation, com- 
 mune, 2,239. 
 
 Moreto (mo-ra'to), Agustin. Born at Madrid 
 about 1618: died 1669. A noted Spanish dram- 
 atist. He wrote “El valiente justiciero" (“The Brave 
 Justiciary ’’),“ El Undo Don Diego”(“The Handsome Don 
 
 Morgan, Lady (Sydney Owenson) 
 
 Diego ’’), “El desden con el desden” (“Disdain with Dis- 
 dain”), etc. 
 
 Of those that divided the favor of the public with their 
 great, master [Calderon), none stood so near to him as 
 Augustin Moreto, of whom we know much less than 
 would be important to the history of the Spanish drama. 
 He was born at Madrid, and was baptized on the 9th of 
 April, 1618. His best studies were no doubt those he 
 made at AlcalA between 1634 and 1639. Later he removed 
 to Toledo, and entered the household of the Cardinal 
 Archbishop, taking holy orders, and joining a brother- 
 hood as early as 1659. Ten years later, in 1669, he died, 
 only fifty-one years old, leaving whatever of property he 
 possessed to the poor. Ticknor, Span. Lit., n. 413. 
 
 Moreton Bay (mor'ton ha). An inlet of the Pa- 
 cific, on the coast of Queensland, Australia, 
 about lat. 27° 15' S. It is 40 miles long and 17 
 miles wide. 
 
 Morey (mo'ri) Letter, The. A letter forged in 
 the name of J. A. Garfield, favoring Chinese 
 cheap labor. It was published at New York in Oct, 
 1880 (shortly before the presidential election), addressed 
 to a fictitious H. L. Morey. 
 
 Morez (mo-ra'). A town in the department, of 
 Jura, Fi ance, 23 miles north by west of Geneva. 
 Population, commune, 5,680. 
 
 Morgagni (mor-gan'ye), Giovanni Battista. 
 Born at Forli, Italy, Feb. 25, 1682: died at 
 Padua, Italy, Nov. 5, 1771. Am Italian anato- 
 mist, the founder of pathological anatomy. He 
 was professor of anatomy in Padua from 1711. His chief 
 work is “De sedibus et causis morborum per anatomen 
 iadagatis ” (“On the Seat and Causes of Diseases investi- 
 gated by Anatomy,” 1761). He also wrote “Adversaria 
 anatom ica” (1700-19), etc. 
 
 Morgaine. See Morgana. 
 
 Morgan (mor'gan). [Originally Morgant or 
 Morcant; Cymric, ‘sea-brink, ’or ‘one born on 
 the sea-shore.’] The earliest British ecclesias- 
 tical writer. See Pelagius. 
 
 Morgan. 1. See Belarius. — 2. A Welsh surgeon 
 in Smollett’s “Roderick Random” and “Pere- 
 grine Pickle.” 
 
 Morgan (mor'gan), Daniel. Born in New Jer- 
 sey, 1736: died at Winchester, Va., July 6, 
 1802. An American general. He served with dis- 
 tinction in the expedition under Arnold against Quebec 
 1775-76; commanded the riflemen at Saratoga in 1777; and 
 defeated Tarleton at Cowpens in 1781. He attained the 
 rank of major-general. 
 
 Morgan, Edwin Dennison. Born at Washing- 
 ton, Mass., Feb. 8, 1811: died at New York, 
 Feb. 14, 1883. An American merchant and poli- 
 tician. He was governor of New York 1859-62, 
 and United States senator from New Yh>rk 
 1863-69. 
 
 Morgan, Sir Henry. Born in Wales, 1635 (?) : 
 died in Jamaica, 1688. The most celebrated 
 commander of the bueaneers. He ran away to 
 sea, went to Barbados, and thence to Jamaica, where he 
 joined the bueaneers, and soon became a leader. His 
 ravages extended over the Spanish coasts of the Carib- 
 bean Sea. He pillaged parts of Cuba, and took and ran 
 sorned Puerto Bello 1668, and Maracaibo 1669. In 1670 he 
 collected 37 vessels and 2,200 men, captured a fort at the 
 mouth of the Chagres River, crossed the isthmus, and 
 took Panama, after a battle with about 3,000 Spanish sol- 
 diers, Jan., 1671. The city was sacked and burned, and 
 immense plunder was secured. Here, as elsewhere, the 
 Spaniards were treated with great inhumanity. Morgan 
 was prevented by royal orders from organizing another 
 expedition. He returned to England, where he w'as 
 knighted by Charles II. and made a commissioner of the 
 admiralty. Later he resided in Jamaica, where he was 
 lieutenant-governor and commander-in-chief, and for a 
 time was acting governor. 
 
 Morgan, John Hunt. Born at Huntsville, Ala., 
 June 1, 1826: died Sept. 4, 1864. An American 
 general in the Confederate service. He entered 
 tlie Confederate army as a captain at the beginning of the 
 Civil War ; was promoted major-general in 1862 ; and in 
 1863 commanded a cavalry raid into Kentucky, Ohio, and 
 Indiana, which resulted in his capture and imprisonment 
 in the Ohio penitentiary. He made his escape later in the 
 same year, and undertook a raid into Tennessee. He was 
 surrounded and killed by Union troops under General Al- 
 van C. Gillem, near Greenville, Tennessee. 
 
 Morgan, Lewis Henry. Born near Aurora, 
 N.Y.,Nov.21,1818: died at Rochester, N.Y.,Dec. 
 17, 1881. An American ethnologist and archae- 
 ologist. He published “ League of t he Iroquois ” (1851), 
 “Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human 
 Family,” “Ancient Society,” etc. 
 
 Morgan, Lady (Sydney Owenson). Bom at 
 
 Dublin about 1783 : died at London, April 14, 
 1859. An Irish novelist, daughter of an Irish 
 actor. She published a volume of poems, and a novel, 
 “St. Clair,” in 1804. “The Wild Irish Girl,” a political 
 novel, made her reputation in 1806. In 1812 she married 
 Sir T. C. Morgan, M. D., who was knighted in her interest. 
 Among her other works are “O’Donnel ” (1814), “Florence 
 Macarthy ” (1816), “ France under the Bourbons, etc. ” (1817), 
 and its companion “Italy, etc.” (1821) (these excited furi- 
 ous opposition both in England and on the Continent), 
 “Life and Times of Salvator Rosa” (1823), “Woman and 
 her Master” (1840), “The Book Without a Name” (with Sir 
 T. C. Morgan, 1841), “ Luxima, the Prophetess ’ (1859), 
 "Passages from my Autobiography: an Odd Volume” 
 (1859 : this contains her letters for the years 1818-19, etc.), 
 etc. 
 
Morgan, Sir Thomas Charles 
 
 707 
 
 Moro 
 
 Morgan, Sir Thomas Charles. Born at Lon- 
 don about 1783 : died there, Aug. 28, 1843. An 
 English author, the husband of Lady Morgan. 
 He was educated at Eton and at St. Peter’s, Cambridge. 
 His works include “Sketches of the Philosophy of Life” 
 (1318) and “ Sketches of the Philosophy of Morals ”(1822). 
 
 Morgan, William. Died 1826. A mechanic of 
 Batavia, New York, alleged to have been ab- 
 ducted and killed by Freemasons for revealing 
 secrets of the order. 
 
 Morgana ( mor-ga 'nil), or Morgaine (mor-gan ' ) . 
 [Morgana is the Breton equivalent of ‘sea-wo- 
 man/ from mar, sea, and given, splendens foe- 
 mina.] In Celtic legend and Arthurian ro- 
 mance, a fairy, sister of King Arthur. In the 
 romance of “Ogier the Dane" she receives Ogier in the 
 Isle of Avalon when he is over one hundred years of age, 
 and restores him to eternal youth. She is also known as 
 Morgan or Morgue le Pay, and in the Italian romances as 
 Fata (.‘fairy’) Morgana. 
 
 The fairy Morgana [Morgaine, sister of Arthur], who is a 
 principal character in this romance [“Morte d’Arthur ”] and 
 discovered to Arthur the intrigue of Geneura with Lance- 
 lot, is a leading personage not only in other tales of chiv- 
 alry, but also in the Italian poems. In the Orlando Furioso 
 she convinces her brother of the infidelity of his queen by 
 means of a magical horn. About a flf tli part of the Orlando 
 Innamorato, beginning at canto thirty-six, is occupied with 
 the Fata Morgana. Siie is there represented as dispensing 
 all the treasures of the earth, and as inhabiting a splen- 
 did residence at the bottom of a lake. Thither Orlando 
 penetrates, and forces her to deliver up the knights she de- 
 tained in captivity, by seizing her by a lock of hair and 
 conjuring her in the name of her master Demogorgon. She 
 thus became a well-known character in Italy, w here the 
 appellation of Fata Morgana is given to that strange and 
 almost incredible vision which, in certain states of the tide 
 and weather, appears on the sea that washes the coast of 
 Calabria. Every object at Reggio is then a thousand times 
 reflected on a marine mirror, or, when vapors are thick, on 
 a species of aerial screen, elevated above the surface of 
 the water, on which the groves and hills and towers are 
 represented as in a moving picture. 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 18G. 
 
 Morgante Maggiore (mor-gan'te raad-jo're). 
 [It.] A serio-burlesque romantic poem by Luigi 
 Pulei (1485) : so called from its hero, the giant 
 Morgante. There is also a French romance, of the Car- 
 lovingian cycle, entitled “Morgaut le Geani,” which is 
 probably taken from Pulci’s poem. 
 
 Luigi Pulci (1431-1487), in his Morgante Maggiore, which 
 first appeared in 1485, is alternately vulgar and burlesque, 
 serious and insipid, or religious. The principal charac- 
 ters of his romance are the same which first appeared in 
 the fabulous chronicle of Turpin, and in the romances of 
 Adenez, in the thirteenth century. His real hero is Or- 
 lando rather than Morgante. He takes up the Paladin of 
 Charlemagne at the moment when the intrigues of Gane- 
 lon de Mayence compel him to fly from the court. One 
 of the first adventures of Orlando is a combat with three 
 giants who lay siege to an abbey. Two of these he kills, 
 and makes the third, Morgante, prisoner : converts and 
 baptizes him ; and thenceforth selects him as his brother 
 in arms, and the partaker in all his adventures. 
 
 Simuyndi, Lit. of South of Europe, I. 323. 
 
 Morgarten (mor-gar'ten). A mountain on the 
 border of the cantons of Schwyz and Zug, Swit- 
 zerland, 17 miles east by north of Lucerne. Here, 
 Nov. 15, 1315, the Swiss confederates of the Forest Can- 
 tons Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden (1,400) defeated the 
 Austrians (15,000), creating a panic by rushing down on 
 them from the heights. 
 
 Morgenstem (mor' gen -stern), Christian. 
 Born at Hamburg, Sept. 29, 1805 : died at Mu- 
 nich, Feb. 26, 1867. A noted German landscape- 
 ainter. 
 
 orges (morzh). A town in the canton of Vaud, 
 Switzerland, on the Lake of Geneva 7 miles 
 west of Lausanne. Population, 16,052. 
 Morghen (mor'gen), Rafaello Sanzio. Born 
 June 19, 1758 : died at Florence, April 8, 1833. 
 An Italian engraver. He was a pupil of his father 
 Filippo and his uncle Giovanni Elia Morghen. His first 
 important plate, “Masks of the Carnival,” was made in 
 1778. He continued his education under Volpato in Home. 
 In 1781 he engraved Raphael’s “ Poetry ’’ and “ Theology ’’ ; 
 in 1787 Guido Reni’s “Aurora and, later, Leonardo's “Last 
 Supper” and Raphael’s “Transfiguration.” He became 
 professor of engraving in the Academy of Arts in Florence 
 in 179.1. 
 
 Morgiana (m&r-gi-a'nii). A character in the 
 story of “Ali Baba and. the Forty Thieves,” in 
 “The ArabianNights Entertainments”: a slave 
 of Cassim and Ali Baba. She aids in the conceal- 
 ment of Cassim’s murder, and discovers the robbers, who 
 are brought by their captain, concealed in oil-jars, to Ali 
 Baba’s house. She kills them by pouring boiling oil into 
 the jars. She recognizes their captain when, as Cogia 
 Houssain, he dines with Ali Baba, and stabs him as she 
 dances the “dagger dance.” Ali Baba shows his gratitude 
 by marrying her to his son. 
 
 Morglay (mdr'gla). [Same as claymore.'] The 
 sword of Sir Be vis of Hampton. 
 
 Morhau.lt (mor'halt), Sir. A celebrated charac- 
 ter in the romances of chivalry. Also written 
 Marhous, Moraunt, Morholf. etc. 
 
 Morhof (mor'hof), Daniel Georg. Born at 
 Wisroar, Germany, Feb. 6, 1639 : died at Liibeck, 
 June 30, 1691. A German scholar, appointed 
 professor of oratory and poetry at Kiel in 1665, 
 
 professor also of history in 1673, and librarian 
 in 1680. He wrote a work on universal litera- 
 ture, entitled “Polyhistor” (1688: best edition 
 1747), etc. 
 
 Moria (mo'ri-ii). A character in Ben Jonson’s 
 “Cynthia’s Bevels.” 
 
 ’Tis Madam Moria (folly), guardian of the nymphs ; one 
 that is not now to be persuaded of her wit ; she will think 
 herself wise against all the judgments that come. A lady 
 made all of voice and air, talks anything of anything. 
 
 Act ii. 
 
 Moriah (mo-ri'a). A hill in Jerusalem, the site 
 of Solomon’s temple. Tradition has often identified 
 this, but on insufficient grounds, with the hill of Isaac's 
 sacrifice in the “ land of Moriah ” (Gen. xxii.). 
 
 Morier (mo'ri-er), James. Born 1780 : died at 
 Brighton, England, March 19, 1849. An Eng- 
 lish novelist and writer of travels. He entered 
 the diplomatic service as secretary of Lord Elgin. In 1812 
 he published “A Journey through Persia, Armenia, and 
 Asia Minor to Constantinople 1808-9.” From 1810 to 
 1814 he was secretary of embassy at the court of Persia. 
 He published his “Second Journey” in 1818; a romance, 
 “ The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan,” in 1824 ; and 
 “Zolirab the Hostage" in 1832. 
 
 Morike (me'ri-ke), Eduard. Bom at Ludwigs- 
 hui'g, "Wurtemberg, Sept. 8, 1804: died at Stutt- 
 gart, Wiirtemberg, June 4, 1875. A German 
 poet of the “Swabian school,” and novelist. 
 Among his works are tho novel “ Maler Nolten” 
 (1832), the poem “Idyllevom Bodensee” (1846), 
 etc. 
 
 Morillo (mo-rel'yo), Pablo. Born at Fuente de 
 Malva, 1777: died at Rochefort, France, July 
 27, 1838. A Spanish general. As field-marshal he 
 commanded 10,600 men sent early in 1815 to reduce the 
 revolted provinces of Venezuela and New Granada. At 
 first he swept all opposition before him ; occupied Caracas 
 May, 1815 ; took Cartagena, after a siege of 4 months, Dec. 
 6 : and on May 26, 1816, entered Bogota, where he executed 
 125 prominent citizens. In 1817 he met with many reverses 
 in Venezuela, and in 1819 was outwitted by Bolivar, who 
 during his absence gained the battle of Boyaca (Aug. 7), 
 and recovered BogotA. In 1820 he signed a truce with 
 Bolivar, and was recalled at his own request. In 1822 he 
 sided with the constitutionalists, and later submitted to 
 French intervention. In Aug., 1823, he was degraded 
 by the king, and retired to France. He published an ac- 
 count of his American campaigns in 1826. 
 
 Morini (mor'i-ni). A Celtic people of Gallia 
 Belgica, living in the vicinity of the modern 
 Boulogne. 
 
 Moriscos (mo-ris'koz). In Spanish history, per- 
 sons of the Moorish race ; the Moors. The name 
 was applied to the Moors after their conquest by the Span- 
 iards. They were expelled from Spain in 1609. 
 
 Morison (mor'i-son), James Augustus Cotter. 
 
 Born at London, 1832 : died Feb. 26, 1888. An 
 English author. He was educated at Oxford (Lincoln 
 College). He was a positivist in philosophy. He was a 
 contributor to the “Saturday Review," and published 
 “Life and Times of St. Bernard, etc.,” in 1863, and “The 
 Service of Man : an Essay towards the Religion of the Fu- 
 ture,” in 1887, etc. 
 
 Morison, Robert. Born at Aberdeen, 1620 : died 
 Nov. 10, 1683. A Scottish botanist. He served 
 the king in the civil war, and took his doctor’s degree at 
 Angers in 1648. In 1650 he became superintendent of the 
 garden formed at Blois by Gaston, duke of Orleans. After 
 the Restoration he was made botanist royal, court physi- 
 cian, and professor of botany at Oxford. He published 
 “Plantarum Historia Universalis Oxoniensis ” (1680). 
 
 Morlacca (mor-lak'ka). The country of the 
 Morlaks. 
 
 Morlaix (mor-la/). A town in the department 
 of Finistere, France, situated near the English 
 Channel 42 miles north-northeast of Quimper. 
 It has a harbor on a tidal river. Population, 
 commune, 15,984. 
 
 Morlaks (mor'laks). A Slavic people dwelling 
 near the Adriatic in Istria, Croatia, and Dal- 
 matia: closely allied to the Serbs. 
 
 Morland (mor'land), Catherine. The princi- 
 pal character in Miss Austen’s novel “North- 
 anger Abbey.” 
 
 Morland, George. Born at London, June 26, 
 1763: died there, Oct. 27, 1804. An English 
 painter, son of a painter and picture-dealer. 
 In 1780 he married a sister of James Ward the animal- 
 painter. He painted moralities in the manner of Hogarth, 
 also genre and animals, and was noted equally for the bril- 
 liancy of his work and the extreme recklessness of his life. 
 Ilis picture “ Inside of a Stable ” is in the National Gallery. 
 
 Morland, Henry. In Column the younger’s 
 “ Heir-at-Law,” the missing and finally reap- 
 pearing heir to the title and estates of Lord 
 Duberly. He is in love with Caroline Dormer. 
 
 Morley (mor'li). A municipal borough in the 
 West Biding of Yorkshire, England, southwest 
 of Leeds. Population, 23,636. 
 
 Morley, Henry. Bom at London, Sept. 15, 1822: 
 died May 14, 1 894. An English author. He was 
 
 educated at the Moravian school at Neuwied-on-th e-Rhine, 
 and at King’s College, London. He practised medicine from 
 1844 to 1848. He wrote for “Household Words” and the 
 “ Examiner ’’ from 1850 to 1864, and was editor of the latter 
 during part of that time ; was professor of the English lan- 
 
 guage and literature from 1805 to 1889at University College, 
 London ; held the same position at Queen's College, London, 
 from 1878 ; and became principal of University Hall in 1882. 
 He wrote “A Defence of Ignorance ”(1851), lives of Palissy 
 (1852), Cardan (1854), Cornelius Agrippa (18 .6), “ Memoirs of 
 Bartholomew Fair" (1857), “English Writers before Chau- 
 cer " (1864-67), ‘ ‘ First Sketch of English Literature ” (1873), 
 and “Library of English Literature”; and edited Boswell’s 
 “Life of Johnson ” in 1886. He began “English Writers " 
 in 1887. Ten volumes had been issued at his death. In 
 1864-67 a preliminary book with the same title was pub- 
 lished, which was afterward merged in the larger work. 
 Morley, John, first Viscount Morley of Black- 
 burn. Born at Blackburn, Lancashire, Dec. 
 24, 1838. An English statesman and author. 
 He was educated at Cheltenham and Oxford (Lincoln Col- 
 lege), and was called to the bar in 1873. From 1867 to 1882 
 he edited the “Fortnightly Review,” from 1880 to 1883 
 the “ Pall Mall Gazette,” and from 1883 to 1885 “Macmil- 
 lan’s Magazine.” He has been member of Parliament for 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne 1883-95, and for Montrose Burghs 
 1896-1908. He was a supporter of Gladstone’s Irish and gen- 
 eral policy ; was chief secretary for Ireland in 1886 ; was 
 reappointed in 1892 ; was secretary of 6tate for India, Dec., 
 1905-1910, and lord president of the council 1910. He has 
 written “Edmund Burke” (1867), “Voltaire” (1872), 
 “Rousseau” (1876), “Diderot and the Encyclopedists” 
 (1878), “Richard Cobden ” (1881), “The Struggle for Na- 
 tional Education ” (2d ed. 1873), “ Ralph Waldo Emerson " 
 (1884). 
 
 Morley, Mrs. See Freeman, Mrs. 
 
 Morley, Thomas. Born in England about 1557 : 
 died at London about 1604. An English musi- 
 ciau. He studied at Oxford, and was a pupil in music of 
 William Byrd. He wrote 6 books of canzonets or madrigals 
 (1593-1600), “ A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall 
 Musicke” (1597), and edited “The Triumphs of Orlana” 
 (1601 : a collection of madrigals in honor of Queen Eliza- 
 beth), and other books of canzonets, madrigals, etc. 
 
 Mormon (mor'mon), Book of. One of the au- 
 thoritative writings of the Mormon Church. Ac- 
 cording to the Mormons, it is the record of certain ancient 
 peoples in America, abridged by the prophet Mormon, writ- 
 ten on golden plates, and discovered by Joseph Smith at 
 Cumorah (western New York), and translated by him. By 
 anti- Mormons it is generally regarded as taken from a ro- 
 mance written about 1811 by Solomon Spaulding, whose 
 manuscript was used by Smith and Rigdon. 
 
 Mormons (mor'monz). The adherents of a re- 
 ligious body in the United States, which calls 
 itself “ The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- 
 day Saints.” This denomination was founded in 1830 
 by Joseph Smith, a native of Sharon, Vermont. The gov- 
 ernment of the church is a hierarchy consisting of two or- 
 ders of priesthood, an order of Melchizedek (the higher), 
 and an Aaronic or lesser order. The former is presided 
 over by a president and two counselors whose authority 
 extends over the entire church, and it includes the twelve 
 apostles, the seventies, the patriarch, the high priests, and 
 the elders. The twelve apostles constitute a traveling 
 high council, which ordains other officers and is intrusted 
 with general ecclesiastical authority ; the seventies are the 
 missionaries and the propagandists of the body ; the pa- 
 triarch pronounces the blessing of the church ; the high 
 priests officiate in the offices of the church in the absence 
 of any higher authorities ; and the eiders conduct meet- 
 ings and superintend the priests. The Aaronic priesthood 
 includes the bishops, the priests, the teachers, and the 
 deacons : the two last named are the subordinate orders 
 in the church. Thedutiesof the bishops are largely secu- 
 lar. The entire territory governed by the church is di- 
 vided and subdivided into districts, for the more efficient 
 collection of tithes and the administration of the govern- 
 ment. The Mormons accept the Bible, the Book of Mor- 
 mon, and the Book of Doctrine and Covenants as authori- 
 tative, and regard the head of their church as invested with 
 divine authority, receiving his revelations as the word of 
 God, the Lord. They maintain the doctrines of repentance 
 and faith, a literal resurrection of the dead, the second 
 coming of Christ and his reign upon the earth (having the 
 seat of his power in their territory), baptism by immersion, 
 baptism for the dead, and polygamy as a sacred duty for 
 those who are capable of entering into such marriage. 
 The Mormons settled first at Kirtland, Ohio, then iu Mis- 
 souri, and, after their expulsion from these places, in Nau- 
 voo, Illinois. In 1847-48 they removed to Utah, and have 
 since spread into Idaho, Arizona, Wyoming, etc. They 
 have frequently defied the United States government. 
 There is also a comparatively small branch of the Mormon 
 Church, entitled “ The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ 
 of Latter-day Saints," which is opposed to polygamy and 
 is ecclesiastically independent of the original organization. 
 Also Mormonists, Mormonites. 
 
 Mornay (mor-na/), Philippe de, Seigneur du 
 Plessis-Marly, known as Duplessis-Mornay. 
 Born at the Chateau Buhy, Normandy, Nov. 5, 
 1549 : died at La Foret-sur-Sevre, France, Nov. 
 
 II, 1623. A French diplomatist, politician, and 
 Huguenot leader. His “ Memories ” were pub- 
 lished in 1624. 
 
 Mornington, Earl of. See Wellesley. 
 
 Moray (mor-ne'), Charles Auguste Louis 
 Joseph, Due de. Born at Paris, Oct. 23, 1811: 
 died at Paris, March 10, 1865. A French poli- 
 tician, illegitimate son of the Comte do Flaliaut 
 and Queen Hortense: half-brother of Napoleon 
 
 III. He was a leading conspirator in the coup d’6t,at of 
 Dec., 1851; minister of the interior 1851-52 ; president of 
 tile Corps Ldgislatif 1854-65 ; and ambassador to Russia 
 1856-67. 
 
 Moro (mo'ro), Attoni or Antonis: called Sir 
 Anthony More. Born at Utrecht, Netherlands, 
 about 1512: died at Antwerp about 1578. A 
 Dutch portrait-painter. 
 
Moro Castle 
 
 Moro Castle. See Morro Castle. 
 
 Morocco (mo-rok'o), or Marocco (ma-rok'd), 
 F. Maroc (ma-rok'). A country in northwest- 
 ern Africa. Capitals, Fez and Morocco. It is 
 
 bounded by the Mediterranean on the north, Algeria on 
 the east, the Sahara on the south, and the Atlantic on 
 the northwest and west: its southern boundaries are 
 undefined. It is traversed from west to east by the At- 
 las Mountains. Government was administered by a sul- 
 tan with despotic powers. The leading races are the Moors, 
 Berbers, and Jews. The religion is largely Mohammedan. 
 Morocco corresponds to the ancientMauretania Tingitana. 
 It was conquered by the Arabs about 700; was under the 
 Almoravides in the 11th and 12th centuries, and under the 
 Almohades in the 12th and 13th ; was flourishing in the 
 16th century and part of the 17th ; and was defeated in 
 war with France in 1844, and in war with Spain in 1859- 
 1860. The Riftian tribes of the north came into collision 
 with Spain in 1893, and again in 1909 and 1911. A French 
 protectorate was established in Morocco in 1912 by agree- 
 ment between France and Germany, and a Franco-Span- 
 ish territorial agreement was signed in November, 1912. 
 Area, exclusive of the Saharan tract and Tuat, about 
 219,000 square miles. The population is variously esti- 
 mated : it iB probably about 5,000,000. See ■kAlgeciras 
 Conference. 
 
 Morocco, or Marocco. One of the capitals of 
 the former sultanate of Morocco, situated about 
 lat. 31° 40' N., long. 7° 35' W. It was founded 
 about 1072, and reached its greatest size and 
 prosperity in the thirteenth and fourteenth cen- 
 turies. It has manufactures of morocco leather. 
 
 The imperial palace consists of an irregular mass of build- 
 ings covering about 180 acres in the southern part of the 
 city. Population, about 50,000. 
 
 Morocco. See Banks’s Horse. 
 
 Mor6n, or Moron de la Frontera (mo-ron' da 
 la fron-ta'ra). A town in the province of Se- 
 ville, Spain, 35 miles southeast of Seville. Pop- 
 ulation, 14,190. 
 
 Morone (mo-ro'ne), Giovanni di. Born at Mi- 
 lan, May 25, 1509 : died at Borne, Dec. 1, 1580. 
 An Italian cardinal and diplomatist. 
 
 Moroni (mo-ro'ne), or Morone, Giambattista. 
 Bom at Albino, near Bergamo, Italy, about 
 1510 : died about 1578. An Italian portrait- 
 painter. 
 
 Moro (mo'ro) Pass. A pass leading from Ma- 
 cngnaga, in northern Italy, northward over the 
 Valais Alps. Height, 9,390 feet. 
 
 Morose (mo-ros'). In Ben Jonson’s comedy 
 “Epiccene, or the Silent Woman,” a melan- 
 choly recluse who can bear no sound except 
 that of his own voice. His melancholy degenerates 
 into vice and cruelty ; to disinherit his nephew he marries, 
 as he supposes, a silent woman, who turns out to be not 
 only a loud voiced scold, but — a boy. (See Dauphine and 
 Epiccene.) Not only the name and characterof Morose, but 
 several of his shorter speeches, are copied or imitated from 
 Libanius. 
 
 Morosini (md-ro-se'ne), Andrea. Born at Ven- 
 ice, Feb. 13, 1558: died June 29, 1618. A Vene- 
 tian historian. He studied belles-lettres at Padua, and 
 held various public offices at Venice, eventually obtaining 
 a seat in the Council of Ten. He was appointed histo- 
 riographer of the republic in 1598. He wrote “Historia 
 Veneta ab anno 1521 ad annum 1615 ” (1623), etc. 
 
 Morosini, Francesco. Born 1618: died 1694. 
 A Venetian general. He surrendered Candia to the 
 Turks in 1669, but was distinguished later for his victories 
 over them, especially for his conquest of the Morea. 
 
 Morotocos (md-rd-td'kos). An Indian tribe of 
 eastern Bolivia, between Santa Cruz de la Sierra 
 and the Paraguay. They are now nearly or quite ex- 
 tinct, The Morotocos were closely allied to the Samucus 
 (which see). 
 
 Morpeth (mor'peth). A municipal and parlia- 
 mentary borough in Northumberland, England, 
 situated on the Wansbeck 14 miles north of 
 Newcastle. It has iron-foundries, collieries, etc. Popu- 
 lation (municipal borough), 6,158. 
 
 Morpeth, Viscount. See Howard, George TV. F. 
 Morpheus (mor'fus). [Gr. Mopipcbc.] In the later 
 Roman poets, a god of dreams, son of Sleep. 
 Morphy (mor'fi), Paul Charles. Born at New 
 Orleans, June 22, 1837: died there, July 10, 1884. 
 A distinguished American chess-player. 
 Morrice (mor'is), Gil or Childe. The chief 
 character of a noted Scotch ballad. He is killed by 
 his mother's huBband, Lord Barnard, who is not his father, 
 and who supposes him to be her lover, as she has con- 
 cealed his birth, and brought him up in the “gude green- 
 wood.” 
 
 Morrill (mor'il), Justin Smith. Born at Straf- 
 ford, Vt., April 14, 1810: died at Washington, 
 D. C., Dec. 28, 1898. An American Republican 
 politician. He was a member of Congress from Vermont 
 1865-67, and occupied a seat in the United States Sen- 
 ate 1867-98. He was chiefly known in connection with 
 the so-called Morrill tariff, which was reported by him in 
 the House in 1861. 
 
 Morrill, Lot Myrick. Born at Belgrade, Maine, 
 May 3, 1813: died at Augusta, Maine, Jan. 10, 
 1883. An American politician. He was governor 
 of Maine 1868-60, senator from Maine 1861-76, and secre- 
 tary of the treasury 1876-77. 
 
 708 
 
 Morris (mor'is). The capital of Grundy County, 
 Illinois, 54 miles southwest of Chicago. Popu- 
 lation, 4,563, (1910). 
 
 Morris, Clara. Born at Toronto, March 17, 1849. 
 An Americanactl'ess. She was leading lady at Wood’s 
 
 Theater, Cincinnati, in 1869, and went to New York in 1870. 
 She married Frederick C. Harriot in 1874. She was pecu- 
 liarly successful in emotional characters, and in depicting 
 death scenes. Among her best parts were Camille, Miss 
 Multon, Mercy Merrick in “The New Magdalen," Renee, 
 and Cora in “L’ Article 47.” 
 
 Morris, Dinah. The principal female character 
 in George Eliot’s “Adam Bede.” she is a factory 
 girl and Wesleyan preacher, with a spiritual clear-sighted 
 nature, and delicate sensitiveness to the condition and 
 wants of others. She is said to be in some particulars a 
 sketch from an aunt of the author, Elizabeth Evans. 
 
 Morris, George Pope. Born at Philadelphia, 
 Oct. 10, 1802 : died at New York, July 6, 1864. 
 An American journalist and poet, with Samuel 
 Woodworth he established the “New York Mirror "in 
 1823 (discontinued in 1842), with N. P. Willis the “New 
 Mirror ” in 1843, and shortly after the “ Evening Mirror.” 
 In 1845 he founded the “National Press.” Its name was 
 changed in a few months to “The Home Journal.” Tins 
 lie edited with Willis till shortly before his death. He 
 wrote “Briarcliff”(1825), etc., and edited “American Melo- 
 dies” and, with N. P. Willis, “The Prose and Poetry of 
 America" (1845). Among his best-known poems are 
 “Woodman, Spare that Tree” and “My Mother’s Bible.” 
 
 Morris, Gouverneur. Born at Morrisania, N. Y. , 
 Jan. 31, 1752: died at Morrisania, Nov. 6, 1816. 
 An American statesman . He was a member of the 
 Continental Congress ; one of the committee on drafting 
 the Constitution in 1787 ; United States minister to France 
 1792-94; and United States senator from New York 1800- 
 1803. 
 
 Morris, Lewis. Born at Morrisania, N. Y., 
 1726: died there, Jan. 22, 1798. An American 
 patriot, brother of Gouverneur Morris : a signer 
 ★of the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 Morris, Sir Lewis. Born at Carmarthen, 1832: 
 died Nov. 12, 1907. An English poet. He was 
 educated at Oxford (Jesus College). He wrote the “Songs 
 of Two Worlds" (1871), the “Epic of Hades" (his best- 
 known work, 1876), “A Vision of Saints" (1890), etc. 
 Morris, Richard. Born at London, Sept. 8,1833 : 
 died there, May 12, 1894. An English philologist. 
 He was educated at St. John’s College, Battersea; was a 
 member of the Chaucer, Early English Text, and Philo- 
 logical societies, and was president of the latter in 1874. 
 He published “The Etymology of Local Names” (1857), 
 “Specimens of Early English" (1867), “ Historical Outlines 
 of English Accidence” (1872), and edited some of Chaucer’s 
 “Canterbury Tales "with notes. 
 
 Morris, Robert. Born ill England, J an. 20, 1734 : 
 died at Philadelphia, May 8, 1806. An Ameri- 
 can financier and statesman, a signer of the Dec- 
 laration of Independence as delegate to the Con- 
 tinental Congress. He established the Bank of North 
 America in 1781 ; was superintendent of finance 1781-84; 
 was a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1787 ; 
 and was United States senator from Pennsylvania 1789-95. 
 Morris, William. Born near London, 1834 : died 
 at London, Oct. 3, 1896. An English poet and 
 artistic decorator. He was educated at Marlborough 
 College and at Oxford (Exeter College), where his intimacy 
 with Burne-Jones begau. In 1863 he established the busi- 
 ness in stained glass and decorations which hears his name. 
 In his later years he devoted much time to propagating 
 the doctrines of socialism. Author of “Defense of Guine- 
 vere, and Other Poems" (1858), “The Life and Heath of 
 Jason" (1867), “The Earthly Paradise” (1868-71), “Love is 
 Enough ” (1873), “ Hopes and Fears for Art ” (1882). In 1890 
 hebeganpublisliingEnglish versionsof the Icelandic sagas. 
 
 Morrisania (mor-i-sa'ni-a). A former village 
 of Westchester County, New York, situated 
 north of the Harlem River: now a part of New 
 York city. 
 
 Morris Island. A sand island at the southern 
 entrance of Charleston harbor, South Carolina : 
 the site of Fort Wagner and other fortifications 
 during the Civil War. 
 
 Morrison (mor'i-son), Robert. Born at Mor- 
 peth, Northumberland, Jan. 5, 1782: died at 
 Canton, China, Aug. 1, 1834. An English mis- 
 sionary. He studied at the Independent Academy at 
 Hoxton, and in 1807 was sent by the London Missionary 
 Society to Canton. In 1815 he published a Chinese gram- 
 mar and New Testament; in 1818 he founded the Anglo- 
 Chinese CoUege at Malacca; and in 1823 his Chinese dic- 
 tionary was published by the East India Company. 
 Morristown (mor'is-toun). A town, capital of 
 Morris County, New Jersey, situated on the 
 Whippany River 26 miles west by north of New 
 York: a summer resort. It was the headquarters of 
 the army under Washington in the winters of 1776-77 and 
 1779-80. Population, 12,507, (1910). 
 
 Morro' (mor'ro), El. [Sp., ‘the promontory.’] 
 A picturesque rock and plateau in western Now 
 Mexico, 30 miles east of Zuni, on the vertical 
 walls of which numerous inscriptions, some of 
 them belonging to the very early years of Span- 
 ish occupation, still exist. It is a very important 
 historic monument. Many of the older inscriptions have, 
 however, disappeared to make room for less important 
 modern ones. On the top of the plateau or mesa are the 
 ruins of two ancient villages. Also called Inscription 
 Hock. 
 
 Mortimer, Roger 
 
 Morro Castle. [Sp. Gastello del Morro, castle 
 of the promontory.] A fort at the entrance 
 of the harbor of Havana, Cuba, celebrated in 
 the history of the island. The dungeons beneath it 
 have frequently been used for political prisoners. Also a 
 castle at Santiago de Cuba, similarly situated. 
 
 Mors (mors). An island in the Limfjord, north- 
 ern Jutland, Denmark. 
 
 Morse (mors), Edward Sylvester. Bom at 
 
 Portland, Maine, June 18, 1838. An American 
 zoologist. His early work attracted the attention of 
 Louis Agassiz, who induced him to study at the Lawrence 
 Scientific School, Harvard, where he was assistant till 
 1862. With others he established the “American Natu- 
 ralist” at Salem about 1866, and founded the Peabody 
 Academy of Sciences there, of which he was curator and 
 president in 1881. He was professor of comparative anat- 
 omy and zoology at Bowdoin 1871-74, visited Japan in 1877, 
 and became professor of zoology in the Imperial Univer- 
 sity of Tokio. He returned later to the United States. In 
 1885 he was made president of the American Association 
 for the Advancement of Science. Among his works are 
 “Fust Book in Zoology ” (1875), “Japanese Homes, etc.” 
 (1885), etc., besides numerous scientific and popular papers. 
 Morse, Jedidiah. Born at Woodstock, Conn., 
 Aug. 23, 1761: died at New Haven, Conn., June 
 9, 1826. An American geographer and Congre- 
 gational divine, author of a series of geogra- 
 phies and gazetteers. 
 
 Morse, Samuel Finley Breese. Born at Charles- 
 town, Mass., April 27, 1791 : died at New York, 
 April 2, 1872. An American artist and invent- 
 or, son of Jedidiah Morse. He graduated at Yale 
 College in 1810; studied art under Benjamin West in Eng- 
 land ; and, after having tried with indifferent success to 
 establish himself as a portrait-painter In various Ameri- 
 can cities, opened a studio at New York in 1823. He was 
 the first president of the National Academy of Design at 
 New York (1826-42). He designed in 1832 an electric tele- 
 graph, a working model of which was exhibited in 1835. 
 He applied for a patent inl837, and in 1843 Congress granted 
 an appropriation for a line between Baltimore and Wash- 
 ington, which was completed in 1844. 
 
 Morse, Sidney Edwards. Born at Charlestown, 
 Mass., Feb. 7, 1794 : died at New York, Dec. 23, 
 1871. An American journalist, geographer, and 
 inventor, son of Jedidiah Morse. He founded (con- 
 jointly with his brother R. C. Morse) the “New York Ob- 
 server ” in 1823. 
 
 Mortagne (mor-tany'). A town in the depart- 
 ment. of Orne, France, 23 miles east by north of 
 Alen§on. Population, commune, 3,800. 
 Mortara (mor-ta'ra). A town in the province 
 of Pavia, Italy, 26 miles southwest of Milan. 
 Here, March 21, 1849, the Austrians under Archduke Al- 
 bert defeated the Sardinians under the Duke of Genoa. 
 
 Morte Arthure (mort ar't.hfer). A compilation 
 of prose romances on the life and death of King 
 Arthur and the knights of the Round Table, 
 translated from the French prose romances 
 which had grown from the early poems, by Sir 
 Thomas Malory and printed by Caxton in 1485. 
 It was originally called the “ History ” or “ Book of Arthur. ’’ 
 There is a metrical English romance with the title “Morte 
 Arthure," said to have been written at the end of the 14th 
 century by Huchovvne (Hutchin), a Scotch ballad-writer: 
 his authorship has been denied by Richard Morris. 
 
 Mr. Ritson imagines that the English metrical romance 
 of Morte Arthur was versified from the prose one of the 
 same title; but, as it differs essentially from Malory's prose 
 work, and agrees exactly with the last part of the French 
 romance of Lancelot, it is more probable that it has been 
 versified from this composition. 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 185. 
 
 Morte d’ Arthur (mort dar'ther). An idyl by 
 Alfred Tennyson, included later in the “Idyll's 
 of the King” under the title “The Passing of 
 Arthur.” 
 
 Morte d’Artus. All early French romance which 
 properly completesthe French Arthurian cycle. 
 It is probably by Walter Map. 
 
 Morte de Pomp6e, La. [F., ‘ The Death of Pom- 
 pey.’] A tragedy by Corneille, produced in 1642. 
 Morteira (mor-ta''ra), Saul Levi. Died 1600. 
 A rabbi in Amsterdam, Holland. He was one of 
 the teachers of Spinoza. A collection of his sermons was 
 published under the title of “Hill of Saul” (“Gibath 
 Shaul ”). 
 
 Mortier (mor-tya'), Edouard Adolphe Casi- 
 mir Joseph, Due de Trdvise. Born at Cateau- 
 Cambresis, France, Feb. 13, 1768 : killed at Paris, 
 July 28, 1835. A French marshal, distinguished 
 throughout the Napoleonic wars, especially at 
 Fried! and in 1807, in Spain, and in the campaigns 
 of 1813-14. He was premier 1834-35, and was 
 mortally wounded by Fieschi’s infernal ma- 
 chine. 
 
 Mortimer, Sir Edward. A character in Col- 
 man the younger’ s “ Iron Chest.” He labors under 
 a secret sorrow, finally confesses himself a murderer, and 
 dies. He differs from Falkland in “Caleb Williams,” on 
 which the play is founded, in that his remorse proceeds 
 from tlie assassination of his victim, while Falkland's is 
 from letting others suffer for him. 
 
 Mortimer (mdr'ti-mer), Roger, Earl of March. 
 Born about 1287 : hanged at London, Nov. 29, 
 
Mortimer, Roger 
 
 709 
 
 1330. An English politician. Having been thrown Morvan (mor-von'), Le. A region in the de- 
 Into prison for complicity in the conspiracy of the Earl of partments of Yonne and Nievre, France It is 
 Lancaster he escaped to Paris, where in 1825 he intrigued trave rsed by a chain of mountains from Avallon to Luzy 
 with Isabella of h ranee for the deposition of her husband (about 55 rnile8) . Highest point, 2,976 feet. 
 
 Ed ward II. of England. He commanded the queen s forces , A/ . 1 ’ 7. 
 
 in the descent on England in 1326, and after the deposi- -ulorvcn (mor ven). A mythical Scottish king- 
 tlon and death of the king in 1327 became with his para- dom referred to in the poems of Ossian. 
 mour,. the queen, v , ir T t T u T al ™ ler of the kingdom during the Morvern (mor'vern). A peninsula in the north- 
 
 minority of Edward III. He was overthrown by the young a» 
 
 king, who caused him to be condemned as a traitor by Par- __ ‘ P a 7 Argyllshire, Scotland, 
 liament. JYLOSa (mo sa). The Latin name ot the Meuse. 
 
 Mortimer his Fall. A tragedy by Ben Jonson Mosbach (mos'baeh). A town in Baden, 21 
 (1640). “The argument and part of i.i were alone fln- miles east by south of Heidelberg. Population, 
 
 ished. It was ‘completed’ by\V. Mountfort 1731, with 
 satirical intentions, it was supposed, towards Walpole and 
 Queen Caroline. A new dedication was subsequently writ- 
 ten by Wilkes in derision of Bute." Diet. Nat. Biog. 
 
 Mortimeriados. See Barons’ Wars, The. 
 Mortimer’s Cross. A place in Herefordshire, 
 England, 15 miles north by west of Hereford. 
 Here, Feb. 2, 1461, Edward, earl of March (Ed- 
 ward IV.), defeated the Lancastrians. 
 Mortlake (mort'lak). A parish in Surrey, Eng- 
 land, on the Thames above London. The uni ver- 
 sify boat-race is rowed from Putney to Mortlake. 
 Morton, Fourth Earl of (James Douglas). Born 
 at Dalkeith, 1530 : beheaded at Edinburgh, June 
 2, 1581. Regent of Scotland, second son of Sir 
 George Douglas of Pittendriech. in 1553 he suc- 
 
 about 4,000. 
 
 Mosca (mos'ka). [L., ‘ally.’] In Ben Jonson’s 
 play “ Volpoiie, or the Fox,” a parasite, in the 
 sense of the classic drama. His pliancy and presence 
 of mind render him invaluable to his master, Volpone, 
 upon whom he finally turns. 
 
 His inimitable parasite, or (as the Greek and Eoman 
 authors expressed it) his Fly, his Mosca ; and in this fin- 
 ished portrait, Jonson may throw the gauntlet to the great- 
 est masters of antiquity : the character is of classic origin ; 
 itisfound with thecontemporariesof Aristophanes, though 
 not in any comedy of his now existing ; the Middle Drama- 
 tists seem to have handled it very frequently, and in the 
 New Comedy it rarely failed to find a place ; Plautus has 
 it again and again, but the aggregate merit of aU his para- 
 sites will not weigh in the scale against this single Fly of 
 our poet. Gifford, Notes to Jonson’s “Fox,” p. 399. 
 
 ceedeif to the earldom of Morton through marriage with MoSCheles(mosh'e-les),IgnaZ. BornatPrague, 
 
 Elizabeth, daughter of the third earl. On the return of Mav 30 1704- dioil at T oTncio in ]U-n 
 
 Queen Mary in 1561 he was made privy councilor, and in * J . 4 ’ (Ue . d at EeipSlC, March 10, 1870. 
 
 1563 lord high chanceUor. He was a prime mover in the AnotedOerman pianist, composer for the piano, 
 
 assassination of Rizzio, and in securing the abdication of and teacher. Among his pupils was Mendelssohn. His n j ' L. 
 
 Mary at Lochleven. In Oct., 1572. he became regent on works include 24 etudes, “Hommage ii Handel,” “Con- "MOSCOW, Ixraild Principality Of, Or MllSCOVy 
 the death of the Earl of Mar. He resigned when James certo in G Minor,” “Concerto pat hetique,” “So’nate me- (mus'ko-vi). A <rrn.nd nrinoinnlitw which orrsw 
 VI. assumed the government, and was condemned on the lancolique,” “ Characteristische Studien " etc 
 
 (m«Ui'e->osh>. Joluum lOtdiael 
 (properly Mosenrosh). Born at Wilstadt, Ba- 
 den, March 5, 1601: died at Worms, April 4, 
 
 1669. A German author. He wrote an allegor- 
 i co-satirical work, “ Philander von Sittewald” 
 
 (1643), etc. 
 
 Moses 
 
 of the most fantastic architectural creations in existenoe, 
 though it was built by an Italian architect, who applied 
 in it, in new combinations, the principles of the old Russo- 
 Byzantine builders. The general outline is pyramidal ; 
 there are 11 bulbous domes raised on high drums, all dif- 
 ferent in surf ace-ornament and in color. The brilliant 
 group of domes and spires is completed by several pro- 
 jecting porches, differing in form and with high pyramidal 
 roofs. One of these is elaborately arcaded, and forms a 
 belfry. The Temple of the Saviour, a national monument 
 in commemoration of the evacuation of Moscow by Napo- 
 leon, was built between 1839 and 1883. The church has 
 the form of a Greek cross, with a domed turret at every 
 angle. The monument is crowned by a pointed gilded 
 dome 98 feet in diameter, raised on a high arcaded drum : 
 the cross is 340 feet above the ground. The tower of Ivan 
 Veliki (the Great), within the Kremlin, finished 1600, and 
 architecturally a unique structure, consists of 6 stages, 
 5 of them octagonal and 2 of them recessed, and the high- 
 est cylindrical and crowned by a bulbous, metal-sheathed 
 dome. The third and fourth stages are arcaded, and in 
 every arch a bell is suspended. One of the bells weighs 64 
 tons. The height is 325 feet to the top of the cross. Other 
 buildings of interest are the theater, riding-hall, Hall of 
 the Nobility, and foundling hospital. The university, 
 founded in 1755, has a library of 340,000 volumes, and the 
 museum has a library of 800,000 volumes. The city was 
 founded in the middle of the 12th century. The principal- 
 ity of Moscow was united with that of Vladimir, and Mos- 
 cow became the capital of the grand principality of Mos- 
 cow (see below) and seat of the metropolitan in the first 
 part of the 14th century. It was taken and burned by Lithu- 
 anians and Tatars in the 14th century, nearly destroyed 
 by fire in 1547, and burned by the khan in 1571. The cap- 
 ital was removed to St. Petersburg by Peter the Great 
 Moscow was burned by its inhabitants during its occupa- 
 tion by the French in Sept., 1812. Population, 1,359,254. 
 
 complicity in the death of Darnley, the king's father. 
 
 Morton, John. Born at Milborne St. Andrew, 
 Dorset, about 1420 : died Oct. 12, 1500. An Eng- 
 lish cardinal. He was educated at Balliol College, Ox- 
 ford, and practised in the Court of Arches. He was master 
 of the rolls and bishop of Ely in the reign of Edward IV.; 
 
 was imprisoned by Richard III. ; and was made archbishop MoSChi (mos'ki). [Gr. Mdoroi.] In ancient ge- 
 of Canterbury and chancellor by Henry VII. . Sir Thomas ograph ^ a p eo ', le L in Asiai livi J llg southeast of 
 
 More began his career as a page in Morton's house. 
 
 Morton, John Madison. Born at Pangbourne, 
 
 Jan. 3, 1811: died Dec. 19, 1891. An English 
 playwright, son of Thomas Morton (1764-1838). 
 
 He was educated in Paris and Germany, and by Dr. Rich- _Muski (which see) 
 
 (mus'ko-vi). A grand principality which grew 
 up around Moscow, and developed into the Rus- 
 sian empire. It was founded by Daniel, son of Alexan- 
 der Nevski, about 1295, and was united with the grand 
 principality of Vladimir (or Suzdal) in 1319. I van I. , ruler 
 of Vladimir and Moscow, made the city of Moscow the 
 seat of government. His successor Simeon took the title 
 of “grand prince of all the Russias." The work of con- 
 solidation was greatly advanced under Ivan III., who an- 
 nexed Perm (1472), Novgorod (1478), Tver (1482), Vyatka 
 (1489), etc. He freed Moscow from tribute to the Mongols, 
 and by conquests from Lithuania carried the western bor- 
 der to the Desna and then to the Soya. For further his- 
 tory, see Russia. 
 
 ardson at Clapham. He wrote “Box and Cox "(1847), and MoSChllS (mos'kus). [Gr. Mdcr^of.] Lived about 
 about 100 Other farces. 200 B. c. A Greek bucolic poet of Syracuse. 
 
 g 1 i? n u Born , v Shoreham,Vt., Moscoso (mos-ko'so), Luis de, or Moscoso de 
 May 16, 1824. A banker and Republican poli- Alvarado (mos-ko'so da al-va-ra'THo), Luis, 
 tician, minister to France 1881-85, Vice-Presi- Born at Badajoz about 1505 : died about 1560. 
 
 dent of the United States 1889-93, governor of 
 the State of New York 1895-96. 
 
 Morton, Nathaniel. Bom about 1613: died at 
 Plymouth, Mass., June 29, 1685. An American 
 historian, compiler of “New England’s Memo- 
 rial ”(1669). __ 
 
 Morton, Oliver Perry. Born in Wayne County, viceroy Mendoza, and in 1551 accompanied him to Peru, 
 
 In A A,.„ A I goo . t- i;_ t_,i Also written Jloscofo or Muscogo. 
 
 the Buxine, near Armenia: probably the same 
 as Meshech in the Old Testament. They are 
 
 mentioned in the cuneiform inscriptions as MosMnEgitto (mo-za/ in a-jit'to). [It., ‘Moses 
 
 in Egypt.’] An opera by Rossini, produced at 
 Naples in 1818, and at Paris in 1822. Itwasagain 
 produced at Paris in 1827, somewhat modified, as “Moise," 
 and called an “oratorio” on the bills. In 1822 it was pro- 
 duced at Londou as “ Pietro l’Eremita ” ; and in 1833 as an 
 oratorio, entitled “Tho Israelites in Egypt, etc.,” with 
 additions from “Israel in Egypt.” 
 
 A Spanish soldier. He followed his kinsman, Pedro Moseley (moz'li), Henry. Bom at Newcastle- 
 
 under- Lyme, July 9, 1801: died at Olveston, 
 Gloucestershire, Jan. 20, 1872. An English sci- 
 entific writer. He studied at Cambridge, and was 
 professor of natural philosophy and astronomy at King’s 
 College, London, 18 il— 44. He wrote “Lectures on A stron- 
 
 de Alvarado, to Guatemala (1530) and Peru (1534). Sub 
 sequently he united with Hernando de Soto in his expedi- 
 tion to Florida (1539), and, after the death of that leader 
 near the Mississippi River (May 21, 1542), succeeded him 
 in command. In J uly, 1543, he descended the Mississippi, 
 arriving safely at Mexico. He was well received by the 
 
 Ind., Aug. 4, 1823: died at Indianapolis, Ind., „ , 
 
 Nov. 1, 1877. An American statesman. Hewas , sc f ow (mos kou ). 
 
 omy ” (1833), “Mechanical Principles of Engineering and 
 Architecture ” (1843), etc. 
 
 [F. Moscow, G. Moskau, Moseley, Henry Nottidge. Born at Wands- 
 
 Moskwa, Russ. Moskva, named from the river worth, 1844: died at Clevedon, Somerset, Nov. 
 Moskva.'] 1 . A government of central Russia, 10,1891. An English naturalist : son of Henry 
 surrounded by the governments of Tver, Yladi- Moseley. Hewasoneofthenaturalistson the Challenger 
 Morton, Thomas. BornatYork, England, March mir, Ryazan, Tula, Kaluga, and Smolensk. The expedition (1872-76), and became Linacre professor of 
 on 16K9. 'U-n — xt — . x- surface is level and undulating. It is the leadin" _anatom; 
 
 governor of Indiana 1861-67 ; United States senator (Re- 
 publican) from Indiana 1867-77 ; and a member of the 
 Electoral Commission (1877). 
 
 20, 1564 : died at Easton, Northamptonshire, 
 Sept. 22, 1659. An English clergyman, bishop 
 of Chester (1615), of Lichfield (1618), and of 
 Durham ( 1632 ). He was a graduate of Cambridge Uni- 
 versity and professor of logic there. He was imprisoned 
 in the Tower in 1641. He was a friend of Isaac Casaubon. 
 
 Morton, Thomas. Born in England about 1590 : 
 died at Agamenticus, Maine, about 1645. An 
 English colonist at Mount Wollaston (Braintree, 
 
 in" manu) anatomy at Oxford in 188L 
 
 facturing province of Russia. Area, 12,847 square miles. MoSOllO (mo-zel ), G. M0S6l (mo zel). A river 
 ‘ ” in France, Alsace-Lorraine, and Prussia : the 
 
 Roman Mosella. It rises in the Vosges, and joins the 
 Rhine at Coblenz. Among its tributaries are the Meurtbe 
 and the Saar. The valley is noted for its wines. Length, 
 316 miles ; navigable to Frouard (214 miles). 
 
 Population, 2,816,600. 
 
 2. The capital of Moscow government, on the 
 Moskva in lat. 55° 45' N., long. 37° 34' E. 
 
 It is the second capital of the empire, the place of coro- 
 nation, and the seat of the metropolitan ; the chief com- 
 mercial and railway center of Russia, with important Moselle. A former department of France. It 
 
 domestic, European, and Asiatic trade; and the chief 
 manufacturing city, having important woolen, cotton, silk, 
 leather, etc., factories. The chief quarters are the Kreml 
 
 Massachusetts). He was a lawyer of Clifford’s Inn, and (in the center), Kitai-Gorod (trading quarter), Byeloi-Go 
 a leader of VVeston’s Massachusetts c< lony in 1622. For rod, and Zemlyanoi-Gorod. Among the buildings (besides, 
 unpuritanical conduct he was sent back to England, but those of the Kremlin, which see) are many churches. 
 
 ' ‘ The Cathedral of the Annunciation, within the Kremlin, 
 
 has been several times rebuilt, the last time after a fire in 
 1547. The plan is rectangular, with 3 shallow apses, pro- 
 jecting angle-pavilions, and a Byzantine arched porch. 
 The interior is frescoed, and is paved with jasper and 
 
 returned in 1629, and was again sent back in 1630. He pub 
 lished “The New English Canaan ” (1632). He returned 
 to Massachusetts in 1643, and was imprisoned for his “ scan- 
 dalous book.” 
 
 Morton, Thomas. Born in the county of Dur- 
 ham, 1764 : died at London, March 28, i838. An 
 English dramatist. He entered Lincoln’s Inn, but 
 abandoned law for play-writing. He wrote “Speed the 
 Plough ’’ (1798) (introducing the invisible Mrs. Grundy), 
 the “Blind Girl” (1801), “Town and Country ’’ (1807) 
 “School for Grown Children ” (1827), etc. 
 
 Morton, William Thomas Green. Born at 
 Charlton, Mass., Aug. 9, 1819: died at New York, 
 July 15, 1868. An American dentist. He first ad- 
 ministered sulphuric ether as an anesthetic to a patient 
 of his own in 1846 ; obtained a patent for its use under the 
 name of “ letheon ” in the same year ; and on Oct. 16, 1846, 
 administered ether to a patient in the Massachusetts 
 General Hospital at Boston, and Dr. John C. Warren pain- 
 lessly removed a vascular tumor from the man’s neck. 
 Several claimants opposed his right of discovery, notably 
 Dr. Charles Thomas Jackson and Dr. Horace Wells. The 
 French Academy of Sciences investigated the matter in 
 1862, and decreed one of the Montyon prizes of 2,600 francs 
 to Dr. Jackson for the discovery of etherization, and a sim- 
 ilar award to Dr. Morton for the application of the discov- 
 ery to surgical operations. 
 
 Morns. See More, Sir Thomas. 
 
 was ceded in large part to Germany (as part of Alsace 
 Lorraine) in 1871. The remainder forms part of the French 
 department of Meurthe-et-Moselle. 
 buihdings (besides Mosen (mo'zen) , Julius. Born at Maricney, 
 - - Saxony, July 8,1803: died in Oldenburg, Oct. 
 
 10, 1867. A German poet, dramatist, and novel- 
 ist. His ivories include the poems “Lied vom Ritter 
 Wahn”(1831), “Ahasver ’’(1838), “Poems ’’(including “An- 
 dreas Hofer,”1836), thedramas“ColaRienzi,” “DieBrhute 
 von Florence,” “Bernhard von Weimar” (1855), etc. 
 
 tism and marriage of the czars. The Cathedral of the As- VOn. Boin at Cassel, Piussia, Jan. 14, 1821: 
 sumption, within the Kremlin, the church in which the died at Vienna, Feb. 17, 1877. AGerman drama- 
 czar is crowned, was founded in 1326, and rebuilt in the tisfc. Among his plays are “Deborah” (1860: the original 
 n , e ? t r, cent - ury ' . ) he size is small, but as an example of the D f “Leah, the Forsaken ”), “ Der Sonnenwendhof ” (1856), 
 old Russian style, and for the gorgeous magnificence of “Duweke ” (1860) “ Pietra” (1866), etc. 
 
 taining the bemaand parabemata, and flanked by chapels, gart, Wuitemberg, Jan. 18, 1701 . died at otutt- 
 
 >ni 1 — . . , : .. 1 _;h t Oil 1 70S A 
 
 The domes are supported by 4 great cylindrical pillars 
 which are covered with bands ot frescos on a gold ground : 
 the walls also are resplendent with gold. The ornaments 
 on the iconostasis, together with the church plate, amount 
 to 106 pounds of gold. The icons of the iconostasis and 
 many of the shrines and offerings in the treasury are not 
 only old, but inherently of high artistic value. The Cathe- 
 dral of the Archangel Michael, within the Kremlin, was 
 founded 1333, but rebuilt in 1509. It is rectangular, with 
 5 gilded domes, the central one, which is much the largest, 
 
 gart, Sept. 30, 1785. A noted German jurist and 
 publicist, author. of “Deutsches Staatsrecht” 
 (1737-54), etc. 
 
 Moser (me'zer), Justus. Born at Osnabriick, 
 Prussia, Dec. 14, 1720: died there, Jan. 8, 1794. 
 A German historian, critic, and miscellaneous 
 author. He wrote “Patriotische Pliantasien” 
 (1775-86), a history of Osnabriick (1768), etc. 
 
 of bulbous form. In this church are the tombs of the Moses (ino'zez). [ME. Moses, LL. Moyses, Mo- 
 Ruriks and Romanoffs from the date of its founding to ses Q r . M<jw 7 )?c, Maxn/f, explained as ‘ drawn from 
 
 Peter the Great, including that of Ivan the Terrible. The . , ’ , i rii * l,™ 
 
 iconostasis and the treasury are remarkably rich. The the water. ] In < >lil I estame_nt history, the law- 
 Cathedrai of St. Basil the Beatified, begun in 1555, is one giver of the Israelites and organizer ol the 
 
Moses 
 
 Israel itish nation. After his birth his mother kept him 
 concealed three months to evade the command of the king 
 of Egypt that all male Hebrew children be drowned in the 
 Nile. He was then exposed in a box among the rashes on 
 the banks of the Nile, and was found by an Egyptian prin- 
 cess who adopted and reared him. After he had grown 
 up, he one day struck an Egyptian whom he saw cruelly 
 beating a Hebrew slave. Fearing punishment, he fled from 
 Egypt into the desert, and halted at an oasis inhabited by 
 the Kenites. Here he married Zipporah, the daughter of 
 Rtuel, the priest of Midian, and tended the flocks of his 
 father-in-law. It was here that the prophetic spir it came 
 upon him, and he decided to return to Egypt for the pur- 
 pose of delivering his brethren from slavery. On his re- 
 turn his brother Aaron joined in his plans. His first efforts 
 in their behalf only resulted in the infliction of more se- 
 vere burdens and greater cruelty. Presently, however, a 
 series of most disastrous and terrifying afflictions visited 
 Egypt, and the king finally concluded that these had been 
 brought upon the land by the unknown God whose name 
 Moses had invoked. He accordingly ordered the Israel- 
 ites to leave at once, and they began their departure on 
 the 15th of Nisan (March-April), an event which is known 
 as the Exodus. Moses was the leader of the Israelites 
 during their 40 years' journeyings in the wilderness, which 
 period he utilized for perfecting a civil organization and 
 for the preparation of a code of laws of a high ethical, re- 
 ligious, sanitary, and political character. Jewish tradition 
 ascribes to him the authorship of the Pentateuch with the 
 exception of the verses describing his death. This tradi- 
 tion has been generally accepted by the Christian and 
 Mohammedan world. Of late biblical critics have denied 
 the Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch. With few ex- 
 ceptions, however, they consider Moses as a historical 
 character and as the organizer of the Hebrew nation. 
 
 Amongst all lawgivers, founders of states, and teachers 
 of mankind, none has equalled Moses. Not only did he, 
 under the most inauspicious circumstances, transform a 
 horde of slaves into a nation, but he imprinted on it the 
 seal of everlasting existence : he breathed into the national 
 body an immortal soul. He held before his people ideals 
 the acceptance of which was indispensable, since all 
 their weal and woe depended upon the realisation or non- 
 realisation of those ideals. Moses could well declare that 
 he had carried the people as a father carries his child. 
 His patience and his courage had rarely deserted him ; 
 his unselfishness and his meekness of disposition were 
 two prominent qualities which, together with his clear, 
 prophetic vision, eminently fitted him tobethe instrument 
 of the Deity. Free from jealousy, be wished that all Is- 
 raelites might be prophets like himself, and that God 
 would endue them with his spirit. Moses became at a 
 subsequent epoch the unattainable ideal of a prophet. 
 
 Graetz, History of the Jews (Amer. ed.), I. 30. 
 
 Moses. 1. A Jew money-lender in Sheridan’s 
 “School for Scandal.” — 2. See Primrose. 
 
 Moses. An oratorio by A. B. Marx (both words 
 and music), performed at Breslau in 1841. The 
 book was originally compiled by Mendelssohn at Marx's 
 request, though afterward rejected. Grove. 
 
 Moses. A famous statue by Michelangelo, in 
 San Pietro in Yincoli, Rome. The figure is gigan- 
 tic and imposing. The right hand upholds the Tables of 
 the Law and clutches the long beard ; the left arm, pressed 
 close to the body, marks the effort with which the right- 
 eous outbreak against the idolatrous is restrained. 
 
 Moses ben Nacbman (mo'zez ben nach'man): 
 called, after the initials of his name, Ramban. 
 Bom 1200: died 1272. A Jewish scholar and wri- 
 ter of Gerona, northern Spain. He wrote a commen- 
 tary on the Pentateuch, and many Talmudical treatises, 
 and also several poems. His writings exhibit the clear 
 and erudite thinker, but also his inclination to mysticism. 
 In 1263 King James I. of Aragon, at the instigation of 
 the Dominican superior Raimundo de Pefiaforte, ordered 
 Moses to engage in a religious disputation with the Do- 
 minican Fra Pablo. Soon afterward Moses emigrated to 
 Palestine, where he remained until the end of his life. 
 
 Moses of Khorni. Lived in the 5th century. 
 An Armenian scholar, the reputed author of a 
 “ History of Armenia” (probably written in the 
 7th century). 
 
 Moses Striking the Rock. A painting by Nico- 
 las Poussin (164’9), in the Hermitage Museum, 
 St. Petersburg. Moses, toward one side, smites the 
 rock, from which an abundant stream gushes. Aaron and 
 his priests, giving thanks, complete the group. From the 
 other side suffering men and women rush toward the wel- 
 come water. 
 
 Mosetenos (mS-sa-ta'nos). An Indian tribe of 
 Bolivia, on the upper Beni, and between that 
 river and the Mamord. They are light-colored, 
 and are remarkable for the prevalence among 
 them of a disease (found also in other tribes) 
 which causes the skin to turn white in patches, 
 but is otherwise harmless. The Mosetenos are a 
 mild race, and have been partly Christianized ; they are 
 reduced to a few thousands. Their language, with that 
 of some small allied tribes, appears to indicate a distinct 
 stock. 
 
 Moshaisk. See Mozhaisk. 
 
 Mosheim (urns' him), Johann Lorenz von. 
 
 Born at Liibeck, Oct. 9, 1694: died at Gottin- 
 gen, Sept. 9, 1755. A distinguished German Prot- 
 estant ecclesiastical historian, theologian, and 
 pulpit orator. He became professor of theology at 
 Helmstadt in 1723, abbot at Marienthal and Michaelstein 
 in 1726, and professor at Gottingen in 1747. His chief 
 work is “Institutiones historic ecclesiastic* ” (“Insti- 
 tutes of Ecclesiastical History," 1726: new ed. 1755). He 
 also wrote “ De rebus Christianorum ante Constantinum 
 commentarii ” (1753), etc. 
 
 Moskva (mosk-va'). A river in the government 
 
 710 
 
 of Moscow, Russia. It joins the Oka near Kolomna. 
 Length, about 275 miles ; navigable to Moscow. For the 
 battle on it, Sept. 7, 1812, see Borodino. 
 
 Moslems (mos'lemz). [Turk, and Ar. musli- 
 min, professors of submission (islam) to the 
 faith.] The followers of Mohammed; the or- 
 thodox Mohammedans. 
 
 Mosque of Omar. See Omar, Mosque of. 
 
 Mosquera (mos-ka'ra), Tomas Cipriano. Born 
 at Popayan, Sept. 20, 1798: died at Coconuco, 
 Oct. 7, 1878. A Colombian general and politi- 
 cian. He held high civil and military offices under Boli- 
 var and his successors, and was president of NevC Granada 
 during a prosperous term (1845-49). He headed the feder- 
 alist-democratic revolt of 1859-61 ; assumed the supreme 
 power July, 1861 ; and called a constituent assembly, which 
 created the United States of Colombia and made him dic- 
 tator. Continued civil wars forced him to resign his power 
 into the hands of a new assembly, which limited the presi- 
 dential term to 2 years and forbade reelection. Under 
 this constitution he was president 1863-64, and was again 
 elected in 1866. Assuming dictatorial powers, he was de- 
 posed by a revolution, May, 1867, and banished for 3 years. 
 Subsequently he was governor of Cauca and a member of 
 Congress. He published in 1853 a biography of Bolivar 
 and a work on the geography of New Granada. 
 
 Mosquitia (mds-ke-te'a), or Mosquito (mos- 
 ke'to) Coast. The region occupied by the Mos- 
 quitos. At present the name is restricted to a strip on 
 the east coast of Nicaragua, from lat. 11° 30' N. northward, 
 comprising probably less than 7,000 square miles. The 
 English settled here about 1660, and their right s were rec- 
 ognized by Spain in 1670. Great Britain recognized the 
 Mosquito king and established a protectorate over the 
 country; but endless quarrels with Spain resulted in the 
 cession of the British rights in exchange for Balize, to 
 which the colonists were transferred (1786). The Span- 
 iards were driven out by the natives ; later Great Britain 
 resumed a nominal protectorat e, which led to quarrels with 
 Nicaragua (1840-48). By the Bulwer-Clayton treaty, signed 
 at Washington April 19, 1850, and by a subsequent treaty 
 with Honduras, Great Britain resigned all claim to Mos- 
 quitia. The country is now a department (Zelaya) of 
 Nicaragua, but the Mosquitos obey their own chief. They 
 are essentially in a savage condition. 
 
 Mosquito Coast. See Mosquitia. 
 
 Mosquito Reservation. The major part of 
 the Mosquito Coast, reserved for the Mosqui- 
 tos, and belonging to Nicaragua. 
 
 Mosquitos (mos-ke'tos). The name given by 
 the Spaniards to a race of mixed African and 
 Indian blood, on the eastern coast of Nicaragua 
 and Honduras . They call themselves Misskitos, and 
 are probably descended from Cimarrones, orf ugitive slaves, 
 and native women : their language is said to be partly made 
 up of African words. The Mosquitos first became promi- 
 nent in the latter part of the 17th century, when their coast 
 was visited by bucaneers. At that time they were a savage 
 and warlike race, using bows, lances, and clubs in battle. 
 They were governed by chiefs. At present the Mosquitos 
 probably number less than 10,000. See Mosquitia. 
 
 Moss (mos). A town in the province of Smaale- 
 nene, Norway, situated on Christiania Fjord 35 
 miles south of Christiania. The Convention 
 of Moss, Ang. 14, 1814, ended the war between 
 Sweden and Denmark. Population, 8,900. 
 Mosses from an Old Manse. A collection of 
 stories by Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 
 1846, after having appeared separately else- 
 where. 
 
 Mosskirch. See Messkirch. 
 
 Mossley (mos'li). A manufacturing town in 
 Lancashire, England, 9 miles east-northeast of 
 Manchester and 3 miles southeast of Oldham. 
 It has cotton- and woolen-mills and iron-foundries. Popu- 
 lation, 13,452. 
 
 Mossop (mos'op), Henry. Born in 1729: died 
 at Chelsea, Dec. 27, 1774. Anlrish actor, son of 
 the rector of Tuani. Hemadehisfirstappearanceon 
 the stage Nov. 28, 1749, as Zanger in Dr. Young's tragedy 
 “ Kevenge ’’ at Dublin. He first appeared in 'England, 
 Sept. 26, 1751, as Richard III., in which he was received 
 with great enthusiasm. In 1759 he appeared in England 
 for the last time, and returned to Dublin as a star. He 
 played under, the management of Barry for the season, 
 but the next year he undertook the management of a rival 
 theater, which ended in the financial ruin of both. Mos- 
 sop died in great poverty. 
 
 Mostaganem (mos-ta-ga-nem'). A seaport in 
 the province of Oran, Algeria, situated near the 
 Mediterranean 43 miles east-northeast of Oran. 
 Population, 19,528. 
 
 Mostar (mos-tar'). The capital of Herzegovina, 
 situated on the Narenta about lat. 43° 22' N., 
 long. 17° 52' E. It is the seat of a Greek and of a Ro- 
 man Catholic bishopric. A Roman bridge across the Na- 
 renta, ascribed to Trajan, is a single splendid arch, 89 feet 
 in span and 56 above the water. Population, 14,370. 
 
 Most Christian Doctor. A surname given to 
 Gerson, and also to Cusanus. 
 
 Most Christian King. A title conferred on 
 various French kings, particularly Louis XI. 
 Most Learned of the Romans, The. Van-o. 
 
 Mosul (mo'sol). 1. A vilayet of Asiatic Tur- 
 key, in the Tigris valley. Area, 35,130 square 
 miles. Population, 351,200. — 2. A city in Meso- 
 potamia, the chief town of the vilayet of Mo- 
 sul, situated on the right bank of the Tigris, 
 
 Motley 
 
 opposite the site of ancient Nineveh, it ia the 
 
 seat of a pasha, and is famous for the manufacture of the 
 delicate cotton tissue called muslin or mousseline, to 
 which it gave its name. 
 
 Motagua (mo-ta'gwa), or Rio Grande. A river 
 of Guatemala. It flows into the Bay of Hon- 
 duras. Length, about 250 miles. 
 
 Motala (mo-ta'la). A small town in southern 
 Sweden, on the eastern shore of Lake Vettern. 
 Motanebhi (mo-ta-neb'be), or Motenebbi (mo- 
 te-neb 'be). Born at Cufa about 915: killed 
 near Shiraz by robbers, 965. An Arabian poet. 
 Mota Padilla (mo'ta pa-del'ya), Matiasdela. 
 Born at Guadalajara, Oct. 6, 1688 : died in July, 
 1766. A Mexican historian. He was a lawyer, and 
 during his last years a priest. His “Historia de la con- 
 quista de la Nueva Galicia," printed at Mexico 1870-71, ia 
 a work of great value. 
 
 Moteczuma. See Montezuma. 
 
 Moth (moth). 1. A fairy in Shakspere’s “ Mid- 
 summer Night’s Dream.” This character was very 
 early excised from the text of the play, though retained 
 in the dramatis person*. Fleay. 
 
 2. A page in Shakspere’s “Love’s Labour ’s 
 Lost.” — 3. In Cartwright’s play “The Ordi- 
 nary,” a shallow-brained antiquary, whose 
 conversation is mostly disjointed scraps from 
 Chaucer. 
 
 Mothe Cadillac. See Cadillac. 
 
 Mother Ann, or Mother Lee. See Lee, Ann. 
 Mother Bunch. See Bunch, Mother. 
 
 Mother Goose. A name famous in nursery 
 literature through the familiar jingles called 
 “Mother Goose’s Melodies.” it is said that there 
 was a Mrs. Goose, mother-in-law of Thomas Fleet, an early 
 Boston ( Mass.) publisher, and that he issued the collection 
 under this title to avenge himself for her persistent and un- 
 melodious chanting of these ditties to his infant son. The 
 earliest known edition bears the title “ Songs for the Nur- 
 sery, or Mother Goose’s Melodies for Children : printed by 
 T. Fleet at his printing house, Pudding Lane, 1719. Price, 
 two coppers. ” This, however, has been discredited by Mr. 
 W. Wells Newell, who says Perrault published “ Conte3 de 
 ma mere l’oye” in 1697 ; but the name was quoted by the 
 satirist Rtjgnier more than a century before. Queen Goose- 
 foot (Reine Pedance), or Bertha with the great foot or goose- 
 foot, appears as synonymous with Mother Goose in French 
 tales. The second day of the year is her festival, and is 
 kept as a children’s holiday. (See Bertha or Berthrada.) 
 The “Contes de ma mfere l’oye,” by Charles Perrault, were 
 published under the name of his infant son, Perrault d’Ar- 
 mancourt. They consist of ten stories, seven of which are 
 evidently derived from the “Pentamerone,” an earlier 
 Italian collection. Charles Dibdin wrote a pantomime 
 caUed “ Mother Goose. ’’ 
 
 Mother Hubberd’s Tale. A poem by Spenser, 
 published in 1591 in a volume known as “Com- 
 plaints,” but written much earlier, it is an in- 
 tentional imitation of Chaucer’s manner. It was also 
 entitled “Prosopopoia.” 
 
 Mother of Cities. The ancient city of Balkk, 
 central Asia. 
 
 Mother of Diets. An epithet of the city of 
 Worms in Germany. 
 
 Mother of Presidents. A name sometimes 
 given to Virginia, the native State of Wash- 
 ington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, W. H. Har- 
 rison, Tyler, and Taylor. 
 
 Mother of states. A name occasionally ap- 
 plied to Virginia, from whose territory several 
 other States were formed. 
 
 Mother of the Gods, The. Cybele. 
 
 Mother Shipton (ship' ton). A comedy by 
 
 T. T. (Thomas Thompson). This play was acted 
 nineteen times with great applause: it is with- 
 out date, but before 1668. ( Fleay .) A ballad was 
 written by George Colman in 1771 with this title. 
 Mother Shipton’s Prophecies. Various pre- 
 tended prophecies published in England in the 
 15th, 17th, and 18th centuries. Charles Hindley 
 (see Bindley) wrote some of them. Many of them are at- 
 tributed to T. Evan Preece, a prophetess of South Wales. 
 Motherwell (muTH'er-wel). A manufacturing 
 town in Lanarkshire, Scotland, 11 miles south- 
 east of Glasgow. Population, 30,423. 
 Motherwell, William. Born at Glasgow, Oct. 
 13, 1797 : died there, Nov. 1, 1835. A Scottish 
 poet and antiquary. He wrote “Minstrelsy Ancient 
 and Modern" (1827) and “Poems Narrative and Lyrical" 
 (1832). 
 
 Motilones (mo-te-lo'nes). A tribe of Indians of 
 northwestern Venezuela, to the southwest and 
 west of Lake Maracaibo, and extending into 
 Colombia. They are of Carib stock, remain practically 
 independent, and have frequent conflicts with the whites. 
 They number several thousands. 
 
 Motilones, Province of. A region in northern 
 Peru, on the Huallaga River : so called by the 
 Spaniards who entered it, in 1540, under Alonso 
 
 de Alvarado. ThefirstSpanishsettlementswerefornied 
 in 154L It corresponds nearly to the present province of 
 Huallaga. 
 
 Motley (mot'li), John Lothrop. Bom at Dor- 
 chester (now part of Boston), Mass., April 15, 
 1814: died in Dorset, England, May 29, 1877. 
 
Motley 
 
 AnAmericanhistoriananddiplomatist. Hegradu- 
 ated at Harvard in 1831, and, after completing his general 
 education at Gottingen and Berlin and spending some time 
 in travel, returned to America in 1834, took up the study of 
 law, and was admitted to the bar. He eventually devoted 
 himself to the study of history, and lived mostly abroad, 
 residing in England after 1868. He was United States 
 minister to Austria 1801-67, and to Great Britain 1869-70. 
 His chief works are “llise of the Dutch Republic”(3 vols. 
 1856), “History of the United Netherlands" (4 vols. 
 1860-68), and “Life and Death of John of Barneveld” 
 (1874). 
 
 Motolinia (mo-to-le-ne'a), Toribio de. Born 
 at Benavente, Zamora, about 1500 : died at 
 Mexico, Aug. 9, 1568. A Spanish Franciscan 
 missionary and author. His real name appears to 
 have been Paredes, and he was known as Toribio de 
 Benavente: he adopted the name Motolinia from an Indian 
 word meaning ‘ poor. ’ He went with the first Franciscans 
 to Mexico (1524), and was one of the most successful mis- 
 sionaries. Mostof hisnnmerous writingsarelost : themost 
 important remaining is the “Historia de los Indios de la 
 N ueva Espana,” published in the Kingsborough collection, 
 and later (1858) by Icazbalceta. It is reported that the 
 provincial library at Toledo has a copy of his “ Doctrina 
 Cristiana en lingua Mexicana ” (Mexico, 1539), but this is 
 probably a mistake: it would be the oldest known book 
 published in America. See Logroflo, Pedro. 
 
 Motril (mo-trel'). A town in the province of 
 Granada, Spain, situated near the Mediter- 
 ranean 34 miles south by east of Granada. It 
 has an increasing commerce. Its seaport is 
 Calahonda. Population, 18,528. 
 
 Mott (mot), Mrs. (Lucretia Coffin). Born at 
 Nantucket, Mass., Jan. 3, 1793: died Nov. 11, 
 1880. An American social reformer, and 
 preacher in the Society of Friends. She was ac- 
 tive in behalf of abolition, woman suffrage, and universal 
 peace. 
 
 Mott, Valentine. Born at Glen Cove, Long Isl- 
 and, Aug. 20, 1785 : died at New York, April 
 26, 1865. An American surgeon, known as a 
 successful operator. He translated “Velpeau’s Op- 
 erative Surgery,” and wrote “Travels” (1842), “Mott’s 
 Cliniques” (1860), etc. 
 
 Motte Cadillac. See Cadillac. 
 
 Motteux (mot-te'), Peter Anthony. Born in 
 Normandy: died at London, 1718. A French 
 Huguenot merchant in London after 1685. He 
 went to England on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. 
 He was also a dramatist and translator. One of his dramas, 
 called “Novelty,” gives a distinct play in each act. He 
 is better known as the translator, with Urquhart and Ozell, 
 of Rabelais’s works ; and he also, with others, translated 
 “Don Quixote.” 
 
 Motteville (mot-vel'), Madame Langlois de 
 (Framjoise Bertaud). Born about 1621 : died 
 1689. A French author. She was the friend and 
 confidante of Anne of Austria, and a noted “precieuse.” 
 Her “M6moires pourservir 1 ’histoire d’Anned’Autriche" 
 were not printed till 1723. 
 
 Mott Haven (mot ha'vn). A former village 
 of Westchester County, New York, situated 
 north of the Harlem Biver: now part of New 
 York city. 
 
 Mottley (mot'li), John. Born at London, 1692: 
 died there, Oct. 3, 1750. An English writer, 
 author of “Joe Miller’s Jests, or The Wit’s Yade 
 Mecum” (1739), five dramas, “The Lives of 
 Dramatic Authors” (1747), a “History of Peter 
 the Great” (1739), etc. 
 
 Mottola (mot'to-la). A small town in southern 
 Italy, northwest of Taranto. 
 
 Mondon (mo-don'). A town in the canton of 
 Vaud, Switzerland, 13 miles northeast of Lau- 
 sanne: the Roman Minodunum. It was once 
 the capital of the Pays de Vaud. Population, 
 11 , 608 . 
 
 Monkden. See Mukden. 
 
 Mould (mold), Jacob Wrey. Born at Chisel- 
 hurst, England, Aug. 7, 1825. An Anglo-Amer- 
 ican architect. He studied and worked with Owen 
 Jones and Vulliamy in London, and in 1852 removed to 
 America, In 1870 he was architect iu chief of the depart- 
 ment of’ public parks, and in 1875 of the public works, of 
 Lima, Peru. 
 
 Mouldy (mol'di). A recruit in the second part 
 of Shakspere’s “King Henry IV.” 
 
 Moulins (md-lah'). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Allier, France, situated on the Allier 
 in lat. 46° 34' N., long. 3° 20' E. its cathedral, 
 hotel de ville (with valuable library), and ruined chateau 
 of the dukes of Bourbon are noteworthy, ft was the an- 
 cient capital of Bourbonnais. Population, 21,888. 
 Moulmein. See Maulmain. 
 
 Moulton (mol'ton), Mrs. (Ellen Louise Chan- 
 *dler). Born at Pomfret, Conn., April 10, 1835 : 
 died at Boston^ Mass., Aug. 10, 1908. An 
 American novelist and poet. She married William 
 U. Moulton in 1855. Among her works are “ This, That, arul 
 The Other” (1854), “Juno Clifford” (1855), “Bed-time 
 Stories” (1873), “Some Women’s Hearts ”(1874), “Swallow 
 Flights, and Other Poems” (1878), etc. 
 
 Moultrie (mol'tri), Fort. See Fort Moultrie. 
 Moultrie, John. Born at London, 1799: died 
 1874. An English minor poet. He was educated 
 
 711 
 
 at Eton and Cambridge (Trinity College), and was rector 
 of Rugby from 1828. He published “My Brother’s Grave, 
 etc.’ (1837) and “The Dream of Life, etc.” (1843), “Ser- 
 mons ” (1853), etc. 
 
 Moultrie (mo'tri or mol'tri), William. Born 
 in South Carolina, 1731: died at Charleston, 
 S. C., Sept. 27, 1805. An American Revolu- 
 tionary general. He repulsed an attack on Sullivan's 
 Island (where Fort Moultrie now stands) in 1776 ; defended 
 Charleston in 1779 ; and was governor of South Carolina 
 1785-87 and 1794-96. 
 
 Mound City. St. Louis. 
 
 Moundsville (moundz'vil). The capital of Mar- 
 shall County, West Virginia, situated on the 
 Ohio 13 miles south of Wheeling, it is so called 
 from a notable prehistoric mound in its vicinity. Popu- 
 lation, 8,918, (1910). 
 
 Mounet-Sully (mo-na'sti-le'), Jean Sully 
 Mounet, called. Born at Bergerac, Feb. 27, 
 1841. A noted French tragedian. He entered the 
 Conservatoire in 1861 ; made his driut at the Oddon in 1868, 
 and at the Th<55tre Frangais in 1872; and was elected a 
 “socWtaire” in 1874. He has since remained one of the 
 ablest representatives of classic French tragedy. He 
 visited the United States in 1894. 
 
 Mounier (mo-nya' ), Jean Joseph. Born at Gre- 
 noble, France, 1758 : died 1806. A French poli- 
 tician and political writer, member of the Con- 
 stituent Assembly in 1789. 
 
 Mountain, The. [F. La Montague.'] A name 
 given to the extreme Revolutionary party in the 
 legislatures of the first French Revolution. The 
 name was derived from the fact that they occupied the 
 higher part of the hall. Among the chief Montaguards 
 were Robespierre and Danton. The name was tempo- 
 rarily revived in the legislatures following the revolution 
 of 1848. 
 
 Mountaineers, The. Acomedy taken from “ Don 
 Quixote ” by George Colman the younger, pro- 
 duced Aug. 3, 1793, printed 1795. 
 
 Mountain Meadows Massacre. A massacre at 
 Mountain Meadows, southern Utah, of about 120 
 non-Mormon emigrants, Sept. 11, 1857. it was 
 believed to have been instigated by Mormons ; and John D. 
 Lee was condemned and executed in 1877 for his share in it. 
 
 Mountains of the Moon-. See Moon, Mountains 
 of the. 
 
 Mount Auburn (a'bern). A noted cemetery in 
 Cambridge and Watertown, Massachusetts. 
 
 Mount Desert (de-zert' or dez'ert). An island 
 in the Atlantic, belonging to Hancock County, 
 Maine, situated 30 miles east of Belfast, about 
 1 mile from the mainland. It is celebrated for its 
 picturesque scenery and as a summer resort. It was 
 temporarily settled by the French in the beginning of the 
 17th century. Its most noted resort is Bar Harbor. 
 Length, 14 miles. Highest point, about 1,500 feet above 
 sea-level. 
 
 Mountfort, Susanna. See Verbruggen. 
 
 Mountfort (mount'fort), William. Born in 
 Staffordshire : died at London, Dec. 10, 1692. An 
 English actor and dramatic writer. He was an 
 excellent representative of well-bred fops. He was killed 
 at the door of Mrs. Bracegirdle by an adventurer, Captain 
 Hill, apparently with the complicity of Lord Mohun, who, 
 as Mountfort was aware, had designs oil the lady. 
 
 Mount Holyoke (hol'yok) College. An insti- 
 tution of learning for women at South Hadley, 
 Massachusetts, founded by Mary Lyon, and 
 opened in 1837. 
 
 Mount Lebanon. See Lebanon and Neiv Lebanon. 
 
 Mount of Olives. See Olivet. 
 
 Mount of Olives. The English title of Beetho- 
 ven’s oratorio “Christus am Olberg,” produced 
 in England in 1814. The title was changed to “En- 
 gedi” and the principal character to David in 1842, owing 
 to the strong feeling against the appearance of the Saviour 
 as a personage in an oratorio. The original version, how- 
 ever, is now given. Crove. 
 
 Mount Pleasant (plez'ant). A city, the capital 
 of Henry County, Iowa, 26 miles west-north- 
 west of Burlington. It is the seat of Iowa Wesleyan 
 University and German College (both Methodist). Popu- 
 lation, 3,874, (1910). 
 
 Mount Vernon (ver'non). The capital of Posey 
 County, southwestern Indiana, situated on the 
 Ohio 19 miles west of Evansville. Population, 
 5,563, (1910). 
 
 Mount Vernon. A city in Westchester County, 
 New York, directly north of New York city. 
 Population, 30,919, (1910). 
 
 Mount Vernon. A city, capital of Knox 
 County, Ohio, 41 miles northeast of Columbus. 
 Population, 9,087, (1910). 
 
 Mount Vernon. All estate in Fairfax County, 
 Virginia, situated on the Potomac 15 miles 
 southwest of W ashi ngton. It is notable as the resi- 
 dence and place of burial of George Washington. In 1859 
 it was purchased by the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association. 
 
 Mount Zion. See Zion. 
 
 Moura (mo'rii), Francisco Rolim de. Born 
 at Pernambuco, 1580: died at Lisbon, 1657. A 
 Portuguese administrator. From 1624 to 1626 he 
 
 Moyen de Parvenir 
 
 was governor-general of Brazil. During this period the first 
 Dutch invasion was repeUed and Bahia recovered (1626). 
 
 Mourne (morn) Mountains. A short range of 
 mountains in County Down, Ulster, Ireland, 
 2,000 to 2,800 feet in height. 
 
 Mourning Bride, The. A tragedy by William 
 Congreve, produced in 1697. 
 
 Mourning Garment. A novel by Robert Greene, 
 registered in 1590. It is a paraphrase of the 
 parable of the prodigal son. 
 
 Mourt’s Relation. A historical work relating 
 to the settlement of Plymouth Colony, Massa- 
 chusetts, edited by George Morton in 1622. 
 Mourzouk. See Murzuk. 
 
 Mouse (mous) River. A tributary of the As- 
 siniboine, in North Dakota and British North 
 America. Length, about 500 miles. 
 
 Mouse Tower. A medieval watch-tower on a 
 rock in the middle of the Rhine near Bingen, 
 notable from its legendary connection with 
 Archbishop Hatto’s fate. See Hatto II. 
 Mouskes (raos-kas'), Philippe. Born at Ghent 
 about 1215 : died at Tournay, 1283. A Flemish 
 prelate and historian. His chronicles extend from the 
 siege of Troy to 1243, in 30,000 verses. He drew on the 
 chansons de gestes for his details. 
 
 Mousqueton (mosk-tem'). The vain, boastful 
 lackey of Porthos in “ The Three Musketeers,” 
 by Dumas pere. 
 
 Moussy, Jean Antoine Victor Martin de. See 
 
 Martin de Moussy. 
 
 Moutier (mo-tya'), G. Miinster (miin'ster). A 
 smalltown in the canton of Bern, Switzerland, 
 situated on the Birs 23 miles north of Bern. 
 Moutiers, or Mouthiers (mo-tya'). A small 
 town in the department of Savoie, France, 32 
 miles east of Chumbery. It was the ancient 
 capital of Tarentaise, and has a cathedral. 
 Moutier, Val, G. Miinsterthal (miin'ster-tal). 
 A valley in the Jura, in the canton of Bern, 
 Switzerland, 23 miles north of Bern. 
 
 Mouton (mo-toh'), Georges, Comte de Lobau. 
 Bom at Pfalzburg, Lorraine, Feb. 21, 1770 : died 
 at Paris, Nov. 27, 1838. A French marshal. He 
 
 entered the army in 1792, became aide-de-camp to Napo- 
 leon in 1805, and in 1809 rendered important service at 
 Lobau, for which he received the title of Comte de Lobau. 
 He took part in the Russian campaign in 1812, and fought 
 at Liitzen and Bautzen in 1813, and at Waterloo in 1815. 
 During the July revolution in 1830 he favored the cause 
 of Louis Philippe, who made him a marshal of France in 
 1831. 
 
 Movers (mo'vers), Franz Karl. Bom at Koes- 
 feld, Prussia, July 17, 1806: died at Breslau, 
 Sept. 28, 1856. A German Orientalist, professor 
 of Old Testament theology in the Roman Cath- 
 olic faculty at Breslau from 1839. His chief 
 work is “Die Phonizier” (1840-56). 
 
 Movimas (mo-ve'mas), or Mobinias (mo-be'- 
 mas). A tribe of Bolivian Indians, on and near 
 the river Mamord about lat. 14° S. They have long 
 been Christianized, and are associated with the Mojos at 
 the mission villages. They are described as tall and hand- 
 some, very cleanly, and exceUent workmen. Their lan- 
 guage has not been classified. 
 
 Mo watt, Mrs. S ee Ritchie, Mrs. (Anna C. Ogden). 
 Mowbray (mo'bra), H. Siddons. Born at Alex- 
 andria, Egypt, Aug. 5, 1858. An American figure- 
 painter. He studied at Paris with Leon Bonnat. 
 Mowbray (mo'bra), Thomas. Died at Venice, 
 1399. Earl of Nottingham and Duke of Norfolk. 
 He was created earl of Nottingham in 1383, earl marshal in 
 1384, and was one of the lord appellants of 1387, but after- 
 ward joined the king. He was created duke of Norfolk in 
 1397. Having been accused of treason by Henry Boling, 
 broke, earl of Hereford (afterward Henry IV.), in 1398, he 
 challenged the latter to single combat, and the lists were 
 set at Coventry in presence of Richard II., who banished 
 both disputants on the eve of the contest, Norfolk for life 
 and Hereford for ten years. Shakspere introduces him in 
 his “Richard II.” 
 
 Mowcher (mou'cher), Miss. In Dickens’s 
 “David Copperfield,” a merry talkative dwarf, 
 a hair-dresser. 
 
 Moxa, Moxos. See Mojos. 
 
 Moya (mo'ya), Pedro de. Born in Granada, 
 1610 : died there, 1666. An artist of the Span- 
 ish school, pupil of Juan de Castillo. He was a 
 soldier in the army of Flanders, where he was so charmed 
 with the works of Vandyck that he went to London in 1641 
 to study under him. Vandyck died soon after, and Moya 
 returned home, and executed numerous works, the best of 
 which are in Granada. 
 
 Moya y Oontreras(mo'ya e kon-tra'ras), Pedro 
 de. Born in the diocese of Cordova about 1520 : 
 died at Madrid, Dee., 1591. A Spanish prelate 
 and administrator. In 1671 he established tiie Inqui- 
 sition in New Spain, and in Dec., 1674, was consecrated 
 archbishop of Mexico. He was acting viceroy Sept. 25, 
 1684, to Oct. 17, 1585. Later he returned to Spain, and was 
 president of the Council of the Indies. Often called Moya 
 de Contreras. 
 
 Moyen de Parvenir (mwa-yau' de parv-ner'). 
 [F., ‘how to succeed.’] See the extract. 
 
Moyen de Parvenir 
 
 Much later (1610) the last — it may almost be said the 
 first — echo of the genuine spirit of Rabelais was sounded 
 in the “Moyen de Parvenir” of B^roalde deVerville. This 
 eccentric work is perhaps the most perfect example of a 
 fatrasie in existence. In the guise of guests at a banquet 
 the author brings in many celebrated persons of the day 
 and of antiquity, and makes them talk from pillar to post 
 in the strangest possible fashion. The licence of language 
 and anecdote which Rabelais had permitted himself is 
 equalled and exceeded ; but many of the tales are told with 
 consummate art, and in the midst of the ribaldry and buf- 
 foonery remarks of no small shrewdness are constantly 
 dropped as if by accident. Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 193. 
 
 Moys (mo'is). A village near Gorlitz, Silesia, 
 Prussia. Here, Sept. 7, 1757, the Austrians 
 under Nadi) sty defeated the Prussians under 
 Winterfeld. 
 
 Moytura. See the extract. 
 
 Many battles took place between these Danaans and the 
 earlier Firbolgic settlers — the native owners, as no doubt 
 they felt themselves, of the country. One of the best sub- 
 stantiated of these, not, indeed, by history or even tradi- 
 tion, but by a more solid testimony, that of the stone 
 remains left on the spot, prove, at any rate, that some 
 long-sustained battle was at some remote period fought on 
 the spot [sic]. This is the famous pre-historic battle of Moy- 
 tura, rather the Southern Moytura, for there were two; 
 the other, situated not far from the present town of Sligo, 
 retaining "the largest collection of pre historic remains," 
 says Dr. Petrie, “in any region of the world with the ex- 
 ception of Carnac.” This second battle of Moytura was 
 fought upon the plain of Cong, which is washed by the 
 waters of Lough Mask and Lough Corrib, close to where 
 the long monotonous midland plain of Ireland becomes 
 broken, changes into that region of high mountains and 
 low-lying valleys now called Connemara, but which in 
 earlier days was always known as Iar Connaught. 
 
 Lawless , Story of Ireland, p. 7. 
 
 Mozambique (mo-zam-bek'). [F. Mozambique, 
 Sp. Pg. Mosambique, so called from a small 
 coral island of this name near the coast.] 1. 
 The former name for the Portuguese posses- 
 sions along the eastern coast of Africa. See East 
 Africa, Portuguese , — 2. A town in Portuguese 
 East Africa, situated on an island near the 
 coast, about lat. 15° S. Population, 4,- 
 766. 
 
 Mozambique Channel. A sea passage separat- 
 ing Madagascar from the mainland of Africa. 
 Width, 250-550 miles. 
 
 Mozarabs (mo-zar'abz), or Mozarabians (mo- 
 za-ra'bi-anz). Those Christians in Spain who 
 lived among and measurably assimilated them- 
 selves to the Moslems, but continued in the ex- 
 ercise of their own religion. 
 
 Mozart (mo'zart; G. pron. mo'tsart), Leopold. 
 Born at Augsburg, Ba varia, Nov. 14, 1719: died 
 at Salzburg, May 28, 1787. A German violinist 
 and musical writer. 
 
 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Born at Salz- 
 burg, Austria, Jan. 27, 1756: died at Vienna, 
 Dec. 5, 1791. A celebrated Austrian composer, 
 son of Leopold Mozart. He showed a precocious 
 knowledge of music when only three years old, and first 
 appeared in public in a performance at the University of 
 Salzburg, in 1761, when betw'een five and six years of age. 
 In 1762 his father took him with his sister Marianne on a 
 concert tour to Munich, Vienna, and other places, and in 
 the next year to Paris, where they, especially Wolfgang, 
 excited great enthusiasm. At London in the next year they 
 were equally successful, and remained in England till 
 Aug., 1765. Mozart during this time composed a number 
 of symphonies, sonatas, and the overtures for two of his 
 concerts : they also played at their lodgings for such as 
 chose to test their genius in private. They finally arrived 
 at Salzburg again in Nov., 1766, and in 1768 were received 
 at court in Vienna, where .Mozart was urged by the emperor 
 to compose an opera and conduct it. He took the story of 
 “La Finta Semplice,” and his opera (though opposed by 
 the envy of other musicians) was finally performed at 
 Salzburg. He succeeded in producing his “Bastien und 
 Bastienne ” in a private theater at Vienna, and he also 
 composed and conducted the music at the ceremonies of 
 the consecration of the new church at Waisenhaus. From 
 1769 to 1771 they traveled in Italy, Mozart winning fresh 
 laurels. In 1777 he went to Paris with his mother, where 
 he found that the admiration accorded to a precocious 
 child was not so easily obtained by a mature musician. 
 After the death of his mother he returned to Salzburg, and 
 in 1781 to Vienna, where he lived with the archbishop. 
 He reaped but little pecuniary benefit from his composi- 
 tions, and his health began to fail. In 1791 he wrote his 
 three greatest symphonies and the “ Magic Flute,” and in 
 this year received the famous commission from a mysteri- 
 ous stranger (afterward known to be the steward of Count 
 Walsegg) to write a requiem mass to be finished within a 
 month. His enfeebled health and various circumstances 
 connected with the commission produced a serious effect 
 on his already troubled brain, and he imagined it to be a 
 summons from the other world. He began the mass, how- 
 ever, and said that it was for his own funeral. As he was 
 already dying, he was not able to supervise the rehearsal 
 of the finished part. He died of malignant typhus fever. 
 There were no ceremonies at his grave, and even his friends 
 followed him no farther than the city gates, owing to a 
 violent storm. He was buried in the common ground of 
 St. Marx, and the exact position of his grave is not known. 
 Many years after a monument was erected to him by the 
 city of Vienna. He left over six hundred compositions, 
 which include more than forty symphonies, a number of 
 masses (mostly composed in his youth), sonatas, quartets, 
 “The Requiem." etc. Among his operas are “ Idomeneo ” 
 (1781), “Mitridate,” “La Finta Giardiniera,” “Zaide," “Die 
 Entfuhrung aus dem Serail "(1782), “Le .Nozze di Figaro" 
 
 712 
 
 (“The Marriage of Figaro," 1786), “ Don Giovanni" (1787), 
 “Cost fan tutte ” (1790), ‘La Clemenza di Tito "(1791), 
 “Die Zauberflote" (“The Magic Flute," 1791), etc. Very 
 little of his music was published in his lifetime. 
 
 Mozcas. Same as Muyscas. See Chibchas. 
 
 Mozdok (moz-dok'). A town in the territory 
 of Terek, Ciscaucasia, Russia, situated on the 
 Terek about lat. 43° 43' N., long. 44° 42' E. 
 Population, over 15,000. 
 
 Mozhaisk (mo-zhisk'), or Mojaisk, or Mo- 
 shaisk. A small town in the government of 
 Moscow, Russia, situated on the Moskva 63 
 miles west of Moscow. For the battle here, 
 see Borodino. 
 
 Mozier (mo'zher), Joseph. Born at Burlington, 
 Vt., Aug. 22, 1812: died in Switzerland, Oct., 
 1870. An American sculptor. 
 
 Mozley (moz'li), James Bowling. Born at 
 Gainsborough, Sept. 15, 1813: died at Shore- 
 ham, Jan. 4, 1878. An English divine and 
 theologian. He was a graduate of Oxford (Magdalen 
 College), and became vicar of Old Shoreham (1856), canon 
 of Worcester, and (1871) regius professor of divinity at 
 Oxford. He wrote “On the Augustinian Doctrine of Pre- 
 destination ” (1855), “The Primitive Doctrine of Baptismal 
 Regeneration " (1856), “On Miracles " (1865), etc. 
 
 Mpongwe (mpong'gwe). A Bantu tribe of the 
 French Kongo, settled around the Gabun estu- 
 ary, famous as traders and middlemen between 
 the whites and the interior natives. Semi-civilized 
 and corrupted by prolonged contact with the whites, they 
 are dying out, but their language will remain, since it is 
 adopted by the inland natives who press to the coast. The 
 Mpongwe are divided into four social classes: (a) the 
 Mpongwe of pure blood; (b) those descended from an 
 alien mother ; (c) those bom of slave women ; and (d) 
 slaves. 
 
 Mrichchhakatika (mrch-eh-ha-ka'ti-ka). [Skt. 
 rnrid, clay, and shakatika, a small cart.] “The 
 Little Clay Cart,” a Sanskrit drama, it is a work 
 of remarkable power, comparable to the best modern com- 
 edies in plot, incident, character delineation, and felicity 
 of diction, and extraordinary in its minute directions to 
 the actors and its various scenic artifices. It has been 
 supposed to have been written in the 1st or 2d century, 
 but Von Schroder puts it in the 6th or 6th. Its authorship 
 is ascribed in flattery to a king Shudraka, who is praised 
 in the prologue. Pischel, after assigning it earlier to Bhasa, 
 believes its real author to have been Dandin. The hero 
 is Charudatta, a virtuous Brahman, reduced to poverty by 
 his generosity ; the heroine, Vasantasena, a beautiful and 
 wealthy hetaira, who loves him and repulses the king’s 
 brother-in-law, Samsthanaka. V asantasena is purified and 
 ennobled by her affection, and at last weds Charudatta. 
 “The little clay cart" or “toy cart,” from which the 
 name comes, is a plaything of the little son of Charudatta. 
 Visiting Charudatta at his house, Vasantasena finds his 
 child crying because his toy cart is of clay while the cart 
 of a neighbor’s child is of gold. Vasantasena fills the boy’s 
 cart with her jewels, and tells him to have a gold cart 
 made from these. The Mrichchhakatika has been trans- 
 lated into English by Wilson, into German by both Boht- 
 lingk and Fritze, into French by Regnaud, into Danish by 
 Brandes, and into Russian by Kossowitsch. A full account 
 of the play is given in Von Schroder’s “Indien’s Literatur 
 und Cultur: Vorlesung 43.” 
 
 Msidi (mse'de), or Mushidi (mo-she'de). See 
 Garenganze. 
 
 Mstislavl (mste-slavl'). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Mohileff, Russia. 57 miles east of Mohi- 
 leff. Population, over 10,000. 
 
 Mtesa (mta'sa). Died 1885. A king of tkeGanda 
 tribe, East Africa, made famous by the visits at 
 his court of Speke, Grant, Emin, and Stanley. 
 He treated with the khedive and the Sultan of Zanzibar as 
 an equal. He had many good qualities, but kept wavering 
 between paganism, Islam, and Christianity until his death. 
 
 Mtsensk (mtsensk). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Orel, Russia, situated on the Zusha 
 34 miles northeast of Orel. 
 
 Muata-Yamvo (mwaJta-yam'vd). The title of 
 the king of the Lunda nation in central Africa : 
 once the greatest potentate of Africa, now great- 
 ly reduced by civil wars and the raids of the 
 Makioko. 
 
 Mucedorus (mu-se-do'rus). A play, probably 
 by T. Lodge, acted in 1653, printed in 1598. It 
 has been assigned to Shakspere without reason- 
 able ground. 
 
 Much (much). A miller’s son, one of Robin 
 Hood’s band, said to have been a real person. 
 
 Much Ado about N othing. A comedy by Shak- 
 spere, produced in 1597-98. It was first printed 
 in 1600. The play was known as "Benedict and Bettris” 
 in 1613, and is probably the same as “Love's Labour ’s 
 Won ” (which see). The story of Hero is taken with some 
 variations from one of Bandello’s tales, which probably was 
 borrowed from the story of Geneura and Ariodantes in the 
 “ Orlando Furioso ” of Ariosto. This part of the play, how- 
 ever, is subordinated by Shakspere to the loves of Bene- 
 dick and Beatrice. 
 
 Mucius Scsevola. See Scsevola. 
 
 Miicke (miik'ke), Heinrich Karl Anton. Born 
 at Breslau, Prussia, April 9, 1806 : died at Diis- 
 seldorf, Jan. 17, 1891. A German historical 
 painter, a pupil of the Berlin and Diisseldorf 
 academies, and professor at the latter from 1844. 
 
 Mucklewrath (muk'l-riitk), Habakkuk. In 
 
 Mugwumps 
 
 Scott’s novel ‘ ‘ Old Mortality,” a fanatical leader 
 of the Covenanters. 
 
 Muckross (muk'ros). A peninsular tract be- 
 tween two of the lakes of Killarney, County 
 Kerry, Ireland, notable for its abbey, a Fran- 
 ciscanfoundationofthel5thcentury. The church 
 lias a low, square tower at the crossing, a recessed pointed 
 doorway at the west end, and a very beautiful east win- 
 dow. The quadrangular cloister is almost perfect, about 
 50 feet to a side, and of great beauty. On two sides the 
 arches are semicircular. Of the secular buildings the dor- 
 mitory, refectory, and kitchen are noteworthy. 
 
 Mucuchies. See Timotes. 
 
 Mudania (mo-da/ne-a). A town in the vilayet 
 of Khodavendikyar, Asia Minor, Turkey, situ- 
 ated on the Sea of Marmora 50 miles south of 
 Constantinople. Population, estimated, 6,000. 
 Mudie (mu'di), Charles Edward. Bom at 
 Chelsea, Oct. 18, 1818 : died at Hampstead, Oct. 
 28, 1890. An English bookseller, in 1842 he 
 founded Mudie’s Library, which is now the largest circu- 
 lating library in London. He wrote “ Stray Leaves ” (1872). 
 
 Mudki, or Moodkee (mod'ke). A place in the 
 Panjab, British India, 67 miles south-southeast 
 of Lahore. Here, Dec., 1845, the British under 
 Gough defeated the Sikhs. 
 
 Mudrarakshasa (mo-dra-rak'sha-sa). [Skt., 
 ‘ Rakshasa and the Signet-ring.’] A celebrated 
 Sanskrit political drama, in seven acts, by Vi- 
 shakhadatta : ascribed by Wilson to the 11th or 
 12th century, by Pischel to the beginning of 
 the 11th, and by Kashinath Trimbak Telang and 
 Hillebrandt to the 7th or 8th. it introduces chan- 
 dragupta or Sandrocottus, the great founder of the Maurya 
 dynasty, and his minister Chanakya, an Indian Machia- 
 velli. The latter is represented as having slain King Nanda 
 and assisted Chandragupta to the throne. The design ia 
 to show how Chanakya by all possible means effects a rec- 
 onciliation between Rakshasa, the minister of the mur- 
 dered Nanda, and the persons on whose behalf he was 
 killed. It has been translated into English by Wilson. 
 
 Muerto(mo-ar'to), Jornada del. [Sp., ‘journey 
 of the dead.’] A very arid plateau, about 65 
 miles long and from 20 to 30 broad, on the east 
 side of the Rio Grande, and separated from that 
 river by a series of arid mountains, the Sierra 
 Fra Cristobal, Sierra del Caballo, and Sierra 
 del Perrillo. There is permanent water in one locality 
 only. Previous to the construction of the Atchison, To- 
 peka, and Santa Fb Railroad, the Jornada del Muerto was 
 a much dreaded portion of the road between El Paso del 
 Norte and Santa Fb, both on account of its aridity and on 
 account of the Apaches who almost constantly infested 
 the region. Artesian wells have lately been sunk i n various 
 places, and cattle are being herded on some portions. 
 
 Muette de Portici, La. An opera by Auber, 
 words by Scribe and Delavigne. It was produced 
 at Paris in 1828, and in England as “Masaniello” in English 
 in 1829 and as “La Muta di Portici" in Italian in 185L 
 Mug (mug), Matthew. A character in Foote’s 
 “Mayor of Garratt,” said to be a satirical por- 
 trait of the Duke of Newcastle. 
 
 Miigge (miig'ge), Theodor. Born at Berlin, 
 Nov. 8, 1806: died at Berlin, Feb. 18, 1861. A 
 German novelist and writer of travels. Among 
 his works are “Die Schweiz” (“Switzerland,” 
 1847), the novel “ Toussaint” (1840), etc. 
 Muggendorf (mog'gen-dorf). A village inUpper 
 Franconia, Bavaria, situated on the Wiesent 
 25 miles north-northeast of Nuremberg. There 
 are celebrated stalactitie grottoes in the vicinity. 
 Muggleton (mug'l-ton), Lodowick or Ludo- 
 wick. Born 1609 : died 1697 or 1698. An English 
 fanatic, founder, conjointly with John Reeve, 
 of the Muggletonians. His doctrines were pub- 
 lished in “ The Divine Looking-Glass” (1656). 
 Muggletonians(mug-l-to'ni-anz). A sectfound- 
 ed in England by Lodowick Muggleton and 
 John Reeve about 1651. The members of the sect 
 believed in the prophetic inspiration of its founders, as 
 being the two witnesses mentioned in Rev. xi. 3-6, and 
 held that there is no real distinction between the persons 
 of the Trinity, that God has a human body, and that Elijah 
 was his representative in heaven when he descended to die 
 on the cross. The last member of the sect is said to have 
 died in 1868. 
 
 Mughals. See Moguls. 
 
 Mugheir. See Ur. 
 
 Mug-house Club. A club which met at Long- 
 acre in London in the early part of the 18th cen- 
 tury. Its name came from the fact that each member 
 drank his ale out of his own mug. After this a number 
 of mug-houses were established by the partizans of the 
 Hanover succession, in order that the Protestants might 
 rally in them against the Jacobite mobs. It was at one of 
 these, in Salisbury Court, Fleet street, that the most serious 
 of the “ Mug-house riots ” took place (July 23, 1716). The 
 mob attacked the Hanoverians assembled there, the fight- 
 ing continued all night, and the ringleader of the mob was 
 killed. 
 
 Mugwumps (mug'wumps). [From Algonquian 
 mugquomp, a chief or leader.] In United States 
 political history, the independent members of 
 the Republican party who in 1884 openly re- 
 fused to support the nominee (Blaine) of that 
 
Mugwumps 
 
 party for the presidency of the United States, 
 and either voted for the Democratic or the 
 Prohibitionist candidate or abstained from 
 voting. The word was not generally known in any sense 
 before this time, but it took the popular fancy, and was at 
 once accepted by the Independents themselves as an hon- 
 orable title. 
 
 Muharram (mo-har'am). [Ar.] The first month 
 of the Mohammedan year ; also, a religious fes- 
 tival held during that month. The ceremonies with 
 the Shiah Moslems have special reference to the death of 
 Hasan, grandson of Mohammed, who is looked upon by 
 the Shiahs as a martyr. With the Sunnites they have ref- 
 erence to the day of creation. Also Moharram. 
 Muhlbach (miil'bach). [G-., ‘mill-stream.’] A 
 town in Transylvania, 8 miles south of Karls- 
 burg. Population, commune, 7,770. 
 Miihlbach, Luise. See Mundt. 
 
 Miihlberg (mfil'berG). A small town in the 
 province of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the 
 Elbe 35 miles northwest of Dresden. Here, April 
 24, 1547, the Imperialists under Charles V. defeated John 
 Frederick I. , elector of Saxony. 
 
 Miihldorf (miil'dorf). A town in Upper Bava- 
 ria, Bavaria, situated on the Inn 44 miles east- 
 northeast of Munich. Here, Sept. 28, 1322, the em- 
 peror Louis the Bavarian defeated Frederick of Austria. 
 Also called battle of Ampflng. Population, 4,157. 
 
 Muhlenberg (G. pron. miiTen-berG), Heinrich 
 Melchior. Born at Einbeck, Prussia, Sept. 6, 
 1711: died at Trappe, Pa., Oct. 7, 1787. AGer- 
 man-American clergyman, chief founder of the 
 Lutheran Church in the United States. 
 Muhlenberg (mu'len-berg), Henry Augustus. 
 Bom at Lancaster, Pa., May 13, 1782: died at 
 Reading, Pa., Aug. 11, 1844. An American 
 clergyman and Democratic politician, son of 
 G. H. E. Muhlenberg. He was minister to Aus- 
 tria 1838-40. 
 
 Muhlenberg, John Peter Gabriel. Born at 
 Trappe, Pa., Oct. 1, 1746: died near Philadel- 
 phia, Oct. 1, 1807. An American Revolutionary 
 general and politician, son of H. M. Muhlen- 
 berg. 
 
 Muhlenberg, William Augustus. Born at 
 Philadelphia, Sept. 16, 1796: died at New York, 
 April 8, 1877. An American Episcopalian cler- 
 gyman, hymn-writer, and hymnologist. 
 Miihlhausen (in Alsace). See Miilhausen. 
 Miihlhausen (miil'hou-zen). A town in the 
 province of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the 
 Unstrut 21 miles northwest of Gotha. It has im- 
 portant manufactures of cotton, woolen, etc. ; was for- 
 merly a free imperial city ; and was the headquarters of 
 Thomas Miinzer 1524-25. Population, commune, 34,359. 
 
 Miihlheim. See Mulheim. 
 
 Muiopotmos (moi-6-pot'mos), or the Tale of 
 
 the Butterfly. [Gr. pvia, fly, and irdr/iog, lot, 
 destiny.] A poem by Spenser, in octave rime, 
 published in 1591 in the volume known as “ Com- 
 plaints.” 
 
 Muir (mur), John. Born at Glasgow, Feb. 5, 
 1810: died at Edinburgh, March 7, 1882. A 
 Scottish Sanskrit scholar. He was educated at Glas- 
 gow University and at the East India Company’s College 
 at Haileybury. From 1829 to 1853 he held various civil and 
 judicial positions in India. In 1862 he founded the chair 
 of Sanskrit at Edinburgh University. His “Original San- 
 skrit Texts, etc.,’’ appeared 1858-70. He published a vol- 
 ume of metrical translations from Sanskrit writers. 
 Muir, John. Born at Dunbar, Scotland, April 
 21, 1838. An American naturalist and writer. 
 For a number of years he made his headquarters in the 
 Yosemite region, demonstrating the theory of its glacial 
 formation, and making a comprehensive study of the geo- 
 logical and botanical features of the Sierra Nevada. In 
 1879 he went to Alaska and explored the region north of 
 Fort Wrangel, discovering Glacier Bay and the glacier 
 bearing his name ; and in 1881 accompanied one of the 
 expeditions to the Arctic in search of the lost Jeanette. 
 He has published in magazines and has also edited “Pic- 
 turesque California,” and published “The Mountains of 
 California” (1894), “Our National Parks” (1901), “My 
 First Summer in the Sierra ” (1911), etc. 
 
 Muir, Sir William. Born 1819: died July 11, 
 1905. A Scottish Arabic scholar, brother of 
 John Muir. n e entered the B engal civil service in 
 1837. He was lieutenant-governor of the Northwest 
 Provinces 1868-74 ; was financial minister to the Indian 
 government 1874-76; and was principal of the University 
 of Edinburgh 1885-1902. ne wrote a “Life of Mahomet" 
 (1858-61), “ Annals of the Early Caliphate ” (1883), etc. 
 
 Mukden, or Moukden (mok-den'), or Shing- 
 king (shing'king'). The capital of Manchuria, 
 situated on a brunch of the Liao about lat. 41° 
 45' N., long. 123° 40' E. It is on a branch of 
 the Siberian Railroad. Niu-chuang is its sea- 
 port. The Russian army under General Kuropatkin 
 was defeated here hy the Japanese under Marshal Oyama, 
 Feb. 23-March 10, 1905. 
 
 Mukhtar (mokh-tar') Pasha, Achmed. Born 
 at Brusa, Asia Minor, Sept., 1832. A Turkish 
 general. He was appointed governor-general of Bosnia 
 in 1875, and commander-in chief in Armenia in 1877. He 
 defeated the Russians at Zevin June 25, and at Kizil-Tepe 
 
 VI. 24 
 
 713 
 
 Aug. 25, but was in turn defeated at Aladja Oct. 16, and at 
 Deve-Boyun Nov. 4, 1877. 
 
 Mula (mo'la). A town in the province of Mur- 
 cia, Spain, 19 miles west of Murcia. Popula- 
 tion, 12,731. 
 
 Mulahacen (mo-la-a-then'), or Mulhac6n (mol- 
 a-then'). The highest -summit of the Sierra 
 Nevada Mountains, Spain, about 25 miles east 
 by south of Granada. Height, about 11, 660feet. 
 Mulberries, The. See the extract. 
 
 Towards the end of the year 1824, some young men met 
 at a humble tavern, the Wrekin, in the genial neighbour- 
 hood of Covent Garden, with Shakspeare as their common 
 idol ; and it was a regulation of this club that some paper, 
 or poem, or conceit bearing upon Shakspeare should be 
 contributed by each. Hither came Douglas Jerrold, and 
 he was soon joined by Laman Blanchard. Upon Jerrold’s 
 suggestion the club was called the Mulberries and their 
 contributions Mulberry leaves. . . . The club did not, 
 however, die easily; it was changed and grafted in times 
 nearer the present, when it was called the Shakspeare 
 Club. Charles Dickens, Mr. Justice Talfourd, Daniel Mac- 
 lise, Mr. Maeready, Mr. Frank Stone, etc., belonged to it. 
 Respectability killed it. Timbs. 
 
 Mulberry Garden. A place of refreshment in 
 London, much frequented hy persons of quality 
 in the 17th century. Sir Charles Sedley produceda 
 comedy with this title in 1668. It is partly taken from 
 Moliere’s “Ecoie des maris." 
 
 Mulcaster (mul'kas-ter), Richard. Born at 
 Carlisle : died April 15, 1611. An English philol- 
 ogist. He was a scholar in King’s College, Cambridge, 
 in 1548, and a student of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1555. 
 He was made master of Merchant Taylors' School in 1561, 
 and of St. Paul’s School in 1596, and taught Spenser. He 
 wrote “ Positions, etc., necessarie for the Training up of 
 Children, etc." (1581), “The First Part of the Elementarie 
 . . . of the Right Writing of our English Tung ”(1582), etc. 
 Mulciber (mul'si-ber). [L., ‘the softener.’] In 
 Roman mythology, a surname of Vulcan. 
 Mulde (mol'de). A river in Saxony, Prussia, 
 and Anhalt. It is formed by the union of the Zwickauer 
 Mulde and the Freiberger Mulde, and joins the Elbe 3 
 miles north of Dessau. Length (including the Zwickauer 
 Mulde), about 200 miles. 
 
 Mulder (mol'der), Gerardus Johannes. Born 
 at Utrecht, Netherlands, Dec. 27, 1802: died 
 at Utrecht, April, 1880. A Dutch physician 
 and chemist, professor of chemistry at Utrecht 
 1840-68 : especially noted for his researches 
 on protein. 
 
 Mule sans Frein (miil son fran),La. [F.,‘ The 
 Mule without a Bridle.’] A French romance 
 which has hy some been attributed to Payans 
 Maizieres, and by others to Chrestiende Troyes. 
 
 The tale has been versified by Mr. Way and by the Ger- 
 man poet Wieland [“ Des Maulthiers Zaum”]. 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 268. 
 
 Mulets ( mil-la'), Grands-, and Mulets, Petits-. 
 
 Noted points on the slope of Mont Blanc. 
 Mulford(mul'iqrd), Elisha. Born at Montrose, 
 Pa., Nov. 19, 1833: died, at Cambridge, Mass., 
 Dec. 9, 1885. An American Episcopal clergy- 
 man and philosophical writer. His works include 
 “The Nation” (1870) and “The Republic of God"(1881). 
 
 Mulgrave, Earls of. See Sheffield and Plvipps. 
 Mulgrave (mul'grav) Archipelago. A name 
 given sometimes to the Marshall Islands, Pacific 
 Ocean, sometimes collectively to the Marshall 
 and Gilbert groups. 
 
 Mulgrave Islands. A small group of islands 
 in the southeastern part of the Marshall group, 
 Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Mulhacen. See Mulahacen. 
 
 Miilhausen, or Miihlhausen (miil'hou-zen), 
 E.Mulhouse(miil-bz'). AcityinUpper Alsace, 
 Alsace-Lorraine, situated on the 111 61 miles 
 south-southwest of Strasburg. It is the chief man- 
 ufacturing center of Alsace-Lorraine, being especially 
 noted for its manufactures of cotton goods (including mus- 
 lins, calicoes, etc.), and has also manufactures of iron 
 wares, machinery, chemicals, and paper. It contains an 
 artisans’ colony (Arheiterstadt). Formerly it was a free 
 imperial city. It was in close alliance with the Swiss Con- 
 federation 1515-1798 ; was annexed to France in 1798; was 
 occupied hy the Germans in 1870 ; and was annexed to Ger- 
 many in 1871. Population, commune, 94,498. 
 
 Miilheim-on-the-Rhine(mul'him-on-THe-rin'). 
 A town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, situ- 
 ated on the Rhine nearly opposite Cologne, it 
 
 has flourishing manufactures and river commerce. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 50,811. 
 
 Mulheim-on-the-Ruhr (-ror'). A manufactur- 
 ing town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, situ- 
 ated on the Ruhr 34 miles north of Cologne. 
 Population, commune, 110,658, (1910). 
 Mulhouse. Seo Mulhausen. 
 
 Mull (mul). An island of the Inner Hebrides, 
 Argyllshire, Scotland. Chief place, Tobermory. 
 It is separated from the mainland of Argyllshire by the 
 Sound of Mull and the Firth of Lorn. The surface is moun- 
 tainous and rugged. Area, 347 square miles. 
 
 Mull, Sound of. A sea passage separating Mull 
 from the mainland of Argyllshire on the north- 
 east. Width, about 2 miles. 
 
 Muller, Karl Otfried 
 
 Miillenhoff (mfil'len-hof), Karl Victor. Born 
 
 at Marne, Holstein, Sept. 8, 1818 : died at Ber- 
 lin, Feb. 19, 1884. A German philologist, pro- 
 fessor at Berlin from 1858. He published various 
 works on Germanic philology and antiquities. 
 
 Mullens (mul'enz), or Mullins (mul'inz), Pris- 
 cilla. The wife of John Ahlen, and the heroine 
 of Longfellow’s poem “ The Courtship of Miles 
 Standish.” 
 
 Muller (mfi-lar'), Charles Louis, called Mul- 
 ler de Paris. Born at Paris, Dec. 22, 1815 : 
 died there, Jan. 10, 1892. A French historical 
 painter. Amonghis works are the “Roll Call of the Last 
 Victims of the Reign of Terror,” "Marie Antoinette at 
 the Trianon,” "Charlotte Corday in Prison,” "Galileo 
 before Cardinal Barberini,” etc. 
 
 Muller (mul Ter), Eduard. [The G. surname Mul- 
 ler =P,. Miller . ] Born at Brieg, Prussia, Nov. 12, 
 1804; died at Liegnitz, Prussia, Nov. 30, 1875. 
 A German author, brother of K. O. Muller. 
 Miiller, Frederick (Friedrich) Maximilian, 
 generally called Max Miiller. Born at Dessau, 
 Germany, Dec. 6, 1823 : died at Oxford, Oct. 28, 
 1900. A German-English Sanskrit scholar and 
 comparative philologist, son of Wilhelm Muller. 
 He was educated at Leipsic, Berlin, and Paris, and in 1846 
 wentto England, and in 1860 settled atOxford. He became 
 professor of modern languages and literature there in 1854, 
 and was professor of comparative philology 1868-1900. In 
 1856 he became connected with the Bodleian Library, and 
 1865-67 was curatorof Oriental works. He edited and trans- 
 lated the “ Hitopadesa” (1844), and edited the Rig-Veda(6 
 vols. 1849-74), etc. His chief works are “ A History of An- 
 cient Sanskrit Literature ” (1859), “ Lectures on the Science 
 of Language" (1861-64), “Handbooks for the Study ofSan- 
 skrit” (1S65-70: comprising grammar, dictionary, etc.), 
 “Chips from a German Workshop ” (1868-75), “Lectures 
 on the Science of Religion” (1870), “On the Origin and 
 Growth of Religion as illustrat ed by t he R-ligions of India ” 
 (1878), and translations of various Oriental works. 
 
 Miiller, Friedrich, called Muller the Painter, 
 or Maler Muller. BornatKreuznach, Prussia, 
 Jan. 13, 1749: died at Rome, April 23, 1825. A 
 German poet, painter, and engraver. 
 
 Muller, Friedrich. Born at Jemnik, Bohemia, 
 March 5, 1834; died at Vienna, May 25, 1898. A 
 German comparative philologist and ethnolo- 
 gist, professor at Vienna from 1866. 
 
 Miiller, George. Born near Halberstadt, Prus- 
 sia, Sept. 27, 1805 : died at Bristol, March 10, 
 1898. A German-English philanthropist. He 
 studied divinity at Halle, and went to London in 1829. In 
 1836 he established the Orphan House of Bristol, to be sup- 
 ported by unsolicited contributions. In 1856 it contained 
 297 children, and had received £84,441 as the result of 
 prayer alone. In 1875 it contained 2,00f) children. He 
 wrote "A Narrative of Some of the Lord’s Dealings with 
 George Muller ” (1837). 
 
 Miiller, Johann. See Regiomontanus. 
 
 Muller, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm. Born at 
 
 Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg, Dec. 11, 1782 : diednear 
 Dresden, May 3, 181 6. A German engraver, son 
 of J. G. von Muller. His chief work is the “ Sis- 
 tine Madonna” (after Raphael). 
 
 Miiller, Johann Gotthard von. Born at Bern- 
 hausen, near Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg, May 4, 
 1747 : died at Stuttgart, March 14, 1830. A Ger- 
 man engraver. 
 
 Muller, Johann Heinrich Jakob. Born at 
 Cassel, Prussia, April 30, 1809 ; died at Freiburg, 
 Baden, Oct. 3, 1875. A German physicist, pro- 
 fessor at Freiburg from 1844. His chief work is 
 “ Lelirbuch der Physik und Meteorologie ” (1842). 
 
 Miiller, Johannes or Johamn von. Born at 
 Sehaflhausen, Switzerland, Jan. 3, 1752 : died at 
 Cassel, Prussia, May 29, 1809. A noted Swiss 
 historian. He held various offices in the service of 
 Mainz, Austria, and Prussia, and at the time of his death 
 was director-general of education in the kingdom of West- 
 phalia. His chief works are “ Geschichte der Schweizer ” 
 (“ History of the Swiss," 4 vols. 1780-1806), and “ 24 Bucher 
 allgemeiner Geschichte ’’ (“ 24 Books of Universal History,’’ 
 1811) . 
 
 Muller, Johannes. Born at Coblenz, Prussia, 
 July 14, 1801 : died at Berlin, April 27-28, 1858. 
 A celebrated German physiologist and compar- 
 ative anatomist, professor at Bonn 1826-33, and 
 at Berlin from 1833. He was one of the founders of 
 modern physiology, and exerted also a powerful influence 
 upon other departments of science. His chief work is 
 “ Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen.” 
 
 Miiller, Julius. Born at Brieg, Prussia, April 
 10, 1801 : died Sept. 27, 1878. A noted German 
 Protestant theologian, professor successively 
 at Gottingen (1834), Marburg (1835), and Hallo 
 (1839). His chief work is "Die christliche Lehre von 
 der Siinde” ("The Christian Doctrine of Sin,” 1839). 
 
 Miiller, Karl Otfried. Born at Brieg, Prus- 
 sia, Aug. 28, 1797 : died at Athens, Aug. 1, 1840. 
 A celebrated German Hellenist and archaeolo- 
 gist, professor of archaeology at Gottingen fronr' 
 1819. Among his works are “Geschichte hellenischei 
 StammeundStaaten (1820-24), “ Etrusker ”(1828),“ Hand- 
 buch der Archiiologie der Kunst ” (1830), “ Prolegomenon 
 
Miiller, Karl Otfried 
 
 zu elner wlssenschaftlichen Mythologie" (1825), “Ge- 
 schichte der griechischen Litteratur” (“History of Greek 
 Literature, ” 1841), maps of ancient Greece, etc. 
 
 Miiller, Max. See Miiller, Frederick Maximilian. 
 Miiller. Otto. Born at Schotten, Hesse, June 
 1, 1816: died at Stuttgart, Aug. 7, 1894. A 
 German novelist. His works include “ Burger ” 
 (1845) and “ Charlotte Ackermann” (1854). 
 Miiller, Otto Frederik. Bom 1730 : died 1784. 
 A Danish naturalist. 
 
 Miiller, Peder Erasmus. Bom at Copenha- 
 gen, May 29, 1776: died Sept. 4, 1834. A Danish 
 theologian and archaeologist, appointed profes- 
 sor of theology atCopenhagen in 1801, and bishop 
 of Zealand in 1830. He wrote “Library of the 
 Sagas” (1816-18), etc. 
 
 Miiller. Wilhelm. Born at Dessau, Oct. 7, 1794: 
 died there, Oct. 1, 1827. A German lyric poet. 
 
 He was a student at Berlin in 1812, and, after having fought 
 in the war of liberation against France 1813-14, resumed 
 there his studies. From 1817 to 1819 he traveled in Italy. 
 In the latter year he returned to Dessau, where he be- 
 came teacher of the classical languages at the gymnasium, 
 and librarian of the ducal library. His “Lieder der Grie- 
 chen ” (“Songs of the Greeks,” 1821-24) were written dur- 
 ing the Greek struggles for independence. “Gedichteaus 
 den hinterlassenen Fapieren eiues reisenden Waldhornis- 
 ten ” (“ Poems from the Posthumous Papers of a Travel- 
 ing Bugler”) date from 1821-27, “Lyrische Spaziergange ” 
 (“ Lyric Walks”) from 1827. Some of his lyrics, especially 
 those set to music by Schubert (“Mullerlieder”), enjoy 
 great popularity. His “Vermischte Schriften ”(“ Mis- 
 cellaneous Writings”) were published at Leipsic in 
 1830 in 5 vols. A new edition of his poems, with an 
 introduction by his son Max Miiller, appeared at Leip- 
 sic in 1808. 
 
 Miiller von Konigswinter (miil'ler f on ke'nigs- 
 vin-ter), Wolfgang. Bom at Konigswinter, 
 Prussia, March 15,1816: diedatNeuenahr, Prus- 
 sia, June 29, 1873. A German lyric and epic 
 poet and novelist. He wrote the idyl “Mai- 
 konigin” (1852). 
 
 Mullheim (miil'him). A town in Baden, situ- 
 ated 16 miles southwest of Preiburg. Popula- 
 tion, over 3,000. 
 
 Mulligan Letters. A series of business letters 
 written by James G. Blaine to Warren Fisher 
 of Boston, which fell into the hands of Fisher’s 
 bookkeeper, Mulligan. They played an important 
 part in the political discussions which preceded the presi- 
 dential nominations in 1876, and especially in the presiden- 
 tial canvass of 1884, in which Blaine was the Republican 
 candidate, as it was alleged by his opponents that they 
 confirmed charges of corruption brought against him in 
 connection with certain railroads (the Union Pacific and 
 the Little Rock and Fort Smith). 
 
 Mullingar (mul-in-gar'). The capital of the 
 county of Westmeath, Ireland, situated near 
 the Brosna 46 miles west -northwest of Dublin. 
 Population, 4,500. 
 
 Milliner (mul'ner), Amadeus Gottfried Adolf. 
 
 Born at Langendorf, near Weissenfels, Prussia, 
 Oct. 18, 1774 : died at Weissenfels, June 11, 1829. 
 A German dramatist. Among his plays are 
 “ Der neunundzwanzigstePehruar”(1812), “ Die 
 Schuld ” (1816). 
 
 Mulluk (mul'vik), or Lower Coquille. A tribe 
 of the Kusan stock of North American Indians. 
 It formerly had a village on the north side of Coquille 
 River, Oregon, at its mouth. The survivors are on the 
 Siletz reservation, Oregon. See Kusan. 
 
 Mulock, Dinah Maria. See Craik, Mrs. 
 Mulready (mul'red-i), William. Bora at En- 
 nis, County Clare, Ireland, April 1, 1786: died 
 at London, July 7, 1863. An Irish landscape- 
 and figure-painter. He was made royal academician 
 in 1816. Hepainted “ The Carpenter's Shop” (18091, “The 
 Barber’s Shop ” (1811), “ Interior of an English Cottage” 
 (1828),“ Choosing the Wedding Gown ”(1846), etc. In 1840 
 he furnished the ornamental design for the outside of 
 Rowland Hill's postal envelop, known as the Mul- 
 ready envelop, which resembled a folded hall-sheet of 
 letter-paper. 
 
 Multan, or Mooltan (mol-tan'). 1 . A division 
 in the Pan jab, British India. Area, 29,520 square 
 miles. Population, 3,014,675.— 2. A district in 
 the Panjab, British India, intersected by lat. 
 30° N., long. 72° E. Area, 6,107 square miles. 
 Population, 710,626. — 3. The capital of the 
 district of Multan, situated near the Chenab, 
 about lat. 30° 12' N., long. 71° 28' E. it has an 
 
 extensive trade. It was stormed by the Sikhs in 1818, and 
 by the British in 1849. Population, including cantonment, 
 87,394. 
 
 Multnoma (mult-no'ma). A probably extinct 
 tribe of the Upper Chinook division of North 
 American Indians. Itsformerliabitatwasnear Mult- 
 nomah River and Falls, in Multnomah County, Oregon, 
 south of the Columbia River. See ChinooJean. 
 
 Muluya (mo-lo'yii). A river in Morocco which 
 flows into the Mediterranean near the border of 
 Algeria. Length, over 300 miles. 
 
 Mumbo Jumbo (mum'bo jum'bo). Originally a 
 bugbear common to Mandingo towns, used by 
 the natives to keep their women in subjection. 
 Mungo Park describes it. The words are now used to de- 
 
 714 
 
 note various idols or fetishes fantastically clothed, wor- 
 shiped by certain negro tribes. 
 
 Mummius (mum 'i -us), Lucius, surnamed 
 Achaicus. Lived in the middle of the 2d cen- 
 tury B. C. A Roman consul 146 B. c. He defeated 
 the Achfean League and captured Corinth, completing the 
 Roman conquest of Greece (146 B. C.). 
 
 Muncaczy. See Munkacsy. 
 
 Munch (monch), Andreas. Born at Christiania, 
 Oct. 19, 1811: died June 30, 1884. A Norwegian 
 poet and dramatist. His father was the poet Johan 
 Storm Munch, bishop of Christiansand. In 1830 he went 
 to Christiania to study jurisprudence, hut returned home 
 the following year and remained there until the death of 
 his father in 1832, when the family removed to Christiania. 
 He was now obliged to support himself by his own labors, 
 and soon gave up the idea of a legal career. His first book 
 was the collection of poems “ Ephemerer ” (“ Ephemera ’’), 
 which appeared in 1837. This was followed in the succeed- 
 ing year by along poem “ Sangerinden ” (“The Singer”), 
 and by his first drama, “Kong Sverres Ungdom ” (“King 
 Sverre’s Youth ”), which was awarded the first prize and 
 the honor of production at the opening of the new Nor- 
 wegian theater. In 1846 he gave up the editorship of the 
 political journal “Constitutionelle,” which he had in the 
 meantime assumed, to travel in France, Italy, and Ger- 
 many, where he was absent a year. After his return he 
 published “Digte gamle og nye ” (“ Poems Old and New”) 
 and the prose “ Biileder fraNordog Syd” (“ Pictures from 
 North and South ”), both in 1848, followed by “ Nye Digte” 
 (“New Poems”) in 1850. The death of his wife this last 
 year gave rise to the collection of poems published in 1852 
 with the title “ Sorg og Trost ” (“Grief and Consolation”). 
 He now turned his attention again to the drama, and wrote, 
 between the years 1854 and 1856, “Solomon de Caus,” the 
 historical drama “Eu Aften paa Giske” (“An Evening at 
 Giske”), and the tragedy “Lord William Russel.” Subse- 
 quent works are “Samlede Digte” (“Collected Poems,” 
 1858), “Nyere Digte” (“Recent Poems,” 1861), the cycle 
 “Jesu Biileder” (“Pictures of Jesus," 1865), “Eftersom- 
 mer ” (“ Autumn,” 1867). He was the author also of other 
 poems and dramas, besides translations from Sir Walter 
 Scott and a version of Tennyson's “Enoch Arden." 
 
 Munch (munch), Ernst Hermann Joseph von. 
 
 Born at Rheinf elden, Switzerland, Oct. 25, 1798: 
 died at Rheinfelden, June 9, 1841. A Swiss his- 
 torian. 
 
 Munch (monch) , Peder Andreas. Born at Chris- 
 tiania, Norway, Dec. 15, 1810 : died at Rome, 
 May 25, 1863. A Norwegian historian, philolo- 
 gist, and antiquary : cousin of Andreas Munch. 
 His chief work is “ Det Norske Folks Historie ” (“History 
 of the Norwegian People," 1852-63). 
 
 Munchausen, Baron. See Miinclihausen. 
 Miinch-Bellinghausen (miinch'bel'ling-hou- 
 zen), Baron Eligius Franz Joseph von : pseu- 
 donym Friedrich Halm. Born at Cracow, April 
 2, 1806 : died at Vienna, May 21, 1871. An Aus- 
 trian dramatist. His chief worksare “ Griseldis ” (1834), j 
 “Der Sohn der Wildnis” (“The Son of the Wilderness,’’ 
 1843, played in English as “ Ingomar the Barbarian ”), 
 “Der Fechter von Ravenna” (“The Fencer of Ravenna,” 
 1854), and “Wildfeuer” (1864). 
 
 Miinchen (miin'ehen). German for Munich. 
 Miinchengratz (muneli'en-grats). A town in 
 Bohemia, situated on the Iser 39 miles northeast 
 of Prague. Here, June 28, 1866, the Prussians under 
 PriuceFrederickCharlesdefeatedtheAustriansand Saxons 
 under Clam-Gallas. Population, commune, 3,985, (1910), 
 Miinchhausen (miinch'hou-zen), Baron Karl 
 Friedrich Hieronymus von. Born at Boden- 
 werder, Hannover, Germany, May 11, 1720: died 
 there, Feb. 22, 1797. A German soldier in the 
 Russian service against the Turks, etc. a col- 
 lection of stories ascribed to him, written by R. E. Raspe, 
 was published in English in 1785 as “Baron Munchausen's 
 Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in 
 Russia.” His name is proverbially associated with ab- 
 surdly exaggerated stories of adventure, etc. 
 
 Mancie (mun'si). A city, capital of Delaware 
 County, Indiana, 51 miles northeast of Indian- 
 apolis. Population, 24,005, (1910). 
 
 Munda (mun'da). In ancient geography, a town 
 in southern Spain, of undetermined position. 
 It is noted for the victory gained there, 45 B. C., by Julius 
 Caesar over the sons of Pompey. 
 
 Mundaka Upanishad (mon'da-ka o-pa-ni'- 
 shad). An Upanishad of the Atharvaveda. 
 It contains 3 short chapters called Mundakas, which are 
 said by native exegetes to take their name from Sanskrit 
 munda , ‘shorn,’ because one who comprehends their doc- 
 trine is shorn or liberated from all error. It distinguishes 
 between the higher science, or the esoteric wisdom of the 
 Upanishads, and the lower, or the knowledge of the Vedas 
 and the Vedangas. It has been translated by Miiller 
 (“Sacred Books of the East,” XV. 27). 
 
 Munday (mun'da), Anthony. Born at London, 
 1553: died there, Aug., 1633. An Elizabethan 
 writer. He was apprenticed to John Allde, stationer, 
 in 1576. He was made poet laureate of the City of London, 
 and was the author of pastoral poems, journalistic tracts 
 and pamphlets, translations, romances, plays, and pa- 
 geants. He compiled “The Mirror of Mutabilitie, the prin- 
 cipal part of the Mirror of Magistrates, selected out of the 
 Sacred Scripture,” in 1579. His “ English Romayne Life ” 
 (1582) is an account of his experiences among Romanist 
 refugees in France and Italy. In 1586 he published “Sweet 
 Sobs and Amorous Complaints of Shepherds and Nymphs,” 
 and in 1618 an enlarged edition of Stow’s “London." 
 Mundella (mun-delTa), Anthony John. Born 
 1825 : died at London, July 21, 1897. An Eng- 
 
 Munkacs 
 
 lish politician. He was vice-president of the council 
 on education in the Liberal administration of 1880-85, and 
 president of the board of trade in the cabinet in 1886, and 
 again on Gladstone's return to power in 1892. He resigned 
 office in May, 1894. 
 
 Miinden (miin'den). A town in the province 
 of Hannover, Prussia, at the junction of the 
 Fulda and Werra, 10 miles northeast of Cassel. 
 It has a ruined castle. Pop., commune, 10,754. 
 
 Munden (mun'den), Joseph Shepherd. Born 
 at London, 1758: died there, Peb. 6, 1832. An 
 English actor. He was chemist’s assistant, lawyer’s 
 clerk, and copyist in turn, until his admiration for Gar- 
 rick determined him to go on the stage. He joined a 
 company of strolling players, making his first appearance 
 at London in 1790. His success was complete. He was 
 the original of Sir Robert Bramble, Ephraim Smooth, Caus- 
 tic, Old Rapid, etc., and made Old Dorn ton in “The Road 
 to Ruin ” the great triumph of his life. Charles Lamb 
 celebrated him, in the “Essays of Elia,” as the king of 
 broad comedy. He left the stage May 31, 1824. 
 
 Mundequetes (mon-de-ka'tes). A name given 
 by old Portuguese writers to the Bateke around 
 Stanley Pool, Africa. 
 
 Mundi (mon'de). A hill state of India. 
 
 Mundlah. See Mandla. 
 
 Mundt (rnont), Madame (Klara Miiller): pseu- 
 donym Luise Miihlbach. Born at Neubran- 
 denburg, Germany, Jan. 2, 1814: died at Ber- 
 lin, Sept. 26, 1873. A German novelist, wife of 
 Theodor Mundt. She wrote “ Friedrich derGrosseund 
 sein Hof ’’ (“ Frederick the Great and his Court, ” 1853), and 
 other romanceson Prussian, Austrian, French, etc., history. 
 
 Mundt, Theodor. Born at Potsdam, Prussia, 
 Sept. 19, 1808 : died at Berlin, May 30, 1861. A 
 German novelist and critic, one of the “Young 
 Germany ” school of writers. He became professor 
 of literature and history at Breslau in 1848, and professor 
 and librarian at the University of Berlin in 1850. Besides 
 works of fiction, he wrote “Kunst der deutschen Prosa" 
 (“Art of German Prose,” 1837), “ Geschichte der Litteratur 
 der Gegenwart” (“History of Contemporary Literature,” 
 1842), etc. 
 
 Mundurucus (inon-do-ro-kos'). Apowerf ultribe 
 of Brazilian Indians, south of the Amazon, on 
 the river Tapajos near its lower falls, and ex- 
 tending westward to the branches of the Ma- 
 deira. They are agriculturists but bold warriors, and 
 were long enemies of the neighboring Muras and of the 
 whites. In 1803 they made peace with the latter, and have 
 ever since been their faithful friends. Physically and mor- 
 ally they are one of the finest of South American races. 
 Formerly they tattooed the face and body in a peculiar 
 pattern. The Mundurucus are now partly civilized, and are 
 much employed as rubber-gatherers. They are generally 
 classified with the Tupi stock. Also written Mundrucus, 
 Mondurocus, etc. 
 
 Mungo, Saint. See Kentigern. 
 
 Munhaneca (mo-nya-na'ka). See Nyaneka. 
 
 Munich (mu'nik). [OHG. munihha, pi., MHG. 
 munichen, dat. pi., G. miinchen, the monk : from 
 a monastery on its site.] The capital of Ba- 
 varia and of the government district of Upper 
 Bavaria, situated in a plain on the Isar, in lat. 48° 
 8' N., long. 11° 35' E. It is famous as an art, musical, 
 dramatic, and educational center, and has flourishing com - 
 merceandmanufactures, being particularly noted forbeer- 
 brewing. The Frauenkirche, the archiepiscopal cathe- 
 dral, is a spacious 15th-century structure of brick in a florid- 
 Pointed style. The nave and aisles are of equal height, 
 with slender octagoual pillars and elaborate vaulting. The 
 cathedral measures 320 by 117 feet. Height of vaulting, 
 108 feet ; of the western towers (unfinished), 318 feet. The 
 Alte Residenz, the royal palace, built by the elector Maxi- 
 milian I. between 1602 and 1619, incloses 4 courts, and its 
 apartments are richly decorated and contain much that is 
 of artistic and historical interest. The New Rathaus, or 
 town hall, is alarge and picturesque building in the Pointed 
 style, with facades on the Marien Platz and the Diener 
 Strasse. The Propyhea, so called, on one side of the Konigs 
 Platz, form a magnificent gateway completed in 1862. 
 Other objects of interest are the monument of Max Joseph 
 I., Max Joseph’s Platz, Konigsbau, national theater, court 
 chapel, Festsaalbau, library and museums, Sieges-Thor 
 (Gate of Victory), Bavarian National Museum, monument 
 of Max IT., Maxim ilianeum, Old Pinakothek, New Pina- 
 kothek, Glyptothek, Basilica, Old Rathaus, statue of Ba- 
 varia., and Ruhmeshalle. Near by is the castle of Nymphen- 
 burg’. Munich was founded by Henry the Lion, 1158 ; be- 
 came the capital about 1255 ; was occupied by Gustavus 
 Adolphus, 1632; and developed greatly under Louis I. and 
 Maximilian II. (1825-64). Population, 693,053, (1910). 
 
 Munich, University of. A seat of learning 
 founded at Ingolstadt in 1472, and removed to 
 Landskut in 1802 and to Munich in 1826. It 
 has about 7,000 students and a library of 550,- 
 000 volumes. „ _ . , . , 
 
 Munich Atlas. See Kunstmann, Friedrich. 
 
 Municipio Neutro. See Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 Munk (monk), Salomon. Born at Glogau, Prus- 
 sia, May 14, 1805 : died Peb. 6, 1867. A French 
 Orientalist, appointed (though blind) professor 
 of Oriental languages at the College de France 
 in 1865: Ho translated from Maimonides the 
 “More Nebuchim” under the title “Le guide 
 des 6gares ” (1856-66), and published “Pales- 
 tine” (1845), etc. 
 
 Munkeics (mon-kach'). A town in the county 
 of Beregh, Hungary, situated on the Latorcza 
 
Munk&cs 
 
 79 miles northeast of Debreczin. Near it is a 
 celebrated fortress. Population (1890), 10,531. 
 Munk&csy (mon'ka-che), or Muncaczy (kat- 
 se), Mihaly (real name Michael Lieb). Born 
 at Munkaes, Hungary, Feb. 20, 1844: died at 
 Endenich, near Bonn, May 1, 1900. A noted 
 Hungarian historicalandgenrepainter. He stud- 
 ied under a portrait-painter at Gyula, at the Vienna Acad- 
 emy, at Munich with Franz Adam (wherehe won three first 
 prizes), and at Dusseldorf, where he devoted himself to 
 genre-painting. In 1869 he made a name with his “ Last 
 Day of a Condemned Man." He went to Paris in 1872, and 
 a few years later began to paint Parisian scenes. Here he 
 took the medal of honor in i878,and later medals at Vienna, 
 Munich, Berlin, etc. He was ennobled by the Austrian 
 government. He was elected to the Munich Academy in 
 1881, and visited New York in 1886. Among his works 
 are “ Milton dictating Paradise Lost " (1878), “ Christ be- 
 fore Pilate” (1881), “Christ on Calvary" (1884), “Last 
 Moments of Mozart ” (1885), etc. 
 
 Miinnich (mfin'nich), Count Burkhard Chris- 
 toph von. Born in Oldenburg, Germany, May, 
 1683: died at St. Petersburg, Oct. 27, 1767. A 
 Russian general and politician, distinguished 
 as a commander against the Turks. He was 
 prime minister 1740-41. 
 
 Munoz (mon'yoth), Fernando, Duke of Rian- 
 zares. Born at Tarancon, Spain, 1810 : died near 
 Havre, France, 1873. A Spaniard who married 
 Queen Maria Christina secretly in 1833, and 
 openly in 1844. 
 
 Munoz, Juan Bautista. Born near Valencia, 
 1745: died at Madrid, 1799. A Spanish historian. 
 In 1779 he was commissioned by Charles III. to write a his- 
 tory of America, and for this purpose all public and private 
 archives were placed at his disposal. He collected a vast 
 amount of material, but only the first volume of his “His- 
 toria del Nuevo Mundo” was published (Madrid, 1793). 
 
 Munro (mun-ro'), Hugh Andrew Johnstone. 
 
 Bom at Elgin, Oct. 19, 1819: died at Rome, 
 March 30, 1885. A Scottish classical scholar. 
 He was educated at Shrewsbury and Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge ; was a fellow of Trinity 1843 ; and became profes- 
 sor of Latin in 1869. He edited Lucretius in 1864 and Horace 
 in 1869, and wrote exceUent Greek and Latin verse. 
 
 Munsee (mun'se), or Minsiu (min'si-o). A 
 tribe of North American Indians, belonging to 
 the Delaware Confederacy, but commonly re- 
 garded as distinct. They formerly lived about the 
 head waters of the Delaware River in New York, New 
 Jersey, and Pennsylvania. They early became scattered 
 and incorporated with other tribes. See Algonquian. 
 Munster (mun'ster). An ancient province of 
 Ireland, occupying the southwestern part of the 
 island. It comprises the counties Tipperary, Waterford, 
 Cork, Kerry, Limerick, and Clare. It was an early medieval 
 kingdom. The ancient capital was Cashel. Population, 
 1,076,188. 
 
 Munster (mun'ster). [From L. monasterium, a 
 cloister.] A former bishopric of Westphalia 
 and principality of the Holy Roman Empire. It 
 was created in the middle ages. The archbishops of Co- 
 logne became bishops of Munster in 1719. The bishopric 
 was secularized in 1803, and the territories divided be- 
 tween Prussia and various minor states. They were divided 
 between Prussia and Hannover by the Vienna Congress in 
 1814-15. 
 
 Miinster. The capital of the province of West- 
 phalia and of the government district of Mun- 
 ster, Prussia, situated on the Miinstersche Aa 
 in lat. 51° 57' N., long. 7° 35' E. it has manufac- 
 tures of linen, cotton, leather, etc. The cathedral is chief- 
 ly of the 13th century, though in many features of style 
 and design it appears older. The B,athaus is notable for 
 its Friedenssaal, in which the peace of Westphalia was 
 signed in 1648, and which contains many historic relics, and 
 for its main facade of the end of the 14th century. The 
 Church of St. Lambert, Liebfrauen-Kirche, and many old 
 buildings are of interest. It is the seat of a university 
 (discontinued in 1818 and revived in 1902), and was made 
 the seat of a bishopric by Charles the Great about 800. Its 
 early name was Mimigardevord. It was a Hanseatic town, 
 and was famous as the center of the Anabaptist excesses 
 under John of Leyden, Matthiesen, Knipperdolling, and 
 others in 1534-35. Bishop von Galen took forcible posses- 
 sion of it in 1661. It was a literary center in the 18th cen- 
 tury. Population, commune, 81,468. 
 
 Miinster. Atownin Upper Alsace, Alsace-Lor- 
 raine, situated on the Fecht 46 miles southwest 
 of Strasburg. Formerly it was a free imperial 
 city. Population, commune, 6,082. 
 
 Miinster (in Switzerland). See Moutier. 
 Miinster, Peace of. See Westphalia, Peace of. 
 Miinster, Sebastian. Born at Ingelheim, Ger- 
 many, 1489 : , died at Basel, Switzerland, May 
 23, 1552. A German geographer, Orientalist, 
 and mathematician, professor of Hebrew at 
 Basel. He wrote “ Cosmographia universalis ” 
 (1544), etc. 
 
 Miinsterberg (mun'ster-bero). A town in the 
 province of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the 
 Ohlan 37 miles south of Breslau. Population, 
 commune, 8,475. 
 
 Miinstertbal (miin'ster-tal). [G., 'Miinster val- 
 ley.’] 1. A valley in the canton of Bern, Swit- 
 zerland. See Moutiers, Val. — 2. A valley in 
 
 715 
 
 the extreme eastern part of the canton of Gri- 
 sons, Switzerland, south of the Lower Enga dine. 
 
 Miinter (miin'ter), Balthasar. Born at Lii- 
 beck, March 24, 1735 : died at Copenhagen, Oct. 
 5, 1793. A German hvmn-writer and pulpit ora- 
 tor, preacher at Copenhagen from 1765. 
 Miinter, Friedrich Christian Karl Heinrich. 
 Born at Gotha, Germany, Oct. 14, 1761 : died at 
 Copenhagen, April 9, 1830. A German-Danish 
 ecclesiastical historian and archaeologist, ap- 
 pointed professor of theology at Copenhagen in 
 1788, and bishop of Zealand in 1808. 
 
 Miinzer (miint'ser), Thomas. Born at Stol- 
 berg in the Harz, about 1490: executed at 
 Miiblhausen, Prussian Saxony, May 30, 1525. A 
 German religious enthusiast. He studied at Halle, 
 possibly also at Wittenberg, and in 1520 became, on the 
 recommendation of Luther, an evangelical preacher at 
 Zwickau, where, in connection with Nicholas Storch and 
 others, he organized the Anabaptist movement. He was 
 expelled in 1521, and, after a visit to Bohemia and various 
 German cities, became a preacher at Allstedt in 1523. Ex- 
 pelled in 1524 through the influence of Luther, of whom 
 he was now a determined opponent, he became in the fol- 
 lowing year a preacher in the free city of Miiblhausen in 
 Thuringia. He made himself master of the city, deposed 
 the city council, and introduced a d emocratic communistic 
 government. The peasant insurrection which broke out 
 in Swabia and Franconia (1525) having reached Thuringia, 
 he placed himself at the head of a band of 8,000 Anabap- 
 tists and insurgent peasants, and inaugurated a war of ex- 
 termination against the nobility and the clergy. He was 
 defeated by Philip, landgrave of Hesse, and George, dukeof 
 Saxony, at Frankenhausen, May 15, 1525 ; was captured in. 
 the flight ; and was tried and executed. 
 
 Munzinger (mont'sing-er), Werner. Born at Ol- 
 ten, Switzerland, April 21, 1832 : died in Africa, 
 Nov. 16, 1875. An African explorer and linguist. 
 He lived in Egypt 1852-53, occupied with mercantile af- 
 fairs ; conduct ed a trading expedition to the Bed Sea 1S54- 
 1855; lived among the Bogos 1855-56, and published “Sit- 
 ten und P„echt der Bogos " 1859 ; was with Heuglin’s ex- 
 pedition in 1861 ; explored the land of Bazen and arrived 
 in Khartum 1862 ; as chief, in Heuglin’s place, explored 
 Kordofan ; and returned to Europe. He published “Ost- 
 afrikanische Studien " (1S64), “Die deutsche Expedition 
 in Ostafrika” (1865), “Voeabulaire de la langue Tigrd” 
 (1865). He became British consul at Massowah in 1865 and 
 assistant of Lord Napier ; French consul in 1868 ; Egyptian 
 governor in 1370 ; and governor-general of Eastern Sudan 
 in 1872. He was fatally wounded in an expedition against 
 Abyssinia, and died at Aussa. 
 
 Muottathal, orMuotatbal (mo-ot'a-tiil). 1. A 
 valley in the canton of Schwyz, Switzerland. — 
 2. A town in that valley. 
 
 Muphrid (mu'frid). [Ar. at-mufrid al-ramih, 
 the solitary star of the lancer.] The third- 
 magnitude star Bootis, in the right leg of the 
 giant. 
 
 Mur (mor). A river which, rising in Salzburg, 
 flows through Styria and part of western Hun- 
 gary and joins the Drave 27 miles east of Wa- 
 rasdin. Length, about 250 miles. 
 
 Murad. See Amwrafh. 
 
 Murad Effendi (mo'rad e-fen'di). Assumed 
 name of Franz von Werner. See Werner. 
 
 Muradabad (mo-ra-da-bad'), or Moradabad 
 (mo-ra-da-bad'). 1. A district in the United 
 Provinces, British India, intersected by lat. 
 28° 45' N., long. 78° 30' E. Area, 2,285 square 
 miles. Population, 1,191,993. — 2. The capital 
 of the district of Muradabad, situated on the 
 Ramganga 97 miles east of Delhi. It is a trad- 
 ing center. Population, including cantonment, 
 116,876. 
 
 Muralto (mo-ral'to), Onuphrio. The fictitious 
 canon of St. Nicholas at Otranto, from whom 
 Walpole, as William Marshall, professed to 
 translate “ The Castle of Otranto.” 
 
 Murano (mo-rii'no). An island and town in 
 the lagoon of Venice, Italy, 1 mile north of Ven- 
 ice. It hag been famous since the 14th century for its 
 glass manufactures, and is noted for its cathedral and Mu- 
 seo Civico (with Venetian glass products). 
 
 Muras (mo'ras). A horde of Brazilian Indians 
 On the middle Amazon. Formerly they were numer- 
 ous and powerful in the region between the lower Xapa- 
 jds and Madeira. According to vague tradition they 
 came from the upper Amazon, driven out by the Incas of 
 Peru. They were long at war with the Mundurucus, by 
 whom they were finally conquered about 1788; since then 
 they have led a wandering life in the network of lakes and 
 channels about the month of the Madeira, living in miser- 
 able huts or in canoes, and subsist ing by hunting and fish- 
 ing. A few hundreds remain, in a very degraded state, and 
 much crossed with negro blood from fugitive slaves. They 
 are noted thieves. Their language is doubtfully classed 
 with the Tupi. 
 
 Murat (mii-ra/), Joachim. Bom at Bastido, 
 Lot, France, March 25, 1771 ; executed at Pizzo, 
 Calabria, Italy, Oct. 13, 1815. A French mar- 
 shal, and king of Naples, brother-in-law of Na- 
 poleon I.: famous as a cavalry commander. He 
 was the son of an innkeeper; studied theology at Tou- 
 louse ; entered the army as a volunteer ; and served with 
 distinction in Italy 1796-97, and in Egypt 1798-99, becom- 
 ing a general of division. He aided the coup d’etat of Nov., 
 1799 ; married Caroline Bonaparte Jan. 20, 1800 ; and was 
 
 Mure, Sir William 
 
 made governor of Paris and marshal in 1804, and prince 
 and high admiral in 1805. He commanded the cavalry at 
 Marengo in 1800, at Austerlitz in 1805, at Jena in 1806, and 
 at Eylau and Friedland in 1807. In 1806 he was made grand 
 duke of Berg and Cleves ; commanded in Spain in 1808 ; be- 
 came king of Naples as Joachim I. Napoleon in 1808 ; com- 
 manded the French cavalry in 1812 ; was leagued with Aus- 
 tria in 1814 ; went over to Napoleon March, 1815 ; was de- 
 feated by the Austrians at Tolentino May 2-3, 1815 ; and 
 was captured in making a landing in Calabria in Oct., 1816. 
 
 Murat, Prince Napoleon Lucien Charles. Born 
 at Milan, May 16, 1803 : died at Paris, April 10, 
 1878. Son of Joachim Murat. He lived in the 
 United States until 1848, and was later a poli- 
 tician and prince in France. 
 
 Muratori (mo-ra-to're), Ludovico Antonio. 
 Born at Vignola, near Modena, Italy, Oct. 21, 
 1672 : died at Modena, Jan. 23, 1750. A cele- 
 brated Italian antiquary, director of the Ambro- 
 sian College and Library at Milan, and later 
 librarian to the Duke of Modena. His chief works 
 are“Berum Italicarumscriptores” (1723-51), “An tiquita tea 
 Italic® medii sevi ” (1738-42), “ Annali d’ltalia" (1744-49). 
 
 Muratorian (mu-ra-to'ri-an) Fragment or 
 
 Canon, The. A summary of the canonical 
 books of the New Testament, in popular and 
 illiterate language, probably dating from the 
 period of Marcus Aurelius. It was first pub- 
 lished by L. A. Muratori in 1740. 
 
 Muravieff (mo-ra-ve-ef' ), Nikolai. Born 1793 : 
 died Nov. 4, 1866. A Russian general. He served 
 with distinction against the Poles in 1831, and captured 
 Kars in 1855. 
 
 Muravieff (mo-ra-ve-ef'), Nikolai, Count Mu- 
 ra vieff-Amurski. Born at St. Petersburg, 1803 
 (1810?.): died at Paris, Nov. 19, 1881. A Russian 
 general. He was appointedlieutenant-governorof Eastern 
 Siberia in 1848, and took possession of the Amur territory, 
 which was ceded by China in 1858. As a reward for this ser- 
 vicehewascreatedacountandpromotedgeneralof infantry. 
 
 Murchison (mer'ki-son), Sir Roderick Impey. 
 
 Born at Tarradale, Ross-shire, Feb. 19, 1792: 
 died Oct. 22, 1871. A Scottish geologist. He 
 was educated at the grammar-school at Durham and the 
 military college, Great Marlow. In 1808 he went to Gali- 
 cia with Wellesley, and was with Sir John Moore in the re- 
 treat to Corunna. After eight years’ service he left the 
 army and traveled in Europe. He took up the study of 
 geology at the suggestion of Sir Humphry Davy, and in 1825 
 read his first paper before the Geological Society. He was 
 associated with LyeU and later with Sedgwick in Au- 
 vergne and the Alps. His especial work was the estab- 
 lishment of the Silurian System in 1831 (“ The Silurian Sys- 
 tem,” 1838), and later the Devonian. In 1845 he published 
 "Russia and the Ural Mountains.” In 1855 he was ap- 
 pointed director-general of the Geological Survey and di- 
 rector of the Royal School of Mines and Geological Mu- 
 seum in J errnyn street. 
 
 Murcia (mer'shi-a; Sp. pron. mor'the-a). A 
 province of Spain, bordering on the Mediter- 
 ranean. It is rich in metals. Area, 4,453 square 
 miles. Population, 577,987. 
 
 Murcia. A former Moorish kingdom in Spain, 
 comprising the provinces of Murcia and Alba- 
 cete. It was conquered by Castile 1243-53. 
 
 Murcia. The capital of the province of Mur- 
 cia, Spain, situated on the Segura in lat. 37° 
 59' N., long. 1° 11' W. It has silk manufactures. 
 The cathedral, of the 14th century, has a broad Renaissance 
 westf ront and tower. The walnut choir-stalls are delicately 
 carved with saints and Bible scenes. The family chapel of 
 Los Veles, with its tombs, is a remarkable example of the 
 florid-Pointed style. Murcia was taken by Castilians about 
 1240, and was plundered by the French in the Peninsular 
 war. Population, 75,128. 
 
 Murdoch (mer'dok), James Edward. Born at 
 Philadelphia, June 25, 1811: died at Cincinnati, 
 May 19, 1893. An American actor, and pro- 
 fessor of elocution at the Cincinnati College of 
 Music. He made his first appearance at Philadelphia in 
 1829. He was versatile, and played a variety of leading 
 characters. In 1840, while he was stage manager of the 
 National Theater, Boston, he left the stage and devoted 
 five years to study, reappearing as Hamlet in New York. 
 He was considered thereafter as a leading actor. When 
 the Civil War broke out, he devoted his energies to the 
 support of the Union as nurse while his two sons were in 
 the army, and gave readings for the benefit of the United 
 States Sanitary Commission. 
 
 Murdock (mer'dok), James. Born at West- 
 brook, Conn., Feb. 16, 1776: died at Columbus, 
 Miss., Aug. 10, 1856. An American Congrega- 
 tional divine and scholar. He translated works 
 of Mosheim, and the New Testament from the 
 Peshito version. 
 
 Murdock, William. Born at Auchinleck, Ayr- 
 shire, Aug. 21, 1754: died at Birmingham, Nov. 
 15, 1839. A Scottish inventor. He entered the 
 works of Boulton and Watts, Birmingham, in 1777, and in 
 1795 made the first practical use of illuminating gas. He 
 also invented the oscillating steam-engine. 
 
 Murdstone (merd'ston), Edward. In Dickens’s 
 “ David Copperfield,” a black-haired, violent- 
 tempered, vindictive, cruel man: David Cop- 
 perfield’s stepfather. 
 
 Mure (mur), Sir William. Born at Rowallan, 
 Ayrshire, 1594: died 1657. A Scottish poet. He 
 
Mure, Sir William 
 
 was wounded at Marston Moor. He wrote the “ True Cruci- 
 fix for True Catholics " (1629), and a version of the Psalms 
 (1639). 
 
 Mure (mil), William. Born near Caldwell, 
 Ayrshire, July 9, 1799 : died at London, April 
 1, 1860. A Scottish historian of Greek litera- 
 ture. He was educated at Westminster School and at 
 Edinburgh and Bonn universities. He was member of Par- 
 liament for Renfrew 1846-55. His “Critical History of 
 the Language and Literature of Ancient Greece ” (5 vols. 
 1850-57) was unfinished at the time of his death. He was 
 a colonel in the Renfrewshire militia. 
 
 Murena (mu-re'na), Lucius Licinius. 1 . ARo- 
 
 man commander against Mitkridates 83-82 B. C. 
 — 2. A son of the preceding. He was elected consul 
 in 62 B. c. Having been accused of bribery by an unsuc- 
 cessful rival, he was defended by Cicero and acquitted. 
 
 Muret (mii-ra'). A town in the department of 
 Haute-Garonne, France, situated on the Ga- 
 ronne 11 miles southwest of Toulouse. Here, in 
 1213, Simon de Montfort defeated the Albigenses and Ara- 
 gonese. Population, commune, 3,712. 
 
 Muret, Marc Antoine, L. Muretus (mu-re'- 
 tus). Born at Muret, near Limoges, France, 
 April 12, 1526: died at Rome, June 4, 1585. A 
 celebrated French humanist. He taught the class- 
 ics at Poitiers, Bordeaux, Paris, and Toulouse ; went to 
 Italy, where he resided in Venice, Padua, and Rome ; and 
 after his return (1563) to Rome from a visit to France in 
 the train of the legate Cardinal Hippolito d’Este, taught 
 civil law there until 1584. He edited Latin authors, and 
 
 * wrote Latin orations, letters, etc. 
 
 Murfree (mer'fre), Mary Noailles: pseudo- 
 nym Charles Egbert Craddock. Born at Mur- 
 freesboro, Tenn., about 1850. An American 
 novelist. She contributed to the “Atlantic Monthly" 
 before 1880, and wrote “In the Tennessee Mountains" 
 (1884), “Where the Battle was Fought" (1884), “The Pro- 
 phet of the Great Smoky Mountains” (1885), “In the 
 Clouds” (1886), “The Story of Keedon Bluffs” (1887), etc. 
 
 Murfreesboro, or Murfreesborough (mer'frez- 
 bur-o). [Named from Colonel Hardy Murfree, 
 an officer in the Revolutionary War.] The capi- 
 tal of Rutherford County, Tennessee, 32 miles 
 southeast of Nashville. A victory was gained here 
 by the Federals (43,400) under Rosecrans over the Confed- 
 erates (37,712) under Bragg. Heavy fighting occurred on 
 Dec. 31, 1862; on Jan. 1, 1863, little was done, but the 
 battle was resumed on Jan. 2; the following day a heavy 
 rain fell, and on the night of Jan. 3-4 Bragg retreated. Fed- 
 eral loss, 13,249, including 1,730 killed ; Confederate loss, 
 about 11,000. Population, 4,679, (1910). 
 
 Murgab, or Murghab (mor-gab'). A river in 
 northwestern Afghanistan and the region about 
 Merv, Asiatic Russia. Itislostinswamps about 
 lat. 38° N. 
 
 Murger (miir-zkar'), Henri. Born at Paris, 
 March 24, 1822: died there, Jan. 28, 1861. A 
 French litterateur. He was at first a notary’s clerk, 
 and afterward secretary of Count Tolstoi. His style is both 
 humorous and melancholy. He is best known from his 
 sketches of Bohemian life in Paris (“Scfenes de la vie de 
 Boheme,” 1848). Among his other prose works are “Scfcnes 
 de la vie de jeunesse,” “Les Luveurs d’eau,” “Le sabot 
 rouge,” etc.; and among his poems, “Les nuits d’hiver.” 
 
 Murillo (mu-ril'o; Sp. pron. mo-rel'yo), Bar- 
 tolom6 Esteban. Born at Seville, Spain (bap- 
 tized Jan. 1, 1618) : died there, April 3, 1682. A 
 celebrated Spanish painter, chiefly of religious 
 Subjects. His first master was Juan del Castillo. In 
 1643 he moved to Madrid, where he came under the influ- 
 ence of Velasquez, then in the zenith of his fame. He re- 
 turned to Seville in 1645, where he spent several years 
 (1661-74) in painting a series of 11 pictures which at once 
 brought him into notice. Among these are “ Moses Strik- 
 ing the Rock,” “Abraham and the Angels,” “The Miracle 
 of the Loaves and Fishes," “St. Peter Released from Pris- 
 on," and “St. Elizabeth.” In 1648 he married. A favor- 
 ite subject with Murillo was the Virgin of the Conception : 
 the most famous example of this is in the Louvre. In 1660 
 he established the public academy at Seville. On the 
 death of Philip IV., his successor, Charles II., made Mu- 
 rillo court painter, though he was not willing to live in 
 Madrid. He continued to work at Seville until his death, 
 which occurred in consequence of a fall from a scaffold 
 while painting in the Church of the Capuchins. There is 
 a list of 481 of his pictures, nearly 200 of which are in Eng- 
 land, 61 in Madrid, about 60 in Seville, 21 in Paris, 24 in 
 Russia, and a limited number in the United States. 
 
 Murillo-Toro (mo-rel'yo-to'ro), Manuel. Bom 
 at Chaparral, Tolima, 1815: died at Bogota, 
 Dec., 1880. A Colombian statesman. He was a 
 lawyer and a prominent journalist, upholding the liberal 
 party. He held many important civil and diplomatic 
 positions ; was repeatedly member of Congress ; and was 
 twice president of Colombia (1864-60 and 1872-74). 
 
 Miiritz (mii'rits), Lake. A lake in Mecklen- 
 burg-Schwerin, Germany, 60 miles north-north- 
 west of Berlin. Length, 17 miles. 
 
 Murner (mor'ner), Thomas. Born at Ober- 
 ehnheitn, near Strasburg, Dec. 24, 1475 : died 
 at Obereknheim, 1537. A German satirist 
 and opponent of the Reformation. He studied at 
 the Franciscan school in Strasburg ; was then a wandering 
 scholar in France, Germany, and Poland ; and afterward 
 studied theology at Paris and law at Freiburg, where lie 
 lived in 1499. He was subsequently custodian of the Fran- 
 ciscan monastery at Strasburg. In 1505 he was crowned 
 poet by the emperor Maximilian. About 1509 he was 
 made doctor of theology at Verona. His satirical work 
 
 r7~1 
 
 ( 1 u 
 
 “Narrenbeschworung ” (“Exorcism of Fools”) was pub- 
 lished at Strasburg in 1512, in which year appeared also 
 his “Schelmenzunft " (“Rogues' Gild”), consisting of ser- 
 mons originally delivered at Frankfort-on-the-Main. The 
 satire, in rimed couplets, “Von dem grossen Lutherischen 
 barren, wie ihn Doktor Murner beschworen hat ’’(“On the 
 Great Lutheran Fool : how Doctor Murner has Exorcised 
 Him ’’), published at Strasburg in 1522, is a virulent attack 
 upon the Reformation. 
 
 Muro Lucano (mo'ro lo-ka'no). A small town 
 in the province of Potenza, Italy, 18 miles west- 
 northwest of Potenza. 
 
 Muro y Salazar (mo'ro e sa-la-tkar'), Salvador 
 de, Marquis of Someruelos. Born at Madrid, 
 1754 : died there, Dec. 14, 1813. A Spanish gen- 
 eral and administrator. He was governor-general of 
 Cuba, May, 1799, to April, 1812, a period which included 
 many important events in the history of the island. 
 
 Murphy (mer'fi), Arthur. Born near Elphin, 
 Roscommon, Dec. 27, 1727 : died at London, 
 June 18, 1805. A British dramatist. He studied 
 at St.-Omer, France, and in 1747 entered a counting-room 
 in Cork. In 1752-74 he published the “Gray's Inn Jour- 
 nal ” in London. He appeared as actor and dramatist, and 
 was called to the bar in 1762. He wrote the “Upholsterer” 
 (1757), “All in the Wrong ”(1761), “ Know Your Own Mind" 
 (1778), “Three Weeks after Marriage,” and translations of 
 Sallust and Tacitus (1793). 
 
 Murphy, J ohn Francis. Born at Oswego, N. Y. , 
 1853. An American landscape-painter. Heisa 
 member of the National Academy of Design and of the 
 American Water-Color Society. 
 
 Murray (mur'a), or Gcolwa (gol'wa). [Named 
 by its explorer, Sturt, from Sir George Murray, 
 an Australian official.] The principal river of 
 Australia. It rises in the Australian Alps, forms part of 
 theboumlary between Victoria and New South Wales, trav- 
 erses Lake Alexandria (or Victoria) in South Australia, 
 and falls into Encounter Bay about lat. 35° 35' S. Its chief 
 tributaries are the Darling and t lie combined Lachlan and 
 Murrumbidgee. Length, over 1,000 miles; navigable to 
 Albury. 
 
 Murray, Alexander. Born at Chestertown, 
 Md., 1755: died at Philadelphia, Oct. 6, 1821. An 
 American naval officer. He served in the Revo- 
 lution and against Tripoli. 
 
 Murray, Alexander. Born at Dunkitterick, 
 Kirkcudbrightshire, Oct. 22,1775: died at Edin- 
 burgh, April 15, 1813. A Scottish philologist. 
 He attended school for a short time in 1788, and afterward 
 by his own efforts mastered the English language, the 
 classics, the European languages, Hebrew and other Orien- 
 tal tongues, and Abyssinian. In 1812 he was chosen pro- 
 fessor of Oriental languages at Edinburgh. In 1823 he 
 published “History of the European Languages.” 
 
 Murray, David, second Earl of Mansfield. Born 
 Oct. 9, 1727: died Sept. 1, 1796. A British noble- 
 man. He succeeded his father as seventh Viscount Stor- 
 mont in the peerage of Scotland in 1748, and his uncle as 
 second earl of Mansfield in 1793. His wife at the same 
 time succeeded as countess of Mansfield in her own right 
 by a separate creation. 
 
 Murray, Earl of. See Stuart, James. 
 
 Murray, Eustace Clare Grenville. Born in 
 1824: died at Passy, France, Dec. 20, 1881. A 
 journalist and author, natural son of the second 
 duke of Buckingham. He studied at Oxford, and 
 became a student of the Inner Temple. In 1851 he was 
 attachd at Vienna, in 1852 at Constantinople, and in 1855 
 consul-general at Odessa. He wrote the “ Roving English- 
 man ’’ (1854-55), “ History of the French Press ” (1874), and 
 the novels “The Member for Paris ’’ (1871) and “Young 
 Brown ” (1874). 
 
 Murray, Sir James Augustus Henry. Born 
 at Denholm, Roxburghshire, in 1837. A Scotch 
 philologist and lexicographer. Hegraduated at Lon- 
 don University, and has twice been president of the Philo- 
 logical Society. He is the author of “ The Dialect of the 
 Southern Counties of Scotland ” (1873), and of a “ Synopsis 
 of the Hor® Paulina’, etc.” (1879), etc. ; edited “The .Ro- 
 mance and Prophecies of Thomas of Ercildoune, etc.,” in 
 1875 ; and in 1879 entered upon the editorship of the Philo- 
 logical Society’s “New English Dictionary," succeeding 
 Herbert Coleridge and Dr. Furnivall. Since 1890 Henry 
 Bradley and since 1901 William C'raigie have been joint 
 editors. This work was begun by Dr. Murray at Mill 
 Hill, near London, and continued at Oxford, where Part 
 I. was issued in 1884. Knighted, 1908. 
 
 Murray, John. Born at Alton, Dec. 10, 1741: 
 died at Boston, Mass., Sept. 3, 1815. An Amer- 
 ican Universalist clergyman, called “the father 
 of American Universalism.” 
 
 Murray, originally M‘Murray, J ohn. Born at 
 Edinburgh, 1745: died Nov. 6, 1793. An Eng- 
 lish publisher, of Scottish birth. He obtained a 
 commission in the Royal Marines in 1762, and in 1768 
 bought the businessof WilliamSandbyin London. He pub- 
 lished the “English Review," D’lsraeli’s “ Curiosities of 
 Literature,” etc. 
 
 Murray, John. Born about 1778 : died J uly 22, 
 1820. A Scottish chemist and physician. He 
 wrote “Elements of Chemistry" (1801), “Elements of Ma- 
 teria Medica and Pharmacy ” (1804), “A System of Chemis- 
 try” (1806), etc. 
 
 Murray, John. Bom Nov. 27, 1778: died June 
 27, 1843. An English publisher, son of John 
 Murray (1745-93). Hestartedthe “Quarterly Review” 
 (Feb. 1, 1809) in opposition to the “Edinburgh Review,” 
 an undertaking in which he had the cooperation of Can- 
 ning, Scott, Heber, Ellis, and Barrow. He published the 
 
 Muscatine 
 
 works of Byron, Crabbe, Moore, Campbell, Irving, etc. 
 His business has been continued by his son (1808-92) ami 
 bis grandson, both of the same name. 
 
 Murray, Lindley. Born at S watara, Pa. , 1745 ; 
 died in England, Feb. 16, 1826. An American 
 grammarian. He was admitted to the bar in 1765, after- 
 ward accumulated a fortune in commercial pursuits, and 
 in 1784 settled in England, where he devoted himself to 
 literature. His chief works are “The Power of Religion 
 on the Mind ” (1787) and “English Grammar” (1795). 
 
 Murray, William, first Earl of Mansfield. Born 
 at Scone, Scotland, March 2, 1705: died at Lon- 
 don, March 20, 1793. A celebrated British jurist 
 and statesman. He was solicitor-general 1742-54, at- 
 torney-general 1754-56, and became famous as chief jus- 
 tice of the King’s Bench 1756-88. After 1756 he was a 
 prominent member of the cabinet, lie has been called 
 “the founder of English commercial law." 
 
 Murray, William Henry Harrison. Bom at 
 Guilford, Conn., April 26, 1840: died there, 
 March 3, 1904. An American Congregational 
 clergyman, pastor of the Park Street Congre- 
 gational Church 1868-74. He published “Camp Lift- 
 in the Adirondack Mountains ’’ (1868), “ The Perfect Horse ’’ 
 (1873), sermons (1874), and “Tales” (1877 and 1887). 
 
 Murray Hill. A district in New York city, it is 
 
 on high ground, beginning at about 34th street and Fifth 
 Avenue, and extending north to about 40th street. It was 
 named from a Quaker family who owned an estate on it. 
 
 Murree, or Marri (mur-re'). A health-resort 
 in the Panjab, British India, about lat. 33° 53' 
 N., long. 73° 20' E. 
 
 Miirren (miir'ren). A summer resort in the 
 Bernese Oberland, Switzerland, in the upper 
 Lauterbrunnen valley, south of Interlaken. 
 Mursa (rner'sa). In ancient geography, a Ro- 
 man town of Pannonia: themodernEssek (which 
 see). Here, Sept, 28, 351, Constantius gained a notable 
 victory over the usurper Magnentius : 64,000 are said to 
 have been slain. 
 
 Murshidabad (mor-ske-da-bad'), or Moorshe- 
 dabad (mor-ske-da-bad'). 1. A district in Ben- 
 gal, British India, intersected by lat. 24° 15' N., 
 long. 88° 15' E. Area, 2,143 square miles. Pop- 
 ulatiou, 1,333,184. — 2. The capital of the dis- 
 trict of Murskidabad, situated on the Bkagi- 
 rathi 112 miles north of Calcutta. It is a trading 
 
 and manufacturing center, and was the capital of Bengal 
 in the 18tli century. Population, 15,168. 
 
 Murten. See Morat. 
 
 Murviedro ( mor-ve- a' THro ) . A small town in the 
 province of Valencia, Spain, situated on the 
 Palancia 15 miles north-northeast of Valencia : 
 the ancient Saguntum (which see). Here, Oct. 
 25, 1811, the French under Suchet defeated the 
 Spaniards under Blake. 
 
 Murzuk, or Mourzouk (mor-zok'). The capi- 
 tal of Fezzan, situated about lat. 25° 50' N., 
 long. 14° 10' E. Population, estimated, 6,500. 
 Mus. See Decius, Mus. 
 
 Musa (mo'sa). Born at Mecca about 660: died 
 about 718. A Saracen viceroy of Egypt. He con- 
 quered northern Africa, and conquered Spain 
 (with the aid of Tarik) 711-713. 
 Musaeus(mu-se'us). [Gr. Movadiog, (servant) ‘of 
 the Muses.’] A legendary Greek poet of Attica, 
 son of Eumolpus and Selene. To him were at- 
 tributed various poems connected with the mysteries of 
 Demeter at Eleusis, over which he was said to have pre- 
 sided. 
 
 Musseus. Lived about the 5th century a. d. A 
 Greek grammarian, author of a celebrated poem 
 on Hero and Leander. Of this poem 340 verses 
 have been preserved. It was imitated by Mar- 
 lowe. 
 
 Musagetes (mu-saj'e-tez). [Gr. Movmytrr/r, 
 leader of the Muses.] An epithet of Apollo. 
 Musaus (mo-sa'os), Johann Karl August. 
 
 Bom at Jena, Germany, 1735 : died at Weimar, 
 Germany, Oct. 28, 1787. A German author. His 
 chief work is “ Volksmarehen der Deutscken” 
 (“ Folk -Tales of the Germans,” 17S2-86). 
 Musca (mus'ka). [L.,‘the fly.’] A name given 
 to the constellation also called Apis, the Bee. 
 It is situated south of the Southern Cross, and east of the 
 Chameleon, and contains one star of the third and three of 
 the fourth magnitude. The name was also .formerly given 
 to a constellation situated north of Aries. 
 
 Muscat, or Muskat (mus-kat')., or Maskat. 
 1. A name sometimes given to Oman (which 
 see). — 2. The capital of Oman, Arabia, situ- 
 ated on the Gulf of Oman in lat. 23° 30' N., 
 long. 58° 30' E. : one of the chief commercial 
 centei’S of Arabia. It was taken by the Portuguese 
 under Albuquerque about 1508, and was recovered from 
 them in the middle of the 17th century. Population, esti- 
 mated, 25,000. 
 
 Muscatine (mus-ka-ten'). A city, capital of 
 Mnscatine County, Iowa, on the Mississippi, 26 
 miles west by south of Davenport. It has meat- 
 packing aud lumber trade. Pop., 16,178, (1910). 
 
Muscle Shoals 
 
 Muscle Shoals (mus'l sholz). A succession of 
 rapids in the Tennessee River, in northern Ala- 
 bama, east of Florence. 
 
 Muscovy (mus'ko-vi). [From ML. Muscovia, 
 Russia, from Russ. Moskva: see Moscow.'] A 
 name often given formerly to Russia. 
 
 Musee des Antiquites Rationales (mfi-za' da 
 zon-te-ke-ta na-se-o-nal'). A museum estab- 
 lished in the chateau of St.-Germain-en-Laye, 
 near Paris. It contains objects of the prehistoric flint 
 or bone period, collections of sculptures, bas-reliefs, war 
 chariots, armor, coins, and relics from the earliest civiliza- 
 tion of trance to the Carolingian period. 
 
 Musee du Louvre. See Louvre. 
 
 Musee du Luxembourg. See Luxembourg, 
 Palace of the. 
 
 Muses (mu'zez). [Gr. M ovoai.] In Greek my- 
 thology, the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne, 
 who according to the earliest writers were god- 
 desses of memory, then inspiring goddesses of 
 song, and according to later ideas divinities 
 presiding over the different kinds of poetry, and 
 over the sciences and arts, while at the same 
 time having as their especial province springs 
 and limpid streams. Their number appears in the 
 Homeric poems not to be fixed ; later it seems to have been 
 put at three, but afterward they were spoken of as nine: 
 Clio, the Muse of heroic exploits, or of history ; Euterpe, of 
 Dionysiac music and the double flute ; Thalia, of gaiety, 
 pastoral life, and comedy ; Melpomene, of song and har- 
 mony, and of tragedy ; Terpsichore, of choral dance and 
 song ; Erato, of erotic poetry and the lyre ; Polymnia or 
 Polyhymnia, of the inspired and stately hymn ; Urania, of 
 astronomical and other celestial phenomena ; and Calliope, 
 the chief of the Muses, of poetic inspiration, of eloquence, 
 and of heroic or epic poetry. The Muses were intimately 
 associated in legend and in art with Apollo, who, as the 
 chief guardian and leader of their company, was called 
 Musagetes. 
 
 Muses’ Looking-Glass, The. A play by T. 
 Randolph, originally acted under the title of 
 “ The Entertainment.” It was printed in 1638. Of 
 the date of the present play there can be no doubt, for the 
 device of draining the Fens by Dutch windmills, in 1632, 
 is alluded to as contemporary. Fleay. 
 
 Museum (mu-ze'um). [Gr. Movaelov, from 
 M ovaa, Muse.] 1. A hill almost directly south 
 of the Acropolis at Athens, the furthest east of 
 the group of hills on the southwestern side of 
 the city : named from the existence on it of an 
 old shrine of the Muses. On its summit stands a 
 conspicuous monument, ornamented with niches, Corin- 
 thian columns, statues, and a relief-frieze, to Philopappus, 
 the last king of Commagene, who became an Athenian 
 citizen after his dethronement by Vespasian. The slopes 
 of the hill, particularly on its southern extension, abound 
 with curious rock-cuttings, for the most part vestiges of 
 prehistoric Athens. These include house foundations, 
 stairs, meeting-places with seats, and the so-called prison 
 of Socrates and tomb of Cimon. Between this hill and 
 the Pnyx passed the road to the Piraeus between the Long 
 Walls. The rock is deeply cut with the ruts of chariot- 
 wheels and an artificial water-channel. 
 
 2. An institution of learning in ancient Alexan- 
 dria. See the extract. 
 
 King Ptolemy I., surnamed S6ter, ‘the Preserver ’(306- 
 285 B. c.), founded the Museum, or Temple of the Muses, 
 which was somewhat like amodern university. The build- 
 ing included galleries of art, lecture-rooms, and dining- 
 halls. Distinguished men of learning were maintained at 
 the Museum ; and the beautiful gardens, with their shady 
 walks, their statues and fountains, became famous as the 
 haunt of Alexandrian poets and scholars. 
 
 Jebb, Greek Lit,, p. 133. 
 
 Musgu (mos'go). See Masa. 
 
 Musidora (mu-si-do'ra). The coy sweetheart 
 of Damon in Thomson’s “ Seasons.” His delicacy 
 on the occasion of seeing her bathing won her affections. 
 She is the subject of a painting by Gainsborough, in the 
 National Gallery, London. The maid, lightly draped, sits 
 on the bank of a woodland stream : one foot is already in 
 the water, and she is removing the sandal from the other. 
 
 Muskegon (mus-ke'gon). A city, capital of 
 Muskegon County, Michigan, situated onMuske- 
 gon Lake, near Lake Michigan, in lat. 43° 15' 
 jN., long. 86° 13' Vi. The leading industry is the lum- 
 ber manufacture and trade. Population, 21,062, (1910). 
 
 Muskhogean (musk-ho'ge-an). An important 
 linguistic stock of North American Indians, 
 named from the chief tribe of the Creek Confed- 
 eracy. Its divisions occupied nearly the whole State of 
 Mississippi, the western half of Tennessee, a small area in 
 eastern Kentucky, all of Alabama, most of Georgia, and, 
 in later times, nearly all of Florida. The following is a 
 linguistic classification of the tribes: (a) The western 
 group (the main people, the Choctaw, branched out into 
 the Chicasa, the Choctaw Gulf tribes ( e . g. Pascagoula) in 
 the State of Mississippi, and a few in lower Louisiana and 
 Alabama), (b) The Alibamu group(Alibamu villages, Muk- 
 lasa, Odshiapofa, Koassati, Oktchoyi : all near the junction 
 of Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, Alabama), (c) The cen- 
 tral or Creek group (Upper Creeks, on the Coosa and Talla- 
 poosa rivers and in the central district between the two; 
 the Creek portion of the Seminoles, Yamasi, and Yama- 
 craw ; Lower -Creeks, on middle Chattahoochee River and 
 east of it). (<Z) The Hitchiti group (the tribes speaking 
 Hitchiti dialects on lower Chattahoochee River and east of 
 it, as Hitchiti, Sawokli, Odshisi, Tutalosi, and the Hitchiti 
 portion of the Seminoles and of the Yamasi and Yatna- 
 craw). (e) The Apalachi group (formerly near St. Mark’s 
 
 717 
 
 River, Florida). The principal tribes are the Alibamu, 
 Apalachi, Chicasa, Choctaw, Creek or Maskoki proper. 
 Hitchiti, Koasati, Pensacola, Seminole, Yamacraw, Ya- 
 masi, and Yazoo. Of these tribes the Choctaw on the west 
 were short and heavy, the Creeks taller and more active. 
 The Chicasa were the most warlike and the best hunters, 
 the Choctaw the most agricultural and, together with the 
 Creeks, the most advanced in culture. All the tribes had 
 fixed villages, the larger fortified by palisades and em- 
 bankments. Several confederacies were established within 
 the stock, of which the Creek was the most widely known. 
 The present number of the stock is over 60,000. 
 
 Muski (mos'ke). Apeople often mentioned in the 
 cuneiform inscriptions, settled somewhere north 
 of Cappadocia . They are identified with the Moschi 
 of the Greek writers, and the Meshech of the Old Testa- 
 ment. In the Bible Meshech is usually combined with 
 Tubal, and similarly in the inscriptions the Muski with 
 Tabal. The Muski came in hostile contact with the As- 
 syrians under Tiglath-Pileser I. (1120-1100), Asurnazirpal 
 (884-860), and Sargou (722-705). 
 
 Muskingum (mus-king'gum). A river in Ohio. 
 It is formed by the union of the Tuscarawas and Walhond- 
 ing at Coshocton, and joins the Ohio at Marietta. Length, 
 including the Tuscarawas, about 240 miles; navigable 
 about 95 miles. 
 
 Muskoki. See Creel:. 
 
 Muso (mo'zo). A village in the western part of 
 the department of Boyaed, Colombia, on the 
 river Carare, nearly north of Bogota, its emerald- 
 mines were long the richest in the world, and are still 
 worked. During the colonial period Muso was a wealthy 
 city. Also written Muzo. 
 
 Musonius (mu-so'ni-us), Caius Rufus. Lived 
 in the 1st century A. D. A Roman Stoic philoso- 
 pher. 
 
 Musos (mo'zos). An extinct tribe of South 
 American Indians who, at the time of the con- 
 quest, were found on the eastern side of the Mag- 
 dalena River, about 100 miles north and north- 
 west of the present city of Bogota. They were 
 much less civilized than the Chibchas, with whom they 
 were at war, and they made a long and valorous resistance 
 to the Spaniards, finally committing suicide in great num- 
 bers rather than submit to them. The Muso emerald- 
 mines were in their district. 
 
 Muspellsheim (mos'pels-him). [ON. Muspells- 
 lieimr .] In the Old Norse cosmogony, the realm 
 of fire and warmth in the south. At Ragnarok, 
 Surt (Old Norse Surtr), the ruler of Muspellsheim, comes 
 with his flaming sword at the head of the Muspells-sons 
 and destroys the world with fire. Also Muspel or Mus- 
 pelheim. 
 
 Muspilli. [OHG. Muspilli, OS. Mudspelli, Muts- 
 pelli , the end of the world, Icel. Muspell, an 
 abode of fire (see Muspellsheim) ; of uncertain 
 origin, but usually explained as from OHG. 
 molta, AS. molde, etc., earth (E. mould), and 
 *spiltian, OS. spildian , AS. spillan, destroy (E. 
 spill).] A fragmentary Old High German poem 
 on the end of the world, of unknown authorship, 
 written in alliterative verse. It exists in a single 
 manuscript, from about the year 900, in the Bavarian dia- 
 lect. 
 
 “Muspilli ’’ belongs to a time when myths of the old 
 heathen mythology blended with the faith of the new con- 
 verts to Christianity Muspel, in Scandinavian mythology, 
 was a great world of firo that at the end would break out 
 and devour the earth and all that was upon it. “Muspilli'’ 
 therefore served to express the final conflagration of the 
 world ; and that is the subject of this fragment, which 
 shows also an adaptation of pre-Christian to Christian 
 ideas in the fight of Elias with Antichrist, which may an- 
 swer to the contest between Thor and Surtur. 
 
 Morley. English Writers, II. 97. 
 
 Muspratt (mus'prat), James Sheridan. Born 
 at Dublin, March 8, 1821: died at West Derby, 
 April 3, 1871. A British chemist. He was educated 
 at Liverpool, and studied with Liebig 1843-45. He founded 
 the Liverpool College of Chemistry, and became professor 
 there. His works include “Outlines of Qualitative Analy- 
 sis ’’ (1849), “ Dictionary of Chemistry ” (1854), etc. 
 
 MusquitOS. Same as Mosquitos. 
 Musschenbroek (mos'chen-brok), Pieter van. 
 Born at Leyden, Netherlands, March 14, 1692: 
 died there, Sept. 19, 1761. A Dutch natural 
 philosopher and mathematician. 
 
 Musselburgh (mus'l-bur-o). A burgh in the 
 county of Edinburgh, Scotland, situated on 
 the Firth of Forth and the Esk 6 miles east of 
 Edinburgh . It is a notable golfing resort. Pop- 
 ulation (pari, burgh), 11,704. 
 
 Musset (mu-sa/), Louis Charles Alfred de. 
 Born at Paris, Nov. 11, 1810: died there, May 
 1, 1857. A celebrated French poet. His father, 
 Musset-Pathay, was a man of letters, and encouraged in 
 his children the love of letters. Alfred de Musset gradu- 
 ated with high honors from the College Henri I V. in Paris, 
 and had just completed his twentieth year when he pub- 
 lished his first volume of poetry, “Contes d’Espagne et 
 d’Italie’’(1829). Two more collections of poems established 
 his fame — “Podsies diverses’’ (1831) and “Le spectacle 
 dans un fauteuil" (1832). In 1833 he went to Italy with 
 George Sand ; but, after an extended trip, fell out with her 
 at Venice, and returned to France alone. His morbid state 
 of mind finds expression in the “Confession d un enfant 
 du sifeclc” (1836). During these years (1833-37) De Mus- 
 set contributed a number of short plays to the “Revue 
 des Deux Mondes": they have appeared since then as 
 “ComCdies et proverbes’’ (1840). Short stories from the 
 
 Muzaffarpur 
 
 same magazine (1837-39) were also reprinted in book form 
 (1840). In the same year (1840) appeared the first edition 
 of the “Podsies nouvelles. " One of his last publications 
 is a volume of “Contes” (1854). He was received in the 
 French Academy in 1852. Irregular and dissolute living 
 sapped his intellectual and physical strength, and he died 
 at the age of forty-seven. His complete works were pub- 
 lished in 1860. 
 
 Musset, Paul Edme de. Born at Paris, Nov. 
 7, 1804: died there, May 17, 1880. A French 
 novelist and litterateur, brother of Alfred de 
 Musset. He wrote “Lui et elle” (1859) , etc. 
 
 Mussulmans (mus'ul-manz). [From Turk. 
 Musulman : see Moslems.] Mohammedans, or 
 followers of Mohammed ; true believers, iu the 
 Mohammedan sense ; Moslems. 
 
 Mustagh (mos'tagli) Pass. A pass near Mount 
 Godwin-Austen, in the western Himalaya. It 
 connects the upper Indus and Yarkand valleys. 
 
 Mustagh Range, or Karakorum Range. A 
 range of lofty mountains in Kashmir, north of, 
 and parallel with, the main Himalaya. Mount 
 Godwin-Austen (K 2 ) belongs to it. See A 2 . 
 
 Mustapha (mos'ta-fa) I. Died 1639. Turkish 
 sultan 1617-18 and 1622-23, brother of Achmet I. 
 
 Mustapha II. Died Dee. 31, 1703. Turkish 
 sultan 1695-1703, son of Mohammed IV. He was 
 defeated in person by the Imperialists under Prince Eu- 
 gene at Zenta in 1697, and signed the peace of Carlowitz in 
 1699. He was deposed shortly before his death. 
 
 Mustapha III. Died Jan. 21, 1774. Turkish 
 sultan 1757-73, son of Achmet III. He waged 
 war unsuccessfully with Russia 1768-74. 
 
 Mustapha IV. Killed Nov. 15, 1808. Turkish 
 sultan 1807-08, son of Abdul-Hamid. 
 
 Mustard-Seed (mus'tard-sed). A fairy in Shak- 
 spere’s “ Midsummer Night’s Dream.” 
 
 Mut (mot). InEgyptian mythology, ‘the mother,’ 
 the Theban consort of Amun-Ra, the other mem- 
 ber of the triad being their son Kbims. She 
 was a personification of the female principle. 
 
 Muta (mo'ta). A locality in Syria where, in 
 629, the Mohammedans fought and won their 
 first battle against the Christians. 
 
 Mutanabbi (mo-ta-nab'be), A1-. [Ar., ‘the 
 
 pretended prophet.’] Died at Kufa, 965 a. d. 
 An Arabian poet. His “Divan” (collection of 
 poems) has been translated into German. 
 
 Muta Nzige. The native name of the lake now 
 called the Albert Edward Nyanza (which seek 
 
 Mutina. See Modena. 
 
 Mutinensian War (mu-ti-nen'si-an war). The 
 name given to the military operations iu and 
 near Mutina (now Modena), Italy, 44-43 b. c. 
 Dedmus Brutus was blockaded at Mutina by Antony in 44, 
 and was relieved by Hirtius, Pansa, and Octavius, who de- 
 feated Antony. 
 
 Mutiny, The Indian. See Indian Mutiny. 
 
 Mutiny Act. An act passed annually by the 
 British Parliament from 1689 to 1879. it pro- 
 vided for the punishment of cases of mutiny and desertion, 
 and for the maintenance of a standing army(without vio- 
 lation of the Bill of Rights). 
 
 Mutiny of the Bounty. See Bounty. 
 
 Mutis (mo'tes), Jose Celestino. Born at Cadiz, 
 April 6, 1732: died at Bogota, New Granada, 
 Sept. 12, 1808. A Spanish botanist. From 1760 
 he resided in New Granada, where, under government 
 auspices, he traveled extensively. 
 
 Mutsuhito (mot-so-he'to). Born Nov. 3, 1852: 
 died July 30, 1912. Emperor of Japan. He was 
 the 123d of the mikados. He succeeded to the 
 throne Feb. 13, 18t>7, and was identified, after the earlier 
 years of his reign, with the development of constitutional 
 government and the appropriation by his people of the 
 results of Western civilization. 
 
 Muttra (mut'tra). 1. A district in the United 
 Provinces, British India, intersected by lat. 27° 
 30' N., long. 77° 45' E. Area, 1,445 square 
 miles. Population, 763,099. — 2. The capital of 
 the district of Muttra, situated on the Jumna 
 30 miles north-northwest of Agra. It contains a 
 Hindu shrine, and has been often plundered by Moham- 
 medans. Population, including cantonment, 60,042. 
 
 Muzaffargarh (muz-uf-ur-gur'). A district in 
 the Panjab, British India., intersected by lat. 
 30° N., long. 71° E. Area, 3,635 square miles. 
 Population, 405,656. 
 
 Muzaffarnagar (muz-uf-ur-nug'ur), or Ivlosuf- 
 fernugger (moz-uf-er-nug'ger). 1. A district 
 in the United Provinces, British India, inter- 
 sected by lat. 29° 30' N., long. 77° 30' E. Area, 
 1,666 square miles. Population, 877,188. — 2. 
 The capital of the district of Muzaffarnagar, 65 
 miles north-northeast of Delhi. Population, 
 23,444. 
 
 Muzaffarpur (muz-af-ar-por'), or Mozuffer- 
 pore (moz-uf-er-por'). 1 . A district of Debar, 
 British India, intersected by latitude 26° N., 
 longitude 85° 30' E. Area, 3,035 square miles. 
 Population, 2,754,790. — 2. The capital of the 
 
Muzaffarpur 
 
 district of Muzaffarpur, situated on the Little 
 Gandak 37 miles north-northeast of Patna. Pop- 
 ulation, 45,617. 
 
 Muziano (mot-se-a'no), Girolamo. Born near 
 Brescia, Italy, 1528 : died about 1590. An Ital- 
 ian painter of historical pieces and landscapes, 
 and worker in mosaics. 
 
 Muzo. See Huso. 
 
 Mwanga (mwang'ga). The successor of Mtesa 
 as king of Uganda. He persecuted the Christiansand 
 ordered the murder of Bishop Hannington. Driven from 
 his kingdom, he became a Catholic, and regained his t hrone 
 by the aid of Catholics and Protestants ; was conquered by 
 British arms, and became a Protestant ; and was deported 
 to the coast, 1899. 
 
 Mycale (mik'a-le). [Gr. Mwcd/b?.] In ancient 
 geography, a mountain in Lydia, Asia Minor, 
 north of Miletus. Near it, in Sept., 479 b. c., on the 
 same day as the battle of Platiea, the Greeks under Leoty- 
 chides and Xantippus defeated the Persian naval forces. 
 
 Mycenae (mi-se'ne). [Gr. M vtajvai.] sin ancient 
 geography, a city of Argolis, Greece, 14 miles 
 south-southwest of Corinth. It is a very ancient 
 settlement, conspicuous in Greek mythology, and supply- 
 ing some of the oldest materials for the study of Greek 
 architecture and art. It consisted of the acropolis, occu- 
 pying the apex of a hill, and the lower town, whose con- 
 fused ruins are spread over its slopes. The acropolis is 
 triangular, and is surrounded by a massive wall of huge 
 stones, partly shaped. It is entered by the Gate of the 
 lions. This gate is at the end of a walled passage. The 
 opening is about 10 feet wide and high, tapering toward 
 the top, with monolithic jambs and a huge lintel. Above 
 the lintel a large triangular opening is formed by corbel- 
 ing, and the great slab, 2 feet thick, which fills this bears 
 the remarkable relief of two affronted rampant lions sepa- 
 rated by a column. Close inside of this gate, in a double 
 circle of upright stones 80 feet in diameter, were found 
 the tombs containing golden ornaments and masks, inlaid 
 sword-blades, and other, objects whose discovery aston- 
 ished the scientific world. More recent excavations have 
 disclosed on the acropolis a prehistoric palace resem- 
 bling that at Tiryns. The most important monuments 
 ot the lower town are the great “beehive” tombs com- 
 monly called treasuries. Of these the so-called treasury 
 of Atreus is a typical example. The interior is a circle 
 about 50 feet in diameter and the same in height, covered 
 with a pseudo-dome formed by corbeling in the horizontal 
 coursesof thewall. A door opens into a square side cham- 
 ber. The entrance to the tomb is by an inclined passage 
 or dromos, over 30 feet long, leading to a door I9Jfeet high, 
 which is spanned by an enormous lintel. Over the lintel 
 there is a large triangular opening, which was originally 
 filled with a sculptured slab. The original fruitful excava- 
 tions were made by Schliemann in 1876-77, and much work 
 has since been done on the site by the Archaeological Society 
 of Athens. The discoveries at Mycenae threw a flood of 
 light upon the earliest Greek art, particularly in the depart- 
 ment of potteiy. They were the first important finds of 
 their class, which has since been recognized in a large pro- 
 portion of Greek settlements of sufficient age, and is every- 
 where distinguished as Mycenaean. Mycenaean ornament 
 includes geometric decoration, foliage, marine and animal 
 forms, and the human figure. It may be dated back to 
 the 12th century B. c., and follows in time the art of the 
 “ Homeric city ” at Hissarlik, which is without painted 
 decoration, and that of Thera. Mycenaean art was prac- 
 tised and developed through several centuries, and existed 
 contemporaneously with the succeeding dipylon style of 
 decoration, which began about 1000 B. c. The chief ob- 
 jects found at Mycenae are in a museum at Athens. 
 
 Mycerinus (mis-e-ri'nus), or Mecherinus (me- 
 ke-ri'nus). King of Egypt. According to Herodo- 
 tus and Diodorus, he was the son of Cheops who reigned 
 about 3700 B. c. He succeeded his uncle Cliephren. Hav- 
 ing been warned by an oracle that he had but six years to 
 live, because, being a gentle ruler, he had not wreaked the 
 vengeance of the gods on Egypt, he gave himself up to 
 pleasure and sought to double his allotted time by turning 
 night into day. 
 
 Mydas. See Midas. 
 
 Myddleton (mid'l-ton), Sir Hugh. Born about 
 1555 : died Dec. 10, 1631. A goldsmith, capital- 
 ist, and projector of the “ New River” water- 
 
 718 
 
 supply of London. In 1605 an act was passed per- 
 mitting him to bring water into London from New River 
 at Ware, Hants. 
 
 My er (ml ' er ) , Albert J ames. Born at N ewburg, 
 N. Y., Sept. 20, 1827: died at Buffalo, N. Y., 
 Aug. 24, 1880. An American meteorologist. He 
 became chief signal-officer in the United States army in 
 1860, and was in charge of the Weather Bureau in 1870. 
 He published “Manual of Signals” (1868). 
 
 Mylae (mi'le). [Gr. Mu/ai.] The ancient name 
 of Milazzo (which see). 
 
 Mylasa (mi-la'sa) , or Mylassa (mi-las' sa) . [Gr. 
 ra Mv/laua or MMaoea.] In ancient geography, 
 an inland town of Caria : the modern Melasso. 
 It was the capital of the later Carian kingdom. 
 
 Mylau (me'lou). A town in the kingdom of Sax- 
 ony, situated on the Goltzsch 12 miles south- 
 west of Zwickau. Population, 7,897. 
 
 Mylitta (mi-lit'ta). [‘Generatrix.’] A by-name 
 of Belit. 
 
 Mymensing, orMymensingh. SeeMaimansinh. 
 My Hovel, or Varieties of English Life. A 
 
 novel by Bulwer Lytton, published in 1853. 
 
 Mynpuri, or Mynpooree. See Hainpuri. 
 
 Myonnesus (mi-o-ne'sus). [Gr. M.v6vvr)oo$.] In 
 ancient geography, a promontory on the coast 
 of Ionia, Asia Minor, 27 miles northwest of Eph- 
 esus. Near it, 190 B. C., the Romans under L. Emilius 
 gained a naval victory over the Syrians under Antiochus 
 the Great. 
 
 Myra (mi 'ra). [Gr. Mvpa or Mupwv.] In ancient 
 geography, a city in Lycia, Asia Minor, situ- 
 ated near the coast in iat. 36° 17' N., long. 30° 
 3' E. An ancient theater here is among the finest in 
 Asia Minor. The masonry is admirable ; the back wall of 
 the stage is ornamented with Composite columns, having 
 shafts of polished granite and capitals of white marble. 
 
 Myrina (mi-ri'na). A very extensive Greek 
 necropolis, near Smyrna, Asia Minor, discov- 
 ered about 1870, and systematically excavated 
 by the Trench School at Athens between 1880 
 and 1882. It is of importance for the very abundant 
 and beautiful terra-cotta figurines found, which make it the 
 richest site for art obj ect s of this nature after Tanagra. 
 The Myrina figurines are for the most part of the Hellen- 
 istic epoch, and in treatment and composition are akin to 
 those of Tanagra, though in general less severe in style. 
 Many examples show remarkable grace, and the average 
 size is larger than that of the Tanagra figurines. Groups 
 and combinations of figures are frequent. The most im- 
 portant collections are in the Louvre and in the museum 
 at Constantinople. 
 
 Myrmidon (mer'mi-don). [Gr. Mvp/uduv.] In 
 Greek mythology, a son of Zeus, reputed ances- 
 tor of the Myrmidons. 
 
 Myrmidons (iner'mi-donz). In Greek legen- 
 dary history, a race in Phthiotis, Thessaly. They 
 were led by Achilles in the Trojan war. According to 
 one legend, they came originally from Higina. 
 
 Myron (mi'ron). [Gr. M vpuv.] Lived about 500- 
 440 b. C. A celebrated Greek sculptor, a native 
 of Eleutherse in Bceotia : a pupil of Ageladas of 
 Argos. Polycletus and Phidias were his fellow-pupils. 
 Like the sculptors of the Doric or Argive school, his main 
 interest was centered in the athlete. He considered the 
 subject, however, more from the standpoint of action than 
 of proportion. He represents the attitudes of the active 
 rather than the beauty of the passive athlete. In this he 
 was considered supreme throughout antiquity. His most 
 representative work was probablytheDiscobolus described 
 by Quintilian and Lucian. Of this statue the most per- 
 fect replica is in the possession of Prince Laneelotti in 
 Rome ; another is in the Vatican, and another in the Brit- 
 ish Museum. His group of Athene and Marsyas is repre- 
 sented by the Marsyas of the Lateran. Myron’s bronze 
 cow on the Pnyx at A thens was one of the favorites of the 
 Greek and Roman world. 
 
 Myrrha (mir'a). [Gr. Mup/ia.] In Greek le- 
 gend, the mother of Adonis. 
 
 Mzensk 
 
 In the Kyprian myth the name of Theias is transformed 
 into Kinyras ; but, like Theias, he is the father of Adonis 
 by his daughter Myrrha. Myrrha is the invention of a 
 popular etymology : the true form of the name was Smyrna 
 or Myrina, a name famous in the legendary annals of 
 Asia Minor. Myrina or Smyrna, it was said, was an 
 Amazonian queen, and her name is connected with the 
 four cities of the western coast — Smyrna, Kyme, Myrina, 
 and Ephesos — whose foundation was ascribed to Amazo- 
 nian heroines. Sayce, Anc. Babylonians, p. 236. 
 
 Myrtilus (mer'ti-lus). [Gr. MuprtZof.] In Greek 
 legend, the charioteer of CEnomaus, king of 
 Elis, thrown by Pelops into the iEgean Sea 
 (whence the name Hyrtoan for that part of 
 the iEgean). While drowning he cursed the home of 
 Pelops, a curse which brought many woes upon the de- 
 scendants of his enemy. He was placed among the con- 
 stellations as Auriga (the Charioteer). 
 
 Myrtoan Sea (mer-to'an se). [L. Mare Myrto- 
 um: see Myrtilus.'] In ancient geography, that 
 part of the iEgean Sea which lies south of Ar- 
 golis, Attica, and Euboea. 
 
 Mysia (misb'ia). [Gr. Mvaia,.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a district in the northwestern part of 
 Asia Minor. It was hounded by the Propontis on the 
 north, Bithyniaand Phrygia on theeast, Lydia on the south, 
 the iEgean on the west, and the Hellespont on the north- 
 west, the Troad being sometimes excluded. It is traversed 
 by mountain-ranges. There were many Greek cities on 
 the coasts. It belonged successively to Lydia, Persia, 
 Macedon, Syria, Pergamum, and Rome. The Mysians were 
 probably allied to the Lydians. They assisted the Kbit a 
 against Raineses II. 
 
 Myslowitz (mis'15-vits). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Przemsa 
 34 miles west-northwest of Cracow. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 15,838. 
 
 Mysore (rni-sor'), or Maisur (mi-sor'). 1. A 
 native state in the Deccan, India, surrounded 
 by British territory. It is mountainous and hilly in 
 the west. It became an important state in the 17th cen- 
 tury ; under Hyder Ali and Tippu Saib was a formidable 
 opponent of the British in the last part of the 18th cen- 
 tury ; was ceded in part to the British in 1792 and 1799 ; 
 was taken under British management in 1831 ; was re- 
 stored to native rule in 1881 ; and is governed by a maha- 
 raja tributary to Great Britain. Area, 29,433 square miles. 
 Population, 5,539,399. 
 
 2. The capital of the state of Mysore, situated 
 ini at. 12° 18' N., long. 76° 40' E. It is the resi- 
 dence of the maharaja. Population, about 
 70,000. 
 
 Mysteries of Udolplio, The. A romance by 
 Mrs. Radcliffe, published in 1794. 
 
 Mystery of Edwin Drood, The. An unfinished 
 novel by Dickens, the first number of which was 
 issued in April, 1870. It was to have been completed 
 in twelve monthly parts, but only about six were written 
 when he died. 
 
 Mythen (rne'ten), The. Two peaks in the can- 
 ton of Schwyz, Switzerland, 20 miles east of 
 Lucerne. Height of the Great Mythen, 6,245 
 feet. 
 
 Mytilene, orMitylene (mit-i-le'ne). [Gr. M vri- 
 )Jjvr] or ^UTv'/J/vr].] 1 . A name sometimes given 
 
 to the island of Lesbos (which see). — 2. In an- 
 cient geography, the chief city of Lesbos, sit- 
 uated on the coast. It was an important maritime 
 power of the iEolian Greeks. It revolted from Athens in 
 428 B. C., and was subjected in 427. Present population, 
 about 20,000. 
 
 Myus (mi'us). [Gr. Mnoif.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, an Ionian city in Caria, Asia Minor, sit- 
 uated on the Mseander 11 miles northeast of 
 Miletus. 
 
 Mzab (mzab). A district in Algeria, about lat. 
 33° N., long. 4° E. There is a river of the same 
 name. The chief place is Gardaia. 
 
 Mzensk. See Mtsensk. 
 
 1 
 
aab, or Nab (nab). A river 
 in Bavaria which joins 
 the Danube 4 miles west 
 of Ratisbon. Length, 94 
 miles. 
 
 Naaman (na'a-man). In 
 Old Testament history, a 
 Syrian general who was 
 miraculously cured of lep- 
 rosy on bathing in the Jordan at the command 
 of the prophet Elisha. 
 
 Naarden (nar'den). A town in the province of 
 North Holland, Netherlands, 13 miles southeast 
 of Amsterdam. It was destroyed by the Span- 
 iards in 1572. 
 
 Naas (nas or na'as). A town in County Kil- 
 dare, Ireland, southwest of Dublin. It was the 
 former capital of Leinster. Population, 3,836. 
 Naas. See Nasqa. 
 
 Nabataeans, or Nabateans (nab-a-te'anz). An 
 Arab people dwelling in ancient times on the 
 east and southeast of Palestine : often identi- 
 fied with the people mentioned in the Old Tes- 
 tament under the name of Nebaioth (Isa. lx. 7), 
 and (1 Mac. v. 25) as NabatMtes. Their ancestor Ne- 
 bajotli is spoken of as the first-born of lshmael (Gen. xxv. 
 13). They are referred to in Assyrian inscriptions of the 
 7th century B. c., but the period of their greatest histori- 
 cal importance was the two centuries immediately pre- 
 ceding and succeeding the Christian era. They seem to 
 have been for a long time the chief traders between Egypt 
 and the valley of the Euphrates. Important Nabatsean 
 inscriptions have been recovered, and the rock-inscriptions 
 in the valleys around Mount Sinai have been attributed to 
 them. 
 
 Nabha. See Narba. 
 
 Nabi (na-be'). A Turkish poet of the 17th cen- 
 tury. See the extract. 
 
 The next notable poet is Nabi, in the time of Sultans Ibra- 
 him (1640-1648) and Mohammed IV. (1648-1687). About 
 this time the Persian Saib was introducing in his own coun- 
 try a new style of Ghazel-writing, marked by a philoso- 
 phizing, or rather a moralizing, tendency. Nabi copied 
 him, and consequently brought this new style into Turkish 
 literature. Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 318. 
 
 Nabis (na'bis). Killed 192 B. c. Tyrant of 
 Sparta 207-192 B. c. He was conquered by the 
 Romans under Flamininus 195 B.C. 
 
 Nablus (nab-los'), or Nabulus (na-bo-los'). A 
 city in Palestine, 32 miles north of Jerusalem. 
 It is noted for manufactures, particularly of soap. It oc- 
 cupies the site of hnecnem (which see), later called Neap- 
 olis (of which Nablus is a corruption). Population, 25,000. 
 
 Nabob (na'bob), The. A play by Foote, pro- 
 duced in 1772. 
 
 Nabonassar (nab-o-nas'ar). King of Babylonia 
 747-733 B. C. 
 
 Nabonassar, Era of. An era sometimes used 
 in ancient chronology, reckoned from the ac- 
 cession of Nabonassar (747 B. c.). 
 
 Nabonidus (nab-o-ni'dus). [Babylonian Nabu- 
 na’id, Nebo elevated.] The last king of Baby- 
 lonia (556-538 B. C.). He seems to have belonged to 
 the priestly class, and was zealous in the repairing of sanc- 
 tuaries, but neglected Merodach and Nabu, on account of 
 which he estranged from himself the priesthood : this to 
 some extent facilitated the conquest of the empire by Cy- 
 rus in 538. According to Eusebius, Nabonidus after the 
 fall of Babylon fortified himself in Borsippa, and when 
 this was taken by Cyrus, the conqueror generously gave 
 him a region in Carmania as his residence. But from a 
 cylinder of Cyrus it seems that Nabonidus was treacher- 
 ously delivered into the hands of Gobryas, the general of 
 Cyrus, and died in a mysterious manner. It appears, from 
 inscriptions of his which have been recovered, that he had 
 a strong historical interest; and several historical state- 
 ments of great importance for the chronology of the Baby- 
 lonian empire are recorded by him. For the relation of 
 the cuneiform accounts of the last Babylonian king and 
 that of the Book of Daniel, see Belshazzar and Cyrus. 
 Nabopolassar (na-bo-po-las'siir). [Babylonian 
 Nabu-bal-uqar, Nebo protects the son.] The 
 founder of the new Babylonian empire (625-604 
 B. C.). He ruled, it seems, first over Babylonia as viceroy 
 of Assyria. He then entered into an alliance with the Me- 
 dian king Cyaxares, who gave his daughter in marriage to 
 his son Nebuchadnezzar; and by their united efforts the 
 destruction of the Assyrian empire was brought about in 
 606 B. o. Besides this little is known about Nabopolassar's 
 person or reign. 
 
 Naboth (na/both). In Old Testament history, 
 
 a Jezreelite put to death by Ahab, who coveted 
 his property. 
 
 Nabu. See Nebo. 
 
 Nabulus. See Nablus. 
 
 Nachen, The. A ship of 200 tons burden, com- 
 manded by Edwarde Brawnde, which sailed 
 from Dartmouth, England, March 8, 1615, to 
 make “further tryall” of the New England 
 coast. Brawnde also went to Cape Cod to search 
 for pearls. 
 
 Nachi (na/che), or Nadches, or Nahy, or 
 
 Naguatez. A tribe or confederacy of North 
 American Indians, which dwelt on St. Cathar- 
 ine’s Creek, east and south of the present city of 
 Natchez, Mississippi. The name belonged to a single 
 town, but was used to include a confederacy of towns some 
 of which were those of alien peoples who had been subju- 
 gated by the Nachi or had taken refuge among them. 
 D’Iberville visited them in 1699, and gave a list of 8 of 
 these towns. They had conflicts with the French, the last 
 of which in 1729 broke up the confederacy, but did not ex- 
 terminate the people, as has been generally stated. They 
 scattered, however, and the larger part were received by 
 the Chicasa. A few still live among the Creek and Cher- 
 okee in the Indian Territory. See Natchesan. 
 
 Nachiketas (na-chi-ka'tas), or Nachiketa. In 
 the Taittiriyabrahmana and the Katha Upani- 
 shad, the son of Yajashravasa. Desirous of attaining 
 blessedness, the latter performed great sacrifices. The son 
 told him that he had not given all, for he, his son, was left, 
 and said, “ To whom shall I be given ? ” When he repeated 
 the question the father angrily replied, “ To death, ’’and so 
 the son went to the abode of Yama, who was constrained 
 to offer him three boons. Nachiketas prayed to see his 
 father again and be reconciled. This boon granted, he 
 sought a knowledge of the sacrificial fire that takes one 
 surely to immortality, and then asked that Yama should 
 solve the doubt that there is in regard to the existence of 
 a man that is departed, whereupon Yama instructed him 
 as to the duties, nature, and destiny of the soul. 
 
 Nachniani. See Abayi. 
 
 Nachcd (na'chod). A town in northeastern 
 Bohemia, situated on the Mettau 78 miles east- 
 northeast of Prague. Here, June 27, 1866, the Prus- 
 sians under Von Steinmetz defeated the Austrians. Pop- 
 dilation, commune, 11,812, (1910). 
 
 Nachtigal (nach'te-gal), Gustav. Born at 
 Eichstedt, Germany, Feb. 23, 1834: died off 
 Cape Palmas, Liberia, April 20, 1885. An Af- 
 rican explorer. Seeking a warm climate for his dis- 
 eased lungs, he visited Algeria and Tunis in 1803, where 
 he became physician to the bey. In 1868 he was intrusted 
 with the delivery of presents from the Prussian king to 
 the Sultan of Bornu. Successively he explored Fezzan 
 and Tibesti (1870), Kuka, Kanem, Borku, and again Kuka 
 (1872), Baghirmi and Wadai (1873), and Darfur (1874), and 
 in 1875 returned over Egypt to Germany. “ Sahara und 
 Sudan” appeared in 1879-81. Until 1S82 he was presi- 
 dent of the Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde and of the Afrika- 
 nischeGesellschaft ; then he went as consul to Tunis, and 
 in 1884 as German imperial commissioner to West Africa. 
 Here he annexed Togoland. Angra Pequena, and Kame- 
 run. He died on board ship, and was buried at Cape 
 Palmas, Liberia. See Century Atlas, Map 109. 
 
 Nacidoc (na-she'dosh), or Natchitoches. A 
 
 tribe of the Caddo Confederacy of North Ameri- 
 can Indians. See Caddo. 
 
 Nacionales (nii-the-6-naTaz). A political party 
 of Chile, formed by a union of conservatives 
 and liberals, under the leadership of Francisco 
 Ignacio, Ossa about 1857. At times it has been very 
 prominent, but it has never carried a national election. 
 
 Nacoleia(nak-o-le'ya), or Nacolia (na-ko'li-ii,). 
 In ancient geography, a place in the northern 
 part of Phrygia, Asia Minor. Here, 366 a. d., 
 the emperor Yalens defeated Procopius. 
 
 Nacosari (na-ko-sa're). A town in eastern So- 
 nora, in the neighborhood of which are very 
 extensive copper-mines. The high peak in its 
 neighborhood bears the name of Cerro de Nacosari. 
 
 Na?u. See Nasumi. 
 
 Nadaaku (na-da/a-ko), or Anadarco, or Ana- 
 
 darko. A tribe of the Caddo Confederacy of 
 North American Indians. See Caddo. 
 
 Nadab (na/dab). King of Israel 927-925 b. c. 
 
 ★(Duncker), son of Jeroboam I. 
 
 Nadaillac(na-dii-yiik'), Jean Frangois Albert 
 du Pouget, Marquis de. Born at Paris, July 
 16, 1818: died at the Chateau de Rougemont, 
 Loir-et-Cher, Oct. 2, 1904. A French archaeol- 
 ogist. He was prefect of the department of Basses- 
 710 
 
 Pyri'-ni'es 1871-76, and of Indre-et- Loire 1876-77. He pub- 
 lished “ L’Anciennete de l’homme” (1868), “Le premier 
 homme et les temps prehistoriques ” (1880), “ L’Amerique 
 pr^historique” (1882), “L’Homme tertiajre ” (1883), “Nou- 
 velles ddcouvertes prehistoriques aux Etats-Unis ” (1883), 
 “De la p^riode glaciaire” (1884), “Les anciennes popula- 
 tions de la Colombie ” (1885), “ Decouvertes dans la grotte 
 de Spy ”(1886), “Moeurs et monuments des peuples pre- 
 historiques ” (1888), “La science et la politique" (1880), 
 “Leraouvement democratique en Angleterre ’(1881), and 
 “L Affaiblissement de la natality en France” (1886). 
 
 Nadaud(na-d5'), Gustave. BornFeb. 20,1820: 
 died April 28. 1893. A popular French song- 
 writer, musician, and singer. His songs (ironical, 
 equivocal, and political, etc.)have been collected and pub- 
 lished a number of times. He also wrote operettas “Le 
 docteur Vieux-temps,” “Porte et fenetre,” etc., and “ Uue 
 idylle,” “Solffegepo4tique et musical” (1886), “ Nouvelles 
 chansons ii dire ou h chanter” (1889), etc. 
 
 Nadches. See Nachi. 
 
 Nadintu-Bel (na-den'to-bel). See the extract. 
 
 The death of Kambyses inspired the Babylonians with 
 the hope of recovering their independence. In B. c. 521 
 they revolted under Nadintu-Bel, the son of Aniru, who 
 called himself Nebuchadrezzar, the son of Nabonidos. A 
 portrait of him, in the Greek style and with a Greek hel- 
 met, is carved on a cameo in the Beilin Museum. But 
 Darius overthrew the pretender in two battles at Zazan, 
 and pursued him into Babylon, which he closely besieged 
 (November, B. c. 521). Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 145. 
 
 Nadir Shah (na'der shah), or Kuli Khan (ko'~ 
 le khan). Born about 1688: assassinated June 
 19-20, 1747. Shah of Persia 1736-47. He was a 
 robber chieftain, and later Persian commander against 
 the Afghans and Turks ; was crowned shah in 1736 ; cap- 
 tured Kandahar and Kabul in 1738; invaded India and 
 sacked Delhi in 1739 ; and subjugated Bokhara, etc. He 
 was at war with the Turks 1743-46. 
 
 Nadiya (nud'e-ya), or Nnddea (nud'e-a). A 
 district in Bengal, British India, intersected by 
 lat. 23° 30' N., long. 89° E. Area, 2,793 square 
 miles. Population, 1,667,491. 
 
 Naevius (ne'vi-us), Cnseus. Died at Utica, 
 Africa, 204 B. c. A Roman dramatic and epic 
 poet. He wrote comedies, tragedies, and an epic ou the 
 first Punic war. (Fragments edited by Klussmann.Vahlen, 
 and Ribbeck.) 
 
 Cn. Nsevius (269 ?-204 B. c.), a Campanian of Latin ex- 
 traction, and probably not a Roman citizen, had in his early 
 manhood fought in the first Punic war. At its conclusion 
 he came to Rome, and applied himself to literary work. 
 He seems to have brought out his first play as early as 235 
 B. c. His work mainly consisted of translations from the 
 Greek ; he essayed both tragedy and comedy, but his genius 
 inclined him to prefer the latter. 
 
 Cruttwell, Hist, of Roman Lit., p. 38. 
 
 Nafels (na'fels). A village in the canton of 
 Glarus, Switzerland, situated on the Linth 31 
 miles southeast of Zurich. Near it, April 9, 1388, the 
 forces of Glarus defeated a superior force of Austrians. 
 
 Naga Hills (na'ga hilz). A district in Assam, 
 British India, intersected by lat. 26° N., long. 
 93° 30' E. Area, 3,070 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 102,402. 
 
 Nagasaki (na-ga-sa/ke). [Jap., ‘Long Point.’] 
 A seaport situated on the western coast of the 
 island of Kiusiu, Japan, in lat. 32° 44' N., 
 long. 129° 51' E. It is one of the chief commercial 
 cities of Japan, exporting coal, rice, tea, camphor, tobacco, 
 etc. Near it is the island Desima, a seat of Dutch traders 
 from about 1640 to 1859. Nagasaki was opened to foreign 
 trade in 1859. Population, 176,480. 
 
 Nageli (na'ge-le), Karl Wilhelm von. Born 
 at Kilchberg, March 27, 1817 : died at Munich, 
 May 10, 1891. A noted German botanist, pro- 
 fessor at Munich from 1858. He is best known from 
 his studies in the physiology and development of plants. 
 
 Naggleton (nag'l-ton), Mr. and Mrs. Char- 
 acters appearing in “ Punch” 1864-65, who are 
 always quarreling over trifies. 
 
 Nagina, or Nuginah (nug-e'na). A town in 
 Bijnaur district, United Provinces, British 
 India, 94 miles northeast of Delhi. Popula- 
 tion, 21,412. 
 
 Naglee (nag'le), Henry Morris. Born at Phila- 
 delphia. Jan. 15, 1815: died at San Francisco, 
 March 5, 1886. A Union general in the Civil 
 War. He took part in the Peninsular campaign in 1862, 
 and commanded the 7th army corps and the district of 
 Virginia in 1863. ne was mustered out of service in 1864. 
 He afterward cultivated a vineyard at San Jos6, California. 
 The Naglee brandy is named from him. 
 
Naglfar 
 
 Naglfar (na'gl-far). In Scandinavian mythol- 
 ogy, the ship of the giants in Ragnarok. 
 Nagold (na'golt). A town in Wiirtemberg, 26 
 miles southwest of Stuttgart. Population, 
 about 4,000. 
 
 Nagore (na-gor'), orNagur (na-gor'). A town 
 in Jodhpur, Rajputana, India, 75 miles north- 
 east of Jodhpur. 
 
 Nagore, orNagur. A town in Tanjore district, 
 Madras, British India, situated on the eastern 
 coast 50 miles east of Tanjore. 
 
 Nagoya (nang'o-ya or na'ngo-ya). A city in 
 the main island of Japan, situated in the prov- 
 ince of Owari, on Owari Bay, 165 miles west 
 by south of Tokio. Pop., 378,231. 
 
 Nagpur (nag-por'), orNagpore (nag-por'). 1. 
 A division in the Central Provinces, British 
 India. Area, 23,521 square miles. Population, 
 2,706,695. — 2. A district in the Nagpur divi- 
 sion, intersected by lat. 21° N., long. 79° E. 
 Area, 3,840 square miles. Population, 751,844. 
 — 3. The capital of the Central Provinces 
 and of Nagpur district, situated in lat. 21° 9' 
 N., long. 79° 7' E. It has important manufactures 
 and export of cloth. Population, 127,734. 
 
 Nagrandians, or Nagrandans. See Maribois. 
 Nag’s Head Tavern. An old London tavern 
 on the comer of Friday street, not far from the 
 Mermaid and the Mitre, where the consecration 
 of the first Protestant bishop in 1559 was alleged 
 by the Romanists to have taken place : hence 
 derisively called “The Nag’s Head Consecra- 
 tion.” The ceremony really took place at the 
 Church of St. Mary-le-Bow. Chambers. 
 Naguatez. See Naclii. 
 
 Nagy-Abony. See Abony. 
 
 Nagy-Banya (nody , ban / 'yo). A royal free town 
 in the county of Szatmar, Hungary, near the 
 Transylvanian border. Population, 11,813. 
 Nagy-Karoly (nody'ka/roly). The capital of 
 the county of Szatm&r, Hungary, 37 miles 
 east-northeast of Debreczin. Population, 
 15,382. 
 
 Nagy-Kords (nody'ke^resh), A town in the 
 county of Pest-Pilis-Solt, Hungary, 48 miles 
 southeast of Budapest. Population, 26,638. 
 Nagy-Lak (nody-lok). A town in the county 
 of Osanad, Hungary, situated on the Maros 29 
 miles east by south of Szegedin. Population, 
 commune, 13,631. 
 
 Nagy-Szent-Miklos (nody-sent-mik'losh). A 
 town in the county of Torontal, Hungary, 26 
 miles southeast of Szegedin. Population, 
 commune, 12,639. 
 
 Nagy-Varad. See Grosswardein. 
 
 Nahant (na-hant'). A small town in Essex Coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, situated on Massachusetts 
 Bay 8 miles northeast of Boston. It is a noted 
 summer resort. 
 
 Nahe (na'e). A river in Germany which joins the 
 Rhine near Bingen in Hesse. Length, 69 miles. 
 Nahr-el-Kelb (nar-el-kelb' ). [Ar., 1 river of the 
 dog.’] A river near Beirut. On a rock near the 
 mouth of this river there are engraved the portrait and an 
 inscription of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria (0S0-668 B. C.), 
 commemorating his victory over Egypt in 671. On the 
 same rock the Egyptian king Rameses II. carved a similar 
 monument commemorating his triumph over the Eittites 
 in the battle at Kedesh. 
 
 Nahuas (na'was), or Nahua tlecas( na-wat-la'- 
 kas). A collective name for the Indian tribes 
 which formed the dominant race of the Mexican 
 plateau at the time of the Spanish conquest. 
 According to the most generally credited traditions, they 
 had come from the north or northwest some centuries be- 
 fore. They were divided intomany petty tribes, each with 
 its pueblo or town, and these were often at war with each 
 other. Clustered in and about the lakes of the valley of 
 Mexico were the pueblos of Tenochtitlan or Mexico, Tez- 
 cuco, Chaleo, Tlacopan (whose inhabitants were called 
 Tecpanecs), and Xochimilco. The Tlascalans occupied a 
 mountainous region, and Cholula, Cuernavaca, and other 
 pueblos were scattered over the plateau. The Nahuatl 
 language was commonly spoken over a large area, and 
 tended to drive out other tongues. During the 14th and 
 15th centuries Tenochtitlan, Tezcuco, and Tlacopan became 
 allies : the dominant member of the league was at first 
 Tezcuco, later Tenochtitlan. The confederate arms spread 
 over t he valley of Mexico, and were carried to the Gulf, the 
 Pacific, and Guatemala : but within thisregion manytribes 
 were unconquered, and some conquests were only tem- 
 porary. Opinions differ as to the true status of the con- 
 quered regions, but the tendency is to reject the idea of an 
 Aztec “ empire.” It appears that most of the pueblos and 
 tribes acknowledged in some sort the power of Mexico, 
 and paid tribute to it, but without being in absolute 
 subjection. All the Nahuas built large towns, cultivated 
 the ground, were skilful in gold- and feather-work, 
 etc., and used pictorial signs for certain records of tribute 
 and to commemorate events ; they were also enterprising 
 traders : but they were no more advanced in civilization 
 than the Maya races to the southeast. Their religion 
 was degraded by revolting human sacrifices, and it 
 appears that most of their numerous wars were waged 
 
 720 
 
 to obtain victims for their gods. After the fall of Tenoch- 
 titlan or Mexico (1521), they made little resistance to tne 
 Spaniards, and soon sank into a condition of semi-slaveiy. 
 About 2,000,000 Indians of the Mexican plateau are now 
 classed as Nahuas. The name Aztecs is sometimes used 
 for all the Nahua tribes ; more commonly it is restricted 
 to those which formed the above-mentioned league, or 
 to that of Tenochtitlan alone. See Aztecas, Mexico, and 
 Nahuattecan stock. 
 
 Nahuatl (na'watl), or Nahua (na'wa). The 
 language of the Nahuas, commonly called Az- 
 tec. It was divided into various dialects differing but 
 slightly from each other. The Nahuatl tongue is still 
 spoken by several hundred thousand Mexican Indians, but 
 is gradually dying out. See Nahuattecan stock. 
 
 Nahuatlecan stock (na-wat-la'kan stok). A 
 linguistic stock or substock of Mexican and Cen- 
 tral American Indians. It includes the Nahua tribes 
 (see Nahuas ) and a few small scattered tribes (theSeguas, 
 Nicaraos, etc.) as far south as Nicaragua and Costa Rica. 
 Many modern ethnologists regard this as a branch of a 
 much larger stock extending as far north as Idaho and 
 Oregon, and called by Brinton the Uto-Aztecan stock. 
 
 Nahuatlecas. See Nahuas. 
 
 Nahum (na'hum). [Heb., ‘compassionate.’] 
 The seventh in order of the minor prophets. 
 The language of his brief prophecy is vivid and forcible. 
 His subject is the downfall of Nineveh. He prophesied 
 between 664 and 607 B. C. 
 
 Nahy. See Nachi. 
 
 Naiads (na'yadz). [Gr. Natadec, L. Naiades .] In 
 Greek and Roman mythology, female deities 
 presiding over springs and streams. The Naiads 
 were represented as beautiful young girls with their heads 
 crowned with flowers, light-hearted, musical, and benefi- 
 cent. 
 
 Nailor (na'lor), John. One of Robin Hood’s 
 band. He was known as “Little John.” 
 
 Nain (na'in). In New Testament geography, a 
 town in Galilee, Palestine, 59 miles north by 
 east of Jerusalem : the modern Nein. it was the 
 scene of a miracle of Jesus — the raising of a widow’s son 
 from the dead. 
 
 Nairn (narn). 1. A maritime county of Scot- 
 land. It is bounded by the Moray Firth on the north, 
 Elgin on the east, and Inverness on the south and west. 
 It comprises also some detached portions. The surface is 
 generally hilly. Area, 162 square miles. Population 
 (civil county), 9,291. 
 
 2. A seaport, capital of the county of Nairn, 
 situated on the Nairn, near the Moray Firth, 
 in lat. 57° 35' N., long. 3° 53' W. It is a 
 summer resort. Population, 5,105. 
 
 Nairne (narn ), Baroness (Carolina Oliphant). 
 Born at the house of Gask, Perthshire, Aug. 16, 
 1766: died there, Oct. 26, 1845. A Scottish poet, 
 sometimes called “the Flower of Strathearn.” 
 She was the daughter of Lawrence Oliphant, a leading 
 Jacobite. In June, 1S06, she married William Murray 
 Nairne, who became fifth Lord Nairne. As “ Mrs. Bogan 
 of Bogan,” she contributed lyrics to the “Scottish Min- 
 strel" (1821-24). After her death her poems were pub- 
 lished as “Lays from Strathearn.” Among her songs are 
 “ The Land o’ the Leal," “ The Laird of Cockpen,” “ Wha ’ll 
 be king but Charlie?” “Bonnie Charlie ’s noo awa’,” 
 “Charlie is my Darling,” “Caller Herrin’, ” etc. 
 
 Naisha (na/e-sha). A tribe of the Apache group 
 of North American Indians, now on the Washita 
 River in the Apache, Kiowa, and Comanche re- 
 serve, Oklahoma. See Apaches. 
 Naishadhacarita (ni-sha-d-ha-ka'ri-ta). [Slit., 
 ‘ the adventures of the Nishadan.’] An arti- 
 ficial Sanskrit epic, written in the 12th century 
 A. D. by Shri Harsha, and treating of Nala, 
 king of Nishadha (see Nala). 
 
 Naissus ( na-is'us). Tho ancient name of Nish. 
 Najac (na-zhiik'). A town in the department 
 of Aveyron, France, 35 miles east-northeast 
 of Montauban. It has a noted castle, now in 
 ruins. Population, commune, 1,623. 
 
 Najera (na'Ha-rii), or Najara (na'Hii-ra). A 
 small town in the province of Logroiio, north- 
 ern Spain, situated on the Najeriila 18 miles 
 west by south of Logroiio. Near it, April 3, 1367, 
 the Black Prince and Pedro the Cruel defeated Henry of 
 Trastamare and Du Guesclin : this is also called battle of 
 Navarre te and of Logroiio. 
 
 Nakel (nii'kel), or Naklo (na'klo). A town in 
 the province of Posen, Prussia, situated on 
 the Netze 60 miles north-northeast of Posen. 
 Population, commune, 8,176. 
 
 Nakhitchevan (na-che-ehe-van'). 1. A town 
 in the government of Erivan, Transcaucasia, 
 Russia, about lat. 39° 12' N., long. 45° 25' E. 
 It is an ancient Armenian city, and has often been taken 
 and sacked. Population, 13,401. 
 
 2. A town in the government of Yekaterino- 
 slaff, Russia, situated on the Don 6 miles 
 northeast of Rost-off. It was founded by Armenian 
 emigrants in 1780, and has a flourishing trade. Popula- 
 tion, about 30,000. 
 
 Nakhon Wat (na-khon' wat). A temple sit- 
 uated about 5 miles south of Nakhon or Anli- 
 hor, the ancient capital of Cambodia, it is the 
 finest architectural creation of Cambodia, dating from the 
 13th century. The plan presents three concentric rectan- 
 gular inclosures, the exterior one measuring 570 by 650 
 
 Namouna 
 
 feet, and each rising above that without it, so that the 
 general form is pyramidal, an effect which is enhanced by 
 the flanking of the great pointed tooth-battlemented cen- 
 tral tower by similar smaller side towers. The exterior is 
 colonnaded with coupled square pillars on a raised base- 
 ment, all the masonry being admirable. Above the pillars 
 there is an elaborate entablature with a frieze of project- 
 ing serpent-heads and very rich moldings. In the middle 
 of each face there is a large triple portal. The back walls 
 of the porticos which extend from these bear remarkable 
 friezes in low relief, most of the subjects being battle- 
 scenes from the Ramayana or Mahabharata, about 6$ feet 
 high and 2,000 in aggregate length. The entrance-hall 
 contains over 100 square columns. The temple proper, 
 200 by 213 feet, stands in the central court; it surrounds 
 4 large water-tanks so disposed that the middle portion of 
 the structure is cruciform. The plan is closely similar to 
 Indian types, but the constructive and decorative details 
 are purely local. The capitals are almost classical in form, 
 and there are no bracket-capitals. 
 
 Nakkar (nak'kar), or Nekkar (nek'kar). [Ar. : 
 apparently from al-nakkar, the digger; but 
 probably an error of transcription for al-bakkar, 
 the herdsman, as given by Ibn Junis.] The 
 usual name of the third-magnitude star [i Bootis, 
 in the head of the figure. 
 
 Nakskov (naks'kov), or Naskov (nas'kov). A 
 seaport on the island of Laaland, Denmark, 81 
 miles southwest of Copenhagen. Population, 
 8,424. 
 
 Nala (na'la). 1. King of Nishadha, and hus- 
 band of Damayanti. The episode of Nala and Dama- 
 yanti is one of the most celebrated of the Mahabharata. It 
 has been translated into English by Milrnan, and later by 
 Sir Edwin Arnold in his “ Indian Idylls.” There are atleast 
 five translations into German (by Bopp, Holtzmann, Kose- 
 garten, Meier, and Ruckert), and it has been translated into 
 Latin by Bopp, and Swedish by Edgren. A swan spared 
 by Nala tells “the pearl of girls,” Damayanti, daughter of 
 the king of Vidarbha, of his graces, and she loves him. 
 King Bhima holds for his daughter a svayamvara (liter- 
 ally ‘self-choice’), a festival and tournament at which a 
 gill of the warrior ( kshatriya ) caste was allowed freely to 
 choose her husband. The chief gods hear of it, and go. 
 On their way they meet Nala, also going, and bid him go 
 to Damayanti and sue for them. They enable the reluc- 
 tant but obedient Nala to enter Damayanti’s chamber, 
 where he tells her that the gods desire her hand. She in- 
 forms Nala that she will choose him even though the gods 
 be present. At the svayamvara the four chief gods assume 
 the appearance of Nala. Unable to distinguish the real 
 Nala, the princess prays to the gods and they resume their 
 divine attributes, whereupon she chooses Nala to the grief 
 of the kings and the delight of the gods. These give Nala 
 magic gifts ; the wedding-feast is celebrated ; and Nala re- 
 turns to Nishadha with his bride, where they live happily 
 and have a son and daughter, Indrasena and Indrasena. 
 Later, however, Nala loses everything, even his kingdom, 
 by gambling, and wanders in the forest. Transformed into 
 a dwarf, he becomes the charioteer of Rituparna, king of 
 Oudh. Damayanti, ather father’s court inKundina,suspects 
 that Nala is at Oudh. She offers her hand to Rituparna if 
 he will drive from Oudh to Kundina, some 500 miles, in a 
 single day, knowing that only Nala is equal to the task. 
 Nala drives Rituparna there through the air, and is re- 
 warded by perfect skill in throwing the dice. His wife 
 recognizes him by his magic command of fire and water 
 and his cooking. He resumes his true form, wins back all 
 he had lost, and lives happily with Damayanti ever after. 
 The story is told by the sage Brihadashva to Yudhishthira 
 when Arjuna had gone to Indra’s heaven to get divine 
 weapons, leaving the other Bandavas in the forest with 
 Draupadi lamenting the absence of Arjuna and the loss of 
 their kingdom. 
 
 2. A monkey chief who, in the Ramayana, has 
 the power of making stones float, and builds the 
 bridge from the continent to Ceylon, over which 
 Rama passes with his army. 
 
 Nalodaya (na-lo'da-ya). [Skt. Nala and udaya : 
 ‘Nala’s rise.’] An artificial Sanskrit poem as- 
 cribed to a Kalidasa, probably not the great 
 poet of that name, and describing especially 
 the restoration of the fallen Nala to prosperity. 
 Nalopakhyana (na-lo-pa-khya'na). [Skt. Nala 
 and upakhyana : ‘ Nala Episode.’] The story of 
 Nala and Damayanti in the Mahabharata. See 
 Nala. 
 
 Naltunne Tunne (nal-tu-na' tu-na'). [‘Mush- 
 room people.’] A tribe of the Pacific division 
 of the Athapascan stock of North American In- 
 dians. Its former habitat was on the Pacific coast south 
 of Rogue River, Oregon : it is now on the Siletz reserva- 
 tion, Oregon. See Athapascan. 
 
 Namagan (na-ma-gan'), or Namangan (na- 
 man-gan'). A town in Ferghana. Turkestan, 
 Asiatic Russia, situated on the Sir-Daria 50 
 miles northeast of Khokand. Population, 
 62,017. 
 
 Namaqua (na-ma'kwa). See Khoikhoin. 
 Namaqualand (na-ma'kwa-land), Great. A 
 region in the southern part of German South- 
 west Africa (which see). 
 
 Namaqualand, Little. A region in the west- 
 ern part of Cape Colony, south of the Orange 
 River. 
 
 Namby Pamby. See Philips, Ambrose. 
 Namouna (na-mo'nji). An enchantress in 
 Moore’s poem “ The Light of the Harem.” 
 Namouna (na-mo-na'). A narrative poem by 
 Alfred de Musset, published in 1833. 
 
Namslau 
 
 721 
 
 Napier, Jolm 
 
 Namslau (nams'lou). A town in the province 
 of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Weide 29 
 miles east of Breslau. Pop., commune, 6,183. 
 
 Namuchi (na'mo-che). [Skt. : according to Pa- 
 nini, na and muchi : ‘not loosing’ the heavenly- 
 waters, confining the clouds and preventing 
 rain.] In the Vedas, a demon overcome by 
 Indra and the Asvins. 
 
 Namur (na'mor; F. pron.na-miir'). [F. Namur, 
 Flem. Namur, ML. Namurra, Namurcum ; also 
 Flem. Name, now Namen, ML. Narnia .] 1. A 
 
 province of Belgium. It is bounded by Brabant on 
 the north, Liege on the northeast, Luxemburg on the east, 
 France on the south, and Hainaut on the west. The sur- 
 face is hilly or level, and the soil is fertile. Area, 1,414 
 
 i square miles. Population, 346,512. 
 
 2. The capital of the province of Namur, sit- 
 uated at the junction of the Sambre and Meuse, 
 in lat. 50° 28' N., long. 4° 52' E. it is a strategic 
 
 point of great importance, supposed to occupy the site of 
 a stronghold of the Aduatuci ; has a flourishing trade, and 
 noted manufactures of cutlery ; and contains a citadel 
 (strongly fortified), cathedral, belfry, and archaeological 
 museum. It has repeatedly been besieged and captured : 
 by the French under Louis XIV. in J une, 1692 ; by the Al- 
 lies under William III. from the French under Boufflers 
 in 1695 ; and by the French from the Austrians in 1746, 
 1792, and 1794. It belonged to France from 1794 to 1814. 
 Population, 32,047. 
 
 Namur, County Of. A medieval county largely 
 comprised in the present province of Namur. 
 It was acquired by Philip the Good 1421-29, and was one 
 of the seventeen provinces of the Netherlands. 
 
 Nana (na-na'). A novel by Zola, one of the 
 Rougon-Macquart series, published in 1880. 
 
 Nanaa (na'na-a). An Assyro-Babylonian god- 
 dess. Her chief seat of worship was at Erech (modern 
 Warka), where she had a sanctuary called E-an na, i. e. 
 
 ‘ house of heaven.’ The Assyrian king Asurbanipal (668- 
 626 B. c.) relates in his annals (645) that he restored the 
 image of the goddess to her ancient seat Erech, whence it 
 had been carried away 1,635 years before (that is, 2280 B. C.) 
 by the Elamite invader Kudur-Nanhundi. 
 
 Nanaimo (na-ni'mo). A seaport on the eastern 
 coast of Vancouver, British Columbia, north of 
 Victoria. It is noted for its coal-mines and 
 quarries. Population, 8,306, (1911). 
 
 Nanak (na'nak). Born at Talvandi, near La- 
 hore, 1469 : died Oct. 10, 1538. The founder of 
 the Hindu sect of the Sikhs. See Adi-Grantli, 
 and Sikhs. Originally a Hindu in belief as in birth, he 
 was influenced by the surrounding Mohammedans so far as 
 to denounce idolatry. He wished to unite Hindus and Mo- 
 hammedans on the ground of a belief in one God, though 
 his creed was rather pantheistic than monotheistic. 
 
 Nana Sahib (na'na sa'hib) (properly Dandhu 
 Panth). Born about 1825: died about 1860 (?). A 
 peshwa of the Mahrattas, and one of the leaders 
 in the Sepoy mutiny (1857). He permitted the 
 massacre at Cawnpore in 1857, and continued 
 the war in Oudh and elsewhere 1857-59. 
 
 Nan-chang (nan-chang'). The capital of the 
 province of Kiang-si, China, situated about lat. 
 28° 30' N., long. 116° E. Population, esti- 
 mated, 130,000. 
 
 Nancy (nan'si). In Dickens’s “Oliver Twist,” 
 the mistress of Bill Sikes, who brutally mur- 
 ders her. 
 
 Nancy (nan'si ;F.pron. non-se'). The capital of 
 the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, France, 
 situated on the Meurthe in lat. 48° 41' N., long. 
 6° 11' E. it is the seat of a bishop, and an important 
 commercial and manufacturing center. The manufac- 
 tures include embroidery, cotton, woolen, hats, shoes, 
 pottery, glass, etc. It contains a university with over 
 2,900 students, and the only school of forestry in Prance. 
 The cathedral is a Renaissance building finished in 
 1742 ; the front has two ranges of Corinthian and Com- 
 posite columns Hanked by domed towers. The palace 
 of the dukes of Lorraine is a large and beautiful 
 florid-Pointed building begun in 1502, now well restored 
 and serving as a museum. The Place Stanislas, hotel 
 de ville (with museum), seven triumphal arches (includ- 
 ing the Porte Royale), Franciscan church, and various 
 institutions and societies are also notable. Nancy was 
 the ancient capital of Lorraine ; was the scene of a battle 
 Jan. 5, 1477, in which Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, 
 was defeated and slain by the Swiss; was taken by the 
 French in 1033, and restored in 1601 ; was embellished by 
 Leopold and Stanislaus of Poland ; passed to France in 
 1760; was the scene of an unsuccessful military sedition 
 in 1790; and was occupied by the Germans in 1870. 
 Population, commune, 110,570. 
 
 Nancy Hanks (nan'si hangks). A fast Ameri- 
 can trotting mare. In 1892 she broke the trotting 
 record of Sunol (2:08}) by a mile in 2:053. This she herself 
 lowered to 2:04 in Oct., 1892. She is by Happy Medium by 
 Hambletonian (10), dam by Dictator, brother to Dexter. 
 
 Nanda(nan'da). [Skt., ‘happiness.’] l.InSan- 
 skrit mythology, the name of a cowherd who 
 was the foster-father of Krishna. — 2. In Indian 
 history, a king or dynasty that reigned at Patali- 
 putra, overthrown by Chandraguptatho Maurya 
 about 315 B. C. 
 
 Nanda Devi. Apeak of the Himalaya, in British 
 India, near the sources of the Ganges. Height, 
 25,656 feet. 
 
 C.— 46 
 
 Nanga-Parbat. A peak of the Himalaya in 
 Kashmir. Height, 26,629 feet. 
 
 Nangis (non-zhe'). A small town in the depart- 
 ment of Seine-et-Marne, France, 36 miles south- 
 east of Paris. Here, Feb. 17, 1814, Napoleon 
 I. defeated the Allies. 
 
 Nanine (na-nen'), ou le prejuge vaincu. [F., 
 
 ‘Nanine, or Prejudice Conquered.’] A comedy 
 by Voltaire, played in 1749. It is taken from 
 Richardson’s “Pamela.” 
 
 Nanking (nan'king')(Chin., ‘southern capital’), 
 officially Keangning-fu). The capital of the 
 province of Kiangsu, China, situated on the 
 Yangtse about lat. 32° 5' N., long. 118° 50' E. : 
 formerly called Killling. It contains an arsenal ; was 
 formerly a manufacturing and literary center ; was long 
 noted for its porcelain tower, (built in the 15th century, 
 destroyed in 1853) ; was a royal residence 1368-1411 ; was 
 invested by the British 1842 ; was taken by the Taipings 
 1853 ; and was retaken 1S64. Population, 267,000. 
 
 Nanking, Treaty of. A treaty between Great 
 Britain and China, concluded at Nanking in 
 1842. Hong-Kong was ceded to Great Britain ; Canton, 
 Amoy, Shanghai, Fuhchow, and Ningpo were opened to 
 British commerce ; and China paid an indemnity. 
 Nanna (nan'na). [ON.] In Old Norse mythol- 
 ogy, the daughter of Nep (ON. Nejjr), and the 
 wife of Baldur. 
 
 Nansa (nan'sa), or Manansa (ma-nan'sa). _A 
 tribe of Bushmen who wander about in the arid 
 ^•district south of the Victoria Falls. 
 
 Nansen (nan'sen), Fridtjof. Born near Chris- 
 tiania, Oct. 10, 1861. A Norwegian arctic ex- 
 plorer. He entered, in 1880, the University of Christiania, 
 where he devoted himself to the study of zoology. He 
 was appointed curator in the Natural History Museum at 
 Bergen, Norway, in 1882, after having made in the same 
 year a voyage to the Jan Mayen and Spitzbergen seas, and 
 the sea between Iceland and Greenland, in a sealing-ship, 
 for the purpose of observing animal life in high latitudes. 
 He took his degree at the university in 18S8, crossed south- 
 ern Greenland from east to west on snowshoes in 1888, and 
 was appointed curator of the Museum, of Comparative 
 Anatomy at the University of Christiania in 1889. He sailed 
 from Christiania in June, 1893, at the head of an arctic 
 expedition, intending to drift in a specially constructed 
 vessel, the Fram, from the Siberian coast, across the 
 north pole, to the coast of Greenland. He returned in 1896, 
 having reached with sledges lat. 86° 14' N., 2° 50' further 
 than Lockwood’s furthest. In 1905 he was appointed min- 
 ister and later ambassador at the Court of St. James, re- 
 tiring in 1908. He has written “Farthest North" (1897). 
 See Century Atlas, Map 3. 
 
 Nansouty < non-sh-te'), Comte Etienne Marie 
 Antoine Champion de. Born at Bordeaux, 
 France, May 30, 1768: died at Paris, Feb. 6, 
 1815. A French cavalry general, distinguished 
 in the Napoleonic wars. 
 
 Nantasket Beach (nan-tas'ketbech). A penin- 
 sula in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, pro- 
 jecting into Massachusetts Bay 8-10 miles east- 
 southeast of Boston. It is a noted summer resort. 
 Nanterre (non-tar'). A town in the department 
 of Seine, France, 3 miles west-northwest of the 
 fortifications of Paris. s Population, commune, 
 17,434. 
 
 Nantes (nants; F. pron. nont). The capital of 
 the department of Lo ire-inf erieure, France, 
 on the Loire, at the junction of the Erdre and 
 the S&vre-Nantaise, inlat.47° 13' N.,long.l°33' 
 W.: the ancient Condivicnum. it is one of the lead- 
 ing cities of France; has a trade in sugar, ship-building in- 
 dustries, and manufactures of sugar, tobacco, etc.; and 
 contains a castle (where DeRetzand Fouquet were impris- 
 oned), cathedral, museum of natural history, picture-gal- 
 lery, and several striking squares and buildings. It was 
 the ancient capital of the Namnetes ; resisted the Vende- 
 ans in 1793 ; and was the scene of the notorious Noyades 
 (which see) in 1793-94. Population, commune, 133,247. 
 Nantes, Edict of. An edict issued by Henry 
 IV. of France, April 13, 1598. It ended the religious 
 wars of the country. The Huguenots were put on an 
 equality with the Catholics in political rights. Certain 
 nobles and citizens of certain towns were allowed freedom 
 of worship, although this was prohibited in Paris and its 
 neighborhood and in episcopal cities. Military and judi- 
 cial concessions were made to the Huguenots. See Revo- 
 cation of the Edict of Nantes. 
 
 Nanticoke (nan'ti-kok). [PI. , also NanticoTces.'] 
 A large tribe of North American Indians, for- 
 merly on the river of the same name on the east- 
 ern shore of Maryland. They were conquered by the 
 Iroquois about 1680, after which they ceased to be important 
 and became scattered among several tribes. They called 
 themselves Nentego, from which the form Nanticoke is 
 corrupted. Itmeans ‘tide-waterpeople.’ See Algonqtiian. 
 Nantua (non-tii-a'). A town in the department 
 of Ain, France, 29 miles west of Geneva. It 
 has a remarkable old church. Population, 
 commune, 2,891. 
 
 Nantucket (nan-tuk'et). 1. An island in the 
 Atlantic, 88 miles southeast of Boston, and 
 ahotit 20-25 miles soutli of the mainland of 
 Massachusetts. The surface is generally level. Itwas 
 discovered by Gosnold in 1602. Length, 18 miles. Area, 
 about 45 square miles. 
 
 2. A town and county of Massachusetts, com- 
 prisingthe island of Nantucketand some smaller 
 neighboring islands: a summer resort, itwas 
 settled in 1659 ; was ceded to Massachusetts in 1693 : was 
 famous as a seat of the whale-fishery in the ISth century 
 and the beginning of the 19th ; and was nearly destroyed 
 by fire in 1846. Population of town, 2,962, (1910). 
 Nantucket Shoals. A group of dangerous 
 shoals in the Atlantic, southeast of Nantucket. 
 Nantucket Sound. That part of the ocean 
 which lies between Nantucket on the south 
 and Barnstable County, Massachusetts, on the 
 north. 
 
 Nantwich (nant'wich or nan'tich). A town in 
 Cheshire, England, situated on the Weaver 30 
 miles southeast of Liverpool. Here, Jan. 25, 1644, 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax defeated the Royalists under Lord 
 Byron. Population, 7,722. 
 
 Naomi (na/o-mi or na-o'ml). [Heh., ‘ my pleas- 
 antness.’] The widow of Elimeleeh, a ‘ ‘ cer- 
 tain man of Bethlehem-judah,” whose story is 
 told in the Book of Ruth. She was the mother- 
 in-law of Ruth. 
 
 Naos (na'os). [Gr. Ndo? = Nave, the ship (Argo 
 Navis).] The 2i -magnitude star f Argus. 
 Napa (na'pa). A tribe of North American In- 
 dians, formerly in upper Napa valley, Califor- 
 nia. See Yukian. 
 
 Napa. The capital of Napa County, California, 
 situated on the Napa River 36 miles north -north- 
 east of San Francisco. Pop., 5,791, (1910). 
 Napata (na-pa'ta). In ancient geography, a 
 city in Ethiopia, situated on the Nile about lat. 
 19 3 N. : the modern Jebel Barkal. It contains 
 a temple of Amenhotep III. 
 
 Napeanos. See Napos. 
 
 Naphtali (naf'ta-li). 1. One of the Hebrew 
 patriarchs, a son of Jacob and Bilhah. — 2. One 
 of the tribes of Israel. Its territory was situated in 
 Galilee, between the Jordan and Sea or Galilee on tile east 
 and Asher on the west. 
 
 Zebulon and Naphtali took what was afterwards called 
 the “circle of the Gentiles,” Galilee. But their occupa- 
 tion was in reality merely a cohabitation with the pre- 
 viously established races. The towns of Kitron and Naha- 
 lol remained Canaanite. Laish or Lesem, until the pos- 
 terior invasion of the Danites, was an industrial and 
 trading town living after the manner of Sidon. 
 
 Renan, Hist, of the People of Israel (trans.), I. 211. 
 
 Napier (na'pi-er). A seaport in the North Isl- 
 and, New Zealand, situated on Hawke Bay 
 165 miles northeast of Wellington. Popula- 
 tion, 8,774. 
 
 Napier, Sir Charles. Born at Merehiston Hall, 
 near Falkirk, March 6, 1786 : died Nov. 6, 1860. 
 A British admiral. He was the eldest son of Captain 
 Charles Napier, and cousin of Sir Charles James Napier. 
 He entered the navy in 1799, became lieutenant in 1805, 
 and commander in 1807. In 1814 he served in the Potomac 
 expedition in America. In 18;;3 he took command of th6 
 Portuguese fleet. He defended Lisbon in 1834, and was 
 created Count Cape St. Vincent in the peerage of Portugal. 
 He was elected member of Parliament for Marylebone in 
 1842, and made rear-admiral in 1846, vice-admiral in 1853, 
 admiral in 1858. He commanded tlie Baltic fleet during the 
 Crimean war, and has been much censured for refusing to 
 storm Cronstadt. He wrote the “War in Syria" (1842). 
 
 Napier, Sir Charles James. Born at White- 
 hall, London, Aug. 10, 1782: died at Portsmouth, 
 Aug. 29, 1853. A distinguished British general. 
 In i803 he was aide-de-camp to General Fox in Ireland; 
 served under Lord Cathcart in Denmark in 1807 ; and on 
 his return was ordered to Portugal, where he served under 
 Sir John Moore in the retreat to Corunna, where he was 
 captured. He fought in Wellington's Peninsular cam- 
 paigns, and was present atCambray but not at Waterloo. 
 In 1814, being on half pay, he entered the military college at 
 Farnhara. From 1822 to 1830 ha was military resident and 
 governor of Cephalonia. He was made major-general in 
 1837 and K. C. B. in 1838. In 1842 he undertook the con- 
 quest of Sind, which was completed by the victory of Hy- 
 derabad, March 24, 1843. He was governor of Sind until 
 1847. He superseded Lord Gough as commander-in-chief 
 after the battle of Chiilianwalla, and in 1851 returned 
 finally to England. He wrote various works on military 
 and colonial affairs. 
 
 Napier, Sir Francis, ninth Baron Napier. Bom 
 Sept. 15, 1819: died Dec. 18, 1898. An English 
 statesman. He was British minister at Washington 
 1867-68, and governor of Madras 1866-72. 
 
 Napier, Henry Edward. Born March 5, 1789 : 
 died Oct. 13, 1853. A British author, brother 
 of Sir Charles James Napier. He wrote a 
 “Florentine History” (1846-47), etc. 
 
 Napier, John. Born at Merehiston, near Edin- 
 burgh, 1550 : died there, April 4, 1617. A Scot- 
 tish mathematician, famous as the inventor of 
 logarithms. He was the eldest son of Archibald, the 
 seventh Napier of Merehiston, hereditary j ustice-general of 
 Scotland. He matriculated at St. Salvator’s College, St. 
 Andrews, in 1563, and probably completed hi3 education 
 at the University of Paris. His “ Mirilioi logarithmorum 
 canonis descriptio,”in which his discovery was announced, 
 appeared in 1614. Napier’s bones or rods, constructed to 
 simplify multiplication and division, were introduced In 
 
Napier, John 
 
 the “Rabdologia” (1617). The “Constructio," or method 
 by which the canon was constructed, was published in 
 1619 by his son Robert, edited by Henry Briggs. 
 
 Napier, Macvey. Born at Kirkintilloch, Dum- 
 bartonshire, April 11, 1776 : died at Edinburgh, 
 Feb. 11, 1847. A Scottish author and editor. 
 In 1829 he succeeded Jeffrey as editor of the “Edinburgh 
 Review,” and was editor of the 7th edition of the “Ency- 
 clopedia Britannica" (1830-42). 
 
 Napier, Robert Cornelis, Lord Napier of Mag- 
 dala. Born at Ceylon, Dec. 6, 1810 : died at Lon- 
 don, Jan. 14, 1890. A British general. He was 
 
 educated at the military college at Addiscombe, and en- 
 tered the Bengal Engineers in 1826. In the mutiny (1857) 
 he was chief engineer of Sir Colin Campbell’s army, and 
 for bravery at Lucknow was made C. B. lie served in 
 the Chinese war in 1860. He commanded the expedition 
 to Abyssinia and stormed the heights at Magdala (April 
 13, 1868). He was commander-in-chief in India 1870-76, 
 governor of Gibraltar 1876-83, and field-marshal 1883. 
 
 Napier, Sir William Francis Patrick. Born 
 , near Dublin, Dec. 17, 1785 : died at Clapbam 
 Park, London, Feb. 10, 1860. A British military 
 historian and general, son of Colonel George 
 Napier, and brother of Sir Charles James 
 Napier. He was with Sir John Moore in the retreat to 
 Corunna, and served in the Peninsular campaigns. He 
 entered the military college at Farnham with his brother 
 Charles, and commanded a regiment in the occupation of 
 France until 1819. Retiring on half-pay, he began his lit- 
 erary career in 1821. In 1823 his “ History of the War in 
 the Peninsula’’ was begun : it was published 1828-40. In 
 1844-46he published “A History of theConquestof Scinde," 
 in 1851 “A History of the Administration of Scinde,” and 
 in 1857 the “life and Opinions” of his brother, Sir C. J. 
 Napier. 
 
 Naples (na'plz) ; It, Napoli (na/po-le). A prov- 
 ince of Italy. Area, 351 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 1,216,918. 
 
 Naples, It. Napoli. [L. Neapolis, Gr. NedroJ<c, 
 the new city; F. Naples. ] Capital of the prov- 
 ince of Naples, Italy, situated on the Bay of 
 Naples, in lat. 40° 52' N., long. 14° 15' E. it has 
 one of the most beautiful situations in Europe, and is the 
 largest city and one of the principal seaports in Italy. The 
 Castel del Ovo, a landmark of Naples, so named from its 
 oval plan, founded in 1154 on a small island connected 
 with the shore by a causeway, was considered a mar- 
 vel of strength iu the 13tli century. It now serves as 
 a military prison. The cathedral was begun by Charles 
 of Anjou in 1272, and retains many 13th-century fea- 
 tures despite repeated restorations made necessary by 
 earthquakes. It contains many granite columns and 
 marbles from the Roman temples of Neptune acd Apollo, 
 besides line paintings and historic tombs. The chapels 
 are of great richness, particularly that of St. Januarius 
 (1608), where the miraculous blood is preserved. The 
 Pointed canopy of the episcopal throne, with spiral col- 
 umns, has high artistic value. The votive church of Sau 
 Francesco di Paola, begun in 1817 by Ferdinand I., is a 
 partial imitation of the Pantheon at Rome. Its interior 
 is incrusted with precious marbles, and the dome is 175 
 leet high. San Martino, the Certosa, or Carthusian Mon- 
 astery, is remarkable as possessing one of the most lavishly 
 ornamented interiors in existence: the piers and walls 
 are incrusted with precious marbles forming panels and 
 patterns, and the vault is frescoed by Lanfranco, Spagno- 
 letto, and others. The floor is a mosaic of polished wood, 
 and was made by one of the monks. Other objects of in- 
 terest are the university, royal palace, San Carlo theater, 
 Castel Nuovo, triumphal arch, Palazzo di Capodimonte, ob- 
 servatory, national museum (picture-gallery and collection 
 of antiquities), Villa Nazionale, aquarium, Castel Sant’ 
 Elmo, library, conservatory of music, and the churches 
 (besides those noticed above) of Santa Maria del Carmine, 
 San Gennaro (catacombs), Incoronata v Monte Oliveto, 
 Santa Chiara, San Domenico, San Giovanni, San Paolo, 
 and San Lorenzo. Near the city are many noted points, 
 including Posilipo, Cumse, Lake Avernus, Pozzuoli, Bake, 
 Misenum, Mount Vesuvius, Pompeii, Herculaneum, Capri, 
 and Ischia. Naples was a Greek colony from Cumae ; be- 
 came subject to Rome about 300 B. c. ; flourished under 
 Roman rule ; suffered in the barbarian invasious ; was 
 taken by Belisarius in 536, and by Totila in 543 ; became 
 the capital of a duchy; was taken by the Normans in 
 1150 ; was the capital of the kingdom of Naples and of the 
 Two Sicilies ; was the scene of a revolt under Masaniello 
 in 1647 ; and has been the scene of various revolutionary 
 outbreaks, as in 1848. Population, commune, 723,208. 
 Naples, Bay of. An arm of tlie Mediterranean, 
 on the coast of Campania, Italy, celebrated for 
 the beauty of its shores. 
 
 Naples, Duchy of. A duchy founded in the 6th 
 century, dependent on the Byzantine empire. 
 It became independent in the beginning of the 8th cen- 
 tury, and was conquered by the Normans in the 11th and 
 12th centuries. 
 
 Naples, Kingdom of. A former kingdom in 
 Southern Italy. It was separated from the kingdom 
 of Sicily under Charles of Anjou in 1282; was united with 
 Aragon 1442-58; was conquered temporarily by Charles 
 VIII. of France in 1495; and was under the rule of Spain 
 1503-1707, and of Austria 1707-35. See Two Sicilies. 
 Napo (nii'po). A river in Ecuador, a northern 
 tributary of the Amazon. Length, estimated, 
 about 700 miles. 
 
 Napoleon (na-p5'le-on ; F. pron. na-po-la-on') 
 I. (Napol4on Bonaparte or Buonaparte 1 ). 
 
 Born at Ajaccio, Corsica, Aug. 15, 1769, or, ac- 
 
 i The spelling Buonaparte was used by Napoleon’s father, and by 
 Napoleon himself down to 170(1, although the spelling Bonaparte oc- 
 
 curs in early Italian documents 
 
 722 
 
 cording to some, at Corte, Jan. 7, 1768 2 : died 
 at Longwood, St. Helena, May 5, 1821. Empe- 
 ror of the French 1804-14. He was the son of Charles 
 Marie Bonaparte and Lsetitia Ramolino ; studied at themil- 
 itary school of Brienne 1779-84, and at that of Paris 1784-85 ; 
 and received a lieutenant’s commission in the French army 
 in 1785. He opposed the patriot movement under Paoli 
 in Corsica in 1793 ; commanded the artillery in the attack 
 on Toulon in the same year ; served in the army in Italy in 
 1794; and, as second in command to Barras, subdued the 
 revolt of the sections at Paris in Oct., 1795. He married 
 Josephine de Beauharnais March 9, 1796. Toward the close 
 of this month (March 27) he assumed command at Niceof 
 the army in Italy, which he found opposed by the Austrians 
 and the Sardinians. He began his campaign April 10, and, 
 after defeating the Austrians at Montenotte (April 12), 
 Millesimo (April 14), and Dego (April 15), turned (April 15) 
 against the Sardinians, whom he defeated at Ceva(April 20) 
 and Mondovi (April 22), forcing them to sign the separate 
 convention of Cheraseo (April 29). In the following month 
 he began an invasion of Lombardy, and by a brilliant series 
 of victories, including those of Lodi (May 10) and Arcole 
 (Nov. 15-17), expelled the Austrians from their possessions 
 in the north of Italy, receiving the capitulation of Mantua, 
 their last stronghold, Feb. 2, 1797. Crossing the Alps, he 
 penetrated Styria as far as Leoben, where he dictated pre- 
 liminaries of peace April 18. The definitive peace of Cam- 
 po-Formio followed (Oct. 17). By the treaty of Campo-For- 
 mio northern Italy was reconstructed in the interest of 
 France, which furthermore acquired the Austrian. Nether- 
 lands, and received a guarantee of the left bank of the 
 Rhine. Campo-Formio destroyed the coalition against 
 France, and put an end to the Revolutionary war on the 
 Continent. The only enemy that remained to France was 
 England. At the instance of Bonaparte the Directory 
 adopted the plan of attacking the English in India, which 
 involved the conquest of Egypt. Placed at the head of an 
 expedition of about 35,000 men, he set sail from Toulon 
 May 19, 1798; occupied Malta June 12 ; disembarked at Alex- 
 andria July 2 ; and defeated the Mamelukes in the decisive 
 battle of the Pyramids July 21. He was master of Egypt, 
 but the destruction of his fleet by Nelson in the battle of 
 the Nile (Aug. 1) cut him off from France and doomed his 
 expedition to failure. Nevertheless he undertook the sub- 
 jugation of Syria, and stormed Jaffa March 7, 1799. Re- 
 pulsed at Acre, the defense of which was supported by the 
 English, he commenced a retreat to Egypt May 21. He in- 
 flicted a final defeaton the Turks at Abukir July26; trans- 
 ferred the command in Egypt to Ivl6ber Aug. 22; and, set- 
 ting sail with two frigates, arrived in the harbor of Frejus 
 Oct. 9. During his absence a new coalition had been formed 
 against France, and the Directory saw its armies defeated 
 both on the Rhine and in Italy. With the assistance of 
 his brother Lucien and of Sieyfes and Roger Ducos, he ex- 
 ecuted the coup d’dtatof Brumaire, whereby he abolished 
 the Directory and virtually made himself monarch under 
 the title of first consul, holding office for a term of 10 
 years. He crossed the Great St. Bernard in May, 1800, and 
 restored the French ascendancy in Italy by the victory of 
 Marengo (June 14), which, with that won by Moreau at 
 Hohenlinden (Dec. 3), brought about the peace of Lund- 
 ville (Feb. 9, 1801). The treaty of Lundville, which was 
 based on that of Campo-Formio, destroyed the coalition, 
 and restored peace on the Continent. He concluded the 
 peace of Amiens with England March 27, 1802. After the 
 peace of Lun6ville he commenced the legislative recon- 
 struction of France, the public institutions of which had 
 been either destroyed or thrown into confusion during the 
 Revolution. To this period belong the restoration of the 
 Roman Catholic Church by the Concordat (concluded July 
 15, 1801), the restoration of higher education by the erec- 
 tion of the new university (May 1, 1802), and the establish- 
 ment of the Legion of Honor (May 19, 1802) : preparation 
 had been previously made for the codification of the laws. 
 Hewasmadeconsulforlife Aug. 2,1802; executed the Due 
 d’Enghien March 21, 1804 ; was proclaimed hereditary em- 
 peror of the French May 18, 1804 (the coronation ceremony 
 took place Dec. 2, 1804) ; and was crowned king of Italy 
 May 26, 1805. In the meantime England had been provoked 
 into declaring war (May 18, 1803), and a coalition consist- 
 ing of England, Russia, Austria, and Sweden was formed 
 against France in 1805 : Spain was allied with France. The 
 victory of Nelson at the battle of Trafalgar (Oct. 21, 1805) 
 followed the failure of the projected invasion of Eng- 
 land. Breakingup his camp at Boulogne, he invaded Aus- 
 tria, occupied Vienna, and (Dec. 2, 1805) defeated the allied 
 Russians and Austrians at Austerlitz. The Russians re- 
 tired from the contest under a military convention ; the 
 Austrians signed the peace of Presburg (Dec. 26, 1805); and 
 the coalition was destroyed. His intervention in Germany 
 brought about the erection of the Confederation of the 
 Rhine July 12, 1806. This confederation, which was placed 
 under his protection, ultimately embraced nearly all the 
 states of Germany except Austria and Prussia. Its erec- 
 tion, together with other provocation, caused Prussia to 
 mobilize its army in Aug., and Napoleon presently found 
 himself opposed by a coalition with Prussia, Russia, and 
 England as its principal members. He crushed the Prus- 
 sian army at Jena and Auerstadt Oct. 14 ; entered Berlin 
 Oct. 27 ; fought the Russians and Prussians in the drawn 
 battleof Eylau Feb. 7-8,1807; defeated theRussiansat the 
 battle of Friedland June 14;and compelled both Russia and 
 Prussia to conclude peace at Tilsit July 7 and 9, 1807, re- 
 spectively. Russia became the ally of France ; Prussia 
 was deprived of nearly half her territory. Napoleon was 
 now, perhaps, at the height of his power. The imperial 
 title was no empty form. He was the head of a great con- 
 federacy of states. He had surrounded the imperial throne 
 with subordinate thrones occupied by members of his own 
 family. His stepson Eugfene de Beauharnais was viceroy of 
 the kingdom of Italy in northern and central Italy ; his 
 brother Joseph was king of Naples in southern Italy ; his 
 brother Louis was king of Holland ; his brother Jerome was 
 king of Westphalia ; his brother-in-law Murat was grand 
 duke of Berg. The Confederation of the Rhine existed by 
 virtue of his protection, and his troops occupied dismem- 
 
 2 Aug. 15, 1769, is the commonly accepted date of Napoleon’s birth, 
 and Jan. 7, 1768, that of the birth of his brother Joseph. It has been 
 said, but without good reason, that these dates were interchanged at 
 the time of Napoleon 's admission to the military school of Brienne in 
 1779, no candidate being eligible after 10 years of age. 
 
 Napoleonic Wars 
 
 bered Prussia. He directed the policy of Europe. Eng- 
 land alone, mistress of the seas, appeared to stand between 
 him and universal dominion. England was safe from in- 
 vasion, but she was vulnerable through her commerce. 
 Napoleon undertook to starve her by closing the ports of 
 the Continent against her commerce. This policy, known 
 as “the Continental system,” was inaugurated by the Ber- 
 lin decree in 1806, and was extended by the Milan decree 
 in 1807. To further this policy he resolved to seize 
 the maritime states of Portugal and Spain. His armies 
 expelled the house of Braganza from Portugal, and Nov. 
 30, 1807, the French entered Lisbon. Under pretense of 
 guarding the coast against the English, he quartered 80,000 
 troops iu Spain, then in 1808 enticed Ferdinand VII. and 
 his father Charles IV. (who had recently abdicated) to 
 Bayonne, extorted from both a renunciation of their claims, 
 and placed his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne. An 
 uprising of the Spaniards took place, followed by a popu- 
 lar insurrection iu Portugal, movements which found re- 
 sponse in Germany. The seizure of Spain and Portugal 
 provedinthe end a fatal error. The war which it kindled, 
 known as the Peninsular war, drained him of his resources 
 and placed an enemy in his rear when northern Europe 
 rose against him in 1813. The English in 1808 landed an 
 army in Portugal, whence they expelled the French, and 
 penetrated into Spain. Napoleon, securing himself against 
 Austria by a closer alliance with the czar Alexander at Er- 
 furt (concluded Oct. 12, 1808), hastened in person to Spain 
 with 250,000 men, drove out the English, and entered Ma- 
 drid (Dec. 4, 1808). He was recalled by the threatening 
 attitude of Austria, against which he precipitated war in 
 April, 1809. He occupied Vienna (May 13), was defeated 
 by the archduke Charles at Aspern and Essling (May 21- 
 22), defeated the archduke at Wagram (July 5-6), and con- 
 cluded the peace of Schonbrunn Oct. 14, 1809. He divorced 
 Josephine Dec. 16, 1809, and married Maria Louisa of Aus- 
 tria March 11 (April 2), 1810. He annexed the Papal States 
 in 1809 (the Pope being carried prisoner to France), and 
 Holland in 1810. The refusal of Alexander to carry out 
 strictly the Continental system, which Napoleon himself 
 evaded by the sale of licenses, brought on war with Russia. 
 He crossed the Niemen June 24, 1812 ; gained the victory of 
 Borodino Sept. 7 ; and occupied Moscow Sept. 14. His prof- 
 fer of truce was rejected by the Russians, and he was 
 forced by the approach of winter to begin a retreat (Oct. 
 19). He was overtaken by the winter, and his army dwin- 
 dled before the cold, hunger, and the enemy. He left the 
 army in command of Murat Dec. 4, and hastened to Paris. 
 Murat recrossed the Niemeu Dec. 13, with 100,000 men, the 
 remnant of the Grand Army of 600,000 veterans. The loss 
 sustained by Napoleon in this campaign encouraged the 
 defection of Prussia, which formed an alliance with Rus- 
 sia at Kalisch Feb. 28, 1813. Napoleon defeated the Rus- 
 sians and Prussians at Liitzen May 2, and at Bautzen May 
 20-21. Austria declared war Aug. 12, and Napoleon pres- 
 ently found himself opposed by a coalition of Russia, Eng- 
 land, Sweden, ^Prussia, and Austria, of which the first three 
 had been united since the previous year. He won his last 
 great victory at Dresden Aug. 26-27, and lost the decisive 
 battles of Leipsic (Oct. 16, 18, and 19), Laon (March 9-10, 
 1814), and Arcis-sur-Aube (March 20-21). On March 31 the 
 Allies entered Paris. He was compelled to abdicate at Fon- 
 tainebleau April 11, but was allowed to retain the title of 
 emperor, and received the island of Elba as a sovereign prin- 
 cipality, and an annual income of 2,000,000 francs. He ar- 
 rived in Elba May 4. The Congress of Vienna convened 
 in Sept., 1814, for the purpose of restoring and regulating 
 the relations between the powers disturbed by Napoleon. 
 Encouraged by the quarrels which arose at the Congress 
 between the Allies, N apoleon left Elba Feb. 26, 1815 ; landed 
 at Cannes March 1 ; and entered Paris March 20, the troops 
 sent against him, including Ney with his corps, having 
 joined his standard. At the return of Napoleon, the Allies 
 again took the field. He was finally overthrown at Wa- 
 terloo June 18, 1815, and the Allies entered Paris a second 
 time July 7. After futile attempts to escape to America, 
 he surrendered himself to the British admiral Hotham at 
 Rochefort July 15. By a unanimous resolve of the Allies 
 he was transported as prisoner of war to St. Helena, where 
 he arrived on Oct. 16, 1815, and where he was detained the 
 rest of his life. See Hotel des Invalides. 
 
 Napoleon II. (Francois Charles Joseph Na- 
 poleon Bonaparte, Due de Reichstadt). Born 
 at Paris, March 20, 1811 : died at Schonbrunn, 
 near Vienna, July 22, 1832. Titular emperor of 
 the French, son of Napoleon I. and Maria Louisa. 
 
 He was created duke of Reichstadt in 1818 by his grand- 
 father, Francis I. of Austria, at whose court he resided 
 after his father s overthrow. 
 
 Napoleon III. (Charles Louis Napoleon Bo- 
 naparte). Bom at Paris, April 20, 1808: died 
 at Chiselhurst, near London, Jan. 9, 1873. Em- 
 peror of the French 1852-7 0. He was the son of Louis 
 Bonaparte, king of Holland, and Hortense de Beauhar- 
 nais, and the nephew of Napoleon I. He lived in exile at 
 Arenenberg and Augsburg 1815-30 ; joined in an unsuc- 
 cessful revolt against the Pope in the Romagna 1830-31 ; 
 made an unsuccessful attempt to organize a revolution 
 among the French soldiers stationed at Strasburg in 1836 ; 
 made a descent on France near Boulogne in 1840 ; was cap- 
 tured and imprisoned at Ham until 1846, when he escaped ; 
 was made a member of the National Assembly after the fall 
 of Louis Philippe in 1848 ; was elected president of the re- 
 public Dec., 1848 ; executed the coup d’etat of Dec. 2, 1861 ; 
 was chosen president for 10 years in Dec., 1851 ; and after 
 a plebiscite in Nov. , 1852, was proclaimed emperor Dec. 2, 
 1852. He married Eugenie de Montijo Jan. 30, 1853 ; took 
 part in the Crimean war 1854-56 ; fought with Sardinia 
 against Austria in 1859, and was present at the battles of 
 Magenta and Solferino ; waged war in Mexico 1862-67 ; 
 declared war against Germany in July, 1870; was taken 
 prisoner at Sedan Sept. 2 ; was imprisoned at Wilhelms- 
 hohe, near Cassel, 1870-71 ; and lived at Chiselhurst 
 1871-73. He was the author of various political and 
 military works, including “Histoire de Jules Cesar ” 
 (1865-66). 
 
 Napoleon, Prince (Napoleon Eug&ne Louis 
 Jean Joseph Bonaparte). See Bonaparte. 
 Napoleonic Wars. A general name for the wars 
 
Napoleonic Wars 
 
 in which Napoleon Bonaparte was the leading 
 figure, 1796-1815. France was opposed to Great Britain, 
 and at different times to Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, 
 etc. The principal seats of the wars were Italy, Spain, Por- 
 tugal, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Russia, Egypt, Syria, 
 and the ocean. The wars at the beginning of the period 
 form part of those growing out of the French Revolu- 
 tion (which see). The following are the leading events 
 after 1795 : Napoleon took command of the army of Italy, 
 spring of 1796 ; battle of Lodi, May 10 ; campaign of Moreau 
 on the Upper Rhine (retreat through the Black Forest), 
 1796 ; campaign of Jourdan on the Main, 1796 ; battle of 
 Castiglione, Aug. 6 ; battle of Arcole, Nov. 16-17 ; siege of 
 Mantua, 1796-97 ; battle of Rivoli, Jan., 1797 ; preliminary 
 treaty of Leoben, April 18 ; treaty of Campo-Formio, Oct. 
 17 ; French expedition to Egypt, 1798 ; battle of the Pyra- 
 mids, July 21 ; battle of the Nile, Aug. 1 ; battle of Mount 
 Tabor, April, 1799 ; French defeats in Italy (Trebbia, June, 
 and Novi, Aug.); battle of Abukir, July 26 ; Suvaroff’s re- 
 treat in the Alps, 1799; battles of Zurich, 1799; passage of 
 Great St. Bernard by Napoleon, May, 1800 ; battle of Ma- 
 rengo, June 14 ; battle of Hohenlinden, Bee. 3 ; treaty of 
 Lundville, Feb. 9, 1801 ; battle of the Baltic, April 2 ; treaty 
 of Amiens, March 27, 1802 ; renewal of the war with Great 
 Britain, 1803 ; new coalition against France, 1805 ; surrender 
 of Dim, Oct. 17 ; battle of Trafalgar, Oct. 21 ; battle of Aus- 
 terlitz, Dec. 2 ; treaty of Presburg, Dec. 26 ; battles of Jena 
 and Auerstadt, Oct. 14, 1806 ; battle of Eylau, Feb. 7, 8, 
 1807 ; battle of Friedland, June 14 ; treaties of Tilsit, July ; 
 Peninsular war (which see), 1808-14 ; battle of Aspern, May 
 21, 22, 1809 ; battle of Wagram, July 6, 6 ; treaty of Vienna, 
 Oct. 14 ; invasion of Russia, 1812 ; battle of Borodino, Sept. 
 7; burning of Moscow, Sept.; retreat from Russia, Oct.- 
 Dec. ; battle of Liitzen, May 2, 1813 ; battle of Bautzen, May 
 20, 21 ; battle of the Katzbach, Aug. 26 ; battle of Dresden, 
 Aug. 26, 27 ; battle of Dennewitz, Sept. 6 ; battle of Leipsic, 
 Oct. 16, 18, 19; Napoleon's victories at Montmirail. etc., 
 Feb., 1814; battleof Bar-sur-Aube, Feb. 27 ; battle of Laon, 
 March 9, 10; battleof Arcis-sur-Aube,March20,21; treaty of 
 Paris, May 30 ; Napoleon landed at Cannes, March 1, 1815 ; 
 battles of Ligny and Quatre-Bras, June 16 ; battle of Water- 
 loo, June 18 ; treaty of Paris, Nov. 20. 
 
 Napoleon le Petit (na-po-la-on le pe-te'). [F., 
 ‘Napoleon the Little.’] A satire by Victor 
 Hugo, directed against Napoleon HI., published 
 in 1852. 
 
 Napoleon-Vendee. See La-Boche-sur- Ton. 
 
 Napoli di Romania. See Na uplift. _ 
 
 Napos (na/pos), or Napeanos (na-pa-a'nos). A 
 name given to various semi-civilized Indians of 
 eastern Ecuador and Peru, on the river Napo. 
 They are apparently derived from various stocks which 
 have become amalgamated in the mission villages. At 
 present most of them speak dialects of the Quichua. 
 
 Naquet (na-ka'), Alfred Joseph. Born at Car- 
 pentras, France, Oct. 6, 1834. A French chem- 
 ist and radical politician. He was professor of chem- 
 istry at the technical institute of Palermo 1863-65, and 
 was a member of the French Senate 1882-89. His chief 
 work is “ Principes de chimie” (1865). 
 
 Nara (na'ra). A city in the main island of 
 Japan, about 25 miles south of Kioto, it was the 
 capital in the 8tli century. A colossal statue of Buddha, 
 seated in the Daibouts temple here, is an exceedingly re- 
 markable work, and the largest existing bronze casting. 
 It dates from 739, and is formed of several pieces skilfully 
 soldered together. The god sits on the symbolic lotus- 
 flower, with the right hand open and raised, and the ex- 
 tended left resting on his knee. The drapery has almost 
 Greek breadth and lightness, and the anatomy and expres- 
 sion are admirable, as is the technical finish. The height, 
 without the pedestal, is 85 feet. Population, 32,732. 
 
 Naram-Sin (na-ram'sin). [‘Beloved of the 
 moon-god Sin.’] King of Babylon, son of Sar- 
 
 f onl. of Agade. Following a notice of the annals of Na- 
 onidus, in which this Babylonian king states, in the year 
 550 B. c., that while repairing the sun-temple at Sippar he 
 discovered the foundation cylinders of that edifice laid by 
 Naram-Sin, the son of Sargon, 3,200 years before, Assyri- 
 ologists assume 3750 B. c. as the date of Naram-Sin. 
 Narasinha (na-ra-sin'ha). [Skt., ‘the man- 
 lion.’] The fourth avatar or incarnation of 
 Vishnu. He assumed the shape of a creature half man 
 half lion, to deliver the world from the tyrant' Hiranyaka- 
 shipu, who had obtained it as a boon from Brahma that 
 he should be slain neither by god, nor man, nor animal, and 
 so was able to usurp the dominion of the three worlds, 
 even appropriating the sacrifices of the gods. When his 
 pious son Prahlada praised Vishnu, the father tried to de- 
 stroy the boy, whereupon Vishnu appeared suddenly out of 
 a pillar in a shape neither god, nor man, nor animal, and 
 tore Hiranyakashipu to pieces. 
 
 Narba (nar'ba), or Nabha (na'ba). A native 
 state in the Panjab, India, under British pro- 
 tection, intersected by lat. 30° 30' N., long. 76° 
 E. Area, 966 square miles. Population, 297,- 
 949. A second part, Bawal, lies in the south- 
 east of the Panjab. 
 
 Narbonensis, or Gallia Narbonensis (gal'i-a 
 nar-bo-nen'sis). Aprovince of the Roman em- 
 pire, occupying the southern and southeastern 
 parts of Gaul. It extended from the Alps southwest- 
 ward along the Mediterranean to the Pyrenees. The north- 
 ern border was near the line of the clvennes, the Rhone, 
 and the Lake of Geneva. Its leading cities were T’olosa, 
 Narbo, Nemausus, Arelate, Massilia, and Vienna. Early 
 settlements were made by the Romans in the Proviticia in 
 the end of the 2d century B. c. — at Narbo 118 B. C., and at 
 Tolosa about the same time. 
 
 Narbonne (nar-bon'). An ancient districtnear 
 the city of Narbonne, in southern France. It 
 was governed by viscounts in the middle ages, and was 
 
 723 
 
 united with the crown of France in 1507-08. It formed 
 part of Languedoc. The name Narbonne is sometimes 
 given to the ancient Septimania or Gothia. 
 
 Narbonne. A city in the department of Aude, 
 France, on the Canal de la Robine, situated 5 
 miles from the Mediterranean, in lat. 43° 11' N., 
 long. 3° E. : the Latin Narbo. it has some trade 
 and manufactures ; is celebrated for its honey ; and has a 
 museum, a former cathedral (now a church of St. Just), 
 and remains of an archiepiscopal palace. It was an early 
 Gaulish center ; was colonized by Rome 116 or 118 B. c. ; 
 and became the capital of Narbonensis. It was an im- 
 portant city of the West Goths; was taken by the Sara- 
 cens in 719, and taken from them by the F’ranks in 759 ; 
 and was the seat of the viscounts of Narbonne. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 27,039. 
 
 Narbonne-Lara (nar-bon 'la-ra'), Comte Louis 
 de. Born at Colorno, near Parma, Italy, 1755: 
 died at Torgau, Prussia, 1813. A French gen- 
 eral and diplomatist. 
 
 Narbrough (nar'bro), Sir John. Died 1688. 
 An English naval officer. He fought against the 
 Dutch off the Downs in June, 1666, and in 1669 sailed on a 
 voyage of discovery to the Strait of Magellan. In 1672 he 
 fought in the battle of Southwold Bay, and in 1675 sup- 
 pressed the pirates of Tripoli. 
 
 Narcissa (nar-sis'a). 1. A beautiful woman 
 whose early death is commemorated in the third 
 night of Young’s ‘ ‘ Night Thoughts.” She is iden- 
 tified with Miss Lee who married Henry Temple, son of 
 Lord Palmerston, and was the daughter of Young’s wife by 
 her first husband. According to the “ Night Thoughts,” on 
 dying in France, she was denied sepulture as a Protestant : 
 but this was not the fact. The book was translated into 
 French, and the belief grew up that she was buried at 
 midnight in the Botanic Garden at Montpellier. Her 
 supposed grave was discovered, was visited by strangers, 
 and became one of the sights of the town. There was no 
 truth in the story, as Mrs. Temple died at Lyons, and was 
 buried in the Protestant cemetery there. 
 
 2. The name given to Mrs. Oldfield, the actress, 
 by Pope in his “Moral Essays.” 
 
 Narcissus (nar-sis'us). [Gr. N aptuoaor.] In 
 Greek mythology, a beautiful youth, a son of 
 Cephissus and the nymph Liriope, metamor- 
 phosed into a flower. For his insensibility to love he 
 was caused by Nemesis to fall in love with his own image 
 reflected in water. Unable tograsp this shadow, he pined 
 away and became the flower which bears his name. The 
 nymph Echo, who vainly loved him, died from grief. 
 Narcissus. All admirable Greek original statu- 
 ette, found at Pompeii, and now in the Museo 
 Nazionale, Naples. The figure stands gracefully, un- 
 draped, with the head bent toward the right, and the right 
 hand raised, as if listening. It is also called a Faun and a 
 Satyr. 
 
 Narcissus. Killed 54 a. d. A freedman of the 
 Roman emperor Claudius, over whom he ac- 
 quired a complete ascendancy. He assisted the em- 
 press Messalina in procuring the death of C. Appius Sila- 
 nus and numerous other victims. Afterward he was the 
 chief instrument in bringing about the execution of Mes- 
 salina herself. He was put to death on the accession of 
 Nero. 
 
 Narcissus. A Roman athlete who strangled 
 Commodus 192 A. D. 
 
 Nardini (nar-de'ne), Pietro. Born at Fibiana, 
 Tuscany, 1722 : died at Florence, 1793. An Ital- 
 ian violinist, and composer for the violin. He 
 was a pupil of Tartini at Padua, and was solo violinist at 
 the court at Stuttgart 1753-67; returned to Italy in 1767; 
 and was made director of music at the court of the Duke 
 of Tuscany in 1770. 
 
 Nardo (nar-do'). A town in the province of 
 Lecce, Apulia, Italy, 34 miles south of Brindisi. 
 Population, town, 13,224; commune, 14,387. 
 Narenta (na-ren'ta). A river in Herzegovina 
 and Dalmatia, which flows into the Adriatic 
 about lat. 43° N. Length, about 150 miles. 
 Nares (narz), Edward. Born at London, 1762 : 
 died at Biddenden, Aug. 20, 1841. An English 
 clergyman and miscellaneous writer. He was ed- 
 ucated at Oxford (Christ Church), and took orders in 1792. 
 lie married a daughter of the Duke of Marlborough in 1797. 
 He was regius professor of modern history at Oxford 1813- 
 1841. He wrote “The Plurality of Worlds” (1801), “Me- 
 moirs of William Cecil, Lord Burleigh” (1828-31), etc. 
 
 Nares, Sir George Strong. Born near Aber- 
 gavenny, Monmouthshire, April 24, 1831. A 
 British explorer. He commanded the Challenger ex- 
 pedition 1872-74, and the arctic exploring expedition of the 
 Alert and Discovery 1875-76 (sledge expedition reached 
 lat. 83“ 20' N.). He was made K. C. B. in 1876. He is the 
 author of “The Naval Cadet’s Guide” (1860), “Reports on 
 Ocean Soundings and Temperature” (in the Challenger: 
 1874-75), “ The Official Report of the Arctic Expedition " 
 (1876), etc. See Century Atlas, Maps 3 and 3$. 
 
 Nares, James. Bom at Stanwell, near London, 
 1715: died 1783. An English composer of church 
 music. From 1757-80 he was master of the Children of 
 the Chapel R,oyal. He published several series of harpsi- 
 chord lessons, morning and evening services, etc. 
 Nares, Robert. Bom at York, England, June 
 9, 1753 : died at London, March 23, 1829. An 
 English clergyman and author, son of James 
 Nares. He was educated at Oxford (Christ Church), and 
 took orders in 1778. He was assistant librarian at the 
 British Museum 1795-1807; founded the “British Critic" 
 
 Naseby 
 
 and edited it (1793-1813) ; and published a “ Glossary, or a 
 Collection of Words, Phrases, etc.” (1822), etc. 
 
 Narew (na'rev). A river in western Russia and 
 Poland, joining the Bug 19 miles north of War- 
 saw. Length, over 200 miles. 
 
 Nariman (no-re 4 man'). In the Shahnamah, a 
 warrior of Faridun, killed in his attack upon 
 Sipand, and avenged by Rustam, his great- 
 grandson. 
 
 Narifio (na-ren'yo), Antonio. Born at Bogota, 
 1765 : died at Villa de Leiva, Dec. 13, 1823. A 
 New Granadan patriot. He was a noted orator and 
 writer, and held important oflices under the viceroys, but 
 in 1795 was imprisoned for publishing a Spanish translation 
 of the “ Droits des hommes,” and did not finally obtain 
 his freedom until the revolution of 1810. He at once joined 
 the revolutionists, and, as presidentof Cundinamarea, was 
 leader of the centralist republicans in the civil wars of 
 1811-13. In the latter year he gained several victories 
 over the Spaniards in the south, but was finally defeated 
 at Pasto, captured, and sent to Spain, where he remained 
 a prisoner 1816-20. He was vice-president and senator in 
 1822. 
 
 Narni (nar'ne). A town in the province of Pe- 
 rugia, Italy, situated on the Nera 43 miles north 
 of Rome: the ancient Narnia. Population, 
 town, 5,188; commune, 12,725. 
 
 Naro (na'ro). A town in the province of Gir- 
 genti, Sicily, 13 miles east of Girgenti. Popu- 
 lation, 12,866. 
 
 Narraganset (nar-a-gan'set). [PL, also Nor- 
 ragansetts.~] A tribe of North American Indians 
 which occupied the part of Rhode Island west 
 of Narragansett Bay, and claimed adjacent ter- 
 ritory and islands. The Niantic were a subordinate 
 tribe- which preserved the Narraganset tribal character 
 after King Philip’s war, in which the tribe, which had sup- 
 ported him, was nearly destroyed. See Algonquian. 
 
 Narragansett Bay (nar-a-gan'set ba). An in- 
 let of the Atlantic Ocean, indenting the coast 
 of Rhode Island. Itcontainsthe island of Rhode 
 Island and others. Length, 27 miles. 
 Narragansett Pier. A seaside resort in South 
 Kingston, Washington County, Rhode Island, 
 11 miles southwest of Newport. 
 
 Narrensckiff (nar'en-shif), Das. [G.,‘TkeShip 
 of Fools.’] A satirical poem by Sebastian Brant, 
 published in 1494. He illustrated it with his 
 own wood-cuts. Alexander Barclay’s transla- 
 tion (1508) was published in 1509. 
 
 Narrows (nar'oz), The. A strait joining New 
 York harbor with the lower bay, and separating 
 Staten Island from Long Island. Width, about 
 1 mile. 
 
 Narses (nar'sez). Born in Persarmenia about 
 478: died at Rome about 573. A general of the 
 Byzantine empire, joint commander in Italy 
 with Belisarius 538-539. He was a eunuch. He led 
 an army to Italy against the Goths in 552, totally defeat- 
 ing them in the battles of Tagins in 552 and Mons Lacta- 
 rius in 553, and defeated the Alamanni and Franks at Casi- 
 linum in 554. He was prefect of Italy 554-567. 
 
 Narva (nar'va), or Narova (na'ro-va or na-ro'- 
 va). A town in the government of St. Peters- 
 burg, Russia, situated on the river Narova 86 
 miles southwest of St. Petersburg, in a battle 
 here, Nov. 30, 1700, the Swedes (about 8,400) under Charles 
 XII. defeated the Russians (about 40,000) under the Due 
 de Croy. The place was taken by storm by Peter the Great, 
 Aug. 20, 1704. Population, over 16,000. 
 
 Narvaez (nar-va'eth), Panfilo. Born at Valla- 
 dolid about 1478 : died on the coast of Florida, 
 Nov., 1528. A Spanish captain. He early went to 
 America; was prominent in the conquest of Cuba, 1511; 
 and settled in that island. Cortes having thrown off the 
 authority of Velasquez, governor of Cuba, the latter ap- 
 pointed Narvaez lieutenant-governor of the newly dis- 
 covered lands in Mexico, with orders to imprison Cortes 
 (1520). Narvaez landed at Vera Cruz in April, but on May 
 28 was defeated by Cortes atCempoala, wounded, and cap- 
 tured. He was soon released, went to Spain, and in 1526 
 obtained a grant to conquer and govern Florida. Sailing 
 from Cuba March, 1528, with 5 vessels and 400 men, he 
 landed, apparently, at AppalacheeBay, marched inland, lost 
 half his men, and finally, returning to the coast, could not 
 find his ships. Building boats, he made his way for some 
 distancealongthecoast, and was shipwrecked and drowned 
 with nearly all his men. Cabeza de Vaca (see Cabeza ) and 
 three others of the expedition made their way overland, 
 reaching Mexico in 1536, the only survivors of Narvaez’s 
 party. 
 
 Narvaez, Ramon Maria. Bora at Loja, Spain, 
 Aug. 5, 1800: died at Madrid, April 23, 1868. A 
 Spanish statesman and general. He served against 
 the brigands and Carlists ; landed at Valencia in the inter- 
 ests of Maria Christina in 1843 ; and was premier 1844—16, 
 1847, 1849-51, 1856-57, 186-1-65, and 1866-08. 
 
 Nasby (naz'bi), Petroleum Vesuvius (earlier 
 Volcano). The pseudonym of D. R. Locke. 
 Naseby (naz'bi). A village 12 miles north 
 of Northampton, England. Here, June 14, 1645, the 
 Parliamentarians under Fairfax and CromweU defeated 
 the Royalists under Charles I. and Rupert. Each side 
 numbered about 11,000. The battle was decided by Crom- 
 well’s cavalry. About 5,000 Royalists were taken prisoners, 
 and the army was nearly destroyed. It was the decisive 
 action of the civil war. 
 
Nash, Bean 
 
 Nash, Beau. See Nash, Richard. 
 
 Nash (nash), John. Born at London, 1752: 
 died May 13, 1835. An English architect. In 
 London he designed Regent street, the Hay- 
 market. the terraces in Regent’s Park, etc. 
 Nash, Joseph. Born Dec. 17, 1809 : died 1878. 
 An English water-color painter, particularly 
 noted tor architectural subjects. 
 
 Nash, Richard. Born at Swansea, Wales, Oct. 
 18, 1674: died at Bath, England, Feb. 3, 1762. 
 An English leader of fashion: called “Beau 
 Nash,” and sometimes the “King of Bath” 
 (from the watering-place of that name, where 
 he was master of ceremonies). He was educated 
 at Oxford (Jesus College), and studied law at the Inner 
 i Temple. He conducted the pageant at an entertainment 
 given by the Inns of Court to William III. Much of the 
 success of Bath was due to his efforts. He was a profes- 
 sional gambler. Goldsmith wrote his life in 1762. 
 
 Nashe (nash), or Nash, Thomas. Born at 
 Lowestoft, England, in 1567 : died about 
 1601. An English satirical pamphleteer, poet, 
 and dramatist. He took the degree of B. A. at Cam- 
 bridge (St. John’s College) in 1685. His earliest work is a 
 preface to Greene's “Menaphon” (1589); the “Anatomy 
 of Absurdity ’’ appeared in 1589. He edited Sidney's poems 
 in 1591, and published “ Pierce Pennilesse, his Supplica- 
 tion to the Devill ” in 1592. In this year began his “paper 
 war ” with Gabriel Harvey. (See Harvey.) In 1589 he be- 
 gan his Pasquil pamphlets, entering into the Marprelate 
 controversy under this pseudonym in “A Countercuffe to 
 Martin Junior,” “Martin’s Month’s Minde," and “ Pas- 
 quil’s Apologie ” (1590). Among his other works are “ The 
 Tragedy of Dido, etc.,” with Marlowe (probably acted in 
 1591, printed in 1594), “Strange News” (1593), “Christ’s 
 Tears over Jerusalem ” (1593), “ The Terrors of the Night, 
 etc." (1594), “The Unfortunate Traveller, or the Life of 
 Jack Wilton” (1594 : a novel), “Summer's Last Will and 
 Testament” (1596), “Haue with you to Saffron Walden, 
 etc.” (1596), “The Isle of Dogs ”(1597 : for this he was im- 
 prisoned), “ Lenten Stuffe ” (1599 : in praise of Yarmouth 
 and the red herring), etc. 
 
 Nashua. See Pennacoolc. 
 
 Nashua (nash'u-a). [From*tke Indian tribal 
 name.] A city and one of the capitals of Hills- 
 borough County, New Hampshire, situated at 
 the junction of the Nashua and Merrimac riv- 
 ers, 31 miles south of Concord and40 miles north- 
 northwest of Boston. It has various important manu- 
 factures, but is particularly noted for cotton goods. The 
 Nashua Manufacturing Company was formed in 1823. The 
 city was incorporated in 1853. Population, 26,065, (1910). 
 
 Nashua River. A tributary of the Merrimac in 
 Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Length, 
 about 80 miles. 
 
 Nashville (nash'vil). The capital of the State 
 of Tennessee and of Davidson County, situated 
 on the Cumberland in lat. 36° 10' N., long. 86° 
 49' W. It is the second city in the State, and a rail way cen- 
 ter ; has important commerce, particularly in cotton and 
 tobacco, and lumber manufactures. The chief building is 
 the Capitol. It is the seat of many educational institutions, 
 including Nashville University, Vanderbilt University, 
 Bisk University, Tennessee Central College, and Roger 
 Williams University. It was settled in 1780; has been 
 the capital since 1826 (legally since 1843) ; and was evacu- 
 ated by the Confederates under A. S. Johnston and occu- 
 pied by the Federals in Feb., 1862. Population, 110,304, 
 (1910). 
 
 Nashville, Battle of. A victory gained near 
 Nashville, Dec. 15 and 16, 1864, by the Federals 
 under Thomas over the Confederates under 
 Hood. The result of the battle and the pursuit waB the 
 breaking up of Hood’s army as a fighting force. Federal 
 loss, 400 killed, 1,740 wounded; Confederate total loss, 
 15,000. 
 
 Nasik, or Nassick (na'sik). 1. A district in 
 the presidency of Bombay, British India, inter- 
 sected by lat. 20° N., long. 74° E. Area, 5,850 
 square miles. Population, 816,504. — 2. The 
 capital of the district of Nasik, situated on the 
 Godavari 107 miles northeast of Bombay. It is 
 a sacred Hindu city. Population, 21,490. 
 
 Nasmyth (na ' smith), Alexander. [The sur- 
 name Nasmyth (also Nesmith) is a contraction 
 of nailsmith. ] Born at Edinburgh, Sept. 9, 1758 : 
 died there, April 10, 1840. A Scottish portrait- 
 painter. He became Allan Ramsay’s assistant, and went 
 with him to London. He returned to Edinburgh in 1778, 
 and visited Italy in 1782. The portrait of Burns in the 
 Scottish National Gallery is by him. He was the father of 
 James Nasmyth, the inventor of the steam-hammer. 
 
 Nasmyth, James. Born at Edinburgh, Aug. 
 19, 1808: died at London, May 7, 1890. A Brit- 
 ish engineer, inventor, and astronomer: son of 
 Alexander Nasmyth. He invented the steam- 
 hammer in 1839, but did not patent it until 
 June, 1842. 
 
 Nasmyth, Patrick. Born at Edinburgh, Jan. 
 7, 1787 : died at London, Aug. 17, 1831. A Brit- 
 ish landscape-painter. He was a pupil of his father, 
 Alexander Nasmyth, and a student of Claude and Richard 
 Wilson. He was brother to James Nasmyth, the inven- 
 tor of the steam-hammer. 
 
 Naso. See Ovid. 
 
 Nasqa (nas-cha/), or Naas, orNass. The smaller 
 
 724 
 
 of two divisions of the Chimmesyan stock of 
 North American Indians. It embraces the Nasqa and 
 Gyitksan tribes, which comprise numerous subtribes, each 
 inhabiting a single village, on the Nass and upper Skeena 
 rivers, British Columbia. See Chimmesyan. 
 
 Nasr-ed-Din. See Nassr-ed-Din. 
 
 Nass. See Nasqa. 
 
 Nassau (nas'a; G. pron. nas'sou; F. pron. 
 na-so'). A former duchy and state of Germany. 
 It now forms the chief part of the government district of 
 Wiesbaden, province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia. The family 
 of Nassau first appears at the end of the 11th century. 
 Iu 1255 a division was made between the Ottonian line 
 (see Nassau, House of) and the line of Walram(the recent 
 ducal line). The latter has been variously subdivided. 
 The count of the subline Nassau-Usingen became duke 
 in 1803, and joined the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, 
 the Allies in 1813, and the Germanic Confederation in 1815 ! 
 On the extinction of the Nassau-Usingen line in 1816, the 
 prince of Nassau- Weilburg became duke of the consoli- 
 dated territories. Exchanges of territory were made with 
 Prussia in 1815 and 1816. Nassau sided with Austria in 
 1866, and was annexed by Prussia. 
 
 Nassau. A town in the province of Hesse- 
 Nassau, Prussia, situated on the Lahn 10 miles 
 east-southeast, of Coblenz. It has ruined castles 
 of Nassau and of Stein. Population, 2,238. 
 
 Nassau. A seaport, capital of New Providence 
 and of the Bahama Islands, situated in lat. 25° 
 6' N., long. 77° 22' W. : a health-resort. Pop- 
 ulation, about 11,000. 
 
 Nassau, House of. A princely European family. 
 It is the reigning house in the Netherlands, descended 
 from the line of Count Otto of Nassau (13th century). The 
 first prominent member was William the Silent, of Orange. 
 Members of the house succeeded as stallholders, and from 
 1815 reigned as kings. 
 
 Nassau, Maurice of. See Nassau-Siegen. 
 
 Nassau-Dillenburg (nas ' sou-dil ' len-borG), 
 Count Louis of. Born Jan. 20,1538 : killedatthe 
 battle of Mooker Heide, April 14, 1574. Brother 
 of William of Orange : a partizan of the Dutch 
 against the Spaniards. 
 
 Nassau Hall. See New Jersey, College of. 
 
 Nassau (nas'a) Islands, or Poggy (pog'i) Isl- 
 ands. Two small islands west of Sumatra, 
 about lat. 3° S. 
 
 Nassau-Siegen (nas'sou-ze'gen), Joan Mau- 
 ritz, Count of: commonly called Mauritz or 
 Maurice of Nassau. Born near Delft, Holland, 
 June 17, 1604 (O. S.) : died at Cleves, Germany, 
 Dec. 20, 1679(0. S.). A Dutch general and ad- 
 ministrator. He was governor-general of the Dutch 
 conquests in Brazil, Jan., 1637, to May, 1644. During this 
 period the Dutch power was greatly strengthened and 
 extended, and a brilliant victory wasgained over the Span- 
 ish-Portuguese fleet (Jan., 1640). After his return he was 
 governor of Cleves from 1647 (appointed by the Elector of 
 Brandenburg), commanded the Netherlands army 1665, re- 
 pulsing the Bishop of Munster ; and was prominent in the 
 campaigns of 1672-74. He was a prince of the German Em- 
 pire from 1652. 
 
 Nassau-Siegen, Prince Karl Heinrich Niko- 
 laus Otto von. Born Jan. 5, 1745: died at 
 Tynna in Podolia, April 22, 1808. An adven- 
 turer and naval commander in the French and 
 Spanish service, and later a Russian admiral. 
 
 Nassr-ed-Din, or Nasr-ed-Din (nas’r-ed-den'). 
 Born April 24, 1831: killed near Teheran, May 
 1, 1896. Shah of Persia, eldest son of the shah 
 Mohammed whom he succeeded Sept. 10, 1848. 
 He was at war with England 18f>6-57. He visited various 
 European countries in 1873 and 1879, and was the first Shah 
 of Persia to make such journeys to foreign countries. 
 
 Nast (nast), Thomas. Born at Landau, Bavaria, 
 Sept. 27, 1840: died at Guayaquil, Ecuador, 
 Dec. 7, 1902. A German-American caricaturist. 
 
 . He came to the United States in 1846; went to England as 
 special artist for an illustrated paper in 1860 ; and began 
 war sketches for “Harper’s Weekly” in 1862. He later 
 became noted for his political caricatures, directed, for the 
 most part, against the Democratic party. Appointed con- 
 sul-general to Ecuador, May, 1902. 
 
 Nastrond (na/strend). In Scandinavian my- 
 thology, the place of punishment for the wicked. 
 
 Nasumi (na'so-me), orNapu (nii'tho). A tribe 
 of the Kusan stock of North American Indians. 
 It formerly had a village on the south side of 
 Coquille River, Oregon, at its mouth. The sur- 
 vivors are on the Siletz reservation, Oregon. 
 See Kusan. 
 
 Natal (na-tal'). [Pg. Natal, NL. Terra Natalis, 
 Christmas Land: so called by Vasco da Gama, 
 who discovered it on Christmas day.] A 
 province of the Union of South Africa. Capi- 
 tal, Pietermaritzburg; seaport, Durban, it is 
 bounded by the Transvaal on the north, Portuguese East 
 Afriea on the northeast, the Indian Ocean on the south- 
 east, the dependencies of Cape of Good Hope on the 
 southwest, and Orange Free State on the west. The 
 surface is mostly hilly, with the Drakenberge Mountains 
 in the west. The majority of the inhabitants are Zulus. 
 The government is administered by an administrator, 
 assisted by a provincial council of 'lh members, elected 
 for three years. There is an executive council of 4 
 members. Natal sends 8 senators to the Union Senate 
 and 17 representatives to the House of Assembly. The 
 
 National Convention 
 
 province exports corn, dye-stuffs, hides, and wool. 
 Sugar, cotton, and tobacco are grown. There are ex- 
 tensive forests and valuable coal-fields. It possesses 
 about 1,000 miles of government-owned railroads. Nata! 
 was discovered by Vasco da Gama in 1497. Settlement 
 was begun by the Boers in 1837. It became a British 
 colony in 1843, and was made independent of Cape 
 Colony in 1856. Area (including the province of Zulu- 
 land, 10,461 sq. miles, and the Northern Districts, 6,931 
 sq. miles), est., 35,371 sq. miles. Population, 1,206,386. 
 See ★ Union of South Africa. 
 
 Natal (na-tal'). A seaport, capital of the state 
 of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, situated on the 
 river Rio Grande do Norte, near its mouth, in 
 lat. 5° 47' S., long. 35° 12' W. Population. 
 16,056. 
 
 Natalie (nat'a-le ; F.pron. na-ta-le'). Born May 
 14, 1859. Queen of Milan I. of Servia. she is the 
 daughter of Pierre Ivanovitch Kechko, and married Milan 
 (then prince of Servia) Oct. 17, 1875. In Oct., 1888, her 
 husband procured from the metropolitan Theodosius a 
 divorce which has been pronounced illegal by the Holy 
 Synod, inasmuch as it was granted without consultation 
 with that body. They became reconciled Jan., 1893. 
 
 Natchesail (na-che'san). A linguistic stock of 
 North American Indians, formerly dwelling in 
 Louisiana and Mississippi. They comprised two 
 tribes or confederacies, known as Nachi and Taensa, each 
 of which was composed of a number of subtribes or vil- 
 lages. 
 
 Natchez. An Indian tribe. See Nachi. 
 
 Natchez (nat'ehez ). [From the Indian tribe so 
 named.] A city and the capital of Adams 
 County, Mississippi, situated on the Mississippi 
 in lat. 31° 34' N., long. 91° 23' W. The chief in- 
 dustry is the cotton trade. Fort Rosalie was built here by 
 the French in 1716, destroyed by Natchez Indians in 1729, 
 but soon rebuilt. It passed to the British in 1763, to Spain 
 in 1779, and to the United States in 1798. It was the cap- 
 ital of the Territory (later the State) of Mississippi until 
 1820. Population, 11,791, (1910). 
 
 Natchez, Les. A romance by Chateaubriand, 
 published in 1826. It belongs to the same 
 group with “ Atala” and “Rene.” 
 Natchitoches. See Naculoc. 
 
 Natchitoches (nak-i-tosh'). [From an Indian 
 name.] The chief town of Natchitoches parish, 
 Louisiana, situated on the Red River 103 miles 
 west of Natchez. Population, 2,532, (1910). 
 
 Nath (nath), or El Nath (elnath). [Ar. al-natih, 
 the butter, i. e. the horn.] The second-mag- 
 nitude star ft Tauri, in the tip of the northern 
 horn of the hull. 
 
 Nathan (na'than). [IJeb./a gift.’] A Hebrew- 
 prophet in the time of David, a counselor and 
 reprover of the king. He was the instructor of Solo- 
 mon, and is said to have been his, as well as David’s, his- 
 toriographer. 
 
 Nathanael (na-than'a-el). [Heb., ‘gift of God.’] 
 One of the disciples of Jesus, generally identi- 
 fied with Bartholomew. 
 
 Nathan hen Jechiel (na'than hen yek'i-el). A 
 Jewish scholar (lived in Rome about 1100), 
 compiler of the celebrated Talmudic lexicon 
 “Aruch,” which formed the basis of all later 
 Talmudic dictionaries. 
 
 Nathan der Weise (na'tan der vi'ze). [G., 
 ‘Nathan the Wise.’] A drama by G. E. Les- 
 sing, published in 1779 : so called from the name 
 of its principal character. Its tendency is toward 
 religious tolerance, especially in the episode of the three 
 rings, which was taken from Boccaccio. Nathan is a per- 
 secuted but noble Jew, an ideal character resembling 
 Moses Mendelssohn. 
 
 Nathaniel (na-than'yel), Sir. A curate in 
 Shakspere’s “Love’s Labour ’s Lost.” See 
 extract under Evans, Sir Hugh. 
 
 Natick (na'tik). A town in Middlesex County, 
 Massachusetts, 16 miles west-southwest of Bos- 
 ton. It has manufactures of hoots and shoes. 
 Population, 9,866, (1910). 
 
 National Academy of Design. An organiza- 
 tion in New York city, instituted in 1826 and 
 incorporated in 1828. Its object is the cultivation of 
 the fine aits. The Society of American Artists united 
 with it in 1906. 
 
 National Assembly. In French history, the 
 first of the Revolutionary assemblies, existing 
 from 1789 to 1791. The States-General, elected in 
 1789, were opened May 5, 1789, and in June the third es- 
 tate assumed the title of National Assembly and absorbed 
 the two remaining estates. Its chief work was the forma- 
 tion of the constitution, whence it is also called the Con- 
 stituent Assembly. The legislatures organized in France 
 in 1848 (after the February revolution) and in 1871 (after 
 the overthrow of the second empire) are also known as 
 National Assemblies. 
 
 National Cemetery. A cemetery at Arlington, 
 Virginia, 3 miles from Washington, District of 
 Columbia. It contains the graves of many thousand 
 Union soldiers who died in the Civil War (1861-65). 
 
 National Convention. In French history, the 
 sovereign assembly which sat from Sept. 21, 
 1792, to Oct. 26, 1795, and governed France after 
 abolishing royalty. 
 
National Covenant 
 
 National Covenant. In Scottish history, the 
 bond or engagement, subscribed in 1638, based 
 upon the covenant or oath for the observance 
 of the Confession of Faith drawn up in 1581 
 (preceded by a similar one in 1557), which was 
 signed and enjoined upon all his subjects by 
 James VI. (afterward James I. of England), 
 and renewed in 1590 and 1596. its object was the 
 maintenance of the Presbyterian or Reformed religion 
 against Romanism, and its immediate cause was the attempt 
 of Charles I. to force a liturgy upon Scotland. At the res- 
 toration of the episcopacy in 1662, the National Covenant 
 and the Solemn League and Covenant were proscribed, 
 and liberty of conscience was not regained until after the 
 revolution of 1688. 
 
 National Gallery. A picture-gallery on the 
 north side of Trafalgar Square, London, found- 
 ed in 1824 by the purchase for the government 
 of the Angerstein collection. The present building 
 was opened in 1838. It was designed by Wilkins, and is in 
 the Grecian style : its facade is about 460 feet in length. 
 The buildings were altered and enlarged in 1860, 1876, 1887, 
 and 1911. Many important collections have been added, 
 among them the Vernon (1847), Turner (1856), and Peel 
 (1871) collections. The Royal Academy of Arts occupied 
 part of the building for a long time previous to its removal 
 to Burlington House in 1869. 
 
 National Institute. See Institute of France. 
 Nationalist Party. In British politics, the Irish 
 arty formed for the advocacy of Home Buie, 
 ee ParnelUte Party. 
 
 National Liberals. In German politics, a party 
 which, before the creation of the German Em- 
 pire in 1871, advocated, along with progressive 
 measures of reform, the completion of govern- 
 mental unity in Germany. After that time until 
 1879 it embraced those persons who, though of liberal 
 antecedents, continued in support of the later policy of 
 Bismarck. Since the separation of the anti-protectionist 
 members (Secessionists) in 1880, the strength of the party 
 in the Reichstag has been greatly diminished. 
 
 National Party. In United States history, a 
 name of the Greenback-Labor party. 
 
 Nations, Battle of the. A name given to the 
 battle of Leipsic, Oct. 16, 18, and 19, 1813, where 
 the French, Prussians, Austrians, Russians, 
 Swedes, Saxons, etc., were represented. See 
 Leipsic. 
 
 Nativity, Convent of the. See Bethlehem. 
 Nativity, On the Morning of Christ’s. A 
 
 hymn or ode by Milton, written in 1629. 
 Natolia. See Anatolia. 
 
 Natty Bumpo or Bumppo. See Leather stocking. 
 Natuna (nii-to'na) Islands. A small group 
 of islands, belonging to the Dutch, situated in 
 the China Sea northwest of Borneo. 
 
 Natural Bridge. An arch of limestone which 
 crosses a small river in Rockbridge County, 
 Virginia, 13 miles southwest of Lexington. 
 Height of arch, 215 feet. Similar bridges exist 
 in Walker County, northern Alabama; in Cali- 
 fornia ; and elsewhere in the United States. 
 Nature and Art. A novel by Mrs. Inchbald, 
 published in 1796. 
 
 Natiirliche Tochter (na-tiir'lich-e toch'ter), 
 Die. [G.,‘ The Illegitimate Daughter.’] A play 
 by Goethe, performed at Weimar, April, 1803. 
 It was to have formed the first part of a trilogy, and relates 
 to the French Revolution and the state of affairs which led 
 to it. 
 
 Naucratis (na'kra-tis). [Gr. Nau<cp<m?.] In an- 
 cient geography, a city in Egypt, situated on 
 the Nile in the Delta, about midway between 
 Cairo and Alexandria, near the modern village 
 of Nebireh. It is believed to have been founded by 
 Milesian colonists not later than the 7th century B. c., 
 and was described by Athenseus and Herodotus as cele- 
 brated for its potters and florists. The site remained un- 
 known till it was discovered by Petrie in 1884. The very 
 extensive and important remains that have been exca- 
 vated, especially under the direction of Petrie and of Gardi- 
 ner, include ruinsof thefaraous Hellenium (a temple owned 
 by the Greeks in common), temples of Zeus, Hera, and 
 Aphrodite (all known in history), and pieces of pottery in 
 great variety and profusion. 
 
 Naude (no-da'), Gabriel. Bom at Paris, 1600: 
 died at Abbeville, France, 1653. AFrench scholar 
 -and librarian, the collector of the Mazarin Li- 
 brary. 
 
 Naudet (no-da'), Joseph. Born at Paris, Dec. 
 8, 1786: died at Paris, Aug. 13, 1878. A French 
 historical scholar. He wrote a history of the Gotldc 
 monarchy in Italy, works on Roman history and adminis- 
 tration, etc. 
 
 Nauen (nou'en). A town in the province of 
 Brandenburg, Prussia, 24 miles west-northwest 
 of Berlin. Population, commune, 8,779. 
 Naufragium Joculare fna-fra'ji-um jok-u-la'- 
 re). [L., ‘ The Merry Shipwreck.'] A Latin 
 academical comedy by Abraham Cowley, acted 
 at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1638. 
 Naugatuck (nA/ga-tuk). A town in New Ha- 
 ven County, Connecticut, situated on Nauga- 
 
 725 
 
 tuck River 15 miles north-northwest of New 
 Haven. Population, 12,722, (1910). 
 
 Nauheim, or Bad Nauheim (had nou'hlm). A 
 small watering-place in the province of Upper 
 Hesse, Hesse, 17 miles north of Frankfort-on- 
 the-Main. It is noted for its salt baths. 
 Naumann (nou'man), Emil. Born at Berlin, 
 Sept. 8, 1827 : died at Dresden, June 23, 1888. 
 A German composer and writer on music, son 
 of M. E. A. Naumann. Among his works is an 
 illustrated history of music. 
 
 Naumann, Johann Friedrich. Born at Zte- 
 bigk, near Kothen, Germany, Feb. 14, 1780 : 
 died there, Aug. 15, 1857. A German ornitholo- 
 gist, professor and inspector of the ornitholo- 
 gical museum of the Duke of Anhalt-Kothen. 
 His chief work is “Naturgeschichte der Vogel Deutsch- 
 lands” (“Natural History of the Birds of Germany,” 
 1820-66). 
 
 Naumann, Johann Gottlieb or Amadeus. 
 
 Born at Blase witz, near Dresden, April 17, 1741: 
 died at Dresden, Oct. 23, 1801. A German com- 
 poser of operas and sacred music. He was a pupil 
 of Tartini at Padua and Padre Martini at Bologna. His 
 chief operas are “Amphion ” (1776), “Cora” (1780),“ Gustav 
 Wasa ” (1780), and “ Orpheus ” (1785). 
 
 Naumann, Karl Friedrich. Born at Dresden, 
 May 30, 1797 : died there, Nov. 26, 1873. A Ger- 
 man mineralogist and geologist, son of J. G. 
 Naumann. He wa3 professor of mineralogy and geog- 
 nosy at Leipsic 1842-71. He wrote “Lehrbucb der Geog* 
 nosie ” (“ Manual of Geognosy," 1850-53), etc. 
 
 Naumann, Moritz Ernst Adolf. Born at Dres- 
 den, Oct. 7, 1798: died at Bonn, Prussia, Oct. 
 19, 1871. A German physician, son of J. G. 
 Naumann. He was professor at Bonn front 1828. His 
 works include “Handbuch der mediziuischen Klinik ” 
 (1829-39), etc. 
 
 Naumburg(noum'b5rG),orNaumburg-on-the- 
 Saale (zii'le). A city in the province of Sax- 
 ony, Prussia, situated on the Saale 27 miles 
 southwest of Leipsic. It has trade in wine, etc. The 
 chief building is the cathedral. Itwas governed by bish- 
 ops from the 11th to the 16th century, and passed from 
 Saxony to Prussia in 1815. Population, commune, 25,057. 
 Naupactus. See Lepanto. 
 
 Nauplia (na'pli-a), Venetian Napoli di Roma- 
 nia (na'po-le de ro-ma-ne'a). [Gr. Nat>7rA/a.] 
 A seaport in the nomarchy of Argolis and Cor- 
 inth, Greece, situated at the head of the Gulf 
 of Nauplia, 25 miles south by west of Corinth. 
 It was the port of the ancient Argos, and was 
 the seat of the Greek government 1824-34. 
 Population, town, 5,404; commune, 12,176. 
 Nauplia, Gulf of, or Argolic (ar-gol'ik) Gulf. 
 An arm of the riCgean Sea, east of the Pelopon- 
 nesus, Greece : the ancient Argolicus Sinus. 
 Length, about 30 miles. 
 
 Nausa. See Niagusta. 
 
 Nauset (na'set). [PI. , also Nausetts.] A tribe 
 of North American Indians, which once lived 
 in the eastern part of Barnstable County, Mas- 
 sachusetts. They were subject in historic times to the 
 Wampanoags, and early lost their identity. 
 
 Nausett Beach (na'set bech). A long beach 
 on the eastern coast of Cape Cod, southeastern 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Naushon (na-shon'). The largest of the Eliza- 
 beth Islands, situated northwest of Martha’s 
 Vineyard, Massachusetts. 
 
 Nausicaa (na-sik'a-a). [Gr. Nami/cda.] In the 
 Odyssey, the daughter of Alcinous, king of the 
 Phseacians. 
 
 Nauvoo (na-vo'). A city in Hancock County, 
 Illinois, situated on the Mississippi 42 miles 
 north of Quincy. It was founded in 1840 by the Mor- 
 mons, who were expelled in 1846. It was the seat of the 
 Icarian community 1850-57. Population, 1,020, (1910). 
 
 Navajo (nav'a-hd), or Tennai (the name used 
 by themselves). [Origin of the name doubtful.] 
 The leading tribe of the southern division of 
 the Athapascan stock of North American Indi- 
 ans. Since first known they have occupied the country 
 on and south of the San .Tuan River in northern New Mex- 
 ico and Arizona, and extended into Colorado and Utah. 
 They were surrounded on all sides by the cognate Apache 
 tribes, except on the north, where they met the tribes of 
 the Shoshonean family. At present the Navajo are on the 
 reservation bearing tUeir name in New Mexico and Ari- 
 zona. They number about 25,000. See A thapascan. 
 
 Naval Academy, United States. An institu- 
 tion for the training of naval officers, situated 
 at Annapolis, Maryland, under government 
 control. It was founded in 1845 through the efforts of 
 George Bancroft, then secretary of the navy. The number 
 of midshipmen is two for each senator, representative, and 
 delegate in Congress, and (appointed by the President) two 
 from the District of Columbia, five each year at large, and 
 one from Porto Rico (nominated by the Governor). The 
 course is four years, followed by two at sea. 
 
 Navan (nav'an). A small town in County 
 Meath, Ireland, situated at the junction of the 
 
 Naxos 
 
 Blackwater and Boyne, 27 miles northwest of 
 Dublin. Population, 3,839. 
 
 Navarete, Juan Fernandez. See Navarrete. 
 Navarino (na-va-re'nd), or Neocastro (na-o- 
 kas'tro), or Pylos (pe'los). A small seaport in 
 the nomarchy of Messenia, Greece, situated on 
 the Bay of Navarino in lat. 36° 54' N., long. 21° 
 43' E. 
 
 Navarino, Battle of. A battle fought Oct. 20, 
 1827, in which the English, French, and Rus- 
 sian fleets, united for the protection of Greece, 
 entering the harbor of Navarino under the com- 
 mand of Codrington, annihilated the Turkish- 
 Egyptian fleet. 
 
 Navarino, Bay of. A small bay west of Mes- 
 senia, Greece. 
 
 Navarra y Rocafull (na-var'ra e ro-ka-fol'), 
 Melchor de, Duke of La Palata. Born in Ara- 
 gon : died at Porto Bello, Isthmus of Panama, 
 April 13, 1691. A Spanish administrator. He 
 was vice-chancellor of Aragon and president of the royal 
 council during the minority of Charles II. From Nov. 20, 
 1681, to Aug. 15, 1689, he was viceroy of Peru. 
 
 Navarre (na-var'; F. pron. na-var'), Sp. Na- 
 varra (na-var'ra). 1. An ancient kingdom 
 which comprised the modem province of Na- 
 varre in Spain and part of the department of 
 Basses-Pyr6ndes in France. It arose about 900, and 
 under Sanc’ho the Great (1000-1035) comprised also Aragon 
 and Castile. On his death his dominions — Navarre, Castile, 
 etc.— were separated. Navarre was later united to Ara- 
 gon, and later still to France, from which it was separated 
 in 1328. The part south of the Pyrenees was acquired by 
 Spain in 1513. The part north of the Pyrenees was united 
 with France under its king, Henry IV„ in 1589. 
 
 2. A province of Spain. Capital, Pamplona. It 
 is bounded by France on the north, Huesca and Saragossa 
 on the east, Saragossa on the south , Logrofio on the south- 
 west, and Alava and Guipuzcoa on the west. The surface 
 is generally mountainous. Area, 4,055 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 307,669. 
 
 Navarrete (na-var-ra'ta). A place near Lo- 
 groho, in Spain, from which the battle of Ndjera 
 is sometimes named. 
 
 Navarrete, Domingo Fernandez. Born in 
 Spain about 1610 : died in Santo Domingo, 1689. 
 A Spanish missionary, author of a work on China 
 (“ Tratados historicos,” etc., 1676). He was arch- 
 bishop of Santo Domingo from 1678. There is an English 
 translation of his book in Churehill’s “Voyages.” 
 
 Navarrete, or Navarete, Juan Fernandez, 
 
 surnamed El Mudo (‘The Mute’). Born at 
 Logrono, Spain, 1526 : died about 1579. A Span- 
 ish painter of religious subjects. 
 
 Navarrete, Martin Fernandez de. Born at 
 Avalos, Logrono, Nov. 8, 1765: died at Madrid, 
 Oct. 8, 1844. A Spanish naval officer and his- 
 torian. He attained the rank of captain in 1796, and sub- 
 sequently held high ofiices in the department of ma- 
 rine. In 1789-92 he was commissioned to collect docu- 
 ments relating to the history of the Spanish navy. From 
 1823 he was director of the hydrographic department, and 
 from 1824 director of the Madrid Academy of History. His 
 principal works are “ Coleccion de los viages y descubri- 
 mientosquehicieron pormar los Espafioles desde fines del 
 siglo XV., etc.” (7 vols. 1825-65), and “Biblioteca marf- 
 tima espafiola” (posthumous, 1851). He planned and ed- 
 ited the first 4 volumes of the great collection of docu- 
 ments relating to Spanish history. During his later years 
 he was a peer and senator. 
 
 Navarro, Mrs. See Anderson, Mary Antoinette. 
 Navas de Tolosa (na'vas da to-lo'sii). A small 
 village in the province of Jaen, southern Spain, 
 43 miles north by east of Jaen. it is famous for 
 the victory gained there, July 16, 1212, by the allied Chris- 
 tian forces of Spain over the Almohades under Mohammed, 
 followed by the breaking up of the Moorish empire in 
 Spain. 
 
 Navesink (nav'e-singk), or Neversink (nev'- 
 er-singk), Highlands of. A range of hills on 
 the eastern coast of New Jersey, near Sandy 
 Hook. 
 
 Navez (na-va'), Francois Joseph. Born at 
 Charleroi, Belgium, 1787 : died in 1869. A Bel- 
 gian painter. He studied at Paris with David. He 
 was director of the Royal Academy of Beaux Arts at Brus- 
 sels, and professor of paintiug there, and also at the Ecole 
 Normale. Among his pictures are “ Ilagar in the Desert,” 
 “Meeting of Isaac and Rebecca,” “Resurrection of Laza- 
 rus,” etc. 
 
 Navidad, La. See La Navidad. 
 
 Navigators’ Islands. See Samoan Islands. 
 Nawanagar. See Nowanagar. 
 
 Naxera. See Ndjcra. 
 
 Naxos (nak'sos), or Naxia (nak-se'a). [Gr. 
 Naf<5f.] 1. An island in the HDgean Sea, be- 
 longing to the Cyclades, Greece, intersected by 
 lat. 37° N., long. 25° 30' E. It is the largest and most 
 fertile of the Cyclades, and is celebrated for its wine. It 
 was a member of the Confederacy of Delos, and revolted, 
 but was subdued by Athens about 467 B. o. Near it Athens 
 won a naval victory over Sparta 376 B. 0. It was conquered 
 by the Venetians in 1207, and was the center of a duchy 
 until 1666. Area, 104 squaro miles. Population, 10,- 
 694. 
 
Naxos 
 
 2. The chief town of the island of Naxos, situ- 
 ated on the northwestern coast. 
 
 Naxos, or Naxus (nak'sus). In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a seaport in Sicily, 26 miles northeast of 
 Catania. It was the earliest Greek colony in Sicily 
 (founded by Chalcis in 735 B. c.), and was destroyed by Dio- 
 nysius 403 B. C. 
 
 Naxos, Duchy of. A Latin duchy founded by 
 a V enetian in 1207. It comprised Naxos and other isl- 
 ands in the /Egean Sea. It was formally annexed by Tur- 
 key in 1579. 
 
 Nayarit (na-ya-ret'). A mountainous region of 
 western Mexico, long forming the northern part 
 of the state of Jalisco, but now included in the 
 territory of Tepic. 
 
 Nayarits (na-ya-rets'), or Coras (ko'ras). A 
 tribe of Mexican Indians in the mountainous 
 region of the territory of Tepic, between Zaca- 
 tecas and the Pacific. They belong to the Sonoran 
 stock, are agriculturists and intelligent and bold warriors, 
 and are passionately attached to independence. They were 
 conquered by the Spaniards only in 1722, after a war of 20 
 years; and, though they subsequently received missionaries 
 and government officers, they remained practically free. 
 In 1873 they rebelled under Manuel Losada. They still 
 number at least 30,000. 
 
 Nayler (na'ler), or Naylor (na'lor), James. 
 Born at Ardsley, Yorkshire, 1617 (?): died iu 
 Huntingdonshire, 1660. A Puritan fanatic. He 
 
 served as quartermaster in the Parliamentary army in 1G42, 
 and in 1(351 became a Quaker. Under the delusion that he 
 was a reincarnation of Christ, he entered Bristol Oct., 
 1656, on horseback, in imitation of Christ’s entry into Je- 
 rusalem. On Dec. 16, 1656, he was convicted of blasphemy 
 by Parliament. The punishment to which he was sub- 
 jected brought about a public confession in 1659. 
 
 Nazarene (naz-a-ren'). All inhabitant of Naz- 
 areth, a town in Galilee, Palestine : a name 
 given (in contempt) to Jesus (with the definite 
 article), and to the early converts to Christian- 
 ity (Acts xxiv. 5) ; hence, a Christian. 
 Nazarenes (naz-a-renz'). A sect of Jewish 
 Christians which continued to the 4th century. 
 They observed the Mosaic ritual, and looked for a millen- 
 nium on earth. Unlike the Ebionites, they believed in the 
 divinity of Christ. See Ebionites. Also Nazareans. 
 
 Nazareth (naz'a-reth), modern En-Nasira (en- 
 na-se'ra). In ancient geography, a town in 
 Galilee, Palestine, in lat. 32° 42' N.,long. 35° 20' 
 E. It is celebrated as the dwelling-place of Jesus during 
 his childhood and early manhood. The Church of the An- 
 nunciation was founded by the empress Helena, but ruined 
 in the middle ages, and rebuilt later. It is well propor- 
 tioned, and, while much of the architecture is new, it pre- 
 serves interesting memorials of the past. In the crypt is 
 the traditional place of the Annunciation. Population, 
 about 11,000. 
 
 Nazareth. A borough in Northampton County, 
 Pennsylvania, 56 miles north of Philadelphia. 
 It is noted for its Moravian academy. Popu- 
 lation, 3,978, (1910). 
 
 Nazarites (naz'a-rits). [From Heb. nasar, sep- 
 arate oneself, vow, abstain.] Among the an- 
 cient Hebrews, religious devotees, set apart to 
 the Lord by a special vow the terms of which 
 are carefully prescribed in Num. vi. They in- 
 cluded entire abstinence from wine and other intoxicating 
 liquors, from all cutting of the hair, aud from all approach 
 to a dead body. The vow might be taken either for a lim- 
 ited period or for life. They first appear in the time of the 
 Philistine oppression. 
 
 Naze (naz), The. A cape at the eastern extrem- 
 ity of Essex, England, projecting into the North 
 Sea 64 miles east-northeast of London. 
 
 Naze (na'ze), The, or Lindesnas (lin'des-nas). 
 A cape at the southern extremity of Norway, 
 projecting into the North Sea in lat. (of light- 
 house) 57° 59' N., long. 7° 3' E. 
 
 Ndombe (ndom'be), or Bandombe (ban-dom'- 
 be). A Bantu tribe of Angola, West Africa, 
 living in a low state of culture along the coast 
 between Benguella and Mossamedes. They 
 are pastoral, and speak a dialect of their own in 
 addition to Umbundu. 
 
 Ndonga (mlong'ga), or Ondonga (on-dong'ga). 
 A country between Hereroland and the Ku- 
 nene and Kubango rivers : a fertile and healthy 
 plateau, called Cimbebasiaby the Catholic mis- 
 sionaries. The inhabitants, of the Bantu race, have no 
 national name. By the Hereros they are called Ovambo, 
 and then- language Otyambo, because they are agricul- 
 turists. Ndonga is the principal tribe, and its dialect, 
 Osbindonga, is used by the whites and by native strangers 
 as a general language. The other tribes are Unkuambi, 
 Ongandyela, Unkualuze, Ombalantu, Ondombozora, Un- 
 kuanyama, Evale, Ekanda, Okazima, and Ombandya. The 
 Ovashimba and Ovarondo are kindred tribes. Total pop- 
 ulation, about 100,000, divided between the German and 
 Portuguese protectorates. Finnish Protestant and French 
 Catholic missions are successful among them. 
 
 Ndongo (ndong'g5). See Ngola. 
 Ndulu(ndo'lo), orOndulu (on-do'lo). A Bantu 
 tribe of Angola, West Africa, settled northeast 
 of Bailundo : ethnically, linguistically, and polit- 
 ically allied with the Ovimbundu. 
 
 726 
 
 Neaera (ne-e'ra). The name of a maiden in 
 classical Latin pastoral poetry. Milton uses the 
 name in “Eycidas,” 1. 69, — 
 
 To sport with Amaryllis in the shade, 
 
 Or with the tangles of Neaera’s hair, — 
 it is thought with reference to a woman loved by the Scot- 
 tish poet Buchanan, to whose golden hair the latter makes 
 frequent reference in his poems. 
 
 Neagh (na ; local pron. na'ach), Lough. A lake 
 in Ulster, Ireland, 13 miles west of Belfast, it 
 is the largest lake in the British Isles. Its outlet is by the 
 Bann into the North Channel. Length, 16 miles. Area, 
 153 square miles. 
 
 Neal (nel), Daniel. Born at London, Dec. 14, 
 1678: died there, April 4, 1743. An English 
 historian. He was educated at the Merchant Taylors' 
 School and at the universities of Utrecht and Leyden. In 
 1706 he settled as an independent clergyman in London. 
 He wrote a “History of New England” (1720), and (his 
 chief work) the “ History of the Puritans ” (1732-38). 
 
 Neal, David Dolloff. Born at Lowell, Mass., 
 Oct. 20, 1837. An American figure-painter. 
 He studied with Ainmuller and at the Royal Academy at 
 Munich, and later with Alexander Wagner and Piloty. 
 He resides principally at Munich. Among his works are 
 “The First Meeting of Mary Stuart and Rizzio ” (1876), “ Oli- 
 ver Cromwell visits John Milton ” (1883). 
 
 Neal, John. Born at Portland, Maine, Aug. 25, 
 1793: died there, June 21, 1876. An American 
 novelist, poet, journalist, and miscellaneous 
 writer. Among his novels are “ Seventy-Six” 
 (1823), “Logan” (1823), and “Down-Easters” 
 (1833). 
 
 Neal, Joseph Clay. Born at Greenland, N. H., 
 Feb. 3, 1807 : died at Philadelphia, July 18, 1847. 
 An American humorist. He edited the “ Pennsyl- 
 vanian ’’ at Philadelphia 1831-44. His works were collected 
 in “ Charcoal Sketches ” (1837 and 1849), and “ Peter Ploddy 
 and other Oddities” (1844). 
 
 Neale (nel), John Mason. Born at London, 
 Jan. 24, 1818: died at East Grinstead, England, 
 Aug. 6, 1866. AnEnglishhymnologist and eccle- 
 siastical historian. He was educated at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, and became warden of Sackville College, East 
 Grinstead, in 1846. He belonged to the extreme High- 
 church party ; was inhibited by his bishop for 14 years ; 
 and was burned in effigy in 1857. He founded the sister- 
 hood of St. Margaret. His contributions to modern hym- 
 nology are notable. He wrote “An Introduction to the 
 History of the Holy Eastern Church" (1850), "Mediae- 
 val Hymns and Sequences ” (1851), “ Essays on Liturgiol- 
 ogy "(1863), “Mediaeval Preachers" (1857), “ Hymns of the 
 Eastern Church ” (1863), etc. He also tr anslated the me- 
 dieval hymn “ De contemptu mundi ’’ by Bernard of 
 Cluny, in several parts, beginning “Brief life is here our 
 portion," “Jerusalem the Golden," etc. 
 
 Neander (no -an 'der; G. pron. na-an'der), 
 Joachim. Born at Bremen about 1650: died 
 there, 1680. A German hymn-writer. 
 Neander, Johann August Wilhelm (original- 
 ly David Mendel). Born at Gottingen, Jan. 
 16, 1789: died at Berlin, July 14, 1850. A noted 
 German Protestant church historian and theo- 
 logian, of Hebrew descent: professor at Berlin 
 from 1813. His chief work is “ Allgemeine Geschiclite 
 der christliclien Religion und Kirclie ” (“General History 
 of the Christian Religion and Church, ”6 vols. 1825-62). 
 Among his other works are “Geschichte der Piianzung 
 und Leitung der Kirclie durch die Apostel” (1832-33), and 
 “Das Leben Jesu” (“Life of Jesus,” 1837). 
 Neanderthal (na-an'der-tal). A valley between 
 ElberfeldandDusseldorf, in Prussia. Itis noted 
 for the prehistoric skeleton discovered there in 
 1857. 
 
 The celebrated Neanderthal skull (index 72), found near 
 Diisseldorf in 1857, is less human and more simian in char- 
 acter than any other known skull, but is, nevertheless, 
 classed by Hamy and De Quatrefages as belonging to their 
 Canstadt type. Its precise age is doubtful, and it would 
 be unsafe to regard it as the type of a special race, since 
 its characteristics . . . have been occasionally reproduced 
 in modern times. Taylor, Aryans, p. 106. 
 
 Neapolis (ne-ap'o-lis). [Gr. He&TrdTug, new city.] 
 In an cient geography, the name of various cities. 
 (a) The modern Naples. ( b ) In Palestine, Shec- 
 hem or Nablus, (c) In Macedonia, the seaport 
 of Philippi. 
 
 Nearchus (ne-iir'kus). [Gr. Nrap^oc.] Born in 
 Crete : lived in the second h alf of the 4th century 
 B. C. A Macedonian officer, a friend of Alex- 
 ander the Great. He was admiral of the fleet in its 
 voyage from the mouth of the Indus to that of the Eu- 
 phrates, 325-324 B. c. An account of his voyage is given 
 by Arrian in his work on India. 
 
 Neath (neth). A town in Glamorganshire, South 
 Wales, situated on the Neath, near its mouth, 
 7 miles east-northeast of Swansea. It is a manu- 
 facturing and mining center. Population, 
 13,720. 
 
 Nebaioth. See Nabataeans. 
 
 Nebi Yunus (ne-be' yo'nus). 1. A mound on 
 the site of ancient Nineveh, particularly of the 
 palace of Asurbanipal (668-626 b. c.). it de- 
 rives its name from the belief of the Mohammedans that 
 the prophet Jonah is buried there, the supposed site of 
 his tomb being now occupied by a mosque. 
 
 Necho 
 
 2. A place in Palestine, near the village of Hal- 
 hul, which is also supposed to be the site of the 
 tomb of Jonah. 
 
 Nebo (ne'bo). [Assyra-Babyloiiian NaM.~\ One 
 of the principal gods of the Babylonians and 
 Assyrians, son of Merodach (Marduk) and hus- 
 band of Tashmet, the goddess who answers 
 prayer. He was particularly the god of learning, and 
 therefore the patron of the priests and scribes, as he is 
 called the “creator of tablet- writing," the “wise god,” 
 the “god of open ears and wide mind.” His principal 
 sanctuary was Ezida, ‘the eternal house,’ at Borsippa (the 
 temple described by Herodotus as that of Bel); but he had 
 also in the temple of Merodach at Babylon (Esagila) a 
 magnificently adorned chamber. Like Merodach, he was 
 carried in procession through Babylon at the beginning 
 of the year. He is mentioned with Bel ( i . e. Bel-Merodach) 
 in Isa. xlvi. 1. 
 
 Nebo, Mount, modern Jebel Neba (jeb'el na'- 
 ba). In Bible geography, a summit of Abarim, 
 Moab (2,643 feet), 7 miles northeast of the Dead 
 Sea. It was the place of the death of Moses. 
 Nebraska (river). See Platte. 
 
 Nebraska (ne-bras'ka). One of the Western 
 States of the United States of America, extend- 
 ing from lat. 40° to 43° N., and from long. 95° 
 25' to 104° W. Capital, Lincoln; chief city, 
 Omaha. It is bounded by South Dakota (partly sepa- 
 rated by the Missouri) on the north, Iowa aud Missouri 
 (separated from both by the Missouri) on the east, Kansas 
 and Colorado on the south, and Colorado and Wyoming on 
 the west. It is traversed by the Platte. The surface is 
 rolling. The State is especially fertile in the east. The 
 chief industries are agriculture and grazing. It is one of 
 the leading States in the production of corn. It has 90 
 counties, sends 2 senators and 6 representatives to Con- 
 gress, and has 8 electoral votes. It formed part of the 
 Louisiana Purchase and of Missouri Territory ; was settled 
 at Bellevue in 1847 ; was made a Territory in 1854 (includ- 
 ing portions of the present North and South Dakotas, Mon- 
 tana, Wyoming, and Colorado) ; and was admitted to the 
 Union in 1867. The name is from that of the river. Area, 
 77,510 square miles. Population, 1,192,214, (1910). 
 Nebraska City. The capital of Otoe County, 
 Nebraska, situated on the Missouri 40 miles 
 south of Omaha. Population, 5,488, (1910). 
 Nebuchadnezzar (neb' / u-kad-nez'ar), or Neb- 
 uchadrezzar (-rez'ar). [Babylonian Nabu- 
 lmduri-ugur, Nebo protect the boundary.] King 
 of Babylonia 605-562 B. C., the chief ruler of the 
 Neo-Babylonian empire, and one of the great- 
 est monarchs of the ancient world. He distin- 
 guished himself as a general, while still crown prince, in 
 the battle of Carchemish (which see) against the Egyptian 
 king Necho in 605. On his return from this campaign his 
 father, Nabopolassar, died, and he was proclaimed king. 
 His conquest of Jerusalem and Judea is described under 
 Babylonian Captivity. Tyre he took after a siege of 13 
 years(585-572). He invaded Egypt in 572, defeated Hophra 
 (Apries), and set Amasis on the throne in his place : an 
 inscription of Nebuchadnezzar informs us that four years 
 afterward he had to subdue a rebellion of Amasis. Un- 
 like most of the Assyrian conquerors, Nebuchadnezzar 
 devoted his energies to the consolidation of his empire. 
 The mighty canals and walls with which he surrounded 
 Babylon, his magnificent palace (now represented by the 
 ruins of al-Kasr, ‘the castle’), the so-called “hanging 
 gardens of Semlramis” which he had constructed for his 
 Median wife Amytis (Amitu), his restoration of many tem- 
 ples, especially Esagila in Babylon and Ezida in Borsippa, 
 are described in the article Babylon. A full description 
 of the buildings he carried out is given by himself in a 
 long inscription comprising 620 lines. There is no men- 
 tion in the cuneiform inscriptions of Nebuchadnezzar’s in- 
 sanity as related in the Book of Daniel (iv. 26 ff.), but it has a 
 certain parallel in the narrative of Abydenus (preserved by 
 Eusebius), according to which the king once ascended the 
 citadel of his palace and, inspired by a god, announced 
 the fall of his empire. 
 
 Nebushazban (neb-u-shaz'ban). [Babylonian 
 Nabu-sesib-anni, Nebo preserve me.] The name 
 of the captain of the eunuchs of Nebuchad- 
 nezzar, mentioned in Jer. xxxi x. 13. 
 Nebuzaradan (neb-u-zar'a-dan). [Babylonian 
 Nabu-zer-iddina, Nebo lias given offspring.] 
 The captain of the body-guard of Nebuchad- 
 nezzar who in 586 B. C. was left by him in Judea 
 to finish the work of destruction, and, accord- 
 ing to Jer. lii. 30, came in 582 again to Judea 
 and carried away 745 more Judean captives. 
 Necbes (neeh'ez) River. A river in eastern 
 Texas which flows into Sabine Lake. Length, 
 about 350 miles. 
 
 Necbo II. (ne'ko), or Neku (ne'ko). An Egyp- 
 tian king of the 26th dynasty (about 610-595 or 
 599 B. C.), son of Psammetichus I. He defeated Jo- 
 siah at Megiddo about 609, and was defeated by Nebuchad- 
 nezzar at Carchemish about 605. He sent a Phenician ex- 
 pedition to circumnavigate Africa. 
 
 In B. o. 609 or 608 Neco, the son of Psamatik I., having 
 recently ascended the Egyptian throne, made an expedi- 
 tion into Syria with the object of re-attaching to Egypt 
 the entire tract between the “Torrens -Egypt i " and the 
 Euphrates. At first success crowned his efforts : Josiah, 
 king of Judah, who had ventured to oppose him, was de- 
 feated and slain at Megiddo ; Palestine was conquered 
 and placed under a tributary king (Jehoiakim) ; Syria was 
 overrun, and the Egyptian dominion established over the 
 entire region extending northward from Egypt to Amanus, 
 and eastward to the Euphrates and Carchemish. This 
 
Necho 
 
 tract remained under the government of Neco for three 
 years (B. C. 608-605). Phoenicia must have submitted her- 
 self. Rawlinson, Phoenicia, p. 165. 
 
 Nechtansmere (nech'tanz-mer). A place near 
 Dunnichen. Forfarshire, Scotland. Here, in 685, 
 the Piets totally defeated the Northumbrians under Eg- 
 frith. 
 
 Neckar (nek'kar). A river in Wiirtemberg and 
 Baden: the Roman Nicer, it is one of the chief 
 tributaries of the Ithine, which it joins at Mannheim, and 
 is noted for its romantic scenery and for the production 
 of wines in its valley. Heidelberg and Tubingen are on it. 
 length, 222 miles ; navigable for large craft to Heilbronn. 
 
 Neckar. On e of the four circles of Wiirtemberg, 
 situated in the northwestern part. Area, 1,286 
 square miles. Population, 811,478. 
 
 Necker (nek'er; F. pron. na-kar'), Jacques. 
 Born at Geneva, Sept. 30, 1732: died at Cop- 
 pet, Switzerland, April 9, 1804. A French 
 statesman and financier. He was for a time a banker 
 at Paris; became director of the treasury in 1776, and di- 
 rector-general of the finances in 1777 ; resigned in 1781 ; 
 was recalled to office in 1788 ; convened the States-General 
 in 1789 ; was dismissed July 11, 1789 ; was recalled in 1789 ; 
 and finally resigned in Sept., 1790. He published “Compte 
 rendu' 1 (1781), “I/Administration de Necker” (1791), 
 “Du pouvoir exdcutif” (1792), “De la revolution fran- 
 Caise ” (1796), etc. 
 
 Necker, Madame (Susanne Curchod). Born 
 at Crassier, Switzerland, 1739 : died at Coppet, 
 Switzerland, May, 1794. The wife of J. Necker, 
 and a leader in literary circles. She was at one 
 time engaged to the historian Gibbon. 
 
 Neckham (nek'am), Alexander. Born at St. 
 Albans, Herts, Sept., 1157: died at Kempsey, 
 Worcestershire, 1217. An English scholar, fos- 
 ter-brother of Richard I. He was educated at St. 
 Albans. In 1180 he was distinguished as a professor at 
 Paris ; in 1188 he became an Augustinian canon at Ciren- 
 cester; and in 1213 he was elected abbot. He wrote sci- 
 entific and grammatical treatises, Latin poems, theological 
 works, commentaries on Aristotle, etc. His name was 
 punned upon as Nequam . 
 
 Necklace, Diamond. See Diamond Necklace 
 Affair. 
 
 Neco. See Necho. 
 
 Nedenas, or Nedenes (na/de-nas). A province 
 in southern Norway. Area, 3,609 square 
 miles. Population, 79,935. 
 
 Nedim (ne-dem'). See the extract. 
 
 During the reign of Ahmed III. (1703-1730) flourished 
 Nedim, the greatest of all the poets of the old Ottoman 
 school. Nedim has a style that is entirely his own : it is 
 altogether unlike that of any of his predecessors, whether 
 Persian or Turkish, and no one has ever attempted to 
 copy it. Through his ghazels, which are written with the 
 most finished elegance in words of the truest harmony, 
 sings a tone of sprightly gaiety and joyous lighthearted- 
 ness, such as is not to be found in any other poet of his 
 nation. His numerous kasidas, while they are more 
 graceful, are hardly less brilliant than those of Nef’I, and 
 are at the same time in truer taste and less burdened with 
 obscure and far-fetched conceits. Little is known re- 
 garding his life, save that he resided at Constantinople, 
 where the Grand Vezir, Ibrahim Pasha, appointed him 
 custodian of the library which he had founded, and that 
 he was still alive in 1727. Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 318. 
 
 Nedjed (ned'jed), or Nejd (nejd). A large re- 
 gion in central Arabia, lying between Shomer 
 on the north and Dahna on the south. The sur- 
 face is generally a plateau. It is inhabited chiefly by 
 Wahhabees. See Arabia. 
 
 Ned Myers. A novel by Cooper, published in 
 1843. 
 
 Needham (ned'am). A town in Norfolk County, 
 Massachusetts, il miles west-southwest of Bos- 
 ton. Population, 5,026, (1910). 
 
 Needles (ne ' dlz), The. A group of three 
 pointed rocks in the English Channel, west of 
 the Isle of Wight. 
 
 Neefe (na'fe), Christian Gottlieb. Born at 
 Chemnitz, Feb. 5, 1748: died Jan. 26, 1798. A 
 German musician. His principal claim to notice is 
 that he was the instructor of Beethoven at Bonn. 
 
 Neenah (ne'nil). A city in Winnebago County, 
 Wisconsin, situated on Fox River 12 miles 
 north of Oshkosh. Population, 5,734, (1910). 
 
 Neer (nar), Aart van der. Bom about 1619: 
 •died after 1692. A Dutch landscape-painter. 
 
 Neer, Eglon Hendrik van der. Born at Am- 
 sterdam, 1643: died at Diisseldorf, Prussia. 
 May 3, 1703. A Dutch painter, son of Aart van 
 der Neer. 
 
 Neerwinden (nar'vin-den). A village in the 
 province of Li&ge, Belgium, 31 miles east by 
 south of Brussels. It is noted for two battles : here, 
 July 29, 1693, the French under Luxembourg defeated the 
 Allies under William III. of England (this is also called the 
 battle of Landen); and here, March 18, 1793, the Aus- 
 trians under the Prince of Coburg defeated the French 
 under Dumouriez. 
 
 Nees von Esenbeck (nas fon a'zen-bek), Chris- 
 tian Gottfried. Born in the Odenwald, Hesse, 
 Feb. 14, 1776: died at Breslau, Prussia, March 
 16, 1858. A German botanist and zoologist. 
 He became professor of botany at Erlangen in 1818, at 
 
 727 
 
 Bonn in 1819, and at Breslau in 1831. For political rea- 
 sons he was deprived of his office in 1852. Among his 
 works are “Handbuch der Botanik ” (1820-21), and works 
 on entomology, philosophy, etc. 
 
 Nefert (ne'fert). [Egypt., ‘good’ or ‘beauti- 
 ful.’] An Egyptian queen, wife of Amenem- 
 hat II. A life-size statue of her, in black gran- 
 ite, was found inthe ruins of Tanis, Lower Egypt. 
 
 Nefert and Ra-Hotep (ra-ho'tep). Two re- 
 markable statues of earlv Egyptian art, in the 
 museum at Cairo, Egypt. The figures are seated, 
 carved in limestone, painted, and with inlaid eyes of glass 
 and enamel, the effect being strangely lifelike. The prince 
 wears a simple loin-cloth, the princess a close-fitting white 
 garment with an elaborate necklace and a diadem. The 
 statues came from the vestibule of a tomb at Meidum. 
 
 Nefertari (ne-fer-ta'ri) Aahmes. [Egypt., 
 ‘beautiful wife of Aahmes.’] An Egyptian 
 queen, wife of Aahmes I. Her mummy-case, “one 
 of the largest and most magnificent ever discovered," is 
 in the museum at Cairo. 
 
 Not only in the rock-caves of Thrall and Massaarah, oppo- 
 site to Memphis, butalso on a number of public monuments 
 in the interior of the sepulchral chambers of the Theban 
 Necropolis, has the name of this queen been preserved, 
 surrounded by laudatory inscriptions. Long after her de- 
 cease, this great ancestress of the New Empire was ven- 
 erated as a divine being, and her image was placed beside 
 those of the eternal inhabitants of the Egyptian heaven. 
 
 Brugsch, Egypt under the Pharaohs, p. 131. 
 
 Nefi (nef'e). See the extract. 
 
 During the reign of Ahmed I. (1603-1607), arose the sec- 
 ond great light of old Turkish poetry. This was Nef’i 
 of Erzerum, who is as much esteemed for the brilliancy of 
 his kasidas, or eulogies, as Fuzuli is for the tenderness of 
 his ghazels. Like him, he elaborated a style for himself, 
 which found many imitators, the most successful of whom 
 was Sabri. Unfortunately for himself, Nef’i was an able 
 satirist: his scathing pen drew down upon him the enmity 
 of certain great men, who prevailed upon Sultan Murad 
 IV. to sanction his execution (1635). 
 
 Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 315. 
 
 Negapatam (neg-a-pa-tam'). A seaport in the 
 district of Tanjore, Madras, British India, situ- 
 ated in lat. 10° 45' N., long. 79° 51' E. Popu- 
 lation, 57,190. 
 
 Negaunee (ue-ga'ne). A city in Marquette 
 County, Upper Michigan, 11 miles west-south- 
 west of Marquette. It is the center of an iron- 
 mining district. Population, 8,460, (1910). 
 
 Negley (neg'li), James Scott. Bom Dec. 22, 
 1826: died Aug. 7, 1901. An American general 
 in the Civil War. He defeated the Confederates at 
 Lavergne, Tennessee, Oct. 7, 1862, and took part in the 
 battle of Chickamauga. 
 
 Negrier (na-gre-a'), Francois Oscar de. Bom 
 
 at Belfort, 1839. A French general, distin- 
 guished in the operations in Tongking and 
 Annam 1885. 
 
 Negritos (ne-gre 'toz). A diminutive dark- 
 skinned negro-like race found in the Philippine 
 Islands (of which they seem to have been the 
 original inhabitants), and in New Caledonia, 
 etc., according to some authorities. The average 
 height of the Negritos of the Philippine Islands is about 
 4 feet 8 inches. Also Negrillos. 
 
 Negro, Rio. See Rio Negro. 
 
 Negro race. A race of which the physical char- 
 acteristics are a large and strong skeleton, long 
 and thick skull, prognathic jaws, skin from dark 
 brown to black, woolly hair, thick lips, and a 
 broad and flattened nose. It occupies in a compact 
 mass the African continent south of the Sahara. The brown 
 races of South Africa, the pygmies of central Africa, and 
 the red-brown races of Sudan, who live in the same area, 
 are comparatively few in number, or are intimately mixed 
 with the negro race. There is no racial difference between 
 the Bantu, speaking languages derived from one mother 
 tongue, and the negroes of Upper Guinea and the Sudan, 
 who speak unconnected languages ; nor is there much dif- 
 ference in customs. The non-Bantu languages of the Up- 
 per Guinea and Sudan negroes are called, in this work, the 
 Nigritic branch, and this word is also applied to the tribes. 
 The negroes of North, Central, and South America have 
 been deported from Africa. The Papuans and Nigritos of 
 Australasia, having all or most of the characteristics of the 
 African negroes, are classed by some with these, by some 
 apart. See African ethnography and languages (under 
 Africa'), Bantu, and Hottentot-Bushmen. 
 
 Negropont. The modern name of Euboea. 
 
 Negros (na'gros). One of the Philippine Islands, 
 situated north of Mindanao. Length, about 130 
 miles. Population, 460,776 
 
 Nehavend (na-hii-vend'). A place in Persia, 
 50 miles south of Hamadan, noted for the bat- 
 tle of 641 (642 ?), in which the Saracens totally 
 defeated the Persians and overthrew the Per- 
 sian kingdom. 
 
 Nehemiah (ne-he-mi'a). [Heb., ‘comforted by 
 Yahveh.’] A Hebrew cup-bearer of Artaxerxes 
 Longimanus of Persia, appointed governor of 
 Judea 444 B. C. He rebuilt the walls of Jerusalem, and 
 restored the national worship. The authorship of a part 
 of the Book of Nehemiah is ascribed to him. 
 
 Nehemiah, Book of. A book of the Old Testa- 
 ment, written probably in part by Nehemiah. 
 See the extract. 
 
 Neleus 
 
 The book of Nehemiah, or, as we have now learned to 
 call it, in accordance with the Hebrew usage, the joint 
 book of Ezra and Nehemiah, which in all probability was 
 also one book with Chronicles, carries down the list of 
 high priests as far as Jaddua, who was in office at the 
 time of Alexander (Neh. xii. 11). The book, therefore, 
 was written, at the earliest, at the very end of the Persian 
 period, though it incorporates earlier documents, such as 
 the autobiography of Ezra and the memoir of Nehemiah. 
 
 W. R. Smith, 0. T. in the Jewish Ch., p. 140. 
 
 Neher (na'her), Bernhard von. Born at Bibe - 
 rack, Wiirtemberg, Jan. 16, 1806: died at Stutt- 
 gart, J an. 17, 1886. A German historical painter. 
 
 Neidhart von Reuenthal (nit'hart fon roi'en- 
 tal). Place and date of birth unknown: died 
 at Vienna, date unknown. A Middle High Ger- 
 man lyric poet of the 13th century. He was a Ba- 
 varian knight, took part in the crusade of Leopold II. of 
 Austria 1217-19, and subsequently lived at Vienna at the 
 court of Duke Frederick. His principal poems are dance- 
 songs. He is the founder of the popular lyric poetry of 
 the courts — poetry, namely, that found its material in the 
 rude life and manners of the peasants, who were held up 
 to the ridicule of the nobles. His poems were published 
 at Leipsic in 1858. 
 
 Neilgherry Hills. See Nilgiri Hills. 
 
 Neill (nel), Edward Duffield. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, Aug. 9, 1823: died at St. Paul, Minn. 
 Sept. 26, 1893. An American historian. His works 
 include “English Colonization of America” (1871) and 
 other works on American colonial history, “Concise His- 
 tory of Minnesota ” (1887), etc. 
 
 Neilson (nel'son), Lilian Adelaide. Born at 
 Leeds, Yorkshire, March 3, 1848: died at Paris, 
 France, Aug. 15, 1880. A noted English actress. 
 Her real name was Elizabeth Ann Brown, and, her mother 
 having subsequently married a Mr. Bland, she was known 
 as Lizzie Bland. At the age of 17 she made her debut as 
 Juliet. In 1870 she made a conspicuous success as Amy 
 Bobsart in London, and by 1878 she was the acknowledged 
 queen of the English stage. In 1872 she performed for 
 the first time in America at Niblo’s Theater in New York. 
 She made four visits to America, her last appearance there 
 being on May 24, 1880. 
 
 Neilson (nel'son), James Beaumont. Born 
 
 near Glasgow, June 22, 1792: died at Queen’s 
 Hill, Kirkcudbrightshire, Jan. 18, 1865. A Brit- 
 ish engineer and inventor. He invented the use 
 of the hot blast in smelting-furnaces. 
 
 Neipperg (nlp'pero), Count Adam Adalbert 
 von. Born April 8, 1775: died Feb. 22, 1829. An 
 Austrian general and diplomatist. He married 
 Maria Louisa after the death of Napoleon (1821). 
 
 Neisse (nis'se). The name of three rivers of 
 Germany, principally in Silesia, (a) Glatzer Neisse, 
 joining the Oder 35 miles southeast of Breslau. Length, 
 120 miles. (6) Wuthende (‘Furious ’) Neisse, joining the 
 Katzbach below Liegnitz. (e) Lausi tzer or Gorlitzer Neisse, 
 joining the Oder 26 miles south of Fraukfort-on-the-Oder. 
 Length, 140 miles. 
 
 Neisse. A fortified city in the province of Si- 
 lesia, Prussia, situated at the junction of the 
 Biela and Glatzer Neisse, 46 miles south by east 
 of Breslau . It was formerly the capital of an ancient prin- 
 cipality of Neisse ; repulsed the Hussites in 1428 ; was taken 
 by Frederick the Great in 1741, and made a strong fortress ; 
 was unsuccessfully besieged by the Austrians in 1758 ; and 
 was taken by the French June 16, 1807. Population, com- 
 
 • mune, 25,390. 
 
 Neith (ne'ith), or Net (net). [Gr. N i)iQ, Egypt. 
 Net.] In Egyptian mythology, a lofty personi- 
 fication of the female principle, the mother of 
 the 8un, unbegotteu. She was the chief divinity of 
 Sals, single, supreme, and self-producing. She was iden- 
 tified by the Greeks with Athene. She was represented 
 as a woman wearing the crown of Lower Egypt. 
 
 Neiva, or Ney va (na'e-va). A town in the Re- 
 public of Colombia, situated on the Magdalena 
 125 miles southwest of Bogota. Capital of the 
 department of Huila. Pop., about 10,000. 
 
 Nejd. See Nedjed. 
 
 Nekayah, Princess. The sister of Rasselas, in 
 Johnson’s work of that name. 
 
 Nekrassoff, orNekrasoff (nek-ra'sof), Nikolai 
 Alexeivitch. Born in the government of Ya- 
 roslaif, Russia, Nov. 22 (O. S.), 1821: died at 
 St. Petersburg, Dec. 27 (O. S.), 1877. A distin- 
 guished Russian poet. He was educated at the cadet 
 school at St. Petersburg. He was editor of “The Con- 
 temporary ” and “The Annals of the Country.” In 1840 he 
 published “Dreams and Elves, "a small volume of poems, 
 most of which had already appeared in “ The Annals of 
 the Country” and other journals. His poems are pub- 
 lished in 6 volumes. Among them are “ Red-nosed Frost ” 
 (1863), “ To Whom is Life in Russia Worth Living?” (the 
 last canto of which, owing to the censor, was not published 
 till 1881), and “Russian Women.” He was essentially a 
 poet of the people. 
 
 Nelaton (na-la-toh'), Auguste. Born at Paris, 
 June 17, 1807 : died at Paris, Sept. 21, 1873. A 
 noted French surgeon, professor in the medical 
 faculty of the University of Paris 1851-67. His 
 chief work is “ Elements de pathologie chirurgicale ” (“Ele- 
 ments of Surgical Pathology,” 1844-60). 
 
 Neleus (ne'lus). [Gr. N^/lelf.] In Greek my- 
 thology, a son of Poseidon and Tyro, founder 
 and king of Pylus in Messenia. He was the 
 father of Nestor. 
 
Nellore 
 
 Nellore (ne-lor'), or Nellur (ne-lor'). 1. A 
 district in Madras, British India, intersected by 
 lat. 14° 30' N., long. 80° E. Area, 8,761 square 
 miles. Population, 1,496,987. — 2. The capital 
 of the district of Nellore, situated on the Pen- 
 nair 109 miles north by west of Madras. Pop- 
 ulation, 32,040. 
 
 Nelson (nel'son). A name given to the river 
 Saskatchewan in the lower part of its course. 
 
 N elson. A seaport at the northern end of South 
 Island, New Zealand, situated in lat. 41° 15' S., 
 long. 173° 17' E. (lighthouse). Population, 
 7,010. 
 
 Nelson, Horatio, first Viscount Nelson. Born 
 at Bumham-Thorpe, Norfolk, England, Sept. 
 29, 1758: died on board the Victory at Tra- 
 falgar, Oct. 21, 1805. A celebrated English ad- 
 miral. He entered the navy in 1770, and was made post- 
 captain at the age of twenty-one, serving in the American 
 war. At the declaration of war with Trance in 1793, he 
 was made captain of the Agamemnon in the Mediter- 
 ranean, serving first under Lord Hood and afterward 
 under Admiral Hotham. On Feb. 14, 1797, under Admiral 
 Jervis (later Lord St. Vincent), he fought in the battle off 
 Cape St. Vincent. In May, 1798, he was sent by Lord St. 
 Vincent to intercept Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt. In 
 this he failed, but destroyed the French fleet at anchor 
 in the harbor of Abukir, Aug. 1-2. This engagement is 
 called “the battle of the Nile.” He retired to Naples, 
 where he became involved in political complications and 
 in an intrigue with the wife of Sir William Hamilton, 
 British envoy to Naples. In 1800 he returned to England 
 and was made vice-admiral and a peer. The battle of 
 Copenhagen was fought April 2, 1801, in order to destroy 
 the coalition of the northern powers known as the (second) 
 Armed Neutrality. Nelson was made a viscount after 
 Copenhagen. The French fleet under Admiral Villeneuve 
 left Toulon in March, 1805, and sailed to the West Indies 
 with the intention of drawing off the English fleet and 
 returning to support Napoleon’s projected invasion of Eng- 
 land. Nelson followed, and, after Napoleon’s plan had 
 been thwarted bv the hesitancy of Villeneuve, fought the 
 French-Spanish fleet off Cape Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1805. He 
 hoisted the signal “England expects that every man will 
 do his duty ” at the beginning of this fight. 
 
 Nelson, Samuel. Born at Hebron, N. Y., Nov. 
 10, 1792 : died at Cooperstown, N. Y., Dec. 13, 
 1873. An American jurist. He was associate jus- 
 tice of the Supreme Court of the State of New York 1831-37, 
 and chief justice 1837-15: associate justice of the United 
 States Supreme Court 1845-72; and a member of the joint 
 high commission to settle the Alabama claims in 1871. 
 
 Nelson, Thomas. Born at Yorktown, Va., Dec. 
 26, 1738: died in Hanover County, Jan. 4, 1789. 
 An American patriot, signer of the Declaration 
 of Independence in 1776 as delegate to Congress 
 from Virginia. He served in the Revolutionary 
 War, and became governor of Virginia in 1781. 
 Nelson, William. Born at Maysville, Ky., 1825 : 
 killed at Louisville, Ky., Sept. 29, 1862. An 
 American gen er al in the Civil War. He entered the 
 navy in 1840, and was promoted lieutenant-commander in 
 1861. At the beginning of the Civil War he organized 
 camps in Kentucky for mustering Union soldiers. Hewas 
 made brigadier-general in 18G1 ; commanded the second 
 division of Buell’s army at the battle of Shiloh ; and after- 
 ward took command of Louisville. He was made major- 
 general of volunteers in July, 1862. He was shot and killed 
 in an altercation with General Jefferson C. Davis. 
 
 Nelson Monument. A Corinthian column of 
 granite, 145 feet high, on a square pedestal, 
 standing in Trafalgar Square, London, it bears 
 a statue of the admiral, 17 feet high, and on the sides of 
 the pedestal are bronze reliefs portraying his chief exploits. 
 Around the column are placed four colossal reposing lions 
 in bronze, by Landseer. 
 
 NemailSUS (ne-ma'sus). The Roman name of 
 Nimes. 
 
 Nemea (ne'me-ii). [Gr. Nqirca.] In ancient 
 geography, a valley in Argolis, Greece, 11 miles 
 southwest of Corinth. It is noted as the scene of 
 the Nemean games, and in legend as the haunt of the 
 Nemean lion. 
 
 Nemean games (ne'me-an or ne-me'an gamz). 
 One of the four great national festivals of the 
 ancient Greeks (the others being the Olympian, 
 Pythian, and Isthmian games). These games were 
 celebrated at Nemea in the second and fourth years of each 
 Olympiad, near the temple of the Nemean Zeus, some 
 (Doric) columns of which are still standing. According 
 to the mythological story, the games were instituted in 
 memory of the death of the young hero Archemorus or 
 Opheltes by the bite of a serpent, as the expedition of 
 “ the Seven against Thebes ” was passing through the place. 
 The victor’s garland at the Nemean games was made of 
 parsley. 
 
 Nemesianus (ne' 1 'me-si-a'nus), Marcus Aure- 
 lius Olympius. Born probably at Carthage: 
 ’ lived at the close of the 3d century. A Roman 
 poet. Fragments of his ‘‘ Cynegetica” have 
 been edited by Haupt (1838). 
 
 In the time of Cams and his sons, M. Aurelius Olympius 
 Nemesianus of Carthage wrote his didactic poem on the 
 chase (Cynegetica), the first 325 lines of which have come 
 down to us. They exhibit fluency, ease, and command of 
 language in the traditional style, the technique being in 
 the main the same as in the four wordy eclogues by this 
 author, in which he has taken as his pattern Calpurnius’s 
 
 728 
 
 bucolic essay, but proves considerably inferior even to this 
 very mediocre model. 
 
 Teuffeland Schivabe, Hist, of Roman Lit. (tr. by Warr), 
 
 [II. 289. 
 
 Nemesis (nem'e-sis). [Gr. Nf/zfw.] In Greek 
 mythology, a goddess personifying allotment, 
 or the divine distribution to every man of bis 
 precise share of fortune, good and had. It was 
 her especial function to see that the proper proportion of 
 individual prosperity was preserved, and that anyone who 
 became too prosperous, or was too much uplifted by his 
 prosperity, should be reduced or punished : she thus came 
 to be regarded as the goddess of divine retribution. Some- 
 times Nemesis was represented as winged and with the 
 wheel of fortune, or borne in a chariot drawn by griffins, 
 and confounded with Adrasteia, the goddess of the inevi- 
 table. 
 
 Nemesius (ne-me'si-us). [Gr. Nqufcrtof.] Lived 
 in the last part of the 4th century. A theo- 
 logian, bishop of Emesa : author of a Greek 
 treatise “On the Nature of Man.” 
 
 Nemetes (ne-me'tez). [L. (Csssar) Nemetes, 
 Gr. (Ptolemy) N of Gallic origin.] A 
 German tribe, first mentioned by Caesar as in 
 the army of Ariovistus. They were situated at 
 the left side of the middle Rhine, east of the Vosges, in 
 the region about Spires, where they still remained after the 
 defeat of Ariovistus (B. C. 58). They were probably merged 
 ultimately in the Alamanni. 
 
 Nemi (na'me), Lake of. A small lake 17 miles 
 southeast of Rome, noted for its beauty: the 
 ancient Lacus Nemorensis. It is an extinct 
 crater in the Alban Mountains. 
 
 Nemo(ne'mo). [L., ‘no one.’] The signature of 
 Hablot Knight Browne to the first two plates 
 illustrating the “Pickwick Papers,” which he 
 afterward changed to “ Phiz.” 
 
 Nemours (ne-rnor'). A town in the department 
 of Seine-et-Marne, France, on the Loing 45 miles 
 south-southeast of Paris. Population, 5,087. 
 Nemours, Due de (Gaston de Foix). Born in 
 1489 : died April 11, 1512. A celebrated French 
 general. He was the son of Jean de Foix, vicomte de 
 Narbonne, and Marie d’Orl4ans, sister of Louis XII. He 
 was created duo de Nemours in 1505. In 1512 lie con- 
 ducted a brilliant campaign against the Spaniards in Italy, 
 and was killed in the pursuit after a great victory won by 
 him at Ravenna, April 11, 1512. 
 
 Nemours, Due de (Prince Louis Charles Phi- 
 lippe Raphael d’Orleans) . Born at Paris, Oct. 
 25, 1814 : died, at Versailles, June 25, 1896. The 
 second son of Louis Philippe. He served as gen- 
 eral in the French army, ami took part in the expedi- 
 tions against Constantine (Algeria) 1836-37. From 1348 
 to 1870 he lived iu England, and from 1870 to 1886 in 
 France. He was expelled from the army in 1886. He 
 lived subsequently in Belgium. 
 
 Nemours, Edict of. A treaty concluded in ] 585 
 at Nemours, between Henry IH. and the chiefs 
 of the League. 
 
 Nen(neu), orNene (nen). Ariverin the eastern 
 counties of England. It flows into the Wash 9 miles 
 west-northwest of[King's Lynn. Length, 90-100 miles. 
 
 Nena Sahib. See Nana Sahib. 
 
 Menagh (ne'nii; local pron. ne'nach). A town 
 in County Tipperary, Ireland, situated 22 miles 
 northeast of Limerick. Population, 4,7u4. 
 Nennius (nen'i-us). The reputed author of the 
 “Historia Britonum,” written probably in the 
 9th century. 
 
 Neoplatonists (ne-o-i>la'to-msts). [‘NewPla- 
 tonists.’] The believers in a system of phil- 
 osophical and religious doctrines and principles 
 which originated in Alexandria with Ammonius 
 Saccas in the 3d century, and was developed by 
 Plotinus, Porphyry, Iambliehus, Hypatia, Pro- 
 clus, and others in the 3d, 4th, and 5th cen- 
 turies. The system was composed of elements of Plato- 
 nism and Oriental beliefs, and in its later development was 
 influenced by the philosophy of Philo, by Gnosticism, and 
 by Christianity. Its leading representative was Plotinus. 
 His views were popularized by Porphyry and modified in 
 the direction of mysticism by Iambliehus. Considerable 
 sympathy with Neoplatonism in its earlier stages was 
 shown by several eminent Christian writers, especially in 
 Alexandria, such as St. Clement, Origen, etc. The last 
 Neoplatonic schools were suppressed in the 6th century. 
 
 Neoptolemus (ne-op-tol'e-mus), or Pyrrhus 
 (pir'us). [Gr. Neo7rr(5/lE/MC.] In Greek legend, 
 a son of Achilles and Deidameia (or, according 
 to some, Iphigenia) : one of the heroes of the 
 Trojan war. He was one of the hand which was con- 
 cealed in the wooden horse by means of which the city 
 was captured, slew Priam, and married Andromache, the 
 wife of Hector. He was later in Epirus, where he carried 
 off Lanassa, a granddaughter of Hercules, and plundered 
 the temple of Apollo at Delphi. He married Ilermione. 
 At Delphi he was worshiped as a hero, and was said to 
 have protected that shrine from the Goths. 
 Neoptolemus. Killed about 321 b. C. A Mace- 
 donian general in the service of Alexander the 
 Great. 
 
 Neosho (ne-o'sho). A river in southeastern 
 Kansas and Indian Territory, which joins the 
 Arkansas near Fort Gibsou. Length, 300—400 
 miles. 
 
 Nerac 
 
 Neot (ne'ot or net), Saint. A hermit of the 9th 
 century, whose life, written by a monk of the 
 abbey of St. Neot, is thought to have furnished 
 material for the history of Alfred. 
 
 The St. Neot mentioned in this argument was a kinsman 
 of King Alfred’s who, first bred to arms, renounced the 
 the world, taught at Glastonbury, visited Rome, and desir- 
 ing pious solitude became a hermit in the woods of Corn- 
 wall. After seven years he visited the Pope again, returned 
 to his hermitage, converted it into a small monastic house 
 of which he was the first abbot, where also he is said to 
 have been sometimes visited by Alfred, and died in 877. 
 In 974 his bones were carried to the newly-founded mon- 
 astery of St. Neot’s, Huntingdonshire, and after that date 
 his life was written. Hurley, English Writers, II. 295. 
 
 Nepal (ne-pal'), or Nipal (ne-pal'), or Nepaul 
 (ne-pal'). A country in Asia, situated mainly 
 on the southern slope of the Himalaya system. 
 Capital, Khatmandu. It is bounded by Tibet on the 
 north, Sikhim on the east, and British India on the south 
 and west. It is governed by a maharaja and prime minis- 
 ter. The ruling people are the Ghurkas. The religion is 
 Buddhism (blended with Hinduism) and Hinduism. Ne- 
 pal was conquered by the Hindus in the 14th century, and 
 by the Ghurkas in the 18th century, and was at war with 
 the British in 1814-15. Area, about 54,000 square miles. 
 Population, estimated, 4,000,000. 
 
 Nephele (nef'e-le). [Gr. a cloud.] In 
 
 Greek legend, the wife of Athamas and mother 
 of Phrixus and Helle. 
 
 Nephelococcygia (neF'e-lo-kok-sij'i-a). [Gr. 
 
 NEQehoKOKKvyia, Cuckootown-in-the-clouds.] A 
 fictitious city, referred to in the “Birds” by 
 Aristophanes. 
 
 Nepomuk (na'po-mok), Saint John of. Born at 
 Pornuk, Bohemia : thrown into the Moldau in 
 1393 (in legend 1383). A Bohemian ecclesiastic, 
 patron saint of Bohemia. 
 
 Nepos (ne'pos), Cornelius. Born probably at 
 Verona, Italy : lived in the 1st century b. c. A 
 Roman historian, a friend of Cicero. See the 
 extract. 
 
 His life may be said to fall between 655/99 and 730/24. 
 Besides erotic poems, three books of Chronica were his 
 earliest work, but he seems also to have written a geo- 
 graphical treatise. His other writings show that he was 
 influenced by Varro, for they were directed to the history 
 of manners and customs and had a biographical and moral 
 tendency. In this way he wrote five books of Exempla, 
 and the elaborate biographies of Cato the Elder and Ci- 
 cero, and especially his last and most comprehensive work, 
 “De virisillustribus,”inatleast sixteen hooks, in which the 
 lives of Romans and foreigners were placed iu parallel 
 juxtaposition. Thepartsof it which we possess, the work 
 “De excellentibusducibus exterarum gentium, "and the bi- 
 ographies of Cato and of Atticus (being an extract from his 
 work “De historicis latinis ”), are often more valuable for 
 their lucidity of arrangement, unpretentious tone, and fair 
 and sympathetic judgments ; but they hardly attain even 
 a moderate level of accuracy and trustworthiness as his- 
 torical essays, and are equally inferior in style, owing to 
 the frequency of popular and colloquial idioms. 
 
 Teuffel and Schwabe, Hist, of Rom. Lit. (tr. by Warr), 
 
 [I. 341. 
 
 Nepos, Julius. Killed at Salona, Dalmatia, 480. 
 Emperor of the West 474—475. He was appointed 
 emperor by Leo I., emperorof the East. He was defeated 
 and deposed by Orestes, who raised his own son Romulus 
 Augustulus to the throne. 
 
 Neptune (nep'tun). [FromL. Neptunus, a sea- 
 god.] 1. In Roman mythology, the god of the 
 sea, who came to he identified by the Romans 
 themselves with the Greek Poseidon, whose 
 attributes were transferred by the poets to the 
 ancient Latin deity. In art Neptune is usually repre- 
 sented as a bearded man of stately presence, with the tri- 
 dent as his chief attribute, and the horse and the dolphin 
 as symbols. 
 
 2. The outermost known planet of the solar 
 system, and the third in volume and mass, but 
 invisible to the naked eye. It was discovered in the 
 autumn of 1846. Uranus, the planet next to Neptune, re- 
 volving about the sun in 84 years, was discovered in 1781, 
 butobservations of it as a fixed star were scattered through 
 (he 18th century. In 1821 Bouvard found that the ob- 
 servations could not be satisfied by any theory based on 
 the gravitation of known bodies, and hinted at an undis- 
 covered planet. Duringthe following 20 years further ob- 
 servations satisfied astronomers that such a planet must 
 exist. To find its position was the problem which two 
 mathematicians, J. C. Adams in England and U. J. J. Le- 
 verrier in France, set themselves to solve by mathematics. 
 The calculations of Leverrier assigned to it a position 
 within the boundaries of a not very large region. In con- 
 sequence of file indications of Adams, the astronomer 
 Challis observed the star Aug. 4 and 12, 1846, but, neglect- 
 ing to work up his observations, failed to recognize it as a 
 planet; while, in consequence of the indications of Le- 
 verrier, Galle of Berlin discovered Neptune Sept. 23, 1846. 
 A satellite to Neptune was detected in Oct., 1S46, by Las- 
 sell : its period of revolution is 5d. 21h. 2.7m., and its maxi- 
 mum elongation 18”. The name Neptune was conferred 
 by Encke. The diameter of the planet is 37,000 miles ; its 
 distance from the sun is about 2,800,000,000 miles; and its 
 period of revolution is about 164 years. 
 
 Nequam. See Neck ham. 
 
 Nera (na'ra). A small river in Italy, a tributary 
 of the Tiber. Term is situated on it. 
 
 Nerac (na-rak'). A town in the department of 
 Lot-et-Garonne, France, situated on the Balse 
 
N6rac 
 
 65 miles southeast of Bordeaux. Before its capture 
 by Louis XIII. it was important as a Huguenot center. 
 Population, commune, 6,318. 
 
 Nerbudda (ner-bud'da), better Narbada (nar- 
 ba'da), or Narmada (nar-ma/da). A river of 
 India which flows into the Gulf of Cambay about 
 lat. 21° 35' N. It is one of themost sacred rivers 
 of India. Length, about 800 miles ; navigable 
 about 90 miles. 
 
 Nerbudda. A division of the Central Provinces, 
 British India. Area, 18,382 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 1,785,008. 
 
 Nereids (ne're-idz). In Greek mythology, sea- 
 nymphs, the daughters of Nereus (whence the 
 name) and Doris, generally spoken of as fifty 
 in number. The most famous among them were Am- 
 phitrite, Thetis, and Galatea. The Nereids were beautiful 
 maidens hel pf ul to voyagers, and constituted the main body 
 of the female, as the Tritons did of the male, followers of 
 Poseidon or Neptune. They were imagined as dancing, 
 singing, playing musical instruments, wooed by the Tri- 
 tons, and passing in long processions over the sea seated 
 on hippocamps and other sea-monsters. Monuments of 
 ancient art represent them lightly draped or nude, in poses 
 characterized by undulating lines harmonizing with those 
 of the ocean, and of teu riding on sea-monsters of fantastic 
 forms. 
 
 Nereid Friezes. Four friezes from the Nereid 
 monument at Xanthus in Lycia, now in the 
 British Museum. The widest frieze represents a battle 
 between Greeks and Asiatics ; the others represent epi- 
 sodes of war, the chase, banquet, and sacrifice. 
 
 Nereus (ne'rus). [Gr. Nr/pnV.] In Greek my- 
 thology, a sea-god, son of Pontus andGtea, hus- 
 band of Doris, and father of the fifty Nereids. 
 Nergal (ner'gal). One of the twelve great gods 
 of the Babylonians and Assyrians, mentioned in 
 2 Ki. xvii. 30 as the deity of Cuthah, a statement 
 fully confirmed by the cuneiform inscriptions. 
 See Cutliall. He is primitively, like Adar, the sun-god 
 in his destructive aspect. This is supposed to be expressed 
 inhisname, Nergal( Akkadian Xe-uru-gal), ‘lord of thegreat 
 city,’ i. e. the grave. Both were, however, chiefly consid- 
 ered as the divinities of war and the chase. Nergal was 
 represented under the symbol of colossal lions, which 
 guarded the entrance of the Assyro-Babylonian temples 
 and palaces. 
 
 Nergalsharezer (ner'gal-ska-re'zer). [Babylo- 
 nian Ncrgal-shar-iUyUr, Nergal protect the king.] 
 1 . The name of a Babylonian general ( Jer. xxxix. 
 3) and of a chief of the Magi (Jer. xxxix. 3, 13). 
 — 2. A Babylonian king who ruled 560-556 B. c., 
 between Evil Merodach and Nabonidus. He 
 was son-in-law of Nebuchadnezzar. 
 
 Neri (na're), Filippo de’ (Saint Philip Neri). 
 Born at Florence, July 22, 1515 : died at Rome, 
 May 25, 1595. An Italian ecclesiastic, noted as 
 the founder of the Congregation of the Oratory. 
 He was canonized in 1622. 
 
 Neri (na're), The. [It., ‘the Blacks.’] See 
 Bianchi. 
 
 Nerissa (ne-ris'sa). A character in Shakspere’s 
 play “The Merchant of Venice”: the clever 
 companion and attendant of Portia, who mimics 
 her mistress with a good deal of adroitness. 
 Nero (ne'ro) (originally Lucius Domitius Alie- 
 nobarbus, later Nero Claudius Caesar Dru- 
 sus Germanicus) . Born at Antium, Italy, Dec. 
 15, 37 A. D.: committed suicide near Rome, June 
 9, 68. Roman emperor 54-68, son of Domitius 
 Ahenobarbus and Agrippina (daughter of Ger- 
 manicus). He was adopted by his stepfather, the em- 
 peror Claudius, in 50, and in 53 married Octavia, the daugh- 
 ter of Claudius by Messalina. In 54 Claudius was poi- 
 soned by Agrippina, who caused her son to be proclaimed 
 to the exclusion of Britannicus, the son of Claudius. His 
 former tutors, the philosopher Seneca and Burrus, com- 
 mander of the pretorian guards, were placed at the head 
 of the government, and the early years of his reign were 
 marked, on the whole, by clemency and j ustice. He caused 
 his rival Britannicus to be removed by poison in 65. In 
 69 he procured the assassination of his mother, of whose 
 control he had become impatient. Burrus died in 62, 
 whereupon Seneca retired from public life. Freed from 
 the restraint of his former advisers, he gave free rein to 
 anaturally tyrannical and cruel disposition. He divorced 
 Octavia in order to marry Popprea, and shortly afterward 
 put Octavia to death (02). Popprea ultimately died from 
 the effects of a kick administered by her brutal husband. 
 Having been accused of kindling the fire which in 64 de- 
 stroyed a large part of Rome, he sought to divert attention 
 from himself by ordering a persecution of the Christians, 
 whom he accused of having caused the conflagration. He 
 put Seneca to death in 65, and 66-68 visited Greece, where 
 he competed for the prizes as a musician and charioteer in 
 the religious festivals. He was overthrown by a revolt 
 under Galba, and stabbed himself to death with the assis- 
 tance of his secretary. 
 
 But the imperial Reign of Terror was limited to a com- 
 paratively small number of families in Rome. The prov- 
 inces were undoubtedly better governed than in the later 
 days of the Republic, and even in Rome itself the common 
 people strewed flowers on the grave of Nero. 
 
 Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 6. 
 
 Nero, Caius Claudius. A Roman consul 207 
 B. c. He marched against Hasdrubal, and (with 
 
 729 
 
 Livius) defeated him in the battle of the Metau- 
 rus in 207. 
 
 Nero, Emperor of Rome. A tragedy by Na- 
 thaniel Lee, produced in 1675. 
 
 Nero of the North. A name given, on account 
 of his cruelty, to Christian II., king of Denmark 
 and Norway (and in his early years of Sweden). 
 
 Neron (na-ron'). An opera by Rubinstein, pro- 
 duced at Hamburg in 1879. 
 
 Nero’s Persecution of Christians. A painting 
 
 by W. von Kaulbach. The emperor stands with a 
 company of kindred spirits on a terrace in his gardens, re- 
 ceiving homage as a god, while a group of elderly men 
 and another of German soldiers look on with sorrow. In 
 the foreground a body of Christians is undergoing martyr- 
 dom, among them St. Peter, crucified head down, and St. 
 Paul, who breaks from his executioner and makes a pas- 
 sionate protest against the outrages being enacted. 
 
 Nertchinsk (ner-chinsk'). A town in Trans- 
 baikalia, Russia, situated on the Nertoha about 
 lat. 52° N. The treaty of Nertchinsk, regulating the 
 boundary between China and Russia, was signed here in 
 1689. Population, 6,713. 
 
 Nertchinskii-Zavod (ner-chin'skiy-za-vod'). A 
 town in Transbaikalia, Siberia, situated near 
 the Argun about 140 miles east-southeast of 
 Nertchinsk. It is the center of a silver- and 
 gold-mining region. 
 
 Nerthus (ner'thus). According to Tacitus, a 
 German goddess of fertility and growth : also 
 called Hertlia. The seat of her worship was 
 an island which has not been identified. 
 
 Nerva (ner'vii), Marcus Cocceius. Born 32 
 A. D. : died Jan. 27, 98. Roman emperor 96-98. 
 He was consul with Vespasian in 71 and with Domitian in 
 90, and was raised to the throne by the murderers of the 
 latter. He was a mild and j ust ruler. He adopted Trajan 
 as his successor. 
 
 Nerval, Gerard de. See Gerard de Nerval. 
 
 Nervi (ner've). A town in the province of Genoa, 
 Italy, situated on the Gulf of Genoa 6 miles east 
 of Genoa. It is a sea-bathing and winter health- 
 resort. 
 
 Nervii (ner'vi-i). An ancient people of the Bel- 
 gic Gauls, dwelling in the neighborhood of the 
 
 • Sambre. They were defeated by Julius Caesar 
 57 b. c. 
 
 Nesle (nal). A town in the department of 
 Somme, France, 28 miles east-southeast of 
 Amiens. It was important in former times under the 
 sieurs of Nesle. Population, commune, 2,602. 
 
 Ness (nes), Loch. A lake in Inverness-shire, 
 Scotland, 6 miles southwest of Inverness. Its 
 outlet is by the N ess into Moray Firth. Length, 
 22J miles. 
 
 Nesselrode (nes'sel-ro-de), Count Karl Robert. 
 Born at Lisbon, Dec. 14, 1780: died at St. Peters- 
 burg, March 23, 1862. A Russian statesman and 
 diplomatist. lie directed the foreign policy of Prussia 
 (nearly all the time as minister of foreign affairs) 1813-56. 
 He conducted the negotiationsof 1813-15 ; signed the peace 
 of Paris in 1814 ; was at the congresses of Vienna 1814-15, 
 Aix-la-Chapelle 1818, Laibach, 1821, etc. ; was made chan- 
 cellor in 1814 ; and concluded the peace of Paris in 1856. 
 
 Nessler (nes'ler), Victor. BornatBaldenheim, 
 Alsace, Jan. 28, 1841: died at Strasburg, May 
 28, 1890. A German composer and conductor. 
 Among his operas are “ Dornroschens Brautfahrt ” (1868), 
 “Irmingard” (1876), “Her Rattenfanger von Hameln ’’ 
 (1879), “Der wilde Jager" (1881), “Der Trompeter von 
 Sackingen’’ (1884), “Otto der Schtitz" (1886), etc. 
 
 Nessus (nes'us). [Gr. Ntcroof.] In Greek legend, 
 a centaur slain by Hercules. He carried Dejanira, 
 Hercules’s wife, across the Evenus ; but when he attempted 
 to run away with her, Hercules shot him with a poisoned 
 arrow. He declared to Dejanira that his blood would pre- 
 serve her husband's love, and she took some of it with her. 
 Later she steeped in it a garment in which Hercules offered 
 sacrifice, and by which he was poisoned from the virus of 
 his own arrow ; the garment clung to his flesh, which was 
 torn off with it. Lichas, who brought the shirt, was cast by 
 the raging hero into the sea, and Dejanira hung herself. 
 Hercules erected and ascended a pile of woo l, had it set 
 on fire, and was carried off from it to Olympus. 
 
 Nest of Nobles, A. A novel by Turgenieff, 
 published in England under the name of ‘ 1 Liza.” 
 
 Nestor (nes'tor). [Gr. Nicrop.] In Greek le- 
 gend , a king of Pylus, and son of Neleus, famous 
 asthe oldest councilor of tkeGreeks before Troy. 
 
 Nestorians (nes-to'ri-anz). 1. The followers 
 of Nestorius. They denied the hypostatic union of two 
 natures in one person in Christ, holding that he possesses 
 two distinct personalities, the union between which is 
 merely moral. After the Council of Ephesus the Nesto- 
 rians obtained possession of the theological schools of 
 Edessa, Nisibis, and Seleucia, and were driven by imperial 
 edicts into Persia, where they firmly established them- 
 selves. Later they spread to India, Bactria, and as far a3 
 China. About H00 the greater part of their churches per- 
 ished under the persecutions of Timur, and in the 16th 
 century a large part of the remainder joined the Roman 
 Catholics. These are called Chaldeans. See def. 2. 
 
 2. A modern Christian body in Persia and Tur- 
 key, the remnant of the once powerful Nesto- 
 
 Nettleship, Richard Lewis 
 
 rian denomination. They number about 140,000, are 
 subject to a patriarch (the patriarch of Urumiah) and 18 
 bishops, recognize 7 sacraments, administer communion 
 in both kinds, and have many fasts. Another community 
 of Nestorian origin still exists on the Malabar coast of In- 
 dia, but since the middle of the I7th century these are 
 said to have become Monophysites. 
 
 Nestorius (nes-to'ri-us). Died after 439. Pa- 
 triarch of Constantinople 428-431. He was de- 
 posed by the Council of Ephesus on account of heresy. 
 See Nestorians. 
 
 Nestucca (nez-tuk'a). A tribe of North Ameri- 
 can Indians, formerly on Nestucca River, west- 
 ern Oregon : now on the Grand Ronde reserva- 
 tion, Oregon. See Salishan. 
 
 Netherlands (neTH'er-landz). The Low Coun- 
 tries ; Holland and Belgium. The former now 
 retains the name Netherlands. See below. 
 Netherlands, D. Nederlanden (na'der-lan- 
 den), G. Niederlande (ne'der-lan-de),F.Pays- 
 Bas(pa-e'ha'): often calledHolland (hol'and). 
 A kingdom of western Europe. Capitals,' Am- 
 sterdam and The Hague. It is bounded by the 
 North Sea on the west and north, Prussia on the east, and 
 Belgium on the south. The surface is generally flat, the 
 land having in many parts been reclaimed from the sea. 
 The chief rivers are the Rhine, Meuse, and Schelde. The 
 leading occupations are commerce, raising of live stock, 
 agriculture, and manufactures. The kingdom has 11 
 provinces : North Holland, South Holland, Zealand, North 
 Brabant, Utrecht, Limburg, Gelderland, Overyssel, Dren- 
 the, Groningen, and Friesland. The government is a he- 
 reditary constitutional monarchy, administered by a queen 
 and States-General composed of an upper chamber of 50 
 and a lower chamber of 100 members. The inhabitants, 
 generally called Dutch, are chiefly of Low German race 
 (three-branches — Frankish, Saxon, and Friesian). The pre- 
 vailing language is Dutch, and the prevailing religions 
 Dutch Reformed and Roman Catholic. The chief colonial 
 possessions are the Dutch East Indies (including Java, the 
 Moluccas, parts of Borneo, New Guinea, Sumatra, and 
 Celebes, and smaller islands) and the Dutch West Indies 
 (including Dutch Guiana and Curagoa with its depen- 
 dencies). The country was inhabited by various German 
 peoples in Roman times. In the middle ages the region 
 at present included in the Netherlands and Belgium was 
 divided among Brabant, Flanders, Gelderland, Holland, 
 Zealand, and other duchies, countships, etc. It was united 
 with Burgundy in the 14th and 15th centuries, passed to 
 the Hapsburg family in 1477, and thence later to Spain. 
 The following are the leading later incidents and events : 
 Reformation introduced under Charles V. ; outbreak of the 
 revolution (under William of Orange ; Spanish leader, the 
 Duke of Alva), 1567; pacification of Ghent, 1576 ; northern 
 provinces united in the uhion of Utrecht, 1579; war con- 
 cluded, 1609 ; war renewed, 1621 ; independence of the 
 Dutch republic acknowledged, 1648 ; country at its great- 
 est prosperity, middle of 17th century; united with Eng- 
 land under William III., 1639-1702 ; conquered by France, 
 1794-95 ; erected into the Batavian Republic, 1795 ; made a 
 kingdom under Louis Bonaparte, 1806 ; annexed by France, 
 1810 ; union with Belgium in the kingdom of the Nether- 
 lands, 1815; revolution in Belgium, 1830; end of the war, 
 1833 ; settlementwithBelgium,1839. The constitution was 
 revised in 1887. Area, 12,648 square miles. Population, 
 5,825,198. Area of colonial possessions, 783,000 square 
 miles ; approximate population, 38,000,000. 
 
 Netherlands, Austrian. The name given to the 
 Spanish Netherlands after their cession to Aus- 
 tria in 1/13—14. There was an unsuccessful revolt in 
 1789-90. The provinces were conquered by France iu 1794, 
 and ceded to France in 1797. See Belgium. 
 
 Netherlands, Spanish. The name given to the 
 provinces (nearly corresponding to the present 
 Belgium) retained by Spain iu the Dutch war 
 of liberation. They were ceded to Austria in 
 
 1713-14. 
 
 Nethou (na-to'), Pic de. The highest peak of 
 the Pyrenees. It is in the Maladetta group in 
 Spain. Height, 11,170 feet. 
 
 Netley (net'li). A village 3 miles southeast of 
 Southampton, England: noted for its military 
 hospital and rained abbey. 
 
 Netscher (nets'cher), Kaspar orGaspar. Bom 
 at Heidelberg, 1639 : died at The Hague, Jan. 
 15, 1684. A Dutch genre- and portrait-painter, 
 a pupil of Koster and Gerard Terburg. He lived 
 at The Hague from the time of his marriage 
 in 1659. 
 
 N ettement ( n et-mon '), Alfred Francois. Born 
 at Paris, July 22, 1805: died at Paris, Nov. 15, 
 1869. A French historian and publicist. He 
 wrote “Histoire de la litterature frangaise sous la royaut^ 
 de Juillet” (1854), etc. 
 
 Nettleship (net'l-ship), Henry. Born in North- 
 amptonshire, May 5, 1839: died at Oxford, July 
 10, 1893. An English educator and writer. He 
 was educated at Durham, Charterhouse School, and Corpus 
 Christi College, Oxford ; was assistant master at Harrow 
 from 1868 to 1873, and classical lecturer at Christ Church, 
 Oxford, 1S73 ; and was elected professor of Latin literature 
 in the University of Oxford in 1878. He edited and pub- 
 lished a number of works on classical subjects. 
 
 Nettleship, Richard Lewis. Born Dec. 17, 
 1846 : died in Switzerland, Aug. 25, 1892. 
 An English educator, a fellow and classical 
 tutor of Bailiol College, Oxford. He was well 
 known as an athlete, and died from exposure to a storm 
 while climbing Mont Blanc. 
 
Nettleton 
 
 Nettleton (net'l-ton), Asahel. Born at North 
 Killingworth,Conn., April 21,1783: died at East 
 Windsor, Conn., May 16, 1844. An American 
 Congregational clergyman and revivalist. He 
 published “Village Hymns” (1824), etc. 
 Netzahualcoyotl(nat-za-wal-ko-y6t'l). [‘Weep- 
 ing wolf’.] Born about 1403 : died about 1470. 
 An Indian chief of Tezcuco, Mexico, son of Ix- 
 tlilxoehitl. In his youth the chieftainship was 
 overthrown and his father killed by the Tec- 
 panecs. After many remarkable adventures 
 Netzahualcoyotl, aided by the Mexicans and 
 others, recovered his place in 1430, killing 
 Maxtla, the usurping chief. Also written 
 Nezahualcoyotl, etc. 
 
 Netze (net'se). A river in Posen and Branden- 
 burg, Prussia, which joins the Warthe near 
 Landsberg. Length, about 200 miles. 
 Neubrandenburg (noi-bran'den-bora). [G., 
 
 ‘ New Brandenburg.’] A town in Mecklenburg- 
 Strelitz, Germany, situated on the Tollensesee 
 72 miles north of Berlin. It has considerable 
 trade in wool. Population, commune, 11,445. 
 Neuburg (noi'borG). Atown in the government 
 district of Swabia and Neuburg, Bavaria, situ- 
 ated on the Danube 28 miles north-northeast 
 of Augsburg. It was the capital of the former 
 principality of Pfalz-Neuburg. The church is 
 a Cistercian foundation of 1471, with beautiful 
 details. Part of the abbey buildings serves as 
 a hunting-box for the emperor. Population, 
 8,533. 
 
 Neuchatel, formerly Neufchatel (ne-sha-tel'), 
 G. Neuenburg (noi'en-bora). [‘New castle.’] 
 
 1. A canton of Switzerland. It is bounded by Bern 
 on the northeast, France on the northwest, Vaud on the 
 south, and the Lake of Neuchatel (separating it from Fri- 
 bourg and Vaud) on the southeast, and is traversed by the 
 Jura. It is noted for the manufacture of watches, lace, etc. 
 It has 6 members in the National Council. The prevailing 
 language is French ; the prevailing religion, Protestant. 
 Neuchatel was ceded to Prussia in 1713 ; was given to Ber- 
 thier as a principality in 1806 ; became in 1815 a canton of 
 the Swiss Confederation, and a principality under the 
 suzerainty of Prussia ; and revolted from Prussia in 1848. 
 The King of Prussia renounced his rights in 1857. Area, 
 312 square miles. Population, 132,184, (1910). 
 
 2. The capital of the cauton of Neuchatel, sit- 
 uated on the Lake of Neuchatel in lat. 46° 59' 
 N., long. 6° 55' E. It has a flourishing trade. Its 
 abbey church (Temple du Haut) was founded in the 12th 
 century. It has a castle, a college (with valuable collec- 
 tions), a picture -gallery, and various charitable institu- 
 tions. Population, 30,451. 
 
 Neuchatel, Lake of. [F. Lacde Neuchdtel, G. 
 Nettenburgersee.'] A lake in western Switzer- 
 land, bordering on the cantons of Neuchatel, 
 Bern, Fribourg, and Vaud: the Roman Lacus 
 Eburodunensis. It receives the Orbe and has its out- 
 let by the Thiele (Zihl) into the Aare (and Rhine). Height 
 above sea-level, 1,427 feet. Length, 25 miles. Greatest 
 breadth, 6 miles. 
 
 Neudek (noi'dek). Atown in northwestern Bo- 
 hemia, 24 miles northeast of Eger. Population, 
 commune, 6,896, (1910). 
 
 Neuenahr (noi'en-ar). A watering-place in the 
 Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the Ahr 
 near the Rhine. 
 
 Neuendorf (noi'en-dorf), Adolf. Born at Ham- 
 burg, June 13, 1843 : died at New York, May 12, 
 1898. A Germ an- American composer. 
 
 Neuf chateau (ne-slia-to'). Atown in the de- 
 partment of Vosges, France, at the junction of 
 the Mouzon and Meuse, 25 miles southwest of 
 Nancy. Population, commune, 4,079. 
 Neufchatel. See Neuchdtel. 
 Neufchatel-en-Bray (ne-sha-tel'oh-bra'). A 
 town in the department of Seine-In fOrieure, 
 France, situated on the B6thune 25 miles 
 northeast of Rouen. It is famous for its cheese. 
 Population, commune, 4,293. 
 Neuhaldensleben (noi-hal'dens-la-ben). A 
 town in the province of Saxony, Prussia, situ- 
 ated on the Ohre 14 miles northwest of Magde- 
 burg. Population, commune, 10,421. 
 
 Neuhaus (noi'hous). A town of Bohemia, 69 
 miles south-southeast of Prague. Population, 
 commune, 10,119, (1910). 
 
 Neuhausel (noi'hoi-zel), Hung. Ersekujvar 
 (ar // shek-oy'var). A town in the county of 
 Neutra, Hungary, situated on the Neutra 51 
 miles northwest of Budapest : formerly a for- 
 tress. Population, commune, 13,385. 
 
 Neuhof (noi'hof), Baron Theodor von. Bom 
 at Metz about 1686: died at London, Dec. 11, 
 1756. A German adventurer. He aided the Corsi- 
 cans in 1735-36 with money and weapons obtained from 
 the Porte and the Bey of Tunis ; was crowned king of Corsica 
 (as Theodore I.) in 1736; and was driven out by the Genoese 
 In 1738. An attempt to reestablish his power in 1743 failed. 
 
 730 
 
 Neuilly-sur-Marne (ne-ye'sur-marn'). A vil- 
 lage in the department of Seine-et-Oise, France, 
 situated on the Marne 6 miles east of the for- 
 tifications of Paris. Population, commune, 
 4,432. 
 
 Neuilly-sur-Seine (-san). A western suburb 
 of Paris, situated immediately beyond the for- 
 tifications aud east of the Seine. * It was a fa- 
 vorite residence of the Orleans family. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 41,145. 
 Neukomru(noi'kom), sigismund. Born at Salz- 
 burg, Austria, July 10, 1778: died at Paris, 
 April 3, 1858. An Austrian composer. He was 
 a pupil of Michael and Joseph Haydn, and almost an adopt- 
 ed son of the latter. After the death of Haydn he went 
 to Paris, and became one of a brilliant set of musicians 
 there. He was intimate with Talleyrand, and accompanied 
 him later to tne Congress of Vienna. In 1816 he went to 
 South America, and was maitre de chapelle to Dom Pedro 
 at Rio de Janeiro till 1821, when he returned with Dom 
 Pedro to Europe an d rej oined Talleyrand. He went to Eng- 
 land in 1829, and lived partly there and partly in France 
 until his death. He is said to have left over 1,000 compo- 
 sitions, mostly church music. 
 
 Neum. See Comanche. 
 
 Neumann (noi'man), Karl Friedrich. Born 
 at Reichmannsdorf, near Bamberg, Bavaria, 
 Dec. 28, 1798: died at Berlin, March 17, 1870. 
 A German Orientalist and historian, of Hebrew 
 descent. He traveled in the Orient and in China, and 
 made an extensive collection of Chinese books (now at 
 Munich). From 1833 to 1852 he was professor at Munich. 
 He translated from Armenian and Chinese, and published 
 a history of the British empire in Asia (1857), of the United 
 States (1863-66), etc. 
 
 Neumark (noi'mark). [G., ‘new boundary.’] 
 A district east of the Oder, extending south 
 below the Warthe, and mostly included in the 
 province of Brandenburg, Prussia. It was ac- 
 quired by Brandenburg about 1450. 
 Neumarkt(noi'markt). [G., ‘new market.’] A 
 town in the Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, situated 
 on the Sulz 21 miles southeast of Nuremberg. 
 Population, 6,369. 
 
 Neumarkt. A town in the province of Silesia, 
 Prussia, 19 miles west of Breslau. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 5,118. 
 
 Neu Mecklenburg. See New Ireland. 
 Neumiinster (noi'miin-ster). [G., ‘new min- 
 ster.’] A town in the province of Schleswig- 
 Holstein, Prussia, on the Schwale 36 miles 
 north of Hamburg. It has cloth manufactures. 
 Population, commune, 31,439. 
 
 Neunkirchen (noin ' kirch- en), or Neuen- 
 kirchen(noi'en-kirch-en). [G., ‘newchureh.’] 
 A manufacturing town in Lower Austria, 36 
 miles south-southwest of Vienna. Population, 
 commune, 11,899, (1910). 
 
 Neunkirchen. A manufacturing town in the 
 Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the Blies 
 40 miles southeast of Treves. Population, 
 commune, 32,357. 
 
 Neu-Pommern. See New Britain. 
 
 Neureuther (noi'roi-ter), Eugen Napoleon. 
 
 Born at Munich, Jan. 15, 1806: died at Munich, 
 March 23, 1882. A German historical painter 
 and illustrator. He assisted in the decorations of the 
 Glyptothek and the Konigshau, but is specially noted as 
 an illustrator of German ballads, legends, and romances, 
 particularly those of Goethe. 
 
 Neurode (noi'ro-de). A town in the province 
 of Silesia, Prussia, 43 miles southwest of Bres- 
 lau. Population, commune, 7,298. 
 
 Neuruppin (noi-rop-pen'). A town in the 
 province of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on 
 a small lake 38 miles northwest of Berlin. It 
 was the birthplace of Schinkel. Population, 
 commune, 18,555. 
 
 Neusalz (noi'zalts). A town in the province of 
 Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Oder 75 miles 
 northwest of Breslau. Pop., commune, 13,002. 
 Neu-Sandez (noi-san'dets). A town in Ga- 
 licia, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Duna- 
 jec 45 miles southeast of Cracow. Population, 
 commune, 25,404, (1910). 
 
 Neusatz (noi'ziits), Hung. Ujvidek (oy've- 
 dak). A royal free city in the county of B&es- 
 Bodrog, Hungary, situated on the Danube op- 
 posite Peterwardein. It is a commercial and literary 
 center. In 1849 it was taken by the Austrians under Jel- 
 lachich, and nearly destroyed. Pop., commune, 29,296. 
 
 Neuse (nus). A river of North Carolina which 
 flows to Pamlico Sound by a broad estuary 30 
 miles east of New Berne. Length, about 300 
 miles ; navigable about 100 miles. 
 Neusiedlersee (noi'zed-ler-za), Hung. Ferto 
 (fer-te'). A lake in western Hungary, between 
 the counties of Odenburg and Wieselburg, 30 
 miles southeast of Vienna. It communicates with 
 the Raab by the swamp Han sag. Its depth has varied 
 from time to time : it was dry in 1865, and has recently 
 
 Neuveville 
 
 been disappearing. It has been proposed to drain It by a 
 canal. Length, about 23 miles. 
 
 Neusohl (noi'zol), Hung. Besztercze-Bdnya 
 
 (bes'tert-se ban'yo). A free town, capital of 
 the county of Sohl, Hungary, situated at the 
 junction of the Gran and Bistritz, 86 miles north 
 of Budapest. The chief occupations are mining 
 and metal-working. Population, 8,681. 
 
 Neuss (nois). A town in the Rhine Province, 
 Prussia, situated near the Rhine 4 miles west- 
 southwest of Diisseldorf : the ancient No vesium. 
 It is noted for its grain-market, its manufactures of meal 
 and oil, and its church of St. Quirinus. It was unsuccess- 
 fully besieged by Charles the Bold of Burgundy in 1474- 
 1475, and was taken by Alexander Farnese in 1586. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 30,440. 
 
 Neustadt (noi'stat). [G., ‘new city.’] 1. A 
 town in the Black Forest, Baden, 18 miles 
 east by south of Freiburg. Population, 3,559. 
 — 2. A town in middle Franconia, Bavaria, on 
 the Aisch 23 miles west-northwest of Nurem- 
 berg. Population, 4,124. — 3. A suburb of 
 Leipsic, Saxony, lying to the northeast. — 4 . 
 A suburb of Magdeburg, Saxony, Prussia, ly- 
 ing directly north. — 5 . A seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, situated 
 on the Baltic 18 miles north-northeast of Lii- 
 beck. Population, 4,773. — 6. A towr. in the 
 province of West Prussia, Prussia, 24 miles 
 northwest of Dantzic. Population, commune, 
 8,389. 
 
 Neustadt, Pol. Prudnik (prod'nik). A town 
 in the province of Silesia, Prussia, situated on 
 the Prudnik 59 miles south-southeast of Bres- 
 lau. It was the scene of engagements between the Prus- 
 sians and Austrians in 1745, 1760, and 1779. Population, 
 commune, 20,190. 
 
 Neustadt, Wiener-. See Wiener-Neustadt. 
 Neustadt-Eberswalde (-a'bers-val-de). See 
 Ebersivalde. 
 
 Neustadt-on-the-Hardt (-hart'). Atowninthe 
 Rhine Palatinate, Bavaria, 14 miles west of 
 Spires. It has some manufactures and an important 
 trade in wine. Population, commune, 18,576. 
 
 Neustadt-on-the-Orla (-or'la). A town in the 
 grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar, Germany, situ- 
 ated on the Orla 26 miles southeast of Weimar. 
 Population, commune, 6,643. 
 
 Neustettin (noi-stet-ten'). Atown in the prov- 
 ince of Pomerania, Prussia, 90 miles east-north- 
 east of Stettin. Population, commune, 10,785. 
 Neustrelitz (noi-stra'lits). The capital of the 
 grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Ger- 
 many, 59 miles north by west of Berlin. Near 
 it is Altstrelitz, the former capital. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 11,658. 
 
 Neustria (nus'tri-a). 1. In the times of the 
 Merovingians and Carolingians (6th-9th cen- 
 turies), the western kingdom of the Franks, as 
 opposed to Austrasia, the eastern kingdom, it 
 extended from the mouth of the Schelde to the Loire ; later 
 it was restricted to the region between the Seine and the 
 Lobe. The inhabitants were mainly Romanic. Itdeveloped 
 after the treaty of Verdun (843) into the kingdom of France. 
 2. The western division of the Carolingian 
 kingdom of Italy, corresponding to the later 
 Lombardy. 
 
 Neuter (nu'ter). A tribe of North American 
 Indians, called by the early French writers A tti- 
 wendaronk (corrupted from an Iroquois term 
 meaning ‘ the stammerers’). They were called the 
 Neuter Nation because they held aloof from the wars of 
 the Hurons and Algonquins against the Iroquois. They 
 were fir st met with in 1626, when they were on Lake On- 
 tario. In 1647 they were conquered by the Senecas, with 
 whom they afterward lived. See Iroquoian. 
 Neutitschein (noi-tit'shin). A town in Mora- 
 via, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Titsch 
 72 miles east-northeast of Briinn. Population, 
 commune, 13,756, (1910). 
 
 Neutra (noi'tra), Hung. Nyitra (nye'tro). 
 The capital of the county of Neutra, Hungary, 
 situated on the Neutra 71 miles northwest of 
 Budapest. It has a cathedral. Population, 
 commune, 15,169. 
 
 Neutral Ground. 1. During the Revolutionary 
 War, that part of New York (in Westchester 
 County) which lay between the British lines (at 
 New York city and elsewhere) on the south 
 and the American lines on the north. The scene 
 of Cooper’s novel “The Spy” is laid here. — 2. A 
 small tract of ground near Gibraltar, lying be- 
 tween the English and the Spanish lines. 
 Neu-Ulm (noi'olm'). A town in the govern- 
 ment district of Swabia and Neuburg, Bavaria, 
 situated on the Danube opposite Ulm. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 10,763. 
 
 Neuveville (nev-vel').G. Neuenstadt (noi'en- 
 stat). A town in the canton of Bern. Switzer- 
 land, situated on the Lake of Bienne. Popu- 
 lation, 2,248. 
 
Neuville 
 
 Neuville (n6-vel'), Alphonse Marie de. Born 
 at St.-Omer, Prance, May 31, 1836 : died at Pa- 
 ris, May 19, 1885. A French battle-painter. 
 He was a pupil of Picot. His best-known works are 
 scenes in the Franco-German war of 1870-71 : “Last Car- 
 tridges ’’ (1873), “ Defence of Le Bourget ” (1879), “ Adieu, " 
 “In the Trenches,” “Panorama of the Battle of Champi- 
 gny " with Detaille (1881), etc. 
 
 Neuwied (noi'ved). A town in the Rhine Prov- 
 ince, Prussia, situated on the Rhine 7 miles 
 northwest of Coblenz. It was the capital of the 
 now mediatized countship of Wied, and is noted for its 
 schools and its establishments of the Moravian Brethren. 
 Population, commune, 18,177. 
 
 Neuwied, Maximilian Alexander Philipp, 
 
 Prince of. Born at Neuwied, Sept. 23, 1782: 
 died there, Feb. 3, 1867. A Prussian traveler 
 and naturalist. He attained the rank of major-general 
 in the Prussian army, but after 1815 devoted his time 
 mainly to scientific pursuits. He traveled in Brazil 1815- 
 1817, and in the western part of North America in 1833. His 
 publications include “ Reise nach Brasilien ’’ (1820), “Bei- 
 trage zur Naturgeschichte Brasiliens” (1824-33), “Reise 
 durch Nord-Amerika” (1838-43), etc. His collection of 
 Mammalia is now in the American Museum of Natural 
 History, New York. 
 
 Neva (ne'va; Russ. pron. ne-va'). A river of 
 northern Russia. It issues from Lake Ladoga, flows 
 past St. Petersburg, and empties near it by several mouths 
 into the Gulf of Finland. It receives the drainage of Lakes 
 Onega, Ilmen, etc. Length, 40 miles ; navigable except in 
 winter. The Neva and Volga systems are connected by the 
 Ladoga Canal. 
 
 Nevada (nf-va'da). [Named from the Sierra 
 Nevada range in the western part of the State, 
 which range is named from the Sierra Nevada, 
 
 ‘ Snowy Range/ of Spain.] One of the Western 
 States of the United States of America, extend- 
 ing from lat. 35° to 42° N., and from long. 114° 
 to 120° W. Capital, Carson City. It is hounded by 
 Oregon and Idaho on the north, Utah and Arizona on the 
 east, and Californiaon the west and southwest. The surface 
 is a plateau traversed by mountain-ranges, forming in great 
 part an interior basin, without outlet to the sea. The State 
 is rich in mineral wealth : the chief occupation is mining, 
 and the chief products silver and gold. It has 15 counties, 
 sends 2 senators and 1 representative to Congress, and has 
 3 electoral votes. Part of the territory was ceded by Mexico 
 in 1848 ; the first settlements were made in 1848 and 1850 ; 
 silver was discovered in 1859 ; Nevada Territory was or- 
 ganized in 1861; and the State was admitted to the Union 
 in 1864. Area, 110,700 square miles. Population, 81,875, 
 (1910). 
 
 Nevada, or Nevada City. The capital of Ne- 
 vada County, California, 55 miles north-north- 
 east of Sacramento. It exports gold. Popula- 
 tion, 2,689, (1910). 
 
 Nevada, Emma. See Wixom. 
 
 Nevada Fall. A cataract in the Merced River, 
 Yosemite Valley, California. Height, about 
 600 feet. 
 
 Nevers (ne-var'). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Nievre, France, situated at the junc- 
 tion of the Nievre with the Loire, in lat. 47° N., 
 long. 3° 9' E. : the Roman Noviodunum. It has 
 important trade, and manufactures of faience, porcelain, 
 etc., and was formerly notedforitscannon-foundries. The 
 cathedral has an apse at each end, that on the west open- 
 ing on a spacious 11th-century transept. The triforium 
 of the nave is remarkable : it has a trefoiled arcade, the 
 shafts of which are supported by human figures, with angels 
 in the spandrels. The ducal palace(now palais de justice) 
 is a late-Pointed building begun in 1475, flanked by cone- 
 roofed towers, and having square mullioned windows and 
 high roof with dormers. The interesting museum of ex- 
 cellent local majolica is in the palace. Nevers was a town 
 of the Afidui; played an important part in Caesar's cam- 
 paigns; and was made a Roman military station. It was 
 the capital of the old Nivernais. Population, commune, 
 27,030. 
 
 Nevers, County of. A medieval county and 
 later duchy in France, in Nivernais, near the 
 city of Nevers. It was purchased by Mazarin 
 in 1659, and granted to the Mancini family. 
 Neversink. See Navesinlc. 
 
 Neveu de Rameau (ne-vf/ de ra-mo'), Le. 
 [F., ‘The Nephew of Rameau.’] A work by 
 Diderot, written about 1760, but not published 
 till much later. It was translated into German by 
 Goethe in 1805 ; and in 1860 Jules Janin wrote a sequel in 
 which he explains the somewhat enigmatical hero, a bril- 
 liant Bohemian hanger-on. 
 
 The strangest of all Diderot’s attempts in prose fiction — 
 if it is to be called a fiction and not a dramatic study — is 
 the so-called “Neveu de Rameau,” in which, in the guise 
 of a dialogue between himself and a hanger-on of society 
 (or rather a monologue of the latter), the follies and vices, 
 not merely of the time, hut of human nature itself, are 
 exposed with a masterly hand, and in a manner wonder- 
 fully original and piquant. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 422. 
 
 Nevianskii- (or Neivinskii-) Zavod (nev-yiin'- 
 skiy-za-vod'). A town in the government of 
 Perm, Russia, situated in the Ural Mountains, 
 on the Neiva, 45 miles north of Yekaterinburg. 
 It is the center of an iron and gold region. 
 Neville (nev'il), Constance. One of the prin- 
 cipal female characters in Goldsmith’s comedy 
 
 731 
 
 “She Stoops to Conquer.” She is in love with 
 Hastings. 
 
 Neville, George. Born about 1433 : died June 
 8, 1476. An English archbishop, younger brother 
 of the Earl of Warwick. He became archbishop 
 of York in 1465, and was lord chancellor 1460-67. 
 Neville’s Cross. A place near Durham, Eng- 
 land. Here, Oct. 17, 1346, the English defeated the Scots 
 under David II. The battle is sometimes called the bat- 
 tle of Durham. 
 
 Nevin (nev' in), John Williamson. Born in 
 Franklin County, Pa., Feb. 20, 1803 : died at 
 Lancaster, Pa., June 6, 1886. An American cler- 
 gyman of the German Reformed Church, presi- 
 dent of Marshall College 1841-53, and of Frank- 
 lin and Marshall College 1866-76. He was the 
 founder of the “ Mercersburg Theology. ” Among his works 
 are “The Mystical Presence" (1846), “The History and 
 Genius of the Heidelberg Catechism ” (1847), etc. 
 
 Nevis (nev'is). An island of tho Lesser Antilles, 
 British West Indies, situated in lat. 17° 18' N., 
 long. 62° 37' W. Capital, Charlestown. The sur- 
 face is mountainous. Sugar is exported. The island forms 
 part of the government of St. Christopher. It was colon- 
 ized by the English in 1628. Area, 50 sq. m. Pop., 12,774. 
 
 Nevis, Ben. See Ben Nevis. 
 
 Nevome (na-vo'ma). An agricultural tribe of 
 North American Indians, in south central Mex- 
 ico. Its subdivisions or villages are Aivino, Basiroas, 
 Comuripa,Hios, Huvaguere, Movas, Nuri, Onaba, Sibubapa, 
 Sisibotari, Tecoripa, Tehata, and Tehuizo. Number esti- 
 mated at 500. They are now almost completely assim- 
 ilated with the whites. Also called Nebome and Lower 
 Pima or (Sp. ) Pima Baja. See Piman. 
 
 Nevskii Prospekt (nef'skiy pros-pekt'). The 
 finest and most important street in St. Peters- 
 burg, noted for its line buildings. Length, 
 about 3-J miles. 
 
 New Albany (al'ba-ni). A city, capital of Floyd 
 County, Indiana, situated on the Ohio, 2 miles 
 from its falls, nearly opposite Louisville. It has 
 
 flourishing manufactures and trade. It is the seat of De 
 Pauw Female College (Methodist). Pop., 20,629, (1910). 
 New Albion (al'bi-on). The name given by 
 Drake to the Pacific coast now included innorth- 
 ern California, Oregon, and the region north- 
 ward. 
 
 New Almaden (al-ma-den'). A village in Santa 
 Clara County, California, 57 miles southeast of 
 San Francisco, long noted for its quicksilver- 
 mine. 
 
 New Amsterdam. See Amsterdam . , New. 
 
 New Andalusia. See Nueva Andalucia. 
 
 New Archangel. See Sitka. 
 
 Newark, or Newark-upon-Trent (nu'ark-u- 
 pon-trent'). A town in Nottinghamshire, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Devon, near the Trent, 
 17 miles northeast of Nottingham, it has manu- 
 factures of malt. Its noted buildings are the parish church 
 and a ruined castle. King John died at Newark in 1216. 
 It was besieged three times in the Civil War, and finally 
 surrendered to the Scots in 1646. Population, 14,992. 
 Newark. The capital of Essex County, New 
 Jersey, situated on the Passaic, 4 miles from 
 Newark Bay and 9 miles west of New York, in 
 lat. 40° 45' N., long. 74° 10' W. it is the largest 
 city in the State, and an important railway center and port 
 of foreign and coasting trade. It has manufactures of 
 jewelry, saddlery, hats, beer, thread, carriages, leather, rub- 
 ber, flour, etc. It was settled by Puritan colonists from 
 Connecticut in 1666, and suffered in the Revolutionary 
 War. It became a city in 1836. Population, 347,469, (1910). 
 
 Newark. A city, capital of Licking County, 
 Ohio, situated on the Licking 31 miles east- 
 northeast of Columbus. Population, 25,404, 
 (1910). 
 
 Newark, Lord. See Leslie, David. 
 
 New Atalantis, The. A work by Mrs. Manley, 
 published in 1709. 
 
 Mrs. Manley’s most prominent work was the “Secret 
 Memoirs and Manners of Several Persons of Quality of both 
 Sexes. From the New Atalantis, an island in the Medi- 
 terranean.” This book is a scandalous chronicle of crime 
 reputed to have been committed by persons of high rank, 
 and the names are so thinly disguised as to be easily iden- 
 tified. Tuclcerman, Hist, of Prose Fiction, p. 123. 
 
 New Atlantis, The. An allegorical romance 
 by Bacon : so called from its scene of action, an 
 imaginary island in the ocean. It was written 
 before 1617. See Atlantis. 
 
 New Bath Guide. A satirical poem by Chris- 
 topher Anstey, published in 1766. 
 
 New Beacon (be'kon). The highest point of the 
 Highlands of the Hudson, in Dutchess County, 
 New York. Height, 1,685 feet. 
 
 New Bedford (bed 'ford). A seaport, one of the 
 capitals of Bristol County, Massachusetts, situ- 
 ated on the estuary of the Acushnet, Buzzard’s 
 Bay, in lat. 41° 38' N., long. 70° 56' W. It lias 
 
 manufactures of cotton goods, etc., and was long the chief 
 seat of the American whale-fishery, succeeding Nantucket : 
 this industry was at its height in 1854, but has since greatly 
 declined. It was separated from Dartmouth in 1787, and 
 became a city in 1847. Population, 96,652, (1910). 
 
 Newburyport 
 
 New Berne (bern), or Newbern. A city and 
 seaport, capital of Craven County, North Caro- 
 lina, situated at the junction of the Trent and 
 Neuse, in lat. 35° 6' N., long. 77° 2' E. it has a 
 large coasting trade in vegetables and naval stores. It was 
 the capital of North Carolina in the 18th century. Here, 
 March 14, 1862, the Eederals under Burnside defeated the 
 Confederates. The Confederate loss was 578. Population, 
 9,961, (1910). 
 
 Newberry (nu'ber-i), John Strong. Born at 
 Windsor, Conn., Dec. 22, 1822 : died at New 
 Haven, Conn., Dec. 7, 1892. An American ge- 
 ologist. He was secretary of the western department of 
 the United States Sanitary Commission in the Civil War ; 
 was professor of geology at the school of mines, Columbia 
 College, 1866-92 ; and was appointed State geologist of Ohio 
 1869. He published numerous books and papers relating 
 to geology, paleontology, botany, and zoology. 
 
 Newbery (nu'ber-i), John. Born i.713: died 
 Dec. 22, 1767. An English publisher, the friend 
 of Dr. Johnson, Goldsmith, and Smollett. He 
 settled in London in 1744, and was the first publisher of 
 small story-books for children. In 1758 he started the 
 “Universal Chronicle or Weekly Gazette,” in which the 
 “ Idler ” appeared. The “ Public Ledger ” was commenced 
 in 1760. 
 
 New Brighton fbri'ton). A village in Richmond 
 County, New York, situated on the northern side 
 of Staten Island, now a part of New York city. 
 New Brighton. A borough in Beaver County, 
 Pennsylvania, situated on the Beaver River 25 
 miles northwest of Pittsburg. It has manu- 
 factures of pottery, bricks, sewer-pipe, glass, 
 nails, etc. Population, 8,329, (1910). 
 
 New Britain (brit'an or brit'n), native Birara 
 (be-ra'ra). 1 . An island of the Bismarck Archi- 
 pelago, in the Pacific Ocean, situated 55 miles 
 east of New Guinea : called by the Germans 
 since 1885 Neu-Pommern. The inhabitants are 
 Papuans. It was made a German possession in 
 1884. Length, about 340 miles. — 2. A name 
 sometimes given to the group of islands called 
 (since 1885) Bismarck Archipelago. 
 
 New Britain. A city in Hartford County, Con- 
 necticut, 9 miles southwest of Hartford. It has 
 manufactures of builders’ hardware, etc. Popu- 
 lation, 43,916, (1910). 
 
 N ew Brunswick ( brunz ' wik) . A m aritime prov- 
 ince of the Dominion of Canada. Capital, Fred- 
 ericton; largest city, St. John. It is bounded by 
 Quebec and Chaleur Bay on the north, the Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence and Northumberland Strait on the east. Nova Scotia 
 on the southeast, the Bay of Fundy on the south, and Que- 
 bec and the State of Maine on the west. The suriace is un- 
 dulatiug and hilly (particularly hilly in the northwest and 
 north). The chief rivers are the St. John, Miramichi, and 
 Restigouche. The province has deposits of coal, iron, 
 and other minerals. Its leading industries are fisheries 
 and lumbering. It has 15 counties. Government is admin- 
 istered by a lieutenant-governor, an advisory council, and 
 a legislative assembly (of 46 members); and it is repre- 
 sented in the Dominion Parliament by 10 senators and 13 
 members of the House of Commons. It was settled by 
 the French in 1604 ; formed part of Acadia ; was ceded to 
 the British in 1713 and 1763 ; was colonized by Scottish 
 settlers in 1764 and by Tories from the U nited States in 1783 ; 
 was separated from Nova Scotia in 1784 ; and formed one of 
 the original provinces of the Dominion in 1867. Area, 
 27,985 square miles. Population, 351,889, (1911). 
 
 New Brunswick. A city, capital of Middlesex 
 County, New Jersey, situated at the head of 
 navigation of the Raritan, 28 miles southwest of 
 New York. It has various manufactures, and is the 
 seat of Rutgers College (which see) and of a Dutch Re- 
 formed theological seminary. Population, 23,388, (1910). 
 
 Newburg, or Newburgh (nu'berg). A city 
 in Orange County, New York, situated on the 
 west hank of the Hudson, 55 miles north of 
 New York. It has manufactures and river trade, being 
 a shipping port for coal. It was the headquarters of 
 Washington during part of the Revolutionary War. The 
 American army disbanded here in 1783. Population, 
 27,805, (1910). 
 
 Newburg Addresses. Two anonymous letters 
 to the American army, written from Newburg, 
 New York, by John Armstrong in 1783, setting 
 forth the grievances of the soldiers, chief among 
 which was the arrears of pay. 
 
 Newburn (nu'bern). A place near Newcastle- 
 on-Tyne, England. Here, August 28, 1640, the 
 Scots defeated tho English. 
 
 Newbury (nu'bur-i). A town in Berkshire, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Kennet 55 miles west of 
 London. Two battles were fought here during the civil 
 war : on Sept. 20, 1643, an indecisive contest between the 
 Royalists under Charles I. and the Parliamentarians under 
 the Earl of Essex ; and on Oct. 27, 1614, a victory of the 
 Parliamentarians under Manchester and Waller over the 
 Royalists under Charles I. Population, 11,061. 
 Newburyport (nu'ber-i-port). A seaport, one 
 of the capitals of Essex County, Massachusetts, 
 situated on the Merrimac River, near its mouth, 
 33 miles north-northeast of Boston. It. has ship- 
 building, and manufactures of cotton, shoes, etc., and lias 
 long been one of the seats of American commerce. It was 
 separated from Newbury village in 1764. It was the birth- 
 place of Garrison. Population, 14,949, (1910). 
 
New Calabar 
 
 New Calabar (kal-a-bar', more correctly ka-la- 
 bar'). A town on an island in the Bight of 
 Biafra, West Africa, east of the mouth of the 
 Niger. 
 
 New Caledonia (kal-e-do'ni-a), F. Nouvelle 
 Caledonie (no-vel' ka-la-do-ne'). An island in 
 the Pacific Ocean, east of Australia, intersected 
 by lat. 21° S., long. 165° E. : a French colonial 
 possession. Capital, Noumea. The surface is moun- 
 tainous. The island was discovered by Cook in 1774, and 
 was taken possession of by the French in 1863, and made 
 a penal colony, but since 1896 no convicts have been sent 
 there. Length, about 240 miles. Area, 7,650 square miles. 
 Population, 53,346 (natives, convicts, and colonists, etc.). 
 Dependencies are the Isle of Pines, Loyalty Archipelago, 
 Huon Islands, Chesterfield Islands, Futuna, Alafi, and 
 WalliB Archipelago. 
 
 New Caledonia. A name given to the Scottish 
 Darien Colony, formed in 1698. See Darien. 
 New Castile (in Spain). See Castile. 
 
 New Castile (kas-tel'), Sp. Castilla Nueva 
 (kas-tel'ya no-a/va). The official name given 
 in 1529 to that portion of Peru which was granted 
 to Pizarro for conquest and government. By the 
 terms of the grant it extended from the river Santiago 
 (probably the Mira) southward for 200 leagues. The name 
 was soon supplanted by Peru. Later (1538-45) the name 
 New Castile was applied to a province immediately north 
 of Peru, corresponding to what is now the southwestern 
 coast region of Colombia, and sometimes including apart 
 of the Isthmus of Darien. See Castilla del Oro. 
 
 Newcastle, or Newcastle-upon-Tyne (nu'kas- 
 1-u-pon-tin'). A city and seaport, the chief 
 town of Northumberland, England, and a county 
 in itself, situated on the Tyne, near its mouth, 
 in lat. 54° 59' N., long. 1° 37' W. : the Roman 
 Pons .lElii. It is the largest coal-market in the world, 
 and exports also coke, lead, manufactured goods, etc. ; is 
 the terminus of various steamer lines ; builds iron and 
 steel ships ; and has manufactures of machinery, engines, 
 ordnance, chemicals, glass, hardware, etc. The Tyne is 
 crossed here by the High-level Bridge and other bridges. 
 The Church of St. Nicholas is now the cathedral. The 
 Norman castle, built in 1080 and rebuilt by Henry II., was 
 long a noted stronghold. It was a Roman and Saxon town ; 
 was taken by the Scots in 1640 and 1644 ; and long held an 
 important place in border warfare. Pop., 266,671, (1911). 
 New Castle. The capital of Lawrence County, 
 Pennsylvania, situated on the Shenango 45 
 miles north-northwest of Pittsburg. It is a 
 manufacturing and mining town. Population, 
 36,280, (1910). 
 
 Newcastle. A seaport in New South Wales, 
 Australia, situated on the coast, at the mouth 
 of the Hunter, 75 miles north-northeast of Syd- 
 ney. It exports coal. Population, 14,238. 
 Newcastle, Dukes of. See Cavendish, William ; 
 Pelham, Thomas ; and Pelham-Clinton, Henry 
 Pelham. 
 
 Newcastle-under-Lyine(-lim')or-Lyne(-lin')- 
 
 A town in Staffordshire, England, 41 miles 
 southeast of Liverpool. It is situated in the 
 Potteries district. Population, 19,914. 
 New-Chwang (nu-chwang'), or Niu-chuang 
 (nu-chwang'). A treaty port in the province of 
 Shingking, Manchuria, China, situated on a 
 branch of the river Liau 75 miles southwest 
 of Mukden. Its port is Yingtsze. Population, 
 52,000. 
 
 New College, or College of St. Mary Winton. 
 
 A college of Oxford University, founded by 
 William of Wykeham, bishop of Winchester, in 
 1379. The buildings were begun in 1380. Much of the 
 quaint and picturesque buildings dates from the time of 
 the foundation. The chapel is among the earliest of the 
 ★complete buildings in the Perpendicular style. 
 
 Newcomb (nu'kom), Simon. Born at Wallace, 
 Nova Scotia, March 12, 1835: died at Washing- 
 ton, D. C., July 11, 1909. A noted American 
 astronomer. He became professor of mathematics in 
 the United States navy in 1861, being assigned to duty at 
 the naval observatory at Washington, District of Colum- 
 bia ; and 1884-93 also held a professorship of mathematics 
 and astronomy in Johns Hopkins University. Among his 
 works are “Popular Astronomy” (1877) and “Principles 
 of Political Economy ” (1886). Retired from the navy 1897. 
 
 Newcome (nu'kom), William. Born at Abing- 
 don, Berkshire, April 10, 1729 : died at Dublin, 
 Jan. 11, 1800. A British archbishop, noted as 
 a biblical scholar. He wrote a “Harmony of 
 the Gospels” (1778), etc. 
 
 Newcomen (nu-kom'en), Thomas. Born 1663: 
 died Aug., 1729. An English inventor. With 
 Cawley and Saveryhe invented the atmospheric 
 steam-engine, patented in 1705. 
 
 Newcomes (nii'kumz), The. A novel by Thack- 
 eray, published in 1855. The character of 
 Colonel Newcome is one of touching simplicity. 
 
 The old colonel is ruined by speculation, and in his ruin is 
 brought to accept the alms of the brotherhood of the Grey 
 Friars. . . . The description is perhaps as fine as any- 
 thing that Thackeray ever did. The gentleman is still the 
 gentleman, with all the pride of gentry; but not the less 
 is he the humble bedesman, aware that he is living upon 
 
 732 
 
 charity, not made to grovel by any sense of shame, but 
 knowing that, though his normal pride may Vie left to 
 him, an outward demeanour of humility is befitting. And 
 then he dies. “ At the usual evening hour the chapel bell 
 began to toll, and Thomas Newcomes hands outside the 
 bed feebly beat time — and just as the last bell struck, a 
 peculiar sweet smile shone over his face, and he lifted up 
 his head a little, and quicklysaid, ‘Adsum ' — and fell back. 
 It was the word we used at school when names were called; 
 and, lo, he whose heart was as that of a little child had 
 answered to his name, and stood in the presence of The 
 Master! ” Trollope, Thackeray. 
 
 Newdigate (nu'di-gat), Sir Roger. Born at 
 Arbury, Warwickshire, England, May 30, 1719 : 
 died there, Nov. 23, 1806. An English scholar, 
 the founder of the annual Newdigate prize (for 
 English verse) at Oxford. He was member of 
 Parliament 1741-47 and 1750-80. 
 
 Newell (nu'el), Robert Henry: pseudonym 
 Orpheus 0. Kerr. Born at New York, Dec. 13, 
 1836: died at Brooklyn in July, 1901. An 
 American journalist and humorist. He wrote 
 “The Orpheus C. Kerr Papers” (1862-68), “There was 
 once a man " (1884), etc. 
 
 New England (ing'gland). Aname given col- 
 lectively to the northeastern section of the 
 United States, comprising the States of Maine, 
 New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Con- 
 necticut, and Rhode Island, it formed part of 
 “North Virginia,” granted to the Plymouth Company by 
 James I. in 1606. The name was given to it by Captain 
 John Smith. 
 
 New England Confederation. The union ef- 
 fected by the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, 
 Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven in 1643, 
 suggested by the need of a common defense 
 against the Dutch and the Indians. It was dis- 
 continued in 1684. 
 
 New England Primer. A small elementary 
 book of instruction, containing various verses, 
 the Westminster Shorter Catechism, etc. (2d ed. 
 at Boston about 1691). 
 
 NewPoreSo(for'est). A royal forest in the south- 
 western part of Hampshire, England. The tract 
 was forcibly afforested by William the Conqueror, and used 
 as a hunting demesne. It still contains about 144 square 
 miles, in part belonging to the crown. It was the scene 
 of the death of William II. 
 
 Newfoundland (oftenest nu- found 'land; on 
 the island itself generally nu-fund-land'; also 
 nu' fund -land), [Orig. New-found land; NL. 
 Terra Nova, F. Terre Neuve, new land.] An 
 island forming a British colonial possession, 
 situated east of British North America. Capital, 
 St. John's. It is bounded on the north by the Strait of 
 Belle Isle (separating it from Labrador), on the east and 
 south by the Atlantic, and on the west by the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence. It contains the peninsulas of Avalon in the 
 southeast and Petit Nordin the north. The coast is greatly 
 indented, the surface is generally hilly, and there are many 
 lakes. The chief occupation is the fisheries : the island has 
 thelargest cod-fisheries in theworld, and has also seal-, her- 
 ring-, salmon-, and lobster-fisheries. It contains productive 
 copper-mines. It forms with eastern Labrador (Depart- 
 ment of Labrador) a crown colony, the government being 
 vested in a governor, executive council, legislative council, 
 and house of assembly. It was di. covered by John Cabot in 
 1497; the cod-fisliery commenced in the beginning of the 
 16th century ; and the first important settlement was made 
 by the English under Calvert in 1621. There were feuds 
 between English and French fishermen, and by the treaty 
 of 1713 Newfoundland was confirmed to England. Repre- 
 sentative government was granted in 1832, and the pres- 
 ent form of government was established in 1855. The 
 French rights on the coast, granted in 1713 and 1783, have 
 been a frequent subject of dispute. Area, 42,734 square 
 miles. Population, 233,012. 
 
 New France (f rans). The region in North Amer- 
 ica claimed and in part settled by France. By 
 1650 it included the basins of the St. Lawrence and of the 
 Great Lakes, with Labrador and the present Nova Scotia 
 and New Brunswick and part of Maine. Contests with 
 England arose, and four wars ensued — King William’s, 
 Queen Anne's, King George’s, and the French and Indian. 
 Quebec and Montreal were the chief settlements. By 1750 
 New France, with Louisiana added, comprised the St. Law- 
 rence and Great Lakes basins, with the Mississippi basin, 
 though settlements were confined to a lew points on the 
 lakes and rivers. Acadia (which see) had been ceded to 
 England in 1713. The result of the treaty of 1763 was the 
 cession of all the region eastof the Mississippi to England, 
 and that west of the Mississippi to Spain. 
 
 New Galicia. See Nueva Galicia. 
 
 Newgate (nu'gafc). The western gate of London 
 wall by which the W at ling street left the city. It 
 
 was at lirst called Westgate, but later Chancellor’s gate. 
 In the reign of Henry I. Chancellor’s gate was rebuiltand 
 called Newgate. At about the same time the county of 
 Middlesex was given to the citizens of London, and New- 
 gate was used for prisoners from that county. The use of 
 this locality for a prison continues until the present day, 
 although now only a house of detention is located here. 
 Newgate always had an unsavory reputation, and resisted 
 all efforts at reform. These began as early as the time of 
 Richard Whittington, who left a large sum for its improve- 
 ment. The prison was burned during the Gordon riot9 in 
 1780, and was rebuilt in 1782. It was pulled down in 1902. 
 
 Newgate Calendar. A biographical record of 
 the most notorious criminals confined in New- 
 gate. 
 
 New Hebrides 
 
 New Georgia (jor'jia). The former name for 
 Vancouver Island and the Pacific coast opposite 
 it. 
 
 New Granada (gra-na'da), Sp. Nueva Grana- 
 da (no-a'va gra-na'THa)’.' An earlier name of 
 the South American country now called Colom- 
 bia (which see). It was given by the conqueror Que- 
 sada (1538), in remembrance of his native province of Gra- 
 nada : at that time the term included only the highlands 
 about Bogota. Under the colonial presidents (1564-1718) 
 and viceroys (1719-1810) it embraced nearly thepresent ter- 
 ritory of Colombia, except from 1710 to 1722, when Quito 
 (the present Ecuador) was annexed to it. The official title 
 under the viceroys was Nuevo Reino de Granada (New 
 Kingdom of Granada). After the revolution New Granada 
 was retained as a collective name for the provinces com- 
 posing the old viceroyalty, though they were merged in 
 the republic of Colombia (including also Venezuela and 
 Quito) from 1819 to 1830. Iu the latter year Venezuela and 
 Quito separated, and the Republic of New Granada was 
 formed in 1831. In 1861, on the adoption of a federal con- 
 stitution, the name was changed to United States of Co- 
 
 ★lombia (now Republic of Colombia). 
 
 New Guinea (gin'i), or Papua (pap'6-a or pa'- 
 po-a). The largest island in the world, belong- 
 ing to Melanesia, and situated north of Austra- 
 lia (from which it is separated by Torres Strait). 
 It is bounded on the north, east, and south by the Pacific, 
 and on the southwest by Arafura Sea. The interior has 
 been little explored. There are peninsulas in the north- 
 west and southeast. The mountains (Arfak Hills, Finis- 
 terre, Kratke, etc.) reach in the Charles Louis range the 
 height of about 16,000 feet. The largest river is the Fly. 
 The island is divided between the Dutch in the west (as 
 far east as long. 141°), the Germans in the northeast, and 
 the British in the south. It was first visited by the Por- 
 tuguese Menezes about 1526, and was chiefly surveyed by 
 the Dutch. The Dutch claim was made in 1848. In 1884 
 and 1886 tlie English and German possessions were defined. 
 British New Guinea, under a governor (the cost of admin- 
 istration being borne by tile Australian Commonwealth), 
 has an area of 90,540 square miles, and a population of over 
 500,000. Kaiser Wilhelm’ s Land, formerly governed by 
 the German New Guinea Company, has an area of 70,000 
 square miles, and a population of over 110,000. Dutch 
 New Guinea, attached to the residency of Ternate in the 
 Moluccas, with an area of 151,789 square miles, has a pop- 
 ulation of about 200,000. Total area, about 313,000 square 
 miles. Total population, upward of 1,000,000. 
 
 New Hampshire (hamp'shir). One of the New 
 England States of the United States of Amer- 
 ica, extending from lat. 42° 40' to 45° 18' N., and 
 from long. 70° 43' to 72° 33' W. Capital, Con- 
 cord; largest city, Manchester. It is bounded by 
 the province of Quebec, Canada, on the north, Maine and 
 the Atlantic on tlie east, Massachusetts on the south, and 
 Vermont (separated by the Connecticut) and Quebec on 
 the west. Its surface is mountainous in the north and 
 west, and elsewhere hilly. It contains the White Moun- 
 tains in thenorth. It is often called “the Granite State ’’and 
 “ the Switzerland of America." It is largely a manufac- 
 turing State, ranking among the leading States in its chief 
 manufactures — cotton, woolen, and worsted. It has 10 
 counties, sends 2 senators and 2 representatives to Con- 
 gress, and has 4 electoral votes. It was visited by Pring 
 in 1603, and by Captain John Smith in 1614 ; formed part 
 of the territory granted to Mason and Gorges in 1622 ; was 
 settled by the English at Portsmouth and Dover in 1623; 
 was united to Massachusetts in 1641; was separated and 
 made a royal province in 1679; was at times again united, 
 and finally separated in 1741; was often disturbed by Indian 
 wars ; and claimed Vermont until 1764. It was one of the 
 13 original States, being the ninth to ratify the Constitu- 
 tion (1788). Area, 9,305 square miles. Population, 430,572, 
 (1910). 
 
 New Hampshire Grants, A name given to 
 
 Vermont in its earlier history. 
 
 New Hanover (han'o-ver). An island of the 
 Bismarck Archipelago. 
 
 New Harmony (har'mo-ni). A town in Posey 
 County, southwestern Indiana, situated on the 
 Wabash 22 miles northwest of Evansville. See 
 Harmonists. Population, 1,229, (1910). 
 
 Newhaven (nu-ha'vn). A seaport in Sussex, 
 England, situated on the English Channel, at 
 the mouth of the Ouse, 50 miles south of Lon- 
 don. It is the terminus of a steam-packet line 
 to Dieppe, France. Population, 6,373. 
 
 New Haven. A Puritan colony in New Eng- 
 land, established in 1638, and united with Con- 
 necticut in 1662. Its government was remarkably 
 theocratic. It comprised a few adjoining towns besides 
 New Haven. 
 
 New Haven. A city, capital of New Haven Coun- 
 ty, Connecticut, situated on New Haven harbor, 
 near Long Island Sound, in lat. 41° 18' N., long. 
 72°56'W. It is the largest city in the State. It manu- 
 factures carriages, Winchester arms, etc., and exports 
 manufactured goods. It is tlie seat of Yale University 
 (which see). It was settled by English colonists under 
 Davenport and Eaton in 1638; became a city in 1784; and 
 was tlie State capital alternately with Hartford from 1701 
 to 1873, when Hartford was made sole capital. Often 
 called “ the Elm City” from the number and beauty of its 
 
 *elms. Population, 133,605, (1910). 
 
 New Hebrides (heb'ri-dez). A group of islands 
 in Melanesia, Pacific Ocean, northeast of New 
 Caledonia and west of the Fiji Islands. They are 
 mostly of volcanic formation. The largest island is Es- 
 piritii Santo. The inhabitants belong ro Papuan and Poly- 
 nesian races, and are cannibals. The islands were dia- 
 
New Hebrides 
 
 covered in 1606, and explored by Cook in 1773. In 1886 
 they were seized by the French against Australian protest. 
 Population, about 80,000. . 
 
 New Holland (hol'and). A former name of 
 Australia. 
 
 New Hope Church. A locality in Paulding 
 County, Georgia, 4 miles northeast of Dallas. 
 It was the scene of a series of skirmishes May 25-28, 1864, 
 between the Federals under Sherman and the Confeder- 
 ates under Johnston, the former losing 2,400 men, the lat- 
 ter 3,000. 
 
 Newington (nu'ing-ton). A quarter of London, 
 on the southern side of the Thames near Lam- 
 beth. 
 
 New Inn, The, or the Light Heart. A comedy 
 by Ben Jonson, first played by the King’s 
 Servants in 1629, entered on the “ Stationers’ 
 Register” in 1631, and published the same year. 
 A part of this play was transferred to “ Love’s Pilgrim- 
 age ” by Fletcher and another. 
 
 New Ireland (ir'land), native Tombara (tom- 
 ba'raj. An island of the Bismarck Archipelago, 
 Pacific Ocean, 20 rpiles northeast of New Britain, 
 which it generally resembles: called by the Ger- 
 mans since 1885 Neu-Mecklenburg. Itwas made 
 a German possession in 1884. Length, about 
 300 miles. 
 
 New Jersey (jer'zi). [Named (1664) after the 
 Isle of Jersey, in honor of Sir George Carteret, 
 lieutenant-governor of that isle (1643-51). He 
 had previously (1650) received a grant of “ a cer- 
 tain island and adjacent islets in America in 
 perpetual inheritance, to he called New Jersey” 
 (Diet. Nat. Biog., IX. 209).] One of the North 
 Atlantic States of the United States of America, 
 extending from lat. 38° 56' to 41° 21' N., andfrom 
 long. 73° 54' to 75° 33' W. Capital, Trenton; 
 largest cities, Newark and Jersey City. It is bound- 
 ed by New York on the north, New York (separated by the 
 Hudson, New York Bay, and Staten Island Sound) and the 
 Atlantic Ocean on the east, Delaware Bay on the south, 
 and Pennsylvania and Delaware (both separated by the 
 Delaware River) on the west. It is traversed by the 
 Kittatinny and Highland ranges of the Appalachian system 
 in the northwest : the southern half is a plain. It is 
 the third State in the value of clay products, one of the zinc- 
 and iron-producing States, and one of the chief manufac- 
 turing States, ranking first in the manufacture of glass 
 and silk, and among the first in the manufacture of 
 leather, iron, hats, rubber, sugar, and steel. It has 21 
 counties, sends 2 senators and 12 representatives to Con- 
 gress, and has 14 electoral votes. It was settled by 
 the Dutch at Bergen probably about 1617 ; granted by 
 the Duke of York to Carteret and Berkeley in 1664 ; re- 
 conquered by the Dutch in 1673; and restored to England 
 in 1674. West Jersey was purchased by Quakers in 1674, 
 East Jersey in 1682. Proprietary government ceased in 
 1702, New Jersey being made a royal province. It was un- 
 der the same governor with New York until 1738. It was 
 one of the thirteen original States, and was the scene of 
 the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Monmonth, and other 
 events in the Revolutionary War. Area, 7,815 square 
 miles. Population, 2,537,167, (1910). 
 
 New Jersey, College of, now Princeton Uni- 
 versity : also formerly Nassau Hall. An 
 institution of learning at Princeton, New Jer- 
 sey. It was chartered in 1746 and 1748, opened at Eliza- 
 bethtown in 1747, and removed to Newark in 1747 and to 
 Princeton in 1757. The buildings were occupied by British 
 and American troops in the Revolutionary War. It con- 
 tains an academic department, a school of science, and a 
 graduate school. The theological seminary in the same 
 town (under Presbyterian control) is not connected with 
 it. The university is attended by about 1,500 students, 
 and the library contains over 260,000 volumes. 
 
 New Jerusalem Church. See Swedenborgians. 
 New Lanark (lan'ark). A small village i mile 
 from Lanark, Scotland. A manufacturing settle- 
 ment was made there in connection with the philan- 
 thropic schemes of Robert Owen. 
 
 Newland (nu'land), Abraham. A name given 
 to an English bank-note : so named from Abra- 
 ham Newland, the cashier of the Bank of Eng- 
 land in the early pare of the 19th century, who 
 signed the notes. 
 
 New Laws, Sp. Nuevas Ordenanzas (no-a'- 
 vas or-da-nan'thas). A code of Spanish laws 
 promulgated in Madrid in 1543, and having for 
 their special object the protection of American 
 Indians. They were the outcome of the efforts of Las 
 Casas, and were originally written by him, hut were pub- 
 lished with some changes. These laws provided that all 
 Indian slaves should he freed unless a legal title to them 
 could be produced by theirmasters. “Repartimientos,”or 
 grants of Indian labor, were greatly restricted and could 
 not, be inherited : civil and ecclesiastical officers were for- 
 bidden to hold them. The treatment of slaves was regu- 
 lated, inspectors were appointed to watch over them, and 
 provision was made for their religious instruction. At the 
 same time some of the old audiences were suppressed and 
 others were created. The new laws were vehemently op- 
 posed by the colonists, who declared that they would be 
 impoverished. The viceroy of Mexico was forced to sus- 
 pend them, but later (1551) they were enforced by Velasco, 
 and 150,000 male slaves alone were freed. In Peru an 
 attempt to enforce the laws resulted in the rebellion of 
 Gonzalo Pizarro (see Pizarro). They were suspended as to 
 that country in 1547, and by 1560 had become practically 
 non-effective. 
 
 New Lebanon (leb'a-non). A town in Colum- 
 
 733 
 
 bia County, New York, 22 miles southeast of 
 Albany. It contains the village of Mount Lebanon, 
 noted for its Shaker community, and the village of Lebanon 
 Springs, noted for hot springs. Population, 1,378, (1910). 
 
 New Leinster (len'ster or lin'ster). A name 
 formerly given to what is now Stewart Island, 
 New Zealand. 
 
 New Leon. See Nuevo Leon. 
 
 New London (lun'don). A seaport, and one of 
 the capitals of New London County, Connecti- 
 cut, situated on the Thames, 3 miles from Long 
 Island Sound, in lat. 41° 21' N., long. 72° 5' W. 
 It has considerable commerce, is a summer resort, has 
 fisheries of seal, cod, and mackerel, and was formerly 
 noted for its whale-fisheries (next to New Bedford). It 
 was captured by the British under Benedict Arnold in 1781. 
 Population, 19,059, (1910). 
 
 New Madrid (mad'rid). The capital of New 
 Madrid County, Missouri, situated on the Mis- 
 sissippi 46 miles southwest of Cairo, Illinois. 
 The Federals under Pope captured it March 14, 
 1862. Population, 1,882, (1910). 
 
 Newman (nfi'man), Francis William. Born 
 at London, June 27, 1805: died at Weston-super- 
 Mare, Oct. 4, 1897. An English scholar and mis- 
 cellaneous writer, brother of Cardinal Newman. 
 In 1826 he graduated at Oxford (Worcester College), and 
 was made fellow of Balliol. In 1840 he was made classical 
 professor in Manchester New College, and 1846-69 was 
 professor of Latin in University College, London. He wrote 
 “Phases of Faith " (1850), “History of the Hebrew Mon- 
 archy” (1847) “The Soul ” (1849), “Regal Rome "(1852), 
 “ Theism ” (1858), “ Handbook of Modem Arabic ’’ (1866), 
 “Libyan Vocabulary "(1882), “Politica” (1889), “Econom- 
 ica ’’ (1890), translations from Horace and Homer, etc. 
 
 Newman, John Henry. Born at London, Feb. 
 21, 1801: died at Edgbaston, Aug,- 11, 1890. An 
 English Roman Catholic prelate. He was the son 
 of John Newman, banker. He took his degree at Oxford 
 (Trinity College) in 1820, and was elected feliow of Oriel in 
 1822, where he was associated with Dr. Pusey. In 1833 he 
 published “ The Arians of the Fourth Century." Many of 
 his smaller poems, including “Lead, Kindly Light,” were 
 written during a Mediterranean voyage in 1832-33. In 
 1833 he joined the Oxford movement, and wrote many of 
 the “Tracts for the Times.” Foratime heheldto the pos- 
 sibility of a middle ground between the Roman Catholic 
 Church and Protestantism: hut in 1843 he resigned his 
 living in the Anglican Church, and on Oct. 9, 1845, formally 
 entered the Roman Catholic Church. In 1849 he estab- 
 lished an English branch of the brotherhood of St. Philip 
 Neri, the “Oratory.” His lectures on “Anglican Difficul- 
 ties” were published in 1850. His sermons were published 
 in 1849 and 1857 ; the “Apologia pro vita sua, or a History 
 of my Religious Opinions" inl864; “Grammar of Assent” 
 in 1870 ; “Verses on Various Occasions ’’ in 1868. He did 
 not attend the Vatican Council, but he accepted its results. 
 On May 12, 1879, he was made cardinal 
 
 Newmarket(nu-mar'ket). A town in Suffolk and 
 Cambridgeshire, England, 55 miles north-north- 
 east of London. Horse-races have been run annually 
 on Newmarket Heath since the reign of James I. The 
 principal races are the Two Thousand Guineas and the 
 Cesarewitch. Population, 10,688. 
 
 New Mexico (mek'si-ko). A State of the 
 United States. Capital, Santa Fe. It is bounded 
 by Colorado on the north, Oklahoma and Texas on the east, 
 Texas and Mexico on the south, and Arizona on the west. 
 The surface is elevated and is traversed by mountain- 
 ranges and by the Rio Grande from north to south. Min- 
 eral wealth is abundant. The chief occupations are the 
 raising of live stock and mining. It has 26 counties. It 
 was visited by Niza in 1539, and by Coronado about 1541. 
 Settlements were made by Spanish missionaries in the end 
 of the 16th century. The Spanish were temporarily ex- 
 pelled by the Indians in 1680. The region was conquered 
 by the Americans under Kearny in 1846 ; ceded by Mexico 
 to the United States in 1848 ; and organized as a Territory 
 in 1850. An act providing for its admission as a State was 
 signed June 20, 1910, and it was admitted into the Union 
 Jan. 6, 1912. Itwas enlarged by the “Gadsden Purchase” 
 in 1853. Area, 122,580 square miles. Population, 327,301, 
 (1910). 
 
 New Milford (mil'ford). A town in Litchfield 
 County, Connecticut, situated on the Housa- 
 tonic 32 miles northwest of New Haven. Pop- 
 ulation, 5,010, (1910). 
 
 New Mills (milz). A town in Derbyshire, Eng- 
 land, situated at the junction of the Kinder and 
 Goyt 12 miles southeast of Manchester. Pop- 
 ulation, 6,253. 
 
 New Model, The. The name given to the Par- 
 liamentary army from the time of its reorgani- 
 zation in 1645. It was commanded by Sir Thomas 
 Fairfax, and later by Cromwell. 
 
 New Munster (mun'ster). A name formerly 
 given to what is now the South Island of New 
 Zealand. 
 
 New Netherland (neTH'er-lan'd). The early 
 name of the colony (later the State) of New 
 York. 
 
 Newnham (nun'am) College. A college in the 
 suburbs of Cambridge, England, founded in 
 1875 for the education of women, it now consists 
 of Old Hall, Sidgvvick Hall, Clough Hall, and l’eile Hall. 
 From 1881 its students and those of Girton College (which 
 see) have been admitted to examinations in Cambridge 
 University, and receive certificates. 
 
 New Orkney. See South Orkney. 
 
 New Russia 
 
 New Orleans (6r'le-anz). A city in the parish 
 of Orleans, Louisiana, situated on the Missis- 
 sippi in lat. 29° 58' N., long. 90° 3' W. it is the 
 largest city of Louisiana, the largest and chief commercial 
 city of the Gulf States, and the chief seaport of the Missis- 
 sippi valley. It borders on Lake Pontchartrain on the 
 north, and is protected by levees. From its shape it is 
 called “the Crescent City.” It has the largest cotton-mar- 
 ket in the United States, and, besides cotton, exports sugar, 
 molasses, corn, flour, tobacco, rice, wheat, pork, etc. The 
 most prominent buildings are the custom-house, city hall, 
 and St. Charles hotel. The inhabitants are largely creoles 
 and negroes. New Orleans was founded by the French 
 under Bienville in 1718; passed to Spain in 1763, to France 
 in 1800, and to the United States in 1803 ; has in the past 
 been ravaged by yellow fever ; was seized by the Confed- 
 erates in 1861, and was reoccupied by the Federals under 
 Butler from May 1, 1862. From 1868 to 1880 it was the 
 State capital. It was the scene of political riots in 1877, 
 and of the lynching of 11 Italians in 1891 who were sus- 
 pected of complicity in the murder of the chief of police. 
 Population, 339,075, (1910). 
 
 New Orleans, Battle of. A victory near New 
 Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815, gained by the Americans 
 (about 6,000) under Andrew Jackson over the 
 British (about 12,000) under Pakenham (killed 
 in the battle). The loss of the British was over 2,000 ; 
 that of the Americans, who were sheltered by breastworks, 
 8 killed and 13 wounded. 
 
 New Philippines (fil'i-pinz). A name some- 
 times given to the Caroline Islands. 
 
 New Place, The house of Shakspere’s resi- 
 dence and death at Stratford-upon-Avon, Eng- 
 land. The foundations still remain. It was built about 
 1540. Shakspere bought it in 1597, paying £60 for it in that 
 year, and a second £60 in 1602. At that time the house 
 was thought to he the best in the town, and there were two 
 barns and two gardens belonging to it. Shakspere after- 
 ward enlarged the gardens, it is not known in what year 
 he retired there permanently from London, but it was his 
 home in 1598. 
 
 New Plymouth (plim'utli). A seaport in the 
 North Island of New Zealand, situated in lat. 
 39° 4' S., long. 174° 6' E. Population, 4,405. 
 Newport (nu'port). The chief town of the Isle 
 of Wight, Hampshire, England, situated on the 
 Medina 11 miles southwest of Portsmouth. 
 Near it is Carisbrooke Castle. Population, 
 10,911. 
 
 Newport. A seaport in Monmouthshire, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Usk 20 miles west-north- 
 west of Bristol. It has iron-works and other manu- 
 factures, and commerce in coal, iron, etc. There are ruins 
 of an old castle. Population, 83,700, (1911). 
 
 Newport. A city in Campbell County, Ken- 
 tucky, situated on the Ohio opposite Cincin- 
 nati, and at the mouth of the Licking oppo- 
 site Covington. It has various manufactures. 
 Population, 30,309, (1910). 
 
 Newport. A former capital of the State of 
 Rhode Island, and the capital of Newport Coun- 
 ty, situated in the Island of Rhode Island, on 
 NarragansettBay, in lat. 41° 29' N., long. 71° 
 20' W. It has a fine harbor, and is one of the most 
 fashionable watering-places in the United States. There 
 is a United States torpedo station on Goat Island in the 
 harbor, and the U. S. Naval Training Station andWar Col- 
 lege on Coasters Island. Among the objects of interest are 
 the round stone tower or mill, Fort Adams, and the 
 beaches. It was founded about 1638, and was an impor- 
 tant commercial place in the 18th century. Its trade was 
 ruined during its occupation by the British 1776-79. Pop- 
 ulation, 27,149, (1910). 
 
 Newport, Christopher. Born about 1565: died 
 
 at Bantam, E. I., 1617. An English navigator. 
 He commanded the expedition which founded Jamestown, 
 Virginia, in 1607, and led expeditions to Virginia in 1608 
 and 1610-11. 
 
 Newport, Treaty of. The name given to nego- 
 tiations at Newport, Monmouthshire, between 
 Charles I. and the English Parliament, Sept, 
 to Nov., 1648. The king made great concessions, but 
 apparently only for the purpose of gaining time. 
 Newport News (nu'port nuz). A city on the 
 north side of Hampton Roads, Virginia, 11 
 miles northwest of Norfolk. Pop. 20,205, (1910). 
 New Providence. One of the principal islands 
 of the Bahamas, containing the capital, Nassau. 
 New River. A name given to the Great Ka- 
 nawha in the upper part of its course. 
 
 New Rochelle (ro-shel'). A city in Westches- 
 ter County, New York, situated on Long Island 
 Sound, 17 miles northeast of New York. Popu- 
 lation, 28,867, (1910). 
 
 New Roof, The. A nickname of the Federal Con- 
 stitution about the time of its adoption. Fiske. 
 New ROSS (ros). A town in the counties of Wex- 
 ford and Kilkenny, Ireland, situated on the Bar- 
 row 72 miles south-southwest of Dublin, it was 
 the scene of a defeat of the Irish insurgents June 5, 1798, 
 by loyalist troops underJohnston and Lord Mountjoy(who 
 was killed). The rebels were successful at first, hut were 
 ultimately routed with a loss of about 2,000 : that of the 
 loyalists being about 230. Population, 5,847. 
 
 New Russia (rush'a). A collective name for tbe 
 three Russian governments Kherson, Taurida, 
 and Yekaterinoslaff. 
 
Newry 
 
 Newry (nu'ri). A seaport in the counties of 
 Down and Armagh, Ireland, situated at the head 
 of Carlingford Lough, 33 miles southwest of Bel- 
 fast. It is one of the chief ports of Ulster. Popu- 
 lation, 12,405. 
 
 New Sarum. See Salisbury. 
 
 New Shoreham. See Shoreliam. 
 
 New Siberia (sl-be'ri-a). The easternmost of 
 the New Siberia Islands. 
 
 New Siberia Islands, or Liakhoff (le-ach'of) 
 Islands. A group of islands in the Arctic 
 Ocean, north of Siberia and northeast of the 
 Lena Delta. 
 
 New South Shetland. See South Shetland. 
 New South Wales (walz). [Named by Cook in 
 *1770 from a fancied resemblance to the north- 
 ern shores of the Bristol Channel.] A state 
 of the Commonwealth of Australia. Capital, 
 Sydney. It is bounded by Queensland on the north, 
 the Pacific Ocean on the east, Victoria on the south, and 
 South Australia on the west. It is traversed from north 
 to south near the coast by a range of mountains, beyond 
 which are vast plains in the interior. The great river- 
 system is that of the Murray. The chief industry is stock- 
 raising, and especially sheep-farming. There are mines 
 of gob I, silver, coal, copper, and tin. The exports include 
 wool, tallow, leather, tin, copper, and silver. The execu- 
 tive is vested in a governor, with a cabinet of 10 minis- 
 ters. The legislative power is vested in a legislative 
 council and a legislative assembly. A penal seitlement 
 was established at Botany B.iy in 1788. The development 
 of the wool industry commenced under Governor Mac- 
 quarie about 1810-20. Gold, though known in 1823, was 
 not worked till 1851. The transportation of convicts 
 ceased in 1853. Area, 310,700 square miles. Population, 
 1,635,434. 
 
 New Spain (span), Sp. Nueva Espana (no-a'- 
 va es-pan'ya). The colonial name of the coun- 
 try now called Mexico. It was first applied by Gri- 
 jalva (1518) to Yucatan and Tabasco, and was extended by 
 Corths to all his conquests. Under the viceroys the name 
 was also used for a much larger territory (see New Spain, 
 Viceroyalty of), but New Spain proper, or the kingdom of 
 New Spain, corresponded to the district under the juris- 
 diction of the audience of Mexico, the present southern 
 Mexico, embracing (nearly) the modern states of Yuca- 
 tan, Campeche, Tabasco, Vera Cruz, Hidalgo Guanajuato, 
 Michoacan, Colima, Mexico, Morelos, Tlaxcala, Puebla, 
 Guerrero, and Oajaca. 
 
 New Spain, Viceroyalty of. The region gov- 
 erned by the viceroys of Mexico. The first viceroy, 
 Mendoza, took possession in 1535. Under him, and for 
 some time after, the viceroyalty in its broadest sense, em- 
 braced all the Spanish possessions In Central and North 
 America, from the southern boundary of Costa Rica, be- 
 sid s the West Indies and the Spanish East Indies — that 
 is, the five audiences of Mexico, Guadalajara, Confines, 
 Santo Domingo, and Manila, and the captaincy-general of 
 Florida. But, except in the first two, the viceroy’s powers 
 were very limited, and were soon practically restricted to 
 military defense and a few other matters of general im- 
 portance. During the 18th century the East Indies and 
 Guatemala or Central America were completely separated. 
 The region generally called New Spain, in which the vice- 
 roy had complete authority, consisted for a long time of 
 the three kingdoms of New Spain, New Galicia, and New 
 Beon, corresponding to modern Mexico and the undefined 
 territories of New Mexico, Texas, and California, now in- 
 cluded in the United States. In 1793 the northern prov- 
 inces were separated (see Provincias Internets), and there- 
 after the viceroyalty corresponded nearly to the Mexico of 
 to-day, excluding southern Coahuila, Durango, Sinaloa, 
 Chihuahua, and Sonora, but including Upper and Lower 
 California. The name Mexico finally supplanted that of 
 New Spain in 1822. 
 
 Newstead Abbey (nu 'steel ab'i). A building in 
 Nottinghamshire, England, 9 miles north of Not- 
 tingham : anciently an abbey. It was founded by 
 Henry II. as an atonement for Becket’s murder in 1170, 
 and was the home of the family of Lord Byron, obtained 
 by Sir John Byron, his ancestor, at the dissolution of the 
 monasteries in 1540. Numerous relics of Lord Byron are 
 preserved in the house. He undertook to keep it up in 
 18 J9, with what remained of his fortune, but was obliged 
 to sell it in 1S18. 
 
 New Sweden (swe'dn). A Swedish colony in 
 Delaware, founded in 1638. It was conquered 
 by the Dutch in 1655. 
 
 New Testament. See Testament. 
 
 New Timon, The. A satire by Bulwer Lytton, 
 published in 1847. 
 
 New Toledo. See Nueva Toledo. 
 
 Newton (nu'ton). A city in Middlesex County, 
 Massachusetts, situated on the Charles 7 miles 
 west of Boston. It contains the villages of Newton, 
 Auburndale, West Newton, Newton Upper Falls, Newton 
 Lower Falls, Newton Centre, etc., and is the seat of New- 
 ton Theological Institution (Baptist), and Lasell Female 
 Seminary (at Auburndale). Population, 39,806, (1910). 
 
 Newton, Alfred. Born June 11, 1829: died 
 June 7, 1907. A noted English zoologist, pro- 
 fessor of zoology and comparative anatomy in 
 the University of Cambridge. He published “The 
 Zoology of Ancient Europe " (1862), an edition of “ Yarrell’s 
 British Birds,” etc. ; wrote many papers on zoological, 
 and especially on ornithological, subjects; and his “ Dic- 
 tionary of Birds,” an expansion of his articles in the 
 ninth edition of the “ Encyclopaedia Britannica,” was 
 published 1893-96. He was president of the British 
 Association in 1888. 
 
 734 
 
 Newton, Sir Charles Thomas. Born 1816: 
 died Nov. 28, 1894. An English archaeolo- 
 gist. He graduated at Oxford (Christ Church) in 1837; 
 was appointed assistant curator of antiquities in the Brit- 
 ish Museum in 1840, and vice-consul at Mytilene in Asia 
 Minor in 1852 ; discovered the site of the Mausoleum at 
 Halicarnassus in 1856 ; and later excavated at Cnidus and 
 Branchidae. In I860 he was appointed British consul at 
 Rome, and from 1861 to 1885 was keeper of Greek and 
 Roman antiquities at the British Museum. In 1880 he 
 was appointed professor of archaeology at University Col- 
 lege, London. He wrote “ A History of Discoveries at Ha- 
 licarnassus, Cnidus, and Branchidae ” (1862), “Travels and 
 Discoveries in the Levant ” (1865), essays on art and archae- 
 ology (1880), etc., and translated Panofka’s “Manners and 
 Customs of the Greeks ” from the German in 1849. 
 
 Newton, Sir Isaac. Born at Woolsthorpe, near 
 Grantham, Lincolnshire, Dec. 25, 1642 (O. S.): 
 died at Kensington, March 20, 1727. A famous 
 English mathematician and natural philoso- 
 pher. His father. Isaac N ewton, was a small freehold far- 
 mer. He matriculated at Cambridge (Trinity College) June 
 5, 1661 ; was elected to a scholarship April 28, 1664 ; and 
 graduated in Jan., 1665. At the university he was espe- 
 cially attracted by the study of Descartes’s geometry. The 
 method of fluxions is supposed to have first occurred to 
 him iti 1665. He was made a fellow of Trinity in 1667, and 
 Lucasian professor at Cambridge in Oct., 1669. Hebecamea 
 fellow oftheRoyalSocietyinJan., 1672. Newtofi’sattention 
 was probably drawn to the subject of gravitation as early 
 as 1665. The story of the fall of the apple was first told by 
 Voltaire, who had it from Mrs. Conduitt, Newton’s niece. 
 Kepler had established the laws of the planetary orbits, 
 and from these laws Newton proved that the attraction of 
 the sun upon the planets varies inversely as the squares 
 of their distances. Measuring the actual deflection of the 
 moon's orbit from its tangent, he found it to be identical 
 with the deflection which would be created by the attrac- 
 tion of the earth, diminishing in the ratio of the inverse 
 square of the distance. The hypothesis that the same 
 force acted in each case was thus confirmed. The success 
 of Newton’s work really depended on the determination of 
 the length of a degree on the earth’s surface by Picard 
 in 1671. The universal law of gravitation was completely 
 elaborated by 1685. The first hook of the “Principia" or 
 “Philosophise Naturalis Principia Mathematica’’ was pre- 
 sented to the Royal Society, April 28, I 0 S 6 , and the entire 
 work was published in 1687. In 1689 he satin Parliament 
 for the University of Cambridge, and at this time was as- 
 sociated with John Locke; in l, 01 he wasreelected. When 
 his fri nd Charles Montagu (afterward earl of Halifax)was 
 appointed chancellor of the exchequer, Newton was made 
 warden of the mint, and in 1699 master of the mint. The 
 reformation of English coinage was largely his work. The 
 method of fluxions, which he had discovered, was employed 
 in the calculations for the “Principia,” but did not appear 
 until 1693, when it was published by Wallis. It also ap- 
 peared in 1704 in the first edition of the “Optics.” On 
 Feb. 21, 1699, he was elected foreig n associate of the French 
 Academy of Sciences. In 1703 he was elected president of 
 the Royal Society, and held the office till his death. 
 
 Newton, John. Born at London, July 24, 1725 : 
 died there, Dee. 21, 1807. An English clergy- 
 man and religious poet. His father was governor of 
 York Fort in Hudson Bay. Newton served in his father’s 
 ship before 1742, and was afterward in the navy and in the 
 slave-trade until 1755, when he was made tide-surveyor at 
 Liverpool. Taking up the study of Greek and Hebrew, he 
 was ordained priest J une, 1764, and became curate of Olney, 
 where Cowper settled about 1767. They published the 
 “Olney Hymns" together in 1779. In 1780 he was made 
 rector of St. Mary Woolnoth, London. Besides many well- 
 known hymns, he wrote “Cardiphonia” (1781). etc., and 
 an “Authentic Narrative ” of his early life (1764). 
 
 Newton, John. Born Aug. 24, 1823: died May 1, 
 1895. An American engineer and general. He 
 graduated at West Point in 1842 ; served throughout the 
 Civil War, attaining the rank of major-general of volun- 
 teers in 1803; was made brigadier-general and chief of 
 engineers in the regular army in 1S84 ; was placed on the 
 retired list in 1 S 86 ; and was appointed commissioner of 
 public works at New York in 1887, aposition which he re- 
 signed in lo 88 to accept the presidency of the Panama Rail- 
 road Company. His chief engineering feat was the im- 
 provement of Hell Gate channel by the blasting of Hal- 
 lett’s Reef Sept. 24, 1876, and Flood Rock, Oct. 10, 1885. 
 
 Newton, It. The pseudonym under which Ed- 
 ward Cave began printing “The Gentleman’s 
 Magazine ” in 1731. 
 
 Newton, Thomas. Born at Butley, Cheshire, 
 about 1542: died at Little Ilford, Essex, May, 
 1607. An English divine and poet. He translated 
 Seneca’s “Thebais,” and in 1581 collected the ten English 
 translations of Seneca’s tragedies. In 1575 he published 
 a history and chronicle of the Saracens and Turks, etc. 
 He was regarded as one of the best writers of Latin verse. 
 
 Newton, Thomas. Born at Lichfield, England, 
 Jan. 1, 1704: died at London, Feb. 14, 1782. An 
 English bishop and author. He wrote “Disserta- 
 tions on the Prophecies” (1754-58) and annotations on 
 Milton's “Paradise Lost ’’and “Paradise Regained.” 
 
 Newton-Abbot (nu'ton-ab'ot). A small town 
 in Devonshire, England, situated on the Teign 
 14 miles south by west of Exeter. William of 
 Orange was here proclaimed king of England 
 in 1688. 
 
 Newton-in-Makerfield (-mak'er-feld),orNew- 
 ton-le-Willows (-le-wil'oz). A town in Lan- 
 cashire, England, 15 miles east of Liverpool. 
 Population, 16.699. 
 
 Newton- (or Newtown-) Stewart (-stu'firt). A 
 town in Wigtonshire, Scotland, on the Cree 7 
 miles north of Wigtown. Population, 2,598. 
 
 New York 
 
 Newtown (nu'toun). A town in Montgomery- 
 shire, Wales, situated on the Severn 8 miles 
 southwest of Montgomery. It is the center of 
 the Welsh flannel manufacture. Population, 
 6,500. 
 
 Newtown. The name given, during its earliest 
 history, to what is now Cambridge, Massachu- 
 setts. 
 
 Newtown. A suburb of Sydney, New South 
 Wales. 
 
 Newtownards (nu-tn-ardz'). A town in Coun- 
 ty Down, Ireland, situated near Strangford 
 Lough 9.) miles east of Belfast. Population, 
 9,110. 
 
 Newtown-Barry (nfi'toun-bar'i). A village in 
 County Wexford, Ireland, where, June 1, 1798, 
 a force of about 350 repulsed an attack made 
 by upward of 10,000 rebels. 
 
 Newtown-Butler (-but'ler). A place in County 
 F ermanagh, Ireland, 73 miles northwest qf Dub- 
 lin. Here, in 1689, the Irish Protestants defeated 
 the Irish Catholics. 
 
 New Ulster (ul'ster). A name formerly given 
 to what is nowthe North Island of New Zealand. 
 New Way to Pay Old Debts, A. A play by 
 Philip Massinger, printed in 1632, but acted be- 
 fore that date, and since repeatedly revived up 
 to the present time. 
 
 I have no doubt in calling his [Massinger’s] real master- 
 piece by far the fine tragic-comedy of “A New Way to Pay 
 Old Debts.” The revengeful trick by which a satellite of 
 the great extortioner. Sir Giles Overreach, brings about 
 his employer’s discomfiture, regardless of his own ruin, is 
 very like the denouement of the Brass and Quilp part of 
 the “Old Curiosity Shop," may have suggested it (for “A 
 New Way to Pay Old Debts" lasted as an acting play well 
 into Dickens’s time), and, like it, is a little improbable. 
 But the play is an admirable one, and Overreach (who, as 
 is well known, was supposed to be a kind of study of his 
 half-namesake, Mompesson, the notorious monopolist) is 
 by far the best single character that Massinger ever drew. 
 
 Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 399. 
 
 New Westminster (west'min-ster). A town in 
 British Columbia, situated on Fraser Kiver 
 in lat. 49° 13' N., long. 122° 54' W. It was for- 
 merly the capital. Population, 13,199, (1911). 
 New Wonder, A: A Woman Never Vext. A 
 comedy by Chapman, printed in 1632. 
 
 New World, The. North and South America; 
 the western hemisphere. 
 
 New York (york). One of the Middle States 
 of the United States of America, extending from 
 lat. 40° 30' to 45° 1' N., and from long. 71° 51' 
 to 79° 46' W. Capital, Albany ; chief city, New 
 York. It is hounded by the province of Ontario, Canada 
 (mostly separated by Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence) 
 on the north, Vermont (partly separated by Lake Cham- 
 plain), Massachusetts, and Connecticut on” the east, the 
 Atlantic Ocean, New York Bay, New Jersey, and Pennsyl- 
 vania (partly separated by the Delaware) on the south, 
 and Pennsylvania and Ontario (separated by Lake Erie and 
 the Niagara River) on the west. Long Island and Staten 
 Island are included in it. The surface is greatly diversi- 
 fied. The Adirondack Mountains are in the northeast, and 
 the Catskill Mountains, Shawangunk Mountains, High- 
 lands, and Taconic Mountains in the east. The State be- 
 longs chiefly to the Hudson and St. Lawrence river-systems, 
 but in part also to those of the Mississippi, Susquehanna, 
 and Delaware. It contains many lakes, including Lakes 
 George, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, Chautauqua, Owasco, Ot- 
 sego, and Canandaigua, and is noted for picturesque scen- 
 ery. It is called “the Empire State.” It is the first State 
 in the Union in commerce, manufactures, population, and 
 estimated value of property ; and the second State in value 
 of farms. The agricultural products include buckwheat, 
 bailey, oats, rye, Indian corn, wheat, hay, potatoes, milk, 
 butter, and cheese. The chief mineral products are salt, 
 iron, and building-stone. It has 61 counties, sends 2 sen- 
 ators and 43 representatives to Congress, and has 45 elec- 
 toral votes. The principal early Indian inhabitants were 
 Iroquois (Five Nations). The bay of New York was entered 
 by Verrazano in 1524. Explorations were made in the 
 north by < hamplain in 1609, and in the south by Hudson 
 in 1609. The first settlements were made by the Dutch 
 on Manhattan Island in 1614 (or 1613). The region (called 
 New Netherlands) was ruled by the Dutch governors Min- 
 uit, Wouter van Twiller, Kieft, and Stuyvesant : devastated 
 by an Indian war about 1641 ; and conquered by the Eng- 
 lish under Nicolls in 1664. New York, New Jersey, and 
 New England were consolidated under Andros in 1686-89. 
 New York was the scene of many events in the French 
 and Indian war. It was one of the thirteen original States, 
 and was the scene of Burgoyne’s surrender (1777)and other 
 events in the Revolutionary War and in the War of 1812. 
 The western part of the State was rapidly developed in 
 the beginning of the 19th century. A new constitution 
 was adopted in 1846. Area, 49,170 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 9,113,614, (1910). 
 
 New York. [Named after York in England, with 
 reference to the Duke of York, afterward James 
 II.] A seaport and city in the State of New 
 York, in lat. 40° 43' N.,long. 74° 0' W. In 1896 
 (see New York, Greater) a law was passed providing that on 
 and after-Jan. 1, 1898, the city should comprise the counties 
 of New York (with which it was coextensive prior to that 
 date), Richmond (Staten Island), and Kings (Brooklyn), 
 Long Island City, the towns of Newtown, Flushing, Ja- 
 maica, and Westchester, and parts of Hempstead, East 
 Chester, and Pelham. By the charter adopted in 1897 this 
 territory (359 square miles in area) was divided into the 
 
New York 
 
 boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Bronx, Richmond, and 
 Queens. It is the largest city of the western hemisphere, 
 and, after London, the largest and chief commercial city in 
 the world. It is the chief place of arrival for immigrants, 
 and has more than half of the foreign trade of the country. 
 It is the terminus of numerous steamship lines to all parts 
 of the world, and also of many coasting lines and of rail- 
 roads. Its varied manufactures include clothing, boots and 
 shoes, bread, furniture, cigars, beer, machinery, books, etc. 
 It is connected by ferries and tunnels with Jersey City 
 and Hoboken on the west, and by tunnels and bridges with 
 Long Island on the east. (See Brooklyn Bridge.) Central 
 Park is the chief park ; Broadway the main business artery ; 
 Fifth Avenue the principal fashionable street; and Wall 
 street the financial center. The city is the seat of Colum- 
 bia University, the College of the City of New York, New 
 York University, Union Theological Seminary and the 
 Protestant Episcopal Seminary, and of the New York 
 Public Library (Astor, Lenox, and Tilden foundations), 
 the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Cooper Institute, and 
 the Museum of Natural History. (See Brooklyn.) The 
 old city hall, founded in 1803, while of moderate size, is 
 not surpassed by any other example of architecture in the 
 city. The style is the English Renaissance. The building 
 has 2 stories above the basement, the central pavilion hav- 
 ing in addition an attic and a projecting porch of 8 Ionic 
 columns above a broad flight of steps. The central pavilion 
 and the projecting portions of the wings are ornamented 
 with orders of pilasters, Ionic below and Corinthian above, 
 and with engaged arcades framing the windows. The gov- 
 ernor’s room is adorned with an interesting collection of 
 historical portraits. Other prominent buildings are the 
 post-office, produce exchange, custom-house, Cathedral of 
 St. John the Divine, the new public library, Roman Catho- 
 lic cathedral, and Trinity Church. The city was settled by 
 tire Dutch in 1623, and called at first New Amsterdam — 
 Manhattan Island being purchased from Indians for $24 in 
 1626. It was surrendered to the English in 1664, retaken in 
 1673, and restored in 1674 ; was the scene of Leisler's un- 
 successful insurrection in 1689-91, and of the supposed ne- 
 gro plot in 1741 ; w as occupied by the British in Sept., 1776; 
 and was evacuated by them Nov. 25, 1783. It was the State 
 capital from 1784 to 1797, and the capital of the United 
 States from 1785 to 1790. A great fire occurred in 1835 ; the 
 Astor Place riot in 1849 ; the Crystal Palace Industrial Ex- 
 hibition in 1853; the draft riots in July, 1863; and the 
 Orange riot July 12, 1871. Population (1890), 1,515,301, 
 according to the national census ; according to a municipal 
 census, 1,710,715; of Manhattan Borough, 2,331,542, (1910). 
 
 New York, Greater. The popular name of the 
 new municipality (established 1896) which in- 
 cludes New York, Brooklyn (Kings County), 
 Long Island City, Staten Island, Westchester, 
 Flushing, Newtown, Jamaica, and parts of 
 East Chester, Pelham, and Hempstead. The 
 charter wasadopted in 1897. (See New York.) It comprises 
 five boroughs : Manhattan, Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and 
 Richmond. Population, 4,766,883, (1910). 
 
 New York Bay. The bay at the mouth of the 
 Hudson on which New York city is situated. 
 It includes New York Upper Bay, the harbor formed by 
 the union of the North and East rivers, northeast of Staten 
 Island, and New York Lower Bay. 
 
 New York Public Library. A library, founded 
 by consolidation of the Astor, Lenox, and Til- 
 den foundations, in May, 1895. The new li- 
 brary building was opened to the public in May, 
 1911. It contains about 800,000 volumes, 300,000 pam- 
 phlets, and 100,000 manuscripts. In addition there are 
 about 40 branch (circulating) libraries, which will be in- 
 creased to about 60. 
 
 New York University. An institution of learn- 
 ing at New York, founded in 1831. it contains 
 faculties of art, Bcience, law, pedagogy, commerce, and 
 medicine, and has about 350 instructors and over 4,000 
 students. 
 
 New Zealand (ze'land), Dominion of. A self- 
 governing dependency of Great Britain : a 
 group of islands, a British colonial possession, 
 in the Pacific Ocean, situated southeast of 
 Australia, and included mostly between lat. 
 34° 20' and 47° 30' S., and long. 166° 30' and 
 178° 30' E. Capital, Wellington. It includes 
 North Island, South Island, and Stewart Island, etc. The 
 North Island is Bomewhat mountainous, the South Island 
 largely so (the Southern Alps culminate in Mount Cook, 
 12,319 feet). The chief industry is agriculture ; the lead- 
 ing exports are gold, wool, sheep, agricultural products, 
 etc. Government is vested in a governor, appointed by the 
 crown, and a general assembly consisting of a legislative 
 council (appointed by the governor, now for 7 years) and a 
 house of representatives (elected). The group was discov- 
 ered by Tasman in 1642, and was visited by Cook. A mis- 
 sionary settlement was made in 1814. The settlers have 
 been often at war with the natives (Maoris), especially in 
 1860-61 and 1863-66. Area, 104,751 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, about 1,030,000. 
 
 Ney (na), Michel, Due d’Eichingon, Prince de 
 la Moskowa. Born at Saarlouis (now in Prus- 
 sia), Jan. 10, 1769: shot at Paris, Dec. 7, 1815. 
 A celebrated French marshal. He entered the army 
 in 1787 ; became ageneral of brigade in 1796 ; obtained com- 
 mand on the Rhine in 1799; gained the victory of El- 
 chingen Oct. 14, 1805 (for which he was created duke of 
 Elchingen) ; took part in the battles of Jena Oct. 14, 1806, 
 Eylau Feb. 7-8, 1807, and Friedland June 14, 1807 ; served 
 in Spain 1808-11 ; rendered important service at Borodino 
 Sept. 7, 1812 (for which he was created prince of the 
 Moskva) ; commanded the rear-guard in the retreat from 
 Russia in 1812 ; served at Liitzen May 2, Bautzen May 20-21, 
 and Leipsic Oct. 16-19, 1813 ; was defeated by Von Bulow at 
 Dennewitz Sept. 6, 1813 ; served in the campaign of 1814 ; 
 was made a peer after the restoration in 1814 hy Louis 
 XVIII.; deserted to Napoleon in 1815; was defeated by 
 Wellington at Quatre-Bras June 16, 1815 ; and commanded 
 
 735 
 
 the Old Guard at Waterloo June 18. He was condemned 
 by the House of Peers as a traitor, and shot. 
 
 Nezhin, or Nejin, or Niezhin (nye'zhen). 
 A town in the government of Tchernigoff, 
 Russia, situated on the Oster 41 miles south- 
 east of Tchernigoff. It was formerly of 
 commercial importance. Population, about 
 33,000. 
 
 Nez PercS. See Chopunnish. 
 
 Ngala (nga'la), or Bangala (bang-ga'la). A 
 Bantu tribe of the Kongo State, settled on the 
 Kongo River where it bends to the southwest, 
 between the Balolo, Baloi, and Babangi. strong 
 and brave, though notorious as cannibals, they furnish 
 good soldiers for the Kongo State army. See Mbangala. 
 
 Ngambue (ngam ' bwe), or Bangambue (bang- 
 gam'bwe). A Bantu tribe of Angola, West 
 Africa, settled on the Kakulovare River in the 
 highland back of Mossamedes. They are kinsmen 
 of the Nyaneka tribe, and, like these, peaceful agricul- 
 turists owning cattle. 
 
 Ngami (nga'me), Lake. A lake in southern 
 Africa, situated about lat. 20° 30' S., long. 22° 
 40' E. It was discovered by Livingstone in 1849, but the 
 basin is now reported to be virtually a dry expanse. 
 
 Nganga (ngang'ga), or Manganga (mang- 
 gang'ga). A Bantu tribe in British Nyassa- 
 land, at the south end of Lake Nyassa. The 
 mountaineers are called Kantundu, the dwellers of the 
 plain Chipeta : their dialects are slightly different. The 
 Nganga language has a rising literature, most of which is 
 printed in the Scotch mission stations. It is also spoken 
 by the Makololo, who, left on the Shire by Livingstone, 
 have become powerful by accessions from neighboring 
 tribes. Also called Wanyassa. 
 
 Ngangela (ngang-ga ' la), or Ovangangela 
 
 (o-vang-gang-ga'la). A Bantu tribe of Angola, 
 West Africa, east of the Upper Kunene and 
 Kuanza rivers. They are clever iron-workers and wax- 
 hunters, belonging to the same cluster as the Ovimbundu. 
 Also Bangangela. 
 
 Ngan-hui. See Anhwei. 
 
 Ngindo (ngen'do), or Wangindo (wang-gen'- 
 do). A Bantu tribe of German East Africa, 
 spread over a vast area between the Rufiji and 
 Umbekuru rivers, and between their kinsmen 
 the Wakichi and the Maehonde. Their chests and 
 arms are tattooed, and two incisors are sharpened. They 
 have always opposed the slave-trade. The language is 
 called Kingindo, the countr ■ Ungindo. 
 
 Ngola (ngo'la). A Bantu tribe of Angola, West 
 Africa, whose adapted name (Angola) is also 
 applied to the native Angola nation and to the 
 Portuguese province of Angola. The king of Ngola, 
 whose residence used to be at Loanda, was driven by the 
 Portuguese first to Pungo Andongo, and then to the Earn- 
 bu and Hamba valleys, where his people still dwell in com- 
 plete independence. The Ngola people are slender, dark- 
 colored, oval-faced, with fine features and extremities, 
 shrewd and warlike, agricultural and pastoral. Their hair 
 is plaited and shaped into various patterns. Their dialect 
 in its purity is the base of Kimbundu. Ndongo, Matam- 
 ba, and Ndanji are the three provinces of theNgoIa king- 
 dom. Jinga is the name generally used by the Portu- 
 guese for Ngola or Ndongo. 
 
 Ngornu. See Angornu. 
 
 NgTiru (ngo'ro). A mountainous and fertile dis- 
 trict west of Zanzibar, drained by the Luseru 
 and Luiga rivers. The population is dense, and 
 consists of the Wanguru, Wahumba, and Wachambala 
 tribes, whose villages are fortified by stockades. See also 
 Kanuri. 
 
 Niagara (ni-ag'a-ra). A river in North Amer- 
 ica which flows from Lake Erie northward into 
 Lake Ontario. It separates New York on the east from 
 the province of Ontario, Canada, on the west. Length, 32 
 miles. It descends about 326 feet in rapids and cataract. 
 See Niagara Falls. 
 
 Niagara. A town in Niagara County, New 
 York, situated on the river Niagara, and contain- 
 ing tlie village of LaSalle. Population, 1,648, 
 (1910). 
 
 Niagara, Battle of. See Lundy’s Lane. 
 Niagara Falls. The largest cataract in the 
 world, situated in the Niagara River 17 miles 
 north-northwest of Buffalo, it is divided by Goat 
 Island into the American B’all (164 feet high) and the Ca- 
 nadian (or Horseshoe) Fall (150 feet high). The width of 
 the river at the brink of the fall is 4,750 feet. The water- 
 power of the falls (the total amount of which is believed 
 to be several millions of horse power — much more than all 
 thesteam-power andwater-powernowutilizedin theUnited 
 States) is now, in part, utilized by means of turbine 
 water-wheels set at the bottom of deep shafts and con- 
 nected with a tunnel for the escape of the water, which 
 empties below the falls. 
 
 Niagara Falls, from the Canadian side. A 
 painting by F. E. Church (1857), in the Corcoran 
 gallery, Washington. Niagara, from the American 
 side, is in the National Gallery, Edinburgh. 
 
 Niagara Falls. A city in Niagara County, 
 New York, situated opposite Niagara Falls. 
 Population, 30,445, (1910). 
 
 Niagara of Brazil. The cataract of Paulo Af- 
 fonso on the river Sao Francisco. 
 
 Nicaragua 
 
 Niagusta (ne-a-gos'ta), or Nausa (nou'sa). 
 A town in Macedonia, European Turkey, 52 
 miles west of Saloniki. It is noted for its wine. 
 Population, estimated, 5,000. 
 
 Niam-Niam. See Nyam-Nyam. 
 
 Niantic. See Narraganset. 
 
 Nias (ne-as'). An island west of Sumatra, sit- 
 uated in lat. 1° N. Length, 95 miles. 
 
 Niassa. See Nyassa. 
 
 Nibelungenlied (ne'be-long-en-led). [G., ‘ Song 
 of the Nibelungs.’] A Middle High German 
 epic poem, written in its present form by an 
 unknown author in South Germany in the first 
 half of the 13th century. The legends, however, are 
 much earlier, having been handed down orally. Its hero, 
 Siegfried, is a mythical prince and later king of Niderland 
 (the region about Xanten on the lower Rhine), who pos- 
 sessed the so-called “hoard of the Nibelungs," won by him 
 in Norway. He wooed Brunhild, a princess of Island, for 
 the Burgundian king Gunther, whose sister, Kriemhild, be- 
 came his wife. He was afterward treacherously slain, and 
 the hoard was ultimately sunk in the Rhine. The Nibe- 
 lungenlied is the greatest monument of early German liter- 
 ature. Historical and mythical elementsaremingledin it. 
 Wagner’s “Ring of the Nibelungs’’ has taken little except 
 names from the German epic. The source of his material 
 is the Old Norse version of the legend contained in the 
 Volsunga Saga and the Edda. See Bing des Nibelungen. 
 
 Nibelungs (ne'be-longz), The, G. Nibelungen 
 
 (ne'be-long-en). In German legend, originally 
 a race of Northern dwarfs, so called from their 
 king Nibelung ; then applied to the followers 
 of Siegfried (the conquerors of the hoard of the 
 Nibelungs) ; later identified with the Burgun- 
 dians. 
 
 Niblo’s Garden. A theater on Broadway, near 
 Prince street, New York city. It was one of the old- 
 est in the city, having been opened in 1828 as the Sans 
 Souci : in 1829 it was a concert saloon. Niblo’s garden and 
 theater, owned by William Niblo, were opened in 1839, 
 burned in 1846 and in 1872, and reopened the latter year. 
 It was taken down in 1895. 
 
 Nicaea (ni-se'a), Anglicized as Nice (nes). [Gr. 
 Nucawz.] In ancient geography, a town in Bi- 
 thynia, Asia Minor, situated on Lake Ascania 58 
 miles southeast of Constantinople : the modern 
 Isnik. It was built in the 4th century B. C., and was one 
 of the chief cities of Bithynia ; was the seat of the first 
 general church council in 325 A. i>., and of the seventh in 
 787 ; and was taken by the Crusaders in 1097, and by the 
 Turks in 1330. 
 
 Nicsea (in France). [Gr. NAam.] See Nice. 
 Nicaea, Empire of. A Greek empire (1206-61), 
 founded by Theodore Lascaris, which had its 
 center at Nicaea, Asia Minor, during the period 
 of the Latin Empire at Constantinople. It was 
 merged in the restored Byzantine empire in 
 1261. 
 
 Nicander (ni-kan'der). [Gr. N hcardpof.] Lived 
 probably in the 2d century B. c. A Greek poet, 
 grammarian, and physician, authorof two extant 
 poems on venomous animals and poisons. 
 Nicander (ne-kan'der), Karl August. Born at 
 Strengnas, Sweden, March 20, 1799: died Feb. 
 7, 1839. A Swedish poet. The death of his father 
 while he was a child left him without means, and in early 
 life he was a tutor. His first important work was the dra- 
 matic poem ‘ ‘ Runesvardet (1821), whose motive is the con- 
 flict between heathenism and Christianity. Two poems, 
 “ Tassos dod ” (“ The Death of Tasso ’ ) and “ Konung Enzio ’’ 
 (“ King Enzio"), the former of which won the prize of the 
 Swedish Academy, were on Italian subjects. He was now 
 (1827)enabled to undertake a journey to Rome, which, how- 
 ever, ended disastrously in that he was left, without means, 
 to make his way home as best he could. Subsequently he 
 was given a subordinate position in the public service, and 
 made some translations for the royal theater. "Minnen 
 fr&n Sodern ”(“ Reminiscences of the South ’’), a description 
 of his travels, appeared in 1831. This was followed by 
 “Hesperiden ’’(“The Hesperides ”), a volume of poems and 
 tales. His last work was the poem “Lejonetibknen(“The 
 Lion in the Wilderness”), aeulogyof Napoleon. His life to 
 within a few years of his death, when his literary work at 
 last yielded him an income sufficient for his needs, was al- 
 most a constant struggle with want. His collected works 
 ★appeared at Stockholm in 1877, in 2 vols. 
 
 Nicaragua (nik-a-ra'gwaorne-ka-ra'gwa). One 
 of the five republics of Central America. Capi- 
 tal, Managua; chief city, Leon, it is bounded by 
 Honduras on the northwest and north, the Caribbean Sea 
 on the east, Costa Rica on the south, and the Pacific on the 
 west, and is traversed from southeast to northwest by a de- 
 pression including the river San Juan and Lakes Nicaragua 
 and Managua(the route of the proposed ship-canal). Much 
 of the eastern coast included in the Mosquito Reservation 
 [is low (see Mosquitia). There are numerous volcanoes ; 
 earthquakes are frequent and sometimes violent. The 
 most important exports are coffee, hides, cabinet-woods, 
 rubber, fruits, and gold ; silver-mining, formerly a very 
 important industry, has been abandoned. The inhabitants 
 are Spanish creoles, Indians, a few negroes, and mixed 
 races. Spanish is the common language, and the state re- 
 ligion is Roman Catholic. The chief executive is a presi- 
 dent, chosen for 6 years ; and congress consists of a single 
 house of 36 members. Columbus coasted the eastern 
 side of Nicaragua in 1502, but it was first explored from 
 the Pacific side by Gil Gonzalez Davila in 1521-22. It was 
 settled 1524-25 by I’rancisco Hernandez de Cordoba, acting 
 for Pedrarias. During the colonial period it was a prov- 
 ince of Guatemala Independence was proclaimed in 1821, 
 and from 1823 to 1839 N icaragua was a state in the Central 
 
Nicaragua 
 
 American Federation. Since 1840 it has been an indepen- 
 dent republic. Civil wars and struggles with the other Cen- 
 tral American republics have been frequent. The filibuster 
 Walker held a part of the country 1855-56. Area, about 
 49,200 square miles. Population, estimated, over 600,000. 
 
 Nicaragua, Lake. [See Nicarao.'] A lake in 
 the southern part of Nicaragua, it receives the 
 waters of Lake Managua by the Tipitapa, and has its out- 
 let in the San Juan. The surface is llOfeetabove sea-level, 
 the depth varying from 12 to 83 feet. There are several 
 Islands, the largest, Ometepe, containing two volcanic 
 peaks. Length, 92 miles ; greatest width, 40 miles. 
 
 Nicaragua Canal. A proposed ship-canal be- 
 tween the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, 
 crossing the republic of Nicaragua and utiliz- 
 ing the natural waterway furnished by Lako 
 Nicaragua and the San Juan Eiver. Partial sur- 
 veys of this route were made by Americans in 1S26 and 1837- 
 1838, and more complete ones for the United States gov- 
 ernment in 1872-73 by Commander E. P. Lull, and in 18S5 
 by A. G. Menocal. The Nicaraguan government made con- 
 cessions for constructing the canal to Americans in 18-19 
 and 1880 and to a Frenchman in 1858, but they all lapsed 
 without results. In 1SS4 a treaty was signed for the con- 
 struction of the canal by the United States government, 
 but the Senate refused to ratify it. I n 1887 the Nicaraguan 
 government granted a new concession for 100 years (con- 
 firmed by Costa Rica) to the Nicaraguan Canal Company, 
 by which it was transferred to the Maritime Canal Com- 
 pany : the latter was organized May 4, 18S9, under a charter 
 from the United States government, and it agreed to com- 
 plete the work within five years. The route decided upon 
 was from San Juan del Norte on the Caribbean Sea to 
 Brito on the Pacific coast, a distance of 109i miles. Of 
 this about 117 miles was through the lake and the San 
 Juan River, and in the remainder advantage could be 
 taken of river-basins, so that the actual excavations would 
 not exceed 27 miles. There were to be two canals proper, 
 each with three locks : one from Ochoa on the San Juan 
 River to the port of San Juan del Norte (about 35 miles, 
 including the river-basins), and the other from Lake Nic- 
 aragua, at the mouth of the river Lajas, to Brito (17^- miles). 
 The locks were to bring the canals to the necessary sum- 
 mit level, which in the lake was 110 feet. The deepest 
 excavations were to have been on the eastern section where 
 it crosses the eastern divide: here, for three miles, the aver- 
 age depth to be excavated was 141 feet. Subsidiary works 
 were a dam at Ochoa, improvement of the river and lake 
 channels, improvement of the harbor of San Juan del 
 Norte, and the construction of a harbor at Brito, with the 
 building of a short railroad for the transportation of ma- 
 chinery. The work was undertaken by the Nicaragua 
 Construction Company, organized under the laws of Colo- 
 rado June 10, 1887. This company purchased apart of the 
 plant which had been used on the Panama Canal, and actual 
 work was commenced at San Juan June 3, 1889. A great 
 part of the necessary railroad was built and improvements 
 of the harbor of San Juan (said to have been unsuccessful) 
 were made. Work practically ceased from lack of funds 
 in Dec., 1892, and on Aug. 30, 1893, the Nicaragua Con- 
 struction Company went into the hands of a receiver. The 
 Nicaragua route, as compared with other proposed canal- 
 routes across the Isthmus, found much favor among Amer- 
 ican engineers. The chief objection raised to it, principally 
 by French engineers, was the supposed liability of the canal 
 to injury from earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. Congress 
 investigated the route but decided in favor of Panama. 
 
 Nicarao (ne-ka-ra'o), or Nicaragua. A Cen- 
 tral American Indian chief, whose tribe occu- 
 pied territory near a large lake, subsequently 
 called Lake Nicaragua (Nicarao-agua, ‘water 
 of Nicarao’) by the Spaniards, from his name. 
 Gil Gonzalez Davila first visited them in 1522, and ob- 
 tained much gold by trading. See Nicaraos. 
 
 Nicaraos (ne-ka-ra'os), or Nicaraguas (ne-ka- 
 ra'gwaz), or Niquirans (ne-ke-ranz'). [From 
 the name of their chief.] A tribe of Indians 
 which, at the time of the conquest, inhabited 
 western Nicaragua, between Lake Nicaragua 
 and the Pacific. The Nicaraos appear to have been a 
 distant offshoot of the Nahuatlecan stock. They were 
 early subdued by the Spaniards, and their descendants 
 form part of the peasant population of the same district. 
 Nicaria (ne-ka-re'a). An island in the Aegean 
 Sea, belonging to the Sporades, 13 miles west 
 of Samos : the ancient Icaria. It is a Turkish 
 possession. Length, 25 miles. 
 
 Nicastro (ne-kas'tro). A town in the province 
 of Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy, situated in lat. 
 39° N., long. 16° 22' E. Population, town, 
 13,327; commune, 17,524. 
 
 Niccola Pisano. See Pisano. 
 
 Niccolini (nek-ko-le'ne), Giovanni Battista. 
 Born at San Giuliano, near Pisa, Italy, Oct. 29, 
 1782 : died at Florence, Sept. 20, 1861. An Ital- 
 ian poet, an imitator of Alfieri. Among his dramas 
 are “ Polyxena ” (1811), “ Nabucco ” (1819), “Antonio Fos- 
 earini ” (1827), “ Arnaldo da Brescia ” (1835). 
 
 Nice (nes). A former countship, later a prov- 
 ince, of Sardinia. The western part was ceded to 
 France in 1860, and comprised in the department of Alpes- 
 Mari times. 
 
 Nice, It. Nizza (net'sii). A seaport and the cap- 
 ital of the department of Alpes-Maritimes, 
 France, situated on the Mediterranean in lat. 
 43° 42' N., long. 7° 17' E.: the ancient Niesea. 
 It is one of the largest winter health-resorts of the Riviera, 
 picturesquely situated at the foot of the Alps. It exports 
 fruit, and has manufactures of oil and perfumes. The 
 principal places of resort are the Promenade des Anglais 
 and the Jardin Public. Nice was founded by Massil- 
 ianB In the 5th century B. c. In the middle ages it be- 
 
 736 
 
 longed to the county of Provence. It was sacked by the 
 Saracens ; passed to Savoy in 1388 ; was captured by Bar- 
 barossa ; passed to France in 1792, and again to Sardinia in 
 1814 ; and was ceded to France in 1860. It was severely 
 damaged by earthquake in 1887. It was the birthplace of 
 Massena and Garibaldi. Population, commune, 134,232. 
 Nice (in Bithynia). See Nicsea. 
 
 Nice, Councils of. See Nicene Councils. 
 
 Nice, Truce of. A truce concluded at Nice, 
 in 1538, between Francis I. of France and the 
 emperor Charles V. 
 
 Nicene Councils, Two general councils which 
 met at Nictea in Asia Minor. The first Nicene 
 Council, which was also the first general council, met in 
 325, condemned Ariauism, and promulgated the Nicene 
 Creed in its earlier form. The second Nicene Council, ac- 
 counted also the seventh general council, was held in 787, 
 and condemned the Iconoclasts. The recognition of the 
 first Nicene Council as ecumenical has been almost uni- 
 versal among Christians of all confessions. It is acknow- 
 ledged to the present day not only by the Roman Catholic 
 and Greek churches, and by many Protestant churches, but 
 by Nestorians, Jacobites, and Copts. The Anglican Church 
 does not accept the second Nicene Council as ecumenical. 
 
 Nicene Creed or Symbol. A summary of the 
 chief tenets of the Christian faith, first set forth 
 as of ecumenical authority by the first Nicene 
 Council (325), but closely similar in wording to 
 ancient creeds of Oriental churches, and spe- 
 cially founded upon the baptismal creed of the 
 Church of Caesarea in Palestine. 
 
 Nicephorus (ni-sef'o-rus) I. [Gr. Nix^opof.] 
 Born at Seleucia, Pisidia : killed 811. Byzantine 
 emperor 802-811. He was at war with Harun- 
 al-Eashid and with the Bulgarians. 
 Nicephorus ll. Phocas. Born about 912: assas- 
 sinated 969. Byzantine emperor 963-969. He 
 was distinguished, both before and after his accession, as 
 a general in wars with the Saracens. 
 
 Nicephorus III. Byzantine emperor 1078-81. 
 Nicephorus Bryennius (bii-en'i-us). Born at 
 Orestias, Macedonia: died after 1137. A Byzan- 
 tine historian, husband of Anna Comnena. He 
 wrote a Byzantine history which was completed 
 by his wife. 
 
 Nicephorus Callistus (ka-lis'tus). Died in the 
 middle of the 14th century. A Byzantine ec- 
 clesiastical historian. 
 
 Nicephorus Gregoras(greg'o-ras). Born in Asia 
 Minor, 1295: died about 1359. A Byzantine his- 
 torian. He wrote a Byzantine history. 
 Nicephorus Patriarcha (pa-tri-ar'ka). Born 
 758 : died 828. A Byzantine historian, patriarch 
 of Constantinople 806-815. He wrote a Byzantine his- 
 tory, “Breviarium ” (ed. by J. Bekker), and a chronology. 
 
 Nicetas Acominatus (m-se'tas a-kom-i-na'tus) 
 
 , or Choniates (ko-nl'a-tez). "Born in Phrygia, 
 Asia Minor: died at Nictea, Bithynia, about 
 1216. A Byzantine historian. He wrote a By- 
 zantine history (ed. by J. Bekker). 
 
 Nice Valour, The, or the Passionate Mad- 
 man. A comedy by Fletcher and another ( Mid- 
 dleton, according to Fleay), printed in 1647, but 
 produced much earlier (before 1624). in this 
 play is “ Hence, all you vain delights,” a song which 
 formed the basis of Milton's “II Peuseroso.” 
 
 Nlchol (nik'ol), John. Born Sept. 8, 1833: 
 died Oct. 11, 1894, A Scottish writer and lec- 
 turer, son of J. P. Nichol: professor of English 
 literature in Glasgow University from 1862 to 
 ■1889. He published “Fragments of Criticism” (I860), 
 “ English Composition ” (1879), “ The Death of Themisto- 
 cles, and Other Poems" (1881), “ American Literature : an 
 Historical Review ” (1882), etc. 
 
 Nichol (nik'ol), John Pringle. Born at Brechin, 
 Scotland, Jan. 13, 1804: died near Eothesay, 
 Scotland, Sept. 19, 1859. A Scottish astronomer. 
 He wrote “Views of the Architecture of the Heavens” 
 (1838), “The Stellar Universe” (1847), “The Planetary 
 System ” (1848-50), etc. 
 
 Nicholas (nik'o-las), Saint. [Prop, spelled Nic- 
 olas; F. Nicolas "(also Nicole, whence E. Nicol, 
 Nicoll, Nichol, Nichols, etc.), Sp. Nicolas, Pg. 
 Nicoldo, It. Nicola, Nicolo, D. Niklaas, Klass, G. 
 Nikolaus, Niklas, Klaus, Buss. Nikolai, Nikola, 
 L. Nicolaus, also Nicolas, from Gr. NucdXaog, 
 later forms of which are NmdlaQ and Nindleuc, 
 victor of the people.] Lived about 300 a. d. A 
 noted bishop of Myra, Lycia. Asia Minor. He has 
 been adopted as the patron saint of Russia, and is also 
 regarded as the patron saintof seafaring men, thieves, vir- 
 gins, and children. He is a prominent saint of the Greek 
 Church, and his festival is celebrated Dec. 6. He owes his 
 position as Santa Claus (corruption of Sant Nicolaus) to 
 the legend that he wished to preserve the three daughters 
 of a poor nobleman from dishonor when the father, having 
 no money for marriage portions, was about to force them 
 to support themselves by a degrading life. St. Nicholas, 
 passing the house at night, threw a purse of gold in at an 
 open window forthree nights in succession, thus furnishing 
 a dowry for each daughter. On the third night the noble- 
 man watched for and discovered him, but the saint made 
 him promise not to reveal his munificence. From this in- 
 cident is said to be derived the custom of placing gifts in 
 the shoes or stockings of children on the eve of St. Nich- 
 olas’s day, and attributing the gifts to Santa Claus. The 
 
 Nicholson, William 
 
 custom has in some countries been transferred to Christ- 
 mas. The election of a boy bishop on St. Nicholas's day 
 (Dec 6) is an ancient ceremony. The custom prevailed in 
 English cathedrals, grammar-schools, etc., but especially 
 at .Salisbury. The actors were the choristers, and the boy 
 bishop was chosen from among them. He held a burlesque 
 jurisdiction until Innocents’ day (Dee. 29). The ritual was 
 an exact burlesque of the episcopal function. The custom 
 died out with the establishment of Protestantism, but lin- 
 gered in the Eton Montem, a celebration now abolished. 
 Nicholas I., surnamed “ The Great.” Pope 858- 
 867. He maintained the papal authority in dealing with 
 Lothair, king of Lorraine. He recognized the Pseudo-Isi- 
 
 Nicholas IL( Gerard). Pope 1058-61. He was 
 under the influence of Hildebrand. 
 
 Nicholas III. (Giovanni Gaetano). Pope 
 
 1277-80. He belonged to the house of Orsini. 
 Nicholas IV. (Girolamo d’Ascoli). Pope 
 
 1288-92. 
 
 Nicholas V. (Tommaso Parentucelli). Born 
 
 at Sarzana, Italy: died March 24, 1455. Pope 
 1447-55. He is noted for his encouragement 
 of learning and art. 
 
 Nicholas V. Antipope, elected in opposition 
 to John XXII. in 1328 : deposed in 1330. 
 Nicholas I. Born near St. Petersburg, June 25 
 (O. S.), 1796: died at St. Petersburg, Feb. 18 
 (O. S.), 1855. Czar of Eussia, third son of Paul 
 I. He succeeded his brother Alexander I. in 1825 ; carried 
 on a war with Persia 1826-28, and with Turkey 1827-29 ; 
 suppressed the insurrection of Poland 1830-31 ; aided Aus- 
 tria in suppressing the Hungarian insurrection in 1S49 ; 
 and commenced war against Turkey in 1853, which in 1854 
 involved him in war also with Great Britain and France 
 (the Crimean war). 
 
 Nicholas II. Born at St. Petersburg, May 18, 
 1868. Czar of Eussia, son of Alexander III. 
 whom he succeeded Nov. 1, 1894. He married 
 Princess Alix of Hesse, granddaughter of Queen Victoria, 
 Nov. 26, 1894. 
 
 Nicholas, Grand Duke. Born July 27 (O. S.), 
 1831: died at Alupka, Crimea, April 13, 1891. 
 Third son of the czar Nicholas. He commanded 
 the army of the Danube in the war against Turkey in 1877. 
 
 Nicholas Nickleby (nik'l-bi). A novel by 
 Charles Dickens, first published serially during 
 1838-39. 
 
 Nicholas of Damascus. Bom at Damascus: 
 lived in the 1st century b. c. A Greek historian. 
 
 Nicholas of Damascus, the friend of Augustus and Herod 
 the Great, was a very eminent and influential person, and 
 many anecdotes are told about him, some of them being 
 derived from his autobiography, a portion of which has 
 been preserved. 
 
 Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 114. 
 
 , [( Donaldson .) 
 
 Nicholas of Strasburg. Lived in the first half 
 of the 14th century. A German mystic preacher 
 at Strasburg, Freiburg, and elsewhere. He wa3 
 appointed by Pope John XXII. nuncio and superintendent 
 of the Dominican monasteries in Germany. 
 
 Nichols (nik'olz), John. Born at Islington, 
 near London, Feb. 2, 1745: died Nov. 26, 1826. 
 An English printer and antiquary. He was an 
 apprentice of Bowyer. He was editor of and contributor 
 to the “ Gentleman’s Magazine ” from 1778 until his death. 
 His “ Memoirs of Bowyer," begun in 1778, were expanded 
 into the “ Anecdotes ” and “ Illustrations," a literary his- 
 tory of the 18th century. He also wrote 7 volumes on 
 the festivities of the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. 
 
 Nichols, Sir Richard. See Nicolls, Sir Kichard. 
 Nichols, Thomas. Born in Pembrokeshire, 
 Wales, 1820: died at London, May 14, 1879. An 
 English writer. He was professor of biblical literature 
 at Carmarthen College (1856), and was one of the founders 
 of the University of Wales. He published “ The Pedigree 
 of the English People ” (1868), etc. 
 
 Nicholson (nik'ol-son), Sir Francis. Born in 
 1660: died at London, March 5, 1728. A Brit- 
 ish colonial official. He was lieutenant-governor, 
 under Andros, of the province composed of the colonies 
 north of Chesapeake Bay 1686-89, and represented him at 
 New York; was lieutenant-governor of Virginia 1690-94 ; 
 and was governor of Maryland 1694-98, of Virginia 1698- 
 1705, of Acadia 1713-17, and of South Carolina 1719-25. He 
 returned to England in 1725, and retained the nominal 
 governorship of the colony until his death. 
 
 Nicholson, James William Augustus. Born 
 at Dedham, Mass., March 10, 1821 : died at New 
 York, Oct. 28, 1S87. An American admiral, 
 lie entered the navy in 1838, and served with distinction 
 during the Civil War, having charge of the monitor Man- 
 hattan under Farragut at the battle of Mobile Bay in 1864. 
 He was commissioned rear-admiral in 1881. 
 
 Nicholson, John. Born at Dublin, Dec. 11, 
 1821 : died after the storming of Delhi, Sept. 
 23,1857. An English soldier. He entered the service 
 of the East India Company in 1839, and in 1840 was ordered 
 to Afghanistan, where he was imprisoned two years later, 
 lie served in the Sikh wars in 1845 and 1848, and in the 
 mutiny of IS 7. 
 
 Nicholson, William. Born at London, 1753: 
 died 1815. An English physicist and cliemisL 
 
 lie published an “ Introduction'to Natural Philosophy'* 
 (1781), “ A Dictionary of Practical and Theoretical Chem- 
 istry” (1808), etc. He was connected with the society 
 for the encouragement of naval architecture, established 
 about 1791, and in 1800 discovered the decomposition 
 
Nicholson, William 
 
 of water by galvanism. “Nicholson’s Journal," the earli- 
 est English journal of natural philosophy and chemistry, 
 was begun in 1797. 
 
 Nicholson, William. Born at Ovingliam, Dec. 
 25, 1781: died at Edinburgh, Aue. 16, 1844. 
 A Scottish portrait-painter, one of the founders 
 and the first secretary of the Scottish Academy. 
 He etched portraits of distinguished Scotchmen, including 
 Scott, Jeffrey, Burns, and Wilson. 
 
 Nicias (nish'i-as). [Gr. Nnc/af.] Put to death 
 in Sicily, 413 B. C. An Athenian general and 
 politician, chief leader of the aristocratic fac- 
 tion in Athens in the Peloponnesian War. He 
 commanded the unsuccessful expedition against Syracuse 
 415-413. 
 
 Nicias, Peace of. A truce between Athens and 
 Sparta in the Peloponnesian War, concluded 
 421 B. C. It was negotiated mainly by Nicias. 
 Nicias (nish'i-as) of Athens. A Greek painter, 
 a contemporary of Praxiteles. When Praxiteles was 
 asked which of his works in marble he valued most, he is 
 said to have answered, Those on which Nicias has set his 
 mark”: and Pliny explainstliis expression by the comment, 
 “ So much importance did Praxiteles attach to the circum- 
 lition (covering of color) applied by Nicias.” This passage 
 was fora long time the principal foundation for the theory 
 that the Greeks painted their statues, which is now con- 
 firmed by the works themselves : the hair of the Hermes 
 of Praxiteles had a red color when discovered. 
 
 Nick, Old. See Old Niclc. 
 
 Nicobars (nik-o-barz'), or Nicobar (nik-6-bar') 
 Islands. A group of small islands situated in 
 the Bay of Bengal, south of the Andaman Isl- 
 ands, about lat. 7° to 9° N. It is a British posses- 
 sion, a dependency of the Andaman Islands, annexed in 
 1809. The largest island is Great Nicobar. Area, 635 
 square miles. Population, 6,310. 
 
 Nicodemus (nik-o-de'tnus). [Gr. N«c<5(%rof.] In 
 New Testament history, a member of the San- 
 hedrim, a disciple who visited Jesus by night 
 as an inquirer. After the death of Jesus he contributed 
 a mixture of aloes and myrrh for anointing the dead body. 
 Nicol (nik'ol), Erskine. Born at Leith, July 3, 
 1825 : died at Feltham, March 8, 1904. A Brit- 
 ish genre-painter. He studied at the Trustees Acad- 
 emy, Edinburgh ; lived in Dublin about 1845-49; and re- 
 moved from Edinburgh to London in 1863. Many of his 
 works have been engraved. 
 
 Nicol (nik'ol), William. Born about 1768 : died 
 at Edinburgh, 1851 (?). A British inventor and 
 experimenter in natural philosophy, in 1828 he 
 invented the prism for polarizing light, named from him 
 the Nicol prism, or nicol. His life was almost entirely 
 spent in his laboratory at Edinburgh. 
 
 Nicolai (nik'5-li), Christoph Friedrich. Born 
 at Berlin, March 18, 1733 : died Jan. 6, 1811. 
 A German author and bookseller. He edited the 
 periodical “AUgemeine deutsche Bibliothek,” and wrote 
 “Anekdotenvon Friedrich II. ”(1788-92), the novel ‘‘Leben 
 und MeinungendesHerrn Magisters Sebaldus Nothauker” 
 (1773-76), etc. 
 
 He was tire literary associate of Lessing and Moses Men- 
 delssohn in the “Letters concerning Recent German Lit- 
 erature”and the “Universal German Library," published 
 between 1759 and 1792. . . . Soon after the appearance of 
 Goethe’s “Sorrows of VVertlier,” Nicolai published a mali- 
 cious and rather stupid parody entitled “The Joys of Wer- 
 ther.” . . . He has been called the Erz-Philister — the 
 arch-representative of the commonplace, conventional ele- 
 ment in German literature. . . . Goethe was provokedinto 
 using the only weapon which he considered fitting — ridi- 
 cule ; and he was assisted by Nicolai’s own indiscretion. 
 The latter, whose literary materialism was his prominent 
 quality, — who fought the spiritual element as Luther 
 fought the devil,— was visited in 1791 with an avenging 
 malady. He was troubled by apparitions of persons living 
 and dead, who filled his room, and for several weeks con- 
 tinued to haunt and torment him although he knew them 
 to bephantasms. He was finally relieved by the application 
 of leeches about theendof the spine, whence Goethe’s term 
 Proktophantasmist [in “Faust’’], which may be delicately 
 translated as “Rump-visionary.” ... He died in 1811, 
 after having seen himself pilloried in the “ Walpurgis- 
 Night.” B. Taylor, Notes to Faust. 
 
 Nicolai, otto. Born at Konigsberg, Prussia, 
 June 9, 1810 : died at Berlin, May 11, 1849. A 
 German composer and conductor, ne founded 
 the Philharmonic concerts at Vienna (1842) during the 
 period (1841-47) when he was kapellmeister of the court 
 opera there. His chief work, a comic opera, “Die lustigen 
 Weiber von Windsor” (“The Merry Wives of Windsor”), 
 was produced in 1849. 
 
 Nicolas. See Nicholas. 
 
 Nicolas (nik'o-las), Sir Nicholas Harris : usu- 
 ally known as Sir Harris Nicolas. Born March 
 10, 1799 ; died near Boulogne, France, Aug. 3, 
 1848. An English antiquary and historian. He 
 was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1825. He 
 published “Notitta Historica’’(1824 : republished as “The 
 Chronology of History ” (1833-38), “ Synopsis of the Peerage 
 of England ” (1825), the “ History of the < >rders of Knight- 
 hood of the Brit ish Empire ”(1841-2), and the u Despatches 
 and Letters of Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson” (1844-40). 
 
 Nicolay (nik'6-la), John George. Born in Ger- 
 many, 1832 : died Sept. 20, 1901. An American 
 author, private secretary of Abraham Lincoln 
 1860-65, joint author with John Hay of a “ Life 
 of Abraham Lincoln” (1890), and editor with 
 Hay of Lincoln’s “ Complete Works ” (1894). 
 
 737 
 
 Nicolini, Madame. See Patti. 
 
 Nicolls (nik'olz), Richard. Born at Ampt- 
 hill, Bedfordshire, England, 1024: died May 
 28, 1672. The first English colonial governor 
 of New York. He Berved under the royal standard in 
 the English civil war, and was appointed gentleman of the 
 bedchamber to the Duke of York at the Restoration. He 
 was chief of the commission sent to New England to or- 
 ganize an attack on New Netherland in 1664 ; and on the 
 surrender of the Dutch in that year became governor 
 of the conquered province, which he renamed New York 
 from his patron, the Duke of York. He returned to Eng- 
 land in 1667, and when war broke out against the Dutch 
 served as a volunteer on shipboard. He fell in the naval 
 battle with I)e Ruyter, May 28, 1672. 
 
 Nicolo de’ Lapi (ne-ko-15' da lii'pe). A novel 
 by Azeglio, published in 1841. 
 
 Nicolosi (ne-ko-lo'se). A town in Sicily, at the 
 southern foot of Mount Etna. It is the usual 
 starting-point of ascents of Etna. 
 
 Nicoznachean Ethics. An ethical treatise by 
 Aristotle. 
 
 Nicomede (ne-ko-mad'). A play by Corneille, 
 produced in 1651. 
 
 Nicomedia(nik-o-me'di-a). [Gr. N7/co//^de«z.] In 
 ancient geography, the capital of Bithynia, Asia 
 Minor, situated on an arm of the Propontis (Sea 
 of Marmora), in lat. 40° 48' N.,long. 29° 58' E. 
 It was built by Nicomedes I., king of Bithynia, and was 
 the residence of Diocletian, Constantine, and other Bo- 
 man emperors. The modern Ismid is on its site. 
 
 Nicomedia, Gulf of. The eastern prolongation 
 of the Sea of Marmora : also called the Gulf of 
 Ismid. 
 
 Nicopoli. See Nikopoli. 
 
 Nicopolis (ni-kop'o-lis). [Gr. 'Nucotto?^, city of 
 victory.] 1. In ancient geography, a city in 
 Epirus, Greece, situated on the Gulf of Arta in 
 lat. 39° N., long. 20° 43' E. Itwas founded by Octa- 
 vian in commemoration of his victory at Actium 31 B. c. 
 The site contains many Roman antiquities. 
 
 2. An ancient city in Cappadocia, founded by 
 Pompey on account of his defeat of Mithridates 
 66 b. c. — 3. An ancient city near Alexandria, 
 founded by Augustus on account of his defeat 
 of Antony. — 4. An ancient city north of Tir- 
 nova, Bulgaria, founded by Trajan on accoimt 
 of his defeat of the Dacians. 
 
 Nicosia (ne-ko-se'a), or Lefkosia, or Levkosia 
 (lef-ko-se'a). The capital of Cyprus, situated 
 on the river Pedias in the interior of the island. 
 The Cathedral of St. Sophia is a three-aisled church in the 
 best French Pointed style (now a mosque). It contains 
 several tombs of the Lusignan kings who were crowned 
 here. Population, 16,079. 
 
 Nicosia. A town in the province of Catania, 
 Sicily, 40 miles west-northwest of Catania. 
 Population, 14,384. 
 
 Nicot (ne-ko'), Jean, SieurdeVillemain. Born 
 at Nimes, France, 1530 : died at Paris, May 5, 
 1600. A French diplomatist and scholar. He 
 
 introduced the use of tobacco from Portugal into France. 
 The genus Nicotiana and the substance nicotine were 
 named from him. 
 
 Nicotera (ne-ko'te-ra). A seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy, 34 miles 
 north-northeast of Reggio. Population, town, 
 5,674; commune, 8,791. 
 
 Nicotera, Baron Giovanni. Born at San-Biase, 
 Calabria, Sept. 9, 1828 : died at Vico Equense, 
 near Naples, June 13, 1894. An Italian poli- 
 tician. He became in his youth a member of “Young 
 Italy,” participated in the rising in Calabria in 1848, and 
 afterward served under Mnzzini and Garibaldi. He was 
 minister of the interior 1876-77 and 1891-92. 
 
 Nicoya (ne-ko'ya). A peninsula on the western 
 coast of Costa Rica, Central America. 
 
 Nicoya, Gulf of. An arm of the Pacific Ocean, 
 southeast of the peninsula of Nicoya. 
 
 Nictheroy (ne-ta-ro'e), orNitherotii. The capi- 
 tal until 1894 of the state of Rio de Janeiro, 
 situated on the Bay of Rio de Janeiro opposite 
 Rio de Janeiro. It figured prominently in the civil 
 war of 1893-94. (SeeMello.) Population, municipio, 30,869. 
 
 Nicudje. See Missouri. 
 
 Nicuesa (ne-ko-a'sii), Diego de. Born at Baeza 
 about 1465: died March (?), 1511. A Spanish 
 commander. He went to Espafiolain 1502, was subse- 
 quently agent of the colonists in Spain, and in 1508 was em- 
 powered to conquer and govern Castilla del Oro, corre- 
 sponding to the coast of the Isthmus of Panama and Cen- 
 tral America from the Gulf of Darien to Cape Gracias a 
 Dios: at the same time Ojeda received the adjoining 
 province of Nueva Andalucia in South America. Nicuesa 
 left Santo Domingo about Jan., 1510, with 6 vessels and 
 650 (or 785?) men. He lost liia larger ships, was wrecked, 
 and endured terrible sufferings at Nombre de Dios: only 
 100 men survived. Colmenares, on his way with reinforce- 
 ments for Nicuesa, touched at Antigua, where Ojeda's col- 
 ony had been left without a commander. The colonists 
 sent messengers to Nicuesa, offering to accept him as 
 governor: but he acted in such an overbearing manner 
 that on his arrival at Antigua the colonists rebelled. He 
 was forced to sail away in a rotten ship, and was never 
 heard of again. 
 
 Niemen 
 
 Nidd (nid). A small river in Yorkshire, Eng- 
 land, a tributary of the Ouse. Its picturesque 
 valley is called Nidderdale. 
 
 Nidhug (nid'hog). In Scandinavian mythology, 
 a serpent in the lower world. 
 
 Nidwalden (ned'val-den), or Nidwald (ned'- 
 vald). A half-canton of the canton .of Unter- 
 walden, Switzerland. Itformsthenorthempartof the 
 canton. It sends one member to the National Council. 
 On the reconstitution of Switzerland in 1798 and the estab- 
 lishment of the Helvetic Republic, the inhabitants resisted 
 the new order of things, but were repressed by the French. 
 Area, 112 square miles. Population, 13,796, (1910). 
 
 Niebuhr (ne'bor), Barthold Gecrg. Born at 
 Copenhagen, Aug. 27, 1776: died at Bonn, Prus- 
 sia, Jan. 2, 1831. A celebrated German histo- 
 rian, philologist, and critic, son of Karstens 
 Niebuhr. He was in the civil service of Denmark until 
 1806, and in that of Prussia 1806-10; was lecturer at the 
 University of Berlin ; was Prussian ambassador at Rome 
 1816-23; and became lecturer at the University of Bonn 
 in 1823. His chief work,“RomischeGeschichte ’’(“Roman 
 History,” 3 vols. 1811-32 : Eng. trans. by Hare and Thill- 
 wall), on the earlier history of Rome, produced a revolu- 
 tion in the study of Roman history. His “Kleine Schrif- 
 ten"(“ Minor Writings") were published 1828-43. See 
 his correspondence in “Lebensnachrichten” (1838: Eng- 
 lish version by Miss Winkworth 1852). 
 
 Niebuhr, Karstens. Born at. Liidingworth, in 
 Hadeln, Prussia, March 17, 1733: died at Mel- 
 dorf, Prussia, April 26, 1815. A German trav- 
 eler in Arabia and the East 1761-67. He wrote 
 “ Beschreibung von Arabien” (“Description of Arabia," 
 1772), “ Reisebeschreibung von Arabien und andern um- 
 liegenden Landern” (“Description of Travels in Arabia 
 and other Neighboring Lands,” 1774-78). 
 
 Niederbronu (ne'der-bron). A town in Lower 
 Alsace, Alsace-Lorraine, 25 miles north of 
 Strasburg. Population, 3,120. 
 
 Niedermendig (ne'der-men-diG). A place in 
 the Rhine Province, Prussia, west of Coblenz. 
 It is noted for its quarries of basaltic lava. 
 Niedermeyer (ne'der-ml-er), Louis. Born at 
 Nyon, Switzerland, April 27, 1802: died at Pa- 
 ris, March 14, 1861. A Swiss composer of sacred 
 music, and of melodies for the poems of Lamar- 
 tine, Victor Hugo, Deschamps, etc. He was not 
 successful in opera, though “Stradella” (1837), “Marie 
 Stuart” (1844), etc., may be mentioned. 
 
 Niederwald (ne'der-valt). A spur of the Tau- 
 nus, situated in Prussia, near the Rhine, oppo- 
 site Bingen. It rises to the height of 1,080 feet above 
 sea-level. A national monument has been erected on it 
 in commemoration of the German triumph over France in 
 1870-71, and of the foundation of the new German Empire. 
 It wasdesignedbySchiliing, and inauguratedin 1883, when 
 an unsuccessful attempt was made on the life of the em- 
 peror William. It consists of a statue, 33 feet high, of 
 Germania as a robust woman holding aloft the imperial 
 crown, and standing on amonumental pedestal 78 feet high. 
 The die bears inscriptions, and in front of its base, which 
 is carved with the escutcheons of the German states, is 
 placed the Prussian eagle. At the front angles of the large 
 basement from which the die rises stand the angels of 
 War and Peace. The large relief of the front includes por- 
 traits of the emperor William I. with the German princes 
 and generals and soldiers of the different arms ; and the 
 reliefs of the sides represent the departure and return of 
 the soldiers. Below, in front, is a group of sculpture rep- 
 resenting the Rhine and the Moselle. 
 
 Niedner (ned'ner), Christian Wilhelm. Bom 
 
 at Oberwinkel, near Waldenburg, Aug. 9, 1797 : 
 died at Berlin, Aug. 13, 1865. A German Prot- 
 estant church historian, professor at Berlin from 
 1859. His chief work is a “ Lehrbuch der ckrist- 
 lichen Kirchengesehichte ” (1846). 
 
 Niel (ne-el'), Adolphe. Born at Muret, France, 
 Oct. 4, 1802: died at Paris, Aug. 13, 1869. A 
 French marshal. He was distinguished in the Crimean 
 war (particularly at the siege of Sebastopol in 1855), and in 
 the battles of Magenta and Solferino in 1859. He was 
 minister of war 1867-69. 
 
 Niemann (ne 'man], Albert. Bom atErxleben, 
 near Magdeburg, Jan. 15, 1831. A noted Ger- 
 man tenor singer. He first went. on the stage as an 
 actor in 1849. His musical talent was discovered, and he 
 was finally sent to Paris, through tire kindness of the King 
 of Hannover, to study with Duprez. He was successful 
 in Wagner’s operas and in heroic parts. 
 
 Niembsch von Strehlenau (nempsh fon stra'- 
 ien-ou), Nikolaus: pseudonym Nikolaus 
 
 Lenau. Born at Csatad, Hungary, Aug. 13, 
 1802 : died near Vienna, Aug. 22, 1850. An Aus- 
 trian poet. Among his poems are “Faust" (1835), 
 “Savonarola” (1837), “ Die Albigenser” (1842), etc. 
 
 Niemeewicz (nyem-tse'vieh), Julian IJrsin. 
 Born at Skoki, Lithuania, 1758: died at Paris, 
 May 21, 1841. A Polish poet, novelist, histo- 
 rian, and dramatist. Among his works are “Histori- 
 cal Songs of the Poles” (1816), “History of the Reign of 
 King Sigismund Hi. of Poland” (1819), etc. 
 
 Niemen (ne'inen ; Pol. pron. nyem'en). A river 
 in western Russia and the province of East Prus- 
 sia. It rises in the government of Minsk, and empties by 
 several mouths into the Kurisehes Half 50 miles north- 
 east of Konigsberg. Length, about 500 miles ; navigable 
 from Grodno, and for steamers from Kovno. See Memel. 
 
Niemeyer 
 
 Niemeyer (ne'ml-er), August Hermann. Bom 
 
 at Halle, Prussia, Sept. 1, 1754: died at Mag- 
 deburg, Prussia, July 7, 1828. A German theo- 
 logian, sacred poet, and writer on pedagogics. 
 He became chancellor and rector perpetuus at the Uni- 
 versity of Halle in 1808, and was made a member of the 
 consistory at Magdeburg in 1816. Among his works are 
 “Charakteristik der Bibel” (1775-82), “Grundsatze der 
 Erziehung und des Unterrichts ’’ (1796), “Religiose Ge- 
 dichte ” (1814). 
 
 Nienburg-on-the-Weser (nen ' boro-on-THe- 
 va'zer). A town in the province of Hanno- 
 ver, Prussia, situated on the Weser 28 miles 
 northwest of Hannover. Population, com- 
 mune, 10,406. 
 
 Niepce (ne-eps'), Joseph Nicephore. Born at 
 Chalon-sur-Saone, France, March 7, 1765: died 
 at Gras, near Chalon, July, 1833. A French in- 
 ventor, associated with Daguerre in the inven- 
 tion of photography. 
 
 Nierstein (ner'stin). A small town ill the prov- 
 ince of Bhine Hesse, Hesse, on the Bhine 9 
 miles south-southeast of Mainz. It is noted for 
 its wines. 
 
 Niesen (ne'zen). A noted summit in the Ber- 
 nese Oberland, Switzerland, 15 miles west by 
 
 *south of Interlaken. Height, 7,763 feet. 
 
 Nietzsche (netz'she), Friedrich Wilhelm. 
 Born near Liitzen, Saxony, Oct. 15, 1844: died 
 Aug. 25, 1900. A noted German philosopher, 
 professor of classical philology at Basel 1869-80. 
 Among his works are “Morgenrote” (1881), “Die frcih- 
 liche Wissenschaft " (1882), “Also sprach Zarathustra" 
 (1883-84, 1891), “ Jenseits von Gut und Bose ” (1886), etc. 
 
 Nieuhof (noi'hof), Johan Jacob. Born in West- 
 phalia about 1610: died on the coast of Malabar, 
 Sept. 29 (?), 1672. A German in the service of 
 the Dutch West India Company, and later in 
 that of the East India Company. He traveled ex- 
 tensively in northeastern Brazil and in the East Indies and 
 China. From 1657 to 1672 he was governor of Ceylon. 
 Nieuhof was probably murdered by the natives of the 
 Malabar coast. His “Gedenkwaerdige Zee en Lantreize 
 door de voornaemste Landschappen van West en Cost In- 
 dien ” was published in 1682. 
 
 Nieuport(nye-por'),orNieuwport(nyiiv'p6rt). 
 A small town in the province of West Flanders, 
 Belgium, on the Yser 21 miles west-southwest 
 of Bruges. Here, July 2, 1600, the Dutch under Mau- 
 rice of Nassau defeated the Spaniards under the archduke 
 Albert. 
 
 Nieuwveld (nyev'velt) Mountains. A name 
 given to a division of the main range of moun- 
 tains in Cape Colony, situated about long. 22° E. 
 
 Nievre (nyavr). A department in France, cor- 
 responding mainly to the ancient Nivernais. 
 Capital, Nievre. It is bounded by Yonne on the 
 north, Cote-d’Or and Sa6ne-et- Loire on the east, Saone-et- 
 Loire and Allier on the south, and Cher on the west. It is 
 traversed from southeast to northwest by the chain of the 
 Morvan. The chief productions are coal and timber, and 
 there are noted iron-works. Area, 2,658 square miles. 
 Population, 313,972. 
 
 Niezhin. See Nezhin. 
 
 Niffer. See Nippur. 
 
 Niflheim (nif'l-hlm). [ON. Nifllieimr.'] In the 
 Old Norse cosmogony, the cold world of fog in 
 the north. In the midst was the spring Hvergelmir, out 
 of which flowed ten rivers, the Elivagar (ON. Elivayar). 
 
 Niflhel (nif'l-hel). [ON.] In Old Norse my- 
 thology, the realm of the goddess Hel ; t ho abode 
 of the dead. It was situated below the earth. The 
 swift river Slid (ON. Slidhr, also called Gjjll and Geirhvi- 
 mvl), which ran over a bed of swords, surrounded it. It was 
 approached by a bridge at whose end watched the maiden 
 Modgud (ON. Modhgudhr). A wall inclosed the whole 
 realm, to which the gate Helgrind (ON. Helgrindr) alone 
 gave admittance. Niflhel was originally the abode of all 
 the dead. In later mythology only it is made a place of 
 misery. 
 
 Niger (ni'jer), called also Joliba (jol'i-ba), 
 Kworra or Quorra (kwor'a), Mayo (ma'yo), 
 etc. [Prob. same as L. Nigris (Pliny) and Gr. 
 Niyeip ( Ptolemy), applied vaguely to a large river 
 in Africa. Joliba and Kworra are modern Afri- 
 can names.] One of the three chief rivers of 
 Africa. The source of the main head stream, the Tembi, 
 is about lat. 8° 30' N., long. 10° 30' W. It flows generally 
 northeast to near Timbuktu, east to long. 0°, then south- 
 southeast and south, and empties by a delta into the Gulf 
 of Guinea about lat. 4°-5° N., long. 6°-7° E. Its chief tribu- 
 tary is the Binue. It was first visited by Mungo Park in 
 1796. The area of its drainage basin is about 808,000 
 square miles. Length, about 2,600 miles. 
 
 Nigeria (ni-je'ri-a). The official name of the 
 
 *Niger Territories (which see). 
 
 Niger Territories. A British protectorate in 
 western Africa, between the French and Ger- 
 man spheres. It includes Sokoto, a part of Bornu, a 
 part of Borgu, etc., and extends along the coast from 
 Lagos to Kamerun. It is officially named Nigeria, and 
 iB divided for administrative purposes into Northern 
 Nigeria, capital Zungeru; and Southern Nigeria, capital, 
 Lagos. For boundaries of the two protectorates, etc., see 
 supplement. 
 
 738 
 
 Nighantu (ni-g-han'to). [Skt., corrupted from 
 nigranthu, strung together, ranked.] In San- 
 skrit, any glossary, hut especially the Vedic 
 glossary explained by Yaska in his Nirukti : in 
 this sense usually plural (Nighantavas) as em- 
 bracing live hooks. The first three contain synonyms, 
 the fourth a list of specially difficult words, aud the fifth 
 a classification of the divine personages who figure in the 
 Veda. 
 
 Night and Morning. A novel by Bulwer Lyt- 
 ton, published in 1841. 
 
 Nightingale (nit'ing-gal), Florence. Born at 
 Florence, May, 1820: died at London, Aug. 13, 
 1910. An English philanthropist. She inspected 
 schools and hospitals in England and afterward in all 
 parts of Europe, and became a hospital nurse. She is espe- 
 cially celebrated for her noble services at Scutari during 
 the Crimean war, 1854-56. Her health suffered severely 
 from the continued strain and her unselfish devotion. At 
 the close of the war she was enabled by a testimonial fund 
 to found an institution for the training of nurses, the 
 Nightingale Home at St. Thomas’s Hospital. Shewasalso 
 the means of calling attention to the unsanitary conditions 
 of camp hospitals, etc. She published “The Institution 
 at Kaiserswerth ” (1850), “Notes on Hospitals” (1859), 
 “ Notes on Nursing ” (1860), “ Observations on the Sanitary 
 State of the Army in India” (1863), etc. 
 
 Nightmare Abbey. A novel by Thomas Love 
 
 Peacock, published in 1818. 
 
 Night Thoughts. A meditative poem on reli- 
 gion and morality, by Edward Young (1742-46). 
 Its whole title is “The Complaint, or Night Thoughts.” 
 The extraordinary vogue of “Night Thoughts,” which 
 lasted for a century, lias succumbed to a series of vigorous 
 attacks in our own age, and Young is now in danger of 
 being underrated. 
 
 Gosse, Eighteenth-Century Literature, p. 213. 
 
 Night Walker, The, or the Little Thief. A 
 
 comedy by Fletcher and Shirley, licensed in 
 1633, printed in 1640 as by Fletcher only. This 
 
 play has been incorrectly conjectured to be the same as 
 “ The Devil of Dowgate, or Usury put to Use,” which was 
 licensed in 1623. 
 
 Night-Watch, The, or Sortie of the Banning 
 Cock Company. A masterpiece by Bembrandt 
 (1642), in the Bijks Museum at Amsterdam. It 
 represents an assembly of the civic guard (by daylight), 
 with their officers, banner, and drummer. All the figures 
 are portraits, full of life and spirit ; and the picture is ad- 
 ★mirable in light and color. 
 
 Nigra (ne'gra), Count Costantino. Born at 
 Castellamonte, nearlvrea, Italy, June 12, 1827 : 
 died at Bapallo, July 1, 1907. An Italian 
 diplomatist. He served in 1848 as a volunteer in the 
 Sardinian army against the Austrians, but afterward en- 
 tered the diplomatic service, and acted as secretary to 
 Count Cavour at the Congress of Paris in 1856. He was 
 Italian ambassador at Paris, at St. Petersburg, and at 
 London. 
 
 Nigritia (ni-grish'i-a). [NL., ‘land of the 
 blacks,’ from L. niger, black.] A name for- 
 merly given to the Sudan. 
 
 Nigritic (tribes and languages). See Negro race, 
 and African ethnography (under Africa). 
 Nihaloitih. See Echeloot. 
 
 Nihilists (ni'hil-ists). The adherents of nihil- 
 ism. Nihilism was originally a social (not apolitical) 
 movement in Russia, in opposition to the customary forms 
 of matrimony, the parental authority, and the tyranny of 
 custom ; later, a more or less organized secret effort on the 
 partof a large body of malcontents to overturn the estab- 
 lished order of things, both social and political. In the 
 former sense the word was introduced by Turgenieff in 
 1882. Nihilism comprises several Russian parties, differ- 
 ing in the means of action employed and in the immedi- 
 ate results aimed at, some leaning more toward political 
 radicalism and violence, and others toward economic re- 
 organization and socialism. The movement originated 
 about 1840, and is due largely to the influence of the uni- 
 versities. About 1855-62 it became increasingly demo- 
 cratic, socialistic, and revolutionary under the leadership 
 of Herzen and the magazine “Contemporary.” About 
 1870 revolutionary ideas became the subject of a propa- 
 ganda among workmen, peasants, and students. The ad- 
 herents of this movement formed a “people’s party” 
 (“Land and Freedom”) purposing the complete over- 
 throw of the existing order of things and the establish- 
 ment of a socialistic and democratic order in its stead. 
 Under the influence of Bakunin (died 1876), and the per- 
 secution of peaceful propagandists by the government, 
 the people’s party divided into two factions — the 1 ‘democ- 
 ratization of land ” and the “ will of the people,” the lat- 
 ter being the stronger. This party was by government 
 persecutions driven to a political contest, and the idea of 
 demoralizing the forces of the government by terror ori- 
 ginated and became popular: the adherents of this system 
 called themselves “ terrorists.” After several unsuccess- 
 ful attempts, they effected the death of the czar Alexan- 
 der II. in 1881. 
 
 Niigata (ne-e-ga'ta). A seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Echigo, main island of Japan, situated 
 on the western coast in lat. 37° 57' N., long. 
 139° 3' E. It is open to foreign commerce. 
 Population, 61,616. 
 
 Nljar (ne'Har). A town in the province of 
 Almeri'a, southern Spain, 16 miles east-north- 
 east of Almeri'a. Population, 12,497. 
 
 Nijkerk (nl'kerk). A town in the province of 
 Gelderland, Netherlands, 27 miles east-south- 
 east of Amsterdam. Pop., commune, 8,124. 
 
 Nikolaievsk 
 
 Nijmegen. See Nimwegen. 
 
 Nijne-Tagilsk (nezh'ne-ta-gilsk'). A town in 
 the government of Perm, eastern Bussia, situ- 
 ated on the Tagil 135 miles east of Perm, it is 
 the chief town in the Ural Mountains, the center of a rich 
 mining district for iron, gold, copper, and platinum, and 
 is noted for its iron-works (founded by Demidoff). Popu- 
 lation of the mining district, 31,449. 
 
 Nijni-Lomoff (nezh'ni-lom'of). A town in the 
 government of Penza, Bussia, situated on the 
 Lomoff 64 miles northwest of Penza. Popu- 
 lation, 15,948. 
 
 Nijni-Novgorod,orNijniy-Novgorod,orNizh- 
 ni-Novgorod (nezh'ni-nov'go-rod). 1. A gov- 
 ernment of central Bussia. It is surrounded by 
 Kostroma, Vyatka, Kazan, Simbirsk, Penza, Tamboff, and 
 Vladimir. The surface is generally flat. The government 
 has considerable commerce and manufactures. Area, 
 19,789 square miles. Population, 1,924,900. 
 
 2. The capital of the government of Nijni-Nov- 
 gorod, situated at the junction of the Oka with 
 the Volga, in lat. 56° 19' N., long. 44° E. its fa- 
 mous fair, the largest in the world, held annually in Aug. 
 and Sept., is frequented by from 200,000 to 300,000 mer- 
 chants from Russia and western and central Asia. The 
 chief articles of trade are cotton, woolen, iron, corn, salt, 
 tea, furs, silk, and manufactured goods of all kinds. The 
 fair was transferred hither from Makarieff in 1817. The 
 town has also an annual fair for wooden wares, and one 
 for the sale of horses. It is the center of steam navigation 
 of the Volga. It was plundered by the Mongols in 1378; 
 was united to Moscow in 1390; and took the lead under 
 Minin in 1612 in freeing Moscow from the Poles. Popu- 
 lation, 90,053. 
 
 Nika (ne'ka), or Manika (ma-ne'ka). The 
 Bantu tribe inhabiting Mashonaland. 
 
 Nike (ni'ke). [Gr. Nbo?, the personification of vic- 
 tory.] In Greek mythology, the goddess of vic- 
 tory: called by the Bomans Victoria. She was 
 regularly represented in ancient art as a winged maiden, 
 usually as just alighting from flight, her most frequent at- 
 tributes being a palm-branch in one hand and a garland in 
 the other, or a fillet outstretched in both hands : some- 
 times she holds a herald’s staff. 
 
 Nike. An original statue by Pteonius, in the 
 museum at Olympia, dedicated in the Altis by 
 the Messenians about 420 B. C. The goddess is rep- 
 resented as sweeping through the air, with drapery pressed 
 to her form and streaming behind in the wind. 
 
 Nike Apteros, or Wingless Victory, Temple 
 
 of. A beautiful little Ionic amphiprosty le tetra- 
 style temple at Athens, measuring 18 by 27 feet, 
 standing on a high stone platform projecting 
 beyond the Propylaea. The columns are 13A feet high. 
 The frieze is sculptured in high relief with gods on the 
 east and with Athenian martial exploits on the other sides. 
 The platform of this temple was surrounded with a marble 
 balustrade on which were carved Victories, among them 
 the famous relief of “Victory loosingherSandal.” The tem- 
 ple was pulled down by the Turks, and its materials buried 
 under the works of a battery : they were found in 1835, al- 
 most complete, by German scholars, and restored to their 
 original positions. 
 
 Nikisch (ne'kish), Arthur. Born at Szent- 
 Miklos, Hungary, Oct. 12, 1855. A Hungarian 
 composer and conductor. He conducted the Boston 
 Symphony Orchestra 1889-93, was kapellmeister at Buda- 
 pest 1893-95, and later conductor of the concerts at the Ge- 
 waudhaus, Leipsic, and of the Berlin Philharmonic Society. 
 
 Nikita I. See Nikola I. 
 
 Nikitin (ne-ke'tin), Ivan. Born at Voronezh, 
 1824 : died 1861. A Bussian poet. He wrote lyric 
 folk-songs. His life was passed in poverty, and he was 
 obliged to keep an inn to support himself. Afterward he 
 changed this for the more congenial occupation of book- 
 seller. 
 
 Nikko (nek'ko). A small town in the main isl- 
 and of Japan, 80 miles north of Tokio. it is a 
 Shintoist and Buddhist religious center, noted for its 
 shrines. The temple of Iyeyasu is one of the most splen- 
 did sanctuaries of the Shinto cult erected in the 17th cen- 
 tury. The sanctuary consists of a succession of courts with 
 gates of wood and metal adorned with the most elaborate 
 carving and with brilliant color. Upon the courts face a 
 great number of buildings of different sizes and forms and 
 various purpose : they are built of wood, hut every beam 
 and joint is a work of art. The ornament in metal is of 
 the delicacy of jewelry, and that in terra-cotta of equally 
 perfect workmanship. In spite of this richness, vulgarity 
 is avoided and the ornament is kept severely subordinate 
 to constructive propriety. 
 
 Nikola(ne'k6-l : J ) I., orNikita (ne-ke'ta). Born 
 Oct. 7, 1841. Bang of Montenegro. He was pro- 
 claimed prince in 1860, and king in 1910. He carried on 
 war against Turkey 1876-78 and 1912- 
 
 Nikolai (nik'6-11). A town in the province of 
 Silesia, Prussia, 56 miles southeast of Oppeln. 
 Population, commune, 7,720. 
 
 Nikolaieff (ne-ko-li'ef). A seaport in the gov- 
 ernment of Kherson, Bussia, situated at the 
 head of the estuary of the Bug, in lat. 46° 58' 
 N., long. 32° E. It is an important naval station and 
 place of export for grain, etc., founded by Botemkiu about 
 1789. Population, 92,012. 
 
 Nikolaievsk (ne-ko-li'evsk). A town in the 
 government of Samara, eastern Bussia, situ- 
 ated on the Irghiz 96 miles southwest of Sa- 
 mara. Population, estimated, 14,500. 
 
Nikolaievsk 
 
 Nikolaievsk. A port in the Maritime Province, 
 Siberia, situated on the Amur, near its mouth, 
 in lat. 53° 8' N., long. 140° 43' E. it was founded 
 in 1851, and was the former capital of the province. Pop- 
 ulation, 5,6C8. 
 
 Nikolaievskaya Sloboda (ne-ko-li'ef-ska-ya 
 slo-bo-da'). A town in the government of 
 Astrakhan, Russia, situated near the Volga 
 about lat. 50° 5' N., long. 45° 30' E. It is a 
 trading center. Population, 17,800. 
 Nikolsburg (nik'olz-borG). A town in Mo- 
 ravia, 44 miles north-northeast of Vienna. 
 Population, 6,176, (1910). 
 
 Nikolsburg, Truce of. A preliminary peace be- 
 tween Prussia and Austria, concluded at Ni- 
 kolsburg, July 26, 1866. It was confirmed by 
 the peace of Prague, Aug. 23, 1866. 
 
 Nikon (ne'kon). Born near Nijni-Novgorod, 
 Russia, 1605: died Aug. 17, 1681. A Russian 
 prelate . He became patriarch of Russia in 1652, and was 
 deposed in 1666. He introduced reforms in the church 
 service. 
 
 Nikopol (ne'ko-poly). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Yekaterinoslaff, southern Russia, situ- 
 ated on the Dnieper 64 miles south-southwest of 
 Yekaterinoslafl:. It is a trading center. Popu- 
 lation, 21,282. 
 
 Nikopoli, or Nicopoli (ne-kop'o-le), Turk. Ni- 
 ghebolii(ne-ge-boTii) or Nebul(ne-bol'). [See 
 Nicopolis.'] A town in Bulgaria, situated on the 
 Danube, near the confluence of the Osina, in lat. 
 43° 42' N., long. 24° 53' E. It has been erroneously 
 identified with the ancient Nicopolis ad Istrum. It was long 
 noted as a fortress, and was conquered by Sigismund of Hun- 
 gary 1392 and 13J5. Sultan Bajazet I. defeated here the 
 Franco-HungarianarmyunderSigismundSept. 28, 1396. It 
 was unsuccessfully attacked by Ladislaus of Hungary in 
 1444. The Turks were defeated here by Bathori Sept. 6, 
 1595, and by the Wallachians in 1598. It was conquered by 
 the Russians in 1810. The Turkish fleet was destroyed near 
 it and their camp stormed by the Russians in 1829. It was 
 taken by the Russians in 1877. Population, 5,231. 
 Nikosia. See Nicosia. 
 
 Niksar (nik-sar'), or Niksara (nik-sa/ra). A 
 town in the vilayet of Sivas, Asiatic Turkey, 
 situated near the Kelkit-Tchai 145 miles west 
 by south of Trebizond: the ancient Neocte- 
 sarea, and probably the ancient Cabira. Pop- 
 ulation, about 4,000. 
 
 NikSid (nek'sich). A fortified town in Monte- 
 negro, 26 miles north of Cettinje. it was be- 
 sieged and taken from the Turks by the Montenegrins in 
 1877. Population, about 5,000. 
 
 Nile (nil). [F. Nil, Sp. Pg. It. Nilo, G. Nil, L. 
 Nilus, from Gr. Nrilof.] The longest river of 
 Africa, and one of the longest rivers in the 
 world: the ancient Nilus. It is formed by several 
 head streams which flow into Lake Victoria Nyanza. Of 
 these the Kagera, Shimiyu, and Isanga are the chief. 
 From Victoria Nyanza the Nile flows northwest, forming 
 the Ripon and Murchison falls, into the Albert Nyanza. 
 Thence it flows generally north (as the Bahr-el-Jebel, later 
 as the Bahr-el-Abiad or White Nile) to the junction with 
 the Blue Nile at Khartum ; traverses the Nubian desert ; 
 passes by five cataracts into the valley of Egypt ; and emp- 
 ties by a wide delta into the Mediterranean Sea. Its prin- 
 cipal mouths are the Rosetta and Damietta branches. It 
 fertilizes the valley of Egypt by its annual overflow (caused 
 by the mel ling of the snows in the elevated regions drained 
 by its head waters), which is at its height in September 
 and October. It has been famous in ancient and modern 
 times for the kingdoms on its banks, and for the attempts 
 to discover its sources. Its chief tributaries are the Bahr- 
 el-Ghazal, Sobat, Blue Nile, and Atbara. It receives no 
 tributaries below Berber. The chief places on its banks 
 are Lado, Gondokoro, Khartum, Berber, New Dongola, 
 Derr, Assuan, Sint, and Cairo. The course of the upper 
 Nile was a mystery until recent times. Bruce in 1770 found 
 the source of the Blue Nile. In 1858 the Victoria Nyanza 
 was discovered by Speke, in 1864 the Albert Nyanza by 
 Baker, and in 1877 the Albert Edward Nyanza by Stanley. 
 The upper basin falls mainly within the Br itish sphere of 
 influence, partly within the German, and perhaps the Ital- 
 ian. The middle valley was retaken from the dervishes in 
 1898. Length, about 3,400 miles. 
 
 On the rocks of Semneh and Kiimtneh the highest point 
 of the inundation was always noted for comparison, and 
 the mark was accompanied by a corresponding inscription. 
 Thus we read at one place on the rock : “if eight of the 
 Nile in the year 14, under the reign of his Majesty King 
 Amen-em-hat III., the ever-living." From observations 
 made by Lepsius on the spot, we gather that in the times of 
 the Twelfth Dynasty — that is, forty-three centuries before 
 our days — the highest rise was nearly twenty-seven feet 
 above the greatest height of the inundation in these days ; 
 and that the average height of the Nile when Amen-em- 
 hat III. was king surpasses that of our times by about 
 twelve feet. Brugsch, Egypt under the Pharaohs, p. 76. 
 
 Nile, Battle of the. A name often given to the 
 British naval victory of Aug. 1-2, 1798. See Abu- 
 kir, Bay of. 
 
 Niles (nilz). A city in Berrien County, south- 
 western Michigan, situated on the St. Joseph 
 River 75 miles east of Chicago. Population, 
 5,156, (1910). 
 
 Niles, Hezekiah. Born in Chester County, Pa. , 
 Oct. 10, 1777 : died at Wilmington, Del , April 
 2,1839. An American journalist. He founded at 
 
 739 
 
 Baltimore the weekly journal “Niles’s Register" in 1811, 
 and edited it until 1836. 
 
 Nilgiri (nil-ge're). A state in Orissa, Bengal, 
 India, intersected by lat. 21° 30' N., long. 86° 
 40' E. 
 
 Nilgiri Hills, or Neilgherry (nel-ger'e) Hills. 
 1. A range of mountains in Madras, British In- 
 dia, about lat. 11° 30' N., long. 76° 45' E. High- 
 est peak, Dodabetta (8,760 feet). — 2. A district 
 in Madras, British India, chiefly comprised in 
 the mountain region of Nilgiri Hills. 
 
 Nilsson (nil'son), Christine. Born near Wexio, 
 Sweden, Aug. 20, 1843. A noted Swedish so- 
 prano singer. She first sang in public at Stockholm in 
 1860, andappeared in opera at Paris in 1864 as Violetta. She 
 appeared with great success at different times from 1867 
 to 1870 in England, and in 1870-72 in America. In the 
 latter year she returned to England, and married M. Au- 
 guste Rouzaud, who died in 1882. From 1872-77 she sang 
 in England, coming to America in 1873-74. In 1876 she made 
 a successful tour through Scandinavia. In 1880-81 she 
 again sang in opera in England, from which time she sang 
 only in concerts till 1887, when she married Count Casa di 
 Miranda, and retired altogether to private life in 1888. 
 (Grove.) She was eminently successful in such parts as 
 Mignon, Marguerite, Ophelia, Elsa, etc. 
 
 Nilsson, Sven. Born near Landskrona, Swe- 
 den, March 8, 1787 : died at Lund, Sweden, Nov. 
 30, 1883. A Swedish naturalist and antiquary, 
 professor at Lund 1831-56. He published works 
 on the fauna and antiquities of Scandinavia. 
 Nilus (ni'lus). The Roman name of the Nile. 
 Nimapu. See Chopunnish. 
 
 Nimar (ne-mar'). Adistrictin the Central Prov- 
 inces, British India, intersected by lat. 21° 45' 
 N., long. 76° 30' E. Area, 4,273 square miles. 
 Population, 329,615. 
 
 Nimburg (nim'borG). A town in Bohemia, on 
 the Elbe 27 miles east by north of Prague. 
 Population, commune, 10,181, (1910). 
 Nimeguen. See Nimwegen. 
 
 Nimes, or Nismes (uem). The capital of the 
 department of Gard, France, situated in lat. 
 43° 51' N., long. 4° 21' E. : the Roman Nemau- 
 
 SUS. It has important manufactures of silk goods, and 
 an extensive trade, especially in wine and spirits. It is 
 noted for its Roman antiquities, among which are the 
 amphitheater (fn excellent preservation), the Maison Car- 
 toe (which see), the so-called temple of Diana, the Tour 
 Magne (Turris Magna), and gates. It contains a cathe- 
 dral, lyceum, picture-gallery, fountain garden, etc. In 
 the vicinity is the Pont du Gard. Nimes was conquered 
 by the Romans in 121 B. c., and became one of the chief 
 provincial cities; was plundered by the Vandals in 407, 
 and suffered from the West Goths and Saracens; was 
 united to France in 1258 ; suffered in the Huguenot wars ; 
 and was the scene of reactionary atrocities against the 
 Protestants in 1815. It was the birthplace of Guizot. 
 Population, commune, 80,184. 
 
 Nimrod (nim'rod). According to Gen. x., son 
 of Cush, grandson of Ham, famous for his ex- 
 ploits as a hunter, at first ruler of Shinar (Shu- 
 mir, i. e. South Babylonia), then founder of the 
 Assyrian Tetrapolis (Asshur, Nineveh, Rehobo- 
 thir, and Calah). Some Assyriologists identify Nim- 
 rod with Izdubar or Gilgamesh, the principal hero of the 
 Babylonian Izdubarlegends, or “Nimrod Epic." S ee Izdu- 
 bar. 
 
 Outside the pages of the Old Testament nothing is known 
 of Nimrod. The monuments of Assyria and Babylonia 
 have hitherto refused to divulge the name. Certain schol- 
 ars indeed imagined that it might bethepronunciation of 
 the name of the hero of the great Chaldaaan Epic, but we 
 now know that such is not the case. Nimrod still remains 
 to be discovered in the cuneiform texts. 
 
 Sayce, Races of the O. T. , p. 66. 
 
 Nimrod. A pseudonym of C. J. Apperley, a 
 writer on hunting, etc., in the “Quarterly Re- 
 view.” 
 
 Nimrud (nim'rod). An important archroo- 
 logical site in Assyria, on the left bank of the 
 Tigris about 19 miles below Nineveh: the ancient 
 Calah (which see). It was excavated by Layard be- 
 tween 1845 and 1851, and yielded the remarkable series of 
 reliefs constituting the Nimrud Gallery in the British Mu- 
 seum. The site was occupied by several palaces in succes- 
 sion, according to the Oriental custom which required 
 every monarch to build his own. The long series of changes 
 and reconstructions makes the architectural history of the 
 site difficult to unravel ; however, except Khorsabad, this 
 has been the most carefully explored and the most instruc- 
 tive site in Assyria. It is particularly interesting for its 
 abundant remains of vaults built of crude brick in courses 
 inclined diagonally against each other, so as to obviate the 
 use of centering. 
 
 Nimwegen (nim'wa-gen), or Nymegen, or 
 Nimeguen (nim'a-gen), D. also Nijmegen 
 (ru'ma-chen), F. Nimegue (ne-mag'). A city in 
 the province of Gelderland, Netherlands, situat- 
 ed on t he Waal in lat. 51° 51' N., long. 5° 52' E. : 
 the Roman NoviomagUS. It has a fine situation, and 
 contains the Church of St. Stephen, Stadhuis, and ruins of 
 the Oarolingian palace. It was the residence of Charles the 
 Great and other monarchs. Later it was a free imperial city 
 and Hanseatic town. Itjoined the Union of Utrechtin 1579; 
 was taken by the Spaniards in 1585 ; retaken by the Dutch 
 in 1591 ; and taken by the French in 1672 and in 1794. 
 Population, 64,735. 
 
 Nine Worthies, The 
 
 Nimwegen, Peace of. A series of treaties con- 
 cluded at Nimwegen in 1678 and 1679. With those 
 
 of Westminster between Holland and England |Feb. 9,1674), 
 of Fontainebleau between France and Denmark (Sept. 2, 
 1679), of Lund between Denmark and Sweden (Sept. 26, 
 1679), and of St.-Germain-en-Laye between Sweden and 
 Brandenburg (1679), they put an end to the hostilities be- 
 tween France and Holland and their allies originating 
 with the attack on Holland by Louis XIV. in 1672. The 
 treaty between France and Holland was concluded Aug. 
 10, 1678; that between France and Spain Sept. 17, 1678; 
 that between the emperor on the one hand and France 
 and Sweden on the other Feb. 5, 1679; and that between 
 Holland and Sweden Oct. 12, 1679. Holland received all 
 its territory back on condition of preserving neutrality ; 
 Spain ceded Franche-Comto, Valenciennes, Cambray, St.- 
 Omer, Ypres,Conde, Bouchain.Maubeuge, and other places 
 to France ; France restored Charleroi, Oudenarde, Cour- 
 tray, Limburg, Ghent, Puyeerda, etc., to Spain ; the em- 
 peror ceded Freiburg-im-Breisgau to France ; and Duke 
 Charles XV. of Lorraine was restored to his duchy, but on 
 conditions which he refused to accept. 
 
 Nina (nen'ya), La. [Sp., ‘little girl.’] One of 
 the smaller caravels of Columbus in liis voyage 
 of 1492. It was an undecked vessel, probably not over 
 45 feet long, and was commanded at first by Vicente Yafiez 
 Pinzon. After the wreck of the Santa Maria (Dec. 24, 1492) 
 Columbus returned in the Nifia to Europe. 
 
 Nina Gordon. See Bred. 
 
 Ninetta. See Gazza Ladra, La. 
 
 Ninety-Six (irin'ti-siks'). A village in Abbe- 
 ville County, South Carolina, 75 miles west 
 by north of Columbia. It was unsuccessfully 
 besieged by the Americans under Greene in 
 1781. 
 
 Ninety-Three (nin'ti-thre'). [F. Quatre-vingt- 
 trcize .] Ahistorical novel by Victor Hugo, pub- 
 lished .in 1874. The scene is laid in the north- 
 west of France in 1793. 
 
 Nineveh (nin'e-ve). [Heb. Nineve, Assyr. Ni- 
 nua, Gr. Nivevt ij Nm>f.] In ancient geography, 
 an important city and for a long time the capi- 
 tal of the Assyrian empire, situated on the east- 
 ern bank of the upper Tigris opposite the mod- 
 ern Mosul, and surrounded in ancient times by a 
 shallow river (Khosr). The site, now marked by thetwo 
 mounds of Kuyunjik and Nebi Yunus, was first identified 
 in 1820 by J. C. Rich, political resident of the East India 
 Company at Bagdad. The first attempts at excavation were 
 made in 1842 by Paul Emile Botta, who, however, met with 
 slight success : these were followed on a more extended 
 scale by Sir Austen Henry Layard (1845-47, 1849-51), by 
 Hormuzd Rassam (1854), and by George Smith (1873-76), the 
 work being again taken up by Rassam on the death of 
 Smith. As a result of these excavations, the general out- 
 line of the city, the remains of four palaces and numerous 
 sculptures, and thousands of tablets (principally from the 
 so-called library of Asurbanipal) were discovered. The 
 greater part of these is now in the British Museum. The 
 city had a circumference of from 7 to 8 miles, the ruins of 
 the walls showing a height in some parts of 50 feet. It 
 was in existence as early as the time of Samsi-ramman (1816 
 B. C.), who rebuilt a temple there. Shalmaneser I. (l330 
 B. c.) built a palace at Nineveh and made it the city of his 
 residence. Samsi-ramman III. (824-811) decorated and re- 
 stored the temple of Ishtar, famous for a special phase of 
 the cult of the goddess. (See Ishtar.) Ramman-nirari III. 
 (811-782) built a new palace on the site of the mound Ne- 
 bi Yunus. For a time N ineveh was neglected, Sargon (722- 
 705 B. C.), the founder of the new dynasty, abandoning it 
 as the capital for a new town, Dur-Sarrukin (Khorsabad), 
 rvhieh he built and made his residence. His son, Sen- 
 nacherib (705-681 B. c.), was, however, a special patron of 
 Nineveh. He surrounded it with a wall, replaced (695) the 
 small palace at the nort heast wall by a large one, built an- 
 other palace which he filled with cedar wood and adorned 
 with colossal hulls and lions, and beautified the city with 
 a park. The Old Testament (2 Ki. xix. 36, Isa. xxxvii. 37) 
 mentions Nineveh as the residence of Sennacherib. Esar- 
 haddou(680-668B.C.)finished a temple, widened the streets, 
 and beautified the city, forcing the kings whom he con- 
 quered to furnish materials for adorning the city and pal- 
 aces. Nineveh succumbed to the combined attack of the 
 Medes under Cyaxares and the Babylonians under Nabo- 
 polassar in 608 (606?) B. C. See also Assyria, Cyaxares, Ku- 
 yunjilc, and Nebi Yunus. 
 
 Nine Worthies, The. Nine heroes of romance 
 and chivalry whose story is told in Arthurian 
 legends. In one of these, the “Triumphes des neufs 
 Preux,” “ the author feigns that there appeared to him in a 
 vision nine heroes, and in a second vision a tenth hero, viz., 
 Joshua, David, Judas Maccabseus, Hector, Alexander the 
 Great, Julius Csesar, and then Arthur, Charlemagne, God- 
 frey of Bouillon, and finally Bertrand du Guesclin ; they 
 charge him to undertake the description of their lives 
 and feats, in order that Lady Triumphe, who appears with 
 them, may be enabled to decide which of them has deserved 
 her crown. . . . The nine heroes of this romance are 
 not infrequently mentioned in the earlier English litera- 
 ture. Shakespeare alludes in * Love’s Labour 's Lost ’ (act v. 
 sc. 2) to the Nine Worthies. Further, they appear in the 
 verses which precede the Low-German history of Alexan- 
 der the Great (Brun’s ‘ Altplattdeutsche Gedichte,’ p. 336, 
 etc. See also Warton, vol. iv. p. 151, note a, Lond. 1824). 
 They figure also in tapestry and paintings (Warton, ii. p. 44, 
 note 9). This selection of thrice three heroes may very 
 likely have originated in the ‘ Welsh Triads,’ where the 
 three Pagan, Jewish, and Christian trinities are enumer- 
 ated as follows: Hector, Alexander, and Julius Csesar; 
 Joshua, David, and Judas Maccabseus; Arthur, Charle- 
 magne, and Godfrey do Bouillon. For Godfrey is some- 
 times substituted Guy of Warwick." Dunlop, Hist, of Prose 
 Fiction, I. 269, 270. 
 
 The “Pageant of the Nino Worthies,” out of which so 
 mucli fun is made in Shakspere’s “ Love’s Labour ’a Lost," 
 
Nine Worthies, The 
 
 was represented in Queen Mary's time. "Each of the 
 Worthies,” says Strype, “made bis speech,” no doubt com- 
 mencing, as in the comedy, with “I Pompey am,” “I Judas 
 am,” etc. Ward. 
 
 Nine Years’ Siege (of Montevideo). See Oribe, 
 Manuel. 
 
 Ningpo (ning'po'), orNingpo-fu (ning'po'fo'). 
 A seaport in the province of Chekiang, China, 
 situated on the river Ningpo in lat. 29° 51' N. , 
 long. 121° 32' E. It is one of the treaty ports; has 
 flourishing commerce ; is an educational and religious 
 center ; and is noted for its tall tower and temple. It was 
 taken by the British in 1841. Population, 260,000. 
 
 Ninian(nin'i-an), Saint. Lived about 400 a. d. 
 A British missionary among the southern Piets. 
 He built a church at Withern, or Whithorn, Galloway, in 
 397, and in 421, when driven to Ireland, is said to have 
 founded a monastery at Clonconnor. 
 
 Nino(nen'yo), Pedro Alonso. Born in Moguer 
 about 1455 : died about 1505. A Spanish navi- 
 gator. He was connected with several Portuguese expe- 
 ditions to the West African coast ; commanded a supply 
 fleet which sailed for Santo Domingo in 1403 ; and was with 
 Columbus on his third voyage in 1498. Later he was as- 
 sociated with Cristobal Guerra in a trading expedition to 
 the pearl coast (Venezuela). They left Spain about June, 
 1499, with a single small vessel, and returned richly laden 
 with pearls and gold in April, 1500. This was the first 
 financially profitable voyage to the American coast. 
 
 Ninon de Lenclos or L’Enclos. See Lenclos. 
 Ninove (ne-nov'). A town in the province of 
 East Flanders, Belgium, situated on the Dender 
 15 miles west of Brussels. Population, 
 commune, 8,429. 
 
 Ninus (ni'nus). Iu Greek narratives, the founder 
 of Nineveh (which he named after himself ) and 
 of the Assyrian empire, husband of Semiramis 
 and father of Ninyas. 
 
 Ninus. An ancient name of Nineveh; also, a 
 Eoman town (of short duration) on the site of 
 Nineveh. 
 
 Nio (ne'o). An island in the nomarchy of the 
 Cyclades, Greece, 12 miles south-southwest of 
 Naxos: the ancient Ios. Length, 11 miles. 
 Niobe (ni'o-be). [Gr. fhd/3??.] In Greek mythol- 
 ogy, the daughter of Tantalus and wife of Am- 
 phion, king of Thebes. Proud of her numerous pro- 
 geny, she provoked the auger of Apollo and Artemis by 
 boasting over their mother Leto, who had but those two 
 children. Site was punished by seeing all her children die 
 by the arrows of the two light-deities. She herself was met- 
 amorphosed by Zeus into a stone which it is still sought to 
 identify on the slope of Mount Sipylus, near Smyrna. This 
 legend has afforded a fruitful subject for art, and was nota- 
 bly represented in a group attributed to Scopas, now best 
 known from copies in the Utflzi at Florence. See Niobe 
 g roup . 
 
 Niobe group. A celebrated collection of 18 an- 
 tique statues, 12 of which were found in Borne 
 in 1583, now in the Uffizi, Florence. They are good 
 Roman copies of Greek originals ascribed with probability 
 to Scopas, though by some to Praxiteles, representing 
 Niobe horror-stricken in the midst of her children, who are 
 being struck to death by the unseen shafts of Apollo and 
 Artemis. The central figure, Niobe, seeks to shelter, with 
 her arm and her mantle, her youngest daughter, who kneels 
 terrified at her feet. The other children, youths and 
 maidens, are dead, dying, or fleeing, seeking to ward off the 
 inevitable blow, or awaiting it with resignation. The ex- 
 isting group is incomplete : the original was probably ar- 
 ranged pyramidally for the decoration of a pediment. 
 Niobites (nl'o-bits). A branch of the Monophy- 
 sites, founded by Steplianus Niobes in the 6tL 
 century, who opposed the views of the Severi- 
 ans. See Severians. yiobes taught that, according 
 to strict Monopliysite doctrine, the qualities cf Christ’s 
 human nature were lost by its absorption into his divine 
 nature. The Niobites gradually modified their views aud 
 returned to the orthodox church. 
 
 Niobrara (ni-o-bra'ra). A river in northern 
 Nebraska which joins the Missouri 34 miles west 
 of Yankton. Length, about 450 miles. 
 
 Niort (nyor). The capital of the department 
 of Deux-Sfevres, France, situated on the S^vre- 
 Niortaise in lat. 46° 19' N., long. 0° 28' W. It 
 has large manufactures of gloves, and is noted for its 
 onions. It has a museum of paintings, town hall, ruined 
 castle, and Church of Notre Dame. It was often taken and 
 retaken in the English and religious wars. Population, 
 commune, 23,329. 
 
 Niphon. See Nippon. 
 
 Nipigon (nip'i-gon), or Nepigon (nep'i-gon), or 
 Neepigon (ne'pi-gon), Lake. A lake in British 
 North America, 25 miles north of Lake Supe- 
 rior, into which it discharges by Nipigon Biver. 
 Length, about 70 miles. 
 
 Nipissing (nip'i-sing), Lake. A lake in the 
 province of Ontario, Canada, northeast of Geor- 
 gian Bay (in Lake Huron), into which it dis- 
 charges through French Biver. Length, about 
 50 miles. 
 
 Nipmuc (nip'muk). [PL, also Nipmucks. The 
 name means ‘fresh-water fishing-place.’] A 
 general name for the North American Indian 
 tribes of central Massachusetts, extending into 
 Connecticut and Bhode Island, in 1675 their sur- 
 vivors of the King Philip war fled to Canada and to the 
 
 740 
 
 Hudson River. Eliot’s translation of the Bible was in the 
 Naticdialectof the language spoken by the Nipmuc tribes. 
 See Alqonguian. 
 
 Nipper (nip'er), Susan. In Dickens’s “Dom- 
 bey and Son,” a young maid in charge of Flor- 
 ence Dombey, noted for her sharp tongue. 
 Nippon (nip'on'), or Nihon (ne'hon'). The na- 
 tive name of the island empire of Japan (which 
 see), usually with Dai, ‘ great,’ prefixed. Nippon 
 
 is frequently wrongly used by foreigners for the main 
 island, which has no proper name of its own, and is spoken 
 of simply as Hondo, ‘the main island.’ 
 
 Nippur (nip-por'). In ancient geography, a 
 city of Babylonia, south of Babylon, midway 
 between that place and Freeh: the modern 
 Niffer, situated on the (Shaft en-Nil. The site was 
 visited by Sir Austen Henry Layard in 1851, who found 
 there a few inscribed bricks which determined its identity. 
 From records found in the library of Asurbanipal at 
 Nineveh it was later ascertained that Nippur was the 
 most ancient religious capital of Babylonia, on which ac- 
 count it was selected for excavation by the University of 
 Pennsylvania Expedition to Babj Ionia. These excava- 
 tions were conducted under the immediate leadership of 
 Dr. John P. Peters 1889-90 and 1893-96, and again 1898- 
 1900 under Dr. John Henry Haynes as field director, with 
 Dr. Peters and, later, Dr. H. V. Hilprecht as home or 
 scientific director, the latter also visiting the site person- 
 ally in 1900. The ancient temple of Hel-Enlil, the great 
 god of Nippur, was excavated sufficiently to enable the 
 excavators to determine in general the method of con- 
 struction of an old Babylonian temple, and to trace the 
 development of city and temple from prehistoric times 
 onward. Partial excavations were conducted also in other 
 parts of the ruins, from which it would seem that the 
 whole city was an appanage of the temple. Few objects 
 of artistic interest were discovered, but great quantities 
 of domestic utensils, funeral remains, etc., and an enor- 
 mous mass of inscribed documents, principally clay tab- 
 lets. The date of the earliest of these inscriptions is 
 presumably not earlier than the middle or latter part of 
 the 4th millennium, but the city and temple were almost 
 if not quite twice as old. The inscriptions from Nippur 
 which have been published up to date are almost entirely 
 temple archives or school documeuts found by the first 
 and second expeditions. 
 
 Nipur. See Nippur. 
 
 Niquirans. See Nicaraos. 
 
 Niris (ne'ris), Lake. A large salt lake in Far- 
 sistan, southern Persia, east of Shiraz. 
 Nirukti (ni-rok'ti). [Skt., ‘ interpretation.’] In 
 Sanskrit literature, an exposition in 12 books, by 
 Yaska, of the Nighantu or Nighantavas. See 
 Nigliantu. “It is in Yaska’s work, the Nirukti, that we 
 find the first general notions of grammar. Starting from 
 the phonetic rules, advance was made first to a general 
 view of phonetics, and thence to the remaining portionsof 
 the domain of language. Inflection, derivation, and com- 
 position were recognized and distinguished, and manifold 
 reflections were made upon the modifications thereby oc- 
 casioned in the meaning of a root.” (Weber.) As to Yas- 
 ka’s date, it can only be said that he belonged to the last 
 stages of the Vedic period. His Nirukti has been edited 
 by Roth. 
 
 Nirvana (nir-vii'nii). [Skt., ‘blowing out’ (as 
 of a light), ‘extinction.’] In Buddhism, the 
 condition of a Buddha ; the state to which the 
 Buddhist saint aspires as the highest aim and 
 highest good. Originally, doubtless, this was the ex- 
 tinction of existence. Buddha’s attempt being to show the 
 way of escape from the miseries inseparably attached to 
 life, and especially to life everlastingly renewed by trans- 
 migration, as held in India. But in later times this nega- 
 tion has naturally taken on other forms, and Is explained 
 as extinction of desire, passion, unrest, etc. 
 
 Nisssa (ni-se'a). In ancient geography, a re- 
 gion in Media (perhaps near the Caspian Gates), 
 famous for its breed of horses. 
 
 The Nissean breed of horses continued in repute down 
 to the times of Ammianus Marcellinus (xxiii. 6). They 
 excelled all others in size and speed, and were generally 
 the property of the Persian kings or nobles of the highest 
 rank. The situalionof the Nissan plain from which they 
 were said to derive their name is uncertain. According 
 to Strabo, some placed it in Armenia ; others, according to 
 Suidas, in Persia. The general consent, however, of the 
 best writers assigns it to Media, where we know from the 
 Behistun Inscription that there was a district Nisaea or 
 Nisaya. Jtawlinson, Herod., IV. 39, note. 
 
 Nisami. See Nizami. 
 
 Nisan(ui'san). [ Ileb . nisdn , Baby 1 oni an nisdnu.} 
 The name of the first month of the Hebrew year, 
 corresponding to March- April: after the exile 
 (Esther iii. 7, Nell. ii. 1) corresponding to the 
 preexilic Abib. Like the other names of the Hebrew 
 months, it was derived from the Babylonians. The fact 
 that it was the month in which the vernal equinox fell is 
 attested by the cuneiform tablets and by Josephus. 
 
 Nisard (ne-zar'), Jean Marie Napoleon De- 
 sire. Born March 20, 1806 : died at Paris, 
 March 26,1888. A French historian of literature, 
 ne became a member of the French Academy in 1850. 
 His chief work is “Ilistoirq de la littArature franqaise" 
 (1814-61). He also wrote “ Etudes d’histoire et de litera- 
 ture ” (1859), “ Nouvelles Etudes ” (1864), etc. 
 
 Niscemi (nish-a'me). A town in the province 
 of Caltanissetta, Sicily, 43 miles southwest of 
 Catania. Population, commune, 14,689. 
 
 Nish, or Nisch (nesh), or Nissa (nes'sa). The 
 second largest city of Servia, situated on the 
 Nishava in lat. 43° 18' N., long. 21° 55' E. : the 
 
 Nitria 
 
 ancient Naissus (Gr. ~Saico6e). it was the birthplace 
 of Constantine the Great. It was held by the Servians from 
 the 12th to the 14th century, and then by the Turks until 
 1878. Here, in 269, the emperor Claudius II. defeated the 
 Goths, 50,000 of whom are said to have perished ; and here, 
 in 1689, the Austrians under Louis of Baden defeated the 
 Turks. The place was unsuccessfully besieged by the 
 Servians in 1809. Population, 21,946. 
 
 Nishadha (ni'sha-d-ha). In the Mahabharata, 
 the country of Nala, inferred to be in the val- 
 ley of the Sind, which traverses Gwalior state, 
 Central India. On the Sind is Narwar, and local tra- 
 dition connects this place with King Nala in a story 
 bearing a striking resemblance to the poem of Nala. 
 Nishapur (nisli-ii-por'). A city in Khorasan, 
 Persia, 48 miles west of Meshhed: an important 
 medieval city. Population, about 11,000. 
 Nishinam (nish'i-nam). The southern division 
 of the Pujunan stock of North American In- 
 dians, comprising a number of tribes wbieb for- 
 merly occupied the part of northern California 
 between Yuba and Cosumne rivers. The name 
 signifies ‘ people ’ or ‘ our people.’ See Pujunan. 
 Nisib. See Nizib. 
 
 Nisibis (nis'i-bis). [Gr. In ancient 
 
 geography, a town in Mesopotamia, situated in 
 lat. 37° N., long. 41° 15' E. : the modern Nisi- 
 bin or Nesibin. It was an Armenian, Parthian, Roman, 
 and Persian stronghold ; and was taken by Lucullus in 68 
 B. c., and afterward by Trajan. 
 
 Nismes. See Nimes. 
 
 Nisqualli (niz'kwa-le). Atribe of North Ameri- 
 can Indians which formerly lived on and about 
 Nisqualli Biver, Washington : now numbering 
 about 100 persons, on the Nisqualli reserva- 
 tion, Washington. See Salishan. 
 
 Nisroch. (nis'rok). In Bible history, an Assyrian 
 deity in whose temple at Nineveh Sennacherib 
 was murdered (2 Ki. xix. 37, Isa. xxxvii. 38). 
 The name was formerly derived from Heb. neSer (‘ eagle ’), 
 and the deity was supposed to have been one of the eagle- 
 headed genii frequently represented on Assyrian sculp- 
 tures. The name has, however, not been found in cunei- 
 form literature, and the conjecture of Joseph Haldvy 
 that it is an error for Nusku (which see) has been gener- 
 ally accepted. 
 
 Nissa. See Nish. 
 
 Nisus (nl'sus). [Gr. NZerof.] In Greek legend, 
 a king of Megara, father of Scylla : changed to 
 an eagle. 
 
 Nisyro (ne'se-ro). A small volcanic island off 
 the southwestern coast of Asia Minor, south 
 of Cos and northwest of Bhodes : the ancient 
 Nisyrus (Gr. N/crnpof). 
 
 Nith (nith). A river in southwestern Scotland 
 which falls into Solway Firth 8 miles south of 
 Dumfries. Length, 71 miles. 
 
 Nithard (ne-tar'). Lived in the first half of the 
 9th century. A Frankish historian, son of 
 Bertha and grandson of Charles the Great. 
 Nitherohi. See Nictheroy. 
 
 Nithsdale (nitlis'dal). The valley of the Nith, 
 principally in Dumfriesshire, Scotland. 
 Niti-Ghaut (ne'te-gat'). One of the chief passes 
 over the Himalaya from India to Tibet, situ- 
 ated about lat. 30° 58' N., long. 79° 53' E. 
 Height, 16,628 feet. 
 
 Nitinaht (ne'tin-at). A tribe of North Ameri- 
 can Indians, on Nitinaht Lake or Sound, Van- 
 couver Island, British Columbia. Number, 269. 
 See Alit. 
 
 Nitishastra (ne-ti-shas'tra). [Skt., ‘conduct- 
 treatise’: mil, conduct, and shastra, instruc- 
 tion, treatise.] In Sanskrit, doctrine of politi- 
 cal and social ethics, and then the name of a 
 class of ethieo-didactic treatises. These consist 
 either of maxims in verse, or of fables and stories in prose 
 with intermingled verse. See Bhartrihari, Hitopadeska, 
 Panchatantra. 
 
 Nitocris (ni-to'kris), or Nit-aker (net-a'ker). 
 [‘The perfect.’] An Egyptian queen of the 6th 
 dynasty (about 3000 B. C.). According to Manetho 
 she was the noblest and most beautiful woman of her 
 time, and the builder of the third pyramid at Gizeh. This 
 pyramid, which was built by Menkaura of the 4th dynasty, 
 she doubtless renovated and enlarged. Herodotus also 
 relates certain fables about her. 
 
 Nitocris. A queen of Babylon. 
 
 Babylon was made impregnable: the river was paved 
 with brick, and lined with huge walls ; and those wonder- 
 ful works of defence were constructed which Herodotos 
 ascribes to Queen Nitdkris. This queen may have been 
 the mother of Nabonidos, who died on the 5th of Nisan 
 or March, B. C. 546, iu the camp near Slppara. 
 
 Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 144. 
 
 Nitria (nit'ri-ii). The region of the Natron 
 Lakes in Egypt, situated southwest of the delta 
 of tbo Nile. 
 
 The district Nitria is frequently mentioned by ancient 
 authors: ashy Strabo (xvii.) and by Pliny (xxxi. 46), and 
 again by the Church writers of the fourth and following 
 centuries, especially by those of them who speak of the 
 monastic institutions of their own times. Around these 
 dreary waters the monks of that time established them- 
 
Nitria 
 
 selves in great numbers — so many, indeed, that the em- 
 peror Valens, thinking that he could find a more useful 
 employment for them than that of reciting the Psalter, 
 enlisted as many as five thousand of them in his legions. 
 
 Taylor, Hist. Anc. Books, p. 217. 
 
 Nitzsch (nitsh), Gregor Wilhelm. Born at 
 Wittenberg, Prussia, Nov. 22, 1790 : died at 
 Leipsie, Jtdy 22, 1861. A German philologist, 
 son of K. L. Nitzsch : professor at Kiel 1827-52, 
 and at Leipsie 1852-61. He wrote works on the 
 Homeric poems, and defended the Homeric authorship of 
 the Iliad and Odyssey. 
 
 Nitzsch, Karl Immanuel. Born at Borna, 
 Saxony, Sept. 21, 1787 : died at Berlin, Aug. 
 21, 1868. A German Protestant theologian, son 
 of K. L. Nitzsch : professor at Berlin 1847-68. 
 He was one of the founders of the “ mediation theology.” 
 His chief works are “System der christlichen Lehre” 
 (“System of Christian Doctrine,” 1829), “Praktische 
 Tlieologie ” (1847-48). 
 
 Nitzsch, Karl Ludwig. Bom at Wittenberg, 
 Prussia, Aug. 6, 1751 : died there, Dec. 5, 1831. 
 A German Protestant theologian, professor at 
 Wittenberg. 
 
 Nitzsch, Karl Wilhelm. Born at Zerbst, An- 
 halt, Dec. 22, 1818 : died at Berlin, Juno 20, 1880. 
 A German historian, son of G.W. Nitzsch: pro- 
 fessor at Berlin 1872-80. He published works 
 on Roman and medieval German history, etc. 
 Niut’atci. See Missouri. 
 
 Nivardus (ni-var'dus) of Ghent. Lived in the 
 12th century. A Flemish priest, the author of 
 the Latin poem “ Ysengrimus,” originally called 
 “Reinardus Vulpes” (1148). See Reynard the 
 Fox. 
 
 Here we have the names that afterwards entered so com- 
 pletely into the speech of Europe that the old French word 
 for a fox, Goupil, was replaced by Renard. Reinaert, Rey- 
 nard, or Reginhard, means ‘absolutely hard,’ a hardened 
 evil-doer whom there is no turning from his way. It is al- 
 together out of this old story that the Fox has come by 
 that name. Isegrim, the Wolf's name, is also Flemish — 
 Isengrin meaning ‘ the iron helm.’ The bear they named 
 Bruno, Bruin, for the colour of his coat. 
 
 Horley, English Writers, VI. 316. 
 
 Nivelles (ne-vel'), Flem. Nyvel (ni'vel). A 
 manufacturing town in the province of Brabant, 
 Belgium, on the Thines, 17 miles south of Brus- 
 sels. It contains the church of an ancient con- 
 vent. Population, commune, 12,528. 
 NivernaiS (ne-ver-na/). An ancient govern- 
 ment of France, corresponding nearly to the 
 department of Nievre. It was bounded by Burgundy 
 on the northeast, east, and southeast, Bourbonnais on the 
 south and southwest, Berry on the west, and Orldanais on 
 the northwest. The most important portion of it was the 
 duchy of Nevers. 
 
 Nivose (ne-voz'). [F.,‘ the snowy.’] The name 
 adopted in 1793 by the National Cdnvention of 
 the first French republic for the fourth month 
 of the year. It consisted of 33 days, beginning in the 
 years 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 with Dec. 21 ; in 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14 with 
 Dec. 22 ; and in 12 with Dec. 23. The Gregorian calendar 
 came again into use after 10th Nivose, year 14 (Dec. 31, 
 1806). 
 
 Niza (net'sa: as Sp., ne'tha), Marcos de. Born 
 at Nice, Savoy, date unknown : died at Mexico, 
 March 25, 1558. A Franciscan missionary, dis- 
 coverer of New Mexico. He is said to have 
 labored successively in Peru, Nicaragua, and 
 Mexico, and in the last-named country was 
 provincial of his order. By order of the viceroy he 
 penetrated northward from Culiacan in 1529, and in May 
 of that year reached the region called Cibola (the Zuni 
 pueblos) ; but be turned back, reaching Compostella about 
 July. His official report is truthful and very judicious, 
 but after his return to Mexico the viceroy caused him to 
 circulate exaggerated reports in order to influence idlers 
 to go to Cibola in quest of supposed treasure. This led 
 to the expedition of Coronado (1540), which he accom- 
 panied. 
 
 Nizami (ni-za'me) (Abu Mohammed ben Yu- 
 suf Sheikh Nizam eddin). Born in 1141 at 
 Tafrisk, near Kum : lived the greater part of his 
 life at Genje (Yelisavetpol), and died in 1202. 
 One of the seven chief poets of Persia. He wrote 
 a divan of 28,000 disticlis, and five other great poems : 
 “ The Storehouse of Mysteries," “ The Book of Alexander,” 
 “ Khosrau and Shirin,” “ Majnun and Laila "(see Lailaarul 
 Majnun), and “The Seven Fair Faces," the last consisting 
 of seven stories told by the seven wives of Bahrain Gor to 
 amuse him. These live works are known as the “Five 
 Treasures of Nizami.” The third lias been translated into 
 German by Hamrner-Purgstall (1812), the fourth into Eng- 
 lish by Atkinson (1836), the fifth into German by Erdmann 
 (1835). See Bacher, “ N izamis Leben und W erke " (Got- 
 ti ngen, 1871). 
 
 Nizam’s Dominions. See Hyderabad. 
 Nizhni-Novgorod. See Nijni-Novgorod. 
 
 Nizib, or Nisib (no-zeb'). A place in the vilayet 
 of Aleppo, Asiatic Turkey, situated near the 
 Euphrates 64 miles northeast of Aleppo, ncre, 
 June 24, 1839, the Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha defeated 
 the Turks. 
 
 Nizza. See Nice (in France). 
 
 741 
 
 Njenji ( ujen'je). A name given to the land of 
 the Barotse by the Ovimbundu, and adopted by 
 the Portuguese. 
 
 Njord (nyerd). [ON. Njordlir .] In Old Norse 
 mythology, the father of Frey and Freyja : most 
 often mentioned in connection with the former 
 as the dispenser of riches. He was by race aVana, 
 but came as a hostage to Asgard. His wife was Skadi, the 
 daughter of the giant Thjazi. He ruled the wind and 
 calmed the sea, and hence was the god of sailors and fish- 
 ermen. His dwelling was Noatim (ON. NOatun ). Njord 
 is in name the same as the goddess Nerthus of Tacitus, 
 who is called by him terra mater. Her cult and charac- 
 teristics were almost identical with those of Frey. 
 Nkumbi(ngk6m'be),orBankumbi(bang-kom'- 
 be), inPg. Humbe. A Bantu tribe of southern 
 Angola, West Africa, on the Kunene River. It 
 belongs to the same cluster as the Ovimbundu 
 and Ovambo : the dialect is called Lunkumbi. 
 No (no). In the Old Testament, Thebes in Egypt. 
 Noab (no'a). [Heb., 4 rest.’] In the Bible, a pa- 
 triarch, the son of Lameck. He found favor with 
 God because of his righteousness, and when God deter- 
 mined to destroy the world on account of its wickedness, 
 he ordered Noah to build an ark, and take in it with him 
 his family and some of all living animals. God then 
 brought a flood, and upon its cessation Noah went forth 
 from the ark, and from his family the world was repeo- 
 pled. A similar account is found in cuneiform literature 
 and in the early legends of various other peoples. See 
 Hasis-Adra. 
 
 Noailles (no-F), Due Adrien Maurice de. Born 
 Sept. 29, 1678 : died June 24, 1766. A French 
 marshal. He was defeated by the Pragmatic army at 
 Dettingen June 27, 1743, during the War of the Austrian 
 Succession. 
 
 Noailles, Antoine de. Born 1504: died March 
 11, 1562. A French admiral and diplomatist. 
 He was ambassador in England 1553-56. 
 Noailles, Marquis Emmanuel Henri Victur- 
 nien de. Born Sept. 15, 1830: died at Paris, 
 Feb. 16, 1909. A French writer and diploma- 
 tist, son of Paul de Noailles. He was minister 
 plenipotentiary and afterward ambassador at Rome 1873- 
 1882, and ambassador at Constantinople 1882-86. 
 
 Noailles, Vicomte Louis Marie de. Born 1756 : 
 died Jan. 9, 1804. A French general and poli- 
 tician, second son of Philippe de Noailles (Due 
 de Moucky). He was the brother-in-law of the Marquis 
 de Lafayette, and came to the United States as a volunteer 
 in 1779. He was commissioned to arrange with Cornwal- 
 lis the details of the capitulation at Yorktown in 1781. He 
 was elected to the States-General in 1789. At first a sup- 
 porter of the Revolution, be emigrated at the beginning 
 of the Reign of Terror. He afterward accepted a com- 
 mand under Rocbainbeau in Santo Domingo, and was mor- 
 tally wounded in an engagement with the English. 
 Noailles, Due Paul de. Born Jan. 4, 1802: died 
 May 30, 1885. A French peer and writer. His 
 chief work is “Histoire de Madame de Main- 
 tenon” (1848-58). 
 
 Noailles, Philippe de, Due de Moucky. Born 
 1715: guillotined June 27, 1794. A French 
 marshal. He served in the War of the Austrian Succes- 
 sion and in the Seven Years’ War, and was one of the vic- 
 tims of the Reign of Terror. 
 
 Noakhali (no-ak-ha'le), or Noacolly (no-a- 
 koFi). A district in Bengal, British India, 
 intersected by lat. 23° N., long. 91° E. Area, 
 1,644 square miles. Population, 1,141,728. 
 
 Nob (nob). In Old Testament geography, a city 
 near Jerusalem, to the north. Its exact site is 
 unknown. 
 
 Nobbs. The horse of Dr. Dove, the hero of 
 Southey’s “Doctor.” 
 
 Noble Gentleman, The. A play licensed in 
 1626, printed in 1647. It has been attributed to 
 Fletcher, but his share in it is questionable. Fleay thinks 
 he left it unfinished, and that it was completed by Rowley 
 and, probably, Middleton. 
 
 Noboa (no-bo'a), Diego. Born at Guayaquil, 
 1789: died there, Nov. 3, 1870. AnEeuadorian 
 politician, ne was prominent in the events of 1820 and 
 1827, and was a member of the provisional government in 
 1845. In 1849 lie was the candidate of the clerical party 
 for president, and after great disorders was elected to the 
 place in 1850. He was deposed and banished the same 
 year. 
 
 Nobrega (nob'ra-ga), Manuel de. Born in Por- 
 tugal, Oct. 18, 1517: died at Rio de Janeiro, 
 Oct. 18, 1570. A Jesuit missionary. Hewentto 
 Brazil in 1549 with the first members of his order sent to 
 South America, and was the first provincial of the Jesuits 
 in the New World (1553-59). The influence of bis labors 
 was very great, and he shares with Anchieta the title of 
 “Apostle of Brazil.” 
 
 Nocera Inferiore (no-cha'rii in-fa-re-6're), or 
 Nocera de’ Pagani (da pa-ga'ne). A town in 
 the province of Salerno, Italy, 21 miles east by 
 south of Naples: t he ancient Nuceria Alfaterna. 
 It was captured by tlio Romans in 308 B. c., by Hannibal 
 in 216, anti by Spartacus in 73. It was recolonized by Au- 
 gustus. Population, 8,392 ; commune, 19,796. 
 
 Nocera Umbria (om'bre-a). A small cathedral 
 city in the province of Perugia, Italy, 20 miles 
 east of Perugia: the ancient Nuceria Camollaria. 
 
 Nobl 
 
 Nocbe Triste (no'cha tres'ta). [Sp., ‘sad’ or 
 ‘disastrous night.’] The name given by the 
 Spanish conquerors of Mexico to the night of 
 June 30, 1520, memorable for a struggle in 
 which their forces were nearly annihilated. After 
 the death of Montezuma, Cortes resolved to leave Tenoch- 
 titlan (Mexico City) secretly. The movement was de- 
 tected by the natives, and a terrible battle ensued on the 
 Tlaeopan causeway. The Spaniards finally escaped with 
 the loss of about 450 of their small force, besides 4,000 In- 
 dian allies. Much of the plunder they had acquired was 
 sunk in the lake, and was never recovered. 
 
 Noctes Ambrosianse (nok'tez am-bro-si-a'ne). 
 [L.,‘ Ambrosian nights.’] A series of papers in 
 the form of dialogues on popular topics, con- 
 tributed to “Blackwood’s Magazine” 1822-35, 
 chiefly by John Wilson (“Christopher North”). 
 Noctes Atticae (at'i-se). [L., ‘Attic nights.’] 
 A miscellaneous work by Aulus Gellius. 
 
 Nod (nod). The unknown land, on the east of 
 Eden, to which Cain fled, according to the ac- 
 count in Gen. iv. By humorous allusion to this, the 
 state of sleep (or nodding) is colloquially called “the land 
 of nod.” 
 
 Nodier (no-dya'), Charles Emmanuel. Born 
 at Besan§on, France, April 28,1780: died at 
 Paris, Jan. 26, 1844. A French novelist, gram- 
 marian, and miscellaneous autkoi’. He wrote 
 “ Dictionnaire des onomatopCes franqaises” (1808), “ Me- 
 langes tiroes d’une petite bibliotbeque” (1825); novels, 
 “Histoire du roi de Boheme” (1830), “F<5e aux miettes" 
 (1832), “Inesde la Sierras,” “Sraarra ’(1831), etc.; “Diction- 
 naire universel de la langue framjaise " (“ French Diction- 
 ary,” 1823), etc. 
 
 Noe. See Cham. 
 
 Noel (no-el'), Edme Antoine Paul. Born at 
 Paris, 1845 : died there, Oct., 1909. A French 
 Sculptor. He studied under Guillaume, Lequesne, and 
 Cavelier, and took the grand prix de Rome in 1868. 
 Among his works are “ Romeo et Juliette” (1875), “Apres 
 le bain” (187C), “ Orphee ” (1891), etc. 
 
 Noel, fklauard. Born at Arras, Oct. 24, 1848. 
 A French dramatic critic. He was secretary (secre- 
 taire gdneral) of the Op ^ra Comique, but resigned in 1891. 
 He has published with Stoullig (1875-91) an annual, “ Les 
 annales du theatre et de la musique.” Sarcey, Zola, Sar- 
 dou, and others have written the prefaces. He has also 
 written several comedies, romances, etc. 
 
 Noetians (no-e'skianz). The followers of Noe- 
 tus (see below). 
 
 Noetus (no-e'tus). Bom at Smyrna or Ephesus : 
 died probably about 200 A. d. A heretic of Asia 
 Minor who is said to have taught that “Christ 
 was the Father, and that the Father was horn, 
 and suffered, and died.” 
 
 The Trinitarian question, indeed, had already been agi- 
 tated within a less extensive sphere. Noetus, an Asiatic, 
 either of Smyrna or Ephesus, had dwelt with such exclu- 
 sive zeal on the unity of the Godhead as to absorb, as it 
 were, the whole Trinity into one undivided and undistin- 
 guished Being. The one supreme and impassible Father 
 united to himself the man Jesus, whom He bad created, 
 by so intimate a conjunction that the divine unity was 
 not destroyed. His adversaries drew the conclusion that, 
 according to this blaspheming theory, the Father must 
 have suffered on the cross ; and the ignominious name of 
 Patripassians adhered to the few followers of this unpros- 
 perous sect. Milman, Hist, of Christianity, II. 360. 
 
 Nogaians (no-gi'anz), or Nogais (no-giz'). A 
 Turco-Tatar race living in southern Russia and 
 Caucasia. 
 
 Nogales (nd-ga'les). [Sp., ‘walnut-trees.’] 
 The name of two localities, one in southeastern 
 New Mexico, near the foot of the Sierra Blanca, 
 the other near and on the frontier of Sonora and 
 Arizona. 
 
 Nogat (no'gat). Tho eastern branch of the Vis- 
 tula, flowing into the Frisches Half. 
 
 N ogent-le-Eotrou (no-zhon'le-ro-tro'). A town 
 in the department of Eure-et-Loir, France, situ- 
 ated on the Huisne 32 miles west-southwest of 
 Chartres. It has a castle, which was the property of 
 Sully. Population, commune, 8,406. 
 
 Nogent-sur-Marne (no-zhoh'siir-marn'). A 
 village iu the department of Seine, France, 
 situated ou the Marne 3 miles east of the for- 
 tifications of Paris. Population, commune, 
 11,721. 
 
 Nogent-Sur-Seine (-san'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Aube, France, situated on the 
 Seine 60 miles southeast of Paris. Population, 
 commune, 3,829. 
 
 Noggerath (neg'ge-riit), Jakob. Bom at Bonn, 
 Prussia, Oct. 10, 1788: died at Bonn, Sept. 13, 
 1877. A German geologist and mineralogist, 
 professor at Bonn. He published “DasGebirge 
 in Rheinland-Westfalen ” (1821-26), “Die Ent- 
 stehung und Ausbildung der Erde” (1847), etc. 
 Nohl (nol), Carl Friedrich Ludwig. Born at 
 Iserlohn, Prussia, Dec. 5, 1831: died at Heidel- 
 berg, Dec. 16, 1885. A German writer on music. 
 He edited Mozart’s “Letters” (1865), Beethoven’s “Let- 
 
Nohl 
 
 ters " (1865-67), “Letters of Musicians" (1866). He also 
 wrote works on Mozart, Beethoven, Gluck, Wagner, etc., 
 many of which have been translated into English. 
 Noir(nwar), Victor (Yvan Salmon). BornJuly 
 27, 1848: killed at Auteuil, near Paris, Jan. 10, 
 1870. A French journalist. He was shot by Prince 
 Pierre Bonaparte in an altercation over a newspaper arti- 
 cle published by the prince. He was connected with Roche- 
 fort’s journal “La Marseillaise” at the time of his death. 
 Noir Faineant (nwa fa-na-on'). [F., ‘The 
 Black Sluggard.’] In Sir Walter Scott’s novel 
 “Ivanhoe,” the name by which Bichard Cceur 
 de Lion is known at the tournament at Ashby 
 and the siege ot' Front de Boeuf’s castle. 
 Noirmoutier (nwar-mo-tya/). An island west 
 of France, belonging to the department of Veu- 
 d4e, situated in the Bay of Biscay in lat. 47° N. 
 Length, 12 miles. Population, 2,185. 
 Noisseville (nwas-vel'). A village in German 
 Lorraine, 5 miles east of Metz, it is noted for the 
 battle of Noisseville (also called Servigny or Sainte-Barbe), 
 Aug. 31 and Sept. 1, 1870, in which the attemptof the French 
 under Bazaine to break through the German lines was 
 defeated. 
 
 Noje. See Yanan. 
 
 Nokes(noks), Jack, andTom Stiles (stilz). Fic- 
 titious names formerly used in actions of eject- 
 ment as John Doe and Bi chard Boe were used. 
 Nokes, James. Died about 1692. An English 
 actor, one of the most celebrated comedians of 
 his time. Before he went on the stage he kept a “knick- 
 knackatory " or “toy-shop” — a shop where trinkets and 
 fancy articles were sold. He was successful in Sir Martin 
 Mar-all, Barnaby Brittle, Sosia, etc., and his Nurse in Ot- 
 way's “Caius Marius,” a curious amalgamation of Shak- 
 •spere’s “Romeo and Juliet ” and another play, was so ad- 
 mirable that he was called “Nurse Nokes” to the end of 
 his life. He is not to be confounded with Robert Nokes, 
 also an actor, who died in 1673. 
 
 Nola (no'la). A city in the province of Caserta, 
 Italy, 16 miles east-northeast of Naples, it was 
 an ancient city of Campania, under the same name, noted 
 for its vases. It was taken by the Romans in 313 B. C. : re- 
 sisted Hannibal 216-214 ; and was a Samnite stronghold in 
 the Social War, 90-89. Augustus died here in 14 A. D. It 
 was the birthplace of Bruno. Population, town, 12,002. 
 
 Noli Me Tangere (no'll me tan'je-re). [L., 
 
 ‘ Do not touch me ’ : alluding to the words of 
 Christ after his resurrection.] 1. A painting by 
 Bembrandt, in Buckingham Palace, London. — 
 2. Apaintingby Titian, in the National Gallery, 
 London. It is an early work, with markedly slender 
 figures. The composition is dignified. 
 
 Noll (nol), or Old Noll. [Nickname for Oliver.'] 
 A nickname of Oliver Cromwell. 
 Nollekens(nol'e-kenz), Joseph. Born at Lon- 
 don, Aug. 11, 1737 : died there, April 23, 1823. 
 An English sculptor. His father was a painter of Ant- 
 werp who had settled in England. Joseph studied in Home 
 between 1760 and 1770. He was made royal academician 
 in 1772. He modeled busts of George III., Pitt, Canning, 
 and Lords Castlereagh and Liverpool. 
 
 Nollendorf (nol'len-dorf). A village in northern 
 Bohemia, 50 miles north-northwest of Prague. 
 Here, Aug. 30, 1813, the French under Vandamme were 
 defeated by the Prussians under Kleist. 
 
 Nomansiand (no'manz-land). A name formerly 
 given to a district in South Africa, now com- 
 prised within Griqualand East. 
 
 No Man’s Land, or Noman’s Land. A small 
 island 3 miles southwest of Martha’s Vineyard, 
 Massachusetts, to which it belongs. 
 
 No Man’s Land, or Public Land Strip. A dis- 
 trict ceded by Texas to the United States in 
 1850. It lies between longitude 100° and 103° west, north 
 of Texas. It was not included under any government, though 
 often wrongly represented as in the Indian Territory. It 
 now constitutes Beaver County in Oklahoma. 
 
 Nombre de Dios (nom'bra da, de'os). [Sp., 
 ‘ name of God.’] A Spanish port and settlement 
 on the Caribbean coast of the Isthmus of Pa- 
 nama. The name was originally given to the settlement 
 of Nicuesa, made in 1510 and soon abandoned : this seems 
 to have been near the modern Porto Bello. A second town 
 of the same name was founded in 1519, probably on the 
 Bay of San Bias : it became the northern emporium of the 
 rich commerce across the Isthmus, but owing to its un- 
 healthfnl situation the merchants generally resided at Pa- 
 nama, and the town consisted of huts. It was abandoned 
 in 1597, on the foundation of Porto Bello. 
 
 Nome (nom). A mining town in Alaska situ- 
 ated near Cape Nome. Gold was discovered 
 there in 1898. Population, 2,600, (1910). 
 Nome, Cape. A point on the northern shore of 
 Norton Sound, Alaska, about long. 165° W., 
 lat. 64° 30' N. 
 
 Nomentack (no-men' tak). All Indian chief 
 brought to London from Virginia in the time of 
 Ben Jonson. There are allusions to him in the 
 plays of the period. 
 
 Non- Juror, The. A play by Colley Cibber, pro- 
 duced in 1717 : an adaptation of Moliere’s “ Tar- 
 tufe,” written in favor of the Hanoverian suc- 
 cession. Thisplay still survives in Biclcerstaffe’s 
 “ The Hypocrite” (1768). 
 
 742 
 
 Nonnus(non'us). [Gr. Ndimof.] Lived probably 
 in the first part of the 5th century. A Greek 
 epic poet. He was the author of an epic poem on Dio- 
 nysus (" Dionysiaca, ” edited by Grafe 1819-26, by Marcellus 
 1856), and of a paraphrase of the Gospel of St. John in 
 Greek hexameters. 
 
 Nootka. See Moatcaht. 
 
 Nootka (not'ka) Sound. A small inlet of the 
 Pacific, on the west coast of Vancouver Island, 
 in lat. 49° 36' N., long. 126° 38' W. A harbor 
 also bears the same name. 
 
 No-Popery Riots. See Gordon Riots. 
 
 Nora (no'ra). [Gr. Nupa.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a fortress in Cappadocia, Asia Minor, 
 situated at the foot of Mount Taurus, near Ly- 
 caonia. Eumenes was besieged here by the 
 forces of Antigonus in 320-319 B. C. 
 
 Norba (nor'ba). [Gr. Napfia.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a city of Latium, Italy, 35 miles south- 
 east of Borne: the modern Norma. It contains 
 remains of Cyclopean architecture. 
 
 Norbert (nor'bert; F. pron. nor-bar'), Saint. 
 Died 1134. An ecclesiastic, founder at Pre- 
 montre, near Laon, France, of the order ot the 
 Premonstrants. 
 
 Norcia (nor'cha). A town in the province of 
 Perugia, Italy, 42 miles southeast of Perugia : 
 the ancient Nursia. It was a Sabine city. 
 Nord (nor). [F., ‘ north.’] The northernmost 
 department of France, formed chiefly from the 
 old French Flanders. Capital, Lille, itisbounded 
 by the North Sea on the northwest, Belgium on the east 
 and northeast, Aisue on the south, Somme on the south- 
 west, and Pas-de-Calais on the southwest and west. The 
 surface is generally flat. Next to Seine it is the most pop- 
 ulous department, and has the most flourishing industries. 
 It has coal-mines, and flax, cotton, woolen, hemp, iron, 
 and other manufactures. Agriculture is in a flourishing 
 condition : the products include beets, flax, hemp, grain, 
 potatoes, etc. The language in the northern part is Flem- 
 ish. Area, 2,228 square miles. Population, 1,895,861. 
 Nordalbingi (nord-al-bin'ji). A branch of the 
 Saxons living in Nordalhingia. 
 
 Nordalbingia (nord-al-bin'ji-a). In the middle 
 ages, a name given to the part of Germany 
 north of the Elbe, now comprised principally 
 +in Holstein. Also called Saxonia Transalbina. 
 Nordau (nor'dou), Max Simon. Bom at Pest, 
 Hungary, July 28, 1849. A German writer, 
 of Hebrew descent. He studied medicine, traveled, 
 was connected with the press, and practised medicine at 
 Pest till 1880, when he went to Paris. Among his works 
 are “Paris unter der dritten Republik” (1881), "Die kon- 
 ventionellen Lugen der Kulturmenscheit” (1883), “Para- 
 doxe ” (1886), “ Die Krankheit des Jahrhunderts,” a novel 
 (1889), “ Entartung” (1893: English as “Degeneration ”). 
 Nordenskjold (nor' den-sheld), Baron Nils 
 Adolf Erik. Born at Helsingfors, Finland, 
 Nov. 18, 1832 : died near Lund, Aug. 12, 1901. 
 A Swedish arctic explorer and geologist. He 
 
 took part in expeditions in 1858, 1861, and 1864 ; explored 
 Spitzbergen in 1868; visited Greenland in 1870, and 
 Spitzbergen and vicinity 1872-73 ; explored the Kara Sea 
 1875-76; traversed in the Vega the Arctic Ocean along the 
 Siberian coast through Bering Strait 1878-79 (accomplish- 
 ing the northeast passage! ; was created baron in 1880 ; and 
 explored the interior of Greenland in 1883. See Century 
 Atlas , Map 3. 
 
 Nordenskjold Sea. The Arctic Ocean north of 
 Siberia and east of the Taimyr peninsula. 
 Norderney (nor'der-ni). A small island in the 
 North Sea, on the coast of East Friesland, prov- 
 ince of Hannover, Prussia. It is a favorite place for 
 sea-bathing, and a winter health-resort. It is 8 miles long. 
 N ordbausen (nord'hou-zen) . A to wn in the prov- 
 ince of Saxony, Prussia, situated at the base of 
 the Harz, at the western end of the Goldene 
 Aue, 56 miles southwest of Magdeburg, it has 
 important manufactures of chemicals, etc., brandy distil- 
 leries, breweries, and a trade in grain. It was formerly a 
 free imperial city, and was finally annexed by Prussia in 
 1813. Its cathedral, Church of St. Blasius, and museum of 
 antiquities are noteworthy. Population, commune, 29,883. 
 Nordhoff (nord'hof), Charles. Born at Er- 
 witte, Westphalia, Prussia, Aug. 31, 1830 : died 
 July 14, 1901. An American journalist and au- 
 thor. Among liis works are “Secession is Rebellion" 
 (1860), “ Cape Cod and All Along Shore ” (1868), “ Cali- 
 fornia for Health, Pleasure, and Residence, etc.” (1872), 
 “ Northern California, Oregon, and the Sandwich Islands ” 
 (1874), “Politics for Young Americans” (1875), “The 
 Communistic Societies of the United States, etc.” (1875), 
 “The Cotton States, etc.” (1876), “God and the Future 
 Life ” (1881), “ Peninsular California, etc.” (1888), etc. 
 
 Nordica (nor'di-kii), Madame Lillian. Born at 
 Farmington, Maine, May 12, 1859. An Amer- 
 ican soprano singer. Her maiden name was Norton. 
 She married a Sir. Gower about 1882, who died shortly 
 after ; in 1896 Herr Doehme ; and in 1909 George W. Young. 
 She studied at the Boston Conservatory of Music, and in 
 1879 finished her studies in Italy, and has since sung with 
 success in England, on the Continent, and in the United 
 States. She is successful in oratorio and opera. 
 
 Nordland (uor'lan). A province in the north- 
 ern part of Norway. Area, 14,804 square 
 miles. Population, 152,144. 
 
 Norman 
 
 N 6rdlingen( nerd 'ling-en).Atown in the govern- 
 ment district of Swabia andNeuburg, Bavaria, 
 situated on the Eger 38 miles north-northwest 
 of Augsburg. It has manufactures of carpets, etc. For- 
 merly it was an imperial city. Here, Aug. 27 (O. S.), 1634, 
 the Imperialists under Ferdinand III. and Gallas defeated 
 the Swedish army under Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar and 
 Horn. (See also Allerheim.) Population, 8,511. 
 
 Nordmark (nord'mark). The northern march 
 founded by the German king Henry I. in 928 
 to preserve the territories conquered from the 
 Wends. It lay southwest of the Elbe, round the towns 
 of Stendal and Salzwedel, and is now in the province of 
 Saxony, Prussia. It was extended by Otto the Great to 
 the Oder, but was reduced by the Wendisli rising of 983 to 
 the region west of the Elbe. Albert the Bear was made 
 margrave of the Nordmark in 1134. It is known now as the 
 Altmark. See Brandenburg. 
 
 Nordre Bergenhus (nor'dre ber'gen-hos). A 
 province in the western part of Norway. Area, 
 7,136 square miles. Population, 89,041. 
 
 Norclsjo (nor'she). A lake near the southern 
 coast of Norway. Length, 28 miles. 
 
 Nor dstr and (nord 'strant). A small island in 
 the North Sea, belonging to North Friesland, 
 situated west of Schleswig. Before 1634 it was 
 connected with the neighboring Pellworm and 
 other islands. 
 
 Nore (nor). A name given to a sand-hank in the 
 estuary of the Thames 4 miles northeast of 
 Sheerness, or to the neighboring part of the es- 
 tuary itself. 
 
 Nore, Mutiny at the. A mutiny of the British 
 fleet at the Nore, May-June, 1797. It was forci- 
 bly suppressed. 
 
 Norfolk (nor'fok). [AS. Nortlifolc, northern 
 people.] An eastern county of England, it is 
 bounded by the North Sea on the north and east, Suffolk 
 on the south, and Cambridge and Lincoln on the west. Its 
 surface is generally flat, and it contains many marshes and 
 fens. It is largely an agricultural county, producing bar- 
 ley, wheat, turnips, etc., and has woolen and other man- 
 ufactures, and herring-fisheries. The early Inhabitants 
 (Iceni) were subdued by the Romans in 62 A. I>. It was 
 colonized by the Angles; formed part of East Anglia ; was 
 conquered by the Danes in 870; and sided with the Par- 
 liament in the civil war. The chief town is Norwich. 
 Area (ad. co.), 2,036.7 sq. m. Pop. (pari, co.), 460,120. 
 
 Norfolk. A seaport and independent city, for- 
 merly in Norfolk County, Virginia, situated on 
 the Elizabeth Biver. It is one of the largest cities in 
 the State, and a naval station ; and is an important center 
 of trade, and the terminus of several steamerlines. It was 
 founded in 1705 ; was burned by the British in 1776 ; and 
 was seized by the Confederates in 1861, but regained by 
 the Federals in 1862. Population, 67,452, (1910). 
 
 Norfolk, Dukes of. See Howard. The Duke of 
 Norfolk is earl marshal and hereditary marshal of Eng- 
 land, and premier duke of England, ranking next after the 
 princes of the blood. The dukedom was created in 1483. 
 
 Norfolk, Earls of. See Bigod. 
 
 Norfolk Broads. A group of lagoons in Nor- 
 
 ★ folk, England, west of Yarmouth. 
 
 Norfolk Island. An island in the South Pacific, 
 belonging to Great, Britain, situated east of 
 Australia in lat. 29° S., long. 163° E. it was 
 discovered by Cook in 1774 ; was formerly a penal settle- 
 ment ; and was colonized by the Pitcairn Islanders in 
 1856. Area, 10 square miles. Population, about 1,000. 
 
 Noric Alps (nor'ik alps). [ L. Alpes Noncie. ] In 
 ancient geography, the mountainous region be- 
 tween the valley of the Drave on the south and 
 that of the Danube on the north. 
 
 Noricum (nor'i-kum). In ancient geography, a 
 country of Europe, hounded by Germany (sepa- 
 rated by the Danube) on the north, Pannonia on 
 the east, Pannonia and the land of the Carni on 
 the south, and Vindelicia and Rhtetia (separated 
 partly by the Inn) on the west. It corresponded 
 mainly to Lower and Upper Austria south of the Danube, 
 Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, and parts of Tyrol and Bavaria. 
 It was conquered by the Romans about 15 B. c., and made a 
 Roman province. 
 
 Norma (nor'ma). [L., ‘the square.’] A small 
 southern constellation, introduced by Lacaille 
 in the middle of the 18th century, between Vul- 
 pes and Ara. It was at first called Norma et 
 Regula, but the name is now abridged. 
 
 Norma (nor'ma). An opera by Bellini, pro- 
 duced at Milan in 1831, at Paris in 1835. The li- 
 bretto was taken by Romani from a tragedy by Belmontet 
 and Soumet, produced at Paris about 1830. “ The main sit- 
 uation is copied from the ‘ Medea,’ thougli compassion pre- 
 vails over the fire of jealousy, and the children’s lives are 
 spared.” ilahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 333. 
 
 Norman (ndr'man), Alfred Merle. Born Aug. 
 29, 1831. An English naturalist, honorary canon 
 of Durham cathedral, and late rector of Hough- 
 ton-le-Spring. He received the medal of the French 
 Institute for his services in the exploration of the depths 
 of the Bay of Biscay in Le Travailleur in 1880. A cata- 
 logue of his collections of the fauna of the North Atlantic 
 is in course of publication under the title “Museum Nor- 
 maniaimm.” He is tlie author of a number of papers and 
 memoirs, mostly on marine zoology, and is the editor and 
 part author of Bowerbank’s “ Monograph of British Spon- 
 giadte,” VoL IV. 
 
Normanby 
 
 Normanby (n&r'man-bi). A town in the North 
 Riding of Yorkshire, England, adjoining Mid- 
 dlesborough. Population, 9,645. 
 
 Normanby, Marquis of. See Phipps, Constan- 
 tine Henry. 
 
 Norman Conquest, or the Conquest. In Eng- 
 lish history, the conquest of England by Willia m, 
 duke of Normandy (William the Conqueror). 
 It was begun by and is usually dated from his victory at 
 Senlac (Hastings) in 1066. The leading results were the 
 downfall of the native English dynasty, the union of Eng- 
 land, Normandy, etc., for a time under one sovereign, and 
 the introduction into England of Norman-French customs, 
 language, etc. 
 
 Norman Conquest in Italy. See the extract. 
 
 In 1016 a band of ad venturous Normans settled atAversa, 
 near Naples. About twenty years later the elder sons of 
 the Norman Tancred de Hautville came and joined their 
 countrymen. The Norman knights fought as adventurers 
 in quarrels of the land, and, being angered at denial of 
 their proper share of spoil after they had helped the Greeks 
 to take Messina and Syracuse from the Saracens, they 
 turned on the Greeks themselves, and beat them out of 
 nearly all Apulia, which they then divided into twelve 
 parts for twelve of their own counts. They made Malfi 
 their capital, and chose William Iron- Arm, the eldest son 
 of Tancred, for their chief. Pope Leo brought the Suabians 
 against these Norman conquerors. They beat the Suabians 
 and seized the Pope, who yielded them then his investment 
 with all lands they might acquire: an investment which 
 they religiously interpretedasHeaven’s ownencouragement 
 to future conquests. Robert Guiscard, fourth son of Tan- 
 cred, when it was his turn to rule, conquered his way as 
 far south as Reggio, and became Duke of Apulia and Cala- 
 bria. In 1059 he had that title ratified, when he acknow- 
 ledged himself the Pope’s vassal, and was made the stan- 
 dard-bearer of the Church. The standard-bearer then took 
 Capua; besieged and took Salerno and Amalfi; held his 
 own against all menace ; and, in aid of the Pope Hilde- 
 brand, sacked Rome. The Norman Robert Guiscard, who 
 thus played a master’s part in Italy at the time of the Nor- 
 man conquest of England, died in the same year as our 
 William the Conqueror. His brother Roger, youngest son 
 of Tancred de Hautville, who had set out in 1060 to take 
 Sicily from the Saracens and had taken it, succeeded Rob- 
 ert by right of the strong, and he died, at the age of seventy, 
 Great Count of Calabria and Sicily. His son, another Roger, 
 when he had reached man’s estate, became, by failure of 
 Guiscard’s line, undisputed master of Apulia. This Roger, 
 having taken, after a few years, Capua and Naples, thought 
 himself entitled to rank as a king. He was invested, there- 
 fore, by the Pope as “ King by the Grace of God of Sicily, 
 Apulia, and Calabria, the helper and shield of Christians, 
 son and heir of Roger, the Great Count.” Palermo was 
 this Roger’s capital. The new kingdom kept its boundaries 
 for more than seven centuries, and it was the birthplace 
 of that earlier Italian poetry which afterwards exercised 
 so manifest an influence upon our literature. King Roger 
 of Sicily died in 1154. His son and successor William the 
 Bad had in 1166, for son and successor William the Good, 
 who married a daughter of our king Henry the Second, and 
 died in 1189, leaving no children. Here ended the legiti- 
 mate male line of descent from Tancred de Hautville. 
 
 ilorley, English Writers, III. 157-158. 
 
 Norman Conquest of England, History of the. 
 
 The chief historical work of Edward A. Free- 
 man (6 vols. 1867-79). 
 
 Normandy (nor'man-di). [F. Norman die, ML. 
 Normannia, Northmannia, land of the Normans 
 or Northmen. ] A former government of France, 
 corresponding to Seine-tnferieure, Eure, Orne, 
 Calvados, and Manche. Chief city, Rouen, it 
 was bounded by the English Channel on the north and 
 west, Picardy and the Isle of France on the east, Maine 
 on the south, and Brittany on the southwest. The surface 
 is generally level or hilly, and it is traversed from south- 
 east to northwest by the Seine. It contains the old dis- 
 tricts Caux, Vexin, Evreux, Bessin, Cotentin, etc. Under 
 the Romans it was part of Lugduuensis. Later it was 
 part of Neustria, and was then granted to the counts of 
 Paris. It was the scene of early raids by the Northmen. 
 Rollo. leader of the Northmen, received from the king the 
 grant of the district between the Seine and Epte 911 
 (912 7). and became first duke. 'This under Rollo and h is suc- 
 cessors was expanded by addition of Bessin, Cotentfn, etc. 
 It was Christianized in the 10th century, and became one 
 of the chief fiefs of France. Its duke William conquered 
 England 1066-69, and Maine in 1063. Anjou, Aquitaine, 
 and Normandy were united 1152-54. Philip Augustus con- 
 quered Normandy (except the Channel Islands) in 12 ’3-C4. 
 Normandy was occupied temporarily by Edward III. of 
 England, and was conquered by Henry V. 1415-19, but was 
 retaken finally by the French in 1450. , 
 
 Norman Isles (nor'man iiz), F. lies Nor- 
 mandes (el nor-mond'). Tlie Channel Islands. 
 
 Norman Kings. The line of English kings be- 
 ginning with William, duke of Normandy (who 
 ascended the English throne in 1066), and ending 
 with Stephen, who died iu 1154. 
 
 Norman-Neruaa (nor'man-ner'o-da), Wilma. 
 Born at Briinn, Moravia, March 29, 1839: died 
 at Berlin, April 15, 1911. A noted violinist. 
 
 In 1864 she married Ludwig Norman, a Swedish musician, 
 and in 1888 Sir Charles Halle 
 
 Normans (nor'manz). [L. Normanm; from 
 OF. Norman, Nofmand, AS. Northman, Icel. 
 Northmadhr, Northman.] The descendants of 
 the Northmen or Scandinavians who settled in 
 France under Rollo 911. See Normandy. They 
 
 commenced the conquest of southern Italy about 1041, 
 Robert Guiscard being recognized as duke of Apulia and 
 Calabria by the Pope in 1069 ; they conquered Sicily under 
 Roger Guiscard 1061-90. The Italian and Sicilian con- 
 quests were in 1127 united under Roger, second count of 
 
 743 
 
 Sicily, who assumed the title of king of the Two Sicilies in 
 1130. The Norman dynasty was superseded by the house 
 of Hohenstauf en in 1 194. The N ormans, under their duke, 
 William, conquered England in 1066. See Norman Kings. 
 
 Norman’s Woe (nor'manz wo). A dangerous 
 reef near the entrance to Gloucester harbor, 
 Massachusetts. Longfellow has celebrated it 
 in the poem “The Wreck of the Hesperus.” 
 
 Normanton (nor'man-ton). A town in the West 
 Riding of Yorkshire, England, situatednear the 
 Calder 8 miles southeast of Leeds. Popula- 
 tion, 12,352. 
 
 Norn (norn). [ON.] In Old Norse mythology, 
 one of the Fates, whose decrees were irrevo- 
 cable. They were represented as three maiden goddesses 
 (Urd (ON. Urdhr), Verdandi (ON. Verdhandi), and Skuld) 
 who dwelt at the sacred well Urdharbrunn (ON. Urdhar- 
 Irrunnr), the judgment-place of the gods, at the foot of the 
 tree Yggdrasil. There were numerousinferior Noras, every 
 individual having one who determined his fate. 
 
 Norna (nor'na). A kind of sibyl, a character 
 in Scott’s novel “The Pirate.” She was Ulla 
 Troil, called Norna of the Fitful Head. 
 
 Norrbotten (nor'bot-ten). The northernmost 
 and largest laen of Sweden. Area, 40,870 
 square miles. Population, 156,111. 
 
 Norris (nor'is), Henry. Born 1665: died 
 1730 (?). An English actor, a noted comedian. 
 He was the original Don Lopez (in “The Wonder") and 
 Scrub. He had an odd squeaking voice, and was called 
 Jubilee Dicky from his successful impersonation of Dicky 
 in “The Constant Couple.” His sons announced them- 
 selves later as “ the sons of Jubilee Dicky,” appearing to 
 derive profit from the name. 
 
 Norris, John. Born at Collingbourne-Kings- 
 ton, Wiltshire, England, 1657 : died at Bemer- 
 ton, England, 1711. An English Platonist. ne 
 was educated at Winchester and Oxford (Exeter College), 
 where he graduated in 1680. He published “ An Idea of 
 Happiness ” in 1683. The greater part of his poems ap- 
 peared in 1684. In 1689 he published “Reason and Relig- 
 ion.” Locke’s essay excited his opposition, and in the ap- 
 pendix to his “ Christian Blessedness ” appeared the 
 first published critique of the essay. I n 1692 hi orris received 
 the charge of Bemerton, formerly held by George Herbert. 
 In 1697 he wrote “An Account of Reason and Faith, ’’and iu 
 1701 appeared the first volume of his chief work, “An Essay 
 
 ■^-Towards the Theory of the Ideal and Intelligible World.” 
 
 Norris, William Edward. Born at London, 
 1847. An English novelist. He was called to the 
 bar in 1874, but lias never practised. Among his novels 
 are “Heaps of Money ” (1877), “Mademoiselle de Mersac ” 
 (1880), “Matrimony ”(1881), “No New Thing”(1883), “My 
 Friend Jim" (1886), “A Bachelor’s Blunder” (1886), “Ma- 
 jor and Minor”(1887), “The Rogue’’(1888), “TlieCountess 
 Radna” (1893), etc. 
 
 Norristown (nor'is-toun). The capital of Mont- 
 gomery County, Pennsylvania, situated on the 
 Schuylkill 16 miles northwest of Philadelphia. 
 It has some manufactures. Population, 27,- 
 875, (1910). 
 
 Norrkoping (nor'ch6-ping). A city in the laen 
 of Linkoping, Sweden, situated on the Motala, 
 at its junction with the Bravik, in lat. 58° 35' 
 N., long. 16° 11' E. It is one of the leading manu- 
 facturing cities in Sweden, and has flourishing trade. On 
 account of its manufactures of cotton goods it is some- 
 times called “the Swedish Manchester." It was burned 
 by the Russians in 1719. Population, 45,416. 
 
 Norrland (irorTand). The northernmost of the 
 three chief historic divisions of Sweden, com- 
 prising the laens Norrbotten, Westerbotten, 
 Jemtland, Westernorrland, and Gefleborg. 
 
 Norse (nors). The language of the North — that 
 is, of Norway, Iceland, etc. Specifically— (a) Old 
 Norwegian, practically identified with Old Icelandic, and 
 called especially Old Norse. Old Icelandic, generally called 
 simply Icelandic except when distinguished from modern 
 Icelandic, represents the ancient Scandinavian tongue. 
 ( b ) Old Norwegian, as distinguished in some particulars 
 from the language as developed in Iceland, (c) Modern 
 Norwegian. 
 
 Norsemen (nors'men). The natives of ancient 
 Scandinavia ; the Northmen. 
 
 Norte (nor'ta), Rio del. [Sp., ‘river of the 
 North’’ also Bio Grande del Norte and Ilio Bravo 
 del Norte.] A name of the Rio Grande, espe- 
 cially in Mexico. 
 
 North (north), Christopher. Pseudonym of 
 John Wilson. 
 
 North (n6rth), Sir Dudley. Born May 16, 1641 : 
 died Dec. 31, 1691. An English political econo- 
 mist, fourth son of Dudley North, fourth Baron 
 North. He entered foreign trade, and spent several 
 years in the Levant, ne was forced upon the city of Lon- 
 don as sheriff in the reign of Charles II., and after the 
 revolution of 1688 was called to account for alleged uncon- 
 stitutional proceedings in this office. His most impor- 
 tant work, a tract entitled “ Discourses upon Trade, etc.” 
 (published 1691, republished 1856), anticipated many fea- 
 tures of modern political economy. 
 
 North, Francis, Baron Guilford. Born Oct. 22, 
 1637: died Sept. 5, 1685. An English states- 
 man. third son of Dudley North, fourth Baron 
 North. He was educated at Cambridge (St. John's Col- 
 lege), and was called to the bar in 1655. Ill 1676 he wad 
 made chief justice of the Common Pleas; in 1682 lord 
 keeper of the great seal ; and Baron Guilford in 1683. 
 
 Northanger Abbey 
 
 North, Frederick, second Earl of Guilford , better 
 known as Lord North. Born April 13, 1732 : died 
 Aug. 5, 1792. An English statesman, son of Fran- 
 cis, seventh Lord North and first Earl of Guil- 
 ford : known by the courtesy title of Lord North 
 till his father’s death in 1790. He was educated at 
 Eton and Oxford (Trinity College) ; was member of Parlia- 
 ment for Banbury when 22 years of age ; was a lord of the 
 treasury from 1759 to 1765 ; and iu Oct., 1767, was made 
 chancellor of the exchequer. He succeeded the Duke 
 of Grafton as first lord of the treasury in March, 1770 He 
 held oftice in entire subserviency to the will of George 
 III. during the American war, and in March, 1782, re- 
 signed after the surrender of Cornwallis. In April, 1783, 
 he formed a coalition with Fox, and entered the Portland 
 cabinet as joint secretary of state with him. He retired 
 in Dec., 1783. 
 
 North, Roger. Bom 1653: died 1734. An Eng- 
 lish historian, sixth son of Dudley North, fourth 
 Baron North. He was attorney-general to the queen 
 (Mary of Modena). He wrote the abusive “Examen ” of 
 White Kennett’s" History of England ”(1740), the “Lives ” 
 of his brothers, “A Discourse on the Study of the Laws” 
 (first printed in 1824), “Memoirs of Music ” (first printed 
 in 1846), etc. He is one of the chief authorities on the 
 history of the reigns of Charles II. and James II., and is 
 remembered for his partizanship toward his brothers. 
 
 North, Sir Thomas. Flourished in the second 
 half of the 16t.h century. An English translator. 
 His first book was a translation of Guevara’s “The Diall 
 of Princes" (1557). He also translated the “Moral Phi- 
 loBophy "of Doni, an Italian version of a book of Arabian 
 fables, “ Kalilah and Dirnnah ” (1570) ; and his translation 
 of Plutarch, which Shakspere used, was taken from the 
 French version of Amyot, and first appeared in 1579. 
 
 North Adams (ad'amz). A city in Berkshire 
 County, Massachusetts, situated on the Hoosac 
 River.33 miles east of Albany. It has boot 
 and shoe and cotton and woolen manufactures. 
 Population, 22,019, (1910). 
 
 Northallerton (north-al'er-ton). A town in 
 the North Riding of Yorkshire, England, 31 
 miles north-northwest of York. Near it was 
 fought the battle of the Standard (see Stan- 
 dard). Population, 4,009. 
 
 North America (a-mer'i-ka). Agrand division 
 of the earth which comprises the northern half 
 of the western continent. It extends from Bering 
 Strait to the Isthmus of Panama. Its political divisions 
 are British North America, the United States, Mexico, 
 and the six states of Central America. In addition, 
 Greenland and the north polar islands, north of the main- 
 land, together with the West Indie's, are reckoned in 
 North America. The main physical features are the Cor- 
 dilleran mountain system on the west, the Appalachian 
 on the east, the great plain extending from the arctic 
 regions to the Gulf of Mexico, the St. Lawrence and Great 
 Lake system, and the Mississippi system. The eastern 
 coast-line is much more indented than the western. The 
 origin of the prehistoric races (mound-builders, etc.) is 
 variously given. It is almost certain that North America 
 was reached by Northmen about 1000 A. D. ; and it may 
 have been visited by isolated hands at various times be- 
 fore the rediscovery by Columbus in 1492. See America , 
 United States, Mexico, etc. 
 
 Northampton (n6rth-amp'ton). A south mid- 
 land county of England. It is bounded by Leicester, 
 Rutland, and Lincoln on the north, Cambridge, Hunting- 
 don, and Bedford on the east, Buckingham and Oxford 
 on the south, and Warwick on the west. The surface is 
 undulating. The chief agricultural pursuit is stock- 
 raising ; and the other chief industries are the manufacture 
 of boots and shoes and of iron. The county formed part 
 of the ancient Mercia. Area (ad. co.), 992.4 square miles. 
 Population (pari, co.), 338,088. 
 
 Northampton. [ME. Northampton, Northamp- 
 ton, AS. Nortlihamtun, North Hampton.] The 
 capital of the county of Northampton, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Nen in lat. 52° 15' N., 
 long. 0° 54' W. It is the center of the boot and shoe 
 manufacture in England. Its church of St. Sepulchre is 
 notable. It is one of the oldest English towns. Several 
 medieval parliaments met there. It returns 2 members 
 to Parliament. Population, 90,076, (1911). 
 
 Northampton. A city, the capital of Hamp- 
 shire County, Massachusetts, situated on the 
 Connecticut 15 miles north of Springfield. It is 
 noted for its picturesque location ; is the ^eat of Smith 
 College (female), the State lunatic asylum, and a deaf- 
 mute institute ; and within the city limits is the manufac- 
 turing village of Florence. Population, 19,431, (1910). 
 
 Northampton, Battle of. A victory gained in 
 1460 near Northampton, England, by the York- 
 ists over the Lancastrians. In consequence 
 of it Henry VI. was obliged to acknowledge 
 the Duke of York as his heir. 
 
 Northampton, Earl of (Henry Howard). Born 
 Feb. 25, 1540: died 1614. An English statesman, 
 second son of the Earl of Surrey (the poet). 
 Ho came into favor on the accession of James I. In 
 1604 he was made earl of Northampton, and in 1608 lord 
 privy seal. He supported the Catholic alliance. 
 
 Northampton, Earl of (Spencer Compton). 
 
 See Compton. 
 
 North and South. A novel by Mrs. Gaskell. 
 published in 1855. 
 
 Northanger (n6rth'an-jer) Abbey._ A novel 
 by Jane Austen, written during 1797-98, and 
 
Northanger Abbey- 
 
 published in 1818, after the author’s death. It ia 
 a parody on the “ Mysteries of Udolpho ’’ school of novels. 
 North Anna (an'a). One of the head streams 
 of the Pamunkey River, Virginia, north of Rich- 
 mond. Near it was fought the battle of North Anna in 
 the end of May, 1864, between the Federals under Grant 
 and the Confederates under Lee. The Federals were re- 
 pulsed, but the battle was followed by a Federal advance. 
 
 North Australia (as-tra'lia), or Northern Ter- 
 ritory. Formerly that part of South Australia 
 which lies north of lat. 26° S. It passed under 
 the control of the Commonwealth, Jan. 1, 1911. 
 North Berwick (ber'ik). A watering-place 
 and golfing resort in Haddingtonshire, Scot- 
 land. situated on the Firth of Forth. 
 
 North Bierley (bi'er-li). A town in the West 
 Riding of Yorkshire, 9 miles west of Leeds. 
 Population, 16,266. 
 
 North Bridgewater. See Brockton. 
 
 North Britain (brit'n). A name sometimes 
 given to Scotland. 
 
 North Briton. A periodical published at Lon- 
 don 1762-63, conducted by John Wilkes, and 
 noted for its attacks on the government. 
 Northbrook, Baron. See Baring, Francis Thorn- 
 hill. 
 
 Northbrook (north'bnlk), first Earl of (Tho- 
 mas George Baring). Born Jan. 22, 1826: 
 died Nov. 15, 1904. An English politician, son 
 of BaronNorth brook. He was viceroy of India 1872-76, 
 and first lord of the admiralty 1880-85. He was created 
 earl of Northbrook in 1876. 
 
 North Cape. The northernmost promontory of 
 Europe, situated on the island of Mageroe, near 
 the northern coast of Norway, in lat. 71° IP N., 
 long. 25° 40' E. It is often visited by tourists for 
 the view of the midnight sun. Height, about 
 970 feet. 
 
 North Carolina (kar-o-li'na). One of the South 
 Atlantic States of the United States of America, 
 extending from lat. 33° 50' to 36° 33' N., and 
 from long. 75° 27' to 84° 20' W. Capital, Ra- 
 leigh ; chief city, Wilmington, it is bounded by 
 Virginia on the north, the Atlantic on the east and south- 
 east South Carolina and Georgia on the south, and Ten- 
 nessee (separated by the Smoky and other ranges of moun- 
 tains) on the west. The surface is mountainous and table- 
 land in the west (traversed by the Blue Ridge and other 
 ranges ol the Appalachian system); hilly and undulating 
 in the center (the Piedmont region) ; and generally level 
 in the east, where it is bordered by Albemarle, Pamlico, 
 and other Sounds. Theleadingoccupationis agriculture ; 
 the chief products, Indian corn, cotton, tobacco, rice, tim- 
 ber, etc. There are mines, quarries, and clay products. It 
 has 98 counties, sends 2 senators and 10 representatives 
 to Congress, and has 12 electoral votes. Unsuccessful at- 
 tempts were made to colonize the Carolina region under 
 the auspices of Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584-87 : it was set- 
 tled probably before 1663, and was granted to proprietors 
 in 1663 and 1665. A futile attempt was made to introduce 
 a constitution framed by Shaftesbury and Locke in 1669. 
 A royal province was formed in 1729, when North and 
 South Carolina were separated. The “Mecklenburg Dec- 
 laration of Independence" was passed in 1775. North 
 Carolina was one of the thirteen original States (1776) ; was 
 the scene of several battles in the Revolution (1780-81) ; re- 
 jected the United States Constitution in 1788, but adopted it 
 In 1789 ; seceded May 20, 1861 ; was the scene of various en- 
 gagements and military operations in the Civil War, par- 
 ticularly in connection with Burnside’s expedition in 1802, 
 the capture of Wilmington and other ports, and Sherman’s 
 march in 1865 ; and was readmitted to the Union in July, 
 1868. Area, 52,250 square miles. Population, 2,206,287, 
 (1910). 
 
 North Conway (kon'wa). A summer resort in 
 Conway, Carroll County, New Hampshire, situ- 
 ated on the Saco 20 miles south-southeast of 
 Mount Washington. 
 
 Northcote (north'kot), Jaimes. Born at Ply- 
 mouth, England, Oct. 22, 1746: died at London, 
 July 13, 1831. An English historical and por- 
 trait painter and author, in 1771 he entered the 
 studio of Reynolds, and in 1777 went to Italy. He executed 
 pictures for the Boydell Shakspere Gallery, and painted 
 “The Death of Wat Tyler ’’for the city of London, now 
 in the Guildhall. He wrote a life of P^eynolds (1813), and 
 a life of Titian (1830). 
 
 Northcote, Sir Stafford Henry, first Earl of Id- 
 desleigh. Born at London, Oct. 27, 1818: died 
 there, Jan. 12, 1887. An English Conservative 
 statesman . He graduated at Oxford(Balliol College), and 
 was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1840. He 
 entered Parliament in 1855; was president of the board of 
 trade 1806-67, and secretary of state for India 1867-68 ; 
 served on the joint high commission which drew up the 
 treaty of Washington in 1871 ; and was chancellor of tire 
 exchequer 1874-80, first lord of the treasury 1885-86, and 
 foreign secretary 1886-87. He succeeded his father as 
 baronet in 1851, and was created earl of Iddesleigh in 1885. 
 He wrote “ Twenty Years of Financial Policy ’’ (1862). 
 North Dakota (da-kd'ta). One of the North 
 Central States of the United States of America. 
 Capital, Bismarck. It is bounded by the Dominion 
 of Canada on the north, Minnesota on the east. South Da- 
 kota on the south, and Montana on the west. Its surface 
 is generally level and undulating. It is noted for the 
 production of wheat. It has 50 counties, sends 2 senators 
 and 3 representatives to Congress, and has 5 electoral votes. 
 
 744 
 
 In 1889 it was separated from South Dakota, and was ad- 
 mitted to the Union. Area, 70,795 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 577,056, (1910). 
 
 North Downs (dounz). A hilly region in Hamp- 
 shire, Surrey, and Kent, England, forming 
 natural pastures, and largely given over to 
 sheep-raising. 
 
 Northeast Cape, See Tcheliuskin. 
 
 Northeast Passage. A passage for ships along 
 the northern coast of Europe and Asia to the 
 Pacific Ocean. The first to make the complete voyage 
 by this passage was the Swedish explorer Nordenskjold in 
 1878-79, after it had been from time to time attempted in 
 vain for upward of three centuries. 
 
 Northeim (nort'hlm). A town in the province 
 of Hannover, Prussia, situated on the Ruh me 
 48 miles south by east of Hannover. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 7,986. 
 
 Northern Athens. See Athens of the North. 
 Northern Car, The. The constellation of the 
 Great Bear, commonly known in England as 
 Charles’s Wain, and in the United States as the 
 Great Dipper. See Ursa Major. 
 
 Northern Crown. See Corona Borealis. 
 Northern Herodotus, The. Snorre Sturleson. 
 Northern Lass, The, or A Nest of Fools. A 
 comedy by R. Brome, printed in 1632. 
 Northern Liberties. A former district, now in- 
 cluded in the city of Philadelphia. 
 
 Northern Territory. See North Australia. 
 Northern Triangle. See Triangulum Boreale. 
 Northern Virginia, Army of. "The main Con- 
 federate army in the East during the Civil War. 
 Under General Lee it took part in the Peninsular campaign 
 of 1862 ; in the Manassas, Antietam, and Fredericksburg 
 campaigns of 1862 ; in the Chancellorsville campaign of 
 1863 ; in the invasion of Pennsylvania and at Gettysburg in 
 1863 ; and in the Wilderness campaign and the defense of 
 Petersburg in 1804-65. It surrendered to Graut at Appo- 
 mattox April 9. 1865. 
 
 Northern War, The. A war between Sweden 
 (under Charles XII.) on one side and Rus- 
 sia (under Peter the Great), Denmark, Saxony, 
 Poland, and finally Prussia and Hannover on 
 the other. It was begun in 1700, and was ended by trea- 
 ties 1719-21, in which Sweden ceded Bremen and Verden 
 to Hannover, Stettin and part of western Pomerania to 
 Prussia, and I ivonia, Esthonia, Ingria, and part of Karelia 
 to Russia, and lost the supremacy in northern Europe. 
 
 Northerton (nor'THer-ton), Ensign. A char- 
 acter in Fielding’s ‘‘Tom Jones.” 
 
 Northfieet (north'flet). A village in Kent, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Thames 19 miles east- 
 southeast of London. Population, 12,906. 
 North Foreland. A cape on the coast of Kent, 
 England, projecting into the North Sea in lat. 
 51° 22' N., long. 1° 27' E. : the Roman Promon- 
 toriurn Acantium. Near it, July 25, 1666, the English 
 fleet under the Duke of Albemarle and Prince Rupert de- 
 feated the Dutch under De Ruyter. 
 
 North Friesian (fre'zian) Islands. A group of 
 lowislandsin the North Sea, west of Schleswig- 
 Holstein, to which province they belong. It in- 
 cludes Sylt, Fohr, Pellworm, Nordstrand, etc. 
 North Friesland (frez'land). The part of the 
 province of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, which 
 comprises theNorth Friesian Islands and the op- 
 posite western coast of the mainland. 
 
 North German Confederation. [G. Nord- 
 deutscher Bund.] The German union formed 
 after the dissolution of the Germanic Confed- 
 eration in 1866, under the presidency of Prussia. 
 It included all the German states north of the Main (ex- 
 cept Luxemburg and Limburg) which had belonged to its 
 predecessor, and comprised also Schleswig and the prov- 
 inces of Posen, East Prussia, and West Prussia. Hesse 
 joined itforitspart north of the Main. It wastliemodel 
 for the German Empire, which took its place in 1871. 
 
 North Holland (hol'and), D. Noordholland 
 
 (nord-hol'lant). A province of the kingdom of 
 the Netherlands. Chief city, Amsterdam, it is 
 hounded by the North Sea on tiie west and north, the 
 Zuyder Zee on the east, and Utrecht and South Holland on 
 the south. The sui-face is level. Area, 1,070 square miles. 
 Population, 1,103,514. 
 
 North Holland Canal. A ship-canal connect- 
 ing Amsterdam with the Helder, opened in 1825. 
 Length, about 50 miles. 
 
 North Island. The northernmost island of New 
 Zealand, separated from South Island on the 
 southwest by Cook Strait. It is mountainous in the 
 east and south. It was formerly called New Ulster. Area, 
 44,467 square miles. 
 
 Northmen (north'men). The inhabitants of the 
 north (that is, of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, 
 Iceland, etc. ) ; the Scandinavians ; in a restricted 
 sense, the inhabitants of Norway. The Northmen 
 were noted for their skill and daring on the sea, and lor 
 their expeditions against Great Britain and other parts of 
 northern and western Europe from the 8th to the 11th 
 century. They founded permanent settlements in some 
 places, as the Orkneys, Hebrides, etc., and in northern 
 France, where they were called Normans. (See Normans.) 
 According to the Icelandic sagas, a Northman, Leif Eric- 
 son, visited the shores of Nova Scotia about 1000 A- D. 
 
 Northwest Passage, The 
 
 North Park. A plateau in Grand County, north- 
 ern Colorado. Area, about 2,000 square miles. 
 Elevation, about 8,500 feet. 
 
 North Polar Sea. See Arctic Ocean. 
 
 North River. A name given to the Hudson 
 River near its mouth: originally so named 
 in distinction from the Delaware or “South 
 River.” 
 
 North Sea, or German Ocean, F. Mer du Nord 
 
 (mar dii nor), G. Nordsee (nort'za) or Deutsch- 
 es Meer (doich'es mar), D. Noordzee (nord'- 
 za). An arm of the Atlantic Ocean, lying 
 east of Great Britain, west of Norway, Denmark, 
 and Schleswig-Holstein, and north of Germany, 
 the Netherlands, Belgium, and France: the Ro- 
 man Mare Germanicum or Oceanus Germanicus. 
 It communicates on the east by the Skager Rack, Catte- 
 gat, and Sound with the Baltic, and on the southwest by the 
 Straitol Dover and the English Channel with the Atlantic. 
 It is noted for its general shallowness and for its fisheries. 
 It receives the Tay, Forth, Tweed, Tyne, Humber, Ouse, 
 Thames, Schelde, Meuse, Rhine, Eras, Weser, and Elbe. 
 Length, about 600 miles. Width, about 400 miles. Area, 
 about 160,000 square miles. 
 
 North Sea (*. e., north of the Isthmus of Pana- 
 ma). A name commonly given, in the 16th 
 century, to the Caribbean Sea, in contradis- 
 tinction to the South Sea or Pacific Ocean. By 
 extension it was sometimes applied to the At- 
 lantic. 
 
 North Sea Canal, or Amsterdam Canal. A 
 
 ship-canal which connects Amsterdam with the 
 North Sea by means of the Y. Length, about 
 16 miles. 
 
 North Uist (wist). An island of the Outer Heb- 
 rides, Scotland, belonging to the county of In- 
 verness. It is separated from Skye on the east by the 
 Little Minch, and from Harris on the north by the Sound 
 of Harris. Length, 18 miles. 
 
 Northumberland (nor-thum'ber-land). [ME. 
 Northumberland, from *Northumber (ML. North- 
 umbria, in AS. a folk-name, Northhymbre, 
 Northanhymbre, the people living north of the 
 Humber) and land.] A maritime county, the 
 northernmost of England. Chief town, New- 
 castle. It is bounded by Scotland on the northwest 
 (partly separated by the Cheviot Hills and the Tweed), 
 the North Sea on the east, Durham on the south (partly 
 separated by the Tyne and Derwent), and Cumberland on 
 the west. It is mountainous in the west. It is noted 
 for the production of coal, and has also flourishing agri- 
 culture. It is the first county in England in Roman an- 
 tiquities, including the Roman wall. It formed part of 
 the ancient kingdom of Northumbria. It was the scene 
 of much border warfare. Area (ad. co.), 2,009.6 square 
 miles. Population (pari, co.), 603,498. 
 
 Northumberland, Duke of. See Dudley. 
 Northumberland, Earls of. See Percy. 
 Northumberland, Kingdom of, or Northum- 
 bria (nor-thum'bri-a). A former kingdom of 
 Great Britain, at its greatest extent reaching 
 from the Humber to the Firth of Forth, and from 
 the North Sea westward to the Celtic Strath- 
 clyde. The Anglian kingdoms of Bernicia in the north 
 (founded by Ida in 547) and Deira (founded a few yeais 
 later) were united under Ethelfrith about 600. Christi- 
 anity was introduced under Edwin (died 633). Northum- 
 bria reached its highest point in the 7th century, as the 
 most powerful kingdom in the island. It was the center 
 of literature in the 7th and 8th centuries. It was largely 
 resettled by the Danes in the 9th century ; was nominally 
 conquered by the Anglo-Saxons in the middle of the 10th 
 century; and was governed by practically independent 
 Danish earls till the period of the Norman conquest. The 
 northern portion was ceded to Scotland about 1000. 
 
 Northumberland House. One of the chief his- 
 torical houses of London, situated ontheStrand, 
 on the southeast side of Trafalgar Square. It 
 
 was built in the beginning of the 17th century, and was 
 bought and removed in 1873-74 by the Metropolitan Board 
 of Works to make room for Northumberland Avenue, 
 which runs from the Thames Embankment to Charing 
 Cross. 
 
 Northumberland Strait. A sea passage in the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, separa ting Prince Edward 
 Island from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. 
 Northumbria. See Northumberland, Kingdom of. 
 Northward Ho ! A comedy by Thomas Dekker 
 and John Webster, written about 1605, printed 
 1607. 
 
 Northwestern University. An institution of 
 learning at Evanston, 111., and Chicago, com- 
 prising a college of liberal arts and schools of 
 pharmacy, dentistry, music, medicine, and law. 
 It was chartered in 1851, and opened in 1855. 
 *It has about 3,600 students. 
 
 Northwest Passage, The. A passage for ships 
 from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific by the 
 noi’thern coasts of the American continent, 
 long sought for and in part found by Parry and 
 others. Sir Robert M'Clure, in his expedition of 1850-54, 
 was the first to achieve the passage, although his ship was 
 abandoned and the journey was completed partly on ice 
 and partly on the relieving vessel. The discovery is not 
 
Northwest Passage, The 
 
 one of practical utility, being merely the solution of a 
 scientific problem. The honor is sometimes claimed for 
 ★ Sir John Franklin. 
 
 Northwest Provinces, or Northwestern Prov- 
 inces. A former lieutenant-governorship of 
 British India, surrounded by Tibet, Nepal, 
 Oudh, Bengal, Central Provinces, Panjab, and 
 native states. Capital, Allahabad, it belongs 
 to the Gangetic basin, is noted for its production of wheat, 
 and contains'many famous cities. It was acquired by the 
 British at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th 
 century. It was prominent in the Indian mutiny in 
 1857-58. Oudh was united to it in administration in 1877. 
 Area, with Oudh, 107,164 square miles. See ★ U nited Prov- 
 
 Northwest Territories. Formerly, the terri- 
 tories of British America which lay to the 
 northwest of the older part of Canada. The 
 name was used with a political rather than a geographi- 
 cal signification to include the districts of Alberta, Assini- 
 boia, Athabasca, Franklin, Keewatin, Mackenzie, Saskatch- 
 ewan, and Ungava, which were united under a lieutenant- 
 governor and a legislative assembly. \ ukon received a 
 separate government in 1898, and the provinces of Alberta 
 and Saskatchewan were admitted to the Union in 1905. 
 Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec were enlarged in 1912 by 
 680,000 square miles taken from the Northwest Territories. 
 
 Northwest Territory. A territory formed by 
 ordinance of Congress in 1787, comprising the 
 present Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wis- 
 consin, and Minnesota east of the Mississippi. 
 Slavery was prohibited in it. 
 
 Northwich (north'wich). A town in Cheshire, 
 England, noted for salt-mines. Pop., 18,151. 
 Norton (nor'ton), Andrews. Bom Dec.31, 1786: 
 died Sept. 18, 1853. An American Unitarian 
 theologian, professor at Harvard 1819-30. His 
 works include “A Statement of the Reasons for not be- 
 lieving the Doctrines of the Trinitarians " (1833), etc. 
 
 Norton, Mrs. (Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Sher- 
 idan), afterward Lady Stirling-Maxwell. 
 Born 1808: died June 15, 1877. An English 
 poet and novelist. She was one of “ the three graces,” 
 daughters of Thomas Sheridan. She published “The 
 Dandies’ Rout” (illustrated by herself at the age of 13), 
 and the poems “The Sorrows of Rosalie, etc.” (1829) and 
 “The Undying One” (1830). She also wrote “ A Voice from 
 the Factories” (1836), “The Lady of La Garaye ’’ (1862: 
 a poem), “Lost and Saved” (1863), “Old Sir Douglas" 
 (1867), etc. She married in 1827 the Hon. George Chap- 
 pie Norton (who died in 1875), and in 1877 Sir W. Stirling- 
 Maxwell. 
 
 Norton, Charles Eliot. Born at Cambridge, 
 Mass., Nov. 16, 1827 : died there, Oct. 21, 1908. 
 An American author, son of Andrews Norton. 
 
 He graduated at Harvard in 1846, and was editor, with 
 James Russell Lowell, of the “North American Review” 
 1864-68. He was professor of the history of artatHarvard 
 University 1874-98. Among his works are “ The New Life 
 of Dante: an Essay, with translations" (1858), “Notes of 
 Travel and Study in Italy ” (1859), “ List of the Principal 
 Books relating to . . . Michael Angelo "(1879), "His- 
 torical Studies of Church-building in the Middle Ages" 
 (1880). He translated Dante’s “Divina Commedia” (1892), 
 and edited James Russell Lowell’s letters in 1893. 
 
 Norton, Thomas. Born at London, 1532: died 
 at Sharpenhoe, Bedfordshire, 1584. An Eng- 
 lish lawyer, translator, and author. He wrote(with 
 Sackville) the first English tragedy, “Gorboduc, or Ferrex 
 andPorrex” (which see). He published a “Translation 
 of Calvin’s Institutes” (1561), and translated many of the 
 psalms in the Psalter of Stemhold and Hopkins (1561), etc. 
 
 Norton Sound. An inlet of Bering Sea, on the 
 western coast of Alaska. 
 
 Norumbega (no-rum-be'ga). A region on the 
 Atlantic coast of North America, frequently 
 mentioned in maps and writings of the 16th and 
 17th centuries. It was placed between Cape Breton 
 and Florida, or narrowed to the northern part of that re- 
 gion, or more definitely placed within the present State 
 of Maine. Various English and French explorers made 
 Journeys to Norumbega. It is disputed whether the name 
 is of Indian, Norse, or Spanish origin. The river of Norum- 
 bega has been often identified with the Penobscot. Profes- 
 sor Horsford identified the lost city of Norumbega with 
 Watertown, Massachusetts. 
 
 Norval (nor'val), Young. In Home’s play 
 “ Douglas,” the son of Lady Randolph by a pre- 
 vious marriage with Douglas. His birth was con- 
 cealed, and he was brought up as a shepherd by Old Norval, 
 “ the frugal swain,” who found him. He is killed by Lord 
 Randolph, who discovers too late that he is the son of Lady 
 Randolph. The latter kills herself in despair. The part 
 was a favorite one with John Kemble and others, and Ma- 
 cready played it to Mrs. Siddons’s Lady Randolph. 
 Norwalk (ndr'wak). A township in Fairfield 
 County, Connecticut, situated on Long Island 
 Sound 30 miles southwest of New Haven. It 
 has manufactures of hats, etc. it was settled about 
 1640, and was burned by the Hessians under Tryon in 1779. 
 Population (including South Norwalk), 24,211, (1910). 
 Norwalk. The capital of Huron County, north- 
 ern Ohio, 51 miles west-southwest of Clove- 
 n-land. Population, 7.858, (1910). 
 
 Norway (nor' wa). [ME. Norway, Norwey, AS. 
 Norwxg, earlier Northweg, Icel. Noregr, very 
 rarely Norvegr, Norw. Dan. and Sw. Norge, G. 
 Norwegen, F. Norvdge, ML. Norregia, North- 
 wagia, etc., lit. ‘north way.’ The first element 
 VI. 25 
 
 745 
 
 has been erroneously referred to a mythical king 
 Nor, and to the Icel. nor, a sea loch.] The north- 
 ernmost country of Europe. Capital, Christiania. 
 It is bounded by the Arctic Ocean on the north, Russia and 
 Sweden on the east, the Skager Rack on the south, and 
 the North Sea and the Atlantic and Arctic oceans on the 
 west. It forms the western part of the Scandinavian pe- 
 ninsula, comprising also many islands. The coast-line is 
 deeply indented by fiords. The country is traversed by 
 mountains (Scandinavian Mountains, Dovre Fjeld, Jotun 
 FJelde, etc.), and the surface is generally elevated and 
 mountainous. Among the leading industries are fisher- 
 ies and lumber manufacture and trade. There are mines 
 of silver, copper, iron, and nickel. The kingdom is divided 
 into 20 amts (or provinces). The government is a lim- 
 ited hereditary monarchy. It was under the same sover- 
 eign with Sweden, with which it was united in foreign and 
 diplomatic relations,but otherwise it was independent. The 
 king and a ministry form the executive, and the legisla- 
 tive power is vested in the Storthing (or parliament), con- 
 sisting of an upper and a lower house. The language is 
 Norwegian. The established religion is Lutheran. Nor- 
 way furnished a large part of the Northmen. The king- 
 dom was consolidated under Harold the Fair-haired in 
 the last part of the 9th century. Christianity was intro- 
 duced at the end of the 10th century. The three Scandi- 
 navian kingdoms were united from the union of Kalmar 
 in 1397 until 1523. Norway was separated from Denmark 
 and united to Sweden in 1814. Recent events are the con- 
 stitutional struggles against the veto power of the king, 
 the separation from Sweden June 7, 1905, and the enfran- 
 chisement of women. Area, 124,130 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 2,352,786. 
 
 Norwegian (nor-we'jian). The Scandinavian 
 language of Norway. Old Norwegian is preserved in 
 runic inscriptions from the end of the Viking age in the 
 11th century, and in literature from the end of the 12th 
 century. At the time of the Reformation, Danish became 
 the language of literature, a condition which prevails at 
 the present time. Dano-Norwegian is, however, characteris- 
 tically differentiated in pronunciation and vocabulary, and 
 the old popular dialects have never died out. 
 
 Norwegian Sea (nor-we'jian se). A name given 
 in recent geography to that part of the North 
 Atlantic Ocean which lies between Norway and 
 Greenland. 
 
 Norwich, (nor'ij). [ME. Nonoicli, AS. Northwic, 
 north town.] The capital of Norfolk, England, 
 and itself a county, situated on the Wensum in 
 lat. 52° 38' N., long. 1° 17' E.: the British Caer- 
 Gwent, and the Gwenta of the Iceni. It has man- 
 ufactures of mustard, starch, beer, iron, textiles, etc. The 
 cathedral begun in 1096, is said to preserve its N orman plan 
 with less alteration than any other English cathedral. The 
 nave was completed in 1140, the clearstory of the choir 
 was rebuilt in the 14th century, and the vaulting dates 
 from the 15th, at which time the west front was modified 
 and the tall slender spire rebuilt. The exterior is sur- 
 rounded by a picturesque arcade of small arches and col- 
 umns, above the lowest range of windows. In the interior 
 the simple nave is Norman, except the Perpendicular win- 
 dows and the vaulting. The choir is shut off from the 
 nave by a solid screen surmounted by a tall organ, more 
 disastrous as an obstruction to the view than the inclosure 
 of the “ coro ’’ of a Spanish cathedral. The choir terminates 
 in a polygonal chevet, the only example of this form in 
 an English church of the first rank. The triforiura-gallery 
 is notably wide and high. The dimensions of the cathe- 
 dral are 407 by 78 feet ; length of transepts, 178 ; height of 
 vaulting — nave 70, choir 83); height of spire, 315 feet. 
 The Decorated cloister is large and beautiful, and the 
 episcopal palace is in large part of the 14th century. The 
 Church of St. Peter, Mancroft, the castle, and St.. Andrew’s 
 Hall are also noteworthy. Norwich was a British and a 
 Roman town ; was burned by Sweyn ; became the seat of 
 the bishopric of East Anglia in 1094 ; received a colony of 
 Flemish weavers in the 14th century; and became an im- 
 portant center for cloth manufactures. It was one of the 
 leading towns in England in the 17th century. It returns 
 2 members to Parliament. Population, 121,493, (1911). 
 
 Norwich (nor' wieh). A city, one of the capitals 
 of New London County, Connecticut, situated 
 at the head of the Thames, 13 miles north of 
 New London. It has an important trade, and manu- 
 factures of paper, cotton, and woolen goods, metal-work, 
 etc., and is the terminus of a line of steamers to New 
 York. It was settled in 1659, and incorporated as a city in 
 1784. Population, 20,367, (1910). 
 
 Norwich. A village, the capital of Chenango 
 County, New York, situated on Chenango River 
 49 miles southeast of Syracuse. Population, 
 7,422, (1910). 
 
 Norwich Festival. Amusical festival held tri- 
 ennially at Norwich, England: established in 
 1824. 
 
 Norwood (nor'wud). A suburb of London, sit- 
 uated in Surrey 6 miles south of St. Paul’s. 
 
 Norwood. A northeastern suburb of Adelaide, 
 South Australia. 
 
 Norwood, or Village Life in New England. 
 
 A novel by Henry Ward Beecher, published in 
 1867. 
 
 Noskowski (nos-kof'ske), Sigismund. Born 
 at Warsaw, May 2, 1846. A Polish composer. 
 He invented a system of notation for the use 
 of the blind. 
 
 Nossi-B6 (nos-se-ba'). An island north of Mad- 
 agascar, belonging to France, situated in lat. 
 13° 23' S., long. 48° 16' E. Capital, Hellville. 
 The inhabitants are mostly Sakalavas. It was ceded to 
 France in 1840. Length, 14 miles. Pop., about 9,500. 
 
 Nott, Eliphalet 
 
 Nostoi (nos'toi). [Gr. v6otoi.~) “The Home- 
 ward Voyages,” a Greek epic poem of the Tro- 
 jan cycle, by Agias of Trcezen (about 740 b. C.), 
 which related the return of the Achasan heroes 
 from the Trojan war. 
 
 Nostradamus (nos-tra-da'mus) (Michel de No- 
 tredame or Nostredame). Born at St.-Remy, 
 France, Dec. 14, 1503: died at Salon, near Aix, 
 France, July 2, 1566. A French astrologer and 
 physician, noted as the author of a book of 
 prophecies entitled “Centuries” (1555), which 
 has been the subject of much controversy. It 
 was condemned by the papal court in 1781. 
 Notables, Assembly of. In French history, a 
 council of prominent persons from the three 
 classes of the state, convoked by the king on 
 extraordinary occasions. The institution can be 
 traced to the reign of Charles V. (14th century), but the. 
 two most famous assemblies were those of 1787 and 1788, 
 summoned by Louis XVI. in view of the impending crisis. 
 
 Notae Tironianas (no'te ti-ro-ni-a'ne). [L., 
 ‘Tiro’s marks.’] Ancient shorthand abbrevia- 
 tions : so named on the supposition that Tiro, 
 Cicero’s freedman and pupil, invented the art. 
 An extensive collection under the title “Not® 
 Tironis et Senecte ” has been published. 
 Notch, The, or Crawford Notch (kra'ford 
 noch). A deep, narrow valley in the White 
 Mountains, New Hampshire, southwest of 
 Mount Washington, between Mount Webster 
 and Mount Willey. 
 
 Notitia Dignitatum (no-tish'i-ii dig-ni-ta'- 
 tum). [L., ‘ list of dignities.’] See the extract. 
 
 Its full title is, “Notitia dignitatum omnium, tam civili- 
 um quam militarium, in partibus Orientis et Occidentis.” 
 There can be little doubt that it was compiled in the first 
 years of the fifth century, probably about the time of Ala- 
 ric’s first invasion of Italy. It is a complete Official Direc- 
 tory and Army List of the whole Roman Empire, and is of 
 incalculable value for the decision of all sorts of questions, 
 antiquarian and historical. For instance, the whole theory 
 of the identification of the existing ruins with the former 
 stations along the line of Hadrian’s British Wall depends 
 entirely on the mention in the Notitia of the names of the 
 cohorts posted at those stations. 
 
 Hudglcin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 200. 
 
 Notium (no'shi-um). [Gr. Ndnov.] In ancient 
 geography, the port of Colophon, near Ephesus. 
 Near it, in 407 B. c., the Spartan fleet under 
 Lysander defeated the Athenians. 
 
 Notker (not'ker), snrnamed Balbulus (‘the 
 Stammerer’). Born in Switzerland about 840: 
 died 912. A monk of St. -Gall, noted for his re- 
 forms in church music, and as a composer of 
 sequences. 
 
 Notker, sumamed Labeo (‘with large lips’). 
 Died 1022. A monk of St. -Gall, translator of 
 various Latin and Greek works into Old High 
 German. 
 
 Noto (no'to). A city in the province of Syra- 
 cuse, Sicily, 15 miles southwest of Syracuse. 
 It was built near the ancient Netum (Gr. Ntr, to,), which 
 was destroyed by an earthquake in 1693. Population, com- 
 mune, 22,664. 
 
 Noto, Val di. A former division of Sicily, in 
 the southeastern part. 
 
 Notre Dame (no'tr dam). [F.,‘our Lady.’] A 
 church at Paris, one of the most imposing and 
 famous of cathedrals. The present structure was be- 
 gun in 1163, hut is chiefly of the early 13th century. The 
 facade, with its 3 large portals, its great roses, its gaHery 
 and arcades, and its twin square towers, is one of the two 
 or three finest produced by Pointed architecture. The 
 transept-fronts are unsurpassed in their way, and the long 
 range of windows and flying buttresses of nave and choir 
 is highly effective. The figure- and foliage-sculpture of 
 the exterior is abundant and artistically remarkable. The 
 graceful rood-spire was built by Viollet-le-Duc in place of 
 the original one. The interior, with nave and double 
 aisles continued around the choir, measures 156 by 420 
 feet, and 110 high. The three roses retain their original 
 glass, but the remainder of the glass is modern. The 
 choir-screen is carved with interesting New Testament re- 
 liefs of the 14th century. 
 
 Notre Dame de Brou. A church at Bourg, 
 France, in the latest florid-Pointed style, built 
 by Margaret of Austria between 1505 and 1536. 
 The west front has three pediments and a richly carved 
 porch; the nave is simple, but the choir is splendidly 
 decorated as the mausoleum of Margaret of Austria, her 
 husband Philibert le Beau of Savoy, and her mother-in- 
 law. The tombs, especially that of the prince, are adorned 
 with a profusion of statues and minor sculptures. The 
 carved rood-screen and choir-stalls are of rare excellence. 
 
 Notre Dame de la Salette (no'tr dam de hi sfi- 
 
 let'). A locality in France, in the Alps near 
 Grenoble. It is noted as the scene of an alleged appear- 
 ance of the Virgin in 1846. It is a place of pilgrimage. 
 
 Notre Dame de Paris. A prose romance by 
 Victor Hugo, published in 1831. The scene is laid 
 at Paris in the end of the reign of Louis XI. It is a vig- 
 orous hut somber picture of medieval manners. 
 
 Nott (not), Eliphalet. Born at Ashford, Conn., 
 June 25, 1773; died at Schenectady, N. Y., Jan. 
 29, 1866. An American educator, president of 
 
Nott, Eliphalet 
 
 Union College, Schenectady, 1804-66. He pub- 
 lished “Counsels to Young Men”(i810), “lectures onTem- 
 perance ” (1847), etc. 
 
 Nott, Josiah Clark. Born at Columbia, S. C., 
 March 24, 1804: died at Mobile, Ala., March 31, 
 1873. An American ethnologist. He wrote “Con- 
 nection between the Biblical and Physical History of Man ” 
 (1849), “Physical History of the Jewish Race ” (1850), and, 
 conjointly with Gliddon, “ Types of Mankind ” (1854), “ In- 
 digenous Races of the Earth ” (1857), etc. 
 
 Nottingham (not'ing-am), or Nottingham- 
 shire. [ME. Notinghamschire, AS. Snotingham- 
 scir.~\ A north midland county of England, it is 
 bounded by Yorkshire on the northwest, Lincoln on the 
 east, Leicester on the south, and Derby on the west. Its 
 surface is level and undulating. It has coal-mines, and 
 important manufactures of hosiery and lace, and contains 
 remains of Sherwood Forest (the haunt of Robin Hood). 
 Area (ad. co.), 827 square miles. Population (pari, co.), 
 514,578. 
 
 Nottingham. [ME. Notingham , AS. Snotinga- 
 ham, dwelling of the Snotings.j The capital 
 of the county of Nottingham, England, situated 
 near the Trent, in lat. 52° 58' N. , 1 ong. 1° 6' W. 
 It is the center of the English lace and hosiery manufacture, 
 and has also manufactures of silk, etc. Itcontains a castle, 
 University College, and a very large market-place. It was 
 one of the Five Boroughs of the Danes, and was recon- 
 quered byEdward the Elder. Its castlewas built by W illiarn 
 the Conqueror. Here Mortimer and Queen Isabella were 
 captured in 1330. Charles I. raised his standard here, in 
 1642, as the beginning of the civil war. The castle was de- 
 stroyed in the civil war, and again by a Reform Bill mob in 
 1831. The town was the scene of the Luddite riots. It re- 
 turns 3 members to Parliament. Pop., 259,942, (1911). 
 
 Nottingham, Earls of. See Finch and Mowbray. 
 
 Nottoway (not'o-wa). [PI., also Nottoways. 
 The name means ‘ adder,’ figuratively ‘ enemy.’] 
 A tribe of North American Indians, formerly liv- 
 ing on the river of the same name in southern 
 Virginia. They are now extinct. See Iroquoian. 
 
 Notts. An abbreviation of Nottinghamshire. 
 
 Noumea (no-ma-a'). The capital of the French 
 colony of New Caledonia. Population, 6,968. 
 
 N oureddiiuor N ureddin (nor-ed-den' ) ( Malek- 
 al-Adel Nureddin Mahmoud). Born at Da- 
 mascus about 1116: died about 1173. Sultan 
 of Syria from about 1145. He conquere.d Egypt 
 and became its sultan. 
 
 Nourmahal, Nurmahal (nor-ma-hal'). ['Light 
 of the palace.’] Wife of the Mogul emperor 
 Jehangir, who reigned 1605-1627. The story of 
 
 his quarrel and reconcilement with her ia told in Moore’s 
 poem “The Light of the Haram.” She was also called 
 Nourjehan, or ‘ Light of the World.’ 
 
 Nouronihar (no-ron-i-hiir'). In Beckford’s 
 “Vathek,” the daughter of Fakreddin, a mis- 
 chievous girl with whom Vathek falls in love, 
 and who accompanies him to the hall of Eblis. 
 
 Nourrit (no-re' ) , Adolphe. Born at Paris, March 
 3, 1802: diedatNaples, March 8, 1839. AFrencli 
 tenor singer, son of Louis Nourrit (1780-1831), 
 also a tenor. He made his first appearance at Paris in 
 1821, and from 1826-36 created all the first tenor parts at 
 the Academie. He retired in 1837 on the engagement of 
 Duprez, and went to Italy, and his mind being weakened 
 by his disappointment and by jealousy of Duprez, he killed 
 himself in a fit of delirium. Grove. 
 
 Nouvelle Heloise, Julie ou la (zhti-le' 6 la 
 no-vel' a-lo-ez'). A sentimental novel by J. J. 
 Rousseau, published in 1761. 
 
 This is a story told chiefly in the form of letters, and re- 
 counting the love of a noble young lady, Julie, for Saint- 
 Preux, a man of low rank, with a kind of after-piece de- 
 picting Julie's married life with a respectable but prosaic 
 free-thinker, M. de Wolmar. This famous book set the 
 example, first, of the novel of sentiment ; secondly, of the 
 Dovel of landscape-painting. Many efforts have been made 
 to dethrone Rousseau from his position of teacher of Eu- 
 rope in point of sentiment and the picturesque, but they 
 havehad no real success. It is to “La Nouvelle Hdloise” that 
 both sentimental and picturesque fictions fairly owe their 
 original popularity; yet “Julie” cannot be called a good 
 novel. Its direct narrative interest is but small, its char- 
 acters too intensely drawn, or else too merely conventional, 
 its plot far too meagre. It is in isolated passages of de- 
 scription, and in the fervent passion which pervades parts 
 of it, that its value, and at the same time its importance 
 in the history of novel-writing, consist. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 423. 
 
 Nouvion (no-vyon' ). A town in the department 
 of Aisne, France, 33 miles north of Laon. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 2,977. 
 
 Nouzon (nb-zon'). A manufacturing town in 
 the department of Ardennes, France, situated 
 on the Meuse 5 miles north-northeast of M6- 
 zihres. Population, commune, 7,574. 
 
 Novalis (no-va'lis) : pseudonym of Friedrich 
 von Hardenberg. Bom on the paternal estate 
 Wiederstedt, Mansfeld, Germany, May 2, 1772 : 
 died at W eissenf els, March 25, 1801. A German 
 lyric poet. He studied jurisprudence at Jena, Leipsic, 
 and Wittenberg. In 1794 he received a subordinate judi- 
 cial position at Tennstadt in Thuringia, which, however, 
 he soon abandoned to take up mining engineering as offer- 
 ing more rapid advancement. He died at the age of 29. 
 His lyrio poems are both secular and religious. “Hymnen 
 
 746 
 
 an die Nacht ” (“Hymns to Night") are lyrics in prose 
 evoked by the death of Sophie von Kuhn, to whom he was 
 engaged. A novel, “Heinrich von Ofterdingen,” is frag- 
 mentary. As a writer he belongs to the so-called older 
 Romantic school, of which he was the best lyric poet. His 
 collected writings were published at Berlin, 1802, in 2 vols., 
 to which were added a third (Berlin, 1846; and “Eine Nach- 
 lese” (“Gleanings’! Gotha, 1873). His correspondence with 
 the Schlegels was published at Mainz in 1880. 
 
 Novara (no-va'rii). 1. A province in Piedmont, 
 Italy, bordering on Switzerland. Area, 2,553 
 square miles. Population, 785,410. — 2. The 
 capital of the province of Novara, 29 miles west 
 of Milan: the ancient Novaria. it is a commercial, 
 manufacturing, and railway center. The cathedral, 
 founded in 390, but essentially of the 11th century, though 
 injured by modern alteration and decoration, is one of the 
 rare Italian examples of the union of church and towers. 
 The baptistery, essentially of the 11th century, though of 
 much older foundation, is octagonal, 36 feet in diameter, 
 with a domical vault. The ancient font of white marble 
 is carved with pilasters, diaper-work, and oak foliage. 
 Battles were fought by the French here in 1495 and 1500 ; 
 and in 1513 the Swiss defeated the French. In 1821 the 
 Austrians defeated the Piedmontese insurgents. The most 
 famous battle of Novara is that of March 23, 1849, when 
 the Austrians under Radetzky defeated the Sardinians 
 under Charles Albert. The latter immediately abdicated 
 in favor of his son Victor Emmanuel. Population, town, 
 18,628 ; commune, 45,248. 
 
 Novara Expedition. An Austrian scientific 
 expedition around the world in the frigate No- 
 vara, 1857-59. 
 
 Nova Scotia (no'va sko'shia). [L., ‘ New Scot- 
 land.’] A maritime province of the Dominion 
 of Canada. Capital, Halifax, it consists mainly 
 of a peninsula bounded by New Brunswick (separated by 
 the Bay of Fundy) on the northwest, Northumberland 
 Strait (separating it from Prince Edward Island) and the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence on the north, the Gut of Canso (sep- 
 arating it from Cape Breton) on the northeast, and the 
 Atlantic on the south and southwest ; but also includes 
 the island of Cape Breton, northeast of the peninsula. Its 
 surface is undulating, and is traversed by several ranges 
 of hills. It has a long coast-line. There are mines of 
 coal, gold, gypsum, and iron. The leading industries 
 are fisheries, agriculture, and mining. It has 18 coun- 
 ties. Government is administered by a lieutenant-gov- 
 ernor (with an executive council), a legislative council (21 
 members), and a legislative assembly (38 members). The 
 province is represented in the Dominion Parliament by 
 10 senators and 18 members of the House of Commons. 
 Nova Scotia was discovered by the Cabots in 1497. Un- 
 successful attempt s at settlement were made by the French 
 under De Monts in 1604 and succeeding years. It was 
 granted to Sir William Alexander in 1621, but was settled 
 by the French later, forming part of Acadia. Nova Scotia 
 baronets were created by Charles I. It was taken by- 
 England in 1654, given to France in 1667, and finally ceded 
 to England in 1713. The French settlers (Acadians) were 
 expelled in 1755. A constitution was granted in 1758. New 
 Brunswick was separated from it in 1784 ; Cape Breton 
 was separated in 1784, but reunited in 1819. It joined the 
 Dominion in 1867. Area, 21,428 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 492,338, (1911). 
 
 Novatian (no-va'shian), L. Novatianus (no- 
 va-shi-a'nus). Lived in the middle of the 3d 
 century. A Roman presbyter, founder of the 
 sect of the Novatians. He had himself consecrated 
 bishop of Rome in opposition to Cornelius in 251. He is 
 also called Novatus. 
 
 Novatians (no-va'shianz). In church history, 
 a sect founded in the 3d century by Novatianus, 
 or Novatus (see above), and by Novatus of 
 Carthage. Novatianus denied that the church had 
 power to absolve or restore to communion those who after 
 Christian baptism had lapsed or fallen into idolatry in 
 time of persecution ; and his followers appear to have re- 
 fused the grant of forgiveness to all grave post-baptismal 
 sin, and denied the validity of Catholic baptism, consider- 
 ing themselves the true church. They assumed the name 
 of Cathari, ‘ the Pure,’ on the strength of their severity of 
 discipline. Inotherrespectsthey differed very little from 
 the Catholics ; and they were generally received back into 
 communion on comparatively favorable terms. The sect 
 continued to the 6th century. 
 
 Nova Zeelandia (no'va ze-lan'di-a). [L.,‘New 
 Zealand.’] The name given by the Dutch to 
 their settlements on the Essequibo River, Gui- 
 ana, in 1596. 
 
 Nova Zembla (no'va zem'bla), Russ. Novaya 
 Zemlya (no'va-yii zem-lya'j. ['New Land.’] 
 An uninhabited double island in the Arctic 
 Ocean, situated north of Russia and northwest 
 of Siberia, belonging to the government of Arch- 
 angel, Russia. It is separated into two parts by the 
 narrow Matotchkin Shar, and is separated from the main- 
 land by Kara Sea (and indirectly by Kara Strait], The 
 surface is elevated and mountainous. It is visited by 
 hunters and fishermen. It was discovered by the English 
 in the middle of the 16th century. Length, about 600 
 miles. Area, 35,000 square miles. 
 
 Novel (nov'el). A character in Wycherley’s 
 comedy “The Plain Dealer.” He is a pert coxcomb 
 “who, rather than not rail, will rail at the dead, whom 
 none speak ill of ; rather than not flatter, will Hatter the 
 poets of the age, whom none will flatter ” (ii. 1). 
 
 Novello (no-vel'lo), Clara Anastasia. Born 
 June 10, 1818: died March 15, 1908. An Eng- 
 lish soprano singer, daughter of Vincent No- 
 vello. She studied at the Conservatoire in Paris in 1829, 
 and made her first appearance at a concert in 1833. She 
 was successful in concert-singing, but went to Italy in 1839, 
 
 Noviodunum 
 
 studied for the stage, and made her first appearance in 
 “ Semiramide ” at Padua in 1841. She appeared in oratorio 
 in England in 1851, and was even more acceptable in this 
 than in the other two branches of her art. She ceased 
 singing in public in 1860. She married Count Gigliucci in 
 1843. “ Reminiscences " (compiled by her daughter), 1910. 
 
 Novello, Joseph Alfred. Born 1810: died July 
 16, 1896. A music-publisher, son of Vincent 
 Novello. He opened an establishment as a regular pub- 
 lisherof music iu 1829, nowknown as “Novello, Ewer and 
 Co.,” continuing the publications begun by his father, 
 among them “Purcell's Sacred Music." He introduced 
 Mendelssohn’s works to the English public, and was promi- 
 nent in furthering the interests of art and science, and also 
 introduced a system of printing cheap music. He retired 
 from business in 1856, and went to Italy, where he inter- 
 ested himself in studying the properties of water and the 
 construction of ships. 
 
 Novello, Vincent. Born at London, Sept. 6, 
 1781: died at Nice, France, Aug. 9, 1861. An 
 English composer and musical editor, in 1811 he 
 began to publish music from his private house. This was 
 the origin of the firm known later as Novello, Ewer and 
 Co. See Novello, Joseph Alfred. 
 
 November (no-vem'ber). [From L. November , 
 also Novembris, the ninth month (reckoning 
 from March).] The eleventh month of the 
 year, containing thirty days. 
 
 Novempopulana (no-vem-pop-u-la'na), or No- 
 vempopulania (no-vem-pop-u-la'ni-a). A Ro- 
 man province of southwestern Gatil, in the 
 later empire. 
 
 Noverre (no-var'), Jean Georges. .Born at 
 Paris, April 29, 1727 : died at Saint-Germain- 
 en-Laye, France, Nov. 19, 1810. A French 
 dancing-master, writer on dancing, and com- 
 poser of ballets, noted for his improvements in 
 the development of the ballet. 
 
 Novgorod (nov'go-rod). [‘Newtown.’] 1. A 
 government of Russia, surrounded by the gov- 
 ernments of St. Petersburg, Olonetz, Vologda, 
 Yaroslaff, Tver, and Pskoff. It contains the 
 Valdai Hills in the south. Area, 45,770 square 
 miles. Population, 1,607,000. — 2. The capi- 
 tal of Novgorod, situated on the Volkhoff, 
 near Lake Ilmen, 100 miles south-southeast of 
 St. Petersburg. The Cathedral of St. Sophia, within 
 the walls of the highly picturesque Kremlin, or citadel, 
 w as built in the middle of the 11th century by workmen 
 from Constantinople ; and, despite several restorations, it 
 retains in great measure its Byzantine character. The 
 dimensions are 105 by 119 feet, and 161 feet high to the 
 apex of the central dome, which rests on 8 quadrangular 
 piers. There are 4 flanking domes, and a sixth dome over 
 the sacristy. The cathedral abounds in tombs of artistic 
 and historical interest, and in rich church furniture, the 
 carved stalls of the czar and the metropolitan and the 
 old bronze doors with reliefs being especially noteworthy. 
 The iconostasis bears several fine old icons. Novgorod is 
 one of the oldest cities of Russia. It invited the Varan- 
 gians for Russian defense about 862. In medieval times 
 it was one of the largest cities of Russia and one of the 
 leading commercialcentersof Europe, and wasthecapital of 
 an independent state. It was brought under the dominion 
 of Moscow about 1478, and was sacked by Ivan the Terri- 
 ble in 1570. Its commercial importance has been entirely 
 destroyed by the foundation of St. Petersburg and the in- 
 troduction of railways. Population, 26,972. 
 
 Novgorod, Principality of. The principality 
 which lay around the city of Novgorod, Russia, 
 and was founded by Rurik the Varangian about 
 862. It was thus the nucleus of the Russian monarchy. 
 Under Rurik's successor the capital w-as transferred to 
 Kieff . Novgorod continued as a “republican principality " 
 with many privileges. Its territories included at its 
 height Ingria, Karelia, part of Esthonia and Livonia, Per- 
 mia, Petchora, and large tracts in northern Russia. It was 
 subdued by Ivan III. , grand prince of Moscow, and its 
 existence as a separate commonwealth ended in 1478. 
 Novgorod-Seversk (nov'go-rod-sev'ersk). A 
 town in the government of Tchernigoff, Rus- 
 sia. situated on the Desna 88 miles east-north- 
 east of Tchernigoff. Population, 9,182. 
 Novgorod-Seversk (nov ' go - rod -sev ' ersk), 
 Principality of. A medieval principality of 
 Russia, It was annexed by Muscovy about 
 1523. 
 
 Novi, or Novi Ligure (no've le-go're). A town 
 in the province of Alessandria, Italy, 25 miles 
 north of Genoa. It is noted for its silk manufacture 
 and trade. Here, Aug. 15, 1799, the Russians and Austri- 
 ans under Suvaroff and Melas defeated the French under 
 Joubert, who was killed in the battle. The French loss 
 amounted to 11,000. 
 
 Novibazar (n5-ve-ba-zar'), or Yenibazar (ya- 
 ne-ba-zar'). A town in Bosnia, situated on the 
 Rashka in lat. 43° 5' N., long. 20° 35' E. : an 
 important strategic point. It was occupied by 
 Austria in 1879. Population, estimated, 12,000. 
 Novikoff (nov'i-kof), Nikolai. _ Born in the 
 government of Moscow, Russia, 1744 : died near 
 Moscow, 1818. A Russian journalist and pro- 
 moter of education. He fell under government sus- 
 picion, and was imprisoned by Catharine. He was not re- 
 leased till after her death. He was a brilliant and spirited 
 writer. 
 
 Noviodunum (n6 // vi-o-du , num). In ancient 
 geography, a name given (a) to a town of the 
 
Noviodunum 
 
 Bituriges, in central Gaul (exact location un- 
 known); (&) to Nevers; (c) to Noyon; ( d ) to 
 Nyon ; and ( e ) to Soissons. 
 
 NoviomagUS (no-vi-om'a-gus). In ancient ge- 
 ography, a name given (a) to Lisieux; (b) to 
 Nimwegen; (c) to Noyon; (d) to Spires; and 
 (e) to a town of the Regni, in Britain, near Brom- 
 ley. 
 
 Novo-Bayazet (no'vo-ba-ya-set'), or Noviy- 
 Bayazet (no'viy-ba-ya-set'). A town in the 
 government of Erivan, Transcaucasia, Russia, 
 30 miles east-northeast of Erivan. Population, 
 8,486. 
 
 Novogeorgievsk (no-vo-ga-or-ge-evsk'). 1. A 
 town in the government of Kherson, Russia, 
 situated at the junction of the Tyasmin with 
 the Dnieper, 75 miles southwest of Pultowa. 
 Called also Kriloff. Population, 11,200. — 2. 
 An important fortress in Poland, at the junction 
 of the Bug and Vistula, 18 miles northwest of 
 W arsaw. It was taken by the Russians from the French 
 in 1813, and from the Poles in 1831. Called also Modlin. 
 Novogrudok (no-vo-gro'dok). A town in the 
 government of Minsk, Russia, 75 miles west- 
 southwest of Minsk. Population, 8,400. 
 Novokhopersk (no-vo-cho-persk'). A town in 
 the government of Voronezh, Russia, situated 
 on the Khoper 112 miles east-southeast of Vo- 
 ronezh. Population, 6,900. 
 
 Novomoskovsk (no-vo-mos-kovsk'). A town 
 in the government of Yekaterinoslaff, southern 
 Russia, on the Samara 17 miles north-north- 
 east of Yekaterinoslaff. Population, alfiout 
 20 , 100 . 
 
 Novoradomsk (no-vo-ra-domsk'). A town in 
 the government of Piotrkow, Russian Poland, 
 102 miles southwest of Warsaw. Population, 
 15,800. 
 
 Novorussia (no-vo-rash'ia). A name given to 
 Bessarabia and Kherson. 
 
 Novosybkof (no-vo-seb'kof). A town in the 
 government of Tchernigoff, Russia, 72 miles 
 north by east of Tchernigoff. Population, 
 16,850. 
 
 Novo-Tcherkask (no-vo-cher-kask'). The cap- 
 ital of the province of the Don Cossacks, Rus- 
 sia, situated on the Aksai about lat. 47° 28' N., 
 long. 40° 9' E. It was founded in 1805, and 
 has considerable trade. Population, 51,963. 
 Novum Organum (no'vum or'ga-num). [L., ‘ a 
 new method.’] The chief philosophical work of 
 Francis Bacon, written in Latin, and published 
 in 1620. In it he describes his new method of 
 investigating nature. 
 
 Nowanagar, or Nowanuggur (no-wa-nu-gur'), 
 or Nawanagar (na-wa-na-gar'). 1. A native 
 state in India, tributary to Great Britain, inter- 
 sected by lat. 22° 15' N., long. 70° E. — 2. A sea- 
 port, capital of Nowanagar, situated about lat. 
 22° 27' N. Population, 53,844. 
 
 Nowell (no'el), Alexander. Born in Lanca- 
 shire ; England, about 1507 : died Feb., 1602. An 
 English ecclesiastic. He was educated at Brasenose 
 College, Oxford. He was dean of St. Paul’s, and prolocu- 
 tor of the convocation that met in Jan., 1563, with the ob- 
 ject of church reform, when the articles were revised and 
 reduced from 42 to 39. They became law in 1571. He 
 compiled th e Larger, Middle, and Small church catechisms, 
 which were published separately in 1570 and 1572. 
 
 Nowell, Robert. Born in Lancashire about 
 1520: died at Gray’s Inn, London, Feb. 6, 1569. 
 An English lawyer, a brother of Alexander Now- 
 ell. He obtained many good appointments, and became 
 rich. He is principally remembered for a fund which he 
 established by his will for benefactions to the poor. His 
 brothers and John To wneley were his executors, and left a 
 list of the persons to whom money was paid. This list 
 came into the possession of the family of John Towneley, 
 and was discovered by H. B. Knowles at Towneley Hall’ 
 and published in his report to the Historical Manuscripts 
 Commission in 1837. It contains important facts regard- 
 ing Edmund Spenser, who was one of the poor scholars 
 benefited from time to time. The list was printed by 
 Grosart in 1871, entitled “The Spending of the Money of 
 Robert Howell of Reade Hall, Lancashire, etc.” 
 
 No Wit, No Help like a Woman’ S. A com- 
 edy of intrigue by Middleton, acted in 1613-14. 
 Shirley revived it, somewhat altered, in 1638 as “No Wit 
 to a Woman’s.” It was not printed till 1657. 
 
 Nox. See Nyx. 
 
 Noy (noi ) , William. Born , probably in Buryan , 
 Cornwall, 1577 : died Aug. 9, 1634. An English 
 jurist. He matriculated at Oxford (Exeter College) April 
 27, 1593, and studied law at Lincoln’s Inn. He sat in 
 Parliament from 1604 until his death. In Oct., 1631, he 
 was appointed attorney-general. After his death wero 
 published his “On the Grounds and Maxims of the Laws 
 of this Kingdom ” (1641) and “ The Compleat Lawyer " 
 (1651), etc. 
 
 Noyades (nwa-yad'). [F., ‘ drownings.’] In 
 French history, executions practised during the 
 
 747 
 
 Reign of Terror by the Revolutionary agent Car- 
 rier at Nantes toward the close of 1793 and the 
 beginning of 1794. The prisoners, having been bound, 
 were embarked in a vessel with a movable bottom, which 
 was suddenly opened when the vessel reached the middle 
 of the Loire, the condemned persons being thus precipi- 
 tated into the water. 
 
 Noyes (noiz), George Rapall. Born at New- 
 buryport, Mass., March 6, 1798: died at Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., June 3, 1868. An American bib- 
 lical scholar. His works are chiefly translations 
 of various portions of the Scriptures. 
 
 Noyes, John Humphrey. Born at Brattleboro, 
 V t. , Sept. , 1811 : died at Niagara Falls, Canada, 
 April 13, 1886. An American perfectionist and 
 communist. He established a society of perfectionists 
 at Putney, Vermont, about 1835, and founded the Oneida 
 Community in Madison County, New York, 1847-48. He 
 wrote a “History of American Socialism,” etc. 
 
 Noyon (nwa-yon'). A town in the department 
 of Oise, France, situated on the Verse 58 miles 
 north-northeast of Paris : the Roman Noviodu- 
 num V eromanduorum . The cathedral is a monument 
 chiefly of the time of transition from Romanesque to Point- 
 ed. Both transepts have semicircular ends, and the west 
 front possesses a triple porch and twin towers. The round 
 and pointed types occur i ndiscriminately among the arches. 
 The 13th-century chapter-house is of great beauty. Noyon 
 was formerly the seat of a bishopric. It is the place where 
 Charles the Great was crowned, where Hugh Capet was 
 chosen king in 987, and where a treaty was made between 
 Francis I. and Charles V. in 1516. It was the birthplace 
 of Calvin. Population, commune, 7,336. 
 
 Nozi. See Yanan. 
 
 Nozze Aldobrandini (not'se al-do-bran-de'ne). 
 [It., ‘the Aldobrandini wedding’: referring to 
 the owner of the painting.] A celebrated an- 
 cient wall-painting discovered 1606 in an ex- 
 cavation at Rome, and now in the Vatican. The 
 subject is the preparation for a wedding. The bride, 
 crowned with myrtle, is attended by her bridesmaid; the 
 bridegroom is wreathed with ivy; and at one side three 
 women are offering sacrifice for the couple. 
 
 Nozze di Figaro (not'se de fe'ga-ro). [It., 
 ‘Marriage of Figaro.’] An opera by Mozart, 
 produced at Vienna in 1786. The libretto was adapt- 
 ed by Da Ponte from the “Manage de Figaro” by Beau- 
 marchais. It was played at Paris with Beaumarchais’s 
 words as “Le mariage de Figaro” in 1793, and as “Les 
 noces de Figaro,” words by Barbier and Carr6, in 1858. 
 Grove. 
 
 Nuba (no'ba). A nation of the Nile valley which 
 occupies the stretch between the first and sec- 
 ond cataracts, to which place it was brought 
 from Meroe by Diocletian 16 centuries ago. 
 After adopting Christianity, these Nubas or Nubians 
 founded, under Silko, the Christian state of Dongola, 
 which lasted until 651. They adopted Islam only in 1320, 
 and became subjects of the khedive in 1815. Lepsius says 
 they are descendants of the ancient nation of Uaua. In 
 race they are mixed Nigritic and Hamitic. Their language 
 has preserved a Nigritic structure. The Nubas of Djebel 
 Deyer, south of Kordofan, from whom the Dongolan Nubas 
 descend, are still pure negroes. The dialects of Nuba are 
 Mahas or Sukkod, Kentis, Dongola, and Fadisha. See 
 Nuba-Fulah. 
 
 Nuba-Fulah (no'ba-fo'la). Agroup of African 
 tribes and languages originated by Friedrich 
 Muller and adopted by R. N. Oust, and misun- 
 derstood by many Africanists. It is not a race or 
 a family of languages, but a grouping of tribes and lan- 
 guages of mixed type which the present stateof knowledge 
 and their mixed nature will not permit to be assigned with 
 certainty to the Hamitic or Negro families. It is made to 
 include the Nuba, Koldaji, Tumale, Konjara, Kwati, Masai, 
 Berta, Kamamil, Fun ji, Krej, Nyam-Nyam, Mombuttu, and 
 the Fulahs of western Sudan. As knowledge progresses, 
 these disconnected tribes and languages will be subordi- 
 nated to the Hamitic and Negro families. Some tribes be- 
 long by race rather to one, and by language rather to the 
 other, family. The Fulahs, the Masai, and the Kwafl are 
 rather Hamitic in race and customs, the Nyam-Nyam and 
 Mombuttu more Nigritic. 
 
 NubarPasha(no'barpash'a). Bornin 1825: died 
 at Paris, Jan. 14, 1899. An Egyptian statesman 
 and diplomatist. HewasambassadoratViennainl854; 
 minister of foreign affairs under Ismail Pasha 1867-76 ; and 
 premier 1878-79, 1884-88, and April, 1894, -Nov., 1895. 
 
 Nubia (nu'bi-a). A region in Africa, bounded by 
 Egypt (from about the neighborhood of Wady- 
 Halfa, in lat. 21° 51' N. ) on the north, the Red Sea 
 on the east, the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and 
 Eritrea on the south, and the desert on the west. 
 It is not a political division. The inhabitants are Nubas 
 (see Nuhn), Arabs, and Ababdeh (Hamitic). It was sub- 
 ject to Thothmes ITT.; was part of the ancient Ethiopia ; 
 and was conquered by the forces of Mehemet Ali in 1820- 
 1822. It fell into the power of the Mahdi in 1883 ; and it 
 was the scene of English-Egyptian expeditions in 1883-85. 
 The victories of the Anglo-Egyptian army under Lord 
 Kitchener (Dongola Expedition, 1896, and Khartum Expe- 
 dition, 1898) reestablished the power of Egypt over Nubia. 
 
 The Nubians, in spite of their black skins, are usually 
 classed among the handsomest of mankind, just as the 
 negroes are among the ugliest. They are tall, spare, and 
 well-proportioned. The hair is black and fairly straight, 
 and there is very little of it on the body. The nostrils and 
 lips are thin, the eyes dark, the nose somewhat aquiline. 
 'The flat feet with which they are credited are not & racial 
 characteristic, but are due to their walking without shoes. 
 
 Nugent 
 
 As among the Egyptians, the second toe is longer than the 
 first. Constitutionally the Nubians are delicate, and are 
 peculiarly sensitive to pneumonia. They suffer also from 
 early decay of the teeth, and are not a long-lived race. 
 
 Sayce, Peaces of the O. T., p. 51. 
 Nuble (nyo'bla). A province of Chile, inter- 
 sected by lat. 37° S., bordering on the Argentine 
 Republic. Capital, Chilian. Area, 3,406 square 
 miles. Population, 166,245. 
 
 Nuceria. See Nocera. 
 
 Nuddea. See Nadiya. 
 
 Nueces (nwa'ses). [‘ Walnut river.’] A river 
 in southwestern Texas which flows by Corpus 
 Christi Bay into the Gulf of Mexico. Length,, 
 about 400 miles. 
 
 Nueva Andalucla (nwa'va, an-da-16-the'a). 
 [‘New Andalucia.’] 1. The district in north- 
 western South America ceded to Ojeda in 1508, 
 and later to Heredia, it corresponded to the coast of 
 Colombia from Cape Vela to the Gulf of Darien. Ancient 
 and modern authors frequently confuse this name with 
 Castilla del Oro (which see). 
 
 2. A name given to the Amazon region ceded 
 to Orellana in 1544. See Orellana, Francisco de. 
 Nueva Espana. See New Spain. 
 
 Nueva Galicia (ga-le'the-a). [‘ New Galicia.’] 
 A primary division of colonial New Spain, or 
 Mexico, long known officially as Reino de Nueva 
 Galicia. Its limits varied at different times, but during 
 the greater part of the 17th and 18th centuries it corre- 
 sponded nearly to the modern states of Jalisco, Aguaa 
 Calientes, and Zacatecas, with a small part of San Luis 
 Potosi: at an earlier period it also embraced, for a time, 
 Durango and Sinaloa. It was partly conquered in 1530 
 by Nunode Guzman. The audienceof Guadalajara, created 
 in 1648, had jurisdiction over Nueva Galicia, subject to 
 appeal to the audience of Mexico. The governor, who 
 was also president of the audience, was appointed by the 
 king, but in military and treasury matters was subordinate 
 to the viceroy of New Spain. In 1786 Nueva Galicia be- 
 came the intendency of Guadalajara. After 1792 the 
 Provincias Internas (Sonora, Sinaloa, Durango, Chihuahua, 
 New Mexico, Coahuila, and Texas) were judicially subor- 
 dinate to the audience of Guadalajara. 
 
 Nueva Granada. See New Granada. 
 
 Nuevas Ordenanzas. See New Laws. 
 
 Nueva Toledo (to-la'THo). [‘New Toledo.’] 
 The official name of the territory in western 
 South America granted to Diego Almagro in 
 1534. It corresponded nearly to northern Chile, western 
 Bolivia, and a small part of Peru. Disputes as to its boun- 
 dary with the territory granted to Pizarro resulted in a 
 civil war and the death of Almagro, 
 
 Nueva Valladolid (val-ya-THo-leTH'). The 
 colonial name of Comayagua, Honduras. 
 Nueva Vizcaya (veth-M'a). [‘New Biscay.’] 
 A colonial division of New Spain, or Mexico, 
 corresponding (nearly) to the modern states of 
 Durango, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora, and the 
 southern part of Coahuila. It was originally called 
 Copala. Francisco de Ibarra, who conquered a part of it 
 between 1560 and 1570, nameditReinodelaNuevaVizcaya, 
 an appellation which it retained until after the indepen- 
 dence. During the 17th and most of the 18th century the 
 governor of NuevaVizcaya was subordinate to the viceroy 
 of Mexico only in military and treasury affairs. In 1777 
 this region was included in the Provincias Internas. 
 Nuevo Leon (la-on'). [‘New Leon.’] l.Adivis- 
 ion of colonialNewSpain,orMexico, correspond- 
 ing to the present state of that name together 
 with portions of San Luis Potosi and Tamauli- 
 pas. Itwaslong known as the Nuevo Reino de Leon. In 
 1786 it was attached to the intendency of San Luis Potosi. 
 2. A state in northeastern Mexico, surrounded 
 by the states of Coahuila, Tamaulipas, and San 
 Luis Potosi. Capital, Monterey. Area, 23,592 
 square miles. Population, 368,929, (1910). 
 Nuevo Santander (san-tan-dar'). A division 
 of colonial New Spain, or Mexico, correspond- 
 ing (nearly) to the modern state of Tamau- 
 lipas. Officially, until 1786, it was known as a 
 colony. 
 
 Niifenen (nii'fen-en) Pass. An Alpine pass 
 between the cantons of Ticino and Valais, Swit- 
 zerland, connecting the Ticino valley at Airolo 
 with that of the upper Rhone. 
 
 Nugent (nu'jent), Sir George. Born in England, 
 June 10, 1757 : died at Little Marlow, Berks, 
 March 11, 1849. An English soldier. He was edu- 
 cated at the military academy at Woolwich ; served in the 
 American war 1777-83, served in Flanders under the Duke 
 of York, and was made major-general in 1796. He served 
 in Ireland 1798; was made a baronet in 1806; became 
 commander-in-chief in India in 1811 ; and vvas made field- 
 marshal in 1846. 
 
 Nugent, George Nugent Grenville, Baron. 
 Born at Buckingham Castle, England, Dec. 30, 
 1788: died Nov. 26, 1850. An English states- 
 man, second son of the Marquis of Buckingham. 
 He was educated at Oxford ; entered Parliament in 1812 ; 
 became Baron Nugent on the death of his mother in 1813 ; 
 was a promoter of the Jtoform Bill ; was junior lord of the 
 treasury in 1830 ; and was lord high commissioner of the 
 Ionian Islands 1832-35. He published “Oxford and Locke ” 
 (1829), “ Memorials of Hampden ”(1332), “ Lands Classical 
 and Sacred ” (1815-40). 
 
Nugginah 
 
 Nugginah, or Nuginah. See Nagina. 
 
 NuitS (niie). A town in the department of Cote- 
 d’Or, France, 14 miles south-southwest of Dijon. 
 
 It is celebrated for the wines produced in the vicinity. A 
 victory was gained here by the Germans under Von Wer- 
 der over the French under Cremer, Dec. 18, 1870. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 3,706. 
 
 Nuits, Les. [F., ‘ the nights.’] Four poems 
 by Alfred de Musset, published in 1835-37. 
 They were called “Nuit de Mai,”“Nuit de Ddcembre,” 
 “Nuit d’Aotlt," and “ Nuit d'Octobre." 
 
 Nuits Blanches, Les. [F., ‘sleepless or rest- 
 less nights.’] A name given to a series of 18 
 pianoforte solos by Stephen Heller. 
 
 Nuitter (niie-ta'): anagram of the surname of 
 Charles Louis Etienne Truinet. Born at Paris, 
 1828: died in 1899. A French writer of vaude- 
 villes and librettos, mostly for Offenbach’s 
 music. 
 
 Nukahiva (no-ka-e'va). The largest of the 
 Marquesas Islands. 
 
 Nukha (no'kha). A town in the government 
 of Yelisavetpol, Transcaucasia, Russia, situated 
 about lat. 41° 12' N., long. 47° 10' E. : noted 
 for its silk industry. Population, 24,734. 
 
 Nullification, Ordinance of. An ordinance 
 passed by a State convention of South Carolina, 
 Nov. 19, 1832, declaring void certain acts of the 
 United States Congress levying duties and im- 
 posts on imports, and threatening that any at- 
 tempt to enforce those acts, except through the 
 courts in that State, would be followed by the 
 secession of South Carolina from the Union. It 
 was repealed by the State convention which 
 met on March 16, 1833. See Jackson, Andrew. 
 
 Numantia (nu-man'shi-a). In ancient geogra- 
 phy, the capital of the Celtiberian people Are- 
 vaci, situated on the Douro near the modern 
 Soria. It was famous on account of its siege by the Ro- 
 mans under Scipio Africanus Minor, beginning in 134 B. C. 
 It was taken and destroyed in 133. 
 
 Numantine War (nu'man-tin war). A war be- 
 tween the Romans andthe Celtiberians of north- 
 ern central Spain, 143-133 B. C., endingin the de- 
 struction of Numantia in 133 B. C. 
 
 Numa Pompilius (nu'ma pom-pil'i-us). Ac- 
 cording to the legends, the second king of Rome 
 (715-672 b. c.). He was the reputed author of many 
 Roman institutions, including thepontifices, salii.flamens, 
 fetiales, vestal virgins, worship of Terminus, temple of 
 Janus, etc. 
 
 Numbers (num'berz). The fourth book of the 
 Old Testament: so called because itbeginswith 
 an account of the numbering of the Israelites 
 in the beginning of the second year after they 
 left Egypt. It includes part of the history of 
 the Israelites during their wanderings. 
 
 Numenius (nu-me'ni-us). [Gr. Non/ir/wof.] Born 
 at Apamea, Syria : lived in the second half of 
 the 2d century. A Neo-Pythagorean philoso- 
 pher, forerunner of Neoplatonism. 
 
 His leading principle was the belief that Plato, who 
 formed, as he thought, a sort of connecting bond between 
 Pythagoras and Socrates, really preached in a Greek form 
 the revealed doctrines of the Jewish legislator. And he 
 went so far as to say, “What is Plato but Moses talking 
 Attic Greek?" But lie applied his Pythagorean principles 
 also to the identification of Egyptian, Persian, and even 
 Brahminical dogmas. And, without mentioning our Sa- 
 viour by name, he made the Gospels the subjects of philo- 
 sophical allegories not unlike those which Philo spun from 
 the Pentateuch. Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, 
 [III. 182. (Donaldson.) 
 
 Numerianus (nu-me-ri-a'nus), Marcus Aure- 
 lius. Roman emperor (conjointly with bis bro- 
 ther Carinus) in 283 A. D. He accompanied hisfather, 
 the emperor Carus, on an expedition against the Persians 
 in 283, while Carinus remained behind as governor of the 
 western provinces. The death of hisfather during the ex- 
 pedition elevated him and his brother to the throne. He, 
 however, died in camp while returning from the East. 
 Arrius Aper, prefect of the pretorians, his father-in-law, 
 was suspected of encompassing his death, with the inten- 
 tion of making himself emperor. Arrius Aper was stabbed 
 by Diocletian who assumed the purple. 
 
 Numidia (nu-mid'i-a). [L. Numidia, Gr. Nov- 
 utSia, from Numidee, Gr. reflex Hov/udat, the in- 
 habitants, prop. Nogadec, wanderers, nomads.] 
 In ancient geography, a country of northern 
 Africa, corresponding nearly to the modern Al- 
 geria. It was bounded by the Mediterranean on the 
 north, the territory of Carthage on the east, the desert on 
 the south, and Mauretania on the west. The Massyli in the 
 east and the Massaesyli in the west were united in a king- 
 dom under Masinissa. This was dismembered after the 
 defeat of Jugurtha in 106 B. C. ; and the eastern part be- 
 came a Roman province shortly after the death of its king 
 Juba in 46 B. o. 
 
 Numitor (nti'mi-tor). In Roman legend, the 
 grandfather of Romulus and Remus. 
 
 Nun ( non). The chief mouth of the Niger. 
 
 Nun, or Wad-Nun ( wad-non'). A town in Mo- 
 rocco, near Cape Nun. Population, about 5,000. 
 
 748 
 
 Nun, Cape. A cape in Morocco, projecting into 
 the Atlantic in lat. 28° 45' N., long. 11° 2' W. 
 
 Nunc Dimittis (nungk di-mit'is). [So named 
 from the first two words in the Latin version, 
 “ Nunc dimittis servum tuum, Domine, ... in 
 pace,” “Now lettest thou thy servant depart in 
 peace.”] The canticle of Simeon(Luke ii. 29-32). 
 The Nunc Dimittis forms part of the private thanksgiving 
 of thepriestaftertheliturgy in the Greek Church, and isfre- 
 quently sung by the choir after celebration of the euchar- 
 ist in Anglican churches. It forms part of the office of com- 
 plin as used in theRoman Catholic Church. It is contained 
 in the vesper office of the- Greek Church, and is one of the 
 canticles at evening prayer in the Anglican Church. 
 
 Nuneaton (nun-e'ton). A town in Warwick- 
 shire, England, 19 miles east by north of Bir- 
 mingham. It manufactures ribbons. Popula- 
 tion, 19,221. 
 
 Nunes (no'nas), Pedro, often called Nonius. 
 Born at Alcacer-do-Sal, Portugal, 1492: died at 
 Coimbra, 1577. A Portuguese writer of works 
 on navigation and mathematics. He was royal cos- 
 mograplier from 1529, and chief cosmographer from 1547. 
 He is regarded as the inventor of the loxodromic line. 
 
 Nunez (non'yath), Ignacio. Born at Buenos 
 Ayres, July 30, 1793: died there, Jan. 22, 1846. 
 An Argentine politician, journalist, and author. 
 He served in the army, held various civil positions, and 
 was imprisoned by Rosas. His best-known works are 
 “Noticias de las ITovincias Unidas del Lio de la Hata" 
 (1825 : French and English editions) and “Noticias histo- 
 rical de la republica Argentina” (posthumous, 1857). 
 
 Nunez, Rafael. Born in Cartagena, Sept. 28, 
 1825: died there, Sept. 18, 1894. A Colom- 
 bian statesman. He was secretary of the treasury 1855- 
 1857, 1861-62, and 1878, senator, and held other important 
 civil offices. Froml865tol874heresidedinEurope. In 1875 
 he was defeated as the liberal candidate for the presidency ; 
 was elected for the term 1879-82 ; and, his successor Zaldiia 
 having died, he was again elected for the term beginning 
 April, 1884. Under the new constitution of the Republic of 
 Colombia, he became president for 6 years from Dec. , 1885, 
 and was reelected in 1831. Owing to ill health from 1888 he 
 was frequently represented by the vice-president. 
 
 Nunez, Vasco. See Balboa, Vasco Nunez. 
 
 Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar. See Caber: a de 
 Vaca, Alvar Nufiez. 
 
 Nunez de Arce (non'yath da ar'tha), Gaspar. 
 Bom at Valladolid, Aug. 6, 1834: died at Ma- 
 drid, June 9, 1903. A noted Spanish poet, 
 known as “the Spanish Tennyson.” He was a 
 graduate of the University of Toledo ; was a deputy to the 
 Cortes and minister of the colonies in the Sagasta cahinet 
 of 1883-84 ; and was also president of the council of state 
 of commerce and agriculture. In 1894a national ovation 
 was accorded him at Toledo. Among Ins poems are 
 “Gritos delCombate” (‘‘Battle-cries,'’ 1876), “ Ultima 
 lamentacion de Lord Byron ” ( 1879), “El Vertigo ” (1879), 
 “La vision de Fray Martin " (1880), etc.; and among his 
 plays are “ Como se empefia nil Marido” (I860), “ Ni tanto 
 ni taupoco” (1865), “El Haz de Lena,” etc. 
 
 Nunez de Haro y Peralta (non'yath da a'ro e 
 pa-ral'ta), Alonso. Born at Villagarcia, dio- 
 cese of Cuenca, Oct. 31, 1729 : died at Mexico, 
 May 26, 1800. A Spanish prelate, archbishop of 
 Mexico from 1772, and viceroy May 8 to Aug. 
 16, 1787. 
 
 Nunez Vela (non'yath va'la), Blasco. Born 
 at Avila about 1490: died near Quito, Jan. 18, 
 1546. First viceroy of Peru. After holding various 
 civil and military offices in Spain, he was appointed vice- 
 roy in 1543 with the special mission of promulgating the 
 “New Laws" (which see). He reached Lima in March, 
 1544. Strong opposition to the New Laws was at once mani- 
 fested, and a revolt broke out, headed by Gonzalo Pizarro. 
 In Sept, the viceroy killed the factor Suarez de Carbajal 
 in an altercation, was arrested by the audience, and was 
 put in charge of one of the auditors, Alvarez, to be taken 
 to Spain for trial. While still near the coast Alvarez re- 
 leased him : he landed at Tumbez and began to collect 
 forces against Pizarro, but the latter forced him to retreat 
 through Quito to I’opayan. Reinforced there by Benal- 
 cazar and others, lie returned as far as Quito, but was de- 
 feated by Pizarro and killed in the battle of Anaquito. 
 
 Nun’s Priest’s Tale, The. One of Chaucer’s 
 u Canterbury Tales. v It is taken from the “Roman du 
 Renart,"and is the story of Chanticleer who escaped from 
 the jaws of the fox by his cunning in making the latter 
 open his mouth to speak. It is modernized by Dryden as 
 “The Cock and the Fox.” See Second Nun's Tale. 
 
 Nupe (no'pe). An African kingdom of tke 
 Niger valley, commanding the confluence of the 
 Niger and the Binue. It is subject to aking of Fulah ori- 
 gin, and nominally vassal of Gando. The Nupe people are 
 negroes in a comparatively high state of culture. They 
 have large cities (Bida, Rabba, Egga, Ilorin). The Nupe 
 language has a wide extraterritorial use down the Niger 
 River. It has musical tones, and is related to both Yoruba 
 and Ibo. Gbedeghi, Bini, and Basa-Komi are the princi- 
 pal dialects. 
 
 Nu-pieds (nii'pia'). [F., ‘bare feet.’] A name 
 given to Norman peasants who in 1639 revolted 
 at A vranelies against heavy and unjust taxation. 
 The rising was put down by Richelieu with relentless 
 cruelty. 
 
 Nureddin. See Noureddin. 
 
 Nuremberg (nu ' rem-berg), G. Niirnberg 
 
 (niirn'berG). A city in Middle Franconia, Bava- 
 ria, situated on the Pegnitz in lat. 49° 27' N., 
 
 Nyam-Nyam 
 
 long. 11° 5' E. It is the leading manufacturing and com- 
 mercial city of Bavaria ; is noted for its manufactures of 
 N uremberg wares (including toys and fancy articles), pen- 
 cils, machinery, ultramarine, beer, etc.; and is the chief 
 market on the Continent for hops. It is remarkable for 
 its medieval appearance. The Burg, or castle, founded 
 in the 11th century by Conrad II., and restored as a royal 
 residence in the present century, is a picturesque struc- 
 ture with towers of different heights and forms and high 
 roofs. In the Heidenthurm there are two Romanesque 
 chapels, one over theother. The Germanic National Mu- 
 seum is a historical collection founded in 1852, and, besides 
 illustrating costumes, arms and armor, and the industrial 
 and minor arts, includes an unexcelled gallery of German 
 15th- and 16th-century painting. The museum occupies 
 a 14th-century Carthusian monastery, with a handsome 
 church and traceried cloister, and also an Augustinian 
 monastery, rebuilt adjoining. Among the other features 
 of Nuremberg are the walls and towers, churches of 
 St. Lawrence, St. Sebaldus, and St. Jacob, Frauenkirche, 
 fountain (Schone Brunneu), and Rathaus. The city ex- 
 isted as early as 1050 ; was developed under the Hohen- 
 staufens ; was made a free imperial city in 1219 ; and be- 
 came in the 15th and 16th centuries a great center of 
 trade, art, science, and literature. The Reformation was 
 introduced in 1525. It suffered severely in the Thirty 
 Years’ War. In 1806 it was annexed to Bavaria. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 332,539, (1910). 
 
 Nuremberg, Peace of. A religious truce con- 
 cluded between the emperor Charles V. and 
 the Protestants in 1532. 
 
 Nursia. See Norcia. 
 
 Niirtingen (niir'ting-en). A town in the Black 
 Forest circle, Wiirtemberg, situated on the 
 Neckar 13 miles southeast of Stuttgart. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 6,754. 
 
 Nus (niis), Eugene. Born at Chalon-sur-Saone, 
 1816 : died at Paris, Jan. 19, 1894. A French 
 dramatic author and journalist. 
 
 Nusku (nos'ko). A deity of the Assyro-Baby- 
 lonian pantheon, the god of the midday sun. 
 See Nisroch. 
 
 Nut (not). In Egyptian mythology, the mother 
 of Osiris, goddess of heaven and consort of 
 Set, god of the earth. She is represented in 
 human form. 
 
 Nutabes (no-ta-bas'). An extinct tribe of South 
 American Indians who occupied part of the 
 region included in the present department of 
 Antioquia, Colombia, on the right side of the 
 Cauca, between that river and the Force. They 
 were hardly less advanced in civilization than the Cliib- 
 chas, but were less warlike and had no hereditary chiefs. 
 Their clothing was of cotton, and they were skilled in mak- 
 ing small figures of gold. Many of these figures were de- 
 posited in their tombs (huacas). and are still found : in 
 1833 gold to the amountof $18,000 was taken from a single 
 huaca. Nothing is known of their linguistic affinities. 
 
 Nut-brown Maid, The. A ballad belonging to 
 the end of the 15th century. Prior took it for the 
 foundation of his “Henry and Emma." The “nut-brown 
 maid " proclaims her faithfulness to her lover, who tells 
 her at the end of every second stanza that he is a banished 
 man. By saying at the end of the intervening stanza “ I 
 love but yon alone,” her love and meekness prevail ; and 
 he consoles her in the end by saying 
 
 “ Thus have ye won an erles son, 
 
 And not a banysshed man." 
 
 We owe the preservation of this beautiful old ballad 
 to “Arnold’s Chronicle,” of which the earliest edition is 
 thought to have been printed in 1502. In Laneham's account 
 of Elizabeth s visit to Kenilworth, the “Nut-brown Maid " 
 is mentioned as a book by itself, and there is said to be at 
 Oxford a list of books offered for sale at that place in 1520, 
 among which is the “Not-broon Mayd,” price one penny ; 
 still, the ballad is not known to exist at present in any 
 other ancient form than thatof the Chronicle. Wehaveno 
 means of determining the date of the composition, but 
 Percy has justly remarked that it is not probable that an 
 antiquary would have inserted a piece in his historical col- 
 lections which he knew to be modern. The language is 
 that of the time at which it was printed. 
 
 Child’s Ballads, IV. 143. 
 
 Nutmeg State. A name given to Connecticut, 
 from its alleged manufacture of wooden nut- 
 megs. 
 
 Nuttall (nut'al), Tbomas. Born at Settle, 
 Yorkshire, England, 1786: died at St. Helen’s, 
 Lancashire, England, Sept. 10, 1859. An Anglo- 
 American botanist and ornithologist. He lived in 
 America from 1807 to 1842, and in 1822 was appointed cu- 
 rator of the botanical gardens of Harvard University. His 
 works are “Generaof North American Plants, etc. “(1818), 
 “Journal of Travels into the Arkansas Territory during 
 the Year 1819" (1821), “ Manual of the Ornithology of the 
 United States and Canada” (1832-34), “The North Ameri- 
 can Sylva, etc.” (1842-49). 
 
 Nyack (ni'ak). A village in Rockland County, 
 New York, situated on the Hudson 25 miles 
 north of New York. Population. 4,619, (1910). 
 Nyai (nyi), or Banyai (bii-nyl'). A Bantu 
 tribe of (he Zambesi valley, between the Ma- 
 shona and the river, partly in Portuguese and 
 partly in British territory. 
 
 Nyambu (nyam'bij). See Zongora. 
 Nyam-Nyam (nyam-nyam'), or Sandeh (san - 
 de). A great African nation, consisting of nu- 
 merous petty tribes, dwelling in the basins of 
 
Nyam-Nyam 
 
 the Welle and Shari rivers. They number about 
 2,000,000. They are called Nyam-Nyam (‘eaters,’ ‘can- 
 nibals ') by the Dinkas, and other neighbors give them 
 other names : their own name is Sandeh. They are ne- 
 groes in color and hair, and have short legs and round 
 heads and faces. They tattoo their faces as a tribal mark, 
 and their chests and arms for ornamentation. They wear 
 skins and bark cloth, and are clever workmen, hunters, and 
 musicians. The women do the tilling. Many, but not all, 
 are or were cannibals. Their weapons are the lance, shield, 
 bow and arrows, and throwing-knife. 
 
 Nyamwezi (iiya-mwa/ze), or Wanyamwezi 
 (wa-nya-mwa'ze). A Bantu nation of German 
 East Africa. It, inhabits a long stretch of the undu- 
 lating and fertile plateau between Lake Victoria, Ukonon- 
 go, and Uyanzi, including Usukuma in the north, Unyan- 
 yembe and Ugunda in the south, and also the Arab settle- 
 ment Tabora. In a more limited sense, Unyamwezi, their 
 country, is placed between Usukuma and Unyanyembe. 
 The people are medium-sized, and have generally Bantu 
 features ; but long noses and occasionally curly instead of 
 woolly hair seem to indicate mixture. They use lances, 
 shields, and bow3 and arrows as weapons. Ungalanganja 
 issaid to have been the first name of the country, and Mwezi 
 the founder of the kingdom, which became famous as the 
 semi-fabulous Monemuji of old Portuguese authors. See 
 Mirambo and Garenganze. 
 
 Nyaneka (nya-na'ka), or Banyaneka (ba-nya- 
 na'ka). ABantu tribe of Angola, West Africa, 
 in the district of Mossamedes, on a high and 
 salubrious plateau. They have agricultural and pas- 
 toral habits, with primitive customs, and belong to the 
 same cluster as the Ndonga tribes. 
 
 Nyangbara (nyang-ba'ra), or Nyambara 
 (nyam-ba'ra). An African tribe of the eastern 
 Sudan, west of Lado, in a hilly country. They are 
 kinsmen of the Bari ; are tall and naked ; and are hunters, 
 agriculturists, and iron-workers. 
 
 Nyangwe (nyang'we). An Arab settlement 
 in Africa, on the Lualaba River in lat. 4° S. : 
 the headquarters of Tippu Tib. The Arabs ar- 
 rived there in 1866. It was conquered and oc- 
 cupied by Kongo State forces in 1893. 
 
 Nyanza, Albert. See Albert Nyanza. 
 
 Nyanza, Albert Edward. See Albert Edward 
 Nyanza. 
 
 Nyanza, Victoria. See Victoria Nyanza. 
 
 Nyasa, or biyassa (nyas'sa), Lane. A lake in 
 southeastern Africa. Its outlet is by the ShirC into 
 the Zambesi. It was discovered by Livingstone in 1859, 
 and was circumnavigated by Young in 1876. Length, over 
 350 miles. 
 
 Nyasaland (nyas'a-land). A region west and 
 south of Lake Nyasa, which for some years has 
 been under the influence of British missionaries 
 and of the African Lakes Company. In 1891 
 it was proclaimed a British protectorate. See 
 *Nyasaland Protectorate. 
 
 Nyaya (nya'ya). [Skt. : ni, into, and aya, a de- 
 rivative of i, go; and hence ‘entering/ ‘ana- 
 lytical investigation.’] One of the six systems 
 of Hindu philosophy. It is ascribed to a Gotama or 
 Gautama. It was intended to furnish a correct method 
 of philosophical inquiry into all the objects and subjects 
 of human knowledge, including the process of reasoning 
 and laws of thought. It begins by propounding 16 topics, 
 of which the first is the means by which the right mea- 
 
 749 
 
 sure of any subject is to be obtained. The processes by 
 which true knowledge is attained are declared to be (1) 
 sense perception ; (2) inference ; (3) comparison ; (4) ver- 
 bal authority or trustworthy testimony, including Vedic 
 revelation. Inference is divided into 5 members : (1) the 
 proposition stated hypothetically ; (2) the reason ; (3) the 
 example or major premise ; (4) the application of the rea- 
 son or minor premise ; (6) the conclusion, or the restate- 
 ment of the proposition as proved. The terms “invari- 
 able pervasion ’’ or “concomitance,’’ “ pervader ’’ or “in- 
 variably pervading attribute,” and “invariably pervaded” 
 are used in making a universal affirmation or in affirming 
 universal distribution. The second topic is those points 
 about which correct knowledge is to be obtained, viz. : 
 (1) soul ; (2) body ; (3) senses ; (4) objects of sense ; (5) 
 understanding ; (3) mind ; (7) activity ; (S) faults ; (9) 
 transmigration; (10) consequences or fruits of action ; (11) 
 pain ; (12) emancipation. The other 14 topics are an enu- 
 meration of the regular stages of a controversy, including 
 (1) doubt about the point to be discussed ; (2) a motive for 
 discussing it ; (3) a familiar example in order that a con- 
 clusion may be arrived at; (4) the argument of the 
 objector with its 5 lu mbers ; (5) the refutation, and as- 
 certainment of the true state of the case ; (6) further con- 
 troversy ; (7) mere wrangling ; (8) caviling ; (9) falla- 
 cious reasoning; (10) quibbling artifices; (11) futile re- 
 plies; after which follows (12) the putting an end to all 
 discussion. After discussing his 16 topics Gotama states 
 how deliverance from repeated births is to be attained. 
 See Williams’s “Indian Wisdom," IV., and the transla- 
 tions by Ballantyne and Colebrooke. 
 
 Nyborg (nii'borG). A seaport in the province 
 of Svendborg, Denmark, in the island of Fii- 
 nen, situated on the Great Belt in lat. 55° 19' 
 N. , long. 10° 48' E. It was formerly one of the chief 
 cities of Denmark. It was taken in 1658 by the Swedes, 
 who were defeated near it in 1659. Population, 7,922. 
 
 Nydia (nid'i-a). A blind girl in Bui wer’s “Last 
 Days of Pompeii.” 
 
 Nye (ni), Edgar Wilson. Born at Shirley, 
 Maine, Aug. 25, 1850: died near Asheville, N.C., 
 Feb. 22, 1896. An American humorist, known 
 as “Bill Nye.” He was admitted totHe bar in 1876, and 
 was for many years connected with the press in the West, 
 and more recently in New York city. 
 
 Nyema (nya'ma), or Manyema (ma-nya'ma). 
 A Bantu tribe of the Belgian Kongo, included in 
 the concession of the Katanga Company, set- 
 tled between the Lualaba, Nyangwe, and Lake 
 Tanganyika. They call themselves WenyaorWagenya. 
 Their country is one of the finest in the world for scenery 
 and vegetation, but is unhealthy. The people have a good 
 physique ; wear an apron made of skin or grass-cloth ; use 
 lances and huge shields; keep their villages clean; and 
 show considerable intelligence and industry ; but they are 
 addicted to cannibalism and intertribal wars. Also Ma- 
 nywema. 
 
 Nyerup (nii'er-op), Rasmus. Born in Fiinen, 
 Denmark, March 12, 1759: died June 28, 1829. 
 A noted Danish scholar and literary historian. 
 He published, with Rahbek and Abrahamson, “Selected 
 Danish Songs from the Middle Ages” (1812-14), and other 
 works on Danish literature. 
 
 Nyika(nye'ka),or Anyika (a-nye'ka). ABantu 
 tribe of British and German East Africa, be- 
 tween the Pangani and Sabaki rivers, around 
 Mombasa. They number about 50,000, includ- 
 ing the Wadigo and Walupangu subtribes. The 
 language, Kinyika, is allied to Suahili. 
 
 Nyx 
 
 Nykjobing(nu'che-bing). [‘Newmarket.’] The 
 chief town in the island of Falster, Denmark. 
 
 Nykoping (nii'che-ping). The capital of the 
 laen of Sodermanland, Sweden, situated on an 
 inlet of the Baltic 55 miles southwest of Stock- 
 holm. It was formerly famous for its castle. 
 Population, 9,120. 
 
 Nyland (nii'land). [‘New land.’] A govern- 
 ment in Finland, Russia, bordering on the Gulf 
 of Finland. Capital, Helsingfors. Area, 4,586 
 square miles. Population, 333,519. 
 
 Nym (nim). A character in Shakspere’s com- 
 edy “The Merry Wives of Windsor.” He is a 
 thief and sharper, the companion of Falstaff : “ an amusing 
 creature of whimsey.” He also appears with Pistol and 
 Bardolph in “Henry V.” 
 
 Nymegen. See Nim we gen. 
 
 Nympnseum (nim-fe'um), or Hill of the 
 Nymphs. [Gr. Nvytyaiov.'] The hill northwest 
 of the Pnyx in the group of hills on the south- 
 west side of Athens, identified by an inscription, 
 and now crowned by an observatory. The slopes 
 of the hill abound in remains of prehistoric Athens, con- 
 sisting of rock-cut house foundations, stairs, cisterns, and 
 water-channels. The settlement on this group of hills has 
 not been occupied during the time of known history. 
 
 Nymphenburg (nim'fen-borG). A royal resi- 
 dence near Munich, Bavaria, noted for a treaty 
 signed there in 1741 between France and Ba- 
 varia, directed against Austria. Its genuine- 
 ness is disputed. 
 
 Nymphidia (nim-fid'i-a). A fairy poem by 
 Michael Drayton, published in 1627. 
 
 Nyon (nyoh). A town in the canton of Vaud, 
 Switzerland, situated on the Lake of Geneva 
 13 miles north-northeast of Geneva : the Roman 
 Noviodunum. It has an ancient castle and some 
 Roman remains. Population, 14,991. 
 
 Nyoro (nyo'ro), or Banyoro (ba-nyo'r5). A 
 Bantu tribe of British East Africa, which in- 
 habits a plateau averaging 4,000 feet in height, 
 between Lakes Albert and Victoria. They are 
 related to the Baganda and Wazongora. and their dialect 
 issaid to be purer. The ruling family belongs to the Huma 
 tribe. Kings Kamrasi and Kabrega are notorious from 
 unfavorable accounts given by travelers who have visited 
 them. The country is called U nyoro. 
 
 Nysa (ni'sa). 1. In ancient geography, the 
 birthplace of Bacchus. Of the cities so named the 
 chief was in Caria, Asia Minor, 45 miles east of Ephesus : 
 the modern Sultan-Hissar. 
 
 2. An asteroid (No. 44) discovered by Gold- 
 schmidt at Paris, May 27, 1857. 
 
 Nystad (nii'stad). A small seaport in the gov- 
 ernment of Abo-Bjorneborg, Finland, situated 
 on the Gulf of Bothnia in lat. 60° 43' N., long. 
 21° 15' E. 
 
 Nystad, Peace of. A peace negotiated in 1721 
 between Russia and Sweden, ending the North- 
 ern War. Sweden ceded Livonia, Esthonia, Ingria, part 
 of Karelia, and other possessions, and Russia restored 
 Finland. 
 
 Nyx (niks), L. Nox (noks). In classical my- 
 thology, a goddess, a personification of night. 
 
(o-a'ho or wa'ho). One 
 of the Hawaiian Islands, Pa- 
 cific Ocean, situated south- 
 east of Kauai and northwest 
 of Molokai. The surface is 
 mountainous and diversified ; the 
 soil is fertile. It contains Honolu- 
 lu, the capital of the group. Area, 
 600 sq. 111 . Pop., 82,028, (1910). 
 
 Oajaca, or Oaxaca (wa- 
 Ha'ka). 1. A maritime state in the southern 
 
 part of Mexico, bordering on the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 The surface is mountainous. It is rich in agricultural and 
 mineral resources. Area, 35,392 square miles. Population, 
 
 1,041,035, (1910). 
 
 2. The capital of the state of Oajaca, situated 
 on the Rio Verde, or Atoyac, 210 miles southeast 
 of Mexico. It has manufactures of chocolate, etc., and 
 is the center of the cochineal trade. Pop., 37,469, (1910). 
 
 Oak Bluffs (ok blufs). A summer resort in Ed- 
 gartown, Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts. It 
 is noted for its camp-meetings. 
 
 Oakboys ( ok'boiz). A body of insurgents in the 
 north of Ireland in the year 1763. They are said 
 to have risen in resistance to an act which required house- 
 holders to give personal labor on the roads. Another of 
 their grievances was the resumption by some of the clergy 
 of a stricter exaction of tithes. The movement was soon 
 repressed. The Oakboys received their name from oak 
 sprays which they wore in their hats. 
 
 Oakeley (dk'li), Sir Herbert Stanley. Born 
 July 22, 1830 : died Oct. 26, 1903. An English 
 composer and organist. He was professor of music 
 in the University of Edinburgh 1865-91, and was knighted 
 in 1876. 
 
 Oakham (ok'am). The capital of the county of 
 Rutland, England, 17 miles east of Leicester. 
 It has an old castle. Population, 3,294. 
 Oakland (ok'land). A city, capital of Alameda 
 County, California, on the eastern shore of San 
 Francisco Bay, opposite San Francisco. It haB 
 flourishing manufactures and trade, and is the seat of 
 tile Congregational “Pacific Theological Seminary" and 
 other institutions. Population, 160,174, (1910). 
 
 Oakley, Mrs. The “ jealous wife ” in Column's 
 play of that name. Her jealousy and hysterical vio- 
 lence threaten to overpower Oakley until he forces her 
 to sue for pardon. Oakley was a favorite part with Ma- 
 cready, Garrick, Knight, and others. 
 
 Oak Openings. A novel by Cooper, published 
 in 1848. 
 
 Oaks (oks), The. A race for three-year-old 
 fillies, run annually at Epsom, England, on the 
 Friday after the Derby (which see). The distance 
 is 11 miles. It was established in 1779 by the Earl of Derby. 
 The first Oaks was won by the Earl of Derby’s Bridget. 
 
 Oamaru(o-am-a-ro'). A seaport on the eastern 
 coast of the South Island, New Zealand, 57 miles 
 north-northeast of Dunedin. 
 
 Cannes (o-an'nez). In Babylonian mythology, 
 an animal having the body of a fish and the head 
 and feet of a man, and endowed with human 
 reason, which appeared out of the Persian Gulf 
 and taught the Babylonians letters, science, and 
 civilization : identified with Ea of the cuneif orm 
 
 inscriptions. 
 
 Oates (ots), Titus. Born at Oakham, 1649: died 
 at London, July 12, 1705. An Euglish impostor. 
 He studied at Cambridge, and took orders in the Anglican 
 Church, but was deprived of his living for bad conduct. 
 He was expelled from the Jesuit college at St.-Omerin 
 1678. In the same year he submitted first to Charles II. 
 and afterward to Parliament forged documents and other 
 alleged proofsofaconspiracy devised by Pope Innocent XI., 
 the Jesuits, and Pi-re la Chaise, Louis XIV. ’s confessor, for 
 the murder of Charles II. and the establishment of Catholi- 
 cism in England. (See Popish Plot.) A numberof persotiB 
 were convicted and executed on his evidence, and he was 
 granted expenses and a monthly salary of £40. He was 
 convicted of perjury at the instance of Janies II. in 1685. 
 He was pardoned in 1689 on the accession of William III., 
 and got a pension of £300. 
 
 Oath of John Ziska, The. A painting by Rem- 
 brandt, one of his largest works, in the Na- 
 tional Museum at Stockholm. 
 
 Oath of Strasburg, The. See Strasburg. 
 Oaxaca. See Oajaca. 
 
 Ob. See Obi. 
 
 Obadiah (o-ba-di'a or ob-a-di'a). [Heb., ‘ser- 
 vant of God’ : equivalent to the Ar. Abdallah .] 
 A Hebrew prophet, author of the short pro- 
 
 phetic book which bears his name. His date is un- 
 certain, but is probably about 585 B. C. Of his personality 
 nothing is known. His prophecy is a denunciation of the 
 Edomites. 
 
 Obadiah. 1 . A canting Quaker in Mrs. Cent- 
 livre’s “Bold Stroke for a Wife.” Thenameisfre- 
 quently conventionally given to Quakers. Steady, in Dib- 
 din’s opera “The Quakers,” is called Obadiah in the in- 
 troduction ; and Clever, in Knowles’s “Woman’s Wit,” 
 when disguised as a Quaker, calls himself by the same 
 name. 
 
 2. A servant in Sterne’s “ Tristram Shandy.” 
 — 3. A “drinking nincompoop ” in Sir Robert 
 Howard’s “ Committee.” 
 
 Obamba (o-bam'ba),also Mbamba (mbam'ba). 
 A Bantu tribe of French Kongo, settled on the 
 right bank of the Ogowe, northeast of France- 
 ville, in a hilly and wooded country. Their neat 
 houses, of bamboo and thatch, are, unlike those of their 
 neighbors, built separately. They make and sell palm-oil, 
 and speak a dialect of Benga. 
 
 Oban (o'ban). A seaport in Argyllshire, Scot- 
 land, situated on the Firth of Lorn in lat. 56° 
 25' N., long. 5° 28' W. It is an important rendezvous 
 for tourists- Near it is Dunstaffuage Castle, which for- 
 merly contained the stone of Scone (see Scone). Popula- 
 tion, 5,374. 
 
 Obando (o-ban'do), Jose Maria. Born, prob- 
 ably in Garcia, 1797 : died in Cauca, June 29, 
 1861. A New Granadan general and politician. 
 He fought, with the patriots from 1822, and as a leader of 
 the liberal faction was prominent in the disturbances of 
 1S29-31 ; was secretary of war under Caicedo, 1831; was 
 vice-president and acting president in the first (provi- 
 sional) government of the republic of New Granada (Nov. 
 23, 1831, -March 10, 1832) ; and was secretary of war under 
 Santander, 1832-36. In the latter year he was a presiden- 
 tial candidate, but Marquez was elected : soon after he led 
 a revolt which lasted until 1841 and ended in his tempo- 
 rary banishment. He was president of Cartagena in 1850, 
 and was elected president of New Granada for the term 
 beginning in 1854: but, assuming dictatorial powers, he was 
 deposed within a year. In 1860-61 he sustained the fed- 
 eralists, commanded a force in Cauca, and was killed at the 
 battle of Cruz Verde in that state. 
 
 O-Becse (o'bech // e), G. Alt-Becse (alt-bech'e). 
 A river port in the county of Bacs, Hungary, 
 situated on the Tkeiss 45 miles south of Szege- 
 din. Population, 18,865. 
 
 Obed (o'bed). [Heb., ‘servant.’] In Old Testa- 
 ment history, the son of Boaz and Ruth, and 
 grandfather of David. 
 
 Obelisk of Luxor. An obelisk brought from 
 Egypt under Louis Philippe, and set up in the 
 Place de la Concorde, Paris, it is a monolith of 
 pink Syene granite 76 feet high, to which the pedestal 
 adds 161 feet. The shaft is inscribed on all four sides 
 with hieroglyphs which refer to Raineses II. and III. 
 
 Obelisk of the Lateran. An obelisk from 
 Heliopolis, brought to Rome by Constantius, 
 broken by falling in the Circus Maximus, and 
 repaired and placed in its present position by 
 F ontana in 1588. The shaft, which bears hieroglyphs, 
 is 105J feet high ; the total height, with pedestal and cross, 
 is 141feet. 
 
 Obelisk of Theodosius. An obelisk brought 
 from Heliopolis, and erected in 390 A. D. in 
 the spina of the hippodrome at Constantinople. 
 It is of pink Syene granite, inscribed with hieroglyphs, 
 and 97 feet high. The marble pedestal bears reliefs repre- 
 senting its erection. 
 
 Obelisk of the Vatican. An obelisk brought 
 from Heliopolis by Caligula, and set up in the 
 Circus of Nero. It was raised in it3 present position 
 before St. Peter’s by Fontana in 1586. The shaft is a 
 monolith of red granite 82) feet high ; the total height, 
 with the pedestal and the bronze cross, is 132 feet. 
 
 Ober (o' her), Frederick Albion. Born in Bev- 
 erley, Mass., Feb. 13, 1849. An American orni- 
 thologist and traveler. As a collector he has traveled 
 extensively in Florida, the West Indies, and Mexico. He 
 has published “Camps in the Caribbees" (1879 and 1884), 
 “ Travels in Mexico” (1884), several juvenile books, etc. 
 Oberalp (o'ber-alp). An Alpine pass on the 
 border of the cantons of Uri audGrisons, Swit- 
 zerland. It connects Andermatt with the valley of the 
 Vorder Rhein. Height, 6,710 feet. 
 
 Oberammergau (o'ber-am'mer-gou). A vil- 
 lage in Upper Bavaria, situated on the Ammer 
 45 miles southwest of Munich. It has manufac- 
 tures of ivory and wooden toys, crucifixes, images, etc. 
 It is noted for the miracle-play acted there every ten years. 
 See Passion Play. 
 
 Ober-Ehnheim (o'ber-an'him), F. Obernai (6- 
 
 ber-na'). A town in Alsace, 15 miles south- 
 west of Strasburg. Population, 3,933. 
 Oberglogau (o'ber-glo'gou). A town in the 
 province of Silesia, Prussia, 64 miles southeast 
 of Breslau. Population, 7,010. 
 
 Oberhalbstein (o'ber-halb'stin). An elevated 
 Alpine valley in the canton of Grisons, Swit- 
 zerland, about 20 miles south of Coire. 
 Oberhausen (o'ber-hou-zen). A town in the 
 Rhine Province, Prussia, 40 miles north of Co- 
 logne. It is a place of modern development, and an im- 
 portant railway junction. Near it are large iron- works. 
 Population, commune, 52,166. 
 
 Oberhessen. See Upper Hesse. 
 
 Oberlahnstein (o'ber-lan'stin). A town in the 
 province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated at 
 the junction of the Lahn and Rhine, 5 miles 
 south of Coblenz. It has a castle. Population, 
 commune, 8,470. 
 
 Oberland. See Bernese Oberland. 
 
 Oberlin (o'ber-lin), A village in Lorain County, 
 northern Ohio, 31 miles west-south westof Cleve- 
 land. It is the seat of Oberlin College (which 
 see). Population, 4,365, (1910). 
 
 Oberlin (o-ber-lan'), Jean Frederic. Born at 
 Strasburg, Aug. 31, 1740: died in the Steinthal, 
 Alsace, June 1, 1826. An Alsatian clergyman 
 and philanthropist. He became Protestant pastor in 
 the Steinthal (Ban-de-la-Roche) about 1767, and is noted 
 for his efforts in furthering the agriculture, industry, edu- 
 cation, and morals of that region. 
 
 Oberlin, Jeremie Jacques. Born at Strasburg, 
 Aug. 7, 1735 : died Oct. 10, 1806. An Alsatian 
 philologist and antiquarian, brother of J. F. 
 Oberlin. 
 
 Oberlin (o'ber-lin) College. A coeducational 
 institution of learning, situated at Oberlin, Ohio. 
 It was founded in 1833 by J. J. Shipherd and P. P. Stew- 
 art, and was chartered in 1834. It comprises a college, 
 an academy, a theological seminary, and a conservatory of 
 music. It is a non-sectarian institution, and has about 120 
 instructors and 2,000 students. 
 
 Obermann (6-ber-man'). A psychological ro- 
 mance by Senancour, published in 1804. It is so 
 called from the name of the hero, who is a dreamer striv- 
 ing to escape from the actual. He lives in a solitary val- 
 ley, and writes melancholy speculative letters on all kinds 
 of problems. Sainte-Beuve revived the book by bringing 
 out a new edition in 1833, when it appealed to the public 
 taste more perhaps than on its original production. 
 Oberon (o'be-ron). 1. In medieval mythology, 
 the king of the fairies. He first appears in the old 
 French romance “Huon de Bordeaux" as the son of Ju- 
 lius Csesar and Morgan the Fay, and is thus connected 
 with the Arthurian genealogy. Shakspere introduces him 
 in the “Midsummer Night’s Dream." 
 
 He resembles in many respects the Elberich in the story 
 of Otnit. Grimm connects the name with Alp, Alb,= elf, 
 and lie may be regarded as an importation from the Teu- 
 tonic Pantheon, invested, however, with many Keltic and 
 Christian as well as Asiatic attributes. M. Longnon, in 
 the Romania, vol. iii, has carefully worked out the proba- 
 ble connection of Huon with the reign of Charles the Bald. 
 Whatever the historical element in the romance, Oberon 
 became an essential part in it as early as the thirteenth 
 century. Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 296, note. 
 
 2. Tbe fourth satellite of Uranus, discovered 
 by Lassell in 1847. — 3. A romantic poem, one 
 of the chief works of Wieland, published in 1780. 
 — 4. A romantic opera by K. M. von Weber, 
 produced at London in 1826. The libretto in Eng- 
 lish is by PI an die. It was also produced with an Italian 
 libretto at London in I860, with various additions from 
 “Euryanthe,” etc. 
 
 Oberpfalz. See Palatinate. 
 
 Oberstein (o'ber-stin). A town in Birkenfeld, 
 Oldenburg, Germany, situated on the Nahe 47 
 miles west-southwest of Mainz. The leading 
 industry is agate-cutting and -polishing. Near 
 there are fifty polishing-mills. Population, 
 commune, 9,686. 
 
 Oberwesel (o'ber-va'zel). A town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, situated on the Rhine 19 
 miles south-southeast of Coblenz. Near it is 
 the castle of Schonburg. Population, 2,697. 
 Obi (o'be), or Ob (ob). A navigable river of 
 Siberia, formed by the union of the Biya and 
 Katun, and fl owing into the Gulf of Obi. Its chief 
 
 750 
 
Obi 
 
 tributary Is the Irtish. On its banks are Tomsk, Barnaul, 
 and Narym. Length, about 2,100 miles ; including the Ir- 
 tish, about 2,600 miles. 
 
 Obi, Gulf of. An inlet of the Arctic Ocean, north 
 of. Siberia. Length, about 600 miles. 
 
 Obion (o-bi'on) River. A river in western Ten- 
 nessee which joins the Mississippi 57 miles above 
 Memphis. Length, about 130-140 miles. 
 Obligado, Punta de, Battle of. See runt a de 
 Obligado. 
 
 Oblivion, Act of. An English statute of 1660, 
 entitled “An Act of Free and Generali Pardon, 
 Indempnity, and Oblivion,” by which all politi- 
 cal offenses committed during the time of the 
 Commonwealth were pardoned, certain offend- 
 ers mentioned by name in the act being ex- 
 cepted, especially those engaged in the trial and 
 execution of Charles I. Also called Act of In- 
 demnity. 
 
 Obok, or Obock (o-bok'). A French colony 
 in Africa, on the Gulf of Aden, opposite tho 
 southwestern extremity of Arabia, included in 
 the Somali Coast Protectorate. Obok and Ta- 
 jurah are the chief towns. 
 
 Obongo (o-bong'go), or Abongo. A tribe of 
 pygmies in French Kongo, west Africa. Their 
 stature is between 41 and 5 feet ; color brown ; hair tufty 
 and woolly, spreading over the body ; and head brachy- 
 cephalous. They are hunters and fishermen, of nomadic 
 instinct, and live in round grass huts. They are tributary 
 to Bantu tribes on whose skirts they live. They are found 
 in different parts of French Kongo, and are variously called 
 Babongo, A kwa, Okwa, etc., and represent the Matimbos of 
 the Portuguese discoverers. See Pygmies. 
 Obrenovitch (o-bren'6-vich). The family name 
 of the reigning dynasty of Servia. This dynasty 
 was founded by Milosh Obrenovitch, who was proclaimed 
 hereditary prince of Servia in 1827. His successors have 
 been his son Michael, his grandnephew Milan, and the 
 latter’s son Alexander. 
 
 O’Brien (o-bri'en), Fitz- James. Born at Lim- 
 erick, Ireland , 1828 : died April 6, 1862. An Irish- 
 American litterateur. He was educated at Dublin 
 University, and cametotheUnited States inl852. He wrote 
 weird stories after the manner of Poe. Among his works 
 is “The Diamond Lens, and Other Stories,” collected and 
 published in 1887. 
 
 O’Brien (o-bri'en), William. Born 1852. An 
 Irish politician and journalist. He entered Parlia- 
 ment .as a Nationalist in 1883, is editor of “United Ire- 
 land,” and has a number of times been imprisoned under 
 the Coercion Act. In 1890, having been liberated on bail 
 pending a political trial, he escaped to the United States in 
 order to fulfil an engagement as a lecturer. 
 
 O’Brien, William Smith. Born in County 
 Clare, Ireland, Oct. 17, 1803 : died at Bangor, 
 North Wales, June 18, 1864. An Irish revolution- 
 ist. He entered Parliament in 1828; became a leading 
 member of the Repeal Association, which he left in 1846 ; 
 was a leader of the Young Ireland party ; incited an un- 
 successful insurrection in 1848 ; and was arrested in 1848, 
 transported in 1849, and pardoned in 1866. 
 
 Observations of Bel. See the extract. 
 
 The standard work on astronomy, as has already been 
 noted, was that called “ The Observations of Bel,” compiled 
 originally for the library of Sargon I. at Acead. Additions 
 were made to it from time to time, the chief object of the 
 work being to notice the events which happened after 
 each celestial phenomenon. Thus the occurrences which 
 at different periods followed a solar eclipse on a particu- 
 lar day were all duly introduced into the text and piled, 
 as it were, one upon the other. The table of contents pre- 
 fixed to the work showed that it treated of various mat- 
 ters — eclipses of the sun and moon, the conjunction of 
 the sun and moon, the phases of Venus and Mars, the po- 
 sition of the pole-star, the changes of the weather, the ap- 
 pearance of comets, or, as they are called, “stars with a 
 tail behind and a corona in front,” and the like. 
 
 Sayce, Assyria, p. 116. 
 
 Obwalden (ob'val-den). A half-canton of the 
 canton of Unterwalden, Switzerland, forming 
 the southern and western part of the canton. 
 It sends 1 member to the National Council. It submitted 
 to the French in 1798. Engelberg was annexed to it in 1816. 
 Area, 183 square miles. See further under Unterwalden. 
 Oca del Cairo, L’. An opera begun by Mozart 
 in 1783. It was finished by Andrd with pieces from 
 other operas of Mozart, and produced at Paris in 1867. 
 Grove. 
 
 O’Callaghan (o-kal'a-han), Edmund Bailey. 
 
 Born at Mallow, Ireland, Feb. 28, 1797 : died at 
 New York, May 29, 1880. An Irish-American 
 historian. Among his works are “History of New Neth- 
 erlands” (1846), “Documentary History of New York” 
 (1849-51), “Documents relating to the Colonial History of 
 New York ” (1855-61). 
 
 Ocampo (o-kam'po), Sebastian de. Born about 
 1465: died after 1509. A Spanish navigator. 
 He was one of the earlier colonists of Espanola, and in 
 1508 was sent by Ovando, governor of that island, to ex- 
 plore the coasts of Cuba. lie succeeded in circumnavi- 
 gating it, thus proving its insular character: Columbus 
 had supposed it to be a part of Asia. 
 
 Ocaha (o-kan'ya). A town in the province of 
 Toledo, Spain, 37 miles south-southeast of Ma- 
 drid. Here, Nov. 19, 1809, the French (30,000) under Soult 
 and Mortier defeated the Spaniards (55,000) under Arei- 
 zaga. Population, 6,616. 
 
 751 
 
 Ocaha. A town in the department of Santander, 
 Colombia, 250 miles north by east of Bogota. 
 Population, 5,721. 
 
 O’Carolan (o-kar'o-lan), Turloch. Born in 
 1670 in County Meath : died at Alderford, March 
 25, 1738. A famous Irish miustrel. He was one 
 
 of the last of the improvising wandering bards, and trav- 
 eled with a harp from door to door. 
 
 Occam, or Ockham (ok'am), William of. Born 
 at Ockham, Surrey, England, about 1270: died 
 at Munich, 1349 (?). An English scholas- 
 tic philosopher, the reviver of nominalism. He 
 was called the “Invincible Doctor,” the “Singular Doc- 
 tor," “ Princeps Nominalium,” and in the ages following 
 his own “ Venerabilis Inceptor,” as if he had not actually 
 taken his degree. He was a great advocate of the rule of 
 poverty of the Franciscan order, to which he belonged, and 
 a strong defender of the state against the pretensions of 
 the papacy. He was lecturer in the University of Paris ; 
 aided Louis of Bavaria in his contest with Pope John 
 XXII. ; and opposed the latter in the Franciscan assem- 
 bly at Perugia in 1322. All his teachings depend upon 
 the logical doctrine that generality belongs only to the 
 significations of signs (such as words). The conceptions of 
 the mind are, according to him, objects in themselves in- 
 dividual, but naturally significative of classes. These prin- 
 ciples are carried into every department of logic, meta- 
 physics, and theology, where their general result is that 
 nothing can be discovered by reason, but all must rest 
 upon faith. Occamism thus prepared the way for the over- 
 throw of scholasticism, by arguing thatlittle of importance 
 to man could be learned by scholastic methods : yet the 
 Occamistic writings exhibit the scholastic faults of trivial- 
 ity, prolixity, and formality in a higher degree than those of 
 any other school. His chief works are “ Tractatus logices," 
 “Tractatus de Sacramento altaris,” “ Super quatuor libros 
 sententiarum expositio aurea.” 
 
 Occleve (ok'klev), Thomas. [ME. Occleve, some- 
 times with uuorig. aspirate Hoccleve: prob. 
 of local origin ; AS. as if *ac-clif, pi. *accleafu, 
 oak-cliff.] Born about 1370: died about 1450. 
 An English poet and lawyer. He lived at Chester’s 
 Inn in the Strand in his youth, and knew Chaucer. His 
 chief poem is “DeRegimine Principum,” a new version of 
 “The Governail of Princes.” Some of his poems were 
 printed for the first time in 1796 by George Mason, but a 
 number were printed 1487-1598 at Paris, Lyons, Venice, 
 and Strasburg. 
 
 The old confusion with the aspirate has caused the name 
 to be written both “ Hoccleve” and “ Occleve.” But in a 
 copy of “The Governail of Princes,” which the poet wrote 
 with his own hand, the name occurs in thetext, and is writ- 
 ten “ Occleve.” Another day he might have written “ Hoc- 
 cleve,” and he may have done so in his own draft of the 
 first line of his that will presently be quoted. But the 
 name is Occleve in the only place where we are sure, or 
 nearly sure, that he himself has written it. 
 
 Morley, English Writers, VI. 122. 
 
 Oceana (o-se-a'ua). A philosophical treatise on 
 the theory of civil government, by James Har- 
 rington, published in 1656. The full title is 
 “The Commonwealth of Oceana.” It presents 
 the model of a perfect republic. 
 
 Ocean Grove (o'shan grov). A town in Mon- 
 mouth County, New Jersey, adjoining Asbury 
 Park 7 miles south of Long Branch. It is a 
 seaside resort. 
 
 Oceanica (o-she-an'i-ka), or Oceania (6-se-a'- 
 ni-a). A division of the world (according to 
 many geographers) which comprises Polynesia, 
 Micronesia, Melanesia, Australasia, and Ma- 
 laysia. 
 
 Oceanus (o-se'a-nus). [Gr.’fi/ceaiaif.] 1. Ac- 
 cording to ancient geographical ideas, a swift 
 and unbounded stream encircling all the known 
 lands and seas ; later, the outer sea, or Atlantic 
 Ocean. The progress of geographical discovery 
 produced corresponding modifications of this 
 early conception. 
 
 The key to the confused geography of the “Germania,” 
 as regards northern Germany, will be found in a compari- 
 son of the passages in which he [Tacitus] mentions the 
 “Oceanus,” or ocean-current, as distinguished from the 
 seas which were crossed or divided by its stream. The 
 Islands of the Suiones, or the Danish Isles and Southern 
 Scandinavia, are described as being actually encircled by 
 “Oceanus.” Elton. , Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 42, note. 
 
 2. In classical mythology, the ocean stream 
 personified. He was the husband of Tethys. 
 Ochiali (o-ke-a'le). A celebrated corsair. See 
 the extract. 
 
 • Though Dragut was no more, Ochiali — as the Christians 
 called ’Ali El-Uluji, ‘the Renegade’ (the Turks dubbed 
 him Fartas/ Scurvied,’ from his complaint)— was follow- 
 ing successfully in his old master’s steps. Born at Cas- 
 telli (Licastoli) in Calabria about 1508, Ochiali was to have 
 been a priest, but his capture by the Turks turned him to 
 the more exciting career of a Corsair. Soon after the siege 
 of Malta he succeeded Barbarossa’s son Hasan as pasha or 
 Beglerbeg of Algiers (1568), and one of his first acts was 
 to retake Tunis (all but the Goletta) in the name of Sultan 
 Selim II., who, to the unspeakable loss of the Mohamme- 
 dan world, had in 1566 succeeded his great father Suley- 
 man. In July, 1570, off Alicata, on the southern coast of 
 Sicily, Ochiali surrounded four galleys of “the Religion" 
 — they then possessed but five — and took three of them, 
 including the flag-ship, which Saint Clement, the general 
 of the galleys, abandoned in order to throw himself and his 
 treasure on shore at Montichiaro. 
 
 Poole, Story of the Barbary Corsairs, p. 161. 
 
 Oconto 
 
 Ochill Hills (och'il bilz). A range of hills in 
 Scotland, situated in southern Perthshire and 
 adjoining parts of Stirling, Clackmannan, Kin- 
 ross, and Fife. It extends from near Stirling to 
 the Firth of Tay. Highest summit, Ben Cleugh 
 (2,363 feet). 
 
 Ochiltree (och'l-tre), Edie. In Scott’s novel 
 “The Antiquary,” a king’s beadsman or licensed 
 beggar, called “Blue Gown” from his costume. 
 Ochino (o-ke'no), Bernardino. Born at Siena, 
 Italy, 1487 : died at Schiaekau, Moravia, about 
 1565. An Italian reformer, a general of the 
 Capuchin order. He fled from Italy and lived 
 in exile in Switzerland, Germany, England, etc. 
 He wrote polemical works. 
 
 Ochoa (o-cho'a), Eugenio de. Born at Lezo, 
 near Guipuzcoa, Spain, April 19, 1815 : died at 
 Madrid, Feb. 25, 1872. A Spanish writer and 
 translator. 
 
 Ochozomas. See Puquinas. 
 
 Ochrida (och're-da). A town in Albania, Euro- 
 pean Turkey, situated on the Lake of Ochrida 
 28 miles west-northwest of Monastir. Popula- 
 tion, estimated, 10,000-12,000. 
 
 Ochrida, Lake of. A lake in Albania, Turkey, 
 situated in lat. 41° N., long. 20° 45' E. : the an- 
 cient Lacus Lychnitis. Length, about 18 miles. 
 Ochsenkopf (och'sen-kopf). [G., ‘ ox-head.’] 
 One of the chief summits of the Fiehtelgebirge, 
 Bavaria. Height, 3,363 feet. 
 
 Ochus (o'kus). See Artaxerxes HI. 
 
 Ockham. See Occam. 
 
 Ocklawaha (ok-la-wa'ha). A tributary of the 
 St. John’s River, in the northeastern part of 
 Florida. Length, about 200 miles. 
 
 Ockley (ok'li), Simon. \Ockley, Ackley , and 
 Oakley are from AS. Acted, a place-name, ‘oak 
 lea.’] Born at Exeter, England, 1678: died at 
 Swavesey, Cambridgeshire, England, 1720. An 
 English Orientalist. His chief work is a “His- 
 tory of the Saracens” (1708-18). 
 
 Ocrnulgee (ok-mul'ge). A river in central 
 Georgia which unites with the Oconee about 90 
 miles west of Savannah to form the Altamaha. 
 Length, 250-300 miles; navigable to Macon. 
 Ocoles (o-ko'las). An Indian tribe of the Gran 
 Chaco, south of the Rio Vermejo, mentioned by 
 early writers. They were probably a branch of 
 the Mataguayas (which see). 
 
 Oconee (o-ko'ne). A river in central Georgia 
 which unites with the Ocrnulgee to form the 
 Altamaha. Length, over 250 miles ; navigable 
 (at times) to Milledgeville. 
 
 O’Connell (o-kon'el), Daniel. Born near Ca- 
 hirciveen, County Kerry, Ireland, Aug. 6, 1775: 
 died at Genoa, Italy, May 15, 1847. An Irish 
 agitator and orator. He became famous as an advo- 
 cate ; founded the Catholic Association ; was the leader 
 of the agitation in favor of Catholic emancipation ; was 
 elected to Parliament 1828 ; became leader in the “repeal” 
 agitation 1840; promoted the mass-meetings of 1842-43 ; 
 and was arrested 1843 and convicted of conspiracy and 
 sedition. His sentence was reversed 1844. 
 
 O’Connell’s Tail. A nickname given to the 
 parliamentary following of Daniel O’Connell 
 about the years 1830 to 1847. 
 
 O'Connor (o-kon'or), Arthur. Born 1763 
 (1767 ?) : died in France, April 25, 1852. An 
 Irish revolutionist. He was a member of the directory 
 of the United Irishmen. He lived in exile in France after 
 1803. 
 
 O’Connor, Eily. The Colleen Bawn, the prin- 
 cipal female character in Boucicault’s play of 
 that name. 
 
 O’Connor, Feargus Edward. Born in Ireland, 
 1796 : died Aug. 30, 1855. An Irish lawyer and 
 politician. He entered Parliament in 1832, and after- 
 ward became one of theleaders of the Chartist party. He 
 became hopelessly insane in 1852. 
 
 O’Connor, Roderick or Rory. Born 1116: died 
 1198. The last king of Ireland. He became king of 
 Connaught in 1156, and of Ireland in 1166. He acknow- 
 ledged the supremacy of Henry II. of England in 1175. 
 
 O’Connor, Thomas Power. Born at Athlone, 
 Oct. 5, 1845. An Irish politician and journalist. 
 
 He entered Parliament in 1880, and became an active mem- 
 ber of the Parnellite party. He was elected president of 
 the Irish National League of Great Britain in 1883. He 
 has written “Lord Beaconsfteld : a Biography" (1879), etc. 
 
 O’Connor’s Child. A poem by Campbell. 
 O’Conor (o-kon'or), Charles. Born at, New 
 York, Jan. 22, 1804: died at Nantucket, Mass., 
 May 12, 1884. An American lawyer. He was 
 counsel in many important cases in New York city ; was 
 prominent as prosecuting lawyer in the “Tweed Ring’’ 
 cases ; and was nominated for the presidency by the Demo- 
 crats who opposed Greeley in 1872. 
 
 Oconto (o-kon'to). The capital of Oconto Coun- 
 ty, Wisconsin, situated at the entrance of the 
 Oconto River into Green Bay. Population, 
 5,629, (1910). 
 
Ocosingo 
 
 Ocosingo (o-ko-sen'go). A town in the state 
 of Chiapas, southeastern Mexico, south of Pa- 
 lenque. There are ancient ruins in the vicinity. 
 Ocracoke (o'kra-kok) Inlet. A sea passage in 
 North Carolina, connecting Pamlico Sound with 
 the Atlantic, 30 miles southwest of Cape Hat- 
 teras. 
 
 Octateuch (ok'ta-tuk). [From Gr. okt6, eight, 
 and revxoc, an implement, a book.] The first 
 eight books of the Old Testament considered as 
 forming one volume or series of books. Also 
 Octoteuch. 
 
 Octave (ok-tav'). In Mol iere’s “Los fourberies 
 de Scapin,” the son of Argante. In Otway’s 
 version he is called Oetavian. 
 
 Octavia (ok-ta'vi-a). [L., fern, of Octavius . ] 
 Died 11 b. C. The sister of Octavius (Augustus 
 Csesar). She was the wife first of Marcellus, and after- 
 ward of Mark Antony. Her marriage with Antony was 
 intended to confirm amicable relations between him and 
 Octavius. She was supplanted in his affections by Cleo- 
 patra, and was divorced in 32. She appears in Shakspere’s 
 “ Antony and Cleopatra,” and Daniel published (1599) a 
 poem in 51 stanzas entitled “ A Letter sent from Octavia 
 to her husband Marcus Antonius into Egypt." 
 
 Octavia. Born about 42 a. d.: killed 62 a. d. 
 Daughter of Claudius and Messalina, and wife 
 of Nero. 
 
 Oetavian, L. Octavianus. See Augustus. 
 Oetavian (ok-ta'vi-an). In Colmantheyounger’s 
 play “ The Mountaineer,” an inspired maniac. 
 This character was taken from Cardenio in 
 “Don Quixote.” 
 
 Oetavian. 1 . A 15th-century romance relating 
 to the emperor Oetavian. There are two English 
 versions from a French original, “ Octavien, or Florent et 
 Lyon. ” 
 
 2. A satirical comedy by Tieck, published in 
 1804. 
 
 Oetavian Library. A public library at Borne, 
 the first library open to the public, founded 
 by the emperor Augustus in honor of his sister 
 Octavia, and housed in the Portico of Octavia. 
 It perished in the fire which raged at Rome for three days 
 in the reign of Titus, A. D. 79-81. 
 
 Octavius (ok-ta'vi-us). Adialogue, by Minucius 
 Felix, in which arguments against Christianity 
 which were current at the time are set forth 
 and refuted. 
 
 Octavius, Caius. [L., ‘the eighth ’-born.] See 
 
 Augustus. 
 
 Octavius, Gnseus. Killed at Rome, 87 b. c. A 
 Roman consul in 87 B. C. He was an adherent of 
 Sulla, while his colleague, L. Cornelius Cinna, was an ad- 
 herent of Marius. He was killed by the followers of Cinna. 
 
 October (ok-to'ber). [From L. October, the 
 eighth month.] The tenth month of the year, 
 containing thirty-one days. It was the eighth 
 in the primitive Roman calendar. 
 
 October Club. In English politics, a club com- 
 posed of extreme Tories, first formed about 
 1690, and influential in the reign of Queen Anne. 
 It was named from the October ale for which the club was 
 celebrated. Swift’s influence was the principal factor in 
 its dispersion. 
 
 October States. In recent American political 
 history, those States (Ohio, Indiana, etc.) which 
 held elections in October instead of in Novem- 
 ber. In presidential campaigns extreme interest cen- 
 tered in the action of such States, on account of the bear- 
 ing on the ensuing November elections. The elections 
 are now held in November. 
 
 Octodurum, or Octodurus. See Martigny. 
 Octoroon, The. A play by Boucieault, produced 
 in 1861. 
 
 Octoteuch. See Octateuch. 
 
 O’Curry (o-kur'i), Eugene. Born near Cariga- 
 holt, County Clare, Ireland, 1796: died at Dub- 
 lin, July 30, 1862. An Irish archaeologist. He 
 translated the ancient Brehon laws, the “Book 
 of Lismore,” etc. 
 
 Odd-Fellows (od'feF'oz). [A fanciful name as- 
 sumed by the original founders of the society.] 
 A secret benevolent and social society, called 
 in full The Independent Order of Odd-Fellows. 
 The order arose in the 18th century, and various lodges 
 were, about 1811, consolidated into the Manchester Unity, 
 which is now the principal body in Great Britain. There 
 are also lodges in the United States (the first permanent 
 lodge was founded in 1819), and in Germany, Switzerland, 
 Australia, South America, etc. The object of the order 
 in the United States is declared to be “to visit the sick, 
 relieve the distressed, bury the dead, and educate the or- 
 phan, to improve and elevate the character of man.” 
 Odelsthing (o'delz-ting). The larger house of 
 the Storthing or parliament of Norway. It con- 
 sists of those members of the Storthing who have not been 
 elected to the Lagthing or upper house by the Storthing 
 itself, or about three fourths of the whole number. All 
 new measures must originate in the Odelsthing. See 
 hag thing and Storthing. 
 
 Odemisb (o-da-misb'). A town in Asia Minor, 
 Turkey, northeast of Aidin. Population, about 
 10 , 000 ! 
 
 752 
 
 Odenathus (od-e-na'thus). Killed 271 (266?) 
 A. d. A general and ruler of Palmyra, practi- 
 cally independent of the Romans : husband of 
 Zenobia. 
 
 Odenburg, or Oedenburg (e'den-borG), Hung. 
 Soprony (sho'prony). A royal free city, the 
 capital of the county of Odenburg, Hungary, 
 36 miles south by east of Vienna: the Roman 
 Sopronium. It has a flourishing trade. Popu- 
 lation, 33,478. 
 
 Odenkirchen (o'den-kirch-en). A manufac- 
 turing town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, 
 situated on the Niers 26 miles northwest of 
 Cologne. Population, commune, 16,809. 
 
 Odense (o'den-se). The chief city of the island 
 of Fiinen, Denmark, situated on the Odense 
 Aa about lat. 55° 25' N., long. 10° 23' E. : the 
 third city in Denmark. It has various manufactures. 
 Traditionally it is the oldest city of the kingdom (founded, 
 according to legend, by Odin). It was the birthplace of 
 Hans Christian Andersen. Population, 40,547. 
 
 Odenwald (o'den-valt). A region situated main- 
 ly in the southeastern part of the province of 
 Starkenburg, Hesse. It is traversed by four low 
 parallel ridges, and is noted for its picturesque scenery 
 and for legends. Length, about 40 miles. Highest point, 
 the Katzenbuckel (2,050 feet). 
 
 Odeon (o-da-on'). One of the leading theaters 
 of Paris, situated near the Luxembourg, it was 
 opened in 1782 as the Thedtre Franpais ; was called the 
 Theatre de la Nation in 1789; and in 1796 was called the 
 Odbon. It was burned in 1799, and rebuilt in 1807, when 
 it was called the Theatre de )Tmp£ratrice. At the res- 
 toration it became Le Second Theatre Franpais. It re- 
 ceives a subsidy from the state as an offshoot of the Com£- 
 die Franpaise. 
 
 Oder (o'der), Slav. Vjodr (vyodr). One of the 
 chief rivers of Germany: the Roman Viadus. 
 It rises in Moravia, forms part of the boundary between 
 Austrian and Prussian Silesia, traverses the province of 
 Silesia, flows into the Stettiner Haff, and then by the 
 Peene, Swine, and Dievenow into the Baltic. Its chief 
 tributary is the Warthe. Among the towns on its banks 
 are Ratibor, Oppeln, Brieg, Breslau, Glogau, Frankfort, 
 Kiistrin, and Stettin. Length, 550 miles; navigable for 
 small craft from Ratibor; for larger vessels from Breslau. 
 
 Oderzo (o-dert'so). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of Treviso, Italy, 26 miles north-northeast 
 of Venice: the ancient Opitergium. 
 
 Odessa (o-des'a). A seaport in the government 
 of Kherson, Russia, situated on the Black Sea 
 in lat. 46° 29' N., long. 30° 46' E. It is the chief 
 seaport and commercial center of southern Russia, and 
 one of the largest cities of the realm. It is the terminus 
 of many steamer lines ; is especially noted for its export of 
 grain ; exports also sugar, flour, wool, hides, flax, tallow, 
 etc.; and has manufactures of flour, tobacco, etc. It has 
 a university and various educational and scientific insti- 
 tutions, and constitutes a special municipal district. It 
 was founded in 1794, and was bombarded by the English 
 and French forces in 1854. Population, 449,673. 
 
 Odeum of Herodes or of Regilla. A theater 
 at Athens, built by Herodes Atticus in the reign 
 of Hadrian. It is semicircular, of Roman plan, and 260 
 feet in diameter. The stage structure is one of the most 
 perfect surviving. Its massive exterior face has three tiers 
 of semicircular arches, and on the stage, 116 by 26 feet, 
 opened the conventional 3 doors. The cavea has 1 pre- 
 cinction, below which there are 5 radial divisions, and 
 above it 10. The odeum was originally covered with a 
 wooden roof. 
 
 Odeypur. See Udaipur. 
 
 Odiham (o'di-ham). A town in Hampshire, 
 England, 42 miles west-southwest of London. 
 Population, 2,699. 
 
 Odilienberg (o-del'i-en-berG). A mountain in 
 Alsace, 19 miles southwest of Strasburg. it is 
 
 noted for its ancient convent of St. Odilie, and for the 
 Heidenmauer (which see). 
 
 Odilon Barrot. See Barrot. 
 
 Odin (o'din). In Norse mythology, the chief 
 god of the Ases, corresponding to the Anglo- 
 Saxon Woden. He is the source of wisdom, and the 
 patron of culture and of heroes. He is attended by two 
 ravens and two wolves, is surnamed the All-father, and sits 
 on the throne Hlidskjalf. He is devoured by the Fenris- 
 wolf in Ragnarok. 
 
 Odo (o'do). Died June 2, 959. An archbishop 
 of Canterbury. 
 
 Odo. Died about 1097. A Norman prelate and 
 nobleman, half-brother of William the Con- 
 queror. He became bishop of Bayeux in 1049, and was 
 created earl of Kent and Hereford after the Conquest. He 
 was regent of the kingdom during the absence of William 
 in 1067 and 1073. He was afterward imprisoned, but was 
 released on the death of William. 
 
 Odoacer (o-do-a'ser), or Odovakar (o-do-vii'- 
 kar), or Ottokar (ot'to-kar). Born about 434: 
 killed March 5, 493. A leader of the Heruli, 
 Rugii, and other tribes. He was (according to the 
 best authorities) the son of a Scyrrian cnieftain, Edecon, 
 who served under Attila. He entered the Roman army 
 about the ape of thirty. In 475 the Western emperor Ne- 
 pos was dethroned by Orestes, who elevated his own son 
 Romulus Augustulus to the purple. Orestes caused a 
 mutiny amon£ his mercenaries by refusing to accede to a 
 demand for a division among them of one third of the soil 
 of Italy. Odoacer placed himself at the head of the dis- 
 
 Odyssey 
 
 affected troops, and in 476 overthrew Orestes and com. 
 pelled Romulus Augustulus to abdicate. He extinguished 
 the title and office of emperor of the West, and, assuming 
 the title of patrician, ruled in the West, nominally as vicar 
 of the Eastern emperor. He was overthrown and trea- 
 cherously murdered by Theodoric. 
 
 O’Doherty, Sir Morgan. A pen-name of Dr. 
 Maginn. 
 
 Odoieff (o-do-yef'). A town in the government 
 of Tula, Russia, situated on the Upa 125 miles 
 south by west of Moscow. Population, 5, 665. 
 
 O’Donnell (o-don'el), Henry Joseph, Count of 
 Abisbal. Born 1769 : died May 6, 1834. A Span- 
 ish general, of Irish extraction. He distinguished 
 himself during the French invasion of 1809-10, and in 1811 
 captured Abisbal (whence his title). In 1819, while com- 
 mander at Cadiz, he suppressed a conspiracy against the 
 government of Ferdinand VII. He was compelled to flee 
 to France by the events of 182.3, and died on his return to 
 Spain at the accession of Maria Christina. 
 
 O’Donnell, Leopoldo. Born at Santa Cruz, 
 Island of Teneriffe, Jan. 12, 1809: died at Biar- 
 ritz, Nov. 5, 1867. A Spanish general, son of H. 
 J. O’Donnell. He fought against the Carlists 1833-39, 
 and in July of the latter year forced Cabrera to raise the 
 siege of Lucena, for which he was made count of Lucena 
 and lieutenant-general. Subsequently he protected the 
 queen regent in her retreat to France. In Oct., 1841, he 
 headed an unsuccessful revolt against the regency. After 
 the fall of the regency he was captain-general of Cuba, 
 Nov., 1843, to March, 1848. He was minister of war 1854- 
 1856 ; president of the cabinet July 14 to Oct. 12, 1856 ; and 
 again premier and minist er of war June, 1858. In thelatter 
 capacity he commanded in the campaign in Morocco 1859- 
 1860, and was made grandee of Spain and duke of Tetuan. 
 He resigned office in 1863, but once more held the premier- 
 ship 1865-66. 
 
 O’Donoghue (o-don'o-hu) of Ross. A legendary 
 Irish hero. 
 
 He was lord of the lake (Killarney], its islands and the 
 surrounding land. His sway was just and generous, and 
 his reign propitious ; he was the sworn foe of the op- 
 pressor; he was brave, hospitable, and wise. Annually 
 since his death, or rather disappearance, he is said to re- 
 visit the pleasant places among which he lived. . . . 
 Every May morning he may be seen gliding over the lake 
 mounted on a white steed, richly caparisoned, preceded 
 and followed by youths and maidens who strew spring 
 flowers in his my. Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fict. , 1. 230, note. 
 
 O’Donoju (o-don-o-Ho'), Juan. Bom in Spain 
 about 1755 : died at Mexico, Oct. 8, 1821. The 
 last Spanish ruler of New Spain, or Mexico. He 
 
 was a lieutenant-general in the army, and had held high 
 official positions in Spain. In 1821 he was appointed 
 captain-general and acting viceroy of New Spain, arriving 
 at Vera Cruz July 30; but the revolution had acquired 
 such strength that he could only treat with the leaders. 
 On Aug. 24 he signed with Iturbide, at Cordoba, a treaty 
 in which he ag’eed to surrender Mexico, and virtually 
 adhered to the plan of Tguala. He was elected one of the 
 five regents, and died in office. 
 
 O’Donovan (o-don'o-van), John. Born in 
 County Kilkenny, Ireland, July 9, 1809: died 
 at Dublin, Dec. 9, 1861. An Irish archaeologist. 
 He published a translation of “ Annals of Ireland by the 
 Four Masters, etc." (1848-51), etc. This book was written 
 1632-36. He also published a grammar of the Irish lan- 
 guage (1845), and translated and edited “The Battle of 
 MaghRath ” for the Irish Archaeological Society (1842), etc. 
 
 O’Donovan, William Rudolf. Born in Vir- 
 ginia, March 28, 1844. An American sculptor. 
 He has produced many portrait-busts and reliefs. Among 
 his statues are those of Paulding, at Tarry town; Wash- 
 ington, for the Republic of Venezuela, at Caracas; Wash- 
 ington, for the monument at Newburg, with four other 
 statues; Washington, with two other statues, for the 
 Trenton battle monument; and, in conjunction with 
 Thomas Eakins, equestrian statues of General U. S. Grant 
 and Abraham Lincoln for the memorial arch at Prospect 
 Park, Brooklyn, New Vork. 
 
 O’Dowd (o-doud'), Cornelius. A pseudonym 
 of Charles James Lever. 
 
 Odrysian Bard, The. Orpheus. 
 
 Odysseus (o-dis'us), L. Ulysses (u-lis'ez) or 
 Ulixes (u-lik'sez). [Gr. ’Oovotrevc.] In Greek 
 legend, a king of Ithaca, one of the heroes of 
 the Trojan war, especially famous for his wan- 
 derings and exploits on the homeward voyage. 
 See Odyssey. He was the son of Laertes, the husband 
 of Penelope, andthefatherofTelemachus. His intelligent 
 courage, practical wisdom, and resourcefulness in all 
 emergencies make him the ideal representative of the 
 Ionic Greek race. 
 
 Odyssey (od'i-si). An epic poem, attributed to 
 Homer, in which are celebrated the adventures 
 of Odysseus (Ulysses) during ten years of wan- 
 dering, spent in repeated endeavors to return 
 to Ithaca, his native island, after the close of 
 til e Trojan war. Some critics, both ancient and modern, 
 who have acknowledged the Homeric origin of the Iliad, 
 attribute the Odyssey to a different author. (See Homer.) 
 The Odyssey is the only complete surviving example of a 
 whole class of epics, called Nostoi, describing the return 
 voyages of various Greek heroes from Troy. (See Iliad.) 
 It represents Odysseus as being thrown by a storm at the 
 outset of his voyage on the coast of Thrace, north of the 
 island of Lemnos. He plundered the town of Ismarus, 
 belonging to the Cicones, where he lost a number of his 
 followers. Next he was driven to the country of the 
 Lotophagi on the coast of Libya ; then to the goat-island, 
 which lay a day’s voyage to the north of the Lotophagi. 
 Leaving all his ships behind, except one, he sailed to the 
 
Odyssey 
 
 neighboring iBland of the Cyclopes (the western coast of 
 Sicily), where with twelve companions he entered the cave 
 of the Cyclops Polyphemus, a son of Poseidon and Thoosa. 
 Polyphemus devoured six of the intruders, and kept Odys- 
 seus and the others prisoners. Odysseus made Polyphe- 
 mus drunk with wine, put out his eye with a burning 
 pole, and escaped with his companions by concealing him- 
 self and them under the bellies of the sheep which the 
 Cyclops let out of his cave. Thenceforth, however, he 
 was pursued by the anger of Poseidon, who sought to re- 
 venge the injury inflicted on his son. After further ad- 
 ventures, in which he lost all his ships except one, he 
 arrived at the island of Mte a, inhabited by the sorceress 
 Circe. At her instance he made a journey to Hades ; then 
 sailed by the island of the Sirens near the west coast of 
 Italy, passed between Scylla and Charybdis, and arrived 
 at Trinacria, the island of Helios. Here his companions 
 killed some of the sacred oxen belonging to Helios, with 
 the result that they were all drowned in a shipwreck after 
 leaving the island. Odysseus escaped with his life to the 
 island of Ogygia, inhabited by the nymph Calypso, with 
 whom he lived 8 years. Leaving Ogygia on a raft built 
 with the assistance of the nymph, he was again ship- 
 wrecked, but reached Scheria, the island of the Phseacians, 
 where he was discovered by Nausicaa, the daughter of 
 Alcinous and Arete. He was carried to Ithaca by the 
 hospitable Plucacians, and after slaying the suitors of his 
 wife Penelope, who had been wasting his property during 
 his absence, was welcomed by his wife aud subjects. 
 
 Though there was controversy in old days about the 
 priority of the Iliad, it seems quite settled now that we 
 must look upon the Odyssey as a later poem — how much 
 later it is impossible to say. The limits assigned have 
 varied from those who believe it the work of the same 
 author in old age, to those who place it two centuries 
 later (as M. E. Bumouf does!, owing to the difference of 
 its plan and style. But, as Bonitz says, if not composed 
 in the old age of Homer, it was composed in the old age 
 of Greek epic poetry, when the creative power was dimin- 
 ishing, but that of ordering and arranging had become 
 more developed. The plot of the Odyssey is skilfully 
 conceived, and on the whole artistically carried out, even 
 though modern acuteness has found flaws in its sutures. 
 But critics seem agreed that the elements of the Odyssey 
 were not short and disconnected lays, but themselves 
 epics of considerable length, one on the return of Odys- 
 seus, another on the adventures of Telemachus, and these 
 are chief. Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 78. 
 
 Oedenburg. See Odenburg. 
 
 CEdipe (e-dep'). 1. A tragedy by Corneille, 
 
 produced in 1659. — 2. A tragedy by Voltaire, 
 produced Nov. 18, 1718, though written some 
 time before. 
 
 CEdipus (ed'i-pus). [Gr. OiAVouf.] In Greek 
 legend, a king of Thebes, son of Laius and Jo- 
 caste. He slew the Sphinx, and was guilty of involun- 
 tary crime in killing his father and marrying his mother. 
 He was a favorite subject of the epic and tragic poets. 
 
 CEdipus Coloneus (ko-lo-ne'us), or CEdipus 
 
 at Colonus (ko-16'nus). A tragedy of Sopho- 
 cles which was not exhibited till four years af- 
 ter his death, and was said to be the last he 
 wrote. In it CEdipus, driven from Thebes by Creon, 
 with hisdaughters Antigone and Ismene seeks asylum with 
 Theseus at Athens, and there obtains pardon from the 
 gods, and peace. 
 
 CEdipus Tyrannus (ti-ran'us). A tragedy by 
 Sophocles, of uncertain date, “placed by the 
 scholiasts, and by -most modem critics, at the 
 very summit of Greek tragic art.” 
 
 CEgir. See JEgir. 
 
 Oehlenschlager. See Ohlenschlager. 
 
 Oeland. See Oland. 
 
 CEneus (e'nus). [Gr. Olvevg.l In Greek legend, 
 king of Calydon, husband of Althaaa, and father 
 of Meleager and Tydeus. 
 
 CEnomaus (en-6-ma'us). [Gr. Olvigaoi;.'] In 
 Greek legend, a king in Elis, son of Ares, and 
 father of Hippodameia by the Pleiad Sterope. 
 He was also said to be the son of Ares and Ste- 
 rope. 
 
 An oracle had declared that he should die if his daugh- 
 ter should marry, and he therefore made it a condition 
 that those who came forward as suitors for Hippodameia’s 
 hand should contend with himself in the chariot-race, and 
 he who conquered should receive her, whereas those that 
 were conquered should suffer death. The race-course ex- 
 tended from Pisa to the altar of Poseidon on the Corinthian 
 isthmus. At the moment when a suitorstarted with Hip- 
 podameia, CEnomaus sacrificed a ram to Zeus at Pisa, and 
 then armed himself and hastened with his swift chariot and 
 four horses, guided by Myrtilus, after the suitor. He thus 
 overtook many a lover, whom he put to death, until Pelops, 
 the son of Tantalus, came to Pisa. Pelops bribed Myrtilus, 
 and, using the horses which he had received from Posei- 
 don, he succeeded in reaching the goal before CEnomaus, 
 who in despair made away with himself. Smith, Diet. 
 
 (Enophyta (e-nof'i-ta). [Gr. 0 ivopvra.'] In an- 
 cient geography, a place in Boeotia, Greece, 
 about 23 miles north of Athens. Here, in 456 
 B. C., the Athenians under Myronides defeated 
 the Boeotians. 
 
 CEnotria (e-no'tri-a). [Gr. Olvorpla.'] In ancient 
 geography, a name given by the Greeks to the 
 southern part of Italy. 
 
 CEmiS (e'nus). The ancient namo of the Inn. 
 
 CEnussae (e-nii'se). [Gr. 0 ivovcraai.] A group 
 of five islands in the Aegean Sea, situated be- 
 tween Chios and the mainland of Asia Minor: 
 the modern Spalmadori. 
 
 C. — 18 
 
 753 
 
 Oersted. See Orsted. 
 
 Oertel. See Ortel. 
 
 Oesel. See Osel. 
 
 Oesterley. See Osterley. 
 
 (Eta (e'ta). [Gr. Orn?.] In ancient geography, 
 a mountain in southern Thessaly: the modern 
 Katavothra. It forms the northern barrier of central 
 Greece, and was flanked by the pass of Thermopyhe. 
 Height, about 7,060 feet. 
 
 Oetinger. See Otmger. 
 
 Oettingen. See Ottingen. 
 
 Oeynhausen (e'in-hou-zen), Bad. A watering- 
 place in the province of Westphalia, Prussia, on 
 the Werre near Minden. Population, about 
 4,000. 
 
 Ofanto ( o-fan'to). A river in southeastern Italy, 
 which falls into the Adriatic 39 miles northwest 
 of Bari : the ancient Aufidus. Length, about 
 75 miles. 
 
 Ofen (o'fen). The German name of Buda. 
 
 Off a (of'a). King of Mercia from about 757 to 
 796. He conquered Oxfordshire from Wessex, and subju- 
 gated the W elsh kingdom of Powys, west of the Severn. 
 He drew up a code of laws which have perished. 
 
 Offa’s Dyke. An intrenchment which extends 
 from near the mouth of the Wye northward near 
 the border of England and Wales to the mouth 
 of the Dee. It was built for defense against the 
 Welsh by Oifa, king of Mercia, in the 8th cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Offenbach (of'fen-bach). A city in the province 
 of Starkenburg, Hesse, situated on the Main 4 
 miles east of Frankfort. It is the first manufactur- 
 ing city of Hesse, and has various manufactures, the most 
 important being portfolios and fancy leathergoods, engines, 
 etc. It was founded by French refugees. Population, 
 commune, 59,705. 
 
 Offenbach (of-en-bak'), Jacques. Born at Co- 
 logne, June 21, 1819: died at Paris, Oct. 5, 1880. 
 A French composer of opera bouffe. He was con- 
 ductor of the orchestra of the Theatre Francais in 1848, and 
 began to attract attention by the production of operettas 
 at small theaters. In 1855 he took the Thdatre Comte, 
 changed its name to Les Bouffes Parisiens, and became at 
 once popular. Among his opera bouffes are “Orph^e aux 
 enters ” (1858), “La grande-duchesse de Gerolstein ” (1867), 
 “La belle IL'line ” (1864),“Barbe-bleue” (1866), “Madame 
 Favart" (1878), “Le Papillon” (1860: a ballet pantomime!, 
 “La PCrichole” (1868), “Vert-Vert “(1869), and “Les rentes 
 d'Hoffmann ” (ope ra comique, produced after his death, in 
 1881). 
 
 Offenburg (of 'fen-boro). A town in Baden, sit- 
 uated on the Kinzig 12 miles southeast of Stras- 
 burg. It was formerly an imperial town. Here, Sept. 
 24, 1707, the Imperialists under Mercy defeated the French. 
 Population, commune, 15,435. 
 Ofotenfjord(o-fo'ten-fyord). Alongfiordonthe 
 northwesterncoastof Norway, near the Lofoten 
 Islands. 
 
 Ofterdingen (of'ter-ding-en), Heinrich von. 
 
 A semi-mythical German minstrel of the 13th 
 century. 
 
 Og (og). An Amorite king of Bashan, defeated 
 by the Hebrews at the epoch of their entrance 
 into Canaan. He was a giant (Deut. iii. 11). 
 Ogalala, Ogallalla. See Oglala. 
 
 Ogam. See Ogham. 
 
 Ogden (og'den). A city, capital of Weber Coun- 
 ty, Utah, situated on the Weber River 32 miles 
 north of Salt Lake City. It is an important junction 
 of the Southern Pacific, Union Pacific, and Denver and Bio 
 Grande railroads. Population, 25,580, (1910). 
 
 Ogden, Aaron. Born at Elizabethtown, N. J., 
 Dee. 3, 1756: died at Jersey City, N. J., April 
 19, 1839. An American soldier in the Revolu- 
 tionary War, and governor of New Jersey 1812- 
 1813. 
 
 Ogden, William Butler. Born at Walton, 
 N. Y., June 15, 1805:. died at New York, Aug. 
 3, 1877. An American merchant and railroad 
 president, prominent in developing the North- 
 west. He became first mayor of Chicago in 1837. 
 Ogdensburg (og'denz-berg). A city in St. Law- 
 rence County, New York, situated at the en- 
 trance of the Oswegatchie into the St. Law- 
 rence, in lat. 44° 41' N., long. 75° 30' W. It has 
 important foreign and domestic commerce in grain and 
 manufactures. It became a city in 1868, aud is sometimes 
 called “the Maple City.” Population, 15,933, (1910). 
 
 Og<§, or Oje (o-zha'), Jacques Vincent. Born 
 in London about 1755: died at Port-au-Prince, 
 Feb. 26, 1791. A Haitian insurgent. He was a 
 light mulatto. He was educated in Paris, and represented 
 the colony in the French Constituent Assembly. In 1790 
 he organized in the United States a secret expedition for 
 the emancipation of the colored race in Haiti. He landed 
 at Cape Francois Oct. 23, but after some slight successes 
 was defeated, captured, and broken on the wheel. He was 
 regarded as a martyr by the colored population, and his 
 cruel death led to the practical extermination of the whites 
 soon after. 
 
 Ogeechee (o-ge'che). A river in southeastern 
 Georgia which flows into the Atlantic 17 miles 
 south of Savannah. Length, over 200 miles. 
 
 Oglethorpe 
 
 Ogeron de la Boudre (o-zha-ron' de la bo-ar'), 
 Bertrand Denis d’. Born near Angers, 1615: 
 died at Paris, Dec., 1675. AFrench adventurer, 
 founder of the colony of Haiti. After an unsuccess- 
 ful attempt to colonize Guiana (1656), he joined the buca- 
 neers, and in 1665 was appointed governor of Tortuga by the 
 French W est India Company. The bucaneers probably had 
 transient establishments on the western end of Espanola 
 as early as 1632, but they first obtained an official standing 
 and were greatly extended under Ogfiron, who even at- 
 tempted to conquer the whole island in 1674. 
 Oggersheim (og'gers-him). A town in the Pa- 
 latinate, Bavaria, 5 miles west of Mannheim. 
 Population, commune, 6,639. 
 Oggione(od-jo'ne), or Uggione(6d-jo'ne), Mar- 
 coda. Born at Oggi one about 1460: died 1530. 
 An Italian painter, chiefly known from his 
 copies of Leonardo da Vinci’s “Last Supper” 
 (in London and Milan). 
 
 Ogham. In Celtic mythology. See the extracts. 
 
 The word “ogham,” in modern Irish, stands for the oc- 
 cult sciences ; and, according to Lucian, Oghum was paint- 
 ed in the second century as a Herculean Mercury, old, in a 
 lion's skin, with a club in his right hand and a bent bow 
 in his left, the ears of his worshippers bound by a chain 
 of gold and amber to his tongue. 
 
 Morley, English Writers, I. 168. 
 
 He is signalized in Irish mythology as the inventor of 
 writing, that is to say of the Ogam alphabet ; for Ogma 
 being much skilled in dialects and in poetry, it was he, we 
 are told, who invented the Ogam to provide signs for se- 
 cret speech only known to the learned, and designed to 
 be kept from the vulgar and poor of the nation. The mo- 
 tive attributed to Ogma is an invention of a comparatively 
 late age, for there was nothing cryptic about the Ogam 
 alphabet; but the allusion to Ogma’s skill in poetry and 
 dialects is important, especially as there was not only a 
 mode of writing called Ogam, but also a kind of pedantic 
 jargon which bore that name. Now Irish legend will have 
 it that the Ogam was so called from the name of Ogma, which 
 is etymologically impossible. 
 
 Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 18. 
 
 Ogier (o-zliya/), Le Prieur. The name under 
 which Jean Louis Guez, Seigneur de Balzac, 
 published his “Apology.” 
 
 Ogier, the Dane, F. Ogier le Danois or Ogier 
 de Danemarcke, Dau. Holger Danske or 
 Olger Dansk. In medieval legend, one of the 
 paladins of Charlemagne : the subject of French 
 chansons de geste of the 12th and 13th centuries. 
 These are based on older forms. His name is also given 
 as Oger, Ager, and Autcair. M. Barrois, who has edited 
 the 12th-century chanson, which is written in the Walloon 
 dialect by Eaimbert, a trouvere, thinks he should be called 
 Ogier l’Ardennois or d’Ardenmarche. The trouvere Adenes 
 also wrote a chanson de geste of the same cycle. Ogier, 
 the son of Geoffrey the king of Denmark, is brought up at 
 the court of Charlemagne, and at one period of the ro- 
 mance assumes the crown of Denmark ; but he tires of it 
 and returns to Charlemagne, becoming one of his chief 
 paladins. After a successful and warlike career, at the 
 age of 100 years he is carried away to the Isle of Avalon 
 by Morgan le Fay, who restores him to youth, with entire 
 forgetfulness of the world, but sends him hack, after 200 
 years have passed, to defend France. After repelling its 
 invaders and restoring the old spirit of knighthood, he 
 returns to Avalon, where he sleeps, and whence he may 
 again awalce and return to defend the right. As Holger 
 Danske, he has been raised to the position of Danish na- 
 tional hero. 
 
 Ogilby (d'gl-bi), John. Born at Edinburgh. 
 1600: died at London, Sept. 4, 1676. A Scot- 
 tish poet, translator, and compiler of atlases. 
 He published “America, being the most accu- 
 rate Description of the New World” (London, 
 1671). 
 
 Ogilvie (o'gl-vi ), John. Born in Marnoch, Banff- 
 shire, April 17, 1797: died at Aberdeen, Nov. 
 21, 1867. A Scottish lexicographer. He was ap- 
 pointed teacher of mathematics at Gordon’s Hospital, 
 Aberdeen, in 1831, remaining till 1859. He compiled “The 
 Imperial Dictionary "(1847-50), “The Comprehensive Eng- 
 lish Dictionary ” (1863), “The Student's English Diction- 
 ary” (1865), “An English Dictionary, etc., for the Use of 
 Schools ” (1867). 
 
 Oglala (o-glii'la). [‘She scattered her own.’] 
 The people of Red Cloud, part of the Titonwan. 
 The name has been corrupted into Ogalala. 
 Ogle (o'gl). A character, in Mrs. Centlivre’s 
 comedy “The Beau’s Duel,” who fancies every- 
 body is in love with him. 
 
 Ogleby (o'gl-bi),Lord. In Garrick and Colman’s 
 “Clandestine Marriage,” a fa'ded and delicate 
 but witty old beau. When this play was first produced 
 in 1766, Garrick refused to take the part, and in consequence 
 a coldness arose between him and Column, which lasted 
 for years. 
 
 Oglesby (o'glz-bi), Bichard James. Born in 
 Oldham County, Ivy., July 25, 1824: died at Elk- 
 hart, 111., April 24, 1899. An American politi- 
 cian and soldier. He was a general in the Civil War ; 
 governor of Illinois 1866-69, 1873, and 1886-89; and United 
 States senator 1873-79. 
 
 Oglethorpe (o'gl-thorp), JamesEdward. Born 
 at London, Dec. 21, 1696: died atCranhamHall, 
 Essex, England, 1785. An English general and 
 philanthropist. He projected the colony of Georgia for 
 
Oglethorpe 
 
 Insolvent debtors and persecuted Protestants, conducted 
 the expedition for its settlement 1733, and returned to 
 England 1743. 
 
 Oglio (ol'yo). A river in northern Italy, joining 
 the Po 10 miles southwest of Mantua : the an- 
 cient Ollius. It traverses the Lake of Iseo. 
 Length, about 135 miles. 
 
 Ogma. See Ogham. 
 
 Ogoway, or Ogowe (o-go-wa/). A river in west- 
 ern Africa which flows by a delta into the At- 
 lantic about lat. 1° S. Its basin is under French 
 protection. Length, about 500 (?) miles; navigable to the 
 Ngunie Falls. 
 
 Ogulnian(6-gul'ni-an) Law. In Roman history, 
 a law carried by two tribunes named Ogulnius, 
 in 300 B. c., by which the offices of pontiff and 
 augur were thrown open to the plebeians. 
 Ogyges (oj'i-jez). [Gr. In Attic and 
 
 Boeotian legend, a king whose reign was asso- 
 ciated with a destructive deluge. 
 
 Ogygia (o-jij'i-a). [Gr . ’Qyvyfy.] The island of 
 Calypso, referred to in the Odyssey. Plutarch 
 says it lies due west, beneath the setting sun. 
 O’Hara (o-har'a), Theodore. Born at Danville, 
 Ky., Feb. 11, 1820: died near Guerryton, Ala., 
 June 6, 1867. An American soldier and poet. 
 He served in the Mexican and Civil wars, rising to the 
 rank of colonel in the Confederate service. He wrote 
 “ The Bivouac of the Dead," “ The Old Pioneer,” etc. 
 O’Higgins (o-hig'inz; Sp. pron. o-e'gens), Am- 
 brosio. Born in County Meath, Ireland, about 
 1730: died at Lima, Peru, March 18, 1801. A 
 Spanish administrator, marquis of Osorno from 
 1796. His real name was Ambrose Higgins. He was edu- 
 cated in Spain, and when a young man went to Chile as a 
 trader. Obtaining a commission in the army, he rose rap- 
 idly ; was captain-general of Chile 1788-96 ; and was vice- 
 roy of Peru from June 6, 1796, until his death. 
 
 O’Higgins, Bernardo. Born at Chilian, Aug. 
 20, 1778 : died at Lima, Peru, Oct. 24, 1842. A 
 Chilean general and statesman, natural son of 
 Ambrosio O’Higgins. He was educated in England, 
 where he derived republican ideas from Miranda; was a 
 prominent military leader of the Chilean patriots from 
 1810; and on the deposition of Carrera, 1813, was made 
 commander of the army. Carrera opposed him, and a civil 
 war was prevented only by the common danger from the 
 Spaniards. The combined forces of Carrera and O’Higgins 
 were defeated at Rancagua Oct. 1 and 2, 1814, and they 
 fled across the Andes. O'Higgins joined San Martin in 
 the invasion of Chile, and his charge decided the victory 
 of Chacabuco (Feb. 12, 1817): three days after (San Martin 
 having refused the office) O’Higgins was named supreme 
 director of Chile with dictatorial powers. The indepen- 
 dence of the country wasformally proclaimed Feb. 12, 1818, 
 and was decided by the victory of Maipo, April 6, 1818. 
 O'Higgins’s rule was very progressive. He was forced to 
 resign by a revolution, Jan. 28, 1823, and retired to Peru. 
 Ohio (o-hi'5). The principal left-hand tributary 
 of the Mississippi. It is formed by the junction of the 
 Allegheny and Monongahela at Pittsburg; flows through 
 western Pennsylvania ; forms the boundary between Ohio, 
 Indiana, and Illinois on the north and northwest, and West 
 Virginia and Kentucky on the south and southeast; and 
 Joins the Mississippi at Cairo. Its chief tributaries are the 
 Muskingum, Scioto, Miami, and Wabash on the north, and 
 the Great Kanawha, Big Sandy, Licking, Kentucky, Green, 
 Cumberland, and Tennessee on the south. The chief places 
 on its banks are Pittsburg, Wheeling, Portsmouth, Cin- 
 cinnati, Covington, Newport, Madison, Louisville, New 
 Albany, andEvansville. ItsrapidsatLouisvilleareavoided 
 by a canal. Length, about 975 miles, all navigable. Total 
 length (with the Allegheny), about 1,300 miles. 
 
 Ohio. One of the North Central States of the 
 United States of America, extending from lat. 
 38° 24' to 41° 57' N„ and from long. 80° 34' to 
 84° 49' W. Capital, Columbus ; chief cities, Cin- 
 cinnati and Cleveland. It is bounded by Michigan 
 and Lake Erie on the north, Pennsylvania and West Vir- 
 ginia (separated by the Ohio) on the east, Kentucky (sep- 
 arated by the Ohio) on the south, and Indiana on the west. 
 The surface is undulating. It is the fourth State in pop- 
 ulation ; one of the first in value of farms, production of 
 wool, and manufacture of agricultural machinery; and 
 one of the chief manufacturing States. Among its pro- 
 ducts are wheat, Indian corn, wool, live stock, dairy pro- 
 duce, flour, pork, coal, iron, salt, and petroleum. It has 
 88 counties, sends 2 senators and 22 representatives to Con- 
 gress, and has 24 electoral votes. It was discovered by the 
 French under La Salle at the end of the 17th century ; was 
 claimed by both the French and the English ; was ceded to 
 Great Britain in 1763, and passed to the United States in 
 1783. Virginiaand Connecticut relinquished their claims 
 to the territory, retaining, however, extensive reserves un- 
 til 1800. Ohio formed part of the Northwest Territory in 
 1787 ; was settled at Marietta in 1788 ; was the scene of 
 Indian warfare 1790-95; was admitted to the Union in 
 1803 ; and was the scene of engagements in the War of 
 1812, and of raids in the Civil War. Area, 41,060 square 
 miles. Population, 4,767,121, (1910), 
 
 Ohio, Army of the. A Federal army in the 
 American Civil War. It was organized in 1861-62 
 by General Buell. In Oct., 1862, Buell was succeeded by 
 Rosecrans, and the army was called the Army of the Cum- 
 berland. Another department of the Ohio was formed, 
 and this army was in 1865 incorporated with the Army of 
 the Cumberland. 
 
 Ohio Company, The. A company of Virginia 
 and Maryland colonists to whom the British 
 crown granted, in 1749, 500,000 acres in the 
 Ohio valley for the purpose of settlement. 
 
 754 
 
 Ohio Idea. In American polities, the advocacy 
 of greenbacks in payment for United State's 
 bonds, and of greenbacks in place of national- 
 bank notes. This project was pushed especially in Ohio 
 by the Democratic leaders Allen, Pendleton, and Ewing 
 about 1868-78. 
 
 Ohio Wesleyan University. A coeducational 
 institution of learning at Delaware, Ohio, 
 founded in 1843. It is controlled by the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, and has about 125 instructors and 1,300 
 students. 
 
 Ohlau (o'lou). A town in the province of Sile- 
 sia, Prussia, situated on the Ohlau and Oder 
 17 miles southeast of Breslau. Population, 
 ..commune, 9,233. 
 
 Ohlenschlager(eTen-shla-ger), Adam Gottlob. 
 
 Born at Vesterbro, near Copenhagen, Nov. 14, 
 1779: diedthere, Jan.20,1850. A Danish poet and 
 dramatist, nis first important production was the poem 
 “ Guldhomene ” (“ The Golden Horns, ” 1803), the work from 
 which it is cu stomary to da te the beginning of recent Danish 
 poetry. In this year also he wrote and published a volume of 
 poems (“ Digte ”) which contains the lyrical drama “ Sanct- 
 Hansaften-Spil " (“The Play of St. John's Eve ”). In 1805 
 appeared two new volumes of “ Poetiske Skrifter ” (“ Poet- 
 icalWritings”), which include, among other poems, “Thors 
 Eeise til Jotunheim” (“Thor’s Journey to Jotunheim ”) 
 and “ Alladin eller denforunderligeLampe ” (“ Aladdin, or 
 the Wonderful Lamp”), considered one of the master- 
 pieces of Danish literature. With public assistance he 
 was now enabled to undertake a journey abroad, and left 
 Denmark this same year. In Halle he wrote his first 
 tragedy, “Ilakon Jarl ” (“Earl Hakon”). He remained 
 the winter in Berlin. In the spring of 1806 he went to 
 Weimar, and lived there two or three months in intimate 
 association with Goethe. He was subsequently in Dres- 
 den, and that winter went on to Paris, where during the 
 next eighteen months he wrote the tragedies “Palnatoke ” 
 and “Axel ogValborg, "and the poem "Baldur hin Gode” 
 (“Baldur the Good”). In 1809, in Rome, he wrote the 
 tragedy “ Corregio ” in the German language. He returned 
 to Denmark that same autumn, and in 1810 was made 
 professor of esthetics at the Copenhagen University. 
 After this period he wrote numerous works, epic, lyric, 
 dramatic, and prose, among them the dramatic idyl 
 “Den lille Hyrdedreng” (“The Little Shepherd Boy,” 
 1818) ; the epic cycle (parts of which had already been 
 published) “Nordens Guder” (“The Gods of the North’ ), 
 which appeared complete in 1819 ; the tragedy “Erik og 
 Abel” (1820); the epic “Hrolf Krake” (1828); and his last 
 great work, the epic “Regnar Lodhrok ” (1848). His 
 poetical works (“ Poetiske Skrifter”) were published at Co- 
 penhagen, 1857-62, in 32 vols. His autobiography, “Erin- 
 dringer ” (“ Recollect ions ”), was published at Copenhagen, 
 .1850-51, in 4 vols. 
 
 Ohler (e'ler), Gustav Friedrich von. Bom 
 
 at Ebingen, Wtirtemberg, June 10, 1812: died 
 at Tubingen, Wiirtemberg, Feb. 19, 1872. A 
 German Protestant theologian. He published 
 “ Theology of the Old Testament” (1873), etc. 
 Ohm (om), Georg Simon. Born at Erlangen, 
 Bavaria, March 16, 1787 : died at Munich, July 
 7, 1854. A German physicist, especially noted 
 for his investigations in galvanism. He pro- 
 pounded an important law, known as “Ohm’s law,” 
 which may be expressed as follows : the strength of an 
 electric current, or the quantity of electricity passing a 
 section of the conductor in a unit of time, is directly pro- 
 portional to the whole electromotive force in operation, 
 and inversely proportional to the sum of all the resis- 
 tances in tliecircuit. He published" Die galvanische Kette 
 mathematiseh bearbeitet ” (1827), etc. 
 
 Ohm, Martin. Born at Erlangen, Bavaria, May 
 6, 1792; died at Berlin, April 1, 1872. A Ger- 
 man mathematician, brother of G. S. Ohm: pro- 
 fessor at Berlin from 1824. His chief work is “ Ver- 
 such eines vollkommen konsequenten Systems der Mathe- 
 matik ” (1822-52). 
 
 Ohnet(o-na'), Georges. Born at Paris, April 3, 
 1848. A French novelist and dramatist. After 
 the Franco-German war he gave up the study of law for 
 journalism. At first he was on the staff of the “Pays,” 
 and thereafter on that of the “Constitutionnel.” His fond- 
 ness for dramatic composition led him to write “Regina 
 Sarpi" (1875) and “Marthe” (1877). Some of his novels 
 have also been adapted to the stage, among others “Le 
 maitre de forges” and “La grande mariniere” (18S8). 
 Ohnet’s novels appeared as serials in the “Figaro,” the 
 “Illustration,” and the “ Revue des Deux Mondes ” before 
 being published in book form. The series, known col- 
 lectively as“BataUles de la vie, "includes "Serge Panine” 
 (1881), “Le maitre de forges ”(1882), “Lacomtesse Sarah” 
 (1883), “Lise Fleuron” (1884), “La grande mariniere” 
 (1885), “Les dames de Croix-Mort ” (1 886), “Noir et rose” 
 (1887), “VolontA’ (1888), “Le dqcteur Rameau” (1888), 
 “Le dernier amour” (1S90), “L’Ame de Pierre" (1890), 
 “ Dette de haine” (1891), “ Nimrod et Cie” (1892), and 
 “Le lendemain des amours ” (1893). A historical novel, 
 “Pour tuer Bonaparte,” appealed in 1911. 
 
 Ohod (6-hod'), or Ohud (o-hod'), Battle of. A 
 
 victory gained at Ohod, near Medina, probably 
 in 625, by the Koreish over Mohammed and 
 his followers. 
 
 Ohrdruf (or'drof). A manufacturing town in 
 Saxe-Coburg-Gqtha, Germany, situated on the 
 Ohra 8 miles south of Gotha. Population, com- 
 .rnune, 6,112. 
 
 Ohringen (e'ring-en). A town in Wiirtemberg, 
 on the Obrn 33 miles northeast of Stuttgart. 
 Population, 3,450. 
 
 Olgnon (on-yon'). A river in eastern France, 
 
 O’Keefe 
 
 chiefly i n th e d epartment of Haute-Sa6ne, which 
 joins the Saone 21 miles east of Dijon. Various 
 engagements were fought near its banks in Oct., 1870, and 
 Jan., 1871. Length, 120 miles. 
 
 Oil City (oil sit'i). A cityinVenango County, 
 northwestern Pennsylvania, situated at the 
 junction of Oil Creek and Allegheny River, 70 
 miles north by east of Pittsburg. It is noted as a 
 center for the production and distribution of oil. Popu- 
 lation, 15,657, (1910). 
 
 Oil Islands. A group of small islands in the 
 Indian Ocean; a dependency of Mauritius. 
 
 Oil Rivers Protectorate. A former British 
 protectorate in western Africa, on the coast 
 between Lagos and Kamerun. It was organized 
 in 1892, having been secured to Great Britain in 1884. It 
 is now a part of Southern Nigeria. 
 
 Oiron (wa-roh'). A small town in the depart- 
 ment of Deux-Sevres, France, 22 miles south of 
 Saumur. It has a remarkable old castle. 
 
 Oisans (wa-zon'), Alps Of. A division of the 
 Cottian Alps, known also as the Pelvoux group. 
 The Pointe des Ecrins rises to 13,460 feet. 
 
 Oise (waz). A river in northern France which 
 joins the Seine 15 miles northwest of Paris. 
 Length, 187 miles; navigable from Chauny. 
 
 Oise. A department of France, formed from 
 parts of the ancient Ile-de-France and Picar- 
 dy. Capital, Beauvais. It is bounded by Somme 
 on the north, Aisne on the east, Seine-et-Marne and Seine- 
 et-Oise on the south, and Eure and Seine-Infbrieure on the 
 west. It is traversed by the Oise, and has flourishing ag- 
 riculture and manufactures. Area, 2,272 square miles. 
 Population, 410,049. 
 
 Oisin. See Ossian. 
 
 Ojana(Sp. pron. o-Ha-na'). [Tehua of New Mex- 
 ico.] A ruin south of Santa FA The village was 
 inhabited by the Tanos (a branch of theTehuas) after 1598, 
 but was abandoned previous to the insurrection of 1680. 
 It lies near a place called C’himal. 
 
 O.ie, See Oge. 
 
 Ojeda (o-Ha' THa) , Alonso de. Born in Cuenca 
 about 1468; died at Santo Domingo, 1514 or 
 1515. A Spanish cavalier, prominent in early 
 American history. He went to Espaiiola with Colum- 
 bus, 1493, and was engaged in many audacious enterprises 
 there. Returning to Spain, he was associated with Cosa 
 and Vespucci in t he first exploration of the coasts of Guiana 
 and Venezuela (May, 1499, -June, 1500). In 1502 and 1505 
 he made other voyages to the northern coast of South 
 America. Being empowered (1508) to settle and govern 
 Nueva Andalucia (now northwestern Colombia), he fitted 
 out an expedition at Santo Domingo, sailing Nov. 10, 1509. 
 After various adventures and escapes he settled on the 
 Gulf of Urabi or Darien. The colony was soon reduced to 
 great misery, and Ojeda sailed away to seek aid. He was 
 shipwrecked on Cuba, and finally reached Santo Domingo 
 penniless and bankrupt. He died in complete poverty ; 
 but the Darien colony was eventually successful, and led to 
 the discovery of the Pacific Ocean and Peru. 
 
 Oiibwa (o-jib'wa), or Chippewa (chip'e-wa). 
 [PL, also Ojibways.'] A large tribe of North 
 American Indians. Their former range was along the 
 north and south shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, and 
 extended west across northern Minnesota to the Turtle 
 Mountains of North Dakota. The Ojibwa, Ottawa, and 
 Pottawottomi were connected in a loose confederacy desig- 
 nated as the Three Fires. When supplied with firearms in 
 the early part of the 18th century, they greatly extended 
 their territory by occupying that of the Fox, Sioux, and 
 Iroquois. They number now above 30,000, about equally 
 divided between the United States and Canada. Their 
 name seems to refer to “puckering” or “drawing up,” 
 whether, as variously contended, of the lips in speaking 
 or drinking, of a peculiar seam in the moccasin, or of the 
 skin of a roasted prisoner is uncertain. The French called 
 them Saulteurs (‘people of the falls ’), from the band first 
 met at Sault Ste. -Marie. See Algonquian. 
 
 O. K. Nom de plume of Olga Kirdeff, now Ma- 
 dame de Novikoff. 
 
 Oka (o-ka'). A river in central Russia which 
 joinstheVolgaatNijni-Novgorod. The Moskva 
 is a tributary. Length, about 900 miles; navi- 
 gable from Orel. 
 
 Okanda (5-kan'da). A Bantu tribe of French 
 Kongo, dwelling on the middle Ogowe River. 
 They are well built, and sharpen their incisors. The wo- 
 men have already substituted the European for the native 
 cloth. Their dead are sunk in the deepest parts of theriver, 
 lest their enemies should use the skulls for witchcraft. 
 
 Okanogan. See Olcinagan. 
 
 Okavango (o-ka-vang'go). A river in British 
 South Africa, also called Cubango, or Kubango. 
 
 It rises in the mountains of Portuguese West Africa, and 
 ends in the marshes and lakes of Western Rhodesia. 
 
 Okdah (ok'dii). [Ar. 'oqad-al-haitain, the knot 
 of the two threads (an Arabic translation of 
 the Greek cvv6eagoc, which was Ptolemy’s des- 
 ignation for the star).] The 44-magnitude 
 double star a Piscium, situated at the knot in 
 the ribbon by which the two fishes are tied to- 
 gether. 
 
 Okeechobee (6-ke-ch5'be), Lake. A lake in 
 southern Florida, intersected by lat. 27° N. 
 Length, about 40 miles. 
 
 O’Keefe (o-kef'), John. Born at Dublin, June 
 24, 1747 : died at Southampton, England, Feb. 
 
O’Keefe 
 
 4 , 1833 . An Irish dramatist. Hazlitt say9 he may 
 
 be called “the English Molicre. " He wrote comedies and 
 farces, including “ Wild Oats,” “The Poor Soldier,” etc. 
 Okefinokee (o"ke-fi-n6'ke) Swamp. An exten- 
 sive swamp in southeastern Georgia and the 
 adjoining part of northern Florida. 
 Okehampton (ok'hamp-ton). A town in Devon- 
 shire, England, situated on the Okement 21 
 miles west of Exeter. Population, 2,569. 
 
 Oken (o'ken) (originally Ockenfuss (ok'en- 
 fos)), Lorenz. Bom at Bohlsbach, Swabia, 
 Aug. 1, 1779 : died at Zurich, Aug. 11, 1851. A 
 German naturalist and transcendentalist nat- 
 ural philosopher. He became professor at Jenain 1807 
 
 S )ut later surrendered his professorship rather than aban- 
 on the editorship of the “Isis,” which was objectionable 
 to the authorities), at Munich in 1828, and at Zurich in 
 1861. He developed a system of nature in his “ Lehrbuch 
 der Naturphilosophie ” (“ Manual of Natural Philosophy,” 
 1808-11) and “Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte” (1813-27), 
 and also published “Allgemeine Naturgeschichte fur alle 
 Stande " (1833-41), etc. 
 
 Okfaskl. See Creelc. 
 
 Okhotsk (o-chotsk'). A small seaport in the 
 Maritime Province, East Siberia, situated on the 
 Sea of Okhotsk, at the mouth of the Okhota, in 
 lat. 59° 20' N., long. 143° 7' E. 
 
 Okhotsk, Sea of. An arm of the Pacific, nearly 
 inclosed by the peninsula of Kamchatka and 
 other parts of Siberia, Saghalin, Yezo (in Ja- 
 pan), and the Kurile Islands. It is connected with 
 the Sea of Japan by the Gulf of Tatary and La Pdrouse 
 Strait. 
 
 Okinagan (o-kin-a'gan), or Okanogan (o-kan'- 
 o-gan). The name originally given to a single 
 “band” of the Salishan stock of North Ameri- 
 can Indians. It now includes a division of that stock 
 on the Okinagan or Okinakane River, a northern branch 
 on Columbia River, Washington, and a much larger num- 
 ber at Okinagan agency, British Columbia. Those in 
 Washington number about 600. See Salishan. 
 Okinawa (o-ke-na/wa). The largest and most 
 important of the LoochooIslands,PacificOcean. 
 Oklahoma (ok-la-ho'ma). A State of the 
 United States. Capital, Oklahoma City, it 
 comprises the former territory of Oklahoma and Indian 
 Territory, which were incorporated in 1907. It is bounded 
 by Kansas and Colorado on the north, Missouri and Arkan- 
 sas on the east, Texas on the south, and Texas and New 
 Mexico on the west. The surface is rolling and hilly. 
 After the acquisition by the national government of the 
 Indian claims, the territory was thrown open to white 
 settlers, the central portion by proclamation of President 
 Harrison on April 22, 1889, a large tract in 1891, and the 
 Cherokee Strip or Outlet in the north in 1893. The terri- 
 tory was settled with extraordinary rapidity. An act en- 
 abling Oklahoma and Indian Territory to enter the Union 
 as the State of Oklahoma was passed by Congress in June, 
 1906. Area, 70,057 sq. m. Population, 1,657,155, (1910). 
 
 Oklahoma City. The capital of the State of 
 Oklahoma, on the North Fork of the Canadian 
 ★River. Population, 64,205, (1910). 
 
 Okuma (o'ko-ma), Count Shigenobu. Born in 
 Saga, February, 1838. A Japanese statesman, 
 leader of the Progressive Party until 1907. 
 He was vice-minister and minister of the treasury 1873-81, 
 and as leader of the opposition did much to promote the 
 development of constitutional government. 
 
 Olaf (o'laf), called the Lap-King. Reigned 
 993-1024. The first Christian king of Sweden. 
 Olaf (o'laf), Saint. Killed 1030. King of Nor- 
 way 1015-28. He consolidated the kingdom and 
 introduced Christianity. 
 
 Olaf Trygvesson or Trygvasson. Born 956: 
 died 1000. King of Norway about 996-1000. He 
 was the son of the petty king Trygve and his wife Astrid, 
 and was bom in exile in 956, his father having shortly be- 
 fore been murdered and his mother expelled from Norway. 
 He was educated at the court of Vladimir, grand prince 
 of Russia, and became a viking, ravaging the coasts of 
 France, Britain, and Ireland. He deposed Hakon the Bad 
 and made himself king of Norway about 996. He was 
 defeated and killed in a naval battle by the kings of Swe- 
 den and Denmark in league with disaffected Norwegian 
 jarls. 
 
 Olaguer yFeliu (o-la-gar' e fa-le-o'), Antonio. 
 Born about 1740. A Spanish general, governor 
 of Montevideo 1795, and viceroy of La Plata 
 1797-99. 
 
 Olarnentke (6-la-ment'ke). The northern divi- 
 sion of the Moquelumnan stock of North Amer- 
 ican Indians, comprising a dozen small tribes 
 which formerly lived north of San Francisco and 
 San Pablo bays, California. See Moquelumnan. 
 Oland, or Osland (e'land). An island in the Bal- 
 tic Sea, belonging to the laen of Kalmar, Swe- 
 den. It lies east of the southern part of Sweden, from 
 which it is separated by Kalmar Sound. The chief place 
 is Borgholm. Length, 90 miles. Area, 633 square miles. 
 Population, 30,408. 
 
 Olaneta (5I-an-ya'ta), Pedro Antonio. Bom 
 
 in Biscay about 1770: died at Tumusla, Upper 
 Peru (Bolivia), April 2, 1825. A Spanish gen- 
 eral. He was a poor laborer; emigrated to Upper Peru 
 and was a trader there until 1811, when he joined the roy- 
 alist army ; was rapidly promoted ; and became governor 
 of Potosi and major-general. In 1823 he defeated Santa 
 
 755 
 
 Cruz In Jan., 1824, he proclaimed the absolute authority 
 of Ferdinand VII , and threw off allegiance to the viceroy 
 La Serna. After his defeat by the latter he tried to retire 
 Into Chile, but some of his troops rebeUed and killed him. 
 
 Olberg (el'bero). A basaltic mountain, one of 
 the chief summits of the Siebengebirge, Rhine- 
 land: noted for its view. Height, 1,520 feet. 
 
 Olbers (ol'bers), Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias. 
 Born at Arbergen, near Bremen, Oct. 11, 1758: 
 died at Bremen, March 2, 1840. A German as- 
 tronomer. By profession he was a physician. He dis- 
 covered a method for calculating cometary orbits, and also 
 discovered various comets (including that of 1815) and the 
 planetoids Pallas (1802) and Vesta (1807). 
 
 Olbia (ol'bi-a). [Gr. ’OA/h'a.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a city in Scythia, a Greek colony from 
 Miletus, situated near the mouth of the Borys- 
 thenes : the modern Dnieper. 
 
 Olchone. See Olhone. 
 
 Old Abe. A nickname of Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 Old Bachelor, The. A comedy by William 
 Congreve, produced in 1693, and acted as late 
 as 1789. It was his first play. Dryden consid- 
 ered it the best he had ever seen. 
 
 Old Bailey Court. The principal criminal 
 court of England. It was on the street named Old 
 Bailey, which runs from Newgate street to Ludgate Hill. 
 The new Central Criminal Court was opened in 1905. 
 
 Oldboy, Felix. The pseudonym of J ohn Flavel 
 Mines. See *Mines. 
 
 Oldbuck (old'buk), Jonathan, Laird of Monk- 
 barns. A Scottish antiquary, the leading char- 
 acter in Scott’s novel “ The Antiquary.” 
 
 Besides this veteran, I found another ally at Preston- 
 pans in the person of George Constable, an old friend of 
 my father’s, educated to the law, but retired upon his in- 
 dependent property, and generally residing near Dundee. 
 He had many of those peculiarities of temper which long 
 afterwards I tried to develope in the character of J onathan 
 Oldbuck. . . . But my friend George was not so decided an 
 enemy to womankind as his representative Monkbarns. 
 
 Scott, quoted in Lockhart's Scott, I. 28, note. 
 
 OldBullion. A nickname of T.H. Benton, given 
 to him on account of his arguments in favor of 
 a gold and silver currency. 
 
 Oldbury (old'ber-i). A manufacturing town in 
 Worcestershire, England, 5 miles west of Bir- 
 mingham. Population, 25,191. 
 
 Oldcastle (old'kas-1), Sir John. Born in Here- 
 fordshire, England: burned at London, Dec. 25, 
 1417. An English nobleman, leader of the Lol- 
 lards, known as “the good Lord Cobham,” hav- 
 ing married the heiress of Lord Cobham. He 
 was a successful general in the French wars. About 1413 
 he was called upon to abjure the tenets of Wyclif : he re- 
 fused, was imprisoned in the Tower, but escaped and re- 
 mained in Wales until 1417, when he was captured by 
 Lord Powis. He was hung in chains upon a gallows in St. 
 Giles’s Fields, and burned alive. See Sir John Oldcastle . 
 
 Old Colony (kol'o-ni), The. The territory in 
 eastern Massachusetts occupied by the Ply- 
 mouth Colony. 
 
 Oldcraft (old'kraft), Sir Perfidious. One of 
 
 the principal characters in “Wit at Several 
 Weapons,” by Fletcher and others : a weak Sir 
 Giles Overreach. 
 
 Old Curiosity Shop, The. A novel by Dick- 
 ens, published in 1840-41. 
 
 Old Dessauer (des'sou-er), The. A name popu- 
 larly given to Leopold, prince of Anhalt-Des- 
 sau, a Prussian general. 
 
 Old Dominion (do-min'yon), The. A name 
 popularly given to the State of Virginia, its 
 -origin is variously explained. Perhaps the best account is 
 that Captain John Smith called Virginia “Old Virginia" 
 to distinguish it from “New Virginia,” as the New Eng- 
 land colony was called. The colony of Virginia was al- 
 luded to in documents as “the colony and dominion of 
 Virginia ”: hence the phrase “ the Old Dominion. ” 
 
 Oldenbarneveldt. See Barneveld. 
 
 Oldenburg (ol'den-berg; G. pron. ol'den-borG). 
 
 1. A grand duchy of northern Germany, and 
 state of the German Empire. Capital, Olden- 
 burg. It comprises the duchy proper of Oldenburg and 
 the principalities of Birkenfeld and Liibeck. The duchy 
 of Oldenburg is bounded by the North Sea on the north, 
 Hannover and Bremen on the east, and Hannover on the 
 south and west. The surface is generally flat. The chief 
 occupation is agriculture : it is noted for its live stock. 
 The government of Oldenburg is ahereditary constitutional 
 monarchy, under a grand duke and a Landtag of one cham- 
 ber : it sends 1 member to the Bundesrat, and 3 members 
 to the Reichstag. The prevailing religion is Protestant. 
 Oldenburg was ruled by counts as early as the 11th century ; 
 passed under the rule of Denmark in 1667 ; was ceded to the 
 Holstein Gottorp line in 1773; was raised to a duchy in 
 1777; gained and lost territory by the changes of 1803; 
 joined the Confederation of the Rhine in 1808; was an- 
 nexed to France in 1810 ; was restored to self-government 
 in 1813 ; entered the Germanic Confederation in 1815 ; 
 gained additions of territory in 1817 and 1818 ; assumed 
 the rank of a grand duchy in 1829 ; sided with Prussia in 
 1866 ; and joined the North German Confederation in 186G. 
 Area, 2,482 square miles. Population, 438,856. 
 
 2. The capital of the grand duchy of Olden- 
 burg, situated on the Hunte in lat. 53° 8' N., 
 
 Old Law, The 
 
 long. 8° 12' E. It has a trade in horses. Its Resident 
 Schloss, palace, library, and Augusteum museum are nota- 
 ble. It was the birthplace of Herbart. Population, 
 commune, 28,566. 
 
 Oldenburg, House Of. A noble German family 
 which rose to prominence in the 15th century. 
 The principal lines are (a) the line of counts in Oldenburg 
 ext inguished in 1667; (6) the royal Danish line extinguished 
 in 1863 ; (e) the Gottorp or Holstein-Gottorp line, which had 
 branches in Russia, Sweden, and Oldenburg ; (d) the Son- 
 derburg or Holstein-Sonderburg line, with its branch the 
 Augustenburg line ; and (e) the Beck or Gliicksburg line, 
 now in possession of the Danish throne. 
 
 Oldenburg Proper. The main portion of the 
 grand duchy of Oldenburg. 
 
 Old English Baron, The. A story by Clara 
 Reeve, published in 1777 : intended to combine 
 the romance and the novel by making the for- 
 mer more probable. It had great popularity. 
 Oldfield (old'feld), Anne. Born at London, 
 1683: died there, Oct. 23, 1730. A noted Eng- 
 lish actress. Rich took her into his company at fifteen 
 shillings a week in 1700. In 1704 Cibber assigned to her the 
 part of Lady Betty Modish in his “Careless Husband, ’’and 
 she won immediate success. By 1706 she was held to be 
 the rival of Mrs. Bracegirdle. She was the original repre- 
 sentative of 65 characters, the greater part of which belong 
 to genteel comedy. She played tragic parts with great dig- 
 nity and feeling, but in Lady Betty Modish, Lady Townley, 
 Sylvia, and Mrs. Sullen she was probably never equaled. 
 Mrs. Oldfield in private life was not without reproach. 
 She lived for some years with Arthur Mayn waring, a wealthy 
 bachelor, handsome and accomplished, by whom she had 
 a son who bore his father’s name and surname. Later, 
 and after the death of Mr. Maynwaring, she was “under 
 the protection " of General Churchill, the son of an elder 
 brother of the Duke of Marlborough, by whom she had 
 also one son, who married Lady Mary Walpole, a natural 
 daughter of Sir Robert, for whom he obtained the rank of 
 an earl’s daughter. When Mrs. Oldfield died her remains 
 lay in state in the Jerusalem Chamber of Westminster 
 Abbey, and there she was buried at the west end of the 
 south aisle. 
 
 Old Fortunatus. A play by Dekker, printed 
 in 1600 with the title “ The Pleasant History of 
 Old Fortunatus.” It was acted in 1595-96, and 
 part of it was written as early as 1590. See 
 Fortunatus. 
 
 Old Fox, The. A nickname of Marshal Soult. 
 Old French War, The, or The Old French 
 and Indian War. See French and Indian War. 
 Old Glory. A popular name for the United 
 States flag. 
 
 Old Grimes. The title of one of Crabbe’s tales 
 in verse ; also, a ballad by Albert G. Greene. 
 Old Grog. A nickname given to Admiral Ver- 
 non, who introduced the beverage grog (about 
 1745). The name is said to be due to his grogram breeches 
 (or, according to another account, the grogram cloak he 
 wore in foul weather). 
 
 Old Guard, The. A noted body of troops in 
 the army of Napoleon I. It made the last 
 French charge at the battle of Waterloo. 
 Oldham (old'am). A town in Lancashire, Eng- 
 land, 6 miles northeast of Manchester, it is one 
 of the principal seats of cotton manufacture in the world, 
 and has other extensive manufactures. It returns 2 
 members to Parliament. Population, 147,495, (1911). 
 Oldham, John. Born in England : killed 1635. 
 An English settler in New England. His mur- 
 der by Indians brought on the Pequot war. 
 Oldham, John. Born at Shipton, Gloucester- 
 shire, England, 1653 : died at Holme Pierrepoint, 
 Nottinghamshire, 1683. An English satirical 
 poet. His “Four Satires upon the Jesuits ” (1679) at- 
 tracted much attention. He also wrote “Some New 
 Pieces ” (1681). His works were collected and published 
 in 1703, 1 770, and 1854, the last edition with memoir. 
 
 Old Harry. The devil. 
 
 Old Heads and Young Hearts. A play by 
 Boucicault, produced in 1844. 
 
 Old Hickory. A nickname of Andrew Jack- 
 son. It was given to him for the toughness and 
 sturdiness of his character. 
 
 Old Hundredth, or Old Hundred. A popular 
 psalm-tune, first published in the “Genevan 
 Psalter” about 1551-52, edited by Louis Bour- 
 geois. It was originally adapted to Beza’s version of 
 the 134th Psalm, but when adopted in England was set 
 to Kethe’s version of tire 100th Psalm. It was at first known 
 as the “ Hundredth,” but in 1696, when Tate and Brady 
 published their “New Version,” the word “Old ’’was used 
 to show that the tune was the one which had been in use 
 in the previous Psalter (Stemhold and Hopkins’s). It is 
 now generally suug to the doxology, “Praise God, from 
 whom all blessings flow.” 
 
 Old Ironsides. The popular name of the United 
 States frigate Constitution. 
 
 Old Lady of Threadneedle Street. A name 
 given to the Bank of England, from its location 
 in Threadneedle street, London. 
 
 Old Law, The, or a New Way to Please You. 
 A play published in 1656 as by Massinger, Mid- 
 dleton, and Rowley. The original play was cer- 
 tainly written by Middleton in 1699, and acted in 1600. 
 Massinger possibly revised it much later. 
 
Old Maids 
 
 Old Maids. A comedy by Sheridan Knowles, 
 produced in 1841. 
 
 Old Man Eloquent, The. A name originally 
 applied by Milton to Isocrates, it has also been 
 given to S. T. Coleridge, John Quincy Adams, and others. 
 
 Old Man of the Mountain, The. The chief 
 of the order of the Assassins (which see). 
 
 Old Man of the Sea, The. In the “Arabian 
 Nights’ Entertainments,” a monster who leaped 
 on the back of Sindbad the sailor, clinging to him 
 and refusing to dismount. Hence the name is ap- 
 plied to any person of whom one cannot get rid. 
 Oldmixon (old'mik-son), John. Born in Som- 
 erset, 1673: died at London, 1742. An English 
 historical writer. He was dull and insipid. He 
 abused Pope in his “ Essay on Criticism in Prose ” (1728), 
 and was promptly scarified in the “Dunciad" (ii. 283). 
 Among his other works are “The British Empire in 
 America" (1708), “Critical History of England, etc.” (1726), 
 “History of England” (1729-39), “Memoirs of the Press, 
 etc.” (1742), etc. 
 
 Old Morality. A nickname of William Henry 
 Smith (1825-91), a prominent English Conser- 
 vative politician : given apparently with a pun- 
 ning allusion to Scott’s “ Old Mortality.” 
 
 Old Mortality. A historical novel by Sir 
 Walter Scott, published in 1816. The scene is laid 
 in Scotland during the rising of the Covenanters in 1679. 
 It is so called from the epithet given to Robert Paterson, 
 who passed his life in restoring the gravestones of the 
 Covenanters. 
 
 Old Nick. A name of the devil. 
 
 Our popular name for the evil one, Old Nick, is a word 
 of this class. The nickers held a conspicuous place in 
 German romance and story — they are frequently spoken 
 of in the Anglo-Saxon poem of Beowulf. They were water- 
 fairies, and dwelt in the lakes and rivers as well as in the 
 sea. So late as the fifteenth century, a MS. dictionary in Eng- 
 lish andLatin explains nicker by “sirena.” At present, in 
 our island, the word is only preserved in the name of the 
 devil. Old Nick. T. Wright, Essays, I. 255. 
 
 Old North State, The. A name sometimes 
 given to North Carolina. 
 
 Old Orchard Beach. A seaside resort in York 
 County, Maine, situated on Saco Bay 11 miles 
 south-southwest of Portland. 
 
 Old Point Comfort. A watering-place in Vir- 
 ginia, situated at the mouth of the James River, 
 13 miles north of Norfolk. It is close to Fort 
 Monroe. 
 
 Old Princely Houses. In the Old German Em- 
 pire, those houses which had been represented 
 among the princes as early as the Reichstag of 
 Augsburg in 1582. 
 
 Old Probabilities. A nickname for the chief 
 signal-officer of the Signal-service Bureau: 
 sometimes abbreviated to Old Probs. 
 
 Old Prussia (prush'a). 1. That part of Prus- 
 sia which belonged to the kingdom previous to 
 the beginning of the 19th century : often ap- 
 plied to East Prussia, West Prussia, Pomerania, 
 and Brandenburg(includingsometimes Silesia). 
 — 2. East and West Prussia- 
 Old Public Functionary, The. A nickname 
 given to James Buchanan. 
 
 Old Put (put). A nickname of General Israel 
 Putnam. 
 
 Old Reliable. A nickname of General George 
 H. Thomas. 
 
 OldSarum (sa'rum). A place two miles from 
 Salisbury, England: an ancient Celtic and later 
 a Roman fortress. Cynric defeated the Britons here in 
 552. It was sacked by the Hanes in 1003. The cathedral 
 was removed to New Sarum in 1218. It was long noted 
 as the most notorious of “ rotten boroughs,” there being, 
 indeed, not a single house within its limits when it was 
 disfranchised in 1832. 
 
 Oldstyle, Jonathan. See Irving, Washington. 
 Old South Church. A church built in Boston 
 in 1729, on the site of an earlier meeting-house 
 on the corner of Washington and Milk streets. 
 It is famous as the scene of some of the most stirring meet- 
 ings of Revolutionary times. The Britisu turned it into 
 a riding-school in 1< 75, but it was afterward restored to its 
 proper use. The annual election sermons were delivered 
 here, with few interruptions, from 1712 to 1872. After the 
 latter date it was for some time used as a post-office, and 
 now contains an interesting collection of historical relics. 
 
 Old Testament. See Testament. 
 
 Old Town (toun). A city in Penobscot Coun- 
 ty, Maine, situated on the Penobscot 12 miles 
 north of Bangor. Population, 6,317, (1910). 
 Old Wives’ Tale, The. A comedy written by 
 George Peele and printed in 1595 : acted some 
 years earlier. 
 
 The Old Wives' Tale [of Peele] pretty certainly furnished 
 Milton with the subject of “Comus,” and this is its chief 
 merit. Saintubury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 71. 
 
 Old World, The. A name often given to Eu- 
 rope, or to the eastern hemisphere, since the 
 discovery of America. 
 
 Olearius (o-le-a/ri-us ; G. pron. o-la-a're-os) 
 (Latinized from Olschlager), Adam. Bom at 
 
 756 
 
 Asehersleben, Prussia, about 1600: died Feb. 
 22, 1671. A German traveler in Russia and 
 Persia, and author. He wrote a description of 
 his travels. 
 
 Ole Bull. See Bull. 
 
 Oleggio (o-led'jo). A town in the province of 
 Novara, Italy, 29 miles west-northwest of Mi- 
 lan. Population, commune, 9,059. 
 
 Oleron (o-la-ron'), or Oloron (o-lo-r&n'). An 
 island west of France, situated in lat. 46° 2' N., 
 opposite the mouths of the Charente and Seudre. 
 It belongs to the department of Charente-In- 
 ferieure. Length, 19 miles. Area, 59 square 
 miles. 
 
 Oleron (o-la-roh'), Judgments of. A code of 
 maritime laws in use in western Europe in the 
 middle ages. It is the oldest collection of modem 
 maritime laws, and is supposed to have been promulgated 
 by Eleanor, duchess of Guienne, mother of Richard I. of 
 England, at Offiron, about the middle of the 12th century, 
 and to have been introduced into England, with some ad- 
 ditions, in the reign of Richard I. 
 
 Olevano (o-la-va'no). A town in the province of 
 Rome, Italy, 30 miles east of Rome. It is noted 
 for its picturesque environs. 
 
 Olevianus (o-le-vi-a'nus ; G. pron. o-la-ve-a'- 
 nos), Kaspar. Born at Treves, Prussia, Aug. 10, 
 1536: dieclat Herborn, Prussia, March 15, 1587. 
 A German theologian, one of the founders of 
 the German Reformed Church. 
 
 Olhao (ol-yan). A seaport in the province of 
 Algarve, southern Portugal, situated on the 
 Atlantic 6 miles east of Faro. Population, 
 commune, 10,009. 
 
 Olhone (ol-ho'na), or Olchone, or Oljon. A 
 
 tribe of North American Indians, formerly on 
 Ban Francisco Bay, California. See Costanoan. 
 
 01id( o-leTH'), Cristobal de. Bom, probably in 
 Baeza, about 1487 : killed in Honduras near the 
 end of 1524. A Spanish captain. He went to Darien 
 and thence to Cuba ; was prominent under Cortes in the 
 conquest of Mexico, 1519-21 ; invaded Michoacan 1522 
 and 1523, founding Zacatula ; headed an expedition to Co- 
 lima; and in Jan., 1524, was sent by Cortes to conquer 
 Honduras, which had already been invaded by Gil Gonza- 
 lez Davila. On his arrival there he threw off the authority 
 of Cortds, and the latter sent Francisco de las Casas against 
 him. Both Casas and Gil Gonzalez fell into Olid’s hands, 
 but they found occasion to attack and kill him. 
 
 Olier (o-lya'), Jean Jacques. Born at Paris, 
 1608: died there, 1657. A French ecclesiastic 
 and writer, founder of the seminary of St. Sul- 
 pice in Paris. 
 
 Olifant (ol'i-fant) River. A river in South 
 Africa, the principal right-hand affluent of the 
 Limpopo. It rises near Heidelberg in the Transvaal, 
 runs mainly northeast, and joins the Limpopo in Portu- 
 guese territory. 
 
 Olifaunt (ol'i-fant), Nigel. The principal char- 
 acter in Scott’s “Fortunes of Nigel.” He was 
 Lord Glenvarloch in virtue of his castle and 
 estates. 
 
 Olin (o'lin), Stephen. Born at Leicester, Vt., 
 March, 1797 : died at Middletown, Conn., Aug. 
 16, 1851. An American Methodist clergyman 
 and educator, president of Wesleyan Univer- 
 sity, Middletown, 1842-51. 
 
 Olinda (o-len'da). The episcopal city of the 
 state of Pernambuco, Brazil, on a promontory 
 of the coast 3 miles north of the capital, it was 
 founded in 1535, was the early colonial capital of Pernam- 
 buco and of the Dutch in Brazil 1630-64, and was the prin- 
 cipal commercial city of northern Brazil until 1710. Pop- 
 ulation, municipio, 18,804. 
 
 Olinda, Marquis of. See Araujo Lima, Pedro de. 
 
 Oliphant, Carolina. See Nairne, Baroness. 
 
 Oliphant (ol'i-fant), Laurence. Born in Cape 
 Town, 1829; died at Twickenham, England, Dec. 
 23, 1388. An English traveler, diplomatist, and 
 author. He was the son of Anthony Oliphant, chief jus- 
 tice of Ceylon. In 18u7 he joined a semi-mystical cora- 
 muni’y in America, f unded by Thomas Lake Harr,s, who 
 exercised unbounded influence over him. In 1881. hisfai.h 
 in Harris having been destroyed, he took up the scheme for 
 the colonization of Palestine by the Jews. He published 
 “Journey to Katmandu” (1852), “Russian Shores of the 
 Black Sea ” (1853), works on the Crimean war, “Minnesota, 
 etc.” (1855), “ The Narrative of the Earl of Elgin's Mission 
 to China and Japan, etc. "(I860), “ Piccadilly "(1870), “Al- 
 tiora Peto," a novel (1883), “Massollam” (1886), “Sym- 
 pneumatsea” (1886), “Scientific Religion” (1888). 
 
 Oliphant, Mrs. (Margaret Oliphant Wilson). 
 
 Born at Wallyford, Midlothian, in 1828 : died at 
 London, June 25, 1897. A British novelist and 
 biographical writer. She wrote various stories of Scot- 
 tish life, “ Passages in the Lite of Mrs. Margaret Maitland 
 of Suunyside " (1849), etc., and “Zaidee" (1855), “Chroni- 
 cles of Carlingford" (1861-64 : her first great success), and 
 many other novels. She also published a “Life of Edward 
 Irving ” (1862), “Historical sketches of theReign of George 
 II. ” (1869), “The Makers of Florence ”(1876), “The Literary 
 History of England” (1882), “The Makers of V enice "(1888), 
 and “ Royal Edinburgh ” (1890). 
 
 Olisipo (o-lis'i-po) . The ancient name of Lisbon. 
 
 Oliva (o-le'va). A town in the province of Va- 
 
 Ollantay-tambo 
 
 lencia, Spain , 40 miles south-southeast of Valen- 
 cia. Population, 7,956. 
 
 Oliva (o-le'fa). A small town in the province 
 of West Prussia, Prussia, 5 miles northwest of 
 Dantzic. 
 
 Oliva (o-le'va), Fernan Perez de. Born at Cor- 
 dova, Spain, about 1492: died about 1530. A 
 Spanish scholar and author. His chief work is a 
 “ Dialogo de la dignidad del hombre” (“Dialogue on the 
 Dignity of Man ”). 
 
 Oliva (o-le'fa), Peace of. A peace concluded 
 in 1660 at Oliva, Prussia, between Sweden, Po- 
 land, the Empire, and Brandenburg. Sweden 
 received important concessions from Poland, 
 and renounced Courland. 
 
 Olivant (ol'i-vant). The magic horn of Or- 
 lando : it could be heard at a distance of 20 miles. 
 Olivares (o-le-va'ras), Miguel de. Born at 
 Chilian, 1674: died at Imola, Italy, about 1773. 
 A Jesuit historian. He was a missionary in Chile 
 1701-67, and traveled in all parts of the country. His two 
 works “ Historia militar, civil y sagrada del reinode Chile” 
 and “Historia de la Compafiia de Jesds en Chile” were 
 published in the collection of “ Historiadores de Chile ” in 
 1874. 
 
 Olivarez (o-le-va'reth), Count (Gasparo de 
 Guzman). Born at Rome, Jan. 6, 1587: died 
 at Toro, Spain, July 22, 1645. A Spanish states- 
 man. He was prime minister 1621-43; waged war unsuc- 
 cessfully with the Netherlands, France, and the Catalo- 
 nians ; and was exiled in 1643. 
 
 Olivenza (o-le-ven'tha). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Badajoz, Spain, 18 miles south of Bada- 
 joz. Population, 9,066. 
 
 Oliver (ol'i-ver). [L. Oliverus, F. Olivier, It. 
 Oliviero, Uliviero, Sp. Pg. Oliverio, G. Dan. Oli- 
 ver .] 1. One of the twelve peers of Charle- 
 
 magne. See Boland. — 2. In Shakspere’s “As 
 you Like it,” the elder brother of Orlando. 
 Oliver (ol'i-ver), Andrew. Born at Boston, 
 March 28, 1706: died there, March 3, 1774. An 
 American politician. He was stamp-distributer in 
 Boston in 1765, and later lieutenant-governor of Massa- 
 chusetts 
 
 Oliver, Henry Kemble. Born 1800 : died 1885. 
 An American composer, chiefly of church music. 
 Oliver, Isaac. Born 1556 : died about 1617. A 
 painter, a pupil of Nicholas Hilliard and Zuc- 
 chero. He painted the portraits of Queen Elizabeth, 
 Mary Stuart, Prince Henry, Ben Jonson, Sir Philip Syd- 
 ney, and others. He left a treatise on painting. 
 
 Oliver, Peter. Born at Boston, March 26, 1713 : 
 died at Birmingham, England, Oct. 13, 1791. An 
 American jurist, brother of Andrew Oliver. He 
 became chief justice of Massachusetts in 1771; and was 
 impeached in 1774. He was a Tory in the Revolution. 
 Oliver le Dain (ol'i-ver le dan). The barber 
 and intimate adviser of Louis XI. of France, 
 introduced as a character in Scott’s novel 
 “Quentin Durward.” 
 
 Oliver Twist. A novel by Dickens, published 
 in 1837—38. Named from it s pri ncipal character, a work- 
 house orphan. One of its puiposes was to promote reform 
 of the abuses in almshouses. 
 
 Olives, Mount of. See Olivet , Mount. 
 
 Olivet (ol'i-vet), Mount, or Mount of Olives 
 
 (ol'ivz). A ridge containing several elevations, 
 situated east of Jerusalem. It is often mentioned 
 in Scripture history. Its highest summit is 2,672 feet 
 above sea-level. 
 
 Olivia (o-liv'i-a). 1 . A character in Shakspere’s 
 “Twelfth Night.” — 2. In Wycherley’s comedy 
 “ The Plain Dealer,” a woman with whom Manly 
 is in love: a detracting, treacherous creature 
 who deceives him vilely. — 3. One of the prin- 
 cipal characters in Goldsmith’s comedy “The 
 Good-natured Man.” — 4. A daughter of the 
 vicar in Goldsmith’s “Vicar of Wakefield.” 
 See Primrose. — 5. The principal character in 
 Mrs. Cowley’s “Bold Stroke for a Husband.” 
 Olivier (o-le-vya'), Guillaume Antoine. Born 
 near Toulon, France, 1756: died at Lyons, 1814. 
 A French naturalist and traveler, especially 
 noted as an entomologist. 
 
 Ollanta (ol-yan'ta). A popular Indian play, 
 in Quichua, composed in the 16th century, 
 under the influence of the church. It has very 
 slight, if any, historical foundation. Under 
 the erroneous assumption that it was primitive 
 and authentic, it has been repeatedly translat- 
 ed into various languages. Also written Ollan- 
 tcii or Ollantuy. 
 
 Ollantay-tambo (ol-yan'tl-tam'bo). [Quichua, 
 
 ‘ house of Ollanta.’] A ruined Inca settlement 
 of the department of Cuzco, Peru, in the valley 
 of the Urubamba, 41 miles northeast of Cuzco. 
 The place was a frontier post of the Incas, and 
 is connected with many events in their history, 
 as well as with the legend of Ollanta (which 
 see). The buildings are in a remarkably per- 
 
Ollantay-tambo 
 
 feet condition, and some of them rest on older 
 foundations, supposed to be pre-Incarial. 
 There is a small modern village on the site. 
 Ollapod (ol'a-pod), Doctor. A character in 
 Colman the younger’s comedy “ The Poor Gen- 
 tleman.” He is a warlike apothecary, and also a cornet 
 in a militia troop, noted for his “jumble of physic and 
 shooting" and his harmless prescriptions. 
 
 Ollivier (o-le-vya'), Emile. Bom at Marseilles 
 1825. A French politician , premier J an.-Aug. , 
 1870. 
 
 Olmecs (ol-meks'), or Olmecas (ol-ma'kaz). A 
 traditional and perhaps mythical tribe or race 
 of Indians, said to have inhabited portions of 
 the Mexican plateau before the advent of the 
 Aztecas. Accounts of them are very vague, and agree 
 only in describing them as savages. It has been sug- 
 gested that the Chinantecs were descended from them. 
 Also written Ulmecs, Hulmecas, etc. 
 
 Olmedo (ol-ma'THo), Jose Joaquin. Born at 
 Guayaquil, 1782 : died there, Feb. 17, 1847. An 
 Ecuadorian politician and poet. He was a leader 
 of the revolt against the Spaniards in Oct., 1820, and a mem- 
 ber of the first patriot j uuta 1820-22, but opposed the union 
 with Colombia. Subsequently he held various civil po- 
 sitions, and in 1845 was a member of the provisional gov- 
 ernment. His poems, principally lyrics, are very popular. 
 Olmsted ( om'sted or um'sted) , Denison. Born 
 at East Hartford, Conn., June 18, 1791: died at 
 New Haven, Conn., May 13, 1859. An Ameri- 
 can physicist, astronomer, meteorologist, and 
 geologist. He published text-books on astron- 
 omy and natural philosophy, etc. 
 
 Olmsted, Frederick Law. Bom at Hartford, 
 Conn., April 26, 1822 : died at Waverly, Mass., 
 Aug. 28, 1903. An American landscape-gar- 
 dener. In 1850 he made a pedestrian tour through Eng- 
 land and a short continental trip, recorded in “ Walks and 
 Talks of an American Farmer in England ” (1852). On his 
 return lie traveled in the United S.ates, and published “A 
 Journey in the Seaboard Slave States ” (1856), “ A Journey 
 through Texas” (1857), ‘‘A Journey in the Back Country " 
 (1860), “The Cotton Kingdom” (1861), etc. When the work 
 on Central Park, New York, was bee un hewasmade super- 
 intendent, and Collaborated with Mr. Vauxin preparinga 
 plan which was successful in competition. During the war 
 he acted as secretary of the Sanitary Commission. After 
 severing his connection with it, he spent two years in Cali- 
 fornia, spending much time in the Yosemite Valley in an 
 official capacity. In 1879 he made a trip to Europe, and 
 on returning took charge of the Back Bay Park in Boston. 
 His most successful undertaking was the laying out of 
 Jackson Park, Chicago, for the Columbian Exposition. 
 Olmiitz (oF milts), Slavic 01omouc(6-16-m6ts'). 
 The third city of Moravia, situated on an isl- 
 and in the March, in lat. 49° 36' N., long. 17° 
 14' E. it was formerly one of the chief fortresses of 
 the Austrian empire. Among the old buildings are the 
 cathedral, Rathaus, and Mauritiuskirche. It is the seat 
 of an archbishop, and contained a university (now limited 
 to a theological faculty). It was the capital of Moravia 
 until 1640 ; was taken by the Swedes in 1642, and by the 
 Prussians in 1741 ; and was unsuccessfully besieged by 
 the Prussians in 1758. Population, 22,257, (1910). 
 
 Olmiitz Conference. A conference between 
 Prussia (represented by Von Manteuifel) and 
 Austria (represented by Schwarzenberg) under 
 the mediation of Russia, Nov. 28-29, 1850, re- 
 specting affairs in Germany, particularly in 
 Hesse and Schleswig-Holstein, whose popula- 
 tions were in revolt against their respective 
 rulers, the Elector of Hesse and the King of 
 Denmark. Schleswig-Holstein was abandoned to Den- 
 mark, and the Elector of Hesse was reinstated in power. 
 Olney (ol'ni). A small town in Buckinghamshire, 
 England, situated on the Ouse 53 miles north- 
 west of London. It was the residence of the 
 poet Cowper. 
 
 Olney, Richard. Born at Oxford, Mass., 1835. 
 An American lawyer and statesman. He grad- 
 uated from Brown University in 1856, and from 
 the Harvard Law School in 1858. In 1893 Presi- 
 dentCleveland appointedhim attorney-general, 
 and in 1895 (on the death of Walter Q. Gresham) 
 secretary of state (retired 1897). 
 
 Olney Hymns. A collection of hymns writ- 
 ten by William Cowper and JohnNewton, pub- 
 lished 1779. 
 
 Olonetz (6-lo'nets). A government in north- 
 western Russia, lyingeast of Finland and north 
 of the governments of St. Petersburg and Nov- 
 gorod. Capital, Petrozavodsk. It contains Lake 
 Onega and many other lakes. Area, 49,355 square miles. 
 Population, 422,200. 
 
 Oloron. See OUron. 
 
 Oloron-Sainte-Marie (o-16-ron'sant-ma-re'). 
 A town in the department of I lasses-Py rondos, 
 France, situated on the rivers Aspe andOssau, 
 17 miles southwest of Pau. Population, com- 
 mune, 9,281. 
 
 Ols, or Oels (els). A town in the province of 
 Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Olsa 17 miles 
 east-northeast of Breslau. It was formerly the 
 
 757 
 
 capital of a principality. Population, com- 
 mune, 10,944. 
 
 Olshausen (ols'hou-zen), Hermann. Bom at 
 Oldesloe, Holstein, Aug., 1796: died at Erlan- 
 gen, Bavaria, Sept. 4, 1839. A German Protes- 
 tant exegete, professor of theology at Konigs- 
 berg 1821-34, and at Erlangen 1834-39. He 
 wrote a commentary on the New Testament 
 (1830-40), etc. 
 
 Olshausen (ols'hou-zen), Justus. Born at Ho- 
 henfelde, Holstein, May 9, 1800 : died at Berlin, 
 Dec. 28, 1882. A German Orientalist, brother of 
 Hermann Olshausen. He was professor at Kiel 1823- 
 1852, and at Konigsberg 1853-58, and was connected with 
 the Prussian ministry of instruction lS r 8-74. He wrote 
 ..works on Persian topics and on the Old Testament. 
 Olsnitz (els'nits). A town in the kingdom of 
 Saxony, situated on the Elster 25 miles south- 
 west of Zwickau. Population, 14,539. 
 
 Olten (ol' ten). A town in the canton of Solo- 
 thurn, Switzerland, situated on the Aare 21 
 miles southeast of Basel. It is a railway cen- 
 ter. Population, 6,969. 
 
 Oltenitza (ol-te-net'sa). A small town in Ru- 
 mania, at the junction of the Arjish with the 
 Danube, 37 miles southeast of Bukharest. 
 Here, Nov. 4, 1853, and July 29, 1854, the Turks 
 defeated the Russians. Population, 6,507. 
 Olustee (o-lus'te). A place in Baker County, 
 northern Florida, 47 miles west of Jacksonville. 
 
 Here, Feb. 20, 1864, the Federals under Seymour were de- 
 feated by the Confederates under Finnegan. The Federal 
 loss was 1,828 ; the Confederate, 500. 
 
 Olviopol (ol-ve-o'pol). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Kherson, southern Russia, situated on 
 the Bug 128 miles north west of Kherson. Pop- 
 ulation, 6,838. 
 
 Olybrius (o-lib'ri-ns). Roman emperor, 472. 
 Olympia (o-lim'pi-a). [Gr. ’O^vjuma.] In ancient 
 geography, a valley in Elis, Peloponnesus, 
 Greece, situated on the Alpheus in lat. 37° 38' 
 N. , long. 21° 38' E. It is famous as the seat of a cele- 
 brated sanctuary of Zeus and of the Olympic games, the 
 most important of the great public games of classical an- 
 tiquity. (S ee Olympic games.) Theoriginsof the sanctuary 
 and of the games are anterior to history : according to tra- 
 dition the latter were reorganized, in obedience to the 
 Delphic oracle, in the 9th century B. c. The list of Olym- 
 pian victors goes back to 776 B. c., which is the first year 
 of the first Olympiad : but the Olympiads did not come 
 into accepted use in chronology until much later. The 
 sanctuary was situated in the valley between the rivers 
 Cladeus and Alpheus, at the foot of the lull of Cronus. A 
 trapeziform inclosure called the Altis, about 500 by 600 
 feet, surrounded the temple of Zeus, the Heneurn, the Me- 
 troum, the treasuries of the various Greek cities and states, 
 and other buildings, besides numberless statues and other 
 works of art, and steles with commemorative inscriptions. 
 Outside of the Altis lay the Bouleuterion or senate-house, 
 the Stadium, which was the chief scene of the athletic 
 contests, and a number of large gymnasia, and thermae, 
 the last chiefly of Roman date. The Olympic games were 
 abolished by Theodosius in 39i A. i>. The monuments were 
 much shattered by earthquakes in the 6tli century, and as 
 time went on were progressively buried by landslips from 
 Cronus and inundations of the Cladeus and Alpheus, in 
 one of which the hippodrome was entirely washed away. 
 Sand and earth were deposited to a depth of from 10 to 20 
 feet over the ruins. In 1829 the French Expedition de 
 Mor6e made some superficial excavations, and recovered 
 some sculptures (now in the Louvre) from the Zeus temple. 
 In six seasons of work after 18/4, the German government 
 laid bare down to the ancient level the greater pai t of what 
 survives of the sanctuary. The sculptural finds were less 
 than had been hoped for, though they include two capital 
 pieces — the Hermes of Praxiteles and the Nike of Paeo- 
 nius. In the departments of architecture and epigraphy, 
 however, theGerman excavations takerankasthe most im- 
 portant that have been made. The antiquities discovered 
 are preserved on the site, the more precious in a museum 
 built for the purpose. The temple of Zeus, dating from 
 the early part of the 6th century B. c.,is a Doric peripteros 
 of 6 by 13 columns, measuring 90) by 210) feet : the col- 
 umns were over 7 feet in base-diameter and 34 high The 
 cella had pronaos and opisthodomos with 2 columns 
 in antis and 2 interior ranges of 7 columns. In the cella 
 stood the famous chryselephantine statue of Zeus, seated, 
 about 40 feet high, by Phidias. The pediments were filled 
 with important groups of sculpture, much of which has 
 been recovered. That of the eastern pediment represents 
 the chariot-race of Pelops and (Enomaus, under the presi- 
 dency of Zeus ; t hat of the western the fight between Lapitiis 
 and Centaurs in presence of Apollo. The end walls of 
 the cella bore a Doric frieze with very fine sculptured met- 
 opes representingthe exploits of Hercules. The Hersenm, 
 or temple of Hera, a temple of very ancient foundation, 
 showing evidences of original construction in wood and 
 unburned brick partly replaced piecemeal in stone with 
 the advance of time, is a large Doric peripteros of 6 by 16 
 columns: the cella had pronaos and opisthodomos in antis, 
 and was divided in the interior into 3 aisles by 2 ranges of 
 columns. The famous Hermes of Praxiteles was found in 
 this temple. The Philippeum is a circular building built 
 by Philip of Macedon about 336 B. c. The cella was sur- 
 rounded by a peristyle of 18 Ionic columns, and had in the 
 interior a range of Corinthian columns, and chryselephan- 
 tine statues of Philip and his family. 
 
 Olympia. The capital of the State of Washington 
 and of Thurston County, situated at the south- 
 ern extremity of Puget Sound, about lat. 47° 
 4' N., long. 122° 55' W. Population, 6,996, 
 (1910). 
 
 Omagh 
 
 Olympia. An American armored cruiser, of 
 5,870 tons displacement, launched in 1892. 8he 
 has been the flagship of the Asiatic squadron during the 
 Spanish-American war and later troubles in the Philip- 
 pines. 
 
 Olympian (o-lim'pi-an), The. A surname of 
 Pericles. 
 
 Olympian Zeus. See Zeus. 
 
 Olympian Zeus, Temple of. See Olympieum. 
 Olympias (6-lim'pi-as). [Gr. ’OAu/rrr/df.] Put 
 to death 316 B. c. The wife of Philip n. of 
 Macedon, and mother of Alexander the Great. 
 She was involved in the wars of Alexander’s successors; 
 ^.allied with Polysperchon against Cassander 317 b. c. 
 
 Olympic games, The. The greatest of the four 
 Panhellenic festivals of the ancient Greeks. 
 They were celebrated at intervals of four years, in honor 
 of Zeus, in a sacred inclosure called the Altis, iu the 
 plain of Olympia (which see), containing many temples 
 and religious, civic, and gymnastic structures, besides 
 countless votive works of art. The festival began with 
 sacrifices followed by contests and racing, wrestling, etc., 
 and closed on the fifth day with processions, sacrifices, 
 and banquets to the victors. The victors were crowned 
 with garlands ol wild olive ; and on their return home they 
 were received with extraordinary distinction, and enjoyed 
 numerous honors and privileges The period of four years 
 intervening between one celebration and the next, called 
 an Olympiad, is notable as the measure by which the 
 Greeks computed time — 776 B. c. be, ng the reputed first 
 year of the first Olympiad. 
 
 Olympieum (o-lim-pi-e'um), or Temple of 
 Olympian Zeus. A temple founded at Athens 
 by Pisistratus, but not completed in the form 
 represented by the existing ruins until the reign 
 of Hadrian. The temple was Corinthian, dipteral, with 
 8 columns on each front and 20 on each flank, and mea- 
 sured 134 by 353) feet. Fifteen huge columns, 564 feet 
 high, are still standing, and one lies prostrate. The tem- 
 ple stood in a large peribolus which was adorned with 
 statues. 
 
 Olympiodorus ( 6-lim // pi-o-dd'rus). A Platonic 
 philosopher. He was a native of Alexandria, lived in 
 the second half of the tth century, and wrote scholia or 
 commentaries on the dialogues of Plato, abstracts of which 
 have come down to us. 
 
 Olympiodorus. A Greek historian. He was a 
 native of Thebes in Egypt, lived in the first half of the 6th 
 century, and wrote22 books of general history dealing with 
 the period from 407 to 425, abstracts of which have been 
 preserved in the “Library” of Photius. 
 
 Olympus (o-lim 'pus). [Gr. '’0/,vjx~or.'\ Inancient 
 geography, the name of various mountains, es- 
 pecially of one on the borders of Macedonia and 
 Thessaly, regarded as the especial home of the 
 gods (hence often used for heaven). Height, 
 about 9,794 feet. The Mysian Olympus was on the 
 borders of Mysia, Bithynia, and Phrygia in Asia Minor. 
 Others were in Lydia, Lycia, Cyprus, Laconia, and Elis, 
 Tozer enumerating 14 in all. 
 
 Olynthiac (o-lin'thi-ak) Orations. A series of 
 three orations delivered at Athens by Demos- 
 thenes 349-348 B. c., for the purpose of inducing 
 the Athenians to assist Olynthus against Philip 
 II. of Macedon. 
 
 Olynthus (o-lin'thus). [Gr. “OforvBoc.'] In an- 
 cient geography, a city in Chalcidice, Macedo- 
 nia, situated near the head of the Toronaic Gulf, 
 in lat. 40° 16' N., long. 23° 21' E. It was the cap- 
 ital of an important confederacy until its suppression 
 by Sparta in the war of 3S3-379 B. 0. It was attacked by 
 Philip II. of Macedon and was captured and destroyed 
 by him 347 B. c. The Olynthiac orations of Demosthe- 
 nes were appeals to Athens to support Olynthus against 
 Philip. 
 
 Om (om, but originally and more correctly on). 
 [According to Bohtlingk and Roth, an obscura- 
 tion of Skt. an, the result of prolonging and na- 
 salizing a, an asseverative particle ; according 
 to Bloomfield (A. O. S. xiv. cl.), identical with 
 Gr. av, L. au-t, an-tcm, Goth, au-lc, and meaidng 
 ‘now then,’ ‘well now.’] A particle that plays 
 a great role in Hindu religious literature, its 
 original sense is that ol solemn affirmation. Popular ety- 
 mology perhaps associating it with a root implying ‘favor, 
 further,' and its sanctity being inferred from its occurrence 
 in the Vedic literature, it became the auspicious word 
 with which the teacher began and the pupil ended each 
 lesson of theVeda. Much of the Upanishads treats of the 
 mystic meaning of Om, as summing up in itself all truth. 
 In later Hinduism it is regarded as consisting of the three 
 elements a, u, and m, symbolizing respectively Brahma, 
 Shiva, and Vishnu, so that the pranava ('murmur') On i 
 signifies the Hindu triad. (See Bloomfield as quoted 
 above.) Om is also the first syllable of the “formula of 
 six syllables” Om inani padme hum, so conspicuous in 
 Buddhism and especially in Lamaism. Its reputed author 
 is the deified saint Avalokiteslivara (which see), or Pad- 
 mapani, ‘the lotus-handed,' as he is called by Tibetans. 
 It is variously translated. Bloomfield gives “Om, O jewel 
 on the lotus, hum ” ; Goldstiicker, “Salvation (Om) ( is] in 
 the jewel-lotus (mani-padme), amen (hum),” where the 
 compound “jewel-lotus ’’refers to the saint and the flower 
 from which lie arose, according to which the formula was 
 originally an invocation to Avalokiteshvara. 
 
 Om (om). A river in western Siberia which 
 joins the Irtish at Omsk. 
 
 Omagh (o'mii or o-miich'). The capital of the 
 county of Tyrone, Ireland, 27 miles south of 
 Londonderry. Population, 4, 789„ 
 
Omaguas 
 
 Omaguas (o-mii'gwas): calledCambevas(kam- 
 ba'vas) by Brazilians. An Indian tribe of north- 
 ern Peru, on the north side of the upper Ma- 
 ranon, between long. 72° and 75° W. (territory 
 claimed but not held by Ecuador). They were 
 formerly numerous, having villages. They were agricul- 
 turists, dressed in cottou garments, and are said to have 
 been sun- worshipers. Their heads were artificially flat- 
 tened. The Omaguas weregathered into mission villages 
 in the 17 th century ; their numbers decreased, chiefly after 
 the Jesuit missions were seriously threatened by the 
 Portuguese, and the remnants are mixed by intermarriage 
 with other tribes. They belong to the Tupi linguistic stock. 
 
 Omaguas, Kingdom or Province of. A name 
 given in the 16th century to the region occu- 
 pied by the Omaguas. The Omaguas were first met 
 by Orellana in 1541, and rhilip von Hutten came in hostile 
 contact with them two years later. He had to withdraw 
 owing to numerical inferiority. About 1545 reports were 
 brought to New Granada and Peru of a vast and rich city 
 in this district. It was connected with the tales of El Do- 
 rado, and became the object of several expeditions. See 
 U rsua, Pedro de. 
 
 Omaha (o'ma-ha). [PI., also Omahas. From 
 TJmanhan, those who wentup stream or against 
 the current.] A tribe of the Dhegiha division 
 of North American Indians, numbering about 
 1,200. They are in eastern Nebraska. 
 Omaha (o'ma-ha). The capital of Douglas Coun- 
 ty, Nebraska, situated on the Missouri in lat. 
 41° 16' N., long. 95° 56' W. It is the largest city 
 in the State, an important railway center, and the eastern 
 terminus of the Union Pacific Railroad ; has flourishing 
 commerce and manufactures ; and contains important sil- 
 ver-smelting works. It has very large stock-yards, and 
 pork-packing and beef-packing are important industries. 
 It was founded in 1854, and was formerly the capital of 
 the State 1 Population, 124,096, (1910). 
 
 Oman (o-man'). A sultanate in eastern Arabia, 
 bordering on the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman . 
 Capital, Muscat. The surface is largely mountainous. 
 It is one of the most flourishing independent states of 
 Arabia. In the beginning of the 19th century it was much 
 more extended, but the name is now limited to the region 
 near Muscat. It is under British supervision. Area, 82,000 
 square miles. Population, 600,000. 
 
 Oman, Gulf of. An arm of the Arabian Sea, 
 south of Persia and east of Arabia. It is con- 
 nected with the Persian Gulf by the Strait of 
 Ormuz. 
 
 Omar (o'mar), ibn al-Khattab. The second 
 
 calif. He succeeded Abu-Bekr in 634, and was assassi- 
 nated by Firoz, a Persian slave, in 644. HisdaughterHafsah 
 was the third wife of Mohammed. During his reign Syria, 
 Phenicia, Persia, Egypt, and J erusalem were brought under 
 the sway of Islam. He took an important part in the first 
 collection of the Koran. He was the first to assume the 
 title “Commander of theFaithful"(I?»i£ra(-milminfn), and 
 he “organized a complete military-religious common- 
 wealth ” (Noldeke). 
 
 Omar II. Calif 717-720, successor of Solyman. 
 Omar, Mosque of, or Kubbet es-Sakhra 
 
 (‘Dome of the Rock’). A celebrated mosque 
 on the platform of the temple in Jerusalem. It 
 
 is an octagon of 66 feet to a side, with 4 porches aud a 
 range of pointed windows, incrusted with beautifully col- 
 ored Persian tiles. The interior has two concentric ranges 
 of columns and piers, the central range supporting the 
 drum of the dome, which is 97 feet high and 65 in diame- 
 ter. Beneath the dome is the sacred rock upon which it 
 is held that Abraham was about to sacrifice Isaac. The 
 walls and the drum are covered with beautiful Byzantine 
 mosaics of different dates, and the windows are filled with 
 splendid 16th-century colored glass. The mosque was 
 originally a very early Byzantine church, but it has been 
 much modified by the Mohammedans. 
 
 Omar Khayyam (o'mar kill-yarn'). APersian 
 poet and astronomer who was born at Nisha- 
 pur in Khorasan in the latter half of the 11th 
 and died within the first quarter of the 12th cen- 
 tury A. D. He studied under the imam Mowaffak of 
 Nishapur, having as his companions Hasan ben Sabbah, 
 afterward the head of the military order of the Assassins, 
 and Nizam-ul-Mulk, later vizir of Alp Arslan and Malik 
 Shah, respectively son and grandson of Toghrul Beg, the 
 founder of the Seljukian dynasty. Having attained power, 
 Nizam-ul-Mulk granted Omar Khayyam a yearly pension. 
 Omar was one of the eight learned men appointed by Malik 
 Shah to reform the calendar, the result being the Jalali 
 era, so called from Jalaluddin, one of the king’s names : “a 
 computation of time which,” says Gibbon, “surpasses the 
 Julian and approaches the accuracy of the Gregorian style. ” 
 He was theauthorof astronomical tables entitled “ Ziji Ma- 
 likshahi,'" and of an Arabic treatise on algebra, but is espe- 
 cially known as a poet from his Rubaiyat, or Quatrains (in 
 2 verses or 4 hemistichs of which the first, second, and 
 fourth rime), which have been translated by Fitzgerald 
 and others. 
 
 Omar Pasha. See Omer Paslia. 
 
 Omayyads. See Ommiads. 
 
 Ombay (om-bl'). One of the smaller Sunda Isl- 
 ands, Malaysia, situated north of Timor, from 
 which it is separated by Ombay Passage. 
 Ombrone (om-bro'ne). A river in Tuscany, 
 Italy, which flows into the Mediterranean 10 
 miles southwest of Grosseto : the ancient Um- 
 bro. Length, about 80-90 miles. 
 
 Omdurman (om-dor'man). A city in the Sudan, 
 situated on the Nile opposite Khartum, it was 
 built by the Mahdi in 1886, after his seizure aud destruc- 
 
 758 
 
 tion of Khartum. Here, Sept. 2, 1898, the dervishes were 
 defeated by the British and Egyptian troops under Sir 
 Herbert Kitchener. 
 
 O’Meara (o-ma'ra), Barry Edward. Born in 
 Ireland, 1786: died at London, June 3, 1836. An 
 Irish surgeon, physician to Napoleon I. at St. 
 Helena 1815-18. He published “Napoleon in 
 Exile” (1822), etc. 
 
 Omer Pasha (o'mer pash'a) (originally Lat- 
 tas). Born Nov. 24, 1806 : died at Constanti- 
 nople, April 18, 1871. A Turkish general. He 
 commanded an army in the Crimean war, and commanded 
 against the insurgents in Crete in 1867. 
 
 Ommiads (o-nd'adz), or Omayyads (o-mi'- 
 yadz). A dynasty of califs which reigned in 
 the East 661-750 A. d., the first of whom was Mo- 
 awiyah, the descendant of Omayya (the founder 
 of a noted Arab family), and successor to Ali. 
 The Ommiads were followed by the Abbassides. The last 
 of these Eastern Ommiads escaped to Spain and founded 
 the califate of Cordova in 756. This Western califate, and 
 with it the Omrniad dynasty, became extinct in 1031. 
 
 After the first four (or “orthodox”) Khalifs, Abu-Bekr, 
 Omar, Othman, and Aly, who were elected more or less by 
 popular vote, the Syrian party set up Moawia as Khalif at 
 Damascus, and from him sprang the family of Omeyyad 
 Khalifs, so called from their ancestor Omeyya. There were 
 fourteen Omeyyad Khalifs, who reigned from 661 to 760, 
 when they were deposed by Es-Seflfah, the Butcher. 
 
 Poole, Story of the Moors, p. 69. 
 
 Omnibus Bill, The. A series of compromise 
 measures passed through Congress 1850, largely 
 through the influence of Clay. The chief provisions 
 were theadmission of California as a free State totlieUnion, 
 organization of the Territories of Utah and New Mexico 
 (without restrictions on slavery), abolition of the slave- 
 trade in the District of Columbia, and a fugitive-slave law. 
 Omphale (om'fa-le). [Gr. ’G/tpa/i??.] In Greek 
 legend, a Lydian princess, mistress of Hercules. 
 Omri(om'ri). King of Israel. The length and date 
 of his reign are much disputed (899-875 B.C.— Duucker). He 
 was a usurper, and the founder of a dynasty of considerable 
 eminence which included Ahab and Jehu. He made an 
 alliance with Tyre and subdued the Moabites. He is men- 
 tioned on the Moabite stone, and in the cuneiform inscrip- 
 tions the kingdom of Israelis called Bit-Humri (‘the house 
 of Omri’). He built the city of Samaria, and made it the 
 capital of the Israelitish kingdom. 
 
 Oms de Santa Pau (oms da san'ta pou), Man- 
 uel, Marquis of Castell-dos-Rios. Died at Lima, 
 April 22, 1710. A Spanish nobleman, a grandee 
 of Spain. He was viceroy of Peru from July 7, 1707. 
 During his term the Spanish commercial monopoly of Pe- 
 ruvian trade was somewhat relaxed. 
 
 Omsk (Omsk). The capital of the general gov- 
 ernment of West Siberia, situated iu the prov- 
 ince of Akmolinsk, at the junction of the Om 
 with the Irtish, about lat. 55° N., long. 73° E. 
 The fortress here was founded in 1716. Railway 
 to Omsk, Sept., 1894. Population, 37,376. 
 
 On. See Heliopolis. 
 
 Ona (on'ya), Pedro de. Born at Los Confines, 
 on the Biobio River, Chile, about 1565 : died at 
 Lima, Peru, after 1639. A Spanish-American 
 poet. Most of his life was passed in Lima, where he was 
 fiscal of the audience. His principal work is the epic 
 “ Arauco domado ” (1st ed. Lima, 1596), which is in some 
 respects an imitation of Ercilla’s “Araucana.” It has 
 some poetical merit, and is of much historical value. 
 
 Onas. See Fuegians. 
 
 Onatas (o-na'tas). [Gr. ’Oraraf.] Flourished 
 about 500^60 b. c. An iEginetan sculptor and 
 painter, a contemporary of Ageladas the teacher 
 of Phidias. See Ageladas. He was especially fa- 
 mous for his statues of athletes, and was much admired 
 and highly praised by Pausanias, who describes many of 
 his works. As the iEgina marbles were probably made iu 
 his day, it may well be that they are either his work or rep- 
 resent his characteristics. 
 
 Onate (on-ya'ta). A town in the province of 
 Guipuzcoa, northern Spain, 38 miles west of 
 Pamplona. Population, 5,975. 
 
 Onate (on-ya'ta), Juan de. Born at Guadala- 
 jara, Mexico, about 1555: diedafter 1611. A set- 
 tler and first governor of New Mexico. He was 
 a son of the founder of Guadalajara, and was married to a 
 granddaughter of Hernando Cortds. In 1595 his proposi- 
 tion to settle New Mexico was accepted by the viceroy 
 Velasco, and after much delay the grant was confirmed by 
 the Countof Monterey. Onate left Zacatecas in Jan., 1598, 
 with 130 men besides Indians, a large wagon- and cattle- 
 train, etc. ; readied the Rio Grande, probably at El Paso, 
 April 20 ; took formal possession April 30 ; crossed the 
 river ; and in Aug. founded the first capital, San Juan (San- 
 ta Fd was founded later). After the first year he had little 
 trouble with the Indians. Early in 1599 he explored a part 
 of Arizona, and in 1604 followed the Gila River down 
 to the Gulf of California. He probably ceased to rule as 
 governor in 1608. 
 
 Onca (on'ka). A Phenician goddess, the deity 
 of wisdom, compared by the Greeks to Athene. 
 Ondegardo (on-da-gar'do), Polo de. Born at 
 Salamanca about 1500 : died, probably at Potosi, 
 Upper Peru, about 1575. A Spanish lawyer and 
 antiquarian. He went to Peru in 1545; was a trusted 
 councilor of several rulers ; and was corregidor of Potosi 
 and Lima. He made a special study of Inca laws and cus- 
 toms, with the object of ingrafting the best of them on 
 
 Onondaga 
 
 the Spanish legislation. His two “Relaciones ” or reports 
 (1561 and 1571) are still in manuscript, but have been freely 
 used by historians : a smaller report was edited by Mark- 
 ham for the Hakluyt Society 1873. In 1559 Ondegardo 
 discovered at Cuzco several mummies of the Inca sover- 
 eigns. 
 
 Onega (o-na/ga). A small seaport of Russia, 
 situated at the entrance of the river Onega 
 into the White Sea. 
 
 Onega, Lake. ThesecondlargestlakeinEurope, 
 situated in the government of Olonetz, north- 
 western Russia, northeast of Lake Ladoga, it is 
 connected by canals with theVolga and Dwina systems. Its 
 waters pass by the Svir into Lake Ladoga, and finally into 
 the Neva. Length, 152 miles. Greatest width, about 50 
 miles. Area, 3,763 square miles. 
 
 Oneglia (6-nel'ya). A seaport in the province 
 of Porto Maurizio, Italy, situated on the Medi- 
 terranean 57 miles southwest of Genoa. It has 
 a trade in olive-oil. Pop., commune, 8,527. 
 
 Oneida (6-ni'da). [PI., also Oneidas. The name 
 is translated ‘standing stone ’ or ‘people of 
 the stone.’] A tribe of North American Indians. 
 The early French writers called them Oneiout. They 
 formerly occupied the lands east of Oneida Lake, New 
 York, and the upper waters of the Susquehanna River to 
 the southward. They were not prominent in the Iroquois 
 Confederacy, and sometimes acted adversely to its other 
 members, as they were at intervals friendly to the French 
 and took part with the colonies in the Revolution. In 1846 
 most of them removed to and still remain at Green Bay, 
 Wisconsin, but others are in Ontario. Altogether they 
 number over 3,000. See Iroquois . 
 
 Oneida Community. A religious society or 
 brotherhood, the Bible Communists or Perfec- 
 tionists, established in 1847 on Oneida Creek, 
 in Lenox township, Madison County, New York, 
 by John H. Noyes, after unsuccessful attempts 
 to establish it at New Haven, Connecticut, in 
 1834, and at Putney, Vermont, in 1837. a branch 
 of the Oneida Community also existed at Wallingford, 
 Connecticut, but has now been withdrawn. Originally 
 the Oneida Community was strictly communistic, all prop- 
 erty and all children belonging primarily to the society, 
 and the restrictions of marriage being entirely abolished ; 
 but in 1879, owing to the increasing demand of public 
 opinion that the social practices of the society should be 
 abandoned, marriage and family life were introduced, and 
 in 1880 communism of property gave place to a joint-stock 
 system, and the community was legally incorporated as 
 “The Oneida Community, Limited." 
 
 Oneida Lake. A lake in central New York, 11 
 miles northeast of Syracuse. Its outlet is by 
 the Oneida and Oswego rivers into Lake Onta- 
 rio. Length, 20 miles. 
 
 O’Neil (o-nel'), Hugh, Earl of Tyrone. Died 
 1616. An Irish chieftain. He assumed the title of 
 The O’Neil, and in 1597 headed an insurrection against the 
 English, whom he defeated at Blackwater in 1598. He ne- 
 gotiated a truce with the Earl of Essex in 1599, and was 
 defeated by Mountjoy 1601. He submitted about 1603. 
 
 O’Neill, Eliza. Born in Ireland, 1791 : died 
 there, Oct. 29, 1872. A noted Irish tragic actress, 
 the successor of Mrs. Siddons. She made her first 
 appearance in Drogheda as the Duke of York in “Richard 
 III.” in 1803, in a small strolling company of which her- fa- 
 ther was manager. She first appeared at Covent Garden 
 in 1814. She made a large fortune in Ireland and Eng- 
 land, and was married in 1819 to Mr. (afterward Sir) Wil- 
 liam Becher. Her best parts were Juliet, Belvidera, Mrs. 
 Haller, and Mrs. Beverley. 
 
 O’Neill, or The Rebel. A romance by Bul- 
 wer Lytton, in heroic couplets, published in 
 1827. 
 
 Oneiout. See Oneida. 
 
 Onesimus (o-nes'i-mus), Saint. A disciple of 
 St. Paul, martyred in 95. His day is celebrated 
 Feb. 16 in the Roman calendar. 
 
 Ongaro, Dali’. See Ball’ Ongaro. 
 
 Onias Menelaus (o-nl'as men-e-la'us). High 
 priest of the Jews 172-162 b. c. He was a Benja- 
 rninite, not of priestly family, but secured the office from 
 Antiochus Epiphanes, to whom Judea was then subject, by 
 the payment of a bribe. In order to pay this bribe he de- 
 spoiled the temple of its sacred vessels. In 171 he killed 
 the rightful high priest, Onias III. With tire help of An- 
 tiochus he introduced Greek worship and the sacrifice of 
 swine into the temple. These acts brought about the re- 
 volt of the Maccabees. He was killed by Lysias, th e guar- 
 dian of Antiochus V. 
 
 Onion River. See Winooski. 
 
 Onomacritus (on-6-mak'ri-tus). [Gr. ’O vo/iaxpt- 
 ro?.] Lived about 530-485 B. c. A Greek pro- 
 phet and mystic poet. 
 
 Onondaga (on-on-dii'ga). [PL, also Onondagas. 
 The name means ‘on the top of the mountain.’] 
 A tribe of North American Indians. In the coun- 
 cils of the Iroquois nation (of which they were a tribe) 
 they are called Hodiseiinageta, ‘ they (are) the name-bear- 
 ers.’ Old, Dutch maps call them Capitanasses. They had 
 their chief seat upon the lake ana creek in New York 
 which bear their name, and claimed the country to Lake 
 Ontario on the north, and to the Susquehanna River on the 
 south. Many of them joined the Catholic Iroquois colonies 
 on the St. Lawrence before 1751. At the close of the Revo- 
 lutionary War more were settled on Grand River, Ontario, 
 and the remainder are in New York. Their present total 
 number is about 900. See Iroquois. 
 
Onondaga Lake 
 
 Onondaga (on-on-da.'ga) Lake. A small lake 
 in central New York, north-northwest of Syra- 
 cuse. Its outlet is Seneca River. 
 
 Onosander (on-o-san'der). [Gr. ’OvdaavSpor.] A 
 Greek writer on military tactics. 
 
 Of the tacticians subsequent to Polybius, the most noted 
 was Onosander, who flourished in the middle of the 1st 
 century of our era, and dedicated to Q. Veranius N epos, 
 consul in A. D. 49, a brief but comprehensive treatise on 
 the military art, which has come down to us, with the title 
 2TpaT>)yi/c6s Aoyos. It is divided into 42 chapters, and 
 gives instructions with regard to all the details of a cam- 
 paign. It is written in Attic Greek, and in a sufficiently 
 pure style. The author, who was also known as a com- 
 mentator on Plato, was the source of the military writings 
 of the Emperors Mauritius and Leo, and in a French trans- 
 lation was used as a manual of the military art by Maurice 
 of Saxony. Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, 
 [III. 280. ( Donaldson .) 
 
 Onotes (o-no'tas). An extinct tribe of Indians 
 who inhabited the eastern shore of Lake Mara- 
 caibo. They were fishermen, and built their houses on 
 piles in the water. Ojeda, who found them in 1499, was 
 reminded by their dwellings of Venice (whence he named 
 the country Venezuela). Probably the Onotes were soon 
 carried off into slavery ; but huts similar to theirs are still 
 made in the same region. 
 
 Onslow (onz'lo), George. Bom at Clermont- 
 Ferrand, France, July 27, 1784: died there, Oct. 
 3, 1853. A French composer of instrumental 
 music. 
 
 759 
 
 Landry parish, Louisiana, 56 miles west of Ba- 
 ton Rouge. Population, 4,623, (1910). 
 
 Opequan (o-pek'an) Creek. A small river in 
 Virginia which joins the Potomac above Har- 
 per’s Ferry. Near it was the scene of the battle 
 of Winchester, Sept. 19, 1864. See Winchester. 
 
 Ophelia (o-fe'lia). The daughter of Polonius, 
 in Shakspere’s “Hamlet.” Hermindgivesway when 
 Hamlet abandons her to prosecute his revenge, and while 
 gathering flowers by a brook she is drowned. 
 
 Ophelia, Miss. A strong-minded, clear-headed 
 New England woman in Mrs. Stowe’s “Uncle 
 Tom’s Cabin.” 
 
 Ophir (o'fer). In Old Testament geography, a 
 country whence gold, silver, precious stones, 
 ivory, sandalwood, apes, and peacocks were 
 brought. It was especially noted for its gold. The fleet 
 of Solomon occupied 3 years in making the journey. It 
 has been variously identified with India, Sumatra, the 
 coast of Malabar, the east coast of Africa, and the southern 
 or southeastern portion of Arabia on the Persian Gulf. 
 The last identification has in its favor the statement in 
 Gen. x. 29, where Ophir is mentioned as the son of Joktan. 
 
 Ophir (o'fer), Mount. 1 . A volcano in Suma- 
 tra, near the western coast, about lat. 0°, long. 
 100° E. Height, 9,610 feet. — 2. A mountain 
 east of Malacca, Malay Peninsula. Height, 
 about 3,800 feet. 
 
 Ophites (of 'its). A Gnostic body, of very early 
 origin, especially prominent in the 2d century, 
 and existing as late as the 6th century. Its mem- 
 bers were so called because they held that the serpent 
 (Gr. o<jns) by which Eve was tempted was the impersona- 
 tion of divine wisdom, the great teacher and civilizer of 
 the human race. Also called Naassenes. 
 
 Ophiuchus (of-i-u'kus). [Gr.’O <piovxoc, from ixjur, 
 a serpent, andr^m/, to hold.] Anancient north- 
 ern constellation, representing a man holding 
 a serpent ; the Serpent-bearer. Also called Ser- 
 pentarius. The Serpent is now treated as a 
 separate constellation. 
 
 Opie (o'pi), Mrs. (Amelia Alderson). Born at 
 Norwich, England, Nov. 12, 1769: died there, 
 Dec. 2, 1853. An English novelist, daughter of 
 Dr. Alderson of Norwich, and wife of John Opie 
 the painter. She published various novels, the first, 
 "Father and Daughter,’’ appearing in 1801. In 1825 she 
 became a Quaker. After this appeared her “Illustrations 
 of Lying," “Detraction Displayed,” etc. 
 
 Opie, John. Born at St. Agnes, near Truro, May, 
 1761: died April 9, 1807. An English painter. In 
 1780 he went to London under the patronage of Dr. Wolcot 
 (Peter Pindar), who announced him as “the Cornish won- 
 der.” In 1786 he exhibited his first historical picture, the 
 “Assassination of James I.,” and in 1787 the “Murder of 
 Rizzio. ” His lectures at the Royal Academy were pub- 
 lished in 1809. 
 
 Opimius (o-pim'i-us), Lucius. Roman consul 
 121 B. C. He was put forward by the senate to oppose 
 the reforms of Cains Gracchus, anil was the leader of the 
 optimates who killed Gracchus with 3,000 of his followers 
 in 121. He was afterward exiled for accepting bribes from 
 Jugurtha. 
 
 Opitz (o'pits), Martin. Born at Bunzlau, Si- 
 lesia, Dec. 23, 1597 : died at Dantzic, Aug. 20, 
 1639. A German poet and writer. He attended 
 the gymnasia of Bunzlau, Breslau, and Beuthen where he 
 wrote in Latin his first work, “ Aristarchus,” in praise of 
 the German language as a poetical medium. In 1618 he 
 went to the university at Frankfort-on-the-Oder to study 
 jurisprudence, whence the following year he went to Hei- 
 delberg. In 1620, after the outbreak of the Thirty Years’ 
 War, he went to Holland. At Leyden he became acquaint- 
 ed with the philologist Heinsius, whom he followed to 
 Jutland, where he wrote the poems, published 13 years 
 later, “ Trostgedichte in Widerwartigkeiten des Krieges” 
 (“Poems of Consolation in the Adversities of War”). In 
 1622 he was called to a position in the gymnasium at Weis- 
 senburg. He returned, however, in the following year to 
 Silesia, where he went into the service of the Protestant 
 duke of Liegnitz. In 1624 appeared his “Buch von der 
 deutsclien Poeterey ” (“Book of the German Art of Poe- 
 try ”), which became the principal authority on versifica- 
 tion and style. In 1626 he went into the service of the 
 Catholic Count Dolma at Breslau. In 1628 he was en- 
 nobled by the emperor Ferdinand II. After the death of 
 Count Dohna, in 1633, he went back to the Duke of Liegnitz, 
 was subsequently with the Swedes, and ultimately was 
 made secretary and historiographer to KingLadislaus IV. of 
 Poland, at Dantzic, where hediedof theplague. He was the 
 founder of the first Silesian school of poets, so called. He 
 wrote secular, religious, and didactic descriptive poems : 
 to the last class belong “Zlatna” and “Vesuvius.” Some 
 of his hymns are to be found in the church hymn-books. 
 His “Hercynia” is a prose idyl in which verses are oc- 
 casionally introduced. Amongothertranslationshemade 
 aversion of the text of the Italian opera “Daphne, "which 
 was produced at Tdrgau in 1627, and was, accordingly, the 
 first German opera. By bis advocacy of the Alexandrine 
 verse and the precepts of his “Art of Poetry" he brought 
 about a reform of German versification, in that the poets 
 of the preceding centuries had simply counted the num- 
 ber of syllables, without reference to the quality of those 
 upon which the metrical accent fell. 
 
 Opium War. A war between Groat Britain and 
 China, due to the attempt of the Chinese gov- 
 ernment to prevent tho importation of opium. 
 It began in 1840, and was ended by the treaty 
 of Nanking (which see) in 1842. 
 
 
 Opuntian Locrlans 
 
 Oporto (o-por'to; Pg. pron. o-por'to). A dis- 
 trict in the province of Entre Douro e Minho. 
 Population, 597,935. 
 
 Oporto, Pg. O Porto (‘The Port’). A sea- 
 port, chief city of the province Entre Douro e 
 Minho, Portugal, situated on the Douro, near its 
 mouth, in lat. 41° 9' N., long. 8° 37' W. Next to 
 Lisbon it is the chief city of the republic and chief manu- 
 facturing place. It manufactures cotton, silk, etc., and has 
 been famous since 1678 as the place of export for port wine. 
 The cathedral is early Pointed, but modernized. The 
 cloister, of 1385 but earlier in character, survives, with 
 well-carved, almost Romanesque, capitals. The Maria Pia, 
 or railroad bridge across the Douro, is an openwork arch of 
 iron, of 525 feet span and 198 feet height in the clear. The 
 bridge of Dom Luis I., of similar construction, finished in 
 1886, has a span of 566 feet and a height of 200. The town 
 was taken by the Arabs in 716; was taken by the Duke of 
 Wellington in 1809 ; was the scene of the beginning of the 
 revolution of 1820 ; was defended against Dom Miguel 
 1832-33 ; and has been the scene of insurrection, particu- 
 larly in 1846-47 and 1890. Population, 167,955. 
 
 Oposura (o-po-so'ra). [Opata, ‘heart of the 
 iron-wood.’] The capital of the district of Moc- 
 tezurna (also called by that name), in the state 
 of Sonora, Mexico. It contains about 2,000 inhabi- 
 tants, and lies on the bank of the Oposura River. It has 
 suffered a great deal from the depredations of the Apaches 
 during the 19th century. 
 
 Oppeln (op'peln). A town in the province of 
 Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Oder in lat. 50° 
 40' N., long. 17° 55' E. It was formerly the capital 
 of a principality of Oppeln, which was united to the em- 
 pire in the 16th century. Population, commune, 30,765. 
 Oppenheim (op'pen-him). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Rhine-Hesse, Hesse, situated on the 
 Rhine- 11 miles south by e; st of Mainz, in the 
 middle ages it was an important free imperial city. It 
 contains the ruins of the fortress Landskron. Population, 
 3,696. 
 
 Oppert (op'pert), Jules. Born at Hamburg, 
 July 9, 1825: died Aug. 21, 1905. A distin- 
 guished French Orientalist, of Hebrew descent : 
 appointed professor of Sanskrit in the Impe- 
 rial Library at Paris in 1857, and of Assyriol- 
 ogy at the College de France in 1874. He was 
 employed by the French government in explorations in 
 Asiatip Turkey 1851-54. Among his numerous publications 
 are “ Etudes assyriennes ” (1857), “ Expedition de Mdsopo- 
 tamie ” (1859-61), “ Grande inscription du palais de Khorsa- 
 bad ” (1863), “ La chronologie de la GAnese ” (1879), etc. 
 Oppian (op'i-an). [From L. Oppianus , from Gr. 
 ’ OirmavAc .] Lived in the latter part of the 2d cen- 
 tury A. D. A Greek poet of Cilicia. He was the 
 author of a poem on fishing, “ Halieutica ’’ (Gr. 'AAievriKa), 
 and was wrongly considered the author of a poem on hunt- 
 ing, “Cynegetica.” 
 
 Oppido Mamertina (op'pe-do ma-mer-te'na). 
 A. town in the province of Reggio di Calabria, 
 southern Italy, 23 miles northeast of Reggio. 
 Population, town, 4,380; commune, 7,686. 
 Oppius (op'i-us), Caius. A friend and con- 
 temporary of Julius Csesar, reputed author of 
 the history of the African war. 
 
 Opportunists (op-or-tu'nists). In recent French 
 history, the republican party represented by 
 Gambetta, Ferry, and others, who adapted their 
 course to the exigencies of the time : opposed to 
 radicals and doctrinaires. 
 
 0. P. Riots. The “ old-price riots,” which took 
 place at Covent Garden Theatre, London, in 
 1809. The cost of the new theater then just built was so 
 great that the proprietors raised the price of admission, 
 and the public resolved to resist. 
 
 The house opened on the 18th of September, 1809, with 
 “ Macbeth ” and the “ Quaker. ” The audience was dense 
 and furious. They sat with their backs to the stage, or 
 stood on the seats, their hats on, to hiss and hoot the Kem- 
 ble family especially ; not a word of the performance was 
 heard, for when the audience were not denouncing the 
 Kembles, they were singing and shouting at the very tops 
 of their then fresh voices. The upper gallery was so noisy 
 that soldiers, of whom 500 were in the house, rushed in to 
 capture the rioters, who let themselves down to the lower 
 gallery, where they were hospitably received. The sight 
 of the soldiers increased the general exasperation. [The 
 excitement continued for weeks, and many of the rioters 
 were arrested.] The acquittal of leading rioters gave a 
 little spirit to some after displays ; but it led to a settle- 
 ment. Audiences continued the affray, flung peas on the 
 stage to bring down the dancers, and celebrated their own 
 O. P. dance before leaving ; but, at a banquet to celebrate 
 the triumph of the cause in the acquittal of the leaders, 
 Mr. Kemble himself appeared. Terms were there agreed 
 upon ; and on the sixty-seventh night a banner in the 
 house, with “ VVe are satisfied ” inscribed on it, proclaimed 
 that all was over. After such a fray the satisfaction was 
 dearly bought. The 4s. rate of admission to the pit was 
 diminished by 6d., but the half-price remained at 2s. The 
 private boxes were decreased in number, but the new price 
 of admission to the boxes was maintained. Thus, the man- 
 agers, after all, had more of the victory than the people ; 
 but it was bought dearly. 
 
 Doran, English Stage, II. 362-360. 
 
 Ops (ops). In Roman mythology, a goddess of 
 plenty, wife of Saturn. 
 
 Optic (op'tik), Oliver. The pseudonym of 
 William Taylor Adams. 
 
 Opuntian Locrians. See Locri Opuntii. 
 
 Ontario (on-ta'ri-o), formerly called Upper 
 Canada. A province of the Dominion of Can- 
 ada. Capital, Toronto. It is bounded by Hudson 
 Bay and Quebec on the northeast and east, Hudson Bay 
 on the north, and on the south by the United States, 
 from which it is in the main separated by the St. Lawrence, 
 Lake Ontario, Niagara River, Lake Erie, Detroit River, 
 Lake and River St. Clair, Lake Huron, St. Mary's River, 
 and Lake Superior : Manitoba bounds it on the west. It 
 has a hilly and diversified surface ; belongs to the St. Law- 
 rence and Hudson Bay basins ; produces cereals, apples 
 and other fruits, etc. ; has manufactures of lumber, ma- 
 chinery, cotton and woolen goods, etc. ; and has rich min- 
 eral resources. The government is vested in a lieutenant- 
 governor, executive council, and legislative assembly. It 
 sends 24 members to the Dominion Senate, 86 to the House 
 of Commons. The inhabitants are chiefly of English, Irish, 
 Scottish, German, and French descent. Ontario was ex- 
 plored by the French in the 17th century. It was ceded 
 to Great Britain in 1763, and was largely settled by Tories 
 in the American Revolutionary period. It was separated 
 from Quebec (Lower Canada) and called Upper Canada in 
 1791. It was the sceneof the battles of the Thames, Lundy's 
 Lane, etc. , in the War of 1812. A n unsuccessful rebellion 
 occurred in 1837. It was reunited to Quebec in 1841, and 
 was again separated and became the province of Ontario 
 in the new Dominion in 1867. Area, 407,262 square miles, 
 of which 146,400 were added in 1912. Pop., 2,523,274,(1911). 
 
 Ontario, Lake. The smallest and easternmost 
 of the five great lakes, lying between the prov- 
 ince of Ontario on the north and New York State 
 on the south. It is connected with Lake Erie by the 
 Niagara River, and for navigation by the Welland Canal. 
 Its outlet is the St. Lawrence River. Kingston, Toronto, 
 Hamilton, Oswego, and Sackett's Harbor are on its banks. 
 Length, 190 miles. Width, 55 miles. Area, about 7,500 
 square miles. Elevatiou, 247 feet. 
 
 Onteniente (on-ta-ne-en'ta). A town in the 
 province of Valencia, Spain, situated 46 miles 
 south by west of Valencia. Population, about 
 11,500. 
 
 Oodeypore. See Udaipur. 
 
 Oost (ost), Jakob van. Born at Bruges, Bel- 
 gium, about 1600 : died there, 1671. A Flemish 
 painter. 
 
 Oost, Jakob van, surnamed “The Younger.” 
 Born about 1639 : died at Bruges, 1713. A Flem- 
 ish historical painter, son of J. van Oost (1600- 
 1671). 
 
 Oosterhout (os'ter-hout). A town in the prov- 
 ince of North Brabant, Netherlands, 25 miles 
 southeast of Rotterdam. Population, commune, 
 11,545. 
 
 Ootacamund (o-ta-ka-mund'). A sanatorium 
 in the Nilgiri Hills, Deccan, India. Elevation, 
 7,500 feet. 
 
 Oparo (o-pa'ro), or Rapa (ra'pa). A mountain- 
 ous island in the South Pacific, often classed in 
 the Austral group. 
 
 Opata (o'pa-tii). [PI., also Opatas; a corruption 
 of a Pima term signifying ‘enemy.’] A divi- 
 sion of the Piman stock of North American 
 Indians. It embraced the following agricultural tribes : 
 Opata, Eudeve, Jova, Teguima, Coguinachi, Tegui, Contla, 
 and, probably, tho Imurcs. Its habitat extends from the 
 western boundary of Chihuahua to the Rio San Miguel in 
 Sonora, Mexico, and from tho main fork of the Rio Yaqui, 
 about lat. 28°, northward to the southern boundary of Ari- 
 zona, with settlements mainly in the Rio Sonora valley. 
 Almost completely civilized. See Piman. 
 
 Opatow (o'pii-tov). A town in the government 
 of Radom, Russian Poland, situated ou the 
 Opatowka 100 miles south of Warsaw. Popu- 
 lation, 16,371. 
 
 Opelousas (op-o-16'sas). The capital of St. 
 
Opzoomer 
 
 Opzoomer (op'zo-mer), Karel Willem. Born 
 at Rotterdam. Sept. 20, 1821 : died at Ooster- 
 beck, Aug. 23, 1892. A Dutch philosopher and 
 jurist, professor at Utrecht. He wrote a man- 
 ual of logic (1851), etc. 
 
 Oran (o-ran'; F. o-ron'). 1. The westernmost 
 department of Algeria, bordering on Morocco on 
 the west. Area, 44,616 square miles. Population, 
 1,122,538. — 2. The capital of the department 
 of Oran, a seaport situated on the Mediterra- 
 nean in lat. 35° 44' N., long. 0° 42' W. It has 
 important trade. The old Spanish town exists along with 
 the modern town. It was a flourishing medieval town ; 
 was held by the Spaniards from 1509 to 1708, and from 
 1732 until after the earthquake of 1790 ; and was taken by 
 the French in 1831. Population, 100,499 ; commune, 106,517. 
 Orange (or'anj; F. pron. o-ronzh'). A town in 
 the department of Vaucluse, France, 13 miles 
 north of Avignon : the ancient Arausio, noted 
 for its Roman antiquities. The Roman triumphal 
 arch here, well preserved and of fine masonry, is attrib- 
 uted to the reign of Marcus Aurelius. It has a large 
 central arcli between two smaller ones flanked by Corin- 
 thian columns, the two middle ones of which s ipport a 
 pediment. It is ornamented with reliefs among which 
 naval trophies are conspicuous ; and the deep vault of the 
 central opening is beautifully coffered. The height is 72 
 feet, width 67, and thickness 26. The Roman theater is 
 much ruined in its cavea, but possesses probably the finest 
 surviving example of an ancient stage structure. The 
 splendid uncemented wall at the back is 340 feet long, 
 118 high, and 13 thick, and still shows the pierced corbels 
 which received the awning-poles. The stage has 3 doors, 
 and was roofed. The theater could seat about 7,000. The 
 Cimbri defeated the Romans here in 105 B. c. It was a 
 flourishing Roman town. Later it was the capital of a prin- 
 cipality which fell to the house of Nassau in 1530; was 
 und-r the Nassau-Orange family until 1702; and was an- 
 nexed to France in 1713. The title of Prince of Orange 
 was retained in the house of Nassau. Population, com- 
 mune, 10,303. 
 
 Orange (or'anj). A city in Essex County, New 
 Jersey, 13 miles west of New York. It contains 
 
 many residences of persons doing business in New York. 
 Population, 29,630, (1910). 
 
 Orange. See Clove and Orange. 
 
 Orange, Prince of. See William “ the Silent,” 
 Prince of Orange, and William III., King of 
 England. 
 
 Orange, Principality of. A small principality 
 now in the department of Vaucluse, France, 
 containing Orange and neighboring places. 
 It fell to the house of Nassau in 1530. See 
 ★ Orange. 
 
 Orange Free State. A former republic in 
 southern Africa. Capital, Bloemfontein. It is 
 bounded by the Transvaal (separated by the Vaal) on the 
 north, Natal on the east, Basutoland on the southeast, 
 Cape of Good Hope (separated by the Orange River) on 
 the south, and Griquaiand West on the west. The sur- 
 face is undulating and hilly. The chief occupation is the 
 raising of live stock ; the leading products are wool, dia- 
 monds, ostrich feathers, and hides. The government was 
 vested in a president and a legislative assembly called 
 the Volksraad. The inhabitants are natives and whites 
 of European (especially Dutch) descent. The territory 
 was settled in the first half of the 19th century by emi- 
 grants from Cape Colony ; was annexed by Great Britain 
 in 1848 ; and became independent in 1854. It was con- 
 quered and annexed by Great Britain 1900, under the name 
 of the Orange River Colony. Area, 50,392 sq.m. Pop., white, 
 175,435 ; colored, 351,471 ; total, 526,906, (1911). 
 
 Orangemen (or'anj-men). 1. Irish Protestants. 
 The name was given about the end of the 17th century by 
 Roman Catholics to the Protestants of Ireland, on account 
 of their support of the cause of William III. of England, 
 prince of Orange. 
 
 2. A secret politico-religious society, instituted 
 in Ireland in 1795. It was organized for the purpose 
 of upholding the Protestant religion and ascendancy, and 
 of opposing Romanism and the Roman Catholic influence 
 in the government of the country. Orangemen are es- 
 pecially prominent in Ulster, Ireland, but local branches 
 called lodges are found all over the British empire, as 
 well as in many parts of the United States. 
 
 Orange River, or Kai Gariep (Id gii-rep'). The 
 chief river in southern Africa, it rises in Basuto- 
 land near the border of Natal, and flows generally west- 
 ward, separating Cape of Good Hope from the Orange Free 
 State, British Bechuanaland, and German SouthwestAfrica, 
 Its chief tributary is the Vaal. Length, about 1,200 miles. 
 It is “not much better than a huge torrent.” 
 
 Orange River Colony. See Orange Free State. 
 Oranienbaum(o-ra'ne-en-boum // ).[G.,‘ orange- 
 tree.’] A town in the province of St. Peters- 
 burg, Russia, situated on the Gulf of Finland 
 25 miles west of St. Petersburg. It is noted 
 for its imperial palace. Population, 5,333. 
 Orarian (o-ra'ri-an). See Eskimauan. 
 
 Orators, The. A play by Samuel Foote, per- 
 formed in 1762. It satirizes a Dublin printer 
 named George Faulkner. 
 
 Oratory of St. Philip Neri. A Roman Catholic 
 religious order, founded at Florence by Filippo 
 Neri in 1575: so named from a chapel he built 
 for it and called anoratory, Tt is composed of sim- 
 ple priests under no vows. Its chief seat is Italy, Imt 
 congregations were founded in England in 1847 and 1849 
 under the leadership of former members of the Anglican 
 Church. 
 
 760 
 
 Orbe (orb or or'be). A town in the canton of 
 Vaud, Switzerland, situated on the Orbe 15 
 miles northwest of Lausanne. It was the ancient 
 capital of Little Burgundy. Population, over 
 2 , 000 . 
 
 Orbe. A small river in the department of Jura, 
 France, and canton of Vaud, Switzerland, flow- 
 ing into the Lake of Neuchatel. It is the upper 
 course of the Thiele (or Zihl). 
 
 Orbegoso (or-ba-go'so), Luis Jose. Born near 
 Huamachuco, Aug. 25, 1795 : died at Truxillo, 
 1847. A Peruvian general and politician. He 
 was elected president by the constitutional assembly, 
 Dec. 20, 1833 ; butGamarra, Salaverry, and others declared 
 against him ; and in June, 1835, he accepted the inter- 
 vention of Santa Cruz, president of Bolivia. Santa Cruz 
 established the Peru-Bolivian Confederation in 1836, and 
 Orbegoso was nominated president of North Peru, with 
 the rank of grand marshal. In Aug., 1838, he was defeated 
 by Gamarra and the Chileans, and went into exile for some 
 years. Also written Orbegozo. 
 
 Orbetello (or-ba-tel'lo). A small town in the 
 province of Grosseto, Italy, situated near the 
 Mediterranean, 75 miles northwest of Rome. 
 Orbigny (or-ben-ye'), Alcide Dessalines d’. 
 Born at Coueron, Loire-Inferieure, Sept. 6, 
 1802: died near St. Denis, June 30, 1857. A 
 French naturalist. From 1826 to 1833 he traveled in 
 southern Brazil, the Platine States, Bolivia, and Peru. 
 The results of his journey were published at government 
 expense as “ Voyage dans l’Amc'rique M^ridionale ” (9 vols. 
 1834-47 : including narrative, 3 vols.; “L’Homme AmSri- 
 cain,” ethnological, 2 vols.; and the remainder on zool- 
 ogy, etc.). Among his other writings are “Pal^ontolo- 
 gie fran^aise” (14 vols. 1840-54; unfinished) and several 
 works on Foraminifera. He contributed to Ramon de la 
 Sagras “History of Cuba “the volumes on birds, Mollusca, 
 and Foraminifera. 
 
 Orbigny, Charles Dessalines d’. Born at Couo- 
 ron, Loire-Inferieure, France, Dec. 2, 1806: died 
 Feb. 15, 1876. A French geologist, brother of 
 A. D. d’Orbigny. 
 
 Ore (ork), The. 1. A deformed giant who eats 
 men hut not women, in Boiardo’s and Ariosto’s 
 “Orlando.” He has two projecting bones for eyes. Man- 
 dricardo delivers Lucina from him. 
 
 2. A sea-monster in Ariosto’s “ Orlando Furi- 
 oso,” killed by Orlando when about to devour 
 Olympia. 
 
 Orcades (or'ka-dez). The aneieut name of the 
 Orkney Islands. 
 
 Orcagna (or-kan'ya) (properly di Cione), An- 
 drea, called Arcagnolo (of which name Orcagna 
 is a corruption). Born at Florence about 1329 : 
 diedabout 1368. A Florentine painter, sculptor, 
 and architect. He studied the goldsmith’s craft under 
 his father, and painted with his brother Bernardo. In the 
 practice of this art he appears to have been chiefly occu- 
 pied during the early part of his life. After painting with 
 his brother the life of the Madonna, and the two great 
 frescos of Heaven and Hell in Santa Maria Novella, the 
 frescos of the Cresci chapel, and the facade of San Apolli- 
 nare, he painted the picture of the Coronation of the Virgin 
 (now in the National Gallery). By these works he gained 
 a great reputation. The frescos of (he Triumph of Death 
 and the Last Judgment in the Campo Santo at Pisa, by 
 painters of the Tuscan school, have been attributed to 
 him. (See Campo Santo.) About 1348 he transformed the 
 old granary of Arnolfo del Cambio (Florence) into the 
 Church of Or San Michele. 
 
 Orchard of Ireland. A name given to County 
 Armagh, Ireland. 
 
 Orchardson (or'chard-son), William Quiller. 
 Born at Edinburgh , 1835 : died at London, April 
 13, 1910. A British figure-painter. He painted 
 
 “The Challenge” (1865), “Casus Belli” (1870), “The Bill 
 of Sale” (1876), “On Board II. M. S. Bellerophon July 23, 
 1815” (1880: bought by the Chantrey bequest), “The 
 Salon of Madame Recamier” (1885), etc. 
 
 Orchha. See Tehri. 
 
 Orchies (or-ehe'). A town in the department 
 of Nord, France, 14 miles southeast of Lille. 
 Population, commune, 4,438. 
 
 Orchomenus (6r-kom'e-nus). [Or. 
 
 In ancient geography, the name of several cities 
 in Greece, (a) A city in Boeotia, situated on theCephis- 
 sus and on Lake Copais, 55 miles northwest of Athens. 
 It was the capital of the ancient Minyae. Here, in 85 B. c., 
 Sulla defeated Archelaus, the general of Mithridates, 
 king of Pontus. The site contains important remains of 
 antiquity. The treasury of Mitiyas, so called, is a very 
 ancient tomb of the Mycenean beehive type. The plan is 
 circular, 45 feet in diameter, covered in by a pseudo-dome 
 formed by corbeling in the stones of the wall. A side 
 chamber, rock-hewn, had its sides and ceiling incrusted 
 with slabs carved with beautiful arabesques. The ‘trea- 
 sury” is approached by a dromos or passage 16 feet wide. 
 (6) A city in Arcadia, 33 miles west-southwest of Corinth. 
 It was one of the leading Arcadian cities. 
 
 Orcus (or'kus). A Latin name for Hades. 
 
 Ord (ord), Edward Otho Cresap. Born in 
 Maryland, Oct., 1818: died at Havana, July 22, 
 1883. An American general . He graduated at West 
 Point in 1839, served against the Seminole Indians 1839-42, 
 and was appointed brigadier-general of United Stat es vol- 
 unteers at the beginning of the Civil War. He gained the 
 victory of Dranesvillein Dec., 1861, and served before Rich- 
 mond and Petersburg in 1864-65. He retired with the brevet 
 rank of major-general in 1880. 
 
 Orders 
 
 Ordaz (or-datb'), or Ordas (or-das'), Diego de. 
 Born about 1480 : died at sea, 1533. A Spanish 
 captain. It appears that he was with Ojeda at Darien, 
 1509-10 ; subsequently he served with Velasquez in Cubaj 
 and with Cortes in the conquest of Mexico, 1519-21. Hav- 
 ing obtained a grant of the country now embraced in Guiana 
 and eastern Venezuela, he explored the Orinoco to the 
 mouth of the Meta, 1531-32. Martinez, one of his officers, 
 afterward asserted that he had seen on this expedition the 
 golden city of Manoa, thus probably starting the myth of 
 El Dorado. Ordaz, on his return to the coast, was arrested 
 on false charges, and sent to Santo Domingo : he was freed 
 by the audience, and died while on his way to Spain. 
 
 OrdericusVitalis (or-de-ri'kus vi-ta'lis), or Or- 
 deric (or'de-rik). Bornat Atcham, near Shrews- 
 bury, England, 1075 : died about 1143. An Eng- 
 lish historian and Benedictine monk. He wrote 
 an “Ecclesiastical History," especially relating to Nor- 
 mandy and England in the 11th and 12th centuries (ed. by 
 
 ★ Le PrtS vost 1838-55). 
 
 Orders. Institutions, partly imitated from the 
 medieval and crusading orders of military 
 monks, but generally founded by a sovereign, 
 a national legislature, or a prince of high rank, 
 for the purpose of rewarding meritorious ser- 
 vice by the conferring of a dignity: a number 
 of the more prominent of these orders are de- 
 scribed below. Most honorary orders consist of sev- 
 eral classes, known as Imights companions, officers, com- 
 manders, grand officers, and grand commanders , otherwise 
 called grand cross or grand cordon. Many orders have 
 fewer classes, a few having only one. It is customary to 
 divide honorary orders into three ranks : (o) Those which 
 admit only nobles of the highest rank, and among foreign- 
 ers only sovereign princes or members of reigning fami- 
 lies. Of this character are the Golden Fleece (Austria and 
 Spain), the Elephant (Denmark), and the Garter (Great 
 Britain): it is usual to regard these three as the existing 
 orders of highest dignity. ( b ) Those orders which are con- 
 ferred upon members of noble families only, and some- 
 times because of the mere fact of noble birth, without 
 spec al services, (c) The orders of merit, which are sup- 
 posed to be conferred for services only : of these the 
 Legion of Honor is the best-known type. The various 
 orders have their appropriate insignia, consisting usu- 
 ally of a collar of design peculiar to the order, a star, cross, 
 jewel, badge, ribbon, or the like. It is common to speak 
 of an order by its name alone, as the Garter, the Bath.- 
 Guelfic Order, a Hanoverian order of knighthood, found- 
 ed in 1815 by George IV. (then prince regent), and en- 
 titled the Royal Hanoverian Guelfic Order. It includes 
 grand crosses, commanders, and knights, both civil and 
 military.— Military Order of Savoy, an order founded 
 by King Victor Emmanuel I. of Sardinia in 1815, adopted 
 by the kingdom of Italy, and still in existence. The 
 badge is a cross of gold in red enamel, voided, and sur- 
 mounted by a royal crown. The ribbon is blue. — Order 
 for Merit, a Prussian order composed of two classes, 
 military and civil. The first class was founded by Fred- 
 erick the Great in 1740 (compare Order of Generosity). 
 The badgs is a blue enameled cross adorned with the let- 
 ter F, the words “ pour le nitrite,” and golden eagles. 
 Since 1S10 it has been given exclusively for distinction on 
 the field. The second cla s (or second order) was found- 
 ed by Frederick William IV. in 1842 for distinction in 
 science and art. — Order Of Alcantara, a Spanish mili- 
 tary order said to be a revival of a very ancient order of 
 St. Julian, and to have received its name from the city of 
 Alcantara, given by Alfonso IX. of Castile in 1213 to the 
 Knights of Calatrava, and transferred by the latter. — Or- 
 der of Alexander Nevski, a Russian order founded in 
 1722 by Peter the Great, but first conferred by the empress 
 Catharine I. in 1725. The ordinary badge is a cross patt4, 
 the center being a circle of white enamel showing St. 
 Alexander on horseback, the arms of red enamel with a 
 double-headed eagle between every two arms, and the 
 whole surmounted by an imperial crown. This is worn 
 hanging to a broad red ribbon en sautoire. — Order Of 
 Calatrava, a Spanish military order founded in the mid- 
 die of the 12th century, and taking its name from the for- 
 tress of Calatrava, which had been captured from the 
 Moors in 1147, and was confided to the new order. It is 
 still in existence. The badge is a cross fleury enameled 
 red, attached to a red ribbon. — Order of Charles III., a 
 Spanish order founded by Charles III. in 1771. — Order 
 of Charles XIII., a Swedish order founded by the sov- 
 ereign of that name in 1811, for Freemasons of the higher 
 degrees. — Order of Christ, a Portuguese order founded 
 by King Dionysius and confirmed about 1318. It contains 
 three degrees, of which the highest is limited to six per- 
 sons. The present badge is a cross of eight points encircled 
 by an oak wreath, and having between the arms four ovals 
 in black enamel, each bearingfive golden billets, symboli- 
 cal of the five wounds of Christ. The ribbon is dark red. — 
 Order of Civil Merit, the name of several orders, the 
 most prominent of which is that of Prussia. See Order 
 for Merit. — Order of Fidelity, (a) An order of the duchy 
 of Baden, founded by the margrave Charles William in 
 1715. It is still in existence, and consists of two classes 
 only, that of grand cross and that of commander. The 
 badge is a cross of eight points in red enamel, having be- 
 tween each two arms the cipher CC : the same cipher oc- 
 cupies the middle of the cross, with the motto ‘ Fidelitas." 
 The ribbon is orange-colored and edged with blue. ( b ) An 
 order of Portugal, founded by John VI. in 1823 for the 
 supporters of the monarchy during the insurrectionary 
 movements in that country. — Order of Generosity, a 
 Prussian order of distinction founded in 1665, but not or- 
 ganized till 1685, and superseded in 1710 by the Order for 
 Merit. — Order of Glory ( Nishan Iftikar), an order of the 
 Ottoman empire, instituted by Mahmoud II. in 1831.— 
 Order of Isabella the Catholic, known as the Royal 
 American Order, and instituted in 1815 to reward loyalty 
 among the American colonists and dependents of Spain. 
 The order still exists. The badge is a cross pattd indented, 
 the center filled with a medallion, the arms enameled red, 
 and with gold rays between the arms. — Order Of Jesus, 
 Of Jesus Christ, etc., the name of several orders of more 
 or less religious character, in Spain, Sweden, etc. — Order 
 
Orders 
 
 Of Leopold, au Austrian order founded by Francis I., em- 
 peror of Austria, in memory of the emperor Leopold II. 
 It dates from 1808, and is still in existence. — Order of 
 Louisa, a Prussian order founded by Frederick William 
 III. in 1814, for women only. — Order of Maria Louisa, 
 a Spanish order for women, founded in 1792, and still in 
 existence.— Order Of Maria Theresa, an Austrian order 
 founded by the empress of that name in 1757, but modi- 
 fied by the emperor Joseph II.— Order of Maximilian, 
 an order for the encouragement of art and science, founded 
 in 1853 by Maximilian II. of Bavaria. — Order Of Med- 
 jidi. See Medjidi. — Order of Military Merit, (a) An 
 order instituted in 1759 by Louis XV. of Fiance for Protes- 
 tant officers, as the Order of St. Louis was limited to Catho- 
 lics. Its organization was similar to that of the latter or- 
 der. In 1814 it was reorganized for officers of the army 
 and navy. It has not been conferred since 1830. The 
 badge is somewhat similar to that of St. Louis, and the rib- 
 bon is of the same color. (6) An order founded by Duke 
 Charles Eugene of Wiirtemberg in 1759. — Order of Odd- 
 Fellows, The Independent. See Odd-Fellows.— Order 
 Of Our Lady of Montesa, a Spanish order founded in the 
 14th century by the King of Aragon, afterward attached 
 to the crown of Spain.— Order of Our Lady of Mount 
 Carmel, an order founded by Henry IV. of France on the 
 occasion of his embracing Catholicism, and in a measure 
 replacing the Order of St. Lazarus.— Order Of St. An- 
 drew, a Russian order founded by Peter the Greatin 1698. 
 The badge is the double eagle of Russia in black enamel, 
 upon the breast of which is the crucifix of St. Andrew, 
 with saltier-shaped cross, the whole surmounted by an 
 imperial crown. The ribbon is blue ; but on state occa- 
 sions this badge is worn pendent to a collar composed of 
 similar crowned eagles, of ovals bearing saltiers, and of 
 shields with flags and crowns.— Order of St. Andrew in 
 Scotland. Same as Order of the Thistle. — Order of St. 
 Benedict Of Aviz, a Portuguese order said to date from 
 the 12th century. The badge is a cross ileury of green 
 enamel, having a gold fleur-de-lis in the angle between 
 every two arms of the cross, and hangs from a green rib- 
 bon worn around the neck. — Order of St. Gall. Same as 
 Order of the Bear. — Order Of St. George, (a) A Bavarian 
 order founded or, as is asserted, restored by the elector 
 Charles Albert in 1729. It is still in existence, and is di- 
 vided into three classes. (6) A Russian order founded in 
 1769 by the empress Catharine II. This is conferred only 
 upon a commanding general who has defeated an army 
 of fifty thousand men, or captured the enemy’s capital, 
 or brought about an honorable peace. There is now no 
 person living who has gained this distinction regularly, 
 though it has been given to a foreign sovereign. — Order 
 Of St. James Of the sword (also called St. James of Com- 
 postela), a Spanish order of great antiquity, asserted to have 
 been approved by the Pope in 1175, and still existing. In 
 the middle ages this order had great military power, and 
 administered a large income. The badge is a cross in red 
 enamel, affecting the form of a sword, and bearing a scal- 
 lop-shell at the junction of the arms. Theribbou is red. — 
 Order of St. Lazarus, an order which had its origin in 
 theHoly Land, and was afterward transplanted into France, 
 where it retained independent existence until, under 
 Henry IV., it was in a measure replaced by the Order of 
 Our Lady of Mount Carmel. It disappeared during the 
 Revolution. — Order Of St. Louis, a French order founded 
 by Louis XIV. in 1693 for military service, and confirmed 
 by Louis XV. in 1719. After the restoration of the Bour- 
 bons in 1814 this order was reinstated. No knights have 
 been created since 1830. The badge is a cross of eight 
 points, having in the central medallion a figure of Louis 
 XIV., robed and crowned, and holding inhis hands wreaths 
 of honor ; there is a gold fleur-de-lis between every two 
 arms. The ribbon is flame-colored. — Order Of St. 
 Michael, a French order instituted by Louis XI. in 1469, 
 and modified by Henry III. and Louis XIV. Since 1830 
 it has not been conferred. The badge is a cross of eight 
 points with fleurs-de-lis between the arms, and in the cen- 
 tral medallion a figure of the archangel Michael tram- 
 pling on the dragon. The ribbon is black. — Order Of St. 
 Michael and St. George, a Brilish order instituted in 
 1818, originally for natives of the Ionian and Maltese isl- 
 ands and for other British subjects in the Mediterranean. 
 It has since been greatly extended. — Order Of St. Pat- 
 rick, an order of knighthood instituted by George III. of 
 England in 1783. It consists of the sovereign, the lord 
 lieutenant of Ireland, and twenty-two knights. — Order 
 Of SS. Cosmo and Damian, a religious order in Pales- 
 tine in the middle ages, especially charged with the care 
 of pilgrims.— Order of St. Stanislaus, a Polish order 
 dating from 1765, and adopted by the czars of Russia. — 
 Order of the Annunciation, (a) The highest order of 
 knighthood (Ordine supremo dell’ Annunziata) of the ducal 
 house of Savoy, now the royal house of Italy, dating un- 
 der its present name from 1518, when it superseded the 
 Order of the Collar, said to have been founded by Count 
 Amadeus VI. of Savoy in 1362, but probably older. The 
 medal of the order bears a representation of the annunci- 
 ation ; its collar is decorated with alternate golden knots 
 and enameled roses, the latter bearing the letters F E R T, 
 making the Latin word/ert ( he bears ’), an ancient motto 
 of the house of Savoy, but variously otherwise inter- 
 preted. The king is the grand master of the order. (6) An 
 order of nuns, founded about 1500 at Bourges, France, by 
 Queen Jeanne of Valois after her divorce from Louis XII. 
 (c) An order of nuns, founded about 1604 at Genoa, Italy, 
 by Maria Vittoria Fornari. — Order of the Bath, an 
 order supposed to have been instituted at the coronation 
 of Henry IV. of England in 1399. It received this name 
 from the fact that the candidates for the honor were put 
 into a bath the preceding evening to denote a purification 
 or absolution from all former stain, and that they were 
 now to begin a new life. The present Order of the Bath, 
 however, was instituted by George I. in 1725, as a military 
 order, consisting, exclusive of the sovereign, of a grand 
 master and thirty-six companions. In 1815 the order was 
 greatly extended, and in 1847 it was opened to civilians. 
 It is now composed of three classes, viz. : military and 
 civil knights grand crosses, G. C. B. ; knights command- 
 ers, K. C. B.; and knights companions, C. B. The badge 
 is a golden Maltese cross of eight points, with the lion of 
 England in the four principal angles, and having in a cir- 
 cle in the center the rose, thistle, and shamrock (repre- 
 senting respectively England, Scotland, and Ireland) be- 
 tween three imperial clowns ; motto, “ Tria j uncta in uno. ” 
 
 761 
 
 Stars are also worn by the first two classes. That of the 
 knights grand crosses is of silver, with eight points of rays 
 wavy, on which is a gold cross bearing three crowns, en- 
 circled by a ribbon displaying the motto of the order, while 
 beneath the scroll is inscribed Ich dien (‘ I serve ’), the 
 motto of the Prince of Wales. The Star of the knights 
 commanders differs chiefly in lacking the wavy rays. — 
 Order Of the Bear, an order of knights instituted by 
 the emperor Frederick II., and having its center at the 
 abbey of St. Gall, in Switzerland. It ceased to exist when 
 St. Gall became independent of the house of Austria. — 
 Order Of the Black Eagle, a Prussian order founded 
 by Frederick I. in 1701. The number of knights is limited 
 to 30, exclusive of the princes of the blood royal, and all 
 must be of unquestioned nobility. The badge is a cross of 
 eight points, having in the center a circle with the mono- 
 gram F R (for Frederick Bex); the four arms are enameled 
 red, with the eagle of Prussia in black enamel between each 
 two arms. The ribbon is orange, but on occasions of cere- 
 mony the badge is worn pendent to a collar consisting alter- 
 natelyof black eagles holding thunderbolts and medallions 
 bearing the same monogram as the badge and also the 
 motto “ Suum cuique."— Order of the Burgundian 
 Cross, an order founded by the emperor Charles V., which 
 did not survive.— Order of the Chrysanthemum, an or- 
 der founded by the Mikado of Japan in 1876. — Order Of the 
 Conception, an order founded in the 17th century by some 
 of the nobles of the Holy Roman Empire, and common to 
 Germany and Italy.— Order of the Cordon Jaune, a 
 French order for Protestant and Roman Catholic knights, 
 founded in the 16th century by the Duke of Nevers for the 
 protection of widows and orphans. It is now extinct. — 
 Order of the Crescent, a Turkish order instituted in 1799, 
 and awarded only for distinguished bravery in the naval or 
 military service. It was abolished in 1851. An order of 
 the crescent was founded by Charles of Anjou in Sicily in 
 1268, but had a s ,ort existence. Rend the Good, of Anjou, 
 count of Provence and titular king of Naples, founded 
 another short-lived Ol der of the crescent in the 15th cen- 
 tury.— Order of the Crown, the title of several honorary 
 orders founded by sovereigns in the 19tli century, each in- 
 cluding as part of its name that of the country to which it 
 belongs, (a) The Order of the Crown of Bavaria, founded 
 by King Maximilian I. Joseph in 18o8. It is granted to per- 
 sons who have attained distinction in the civil service of 
 the state. ( b ) The Imperial Order of the Crown of India, 
 founded in 1878 for women, at the time of the assumption 
 by Queen Victoria of the title Empress of India. It in- 
 cludes a number of Indian women of the highest rank, 
 (c) The Order of the Crown of Italy, founded by King Victor 
 Emmanuel in 1868. (d) The Order of the Crown of Prussia, 
 founded by King William I. on his coronation in 1861. ( e ) 
 The Order of the Crown of Rumania, founded by King 
 Charles on assuming the royal title in 1881. (/) The Or- 
 der of the Crown of Saxony, founded by King Frederick 
 Augustus in 1807, soon after his assumption of the kingly 
 title. It is of but one class, and limited to persons of high 
 rank. (</) The Order of the Crown of Siam, founded in 1869. 
 (A) The Order of the Crown of Wiirtemberg, founded by King 
 William I. in 1818 . — Order of the Daiiebrog, the second 
 in importance of the Danish orders of knighthood, origi- 
 nally instituted in 1219, revived in 1671, regulated by royal 
 statutes in 1693 and 1S08, and several times modified since. 
 It now consists of four classes, besides a fifth class wearing 
 the silver cross of the order without being regular mem- 
 bers of it, the silver cross being awarded for some meri- 
 torious act or distinguished service. The order may be 
 bestowed on foreigners. — Order Of the Fan, a Swedish 
 order founded in 1744, and now extinct. — Order Of the 
 Fish, a decoration founded by the Mogul emperors in In- 
 dia, and conferred upon certain English statesmen in the 
 early part of the 19th century. The insignia are of the na- 
 ture of standards borne before the person upon whom the 
 order is conferred. — Order of the Garter, the highest 
 order of knighthood in Great Britain, consisting of the sov- 
 ereign, the Prince of Wales, and 25 knights companions, 
 and open, in addition, to such English princes and foreign 
 sovereigns as may be chosen, and sometimes to extra com- 
 panions chosen for special reasons, so that the whole order 
 usually numbers about50. Formerly the knights compan- 
 ions were elected by the body itself, butsincethe reign of 
 George III. appointments have been made by the sovereign. 
 The order, at first (and still sometimes) called the Order 
 of St. George, was instituted by Edward IIL some time be- 
 tween 1344 and 1359, the uncertainty arising from the early 
 loss of all its original records. Its purpose has been sup- 
 posed to have been at first only temporary. According to 
 the common legend, probably fictitious, King Edward III. 
 picked up a garter dropped by the Countess of Salisbury 
 at a ball, and placed it on his own knee with the words to 
 liis courtiers, in response to the notice takenof the incident, 
 “Honi soit qui mal y pense” (‘Shamed be he who thinks 
 evil of it’). To this incident the foundation, the name, and 
 the motto of the order are usually ascribed. The insignia 
 of the order are the garter, a blue ribbon of velvet edged 
 with gold and having a gold buckle, worn on the left leg ; 
 the badge, called the George or great George, a figure of St. 
 George killing the dragon, pendent from the collar of gold, 
 which has 26 pieces, each representing a coiled garter ; the 
 lesser George, worn on a broad blue ribbon over the left 
 shoulder ; and the star of 8 points, of silver, having in the 
 middle the cross of St. George encircled by the garter. The 
 vesture consists of a mantle of blue velvet lined with white 
 taffeta, a hood and surcoat of crimson velvet, and a hat of 
 black velvet with a plume of white ostrich-feathers having 
 in the center a tuft of black heron-feathers. The sover- 
 eign, when a woman, wears the ribbon on the left arm.— 
 Order of the Golden Fleece, an order founded by Philip 
 the Good, duke of Burgundy, in 1430, on the occasion of 
 his marriage with the infanta Isabella of Portugal. The 
 office of grand master passed to the house of Uapsburg in 
 1477 with the acquisition of the Burgundian dominions, 
 which included the Netherlands. After the time of the 
 emperor Charles V. (died 1558) this office was exercised by 
 the Spanish kings ; but after the cession of the Spanish 
 Netherlands to Austria, (he latter power in 1713-14 
 claimed the office. The dispute remains undecided, and 
 the order therefore exists independently in Austria and in 
 Spain. The badge of the order is a golden ram pendent by 
 a ring which passes round its middle. This hangs from a 
 jewel of elaborate design, with enameling of several colors, 
 various suggestive devices, and the motto “ Pretium la- 
 borum non vile.” — Order of the Griffin, an order of the 
 
 Orders 
 
 grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, founded in 1884. — 
 Order Of the Holy Ghost, (a) (Often oalled by the French 
 name Saint Esprit.) The leading order of the later French 
 monarchy, founded by King Henry III. of France in 1578, 
 replacing the Order of St. Michael. The king was the grand 
 master, and there were 100 members, not including for- 
 eigners. The members were required to adhere to the Ro- 
 man Catholic Church and to be of a high grade of nobility. 
 The decoration was a gold cross attached to a blue ribbon, 
 and the emblems were a dove and an image of St. Michael. 
 The order has been in abeyance since the revolution of 
 1830. (6) An order founded at Montpellier, France, about 
 the end of the 12th century, and united to the Order of St. 
 Lazarus by Pope Clement XIII. (c) A Neapolitan order : 
 same as Order of the Knot. — Order Of the Hospitalers of 
 St. John of Jerusalem. See Hospitalers. — Order of the 
 Uluminati, a celebrated secret society founded by Pro- 
 fessor Adam Weishaupt at Ingolstadt in Bavaria in 1776 : 
 originally called the Society of the Perfectibilists. It was 
 deistic and republican in principle ; aimed at general en- 
 lightenment and emancipation from superstition and tyr- 
 anny ; had an elaborate organization ; was to some extent 
 associated with freemasonry ; and spread widely through 
 Europe, though the Illuminati were never very numerous. 
 The order excited much antagonism, and was suppressed 
 in Bavaria in 1785, but lingered for some time elsewhere. — 
 Order of the Indian Empire, an order instituted in 1878 
 for British subjects iu India, to commemorate the assump- 
 tion by Queen Victoria of the title of Empress of India, and 
 open to natives as well as to persons of European extrac- 
 tion.— Order of the Iron Cross, a Prussian orderfounded 
 in 1813 for military services in the wars against Napoleon. 
 In 1870 the order was reorganized. It consists of the great 
 cross (conferred only on a few princes and generals), and 
 two classes comprising several thousand Germans. The 
 original badge was a cross pattb of black iron with a silver 
 rim, upon which were the initials F. W. (Frederick Wil- 
 liam) and the date 1813 or 1815. The modern badge is a 
 modification of this. The ribbon is black with a white bor- 
 der. — Order of the Iron Crown, an order founded by N a- 
 poleon I. as King of Italy, and adopted by Francis I. of 
 Austria after the fall of Napoleon. It consists of three 
 classes. The badge is the double eagle of Austria rest- 
 ing upon a ring (which represents the iron crown of 
 Monza), and surmounted by an imperial crown ; this is at- 
 tached to an orange ribbon edged with blue.— Order Of 
 the Knights of Malta. Same as Order of the II ospitalers 
 of St. John of Jerusalem. — Order Of the Knot, a military 
 order of short duration, founded at Naples in the 14th cen- 
 tury.— Order of the Legion of Honor, in France, an or- 
 der of distinction and reward for civil and military ser- 
 vices, instituted iu May, 1802, during the consulate, by Na- 
 poleon Bonaparte, but since modified from time to time in 
 important particulars. Under the first empire the distinc- 
 tion conferred invested the person decorated with the rank 
 of legionary, officer, commander, grand officer, or grand 
 cross. The order holds considerable property, the proceeds 
 of whi< h are paid out in pensions, principally to wounded 
 and disabled members. — Order Of the Lion, the name of 
 several orders in Germany, etc. ; especially, an order found- 
 ed in 1815 by William I., first king of the Netherlands, and 
 continued by the later kings. It is an order for civil merit. 
 The badge is astar of eight points, having in the central me- 
 dallion a rampant lion and crown, and a golden W between 
 each two arms.— Order of the Martyrs. Same as Order of 
 SS. Cosmo and Damian. — Order of the Palm, a German 
 society founded at Weimar in 1617 for the preservation and 
 culture of the German language. It disappeared after 1680. 
 Also called Fruit- Bringing Society.— Order of the Red 
 Eagle (formerly Order of the Red Eagle of Bayreuth; also 
 called Order of Sincerity), an order founded by the Mar- 
 grave of Bayreuth in 1705, and in 1792 adopted by Freder- 
 ick William II. of Prussiaon succeeding to the principality. 
 The present insignia of the order are quite different from 
 those of the original order. The badge is an eight-pointed 
 cross having in the center a medallion with a red eagle 
 bearing the arms of the Hohenzollern family. The arms 
 of the cross are of white enamel, with an eagle of red en- 
 amel between each two arms. The ribbon is striped orange- 
 color and white. — Order Of the Saint Esprit. See Or- 
 der of the Holy Ghost.— Order of the Star of India (in 
 the full style, The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India), 
 an order for the British possessions in India, founded in 
 1861. The motto is, “Heaven’s light our guide.” The rib- 
 bon is light-blue with white stripes near the edge. — Order 
 Of the Thistle (in full, The Most Ancient and Most. Noble 
 Order of the Thistle), a very old Scottish order which has 
 been renewed and remodeled, and is still in existence. The 
 devices of the order are St. Andrew's cross, or saltier, and 
 a thistle-flower with leaves; these enter into the different 
 badges, the collar, star, etc. The motto is “ Nemome im- 
 pune lacessit." The ribbon is green. — Order of the 
 White Eagle, an order founded at the beginning of the 
 18th century by Augustus II. of Poland and Saxony, or, as is 
 alleged, revived by him. It has been adopted by the Czar 
 of Russia, and is composed of one class only. The badge 
 is a cross of eight, points, bearing a white eagle in relief, 
 and surmounted by an imperial crown. The ribbon is sky- 
 blue, but on state occasions the badge is worn pendent to a 
 eollarof white eagles connected by plain gold links.— Order 
 Of the White Elephant a Danish order alleged to be of 
 great antiquity. Its foundation, however, is specifically as- 
 cribed to Christian I. (1462), and its reorganization to Chris- 
 tian V. (1693). Itislimited to 30 knights besides the mem- 
 bers of the royal family, and no person can be a knight who 
 is not previously a member of the Order of the Danebrog. 
 The collar of the order is composed alternately of elephants 
 and embattled towers. The badge is an elephant bearing 
 on his back a tower, and on liis head a driver dressed like 
 a Hindu. The ribbon to which the badge is attached on 
 ordinary occasions is sky-blue. — Order of the White 
 Falcon, an order founded by the Duke of Saxe-Weimar in 
 1732, and renewed in 1815. It is still in existence, and con- 
 sists of three classes, numbering, exclusive of the family 
 of the reigning grand duke, 12 grand crosses, 25 command- 
 ers, and 50 knights. The badge is an eight-pointed cross in 
 green enamel, having between each two arms a point in 
 red enamel, and borne upon the whole, in relief, a falcon 
 in white enamel. On the reverse are the words “ L'Ordre 
 de la vigilance,” and a trophy or other emblem, which dif- 
 fers for the civil and the military knight : also the motto 
 “Vigilando ascendimus.” The ribbon is dark red or pon- 
 ceau. Also called Order of Vigilance.— Order Of the Yel- 
 
Orders 
 
 low String. See Order of the Cordon Jaune. — Order of 
 Vigilance. Same as Order of the White Falcon. — Teu- 
 tonic Order, a military order founded at Acre in Pales- 
 tine in 1190, and confirmed by the emperor and the Pope. 
 
 Orders In Council. Orders promulgated by the 
 British sovereign with the advice of the privy 
 council. Specifically, the orders of 1S07, which pro- 
 hibited neutral trade directly with France or the allies 
 of France. All goods had to be landed in England, pay 
 duties there, and be reexported under English regulations. 
 These orders bore with especial severity on American com- 
 merce. 
 
 Ordinance of Nullification. See Nullification. 
 Ordinance of 1784. An act of the United 
 States under the Confederation, passed April 
 23, 1784, for the temporary government of the 
 Northwest Territory, which comprised tracts 
 ceded to the United States by the several States. 
 Ordinance of 1787. An act of Congress, passed 
 in 1787. which secured to the Northwest Terri- 
 tory freedom from slavery, religious freedom, 
 education, etc., and provided for its future 
 subdivision. 
 
 Ordinances, F. Ordonnances (or-do-nons'). 
 Various legislative acts in French history. 
 The most celebrated were the Ordinances of July, pro- 
 claimed by Charles X. in July, 1830. They took away the 
 freedom of the press and made other arbitrary changes, 
 and were the cause of the revolution of July and the over- 
 throw of the Bourbon monarchy. 
 
 Ore (o'ra), Luis Geronimo de. Born at Gua- 
 manga, Peru, about 1545 : died at Concepcion, 
 Chile, 1628. A Franciscan prelate and author. 
 He was professor of theology at Cuzco, commissary of his 
 order in Florida, and bishop of Concepcion from 1620. His 
 works include “Descripciondel Nuevo Orbe ” (Lima, 1678), 
 “ Relacion de los mirtires de Florida ” (Madrid, 1605), a 
 life of St. Francisco Solano, and devotional books in the 
 .Indian languages of Peru. 
 
 Orebro(e're-br6). 1. Alaen of southern Sweden. 
 Area, 3,498 square miles. Population, 204,- 
 711. — 2. The capital of the laen of Orebro, 
 situated on the Svart;f, near Lake Hjelmar, 
 98 miles west of Stockholm, it has been the seat 
 of various diets: that of 1540 declared the throne heredi- 
 tary, and that of 1810 elected Bernadotte crown prince. 
 Two treaties were negotiated here in 1812 — one between 
 England and Sweden, and the other between England 
 and Russia. Population, 28,583. 
 
 Oregon (or'e-gon). [Named from the Oregon 
 River, now the Columbia. Thename Oregon, sup- 
 posed to be of Indian origin, occurs in Carver’s 
 “ Travels” (1763) as the name of a “river of the 
 West which falls into the Pacific Ocean at the 
 Straits of Aman.” Poss. < Sp. Orejon. See 
 Orejones. ] One of the Western States of the 
 United States of America, extending from lat. 
 42° to 46° 15' N., and from long. 116° 40' to 
 124° 32' W. Capital, Salem ; chief city, Port- 
 land. It is bounded by Washington (partly separated by 
 the Columbia) on the north, Idaho (partly separated by the 
 Snake River) on the east, Nevada and California on the 
 south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. It is traversed 
 by the Coast Range, Cascade Mountains, and Blue Moun- 
 tains. It belongs largely to the valley of the Columbia 
 and its chief tributary the Willamette : there is an in- 
 land basin in the southeast. The chief agricultural prod- 
 ucts are wheat and other cereals. The leading exports 
 are wheat, flour, salmon, wool, and fruit. It has 34 coun- 
 ties, sends 2 senators and 3 representatives to Congress, 
 and has 5 electoral votes. The mouth of the Columbia 
 was discovered by the American captain Gray in 1792. It 
 was partly explored by Lewis and Clark 1804-05. A trad- 
 ing-post was founded at Astoria in 1811. The territory 
 between lat. 42° and 54° 40” N. was long in dispute be- 
 tween Great Britain and the United States ; the claims 
 were settled by treaty in 1846. Oregon Territory was or- 
 ganized in 1848, and it was admittedho the Union in 1859. 
 Area, 96,030 square miles. Population, 672,765, (1910). 
 
 Oregon. An American battle-ship, built in San 
 Francisco, launched in 1893. she is of 10,288 tons 
 displacement, and on her trial-trip maintained for four 
 hours a speed of 16.79 knots. Under Captain Charles E. 
 Clark she made a famous run of 14,511 knots from the 
 Pacific to the Atlantic, leaving Puget Sound March 6, 1898, 
 and reaching Key West May 26. She took a prominent 
 part in the battle off Santiago July 3, with the Brooklyn 
 forcing the surrender of the Cristdbal Coldn. SlieleftNew 
 York for the Philippines Oct. 12, and joined the Asiatic 
 squadron at Manila in March, 1899. 
 
 Oregon River. See Columbia. 
 
 Oregon Snakes. See Saidyulca. 
 
 O’Reilly (o-ri'li), Alexander. Born at Dublin, 
 1722^ died near Chinchilla, Murcia, Spain, March 
 
 2o, 1 i94. An Irish soldier. He served successively in 
 the Spanish, Austrian, and French armies ; reentered the 
 Spanish army 1761 ; commanded the forces which put 
 down a revolt of the French in Louisiana (then lately 
 ceded to Spain) 1769; and in 1774-75 commanded an un- 
 successful expedition against the Algerians. He was 
 created Count O Heilly, but in 1786 was disgraced and 
 deprived of all commands. 
 
 O’Reilly, Andrew. Born in Ireland in 1742: 
 died at \ ienna in 1832. An Irish soldier. He 
 served in the Austrian army under Maria Theresa and 
 Joseph 1 1. ; fought at Austerlitz ; and surrendered Vienna 
 May 12, 1809. 
 
 O’Reilly, John Boyle. Born at Dowth Castle, 
 County Meath, Ireland, June 28, 1844: died at 
 Hull, Mass., Aug. 10, 1890. An Irish- American 
 
 762 
 
 journalist and poet. He was the son of William David 
 O’Reilly, master of the Nettleville Institute at Dowth 
 Castle. In 1863 he enlisted in the Tenth Hussars in Ire- 
 land for the purpose of spreading revolutionary senti- 
 ments among the soldiers. He was sentenced to death on 
 the charge of high treason in 1866. The sentence was com- 
 muted to 20 years’ penal servitude, and he was sent out 
 to the penal colony in Australia, where he arrived in 1868. 
 He escaped to the United States in 1869, and in 1870 se- 
 cured employment on the Boston “Pilot,” of which he be- 
 came editor in chief in 1874. He published “Songs from 
 the Southern Seas ” (1874), “ Songs, Legends, and Ballads ” 
 (1878), "The Statues in the Block ” (1881), etc. 
 
 Orejones (d-ra-Ho'nas). [Sp. , ‘ eared ’ or ‘ large- 
 eared.’] Anamegivenbytke Spanish in America 
 to various Indians who distended the lobes of the 
 ears by means of metal or wooden disks. It in- 
 cluded : ( a ) A tribe of Upper Paraguay, de- 
 scribed by early authors, but about whom little 
 that is definite is known, (b) Indians on the 
 northern branches of the Upper Amazon, in 
 Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador: called Orelhu- 
 dos by the Brazilians. There are apparently several 
 hordes, perhaps of different stocks. Those on the river 
 I<;a are described as degraded but inoffensive savages who 
 distend the ear-lobes with wooden disks until they touch 
 the shoulders, (c) An extinct tribe of northern Coahuila, 
 Mexico. 
 
 Orel (o-rel' ). 1 . A government of central Russia. 
 It is surrounded by the governments of Smolensk, Kaluga, 
 Tula, Tamboff, Voronezh, Kursk, and Tchernigoff. The 
 surface is undulating. The agriculture is important. 
 Area, 18,042 square miles. Population, 2,470,600. 
 
 2. The capital of the government of Orel, situ- 
 ated at the junction of the Orlik with the Oka, 
 about lat. 52° 57' N., long. 36° 7' E. It is an im- 
 portant commercial and manufacturing center, and a 
 leading market for grain. Population, 75,900. 
 
 Orelliudos. See Orejones. 
 
 Orelie Antoine (o-ra-le' oh-twiin') I. (de Tou- 
 nens.) A French adventurer who was pro- 
 claimed king of Araueania in 1861. He was ar- 
 rested on Araucanian territory by the Chilean government 
 in 1862. The arrest being pronounced illegal, he was de- 
 tained as a lunatic, hut was shortly permitted to go to 
 Prance, where he published “ Otolie- Antoine lev, roid’ Arau- 
 canie et Patagonie, et sa captivity en Chili ’’ (1863). Hav- 
 ing in the meantime returned to Araueania, he was deposed 
 during a second absence in France by a certain Plauchut, 
 whom he had left in Araueania as his deputy. 
 
 O’Rell, Max, See Blouet, Paul. 
 
 Orellana (o-ral-yfi'na), Francisco de. Born at 
 Truxillo about 1490: died, probably in Vene- 
 zuela, about 1546. A Spanish soldier, first ex- 
 plorer of the Amazon. He was intimate with the 
 Pizarros in his youth ; went to Peru about 1535 ; and set- 
 tled Guayaquil in 1537. Iu 1540-41 he served with Gon- 
 zalo Pizarro’s expedition to the Napo. (See Cinnamon, Land 
 of.) Having been sent ahead with a brigantine and 60 
 soldiers to seek for provisions (probably in April, 1541), he 
 arrived at the junction of the Napo and Maranon, and, un- 
 able or unwilling to return, continued on down the latter 
 river. In the course of this voyage the Indians told him 
 of a tribe of female warriors, or Amazons, and he claimed 
 to have encountered them near the mouth of the Trom- 
 betas : from this story the river derived its present name. 
 Orellana reached the mouth of the Amazon late in 1541, 
 went on to Trinidad, and thence to Spain. He received a 
 grant to conquer the country discovered by him, and made 
 an unsuccessful expedition to it in 1544. 
 
 Orellana, River of. [From its discoverer, Fran- 
 cisco de Orellana.] A name frequently given, 
 in early books and maps, to the Amazon River. 
 It is still occasionally used. 
 
 Orelli (o-rel'le), Johann Kaspar. Born at Zu- 
 rich, Switzerland, Feb. 13,1787: died Jan. 6, 1849. 
 A Swiss classical philologist, noted for his edi- 
 tions of Horace, Cicero, and Tacitus. 
 
 Ore (or) Mountains. See Erzgebirge. 
 Orenburg (o'ren-borg). 1. A government in 
 southeastern Russia, bordering on Asia. It is 
 bounded by Siberia, the governments of Perm, Ufa, and 
 Samara, Uralsk, and Turgai. The surface is partly moun- 
 tainous (a continuation of the Urals) and partly steppe. 
 Area, 73,254 square miles. Population, 1,934,400. 
 
 2. The capital of the government of Orenburg, 
 situated on the Ural about lat. 51° 46' N., long. 
 55° 10' E. It is an important trading center. 
 Population, 72,425. 
 
 Orense (o-ren'sa). 1. A province in Galicia, 
 Spain. It is bounded by Portugal on the south, and on 
 the other sides by the provinces Pontevedra, Lugo, Ledn, 
 and Zamora. The surface is mountainous. Area, 2,694 
 square miles. Population, 404,311. 
 
 2. The capital of the province of Orense, situ- 
 ated on the Minho in lat. 42° 18' N., long. 7° 
 50' W. The cathedral is of the 13th century, but retains 
 many Romanesque features, as the very long transepts. 
 The bridge over the Minho, built in 1230, has seven arches, 
 four of them pointed, and rises in a 6teep grade from both 
 ends to the middle. The grand central arch has a span of 
 about 150 feet, and its crown is 135 feet above the river- 
 bed. Population, 16,184. 
 
 Oresteia (o-res-te'ya). A trilogy by ZEsckylus, 
 founded on the history of the family of Aga- 
 memnon. It comprises the “Agamemnon,” 
 “ Choephorte,” and “Eumenides.” 
 
 Orestes (o-res'tez). [Or. ’O/itart/c.] In Greek le- 
 gend, the son of Agamemnon andClytemnestra, 
 
 Organon 
 
 and brother of Electra. He slew Clytemnestra and 
 Aigisthus, and was pursued by the Erinyes. He was a 
 favorite subject of the Greek tragic poets. See Electra. 
 
 Orestes. A play of Euripides, exhibited in 
 409 B. C. 
 
 In the looseness and carelessness of the metre, in the 
 crowding of incidents at the end of the play, in the low 
 tone of its morality — they are all base, says the scholiast, 
 except Pylades, and yet even he advises a cold-blooded 
 murder for revenge’s sake — there is no play of Euripides 
 so disagreeable. On the other hand, for dramatic effect, 
 as the same scholiast observes, there is none more strik- 
 ing ; but this applies only to the opening scenes. 
 
 Slahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 361. 
 
 Orestes. Killed 476 a. d. Regent of the West- 
 ern Empire in the reign of his son Romulus 
 Augustulus (475-476). 
 
 The army had revolted, and the commander-in-chief, 
 an Illyrian named Orestes, had seized the reins of govern- 
 ment. This Orestes had a strange history. About thirty 
 years before the date of the events just mentioned, his 
 native country — the northern part of what is now called 
 Croatia — had been given up by the Romans to the Huns. 
 Orestes, who was then quite a young man, finding himself 
 one of Attila’s subjects, offered his services to the Hun- 
 nish king, and seems to have acted as his secretary. In 
 this capacity he was in the year 448 sent on a mission from 
 Attila to the eastern emperor, Theodosius II. , and we read 
 of his being terribly indignant because he was not regarded 
 as a person of equal consequence with his fellow-envoy, 
 Edica the Scirian. By what curious chances it cam e about 
 that the former secretary of Attila now found himself at 
 the head of the Roman army, and master of the Roman 
 state, history does Dot tell. Orestes did not choose to call 
 himself emperor, thinking, perhaps, that it was safer for 
 the wearei of the diadem and the real holder of power to 
 be different persons. He contented himself with the title 
 of Patrician, the same which had been borne by Rikimer 
 and by Aetius, and bestowed the imperial crown on his son, 
 a boy of fourteen, who was named Romulus after his ma- 
 ternal grandfather. Bradley, Story of the Goths, p. 126. 
 
 Orestes and Electra. 1. A group in marble, 
 probably a late Greek original, in the Villa Lu- 
 dovisi, Rome. A woman, already full-grown, rests her 
 arm kindly on the shoulder of a handsome hoy, who is 
 speaking to her. 
 
 2. An interesting group of antique sculpture 
 in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. Electra, clad in 
 the long tunic, stands with her arm about her brother's 
 neck. This work belongs to the school of Pasiteles, of 
 the early empire. 
 
 Oretani (or-e-ta'nl). In ancient geography, a 
 people in southern Spain, living in the Sierra 
 Morena and neighboring regions. 
 
 Oreus (o're-us), or Histisea (liis-ti-e'a). [Gr. 
 ’Opedf, 'IrfT/a/fi.\ In ancient geography, a city 
 on the northwestern coast of Euboea, Greece, 
 situated opposite Thessaly. 
 
 Histisea, afterwards called Oreus, was the most impor- 
 tant town of northern Euboea, and gave name to a consid- 
 erable tract which has been already mentioned as His- 
 tiseotis. It lay about midway in the northern coast of the 
 island, at the western extremity of a broad plain, and by 
 the side of a small river called the Callas. Its remains 
 are found in this position, and still bear the name of Oreo-. 
 W e learn from Theopompus that when Pericles conquered 
 Eubcea and expelled the Histifeans, while they sought a 
 refuge in Macedonia, 2,000 Athenian citizens took their 
 place, and colonised Oreus, which had before been a town- 
 ship of Histisea. Rawlinson, Herod., IV. 277, note. 
 
 Orfeo (or-fa'o). A dramatic pastoral by Polizi- 
 ano, produced in 1483. It was the first pastoral 
 written in the language of the country to which 
 dramatic action was given. 
 
 Orfeo ed Euridice (or-fa'o ed a-o-re'de-che) 
 ( Orpheus and Eurydice). An opera by Gluck, 
 words by (Jalsabigi, produced at Vienna in 1762. 
 In 1774 it’was produced at Paris as “ Orph^e et Euridice," 
 where it was very successful. The libretto was translated 
 from the Italian by Moline. See Orpheus. 
 
 Orfila (or-fe-la'), Matthieu Joseph Bona ven- 
 ture. Born at Mahon, Balearic Islands, April 
 24, 1787 : died at Paris, March 12, 1853. A French 
 physician and chemist, noted as a writer on 
 toxicology and medical jurisprudence. Among 
 
 his writings are “Toxicologieg^ndrale” (1815), “Traito de 
 m^decine l<5gale” (1847), etc. 
 
 Orford (dr'ford). A town in the county of Suf- 
 folk, England, situated near the North Sea 17 
 miles east-northeast of Ipswich. Population, 
 6,736. 
 
 Orford. Earls of. See Russell and Walpole. 
 Organic statute. A Russian edict of 1832, by 
 which Poland lost its constitution. 
 
 Organ (or'gan) Mountains, Pg. Serra dos Or- 
 gaos. A group of mountains of the Brazilian 
 coast range, at the head of the Bay of Rio de 
 Janeiro. They attain the height of 7.325 feet, and are re- 
 markable for their strange forms. One peak, called the 
 Dedo de Deos (‘ Finger of God ’), appears from the bay like 
 a Anger pointing upward. 
 
 Organon (or'ga-non). [Gr. bpyavov, an instru- 
 ment, organ.] The logica l treatises of Aristotle. 
 The name was originally applied to the logical theory of 
 demonstration, and then by the Peripatetics to the whole 
 of logic, especially to the topics of Aristotle or the rules 
 for probable reasoning, as being only an instrument or 
 aid to philosophy, and not meriting the higher place of a 
 part of philosophy claimed for it by the Stoics and most of 
 the Academics. 
 
Orgetorix 
 
 Orgetorix ( or-jet'o-riks). A Helvetian conspira- 
 tor shortly before the time of Caesar’s war with 
 the Helvetians in 58 B. C. 
 
 Orgon (or-goh' ). A credulous dupe in Moliere’s 
 “Tartufe.” He has an imbecile infatuation for 
 the hypocritical Tartufe. 
 
 Oria (o're-a). A town in the province of Lecce, 
 Apulia, Italy, 20 miles southwest of Brindisi. 
 Population^ commune, 8,731. 
 
 Oriana (o-n-an'a). 1. The legendary mistress 
 
 of Amadis de Gaul, daughter of Lisuarte, king 
 of England. Queen Elizabeth is frequently called “the 
 peerless Oriana” in the adulatory poems of her time. 
 
 2. The principal character in Fletcher’s comedy 
 “The Wild Goose Chase,” and in Farquhar’s 
 comedy “The Inconstant,” which is practically 
 the same. She is betrothed to the evasive Mirabel (the 
 “wild goose ”), and finally brings him to reason and marries 
 him. 
 
 3. A character in Beaumont and Fletcher’s 
 play “The Woman-hater”: a teasing, torment- 
 ing, brilliant woman. — 4. A ballad by Tenny- 
 son, published in 1830. 
 
 Oriana, The Triumphs of. A collection of mad- 
 rigals in honor of Queen Elizabeth, compiled 
 and published by Thomas Morley in 1601. 
 Oribe (o-re'ba), Manuel. Born about 1802: died 
 at Montevideo, Nov., 1857. An Uruguayan gen- 
 eral and politician. He was minister of war under 
 Rivera 1833-35, and succeeded him as president for four 
 years, March 1, 1835. In 1836 Rivera, at the head of the 
 Colorados party, revolted, and eventually (Oct. , 1838) took 
 Montevideo. Oribe then joined with the dictator Rosas in 
 a scheme for uniting Uruguay with Buenos Ayres. Rosas 
 furnished him with troops, and from 1842 to 1851 he held 
 possession of much of Uruguay and besieged Montevideo 
 at intervals : this period is known as the Nine Years’ Siege 
 (“Sitio de Nueve Afios”). Eventually Brazil and Entre 
 Rios interfered, and Oribe capitulated to Urquiza in Oct., 
 1851. He led a revolt in Sept., 1855. 
 
 Oriel (o'ri-el) College. A college of Oxford 
 University, founded by Adam de Brome and Ed- 
 ward II. in 1326 (see the extract). The existing 
 buildings date in greater part from the early 17th century. 
 Though theparts areincongruous, the whole ispicturesque. 
 On one side of the quadrangle there is a fine range of win- 
 dows with medieval tracery. 
 
 Oriel College, the fifth in antiquity of the colleges that 
 now remain at Oxford, dates its legal existence from the 
 year 1326, although it actually took its origin two years 
 earlier. It was in 1324 that Edward II. gave formal per- 
 mission to his almoner, Adam de Brome, to acquire land 
 for the puipose of founding a college which should be 
 styled “the House of the Scholars of St. Mary at Oxford." 
 In accordance with the terms of the royal licence, Adam 
 de Brome bought of Roger Marshall, rector of Tackley, a 
 building known as Tackley’s Inn, situated on the south 
 side of the High Street of Oxford, and there he seems to 
 have established his scholars, one of them, set over the rest, 
 being designated the Rector. He also bought for their 
 benefit a house called La Perilos Hall, which stood on the 
 eastern side of Durham College, in the northern suburb. 
 Before long, however, heresolved to place his collegeunder 
 more powerful protection than his own, and with that ob- 
 ject surrendered it into the hands of his royal master. 
 Edward II. was, by a transparent fiction, made to appear 
 the founder of an institution of which in point of fact he 
 was merely the foster-father. On the 21st of January, 1326, 
 he issued a formal charter of foundation and a code of 
 statutes, both, no doubt, drawn up by his almoner, who 
 caused himself to be appointed the official head of the Col- 
 lege, with the title of Praepositus, or Provost. 
 
 Lyte, Oxford, p. 141. 
 
 Orient (o'ri-ent), The. [From L. oriens, rising 
 (sc. of the sun).] The East ; eastern countries ; 
 specifically, the regions to the east and southeast 
 of the leading states of Europe : a vague term, 
 including Asiatic Turkey, Persia, India, Egypt, 
 etc. 
 
 Origen (or'i-jen), L. Origenes (o-rij'e-nez) (sur- 
 named Adamantius). [Gr. ’Slpiyeyvg ’Ada/iavn- 
 rof.] Born probably at Alexandria, 185 or 186 
 A. d. : died at Tyre, probably 253. One of the 
 Greek fathers of the church. He was educated at 
 Alexandria, and was head of the celebrated catechetical 
 school in that city from about 211 un til 231 or 232, when for 
 obscure reasons he was degraded by the synod from the 
 condition of a presbyter to that of a layman. He afterward 
 founded a school at Cresarea. He was imprisoned in the 
 Decian persecution in 250. He was an extremely prolific 
 author, and wrote on a great variety of subjects pertaining 
 to theology. Among his works are a valuable recension of 
 theOld Testament, entitled “ Hexapla,”fragmentsof which 
 have been preserved ; and a defense of Christianity against 
 the Epicurean philosopher Celsus. 
 
 Origenists (or'i-jen-ists). 1. The followers of 
 Origen of Alexandria; those who held or pro- 
 fessed to hold the doctrines held by or attrib- 
 uted to Origen. — 2. The members of a sect 
 mentioned by Epiphanius as followers of some 
 unknown person named Origen. He attributes 
 shameful vices to them, but supplies no further 
 information concerning them. 
 
 Original Chronicle of Scotland, The. A rimed 
 chronicle by Andrew of Wyntoun, finished be- 
 tween 1420 and 1424. It begins with the angels, 
 follows with Adam and Eve, and continues down to the 
 author’s time. 
 
 763 
 
 Wyntoun says that he called his chronicle “original” 
 because he designed to trace things from their origin ; and 
 he wrote it in nine books in honour of the nine orders of 
 angels. Morley, English Writers, VI. 50. 
 
 Origines (o-rij'i-nez). [L., ‘origins.’] Seethe 
 extract. 
 
 Cato composed also the first Roman historical work in 
 Latin prose, his seven books of Origines, commenced in the 
 lateryears of his life and continued nearly until his death. 
 The work comprised also the other tribes of Italy, includ- 
 ing Upperltaly, at the same time dealing with ethnography 
 and all sides of social life to an extent which remained 
 without imitation. In all the rest, the work was in the 
 manner of the Annalists, now brief, now extensive and 
 even allowing space for the insertion of complete speeches 
 by the author. Teuffel and Schwabe, Hist, of Roman Lit. 
 
 [(tr. by O. C. W. Wan-), I. 174. 
 
 Origin of Species, The. A work by Darwin, 
 developing his theory of evolution, published 
 in 1859. 
 
 Orihuela (o-re-wa'la). A town in the province 
 of Alicante, Spain, situated on the Segura 13 
 miles northeast of Murcia. Population, 28,- 
 530. 
 
 Orinda (o-rin'da), The Matchless. See Phil- 
 ips, Katherine. 
 
 Orinoco (o-ri-no'ko). The northernmost of the 
 three great rivers of South America. It rises in 
 the Parima Mountains, flows northwest, then north and 
 finally east through Venezuela, and empties by a delta oppo- 
 site the island of Trinidad, about lat. 9°-10° N. The upper 
 portion is in a forest region ; the lower course is bordered 
 by open llanos. Its branch the Cassiquiare connects it with 
 the Rio Negro, and hence with the Amazon. The chief 
 tributaries are the Guaviare, Meta, Apur(,Ventuari, Caura, 
 and Caroni. Its mouth was discovered by Columbus in 
 1498, and it was first navigated by Diego de Ordaz in 1531. 
 Length, about 1,350 miles (including the Guaviare, about 
 1,600 miles); navigable about 900 miles, to the Orinoco 
 “falls,” or rapids of Atures, and above them for a long 
 distance. 
 
 Orion (o-ri'on). [Gr. ’Qpiuv.'] 1. In Greek my- 
 thology, a giant and hunter. There were various 
 legends about him. He was blinded, with the aid of Diony- 
 sus, by (Enopion whose daughter he had ravished; but 
 regained his sight by opening his eyes to the rays of the 
 rising sun. He was slain by Artemis. After his death he 
 was changed to a constellation. 
 
 2. Aconste llation situated in the southern hemi- 
 sphere with respect to the ecliptic, but having 
 the equinoctial crossing it nearly in the middle. 
 This constellation is represented by the figure of a giant 
 with a sword by his side. It contains seven starswhich are 
 very conspicuous to the naked eye : four of these form a 
 quadrangle, and the other three are situated in the middle 
 of it in a straight line, forming what is called the Belt or 
 Girdle of Orion. They are also popularly called Jacob's 
 Staff, Our Lady's WanP, the Yard-wand, etc. Orion also 
 contains a remarkable nebula. 
 
 Oriskany (o-ris'ka-ni). A village in Oneida 
 County, New York, 7 miles northwest of Utica. 
 Here, Aug. 6, 1777, the Americans under Herkimer de- 
 feated the British and Indians. See Herkimer. 
 
 Orissa (o-ris'sa). A former division of Bengal, 
 British India. It was formerly a Hindu king- 
 dom; later was under Mogul and Mahratta 
 rule ; and was acquired by the British in 1803. 
 In December, 1911, it was united with Behar and 
 Chota Nagpur in a lieutenant-governorship. 
 
 Oristano (6-ris-ta'no). A town in the province 
 of Cagliari, Sardinia, situated on the Tirso, 
 near the western coast, 54 miles north-north- 
 west of Cagliari. It has a cathedral. Popu- 
 lation, 7,199. 
 
 Orizaba (o-re-tha/Ba). A city of Mexico, in the 
 state of Vera Cruz, Mexico, 64 miles west-south- 
 west of Vera Cruz. Population, 32,894. 
 
 Orizaba, Peak of. A slumbering pyramidal 
 volcano, 16 miles northwest of Orizaba. It is 
 
 the highest mountain in Mexico, and, with the exception 
 of Mount Logan and Mount McKinley, in North America. 
 Height of Orizaba (Heilprin, 1890), 18,205 feet ; (Scovell, 
 1892), 18,314 feet. 
 
 Or khan (or-ehan'). Died 1359. Sultan or emir 
 of the Turks 1326-59, son of Othman. 
 
 Orkney (ork'ni). A county of Scotland, con- 
 sisting of the Orkney Islands. 
 
 Orkney and Shetland (shet'land). A former 
 county of Scotland, divided in 1889. See Ork- 
 ney Islands and Shetland Islands. 
 
 Orkney (ork'ni) Islands. [Icel. Orlcneyjar, Or- 
 cades Islands (ey, pi. eyjar, island), the first ele- 
 ment being prob. confused with orlcn, dried, a 
 seal.] A group of islands north of Scotland, 
 from which they are separated by Pentland 
 Firth: the ancient Orcades. Chief town, Kirk- 
 wall. They form a distinct county, and arc about 67 in 
 number, 29 being inhabited. The principal island is Main- 
 land ; surface generally low (hilly in Hoy and parts of 
 Mainland); chief occupations, agriculture and fisheries. 
 The ancient inhabitants were Piets: they were Christian- 
 ized by Irish missionaries. The islands were acquired by 
 the Northmen in the 8th and 9th centuries, and ruled by 
 jarls. In 1231 they passed to the Earls of Angus, etc., and 
 in 1468 to the Scottish crown. Denmark renounced its 
 claims of sovereignty in 1590. Area, 376 square miles. 
 Population (civil county), 28,698. 
 
 Orleans, Helfene Louise Elisabeth d’ 
 
 Orlando (or-lan'do). 1. The Italian form of 
 Roland (which see). — 2. In Shakspere’s comedy 
 ‘ ‘ As you Like it,” the younger brother of Oliver, 
 and lover of Rosalind. 
 
 Orlando Furioso (or-lan'do fo-re-o'so). [It., 
 ‘Orlando Mad.’] A metrical romance by Ariosto, 
 40 cantos of which were published in 1515, to 
 which he added 5 more before his death in 1533. 
 Sir John HarinKton’s translation was published in 1591. It 
 is a continuation of Boiardo’s “Orlando Innamorato,” but 
 it begins at a point before the end of Boiardo’s work. Or- 
 lando’s madness is occasioned by the falseness of Angelica. 
 
 Orlando Furioso, The History of. A play by 
 Robert Greene, produced probably about 1588- 
 1589. It was revived in 1592, printed in 1594. Greene 
 makes Orlando marry Angelica. 
 
 Orlando Innamorato (en-na-mo-ra'to). [‘Or- 
 lando Enamoured.’] A metrical romance by 
 Boiardo, on the love of Orlando or Roland for 
 Angelica. The hero, however, is really Rogero. Boiardo 
 left it unfinished in 1494, and Ariosto wrote his “Orlando 
 Furioso” as its sequel. Boiardo’s poem was remodeled 
 in a lively style by Berni. 
 
 Orleanais (or-la-a-na'). An ancient govern- 
 ment of France. Capital, Orleans. It was bounded 
 by Ile-de-France on the north, Champagne and Burgundy 
 on the east, Nivernais on the southeast, Berry on the south, 
 and Touraine on the west. It comprised, besides Orleanais 
 proper, Gatinais, Beauce, and Sologne. It corresponded 
 mainly to the departments of Loiret, Loir-et-Cher, Eure-et- 
 Loir, and parts of Seine-et-Oise, Indre-et-Loire, Nitvre, 
 Cher, and Sarthe. 
 
 Orleanists (or'le-an-ists). In French politics, 
 the adherents of the princes of the Orleans 
 family. The family is descended from a younger brother 
 of Louis XIV., and has furnished one sovereign, Louis 
 Philippe (who reigned 1830-48). 
 
 Orleans (or-la-on'), Eng. Orleans (or'le-anz). 
 [Formerly also Orleaunce, ME. Orleans, Or- 
 leauns, Orliauns, OF. Orleans, Orlians, LL. Att- 
 reliani, or Aurelianensis, Aurelian’s (city).] The 
 capital of the department of Loiret, France, sit- 
 uated on the Loire in lat. 47° 54' N.,long. 1° 54' 
 E.: the medieval Aureliani, and probably the an- 
 cient Genabum. It has important commerce in wool, 
 wines, grain, timber, oil, etc. , and manufactures of blankets, 
 hosiery, worst ed, vinegar, etc. The cathedral is a building 
 of great size, rebuilt by Henry IV. (begun in 1601) in as 
 close an approximation as possible to the architecture of the 
 original Pointed cathedral destroyed by the Huguenots. 
 The facade, with its 5 portals and 2 lofty towers, is of 
 gingerbread work ; but much of the chevet and apsidal 
 chapels belongs to the earlier church, and is very fine. 
 The five-aisled interior is 485 feet long, and the nave 100 
 high. Orleans was a town of the Carnutes. It was de- 
 stroyed by Caesar, but was rebuilt by Aurelian, occupying 
 an important military position, it was unsuccessfully 
 besieged by Attila in 451 ; was a leading town from the 
 Merovingian times; and was the chief place of Orleanais. 
 The famous siege of it commenced by the English Oct. 12, 
 1428, was raised in May, 1429, in consequence of the as- 
 saults of the relieving forces under Joan of Arc (see the 
 extract). It was a Huguenot center about 1563. A victory 
 of the Germans over the French, Oct. 11, 1870, was accom- 
 panied by the capture of the city. The French retook it 
 in Nov.; but in the severe fighting of Dec. 2-4 they were 
 worsted, and the Germans again occupied it. Population, 
 68,614. 
 
 The Loire, flowing first northwards, then westwards, 
 protects, by its broad sickle of waters, this portion of Gaul, 
 and the Loire itself is commanded at its most northerly 
 point by that city which, known in Caesar’s day as Genabum, 
 had taken the name Aureliani from the great Emperor, 
 the conqueror of Zenobia, and is nowcalled Orleans. Three 
 times has Aureliani played an eminent part in the history 
 of Gaul. There broke out the great insurrection of B. c. 
 52 against the victorious Caesar; there Atfila’s host, in 
 A. D. 451, received their first repulse ; and there in 1429, 
 the maid of Domremy, by forcing the Duke of Bedford to 
 raise the siege, wrested from the English Plantagenets 
 their last chance of ruling in France. 
 
 Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, II. 132. 
 
 Orleans, Charles, Due d’. Born May 26, 1391: 
 died Jan. 4, 1465. A French poet, son of Louis, 
 due d’Orleans. He was taken prisoner by the English 
 at Agincourt in 1415, and released in 1440. His poems were 
 edited by d’H^ricarut in 1874. 
 
 The life of this poet . . . falls into three divisions. In 
 the first, when after his father’s death he held the position 
 of a great feudal prince almost independent of royal con- 
 trol, it is not recorded that he produced any literary work. 
 His long captivity in England was more fruitful, and dur- 
 ing it he wrote both in French and in English. But the 
 last five-and-twenty years of his life, when he lived quietly 
 and kept court at Blois (bringing about him the literary 
 men of the time from Bouciqualt to Villon, and engaging 
 with them in poetical tournaments), were the most pro- 
 ductive. His undoubted work is not large, but the pieces 
 which compose it are among the best of their kind. 
 
 Saintsbwry, French Lit., p. 105. 
 
 Orleans, Ferdinand Philippe Louis Charles 
 Henri, Due d’. Born at Palermo, Sept. 3, 1810 : 
 died near Paris, July 13, 1842. Eldest son of 
 Louis Philippe, king of the French. He served 
 in the campaigns in Algeria. 
 
 Orleans, Helene Louise Elisabeth, Duchesse 
 d’. Born at Ludwigslust, Mecklenburg, 1814: 
 died at Richmond, England, 1858. A princess of 
 Mecklenburg, wife of the Due d’Orldans (1810- 
 1842). 
 
Orleans, House of 
 
 Orleans, House of. In French history, at vari- 
 ous times since the 14th century, a younger 
 branch of the reigning family, holding the 
 duchy of Orleans as an appanage: particularly 
 the family of the younger brother of Louis XIV. , 
 Philip, whose descendants and adherents have 
 been called Orleanists. 
 
 Orleans (or'le-anz), Isle of. An island in the 
 St. Lawrence, northeast of Quebec. Length, 
 20 miles. 
 
 Orleans (or-la-on'), Jean Baptiste Gaston, Due 
 d’. Bom April 25, 1608 : died Feb. 2, 1660. A 
 younger son of Henry IV. He is noted chiefly for his 
 intrigues against Richelieu and Mazarin in the reigns of 
 Louis XIII. and Louis XIV. He was created duke of Or- 
 leans in 1627. 
 
 Orleans, Louis, Due d’. Born 1371: killed at 
 Paris, Nov. 23, 1407. Younger brother of Charles 
 VI. He was created duke of Orleans in 1392. In the same 
 year his brother became deranged, and he assumed the 
 regency in opposition to the Duke of Burgundy. He was 
 assassinated by Jean SansPeur, duke of Burgundy, in 1407, 
 and his death was the signal for the civil war between 
 Burgundians and Armagnacs or supporters of Orleans. 
 
 Orleans, Louis Philippe, Due d’. See Louis Phi- 
 lippe, King of the French. 
 
 Orleans, Louis Philippe Joseph, Due d’. Born 
 at St.-Cloud, France, April 13, 1747: guillotined 
 at Paris, Nov. 6, 1793. Great-grandson of Phi- 
 lippe d’Orl4ans (1674— 1723). He was a member of the 
 Constituent Assembly 1789-91, and was a Montagnard dep- 
 uty to the Convention 1792-93. , He renounced his title, as- 
 sumed the name of Philippe EgaliM, and voted for the 
 death of the king. He was executed on the accession of 
 the Jacobins to power in the Convention. 
 
 Orleans, Maid of. See Joan of Arc. 
 
 Orleans, Philippe, Due d’. Born Sept. 21, 1640 : 
 died June 9, 1701. The younger brother of Louis 
 XIV. He became duke of Orleans in 1660, and 
 is the ancestor of the present house of Orleans. 
 Orleans, Philippe, Due d’. Born at St.-Cloud, 
 France, Aug., 1674: died at Paris, Dee., 1723. 
 The son of Philippe d’Orl4ans (1640-1701). He 
 
 distinguished himself as a general, and was regent of 
 France 1715-23, and prime minister in 1723. 
 
 Orleans Madonna, The. A small but beauti- 
 ful painting of the Virgin and Child, on wood, 
 at the Chateau de Chantilly, France. The Virgin 
 has the circular nimbus, and in the background appear 
 earthenware vessels and a flask. 
 
 Orloff (or-lof'), Alexei. Born 1737 : died 1808. 
 A Russian admiral, brother of Grigori Orloff. 
 He took part in the conspiracy which raised Catharine II. 
 to the throne, and strangled the czar Peter III. with his 
 own hands (1762). He gained the naval victory of Tchesme 
 over the Turks in 1770. 
 
 Orloff, Prince Alexei. Born 1787 : died at St. 
 Petersburg, May 21, 1861. A Russian general 
 and diplomatist. He negotiated the peace of Adria- 
 nople in 1829, and that of Hunkiar-Skelessi in 1833 ; and 
 represented Russia at the Congress of Paris in 1856. 
 Orloff, Count Grigori. Born Oct. 17, 1734: died 
 at Moscow, April 24, 1783. A Russian general 
 and politician. He served in the Seven Years’ War, and 
 participated in the conspiracy which raised Catharine II. 
 to the throne in 1762. He afterward became Catharine’s 
 paramour. 
 
 Orloff Diamond, The. A famous gem, the chief 
 ornament of theRussian imperial scepter: some- 
 times called the scepterdiamond. It was purchased 
 at Amsterdam by Count Grigori Orloff, and was given by 
 him to Catharine II. It weighs 193 carats. Also Koh-i-Tur. 
 
 Orm. See Ormulum. 
 
 Ormazd ( or'mazd), or Ormuzd (or'muzd). See 
 Ahura Mazda. 
 
 Orme (orm), Robert. Bom at Anjengo, Tra- 
 vancore, India, June, 1728: died at Great Eal- 
 ing, near London, Jan. 13, 1801. An English 
 historian of India, son of Alexander Orme, sur- 
 geon in Anjengo. He was educated at Harrow, and in 
 1743 entered the East India Company’s service at Calcutta. 
 He was intimately associated with Lord Clive, succeeded 
 Lord Pigot asgovernorof Madras, and wascommissary-gen- 
 eralfrom 1757 to 1759. In 1759 he returned to London, and 
 between 1763 and 1778 published a “History of the Military 
 Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan from 1745.” 
 
 Orme’s Head (6rmz hed), Great, and Orme’s 
 Head, Little. Two promontories m Carnarvon- 
 shire, North Wales, which project into the Irish 
 Sea about 35 miles west of Liverpool. 
 
 Ormin. See Ormulum. 
 
 Ormonde (or'mond). The former name of East 
 Munster (Tipperary), Ireland. 
 
 Ormonde. A bay thoroughbred horse foaled in 
 1883. In 1886 he won the Derby, St. Leger, and Two Thou- 
 sand Guineas. He became a roarer, and was sent to Buenos 
 Ayres. In 1892 lie was bought by Mr. McDonough of Cali- 
 fornia for $150,000, the largest price ever paid for a single 
 animal. Ormonde is considered the greatest racer ever 
 bred in England. 
 
 Ormonde, Dukes and Earls of. See Butler. 
 Ormskirk (ormz'kerk). Atownin Lancashire, 
 England, 12 miles north-northeast of Liverpool. 
 Population, 6,857. 
 
 Ormulum (or'mu-lum). A series of metrical 
 
 764 
 
 homilies on the New Testament, with para- 
 phrases, composed by Orm or Ormin in the first 
 part of the 13th century. He was an Augustinian 
 canon, and it is assumed that he lived in Lincolnshire 
 or Nottinghamshire, but there are arguments in favor of 
 Ormskirk in Lancashire. Orm had a phonetic system of 
 Iris own, distinguishing the short vowels by doubling the 
 following consonant. The Ormulum was first edited from 
 the MS. by Robert Meadows White in 1852. 
 
 The intention of his work corresponded to that of the 
 Scripture Paraphrase of Caedmon, although it differed 
 much in plan and execution. His work is called, from his 
 own name, the Ormulum. 
 
 “ This boc iss nemmned Orrmulum 
 Forrthi that Orm itt wrohhte.” 
 
 But though the author there, for a purpose, calls himself 
 Orm, he says elsewhere that he was named Ormin. There 
 remains only a portion of the work, and it is in a single MS. 
 which forms a folio volume in the Junian collection, now 
 preserved in the Bodleian. 
 
 Morley, English Writers, III. 232. 
 
 Ormus (or'mus), or Hormuz (hor'muz). An an- 
 cient and medieval city situated on the south- 
 ern coast of Persia at the entrance of the Persian 
 Gulf. It was removed to a neighboring island in the Strait 
 of Ormus about 1300 ; became an emporium of commerce 
 and noted for its wealth ; became dependent on Portugal 
 in 1514 ; and in 1622 was taken by the Shah of Persia, as- 
 sisted by the English. It is now in ruins. Milton cele- 
 brates “the wealth of Ormus and of Iud” (“Paradise Lost," 
 ii. 2). 
 
 Ormuzd. See Ahura Mazda. 
 
 Orne (orn). A river in northern France which 
 flows into the English Channel 10 miles north- 
 east of Caen. Length, about 100 miles. 
 
 Orne. A department in northern France, formed 
 from part of the ancient Normandy. Capital, 
 Alen^on. It is bounded by Calvados on the north, Eure 
 on the northeast, Eure-et-Loir on the east, Sarthe and Ma- 
 yenne on the south, and Manche on the west. The sur- 
 face is generally hilly. Horses and other live stock are 
 bred. Area, 2,371 square miles. Population, 315,993. 
 Oromo (o-ro'md). See Galla. 
 
 Oronsay (o'ron-sa). A small island of Scotland, 
 immediately south of Colonsay. 
 
 Oronte (o-ront'). A fop in Moliere’s “Le mis- 
 anthrope.” He has written a sonnet in a quar- 
 ter of an hour, and seeks applause. 
 
 Orontes (o-ron'tez). [Gr. ’0p6vTyg.'] Tho chief 
 river in northern Syria: the modern Nahr-el- 
 Asi. It rises between Lebanon and Anti-Libanus, flows 
 past Antioch, and empties into the Mediterranean about 
 lat. 36° 5' N. Length, about 250 miles. 
 
 Orontes (mountain). See Elwend. 
 
 Oroomiah. See Urumiah. 
 
 Oroonoko (6 // ro-no / kd). A tragedy by South- 
 erne, founded on Mrs. Behn’s novel: first acted 
 in 1696. Oroonoko, the principal character, is a real per- 
 son, and is represented as an accomplished black prince, 
 made a slave, and paying a fearful penalty for his marriage 
 with Imoinda. The phrase “Pity ’s akin to love," which 
 is found in this play, has passed into a proverb. 
 
 Oroonoko, or the Royal Slave. A novel by 
 Mrs. Aphra Behn, published about 1658 : found- 
 ed on facts which became known to her while 
 residing at Surinam, of which her father was 
 governor. 
 
 Oropus (o-ro'pus). [Gr. 'Qpui r<5f.] In ancient 
 geography, a seaport in Attica, Greece, bor- 
 dering on Boeotia, situated on the Euripus 23 
 mil es north of Athens. Near it was the oracle 
 of Amphiaraus. 
 
 Oroshaza (o'rosh-ha-zo). A town in the county 
 of Bekes, Hungary, 31 miles northeast of Szege- 
 din. Population, commune, 21,385. 
 
 Orosius (o-ro'si-Us), Padllus. Born in Spain 
 (probably at Tarragona) : lived in the first part 
 of the 5th century A. D. A Latin historian and 
 theologian. He wrote an epitome of history directed 
 against the pagans : “Historiarum libri vii adversus paga- 
 nos" (translated into Anglo-Saxon by Alfred the Great). 
 
 Paulus Orosius, a native of Tarragona in Spain, and a 
 friend of Augustine, wrote his Seven Books of “Histories ” 
 about the year 417, while he was still a young man (‘ religi- 
 osus juvenis’), at t he request of the Bishop of Hippo. They 
 were to form a history of the world from the Deluge down 
 to his own time (the last entry relates to the year 417), and 
 the object of the book was to show that bloodshed , oppres- 
 sion, and misery had ever been the staple of human his- 
 tory, and that “Christian times” were unjustly blamed 
 for the woes which the barbarians were then inflicting 
 on the empire. . . . Vague, passionate, and declamatory, 
 Orosius represents only the narrow prejudices of an ortho- 
 dox provincial of the empire in his judgments concerning 
 the men and the events of that mighty crisis. 
 
 Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 245. 
 
 Orotava (o-ro-ta'va). A town near the north- 
 ern coast of Teneriffe, Canary Islands. Popu- 
 lation, 9,192. 
 
 Orozco y Berra (o-roth'ko e ber'ra), Manuel. 
 Born at Mexico, June 8, 1816: died there, Jan. 
 27, 1881. A Mexican publicist and author. He 
 was a lawyer ; was appointed director of the national ar- 
 chives in 1852 ; and held important posts under Juarez. Sub- 
 sequently he accepted office under Maximilian, and on the 
 return of Juarez in 1867 was imprisoned for a short time. 
 His works include “Geografia de las lenguas y carta etno- 
 
 Orta 
 
 grdfico de Mexico ” (1864), and various works on Mexican 
 history and geography. He edited the Mexican supple- 
 ment of the “ Dicciouario universal de historia y geo- 
 grafia. ” 
 
 Orphan, The, or the Unhappy Marriage. A 
 
 tragedy by Otway, produced in 1680. See Mo- 
 nimia. 
 
 Orphee aux Enfers (or-fa/ 6 zan-far ')• [F., 
 Orpheus in Hell.’] An opera bouff e by Offen- 
 bach, produced at Paris in 1858. 
 
 Orphee et Euridice. See Orfeo ed Euridice. 
 Orpheon (or-fa-on'). A general French name 
 for a singing society, or a combination of such 
 societies. 
 
 An institution which in 1867 numbered in France alone 
 3,243 choral societies, with 147,500 effective members, and 
 which still (1880) comprises 1 500 Orplffions and 60,000 
 Orpheonists, naturally required organs of its own, espe- 
 cially for the ventilation of topics connected with the “ con- 
 cours" and festivals. The most important of these are 
 “ La France chorale," “ L’Echo des Orpfffions, ’’ “ La nou- 
 velle France chorale,” and “ i.’Orpht'on.” 
 
 Grove, Diet, of Music, etc., II. 612. 
 
 Orpheus (or'fus). [Gr. 'Op<j>evg.~) In Greek le- 
 gend, the son of Apollo, or of a Thracian river- 
 god, and husband of Eurydiee. He had the power 
 of charming all animate and inanimate objects with his 
 sweet lyre ; descended living into Hades to brine back to 
 life Eurydiee ; and perished, tom to pieces by infuriated 
 Thracian msenads. See Eurydiee. 
 
 The earliest poet, in Greek legend, is Orpheus. The 
 name of this myt hical person is the Greek form of the In- 
 dian liibhu. The Ribhus figure in the Indian hymns as 
 great artificers, the first mortals who were raised to the 
 gods. Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 18. 
 
 Orpheus and Eurydiee. See Orfeo ed Euridice. 
 Orpheus C. Kerr (“Office-seeker”). The pseu- 
 donym of Robert Henry Newell. 
 
 Orpheus, Eurydiee, and Hermes. A replica of 
 an Attic high relief of the school of Phidias, in 
 the Museo Nazionale, Naples. The group is shown 
 just at the moment when Orpheus, having looked back, 
 must lose his wife forever. It is full of the charm and 
 high ideal quality of the best Greek work. 
 
 Orr (or), James Lawrence. Born at Crayton- 
 ville, S. C., May 12, 1822: died at St. Peters- 
 burg, May 5, 1873. An American politician. 
 He was a member of Congress from South Carolina 1849- 
 1859 ; speaker of the House 1857-59 ; Confederate senator 
 1862-65 ; governor of South Carolina 1865-68; and United 
 States minister to Russia 1873. 
 
 Orrery, Earls of. See Boyle. 
 
 Orrhoene. See Osrlioene. 
 
 Orsay (or-sa/), Comte Alfred Guillaume Ga- 
 briel d’. Born at Paris about 1798: died at 
 Paris, Aug. 4, 1852. A leader of society in Pa- 
 ris and London, and amateur of the fine arts. 
 He is noted for his intimacy with the Countess of Blessing- 
 ton. In 1827 he married Lady Harriet Gardiner, daughter 
 of Lord Blessington by his first wife. She soon left him, 
 and he returned to London in 1831, occupied a villa next 
 to Gore House, the home of the Countess of Blessington. 
 They gathered around them a brilliant literary and fashion- 
 able society. On his bankruptcy in 1849, they returned to 
 Paris, where the countess died in a few weeks. 
 
 Orsini (or-se'ne). A Roman princely family, 
 formerly powerful in Rome and elsewhere in 
 Italy. 
 
 Orsini, Felice. Born at Meldola, Forli, Italy, 
 1819: executed at Paris, March 13, 1858. An 
 Italian patriot and revolutionist. He attempted, 
 with others, to assassinate Napoleon III. by exploding 
 bombs Jan. 14, 1858. Fieri was executed with him. 
 Orsino (or-se'no). A character in Shakspere’s 
 play “Twelfth Night,” the Duke of Illyria. He 
 ioves Olivia, who discourages him. He finally marries 
 Viola, who secretly loves him and has served him as a 
 page. 
 
 Orsk (orsk). A town in the government of 
 Orenburg, eastern Russia, situated on the Ural 
 about 150 miles east-southeast of Orenburg. 
 Population, 14,400. 
 
 Orson. See Valentine and Orson. 
 
 Orsova (6r'sho-vo),01d,and Orsova.New. Two 
 villages in Hungary, situated at the Iron Gates 
 of the Danube, near the Rumanian and Servian 
 frontiers. New Orsova was a Turkish fortress 
 until 1878. 
 
 Orsted, or Oersted (er'sted), Anders Sandoe. 
 
 Born at Rudkjobing, Denmark, Dec. 21, 1778: 
 died May 1, 1860. A noted Danish statesman, 
 jurist, and author: brother of H. C. Orsted. 
 He was premier 1853-54. 
 
 Orsted, Hans Christian. Born at Rudkjobing, 
 Denmark, Aug. 14, 1777 : died March 9, 1851. A 
 Danish physicist, professor at Copenhagen, es- 
 pecially celebrated for bis discovery of electro- 
 magnetism in 1819. He published “Aanden i 
 Naturen” (“ Spirit in Nature,” 1850), etc. 
 Orsua, Pedro de. See TJrsua. 
 
 Orta (or'ta). A small town in the province of 
 Novara, northern Italy, situated on the Lake 
 of Orta 27 miles north-northwest of Novara. 
 
Orta, Lake of 
 
 Orta, Lake of, or Lago Cusio (la'go ko'ze-o). 
 A small lake in the province of Novara, north- 
 ern Italy, 6 miles west of Lago Maggiore. 
 Length, 7| miles. 
 
 Ortegal (or'te-gal ; Sp. pron. or-ta-gal'), Cape. 
 A cape at the northwestern extremity of Spain. 
 Ortel (er'tel), Philipp Friedrich Wilhelm: 
 pseudonym W. 0. VOn Horn. Born at Horn, 
 near Simmern, Prussia, Aug. 15, 1798 : died at 
 Wiesbaden, Prussia, Oct. 14, 1867. A German 
 writer of popular stories. 
 
 Ortelius (or-te'li-us) (Latinized from Oertel or 
 Ortell). Abraham. Born at Antwerp, 1527 : 
 died at Antwerp, 1598. A Flemish geographer. 
 He published an atlas, ‘•Theatrum orbis terrarum " (1570), 
 etc. He came to England in 1577, and it was hi3 encour- 
 agement and solicitation that induced Camden to produce 
 his '* Britannia." 
 
 Ortenau ( or 'te-nou) . A region in central Baden, 
 lying east of the Rhine, west of the Black For- 
 est, and north of the Breisgau. 
 
 Orth (orth), Godlove Stoner. Born near Leb- 
 anon, Pa., April 22, 1817 : died at Lafayette, 
 Ind., Dec. 16, 1882. An American politician. 
 He was member of Congress from Indiana 1863-71, 1873- 
 1875, and 1879-82, and United States minister to Austria 
 1875-77. 
 
 Orthez (or-taz'). A town in the department of 
 Basses-Pyrenees, France, situated on the Gave 
 de Pau 25 miles northwest of Pan. it was the an- 
 cient capital of Bearn. Later it was a Protestant center. 
 Near it, Feb. 27, 1814, the English and Spanish forces un- 
 der Wellington defeated the French under Soult. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 6,254. 
 
 Ortler (ort'ler), or Ortler Spitze (ort'ler spit'- 
 se). The highest mountain in the Austrian em- 
 pire, situated in the western part of Tyrol, near 
 the Italian frontier, 40 miles northwest of Trent. 
 It is the highest mountain of the eastern Alps, and was 
 formerly supposed to be the highest peak in Europe. 
 Height, 12,810 feet. 
 
 Ortler Alps. A group of the Alps including the 
 Ortler. It forms the watershed of the Adige, 
 Adda, and Oglio basins. 
 
 Orton (or'ton), Arthur. Died at London, 
 April 1, 1898. See Tichborne. 
 
 Orton, James. Born at Seneca Falls, N. Y., 
 April 21, 1830: died on Lake Titicaca, Peru, 
 Sept. 25, 1877. An American Congregational 
 clergyman, naturalist, and traveler. He was ap- 
 pointed professor of natural sciences at Rochester Univer- 
 sity in 1866, and professor of natural history at Vassar Col- 
 lege in 1869. In 1867 and 1873 he conducted expeditions 
 to South America, crossing the Andes and descending the 
 Amazon. In 1876 he undertook the exploration of the 
 river Beni, but was forced to return, and died on his way 
 home. He published “ The Andes and the Amazon ” (1870 
 and 1876), “ Comparative Zoology ” (1875), etc. 
 
 Ortona (or-to'na). A seaport in the province 
 of Chieti, eastern Italy, situated on the Adriatic 
 14 miles east of Chieti. It was the capital of the 
 ancient Frentani. Population, town, 8,266; commune, 
 14,974. 
 
 Ortygia (or-tij'i-a). [Gr. ’Oprvyia.] In an- 
 cient geography, a small island at the en- 
 trance of the Great Harbor of Syracuse, Sicily. 
 It was famous in the sieges of that city. 
 
 Oruba (o-ro'ba), or Aruba (a-ro'ba). A small 
 island of the West Indies, situated in the Carib- 
 bean Sea, north of Venezuela, in lat. 12° 31' 
 N., long. 70° 3' W. It belongs to the Netherlands, 
 and is attached to the colony of Curasao. Area, 69 square 
 miles. Population, 9,349. 
 
 Orungu (o-rong'go). A small Bantu tribe of 
 French Kongo, West Africa, settled around the 
 mouth of the Ogowe and Cape Lopez. They are 
 a branch of the Mpongwe. 
 
 Oruro (o-ro'ro). 1. A department in western 
 Bolivia, bordering on Peru and Chile. Area, 
 19,000 square miles. Population, 99,854. — 2. 
 The capital of the department of Oruro, situ- 
 ated about 150 miles northwest of Sucre. Pop- 
 ulation, 20,670. 
 
 Orvieto (or-ve-a'to). A town in the province 
 of Perugia, Italy, situated on a volcanic hill 60 
 miles north by west of Rome : the ancient Urbi- 
 bentum, and medieval UrbsVetus. It is noted for 
 its picturesque site, Etruscan necropolis, cathedral, well, 
 private residences, and wine. The cathedral, founded 1290, 
 is in plan a Latin cross with square chevet, 293 feet long, 
 107 wide, and 111) high to the open framed wooden roof. 
 The interior is of basilican character, except for its narrow 
 pointed clearstory windows. The building is extremely 
 rich in works of art of all kinds. The splendid octagonal 
 sculptured fontand the frescos by Fra Angelico and Luca 
 Signorelli are especially noteworthy. The west front (1310) 
 la the most beautiful and the purest design of its type in 
 existence. It has three vertical divisions, separated by pier3 
 and pinnacles, and terminating in lofty gables filled with 
 mosaics. Below there are three great canopied doors, and 
 between the doors and the gables mosaics, an arcade, and 
 a central rose-window inscribed in a richly decorated 
 aquaro. The piers between and at the sides of the portals 
 are covered with admirable reliefs by Giovanni Pisano ami 
 Arnolfo, representing the Creation, the Patriarchs and 
 
 765 
 
 Prophets, the Life of Christ, and the Last Judgment. The 
 faqade is 174 feet high and 131 wide. Population, town, 
 8,430 ; commune, 18,643. 
 
 Orville (or'vil), Lord. The lover of Evelina, 
 in Miss Burney’s novel of that name. 
 
 Oryekhoff-Zuyeff (or-yech'of-zo'yef). A cot- 
 ton-manufacturing village in the government 
 of Vladimir, Russia, about 55 miles east of 
 Moscow. 
 
 Orzecbowski (or-zhe-chov'ske) (L. Orichovi- 
 US), Stanislaw. Born at Przemysl, Galicia, 
 about 1515 : died. 1566 (1). A Polish theologian, 
 by turns a champion and an opponent of the 
 Reformation in Poland. 
 
 Osage (o'saj) : their own name is Wacace (wa- 
 sha'sha). [PL, also Osages .] A tribe of the 
 Dhegiha division of the Siouan stock of North 
 American Indians, composed of the Great Osage 
 and Little Osage. Great Osage is the common but er- 
 roneous name for the Highland Osage (‘those who camped 
 at the top of the hill '), and Little Osage is a similarly erro- 
 neous name for the Lowland Osage (‘ those who camped at 
 the base of the hill’). The Osage are in Oklahoma, and 
 number 2,000. See Dhegika. 
 
 Osage (o'saj or o-saj'). A river in eastern Kan- 
 sas and in Missouri which flows into the Mis- 
 souri 9 miles east of J efferson City, it is called 
 in Kansas Marais des Cygnes. Length, 400-600 miles; 
 navigable about 200 miles. 
 
 Osaka. See Ozaka. 
 
 Osaka (o-sa/ka). A Bantu tribe of French Kon- 
 go, neighbors and kinsmen of the Bakele. 
 
 Osbaldistone (os-bal-dis'ton), Francis. The 
 nominal hero of Scott’s “Rob Roy.” 
 
 Osbaldistone, Eashleigh. The villain of Scott’s 
 “ Rob Roy.” He is the cousin of Francis, and 
 a well-drawn character. 
 
 Osborn (oz'bern), Sherard. Born April 25, 
 1822 : died May 6, 1875. A British admiral and 
 arctic explorer. He entered the navy in 1837 ; assisted 
 in the reduction of Canton in 1841; took part in two ex- 
 peditions in search of Sir John Franklin (publishing ac- 
 counts in 1852 and 1856) ; and served in the Crimean and 
 second Chinese wars. In Dec., 1859, he published “The 
 Career, Last Voyage, and Fate of Sir John Franklin.” 
 
 Osborne (oz'bern), George. A character in 
 Thackeray’s “Vanity Fair,” the handsome, sel- 
 fish husband of Amelia : in the opinion of his 
 friends, “a regular Don Giovanni, by Jove!” 
 
 Osborne, John. A character in Thackeray’s 
 “Vanity Fail’.” 
 
 One of the powerful portraits in the work i3 that of old 
 Osborne, George’s father. If it have a defect, it is that it 
 is too uniformly black. Itismadeupof arrogance, vanity, 
 malignity, vindictiveness, ingratitude; in short, of all the 
 bad passions and bad tendencies that are capable of coex- 
 istence. Senior, Essays on Fiction, p. 326. 
 
 Osborne House. The winter residence of Queen 
 Victoria, in the Isle of Wight, near East Cowes: 
 a large and sumptuous modern Italian villa, 
 with beautiful terraces andgardens. Itwasgiven 
 by Edward VII. to the British nation. 
 
 Oscar (os'kar) I. (Joseph Franz). [Sw. Dan. 
 Oskar, NL. Oscarus.] Born at Paris, July 4, 
 1799 : died at Stockholm, J uly 8, 1859. King of 
 Sweden and Norway 1844-59, son of Bernadotte 
 
 ★(Charles XIV.) whom he succeeded. 
 
 Oscar II. (Friedrich). Born at Stockholm, Jan. 
 21, 1829: died there, Dec. 8, 1907. King of 
 Sweden and Norway, third son of Oscar I. 
 
 He succeeded his brother Charles XV. in 1872. He was a 
 poet and writer of merit. His publications include “A 
 Memoir of Charles XII.” (Eng. trans. 1819). 
 
 Osceola (os-e-6'la). Born in Georgia, 1804: died 
 at Fort Moultrie, S. C., Jan. 30, 1838. A Semi- 
 nole chief, leader during the first part of the 
 second Seminole war (1835-37). 
 
 OschatZ (o'shiits). A town in the kingdom of 
 Saxony, situated on the Dollmtz 35 miles north- 
 west of Dresden. Population, commune, 10,853. 
 
 Oschersleben (o'shers-la-ben). A town in the 
 province of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the 
 Bode 19 miles west-southwest of Magdeburg. 
 
 .Population, commune, 13,251. 
 
 Osel, or Oesel (e'zel). An island in the Baltic 
 Sea, belonging to the government of Livonia, 
 Russia, intersected by lat. 58° 30' N., long. 22° 
 30' E. Chief , town, Arensburg. The surface is 
 generally low. Osel belonged to the Teutonic Knighta 
 from the 10th to the ICth century ; passed then to Den- 
 mark ; and passed to Sweden in 1045, and to Russia in 1721. 
 The people are Esthonian by race, and Protestant by creed. 
 Area, 1,010 square miles. Population, about 00 , 000 . 
 
 Osgood (oz'gfid), Mrs. (Frances Sargent 
 
 Locke). Bom at Boston, June 18, 1811: died at 
 Hingbam, Mass., May 12, 1850. An American 
 poet. Among her works is “A Wreath of Wild Flowers 
 from New England ’’ (1838). She contributed to a number 
 of English and American periodicals, and was editor of 
 “ The Ladies’ Companion ” for some time. She also wrote 
 a play, “The Happy Release, or the Triumphs of Love." 
 
 Osgood, Samuel. Bom at Andover, Mass., Feb. 
 14, 1748 : died at New York, Aug. 12, 1813. An 
 
 Osnabriick 
 
 American politician. He was the first commissioner 
 of the U nited States treasury 1785-89, and was postmaster- 
 general 1789-91. 
 
 Osgood, Samuel. Born at Charlestown, Mass., 
 Aug. 30, 1812: died at New York, April 14, 
 1880. An American clergyman and writer. He 
 was originally a Unitarian, but joined the Protestant Epis- 
 copal Church in 1870. His works include ‘Studies in 
 Christian Biography” (1850), “God with Man, etc.” (1853), 
 “The Hearth-Stone, etc.” (1854), “ Mile-Stones in our Life 
 Journey” (1854), “Student Life” (I860), “American 
 Leaves, etc.” (1867), “New York in the 19th Century” 
 (1867), etc. He also edited “ The Holy Gospels ’’ (1856), 
 illustrated by Overbeck. 
 
 O’Shaughnessy (o-ska'ne-si), ArthurWilliam 
 Edgar. Bom at London, March 14, 1844 : died 
 Jan. 30, 1881. An English minor poet. He was 
 an assistant in the natural history division of the British 
 Museum. He published “Epic of Women, etc.” (1870), 
 “The Lays of France ” (1872), “Music and Moonlight, etc." 
 (1874), “ Songs of a Worker ” (1881). 
 
 Oshiba (o-she'ba). See Fan. 
 
 Oshkosh (osh'kosh). A city, capital of Win- 
 nebago County, Wisconsin, situated on Lake 
 Winnebago, at the mouth of the Fox River, 80 
 miles north-northwest of Milwaukee. It has man- 
 ufactures of doors, blinds, sashes, shingles, etc. Popula- 
 tion, 33,062, (1910). 
 
 Osiander (o-ze-an 'der) (Hosemann), Andreas. 
 Born at Gunzenhausen, near Nuremberg, Ba- 
 varia, Dec. 19, 1498: died at KSnigsberg, Prus- 
 sia, Oct. 17, 1552. A German Protestant theo- 
 logian. He was instrumental in introducing the Refor- 
 mation into Nuremberg, and is noted as a controversialist 
 ou the doctrine of justification. 
 
 Osiandrians(o-si-an'dri-anz). Followers of An- 
 dreas Osiander (see above), who held that jus- 
 tification by faith involved the imparting to the 
 believerof the essential righteousness of Christ. 
 Osimo (os'e-mo). A town in the province of 
 Ancona, Italy, 9 miles south of Ancona : the 
 ancient Auximum. It has a cathedral and some 
 antiquities. Population, commune, 18,529. 
 Osiris (o-sl'ris). [L. Osiris, Gr. ”0 oipig, also 
 "Tmpic, from Egyptian Hesiri.] In Egyptian my- 
 thology, one of the chief gods, the principle of 
 good, the creator, the foe of evil, the god of the 
 Nile, in constant conflict with his brother or 
 son Set (the Greek Typhon), the god of evil, of 
 darkness, of the desert. Osiris is vanquished and 
 slain, but revives, and is avenged by Horus and Thoth — 
 evidently a personification of the phenomena of the rising 
 and setting sun. He was the guardian of mankind in the 
 state after death, and as such the nocturnal sun, and a 
 type of the sufferings and triumphs of humanity. In one 
 form (the Osiris of Mendes) he personified the male prin- 
 ciple. In art he was portrayed as a mummy wearing the 
 crown of Upper Egypt, usually flanked by ostrich-plumes. 
 
 People do not yet agree as to the original character of 
 Osiris. Maspero tried to discover the development of this 
 god, and maintains that Osiris was originally and essen- 
 tially a god of the dead, the first man, son of the heaven 
 and earth, and a3 such the god of the dead. He also says 
 that the original home of Osiris was not at Aoydus, but in 
 the Delta : at Busiris and Mendes. However this may 
 be, Osiris was to the Egyptians above all things a god of 
 the dead, more especially in a beneficial way as Onnoris. 
 But he was identified, at an early date, with the sun : 
 chapter seventeen of the Book of the Dead calls “ Ra the 
 soul of Osiris, and Osiris the soul of Ra.” 
 
 La Saussaye, Science of Religion, p. 408. 
 Oskaloosa (os-ka-16'sa). A city, capital of Ma- 
 haska County, Iowa, 55 miles east-southeast of 
 Des Moines. Population, 9,466, (1910). 
 Oskarshamn (os'kars-hamn). A small sea- 
 port on the southeastern coast of Sweden, op- 
 posite the island of Oland. 
 
 Osman (os-man') I. (or Othman). Died 1326. 
 The founder of the Ottoman empire. He became 
 chief of his tribe in 1288, and assumed the title of emir 
 (not of sultan) in 1299. 
 
 Osman II. Killed 1622. Sultan of the Turks 
 1618-22, son of Achmet I. 
 
 Osman III. Sultan of the Turks 1754-57, bro- 
 ther of Mahmud I. 
 
 Osman Digna (os-man' dig'nii). Bom at Sua- 
 kim about 1836. A general of the Mahdi. He 
 
 defeated the British under Baker Pasha Feb. 4, 1884, was 
 defeated by Graham atl’amanieb March 13, 1884, and took 
 part in the defense of the Sudan against General Kitchener 
 in 1898, and in 1900 was captured and imprisoned. 
 Osman Pasha (pash'a). Born in Asia Minor 
 about 1835 (?): died at Constantinople, April 4, 
 1900. A Turkish general. He served in the war with 
 Servia in 1876, and in the following year conducted the 
 defense of Plevna against the Russians. He was com- 
 pelled to surrender Dec. 10, 1877. 
 
 Osmanli (os-man ' li). [Turk. ’Osmanli, from 
 ’Osman, Ar. ’Othman (whence E. Othman, Otto- 
 man).'] 1. A member of the reigning dynasty 
 
 of Turkey. — 2. A Turk subjeot to the Sultan of 
 
 Turkey. See Ottoman. Provincials who are not of 
 Turkish blood sometimes designate officers of the Turkish 
 government as Osmanlis. 
 
 Osnabriick (os'na-briik), sometimes called Os- 
 naburg (os'na-berg). A city in the province 
 
Osnabriick 
 
 of Hannover, Prussia, situated on the Haase in 
 lat. 52° 16' N., long. 8° 4' E. It has important and 
 varied manufactures. Its Roman Catholic cathedral, 
 Protestant Marienkirche, Rathaus, and Katharinenkirche 
 are noteworthy. The bishopric of Osnabriick was founded 
 by Charles the Great about 785. By the peace of West- 
 phalia (1648) it was ruled alternately by Roman Catholic 
 and Protestant bishops. It was secularized and given to 
 Hannover in 1802. The treaty of Westphalia was signed 
 here in 1648. Population, commune, 59,580. 
 
 Osorio (o-zo're-ij), Jeronymo. Born at Lisbon, 
 1506 : died at Tavira, Aug. 20, 1580. A Portu- 
 guese historian and philosophical author, some- 
 times called “ the Cicero of Portugal.” He was 
 bishop of Silves from 1567. His chief work is 
 a Latin history of the reign of Emanuel I. (1571). 
 Osorio (o-so're-o), Manuel. Born at Seville, 
 1770: died about 1830. A Spanish general, in 
 1814-16 he commanded the Spanish forces in Chile, defeat- 
 ing the republicans at Rancagua Oct. 2, 1814, and extin- 
 guishing the revolt for a time. He returned to Peru, but 
 in Jan., 1818, was again sent into Chile against San Martin ; 
 defeated him at Caneha Rayada March 19, but was himself 
 defeated at the decisive battle of Maipo, April 5, 1818 ; and 
 soon after fled from the country. He subsequently served 
 in Spain and the West Indies. 
 
 Osorio, Manuel Luiz. Born near Pelotas, Rio 
 Grande do Sul, May 10, 1808 : died at Rio de 
 Janeiro, Oct. 4, 1879. A Brazilian general. He 
 was prominent in the campaigns in Rio Grande do Sul 
 and Uruguay, 1845-52 ; was commander-in-chief of the Bra- 
 zilian forces in the Paraguayan war March 1, 1865, -July 
 15, 1866, and took a leading part in the remainder of the 
 war ; was lieutenant-general from June 1, 1867; was created 
 successively baron, viscount, and marquis of Herval ; was 
 senator from Jan. 11, 1877, and minister of war from Jan. 
 5, 1878. On account of his bravery the soldiers called him 
 0 Legendario (‘The Fabulous ). Often written Ozorio. 
 
 Osorno, Marquis of. See O ’Higgins, Ambrosio. 
 Ospina Rodriguez (os-pe'na rod-re'gath), Ma- 
 riano. Bom in Guasca, 1803 : died at Medellin, 
 1885. A New Granadan politician. He opposed 
 Bolivar 1828-30 ; was a member of congress 1838-40 ; was 
 secretary of the interior in 1841 ; and later was governor 
 of Bogota and of Medellin. From 1857 to 1861 he waspresi- 
 dent (elected by the Conservatives) of New Granada, then 
 called the Granadine Confederation. A revolt led by 
 Mosquera began in 1859, assumed formidable proportions, 
 and resulted in a change of constitution soon after Ospina' s 
 term closed. He was imprisoned for a short time in 1861, 
 and subsequently remained in exile until 1872. 
 
 Osrhoene (os-ro-e'ne), or Orrhoene (or-o-e'ne). 
 In ancient geography, a region in the north- 
 western part of Mesopotamia. Its chief city 
 was Edessa. 
 
 Ossa (os'a). In ancient geography, a mountain 
 in the eastempart of Thessaly, Greece, situated 
 north-northwest of Pelion, and separated from 
 Olympus on the north by the Yale of Tempe: 
 the modern Kissavo. Height, about 6,400 feet. 
 
 Ossat (os-sa'), Arnaud d’. Born near Auch 
 in 1536: died at Rome in 1604. A French car- 
 dinal and statesman. He received the cardinal’s 
 hat in 1599 for his diplomatic services. 
 
 Ossau (5- so'), Vallee d’. A valley in the 
 French Pyrenees, south of Pau. 
 
 Ossawatomie (os-a-wot'o-mi) Brown. See 
 
 Broim, John (1800-59). 
 
 Ossegg (os'ek). A town in Bohemia, 49 miles 
 northwest of Prague. It is noted for its Cis- 
 tercian abbey. Pop., commune, 9,558 (1910). 
 Ossett-cum-Gawthorpe (os'et-kum-ga'thorp). 
 A town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Eng- 
 land, 9 miles south of Leeds. Population, 
 12,903. 
 
 Ossiail (osh'ia.n). A name commonly given to 
 Oisin, a semi-historical Gaelic bard and war- 
 rior, son of Finn. He lived about the end of the 3d 
 century. To him was ascribed the authorship of the 
 poems (“Fingal ” and others) published by James Mac- 
 pherson in 1760-63 : but it is now generally admitted that 
 Macpherson himself was the compiler, and in part the 
 author, of these works. See Macpherson. 
 
 Ossining (os'i-ning). The name for which that 
 of Sing Sing (which see) was changed in 1901. 
 Ossipee (os'i-pe) Lake. A small lake in east- 
 ern New Hampshire, 9 miles northeast of Lake 
 Winnepesaukee. 
 
 Ossoli (os'so-le), Marchioness. See Fuller, 
 Sarah Margaret. 
 
 Ossory (os'o-ri). A Roman Catholic diocese, in- 
 cluding parts of Bang’s and Queen’s counties 
 and Kilkenny, Ireland. 
 
 Ossuna. See Osuna. 
 
 Ostade (os'ta-de), Adrian van. Born at Haar- 
 lem, Netherlands, Dec., 1620: died there, April 
 27, 1685. A Dutch genre-painter. 
 
 Ostade, Isaac van. Born at Haarlem, Nether- 
 lands, June 2, 1621: died there, Oct. 16, 1649. 
 A Dutch genre-painter, brother of Adrian van 
 Ostade. 
 
 Ostashkoff (os-tiish-kof'). A town in the gov- 
 ernment of Tver, Russia, situated on Lake Seli- 
 
 766 
 
 ger 107 miles west by north of Tver. Popula- 
 tion, 10,800. 
 
 Osten-Sacken (os'ten-zak'ken), Count Dmitry 
 von der. Born 1793 : died March 27, 1881. A 
 Russian general. He served against the Polish and 
 Hungarian insurgents in 1831 and 1849 respectively, and 
 was commandant of Sebastopol in 1855. 
 
 Ostend (os-tend'). [F. Ostende, D. Ostende, east 
 end.] A seaport in the province of West Flan- 
 ders, Belgium, situated on the North Sea in lat. 
 51° 14' N. , long. 2° 55' E. It is the second seaport and 
 principal fishery port in Belgium; the terminus of asteamer 
 route to Dover, and on one of the great routes between 
 England and the Continent; and one of the ieading sea- 
 side resorts on the Continent. It was formerly strongly 
 fortified ; was besieged by the Spaniards under Spinola in 
 1601-04, and finally surrendered ; was taken by the Allies 
 in 1704 ; and was taken by the French in 1745 and in 1794. 
 Population, commune, 42,606. 
 
 Ostend Manifesto. In United States history, 
 a despatch drawn up in 1854 by three diplo- 
 matic representatives of the United States, 
 after a conference at Ostend in Belgium, urging 
 ..that the United States should acquire Cuba. 
 Osterbotten (es'ter-bot-ten). A district in the 
 northern half of Finland, comprising the gov- 
 ernments of Ule&borg and Wasa. 
 Ostergotland(es-ter-yet'land). Alaen of south- 
 ern Sweden. Area, 4,267 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 289,876. 
 
 Osterhaus(os'ter-hous), Peter Joseph. Born at 
 
 Coblenz, Germany, about 1820. A German- 
 American general in the Civil War. He became a 
 major of Missouri volunteers at the beginning of the war ; 
 commanded a brigade under Frbmont ; and took part in 
 General Samuel R. Curtis’spursuitof General Sterling Price 
 into Arkansas. He commanded a division in the battle of 
 Missionary Ridge, and was promoted major-general of vol- 
 unteers in 1864. He was subsequently United States con- 
 sul at Lyons, France, and ultimately returned to Germany. 
 Osterland(os'ter-laut). A name formerly given 
 to the part of Germany situated between the 
 rivers Saale and Mulde : later it was restricted 
 southward and extended eastward ; later still it 
 .comprised the region about Altenburg. 
 Osterley (es'ter-li), Karl Wilhelm Friedrich. 
 Born at Gottingen, June 22, 1805 : died at Han- 
 nover, March 28, 1891. A German historical and 
 portrait painter. He studied with Matthay at the Dres- 
 den Academy; went later to Italy; on his return studied 
 with Schadow at Diisseldorf ; and finally became court 
 painter at Hannover in 1845. From 1831 to 1863 he lectured 
 at the University of Gottingen. He published, with Ottfried 
 Midler, “Monuments of Antique Art.” 
 
 Ostermann (os'ter-man), Count Andrei. Born 
 at Bochum, Westphalia, May 30, 1686 : died at 
 Beresoff, Siberia, May 31, 1747. A Russian di- 
 plomatist. He was a trusted official of Peter the Great, 
 for whom he concluded the peace of Nystad, Sept. 10, 1721. 
 Catharine I. appointed him imperial vice-chancellor and 
 a member of the council of regency during the minority 
 of Peter II. He enjoyed the favor of the empress Anna 
 Ivanovna, but on the accession of Elizabeth was arrested 
 and condemned to death ; but his sentence was commuted 
 to exile in Siberia. 
 
 Ostermann-Tolstoi(os'ter-man-tol'stoi), Count 
 Alexander. Born 1770: died near Geneva, Feb. 
 12, 1857. A Russian general, distinguished in 
 the Turkish and Napoleonic wars. 
 
 Osterode in the .Harz (os'te-ro-de in th§ 
 harts). A town in the province of Hannover,’ 
 Prussia, situated in the Harz Mountains, on the 
 Sose, 19 miles northeast of Gottingen. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 7,472. 
 
 Osterode on the Drewenz (dra'vents) . A town 
 in the province of East Prussia, Prussia, situ- 
 ated at the junction of the Drewenz with Lake 
 Drewenz, 73 miles south-southwest of Konigs- 
 „berg. Population, commune, 13,948. 
 Osterreich, or Oesterreich (es'ter-rich). [G., 
 ..‘east kingdom.’] The German name for Austria. 
 Ostersund (es'ter-sond). The capital of Jemt- 
 land, central Sweden, situated on the Storsjo. 
 Population, 8,079. 
 
 Osterwald, or Ostervald (os-ter-vald'), Jean 
 Frederic. Born at Neuehatel, Switzerland, 
 Nov. 25, 1663 : died at Neuehatel, April 14, 1747. 
 A Swiss Protestant theologian. 
 
 Ostfalen (ost'fa-len). The medieval name of 
 the eastern division of the Saxons, living in the 
 present Brunswick and in neighboring parts 
 of the provinces of Hannover and Saxony in 
 Prussia. 
 
 Ostia (os'ti-a). [L., ‘the mouths’ (sc. of the 
 Tiber).] In ancient geography, a city in Latium, 
 Italy, situated at the mouth of the Tiber, 15 
 miles southwest of Rome. It was a port of Rome. 
 An artificial haven was constructed near it by Claudius 
 and Trajan. 
 
 Ostiaks, or Ostyaks (os-ti-aks'). A people of 
 Finnish descent, living mainly in western Si- 
 beria, in the valleys of the Obi and Irtish. 
 Ostiglia (os-tel'ya). A town in the province of 
 
 Oswego River 
 
 Mantua, Italy, situated on the Po 18 miles east- 
 southeast of Mantua. Population, about 3,000. 
 
 Ostorius Scapula (os-to'ri-us skap'u-la). A 
 Roman general in Britain about 50 a. d. He 
 made conquests in the interior, defeating the Silures un- 
 der Caractacus. 
 
 Ostrau, Mahrisch- (ma'rish-os'trou). A town 
 in northern Moravia, Austria-Hungary, situ- 
 ated on the Ostrawitza 50 miles east-northeast 
 of Olmiitz. Pop., commune, 36,751, (1910). 
 
 Ostrog (os-trog'). A town in the government 
 of Volhynia, Russia, situated on the Goryn 
 about lat. 50° 20' N.. long. 26° 25' E. Popula- 
 tion, 16,600. 
 
 Ostrogosh (os-tro-gosh'). A town in the gov- 
 ernment of Voronezh, Russia, situated on the 
 Sosna 52 miles south of V oronezh. Population, 
 22,300. 
 
 Ostrogoths (os'tro-goths). The eastern branch 
 of the Gothic race. While dwelling in southern Rus- 
 sia near the valley of the Don, they were attacked about 
 A. D. 375 by the Huns, were subjugated, and with the Huns 
 pushed the Visigoths to the borders of the Roman Empire. 
 After the Visigothic victory at Adrianople in 378, many 
 Ostrogoths settled in Pannonia. Many of them joined later 
 the army of Attila, and after his death were employed by 
 the Eastern emperors to defend the lower Danube. Theo- 
 doric became their king in 474, and in 489 led the nation 
 over the Julian Alps, conquered Odoacer in 493 at Ra- 
 venna, and became king of Italy. Under his rule (see 
 Theodoric) the country prospered. Belisarius tried to ex- 
 pel the Goths, and in 552 they were decisively defeated by 
 the Byzantine general Narses. Italy was temporarily re- 
 gained for the empire, and the Goths were absorbed in 
 other peoples. 
 
 The real history of the Goths begins about "the year 245, 
 when they were living near the mouths of the Danube un- 
 der the rule of Ostrogotha [Austraguta], the first king of 
 the Amaling stock. Ostrogotha was celebrated in tradi- 
 tion for his “patience”; but in what way he displayed 
 that virtue we are not informed, for history tells only of 
 his victories. Whetner on account of his patience or his 
 deeds in war, his fame was widely spread ; for one of the 
 oldest Anglo-Saxon poems mentions him as “ Eastgota, the 
 father of Unwgn.” The name of this son is given by Jor- 
 danes as Hunuil, but probably the Anglo-Saxon form is 
 the right one. Bradley, Story of the Goths, p. 24. 
 
 Ostrolenka(os-tro-leng'ka). Atowninthe gov- 
 ernment of Lomza, Russian Poland, situated on 
 tbe Narew 64 miles north-northeast of Warsaw. 
 Here, Feb. 16, 1807, the French under Oudiuot defeated the 
 Russians under Essen ; and here, May 26, 1831, the Rus- 
 sians under Diebitsch defeated the Poles under Skrzynecld, 
 the Poles losing 7,000, and the Russians 9,000. 
 
 Ostrovski (os-trof'ske), Alexander. Born at 
 Moscow, April 12, 1823 : died June 14, 1886. A 
 Russian dramatic writer. He took his types from 
 the tradesman class. “ The False Dmitri" is perhaps the 
 most notable of the five comedies by which he is best 
 known. 
 
 Ostrovski, Antoni. Born at Warsaw. 1782: 
 died near Tours, 1846. A Polish patriot, dis- 
 tinguished in the rebellion of 1830-31. 
 
 Ostrowo (os-tro'vo). A town in the province 
 of Posen, Prussia, 66 miles southeast of Posen. 
 Population, commune, 13,115. 
 
 Ostsee (ost'sa). [G., ‘east sea.’] The German 
 name of the Baltic Sea. 
 
 Ostuni (os-tb'ne). A town in the province of 
 Lecce, Apulia, Italy, 22 miles northwest of 
 Brindisi. Pop., town, 7,806; commune, 22,997. 
 
 Osuna (o-so'na). A town in the province of Se- 
 ville, Spain, 48 miles east of Seville. Popula- 
 tion, 18,072. 
 
 Osuna, or Ossuna, Duke of. See Tellez y Giron, 
 
 Pedro. 
 
 Oswald (oz'wald), Saint. [OG., ‘power of God.’] 
 Born about 604 : killed at the battle of Maser- 
 field, Aug. 5, 642. King of Northumbria 634-642, 
 son of Ethelfrith. He defeated Cadwallonat Heaven- 
 field in 635; established Christianity; and was defeated 
 and slain by Penda. His festival is celebrated Aug. 5. 
 
 Oswald raised the first cross over the first Christ ian altar 
 iu Berenicia, to commemorate his victory. 
 
 Pearson , Hist. Eng., I. 140. 
 
 Oswald. In Shakspere’s “ King Lear,” steward 
 to Goneril. 
 
 Oswaldtwistle (os'wald-twis-1). A town in 
 Lancashire, England, 19 miles north by west of 
 Manchester. Population, 14,192. 
 
 Oswego (os-we'go). A city and port of entry, 
 capital of Oswego County, Ne., York, situated 
 on Lake Ontario, at the mouth of the Oswego 
 River, 34 miles north-northwest of Syracuse. 
 It has important foreign and coasting trade ; imports grain 
 and lumber ; and has manufactures of starch (containing 
 what is probably the chief starch-factory in the world), 
 flour, machinery, etc. A fort was founded here in 1727; 
 and it was taken by the French in 1756, and by the British 
 in 1814. Population, 23,368, (1910). 
 
 Oswego River. A river in New York which is 
 
 formed by the junction of the Seneca and Onei- 
 da rivers 12 miles north by west of Syracuse, 
 and flows into Lake Ontario at Oswego. It is 
 the outlet of the lake system of central New 
 York. Length, 24 miles. 
 
Oswestry 
 
 Oswestry (oz'es-tri). A town in Shropshire, 
 England, 16 miles northwest of Shrewsbury. 
 It ia generally identified with the ancient Maaerfleld, 
 where Oswald was slain in 642. Population, 9,579. 
 
 Oswy (os'wi), or Oswiu (os'wi-o). King of 
 Northumbria 642-670, brother of Oswald. He 
 defeated Penda of Mercia in 655, and extended his su- 
 premacy over all Teutonic Britain except Wessex, Kent, 
 and Sussex. 
 
 Otago (o-ta'go) Bay. A small bay on the east- 
 ern coast of South Island, New Zealand, on 
 which Dunedin is situated. 
 
 Otaha. See Taliaa. 
 
 Otaheite, or Otaheiti. See Tahiti. 
 
 Otchakoff (o-cha/kof). A town and former 
 fortress in the government of Kherson, south- 
 ern Russia, situated at the mouth of the Dnie- 
 per Liman, 42 miles east of Odessa, it was taken 
 by the Russians from the Khan of the Crimea in 1737, and 
 finally in 1788. It was bombarded by the Allies in 1865. 
 Population, 10,784. 
 
 Otello (o-tel'lo). 1. An opera by Rossini, li- 
 bretto altered from Shakspere’s ‘ ‘ Othello,” pro- 
 duced at Naples in 1816. — 2. An opera by Verdi, 
 words by Boito, produced at Milan in 1887. 
 Otford (ot'ford). AplaceinKent, England, near 
 Sevenoaks, where Off a, king of Mercia, defeated 
 the men of Kent in 775. 
 
 otfried (ot'fred). Lived in the 9th century. A 
 German monk, author of a poetical harmony of 
 the Gospels in Old High German. He was a pupil 
 of Rabanus Maurus. His poem is the oldest in German 
 characterized by the end rime. 
 
 Othello (o-thel'o), the Moor of Venice, The 
 Tragedy of. A tragedy by Shakspere, acted 
 in 1604, and printed in 1622 in a quarto and 
 in 1623 in a folio edition, it was founded on 
 one of Giraldi’s novels In the “ Hecatommithi ” (iii. 3). 
 Othello is a high-minded Moor in the military service of 
 Venice. He is aroused to fury against his wife Desdemona 
 by the insinuations and lies of lago, and smothers her. 
 
 I have often told you that I do not think there is any 
 jealousy, properly so called, in the character of Othello. 
 There is no predisposition to suspicion, which I take to be 
 an essential term in the definition of the word. Desde- 
 mona very truly told Emilia that he was not jealous, that 
 is, of a jealous habit, and he says so as truly of himself. 
 
 Coleridge, Table-Talk, June 24, 1827. 
 Othman (oth-man'). Bom about 575 : killed at 
 Medina, Arabia, 656. Calif of the Moslems 644- 
 656, successor of Omar. He extended the califate by 
 conquests in Persia, Africa, and the island of Cyprus. A 
 conspiracy was formed against him by Ayesha, widow of 
 the prophet, and he fell by the hand of Mohammed, son of 
 the calif Abu-Bekr. He was succeeded by ALL 
 Othman (Sultans of the Turks). See Osman. 
 Otho (o'tho), Marcus Salvius. Born 32 a. d. : 
 committed suicide April, 69. Emperor of Rome 
 Jan.-April, 69. He was governor of Lusitania under 
 Nero; overthrew Galba by a conspiracy in Jan., 69; and 
 was in turn overthrown by Vitellius. 
 
 Otho (Roman-German emperors). See Otto. 
 Otho I., or Otto ( ot'to) . Born at Salzburg, Aus- 
 tria, June 1, 1815: died at Bamberg, Bavaria, 
 July 26, 1867. Second son of Louis I. of Ba- 
 varia, chosen king of Greece in 1832. He as- 
 sumed the government in person in 1835, and was de- 
 posed through the revolution of 1862. 
 
 Othomans. See Ottomans. 
 
 Othomis, or Othomies. See Otomis. 
 
 Othrys (oth'ris). [Gr. ”0 0/Sfl?.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a mountain-range in the southern part 
 of Thessaly, Greece. See the extract. 
 
 Othrys, now Mount Idrako, is situated due south of Ossa, 
 and southwest of Pelion. Its height is estimated at 5,670 
 feet. It is connected with Pindus by a chain of hills aver- 
 aging 3,000 or 4,000 feet, and running nearly due west, and 
 with Pelion by a curved range which skirts the Gulf of 
 Volo (Sinus Pagasseus) at the distance of a few miles from 
 the shore. Rawlinson, Herod., IV. 105. 
 
 Otiartes (o-ti-ar'tez). A mythical Babylonian 
 king mentioned by Berosus : probably a scribe’s 
 error for Opartes, and identical with the name 
 Ubara-tutu in the cuneiform account of the 
 ..deluge. 
 
 Otinger (e'ting-er), Friedrich Christoph. 
 
 Born at Goppingen, Wurtemberg, May 6, 1702: 
 died at Murrhardt, Wurtemberg, Feb. 10, 1782. 
 A German Protestant theologian, noted as a 
 theosophist. 
 
 Otis (o'tis), Elwell Stephen. Born at Fred- 
 erick, Md., March 25, 1838: died Oct. 21, 1909. 
 An American general. He entered the Union army 
 as a volunteer in Sept., 1862 ; was breveted brigadier-gen- 
 eral of volunteers March 13, 1866 : was appointed lieuten- 
 ant-colonel in the regular army in 1867 ; was promoted 
 brigadier-general Nov. 23, 1893 ; was appointed major- 
 general of volunteers May, 1898 ; and was promoted major- 
 general 1900. He served on the frontier against the Indians 
 1867-81 ; then organized the United States infantry and 
 cavalry Bchool at Leavenworth, Kan., which he conducted 
 until 1885. In 1898 he was placed in command of the De- 
 partment of the Pacific and was military governor of the 
 Philippines until April, 1900. Retired in 1902. 
 
 Otis, Harrison Gray. Born at Boston, Mass., 
 Oct. 8, 1765: died there, Oct. 28, 1848. An 
 
 767 
 
 Americanpolitician and jurist, nephewof James 
 Otis. He was congressman from Massachusetts 1797- 
 1801 ; a prominent member of the Hartford Convention in 
 1814 ; and United States senator 1817-22. 
 
 Otis, Janies. Born at Barnstable, Mass., Feb. 
 5, 1725 : died at Andover, Mass., May 23, 1783. 
 An American patriot and orator. He is especially 
 celebrated for his speech at Boston in opposition to the 
 “writs of assistance” (writs directed against American 
 liberties) in 1761. He was a prominent member of the 
 Massachusetts House of Representatives; and was a dele- 
 gate to the Stamp Act Congress in 1765. He wrote the 
 pamphlets “Vindication of the Conduct of the House of 
 Representatives,” "Rights of the British Colonies As- 
 serted ” (1764), etc. 
 
 Otley (ot'li). A town in the West Riding of 
 Yorkshire, England, situated on the Wharfe 10 
 miles northwest of Leeds. Population, about 
 9,300. 
 
 Otllit (ot'nit). A legendary emperor of the 
 Lombards, in the German “ Heldenbucli.” 
 Oberon assists him in his designs. 
 
 Oto (o'to). [PL, also Otos. Sometimes called 
 Otoe and Otto, their own name being Watota, 
 meaning ‘lovers of sexual pleasure.’] A tribe 
 of the Tciwere division of the Siouan stock of 
 North American Indians. For many years the Oto 
 and Missouri tribes have been consolidated. They are now 
 in Oklahoma. See Tciwere. 
 
 Otoe. See Oto. 
 
 Otomacs (o-to-miiks'), or Otomacos (o-to-ma'- 
 kos). A tribe of Indians who, in the 18th and 
 early in the 19th century, lived along the mid- 
 dle Orinoco, from the junction of the Meta to 
 that of the Arauca. They were very degraded sav- 
 ages, and were remarkable for their custom of eating enor- 
 mous quantities of clay during seasons of scarcity. The 
 Jesuits endeavored, with little success, to gather the Oto- 
 macs into their mission villages. Later they disappeared 
 from the river shores, and the tribe is now either extinct or 
 lives in a distant part of the llanos. The Otomac lan- 
 guage, from the little that is known of it, appears to con- 
 stitute a distinct stock. 
 
 Otomis (o-to-mes'). [Nahuatl otomitl, wander- 
 ing arrow.] A tribe of Indians of the Mexican 
 plateau. At the time of the conquest they dwelt prin- 
 cipally in the mountainous district west of the Mexican 
 lakes, and had long been, in some sense, subdued by the 
 Aztecs. According to traditions they were one of the 
 oldest nations of the plateau, having existed here even be- 
 fore the Toltec invasion. They were agriculturists and used 
 cotton clothes and gold and copper ornaments, but were 
 much less advanced than the Nahuas. During the siege 
 of Mexico they joined Cortes (1621). They have ever since 
 been nominally subject to the whites, and are Catholics, 
 but have acquired little civilization. Their descendants 
 of pure blood probably number more than 200,000, and are 
 scattered through central Mexico. Also written Othomie, 
 Othomies. See Otomi stock, below. 
 
 Otomi stock (5-to-me' stok). Alinguistic stock of 
 Mexican Indians, embracing a number of tribes, 
 with closely allied dialects, which occupy por- 
 tions of the states of Mexico, Morelos, Hidalgo, 
 Queretaro, Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosi. 
 Among the more Important branches are the Otomis proper, 
 the Mecos or Jonaz in Queretaro, and the Pames. All, or 
 nearly all, are nominally Christians, but have retained many 
 of their aboriginal customs and their language. This is 
 very harsh and difficult, and consists largely of monosylla- 
 bles. In stature these Indians are rather short, and their 
 color is dark. They are said to number nearly 800,000. 
 
 Otrante, Due d’. See Fouche. 
 
 Otranto (o'tran-to). A small seaport in the 
 province of Lecce, Apulia, Italy, 46 miles south- 
 east of Brindisi : the ancient Hydras orHydrun- 
 tum. It was a flourishing ancient and medieval city un- 
 til It was sacked by the Turks in 1480. The cathedral is a 
 3-aisled basilica with 3 apses and a remarkable pavement 
 in mosaic (1163) of biblical scenes, animals, etc. 
 Otranto, Strait of. A sea passage connecting 
 the Adriatic Sea with the Mediterranean, and 
 separating Italy from Turkey. Width, about 40 
 miles. 
 
 Otranto, Terra di. A former name of the prov- 
 ince of Lecce, Italy. 
 
 O’Trigger (6-trig'er), Sir Lucius. A char- 
 acter in Sheridan’s comedy “The Rivals”: a 
 fortune-hunting Irishman, noted for his perti- 
 nacious attachment to the practice of dueling. 
 Otsego (ot-se'go), Lake. A lake in Otsego 
 County, central New York, 60 miles west of Al- 
 bany. It is the source of the Susquehanna River, and is 
 celebrated in Cooper’s “ Leatherstocking " novels. Length, 
 about 8 miles. 
 
 Ottawa (ot-a'wii). [PL, also Ottawas: adawe, 
 to trade ; buy and sell.] A tribe of North 
 American Indians whose only home was north 
 and west of the Huron territory. They were firm 
 .allies of the French. After defeating the Hurons (1848-49), 
 the Iroquois drove the Ottawa westward to Green Bay and 
 the south shore of I-ake Superior ; and in the first years of 
 the 18th century they tlxed their chief seat near the low er 
 extremity of Lake Michigan, spreading thence in all di- 
 rections. They number about 4,000, those in the United 
 States being chielly at the Mackinac agency, Michigan. 
 
 Ottawa (ot'a-wii), formerly Bytown (bi'toun). 
 The capital of the Dominion of Canada, situated 
 
 otto in. 
 
 in the province of Ontario, on the Ottawa, about 
 lat. 45°21' N., long. 75° 42' W. TheChaudifcre Falls 
 are in the neighborhood. It is an important center of the 
 lumber trade, and has manufactures of lumber, flour, etc. 
 The governmental buildings, especially the Parliament 
 House, are noteworthy. It was settled in 1827 ; the name 
 was changed and it was made a city in 1854 ; and in 1858 
 it was selected as the capital. Population, 87,062, (1911). 
 
 Ottawa. A city, capital of La Salle County, 
 Illinois, situated on the Illinois, at the mouth of 
 the Fox River, 70 miles southwest of Chicago. 
 Population, 9,535, (1910). 
 
 Ottawa. A city, capital of Franklin County, 
 eastern Kansas, situated on the Osage River. 
 Population, 7,650, (1910). 
 
 Ottawa, or Grand (grand), River. A river in 
 Canada which forms the principal part of the 
 boundary between Quebec and Ontario and 
 joins the St. Lawrence near Montreal, it flows 
 through a succession of lakes. Length, estimated, about 
 700 miles ; navigable in its lower course. 
 
 Ottensen (ot'ten-sen). A small town in the 
 province of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, imme- 
 diately adjoining Altona. Klopstock is buried 
 here. 
 
 Otterbein (ot'ter-bln), Philip William. Bom 
 
 at Dillenburg, Germany, June 4, 1726: died at 
 Baltimore, Md., Nov. 17, 1813. A clergyman 
 of the German Reformed Church in America. 
 He was the founder of the sect of the United 
 Brethren in Christ. 
 
 Otterburn (ot'er-bem). A village in Northum- 
 berland, England, near the Scottish border, 29 
 miles northwest of N ewcastle-upon-Ty ne . Here, 
 Aug. 19, 1388, was fought the battle of Otterburn, or Chevy 
 Chase. The English under the Percys were defeated by 
 the Scotts under the Earl of Douglas, who was killed in 
 the battle. The battle is the subject of several ballads 
 which are preserved in Percy's “Reliques,” Herd’s “Scot- 
 tish Songs,” the “Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border,” etc. 
 See Chevy Chase, and Douglas, James. 
 
 Otter Creek (ot'er krek). A river in western 
 Vermont which flows into Lake Champlain 5 
 miles northwest of Vergennes. Length, about 
 90 miles. 
 
 Otter Tail Lake. A lake in Otter Tail County, 
 western Minnesota. Its outlet is into the Red 
 River system. 
 
 Ottery St. Mary f ot'er-i sant ma'ri). A small 
 town in Devonshire, England, east of Exeter: 
 the birthplace of Coleridge. 
 
 Ottilie (ot-te'le-e). The central figure of 
 Goethe’s “ Wahlverwandtsehaften.” The origi- 
 nal was Minna Herzlieb, the foster-sister of Alwine From- 
 maniL Her relations with Goethe are well known. 
 
 Ottingen (et'ting-en). A former county of Swa- 
 bia, Germany, near N ordlingen. It was mediatized 
 in 1806. The town of Ottingen is on the Wornitz. 
 
 Ottinger (et'ting-er), Eduard Maria. Born at 
 Breslau, Prussia, Nov. 19, 1808 : died near Dres- 
 den, June 26, 1872. A German journalist, poet, 
 novelist, bibliographer, and historical writer. 
 He published “Buch der Liebe” (poems, 1832; “Neues 
 Buch der Liebe,” 1852), “Archives historiques,” a history 
 of the Danish court from Christian II. to Frederick VII. 
 (1858-59), “ Moniteur des dates” (1864-82), etc. 
 
 Otto. See Oto. 
 
 Otto (ot'to) 1. [OHG. Oto, Odo, Otto, MHG. G. 
 Otto , from of, AS. edd, wealth, property.] Born 
 at Munich, April 27, 1848. King of Bavaria, 
 brother of Louis II. whom he succeeded in 1886. 
 He became insane in 1873, and succeeded under the regency 
 of his uncle Prince Luitpold. 
 
 Otto (or Otho) I.,“ The Great.” Born 912: died 
 at Memleben, Prussian Saxony, May 7, 973. 
 Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He was 
 the son of Henry I., whom he succeeded as king of Ger- 
 many in 936. The early part of his reign was occupied in 
 subduing his turbulent nobles. He put an end to the in- 
 cursions of the Bohemians, the Wends, and the Danes, and 
 in 951 went to the support of Adelaide, queen of Lombardy, 
 against Berengar II. He defeated Berengar and married 
 Adelaide. In 955 he inflicted a decisive defeat on the 
 Magyars on the Lechfeld. In 962 he was crowned emperor 
 at Rome, reviving the office founded by Charlemagne. 
 
 Otto II. Born 955: died at Rome, Dec. 7, 983. 
 Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 973-983, 
 son of Otto I. and Adelaide. He subdued a revolt 
 of his cousin Henry, duke of Bavaria, about 9/7. In 978 
 the French invaded Lorraine, but were expelled by the 
 emperor, who unsuccessfully besieged Paris. He married 
 the Greek princess Theophano, through whom he claimed 
 Apulia and Calabria in southern Italy. His claim was re- 
 sisted by the Greeks with the assistance of the Saracens. 
 After some successes he was totally defeated in 982. 
 
 Otto III., called “ The Wonder of the World ” 
 (from his intellectual endowments). Born 980 : 
 died at Paterno, near Viterbo, Italy, Jan., 1002. 
 Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 983-1002, 
 son of Otto II. During his minority the regency was 
 conducted by his mother Theophano in Germany (after 
 her death by the Archbishop of Mainz), and his grand- 
 mother Adelaide in Italy. He assumed the reins of gov- 
 ernment in 996. He aimed to make Rome the imperial 
 residence and center of a new universal empire, but died 
 at the early age of twenty -two. 
 
Otto IV. 
 
 Otto IV. Born about 1174: died at the Harz- 
 burg, Germany, May 19, 1218. Emperor of the 
 Holy Roman Empire, second son of Henry the 
 Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria. He was 
 elected king of Germany in opposition to Philip of Swabia 
 in 1198, and was crowned emperor in 1209. He afterward 
 became involved in a quarrel with the Pope, who in 1212 
 put forward Frederick II. as anti-emperor. Having allied 
 himself with England, he concerted an invasion of France 
 with John Lackland, with whom he was defeated at Bou- 
 vines in 1214. Discredited by this defeat, he presently 
 withdrewto his hereditary domain of Brunswick. 
 
 Otto of Freising. Died Sept. 22, 1158. A Ger- 
 man historian, bishop of Freising (in Bavaria). 
 His histories were edited in 1867. 
 
 Otto von Wittelsbach. (ot'to fonvit'tels-bach). 
 Killed 1209. The murderer of Philip of Swabia, 
 king of Germany, 1208. 
 
 Ottoboni, or Otthoboni (ot-to-bo'ne), Pietro. 
 Born in 1668: died Feb. 17, 1740. A cardinal, 
 nephew of Pope Alexander VIII. He received the 
 cardinalate in 1090, but is principally noted as a patron of 
 art. He collected a fine library, containing manuscript 
 masses by Palestrina and other great masters, etc., which 
 after his death were purchased by Pope Benedict XIV. 
 and presented to the Vatican. 
 
 Ottocar (ot'to-kar) ll. Killed 1278. King of 
 Bohemia 1253-78. He acquired Austria. Styria, Ca- 
 rinthia, and Carniola. For these German fiefs he refused 
 to do homage to Rudolph of Hapsburg, king of Germany, 
 who in consequence declared war against him. He was 
 defeated and killed on the Marchfeld in 1278. 
 
 Ottoman Empire. See Turley. 
 
 Ottomans (ot'o-manz). [From F. Ottoman = 
 Sp. Otomano = Pg. It. Ottomano, from Turk. 
 ’Oilman, ’Osman, the founder of the Turkish 
 empire in Asia: see Osmanli. Cf. Othman.\ 
 That branch of the Turks which founded and 
 rule the Turkish empire. The Ottoman Turkslived 
 originally in central Asia. Under their first sultan, Oth- 
 man (reigned 1288-1326), they founded a realm in Asia 
 Minor, which was soon extended into Europe. With the 
 capture of Constantinople in 1453 they succeeded to the 
 Byzantine empire, and their rule, at its height in the 16th 
 century, extended over the greater part of southeastern 
 Europe and much of western Asia and northern Africa. 
 They have since lost Hungary, Rumania, Servia, Greece, 
 Bulgaria, etc., and practically Egypt, etc. The Ottoman 
 Turks are Sunnite Mohammedans, and regard the sultans 
 as representatives of the former califs. 
 
 Ottumwa (o-tum'wa). A city, capital of Wa- 
 pello County, southern Iowa, situated on the 
 Des Moines 70 miles west by north of Burling- 
 ton. Population, 22,012, (1910). 
 
 Ottweiler (ot'vl-ler). A town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, situated on the Blies33 miles 
 southeast of Treves. Pop., commune, 6,599. 
 Otuel (ot'u-el), Sir. One of Charlemagne’s 
 paladins. He was a pagan knight, but was converted 
 to Christianity by the prayers of Charlemagne and his 
 people during a battle. 
 
 Otumba (o-tom'ba). A town of Mexico, in the 
 state of Mexico, about 35 miles northeast of 
 the capital, on the railroad to Vera Cruz, it was 
 an ancient Indian pueblo, and its name (originally Otom- 
 pan, ‘place of the Otomis’) appears to indicate that it 
 was once inhabited by Otomi Indians. Near it, during 
 the retreat from Mexico, Cortos defeated the Aztec forces, 
 July 7, 1620. Population, over 2,000. 
 
 Otway (ot'wa), Thomas. Born at Trotton, 
 Sussex, England, March 3, 1652 : died at Tower 
 Hill, London, April 14, 1685. The principal 
 tragic poet of the English classical school, the 
 son of Rev. Humphrey Otway. He entered Christ 
 Church, Oxford, in 1669. He fell in love with Mrs. Barry, 
 who appeared in his “Alcibiades," and she became his 
 evil genius: to escape her he enlisted and served in 
 Flanders, but returned to her. Shemadehergreatestrepu- 
 tation in his plays, but owing to her greed and immorality 
 her influence over him was entirely bad. He died in a 
 baker’s shop near the sponging-house in which his last 
 days were spent. Among his plays are “Alcibiades" 
 (1676), “ Don Carlos " (1676), translations of Racine’s “Ti- 
 tus and Berenice” and Molifere’s “ Fourberies de Scapin” 
 (“Cheats of Scapin," 1677), “Friendship in Fashion” 
 (1678), “The Soldier’s Fortune" (1631), “The Orphan” 
 (1680), “ Caius Marius ” (1681), “Venice Preserved ” (1682), 
 “The Atheist" (1684: a second part of “The Soldier's 
 Fortune”). 
 
 Otzthal (ets'tal). An Alpine valley in Tyrol, 
 opening from the southern side of the upper 
 valley of the Inn, and situated southwest of 
 Innsbruck. It is noted for its picturesque 
 .scenery. 
 
 otzthaler (ets'tal-er) Alps. A large group of 
 Alps in Tyrol, south of the Inn. 
 
 Ouchy (o-she'). The port of Lausanne, canton 
 of Vaud, Switzerland, on the Lake of Geneva. 
 Oude. See Oudh. 
 
 Oudenarde, or Oudenaarde (ou'den-ar-de), F. 
 Audenarde (od-nard'). A town in the prov- 
 ince of East Flanders, Belgium, situated on the 
 Schelde 33 miles west of Brussels, it has manu- 
 factures of cotton and linen. The hfitel de ville, or town 
 hall (a beautiful late-Pointed building, finished in 1635), 
 and the churches of St. Walburga and Notre Dame are the 
 principal buildings. Here, July ll, 1708. the Allies under 
 the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugenedefeated the 
 
 768 
 
 French under Vendome and the Duke of Burgundy. Pop- 
 ulation, 6,666 
 
 Oudendorp (ou'den-dorp), Frans van. Born 
 at Leyden, Netherlands, July 31, 1696: died 
 Feb. 14, 1761. A Dutch classical philologist, 
 professor of eloquence and history at Leipsic. 
 
 Oudh, or Oude (oud). [Hind. Aivadli . ] A prov- 
 ince of British India; chief city, Lucknow. 
 It lies between the Ganges on the southwest and Nepal on 
 the northeast. The surface is mainly a plain. The prov- 
 ince is densely peopled. It was formerly under various 
 Mohammedan rulers; was annexed by Great Britain in 
 1856 ; was one of the chief scenes of the mutiny of 1857 ; 
 and was united in administration to the Northwest Prov- 
 inces in 1877. In 1902 the Northwest Provinces and Oudh 
 became the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. Area, 
 23,966 square miles. Population, 12,833,077. 
 
 Oudinot (o-de-no'), Nicolas Charles, Due de 
 
 Reggio. Born at Bar-le-Duc, France, April 25, 
 1767 : died at Paris, Sept. 13, 1847. A French 
 marshal, noted as a commander of grenadiers. 
 He served with distinction at Zurich in 1799, and at Aus- 
 terlitz in 1805 ; gained the victory of Ostrolenka in 1807 ; 
 fought at Friedland in 1807, at Wagram in 1809, in the re- 
 treat from Russia in 1812, and at Bautzen in 1813; was 
 defeated at Grossbeeren in 1813 ; and served through the 
 campaigns of 1813-14. 
 
 Oudinot, Nicolas Charles Victor. Born at 
 Bar-le-Duc, France, Nov. 3, 1791: died atParis, 
 July 7, 1863. AFreuck general, son of Nicolas 
 Charles Oudinot. He commanded the expedi- 
 tion against Rome, which he captured in 1849. 
 
 Oudry (o-dre'), Jean Baptiste. Born at Paris, 
 March 17,1686 : died at Beauvais, April 30, 1755. 
 A French historical and animal painter. He 
 was court painter to Louis XV.; was superintendent of the 
 Beauvais factory and of tli e Gobelin factory ; and was 
 made professor of the Academy in 1743. 
 
 Ouffle, Histoire des imaginations extrava- 
 gantes de M. A work by Laurent Bordelon, 
 published in 1710. It is notable as being the book to 
 which Johnson refers in his “Life of Pope ” as the prototype 
 of the “ Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus." The book has 
 been mistakenly ascribed to the Abb6 Bourdelot. 
 
 Oughtred (ot'red), William. Born at Eton, 
 1574: died about 1660. An English mathema- 
 tician. He was educated at Cambridge (King’s College). 
 He wrote “ Clavis Mathematics ” (1631), “ A Description of 
 the Double Horizontal Dial ” (16c6), and “ Opuscula Mathe- 
 matica ’’ (1677). 
 
 Ouida. See De la Ramce, Louise. 
 
 Ouiouenronnon. See Cayuga. 
 
 Ouless (o-les'), Walter William. Born at St. 
 Ilelier’s, Jersey, Sept. 21, 1848. An English 
 portrait-painter. He was educated at Victoria Col- 
 iege, Jersey, and began to study art in London in 1864. 
 He was made associate royal academician in 1877, and royal 
 academician in 1881. His portraits of Darwin (etched by 
 Rajon) and Cardinal Newman (1880) are well known. 
 
 Oullins (o-lan'). A town in the department of 
 Rhone, France, situated on the Rhone 3 miles 
 south of Lyons, of which it is a residential 
 suburb. Population, commune, 10,284. 
 
 Ourique (o-re'ke). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of Alemtejo, Portugal, 94 miles southeast 
 of Lisbon. For the battle there, see the ex- 
 tract. 
 
 Under the reign of the same Alfonso was achieved the 
 memorable victory of Ourique, obtained over the Moors 
 on the twenty-sixth of July, 1139, in which five Moorish 
 kings were defeated, and which was followed by the adop- 
 tion of the title of kingdom, in place of the country, of 
 Portugal. The Cortes, assembled at Laraego in 1145, con- 
 ferred a free constitution upon the new people, who, by 
 the acquisition of Lisbon a few years after, came into pos- 
 session of a powerful capital with an immense population 
 and an extensive commerce. 
 
 Sismondi, Lit. of South of Europe, IL 450. 
 
 Our Mutual Friend. A novel by Dicken s, pub- 
 lished in 1865. 
 
 Our Old Home. A record of impressions and 
 experiences in England, by Hawthorne, 
 
 Ouro Preto (d'rtj pra'to), formerly Villa Rica 
 (vel'la re'ka). [Pg., ‘black gold’ and ‘rich 
 town’ respectively.] The former capital of 
 the state of Minas Geraes, Brazil, about 175 
 miles north of Rio de Janeiro ; formerly noted 
 for gold-mines. Population, municipio, 65,383. 
 
 Ours. A comedy by Robertson, produced in 1866. 
 
 Ourthe (ort). A river in Belgium which joins 
 the Meuse at Lifege. Length, about 100 miles. 
 
 Ouse (oz). A river in Yorkshire, England, it is 
 formed by the junction of the Swale and Ure, and unites 
 with the Trent 16 miles west of Kingston-upon-Hull to 
 form the Humber. Its chiel tributaries are the Wharf e, 
 Aire, Don, and Derwent. Length, 60 miles (including the 
 Swale, about 130 miles); navigable to York. 
 
 Ouse, or Great Ouse. A river in the eastern part 
 of England, which flows into the Wash near 
 King’s Lynn. Length, 160 miles; navigable 
 about 50 miles. 
 
 Ouseley (oz'li), Sir Frederick Arthur Gore. 
 
 Born at London, Aug. 12, 1825: died April 6, 
 1889. An English musical writer, musician, and 
 composer of sacred music : son of Sir Gore Ouse- 
 
 Overbury 
 
 ley. He graduated at Christ Church, Oxford ; was elected 
 professor of music at Oxford in 1855 ; and the same year 
 was made precentor of Hereford cathedral. In 1856 he 
 was made vicar of St. Michael’s, Tenbury, Worcestershire, 
 and warden of St. Michael’s College, of which he was the 
 principal founder. He published “Harmony ” (1868) and 
 “Counterpoint and Fugue" (1869), and composed a num- 
 ber of services and an oratorio (“ Hagar,” 1873). 
 Ouseley, Sir Gore. Born 1770 : died 1844. A 
 British diplomatist and Orientalist, brother of 
 Sir William Ouseley. 
 
 Ouseley, Sir William. Born in Monmouthshire, 
 England, 1767 : died at Boulogne, Sept., 1842. 
 An English Orientalist. He served in the army until 
 1794. He published “Persian Miscellanies ” (1795), “Ori- 
 ental Collections ” (1797), “ Oriental Geography of Ebn Hau- 
 kal ” (1800), etc. He was secretary to his brother, Sir Gore 
 Ouseley, ambassador to Persia in 1810. 
 
 Ouseley, Sir William Gore. Born July 26, 1797 : 
 died March 6, 1866. An English diplomatist, 
 son of Sir William Ouseley. 
 
 Oust (ost). A river in Brittany, France, which 
 joins the Vilaine near Redon. Length, about 
 90 miles. 
 
 Outagami. See Fox. 
 
 Outram (o'tram), Sir James. Born at Butter- 
 ley Hall, Derbyshire, Jan. 29, 1803: died March 
 11, 1863. An English general, known as “the 
 Bayard of India.” In 1818 he studied at Marischal Col- 
 lege, Aberdeen, and in 1819 went to India as cadet. In 
 1838 he was aide-de-camp to Sir John Keane ; and in 1856 was 
 appointed lieutenant-general in command of an expedition 
 to Persia. In June, 1857, he was summoned to Calcutta 
 to assist in suppressing the Sepoy rebellion. He especially 
 distinguished himself in the relief, defense, and capture 
 ofLucknow. HereturnedtoEnglandinl860. Heisburied 
 in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Ouvidor (o-ve-dor'). The principal business 
 street (forretail trade)inRio de Janeiro, Brazil. 
 It is about J mile long, and very narrow. No vehicles are 
 allowed to pass through it, and hence it has become a pop- 
 ular promenade, presenting a very animated appearance, 
 especially in the late afternoon and evening. 
 
 Ovada (o-va'da). A town in the province of 
 Alessandria, 21 miles northwest of Genoa. Pop- 
 ulation, town, 8,294; commune, 9,946. 
 
 Ovalle (o-val'ya), Alonso de. Born at Santiago 
 about 1601 : died at Lima, Peru, March 11, 1651. 
 A Chilean Jesuit historian. His best-known work 
 is “Histdrica relacion del reyno de Chile” (Rome, 1646; 
 an Italian version, same place and date). An English trans- 
 lation of the first six books was published in the Churchill 
 co) lection. 
 
 Ovalle (o-val'ya), Jose Tomas. Born at San- 
 tiago, 1791 : died there, March 21, 1831. A Chil- 
 ean politician. He was elected vice-president by the 
 conservatives Feb., 1830, and from March 31, 1830, was 
 acting president. The liberals, under Ereire. were de- 
 feated at the battle of Lircay, April 17, 1830, and the con- 
 servatives came permanently into power. See Portales, 
 Diego Josi Victor. 
 
 Ovambo (6-vam'bo). See Ndonga. 
 Ovarnboland (o-vam'bo-land). A region in Ger- 
 man Southwest Africa, north of Damaraland. 
 An attempt to establish a republic here, called 
 Uppingtonia, about 1885 failed. 
 
 Ovando (o-van'do), Nicolas de. Born at Val- 
 ladolid about 1460: died at Madrid, 1518 (?). A 
 Spanish administrator. He was a knight of Alcan- 
 tara, and held a high position in the royal court. In 1501 
 he was appointed governor of Espafiola, his jurisdiction 
 embracing all tire Spanish possessions in the New World 
 except those ceded to Ojeda and Pinzon. He arrived at 
 Santo Domingo, April 15, 1502, with 30 vess is and 2,500 
 colonists, and retained the place until July, 1509, when he 
 was superseded by Diego Columbus. During this time 
 the colony was prosperous, but the Indians were treated 
 with great cruelty and a large portion of them died. Afri- 
 can slaves were first extensively introduced under Ovando. 
 Ovar (o-var'). A seaport in the province of 
 Beira, Portugal, situated on the Aveiro lagoon 
 19 miles south of Oporto. Population, about 
 10,500. 
 
 Overbeck (o'ver-bek), Friedrich Johann. Born 
 at Liibeck, Germany, July 3, 1789: died at Rome, 
 Nov. 12, 1869. A noted German painter. He 
 studied at the Vienna academy; but, objecting to the sen- 
 suousness of the prevailing pseudo-classical style, he was 
 expelled and went to Rome, where he formed the brother- 
 hood of the Preraphaelites in 1810 with Cornelius, Scha- 
 dow, and others (see Preraphaelite Brotherhood), seeking 
 to revive German art on a religious basis. He became a 
 convert to the Roman Catholic Church in 1813, and de- 
 voted himself entirely to painting sacred subjects. His 
 style was full of devout feeling, but hard in outline. 
 Among his works (some of them frescos) are the “Vi- 
 sion of St. Francis,’’ “Jerusalem Delivered” (Rome), 
 “Christ’s Entry into Jerusalem ” (Liibeck), “Triumph of 
 Religion in the Arts” (Frankfort), “Christ Blessing Little 
 Children ’’(Liibeck), “ Pietii " (Liibeck), “Christ in the Gar- 
 den " (Hamburg), etc. 
 
 Overbeck, Johannes Adolf. Born 1826: died 
 1895. A German archaeologist and historian 
 of art, nephew of F. J. Overbeck: professor at 
 Leipsic from 1853. His works include “Geachichte 
 der griechisehen Plastik ” (1857-68), “Pompeji" (1855), 
 
 “ Griechisclie Kunstmythologie ” (1871-89), etc. 
 Overbury ( 6'ver-ber-i), Sir Thomas. Born at 
 Compton-Scorpion, Warwickshire, 1581 : poi* 
 
Overbury 
 
 soned in the Tower, Sept. 15, 1613. An English 
 miscellaneous writer. He studied at Oxford (Queen’s 
 College) 1595-98, and at the Middle Temple, and traveled 
 on the Continent. He became the prot6g6 of Robert Carr, 
 Viscount Rochester (afterward earl of Somerset), para- 
 mour of Lady Essex. Having incurred the enmity of Lady 
 Essex by opposing a marriage between her and Carr, he 
 was by her influence imprisoned in the Tower April 26, 
 1613, and poisoned there. He wrote “The Wife” (1614), 
 "Characters” (1614), and “Crurnms fal’n from King 
 James s Table,” first printed in 1715. 
 
 Over Darwen (o'ver dar'wen). Atownin Lan- 
 cashire, England, 18 miles northwest of Man- 
 chester. It has paper, paper-staining, and other 
 manufactories. Population, 29,862. 
 
 Overdo (o'ver-do), Adam. A complacent jus- 
 tice, a prominent character in Ben Jonson’s 
 “Bartholomew Pair.” 
 
 Overdone (o'ver-dun), Mistress. A character 
 in Shakspere’s “Measure for Measure.” 
 Overland Route. Specifically — (a) The route 
 from England to India through France and Italy 
 to Brindisi, and thence by steamer by the Suez 
 Canal, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean. The time 
 required for the journey is from three to four 
 weeks, (b) Formerly, the principal land route 
 (via Utah) to California. 
 
 Overreach (o'ver-rech), Sir Giles. The prin- 
 cipal character in Massinger’s “A New Way 
 to Pay Old Debts ” : a cruel extortioner whose 
 actions are governed by systematic calculating 
 self-love. He is a study of Sir Giles MompessoD, the 
 monopolist. He is proud and grasping ; but, as his name 
 indicates, finally overreaches himself, and is “outwitted 
 by two weak innocents and gulled by children. ” 
 
 Overskou (o'ver-skou), Thomas. Born at Co- 
 penhagen, Oct. 11,1798: died there, Nov 7,1873. 
 A Danish dramatist and historian of the drama. 
 He wrote “ Den danske Skueplads” (“ The Da- 
 nish Theater,” 1854-64), etc. 
 
 Overweg (o'fer-vaG'), Adolf. Born at Ham- 
 burg, Germany, July 24, 1822 : died at Maduari, 
 on Lake Chad, Sept. 27, 1852. An African ex- 
 plorer. As a specialist in geology he accompanied Rich- 
 ardson and Barth to the Sudan in 1850 ; established the fact 
 that the Sahara is not below sea-level ; explored Maradi ; 
 navigated Lake Chad 1851 ; and visited Kanem and Musgu. 
 Overyssel, or Overijssel (o'ver-is-sel). A prov- 
 ince of the Netherlands. Capital, Zwolle, it is 
 bounded by the Zuyder Zee on the northwest, Friesland 
 and Drenthe on the north, Prussia on the east and south- 
 east, and Gelderland on the south and southwest. The 
 surface is generally flat. The most important industry is 
 stock-farming. It is drained by the Yssel and Vechte. 
 The province joined the Union of Utrecht in 1579. Area, 
 1,291 square miles. Population, 379,834. 
 
 Ovid (ov'id), L. Publius Ovidius Naso. Born 
 at Sulmo, Italy, 43 B. c. : died at Tomi, near the 
 Black Sea, 17 or 18 a. d. A Roman poet, one 
 of the leading writers of the Augustan age. He 
 lived at Rome, and was exiled for an unknown cause to 
 Tomi on the Euxine, in Mcesia, about 9 A. D. His chief 
 works are elegies and poems on mythological subjects, 
 “Metamorphoses," “ Fasti,” “Ars Amatoria” (“Art of 
 Love"), “Heroides,” and “Amores.” 
 Ovidiopol(o-ve-de-o'poly). A seaport in the gov- 
 ernment of Kherson, Russia, situated near the 
 Dniester Liman, 21 miles southwest of Odessa. 
 Population, 5,776. 
 
 Oviedo (o-ve-a'do). 1. A province of northern 
 Spain, corresponding to the ancient Asturias. 
 Area, 4,205 square miles. Population, 627,069. 
 — 2. The capital of the province of Oviedo, 
 situated in lat. 43° 22' N., long. 5° 52' W. 
 
 It has manufactures of firearms, etc.; is the seat of a uni- 
 versity ; and has a collection of antiquities. The cathedral 
 is a Pointed church of the end of the 14th century, with a 
 lofty arched western porch and a high tower and spire. 
 Oviedo was founded about 765, and was the capital of the 
 realm of Asturias until the removal to Leon about 924. 
 Population, 52,432. 
 
 Oviedo, or Oviedo v Valdes (e val-das'), Gon- 
 zalo Fernandez de. Born at Madrid, 1478: 
 died at Valladolid, 1557. A Spanish historian. 
 He waa a page of Prince Juan at the siege of Granada, and 
 saw the first return of Columbus ; was at Darien (1514-17) 
 as a treasury officer, and later (1519-23) as lieutenant of 
 Pedrarias ; subsequently was governor of Cartagena, and 
 in 1535 alcalde of the fort at Santo Domingo ; and for some 
 years before his death was official chronicler of the Indies. 
 His principal work, and one of the first and best of the 
 early histories of America, is “ Historia natural y general 
 de las Indias,” in 60 books. Of these 19 were published at 
 Seville in 1535, and the twentieth, finishing the first part, at 
 Valladolid soon after. The complete work was not pub- 
 lished until 1851-55 (by the Madrid Academy). 
 Ovimbiindu (o-vem-bon'do). See Umbundu. 
 Ovoca. See Avoca. 
 
 Owain, or Owen. Died in 1197. A Welsh prince 
 (of Powys). He was noted as a fighter, and as 
 the author of “ The Hirlas Horn” (which see). 
 Owasco Lake (o-was'ko lak). A lake in Cayu- 
 ga County, New York, south of Auburn. Its out- 
 let is Owasco Creek and Seneca River. Length, 
 about 11 miles. 
 
 Owego (o-we'go). The capital of Tioga County, 
 
 a— 49 
 
 769 
 
 New York, situated on the Susquehanna, at the 
 mouth of Owego Creek. 63 miles south of Syra- 
 cuse. Population, 4,633, (1910). 
 
 Owen (o'en), David Dale. Born in Lanarkshire, 
 Scotland, June 24, 1807 : died at New Harmony, 
 Ind., Nov. 13, 1860. An American geologist, 
 son of Robert Owen. He came to the United States 
 with his father in 1823. In 1848 he took charge of the United 
 States Geological Survey of Wisconsin and Iowa, and of that 
 of Minnesota in 1852. 
 
 Owen (Latinized Audoenus or Owenus), John. 
 
 Born in Wales about 1560: died 1622. A Brit- 
 ish Latinist, noted for his Latin epigrams. 
 
 Owen, John. Born at Stadhampton, Oxford, 
 England, 1616 : died at Ealing, near London, 
 Aug. 24, 1683. An English theologian : during 
 the civil- war period a Presbyterian clergyman, 
 later an Independent. He was dean of Christchurch, 
 Oxford, 1651-60, and after the Restoration was a noncon- 
 formist pastor in London. He wrote a large number of 
 works, theological and controversial — among them “Vin- 
 dicife Evangelic* ” (1655), “Animadversions” (1662 : a re- 
 ply to “Fiat Lux,” a plea for Romanism), “Exposition of 
 the Epistle to the Hebrews ” (1668), and an “ Inquiry into 
 the Nature, etc., of Evangelical Churches ” (1681). 
 
 Owen, John Jason. Born at Colebrook, Conn., 
 Aug. 13, 1803: died at New York, April 18, 1869. 
 An American classical scholar. He edited the 
 “Anabasis,” “Iliad,” “Odyssey,” “Thucy- 
 dides,” etc. 
 
 Owen, Sir Richard. Born at Lancaster, Eng., 
 July 20, 1804: died at London, Dec. 18, 1892. An 
 English comparative anatomist and paleontolo- 
 gist. He studied at the University of Edinburgh and at 
 the medical school of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, 
 and became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons 
 in 1826. He afterward became assistant curator of the 
 Hunterian Museum, and in 1834 professor of comparative 
 anatomy at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. He was appointed 
 Hunterian professor of anatomyand physiology in the Col- 
 lege of Surgeons in 1836, and in 1856 superintendent of the 
 natural history department in the British Museum. He 
 was created knight commander of the Bath on his retire- 
 ment in 1883. Among his works are "Odontography” 
 (1840-45', “Archetype and Homologies of the Vertebrate 
 System” (1848), “On Parthenogenesis” (1849), “Anatomy 
 
 • of the Vertebrates ” (1866-68). 
 
 Owen, Robert. Born at Newtown, Montgomery- 
 shire, Wales, May 14, 1771 : died there, Nov. 17, 
 1858. The founder of English socialism. He 
 became at nineteen manager of a cotton-mill at Manches- 
 ter, and in 1800 became manager and part owner of the 
 cotton mills at New Lanark. Here he introduced extensive 
 reforms looking to an improvement in the condition of 
 his operatives. In 1825 he founded a socialistic commu- 
 nity at New Harmony, Indiana, which failed in 1827. He 
 severed his connection with the mills at New Lanark in 
 1828, and devoted himself to the propagation of socialism. 
 The history of English socialism is commonly dated from 
 1817, in which year he communicated a report on the poor 
 law to a committee of the House of Commons. 
 
 He recommended that communities of about twelve hun- 
 dred persons each should be settled on quantities of land 
 of from 1,000 to 1,500 acres, all living in one large building 
 in the form of a square, with public kitchen and mess- 
 rooms. Each family should have its own private apart- 
 ments, and the entire care of the children till the age of 
 three, after which they should be brought up by the com- 
 munity, their parents having access to them at meals and 
 all other proper times. These communities might be es- 
 tablished by individuals, by parishes, by counties, or by 
 the state; in every case there should be effective supervi- 
 sion by duly qualified persons. Work, and the enjoyment 
 of its results, should be in common. The size of his com- 
 munity was no doubt partly suggested by his villageof New 
 Lanark ; and he soon proceeded to advocate such a scheme 
 as the best form for the reorganization of society in gen- 
 eral. Thomas Kirkup, in Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 87. 
 
 Owen, Robert Dale. Born at Glasgow, Nov. 9, 
 1801 : died near Lake George, N. Y., June 17, 
 1877. An American social reformer, politician, 
 spiritualist, and author : son of Robert Owen. 
 He was memberof Congress from Indiana 1843-47, and was 
 noted as an advocate of negro emancipation. Among his 
 works are “Footfallson the Boundary of Another World” 
 (1859), “The Debatable Land between this World and the 
 Next” (1872), “Threading My Way” (1874), etc. 
 
 Owen Meredith (o'enmer'e-dith). The pseudo- 
 nym of the first Earl of Lytton. 
 
 Owens (o'enz), John Edmond. Born at Liver- 
 pool, April 2, 1823 : died near Towson, Balti- 
 more County, Maryland, Dec. 7, 1886. An 
 American comedian and manager. He was brought 
 to America when a child, and made his first appearance 
 in Philadelphia in 1841 Jle rose rapidly in his profession, 
 and in 1864 produced “Solon Shinjrle” atWallack’s, New 
 York, which held the hoards for ei“ht or nine months. 
 He was very popular, and made a large fortune, expending 
 part of it in building a country house, Aighurth Vale, near 
 Baltimore, in which he di°d. His best parts were Solon 
 Shingle, Caleb Plummer, Dr. Ollapod, Dr. Pangloss, and 
 Aminadab Sleek. 
 
 Owensboro (o'enz-bur-6). A city, capital of Da- 
 viess County, Kentucky, situated on the Ohio 80 
 miles west-southwest of Louisville. Popula- 
 tion, 16,011, (1910). 
 
 Owens (o'enz) College. An institution of higher 
 learning, situated at Manchester, England, it 
 was founded by John Owens in 1846, and opened in 1851. 
 Since 1880 it lias been a college of the Victoria University. 
 
 Oxford, Provisions of 
 
 Owen’s Lake. A salt lake in eastern California 
 near Mount Whitney. Length, about 18 miles. 
 It has no outlet. 
 
 Owen Sound. A southern arm of Georgian Bay, 
 Lake Huron. 
 
 Owen Sound. The capital of Grey County, On- 
 tario, Canada, situated on Owen Sound, at the 
 mouth of Sydenham River, 100 miles northwest 
 of Toronto. Population, 8,776. 
 
 Owen’s River. A river that flows into Owen’s 
 Lake, California. Length, about 175 miles. 
 
 Owen Stanley Range (o'en stan'li ranj). Part 
 of the continuous range of lofty mountains in 
 British New Guinea. Mount Owen Stanley is 
 13,130 feet in height. 
 
 Owhyhee. See Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 Owilapsh (o-wi-lapsh'), or Whilapah. A tribe 
 of the Pacific division of the Athapascan stock 
 of North American Indians, formerly between 
 Shoalwater Bay and the head of the Chehalis 
 River, Washington. See Athapascan. 
 
 Owl and the Nightingale, The. An English 
 poem attributed to Nicholas de Guildford of 
 Portesham, Dorsetshire. The date of the poem is 
 disputed (Morris). Stevenson, who first printed it in 1838, 
 assigns it to the 12th century : from the handwritingof the 
 manuscript, however, it is thought to belong to the 13th 
 (Morley). 
 
 Owl-glass. See Eulenspiegel. 
 
 Owl’s Head (owlz hed). A cape at the western 
 entrance to Penobscot Bay, Maine. 
 
 Owl’s Head. A mountain in Quebec, Canada, 
 bordering on Lake Memphremagog. 
 
 Owosso (o-wos'o), or Owasso. A city in Shia- 
 wassee County, Michigan, situated on the Shia- 
 wassee River 72 miles northwest of Detroit. 
 Population, 9,639, (1910). 
 
 Owyhee, or Owhyhee. See Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 Owyhee (o-wi'he) River. A river in northern 
 Nevada, southwestern Idaho, and southeastern 
 Oregon. It joins the Snake River about 43° 
 45' N. Length, about 350 miles. 
 
 Oxenden (ok'sen-den), Ashton. Born near 
 Canterbury, England, Sept. 28, 1808 : died at 
 Biarritz, France, Feb. 22, 1892. An Anglican 
 bishop and baronet, a religious writer: bishop 
 of Montreal, metropolitan and primate of Can- 
 ada 1869-78. 
 
 Oxenstierna, or Oxenstjerna (oks'en-shar-na), 
 or Oxenstiern (oks'en-stern), Count Axel. 
 Born at Fano, Upland, Sweden, June 16, 1583: 
 died at Stockholm, Aug. 28, 1654. A celebrated 
 Swedish statesman. He became chancellor in 1611; 
 in the Thirty Years’ War held supreme control in the 
 Rhine region ; directed the foreign policy of Sweden after 
 1632 ; was made director of the Evangelical League 1633 ; 
 was one of the guardians of Queen Christina ; and negoti- 
 ated the peace of Bromsebro in 1645. 
 
 Oxford (oks'ford), or Oxfordshire (oks'ford- 
 shir), or Oxori (ok'zon). [ME. Oxeford, Oxen- 
 ford , Oxeneford, AS. Oxnaford, Oxenaford, Oxona- 
 ford, oxen’s ford. The ML. Oxonia (E. Oxon) is 
 formed from the first element of the AS. name.] 
 A south midland county of England, it is hounded 
 by Warwick and Northampton on the north, Buckingham 
 on theeast, Berkshire on the south, and Berkshire and Glou- 
 cester on the west, and is separated from Berkshire by the 
 Thames. The surface is varied, but in the north flat. The 
 county was long noted for its forests. The chief occupa- 
 tion is agriculture. Area (ad. co.), 744 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation (parL co.), 181,120. 
 
 Oxford. The capital of Oxfordshire, England, 
 situated at the junctiou of the Cherwell with the 
 Thames, in lat. 51°45' N.,long. 1°16' W.: the me- 
 dieval Oxenaford and Oxenford, and Latin Ox- 
 onia. It is chiefly noted as the seat of Oxford University. 
 The Cathedral of Christchurch is in themaiualate-Norman 
 building witli round-arched nave and choir. The nave has 
 a wooden roof ; the choir is vaulted with pendants. There 
 are a number of interesting tombs, and some fine glass, 
 both medieval and modern. The upper stage of the central 
 tower is Early English, finely arcaded ; there is a chapter- 
 house of the same date, and a Perpendicular cloister. The 
 authentic annals of Oxford begin in 912, when it was an- 
 nexed by Edward the Elder, king of the West Saxons. It 
 was a place of strategical importance and one of the po- 
 litical centers in the middle ages: it was a meeting-place 
 of the witenagemot. Harold Harefoot. was proclaimed 
 king there in 1036, and died there in 1040. The population 
 in the time of Edward the Confessor is estimated at 3,000: 
 in 1086 it was only 1,700. The castle was besieged by 
 Stephen in 1141-42, Matilda escaping then over the frozen 
 river. The city was ttie Royalist headquarters in the civil 
 war. It was taken by Parliamentarians under Fairfax in 
 1646. Population, 63,049, (1911). 
 
 Oxford, Earl of. See Harley, Robert. 
 
 Oxford, Provisions of. In English history, a 
 set of articles passed by the “Mad Parliament” 
 at Oxford in 1258. They provided for a committee of 
 twenty-four to redress grievances in church and state; for 
 a standing body of fifteen, as a council to the king, who 
 should hold three annual parliaments and communicate 
 witli a body of twelve representing the barons ; and for a 
 body of twenty-four members to negotiate financial aids. 
 
Oxford, University of 
 
 Oxford, University of. The older of the two 
 
 great universities of England, it grew up in the 
 12th century, Robert Pullen and the Lombard Vacarius 
 being early teachers of note. It contains the following 
 colleges: University (founded in 1249), Merton (1264), Bal- 
 liol (between 1263 and 1268), Exeter (1314 and 1566), Oriel 
 (1324 and 1326), Queen’s (1340), New (1379), Lincoln (1427 and 
 1478), All Souls (1437), Magdalen (1458), Brasenose (1509), 
 Corpus Christi (1516), Christ Church (1546), Trinity (1554), 
 St. John’s (1555), Jesus (1571), Wadham (1612), Pembroke 
 (1624), Worcester (1714), Keble (1870), Hertford (1874). 
 There are also two public halls (St. Mary Hall and St. Ed- 
 mund Hall)and two private halls (Charsley’s Hall and Tur- 
 rell’s Hall). Among the institutions connected with the 
 university are the Bodleian Library (which see), Radcliffe 
 Library, Ashmolean Museum, Clarendon Press, Taylor In- 
 stitution, University Observatory, University Museum, Bo- 
 tanic Garden, and Indian Institute. University sermons 
 are mostly preached at St. Mary’s Church, a fine old build- 
 ing (of the 15th and 16th centuries) in High street, which has 
 always been closely connected with the university. The 
 three governing bodies are the Convocation, which includes 
 all who continue members of the university ; the Congrega- 
 tion of the University, consisting of the resident members ; 
 and the Hebdomadal Council, consisting of the chancellor, 
 vice-chancellor, proctors, and 18 elected members. The 
 undergraduates number over 3,800. 
 
 Oxford Movement. A name sometimes given 
 to a movement in the Church of England toward 
 High-chureh principles, as against the tendency 
 toward liberalism and rationalism: so called 
 from the fact that it originated in the University 
 of Oxford 1833-41. 
 
 Oxford School. A name given to that party of 
 the Church of England which adopted the prin- 
 ciples promulgated in the “Tracts for the 
 
 770 
 
 Times.” The members of the party were also 
 called Tractarians and Puseyites. 
 
 Oxford street. The principal commercial thor- 
 oughfare between the northwest of London and 
 the City. It was formerly called Tyburn Road, and as 
 late as 1729 was built up only on its northern side. It 
 extends from Holborn to the Marble Arch, and contains 
 many of the most important shops in London. 
 
 Oxford Tracts. See Tracts for the Times. 
 
 Oxon. See Oxford. 
 
 Oxonia (ok-so'ni-a). The Latin name of Oxford. 
 
 Oxus. See Amu-Daria. 
 
 Oyama (o-ya'ma). Amountain of Japan, about 
 100 miles north west of Kioto. Height, 5, 594 feet. 
 
 Oyama (o-ya'ma), Marquis Iwao. Born in 
 Satsuma, October, 1842. A noted Japanese 
 general, commander-in-chief of the Manchu- 
 rian army, with the rank of marshal, in the 
 Russo-Japanese war 1904-05. He is a nephew 
 of Saigo Takamon : fought against his uncle when the 
 latter joined the rebellion in 1877 ; was promoted lieuten- 
 ant-general in 1878 and general in 1891 ; commanded the 
 Second Army in the Chinese war 1894-95, capturing Port 
 Arthur and Wei-hai-wei; and was promoted marshal in 
 1898. In the Russian war he repeatedly defeated the 
 Russian army under Kuropatkin. He was created count 
 in 1884, marquis in 1895, and prince in 1907. 
 
 Oybin (o-e-ben'). A remarkable isolated rock, 
 situated near Zittau, in the kingdom of Saxony. 
 Height above sea-level, 1,600 feet. 
 
 Oyique (o-ye'ke). [Tehua, from oyi, frost.] 
 The winter people in the Tehua pueblos of New 
 
 Ozorio 
 
 Mexico. That tribe is divided (each village or pueblo) 
 into two sections — the winter people, or Oyique, and the 
 summer people. The dignity of chief penitent or cacique 
 belongs alternately to each of these two groups. Thus the 
 summer cacique (called Payojque) serves from the vernal 
 equinox to the autumnal, and the winter cacique (also 
 termed Oyique) from the autumnal to the vernal equinox. 
 On very important occasions, however, the Oyique is in- 
 ferior to his colleague. 
 
 Oyonnax (6-yo-na/). A town in the department 
 of Ain, Trance, 25 miles west of Geneva. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 7,851. 
 
 Ozaka, or Osaka (o-sa/ka). A city in the main 
 island of Japan, situated on the Aji in lat. 34° 
 41' N. It is one of the three imperial cities or “fu," and 
 the manufacturing and commercial center of Japan. Pop- 
 ulation, 1,226,590. A great fire occurred here July, 1909. 
 
 Ozanam (o-za-noh'), Antoine Frederic. Born 
 at Milan, April, 1813 : died at Marseilles, Sept. 
 8, 1853. A French historian. He wrote “Dante 
 et la philosophie catholique” (1839), “fltudes germa- 
 niques ” (1847-19), etc. 
 
 Ozark (o-zark') Mountains, or Ozark Hills. 
 
 A group of low mountains in southwestern Mis- 
 souri, northwestern Arkansas, and the eastern 
 part of the Indian Territory. Height, 1,500- 
 2,000 feet. 
 
 Ozieri (o-ze-a're). A town in the province of 
 Sassari, Sardinia, 26 miles southeast of Sassari. 
 Population, 9,275. 
 
 Ozolian Locrians. See Locri, Ozola. 
 
 Ozorio, Manuel Luiz. See Osorio. 
 
aalzow (palt'so), Frau (Hen- 
 riette Wach). Born at 
 Berlin, 1788: died there, 
 Oct. 30, 1847. A German 
 novelist. Her works include 
 “Godwie-Castle” (1836), 
 “St. -Roche” (1839), etc. 
 Pabna (pab'na). A town 
 in Bengal, British India, on 
 an arm of the Ganges north of Calcutta. Pop- 
 ulation, 18,424. 
 
 Paca (pa ' ka), William. Born at Wyehall, 
 Harford County, Md., Oct. 31, 1740: died there, 
 1799. An American politician, a signer of the 
 Declaration of Independence. He was gover- 
 nor of Maryland 1782-85. 
 
 Pacaguaras (pa-ka-gwa'ras). All Indian tribe 
 of northern Bolivia and Brazil, living about the 
 rapids of the upper Madeira, Beni, and Marnore. 
 They are savages of a rather low grade, living in small 
 villages and subsisting mainly by hunting and fishing. 
 They have always been friendly to the whites, and dur- 
 ing the 18th century some of them were gathered into mis- 
 sion villages, which were subsequently abandoned. D’Or- 
 bigny believed that they were allied to the Mo jos, but Dr. 
 Brinton has referred their language to the Pano stock 
 (which see). A few hundreds remain. Also written Pa- 
 cavaras, Pacauaras. 
 
 Pacajas (pa-ka-zhas' ). An Indian tribe of the 
 lower Amazon, which formerly occupied much 
 of the mainland on both sides of the island, of 
 Marajo. They were of Tupi stock, lived in large vil- 
 lages, and were agriculturists. Their descendants are 
 merged in the country population of the same region. 
 
 Pacaraima (pa-ka-ri'mii), Sierra or Serra de. 
 
 A range of low mountains between Venezuela 
 on the north and Brazil on the south, extend- 
 ing into British Guiana. They are continuous with 
 the Parima Range, and probably both are edges of a table- 
 land. The highest peak is Roraima, on the confines of 
 Guiana (about 8,500 feet). 
 
 Pacasas (pa-kii-sas' ). An oldname for a branch 
 of the Aymara Indians of Bolivia, on the east- 
 ern side of Lake Titicaca. Seo Aymaras. 
 Pacauaras, or Pacavaras. See Pacaguaras. 
 Pacayas(pa-ka-yas'). 1. Same as Pacajas. — 2. 
 An Indian tribe of northeastern Peru and Bra- 
 zil, on the river Javary. They are apparently 
 allied to the Pevas (see Pevas), and are presu- 
 mably of Tupi stock. 
 
 Pacca (pak'ka), Bartolommeo. Born at Bene- 
 vento, Italy, Dec. 25, 1756 : died at Rome, April 
 19, 1844. A Roman cardinal and politician, au- 
 thor of various historical memoirs. 
 Paccaritambo (pak-kiLre-tam'bo). [Quichua: 
 paccuri' beginning, and tampu, shelter or rest- 
 ing-place.] A cave situated a few miles south 
 of Cuzco, Peru, in tho valley of tho Vilcamayu 
 River. It was a sacred place o f the Incas : according to 
 one of their legends, Manco Capac issued from it with 
 three brothers. Also Paccaritampu. 
 
 Pachacamac (pach - a - ka ' mak). [Quichua.] 
 The name given by Quichua-speaking Indians 
 of Peru to the ancient settlement of Irma. 
 Tho former town is in ruins. The originrl inhabitants 
 were const Indians, not Quichuas, and spoke one of the 
 four idioms known to have been used when the Incas, at 
 the beginning of the 15th or end of the 14th century, de- 
 scended upon them from the highlands. The buildings 
 show the characteristic architecture of the coast — thick 
 walls of adobe, small rooms, and not seldom absence of 
 roof, the almost rainless climate permitting tapering walls 
 that supported the lightest and most perishable covering. 
 A huge artificial mound made of adobe stands on one side, 
 and some of the eminences overlooking the sea bear edi- 
 fices. One building particularly is ascribed to the Incas 
 and is said to have been a shrine of the sun. Even after 
 the Incas had overrun and partly ruined the place it con- 
 tinued to be looked upon as an oracle of the coast Indians. 
 The origin of the buildere of Irma is unknown. 
 
 Pachacutec Yupanqui. See Tupanqui. 
 Pacheco (pa-eha'ko), Francisco. Born at Se- 
 ville, Spain, 1571: died at Seville, 1054. A Span- 
 ish painter and writer on art, author of “Arte 
 de la pintura” (“Art of Painting,” 1649). 
 Pacheco, Gregorio. A Bolivian politician, pres- 
 ident 1884-88. 
 
 Pacheco, Maria. Lived in tho first part of the 
 16th century : died in Portugal in 1531. A Span- 
 ish woman, leader, after the death of her hus- 
 
 band Juan de Padilla, in the defense of Toledo 
 by the insurrectionists 1521-22. 
 
 Pacheco, Ramon. Born at Santiago, Dec. 14, 
 1845: died at Iquique, May 22, 1888. A Chilean 
 novelist. His first romance, “ El Pufial y la Sotana,” was 
 published in 1874, and was followed by several others. 
 
 Pacheco, Toribio. Born in 1830 : died at Lima, 
 1868. A Peruvian jurist and politician, minis- 
 ter of foreign affairs in 1865, and author of a 
 
 _standard work on Peruvian civil law. 
 
 Pacheco y Osorio (e o-so're-o), Rodrigo de, 
 Marquis of Cerralvo. Born about 1580: died 
 after 1640. A Spanish administrator. He was 
 governor of Galicia, and viceroy of Mexico Oct. 31, 1624, to 
 Sept. 16, 1635, succeeding the Marquis of Gelves, who had 
 been deposed by the audience (see Carrillo de Mendoza y 
 Pimentel). He was an able and efficient ruler, and on his 
 return was made a councilor of the Indies. 
 
 Pachino (pa-ke'no). A town in tho province of 
 Syracuse, Sicily, situated on the coast 24 miles 
 south-southwest of Syracuse. Population, com- 
 mune, 10,993. 
 
 Pachmann (pach'man), Vladimir de. Born 
 at Odessa, July 27, 1848. A noted Russian 
 pianist. He was a pupil of his father, an amateur vio- 
 linist, and of Daclis at Vienna. He made his first appear- 
 ance in 1869, but did not play regularly till 1871, since 
 which time he has had much success both in Europe and 
 in the United States, especially as an interpreter of Chopin. 
 
 Pachomius (pa-ko'mi-us), Saint. Born proba- 
 bly in Lower Egypt, about 292 : died about 349. 
 One of the founders of monasticism. He estab- 
 lished a monastery on the island of Tabenna in the Nile, 
 and wa3 the first thus to collect the monks under one roof 
 and establish strict rules of government for the commu- 
 nity. 
 
 Pachuca (pa-cho'ka), or Hidalgo (e-diil'go). 
 The capital of the state of Hidalgo, Mexico, 
 situated about 50 miles northeast of Mexico. 
 Population, 38,620, (1910). 
 
 Shortly after the Conquest a shepherd discovered the 
 rich silver workings here [at Pachuca), and a mining camp 
 at once sprang up that about 1534 was made a town. Here 
 was invented in 1557, by Bartolomd de Medina, the so- 
 called “patio process”for the amalgamation of silver ore. 
 Among the more famous of the ancient mines was the 
 Trinidad, whence was extracted $40,000,000 in silver in ten 
 years. The period of the revolt against Spain, and of the 
 subsequent civil wars, reduced the fortunes of the city to 
 a very low depth. It was seized and sacked by revolu- 
 tionists, April 23, 1812, when $300,000 worth of silver was 
 taken from the Caja, and the records of the city were de- 
 stroyed. Until 1850 its fortunes continued to decline, 
 and its population greatly diminished. In this year the 
 Rosar io Mine came into bonanza — at once reviving the 
 city’s dormant prosperity. Janvier, Mex. Guide, p. 442. 
 
 Pachynus (pa-ki'nus). [Gr. ndxvvoc.~] In an- 
 cient geography, tho cape at the southeastern 
 extremity of Sicily: the modern Cape Passaro. 
 
 Pacific (pa-sif'ik), The. See Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Pacific, W ar of the. [Sp. G uerra del Pacifico. ] 
 The name commonly given to the war waged by 
 Chilo against Bolivia and Peru 1879-83. it arose 
 from claims made by Chile to the nitrate regions of Ata- 
 cama, Bolivia, and, later, to adjoining regions in Peru. In 
 Feb., 1879, the Chileans seized Antofagasta, Bolivia. Bo- 
 livia declared war March 1. Peru offered her mediation, 
 was met by demands which she refused, and Chile declared 
 war on Peru April 5. Thereafter Peru and Bolivia acted 
 as allies. The principal subsequent events were : Iquique 
 blockaded, April 5 ; naval engagement there, May 21 ; Pe- 
 ruvian ironclad Huascar taken by the Chileans off Point 
 Angamos, Oct. 8; Pisagua taken by the Chileans, Nov. 2 ; 
 allies defeated at San Francisco, Nov. 19 ; Peruvian victory 
 at Tarapacd, Nov. 27 ; Chilean victory at Los Angeles, near 
 Moquegua, March 2‘2, 1880; Chilean victory at Tacna, May 
 26; Callao blockaded April 10, bombarded May 26 ; Arica 
 bombarded by the Chileans June 6, taken June 7 ; Chilean 
 victory at Chorrillos, Jan. 13, 1881 ; at Miraflores, Jan. 15 ; 
 Lima taken, Jan. 17. There were many subsequent en- 
 gagements, often bloody, but unimportant in their results. 
 A preliminary treaty of peace between Chile and Peru was 
 signed at Ancon Oct. 20, 1883, and ratified April 4, 1884. 
 (See Iglesias, Miguel.) A treaty of peace between Chile and 
 Bolivia was signed Dec. 11, 1883. By these treaties all the 
 coast region of Bolivia, and Tarapacd in Peru, were perma- 
 nently ceded to Chile. She was to hold Arica and Tacna for 
 ten years. Chile obtained other important advantages re- 
 lating to the guano deposits. The Chileans evacuated 
 Lima, Oct. 22, 1883. 
 
 Pacification of Ghent. See Ghent, Pacifica- 
 tion of. 
 
 Pacific Ocean, or South Sea. [F. Oc6an Paci- 
 fique, or OcSan Austral (‘southern ocean’), or 
 Mer du Sud (‘south sea’), Sp. Mar Pacifico, 
 771 
 
 NL. MarePacificum ( ‘pacific sea’), G. Stilles Meer 
 (‘still sea’), or Siidsee (‘south sea’).] That 
 part of the ocean which extends westward from 
 North America and South America to the east- 
 ern coast of Asia, the Malay Archipelago, and 
 Australia: so named by Magalhaes, the first to 
 navigate it (1520), who found it calm after his 
 experience of storms. It communicates by Bering 
 Strait with the Arctic Ocean on the north. Its southern 
 boundary is arbitrary, some separating it from the Antarc- 
 tic Ocean by the Antarctic Circle, while others interpose a 
 “Southern Ocean" the northern limit of which is lat. 40“ S. 
 It is regarded as divided by the equator into the North 
 and South Pacific. Its chief gulfs, etc., are Bering Sea, 
 Gulf of Georgia and Puget Sound, Gulf of California, Gulf of 
 Tehuantepec, Bay of Panama, Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan, and 
 Seaof Okhotsk. The principal currents are the equatorial, 
 Peruvian, and Japanese. The Pacific was first seen by 
 Balboa in 1513 ; was first navigated by Magalhaes in 1520 ; 
 and was explored by Drake, Dampier, Anson, and numerous 
 later navigators. Several steamer lines (Pacific Mail, Cana- 
 dian Line, etc.) traverse it. Greatest breadth from east 
 to west, about 10,000 miles. Area, estimated, about70, 000,000 
 square miles. Greatest known depth, 31,614 feet. 
 Pacini (pii-che'ne), Giovanni. Born in Ca- 
 tania, Feb. 17, 1796: died near Peschia, Dec. 
 6, 1867. An Italian composer. He wrote about 
 80 operas, among the best of which are “Niobe” (1826), 
 “Saffo” (1840), “Medea” (1843), and “ La Regina di Cipro” 
 (1846). He organized a musical institute at Viareggio, 
 and afterward removed to Lucca, where he trained many 
 pupils who became celebrated. 
 
 Packard (pak'ard), Alpheus Spring. Born at 
 Chelmsford, Mass., Dec. 23, 1798: died at Squir- 
 rel Island, Maine, July 13, 1884. An American 
 educator, professor in Bowdoin College, Maine, 
 from 1824. 
 
 Packard, Alpheus Spring. Born Feb. 19, 1839 : 
 died Feb. 14, 1905. An American naturalist, 
 son of A. S. Packard (1798-1884). He graduated 
 at Bowdoin in 1861, and at Maine Medical School in 1864 ; 
 was curator of the Peabody Academy of Science at Salem 
 1868-76, and State entomologist of Massachusetts 1871-73 ; 
 and was professor of zoology and geology at Brown Uni- 
 versity 1878-1905. His works include “Guide to the 
 Study of Insects" (1869), “Our Common Insects" (1873), 
 “ Half-Hours with insects ” (1877), “ Zoology for Students 
 and General Readers ” (1879), “ Zoology ” (1880 ; American 
 Science Series), “Entomology for Beginners ” (1888), etc. 
 Packer (pak'er), Asa. Born at Groton, Conn- 
 Dec. 20, 1806: died at Philadelphia, May 17^ 
 1879. An American capitalist and politician. 
 He was member of Congress from Pennsylvania 1853-57, 
 and founded Lehigh University in 1866. He was the pro- 
 jector of the Lehigh Valley Railroad. 
 
 Packer, William Fisher. Born at Howard, 
 Pa., April 2, 1807 : died at Williamsport, Pa., 
 Sept. 27, 1870. An American politician. He 
 was governor of Pennsylvania 1858-61. 
 Pacolet (pak'o-let). A dwarf in the romance 
 “Valentine and Orson.” The name has been given 
 to other dwarfs in literature. Sir Walter Scott gives it to 
 a character in “ The Pirate,” and Steele uses it for a fam- 
 iliar spirit in “The Tatler." 
 
 Pacte de famine (paktde fa-men'). [F.,‘ Fam- 
 ine Compact.’] A monopoly formed by certain 
 rich men in France, at the end of the reign of 
 Louis XV., for the purpose of raising the price 
 of corn by causing a factitious scarcity of it. 
 Pacto de Chinandega. See Confederacion Cen- 
 tro-Americana. 
 
 Pactolus (pak-to'lus). [Gr. ILwma/Wf.] In an- 
 cient geography, a small river of Lydia, Asia 
 Minor, a tributary of the Hermus. It was long 
 celebrated for its gold. 
 
 Like most, gold-fields, that of the Pactolus, so celebrated 
 at an early period, was soon exhausted. By the time of 
 Augustus it had ceased to produce gold. 
 
 Rawlinson , Herod., III. 301. 
 
 Pacuvius (pa-ku'vi-us), Marcus. Bom at 
 Brundisium, Italy, about 220 b. c. : died about 
 129 B. C. A celebrated Roman tragic poet. 
 Only fragments of his plays have been pre- 
 served. 
 
 Padan-aram (pa'dan-a'ram). Apparently the 
 same as Aram Naharaim. See Aram. 
 
 Padang (pa-diing'). A seaport on the western 
 coast of Sumatra, situated in lat. 0° 58' S., long. 
 100° 20' E. It is the capital of the Dutch gov- 
 ernment of the west coast. Population, about 
 40,000. 
 
Paddington 
 
 Paddington (pad 'ing-ton) . A borough (metro- 
 politan) of London, situated north of Hyde 
 Park. It returns 2 members to Parliament. Popular 
 tion, 142,576, (1911). 
 
 Paddock (pad'ok), Benjamin Henry. Born at 
 Norwich, Conn., Feb. 29, 1828: died at Boston, 
 Mass., March 9, 1891. An American bishop of 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church. He became 
 bishop of Massachusetts in 1873. 
 
 Paderborn (pa'der-bom). A city in the prov- 
 ince of Westphalia, Prussia, 43 miles northwest 
 of Cassel. The cathedral is chiefly in the style of the 
 transition: the west end, with tower and crypt, is of the 
 middle of the 12th century ; the eastern parts are a century 
 later. Population, commune, 20,409 
 
 Paderborn, Bishopric of. A bishopric and 
 member of the Holy Roman Empire, now in- 
 cluded in the eastern part of the province of 
 Westphalia, Prussia. It was founded about cooin 
 the land of the Saxons ; was secularized in 1803, and given 
 to Prussia; was made part vf the kingdom of Westphalia 
 in 1807 ; and was regained by Prussia in 1813. 
 
 Paderewski (pa-de-ref'ske), Ignace Jan. Born 
 at Kurylowka, Podolia, Russian Poland, Nov. 
 6, 1860. A Polish pianist and composer. He 
 went to Warsaw in 1872, where he studied with Raguski 
 and Janotha, and when about 16 years old made a concert 
 tour in Russia, at the close of which he went back to 
 Warsaw and was teacher at the Conservatory 1879-81. He 
 also studied later at Berlin and finally under Leschetitzky 
 in Vienna. He made his debut at Vienna in 1887, and at 
 New York in 1892. He is particularly successful in his 
 interpretation of Schumann, Chopin, Rubinstein, and 
 Liszt. He has written compositions for the piano, etc., and 
 a.) opera, “ Manru,” produced at Dresden in May, 1901. 
 
 Padernal. See Pedernal. 
 
 Padiham (pad'i-ham). A town in Lancashire, 
 England, situated on the Calder 23 miles north 
 of Manchester. Population, 12,205. 
 
 Padilla, Agustin Davila. See Davila y Paclilla. 
 Padilla (pii-THel'ya), Juan Lopez de. Born at 
 Toledo, Spain : executed April, 1521. A Span- 
 ish revolutionist, leader of the insurrection of 
 the communes against absolutism in 1520. His 
 army was defeated at Villalar, April 23, 1521. 
 Padilla, Maria de. See Pacheco. 
 
 Padishah, (pa-de-sha'). ['Father of the king.’] 
 A title of the sultans of Turkey and of the kings 
 of Persia. 
 
 PadmaPurana (pad'mapo-ra'na). [Skt.,' Lo- 
 tus Purana.’] In Sanskrit literature, a Purana 
 of 55,000 stanzas, said to be so called as contain- 
 ing an account of the period when the world 
 was a golden lotus (padma). Of its five books, 
 the first treats of creation, the second of the earth, the 
 third of heaven, the fourth of the regions below the earth, 
 while the fifth is supplementary. A sixth division, also 
 current, treats of the practice of devotion. The different 
 sections are probably distinct works brought together. 
 None is older than the 12th century A. 1 ). The tone is 
 Vishnuite. 
 
 Padouca. See Comanche. 
 
 Padua (pad'u-a). A province in the compar- 
 timento of Yenetia, Italy. Area, 826 square 
 miles. Population, 489,657. 
 
 Padua, It. Padova (pa'do-va), F. Padoue (pa- 
 do'). The capital of the province of Padua, 
 Italy, situated on the Bacchiglione in lat. 45° 
 24' N., long. 11° 51' E.: the Roman Patavium. 
 Among the chief objects of interest are the churches of 
 San Antonio, Eremitani, and Santa Giustina, cathedral, uni- 
 versity, botanic garden, Scuolo del Santo, picture-gallery. 
 Loggia del Consiglio, and Palazzo Municipio (noted for its 
 great hall). The Baptistery of the Duorao, an early- 
 Romanesqne building, is chiefly remarkable for its beau- 
 tiful early frescos of the school of Giotto. The Church 
 of the Eremitani, now the University Chape], a large 
 church of 1260, restored, contains many interesting me- 
 dieval and Renaissance tombs, notably those of the Car- 
 raras. The Loggia del Consiglio, an interesting carly- 
 Renaissance building, begun 1493, has below r.n open 
 vaulted hall with widely spaced columns, and above a 
 finely decorated saloon with three monumental windows. 
 The Palazzo della Ragione was begun in 1172 as a court 
 of justice. The lower story consists of open vaults sur- 
 rounded by arcades left open for trading booths. Above is 
 an arcaded gallery with a sculptured frieze. In the second 
 story is the famous Salone, a hall 295 feet long, 88 wide, 
 and 79 high, whose enormous arched roof is entirely with- 
 out intermediate supports. The wails of the Salone are 
 covered with very curious mystical frescos ; and the hall 
 itself serves as a pantheon for Paduan worthies, contain- 
 ing among other relics the reputed bones of Livy. Padua 
 wasavery important Roman town; sided with the Guelphs 
 in the middle ages, and was a center of literature and art ; 
 and came under Venetian rule in 1405. Population, com- 
 mune, 82,281. 
 
 Padua, University of. One of the oldest and 
 most celebrated universities of Europe, founded 
 in the 13th century ; especially famous for its 
 faculties of law and medicine. It has about 
 200 instructors and 1,500 students. 
 
 Paduca. or Paducah. See Comanche. 
 Paducan (pa-du'ka). [From the Indian tribe 
 name.] A city, capital of McCracken County, 
 Kentucky, situated on the Ohio, at the mouth 
 of the Tennessee, in lat. 37° 5' N., long. 88° 36' 
 W. It has an extensive river trade, and is 
 
 772 
 
 Paget, Violet 
 
 a manufacturing center. Population, 22,760, 
 (1910). 
 
 Padula (pa-do'la). A town in the province of 
 Salerno, Italy, 52 miles southeast of Salerno. 
 Population, town, 4,552; commune, 5,050. 
 Padus (pa'dus). The ancient name of the Po. 
 Paean (pe'an). In Greek mythology, a surname 
 of Apollo and of other gods. 
 
 Paeonia (pe-6'ni-a). In ancient geography, a 
 region in the interior of Macedonia. 
 
 Pasonius (pe-6'ni-us). [Gr. natuwof.] A Greek 
 sculptor of Mende in Thrace. His statue of Nike 
 on a pillar, described by Pausanias, was discovered in 
 1875 with its inscription, and gives a perfect idea of this 
 master’s style. The eastern pediment of the Zeus temple 
 discovered at the same time, and ascribed by Pausanias to 
 Pseonius, is much inferior. 
 
 Paer (pa-ar'), Ferdinando. Born at Parma, 
 Italy, June 1, 1771 : died at Paris, May 3, 1839. 
 An Italian composer of opera . He was appointed 
 maltre de chapelle by Napoleon, and went to Paris in 
 1807 ; was director of the Italian opera there 1812-27 ; and 
 was director of the king’s chamber music in 1832. His 
 works include “Camilla” (1801), “Sargino” (1803), and 
 “ Eleonora ” (1804) . 
 
 Scenes in South America’’(1862),"Ambas Americas "( 18 ' 2 \ 
 etc. 
 
 Paezes. See Paes. 
 
 Pagani (pa-ga'ne). A town in the province of 
 Salerno, Italy, 2 1 miles east-southeast of Naples. 
 Population, 14,607. 
 
 Pagania (pa-ga/ni-a). See the extract. 
 
 In the 10th century one Dalmatian district, the Naren- 
 tine coast between Spalato and Ragusa, together with some 
 of the neighbouring islands, bore the significant name of 
 Pagania. Freeman, Hist. Essays, III. 25. 
 
 Paganini (pa-ga-ne'ne), Nicolo. Born at Genoa, 
 Feb. 18, 1784: died at Nice, May 27, 1840. A 
 celebrated Italian violinist. He first appeared in 
 public in 1793 at Genoa. In 1795 he went to Parma, with 
 his father, to study with Rolla. On his return, after a few 
 months, to Genoa he began to compose his “Studies,” 
 which were extraordinarily difficult. He commenced his 
 foreign tours in 1797 ; from 1801 till 1805 he did not 
 play in public ; he then resumed his concert tours, and soon 
 after became solo player to the court at Lucca. It was 
 here that he became famous for his execution on the single 
 G-string. From this time his success was remarkable, and 
 his bizarre and mysterious appearance added to his fame. 
 It was currently reported that he was a son of the devil, 
 whom he was fancied to resemble. 
 
 Paes (pa-as'), or (by a double plural) Paezes 
 (pa-a'zaz). An Indian tribe of Colombia, in 
 the mountains of the Central Cordillera, de- 
 partments of Tolima and Antioquia. They were 
 formerly powerful, and were at war with the Chibchas 
 before the Spanish conquest. At present about 2,000 re- 
 main in a semi-independent state. They have fixed vil- 
 lages, practise agriculture on a small scale, and are noted 
 hunters ; though living at high altitudes, they go nearly 
 naked. Their language is closely related to that of the 
 Paniquitas (which see). See also Pljaos. 
 
 Paesiello. See Paisiello. 
 
 Psestum (pes'tum), originally Posidonia (pos- 
 i-do'ni-a). [Gr. Tlaiorov, DcxmSuvia.'] In ancient 
 geography, a city in Lucania, Magna Gracia, 
 Italy, situated near the sea in lat. 40° 25' N., 
 long. 15° E. It was a Greek city, a colony of Sybaris, 
 founded about 60’) B. C., and brought under Roman domi- 
 nation after the failure of Pyrrhus’s invasion in 273 B. c. 
 Under Roman rule Psestum dwindled, and it was finally 
 destroyed by the Saracens in the 9th century. The site is 
 now deserted. The Greek walls are still standing through- 
 out their circuit of 2 V miles, with 8 towers and 4 gates 
 more or less ruined : the plan is approximately trapezoidal. 
 Within the walls the three archaic Doric temples form, 
 from their remarkable state of preservation, the most im- 
 pressive Greek architectural group existing, except the 
 monuments of Athens. Besides these beautiful temples, 
 little is visible except remains of a Roman amphitheater, 
 theater, and temple, all very ruinous. The temples of 
 Psestum are not mentioned by ancient wri’ers, and were 
 unknown to modern scholars until described by Antonin! 
 in 1745. The temple of Neptune, so called, is one of the 
 three best-preserved Greek Doric temples, retaining all its 
 exterior columns and most of those of the interior, and 
 majestic in its aspect. It is peripteral, hexastyle, with 
 14 columns on the flanks, on a stylobate of 3 steps, mea- 
 suring 85 by 190 feet. The columns are 71 feet in base 
 diameter and 29 feet high. Entablature and pediments 
 are practically intact. Both pronaos and opisthodomos 
 have two columns in antis. The cella has two double 
 ranges of 7 Doric columns, the lower tiers of which are 
 still complete. The temple is built of the local travertine, 
 which has assumed from age a rich yellow color. It dates 
 from the 6th century B. C. The temple of Ceres, so called, 
 is Greek Doric, peripteral, hexastyle, with 13 columns on 
 the flanks, on a stylobate of 3 steps, measuring 47 by 107 
 feet. There was an interior portico before the pronaos, 
 and no opisthodomos; the cella, however, had a rear 
 chamber occupying about one third of its length, with a 
 door in the back. Though many architectural details ap- 
 pear debased, the temple probably dates from the early 
 6th century B. c. The Basilica, so called, is a Greek Doric 
 peripteral structure of 9 by 18 columns, measuring 80 by 
 178 feet, on a stylobate of 3 steps. There are 6 columns 
 between ant;e in the pronaos, and the cella is divided 
 longitudinally by a central range of columns. A reason- 
 able explanation cf this unusual plan is that the tem- 
 ple was double, one half being dedicated presumably to 
 Demeter and theoth r to Persephone. Despite some poor 
 architectural details which have been thought to indicate 
 a late date, the temple probably belongs to the first part 
 of the 6th century B. c. 
 
 Psestum, Gulf of. See Salerno, Gulf of. 
 Paetus (pe'tus). Seo Arria. 
 
 Paez (pa'atk), Jose Antonio. Bora in the 
 province of Barinas, Juno 13, 1790: died in 
 New York city, May 7, 1873. A Venezuelan 
 general and politician. He was a distinguished cav- 
 alry leader in the war for independence ; captured Puerto 
 Clabello, the last Spanish post in Venezuela, in 1823 ; and 
 under the Colombian republic was military commandant 
 of Venezuela from 1823, and jefe superior, with military 
 and civil powers, from 1827. In 1829-30 he headed the 
 movement by which Venezuela separated from Colom- 
 bia; was president March 18, 1831, to Feb. 9, 1835, and 
 again Feb. 1, 1839, to Jan. 28, 1843 : in the interval between 
 these terms he commanded the army and put down two 
 rebellions. In Jan.. 1848, he declared against Mon&gas, 
 but was eventually defeated, imprisoned Aug., 1849, to 
 March, 1850, and banished for some years. On the deposi- 
 tion of Gual (Aug. 29, I860), General Paez was proclaimed 
 dictator by the army. He assumed the office Sept. 9, and 
 held it until his final defeat by Falcon and Guzman 
 Blanco, May, 1863. His autobiography was published at 
 New York in 1867. 
 
 Paez, Ramon. Bom about 1825. An author, 
 son of General J. A. Paez. He has written “Wild 
 
 But, after all, the extraordinary effect of the playing 
 could have had its source only in his extraordinary genius. 
 If genius, as has been justly remarked, is “the power of 
 taking infinite pains,” he certainly showed it in a wonder- 
 ful degree in the power of concentration and perseverance 
 which enabled him to acquire such absolute command of 
 his instrument. Mere perfection of technique, however, 
 would never have thrown the whole of musical Europe 
 into such paroxysms. With the first noteshis audience was 
 spell bound ; there was in him — though certainly not the 
 evil spirit suspected by the superstitious — a daemonic ele- 
 ment which irresistibly took hoi d of those that came within 
 his sphere. Grove, Diet, of Music, etc., II. 630. 
 
 Pagasss (pag'a-se). [Gr. n ayaoa.l.'] In ancient 
 geography, a seaport in the eastern part of Thes- 
 saly, Greece, situated at the head of the Paga- 
 saaan Gulf, southwest of Pelion. It was the 
 mythical starting-point of the Argonauts. The 
 ruius of the city are visible near Volo. 
 
 Page (paj). In Sliakspere’s comedy “ TheMerry 
 Wives of Windsor,” the easy husband of Mis- 
 tress Page who conspires with Mistress Ford 
 to fool Falstaff, and the father of “sweet Anne 
 Page” who is intended by him to marry the 
 foolish Slender, and by her mother to marry 
 Dr. Caius, hut who marries Fenton. 
 
 Page, John. Born at Haverhill, N. H., May 21, 
 1787 : died Sept. 8, 1865. An American poli- 
 tician. He was Democratic United States senator from 
 New Hampshire 1836-37, and governor of New Hampshire 
 1839-42. 
 
 Page, Thomas Jefferson. Born at Shelly, 
 Gloucester Co., Va., Jau. 4, 1808 : died at Rome. 
 Italy, Oct. 26, 1899. An American naval officer. 
 As lieutenant-commauder he was engaged 1853-56 in ex- 
 plorations in the Platine region, South America. In Feb., 
 1855, his vessel, the Water Witch (then in charge of Lieu- 
 tenant Jeffers), was fired upon by a Paraguayan fort, and 
 one man was killed: the fire was returned. Page resigned 
 early in 1861; entered the Confederate service; was commis- 
 sioned commodore; and in 1862 was sent to England to take 
 charge of a cruiser. His ship was not permitted to leave, 
 and lie took command of a small ironclad at Copenhagen, 
 but it was soon after seized in a Spanish port, thus ending 
 his Confederateservice. Subsequently he resided in the Ar- 
 gentine and in Florence, Italy. He was the author of “ La 
 
 -*• Plata, the Argentine Confederation, and Paraguay ” (1859). 
 
 Page, Thomas Nelson. Born in Hanover 
 County, V;.., April 23, 1853. An American 
 lawyer and author, ambassador to Italy 1913-. 
 Among his works are “In Ole Virginia” (1887), “Two 
 Little Confederates ”(1888), “On Newfound River ”(1890), 
 “The Old South” (essays, 1892), “Meh Lady” (1893), 
 “The Old Gentleman of the Black Stock” (1896), “Red 
 Rock ” (1898). 
 
 Page, William. Born at Albany, N. Y., Jan. 23. 
 1811: died at Tottenville, N. Y., Oct. 1, 1885. 
 An American painter, best known for his por- 
 traits. Among his other works are “Venus,” “Moses 
 and Aaron on Mount Horeb,” “ Flight into Egypt,” etc. 
 
 Pag&S. See Garnier-Pages. 
 
 Paget (paj'et), Henry William, first Marquis 
 of Anglesey. Born 1768 : died 1854. An Eng- 
 lish general and politician. He served with distinc- 
 tion in the Low Countries and in Spain 1808-09 ; and com- 
 manded the British cavalry at Waterloo. He was lord 
 lieutenant of Ireland 1828-29 and 1830-33. Later he was 
 made field-marshal. 
 
 Paget, Sir James. Born at Yarmouth, Jan. 11, 
 1814: died at London, Dec. 30, 1899. An Eng- 
 lish physician. He became a member of the Royal Col- 
 lege of Surgeons in 1836, and was its president. He was 
 sergeant-surgeon to the queen, surgeon to the Prince of 
 Wales, consulting surgeon to St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, 
 and vice-chancellor of the University of London. He was 
 created a baronet in 1871. He published “ Lectures on 
 Surgical Pathology" ( 1853 ), “Clinical Lectures ” (1875), etc. 
 
 Paget, Violet: pseudonym Vernon Lee. Bom 
 
 in 1857. An English writer and critic. She has 
 written much on the art, literature, and drama of Italy, 
 where she lias lived for many years ; and has contributed 
 esthetic and philosophical criticisms to the principal Eng- 
 lish reviews. 
 
Pago 
 
 Pago (pa'go). An island in the Adriatic, be- 
 longing to Dalmatia, Austria-Hungary, inter- 
 sected by lat. 44° 30' N., long. 15° E. It is sepa- 
 rated from Croatia by the Canale della Morlacca. Length, 
 36 miles. Population, commune, 7,463, (1910). 
 Pago-Pago. See Pango-Pango. 
 
 Pahang (pa-hang'). One of the Federated Ma- 
 lay States. Area, 14,000 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 100,000. 
 
 Pahlanpur, or Pahlampoor. See Palanpur. 
 Pahouins. See Fan. 
 
 Pah-Utah. See Paiute. 
 
 Paiconecas (pa-e-ko-na'kas). A race of Indi- 
 ans in northeastern Bolivia, between the rivers 
 Guapor6 and Baur6s. They werenumerous, forming 
 many small independent villages, and subsisting mainly 
 by agriculture. The Jesuits induced some of them to join 
 their mission of Concepcion, where about 600 remained 
 in 1831. They belong to the Arawak or Maypure linguis- 
 tic stock. Probably the Paunaeas, a tribe mentioned by 
 Fernandez, but located further south, were the same . 
 Paijanne (pa-yan'ne). A lake in southern Fin- 
 land, 70 miles north by east of Helsingfors. 
 Length, 80-90 miles. 
 
 Paillamacu (pa-el-ya-ma/ko). Bom about 1525 : 
 died in 1603. An Araucanian Indian of Chile, 
 toqui or war-chief from about 1593. He attacked 
 the Spaniards in 1595, 1596, and 1597, and in 1598 headed 
 the most successful rising of his tribe : the governor of 
 Chile, Ofiez de Loyola, was surprised and killed (Nov. 22, 
 1598), Villarica, Imperial, and other places were besieged 
 for several years andfinaJly taken, and the Spaniards were 
 driven beyond the Biobio. Also written Paillamachu. 
 
 Pailleron (pa-yfi-ron'), Edouard Jules Henri. 
 
 Born at Paris, Sept. 17, 1834: died April 20, 1899. 
 AFrench poet and dramatist. He began lifeasano- 
 tary’s clerk,incidentally writing poems and plays. On his 
 first appearance before the public he brought out a short 
 comedy entitled “Leparasite" and avolume of satires, “Les 
 parasites’’ (1860), followed in 1861 by “Le murmitoyen." 
 Further plavs are “ Le dernier quartier ” (1833), “ Le second 
 mouvement ” (1865), “Le monde oh l’on s’amuse” (1863), 
 “Les faux manages ” (1869), “L’Autre njotif ’’ (1872), “ H6- 
 lfene” (1872), “Petite pluie” (1875), “L’Age ingrat” (1878), 
 “L’Entincelle ” (1879), “ Le monde oh l’on s’ennuie " (1881), 
 “La souris ’’ (1887), “Les cabotins ’’ (1894). Three of his 
 comedies — “Le chevalier Trumeau,” “Le narcotique,” 
 and “ Pendant le bal ” — were published together as “Le 
 theatre chez Madame” (1881). He married the daughter 
 of M. Buloz, general manager of the “Revue des Deux 
 Mondes,’’ and many of his poems appeared in that pub- 
 lication. Among them are “Le ddpart ”( ! 870), “ Priire pour 
 la France” (1871), and the collection entitled “Amours et 
 haines ’’ (1888). PaiBeron was elected to the French Acad- 
 emy in 18SL His inaugural speech, together with his 
 addresses to that body on other occasions, appeared as 
 “ Discours aeaddmiques ’’ (1886). More recently he wrote 
 the “ Biographic d'Emile Augier" (1889). 
 
 Paimboeuf (pan-bef ' ). A decayed seaport in the 
 department of Loire-Inf 6rieure, France, 23 miles 
 west of Nantes. Population, commune, 2,380. 
 Paine (pan), Elijah. Born at Brooklyn, Conn., 
 Jan. 21, 1757 : died at Williamstown, Vt., April 
 28, 1842. An American jurist and politician, 
 United States senator from Vermont 1795-1801. 
 Paine, Halbert Eleazar. Born at Ckardon, 
 Ohio, Feb. 4 ? 1826 : died in 1905. An Ameri- 
 can general in the Civil War. He was Republican 
 member of Congress from Wisconsin 1865-71, and United 
 States commissioner of patents 1879-81. He published “ A 
 Treatise on the Law of Elections to Public Offices ” (1888). 
 
 Paine, John Knowles. Born at Portland, Maine, 
 Jan. 9, 1839: died at Cambridge, Mass., April 
 25, 1906. An American composer and organ- 
 ist. He went to Berlin in 1858 to study, and in 1861 rc- 
 turned to America, where he gave several organ concerts. 
 He was instructor of music at Harvard University in 1862, 
 and professor from 1876. Among his works are a mass 
 and the oratorio “St. Peter.” He also wrote a “Sym- 
 phony in C minor ’’ and another called “Spring,” besides 
 chamber-music, cantatas, songs, etc. 
 
 Paine, Martyn. Bom at Williamstown, Vt., 
 July 8, 1794: died at New York, Nov. 10, 1877. 
 An American physician, son of Elijah Paine. 
 His works include “ Cholera Asphyxia of New York ”(1832), 
 “ Medical and Physiological Commentaries ”(1840-44), “In- 
 stitutes of Medicine’’(1847), “Review of Theoretical Geol- 
 ogy ’’(1856), etc. 
 
 Paine, Robert Treat. Bom at Boston, March 
 11, 1731 : died there, May 1 1, 1814. An American 
 patriot, politician, and judge: a signer of the 
 Declaration of Independence as member of Con- 
 gress in 1776. 
 
 Paine, Robert Treat. Bora at Taunton, Mass., 
 Dec. 9, 1773: died at Boston, Nov. 13, 1811. An 
 American poet, son of B. T. Paine. His collected 
 works were published in 1812. 
 
 Paine, Thomas. Bora at Thetford, Norfolk, 
 England, Jan. 29, 1737: died at New York, June 
 8, 1809. An Anglo-American political writer 
 and free-thinker. He emigrated to America in 1774; 
 published in 1776 the political pamphlet “ Common Sense,” 
 In which he advocated the independence of the American 
 colonies ; took a prominent part in support of tho American 
 Revolution ; published the periodical “ Crisis ” 1776-83 ; 
 went to Europe in 1787 ; published the “Rights of Man ’’ 
 1791-92, for which he was outlawed from England; was 
 elected to the French National Convention in 1793 ; was 
 
 773 
 
 imprisoned in 1794 ; and returned to the United States in 
 1802. His “ Age of Reason ” was published in 1794. 
 
 Painesville (panz'vil). The capital of Lake 
 County, Ohio, situated on Grand River 30 miles 
 northeast of Cleveland. Population, 5,501, 
 (1910). 
 
 Painter (pan'ter), Gamaliel. Born at New 
 Haven, Conn., May 22, 1743: died at Middle- 
 bury, Vt., May 21, 1819. An American politi- 
 cian, chief founder of Middlebury College. 
 Painter, William. Born in Middlesex about 
 1540 : died at London in 1594. The author of 
 a collection of translations called “ The Pal- 
 ace of Pleasure.” He entered St. John’s College, 
 Cambridge, in 1554, and in 1561 was made clerk of the ord- 
 nance in the Tower of London. In 1566 he published 
 the first volume of “The Palace of Pleasure,” containing 
 60 novels. He originally intended it to contain only trans- 
 lations of tales from Livy and the older writers, but 
 altered his plan and added tales taken from Boccaccio, 
 Bandello, Straparola, and other Italian and French novel- 
 ists. The second volume was published in 1567, contain- 
 ing 34 novels ; a third volume, although announced, did not 
 appear. In later editions 6 more novels were added, so 
 that there were 100 novels in all. It is the largest prose 
 work between “Morted’Arthur’’and North’s “Plutarch,” 
 and is the source from which the Elizabethan dramatists 
 took many of their plots. 
 
 Paisiello (pa-e-ze-el'lo), or Paesiello (pa-a-ze- 
 el'lo), Giovanni. Born at Taranto, Italy, May 
 9, 1741: died at Naples, June 5, 1816. An Ital- 
 ian composer of operas and church music. He 
 went to Naples when young, and in 1776 to St. Petersburg, 
 where he produced “II Barbiere di Siviglia.” About 1784 
 he returned to Naples by way of Vienna, where he wrote 
 “H Ed Teodoro,” and was made chapel-master to Ferdi- 
 nand IY. Here he remained for about 13 years, produ- 
 cing some of his best music : after this he went to Paris to 
 organize the music of the chapel of Napoleon, where he 
 excited much jealousy. He returned to Italy in 1804. He 
 composed between 90 and 100 operas, and more than 100 
 masses, etc. Among the operas, besides those mentioned 
 above, are “II Marchese di Tulipano” (written before he 
 went to Russia), “Nina, o la Pazza d’Amore,” “La Moli- 
 nara,” etc. 
 
 Paisley (paz'li). A parliamentary and munici- 
 pal burgh iu Renfrewshire, Scotland, situated 
 on the White Cart, near the Clyde, 6 miles 
 west by south of Glasgow, it is noted for the 
 manufacture of thread, cotton and worsted goods, mus- 
 lins, prints, starch, soap, corn-flour, machinery, etc., 
 and for bleaching and dyeing, and was formerly famous 
 for its manufacture of shawls. Its abbey church is of in- 
 terest: the abbey (at first a priory) was founded about 
 1164. Population, 79.355. 
 
 Paiute, or Piute (pi'ut). [Also Pah-Ede, Pah- 
 nute, Pah-Utah, Payucha, Piede, Piutah, Pyeed. 
 The name is, perhaps, from pai or pi, true, and 
 Ute, or pah, water, and Ute.] A tribe or group 
 of North American Indians. The name strictly be- 
 longs to a small tribe on Corn Creek, southwestern Utah, 
 but is generally given to a number of Shoshonean tribes, 
 eight of which are in southwestern Utah, seventeen in 
 southeastern Nevada, four (including the Chemehuevi) in 
 northern and western Arizona, and nineteen in southeast- 
 ern California from Owens valley along the sierras to the 
 south of Tulare Lake and east of the Coast Range. They 
 number several thousand, chiefly in Nevada, with a few in 
 Utah and Arizona. See Digger and Shoshonean. 
 
 Paix des Dames (pa da dam). [F., ‘Ladies’ 
 Peace.’] A name often given to the treaty of 
 Cambray (1529). See Cambray. 
 
 Paixhans (paks'anz; F.pron.pak-sons'), Henri 
 Joseph. Born at Metz, Jan. 22, 1783 : died at 
 Jouy-aux- Arches, near Metz, Aug. 19, 1854. A 
 French general of artillery. He invented the Paix- 
 hans gun, and published “Nouvelle force maritime” 
 (1822), etc. 
 
 Pajol(pa-zhol'), Comte Claude Pierre de. Bom 
 
 at Besanrjon, France, 1772 : died at Paris, 1844. 
 A French general. He was distinguished in the cam- 
 paigns of Napoleon, and was prominent in the revolu- 
 tion of July against Charles X. (1830). 
 
 Pajon (pa-zhon'), Claude. Born at Romoran- 
 tin, France, 1626: died 1685. A French Prot- 
 estant theologian, founder of the liberal theo- 
 logical system named from him Pajonism. ne 
 denied all immediate and special interferences by God in 
 either the course of events or the spiritual life of the in- 
 dividual. 
 
 Pajou (pa-zho'), Augustin. Born at Paris, 
 Sept. 19, 1730: .died there, May 8, 1809. A 
 French sculptor. 
 
 Pakawa (pa-ka-wa/), or Pinto (pen'to). [Pa- 
 kaicai, referring to tattooing.] A tribe of 
 North American Indians which formerly lived 
 on the lower Rio Grande in Texas and in Ta- 
 maulipas, Mexico. Of the tribe but two women were 
 known to survive in 1886. These lived at La Volsa, near 
 Reynosa, Taman] i pas. The name Pinto was applied by 
 the Spanish in allusion to their custom of tattooing. See 
 Coahuiltecan. 
 
 Pakenham (pak'en-am), Sir Edward Michael. 
 Born in Ireland, April 19, 1778 : killed at the 
 battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815. A British 
 general, brother of the Earl of Longford. He 
 served in the Peninsular war, commanded the expedition 
 against New Orleans in 1814, and was defeated by Jackson 
 in the battle of New Orleans. 
 
 Palais, Le 
 
 Pakhoi (pak'hoi'). A seaport in the province 
 of Kwangtung, China, situated on the Gulf of 
 Tongking in lat. 21° 29' N., long. 109° 6' E., 
 about 280 miles southwest of Canton. It was 
 opened to foreign commerce in 1876. Popu- 
 lation, 20,000. 
 
 Pakht (pacht). In Egyptian mythology, a lion- 
 ess-headed or cat-headed goddess, with diffi- 
 culty distinguishable from Bast. She was honored 
 at Memphis as the wife of Ptah, and was identified with 
 Isis as a bringer of misfortune, and by the Greeks, like 
 Bast, with Artemis. 
 
 Pakington (pa'king-ton), Sir John Somerset, 
 
 first Baron Hampton. Bom Feb. 20, 1799: died 
 April 9, 1880. An English Conservative politi- 
 cian. He was colonial secretary in 1852 : first lord of the 
 admiralty 1858-59 and 1866-67 ; and war secretary 1867-68. 
 He was created a baronet in 1846, and raised to the peerage 
 as Baron Hampton in 1874. 
 
 Paks (poksh). A town in the county of Tolna, 
 Hungary, situated on the Danube 60 miles 
 south of Budapest. Pop., commune, 12,034. 
 Palace of Honour, The. A poem by Gawain 
 Douglas, written in 1501. It is an imitation of 
 Chaucer’s “House of Fame.” 
 
 Palace of Justice. See Palais de Justice. 
 Palace of Pleasure, The. See Painter, William. 
 Palaces of the Caesars. A vast congeries of 
 constructions in Rome, begun by Augustus and 
 added to by successive emperors, occupying the 
 Palatine Hill. Though in very ruinous condition, the 
 plans have been in large part recovered by excavation, 
 with architectural fragments sufficient for a far-reaching 
 restoration ; and many imposing walls and vaults, with in- 
 teresting wall-paintings and graffiti, remain in position. 
 
 Palacio, Diego Garcia de. See Garcia de Pa- 
 lacio. 
 
 Palacio (pa-la'the-o), Raimundo Andueza. 
 
 Born about 1840 : died at Caracas, Aug. 18, 1900. 
 A Venezuelan politician. He was the principal 
 minister of Rojas Padl 1888-90, and succeeded him as 
 president for two years, March 19, 1890 In 1892 the elec- 
 tions were postponed, Palacio remaining in office until 
 deposed by the revolt of Crespo, June, 1892, and banished. 
 
 Palacio, Vicente Riva. See Riva Palacio. 
 Palacky (pa-lats'ke), Frantisek. Bom at 
 Hodslawitz, Moravia, June 14, 1798: died May 
 26, 1876. A Bohemian historian, president of 
 the Slavic congress in 1848. He was parliamentary 
 leader of the autonomist Czech party. His chief work is a 
 “ History of Bohemia ’’ (5 vols. 1836-67). He also wrote vari- 
 ous other works on Bohemian history and literature. 
 
 Paladilhe (pa-la-dey'), Emile. Born at Mont- 
 pellier, June 3, 1844. A French composer. He 
 produced “Suzanne,” an op6ra comique (1878), “Diana” 
 (1885), the music for Sardou’s drama “ Patrie ” (1886), etc. 
 Pala d’Oro (pa'la, do'ro). [It., ‘golden ratable.’] 
 The retable of the high altar of St. Mark’s in 
 Venice, probably the finest existing specimen 
 of Byzantine metal-work, it was commenced in 
 Constantinople in 976 ; brought to Venice in 1105, and re- 
 arranged and enlarged in the 13th and 14th centuries and 
 later ; is 55 inches high and 137 long ; and is of silver gilt 
 studded with jewels and with ornament in enamel. It 
 has 85 panels with reliefs. 
 
 Pal3emon(pa-le'mon). [Gr. Tlalauiuv.] In Greek 
 mythology, a sea divinity into which Melicer- 
 tes was metamorphosed. 
 
 Palseologus (pa-le-ol'o-gus). [Gr. Tla?mol6yo<:.'] 
 A Byzantine family which furnished the rulers 
 of the Eastern Empire during nearly the whole 
 period from the accession of Michael in 1261 
 until the death of Constantine in 1453. 
 
 PalafoxyMelzi(pa-la-foH'emal'the), Jos6 de, 
 Duke of Saragossa. Bom 1780 : died Feb. 16, 
 1847. A Spanish general, captain-general of 
 Aragon, and commander in the defense of Sar- 
 agossa against the French in 1808. 
 
 Palafox y Mendoza (men-do'tha), Juan de. 
 Born at Fitero, Navarre, June 24, 1600: died at 
 Osma, Oct. 1, 1659. A Spanish prelate, admin- 
 istrator, and author. He was councilorof the Indies ; 
 was consecrated bishop of Puebla, Mexico, in Dec., 1639 ; 
 and at the same time was made visitador-general of New 
 .Spain. In the latter capacity he had a dispute with the 
 viceroy Escalona, and by order of the king succeeded him 
 as viceroy June, -Nov., 1642. Owing to quarrels with the 
 Jesuits lie was deposed in 1647, and in 1649 returned to 
 Spain. In 1653 he was made bishop of Osma. Hepublished 
 numerous historical, judicial, and theological works. 
 
 Palaihnihan (pa-llh'ni-han), or Pit River In- 
 dians. A linguistic stock (or merely a branch 
 of the Shastan family) of North American In- 
 dians which formerly occupied the territory 
 drained by Pit River and its tributaries, from 
 Goose Lake to the mouth of Squaw Creek, north- 
 eastern California. The tribal divisions are Aclio- 
 mawi, Atsug6, Atuamih, Chumawa, Estakewach, Hantiwi, 
 Humawhi, and Ilmawi : they are almost extinct. The 
 name is adapted from the Klamath word p'likni, meaning 
 * mountaineers ’ or ‘ uplanders. ’ 
 
 Palaik. Same as Palaihnihan. 
 
 Palais (pit-la'), Le. The chief town of the isl- 
 and of Belle-lle-en-Mer, off the coast of Brit- 
 
Palais. Le 
 
 tany, department of Morbihan, Prance. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 4,949. 
 
 Palais Bourbon (pii-la/ bor-bdii'). A palace in 
 Paris, now the Chamber of Deputies, begun in 
 1722. The fine fagade toward the Seine was finished in 
 1807 : it has a Roman pedimented colonnade of 12 Corin- 
 thian columns, with a flight of steps between two projecting 
 piers. The sculptures in the tympanum represent France, 
 with Liberty, Peace, Order, Agriculture, and Commerce. 
 The halls of the interior are embellished with many no- 
 table paintings and sculptures. 
 
 Palais de Justice (d 6 zhiis-tes'). [F., ‘palace 
 of justice.’] A historically and artistically in- 
 teresting congeries of buildings in Paris, situ- 
 ated on L’lle do la Cit6, at an angle of theQuai 
 de l’Horloge. It is composed in part of portions of 
 the ancient royal palace (the Conciergerie, witli its three 
 cylindrical cone-roofed towers, and the vaulted Cui- 
 sines de St. Louis). Excavatious in 1848 disclosed the 
 foundations of ttie Homan prefectorium under tho present 
 Palais de .Justice. It was the residenceof Childebert and 
 the earlier Merovingians. Count Eudes (king A. I>. 888) 
 reconstructed theold Palais de la Cit6 as a fortress against 
 the Norman invaders. When the Louvre was built by 
 Philip Augustus, the palais lost its importance as a for- 
 tress and again became a residence and the seat of royal 
 courts of justice, a use to which the entire building was 
 finally put. The greater part is comparatively modern, 
 and all has been restored since the wanton destruction by 
 the Commune. The Salle des Pas Perdus is a splendid 
 vaulted hall, 240 by 90 feet, with a central range of col- 
 umns. The Galerie de St. Louis is admirably frescoed by 
 Merson, and many other halls are notable for their deco- 
 ration. The modern west facade is impressive : it is in a 
 neoclassical style with 8 great Doric columns and 2 angle- 
 piers, and much sculpture ; it opens on a magnificent ves- 
 tibule. 
 
 Palais du Trocadero (<lu tro-ka-da/ro). Along 
 building in Paris, constructed in connection 
 with the exhibition of 1878, and combining sev- 
 eral museums and a large concert-hall. The latter 
 occupies a central pavilion of horseshoe shape 190 feet in 
 diameter and 180 feet high, flanked by 2 towers 270 feet 
 high. From eacli side extends a low curved wing 060 feet 
 long, the plan of the whole thus being a crescent. The 
 entire Seine front is skirted by continuous open galleries. 
 Palais Royal ( r wii-y al' ) . Apalacein Paris, built 
 by Richelieu 1G29-34, and left by him to the 
 king. It was given by Louis XIV. to the Duke of Or- 
 leans, and remained in his family, with interruptions dur- 
 ing the Revolution and the empire, until the revolution 
 of 1848. It was damaged by the Commune in 1871, hut 
 has been restored. The state apartments are handsome. 
 The gardens were surrounded by the duke Philippe Ega- 
 lit4 with houses and galleries (still used for purposes of 
 trade), and the southwest angle is occupied by the Thea- 
 tre Frangais. 
 
 Palamas (pal'a-mas), Gregorius. Lived about 
 1350. A Greek archbishop of Thessalonica, 
 leader of the Hesychasts. See Palamites. 
 Palamedes (pal-a-me'ilez). [Gr. IlaXa/^efyf.] 
 In Greek legend, son of Nauplius andClymene, 
 one of the Greek warriors in the expedition 
 against Troy. He was killed through the ma- 
 chinations of Odysseus. 
 
 Palamites (pal'a-mlts). The followers of Gre- 
 gorius Palamas, a monk of Mount Athos in the 
 14th century. Simeon, abbot of a monastery at Con- 
 stantinople in the 11th century, taught that by fasting, 
 prayer, and contemplation, with concentration of thought 
 on the navel, the heart and spirit would be seen within, 
 luminous with a visible light. This light was believed to 
 be uncreated, and the same which was seen at Christ’s 
 transfiguration, and is known accordingly as the “uncre- 
 ated light of Mount Tabor." The doctrine was more care- 
 fully formulated and defended by Palamas, who taught 
 that there exists a divine light, eternal and uncreated, which 
 is not the substance or essence of deity, hut God’s activity 
 or operation. The Palamites were favored by the emperor 
 Joannes Cantacuzenus, and their doctrine was confirmed 
 by a council at Constantinople in 1351. They were called 
 by their opponents Euchites and Massalians : also Hesy- 
 chasts and U mbilicaniini. 
 
 Palamon and Arcite (pal'a-mon and ar'slt). 
 Two noble youths the story of whose love for 
 Emilia has been told by Chaucer in the 
 “Knight’s Tale” (derived from Boccaccio’s 
 “Teseide”), by Dryden in a version of “The 
 Knight’s Tale” called “Palamon and Arcite,” 
 by Fletcher and another (perhaps Shakspere) in 
 a play called “ The Two Noble Kinsmen” (1634), 
 and by others. Edwards produced a play entitled 
 “Palamon and Arcite "at Christ Church Hall, Oxford, 1566, 
 in honor of Queen Elizabeth’s visit there ; and a play with 
 the same name is mentioned by Henslowe in 1594. 
 
 Palanpur, or Pahlanpur (pa-lan-por'). 1. A 
 native state in India, under British protection, 
 intersected by lat. 24° 20' N., long. 72° 20' E. — 
 2. The capital of the state of Palanpur. Pop- 
 ulation, 17,799. 
 
 Palaprat (pa-la-pra/), Jean, Sieur de Bigot. 
 Born at Toulouse, France, 1650: died at Paris, 
 Oct. 14, 1721. A French dramatist, collaborator 
 with Brueys. 
 
 Palatinate (pa-lat'i-nat), The. [F. Palatinat, 
 G. Pfalz, ML. Palatinatus, the province of a 
 count palatine, from jpalatmus, palatine.] A 
 former German state. Its territories were originally 
 in the region of the Rhine, and from the 14th century to 
 
 774 
 
 1620 embraced two separate regions, the Rhine (or Lower) 
 Palatinate (distinctively the Palatinate), and the Upper 
 Palatiqute (see below). The palsgraves on the Rhine, 
 whose original seat was at Aix-la-Chapelie, were impor- 
 tant princes of the empire as early as tiie 11th century. 
 Early in tho 13th century tho Palatinate passed to the 
 bavarian dynasty of Wittelsbach, which soon after branched 
 olf into tiie bavarian and Palatine lines. The Palatinate 
 was enlarged early in the 14th century with a part of Ba- 
 varia (the Upper Palatinate). The Golden Bull of 1356 
 designated tiie Palatinate as one of the seven electorates. 
 In tiie 10th century Heidelberg, the capital of the electors 
 palatine, became a great center of Calvinism. Tiie elector 
 Frederick V., having accepted the Bohemian crown in 1619 
 and having been overthrown in 1620, was stripped of his 
 dominions. The electoral dignity was transferred to Ba- 
 varia in 1623, and tiie Upper Palatinate was annexed to it. 
 By tiie treaty of 1648 tiie Rhine Palatinate was restored to 
 its former rulers, and an eighth electorate created for it, 
 the Upper Palatinate being confirmed to Bavaria. The 
 Rhine Palatinate was terribly ravaged by the French in 
 1674 and 1689. The Palatinate and the Bavarian lands were 
 united in 1777. In 1801 the Rhine Palatinate was divided : 
 all west of the Rhine was ceded to France; Baden received 
 Heidelberg, Mannheim, etc.; and the rest fell to Hesse- 
 Darmstadt, Nassau, etc. By the treaties of 1814-16 the 
 French portion west of the Rhine was restored to Ger- 
 many : Prussia and Hesse-Darmstadt received portions, 
 but the greater portion fell to Bavaria. This part is tiie 
 present Rhine Palatinate, or Lower Palatinate (G. Rhein- 
 pfalz or Unterpfah): it is bounded by the Rhine on the 
 east, and borders on Hesse, Prussia, and Alsace-Lorraine. 
 It forms a “ Regierungs-bezirk ” of Bavaria, with Spires as 
 capital. It is traversed by the Hardt Mountains, and pro- 
 duces grain, wine, coal, etc. Area. 2,289 square miles. 
 Population, 885,833. The Upper Palatinate (G. Oher- 
 pfalz ) forms a "Regierungs-bezirk ’’ of Bavaria, under the 
 title Upper Palatinate and Ratisbon (Regensburg). It 
 borders on Bohemia. Capital, Ratisbon. It has extensive 
 forests and flourishing industries. Area, 3,731 square 
 miles. Population, 574,693. 
 
 Palatine (pal'a-tln) Hill. [L. Hons Palatinus, 
 It. Monte Palatino. ] One of the “ seven hills” 
 of Rome, situated southeast of the Capitoline 
 and north-northeast of the Aventine. It borders 
 on the Roman Forum ; is the traditional seat of the city 
 founded by Romulus ; was the seat of private and later 
 of imperial residences ; and contains many antiquities. 
 Palatka (pa-lat'ka). A city, the capital of Put- 
 nam County, Florida, situated on St. John’s 
 River. Population, 3,779, (1910). 
 
 Palawan (pa-la' wan), orParagua (pii-ra'gwa). 
 An island in the Malay Archipelago, lying be- 
 tween Borneo and the main group of the Phil- 
 ippine Islands. It belongs partly to the Philippines 
 and partly to the Sultan of the Sulu Islands. Area, 4,726 
 square miles. Population, estimated, about 50,000. 
 
 Palazzo Borghesi. See Borghese Palace. 
 Palazzo Contarini Fasan. See Venice. 
 Palazzo del Governo. See Siena. 
 
 Palazzo della Ragione. See Padua. 
 
 Palazzo Doria ( do'ri-a) . 1 . A palace in Rome, 
 formerly known as the Pamphili Doria. It faces 
 toward the Corso and the Piazza di Venetia. It is very 
 large and contains galleries of pictures and sculpture. 
 
 2. A palace in Genoa, on the Piazza del Prin- 
 cipe. It contains fine frescos, and the garden facing 
 the harbor has a large arcaded loggia. It was presented 
 to Andrea Doria in 1552, but is very much older. 
 
 Palazzo Farnese. See Farnese. 
 
 Palazzo Foscari. See Venice. 
 
 Palazzolo Acreide (pa-lat'so-lo ak-ra'e-de). A 
 town in the province of Syracuse, Sicily, 19 
 miles west of Syracuse: on the site of the an- 
 cient Acne. It contains many antiquities, in- 
 cluding a Greek theater and burial-ground. 
 The theater is small but very perfect. There 
 are 12 tiers of seats, divided into 9 cunei by 8 
 radial stairways. Parts of the stage structure 
 remain. Population, commune, 14,840. 
 Palazzo Pitti (pit'te). A palace in Florence, 
 Italy, designed by Brunelleschi, and begun 
 about 1435. It is a massive building : the chief fagade is 
 of quarry-faced ashler in three stories with series of round- 
 arched windows having very long voussoirs. The front 
 toward the Boboli Gardens lias projecting wings inclosing 
 a court, with superposed tiers of pilasters formed of blocks 
 alternately large and small. It is at once a royal palace 
 and the home of a world-famous gallery of paintings. 
 
 Palazzo Pubblico. See Siena. 
 
 Palazzo Valentino. A palace at Turin. 
 Palazzo Vecchio(pa-lat'so vek'ke-o). [It., ‘old 
 palace.’] A palace in Florence, begun in 1298 
 by Arnolfo as the official seat of the chief 
 magistrates of Florence. It is an imposing castle- 
 like building, with small windows, a heavy projecting 
 machicolated and battlemented gallery above, and a great 
 square tower rising from it, also having a machicolated 
 gallery, and supporting a belfry resting on 4 cylindrical 
 columns. The total height is 307 feet. The picturesque 
 interior court has 9 rich Renaissance columns carved in 
 arabesques. The apartments are extremely interesting, 
 displaying fine coffered ceilings, historical paintings, and 
 sculptures. 
 
 Pale (pal), The English. That part of Ireland 
 in which English law was acknowledged, and 
 within which the dominion of the English was 
 restricted, for some centuries after the con- 
 quests of Henry II. John distributed the part of Ire- 
 land then subject to England into 12 counties palatine, and 
 
 Palermo 
 
 this region became subsequently known as the Pale, but 
 the limits varied at different times. 
 
 Paleario (pii-la-a're-o), or della Paglia (del'- 
 lii pal'yii), or degli Pagliaricci (del'ye pal- 
 ya-ret'che), Aonio or Antonio. Born at Ver- 
 oli, Italy, about 1500: executed at Rome, July, 
 1570. An Italian Reformer and humanist, ar- 
 rested by the Inquisition on a charge of heresy, 
 and executed. He published theological works, 
 a didactic poem in Latin, etc. 
 
 Palembang (pa-lem-bang'). 1. A residency in 
 the southeastern part of Sumatra, Dutch East 
 Indies. It corresponds in the main to the former king- 
 dom of Palembang and the kingdom of Jamhi. Popula- 
 tion, 796,352. 
 
 2. The capital of Palembang, situated on the 
 river Musi in lat. 2° 59' S., long. 104° 45' E. 
 
 It was taken by the Dutch in 1821. Population, about 
 50,000. 
 
 Palencia (pa-lan'the-a). 1. Aprovincein Old 
 Castile, Spain, bounded by Santander on the 
 north, Burgos on the east, Valladolid on the 
 south, and Valladolid and Le6n on the west, it 
 is mountainous in the north and a plateau in the south. 
 Area, 3,256 Bquare miles. Population, 192,473. 
 
 2. The capital of the province of Palencia, situ- 
 ated on the Carridn in lat. 42° N., long. 4° 35' W.: 
 the ancient Pallantia. It has linen and other manu- 
 factures. The first Spanish university, founded here about 
 1209, was removed to Salamanca in 1239. It has a cathe- 
 dral, chiefly of the 14th century. Population, 16,570. 
 
 Palencia, Diego Fernandez de. See Fernandez 
 de Palencia. 
 
 Palenque (pa-lan'ka). [So called from a neigh- 
 boring modern village.] A group of ruined 
 buildings in the state of Chiapas, Mexico, about 
 60 miles north-northeast of San Cristobal. They 
 are of calcareous stone, and consist of a large central build- 
 ing, commonly called the “palace," with various smaller 
 buildings, pyramids, etc. Hieroglyphic tablets and two 
 sculptured figures of great interest have been discovered. 
 The Palenque ruins were unknown to the Spaniards until 
 the middle of the 18th century, and it is evident that the 
 place had been abandoned before the white conquest. It 
 is conjectured that the buildings were used for religious 
 purposes. 
 
 Palenque tablet. A bas-relief in stone found 
 in the ruins of Palenque, Yucatan. It was in 
 three sections, adorning the rear wall of an inner cham- 
 ber (13 feet wide by 7 feet deep) called the “ Adora- 
 torio ” of the structure known as tile Temple of the Cross 
 (Stephens's “ Casa No. 2 ’’). The end sections were covered 
 with close vertical columns of hieroglyphs, while the mid- 
 dle one (the largest) has two human figures facing each 
 other, with a decorative object, thought at one time to 
 represent a cross, carved between them. The total di- 
 mensions of the tablet or tablets were 10 feet 8 inches wide 
 by 6 feet 4 inches high. The middle section, with the fig- 
 ures and “cross," was brought to Washington and is now 
 in the Smithsonian Institution, and is frequently described 
 as the Palenque tablet, though it is only a part of the 
 original. The right-hand portion was taken to Las Playas, 
 while the left-hand remained in place up toa recent date. 
 Another similar tablet was in a near-by building called by 
 Stephens “ Casa No. 3.” 
 
 Palermo. A province in Sicily. Area, 1,948 
 square miles. Population, 777,649. 
 
 Palermo (pa-ler'mS ; It. pron. pa-ler'mo). [It. 
 Palermo, L. Panormus, Panhormus, Gr. llavop- 
 fio<;.\ The capital of the province of Paler- 
 mo, Sicily, a seaport situated on the Bay of Pa- 
 lermo, a t- the foot of Monte Pellegrino, in lat. 
 38°7' N.,long. 13°21' E.: the ancient Panormus. 
 
 It is the largest city and the commercial center of Sicily, 
 and tiie fifth city of Italy ; is the seat of extensive trade 
 and fisheries; exports oranges, lemons, sulphur, wine, 
 sumac, etc. ; and has manufactures of silk, cotton, etc. 
 The cathedral is a large and highly picturesque Norman- 
 Saraeenic building. The exterior is flanked by 4 slender 
 towers, and enriched with graceful arcades and Saracenic 
 battlements. Tiie south porch incloses a sculptured por- 
 tal ; the arcaded west front has 3 recessed portals, and is 
 connected by flying arches with a keep-like campanile ; the 
 interlacing arcades and arabesque patterns of the chevet 
 are unique in architecture. The interior is modernized, 
 hut contains most interesting tombs of emperors (Henry 
 VI. and Frederick II.), kings, and archbishops. The Ponte 
 dell’ Ammiraglio, a picturesque Saracenic bridge built 
 across the Oreto (which has since changed its course) in 
 1113 by King Roger's Greek admiral, rises toward the mid- 
 dle In gable form, and consists of 11 pointed arches so dis- 
 posed that those of narrow and wide span alternate. San 
 Giovanni degli Eremiti, a notable foundation of King 
 Roger (1132), of T-plan with 3 shallow apses, is roofed by 
 6 domes supported on squinches, and possesses a quad- 
 rangular domed tower and a cloister. Palermo was founded 
 apparently by the Plienicians, and was one of the strong- 
 holds of Carthage. It was taken by Pyrrhus in 276 B. C., 
 and passed from Carthage to Rome in 254. The Cartha- 
 ginians under Hasdrubal were defeated under its walls by 
 the Romans under Ctecilius Metellus in 251 or 250. It was 
 taken by the Vandals and East Goths about 440 A. B. ; was 
 captured by Belisarius in 535 ; was taken by the Saracens 
 about 830, and became one of their chief cities ; later be- 
 came the capital of Sicily ; was captured by the Normans 
 about 1072 ; passed to tiie Germans and to the house of 
 Anjou ; was the scene of the Sicilian Vespers in 1282, and 
 came under the rule of Aragon ; followed the later fortunes 
 of Sicily ; was the scene of an insurrection in 1820. and tho 
 seat of a revolutionary government in 1848-49 ; was bom- 
 barded and reduced by the Bourbons in 1849 ; and revolted, 
 receiving the troops of Garibaldi in 1860. Population, 
 commune, 341,656, (1911). 
 
Palermo 
 
 The thing to bo borne In mlml in the early history of 
 Palermo . . . Is that It never was, as the other great cities 
 of Sicily were, a commonwealth of republican and piiffftn 
 Hellas ; nor did it ever fall into the hands of any tyrant of 
 Hellenic Sicily. . . . Palermo, as it now stands, in the actual 
 date of its streets, its churches, its palaces, carries hh hack 
 to no date earlier than the days of the Norman counts and 
 kings. Freemauy Hist. Essays, III. 438, 441. 
 
 Palermo, Gulf of. A bay of the Moditorranoaii 
 Sea, near Palermo. 
 
 Pales (pa'lez). 1. In old Italian mythology, a 
 deity, protector of shepherds and flocks. — 2. An 
 asteroid (No. 49) discovered by Goldschmidt at 
 Paris, Sept. 19, 1857. 
 
 Palestine (pal'es-tin ), called also Canaan (ka'- 
 nan) and The Holy Land. [L. Palsestina, Pa- 
 lestine, Gr. lla^cuariv//, tho country of the Phi- 
 listines. See Philistines.] ThecountryofthoIIo- 
 brews, a territory in the southern part of Syria. 
 Chief city, Jerusalem. The name is occasionally re- 
 stricted to the coast region of the Philistines, but is usually 
 regarded as indicating the region bounded by the Mediter- 
 ranean on tlie west and the desort on the east, and on the 
 south by an indefinite line extending westward from the 
 sout hern oxtremity of the Dead Sea. On the north it is re- 
 garded as bounded (somewhat indefinitely! by the region of 
 Phenieia, Lebanon, and Anti-Lebanon. The chief natural 
 features are the plain bordering on the Mediterranean, the 
 mountainous mass extending eastward to the Jordan, the 
 deeply sunken valley of tire Jordan (witli the Sea of Galilee 
 and the Dead Sea), and the elevated region lying east of the 
 Jordan. The soil is naturally fertile. The ancient inhabi- 
 tants were the Canaanites, who were later conquered and 
 more or less assimilated with the Israelites, under whom 
 the country was portioned out in the tribal divisions of 
 Simeon, Judah, Dan, Benjamin, Ephraim, Manasseh, 
 Asher, Issachar, Zebulon, Naphtali, Gad, and Reuben. The 
 divisions west of the Jordan in the time of Christ were 
 Judea in the south, Samaria in the center, and Galilee in 
 the north. The country formed part of the Roman and 
 Byzantine Empire ; passed under Mohammedan rule about 
 636; was held by the Christians temporarily during the 
 Crusades ; and since 1516 has been in the possession of 
 the Turkish government. Area, estimated, 10,000-11,000 
 square miles. Population, probably about 700,000. 
 Palestine. A city, the capital of Anderson Coun- 
 ty, southern Texas. Population, 10,482, (1910). 
 Palestrina (pa-les-tre'na). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Rome, Italy, 22 miles east of Rome : 
 the ancient Preeneste (which see), it contains a 
 cathedral and various antiquities. The sanctuary of For- 
 tune is a very ancient foundation of wealth and renown, 
 which occupied ten terraces rising in succession and now 
 in part covered by the modem city. The chief remains, 
 besides the terrace walls, include the main temple sur- 
 viving almost complete with Corinthian columns and 
 pilasters and a raised tribune, the grotto of the famous 
 oracle, mosaics, extensive series of vaulted chambers and 
 porticoB, and a small circular temple, now disposed as a 
 chapel, at the summit. It was the birthplace of Pales- 
 trina. Population, commune, 7,007. 
 
 Palestrina. Giovanni Pierluigi da. Born at 
 Palestrina, near Rome, probably 1524: died at 
 Rome, Feb. 2, 1594. A celebrated Italian mu- 
 sician, surnamed “Princeps Musicse ” (‘Prince 
 of Music ’). He was chapel-master at the Lateran, Vati- 
 can, and Sta. Maria Maggiore in Rome. In accordance 
 with resolutions of the Council of Trent, he composed 
 three masses in 1565, setting the standard of ecclesiastical 
 music. For this he was appointed composer to the pontifl- 
 cal choir. He is considered the first composer who united 
 the art with the science of music, and his works, all sacred 
 except two volumes of madrigals, mark an important epoch 
 In the annals of music. He left between 90 and 100 masses, 
 hymns for the year, about 60 motets, and a number of lam- 
 entations, litanies, etc. 
 
 Palestro (pa-les'tro). A village in the province 
 of Pavia, Italy, situated on the Sesia 34 miles 
 west-southwest of Milan. Here, May 30 and 31, 1859, 
 the Sardinians, aided by the French, defeated the Aus- 
 trians. 
 
 Paley (pa'li), William. Born at Peterborough, 
 England, July, 1743 : died May 25, 1805. An 
 English theologian and philosopher. Hegraduated 
 at Christ’s College, Cambridge, in 1763 ; took holy orders ; 
 and in 1766 was chosen a fellow of his college. He vacated 
 his fellowship by marriage in 1776, and retired to the rec- 
 tory of Musgrave in Westmoreland, which had been con- 
 ferred on him the year before. He was appointed arch- 
 deacon of Carlisle in 1782, became a prebendary of St. 
 Raul’s in 1794, was presented to the subdeanery of Lincoln 
 cathedral, and in 1795 received the rectory of Bishop- 
 Wearmouth He published “Principles of Moral and Po- 
 litical Philosophy ”(1785), “ Horse Paulin®, or the Truth of 
 the Scripture History of St. Paul ” (1790), “View of the 
 Evidences of Christianity" (1794), “Natural Theology" 
 (1802). 
 
 Palfrey (pal'fri), John Gorham. Born at Bos- 
 ton, May 2, 1796: died at Cambridge, Mass., 
 April 26, 1881. An American historian and theo- 
 logical writer : a Unitarian clergyman, and later 
 professor at Harvard. He was member of Congress 
 from Massachusetts 1847-49, and an antislavery leader. 
 His chief work is a ‘‘History of New England " (1858-64). 
 
 Palghat (pal-gat'). A town in Malabar district, 
 Madras, British India, situated in lat. 10° 46' N. f 
 long. 76° 39' E. Population, 44,177. 
 
 Palgrave (pal'grav), Sir Francis. Born at Lon- 
 don, July, 1788: died at Hampstead, near Lon- 
 don, July 6 , 1861. An English historian. He was 
 the eonof a Jew named Meyer Cohen, and changed his name 
 
 775 
 
 by royal perm lesion In 1823. Ho was called to the bar at the 
 Middle Temple in 1827, and in 1828 was appointed deputy 
 keeper of the public records. He was knighted In 1832. 
 Ilis chief works are “ Rise and Progress of the English 
 Commonwealth" (1832) and “History of Normandy and 
 England" (4 vols. 1851-454). 
 
 Palgrave, Francis Turner. Born at London, 
 Sopt. 28, 1824 : died there, Oct. 24, 1897. An 
 English poot, son of Sir Francis Palgrave. 
 He was educated at the Gliarterhousui and at Balliol Col- 
 lege, Oxford, and was professor of poetrv at Oxford 1885- 
 1896. He published “Idylls and Songs ” (1864), "Essays 
 on Art "(18(10), “Hymns” (1867), “Lyrical Poems” (1871), 
 etc.; ami edited “Golden Treasury of English Lyrical 
 Poetry” (1861) and “ Treasury of Sacred Song " (1889). 
 
 Palgrave, William Gifford. Born at London, 
 Jan. 24, 1826: died at Montevideo, Uruguay, 
 Sept. 30, 1888. An English traveler, son of Sir 
 Francis Palgrave. Afterservingforatimeinthearmy, 
 he entered the Jesuit order, and was employed in India, 
 Palestine, and Syria. In 1862-63 he traveled extensively 
 in the interior of Arabia, and in 1865 he was employed 
 by the British government to negotiate for the release of 
 prisoners In Abyssinia. Subsequently he held various 
 British consular positions, and from 1884 was minister to 
 Uruguay. He published “ Narrative of a Year’s Journey 
 through Central and Eastern Arabia ” (1865), “Essays on 
 Eastern Questions” (1872), “Dutch Guiana” (1876), etc. 
 
 Paliano (pa-le-a'no). A town in the province 
 of Rome, Italy, 31 miles east by south of Rome. 
 Population, 5,831. 
 
 Palikao(pa-le-kou'). A place in China, between 
 Peking and Tientsin. Here, Sept. 21, I860, the French 
 and British forces under Cousin- Mon tauban defeated the 
 Chinese. 
 
 Palikao(pa-le-ka-o'), Comte de (Charles Guil- 
 laume Marie Apollinaire Antoine Cousin- 
 Montauban). Born at Paris, June 24, 1796: 
 died Jan. 8, 1878. A French general. He served 
 in Algeria; commanded the expedition against China in 
 1860; gained the victory of Palikao Sept. 21, 1860 ; and was 
 premier and minister of war Aug. 10-Sept. 4, 1870. 
 
 Palilicium (pal-i-lish'i-um). [L. Palilicius, per- 
 taining to the Palilia, or feast of Pales.] A 
 name given by the Romans to the Hyades, and 
 especially to Aldebaran, the brightest of them, 
 because this group of stars rose heliacally on 
 the day of the Palilia (April 21), the anniversary 
 of the founding of the city. 
 
 Palinuro (pa-le-no'ro), Cape, or Cape Sparti- 
 mento (spar-te-men'to). A promontory on the 
 western coast of Italy, situated in lat. 40° 2' 
 N., long. 15° 17' E. : the ancient Palinurum. 
 It was the scene of shipwrecks. of Roman fleets 
 in 253 and in 36 B. C. 
 
 Palinurus (pal-i-nu'rus). [Gr. UnXivoi'poi;.] In 
 Greek classical legend , the helmsman of iEneas. 
 He perished on the western coast of Italy. 
 
 Palisades (pal-i-sadz'), The. A basaltic bluff 
 extending along the western shore of the Hud- 
 son in the States of New Jersey and New York. 
 It commences opposite the northern part of New York 
 city, and continues northward about 18 miles. Height, 
 200-500 feet. 
 
 Palissy (pa-le-se'), Bernard. Born at Chapelle 
 Biron, near Agen, probably about 1510; died in 
 the Bastille, Paris, 1589. A celebrated French 
 potter and enameler. He received an imperfect edu- 
 cation, and applied himself to designing, civil engineering, 
 and natural history, and made several journeys in France 
 and Germany : he also made some of the earliest investi- 
 gations in chemistry. In 1539 he established himself at 
 Saintes, where he married and practised the business of 
 surveying. In 1553 he chanced to see a glazed cup which 
 suggested experiments with enamels. He at first sought 
 only a white enamel, and for some time failed in his at- 
 tempts, but at length succeeded. He then tried to pro- 
 duce the various colors of nature. For 16 years he labored 
 in extreme destitution before he succeeded in making the 
 ware in high relief and rustic figulines associated with 
 his name. He embraced the reformed religion, and was 
 one of the principal founders of the Calvinistic church at 
 Saintes. In 1562 his atelier was raided and devastated as 
 a place of politico-religious meetings. He was arrested 
 and imprisoned at Bordeaux, but was saved from the lot 
 of his coreligionists by the Constable de Montmorency, 
 who interceded with the queen, Catharine de’ Medici. Set 
 at liberty, Palissy attached himself to the king, the queen 
 mother Catharine, and the Connetable de Montmorency. 
 The conndtable brought Palissy to Paris, where he set up 
 his furnaces in the tile-yards (tuileries), where the Palais 
 des Tuileries was built. Four of his furnaces have re- 
 cently been discovered under the palace. He was also 
 employed at Eeouen. In 1566 he was charged by Catharine 
 with the construction of grottoes and other works in the 
 Tuileries gardens. He was engaged in this work in 1572 
 when the massacre of St. Bartholomew occurred. His life 
 was saved by the protection of Queen Catharine herself. 
 In 1573 he opened a course of lectures in natural history, 
 and continued this until 1584. He was among the very 
 first to substitute positive experiment for the explanations 
 of the schoolmen. He also investigated the geology of 
 the Paris basin, and formed the first cabinet of natural 
 history in France. In 1588 he was arrested and thrown 
 Into the Bastille, and died there. His writings were pub- 
 lished between 1557 and 1580. 
 
 Palitana (pa-le-ta'na). 1. A small state in In- 
 dia, under British influence, intersected by lat. 
 21° 30' N., long. 71° 45' E. Population, 
 52,856. — 2. A city of temples in the state of 
 
 Pallee 
 
 Palitana, one of the remarkable Jain agglom- 
 erations which consist wholly of temples and 
 have no inhabitants except a few priests and 
 servants. It covers a large area, including two hills, 
 Burrounded by picturesque fortifications and numbering 
 hundreds of temples, the largest of which stand In their 
 own inclosures. All the temples are characterized by their 
 pagoda-towers, here in general quadrangular, steeply py. 
 ramidal witli bulging sides, and having a bulbous umalaka 
 crowning. The construction is excellent, and much of the 
 finish and ornament admirable. The earliest temples date 
 from the 11th century, and the series continues, always of 
 the same type, to the present day. Also called Sutruniya. 
 
 Palk Bay (pak ba). An arm of the Indian ( >cean 
 between southern India and Ceylon, southwest 
 of Palk Strait. 
 
 Palladio (piil-lii'de-o), Andrea. Bom at Vi- 
 cenza, Nov. 30, 1518: died at Venice, Aug. 19, 
 1580. A celebrated Italian architect, in 1547 he 
 finished the Castello of Udine begun in 1519 by Fontana, 
 who is supposed to have been his master in architecture. 
 He designed the Barbarano, Tiene, and other palaces at 
 Vicenza, ami the Olympic Theater there. In the neighbor- 
 hood of Venice are many Palladian edifices, and at Venice 
 he built a Corinthian atrium for the monastery della Ca- 
 ritii, the church of San Giorgio Maggiore, etc. The cathe- 
 dral of Brescia and the governor’s palace are attributed to 
 him. At Padua he built the Palazzo Aldrighelli casa 
 Adriani. According toLetrouilly, the only work of Palladio 
 In Rome was an altar in the long hall of the hospital of 
 San spirito. He published “Le Antichitk di Roma” (1554), 
 “Illustrations to Caesar's Commentaries” (1575), “I quat- 
 tro libri dell’ Architettura ” (V'enice, 1570), etc. His style 
 was known as the Palladian, and was long considered the 
 most perfect. 
 
 Palladis Tamia. See Meres, Francis. 
 
 Palladius (pa-la'di-us). [Gr. n aXkaSios.] Born 
 in Galatia, Asia Minor, probably about 367 
 A. D.: died about 431. A bishop of Helenopo- 
 lis (in Bithynia), author of a historical work, 
 “ Lausiacum.” 
 
 Palladius. Lived probably in the 5th century. 
 A Greek medical writer. 
 
 Palladius, Rutilius Taurus iEmilianus. Lived 
 in the 4th or 5th century. A Roman writer, 
 author of a work on agriculture (“De re rus- 
 tica”). A MiddleEnglish translation, in verse, was pub- 
 lished for the Early English Text Society from a unique 
 English MS. of about 1420, from Colchester Castle, under 
 the title “Palladius ou Husbondrie. ’’ 
 
 Pal Lahara (pal la-ha'ra). A small state tribu- 
 tary to Orissa, British India. Population, 
 22,351. 
 
 Pallantia (pa-lan'shi-ii). The ancient name of 
 Palencia. 
 
 Pallanza (pal-lan'za). A town in the province 
 of Novara, northern Italy, situated on Lago 
 Maggiore 45 miles northwest of Milan. It is a 
 winter resort. 
 
 Pallas (pal'as). [Gr. lla/JAp, originally only a 
 surname of Athene : probably from Tra/Uaf, vir- 
 gin.] 1. Athene, the goddess of wisdom and 
 war among the Greeks : identified by the Ro- 
 mans with Minerva. See Athene and Minerva. 
 — 2. One of the planetoids revolving between 
 the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, discovered (the 
 second in the order of time) by Olbers at 
 Bremen, March 28, 1802. On account of its minute- 
 ness and the nebulosity by which it is surrounded, no cer- 
 tain conclusion can be arrived at respecting its magnitude. 
 Its diameter has been estimated at 172 miles, and its pe- 
 riod of revolution at 4.61 years. Its light undergoes con- 
 siderable variation, and its motion in its orbit is greatly 
 disturbed by the powerful attraction of J upiter. 
 
 Pallas (pal'las), Peter Simon. Born at Berlin, 
 1741: died there, Sept. 8, 1811. A German natu- 
 ralist and traveler. He made a journey through Rus- 
 sia and Siberia 1768-74, described in “ Reisen durch ver- 
 schiedene Provinzen des russischen Reiehs” (“Journeys 
 through different Provinces of the Russian Realm," 1771- 
 1776). He also wrote “Spicilegia zoologies ” (1767-1804), 
 “Flora Rossica” (1784-88), “Sammlungen historischer 
 Nachrichten liber die mongolisclienVolkerschaften ’’(“Col- 
 lections of Historical Information on the Mongolian 
 Races,” 1776-1802), and various scientific works. 
 
 Pallas (pal'as), Albani. A beautiful Greek 
 bust, of colossal size, in Pentelic marble, in 
 the Glyptothek at Munich. The goddess wears a 
 small aegis and a Corinthian helmet with a serpent as 
 crest. The head is bent forward. It is held to be from a 
 bronze original. 
 
 Pallas of Velletri. A good Roman copy of 
 a fine Greek original, of colossal size, in the 
 Louvre, Paris. The goddess is standing, fully draped, 
 with a narrow aegis and a Corinthian helmet. One raised 
 hand held an upright spear ; the left hand, perhaps, sup- 
 ported a figure of Victory. 
 
 Pallavicino (pal-la-ve-che'no), or Pallavicini 
 (piil-la-ve-che'ne), Sforza. Born at Rome, 
 1607 : died 1667. A Roman cardinal, author of 
 a “History of the Council of Trent” (1656-57). 
 
 Pallee, or Pali (pa'le). A town in the state of 
 Jodhpur, India, situated on a branch of the 
 Luni 40 miles south-southeast of Jodhpur. 
 Population, 12,673, 
 
Pallene 
 
 Pallene (pa-le'ne). [Gr. II aXXtjvi).'] In ancient 
 geography, the westernmost of the three penin- 
 sulas of Chalcidice, Macedonia. 
 
 Pallice (pa-les'), La. A new artificial harbor 
 for large vessels, near La Rochelle, France. 
 Pall Mall (pel mel). A fine street in London, 
 leading from Trafalgar Square to the Green 
 Park : between Cockspur street and Trafalgar 
 Square it is called Pall Mall East. 
 
 Its name is a record of its having been the place where 
 the game of Palle-malle was played — a game still popular 
 in the deserted streets of old sleepy Italian cities, and deriv- 
 ing its name from Palla, a ball, and Maglia, a mallet. The 
 street was not enclosed till about 1690, when it was at first 
 called Catherine Street in honor of Catherine of Braganza, 
 and it still continued to be afashionablepromenade. Club- 
 houses are the characteristic of the street, though none of 
 the existing buildings date beyond the 19th century. In 
 the 18th century their place was tilled by taverns where 
 various literary and convivial societies had their meetings. 
 
 Hare, London, II. 44. 
 
 Palma (pal'ma). One of the Canary Islands, 
 situated west-nortliwest of Teneriife. Capital, 
 Santa Cruz de la Palma. It is traversed by a moun- 
 tain-range. Length, 26 miles. Population, 41,994. 
 Palma. A seaport, capital of the Balearic Isles, 
 Spain, situated ou Palma Bay, on the southern 
 coast of Majorca, in lat. 39° 34' N., long. 2° 41' E. 
 It is the seat of important commerce and industry. The 
 cathedral is a tine Pointed building the towers and flying 
 buttresses of which form a conspicuous landmark. The 
 columns of the nave are very high and slender, the vault 
 measuring nearly 150 feet, and the tombs of Mallorcan 
 kings and bishops and the great medieval carved wooden 
 reredos add interest to the interior. The exchange is 
 also notable. Population, 63,937. 
 
 Palma, or La Palma. A town in the province 
 of Huelva, Spain, 31 miles west of Seville. 
 Population, 6,669. 
 
 Palma, or Palmanova (pal-ma-no'va). Asmall 
 town in the province of Udine, Italy, 57 miles 
 northeast of Venice. 
 
 Palma, Jacopo or Giacomo, surnamed “Palma 
 Vecchio” (‘the Elder’)- Born at Serinalta, 
 near Bergamo, Italy, about 1480: died at Ven- 
 ice, Aug. 8, 1528. A Venetian painter. He is 
 classed with though not equal to Giorgione and Titian. 
 His portraits of women are especially brilliant and soft in 
 tone and color. Among his pictures are “ St. Barbara " at 
 Venice; “ Santa Conversazione,” Naples Museum; “Visi- 
 tation ” and “ Santa Conversazione,” Vienna ; “ The Three 
 Graces," Dresden ; “Judith,” Uffizi, Florence; “La Schia- 
 va,” Palazzo Barberini, Rome ; etc. 
 
 Palma, Jacopo or Giacomo, surnamed “ Palma 
 Giovane” (‘the Younger’). Born at Venice 
 about 1544; died there, 1628. A Venetian 
 painter, nephew of Palma Vecchio. He was dis- 
 tinguished for the freshness of his coloring, and compared 
 not unfavorably with his contemporaries Tintoretto and 
 Paolo Veronese ; but lie became careless in his later pic- 
 tures, and is said by Lanzi to be the last painter of the 
 good and the first of the bad epoch in the Venetian school. 
 
 Palma, Ricardo. Born at Lima, Feb. 7, 1833. 
 A Peruvian author. He was a member of Congress, 
 and subsequently was connected with the National Li- 
 brary ; it was mainly through his efforts that it was re- 
 opened in 1884, after its destruction by the Chileans. Pal- 
 ma's works include “ Anales de la Inquisicion de Lima" 
 (1863), several volumes of poems, romances and sketches, 
 and, since 1870, a series of works of great interest on the 
 historical traditions and legends of Peru. 
 
 Palma Campania (kam-pa/ne-a). A town in 
 the province of Caserta, Italy, 16 miles east of 
 Naples. Pop., town, 6,308; commune, 7,804. 
 Palma del Rio (del re'o). A town in the 
 province of Cordova, Spain, situated on the 
 Guadalquivir, at the junction of the Jenil, 29 
 miles west-southwest of Cordova. Popula- 
 tion, 7,914. 
 
 Palmaria (pal-ma-re'a). A small island at the 
 entrance of the Gulf of Spezia, belonging to the 
 province of Genoa, Italy. It is famous for its 
 black marble. 
 
 Palmas (piil'mas), Cape. A promontory on the 
 coast of Liberia, western Africa, situated in lat. 
 4° 22' N„ long. 7° 44' W. 
 
 Palmas, Las. ['The palms.’] A cathedral city 
 and a seaport, the capital of the island of Gran 
 Canaria, Canary Islands. It is the largest place in 
 the islands, and has flourishing commerce. Population, 
 44,517. 
 
 Palmblad (palm'blad), Wilhelm Predrik. 
 
 Bom Dec. 16, 1788: died Sept. 2, 1852. A Swe- 
 dish author, one of the Phosphorists. Among 
 his works is the novel “Aurora Konigsmark” 
 (1846-49). After 1835 he was co-editor of the 
 “ Biographislc Lexicon.” 
 
 Palmellas (pal-mel'yas). An Indian tribe of 
 northeastern Bolivia, department of Beni, on the 
 river Baures. By their language they appear to belong 
 to the Carib linguistic stock, though they are widely sepa- 
 rated from other Carib tribes. 
 
 Palmer (pam'er), Charles Ferrers. Born 
 1819: died Oct. 27, 1900. An English anti- 
 quarian. He studied at the Queen's College of Medi- 
 cine, Birmingham, and practised as a surgeon forsometiine. 
 
 776 
 
 In 1842 he joined the Roman Catholic Church, entered the 
 Dominican order in 1852, and took orders in 1859. He is 
 known as Father Raymund. He published “ The His- 
 tory of the Town and Castle of Tamworth, etc." (1845), 
 “The Dominican Tertiary’s Guide" (1866), “The Life of 
 Philip Thomas Howard, O. P., Cardinal of Norfolk, . . . 
 with a Sketch of the . . . Dominican Order, etc.” (1867), 
 “History ... of the Collegiate Church of Tamworth” 
 (1871), “History of the Baronial Family of Marmion’(1875), 
 etc. , and other works principally relating to the Dominican 
 order and to the town of Tamworth. 
 
 Palmer (pam'er), Edward Henry. Born at 
 Cambridge, England, Aug. 7, 1840 : murdered 
 by Bedouins in tbe desert near Suez, Aug., 
 1882. An English explorer and Orientalist. 
 He entered St. John's College, Cambridge, and was elected 
 fellow in 1867. He joined the Sinai expedition, and in 1870 
 explored the Wilderness of the Wandering with Drake ; 
 in 1871 he published the “Desert of Exodus." In 1871 
 he was appointed professor of Arabic at Cambridge, and 
 in 1876 published a Persian dictionary. In 1882 he ac- 
 companied the government expedition to the desert of 
 Suez, where he was murdered. 
 
 Palmer, Edwin. Born July 18, 1824: died Oct. 
 17, 1895. An English classical scholar, arch- 
 deacon of Oxford. 
 
 Palmer, Erastus Dow. Born at Pompey, N. Y., 
 April 2, 1817 : died at Albany, N. Y., March 9, 
 1904. An American sculptor. i n 1846 he began 
 his career as a cameo-cutter. 
 
 Palmer, James Shedden. Born in New Jersey, 
 1810: died in St. Thomas, West Indies, Dec. 7, 
 1867. An American admiral. He became a midship- 
 man in the U. S. navy in 1825, and was promoted captain in 
 1862 ; commanded the Iroquois of Farragut's squadron in 
 the passage of the V icksburg batteries in .1 une, 1862 ; and was 
 captain of Farragut’s flag-ship when she ran the batteries 
 of Port Hudson in March, 1863. Made rear-admiral 1866. 
 
 Palmer, Jolm McCauley. Born Sept. 13, 1817: 
 died Sept. 25, 1900. An American general and 
 politician. He was admitted to the bar 1839, served in 
 the Civil War (major-general of volunteers 1862, corps 
 commander under Sherman 1864), was Republican gover- 
 nor of Illinois 1869-73, was elected United States senator 
 (Democratic) 1891, and was nominated for the Presidency 
 as a sound-money Democrat 1896. 
 
 Palmer, Ray. Born at Little Compton, R. I., 
 Nov. 12, 1808 : died at Newark, N. J., March 
 29, 1887. An American Congregational clergy- 
 man, noted as a hymn-writer, lie wrote the hymn 
 “My Faith looks up’ to Thee,” and published “Closet 
 Hours” (1851), “Complete Poetical Works” (1876), etc. 
 Palmer, Roger, Earl of Castlemain. Born at 
 Dorney Court. Bucks, Sept. 3, 1634: died at 
 Oswestry, July 21, 1705. An English diplo- 
 matist and writer. He was raised to the Irish peer- 
 age at the Restoration to propitiate his wife, who was the 
 mistress of the king (see Villiers, Barbara). 
 
 Palmer, Roundell, Earl of Selborne. Born at 
 Mixbury, England, Nov. 27, 1812: died at Black- 
 moor, near Petersfield, May 4, 1895. An Eng- 
 lish jurist and hymnologist. He was solicitor-gen- 
 eral 1861-63 ; attorney-general 1863-66 ; British counsel at 
 the Geneva Court of Arbitration in 1871-72 ; and lord 
 chancellor under Gladstone in 1872-74 and 1880-85. He 
 was created Baron Selborne in 1872, and Earl of Selborne 
 in 1882. He published “ Book of Praise, from the Best 
 English Hymn-writers ” (1863), etc. 
 
 Palmer, Walter Launt. Born at Albany, N.Y., 
 Aug. 1, 1854. An American painter, son of E. 
 D. Palmer : a pupil of P. E. Church and of 
 Carolus Duran. 
 
 Palmerin Romances, The. A series of eight 
 Spanish romances of chivalry. The first, “Palmerin 
 de Oliva,” tbe work of a carpenter’s daughter in Burgos, 
 printed at Salamanca in 1511, and the sixth, “ Palmerin de 
 Inglaterra [England],” written by Luis Hurtado (Toledo, 
 1547), are the most noted. These romances are in imita- 
 tion of the Amadis romances, and come near them in im- 
 portance. The two mentioned were translated into Eng- 
 lish by Antony Munday; the second was abridged by 
 .Robert Southey. 
 
 Palmer Land, or Palmer’s Land. A land in 
 the south polar regions, south of Tierra del Fue- 
 go, about lat. 63° S. 
 
 Palmerston, Viscount. See Temple, Henry John. 
 Palmetto state. South Carolina: so named 
 from the palmetto on its coat of arms. 
 Palmieri (piil-me-a/re). Luigi. Born April 22, 
 1807 : died Sept. 9, 1896. An Italian mathe- 
 matician and physicist. He was appointed professor 
 of physics at the University of Naples in 1847, and director 
 of the meteorological observatory on Vesuvius in 1848 (an 
 office the duties of which he assumed in 1854). 
 
 Palmyra (pal-m!'ra), or Tadmor (tad'mfir). 
 [Gr. II alyvpa.'] In ancient geography, a city sit- 
 uated on an oasis in the desert east of Syria, 
 about lat. 34° 18' N., long. 38° 10' E.: said to 
 have been built by Solomon, it early became an 
 important commercial center; rose to prominence in the 
 reign of Hadrian (about 130 A. D.) ; became a Roman colony 
 about 212; became practically independent in the reigns 
 of Valerian and Gallienus under Odenathus, and was the 
 capital of the important kingdom of Palmyra. It became 
 formally independent under Zenobia, who was defeated 
 and captured bj ^urelian in 272. Palmj ra ^ as destr< >y< >1 
 in 273. Later it was rebuilt, and is now in ruins. Palmyra 
 is remarkable for its extensive architectural remains, which 
 date for the most part from near the close of the Roman 
 
 Paludan-Miiller 
 
 protectorate, and are more rich than pure in style. The 
 chief monument is the temple of the Sun, with its im- 
 pressive inclosure. Almost more striking are the long 
 double lines of colonnaded streets, spanned by triumphal 
 arches. There are many other ruins, including temples, 
 public buildings, dwellings, and long stretches of towered 
 fortifications of the time of Justinian. There is also an 
 extensive necropolis, characterized by mausoleums in the 
 form of towers. Only the more prominent remains have 
 been thoroughly studied. 
 
 Palmyra of the North, The. A name some- 
 times given to St. Petersburg. 
 
 Palni (pal'ne) Hills. A range of mountains 
 in the southern part of tbe Deccan, India, con- 
 nectingthe Eastern and Western Ghats. Height 
 of highest summits, about 7,000 feet. 
 
 Palo Alto (pa'lo al'to). [Sp., ‘ high pole.’] A 
 place near the southern extremity of Texas, 8 
 miles northeast of Brownsville. The first battle of 
 the war between the United States and Mexico was fought 
 here May 8, 1846. Taylor, commanding the United States 
 troops, had fortified himself on the Rio Grande, opposite 
 Matamoros ; Arista, the Mexican general, manoeuvered to 
 cut him off from his base of supplies at Point Isabel, and 
 Taylor attacked him with 2,300 men, the Mexicans having 
 about 3,500. The battle was fought mainly with artillery, 
 and the Mexicans were defeated, retiring next day to Re- 
 saca de la Palma. 
 
 Palo Alto. A stock-farm in California, estab- 
 lished by Leland Stanford. Experiments were 
 made here by E. Muybridge about 1880 to determine, with 
 the aid of instantaneous photography, the actual condi- 
 tions of locomotion in various animals. 
 
 Palo Alto. A bay trotting stallion by Election- 
 eer, dam Winnie (thoroughbred). He won the 
 stallion record in 2 : 08J, and held it until he died. His 
 record was lowered by Stamboul (2 : 08). 
 
 Palo del Colie (pa'lo del kol'le). A town in the 
 province of Bari, Apulia, Italy, 12 miles west- 
 southwest of Bari. Population, 12,851. 
 
 Palomino de Castro y Velasco (pa-lo-me'no 
 da kas'tro e va-las'ko), Acisclo (or Acislo) 
 Antonio. Born at Bujalance, near Cordova, 
 Spain, 1653: died at Madrid, 1726. A Spanish 
 painter and writer on art. He published a treatise 
 on painting (“El museo pictorico y escala optica," 1715- 
 1724), etc. 
 
 Paloos (pa-los'), or Peloose (pe-los'), or Pa- 
 louse (pa-los'). [PI., also Pa looses.'] A tribe 
 of North American Indians. In 1805 they were on 
 the Clearwater River, Idaho, above the Forks, and on the 
 small streams tributary to it, west of the Rocky Mountains. 
 In 1S51 they numbered 181 : those now living are on the 
 Yakima reservation, Washington. See S’lahaptian. 
 
 Palos (pa-los'). A small town in the province 
 of Huelva, Spain, situated on the Tinto, near its 
 mouth, 47 miles west-southwest of Seville. From 
 this port, Aug. 3, 1492, Columbus sailed on his voyage of 
 discovery. 
 
 Palouse. See raloos. 
 
 Palouse (pa-loz') River. A branch of the Snake 
 River in Idaho. Length, about 200 miles. 
 
 Palsgrave (palz'grav), John. Born at London 
 about 1480 : died there, 1554. An English teacher 
 of French. He was educated at Cambridge and at Paris, 
 and was appointed teacher of French to the princess Mary, 
 sister of Henry VIII., before her marriage to Louis XII. 
 He remained in her service, returning to England with 
 her when she married the Earl of Suffolk; was made a 
 prebendary of St. Paul's in 1514 ; became schoolmaster to 
 the king’s bastard son, the Duke of Richmond, in 1525 ; 
 went to Oxford in 1531 ; and was presented to the living of 
 St. Dunstan's in the East, London, by Cranmer in 1533. He 
 wrote a book containing bis method of instruction, a gram- 
 mar and dictionary combined, entitled “L’Esclaircisse- 
 ment de la Langue Francoyse, composd par Maistre Jehan 
 Palsgrave, Angloys, Natif de Londres, et Gradin' de Paris," 
 in 1530. It is a valuable record of the exact state of the 
 French language ac the time. In 1540 he published a 
 translation of a Latin play entitled “Acolastus,” by a Dutch 
 schoolmaster, Willem deVolder(Fullonius). It was written 
 about 1525, to be acted by school-boys, and was on the 
 subject of the prodigal son. 
 
 Palti (pal'te). A lake in Tibet, 50 miles south- 
 west of Lliassa. It is nearly ring-shaped. 
 Length, about 30 miles. 
 
 Paltock, Robert. See Peter Wilkins. 
 
 Paludan-Miiller (pal'6-dan-miil'ler), Fred- 
 erik. Born at Kjerteminde, in Fiiuen, Den- 
 mark, Feb. 7, 1809 : died at Copenhagen, Dec. 
 29, 1876. A Danish poet. He was the son of Jens 
 Paludan-Miiller, who died bishop of Aarhuus, and brother 
 of the historian Kaspar Peter Paludan-Miiller (born 1S05). 
 He entered the Copenhagen University in 1828. In 1832 
 he published a romantic drama, “Kjariighed ved Hoffet” 
 (“Love at Court”). This was followed by the poem 
 “ Danserinden ” (“The Dancing Girl,” 1833), the lyrical 
 drama “ Amorog Psyche ”(1834), the narrative poem “ Zu- 
 leimas Flugt”(“ZuIeima’s Flight,” 1835), and “Poesier” 
 (“Poems ”), in 2 volumes, in 1836 and 1838. This latter year 
 lie went abroad to travel in Germany, France, Switzerland, 
 and Italy. Subsequent works are the dramatic poems 
 “ Venus ” (1841), “ Dryadens Bryllup ” (“ The Dryad's Wed- 
 ding "), and “ Tithon "(“Tithonus ”)(both 1844). His great- 
 est work, “ Adam Homo,” written in ottavarima, appeared 
 from 1841 to 1818. Among his other works arc “Abels 
 Dod”(“ Abel’s Death," 1854). the lyric drama “Kalauus” 
 (1857), “ Paradiset ’’ (“Paradise,” 1861), “Kain ” (“Cain ”), 
 “ Ahasverus ” (“ Ahasuerus ”), “ Benedict fra Nursia.” A 
 comedy, “Tiderne Skifte” (“The Times Change ’), and 
 the lyric poem “ Adonis ” are both from 1874. He is also 
 the author of two prose works ; the allegorical tale “ Ung- 
 
Paludan-Miiller 
 
 domafeilden ” (“ The Fountain of Youth,” 1865) and the so- 
 cial novel, in 3 volumes, “Ivar Lykkes Historic” (“The 
 History of Ivar Lykke,” 1866-73). His poetical writings 
 (“ PoetiskeSkrifter") appeared at Copenhagen, 1878-79, in 8 
 volumes. 
 
 Palwal, or Pulwul (pul-wul'). A town in Gur- 
 gaon district, Panjab, British India, 40 miles 
 south of Delhi. Population, 12,830. 
 
 Pam. A nickname familiarly given to Viscount 
 Palmerston. 
 
 Pamas. See Purupurus. 
 
 Pamarys. See Purupurus. 
 
 Pamela (pa-me'la). The daughter of Basilius 
 and sister of Philoclea: a noted character in 
 Sidney’s romance “Arcadia.” Richardson gave the 
 name to a servant, to signify that fine feelings were not 
 confined to the upper classes. 
 
 Pamela (pam'e-la), or Virtue Rewarded. The 
 
 first of the series of novels written by Samuel 
 Richardson, published in 17 40. it is so called from 
 the name of the heroine, an ostentatiously virtuous ser- 
 vant who resists the dishonorable attempts of her mas- 
 ter, and is finally rewarded by becoming his wife. This 
 amused Fielding and provoked him into writing the his- 
 tory of “Joseph Andrews,” an equally virtuous serving- 
 man and the brother of Pamela, which was begun as a 
 caricature, but grew into a work of independent character. 
 Pope, in his “ Epistle to Mrs. Blount,” accents the name 
 Paine la (but see the extract). 
 
 One significant sign of its [Pamela’s] popularity was its 
 changing the pronunciation of the name itself, which in 
 Pope is accented on the second syllable, and in Richard- 
 son on the first, — the public being willing to introduce 
 discord into a line of the former, rather than spoil the har- 
 mony of a few verses which the latter had inserted in the 
 novel. Whipple, Essays. 
 
 Pames (pa'mas), or Pamis (pa'mes). Mexican 
 Indians in the southeastern part of the state 
 of San Luis Potosi and the adjacent parts of 
 Quer6taro and Guanajuato. They are of Otomi 
 stock, closely related to the true Otomis, and have long 
 been partially civilized. See Otomis and Otomi stock. 
 Famiers (pa-mya'). A cathedral city in the de- 
 partment of Ariege, France, situated on the 
 Ariege 40 miles south of Toulouse, it was the 
 capital of the former countship of Foix. It was sacked in 
 1628. Population, commune, 10,449. 
 
 Pamir (pa-mer'). The name given to an exten- 
 sive plateau region in central Asia, northeast 
 of Afghanistan, south of Asiatic Russia, and 
 west of East Turkestan. It contains the sources of 
 the Amu- Daria. Its elevation is about 13,000 feet, and 
 from it radiate the Alai (Trans- Alai), Karakorum, and 
 Hindu Kush Mountains, with peaks rising on the borders 
 20,000-26,000 feet in elevation. It is the central knot of the 
 Asiatic mountains, and is frequently designated the “ roof 
 of the world.” Over it passed the ancient commercial 
 highway to China. It is on the borders of the Russian 
 and British empires and China, and hence has recently 
 become of great interest. A large part of the Pamir region 
 was occupied by Russia in 1892. In 1895 an agreement 
 between Russia and Great Britain arranged the respective 
 spheres of influence of the two nations. 
 
 Pamlico (pam-le'ko). [PI., also Pamlicos.~\ A 
 tribe of North American Indians living upon 
 the river of the same name in Beaufort County, 
 North Carolina. They were nearly destroyed by 
 smallpox in 1696 and by the Tuscarora war of 1711, the 
 remnant of them being absorbed in the Tuscarora tribe. 
 See Algonquian. 
 
 Pamlico Sound. An arm of the Atlantic east 
 of North Carolina, separated from the Atlantic 
 by low narrow islands. It communicates with Albe- 
 marle Sound on the north by Croatan and Roanoke sounds, 
 and with the Atlantic by Ocracoke, Hatteras, and other 
 inlets. Length, about 75 miles. 
 
 Pammanas, or Pammarys. See Purupurus. 
 Pampa (pam'pa). A territory of the Argentine 
 Republic, west of Buenos Ayres. Area, 56,- 
 320 square miles. Population, 76,393. 
 
 Pampa Aullagas (pam'pa oul-ya'gas), or Aul- 
 lagas, called also Poopo (po-o-po'), etc. A 
 swampy lake in Bolivia which receives the river 
 Desaguadero from Lake Titicaca. It has no 
 outlet. Length, 65-70 miles. 
 
 Pampas (pam'piis). A name given in the Ar- 
 gentine Republic to various Indian tribes in- 
 habiting the pampas to the south and west of 
 Buenos Ayres, especially the Puelches, Ran- 
 queles, and Pehuenches. 
 
 Pampas (pam'paz; Sp. pron. piim'pas). [Said 
 to be from a Quichua word meaning ‘ an open 
 field.’] A name given in southern and western 
 South America to various open and grassy 
 plains, and in this sense synonymous with lla- 
 nos. Specifically, and in a geographical sense, the pampas 
 are the great open plains of the Argentine Republic, be- 
 tween the river Parana and the Atlantic on the east and the 
 mountainous regions of the west. Northward these plains 
 are continuous with the Gran Chaco, and southward they 
 rise into the table lands of Patagonia. Regarding the 
 river Salado as the northern boundary, and the Colorado 
 as the southern, the pampas embrace the provinces of 
 Buenos Ayres and Santa Fe, most of Cordoba, portions of 
 Santiago, San Luis, and Mendoza, and the territory of La 
 Pampa, to which the name is now commonly restricted in 
 Argentina This gives an area of over 300,000 square miles. 
 The elevation in Cordoba is 1,200 or 1,300 feet; thence it 
 VI. 26 
 
 777 
 
 falls regularly southeastward to 40 or 50 feet near the At- 
 lantic. There are occasional depressions, occupied by sa- 
 lines, but no high hills. The surface is everywhere open 
 and, where not too dry, very fertile ; portions are subject 
 to floods. The name is often extended, especially by nat- 
 uralists, to the open but hilly lands east of the Parana 
 and in Uruguay and southern Brazil. 
 
 Pampas del Sacramento (pam'pas del sak-ra- 
 men'to). A region of northern Peru, between 
 the rivers Huallaga and Ucayale. From the little 
 known of it, it appears to be a plateau varied with hills 
 or low mountains, very fertile, and with a healthy and 
 agreeable climate ; much of the surface is free from forest. 
 It was discovered and named by the Jesuit Simon Zara 
 in 1732, and for many years was the seat of nourishing 
 Jesuit missions. There are now few inhabitants except 
 wandering Indians. Length, probably 300 miles. Width, 
 40 to 100 miles. 
 
 Pampean (pam'pe-an) race. [F. race pampe- 
 enne.) A name under which D’Orbigny (1839) 
 included nearly all the South American Indian 
 tribes known to him east of the Andes, except 
 those of the Tupi and Tapuya stocks. He divided 
 them into 3 races — the Pampean, Chiquitean, and Moxean. 
 This classification was based on physical characteristics, 
 and later ethnologists, relying mainly on the differences 
 of language, have abandoned it. The tribes are now dis- 
 tributed in many linguistic stocks. 
 
 Pampean stock, or Aucanian stock (a-ka'- 
 ni-an stok), or Araucanian (ar-a-ka'ni-an) 
 Stock. A linguistic stock of South Amer- 
 ican Indians, on both sides of the Andes, in 
 southern Chile and the Argentine Republic. 
 It embraces, among other tribes, the Araucanians of Chile, 
 and the Aucanos, Pehuenches, Puelches, and Querendis 
 of the Argentine. They are all known as valiant warriors 
 who long resisted the Spaniards ; most of them are still 
 practically independent. 
 
 Pampeluna. See Pamplona. 
 
 Pamphylia ( pam-fil 'i-a) . [Gr. n a/upvMa, country 
 of all tribes.] In ancient geography, a moun- 
 tainous region in Asia Minor, bounded by Pi- 
 sidia on the north, Cilicia on the east, the Med- 
 iterranean on the south, and Lycia on the west. 
 It was successively under the rule of Lydia, Persia, Mace- 
 don, Syria. Pergamum, and Rome. 
 
 Pamphylian (pam-fil 'i-an) Gulf, or Pamphyl- 
 ian Sea. The ancient name of the Gulf of 
 Adalia. 
 
 Pamplona (pam-plo'na), or Pampeluna (pam- 
 pa-16'nii), F. Pampelune (ponp-liin'). 1. A 
 province of Spain. See Navarre. — 2. The cap- 
 ital of Navarre, situated on the Arga about lat. 
 42° 47' N., long. 1° 40' W. It is a fortress and stra- 
 tegic point of importance. The cathedral dates from 1397, 
 with a modernized west front. The cloister is of excellent 
 Geometrical Pointed work, In part with openwork pedi- 
 ments over the traceried arches. A refectory and several 
 rooms and chapels older than the cathedral open on the 
 cloister. Pamplona was an ancient town of the Vascones ; 
 was partially destroyed by Charles the Great in 778 ; suffered 
 in the Moorish wars ; became the capital of the kingdom 
 of Navarre ; was taken by the French in 1808, and re- 
 taken by the Spanish in 1813 ; and suffered in the Carlist 
 wars. Population, 28,886. 
 
 Pamplona (pam-plo'na). A town in the de- 
 partment of Santander, Colombia, 205 miles 
 north-northeast of Bogota. Population, 14,- 
 790. 
 
 Pamunkey (pa-mungk'i). A river in Virginia, 
 formed by the union of the North and South 
 Anna, and uniting with the Mattapony at West 
 Point to form the York River. Length, with 
 the South Anna, over 100 miles. 
 
 Pan (pan). [Gr. liar.] In ancient Greek my- 
 thology, the god of pastures, forests, and flocks. 
 The original seat of his worship was in Arcadia, whence it 
 gradually spread over the rest of Greece. He was repre- 
 sented with the head and body of an elderly man, while 
 his lower parts were like the hind quarters of a goat, of 
 which animal he often bore the horns and ears also. He 
 was fond of music and of dancing with the forest nymphs, 
 and was the inventor of the syrinx, or shepherd’s flute, 
 hence called Pan's pipes or Pandean pipes. Sudden terror 
 without visible or reasonable cause was attributed to his 
 influence. The Romans identified the Greek Pan with 
 their own god Inuus, and sometimes also with Faunus. 
 Panack. See Bannock. 
 
 Panaetius(pa-ne'slii-us). [Gr. Tlavainor.] Born 
 about 180 b. C. : died about 111 B. c. A Greek 
 Stoic philosopher of Rhodes, the friend (at 
 Rome) of Laclius and Scipio the Younger. 
 Panagia (pa-na'gi-a). [Gr. travaytoq, all-holy.] 
 In the Greek or Orthodox Eastern Church, a 
 title of the Virgin Mary. This title signifies literally 
 ‘all-holy,’ an intensive of the epithet “holy” applied to 
 other saints, and is of all her titles that which is in most 
 ^ general use. 
 
 Panama (pa-na-mii'). 1. A Central American 
 republic, comprising (nearly) the Isthmus of 
 Panama: formerly a department of Colombia; 
 seceded in 1903. See * Isthmian Canal Zone. 
 — 2. A cathedral city and seaport, capital of 
 Panama, situated on the Bay of Panama in 
 lat. 8° 57' N., long. 79° 32' W. It is the terminus 
 
 of the Panama Railway. It was founded in 1619 by 
 l'edrarias, burned by Morgan’s bucaneers in 1671, and 
 
 Panchala 
 
 rebuilt in its present location in 1673. Population, about 
 35,500, (1910). 
 
 Panama, Audience of. A Spanish court and 
 governing body located at Panama. As originally 
 established in 1538 (by decree of 1535) it ruled all the Span- 
 ish possessions of Central and South America, except Vene- 
 zuela. It was suppressed in 1545, on the creation of the 
 audiences of Lima and the Confines. From 1564 to 1569 
 the audience of the Confines was removed to Panama, with 
 jurisdiction over Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the 
 Isthmus, and most of New Granada : after the latter year 
 Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica were attached to the 
 audience of the Confines, that of Panama including the 
 Isthmus and New Granada, subject to the audience of 
 Lima. It was suppressed from 1718 to 1722, and subse- 
 quently, until its final suppression in 1752, was subordinate 
 to the audience of New Granada at Bogota. 
 
 Panama, Bay of. An arm of the Pacific Ocean, 
 south of the Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 Panama, Isthmus of, or Isthmus of Darien. 
 An isthmus which connects North and South 
 America and separates the Caribbean Sea from 
 the Pacific Ocean . It is traversed by low mountains. 
 Length (to Costa Rica), about 450 miles. Width, 30-70 
 miles. The name Panama is sometimes used in a more 
 restricted sense for a narrow portion of the isthmus im- 
 mediately opposite the town of Panama ; and a similar 
 constriction opposite the Gulf of Urubi is often distin- 
 guished as the Isthmus of Darien. 
 
 Panama Canal. A ship-canal (with locks) across 
 the Isthmus of Panama. The idea of piercing the 
 isthmus is very old, and from 1828 many surveys were 
 made with reference to it, including very complete ones 
 by the United States government 1872-75. In 1877 the Co- 
 lombian government granted a concession to a French- 
 man named Wyse for constructing the canal. Ferdinand 
 de Lesseps supported the scheme. At his invitation an “ in- 
 ternational scientific congress ” met at Paris in May, 1879, 
 and after a short session, and without considering other 
 plans, decided in favor of the Panama route : the American 
 delegates refrained from voting. A Panama canal com- 
 pany was at once formed ; the Wyse concession was pur- 
 chased by it ; De Lesseps himself, as chief engineer, visited 
 the isthmus and declared that the canal was entirely 
 practicable ; and an “international technical committee ” 
 estimated the cost at $169,000,009. On the strength of 
 these representations the shares were rapidly taken, and 
 active work was commenced in 1881. The route decided 
 upon is close to the Panama Railroad, crossing theChagres 
 River six times, and involving a long and deep cut 
 through the Central Cordillera : the periodical Hoods of 
 the Chagres were to be controlled by dams. Work was 
 continued, with some interruptions, until March, 1889, 
 when the company went into liquidation. Up to that 
 time it is said to have absorbed $260,000,000, obtained by 
 the sale of shares and bonds, mainly to the middle classes 
 in France, and finally by lottery drawings which were au- 
 thorized by the French government. Of the total length 
 of the canal (54 miles), 12 miles had been so far finished as 
 to be navigable; but this did not include the more difficult 
 portions. In Dec , 1892, De Lesseps and his son, the con- 
 tractor Eiffel, and others were arrested on charges of fraud 
 in connection with the canal. See Lesseps, Ferdinand de. 
 After the establishment of the Reputilic of Panama (1903) 
 a treaty between it and the United States was negotiated 
 (Feb. 26, 1904), by which the latter undertook to build the 
 canal, the rights of the French company having been ac- 
 quired by purchase. 
 
 Panama Congress. A congress, to be field at 
 Panama in 1826, called by the Spanish-Americau 
 republics for the settlement of various matters 
 pertaining to America in general. The United 
 States were not represented in the preliminary meeting. 
 The congress adjourned to 1827, but did not reconvene. 
 
 Pan-American Congress. 1 . A congress of rep- 
 resentatives from the United States, Mexico, 
 Haiti, and all the states of Central America 
 and South America, held at Washington 1889- 
 1890, for the purpose of consultation on matters 
 common to the various states, and for the fur- 
 therance of international commerce andcomity. 
 — 2. A similar congress held in the city of 
 Mexico, October, 1901-Jauuary, 1902. — 3. A 
 congress held in Rio de Janeiro in July, 1906. 
 — 4. A conference held in Buenos Aires July- 
 August, 1910. It agreed to submit to arbitra- 
 tion such money claims as cannot be settled 
 by diplomacy. 
 
 Pan-American Exposition. An exposition of 
 the work of the peoples of North and South 
 America, held at Buffalo, N. Y., in 1901. 
 Pananas (pa-na-nas'). [Corruption of Pawnee .] 
 The name given in New Mexico by the Span- 
 ish settlers to the Pawnee tribe. 
 
 Panaria (pa-na-re'a). One of the Lipari Islands, 
 northeast of Lipari. 
 
 Panaro (pa-na'ro). Ariverof Italy, which joins 
 the Po 12 miles northwest of Ferrara. Length, 
 about 75 miles. 
 
 Panathenaic Stadium. See A thens. 
 
 Panay (pii-ni'). One of the Philippine Islands, 
 situated southeast of Mindoro and northwest of 
 Negros. Area, 4,611 square miles. 
 
 Panchala (pan-chii'la). The name of a country 
 andpeople of ancient India (in theMahabharata, 
 in the Lower Doab; in Manu, near Kanaui; and 
 according to Wilson, ‘ ‘ extending north and west 
 from Delhi, from the foot of the Himalayas to 
 the Chambal”). 
 
Panchatantra 
 
 Panchatantra (pan-eha-tan'tra). [Skt., ‘hav- 
 ing five divisions or books.’] A celebrated San- 
 skrit book of fables, one of the two sources of 
 the Hitopadesha (which see), 25 of the 43 fables 
 of the latter being found in it. From a now lost 
 earlier Indian original of the Panchatantra came a lost 
 Pahlavi translation about 550 A. I>. ; from that the Syriac 
 “Kalilagand Damnag ” (570) and the Arabic “Kalilah and 
 Dimnah ” (750) ; from the Arabic, the unknown interme- 
 diary of Bnldo’s “Alter ASsopus” of the 12th century, the 
 Latin intermediary of Don Alfonso’s Spanish version of 
 1299, the Hebrew of Rabbi Joel of 1250, the Persian of 
 Nasr Allah 1130, and the Greek of Symeon Seth 1080 ; from 
 Kabbi Joel’s Hebrew version, John of Capua’s “Directorium 
 humanfe vit;e” 1270, a Spanish version (“Exemplario”) in 
 1493, an Ital ian by Don i in 1552, and from t hat again the Eng- 
 lish of Sir Thomas North of 1570, while from Kabbi Joel’s 
 Hebrew through John of Capua’s “Directorium ’’ camealso 
 Duke Eberhard’s “ Buch der Beispiele ” of 14S0 ; from the 
 Persian of Nasr Allah 1130 came Abul Fazl’s revision for Ak- 
 bar of 1590, and thence a Turkish rendered into French, and 
 the “Anwari Suhaili," or “Lights of Canopus,” translated 
 into English by Eastvvick 1854 ; from the Greek of Symeon 
 Seth 1080 came a Latin version published in Rome 1666, 
 and an Italian published at Ferrara 1583. This tabulation 
 by Lanman of the results of Benfey, given by him in the 
 introduction to his Panchatantra (Leipsic, 1859), and in 
 Benfey’s introduction to Bickell’s “ Kalilag und Damnag ” 
 (Leipsic, 1876), shows the importance of the work in the 
 history of folk-lore. It is the origin of the fables known 
 throughout Europe as those of Pilpay or Bidpai. (See Pil- 
 pay.) Besides the German version of Benfey, there is a 
 French translation by Lancereau with a discussion of the 
 history of the fables. 
 
 Panchavati (pan'cha-va-te). In Sanskrit my- 
 thology, part of the great southern forest near 
 the sources of the Godavari, where Rama dur- 
 ing his exile passed a long period. 
 
 Panches (pan'chas). A name given by early 
 historians of New Granada to Indian tribes in 
 the valleys south of Bogota included in the 
 modern departments of Tolima, Cundinamarea, 
 and Cauca. They were described as very savage and as 
 cannibals. Probably the name was given to them by the 
 Chibchas, and it may have been applied to many distinct 
 tribes. Herrera states that the Panclve language was 
 widely extended, nearly surrounding the Chibcha t erritory 
 — a statement which lias led Dr. Brinton to include these 
 Indians, with others, in the Paniquita stock (which see). 
 
 Panch Mahals (panch ma-halz'). A district 
 in Bombay Presidency, British India, situated 
 about lat. 22° 50' N., long. 73° 50' E. Area, 
 1,606 square miles. Population, 261,020. Also 
 Punch M eh sis. 
 
 Panckoucke (pon-kok'), Charles Joseph. Born 
 at Lille, France, Nov. 26, 1736: died at Paris, 
 Dee. 19, 1798. A French publisher, translator, 
 and writer. 
 
 Panckoucke, Charles Louis Fleury. Born at 
 Paris, Dec. 23, 1780: died there, July 12, 1844. 
 A French publisher, translator, and writer, son 
 of C. J. Panckoucke. 
 
 Pancras (pan'kras), L. Pancratius (pan-kra'- 
 shi-us), Saint. A martyr at Rome under Dio- 
 cletian. He was only 14 at the time of his death, and 
 was subsequently regarded as the patron saint of children. 
 
 Pancsova (pan'cho-vo). A town in the county 
 of Torontal, Hungary, situated on the Temes 10 
 miles east-northeast of Belgrad. Here, July 30, 
 1739, the Austrians defeated the Turks, and in 1849 the 
 Austrians defeated the Hungarians. Population, com- 
 mune, 19,044. 
 
 Panda (piin'da). See Igbira. 
 
 Pandareos (pan-da're-os). [Gr. n av&apeop.'] In 
 Greek legend, a native of Miletus who stole the 
 golden dog made by Hephtestus from the tem- 
 ple of Zeus in Crete, and gave it to Tantalus. 
 For denying its possession Tantalus was buried under 
 Mount Sipylus, and Pandareos was slain. His daughters 
 were brought up by Aphrodite. 
 
 Pandarus (pan'da-rus). [Gr. Udvdapor.'] In 
 Greek legend, an ally of the Trojans during the 
 siege of Troy, leader of the Zeleians or Lycians. 
 He is represented in medieval romance, and by Chaucer, 
 Shakspere, etc., as a procurer. See Cressid. 
 
 Pandataria (patt-da ta'ri-a). [Gr. n avdarapia.] 
 In ancient geography, one of the Ponza Islands, 
 situated in the Mediterranean west of Naples: 
 the modem Vandotena. It was the place of 
 banishment of J ulia, Agrippina, and Oetavia. 
 
 Pandavas (pan'da-vaz). [Skt.] Descendants 
 of Pandu. See Panda. 
 
 Pandects of Justinian. [From Gr. navdbiTrir, 
 all-containing.] A collection of Roman civil 
 law made by the emperor Justinian in the 6th 
 century, •containing decisions or judgments of 
 lawyers, to which the emperor gave the force 
 and authority of law. This compilation, the most 
 important of the body of Roman civil law, consists of 50 
 books. Also called the Digest. Compare Corpus Juris. 
 
 The popular story, already much discredited, that the 
 famous copy of the Pandects now in the Laurentian Li- 
 brary at Florence was brought to Pisa from Amalfi, after 
 the capture of that city by Roger, king of Sicily, with the 
 aid of a Pisan fleet in 1135, and became the means of dif- 
 fusing an acquaintance with that portion of the law 
 through Italy, is shown by him [Saviguy] not only to rest 
 
 778 
 
 on very slight evidence, but to be unquestionably, in the 
 latter and more important circumstance, destitute of all 
 foundation. Hallam, Lit., p. 53. 
 
 Pandemos (pan-de'mos). [Gr. -dvthpior, com- 
 mon to all the people.] A surname of Aphro- 
 dite, alluding both to her sensual character and 
 to her function as the uniter of the scattered 
 population in one social body. 
 Panderpur(pun-der-p6r'),oiPandharpur(pun- 
 dar-por'). A town iu Sholapur district, Bom- 
 bay, British India, situated on the Bhima about 
 lat. 17° 41' N., long. 75° 26' E. It has a temple 
 of Vishnu. Population, 32,405. 
 
 Pandies (pan'diz). [From Hind, panda, a Brah- 
 man.] The Hindus ; the Sepoys : especially 
 applied by the British troops to the Sepoys in the 
 Indian mutiny of 1857-58. 
 
 Pandion (pan-di'on). [Gr. Tlavdiuv.'] In Greek 
 legend, a king of Athens, father of Procne and 
 Philomela. 
 
 Pandora (pan-dd'ra). [Gr. JlavSthpa, all-gifted, 
 or all-giver.] In Greek mythology, the first 
 woman, created by Hephaestus at the command 
 of Zeus in revenge for the theft of fire from 
 heaven by Prometheus. The gods endowed her with 
 beauty, cunning, and other attributes fitted to bring mis- 
 fortune to man. She was given to Epimetheus, who, in ac- 
 cepting the gift, brought down all the evils of life upon 
 the human race. According to some accounts she became 
 the mother of Pyrrha and Deucalion ; according to others 
 she was their daughter. In a later form of the legend she 
 received from the gods a box containing the blessings of 
 life, which she opened, thus allowing all the blessings (ex- 
 cept hope) to escape. 
 
 Pandosia (pan-do'shi-a). [Gr. Uavdoaia.~\ In 
 ancient geography, a place in Bruttium, Italy, 
 near the modern Cosenza. Here, 326 b. c., Alex- 
 ander, king of Epirus, was defeated by the Brut- 
 tians. 
 
 Pandosto (pan-dos'to), or the Triumph of 
 Time. A romance by Robert Greene, published 
 in 1588. It was based on a Polish romance. The second 
 title is “The History of Dorastus and Fawnia”: the later 
 editions give this as the title. Shakspere founded his 
 “Winter’s Tale”on this story : the character of Pandosto 
 was the original of Polixenes, king of Bohemia, in Shak- 
 spere’s play. 
 
 Pandrosos (pan'dro-sos). [Gr. IMrdpocrof.] In 
 Greek mythology, a daughter of Cecrops. She 
 had a sanctuary at Athens. 
 
 Pandu (pan'do). [Skt., ‘ the pale.’] Brother of 
 Dhritarashtra, king of Hastinapura and father 
 of the Pandavas or Pandu princes. See Muha- 
 bharata. 
 
 Pandulf, or Pandulph (pan'clulf). Died 1226. 
 A cardinal in the papal service, prominent in 
 English polities in the reigns of John and 
 Henry III. 
 
 Paneas (pan-e-as'). See Caesarea Philippi. 
 
 Pangani (pang-ga/ne). A seaport on the eastern 
 coast of Africa, at the mouth of the Rufu or 
 Rufa, about lat. 5° 30' S. 
 
 Pangaum. See Goa, New. 
 
 Pangloss (pan'glos), Doctor. [‘All-tongues.’] 
 1. In Voltaire’s “Candide,” an obstinately op- 
 timistic philosopher, the tutor of Candide. His 
 favorite maxim is that “all is for the best in this 
 best of possible worlds.” — 2. In Column the 
 younger’s play “ The Heir-at-Law,” a pedantic 
 but gay and amusing prig, the tutor of Dick 
 Dowlas: a satire on the mercenary and disrepu- 
 table private tutors of the period. 
 
 Pango-Pango (pang'go-pang'go). Alargehaven 
 on the southern side of Tutuila in the Samoan 
 Islands. It has been occupied by the United 
 States as a coaling station since 1872. 
 
 Pangu (pang'go). See Kongo Nation. 
 
 Pangwe (pang' we). See Fan. 
 
 Panhandle, or Pan Handle (pan'han'dl). A 
 popular name for: (a) The northern part of 
 West Virginia, a projecting strip lying between 
 Pennsylvania and Ohio. ( b ) The northern ex- 
 tension of Texas, (c) The northern extension 
 of Idaho. 
 
 Panhellenius (pan-he-le'ni-us). [Gr. Tiavellp- 
 vios, of all the Greeks.] In Greek mythology, a 
 surname of Zeus. 
 
 Pani. See Pawnee. 
 
 Panicale. See Masolino da Panicale. 
 
 Panini( pa'ni-n i) . The greatest of Sanskritgram- 
 marians. He is said to have been born at Shalatura in 
 the Gandhara country (Kandahar), northwestof Attockon 
 the Indus. “Respecting his period nothing really trust- 
 worthy is known, but he is with much probability held to 
 have lived some time (two to four centuries) before the 
 Christian era” (Whitney). His grammar consists of eight 
 lectures, each divided into four chapters, and each of these 
 into a number of sutras or aphorisms, the whole number 
 of these being 3,996 or 3,997. It traces phenomena wherever 
 found instead of classifying material, and is accordingly a 
 sort of natural history of the language. To attain greater 
 conciseness an arbitrary symbolical language is coined, 
 
 Pano stock 
 
 the key to which must be acquired to make the rules in- 
 telligible. The first adhyaya or lecture explains the tech- 
 nical terms and their use. The whole work is, in fact, a 
 sort of grammat ical algebra. The great significance of it lies 
 in the circumstance that the whole of the more modem San- 
 skrit literature has been pressed into the mold prepared 
 by Panini and his school. Panini has been edited, trans- 
 lated, and explained by Bohtlingk in his “Paninis Gram- 
 matik ” (new edition, Leipsic, 1887). See also Goldstiicker’s 
 “Panini: His Place in Sanskrit Literature ’’(London, 1861). 
 Panipat, or Paniput (pan-i-put'). A town in 
 the Panjab, Bi’itish India, 56 miles north of 
 Delhi. Here, in 1526, a victory was gained by Baber the 
 Mogul conqueror over the Sultan of Delhi, which laid the 
 foundation of the Mogul empire; here, in 1556, a victory 
 was gained by Akbar; and here, in Jan., 1761, the Af- 
 ghans under Ahmed Shah Durani defeated the Mahrattas 
 and broke their power. Population, 26,914. 
 Paniquitas (pa-ne-ke ' fas) . [So called from their 
 principal modern village.] Indians of Colombia, 
 department of Cauca, in the mountains near 
 Popayan. They are perhaps descended from 
 the ancient Panches (which see). 
 
 Paniquita stock (pa-ne-ke'ta stok). The name 
 proposed by Dr. Brinton for a linguistic stock 
 of Indians in Colombia. Besides the modern Pani- 
 quitas and Paes or Paezes, he refers to it, provisionally, 
 several old tribes whose languages are lost, including the 
 Musos, Panches, Colimas, and Pijaos. Nearly all of these 
 were at war with the Chibchas before the conquest, and 
 they were less advanced in civilization than that tribe. 
 Many of them flattened the head artificially. See Musos, 
 Pijaos, and Panches. 
 
 Panixer (pa'nik-ser) Pass. A pass on the border 
 of the cantons of Glarus and Grisons, Switzer- 
 land. It was the scene of the retreat of Suva- 
 rolf’s army in Oct., 1799. Height, 7,907 feet. 
 Panizzi (pa-net'se), Sir Anthony. Born at 
 Brescello, Modena, Sept.. 16, 1797 : died at Lon- 
 don, April 8, 1879. Chief librarian of the Brit- 
 ish Museum. He took his degree at the University 
 of Parma, and became an advocate. Implicated in the 
 revolutionary attempt at Modena in 1821, he fled to Eng- 
 land in 1823. He was made professor of Italian in Uni- 
 versity College, London, in 1828, and in 1831 was appointed 
 assistant librarian in the British Museum. In 1837 he be- 
 came keeper of the printed books, and devised the cata- 
 logue. He was mads principal librarian in 1856. The 
 construction of the great reading-room from his design 
 was finished in 1857. He retired in June, 1866. He was 
 also active in the interests of the revolution in Italy. 
 
 Panjab, or Punjab (pun -jab'), or Punjaub 
 (pun-jab'), or Penjab (pen-jab'). [Hind., ‘five 
 rivers.’] The country of the five rivers, tribu- 
 taries of the Indus — the Sutlej, Bias, Ravi,Che- 
 nab,and Jhelurn; in an extended sense, a lieuten- 
 ant-governorship of British India, including the 
 Panjab proper and adjacent regions, and sit- 
 uated northwest of the United Provinces. 
 Capital, Lahore. The surface is generally a plain. 
 The Panjab is the seat of the Sikhs. It formed part of the 
 Mogul empire, and was invaded by Nadir Shah and other 
 conquerors in the 18th century. The Sikh power was con- 
 solidated under Ranjit Singh (died 1839). The first Sikh 
 war with the British was fought in 1846; the Becond in 
 1848-49. ThePanjab was annexed by Great Britain in 1849. 
 Area, 113,741 square miles. Population, 24,754,737. 
 
 Panjandrum (pan-jan'drum), The Grand. A 
 
 fictitious personage, invented by the dramatist 
 Foote. 
 
 Panjim. See Goa, New. 
 
 Panmure, Barcn. See Ramsay, Fox Mattie. 
 Panna or Punnah (pun'a). A state in Bun- 
 delkhand, India, under British control, inter- 
 sectedbylat. 24°40'N., long. 80° 15' E. Area, 
 2,492 squaro miles. Population, 192,986. 
 Pannonia (pa-no'ni-a). [Gr. Tlavvovta.'] In an- 
 cient geography, a Roman province, bounded 
 by the Danube on the north and east, Mcesia 
 and Illyricum on the south, and Noricum on 
 the west. It corresponded to Hungary south and westof 
 the Danube, Slavonia, and parts of Lower Austria, Styria, 
 Carniola, Croatia, and Bosnia ; was made a Roman prov- 
 ince by Tiberius ; was divided by Trajan into Upper Pan- 
 nonia in the west and Lower Pannonia in the east ; was 
 subdivided by Diocletian : and passed later to the East 
 Goths, Lombards, Huns, Slavs, and Magyars. 
 
 Panom-Penh, orPanompeng. See Pnom-Penh. 
 Panopolis (pan-op'o-lis). [Gr. navdrro/tc, city 
 of Pan.] The ancient name of Akhmim. 
 Panoptes (pan-op'tez). [Gr. IlaiwT^r, all-seer.] 
 A surname of Argus. 
 
 Panormus (pa-nor'mus). [Gr. Unvopaor, all- 
 haven.] The ancient name of Palermo. 
 
 Panos (pa'nos). Indians of Peru, in the forests 
 near the Ucayale River, northeast of Cerro de 
 Pasco. They were formerly numerous, and during the 
 17th century many of them were gathered into mission 
 villages. The missionaries described them as savages of 
 a rather low grade, but practising agriculture and possess- 
 ing, it is said, the art of hieroglyphic writing on hark. The 
 missions were broken up in 1767, and most of the Panos 
 returned to their wild life, forming numerous petty tribes. 
 The few remaining are friendly to the whites. 
 
 Pano stock (pii'no stok). A linguistic stock of 
 South American Indians, mainly in northern 
 Peru near the Ucayale and Huallaga Rivers. 
 It includes, among others, the Panos, Cachiboe, Combos, 
 
Pano stock 
 
 Setibos, Remos, etc., in Peru, the Mayorunas on the river 
 Javary, the Pacaguaras of the Beni, and possibly the Cari- 
 punas of the Madeira. Most of the tribes are very savage, 
 and enemies of the whites. 
 
 Pansa (pan'za), Caius Vibius. Died43B.c. A 
 Roman consul 43 B. c., the colleague of Hirtius. 
 He was killed in the war against Antony. 
 Pansa, House of. See Pompeii. 
 
 Pantsenus (pan-te'nus). [Gr. II avraivocQ Lived 
 at the end of the 2d century A. d. The leader 
 of the catechetical school in Alexandria. 
 Pantagoros (pan-ta-go'ros). An Indian tribe of 
 Colombia, formerly populous and powerful in 
 the valley of the Magdalena, about lat. 7° N. 
 They resisted the Spaniards with great courage, and many 
 of them were killed or enslaved. A few remain in the 
 marshy lands near the river. They have been referred to 
 the Paniquita linguistic stock. 
 
 Pantagruel (pan-tag'ro-el ; F. pron. poh-1 a-grii- 
 el'). The king of the Dipsodes and son of Gar- 
 gantua, in Rabelais’s ‘“History of Gargantua 
 and Pantagruel.” See Gargantua. 
 
 Pantalon (pan'ta-lon), or Pantalone (pan-ta- 
 lo'ne). A typical character in Italian comedy, 
 of Venetian origin, represented as an old man; 
 the English Pantaloon. 
 
 Panteliaria (pan-tel-la-re'a), or Pantelleria 
 (pan-tel-le-re'a), or Pantalaria (pan-ta-la- 
 re'a). 1. An island in the Mediterranean Sea, 
 situated in lat. 36° 48' N., long. 12° E. : the an- 
 cient Cosyra or Cossura. It belongs to the prov- 
 ince of Trapani, Sicily. The surface is volcanic. Area, 
 58 square miles. Population, 8,619. 
 
 2. The chief town of the island, situated on the 
 northwest coast. Population, 3,649, 
 Panthays (pan'tliaz). The Mohammedans of 
 the province of Yunnan, China. They pro- 
 claimed their independence in 1855, but were 
 put down about 1872. 
 
 Pantheon (pan'tke-on). [Gr. Tlavdeiov, neut. of 
 TravOeio^, of all gods.] A building at Rome, 
 now dedicated as the Church of Santa Maria 
 Rotonda, completed by Agrippa in 27 B. c., and 
 consecrated to the divine ancestors of the Ju- 
 lian family. It is preceded by an octastyle pedimented 
 Corinthian portico, with 2 ranges of 4 columns inside. 
 The plan is circular, with large alternating rectangular 
 and semicircular niches, whose entablature is upheld by 
 columns. The interior diameter is 142 \ feet, and the height 
 to the apex of the great hemispherical coffered dome is 
 the same. The lighting of the interior is solely from an 
 open circle, 28 feet in diameter, at the summit of the 
 dome. The effect of the interior is unique and highly 
 imposing. The construction is of concrete, lightly faced 
 with brick, and incrusted (now almost exclusively in the 
 interior) with marble. The dome is practically solid con- 
 crete, the familiar system of inset arches being merely one 
 brick deep, and having served as a scaffolding during the 
 erection. Raphael, Annibale Caracci, Victor Emmanuel II., 
 and Humbert I. are buried in the Pantheon. It has been 
 proved that the temple never was connected with the 
 baths of Agrippa. 
 
 Pantheon (pon-ta-on'). The Church of Ste. Ge- 
 nevieve in Paris, a large classical building in the 
 form of a Greek cross 276 by 370 feet, with a 
 central dome 272 feet high and 75 in diameter. 
 The Corinthian columns of the entrance portico are 81 feet 
 high. The pediment is filled with a sculptured group, by 
 David d’Angers, representing France distributing laurels 
 to her deserving children. The interior is simple and 
 well proportioned. Its walls are in large part covered 
 with paintings, by some of the chief of modern artists, il- 
 lustrating the development of French history and civili- 
 zation. There are also some statues of distinguished men. 
 Clovis built on this spot the Church of St. Peter and St. 
 Paul, where he was buried, as were afterward Ste. Clotilde 
 and Ste. Genevieve from whom it took its later name. 
 This church was probably destroyed by the Normans in 
 the 9th century. The monks of St. Victor established 
 their cloister herein 1148, in the papacy of Eugenius III. 
 Their Romanesque church was replaced by a late-Gothic 
 building after 1489. In 1764 the present church was be- 
 gun under Louis XV., and in 1791 was first set apart for its 
 present purpose, — that of a mausoleum for famous French- 
 men,— though it has since at times been used as a church. 
 
 Pantheon of the British, The. Westminster 
 Abbey. 
 
 Pantibibla (pan-ti-bib'la). See the extract. 
 
 From the earliest period the literature of Chaldea was 
 stored in public libraries. According to Berosos, Panti- 
 bibla, or ‘book-town,' was one of the antediluvian cities 
 of Babylonia, and Xisuthros had buried his books at Sip- 
 para — perhaps in reference to the Semitic sepher, ‘book’ 
 — before the Flood. Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 166. 
 
 Panticapseum (pan / 'ti-ka-pe'uin). [Gr. Jlnm- 
 nairaiov.] The ancient name of Kertch. 
 Pantschatantra. See Panchatantra. 
 
 P&nuco (pii'no-ko). [Probably from the name 
 of an Indian chief.] The name given by the 
 Spanish conquerors of Mexico to a region on 
 the Gulf Coast, about the Panuco River (north- 
 ern Vera Cruz and southern Tamaulipas). It 
 was partially conquered by Cortds in 1522 ; was claimed by 
 Francisco de Garay in 1523 ; and in 1526 was assigned to 
 Nufio de Guzman. Somewhat later it was limited to 50 
 Spanish leagues in length and breadth, though Guzman 
 claimed that it extended westward to the Pacific. 
 
 779 
 
 Panurge (pa-nerj'; F. pron. pa-uurzk'). [Gr. 
 Travobpyo f, a rogue, lit. ‘ all-doer.’] A character 
 in Rabelais’s “ History of Gargantua and Pan- 
 tagruel.” 
 
 A very important personage in “ Pantagruel ” is Panurge, 
 a singular companion whom Pantagruel picks up at Paris, 
 and who is perhaps the greatest single creation of Rabe- 
 lais. Some ideas may have been taken for him from the 
 Cingar of Merlinus Coccaius, or Folengo, a Macaronic 
 Italian poet, but on the whole he is original, and is hardly 
 comparable to any one else in literature except Falstaff. 
 The main idea in Panurge is the absence of morality in 
 the wide Aristotelian sense, with the presence of almost 
 all other good qualities. Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 185. 
 
 Panyasis (pa-ni'a-sis). [Gr. Tla.vvacuc.'] Lived 
 in the first half of the 5th century B. C. A 
 Greek poet of Halicarnassus. 
 
 Panyasis, uncle of Herodotus, a man of political note at 
 Halicarnassus, where he fought for the freedom of the 
 town against the tyrant Lygdamis, gained a good deal of 
 temporary celebrity by another “Heracleia,” in fourteen 
 books. Considerable fragments of asocial nature are quoted 
 from it by Stobreus and Atlienueus, which specially refer 
 to the use and abuse of wine-drinking. They are elegantly 
 written, and remind us strongly of the elegiac fragments 
 on the same subject by Xenophanes and Theognis. He 
 was also, according to Suidas, author of elegiac poems, in 
 six books, called “Ionica,” on the antiquities of Athens, 
 and especially on the Ionic migration. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 145. 
 
 Panza (pan'za; Sp. pron. piin'tha), Sancho. 
 The famous esquire of Don Quixote in Cer- 
 vantes’s romance of that name. 
 
 To complete his chivalrous equipment — which he [Don 
 Quixote] had begun by fitting up for himself a suit of armor 
 strange to his century— he took an esquire [Sancho Panza] 
 out of his neighborhood : a middle-aged peasant, ignorant 
 and credulous to excess, but of great good-nature ; a glut- 
 ton and a liar ; selfish and gross, yet attached to his mas- 
 ter; shrewd enough occasionally to see the folly of their 
 position, but always amusing, and sometimes mischievous, 
 in his interpretations of it. Ticknor , Span. Lit., II. 140. 
 
 Panzer (pant'ser), Georg Wolfgang. Bom at 
 
 Sulzbach, March 16, 1729: died at Nuremberg, 
 July 9, 1804. A German clergyman and bibliog- 
 rapher, noted for researches in the history of 
 the art of printing: chief pastor at Nuremberg. 
 He published “ Annales typographic ” (1793- 
 1803). 
 
 Paola (pa'6-la). A seaport in the province of 
 Cosenza, Calabria, Italy, situated on the west- 
 ern coast 13 miles northwest of Cosenza. It 
 has a trade in oil and wine. Population, com- 
 mune, 8.819. 
 
 Paola, Fra. See Sarpi. 
 
 Paoli (pa-o'le). A place in Chester County, 
 Pennsylvania, 20 miles west by north of Phil- 
 adelphia. Here, Sept. 20, 1777, the Americans under 
 Wayne were surprised and defeated by the British. 
 
 Paoli (pa'o-le), Pasquale. Born at Morosaglia, 
 in Corsica, 1725: died near London, Feb. 5, 
 1807. A Corsican patriot and general. He be- 
 came generalissimo and head of the government in 1755 ; 
 carried on war with Genoa ; was driven from Corsica to 
 England by the French in 1769 ; returned as lieutenant- 
 general in 1790 ; formed a conspiracy with the aid of Great 
 Britain against France, and became generalissimo in 1793 ; 
 and left Corsica finally in 1796. 
 
 Paolo Veronese. See Veronese. 
 
 Pao-ting (pa-o-ting'), or Paouting, orPauting. 
 
 The capital of the province of Chi-li, China, 
 situated on the river Yung-ting about 90 miles 
 southwest of Peking. It is the seat of the 
 provincial government. 
 
 Papa (pa'po). A town in the county of Vesz- 
 prem, Hungary, 59 miles south by east of Pres- 
 burg. Population, commune, 17,426. 
 
 Papago (pa'pa-go). [PL, also Papagos. Cor- 
 rupted from their own name for themselves.] 
 An agricultural tribe of North American Indi- 
 ans, closely allied to the Pima, inhabiting the 
 territory south and southeast of the Gila River, 
 on Gila Bend reservation, especially south of 
 Tucson, southern Arizona, and extending into 
 Sonora, Mexico. Number in the United 
 States, about 5,000. See Piman. 
 
 Papal States, or States of the Church. [It. 
 Stato della Chicsa, Stato Pontificio, etc. ; F. 
 Ptats de I’Pglisc ; G. Kirclienstaat.'] A former 
 dominion of Italy, governed directly by the papal 
 see. In 1859 it was bounded on the north by the Lom- 
 bardo-Venetian kingdom, on the east by the Adriatic, on 
 the southeast by the kingdom of Naples, on tiie south- 
 west by the Mediterranean, and on the west by Tuscany 
 and the duchy of Modena. It comprised the Romagna, the 
 Marches, Umbria, and the present province of Rome. It 
 originated inthegrantof the exarchateof Ravenna made by 
 Pepin the Short to Stephen II. in 755, confirmed by Charles 
 the Great ; received important territories by the will of 
 Matilda of Tuscany in the 12th century ; became indepen- 
 dent of the empire about 1200 ; acquired Bologna, Ancona, 
 Ravenna, and Ferrara in the 16th century ; and was obliged 
 to cede Avignon, Venaissin, Romagna, Bologna, and Fer- 
 rara in 1797. A Roman republic was proclaimed in 1798 ; 
 the papal power was partly restored in 1801 ; the remaining 
 territories were: incorporated with France in 1808-09; the 
 Papal States were restored in 1814 ; the revolution of 1848 
 was suppressed in 1849 ; nearly all the territory (including 
 
 Papinian 
 
 the Marches, Umbria, and Romagna) was annexed to Italy 
 in I860 ; and the remainder (including Rome and neighbor- 
 ing districts) was annexed to Italy in 1870. 
 
 Papal Tyranny in the Reign of King John. 
 
 Cibber’s alteration of Shakspere’s “King John,” 
 produced in 1745: it had been “burked” in 
 1736-37. 
 
 Papanazes (pii-pa,-nii'zas) . [Probably a double 
 plural from Papana.\ Indians on or near the 
 Brazilian coast of Espirito Santo and Porto Se- 
 guro at the time of the Portuguese conquest. 
 They were of the Tupi race. See Tupis. 
 Papantla (pa-pant'lii). A town in the state of 
 Vera Cruz, Mexico, 112 miles north-northwest 
 of Vera Cruz. Most of the inhabitants are Totonac In- 
 dians. Near Papantla there is an ancient pyramidal struc- 
 ture (teocalli), with other ruins. Population, 4,067. 
 
 Paparrhigopoulos (pa'-pa-re-gop'o-los), Con- 
 stantine. Bom at Constantinople, 1815 : died 
 at Athens, April 26, 1891. A Greek historian. 
 
 He became professor of history in the University of Athens 
 in 1851. His chief work is a “History of the Greek Peo- 
 ple ” (1800-74). 
 
 Papeiti (pa-pa-e'te), or Papeete. A seaport in 
 Tahiti, capital of the Society Islands, Pacific 
 Ocean, situated in lat. 17° 32' S., long. 149° 
 34' W. It has a considerable export trade. 
 Population, 3,617. 
 
 Papenburg (pa'pen-borG). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Hannover, Prussia, situated on a canal 
 near the Ems, 57 miles west of Bremen. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 7,675. 
 
 Paper King, The. A surname given to John 
 Law, from his financial schemes. 
 
 Paphian (pa'fi-an) Goddess, The. An epithet 
 of Aphrodite, from the worship paid her in Pa- 
 phos. 
 
 Paphlagonia (paf-la-go'ni-a). [Gr. TLafaayovta. ] 
 In ancient geography, a country in Asia Minor, 
 bounded by the Black Sea on the north, Pontus 
 (separated by the Halys) on the east, Galatia 
 on the south, andBithyniaonthewest. The sur- 
 face is generally mountainous. The country was semi-in- 
 dependent under Persian and Macedonian rule. It passed 
 later to Pontus, and with that to Rome in 65 B. C. 
 Paphos (pa'fos). [Gr. II (ujjor. ] In ancient ge- 
 
 ography, the name of two cities in Cyprus. Old 
 Paphos was situated near the southwestern coast. The cele- 
 brated temple of Astarte, or Venus, here was built of un- 
 burned brick and wood on a stone foundation measuring 
 164 by 220 feet. The famous image of the goddess was a 
 bsetylus. The temple stood in a large inclosure whose 
 walls were likewise of sun-dried brick on a massive stone 
 foundation. New Paphos was situated on the western coast 
 8-10 miles northwest of OldPaphos. Itwas a commercial 
 center. 
 
 Papias (pa'pi-as). [Gr. Umri.at;,'] Lived about 
 130 A. D. An early Christian writer, bishop of 
 Hierapolis in Phrygia. He was the author of a work 
 (lost except in fragments) “Exposition of the Oracles of 
 the Lord.” See the extract. 
 
 What has given celebrity to the name of Papias is his 
 authorship of a treatise in five books called “ Expositions 
 of Oracles of the Lord " (Ao yiutv K vpt a-a.j r i s) . . . 
 
 which title we shall make further remark presently. The 
 object of the book seems to have been to throw light on 
 the Gospel history, and in particular to do so by the help 
 of oral traditions which Papias had been able to collect 
 from those who had come in contact with surviving mem- 
 bers of the Apostolic circle. The fact that Papias lived at 
 a time when it was still possible to meet such persons has 
 given such importance to his testimony that though only 
 some very few fragments of his work remain, they have 
 given occasion to whole treatises : every word of these frag- 
 ments being rigidly scrutinised, and, what is less reason- 
 able in the case of a book of which so little is known, ar- 
 guments being built on the silence of Papias about sundry 
 matters whirl: it is supposed he ought to have mentioned 
 and assumed that he did not. 
 
 Smith and Wace, Diet, of Christian Biography, IV. 185. 
 Papin (pa'pin; F. pron. pa-pan'), Denis. Born 
 at Blois, France, Aug. 22, 1647: died 1712. A 
 French physicist, inventor of “ Papin’s diges- 
 ter.” 
 
 Papineau (pa-pe-no'), Louis Joseph. Born at 
 Montreal, Oct., 1786: died Sept. 23, 1871. A 
 French-Canadian politician. He was elected to the 
 legislative assembly of Lower Canada in 1809 ; was admit- 
 ted to the bar in 1811 ; and was chosen speaker of the 
 house in 1815. He was one of the leaders of the French- 
 Canadian insurrection of 1837. He escaped capture, and 
 resided chiefly in France till 1847, when hereturned under 
 the general amnesty of 1840. He was afterward a mem- 
 ber of the United Parliament. 
 
 Papinian (pa-pin'i-an), L. iEmilius Papini- 
 
 anus. Executed by Caracalla, 212 A. d. A 
 Roman jurist, pretorian prefect under Septi- 
 mius Severus. 
 
 A friend of Severus and of almost the same age with him 
 was the great jurist .■F.mil ins Papinianus. Under Severus 
 he was proefectus prastorio, but was executed soon after 
 Caracalla's accession to the throne, on account of his loy- 
 alty to the other son, Geta. Papinian was remarkable not 
 onlyforhis juridical genius, forthe independence of judg- 
 ment, the lucidity and firmness, manifested in the judicial 
 decisions on individual cases which he gave with the aid 
 of his large experience, but also for Ii i s quick sense of 
 right and morality, by which he frequently rose above the 
 barriers of national prejudices, and merited the highest 
 
Papinian 
 
 veneration of succeeding centuries. The most important 
 of his works are the 37 books of Quasstionea and the 19 
 books of Responsa, both of which have been much used 
 In Justinian's collections. His diction is conspicuous for 
 conciseness and exactness, but for that very reason is fre- 
 quently difficult to follow. 
 
 Teuffel and Schwabe, Hist, of Roman Lit. (tr. by Warr), 
 
 HI. 252. 
 
 Papiocos (pa-pe-6'kos), or Piapocos (pe-a-po'- 
 kos). An Indian tribe of southwestern Vene- 
 zuela, on the river Guaviare near its junction 
 with the Orinoco. They are of Arawak or May- 
 pure stock. 
 
 Papirian Law (pa-pir'i-an la). A supposed col- 
 lection of the ancient Soman Leges Regise, of 
 early date, made by a certain Caius (or Sextus) 
 Papirius. 
 
 Papirius Cursor (pa-pir'i-us ker'sor), Lucius. 
 A Roman consul and dictator, general in the 
 second Samnite war. As dictator he won a 
 victory over the Samnites in 309 b. c. 
 
 Papirius Cursor, Lucius. A Roman consul and 
 general in the third Samnite war. 
 Pappenheim (pap'pen-kim), Gottfried Hein- 
 rich, Graf zu (G., ‘Count at’)- Born at Pap- 
 penheim, Bavaria, May 29, 1591 : died at 
 Leipsic, Nov. 17, 1632. An Imperialist gen- 
 eral in the Thirty Years' War. He became chief 
 of the Pappenheimer regiment in 1623 ; suppressed the 
 peasant insurrection in Upper Austria in 162(3 ; took part 
 in the storming of Magdeburg and in the battle of Breiten- 
 feld in 1631 ; and was mortally wounded at Liitzen in 1632. 
 
 Pappenheimer (pap'pen-him-er) Regiment. A 
 
 regiment of cuirassiers in the Imperialist ser- 
 vice in the Thirty Years’ War. 
 
 Pappus (pap'us). [Gr. nd-nwof.] Lived about 
 the close of the 4th century. An Alexandrian 
 geometer. He wrote a mathematical work, 
 the “Collection” (edited by Hultsclr 1875-78). 
 Paps of Jura (jo'rii). Three mountains in the 
 southern part of tlie island of Jura, Scotland. 
 Highest point, 2,566 feet. 
 
 Papua. See New Guinea. 
 
 Pap with a Hatchet. A scurrilous tract against 
 “Martin Marprelate,” published in 1589 anony- 
 mously : attributed by Gabriel Harvey to John 
 Lyly. 
 
 Paqotce. See Iowa. 
 
 Para (pa-ra'). A river of northeastern Brazil, 
 physically the estuary of the Tocantins, but re- 
 ceiving a large amount of water from the Ama- 
 zon through a network of narrow channels on 
 the southern side of the island of Marajo. it is 
 therefore commonly called one of the mouths of the Ama- 
 zon. Width, where it enters the Atlantic, 40 miles. 
 Pard. The northeasternmost state of Brazil, 
 bordering on Guiana and the Atlantic. The sur- 
 face is generally level. Area, 443,903 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 445,356. 
 
 Para, or Belem : in full Santa Maria de Belem 
 do Grao Parti (san'ta, ma-re'a de ba-lan' dp 
 grouh pii-ra'). A seaport, capital of the state 
 of Pard, Brazil, situated on the river Para in lat. 
 1° 27' S., long. 48° 30' W. It isthecenteroftheriver 
 trade of the Amazon system, and exports rubber, cacao, 
 copaiba balsam, hides, nuts, etc. It was founded in Dec., 
 16i5. Population, 96,560. 
 
 Parabosco (pa-ra-bos'ko), Girolamo. Born at 
 Placentium: died at Venice about 1557. A 
 noted Italian musician and poet. He was organist 
 and chapel-master at St. Mark’s in Venice. He published 
 “Rime" (poems, 1547), “II Progne" (1548: a tragedy), 
 “L’Oracolo ” (1551-52), “ I ’ Diporti ’’ (1552 : a collection of 
 17 novels), six comedies which were collected and published 
 at Venice (1560), etc. 
 
 Paracelsus (par-a-sel'sus), Philippu.s Aureo- 
 lus (originally Theophrastus Bombastus von 
 Hohenheim). Born atMaria-Einsiedeln, Swit- 
 zerland, Dec. 17, 1493 : died at Salzburg, Sept. 
 23, 1541. A celebrated German-Swiss physi- 
 cian and alchemist. He entered the University of 
 Basel at the age of sixteen, but left without a degree, and 
 spent many years in travel and intercourse with distin- 
 guished scholars. He lectured on medicine at Basel from 
 about 1526 to 1528, when he was driven from the city by the 
 medical corporations, whose methods he had severely criti- 
 cized. He is important in the history of medicine chiefly 
 on account of the impetus which he gave to the develop- 
 ment of pharmaceutical chemistry. He was also the 
 author of a visionary and theosophic system of philosophy. 
 The first collective edition of his works appeared at Basel 
 in 1589-91. Among the many legends concerning him is 
 that of his sword in the hilt of which he kept a familiar or 
 small demon. 
 
 Paracelsus. A poem by Robert Browning, pub- 
 lished in 1835-36. 
 
 Paraclet (pa-ra-kla'). A hamlet near Nogent- 
 sur-Seine, Aube, France. It was formerly the seatof 
 a nunnery, founded in 1123 by Abelard, of which Hffloise 
 was abbess. 
 
 Paradise. A fresco by Orcagna, in Santa Maria 
 Novella, Florence, notable for the solemnity 
 and harmony of its composition. Christ and the 
 Virgin are enthroned above great companies of apostles. 
 
 780 
 
 martyrs, saints, and angels. The fine companion pieces 
 are the “Last Judgment” and “Hell.” 
 
 Paradise. A painting by Tintoretto, the largest 
 picture ever painted on canvas (84 by 25£ feet), 
 covering the east wall of the Sala del Maggior 
 Consiglio in the ducal palace at Venice. It is 
 darkened by injudicious restoration, but is highly impres- 
 sive in composition, and full of beauties of detail. 
 
 Paradise Lost. An epic poem by John Milton, 
 published in 1667, in twelve hooks. The subject is 
 the fall of man. This is his greatest work, and the chief 
 epic in the English language. 
 
 Paradise of Dainty Devices, The. A collec- 
 tion of poems compiled by Richard Edwards in 
 1576. It was very popular, and went through 
 nine or ten editions before 1600. 
 
 Paradise of Fools. Limbo. 
 
 Paradise Regained. An epic poem, in four 
 books, by John Milton, published in 1671. The 
 subject is the redemption. 
 
 Paradiso (pa-ra-de'so), II. [It., ‘Paradise.’] 
 The third part of the “Divine Comedy,” by 
 Dante. 
 
 Paragua. See Palawan. 
 
 Paraguay (par'a-gwl), Sp. and Pg. Paraguaya 
 (par-a-gwi'a). A river of South America, prop- 
 erly the upper portion of the Parana, it rises in 
 the table-land of western Brazil near lat. 14° 15' S., flows 
 south, and unites with the Upper ParanA to form the Lower 
 ParanA in lat. 27° 17' S., long. 58° 30' W. It flows succes- 
 sively through Brazil, between Brazil and Bolivia, through 
 northern Paraguay, separating the Paraguayan Chaco from 
 the main portion, and finally between Paraguay and the 
 Argentine Republic. In Brazil it is bordered by the vast 
 swampy region called the Charaes marshes (see Charaes). 
 The principal tributaries are the Sao Louremjo (receiving 
 the CuyabA) and Taquary on the east, and the Pilcomayo 
 and Vermejo on the west. Length, about 1,500 miles (with 
 the Lower ParanA and Plata, 2,580 miles); navigable to 
 V ilia Maria, 300 miles from its source. 
 
 Paraguay. An interior republic of South Amer- 
 ica, between the Parana on the east and south 
 and the Paraguay on the west, with a westward 
 extension between the Paraguay andPilcomayo : 
 bounded north by Bolivia and Brazil, eastby Bra- 
 zil, and south and west by the Argentine Repub- 
 lic. Capital, Asuncion. The main portion is hilly 
 or undulating, with alineof high hills, caUed mountains, in 
 the interior ; the part west of the Paraguay, included in 
 the Gran Chaco region (which see), is flat, partly swampy, 
 and has few inhabitants except wild Indians. The climate 
 is semi-tropical. The principal products are hides, fruits, 
 a little sugar, tobacco, and mate or Paraguay tea. Most of 
 the inhabitants are a mixedrace, descended from Spaniards 
 and Guarany Indians : the common language is a corrupt 
 form of Guarany, but Spanish is spoken in the larger places. 
 The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. Executive au- 
 thority is vested in a president elected for four years, and 
 congress consists of a senate and a chamber of deputies. 
 The country has a very imperfect railroad and telegraph 
 system. Paraguay was settled by Spaniards in 1536, and the 
 colony at first included all the Platine region ; the south- 
 ern part was separated in 1620, and the country, as a prov- 
 ince, approximately with its present limits, was attached 
 to the viceroyalty of La Plata in 1776. Jesuit influence 
 became predominant in the 17th century, and the order 
 had here its most celebrated missions until it was expelled 
 in 1767. The colony declared its independence in 1811, 
 refusing to unite with the Argentine Confederation. 
 It was successively under the absolute dictatorship of 
 Francia (1814-401, C. A. Lopez (1841-62), and F. L. Lopez 
 (1862-70). The last in 1865 provoked a war with Brazil, 
 the Argentine, and Uruguay (see Triple Alliance, War of 
 the), which terminated with his death after the country 
 had been completely impoverished and a great part of the 
 adult male population nad been killed. The present 
 constitution was adopted in 1870. The territory west 
 of the Paraguay (Paraguayan Chaco) was claimed by the 
 Argentine, but was awarded to Paraguay by the arbitra- 
 tion of President Hayes of the United States in 1878. 
 Area, about 98,000 square miles. The census of 1899 gave 
 a civilized population of 517,285, 100,000 Indians, and 18,- 
 286 foreigners. In 1905 the population was estimated at 
 631,347, including 50,000 Indians, and in 1908 at 716,000. 
 
 Paraguayan War. See Triple Alliance, War 
 of the. 
 
 Parabyba, or Parahiba, or Paraiba (pii-ra-e'- 
 ba). 1 . A river in the state of Parahyba, Brazil. 
 Length, over 200 miles. Also called Parahyba 
 do Norte. — 2. A river which rises in the state of 
 Sao Paulo, separates Minas Geraes from Rio 
 de Janeiro, and flows into the Atlantic north- 
 east of Rio de Janeiro. Length, 658 miles. Also 
 called Parahyba do Sul. — 3. A maritime state 
 of Brazil, situated north of Pernambuco. Area, 
 28,854 square miles. Population, 490,784. — 4 . 
 The capital of the state of Parahyba, situated 
 on the river Parahyba, near its mouth, in lat. 
 7° 7' S., long. 34° 53' W. Population, about 
 29,000. 
 
 Parallel Lives. Tlie chief work of Plutarch. 
 See Plutarch. 
 
 Paramaribo (par-;pmar'i-b6). The capital of 
 Dutch Guiana, or Surinam, situated on the Suri- 
 nam in lat. 5° 50' N., long. 55° 13' W. It has im- 
 portant commerce, and exports sugar, rum, molasses, cot- 
 ton, etc. It was founded by tlie French about 1600. Popu- 
 lation, 34,962. 
 
 Paramatman (pa-ra-miit'mau). [Skt. : parama, 
 
 Parchim 
 
 supreme, atman, soul.] In Sanskrit, the supreme 
 spirit, soul of the universe. 
 
 Paramatta. See Parramatta. 
 
 Paramushir (pii-ra-mo-sher'), or Poromusbir 
 (po-ro-mo-sher'). One of the larger islands in 
 the northern part of the Kurile group, south of 
 Kamchatka. 
 
 Paran (pa'ran). In Bible geography, a wilder- 
 ness south of Palestine and north of Sinai. It 
 was the scene of the wanderings of the Israelites before 
 they entered Canaan. 
 
 Parana (pa-ra-ua'). A river of South America, 
 flowing into the Plata, which forms the estuary 
 of the Parana and Uruguay, it is divided physi- 
 cally into the Upper and Lower ParanA. The latter is 
 properly a continuation of the Paraguay, the Upper Pa- 
 ranA being an eastern affluent. It has a general southerly 
 course, entirely in the Argentine Republic, and its princi- 
 pal affluent is the Salado in the west. The Upper ParanA 
 is formed by the junction of the Rio Grande and Parana- 
 hyba in Brazil (near lat. 20° S., long. 50° 50' W.). It re- 
 ceives several large Brazilian rivers (the Pardo, Tietd, Pa- 
 ranapanema, Ivahy, etc.) ; flows southward between Bra- 
 zil and Paraguay ; turns westward between Paraguay and 
 the Argentine Republic; and by its junction with the Pa- 
 raguay (lat. 27° 17' S., long. 68° 30' W.) forms the Lower Pa- 
 ranA. The central portion is obstructed by rapids and 
 falls, the highest being the Sete Quedas (which see). 
 Length of the Upper ParanA, about 1,200 miles (or, with the 
 Paranapanema, 1,730 miles) ; navigable to the A pipe rapids 
 about 150 miles). Length of the Lower ParanA, 860 miles 
 or, with the Plata, 1,080 miles); entirely navigable. 
 
 Parallel. A maritime state in southern Brazil, 
 separated from Paraguay by the river Parana. 
 Capital, Curityba. The surface is mountainous and 
 table-land. Area, 85,461 square miles. Population, 327,- 
 130. 
 
 Parana. The capital of Entre Rios, Argentine 
 Republic, situated on the Parana. Formerly 
 called Bajada de Santa Fe or del Par and. Pop- 
 ulation, 27,000. 
 
 Parana, Marquis of. See Carneiro Ledo, Hono- 
 rio Hermeto. 
 
 Paranagua (pa-ra-na-gwa'). A seaport in the 
 state of Parana, Brazil, situated in lat. 25° 31' 
 S.,long. 48° 27' 51 // W. Pop.,municipio, 10,075. 
 
 Paranabyba (pa-ra-na-e'ba), or Parnabyba 
 (par-na-e'ba). 1. A river in Brazil, one of the 
 chief head streams of the Parana. It forms 
 part of the boundary between the states of 
 Goyaz and Minas Geraes. — 2. A river in Brazil 
 which flows into the Atlantic about lat. 2° 50' 
 S. Length, about 830miles. — 3. A seaport in 
 the province of Piauhy, Brazil, situated on the 
 last-mentioned river near its mouth. Popula- 
 tion, municipio, 9,960. 
 
 Paranbos, Jos6 Maria da Silva. See Silva 
 Paranhos. 
 
 Pararauates. See ParenUntims. 
 
 Parasburama (pa-ra-sho-ra'ma). [‘Rama with 
 the ax.’] The first of the three Ramas, and the 
 sixth avatara or incarnation of Vishnu, Vishnu 
 having appeared in this incarnation to repress 
 the tyranny of the Kshatriya, or military caste. 
 He typifies tlie Brahmans in their contests with the Ksha- 
 triya. He was a Brahman, the fifth son of Jamadagtii, 
 and on his father’s side descended from Bhrigu, whence he 
 is the Bhargava, while on the maternal side he was of the 
 race of the Kushikas. In the Mahabharata he instructs 
 Arjuna in the use of arms, and fights with Bhishnia; is 
 present at a war council of the Kauravas ; and is struck 
 senseless by Ramachandra, the seventh avatar. In the 
 Ramayana, Parashurama, aggrieved by Rama's breaking the 
 bow of Shiva, challenges him to a trial of strength, and 
 is defeated by him. 
 
 Parasitaster (par-a-si-tas'ter), or the Fawn. 
 A play by Marstou, acted at Blackfriars in 1604, 
 and printed in 1606. 
 
 The writers of Jonson’s days seem to have connected, I 
 know not why, the idea of a spy or splenetic observer with 
 thatof afaun. Marston calls one of his plays “TheFawne,” 
 in allusion to a character in disguise who watches and ex- 
 poses all the persons of the drama in succession. 
 
 Gifford, Note to Jonson’s Poetaster, p. 245. 
 
 Paravilhanas (pa-ra-vel-ya'nas). A tribe of 
 Indians in northern Brazil, on the confines of 
 Venezuela and British Guiana, about the head 
 waters of tho Rio Branco. Formerly numerous, 
 they are now nearly or quite extinct. They have been re- 
 ferred to the Carib stock. 
 
 Paray-le-Monial (pii-ra 'le-mo-ny ill ' ) . A town 
 in the department of Saone-et-Loire, France, 
 situated on the Bourbince 33 miles west by 
 north of Macon. It is noted as a place of pilgrimage, 
 and for its convent of the Visitation and its church. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 4,431. 
 
 Parcae (piir'se). The Latin name of the Fates. 
 See Mcerse. 
 
 Parc-aux-Cerfs (piirk'o-sar'). Ahouse in Ver- 
 sailles, France, which was notorious as a harem 
 of Louis XV. 
 
 Parcbim (parch'im). A town in Mecklenburg- 
 Schwerin, Germany, on the Elde 24 miles south- 
 east of Schwerin. It was the birthplace of Von 
 Moltke. Population, commune, 10,498. 
 
Farcival 
 
 Parcival. See Parsifal, Parsival, and Perceval. 
 Pardo (par'do), Manuel. Born at Lima, Aug. 
 12, 1834: assassinated there, Nov. 16, 1878. A 
 Peruvian statesman. He was a banker, and was min- 
 ister of the treasury under Balta, 1866-68. From Aug. 2, 
 1872, to Aug. 2, 1876, he was president of Peru. He was the 
 first civilian who attained this position, and was one of 
 the best presidents the republic ever had. At the time 
 of his death he was president of the senate. 
 
 Pardoe (par'do), Julia. Born at Beverley, York- 
 shire, England, 1806: died 1862. An English 
 historical and miscellaneous writer. 
 
 Pardon de Ploermel (par-doh' de plo-er-mel'), 
 Le. An opera by Meyerbeer, first produced at 
 Paris, 1859. See Dinorah. 
 
 Pardoner’s Tale, The. One of Chaucer’s * ‘ Can- 
 terbury Tales." It is a discourse on gluttony 
 taken from a Latin treatise of Pope Innocent 
 III. Lounsbury. 
 
 PardubitZ (par'do-bits). A town in Bohemia, 
 situated at the junction of the Chrudimka with 
 the Elbe, 59 miles east of Prague. Population, 
 commune, 20,394, (1910). 
 
 Pare (pa-ra'), Latinized Parssus (pa-re'us), 
 Ambroise. Born at Laval, Mayenno, France, 
 1517 : died at Paris, Dec. 22, 1590. A French 
 surgeon, the founder of scientific surgery in 
 France. He introduced improvements in the treatment 
 of gunshot-wounds, the use of ligatures, etc. His works 
 were published in 1561. 
 
 Parecis (pa-ra-ses'). A tribe or race of Indians 
 in western Brazil (state of Matto Grosso), on the 
 
 E lateau called Campos dos Parecis, about the 
 ead waters of the rivers Paraguay, Guapor6, 
 and Tapajos. They live in fixed villages, practise agri- 
 culture, and are generally friendly to the whites, though 
 having few relations with them. Formerly the tribe was 5 
 one of the most powerful of this region, but so far as is" 
 known only a few hundreds survive. They belong to the 
 Maypure or Arawak linguistic stock. The Guachis, Ba- 
 cairis, and other tribes classed with the Parecis by Martius 
 are now known to be widely separated by their languages. 
 Also written Parexis, Parisis, etc. 
 
 Parecis, Campos dos. See Campos dos Parecis. 
 Parecis, Serra dos. A name given to the south- 
 western edge of the Brazilian plateau (Campos 
 dos Parecis), where it faces the river GuaporA 
 Paredes (pa-ra'das), Josd Gregorio. Born at 
 Lima, 1779: died there, Dec. 16, 1839. A Peru- 
 vian mathematician. He was appointed official cos- 
 mographer in 1812, and under the republic held various 
 high offices, including the ministry of the treasury. Pare- 
 des published several works on mathematics and physics, 
 but is best known for his “Almanacs," 1810-39, which con- 
 tain numerous historical and geographical notes of much 
 value. 
 
 Paredes, Mariano. Born about 1800 : died at 
 Granada, Nicaragua, Dec. 2, 1856. A Guatema- 
 lan general and politician. HewaspresidentofGua- 
 temalaJan. 1, 1849, to Jan. 1, 1852, but was practically a 1 ool 
 of Carrera, who succeeded him. At the time of his death 
 he was fighting against Walker. 
 
 Paredes v Arxillaga (e ar-rel-ya'ga), Mariano. 
 Born at Mexico, Jan. 6, 1797 : died there, Sept., 
 1849. A Mexican general. He led the revolution 
 against Herrera, and after an overthrow of the latter was 
 elected president ad interim Jan. 3, 1846, serving until July 
 28, when he was forced to resign. During this period the 
 war with the United States began : the republic was prac- 
 tically in a condition of anarchy. 
 
 Pareja (pa-ra'Ha), Juan de. Born at Seville 
 about 1606: died at Madrid, 1670. A Spanish 
 painter, a pupil and originally a slave of Velas- 
 quez. He was most successful in portraits. Velasquez 
 freed him, but he remained in his service. The portrait 
 of him by Velasquez represents a mulatto. 
 
 Pareja y Septien (e sep-te-an'), Jose Manuel. 
 Born at Lima, Peru, 1812: died at Valparaiso, 
 Chile, Nov. 28, 1865. A Spanish naval officer. 
 He commanded the fleet which, in Sept., 1865, provoked 
 hostilities with Chile and blockaded the Chilean ports. 
 One of his gunboats having been taken by the Chileans, 
 Pareja committed suicide. 
 
 Parenis (pa-ra-nes'), or Parenas (pa-ra-nas'). 
 Indians of Venezuela, on the Orinoco above the 
 junction of the Apure. They were gathered into 
 missions in the 18th century, and as a tribe are now prac- 
 tically extinct. They belonged to the Arawak or Maypure 
 linguistic stock, and their language was closely allied to 
 that of the true Maypures. Also written Par erics. 
 
 Parentintims, or Parentintins (pa-ren-ten- 
 tens'). Wandering Indians of the Amazon val- 
 ley, living on both sides of the Tapajds near 
 the lower falls, and ranging westward to the 
 Madeira. They go in small bands, and subsist by hunting 
 and fishing, or by stealing from the plantations of other 
 tribes. The Mundurucus call them, or some of them, 
 Pararauates, and wage a constant war against them. It is 
 probable that Indians of different races have been con- 
 founded under this name. 
 
 Parenzo (pa-rend'zo). [L. Parentium.~\ A sea- 
 port in Istria, Austria-Hungary, situated on the 
 Gulf of Venice 31 miles south by west of Triest. 
 The cathedral is a very curious building, founded in 643. 
 It Ispreceded by an atrium and baptistery, and has 3 naves 
 divided by marble columns with sculptured capitals. The 
 apse Is tncrusted below with marbles and lined above 
 
 781 
 
 with early mosaics of the Virgin and saints, and friezes of 
 flowers, fishes, shells, and foliage. Population, com- 
 mune, 12,368, (1910). 
 
 Parepa-Rosa (pa-ra'pa-ro'sa), Madame (Eu- 
 phrosyne Parepa de Boyesku). Born at Edin- 
 burgh, May 7, 1836: died at London, Jan. 21, 
 1874. An English soprano singer in oratorio 
 and opera. She made her debut at Malta in 1856, and 
 first appeared in England in 1867, and in the United States 
 in 1866. She married Carl Rosa in 1867, and they estab- 
 lished an opera company in which she was successful. 
 
 Parergon, See Ayliffe. 
 
 Parga (par'ga). A seaport in Albania, in 
 the Turkish vilayet of Janina, situated on the 
 Ionian Sea in lat. 39° 17' N., long. 20° 25' E. 
 It was under Venetian protection from 1401 to 1797 ; was 
 besieged by Ali Pasha in 1814 ; was taken under British 
 protection ; and in 1815 was delivered by the British to 
 Turkey. The inhabitants abandoned the town in 1819. 
 Population, about 5,000. 
 
 Paria (pa're-a, or pa-re-a'). A peninsula of 
 northeastern Venezuela, projecting eastward 
 between the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of 
 Paria, and terminating in Cape Paria opposite 
 Trinidad. 
 
 Paria, Gulf of. An arm of the Caribbean Sea, 
 between Venezuela and Trinidad. 
 
 Pariahs (pa'ri-az). [Lit. ‘drummers’ (the Pa- 
 riahs being the hereditary drum-beaters).] The 
 members of a low caste of Hindus in southern 
 India. They are lower than the regular castes of the 
 Brahmanical system, by whom they are shunned as un- 
 clean, yet superior to some other castes in the Tamil 
 country, where they constitute a considerable part of the 
 population. The Pariahs are commonly employed as labor- 
 ers by the agricultural class, or as servants to Europeans. 
 
 Parian Chronicle, The. See Chronicle of 
 Paros. 
 
 Parias (pa-re-as'), or Pariagotos (pa-re-a-go'- 
 tos). Indians who formerly occupied the penin- 
 sula of Paria in northeastern Venezuela. They 
 were among the first of the continental tribes seen by 
 Columbus : later many of them were enslaved. The rem- 
 nants were gathered into missions, and are now merged 
 in the country population of the coast. They were of Carib 
 stock. Also written Pariacotoes, etc. 
 
 Parieu (pa-rye'), Marie Louis Pierre Felix 
 Esquirou de. Born at Aurillac, France, April 
 13, 1815 : died April 9, 1893. A French politi- 
 cal economist and politician. He was minis- 
 ter of instruction 1849-51. 
 
 Parima (pa-re'ma or pa-re-ma'). A mythical 
 lake long supposed to exist in the northern part 
 of South America. At first it was associated with the 
 story of El Dorado (which see); later, when the search for 
 the gilded king had proved fruitless, geographers clung to 
 the lake. Maps of the 18th century, and even some later 
 ones, represented it as a large body of water in Guiana. 
 Schomburgk’s explorations proved that the only lakes in 
 this region were small areas of flooded grass-land. The 
 name has been retained for mountains and a river of the 
 same region. 
 
 Parima, Sierra or Serra de. Mountains of 
 southern Venezuela, on the confines of Brazil, 
 between the upper Orinoco and its branch the 
 Ventuario. Their true nature is little understood, and 
 they are perhaps edges of a high plateau, though some 
 points are said to exceed 8,000 feet in altitude. The Ori- 
 noco takes its rise on the southwestern side. The name is 
 sometimes extended to all the highland region on the fron- 
 tiers of Venezuela and Brazil and in British Guiana, thus 
 including the Pacaraima Sierra(which see). Often written 
 Parime. 
 
 Parini (pa-re'ne), Giuseppe. Born at Bosio, 
 near Milan, May 22, 1729 : died at Milan, Aug. 
 15, 1799. An Italian poet. He published the satiri- 
 cal poems “II mattino” (“Morning," 1763), “II mezzo- 
 giorno” (“Noon," 1765), “II vespro” (“Evening”), “La 
 notte ” (“Night ”), etc. 
 
 Paris (par'is). [Gr. Uaptc.'] 1 . In Greek le- 
 gend, the second son of Priam, king of Troy, 
 and Hecuba : also called Alexander. Before his 
 birth Hecuba dreamt that she had given birth to a firebrand 
 which caused a conflagration of the city. The dream was 
 interpreted to mean that she would give birth to a son who 
 would bring disaster on Troy. Paris was accordingly ex- 
 posed on Mount Ida, but was for a time nourished by a she- 
 bear, and was ultimately taken homeand brought up by the 
 shepherd who was intrusted with his exposure. His paren- 
 tage was accidentally discovered ; he was admitted to the 
 household of Priam, married (Enone, daughter of the river- 
 god Cebren, and became celebrated far and wide for his 
 beauty of person, his gallantry, and his accomplishments. 
 During the nuptialsof Peleus and Thetis, Eris, who alone 
 among the gods was excluded, threw a golden apple among 
 the marriage guests with the inscription “ To the Fairest.” 
 A dispute arose between Hera, Aphrodite, and Athene over 
 the apple, and Zeus ordered Hermes to take the goddesses 
 to Paris, who tended his flocks on Mount Gargarus, a 
 height on Mount Ida, and who was to adjudge the apple. 
 To influence his decision Hera offered him power, Athene 
 martial glory, and Aphrodite the most beautiful of women. 
 He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, who in return assisted 
 himincarryingoff from SpartaHelen,thewifeof Menelaus. 
 The rape of Helen gave rise to the Trojan war, during which 
 he brought down upon himself the detestation of bis own 
 friends by his cowardice and his stubborn determination 
 not to give up Helen. He was fatally wounded by Philoc- 
 tetes with a poisoned arrow at the taking of Troy. 
 
 2. A character in Shakspere’s tragedy “Ro- 
 
 Paris, Sieges and Capitulations of 
 
 meo and Juliet,” a young nobleman to whom 
 Capulet betrothed his daughter Juliet against 
 her will. 
 
 Paris (par'is; F. pron. pa-re'). [ME. Paris, 
 Parys, AS. Paris (= Sp. Paris, Pg. Paris, G. 
 Paris, etc.), from OF. Paris ([iron, pa-res'), F. 
 Paris = It. Parigi, from LL. Parisii, L. Lutetia 
 Parisiorum, Lutetia of the Parisii, a Celtic tribe. 
 Lutetia has been referred, without evidence, to 
 L. lutum, mud.] The capital of France, sit- 
 uated on both banks of the Seine in lat. 48° 50' 
 N., long. 2° 20' E. (observatory). It is the third 
 largest city in the world ; is considered the finest city in 
 the world ; and has long been celebrated as a center of 
 fashion, literature, art, the drama, and scholarship. Its 
 boundaries are the fortifications, 22 miles long, including 
 30 square m iles. The nucleus of the city is lie de la Cit<5, an 
 island in the Seine. It is the commercial and manufac- 
 turing center of France, and the center of the French rail- 
 waysystem. Amongthe leading manufacturesare clothing, 
 furniture, “articles de Paris,” machinery, jewelry, clocks, 
 gloves, tapestries, carriages, etc. (For various localities 
 and objects of interest — e. g. the Bois de Boulogne, the 
 Champs-Elysdes, the churches of Notre Dame and the Pan- 
 thdon, the Theatre Frarn-ais, the Louvre and the Luxem- 
 bourg, the Sorbonne, etc. — and for many local details, see 
 the separate articles.) The Grand Opdra is the most sump- 
 tuous existing theater. The chief facade is enriched with 
 polychrome materials, and adorned with statues and groups 
 of sculpture. The grand staircase is of great beauty, and 
 the grand foyer, a hall 175 feet long, 42 wide, and 59 high, 
 displays on its walls and ceiling the celebrated paintings 
 by Baudry, representing the Muses, music, dancing, Mount 
 Parnassus, and the ancient poets. The city contains many 
 hospitals and museums, and is the seat of many societies, 
 including the Institute of France. Paris belongs to the 
 department of Seine, and is governed by the municipal 
 council, the prefect of Seine, the prefect of police, and 
 the mayors of arrondissements. It was the ancient capi- 
 tal of a small Gallic tribe, the Parisii ; was the capital of 
 Constantius Chlorus 292-306 ; was made the capital of the 
 Frankish kingdom by Clovis in 508 ; was ruled by counts 
 under the Carolingians ; became again the capital under 
 the Capetians ; was largely developed under Philip Augus- 
 tus and St. Louis ; suffered from civil strife under Charles 
 VI.; was entered by Henry V. of England in 1420, but 
 expelled the English in 1436 ; was the scene of the massa- 
 cre of St. Bartholomew in 1572 ; became the center of the 
 League; was opened to Henry IV. in 1594 ; and was the 
 scene of many of the leading events in the first revolu- 
 tion and in those of 1830 and 1848. International exposi- 
 tions were held here in 1855, 18C7, 1878, 1889, and 1900. (For 
 the more important sieges and treaties of Paris, see 
 below.) Population, 2,763,393. 
 
 Paris. A city, capital of Edgar County, eastern 
 Illinois, 106 miles east by south of Springfield. 
 Population, 7,664, (1910). 
 
 Paris. A city, capital of Bourbon County, Ken- 
 tucky, 34 miles east of Frankfort. Population, 
 5,859, (1910). 
 
 Paris, Comte de (Louis Philippe Albert d’Or- 
 leans). Born at Paris, Aug. 24, 1838 : died in 
 England, Sept. 8, 1894. Head of the Legitimist 
 party in France and claimant of the French 
 throne, eldest son of Ferdinand, due d’Orleans, 
 and grandson of Louis Philippe. He became heir 
 apparent to the French throne on the death of his father 
 in 1842. He was educated in England, where his mother 
 sought refuge after the overthrow of his grandfather in 
 1848. In 1862 he served as a captain of volunteers on the 
 staff of General McClellan. He subsequently took up his 
 residence in France, but returned to England on the pas- 
 sage of the expulsion bill of 1886. On the death of the 
 Comte de Chambord, grandson of Charles X., without 
 issue, in 1883, he was recognized by the Legitimists as the 
 head of the royal house of France, uniting in his person 
 the claims of the older and the younger (Orleans) line 
 of the house of Bourbon. He published “Histoire de la 
 guerre civile en Amdrique ” (1874-87). 
 
 Paris (pa-res'), Gaston Bruno Pa.ulin. Born 
 at Avenay, Marne, Aug. 9, 1839: died at Cannes, 
 March 5, 1903. An eminent French Romance 
 philologist. From 1872 he occupied a chair of French 
 language and literature at the College de France, of which 
 he became administrator in 1895; he was also director of 
 the Romance language department in the Ecole des Hautes 
 Etudes. His first publication of note was a “Histoire 
 podtique de Charlemagne” (1865). His edition of "La 
 vie de Saint-Alexis ” was truly epoch-making in the an- 
 nals of French philology. He also published “ La litera- 
 ture franqaise au moyen fige,” etc., and was connected 
 with many important philological publications in the 
 French language, among others the “Romania" and the 
 “ Revue critique.” In 1896 he was elected a member of 
 the French Academy. 
 
 Paris, Judgment of. See Judgment of Paris. 
 Paris, Matthew of. See Matthew of Paris. 
 Paris, Sieges and Capitulations of. The most 
 noteworthy of these are the following, (a) siege 
 by the Northmen in 885-886. It was unsuccessful, (b) 
 Siege by Henry IV. in 1590. The city was successfully de- 
 fended by the forces of the League, (c) Surrender to the 
 Allies, March 31, 1814. (d) Surrender to the Allies, July 
 7, 1815. (c) Siege of 1870-71 by the Germans. It was com- 
 menced Sept. 19, 1870; ineffectual sorties were made Nov. 
 30-Dec. 3, Jan. 10-16, and Jan. 19, 1871; the city capitu- 
 lated by the convention of Versailles Jan. 28; the entry 
 of German troops took place March 1, and the evacuation 
 Marcli 3. (/) Siege of 1871 by the troops of the National 
 Assemblycommanded by MacMahon, Paris being defended 
 by the Communists. It began April 6, and the city was 
 entered by t lie besiegers May 21 : many buildings (IIAtel 
 de Ville, Tuileries, etc.) were destroyed by the Communist*. 
 The insurrection was finally suppressed May 28, 1871. 
 
Paris, Treaties of 
 
 Paris, Treaties of. Among the various trea- 
 ties negotiated or concluded at Paris, the fol- 
 lowing are the most important, (a) Between Great 
 Britain ou one side and France, Spain, and Portugal on 
 the other, Feb. 10, 1763. France ceded to Great Britain 
 Canada, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton, Mobile, all 
 the territory east of the Mississippi, Dominica, Tobago, St. 
 V incent, and Grenada ; England restored to France Guade- 
 loupe, Martinique, St. Pierre and Miquelon, and Pondi- 
 cherry, and ceded St. Lucia to her ; Spain ceded Florida to 
 Great Britain ; England restored Havana to Spain ; and 
 France ceded Louisiana to Spain. (b) Between Great Britain 
 on one side and France, Spain, and the United States on rise 
 other, Sept. 3, 1783. The independence of the United States 
 was acknowledged; navigation of the Mississippi was made 
 free to both powers ; Minorca and Florida were restored to 
 Spain ; the region of the Senegal was granted to France ; 
 and mutual restitution was made of conquests in the West 
 Indies. ( e ) Between France on the one side and Great 
 Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia on the other, May 30, 
 1814: called also the First Peace of Paris. The indepen- 
 dence of the Netherlands, Switzerland, and German and 
 Italian states was acknowledged. “France was allowed 
 to retain the boundaries of 1792, with some additions. 
 Great Britain was to keep Malta, but to restore all the 
 colonies held by France on Jan. 1, 1792, except Tobago, 
 St. Lucia, and Mauritius, and to restore all the Dutch col- 
 onies she held except Ceylon, the Cape, and part of (now 
 British) Guiana. A general congress was to m eet at Vienna 
 within two months to complete the arrangements.” (Ac- 
 land and Ransome, English Political History, p. 16C.) (d) 
 Between the same parties as the treaty of 1814, Nov. 20, 
 1815 : called also the Second Peace of Paris. France was 
 reduced nearly to the limits of 1790. “ £28,000,000 was to 
 be paid to the Allies for the expenses of the war. The 
 fortresses of the northern frontier were to be occupied by 
 the Allies for five years, and the garrisons paid by France. 
 All works of art requisitioned by Napoleon were to be re- 
 stored to their owners.” (Ada ml and Ransome, English 
 Political History, p. 166.) (c) Between Russia on the one 
 hand and Turkey, Great Britain, France, and Sardinia on 
 the other, March 30, 1856. Russia restored Kars, and ceded 
 part of Bessarabia and the Danube mouth ; Sebastopol was 
 restored to Russia; the neutralization of the Black Sea 
 was proclaimed ; and Russia abandoned its claim to a pro- 
 tectorate over Christians in Turkey, to whom the sultan 
 was to grant more favorable terms. (/) Between the Uni- 
 ted States and Spain, Dec. 10, 1898. ' Spain relinquished 
 her sovereignty over Cuba, and ceded Porto Rico, Guahan 
 in the Ladrones, and the Philippine Islands to the United 
 States, receiving from the latter the sum of $20,000,000. 
 
 Paris, University of. The oldest of the Eu- 
 ropean universities. Schools had been established 
 here under the successors of Charlemagne. They multi- 
 plied rapidly, and in the year 1200 an edict of Philip Au- 
 gustus united them under one management and created 
 the University of Paris, called the Studium till 1250. More 
 than 30 colleges were included. It degenerated, and was 
 rehabilitated by Henry IV. in 1595. Under Louis XIV. 
 the university did not share in the general revival of arts 
 and letters, the Sorbonne or Faculty de Thdologie alone 
 retaining itsprestige. In 1680 courses of lectures in French 
 civil law were given for the first time. On Sept. 15, 1793, the 
 faculties of theology, medicine, law, and arts were sup- 
 pressed throughout the republic by the Convention. See 
 U niversiU Rationale de France. 
 
 Paris Garden. A circus for bull- andbear-bait- 
 ing, on the Bankside, near the Globe Theatre, 
 London. It is said to have derived its name from one De 
 Paris who built a bouse there in the reign of Richard II. 
 It was in use at the beginning of Henry VIII.'s reign, and 
 was afterward fitted up and used for a playhouse also. 
 Parish (par'ish), Elijah. Born at Lebanon, 
 Conn., Nov. 7, 1762: died at Byfield, Mass., Oct. 
 15, 1825. An American Congregational clergy- 
 man and geographical and historical writer. 
 He published a “History of New England” 
 (1809), etc. 
 
 Parish, Sir Woodbine. Born Sept. 14, 1796: 
 died Aug. 16, 1882. A British diplomatist. He 
 was chargd d'affaires at Buenos Ayres 1824-32, and after 
 his return published “ Buenos Ayres and the Provinces of 
 the Rio de la Plata" (1830 : 2d ed. 1852). He brought to 
 England an important collection of the large fossil ani- 
 mals of the pampas. 
 
 Parisina (pa-re-se'na). An opera by Donizetti, 
 first produced at Florence, 1833. — 2. A poem 
 by Byron, published in 1816. An overture for it 
 was composed by Sterndale Bennett in 1835. 
 
 Parisot. See Yalcttc. 
 
 Parjanya (par-jan'ya). [According to Benfey, 
 from -\f sphurj, rumble; according to Grass- 
 mann, from pro, in sense of ‘to fill,’ and so ‘the 
 filled cloud.’] The Yedic god of rain, identified 
 with Gothic Fairguni, Norse Fiorgyn, and Lith- 
 uanian Perkuna : still the name of the thunder. 
 Park (park), Edwards Amasa. Born at Provi- 
 dence, R. I., Dee. 29, 1808: died at Andover, 
 Mass., June 4, 1900. A noted American Congre- 
 gational theologian, professor of sacred rhetoric 
 at Andover Theological Seminary 1836-47, and 
 of t heology 1847-81. He was the leading editor of the 
 “Bibliotheca Sacra,” and published various memoirs. 
 Park, Mungo. Born iu Selkirkshire, Scotland, 
 Sept. 10, 1771: died in Africa probably in 1806. 
 A celebrated African explorer. He visited Bencoolen 
 as assistant surgeon on an East-Indiaman in 1792, contrib- 
 uting on his return a description of eight new Sumatran 
 fishes to the “Transactions" of t lie Linnean Society. As 
 agent of the African Association lie undertook in 1795 to 
 explore the course of the Niger. Leaving l’isania on the 
 Gambia in Dec., 1795, he reached the Niger (being the first 
 
 782 
 
 European to accomplish that feat) at Sego in July, 1796, 
 after many adventures, and ascended to Bammaku. In 
 1799 he published a narrative of his journey, entitled 
 “Travels in the Interior of Africa.” After having prac- 
 tised for some years as a country surgeon at Peebles, Scot- 
 land, he undertook a new expedition to the Niger in 1805. 
 He started from Pisania in May, 1805, with a company of 
 thirty-five Europeans and a number of natives, reaching 
 the Niger in Aug. with only seven companions. Sending 
 back his journals and letters from Sansanding on the 
 Niger in I<ov., 1805, he embarked in a canoe, and was 
 drowned near Boussa during an attack by the natives. 
 See Century Atlas, Map 109. 
 
 Parker (par'ker), Isaac. Born at Boston, June 
 17, 1768: died at Boston, May 26, 1830. An 
 American jurist. He was a Federalist member of 
 Congress from Massachusetts 1797-99, and in 1806 was ap- 
 pointed a judge of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, 
 of which he was presiding justice from 1814 until his 
 death. He was professor of law at Harvard 1816-27: 
 
 Parker, Joel. Born at Bethel, Vt., Aug. 27, 
 1799 : died at New York, May 2, 1873. An Amer- 
 ican Presbyterian clergyman and religious 
 writer. 
 
 Parker, John Henry. Boru 1806 : died Jan. 31, 
 
 1884. An English archaeologist. He began as a 
 bookseller in Oxford in 1832. In 1838 he published a 
 “ Glossary of Architecture,” and in 1849 an “ Introduction 
 to the Study of Gothic Architecture, etc. ” His later years 
 were devoted to explorations in Rome. His “ Archaeology 
 of Rome” appeared 1874-76. 
 
 Parker, Matthew. Born at Norwich, England, 
 Aug. 6, 1504: died at London, May 17, 1575. 
 Archbishop of Canterbury. He graduated at Cam- 
 bridge (Corpus Christi College) in 1525, and was appoin ted 
 chaplain to Anne Boleyn. He was selected to preach at 
 Paul’s Cross by Thomas Cromwell. In 1545 he was ap- 
 pointed vice-chancellor of Cambridge. On the accession 
 of Mary Tudor he resigned, and lost all his preferments. 
 He was consecrated archbishop of Canterbury Dec. 17, 1559. 
 As primate he devoted himself to the organization and dis- 
 cipline of the English Church, and was a film opponent of ‘ 
 Puritanism. 
 
 Parker, Sir Peter. Born 1721 : died 1811. An 
 English admiral. He served in the American war, and 
 made an unsuccessful attack on Fort Moultrie, Charles- 
 ton, in 1776. 
 
 Parker, Theodore. Bom at Lexington, Mass., 
 Aug. 24, 1810 : died at Florence, Italy, May 10, 
 1860. A noted American clergyman, lecturer, 
 reformer, and author. He studied at the Cambridge 
 Divinity School 1834-36; became a Unitarian clergyman at 
 Roxbury, Massachusetts, in 1837 ; became the head of an 
 independent rationalistic society at the Melodeon (1846), 
 and later at Music Hall, Boston ; and was a conspicuous 
 advocate of the abolition of slavery. Among his works 
 are “ Discourse on Matters Pertaining to Religion" (1842), 
 “Sermons on Theism, Atheism, and theJPopular Theology ” 
 (1853), “ Ten Sermons of Religion ” (1853), besides a large 
 number of addresses, etc., and “Great Americans” (this 
 was published after his death). His complete works were 
 edited by F. P. Cobbe (12 vols. 1863-65). 
 
 Parker, Willard. Born in New Hampshire, 
 Sept. 2, 1800 : died at New York, April 25, 1884. 
 An American surgeon, professor of surgery in 
 the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New 
 York, 1839-69, and later professor of clinical 
 surgery there. He became president of the New York 
 State Inebriate Asylum at Binghamton in 1865. He pub- 
 lished various medical monographs. 
 
 Parkersburg (par'kerz-berg). A city, capital 
 of Wood County, West Virginia, situated on 
 the Ohio 73 miles southwest of Wheeling, it is 
 the third city in the State ; leading industry, the refining 
 of petroleum. Population, 17,842, (1910). 
 
 Parkhurst (park'herst), Charles Henry. Born 
 at Framingham, Mass., April 17, 1842. An 
 American clergyman and reformer. He came 
 to New York in 1880 as pastor of the Madison 
 Square Presbyterian church. Iu 1891 he be- 
 came president of the Society for the Pre- 
 vention of Crime. His exposure of the corruption of 
 the police department of New York city led to its investi- 
 gation by a committee of the State legislature (“Lexow 
 Committee"), and its reorganization, and to the defeat of 
 Tammany Hall in 1894. 
 
 Parkman (park'man), Francis. Born at Bos- 
 ton, Sept. 16, 1823 : died at Jamaica Plain, near 
 Boston, Nov. 8, 1893. An American historian. 
 He graduated at Harvard in 1844, and began the study of 
 law, but ultimately abandoned this study in order to de- 
 vote himself to literature. He was professor of horticul- 
 ture in the agricultural School of Harvard 1871-72. His 
 historical works include “Conspiracy of Pontiac” (185J), 
 “Pioneers of France in the New World " (1865), “Jesuits 
 in North America "(1867), “Discovery of the Great West" 
 (1869), “The Old Regime in Canada ” (1874), “Count Fron- 
 tenac and New France under Louis XIV.” (1877), “Mont- 
 calm and Wolfe ” (1884), “A Half Century of Conflict ” (1892). 
 He wrote also “The California and Oregon Trail " (1849), 
 “Vassall Morton," a novel (1856), and “Historic Handbook 
 of the Northern Tour” (1885). 
 
 Park Range. A chain of the Rocky Mountains 
 iu Colorado, west of South Park. Mount Lin- 
 coln is 14,297 feet in height. 
 
 Parley (par'li). Peter. The pseudonym of Sam- 
 uel Griswold Goodrich: it has also been used 
 *by others. 
 
 Parliament (par'li-ment). The supreme legis- 
 lative body of the United Kingdom of Great 
 
 Parma 
 
 Britain and Ireland. It consists of the three estates 
 of the realm — namely, the lords spir itual, the lords tem- 
 poral, and the commons ; the general council of the na 
 tion, constituting the legislature, summoned by the sov- 
 ereign's authority to consult on the affairs of the nation 
 and to enact and repeal laws. Primarily, the sovereign 
 may be considered as a constituent element of Parlia- 
 ment : but the word as generally used has exclusive refer- 
 ence to the three estates above named, ranged in two dis- 
 tinct branches— the House of Lords and the House of 
 Commons. The House of Lords (numbering 631 in 
 1911) includes the lords spiritual and lords temporal. 
 The House of Commons consists of 670 members : 495 
 for England and Wales, 72 for Scotland, and 103 for 
 Ireland — 377 being representatives of county constitu- 
 encies (counties or divisions of counties), 284 of bor- 
 oughs, and 9 of universities. The authority of Parlia- 
 ment extends over the United Kingdom and all its 
 colonies and foreign possessions. The duration of a Par- 
 liament was fixed by the Septennial Act in 1716 (supersed- 
 ing the Triennial Act of 1694) at 7 years, but it seldom 
 even approaches its limit. Sessions are held annually, 
 usually from about the middle of Feb. to the end of Aug., 
 and are closed by prorogation. Government is adminis- 
 tered by the ministry, which is sustained by a majority in 
 the House of Commons. Should the ministry be outvoted 
 in the house on a question of vital importance, it either 
 resigns office or dissolves Parliament and appeals to 
 the country. The precursors of the Parliament were the 
 Witenagemot iu the Anglo-Saxon period, and the National 
 Councils in the Norman and Angevin periods. The com- 
 position and powers of Parliament were developed in the 
 13th and 14th centuries. The right of representation from 
 shires and towns dates from 1295, and the separation of 
 the two houses dates from the middle of the 14th century. 
 Parliamentary government was in large measure suspended 
 from 1461 to the middle of the reign of Henry VIII. Pro- 
 longed struggles between the Parliament and the crown 
 took place under James I. and Charles 1., which led to the 
 civil war and the Commonwealth. The right of British 
 subjects to vote in the election of members of Parliament 
 has been extended and regulated by the Reform Acts of 
 1832, 1867, and 1884, and the Redistribution Act of 1885. 
 
 Parliament, Houses of. The buildings occu- 
 pied for legislative purposes by the British Par- 
 liament, at Westminster, London. They were be- 
 gun in 1840 from plans by Barry. The style is ornate late 
 Perpendicular: the area 8 acres. The structure comprises 
 11 courts, some of large size, 1,100 rooms, and 100 stair- 
 ways. The Thames front is 940 feet long, with low square 
 towers at the extremities and flanking the raised central 
 portion. The square Victoria tower at the southwest 
 angle is 340 feet high ; the middle tower, and the pointed 
 Clock-tower at the north end, are slightly less lofty. The 
 House of Commons is toward the north end of the great 
 structure : it measures 75 by 45 feet and 41 high, and is 
 solidly and simply furnished, and paneled with oak. There 
 are 12 windows of colored glass. The House of Lords, 90 
 by 45 feet and 45 high, is very richly decorated : its walls 
 are adorned with historical frescos. Among other notable 
 rooms are the Central Hall, between the House of Lords 
 and the House of Commons, octagonal in plan and finely 
 ornamented ; and the robing-room and the royal gallery, 
 used by the sovereign when he opens or prorogues Parlia- 
 ment in person. St. Stephen’s Hall affords communica- 
 tion between the Centra] Hall and Westminster Hall on 
 the west. About 600 statues, inside and outside, adorn 
 the buildings. 
 
 Parliament, Mad. [So named in derision by the 
 partizans of Henry III.] A great council held 
 at Oxford in 1258 in order to accommodate the 
 differences which had arisen between the bar- 
 ons and the king, owing to the persistent eva- 
 sion by the latter of the obligations imposed on 
 the sovereign by Magna Charta. it enacted the 
 Provisionsof Oxford, requiring the faithful observance by 
 the king of the Great Charter, and providing for the as- 
 sembling of a Parliament three times a year, and regular 
 control over the chief justiciar, chancellor, and other high 
 officers. 
 
 Parliament, The Good. See Good Parliament. 
 
 Parliament, The Long. See Long Parliament. 
 Parliament, The Rump. See Long Parliament. 
 
 Parliament of Bats (‘bludgeons’). A Parlia- 
 ment under Henry VI., 1426. 
 
 Orders had been sent to the members that they should 
 not wear swords, so they came, like modern butchers, w ith 
 long staves. When these were prohibited they had re- 
 course to stones and leaden plummets. 
 
 Gurdon, Hist, of Parliament. 
 
 Parliament of Dunces. A parliament con- 
 vened at Coventry by Henry IV. in 1404: so 
 named because all lawyers were excluded from 
 it. Also called the Unlearned Parliament and 
 the Lack-learning Parliament. 
 
 Parliament of Fowls, or Assembly of Fowls. 
 A poem by Chaucer, mostly taken from Italian 
 sources. Sixteen of the 98 stanzas are from Boccaccio’s 
 “Teseide.” It is a poetical abstract of Cicero’s “Dream 
 of Scipio.” 
 
 Parliament of Love, The. A play by Mas- 
 singer, licensed iu 1624. 
 
 Parliament of Paris. The chief of the French 
 parliaments ; the principal tribunal of justice of 
 the French monarchy, from its origin in the 
 king’s council at a very early date to the Revo- 
 lution. From about 1300 the parliament was constituted 
 in 3 divisions — the grand’ chambre, the chambre Jos 
 requfites, and the chambre des enquOtes. It played a 
 prominent political part at different times in the 17th and 
 18th centuries. 
 
 Parma (par'ma). 1. A province in the com- 
 partimento of Emilia, Italy. Area, 1,250 square 
 
Parma 
 
 miles. Population, 299,661. — 2. A city, cap- 
 ital of the province of Parma, Italy, situated 
 on the river Parma in lat. 44° 48' N., long. 10° 
 20' E. : the Roman Parma. It is the seat of a flour- 
 ishing trade, and has manufactures of felt hats. The ca- 
 thedral is an interesting Romanesque building, essential- 
 ly of the 11th century. The facade has 3 round-arched 
 portals below 3 tiers of arcades : arcades are freely and 
 picturesquely used throughout the exterior. There is an 
 octagonal domed tower at the crossing. The three-aisled 
 interior is spacious, with much excellent sculpture and 
 painting, notably the famous frescos by Correggio in the 
 dome, representing the Assumption of the Virgin. The 
 baptistery of the cathedral, one of the finest in Italy, be- 
 gun in line, is octagonal, with 7 stories : the 4 intermedi- 
 ate ones form galleries supported by little columns, close- 
 ly set. There are 3 beautiful sculptured doors. The in- 
 terior is sixteen-sided, with arcades and a pointed, ribbed 
 dome. The walls are covered with curious medieval paint- 
 ings, and there is much good sculpture both without and 
 witbin. Other objects of interest are the churches of Ma- 
 donna della Steccataand San Giovanni Evangelista, ducal 
 palace, library, museum, art gallery, and university. Par- 
 ma was founded by the Romans as a colony on the zF.rnil- 
 ian Way about 183 B. c. After its capture by Mark An- 
 tony. it was restored and called Colonia Julia Augusta. 
 It had important woolen manufactures in early times. It 
 took part in the strife of the Guelplis and Ghibellines, and 
 belonged later to the Visconti. Her e, in 1734, an indeci- 
 sive battle was fought between the French and the Im- 
 perialists. (See Parma, Duchy of.) Population, com- 
 mune, 49,340. 
 
 Parma, Duchy of, properly the Duchies of 
 Parma and Piacenza. A former duchy in 
 northern Italy, comprising in later times the 
 modern provinces of Parma and Pia cenza. It was 
 
 obtained by the Pope 1511-13 ; was under the Farnese dy- 
 nasty from 1645 to 1731; passed to Don Carlos (Bourbon of 
 Spain) in 1731, to Austria in 1735, to Don Philip (Bourbon 
 of Spain) in 1748 ; and was annexed to France in 1802. The 
 duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla were given to 
 Maria Louisa by the Congress of Vienna in 1814-15, and fell 
 to the Duke of Lucca in 1847. There was an unsuccessful 
 revolution in 1848-49. The duchy was incorporated with 
 the kingdom of Italy in 1860. 
 
 Parma, Duke of (Alexander). See Farnese, 
 Alessandro. 
 
 Parmegiano,orParmeggiano. See Parmigiano. 
 
 Parmelan (parm-loh'). A mountain near An- 
 necy, in the Alps of Savoy. Height, 6,085 feet. 
 
 Parmenides (par-men'i-dez). [Gr. UapgevUrig.~\ 
 Born at Elea : lived about 450 b. c. (about 500 
 B. c. ?). A celebrated Greek philosopher, head 
 of the Eleatic School. He wrote his opinions in a di- 
 dactic poem,“ Nature" (fragments edited by Karsten and 
 by Stein). His central thought is the unity and permanence 
 of being : there is no not-being or change. A celebrated 
 dialogue of Plato was named from him. 
 
 Parmenides, a native of Elea, who flourished about the 
 year 503 B. c., enjoyed a reputation in his native city scarcely 
 inferior to that of Pythagoras at Crotona, of Empedocles at 
 Acragas, or of Solon at Athens. Speusippus, quoted by 
 Diogenes Laertius, asserts that the magistrates of Elea were 
 yearly sworn to observe the laws enacted by Parmenides. 
 Cebes talks about a “Pythagorean or Parmenidean mode 
 of life," as if the austere ascesis of the Samian philosopher 
 bad been adopted or imitated by the Eleatic. 
 
 Symonds, Studies of the Greek Poets, I. 193. 
 
 Parmenio (par-me'ni-o), or Parmenion (par- 
 me'ni-on). [Gr. llap/ievtuv.\ Born about 400 
 B. c. : assassinated by order of Alexander, 330 
 B. C. A Macedonian general. He was the leading 
 councilor and general of Philip and Alexander the Great, 
 and commanded the left wing at the battles of Granicus, 
 Issus, and Arbela. 
 
 Parmigiano (par-me-ja'no), or Parmegiano 
 (par-ma-ja'n5), II (‘The Parmesan’): usual 
 name of Francesco Maria Mazzuola (mat-so- 
 o'la) (Mazzola, or Mazzuoli). Born at Parma, 
 Jan. 11, 1504 : died at Casal Maggiore, Italy, 
 Aug. 24,1540. An Italian painter. Among his works 
 are “Vision of St. Jerome” (National Gallery, London), 
 “Madonna with St. Margaret” (Bologna), “Madonna del 
 Collo Lungo ’’ (Pitti Palace, Florence), “ Madonna della 
 Rosa ” (Dresden Gallery), etc. 
 
 Parnahyba. See Paranaliyba. 
 
 Parnassus (par-nas'us). [Gr. Xlapvaaog, later 
 Uayvaaodg.'] A mountain-ridge in Greece, 83 
 miles northwest of Athens, near the ancient 
 Delphi, and situated mainly in ancient Phocis: 
 the modern Liakoura. It was celebrated as the haunt 
 of Apollo, the Muses, and the nymphs, and hence as the 
 seat of music and poetry. Highest summit, Lycoreia 
 (8,068 feet). 
 
 Parnassus. 1. AfrescobyRaphaelMengs(1760), 
 in the Villa Albani, Rome, it is a group of Apollo 
 and the Muses, with Mnemosyne, the motherof the Muses. 
 2. A fresco by Raphael, in the Stanza della Seg- 
 natura of the Vatican, Rome. The subject is the 
 triumph of ancient art under the enlightened and poetic 
 influences of the Renaissance. Apollo and the Muses pre- 
 side ; Homer, Vergil, Dante, Sappho, Anacreon, Petrarch, 
 and Corinna, with Raphael himself, figure with their fellow- 
 artists in the attendant company. It is a garden festival 
 of 16th-century Rome. 
 
 Parnassus, Mount. A painting by Mantegna, in 
 the Louvre, Paris. Mars and Venus stand on a rock- 
 arch, with Cupid, who is shooting darts into V ulcan’s cave : 
 in the foreground the Muses dance while Apollo makes 
 music, and Mercury stands beside Pegasus. 
 
 783 
 
 Parnell (par-nel'), Charles Stewart. Bom at 
 
 Avondale, County Wicklow, Ireland, 1846: died 
 at Brighton, Oct. 6, 1891. An Irish statesman. 
 He was the fourth son of John Henry Parnell (whose an- 
 cestors emigrated from England to Ireland in the 17th 
 century) and Delia Tudor Stewart, daughter of Admiral 
 Charles Stewart of the United States navy. He studied 
 at Magdalene College, Cambridge, without taking a degree, 
 and was elected to Parliament in 1875. He became the 
 first president of the Irish Land League in 1879, visited 
 the United States in the interest of the Irish agitation for 
 home rule 1879-80, and succeeded Shaw as leader of the 
 Home Rule party in 1880. He was imprisoned under the 
 Coercion Act 1881-82. In 1886 Mr. Gladstone formed a 
 parliamentary alliance with Parnell, and proposed a Home 
 Rule Bill which secured the support of all the Irish mem- 
 bers (85), but caused a split in the Liberal party and re- 
 stored Lord Salisbury to power. Toward the close of the 
 session of 1887 the “Times ” sought to discredit home rule 
 before the country by publishing a series of articles en- 
 titled “Parnellism and Crime,” in which it tried to con- 
 nect Parnell with the Phoenix Park murders and other 
 assassinations. In support of its allegations it published 
 a number of letters alleged to have been written by Par- 
 nell, which were proved, before a committee appointed 
 by Parliament to investigate the “Times ” charges, to have 
 been forged by one Pigott. Parnell brought suit for libel 
 against the “Times,” recovering £5, 000 damages. In Nov., 
 1890, Captain O'Shea obtained a grant of divorce from his 
 wife — Parnell (who afterward married Mrs. O ’Shea) having 
 figured as the corespondent in the suit. He was in con- 
 sequence deposed from the leadership, at the instance of 
 the Liberal leaders, by a majority of his party, but refused 
 to submit, and led a minority until his death. 
 
 Parnell, Henry Brooke, first Baron Congleton. 
 Bom July 3, 1776: committed suicide, June 8, 
 1842. A British politician, secretary at war 
 1831-32. He wrote “ Financial Reform” (1830), 
 etc. 
 
 Parnell, Thomas. Born at Dublin in 1679 : died 
 in 1718. A British poet. He war, educated at Trin- 
 ity College, Dublin, where he graduated in 1697 ; was or- 
 dained in 1700 ; was archdeacon of Clogher in 1706 ; and 
 was presented to the vicarage of Finglas in 1716. He was 
 a member of the Scriblerus Club. Among his poems are 
 “The Hermit,” “Night-Piece on Death,” “Hymn to Con- 
 tentment,’ and “Allegory on Man.” He translated Homer’s 
 “ Battle of the Frogs and Mice.” 
 
 Parnellite (par'nel-it,) Party. In British poli- 
 ties, the Irish Nationalist party as it came un- 
 der the leadership of Parnell about 1879. its only 
 important aim was the securing of home rule for Ireland. 
 In 1835 it became allied for this purpose with the English 
 Liberal party, and contributed to the parliamentary ma- 
 jority of the third and fourth Gladstone administrations. 
 After the judgment in the O’Shea case, 1890, the party di- 
 vided, a small fraction of it, called then distinctively the 
 Parnellites, being led by John Redmond, while the great 
 majority of the Nationalists (often called Anti-Parnellites) 
 chose Justin M'Carthy as leader. 
 
 Parny (par-ne'), Svariste Desire de Forges, 
 
 Vicomte de. Bom on the Isle of Bourbon, Feb. 
 6, 1753 : died at Paris, Dec. 5, 1814. A French 
 poet. Among his best -known works are “ Poe- 
 sies drotiques” (1778) and “La guerre des 
 dieux” (1799). 
 
 Parny’s best piece, a short epitaph on a young gilt, is one 
 of the best things of its kind in literature. His merits, 
 however, are confined to his early works. In his maturer 
 years he wrote long poems, on the model of the “ Pueelle,” 
 against England, Christianity, and monarchism, which 
 are equally remarkable for blasphemy, obscenity, extrava- 
 gance, and dullness. Saintslmry, French Lit., p. 399. 
 
 Parolles (pa-rol'es). Acharacterin Shakspere’s 
 “All 's Well that Ends Well,” a braggart whose 
 poltroonery is humorous and droll. 
 
 Paropamisus (par-o-pam'i-sus or par ,/ o-pa-ini'- 
 sus). [Gr. IlapoTrdfuoog .] In ancient geography, 
 a mountain-range lying west of the Hindu- 
 Kush. 
 
 Paros (pa'ros). [Gr. ITapor.] An island of the 
 Cyclades, Greece, situated in the zEgean Sea 
 west of Naxos, intersected by lat. 37° N., long. 
 25° 10' E. It is composed of a single mountain, famous 
 in ancient times for its white marble. It was unsuccess- 
 fully attacked by Miltiades after the battle of Marathon 
 490 B. c., and joined the confederacy of Delos. Length, 
 15 miles. 
 
 Parquet, Jacques Diel du. See Did du Par- 
 quet. 
 
 Parr (par), Catharine. Born at Kendal Castle, 
 Westmoreland, England, about 1512 : died at 
 Sudely Castle, Gloucestershire, England, Sept. 
 7, 1548. Sixth wife of Henry VIII., whom she 
 married in 1543. She married Lord Seymour in 
 1547. 
 
 Parr, Samuel. Born at Harrow-on-the-Hill, 
 England, Jan. 26, 1747 : died at Hatton, March 
 6, 1825. An English scholar, son of Samuel 
 Parr, a surgeon, whose assistant he was 1761-64. 
 He studied at Harrow, and was at Cambridge for a short 
 time in 1766. From 1767 to 1771 he was chief assistant to 
 Dr. Sumner at Harrow School, and in 1783 was made vicar 
 of Hatton, near Warwick. He was a warm friend of Por- 
 Bon. He was famous for the variety of his knowledge and 
 for his dogmatism. 
 
 Parr, Thomas, called “ Old Parr.” Died at Lon- 
 don, 1635. A reputed centenarian. lie was said 
 to have been born in 1483, and hence would have been 152 
 
 Farsis 
 
 years old when he died. Mr. Thoms, the editor of “Notes 
 and Queries,” examined the evidence and found it un- 
 trustworthy, though Parr was certainly very old and was 
 a celebrity for many years before his death. 
 
 Parramatta, or Paramatta (par-a-mat'a). A 
 town in New South Wales, Australia, situated 
 on the Parramatta River 14 miles northwest of 
 Sydney. It has a flourishing fruit trade. Pop- 
 ulation, 12,560. 
 
 Parret (par'et). A river in Somerset, England, 
 which flows into the Bristol Channel 6 miles 
 north of Bridgwater. Length, about 40 miles. 
 
 Parrhasius (pa-ra'shi-us). [Gr. nap pan toe.'] 
 Born at Ephesus : lived about 400 b. c. A cele- 
 brated Greek painter, considered one of the 
 greatest of antiquity. The anecdotes of Pliny about 
 all the painters of this time indicate extraordinary realism 
 carried to the point of actual illusion. (Compare Zeuxis.) 
 There were many pen-and-ink sketches by Parrhasius still 
 in existence in the time of Pliny. Among his principal 
 works were “The Personification of the Demos of Athens," 
 probably suggested by Aristophanes ; a Prometheus ; the 
 Hercules at Lindus; the Theseus at Athens, afterward on 
 the Capitol at Rome ; and a Contest of Ajax and Odysseus 
 for the weapons of Achilles. 
 
 Parris ( par 'is), Albion Keith. Born in Maine, 
 Jan. 19, 1788: died at Portland, Maine, Feb. 
 11, 1857. An American Democratic politician. 
 He was member of Congress from Massachusetts 1815-19; 
 governor of Maine 1822-26; and United States senator 
 from Maine 1826-28. 
 
 Parris, Samuel. Born at London, 1653: died 
 at Sudbury, Mass., Feb. 27, 1720. An Ameri- 
 can Congregational clergyman, notable in con- 
 nection .with the Salem witchcraft delusion of 
 1692-93. He studied at Harvard, without taking a de- 
 gree, became a merchant at Boston, afterward entered 
 the ministry, and in 1689 became pastor of the church at 
 Danvers (then part of Salem), Massachusetts. In 1692 
 his daughter and his niece, Abigail Williams, both about 
 12 years of age, accused Tibuta (a South American slave 
 living with the family as a servant) of bewitching them. 
 He beat Tibuta into confessing herself a witch. The de- 
 lusion spread, many persons were tried for witchcraft, 
 and in the course of 16 months 20 persons were put to 
 death. He was dismissed by his congregation in 1696 for 
 his share in these judicial murders. Appletons’ Cyc. of 
 Amer. Biog. 
 
 Parrot (pa-ro'), Johann Jakob Friedrich Wil- 
 helm. Born at Karlsruhe, Baden, 1792 : died 
 at Dorpat, Russia, about 1840. A German trav- 
 eler in the Caucasus, Ararat, etc. 
 
 Parrott (par'ot), Robert Parker. Born at Lee, 
 N. H., Oct. 5, 1804: died at Cold Spring, N. Y., 
 Dec. 24, 1877. An American inventor, superin- 
 tendent of tbe West Point iron and cannon foun- 
 dry, Cold Spring, New York. He invented the 
 Parrott gun. 
 
 Parry (par'i), Cape. A cape on the northern 
 coast of North America, projecting into the 
 
 ^Arctic Ocean about lat. 70°N.,long. 123° 30' W. 
 
 Parry, Sir Charles Hubert Hastings. Born at 
 Bournemouth, Feb. 27, 1848. An English com- 
 poser. He was professor of musical history and compo- 
 sition at the Royal Academy of Music in 1883. Knighted 
 in 1898, and created a baronet in 1902. 
 
 Parry, Sir William Edward. Born at Bath, 
 England, Dec. 19, 1790 ; died at Ems, Germany, 
 July 8, 1855. An English navigator and arctic 
 explorer. In 1806 he was midshipman in the Tribune 
 frigate, and in 1808 on the Vanguard in the Baltic. As 
 lieutenant of the Alexander he served at Spitzbergen and 
 on La Hogue in the North American station until 1817. 
 He accompanied Ross’s polar expedition, and took com- 
 mand of an expedition himself in May. 1819. He explored 
 and named Barrow Strait, Prince Regent’s Inlet, and 
 Wellington Sound, reaching Melville Island Sept., 1819. 
 By crossing long. 110“ W. he won the £5,000 prize of- 
 fered by Parliament. A narration of the expedition ap- 
 peared in 1821. In May, 1821, he started on a second ex- 
 pedition, and in May, 1824, on a third, which were not 
 specially successful. Another expedition, by way of Spitz- 
 bergen, was likewise unsuccessful. From Dec., 1823, to 
 May, 1829, he was acting hydrographer to the navy. In 
 1852 he was made rear-admiral, and in 1853 governor of 
 Greenwich Hospital. 
 
 Parry Islands. [Named from Sir W. E. Parry.] 
 A group of islands in the Arctic Ocean, includ- 
 ing Melville Island, Bathurst Island, and others. 
 
 Parsdorf (pars'dorf), Armistice of. A truce 
 betweenFrance and Austria, concluded in July, 
 1800, at Parsdorf, a village 10 miles east of Mu- 
 nich. 
 
 Parsifal, or Parsival (par'se-fal). A musical 
 drama by Richard Wagner. The poem was com- 
 posed by him in 1877, the music in 1879. It was first per- 
 formed at Bayreuth, July 28, 1882. See Perceval and Par- 
 zival. 
 
 Parsis, orParsees (par'sez). [From Pers. Parsi, 
 a Persian.] The descendants of those Persians 
 who settled in India about tho end of the 7th and 
 the beginning of the 8th century, in order to es- 
 cape Mohammedan persecution, and who still re- 
 tain their ancient religion, now called Zoroastri- 
 anism. See Guebers. 
 
784 
 
 Parsons 
 
 Parsons (par'sonz). A city in Labette County, 
 southeastern Kansas, 123 miles south by east 
 of Topeka. Population, 12,463, (1910). 
 Parsons (par'sonz), Alfred William. Born 
 in Somerset, Dee. 2, 1847. An English land- 
 scape-painter. He first exhibited at the Royal Acad- 
 emy in 1871, and paints both in oil and in water-colors. 
 Among hi 3 works are “ The First Frost " (1883), “ In a Cider 
 Country" (1886), “When Nature Painted all Things Gay" 
 (1887), a series of water-color drawings of the Warwick- 
 shire Avon (exhibited 1885), etc. A. R. A., 1897 ; R. A., 1911. 
 
 Parsons, or Persons (per'sonz), Robert. Born 
 at Nether Stowey, Somerset, 1546: died at Rome, 
 April 15, 1610. An English J esuit. He graduated 
 at Oxford (Balliol College) in 1568, and was subsequently 
 a fellow, bursar, and dean of his college. In 1575 he en- 
 tered the Jesuit Society at Rome. He intrigued actively 
 against Elizabeth and the Protestants in England until his 
 death. He published many polemical works. 
 
 Parsons, Theophilus. Born at Byfield, Mass., 
 Feb. 24, 1750: died at Boston, Oct. 30, 1813. 
 An American jurist. He was a member of the Essex 
 Junto in 1778, and chief justice of the Supreme Court of 
 Massachusetts 180C-13. 
 
 Parsons, Theophilus. Born at Newburyport, 
 Mass., May 17, 1797 : died Jan. 26, 1882. An 
 American legal and religious writer, son of T. 
 Parsons. He published “Law ofContracts”(1853), "Mer- 
 cantile Law ”(1856),“ Maritime Law "(1859), “DeusHomo” 
 (1867), “The Infinite and the Finite ”(1872), etc. 
 
 Parsons, Thomas William. Born at Boston, 
 Aug. 18, 1819: died at Scituate, Mass., Sept. 
 3, 1892. An American poet. Helivedmuchabroad. 
 He translated Dante’s “ Inferno" inl867, published “Ghetto 
 di Roma" (1854 : collected poems, among which is “On a 
 Bust of Dante"), “The Magnolia, etc." (privately printed 
 1867), “ The Shadow of the Obelisk, etc.’ (1872), and “Cir- 
 cum Prsecordia " (1892), etc. 
 
 Parsons, William, third Earl of Rosse. Bom 
 at York, England, June 17, 1800: died Oct. 31, 
 1867. A British astronomer. He is specially nota- 
 ble for the reflecting telescope (the largest in the world) 
 which he erected at BlrrCastle, Parsonstown, Ireland, 1845. 
 The focal length of the telescope is 64 feet; the diameter 
 of the tube, 7 feet. 
 
 Parson’s Emperor. [Or. Pfaffen-Kaiser.'] A 
 name given to the emperor Charles IV., who 
 owed his elevation to the Pope. 
 
 Parson’s Tale, The. One of Chaucer’s “Can- 
 terbury Tales.” It was taken from the same original 
 as the “ Ayenbite of Inwit,” and its theme is penitence. 
 At the instance of Pepys, Dryden produced his imitation 
 of the character of the parson in the “General Prologue" : 
 he turned the parish priest of the 14th century into a non- 
 juring divine of the 17th century. Lounsbury. 
 Parsonstown (piir'sonz-toun). Atown in King’s 
 County, Ireland, 43 miles northeast of Limer- 
 ick. Population, 4,438. 
 
 Partabgarh (pur-tab-gur'), or Pertabgurh 
 (pfer-tab-gur'), or Pratabgarh (pra-tab-gur'). 
 1 . A district in the United Provinces, British 
 India, intersected by lat. 25° 45' N., long. 82° 
 E. Area, 1,442 square miles. Population, 
 912,848. — 2. A state in Rajputana, India, under 
 British control, intersected by lat. 24° N., long. 
 74° 40' E. Area, 886 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 52,025. 
 
 Partanna (par-tan'na). A town in the province 
 of Trapani, Sicily, 38 miles southwest of Pa- 
 lermo. Population, commune, 14,059. 
 Parthenay (part-na'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Deux-Sevres, France, on the Thouet 
 30 miles west by north of Poit iers, it has preserved 
 its ramparts from medieval times. Pop., commune, 7,155. 
 
 Parthenia (par-the'ni-a). In Sidney’s “Arca- 
 dia,” the wife of Argalus, who assumes the ar- 
 mor of a knight to revenge his death upon his 
 slayer Amphialus. 
 
 Parthenius (par - the ' ni - us) . [Gr. UapOevioc.'] 
 Lived in the last part of the 1st century B. c. 
 A Greek poet, living in Rome. His only sur- 
 viving work is a collection of prose tales. 
 Parthenon (par'the-non). [Gr. Tlapdevuv, the 
 temple of Athene Parthenos(‘ the Virgin’).] The 
 official temple of Pallas, at Athens, as protec- 
 tress of the city and guardian of the Athenian 
 hegemony, begun about 450 B. C. by Ictinus, 
 under the political direction of Pericles and 
 the artistic presidency of Phidias. The temple 
 is a Doric peripteros of 8 tiy 17 columns, on a stylobate of 
 3 steps, measuring on the highest step 101 by 228 feet. 
 Before both pronaos and opisthodomos there is an inner 
 range of 6 columns. The cella had two interior double- 
 tiered ranges of Doric columns, and behind it there was a 
 large chamber used for a treasury, with 4 great columns 
 (to support its ceiling. The cult-statue in the cella was 
 the famous colossal chryselephantine statue of Athene 
 Parthenos by Phidias. It represented the goddess stand- 
 ing, wearing helmet and regis, with her left hand sup- 
 porting her spear, and on her extended right holding a 
 Victory. At her feet were her shield and serpent. The 
 entire upper part of the exterior wall of the cella was sur- 
 rounded by a frieze in low relief, 3j feet high, represent- 
 ing an idealized Panathenaic procession, in presence of 
 the Olympian gods. Both pediments were tilled with 
 
 sculpture in the round, the group on the east representing 
 the birth of Athene, that on the west her contest for Ath- 
 ens with Poseidon. The surviving fragments from the 
 pediments and much of the frieze are among the Elgin 
 Marbles in the British Museum, and are considered the 
 most precious existing sculptures. The metopes of the 
 peristyle entablature bore contests of Greeks with cen- 
 taurs, Amazons, and Trojan9, in high relief. The orna- 
 ment of the Parthenon also included a comprehensive 
 scheme of decoration in color. In refinement of design 
 and perfection of execution this structure has never been 
 paralleled. Since 1835 it has not been disputed that 
 the existing Parthenon stands on the foundations of an 
 older temple which, prior to the discovery in 1885 of the 
 old temple of Athene (see Athens) adjoining the Erech- 
 theum, was believed to lie identical with this temple. In 
 1892 Mr. F. C. Penrose sought to establish, nevertheless, 
 the truth of the old theory', basing his argument prima- 
 rily on a series of architect’s laying-out marks inscribed 
 on the southern foundation of the Parthenon. Mr Pen- 
 rose’s temple, assigned to the beginning of the 6th cen- 
 tury B. c., was Doric, peripteral, hexastyle, with 16 col- 
 umns on the flanks, measuring on the highest step 69.8 
 by 193.1 feet, and thus leaving unoccupied as a peribolos 
 a considerable part of its massive platform. Dr. Dorpfeld, 
 however, has traversed successfully the English archaeol- 
 ogist’s theory, and has proved that the older Parthenon 
 was begun after the Persian invasion ; that it was never 
 finished ; that it was Doric, peripteral, hexastyle, with 19 
 columns on the flanks, on a stylobate probably of 2 steps ; 
 and that it measured on the edge of the upper step 100.04 
 by 249. 24 feet. 
 
 Parthenope (par-then'6-pe). [Gr. n ap0ev6irri.'\ 
 1. The name of several persons in Greek my- 
 thology, particularly of a Siren said to have 
 been cast up drowned on the shore of Naples. 
 — 2. An ancient name of Naples. — 3. An aste- 
 roid (No. 11) discovered at Naples May 11, 1850, 
 by De Gasparis. 
 
 Parthenopean (par // the-no-pe'an) Republic. 
 [From Parthenope , an old name of Naples.] 
 The short-lived republic which succeeded the 
 kingdom of Naples in 1799. it was established by 
 aid of the French in Jan., and was overthrown by the 
 British, Russian, and other forces in June. The Bourbons 
 were restored. 
 
 Parthia (par'thi-a). [Gr. Uapdia, from Tlapdoi, 
 L. Partlii, the Parthians.] In ancient geogra- 
 phy, a country in western Asia, situated east of 
 Media and sou t.h of Hyrcania. It was the nucleus 
 of the Parthian empire. 
 
 Parthian (par'thi-an) Empire. An ancient 
 monarchy, comprising a great part of the terri- 
 tories of the first Persian empire, it extended at 
 its height to the Euphrates, Caspian Sea, Indus, and In- 
 dian Ocean. It was established by Arsaces, the first king, 
 who overthrew the rule of the Seleucidse about 250 B. c. ; 
 rose to great power under Mithridates I. and II. ; was often 
 at war with Rome ; and was overthrown by the new Per- 
 sian dynasty of the S assau ida; about 226 A. ]>. 
 
 Partick (par'tik). A western suburb of Glasgow, 
 Scotland. 
 
 Partington (par'ting-ton), Mrs. A humorous 
 character invented by Benjamin Penhallow 
 Shillaber, whose “Life and Sayings of Mrs. 
 Partington ” appeared in 1854. She was noted for 
 her misuse of words. Sydney Smith introduces a personage 
 of this name in his speech on the Reform Bill in 1831, in 
 which he applies the story of a Dame Partington of Sid- 
 mouth who undertook to sweep the Atlantic Ocean out of 
 her house on the occasion of a great storm, moppioig it up 
 and then squeezing out the mop: “ The Atlantic beat Mrs. 
 Partington." 
 
 Partition Treaties. Two treaties made between 
 France, England, and the Netherlands in 1698 
 and 1700 (the latter on the death of the Bava- 
 rian electoral prince), for the settlement of the 
 Spanish succession. By the first, Spain, the Indies, 
 and the Netherlands were given to the Bavarian electoral 
 prince Joseph Ferdinand; Guiptizcoa and the Sicilies to 
 France; and Milan to the archduke Charles. By the 
 second, Spain, the Indies, and the Netherlands went to 
 the archduke Charles, and France was to receive the Two 
 Sicilies, Milan (or its equivalent Lorraine), and Guipiizcoa. 
 
 PartOH (par'ton), Arthur. Born at Hudson, 
 N.Y., March 26, 1842. An American landscape- 
 painter. 
 
 Partoil (par'ton), James. Born at Canterbury, 
 England, Feb. 9, 1822 : died at Newburyport, 
 Mass., Oct. 17, 1891. An American biographer 
 and miscellaneous author. Among his biographical 
 works are lives of Horace Greeley (1855), Aaron Burr 
 (1857), Andrew Jackson (1860), Benjamin Franklin (1864), 
 Thomas Jefferson (1874), Voltaire (1881). He also wrote 
 “Famous Americans of Recent Times" (1867), “Noted 
 Women of Europe and America” (1883), “Captains of In- 
 dustry ” (1884 and 1891), etc. 
 
 Parton, Mrs. (Sara Payson Willis): pseudo- 
 nym Fanny Fern. Born at Portland, Maine, 
 July 9, 1811: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., Oct. 10, 
 1872. An American author, wife of James 
 Parton and sister of N. P. Willis. She married 
 Charles H. Eldredgein 1837: he died in 1846, and she began 
 to write for a livelihood. In 1856 she married James Par- 
 ton. She published “ Fern Leaves from Fanny’s Portfolio ” 
 (1853 and 1854), “Little Ferns" (18641, “Fresh Ferns," 
 “Ruth Hall," “Rose Clark," “Folly as it Flies, etc.” 
 (1868), “Ginger Snaps ’’ (1870), etc. 
 
 Parysatis (pa-ris'a-tis). [Gr. Tlapiiaanc.'] Lived 
 about 400 b. c. Daughter of Artaxerxes Longi- 
 
 Pas-de-Calais 
 
 manus, wife of Darius Ochus, and mother of 
 Artaxerxes Mnemon and Cyrus the Younger. 
 She was notorious for her crimes. 
 
 Parzival (part'se-fal). The legendary hero of 
 the epic poem of the same name written by the 
 German poet Wolfram von Eschenbach, after 
 French originals, between 1205 and 1215. He 
 was the son of Gamuret, prince of Anjou, and Queen Herze- 
 loide of Valois. His father falls in battle in the East, 
 and his mother, to protect him from a like fate, brings him 
 up in the solitude of the forest in ignorance of knightly 
 customs. After many misadventures he, however, arrives 
 at Arthur’s court, and ultimately becomes a knight of the 
 Round Table. Afterward, in search of adventures, he 
 rescues Queen Condwiramurs, who becomes his wife, and 
 then arrives at the Castle of the Holy Grail. Here, hav- 
 ing neglected certain conditions, he loses the sovereignty 
 of the grail (which it was possible for him to obtain), and 
 leaves the castle in disgrace. The messenger of the grail 
 afterward appears at the court of Arthur and rebukeshim, 
 and he is banished from the Round Table. At this open 
 shame he renounces his allegiance to God, and wanders 
 about in search of the grail. Finally he learns the true 
 nature of God and of the grail, leads a life of abstinence, 
 and becomes again a member of the Round Table. At the 
 Castle of the Grail he is declared to be now worthy to be- 
 come the sovereign of the grail. See Parsifal and Per- 
 ceval. 
 
 Pasadena (pas-a-de'na). A noted winter resort 
 in southern California, about 9 miles from Los 
 Angeles. Population, 30,291, (1910). 
 
 Pasargadse (pa-sar'ga-de). [Gr. n aoapyadcu.'] 
 In ancient geography, the earliest capital of the 
 Persians. It lias been identified in the ancientsite con- 
 spicuous in the little valley now called Meshhed-Murghab, 
 northeast of the ancient Persepolis. Cyrus built here two 
 palaces and founded temples; here hewas buried; and hi# 
 city became a place of pilgrimage and religious instruc- 
 tion for the Persians. The architectural remains, though 
 ruinous, are important. 
 
 Pascagoula. See Biloxi. 
 
 Pascagoula (pas-ka-go'la). A river in Missis- 
 sippi which is formed by the union of the Leaf 
 and Chiekasawha rivers, and flows into Mis- 
 sissippi Sound 40 miles southwest of Mobile. 
 Length, including the Chiekasawha, about 250 
 miles. 
 
 Pascal (pas'kal; P. pron. pas-kal'), Blaise. 
 Born at Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-D6me, June 
 19, 1623 : died at Paris, Aug. 19, 1662. A cele- 
 brated French geometrician, philosopher, and 
 writer. He was educated in Paris after 1631, but his 
 progress was such that his zeal had to be restrained. Books 
 were denied him for awhile, but nevertheless, unaided, he 
 invented geometry anew when 12 years old, and at the age 
 of 17 achieved renown with his “ Traite des sections co- 
 niques ” (1640). Later on lie undertook and carried on suc- 
 cessfully the solution of the most difficult problems. That 
 he also became distinguished in literature is due to his con- 
 nection with the celebrated monastery of Port-Royal. At 
 different times during his early career Pascal had con- 
 ceived the plan to give himself upas a layman to the ser- 
 vice of God. At various times he abandoned his intention 
 for a life of dissipation from which he was Anally redeemed 
 as a consequence of an escape he had from an accident 
 (1654). He renounced the world definitely, and embraced 
 the cause of Port-Royal. His first literary work within 
 these walls was transmitted from memory by an auditor, 
 and is entitled “Entretien sur Epicttte et Montaigne" 
 (1655). He rose to highest literary excellence in setting 
 forth and defending the doctrines of Port- Royal against 
 the Jesuits. Between Jan., 1656, and March, 1657, over his 
 nom de plume, Lonis de Montalte, Pascal wrote 18 letters, 
 professedly to a friend in the provinces : hence the 
 epistles are known as “Les provinciales." At the time 
 of his death Pascal was engaged on a work that he was 
 to name “Apologie de la religion catholique.” The notes 
 he had made for it were subsequently found, but in such 
 a scattered and imperfect condition that it was useless to 
 attempt restoring his plan. They were therefore published 
 in 1670 under the title “ Pens6es de M. Pascal sur la religion 
 et sur quelques autres sujets, qui ont dtd trouvees aprts sa 
 mort parmi ses papiers.” In addition to these works Pas- 
 cal wrote a “Discours sur les passions de 1 amour," “ L’Es- 
 prit gdomdtrique," “L’Artde persuader," three different 
 “Discours sur la condition des grands,” “Prifere pour de- 
 mander le bon usage des maladies,” and finally a limited 
 number of letters, addressed among others, to Mademoi- 
 selle de Roannez in 1657. 
 
 Paschal (pas'kal) I., L. Paschalis (pas-ka'- 
 lis). Pope 817-824. 
 
 Paschal II., L. Paschalis (Ranieri). Died Jan. 
 21, 1118. Pope 1099-1118. He carried on a strife 
 about investiture with Henry I. of England and the em- 
 perors Henry IV. and Henry V. 
 
 Paschal III. Antipope 1164-68, in opposition 
 to Alexander III. 
 
 Pasco. See Cerro de Pasco. 
 
 Pascoboula. See Biloxi. 
 
 Pascuaro. See Patzcmro. 
 
 Pas-de-Calais (pii 'de-kii-la'). [F., ‘ step of 
 Calais.’] 1. The French name of the Strait of 
 Dover. — 2. A department in northern France, 
 corresponding to the greater part of Artois and 
 part of Picardy. Capital, Arras. It is bounded by 
 the English Channel and Strait of Dover on the west and 
 north, Nord on the northeast and east, and Somme on the 
 south. The surface is a plain intersected by hills. It is a 
 flourishing agricultural, manufacturing, mining, and com- 
 mercial department. Area, 2,696 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 1,012,466. 
 
Pasdeloup 
 
 Pasdeloup (pad-lo'), Jules Etienne. Born at 
 Paris, Sept. 15, 1819: died at Fontainebleau, 
 Aug. 13, 1887. A French conductor of popular 
 concerts in Paris. 
 
 Pasewalk (pa'ze-viilk). A town in Pomerania, 
 Prussia, situated on the Uker 24 miles west by 
 north of Stettin. Population, commune, 10,520. 
 Pasini (pa-se'ne), Alberto. Born near Parma, 
 Italy, 1820 : died at Turin, Dec. 15, 1899. An Ital- 
 ian genre-painter. He went to Paris about 1840, and 
 became the pupil of E. Ciceri, E. Isabey, and Theodore 
 Rousseau. His subjects are chiefly Oriental. 
 
 Pasiphae (pa-sif'a-e). [Gr. Tlaoupai/.'] In Greek 
 legend, the daughter of Helios, wife of Minos, 
 and mother of Ariadne. She was enamoured of a 
 white bull given to Mino3 by Poseidon, and by him be- 
 came the mother of the Minotaur. 
 Pasiteles(pa-sit'e-lez). [Gr. Lived 
 
 in the 1st century B. c. A Greek sculptor, a 
 native of Magna Gracia, who acquired Roman 
 citizenship when the southern cities were ad- 
 mitted to that privilege about 87 B . c . He followed 
 the modern method of elaborating his work in clay, and 
 wrote five books on artistic matters much copied by Pliny. 
 Pasiteles and his school affected a kind of pre-Phidian 
 style. Many pseudo-archaic works are ascribed to them. 
 Paskevitch (pas-kye'vich), Ivan, Prince of 
 Warsaw. Born at Poltava, Russia, May 8 (0. S.), 
 1782: died at Warsaw, Feb. 1, 1856. A Russian 
 field-marshal. He was distinguished in Turkey until 
 1812, and in the later campaigns against Napoleon; con- 
 quered Persian Armenia and stormed Erivan in 1827 ; cap- 
 tured Kars in 1828, and Erzerum in 1829 ; as commander- 
 in-chief in Poland captured Warsaw in 1831, and became 
 governor of Poland, executing the Organic Statute ; and 
 commanded the Russian contingent against the Hunga- 
 rians in 1849, and the Danube army in 1854. 
 
 Pasman (pas-man'). A small narrow island in 
 the Adriatic Sea, south of Zara, belonging to 
 Dalmatia, Austria-Hungary. 
 
 Paso de Chocolate (pa'so da cho-ko-la'ta). A 
 pass in northwestern Chihuahua, between the 
 towns of Galeana and Casas Grandes, famous for 
 the atrocities committed there by the Apaches 
 during the 19th and preceding centuries. The 
 last action fought there was in 1882, when nearly all the 
 able-bodied men of Galeana were slain by a superior force 
 of Indians, after a desperate resistance. 
 
 Paso del Norte .(pa'so del nor'ta), El. [Sp., 
 ‘The Pass of the North.’] A town (officially 
 Juarez) in northeastern Chihuahua, Mexico, on 
 the south bank of the Rio Grande opposite El 
 Paso in Texas. It was founded as an Indian mission 
 in 1659. Until 1680 it was only an Indian village, and the 
 only relay between Parral in southern Chihuahua and 
 Santa F6 in New Mexico. In 1680, when the Pueblo In- 
 dians of New Mexico drove the Spaniards from Santa Fe, 
 the retreating colonists and afew soldiers halted at El Paso 
 del Norte, and established their camp. Thereafter it be- 
 came the seat of government for the province of New 
 Mexico until 1693, and the base of operations against the 
 hostile Pueblos. A Spanish town gradually arose, and the 
 Indian settlements became merged in that place in the 
 course of time. It remained attached to New Mexico until 
 after the warbetweentheUnited Statesand Mexico, when it 
 was, after the conclusion of peace, included in the Mexican 
 state of Chihuahua. During the latter part of the reign 
 of Maximilian, El Paso del Norte formed the headquarters 
 of the national forces and of President Juarez. The Mexi- 
 can Central Railroad has there its northern terminus. 
 Population, about 8,000. 
 
 Pasquier (pas-kya'), Etienne. Born at Paris, 
 1529: died there, 1615. A French jurist and 
 author. His chief works are “Recherches sur 1a, France ” 
 (“Researches on France": publication commenced about 
 1560) and “Letters.” 
 
 Pasquier, fltienne Denis, Baron (later Due) 
 de. Bom at Paris, April 22, 1767 : died there, 
 July 5, 1862. A French politician. He served as 
 an official under Napoleon I. ; was a cabinet minister dur- 
 ing the restoration, and president of the Chamber of 
 Peers under Louis Philippe ; received the titular dignity 
 of chancellor in 1837 ; and was created duke in 1844. He 
 retired to private life after the revolution of 1848. He was 
 the joint author with M. de Randon of a vaudeville, 
 “Grimou, ou le portrait k faire”; published “Discours 
 prononegs dans les chambres legislatives de 1814-38’’ 
 (1842); and left a memoir in manuscript, the first volume 
 of which appeared in 1893 under the title of “Histoire de 
 mon temps.” 
 
 Pasquin (pas'kwin), It. Pasquino (pas-kwe'no). 
 [F. pasquin, a lampoon, also the statue so 
 called (Cotgrave), from It. pasquino, a lampoon. ] 
 A tailor (or a cobbler, or a barber) who lived 
 about the end of the 15th century in Rome, 
 noted for his caustic wit, and whose name, 
 soon after his death, was transferred to a muti- 
 lated statue which had been dug up opposite his 
 shop, on which were posted anonymous lam- 
 poons. At the opposite end of the city from the statue 
 mentioned above, there was an ancient statue of Mars, 
 called by the people Marforio ; and gibes and jeers pasted 
 upon Pasquin were answered by similar effusions on the 
 part of Marforio. By this system of thrust and parry the 
 most serious matters were disclosed, and the most dis- 
 tinguished persons attacked and defended. I. D'htraeli. 
 Pasquin. A dramatic satire by Fielding, pub- 
 lished in 1736. 
 c.— 50 
 
 785 
 
 Passage of Honor. See the extract. 
 
 The first [of these special chronicles), according to the 
 date of its events, is the “Passo Honroso,” or the Passage 
 of Honor, and is a formal account of a passage at arms which 
 was held against all comers in 1434, at thebridge of Orbigo, 
 near the city of Leon, during thirty days, at a moment 
 when the road was thronged with knights passing for a 
 solemn festival to the neighboring shrine of Santiago. The 
 challenger was Suero de Quinones, a gentleman of rank, 
 who claimed to he thus emancipated from the service of 
 wearing for a noble lady’s sake a chain of iron around his 
 neck every Thursday. The arrangements for this extra- 
 ordinary tournament were all made under the king’s au- 
 thority. Nine champions, mantenedores, we are told, stood 
 with Quifiones ; and at the end of thirty days it was found 
 that sixty-eight knights had adventured themselves against 
 his claim, that sixhundredandtwenty-sevenencountershad 
 taken place, and that sixty-six lances had been broken ; — 
 one knight, an Aragonese, having been killed, and many 
 wounded, among whom were Quinones and eight out of his 
 nine fellow-champions. Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 174. 
 
 Passages from the Diary of a Late Physician. 
 
 A collection of short stories by Samuel Warren, 
 first published in “Blackwood’s Magazine.” in 
 1831 in America (1832 in England) two volumes were pub- 
 lished, and in 1838 a third was added. They had mostly a 
 morbid interest, but were extremely popular. 
 
 Passaguates (pa-sa-gwa/tas). [Origin un- 
 known.] A nomad tribe of southern Chihua- 
 hua, mentioned in 1582 by Espejo. It is now 
 extinct, and nothing is known of its language. 
 
 Passaic (pa-sa'ik). Ariverin New Jersey which 
 flows into Newark Bay below Newark, it forms 
 a cataract of 72 feet, with a perpendicular fall of 50 feet, at 
 Paterson. Length, about 100 miles. 
 
 Passaic. Amanufacturingcityin Passaic Coun- 
 ty, New Jersey, situated on the river Passaic 
 11 miles northwest of New York. Population, 
 54,773, (1910). 
 
 Passamaquoddy ( pas // a-ma-quod'i) . A tribe of 
 North American Indians, chiefly in Maine. See 
 Abnaki. 
 
 Passamaquoddy Bay. [From the Indian tribe 
 name.] An arm of the Atlantic, situated on the 
 border between Maine and New Brunswick. It 
 receives the St. Croix. Length, about 15 miles. 
 
 Passaro (pas'sa-ro), orPassero (pas'se-ro), 
 Cape. The modern name of Pachynum. in a 
 sea-flglit off thiscape, Aug. 11, 1718, the British under Byng 
 annihilated the Spanish fleet under Castaiieta. 
 
 Passarowitz (pas-sa'ro-vits), or Posarevatz 
 (po-sa're-vats), or Poscharewatz (po-sha're- 
 vats). A town in Servia, 38 miles east-south- 
 east of Belgrad. Population, 12,980. 
 
 Passarowitz, Peace of. A treaty concluded at 
 Passarowitz, July 21, 1718, between Turkey on 
 one side and Austria and Venice on the other. 
 Venice ceded the Morea to Turkey ; Turkey ceded to Aus- 
 tria part of Bosnia, Little Wallachia, part of Servia (in- 
 cluding Belgrad), and the Batiat of Temesvar. 
 
 Passau(pas'sou). A city in Lower Bavaria, Ba- 
 varia, situated at the junction of the Inn and Ilz 
 with the Danube, close to the Austrian frontier, 
 in lat. 48° 34' N., long. 13° 27' E. it is noted for its 
 picturesque location. The cathedral, of very early foun- 
 dation, but often restored, and finally rebuilt in 1665, is 
 one of the best examples of the German florid rococo style. 
 It was the capital of the bishopric of Passau. Population, 
 commune, 18,735. 
 
 Passau, Bishopric of. A former German prin- 
 cipality, in the neighborhood of Passau. It was 
 founded in the 8th century, was secularized in 1803, and 
 passed to Bavaria in 1805. 
 
 Passau, Peace of. A treaty concluded at Pas- 
 sau, July 16, 1552, between the elector Maurice 
 of Saxony and King Ferdinand in behalf of 
 the emperor Charles V. The principal provision 
 was the granting of freedom of religion to the 
 Lutherans. 
 
 Passavant (pa-sa-von' ), Johann David. Born 
 at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Sept. 18, 1787 : died 
 at Frankfort, Aug. 12, 1861. A German art 
 historian and artist. His works include a life of Ra- 
 phael (1839-58: French ed. I860), “Le peintre-graveur” 
 (1860-64), etc. 
 
 Passeier. See Passeyr. 
 
 Passes (pas-sas'). A tribe of Indians in the 
 Brazilian state of Amazonas, on the north side 
 of the Amazon, about the mouth of the Japura. 
 Formerly they were numerous, ranging eastward to the 
 Rio Negro and westward to the 1 1 , 1 ;’t . They are a gentle 
 race of agriculturists, and have never resisted the whites. 
 During the 18th century many of them were gathered into 
 mission villages. Very few remain in a wild state. The 
 Passes are a branch of the great Arawak or Maypnre stock. 
 
 Passeyr (pfis'ir), or Passeier (pas'l-er). A 
 romantic Alpine valley in Tyrol, about 30 miles 
 south by west of Innsbruck, which unites with 
 the valley of the Adige at Meran. 
 
 Passion Play. A mystery or miracle-play rep- 
 resenting the different scenes in the passion of 
 Christ. The passion play is still extant in the periodic 
 representations at Oberammergau, in the Bavarian high- 
 lands, perhaps the only example to be found at the pres- 
 ent day. 
 
 Passow (pas'so), Franz Ludwig Karl Fried- 
 rich. Born at Ludwigslust, Mecklenburg, Sept. 
 
 Patanjali 
 
 20, 1786: died at Breslau, March 11, 1833. A Ger- 
 man classical philologist and lexicographer, pro- 
 fessor at Breslau from 1815. He published a Greek 
 lexicon (1819-24 : 6th ed. 1841-57), “ Elements of the History 
 of Greek and Roman Literature and Art, ’’ etc. 
 
 Passy (pa-se'). A former commune, since 1860 
 a part of Paris, situated east of the Bois de 
 Boulogne. 
 
 Pasta (pas'ta), Madame (GiudittaNegri). Born 
 at Como, Italy, 1798: died near the Lake of 
 Como, April 1, 1865. An Italian opera-singer, 
 of Hebrew birth, one of the leading sopranos in 
 Paris and Italy from 1819 to about 1835. 
 Pastasa (pas-tas'a), or Pastaza (pas-ta'tha). 
 A river in Ecuador which joins the Maranon 
 (Amazon) about long. 76° 30' W. Length, 
 about 400 miles. 
 
 Pasterze (pas-tert'se). One of the largest Al- 
 pine glaciers, situated in the Glockner group 
 on the border of Tyrol and Carinthia. 
 
 Pasteur (pas-ter'), Louis. Born at Dole, Jura, 
 France, Dec. 27, 1822: died near St. -Cloud, Sept. 
 28, 1895. A celebrated French chemist and mi- 
 eroscopist. He is famous especially for his researches 
 in bacteria, fermentation,, the “Siberian pest, ’ hydropho- 
 bia, etc.. He published “ Etudes sur le vin ” (1866), “Etudes 
 sur le vinaigre)’ (1868), “Etudes sur la maladie des vers k 
 soie" (1870), “Etudes sur la bicre ” (1876), etc. He began 
 the practice of inoculation for hydrophobia in 1885. 
 Pasto (pas'to). A town in the southwestern 
 part of Colombia (department of Narino), 100 
 miles southwest of Popayan, on the eastern 
 flank of a volcano of the same name. Popula- 
 tion, about 4,000. 
 
 Paston Letters. A series of letters written or 
 received by members of the Paston family, of 
 Paston, county of Norfolk, England. The series 
 commenced in 1424, and ended in 1509. They are valuable 
 for 15th-century history, and were first published in part 
 by Sir John Fenn in 1787. The best edition is by James 
 Gairdner (3 vols. 1872-75), increased by more than 600 let- 
 ters, with notes, etc. 
 
 Pastoral Symphony, The. 1. A short move- 
 ment in Handel's “Messiah.” — 2. The title of 
 Beethoven’s 6th symphony. He added a second 
 title, “or Recollections of Country Life.” 
 Pastor Fido (pas-tor' fe'do), II. [‘The Faith- 
 ful Shepherd.’] A pastoral drama by Giam- 
 battista Guarini, played at Turin in 1585, but 
 not printed till 1590. It was composed to celebrate 
 the marriage of a duke of Savoy, and lias been six times 
 translated into English. 
 
 Patagonia (pat-a-go'ni-a). The southernmost 
 portion of South America, including all of the 
 Argentine Republic south of the Rio Negro, to- 
 gether with the adjacent parts of Chile. The west- 
 ern part is traversed from north to south by the Andes ; east 
 of them much of the country is occupied by high andmore 
 or less arid plains. The shores of the Chilean portion 
 are bordered by an infinity of islands. The interior is 
 sparsely populated by Indians (Patagonians, Araucanians, 
 etc.), but there are now flourishing Argentine and Chilean 
 settlements along the coasts. In 1881 Patagonia was di- 
 vided by treaty, Chile taking the portion west of the Andes, 
 together with the shores of the Strait of Magellan from 
 lat. 52° S., and the Argentine Republic retaining all the 
 rest. Both portions have been subdivided into territories 
 and provinces. The name is now used only as a conve- 
 nient geographical term, and is commonly restricted to the 
 Argentine portion : Tierra del Fuego is sometimes in- 
 cluded. Total area (excluding Tierra del Fuego), about 
 235,000 square miles, of which about one fifth is in Chile. 
 
 Patagonians (pat-a-go'ni-anz). The principal 
 Indian race of Patagonia. They call themselves 
 Chonek, Tzoneca, or Inaken ; the Pampean Indians, and 
 hence the whites of Argentina, give them the general des- 
 ignation of Teliuelches, or ‘southern people,’ a name more 
 particularly applied to those between the rivers Chubut 
 and Santa Cruz. They are wandering hunters, their small 
 villages being frequently changed; at present they are 
 friendly to the whites, bringing skins, etc., to sell at the 
 settlements. The Patagonians are noted for their great 
 stature, many of the men being over six feet high : the 
 early explorers represented then) as gian ts. Their language 
 indicates a distinct stock, though Martius believed that it 
 had some relation to that of the Tapuyas of Brazil. They 
 number about 20,000. 
 
 Patala (pa-ta'la). [Skt. patala, a word of ob- 
 scure derivation.] In Hindu mythology, a sub- 
 terranean or infernal region, or, more properly, 
 the name of one of its seven subregions or 
 stories, supposed to be inhabited by various 
 classes of supernatural beings, especially Nd- 
 qas, or serpents. Patala is not a place of torment. 
 Under it are the hells (narakas), of which Manu enumer- 
 ates 21 and tire Buddhists 136. 
 
 Patani (pii-tii'ne). A small native state in the 
 Malay peninsula, feudatory to Siam, situated 
 on the eastern coast about lat. 6°-7° N. 
 Patanjali (pa-tan'ja-li). 1. The reputed found- 
 er of the Yoga system of Hindu philosophy. — 
 2. The author of the Mahabhashya (which see). 
 He was born at Gonarda in the east of India, and lived for 
 sometime in Kashmir. According to Goldstucker he wrote 
 between 140 and 120 B. c., but Weber places him about 26 
 years after Christ. Panini, Katyayana, and Patanjali are 
 the great triad of Sanskrit grammarians. 
 
Patapsco 
 
 Patapsco (pa-tap'sko). A river in Maryland 
 which flows into Chesapeake Bay 14 miles south- 
 east of Baltimore. Length, nearly 80 miles. 
 Patara (pat'a-ra). [Gr. Ildrapa. | In ancient 
 geography, a city of Lycia, Asia Minor, situated 
 on the coast in lat. 36° 15' N., long. 29° 22' E. 
 There are remains of a theater of the date of 
 Hadrian. 
 
 Patavium (pa-ta'vi-um). The ancient name 
 of Padua. 
 
 Patawat (pat'a-wat). A tribe of North Ameri- 
 can Indians living on lower Mad River, Cali- 
 fornia. See Wishoslcan. 
 
 Patay (pa-ta/). A village in the department of 
 Loiret, France, 13 miles northwest of Orldans. 
 Here, June 18, 1429, the French under Dunois 
 and Joan of Arc defeated the English. 
 
 Patch (pach), Samuel. Born in Bhode Island 
 about 1807: killed at Bochester, N. Y., Nov. 13, 
 1829. An American, noted for leaping from 
 bridges, etc. lie was killed in attempting to jump from 
 a height of 125 feet into the Genesee River at Genesee 
 Falls. 
 
 Patchogue (pat-chog'). A village in Suffolk 
 County, Long Island, New York, situated on 
 Great South Bay, 51 miles east of Brooklyn. 
 Patelin (pat-lan'). A conventional character 
 in French comedy. He is a supplejnsinuating flatterer, 
 one who tries to accomplish his ends by indirect means. 
 He seems to have had his origin in a 14th-century farce, 
 “L’Avocat Patlielin.” 
 
 Pater ’ (pa'ter), Walter Horatio. Born at 
 London, Aug. 4, 1839,: died at Oxford, July 30, 
 1894. An English writer. He was educated at 
 Oxford. He published “Studies in the History of the 
 Renaissance” (1873), “Marius the Epicurean" (1885), 
 “ Imaginary Portraits” (1887), “Appreciations ” (1889), etc. 
 
 Paterculus (pa-ter'ku-lus), Caius Velleius. 
 
 Bom about 19 B. c. : diedafter30 a. d. ABoman 
 historian, author of an epitome of Boman his- 
 tory. 
 
 The Monarchy occupies the principal place in the abridg- 
 ment of Roman history in two hooks by C. Velleius Pater- 
 culus, A. D. 30. This writer had been in military service 
 under Tiberius, whom he then learned to admire ; but lie 
 soars to such fervour of loyalty and extravagance of style 
 that he lauds and magnifies everything connected with 
 his general beyond all bounds, and vilifies all that was 
 opposed to him. 
 
 Teuffel and Schwabe, Hist, of Rom. Lit. (tr. by Warr), II. 15. 
 
 Paterno (pa-ter'no). A town in the province of 
 Catania, Sicily, situated 11 miles northwest of 
 Catania, on the site of Hybla. Population, 
 commune, 20,558. 
 
 Paternoster Row (pat'er-nos // ter ro). A street 
 in London, north of St. Paul’s, long famous as 
 a center of book-publishing. It is said to he so 
 named from the prayer-books or rosaries formerly sold 
 in it. 
 
 Paterson (pat'er-son). [Named from William 
 Paterson (1744—1806) : see below.] A city, capi- 
 tal of Passaic County, New Jersey, situated ofe 
 the Passaic 17 miles northwest of New Yoi’k. it 
 is the third city in the State. The Passaic Palls supply it 
 with water-power. It is called “the Lyons of America” 
 from its manufacture of silk. It has manufactures also of 
 engines, machinery, cotton goods, woolens, velvets, jute, 
 flax, hemp, paper, non, etc. It was founded in 1792 under 
 the patronage of Alexander Hamilton, and became a city 
 in 1851. Population, 125,000, (1910). 
 
 Paterson, William. Born in Dumfriesshire, 
 April, 1658 : died in 1719. A Scotch adventurer. 
 In 1695 the Scottish Parliament authorized him, with oth- 
 ers, to plant colonies, and a charter was obtained from 
 William III. A company was formed to settle the Isth- 
 mus of Darien (called in the charter New Caledonia); the 
 stock was taken up in a spirit of wild speculation, and 
 thousands volunteered as colonists. Paterson sailed from 
 Leith Tuly26,1698,withl,200men, landed on the Isthmus; 
 aud founded the settlement of New St. Andrew, at the 
 port of Acla. After terrible sufferings it was abandoned 
 on June 22, 1699, and Paterson became fur a time insane. 
 Other colonists, to the number of 1,600, who had not heard 
 of the disaster, arrived later: they were attacked by the 
 .Spaniards, capitulated after a siege of six weeks (March 
 31, 1700), and were allowed to leave the country, but very 
 few ever reached home He originated the plan of the 
 Bank of England. See Montagu, Charles. 
 
 Paterson, or Patterson (pat'er-son), William. 
 Born about 1744: died 1806. An American poli- 
 tician and jurist. He was United States senator from 
 New Jersey 1789-90 ; governor of New Jersey 1791-93 ; and 
 justice of the United States Supreme Court 1793-1806. 
 
 Patey (pa'ti), Madame (Janet Monach Why- 
 tock). Born at London, 1842: died at Sheffield, 
 Feb. 28, 1894. A noted English contralto singer. 
 She made her debut in Birmingham as a mere child, and 
 before her death was considered the leading contralto of 
 the English stage. She went to the United States in 1871, 
 to Paris in 1876, and to Australia in 1890. She married 
 John George Patey in 1866. 
 
 Pathans (pu-tanz' or pa-thauz'). Persons of 
 Afghan race settled in Hindustan, or those of 
 kindred race in eastern Afghanistan. 
 Pathelin. See I'atelin. 
 
 Pathfinder, or Pathfinder of the Rocky Moun- 
 
 786 
 
 tains, The. A surname given to John Charles 
 Fremont, from his work as an explorer. 
 
 Pathfinder, The. The third in chronological 
 order of Cooper’s “Leatherstocking” novels, 
 published in 1840. It is so called from a nick- 
 name of the hero, Bumpo. See Leather stocking. 
 
 Pathros. See Mizraim. 
 
 Patiala (put-e-a'la). 1. A native state in the 
 Panjab, India, under British influence, inter- 
 sected by lat. 30° N., long. 76' E. Area, 5,412 
 square miles. Population, 1,596,692. — 2. The 
 capital of the state of Patiala. Population, 
 53,545. 
 
 Patience (pa'shens). An English comic opera, 
 music by Sullivan, words by W. S. Gilbert, pro- 
 duced in 1881. 
 
 Patient Grissel. A play by Dekker, Chettle, 
 and Haughton, produced in 1599, entered on the 
 “Stationers’ Register” in 1600, and published 
 in 1603. The songs “Art Thou Poor?” and “Golden Slum- 
 bers Kiss Thine Eyes” are Dekker's. See Griselda. 
 
 Patinamit (pa-te-na'met). The ancient capi- 
 tal of the Cakchiquels of Guatemala, probably 
 on or near the site of the first Spanish city of 
 Guatemala. It is described as a large and 
 strongly fortified place. It was also called 
 Iximche. 
 
 Patino. See Patmos. 
 
 Patkul (pat'kol), Johann Reinhoid or Regi- 
 nal von. Born 1660: executed Oct. 10, 1707. 
 A Livonian adventurer. He became a captain in the 
 Swedish army. Having been condemned to death in 1694 
 for participating in the opposition of the Livonian nobil- 
 ity to a reduction of the crownlands, he entered the ser- 
 vice of Augustus II., elector of Saxony, king of Poland, 
 in 1693. He negotiated the alliance of 1702 between Au- 
 gus.us and the czar against Sweden. He entered the Rus- 
 sian service in 1703, and in 1704 became Russian ambas- 
 sador at the court of Augustus. He was also made com- 
 mander of the Russian troops sent to the aid of the latter. 
 He was imprisoned by Augustus in 1705 on the suspicion of 
 conspiring against him. He was surrendered to the Swedes 
 by the treaty which Charles XII. dictated to Augustus at 
 
 * A ] transtadt in 1706. He was court-martialed and executed. 
 
 Patmore (pat'mor), Coventry Kersey Digh- 
 
 ton. Born at Woodford, Essex, July 23, 1823: 
 died at Lymington, Hampshire, Nov. 26, 1896. 
 An English poet and writer. He was assistant 
 librarian at the British Museum 1846-66. He published 
 “Poems” (1844), “Tamerton Church Tower,” etc. (1853), 
 
 • “ The Angel in the House ” (in foul' parts, 1854-62), etc. 
 
 Patmos (pat'mos). [Gr. n dr/zof.] An island of 
 
 the Sporades, belonging to Turkey, situated in 
 the iEgean Sea about 20 miles southwest of 
 Samos : the modern Patmo or Patino. A monas- 
 tery bears the name of John the Divine, and a cave is 
 pointed out where, according to legend, the apostle saw 
 the visions of the Apocalypse. Compare John (the 
 Apostle). 
 
 Patna (pat'na). [Patlaua, city.] Anative state 
 in India, under British control, intersected by 
 lat. 20° 30' N., long. 83° E. Area, 2,399 square 
 miles. Population, 277,748. 
 
 Patna. 1. A division of Bekar, British India. 
 Area, 23,748 square miles. Population, 15,- 
 514,987. — 2. A district in the division of Patna, 
 intersected by lat. 25° 20' N., long. 85° E. 
 Area, 2,076 square miles. Population, 1,624,985. 
 — 3. The capital of the district of Patna, situ- 
 ated on the Ganges, near the junction of the 
 Gandak and Son, about lat. 25° 37' N., long. 
 85° 10' E. : the ancient Pataliputra. it is an im- 
 portant center of river traffic, and has manufactures of 
 opium, cotton, etc. In the 18th century Patna became 
 the capital of an independent state, and in 1763 there was 
 an outbreak of hostilities, during which a number of the 
 English were seized and massacred by order of the nawab. 
 Several Sepoy regiments here took part in the mutiny of 
 1857. Population, 134,785. 
 
 Paton (pat'n), Sir Joseph Noel, commonly 
 called Sir Noel Paton. Born at Dunfermline, 
 Scotland, Dec. 13, 1821 : died at Edinburgh, Dec. 
 26,1901. A British historical painter. He was ori- 
 ginally a designer of patterns for damask-weaving ; went 
 to London in 1843 ; and studied in the Royal Academy 
 schools. He settled at Edinburgh in 1857, and was knighted 
 in 1867. He was also a sculptor, archaeologist, and poet. 
 
 Patoq.ua (pa-to-kwa'). [Jemez of New Mex- 
 ico.] One of the ancient and now ruined Jemez 
 pueblos, called San Joseph de los Jemez, situ- 
 ated 5 miles north of the present Jemez village. 
 It was abandoned after the uprising of 1680, 
 and was never reoccupied. Its ruins contain those 
 of the old church of San Joseph of Jemez, founded pre- 
 vious to 1617, abandoned in 1622, and again occupied in 1627. 
 
 Patos (pa'tos), Lagoa dos. A lake in the east- 
 ern part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, com- 
 municating with the Atlantic by the Rio Grande 
 do Sul. It is the largest lake in Brazil. Length, 
 140 miles. 
 
 Patrae (pa'tre), or Patras (pii-tras'), It. Pa- 
 trasso (pa-tras'so). A seaport, capital of the 
 
 Pattieson 
 
 nomarchy of Achaia, Greece, situated on the 
 Gulf of Patras in lat. 38° 15' N., long. 21° 45' E.: 
 the ancient Patrte (Gr. Uarpai). it is one of the 
 largest cities of Greece, the chief commercial center, and 
 the terminus of a railway line to Corinth. It was a flour- 
 ishing ancient city ; was the capital of the medieval duchy 
 of Achaia; was nearly destroyed by the Turks in 1821; 
 and was the point of outbreak of the Greek revolution. 
 Population, 37,724. 
 
 Patriarch of Dorchester. John White (1574- 
 
 1648), the English preacher. 
 
 Patriarch of Ferney. Voltaire. 
 
 Patrick (pat'rik), Saint, L.Patricius (pa-t.rish'- 
 ius). [L., ‘noble,’ ‘patrician.’] Born, according 
 to tradi tion, at N emtkur (no w Du mbarton), Sc ot- 
 land, about 396: died probably 469. The patron 
 saint of Ireland, son of the deacon Calpurnius, 
 son of Potitus, a priest. After the withdrawal of the 
 Roman garrisons, Calpurnius retired to the country south 
 of the Wall of Severus, where Patrick was captured by the 
 Piets about 411, and sold as a slave into Ireland. After six 
 years he escaped, and, devoting himself to the conversion 
 of Ireland, prepared for the priesthood. About 425 he en- 
 tered upon his mission. In 441 he was consecrated bishop. 
 He wrote a “ Confession” and an “Epistle.” 
 
 Patrimonium Petri (pa-tri-mo'ni-um pe'tri). 
 [L., ‘Peter’s patrimony.’] An ancient admin- 
 istrative division of the Papal States, situated 
 in central Italy northwest of the Boman Cam- 
 pagna. Capital, Viterbo. 
 
 Patriots (pa'tri-ots or pat'ri-ots). In English 
 politics, a faction of the Whigparty in the reigns 
 of George I. and George II., opposed to Sir Rob- 
 ert Walpole. 
 
 Patroclus (pa-tro'klus). [Gr. ndrpox/lof.] In 
 the Iliad, the intimate friend of Achilles, when 
 Achilles withdraws from the fight, and the Greek host is in 
 danger of being routed, he gives Patroclus his armor and 
 sends him at the head of the Myrmidons against the Tro- 
 jans. Patroclus at first succeeds, but at last is met by 
 Hector and slain. Achilles then, to avenge his friend, 
 reappears in the battle, drives the Trojans within their 
 wails, and vanquishes Hector. 
 
 Patron (pa'tron or pat'ron), The. A comedy by 
 Foote, produced in 1764. 
 
 Patschkau (patsh'kou). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Glatzer 
 Neisse, 46 miles south of Breslau. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 6,153. 
 
 Patterdale (pat'er-dal). A tourist center in 
 Westmoreland, England, near Ullswater, eight 
 miles north of Ambleside. 
 
 Patterson, Elizabeth. Born atBaltimore, Md., 
 Feb. 6, 1785 : died there, April 4, 1879. An 
 American lady, daughter of a Baltimore mer- 
 chant, who married Jdrome Bonaparte, brother 
 of Napoleon. Dec. 24, 1803. Napoleon refused to rec- 
 ognize the marriage, and prevented her from landing on 
 the Continent when she went to Europe with her husband. 
 She accordingly sought refuge in England, while J6r6me 
 went to Paris and finally yielded to his brother’s demand 
 for a divorce. 
 
 Patterson, Robert. Born in Ireland, May 30, 
 1743 : died at Philadelphia, July 22, 1824. An 
 American politician and scientific writer. He 
 became director of the United States mint in 
 1805. 
 
 Patterson, Robert. Born in Pennsylvania, 
 1753: died near Dayton, Ohio, Aug. 5, 1827. An 
 American pioneer. He served in the expedi- 
 tions against the Shawnees and other Indians. 
 
 Patterson, Robert. Born in Tyrone County, 
 Ireland, Jan. 12, 1792: died at Philadelphia, 
 Aug. 7, 1881. An American general. He served 
 in the Mexican war ; was a commander of Pennsylvania 
 troops in 1861 ; and commanded near Harper’s Ferry at the 
 time of the battle of Bull Run, July, 1861. 
 
 Patterson, William (1744-1806). See Paterson, 
 William. 
 
 Patteson, John Coleridge. Bora at London, 
 April, 1827 : murdered Sept. 16, 1871. An Eng- 
 lish missionary in the Pacific, made bishop of 
 Melanesia in 1861. 
 
 Patti (pat'te or pa'te). Acathedral cityand sea- 
 port in the province of Messina, Sicily, situated 
 on the Gulf of Patti 35 miles west by south of 
 Messina. Population, 5,604. 
 
 Patti (pat'e), Adelina. Born at Madrid, Feb. 
 10, 1843. A celebrated soprano opera-singer. 
 She was taken to America as a child by her parents, both 
 singers, and first appeared at New York in 1859 and at 
 London in 1861. She has since sung constantly, and has 
 been perhaps the most popular singer of the time Her 
 repertoire contains between 30 and 40 parts, including 
 Linda, Norina, Luisa Miller, Lucia, Violetta, Zerlina, etc. 
 She married the Marquis de Caux in 1868, M. Nicolini in 
 1886, and Baron CederstrOm in 1899. 
 
 Patti, Carlotta. Born at Florence, 1840 : died 
 at Paris, June 27, 1889. A concert-singer, sister 
 of Adelina Patti. She made her debut at New York in 
 1861, in England in 1863. She married Ernst de Munck, 
 violoncellist, in 1879. 
 
 Pattieson (pat 'i -son), Peter. An imaginary 
 schoolmaster, the assumed author of the “Tales 
 
Pattieson 
 
 of my Landlord,” by Sir Walter Scott. He has 
 a brother, Paul Pattieson, who publishes his 
 manuscripts for his own advantage. 
 
 Pattison (pat'i-son), Mark. Born at Hornby, 
 Yorkshire, 1813: "died at Harrowgate, July 30, 
 1884. An English writer. He graduated at Oxford 
 (Oriel College) in 1837, and became a fellow of Lincoln Col- 
 lege in 1839, and later tutor and (1861) rector. He wrote a 
 “ Report on Elementary Education in Protestant Germany ” 
 (1861), “Milton" (1879), etc. His essays were collected 
 in 1889. 
 
 Patton (pat'n), Francis Landey. Born in Ber- 
 muda, Jan. 22, 1843. An American Presbyte- 
 rian clergyman and educator. He became professor 
 in Chicago Presbyterian Theological Seminary in 1871, and 
 in Princeton Theological Seminary in 1881: and was pres- 
 ident of Princeton b Diversity 1888-1902. In 1903 he be- 
 came president of Princeton Theological Seminary. 
 
 Patuxent (pa-tuks'ent). A river m Maryland 
 which flows into Chesapeake Bay 53 miles south- 
 east of Washington. Length, over 100 miles. 
 Patwin, or Patween (pat-wen'). [‘Man.’] The 
 southern division of the Copehan stock of North 
 American Indians, formerly embracing 23 small 
 tribes. Its habitat extended from Stony Creek, Colusa 
 County, California, to Suisun Bay, and from Sacramento 
 River on the east to the boundary of the Moquelumnan, 
 Yukian, and Kulanapan stocks on the west. See Copehan. 
 
 Patzcnaro (pat'thkwii-ro), or Pascuaro (pas'- 
 kwa-ro). A town in the state of Michoacan, 
 Mexico, 130 miles west of Mexico. Population, 
 about 8,000. 
 
 Pan (po). [Prov. pau, a pale, with reference 
 to the pale or palisade of the old castle.] 
 The capital of the department of Basses- 
 Pyrenees, France, situated on the Gave de 
 Pau in lat. 43° 17' N., long. 0° 22' W. it is a 
 favorite winter health-resort, on account of its equable 
 climate. It has some trade and manufactures. The square 
 (the i’lace Royale) is noteworthy. The chateau, rebuilt 
 about 1360 by Gaston Phcebus, count of Eoix, is of inter- 
 est as a chief residence of the sovereigns of Navarre and 
 the birthplace of Henry IV. It has 5 tall towers joined 
 by massive walls, and a small but handsome Renaissance 
 court. The interior, restored by Louis Philippe and Na- 
 poleon IIL, contains very beautiful and interesting apart- 
 ments with splendid Renaissance furniture. Pau was the 
 ancient capital of Navarre, and was a celebrated center in 
 the time of Margaret of Valois, Jeanne d’Albret, and An- 
 toine de Bourbon. Population, -commune, 35,044. 
 
 Pau, Gave de. A river in southern France 
 which joins the Adour 14 miles east by north 
 of Bayonne. Length, about 105 miles. 
 
 Paucartambo (pou-kar-tam'bo). A frontier 
 settlement of the Incas of Peru, on a river of 
 the same name, a branch of the Ucayale, about 
 40 miles northeast of Cuzco. The ruins still 
 exist, and there is a modern village on the 
 site. 
 
 Pauer (pou'er), Ernst. Born at Vienna, Dec. 
 21, 1826: died May 9, 1905. An Austrian- 
 English pianist, teacher, and musical editor. 
 
 Pauillac (po-e-yiik'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Gironde, France, situated on the Gi- 
 ronde 27 miles north by west of Bordeaux. It 
 is the chief entrepot for Mbdoc wines. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 5,914. 
 
 Paul (p&l), Saint (originally Saul). [Gr. llav?or, 
 L. Paulus , from paulus, paullus, little.] The 
 great apostle to the Gentiles. He was bom at Tar- 
 sus, a “ Hebrew of the Hebrews ” ; was taught the trade 
 of tent-maker ; wentto Jerusalem and studied “at the feet 
 of Gamaliel”; was at first a vehement persecutor of tne 
 Christians, and held the clothes of those who stoned 
 Stephen ; was miraculously converted on his way to Da- 
 mascus; and became the most earnest preacher and the 
 greatest expounder of Christianity. He made missionary 
 tours in Syria, Cyprus, Asia Minor, Macedonia, Greece, and 
 elsewhere, mention of some of which is made in the New 
 Testament. He was imprisoned at Caesarea; was tried before 
 Felix, in whose custody he remained until he was handed 
 over by Felix to his successor Festus ; appealed to Caesar ; 
 and was sent to Rome, where he arrived in 61. He lived 
 for about two years in comparative freedom in his own 
 hired house. He appears to have been tried and acquitted ; 
 to have made various journeys ; to have returned to Rome ; 
 and to have suffered martyrdom there, probably by de- 
 capitation about 67. 
 
 Paul I. Pope 757-767, a friend of Pepin, king 
 of the Franks. 
 
 Paul II. (Pietro Barbo). Born at Venice, Feb., 
 1418: died July, 1471. Pope 1464-71. He en- 
 couraged luxury, and persecuted the humanists. 
 Paul III. (Alessandro Farnese). Born Feb. 
 28, 1468: died Nov. 10, 1549. Pope 1534-49. He 
 excommunicated Henry VIII. of F.ngland in 1538; ap- 
 proved the order of Jesuits in 1540; and convoked the 
 Council of Trent in 1545. In 1545 he male his son Pier 
 Luigi Farnese duke of Parma and Piacenza. 
 
 Paul IV. (Giovanni Pietro Caraffa). Born 
 J une 28, 1476 : died Aug. 18, 1559. Pope 1555— 
 1559. 
 
 Paul V. (Camillo Borghese). Born at Rome, 
 Sept. 17, 1552 : died Jan. 28, 1621 . Pope 1605-21. 
 He weakened the papal authority in a contest with Ven- 
 ice, which he placed under an interdict in 1606. 
 
 Paul I. Petrovitch. Born Oct., 1754 : assas- 
 
 787 
 
 sinated March 23-24, 1801. Czar of Russia, son 
 of Peter III. and Catharine II. He succeeded his 
 mother in 1796, and joined the coalition against France 
 1798-1800, but withdrew from it later. In 1801 he annexed 
 Georgia. His murder was the result of a conspiracy. 
 Paul, the Deacon. See Paulus Diaconus. 
 
 Paul, Brother. See Sarjri. 
 
 Paul, Pablo Rojas. See Rojas Paul. 
 
 Paul, Saint Vincent de. See Vincent de Paul. 
 Paul of Samosata. Born probably at Samo- 
 sata, Syria. A Monarchian heretic, bishop of 
 Antioch from 260 to his deposition in 272. He 
 denied the personality of the Logos and of the 
 Holy Spirit. 
 
 Paula, Francis of. See Francis. 
 
 Paul Clifford. A novel by Bulwer, published 
 in 1830: so called from the name of its hero. 
 Paul et Virginie. 1. A novel by Bernardin de 
 Saint-Pierre, published in 1788. The scene is 
 laid in Mauritius. — 2. An opera by Masse, first 
 produced at Paris in 1876. 
 
 Paulding (pal'ding), Hiram. Born at New 
 Vork, Dec. 11, 1797: died at Huntington, L. I., 
 Oct. 20, 1878. An American admiral, son of 
 John Paulding. He distinguished himself in the vic- 
 tory of Lake Champlain in 1814 ; and suppressed a filibus- 
 tering expedition against Nicaragua by arresting the leader 
 Walker at Punta Arenas in 1857, an act for which he was 
 censured by President Buchanan, inasmuch as the arrest 
 took place on foreign soil. 
 
 Paulding, James Kirke. Born at Nine Part- 
 ners, Dutchess County, N. Y., Aug. 22, 1779: 
 died at Hyde Park, N. Y., April 6, 1860. An 
 American novelist, poet, historian, and poli- 
 tician. ne was secretary of the navy 1838-41. His chief 
 novels are “The Dutchman’s Fireside ” (1831), “Westward 
 Ho” (1833) ; chief historical work, “Life of George Wash- 
 ington” (1835); poem, “The Backwoodsman ” (1818) ; sat- 
 ires, “The Diverting History of John Bull and Brother 
 Jonathan’’ (1812), “Lay of the Scottish Fiddle” (1813), 
 “ Merry Tales of the Three Wise Men of Gotham ” (1826) . 
 He was associated with Irving in “Salmagundi” (1807-08), 
 and published a second series alone (1819-20). 
 
 Pauli (pouTc), Georg Reinbold. Born at Ber- 
 lin, May 25, 1823 : died at Bremen, June 3, 1882. 
 A German historian. He lived many years in England. 
 His works are chiefly on English history. They include 
 “ Konig Alfred” (“King Alfred,” 1851), “Geschichte von 
 England ” (1853-58 : a continuation of Lappenberg’s “ His- 
 tory of England ”), “ Geschichte Englands ”(1864-75 : "His- 
 tory of England ’’for the period 1814-52), and “Simon von 
 Montfort ”(1867). He also published an edition of “Con- 
 fessio Amantis.” 
 
 Paulians (pa/li-anz). A Unitarian body founded 
 in the 3d century by Paul of Samosata (see 
 above) in Syria. 
 
 Paulicians (pa-lish'anz). A sect probably 
 founded by Constantine of Syria during the lat- 
 ter half of the 7th century. They held the dualistie 
 doctrine that all matter i3 evil ; believed that Christ, 
 having a purely ethereal body, suffered only in appearance ; 
 and rejected the authority of the Old Testament and reli- 
 gious ordinances and ceremonies. The sect is said to have 
 become extinct in the 13th century. The name is proba- 
 bly derived from their high regard for the apostle Paul. 
 
 Paulinus (pa-li'nus) of York. Died 644. A 
 missionary to England, sent thither by Pope 
 Gregory the Great in 601. He was instrumental in 
 introducing Christianity into Northumbria, and was made 
 bishop of York in 625, and of Rochester in 633. 
 
 Paulinzelle (pou'len-tsel-le). A village in 
 Schwarzburg-Budolstadt, Germany, 22 miles 
 south-southwest of Weimar. It is noted for 
 its ruined monastery and convent. 
 
 Paulists (pa'lists). A body of Roman Catholic 
 monks who profess to follow the example of the 
 apostle P aul. Specifically, in the United States, the Con- 
 gregation of the Missionary Priests of St. Paul the Apos- 
 tle, a Roman Catholic organization founded in New York 
 city in the year 1858 for parochial, missionary, and educa- 
 tional work. Also called Paulites, or Hermits of St. Paul. 
 
 Paullu (p;i-6l'yo), callodPaullu Inca or Paullu 
 Tupac Yupanqui. Born about 1500: died at 
 Cuzco, May, 1549. A Peruvian chief, son of 
 Huaina Capac, and younger brother of Huas- 
 car and MailCO. After the fall of Cuzco he re- 
 mained faithful to the Spaniards, accompanied Almagro 
 to Chile 1535-36, and fought for him and for Gonzalo 
 Pizarro, but was pardoned. He was baptized in 1543 with 
 the name of Cristhbal. 
 
 Paulo Affonso(pou'lo af-fon'sd). A celebrated 
 cataract, called “the Niagara of Brazil,” on the 
 river Sao Francisco, 193 miles above its mouth. 
 It is 265 feet in total height, but is broken by ledges and 
 rocks ; the volume of water i3 nearly equal to that of 
 Niagara. 
 
 Paul Pry(pri). A comedy by John Poole, attribu- 
 ted to Douarlas Jerrold, produced in 1853. Theim- 
 pudent, meddlesome adventurer who £ives his name to 
 the play was drawn from a Thomas Hill, at one time con- 
 nected with the press. 
 
 Paul’s, St. See St. Paul's. 
 
 Paul’s Cross. A cross situated near the north- 
 eastern angle of old St. Paul’s in the church- 
 yard : originally the place of assembling of the 
 
 Pausias 
 
 folksmote. From it great public assemblies were ad- 
 dressed and sermons preached. The “Paul s Cross Ser- 
 mons ” are still preached on Sunday mornings in St. Paul’s. 
 Thomas Kempe, bishop of London from 1448 to 1489, re- 
 placed the early wooden erection by a stone cross and pul- 
 pit, which was one of his most famous structures in old 
 London. 
 
 Paul’s Walk. The nave of old St. Paul’s, which 
 during the latter part of the 15th and the first 
 part of the 16th century became a rendezvous 
 for the transaction of business and for secular 
 amusements of every description, it was fre- 
 quented by disreputable characters and men out of em- 
 ployment, and is frequently alluded to in old plays. A 
 “Paul’s man ” was a frequenter of Paul's Walk, and pre- 
 sumably disreputable. It was also called Duke Hum- 
 phrey's Walk. 
 
 Paulus (pouTos). Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob. 
 
 Born at Leonberg, near Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg, 
 Sept. 1, 1761: died at Heidelberg, Aug. 10, 1851. 
 A German Protestant theologian, a leading ex- 
 ponent of rationalism, professor at Jena and 
 later at Heidelberg. His works include a commen- 
 tary on the New Testament (1800-04) and other exegetical 
 works(“Exegetisches Handbuch” (1830-33), “ Leben Jesu” 
 (1828), etc.). 
 
 Paulus (pa'lus), Julius. Lived at the begin- 
 ning of the 3d century a. D. A Roman jurist. 
 He was pretorian prefect under Alexander 
 Severus. Many excerpts from his works are 
 contained in the “Digest.” 
 
 Ulpian was surpassed in fertility by liis (older ?) contem- 
 porary Julius Paulus, who was likewise praefectus orato- 
 rio under Alexander Severus and possessed much Influ- 
 ence. He enjoyed no less authority than Ulpian as a ju- 
 rist. . . , The most comprehensive of his works was his 
 “Ad edictum ” in 80 books ; the one most largely used, his 
 brief text-hook “Sententiae ad filium.” We possess an 
 abridgment of the latter. The extracts from his works 
 constitute one sixth of the Pandects of Justinian. 
 
 Teuffel and Schwabe, Hist, of Rom. Lit. (tr. bv Warr), 
 
 [II. 270. 
 
 Paulus, Lucius iEmilius. Killed at Cannse, 
 216 B. c. A Roman consul, colleague with Varro 
 in the defeat at Gannas. 
 
 Paulus, Lucius iEmilius, surnamed Mace- 
 donicus (‘the Macedonian’). Born about 229 
 b. c.: died 160 b. c. A Roman general, son of 
 Paulus (died 216). He was distinguished as pretor 
 in Spain 191-189, and as proconsul against the Ingauni in 
 181 ; was consul in 168 ; defeated Perseus at Pydna and 
 overthrew the Macedonian kingdom ; pillaged Epirus in 
 167 ; and triumphed at Rome in 167. He was censor 
 in 164. 
 
 Paulus iEgineta (ej-i-ne'ta). A celebrated 
 Greek medical writer who lived probably in the 
 latter half of the 7th century after Christ. He 
 wrote a number of works, the chief of which is still extant : 
 it is commonly called “ De re mediea libri septem.” 
 
 Paulus Diaconus (di-ak'o-nus) (Paul the Dea- 
 con). Born about 720-725: died at Monte Cas- 
 sino, Italy, before 800. The first important his- 
 torian of the middle ages. His chief works are a 
 “History of the Lombards,” and a continuation of the 
 Roman history of Eutropius. His works were edited in 
 “Monumenta Germanise historica ’’ (1878-79). 
 
 Paulus Hook. The name given formerly to 
 the site of Jersey City. A British garrison there 
 was defeated and captured by Americans under Henry 
 Lee, Aug. 19, 1779. 
 
 Paul Veronese. See Veronese. 
 
 Pauinben (pam-ben'), or Pamban (pam-bun'), 
 Passage. A strait connecting the Gulf of 
 Manaar and Palk Bay, and separating Ra- 
 meshwaram Island from continental India. 
 Paumotu, or Paumota, Islands. See Lore Ar- 
 chipelago. 
 
 Paunacas. See Paiconecas. 
 
 Paunaque. See_ Bannock. 
 
 Pausanias (pa-sa'ni-as). [Gr. Tlavaaviat;.] Died 
 in Sparta about 466 b. c. A Spartan general, 
 Son of Cleombrotus. He commanded at the victory 
 of Plataea in 479 ; continued the war against Persia in 478 ; 
 conducted a treasonable correspondence with Xerxes; and 
 was starved to deatli by order of the ephors as a punish- 
 ment for his treason. 
 
 Pausanias. Lived in the 2d century. A noted 
 Greek geographer and writer on art. He wrote a 
 “ Periegesis of Greece,” devoted to a description of Grecian 
 antiquities. 
 
 Pausanias, who is generally known as “ the cicerone and 
 tourist,” and whose work, “the gazetteer of Hellas," is our 
 best repertory of information for the topography, local his- 
 tory, religious observances, architecture, and sculpture of 
 the different states of Greece. Of the personal history of 
 Pausanias we know nothing. It has been inferred, from 
 his reference to Pelops as having dwelt “with us,” tiiat 
 he was a native of Lydia; and there is evidence to show 
 that lie had lived long near Mount Sipylus. Passages in 
 his work prove that he was a contemporary of Hadrian and 
 the Antonines. 
 
 K. O. Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 259. 
 
 [{Donaldson.) 
 
 Pausias (pa'shi-as). [Gr.'Ilaw/af.] Lived in 
 the middle of the 4th century B. c. A Greek 
 painter of Sicyon, a pupil of Pamphilus and a 
 contemporary of Apelles. He made a special study 
 of foreshortening, and was the first to paint ceilings. A 
 
Pausias 
 
 large picture of a sacrifice was famous for a big black ox 
 directly foreshortened. A famous picture was the “Ste- 
 phanoplocus" or “Stephanopolis," painted from Glycera 
 the flower-girl of Sicyon. He was especially attracted by 
 the possibilities of encaustic, and developed it to a high 
 degree of perfection. Several of these wax pictures were 
 taken to Rome by Scaurus. Their technical refinement and 
 cleverness seem to have had a special attraction for the 
 later Romans. 
 
 Pauthier (po-tya'), Jean Pierre Guillaume. 
 
 Born at Besan^on, France, Oct. 4, 1801 : died 
 at Paris, March, 1873. A French Sinologist. 
 Among his works are “La Chine” (1837), “Q.uatre livres 
 de philosophic morale de la Chine ” (1841), etc. 
 
 Pauw (pou), Cornelius de. Bora at Amster- 
 dam, 1739: died at Xanten, duchy of Cleves, 
 July 7, 1799. A Dutch author. He joined the 
 order of Franciscans, but devoted most of his life to liter- 
 ary work, residing at Xanten. He published “Recherches 
 philosophiques sur les Amdricains ” (3 vols. 1768-70 ; en- 
 larged editions, 1770 and 1774), “Recherches philoso- 
 phiques sur les Egyptiens et les Chinois” (1774), and 
 “Recherches philosophiques sur les Grecs” (1778). A 
 collected edition of his writings was published at Paris, 
 1795, and there is an English translation of the first one. 
 De Pauw’s works are characterized by a spirit of criti- 
 cism which would be valuable if it were less violent. 
 His views excited much controversy. 
 
 Pauwels (pou'els), Ferdinand. Bom at Eeck- 
 eren, near Antwerp, 1830 : died at Dresden, 
 March 26, 1904. A Belgian painter. Among hiB 
 works are “Banished by Alva,” “Citizens of Ghent,” etc. 
 
 Pavement of Martyrs, The. See the extract, 
 descriptive of the battle near Tours. 
 
 Charles cut through the ranks of the Moslems with irre- 
 sistible might, dealing right and left such ponderous blows 
 that from that day he was called Charles Martel, ‘Karl 
 of the Hammer.’ His Frankish followers, inspired by 
 their leader’s prowess, bore down upon the Saracens with 
 crushing force ; and the whole array of the Moslems broke 
 and fled in utter rout. The spot was long and shudder- 
 ingly known in Andalusia by the name of the “Pavement 
 of Martyrs.” Poole, Story of the Moors, p. 30. 
 
 Pavia (pa-ve'a). 1. A province in the com- 
 partimento of Lombardy, Italy. Area, 1,288 
 square miles. Population, 491,632. — 2. A city, 
 capital of the province of Pavia, Italy, situat- 
 ed on the Ticino, near the Po, in lat. 45° 11' 
 N., long. 9° 9' E.: the ancient Tieinum. it has 
 considerable trade. The chief buildings are the cathedral 
 (with tomb of St. Augustine), the basilica San Michele, 
 and the Visconti palace. It is the seat of a university, 
 founded in 1361, with about 1,600 students and a library 
 of over 250,000 volumes. The Carthusian monastery Cer- 
 tosa di Pavia (see Certosa ) is near the university. Pavia 
 was an important city in the Roman Empire ; was con- 
 quered by Attila in 452, and by Odoacer in 470 ; was de- 
 veloped by Theodoric after 489; was taken by Alboin 
 about 672 ; and was made the Lombard capital until its 
 conquest by Charles the Great in 774. Otho the Great was 
 crowned there as Lombard king in 951. It sided with the 
 Ghibellines ; passed, under the Visconti in the 14th cen- 
 tury ; was sacked by the French in 1527 ; rose in insurrec- 
 tion and was seized by the French in 1796 ; was the scene 
 of an outbreak in 1848 ; and was annexed to Sardinia in 
 1859. It is sometimes called “ the City of the Hundred 
 Towers.” Population, commune, 35,447. 
 
 Pavia, Battle of. A victory gained near Pa- 
 via, Feb. 24, 1525, by the Imperialists under 
 Lannoy over the French under Francis I., who 
 was taken prisoner. 
 
 Paviotso (pa-ve-o'ts5). [‘Strong,’ ‘able,’ i. e. 
 ‘athletes.’] A confederacy of 28 small tribes 
 of North American Indians, in western Nevada 
 and southern Oregon. Their territory formerly ex- 
 tended into eastern California, where they were wrongly 
 regarded as Paiute. Number, about 3,000. See Shosho- 
 nean. 
 
 Pavlograd (phvTo-grad). A town in the gov- 
 ernment of Yekatermoslaff, Russia, situated on 
 the Voltchya 33 miles east-northeast of Yeka- 
 terinoslaff. Population, 18,500. 
 
 Pavlovsk (pav-lovsk'). 1. A town in the gov- 
 ernment of Voronezh, Russia, situated on the 
 Don 95 miles south-southeast of Voronezh. 
 Population, 8,700. — 2. A royal palace and small 
 town about 18 miles south of St. Petersburg. 
 
 Pavo (pa'vo). [L., the ‘peacock.’] A southern 
 constellation, the Peacock, situated south of 
 Sagittarius. 
 
 Pavon (pa-von'). A small river of the province 
 of Santa Fe, Argentine Republic, an affluent of 
 the Parand, about 30 miles below Rosario, it 
 gave its name to a battle fought on its banks, Sept. 17, 1861 , 
 in which the army of Buenos Ayres under Mitre defeated 
 the provincial forces under Urquiza. This battle decided 
 the supremacy of Buenos Ayres and the union of the Ar- 
 gentine Republic. 
 
 Pavonia (pa-vd'ni-a). A name formerly given 
 to a portion of eastern New Jersey, near New 
 York city. 
 
 Pavullo nel Frignano (pa-vol'lo nel fren-ya'- 
 no) A town in the province of Modena, Italy, 
 21 miles south by west of Modena. Population, 
 town, 1,322; commune, 11,660. 
 
 Pawnee, or Pani (pa-ne'). [PL, also Pawnees.] 
 A confederacy of the Caddoan stock of North 
 American Indians. Its habitat was formerly in Ne- 
 braska and Kansas, on the Platte and Republican rivers ; 
 
 788 
 
 it is now on a reservation in Oklahoma. The confederacy 
 consists of 4 tribes, together numbering about 600 per- 
 sons : the Tcawi or Grand Pawnee, the Pitahauerat or 
 Tapage, the Republican Pawnee, and the Skidi or Pawnee 
 Loup. See Caddoan. 
 
 Pawnee Loup. See Skidi and Pawnee. 
 Pawtucket (pa-tuk'et). See Pennacook. 
 Pawtucket. [From the Indian tribe.] Part of 
 the lower course of the Blaekstone, near Paw- 
 tucket. 
 
 Pawtucket. [From the river of the same 
 name.] A city in Providence County, Rhode 
 Island, situated on the Pawtucket River four 
 miles north by east of Providence, it lias impor- 
 tant manufactures of cotton goods, engines, machinery, 
 thread, etc. Cotton-manufacturing was established here 
 by Slater in 1790. Population, 51,622, (1910). 
 
 Pawtuxet (pa-tuk'set). A river m Rhode Isl- 
 and which flows into Providence River below 
 Providence. 
 
 Paxos (pak'sos). A small island of the Ionian 
 Islands, Greece, 8 miles southeast of Corfu : the 
 ancient Paxos (Gr. Ilafdf). it is noted for the pro- 
 duction of olive-oil. This and the neighboring small isl- 
 and of Antipaxo were called in ancient times Paxi. 
 
 Paxton (paks'ton), Sir Joseph. Born at Mil- 
 ton Bryant, near Woburn, England, 1801: died 
 at Sydenham, England, June 8, 1865. An Eng- 
 lish architect, landscape-gardener, and horti- 
 culturist. He obtained employment as a gardener at 
 Chatsworth, and ultimately became superintendent of the 
 Duke of Devonshire’s gardens there, which lie remodeled. 
 A conservatory which he erected there formed the model 
 for the exhibition building of 1851 at London. He de- 
 signed the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, which was built 
 mainly from the materialsof the exhibition building. He 
 also designed the mansion of Baron Rothschild at Fer- 
 rikres, France. He organized the army work corps in the 
 Crimea. From 1854 he wasmemberof ParliamentforCoven- 
 try. He published a “Pocket Botanical Dictionary” in 1840. 
 Pax Vobis (pales vd'bis). [L., ‘peace he with 
 you.’] A small half-length picture of Christ 
 crowned with thorns, undraped, by Raphael, in 
 the Palazzo Tosio at Brescia, Italy. The Sa- 
 viour points to the wound in his side. 
 Payaguas (pi-ya-gwas'). An Indian tribe of 
 Paraguay, now reduced to afew hundreds in the 
 Chaco region, opposite Asuncion. They are very 
 degraded savages, wandering in the swamps and subsist- 
 ing principally on fish and alligators ; their color is re- 
 markably dark (perhaps deepened by the use of pigments), 
 and their language indicates a distinct stock. Parties of 
 them are frequently seen at Asuncion. At the time of the 
 conquest a tribe called Payaguas or Agaces lived on the 
 Paraguay from the site of Asuncion to the junction with 
 the ParanA. They were very numerous and warlike, rarely 
 leaving their canoes, from which they fought. Sebastian 
 Cabot was attacked by them in 1527 ; Ayolas had a fierce 
 struggle with them in Aug., 1536; and they were long the 
 most formidable enemies of the colonists. The missiona- 
 ries could make little or no impression on them. It is 
 somewhat doubtful if the modern Payaguas are descended 
 from these. 
 
 Payer (pi'er), Julius von. Born at Schonau, 
 near Teplitz, Bohemia, Sept. 1, 1842. An Aus- 
 trian arctic explorer and painter. He took part in 
 the expedition to Greenland 1869-70, and in the exploration 
 of the Arctic Ocean east of Spitzbergen in 1871, and with 
 Weyprecht led the Tegethoff expedition (1872-74), which 
 discovered Franz Josef Land. 
 
 Payerne (pa-yarn'), G. Peterlingen (pa'ter- 
 ling-en). A town in the canton of Vaud, Swit- 
 zerland, situated on the Broye 25 miles north- 
 east of Lausanne. It was formerly a royal Bur- 
 gundian residence. 
 
 Payn (pan), James. Born Feb. 28, 1830: 
 died at London, March 25, 1898. An English 
 novelist and poet. He became editor of “Cham- 
 bers’s Journal” in 1858, and of the “Cornhill Maga- 
 zine ” in 1882. He published poems (1855), and about 
 100 novels, including “By Proxy,” “The Heir of the 
 Ages,” etc. 
 
 Payne (pan), Henry B. Born Nov. 30, 1810: 
 died Sept. 9, 1896. An American politician. He 
 was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for governor 
 of Ohio in 1857 ; was Democratic member of Congress from 
 Ohio 1875-77 ; was a member of the Electoral Commission 
 in 1877 ; and was United States senator from Ohio 1885-9L 
 Payne, John Howard. Bora at New York, 
 June 9, 1791 : died at Tunis, April 9, 1852. An 
 American dramatist, actor, and song-writer. 
 He first appeared on the stage at New York in 1809, and 
 fulfilled a number of engagements in other cities as “The 
 American Juvenile Wonder,” etc. Heplayed alsoin Eng- 
 land and Ireland, part of the time with Miss O’Neill. He 
 retired from the stage in 1832, and was in Tunis as Ameri- 
 can consul 1843-45 and 1851-52. He is famous as the 
 author of “Home, Sweet Home "(originally in the opera 
 of “Clari ”), and was author and translator and adapter of 
 more than 60 plays. 
 
 Payojke (pa-yoH-ka'). [Tehua.] The official 
 headof oneof the two very ancient subdivisions 
 of t he Tehua tribe of New Mexico, said to have 
 originated when the Tehuas came out upon the 
 surface of the earth at the lagoon or cavern of 
 Cibobe : also the name of the summer cacique, 
 or chief penitent for summer, of the Tehua 
 tribes. Every Tehua pueblo has its summer cacique, 
 as well as its ojique or winter cacique. He Is in 
 
 Peace, The 
 
 power from the vernal to the autumnal equinox. But In 
 all important matters of religion he is superior to the win- 
 ter cacique, and is really the religious head ol the tribes. 
 
 Paysandu (pi-san-do'), formerly San Benito 
 (san ba-ne'to). A town and port in Uruguay, 
 situated on the river Uruguay 160 miles north 
 of Buenos Ayres. It was taken by the Bra- 
 zilians after a bombardment, Jan. 2, 1865. Pop- 
 ulation, about 18,000. 
 
 Pays-Bas (pa-e'ba'). [F., ‘Low Countries.’] 
 
 The French name of the Netherlands. 
 
 Pays de Vaud. See Vaud. 
 
 Payson (pa'son), Edward. Born at Rindge, 
 N. H., July 25, 1783: died at Portland, Maine, 
 Oct. 22, 1827. An American Congregational 
 divine, pastor in Portland. His sermons, with me- 
 moir by Cummings, were published in 1846. These ser- 
 mons are said to be read more than those of any other New 
 England divine, except Dwight. 
 
 Payta (pi'ta). A seaport in the department of 
 Piura, Peru, situated in lat. 5° 12' S. Popu- 
 lation, about 4,000. 
 
 Paytiti, or Gran Paytiti (gran pa-e-te'te). A 
 fabled empire said to have been established 
 by Incas who fled from Peru after the conquest. 
 Reports located it somewhere in the forests of northeastern 
 Peru, and described a magnificent capital city called Y urac- 
 huasi. Various expeditions were made in search of it 
 during the 17th and 18th centuries, and belief in its 
 former existence has not yet entirely died out. Also 
 written Paititi. 
 
 Payucha. See Paiute. 
 
 Paz, La. See La Paz. 
 
 Paz, Mariano Rivera. See Rivera Paz. 
 
 Paz Sold&n (path sol-dan'), Mariano Felipe. 
 Bom at Arequipa, Aug., 1821: died at Lima, 
 Dec. 31, 1886. A Peruvian geographer, histo- 
 rian, and jurist. He held various civil offices; was 
 for many years director of public works ; and was twice 
 minister of justice. The Peruvian penitentiary system 
 was reformed by him in 1856. During the Chilean occu- 
 pation he was exiled, residing in Buenos Ayres. His works, 
 which are very valuable, include “Atlas geogr&flco del 
 Peru” (Paris, 1861; F. edition, 1865), accompanying the 
 ‘ ‘ G eografia d el Peru ” of his brother Mateo ; “ Historia del 
 Peru Independiente” (1866); “Diccionario geogrAfico es- 
 tadistico del Peru” (1877); “Diccionario de la Republica 
 Argentina ”(1884); and “ Historia de laGuerradel Paciflco 
 (1884). 
 
 Paz Soldcln, Mateo. Born at Arequipa, 1814 : 
 died about 1872. A Peruvian mathematician 
 and author, brother of M. F. Paz Soldan. He 
 published several mathematical works and a treatise on 
 the geography of Peru. 
 
 Paz Soldan y Unanue (e on-a'no-a), Pedro. 
 Born at Lima, 1839. A Peruvian poet, better 
 known by the pen-name of Juan de Arona. His 
 verses are generally descriptive of Peruvian country life, 
 and many of them are humorous. He has published a 
 work “Peruanismos" (on local words and phrases). 
 Pazzi (pat'se). A powerful family of Florence, 
 noted for their unsuccessful conspiracy against 
 the Medici in 1478. 
 
 Peabody (pe'bod-i). A town in Essex County, 
 Massachusetts, 14 miles northeast of Boston. 
 It has manufactures of leather, morocco, etc. It was 
 separated from Danvers in 1855. The name was changed 
 in 1868 from South Danvers to Peabody in honor of George 
 Peabody. Population, 15,721, (1910). 
 
 Peabody, Andrew Preston. Born at Beverley, 
 Mass., March 19, 1811 : died March 10, 1893. An 
 American Unitarian clergyman and author. 
 He was professor of Christian morals at Harvard 1860-81, 
 when he was elected professor emeritus. He was for many 
 years editor of the “North American Review.” Among his 
 works are “Lectures on Christian Doctrine ”(1844), “Con- 
 versation” (1856), “Christianity the Religion of Nature” 
 (1864), “Reminiscences of European Travel ” (1868), “Man- 
 ual of Moral Philosophy ”(1873), “Christianity and Science” 
 (1874), “Christian Belief and Life” (1875), "Moral Philoso- 
 phy” (1887), “ Building a Character" (1887), and “ Harvard 
 Reminiscences ” (1888). 
 
 Peabody, George. Born at Danvers, Mass., 
 Feb. 18, 1795: died at London, Nov. 4, 1869. An 
 American merchant and banker, celebrated as 
 a philanthropist. He settled in London as a banker 
 in 1837. Among his benefactions are the Peabody Insti- 
 tute in Baltimore (1857), afund for education in the South, 
 gifts to Harvard and other colleges, to the working-men 
 of London, etc. 
 
 Peabody, Nathaniel. Born at Topsfield, Mass., 
 March 1, 1741: died at Exeter, N. H., June 27, 
 1823. An American Revolutionary officer, a 
 delegate to the Continental Congress. 
 Peabody Bay. An arm of Smith Sound, on the 
 northwestern coast of Greenland. 
 
 Peabody Institute. An institution at Balti- 
 more, founded by George Peabody, and contain- 
 ing a library, conservatory of music, art- 
 gallery, etc. 
 
 Peace, The. A comedy of Aristophanes, ex- 
 hibited in 419 b. C. Its aim was to commend the an- 
 ticipated peace of Nicias. In it an Athenian, Trygseus, 
 mounts to heaven on a beetle, finds the gods pounding 
 the Greek states in a mortar, and succeeds in freeing the 
 imprisoned goddess of peace. 
 
Peace Conference 
 
 Peace Conference. 1. A conference proposed by 
 the Czar of Russia which met at The Hague, 
 May 18, 1899. It urged the avoidance of force as far 
 as is possible in international relations, adopted rules for 
 international arbitration, and established a permanent 
 court of arbitration. 
 
 Peace of Monsieur (me-sye'). [F- Paix (Je Mon- 
 sieur .] A peace forced upon Henry III. of 
 France in 1576 by a combination of Huguenots, 
 the Politiques, and the Due d’Alemjon (“ Mon- 
 sieur”). Great concessions were made to the 
 Huguenots and to the Due d’Alen§on. 
 
 Peace Of Miinster (miin'ster). A fine painting 
 by Gerard Terburg (1648), a distinguished Dutch 
 master. The Spanish plenipotentiaries and the delegates 
 of the United Provinces are assembled, and are listening 
 to the reading of the ratification oath. There are about 30 
 figures, all portraits, and admirably characterized in their 
 minute scale. 
 
 Peace River. A river in British America which 
 rises in British Columbia and flows into Lake 
 Athabasca. Length, about 1,000 miles. 
 
 Peachtree Creek (pech'tre krek). A small 
 tributary of the Chattahoochee, near Atlanta, 
 Georgia. Here, July 19-20, 1864, the Federals under Sher- 
 man defeated the Confederates under Hood. 
 
 Peachum (pech'um). A noted character in 
 Gay’s 4 4 Beggar’s Opera.” He is a receiver of stolen 
 goods, and the father of Polly Peachum, the principal fe- 
 male character, who marries the highwayman Macheath. 
 
 Peacock, Thomas Love. Born at Weymouth, 
 England, Oct. 18, 1785: died at Halliford, Jan. 
 23, 1866. An English satirical novelist and poet. 
 He was intimately associated with Shelley and Byron. 
 His style is egotistic and Rabelaisian. In 1816 he pub- 
 lished “Headlong Hall, "followed by “Melincourt” in 1817. 
 He published “Nightmare Abbey" and “Rhododaphne,” 
 a volume of verse (1818). In 1819 he was made assistant 
 examiner at the India House, and in 1836 he succeeded 
 Mill as chief examiner. “ Maid Marian " appeared in 1822, 
 “The Misfortunes of Elphin” in 1829, “Crotchet Castle" 
 in 1831, and “ Gryll Grange ” in 1860. He was much inter- 
 ested in steam navigation to India. 
 
 Peacock, The. See Pavo. 
 
 Peak (pek), The. A hilly region, principally in 
 Derbyshire, England. It extends from Glossop to 
 Ashbourne north and south, and from Chesterfield to Bux- 
 ton east and west, and contains some picturesque scenery. 
 Highest point, Kinderscout (2,080 feet). 
 
 Peak Cavern. A noted stalactite cave in the 
 Peak of Derby, England, situated near Castle- 
 ton. Length, 2,000 feet. 
 
 Peaks of otter (ot'er). Two peaks of the Blue 
 Ridge in Virginia. Height, about 4,000 feet. 
 
 Peale (pel), Charles Willson. Born at Chester- 
 town, Md., April 16, 1741: died at Philadelphia, 
 Feb. 22, 1827. An American portrait-painter. 
 
 Peale, Rembrandt. Born in Bucks County, 
 Pa., Feb. 22, 1778: died at Philadelphia, Oct. 
 3, 1860. An American painter, chiefly of por- 
 traits, son of C. W. Peale. 
 
 Pearce (pers), James Alfred. Born at Alex- 
 andria, Va., Dec. 14, 1805: died at Chestertown, 
 Md., Dec. 20, 1862. An American Democratic 
 politician. He was member of Congress from 
 Marylandl835-39andl841-43,andUnited States 
 senator 1843-62. 
 
 Pea Ridge (pe rij). A place in Benton County, 
 northwestern Arkansas, near the Missouri bor- 
 der. Here, March 7-8, 1862, the Federals (10,500) under 
 Curtis defeated the Confederates (16,202) under Van Dorn. 
 The Federal loss was 1,384 ; the Confederate loss was 1,300. 
 
 Pearl (perl). A river in Mississippi which forms 
 in its lower course part of the boundary between 
 Mississippi and Louisiana, and flows into the 
 Gulf of Mexico 40 miles north-northeast of New 
 Orleans. Length, over 300 miles. 
 
 Pearl Coast. [Sp. Costa de Perl as. ] A name 
 given by the early Spanish explorers to the coast 
 of Venezuela from Cumana to Trinidad. Colum- 
 bus (1498) and Ojeda and Nifio (1499-1500) first visited this 
 region and obtained pearls from the Indians; subsequently 
 extensive pearl-fisheries were established, especially at 
 the islands off the coast. 
 
 Pearl Islands. 1 . An old name for islands off 
 the coast of Venezuela (Margarita, Cubagua, 
 etc.). — 2. A group of small islands belonging 
 to Panama, in the Bay of Panama : so named 
 by Balboa in 1513. 
 
 Pearl River. See Canton River. 
 
 Pearls, Gulf of. A name given by Columbus 
 to the Gulf of Paria, Venezuela. 
 
 Pearson (per'son), John. Born at Groat Snor- 
 ing, Norfolk, England, Feb. 28, 1612: died at 
 Chester, July 16, 1686. An English bishop and 
 theological writer. He entered Cambridge University 
 (Queens’ College), June 10, 1631 ; took orders in 1639 ; and 
 in 1640 was chaplain to Lord Keeper Finch. In 1659 he 
 published the “ Exposition of the Creed.” In 1661 he was 
 one of the commissioners on the review of the liturgy at 
 the Savoy. On April 14, 1662, he was appointed master of 
 Trinity College, Cambridge • and in 1673 he was made 
 bishop of Chester. 
 
 * 789 
 
 Peary (pe'ri), Robert Edwin. BornatCres- 
 son, Pa., May 6, 1856. An American arctic 
 explorer and rear-admiral, discoverer of the 
 north pole. In 1886 he made a journey to Greenland, 
 advancing for a hundred miles or more upon the interior 
 ice. In June, 1891, as chief of the arctic expedition of the 
 Academy of Natural Sciences, he sailed from New York 
 in the Kite, and made his headquarters at McCormick Bay, 
 on the northwest coast of Greenland. Hemade sledge ex- 
 cursions along Whale Sound, Inglefleld Gulf, and Hum- 
 boldt Glacier ; traversed the inland ice from McCormick 
 Bay to the northeast angle of Greenland (Independence 
 Bay, lat. 81° 37' N.); and proved the convergence of the east- 
 ern and western coasts of northern Greenland, and almost 
 with positiveness the insularity of the mainland. He dis- 
 covered new lands (Melville Land, Heilprin Land) lying be- 
 yond Greenland, and named many glaciers. In Sept., 1892, 
 he returned. In July, 1893, he sailed again, in the Falcon, 
 intending to survey the northeastern coast of Greenland, 
 and if possible to push on toward the north pole. He 
 was unsuccessful and returned in September, 1895. In 
 1898 he again returned to the attack upon the pole. He 
 made his winter quarters at Etah, near Smith Sound, and 
 established caches of supplies as far as Fort Conger. In the 
 spring of 1900 lie set out from Fort Conger, and traced the 
 northern limit of the Greenland archipelago, reaching the 
 highest latitude .(83° 50' N.) then attained on the western 
 hemisphere. He intended to renew the attempt to reach 
 the pole each spring until he should pucceed. But he re- 
 turned in Sept., 1902, having reached lat. 84° 17' N. His 
 wife, author of “ My Arctic Journal " (1803), accompanied 
 the expeditions of 1891-92, loba-94, and 1900-01 (relief ex- 
 pedition) as far as the winter quarters. In July, 1905, he 
 again set out. See supplement, and Century Allas, Map 3. 
 
 Peasant Bard, The. Robert Burns. 
 
 Peasants’ War, The. An insurrection of the 
 peasantry in southern Germany against the no- 
 bles and clergy. It broke out in 1524, and spread 
 through Franconia, Swabia, Thuringia, and Alsace, being 
 suppressed with great cruelty in May and J une, 1525. See 
 Milnzer and Frankenhausen. 
 
 Peas-blossom (pez'blos // pm). A fairy in “A 
 Midsummer Night’s Dream,” by Shakspere. 
 Pease (pez), Calvin. Born Aug. 12, 1813: died 
 Sept. 17, 1863. An American Congregational 
 (later Presbyterian) clergyman, president of 
 the University of Vermont 1855-61. 
 
 Pe-chi-li. See PetcMli 
 
 Pecht (pecht), Friedrich. Born at Constance, 
 Baden, Oet. 2, 1814 : died at Munich, April 24, 
 1903. A German painter and writer on art. 
 Among his works is “ Galleries of Characters from 
 Schiller, Goethe, Lessing, and Shakspere." 
 
 Pechuel-Losche (pesh'wel le'she), Moritz Ed- 
 uard. Born near Merseburg, July 26, 1840. A 
 German traveler. He visited the W est Indies, Oceania, 
 and the Arctic and Antarctic seas. He was a member of the 
 German scientific expedition toLoango, West Africa, 1874- 
 1876. In 1882 he was Stanley’s substitute on the Kongo. 
 In 1884 he was in Damaraland. 
 
 Peck (pek), John James. Born at Manlius, 
 N.Y., Jan. 4, 1821: died at Syracuse, N. Y., April 
 21,1878. An American general. He served in the 
 Mexican war, and in the Peninsular campaign in the Civil 
 War, and was in command of the national troops in Vir- 
 ginia, south of the James, 1862-63. 
 
 Peck, William Guy. Bom at Litchfield, Conn., 
 Oct. 16, 1820: died at Greenwich, Conn., Feb. 
 7, 1892. An American mathematician. He 
 graduated at West Point in 1844, and was assistant 
 professor of mathematics at West Point 1847-55. He was 
 professor in Columbia College from 1857 until his death. 
 Pecksniff (pek'snif ). A notorious hypocrite in 
 Dickens’s ‘‘ Martin Chuzzle wit.” He has two daugh- 
 ters : Mercy (Merry), married to Jonas Chuzzlewit ; and 
 Charity (Cherry), who is a victim of misplaced affection. 
 
 Pecock (pe'kok), Reginald. Lived in the 15th 
 century. An English prelate. He was bishop of 
 St. Asaph 1444-49, and of Chichester 1450-59 : author of 
 “Repressor of Overmuch Blaming of the Clergy." Op- 
 posing the Roman tenets in 1457, he was deprived in 1469. 
 
 Pecorone (pa-ko-ro'ne), II. [It., ‘sheepshead’ 
 or ‘ dunce.’] A collection of 50 tales by Ser 
 Giovanni Fiorentino. He began to write them in 
 1376, but the book was not published till 1658 at Milan. 
 The stories were mostly drawn from the chronicles of Gio- 
 vanni Villani. Painter, in his “Palace of Pleasure,” and 
 subsequent writers are indebted to it. 
 
 Pecos (pa'kos). A river of New Mexico and 
 Texas which joins the Rio Grande about lat. 29° 
 40' N., long. 101° 20' W. Length, 700-800 miles. 
 Pecos. [A corruption of Paquiu, the name, in 
 the Jemez language, of the tribe of Pecos.] A 
 now ruined Indian village 25 miles southeast 
 of Santa F (■ . New Mexico. Its aboriginal name was 
 Tshiquite (wr itten Cicuique by the older Spanish chroni- 
 clers). It was in 1540 the largest Indian village or pueblo 
 in New Mexico, containing a population of about 2,000 
 souls, which formed an independent tribe speaking the 
 same language as the Indians of Jemez. In 1680 the Pe- 
 cos rebelled with the others, but surrendered peaceably to 
 Vargas in 1692, and thereafter remained loyal to Spain. 
 The site of Pecos is marked by interesting ruins, includ- 
 ing those of a large church, founded in the beginning of 
 the 17th century. 
 
 Pedee. See Great Pedee. 
 
 Pedernal (pa-der-niil'). [Sp., ‘stone-place.’] 
 The name of two heights in New Mexico, one of 
 them lyingeastof the salt-lakesof the Manzano, 
 
 Peebles 
 
 in eastern central New Mexico, and the other 
 northwest of Abiquiu in northern New Mexico. 
 The latter is distinguished by its form, which is that of a 
 truncated cone, and by the abundance of arrowheads of 
 flint found on and about it. 
 
 Pedo, Albinovanus (al-bi-no-va'nus pe'do). A 
 Roman poet, of the Augustan age : author of a 
 poem entitled “Theseis,” of an epic poem on 
 contemporary history, and of epigrams. 
 
 Pedr arias. See Avila, Pedro Arias de. 
 Pedraza (pad-ra'tha), Manuel Gomez. Born 
 at Querdtaro about 1788 : died in Mexico City, 
 May 14, 1851. A Mexican general and politi- 
 cian. He was secretary of war under Victoria, 1825-29, 
 and was elected to succeed him, but the election was an- 
 nulled. Pedraza took part in the revolts of 1832, and was 
 eventually president during the last months of his legal 
 term, Dec. 26, 1832, to April 1, 1833. He held cabinet posi- 
 tions under Santa Anna; was a senator 1844 ; and was a 
 presidential candidate in 1845 and 1850. 
 
 Pedro (pe'dro; Sp. pron. pa'dro) II. King of 
 Aragon 1196-1213. 
 
 Pedro III. King of Aragon 1276-85. He be- 
 came king of Sicily on the expulsion of the 
 French in 1282. 
 
 Pedro IV. King of Aragon 1336-87, son of Al- 
 fonso IY. He annexed the Balearic Isles in 
 1343. 
 
 Pedro I. (Dom Antonio Pedro de Alcantara 
 Bourbon). Born at Lisbon, Oet. 12, 1798 : died 
 there, Sept. 24, 1834. First emperor of Brazil. 
 He was the second son of Dom Joao, who became John VI. 
 of Portugal in 1816 ; and, by the death of his elder brother, 
 was heir apparent. In 1807 he was taken to Brazil with 
 the royal family. His father assumed the crown there, and 
 returned to Portugal April 26, 1821, leaving Dom Pedro 
 as regent of Brazil. Early in 1822 the prince assumed the 
 leadership of the party of opposition to Portugal, defi- 
 nitely pronounced for independence Sept. 7, and was pro- 
 claimed emperor Oct. 12 and crowned Dec. 1. The only 
 serious resistance made by Portugal was in the northern 
 provinces, and was soon overcome ; in 1825 Portugal recog- 
 nized the independence of Brazil. The popularity of the 
 emperor, at first very great, was weakened by his reaction- 
 ary policy in 1823, and especially by his forcible dissolu- 
 tion of the constituent assembly Nov. 12, 1823, and the 
 banishment of the Andradas. On March 25, 1824, he ac- 
 cepted a constitution which had been prepared by a coun- 
 cil of state, and which remained in force during the em- 
 pire. In 1828 the Cisplatine Province, or Uruguay, be- 
 came independent after three years of war with Brazil. 
 The increasing opposition to the emperor’s policy at length 
 provoked popular tumults. Convinced that he could no 
 longer rule, he abdicated in favor of his son. April 7, 1831, 
 and soon after sailed for England. On the death of John 
 VI. (1826) he had been proclaimed king of Portugal, but 
 had resigned the crown in favor of his daughter, whom the 
 usurpation of Dom Miguel had deprived of her rights. 
 On his arrival in Europe Dom Pedro at once headed a 
 movement in his daughter's favor, taking a personal part 
 in the war in Portugal. He was finally successful, and his 
 daughter was crowned, hut he died two days after. He 
 was twice married: in 1818 to the archduchess Maria Leo- 
 poldina of Austria, who died in Dec., 1826 ; and in 1829 to 
 the princess Amelia of Leuclitenberg. 
 
 Pedro II. (Dom Pedro de Alcantara). Born 
 at Rio de Janeiro, Dee. 2, 1825: died at Paris, 
 Dec. 5, 1891. Son of Pedro I., and second em- 
 peror of Brazil. His father resigned ill his favor April 
 7, 1831. During his minority Brazil was governed by re- 
 gents ; his majority was proclaimed July 23, 1840, and he 
 was crowned July 18, 1841. He wasmarried in 1843 to the 
 princess Theresa Christina, sister of the King of the Sici- 
 lies. His male children died young, and his eldest daugh- 
 ter, Dona Izabel de Bragancja, became his constitutional 
 successor. The principal events of his reign were : Tran- 
 sient rebellions in Minas Geraes and Sao l’aulo, 1842 ; re- 
 bellion in Rio Grande do Sul finally suppressed, Feb., 1845 ; 
 rebellion in Pernambuco suppressed, 1849; alliance with 
 Urquiza and war in Uruguay, May, 1851, leading to the 
 victory of Monte-Caseros, Feb. 3, 1852, by which Rosas, dic- 
 tator of Buenos Ayres, was overthrown ; invasion of Uru- 
 guay and alliance with Flores, 1864 ; war with Paraguay, 
 1865-70 (see Triple Alliance)', law passed for the gradual 
 abolition of slavery, Sept., 1871 ; slavery finally abolished 
 as the result of a remarkable popular movement, May 13, 
 1888. Dom Pedro visited Europe May, 1871, -March, 1872 ; 
 visited the United States 1876, passing thence to Europe, 
 Palestine, and Egypt, and returning in Sept., 1877 ; and 
 visited Europe a third time 1886-89 : in each case he trav- 
 eled as a private gentleman, and during his absence the 
 princess Izabel acted as regent. By a revolution which 
 broke out Nov. 15, 1889 (the principal movers being army 
 officers), he was forced to resign, and was immediately sent 
 to Europe. The ex-empress died in Portugal, Dec. 28, 1889, 
 and thereafter Dom Pedro resided generally in France. 
 As a ruler he was noted for the protection which lie ac- 
 corded to science and literature, and he was greatly re- 
 spected both at home and abroad. 
 
 Pedro, surnamed 44 The Cruel.” Born at Burgos, 
 Spain, 1334: killed March 23, 1369. King of 
 Castile and Leon 1350-69, son of Alfonso XL 
 With the aid of the Black Prince he defeated his brother 
 Henry of Trastamare at Navarrete in 1367, but was defeated 
 and captured by him at Montiel, March 14, 1369. He was 
 put to death by Henry, who ascended the throne. 
 
 Pedro I. Born 1320 : died 1367. King of Portu- 
 gal 1357-67, son of Alfonso IV. He is noted in con- 
 nection with thestory of lues de Castro (see Castro, Inesde). 
 Pedro, Don. In Shakspere’s “ Much Ado about 
 Nothing,” the Prince of Arragon. 
 
 Peebles (pe'blz). 1. A county in tho south of 
 Scotland. It is bounded by Edinburgh on the north. 
 
Peebles 
 
 Selkirk on the east, Dumfries on the south, and Lanark on 
 the west. The surface is hilly. It is sometimes called 
 Tweeddale, from its containing the valley of the upper 
 Tweed. Area, 348 square miles. Pop. (civil county), 15,066. 
 
 2. The county town of Peebles County, situ- 
 ated at the junction of the Eddlestone Water 
 and the Tweed, 21 miles south of Edinburgh. 
 It was at one time a royal residence. It was the birthplace 
 of William and Robert Chambers. Population, 5,266. 
 Peekskill (pek'skil). A village in the town- 
 ship of Cortland. Westchester County, New 
 York, situated on the east bank of the Hudson, 
 40 miles north of New York. It has iron manu- 
 factures. Population, 15,245, (1910). 
 
 Peel (pel). A river in British America which 
 joins the Mackenzie at its delta. Length, about 
 300 miles. 
 
 Peel. A fishing town on the western coast of 
 the Isle of Man. It has a ruined castle and a 
 ruined cathedral. Population, about 3,600. 
 Peel, Arthur "Wellesley, first Viscount Peel. 
 Born Aug. 3, 1829: died Oct. 24, 1912. An Eng- 
 lish politician, son of Sir Robert Peel : speaker 
 of the House of Commons 1884-95. Raised to 
 the peerage 1895. 
 
 Peel (pal), De. An extensive peat moor on the 
 borders of the provinces of North Brabant and 
 Limburg, Netherlands. 
 
 Peel (pel), Jonathan. Bom Oct. 12, 1799: died 
 Feb. 13, 1879. An English general and politi- 
 cian, brother of Sir Robert Peel (1788-1850). 
 He entered the army and rose to the rank of lieutenant- 
 general. He entered Parliament in 1826; was surveyor- 
 general of the ordnance 1S4H6 ; and was secretary of war 
 1858-59 and 1866-67. 
 
 Peel, Sir Robert. Bom near Bury, Lancashire, 
 Feb. 5, 1788: died at London, Jnly 2, 1850. A 
 noted English statesman. He was the son of Sir 
 Eobert Peel, a calico-printer. He graduated at Oxford 
 (Christ Church) in 1808, and in 1809 was elected member 
 of Parliament for CasheL With his father he followed 
 the Tory party. In 1810 he became under-secretary for 
 the colonies, and was secretary for Ireland 1812-18. He 
 opposed Catholic emancipation, and instituted the regular 
 Irish constabulary (nicknamed “Peelers," a name also ex- 
 tended to the police generally). He was member of Par- 
 liament for the University of Oxford in 1817, but was out 
 of office from 1818 to 1822. On May 24, 1819, he delivered 
 a notable speech on the Cash Payments Act. In 1822 he 
 was appointed home secretary under Lord Liverpool, and 
 retained the office until 1827. In 1828 he was appointed 
 home secretary under the Duke of Wellington, and made 
 leader of the House of Commons. In 1829 he changed his 
 position and proposed Catholic emancipation. He won 
 back his position in the Tory party by his resistance to the 
 Reform Bill. After the passing of this bill lie was left 
 with a following of only 150, the nucleus of the modem 
 Conservative party. In 1834 he became prime minister, 
 first lord of the treasury, and chancellor of the exchequer ; 
 he resigned In 1835. In 1841 he was again prime minister 
 and first lord of the treasury. He became a free-trader, and 
 on Jan. 27, 1846, moved the repeal of the corn-laws, which 
 was carried. He resigned June 29, 1846. 
 
 Peele (pel), George. Born 1558 (?) : died 1598 (?). 
 An English dramatist and poet. He graduated at 
 Oxford in 1577. He is said to have lived a disreputable life. 
 He published the “Arraignment of Paris ”(1584), the 
 “Chronicle History of Edward I.” (1593), “The Battle of 
 Alcazar”(1594),“The Old Wives’ Tale "(1595), “David and 
 Bethsabe ” (1599), etc. 
 
 Peele Castle. A castle in the Isle of Man. It 
 is the subject of a noted poem by Wordsworth. 
 Peelites(peTIts). [Named from Sir Robert Peel.] 
 In British politics, a political party existing after 
 the repeal of the corn-laws in 1846. Originally(in 
 large part) Tories, but free-traders and adherents of Sir 
 Robert Peel, they formed for several years a group inter- 
 mediate between the Protectionist Tories and the Liberals. 
 Several of them took office in the Aberdeen administra- 
 tion (1852-55), and Gladstone, Sidney Herbert, and others 
 eventually joined the Liberal party. 
 
 Peene (pa'ne). AriverinMecklenburg-Schwerin 
 and Pomerania, Prussia, which unites with the 
 western arm of the Pomeranian Haff, and flows 
 into the Baltic 26 miles east by south of Stral- 
 sund. Length, about 90 miles. 
 
 Peeping Tom of Coventry. Aman of Coventry, 
 England, celebrated in the legend of Godiva. 
 See Godiva, Lady. 
 
 Peep o’ Day Boys. A Presbyterian faction in 
 the north of Ireland about 1785-90, opposed to 
 the Roman Catholic “ Defenders.” They were 
 closely allied to the Orangemen. 
 
 Peerybingle (pe'ri-bing-gl), Mrs. The wife of 
 a carrier in Dickens’s “ Cricket on the Hearth” : 
 a blithe cheery little woman called “ Dot.” 
 Pegasus (peg'a-sus). [Gr. n^yaerof, traditionally 
 derived from Vr rr/f], a spring, “because he came 
 into existence at the fountains of Ocean ” (He- 
 siod).] 1. In classical mythology, the winged 
 horse of the Muses, spning from the blood of 
 Medusa when slain by Perseus. With astroke of his 
 hoof he was fabled to have caused to well forth, on Mount 
 Helicon inBceotia, the poetically inspiringfountainHippo- 
 crene. He was ultimately changed into a constellation. 
 2. One of the ancient northern constellations. 
 The figure represents the forward half of a winged horse. 
 
 790 
 
 The center of the constellation is about 20 degrees north of 
 the equator, and 4 bright stars in it form a large square. 
 Peggotty (peg'o-ti). The faithful nurse of 
 David Copperfield in Dickens’s novel of that 
 name. She marries Barkis, who “is willin’.” 
 Pegli (pel'ye). A watering-place in the prov- 
 ince of Genoa, Italy, situated on the Gulf of 
 Genoa 6 miles west of Genoa. 
 
 Pegnitz (peg'nits). A head stream of the river 
 Regnitz (which see) in Bavaria. 
 
 Pego (pa'gd). A town in the province of Ali- 
 cante, eastern Spain, 45 miles south-southeast 
 of Valencia. Population, 6,983. 
 
 Pegram (pe'gram), John. Born in Virginia, 
 1832 : killed Feb. 6, 1865. A Confederate gen- 
 eral in the Army of Northern Virginia. 
 
 Pegu (pe-go'). 1. A division of Lower Burma, 
 
 in the lower valley of the Irawadi, formerly an 
 independent realm. It was annexed by the British 
 after the war of 1852-53. Area, 13,084 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 1,820,638. 
 
 2. A town in the division of Pegu, situated on 
 the river Pegu about 50 miles north of Rangoon. 
 Population, 14,132. 
 
 Pehtsik. See PetsiJc. 
 
 Peh.uench.es (pa-wan-chas'). [Indian pehuenclie, 
 dwellers in the pine forest.] A name given to 
 a portion of the Araucanian Indians of Chile who 
 lived in the mountainous region of the west. 
 They were the most numerous division of the tribe, and 
 from them mostof the modern Araucanians are descended. 
 The modern Pehuenchesincludelndiansof the samestock 
 on the eastern slope of the Andes, in the territory of Neu- 
 qnen, Argentine Republic. 
 
 Peihai, or Peihoi. See Pahhoi. 
 
 Pei-ho (pa-ho'). Ariverintheprovinceof Cbi-li, 
 northern China, which unites with the Yun-ho 
 at Tientsin and flows into the Gulf of Pe-chi-li. 
 Length, over 300 miles. 
 
 Pei-ho Forts. Fortifications at the mouth of the 
 Pei-ho River, China. They were taken by the English 
 and French forces in 1853 and I860. An attempt to pass 
 them in 1859 was repulsed. 
 
 Peile (pel), John. Born April 24, 1838: died 
 Oct. 9, 1910. An English comparative philolo- 
 gist. He became master of Christ's College, Cambridge, 
 in 1887. He published “An Introduction to Greek and 
 Latin Etymology” (1869), etc. 
 
 Peine (pi'ne). A town in the province of Han- 
 nover, Prussia, 21 miles east by south of Han- 
 nover. Population, commune, 16,451. 
 
 Peipus (pi'pos), Lake. A lake in western Rus- 
 sia, surrounded by the governments of St. Pe- 
 tersburg, Pskoff, Livonia, and Esthonia. Itis con- 
 nected on the south with Lake Pskoff. Its outlet is by the 
 Narva into the Gulf of Finland. Length, about 50 miles 
 (including Lake Pskoff, about 90 miles). 
 
 Peirseus. See Pirseus. 
 
 Peirce (pers), Benjamin. Born at Salem, Mass., 
 April 4, 1809: died at Cambridge, Mass., Oct. 6, 
 1880. A distinguished American mathemati- 
 cian and astronomer. He became tutor of mathemat- 
 ics at Harvard in 1831, and professor of mathematics there 
 in 1833, and also of astronomy in 1842. He was superin- 
 tendent of the United States Coast Survey 1867-74. Among 
 his most notable researches are those on Neptune and on 
 Saturn’s rings. He published text-books on trigonometry, 
 geometry, algebra, etc., “Analytic Mechanics ” (1857), “ Lin- 
 ear Associative Algebra” (1870), “Ideality in the Physical 
 Sciences" (1881), etc. 
 
 Peirce, Charles Sanders. Born at Cambridge, 
 Mass., Sept. 10, 1839. A noted American phys- 
 icist, mathematician, and logician: son of Ben- 
 jamin Peirce. He was for many years connected with 
 the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey ; and has been 
 lecturer on logic at Harvard and at the Johns Hopkins 
 University. 
 
 Peirce, Ebenezer Weaver. Born at Freetown, 
 Mass., April 5, 1822: died Aug. 14, 1902. An 
 American general and historical writer. He pub- 
 lished “The Peirce Family of the Old Colony" (1870) and 
 “Indian History, Biography, and Genealogy " (1878), and 
 edited “ Civil, Military, and Professional Lists of Plymouth 
 and Rhode Island Colonies, etc." (1880). 
 
 Peirce, James Mills. Bom May 1, 1834: died 
 March 21, 1906. An American mathematician, 
 son of Benjamin Peirce. He was professor of mathe- 
 matics in Harvard University 1869-1906. Among his works 
 are “A Text-Book of Analytical Geometry" (1857) and 
 “The Elements of Logarithms" (1873). 
 
 Peissenberg (pis'sen-berG), Hohe. A mountain 
 in southern Bavaria, 35 miles southwest of Mu- 
 nich. On account of the extensive view from it, it is some- 
 times called “the Bavarian Rigi.” Height, 3,240 feet. 
 
 Peiwar (pi-war'), or Paiwar, Pass. A pass in 
 Afghanistan, about 60 miles southeast of Kabul . 
 Here, 1878, the British forces under Roberts 
 defeated the Afghans. 
 
 Peixoto (pa-sho'tij), Floriano. Bom April 30, 
 1842: died June 29, 1895. A Brazilian states- 
 mail. He supported Fonseca in the revolution of 1889 ; was 
 elected vice-president 1891 ; and by Fonseca’s forced resig- 
 nation, Nov. 23, 1891, became president. Many Brazilians 
 were strongly opposed to having a military president, and 
 
 Peleus 
 
 it was claimed that Peixoto was scheming to be his own 
 successor : in consequence congress passed a bill which 
 made this succession impossible. President Peixoto vetoed 
 the bill on constitutional grounds, but his action caused 
 much ill feeling, and revolts broke out, principally in the 
 south. In Sept., 1893, the naval force at Rio de Janeiro 
 revolted, holding the bay for many months, bombarding the 
 city at intervals, and taking Santa Catharina. (See Mello, 
 CustodioJoside.) Peixoto proclaimed a state of siege, many 
 arrests were made, and a fleet of war vessels was ordered 
 from the United States and Europe. On the arrival of these 
 the naval rebellion was suppressed (March and April, 1894). 
 Meanwhile a presidential election was held, and a civil- 
 ian, Prudente Moraes (supported by the government), was 
 elected for the term beginning Nov. 16, 1894. President 
 Peixoto had the military rank of marshal. 
 
 Peixoto, Ignacio Jose de Alvarenga. See 
 
 Alvar enga Peixoto. 
 
 Pekah (pe'ka). King of Israel 736-734 B. c. 
 (Duncker). 
 
 Pekahiah (pek-a-hi'a). King of Israel 738-736 
 b. c. (Duncker),' son of Menahem. 
 
 Pekin (pe'kin). A city, capital of Tazewell Coun- 
 ty, Blinois, situated on the Illinois River 54 
 miles north of Springfield. Pop., 9,897, (1910). 
 Peking (pe'king'), or Pekin (pe-kin') (‘north- 
 ern capital’) : proper admini s trati ve name Shtm- 
 tien-fu (shon'tyen'fo'), literary name Yen 
 (yen). Capital of the Chinese republic, situ- 
 ated in lat. 39° 55' N., long. 116° 27' E. it con- 
 sists of the Tatar City and the Chinese City. The imperial 
 palace in the “Purple Forbidden City,” Bell Tower, and 
 Drum Tower (all in the Tatar City), and the Temple of 
 Heaven (in the Chinese City), are noteworthy. Peking be- 
 came one of the capitals of the Khitan Tatars in the end 
 of the 10th century ; was rebuilt by Kublai Khan ; and 
 has been sole capital since the beginning of the 15th 
 century. It was unsuccessfully attacked by the Taiping- 
 forces in 1855. The English and French troops entered 
 it in 1860, and it was captured by the allied European and 
 American forces Aug. 14, 1900. The population, variously 
 estimated at from 700,000 to 1,600,000, was placed in 1912 
 at 805,110. 
 
 Peking, Peace of. A treaty negotiated at Pe- 
 king in Oct., 1860, between China on one side 
 and Great Britain and France on the other. 
 China ratified the treaty of Tientsin, paid indemnities, 
 and made other concessions. 
 
 Pelaez. See Garcia Pelaez. 
 
 Pelagia (pe-la'ji-a), Saint. [Gr. TleTiayia.] 1. A 
 martyr of Antioch, about 300 a.d. — 2. Amartyr 
 of Tarsus, about 300 A. D. — 3. A penitent of An- 
 tioch, of the 5th century A. d., previously an ac- 
 tress and dancer. A character of the same name, 
 resembling her, is introduced in Kingsley’s 
 “ Hypatia.” 
 
 Pelagians (pe-la'ji-anz). The followers of Pe- 
 
 lagius. They held that there was no original sin through 
 Adam, and consequently no hereditary guilt; that every 
 soul is created by God sinless: that the will is absolutely 
 free ; and that the grace of God is universal, but is not in- 
 dispensable; and they rejected infant baptism. Pelagius, 
 however, held to the belief in the Trinity and in the per- 
 sonality of Christ. His views were developed by his pupil 
 Cmlestius, but were anathematized by P< pe Zosimus in 
 418. Pelagianism was the principal anthropological her- 
 esy in the early church, and was strongly combated by 
 Pelagius’s contemporary Augustine. 
 
 Pelagius (pe-la'ji-us). [Gr. HG-dy/or.] Died 
 probably 420 A. D. The founder of the theo- 
 logical heresy called Pelagianism. He is said to 
 have been a British monk named Morgan (of which Pela- 
 gius is the Latin rendering), and took up his residence at 
 Rome before 405. He emigrated to Africa when Rome was 
 sacked by the Goths in 410, but shortly settled in Pales- 
 tine, where he is said to have died. See Pelagians. 
 
 Pelagius. See Pelayo. 
 
 Pelagius I. Pope 555-560. He was accused of 
 heresy. 
 
 Pelagius II. Pope 578-590. 
 
 Pelasgi (pe-las'ji). [Gr. Ihrlaayoi.] An ancient 
 race, widely spread over Greece and the coasts 
 and islands of the gEgean Sea and the Mediter- 
 ranean generally, in prehistoric times. The ac- 
 counts of it are in great part mythical and of doubtful 
 value, and its ethnological position is uncertain. 
 Pelasgiotis (pe-las-ji-6'tis). [Gr. HeTiacryiarig.'] 
 In ancient geography, a division of central Thes- 
 saly, Greece, southeast of the Peneius, and 
 northwest of the Pagastean Gulf. 
 
 Pelayo (pa-la'yo), or Pelagius (pe-la'ji-us). 
 The founder of the monarchy of Asturias, in 
 Spain, 718. 
 
 Pelee (pe-la'), Mount. [Fr. Montague Pelee, 
 ‘bald mountain.’] 1. A volcano in the northern 
 part of the island of Martinique. On May 8, 
 1902, an eruption of Pelee destroyed the city of 
 St. Pierre and about 40,000 people. — 2. See 
 Point Pelee. 
 
 Peleg (pe'leg). [Heb., ‘division.’] In the Old 
 Testament, the son of Eber, and the brother of 
 Joktan. 
 
 Pelethim. See Kerethim. 
 
 Peleus (pe'lus or pe'le-us). [Gr. Tb/Mvc.'] In 
 Greek legend, a king of the Myrmidons in Thes- 
 saly, son of Abacus and father of Achilles. 
 
Pelew 
 
 Pelew, or Pellew (pe-lo'), or Palau (pa-lou') 
 Islands. A group of small mountainous islands 
 in the North Pacific, intersected by lat. 8° N., 
 long. 134° E. : called also the Western Carolines. 
 They were purchased from Spain toy Germany 
 in 1899. Population, atoout 3,000. 
 
 Pelham (pel'am), or the Adventures of a 
 Gentleman. AnovelbyBulwerLytton (1828). 
 Pelham (pel'am), Sir Henry. Born 1695(f) : died 
 March 6, 1754. An English statesman, younger 
 brother of the Duke of Newcastle. He entered 
 Oxford (Christ Church) in 1710 ; fought at Preston 1715 ; was 
 elected member of Parliament for Seaford, Sussex, in 1717 ; 
 was appointed lord of the treasury in 1721, secretary of 
 war in 1724, and paymaster of the forces in 1730 ; and be- 
 came prime minister and chancellor of the exchequer in 
 1743. 
 
 Pelham, later Pelham Holies, Thomas, Duko 
 of Newcastle. Born July, 1693 : died 1768. An 
 English statesman. He was secretary of state 
 1724-54, first lord of the treasury 1754-56 and 
 1757-62, and lord privy seal 1765-66. 
 Pelham-Clinton(pel'am-klin'tpn), Henry Pel- 
 ham, Duke of Newcastle. Bom May 22, 1811: 
 died Oct. 18, 1864. An English politician. He 
 was chief secretary for Ireland in 1846; colonial secretary 
 1852-54 ; secretary for war 1854-55 ; and colonial secretary 
 1859-64. 
 
 Pelias(pe'li-as). [Gr. ITfV.iaf.] In Greek legend, 
 a son of Poseidon, and king of Iolcus in Thes- 
 saly, associated with the legends of Jason. 
 Pelican (pel'i-kan). The ship in which Drake 
 sailed around the world. He left Plymouth with 
 four other ships Nov. 15, 1577. The others either were 
 lost or deserted him, and he completed his famous voyage 
 Sept. 26, 1580. The Pelican was carefully preserved by order 
 of Queen Elizabeth, but was finally broken up, and a chair 
 caused to be made from her timbers by John Davis, the 
 arctic navigator, is now in the Bodleian Library. 
 
 Pelican state. The State of Louisiana: so 
 named from the pelican on its coat of arms. 
 Pelides (pe-ll'dez). A son of Peleus: a patro- 
 nymic used especially of Achilles. 
 
 Peligni (pe-lig'nl). In ancient history, a people 
 living in central Italy among the Apennines, be- 
 tween the Vestini on the north, the Marrueini 
 on the northeast, the Frentani on the east, the 
 Samnites on the south, and the Marsi on the 
 west. Their chief town was Corfinium. They were allied 
 with Rome after the second Samnite war, and sided against 
 Rome in the Social War (90 B. c.). 
 
 Peling (pe'ling'). A mountain-chain in north- 
 western China, separating the valleys of the 
 Hwangho and Yangtse. 
 
 Pelion (pe'li-on) . [Gr. I Vfkiov.] A mountain in 
 Magnesia, eastern Thessaly, Greece, situated 
 near the coast southeast of Ossa : the modern 
 Zagora or Plessidi. It was famous in Greek 
 mythology. Height, 5,310 feet. 
 
 Pelissier (pa-le-sya,'), Aimable Jean Jacques, 
 Due de Malakoff. Born at Maromme, Seine- 
 Inferieure, France, Nov. 6, 1794: died at Algiers, 
 May 22, 1864. A French marshal. He served in 
 Algeria, where he became notorious for suffocating a num- 
 ber of Arabs in a cavern in 1845 ; became commander of the 
 French forces in the Crimea May, 1855 ; stormed the Mala- 
 koff Sept. 8, 1855 ; was ambassador in London 1858-59 ; and 
 was governor-general of Algeria 1860-64. 
 
 Pell (pel), John. Born at Soutlrwick, Sussex, 
 March 1, 1611: died at London, Dec. 12, 1685. 
 An English mathematician. In 1643 lie was profes- 
 sor of mathematics at Amsterdam, and in 1616 at Breda. 
 From 1654 to 1658 he was Cromwell’s agent in the Protes- 
 tant cantons of Switzerland. Many of his manuscripts are 
 preserved in the British Museum, ne wrote the “ Eclip- 
 tics prognostics ’’ (1634), “A Refutation of Longomonta- 
 nus’s pretended Quadrature of the Circle "(1646), “A Table 
 of Ten Thousand Square Numbers," etc. 
 
 Pella (pel'a). In ancient geography, the capi- 
 tal of Macedonia, situated in lat. 40° 44' N., 
 long. 22° 27' E. It was the birthplace of Alex- 
 ander the Great. 
 
 Pelleas (pel'e-as). One of the knights of the 
 Round Table, in the Arthurian cycle of romance, 
 renowned for his great strength. 
 
 Pelleas andEttarre (e-tiir'). One of the “Idylls 
 of the King,” by Tennyson. 
 
 Pellegrin (pel-grail'). The pseudonym of the 
 Baron de la Motte Fouqud. 
 
 Pellegrini (pal-ya-gre'ne), Carlos. Died July 
 17, 1906. An Argentine politician, vice-presi- 
 dent under Celman, Oct. 12, 1886, and after 
 Celman’s resignation (Aug. 6, 1890) president 
 until the end of the term (Oct. 12, 1892). 
 Pellegrino (pel-la-gre'no), or Pellegrini (pel- 
 la-gro'ne). See Tibaldi. 
 
 Pelleprat(pel-pra'), Pierre. Born at Bordeaux, 
 1606 : died at Puebla de los Angeles, Mexico, 
 April 21, 1667. A French Jesuit, a missionary 
 in the West Indies and Mexico. He published “Re- 
 lation des missions des PP. de la Compagnie de JCsus dans 
 les isles et dans la terre forme del’AmeriqueMbridtonale” 
 . (Paris, 1656), containing an account of the West Indies and 
 Guiana, etc. 
 
 791 
 
 Pelles (pel'ez), Sir. A knight of the Arthurian 
 romance, kingof “a foreign country” andfather 
 of Elaine, the mother of Galahad. 
 
 Pellestrina (pel-les-tre'na), orPelestrina (pa- 
 les-tre'na). An island 7 miles south of Venice, 
 forming part of the barrier between the Lagoon 
 of Venice and the Adriatic. Length, 7 miles. 
 Population, 5,765. 
 
 Pelletan (pel-ton'), Pierre Clement Eugene. 
 
 Born at Royan, Oct. 29, 1813 : died at Paris, Dec. 
 14, 1884. A French liberal journalist, politician, 
 and miscellaneous author. He wrote “Profes- 
 sion de foi du XIX 6 siecle ” (1852), etc. 
 
 Pellew (pel'o), Edward, first Viscount Ex- 
 mouth. Bom at Dover, England, April 19, 1757: 
 died at Teignmouth, England, Jan. 23, 1833. 
 An English admiral. He bombarded Algiers 
 Aug. 27, 1816. 
 
 Peliico (pel'le-ko), Silvio. Born at Saluzzo, 
 Italy, June 24, 1788 : died at Turin, Jan. 31, 1854. 
 An Italian poet and prose-writer. He was arrested 
 as a Carbonarist in 1820, and imprisoned for two years at 
 Milan and Venice, and near Brimn 1822-80. His chief works 
 are the tragedies “Francesca da Rimini "(1818) and “Lao- 
 damia," and the autobiographical work “Le mie prigioni" 
 (“ My Prisons,” 1833). 
 
 Pellinore (pel'i-nor), or Pellenore (pel'e-nor), 
 Sir. A knight of the Round Table in the 
 Arthurian cycle of romance : king of the isles. 
 
 Pelly (pel'i). A river in British North America 
 which unites with the Lewis at Fort Selkirk to 
 form the Yukon. Length, about 250 miles. 
 
 Pelly (pel'i), Sir Lewis. Born 1825: died April 
 22, 1892. A British politician and author. He 
 was employed in the Indian service 1851-77, and entered 
 Parliament as Conservative member for North Hackney in 
 1885. He published “The Miracle Play of Hasan and Hu- 
 sain " (1879), etc. 
 
 Peloose. See Paloos. 
 
 Pelopidas(pe-lop'i-das). [Gr. Wlo-iSacJ] Killed 
 at the battle of Cynoscephalse, Thessaly, 364 b. c. 
 A Theban general, leader in the liberation of 
 Thebes from the Spartans in 379. He was the in- 
 timate friend of Epaminondas, and was closely associated 
 with him in furthering the greatness of Thebes. He was 
 commander of the Sacred Band (which see), and was espe- 
 cially distinguished at Tegyra (375) and Leuctra (371). 
 
 Peloponnesian War (pel // o-po-ne'shian war). 
 AwarbetweenAthensandits allies on one side 
 and the Peloponnesian confederacy under the 
 lead of Spart a and its allies (Boeotians, Phoeians, 
 Megareans, etc.) on the other, it was carried on 
 from 431 to 404 E. 0. The following are the leading events 
 and incidents : invasions of Attica by the Peloponnesians ; 
 revolt of Mytilene ; capture of Sphacteria by Athens, 425 ; 
 battle of Delium, 424 ; battle of Amphipolis, 422 ; peace of 
 Nicias, 421 ; renewal of the war, 418 ; battle of Mantinea, 
 418 ; unsuccessful Athenian expedition against Syracuse, 
 415-413; revolution in Athens, 411; battles of Abydus(411), 
 Cyzicus (410), Notium (407), Arginus® (406), and iEgospo- 
 tami (405) ; surrender of Athens and close of the war, 404. 
 The chief leaders on thesideof Athens were Pericles, Cleon, 
 Demosthenes, Nicias, Alcibiades, and Conon; on the side 
 of Sparta, Brasidas, Gylippus, and Lysander. The result 
 was the transfer of the hegemony in Greece from Athens 
 to Sparta. 
 
 Peloponnesus (pel // o-po-ne'sus). [Gr. n<r/lo7rdi>- 
 vi/aor, the island of Pelops.] The ancient name 
 of the peninsula forming the southern portion 
 of Greece : the mod ern Morea. It is connected with 
 central Greece by the Isthmus of Corinth, and separated 
 from it by the gulfs of Lepanto and Patras on the north, and 
 is hounded by the ASgean Sea on the east and the Mediter- 
 ranean on the south and west. The surface is mountain- 
 ous. The chief divisions were Achaia, Sicyotiia, Corinthia, 
 Argolis, Arcadia, Laconia, Messenia, and Elis. The chief 
 rivers were the Eurotas and Alpheus. Length, about ICO 
 miles. Area, 8,288 square miles. 
 
 Pelops (pe'lops). [Gr. TleTioip.] In Greek le- 
 gend, a son of Tantalus, and grandson of Zeus : 
 king of Pisa in Elis. He was the father of Atreus 
 and Thyestes. 
 
 Pelorum. See Faro, Capo del. 
 
 Pelotas (pa-lo'tas). A city in the state of Rio 
 Grande do Sul, Brazil, on the river Sao Gon§alo, 
 which connects the Lagoa Mirim with the 
 Lagoa dos Patos. It is the center of the important 
 cattle trade of the state, and prepares large quantities of 
 jerked beef. The trade with Uruguay is considerable. 
 Population, 44,881. 
 
 Pelouze (pe-loz'), Theophile Jules. Born at 
 Valognes, Manche, France, 1807 : died at Paris, 
 May 31, 1867. A French chemist, professor suc- 
 cessively at Lille, at the polytechnic school at 
 Paris, and at the College de France. He also filled 
 
 various positions connected with the mint. He published, 
 with Frdmy, “Traitd de chimie gene rale,” etc. 
 
 Pelucones(pa-16-ko'nas). Originally, anickname 
 given to the conservative party of Chile soon 
 after the country became independent (see the 
 extract) : it soon became the common name, and 
 has been retained ever since. The Pelucones were 
 in power from 1830 to 1876, though during the latter part 
 of this period many concessions were made to the liberals ; 
 they again took charge of the government (with greatly 
 
 Penang 
 
 modified principles), under Jorge Montt, after the civil 
 war of 1891. In 1833 they adopted the constitution which, 
 with some changes, is still the organic law of the republic. 
 
 Conservatives were nicknamed Pelucones because that 
 party was composed of old and venerable persons who 
 wore pelucas or perukes. 
 
 Hancock, A History of Chile (1893), p. 110. 
 Pelusium (pe-lu'shi-um). [Gr. WrfMwaiov . ] In 
 ancient geography, a city at the northeastern 
 extremity of the Delta, Egypt, southeast of Port 
 Said, at the Pelusiac mouth of the Nile, it was 
 a frontier fortress of Egypt toward Syria. Here Asurbani- 
 pal defeated Rot- Amen of Egypt, and Cambyses defeated 
 Psammetichus, the last Egyptian king (525 B. c.), reducing 
 Egypt to a Persian province. 
 
 Pelvoux (pel-vo') Range. A group of the Alps 
 in Daupliind, France. Mont Pelvoux is 12,970 
 feet in height, and the highest summit (Barre 
 des Bcrins) 13,460 feet. 
 
 Pemaquid (pem'a-kwid). A maritime district 
 in Maine, about midway between the Kennebec 
 and Penobscot rivers. It was settled in 1625, and 
 purchased by the Duke of York in 1664. A fort, erected 
 at Pemaquid Point in 1692, was demolished a few years 
 later. 
 
 Pemba (pem'bii). An island off the eastern 
 coast of Africa, about lat. 5° S. It belonged to Zan- 
 zibar, and in 1890 passed with Zanzibar to Great Britain. 
 Length, about 45 miles. Population, 60,000. 
 Pemberton (pem'ber-tou). A town in Lanca- 
 shire, England, 16 miles northeast of Liverpool. 
 Population, 21,664. 
 
 Pemberton, John Clifford. Born at Philadel- 
 phia, Aug. 10, 1814: died at Penllyn, Pa., July 
 13, 1881. A Confederate general in the Civil 
 War. He graduated at West Point in 1837, served with 
 distinction in the Mexican war, and entered the Confed- 
 erate service at the beginning of the Civil War. He was 
 promoted lieutenant-general in 1862 ; was d ef eated by Grant 
 in the battles of Champion’s Hill and the Big Black in May, 
 1863 ; and surrendered Vicksburg to Grant July 4, 1863. 
 After the surrender of Vicksburg he returned on parole to 
 Richmond, where he remained until he was exchanged. 
 He then resigned, hut was reappointed as inspectorof artil- 
 lery, with the rank of colonel, in which capacity he served 
 until the end of the war. 
 
 Pembroke (pem'bruk). 1. The southwestern- 
 most county of Wales. It is hounded by Cardigan 
 Bay on the north, Cardigan and Carmarthen on the east. 
 Bristol Channel on the south, and St. George’s Channel on 
 the west. The surface is undulating. It contains anthra- 
 citecoal. Area (ad. co.), 613.6 sq.m. Pop. (pail, co.), 88,732. 
 
 2. A town in Pembrokeshire, situated on an 
 inlet of Milford Haven, in lat. 51° 40' N., long. 
 4° 54' W. Its ruined castle (the birthplace of Henry VII., 
 founded in the 11th century and taken by Cromwell in 1648) 
 and Monkton Priory are notable. Population, 15,853. 
 
 Pembroke, Countess of. See Sidney, Mary. 
 Pembroke, Earls of. See Marshal, William, 
 and Tudor, Jasper. 
 
 Pembroke, Third Earl of (William Herbert). 
 
 Born at Wilton, England, April 8, 1580: died at 
 Baynard’s Castle, London, April 10, 1630. An 
 English poet. Before the death of his father he had 
 formed an illicit connection with Mary Fitton, a favorite 
 of the queen, for which he was imprisoned in the Fleet in 
 1601, and though soon released was banished from the 
 court. Mary Fitton is thought by some to be the “Dark 
 Lady ” of Shakspere's sonnets. He and his brother Philip 
 were said to be “the incomparable pair of bretheren " to 
 whom Shakspere’s 1623 folio is dedicated, and William 
 Herbert is thought by some to be the “W. H.” styled in 
 the publisher’s dedication of Shakspere’s sonnets “ the onlie 
 begetter of these insving sonnets Mr. W. II. ’’ When James 
 I. ascended the throne, Pembroke returned to court, and 
 received many public offices and tokens of favor. He was 
 chancellor of Oxford 1617-30. Several of his poems were 
 edited in 1660 by Bonne. 
 
 Pembroke College. A college of Cambridge 
 University, founded by the Countess of Pem- 
 broke in 1347. The present buildings are mod- 
 ern. The chapel was built by Wren in 1663-65. 
 Pembroke College. A college of Oxford Uni- 
 versity, founded by James I., at the costs of Tho- 
 mas Tesdale, in 1624: named from the Earl of 
 Pembroke, chancellor of the university at the 
 time. 
 
 Pemigewasset (penFi-je-wos'et). A river in 
 New Hampshire which unites with the Winne- 
 pesaukee at Franklin to form the Merrimac. 
 Length, about 70 miles. 
 
 Pena, Luis Saenz. See Saenz Pena. 
 
 Pena Blanca (pan'ya blan'kii). [Sp., ‘white 
 rock.’] A settlement 27 miles southwest of 
 Santa F6, between the Indian villages of Co- 
 chiti and Santo Domingo, on the banks of the 
 Rio Grande. It dates from the 18th century. 
 Penafiel (pa-na-fe-al'). A town in the district 
 of Oporto, Portugal, 19 miles northeast of 
 Oporto. Population, 5,065. 
 
 Penafiel (pan-ya-fe-al'). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Valladolid, Spain, near the Duero 32 
 miles cast of Valladolid. Population, 4,406. 
 Penang (pe-nang'), or Pinang (pi-nang'), or 
 Pulo-Penang ( po'lo-pe-nang' ) : called officially 
 Prince of Wales Island. An island belonging 
 
Penang 
 
 to Great Britain, situated west of the Malay 
 Peninsula in lat. 5° 24' N., long. 100° 20' E. 
 Capital, Georgetown. The surface is low and hilly. 
 It was acquired by the British in 1785. Area, 107 square 
 miles. Population, including the Wellesley Province (op- 
 posite) and the Binding Isle, 248,207. 
 
 Penarth (pe'narth). A seaport and bathing- 
 place in Glamorganshire, South Wales, situ- 
 ated at the mouth of the Taff, opposite Cardiff. 
 Population, 11,103. 
 
 Penates (pe-na'tez). [L., from pewits, the inner- 
 most part of a temple or sanctuary.] In Roman 
 antiquity, the household gods, who presided 
 over families, and were worshiped in the inte- 
 rior of every dwelling. They included the Lares 
 (which see). 
 
 Pena y Pena (pan'ya e pan'ya), Manuel de 
 la. Born at Tacuba, March 10, 1789: died at 
 Mexico, Jan. 2, 1850. A Mexican jurist and 
 statesman. He was judge of the supreme court from 
 1824, and later its president ; twice held cabinet positions 
 (1837 and 1845) ; and was senator 1843-17. From Sept. 27 
 to Nov. 9, 1847, and again from Jan. 8 to June 3, 1848, he 
 was provisional president of Mexico. During the latter 
 period the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was signed (Feb. 
 2, 1848), ending the war with the United States. 
 
 Pencos (pan'kos), or Pencones (pan-ko'nas). A 
 name given by early historians of Chile to the 
 Araucanian Indians who occupied the region 
 north of the Biobio. They were the first of this race 
 encountered by the Spaniards. They called themselves 
 Picunches, 'northern men.’ 
 
 Penda (pen'da). Killed 655. King of Mercia 
 626-655. He defeated Edwin in 633, and Oswald at Maser- 
 field in 642, and was defeated by Oswy at Winwoed in 
 655. He was a champion of paganism. 
 
 Pend d’ Oreille (pend do-rel' ; F. pron. pon do- 
 ray'), Lake. [F., ‘ear-ring/ ‘ear ornament/] 
 A lake in northern Idaho, about lat. 48° N., an 
 expansion of Clarke’s River. 
 
 Pende (pen'de), or Tupende (to-pen'de). A 
 Bantu tribe of the Belgian Kongo, between the 
 Loange and Kassai rivers. They are descendants 
 of fugitives from Kasanji (Cassange) mixed with other 
 tribes, but have preserved none of the semi-civilization of 
 Kasanji. 
 
 Pendennis (pen-den'is). A novel by Thacke- 
 ray, published in 1850 : so called from the name 
 of one of its leading characters, Arthur Pen- 
 dennis, a poet and dandy. Major Pendennis, his 
 uncle, is a worldly and courageous old dandy, a finished 
 portrait of a gentlemanly tuft-hunter. 
 
 Pendjdeh (penj'de). A place in central Asia, 
 situated on the Murghab, north of Herat, about 
 lat. 36° N. Near it (on the Kushk), March 30, 1885, 
 the Russians under Komaroff defeated the Afghans. Since 
 then it has been in the possession of Russia. 
 
 Pendleton (pen'dl-ton). A town in Lanca- 
 shire, England, 2] miles northwest of Man- 
 chester. Population, 66,574. 
 
 Pendleton, Edmund. Born in Caroline County, 
 Va., Sept. 9, 1721: died at Richmond, Va., 
 Oct. 23, 1803. An American statesman, a prom- 
 inent member of the Virginia House of Bur- 
 gesses. He was a member of the Continental Congress 
 in 1774 ; president of the Virginia convention; and author 
 (1776) of the resolutions instructing the Virginia delegates 
 to Congress to propose a Declaration of Independence. 
 
 Pendleton, George Hunt. Born at Cincinn ati, 
 July 25, 1825: died at Brussels, Nov. 24, 1889. 
 An American politician. He was a Democratic con- 
 gressman from Ohio 1857-65 ; Democratic candidate for 
 Vice-President 1864 ; and United States senator from Ohio 
 1879-85. He was leading advocate of the civil-service re- 
 form act of 1883. From 1885-88 he was United States min- 
 ister to Germany. 
 
 Pendleton, William Nelson. Born at Rich- 
 mond, Va., Dec. 26, 1809: died at Lexington, 
 Va., Jan. 15, 1883. A Confederate general in 
 the Army of Northern Virginia. He graduated at 
 West Point in 1830 ; resigned from the army in 1833 ; was 
 ordained priest in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 
 1838 ; established an Episcopal high school at Alexandria, 
 Virginia, in 1839; and joined the Confederate armyascap- 
 tain of artillery in 1861, being promoted brigadier-general 
 in 1862. 
 
 Pendleton Act. An act of Congress (approved 
 Jan. 16, 1883) regulating the civil service of the 
 United States: so called from its promoter, Sen- 
 ator George H. Pendleton of Ohio. 
 
 It provides for open competitive examinations for admis- 
 sion to the public service in Washington, and in all custom- 
 houses and post-offices where the official force is as many 
 as fifty ; for the apportionment of the appointments in the 
 departments in Washington among the States and Terri- 
 tories in proportion to their population ; and for the ap- 
 point men t of a Civil-Service Commission of three members, 
 not more than two of whom shall be adherents of the same 
 political party, and other officers, to put these provisions 
 into execution. It also forbids assessments on public em- 
 ployes for political purposes by any one in the service of 
 the United States, or in any public building, and prohibits 
 Congressmen from making recommendations for offices to 
 be filled under the act, except as to the character or resi. 
 dence. Appletons' Annual Cyclopiedia, 1884. 
 
 Penedo (pa-na'do). A town in the state of 
 
 792 
 
 Alagoas, Brazil, situated on the Sao Francisco, 
 185 miles southwest of Pernambuco. Popula- 
 tion, municipio, 14,418. 
 
 Penelope (pe-nel'o-pe). [Gr. Xlr/veMny.'] In 
 Greek legend, the wife of Odysseus and mother 
 of Telemachus, famous as a model of the do- 
 mestic virtues. See Odysseus and Odyssey. 
 
 Peneus (pe-ne'us), or Peneius(pe-ne'yus). [Gr. 
 nymde.] In ancient geography : (a) The prin- 
 cipal river in Elis, Greece : the modern Gastuni. 
 It falls into the Ionian Sea. Length, about 50 
 miles, (b) The principal river in Thessaly, 
 Greece: the modern Salembria. It traverses the 
 Vale of Tempe and flows into the Gulf of Saloniki 26 miles 
 northeast of Larissa. Length, about 130 miles. 
 
 Penhallow (pen-hol'o), Samuel. Bom in Corn- 
 wall, England, July 2, 1665: died at Ports- 
 mouth, N. H., Dec. 2, 1726. An American his- 
 torian. He wrote “History of the Wars of New Eng- 
 land with the Eastern Indians” (1726), etc. 
 
 Penig (pa'nio). A town in the kingdom of Sax- 
 ony, situated on the Zwickauer Mulde 32 miles 
 southeast of Leipsie. Population, 7,356. 
 
 Penikese (pen-i-kes'). A small island, one of 
 the Elizabeth Islands, situated in Buzzard’s 
 Bay, Massachusetts. It was the seat of a summer 
 school of natural history connected with Harvard College, 
 founded by John Anderson in 1873. 
 
 Peninsula (pe-nin'su-la), The. In history, spe- 
 cifically : (a) The Iberian peninsula (Spain and 
 Portugal). See Peninsular War. (b) The penin- 
 sula in eastern Virginia formed by the York 
 and James rivers. See Peninsular Campaign. 
 
 Peninsular Campaign. The campaign of the 
 Federal Army of the Potomac under McClellan, 
 March to August, 1862, for the capture of Rich- 
 mond by way of the peninsula between the 
 York and James rivers. Chief events and incidents: 
 siege and evacuation of Yorktown; battlesof Williamsburg, 
 Hanover Court House, and Fair Oaks ; Seven Days’ Battles ; 
 McClellan's ‘ 1 change of base. ” The Army of the Potomac 
 was finally withdrawn from the Peninsula in Aug., 1862. 
 
 Peninsular State. A name sometimes given 
 to Florida. 
 
 Peninsular War. The military operations car- 
 ried on in Portugal, Spain, and southern France 
 by the British, Spanish, and Portuguese forces 
 (largely under Wellington) against the French 
 from 1808 to 1814. The French were driven 
 out of the Peninsula. 
 
 Penmarch (pan-mark'). A decayed seaport 
 in the department of Finistere, France, 17 miles 
 southwest of Quimper. 
 
 Penn (pen), Granville. Born at Philadelphia, 
 Dec. 9, 1761: died in England, Sept. 28, 1844. 
 An English scholar, grandson of William Penn. 
 
 Penn, John. Born in England, July 14, 1729: 
 died 1795. A grandson of William Penn : pro- 
 prietary lieutenant-governor of Pennsylvania 
 1763-71 and 1773-76. 
 
 Penn, Richard. Born in England, 1736 : died 
 in England, 1811. A grandson of William Penn: 
 lieutenant-governor of Pennsylvania 1771-73. 
 
 Penn, Thomas. Bom in England, 1702: died 
 in England, 1775. A younger son of William 
 Penn, and one of the proprietors of Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 Penn, Sir William. Born 1621: died Sfept. 16, 
 1670. An English admiral. He became admiral in 
 1653 ; commanded the fleet in the expedition which cap- 
 tured Jamaica in 1655; was knighted in 1660; and com- 
 manded, under the Duke of York, the fleet which defeated 
 the Dutch in 1665. 
 
 Penn, William. Born at London, Oct. 14, 1644 : 
 died at Ruscombe, Berks, England, July 30, 
 1718. An English Friend, founder of Pennsyl- 
 vania. He was the son of Admiral Sir William Penn ; 
 was educated at Oxford ; and became a preacher of the 
 Friends in 1668, being several times arrested under the 
 Conventicle Act. He became one of the trustees of West 
 Jersey in 1676 ; received the grant of Pennsylvania in 1680- 
 1681 ; and in 1682 went out to America, founded Philadel- 
 phia, and made a treaty with the Indians. He returned 
 to England in 1684. naving been suspected of intriguing 
 to restore James II., he was in 1692 deprived of the gov- 
 ernment of Pennsylvania, which was, however, restored to 
 him in 1694. He visited Pennsylvania again 1699-1701. He 
 wrote various religious and controversial works, a collec- 
 tive edition of which appeared in 1726 under the title “A 
 Collection of the Works of William Penn, to which is pre- 
 fixed a Journal of his Life, etc.” 
 
 Penna (pen'nii), Punt.a della. A promontory 
 in the province of Chieti, Italy, 32 miles south- 
 east of Chieti. 
 
 Pennacook (pen'a-kuk), or Pawtucket (pa- 
 tuk'et). A confederacy of North American In- 
 dians which formerly occupied the valley of the 
 Merrimac river and the adjacent region in New 
 Hampshire, northeastern Massachusetts, and 
 southern Maine. They were allies of the French. 
 Their leading tribe, from which (he confederacy was named, 
 was the Tennacook, whose village was at Concord, New 
 Hampshire. Another tribe was Pawtucket, which name 
 
 Pennybacker 
 
 was given to the confederacy by some writers. Others were 
 Agawam, Amoskeag, and Nashua. They became friendly 
 to the English until the treacherous conduct of the latter 
 in 1676 drove them from their country. Some remain at 
 St. Francis in Quebec. The name is translated 'nut place’ 
 and ‘crooked place.’ See Algonquian. 
 
 Pennant (pen'ant), Thomas. Born at Down- 
 ing, Flintshire, Wales, June 14, 1726: died there, 
 Dec. 16, 1798. A British naturalist and anti- 
 quary . He attended Queen's College, Oxford, but did not 
 take a degree. His works include “ British Zoology ” (1766), 
 “ Synopsis of Quadrupeds ” (1771 : later “ History of Quad- 
 rupeds"), “Tour in Scotland ” (1790), “Tour in Wales" 
 (1778-81), “Arctic Zoology” (1784-87), and “Account of 
 London" (1790). He wrote much on the archaeology of 
 Great Britain. 
 
 Penne (pen'ne), Civita di. A town ill the 
 province of Teramo, Abruzzi, Italy, 18 miles 
 south-southeast of Teramo : the ancient Pinna. 
 
 *It was the capital of the Yestini. 
 
 Pennell (pen 'el), Joseph. Born at Philadel- 
 phia, 1860. An American etcher and illustrator. 
 
 Penni (pen'ne), Gianfrancesco, surnamed II 
 Fattore. Born at Florence about 1488 : died at 
 Naples about 1528. An Italian painter, disciple 
 and journeyman (fattore) of Raphael. He assisted 
 his master in many of his frescos, and painted most of the 
 “ Cartoons ” from his designs. 
 
 Pennine (pen'in) Alps. [L. Alpes Pennini or 
 Penini; perhaps from Celtic pen, head, peak.] 
 An important division of the central Alps. It 
 extends from the Great St. Bernard Pass eastward to the 
 Simplon Pass, and the Rhone is the northern boundary. 
 They are noted for glaciers, long transverse valleys, and 
 high peaks. The highest point is Monte Rosa (over 15,000 
 feet). Another famous peak is the Matterhorn. 
 
 Pennine Chain. A chain of low mountains in 
 England, extending from the Cheviot Hills 
 southward to Derbyshire. Highest summits, in 
 Cumberland, over 3,000 feet. 
 
 Pennington (pen'ing-ton), William. Born at 
 Newark, N. J., May 4, 1796 : died there, Feb. 
 16, 1862. An American politician, son of W. S. 
 Pennington. He was Whig governor of New Jersey 
 1837-43 ; Republican member of Congress from New Jersey 
 1859-61 ; and speaker 1860-61. 
 
 Pennsylvania (pen-sil-va'ni-a). [Formerly also 
 Pennsilvania, Pensilvania; named orig. Sylva- 
 via, forest country, to which Penn, the name of 
 the founder, was afterward prefixed.] One of 
 the North Atlantic States of the United States of 
 America, extending from lat. 42° 15' to 39° 43' 
 (Mason and Dixon’s line)N., and from long. 74° 
 40' to 80° 34' W. Capital, Harrisburg; chief city, 
 Philadelphia. It is bounded by Lake Erie and New York 
 on the north, NewYorkand New Jersey (separated from both 
 by the Delaware) on the east, Delaware, Maryland, and West 
 Virginia on the south, and Ohio and West Virginia on the 
 west. It is traversed from northeast to southwest by par- 
 allel low ranges of the Alleghanies, including the Blue, 
 Kittatinny, Tuscarora, Alleghany, Laurel, and Chestnut 
 mountains, and is watered chiefly by the Ohio, Susquehan- 
 na, and Delaware. It is one of the chief States in the min- 
 ing of coal and iron, containing bituminous coal-fields in the 
 west, and anthracite fields in the east (the Schuylkill, Le- 
 high, and Wyoming regions). It is the first State in iron 
 manufactures and in the value of its cement, and has an im- 
 portant production of petroleum. Rye, tobacco, wheat, hay, 
 maize, and butter rank among the leading products; and 
 the manufactures, besides iron and steel, deal with woolen, 
 cotton, lumber, leather, oil, glass, etc. Pennsylvania is 
 called the “ Keystone State.” It has 67 counties, sends 2 
 senators and 36 representatives to Congress, and has 38 
 electoral votes. A colony of Swedes settled in this region 
 in 1638, and a grant of territory was made by Charles II. 
 to William Penn in 1681. Philadelphia was colonized by 
 Penn in 1682. The province was further colonized by Eng- 
 lish (largely Quakers), Germans, Dutch, Scots, Irish, and 
 French Huguenots, and continued under the proprietary 
 governorship of the Penn family until the Revolution. A 
 boundary dispute with Maryland was settled by the es- 
 tablishment of Mason and Dixon’s line in 1767. Pennsyl- 
 vania was one of the thirteen original States (1776). It 
 was the scene of the battles of Brandywine and German- 
 town in 1777, of Valley Forge camp in 1777-78, and of the 
 “Whisky rebellion" in 1794 ; was invaded by the Con- 
 federates in 1863-64 ; and was the scene of the battle of 
 Gettysburg in 1863. Riots occurred at Pittsburg and else- 
 where in 1877 and 1892. Area, 45,216 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 7,665,111, (1910). 
 
 Pennsylvania, University of. An institution 
 of learning situated at Philadelphia. It began 
 in 1740 as a charity school, became an academy 
 and college in 1749, and a university in 1771. 
 It has departments of arts and science, medicine, law, den- 
 tistry, veterinary medicine, graduate school, mechanical, 
 electrical, civil, and chemical engineering, and chemistry 
 It has 372 instructors and over 5,000 students. 
 
 Pennsylvania Avenue. The principal avenue 
 of Washington. Its most important section lies 
 between the Capitol and the Treasury. 
 
 Penn Yan (pen yan'). A village, capital of 
 Yates County, New York, situated at the foot 
 of Crooked (or Keuka) Lake 45 miles southeast 
 of Rochester. Population, 4,597, (1910). 
 
 Pennybacker (pen'i-bak-er), Isaac Samuals. 
 
 Born in Shenandoah County, Va., Sept. 12, 1807 : 
 died at Washington, D. C., Jan. 12, 1847. An 
 
Pennybacker 
 
 793 
 
 Pepys, Samuel 
 
 American politician, Democratic member of 
 Congress from Virginia 1837-39, and United 
 States senator 1845-47. 
 
 Penobscot (pe-nob'skot). [PL, also Penobscots.~\ 
 A tribe of North American Indians, chiefly in 
 Maine. See Abnaki. t 
 
 Penobscot. [From tho Indian tribe name.] A 
 river of Maine, formed by the union at Medway 
 of the east and west branches, it flows into Penob- 
 scot Bay near Belfast. Length, about 275 miles ; navigable 
 for large vessels to Bangor. 
 
 Penobscot Bay. An arm of the Atlantic Ocean 
 on the south coast of Maine, at the mouth of 
 the Penobscot River. 
 
 Penrith (pen'rith). A town in Cumberland, 
 England, 17 miles south-southeast of Carlisle. 
 It has a ruined castle. Population, 9,182. 
 
 Penruddock (pen-rud'ok). A character in 
 Cumberland’s “Wheel of Fortune.” 
 
 Penruddock’s Rebellion. An unsuccessful 
 rising in behalf of Charles II. in 1655: so called 
 from its leader, Colonel Penruddock, who was 
 captured and executed. 
 
 Penry (pen'ri), John. Born in Brecknockshire, 
 Wales, 1559: hanged at St. Thomas-a- Water- 
 ing, Surrey, May 29, 1593. An English Brownist. 
 There is conclusive external evidence in favor of the 
 theory that he was mainly responsible for the authorship 
 and dissemination of the “ Martin Marprelate " tracts 
 (which see). 
 
 Penryn (pen-rin'). [Corn., ‘headland.’] A sea- 
 port in Cornwall, England, adjoining Falmouth. 
 It exports granite. Population, 3,190. 
 
 Pensa. See Penza. 
 
 Pensacola (pen-sa^ko' lii), orPanzacola ( pan-za- 
 ko'la). [PL, also Pensdcolas.'] A tribe of North. 
 American Indians which once dwelt around 
 the present city and harbor of Pensacola, west- 
 ern Florida. The name is from a Choctaw word mean- 
 ing ‘hair people.’ They became extinct through inter- 
 tribal wars. See Muskhogean. 
 
 Pensacola. [From the Indian tribal name.] A 
 seaport and the capital of Escambia County, 
 Florida, situated on Pensacola Bay in lat. 30° 
 25' N., long. 87° 13' W. It has an important export 
 trade in lumber, fish, fruit, and vegetables. It was set- 
 tled by the French and Spaniards at the end of the 17th 
 century ; was taken by Bienville in 1719, and restored to 
 Spain in 1723; was ceded to Great Britain in 1763; was 
 taken by the Spaniards in 1781 ; and was ceded to Spain in 
 1783. Jackson expelled the British from it in 1814, and 
 took it from the Spaniards in 1818. It passed to the 
 United States in 1821. Near it is a United States navy- 
 yard : this was seized by the Confederates in Jan., 1861, 
 and regained in 1862. Population, 22,982, (1910). 
 
 Pensacola Bay. A landlocked inlet of the 
 Gulf of Mexico, on the northwestern coast of 
 Florida. Length, about 30 miles. 
 
 Pensees sur la Religion. [F., ‘ Thoughts on Re- 
 ligion.’] A philosophical and theological work 
 by Blaise Pascal (published 1670: edited by 
 Faugfere 1844, by Havet 1881). 
 
 Pen Selwood (pen sel'wud). A place in Somer- 
 set, England, where Edmund Ironside defeated 
 the Danes under Canute in 1016. 
 
 Penseroso (pen-se-ro'so), II. [It. il pensieroso, 
 the pensive man.] A poem by Milton, written 
 about 1632. It is based on the song “Hence 
 all you Vain Delights,” by Fletcher, in “Nice 
 Valor.” 
 
 Pensioned (or Pension) or Cavalier Parlia- 
 ment. A name given to the English Parliament 
 of 1661-79, which was favorable to the Cavalier 
 or Royalist cause. 
 
 Pentameron (pen-tam'e-ron), The. Aworkby 
 Landor, published in 1837. It is principally a dis- 
 cussion between Petrarch and Boccaccio on the literature 
 of Italy, including Dante, Vergil, etc. 
 
 Pentamerone (pen-ta-me-ro'ne), II. A collec- 
 tion of stories in the Neapolitan dialect, by 
 Basile, published in 1672. it is divided into five 
 days, ten stories being included in each, and was the pro- 
 totype of the French fairy tales. 
 
 Pentapolin (pen-tap'o-lin). A Christian king 
 of the Garamanteans. He is known as “Pentapolin 
 with the naked arm,” as he always fought with his right 
 arm bared. His battle with Alifanfaron is referred to by 
 Don Quixote. See Alifanfaron. 
 
 Pentapolis (pen-tap'o-lis). [Gr. UevTdmlt^, five 
 cities.] A state consisting of five cities, or a 
 group of five cities : used, in ancient geography, 
 of a variety of groups, (l) In Cyrenaica, Africa, a dis- 
 trict comprising Cyrene, Apollonia, Barca, Arsinoe, and 
 Berenice (or Hesperides), with their neighboring terri- 
 tories. (2) In Palestine, the cities of Sodom, Gomorrah, 
 Admail, Zeboim, and Segor. (3) Five cities of the Philis- 
 tines : Ascalon, Gaza, Gath, F.kron, and Ashdod. (4) Five 
 Dorian cities in Asia Minor : Cnidos, Cos, Lindos, Camiros, 
 and Jalisos. (5) Fivecitiesin Italy : Rimini, Ancona, Kano, 
 Pesaro, and Sinigaglia, with part of the exarchate of Ra- 
 venna. This, also called Pentapolis Maritima, was later in- 
 cluded in the Papal States. 
 
 Pentarchy (pen'tiir-ki). 1. A name given to the 
 
 five great powers of Europe — Austria, France, 
 Great Britain, Prussia, and Russia. For about 
 half a century after the Congress of Vienna (1814-15) they 
 were of nearly equal strength, each of them far superior 
 to any other European nation. 
 
 2. In recent Italian politics, a parliamentary 
 group under the leadership of the five politi- 
 cians Cairoli, Crispi, Zanardelli, Nicotera, and 
 Baccarini. 
 
 Pentateuch (pen'ta-tuk). [From Gr. mvre, five, 
 and revxog, an implement, a book.] The first 
 five books of the Old Testament regarded as a 
 connected group. They are Genesis, Exodus, Leviti- 
 cus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. They record the crea- 
 tion, the diffusion of peoples, the formation of the Hebrew 
 nation, and its history through its sojourn in the wilder- 
 ness. Opinions regarding the authorship of these books 
 differ greatly. Some scholars believe that they, with the 
 book of Joshua, were written substantially by Moses, 
 Joshua, and their contemporaries ; others hold that they 
 were compiled at a much later period (in part about the 
 7th century B. C. , or even in post-exilic times). 
 Pentaur. An Egyptian priest and poet of the 
 time of Rameses II. His heroic poem on the deeds 
 of the great king in the battle of Kadesh has been pre- 
 served and translated. 
 
 Pentelicus (pen-tel'i-kus), or Brilessus (bri- 
 les'us). [Gr. IlfvrtfuKOV opoe, B[u'fr/o< 7 or.~\ A 
 mountain in Attica, Greece, about 12 miles 
 northeast of Athens. It was famous for its 
 marble. Height, 3,641 feet. 
 
 Penthea (pen-the'a). The principal female 
 character in Ford’s “Broken Heart.” 
 Penthesilea (pen // the-si-le'a). [Gr. UsvBeot- 
 Hem.] In Greek legend, a queen of the Ama- 
 zons who aided the Trojans against the Greeks. 
 She was slain by Achilles. 
 
 Pentheus (pen'thus). [Gr. Hevdevg.'] In Greek 
 legend, a king of Thebes who was torn to pieces 
 by his mother Agave and other mtenads while 
 attempting to stop a Bacchic festival. 
 Penthidvre (pon-tya'vr). An ancient territory 
 in Brittany, France, corresponding in the main 
 to the department of C6tes-du-Nord. It was a 
 county in the middle ages. 
 
 Pentland Firth (pent'land ferth). A sea pas- 
 sage between the Orkney Islands andthe county 
 of Caithness, Scotland. Width, 6 to 8 miles. 
 Pentland Hills. A range of hills in the coun- 
 ties of Edinburgh, Peebles, and Lanark, Scot- 
 land. Highest summits, about 1,900 feet. 
 Pentweazel (pent'we-zl), Lady. A charac- 
 ter in Foote’s comedy “Taste,” a kind of Mrs. 
 Malaprop, vain of her lost charms. 
 
 Penza (pen'za). 1. A government in eastern 
 Russia, bounded by the governments of Nijni- 
 Novgorod, Simbirsk, Saratoff, and Tamboff. 
 The surface is undulating. The chief occupation is agri- 
 culture. Area, 14,997 square miles. Population, 1,748,- 
 100 . 
 
 2. The capital of the government of Penza, 
 situated at the junction of the Penza with the 
 Sura, about lat. 53° 10' N., long. 45° 3' E. 
 Population, 66,000. 
 
 Penzacola. See Pensacola. 
 
 Penzance (pen-zans'). [Corn. Pensans, holy 
 head, from pen, head, and sans, later sans, holy 
 (from L. sanctus, holy).] A seaport in Cornwall, 
 England, situated on Mounts Bay 21 miles west 
 of Falmouth. It is the westernmost town in England, 
 a watering-place and health-resort. It has considerable 
 trade, and large mackerel- and pilchard-fisheries. It was 
 the birthplace of Sir Humphry Davy. Population, 
 13,136. 
 
 Penzance, Baron. See Wilde, James Plaisted. 
 Penzing (pent'sing). A suburb of Vienna. 
 People’s Palace. An institution in East Lon- 
 don, on Mile End Road, intended for the “ rec- 
 reation and amusement, the intellectual and 
 material advancement, of the vast artisan pop- 
 ulation of the East End.” 
 
 People’s Party, or Populists (pop'u-lists). In 
 United States politics, a party formed in 1891, 
 in which were merged the Farmers’ Alliance 
 and other kindred organizations. It developed 
 
 considerable strength in various Southern and Western 
 States, and in 1892 nominated James B. Weaver for Presi- 
 dent. The Populists obtained 22 electoral votes. In 1896 
 they accepted the Democratic nominee for President, W. 
 .1. Bryan, but nominated their own candidate, Thomas E. 
 Watson, for the vice-presidency. Among their aims are 
 an increase of the circulating medium, free coinage of 
 silver, free trade, an income tax, suppression of monopo- 
 lies, etc. In 1904 and 1908 they nominated Thomas E. 
 Watson for President. 
 
 Peoria. See Illinois. 
 
 Peoria (pe-6'ri-il). [From tho Indian namo.] A 
 city, capital of Peoria County, Illinois, situated 
 on the Illinois River, at the foot of Peoria Lake, 
 62 miles north of Springfield, it is a flourishing 
 commercial, manufacturing, and railway center, having 
 an extensive trade in grain. A trading-post was estab- 
 lished here by La Salle in 1080. Pop., (>6,960, (1910). 
 
 Peoria Lake. An expansion of the Illinois River 
 near Peoria. 
 
 Peparethos (pep-a-re'thos). [Gr. UendpTfios.] 
 In ancient geography, an island in the iEgean 
 Sea north of Euboea: the modem Skopelos. 
 
 Pepe (pa'pe), Florestano. Bom at Squillace, 
 Italy, 1780: died at Naples, April 3, 1851. A 
 Neapolitan general. He served in 1806 under Joseph 
 Bonaparte, whom he accompanied to Spain. He became 
 brigadier-general in 1811, served in the Russian campaign 
 in 1812, and fought as lieutenant-general under Murat 
 against the Austrians in 1815. 
 
 Pepe, Guglielmo. Born at Squillace, Italy, Feb. 
 15, 1783 : died at Turin, Aug. 9, 1855. A Neapoli- 
 tan general, brother of F. Pepe. He commanded 
 in the revolution at Naples 1820-21, and in the defense of 
 Venice in 1849. 
 
 Pepin (pep 'in ; F. pron. pa-pari' ), surnamed ‘ ‘ The 
 Short.” [F . Pepin le Bref.~] Died 768. King of 
 the Franks, son of Charles Martel. He became ma- 
 jordomusof Neustriaonthedeathof his father In 741, his 
 brother Karlman becoming major domus of Austrasia. 
 Thelatterabdicatedinhisfavorin 747, aud with the Pope’s 
 sanction he assumed the title of king in 751. He assisted 
 the Pope against Aistulf, king of the Lombards, 754-755, 
 and granted the Pope the exarchate of Ravenna, the Pen- 
 tapolis, and the territory of Bologna and Ferrara, thus 
 laying the foundation of the Papal States. 
 
 Pepin. Died 838. King of Aquitania 817-838, 
 second son of Louis le Ddbonnaire (see Louis I.). 
 
 Pepin of Heristal. Died 714. A ruler of the 
 Franks. He became major domus of Austrasia in 676, 
 and in 687 became sole major domus over all the Franks 
 by his victory at Testri over the major domus of Neus- 
 tria. He thenceforth styled himself dux et princeps 
 Francorum. 
 
 Pepin (pe'piu), Lake, An expansion of the 
 Mississippi between Minnesota and Wisconsin, 
 40 miles southeast of St. Paul. Length, about 
 27 miles. 
 
 Pepoli, Countess. See Alboni, Marietta. 
 
 Pepoli (pa'po-le), Marquis Gioachino. Born 
 at Bologna, Italy, Nov. 6, 1825: died at Rome, 
 March 26, 1881. An Italian liberal politician, 
 grandson of Murat. He defended Bologna against the 
 Austrians In 1848, and was chief of the provisional govern- 
 ment in Bologna in 1859. In 1862 he was minister of agri- 
 culture and commerce under Rattazzi ; in 1863 ambassador 
 at St. Petersburg ; and 1868-70 ambassador at Vienna. 
 
 Pepper (pep'er), Tom. An imaginary charac- 
 ter in sailors’ legends; said to have been kicked 
 out of heaven for lying. 
 
 Pepper, William. Born at Philadelphia, Aug. 
 21, 1843: died at Pleasanton, Cal., July 28, 1898. 
 An American physician aud scientist. He was 
 provost of the University of Pennsylvania 1881-94. 
 
 Pepperell, or Pepperrell (pep'er-el), Sir Wil- 
 liam. Born at Kittery, Maine, June 27, 1696 : 
 died at Kittery, July 6, 1759. An American gen- 
 eral. He commanded the provincial army which besieged 
 and captured Louisburg in 1745 ; and was acting governor 
 of Massachusetts 1756-58. 
 
 Pepperpot (pep'er-pot), Sir Peter. A rich West 
 Indian, a character in Foote’s play “The Pa- 
 tron.” Foote played it himself. 
 
 Pepusch (pa/ posh), Johann Christoph. Born 
 at Berlin, 1667 : died at London, July 20, 1752. 
 A German-English composer, noted for his 
 theoretical knowledge of music. He went to Eng- 
 land about 1700, and in 1710 was instrumental in the organ- 
 ization of the Academy of Ancient Music. He composed 
 a number of masks, and wrote the overture and arranged 
 the airs for Gay’s “Beggar’s Opera” and “Polly," and for 
 “The Wedding,” another ballad-opera. He left also a good 
 deal of music for string and wind instruments, and pub- 
 lished (1731) a treatise on harmony. 
 
 Pepys (pep'is), Charles Christopher, first 
 Earl of Cottenham. Born at London, April 
 29, 1781: died in Italy, April 29, 1851. An 
 English jurist, lord chancellor 1836-41 and 
 1846-50. 
 
 Pepys (peps or pips or peps), Samuel. Born 
 Feb. 23, 1632-33: died May 26, 1703. An Eng- 
 lish politician and diarist. He was a Bon of John 
 Pepys, a tailor in London. In 1650 he entered Magdalene 
 College, Cambridge. He married in 1655 and was taken 
 into the house of Sir Edward Montagu (afterward earl of 
 Sandwich), whose mother had married Pepys's grand- 
 father. His “ Diary*' was begun Jan., 1659-60, and is one 
 of the chief authorities on tho Restoration, in which 
 Pepys actively participated. Montagu made him secretary 
 to the generals at sea March, 1660, and clerk of the acts of 
 the navy July, 1660. During the great plague he remained 
 in London. He also assisted in checking the great lire in 
 1666. In 1678-79 ho sat as member of Parliament for Har- 
 wich, and was twice master of Trinity House. On May 
 22, 1679, he was sent to the Tower as a pnpist. From 
 1684-86 ho was president of the Royal Society. About 
 1690 he published “ Memoirs relating to the State of the 
 Royal Navy.” Ilis library of 3,000 volumes was be- 
 queathed to Magdalene College, Cambridge. The last 
 entry in tho “Diary” was made May 31, 1669. It was 
 written in cipher, and was translated by the Rev. J. 
 Smith and published, with many omissions, by Lord Bray- 
 brooke (who had discovered it in the Pepysian Library) in 
 1825. In 1875-79 Mynors Bright republished it with much 
 original matter, and in 1893 the whole, except passages 
 which cannot be printed, was edited by IL B. Wheatley. 
 
Pepysian Library 
 
 Pepysian (pe'pis-i-an) Library. The library 
 of Samuel Pepys (containing the cipher MS. ot 
 his “Diary”), bequeathed by him to Magdalene 
 
 College, Cambridge. It is in a separate building, which 
 was approaching completion about the time Pepys deter- 
 mined to bequeath his collection either to Magdalene or 
 to Trinity, and in which (in the former case) he wished it 
 to be deposited. The library came into the possession ot 
 the college on the death of his nephew, Mr. Jackson, m 
 1724 
 
 Pequot (pe'kwot). [PL, also Pequots. The 
 name is translated ‘destroyers’ or ‘ravagers. J 
 A former tribe of North American Indians, the 
 most dreaded of all in southern New England. 
 Historically they formed one tribe with the Mohegan who 
 seceded under Uncasfrom Sassacus, the great Pequot chief. 
 Their first known territory was a narrow strip of coast in 
 Connecticut from Niantic River to the Rhode Island boun- 
 dary ; but Sassacus controlled all the tribes of Connecticut 
 east of the river of that name and westward to near New 
 Haven, and nearly all Long Island. Their greatest strength 
 was about 3,000, but has been estimated as much greater. 
 In 1637 the English colonists surprised their principal fort, 
 on the Mystic River, and slaughtered six hundred. The 
 survivors of the tribe fled in scattered bands, some reach- 
 ing tribes with whom they became amalgamated. Also 
 Peguod. See Algonguian. 
 
 Pequot War. A war between the Pequot In- 
 dians of Connecticut and the settlers, 1636-38. 
 The Pequot were nearly exterminated after 
 their defeat by the colonists under Mason in 
 1637. ... 
 
 Pera (pa/ra). A northern quarter of Constanti- 
 nople. It is situated on the opposite side of the Golden 
 Horn, and is inhabited chiefly by Europeans. 
 
 Persea (pe-re'a). [Gr. Tlepaia, from ntpav, be- 
 yond.] In ancient geography: (a) A vague re- 
 gion east of the Jordan, corresponding to the 
 earlier Gilead and sometimes including Bashan. 
 (b) A maritime district on the coast of Caria, 
 Asia Minor, opposite Rhodes. 
 
 Perak (pa-rak'). One of the Federated Malay 
 States, situated about lat. 4°-5|° N. It is under 
 British protection. The chief product is tin. Area, 6,680 
 square miles. Population, about 330,000. 
 
 Peralta (pa-ral'ta), Gaston de. Bom, proba- 
 bly in Navarre, about 1510: died at V alladolid, 
 1580. A Spanish nobleman, marquis of Peralta. 
 
 He was viceroy of Mexico, Oct., 1566, to Oct., 1567. Owing 
 to a dispute with theaudience, he wasdeposed by the king, 
 and soon after sent to Spain, where lie justified his course 
 and was made constable of Navarre. 
 
 Peralta Barnuevo (bar-no-a'vo), Pedro de. 
 Bom at Lima, 1663 : died there, 1743. A Peru- 
 vian mathematician and author. He was several 
 times rector of the University of San Marcos, and from 1708 
 was official eosmographer. Ilis numerous writings include 
 poetry history, law, and mathematics. It is said that his 
 published and manuscript works exceed 60 in number. 
 Among the best-known are “ Lima fun dad a,” an epic of the 
 conquest of Peru, in 10 cantos (Lima, 1732) ; and a history 
 of the viceroyalty of the Marquis of Castell-fuerte. Also 
 written Peralta y Barnuevo. 
 
 Perceforest(per-se-for'est),oiPerceforet(pers- 
 
 fo-ra' ) . Amedieval French historical romance. 
 
 794 
 
 Percival (per'si-val), James Gates. Born at 
 Berlin, Conn., Sept. 15, 1795: died at Hazel 
 Green, Wis., May 2, 1856. An American poet. 
 His' complete works were published (2 vols.) in 
 1859. 
 
 Percy (per'si). A tragedy by Mrs. Hannah 
 More, produced in 1778. She is supposed to 
 have been assisted by Garrick in this play. 
 Percy, Henry, first Earl of Northumberland. 
 Killed in battle, 1408. An English military com- 
 mander. He was instrumental in dethroning Richard 
 II. and was engaged in various conspiracies against Henry 
 iV! He defeated the Scots at Hoinildon Hill 1102. 
 
 Percy, Henry, surnamed Hotspur. Killed in 
 the battle of Shrewsbury, 1403. The son of 
 Henrv Percy, first earl of Northumberland. In 
 1402 he fought with his father at Homildon Hill, and cap- 
 tured the Earl of Douglas. Resenting the injustice of 
 Henry IV. toward hisbrother-in-law, Edmund Mortimer.he 
 associated himself with Owen Glendower in his war again - 1 
 the king, and was killed at Shrewsbury 1403. Shakspere 
 introduces him as a gay, jesting, fiery -tempered soldier in 
 his “ Henry IV.,” first part. 
 
 The second romance concerning events preceding the 
 rci'Mi of Arthur, to which I alluded, and which exhibits a 
 different set of heroes from the tales of the Round Table, 
 is Perceforest, which comprehends the fabulous history of 
 Britain previous to the reign of Arthur. It is the longest 
 and best-known romance of the class to which it belongs, 
 and is the work which St. Palaye and similar writers have 
 chiefly selected for illustrations and proofsof the manners 
 of the times, and institutions of chivalry. 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 258. 
 
 Perce (per-sa/) Rock. A remarkable rock in the 
 Gasp6 Peninsula, Quebec, on the St. Lawrence. 
 It is entirely pierced in places, and forms arches. 
 Height, nearly 300 feet. 
 
 Perceval (per'se-val). A medieval legend relat- 
 ing to the search of Perceval for the Holy Grail, 
 and his other adventures, it first appeared (in poeti- 
 cal form) as a French epic poem by Clirestien deTroyes in 
 the 12th century : from this it passed into the literature 
 of nearly every European nation. The legend, however, 
 is much earlier, and appeared in several prose forms : it 
 is traced by some to the Welsh “Peredur, a name which 
 means ‘searcher for the basin.' Some writers contend, 
 however, that this story from the old Welsh “Red Look 
 is an adaptation of the French poem, mixed with local tra- 
 ditions. See Parzival. 
 
 Perceval, Caussin de. See Caussin de Perceval. 
 Perceval (per'se-val), Spencer. Born at Lon- 
 don, No v. , 1762 :’ assassinated in the lobby of the 
 House of Commons, May 11, 1812. An English 
 statesman, younger son of the Earl of Egmont. 
 He took the degree of master of arts at Cambridge (Trinity 
 College) in 1781; was called to the bar at Lincoln’s Inn in 
 1786 ; became member of Parliament for Northampton in 
 1796; and was solicitor-general in the Addington adminis- 
 tration in 1891, and attorney-general in 1802. He opposed 
 Catholic emancipation. He was premier 1809-12. 
 Perche (persli), Le. All ancient countship of 
 northern France, corresponding in the main 
 to the departments of Eure-et-Loir and Orne. 
 Capital, Mortagne. It passed by escheat to the French 
 crown in 1257, and a large part was included in the gov- 
 ernment of Maine (or Maine and Perche). 
 
 lllb jAciii y 1 1 •) m o v f wi __ _ - 
 
 Percy, Thomas, seventh Earl of Northumber- 
 land. Beheaded at York, England, Aug. 22, 
 1572. An English politician, executed for con- 
 spiracy against Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Percy, Thomas. Born at Bridgnorth, Eng- 
 land, April 13, 1729 : died at Dromore, Ireland, 
 Sept. 30, 1811. An English poet and bishop, 
 the editor of the “ Reliques of Ancient English 
 Poetry,” known as “ Percy’s Reliques.” He was 
 the son of a grocer, and graduated at Oxford (Christ 
 Church) in 1750. He was appointed vicar of Easton Mau- 
 dit, Northamptonshire, in 1753 ; chaplain to George III. in 
 1769 ; and bishop of Dromore, Ireland, in 1782. The “Rel- 
 iques of Ancient English Poetry ’’ appeared in 1765: the 
 first edition contained 176poemsor ballads. Itwascoarse- 
 ly, but with some justice, attacked by Ritson as not being 
 an exact transcription from the original manuscripts. He 
 also published “ HauKiou Chooan’ (1761 : a Chinese novel 
 from the Portuguese), “Miscellaneous Pieces relating to 
 the Chinese ” (1762), “ Northern Antiquities " (1770 : trans- 
 lated from Paul Henri Mallet), etc. 
 
 Perdiccas (per-dik'as). [Gr. ITephWrr.J Assas- 
 sinated in Egypt, 321 B. c. One of the generals 
 of Alexander tlie Great. He became regent in 323, 
 and conquered Cappadocia in 322. A league was formed 
 against him by Ptolemy and others. 
 
 Perdiccas I. King of Macedon, the alleged 
 founder of the Macedonian kingdom. 
 
 Perdiccas II. King of Macedon at the time of 
 the Peloponnesian war (until about 413 B. c.). 
 Perdiccas HI. Died 359 b.c. King of Macedon, 
 brother and predecessor of Philip of Macedon. 
 Perdido (per-dl'do; Sp. pron. per-THe'THo). 
 [Sp., ‘lost.’] A small river and hay on _ the 
 western border of Florida, separating it from 
 Alabama. 
 
 Perdita(per'di-ta). 1. In Shakspere’s“ The Win- 
 ter’s Tale,” the daughter of Leontes and Her- 
 mione, brought up as a shepherdess. — 2. See 
 Robinson, Mrs. ( Mary Darby). 
 
 Pereda (pa-ra'THii), Antonio de. Born at Val- 
 ladolid, 1599 : died at Madrid, 1669. A Spanish 
 painter. Among his works is “The Disenchant- 
 ment of Life,” in the Academy of San Fernando. 
 Pe r e Duchesne. See Hebert, Jacques Rene. 
 Peredur. A Welsh romance of the 12th century. 
 It is in the “Mabinogion,” taken from the “Red 
 Book ” of Hergest. See Perceval. 
 
 Pere Goriot (par go-ryo'), Le. A novel by Bal- 
 zac, published in 1835 
 
 The general situation may be described in two words, by 
 saying that Goriot is the modern King Lear. Mesdames 
 de Restaud and de Nucingen are the representatives of 
 Regan and Goneril ; but tlie Parisian Lear is not allowed 
 the consolation of a Cordelia. 
 
 Leslie Stephen, Hours in a Library, p. 261. 
 
 Peregrina, La. See Avellaneda y Arteaga. 
 
 Pereirine Pickle (per 'e-grin pik'l), The Ad- 
 ventures of. A novel by Smollett, published 
 in 1751. Peregrine is a handsome profligate sowing his 
 wild oats, disliked by his mother who devotes herself to 
 her younger son Gamaliel or Gam, a deformed but equally 
 villainous scoundrel. Peregrine is adopted by Commodore 
 Trunnion, his uncle, and the humors of the latter and Lieu- 
 tenant Jack Hatchway are unsurpassed. 
 
 Peregrinus Proteus (per-e-gri'nus pro tc-us). 
 Died 165 A. d. A Cynic philosopher. After a 
 youth spent in debauchery and crime, he became a Chris- 
 tian ami afterward a Cynic philosopher. He burned him- 
 self alive at Olympia during the Olympic games in 165. 
 He is represented by Lucian as a profligate and crazy quack. 
 He is the subject of a romance by Wieland. 
 
 Pereira da Silva (pe-ra'ra da sel'va), Joao 
 Manuel. Born at Rio de J aneiro, Aug. 30, 1817 : 
 died 1898. A Brazilian historian. His works in- 
 clude “Historia da funda^ao do Imperio Brazileiro" 
 (1864-68), etc. , _ , 
 
 Pereire (pa-rar'), Isaac. Born at Bordeaux, 
 France, Nov. 25, 1806: died July 12, 1880. A 
 French financier. In company with his brother Emile 
 Pereire he established himself as a broker at Paris. 1 he 
 brothers purchased the railroad from Paris to bt. -Germain 
 
 Pergamum 
 
 in 1835, and in 1852 founded the Credit Mobilier (which 
 see). He published “Le r61e de la Banque de France et 
 l’organisation du credit en France” (1864), “Questions 
 financieres” (1877), and “Politique flnanciere” (1879). 
 
 Perekop (pe-re-kop'). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Taurida, Russia, situated on the Isth- 
 mus of Perekop, 61 lftiles southeast of Kherson. 
 
 It was formerly an important fortress and com- 
 mercial place. Population, 5,279. 
 
 Perekop, Gulf of. An arm of the Black Sea, 
 lying northwest of the Crimea. 
 
 Perekop, Isthmus of. An isthmus connecting 
 the Crimea with the rest of Russia, and separat- 
 ing the Sea of Azoff from the Black Sea. Width, 
 
 4 miles. 
 
 P&re Lachaise (par la-shaz'), Cemetery of. 
 
 The most important and celebrated cemetery 
 of Paris, situated in the eastern part of the city. 
 The site belonged to a rich burgher in the 16th century, 
 and was called “La Folie-Regnault. ** It was bought by 
 the Jesuits in 1626, and named Mont- Louis. It was later 
 enlarged by Pere Lachaise, the Jesuit confessor of Louis 
 XIV., and has always borne his name. It was the scene 
 of a struggle between the Communists and the national 
 troops May 27, 1S71. Also written Pere La Chaise. 
 
 P<§rez (pa/ rath), Antonio. Born in Aragon 
 about 1539 : died at Paris, Nov. 3, 1611. A Span- 
 ish politician, secretary of state under Phil ip II. 
 
 At the instigation of Philip he procured the murder, for 
 political reasons, of Escovedo, secretary of Don John of 
 Austria, March 31. 1578. He lost the king’s favor, and 
 was arrested in 1579 and forced, by torture, to confess his 
 part in the deed ; but he escaped to Aragon, and thence to 
 France (1591). His protection by Aragon led to the sup- 
 pression by Philip of the ancient Aragonese privileges. 
 
 He published “Relaciones” (“Accounts,” 1594). 
 
 The letters of Perez are in a great variety of styles, from 
 the cautious and yet fervent appeals that he made to Philip 
 the Second, down to the gallant notes he wrote to court la- 
 dies, and the overflowings of his heart to his young chil- 
 dren. But they were all written in remarkably idiomatic 
 Castilian, and are rendered interesting from the circum- 
 stance, that in each class there is a strict observance of 
 such conventional forms as were required by the relative 
 social positions of the author and his correspondents. 
 
 Ticknor, Span. Lit., III. 167. 
 
 Perez (pa'ratli), Jose Joaquin. Born at Santi- 
 ago in 1800 1 died 1890. A Chilean statesman. 
 
 He occupied variousdiplomaticpositions, and under Bullies 
 
 was minister of tlie treasury 1845-49, “4 of tl.e interior 
 1849-51. He became president of Chile Sept. 18, 1861, serv- 
 ing, by reflection in 1866, until Sept. IS, 1871. Under him 
 the moderate liberalsbeganto take partmthegovernnient. 
 The period was one of general prosperity. \V ar broke out 
 with Spain in Sept., 1865, and Valparaiso was bombarded 
 by a Spanish fleet March 31, 1866. Hostilities ceased in 
 April, though the treaty of peace was delayed many years. 
 Perez (pe'rez), Michael. A noted character in 
 Beaumont and Fletcher’s play “ Rule a Wife and 
 Have a Wife,” known as “the Copper Captain.” 
 He is a pretentious imitation of a rich and noble 
 soldier. ^ 
 
 Perez (pa/ rath), Santiago. Bom 1830 : died 
 1900. A Colombian politician of the liberal 
 
 party. He was secretary of foreign relations under Mu- 
 rillo Toro 1864-66, and again under Santos Gutierrez 1868; 
 minister to the United States 1870-72; and president of 
 the United States of Colombia April 1, 1874, to March 31, 
 1876. Subsequently he was again minister to the United 
 States. He is an author of some repute. 
 
 P6rez de Zambrana(pa/rath datham-bra'na), 
 Luisa (n6e Perez de Montes de Oca). Bom 
 near Santiago, 1837. A Cuban poet and n ovelist. 
 In 1858 she married Dr. Ramon Zambrana, a 
 well-known physician and author, who died in 
 1866. ‘ „ 
 
 Perga (per'ga), or Perge (per'je). [Gr. n« pyy.] 
 In ancient geography, a city in Pamphylia, Asia 
 Minor, situated about lat. 37° N., long. 30° 55 E. 
 It was noted for the worship of Artemis. A Roman theater 
 here is one of the finest surviving. The cavea has 1 pre- 
 cinction and 40 tiers of marble seats, with a gallery at the 
 top colonnaded in front and arched at the bark. The 
 back wall of the stage has five large niches, with fine 
 columns of breccia. The diameter is 330 feet, lhe theater 
 is in great part built up of masonry. There are also re- 
 mains of a stadium, 771 feet long and 194 wide, the arena 
 73“> by 115 The tiers of seats rest on vaulted foundations, 
 and were skirted at the top by a gallery. There is a monu- 
 mental arched entrance in the semicircular end. , 
 
 Pergamum (per'ga-mum), or Pergamus (per - 
 ga-mus). [Gr.mpya/tw.] In ancient geography, 
 a city in Teuthrania, Mysia, Asia Minor, sit- 
 uated on the Caicus 50 miles north of Smyrna : 
 the modem Bergamo or Bergama. The city was 
 raised to importance by the famous victory of Attalus 
 I over the Gauls in the latter half of the 3d century B. c. 
 To the son of Attalus, Eumenes II., are due the great ex- 
 tension of the city and its architectural adornment, and 
 during his reign occurred the remarkable development 
 of Pergamene sculpture, on lines of much more modern 
 spir it than tlie older Greek art. Tlie same king founded 
 the famous Pergamene Library. His chief buildings were 
 placed on a succession of terraces on the summit of the 
 acropolis, which rises 900 feet above the plain, and on 
 other lower terraces immediately outside of the powerful 
 acropolis walls. The city remained prosperous under the 
 Roinans(see Pergamum , Kingdom of), and many fine build- 
 j nBS were erected on the acropolis, and beside the Selinus 
 River below, under the empire. In 1878 the Prussian gov- 
 ernment sent to the site an exploring expedition under 
 
Pergamum 
 
 Conze, Humann, and Bohn. Their investigations were 
 continued for several years, and to them are due the redis- 
 covery of Pergamene art and the mass of new information 
 regarding later Greek architecture which together form 
 one of the most remarkable archaeological acquisitions of 
 the century. The sculptures discovered at Pergamum are 
 preserved at Berlin. The great altar of Zeus consisted of 
 an immense quadrangular basement with a broad flight of 
 steps penetrating one side. The top was surrounded by 
 an Ionic peristyle which inclosed the altar proper on 3 
 sides. On the wall of this peristyle was the smaller frieze 
 of the famous Pergamum Marbles, while around the base- 
 ment and along the stairs was carried the large frieze. 
 The latter was excavated in 1879-80, and now is the chief 
 treasure of the Old Museum at Berlin. This extensive 
 frieze dates from about 180 B. c., and belongs to the monu- 
 mental commemoration of the triumph of Eumenes II. 
 over the invading Gauls. It represents in high relief the 
 victorious battle of the gods against the giants, the two 
 chief groups centering about Zeus and Athene. The figures 
 are of colossal size, and the sculpture is of remarkable 
 vigor: it represents an entirely new phase of Greek art, 
 more emotional and modern in feeling than had been de- 
 veloped elsewhere. The small frieze, excavated at the same 
 time, is now also in the Old Museum at Berlin. This frieze 
 adorned the monumental structures which stood upon the 
 colossal altar. Its subject is the story of the local hero 
 Telephus, and it is extremely pleasing in conception and 
 execution. There are a Greek theater and a Roman am- 
 phitheater, and remains of several temples. An Ionic 
 temple, of the finest Greek design, is on the slope of the 
 acropolis : the cella with its ornamented doorway remains 
 unusually perfect. The temple of Athene Polias, a Doric 
 peripteros of 6by 10 columns, of late Greek date, m easuring 
 421, by 72 feet, occupied a terrace which was surrounded 
 on two or three sides by a handsome stoa of two stories, 
 Doric below and Ionic above, with a balustrade sculptured 
 with warlike trophies in the second story. The temple of 
 Trajan, occupying a large terrace toward the summit of 
 the acropolis, was a Corinthian peripteros of white marble. 
 
 Pergamum, Kingdom of. An ancient Greek 
 kingdom in Asia Minor. It rose to prominence under 
 Attalus I. in the 3d century B. C. Attains III. died 133 b. c., 
 and bequeathed the kingdom to Koine. It was made a 
 province under the name of Asia. 
 
 Pergamus, or Pergamum. The name given in 
 the Iliad to the citadel of Troy. 
 
 Perge. See Perga. 
 
 Pergola (per'go-la). A town in the province of 
 Pesaro e Urbino, Italy, situated on the Cesano 
 15 miles southeast of Urbino. Population, 
 commune, 9,278. 
 
 Pergolesi (per-go-la'se), or Pergolese (per-go- 
 la'se), Giovanni Battista. Born at Jesi, Jan. 
 3, 1710 : died at Pozzuoli, March 16, 1736. A 
 noted Italian composer. He was educated at Maples, 
 and at first studied theviolin under Domenico de Matteis, 
 then counterpoint and vocal composition. He composed 
 his first opera, “La Sallustia,” about 1731, and two others 
 in rapid succession. These were not successful, and he 
 ceased writing for the stage and composed 2 masses and 
 30 trios for violins and bass viol. Shortly after(apparently 
 within the same year) he produced his very successful 
 operetta “La Serva Padrona’’: this was the basis of Italian 
 comic opera to the time of Rossini (Grove). He died 
 while finishing his “Stabat Mater ’’for two voices, soprano 
 and contralto. Among his other works are “Flamineo” 
 (1735 : an opera bouffe), “Salve Regina," “Dies lr;e,” “ Orfto 
 e Euridice” (a cantata), and much church and chamber 
 music. 
 
 Periander (per-i-an'der). [Gr. Tlepiavdpoi;.'] 
 Bled 585 b. C. Tyrant of Corinth 625-585 B. C. 
 He is usually counted among the seven wise 
 men of Greece. 
 
 The cruel tyranny of Periander is agreed on by all writers. 
 There is some difference of detail. He set up a body- 
 guard of 300 men, made severe sumptuaiy laws, kept the 
 citizens poor by means of fines and confiscations, shed 
 abundant blood, and was frequently guilty of the grossest 
 outrages. Jtawlinson, Herod., III. 293, note. 
 
 Pericles (per 'i-klez). [Gr. UepiK/jjc.'] Bom prob- 
 ably about 495 B. c. : died at Athens, 429 B. C. 
 A celebrated Athenian statesman and orator, 
 son of Xanthippus. He entered public life about 469 ; 
 became the leader of the democratic party ; and secured 
 the ostracism of Cimon and later of Thucydides. After 
 444 he was the principal ministerof Athens. He aided in 
 the military and naval development of the state ; encour- 
 aged art and literature; completed the fortification of 
 Athens and Piraeus ; caused the building of the Parthe- 
 non, Propylsea, Odeon, etc. ; and commanded in the war 
 against Samo3 and in the first part of the Peloponnesian 
 war. See Aspasia. 
 
 Pericles, Prince of Tyre. A play by Shak- 
 spere, probably on the stage in 1608, published 
 in 1609. It is thought that George Wilkins wrote 
 part of it. 
 
 Pericu(pa-re-ko'). [PI., also Pcricus.'] A tribe 
 or division of North American Indians, living 
 at the southern end of Lower California (to 
 about lat. 24° N.). See Yuman. 
 
 Periegesis (per' ,/ i-e-je , sis). [Gr. ILpoyyt/iu?.] A 
 description of the world in about 1,000 iambic 
 lines, by Scymnus of Chios (about 74 B. C.). 
 This poem is extant. 
 
 P6rier (pa-rya'), Casimir. Born at Grenoble, 
 France, Oct. 21. 1777 : died May 15-16, 1832. A 
 French statesman and financier, ne was a mem- 
 ber of the Chamber of Deputies under Louis XVIII. and 
 Charles X. (aoting with the opposition), and was premier 
 1881-32. 
 
 795 
 
 P6rier. Jean Paul Pierre Casimir (called Ca- 
 simir-P6rier). Bora at Paris, Nov. 8, 1847; 
 died there, March 11, 1907. A French states- 
 man. Elected president of the French re- 
 public June 27, 1894: resigned Jan. 15, 1895. 
 He was a grandson of Casimir P6rier (1777- 
 1832). 
 
 Perigord (pa-re-gor'). An ancient countship of 
 France, which formed part of the government 
 of Guienne. Capital, Perigueux. it was bounded 
 by Angoumois on the north, Quercy and Limousin on the 
 east, Agenais on the south, and Saintonge on the west. It 
 was largely included in the department of Dordogne. It 
 appears as a countship, a fief of Aquitaine, in the 10th cen- 
 tury ; followed mainly the fortunes of Aquitaine ; and was 
 united to France under Henry IV. 
 
 Perigueux (pa-re-ge'). The capital of the de- 
 partment of Dordogne, France, situated on the 
 river Isle in lat. 45° 11' N., long. 0° 44' E. : the 
 ancient Vesuna or Yesunna. It has considerable 
 commerce, and is noted for its “Pfirigord pies” of truffles 
 and partridges. The cathedral, one of the most remark- 
 able of medieval monuments, dates from the 11th century. 
 In plan and dimensions it almost exactly reproduces St. 
 Mark’s at Venice : the present view is that both were in- 
 spired by the Church of the Holy Apostles at Constanti- 
 nople. The plan is a Greek cross, measuring about 184 
 feet each way, covered by 5 domes on pendentives, about 
 30 feet in diameter and 100 high. The construction is of 
 plain masonry, with some Romanesque arcades, and en- 
 tirely without the wouderful Byzantine decoration in 
 sculpture and color. The exterior, however, as restored, 
 is highly impressive. The chevet isaremodeled 14th-cen- 
 tury chapel, and at the west end there is a nartliex formed 
 of part of an earlier church, with a very old and curious 
 tower, 197 feet high. This is tire parent of all French 
 medieval domical churches. Other objectsof interest are 
 the museum, the old cathedral of St. Etienne, a ruined 
 ancient amphitheater, and the Roman Tour de V6sone. 
 Vesuna was the chief place of the Petrocorii, and later a 
 flourishing Roman town. The place was taken by the Eng- 
 lish in 1356, and was occupied by the Huguenots from 
 1575 to 1581. Population, commune, 31,361. 
 
 Perim (pa-rem'). A small island in the Strait 
 of Bab-el-Mandeb, at the entrance of the Red 
 Sea. It belongs to Great Britain, and is used 
 as a coaling-station. 
 
 Perimedes (per-i-me'dez) the Blacksmith. 
 
 A collection of love-stories interspersed with 
 poems, by Robert Greene, published in 1588. 
 The stories are mostly from Boccaccio. 
 Perinthus, or Heraclea Perinthus (her-a-kle'a 
 pe-rin'thus). [Gr. IL'/indoc.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a city of Thrace, situated on the Pro- 
 pontis 55 miles west of Byzantium, it made a 
 successful defense against Philip of Macedon in 340 B. c. 
 The modern Eski Eregli is on its site. 
 
 Perion (Sp. pron. pa-re-on'). A mythical king, 
 the father of Amadis of Gaul in the romance of 
 that name. 
 
 Peripatetics (per // i-pa-tet'iks). [FromGr. trepi- 
 ezarrjruior, given to walking about, esp. while 
 teaching or disputing. The name was given to 
 Aristotle and his followers because he taught 
 in the walks of the Lyceum at Athens.] The 
 followers of Aristotle (384-322 B. C.). In the 
 middle ages the word was often used to signify 
 ‘logicians.’ See Aristotle. 
 
 Periplus (per'i-plus). [L., from Gr. mpierloo^, 
 TeepinXovq, a sailing around, an account of a 
 coasting voyage.] The title of various geo- 
 graphical works of antiquity. The oldest extant is 
 by Scylax of Caryanda in Caria, assigned by Niebuhr to 
 the time of Alexander the Great, There were also similar 
 works by Nearchus, Agatharchides, Hanuo, Timagenes, 
 and others. 
 
 Periscii (pe-rish'i-i). The inhabitants of the 
 polar circles: so called because in their sum- 
 mer-time their shadows describe an oval. 
 Perissa (pe-ris'ii). In Spenser’s “Faerie 
 Queene,” the youngest of three sisters who were 
 always discordant. See Medina. 
 
 Perizzites (per'i-zlts). In Old Testament his- 
 tory, a people of Canaan, living west of the 
 Jordan in the region between Bethel and She- 
 chem. 
 
 The Perizzites, however, did not represent either a race 
 or a tribe. They were the people of the “cultivated plain,” 
 the agriculturists of that part of the country which was 
 capableof tillage, like the modern fellahin of Egypt. They 
 belonged accordingly to various races and nationalities : 
 there were Israelitish Perizzim as well as Canaauitish or 
 Amorite Perizzim. The name was a descriptive one, like 
 that of Kadmonite or “ Eastern ” which denoted the popu- 
 lation on the eastern side of the Jordan. 
 
 Sayce, Races of the O. T., p. 120. 
 
 Perjur'd Husband, The, or the Adventures 
 of Venice. A tragedy by Mrs. Centlivre, pro- 
 duced and printed in 1700. This was her first 
 play. 
 
 Perkins (per 'k in z) , Charles Callahan. Born at 
 Boston, March 1,1823: died at Windsor, Vt., Aug. 
 25,1886. An American writer on art. He studied 
 painting both in R<»me and Paris, and afterward music and 
 etching. He published “Tuscan Sculptors, etc.” (1864), 
 
 Perote 
 
 “Italian Sculptors, etc.” (1868), “Raphael and Michel- 
 angelo ’’ (1878), ‘ Historical Hand-Book of Italian Sculp- 
 tors,” “History of the Handel and Haydn Society "(of 
 which he was president) (1883), “Ghiberti et son Icole” 
 (1886, at Paris), etc. He edited “Art in the House,” etc. 
 (1879), and was critical editor of a “ Cyclopedia of Painters 
 and Paintings ” (1892). 
 
 Perkins, Justin. Born at West Springfield, 
 Mass., March 12, 1805: died at Chicopee, Mass., 
 Dec. 31, 1869. An American Congregational 
 missionary among the Nestorians in Persia. 
 Perkin Warbeck. See Warbeck. 
 
 Perla (per'la), La. [It., ‘the pearl.’] Apaint- 
 ing of the Holy Family, by Raphael, in the 
 Royal Museum at Madrid, it was so named by 
 Philip IV., who bought it from the collection of Charles 
 
 1. of Great Britain, and exclaimed when he saw it: “ this 
 is the pearl of my pictures ! ” The coloring is opaque, and 
 the shadows heavy : the king’s judgment overrated it. 
 
 Perleberg (per'le-berG). A town in the province 
 of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on the Stepe- 
 nitz 76 miles northwest of Berlin. Population, 
 commune, 9,499. 
 
 Perle du Bresil, La. [F., ‘The Pearl of Brazil.’] 
 An opera by F61icien David, produced at Paris 
 in 1851. 
 
 Perm (perm). 1. A government in eastern Rus- 
 sia, situated on both sides of the Ural Mountain s, 
 and bordering on Siberia. It is watered by the 
 Kama, Obi, and Petchora systems. It is the chief mining 
 government in Russia, producing gold, silver, iron, copper, 
 platinum, and other minerals, and precious stones. Area, 
 127,502 square miles. Population, 3,604,900. 
 
 2. The capital of the government of Perm, sit- 
 uated on the Kama about lat. 58° N., long. 56° 
 30' E. It is on the main route to Siberia, and is the seat 
 of an important transit trade. Population, 47,800. 
 
 Permians (per'mi-anz), or Permyaks (perm'- 
 yaks). A people living in the government of 
 Perm, Russia, belonging to the Finnic stock. 
 They number about 60,000. 
 
 Pernambuco (per-nam-bo'ko) ; Pg. pron. per- 
 nan-bo'ko). A maritime state of Brazil, situ- 
 ated about lat. 7°-10° S. Area, 49,573 square 
 miles. Population, 1.178,150. 
 
 Pernambuco, or Recife (re-se'fe). A seaport, 
 capital of the state of Pernambuco, situated 
 on the coast in lat. 8° 3' S., long. 34° 52' W. 
 It is' composed of three ports separated by narrow chan- 
 nels — Recife, Santo Antonio, and Boa Vista. It is one of 
 the chief commercial cities of Brazil. The leading export 
 is sugar. Population, 113,106. 
 
 Pernau (per'nou). A seaport and watering- 
 place in the government of Livonia, Russia, sit- 
 uated at the entrance of the river Pernau into 
 the Gulf of Riga, in lat. 58° 23' N., long. 24° 
 29' E. It has a flourishing foreign trade. It 
 was founded in 1255. Population, 14,000. 
 Perne (pern), Andrew. Born at East Bilney, 
 Norfolk, 1519: died 1589. An English ecclesi- 
 astic and Scholar. He was a graduate and fellow of 
 St. John’8 College, and later a fellow of Queen’s College, 
 and master of Peterhouse, Cambridge. He is best known 
 by his changes in religious belief : he was a Catholic under 
 Henry VIII., a Protestant under Edward VI., a_ Catholic 
 again under Mary, and finally a Protestant under Eliza- 
 beth. He was, notwithstanding, a man of fine character, 
 and rendered important service to his generation. 
 
 These changes of opinion exposed him to no little ridi- 
 cule. The wits of the University added a new verb to the 
 Latin language, pernare, ‘to change one’s opinion.' It 
 became proverbial to say of a cloak that had been turned, 
 “It has been Perned." The letters A. P. A. P. on the 
 weathercock of St. Peter’s Church were explained to mean 
 “Andrew Perne a Papist," or “Andrew Perne a Protes- 
 tant," according to the fancy of the reader, and the like. 
 
 Clarice, Cambridge, p. 42. 
 
 Pernelle (per-nel'), Madame. The mother of 
 Orgon in Moliere’s “Tartufe.” The part was 
 originally played by Bejart, and is usually 
 played by a man. 
 
 Perolla and Izadora. A tragedy by Cibber, 
 produced in 1705. It was founded on Lord Or- 
 rery’s “Parthenissa.” 
 
 Peronne (pa-ron'). A town and fortress in the 
 department of Somme, France, situated on the 
 Somme 30 miles east of Amiens. Charles III. (the 
 Simple) was imprisoned here, and in 1468 Louis XI. was 
 imprisoned here by Charles the Bold. It waB successfully 
 defended against the forces of the emperor Charles V. in 
 1636; was stormed by the English June 26, 1815; and was 
 besieged by the Germans Dec. 27, 1870, and capitulated 
 Jan. 9, 1871. Population, commune, 4,525. 
 
 Peronne, Treaty of. A conference in 1468 be- 
 tween Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, and 
 Louis XI. of France (who had gone to Peronne 
 with a small escort and was imprisoned by the 
 duke). Louis made important concessions. 
 Perote (pa-ro'ta). A village of the state of Vera 
 Cruz, Mexico, about 18 miles west of Jalapa. 
 
 Near it was a fort of the same name, commanding the road 
 up the mountains. It was commenced in 1770, and was 
 long the strongest fort in Mexico except San Juan de 
 Ulna at Vera Cruz. It was an important point during the 
 civil wars. 
 
PSrouse, La 
 
 P6rouse, La. See La Perouse. 
 
 Perowne (pe-roun'), John James Stewart. 
 
 Born atBurdwan, Bengal, March 13, 1823: died 
 Nov. 6, 1904. An English divine, bishop of 
 Worcester 1891-1901. He graduated at Cambridge 
 (Corpus Christi College) in 1845. He published various 
 theological and exegetical works. 
 
 Perperna (per-p6r'na). Put to death by Pom- 
 pey about 72 B. c. A Roman general in Spain, 
 lieutenant of Sertorius whom he put to death. 
 Perpetua (pbr-pet'u-a), Saint. Killed at Car- 
 thage in 203. An African martyr. 
 
 Of all the histories of martyrdom, none is so unexagger- 
 ated in its tone and language, so entirely unencumbered 
 with miracle ; none abounds in such exquisite touches of 
 nature, or, on the whole, from its minuteness and circum- 
 stantiality, breathes such an air of truth and reality, as 
 that of Perpetua and Felicitas, two African females. Their 
 death is ascribed, in the Acts, to the year of the accession 
 of Geta, the son of Severus. 
 
 Milman, Hist, of Christianity, II. 168. 
 
 Perpetual Peace, The. A name given to the 
 treaty concluded at Fribourg between France 
 and the Swiss Confederation in 1516. 
 Perpignan (per-pen-yon'). The capital of the 
 department of Pyr6n6es-Orientales, France, 
 situated on the Tet in lat. 42° 44' N., long. 2° 
 53' E. It is an important fortress, and has flourishing 
 trade and manufactures. The cathedral, founded in 1324 
 by Sancho II., king of Majorca, is thoroughly Spanish in 
 character, even to its great marble retable with reliefs from 
 the life of St. John. The nave, without aisles, is 90 feet 
 high and 60 in span. Perpignan was the ancient residence 
 of the kings of Majorca ; passed to Aragon ; was taken by 
 Louis XI. in 1475 ; was unsuccessfully attacked by Francis 
 I. in 1542; and since 1642 has belonged to France. It 
 was the ancient capital of Roussillon. Population, com- 
 mune, 38,893. 
 
 Perplexed Lovers, The. A comedy by Mrs. 
 Centlivre, produced and printed in 1712. 
 Perrault (pa-ro' ), Charles. Born at Paris, Jan. 
 12, 1628: died there, May 16, 1703. A French 
 writer. According to his own testimony, he left the col- 
 lege at Beauvais in consequence of a misunderstanding 
 with one of his professors, and spent three or four years in 
 conscientious study, especially of the classics. Two odes 
 in eulogy of Louis XIV. brought him into favor at court, 
 so that no opposition was raised to his admission to the 
 French Academy, Sept. 22, 1671. His poem “Le sitcle de 
 Louis le Grand," read beforethis body on Jan. 27, 1687, ex- 
 pressed incidentally some ideas that were disparaging to 
 the old classics. Between Boileau and Perrault arose then 
 the great literary quarrel concerning the respective merits 
 of the ancients andthe moderns, which lasted over a dozen 
 years, and did much to bring Perrault's name into promi- 
 nence. In the course of their diatribe, Perrault started in 
 1688 the publication of his “ParallMe des anciens et des 
 modernes. ” He also wrote the two works upon which hi3 
 literary fame rests, “Leshommes illustre3 quiontparu en 
 France pendant ce sitcle” (1696-1701), and “Les contes 
 de ma mere Toy e " (1697). These tales, reminiscentof our 
 “ Mother Goose,” are also known simply as “ Les contes de 
 Perrault” : they include 18 charming fairy tales such as 
 ‘‘Cinderella,” "Bluebeard,” “Little Red Riding-Hood," 
 “Puss in Boots,” etc. These stories were probably known 
 long before Perrault’s day, but to him belongs the credit of 
 giving them in their French form a simple and lasting ex- 
 pression. The remainder of Perrault's writings have not 
 added materially to his literary reputation, and he himself 
 died in relative obscurity. 
 
 Perrault, Claude. Born 1613: died 1688. A 
 French architect, brother of Charles Perrault. 
 He devised the colonnade of the Louvre. 
 Perrenot, Antoine. See Granvella. 
 
 Perrers (per'brz), or Perren (per'en), Alice. 
 A mistress of Edward III., notorious for her in- 
 fluence in English affairs about the time of the 
 Good Parliament (1376). 
 
 Perron (pa-ron'), Madame de. The special agent 
 of Catharine de’ Medici in superintending the 
 works by Philibert de l’Orme at the Tuileries. 
 Catharine herself is said to have made drawings 
 for the work. 
 
 Perron, Du. See Anquetil-Duperron. 
 
 Perrot (per-ro'), Georges. Born at Villeneuve- 
 St. -Georges, Seine-et-Oise, France, Nov. 12, 
 1832. A French archaeologist, director of the 
 Normal School at Paris (1883-1904) and pro- 
 fessor of archaeology (1877) at the university. 
 He has made researches in Asia Minor, etc. 
 Perry (per'i), Arthur Latham. Born FAb. 27, 
 1830: died July 9, 1905. An American politi- 
 cal economist, professor at Williams College. 
 He published “Political Economy” (1865), etc. 
 Perry, Matthew Calbraith. Bom at New- 
 ort, R. I., April 10, 1794: died at New York, 
 larch 4, 1858. An American naval officer. He 
 served in the War of 1812 and the Mexican war, and com- 
 manded the expedition to Japan 1852-54, during which 
 he concluded the treaty opening Japan to American com- 
 merce. He became commodore in 1841. 
 
 Perry, Oliver Hazard. Born at South Kings- 
 ton, R. I., Aug. 23 (21), 1785 : died at Port Spain, 
 Trinidad, Aug. 23, 1819. An American naval 
 officer, brother of M. C. Perry. He became a mid- 
 shipman in 1799, served in the Tripolitan war, and defeated 
 the British in the celebrated battle of Lake Erie (which 
 
 796 
 
 see) Sept. 10, 1S13. He announced his victory in a note to 
 General Harrison in the words “We have met the enemy, 
 and they are ours. ” His victory enabled General Harrison 
 to invade Canada supported by Perry’s squadron. Perry 
 commanded the naval battalion in the battle of the Thames 
 Oct. 5, 1813. These two victories restored Michigan to the 
 United States and established the supremacy of the Ameri- 
 cans on the northwestern frontier during the rest of the 
 War of 1812. Perry received from Congress a vote of 
 thanks, a medal, and the rank of captain. He subsequently 
 assisted in the defense of Baltimore. 
 
 Perry, William Stevens. Born at Providence, 
 It. I., Jan. 22, 1832: died May 13, 1898. An 
 American bishop of tbe Protestant Ejnscopal 
 Church, and historical writer. Among his works 
 are “ Documentary History of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church in the United States" (1863-64), “Historical Col- 
 lections of the American Colonial Church" (1871-78), 
 " History of the American Episcopal Church ” (1885), etc. 
 
 Perryville (per'i-vil). A town in Boyle County, 
 Kentucky, 39 miles south of Frankfort. Here, Oct. 
 8, 1862, an indecisive battle was fought between the Fed- 
 erals under Buell and the Confederates under Bragg. 
 Population, 407, (1910). 
 
 Persse (per'se). [Gr. Wp<mi,t\\Q Persians.] A 
 tragedy of iEsohylus, exhibited in 472 B. c. it 
 celebrates the victory of the Greeks over the Persians at 
 Salamis, of which the poet was an eye-witness. 
 
 Persano (per-sa'no), Count Carlo Pellione di. 
 Born at Vercelli, Italy, March 11, 1806: died 
 July 28, 1883. An Italian admiral. He lost the 
 battle of Lissa in 1866, and was deprived of his rank in 1867. 
 Persarmenia (p6r-sar-me'ni-a). In ancient geog- 
 raphy, tbe eastern portion of Armenia, annexed 
 by Persia about 384 A. D. 
 
 Persecutions, The Ten. In ecclesiastical his- 
 tory, tbe persecutions under Nero, Domitian, 
 Trajan, Marcus Aurelius, Septimius Severus, 
 Maximin, Decius, Valerian, Aurelian, and Dio- 
 cletian. Those under Decius and Diocletian 
 were general throughout tbe Roman Empire. 
 Persephone. See Proserpine. 
 
 Persepolis (per-sep'o-lis). In ancient geogra- 
 phy, one of the capitals of the Persian empire, 
 situated not far from the Kur, about 35 miles 
 northeast of the modern Shiraz, about lat. 30° 
 N. It became the capital under Darius I. ; was captured 
 and burned by Alexander the Great about 330 B. c. ; and is 
 still notedfor theruinsof itspalaces. Nearitaretheruins 
 of Istakhr, the later Sassanian city. The most remarkable 
 monuments are grouped on a terrace of smoothed rock and 
 masonry, approximately rectangular in plan, though with 
 irregular projections, measuring 940 by 1,650 feet, and at- 
 taining in front the height of 43 feet, of fine polygonal 
 masonry, while at the back it is dominated by the rock of 
 the foot-hills behind. The chief buildings on the terrace 
 were the Propylaea and the great hypostyle hall of Xerxes, 
 the Hall of 100 Columns, attributed to Darius, and the resi- 
 dence palaces of Darius and his successors. The Propylrea 
 in their present form consist of two end-passages between 
 piers of masonry from the front pair of which a wall for- 
 merly extended on each side, while in the interval between 
 the passages stood two pairs of great columns all of whose 
 superstructure is now gone. To one side of the Propylaea, 
 toward the southeast, lies a second terrace, 10 feet high, 
 upon which stand the ruins of the hypostyle hail or throne- 
 pavilion of Xerxes. This consisted of a central square of 
 36 huge columns, preceded and flanked on both sides at an 
 interval by 3 hexastyle porticos, each of 12 columns of the 
 same'size as those of the main group. The indications are 
 that this structure never possessed inclosing walls, but 
 was open like the halls of some Indian palaces, and fitted 
 upon occasions of ceremony with hangings. The massive 
 entablatures and the coffered ceilings were of wood, the 
 roof of beaten day. Thirteen imposing fluted columns 
 still stand almost entire ; their height is nearly 64 feet, 
 their intercolumniation 29£. This monument was one of 
 the greatest ever built by man. To the left of the hall of 
 Xerxes, in the middle of the terrace, wasthe throne-pavil- 
 ion of Darius, the Hall of 100 Columns, a building 250 feet 
 square, preceded on the nortli by an octastyle portico in 
 antis of 16 columns. Unlike the pavilion of Xerxes, that 
 of Darius was surrounded by a massive wall, and the roof 
 was supported by 10 ranges, each of 10 columns, with an 
 intercolumniation of over £0 feet. The door- and window- 
 frames, antac, and niches of stone, and the bases of most 
 of the columns, remain in place, while the brick walls have 
 disappeared utterly. The residence palaces occupied the 
 southern part of the terrace, and appear to have been 5 
 in number. The most important are those of Darius and 
 Xerxes, most of whose piers, massive door- and window- 
 frames, and other members of stone are still erect, while 
 the brick walls and the wooden superstructure have per- 
 ished. These palaces are si milar in plan : there was a large 
 covered hall in the middle, upon the front and sides of 
 which opened a number of rather small rooms, while the 
 more spacious royal apartments were at the back. The 
 cornices over the great doors have precisely the Egyptian 
 elements and profile, but differ in their decoration. In 
 thepalace of Darius carved reliefs of men fighting animals 
 occur, based on Assyrian originals ; in that of Xerxes the 
 sculptures represent subjects pertaining to royal luxury. 
 Great figures of bulls, often set up before the portals, re- 
 call the Assyrian practice. The columns, somewhat slen- 
 der in type, have sculptured bases of inverted bell-form, and 
 capitals with the fore parts of bulls projecting widely on 
 2 sides, like thoseof the Portico of the Bulls at Delos, and 
 often beneath an erect circlet of plume-iike leaves above a 
 convex band of pendent lanceolate leaves, the entire pro- 
 file being strikingly similar to that of the newly classified 
 Greek Jiolic capital, in which spreading volutes replace 
 the bulls. In the face of the cliff behind the terrace are 
 the decorated facades of .oyal rock-tombs. The chief ex- 
 plorations are due to Flandin and Coste in 1840-41, and to 
 Stoize and Andreas prior to 1882. In 1891 some excavations 
 were made by Herbert Weld Blundell, and casts of the 
 
 Persiani 
 
 sculptures and inscriptions taken by a private expedition 
 sent out from England. 
 
 Perseus(per'sus). [Gr. Uepaeve.'] l.InGreekmy- 
 tkology,a liero, son of Zeus or Danae, who sle'w 
 the Gorgon Medusa, and afterward saved An- 
 dromeda from a sea-monster. See Danae. — 2. 
 An ancient northern constellation, the figure of 
 which represents Perseus in a singular posture, 
 holding the head of the Gorgon in one hand and 
 waving a sword with the other. 
 
 Perseus. T A celebrated statue by Canova (1800), 
 in the Vatican, Rome. As an art-work it is of high 
 technical perfection, but is little more than a travesty of 
 the antique. 
 
 Perseus, Died in the middle of the 2d century 
 B. c. The last king of Macedonia, son of Philip V. 
 whom he succeeded 179. He began war with Rome 
 in 172 ; was defeated at Pydna by -Emilias Paulus in 168 ; 
 and was dethroned and taken captive to Rome in 167 B. o. 
 
 Perseus and Andromeda. 1. A painting by 
 Rubens, in the Hermitage Museum, St. Peters- 
 burg. Perseus has already conquered the monster, and 
 approaches Andromeda, who is chained nude to a rock, 
 and is being set free by Cupids. Victory approaches to 
 crown Perseus, and Pegasus is seen in the background. 
 
 2. A painting by Tintoretto, in the Hermitage 
 Museum, St. Petersburg. The figure of the chained 
 Andromeda is much admired for its beauty of form and 
 color. Perseus is in the act of overcoming the dragon. 
 The palace of Cepheus appears in the distance. 
 
 Perseus and Medusa. A statue by Benvenuto 
 Cellini, in the Loggia dei Lanzi, Florence. The 
 helmeted hero, holding his falchion, stands over the bleed- 
 ing body of Medusa and uplifts her severed head. The 
 elaborate pedestal, with its mythological figures, is rather 
 goldsmith’s than sculptor’s work, and the statue, despite 
 its celebrity, illustrates the limitations of Cellini. 
 Persliore(per'shor). A town in Worcestershire, 
 England, situated on the Avon 9miles southeast 
 of Worcester. It is celebrated for its abbey 
 ★church. Population, about 4,000. 
 
 Persia (per'shaorper'zha), F. Perse (pars), G. 
 Persien (per'ze-en), Persian name Iran 
 (e-ran'). A country of western Asia. Capital, 
 Teberan. It is bounded by Transcaucasia (Russia), the 
 Caspian Sea, and Russian Central Asia on the north, Af- 
 ghanistan and Baluchistan on the east, the Arabian Sea, 
 Strait of Ormuz, and Persian Gulf on the south, and the 
 Persian Gulf and Turkey on the west. The surface is 
 largely mountainous and table-land, the principal moun- 
 tain-ranges being in the west, northwest, north (the El- 
 burz), and east. Much of the country is desert, and with- 
 out drainage to the sea. Wheat, sugar, fruits, etc., are 
 produced; and the leading manufactures are silks, carpets, 
 shawls, arms, embroidery, etc. The chief divisions are 
 Azerbaijan, Gilan, Mazandaran, Khorasan, Kirman, Mek- 
 ran, Laristan, Farsistan, Yezd, Khuzistan, Luristan, Irak 
 Ajemi, and Ardelan. Until 1906 the government was an 
 absolute monarchy under a hereditary shah, but in that 
 year an elective national council was established, and on 
 Jan. 1, 1907, a constitution was signed by the ehah. The 
 prevailing religion is Shiite Mohammedanism. The Per- 
 sians are the leading race : there are also Turks, Armeni- 
 ans, Kurds, etc. According to Sayce, Howorth, and other 
 modern scholars, the ancient Persians came to Elam about 
 600 b. c., not from Persis, but from Parsua (which was 
 probably near Lake Urumiah). The Persians underCyrus 
 the Great overthrew Astyages about 549 B. c., and the 
 Medo-Persian monarchy rose to power under Cyrus, Cam- 
 byses (who conquered Egypt), and Darius I. It unsuccess- 
 fully attempted the conquest of Greece under Darius I. 
 and Xerxes. The first empire under the Achsemenians 
 was overthrown by Alexander the Great, at the battles of 
 Issus (333) and Arbela (331); and the country was ruled 
 by Alexander the Great and his successors, and by 
 the Seleucidse, until the rise of the Parthian monarchy 
 in the middle of the 3d century b. c. The Parthian 
 empire of the Arsacidae was overthrown by the second Per- 
 sian empire of the Sassanians 227-228 A. p. Persia was 
 often at war with Rome. It was at its height in the reigns 
 of Khusrau I. and II. in the 6th and 7th centuries ; was 
 overthrown by the Saracens at the battles of Kadisiynh 
 (about 635) and Nehavend (about 641); came under the 
 califate, Selj uks, Kharesmians, and Mongols ; was con- 
 quered by Timur in the end of the 14th century; was 
 under the Sufi dynasty 1499-1736 ; flourished under Abbas 
 Shah 1586-1628 ; and was under Nadir Shah 1736-47. Per- 
 • sian Armenia was conquered by Russia in 1827. Persia 
 was at war with Great Britain in 1856-57. Area, 628,000 
 sq. m. Pop., about 9,500,000. See Century Atlas, Map IX. 
 
 Persian Fighting, A. An antique marble statu- 
 ette in the Vatican Museum, Rome, one of the 
 notable series of Pergamenian copies from the 
 four groups of sculpture presented to Athens 
 about 200 B. c. by Attalus I. of Pergamum. 
 
 Persian (per'slian or per'zhan) Gulf. An arm 
 of the Arabian Sea, -with -which it is connected 
 by the Strait of Ormuz: the ancient Persicus 
 Sinus. It lies between Persia on the northeast, Arabia 
 on the south and west, and Turkey on the northwest. Tbe 
 chief tributary river-system is that of the Euphrates and 
 Tigris. Length, about 600 miles. Greatest breadth, about 
 220 miles. 
 
 Persiani (per-se-a'ne), Madame (Fanny Tac- 
 chinardi). Born at Rome, Oct. 4, 1812: died a! 
 Passy, France, May 3, 1867. An Italian opera- 
 singer. She made her first appearance at Leghorn in 
 1S32, and at Paris in 1837. The next year she sang in Lon 
 don. and from this time alternatelyin London and Parisfor 
 many years, with occasional seasons in other places. She 
 
Persiani 
 
 left England finally in 1868, and lived at Paris and after- 
 ward in Italy. Her voice was a somewhat thin soprano. 
 She was celebrated for the finish of her style. 
 
 Persians (per'slianz). The natives or inhabi- 
 tants of ancient or of modern Persia. The mod- 
 ern Persians area mixed race, in part descended 
 from the ancient Iranians. 
 
 Persians, The. One of the extant dramas of 
 -dSschylus. 
 
 Persian Wars. In ancient Greek history, the 
 wars between Persia and the Greeks commen- 
 cing in 500 and ending about 449 B. C. The wars 
 began with a revolt of the Ionian Greeks agaiust Persia in 
 500. The Ioniaus were subjugated in 494. The assistance 
 rendered them by Athens and Eretria provoked the Per- 
 sians to attempt the conquest of European Greece. With 
 this object in view, three grand expeditions were under- 
 taken, each of which was repelled. The first expedition 
 was undertaken in 492 under Mardonius, who returned 
 after having lost part of his army in an attack by the 
 Thracians, and after having suffered the loss of his fleet in 
 a storm. The second expedition was undertaken in 490 
 under Artaphernes (the young nephew of Darius), assisted 
 by the experienced general Datis. It was abandoned after 
 the defeat of the army at the battle of Marathon, Sept. 12, 
 490. The third expedition was undertaken in 481-480 under 
 Xerxes. It consisted of an army of 900,000 men, exclusive 
 of European allies, and a fleet of 1,200 war-ships, besides 
 3,000 transport vessels. The army forced the pass of Ther- 
 mopylae after a heroic defense by the Greeks under Leoni- 
 das, and destroyed Athens in 480. In the same year the 
 fleet fought the indecisive battle at Artemisium and was 
 defeated at Salamis, which compelled the retreat of 
 Xerxes, who left Mardonius to prosecute the war. Mardo- 
 nius fell at the battle of Platsea in 479, and his army was 
 completely routed. On the same day, according to some, 
 the Persian fleet under Mardontes was defeated at the 
 battle of Mycale. Hitherto the Greeks had acted on the 
 defensive; they now assumed the offensive, gaining the 
 victories of the Eurymedon in 466 or 465 and of Salamis in 
 Cyprus in 449. After the battle of Salamis negotiations for 
 peace were opened, and, although no formal treaty was 
 adopted, peaceable intercourse was gradually restored on 
 the basis of existing political relations. By some the name 
 Persian wars is restricted to the period between 600 and 
 479 inclusive, during which the Greeks acted on the de- 
 fensive. 
 
 Persigny (per-sen-ye'), Due de (Jean Gilbert 
 Victor Fialin). Born at St.-Germain-Lespi- 
 nasse, Loire, France, Jan., 1808: died at Nice, 
 Jan., 1872. A French politician. He took part in 
 the Bonapartist attempts at Strasburg in 1836 and Bou- 
 logne in 1840, and was one of the chief conspirators in the 
 coup d’tStat of Dec. 2, 1851. He was minister of the inte- 
 rior 1852-54 ; ambassador in London 1855-58 and 1859-60; 
 and minister of the interior 1860-63. 
 
 Persis (per'sis). [Gr. Ilepoic.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a country in Asia, lying southeast of 
 Susiana, south of Media, and west of Carmania. 
 It was the nucleus of the Persian empire, and corre- 
 sponded nearly to the modern Farsistan. 
 
 Persius (per'shi-us) (AulusPersiusFlaccus). 
 Born at Volaterree, Etruria, 34 A. D. : died 62 
 A. D. A Roman satirist. His six satires have 
 been edited by Jalrn, Conington, Gildersleeve, 
 and others. 
 
 Under Nero the youthful and immature but noble- 
 minded poet, A. Persius Flaccus (A. D. 34-62) of Volater- 
 ne, wrote six satires, most of which are versified lectures 
 on Stoic tenets. The want of independence of the begin- 
 ner is manifested in the extensive employment of Hora- 
 tian phrases and characters. The exaggeration and bom- 
 bast characteristic of the manner of the period are in these 
 satires carried to obscurity. But the staunch earnestness 
 of the young moralist won for him lively admiration im- 
 mediately after his early death. 
 
 Teuffel and Schicabe, Hist, of Rom. Lit. (tr, by Warr), II. 75. 
 
 Persons, Robert. See Parsons. 
 
 Persuasion. A novel by Jane Austen, pub- 
 lished in 1818, after the death of the author. 
 Pertabgurh. See Partabgarli. 
 
 Perte du Rhone (pert dii rdn). A deep ravine 
 near Bellegarde, department of Ain, France, 16 
 miles southwest of Geneva, through which the 
 Rhone (at certain periods) flows with a partly 
 subterraneous course. 
 
 Perth (p6rth). 1. A midlandcounty of Scotland. 
 It is bounded by Inverness and Aberdeen on the north, 
 Forfar on the east, Fife (partly separated by the Firth of 
 Tay)on the southeast, Kinross, Clackmannan, and Stirling 
 (the last partly separated by the Forth) on the south, and 
 Dumbarton and Argyll on the west. It is situated on the 
 border of the Highlands, is mountainous, and is famous 
 for picturesque scenery and associations with history and 
 romance. Area, 2,494 square miles. Population, (civil 
 county), 123,262. 
 
 2. The capital of the county of Perth, situated 
 on the Tay in lat. 56° 24' N., long. 3° 26' W. 
 It has salmon-fisheries and some commerce, and manufac- 
 tures ginghams, dyes, muslins, etc. It has been promi- 
 nent in Scottish history. After Scone it was the capital 
 of the country until 1482. James I. was murdered there 
 in 1437. Scone Palace is in the neighborhood. It wob 
 taken by Bruce in 1311, by Montrose in 1644, by Cromwell 
 in 1651, by Claverhouse in 1689, and by the Jacobites in 
 1716 and 1745. Population, 8,651. 
 
 Perth. The capital of West Australia, situated 
 on the Swan River, near its mouth, in lat. 31° 
 57' S., long. 115° 52' E. Population, 27,553. 
 
 Perth, Convention of. An assembly summoned 
 
 797 
 
 by Edward I. at Perth, Scotland, in 1305, to 
 send Scottish representatives to the English 
 Parliament. 
 
 Perth Amboy (pertk am-boi'). A seaport and 
 city in Middlesex County, New Jersey, situated 
 at the entrance of the Raritan River into Rari- 
 tan Bay, 20 miles southwest of New York. It 
 has manufactures of terra-cotta, fire-bricks, etc. 
 Population, 32,121, (1910). 
 
 Perthes (per'tes), Friedrich Christoph. Born 
 at Rudolstadt, Germany, April 21, 1772 : died 
 at Gotha, Germany, May 18, 1843. A German 
 publisher in Hamburg, later in Gotha. 
 
 Perthes, Johann Georg Justus. Bom at Ru- 
 dolstadt, Germany, Sept. 11, 1749: died atGotha, 
 May 1, 1816. A German publisher at Gotha, 
 uncle of F. C. Perthes. 
 
 Perthes, Wilhelm. Born at Gotha, Germany, 
 June 18, 1793: died Sept. 10, 1853. A German 
 publisher of geographical works, son of J. G. 
 J. Perthes. 
 
 Pertinax (per'ti-naks), Helvius. Born 126 
 A. D.: killed at Rome, March 28, 193. Emperor 
 of Rome. He was proclaimed emperor Dec. 31, 192, and 
 was put to death by the pretorians in the following year. 
 
 Pertuis (per-tiie'). A town in the department 
 of Vaucluse, France, situated near the Durance 
 29 miles north by east of Marseilles. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 4,956. 
 
 Pertuis Breton (bre-ton'). A strait between 
 the mainland of France and the lie de Re. 
 
 Pertuis d’Antioche (don-tyosh'). A strait be- 
 tween the lie de Re and the lie d’Oh'ron, west 
 of France. 
 
 Perty (per'te), Joseph Anton Maximilian. 
 
 Born at Ornbau, Bavaria, Sept. 17, 1804 : died 
 at Bern, Aug. 8, 1884. A German naturalist, 
 professor at Bern. 
 
 Pertz (perts), Georg Heinrich. Born at Han- 
 nover, March 28, 1795 : died at Munich, Oct. 7, 
 1876. A noted German historian, best known 
 as the editor of the “Monumenta Germanise 
 historica” (1826-74). He became secretary of 
 
 -fthe royal archives at Hannover in 1823. 
 
 Peru (pe-ro'), Sp. Peru (pa-ro'), F. Perou (pa- 
 ro'). [See Biru.~\ Arepublic of South America. 
 Capital, Lima. It is bounded by Ecuador on the north, 
 Brazil and Bolivia on the east, Chile on the south, and the 
 Pacific Ocean on the southwest and west. The western and 
 southern parts are traversed from north to south by three 
 principal chains or cordilleras of the Andes; they inclose 
 several high plateaus. In the northeastern part are ex- 
 tensive wooded plains, which, with the eastern slopes and 
 valleys of the Andes, are drained by the Amazon and its 
 tributaries. It is extremely rich in mineral wealth (gold, 
 silver, etc.), agricultural products (sugar, cotton, etc.), 
 lumber, cinchona, coca, india-rubber, wool, etc. It has 
 20 departments and 2 littoral provinces. The executive 
 power in the republic is vested in a president, the legis- 
 lative in a congress composed of a senate and a house of 
 representatives. The inhabitants are chiefly Peruvians 
 (of Spanish descent) and Indians. The prevailing lan- 
 guage is Spanish ; the prevailing religion, Roman Catho- 
 lic. Civilization was considerably developed under the 
 Incas (see Incas and Piruas). The country was con- 
 quered by the Spaniards under Pizarro in 1533-34. Inde- 
 pendence was proclaimed in 1821 ; and the Spanish viceroy 
 was finally defeated at the battle of Ayacucho Dec. 9, 1824. 
 Peru has suffered from frequent revolutions ; was at war 
 with Spain in 1865-66 ; and lias several times been ravaged 
 by earthquakes. A w-ar with Chile began in 1879 ; Lima 
 was entered by the Chileans in 1881, and by the treaty of 
 1883 Peru ceded Tarapaca to Chile, Tacna and Arica to be 
 occupied by Chile until 1893. (See Pacific, War of the.) 
 Area, 695,733 square miles. Population, "about 4,500,000. 
 
 Peru. A city in La Salle County, Illinois, situ- 
 ated on the Illinois River 85 miles west-south- 
 west of Chicago. Population, 7,984, (1910). 
 
 Peru. A city, capital of Miami County, Indi- 
 ana, situated on the Wahash 70 miles north of 
 Indianapolis. Population, 10,910, (1910). 
 
 Peru, Upper or Alto. A common name, during 
 the colonial period, for Chareas, or the modern 
 Bolivia. See Cliarcas. 
 
 Peru, Viceroyalty of. The region governed by 
 the viceroys of Peru, who resided at Lima. The 
 conquest of Peru proper led to that of Chile, Cliarcas (Bo- 
 livia), and Quito (Ecuador) ; and Pizarro, with his succes- 
 sors the viceroys, controlled those countries through their 
 audiences and presidents or captains-general. New Gra- 
 nada, Panama, and Paraguay (including all the Platine re- 
 gion) were later added to Peru ; so that, in the 17th cen- 
 tury and part of the 18th the viceroyalty practically em- 
 braced all of Spanish South America and the Isthmus ; 
 that is, the audience districts of Lima, Cliarcas, Buenos 
 Ayres, Santiago (Chile), Quito, Bogotii, and Panama. The 
 viceroy was appointed by the crown, and corresponded di- 
 rectly with the Council of the Indies; he received a salary 
 of 30,000 ducats, or 10,000 more than the viceroy of Mex- 
 ico; had military as well as civil jurisdiction ; and was 
 president of t he audienoeof Lima. Gradually his authority 
 in the outlying provinces was restricted. In 1718 New 
 Granada was completely separated : Quito, which was at 
 first attached to it, was restored to Peru in 1739. The for- 
 mation of the viceroyalty of La Plata (1776) reduced Peru 
 to Peru proper, Chile, and Quito, the viceroy at Lima con- 
 
 Pescara, Marquis of 
 
 trolling the last two in military and treasury matters only. 
 Tills arrangement continued until the revolution. 
 
 Perugia (pa-ro'jii). 1. A province in the com- 
 partimento of Umbria, Italy. Area, 3,748 
 square miles. Population, about 700,000. — 
 2. The capital of the province of Perugia, sit- 
 uated on hills above the Tiber in lat. 43° 7' 
 N., long. 12° 23' E. : the ancient Perusia. 
 It contains a university. The cathedral, a late-Pointed 
 church chiefly of the 15th century, is exceedingly rich 
 in tombs and other sculptured work, and contains sev- 
 eral paintings of unusual excellence, especially a De- 
 scent from the Cross by Baroccio (1569), and a Ma- 
 donna by Luca Signorelli. The hexagonal late-Pointed 
 exterior pulpit, resting ou brackets, is among the most 
 beautiful of its date : it is of marble, arcaded, with mosaic 
 ornament. The Cambio, or hall of the money-changers, 
 built in 1457, is famous for the frescos, by Perugino, which 
 cover its walls and vaults, and constitute the most im- 
 portant connected series of works by that master. Other 
 objects of interest include the Palazzo Pubblico (picture- 
 gallery), Fonte Maggiore, and churches of San Pietro and 
 San Domenico. Perugia was one of the twelve cities of 
 the Etruscan League ; was reduced by Rome about 300 
 B. c. ; was besieged by Octavian in 41 and taken in 40 B. c. ; 
 was besieged and taken by Totila in 549 A. D. ; was ruled 
 by the popes and by various despots ; surrendered to Pope 
 Julius II. ; was taken by the Duke of Savoy in 1708 ; and 
 was taken by the Austrians in 1849. After the insurrection 
 of 1859 it was united to Italy (1860). It was the seat of the 
 Umbrian school of painting in the Renaissance. Popula- 
 tion, town, 20,580 ; commune, 61,385. 
 
 Perugia, Lake of. See Trasimeno, Lago. 
 
 Perugino (pa-ro-je'no) (Pietro Vannucci). 
 
 Born at Citta della Pieve, Umbria, Italy, 1446: 
 died 1524. A celebrated Italian painter of the 
 Umbrian school, called “II Perugino” from his 
 long.residenee in Perugia. His mastery of the tech- 
 nical qualities of painting made the training which he gave 
 his pupils valuable. His greatest distinction, however, is 
 that of having been the master of Raphael. Leading a 
 somewhat wandering life, he was called to Rome by Sixtus 
 IV. to assist in the decoration of the Sistine chapel, and 
 is credited with nine frescos there. Perhaps his greatest 
 work is the decoration of the Sala del Cambio at Perugia. 
 Stillman. 
 
 Perusia. See Perugia. 
 
 Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation. [Sp. Con- 
 
 feder acton Peru-Bolimana.’] A confederation 
 formed by Santa Cruz, who united Peru and 
 Bolivia in 1836. It consisted of the three states of Bo- 
 livia, North Peru, and South Peru, the capital being at 
 Lima. Santa Cruz was protector, with dictatorial powers, 
 and each state had a president and congress. The con- 
 federation was formally proclaimed Oct. 28, 1836, and it 
 came to an end with the overthrow of the protector in 
 
 *.Jan., 1839. See Santa Cruz, Andres. 
 
 Peruvian Corporation. See Grace Contract. 
 
 Peruvian Empire. See Inca Empire. 
 
 Peruvians. See Quichuas. 
 
 Peruzzi (pa-rot'se), Baldassare. Born near 
 Siena, Italy, 1481 : died about 1536. An Italian 
 architect and painter. 
 
 Peruzzi, Ubaldino. Bom at Florence, April 
 2, 1822: died there, Sept. 9, 1891. An Italian 
 politician, minister in the Tuscan and (1861- 
 1864) in the Italian cabinet. 
 
 Pesado (pa-sa'do), Jose Joaquin. Born about 
 1812: died in 1861. A Mexican author and 
 publicist, minister of foreign relations 1846-54. 
 He is regarded as one of the best of the Mexican poets, 
 and published many biographical and political essays. 
 
 Pesaro (pa'sa-ro). A seaport, capital of the 
 province of Pesaro e Urbino, Italy, situated at 
 the mouth of the Foglia in the Adriatic, in lat. 
 43° 55' N., long. 12° 54' B.: the ancient Pisau- 
 rum. It has some manufactures and trade, and is es- 
 pecially noted for its figs. It was the birthplace of Ros- 
 sini. It became a Roman colony in 184 b. c. ; belonged 
 later to the Exarchate ; and afterward belonged to the 
 Papal States. It was a literary center in the time of 
 Tasso. Population, town, 15,021 ; commune, 25,103. 
 
 Pesaro e Urbino(pa'sa-roaor-be'n6). [‘Pesaro 
 and Urbino. ’J A province in the compartimento 
 of the Marches, Italy. Area, 1,118 square miles. 
 
 ^Population, 263,340. 
 
 Pescadores (pes-ka-do'res). [Sp., ‘Fishers’ 
 Islands.’] 1 . A group of small islands in the 
 Strait of Formosa, west of Formosa. — 2. A 
 group of small islands off the coast of Peru, 
 northwest of Callao. — 3. A small group in the 
 Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Pescara (pes-ka'rfi), or Aterno (ii-ter'no). A 
 river in central Italy which flows into the 
 Adriatic near the town of Pescara : the ancient 
 Aternus. Length, about 90 miles. 
 
 Pescara. A town in the province of Chieti, 
 central Italy, situated near the mouth of the 
 river Pescara in the Adriatic, 8 miles north- 
 northeast of Chieti : the ancient Aternus. 
 
 Pescara. The governor of Granada in Shell’s 
 “The Apostate.” It was ono of Macready’s 
 great parts, and also one of the elder Booth’s. 
 
 Pescara, Marquis of (Ferdinand Francesco 
 d’ Avalos). Bom about. 1490: died Nov. 25, 
 1525. An Italian general in the service of the 
 
Pescara, Marquis of 
 
 emperor Charles V. , distinguished at the vic- 
 tory of Pavia in 1525. Betrothed to Vittoria Colonna 
 at the ageof 4 and married at 19, he succeeded to his father's 
 title in boyhood, and was destined to a brilliant military 
 career. In 1512 he was wounded and made prisoner at the 
 battle of Ravenna ; in 1515 he served in the war in Lom- 
 bardy. He contributed largely to the victory at Pavia, 
 where King Francis I. was captured. Soon after he be- 
 trayed to Charles V. a plot formed by Francesco Sforza, 
 duke of Milan, and others for driving the Spaniards and 
 Germans out of Italy. He had, apparently, joined the 
 conspiracy for this purpose. 
 
 Peschel (pesh'el), Oskar. Born at Dresden, 
 March 17, 1826: died at Leipsic, Aug. 31, 1875. 
 A German geographer and historian. He was 
 editor of “ Ausland " 1854-71, and in the latter year be- 
 came professor of geography at the University of Leip- 
 sic. His works include “Geschiclite des Zeitalters der 
 Entdeckungen " (1858: 2d ed. 1877), “ Geschichte der 
 Erdkunde " (1865 and 1877), “ Volkerkunde " (1874), and 
 “ Abhandlungen zur Erd- und Volkerkunde” (3 vols. 
 1877-79). 
 
 Peschiera (pes-ke-a'ra). A fortified town in the 
 province of Verona, Italy, situated at the exit 
 of the Mincio from Lake Garda, 15 miles west 
 of Verona. It is famous as one of the fortresses of the 
 Austrian “Quadrilateral"; was taken by the Sardinians in 
 May, 1848, and restored in Aug. ; and was ceded to Italy 
 in 1866. Population, commune, 2,351. 
 
 Pescia (pesh'a). A cathedral city in the prov- 
 ince of Lucca, Italy, 29 miles west by north of 
 Florence. Population, commune, 17,517. 
 Pescina (pe-she'na). A town in the province 
 of Aquila, central Italy, 27 miles south-south- 
 east of Aquila. It was the birthplace of Maza- 
 rin. Population, commune, 9,758. 
 
 Peshawar, or Peshawur (pe-shou'ur). 1. A 
 district in the North-West Frontier Province, 
 British India, situated in the northwestern ex- 
 tremity of the country, intersected by lat. 34° 
 N., long. 72° E. Area, 2,611 square miles. 
 Population, 788,707. — 2. The capital of the 
 district of Peshawar, situated about lat. 34° N., 
 long. 71° 35' E. it is an important strategic point, 
 near the Khyber Pass, on the route from India to Kabul. 
 Population, including cantonment, 95,147. 
 
 Peshito (pe-she'to), or Peshitto. [Lit. ‘sim- 
 ple ’ or ‘ true.’] A Syriac translation of the 
 Old and New Testaments, it is supposed to have 
 been made by Christians in the 2d century, and possesses 
 high authority. The Old Testament is translated directly 
 from the Hebrew. 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John, Jude, and Rev- 
 elation are wanting. 
 
 Pessi (pes'si). A small tribe of Liberia, west- 
 ern Africa, back of Monrovia. They used to tattoo 
 their faces and file their teeth, and are said to have prac- 
 tised cannibalism. 
 
 Pessinus, or Pesinus (pes'i-nus). [Gr. Ucooi- 
 vovg.] In ancient geography, a city of Galatia, 
 Asia Minor, situated near the river Sangarius 
 80 miles west-southwest of the modern Angora. 
 It was noted for the worship of Cybele. Remains of a 
 theater and hippodrome (the latter 1,115 feet long) have 
 been discovered near the modern Bala-Hissar. 
 
 Pestalozzi (pes-ta-lot'se), Johann Heinrich. 
 
 Bom at Zurich, Switzerland, Jan. 12, 1746: died 
 at Brugg, Switzerland, Feb. 17, 1827. A Swiss 
 educator and writer, celebrated for his reforms 
 in the methods of education. He studied theol- 
 ogy and then jurisprudence at Zurich. Subsequently he 
 turned his attention to agriculture. He had already de- 
 termined to devote himself to the education of the people, 
 and had established in 1775, on his estate Neuhof, a poor- 
 school which was intended to draw its support from popu- 
 lar subscription. He was obliged, however, to give this 
 up in 1780. The first account of his method of instruc- 
 tion was published at this time in Iselin’s “Ephemeriden" 
 with the title “ Abendstunden einesEinsiedlers" (“Even- 
 ing Hours of a Hermit”). His principal literary work is 
 the didactic novel “ Lieuhardt uud Gertrud, ein Buell fur 
 das Volk" (“Lienhardt aud Gertrude: a Book for the 
 People "), which was written between 1781 and 1785. In 
 1798, with government support, he founded an educational 
 institution for poor children at Stanz, which was, how- 
 ever, given up the year after. He now took charge of a 
 school at Burgdorf, which was removed in 1804 to Miin- 
 ehenbuehsee, and the following year to Yverdon, where 
 it continued to exist until 1825, when, notwithstanding the 
 renown that his pedagogical system had acquired, the en- 
 terprise was finally abandoned. His collected works were 
 published at Brandenburg, 1869-72, in 16 volumes. They 
 include “Wie Gertrud ihre Kinder lehrt”(“How Gertrude 
 Teaches her Children," 1801), memoirs of Burgdorf and 
 YverdOn, “Meine Lebensschicksale” (1826), etc. 
 
 Pesth. See Budapest. 
 
 Petau (pe-to'), Denis, Latinized Petavius. 
 Born at Orleans, France, Aug. 21, 1583 : died at 
 Paris, Dec. 11, 1652. A French chronologist, 
 antiquary, and Roman Catholic theologian. 
 Among his chronological works are “Opus de doetrina 
 temporum "(1627),“Tabulaj chronologicae " (1628), “ Urano- 
 logiura ” (1630), “ Rationarium temporum” (1633-34). He 
 also wrote “ He theologicis dogmatibus" (1644-50), etc. 
 
 Petch, or Pe6, or Petsh. See I pel;. 
 Petchenegs (pech-e-negz'). A nomadic peo- 
 ple, of Turkish stock, who established a state 
 between the Don and the Danube, which pos- 
 sessed considerable power from the 9th to the 
 11th century. It disappeared in the 13th cen- 
 
 798 
 
 tury. One branch of the Petchenegs was 
 merged with the Magyars. 
 
 Petchili, orPe-chi-li, Gulf of. An arm of the 
 
 Yellow Sea, situated east of China. The river 
 Hwang-ho empties into it near its southern 
 boundary. Length (including the Gulf of 
 Liautung), about 290 miles. 
 
 Petchili, or Pe-chi-li, Strait of. A sea passage 
 connecting the Gulf of Pe-chi-li with the Yellow 
 Sea. and separating the province of Shing-king 
 on the north from that of Shan-tungon the south. 
 
 Petchora (pech-6'ra). A river in northeastern 
 Russia which flows into the Arctic Ocean about 
 lat. 68° N., long. 54° E. Length, about 1,000 
 miles. 
 
 Peteguares. See Potiguaras. 
 
 Peten (pa-ten'), or Itza (et-za,'). A lake in the 
 northern part of Guatemala ; also, an island in 
 the lake. 
 
 Peter (pe'ter) (originally Simon). [D. G. Dan. 
 Sw. Peter, F. Pierre, OF. Pier, Piers, (whence 
 ME. Piers, mod. Pierce, Peirce, Pearce, Pears), 
 Sp. Pg. Pedro, It. Pietro, Piero, from L. Petrus, 
 from Gr. Iltrpof, translating Heb. Cephas, a 
 stone.] One of the twelve apostles. He was 
 originally a fisherman ; became one of the three most 
 favored disciples of Christ ; and was the most prominent 
 leader of the church after the ascension. He was im- 
 prisoned by Herod in 44 ; contended with Paul at Antioch 
 touching the proper policy to be observed toward the Gen- 
 tiles ; and according to tradition was the founder of the 
 church at Rome and a martyr there in the reign of Nero. 
 He is the reputed author of two epistles in the New Testa- 
 ment. Peter is claimed by the Roman Catholic Church as 
 its first bishop or pope. His death is celebrated with that 
 of St. Paul on the 29th of June in the Eastern, Roman, 
 and Anglican churches. This is the most ancient of the 
 festivals of the apostles, dating from the 3d century. 
 
 Peter (Portuguese and Spanish kings). See 
 Pedro. 
 
 Peter I. Alexeievitch, surnamed “ The Great.” 
 Born at Moscow, June 9 (N. S.), 1672: died at 
 St. Petersburg, Feb. 8 (N. S.), 1725. Czar of 
 Russia, son of Alexis. He reigned conjointly with his 
 half-brother Ivan from 1682, and alone from 1696. Hefreed 
 himself from the regency of his sister Sophia in 1689 ; cap- 
 tured Azoff from the Turks in 1696; traveled in Germany, 
 the Netherlands, England, and Austria 1696-97 ; put down 
 a rebellion of the Strelitzi in 1698 ; and took part in the 
 Northern War (which see) 1700-21, in the course of which 
 he was defeated by Charles XII. of Sweden at Narva in 
 1700, and defeated him in turn at Pultowa in 1709. He was 
 forced by the Turks (who had taken up arms at the in- 
 stance of Charles) to restore Azoff by the treaty of Pruth 
 in 1711. In 1721 he concluded the peace of Nystadt with 
 Sweden, by which he obtained Livonia, Esthonia, Inger- 
 manland, and part of Karelia. He founded St. Petersburg 
 in 1703 ; imprisoned his son Alexis (see Alexis) for treason 
 in 1718 ; and carried on a successful war against Persia 
 1722-23. He introduced Western civilization into Prussia, 
 which he made one of the great powers of Europe. 
 
 Peter II. Alexeievitch. Born Oct. 23, 1715: 
 died 1730. Czar of Russia 1727-30, son of Alexis 
 and grandson of Peter the Great. 
 
 Peter III. Feodorovitch (properly Karl Peter 
 Ulrich). Born at Kiel, Holstein, Feb. 21, 1728 : 
 assassinated at Ropsha, Russia, July 17, 1762. 
 Czar of Russia, son of Charles Frederick, duke 
 of Holstein, and Anna (daughter of Peter the 
 Great). He was appointed heir in 1742; married Cath- 
 arine (later empress) in 1745 ; and succeeded to the throne 
 in Jan., 1762. He immediately made peace with Frederick 
 the Great, with whom his predecessor had been at war 
 since 1757. (See Seven Years’ War.) He was murdered 
 after a few months’reign, and li is wife, who was an ac- 
 complice in his murder, was placed on the throne. 
 
 Peter Bell. A poetical tale by William Words- 
 worth, published in 1819. 
 
 Peter Bell the Third. A burlesque poem by 
 Shelley. 
 
 Peter of Blois, or Petrus Blesensis. Bora at 
 Blois, France : died about 1200. A French ec- 
 clesiastic and scholar who settled in England 
 in the reign of Henry II. 
 
 Peter of Bruis (or Bruys). Burned as a heretic 
 about 1126. A French reforming enthusiast, a 
 pupil of Abelard. He sought to restore the church to 
 its original purity by abolishing infant baptism, the mass, 
 and other observances. 
 
 Peter the Hermit, or Peter of Amiens. Born 
 about 1050: died at Huy, Belgium, July 11, 1115. 
 A hermit and monk, one of the leading preachers 
 of the first Crusade. He led the advance divi- 
 sion of the first Crusade as far as Asia Minor 
 in 1096. 
 
 Peterborough (pe'ter-bur-o). A city in the 
 counties of Northampton and Huntingdon, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Nen 75 miles north of Lon- 
 don. It is a railway and trading center. A Benedictine 
 abbey was founded here in 655. The cathedral, one of the 
 most important of English Norman churches, was begun 
 early in the 12th century and finished before the 13th, ex- 
 cept the interpolated Decorated windows, the Perpendicu- 
 lar retrochoir, the 13th-century northwest tower, the fine 
 central tower of the 14th, and tile famous west front of 
 the 13th. The west front consists of 3 grand gabled arches 
 
 Peters, Wilhelm Karl Hartwig 
 
 of equal height, the central one much the narrowest, be. 
 tween two small arcaded and pinnacled towers. The span, 
 drels are filled with rosettes and statues in niches, and 
 above the arches is carried a range of arcades with statues. 
 Each gable contains a small wheel. This splendid front 
 forms in fact an open screen before the actual front of the 
 cathedral : it is marred by a low Perpendicular porch in- 
 serted in the opening of the central arch. The interior is 
 light and effective. The ceiling of the nave, though of 
 the 12th century, is of wood ; that of the choir is Perpen- 
 dicular. The clievet of the church was originally of ap- 
 sidal form, and this can still be traced in the later retro- 
 choir. The dimensions are 471 by 81 feet ; length of east 
 transepts, 202 ; height of vaulting, 81. Population, 30,872. 
 
 Peterborough. The capital of Peterborough 
 County, Ontario, Canada, situated on the 
 Otonabec 69 miles northeast of Toronto. Pop- 
 ulation, 18,360, (1911). 
 
 Peterborough and Monmouth, Earl of. See 
 
 Mor daunt, Charles. 
 
 Peterhead (pe-ter-hed'). A seaport in Aber- 
 deenshire, Scotland, situated on the North Sea 
 28 miles north-northeast of Aberdeen, it is 
 largely engaged in the herring and other fisheries. Popu- 
 lation, 11,703. 
 
 Peterhof (pa'ter-hof). A town in the govern- 
 ment of St. Petersburg, Russia, situated on the 
 Gulf of Finland about 15 miles west of St. 
 Petersburg. Near it is the imperial palace, built by 
 Peter the Great, of high interest from the great quantity 
 of works of art of all kinds and of historical relics which 
 are collected in it, as well as for the beautiful gardens 
 with their fountains and statues, and the connected im- 
 perial pleasure-houses. Population, about 11,000. 
 
 Peterhouse. See St. Peter’s College. 
 
 Peter Lombard. See Lombard. 
 
 Peterloo Massacre. [Formed in imitation of 
 Waterloo .] A riot at St. Peter’s Field, Man- 
 chester, England, Aug. 16, 1819. A large assem- 
 bly, mainly of the laboring classes, had met in behalf of 
 reform, under the leadership of Hunt. The assembly was 
 charged by the military, and many were killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 Petermann (pa'ter-man), August. Born at 
 Bleieherode, Prussia, April 18, 1822: committed 
 suicide at Gotha, Sept. 25, 1878. A noted Ger- 
 man geographer. He went to Great Britain in 1845; 
 took charge of the Geographical Institute (founded by 
 Perthes) at Gotha in 1854 ; and encouraged geographical 
 explorations in Africa, the polar regions, and elsewhere. 
 He founded and conducted Petermann’s “Mitteilungen" 
 (“Communications") after 1855, and contributed to the 
 atlases of Stieler, etc. 
 
 Peter Martyr. See Martyr. 
 
 Peters (pa'ters), Christian August Friedrich. 
 Born at Hamburg, Sept. 7, 1806 : died at Kiel, 
 Prussia, May 8, 1880. A noted German astron- 
 omer, appointed professor of astronomy at Ko- 
 nigsberg in 1849, and director of the observatory 
 at Altona (removed in 1872 to Kiel) in 1854. He 
 edited “ Astronomische Nachrichten.” 
 
 Peters, Christian Henry Frederick. Born 
 at Koldeuhiittel, near Eiderstedt, Schleswig, 
 Sept. 19, 1813: died at Clinton, N. Y., July 18, 
 
 1890. A German- American astronomer, director 
 of the observatory at Hamilton College, New 
 York, from 1858. He discovered over 40 as- 
 teroids. He published “Celestial Charts” (1882- 
 1888), etc. 
 
 Peters (pe'tevz), or Peter (pe'ter), Hugh. Born 
 in Cornwall, England (baptized June 29, 1598) : 
 hanged at Charing Cross, Oct. 16, 1660. An Eng- 
 lish Puritan clergyman. He graduated at Cambridge 
 (Trinity CoUege) in 1617-18. In Oct., 1635, he emigrated to 
 Boston, and in 1636 became minister to the First Church, 
 Salem, Massachusetts. In 1641 he was the agent of the 
 colony in England, and later filled important offices in Eng- 
 land under Cromwell. At the Restoration he was impris- 
 oned in the Tower and tried and convicted as an accom- 
 plice in the death of Charles I., Oct. 13, 1660. 
 
 Peters (pa'ters), Karl. Born at Neuhaus, Han- 
 nover, 1856. An African explorer and adminis- 
 trator. He founded the German Colonization Society ; 
 in 1884 acquired in East Africa large tracts of land and ob- 
 tained for them an imperial protectorate ; as head of the 
 German East Africa Company extended its possessions and 
 organized its stations ; brought about a colonial congress 
 at Berlin in 1886 ; and returned to East Africa in 1887. He 
 made further explorations in 1889-90 and 1891-93, and was 
 made imperial commissioner for German East Africa in 
 
 1891. He fought his way through Masailand with reck- 
 less bloodshed, and tried to place Uganda under German 
 protection. For his cruelty he was court-martialed in 
 1897 and dismissed from the German service. 
 
 Peters (pe'ttrz), Samuel. Born at Hebron, 
 Conn., Dec. 12, 1735: died at New York, April 
 19, 1826. An American Episcopal clergyman, 
 a grand-nephew of Hugh Peters. He wrote a satire 
 entitled "General History of Connecticut "(1781), contain- 
 ing the so-called “ Blue Laws ” (invented by him). 
 
 Peters (pa'ters), Wilhelm Karl Hartwig. 
 
 Born at Koldenbiittel, near Eiderstedt, Schles- 
 wig, April 22, 1815 : died at Berlin, April 20, 
 1883. A German naturalist and traveler, brother 
 of C. H. F. Peters. He explored Mozambique 
 1843-47, and published “Naturwissensehaft- 
 liche Reise nach Mozambique” (1852-82). 
 
Petersburg 
 
 799 
 
 Petty, Sir William 
 
 Petersburg. See St. Petersburg r. 
 
 Petersburg (pe'terz-berg). An independent 
 city (formerly in Dinwiddie County), Virginia, 
 situated on the Appomattox, at the head of 
 steam navigation, 23 miles south of Richmond. 
 It is the fifth city in the State ; has important trade in 
 tobacco, cotton, flour, grain, etc. ; and has manufactures 
 of tobacco, cotton, etc. It was incorporated in 1748. It 
 was besieged by the Federals under Grant 1864-65. After 
 some unsuccessful attempts to seize it, the siege com- 
 menced June 19, 1864. Final operations began March 25, 
 1865 ; and after the battle of Five Forks (March 31 and 
 April 1) it was evacuated by the Confederates April 2-3, 
 and surrendered April 3. Population, 24,127, (1910). 
 
 Peter Schlemihl (pa 'ter shla'mel). “The 
 Story of a Man Without a Shadow,” a romance 
 by Chamisso, published in 1814. 
 
 Chamisso’s “ Peter Schlemihl ”... is a faultless work 
 of art, and one of deep import. There, (oo, a popular su- 
 perstition forms the leading motive, namely, the idea that 
 a man might lose his shadow, the devil carryingitoff when 
 he could not get the man himself into his power. This 
 tale deserves its universal renown. The poet has made 
 the hero a symbolical portrait of himself. “Schlemihl” 
 means an unlucky wight, and Chamisso has attributed to 
 this poor devil the same incapacity of coping with the 
 world which in his own case had disposed him to solitude, 
 to intercourse with nature and with children of nature. 
 
 Scherer, Hist. German Lit., p. 296. 
 
 Petersen (pa'ter-sen), Clemens. Born in Den- 
 mark, 1834. A Danish- American miscellaneous 
 writer. 
 
 Peto (pe'to). An associate of Falstaff in Shak- 
 spere’s “ Henry IV.,” first and second parts. 
 Petofi (pe'te-fi), Sandor (Alexander). Born 
 in Little Cumania, Hungary, Dec. 31, 1823: 
 killed probably in the battle of Schassburg, 
 J uly 31, 1849. The greatest lyric poet of Hun- 
 gary. He played an important part at the outbreak of 
 t he Hungarian revolution in Pest, and throughout the war 
 his patriotic songs made him a national hero. He was 
 last seen on the battle-field of Schassburg, and for many 
 years it was popularly believed that he survived as a 
 prisoner in Siberia. 
 
 Petra (pe'tra). [Gr. Tlfrpa, rock.] In ancient 
 geography, a city in Arabia Petrosa, situated in 
 lat. 30° 19' N., long. 35° 31' E. The site was early 
 occupied on account of its proximity to the commercial 
 route between Arabia and Egypt. From the 2d century 
 B. c. it was a stronghold of the Nabatieans. The site con- 
 sists of a precipice inclosed valley on the northeastern side 
 of MountHor. The sandstonerocksarebriiliantly colored 
 in many different hues, and are fantastically worn by the 
 action of water. Petra is famous for its rock-cut architec- 
 tural rema ns, dating from after the establishment of Ro- 
 man rule in 105 A. i>. These remains have been looked 
 upon by many as those of temples and palaces, but are 
 merely the facades, many of them considerable in scale 
 and elaborate in ornament, of rock-tombs. All lack purity 
 in design, and most precision in execution : but some are 
 picturesque and graceful, bringing to mind the architec- 
 tural ornament of Pompeian wall-paintings ; and they gain 
 in effectiveness by their situation and by the marvelous 
 coloring of the rock. The buildings of the town are very 
 ruinous, except the rock-cut theater. 
 
 Petersen, Niels Matthias. Born in Ffinen, Petrarch (pe'trark), It. Petrarca, (pa-trar'ka), 
 
 rva I - I l/if 04 1 701 • nin/4 nr ( 'nvwvvil, n <Yirvv> « r-. . . r , . -r . .. ’ 
 
 Denmark, Oct. 24, 1791: died at Copenhagen, 
 May 11, 1862. A Danish historian and philolo- 
 gist. His works include a “History of the Danish, Nor- 
 wegian, and Swedish Languages” (1829-30), “Contribution 
 to the History of Danish Literature ” (2d ed. 1867-71), etc. 
 
 Petersfield (pe'terz-feld). A town in Hamp- 
 shire, England, 16 miles north of Portsmouth.' 
 Population, parish, 3,265. 
 
 Petersham (pe'terz-ham). A town in Worces- 
 ter County, Massachusetts, 26 miles northwest 
 of Worcester. It was the scene of the final engage- 
 ment in Shays’s rebellion, in which the insurgents under 
 Shays were dispersed by the State troops under Lincoln, 
 Feb., 1787. Population, 757, (1910). 
 
 Peter the Great Bay. An arm of the Sea of 
 Japan, south of the Maritime Province, Siberia. 
 
 Peterwardein (pa'ter-var-din), Hung. Peter- 
 V&rad (pa-ter-va'rod). A town in Slavonia, 
 Hungary, situated on the Danube, opposite 
 Neusatz, 44 miles northwest of Belgrad. it is 
 
 one of the strongest fortresses of the Austrian empire, and 
 has been called “the Gibraltar of Hungary.” It was 
 wrested from the Turks by the Imperialists in 1688. In a 
 battle fought near it, Aug. 5, 1716, the Imperialists under 
 Prince Eugene of Savoy defeated the Turks under the grand 
 vizir Damad Ali. It was occupied by the Hungarian in- 
 surgents in 1848, and surrendered to the Austrians on 
 Sept 6, 1849. Population, 5,019. 
 
 Petion (pa-tyoh'), Alexandre Sabes. Born at 
 Port-au-Prince, April 2, 1770 : died there, March 
 29, 1818. A Haitian general and politician. 
 He was a light mulatto and an educated man ; was com- 
 mandant of artillery under Toussaint Louverture and 
 Rigaud ; followed the latter to France in 1800; and was 
 attached to Leclerc’s expedition 1801-02. In 1832 he joined 
 the revolt of those who feared that slavery was to be re- 
 established, served under Dessalines, and after his death 
 
 became president of Haiti (March 10, 1S07). Christoplie 
 had already revolted in the north, and the French portion 
 of the island was thus divided into two parts, between 
 
 which there was almost constant war for many years. P£- rffu„ T’nrrlic'li 
 
 tion, by reelection, continued to rule the southern part L GcTtirCll; 1 ill XiugllSH 
 
 until Viio douth Vint luicirlna tlm limp mitli ( 'liriotnnli/i tl»o»./, . fflHDII V A Ssl I* T , ]llllT'S Sslfllb 
 
 Francesco. Born at Arezzo, Italy, July 20, 
 1304 : died at Arqua, near Padua, July 18 (19?), 
 1374. A celebrated Italian poet, one of the 
 chief names in Italian literature. His father be- 
 longed to the party of the Bianchi, and was banished at 
 the same time as Dante : Petrarch remembered seeing the 
 latter in his childhood. The family went to Avignon in 
 1313, and when about fourteen years old Petrarch went to 
 Montpellierto pursue his studies: he remained there until 
 he waseighteen. 1 n 1527 he first saw the Laura of his son- 
 nets. There have been many theories as to her identity : 
 that generally received is that she was the daughter of 
 Audibert de Noves, who married Hugues de Sade in 1325, 
 and became the mother of eleven children. This, however, 
 has been disputed. Petrarch’s homage was conventional, 
 and personal relations are not supposed to have existed 
 between the wife of De Sade and the poet. He received 
 a canonry at Lombez, at the foot of the Pyrenees, in 1335 ; 
 in 1337 he bought the little house at Vaucluse, near Avi- 
 gnon, to which he retired, and where he did most of his 
 best work ; and in 1340 he was called on the same day both 
 to Rome and to Paris to be crowned as poet laureate. He 
 received the laurel crown at Rome April 8, 1341. In 1347 
 he built a house at Parma, but resided partly at Vaucluse 
 until 1353, when he settled in Milan. He was patron- 
 ized by nobles and ecclesiastics, and employed on various 
 diplomatic missions, principally by the Visconti, whom he 
 represented at the court of King John of France, conduct- 
 ing the marriage of a young Visconti with the daughter of 
 the king. In 1362 he removed to Padua, where he had 
 held a canonry since 1347, and to Venice, in the same year, 
 where he saw Boccaccio for the last time, having first met 
 him in 1350 at Florence. He went to Arquh in 1370, where 
 he died. His chief works are, in Italian, the “Rime” or 
 “Canzoniere,” comprising sonnets and odes in honor of 
 Laura, and the allegorical “ Trionfl ” (“ Triumphs ”), his last 
 work; in Latin, the treatises “De contemptu mundi,” ad- 
 dressed to Saint Augustine, “De vita solitaria,” “De viris 
 illustribus ” (biographies), “De vera sapientia,” “De olio 
 religiosorum," “ Africa,” an epic poem on Scipio Africanus, 
 etc. His letters and orations are numerous, and he wrote 
 a number of controversial and polemical treatises. The 
 “Canzoniere” was edited by Marsand and by Leopardi. His 
 life has been written by De Sade, Korting, Bartoli, etc. 
 
 _ _ _ A name sometimes 
 
 until his death, but besides the war withChristophethere^given to Sir Philip Sidney, 
 were many internal dissensions. Petrie (pd'tre), W. M. Flinders. Born June 
 
 Fetdon de Vllleneuve (pa-tyon'dfe vel-nev'), 3 ; 1853. An English Egyptologist. He was edu- 
 
 Jerome. Born at Chartres, France, 1753 : com- 
 mitted suicide near Bordeaux, June, 1794. A 
 French revolutionist. He was chosen to the third 
 estate of the States-General in 1789 ; was one of the leaders 
 in the Constituent Assembly, and its president in 1790 ; was 
 commissioner to Varennes in 1791; was mayor of Paris 
 1791-92 : and was Girondist deputy to the Convention 1792- 
 1793. He was proscribed in June, 1793, but escaped to the 
 south. 
 
 Petit Andre (pe-te'ton-dra'). [F., ‘Little An- 
 drew.’] An executioner of Louis XI., intro- 
 duced as a character in the novel “Quentin 
 Durxvard” hv Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 Petition of Right. An act of Parliament passed 
 in 1628: one of the chief documents of the Eng- 
 lish constitution. It provided that “no freeman be 
 required to give any gift, loan, benevolence, or tax with- 
 out common consent by Act of Parliament ; that no free- 
 
 cated privately. From 1874 to 1880 he was employed sur- 
 veying ancient British earthworks ; 1881 and 1882 he spent 
 in surveying the pyramids and temples of Gizeli. He re- 
 turned to Egypt in 1884, as explorer to the Egypt Explora- 
 tion Fund. He went twice again in the same capacity, 
 each time making important discoveries, exploring the 
 sites of Defenneh, Naucratis, etc. , and bringing back plans 
 and illustrations, all of which, witli his memoirs and reports 
 on the subject, have been published by the committee. 
 In 1887-89 he explored in the Fayum (not for the Explora- 
 tion Fund), and later explored with valuable results both 
 for the Egyptian and Palestine Exploration Funds. He 
 has published “Stonehenge, etc.” (1880), “ Pyramids and 
 Temples of Ghizeh” (1883), “Historical Scarabs,” “His- 
 torical Data of the XI. Dynasty,” and other monographs 
 (1888), “Hawara, Biahmu, and Arsinoe, etc." (1889), “Sur- 
 veys of the Pyamid of Hawara, etc.” (1890), “Ten Years’ 
 Digging in Egypt, 1881-1891” (1892), etc.; and contributed 
 the article “Weights and Measures” to the 9th edition of 
 the “Encyclopaedia Britannica.” 
 
 man be imprisoned or detained contrary to the law of the PetrikaU. See PiotrlcOW. 
 
 land; that soldiers or mariners be not billeted in private at (no ' trn 31 olr can' 
 
 houses; and that commissions to punish soldiers and sail- * etrO AiexanarOVSK (P° tro - al - eK - San - 
 ors by martial law lie revoked and no more issued ’’ (Ac- drovsk). A military Station in the territory of 
 land and iiammne, Eng. Polit. Hist., p. 88). Amu-Daria, Russian Central Asia, situated on 
 
 Petit Nesle (p6-te' nal). A smaller residence the Amu-Daria about 30 miles east of Khiva. 
 
 ower 
 low 
 ancient 
 
 attached to the Grand Nesle, or Tour de Nesle, Petronell (pe-tro-uel'). A village in Lot 
 in Paris. They stood where the Institute now stands, op- Austria, situated on the Danube 23 miles be] 
 
 fw “fd'e l’.nitdes Arts. Vienna. Near it are the ruins of the anci 
 Both were inhabited by the royal family at various times, , , 
 and numerous crimes were said to have been committed Larnuntum. 
 
 there. Cellini had his studio in the Petit Nesle. PetroniuS Arbiter (pe-tro'ni -us ar'bi-ter). 
 
 Petit-Thouars, Du. See Dupetit-Thouars. Died probably about 66 A. d. A Roman author, 
 
 often identified with a certain Caius Petronius 
 mentioned by Tacitus. The original title of 
 his work (see the extract) was “ Satirte.” 
 
 To Nero’s time belongs also the character-novel of Pe- 
 tronius Arbiter, no doubt the same Petronius whom Nero 
 a. 66 compelled to kill himself. Originally a large work 
 in at least 20 books, with accounts of var ious adventures 
 supposed to have taken plate during a journey, it now 
 consists of a heap of fragments, the most considerable of 
 which is the “cenaTrimalchionis,” being the description of 
 a feast given by a rich and uneducated upstart. Though 
 steeped in obscenity, this novel is not only highly impor- 
 tant for the history of manners and language, especially 
 the plebeian speech, but it is also a work of art in its 
 way, full of spirit, fine insight into human nature, wit of 
 a high order, and genial humour. In its form it is a satira 
 Menippea, in which the metrical pieces interspersed con- 
 tain chiefly parodies of certain fashions of taste This ap- 
 plies especially to the larger carmina,“Troi;e halosis” and 
 “Bellum civile.” 
 
 Tcuffel and Schwabc, Hist. Rom. Lit., II. 84. 
 
 Petronius Maximus (mak'si-mus). A Roman 
 
 emperov in 455. He was a member of the higher Ro- 
 man nobility. He placed h inself at the iiead of a band of 
 disaffected persons, killed the emperor Valentinian III., 
 seized the throne (455), and forced Eudoxia, Valentinian ’s 
 widow, to marry him (ids own wife having in the mean- 
 time died). Eudoxia, however, appealed to Genseric, king 
 of the Vandals, who pillaged Rome. Petronius Maximus 
 was killed by a band of Burgundian mercenaries as he 
 was fleeing from his capital. 
 
 Petropavlovsk (pe-tro-pav-lovsk' ). A town in 
 the government of Akmolinsk, West Siberia, 
 situated on the Ishim about 180 miles west of 
 Omsk. Population, 19,688. 
 
 Petropavlovsk, or Petropaulovski (pe-tro- 
 pou-lov'ske). A seaport in Kamchatka, Si- 
 beria, situated on the Sea of Kamchatka iu lat. 
 52° 58' N., long. 158° 44' E. It is of little importance 
 since its occupation by the English and French in 1855. 
 Population, 395. 
 
 Petropolis (pat-ro'po-les). The capital (for 
 some time after Oct., 1894) of the state of Rio 
 de Janeiro, Brazil, about 35 miles north of Rio 
 de Janeiro and 2,300 feet above the pea. it was 
 founded in 1844 ; was the summer residence of the impe- 
 rial court ; and is much frequented as a health-resort. It 
 is noted for the beauty of its scenery. Population, muni- 
 cipio, 39,695. 
 
 Petrovsk (pe-trovsk' ). 1 . A seaport in Daghes- 
 tan, Caucasia, Russia, situated on the Caspian 
 Sea 75 miles north-northwest of Derbend. 
 Population, 9,806. — 2. A town in the govern- 
 ment of Saratoff, Russia, situated on the Med- 
 vyeditza 63 miles north-northwest of Saratoff. 
 Population, 18,100. 
 
 Petrozavodsk (pe-tro-za-vodsk'). The capital 
 of the government of Olonetz, Russia, situated 
 on Lake Onega 185 miles northeast of St. Peters- 
 burg. It has a cannon-foundry, established by Peter the 
 Great in 1703, and other industries. Population, 13,200. 
 Petruchio (pe-tro'ehi-oor-cho). In Shakspere’s 
 “ Taming of the Shrew,” the rough wooer and 
 tamer of Katherine. He subdues her by meeting tur- 
 bulence with turbulence — remaining, however, entirely 
 good-natured himself. Fletcher introduces him in ‘ The 
 Woman’s Prize, or the Tamer Tamed” as the henpecked 
 husband of a second wife, Maria. 
 
 Petrus Lombardus. See Lombard, Peter. 
 Petsh. See Ipelc. 
 
 Petsik (pet'sik), or Pehtsik. A collective name 
 (signifying ‘tip’ or ‘up-stream’) applied by the 
 WeitspcK Indians to the Quoratean tribes on the 
 If lamatb above the mouth of the Trinity, north- 
 western California. 
 
 Pettau (pet'tou). A town in Styria, Austria- 
 Hungary, situated on the Drave 15 miles south- 
 east of Marburg. Population, 4,634, (1910). 
 Pettenkofer (pet'ten-ko-fer), Max von. Born 
 Dec. 3, 1818 : died Feb. 10, 1901. A German 
 chemist and physiologist, professor of medical 
 chemistry at Munich: noted for his researches 
 in hygiene, especially in ventilation, the spread 
 of cholera, etc. 
 
 Petti e (pet'i), John. Born at Edinburgh, March 
 17, 1839: died at Hastings, Feb. 21, 1893. A 
 British historical, genre, and portrait painter. 
 He first exhibited at the R-oyal Academy in 1860. Among 
 his pictures are “ Whatd’ ye Lack?” (1862), “ A Drumhead 
 Court Martial ” (1865), “ An Arrest for W itclicraft ’’ (1866 : 
 this picture decided the Academy to elect him to an asso- 
 ciateship ; he was made a full member in 187.3), “Jacobites, 
 1746’’ (1873),“ A Knight of the Seventeenth Century,” a por- 
 trait of William Black (1887), “The Defiance,” “Bonnie 
 Prince Charlie,” etc. 
 
 Pettigrew (pet'i-gro), James Johnston. Born 
 in Tyrrel County, N. C., July 4, 1828 : died near 
 Winchester, Va., July 17, 1863. A Confederate 
 general. He became brigadier-general in 1862, and com- 
 manded Heth’s division during the third day’s fight at tlio 
 battle of Gettysburg, taking part in Pickett’s charge. He 
 was fatally wounded in a skirmish with the Union cavalry 
 in the retreat to Virginia. 
 
 Petty (pet'i), Sir William. Born at Romsey, 
 Hampshire, England, May 26, 1623: died at Lon- 
 don, Dec. 16, 1687. An English statistician and 
 political economist. He retired to the Continent on 
 
Petty, Sir William 
 
 the outbreak of the civil war, returning to England in 1646. 
 In 1661 he was professor of anatomy at Oxford. In 1652 he 
 was appointed physician to the army in Ireland, and about 
 1664 executed by contract a fresh survey, commonly known 
 as the Down Survey, of the forfeited lands granted to 
 soldiers. He bought large tracts of land and established 
 various industries. After the Restoration in 1660 he was 
 knighted. In 1663 he invented a double-bottomed ship. 
 He wrote “ Treatise of Taxes and Contributions " (1662-85), 
 “ Political Arithmetic ’’ (1683 and 1686), “ Political Anat- 
 omy of Ireland ” (1672 : printed 1691), etc. 
 
 Petty, William, first Marquis of Lansdowne. 
 Bom at Dublin, May 20, 1737 : died May 7, 1805. 
 A British statesman. He was president of the board 
 of trade in 1763 ; secretary of state 1766-68 and 1782 ; and 
 prime minister 1782-83. He succeeded his father as sec- 
 ond earl of Shelburne in 1761, and was created marquis of 
 Lansdowne in 1784. 
 
 Petty-Fitzmaurice (petH-fits-ma'ris), Henry, 
 third Marquis of Lansdowne. Bom 1780: died 
 Jan. 31, 1863. AnEnglish Liberal politician, son 
 of the first Marquis of Lansdowne. He was chan- 
 cellor of the exchequer 1806-07 ; home secretary 1827-28 ; 
 lord president of the council 1830-34, 1835-41, and 1846-52 ; 
 and a member of the cabinet (without office) 1852-63. 
 
 Petty-Fitzmaurice, Henry Charles Keith, 
 
 fifth Marquis of Lansdowne. Born Jan. 14, 
 1845. An English politician, governor-general 
 of Canada 1883-88, governor-general of India 
 1888-93, secretary of state for war 1895-1900, 
 secretary of state for foreign affairs, 1900-05. 
 Petun, Nation du. See Tionontati. 
 
 Peucer (poit'ser), Kaspar. Born at Bautzen, 
 Saxony, Jan. 6, 1525: died at Dessau, Germany, 
 Sept. 25, 1602. A German Protestant theologian 
 and physician, son-in-law of Melanchtlion. He 
 was imprisoned 1574-86 as one of the leaders 
 of the Cryptocalvinistic movement. 
 
 Peucker (poi'ker), Eduard von. Born at 
 Schmiedeberg, Silesia, Jan. 19, 1791: died at 
 Berlin, Feb. 10, 1876. A German general, com- 
 mander of the army against the Baden insur- 
 rectionists in 1849. He wrote “Das deutsche 
 Kriegswesen der Urzeit” (1860-64). 
 
 Peutinger (poi'ting-er), Konrad. Bom at 
 Augsburg, Oct. 14, 1465: died there, Dec. 24, 
 1547. A noted German antiquary. He is best 
 known from his discovery of an ancient map of the mili- 
 tary roads in the Roman Empire, called for him “Tabula 
 Peutingeriana” (1753). 
 
 Pevas (pa'vas), or Pebas (pa'bas). Indians of 
 northern Peru, on the Marahon and its tribu- 
 taries. They formerly constituted one of the 
 largest tribes of the Maranon, and the Jesuits 
 established many important missions among 
 them, among others the town still called Pebas. 
 They were probably of the Tupi stock, and perhaps a 
 branch of the Omaguas. 
 
 Pevensey (pev'en-si). A small seaport on the 
 coast of Sussex, England, 22 miles east of Bright- 
 on. It has the ruins of a castle, and is supposed 
 to he the Roman Anderida. 
 
 Peveril (pev'er-il) of the Peak. A historical 
 novel by Sir Walter Seott, published in 1823. 
 The scene is laid near the Peak of Derbyshire 
 and elsewhere in England, in the reign of 
 Charles II. 
 
 Peyer (pi'er), Johann Konrad. Born at Schaff- 
 hausen, Switzerland, Dec. 26, 1653: died Feb. 
 29, 1712. A Swiss anatomist, the discoverer 
 of Peyer’s glands. 
 
 Peyronnet (pa-ro-na'), Charles Ignace, Comte 
 de. Born at Bordeaux, France, Oct. 9, 1778 : 
 died at Montf errand, near Bordeaux, Jan. 2, 
 1854. A French reactionary politician. He was 
 minister of justice 1821-28, and minister of the interior 
 1830. He signed the “ Ordinances ” (which led to the 
 revolution of July), and was imprisoned at Ham 1830-36. 
 P^zenas (paz-nas'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Herault, France, situated at the junc- 
 tion of the Peyne with the Herault, 25 miles 
 west-southwest of Montpellier: the Roman 
 Piscennao. It has a trade in brandy. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 6,928. 
 
 Pezet (pa-that' ), Juan Antonio. Born at Lima, 
 1810 : died there, 1879. A Peruvian general and 
 politician. He was prominent in the civil wars ; was 
 minister of war under Castilla in 1859 ; was second vice- 
 president in 1860 ; and first vice-president under San 
 Roman, Oct. 24, 1862 ; and by the death of the latter be- 
 came constitutional president, and was inaugurated Aug. 
 6, 1863. Soon alter, Spain demanded from Peru a large 
 indemnity for alleged injuries. Pezet endeavored to tem- 
 porize, and on Jan. 27, 1865, agreed to an arrangement to 
 which the Peruvian people were strongly opposed : this 
 led to a revolt, and Pezet, to avoid a civil war, resigned 
 Nov. 6, 1865, and lived abroad until 1871. 
 
 Pezuela (pa-tho-a/lii), Joaquin de la. Born in 
 Aragon, 1761 : died at Madrid, 1830. A Spanish 
 general and administrator. He went to Peru as a colo- 
 nel in 1805 ; rose to the rank of general ; succeeded Goye- 
 neche in the military command of Upper Peru, or Bolivia ; 
 and in 1816 was made viceroy of Peru, assuming office 
 Juiy 7. Owing to his ill success in checking the patriots 
 under San Martin, he was deposed by his own officers, Jan. 
 29, 1821, and soon after returned to Spain, where he pub- 
 
 800 
 
 lished a defense of his conduct. He was created marquis 
 of Viluma, and was subsequently captain-general of New 
 
 Pfafers (pfa'fers), or Pfeffers(pfef'fers). A vil- 
 lage and watering-place in thecanton of St.-Gall, 
 Switzerland, situated on the Tamina, near Ra- 
 gatz, 10 miles north of Coire. It is noted for its 
 hot springs and romantic gorge. 
 
 Pfaff ( pfaf), Christian Heinrich. Born at Stutt- 
 gart, Wiirtemberg, March 2, 1772 : died at Kiel, 
 Holstein, April 24, 1852. A German physicist 
 and chemist, brother of J. F. Pfaff: professor 
 at Kiel from 1797. 
 
 Pfaff, Johann Friedrich. Born at Stuttgart, 
 Wiirtemberg, Dec. 22, 1765 : died at Halle, 
 Prussia, April 20-21, 1825. A German mathe- 
 matician, professor at Halle from 1810 : noted 
 for his analytical works. 
 
 Pfaffendorf (pfaf'fen-dorf), Battle of (in 1760). 
 See Liegnitz. 
 
 Pfaffenhofen (pfaf'fen-ho-fen). A small town 
 in Upper Bavaria, Bavaria, situated on the Ilm 
 28 miles north of Munich. Here, April 15, 1745, the 
 Austrians under Batthy&nyi defeated the French and 
 Bavarians; and April 19, 1809, the French under (ludinot 
 defeated the Austrians. 
 
 Pfahlgraben (pfal'gra-ben). Along line of for- 
 tifications built by the Romans about 70 a. d. 
 for protection against the Germans. They ex- 
 tended from Ratisbon northwestward to Giessen, Eras, 
 and Honningen. The chief fort was the Saalburg. 
 
 Pfalz. See Palatinate. 
 
 Pfalzburg (pfalts'borG). A town in Lorraine, 
 Alsace-Lorraine, situated among the Y osges 27 
 miles northwest of Strasburg : formerly a for- 
 tress. It was taken by the Germans in Dec., 
 1870. Population, about 4,000. 
 
 Pfeffel (pfef'fel), Gottlieb Konrad. Born at 
 Colmar, Alsace, June 28, 1736 : died there, May 
 
 I, 1809. A German poet and fabulist. 
 
 Pfeiffer (pfif'er), Franz. Born at Solothurn, 
 
 Switzerland, Feb. 27, 1815: died at Vienna, May 
 29, 1868. A German philologist, appointed pro- 
 fessor of the German language and literature 
 at Vienna in 1857. He is best known for editions of 
 medieval German works, including “German Mystics of 
 the 14th Century," etc. 
 
 Pfeiffer, Madame (Ida Reyer). Born at Vienna, 
 Oct. 15, 1797 : died there, Oct. 28, 1858. An Aus- 
 trian traveler and writer of travels. She traveled 
 in Asiatic Turkey and Egyptin 1842 ; in Scandinavia and Ice- 
 land in 1845 ; around the world 1846-48, and again 1851-54 ; 
 in Madagascar 1856-58 (where she was imprisoned) ; and 
 elsewhere. She published “Reise einer Wienerin in das 
 Heilige Land”(“ Journey of a Viennese to the Holy Land,” 
 1843), “ Reise nach dem skandinavischen Norden ” (“Jour- 
 ney to the Scandinavian North,” 1846), “Eine Frauenfahrt 
 urn die Welt” (“A Woman’s Journey round the World," 
 1850), “Zweite Weltreise" (“Second Journey round the 
 World,” 1856), “Reise nach Madagascar” (1861), etc. 
 
 Pfister (pfis'ter), Albrecht. Born about 1420 : 
 died about 1470. One of the earliest German 
 printers. 
 
 The conjecture that Pfister printed the Bible of 36 lines 
 will not bear a critical examination. It is not enough to 
 show that our first positive knowledge of the types and the 
 copies of this hook begins with Pfister and Bamberg. It 
 still remains to be proved that Pfister made the types and 
 printed the copies. The proof is wanting and the prob- 
 abilities are strongly adverse. 
 
 De Vinne, Invention of Printing, p. 484. 
 
 Pfizer (pfit'ser), Paul Achatius. Born at Stutt- 
 gart, Wiirtemberg, Sept. 12, 1801 : died at Tu- 
 bingen, Wiirtemberg, July 30, 1867. A German 
 publicist and liberal politician. 
 
 Pfordten (pfor'ten), Ludwig Karl Heinrich 
 von der. Born at Ried, Upper Austria, Sept. 
 
 II, 1811 : died at Munich, Aug. 18, 1880. A Ba- 
 varian politician, premier of Bavaria 1849-59 
 and 1864-66. 
 
 Pforta (pfor'ta), or Schulpforta(shol'pfor-ta). 
 A state school 21 miles west of Naumburg, 
 Prussian Saxony. It was established by the Saxon gov- 
 ernment in 1543 in a Cistercian abbey. Itcarae under the 
 Prussian government in 1815. 
 
 Pforzheim (pforts'him). A town in the circle 
 of Karlsruhe, Baden, situated at the junction 
 of the Wiinn, Nagold, and Enz, 15 miles south- 
 east of Karlsruhe : said to he the Roman Porta 
 Hercyniaa. It is the leading manufacturing city of Ba- 
 den: the chief industry is the manufacture of jewelry. 
 The story of 400 of its citizens devoting themselves to 
 death by holding a narrow pass, to secure the escape of 
 the margrave George Frederick after the battle of Wimp- 
 fen, May 6, 1622, is now generally discredited. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 69,389. 
 
 Phact (fakt). [At.] The second-magnitude 
 star a Columbse. 
 
 Phteacia (fe-a'shi-a). [Gr. Qaiaida, from 4>aiai<ec, 
 <i>atr/iax, the inhabitants.] A mythical land repre- 
 sented in the Odyssey as visited by Odysseus 
 on his return from Troy to Ithaca: sometimes 
 identified with Coreyra. 
 
 Phaed (fa'ed), or Phecda (fek'da). [A i.fahad- 
 
 Pharaoh 
 
 al-dub, the thigh of the hear.] The second- 
 magnitude star y Urste Majoris. 
 
 Phsedo (fe'do), or Phsedon (fe'don). [Gr. <J>ai- 
 <5tw.] Born at Elis, Greece : lived in the first 
 part of the 4th century b. C. A Greek philoso- 
 pher, a disciple of Socrates. His name is given 
 to a celebrated dialogue of Plato, which purports to be the 
 last conversation of Socrates, with an account of his death. 
 
 The Phtedon, or last conversation and death of Socrates, 
 is certainly the most famous of all Plato’s writings, and 
 owes this renown not only to the infinite importance of the 
 subject — the immortality of the soul — but to the touch- 
 ing scenery and pathetic situation in which the dialogue 
 is laid. Socrates and his friends in the prison, the calm 
 cheerfulness of the victim, the distress of the friends, the 
 emotions even of the jailor — these pictures are only paral- 
 leled in literature by theone sacrifice which was greater and 
 more euduring than that of the noblest and purest pagan 
 teacher. Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., II, 186. 
 
 Phaedra (fe'dra). [Or. <J?aMpa.] In Greek legend, 
 the daughter of Minos and Pasiphae, sister of 
 Ariadne, and wife of Theseus, noted for her 
 love for her stepson Hippolytus. She was repulsed 
 by Hippolytus, and calumniated' him to Theseus, thus se- 
 curing his death. When his innocence became known, she 
 committed suicide. She was the subject of tragedies by 
 Euripides, Seneca, and Racine, and of a lost tragedy by 
 Sophocles. 
 
 Phaedrus (fe'drus). [Gr. 4>ai(5poc.] An Athenian, 
 a friend of Plato, from whom one of Plato’s most 
 famous dialogues was named. 
 
 There are few Platonic works more full of poetry, as 
 Socrates, by the shady banks of the Ilissus, and within view 
 of the theatre of Dionysus, soars into a mighty dithyramb 
 on the nature and effects of tiiat divine impulsewhich leads 
 us to long for immortality and to seek after perfection. 
 
 . . . There seems now to be a sort of general agree- 
 ment, even among the Germans, that it was an early work. 
 
 Mahaffy , Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., II. 189. 
 
 Phsedrus. Lived in the first half of the 1st cen- 
 tury a. D. A Roman fabulist, originally a 
 Macedonian slave. His fables, in verse, were 
 edited by Bentley, Orelli, Muller (1877), Her- 
 vieux (1884)., etc. 
 
 Phaer (fa'er), Thomas. Born in 1510 (?) : died 
 at Kilgerran, Pembrokeshire, Wales, 1560. An 
 English translator. He was advocate for the Marches 
 of Wales, and became a doctorof medicine at Oxford, where 
 he was educated. Iu 1558 he published his translation of 
 the “Seven First Books of the Eneidosof Virgil." He had 
 begun the tenth book when he died : nine hooks were pub- 
 lished in 1562. He also wrote on various subjects, includ- 
 ing law and medicine. 
 
 Phaethon (fa'e-thon). [Gr. 4>a>0uv, the shining 
 one.] In Greek mythology, a surname or the 
 name of the sun-god Helios; also, the son of 
 Helios and Prote. Thelatter obtained permission from 
 his father to drive his chariot (the sun) across the heavens, 
 but, being unable to check his horses, nearly set the earth 
 on fire, and was slain by Zeus with a thunderbolt. 
 
 Phaethon, or Loose Thoughts for Loose 
 Thinkers. A work by Charles Kingsley, pub- 
 lished in 1852. 
 
 Phalaris (fal'a-ris). [Gr. 4>d/.ap<c.\ A tyrant 
 of Agrigentum in Sicily from about 570 B. o. to 
 about 554 or 549 B. c., notorious for his cruelty 
 (notably his human sacrifices in a heated brazen 
 bull). The spuriousness of a number of epistles which 
 passed under his name was shown by Bentley. 
 
 Phalerum (fa-le'rum). [Gr. 4>dk?/poi'.] In an- 
 cient geography, a seaport of Attica, Greece, 
 south of Athens and east of Pirreus. 
 
 Phanagoria (fan- a -go ' ri -a). [Gr. 4>avayopia.} 
 In ancient geography, a Greek colony situated 
 on the island now called Taman, opposite the 
 Crimea. 
 
 Phanariots (fa-nar'i-ots). [From Turk. Fanar, 
 a quarter of Constantinople, so called from a 
 lighthouse (NGr. <pava.pi ) on the Golden Horn.] 
 The residents of the quarter of Fanar in Con- 
 stantinople ; hence, the members of a class ot 
 aristocratic Greeks, chiefly resident in the Fanar 
 quarter of Constantinople, who held important 
 official political positions under the Turks, and 
 furnished hospodars of Moldavia and W allaohia. 
 Also Fanariots. 
 
 Phaon (fa' on). A boatman of Mytilene, the 
 favorite of the poetess Sappho. According to the 
 legend, when old and ugly he carried the goddess Aphro- 
 dite across the sea and would accept no payment. For 
 this she rewarded him with youth and beauty. 
 
 Pliaramond (far'a-mond). Alegendarykingof 
 Fran ee, noted in the Arthurian cycle of romance. 
 He is said to have been the first king of France, 
 and his reign has been placed bet ween 420-428. 
 
 Pharamond (fa-ra-mdn'), ou l’Histoire de 
 France. A novel by La Calprenede, published 
 in 1661. 
 
 Pharaoh (fa'ro). [L. Pharao, Gr. $apad >. Heb. 
 Paroh, from Egypt. Pir-aa, Per-aa, great house. 
 See the quotation.] A title given to the Egyptian 
 kings. Among those mentioned by this name in the Old 
 Testament are a contemporary of Abraham ; the patron 
 and friend of Joseph ; the oppressor of the Hebrews (Ra- 
 
Pharaoh 
 
 meses II. ?) ; the Pharaoh who reigned at the time of the 
 Exodus (Menephthah?) ; Pharaoh Necho (see Necho ); and 
 Pharaoh-Hophra, known as Apries or Uophra. 
 
 Pharaoh appears on the monuments as pir-aa, ‘great 
 house,’ the palace in which the king lived being used to 
 denote the king himself, just as in our own time the “porte ’’ 
 or gate of the palace has become synonymous with the 
 Turkish Sultan. Sayce, Anc. Monuments, p. 69. 
 
 Pharisees (far'i-sez). [From Heb. parash, sep- 
 arate.] An ancient Jewish school, sect, or party 
 which was specially exact in its interpretation 
 and observance of the law, both canonical and 
 traditional. In doctrine the Pharisees held to the resur- 
 rection of the body, the existence of angels and spirits, the 
 providence and decrees of God, the canonicity and au- 
 thority of Scripture, and the authority of ecclesiastical tra- 
 dition ; politically they were intensely Jewish, though not 
 constituting a distinct political party ; morally they were 
 scrupulous in the observance of the ritual and regulations 
 of the law, both written and oral. The Pharisees antago- 
 nized John Hyrcanus I. (135-105 B. c.), and as religious 
 reformers bitterly opposed the corruptions which had en- 
 tered Judaism from the pagan religions. They were called 
 Separatists by their opponents. In support of the au- 
 thority of the law, and to provide for the many questions 
 which it did not directly answer, they adopted the theory 
 of an oral tradition given by God to Moses. 
 Pharnabazus (far-na-ba'zus). Lived about 400 
 b. o. A Persian satrap in Asia Minor. He was 
 allied with Sparta against Athens during the last part of 
 the Peloponnesian war, and aided the Athenians under 
 Conon against Sparta in 394 B. c. 
 
 Pharnaces (far'na-sez) I. King of Pontus about 
 190-160 b. c. He conquered Sinope in 183. 
 Pharnaces II. King of Bosporus, son of Mith- 
 ridates the Great of Pontus. On the suicide of 
 Mithridates in 63 B. C., he revolted and made himself 
 master of that part of his father’s dominions lying along 
 the Cimmerian Bosporus. He afterward invaded Pontu3, 
 but was defeated by Csesar at Zela in 47. He shortly after 
 feU in battle. 
 
 Pharos (fa'ros). [Gr. 4>« j oof.] An island op- 
 posite ancient Alexandria, on which Ptolemy I. 
 and Ptolemy II. Philadelphus erected the cel- 
 ebrated lighthouse Pharos, one of the seven 
 wonders of the world. See Alexandria. 
 Pharpar (far'par). In Bible geography, a river 
 of Damascus: the modern Awaj. 
 
 Pharsalia (fai’-sa'li-a). [Gr. 4>aptra7«z.] A dis- 
 trict of Thessaly, ancient Greece, containing 
 the city of Pharsalus (which see). 
 
 Pharsalia. An epic poem in ten books, by Lucan 
 (M. Annaeus Lucanus), on the civil war between 
 Pompey and Caesar. 
 
 The scheme (of the Pharsalia] is prosaic, the treatment 
 rhetorical, full of descriptions, speeches, and general re- 
 flections ; the style is artificially elevated ; the whole pro- 
 duction youthful and unripe, but indicative of genuine 
 power and lofty, generous motives. 
 
 Teuffel and Schivabe, Hist, of Rom. Bit. (tr. by Warr), n. 78, 
 
 Pharsalus (far-sa'lus). [Gr. $dpera/lof .] In an- 
 cient geography, a city in the district of Phar- 
 salia, Thessaly, Greece, 23 miles south of La- 
 rissa : the modern Fersala. It is celebrated for the 
 great battle fought near it, Aug. 9, 48 B. c., in which Csesar 
 with 22,000 legionaries and 1,000 cavalry totally defeated 
 Pompey and his army of 45,000 legionaries and 7,000 cavalry. 
 Phaselis (fa-se'lis). [Gr. <I>«oVaV.] In ancient 
 geography, a seaport of Lycia, Asia Minor, sit- 
 uated on the western shore of the Pamphylian 
 Gulf (the modern Gulf of Adalia). 
 
 Phasis (fa'sis). [Gr. <bamc . ] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a river in Colchis. See Rion. 
 
 Phazania (fa-za'ni-a). In ancient geography, 
 the modem Fezzan. 
 
 ‘Pholio Qnn T*hfphp 
 
 Phebo (fe'bo), Donzel del. The Knight of the 
 Sun, a famous character in the old Spanish 
 romances, reproduced in “ The Mirror of Knight- 
 hood.” 
 
 Ph&dre (fadr). A tragedy by Racine, produced 
 Jan. 1, 1677. It was founded on the story of Phsedra. 
 Within a week another play with the same name, by Pra- 
 don, was produced at the opposition theater. Owing to the 
 tricks of a cabal, the latter inferior play was a success, and 
 Racine’s masterpiece was nearly driven from the stage. 
 
 “ Phedre " . . . is unquestionably the most remarkable 
 of Racine’s regular tragedies. By it the style must stand 
 or fall, and a reader need hardly go farther to appreciate 
 it. . . . For excellence of construction, artful beauty of 
 verse, skilful use of the limited means of appeal at the 
 command of the dramatist, no play can surpass “ Phedre ” ; 
 and if it still is found wanting, as it undoubtedly is by the 
 vast majority of critics (including nowadays a powerful 
 minority even among Frenchmen themselves), the fault 
 lies rather in the style than in the author, or at least in 
 the author for adopting the style. 
 
 Saintsbury , French Lit., p. 303. 
 
 Pheidias. See Phidias. 
 
 Phelps (felps), Austin. Born at West Brook- 
 field, Mass., Jan. 7, 1820: died at Bar Harbor, 
 Maine, Oct. 13, 1890. An American Congrega- 
 tional clergyman and author, professor at An- 
 dover Theological Seminary from 1848. His works 
 include “New Birth " (1867), “Solitude of Christ" (1868), 
 “Theory of Preaching” (1881), “English Style in Public 
 Discourse” (1883), “My Study ” (1885), etc. 
 
 C.— 51 
 
 801 
 
 Phelps, Edward John. Born at Middlebury, 
 
 Vt., July 11, 1822 : died at New Haven, Conn., 
 March 9, 1900. An American jurist and diplo- 
 matist, son of Samuel Shethar Phelps. He be- 
 came professor of law at Yale in 1881, and was 
 United States minister to Great Britain 1885-89. 
 
 Phelps Ward, Elizabeth Stuart. See Ward. 
 Phelps, Samuel. Born at Devonport, Feb. 13, 
 1804: died near Epping, Essex, Nov. 6, 1878. 
 A noted English actor. He wentonthe stage in 1826, 
 playing in provincial theaters, but was not noticed until 
 Oct., 1836, when he appeared at Exeter with great success. 
 He made his first appearance on the London stage (Hay- 
 market) in 1837 ; and in 1844, in conj unction with Mrs. 
 Warner and Mr. Greenwood, he took Sadler'sWells Theatre, 
 playing there until 1862. He devoted himself to the 
 revival of Sliakspere and the older dramatists, and perso- 
 nated 30 of Shakspere’s characters, together with such 
 parts as Sir Pertinax Macsycophant, in which he was cele- 
 brated. 
 
 Phelps, Samuel Shethar. Born at Litchfield, 
 Conn., May 13, 1793: died at Middlebury, Vt., 
 March 25, 1855. An American jurist and poli- 
 tician. He was United States senator from 
 Vermont 1839-51 and 1853-54. 
 
 Phelps, William Walter. Born at New York, 
 Aug. 24, 1839 : died at Teaneck, Englewood, 
 N. J., June 17, 1894. An American politician. 
 He was a Republican member of Congress from New Jer- 
 sey 1873-75 ; was United States minister to Austria 1881- 
 1882; was a member of Congress from New Jersey 1883- 
 1889; and was minister to Germany 1889-93. 
 
 Phenicia, or Phoenicia (fe-nish'a). [l,.Phcenice, 
 Gr. <hoivkr/, land of palms.] The strip of land 
 extending from 33°to 36° N.lat. on the coast of 
 southern Syria, betweenMount Lebanon andthe 
 Mediterranean Sea. It was about 200 miles in length, 
 and its width did not exceed 35 miles at the maximum ; 
 area, about 4,000 square miles. But the rivers (fed by 
 the snows of Lebanon) which irrigated it, and the energy 
 and enterprise of its inhabitants, made this narrow tract 
 of land one of the most varied in its products, and gave it a 
 place in history out of proportion to its size. The princi- 
 pal rivers were the Leontes (the modern Litany), north of 
 Tyre an d the Orontes (the modern Nahr el- Asy) in the north. 
 The cedars of the mountains furnished building-material ; 
 the coast furnished sand for glass and the purple snail for 
 dyeing ; and the inland plains were covered with orchards, 
 gardens, and corn-fields. Though the coast-line was not 
 deeply indented, the skill of the inhabitants secured them 
 harbors. The ancient inhabitants of Phenicia, the Phoe- 
 nices of the classical writers (Pceni or Puni designating the 
 Carthaginians), are now considered by many scholars to 
 have been Semites of the Canaanite group, though in 
 Gen. x. 15 Sidon (Zidon), from whom the oldest city in the 
 country derived its name, is represented as a descendant 
 of Ham. They called themselves Canaanites, and their 
 country Canaan. According to classical writers they emi- 
 grated from the Erythrean Sea. This would favor the 
 assumption that the Phenicians were identical with the 
 Punti of the Egyptian monuments. The language of the 
 Phenicians was closely akin to Hebrew. They worshiped 
 as principal divinities Baal and Astarte, besides the seven 
 planets under the name of Cabiri (which see). Phenicia 
 never formed a single state under one head, but rather a 
 confederacy of cities. In the earliest period (1600-1100 
 B. 0.) Sidon stood at the head of Phenician cities ; about 1 100 
 Sidon lost the hegemony to Tyre ; in 761 Aradus was 
 founded in the northern extreme of thecountry; andfrom 
 these three cities Tripolis (the modern Tarablus) was set- 
 tled. South of Tripolis old Byblus was situated, while Bery- 
 tus (the modern Beirut) in thenorth did not become promi- 
 nent before the Roman period. To the territory of Tyre be- 
 longed Ake or Acca (the modern Acre), later called Ptol- 
 emais. Separated from the rest of Phenicia lay Joppa 
 (the modern Jaffa), on the coast of Palestine, which the 
 Maccabees united with Palestine. The constitution of 
 these Phenician townships was aristocratic, headed by a 
 king. The earliest king of Tyrementionedin the Old Tes- 
 tament was Hiram, a contemporary and friend of David 
 and Solomon. After Hiram six kings are supposed to have 
 ruled until Ethbaal or Ithobal, the father of Jezebel, wife 
 of Ahab. UnderEthhaal’sgrandson, Pygmalion, contentions 
 about the throne led to the emigration of his sister Elissa 
 (Dido in V ergil) and the foundation of Carthage, the mighty 
 rival of Rome. In the middle of the 9tli century B. c. 
 Phenicia shared the fate of Syria at large. After the bat- 
 tle of Karkar (853 B. c.) it became tributary to Assyria. It 
 made a strugglefor independence under Shalmaneser IV., 
 but was brought to submission by his successor, Sargon. 
 In 609 Phenicia came for a short time into the hands of 
 Necho II., king of Egypt. Tyre was besieged for 13 years 
 (585-572) by Nebuchadnezzar. Cyrus brought Phenicia 
 with the rest of the Babylonian possessions under Persian 
 supremacy. But, owing to their skill in navigation, the Phe- 
 nicians retained a sort of independence. In 351 Sidon 
 was destroyed by Artaxerxes III. The same fate befell Tyre 
 at the hands of Alexander the Great in 332. In 64 Phenicia 
 was annexed by Pompey to the Syrian province of the Ro- 
 man Empire. Less original and productive in the domain of 
 thought and higher culture, the Phenicians excel the other 
 members of the Semitic family in contributions to mate- 
 rial civilization, They were the merchants and manufac- 
 turers of antiquity. They were the most skilful ship- 
 builders and boldest navigators. All along the Mediter- 
 ranean, even beyond Gibraltar, they established colonies. 
 They sent colonies to Cyprus, Crete, and England, and it is 
 not improbable that they worked the tin-mines of Cornwall. 
 They even ventured to circumnavigate Africa. The prin- 
 cipal articles of their commerce were precious stones, 
 metals, glassware, costly textiles, and especially purple 
 robes. Their skill in architecture was exhibited in the 
 temple of Solomon. Their alphabetic writing became the 
 parent of all the alphabetic systems now in use. They also 
 transmitted a knowledge of mathematics and of weights 
 and measures to other nations. Of the Phenician literature 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 only a few fragments in Greek translation (by Sanchuni- 
 athon) have come down to us. Among the numerous Phe- 
 nician inscriptions the most important is that of the sar- 
 cophagus of the Sidonian king Eshmunazar (who reigned 
 in the 4th century B. c.), found in 1855, and now in Paris. 
 
 Phenix, or Phoenix (fe'niks). [Gr. $ofw£.] In 
 ancient Oriental mythology, a wonderful bird 
 of great beauty, which, after living 500 or 600 
 years in the Arabian wilderness, the only one 
 of its kind, built for itself a funeral pile of 
 spices and aromatic gums, lighted the pile with 
 the fanning of its wings, and was burned upon 
 it, but from its ashes revived in the freshness 
 of youth. Hence the Phenix often serves as an emblem 
 of immortality. Allusions to this myth are found in the 
 hieroglyphic writings, and the fable survives in popular 
 forms in Arabia, Persia, and India. By heralds the Phe- 
 nix is always represented in the midst of flames. 
 
 Pherse (fe're). [Gr. 4‘rpo/.] In ancient ge- 
 ography, a city in Thessaly, Greece, 25 miles 
 southeast of Larissa. It was important in the first 
 half of the 4th century B. C., under the tyrant Jason and 
 his family. 
 
 Pherecydes (fer-e-si'dez) of Syros. Born in 
 the island of Syros: lived in the 6th century 
 B. C. A Greek philosopher, sometimes reckoned 
 among the seven wise men. Fragments of his 
 work on cosmogony and tkeogony are extant. 
 
 Pherkad (fer'kad). [Ar. al-ferqad, the calf.] 
 The name of the third-magnitude star y Urs® 
 Minoris. The Arabs called the two stars 6 and y al- 
 ferqadein the two calves, but 0 is usually called Kochab. 
 
 Phi Beta Kappa Society. [From the Greek 
 letters <j>, (3, and k, the initials of the words which 
 form the motto of the society.] A literary so- 
 ciety (nominally secret), established in several 
 American colleges, to which students of high 
 scholarship are admitted. It was founded at 
 William and Mary College, Virginia, in 1776. 
 
 Phidias (fid'i-as). [Gr. 3>ea)iar.] Born, prob- 
 ably at Athens, about 500 b. C. : died about 430 
 B. c. A celebrated Greek sculptor, the son of 
 Charmides. He studied wit h Hegias of Athens, and later 
 with Ageladas of Argos, who may nave come to Athens in 
 the time of Cimon. He became later, under Pericles, a 
 counselor in political affairs at Athens, as well as chief 
 sculptor, and was a sort of supervisor of public works. 
 Among his first works were the temple of Theseus, not 
 definitely identified with the existing building, and a 
 group of thirteen figures at Delphi, ordered by Cimon, son 
 of Miltiades, to commemorate the victory at Marathon, in 
 which Miltiades was represented among gods and heroes. 
 To this early period are ascribed also the Athene at Pel- 
 lene, the Athene Areia at Platsea, and the Athene Proma- 
 chos, or bronze colossus, on the Acropolis. This figure 
 was probably more than 30 feet high, and could be seen for a 
 great distance. The pedesta' was discovered in 1845. The 
 statue of Olympian Zeus at Elis, his greatest work, de- 
 scribed by Pausanias, is supposed tohavebeen about42feet 
 high, seated and holding a Nike (Victory) in his hand. The 
 flesh was of ivory and the drapery of gold, with inlaid or 
 inscribed decoration. The throne itself, which rose above 
 the head of the statue, was elaborately carved and deco- 
 rated to the very top. Both throne and statue were sur- 
 rounded with statues and paintings. By 444 B. c. Phidias 
 must have been in Athens, and intimately associated with 
 Pericles in his transformation of the city. All the great 
 monuments of Athens, including the Parthenon, were 
 erected at this time, within a period not longer than 20 
 years. The work of Phidias culminated in the Athene 
 Parthenos, a chryselephantine (gold and ivory) statue of 
 Athene in the cella of the Parthenon. It was finished and 
 consecrated in 438. The figure was about 38 feet high, 
 standing, and held a Nike in her right hand. The Varva- 
 keion Athene in Athens (discovered in 1881) represents the 
 statue, but inadequately. The enormous expense of these 
 works, which was paid with money exacted from the allies 
 of Athens, brought both Pericles and Phidias into disre- 
 pute. According to Plutarch, Phidias was accused of ap- 
 propriating the gold devoted to the statue to his own use. 
 The gold was removed, weighed, and found to be intact. 
 He was then accused of sacrilege in representing Pericles 
 and himself on the shield of the goddess. On this accu- 
 sation he was condemned, thrown into prison, and died 
 there, possibly of poison. This story, however, is doubt- 
 ful. The actual style of Phidias is best represented in the 
 well-known fragments of the frieze of the Parthenon, which 
 easily hold the supreme place among all existing works of 
 sculpture. Among the independent statues of Phidias 
 was an Amazon at Ephesus which took the second prize in 
 competition with Polycletus. This is supposed to be 
 represented by the Amazon Mattei of the Vatican. 
 
 Phigalia (fi-ga'li-a or fig-a-li'a). [Gr. <biyaXia.~\ 
 In ancient geography, a town in Arcadia, 
 Greece, situated in lat. 37° 24' N., long. 21° 
 52' E. Near it was Bass® (which see). 
 
 Philadelphia (fil-a-del'fi-a). [Gr. 'inA.ai'iehpua, 
 city of Philadelphus.] In ancient geography: 
 (a) A city of Lydia, Asia Minor, 78 miles east of 
 Smyrna. It contained one of the seven churches 
 of Asia addressed in Revelation. (&) The chief 
 town of the Ammonites, east of the Jordan, 50 
 miles east of Jerusalem: earlier called Rabbak 
 or Rabboth-Ammon. 
 
 Philadelphia (fil-a-del'fi-a). [See City of Bro- 
 therly Love.'] A city forming a county in Penn- 
 sylvania, situated on the Delaware and Schuyl- 
 kill, in lat. 39° 57' N., long. 75° 9' W. it is the 
 largest city in the State, and the third city in population 
 and second in manufactures in the country. It is called 
 
Philadelphia 
 
 "the City of Brotherly Love.” The streets are generally 
 at right angles. The more Important buildings and ob- 
 jects of interest are Independence Hall (or Old State 
 House), Carpenter’s Hall, Christ Church, Girard College, 
 the United States mint and custom-house, the post-office, 
 the municipal buildings, and Fairmount Park. The lead- 
 ing manufactures are those of iron and steel machinery, 
 cotton, wool, silk, carpets, bricks, sugar-refining, etc. The 
 city was formerly the chief commercial city of the coun- 
 try : it is the terminus of steamship lines to Liverpool, 
 Glasgow, and American ports, and the center for the Penn- 
 sylvania, Reading, and Lehigh Valley railroads. It was 
 formerly the chief literary center of the country, and pre- 
 vious to 1830 the first city in population. It is the seat of 
 the American Philosophical Society, Pennsylvania His- 
 torical Society, University of Pennsylvania, and Academy 
 of Natural Sciences. It was laid out in 1682 under a 
 patent granted to William Penn ; was the residence of 
 Benjamin Franklin; was the meeting-place of the Conti- 
 nental Congress in 1774 and generally afterward (the Dec- 
 laration of Independence being adopted there July 4, 1776, 
 and the Articles of Confederation in 1778) ; was the meet- 
 ing-place of the Constitutional Convention in 1787 ; and 
 was the capital of the country from 1790 to 1800, and the 
 capital of Pennsylvania until 1799. It was ravaged by yel- 
 low fever in 1793. The first national bank was established 
 here in 1791, and the second bank in 1816. There was an 
 anti-Romanist riot in 1844. The territory of the city was 
 greatly enlarged by the annexation of Germantown, 
 Frankford, Manayunk, etc., in 1854. The Centennial Ex- 
 position of 1876 was held in the city. Pop., 1,549,008, (1910). 
 
 Philae (fi'le). [Gr. $>iAai..] An island in the Nile, 
 Upper Egypt, situated near the first cataract, in 
 lat. 24° N. It is noted for its remains of ancient tem- 
 ples. The temple of Isis, founded by Ptolemy Philadel- 
 phus and Arsinoe (286 B. €.), is preceded by a great double 
 pylon, 120 feet wide and 60 high, behind which lies the 
 Great Court, which has a colonnade on its east side, and a 
 complete small temple, almost Greek in plan, on the west. 
 A second pylon, of smaller size, opens on a hypostyle hall 
 with huge columns and brilliantly colored decoration. 
 Isis and Osiris were worshiped here as late as 453 a. d., 
 and the temples were not closed until the reign of Jus- 
 tiniau (527-565). The Kiosk, or Pharaoh’s Bed, so called, 
 is a beautiful small temple of late date. From October to 
 July the island is almost totally submerged by the rising 
 of the Nile caused by the Assuan dam. 
 
 Philaminte (fel-a-mant'). The wife of Chrysale 
 in Moliere’s “Les femmes savantes.” She is 
 infatuated with the talents of Trissotin. 
 
 Philander (fi-lan'der). [Gr. <j>iXav6poc, loving 
 men.] A name often given to lovers in old 
 plays and romances, as in Ariosto’s “Orlando 
 Furioso” and Beaumont and Fletcher’s “ Laws 
 of Candy.” 
 
 Philario (fi-la'ri-o). In Shakspere’s “ Cymbe- 
 line,” an Italian gentleman, friend to Posthu- 
 mus. 
 
 Philaster (fi-las'ter), or Love lies Bleeding. 
 
 A play by Beaumont and Fletcher, produced 
 about 1610, published in 1620. It was very success- 
 ful. In 1695 an unsuccessful version was produced by El- 
 kanah Settle. In 1714 another, called *‘ Restauration, or 
 Right will Take Place,” was published by the Duke of 
 Buckingham. In 1764 another version was produced by 
 Colman the elder. 
 
 Philbrick (fil'brik), John Dudley. Born at 
 Deerfield, N. H., May 28, 1818 : died at Dan- 
 vers, Mass., Feb. 2, 1886. An American edu- 
 cator, founder of the “Quincy system” of pub- 
 lic instruction. 
 
 Philemon (ft-le'mon). [Gr. <hill/puv.] In Greek 
 legend, a Phrygian who with his wife Baucis 
 offered hospitality to Zeus and Hermes. See 
 Baucis. 
 
 Philemon. Born about 360 b. c. : died 262. A 
 Greek poet of the New Attic Comedy. Frag- 
 ments of his works have survived. 
 
 Philemon, Epistle of Paul to. One of the books 
 of the New Testament, a letter written by Paul 
 during his first captivity at Rome. 
 
 Philidor. See Danican. 
 
 Philinte (fi-lant'). In Moliere’s comedy “Le 
 misanthrope,” the friend of Alceste. He is an 
 easy-going man who bears quietly with the faults of others 
 only from the necessity of living among them, and who 
 from his easy idea of the utter impossibility of making 
 them better forms a happy contrast to Alceste. 
 
 Philip (fil'ip), the Apostle. [L. Philippus, from 
 Gr. <i‘u.nT7voc, fond of horses ; It. Filippo , Sp. 
 Felipe, Pg. Filippe, F. Philippe.'] Lived in the 
 1st century. One of the twelve apostles, some- 
 times confounded with Philip the Evangelist. 
 Nothing is known concerning him after the ascension, 
 though he is the subject of various legends. 
 
 Philip, surnamed “The Evangelist.” Lived in 
 the 1st century. A deacon and preacher in the 
 early Christian church. He is noted as the agent in 
 the professed conversion of Simon the sorcerer, and for 
 his conversation with the Ethiopian eunuch. 
 
 Philip II. Born 382 B. O. : assassinated at 2E gse, 
 Macedonia, Aug., 336 B. C. King of Macedon, 
 son of Amyntas II., and father of Alexander the 
 Great . He lived some years at Thebes as a hostage ; suc- 
 ceeded his brother Perdiccas in 359 ; defeated the Illyrians 
 and Paeonians in 358; captured Amphipolis in 358, and 
 Potidseain356 ; founded Philippi in 356; captured Methone 
 about 353 ; subdued nearly all Thessaly in 35‘2 ; took Olyn- 
 thus in 347 ; took part in the Sacred War against the Pho- 
 cians, after whose overthrow in 346 he was elected to 
 
 802 
 
 their place in the Amphictyonic Council ; made peace with 
 Athens in 346 ; besieged unsuccessfully Perinthusand By- 
 zantium 340-339 ; took command in the Holy War against 
 theLocrians in 339 ; totally defeated the combined Athenian 
 and Theban army at Chaeronea in 338; subdued the Pelo- 
 ponnesus ; and in 337 was chosen commander of the Greek 
 forces against Persia. 
 
 Philip III. Arrhidseus. Murdered 317 b. c. 
 King of Macedon, illegitimate son of Philip II. : 
 proclaimed king in 323. 
 
 Philip IV. King of Macedon, son of Cassander. 
 He reigned for a few months about 297 b. c. 
 
 Philip V. Born 237 b. c. : died 179 b. c. King of 
 Macedon, son of Demetrius II. He reigned 220 - 179 . 
 He was at war with the JEtolian League 220-217 ; was allied 
 with Carthage and at war with Rome (later also with the 
 zEtolian League, etc.) 214-205 ; began the second war 
 against Rome in 200 ; was defeated by Flamininus at C’y- 
 noscephahe in 197 ; and was forced to renounce the he- 
 gemony in Greece in 196. 
 
 Philip I. Born about 1053 : died 1108. King 
 of France 1060-1108, son of Henry I. 
 
 Philip II. Augustus. Born Aug. 21, 1165 : died 
 at Mantes, France, July 14,1223. King of France, 
 son of Louis VII. whom he succeeded in 1180 : 
 one of the chief consolidators of the French 
 monarchy. He banished the Jews ; engaged in the third 
 Crusade with Richard the Lion-Hearted in 1190 ; withdrew 
 from it in 1191 and waged war with Richard; conquered 
 (1202-05) Normandy, Anjou, Maine, Poitou, and Touraine 
 from England ; and gained the victory of Bouvines in 1214. 
 The crusade against the Albigenses occurred in his reign. 
 
 Philip III., surnamed “The Bold” (F. “Le Har- 
 di”). Born 1245: diedat Perpignan, France, 1285. 
 King of France, son of Louis IX. whom he suc- 
 ceeded in 1270. He inherited in 1271 the county 
 of Toulouse, which was added to the crown- 
 lands. 
 
 Philip IV., surnamed “The Fair” (F. “Le 
 Bel”). Born at Fontainebleau, France, 1268: 
 died Nov. 29, 1314. King of France 1285-1314, 
 Son of Philip III. He married in 1284 Joanna, heiress 
 of Navarre, whereby he united that kingdom with France. 
 In 1292 or 1293 he summoned Edward I. of England, as the 
 holder of French fiefs, to his court to answer for depreda- 
 tions committed by Edward’s subjects on the Norman 
 coast. Edward senthis brother, the Earl of Lancaster, who 
 surrendered Guienne to Philip as security for a satisfac- 
 tory settlement. Philip thereupon declared Edward's 
 fiefs forfeited on account of his non-appearance. War 
 broke out in consequence in 1294 ; peace was restored in 
 1299, Guienne being restored to Edward. In 1296 he be- 
 came involved in a quarrel with Pope Boniface VIII., as 
 the growing expenditures occasioned by the centralization 
 of the government led him to tax ecclesiastical property. 
 The quarrel culminated in 1303 in the seizure of the Pope, 
 who, although released by the Roman populace, died shortly 
 after. Boniface’s successor, Benedict XI., dying in 1304, 
 Philip procured the election of a Frenchman, Clement V., 
 who removed the papal residence to Avignon. In 1302 
 Philip’s army was defeated by the revolted Flemings at 
 Courtrai, and he was forced to recognize their indepen- 
 dence in 1305. He suppressed the order of the Templars, 
 whose lands he confiscated. 
 
 Philip V.,“ The Tall.” Bora 1293 (?) : died 1322. 
 King of France 1316-22, second son of Philip 
 IV. He succeeded his brother Louis X. 
 
 Philip VI. Bora 1293: died Aug., 1350. King 
 of France 1328-50, son of Charles of Valois (the 
 brother of Philip IV.): the first king of the 
 house of Valois. In liis reign began the Hundred Years’ 
 War with England (1338). He was defeated by Edward III. 
 at Cr^cy in 1346, lost Calais in 1347, and acquired Dauphino 
 in 1349. 
 
 Philip I., surnamed “The Handsome.” Born at 
 Bruges, 1478 : died in Spain, Sept. 25, 1506. 
 King of Castile, son of the emperor Maximilian 
 I, and Mary of Burgundy, and grandson of 
 Charles the Bold. He became sovereign of the Nether- 
 lands in 1482 ; married Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and 
 Isabella, in 1496 ; and became king of Castile in 1504. He 
 was the father of the emperors Charles V. and Ferdinand I. 
 
 Philip II. Born at Valladolid, Spain, May 21, 
 1527 : died at the Escorial, Spain, Sept. 13, 1598. 
 King of Spain 1556-98, son of the emperor 
 Charles V. and Isabella of Portugal. He was in- 
 vested by his father with the duchy of Milan in 1540, with 
 the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily in 1554, and with the 
 lordship of the Netherlands in 1555, and succeeded to the 
 throne of Spain and its dependencies on the abdication of 
 his father in 1556. Throughout his reign the chief objects 
 of his policy were to restore the Roman Catholic religion 
 in the Protestant countries of Europe, and to introduce a 
 uniform and despotic form of government throughout his 
 diversified dominions. I 11 1559 he concluded with France 
 the favorable peace of Cateau-Cambrdsis, which ended 
 a war inherited from the previous reign. His political 
 and religious oppression provoked in 1567 a revolt of the 
 Netherlands, which resulted in the virtual independence 
 of the seven northern provinces by the Union of Utrecht 
 in 1579. His half-brother Don John of Austria gained the 
 brilliant naval victory of Lepanto over the Turks, Oct. 7, 
 1571. In 1580 he annexed Portugal, the inheritance of 
 which he claimed in right of his mother. In 1585 he 
 formed an alliance with the Holy League against the Hu- 
 guenots in France, but was unable in the end to prevent 
 file accession of Henry IV. In 1588 he sent an unsuccess- 
 ful expedition (see Armada, The Invincible ) against Eng- 
 land, which, among other causes of offense, was giving as- 
 sistance to the Dutch insurgents, ne was four times mar- 
 ried, his first wife being Maria, daughter of John III. of 
 Portugal, whom he married in 1543, and who died in 1545 ; 
 
 Philippi 
 
 his second, Mary, queen of England, whom he married in 
 1554, and who died in 1558 ; his third, Elizabeth, daughter 
 of Henry II. of France, married in 1659, who died in 1568 ; 
 and his fourth, Anne, daughter of the emperor Maximilian 
 II., married in 1570, who died in 1680. See Carlos, Von. 
 
 Philip II. A tragedy by Alfieri, which was 
 printed in 1783. It was founded on the Abbe 
 de Saint -Real’s story of Don Carlos. 
 
 Philip III. Bora at Madrid, 1578 : died at Ma- 
 drid, 1621. King of Spain, son of Philip II. and 
 Anne of Austria. He reigned 1598-1621. The 
 Moriseos were expelled from Spain in 1609. 
 
 Philip IV. Bom at Valladolid, Spain, 1605: 
 died 1665. King of Spain, son of Philip III. : 
 reigned 1621-65. The Spanish power declined through 
 wars with the Netherlands and France, and the loss of 
 Portugal in 1640. 
 
 Philip IV. 1. An equestrian portrait by Ve- 
 lasquez, in the Royal Museum at Madrid. ‘The 
 king, in corseletand plumed hat, holding his baton of com- 
 mand, sits on a prancing charger. This is held to be Ve- 
 lasquez's finest portrait. 
 
 2. A portrait by Velasquez, in the Louvre, Paris. 
 
 Philip V. Born at Versailles, France, Dec. 19, 
 1683: clied at Madrid, July 9, 1746. King of 
 Spain, grandson of Louis XIV. of France, and 
 second son of the dauphin : called Duke of An- 
 jou until his succession to the Spanish throne 
 in 1700 (by the will of Charles II. ). His accession 
 caused the War of the Spanish Succession. He lost Gi- 
 braltar in 1704, and by the peace of Utrecht was obliged 
 to cede the Spanish Netherlands, the Milanese, Sardinia, 
 and Naples to Austria. He abdicated in favor of his son 
 Louis in 1724, but on the death of the latter in the same 
 year resumed the government. He was, during the latter 
 part of his reign, completely under the ascendancy of his 
 second wife, Elizabeth Farnese of Parma. 
 
 Philip (Marcus Julius Philippus), “The Ara- 
 bian.” Roman emperor 244-249. He celebrated 
 
 the thousandth anniversary of the founding of Rome by a 
 splendid exhibition of the secular games in 248. 
 
 Philip, surnamed “The Bold” (F. “ Le Hardi”). 
 Bom Jan. 15, 1342 : died April 27, 1404. Duke 
 of Burgundy, younger son of John the Good of 
 France. He obtained the duchy of Burgundy in 1368. 
 He was regent for many years in the reign of Charles VI. 
 
 Philip, surnamed “The Good” (F. “Le Bon”). 
 Born at Dijon, France, 1396 : died at Bruges. 
 1467. Duke of Burgundy, son of John the Fear- 
 less, whom he succeeded in 1419. As regent of 
 France he signed the treaty of Troyes in 1420 ; was allied 
 with England against Charles VII. until 1435; and acquired 
 Holland and other territories. 
 
 Philip, surnamed “The Magnanimous.” Born 
 Nov. 13, 1504 : died March 31, 1567. Landgrave 
 of Hesse 1509-67. He introduced the Reformation 
 into Hesse in 1526; and was one of the founders of the 
 Smalkaldic League 1530-31. He was imprisoned by Charles 
 V. 1547-52. 
 
 Philip, Duke of Swabia. Born about 1177 : mur- 
 dered at Bamberg, Germany, by Otto von Wit- 
 telsbach, June 21, 1208. Youngest son of Fred- 
 erick Barbarossa. He was elected king of Germany in 
 1198, but his rival Otto IV. was chosen emperor. A ten 
 years’ war with Otto ended in Philip’s death. 
 
 Philip, King (originally Metacomet). Killed at 
 Mount Hope, Rhode Island, Aug. 12, 1676. An 
 Indian chief, the son of Massasoit. He became 
 chief of the Wampanoag or Pokanoket Indians in 1662 ; 
 gave his name to King Philip’s war against the New Eng- 
 land colonists, whicli commenced at Swansea, June, 1675 ; 
 prosecuted the war 1675-76; and was killed by a party 
 under command of Benjamin Church. 
 
 Philip, Herod. See Herod Philip. 
 
 Philip, John Woodward. Born at Kinder- 
 hook, N. Y., Aug. 26, 1840: died at Brooklyn, 
 N. Y. , June 30, 1900. An American naval officer. 
 He was graduated at the U. S. Naval Academy in 1856 ; and 
 was promoted commander in 1874, captain in 1889, commo- 
 dore Aug. 10, 1898, and rear-admiral inlS99. He commanded 
 the Texas in the battle off Santiago, July 3; was temporary 
 commander of the North Atlantic squadron ; and on Jan. 
 16, 1899, took command of the navy-yard. New York. 
 
 Philip Augustus. See Philip II. of France. 
 
 Philiphaugh (fil'ip-hach). A place about 2miles 
 west of Selkirk, Scotland. Here, Sept. 13, 1645, the 
 Parliamentary troops under Leslie totally defeated the 
 Royalist Highlanders under Montrose. 
 
 Philippa (fi-lip'a). [L., fern, of Philippus.] Born 
 about 1312: died 1369. Queen of Edward III. 
 of England. She was the daughter of William, count 
 of Holland and Hainault, and married Edward in 1328. 
 
 Philippe Egalite, Duke of Orleans. See Orleans. 
 
 Philippeville (fe-lep-vel'). A seaport in the 
 province of Constantine, Algeria, situated on 
 the Gulf of Stora 38 miles north-northeast of 
 Constantine. It was founded by the French in 1838 on 
 the site of the ancient Roman station Rusicada, and is an 
 important commercial port for the trade of eastern Algeria 
 and eastern Sahara. Population, about 16,500; commune, 
 about 26,000. 
 
 Philippeville. Asmalltown and former fortress 
 in the province of Namur, Belgium, 23 miles 
 southwest of Namur. It was taken by the Prus- 
 sians from the French in 1815. 
 
 Philippi (fi-lip'i). [Gr. FiAitttoi.] In ancient 
 
Philippi 
 
 geography, a city of Macedonia, situated73 miles 
 east-northeast of Saloniki. it was named from 
 Philip IT. of Macedon, and is famous for the two battles in 
 
 42 B. c. in which Octavius and Mark Antony defeated the 
 republicans under Brutus and Cassius. A Christian 
 church was founded here by Paul, who addressed to the 
 church the Epistle to the Philjppians. 
 
 Philippi. The capital of Barbour County, West 
 Virginia, situated on Tygart’s Valley River, 80 
 miles south-southeast of Wheeling. ' The Con- 
 federateswere routed here by thePederais June 
 3, 1861. Population, 1,038, (1910). 
 Philippians (fi-lip'i-anz), Epistle to the. A 
 letter addressed by the apostle Paul to the 
 church in Philippi. He alludes in it to the close per- 
 sonal relations existing between himself and the members 
 of that church, encourages them to remain in unity, and 
 warns them against various dangers. It was probably 
 written at Rome shortly before his release in 63. 
 Philippics (fi-lip'iks), The. A group of nine ora- 
 tions of Demosthenes, directed against Philip of 
 Macedon. “The real adversary in all these famous 
 speeches is not so much the King of Macedon as the sloth 
 and supineness of the Athenians, and the influence of the 
 peace party, whether honest or bribed by Philip.” (Ma- 
 haffy.) They are the first Philippic, urging the sending of 
 a military force to Thrace, delivered 351 is. c. ; three orations 
 in behalf of the city of Olynthus (destroyed by Philip), 
 delivered in 349-348 ; the oration “On the Peace, ” 346 ; 
 the second Philippic, 344; the oration “On theEmbassy,” 
 343; the speech “On the Chersonese,” 341; and the third 
 Philippic, 341. The name is also given to a series of four- 
 teen orations of Cicero against Mark Antony, delivered 44- 
 
 43 B.C. 
 
 Philippicus (fi-lip'i-bus), or PMlepicus (fi-lep'- 
 i-kus) (originally Bardanes). Byzantine em- 
 ★peror 711-713. 
 
 Philippine (fil'ip-in) Islands, or Philippines, 
 Sp. Islas Filipinas (es'las fe-le-pe'nas). 
 [Named after Philip II. of Spain.] An archi- 
 pelago lying between the China Sea on the west 
 and the Pacific Ocean on the east. Capital, 
 Manila. It is situated to the east of Aunam and north- 
 east of Borneo, and is separated from Celebes on the south 
 by the Celebes Sea. The principal islands are Luzon, Cama- 
 rines, Mindoro, Samar, Leyte, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, 
 Mindanao, Palawan, and the Sulu Islands. The surface is 
 hilly or mountainous ; highest peak, 10,280 feet. The chief 
 products are tobacco, hemp, coffee, sugar, cocoa, and rice. 
 The group was ceded by Spain to the United States by the 
 treaty of Paris, Dec. 10, 1898. The inhabitants are mostly 
 different Malay tribes (Tagals, Visayas, etc.); there are also 
 Chinese, Negritos, and mixed races. The dominant religion 
 is Roman Catholic. The islands were discovered in 1521 by 
 Magalhaes, who was killed there. Settlement was com- 
 menced in 1565. A native insurrection against Spanish 
 rule broke out in 1896, was quelled by Jan., 1S98, but again 
 broke out under the leadership of Aguiualdo, after the 
 battle of Manila, in May, 1898. In Feb , 1899, the insur- 
 gents turned their arms against the United States. Area, 
 127,853 square miles. Population, 7,635,426. 
 
 Philippopolis(fil-ip-op , p-lis),Turk. Filibe (fe'- 
 le-be), or Felibe. [Gr. $i?i.nnr6Tro'Ai<;, city of 
 Philip.] The capital of Eastern Rumelia, Bul- 
 garia, situated on the Maritza in lat. 42° 10' N., 
 long. 24° 45' E. It is a trading center, and has con- 
 siderable manufactures. It is an ancient city, named after 
 Philip II. of Macedon. It was occupied by the Russians 
 in 1878. A revolution broke out there in 1885, resulting in 
 the union of Eastern Rumelia with Bulgaria. Population, 
 45,707. 
 
 Philippoteaux (fe-le-po-to'), Henri Emman- 
 uel Felix. Born at Paris, 1815: died there, 
 Nov. 8, 1884. A French historical and battle 
 painter. He painted the cyelorama “The De- 
 fense of Paris.” 
 
 Philippoteaux, Paul. Born at Paris, 1846. A 
 French painter of cycloramas, son of H. E. F. 
 Philippoteaux. Among his cycloramas are “Battle 
 of Gettysburg " (1883), “Plevna, "and “Falls of Niagara." 
 Philipps (fil'ips), Georg. Bom at Konigsberg, 
 Prussia, Jan. 6, 1804: died at Vienna, Sept. 6, 
 1872. A German jurist and Roman Catholic 
 historian, professor at Munich 1833-47, at Inns- 
 bruck 1849-51, and at Vienna 1851-72. His chief 
 work on canon law is “Kirchenrecht” (1845-72). 
 Philippsburg (fil'ips-borG). A small town in 
 the circle of Karlsruhe, Baden, situated at the 
 junction of the Salzbach with the Rhine, 16 miles 
 north of Karlsruhe. It has been often taken, nota- 
 bly by the Imperialists in 1676 and by the French in 1688, 
 1734, and 1799. 
 
 Philippus (Roman emperor). See Philip. 
 Philips (fil'ips), Ambrose. Born 1675 (?) : died 
 1749. An English writer. He was of a Leicester- 
 shire family, and was educated at Cambridge (St. John’s 
 College), where he wrote his “ Pastorals,” which appeared 
 in the sixth volume of Tonson’s “ Miscellanies : 1709 ” (the 
 same volume in which Pope’s “ Pastorals ” appeared). 
 He sided with Addison in his quarrel with Pope, went to 
 Ireland as secretary to Archbishop Boulter, and was mem- 
 ber of Parliament for the borough of Armagh, Ireland. 
 His nickname “ Namhy Pamhy ” was conferred on him by 
 Henry Carey, and adopted by Pope who considered it suited 
 to his “ eminence in the infantile style. ’’ Doran says, how- 
 ever, that ho ranked with the wits at Button’s Coffee House, 
 and had no reason to fear the ridicule of men like Carey. 
 He is best known by his play “The Distrest Mother," an 
 adaptation of Racine’s “ Andromaque” (1712). Among his 
 
 803 
 
 other plays are “The Briton ” (1722), “Humfrey, Duke of 
 Gloucester" (1723), etc. 
 
 Philips, or Phillips (fil'ips), John. Born at 
 Bampton, Oxfordshire, 1676: died 1708. An 
 English writer. He was educated at Winchester and 
 at Oxford (Christ Church). “The Splendid Shilling,” a 
 burlesque of Milton’s “Paradise Lost," appeared in 1705 . 
 In 1705 he published “Blenheim,” also in imitation of 
 Milton, and on Jan. 24, 1707-08, “Cyder,” his most ambi- 
 tious work, in imitation of Vergil’s “Georgies.” 
 
 Philips, Mrs. (Katharine Fowler). Bom at 
 London, Jan.1,1631: died June 22, 1664. AnEcg- 
 lish letter-writer and poet. She was known as « the 
 matchless Orinda,” because of the signature “Orinda” 
 adopted by her in a correspondence with Sir Charles Cot- 
 terel, who used the name of “ Poliarchus." She also used 
 the name as her usual signature. She translated “ Horace ” 
 (in part) and “ Pompoe,” two of Corneille’s plays, which, 
 with a number of poems, were published in 1667. 
 
 In her seventeenth year she married a Royalist gen- 
 tleman of Wales, Mr. James Philips, of Cardigan Priory. 
 
 . . . She seems to have adopted the melodious pseudonym 
 by which she has become known to posterity in 1( 51. 
 
 Gosse, Hours in a Library. 
 
 Philip van Artevelde. See Artevelde. 
 Philisides (fi-lis'i-dez). In Sir Philip Sidney’s 
 “Arcadia,” a shepherd whose name is formed 
 from Sidney’s own. In the volume of Spenser’s poems 
 published in 1596 is a collection of laments for Sidney, 
 among which is a “ Pastoral iEglogue upon the Death of 
 Sir Philip Sidney, etc., ”in which each shepherd begins his 
 lament with the words “ Philisides is dead.” It has been 
 attributed to Sir Edward Dyer. 
 
 Philistia (fi-lis'ti-a). In ancient geography, a 
 country southwest of Palestine, lying along the 
 Mediterranean. The five principal cities were 
 Ascalon, Ashdod, Gaza, Gath, and Ekron. 
 Philistines (fi-lis'tinz). A nation of Semitic (?) 
 origin, dwelling in Philistia. They were frequently 
 at war with the Hebrews, and reached their highest power 
 in the reigns of Saul and David. 
 
 Caphtor was the original home of the Philistines, as we 
 learu from several passages of the Bible (Deut. ii. 23, Jer. 
 xlvii. 4, Amos ix. 7). In Genesis the reference to them 
 has been shifted from its original place : it should fol- 
 low the name of the Caphtorim and not of the Casluhim. 
 The Philistines, in fact, were the garrison established by 
 the Egyptian kings on the southern border of Palestine. 
 The five cities which they held commanded the coast road 
 from Egypt to Syria (Exod. xiii. 17), and formed the start- 
 ing-point of Egyptian conquest and domination in Asia. 
 It was needful that they should he inhabited by a popula- 
 tion which, though akin in race to that of Canaan, were 
 yet subjects of the Egyptian Pharaoh and bound by ties of 
 birth to the Pharaoh’s land. They came indeed from Ca- 
 naan, but nevertheless were not of Canaan. As long as 
 Egypt was strong their devotion to her was unshaken : 
 when she deserted them and retreated within the limits 
 of her own territory they still preserved their individual- 
 ity and refused to mix with the population that surrounded 
 them. Sayce, Races of the O. T., p. 53. 
 
 Phillip (fil'ip), John. Born at Aberdeen, April 
 19, 1817 : died at London, Feb. 27, 1867. A Scot- 
 tish painter. “The Letter-Writer of Seville "was com- 
 missioned by Queen Victoria in 1854. He was made asso- 
 ciate royal academician in 1857, and royal academician in 
 1859. He was especially devoted to Spain and Spanish 
 subjects. 
 
 Phillips (fil'ips), Adelaide. Born at Stratford- 
 on-Avon, England, 1833: died at Karlsbad, Oct. 
 3,1882. An American singer. Her voice was a con- 
 tralto. She made her ddbut Sept. 25, 1843, at the Boston 
 Museum, as Little Pickle. She appeared at Barnum s Mu- 
 seum, New York, as a juvenile danseuse, and was an- 
 nounced as “the Child of Avon." She appeared in Phila- 
 delphia in 1846, at the Walnut Street Theater, as Rosa in 
 “John of Paris.” In 1850, on Jenny Lind’s advice, she 
 went to London and studied with Garcia. In 1854 she ap- 
 peared in opera at Milan, and in 1856 at New Ycrk in “II 
 Trovatore.” She appeared in Paris later in the same part, 
 under the assumed name of “Mile. Filippe.” After this 
 sh& sang in almost all the principal cities of the world, but 
 was particularly admired in America. Her last appear- 
 ance was in 1881. Her sister Mathilde was also a contralto 
 singer. 
 
 Phillips (fil'ips), John. Born at Andover, Mass., 
 Dec. 6, 1719: died at Exeter, N. II., April 21, 
 1795. An American merchant, founder of Phillips 
 Academy in Exeter, and one of the founders of 
 Phillips Academy in Andover. 
 
 Phillips, John. Born at Marden, Wiltshire, 
 Dec. 25, 1800: died at Oxford, April 24, 1874. 
 An English geologist. In 1834 he became professor 
 of geology at King's College, London ; and in 1840 entered 
 the staff of the geological survey of Great Britain. He 
 published “Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire” 
 (1829-36), “Treatise on Geology” (1837-39), etc. 
 
 Phillips, Samuel. Bom at North Andover, 
 Mass., Feb. 7, 1751: died Feb. 10, 1802. An 
 American politician, judge, and merchant, 
 nephew of John Phillips (1719—95) : the princi- 
 pal founder of Phillips Academy in Andover. 
 Phillips, Samuel. Born Dec. 28, 1814: died at 
 Brighton, Oct. 14, 1854. An English writer, 
 son of a Jewish tradesman in Regent street, 
 London, lie was educated at University College, Lon- 
 don, and at Gottingen, and resided at Sydney Sussex Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, for a term with a view of taking orders. 
 His first novel, “CalebStukely,” appeared in “Blackwood's 
 Magazine ” (1841). In 1845 and 1846 he was political editor 
 of the “Morning Herald,” and was literary critic to the 
 “ Times ” 1845-54. “ Essays from the Times” were published 
 
 Philoctetes 
 
 in 1851, and in 1854 in Murray’s “Reading for the Rail.” 
 He was one of the originators of the Crystal Palace Com- 
 pany, and in 1853-54 was its literary director. 
 
 Phillips, Stephen. Born at Somerton, near 
 Oxford, July 28, 1868. An English poet and 
 playwright. He was on the stage 1886-92. 
 He has written “ Poems ” (1897), “Paolo and Francesca ” 
 (1899), “Herod” (1900), “Ulysses” (1902), “The Sin of 
 David” (1904), “Nero” (1906), “The Last Heir" (1908), 
 “ The New Inferno ” (1910), “ Pietro of Siena ” (1910), “ The 
 King ” (1912), etc. He is editor of “ The Poetry Review. ” 
 Phillips, Thomas. Born at Dudley, Warwick- 
 shire, Oct. 18, 1770: died at London, April 20, 
 1845. An English painter. Heleamedglass-painting 
 at Birmingham, and was employed on the window of St. 
 George’s Chapel at Windsor. He went to London in 1790 ; 
 exhibited inl792 ; and was made associat e royal academician 
 in 1804, and royal academician in 1808. In 1825 he succeeded 
 Fuseli as professor of painting at the Royal Academy ; re- 
 signed in 1832; and published his lectures on “ The History 
 and Principles of Painting” in 1833. He was successful as 
 a portrait-painter. 
 
 Phillips, ‘Wendell. Born at Boston, Nov. 29, 
 1811 : died at Boston, Feb. 2, 1884. A noted 
 American orator and abolitionist. He was edu- 
 cated at Harvard ; was admitted to the bar in 1834 ; was the 
 leading orator of the abolitionists 1837-61 ; and was presi- 
 dent of the Anti-Slavery Society 1865-70. He was also a 
 prominent advocate of woman suffrage, penal and labor 
 reform, etc. In 1870 he was the candidate of the labor re- 
 formers and prohibitionists for governor of Massachusetts. 
 His speeches were published in 1863. 
 
 Phillips, William. Born May, 1775: died 1828. 
 An English mineralogist and geologist. He pub- 
 lished “ Outlines of Mineralogy and Geology ’’ (1815); “In- 
 troduction to the Knowledge of Mineralogy ” (1816) ; and, 
 conjointly with W. D. Conybeare, “ Outlines of the Geology 
 of England and Wales ” (1822), etc. 
 
 Phillips Academy. 1 . A preparatory school 
 for hoys, situated at Andover, Massachusetts : 
 founded by John and Samuel Phillips iu 1778. 
 — 2. A preparatory school for boys, situated at 
 Exeter, NewHampshire : founded by John Phil- 
 lips in 1781. 
 
 Phillipsburg(fil'ips-berg). A town in Warren 
 County, New Jersey, situated on the Delaware, 
 opposite Easton, 55 miles west of Newark. Pop- 
 ulation, 13,903, (1910). 
 
 Phillis. See Phyllis, 2. 
 
 Philo, or Philo Judaeus (fi'lo jo-de'us) (‘the 
 Jew’). [Gr. tpi/Mv.] Born, probably at. Alex- 
 andria, about 20 b. c. : died after 40 a. d. A 
 Hellenistic Jewish philosopher of Alexandria.. 
 He went to Rome about 40 A. D., at the head of an embassy 
 of five Jews, to plead with Caligula for the uninterrupted 
 exercise of their religion. 
 
 The object of Philo ... is to harmonize the philoso- 
 phy of religion, which he had derived from a study of Plato, 
 Aristotle, and other eminentheathen writers, with the let- 
 ter of the books attributed to Moses. And he effects this 
 reconciliation by an unlimited licence of allegory. This 
 mode of dealing with ancient writers is justified not only 
 by the practice of the Pharisees in Palestine, as we infer 
 from the example of St. Paul, but also by the licence of the 
 Greeks in dealing with their own mythology in general, 
 and with Homer in particular. 
 
 K. O. Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 175. 
 
 [ (Donaldson.) 
 
 PhiloMblon (fi-lo-bib'lon). Atreatise on books 
 by Richard Aungerville (often called Richard 
 of Bury) bishop of Durham and chancellor of 
 Edward III. It was finished in 1345; was printed at 
 Cologne in 1473 ; and has been reprinted at Paris in 1500, 
 and at Oxford in 1599 (the same as the 5th Paris edition). 
 John Ingiis translated it into English in 1832. In 1856 it 
 was collated by M. Hippolyte Cocherisand translated into 
 French. In 1861 an American edition was published at 
 Albany by Samuel Hand ; and the Grolier Club in New 
 York printed the Latin text with a new translation by 
 Andrew F. West (1889). 
 
 Philo Byblius (bib'li-us) (‘of Byblus’). Lived 
 about 100 A. D. A grammarian from Byblus in 
 Phenicia. See the extract. 
 
 Philo, a native of Byblos, at the foot of Mount Lebanon, 
 obtained a considerable reputation as a h arried gramma- 
 rian at the end of the first and at the beginning of the 
 second century of our sera. He was born, it seems, in the 
 reign of Nero, and lived long enough to write about Ha- 
 drian. It is probable that he was established at Rome, 
 as aclientof Herennius Severus, who obtaiued theconsul- 
 ship, probably as consul sui/ectus, about the year 124 A. D. ; 
 for Philo bore the name of Herennius, and is apparently 
 confused with this noble Roman by Suidas or one of his 
 authorities. Besides works on history, rhetoric, and local 
 celebrities, he engaged in labours not unlike thoseof Mane- 
 tho and Berosus, and made known to the literary world in 
 general the contents of tile historical books of his own 
 nation. Eusebius, in the epochal work 'in which he 
 endeavours to show that all the heathen nations borrowed 
 their traditional learning from the Jews, gives an account 
 of the ancient mythology of the Pluenicians, on the au- 
 thority of a translation in nine books by Philo of Byblos 
 from the Phoenician history of Sanchoniatlioti of Berytus, 
 who was placed in the time of Semiramis and before the 
 Trojan war. 
 
 K. 0. Muller , Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 255. 
 
 [(Donaldson.) 
 
 Philoctetes (fil-ok-te'tez). [Gr. L/OKrr/i-i/r.] In 
 Greek legend, a Greek warrior in the Trojan 
 war, famous as an archer. He was the friend and 
 armor-bearer of Hercules, and set fire to the fuucral pile 
 
Philoctetes 
 
 Of that hero. He was wounded either by a serpent or ac- 
 cidentally by one of the poisoned arrows given him by Her- 
 cules, and was left to die on Lemnos. The legends about 
 him vary. He was made the subject of a play by Sopho- 
 
 Philolaus (fil-o-la'us). [Gr. Lived 
 
 in the 5th century B. C. A Greek philosopher, 
 one of the chief of the Pythagoreans. Frag- 
 ments of his works are extant. 
 
 Philomela (fil-o-me'la). [Gr. iuAoyyXa.] In 
 Greek legend, the daughter of Pandion, sister 
 of Procne, and sister-in-law of Tereus. She 
 was metamorphosed into a nightingale or a 
 swallow. See Procne. 
 
 Philomela. A novel by Robert Greene, pub- 
 lished in 1592. 
 
 The most beautiful, however, and best known of Greene's 
 productions is his “Philomela” otherwise called “Lady 
 Fitzwater’s Nightingale, "in honour of the Lady Fitzwater 
 to whom it is addressed ; “being penned,” as the author 
 says in the dedication, “ to approve women’s chastity." 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, II. 557. 
 
 Philopatris (fi-lop'a-tris), or the Taught. A 
 
 dialogue designed to discredit Christianity, at- 
 tributed to Lucian, but probably by another 
 hand. 
 
 Philopoemen (fil-o-pe'men). [Gr. 4Ao-o///?/i>.] 
 Born at Megalopolis, Arcadia, Greece, about 
 252 b. c. : put to death at Messene, 183 B. c. A 
 general of the Achasan League, called ‘ ‘ the Last 
 of the Greeks.” He was distinguished at the battle of 
 Sellasia 222 or 221 ; was several times general (first in 208) ; 
 defeated the Spartans at Mantinea about 207 ; and defeated 
 Nabis, tyrant of Sparta, in 192. 
 
 Philosopher of Ferney, The. Voltaire: ho re- 
 sided many years at Ferney, near Geneva. 
 Philosopher of Malmesbury, The. Thomas 
 Hobbes : he was born at Malmesbury, England. 
 Philosopher of Sans Souci, The. Frederick 
 the Great: so named by himself. 
 
 Philosopher of Wimbledon, The. HorneTooke. 
 Philosophical Club. See Royal Society Club. 
 PhilostorgiU3 (fil-o-stor'ji-us). Born in Cap- 
 padocia about 364: died after 425. A Greek 
 ecclesiastical historian. 
 
 Philostrate (fil'os-trat). A character in “A 
 Midsummer Night’s Dream,” by Shakspere: 
 Theseus’s master of the revels. 
 
 Philostratus (fi-los'tra-tus), surnamed “The 
 Elder.” [Gr. 4u/.6arparor.] Born probably in 
 Lemnos : lived in the first part of the 3d cen- 
 tury A. D. A Greek sophist and rhetorician. 
 He wrote the life of Apollonius of Tyana, “Eikones" 
 (“Likenesses”), “Heroica," “Lives of the Sophists.” 
 Philostratus, surnamed “The Younger.” Lived 
 in the 3d century. A Greek sophist. 
 Philoxenus (fi-lok'se-nus). [Gr. <hM£n >of.] 
 Lived at the beginning of the 6th century. A 
 Monophysite leader of the Eastern Church. He 
 authorized the “Philoxenian” (Syrian) version 
 of the Bible. 
 
 Philtre (fel'tr), Le. [F., ‘The Philter.’] An 
 opera by Auber, words by Scribe, produced at 
 Paris in 1831. It is the same in subject as Donizetti’s 
 “L’Elisire d’Amore,” and was very popular. 
 
 Phinehas (fin'e-has). In Old Testament history, 
 a high priest of Israel, son of Eleazar and 
 grandson of Aaron. 
 
 Phipps (fips), Constantine Henry, Marquis of 
 Normanby. Born May 15, 1797 : died at Lon- 
 don, July 28, 1863. An English statesman and 
 writer, son of the first Earl of Mulgrave. He 
 was educated at Cambridge (Trinity College), and entered 
 Parliament for Scarborough at the age of twenty one. He 
 published his first novel, “Matilda," in 1825, and in 1828 
 “Yes and No.” He succeeded his father as Earl Mul- 
 grave; wasmadecaptain-generalandgovernorof Jamaica 
 in 1832 ; was made lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1835 ; was 
 created marquis of Normanby in 1838 ; and was colonial 
 secretary and home secretary, successively, in Lord Mel- 
 bourne's administration. From 1846 to 1852 he was am- 
 bassador at Paris, and 1854-58 minister at Florence. 
 
 Phipps, Constantine John, Baron Mulgrave. 
 Born in England, 1744: died at Li&ge, Oct. 10, 
 1792. An arctic explorer. He was post-captain of 
 the British navy in 1765, and in 1773 commanded an expe- 
 dition in search of the northwest passage, which was 
 stopped by ice in lat. 80” 48' N. He wrote “A Voyage to- 
 ward the North Pole ” (1774). 
 
 Phipps (fips), Sir William. Born in Maine, 
 Feb. 2, 1Q51 : died at London, Feb. 18, 1695. 
 Governor of Massachusetts 1692-94. He captured 
 
 Port Royal in 1690, and in the same year commanded an 
 unsuccessful expedition against Quebec. 
 
 Phiz (fiz). See Browne, Hablot Knight. 
 Phlegethon (fiej'e-thon). [Gr. <hiryeduv, the 
 flaming.] In Greek mythology, a river of fire 
 in the lower world, which flows into Acheron. 
 Phlegraean Plain (fleg-re'an plan). The vol- 
 canic district lying west of Naples, near the 
 coast. 
 
 Phliasia (fli-a'shi-a). [Gr. Qfoaoia , the terri- 
 tory of Phlius.] In ancient geography, a small 
 
 S04 
 
 district in the Peloponnesus, Greece, northwest 
 of Argolis, northeast of Arcadia, and south of 
 Sicyonia. 
 
 Phlius (fll'us). [Gr. 4vUoi>f.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a city in Phliasia, Peloponnesus, Greece, 
 14 miles west-southwest of Corinth. It was 
 usually allied with Sparta. 
 
 Phobos (fo'bos). [Gr. 0d/3of, fear : in mythol- 
 ogy personified as the son of Ares and brother 
 of Deimos.] The inner of the two satellites 
 of the planet Mars, discovered by Asaph Hall at 
 Washington, in Aug., 1877. This extraordinary body 
 revolves in the plane of the equator of Mars, at a distance 
 of only about 3,700 miles from the surface of the planet. At 
 the equinoxes it is in eclipse about one fifth of the time ; 
 at the solstices it does not suffer eclipse. It revolves about 
 its primary in 7h. 39m. 14s. ; and, as Mars revolves on its 
 axis in over 24 hours, the satellite must appear to an ob- 
 server on Mars to rise in the west and set in the east. At 
 a station on the equator of Mars (where the satellite always 
 passes through the zenith), it will, out of its llh. 6m. 23s. 
 of period, pass only 3h. 20m. above the horizon. 
 Phocaea ( f o-se ' a) . [Gr. $utcaia. ] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a city in Ionia, Asia Minor, situated on 
 the JEgean Sea 28 miles noi’thwest of Smyrna. 
 The inhabitants emigrated in large numbers after an at- 
 tack by the forces of Cyrus the Great in the 6th century 
 B. C. It was the mother-city of Marseilles. 
 
 Phocaea (fo-se'a). An asteroid (No. 25) discov- 
 ered by Chacornac at Marseilles, April 7, 1853. 
 Phocion (fo'shi-on). [Gr. <Pukiuv.] Born about 
 402 B. c. : put to death 317 b. C. A celebrated 
 Athenian statesman and general. He commanded 
 the left wing of the Athenian fleet in the sea-fight, with 
 the Spartans off Naxos in 376, and in 339 commanded a 
 force which successfully opposed Philip of Macedon at 
 Byzantium. He afterward became the leader of the aris- 
 tocratic party, and advocated the policy of peace with 
 Macedon in opposition to Demosthenes. He was put to 
 death by the democratic party on a false charge of treason. 
 Phocis (fo'sis). [Gr. 4>cjK(f.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a territory in central Greece, it was bound- 
 ed by Locris on the north, Boeotia on the east, the Corin- 
 thian Gulf on the south, and Doris and Locris on the west. 
 The surface is generally mountainous. It contains Mount 
 Parnassus, and was especially important from its chief 
 place, Delphi. It took part in the Sacred War 357-346 B. C. , 
 and was defeated by Philip of Macedon. It is comprised 
 in the modern nomarchies of Phocis and Boeotia. 
 Phocis. A nomarchy of modern Greece. 
 Area, 788 square miles. Population, about 
 62,300. 
 
 Phocylides (fo-sil'i-dez). [Gr. QunvMSry;.'] Born 
 in Ionia about 560 b. c. A Greek epic and ele- 
 giac poet. Nothing is known of his life. 
 Phoebe (fe'be). [Gr. 4>o![ly: see Phoebus .] In 
 classical mythology, a Titaness, daughter of 
 Uranus and Gaea ; also, a surname of Diana (Ar- 
 temis) as goddess of the moon. 
 
 Phoebe. 1. A shepherdess in Shakspere’s “As 
 you Like it”: an Arcadian coquette. — 2. A 
 character in Hawthorne’s story “The House of 
 the Seven Gables”: a cheerful, contented New 
 England girl, contrasting with the morbidness 
 of most of the other characters in the story. 
 Phoebus (fe'bus). [Gr. 4’of/Lr, the shining one.] 
 An epithet of Apollo. 
 
 Phoenicia. See Phenicia. 
 
 Phoenix (fe'niks). [Gr. 4>omf.] 1. In Greek 
 
 legend: (a) A brother (or father) ofEuropa: re- 
 puted ancestor of the Phenicians. ( b ) Son of 
 Amyntor and Hippodamia. He was intrusted by 
 Peleus with the education of Achilles, whom he attended 
 during the Trojan war. 
 
 2. See Phcnix. 
 
 Phoenix. The capital of Arizona, a city in Mari- 
 copa County. Population, 11,134, (1910). 
 Phoenix, John. The pseudonym of George 
 Horatio Derby. 
 
 Phoenix, The. An old London theater in St. 
 GileS-in-the-Fields. It was altered from a cockpit, 
 and was sometimes called by that name. In 1583 it was 
 one of the chief places of amusement : it was destroyed in 
 1649. 
 
 Phoenix, The. A comedy by Thomas Middleton, 
 printed in 1607. It is founded on a Spanish novel, “The 
 Force of Love.” Prince Phoenix traverses his future king- 
 dom in disguise like Harun-al-Rashid. 
 
 Phoenix and Turtle, The. A poem by Shak- 
 spere, first published in an appendix to a book 
 called “Love’s Martyr,” by Robert Chester, in 
 1601. 
 
 Phoenix Nest, The. A collection of poems 
 published in 1593, edited by “ B. S. of the Inner 
 Temple, gentleman.” 
 
 Phoenix Park. A pleasure-resort in Dublin, 
 about 1760 acres in extent . Thereon May 6. 1882, oc- 
 curred the assassination of Lord Frederick Cavendish, chief 
 secretaryforlrelaiuLandThoniasH. Burke, undersecretary. 
 
 Phoenixville (fe'niks-vil). A borough in the 
 township of Schuylkill, Chester County, Penn- 
 sylvania, situated at the junction of French 
 Creek with the Schuylkill, 23 miles northwest 
 of Philadelphia. It has important manufactures, 
 
 Phut 
 
 the Phumix Iron Works being the chief. Pop- 
 ulation, 10,743, (1910). 
 
 Phokis. See Phocis. 
 
 Phorbas (for'bas). [Gr. 4‘op;iac . ] In Greek le- 
 gend, son of Lapithes. He freed the Rhodians from 
 a plague df serpents, and was honored by them as a hero. 
 He was placed in the heavens as the constellation Ophiu- 
 chus(‘the Serpent-holder’). According to another legend 
 he was a famous boxer, but having challenged the gods to 
 contend with him was slain by Apollo. 
 
 Phorcyads (for'si-adz), or Phorcids (for'sidz), 
 The. [Gr. fyopnh 5ef.] See the extract. 
 
 Three daughters of Phorkys (Darkness) and Keto (The 
 Abyss). Their names were Deino, Pephredo, and Enyo : 
 Hesiod, in his Theogony, gives only the two last. They 
 were also called the Graiae. They were said to have iu 
 common but one eye and one tooth, which they used alter- 
 nately, and to dweU at the uttermost end of the earth, 
 where neither sun nor moon beheld them. They represent, 
 the climax of all which Greek imagination has created of 
 horrible and repulsive. Taylor, Notes to Faust. 
 
 [Goethe transforms Mephistopheles into a Phorcyad In 
 the second part of Faust.] 
 
 Phormio (for'mi-o). A comedy by Terence : 
 so called from the name of one of its characters. 
 Phosphorists (fos'fo-rists). In Swedish literary 
 history, a poetic school, of romantic tendency, 
 in the first part of the 19th century : so named 
 from their organ “Phosphoros.” The leading 
 writer of the school was Atterbom. 
 Phosphorus (fos'fo-rus). [Gr. buciptipoc, light- 
 bringer.] In Greek mythology, the morning 
 star, a son of Astraeus and Eos ; the name of the 
 planet Venus when seen in the early dawn. See 
 Hesperus. 
 
 Phosphorus. In Arthurian legend, a name given 
 to Sir Persaunt of India. Tennyson, in “Gareth 
 and Lynette,” calls him “Morning Star.” 
 Photius (fo'shi-us). Died 892 (891 ?). A cele- 
 brated Byzantine prelate and scholar. He held the 
 lay offices of captain of the body-guard and chief secretary to 
 the emperors Michael III., Basilius the Macedonian, and 
 Leo the philosopher ; was raised to the patriarchal dignity 
 in 857 in place of Ignatius, and held the office for ten years, 
 when he was deposed. Restored in 877, he remained iu 
 office till 886, when he was again deposed. He died in 
 banishment. His chief works are “Myriobiblion,” a col- 
 lection of extracts from and abridgments of 280 volumes 
 of classical authors, the originals of which are now in 
 large part lost; and “ Amphilochia,” a collection of ques- 
 tions and answers on difficult points in Scripture. 
 Phrygia (frij'i-a). [Gr. <1 ?pvyla.] In ancient 
 geography, a country in Asia Minor, of varying 
 boundaries. In the Persian period it comprised Lesser 
 Phrygia on the Hellespont, and Great Phrygia in the in- 
 terior, bounded by Bithynia and Paphlagonia on the north, 
 the Halys on the east, the Taurus on the south, and Mysia 
 Lydia, and Caria on the west. Later the Galatians settled 
 in the northeast portion. The inhabitants (Phrygians) are 
 of undetermined origin. The country was overrun by the 
 Cimmerians in the 7th century B. c., and was ruled later 
 by Lydia, Persia, Macedon, and Rome. 
 
 Phryne (fri'ne). [Gr .<Ppvvy.] Lived iu the middle 
 of the 4th century B. c. A celebrated Athenian 
 hetaira. She is supposed to have been the model of the 
 picture “Aphrodite Anadyomene” by Apelles, and of the 
 statue of the Cnidian Aphrodite by Praxiteles. According 
 to the legend, she was defended, on a capital charge, by 
 her lover Hyperides; and when he failed to move the 
 judges by his oratory, he bade her uncover her bosom, 
 and thus secured her acquittal. 
 
 Phryne before the Areopagus. A painting 
 by G6rome (1861). 
 
 Pkrynichus (frin'i-kus). [Gr. <Ipm^o?.] Flour- 
 ished 500 B. C. An Attic poet, one of the 
 founders of Greek tragedy. 
 
 Phrynichus of Athens (512-476) still used only one actor, 
 but improved the organisation of the chorus, sometimes 
 subdividing it into smaller bands, one of which might 
 represent a group of maidens, another a group of elders, or 
 the like. One of his choral performances represented the 
 “Capture of Miletus, ’’the chief town of Ionia, in the last 
 year of the Ionian revolt (494 B. c ). The Athenians were 
 so moved, Herodotus says, that they fined the poet, who 
 had set before them the sufferings of their kinsmen, “for 
 reminding them of their own misfortunes.” In his “ Phoe- 
 riissie ”(476 b. C.) Phrynichus celebrated the deeds of Athens 
 in the Persian wars : one group of the chorus represented 
 Phoenician women who had been sent to the Persian 
 court, while another group represented Persian elders. 
 
 Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 72. 
 
 Phthia (thi'a). [Gr. 4>0«?.] A region of ancient 
 Greece, mentioned by Homer, whence Phthio- 
 tis is named. 
 
 Phthiotis (thi-6' tis). [Gr. <l>&or(f.] In ancient 
 geography, a district iu the southern part of 
 Thessaly, Greece, north of the Maliac Gulf. 
 Area of modern nomarchy, 1703 square miles. 
 Phurud (fu-rod'). [Ar. al-furud, "the isolated 
 or solitary.] The third-magnitude star f Canis 
 Majoris, in the left hind paw of the animal. 
 Phut (fot). See the extract. 
 
 The name which follows that of Mizraim in Genesis is 
 still enveloped in mystery. Since the days of Josephus it 
 has been the fashion to identify Phut with the Libyans: 
 but this cannot be correct, since the Lehabim or Libyans 
 are included among the sons of Mizraim. A broken frag- 
 ment of the annals of Nebuchadnezzar has at last shed a 
 little light on the question. We there read that the Baby- 
 
Phut 
 
 Ionian king in the 37th year of his reign marched against 
 Egypt, and defeated the army of Amasis, the Egyptian 
 monarch, as well as the soldiers of the city of Phut-Yavan 
 or ‘Phut of the Ionians.' We know that Amasis was a 
 Philhellene: he had granted special privileges to the 
 Greeks, had surrounded himself with a Greek body-guard, 
 and had removed the camp of the Greek mercenaries from 
 the neighbourhood of Pelusium to that of Memphis. In 
 “the city of Phut-Y&van, " therefore, we must see some city 
 to which the Greek mercenaries were considered in a spe- 
 cial manner to belong. It may have been the Greek colony 
 of Kyrenb, from whence Amasis had obtained a wife. 
 
 Sayce, Races of the 0. T., p. 54. 
 
 Phyllis (fil'is). [Gr.<i>r//.(V.] 1. In Greek legend, 
 the betrothed wife of Demophon. Because he 
 failed to keep his promise to come and marry her on a 
 certain day, she hung herself, and was metamorphosed 
 into an almond-tree. 
 
 2. In pastoral poetry, a conventional name for 
 a maiden. Also spelled Phillis. 
 
 Physical Force Party. A name sometimes 
 given to the Young Ireland party, after O’Con- 
 nell’s repudiation of the use of force about 1843. 
 Physick (fiz'ik), Philip Syng. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, July 7, 1768: died at Philadelphia, Dec. 
 15, 1837. An American surgeon and physician : 
 sometimes called “the Father of American Sur- 
 gery.” 
 
 Physiologus (fiz-i-ol'o-gus). A bestiary, or col- 
 lection of allegorical fables on animals. These 
 were widely read in the middle ages. The word was some- 
 times used as if it were the name of the author. 
 
 A Physiologus ascribed to Epiphanius was published by 
 Ponce de Leon at Rome in 1587. In the Western Church 
 there is reference to a Latin Physiologus, ascribed to St. 
 Ambrose, which was condemned as apocryphal and hereti- 
 cal by Pope Gelasius II. in a council of the year 496. There 
 are several Latin manuscripts of such works, but none 
 earlier than the eighth century. They are to he found also 
 in Old High German prose of the eleventh century, and in 
 the Old French of Philippe de Thaun at the beginning of 
 the twelfth century. Another is of thethirteenth century, 
 “Le Bestiaire Divin ” of Guillaume, Clerc de Normandie. 
 Another is “ Le Bestiaire d’Amour ” of Richard de Fourni- 
 val. Traditions taken from the Bestiaries found their 
 way also into the “Speculum Naturale" of Vincent of 
 Beauvais. Our Old English Bestiary contains few Norman 
 words in its vocabulary ; and Dr. Morris believes that it 
 may have been written by the author of the poems of 
 “Genesis" and “Exodus.” 
 
 Morley, English Writers, III. 334. 
 
 Piacenza (pe-a-chen'za). A province in the 
 compartimento of Emilia, Italy, nearly corre- 
 sponding to the former duchy of Piacenza. (See 
 Parma. Duchy of.) Area, 954 square miles. 
 Population, 248,909. 
 
 Piacenza, F. Plaisance (pla-zons'). The cap- 
 ital of the province of Piacenza, Italy, situated 
 on the Po, near its junction with the Trebbia, 
 in lat. 45° 3' N., long. 9° 40' E. : the ancient 
 Placentia. Its noted buildings are the Church of San 
 Sisto, the cathedral (consecrated in 1133), and the Palazzo 
 Communale. It received a Roman colony 219 B. c. ; was 
 nearly destroyed by the Gauls 200 b. c. ; was the meet- 
 ing-place of church councils in 1095 and 1132 ; and came 
 under the Farnese and united with Parma in 1545. The Im- 
 perialists under Lichtenstein defeated the united French 
 and Spanish troops here June 16, 1746. Population, com- 
 mune, 36,064. 
 
 Piacenza, Duke of. See Lebrun, Charles Fran- 
 cois. 
 
 Piacevole Notte. See Straparola. 
 
 Piaggia t pe-ad'ja), Carlo. Born at Lucca, Italy, 
 1830 : died in Sennaar, 1882. An African trav- 
 eler and collector. He went young to Egypt ; learned 
 the Sudan languages in Khartum (1856) ; was with Anti- 
 nori in Bahr-el-Ghazal (1860) ; was in Abyssinia and Gal- 
 laland 1871-76; and went with Gessi to the lakes of the 
 Nile in 1876. He was the first European among the Nyam- 
 Nyara. His ethnologic collections were secured by the 
 Berlin Museum of Ethnology. 
 
 Piankhi (pe-an'ki). An Ethiopian king (about 
 766-733 B. o.), conqueror of Egypt. Hiseampaign 
 against Middle and Lower Egypt is described in an in- 
 scription found at Mount Barkal on “a block of granite 
 covered with writing on all sides up to the very edges ” 
 ( Brugsch ). 
 
 Piankishaw (pi-an'ke-sha). A tribe of North 
 American Indians, closely connected with the 
 Miami, which formerly occupied both banks of 
 the Wabash River from its mouth to Vermilion 
 River and weut to the watershed between the 
 Wabash and the Illinois. They finally were absorbed 
 by the Illinois, and are now in Oklahoma, where they are 
 known under the name Peoria. Also Piankaahaw. See 
 Algonquian. 
 
 Piapocos. See Papiocos. 
 
 Piar (pe-ar'), Manuel Carlos. Born in the isl- 
 and of Cura?ao, 1782: died at Angostura, Oct. 
 16, 1817. A Venezuelan general in the war for 
 independence. He repeatedly defeated the Spaniards 
 1816-17, but eventually conspired against Bolivar, and was 
 tried by court martial, and shot. 
 
 Piaroas (pe-ii-ro'as). An Indian tribe of Ven- 
 ezuela, on the upper Orinoco, near the junc- 
 tion of the Guaviare. They are described as a gen- 
 tle and timid race of agriculturists and fishermen who 
 have had little intercourse with the whites ; they preserve 
 the bones of their relatives for a year, then burn them and 
 
 805 
 
 swallow the ashes mixed with water. The Piaroa lan- 
 guage, as now known, has not been classified. Jilij classed 
 it with the Saliva, which, in turn, he made a branch of the 
 Carib. 
 
 Piast (pvast). The reputed founder of the first 
 Polish dynasty (about the middle of the 9th 
 century). 
 
 Piasts (pyastz). The first dynasty of Polish 
 rulers. It ended in Poland with the death of Casimir III. 
 in 1370, but continued sonje centuries longer in Mazoviaand 
 Silesia. 
 
 Piatigorsk. See Pyatigorsk. 
 
 Piatra (pe-a'tra). A town in Moldavia, Ruma- 
 nia, situated on the Bistritza 64 miles west- 
 southwest of Jassy. Population, 17,384. 
 
 Piatt (pi'at), Donn. Born at Cincinnati, June 
 29, 1819: died at Cleveland, Ohio, Nov. 12, 1891. 
 An American journalist. He was in 1851 appointed 
 judge of the Court of Common Pleas in Hamilton County, 
 Obio, and later secretary of legation at Paris ; he served on 
 General Schenck's staff during part of the Civil War. He 
 founded the Washington “Capital, "a strongly Democratic 
 paper, and edited it for two years. He wrote “Memoirs 
 of the Men who Saved the Union" (1887), and “The Lone 
 Grave of the Shenandoah ” (1888). 
 
 Piatt, John James. Born at Milton, Dearborn 
 County, Indiana, March 1, 1835. An American 
 poet and journalist. In 1871 he was made librarian 
 of the House of Representatives ; was United States consul 
 at Cork (Queenstown), Ireland, 1882-94. He wrote, con- 
 jointly with W. D. Howells, “Poems of Two Friends” 
 (I860), and with li is wife, ‘ ‘ The Nests at W ashington ” (1861). 
 He published also “Poems in Sunshine and Firelight” 
 (1866), “Western Windows, and Other Poems ” (1869), 
 “Landmarks, etc.” (1871), “Poems of House and Home" 
 (1878), “The Children Out of Doors, etc." (with his wife, 
 1884), “ At the Holy Well, etc.” (1887), etc. 
 
 Piatt, Mrs. (Sarah Morgan Bryan). Born at 
 Lexington, Ky., 1836. An American poet, 
 wife of J. J. Piatt. She has published “A Woman's 
 Poems” (1871), “Voyage to the Fortunate Isles, etc.” 
 (1871), “ Dramatic Persons and Moods ” (1879), “ An Irish 
 Garland” (1884), “ Child's -World Ballads” (1887), “The 
 Witch in the Glass, etc.” (1888), etc. 
 
 Piauhy, or Piauhl (pe-ou-e'). 1. A river in 
 
 the state of Piauhy, Brazil, which joins the 
 Caninde about lat. 6° 30' S. Length, about 350 
 miles. — 2. A state of Brazil, lying southeast of 
 Maranhao and northwest of Pernambuco and 
 Bahia. Area, 116,523 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 334,328. 
 
 Piave (pe-a've). A river of Venetia, Italy, which 
 joins the Adriatic 20 miles east-northeast of 
 Venice: the ancient Plavis. Length, about 130 
 miles. 
 
 Piazza (pi-az'ii), The. An arcade occupying 
 the north and east sides of Covent Garden Mar- 
 ket in London. 
 
 It was first called “the Portico Walk,” but . . . has long 
 borne the quaint name of Piazza, an open corridor like 
 those which line the streets of Italian towns. 
 
 Hare, London, I. 20. 
 
 Piazza della Signoria (pe-at'sa, del'la sen-yo- 
 re'a), or Piazza del Gran Duca(del gran do'- 
 ka). [It., ‘place of the government’ or ‘of the 
 grand duke.’] The chief public square in Flor- 
 ence. 
 
 Piazza del Popolo (del po'po-16). [It., ‘place 
 
 of the people.’] A square in the northern part 
 of modern Rome, where the Corso begins. 
 Piazza di Spagna (de span'ya). A public 
 square in Rome: so called from the residence 
 of the Spanish ambassador. Keats died in a 
 house overlooking the great flight of steps lead- 
 ing to the “Trinita de’ Monti.” 
 
 Piazzi (pe-at'se), Giuseppe. Born at Ponte, 
 Valtellina, Italy, July 16, 1746 : died at Naples, 
 July 22, 1826. An Italian astronomer. Hebecame 
 professor of astronomy and mathematics at Palermo in 1781, 
 director of the (new) observatory there in 1791, and di- 
 rector also of the observatory at Naples in 1817. He dis- 
 covered the first asteroid, Ceres, Jan. 1, 1801, and published 
 star-catalogues in 1803 and 1814. 
 
 Picard (pe-kar'), Louis Joseph Ernest. Born 
 at Paris, Dec. 24, 1821 : died there, May 14, 1877. 
 A French republican politician. He was minister 
 of finance in the government of the national defense in 
 1870, and minister of the interior 1871-72. 
 
 Picards (pik'ardz). A sect in Bohemia about 
 the beginning of the 15th century, suppressed 
 by Ziska in 1421. The Picards are accused of an at- 
 tempt, under the guise of restoring man’s primitive inno- 
 cence, to renew the practices of the Adamites, in going ab- 
 solutely unclothed and in maintaining the community of 
 women, etc. 
 
 Picardy (pik'ar-di), F. Picardie (pe-kar-de'). 
 An ancient government of northern France. 
 Capital, Amiens. It was bounded by Artois and 
 Flanders on the north, Champagne on the east, ile- 
 de- France on the south, and Normandy and the English 
 Channel on the west, corresponding to the department of 
 Somme and parts of Pas-de-Calais, Oise, and Aisne. It 
 was composed of various counties — Amienois, Verman- 
 dois, Ponthieu, etc. It was under the suzerainty of Flan- 
 ders, but was united to France under Louis XI. 
 Piccadilly (pik'a-dil-i). [From the picardils or 
 
 Pickens, Francis Wilkinson 
 
 piccadills, small stiff collars, affected by the gal- 
 lants of the time of James I.] The great thor- 
 oughfare in London between Hyde Park Corner 
 and the Haymarket. The street was named from a 
 house of entertainment (Piccadilly House) which stood in 
 the Haymarket in the time of Charles I. The western por- 
 tion of Piccadilly was then called Portugal street. 
 
 Piccinni, or Piccini (pet-che'ne), Nicola. Born 
 at Bari, Italy, 1728 : died at Paris, May 7, 1800. 
 An Italian composer of opera, in 1776 he went to 
 Paris, and then arose the famous quarrel between his fol- 
 lowers and those of Gluck, which absorbed the public. 
 Among his works are “La Cecchina ossia la Buona Fi- 
 gliuola ” (1760), which had a great success : “ Koland ” 
 (1778); “Atys” (1780); and, in opposition to Gluck, “Iphi- 
 g^nie en Tauride ”(1781). Gluck s opera, however, was the 
 more successful. He died in great poverty. 
 
 Piccolomini (pik-ko-lom'e-ne). An Italian no- 
 ble family, a branch of which settled in Ger- 
 many. Both lines became extinct in the 18th 
 century. 
 
 Piccolomini, Die. [‘ The Piccolomini.’] A 
 tragedy by Schiller (1799), forming the second 
 play in the trilogy of “ Wallenstein.” 
 Piccolomini, Maria. Born at Siena, 1834 
 (1836?): died at Florence, Dec. 25, 1899. An 
 Italian opera-singer, a descendant of the famous 
 family of that name. Her first appearance ou the 
 stage was at FTorence, during the carnival of 1852, as Lu- 
 crezia Borgia. Her London debut was at Her Majesty's 
 Theatre in 1856 as La Traviata. In 1858 she visited Amer- 
 ica, where she was much admired. She left the stage in 
 1860, and soon after married the marchese Gaetani. 
 
 Piccolomini, Prince Octavio. Born 1599 : died 
 at Vienna, Aug. 10,1656. A general in the Thirty 
 Years’ War, in the Imperialist, and later in the 
 Spanish, service. He was instrumental in bringing 
 about the downfall of Wallenstein in 1634. He was de- 
 feated by Torstenson at Leipsic in 1642. 
 
 Pic du Midi de Bigorre (pek dii me-dd' de be- 
 gor') or de Bagn&res. [F., ‘southern peak of 
 Bigorre.’] A mountain in the Pyrenees, depart- 
 ment of Hautes-Pyrenees, France, 20 miles south 
 of Tarbes. Height, 9,440 feet. 
 
 Pic du Midi d’Ossau (do-so'). [F., ‘southern 
 peak of Ossau.’] A mountain in the Pyrenees, 
 department of Basses-Pyrcnees, France, 35 
 miles south of Pau. Height, 9,465 feet. 
 Picenum (pi-se'num); In ancient geography, 
 a territory in Italy, lying between the Adriatic 
 and the Apennines. Capital, Asculum. it was 
 bounded by Umbria on the northwest and west, the Sabines 
 on the southwest, and the Vestini on the south. It was 
 reduced by Rome in 26S B. c., and took part in the Social 
 War against Rome in 90 B. c. 
 
 Pichardo y Tapia (pe-ehar'do e ta'pe-a), Este- 
 ban. Born at Santiago de los Caballeros, Dec. 
 26, 1799 : died at Havana, 1879. A Cuban author. 
 He published several geographical works on 
 Cuba, and a dictionary of Cuban provincialisms 
 (3d ed. 1862). 
 
 Pichegru (pesh-grii'), Charles. Bom at Ar- 
 bois, Jura, France, Feb. 16, 1761 : committed 
 suicide (or was assassinated?) in prison, April 
 5, 1804. A French general, distinguished as 
 commander of the army of the Rhine in 1793, 
 and of the army of the North in 1794, and es- 
 pecially in Belgium in 1794. He conquered the 
 Netherlands in 1795 ; suppressed the Germinal insurrec- 
 tion in Paris, April, 1795 ; was a member of the Council of 
 Five Hundred ; and was implicated in the conspiracy of 
 Fructidor (1797). He engaged in an unsuccessful conspiracy 
 against Napoleon 1803-04. 
 
 Pichincha (pe-chen'cha). 1. A volcano in Ecua- 
 dor, northwest of Quito. Height (Whymper), 
 15,918 feet. — 2. AprovinceinEcuador, contain- 
 ing the city of Quito. Area, 6,219 square miles. 
 Population, 205,000. 
 
 Pichincha, Battle of. A battle fought May 24, 
 1822, on the side of the Pichincha volcano, near 
 Quito, between the Spaniards under Ramirez 
 and the patriots under Sucre. The victory of the 
 latter freed Ecuador from Spanish rule. The place is 15,000 
 feet above sea-level, probably the highest battle-field in 
 the world. 
 
 Pichler (pieh'ler), Madame (Karoline von 
 Greiner). Born at Vienna, Sept. 7, 1769 : died 
 there, July 9, 1843. An Austrian novelist, au- 
 thor of “ Agathokles” (1808) and other histori- 
 cal novels. 
 
 Pickelhering. See Hanswurst. 
 
 Pickens (pik'enz), Andrew. Bom at Paxton, 
 Bucks County, Pa., Sept., 1739: died in Pendle- 
 ton district, Aug. 17, 1817. An American Rev- 
 olutionary general. He was noted as a partisan com- 
 mander in South Carolina 1779-81 ; served with distinction 
 at Cowpens in 1781 ; and captured Augusta, Georgia, in 
 1781. 
 
 Pickens, Fort. See Fort Pickens. 
 
 Pickens, Francis Wilkinson. Bom at Toga- 
 doo, S. C., April 7, 1805: died at Edgefield, 
 S. C., Jan. 25, 1869. An American Democratic 
 politician, grandson of Andrew Pickens. Hewas 
 
Pickens, Francis Wilkinson 
 
 member of Congress from South Carolina 1S34-43 ; was 
 United States minister to Russia 1858-60 ; and was gover- 
 nor of South Carolina 1861-62. He was prominent as a 
 Secessionist leader at the beginning of the Civil War. 
 
 Pickens, Israel. Born in North Carolina, 1780 : 
 died near Matanzas, Cuba, 1827. An American 
 politician. He was Democratic member of Congressfrom 
 Horth Carolina 1811-17 ; governor of Alabama 1821-25 ; and 
 United States senator 1826. 
 
 Pickering (pik'er-ing), Charles. Born in Sus- 
 quehanna County, Pa., Nov., 1805 : died March, 
 1878. An American naturalist, grandson of 
 Timothy Pickering. He wrote "Races of Man and 
 their Geographical Distribution" (1818), ‘‘Geographical 
 Distribution of Animals and Man ” (1854), “ Geographical 
 Distribution of Hants ” (1861), etc. 
 
 Pickering, Edward Charles. Born at Boston, 
 July 19, 1846. An American astronomer and 
 physicist, great-grandson of Timothy Picker- 
 ing. He graduated at Harvard in 1865; was professor of 
 physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 
 1868-77 ; and has been professor of astronomy and geodesy 
 and director of the observatory at Harvard since 1876. 
 He has published ‘‘Elements of Physical Manipulation ” 
 (1874-76), etc. 
 
 Pickering, John. Born at Salem, Mass., Feb. 7, 
 1777 : died at Boston, May 5, 1846. An Ameri- 
 can philologist, son of Timothy Pickering. He 
 
 published “Vocabulary of Americanisms ” (1816), a Greek- 
 English lexicon (1826), “Remarks on the Indian Lan- 
 guages of North America" (1836), etc. 
 
 Pickering, Timothy. Born at Salem, Mass., 
 July 17, 1745 : .lied there, Jan. 29, 1829. An 
 American statesman and soldier in the Revo- 
 lutionary War. He was postmaster-general 1791-95; 
 secretary of war 1795 ; secretary of state 1795-1800 ; Feder- 
 alist United States senator from Massachusetts 1803-11 ; 
 and member of Congress from Massachusetts 1813-17. 
 
 Pickett (pik'et), Albert James. Born in An- 
 son County, N. C., Aug. 13, 1810; died at Mont- 
 gomery, Ala., Oct. 28, 1858. An American his- 
 torian,' author of a “ History of Alabama” (1851), 
 etc. 
 
 Pickett, George Edward. Born at Richmond, 
 Va., Jan. 25, 1825: died at Norfolk, Va., July 
 30, 1875. A Confederate general. He graduated 
 
 at West Point in 1846, served as a lieutenant in the Mexi- 
 can war, and was promoted captain in 1855. He resigned 
 his commission in the United States army and accepted a 
 colonelcy in the Virginia militia at the beginning of the 
 Civil War. He was commissioned brigadier-general in the 
 Confederate army in 1862, and served with distinction in 
 the Peninsular campaign. He was later in the same year 
 promoted major-general, and held the center of Lee’s line 
 at the battle of Fredericksburg. He led the van in Long- 
 street’s assault on the Federal center during the last day’s 
 fight at Gettysburg (duly 3, 1863), and entered the Union 
 lines on Cemetery Hill, but failed to receive support and 
 fell back, with a loss of three fourths of his division. He 
 successfully defended Petersburg against General Benja- 
 min F. Butler in May, 1864, and served with distinction at 
 Five Forks in April, 1865. After the war he engaged in the 
 life-insurance business at Richmond. 
 
 Pickle (pik'l), Gamaliel and Peregrine. See 
 
 Peregrine Piclde. 
 
 Pickwick (pik'wik)Papers. A story by Charles 
 Dickens, published serially in 1836-37. it takes 
 its name from its chief character, Mr. Samuel Pickwick, 
 the founder of the Pickwick Club. 
 
 Pico (pe'ko). A volcanic island of the Azores. 
 It rises to the height of about 7,600 feet (the 
 highest point in the group). Population, about 
 16,000. 
 
 Pico, Giovanni, Count of Mirandola. Born 1463 : 
 died 1494. An Italian humanist and philoso- 
 pher, one of the leading scholars of the Italian 
 Renaissance. 
 
 PicodeTeyde (pe'kodata'e-THe). Avoleanoin 
 the island of Tenerilfe, Canary Islands, and the 
 culminating mountain of the group: sometimes 
 called the Peak of Teneriffe. Height, 12,182 
 feet. 
 
 Picot (pe-ko'), Frangois Edouard. Born atPa- 
 ris, Oct. 17, 1786 : died, there, March 15, 1868. A 
 French genre- and portrait-painter. He won the 
 grand prix in 1813, and studied for five years at Rome. Ca- 
 banel, Bouguereau, Henner, and other well-known artists 
 have been his pupils. 
 
 Picou (pe-ko'), Henri Pierre. Born at Nantes, 
 Feb. 27, 1824: died there, July 18, 1895. A 
 French historical and genre painter. 
 Picquigny (pe-ken-ye'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Somme, France, 9 miles west-north- 
 west of Amiens. A treaty was concluded there between 
 France and England in 1475 : Edward IV. ’s army left Frauce 
 in return for a money payment. 
 
 Picrochole (pek-ro-shol'). In Rabelais’s “Gar- 
 gantua and Pantagruel,” a character supposed 
 by some to represent either Ferdinand of 
 Aragon or Charles V. 
 
 Pictet (pek-ta' or pe-ta'), Adolphe. Born at 
 Geneva, Sept. 11, 1799 : died there, Dec. 20, 1875. 
 A Swiss comparative philologist. He pu blished 
 “Origines indo-europ6ennes ” (1859-63), etc. 
 Pictet, Frangois Jules. Born at Geneva, Sept. 
 22, 1809: died May 15, 1872. A Swiss naturalist, 
 
 806 
 
 professor of zoology and anatomy at Geneva. 
 He wrote ‘ ‘ Traite eh'mentaire de paleontologie ” 
 (1844-45), etc. 
 
 Picton (pik'ton). The capital of Prince Edward 
 County, Ontario, Canada, situated on a bay of 
 Lake Ontario, 35 miles west-southwest of Kings- 
 ton. Population, 3,698. 
 
 Picton, Sir Thomas. Born at Poyston, Pem- 
 brokeshire, Aug., 1758: djed June 18, 1815. An 
 English general. In 1809 he was governor of Flushing, 
 which he bad helped to capture. He commanded a di- 
 vision in the Peninsula, serving with distinction at the 
 capture of Badajoz (1812), and was killed at Waterloo. 
 
 Pictor, Fabius. See Fabius Pictor. 
 
 Pictor Ignotus (pik'tor ig-no'tus). [L., ‘un- 
 known artist.’] A pseudonym of William Blake 
 the artist. 
 
 Pictou (pik-to'). A seaport in Pictou County, 
 Nova Scotia, situated on Pictou harbor 85 miles 
 northeast of Halifax. It exports coal. Popu- 
 lation, 3,179, (1911). 
 
 Piets (pikts). [From LL. Picti, the Piets: ap- 
 parently so named from their practice of tattoo- 
 ing themselves, hut the name may he an accom- 
 modation of a native name.] A race of people, 
 of disputed origin, who formerly inhabited a 
 part of the Highlands of Scotland and other re- 
 gions. Their language was Celtic. The Piets and Scots 
 were united in one kingdom about the reign of Kenneth 
 Macalpine (in the middle of the 9th century). 
 
 Piets’ Wall. See Hadrian’s Wall. 
 
 Picture, The. A play by Massinger, licensed in 
 1629 and printed in 1630. The plot was from one of 
 Bandello’s stories in Painter’s ‘‘Palace of Pleasure.’’ The 
 picture is a magical one, and grows brighter or darker ac- 
 cording to the behavior of the absent wife it represents. 
 The play was revived, somewhat altered, by the Rev. H. 
 Bate Dudley in 1783. 
 
 Pictured Rocks. A group of picturesque cliffs 
 in the upper peninsula of Michigan, situated 
 on Lake Superior 50 miles east of Marquette. 
 
 Picunches. See Pencos. 
 
 Picus (pi'kus). [L., ‘woodpecker.’] In Italian 
 mythology, a god of agriculture, regarded as a 
 son of Saturn. In Latin legend he was a warlike hero, 
 and first king of Latium, transformed into a woodpecker 
 because he repelled the love of Circe and w r as faithful to 
 the nymph Canens. 
 
 Piede. See Paiute. 
 
 Piedimonte d’Alife (pe-a-de-mon'te dii-le'fe). 
 A town in the province of Caserta, Italy, 37 
 miles north by east of Naples. Population, 
 town, 5,218; commune, 6,040. 
 
 Pledmont(ped , mont),It. Piemonte(pe-a-mon'- 
 te), F. Piemont (pya-moh'). [From L. ad 
 pedes montium, at the foot of the mountains 
 (Alps).] A compartimento in the northwest 
 of Italy, comprising the modern provinces of 
 Turin, Novara, Alessandria, andCuneo. Various 
 ranges of the Alps are on the borders between it and 
 Switzerland, France, and Liguria. It is traversed by the 
 upper valley of the Po. It formed the most important 
 part of the former kingdom of Sardinia. Area, 11,336 
 square miles. Population, 3,468,158. 
 
 Piedmont Region. A name given in several 
 States of the Atlantic slope to the broken and 
 hilly territory lying east and southeast of the 
 Appalachian chain: as, the Piedmont Region 
 of Virginia, of North Carolina, or of Georgia. 
 
 Pied Piper, The. See Hameln, Piper of. 
 
 Piedrahita (pe-ad-ra-e'ta), Lucas Fernandez 
 de. Born at Bogota, 1624 : died at Panama, 
 1688. A New Granadan prelate and historian. 
 After being governor of Popayan, he was in Spain 1663-69 
 to meet charges ; was exonerated ; was made bishop of 
 Santa Marta in 1669; and was translated to Panama 1676. 
 His best-known work, and the most important of the early 
 histories of New Granada, is “ Historia general de las con- 
 quistas del Nnevo Reyrio de Granada” (Antwerp. 1688?). 
 It is mainly a compilation, as the author admits, from 
 Quesada’s “Compendio” and the fourth part of Castel- 
 lano’s “Elegias,” both of which, however, are lost. 
 
 Piegan (pe'gan). One of the tribes of the Sik- 
 sika Confederacy of North American Indians. 
 See Siksika. 
 
 Pieng-an (pyeng-an'), or Ping Yang (ping 
 yang). An important city and open port of 
 Korea, on the river Tatong about lat. 38° 25' N. 
 
 Pienza (pe-en'zti). A small cathedral city in 
 the province of Siena, Italy, 25 miles southeast 
 of Siena. It was the birthplace of Pope Pius II. 
 
 Pierce (pers or pers), Benjamin. Born at 
 Chelmsford, Mass., Dec. 25, 1757 : died at Hills- 
 borough, N. II., April 1, 1839. An American 
 politician, governor of New Hampshire 1827-29. 
 
 Pierce, Franklin. Born at Hillsborough, N. n., 
 Nov. 23, 1804: died at Concord, N. EL, Oct. 8, 
 1869. The fourteenth President of the United 
 States. He was son of Benjamin Pierce. He was a 
 member of Congress from New Hampshire 1833-37 ; was 
 United States senator 1837-42 ; was a general in the Mexi- 
 can war ; and was elected as Democratic candidate to the 
 presidency in 1852. Among the leading events of his ad- 
 ministration were the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, 
 
 Pieta 
 
 the Kansas- Nebraska struggle, the Ostend Manifesto, the 
 dissolution of the Whig party and rise of the American 
 and Republican parties, and the Gadsden Purchase. 
 
 Pierce Penniless his Supplication to the 
 
 Devil. A pamphlet by Thomas Nashe, pub- 
 lished in 1592. 
 
 The first of these [Nash’s undoubted productions] in 
 pamphlet form is the very odd thing called “Pierce Penni- 
 less ’’ (the name by which Nash became known) “ his Sup- 
 plication to the Devil. ” It is a kind of rambling condemna- 
 tion of luxury, for the most part delivered in the form of 
 burlesque exhortation, which the mediaeval sermomjoyeux 
 had made familiar in all European countries. 
 
 Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 232. 
 
 Pierce’s Supererogation, or a New Praise of 
 the Old Ass. A pamphlet by Gabriel Harvey, 
 written against Nashe, published in 1593. 
 Pieria(pi-e'ri-a). [Gr. Thrpia.'] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a district in the north of Thessaly, Greece. 
 It was the legendary birthplace of Orpheus and 
 of the Muses. 
 
 Pierides (pi-er'i-dez). 1 . In ancient mythology, 
 the Muses: so named from Pieria, their reputed 
 birthplace. — 2. Certain would-be Muses, the 
 daughters of Pierus, who were tiresome chat- 
 terers. They contended with the real Muses, and were 
 defeated and changed into magpies. 
 
 Pierola (pe-a-rd'la), Nicolas de. Born at Ca- 
 rnana, department of Arequipa, Jan. 5, 1839. A 
 Peruvian politician. He was a lawyer and journalist ; 
 was minister of the treasury under Balta 1868-72; and 
 headed unsuccessful revolts against Pardo in 1874 and 
 Prado 1877-78. During the Chilean war, when Prado had 
 deserted his post, Pierola headed another revolt, deposed 
 the vice-president, and was proclaimed supreme chief at 
 Lima, Dec. 23, 1879. He did bis best to cheek the Chileans, 
 and when Lima was taken, Jan. 17, 1881, escaped into the 
 interior. In July he convoked a congress at Arequipa, 
 but in Nov. resigned and went to Europe. In 1885 he 
 returned and tried to seize the presidency, but was ban- 
 ished. He was a presidential candidate in 1894. He over- 
 threw Caceres in 1895, and was president until Sept., 
 1899. 
 
 Pierpont (per'pont), John. Born at Litchfield, 
 Conn., April 6, 1785: died at Medford, Mass., 
 Aug. 27, 1866. An American poet and Unitarian 
 clergyman. He published ‘ 1 Airs of Palestine ” 
 (1816), and other poems. 
 
 Pierre (per). A city, the capital of South Da- 
 kota, situated in the center of the State, at the 
 junction of Bad River with the Missouri. Pop- 
 ulation, 3,656, (1910). 
 
 Pierre. One of the principal characters in Ot- 
 way’s “Venice Preserved”: a conspirator, a 
 “fine gay bold-fae’d villain.” 
 
 Pierrefonds (pyar-fdh'). A village in the de- 
 partment of Oise, France, 9 miles east of Com- 
 piegn e. The chateau is a huge castle built by the Duke of 
 Orleans in 1390, and completely restored by Napoleon ill. 
 It is approximately rectangular in plan, with high battle- 
 mented walls and roofs flanked by 8 great cylindrical cone- 
 roofed towers over 100 feet high. Within the inclosure 
 the buildings surround an extremely picturesque court, 
 on one side of which rises the Florid chapel. In the in- 
 terior the polychrome decoration of many of the apart- 
 ments has been renewed, and, together with the sculpture, 
 the great fireplaces, and all the arrangements for medie- 
 val life and warfare, composes a unique picture. 
 
 Pierre Pertuis (pyar per-ttie'). [F., ‘pierced 
 rock.’] A remarkable hollow passage in the 
 Jura, Switzerland, 22 miles northwest of Bern. 
 Pierrepont (per'pont), Edwards. Bom at 
 North Haven, Conn., March 4,1817 : died at New 
 York, March 6, 1892. An American lawyer and 
 politician. He was attorney-general 1875-76, 
 and United States minister to Great Britain 
 1876-77. 
 
 Pierrot (pyer-ro'). Atypical character in French 
 pantomime. He dresses in loose white clothes with 
 enormous white buttons, and his face is whitened ; he is a 
 gourmand and thief, capable of every crime, incapable 
 of a good action, and absolutely without moral sense. 
 The present Pierrot was created by Gaspard Deburau under 
 the Restoration ; previous to this be had been a gayer and 
 more insignificant personage, a cross between a fool and 
 an ingdnu. Laromse. 
 
 Piers Plowman. See Vision of Piers Plowman. 
 Piers Plowman’s Crede. A satirical allitera- 
 tive poem, after the style of “The Vision of 
 Piers Plowman,” written about 1394. See Plow- 
 man’s Tale. 
 
 Pieta (pe-a-ta'). [It., ‘pity.’] A title of pic- 
 
 tures, bas-reliefs, etc., representing the com- 
 passionate lamentation of the Virgin, alone or 
 with others, over the body of Christ after the 
 descent from the cross, (a) A paintingby Van Dyck, 
 in the old Pinakotliek at Munich. The body of Christ lies 
 on some drapery spread on the ground, the head and 
 shoulders supported by the Virgin. The cross is behind, 
 and at the left are three mourning angels. (6) A vigorous 
 paintingby Andrea del Sarto (about 1518), in the Imperial 
 Gallery at Vienna. Christ’s body lies on outspread yellow 
 drapery, mourned over by the weeping Virgin ; an angel 
 supports the head, and another holds the accessories of 
 the passion, (c) A painting by Van Dyck (1628), in the mu- 
 seum at Antwerp. Belgium. The Virgin holds on her lap 
 the head of the dead Christ, whose face is drawn with suf- 
 fering. St. John points out the wound in one hand to two 
 
Piet& 
 
 grieving angels, (d) The masterpiece of Quentin Massys 
 (1608), in the museum at Antwerp, Belgium. It is a trip- 
 tych. On the chief panel Christ is seen borne to the tomb, 
 supported by Joseph of Arimathea and St. John. The 
 Virgin kneels by the body, and near her stand the Mag- 
 dalen, St. John, and Mary Salome. The drawing is some- 
 what rigid in the effort to attain anatomical exactness. 
 On the side panels are painted the martyrdoms of St. John 
 the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist. 
 Pietermaritzburg (pe-ter-mar'its-borg), almost 
 always called Maritzburg (mar'its-borg). The 
 capital of Natal, South Africa, situated 47 miles 
 northwest of Durban. Population, 31,230. 
 Piety in Pattens, or the Handsome House- 
 maid. A puppet-show droll, produced by Foote 
 in 1773, played by excellently contrived pup- 
 pets. 
 
 Pigafetta (pe-ga-fet'ta), Antonio. Born at Vi- 
 cenza., 1491 : died, probably at the same place, 
 about 1534. An Italian traveler. He went to Spain 
 in the suite of the papal nuncio in 1610; received per- 
 mission to accompany Fernao de Magalhaestothe Moluc- 
 cas ; sailed in the Victoria, Sept. 20, 1519 ; and was one of 
 those who returned to Spain in that vessel, Sept., 1522, 
 after the first voyage round the world. (See MayalhSes 
 and Cano.) Pigafetta wrote for Charles V. an account of 
 the voyage, which was quickly published in several lan- 
 guages. A longer manuscript which he prepared was dis- 
 covered in the library of Milan and published in 1800 as 
 “Primo viaggio intorno al globo terracqueo." 
 
 Pigalle (pe-gal'), Jean Baptiste. Born at Paris, 
 Jan. 26, 1714: died at Paris, Aug. 20, 1785. A 
 French sculptor. His best work is a mauso- 
 leum of Marshal Saxe in Strasburg. 
 Pigmalion. See Pygmalion. 
 
 Pigmies. Ses Pygmies. 
 
 Pignerol. See Pinerolo. 
 
 Pignotti (pen-yot'te), Lorenzo. Born in Tus- 
 cany, 1739 : died at Pisa, 1812. An Italian phy- 
 sician, historian, and fabulist. He was made his- 
 toriographer of the kingdom of Etruria in 1801, and redtor 
 of the University of Pisa in 1809. Among his works are 
 “La Felicitk dell’ Austria e della Toscana” (1791), his 
 “Fables” (1779), which are popular in Italy, and other 
 poems. 
 
 Pigott (pig'ot) Diamond, The. A famous 
 diamond brought to England by Earl Pigott. 
 It weighed 49 carats, and was thought to be 
 worth about $200,000. 
 
 Pigwiggen(pig;wig'en). A fairy knight in Dray- 
 ton’s Nymphidia.” He has a combat with Oberon, 
 who is jealous of him and his love for Queen Mab. The 
 name is also given to a constable mentioned in “Selimus,” 
 a tragedy, probably by Robert Greene, published in 1594. 
 
 Pijaos (pe-Ha'os). An Indian tribe of New 
 Granada (Colombia) which, at the time of the 
 conquest, was numerous and powerful near Po- 
 payan, on the rivers Cauea and Neyva. They 
 were little advanced in civilization. The Pijaos were ap- 
 parently related to .the modern Paniquitas and Paes or 
 Paezes : the latter are sometimes called Pijaos. 
 
 Pike (pik), Albert. Born at Boston, Dec. 29, 
 1809: died at Washington, D. C., April 2, 1891. 
 An American lawyer and author. After engaging 
 for some time in journalism, he began the practice of law 
 in Arkansas about 1836, and obtained much business as 
 counsel for the Indians in their sale of lands to the Fed- 
 eral government. He commanded a squadron of Arkansas 
 volunteer cavalry during the Mexican war; was appointed 
 Indian commissioner of the Confederate government at 
 the beginning of the Civil War ; and obtained the rank of 
 brigadier general in the Confederate army. He practised 
 law at Washington from about 1868-80. He published 
 “Prose Sketches and Poems ” (1834), etc. 
 
 Pike, Austin Franklin. Born at Hebron, N. II., 
 Oct., 1819: died at Franklin, N. H., Oct. 8, 1886. 
 An American politician. He was Republican mem- 
 ber of Congress from New Hampshire 1873-75, and United 
 States senator 1883-86. 
 
 Pike, Zebulon Montgomery. Born in New 
 Jersey, Jan. 5, 1779: killedin the assault on York 
 (Toronto), Canada, April 27, 1813. An Ameri- 
 can general. As commander of an exploring expedi- 
 tion he visited Pike’s Peak (later named from him) in 1806. 
 He commanded the attack on York in 1813. 
 
 Pike’s Peak (plks pek). [Named from General 
 Z. M. Pike.] One of the highest summits of the 
 Rocky Mountains, situated in Colorado 70 miles 
 south by west of Denver. It was visited by Z. M. 
 Pike in 1806. Height, 14,107 feet. A mountain railway 
 up Pike's Peak from Manitou was opened in 1891. 
 
 Pilat (pe-la/), Mont. One of the chief sum- 
 mits of the mountains of Lyonnais, northern 
 C6vennes, France. Height, 4,705 feet. 
 
 Pilate (piTat),L. Pontius Pilatus. [Gr. TISvrtoc 
 IL'/Uzrof.] Lived in the first half of the 1st cen- 
 tury a. D. A Roman procurator of Judea, 
 Idumea, and Samaria 26-36 a. d. He tried and 
 condemned Christ. He is the subject of many legends. 
 Pilate, Arch of. An arch in Jerusalem which 
 spans the Via Dolorosa, it has been venerated by 
 pilgrims since the middle ages, but is held to be in fact 
 the remains of a triumphal arch of the time of Hadrian. 
 
 Pilate’s Staircase. See Scala Santa. 
 
 Pilatus (pe-lii'tos), Mount. A mountain on the 
 border of the cantons of Lucerne and Unter- 
 walden, Switzerland, 7 miles south-southwest 
 
 807 
 
 of Lucerne. It is a much frequented tourist resort, and 
 is ascended by a mountain railway. Height of highest 
 peak (the Tomlishorn), 6,998 feet. 
 
 Pilaya (pe-li'a). A right-hand tributary of the 
 Pilcomayo, in Bolivia. Length, about 500 miles. 
 Pilcomayo (pel-ko-mi'o). A river rising in 
 southern Bolivia and flowing through the Gran 
 Chaco, where it separates western Paraguay 
 from the Argentine Republic. It is the longest 
 branch of the Paraguay, which it joins opposite Asuncion. 
 In the Chaco it is very crooked and shallow, and obstructed 
 by sand-bars ; the lower portion is brackish. Many at- 
 tempts have been made to explore it, with the object of 
 opening a route to Bolivia : in 1907 it was reported by 
 Herrmann to afford a practicable water route. The 
 French explorer Crevaux, who tried to ascend the river 
 in 1882, was killed by the Indians, with all his party. 
 Length unknown (probably about 1,400 miles). 
 
 Pilgrim, The. 1 . A play by Fletcher, produced 
 at court in 1621 and printed in 1647. In 1700 
 Sir J ohn V anbrugh produced an alteration which 
 was revived in 1812. — 2. A tragedy by Thomas 
 Killigrew, printed in 1664. 
 
 Pilgrimage of Grace. An insurrection in York- 
 shire and Lincolnshire 1536-37, headedby Robert 
 Aske. It. was occasioned by the ecclesiastical and political 
 reforms of Henry VIII. The rebels occupied York, where 
 they were joined by the Archbishop of York. Their number 
 having increased to 30,000, they proceeded to Doncaster, 
 where they were induced to disband by the representations 
 of the royal commissioners. Finding themselves deceived, 
 they lose again under Sir Francis Bigod. Martial law was 
 declared in the north, and the rising was suppressed with 
 great severity. 
 
 Pilgrim Fathers, The. The founders of Ply- 
 mouth Colony, Massachusetts, in 1620. 
 Pilgrims, Chaucer’s. See Canterbury Tales. 
 Pilgrims of the Rhine. A descriptive work by 
 Bulwer, published in 1834. 
 
 Pilgrim’s Progress, The. A famous allegory, by 
 John Bunyan, which recounts the adventures 
 of the hero Christian in journeying from the 
 City of Destruction to the heavenly Jerusalem. 
 
 It was composed while Bunyan was in prison, between 
 1060 and 1672. 'The first part was printed in 1678. A sec- 
 ond part (1684) narrates the similar travels of Christiana, 
 Christian’s wife. 
 
 Pilgrim’s Tale, The. A poem thought by 
 Thynne to have been Chaucer’s. He printed it, 
 
 but it was not published, being objected to by the bishops. 
 It was lost, apparently ; and, attention having been directed 
 to it, it was searched for in vain for over two hundred 
 years. Tynvhitt found part of it, examined it, and it dis- 
 appeared again. At length it was rediscovered and printed 
 by the Chaucer Society. It was found to be by some one 
 acquainted with Chaucer’s work, but writing after 1532. 
 Lounsbury. 
 
 Pillars of Hercules. In ancient geography, 
 the two opposite promontories Calpe (Gibraltar) 
 in Europe and Abyla in Africa, situated at the 
 eastern extremity of the Strait of Gibraltar, 
 sentinels, as it were, at the outlet from the Med- 
 iterranean into the unknown Atlantic. Accord- 
 ing to one of several explanations of the name, they were 
 supposed to have been torn asunder by Hercules. Com- 
 pare Mellcarth. 
 
 Pillau (pilTou). A seaport, fortress, and wa- 
 tering-place in the province of East Prussia, 
 Prussia, situated at the entrance to the Frisches 
 Haff, 25 miles west of Konigsberg. 
 
 Pillnitz (pil'nits). A royal Saxon castle, situ- 
 ated on the Elbe 6 miles southeast of Dresden. 
 Pillnitz, Convention of. AmeetingatPillnitz 
 in Aug., 1791, between the emperor Leopold II., 
 Frederick William II. of Prussia, and the Comte 
 d’Artois (later Charles X. of France). Theyissued 
 a declaration hostile to the French Revolution, which 
 formed the basis of the first coalition against France. 
 
 Pillow, Fort. See Fori Pillow. 
 
 Pillow (pil'd), Gideon Johnson. Born in Wil- 
 liamson County, Terra., June 8, 1806: died in 
 Lee County, Ark., Oct. 6, 1878. An American 
 general. Heservedwith distinction first as a brigadier- 
 general and afterward as a major-general of volunteers in 
 the Mexican war, at the close of which he resumed the 
 practice of law in Tennessee. He became a brigadier-gen- 
 eral in the Confederate army at the beginning of theCivil 
 War; commanded under General Leonidas Polk at the bat- 
 tle of Belmont, Missouri, Nov. 7, 1861; and was second in 
 command under General John B. Floyd at Fort Donelson 
 in Feb., 1862, when he escaped with his chief, leaving Gen- 
 eral Buckner to surrender the post to General Grant. 
 Pilot Knob (pi'lot nob). A hill consisting al- 
 most entirely of iron ore, situated 73 miles south 
 by west of St. Louis. 
 
 Piloty (pe-16'te). Ferdinand. Born at Munich, 
 Oct. 9, 1828: died there, Dec. 21, 1895. A genre 
 and historical painter, brother of Karl von 
 Piloty, whose style influenced him. He was an 
 honorary member of the Munich Academy. 
 Piloty, Karl von. Born at Munich, Oct. 1 , 1 826 : 
 died at Munich, July 21, 1886. A noted Ger- 
 man historical painter, professor in the Munich 
 Academy from 1858, and its director after 
 1874. Among his paintings are “ Seni before the Body of 
 Wallenstein,” “Nero on the Ruins of Romo,” “Columbus 
 
 Pincbwife, Mr. 
 
 as Discoverer of America,” “Galileo in Prison," “Death 
 of Caesar," “Triumph of Germanicus,” etc. 
 
 Pilpay (pil'pi), or Bidpai (bid'pi). “The Fa- 
 bles of Pilpay” is the alternative title of “ Kali- 
 lah and Dirnnah,” the Arabic translation of the 
 Pahlavi translation of the Sanskrit original of 
 the Panchatantra. See Kalilah and Dirnnah. 
 According to the Arabic introduction, Dabshelim was the 
 first king of the Indian restoration after the fall of the 
 governor appointed by Alexander B. c. 326, and was very 
 wicked. To reclaim him, a Brahman has recourse to par- 
 able. This wise man is called in Arabic bidbah, and in 
 Syriac bidvag. These words Benfey traces through the 
 Pahlavi to the Sanskrit vid.vapati, ‘master of sciences.' 
 Accordingly bidbah, which lias become Bidpai or Pilpay 
 in modern books, is not a proper name, but an appellative 
 applied to the chief pandit or court scholar of an Indian 
 prince. La Fontaine tells us that he owes most of his new 
 material to Pilpay, the Indian sage. R4guier’s edition of 
 La Fontaine gives references to the Indian sources. 
 Pilsen (pil'sen). A city in Bohemia, situated 
 at the junction of the Mies and Radbusa, in lat. 
 49° 45' N., long. 13° 23' E. It is the second city of 
 Bohemia; has various manufactures; and is especially 
 famous for the manufacture and export of Pilsener beer. 
 It was stormed by Mansfeld in 1618, and was one of the 
 scenes of the conspiracy of Wallenstein in 1634. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 81,165, (1910). 
 
 Pim (pim), Bedford Clapperton Trevelyan. 
 
 Born at Bideford, England, June 12, 1826 : died 
 at Deal, Sept. 30, 1886. An English admiral. 
 He entered the navy in 1842 ; took part in the Franklin 
 Bearch-expedition which sailed under Sir E. Belcher in 
 1852 ; commanded a gunboat on the Baltic during the Cri- 
 mean war ; and in 1859-60 originated and surveyed the 
 Nicaraguan route across the Isthmus. He was promoted 
 captain on the retired list in 1868. He was called to the 
 bar of Gray's Inn in 1873, and was a Conservative member 
 of Parliament 1874-80. He wrote “The Gate of the Pa- 
 cific ” (1863), etc. 
 
 Pima (pe'ma). [PL, also Pirnas : in the Ne- 
 vome dialect, ‘no’: used erroneously as a 
 name.] An agricultural tribe of North Ameri- 
 can Indians, residing on reservations in the 
 Salado and Gila valleys, southern Arizona. 
 Pima Baja. See Nevome. 
 
 Piman (pe'man). A linguistic stock of North 
 American Indians. It embraces the following divi- 
 sions : Pima (from which the stock was named), Papago, 
 Sobaipuri, Nevome or Lower Pima, Opata, Tarahumar, Ca- 
 hita, Cora, and Tepehuan. Their habitat extends from 
 the Salado and Gila rivers in southern Arizona over a 
 vast area in northwestern 'Mexico, including the greater 
 portion of the territory embraced by the states of Sonora, 
 Chihuahua, Sinaloa, and Durango, and parts of Jalisco and 
 Zacatecas. According to some authorities the Piman stock 
 as here recognized forms but part of a linguistic group 
 embracing the Shoshonean, Piman, and Aztec or Naliuatl 
 tribes. Estimated number, 85,000. 
 
 Pimlico (pim'li-ko). A part of Westminster, 
 London, situated 2^- miles west-southwest of 
 St. Paul’s. 
 
 Pinafore (pin'a-for), H. M. S. A comic opera 
 by Sullivan, words by W. S. Gilbert, produced 
 in 1878. 
 
 Finakothek (pin'a-ko-thek ; G. pron. pe-na-ko- 
 tak'). [G., from Gr. mvasoOI/Ky, a picture-gal- 
 lery.] In modern use, an art gallery. The most 
 celebrated galleries so named are the two in Munich, con- 
 taining collections of pictures aDd other works of art. 
 
 Pinal Coyotero (pe-nal' ko-yo-ta'ro), or Tonto 
 Apache (ton'to a-pa'che). One of the sub- 
 tribes of the Gileno tribe of North American 
 Indians. They are distinct from the Pinaleno 
 or Tchikun and the White Mountain Coyotero. 
 See Gileno. 
 
 PinardelRio(pe-nar'delre'6),formerlvNueva 
 Filipina. A city of western Cuba, 100 miles 
 west-southwest of Havana. It is the center of trade 
 for the tobacco district called Vuelta Abajo. Population 
 10,634. 
 
 Pinch (pinch). A schoolmaster in Shakspere’s 
 “Comedy of Errors.” 
 
 Pinch, Ruth. In Dickens’s novel “Martin Chuz- 
 zlewit,” a pretty little body, unreasonably grate- 
 ful to the Pecksniffs for their patronage of 
 her brother Tom Pinch. 
 
 Pinch, Tom. In Dickens’s novel “ Martin Chuz- 
 zlewit,” an ungainly kind-hearted man of ster- 
 ling qualities, in the employment of Mr. Peck- 
 sniff. “ He was perhaps about thirty, but he 
 might have been almost any age between sixteen 
 and sixty.” 
 
 Pinchback (pinch'bak), Pinckney Benton 
 Stewart. Born at Macon, Ga., May 10, 1837. 
 An American Republican politician, of African 
 descent. He was elected lieutenant-governor of Loui- 
 siana in 1871 ; was acting governor 1872-73 ; and was 
 elected United States senator from Louisiana in 1S73, but 
 not seated. He was admitted to the bar in 1886. 
 
 Pinchbeck (pinch'bek), Christopher. Died in 
 1732. A London watchmaker. He invented an 
 alloy which resembled gold, much used in cheap jewelry ; 
 lienee tile word pinchbeck applied to sham or spurious 
 things. 
 
 Pinchwife (pineh'wif), Mr. In Wycherley’s 
 comedy “ The Country Wife,” the anxious hus- 
 
Pinchwife, Mr. 
 
 band of Mrs. Marjory Pinchwife, the “country 
 wife,” taken by Wycherley from Moli&re’s play 
 “ L’Beole des femmes.” Pinchwife held that a wo- 
 man is innocent in proportion to her lack of knowledge ; 
 and his attempt to keep his wife in a state of ignorance 
 met with the success it deserved. Marjory is the original 
 of Congreve's Miss Prue and of Vanbrugh’s Hoyden. She 
 is also the Peggy, and Mr. Pinchwife the Moody, of Gar- 
 rick’s “Country Girl.” 
 
 Pincian Hill (pin'shi-a,n hil), L. Mons Pincius 
 (monz pin'shi-us), It. Monte Pincio (mon'te 
 pen'cho). A hill in the northern part of Home, 
 extending in a long ridge east from the Tiber. 
 
 It was not one of the Seven Hills, though separated by but 
 a narrow interval from the Quirinal. In antiquity, as at 
 the present day, it was noted for its beautiful gardens. 
 The superb view from it toward St. Peter’s is famous. 
 
 Pinckney (pingk'ni), Charles. Born at Charles- 
 ton, S. C., 1758: died there, Oct. 29, 1824. An 
 American politician. He was a member of the Consti- 
 tutional Convention in 1787 ; governor of South Carolina 
 1789-92, 1796-98, and 1806-08 ; United States senator 1798- 
 1801 ; United States minister to Spain 1802-05 ; and mem- 
 ber of Congress 1819-21. 
 
 Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth. Born at 
 Charleston, S. C., Feb. 25, 1746: died there, Aug. 
 16, 1825. An American statesman and soldier in 
 the Revolutionary War. He was a member of the 
 Constitutional Convention in 1787 ; special envoy to France 
 (in the “ X. Y. Z. Mission ") 1796-97 ; and unsuccessful Fed- 
 eralist candidate for Vice-President in 1800, and for Presi- 
 dent in 1804 and 1808. 
 
 Pinckney, Henry Laurens. Born at Charles- 
 ton, S. C., Sept. 24, 1794: died there, Feb. 3, 1863. 
 An American politician, journalist, and writer: 
 son of Charles Pinckney. He was Democratic mem- 
 ber of Congress from South Carolina 1833-37. He founded 
 the Charleston “ Mercury " in 1810, and was long its editor. 
 
 Pinckney, Thomas. Born at Charleston, S. C., 
 Oct. 23, 1750 : died at Charleston, Nov. 2, 1828. 
 An American statesman and soldier in the Rev- 
 olutionary War: brother of C. C. Pinckney. He 
 was governor of South Carolina 1787-89; U nited" States 
 minister to Great Britain 1792-94, and to Spain 1794-96; 
 a Federalist, candidate for the presidency 1796 ; and mem- 
 ber of Congress from South Carolina 1797-1801. 
 
 Pindar (pin'dar). [L. Pindarus, Gr. ll/wia/w.] 
 Born at Cynoscephalce, near Thebes, Greece, 
 about 522 b. c. : died at Argos, 443 B. c. The 
 greatest of the Greek lyric poets. He resided chiefly 
 at Thebes, but spent about four years at the court of Hie- 
 lon in Syracuse. Little is known of his life. See the ex- 
 tract. 
 
 The remains of Pindar's work represent almost eveiy 
 kind of lyric poem. The fragments may be classified as 
 follows : 1. Hymns to Persephone, to Fortune, and in praise 
 of Thebes and its gods. 2. P seans to Apollo of Delphi and 
 Zeus of Dodona. 3. Choral dithyrambs to Dionysus. 4 . Pro- 
 cessional songs, for the people of Delos and of .Egina. 5. 
 Choral songs for maidens: one addressed to “Pan, lord of 
 Arcadia, watcher of the awful shrine” (of Cybele). 6 . Choral 
 dance-songs — “ hyporchemes,” as the Greeks called them 
 — in which the words were accompanied by a lively dance or 
 pantomime expressive of the action ; they arose from the 
 early Cretan war-dances, and were used especially in the 
 worship of Apollo, as a relief to the solemn paean. One 
 of these was written for the Thebans, and was connected 
 with a propitiatory rite following an eclipse of the sun, 
 probably in 463 B. c. 7. Encomia : laudatory odes (in praise 
 of men, and thus distinguished from hymns in praise of 
 gods) sung by the festive troop or comus. 8 . Scolia : fes- 
 tive songs to be sung at banquets by a comus or festive 
 troop. 9. THrges, to be sung to the flute, with choral dance. 
 Besides the fragments, we have forty-four complete Epi- 
 nicia, or Odes of Victory, in which Pindar celebrated vic- 
 tories in great national games. Fourteen odes belong to 
 the games at Olympia, held once in four years : the prize 
 was a wreath of wild olive. Twelve odes belong to the 
 Pythian games, held at Delphi, in honour of Apollo, once 
 in four years, in the 3rd year of each Olympiad : the prize 
 was a wreath of laurel. Seven odes belong to the Nemean 
 games, held at Nemea, in honour of Zeus, once in two years, 
 the 2 nd and 4th of each Olympiad : the prize was a wreath 
 of pine. Eleven odes belong to the Isthmian games, held 
 at the Isthmus of Corinth, in honour of Poseidon, onco in 
 two years, in the 1st and 3rd years of each Olympiad : the 
 prize was a wreath of parsley. Among all these odes of 
 which the dates can be fixed, the earliest is the 10th Pyth- 
 ian, in 602 B. C.; the latest, the 5th Olympian, in 452 B. C. 
 
 Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 66 . 
 
 Pindar, Peter. The pseudonym of John Wol- 
 cott. 
 
 Pindarees (pin-dar'ez), or Pindarries, or Pin- 
 
 dharies. [Hind., ‘plunderers.’] A horde of 
 mounted robbers in India, notorious for their 
 atrocity arid rapacity. They first appeared about 
 the end of the 17th century, and infested the possessions 
 of the East India Company and the surrounding country 
 in the 18th century. They were disorderly and mercenary 
 horsemen, organized for indiscriminate raiding and loot- 
 ing. They were dispersed in 1818 by the Marquis of Hast- 
 ings, then governor-general. 
 
 Pindus (pin'dus). [Gr. IlmJof.] A range of 
 mountains in Greece, between Thessaly on the 
 east and Epirus on the west, extending north 
 to about lat. 39° N. Greatest height, 7,665 
 feet. 
 
 Pine Bluff (pin bluf). The capital of Jefferson 
 County, Arkansas, situated on the Arkansas 38 
 miles south-southeast of Little Rock. It exports 
 cotton. Population, 15,102, (1910). 
 
 808 
 
 Pinega (pe-na-ga'). A river in northern Russia 
 which joins the Dwina 50 miles southeast of 
 Archangel. Length, 300 to 350 miles. 
 
 Pine (pin) Islands. A group of the Florida 
 Keys, situated northeast of Key West. 
 
 Pinel (pe-nel'), Philippe. Born at St.-Andre, 
 Tarn, France, April 20, 1745: died at Paris, 
 Oct. 25, 1826. A French physician, director of 
 the insane asylum at Bicetre (1791) and the 
 Salpetriere (1794) : noted for the improvements 
 which he effected in the treatment of the in- 
 sane. He wrote “Nosographiephilosophique ” 
 (1798), etc. 
 
 Pinelo (pe-na'lo), Antonio de Leon. Born 
 probably at Cordoba, now in the Argentine 
 Republic, about 1590: died at Seville, Spain, 
 about 1675. A Spanish lawyer and author. He 
 was judge of the tribunal of the Casa de Contratacion at 
 Seville, and historical secretary of the Council of the In- 
 dies. In 1637 he was appointed royal historiographer. 
 Employed to codify the colonial laws, he completed, in 
 1635, his ‘ ‘ Recopilacion general de las leyes de las Indias," 
 made authoritative by royal order in 1680, and published 
 in 1681 (Madrid, 4 vols.). It was several times revised. 
 Pinelo also published various works on America and on 
 colonial law ; a life of Toribio, Archbishop of Lima(1653); 
 and “Biblioteca Oriental y Occidental, nautica y geogiA- 
 flea” (Madrid, 1629) : the first bibliography of the Spanish 
 colonies. There is a revised edition by Gonzalez de Barcia 
 (3 vols. 1737-38). 
 
 Pinerolo(pe-ne-ro'16),F.Pignerol(pen-ye-rol'). 
 A town in the province of Turin, Italy, 22 
 miles southwest of Turin. It was taken from Savoy 
 by Francis I. of France, and held until 1574 ; and was 
 again taken by the French about 1630, aud held as an im- 
 portant fortress until the close of the century. Popula- 
 tion, town, 12,830 ; commune, 18,250. 
 
 Pinerolo, Pacification of. A treaty concluded 
 by the English Commonwealth under Crom- 
 well with France in 1655, providing for the 
 cessation of the Waldensian persecution by 
 
 ★the Duke of Savoy. 
 
 Pines (pinz), Isle of, Sp. Isla de Pinos (es'lii 
 da pe'nos). An island of the West Indies, 
 formerly belonging to Spain, situated 40 miles 
 south of the western part of Cuba, of which it 
 was a political dependency. Chief place, 
 Nueva Gerona. It was discovered by Columbus in 
 1494, and was long notorious as a resort of pirates. Area, 
 about 1,200 square miles. Population, about 3,300. 
 
 Pines, Isle of, F. He des Pins (el da pan). A 
 small island, a French penal station, situated 
 in the South Pacific southeast of New Cale- 
 donia. 
 
 Pine-tree State. The State of Maine : so called 
 from the pine-tree in its coat of arms. 
 
 Ping Yang. See Pieng-an. 
 
 Pimni (pe-ne-ne'). [A corruption of the Sp. Pyg- 
 meos, pygmies or dwarfs.] The name given by 
 some of the Pueblo Indians to a mythical tribe 
 of small men who are said to have invaded some 
 of the Pueblo villages in the times long previous 
 to the Spanish occupation. The tale may he a mod- 
 ern adaptation of classical mythological legends to Indian 
 tradition. 
 
 Pinkerton (ping'ker-ton), John. Born at Edin- 
 burgh, Feb. 17, 1758:"died March 10, 1826. A 
 Scottish historian, antiquary, and miscellane- 
 ous writer. He published “ Two Dithyrambic Odes on 
 Enthusiasm and Laughter ” (1782), an “ Essay on Medals ” 
 (1784), “Ancient Scottish Poems” (1786), a “Dissertation 
 on the Origin and Progress of the Scythians or Goths ” 
 (1787), “Enquiry into the History of Scotland” (1790), 
 “Ieonographica Scotica” (1797), etc. 
 
 Pinkham Notch (ping'kam noch). A pass in 
 the White Mountains of New Hampshire, lead- 
 ing from the Glen House southward. 
 
 Pinkie (ping'ki). A place, about 6 miles east 
 of Edinburgh, where, Sept. 10, 1547, the English 
 under the protector Somerset totally defeated 
 the Scots. 
 
 Pinkney (pingk'ni), Edward Coate. Born at 
 London, 1802: died at Baltimore, April 11, 1828. 
 An American poet, son of William Pinkney. He 
 published “Rodolph, and Other Poems” (1825), 
 etc. 
 
 Pinkney, William. Born at Annapolis, Md., 
 March 17, 1764: died Feb. 25, 1822. An Ameri- 
 can lawyer, politician, and diplomatist. He was 
 minister to Great Britain 1806-11; attorney-general 1811- 
 1814 ; member of Congress from Maryland 1815-1G ; min- 
 ister to Naples 1816, and to Russia 1816-18; and United 
 States senator 1820-22. 
 
 Pinner of Wakefield. See George-a-Greenc. 
 
 Pino (pe'no), Joaquin del. Born about 1730: 
 died at Buenos Ayres, April 11, 1804. A Span- 
 ish soldier and administrator. He was successively 
 governor of Montevideo (1773-76), president of Charcas 
 (1777) and of Chile (1800), and viceroy of La Plata from 
 May 20, 1801. 
 
 Pinos, Isla de. See Pines, Isle of. 
 
 Pinsk (pinsk). A town in the government of 
 Minsk, Russia, situated among marshes on tho 
 Pina, 140 miles south-southwest of Minsk, it is 
 
 Piombino 
 
 an important center of river transit trade. Population 
 34,600. 
 
 Pinta (pen'ta), La. One of the smaller vessels 
 of Columbus on his first voyage. It was a little 
 larger than the Nina (which see), and was commanded by 
 Martin Alonso Pinzon. See Pinzon. 
 
 Pinto. See PaJcawa. 
 
 Pinto (pen'to), Anibal. Bornat Santiago, 1825 : 
 died at Valparaiso, 1884. A Chilean statesman, 
 sou of General F. A. Pinto. He was a moderate lib- 
 eral in politics ; was minister of war and marine under Er- 
 razuriz 1871-76, and succeeded him as president Sept. 18, 
 1876, -Sept. 18, 1881. Pinto was the first declared liberal 
 elected to the presidency after 1830. During his term the 
 war with Bolivia and Peru was commenced (1879). See 
 Pacific, War of the. 
 
 Pinto (pen'to), Fernao Mendes. Bom near 
 Coimbra, Portugal, about 1509: died near Lis- 
 bon, 1583. A Portuguese adventurer and trav- 
 eler in the East (China and Japan). He wrote 
 an account of his travels entitled “Peregrina- 
 9ao” (1614). 
 
 Pinto (pen'to), Francisco Antonio. Bom at 
 
 Santiago, 1785: died there, July 18, 1858. A 
 Chilean general and politician. He was diplomatic 
 agent of the republic at Buenos Ayres and in England 
 1811-17 ; subsequently served with distinction in Charcas 
 1818-21, and in Peru 1822-23 ; and was minister of the in- 
 terior and of foreign relations in 1824. Early in 1827 he 
 was elected by congress vice-president, and on the resigna- 
 tion of Freire became president May 8, 1827. He resigned 
 in July, 1829; two months later he resumed the post by a 
 regular election ; but, a revolution being imminent, he 
 again resigned, Nov. 2, 1829. He was the liberal candidate 
 for the presidency in 184L 
 
 Pinto, Serpa. See Serpa Pinto. 
 
 Pinturicchio (pen-to-rek'ke-o) (Bernardino di 
 Betti). Born at Perugia, Italy, 1454 : died at 
 Siena, Italy, Sept. 11, 1513. An Italian painter, 
 of the school of Peragino : noted for his fres- 
 cos and panels. Many of his principal works are at 
 Rome (in the Vatican and Church of Sta. Maria del Popolo) 
 and at Siena. 
 
 Pinzgau (pints'gou). The upper valley of the 
 Salza, in Salzburg, Austria-Hungary, situated 
 southwest of the city of Salzburg. It is divided 
 into the Upper, Middle, and Lower Pinzgau. 
 Pinzon (pen-thon'), Francisco Martin. Bro- 
 ther of Martin Alonso Pinzon, and pilot of his 
 vessel, the Pinta. 
 
 Pinzon, Martin Alonso. Born at Palos about 
 1441: died there, 1493. A Spanish navigator. 
 He was the head of a family of ship-builders in Palos, 
 and had made many voyages. There is a story that, In 
 one of these, in a French ship, he was driven by a storm 
 from Africa to the coast of Brazil ; but this is generally 
 discredited. Another story is that he found in Rome aii 
 old manuscript which he gave to Columbus, and in which 
 it was stated that Asia might be reached by sailing west- 
 ward. It is more probable that he joined Columbus in 
 his voyage of 1492 because he was part owner of the smaller 
 vessels. He commanded the Pinta. In Nov., 1492, he 
 parted companywithColumbusonthecoastof Cuba; was 
 the first to discover Haiti ; and rejoined the admiral on 
 the coast of that island, Jan. 6, 1493. Columbus afterward 
 asserted that he had deserted with the intention of re- 
 turning to Spain. During the return voyage the Pinta was 
 separated from the Nina in a storm, Feb. 14, and eventu- 
 ally reached Bayona, a port of Galicia ; thence Pinzon 
 sent a letter to the sovereigns with an account of the dis- 
 covery, and sailed on to Palos, reaching it on the same day 
 as Columbus (March 15). His death, shortly after, is said 
 to have been hastened by chagrin because Columbus re- 
 ceived the honor of the discovery. 
 
 Pinzon, Vicente Yanez. Born at Palos about 
 1460 : died there, about 1524. A Spanish navi- 
 gator, brother of Martin Alonso Pinzdn. He 
 commanded the Nifia in the first voyage of Columbus in 
 1492. Early in Dec., 1499 (according to some, Jan. 13, 
 1500), he left Palos in command of four exploring ships ; 
 crossed the equator, being the first Spanish commander to 
 do so; struck the coast of Brazil, probably near Cape St. 
 Augustine ; thence followed it northward and northwest- 
 ward, discovering the mouth of the Amazon ; and after 
 passing between Trinidad and the mainland, and touching 
 at Espafiola, returned to Spain in Sept., 1500. Some sup- 
 pose that Vespucci was with him on this voyage, but lie 
 was probably with Ojeda. (See Vespucci.) In 1506 Pinzon 
 was associated with Solis in an exploration of the Gulf of 
 Honduras and a small portion of southeastern Yucatan 
 In 1508 he was again with Solis in an exploration of the 
 eastern coast of South America, from Cape St. Augustine 
 southward probably as far as lat. 40°. See Solis, Juan 
 Diaz de. 
 
 Piojes (pe-o-iias'). Indians of eastern Ecuador 
 (a region claimed by Colombia), on the lower 
 Napo and the Putumayo or I 9 &. Those on the 
 former river are often called Santa Marias, from a mission 
 village in which many of them were gathered; they have 
 no knowledge of the horde on the Putumayo. These In- 
 dians are agriculturists, skilful canoemen and fishermen, 
 and industrious; they are friendly to the whites, but main- 
 tain a semi-independence. By their language they are 
 generally classed with the Betoya stock, but the relation- 
 ship is doubtful. 
 
 Piombino (pe-om-be'no). A seaport in the 
 province of Pisa, Italy, situated on a promon- 
 tory projecting into the Mediterranean, 45 miles 
 south by east of Leghorn, and opposite Elba. 
 Population, town, 6,224 ; commune, 8,309. 
 
Piombino, Principality of 
 
 Piombino, Principality of. A former small 
 principality, adjoining and including the town 
 of Piombino. 
 
 Piombo (pe-om'bo), Fra Sebastiano del. Born 
 in Venice (?), 1485 : died at Rome, June 21, 1547. 
 A painter of the Venetian school. His real name 
 was Luciani, but he was commonly called del Piombo from 
 his office of keeper of the leaden seals, which he held un- 
 der Clement VII. and Paul III. He was a pupil of Gio- 
 vanni Bellini, and afterward of Giorgione, and was called to 
 Rome about 1509 by Agostino Chigi to assist in decorating 
 the Famesina with frescos. Meantime his portraits in oil 
 had won him fame. Among the best of this period are the 
 so-called “ Fornarina" in the Uffizi at Florence. Piombo 
 was intimately associated with Michelangelo, and is said to 
 have painted the “Resurrection of Lazarus "in the National 
 Gallery, London, with his assistance. In 1527 he went to 
 Venice, and there probably painted the portrait of Andrea 
 Doria, now in the Doria Palace at Rome. He returned 
 to Rome in 1529. In 1531 he became keeper of the seals 
 and an ecclesiastic. 
 
 Pioneers, The. A story by James Feuimore 
 Cooper, published in 1823. 
 
 Biotrkow (pey-otr'kov), G. Petrikau (pa'tre- 
 kou). 1 . A government in Russian Poland, bor- 
 dering on Prussia. Area, 4,730 square miles. 
 Population, 1,751,800. — 2. The capital of the 
 government of Piotrkow, situated 84 miles 
 southwest of Warsaw. It is one of the oldest 
 Polish towns. It has manufactures of farm 
 implements and textiles. Population, 36,600. 
 Piove di Sacco (pe-6've de sak'ko). A town in 
 the province of Padua, Italy, 18 miles southwest 
 of Venice. Population, commune, 9,887. 
 Piozzi (pi-oz'i ; It. pron. pe-ot'se), Mrs. (Hester 
 Lynch Salisbury : Mrs. Thrale). Born at Bod- 
 ville, Carnarvonshire, Jan. 16, 1741 : died at Clif- 
 ton, England, May 2, 1821. An English lady, a 
 friend of Dr. Johnson. She was well educated in 
 Latin and Greek and the modern languages. In 1763 she 
 married Henry Thrale, a brewer of Southwark. In 1704 
 she met Dr. Johnson, and an int imacy began which lasted 
 for 20 years. Mr. Thrale died on April 4, 1781, and on July 
 25, 1784, she married Piozzi, an Italian musician. Her anec- 
 dotes of and correspondence with Dr. Johnson are second 
 in interest only to Boswell's “Life.” 
 
 Pip (pip). Nickname of Philip Pirrip, the hero 
 of Dickens’s “ Great Expectations.” 
 
 Pipchin (pip'chin), Mrs. In Dickens’s “ Dom- 
 bey and Son,” a disagreeable old woman, pro- 
 prietress of an “infantine boarding-house of a 
 very select description” at Brighton, where lit- 
 tle Paul Dombey was sent for his health . 
 Piper (pi'per), Tom. A character in the Eng- 
 lish morris-dance. 
 
 Piperno (pe-per'no). A town in the province of 
 Rome, Italy, situated on the Amaseno 47 miles 
 southeast of Rome. Near it was the ancient 
 Volscian city Privemum. Population, 6,- 
 949. 
 
 Pipes (pips), Tom. In Smollett’s “Peregrine 
 Pickle,” the attendant of Peregrine at school, 
 and Commodore Trunnion’s former boatswain. 
 Pipin. See Pepin. 
 
 Pippa (pep'pa) Passes. A dramatic idyl by 
 Robert Browning, published in 1841. 
 
 Pippi. See Giulio Romano. 
 
 Pippin. See Pepin. 
 
 Piqua (pik'wa or pik'wa). A city in Miami 
 County, Ohio, situated on the Miami 70 miles 
 west by north of Columbus. Population, 13,- 
 388, (1910). 
 
 Pira. See Piro. 
 
 Piracicaba (pe-ra-se-ka'ba), or Constituigao 
 (kon-ste-twe-soun'). A town in the state of 
 Sao Paulo, Brazil, about 75 miles northwest of 
 Sao Paulo. Population, municipio, 25,374. 
 Pirseus, or Peirseus (pl-re'us) : also Pirseeus. 
 [Gr. Tleipaievc.2 The seaport of Athens, situ- 
 ated on the Saronic Gulf 5 miles southwest of 
 Athens. It is one of the chief ports of Greece. It was 
 founded by Themistocles and Pericles ; was destroyed by 
 Sulla in 86 b. c. ; and has been rebuilt in the present cen- 
 tury. It was in ancient times connected with Athens by 
 the “Long Walls,” and is now connected by a railway. 
 Population, 73,679. 
 
 Pirano (pe-ra'no). A seaport in Istria, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, situated on the Gulf of Triest 
 14 miles southwest of Triest. Near it, in 1177 , the 
 Venetian fleet defeated the Genoese and Imperialists. 
 Population, commune, 15,320, (1910). 
 
 Piran Round. An ancient theater in Cornwall. 
 
 This relic of antiquity is called Piran Round. It con- 
 sists of a circular embankment, about ten feet high, slop- 
 ing backwards, and cut into steps for seats or standing- 
 places. This embankment encloses a level area of grassy 
 ground, and stands in the middle of a flat, wild heath. A 
 couple of thousand spectators could look down from the 
 seats upon the grassy circus which formed a stage of 
 more than a hundred feet in diameter. Here, in very 
 early times, sports were played and combats fought out, 
 and rustic councils assembled. The ancient Cornish Mys- 
 teries here drew tears and laughter from the mixed audi- 
 ences of the day. They were popular as late as the period 
 of Shakspeare. Doran, English Stage, I. 30. 
 
 VI. 27 
 
 809 
 
 Pirata (pe-ra'ta), II. An opera by Bellini, pro- 
 duced at Milan in 1827. 
 
 Pirate (pi'rat) The. A novel by Sir Walter Scott, 
 published in 1822. The scene is laid in the Shetland 
 and Orkney Islands in the last half of the 17th century. 
 
 Pirates (pi'ratz),War with the. A war against 
 the pirates of the Mediterranean, who were 
 suppressed in 67 B. c. by Pompey (appointed 
 by the Gabinian Law to deal with them). 
 
 Pirates of Penzance (pen-zans'),The. A comic 
 opera by Sullivan, words by W. S. Gilbert, first 
 produced at New York in 1879. 
 
 Pirindas. Same as Matlalzincos. 
 
 Pirithous (pi-rith'o-us). [Gr. Ilstp/ftoof.] In 
 Greek legend, one of the Lapithee, a son of Zeus 
 (or Ixion), and a friend of Theseus. The famous 
 battle with the Centaurs took place on the occasion of his 
 wedding. 
 
 Pirmasens (pir'ma-sens). A town in the Rhine 
 Palatinate, Bavaria, situated 44 miles north by 
 west of Strasburg. Theleading industry is the manu- 
 facture of boots and shoes. Here, Sept. 14, 1793, the Prus- 
 sians under the Duke of Brunswick defeated the French 
 under Moreau. Population, commune, 33,998. 
 
 Pirna (pir'na). A town in the kingdom of Sax- 
 ony, situated on the Elbe 12 miles southeast of 
 Dresden. It is a manufacturing town ; exports sand- 
 stone ; and contains the castle of Sonnenstein. It suffered 
 severely in the Thirty Years’ and Seven Years’ wars. 
 Population, commune, 19,224. 
 
 Pirnatza (per-nat'sa), or Dhipotamo (de-pot'- 
 a-mo). The chief river in Messenia, Greece: the 
 ancient Pamisus. It flows into the Gulf of 
 Messenia west of Kalamata. 
 
 Piro (pe'ro). [PL, also Piros.] A division of the 
 Tanoan linguistic stock of North American In- 
 dians, formerly living along and to the east- 
 ward of the Rio Grande in New Mexico. The 
 
 tribal organization was Bundered in the Pueblo revolt of 
 1680, when most of its members Joined the Tigua in their 
 flight to the vicinity of El Paso, Texas. Six miles east 
 of El Paso they established a village, naming it Senecii 
 after their former pueblo in the north. About 60 still re- 
 side at Senecii del Sur. See Tanoan. 
 
 Piron (pe-ron'), Alexis. Born at Dijon, France, 
 July 9, 1689: died at Paris, Jan. 21, 1773. A 
 French epigrammatist. He also wrote the com- 
 edy “Metromanie” (1738), vaudevilles, etc. 
 
 Piros (pe'ros), locally called Chontaquiros 
 (chon-ta-ke'ros) or Siriminclies (se-re-men'- 
 chas). 1. An Indian tribe of eastern Peru, in 
 the forest region bordering the Apurimac and 
 Ucayale rivers, between 10° and 12° S. lat. They 
 were formerly numerous, and between 1683 and 1727 many 
 of them were gathered into mission villages; but they 
 subsequently returned to a wild life. They were long no- 
 torious for their raids on other tribes, originally to steal 
 women for wives, but later to procure slaves which they 
 sold to the whites. Only one or two t housands remain, and 
 they are gradually submitting to white influence. The 
 Piros belong to the Arawak stock. This is one of the 
 tribes loosely called Chunchos by the Peruvians. 
 
 2. See Piro. 
 
 Pirot (pe-rot'). A town in Servia, situated on 
 a head stream of the Nishava, in lat. 43° 14' N., 
 long. 22° 35' E. It was ceded by Turkey to Servia in 
 1878. Here, Nov. 26-27, 1885, the Bulgarians defeated the 
 Servians. Population, 10,000. 
 
 Pir-Panjal. A range of mountains in the south 
 of Kashmir. The highest portion of the range, to 
 which the name is properly applied, has a length of 80 
 miles. Its peaks rise to 14,000 and 15,000 feet. 
 
 Pirrie (pir'i), William. Born near Huntly, 
 Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 1807 : died Nov. 21, 
 1882. A Scottish surgeon. He graduated M. A. at the 
 University of Aberdeen in 1825, and M.D. at the Univer- 
 sity of Edinburgh in 1829, and studied surgery under Baron 
 Dupuytren in Paris. He was lecturer on anatomy and 
 physiology in the joint medical schools of King’s and 
 Marischal colleges, Aberdeen, 1830-39 ; was first regius 
 professor of surgery in Marischal College 1839-60 ; and 
 was professor of surgery in the University of Aberdeen 
 1860-82. He was recognized as the foremost surgeon of 
 his time in the north of Scotland. He published “The 
 Principles and Practice of Surgery" (1852) and, with 
 William Keith, “Acupressure, etc.” (1867). 
 
 Piruas (pe-ro'as). A name given by the li- 
 centiate Fernando de Montesinos, about the 
 middle of the seventeenth century, to a sup- 
 posed dynasty of Indians who are said to have 
 ruled over a large extent of territory in Peru 
 and Bolivia and to have preceded the sway of 
 the Inca tribe. The authentic Indian tradi- 
 tions collected carefully by the Spaniards 
 about 1542, and even previously, make no men- 
 tion of the Piruas ; and there appears to be no 
 foundation for the tale which Montesinos 
 either invented or misunderstood, using it for 
 the purpose of concocting a history of Peru 
 dating back to untold centuries. The sup- 
 posed connection of the “Piruas ’’with Tia- 
 liuanaco is imaginary. 
 
 Pisa (pe'zii or pe'sa). A province of Tuscany, 
 Italy. Area, 1,179 sq. m. Population, 338,932. 
 
 Pisa, F. Pise (pez). The capital of the province 
 
 Pisano, Andrea 
 
 of Pisa, Italy, situated on the Arno, 6 miles from 
 the sea, in lat. 43° 43' N., long. 10° 23' E. : the 
 ancient Piste and Colonia Julia Pisana. It is now 
 a winter health-resort. The cathedral, with the campanile, 
 the baptistery, and theCampo Santo (which see), forming 
 a world-famous group of four buildings, was begun in 1067, 
 and consecrated in 1118. In plan it is a Latin cross, 311 feet 
 long, 106J across nave and four aisles and 237 across the 
 transepts", and 91 feet high to the wooden ceiling of the 
 nave. The interior is arcaded, with fine monolithic shafts, 
 arcaded triforium-gallery, clearstory, and a great elliptical 
 dome at the crossing. The semi-dome of the apse is filled 
 with mosaics on gold ground, in part by Cimabue. 'The 
 facade, in alternated courses of dark and light marble, has 
 five superposed tiers of arcades, with smail columns, and 
 a similar arcade is carried around the church under the 
 roof. The bronze doors of the facade are fine Renaissance 
 productions by Giovanni da Bologna ; that of the south 
 transept is Romanesque, with curious reliefs in square 
 panels. The sculptured marble pulpit, of the type of that 
 in the baptistery, was the masterpiece of Giovanni Pisano : 
 it was shattered in the fire of 1596, but has lately been re- 
 stored. There are many fine paintings, particularly a beau- 
 tiful St. Agnes by Andrea del 8arto, and admirable choir- 
 stalls and church furniture. The baptistery, one of the 
 most beautiful of Italian buildings, is circular and domed, 
 with two tiers of superposed Pisan arcades, and above 
 these, belowthe dome, coupled cusped windows with deco- 
 rated pointed canopies. The lowest story, with round 
 wall-arcades inclosing windows, is of the 12th century; 
 the parts above are later. The little arcades of the second 
 tier are joined two and two by beautiful traceried and 
 crocheted pediments, separated by slender pinnacles. The 
 middle of the building is occupied by the octagonal font, 
 14 feet in diameter, with most delicate geometrical carving 
 and mosaics on its panels. Its chief boast, however, is 
 the famous pulpit (1260) of Niccola Pisano. This is hexag- 
 onal, raised on seven columns, three of the outer ones with 
 bases, three resting on lions, and the central one sup- 
 ported by a fantastic group of men and animals. One side 
 is taken by the stair ; the five others bear remarkable reliefs 
 from the life of Christ, strongly influenced by the antique. 
 At one angle is an eagle, forming a lectern. The diameter 
 of the baptistery is 117 feet, its total height 180. The 
 campanile, or Leaning Tower, is cylindrical, in eight stages, 
 that at the base solid with a wall-arcade, the six above 
 lower, and surrounded within their small columned ar- 
 cades with galleries. The highest stage appears recessed, 
 since it has no exterior arcade ; its wall-arcade is inter- 
 rupted by six large arches to allow the sound of the bells 
 to escape. The campanile, begun in 1174, with its super- 
 posed tiers of small arches is the exemplar of the peculiar 
 Pisan type of medieval architecture. It is 181 feet high, 
 51J in diameter at the base, and inclines 13 feet 8 inches 
 toward the south. About half of the sinking took place 
 during the construction, and the efforts made to correct 
 it by diminishing the height of the stages on the north 
 side resulted in a convexity of 10 inches on the south. The 
 spire originally designed was not built, on account of the 
 continued sinking of the foundation. San Paolo a Ripa 
 d’Arno was the original cathedral, founded by Charle- 
 magne, but altered in the 12th century. The facade is 
 built of gray, yellow, and black marble ; it has five blind 
 arches below, three of them inclosing doors, and three tiers 
 of columned galleries above. The interior has granite 
 columns with quaintly carved white marble capitals. In 
 the cloister there is a highly picturesque and curious hep- 
 tagonal structure with a pointed roof, apparently the bap- 
 tistery of the old cathedral. The university, organized in 
 1343, has over 1,150 students : the building, locally called 
 La Sapienza, was begun in 1493, and enlarged by Cosmo 
 de’ Medici. Pisa was probably of Etruscan origin. It 
 became a Roman colony and was flourishing under the 
 empire. In the 11th century it was a maritime republic, 
 and one of the chief commercial powers of the Mediterra- 
 nean. It conquered Sardinia, Corsica, and the Balearic 
 Islands ; took a prominent part in the Crusades ; was 
 frequently at war with Genoa, Lucca, and Florence ; was 
 a leading Ghibelline city ; was defeated by the Genoese 
 at Meloria in 1284, and soon after lost its possessions and 
 importance ; was annexed by Florence in 1406 ; became 
 independent in 1494 ; and resisted attacks by Florence in 
 1499, 1504, and 1505, but finally submitted in 1509. It had 
 an important part in the early development of architec- 
 ture and sculpture. Galileo was bom there. Population, 
 town, 28,046 ; commune, 61,321. 
 
 Pisa, Council of. An ecclesiastical council held 
 at Pisa in 1409 for the purpose of healing the 
 papal schism. It deposed the rival popes Gregory 
 XII. and Benedict XIII. Alexander V. was elected by 
 the cardinals. 
 
 Pisac (pe-sak'). A village of Peru, on the river 
 Vilcamayu about 15 miles east-northeast of 
 Cuzco. It is noted for its remains of Incarial architec- 
 ture, including a large fortress, almost perfectly preserved, 
 a temple, numerous terraces, rock-tombs, etc. 
 
 Pisagua (pe-sa'gwa). A town and port of the 
 province of Tarapaca, Chile (formerly in Peru), 
 in lat. 19° 36' 30” S.: one of the centers of the 
 nitrate industry. It was bombarded by the Chileans 
 April 18, 1879, and attacked and taken by them Nov. 2. 
 Population, about 6,000. 
 
 Pisan, Christine de. See Christine de Pisan. 
 Pisanio (pe-sa'ne-o). A servant of Posthumus 
 in Shakspere’s “ Cymbeline.” 
 
 “Sly and constant,” as the queen calls him, and as he 
 himself wishes to be, Pisanio unites the cunning of the 
 serpent with the harralessness of the dove. His singular 
 position is throughout that he is truest where he is most 
 untrue. 
 
 Gervinus, Shakespeare Commentaries (tr. by F. E. Bun- 
 [nett, cd. 1880), p. 673. 
 
 Pisano (pe-zii'no), Andrea (Andrea da Pon- 
 taderra). Born 1270: died at Florence about 
 1349. An Italian sculptor. He was early appren- 
 ticed to Giovanni Pisano, and devoted much time to the 
 study of the antique sarcophagi in the Campo Santo. At 
 
Pisano, Andrea 
 
 35 years of age he is said to have visited Venice, where he 
 made several statues for the facade of San Marco, and made 
 designs for the arsenal, subsequently finished by Filippo 
 Calendario. After his return from Venice hte made the 
 bronze door of the baptistery in Florence, which is his 
 chief and enduring title to fame (finished 1330). He also 
 executed the bas-reliefs designed by Giotto for the lower 
 story of the campanile, and some figures on Arnolfo’s fa- 
 cade of the duomo. He strengthened the Palazzo Vecchio 
 with great walls and fortifications to render it a safe resi- 
 dence for Walter de Brienne, titular duke of Athens, whom 
 the Florentines had made governor of the city. 
 
 Pisano, Giovanni. Born at Pisa, 1240: died 
 1320. An Italian architect and sculptor, son of 
 Niccola Pisano. From 1266 to 1267 he worked with his 
 father upon the pulpit in Siena. In 1268 he went to Na- 
 ples to design the church of the Franciscans and the epis- 
 copal palace. In 1278 he went to Pisa on the death of his 
 father. At this time he transformed the Oratory of Santa 
 Maria del Porto into the present Church of Santa Maria 
 della Spina, the first edifice built in Italy in the Pointed 
 style, and built the first and most beautiful Campo Santo in 
 Italy: in the Campo Santo are stiU many works of Gio- 
 vanni. About 1289 he made the monument of Pope Urban 
 IV. at Perugia, and the shrine of San Donato at Arezzo in 
 1290. 
 
 Pisano, Niccola. Born at Pisa between 1205 
 and 1207 : died at Pisa, 1278. A noted Italian 
 sculptor and architect, said to have been the 
 son of Pietro da Siena, a notary. He founded a 
 new school of sculpture in Italy. When about 15 years old 
 he was employed as architect by the emperor Frederick 
 II., and went with him to Naples, where he worked on the 
 Castel Capuano and Castel del” Uovo in 1221. He designed 
 the basilica of St. Anthony at Padua in 1231, and in 1237 
 made his first known essay in sculpture in the alto-rilievo 
 of the Deposition, still in the tympanum of the arch over a 
 side door of San Martino at Lucca. About 1248 hebuilt. the 
 Santa Trin ita at Florence, the San Domenico at Arezzo, the 
 duomo at Volterra, and the Pieve and Santa Marguerita 
 at Cortona. In 1260 he produced the famous pulpit in the 
 baptistery at Pisa. In 1265 he began the Area di San Do- 
 menico at Bologna, in which he was assisted by Fra Gug- 
 lielmo Agnelli. In 1266 he began the pulpit of the cathe- 
 dral at Siena, assisted by his son Giovanni and his pupils 
 Arnolfo del Cambio, Donato, and Lapo. It is similar to 
 the one in Pisa, but larger, and octagonal instead of hexa- 
 gonal. In 1269 Charles of Anjou commissioned him to 
 erect the abbey and convent of La Scorgola to commemo- 
 rate the victory of Tagliacozzo, which occurred in the 
 neighboring valley. In 1271 was begun the fountain in 
 Perugia finished by his son Giovanni. The 21 statuettes of 
 this fountain which are ascribed to Niccola Pisano are sim- 
 ply designed and broadly treated. 
 
 Piscataqua (pis-kat'a-kwa). A river in New 
 Hampshire and partly on the boundary be- 
 tween New Hampshire and Maine, it is formed 
 by the union of the Salmon and Cocheco, and flows into 
 the Atlantic 3 miles southeast of Portsmouth. Length (in- 
 cluding the Salmon), about 50 miles. 
 
 Piscataquis (pis-kat'a-kwis). A river in Maine; 
 joining the Penobscot 30 miles north of Ban- 
 gor. Length, about 70 miles. 
 
 Piscataway. See Conoy. 
 
 Pisces (pis'ez). [L., ‘ the fishes.’] A eonstel- 
 1 lation and sign of the zodiac ; tho Fishes. The 
 figure represents two fishes united by a ribbon attached to 
 their tails. One of the fishes is east, the other south, of 
 the square of Pegasus. Symbol, x . 
 
 Piscis Australis (pis'isas-tra'lis). [L., ‘the 
 southern fish/] An ancient southern constella- 
 tion, the Southern Fish. It contains the 1.3 magni- 
 tude star Fomalhaut, which is 30 degrees south of the 
 equator, and is in opposition on the 3d of Sept. The figure 
 represents a fish which swaHows the water poured out of 
 the vase by Aquarius. 
 
 Piscis Volans (pis'is vo'lanz). [L.,‘the flying 
 fish/] One of the southern constellations in- 
 troduced by Theodori, or Keyser, at the end of 
 the 16th century. Itissituatedwestof the star £ Argus, 
 and contains two "stars of the fourth magnitude. Also 
 called Volans. 
 
 Pisek (pe'sek). A town in Bohemia, situated on 
 the Wottawa 55 miles south by west of Prague. 
 Population, commune, 16,479, (1910). 
 
 Pisgah (piz'ga). In Bible geography, a moun- 
 tain of Abarirn, Moab, northeast of the Dead 
 Sea • now identified with Jebel Siaghah. Mount 
 Nebo, from which Moses viewed the promised land of Ca- 
 naan, was one of its summits. 
 
 Pishacha (pi-sha/eha). In Hindu mythology, 
 the name of a class of demons, perhaps origi- 
 nally (as is inferred from the epithets of Pisha- 
 chi in Rigveda I. cxxxiii. 5) a personification of 
 the ignis fatuus. They are called the “flesh- 
 eating Pishachas” in Atharvaveda, VITI. ii. 12. 
 Pishin (pe-shen' ). A district north of Quetta, ou 
 the border of Baluchistan and Afghanistan. It 
 is under direct British rule. 
 
 Pishpai (pish'pi). [Pers. , ‘ fore foot/] A rarely- 
 used name for the third-magnitude star y. Gerai- 
 norum. 
 
 Pishquitpah. See Pisquow. 
 
 Pisidia (pi-sid'i-a). [Gr. IT laiSia.'] In ancient 
 geography, a territory in Asia Minor, it was 
 bounded by Phrygia on the north, Isauria and Cilicia on 
 the east, Pamphylia on the south, and Lycia on the south- 
 west, and was traversed by the Taurus Mountains. It was 
 reduced by Rome. 
 
 Pisistratidae (pis-is-trat'i-de). Hippias and 
 
 810 
 
 Hipparchus, the two sons and successors of 
 Pisistratus. 
 
 Pisistratus (pi-sis'tra-tus). [Gr. UeiairirpaTOQ.'] 
 Born about 605 b. c. : died 527 b. c. A tyrant 
 of Athens, a friend of Solon. He usurped the su- 
 preme power in 560 ; was twice expeUed ; and was restored 
 and reigned until his death. 
 
 Peisistratus, in the last period of his rule (537-527 B. c.), 
 is said to have commissioned some learned men, of whom 
 the poet, Onomacritus was the chief, to collect the poems 
 of Homer. It is now generally believed that an Iliad and 
 an Odyssey already existed in writing at that time, but that 
 the text had become much deranged, especially through 
 the practice of reciting short passages without regard to 
 their context. Besides these two poems, many other epic 
 poems or fragments of the Ionian school went under 
 Homer’s name. The great task of the commission was to 
 collect all these ‘ ‘ poems of Homer ” into one body. From 
 this general stock they may have supplied what they 
 thought wanting in the Iliad and Odyssey. Their work 
 cannot, in any case, have been critical in a modern sense. 
 But it can hardly be doubted that some systematic attempt 
 to preserve ’ ‘ the poems of Homer ” was made in the reign 
 of Peisistratus. Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 32. 
 
 Piso (pi'so), Calpurnius. The name of a family 
 distinguished iu Roman history. Among its mem- 
 bers were the following : Lucius, a censor, consul, and au- 
 thor of the second half of the 2d century B. o, ; Lucius, a 
 politician, father-in-law of Julius Caesar ; Cneius, gover- 
 nor of Syria under Tiberius, and the reputed murderer of 
 Gcrmanicus ; Cains, the leader of an unsuccessful conspir- 
 acy against Nero in 65 A. D. ; and Lucius, the successor of 
 Galba for four days, put to death by Otho (69 A. P.). 
 Pison (pi'son). One of the four rivers men- 
 tioned in Gen. ii. It has been eonjecturally 
 identified with the Ganges, the upper Indus, 
 etc. Also Pish on. 
 
 Pisseleu. See Ittampes, Bucliesse d’. 
 Pissevache (pes-vash'). A picturesque water- 
 fall in the canton of Valais, Switzerland, situ- 
 ated near Martigny. Height, 230 feet. 
 
 Pissis (pe-ses' ), Aime. Bom at Brionde, Haut.e- 
 Loire, May 17, 1812: died at Santiago, Chile, 
 1888. A French naturalist. He visited Brazil ill 1836, 
 and the Andes in 1846, and in 1848 was made official geolo- 
 gist of Chile. His principal work, “Geografia fisica de 
 Chile,” was published in 1876, and he wrote many reports 
 and papers, principally on South American geology. 
 Pistoia, or Pistoja (pis-to'ya). A town in the 
 province of Florence, Italy, near the Ombrone, 
 20 miles northwest of Florence : the Roman Pis- 
 toria. It has manufactures of iron and firearms. The ca- 
 thedral is an interesting church of the 12th and 13th cen- 
 turies. The porch crosses the entire front ; it has 7 round 
 arches on slender columns, the central arch much the high- 
 est. Above the porch are 2 tiers of arcades, and the gable 
 and the front-walls of the aisle-roofs have ranges of col- 
 umns without arches. The interior is modernized, but 
 preserves good painting and sculpture, and has a magnifi- 
 cent medieval silver altar with admirable statues and re- 
 liefs. The campanile is solid below, and has above 3 
 arcaded galleries surmounted by a short pyramidal spire. 
 The baptistery, the Palazzo Pretorio, and several other 
 buildings are also of interest. Catiline was defeated and 
 slain near the city in 62 B. C. It was noted in the middle 
 ages for factional strife. Population, town, 13,787 ; com- 
 mune, 62,606. 
 
 Pistol (pis'tol). A character in the “Merry 
 Wives of Windsor,” in the second part of “ King 
 Henry IV.,” and also introduced in “King 
 Henry V.” : a bully and swaggerer, a compan- 
 ion of Falstaff. He is a modification of the 
 regular Italian type, the “ Thraso.” 
 
 Pistol Rivers. See Qwinctunnetun. 
 
 Pistoria. See Pistoia. 
 
 Pitcairn (pit-karn'), John. Born in Fifeshire, 
 Scotland, about 1740: killed at Bunker Hill, 
 June 17, 1775. A British officer (major), com- 
 mander of the advanced force in Gage’s expedi- 
 tion to Lexington and Concord, April 19, 1775. 
 Pitcairn (or Pitcairn’s) Island. An island in 
 the South Pacific, situated in lat. 25° 4' S. , long. 
 130° 18' W. It was discovered In 1767, and was settled 
 in 1790 by mutineers from the British ship Bounty. The 
 colony removed to Norfolk Island in 1856. Many of them 
 have since returned to Pitcairn Island. It is claimed by 
 Great Britain. Area, 2 square miles. Population, 169. 
 Pitcher, Molly. The wife of a Revolutionary 
 soldier who distinguished herself at the battle 
 of Monmouth, June 28, 1778. She took the place of 
 her husband, who was killed while discharging a cannon. 
 Washington commended her bravery and gave her a com- 
 mission as sergeant. 
 
 Pited-elf (pit'e-a-elf). A river in northern 
 Sweden which flows into the Gulf of Both- 
 nia about lat. 65° 25' N. Length, about 180 
 miles. 
 
 Pithiviers (pe-te-vya/). A town in tho depart- 
 ment of Loiret, France, situated on the river 
 (Euf 25 miles northeast of Orleans. P opulation, 
 commune, 6,293. 
 
 Pithom (pi'thom). One of the store cities built 
 in Egypt by the Israelites. It was determined liy 
 fl. Naville to be near the modern Tel el-Maskhutah, abont 
 12 miles from Ismailia, on the Suez Canal. In the time of 
 the Greek dynasty its name became Heroopolis, whicli the 
 Romans abridged to Ero. 
 
 Pitti Palace 
 
 Pitilagas (pe-te-la'gas). An Indian tribe of the 
 Gran Chaco, on the river Vermejo, mentioned 
 by Azara and others. They were probably a 
 branch of the Tobas. Lozano called them Ya- 
 pitalaguas. 
 
 Pitkin (pit'kin), Timothy. Born at Farming- 
 ton, Conn., Jan. 21, 1766: died at New Haven, 
 Conn. , Dec. 18, 1847. An American lawyer, poli- 
 tician, and historian. He published “Statistical View 
 of the Commerce of the United States ” (1816), “ A Politi- 
 cal and Civil History of the United States from the year 
 1763 to the close of Washington's Administration ” (1828). 
 
 Pitman (pit'man), Sir Isaac. Born at Trow- 
 bridge, England, Jan. 4, 1813: died at Bath, 
 Jan. 22, 1897. An English stenographer. He 
 became master of the British school at Barton-on-Huinber 
 in 1832, established the British school at Wotton-under- 
 Edge in 1836, and removed to Bath in 1839. He published 
 in 1837 his first treatise on shorthand, entitled “Steno- 
 graphic Soundhand,” in which he applied phonography to 
 shorthand. After the establishment of the Phonetic So- 
 ciety in 1843, he devoted himself wholly to the propaga- 
 tion of his system of shorthand, and was the head of the 
 Phonetic Institute at Bath. He was also identified with the 
 movement for spelling reform. He was knighted in 1894. 
 Pitris (pi'triz). [Skt. pitr, father ; nom. pi ta- 
 rns.] In Hindu belief, the Manes, or spirits of 
 the departed. They are the object of shraddhas, orobla^ 
 tions to the Manes, accompanied by a funeral meal and 
 gifts to the Brahmans. 
 
 Pit River Indians. See Palaihnilian. 
 
 Pitt (pit), William, first Earl of Chatham. Born 
 at Westminster, Nov. 15, 1708: died at Hayes, 
 Kent, May 11, 1778. A famous English Whig 
 statesman and orator. He was the son of Robert Pitt of 
 Boconnock,in Cornwall ; studied at Trinity College, Oxford ; 
 and obtained a cornet’s commission in the dragoons. He 
 entered Parliament in 1735, and in 1746 became vice-trea- 
 surer of Ireland in Pelham’s administration. He was in the 
 same year promoted to the office of paymaster-general, 
 which he retained under the Duke of Newcastle. Disap- 
 pointed in his hope of advancement, he attacked the gov- 
 ernment in 1755, and was deprived of office. He was sec- 
 retary of state under the Duke of Devonshire 1756-57. In 
 1757 he formed a coalition with the Duke of Newcastle, 
 who became premier, although Pitt, as secretary of state, 
 obtained the ascendancy in the government. He adopted 
 vigorous measures in prosecution of the Seven Years’ War, 
 and the period which foUowed is one of the most brilliant 
 in English history. He resigned in 1761, inasmuch as he 
 failed to receive the supportof the rest of the ministry for 
 a war with Spain. He became premier on thefall of Rock- 
 ingham in 1766, and was created Viscount Pitt and Earl of 
 Chatham. He resigned in 1768, owing to ill health. He 
 opposed the policy pursued toward the American colonies, 
 although his last appearance in the House of Lords, on 
 April 7, 1778, was in order to protest against the dismem- 
 berment of the British empire by the acknowledgment of 
 their independence. 
 
 Pitt, William. Born at Hayes, near Bromley, 
 Kent, May 28, 1759: died at Putney, Jan. 23, 
 1806. A celebrated English Whig statesman. 
 He was the second son of William Pitt, earl of Chatham, 
 and Lady Hester Grenville, daughter of Hester, Countess 
 Temple. In 1773 he entered Cambridge (Pembroke Hall). 
 In 1780 he was called to the bar at Lincoln’s Inn and elected 
 member of Parliament for Appleby. On Feb. 26, 1781, he 
 made his first speech in favor of Burke’s plan of econom- 
 ical reform. In a speech, May 7, 1782, he attacked the ex- 
 isting electoral system and moved an investigation, being 
 defeated by a narrow majority. In July, 1782, he became 
 chancellor of the exchequer and leader of the House of 
 Commons in Shelburne’s ministry, which resigned March 
 31, 1783. On the downfall of “ the coalition ” of North and 
 Fox, Pitt became prime minister, first lord of the treasury, 
 and chancellor of the exchequer (Dec., 1783). He was 
 member for Cambridge in 1784. Pitt’s first administration 
 continued until 1831. The French Revolution in 1789 was 
 at first regarded with favor in England, and as late as the 
 spring of 1792 Pitt hoped for peace. When finally dragged 
 into the struggle (1792-93), his activity was political rather 
 than military. His policy was frustrated by Napoleon on 
 the Continent, but at home it met with no opposition: by 
 1799 the largest possible minority in Parliament was 25. 
 His internal administration was extremely severe. Jaco- 
 binism was suppressed, and the Habeas Corpus Act re- 
 peatedly suspended. His policy in Ireland resulted in the 
 union of 1800. His attempt to relieve Roman Catholic dis- 
 abilities was opposed by the king, and he resigned March 
 14, 1801. The Addington ministry, which succeeded, was 
 made up of Pitt’s supporters. It fell after the failure of 
 the treaty of Amiens, and Pitt’s second administration be- 
 gan May 10, 1804. Napoleon’s attempted invasion of Eng- 
 land failed through the vigilance of Nelson, but the coa- 
 lition of England, Russia, and Austria, with which Pitt 
 opposed him on the Continent, was wrecked at Ulm and 
 Austerlitz in 1805. Pitt was completely prostrate4 by 
 these disasters; retired to his villa at Putney Jan. 11, 
 1806 ; and died there. 
 
 Pitta, Sebastiao da Rocha. See Rocha Pitta. 
 Pittacus (pit'a-kus). [Gr. Ibr-a/nSf.] Born in 
 Lesbos about "651 b. c.: died about 569 b. c. 
 One of the seven wise men of Greece, ruler of 
 Mytilene about 589-579 b. c. 
 
 Pitt Diamond, The. A celebrated diamond 
 wliich was purchased by Thomas Pitt, grand- 
 father of William Pitt, first earl of Chatham, 
 and was sold by him to tbe Regent of Orleans 
 in 1717 for about $675,000. it came originally from 
 India (the Parteal mines, on the Kistna), was one of the 
 crown jewels of France, and was set in the handle of the 
 first Napoleon’s sword. It weighs about 137 carats. Also 
 known as the Regent Diamond. 
 
 Pitti Palace. See Palazzo Pitti. 
 
Pittsburgh 
 
 Pittsburgh, or Pittsburg (pits'berg). The cap- 
 ital of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, situ- 
 ated at the junction of the Monongahela and 
 Allegheny rivers (which unite here to form the 
 Ohio), in lat. 40° 27' N., long. 80° W. it is the 
 
 second city in the State, and one of the chief manufactur- 
 ing cities of the country, being the leading place in the 
 country for manufactures of iron, steel, copper, and glass. 
 There are also manufactures of brass, flour, machin- 
 ery, petroleum, cotton, etc. It is an important railway 
 center and the headquarters of a liver trade, and ex- 
 ports coal, coke, etc. It is called “the Iron City” and 
 “the Smoky City." The English began a fort on its 
 site in 1754 ; this was seized by the French and called Fort 
 Duquesne, and an attempt to recover it by Braddock re- 
 sulted in his defeat in the battle of the Monongahela, July 
 9, 1755. An unsuccessful attempt to capture it was made 
 by Grant in 1758, but it was finally taken by Forbes the 
 same year. Fort Pitt (named from the elder Pitt) was 
 built in 1759, and Pittsburg was settled in 1764. Popula- 
 tion, 533,905, (1910). 
 
 Pittsburg Landing. See Shiloh. 
 
 Pittsfield (pits'feld). A city and the capital 
 of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, situated 
 29 miles east-southeast of Albany. It was incor- 
 porated in 1761, and has large electric works, and also man- 
 ufactures. Population, 32,121, (1910). 
 
 Pittston (pits'ton). A borough in Luzerne 
 County, Pennsylvania, situated on the Susque- 
 hanna, near the mouth of the Lackawanna, 8 
 miles southwest of Scranton. It is an impor- 
 tant place of export for anthracite coal. Pop- 
 ulation, 16,267, (1010). 
 
 Pityusse (piLi-u'se). [Gr. IUtvovccu.] In an- 
 cient geography, the two islands of the Bale- 
 aric group now called Iviza and Formentera. 
 Piura (pe-b'ra). 1. The north westernmost de- 
 partment of Peru, bordering on Ecuador and 
 the Pacific Ocean. Area, 16,825 square miles. 
 Population, 213,909. — 2. The capital of the 
 department of Piura, situated near the coast 
 in lat. 5° 12' S. It was founded by Pizarro. 
 Population, about 10,000. 
 
 Pius (pl'us) I. Bishop of Rome 142-156. 
 
 Pius II. (Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Latinized as 
 tineas Sylvius). Born near Siena, Italy, Oct. 
 18, 1405 : died Aug. 15, 1464. Pope 1458-64. He 
 studied at the universities of Siena and Florence, and in 
 1431 became secretary to the Bishop of Fermo, whom he 
 accompanied to the Council of Basel. He at first supported 
 the council in its contest with Pope Eugenius IV., but 
 afterward sided with Eugenius against the council. He 
 was for a time poet laureate at the court of the emperor 
 Frederick III. He was appointed cardinal in 1456, and 
 ascended the papal throne in 1458. He wrote an erotic 
 novel “ Eurialus and Lucretia,”and “Commentaries" relat- 
 ing to his own times. 
 
 Pius III. (Francesco Todescbini). Born at 
 Siena, Italy, 1439: died Oct. 18, 1503. Pope 
 Sept.-Oct., 1503. 
 
 Pius IV. ( Giovanni Angelo Medici). Born at 
 Milan, 1499: died Dec. 9, 1565. Pope 1559-65. He 
 reopened the Council of Trent iu 1562, and issued a buU 
 confirming its decisions in 1564. 
 
 Pius V. (Michele Ghislieri). Born at Bosco, 
 near Milan, 1504 : died May 1, 1572. Pope 1566- 
 1572. 
 
 Pius VI. (Giovanni Angelo Braschi). Born 
 at Cesena, Italy, Dec. 27. 1717 : died at Valence, 
 France, Aug. 29, 1799. Pope 1775-99. The French 
 stripped him of parts of his dominions iu 1791 and 1796, 
 and of the remainder in 1798. In 1798 he was carried as 
 a prisoner to Valence, in France, w here he died. 
 
 Pius VII. (Gregorio Luigi Barnaba Chiara- 
 monti). Born at Cesena, Italy, Aug. 14, 1742 : 
 died Aug. 20, 1823. Pope 1800-23. He ratified the 
 concordat with France in 1801, and consecrated Napoleon 
 as emperor in 1804. His opposition to French aggression 
 brought on the annexation of the Papal States to France 
 in 1809, and his own imprisonment first in Italy and after- 
 ward in France 1809-14. He was restored to Rome and to 
 his temporal dominions in 1814. 
 
 Pius VIII. (Francesco Xaviero Castiglioni). 
 
 Born at Cingoli, near Ancona, Italy, Nov. 20, 
 1761 : died at Rome, Nov. 30, 1830. Pope 1829- 
 1830. 
 
 Pius IX. (Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti). 
 
 Born at Sinigaglia, near Ancona, Italy, May 13, 
 1792 : died at Rome, Feb. 7, 1878. Pope 1846- 
 1878. He became archbishop of Spoleto in 1827 ; was ap- 
 pointed cardinal in 1840; and ascended the papal throne 
 in 1846. His grand object at his accession was to bring 
 about a confederation of the Italian states under the papal 
 supremacy. With' this object in view, lie placed himself 
 at the head of the movement for reform, proclaimed an 
 amnesty to political offenders, reorganized the municipal 
 government of Rome, and granted a constitution to the 
 Papal States. Frightened, however, by the increasing de- 
 mands of the populace, he fled to Gaeta in Nov., 1848, while 
 a republic was proclaimed at Rome. He was restored by 
 the aid of the French in 1850. Henceforth he maintained 
 an attitude of uncompromising conservatism. A large 
 part of his dominions was annexed by Victor Emmanuel 
 in 1860, and he was altogether deprived of his temporal 
 power in 1870. Through his influence the doctrine of 
 papal infallibility was adopted by the Vatican Council 
 July 18, 1870. 
 
 Pius X. (Giuseppe Sarto). Born at Riese, near 
 
 811 
 
 Treviso, Italy, June 2, 1835. Pope since August, 
 1903. He was ordained priest in 1858; was made bishop 
 of Mantua in 1884; cardinal and patriarch of Venice in 
 1893 ; and was elected pope August 4, 1903. 
 
 Piute, Piutah. See Paiute. 
 
 Pizarro. A play translated from Kotzebue’s 
 il Spaniards in Peru.” It is known as Sheridan’s, hut 
 the translation was not made by him. It was produced in 
 English in 1799. 
 
 Pizarro (pi-za'ro ; Sp. pron. pe-tbiir'ro), Fran- 
 cisco. Born at Trujillo, Estremadura, about 
 1471 : died at Lima, June 26, 1541. A Spanish 
 soldier, conqueror of Peru. He was the illegitimate 
 son of a Spanish officer under whom he served in Italy. 
 It is not known when he went to America, and he first ap- 
 pears at Darien, where, for a short time, he was left in 
 charge of the colony (1510). He was with Balboa in the 
 discovery of the Pacific (1513) ; and in 1519 settled at Pa- 
 nama. Here, in 1522, he joined with Diego de Almagro 
 and a priest named Hernando de Luque in a scheme for 
 conquest toward the south, whence rumors had come of 
 a rich empire. They purchased two small vessels, and 
 Pizarro left PanamaNov. 14, 1524, with one ship and about 
 100 men, following the coast to about lat. V N. After en- 
 during great suffering, he was obliged to return. Alma- 
 gro, who had sailed later and passed him, met with no bet- 
 ter success. Aided by Gaspar de Espinosa they sailed 
 again in larger vessels (about Sept., 1526), penetrated to 
 the equator, and saw large cities and evidences of wealth. 
 Almagro now returned for reinforcements, leaving Pizarro 
 and a part of the men on the little island of Gallo (lat. 1° 
 52' N.), where they suffered greatly. The new governor of 
 Panama, Los Rios, refused to authorize further explora- 
 tion, and sent two ships to take Pizarro off ; but he, with 
 16 of his men, chose to remain rather than give up the 
 scheme, and was left on the island. Another vessel ar- 
 rived about Dec., 1527, with positive orders to take them 
 off ; but, instead of obeying, they used the vessel for fur- 
 ther exploration. This time they reached Tumbez and 
 other Inca towns, were well received, saw evidences of 
 great wealth, and at length returned to Panama with the 
 assurance that they had discovered the long-sought south- 
 ern empire. Pizarro now hastened to Spain, where (July 
 26, 1529) he received a concession to conquer and govern 
 Peiu. Returning to Panama, Pizarro sailed for the 
 south in Jan., 1531, with 3 vessels and 185 men ; landed at 
 the island of PiinA in the Gulf of Guayaquil, where he 
 was joined by Hernando de Soto with reinforcements ; and 
 thence crossed to Tumbez and pushed inland. On Nov. 
 15, 1532, he reached Cajamarca, where the Inca Atahualpa 
 was encamped with a large army. On the next day the Inca 
 was treacherously seized, and his attendants were massa- 
 cred. He was promised his liberty if he would fill a room 
 with gold, and he actually did collect through his officers 
 326,539 pesos of gold and 51,610 marks of silver, equal to 
 4,605,670 ducats, estimated at 815,000,000 of modern money. 
 In the end the captive was slain on afalse charge of conspir- 
 ing against the Spaniards, Aug. 29, 1533. (See A tahucilpa.) 
 Almagro arrived soon after, but too late to share in the 
 distribution of the booty. Hitherto there had been no 
 armed resistance, but in the marcli to Cuzco which fol- 
 lowed, the Spaniards were repeatedly attacked. On Nov. 
 15, 1533, Pizarro entered Cuzco. Manco Inca (see 
 Manco) thereupon tendered his submission, and Pizarro 
 made a puppet monarch of him : he himself was the 
 real ruler, and Cuzco was pillaged and turned into a 
 Spanish city. In Jan., 1535, he founded Lima as his 
 capital ; soon after he received from Spain the title of mar- 
 quis, and his territory was defined as extending from the 
 river Santiago (lat. 1° 2’ S.) southward for 270 leagues. 
 Almagro, at the same time, was granted the region ad- 
 joining this on the south, and he set out with an army to 
 conquer Chile. Meanwhile Benalcazar, with a part of 
 Pizarro’s force, had conquered Quito, and Pizarro took 
 possession of it. In April, 1536, the Indians rose in revolt 
 under Manco, and for a time threatened to drive the 
 Spaniards out, but were finally conquered. Almagro, re- 
 turning from Chile, claimed Cuzco as lying within his 
 territory; war followed between him and Pizarro ; and Al- 
 magro was defeated at Las Salinas (April 26, 1538), and 
 soon after was executed. His followers were generally 
 allowed to go free ; but they plotted against Pizarro, and at 
 length a party of them attacked him in his palace and slew 
 him with several attendants. 
 
 Pizarro, Gonzalo. Born at Truxillo, 1505 or 
 1506 : died at Cuzco, April 12 (?), 1548. Half- 
 brother of Francisco Pizarro, whom he followed 
 in the conquest of Peru. He took part in the de- 
 fense of Cuzco in 1536 ; was imprisoned by Almagro, April, 
 1537, but escaped ; led the infantry at Las Salinas, April 
 26, 1538 ; subsequently served in Charcas, where he re- 
 ceived a grant of the rich Potosi mines ; and in 1539 was 
 made governor of Quito. In 1541-42 he led an unsuccess- 
 ful expedition eastward of Quito to the Napo, and was 
 deserted there by Orellana, who made the first descent of 
 the Amazon. In 1544 he consented, after some hesitation, 
 to lead the opposition to Vasco Nufiez Vela and the “New 
 Laws"; war ensued; and Vela was defeated and killed at 
 the battle of Anaquito, Jan. 18, 1546. Pizarro was recog- 
 nized by the colonists as ruler, and his officers seized the 
 Isthmus of Panama. The Spanish government now sent 
 Pedro de la Gasca, with extraordinary powers, to take pos- 
 session of the government. By politic means he obtained 
 possession of the isthmus. Pizarro refused to treat with 
 him, and Gasca landed at Tumbez June 13, 1547. Alarmed 
 by numerous desertions, Pizarro attempted to retreat 
 southward. At Huarina, near Lake Titicaca, he and his 
 lieutenant, Carbajal, met and defeated the royalist force 
 of Centeno. Pizarro now returned to Cuzco, and met the 
 army of Gasca in the valley of Sacsahuana, April 9, 1548; 
 but his disheartened soldiers deserted or fled, and there 
 was no battle. Pizarro gave himself up, and was executed 
 soon after. 
 
 Pizarro, Hernando. Born at Truxillo, 1474 (?) 
 or 1479 (?) : died there, 1578. Half-brotlier (le- 
 gitimate) of Francisco Pizarro, whom be ac- 
 companied to Peru, returning to Spain in Jan., 
 1534, with the royal fifth of the ransom of Ata- 
 
 Placidia 
 
 hualpa. He went back to Peru ; commanded in the de- 
 fense of Cuzco against Manco Inca in 1536 ; and was seized 
 by Almagro, April 18, 1537, but was released on his prom- 
 ise to leave the country. Iustead of doing so, he took 
 command of his brother’s army; defeated Almagro at 
 Las Salinas, April 26, 1638; and put him to death. For 
 this conduct he was afterward kept in mild confinement 
 iu Spain for 20 years (1540-60). During this period he 
 married an illegitimate daughter of Francisco Pizarro (a 
 granddaughter of Huaina Capac), and had three chil- 
 dren. 
 
 Pizarro, Pedro. Born at Toledo, 1514: died in 
 Peru after 1571. Cousin of Francisco Pizarro, 
 who employed him as a page in 1530. He was an 
 eye-witness of most of the scenes in the conquest of Peru, 
 and during the rebellion of Gonzalo Pizarro narrowly es- 
 caped hanging because he sided with the king. In 1571 
 he finished his “Relaciones del descubrimiento y con- 
 quista de los Reynos del Peril,” one of the best authori- 
 ties on the conquest. It was first published in Vol. V of 
 the “Documenfos infditos para la nistoria de Espana." 
 
 Pizarro e Araujo (pe-za/ro e a-rou'zho), Josd 
 de Souza Azevedo. Born at Rio de Janeiro, 
 Oct. 12, 1753 : died there, May 14, 1830. A Bra- 
 zilian historian. He took orders and occupied va- 
 rious ecclesiastical positions at Rio de Janeiro, besides 
 traveling extensively in the interior. His “Memorias 
 historicas da capitania do Rio de Janeiro, e das demais 
 capitanias do Brazil ” (9 vols. 1820-22) is one of the most 
 important works on the history of Brazil. 
 
 Pizarro y Orellana (pe-thar'ro e o-ral-ya'na), 
 Fernando. Born about 1595 : died after 1639. 
 Great-grandson of Francisco Pizarro through 
 his daughter Francisca who married Hernando 
 Pizarro. In 1639 he published “Varones ilustres del 
 Nuevo Mundo,” which gives the most extended account of 
 the conquerorof Peru, and biographies of Columbus, Ojeda, 
 Cortes, Juan, Hernando and Gonzalo Pizarro, Diego de Al- 
 magro, and Diego Garcia de Paredes. 
 
 Piz Bernina (pets ber-ne'na). Apeak of the Ber- 
 nina chain, and the culminating summit of the 
 Rheetian Alps, situated in the canton of Gri- 
 sons, Switzerland, south of the Upper Enga- 
 dine. Height, 13,295 feet. 
 
 Piz Languard (pets lang-gward'). A peak in 
 the Alps of Grisons, Switzerland, east of Pont- 
 resina. Height, 10,715 feet. 
 
 Pizzo (pit'so). A seaport in the province of 
 Catanzaro, southern Italy, 24 miles southwest 
 of Catanzaro, on the Gulf of Santa Eufemia. 
 Murat was executed here in 1815. Population, 
 commune, 1,933. 
 
 Place de la Bastille (pliis de labas-tel'), or 
 La Bastille. The site of the Bastille, at the 
 end of the Rue St.-Antoine, Paris. After the rev- 
 olution of 1830 the Colonne de Juillet was erected here to 
 commemorate the three eventful days of J uly of that year. 
 The first stone was laid by Louis Philippe, July 21, 1831. 
 In the revolution of 1848 the strongest barricade of the 
 insurgents was placed at the entrance of the Faubourg St.- 
 Antoine to the east of the Place, and Archbishop Afire was 
 killed there. The revolution of Feb. 23-24, 1848, began at 
 the Place de la Bastille, and it was one of the strongholds 
 of the Communists, being captured after a desperate strug- 
 gle on May 25, 1871. 
 
 Place de la Concorde (kon-kord'). A noted 
 square in Paris, north of the Seine and west of 
 the Tuileries. Ill the first revolution it was called the 
 Place de la Guillotine. It was also called the Place de la 
 Revolution and the Place Louis XV. In 1763 the waste 
 land here was transformed into a piazza to be called the 
 Place Louis XV. : this was begun by the architect Gabriel. 
 On May 30, 1770, while the work was still unfinished, the 
 marriage of the dauphin was celebrated there by a great 
 fete. In 1792 the statue of Louis XV. , which had stood in 
 the center, was pulled down and replaced by a plaster 
 statue of Liberty, near which was the guillotine. Louis 
 XVI., Marie Antoinette, and many of the nobility were 
 beheaded here. Its present name dates from 1795. The 
 ObMisque de Luxor was brought here in 1833. 
 
 Place du Carrousel (dii ka-ro-zel'). A square 
 in Paris, north of the Seine and west of the 
 Louvre. Its name is derived from the tourna- 
 ment held here in 1662. See Arc de Triomphe 
 du Carrousel. 
 
 Placentia. See Piacenza. 
 
 Placentia (pla-sen'shi-ii). A small seaport in 
 Newfoundland, 63 miles west-southwest of St. 
 John’s. 
 
 Placentia Bay. All inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, 
 on the southern coast of Newfoundland. Length, 
 about 65 miles. 
 
 Place Royale, La, ou I’Amoureux extrava- 
 gant. A comedy by Corneille, produced in 1634. 
 
 Placerville (pla'sfer-vil). The capital of El 
 Dorado County, California, situated about, 40 
 miles east-northeast of Sacramento. Popula- 
 tion, 1,914, (1910). 
 
 Place Vendome (pliis von- doin'). A noted 
 square in Paris, north of the Seine. It was de- 
 signed by Louis XIV. Napoloon I. erected a 
 triumphal column here in 1806. See Column 
 Vendome. 
 
 Placidia (pla-sid'i-a), Galla. Born about 388 
 A. d. : died 450 or 451. A Roman princess, she 
 
Placidia 
 
 was the daughter of Theodosius the Great ; was taken 
 prisoner by Alaric, king of the W est Goths, during the sack 
 of Rome in 410 ; and became the wife of Alaric ’s successor 
 Ataulphus in 414. Ataulphus was killed in 415, and 1’la- 
 cidia was restored to her half-brother the emperor Hono- 
 rius. She married in 417 Constantius, by whom she be- 
 came the mother of Valentinian III. 
 
 Plagiary (pla'ji-a-ri), Sir Fretful. A char- 
 acter in “The Critic,” by Sheridan. It is a satir- 
 ical portrait of Cumberland, said to have been written in 
 revenge for the latter’s behavior at the first night of the 
 “School for Scandal." 
 
 Plague of Serpents, The. A powerful ceiling 
 picture by Tintoretto, in the Scuola di San Eocco 
 at Venice. There are many figures scattered in flight 
 and death before swarms of small but monstrous flying 
 and writhing snakes, beneath a sky covered with black 
 clouds, but illuminated in one place by the descent of an 
 angel of mercy. 
 
 Plaideurs (pla-der'), Les. A comedy by Ra- 
 cine, printed in 1668. It is a severe satire on the 
 legal profession, and at first was unsuccessful, but after- 
 ward became extremely popular: “a charming trifle 
 which has had, and lias deserved, more genuine and last- 
 ing popularity than any of his tragedies ” (Saintsbury). 
 
 Plain (plan), The. In the legislatures of the first 
 French revolution, the floor of the house, occu- 
 pied by the more moderate party ; hence, that 
 party itself, as distinguished from the Mountain 
 (which see). 
 
 Plain Dealer (plan de'ler), The. A comedy by 
 Wycherley, produced in 1674 and printed in 
 1677. It owes its existence to Moliere’s “Le 
 misanthrope.” See Manly. 
 
 Plainfield (plan'feld). A city in Union County, 
 New Jersey, 24 miles west-southwest of New 
 York. Population, 20,550, (1910). 
 
 PlanchS (ploh-sha/), James Robinson. Born 
 at London, Feb. 27, 1796 : died May 30, 1880. 
 An English dramatist and writer on heraldry, 
 costume, etc. He wrote, translated, or adapted more 
 than 150 plays. He xvas created Rouge-Croix Pursuivant 
 of Arms in 1854, and Somerset Herald in 1806. 
 
 Planck (plangk), Gottlieb Jakob. Born at 
 Nurtingen, Wiirtemberg, Nov. 15, 1751: died 
 Aug. 31, 1833. A GermanProtestant theologian, 
 professor of theology at Gottingen from 1784. 
 His chief work is “ Geschichte des protestantischen Lehr- 
 begriffs ” (“ History of the Protestant System of Doctrine,” 
 1781-1800). 
 
 Plan<;on (plon-son'), Pol. A noted contem- 
 porary bass singer, born in France. He made 
 bis debut in 1877 and first sang as Mepbisto 
 in “Faust” in Paris in 1883. 
 
 Plantagenet, George, Duke of Clarence. Born 
 at Dublin, 1449: murdered in the Tower of 
 London, Feb. 18, 1478. Younger brother of Ed- 
 ward IV. of England. He married Isabel, daughter 
 of the Earl of Warwick, in 1469 ; and intrigued with War- 
 wick 1469-71. According to an unauthenticated tradition, 
 he was drowned in a butt of malmsey wine. 
 
 Plantagenet (plan-taj' e-net), House of, also 
 called House of Anjou. [From L. planter, 
 genistse , sprig of broom, emblem of Geoffrey, 
 count of Anjou.] A line of English kings (1154- 
 1399), founded by Henry II., son of Geoffrey, 
 count of Anjou, and Matilda, daughter of Henry 
 
 1. of England. The kings of this house were Henry 
 II. (1154-89), Richard I. (1189-99), John Lackland (1199- 
 1210), Henry III. (1216-72), Edward I. (1272-1607), Edward 
 II. (1307-27), Edward III. (1327-77), and Richard II. (1377- 
 1399). It became extinct in the direct line on the death 
 of Richard II. in 1400. See Richard III. 
 
 Plantagenet, John. See John of Lancaster. 
 Plantagenet, Richard, Earl of Cornwall. Born 
 at Winchester, England, Jan. 5, 1209: died April 
 
 2, 1272. Younger brother of Henry III. of Eng- 
 land. He was elected king of Germany by part of the 
 electors, and crowned at Aachen in 1257. He was cap- 
 tured at Lewes in 1264. 
 
 Plantin (plon-tan'), Christophe. Born near 
 Tours, France, 1514 : died at Antwerp, 1589. A 
 French printer in Antwerp. He published a 
 polyglot Bible (1569-72). See Antwerp. 
 Plantin-Moretus, Musee. See Antwerp. 
 Plasencia (pla-sen'the-a). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Caceres, western Spain, situated on the 
 Jerte 70 miles south-southwest of Salamanca. 
 
 The cathedral is of the florid architecture of Ferdinand 
 and Isabella, with later classical alterations and additions. 
 The choir-stalls are remarkable even in Spain : the carving: 
 is admirable, and the blending: of sacred and profane sub- 
 jects very curious. Population, 8,208. 
 
 Plassey, or Plassi (plas'se). A place in Bengal, 
 British India, situated on the Hugli 85 miles 
 north of Calcutta. Here, .Tune 23, 1757, the British 
 forces(3,200) under Clive defeated the Bengal army(50,000) 
 under Surajah Dowlah. The battle is important as virtually 
 securing the establishment of the British power in India. 
 
 Plata, Gobernacion del Rio de la. See Bio 
 
 de la Plata. 
 
 Plata (plii'ta). La. S ee Argentine Confederation. 
 Plata, La, Audience of. The audience of 
 Chuquisaca, otherwise called La Plata. See 
 Charcas. 
 
 812 
 
 Plata, Provinces of the. See La Plata. 
 Plata, Rio de la. See Bio de la Plata. 
 
 Plata, Viceroyalty of. See La Plata. 
 
 Plataea (pla-te'a), or Platsese (pla-te'e). [Gr. 
 IDldraM, I Uaraiai.'] In ancient geography, a city 
 of Boeotia, Greece, situated at the foot of Mount 
 Cithaeron 30 miles northwest of Athens. It was 
 allied with Athens ; furnished a contingent against the Per- 
 sians at Marathon in 490 B. c. ; was the scene of a famous 
 battle in 479 (see below); was unsuccessfully attacked by 
 the Thebans in 431 ; was besieged by the Peloponnesians in 
 429, and taken in 427 ; was rebuilt in 387, again destroyed 
 by the Thebans about 372, and rebuilt 338. The site 
 contains a few ruins : a Heraeum, or temple of Hera, was 
 discovered in 1891. 
 
 Platsea, Eattle of. A victory gained in 479 b. c. 
 by the Greeks (about 110,000, Lacedsemonians 
 and others) under Pausanias over the Persians 
 (about 300,000) under Mardonius. It resulted 
 in the final repulse of the Persian invasion of 
 Greece. 
 
 Plateau (plii-to'), Joseph Antoine Ferdinand. 
 
 Born at Brussels, Oct. 14, 1801 : died at Ghent, 
 Sept. 15, 1883. A Belgian physicist, professor 
 of experimental physics and astronomy at Ghent 
 1835-71: noted for his researches in molecular 
 forces and in optics. His chief work is “ Sta- 
 tique experimental et tlieorique des liquides” 
 (1873). 
 
 Platen (pia ' ten), August, Count von Platen- 
 Hallermund (or -Hallermunde). Born at Ans- 
 bach, Bavaria, Oct. 24, 1796 : died at Syracuse, 
 Sicily, Dec. 5, 1835. A German poet. He was at 
 first in the cadet corps at Munich. In 1815, as a Bavarian 
 lieutenant, he was in the field against France. Subse- 
 quently, without having left the army, he studied linguis- 
 tics at Wurzburg and Erlangen ; afterward he traveled 
 much abroad, particularly in Italy and the South. He is 
 buried in Syracuse. Among his poems are particularly to 
 be mentioned his sonnets and the “Ghaselen,’ written in 
 the Persian form of the “gazel," the first of which ap- 
 peared in 1821 : he also wrote odes, idyls, songs, and ballads. 
 In 1826 appeared the satiric comedy “ Die verhiingnissvolle 
 Gabel ” (“ The Fatal Fork directed against the “fate tra- 
 gedies," so called ; and in 1829 “ Der romantisclie CEdipus ” 
 (“ The Romantic CEdipus "), directed against German ro- 
 manticism: plays that gave him the titleof a German Aris- 
 tophanes. “Gedicbte ”(“ Poems ”) appeared in 1828. His 
 last great work is the Oriental legendary epic “Die Abas- 
 siden " (“ The Abassides,” 1835). His collected works ap- 
 peared at Stuttgart, in 1876, in two volumes. 
 
 Plate River. See Bio de la Plata. 
 
 Platine (plii'tin) Colonies. [Sp. Colonias del Bio 
 de la Plata .] A collective name for the Spanish 
 colonies bordering on the Rio de la Plata and its 
 affluents. These were at first included in the colony of 
 Paraguay, from which Buenos Ayres was separated in 1620. 
 (See Rio de la Plata.) Montevideo (now Uruguay) was made 
 agovernment subject to that of Buenos Ayres in 1750. In 
 1776 the colonies were united with others in the vice- 
 royalty of La Plata. 
 
 Platine States, The. A collective name for 
 the Spanish-Ameriean countries bordering on 
 the Rio de la Plata and its tributaries ; at pres- 
 ent, the Argentine Republic, Uruguay, and Pa- 
 raguay. Uruguay was attached to Brazil from 1821 to 
 1828, and the Argentine provinces were long separated from 
 Buenos Ayres, but were reunited to it in 1859. 
 
 Plato (pla'to), originally Aristocles. [Gr. 
 TlTiaruv : so surnamecl from his broad shoulders.] 
 Born at JEgina, 429 or 427 B. C. : died at Athens, 
 347. A famous Greek philosopher, a disciple of 
 Socratesandtheteacher of Aristotle: thefounder 
 of the Academic school. His father, Ariston, and his 
 mother, Perictione, were of aristocratic birth. He was in 
 his youth a successful gymnast, a soldier, and a poet. After 
 he became adiscipleof Socrates he is said to have destroyed 
 his poems, but some epigrams attributed to him are extant. 
 Ilis association with his master lasted from an early age 
 until Socrates’s death. After this event he went to Eucleides 
 at Megara, and later journeyed in Egypt, Cyrene, Sicily, 
 and Magna Gnecia. By Dionysius of Syracuse, who was of- 
 fended at his opinions, he was delivered to the Spartan am- 
 bassador Pollis, who sold him as a slave in zEgina. He was 
 ransomed, returned to Athens, and founded the Academy 
 (which see). In 367 he revisited Syracuse on the invitation 
 of Dion and of Dionysius the younger, but soon left, re- 
 turning, however, for a short time about 361. He then 
 returned to Athens, where he lived until his death, -which 
 occurred at a marriage-feast. All his genuine works have 
 been preserved; but some extant works attributed to him 
 are spurious. The former include the dialogues “Pro- 
 tagoras,” “Phsedrus,” “Symposium," “Gorgias,” “Tliea:- 
 tetus," “Republic," “Ti’raaeus," “Philebus,” “Sophist,” 
 “Politicus," “Parmenides,” “Cratylus,” “Laws,” “(Tit- 
 ias,” “Meno,” “Euthydemus," “Apology,” “Crito,” “Ly- 
 sis,” “Charmides,” “Laches,” “Lesser Hippias,” “Euthy- 
 phro,” “Menexenus ” (?), and “Ion” Cl). Plato's philoso- 
 phy, which is still the greatest exposition of idealism, was 
 founded on the Socratic teaching, but went far beyond it 
 in a speculative direction. (See Socrates.) It has, with 
 Aristotelianism, largely controlled the progress of specula- 
 tive thought to the present day. 
 
 Plato. A remarkable Greek bust in bronze, of 
 the first half of the 4th century B. c., in the 
 Museo Nazionale, Naples, once supposed to rep- 
 resent the great philosopher. Many consider it 
 a bearded type of Dionysus; some the famous 
 Poseidon of Tarentum. 
 
 Playfair, Sir Lyon 
 
 Plato. A large crater in the moon. 
 
 Plato. An Athenian comic poet 'who flourished 
 from 428 to 389 B. C. He is ranked among the very 
 best of the poets of the Old Comedy. He carried on a 
 poetic contest with Aristophanes, and attacked the dema- 
 gogues Cleon, Hyperbolus, Agyrrhius.andCleophon. Frag- 
 ments only of his works are extant. 
 
 Platonick Lovers, The. A tragicomedy by Sir 
 William Davenant, printed in 1636. 
 
 Platt (plat), Charles A. Born at New York, 
 Oct. 16, 1861. An American landscape-painter 
 and etcher. He wrote “Italian Gardens,” 
 (1892). 
 
 Platt (plat), Thomas Collier. BornatOwego, 
 N. Y., July 15, 1833: died March 6, 1910. An 
 American Republican politician. He studied at 
 Yale without taking a degree, engaged in mercantile pur- 
 suits, and became president of the Tioga, New York, Na- 
 tional Bank. He was a member of Congress from New 
 York 1873-77. In Jan., 1881, he was elected United States 
 senator to succeed Francis Kernan, whose term expired in 
 March, but resigned his seat in May at the instance of his 
 colleague Conkling. He was again senator 1897-1909. 
 
 Platte (plat), or Nebraska (ne-bras'ka). One 
 of the largest tributaries of the Missouri, it is 
 formed by the union, in Lincoln County, Nebraska, of the 
 North and South Forks of the Platte, and joins the Mis- 
 souri 18 miles south of Omaha. The North Fork rises in 
 northern Colorado, and flows through Wyoming and west- 
 ern Nebraska; the South Fork rises in central Colorado, 
 and flows through that State and western Nebraska. To- 
 tal length, including North Fork, about 900 miles. It is 
 not navigable. 
 
 Plattensee. See Balaton, Lake. 
 
 Plattner (pliit'ner), Karl Friedrich. Born at 
 Kleinwaltersdorf, near Freiberg, Saxony, Jan. 
 2, 1800 : died at Freiberg, Jan. 22, 1858. A Ger- 
 man chemist and metallurgist, professor at Frei- 
 berg: noted for his work in developing blow- 
 pipe analysis. He published ‘ ‘ Probirkuust mit 
 dem Lothrohr” (1835), etc. 
 
 Plattsburg (plats'berg). A village, the capital 
 of Clinton County, New York, situated on Lake 
 Champlain, at the mouth of the Saranac, in lat. 
 44° 40' N. , long. 73° 30' W. It is the center of con- 
 siderable trade and manufactures. Near it, on Lake Cham- 
 plain, a naval victory was gained Sept. 11, 1814, by the 
 American fleet under Macdonough over the British fleet 
 under Downie ; while here, at the same time, the American 
 land forces under Macomb repulsed the British under 
 Prevoet. Population, 11,138, (1910). 
 
 Plattsmouth (plats'mouth). A city, capital of 
 Cass County, Nebraska, situated near the junc- 
 tion of the Platte and the Missouri. Population, 
 4,287, (1910). 
 
 Plauen (plou'en). A city in the kingdom of 
 Saxony, situated on the White Elster 22 miles 
 Southwest of Zwickau. It is the chief center in Ger- 
 many for the weaving of white cotton goods and the em- 
 broidery of white goods, and has various other manufac- 
 tures. It is the chief place of theVogtland. Population, 
 commune, 121,104, (1910). 
 
 Plausible (pla'zi-bl), Lord. In Wycherley’s 
 comedy “The Plain Dealer,” an insinuating 
 fop, in love with Olivia. 
 
 Plautus (pla'tus), Titus Maccius. Bom at 
 
 Sarsina, Umbria : died 184 b. c. A Roman dram- 
 atist. He adapted materials taken from the New Attic 
 Comedy. Twenty of his comedies (nearly all complete) 
 are extant. Among them are “Amphitruo,” “Captivi, 
 “Aulularia,” “Trinummus,” “Budens,” “Miles Glorio- 
 sus,” “Mostellaria,” “Pseudolus,” and “Mensechmi.” 
 Players, The. A New York club founded by 
 Edwin Booth, incorporated in 1888. “its objects 
 are the promotion of social intercourse between the repre- 
 sentatives of the dramatic profession and of the kindred 
 professions of literature, painting, sculpture, and music, 
 and the patrons of the arts; the creation of a library re- 
 lating especially to the history of the American stage ; and 
 the preservation of pictures, bills of the play, photographs 
 and curiosities connected with such history.” Its house 
 is at 16 Gramercy Park. 
 
 Player’s Scourge, The. See Histriomastix. 
 Playfair (pla'far), John. Born at Benvie, For- 
 farshire, March 10, 1748: died at Edinburgh. 
 July 20, 1819. A Scottish mathematician and 
 physicist. He entered St. Andrews University at 14 
 years of age. In 1785 he succeeded Dugald Stewart as 
 professor of mathematics at Edinburgh. His works in- 
 clude“On the Arithmetic of Impossible Numbers "(1779), 
 “Elements of Geometry ”(1795), “Illustrations of the Hut- 
 tonian Theory of the Earth ” (1802), “ Proof of Natural Phi- 
 losophy ” (1805), “An Account of the Lithological Survey 
 of Schehallion” (1811), “ Natural Philosophy " (1812-16), a 
 “ Dissertation on the Progress of Mathematical and Physi- 
 cal Science” (in the “Encyclopaedia Britannica ”), and an 
 edition of Euclid. 
 
 Playfair, Sir Lyon, first Lord Playfair. Born 
 at Meerut, Bengal, May 21, 1819: died at Lon- 
 don, May 29, 1898. A British chemist and Lib- 
 eral politician. He was appointed professor of chem- 
 istry in the University of Edinburgh in 1858; was elected 
 to Parliament in 1868; and was postmaster-general 1873- 
 1874, and chairman of the committee of ways and means 
 and deputy speaker of the House of Commons 1880-83. 
 He was created Baron Playfair in 1892. He published 
 “Primary and Technical Education" (1870), “ On Teach- 
 ing Universities and Examination Boards ” (1872), etc. 
 
Pleasants 
 
 Pleasants (plez'ants), James. Born in Vir- 
 ginia, 1769: died in Goochland County, Va., 
 Nov. 9, 1836. An American politician. He 
 was Democratic member of Congress from Vir- 
 ginia 1811-19; United States senator 1819-22; 
 and governor of Virginia 1822-25. 
 
 Pleasonton (plez'on-ton), Alfred. Born at 
 Washington, D. C., Dec., 1823: died there, Feb. 
 17, 1897. An American general. He graduated at 
 West Point in 1844 ; served in the Mexican war ; and was 
 promoted captain in 1855. He became a major of cavalry 
 in the Army of the Potomac in Feb., 1862 ; served through 
 the Peninsular campaign ; became brigadier-general of vol- 
 unteers in July, 1862 ; was engaged in the battles of South 
 Mountain, Antietam, and Fredericksburg ; distinguished 
 himself at Chancellorsville ; and commanded the cavalry 
 at Gettysburg. He drove Sterling Price out of Missouri 
 in 1864. He retired with the rank of colonel in 1888. 
 
 Pleasures of Hope. A poem by Thomas Camp- 
 bell, published in 1799. 
 
 Pleasures of Memory. A poem by Samuel 
 Rogers, published in 1792. 
 
 Pleasures of the Imagination. ^ A didactic 
 poem by Akenside, published in 1744. 
 
 Pleiade (pla-yad'), La. The name given in lit- 
 erature to several groups of seven poets living 
 at the same time, notably to such a group in the 
 time of Ptolemy Philadelphus. These were Lyco- 
 phron, Theocritus, Aratus, Nicander, Homer, Apollonius of 
 Rhodes, and CaUimachus. The name has been applied to 
 other similar groups, especially in the 16th century to that 
 formed by Ronsard with Joachim du Bellay, Antoine de 
 Baif, Jodelle, Pontus de Thyard, Dorat, and Remi Belleau. 
 These united in a close league to reduce the French lan- 
 guage and literature to a classical form. They had many 
 followers. 
 
 French, after all, despite a strong Teutonic admixture, 
 was a Latin tongue, and recurrence to Latin, aud to the 
 still more majestic and fertile language which had had 
 so much to do in shaping the literary Latin dialect, was 
 natural and germane to its character. In point of fact, 
 the Pleiade made modern French — made it, we may say, 
 twice over ; for not only did its original work revolutionise 
 the language in a manner so durable that the reaction of 
 the next century could not wholly undo it, but it was 
 mainly study of the Pleiade that armed the great masters 
 of the Romantic movement, the men of 1830, in their revolt 
 against the cramping rules and impoverished vocabulary of 
 the eighteenth century. The effect of the change indeed 
 was far too universal for it to be possible for any Malherbe 
 or any Boileau to overthrow it. The whole literature of 
 the nation, at a time when it was wonderfully abundant and 
 vigorous, “Ronsardised” for nearly fifty years, and such 
 practice at such a time never fails to leave its mark. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 197. 
 
 Pleiads (pli'adz), or Pleiades (pll'a-dez). [Gr. 
 n/tnWfx, traditionally so called as indicating 
 by their rising the time of safe navigation; 
 from irfalv, sail.] A close group of small stars 
 in the constellation Taurus, very conspicuous 
 on winter evenings, about 24° north of the 
 equator, and coming to the meridian at mid- 
 night in the middle of Nov. For some unknown 
 reason, there were anciently said to be seven Pleiads, al- 
 though only six were conspicuous then as now ; hence the 
 suggestion of a lost Pleiad. In mythology the Pleiads were 
 said to be the daughters of Atlas and Pleione, and were 
 named Alcyone, Merope, Celaeno, Electra, Sterope or As- 
 terope, Taygeta, and Maia. These names, with those of 
 the parents, have been applied by modern astronomers 
 since Ricciolo (1665) to the principal stars of the group. 
 Pleissnerland (plis'ner-lant). The district on 
 both sides of the Pleisse, a small tributary of 
 the White Elster in Saxe-Altenburg and the 
 western part of the kingdom of Saxony. 
 Plenty (plen'ti), Bay of. An arm of the Pa- 
 cific Ocean, on the northeastern coast of North 
 Island, New Zealand. 
 
 Pleskoff. See Pskoff. 
 
 Plessis-les-Tours(ple-se'la-tor'). Aruined cas- 
 tle near Tours, France, noted as the residence 
 of Louis XI. 
 
 Plessis-Marly, or Duplessis-Mornay. See 
 
 Mornay. 
 
 Plethon. See Gemistus. 
 
 Plevna (plev'na), or Pleven (plev'en). A town 
 in Bulgaria, 88 miles northeast of Sofia, it is an 
 Important strategic point. A Russian attack under Schil- 
 der-Schuldner on a Turkish force intrenched here under 
 Osman Pasha was repulsed July 20, 1877 ; a second attack, 
 July 30-31, under Kriidener, was repulsed with great loss ; 
 and fighting was continued between 75,000-80,000 Russians 
 and Rumanians under the grand duke Nicholas, Skobeleff, 
 etc., and about 50,000 Turks under Osman Pasha, Sept. 7-18. 
 A formal siege commenced in Oct. under the direction of 
 Todleben ; arid an unsuccessful sortie of Osman Pasha was 
 followed by his surrender Dec. 10. Population, 21,145. 
 
 Pleyel (pli'el), Ignaz Joseph. Born at Rup- 
 persthal, near Vienna, Juno 1, 1757 : died Nov. 
 14, 1831. An Austrian composer, chiefly of in- 
 strumental music. Ho was a pupil of Haydn, and 
 founded at Paris, 1807, a pianoforte manufactory. His son 
 Camille became his partner in 1821. 
 
 Pliable (pli'a-bl). A character in Bunyan’s 
 “ Pilgrim’s Progress.” He deserts Christian at 
 the first difficulty. 
 
 Pliant (pli'ant), Dame. A handsome foolish 
 
 813 
 
 widow in Ben Jonson’s comedy “ The Alchem- 
 ist.” She is finally married to Lovewit. 
 
 Pliant, Sir Paul and Lady. Characters in Con- 
 greve’s comedy “ The Double Dealer.” Lady 
 Pliant is noted for her easy virtue and awkwardly assumed 
 prudery and her insolence to her uxorious old husband. 
 
 Plimsoll (plim'sol), Samuel. Born at Bristol, 
 Feb. 10, 1824: died June 3, 1898. An English 
 philanthropist. In 1854 he started in the coal trade in 
 London, and began to interest himself in the sailors of the 
 mercantile marine. In 1868 he entered Parliament for 
 Derby. In 1876 his “ Merchant Shipping Act " was passed, 
 to prevent ships from going to sea in an unsafe condition. 
 He published “Our Seamen ’’ in 1873, and in 1890 “Cattle 
 Ships,” exposing the cruelties of that trade. 
 
 Plinlimmon. See Plynlimmon. 
 
 Pliny (plin'i), “ The Elder ” (Caius Plinius Se- 
 
 CUndus). Born at Como (Roman Novum Co- 
 mum), Italy, 23 A. d. : perished in the eruption of 
 Vesuvius, 79 A. d. A celebrated Roman natu- 
 ralist. He went to Rome in early youth ; served in Africa, 
 and, at the age of 23, as commauder of a troop of cavalry 
 in Germany ; returned to Rome and studied law ; was proc- 
 urator in Spain under Nero(about 70-72) ; and was charged 
 with other official duties in various parts of the empire. 
 His literary work, which was conducted with extraordi- 
 nary industry in the intervals of his official labors (scarcely 
 a waking moment of day or night being left unoccupied), 
 extended into the departments of tactics, history, gram- 
 mar, rhetoric, and natural science. Of his writings, only 
 his “Natural History ” is extant. (See the extract.) His 
 death, an account of which is preserved in a letter of Pliny 
 the Younger, was the result of his efforts to observe more 
 closely the eruption of Vesuvius and to aid those who were 
 in danger. 
 
 W e possess of the works of Pliny [the Elder] only his “ Nat- 
 uralis historia ” in 37 books, a work presented a. 77 to Titus, 
 but constantly enriched and enlarged by the author until 
 his death. It is akindof encyclopedia of natural science, 
 but chiefly concerned with its application in human life 
 and art ; and accordingly it includes geography, medicine, 
 and the history of art. The materials are compiled from 
 a great number of works, often hastily and without ade- 
 quate knowledge or discrimination, hence very unequal 
 in value. The style also is uneven, sometimes merely bent 
 upon thesubject-matter and discarding artistic form, some- 
 times mannered and rhetorical. On the whole, the work 
 is an inexhaustible storehouse of information, and testifies 
 to the earnest, studious, and patriotic spirit of the author. 
 It long exercised great influence both in its original shape 
 and in various abridgments. 
 
 Teuffel and Schwabe, Hist, of Rom. Lit. (tr. by Wan ), II. 97. 
 
 Pliny, “The Younger” (Cains Plinius Cseci- 
 lius Secundus) . Bom at Como, Italy, 62 a. d. : 
 died 113. A Roman author, nephew of the 
 elder Pliny. He was a consul in 100 , andlater(lllorll2) 
 governor of Bithynia and Pontica. He was a friend of Tra- 
 jan and Tacitus. His “Epistles” and a eulogy of Trajan 
 have been preserved. The most celebrated of his letters 
 is one to Trajan concerning the treatment of the Christians 
 in his province. 
 
 Plock (plotsk). 1. A government in the north- 
 western part of Russian Poland, bordering on 
 Prussia. Ai’ea, 3,641 square miles. Population, 
 634,200. — 2. The capital of the government 
 of Plock, situated on the Vistula 59 miles 
 west-northwest of Warsaw. Population, 30,- 
 000 . 
 
 Ploermel (plo-er-mel'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Morbihan, France, 35 miles west-south- 
 west of Rennes. Population, commune, 5,- 
 424. 
 
 Plojeshti. See Ployesti. 
 
 Plomb du Cantal (plon dii kon-tal'). The cul- 
 minating summit of the mountains of Cantal, 
 France, 19 miles northeast of Aurillae. 
 
 Plornbieres (ploh-byar'). A watering-place in 
 the department of Vosges, France, situated on 
 the Augrogne 15 miles south of Epinal. it has the 
 most important mineral springs in the Vosges, with ther- 
 mo-mineral, iron, and alkaline baths. It was known to the 
 Romans, and was greatly developed by Napoleon III. A 
 conference was held here in 1858 between Napoleon III. 
 and Count Cavour, with reference to an alliance between 
 France and Sardinia. 
 
 Plon-Plon (plon-plon'). [A corruption of plomh- 
 plomb, alluding to running away from bullets.] 
 A nickname of Prince Napoleon Bonaparte 
 (1822-91), given on account of his supposed 
 cowardice in the Crimean war. 
 
 Plornish (plttr'nish), Mrs. A plasterer’s wife 
 inDickens’s “ Little Dorrit”: “ayoungwoman, 
 made somewhat slatternly in herself and her 
 belongings by poverty.” She is noted for her 
 bold experiments in the ‘ 1 Eyetalian ” language. 
 
 Plotinus (plo-ti'nus). [Gr. W.uTivor.'] Born at 
 Lycopolis, Egypt, about 204 A. d. : died in Italy 
 about 270. A celebrated Neoplatonic philoso- 
 pher. He studied in Alexandria under Ammonius Sac- 
 cas, and afterward taught philosophy in Rome. His works 
 (called “Enneads”) were edited by Creuzer in 1835. 
 
 The relation in which Plotinus stood to his predeces- 
 sors among the Greek philosophers is very easily stated. 
 He had made himself acquainted with every system, and 
 culled from them all whatever seemed to support his solu- 
 tion of the great problems of thought and existence. Plato 
 i3 the chief authority and the starting-point in his specula- 
 tions. But he takes full cognizance of Aristotle, whose 
 
 Plutarch 
 
 system of categories he directly opposes; and he endea- 
 vours in all essential points to identify the doctrines of the 
 Old Academy and the Lyceum. To effect this, he is obliged 
 to have recourse to an overstrained latitude of interpreta- 
 tion, sometimes making his own inferences from opinions 
 half expressed, and not unfrequently quoting from mem- 
 ory. Although he is strongly at variance with the Stoics on 
 the grounds of knowledge, treating with great contempt 
 their doctrine of intellectual conception, he borrows agood 
 deal from Chrysippus wherever he can find an agreement 
 even in expression. The older writers also furnished him 
 with suggestive materials. He was acquainted with An- 
 axagoras, Democritus, Empedocles, Parmenides, and the 
 most ancient Pythagoreans. And he refers directly to the 
 later Peripatetics Aristoxenus and Dicaearchus. He can- 
 not, then, be termed strictly or exclusively a N eo-Platonist ; 
 he is equally a Neo- Aristotelian and a Neo-Philosopher in 
 general. 
 
 K. O. Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 194. 
 
 [(Donaldson.) 
 
 Ploug (plog), Parmo Carl. Bom Oct. 29, 
 1813: died Oct. 27, 1894. A Danish poet and 
 journalist. After 1829 he studied philology at the Copen- 
 hagen University. His first contributions to literature 
 were student songs which he published under the pseu- 
 donym Paul Rytter. From 1841 he was editor of the 
 journal “Fadoelaudet" (“The Fatherland ”). In 1861 ap- 
 peared his collected poems (“SamledeDigte"), and in 1869 
 “Nyere Sange og Digte” (“Recent Songs and Poems”). 
 He took an active part in politics : in 1848-49 he was a 
 member of the Constitutional Convention, from 1854 to 
 1857 a member of the Folkething ; and from 1859 he was 
 a member of the Landsthing. 
 
 Plouhamel (plo-ar-nel'). A village in the de- 
 partment of Morbihan, France, 17 miles west 
 of Vannes. It is celebrated for its megalithic 
 monuments. 
 
 Plowman of Madrid, The. St. Isidore. 
 Plowman’s Tale, The. A poem once attributed 
 to Chaucer, appearing in Thynne’s 1542 edition 
 (but not in 1532). It was written by the author of 
 “Piers Plowman’s Crede” (Skeat), and inserted as a sup- 
 plementary “ Canterbury Tale.” It is frequently confused 
 with “Piers Plowman’s Crede” aijd “The Vision of Piers 
 Plowman.” 
 
 Ployeschi (plo-yes'ehe), or Ploesti (plo-es'te). 
 A town in Wallachia, Rumania, 36 miles north 
 .of Bukharest. Population, 48,000. 
 
 Plume (plum), Captain. The recruiting officer, 
 the principal character in Farquhar’s comedy of 
 that name. He is a gay and gallant soldier, irresistible 
 to women, for whom he cares less than for his profession. 
 It was a favorite part with Garrick and Macready. 
 Plumed Knight, The. An epithet frequently 
 applied to James G. Blaine, first by R. G. Inger- 
 soll at Cincinnati in 1876 in a speech support- 
 ing Blaine’s nomination for the presidency. 
 Plumer (plum'er), William. Born at Newbury, 
 Mass., 1759: died at Epping, N. H., 1850. An 
 American politician. He wasFederalist United States 
 senator from New Hampshire 1802-07, and governor of 
 New Hampshire 1812-13 and 1816-19. 
 
 Plum (plum) Island. 1. An island belonging 
 to Massachusetts, lying south of the mouth of 
 the Merrimac, parallel to the coast. — 2. Asmall 
 island belonging to New York situated north- 
 east of Long Island, near the eastern entrance 
 to Long Island Sound. 
 
 Plummer (plum ' er), Caleb. In Dickens’s 
 “ Cricket on the Hearth,” a poor and careworn 
 old toy-maker. His spirit is crushed with hopeless de- 
 pression, but he conceals his hardships from his blind 
 daughter Bertha with a pathetic attempt at cheerfulness, 
 and describes his daily life to her asprosperous and happy. 
 
 Plumptre (plump'tr), Edward Hayes. Born 
 at London, Aug. 6, 1821: died at Wells, Feb. 
 1, 1891. An English clergyman and theological 
 and classical scholar. He graduated at Oxford (Uni- 
 versity College), where he became a fellow of Brasenose in 
 1844 ; was chaplain (1847) and later (1864) professor of New 
 Testament exegesis at King’s College, London ; and in 1881 
 became dean of Wells. From 1869 to 1874 he was one of 
 the revisers of the Old Testament, He published com- 
 mentaries, etc., and translated iuto English verse Sopho- 
 cles (1865) and JEschylus (1868). 
 
 Plunket (plung'ket), William Conyngham, 
 
 first Baron Plunket. Born in the county of 
 Fermanagh, Ireland, July 1, 1764: died Jan. 4, 
 1854. An Irish lawyer and politician. He entered 
 Trinity College, Dublin, in 1779, and Lincoln’s Inn in June, 
 1784 ; he was called to the Irish bar in 1787. In 1798 he 
 entered the Irish Parliament for Charlemont, and opposed 
 Pitt’s scheme for the Union of 1800. In 1803 he was one 
 of the prosecutors of Emmet. In Pitt’s second adminis- 
 tration (1804) he became solicitor-general and later attor- 
 ney-general for Ireland, and satin the imperial Parliament 
 in 1812 as member for Trinity College, Dublin. He was 
 one of the foremost ora tors of his day. He was made chief 
 justice of the Court of Common Pleas and raised to the 
 peerage in 1827, and was lord chancellor of Ireland 1830- 
 1834 and 1835-41. 
 
 Plutarch (plo'tark). [Gr. W/.oirapxoe.'] Born 
 at Chroronea, Boeotia, Greece, about 46 A. n. 
 A Greek historian, celebrated as the author of 
 forty-six “Parallel Lives” of Greeks and Ro- 
 mans. He also wrote various philosophical, ethical, and 
 other works, grouped as “ Opera moralia." He was a Pla- 
 tonist, but occupied himself chiefly with ethical and reli 
 gious reflections. 
 
Plutarch 
 
 Id spite of all exceptions on the score of inaccuracy, 
 want of information, or prejudice, Plutarch’s lives must 
 remain one of the most valuable relics of Greek literature, 
 not only because they stand in the place of many volumes 
 of lost history, but also because they are written with a 
 graphic and dramatic vivacity, such as we find in few 
 biographies, ancient or modern ; because they are replete 
 with reflexions which, if not profound, are always moder- 
 ate and sensible ; and because the author's aim throughout 
 is to enforce the highest standard of morality of which a 
 heathen was capable. As one of his most enthusiastic 
 admirers has said, ‘‘He stands before us as the legate, the 
 ambassador, and the orator on behalf of those institutions 
 whereby the old-time men were rendered wise and vir- 
 tuous." 
 
 E. 0. Midler, Hi3t. of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 243. 
 
 [(Donaldson.) 
 
 Pluto (plo'to). In Roman mythology, the lord of 
 the infernal regions, son of Saturn and brother 
 of Jupiter and Neptune. He is represented as an 
 elderly man with a dignified but severe aspect, and often 
 as holding in his hand a two-pronged fork. He was gen- 
 erally called by the Greeks Hades, and by the Romans 
 Orcus, Tartarus, and Dis. His wiie was Proserpine, daugh- 
 ter of Jupiter and Ceres, whom he seized in the island of 
 Sicily while she was plucking flowers, and carried to the 
 lower world. 
 
 Plutus (plo'tus). [Gt. IT/lotirof.] In classical my- 
 thology, a personification of wealth, described 
 as a son of Iasion and Demeter, and intimately 
 associated with Eirene or Peace, who is often 
 represented in art grouped with the infant Plu- 
 tus. Zeus is said to have blinded him in order that he 
 might not bestow his favors exclusively on good men, but 
 should distribute his gifts without regard to merit. 
 
 Pluviose (plii-ve-oz'). [F., from L. pluviosus, 
 full of rain.] The name adopted in 1793 by the 
 National Convention of the first French repub- 
 lic for the fifth month of the year. It consisted of 
 30 days, beginning in the years 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 with Jan. 20 ; 
 in 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13 with Jan. 21; and iu 12 with Jan. 22. 
 Pluvius (plo'vi-us). [L., ‘the rainy.’] In Ro- 
 man mythology, aVurname of Jupiter. 
 Plymley (plim'li), Peter. A nom do plume 
 of Sydney Smith. 
 
 Plymouth (plim'uth). A seaport in Devonshire, 
 England, situated in lat. 50° 22' N. , long. 4° 9' W. 
 With the adjoining Stonehouse and Devonport it lies on 
 Plymouth Sound between the estuary of the Plym (Catte- 
 water) and that of the Tamar (Hamoaze). It is a fortress 
 of the first class, and one of the chief naval stations of the 
 country ; and has extensive commerce, especially with Bal- 
 tic and Mediterranean ports, Australia, the West Indies, 
 South America, etc., exporting tin, lead, copper, fish, build- 
 ing stone, etc. Objects of interest are the breakwater, the 
 dockyard (at Devonport), the citadel, and the Hoe (an ele- 
 vated promenade and park). Plymouth was the starting- 
 point of the expedition against the Armada in 1588, and 
 the last point touched by the Mayflower in 1620. It was 
 unsuccessfully besieged by the Royalists in the civil war. 
 It returns 2 members to Parliament. Population, 
 112,042, (1911). 
 
 Plymouth. A seaport, capital of Plymouth 
 County, Massachusetts, situated on Plymouth 
 harbor about 35 miles southeast of Boston, it 
 has manufactures and fisheries. Points of interest are the 
 Pilgrim Hall, Burial Hill, Plymouth Rock, Pilgrim Monu- 
 ment (commenced in 1859), and Cole’s Hill. It is the oldest 
 New England town. The Pilgrim Fathers landed here 
 Dec. 21, 1620. Population, 12,141, (1910). 
 
 Plymouth. The capital of Washington County, 
 North Carolina, situated at the head of Albe- 
 marle Sound 74 miles south-southwest of Nor- 
 folk, Virginia. In the harbor, Oct. 27, 1864, Lieutenant 
 Cushing destroyed by torpedo the Confederate ram Albe- 
 marle. Population, 2,165, (1910). 
 
 Plymouth. A coal-mining borough in Luzerne 
 County, Pennsylvania, situated on the Susque- 
 hanna 20 miles southwest of Scranton. Popu- 
 lation, 16,996, (1910). 
 
 Plymouth Brethren, or Plymouthites (plim'- 
 
 uth-Its). A sect of Christians which first at- 
 tracted notice at Plymouth, England, in 1830, 
 but has since extended over Great Britain, the 
 United States, and among the Protestants of 
 France, Switzerland, Italy, etc. They recognize all 
 as brethren who believe iu Christ and the Holy Spirit as 
 his vicar, but they have no formal creed, ecclesiastical or- 
 ganization, or official ministry, condemning these a3 the 
 causes of sectarian divisions. They are also called Darby- 
 ites after Mr. Darby, originally a barrister, subsequently a 
 clergyman of the Church of England, and thereafter an 
 evangelist not connected with any church, to whose ef- 
 forts their origin and the diffusion of their principles are 
 to be ascribed. In a narrower sense the Darbyites are a 
 branch of the Plymouth Brethren entitled Exclusive Breth- 
 ren on account of the strictness of their views and the ex- 
 clusiveness of their communion. 
 
 Plymouth Colony. A colony established in the 
 southeastern part of the present State of Massa- 
 chusetts by the English Pilgrims, it was founded 
 at Plymouth in 1G20 ; formed with Massachusetts Bay, Con- 
 necticut, and New Haven the New England Confederacy 
 1643-84 ; and was united definitely with Massachusetts Bay 
 in 1691. 
 
 Plymouth Rock. A rock at Plymouth, Mas- 
 sachusetts, alleged to have been the landing- 
 place of the Pilgrims in 1620. 
 
 Plymouth Sound. An inletof the English Chan- 
 nel, between Devonshire and Cornwal l, England. 
 
 814 
 
 Plynlimmon, or Plinlimmon (plin-lim'mon). 
 
 A mountain on the border of Cardigan and Mont- 
 gomery, Wales, 13 miles east-northeast of Aber- 
 ystwith. Height, 2,481 feet. 
 
 Pnom-Penh (pnom-pen'). The capital of Cam- 
 bodia, situated on the Mekong about lat. 11° 35' 
 N., long. 105° E. Population, 50,000. Also 
 Panompcng. 
 
 Pnyx (niks). [Gr. Ilimf.] A hill between the 
 Museum Hill and the Hill of the Nymphs, above 
 the Agora, in the group southwest of the Acrop- 
 olis, at Athens ; also, a famous place of pub- 
 lic assembly established on the northern slope 
 of this hill, beneath the summit. The place of as- 
 sembly consists of a terrace, bounded at the back by a ver- 
 tical cutting H feet high in the rock at the summit of the 
 bill, and supported by a curved retaining-wall of early 
 date, built of well-jointed polygonal masonry in huge 
 blocks. Some of the courses of this retaining-wall have 
 disappeared, so that the terrace now slopes downward, 
 while originally it was level or ascended slightly toward 
 the back. The length of the terrace is 395 feet, and its 
 width 212. The back-wall is not straight, but forms an 
 open obtuse angle, at the apex of which projects a huge 
 cube of rock, r ising from 3 steps and ascended by a small 
 flight of steps in the angle at each side. This is the bema, 
 or orators' platform, from which Demosthenes and the 
 other great Athenian political orators delivered their ha- 
 rangues. 
 
 Po (po). The largest river of Italy : the ancient 
 Pad us or Eridanus. It rises in Monte Viso in the Alps 
 on the French border, flows northeast and then generally 
 east, traversing a wide, fertile, and nearly level plain, and 
 empties by several mouths into the Adriatic about lat. 44° 
 55’ N. Its chief tributaries are the Tanaro and Trebbia on 
 the right, and the Dora Baltea, Sesia, Ticino (draining 
 Lago Maggiore), Adda (draining the Lake of Como), Oglio 
 (draining Lagod’Iseo), and Mincio (draining Lago di Garda) 
 on the left. The chief places on its banks are Turin, Pia- 
 cenza, Cremona, and Guastalla. Length, about 400 miles ; 
 navigable to above Turin. 
 
 Pocahontas (po-ka-hon'tas). Died at Graves- 
 end, England, in March, 1617. An Indian wo- 
 man celebrated in the colonial history of Vir- 
 ginia. She was the daughter of the chief Powhatan, and 
 was about 12 year3 of age vyhen John Smith was brought 
 a captive before her father in 1607. According to the ac- 
 count of his captivity given by Smith in his “General His- 
 tory of Virginia, "published in 1624 after the appearance of 
 Pocahontas in England, she saved his life by interposing 
 her body between him and the war-clubs of his execution- 
 ers and by interceding for him with her father. This epi- 
 sode is omitted from the accounts of his captivity given 
 in his “ True Relation ’’ and his “Map of Virginia," pub- 
 lished in 1608 and 1612 respectively, before Pocahontas’s 
 appearance in England, and is commonly discredited by 
 recent historians. She had married one of Powhatan’s cap- 
 tains, and was living with a tributary band, when Samuel 
 Argali secured possession of her by intimidation or bribery 
 in 1612. He demanded as her ransom a tribute of corn and 
 the restitution of the English captives and goods in the 
 hands of Powhatan. Powhatan sent back 7 captives with 
 3 muskets, a saw, an ax, and a canoe loaded with corn. 
 Pocahontas was, nevertheless, detained, and in 1613 was 
 baptized by the name of Rebecca and married to John 
 Rolfe, one of the settlers at Jamestown. In 1616 Rolfe and 
 his wife, in company with a number of Indians, sailed with 
 Sir Thomas Dale for England. 
 
 Pocahontas. A chestnut pacing mare by Iron’s 
 Cadmus, which was also sire of Blanco, sire of 
 Smuggler. She made a race record of 2 :17|, and 
 is said to have paced a trial heat lower than 2 :10. 
 
 Pocock (po'kolc), Edward. Born 1604: died 
 1691. An English Orientalist and biblical com- 
 mentator. In 1620 he was a scholar at Corpus Christ! 
 College, Oxford, and fellow in 1628. In 1630 he became 
 chaplain of the English factory at Aleppo ; iu 1636 profes- 
 sor of Arabic at Oxford ; and in 1648 professor of Hebrew. 
 He published “Specimen Historic Arabum” (1649),“Porta 
 Mosis” (1655), “The Annals of Eutychius in Arabic and 
 Latin ’’ (1658), etc., and edited the history of Abulfaragius 
 (1663) and other Arabian works and Old Testament com- 
 mentaries. 
 
 Pococke (po'kok), Richard. Born at Southamp- 
 ton, 1704: died 1765. An English traveler, bishop 
 of Ossory (1756-65) and of Meath (1765). He was 
 educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and traveled 
 in the East 1737-10. He* published “ Description of the 
 East” (1743) and “Observations on Palestine, etc.” (1745). 
 
 Poconchis(po-kon-ches'), orPocomans (po-ko- 
 mans'). Indians of the Maya stock, formerly 
 numerous in central Guatemala. Often writ- 
 ten Poleonchis, Pokomans. 
 
 PodSbrad (pod'ye-brad). A town in Bohemia, 
 on the Elbe 32 miles east of Prague. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 5,661, (1910). 
 
 Podgorze (pod-gor'zhe). A town in Galicia, 
 Austria-Hungary, situated on the Vistula op- 
 posite Cracow. Population, 22,268, (1910). 
 
 Podiebrad (pod'ye-brad), George of. Born 
 April 6, 1420: died March 22, 1471. King of 
 Bohemia. He became leader of the TTtraquists in 1444; 
 was acknowledged as governor of Bohemia in 1452; was 
 elected king in 1458 ; and was excommunicated by Pope 
 Paul II. in 1466. A crusade was declared against him. 
 
 Po di Primaro (po de pre-ma'ro). The lower 
 course of the river Reno, in Italy. 
 
 Podlachia (pod-la'ki-a). An ancient division 
 in the eastern part of Poland. 
 
 Podobna (po-dob'na). A place in the govern- 
 
 Pogge 
 
 ment of Grodno, Russia, about 30 miles north- 
 east of Brest. Here, Aug. 12, 1812, the allies of the 
 French defeated the Russians. 
 
 Podol (po-dol'). A village in Bohemia, situ- 
 ated on the Iser 42 miles northeast of Prague. 
 It was the scene of the first engagement between the Prus- 
 sians and Austrians in the war of 1866 (June 26). 
 
 Podolia (po-do'li-a). A government of south- 
 western Russia, on the Austrian frontier, and 
 surrounded on other sides by the governments 
 of Volhynia, Kieff, Kherson, and Bessarabia. 
 Capital, Kamenets. It is one of the most fertile gov- 
 ernments of Russia. It was annexed from Poland in 1793- 
 1795. Area, 16,224 square miles. Population, 604,600. 
 
 Podolsk (po-dolsk'). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Moscow, Russia, situated on the Pakhra 
 20 miles south of Moscow. Population, 4,300. 
 
 Podsnap (pod'snap), Mr. A character in Dick- 
 ens’s “ Our Mutual Friend.” He is a smiling, emi- 
 nently respectable man, who always knows exactly what 
 Providence means. “And it was very remarkable (and 
 must have been very comfortable) that what Providence 
 meant was invariably what Mr. Podsnap meant. These 
 may be said to have been the articles of faith of a school 
 which the present chapter takes the liberty of calling, after 
 its representative name, Podsnappery.” 
 
 Poe (po), Edgar Allan. Born at Boston, Jan. 
 19, 1809: died at Baltimore, Oct. 7, 1849. A 
 noted American poet and writer of tales. His 
 father was an actor. After the death of his mother, an 
 actress, he was adopted by a Mr-. John Allan of Richmond, 
 who educated him partly at a private school at P. ichmond, 
 and in 1815 took him to England and placed him at the 
 Manor House School at Stoke-Newington, where he re- 
 mained till 1820, when he returned to school in Richmond. 
 In 1826 he entered the University of Virginia, where, during 
 his short stay, he did creditable work but contracted 
 gambling debts. Mr. Allan would not pay these 
 debts, but undertook to place him in his counting- 
 room in Dec. of this same year. Poe ran away, and 
 tried to start himself in life by publishing his poems 
 in Boston. His first venture was a volume entitled 
 “ Tamerlane, and Other Poems : by a Bostonian ” (1827). 
 Being without resources, he enlisted as a private in the 
 United States army as Edgar A. Perry, and in 1829 was ap- 
 pointed sergeant-major. In the same year lie was recon- 
 ciled to Mr. Allan, who procured his discharge, and he was 
 shortly after appointed a cadet at West Point, where he 
 went July 1, 1830, but contrived intentionally to get him- 
 self dismissed March 6, 1831, as Mr. Allan would not allow 
 him to resign. He then broke off bis connection with the 
 latter, wandered from one city to another, and settled in 
 Baltimore, where he devoted himself to literature, pub- 
 lishing some of his prose tales and writing critical essays. 
 In 1835 he became editor of the “ Southern Literary Mes- 
 senger” at Richmond, and in 1836 married Virginia 
 Clemm. In 1839 he was associate editor of “ The Gentle- 
 man’s Magazine ” at Philadelphia ; in 1841 was editor of 
 “Graham’s Magazine”; and in 1844 removed to New York, 
 where lie was assistant on Willis’s “Mirror.” In 1845 
 he published “The Raven,” and at once became a liter- 
 ary lion and reached the summit of his success. In 1847, 
 however, after the death of his wife, he began to deteri- 
 orate, and in two years he died at Washington College 
 Hospital at Baltimore in a delirious state. Among his 
 other works are “A1 Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems ’’ 
 (1829), “ Poems ” (1831), “ Tales of the Grotesque and Ara- 
 besque ” (1840). Many of his poems and tales appeared in 
 periodicals, and shortly after his death his remaining writ- 
 ings were published by his friends. Among his noted prose 
 tales are “Arthur Gordon Pym,” “The Fall of the House 
 of Usher,” “The Gold-Bug,” “A Descent into the Mael- 
 strom,” “ The Murders in the Rue Morgue," etc. 
 
 Poeppig. See Poppig. 
 
 Poetaster (po'et-as-ter), The, or His Arraign- 
 ment. A comical satire, by Ben Jonson, acted 
 in 1601 and printed in 1602. it was thought to be a 
 direct attack ou Dekker and Marston, whereupon Dekker 
 produced his “ Satiromastix, or the LTntrussing of the Hu- 
 morous Poet.” In 1603 aud 1604, however, Jonson collab- 
 orated with each of them. 
 
 Poet at the Breakfast-Table, The. A series 
 of sketches by O. W. Holmes, published in 1872: 
 a sequel to “The Autocrat of the Breakfast 
 Table.” 
 
 Poet of the Poor, The. George Crabbe. 
 
 Poets’ Corner. A space in the east side of the 
 south transept of Westminster Abbey, contain- 
 ing the tablets, statues, busts, or monuments of 
 Shakspere, Ben Jonson, Chaucer, Milton, Spen- 
 ser, and other British poets, actors, divines, and 
 great men. Rome of them arehuried near or under their 
 monuments. Robert Browning is buried in front of Cow- 
 ley’s monument, and a bust of Longfellow is near by. 
 
 Poey (po ' ay), Felipe. Born at Havana, May 
 26, 1799: died there, Jan. 28, 1891. A Cuban 
 naturalist. From 1839 he was director of the museum 
 at Havana, and he was long a professor in the university. 
 His writings on Cuban ichthyology and entomology are 
 well known aud important. 
 
 Poey y Aguirre (po'ay e ii-ger're), Andres. 
 Born at Havana, 1826. A Cuban scientist, son 
 of Felipe Poey. He was long director of a meteorologi- 
 cal observatory at Havana, and conducted a similar estab- 
 lishment at Mexico during the rule of Maximilian lie 
 has published numerous works and papers, principally on 
 meteorology. 
 
 Pogge (pog'e), Paul. Born at Ziersdorf, Meck- 
 lenburg-Sehwerin, Dec. 24, 1838: died at Lo- 
 anda, West Africa, March 17, 1884. An African 
 explorer. He visited Natal and Mauritius in 1864; ex- 
 
Pogge 
 
 plored the Lunda country from Loanda to Muata-Yamvo 
 and back 1875-76; and, accompanied by Wissman, dis- 
 covered new regions between the Kassai and Nyangwe. 
 He died on his return to Loanda 1880-84. He wrote “ Im 
 Reiche des Muata-Yamvo." See Century Atlas, Mav 109. 
 
 Poggendorff (pog'gen-dorf), Johann Chris- 
 tian. Born at Hamburg, Dec. 29, 1796 : died at 
 Berlin, Jan. 24, 1877. A German physicist, pro- 
 fessor at Berlin from 1834 : noted for researches 
 in magnetism and electricity. He edited “ Annalen 
 derPhysikundChemie "from 1824, and published “ Biogra- 
 phisch-litterarisches Handworterbuch” (1857-63), etc. 
 
 Poggio (pod 'jo) (Gian Francesco Poggio Brac- 
 
 ciolini). Bom at Terranova, Tuscany, 1380; 
 died 1459. A noted Italian scholar and author 
 in the Renaissance period. He was secretary of the 
 papal curia; became historiographerto Florence and chan- 
 cellor in 1453 ; discovered many classical MSS. ; and wrote 
 satires, moral essays, a “History of Florence," etc. 
 
 The first half of the fifteenth century has been some- 
 times called the age of Poggio Bracciolini, which it ex- 
 presses not very inaccurately as to his literary life, since 
 he was born in 1381 and died in 1459 ; but it seems to in- 
 volve too high a compliment. The chief merit of Poggio 
 was his diligence, aided by good fortune, in recovering 
 lost Works of Roman literature that lay mouldering in 
 the repositories of convents. Hence we owe to this one 
 man eight orations of Cicero, a complete Quintilian, Co- 
 lumella, part of Lucretius, three books of Valerius Flac- 
 cus. Silius Italicus, Ammianus Marcellinus, Tertullian, 
 and several less important writers : twelve comedies of 
 Plautus were also recovered in Germany through his di- 
 rections. Uallam, Lit., p. 64.. 
 
 Poggy Islands. See Nassau Islands. 
 
 Pogram (po.'gram), Elijah. In Dickens’s “Mar- 
 tin Chuzzlewit,” an American, a public bene- 
 factor and a member of Congress : an amusing 
 caricature. 
 
 Pohah. See WashaJci. 
 
 Pohl (pol), Johann Emanuel. Born at Kam- 
 nitz, Feb. 22, 1782: died at Vienna, May 22, 1834. 
 An Austrian botanist. He was one of the naturalists 
 who accompanied the archduchess Leopoldine to Brazil 
 in 1817, remaining four years in that country. On his return 
 he was appointed a curator in the Vienna Museum. He 
 published ‘ ‘ Reise im Innern von Brasilien” (2 vols. 1832- 
 1837), “Plantarum Brasilise icones et descriptiones " (2 
 vols. 1827-31), etc. 
 
 Poictiers. See Poitiers. 
 
 Poindexter (poin'deks-ter), George. Born in 
 Louisa County, Va., 1779: died at Jackson, 
 Miss., Sept. 5, 1853. An American politician. 
 He was Democratic member of Congress from Mississippi 
 1817-19; governor of Mississippi 1819-21; and United States 
 senator 1830-35. 
 
 Poins (poinz). In Shakspere’s “Henry IV.,” a 
 dissolute, witty companion of the prince and 
 Fal staff. 
 
 Poinsett (poin'set), Joel Roberts. Born at 
 Charleston, S. C., March 2, 1779 : died at States- 
 burg, S.C., Dec. 12, 1851. An American politician. 
 He was sent on a diplomatic mission to Chile in 1809, and 
 to Mexico in 1822 ; and was member of Congress from South 
 Carolina 1821-25, United States minister to Mexico 1825- 
 1829, and secretary of war 1837-41. 
 
 Poinsot (pwan-so'), Louis. Bom at Paris, Jan. 
 3, 1777 : died there, Dec. 15, 1859. A French 
 mathematician. Among his works is “Elements 
 de statique” (1803). 
 
 Point Comfort, Old. See Old Point Comfort. 
 Point de Galle (point de gal), or Galle. A sea- 
 port on the southwestern shore of Ceylon, sit- 
 uated in lat. 6° V N., long. 80° 13' E. It is an 
 
 important commercial place, and a stopping-point for va- 
 rious steamship lines. It was occupied by the Portuguese 
 early in the 16th century; passed to the Dutch in the mid- 
 dle of the 17th century; and passed to Great Britain in 
 1796. Population, 37,165. 
 
 Pointe-a-Pitre (pwant-a-petr'). The chief 
 port in the island of Guadeloupe, French West 
 Indies, situated in lat. 16° 14' N., long. 61° 
 33' E. Population, 16,506. 
 
 Pointe Pelee. See Point Pelee. 
 
 Pointis (pwan-te'), Jean Bernard Louis Des- 
 jean, Baron de. Bom in 1645 : died near Paris, 
 1707. A French naval officer. He commanded an 
 expedition which took Cartagena, New Granada, May 2, 
 1697, obtaining an immense booty. In 1704-05 he besieged 
 Gibraltar by sea. He published “ Relation de l’exp<!dition 
 de Curthagene ” (1698). 
 
 Point Isabel (point iz'a-bel). A place in south- 
 ern Texas, situated near the Gulf of Mexico 21 
 miles northeast of Brownsville. 
 
 Point Pelee (or Pele) (pe'le), or Pointe Pelee 
 (pwaht p6-la'). 1. A headland projecting into 
 Lake Erie from the southwestern part of On- 
 tario, Canada. — 2. An island in Lake Erie, 25 
 miles north of Sandusky. It belongs to Can- 
 ada. Length, 9 miles. 
 
 Point Pleasant (plez'ant). The capital of Ma- 
 son County, West Virginia, situated near the 
 junction of the Kanawha and Ohio rivers. Here, 
 Oct. 10, 1774, the American settlers under Andrew Lewis 
 defeated the Shawnee Indians. Population, 2,045, (1910). 
 Poischwitz (poish'vits). A village 15 miles 
 south of Liegnitz, Prussian Silesia. An armistice 
 
 815 
 
 between the French and the Russians and Prus- 
 sians was signed here, June 4, 1813. 
 
 Poise (pwaz), Jean Alexandre Ferdinand. 
 
 Born at Nimes, June 3, 1828: died at Paris, May 
 13, 1892. A French composer of comic operas. 
 Among them are “Bonsoir voisin ! ” (1853), “Les char- 
 meurs ” (1855), “ Lasurprise d amour ” (1878), and “ L' Amour 
 m£decin ” (1880 : after Moliere). 
 
 Poisson (pwa-soh'), Simeon Denis. Born at 
 Pithiviers, France, June 21, 1781 : died at Paris, 
 April 25, 1840. A French mathematician, espe- 
 cially noted for his application of mathematics 
 to physics : professor at Paris from 1802. Among 
 his works is “Traite de mecanique” (1811). 
 Poissy (pwa-se'). A town in the department of 
 Seine-et-Oise, France, situated on the Seine 14 
 miles northwest of Paris. It has a noted church, and 
 until recently was famous for its cattle-market. A con- 
 ference was held here in Sept., 1561, between leading the- 
 ologians of the churches (Cardinal Lorraine, etc., for the 
 Roman Catholics, and Beza, Peter Martyr, etc., for the Re- 
 formed). It was unsuccessful in effecting a reconcilia- 
 tion. Population, commune, 7,959. 
 
 Poitevin (pwat-vah'), Prosper. Born about 
 1810 : died at Paris, Oct. 29, 1884. A French 
 grammarian, lexicographer, and litterateur. 
 Among his works are “Nouveau dictionnaire universelde 
 la langue frangaise” (1854-60), “Grammaire genbrale et 
 historique de la langue frangaise ” (1856), “ Cours pratique 
 de literature francaise” (1865), etc. 
 
 Poitiers (pwa-tya'). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Vienne, France, situated at the junction 
 of the Boivre and Clain, in lat. 46° 35' N., long. 0° 
 23' E. : the ancient Limonum. Later it was called 
 Pictavus Limonum and Pictavium, as a chief place of the 
 Pictavi (whence the present name). The cathedral is a fine 
 early-Pointed structure, of unusual plan. It has a wide, 
 high nave of 4 bays, with clustered columns, flanked by 
 aisles almost as high as tho nave. The only windows are 
 in the aisles. Tins church has transepts and a square 
 chevet. Notre Dame is a very notable example of decorat- 
 ed Romanesque, with 3 aisles, barrel- vaulting, and central 
 tower. The so-called Temple de St. Jean, identified as a 
 baptistery of the 6th century, is one of the oldest Christian 
 edifices in France. The masoniy, in part of opus reticu- 
 latum, is Roman in character, and the ornament of pilas- 
 ters, arcades, and triangles is also Roman. The university 
 with its school of law, the palais de justice, and the modern 
 hdtel de ville are also of interest. Hilary was the first 
 bishop of Poitiers. It was the capital of Poitou in former 
 times. Near it Clovis, king of the Franks, defeated Alaric, 
 king of the West Goths, in 507 ; and near it, Sept. 19, 1356, 
 the English army (8,00: *) under the Black Prince defeated 
 the French (60,000) under King John, who was taken pris- 
 oner. (For another battle fought in the neighborhood in 
 732, see Tours.) It was a stronghold of the Huguenots. 
 Population, commune, 39,302. 
 
 Poitiers, Diana of. See Diana of Poitiers. 
 Poitou (pwa-to'). An ancient government of 
 France. Capital, Poitiers. It was bounded by 
 Brittany and Anjou on the north, Touraine on the north- 
 east, Berry and Marche on the east, Angoumois, Saintonge, 
 and Aunis on the south, and the Bay of Biscay on the west. 
 It contained Haut- Poitou in the east and Bas- Poitou in the 
 west, and corresponded nearly to the departments of Ven- 
 dee, Deux-Sevres, and Vienne. It was governed in the mid- 
 dle ages by counts. With Eleanor of Guienne it passed to 
 France in 1137, and in 1152 to Henry (who became Henry 
 II. of England in 1154). It was conquered by Philip Augus- 
 tus of France about 1205, and retained by treaty in 1259 ; 
 was ceded to Edward III. of England in 1360, and recovered 
 by Du Guesclin a few years later; and was united finally 
 to the French crown by Charles VII. 
 
 Pokab. See Washalci. 
 
 Pokanoket. See Wampanoag. 
 
 Pokomo (po-ko'mo), or Wapokomo (wa-po- 
 ko'mo). A Bantu tribe of British East Africa, 
 dwelling along the Tana River, in the midst of 
 hostile Gallas. 
 
 Pokoncbis, or Pokomans. See Poconchis. 
 Pola (po'la). A seaport in Istria, Austria-Hun- 
 gary, situated in lat. 44° 52' N., long, 13° 51' 
 E. : the Roman Pietas Julia. Since 1850 it hasbeen 
 the chief naval arsenal of the empire, and contains exten- 
 sive docks and wharves. It has a cathedral, and contains 
 many Roman antiquities. The Porta Aurea (L., ‘golden 
 gate ’) is a Roman triumphal arch of a single opening, 13) 
 feet wide and 24) high, between coupled Corinthian col- 
 unms with an interrupted entablature. The Roman am- 
 phitheater consists of three stories (97 feet high) on the 
 west side, and only one, owing to the slope of the ground, 
 on the east. The axes of the greater ellipse are 452 and 
 369 feet, of the arena 229 and 147. The temple of Rome 
 and Augustus, now the museum, is Corinthian, prostyle 
 tetrastyle, with an intervening column on each side be- 
 tween angle-column and cella, on a high basement, in 
 plan 27 by 57 feet. Pola came under Roman power about 
 178 B. o. Near it, in 1379, tho Genoese fleet defeated the 
 Venetians. Population, 70,145, (1910). 
 
 Polabia (po-la'bi-ii). The country of tho Pola- 
 bians, in the basin of the Lower Elbe. 
 Polabians (po-la'bi-anz). A branch of the Po- 
 lish division of the Slavs, formerly dwelling in 
 northern Germany, in the Lower Elbe valley. 
 The language is extinct. 
 
 Poland (po'land). [L. Polonia, G. Polen, F. 
 Pologne, Pol. Polslca.~\ A former kingdom of 
 Europe. In 1772 it comprised, besides the present Prus- 
 sian Poland, Austrian Poland and Russian Poland (see 
 those headings), the Russian governments of Kovno, 
 Vilna, Vitebsk, Mohilelf, Minsk, Grodno, Volhynia, Po- 
 
 Pole 
 
 dolia, and most of Kieff. The oepital from about 1320 
 was Cracow ; from the reign of Sigismund III. (1587-1632) 
 it was Warsaw. The early history of Poland is legendary 
 and obscure. A Polish duchy, acknowledging the suze- 
 rainty of the German emperor, with its center at Gnesen, 
 appeared in the reign of Mieczyslaw (962-992), who em- 
 braced Christianity. Under Boleslaus, his successor, Po- 
 land became a kingdom and had a momentary greatness. 
 After a period of great decline it was highly prosperous in 
 the reign of Casimir the Great (1333-70). The dynasty of 
 Piasts ended with him. Poland and Hungary were united 
 1370-82. Lithuania was united with Poland in 1386, and 
 the Jagellon dynasty then began. Under Wladislaw III., 
 who died in 1444, Poland and Hungary were for ashort time 
 united. West Prussia was acquired in 1466. The kingdom 
 flourished in the reigns of Sigismund I. and Sigismund II. 
 (1506-72). Livonia was acquired in 1561. A close union be- 
 tween Poland and Lithuania was effected at the Diet of Lub- 
 lin inl5S9. The Jagellon dynasty ended in 1572and the crown 
 became elective. It made cessions of Livonia to Sweden 
 in 1660, and of the territory east of the Dnieper to Russia 
 in 1667. Sobieski reigned 1674-96. It was united with 
 Saxony under Augustus II. (1697-1704, 1709-33) and Augus- 
 tus III. (1733-63). It took part in the Northern War, and 
 about this time suffered greatly from factional troubles. 
 Stanislaus Poniatowski was elected king in 1764. (For the 
 Confederation of Bar in 1768, see Bar ; and for the parti- 
 tions of Poland in 1772, 1793, and 1795, see below.) An 
 insurrection under Koszciusko took place in 1794, and 
 Stanislaus resigned in 1795. Part of Poland was formed 
 by Napoleon into the duchy of Warsaw in 1807. The 
 Congress of Vienna in 1815 made a resettlement of the ter- 
 ritory, creating a kingdom of Poland (comprising the bulk 
 of the duchy of Warsaw) under Russian rule. See Poland, 
 Russian. 
 
 Poland, Austrian. That part of Poland which 
 was acquired by Austria, now forming Galicia. 
 Poland, Great. A historical division of Po- 
 land, comprising what is now the Prussian prov- 
 ince of Posen anil a part of the present Rus- 
 sian Poland. 
 
 Poland, Little. A historical division of Po- 
 land, comprising part of the present Russian 
 Poland and the western part of Galicia. 
 Poland, Luke Potter. Born at Westford, Vt., 
 Nov. 1,1815: died at Waterville,Vt., July2, 1887. 
 An American politician and jurist. He became 
 chief justice of the Supreme Court of Vermont in 1860; 
 was Republican United States senator from Vermont 1865- 
 1867 ; and was a member of Congress 1867-75 and 1883-85. 
 
 Poland, Partitions of. There were three par- 
 titions of Poland in the last part of the 18th 
 century. (i) Between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 
 1772 : agreed to by Poland in, 1773. Prussia received the 
 greater part of West Prussia and the Netze district ; Aus- 
 tria received Galicia and the county of Zips in Hungary ; 
 and Russia received everything east of the Dnieper and 
 Dima. (2) Between Russia and Prussia in 1793. Prussia 
 received nearly all the present province of Posen, and the 
 western part of what is now Russian Poland; Russia re- 
 ceived all the territory east of about long. 24°. (3) Be- 
 tween Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1795. Prussia took 
 a large part of the present Russian Poland, including War- 
 saw ; Austria received part of the present Russian Poland 
 between the Bug, Vistula, and Pilica; and Russia received 
 all the remainder, situated east of the Niemen and Bug. 
 
 Poland, Prussian. That part of Poland which 
 was acquired by Prussia. It now forms the prov- 
 ince of Posen, nearly all, of West Prussia, and part of East 
 Prussia. 
 
 Poland, Russian. A name given popularly to 
 the ten Russian governments of the “Vistula 
 Laud,” corresponding to the kingdom of Poland 
 formed in 1815. It is situated in the western part of 
 Russia ; i3 bounded by Prussia on the north and west and 
 Austria on the south ; and consists of the governments 
 Suwalki, Lomza, Siedlce, Lublin, Kielce, Radom, War- 
 saw, Plock, Kalisz, and Piotrkow. Capital, Warsaw. 
 The surface is generally a plain. The chief river is the 
 Vistula. The principal occupation is agriculture, espe- 
 cially the production of grain. Manufactures and mining 
 are increasing. The inhabitants are mostly Poles ; there 
 arealso Jews, Ruthenians, etc. The German element and 
 Russian influence are both increasing. The prevailing 
 religion is the Roman Catholic. The territory was formed 
 into the kingdom of Poland under the Russian empe- 
 ror, with a constitution, in 1815 ; an insurrection which be- 
 gan in Nov., 1830, was suppressed in Sept., 1831 ; the con- 
 stitution was abolished in 1832 ; there was an unsuccessful 
 rising in 1846; and an insurrection beginning in 1863 was 
 suppressed in 1864, the kingdom of Poland ceasing to exist 
 about this time. The peasants received important con- 
 cessions in 1864. Area, 49,018 square miles. Population, 
 11,360,900. 
 
 Polaris (po-la'ris). A double or triple star of the 
 second magnitude, a Ursse Minoris, situated 
 near the north pole of the heavens ; the pole- 
 star. It served in former times, and still serves among 
 primitive people, as a guide in navigation. It is now about 
 lp from the pole, very nearly in a line with the two stars 
 in Ursa Major (a anil /3) which form the further edge of 
 the so-called Dipper. About 6,000 years ago the pole-star 
 was a Draconis, and in about 12,000 it will he a Lyra. 
 
 Pole (pol), Reginald. Born at Stourton Cas- 
 tle, Staffordshire, England, March 3, 1500 : died 
 at London, Nov. 18, 1558. An English Roman 
 Catholic prolate. He was the son of Sir Richard Pole 
 and Margaret, countess of Salisbury, niece of Edward IV. 
 Ho entered Magdalen College, Oxford, and at tho age of 
 21 went to Padua to complete his education, returning 
 in 1627. In 1532 he went again to Italy, and was created 
 cardinal Dec. 22, 1536. Ho quarreled with Henry VIII., 
 who caused a bill of attainder to he parsed against him 
 and set a price on his head. His mother was thrown into 
 
Pole 
 
 the Tower and beheaded. In 1545 he was a legate-presi- 
 dent of the Council of Trent. On the death of Edward 
 VI. he was sent to England to assist Queen Mary. Pole, 
 who was only in deacon’s orders, desired to marry the 
 queen, and she for a time favored the project, but it was 
 finally abandoned. After the burning of Cranmer, Pole 
 was ordained priest, and on March 2?., 1556, was conse- 
 crated archbishop of Canterbury. His legation as papal 
 ambassador to England was canceled by Paul IV. His 
 death occurred on the day after that of the queen. lie 
 was largely responsible for the persecution of Protestants 
 during her reign. 
 
 Polemon (pol'e-mon). [Gr. TLoTdfioiv.'] A Pla- 
 tonic philosopher of Athens (died 273 B. C.), the 
 successor of Xenoerates as president of the 
 Academy. 
 
 Polesine (po-le-se'ne). The district near Rovigo 
 in Italy. 
 
 Polexandre. A romance by Gomberville. it 
 was published in 1632, and enjoyed a high reputation. It 
 was the earliest of the heroic romances, and seems to 
 have been imitated by Calpren&de and Scuddry. 
 Policastro (po-le-kas'trd). A small seaport in 
 the province of Salerno, Italy, situated on the 
 Gulf of Policastro 60 miles southeast of Salerno : 
 the ancient Pyxus, later Buxentum. 
 Polichronicon. See Polychronicon. 
 
 Polignac (po-len-yak'), Due Armand Jules 
 Marie Heraclius de. Born Jan. 17, 1771: died 
 March 2, 1847. A French politician, son of the 
 Duehesse de Polignac, imprisoned 1804-13 for 
 complicity in the conspiracy of Cadoudal. 
 Polignac, Duehesse de. Bom about 1749 : died 
 at Vienna, 1793. Wife of the Duo de Polignac 
 (died 1817) : an influential favorite of Marie An- 
 toinette. 
 
 Polignac, Prince Jules Auguste Armand Ma- 
 rie de. Born May 14, 1780 : died March 29, 1847. 
 A French politician and diplomatist, son of the 
 Duehesse de Polignac. ne was imprisoned for com- 
 plicity in the conspiracy of Cadoudal in 1804 ; was am- 
 bassador to Great Britain 1823-29 ; and was minister of for- 
 eign affairs and premier 1829-30. He signed the ordinances 
 of July26, 1830 (leading to the revolution of July), and was 
 imprisoned 1830-36. 
 
 Polignano a Mare (po-len-ya'nd a rna're). A 
 seaport in the province of Bari, Italy, situated 
 on the Adriatic 20 miles southeast of Bari. Pop- 
 ulation, 9,499. 
 
 Poligny (po-len-ye'). Atownin the department 
 of Jura, France, 46 miles southeast of Dijon. It 
 has a ruined castle. Population, commune, 
 4,092. 
 
 Polillo (po-lel'yo). One of the smaller Philip- 
 pine Islands, situated east of Luzon. Length, 
 about 30 miles. 
 
 Polish (pol'ish), Mrs. A character in Jonsou’s 
 comedy “The Magnetick Lady.” 
 
 Mrs. Polish, the most perfect representation of a gossip- 
 ing ‘ toad-eater ' that the English stage can boast, Gifford. 
 
 Polish Succession, War of the. A war which 
 broke out in 1733, owing to a disputed election 
 to the throne of Poland. Stanislaus Leszczynski was 
 supported by France, Spain, and Sardinia, and Augustus 
 III. (elector of Saxony) by Austria and Russia. It was 
 ended by the peace of Vienna (1738), by which Augustus 
 III. was acknowledged. 
 
 Polistena (po-lis-ta'na). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Reggio di Calabria, Italy, 32 miles north- 
 east of Reggio. Population, commune, about 
 10 , 100 . 
 
 Politian (po-lish'ian), L. Politianus (po-lish-i- 
 a'nus), It. Angelo Poliziano (po-let-se-a'no) 
 ( Angelo Ambr ogini) . Born at Montepulciano, 
 Tuscany, July 14, 1454: died at Florence, Sept. 
 24, 1494. A celebrated Florentine humanist and 
 poet, professor at the University of Florence. 
 He published the Italian poems “La giostra," “Orfeo” 
 (which see), etc. ; theLatin poems“Rustieus,”“Nutrieia,” 
 ‘ Ambra," “Manto”; Latin translations from the Greek; 
 critical essays in the “Miscellanea” (1489), etc. 
 
 Politics (pol'i-tiks). [Gr. UoTuriKa.'] A treatise 
 on the state, by Aristotle. 
 
 The “Politics” [of Aristotle] are confessed on all hands 
 to be the ripest and fullest outcome of Greek political ex- 
 perience. T hey were based on the researches of Aristotle’s 
 “Constitutions,” or catalogue of some 250 polities, of which 
 many precious fragments tell us enough to desire that it 
 were preserved even at the expense of the extant book on 
 the theory of politics. For as such the present work is 
 essentially conceived in Aristotle’s peculiar method, being 
 based on actual experience and the criticism of previous 
 theorists. Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., II. 414. 
 
 Polixene (pol-ek-san'). The assumed name of 
 Madelon in Moliere’s comedy “Les pr6cieuses 
 ridicules.” 
 
 Polixenes (po-liks'e-nez). The Kingof Bohemia 
 in Shakspere’s “Winter’s Tale.” 
 
 Poliziano. See Politian. 
 
 Polk (pok), James Knox. Bom in Mecklen- 
 burg County N. C., Nov. 2, 1795: died at Nash- 
 ville, TeDn., June 15, 1849. The eleventh Presi- 
 dent of the United States (1845-49). He was ad- 
 
 816 
 
 mitted to the bar in 1820 ; was a Democratic member of 
 Congress from Tennessee 1825-39; was speaker of the 
 House of Representatives 1835-39 ; was governor of Ten- 
 nessee 1839^1 ; and as Democratic candidate for President 
 was elected in 1844. The leading events in his adminis- 
 tration were the Mexican war, which resulted in the ac- 
 quisition of California and other cessions from Mexico, 
 and the Oregon boundary treaty with Great Britain. 
 
 Polk, Leonidas. Born at Raleigh, N. C., 1806 : 
 killed at Pine Mountain, Ga., June 14, 1864. 
 A bishop of the Episcopal Church, and later a 
 Confederate general. He graduated at West Point 
 in 1827, but resigned his commission in the army in the same 
 year, and in 1831 was ordained a priest in the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church. He became missionary bishop of Ar- 
 kansas and the Indian Territory in 1838, and bishop of 
 Louisiana in 1841, and at the beginning of the Civil War 
 accepted a major-generalship in the Confederate army, be- 
 ing promoted lieutenant-general in 1862. He commanded 
 the right wing of General Braxton Bragg’s army at Ohicka- 
 mauga. He was accused by hissuperiorof insubordination 
 on this occasion, and was relieved of his command. In 
 Dee., 1863, he succeeded General Joseph E. Johnston in 
 command of the department of Alabama, Mississippi, and 
 East Louisiana. His command was afterward united to 
 that of Johnston. 
 
 Polla (pol'la). A town in the province of Sa- 
 lerno, Italy, 40 miles east-southeast of Salerno. 
 Population, 4,568. 
 
 Pollajuolo (pol-la-yo-d'lo), Antonio. Born at 
 Florence, 1429 : died at Rome, 1498. An Italian 
 painter and sculptor. He was originally a goldsmith, 
 and of his work in this line we have examples in the bas- 
 reliefs of the Feast of Herod and the Dance of Herodias’s 
 Daughter which he made for the silver altar in the Opera 
 del Duorno at Florence. As a niellist he ranks with the 
 best of his time. He was the first painter who had a prac- 
 tical knowledge of anatomy from dissection. He was called 
 to Rome about 1480 by Pope Innocent VIII. to make the 
 bronze monument of his predecessor, Sixtus IV. (finished 
 1493), one of the most original tombs of the time. He also 
 made the tomb of Innocent VIII. 
 
 Pollard (pol'ard), Edward Albert. Born in 
 Nelson County, Va., Feb. 27, 1828: died at 
 Lynchburg, Va., Dec. 12, 1872. An American 
 journalist and historian, editor of the Rich- 
 mond “Examiner” during the Civil War. His 
 works include a “ Southern History of the War ”(1866), “The 
 Lost Cause ”(1866), “Lee and his Lieutenants ”(1867), “Life 
 of Jefferson Davis, with the Secret History of the Southern 
 Confederacy ” (1809), etc. 
 
 Pollentia (po-len'shi-a). In aucient geography, 
 a place in Italy, 28 miles south of Turin, near 
 the junction of the Stura and Tanaro : the mod- 
 ern Pollenzo or Pollenza. Here, in 402 or 403, a 
 battle was fought bet ween the Romans under Stilicho and 
 the West Goths under Alaric. This is generally said to 
 have been a decisive Roman victory, but “ Cassiodorus and 
 Jornandes both say distinctly that the Goths put the Ro- 
 man army to flight ’’ (HodgHn). 
 
 Pollenzo, or Pollenza. See Pollentia. 
 
 Pollio (pol'i-o), Caius Asinius. Born about 
 76 b. c. : died at Tusculum, Italy, 6 a. d. A 
 Roman politician, commander, author, and pa- 
 tron of literature: an adherent of Julius Cae- 
 sar. He was consul 40 B. C. , and was governor of Trans- 
 padane Gaul. He defeated the Parthians in Illyria in 39. 
 Hewasa patron of Vergil and Horace. Only fragments of 
 his works survive. 
 
 Pollnitz (pel'nits), Baron Karl Ludwig von. 
 
 Born at Issum, Prussian Rhine Province, Feb. 
 25, 1692 : died at Berlin, June 23, 1775. A Ger- 
 man writer of memoirs. He was reader to Frederick 
 the Great and theatrical director in Berlin. His works in- 
 clude “ Lettres et m^.moires, etc. ” (1738-40), “ £tat abrOgd 
 de la cour de Saxe, etc." (1734), etc. He was probably 
 also the author of ‘ ‘ Histoire secrete de la du chesse d’Hano- 
 vre” (1732), and of “La Saxe galante ” (1734). 
 
 Pollock (pol'ok), Sir Jonathan Frederick. 
 
 Born Sept. 23, 1783: died Aug. 23, 1870. An Eng- 
 lish jurist, attorney-general 1834-35, 1841—44. 
 
 Pollock, Sir George. Born at Westminster, 
 June 4, 1786: died Oct. 6, 1872. An English 
 general, brother of Sir Frederick Pollock. He 
 commanded the British army in Afghanistan in 
 1842, and entered Kabul in Sept. 
 
 Pollockshaws (pol-ok-shaz'). A manufactur- 
 ing town in Renfrewshire, Scotland, 3 miles 
 south-southwest of Glasgow. Population, 
 11,169. 
 
 Pollok (pol'ok), Robert. Born at Moorhouse, 
 Renfrewshire, 1798 : died at Southampton, 
 Sept. 18, 1827. A Scottish religious poet. He 
 was educated at Glasgow University. His chief work, 
 “The Course of Time,” was published in 1827, six mouths 
 before his death. His theology was strongly Calvinistic. 
 
 Pollux (pol'uks), or Polydeuces (pol-i-du'sez). 
 [Gr. 1 . In Greek mythology, the 
 
 twin brother of Castor, one of the Dioscuri. 
 See Castor and Pollux and Dioscuri. — 2. An 
 orange star of magnitude 1.2 (/? Geminormn), in 
 the head of the following twin. 
 
 Polly (pol'i). A ballad-opera by John Gay : a 
 sequel to ‘ ‘ The Beggar’s Opera.” It was ready for 
 the stage in 1728, but was suppressed by the government, 
 some members of which had been satirized in the first 
 opera. Gay published it, however, in 1729, and it brought 
 
 Polycletus of Sicyon 
 
 him over £1,200. It was finally played in 1777, having 
 been altered by Colman the elder. 
 
 Polly Honeycomb (hun'i-kom). A farce at- 
 tributed to Garrick. It was the first written by Col- 
 man the elder, was first played in 1760, and was a satire 
 leveled at the absurd prevalence of novel-reading. 
 
 Polo (po'lo), Marco. Born at Venice, 1254: died 
 there, 1324. A celebrated Venetian traveler. 
 His father, Nicolo, and uncle, Maffeo, left Constantinople 
 for the Crimea on some commercial enterprise in 1260. 
 Their business eventually brought them to Bokhara, where 
 they fell in with some envoys of Kublai Khan. They were 
 persuaded to accompany the envoys to Kublai, whom they 
 found either at Cambaluc (Peking) or at Sliangtu, north of 
 the Great Wall. Kublai received them well, and sent them 
 as his envoys to the Pope with a request for one hundred 
 educated men to instruct his subjects in Christianity and 
 in the liberal arts. The brothers arrived at Acre in 1269. 
 They obtained from Gregory X. two Dominicans who turned 
 back at an early stage of the journey. The brothers left 
 Acre on thereturn journey in 1271, accompanied by Marco, 
 then 17 years of age. They traveled by Sivas, Mosul, Bag- 
 dad, and Hormuz, through Khorasan, up the Oxus to the 
 Pamir-, by Kashgar, Yarkand, and Khotan, to Lob Nor, and 
 across the great desert of Gobi to Tangut, thence to Shangtu, 
 where they found Kublai Khan in 1276. They were kindly 
 received, and retained in the public service. Marco rose 
 rapidly in the emperor’s favor, and was employed in im- 
 portant missions in various parts of the empire. Marco, 
 with his father and uncle, left China in 1292, and after many 
 adventures reached Venice by way of Sumatra, India, 
 and Persia in 1295. Id 1298 Marco was taken prisoner in 
 the battle of Curzola between the Venetians and the Gen- 
 oese. He was detained for a year at Genoa. Here he dic- 
 tated in the French language to a fellow-captive, P,ustici- 
 ano of Pisa, an account of his adventures, which ultimately 
 obtained a wide popularity, inasmuch as the Polos were 
 the first European travelers in China. Chambers's Encyc. 
 
 Polo de Ondegardo. See Ondegardo. 
 
 Polonius (po-16'ni-us). In Sliakspere’s “ Ham- 
 let,” the father of Ophelia, and the king’s cham- 
 berlain. 
 
 Polonius, who is the personified memory of wisdom no 
 longer actually possessed. This admirable character i3 
 always misrepresented on the stage. Shakspere never in- 
 tended to exhibit him as a buffoon : for, although it was 
 natural that Hamlet — a young man of fire and genius, 
 detesting formality, and disliking Polonius on political 
 grounds, as imagining that he had assisted his uncle in 
 his usurpation — should express himself satirically, yet 
 this must not be taken as exactly the poet’s conception of 
 him. In Polonius a certain induration of character had 
 arisen from long habits of business ; but take his advice 
 to Laertes, and Ophelia’s reverence for his memory, and 
 we shall see that he was meant to be represented as a 
 statesman somewhat past his faculties, — his recollections 
 of life all full of wisdom, and showing a knowledge of 
 human nature, whilst what immediately takes place be- 
 fore him, and escapes from him, is indicative of weakness. 
 
 Coleridge, Lects. on Sliak., etc., p. 237. 
 
 Polotsk, or Polock (po'lotsk). A town in the 
 government of Vitebsk, Russia, situated at the 
 junction of the Polota with the Diina, 59 miles 
 west-northwest of Vitebsk. It was stormed by 
 the French in 1812. Population, 20, 294. 
 
 Polotsk, Principality of. A medieval princi- 
 pality of Russia, in the basin of the Diina. 
 
 Poltava, See Pultowa. 
 
 Polybius (po-lib'i-us). [Gr. TbAlftioc.'] Born at 
 Megalopolis, Arcadia, Greece, 204 B. c. : died 
 about 125 B. c. A celebrated Greek historian. 
 He was in the service of the Achsean League ; was taken 
 as a political prisoner to Rome about 169 ; became a friend 
 of Scipio the Younger ; was released in 151 ; and was later 
 engaged in settling the affairs of Achaia. He went to 
 Egypt in 181, with his father and Aratus, as an ambassa- 
 dor of the Achsean League. He was the author of a history 
 of Rome in 40 books, five of which, with fragments of the 
 others, have been preserved. 
 
 Polycarp (pol'i-karp). [L. Polycarpus, from 
 Gr. noAlxapTrof.] Born before 69 A.D.: burned 
 at Smyrna, 155 (?). A Christian martyr, bishop 
 of Smyrna: author of an epistle to the Philip- 
 pians. 
 
 Polychronicon (pol-i-kron'i-kon). A chronicle 
 of universal history, by Ranulf Higden, writ* 
 ten by him to 1342 : a continuation was added 
 to the year 1413. It begins with a sketch of the his- 
 tory of the known world, with lives of Adam, Abraham, 
 etc., and brings its entries down to the time of writing. 
 It was translated into English by John of Trevisa. 
 
 Polycletus (pol-i-kle'tus), or Polyclitus (-klV- 
 tus), of Sicyon. [Gr. HoIvkautoc. ] Lived in 
 the last part of the 5th century B. c. A cele- 
 brated Greek sculptor and architect. He is asso- 
 ciated with the high development of abstract proportion 
 which characterizes Greek sculpture. He seems to have 
 realized the athletic type or ideal to the entire satisfaction 
 of the Greek world, and made a figure embodying the ac- 
 cepted proportions, which was called “ the canon.” This 
 canon is supposed to have been a simple figure carrying 
 a spear (doryphorns), described by Pliny and properly rep- 
 resented by several replicas. The best of these was found 
 at Pompeii, and is in the museum at Naples. Another 
 statue of almost equal importance is mentioned by Plinv , 
 and called “diadumenos” (t. e., an athlete binding a fillet 
 about his head). The best replica is in the British Mu 
 seum ; the original was sold at one time for 100 talents — 
 about 8117. 000. The most important monumental work 
 of Polycletus w-as the chryselephantine Hera at Argos, rep- 
 resented by the so-called Ludovisi Juno. 
 
Polycletus 
 
 Polycletus, “The Younger.” Lived about 400 
 B. c. A Greek sculptor of Argos. 
 
 Polycrates (po-lik'ra-tez). [Gr. noAuKpdrr/f.] 
 Put to death 522 B. c. Tyrant of Samos from 
 about 536 (or 532) to 522. ' He was a patron of 
 literature and art. 
 
 He had formed an alliance with Amasis, king of Egypt, 
 who, however, finally renounced it through alarm at the 
 amazing good fortune of Polycrates, which never met with 
 any check or disaster, and which therefore was sure, sooner 
 or later, to incur the envy of the gods. Such, at least, 
 is the account in Herodotus, who has narrated the story 
 of the rupture between Amasis and Polycrates in his most 
 dramatic manner. In a letter which Amasis wrote to Polyc- 
 rates, the Egyptian monarch advised him to throw away 
 one of his most valuable possessions, in order that he might 
 thus inflict some injury upon himself. In accordance with 
 this advice Polycrates threw into the sea a seal-ring of ex- 
 traordinary beauty ; but in a few days it was found in the 
 belly of a fish, which had been presented to him by a fish- 
 erman. Thereupon Amasis immediately broke off his al- 
 liance with him. 
 
 Smith, Diet, of Greek and Homan Biography, III. 459. 
 
 Polydamas (po -lid 'a -mas). [Gr. Ro?wdaya<;.\ 
 Lived about 400 b. C. A Thessalian famous for 
 his strength. 
 
 Polydeuces. See Pollux. 
 
 Polydore (pol'i-dor). 1. A name assumed by 
 Guiderius in Shakspere’s “ Cymbeline.” — 2. In 
 Otway’s tragedy “The Orphan,” the brother of 
 Castalio who was the husband of Monimia, the 
 orphan. He succeeded in deceiving the latter by per- 
 sonating Castalio on his wedding night, and on this fraud 
 the tragic story of Monimia hinges. 
 
 Polydore Vergil. See Vergil. 
 
 Polydorus (pol-i-do'rus). [Gr. Tin? vdupog . ] In 
 Greek legend, the youngest son of Priam. He 
 was killed by Achilles (or according to other legends by 
 Polymestor). See Hecuba. 
 
 Polydorus. A Rhodian sculptor, associate of 
 Agesander in carving the Laocoon group. 
 Polyeucte (po-le-ekt'). 1. A play by Cor- 
 neille, issued in 1640 : ‘ ‘ the greatest of all Chris- 
 tian tragedies” ( Saintsbury ). — 2. An opera by 
 Gounod, first produced at Paris in 1878. The 
 words, by Barbier and Carre, are founded on 
 Corneille. 
 
 Polygnotus (pol-ig-no'tus). [Gr. JloMryverrog . ] 
 Bom in the island of Thasos: lived in the mid- 
 dle of the 5th century B. C. A celebrated Greek 
 painter, pupil of Aglaophon. His activity lasted 
 from about 480 to 456 B. C. He was made an Athenian citi- 
 zen in return for the paintings in thePcecile orTheseum, 
 and the Amphictyons gave him the right of free entertain- 
 ment in the Hellenic cities. He was identified with Cimon 
 in the reconstruction of Athens, and seems to have had 
 about him a large school or force of assistants. His prin- 
 cipal works were the paintings in the Lesche of the Cnidi- 
 ans at Delphi, described in detail by Pausanias ; the paint- 
 ings of the Pcecile at Athens, made with the assistance of 
 Micon and Pamenus; themarriage of Castor and Pollux 
 with the daughters of Leucippus, in the temple of the Dios- 
 curi at Athens; some of the pictures in the Pinakotheke 
 of the Propylseum ; the picture in the porch of the temple 
 of Athene AreiaatPlatsea; and picturesatThespise. Polyg- 
 notus introduced transparent draperies and many realist ic 
 effects. Pliny, XXXV. 35. 
 
 Polyhymnia (pol-i-him'ni-a), or Polymnia (po- 
 lim'ni-a). [Gr. TJo/.vgvia.'] 1. In Greek anti- 
 quity, tiie Muse of the sublime hymn and of the 
 faculty of learning and remembering. According 
 to some poets, she was the inventor of the lyre. During 
 the final centuries of the Homan Empire she was regarded 
 as the patroness of mimes and pantomimes. In art she is 
 usually represented as in a meditative attitude, heavily 
 draped, and without any attribute. 
 
 2. An asteroid (No. 33) discovered by Chacor- 
 nac at Paris, Oct. 28, 1854. 
 
 Polykleitos. See Polycletus. 
 
 Polymnia. See Polyhymnia. 
 
 Polynesia (pol-i-ne'sia). [From Gr. 7T(5^uf , many, 
 and vrjaor, an island: ‘’many islands.’] A divi- 
 sion of Oceauica which comprises all or nearly 
 all the Pacific islands east of Australia, Papua, 
 and the Philippines. There are three main divisions. 
 The principal groups of Polynesia proper, or East Polynesia, 
 are the Hawaiian, Samoan, Tonga, Cook, Society, Austral, 
 Marquesas, Low, Ellice, and Phoenix islands : Eiji is gen- 
 erally included in this division, but is sometimes placed in 
 Melanesia. Micronesia includes the Ladrones, Carolines, 
 and Marshall, Gilbert, and Pelew islands. Melanesia in- 
 cludes the Bismarck Archipelago, Admiralty and Solomon 
 islands, Louisiade Archipelago, New Hebrides, D’Entre- 
 casteaux Islands, New Caledonia, etc. The islands have 
 recently been rapidly acquired by different European na- 
 tions. Hawaii is a territory of the United States. See 
 the separate articles. 
 
 Polynices (pol-i-ni'sez). [Gr. HoTiweticyc.'] In 
 Greek legend, a son of (Edipus and Jocaste, and 
 brother of Eteocles. He was driven from Thebes by 
 his brother, and the famous expedition of “the Seven 
 against Thebes” was made to restore him. 
 
 Polyolbion (pol-i-ol'bi-on), or a Chorograph- 
 ical Description of all the Tracts, Rivers, 
 Mountains ... of Great Britain. A poem 
 by Michael Drayton, published 1613-22. it is 
 his longest and most celebrated poem. It consists of 30 
 “songs” filled with antiquarian knowledge. 
 
 0.— 62 
 
 817 
 
 Polyphemus (pol-i-f e ' mus) . [Gr. llo/tix^uof. ] In 
 Greek legend, a one-eyed giant, the chief of the 
 Cyclopes, and son of Poseidon : celebrated in the 
 legends of Odysseus, whom he kept a prisoner 
 in his cave until the clever Greek made him 
 drunk and blinded him. 
 
 Polysperchon (pol-is-per'kon). [Gr. Uo^vamp- 
 Xuv . ] Died after 303 B. c. A Macedonian gen- 
 eral in the service of Alexander the Great. He 
 succeeded Antipater as regent in 319. He was superseded 
 by Cassander. 
 
 Polyxena (po-lik'se-na). [Gr. Tlohflvt/.'] In 
 Greek legend, daughter of Priam and Hecuba, 
 and bride of Achilles. At her marriage to Achilles, 
 the latter was slain by Paris, and the Greeks later sacri- 
 ficed her to appease his shade. She was the subject of a 
 lost tragedy by Sophocles, and of the tragedies “Hecuba" 
 by Euripides and “Troades ” by Seneca. 
 
 Polyxena. A tragedy by Niccolini, a Florentine 
 writer, in the style of Alfteri, produced in 1811. 
 
 Pombal (pom-bal'; Pg. pon-bal'), Marquis de 
 (Sebastiao Josede Carvalho e Mello). Born 
 at Soure, near Coimbra, May 13, 1699 : died at 
 Pombal, May 8, 1782. A famous Portuguese 
 statesman. He became minister at London in 1739, and 
 at Vienna in 1745 ; and was made minister of foreign affairs 
 in 1750, and premier in 1756. He encouraged commerce 
 and agriculture, and expelled the Jesuits. He was dis- 
 missed from office in 1777. 
 
 Pomerania(pom-e-ra'ni-a),G.Pommern(pom'- 
 
 mern). [F. Poincranie.'] A province of Prus- 
 sia. Capital, Stettin. It is bounded by the Baltic 
 Sea on the north, West Prussia on the east, West Prussia, 
 Brandenburg, and Mecklenburg on the south, and Meck- 
 lenburg on the west. The surface is nearly level. The 
 people are mostly engaged in agriculture, the rearing of 
 live stock, and coasting and foreign trade. There are 3 
 government districts (Stettin, Stralsund, and Koslin); and 
 Further Pomerania(Hinterpommern), east of the Oder, and 
 Hither Pomerania(Vorpommern),west of the Oder, are his- 
 torical divisions. The early inhabitants were Celts, fol- 
 lowed by Wends. Christianity was introduced in the 12th 
 century. The territory became gradually Germanized ; 
 was governed by lines of dukes ; and suffered in the Thirty 
 Years’ War. Theeastern part fell in 1648 to Brandenburg, 
 the western part to Sweden. In 1720 Sweden ceded to 
 Prussia the territory east of the Peene ; and the remainder 
 of Swedish Pomerania was ceded to Prussia in 1815. Area, 
 11,631 square miles. Population, 1,684,832. 
 
 Pomeranian Haff. See Stettiner Haff. 
 
 Pomeranus, or Pommer. See Bugenhagen. 
 
 Pomerellen (po-mer-el'len). Formerly, the 
 western part of West Prussia, lying west of the 
 Vistula. It belonged to Poland till 1772. 
 
 Pomeroy (pom'e-roi or pum'e-roi). A city, cap- 
 ital of Meigs County, Ohio, situated on the Ohio 
 82 miles southeast of Columbus. It has coal- 
 mines and salt-works. Population, 4,023, (1910). 
 
 Pomfret. See Pontefract. 
 
 Pomfret(porn'fret),John. Born 1667: diedl702. 
 An English poet, rector of Maulden in Bedford- 
 shire: author of “ The Choice” (1700), apoem 
 very popular in the 18th century. 
 
 Pommern. See Pomerania. 
 
 Pomcerium (po-me'ri-um). [L.,from post mce- 
 rum (i. e. murum), beyond the wall.] In an- 
 cient Rome, an area surrounding the earliest 
 walls of Roma Quadrata, whose boundary was 
 traced, in accordance with a religious ceremony 
 of Etruscan origin the ritual of which is now 
 forgotten, by a plow drawn by a cow and a bull. 
 The area of the Pomcerium was held sacred, and was kept 
 free from dwellings. Its exact limits are no longer known, 
 though the Forum Rom ami m marked the northern angle, 
 and the western angle lay in the Forum Boarium. 
 
 Pomona. See Mainland (in Orkney). 
 
 Pomona (po-mo'na). 1. In Roman mythology, 
 the goddess of fruit-trees. — 2. An asteroid (No. 
 32) discovered by Goldschmidt at Paris, Oct. 26, 
 1854. 
 
 Pompadour (pon -pa -dor '), Marquise de 
 (Jeanne Antoinette Poisson le Normant 
 d’Etioles). Born at Paris, Dec. 29, 1721: died 
 at Versailles, April 15, 1764. The chief mis- 
 tress of Louis XV. of France: notorious for 
 her influence in French internal politics and 
 foreign affairs during the period 1745-64. 
 
 Pompeii (pom-pa/ye ; L. pron. pom-pe'yl). An 
 ancient city of Italy, situated on the Bay of 
 Naples, 13 miles southeast of Naples, nearly at 
 the foot of Mount Vesuvius, it was a flourishing 
 provincial town, containing many villas of Romans. It 
 was severely injured by an earthquake in 63 A. D., and 
 was totally destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius in 79, 
 and buried under ashes. The site was discovered in 1748, 
 and excavations have been carried on down to the present 
 time. Owing to the preservation of the ruins practically 
 intact to the present day by the superincumbent layer of 
 ashes and pumice, the remains of Pompeii afford in many 
 ways the most complete information we possess of Roman 
 material civilization. In this quiet provincial town no 
 civic buildings on a magnificent scale existed, but its mod- 
 est temples and public offices are not without instruction, 
 while the many handsome private dwellings have afforded 
 a rich store of knowledge, elsewhere unattainable, con- 
 cerning Roman decorative art and home life. Not the 
 
 Pompey 
 
 least important yield of the excavations has been the re- 
 markable collection of antique sculptures and utensils, 
 the best part of which is in the Museo JMazionale at Na- 
 ples. Some excavations were made on the site in antiqui- 
 ty, in the effort to recover buried treasure ; but Pompeii 
 and its tragic end were soon forgotten. In 1748 some 
 peasants came accidentally upon a few ancient works of 
 art in a ruined house, and the Bourbon sovereigns of Na- 
 ples thereupon caused searches to be made for similar ob- 
 jects. Between 1808 and 1815 Murat instituted the first 
 scientifically conducted excavations. After his fall the 
 work went on more or less irregularly until the. Bourbon 
 kingdom ended in 1860. It progressed with admirable 
 system and regularity under Fiorelli (died 1896). About 
 half of the oval area included within the walls has been 
 thoroughly explored. The great theater, of the time of 
 Augustus, is one of the most perfect of Roman antiquity, 
 semicircular in plan, with a diameter of 322 feet. The 
 cavea has 2 precinctions : below the lower one there are 
 4 tiers of seats of honor ; the upper one has communica- 
 tion by passages and stairs with the triangular forum, 
 and above it there are raised tiers of seats for women and 
 a platform for working the awnings. The cavea had 7 
 cunei. The temple of Isis is a small Corinthian tetrastyle 
 prostyle structure raised on a basement in a peristyle court 
 upon which open the lodgings of the priests. Many in- 
 teresting objects connected with the cult were found here, 
 and skeletons of the priests amid surroundings indicating 
 that they had sought, too late, to flee. The house of Cas- 
 tor and Pollux is curious as being a double house with a 
 large peristyle court common to the two parts. Each 
 part has its atrium and all its subdivisions complete. 
 Here were found the paintings of Andromeda and Medea, 
 now at Naples. The exterior of the house contrasts with 
 the usual plainness by its stucco decoration in panels and 
 arabesques. The house of Marcus Lucretius is a double 
 house, remarkable also for having had three stories, and 
 for its beautiful reception-room (tablinum) and dining- 
 room. The house of Meleager is notable for its paintings 
 and other decorations. In the atrium there is a marble 
 table supported by winged griffins. The peristyle court, 
 with 24 Ionic columns, is thefinestin Pompeii. Atthe back 
 there is a large room with a colonnaded gallery resting on 
 columns connected by arches instead of architraves. The 
 house of Pansa is oneof thelargest and most elaborate dwell- 
 ings of Pompeii, measuring 120 by 300 feet. The street 
 fronts were occupied by small shops. The vestibule leads 
 to the atrium, which is bordered by small square sleeping- 
 rooms, and connected by a passage with the handsome peri- 
 stylecourt. Uponthisopen more bedrooms, the triclinium, 
 and the kitchen and servants’ quarters. At the back there 
 were a two-storied portico and a spacious garden. The 
 house was ornamented with abundant mosaics, wall-paint- 
 ings, and other art works. The house of Sallust is a large 
 and richly decorated mansion, in general arrangement 
 similar to the house of Pansa. The garden is bordered by 
 a Doric portico and arranged for flowers in boxes ; in one 
 corner there is a summer dining-room. Beside the atri- 
 um there is a subordinate colonnaded court, with beau- 
 tifully painted rooms forming a women’s apartment. The 
 house of the Faun is perhaps the best in style of the an- 
 cient city. The usual wall-paintings are here replaced by 
 mosaics. The famous Dancing Faun and the mosaic of 
 the Battle of Issus, in the Naples Museum, came from 
 this house. The villa of Diomed is a large and rich resi- 
 dence outside the Herculaneum gate. In the middle is a 
 large peristyle serving as an atrium, upon which open 
 bedrooms, one of them semicircular with windows, the 
 handsomest in Pompeii. Beyond were baths with glass 
 windows, and at the back a fine garden with pavilion and 
 fish-pond. The women’s apartments were in an upper 
 story. The cellars contained amphorae and the skeletons 
 of 18 unfortunate occupants. The old thermae, consisted 
 of three divisions : the fire-rooms for heating, the bath 
 for men, and the bath for women. Each of the baths in- 
 cluded a disrobing-room (apodyterium) and cold, warm, 
 and vapor baths. The men’s division is the handsomer : 
 it is decorated with masks and figures in stucco, and with 
 graceful arabesques and reliefs, and had glass windows 
 and marble piscines. The new thernue were similar, but 
 had many more subdivisions. 
 
 Pompeii, Last Days of. See Last Days of 
 Pompeii. 
 
 Pompeii, The Last Day of. A large and dra- 
 matic painting by Briilo w, in the Hermitage Mu- 
 seum, St. Petersburg. It is held to be the chief 
 work of the contemporaneous Russian school. 
 Pompeius Magnus. See Pompey. 
 
 Pompeius (pom-pe'yus) Magnus, Sextus. Born 
 75 B. c. : killed at Myt.ilene, 35 b.c. Son of Cne- 
 ius Pompeius, defeated by Ctesar at Munda in 45. 
 He became powerful as commander of a fleet on the coasts 
 of Sicily and Italy, and was defeated in a naval battle by 
 Agrippa in 36. 
 
 Pompeu de Souza Brazil (pom-pa'S de so'za 
 bra-zel'), Thomaz. Born near Sobr’al, Ceard, 
 June 6, 1828 : died at Fortaleza, Sept. 2, 1877. 
 A Brazilian publicist and author. He took orders 
 as a presbyter, and was vicar-general of his province ; as a 
 liberal was repeatedly deputy ; and was senator from 1863. 
 His most important work is “Ensaio estatistico da pro- 
 vincia do Ceard ” (2 vols. 1863-64). 
 
 Pompey (pom'pi), surnamed “ The Great” (L. 
 Cneius Pompeius Magnus). Born 106 b. c. : 
 murdered in Egypt, 48 b. c. A famous Roman 
 general. He served in the Social War in 89, andasaparti- 
 zan of Sulla, 83-81, in Italy, Sicily, and Africa ; commanded 
 against the Marians in Spain 76-72 ; aided in suppressing 
 the Servile Insurrection in 71 ; and was consul with Cras- 
 sus in 70. He was appointed by the Gabinian Law com 
 mander in the war against the pirates, whom be subdued 
 in 67 ; and by the Manilian Law commander in the East in 
 66. He ended the war with Mithridates ; annexed Syria 
 and Palestine ; triumphed in 61 ; formed with Julius C*sar 
 and Crassus the first triumvirate in 60 ; was consul 55 ; 
 became the champion of the senate and conservative party ; 
 began the civil war with Ooesar in 49 ; and was totally de- 
 feated by Ciesar at Pharsalia in 48. 
 
Pompey 
 
 Pompey. In Shakspere’s “Measure for Mea- 
 sure,” the clownish servant of Mistress Over- 
 done. 
 
 Pompey’s Pillar. A Corinthian column of beau- 
 tifully polished red granite at Alexandria, stand- 
 ing on a pedestal or foundation of masom-y. 
 The total height is about 99 feet, of which the shaft mea- 
 sures 73 and the capital 161 feet. An inscription shows that 
 it was erected in 302 A. i>. in honor of Diocletian, whose 
 statue stood on the summit. There is no reason for the 
 name. 
 
 Pomponius Mela. See Mela. 
 
 Pomp tine Marshes. See Pontine Marshes. 
 Ponack. See Bannock. 
 
 Ponape (po'nii-pa). One of the Caroline Isl- 
 ands, Pacific Ocean. It is volcanic. Length, 
 12 miles. 
 
 Ponashta. See Bannock. 
 
 Ponce (pon'tha). 1. A town near the southern 
 coast of Porto Rico. Population, 63,444, (1910). 
 Ponce de Leon (pon'tha da la-on'), Juan. Born 
 in Aragon about 1460 : died in Cuba, 1521. A 
 Spanish soldier, conqueror of Porto Rico and 
 discoverer of Florida. Hefirstwent to America with 
 Columbus in 1493 ; under Ovando was governor of Higuay, 
 or the eastern part of Espauola ; and in 1508 passed over 
 to Porto Rico. In 1510 he was empowered to conquer 
 Porto Rico, of which he was made governor ; later he 
 went to Spain, where (Feb. 23, 1512) he received a grant to 
 discover and settle the island of Bimini (the mythical re- 
 gion in which report located the fountain of youth). The 
 explorer sailed from Porto Rico in March, 1513, with 3 
 caravels. Passing the Caicos and other islands, he dis- 
 covered the mainland March 27, coasted northward to lat. 
 30* 8', landed, and on April 8 (Pascua Florida or Easter 
 Sunday) took possession of the country for the King of 
 Spain, calling it Florida. Thence he turned southward, 
 rounded Cape Sable, and ran up the western coast to lat. 
 27° 30’, finally returning to Porto Rico in Sept. On Feb. 
 27, 1514, he received, in Spain, a grant to settle “the Isl- 
 land of Bimini and the Island of Florida ’’ ; but, being oc- 
 cupied with Indian wars in Porto Rico, he was unable to 
 attempt the enterprise until March, 1521. He then sailed 
 with a large number of colonists, but was attacked by In- 
 dians and forced to retreat after he had himself received 
 from an Indian arrow the wound of which he died. There 
 are indications from maps, but no proofs, that Florida 
 was known before 1513. See Century Atlas, Hap 4. 
 
 Poncelet (pons-la' ), Jean Victor. Born at Metz, 
 July 1, 1788: died at Paris, Dee. 22, 1867. A 
 French geometer and military engineer, inven- 
 tor of Poncelot’s hydraulic wheels. His works in- 
 clude “Traitfi des propri6t6s projectives des figures” 
 (1823), “Cours de mecanique appliqu^e aux machines” 
 (1826), etc. He became a brigadier-general, and in 1848 
 was appointed commander of the national guard of the 
 department of the Seine. 
 
 Ponchielli (pon-ke-el'le), Amilcare. Born at 
 Cremona, Sept. 1, 1834: died Jan. 16, 1886. An 
 Italian composer. Among his operas are “I promessi 
 Sposi ” (1856),“ he due Gemelle," a ballet (1873), “I Lituani” 
 (1874), “Gioconda" (1876), “II figliuol prodigo” (1880), 
 “Marion Delorme" (1885), etc. 
 
 Pond (pond), John. Born at London, 1767 : died 
 at Blackheath, Sept. 7, 1836. An English as- 
 tronomer. In 1811 he succeeded Dr. N. Maske- 
 lyne as astronomer royal. He published a star- 
 catalogue in 1833. 
 
 Pondicherry, or Pondicherri (pon-di-sher 'i) , F. 
 Pondichery (pon-de-sha-re'), Indian Pudi- 
 cheri. The capital of French India, situa- 
 ted on the eastern coast in lat. 11° 56' N.,long. 
 79° 49' E. It has considerable commerce. It was occu- 
 pied by the French about 1672 ; was several times con- 
 quered and temporarily held by the British ; but was 
 finally restored in 1816. It is the chief place of a small 
 French district. Population, 27,448. Population of French 
 India, 277,000. 
 
 Pondoland(pon'do-laiHl). A British possession 
 in South Africa, situated southwest of Natal, 
 about lat. 31°-32° S. it was taken directly under 
 imperial rule in 1884, and in 1894 was annexed to Cape 
 Colony. Population, about 200,000. 
 
 Poniatowski (po-nya-tov'ske), Prince Jozef 
 Anton. Born at Warsaw, May 7, 1762: drowned 
 iu the Elster, Oct. 19, 1813. A Polish general, 
 nephew of King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatow- 
 ski. He served against Russia in 1792, and in the insur- 
 rection of 1794 ; was commander of the Polish contingent 
 in the French campaigns ; was minister of war in the 
 duchy of Warsaw ; invaded Galicia in 1809 ; and was made 
 a French marshal in 1813. He fought at Leipsic, and lost 
 his life at the close of the battle. 
 
 Poniatowski, Jozef Michael Xavier Francis 
 John. Born at Rome, Feb. 26, 1816: died at 
 London, July 3, 1873. A Polish composer, 
 prince of Monte Rotondo, and nephew of Prince 
 Poniatowski (1762—1813). He settled in Paris in 
 1854, and was senator under the empire. lie composed a 
 number of operas, the first (“Giovanni da Procida”) in 
 1838. 
 
 Poniatowski, Stanislaus Augustus. See Stan- 
 islaus Augustus Poniatowski. 
 
 Ponka (pon'ka). [PI., also Ponlcas."] A tribe 
 of the Dhegiha division of North American 
 Indians, numbering 847. Part are in Nebraska, 
 the rest in Oklahoma. See Dhegiha. 
 
 Pons (poh). A town in the department of Clia- 
 
 818 
 
 rente-Inferieure, western France, situated on 
 the Seugne 32 miles southeast of Rochefort. 
 Population, commune, 4,470. 
 
 Pons Milvius (ponz mil'vi-us). In ancient ge- 
 ography, a bridge that crossed the Tiber, on the 
 Flaminian Way, about 2 miles from Rome, it 
 is noted for the victory gained in its neighborhood, Oct. 
 28, 312, by Constantine over Maxentius. The bridge broke 
 down under the latter as he sought to escape by it with 
 his routed troops, and he perished. 
 
 Ponta Deigada (pon'tii del-ga'da). The chief 
 town of the island of San Miguel, Azores, sit- 
 uated on the southwestern coast. Population, 
 17,620. 
 
 Pont-a-Mousson (poht'a-mo-soh'). A town in 
 the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, France, 
 situated on the Moselle 17 miles north by west 
 of Nancy. Population, commune, 13,543. 
 Pontarlier (pon-tar-lya'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Doubs, France, situated on the 
 Doubs 29 miles southeast of Besangon. it suf- 
 fered in the wars of the middle ages and in the Thirty 
 Years’ War. Population, commune, 8,776. 
 Pontassieve (pon-tas-se-a've). A town in the 
 province of Florence, Italy, situated at the 
 junction of the Sieve with the Arno, 9 miles 
 east of Florence. Population, commune, 13,405. 
 Pont-Audemer (pont-od-mar'). A town in the 
 department of Eure, France, situated on the 
 Rille 18 miles southeast of Havre. The church 
 of St. Ouen dates from the 11th century. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 6,111. 
 
 Pontchartrain (pon-ehar-tran'), Lake. A lake 
 in southeastern Louisiana, situated north of 
 New Orleans. It, is connected by the Rigolets with Lake 
 Borgne and the Gulf of Mexico. Length, 40 miles. Greatest 
 width, about 25 miles. 
 
 Pont du Gard. See Card, Pont du. 
 
 Ponte. See Bassano and Da Ponte. 
 Pontecorvo (pon-te-kor'vo). A town in the 
 province of Caserta, Italy, situated on the Ga- 
 rigliano 53 miles northwest of Naples, it. was 
 formerly the seat of a principality, the property of Berna- 
 dotte 1806-10. Population, commune, 12,237. 
 Pontedera (pon-te-da'ra). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Pisa, Italy, situated at the junction of 
 the Era with the Arno, 13 miles east by south 
 of Pisa. Population, commune, 13,044. 
 Pontefract (pon'ti-frakt, colloquially and gen- 
 erally pom'fret), or Pomfret. [Seethe extract.] 
 A town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Eng- 
 land, 12 miles southeast of Leeds, it contains a 
 ruined castle, the scene of Richard II.’s murder in 1399, 
 taken and dismantled by the Parliamentarians in 1649. 
 The principal industries are nursery- and market-garden- 
 ing. Population, 13,427. 
 
 It was probably from a broken Roman bridge, the re- 
 mains of which seem to have been visible in the time of 
 Leland, that the town of Pontefract, in Yorkshire (pons 
 fractus ), derived its name. Wright, Celt, p. 186. 
 
 Ponte Vecchio (pon'te vek'ke-o). [It., ‘old 
 bridge.’] A bridge in Florence, over the Arno : 
 a picturesque structure with 3 wide arches, re- 
 built in 1345. The roadway is bordered on both sides 
 by quaint little shops, except over the middle arch, where 
 there is an opening. Over the south row of shops is car- 
 ried a gallery, built by Vasari, connecting the Ritti Palace 
 with the Ufiizi and the Palazzo Vecchio. 
 
 Pontevedra (pon-ta-va'THra). 1. A province in 
 Galicia, Spain, bordering on the ocean on the 
 west and on Portugal on the south. Area, 1,695 
 square miles. Population, 457,262. — 2. A sea- 
 port, capital of the province of Pontevedra, 
 situated at the head of the Bay of Pontevedra, 
 about lat. 42° 27' N., long. 8° 35' W. Popu- 
 lation, 23,077. 
 
 Ponthieu (pon-tye'). An ancient countship in 
 northern France, in the government of Picar- 
 die, forming part of the department of Somme. 
 Capital, Abbeville. It fluctuated in early times be- 
 tween Normandy and Flanders, and was conquered by 
 William of Normandy in 1056. In the later middle ages 
 it fluctuated between England, Burgundy, and France. 
 
 Pontia, or Pontiae. See Ponza. 
 
 Pontiac (pon'ti-ak). Killed 1769. A celebrated 
 chief of the Ottawa Indians, the leader in Pon- 
 tiac’s war. He led the unsuccessful attack on Detroit 
 in 1763, and submitted to the British in 1766. 
 
 Pontiac. A city, capital of Oakland County, 
 Michigan, situated on Clinton River 23 miles 
 north-northwest of Detroit. Population, 14,532, 
 (1910). 
 
 Pontiac’s War, or Pontiac’s Conspiracy. An 
 
 Indian war in 1763, between the settlers and 
 garrisons on the western frontier and the In- 
 dians from the tribes of the Delawares, Wyan- 
 dots, Shawnees, Mingoes, Chippewas, etc. Pon- 
 tiac was the leader of the Indians. They captured Mack- 
 inaw, Presque Isle, and other forts, and unsuccessfully 
 besieged Detroit. 
 
 Pontifical States. See Papal States. 
 Pontigny (pon-ten-ye'). A village in the de- 
 
 Poole, John 
 
 partment of Yonne, France, situated near Aux- 
 erre, noted for its ruined abbey. Its abbey church, 
 a simple early-Pointed structure, is the most perfect sur- 
 viving Cistercian church. Its windows are narrow lan- 
 cets; there is no triforium ; and, except the beautiful pol- 
 ished rose-granite shafts of the choir, there is almost no 
 ornament. There are a small open narthex and plain choir- 
 screen and stalls. The length is 354 feet ; the height, 68. 
 
 Pontine Islands. See Ponza Islands. 
 
 Pontine (pon'tin) Marshes. [L. Pomptinse Pa- 
 ludes.] A marshy region in Latium, Italy, ly- 
 ing between the sea and the Yolscian Moun- 
 tains, and extending 31 miles from Terracina to 
 near Yelletri. Since ancient times it has been 
 notoriously pestilential, and thinly inhabited. 
 Pontivy (poh-te-ve'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Morbihan, France, situated on the 
 Blavet 30 miles northeast of Lorient. It was 
 called Napoleonville under the empire. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 9,506. 
 
 Pontmartin (poh-mfir-tan'), Armand Augus- 
 tin Joseph Marie Ferrand, Comte de. Born 
 at Avignon, France, July 16, 1811: died there, 
 March 29, 1890. A French critic and litterateur. 
 His articles are collected in “Causeries litt^raires ” (1854 
 and 1856), “Causeries du Samedi” (1857-59-60-65-81), “Se- 
 maines litt^raires ” (1861-63), etc. He also wrote a num- 
 ber of romances, etc. , among which ia “ Les Jeudis de Mme. 
 Charbonneau ” (1862). 
 
 Pont Neuf (poh nef). [F., ‘new bridge.’] A 
 bridge over the Seine in Paris, near the Louvre, 
 built by Henry IV. 
 
 Pont-Noyelles (pon-nwa-yel'), Battle of. A 
 battle fought Dee. 23, 1870, at Pont-Noyelles (a 
 village near Amiens, France), between the 
 French under Faidherbe and the Germans. Also 
 called the battle of the Hallue. 
 
 Pontoise (poh-twaz'). [‘Bridge of the Oise.’] 
 A town in the department of Seine-et-Oise, 
 France, situated at the junction of the Viosne 
 and Oise, 17 miles northwest of Paris: the an- 
 cient Briva Isai’83. It has an important trade in grain 
 and flour. It was an ancient Celtic town ; passed and re- 
 passed between Normandy and France ; was taken by the 
 English in 1419, and again about 1437 ; and was retaken by 
 Charles VII. in 1441. It was the capital of French Vexin. 
 The Parliament of Paris met at various times at Pontoise. 
 A treaty between France and Navarre was concluded there 
 in 1359. Population, commune, 8,492. 
 
 Pontremoli (pon-trem'6-le). A town in the 
 province of Massa e Carrara, Italy, situated on 
 theMagra, at the foot of the Apennines, 37 miles 
 southwest of Parma. Population, town, 4,149 ; 
 commune, 14,194. 
 
 Pontresina (pon-tra-ze'na). A village in the 
 Upper Engadine, canton of Grisons, Switzer- 
 land, situated 31 miles southeast of Coire : a 
 noted tourist resort. Height, 5,915 feet. 
 Ponts-de-Ce (poh-de-sa'), Les. A small town 
 built on islands in the Loire, directly south of 
 Angers, France. 
 
 Pontus (pon'tus). [Gr. Ihbrof.] In ancient 
 geography, a country in Asia Minor, it was 
 bounded by the Euxine on the north, Colchis on the east, 
 Armenia on the southeast and south, Cappadocia on the 
 south, Galatia on the southwest, and Paphlagonia on the 
 west. The surface is diversified. It became independent 
 of Persia in the 4th century B. c. ; rose to great power with 
 extended boundaries under Mithridates the Great; after 
 the victories of Pompey (66 B. c.) was reduced to its former 
 limits ; and was eventually made a Roman province. 
 
 Pontus Euxinus (pon'tus uk-sl'nus). [L., 
 ‘ Euxine Sea.’] The ancient name of the Black 
 Sea. 
 
 Pontypool (pon'ti-pol). A town in Monmouth- 
 shire, England, situated on the Avon 27 miles 
 northwest of Bristol. It has flourishing iron 
 manufactures. Population, 6,126. 
 Pontypridd (pont-e-priTH'). A manufacturing 
 town in Glamorganshire, Wales, northwest of 
 Cardiff, at the junction of the Rhondda and Tail. 
 The Taff is crossed here by a remarkable bridge 
 of one arch. Population, 32,316. 
 
 Ponza (pon'za). The chief island of the Ponza 
 group, situated in the Mediterranean 67 miles 
 west of Naples: the ancient Pontia or Pontiae. 
 It was a place of confinement for state prison- 
 ers under the early Roman emperors. 
 
 Ponza Islands. A group of small volcanic isl- 
 ands, west of Italy, belonging to the province 
 of Caserta : the ancient Pontine Islands. It in- 
 cludes Ponza, Palmarola, and Zannone. Pop- 
 ulation, 4,560. 
 
 Pool (pol), The. A part of the Thames in Lon- 
 don, immediately below London Bridge. 
 
 Poole (pol). A seaport in Dorset, England, sit- 
 uated on Poole Harbor, an inlet of the English 
 Channel, 28 miles west-southwest of South- 
 ampton. It has a flourishing foreign, colonial, 
 and coasting trade. Population, 19,463. 
 Poole, John. Born 1786 (1787 T) : died at 
 London, Feb., 1872. An English playwright. 
 
Poole, John 
 
 His best-known work is "Paul Pry, "produced at the Hay- 
 market in 1825. Among his other works are “Deaf as a 
 Post,” “ Little Pedlington and the Pedlingtonians,” a satire 
 (1839), “ A Comic Miscellany " (1845), etc. 
 
 Poole, Reginald Stuart. Born at London, Feb. 
 27, 1832 : died Feb. 8, 1895. An English archse- 
 ologist. He became conservator of the department of 
 coins and medals of the British Museum in 1870. He pub- 
 lished many important catalogues of coins and medals. 
 
 Poole, William Frederick. Born at Salem, 
 Mass., 1821: died at Chicago, March 1, 1894. 
 An American librarian, bibliographer, and his- 
 torical writer: originator of “ Poole’s Index to 
 Periodical Literaturo” (1853). At the time of 
 his death he was librarian of the Newberry 
 Library in Chicago. 
 
 Poona, or Poonah (po'na). 1. A district in 
 Bombay, British India, intersected by lat. 18° 
 30' N., long. 74° E. Area, 5,349 square miles. 
 Population, 995,330. — 2. The capital of the 
 district of Poona, situated on the Muta about 
 lat. 18° 31' N., long. 73° 51' E. It is an important 
 military srati n. It was taken by the British in 1817. Popu- 
 lation, includi. g cantonment, 153,320. 
 
 Poore (por), Benjamin Perley. Bom at New- 
 bury port, Mass., Nov. 2, 1820 : died at Washing- 
 ton,!). 0., May 30, 1887. An American journalist 
 and author, Washington correspondent of the 
 “ Boston Journal ” 1854-84. He published biogra- 
 phies of Zachary Taylor and others, “Political Register 
 and Congressional Directory ” (1878), “ Reminiscences ” 
 (1886), and compiled many official works. 
 
 Poor Gentleman, The. A comedy by George 
 Colman the younger, produced at Covent Gar- 
 den in 1801, and printed in 1802. 
 
 Poor Richard’s Almanac. An almanac pub- 
 lished by Benjamin Franklin 1732-57, noted for 
 its maxims. 
 
 Poor Robin. An almanac which first appeared 
 in 1663, and was discontinued in 1828. it was 
 
 “written by Poor Robin Knight of the Burnt Island, well- 
 wisher to the Mathematics ; calculated for the Meridian of 
 8affron Walden.” Robert Herrick is said to have assisted 
 in the first numbers. Chambers. 
 
 Popay&n (po-pa-yan'). The capital of the de- 
 partment of Cauca, Colombia, situated on the 
 Cauea about lat. 2° 27' N., long. 76° 45' W. The 
 “ kingdom ’’ of Popayan (so called from Payan, an Indian 
 chief) was conquered by Benaleazar, who founded the city 
 as his capital in 1536. It was long a place of importance, 
 but has suffered much from civil wars and earthquakes. 
 Population, 8,485. 
 
 Pope (pop), Alexander. Born in Lombard 
 street, London, May 21, 1688: died at Twicken- 
 ham, May 30, 1744. Afamous English poet. His 
 father was a linen-draper who had become a convert to the 
 Roman Catholic Church. He learnedLatin and Greek from 
 various friends, and had no regular training in the public 
 schools, owing to his faith and his frail and sickly body. 
 Before he was 17 his literary career had begun, and he had 
 met Wycherley, Harry Cromwell, and Walsh, and was ad- 
 mitted to the society of the London “wits.” His atten- 
 tion was turned to the French critics by Sir William Trum- 
 bull, and Dryden was his hero and master. By 1716 he had 
 become alienated from Addison, and his quarrel with John 
 Dennis had begun. In 1718 he s dtled at Twickenham. 
 His first published poem, “The Pastorals,” appeared in 
 Tonson s “Miscellanies” May, 1709, though written four or 
 five years earlier. The “Essay on Criticism ” followed in 
 1711. “The Rape of the Lock,” his masterpiece, was pub- 
 lished in 1712, and “Windsor Forest” in 1713. The trans- 
 lations of Homer were undertaken in 1,13, and con- 
 tinued 12 years. The “Iliad” was published 1715-20, the 
 “Odyssey" (not all his own) 1725-26. In 1727-28 appeared 
 the “Miscellanies” by Pope and Swift. The “Dunciad” 
 appeared in 1728, but is said to have been written before 
 the attacks in the “Miscellanies" had purposely elicited 
 the stinging retorts which he represented as having in- 
 duced him to write it. A fourth book of the “Punciad” 
 appeared in 1741, in which he attacked Cibber. The “ Es- 
 say on Man ” appeared 1733-34. He also wrote a number 
 of “Epistles,” etc., published as the “Moral Essays” and 
 the “Imitations of Horace." 
 
 Pope, John. Bom in Prince "William County, 
 Va., 1770: died in Washington County, Ky., 
 July 12, 1845. An American politician. He was 
 Democratic United States senator from Kentucky 1807-13 ; 
 president pro tempore of the Senate 1811 ; governor of Ar- 
 kansas Territory 1829-35 ; and member of Congress from 
 Kentucky 1837-43. 
 
 Pope, John. Bom at Louisville, Ky., March 16, 
 1822 : died at Sandusky, Ohio, Sept. 23, 1892. 
 An American general. He graduated at West Point 
 in 1842; served as a lieutenant in the Mexican war; and 
 was appointed brigadier-general of United States volun- 
 teers at the beginning of the Civil War. He defeated Gen- 
 eral Sterling Price on the Blackwater in 1801, and in the 
 following year commanded the land force i n the expedition 
 which reduced New Madrid and Island No. 10. He was 
 commissioned major-general of volunteers for his service at 
 New Madrid, and in June, 1862, was assigned to the com- 
 mand of the Army of Virginia. A division of his army un- 
 der Nathaniel P. Banks was defeated by “Stonewall " lack- 
 Bon at Cedar Mountain ; and he was himself defeated by 
 Robert E. Lee at the second battle of Bull Run, and was 
 forced to retire behind the fortifications of Washington 
 early in Sept. He became major-general in the regular 
 army in 1882, and was retired in 1886. 
 
 Pope Joan. See Joan. 
 
 Pope of Geneva, The. Calvin. 
 
 819 
 
 Pope of Philosophy, The. Aristotle. 
 
 Popham (pop'am), Sir John. Born 1531: died 
 1607. An English jurist, lord chief justice of 
 England 1592-1607. 
 
 Popish Plot. In English history, an alleged 
 conspiracy of the Roman Catholics in 1678 to 
 murder Charles II. and control the government 
 in the interest of the Romish Church : chiefly 
 contrived by Titus Oates. See Oates. 
 
 Poplar (pop'lar). A borough (metropolitan) 
 of London, 3£ miles east of St. Paul’s. 
 
 Popo (po'po), Grand and Little. Two contigu- 
 ous native towns and territories of West Africa, 
 on the coast near Dahomey. They were annexed 
 by France in 1885 ; but Little Popo was ceded the same 
 year to Germany. See Ewe and Little Popo. 
 
 Popocatepetl (po-po-ka-ta-pet'l). [‘Smoking 
 Mountain,’] A volcano (in the solfatara stage) in 
 Mexico, 40 miles southeast of the city of Mexico. 
 It is surmounted by a crater 2,000 feet in width, and is 
 one of the highest peaks of North America (17,550 feet). 
 
 Poppsea Sabina (po-pe'a sa-bi'na). Died 65 
 A. d. Wife of Otko, and mistress, and subse- 
 quently wife, of Nero. She was divorced from 
 the former and married the latter in 62. 
 
 Poppig, or Poeppig (pep'piG), Eduard Fried- 
 rich. Born at Plauen im Vogtland, Saxony, 
 July 16, 1798 : died at Leipsic, Sept. 4, 1868. A 
 Prussian naturalist and explorer. He traveled in 
 North America and Cuba 1822-25, Chile 1826-29, and Peru, 
 1830-32, finally descending the Amazon on his way to 
 Europe. His collections of South American plants were 
 very important. From 1833 he was professor of zoology 
 at Leipsic. Hepublished “Reisein Chile, Peruund auf dem 
 Amazonenstrom ” (2 vols. and atlas, 1835), “ Nova genera 
 ac species plantarum ” (3 vols. 1835-45), “Illustrierte Na- 
 turgeschichte des Thierreiehs ” (4 vols. 1851), etc. 
 
 Populists. See People’s Party. 
 
 Popul Vuh (po-pol' vo). A collection of what 
 purport to be primitive myths and traditions of 
 the Quiche Indians of Guatemala, it was writ- 
 ten in the second half of the 18th century by a Dominican 
 monk. Fray Francisco Ximenez. It is claimed to be a 
 version gathered from more ancient data preserved in 
 the same language and in Latin letters, as well as from 
 paintings in Indian style. Of such a basis, if it ever ex- 
 isted, there is no trace left. The Popul V uh consists of 
 two distinct parts. The first is an attempt at a cosmogony 
 from the Indian point of view, after the manner of Genesis, 
 and bears so many points of resemblance to the Mosaic 
 traditions and so many allusions to the Christian doctrine 
 as to arouse strong suspicion. The rest consists mani- 
 festly of tribal recollections of a historic nature, gath- 
 ered at an early day and consigned to writing in the 
 original in Roman letters. Hence the Popul Vuh is in so 
 far historically valuable, although interspersed with nu- 
 merous Indian fables according to Indian conceptions. 
 That the collection dates from after the conquest is mani- 
 fest, since it is written in phonetic — that is, Latin — signs. 
 
 Porbandar (por-bun'dar), or Porebandar, or 
 Poorbunder (por-bun'der). A seaport in the 
 peninsula of Kathiawar, India, situated on the 
 Arabian Sea in lat. 21° 37' N., long. 69° 48' E. 
 Population, 24,620. 
 
 Porcia (por'shia). Died 42 B. c. Daughter of 
 Cato Utieensis, and wife of Bibulus. She mar- 
 ried Brutus 45 B. c. 
 
 Porco (por'ko). A village of Bolivia, 22 miles 
 southwest of Potosi. Near it were the most produc- 
 tive silver-minesof the Incas, and they were worked with 
 immense profit by the Spaniards for a long time after the 
 conquest. Some of the Porco miners discovered the still 
 richer deposits at Potosi. 
 
 Porcupine (p6r'ku-pin), Peter. A psetidonym 
 of William Cobbett. 
 
 Porkopolis (pdrk-op'6-lis). A nickname often 
 given to Cincinnati and also to Chicago, both 
 noted pork-packing centers. 
 
 Pornic (por-nek'). A sea-bathing resort in the 
 department of Loiro-Inferieuro, France, 28 
 miles west of Nantes. 
 
 Pornichet (por-ne-sha'). A watering-place in 
 the department of Loire-Inforieure, France, 
 near St.-Nazaire. 
 
 Poromushir. See Paramusliir. 
 
 Poros (po'ros). An island east of Argolis, Greece: 
 the ancient Calauria. It contained in ancient times 
 a temple of Poseidon. Demosthenes died there 322 B. c. 
 Length, about 5 miles. 
 
 Porphyry (por'fi-ri). [L. Porphyrins, Gr. Uop<p'u- 
 pfof.] Born at Tyre, orBatanea (Bashan), about 
 233 A. D.: died at Rome about 305. A Neoplatonic 
 philosopher, a disciple of Plotinus, and teacher 
 of philosophy at Rome. He wrote a treatise against 
 the Christians, a life of Plotinus, a life of Pythagoras, 
 works on Aristotle, etc. 
 
 “ Against the Christians," in fifteen hooks fby Porphyry ]. 
 This celebrated work, which was answered by Eusebius in 
 twenty five books, is known to us only from the notices of 
 it in Jerome’s commentary and other ecclesiastical writ- 
 ings. Its loss is due to Theodosius II., who ordered.it to 
 he publicly burned in A. D. 435, a proceeding which only 
 shows that the apologists had not been successful in an- 
 swering all its allegations. Modem biblical criticism has 
 sanctioned many of the opinions to which Porphyry first 
 gave a definite expression. But, whether right or wrong, 
 it is to be regretted that we no longer possess a book ex- 
 
 Port-au-Prince 
 
 hibiting a real acquaintance with the subject, and stating 
 the difficulties which must, sooner or later, have demanded 
 a solution. 
 
 K. O. Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 201. 
 
 {(Donaldson.) 
 
 Porpora (por'po-ra), Niccolo (or Niccola) An- 
 tonio. Bom at Naples, Aug. 19, 1686: died 
 there, 1766 (or 1767). A celebrated Italian sing- 
 ing-master and composer. He was the instructor 
 of Farinelli, Caffarelli, and others, and is said to have been 
 the greatest singing-master that ever lived. He composed 
 between 30 and 40 operas and cantatas, oratorios, sonatas, 
 fugues, etc. 
 
 Porree. See Gilbert de la Porrle. 
 
 Porrex. See Gorboduc. 
 
 Porrima (por'i-ma). [L. Porrima or Postvorta, 
 a Roman goddess, one of the Camense.] The 
 third-magnitude binary star y Virginia. 
 Porsanger Fjord (por'sang-er fyord). An inlet 
 of the Arctic Ocean, penetrating Norway from 
 near the North Cape. Length, about 75 miles. 
 Porsena (por'se-na), or Porsenna (por-sen'na), 
 Lars. In Roman legend, a king of Clusium in 
 Etruria, famous in the legends of Tarquin, Ho- 
 ratius Coeles, etc. 
 
 Porson (por'son), Richard. Born Dec. 25, 
 1759: died Sept. 25, 1808. An English classical 
 scholar, famous for his knowledge of Greek. 
 Porta, Baccio della. See Bartolommeo, Fra. 
 Porta (por'ta), Giambattista della. Born at 
 Naples about 1543: died at Naples, 1615. An 
 Italian natural philosopher. He founded the Acad- 
 emy “ Secretorum Naturae ” at Naples, and was a member 
 of the Academy “ Dei Lincei ” at Rome. His chief work is 
 “ Magia naturalis ” (1569). 
 
 Port Adelaide (port ad'e-lad). The port of 
 the city of Adelaide, South Australia, situated 
 on the Gulf of St. Vincent in lat. 34° 47' S., long. 
 138° 31' E. Population (with Semaphore), 20,- 
 089. 
 
 Fortadown (port-a-doun'). A town in the 
 county of Armagh, Ireland, situated on the 
 Bann 24 miles southwest of Belfast. Popula- 
 tion, 10,092. 
 
 Portaels (por-tals'), Jean Francois. Born at 
 Vilvorde, Belgium, May 1, 1818 : died at Brus- 
 sels, Feb. 8, 1895, A Belgian painter, from 
 1878 director of the academy at Brussels. 
 Portage, or Portage City (por'taj sit'i). Acitv, 
 capital of Columbia County, Wisconsin, situ- 
 ated on the Wisconsin River and on the canal 
 joining the Wisconsin and Fox rivers, 87 miles 
 west-northwest of Milwaukee. Population, 
 5,440, (1910). 
 
 Portage Falls. A cascade 110 feet in height, 
 in the middle course of the Genesee River. 
 Portage Lake. A lake in the upper peninsula 
 of Michigan, 65 miles northwest of Marquette, 
 connected with Keweenaw Bay. 
 
 Portalegre (por-ta-la'gre). 1. A district in 
 the province of Alemtejo, Portugal. Popula- 
 tion, 124,431. — 2. A town in the district of 
 Portalegre, 101 miles east-northeast of Lisbon. 
 Population, 11,820. 
 
 Portales (por-tli'las), Diego Jose Victor. Born 
 at Santiago, June 26, 1793: died at Valparaiso, 
 June 6, 1837. A Chilean politician. He was a mer- 
 chant, and took little part in politics before 1827. Ovalle 
 made him minister of war 1830-31, and from that time he 
 exerted influence which made him practically ruler of Chile. 
 He treated the revolting liberals with great severity, and 
 to him were mainly due the institutions which kept the 
 conservatives in power for more than 40 years. Portales 
 was elected vice-president and was again minister of war 
 under Prieto from Sept., 1835. Having declared war oil 
 Peru, he was reviewing the troops when a mutiny broke 
 out, and he was imprisoned and shot., 
 
 Portalis (por-ta-les'), Jean Etienne Marie. 
 
 Born at Bausset, France, 1745 (1746 ?) : died at 
 Paris, 1807. A French jurist and statesman. 
 He was a member of the Council of Ancients 1795-97 ; be- 
 came director of public worship in 1801, and minister of 
 public worship in 1804 ; and was chief editor of the “Code 
 Civil.” 
 
 Porta Maggiore (por'tii mad-jo're). [It., ‘great 
 gate.’] The finest and most imposing ancient 
 gate in the walls of Rome, it consists of 2 arches, and 
 was designed to carry the waters of two aqueducts over 2 
 greathighways. Thearchesopenhetween3rusticated piers, 
 and the attic bears inscriptions recording the construc- 
 tion by Claudius and restorations by Vespasian and Titus. 
 Port Arthur (port iir'tber). A town and naval 
 station near the extremity of the Liao-tung 
 peninsula, Manchuria, the terminus of a branch 
 of the Siberian Railway. It was captured by the 
 Japanese Nov. 24, 1894. It was leased to Russia in 1898 
 and the lease was transferred to Japan by the Treaty of 
 Portsmouth in 1905. The Russians under General StiJssel 
 were successfully besieged here by the Japanese under 
 General Nogi July, 1904- Jan. 1, 1905. 
 
 Port-au-Prince (p5rt/o-prins'; F. pron. por-to- 
 prans'); formerly also Port-Republicain (por- 
 ra-pvib-le-kan'). The capital and chief city and 
 port of the republic of Haiti, situated on a bay 
 
Port-au-Prince 
 
 of the western coast in lat. 18° 34' N.. long. 72° 
 22 W. It was founded in the middle of the 18 th century, 
 and has several times been devastated by earthquakes and 
 fires. Population, 100,000. 
 
 Porta Westplialica. See Westphalian Gate. 
 
 Port Blair (port blar). A British colony and 
 convict settlement in South Andaman, Anda- 
 man Islands, Indian Ocean : established in 1858. 
 
 Port Chester (ehes'ter). A village in West- 
 chester County, New York, 22 miles northeast 
 of New York. Population, 12,809, (1910). 
 
 Port Cornwallis (korn-wol'is). A former Brit- 
 ish settlement on North Andaman, Andaman 
 Islands, Indian Ocean. 
 
 Port Darwin (dar'win). A harbor in the North- 
 ern Territory of Australia. The chief place is 
 Palmerston. 
 
 Porte, The. See Sublime Porte. 
 
 Porte-Crayon (port-kra'on). [P.,‘ pencil-hold- 
 er.’] A pseudonym of D. H. Strother. 
 
 Port Elizabeth (e-liz'a-betli). A seaport in 
 Cape Colony, situated ou Algoa Bay in lat. 33° 
 55' S., long. 25° 30' E. It has important for- 
 eign commerce. Population, 32,959. 
 
 Porteous (por'te-us) Riots. Riots at Edinburgh, 
 Scotland, in 1736. They originated in a disturbance at 
 an execution, when Captain John Porteous ordered his 
 troops to tire on the crowd. Sixteen or seventeen persons 
 were killed or wounded. Porteous was tried for murder 
 and condemned, but was respited, whereupon a mob 
 dragged him from the prison and hanged him. Sept. 7. 
 'Phis incident is the starting-point of Scott’s “Heart of 
 Midlothian." 
 
 Porter (por'ter), Anna Maria. Born at Dur- 
 ham, England, about 1780 : died 1832. An Eng- 
 lish novelist, sister of Jaue Porter, she wrote 
 “Artless Tales” (1793-95), “Walsh Colville” (1797), “Oc- 
 tavia” (1798), “The Lake of Killarney” (1804), ‘ Honor 
 O’Hara ” (1826), “The Barony ” (1830), etc. 
 
 Porter, David. Born at Boston, Feb. 1, 1780 . 
 died at Pera, Constantinople, March 3, 1843. 
 An American naval officer. He entered the navy 
 in 1798 ; served in the Tripolitan war 1801-03 ; was com- 
 mander of the Essex in the Warof 1812 ; was defeated and 
 taken prisoner in battle near Valparaiso March 28, 1814 ; 
 and resigned 1826. He was commander of Mexican naval 
 forces 1826-29, and United States minister to Turkey 1831- 
 1843. 
 
 Porter, David Dixon. Born at Chester, Dela- 
 ware County, Pa., June 8, 1813: died at Wash- 
 ington, Feb. 13, 1891. An American admiral, 
 son of David Porter. He entered the navy in 1829; 
 served in the Mexican war; commanded the mortar-fleet 
 under Farragut on the Mississippi in 1862; aided in the 
 reduction of Vicksburg in 1863 ; participated in the Red 
 River expedition in 1864 ; commanded the naval forces in 
 the attack on 1’ort Fisher Dec., 1864, -Jan., 1865 ; and was 
 made vice-admiral in 1866, and admiral in 1870. 
 
 Porter, Ebenezer. Born at Cornwall, Conn., 
 Oct. 5, 1772: died at Andover, Mass., April 8, 
 1834. An American Congregational clergyman 
 and educator, professor (1812) and president 
 (1827) of Andover Theological Seminary. He 
 published various works on rhetoric and homi- 
 letics. 
 
 Porter, Fitz-John. Born Aug. 31, 1822: died 
 May 21, 1901. An American general, cousin of 
 D. D. Porter. He graduated at West Point in 1845, and 
 took part in the Mexican war. He was appointed a briga- 
 dier-general of volunteers at the beginning of the Civil 
 War, and served with distinction in the Peninsular cam- 
 paign (1862), particularly in the siege of Yorktown and (as 
 corps commander) at Mechanicsville, Gaines's Mill, and 
 Malvern Hill. He took part in the second day’s fight of 
 the second battle of Bull Run, Aug. 30, 1862 ; and was 
 cashiered by court mart ial in Jan., 1863, for failure to obey 
 orders on Aug. 29. His sentence was partly remitted in 
 1882, and he was restored to the army in 1886. He was 
 
 *• police commissioner of New York city 1884-88. 
 
 Porter, Horace. Born at Huntington, Pa., 
 April 15, 1837. An American general, son of 
 David Rittenhouse Porter (1788-1867, governor 
 of Pennsylvania 1838-45). He graduated at West 
 Point in 1860 ; was a member of Grant’s staff, with the rank 
 of lieutenant-colonel, from April, 1864, to the end of the 
 war; and served as his private secretary 1869-73. He was 
 brevetted brigadier-general. He resigned from the army 
 in 1873. Ambassador to France 1897-1905. 
 
 Porter, Jane. Born at Durham, England, 1776 : 
 died at Bristol, May 24, 1850. An English nov- 
 elist. She made a great reputation as a romantic novel- 
 ist. She wrote “Thaddeus of Warsaw ” (1803), “The Scot- 
 tish Chiefs” (1810), “Tales Round a Winter Hearth,” with 
 her sister Anna Maria (1826), “ The Field of Forty Foot- 
 steps" (1828), etc. 
 
 Porter, Noah. Born at Farmington, Conn., 
 Dec. 14, 1811: died at New Haven, Conn., March 
 4, 1892. An American educator and philoso- 
 pher. He graduated at Yale in 1831; was master of Hop- 
 bins Grammar School 1831-33 ; was a tutor at Yale 1833-35 ; 
 was pastor of the Congregational Church at New Milford, 
 Connecticut, 1836-43, and at Springfield, Massachusetts, 
 1843-46 ; was professor of metaphysics and moral philoso- 
 phy at Yale 1846-71 ; and was president of the university 
 1871-86. He was the editor in chief of the editions of Web- 
 ster's Unabridged Dictionaiy published in 1864 and 1880. 
 and of the Fnternational Dictionary (1890). Among his 
 works are “The Human Intellect” (1868), “Books and 
 
 820 
 
 Reading" (1870), “American Colleges and the American 
 Public ” (1870), “Science of Nature versus the Science of 
 Man" (1871), “Elements of Moral Science ” (1885), ‘Lifeof 
 Bishop Berkeley” (1885), and “Kant’s Ethics” (1886). 
 Porter, Peter Buel. Born at Salisbury, Conn., 
 Aug., 1773 : died at Niagara Falls, N. Y., March 
 20,1844. An American general. He was member 
 of Congress from New York 1809-12, and served with dis- 
 tinction in the War of 1812, especially at Chippewa and 
 Lundy’s Lane (1814). 
 
 Porter, Sir Robert Ker. Born at Durham, Eng- 
 land, 1777 : died at St. Petersburg, May 4, 1842. 
 An English painter of battle-scenes, brother of 
 Jane and Anna Maria Porter. He studied at the 
 Royal Academy, and in 1804 became painter to the Em- 
 peror of Russia- In 1808 he accompanied Sir John Moore’s 
 expedition in Spain. In 1811 he married Princess Mary 
 de Sherbatoff, and later was British consul in Venezuela. 
 He left Venezuela for St. Petersburg, and died there. He 
 wrote “Travelling Sketches in Russia and Sweden ” (1809), 
 “Travels in Georgia, Persia, etc. ”(1821), and other travels. 
 
 Porter, William David. Born at New Orleans, 
 March 10, 1809: died at New York, Ma.yl. 1864. 
 An American commodore, son of David Porter. 
 He served in the Mississippi waters 1861-62. 
 Porte St.-Antoine (port san-ton-twan')- A 
 triumphal arch, formerly standing in Paris, 
 through which the Rue St.-Antoine passed, north 
 of the spot where the Bastille stood. A gate was 
 built here in 1380, and on Sept. 14, 1574, Henry III., on 
 his return from Poland, made his triumphal entry through 
 it. A beautiful Renaissance arch was erected to commem- 
 orate the event, which was adorned by sculptures supposed 
 to have been by Jean Goujon. In 1660 Louis XIV. also 
 made a triumphal entry at this gate, and the arch was 
 transformed by the architect Blondel in 1662. In his 
 scheme Blondel treated the earlier work with the utmost 
 respect, merely adding side arches and an attic above. It 
 presented one of the most pleasing Renaissance composi- 
 tions in Paris. It was demolished in 1778. Jean Goujon’s 
 river-gods in the spandrels of the arch were afterward 
 built into the gate of the Beaumarchais garden, and are 
 now in the Cluny museum. 
 
 Porte St. -Denis (san-de-ne'). A triumphal a.rcli 
 ou the Boulevard St.-Denis, Paris, built in 1672 
 in honor of the victories of Louis XIV. in the 
 Low Countries. It lias a single archway with reliefs 
 above, Victories in the spandrels, and warlike trophies 
 adorning simulated obelisks on each side. The width is 
 82feet, and the height 81. It was built by Francis Blondel, 
 and the brothers Auguier were the sculptors. 
 
 Porte St.-Martin ( sah mar-tan'). A triumphal 
 arch on the Boulevard St.-Martin, Paris, built in 
 1674 by Pierre Bullet in honor of Louis XIV. 
 It commemorates the taking of Besan?on and the victo- 
 ries over the Imperialists. It has a large archway between 
 two small ones, with reliefs in the spandrels of the large 
 opening. Above the cornice there is anattic. The height 
 and breadth are both 57 feet. 
 
 Port Famine (port fam'in). A place in southern 
 Patagonia, situated on the Strait of Magellan 
 south of Punta Arenas. An unsuccessful at- 
 tempt was made to form a Spanish settlement 
 here in the end of the 16th century. 
 
 Port Glasgow (glas'go). A seaport in Renfrew- 
 shire, Scotland, situated on the Clyde 17 miles 
 west-northwest of Glasgow. It has trade, ship- 
 building, and manufactures. Population, about 
 16,900. 
 
 Port Hamilton (ham'il-ton). A harbor south 
 of Korea, in one of the Nanhow Islands. Great 
 Britain annexed it in 1885, but abandoned it in 
 1886. 
 
 Port Hope (h5p). A lake port in Durham Coun- 
 ty, Ontario, Canada, situated on Lake Ontario 
 61 miles east-northeast of Toronto. Popula- 
 tion, 5,092, (1911). 
 
 Porthos (por-tos'). One of the “ Three Muske- 
 teers”^ Dumas’s novel of that name. He is 
 noted for his great size and strength and his 
 inordinate love of display. 
 
 Port Hudson (hud'son). A place in East Fe- 
 liciana parish, Louisiana, situated on the Mis- 
 sissippi 91 miles northwest of New Orleans. It 
 was besieged by the Federals under Banks in 
 May, 1863, and surrendered July 8. 
 
 Port Huron (hu'ron). A city and the capital 
 of St. Clair County, Michigan, situated at the 
 junction of Black River with St. Clair River, 56 
 miles northeast of Detroit. It is a railroad center, 
 and has important Canadian and domestic trade, and ship- 
 building. Population, 18,863, (1910). 
 
 Portia (por'shia). 1. The principal female 
 character in Sfiakspere’s “Merchant of Ven- 
 ice ” : an heiress in love with Bassanio. Her 
 suitors were obliged by the terms of her father's will to 
 choose one of three caskets of gold, silver, and lead, one 
 of which contained her picture, and the chooser of it was 
 to be her husband. Bassanio was successful, choosing the 
 leaden one. Portia is noted for her celebrated defense of 
 Bassanio’s friend Antonio, resisting the demand of Shylock 
 for'a pound of flesh from Antonio’s body incase Bassanio 
 failed to pay money borrowed from Shylock. See Shylock. 
 2. The wife of Marcus Brutus, said to have killed 
 herself by swallowing live coals. In Shak- 
 spere’s“ Julius Caesar” she does so while insane 
 from anxiety over her husband. 
 
 Portobello 
 
 Portici (por'te-che). A town in the province of 
 Naples, Italy, situated on the Bay of Naples 5 
 miles southeast of Naples. Population, town, 
 14,467 ; commune, 14,538. 
 
 Portinari (por-te-na're), Beatrice. Born 1266 : 
 died June 9, 1290. An Italian lady, celebrated 
 by Dante in his “Vita Nuova” and “Divina 
 Commedia.” She married Simone de’ Bardi, a 
 Florentine, before 1287. 
 
 Port Jackson (jak'son). AharborinNew South 
 Wales, Australia. Sydney is situated on it. 
 Port Jervis (jer'vis). A village in Deer Park 
 township, Orange County, New York, situated 
 on the Delaware River 60 miles northwest of 
 New York: a favorite summer resort. Pop- 
 ulation, 9,564, (1910). 
 
 Portland (port'land). A seaport, capital of 
 Cumberland County, Maine, situated on Casco 
 Bay in lat. 43° 39' N., long. 70° 15' W. it is the 
 largest city in the State, sometimes called “the Forest 
 City ” ; is an important railway center and terminus of 
 steamer lines ; has valuable foreign trade (especially with 
 Canada), coasting trade, and fisheries ; and has manufac- 
 tures of boots and shoes, machinery, sugar, engines, etc. 
 It is the winter port of Canada. Its Indian name was 
 Machigonne. It was settled by the English in 1632, its 
 early name beingFalmouth ; wasbombai-dedbythe British 
 in the Revolutionary War ; had its name changed to Port- 
 land in 1786 ; became a city in 1832 ; and was devastated 
 by a fire in 1866. Population, 58,571, (1910). 
 
 Portland. The capital of Multnomah County, 
 Oregon, situated on the Willamette River, 12 
 miles from its entrance into the Columbia, in 
 lat. 45° 30' N., long. 122° 40' W. it. is the largest 
 city in the State, a railroad center, and the terminus of 
 several steamer lines ; is at the head of ship navigation ; 
 and exports salmon, lumber, wheat, and flour. It was laid 
 out in 1845 ; was made a city in 1851 ; and was ravaged by 
 a fire in 1873. population, 207,214, (1910). 
 
 Portland. A former town of New Brunswick, 
 now part of St. John. 
 
 Portland, Dukes and Earl of. See Ben tinek. 
 Portland, Isle of. A peninsula in Dorset, Eng- 
 land, south of Weymouth, projecting into the 
 English Channel, and terminating in the Bill 
 of Portland : noted for its castle (built 1520), 
 its building-stone, and its breakwater. Near it, 
 Feb. 18, 1653, an indecisive battle was fought between the 
 English fleet under Blake and the Dutch under Tromp. 
 Length, about 4 miles. Population, 15,199. 
 
 Portland, Race of. A dangerous sea passage 
 between the Isle of Portland and a neighboring 
 reef, the Shambles. 
 
 Portland Vase. A famous urn of blue trans- 
 parent cameo-cut glass, ten inches high, it was 
 discovered about 1630 in a sarcophagus in a tomb in the 
 Monte del Grano, near Rome. I fc is so called from its pos- 
 sessors, the Portland family, who bought it in 1787 from 
 Sir William Hamilton (its original purchaser in 1770), and 
 placed it in the British Museum in 1810. It is also called 
 the Barberini vase, because it was first deposited in the 
 Barberini Palace. 
 
 Port Louis (lo'isorlo'e). A seaport, capital of 
 the Island of Mauritius, Indian Ocean, situated 
 on the northwestern coast, it is the chief commercial 
 place of the colony. In 1810 it was taken by the British. 
 Population, 52,740. 
 
 Port Louis. Theformer capital of the Falkland 
 Islands, situated on East Falkland. 
 
 Port Lyttelton (lit'el-ton). A seaport in the 
 South Island, New Zealand, situated on the 
 eastern coast, near Christchurch, about iat. 43° 
 36' S., long. 172° 44’ E. Population, 4,023. 
 Port Mahon, or Mahon (ma-hon'). A seaport, 
 fortress, and naval station of Minorca, Balearic 
 Islands, Spain, situated on the eastern coast: 
 the ancient Portus Magonis. It was taken by the 
 English under Stanhope in 1708 ; conquered from them by 
 the French in 1756 ; restored to Great Britain in 1763 (con- 
 quered by Spain in 1782 ; and finally ceded to Spain in 
 1802. Population, 17,144. _ 
 
 Port Natal (na-tal'). A harbor in Natal, South 
 Africa. Durban is situated on it. 
 
 Porto. See Oporto. 
 
 Porto Alegre (por'to a-la'gre). A seaport, 
 capital of the state of Rio Grande do Sill, Brazil, 
 situated on the river Guahyba or Lower Jacuhy, 
 near its mouth in the Lagoa dos Patos, in lat. 
 30° 2' S. It is the most important city of southern 
 Brazil, and has a large trade. Pop., municipio, 73,674. 
 
 Porto Bello (bal'yo). A port on the Caribbean 
 coast of the Republic of Panama, twenty 
 miles northeast of Colon. The bay was discovered 
 and named by Columbus, 1502. It was unimportant until 
 1697, when it officially replaced Nombre de Dios as the Car- 
 ibbean port of Panama, and hence of Peru. Every year a 
 fleet arrived from Spain, and returned laden with treasure. 
 It was taken and sacked by the English captain Parker, 
 1602 ; by Morgan, 1668, and by other bucaneers, 1679; and 
 by Vernon, 1739. Tt now has a population of about 3,000. 
 Also written Porto Belo and Puerto Bello. 
 
 Portobello (por-to-bel'o). A town and sea- 
 bathing resort in Midlothian, Scotland, situated 
 on the Firth of Forth 3 miles east of Edinburgh. 
 Population, 9,200. 
 
Porto Ferrajo 
 
 Porto Ferrajo (por'to fer-ra'yo). The chief 
 place in the island of Elba, province of Leghorn, 
 Italy. Population, commune, 6,705. 
 
 Port of Spain, or Puerto d’Espana. (pwer'to 
 des-pan'ya). The capital of the island of 
 Trinidad, situated on the western coast, in 
 lat. 10° 39' N., long. 61° 31' W. Population, 
 60,000. 
 
 Portogruaro, or Porto Gruaro (por'to gro-a'- 
 ro). A town in the province of Venice, Italy, 
 situated on the Lemene 34 miles northeast of 
 Venice. Population, town, 3,359; commune, 
 9,797. 
 
 Porto Maurizio (mou-rid'ze-o). 1. A province 
 in Liguria, Italy. Area, 455 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 155,712. — 2. A seaport, capital of the 
 province of Porto Maurizio, situated on the 
 Mediterranean in lat. 43° 53' N., long. 8° 1' E. 
 It produces olive-oil. Population, 6,788. 
 Porto Novo (no'vo). The former capital of 
 Dahomey, western Africa, situated near the 
 Bight of Benin. Population, about 50,000. 
 Porto Novo. A small seaport on the Coromandel 
 coast of India, south of Madras. Here, July 1, 
 1781, the British (about 8,500) under Coote defeated Hyder 
 Ali (with about 40,000 men). 
 
 Porto Plata. See Puerto Plata. 
 
 Porto Rico (re'ko), Sp. Puerto Rico (pwer'to 
 *re'ko). The easternmost island of the Greater 
 Antilles, West Indies, belonging to the United 
 States, situated east of Santo Domingo, from 
 which it is separated by the Mona Passage. 
 Capital, San Juan de Porto Rico. It is traversed 
 from east to west by a range of low mountains. The 
 chief exports are sugar, coffee, tobacco, and fruit. It was 
 discovered by Columbus in 1493, and was conquered, 
 mainly by Ponce de Leon, 1508-20. Slavery was abol- 
 ished in 1873. It was ceded by Spain to the United 
 States in 1898. Length, about 100 miles. Greatest 
 breadth, about 36 miles. Area, 3,435 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 1,118,012, (1910). 
 
 Porto Santo (por'to san'to). A small island 
 of the Madeira group, situated about 30 miles 
 northeast of Madeira. 
 
 Porto Seguro (por'to se-go'ro). A captaincy 
 of Brazil, granted in 1534 to Pero de Campos 
 Tourinho. It corresponded to the coast from the river 
 Mocury northward 50 leagues. After the death of Campos 
 Tourinho it fell into decay, and later was united to Bahia, 
 of which it forms the southern part. 
 
 Porto Seguro. A town and port of the state of 
 Bahia, Brazil, at the mouth of the river Caxoeira, 
 in lat. 16° 26' 38 // S. At this point Cabral took pos- 
 session of Brazil for Portugal, April 26, 1500. The town 
 was founded in 1535. Population, 2,737. 
 
 Porto Seguro, Viscount of. See Varnhagen, 
 Francisco A dolpho de. 
 
 Porto Vecchio (vek'ke-o). [It., ‘old port.’] A 
 seaport in Corsica, near the southern extremity. 
 Porto Venere (va'ne-re). A small port on the 
 Gulf of Spezia, Italy. 
 
 Port Patrick (port pat'rik). A small seaport 
 in Wigtownshire, Scotland, situated on the 
 North Channel 27 miles west of Wigtown, it 
 was formerly an important port for trade between Scot- 
 land and Ireland, and extensive harbor works were com- 
 menced. 
 
 Port Phillip (fil'ip). A bay on the southern 
 coast of Victoria, Australia. Melbourne is 
 situated on it. 
 
 Port Republic (re-pub'lik). A place in Rock- 
 ingham County, Virginia, situated on the Shen- 
 andoah 90 miles northwest of Richmond. Here, 
 June 9, 1862, the Confederates under “ Stonewall "Jackson 
 defeated the Federals under Shields. 
 
 Port Richmond (rich'mond). A former village 
 in Staten Island, New York, situated on the 
 Kill van Kull 10 miles southwest of New York : 
 now a part of New York city. 
 
 Port-Royal (-roi'al). A Cistercian abbey for 
 nuns, situated about 17 miles southwest of Paris. 
 It was founded in 1204 ; was reformed under the abbess 
 Jacqueline Marie Angelique Arnauld in 1608 ; was called 
 Port-Itoyal des Champs after the establishment (1626) of a 
 branch house at Paris (called Port-Royal de Paris) ; and be- 
 came noted as a center of Jansenism. The older estab- 
 lishment became famous for its schools and as a center of 
 learning : it was suppressed in 1709. Port-Royal de Paris 
 continued until 1790. 
 
 Port Royal. A name formerly ’given to Annap- 
 olis, Nova Scotia. 
 
 Port Royal Sound. An inlet of the Atlantic, 
 on the southern coast of South Carolina, at the 
 mouth of Broad River. 
 
 Port Said (sii-ed'). A seaport in Egypt, situ- 
 ated at the northern end of the Suez Canal, 
 between the Mediterranean and Lake Menza- 
 leh, in lat. 31° 16' N., long. 32° 19' E. it was 
 
 founded In 1860, and is the terminus of many lines of 
 steamers and an important coaling-station. Pop., 49,884. 
 
 Port St. Mary. See Puerto de Santa Maria. 
 Portsea (port'se). 1. The island in Hampshire, 
 England, on which Portsmouth is situated. — 2. 
 
 821 
 
 A part of Portsmouth, situated north of Ports- 
 mouth proper. 
 
 Portsmouth (ports'muth). A seaport in Hamp- 
 shire, England, situated on Portsmouth Harbor 
 and the English Channel in lat. 50° 48' N., long. 
 1° 6' W. Besides Portsmouth proper it includes the 
 adjoining Portsea, Landport, and Southsea. It is the prin- 
 cipal naval station of England and the strongest fortress ; 
 has a large garrison ; and is noted for its fine harbor. N ear 
 it is the roadstead of Spithead. Its dockyard (the most 
 important in the country) is located at Portsea. Part of 
 the naval establishment is at Gosport, opposite. The 
 Church of St. Thomas Becket is notable. Portsmouth rose 
 to importance in the 13th century, and was strongly for- 
 tified in the 16th century. It returns 2 members to Par- 
 liament. Population, 231,165, (1911). 
 
 Portsmouth. A seaport and one of the capi- 
 tals of Rockingham County, New Plampshire, 
 situated on the Piscataqua, 3 miles from its 
 mouth, in lat. 43° 4' N., long. 70° 45' W. it is 
 
 the only seaport in the State ; is noted for its excellent 
 harbor; has ship-building and some commerce; and is a 
 favorite summer resort. Near it (on islands situated in 
 Kittery, Maine) is the Portsmouth navy-yard. It was 
 settled in 1623; was the capital of New Hampshire (ex- 
 cept for a short period) until 1807. Pop., 11,269, (1910). 
 
 Portsmouth. An independent city, formerly 
 capital of Norfolk County, Virginia, situated 
 on the western side of the Elizabeth River, 
 opposite Norfolk. It is the terminus of several steamer 
 lines ; contains the Gosport United States navy-yard ; and 
 has considerable trade. Population, 33,190, (1910). 
 Portsmouth. A city, capital of Scioto County, 
 Ohio, situated at the junction of the Scioto and 
 the Ohio, 90 miles east-southeast of Cincinnati. 
 It has flourishing manufactures and trade. 
 Population, 23,481, (1910). 
 
 Portsmouth, Duchess of. SeeEeroualle, Louise 
 BenSe de. 
 
 Portsmouth Harbor. An inlet of the English 
 Channel, extending into Hampshire 4-5 miles. 
 Port Townsend (port toun'zend). A city and 
 seaport in Jefferson County, Washington, on 
 Puget Sound north of Seattle. Population, 
 ★ 4,181, (1910). 
 
 Portugal (por'tu-gal), Pg. Portugal (por-to- 
 gal'). A republic in Europe, situated in the 
 western part of the Iberian peninsula, extend- 
 ing from lat. 36° 58' to 42° 10' N., and from 
 long. 6° 10' to 9° 30' W. Capital, Lisbon. 
 It is bounded by Spain on the north and east, and by the 
 Atlantic on the south and west. It is traversed by several 
 ranges of low mountains (the highest, in theSerra daSoajo, 
 nearly 8,000 feet) which enter it from Spain. The chief 
 rivers are the Douro, Tagus, and Guadiana. The principal 
 exports are wine, cork, fish, live stock, and copper. Its 
 commerce is mostly with Great Britain, Brazil, the United 
 States, and France. It is divided into 6 provinces, the 
 northern more flourishing than the southern. It was a 
 hereditary constitutional monarchy, the legislative power 
 being vested in the Cortes (which see). The language is 
 Portuguese ; the prevailing religion, the Roman Catholic. 
 The colonial possessions include (besides the Azores and 
 Madeiras, which are considered part of Portugal) the Cape 
 Verd Islands, Guinea, Portuguese East Africa, Angola, etc., 
 St. Thomas and Principe, Goa, Damao, Diu, Timor, etc., 
 Macao, and some smaller territories. The territory was 
 partly included in the ancient Lusitania ; fell under the 
 power of the Moors ; was made a countship feudatory to 
 Alfonso VL of Castile 1095 (or 1094) ; became a kingdom lin- 
 ger Alfonso I. (traditionally through the victory at Ourique 
 in 1139) ; was a great maritime power in the 16th and 16th 
 centuries; was noted for discoveries, explorations, and 
 conquests under Prince Henry, Bartholomeu Dias, Vasco 
 da Gama, Cabral, Albuquerque, Magalhaes, etc. ; founded 
 a large empire in the East Indies and Brazil ; was con- 
 quered by Spain and lost its independence in 1580 ; recov- 
 ered independence through a revolution in 1640 (beginning 
 of the Bragancja line) ; was invaded by the French in 1807, 
 the royal family escaping to Brazil ; and was aided by 
 England in the war of liberation from the French. More 
 recent events are an outbreak of revolution in 1820 ; return 
 of King John VI. from Brazil in 1821 ; signing of the con- 
 stitution in 1822 ; Brazil separated from Portugal in 1822 ; 
 struggle between Dom Miguel and Maria da Gloria, end- 
 ing in the submission of Miguel in 1834 ; disturbance in 
 following years by civil strife ; complications with Great 
 Britain (in 1889, 1891, and later) regarding the African 
 claims ; and the proclamation of the republic, Oct., 1910. 
 Area (continental), 34,254 square miles. Pop., 5,423,132. 
 
 Portuguese America. Brazil : the only part of 
 America which was colonized by the Portu- 
 guese. See Tordesilkas. 
 
 Portuguese East Africa. See East Africa , 
 Portuguese. 
 
 Portunus (pSr-tu'nus), or Portumnus (por- 
 tum'nus). In Roman mythology, a god, pro- 
 tector of harbors. 
 
 Port-Vendres (por-von'dr). A seaport in the 
 department of Pyren6es-Orientales, France, sit- 
 uated on the Mediterranean 18 miles southeast 
 of Perpignan: the ancient Portus Veneris. It 
 
 has a commodious harbor, one of the most safo on the 
 Mediterranean. Population, commune, 2,919. 
 
 Port Victoria (port, vik-to'ri-a). The chief port 
 of the Seychelles Islands, Indian Ocean, situ- 
 ated on Mah6. 
 
 Porus (po'rus). [Gr. Ilcjpoc.] Killed about 318 
 b.o. An Indian king who reigned between the 
 
 Potemkin 
 
 Hydaspes and Acesines. He was defeated and cap- 
 tured by Alexander the Great in a battle on the Hydaspes 
 in 326. According to Plutarch, when asked by his victor 
 how he wished to be treated he replied, “ Like a king.” He 
 was restored to his kingdom by Alexander. After the lat- 
 ter’s death he was treacherously killed by the Macedonian 
 general Eudemus. 
 
 Pory (por'i), John. Born in England about 
 1570: died in London, Sept., 1635. An English 
 pioneer in America, and geographical writer. 
 He studied at Cambridge (Gonville and Caius College). 
 In 1600 he translated the "Geographical History of Africa ’’ 
 by Leo Africanus. From 1619 to 1621 he was secretary of 
 the Virginia Colony at Jamestown, and an assistant of 
 Hakluyt in his geographical enterprises. 
 
 Posadas (po-sa/dal), Gervasio Antonio de. 
 
 Born at Buenos Ayres, June 19, 1757 : died there, 
 July 2, 1832. An Argentine politician. Through 
 the Influence of the Lautaro Society (which see) he was 
 elected supreme director or president of the Platine Prov- 
 inces, Jan. 22, 1814, holding the position for a year. With 
 him the executive was first placed in the hands of one 
 person. 
 
 Poscharevatz. See Passarowitz. 
 
 Posckiavo (pos-ke-a'vo), G. Pusclilav (posh'- 
 lav). A district in the canton of Grisons, Swit- 
 zerland, situated south of the Engadine on the 
 Italian frontier. Chief place, Poschiavo. 
 Poseidon (po-si'don). [Gr. Tlooeidav.'] In Greek 
 mythology, one of the chief Olympians, brother 
 of Zeus, and supreme lord of the sea: sometimes 
 looked upon as a benignant promoter of calm 
 and prosperous navigation, but more often as a 
 terrible god of storm. His consort was the Nereid Am- 
 phitrite, and his attendant train was composed of N ereids, 
 Tritons, and sea-monsters of every form. In art he is a 
 majestic figure, closely approaching Zeus in type. His 
 most constant attributes are the trident and the dolphin, 
 with the horse, which he was reputed to have created dur- 
 ing his contest with Athene for supremacy in Attica. The 
 original Roman or Italic Neptune became assimilated to 
 him. 
 
 Posen (po'zen). A province of Prussia, it is 
 bounded by West Prussia on the north, Russian Poland on 
 the east, Silesia on the south and southwest, and Branden- 
 burg on the west. The surface is generally level. The 
 majority of the inhabitants are Poles, and are Roman Catho- 
 lics. It belonged formerly to Poland. The Netze district 
 was annexed by Prussia in 1772, and the remainder of the 
 province in 1793. Area, 11,190 square miles. Population, 
 1,986,637. 
 
 Posen, Polish Poznan (poz'nan). The capital 
 of the province of Posen, Prussia, situated at 
 the junction of the Cybina and Warthe, in lat. 
 52° 24' N., long. 16° 55' E. It is an important for- 
 tress and strategic point ; contains a cathedral and a 
 Rathaus ; and has some trade and manufactures. The 
 inhabitants are Germans, Poles, and Jews. It was an 
 ancient Polish city, and at one time the capital. In the 
 middle ages it was a Hanseatic town and a prosperous 
 commercial center. Population, commune, 154,811, (1910). 
 
 Posey (po'zi), Thomas. Born in Virginia, July 
 9, 1750: died at Shawneetown, 111., March 9, 
 1818. An American general and politician. He 
 served in tlieRevolution and in the Indian wars ; was United 
 States senator from Louisiana 1812-13; and was governor 
 of Indiana Territory 1813-16. 
 
 Posidonia. See Psestum. 
 
 Posidonius (pos-i-do'ni-us). [Gr. HooeMviot;.'] 
 Born at Apamea, Syria : lived at the beginning 
 of the 1st century B. c. A noted Greek Stoic 
 philosopher, teacher at Rhodes. 
 
 Poseidonius, who counted among his pupils the eminent 
 Romans Cicero and Pompey, was a literary man of very 
 varied excellence. In many respects he followed in the 
 steps of the great Eratosthenes. Like him he investigated 
 physical geography, and made some important contribu- 
 tions to this subject. He wrote a general or miscellaneous 
 history in about fifty books, extending from 146 B. c. to 96 
 B. c., and therefore in continuation of Polybius ; a treatise 
 on natural philosophy in fifteen books; an essay on the 
 gods in thirteen books, besides a disquisition “on the be- 
 coming,” which his pupil Cicero combined with the work 
 of Pan*tius in his book "De Officiis” ; a book on the mag- 
 nitude of the sun ; and numerous other works on meteor- 
 ology, natural philosophy, and ethics, including a com- 
 mentary on the “Timseus” of Plato. 
 
 K. O. Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 35. 
 
 [(Donaldson.) 
 
 Posilipo (po-se-le'po), or Pausilipo (pou-se-le'- 
 po). A ridge southwest of Naples, famous for 
 its ancient grotto. 
 
 Postglossators. See Bartolus. 
 
 Posthumus (pos'tu-mus), Leonatus. The hus- 
 band of Imogen in Shakspere’s “Cymbeline.” 
 His wager as to her fidelity is the turning-point 
 of the play. 
 
 Postilion de Longjumeau (pos-te-y6n' de 16n- 
 zhii-mo'), Le. An opdra comique by Adam, 
 produced at Paris in 1836. 
 
 Postl. See Scalsficld. 
 
 Postumia gens (pos-tu'mi-S. jenz). A Roman 
 patrician gens. Its most distinguished family 
 was Albus or Albinus. 
 
 Potemkin (po-tem'kin; Russ. pron. pot-yom'- 
 kin), Prince Grigori. Bom in the government 
 of Smolensk, Russia, Sept., 1736: died in Bes- 
 sarabia, Oct. 16, 1791. A Russian politician 
 
Potemkin 
 
 and general, chief favorite of the empress Cath- 
 arine II. He had great influence in internal and foreign 
 affairs; effected the annexation of the Crimea; andfounded 
 Kherson and other places in South Russia. 
 
 Potenza (po-ten'za). 1 . A province of southern 
 Italy which forms the compartimento of Ba- 
 silicata. Area, 3,845 square miles. Population, 
 475,264. — 2. The capital of the province of 
 Potenza, Italy, situated on the Basento in lat. 
 40° 38' N.,long. 15° 49' E.: the ancient Potentia. 
 The old town was destroyed by Frederick II. and by Charles 
 of Anjou. The modern town was nearly destroyed by an 
 earthquake in 1857. Population, commune, 16,186. 
 Potenza Picena (pe-eha'na). A small town in 
 the province of Macerata, Italy, 11 miles north- 
 east of Macerata. 
 
 Pothier (po-tya'), Robert Joseph. Born at 
 Orleans, France, Jan. 9, 1699: died at Orleans, 
 March 2, 1772. A French jurist. Among his 
 works are an edition of the “Pandects” of Jus- 
 tinian (1748-52), “Traits des obligations,” etc. 
 Poti (po'te). A seaport in the government of 
 Kutais, Transcaucasia, Russia, situated on the 
 Black Sea, at tli9 mouth of the river Rion, 35 
 miles north of Batum. Near it was the ancient 
 Phasis. Population, 7,666. 
 
 Potidaea (pot-i-de'a). [Or. Tloridcua.'] In an- 
 cient geography, a city of Macedonia, situated 
 on the isthmus joining the peninsula of Pallene 
 to the mainland, in lat. 40° 11' N., long. 23° 20' 
 E. : the modern Pinaka. It revolted from Athens in 
 432 B. c., and was reduced in 429. It was rebuilt by Cas- 
 sander, and called Cassandreia. 
 
 Potiguaras (po-te-gwa'ras). An ancient branch 
 of the Tupi Indians in Parahyba, Ceard, and 
 southern Maranhao, Brazil. The name is vari- 
 ously written Petigares , Peteguares , Pitagoares, 
 Potyuaras, etc. See Tupis. 
 
 Potiphar (pofc'i-far). In Old Testament history, 
 an officer of Pharaoh, the owner of Joseph. His 
 wife sought unsuccessfully to seduce Joseph. 
 
 Potiphar, to whom Joseph was sold, bore a purely Egyp- 
 tian name, meaning ‘the gift of the risen one,’ while the 
 name of Potopherah, the high priest of On, whose daugh- 
 ter, Asenath, was married by Joseph, is equally Egyptian, 
 and signifies ‘the gift of the Sun-God.' 
 
 Sayce, Anc. Monuments, p. 59. 
 
 Potiphar Papers, The. A collection of satiri- 
 cal articles by G. W. Curtis, published in 1853. 
 Potomac (po-to'mak). A river in the United 
 States, formed by the union, southeast of Cum- 
 berland, Maryland, of the North and South 
 Branches. The former rises in the Alleghany Mountains, 
 the latter in the Shenandoah Mountains. It forms the 
 main boundary between Maryland on the north and West 
 Virginia and Virginia on the south, and empties by a wide 
 estuary into Chesapeake Bay in lat. 38° N. Its chief tribu- 
 tary is the Shenandoah. Length, about 400 miles ; navi- 
 gable for large vessels to Washington (125 miles). 
 
 Potomac, Army of the. The principal Federal 
 army in the American Civil War. it was organ- 
 ized by General McClellan in 1861. In 1862, under him, it 
 served in the Peninsular campaign, and later in the Antie- 
 tam campaign. In Nov., 1862, General Burnside took com- 
 mand and the army was defeated at Fredericksburg in 
 Dec. In Jan., 1863, General Hooker assumed command 
 and it was in May defeated at Chancellorsville. Under Gen- 
 eralMeade it won thevietoryof Gettysburg, July, 1863. It 
 continued under the immediate command of General 
 Meade during General Grant's operations of 1864-65. 
 Potosi (po-to-se'). 1. The southwestern most 
 department of Bolivia, noted for its richness in 
 metals. Area, 48,900 square miles. Population, 
 377,713. — 2. The capital of the department 
 of Potosi, situated about lat. 19° 35' S., long. 
 65° 45' W., over 13,000 feet above the sea-level. 
 It was long famous for the silver-mines in the neighboring 
 mountain (Cerro de Potosi), where silver was discovered in 
 1546. The production has greatly decreased of late. Pop- 
 ulation, 23,450. 
 
 Potrero de las Vacas (po-tra'rodalasva'kas). 
 [Sp., ‘ Pasture of the cows.’] One of the high 
 mesas north of Cochiti, in central New Mexico, 
 on the summit of which stand the ruins of an 
 ancient village or pueblo of the Queres Indians, 
 abandoned long before the 16th century, in its 
 vicinity are also the largest statues of Indian origin known 
 to exist in the Southwest. They represent two pumas 
 carved out of the rock. 
 
 Potsdam (pots'dam). The capital of the gov- 
 ernment district of Potsdam, province of Bran- 
 denburg, Prussia., situated at the junction of 
 the Nuthe with the Havel, 16 miles southwest 
 of Berlin. It is an imperial residence, and contains many 
 palaces. It was an old Slavic town, and was greatly de- 
 veloped under Frederick William I., Frederick the Great, 
 and their successors. The royal palace, begun in 1660, but 
 much altered in 1750, is chiefly notable for its souvenirs of 
 Frederick the Great, whose apartments have been kept as 
 he left them. They are adorned with good contemporary 
 French paintings, and retain the king's personal furniture. 
 Other apartments are of interest from their Louis XVI. 
 decoration, and others for their good pictures. The new 
 palace begun by Frederick the Great in 1763 is the summer 
 residence of the present emperor The facade is 375 feet 
 long, flanked by two projecting wings, with engaged pi- 
 
 822 
 
 lasters carried to the full height of the three stories and 
 an ugly central dome. The interior is richly decorated, 
 and contains some good paintings. The Grotto Saloon is 
 a large room with walls and ceiling inlaid with shells and 
 minerals, and a fine marble pavement. See Sans Souci. 
 Population, commune, 61,414. 
 
 Potsdam (pots'dam). A village in St. Lawrence 
 County, New York, situated on the Racket 
 River 24 miles east of Ogdensburg: noted for 
 sandstone-quarries. Population, 4,036, (1910). 
 Pott (pot), August Friedrich. Born at Net- 
 telrede, Hannover, Nov. 14, 1802: died at Halle, 
 Prussia, July 5, 1887. A noted German phi- 
 lologist, professor at Halle from 1833. He pub- 
 lished “ Etymologische Forschungen" (1833-36), “Die 
 Zigeuner in Europa und Asien "(1844-45), “ Die Personen- 
 namen “ (1853), etc. 
 
 Pottawottomi (pot-a-wot'o-mi). [PL, also 
 Pottawottomies. The name signifies ‘ people 
 of the place of the fire.’] A tribe of North 
 American Indians. When first known (about 1670) 
 they lived on the Noquet Islands in Green Bay, Wisconsin. 
 At the close of the 17th century they were established on 
 Milwaukee River, at Chicago, and on St. Joseph River. At 
 the beginning of the 19th century they possessed the coun- 
 try around the head of Lake Michigan from Milwaukee 
 River, Wisconsin, to Grand River, Michigan, extending 
 southwest over a large part of Illinois, and sofitll in Indi- 
 ana to the Wabash. They were prominent in the Pontiac 
 rising and in the War of the Revolution, when they fought 
 on the English side, as also in the War of 1812. The pres- 
 ent number in the United States and Canada is about 2, 700. 
 They are to be found in Oklahoma, Kansas, Michigan, and 
 Ontario. See Algonquian. 
 
 Potter (pot'er), Alonzo. Born at La Grange, 
 Dutchess County, N. Y. , J uly 6, 1800 : died at San 
 Francisco, July 4, 1865. An American Protes- 
 tant Episcopal bishop, professor at and later 
 vice-president of Union College. He became bishop 
 of Pennsylvania in 1845. He wrote various works, includ- 
 ing text-books, “ .Religious Philosophy” (1870), etc. 
 
 Potter, Eliphalet Nott. Born Sept. 20, 1836: 
 died Feb. 6, 1901. An American Episcopalian 
 clergyman and educator, son of Alonzo Potter. 
 He became president of Union College in 1871, and of 
 ^.Hobart CoUege (Geneva, New York) In 1884. 
 
 Potter, Henry Codman. Born at Schenectady, 
 N. Y., May 25, 1835: died at Cooperstown, 
 N. Y., July 21, 1908. An American Protestant 
 Episcopal bishop, son of Alonzo Potter. He be- 
 came assistant bishop of New York in 1883, and bishop in 
 1887. He published “ Sisterhoods and Deaconesses ” (1872), 
 “The Gates of the East” (187C), etc. 
 
 Potter, Horatio. Born at La Grange, Dutchess 
 Couuty, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1802: died at New York, 
 Jan. 2, 1887. An American Protestant Epis- 
 copal bishop, brother of Alonzo Potter. He 
 became bishop of New York in 1861. 
 
 Potter, John. Born at Wakefield about 1674 : 
 died Oct. 10, 1747. An English prelate and 
 classical scholar. He studied at Oxford, graduating 
 in 1692, and was appointed divinity professor there in 1707. 
 He was bishop of Oxford 1715-37, and archbishop of Can- 
 terbury 1737-47. He wrote an excellent work on Greek 
 antiquities (“ Archfeologica Graeca,” 1697-98), and edited 
 the works of Lycophron, Clemens Alexandrinus, etc. 
 
 Potter (po-tar'), Louis Joseph Antoine de. 
 
 Born at Bruges, Belgium, April 26, 1786 : died 
 there, July 22, 1859. A Belgian revolutionist, 
 a member of the provisional government in 1830. 
 He wrote “Hi stoire du christi anisme ”( 1836-37 ). 
 Potter (pot'er), Nathaniel. Born in Maryland, 
 1770: died at Baltimore, Jan. 2, 1843. An Ameri- 
 can physician. 
 
 Potter,' Paul. Born at Enkhuizen, Nether- 
 lands, Nov. 20, 1625: died at Amsterdam, Jan. 
 27, 1654. A noted Dutch portrait- and animal- 
 painter, pupil of Pieter Potter, his father, in 1631 
 his family settled at Amsterdam, and in the following year 
 Paul went to study painting under Jakob de Weth the 
 elder. He was made a member of the gild of St. Luke 
 at Delft in 1646, and later at The Hague. He resided in 
 the latter place from 1649 to 1652 ; he then returned to Am- 
 sterdam. Among his pictures is the celebrated work “ A 
 Young Bull " (1647 : see Bull, Young). It is in The Hague 
 museum. 
 
 Potter, Robert. Born in England, 1721 : died 
 Aug. 9, 1804. An English clergyman and writer. 
 
 He graduated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in 1741. 
 He published translations of Aischylus (1777), Euripides 
 (1781-83), Sophocles (1788), etc. 
 
 Potteries (pot'er-iz), The. A district in Staf- 
 fordshire, England, famous for the manufacture 
 of earthenware, porcelain, etc. It includes Stoke- 
 upon-Trent, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Etruria, etc., and is 
 very densely peopled. 
 
 Potter’s Field. An old burial-place for stran- 
 gers at Jerusalem. It overlooks the valley of Hin- 
 nom. A burial-place for paupers and strangers has re- 
 ceived this name in many moderu cities. Matt, xxvii. 7. 
 Pottinger (pot'in-jer), Sir Henry. Born in 
 County Down, Ireland, 1789: died at Valetta, 
 Malta, March 18, 1854. A British diplomatist 
 and colonial governor. In 1804 lie was a cadet in 
 India. When the opium war began he was ambassador 
 to China, and signed the treaty of Nangking, which 
 opened the ports of China, Aug. 29, 1842. In 1844 he 
 
 Powell, Charles Stuart 
 
 was privy councilor, and from 1847 to 1854 governor of 
 Madras. 
 
 Pottstown (pots'toun). A manufacturing bor- 
 ough in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, sit- 
 uated on the Schuylkill 34 miles northwest of 
 Philadelphia. Population, 15,599, (1910). 
 Pottsville (pots'vil). The capital of Schuyl- 
 kill County, Pennsylvania, situated on the 
 Schuylkill 93 miles northwest of Philadelphia. 
 It is the center of the Schuylkill coal-region. 
 Population, 20,236, (1910). 
 
 Potyuaras. See Potiguaras. 
 
 Pouance (po-on-sa'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Maine-et-Loire, France, 35 miles N. W. 
 of Angers. It possesses a ruined castle of the 
 13thandl4th centuries. Pop., commune, 3,198. 
 Poughkeepsie (po-kip'si). A city, capital of 
 Dutchess County, New York, situated on the 
 eastern bank of the Hudson, 64 miles north of 
 New York. It has extensive manufactures and consid- 
 erable trade, and is the seat of several educational estab- 
 lishments. Near it is Vassar College (whichsee). It was 
 settled by the Dutch in the end of the 17th century, and 
 became a city in 1854. Population, 27,936, (1910). 
 
 Pougin (po-zhan'), Arthur. Born at Chateau- 
 roux, Aug. 6, 1834. A French musician and 
 writer on music. He edited the musical articles inLa- 
 rousse’s “ Dictionnaire Universel ” ; has been musical critic 
 for many periodicals ; and has published biographies of 
 Meyerbeer (1864), Bellini (1868), Rossini (1871), Boieldieu 
 (1875), Verdi (1881), and others, and the supplement to the 
 musical biographies of Fetis (1878-80). 
 
 Pouillet (po-ya'), Claude Servais Mathias. 
 
 Born at Cuzance, Doubs, France, Feb. 16, 1791 : 
 died at Paris, June 15, 1868. A noted French 
 physicist. His chief work is “ Elements de phy- 
 sique experimental e et de metdorologie ” (1827). 
 Poujoulat (po-zho-la'), Jean Joseph Francois. 
 Born at La Fare, Bouches-du-Rhone, France, 
 Jan. 26, 1800 : died at Paris, Jan. 5, 1880. A 
 French historian, and legitimist politician. He 
 was a member of the Constituent Assembly (1848), and of 
 the Legislative Assembly. He wrote “Histoire de Jerusa- 
 lem ” (1841-S2), “Histoire de Saint Augustin" (1844), 
 “ Histoire de la revolution frangaise ” (1847), etc. 
 Poultry-Yard, The. A painting by Jan Steen 
 (1660), in the royal gallery at The Hague, Hol- 
 land. The scene is a court traversed by a stream. Pigeons 
 and chickens are feeding, while ducks swim in the water, 
 and a peacock sits in a tree. On steps at one side a young 
 girl is sitting with a lamb, and talks with two men, one of 
 them carrying a basket of eggs. 
 
 Poupart (po-par'), Francois. Born at Mans, 
 1661 : died Oct. 31, 1709. A French anatomist. 
 He studied medicine at Paris and at Rheims, where he 
 received his medical degree. Poupart's ligament has 
 been named after him. 
 
 Pouqueville (pok-vel'), Francois Charles 
 Hugues Laurent. Bom at Merlerault, Orne, 
 France, Nov. 4, 1770: died at Paris, Dec. 28, 
 1838. A French writer and traveler, noted es- 
 pecially for his works on Greece. 
 
 Pourri "(po-re'), Mont, or Thuria (tii-re-a'). 
 A peak of the Tarentaise Alps, southeastern 
 Prance. Height, 12,430 feet. 
 
 Poushkin. See Pushkin. 
 
 Poussin (po-san'), Gaspar (Gaspar Dughet). 
 Born at Rome, May, 1613: died there, May 25, 
 1675. A French landscape-painter, brother-in- 
 law and pupil of Nicolas Poussin. 
 
 Poussin (po-san'), Nicolas. Born near Le 
 Grand Andelys, France, June, 1594: died at 
 Rome, Nov. 19, 1665. A noted French historical 
 and landscape painter, a pupil of Quentin Varin, 
 Lallemont, and others. He went to Rome in 1624; 
 studied with Dufresnoy the sculptor ; returned to Paris in 
 1640; was patronized by Louis XIII. ; and settled finally in 
 Rome in 1642. Among his works (chiefly in the Louvre' are 
 “The Deluge,” “Plague of the Philistines," “Rape of the 
 Sabines, ”“Moses'’(3), “Triumph of Truth,”and“Rebekah 
 and Eliezer.” He decorated the Grande Galerie of the 
 Louvre, and his pictures are to be found in all the prin- 
 cipal galleries of Europe. 
 
 Povoa de (or do) Varzim (po-vo'a de (do) var- 
 zen'). A seaport in the district of Oporto, Por- 
 tugal, 20 miles north of Oporto. Population, 
 commune, 12,623. 
 
 Powder (pou'der) River. A river in Wyoming 
 and southeastern Montana which joins the Yel- 
 lowstone about lat. 46° 45' N., long. 105° 30' W. 
 Length, about 350 miles. 
 
 Powell (pou'el), Baden. Bom at Stamford Hill, 
 near London, Aug. 22, 1796: died at London, 
 June 11, 1860. An English scientific writer. 
 He graduated at Oxford (Oriel College) in 1817, and was 
 professor of geometry at Oxford from 1827 until his death. 
 He published “The Connection of Natural and Divine 
 Truth ” (1838), and “On the Study of the Evidences of 
 Christianity ” (1859), and contributed to “Essays and Re- 
 views ” (1860). 
 
 Powell, Charles Stuart. Bom in England, 
 1749: died April 26, 1811. An English actor. 
 He was manager of the Haymarket, and appeared in the 
 first dramatic representation in Boston (Aug. 13, 1792), In 
 1794 he was manager of the New Boston Theater. 
 
^ Powell, John Wesley 
 
 Powell, John Wesley. Born at Mount Morris, 
 N. Y. , March 24, 1834: died at Haven , Me. , Sept. 
 23, 1902. An American geologist and ethnologist. 
 He served in the Civil War, attaining the rank of lieuten- 
 ant-colonel of volunteers; conducted the survey of the 
 Colorado valley from 1870; was head of the bureau of 
 ethnology 1879-1902; and from 1880 to 1894 was director of 
 the United States Geological Survey. He published “Ex- 
 ploration of the Colorado River of the West ”(1875), “In- 
 troduction to the Study of Indian Languages ” (1880), etc. 
 
 Powell, Lazarus Whitehead. Born in Hender- 
 son County, Ky., Oct. 6, 1812: died there, July 
 3, 1867. An American politician. He was gover- 
 nor of Kentucky 1851-55, and Democratic United States 
 senator 1859-65. 
 
 Powell (pou'el), Mary. See Milton, John. 
 Powell’s Islands. See South Orkney Islands. 
 Power (pou'er), Marguerite, Countess of Bless- 
 ington. Born near Clonmel, Ireland, Sept. 
 1, 1789: died at Paris, June 4, 1849. A Brit- 
 ish writer and leader of fashion, she was the 
 daughter of Edmund Power, a small landowner. In 1804 
 she was married by her parents to a Captain Farmer, with 
 whom she refused to live after about three months on ac- 
 count of his temper. He was killed in 1817, and in 1818 
 she married Charles John Gardiner, the first Earl of Bless- 
 ington. He was extremely rich and lavish, and proud of 
 her beauty and wit. Their house soon became a noted 
 social center. In 1822 they started for the Continent, ac- 
 companied by the Count d’Orsay, with whom the countess 
 was henceforth intimately associated. He married her 
 stepdaughter in 1827. In 1829 the earl died, and in 1831 
 the countess took a house in Mayfair, where she again 
 became one of the rulers of society and fashion. She began 
 to write novels in 1833, and in 1834 to edit the “Book of 
 Beauty.” In 1836 she moved to Gore House, where for 
 thirteen years she was the center of the most intellectual 
 society of the time. Count d'Orsay, who had lived next door 
 to Gore House for about twelve years after his separa- 
 tion from his wife, fled (April 1) to escape arrest, and in 
 about two weeks the countess followed him. Gore House 
 was sold at auction in May, but only a comparatively small 
 sum was realized. The countess died suddenly about a 
 month after. Among her novels are “The Two Friends" 
 (1835), “Confessions of an Elderly Gentleman” (1836), 
 'Confessions of an Elderly Lady ” (1838), “The Governess ” 
 (1839), “TheIdlerinItaly”(1839-40), “TheldlerinFrance” 
 (1841), “Lottery of Life, etc.”(1842), “ Strathern, etc.”(1843), 
 “ Memoirs of a Femme de Chambre”(1846), “ Marmaduke 
 Herbert, etc.” (1847), etc. In 1834 she published “Con- 
 versations with Lord Byron,” whose acquaintance she had 
 made at Genoa in 1823. She edited “ The Keepsake ’’(1841- 
 1849). Her last novel, “Country Quarters, ’’ was published 
 in 1850, after her death. 
 
 Power, Tyrone. Born at Kilmactliomas, in Wa- 
 terford County, Ireland, Nov. 2, 1797 : lost at 
 sea, March, 1841. An Irish comedian. He made 
 his ddbutat Newport, Isle of Wight, in 1815; first appeared 
 at London in 1822 ; and made successful tours in the United 
 States 1833-35 and 1840-41. On March 21, 1841, he embarked 
 on the steamship President, which was sighted on the 
 24th, but was never heard from again. 
 
 Power of Love, The. A work by Mrs. Manley 
 (1720), consisting of seven novels: “The Fair 
 Hypocrite,” “'The Physician’s Stratagem,” 
 “The Wife’s Resentment,” “The Husband’s 
 Resentment in two Examples,” “The Happy 
 Fugitive,” and “ The Perjured Beauty.” 
 Powers (pou'erz), Hiram. Born at Woodstock, 
 Vt., July 29, 1805: died at Florence, June 27, 
 1873. A noted American sculptor. He modeled 
 and repaired wax figures in a museum at Cincinnati for 7 
 years ; went to Washington in 1835 with a view to model- 
 ing busts of celebrated men ; and established himself at 
 Florence in 1837. Among his chief works are “The Greek 
 Slave” (1843), “II Penseroso,” “The Fisher Boy,” “Amer- 
 ica," “Eve," “California,” “The Indian Girl,” and nu- 
 merous portrait and ideal busts. 
 
 Powhatan (pou-ha-tan'). [True name Wahun- 
 eonacook.] Bom about 1550 : died in April, 1618. 
 An Indian chief, head of the confederacy of 
 Powhatan. Compare Pocahontas, and Smith, 
 John. 
 
 Powhatan. [The name is translated ‘ falls in a 
 stream,’ and was that of a village, now a suburb 
 of Richmond, at the falls of James River.] A 
 confederacy of North American Indians, occu- 
 pying the tide-water section and eastern shore 
 of Virginia, and a part of Maryland, and extend- 
 ingwest to a line passingbeyond Fredericksburg 
 and Richmond. It was of recent formation when first 
 met. The great chief Powhatan had, by his personal qual- 
 ities, increased it from only 7 tribes, besides the one bear- 
 ing his name, to 30. The geographic names of the rivers 
 and streams of the region preserve the names of most of 
 the 30 tribes. The Spaniards first met them in 1570 when 
 seeking to form a mission on the Rappahannock River ; but 
 little was known of them until the English established the 
 colony at Jamestown, with the history of which the con- 
 federacy, with alternating peace and war, was intimately 
 connected. The result was the destruction of nearly all 
 of these Indians by the colonists and the Iroquois. The 
 history of the Powhatan tribes practically ceased at the 
 treaty of Albany in 1684. See Algonquian. 
 
 Powis. See Powys. 
 
 Pownall (pou'nai), Thomas. Born at Lincoln, 
 England, 1722 : died at Bath, England, Feb. 25, 
 1805. A colonial governor of Massachusetts, 
 lie graduated at Cambridge in 1743 ; was lieutenant-gover- 
 nor of New Jersey in 1755 ; was governor of Massachusetts 
 1757-60; and later was a member of Parliament. Repub- 
 lished “ The Administration of the Colonies ” in 1764. 
 
 823 
 
 Powys, or Powis (pou'is). An ancient Celtic 
 principality in the eastern part of Wales. 
 Poynings (poin'ingz), Sir Edward. An Eng- 
 lish deputy in Ireland in 1494. He assembled 
 the parliament which passed ‘ ‘ Poynings’, s Law.” 
 Poynings’s Law. Two acts of the Irish Parlia- 
 ment m 1494, named from Sir Edward Poynings 
 (see above). They had a serious and lasting effect upon 
 Irish affairs. Their most important provisions were that 
 all English laws “ lately made ” (which was construed to 
 include all prior English laws) should be in force in Ire- 
 land, and that thereafter no parliament should sit in Ire- 
 land without the license of the king and his council, and 
 that no act passed by such parliament should lie effective 
 unless affirmed by them. These acts are sometimes called 
 the Statute of Drogheda, from the parliament where they 
 were adopted. They were repealed in 1782. 
 
 Poynter (poin'ter), Sir Edward John. Born 
 at Paris, March 20, 1836. An English historical 
 painter. From 1853 to 1854 he lived in Rome ; in 1856 he 
 went to Paris, and in 1860 to London. In 1868 he became 
 associate of the Royal Academy, in 1876 royal academician, 
 and in 1871 and 1873 Slade professor at University College, 
 London. He was director for art and principal of the train- 
 ing-school at South Kensington 1876-81; was director 
 of the National Gallery 1894-1905 ; and was elected 
 president of the Royal Academy in 1896. He was knighted 
 in 1896 and created a baronet in 1902. He painted “ Israel 
 in Egypt" (1867), “ The Catapult ” (1868), “The Ibis Girl ” 
 (1871).“Atalanta’sRace ” (1876),“Zenobia” (1876), “Diadu- 
 men<5 ” (1884), “On the Terrace" (1889). etc. He has also 
 designed the mosaic of St. George in Westminster Palace, 
 thedecorationsfor thegrill-room atSouthKensington, etc. 
 Poyser(poi'zer), Mrs. A conspicuous character 
 in George Eliot’s novel “Adam Bede.” she is a 
 
 vigorous, hard-working countrywoman, keen, clever, and 
 inclined to shrewishness, living with her husband on one 
 of Squire Donnithorne’s farms. 
 
 But though Mrs. Poyser be humble, she is far from or- 
 dinary. “Some folks’ tongues,” she says, “are like the 
 clocks as run on strikin’, not to tell you the time of the 
 day, but because there ’s sumraat wrong i’ their own in- 
 side.” Tuckerman, Hist, of Eng. Prose Fict., p. 290. 
 
 Pozsony (po'zhony). The Hungarian name of 
 Presburg. 
 
 Pozzo di Borgo (pot'sS de bor'go), Count Carlo 
 Andrea. Born near Ajaccio, Corsica, March 8, 
 1764: died at Paris, Feb. 15, 1842. A Russian 
 diplomatist, early in life a Corsican patriot. He 
 entered the Russian diplomatic service in 1803, and was 
 noted for his hostility to Napoleon. He signed the peace 
 of Paris in 1815. 
 
 Pozzuoli (pot-so'6-le). A seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Naples, Italy, situated on the Bay of 
 Pozzuoli 7 miles west of Naples : the ancient 
 Puteoli. It is noted for its ruins, especially for the Ro- 
 man amphitheater, formed of 3 superposed arcades, the 
 lowest of stone, the others of reticulated masonry in brick. 
 The chief entrances, at the extremities of the long axis, 
 were ornamented with arcaded porticos in marble. There 
 are a complicated system of subterranean dens and pas- 
 sages, and appliances for flooding the arena for the nau- 
 machy. The axes of the greater ellipse are 482 and 384 
 feet ; of the arena, 236 and 138 feet. Puteoli, an ancient 
 Greek city, became one of the chief commercial cities of 
 the Roman Empire and a special port of Rome. Its harbor 
 was protected by a mole, now in ruins. It was a resort 
 of the Roman nobility. 
 
 Pozzuoli, Bay Of. The northwestern arm of the 
 Bay of Naples. 
 
 P. P., Clerk of this Parish, Memoirs of. A 
 
 work by Arbuthnot, a satire on Burnet’s “ His- 
 tory of his own Time.” 
 
 Prabodhachandrodaya (pra-bo ' d-ha- cban- 
 dro'da-ya). [Skt., ‘the rise of the moon of 
 (true) intelligence.’] An allegorical and philo- 
 sophical play in Sanskrit, by Krishna Mishra, 
 who is supposed to have lived in the 12th cen- 
 tury A. D. Its dramatis persona; are Faith, Volition, 
 Opinion, Imagination, Contemplation, Devotion, Quietude, 
 Friendship, etc., on one side, and on the other Error, Self- 
 conceit, Hypocrisy, Love, Passion, Anger, and Avarice. The 
 former become victorious over the latter, the Buddhists 
 and other heretical sects being represented as adherents 
 of the vanquished. 
 
 Pradier (prii-dya'), James. Born at Geneva, 
 May 23, 1792 : died near Paris, June 14, 1852. A 
 Swiss sculptor. Most of his works are in Pa- 
 ris (including “Phryne,” “Psyche,” “Venus 
 and Cupid,” etc.). 
 
 Prado (pra/THo). The chief fashionable prom- 
 enade of Madrid. 
 
 Prado (pra/do) t Juande. Born in Leon, 1716: 
 died, there about 1771. A Spanish general. 
 Made governor of Cuba Feb. 7, 1761, he surrendered the 
 island to the English under Lord Albemarle Aug. 13, 1762. 
 For this he was tried and condemned to death, hut the 
 sentence was commuted. 
 
 Prado, Mariano Ignacio. Born 1826: died 
 1901. APeruvian soldier and politician, in Feb., 
 1865, be declared against Pezet, whose temporizing pol- 
 icy with the Spaniards had made him very unpopular. 
 Pezet resigned, and Prado was named supreme chief in 
 Dec. He at once formed a close offensive and defensive 
 alliance with Chile, and declared war with Spain. On 
 May 2, 1866, the attack of the Spanish fleet on Callao was 
 repulsed. Prado, whose position was unconstitutional, 
 was forced to leave the country in .Tail., 1868. Ho returned 
 some years after, and was regularly elected president, as- 
 suming office Aug. 2, 1876. In 1879 war broke out with 
 
 Prague, Compactata of 
 
 Chile. After the Peruvians had been repeatedly defeated 
 in the south, President Prado left the government in the 
 hands of Vice-President La Puerta, and on Dec. 17, 1879, 
 sailed for Europe, ostensibly to raise a loan and buy iron- 
 clads. Soon after the presidency was seized by Pierola. 
 
 Praed (prad), Mrs. (Eosa Murray Prior). Born 
 in Queensland, March 27, 1851. An Australian 
 novelist, wife of Campbell Mackworth Praed. 
 Among her books are “An Australian Heroine ” (1880), “ Na- 
 dine ”(1882), “ The Head Station "(1885), “ The Romance of 
 a Station ” (1889), “ As a Watch in the Night ” (1900), “ Opal 
 Fire ”(1910), with Justin M‘Carthy, “The Right Honour- 
 able ” (1886), and “The Ladies’ Gallery " (1889), etc. 
 
 Praed, Wintkrop Mackworth. Born at Lon- 
 don, July 26, 1802: died at London, July 15, 
 1839. An English poet, a writer of society verse 
 (vers de societe). He was educated at Eton and Trin- 
 ity, Cambridge ; was third in the classical tripos of 1825 ; 
 and in 1822 was a principal contributor to “Knight’s Quar- 
 terly Magazine." In May, 1829, he was called lo the bar in 
 the Middle Temple ; was Tory member of Parliament for 
 St. Germans 1830-32; was afterward member for Great 
 Yarmouth, and still later for Aylesbury until his death. 
 His collected poems were published in 1864, his prose es- 
 says in 1887, and his political poems in 1888. 
 
 Prasneste (pre-nes'te). In ancient geography, a 
 city in Latium, Italy, 22 miles east of Rome : the 
 modern Palestrina. It was built probably as early as 
 the 8th century B. c. ; was often opposed to Rome, espe- 
 cially in 380 B. 0., and in the Latin War 340-338 ; was in 
 alliance with Rome until the time of the Social War 90-88, 
 when it received the Roman franchise ; was taken by the 
 partizans of Sulla from the Marians under the younger 
 Marius in 82 ; was a favorite summer resort of the Roman 
 nobility (the residenceof Augustus, Horace, Tiberius, and 
 Hadrian) ; and was celebrated for the temple and oracle of 
 the goddess Fortune. There are few ruins remaining. 
 Prsesepe (pre-se'pe). A loose cluster of stars, 
 appearing as a nebula to the naked eye, in the 
 breast of the Crab: e Cancri. 
 
 Praestigiar. The dog that is the constant atten- 
 dant of Faust in the early forms of the legend. 
 He is supposed to be the devil. 
 
 Praga (pra/ga). A suburb of Warsaw, situated 
 on the opposite side of the Vistula. It was 
 stormed by the Russians under Suvaroff, Nov. 
 4, 1794. 
 
 Pragel (pra/gel). An Alpine pass in the can- 
 ton of Schwyz, Switzerland, 25-30 miles east by 
 south of Lucerne. It was the scene of severe fighting 
 between the Russians under Suvaroff and the Freuch in 
 Sept., 1799. 
 
 Pragmatic Sanction. A term first applied to 
 certain decrees of the Byzantine emperors, regu- 
 lating the interests of their subject provinces 
 and towns; then to a system of limitations set 
 to the spiritual power of the Pope in France in 
 1438, which laid the foundations of the so-called 
 Gallican Church. Lastly, it became the name for an 
 arrangement or family compact, made by different poten- 
 tates, regarding succession to sovereignty— the most 
 noted being the instrument by which the emperor 
 Charles VI., being without male issue, endeavored to 
 secure the succession through his female descendants. 
 The Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI. provided (1) 
 that the lands belonging to the house of Austria should 
 be indivisible ; (2) that in the absence of male heirs these 
 lands should devolve upon Charles's daughters (the 
 eldest of whom was Maria. Theresa), according to the law 
 of primogeniture ; and (3) that in case of the extinction of 
 this line the inheritance should pass to the daughters of 
 Joseph I. and their descendants. 
 
 Prague (prag). [G. Pray, Bohem. Praha. ] The 
 capital of Bohemia, situated on both sides of 
 the Moldau, in lat. 50° 5' N., long. 14° 26' E. 
 It is the third city of the Austrian empire, an important 
 railway center, and the commercial and manufacturing 
 center of Bohemia. Among the manufactures are beer, 
 chemicals, machinery, iron, and cotton. The principal 
 quarters are the Altstadt, Neu'tadt, Kleiuseite, and Hrad- 
 schin. The cathedral lias a large and fine choir of 1385, 
 and a modern nave built, in a corresponding style. The 
 choir contains a splendid monument of marble and ala- 
 baster to the kings of Bohemia, executed in the 16th cen- 
 tury by a Flemish sculptor. The vaulting is 1 18 feet high. 
 Other objects of interest are the Teynkirche, Rathaus, 
 Karlsbriicke over the Moldau, picture-gallery, Rathaus of 
 the Neustadt, citadel, several museums, imperial palace, 
 abbey of Strahow, and Belvedere. The university, founded 
 in 1348, was very flourishing at the epoch of Huss(the be- 
 ginning of the 15th century). It contains 2 departments, 
 German and Czech. The number of students in the former 
 is about 1,700; in the latter, about 4,000. The university 
 library contains about 375,000 volumes. Founded appar- 
 ently about the 8th century, Prague was developed in the 
 13th and 14th centuries. The Hussite war broke out there 
 in 1419, and the Thirty Years’ IVar in 1618. It was taken 
 by the Imperialists in 1620, the Saxons in 1031, and by 
 Wallenstein in 1632, and the Swedes entered the Kleiuseite 
 in 1048. The French and Bavarians took it in 1741, the 
 Imperialists in 1743, and Frederick the Great in 1744. 
 Near it, May 6, 1757, the Prussians (about 68,000) under 
 Frederick the Great defeated the Austrians (75,000-80,000) 
 under Charles of Lorraine. Loss of the Prussians, 18,000 ; 
 of the Austrians, about 20,000. It was consolidated into one 
 city in 1784. A Panslavic Congress was held there in 1848, 
 during which a Czech outbreak occurred, which led to the 
 bombardment of the city by Wiiidischgriitz. Itwas taken 
 by the Prussians in 1866. Population, 224,721, (1910). 
 
 Prague, Compactata of. A settlement of the 
 Bohemian controversy by the Council of Basel 
 in 1433, by which the LIussites were granted 
 the use of the cup in the eucharist. 
 
Prague, Peace of 
 
 Prague, Peace of. 1 . A treaty concluded be- 
 tween the emperor Ferdinand II. and the Elec- 
 tor of Saxony in 1635, by which the latter re- 
 ceived Lusatia. — 2. A treaty between Prussia 
 and Austria, concluded Aug. 23, 1866, by which 
 the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom was annexed 
 to Italy, the Germanic Confederation dissolved, 
 and a new arrangement of Germany provided 
 for, excluding Austria. Austria ceded her rights 
 in Schleswig-Holstein to Prussia, and paid 
 Prussia a war indemnity of $15,000,000. 
 Praguerie (prag-re'). [F., from Prague, refer- 
 ring to the Hussite insurrection there.] An un- 
 successful insurrection in France, 1440, in op- 
 position to the establishment of a standing 
 army. 
 
 Prainal(pra'ri-al; F.pron.pra-re-al'). [F.,from 
 prairie, a meadow.] The name adopted in 1793 
 by the National Convention of the first French 
 republic for the ninth month of the year, it 
 consisted of 30 days, beginning in the years i to 7 with 
 May 20, and in 8 to 13 with May 21. 
 
 Prairial Insurrection. An unsuccessful insur- 
 rection of the populace in Paris against the Con- 
 vention, on the 1st Prairial, year 3 (May 20, 
 1795). 
 
 Prairie (pra're), The. The last in chrono- 
 logical order of Cooper’s “Leatherstocking” 
 novels, published in 1827. 
 
 Prairie du Chien (pra're du slien). [F., ‘dog’s 
 prairie.’] A city, capital of Crawford County, 
 Wisconsin, situated on the Mississippi 89 miles 
 west of Madison. Population, 3,149, (1910). 
 Prairie State, The. Illinois. 
 
 Pr aisegod Barbon or Barebones, See Barbon . 
 Praise of Folly (L. Encomium Moriae). A 
 satirical work by Erasmus, published in 1511, 
 directed against the clergy and others. 
 
 Praise of Women. A poem erroneously attrib- 
 uted to Chaucer. It was included in Thynne’s 
 list. 
 
 Prajapati (pra-ja'pa-ti). [Skt. : prajd, crea- 
 ture, and pati, lord: ‘lord of creatures.’] In 
 the Itigveda, an epithet applied to Savitar, to 
 Soma, and to Indra and Agni ; also, a special 
 genius presiding over procreation, who is in ad- 
 dition a protector of the living. Once in the Rig- 
 veda, and often in the Atharvavedaand Vajasaneyisanliita 
 and Brahmanas, Prajapati is a supreme god over the other 
 gods of the Vedic period. This Prajapati becomes the 
 Brahma of later philosophical speculation. The name is 
 also given to Manu Svayambhuva, as the son of Brahma 
 and the secondary creator of the ten Kishis from whom 
 mankind has descended. 
 
 Prajna Parainita (praj'na pa'ram-i'ta). [Skt.: 
 prajild, knowledge; ita, gone; pdram, to the 
 other shore.] Transcendental wisdom : the 
 title of the principal Sutra of the Mahayana 
 school of the Buddhists, or Great Vehicle, it 
 begins with a eulogy of Buddha and the Bodhisattvas, and 
 contains incidentally wonderful phenomena connected 
 with the apparitions of Buddhist saints, but is essentially 
 metaphysical. Its doctrine is the entire negation of the 
 subject as well as the object. 
 
 Prakrit (pra'krit). [Hkt. prakrta, natural, un- 
 changed, common ; from prakrti, original, nat- 
 ural form. Prakrit is the ‘ natural, unchanged’ 
 idiom, as distinguished from the Sanskrit 
 (‘ adorned, elaborated, perfected’ as subjected 
 to artificial regulation) ; the common, popular 
 language, in distinction from the Sanskrit as the 
 sacred and classic. But the grammarians use 
 the word in the sense of ‘ derived,’ thereby de- 
 noting the connection of the Prakrit with the 
 original Sanskrit, much of the Prakrit of books 
 being formed in accordance with rules from the 
 Sanskrit.] The general name under which are 
 comprised the various dialects which appear to 
 have arisen in India out of the corruption of 
 the Sanskrit during the centuries immediately 
 preceding our era. They form the connecting-link be- 
 tween Sanskrit and the modern Aryan languages of India. 
 The sacred languages of the Buddhists of Ceylon (Pali) and 
 the Jainasof India (Jaina Prakrit) are only different forms 
 of Prakrit, and Pali seems to have been chosen as the Bud 
 dhist sacred language to appeal to the sympathies of the 
 people. In Alexander’s time Prakrit seems to have been 
 the spoken dialect of the people. The language of the 
 rock-inscriptions of King Ashoka, which record the names 
 of Antiochus and other Greek princes (about 250 B. c.), is 
 also a form of Prakrit, and it is found on the bilingual 
 coins of the Greek kings of Bactria. It plays an impor- 
 tant part in all the ancient Hindu dramas, the highermale 
 characters speaking Sanskrit, the women and subordinate 
 male characters using various forms of Prakrit, the lan- 
 guage varying according to the rank of the speaker. The 
 oldest Prakrit grammarian, Vararuchi, distinguishes 4 dia- 
 lects (the Maliarashtri, the Paishachi, the Magadhi, and 
 the Shauraseni), while the Sahityadarpana enumerates 14. 
 Prakrit almost always assumes the Sanskrit liases, altering 
 and eliding certain letters in the original word. It con- 
 tinually affects a concurrence of vowels, which is utterly 
 repugnant to Sanskrit. 
 
 Pram (pram), Christen Henriksen. Bom iu 
 
 824 
 
 Norway, Sept. 4, 1756 : died on the island of St. 
 Thomas, Nov. 25, 1821. A Danish poet. His 
 chief work is the epic “ Starkodder ” (1785). 
 
 Prantl (pran'tl), Karl von. Born at Lands- 
 berg, Bavaria, Jan. 28, 1820 : died at Oberst- 
 dorf, Sept. 14, 1888. A German philosophical 
 writer, professor at Munich from 1847. His 
 chief work is ‘ ‘ Geschichte der Logik im Abend- 
 lande” (1855-70). 
 
 Prater (pra/ter). [From L. pratum, a meadow.] 
 A noted public park in Vienna. It is on an island 
 formed by the Danube and the Danube Canal, and is covered 
 with forest trees and intersected with magnificent drives 
 and walks. It was dedicated “to the human race” by the 
 emperor Joseph II. 
 
 Pratigau (pra'te-gou), or Prattigau (prat'te- 
 gou). An Alpine valley in the northern part of 
 the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, east of Coire 
 and bordering on Vorarlberg. 
 
 Pratisliakhya (pra-ti-sha'khya). [Skt. : prati, 
 belonging to, and slidkhd, branch, Vedic text.] 
 The name of each of a class of plionetico-gram- 
 matical treatises, each, as the name (‘belong- 
 ing to each several text’) indicates, having for 
 subject one principal Vedic text and noting all 
 its peculiarities of form. Their real purpose is to 
 show how the continuous sanhita text is to be reconstructed 
 out of the pada or word-text, in which the individual 
 words are given separately in their original form, unaf- 
 fected by sandhi or the influence of the words which im- 
 mediately precede and follow. Four are extant: that of 
 the Rigveda, translated by both Muller and Rdgnier: that 
 of the Black Yajurveda, by Whitney; that of the White 
 Yajurveda, by Weber; and that of the Atharvaveda, by 
 Whitney. 
 
 Prato (pra'to). A town in the province of Flor- 
 ence, Italy, situated on the Bisenzio 11 miles 
 northwest of Florence. It has flourishing industries, 
 being especially noted for its straw-plaiting and the pro- 
 duction of bread and biscuits. The cathedral is a pictur- 
 esque Pointed building incrusted with alternate courses 
 of black or green serpentine and gray limestone, arcaded 
 on the exterior, and possessing a handsome campanile in 
 six stages. At the southwest exterior angle there is a 
 beautiful circular pulpit, and in the interior another no- 
 table sculptured pulpit, by Mino da Fiesole. The choir- 
 chapels have very remarkable frescos by Filippo Lippi, 
 and the bronze screen of the Chapel of the Sacra Cintola 
 is hardly surpassed in 15th-century metal-work. Prato was 
 a famous art center in the Renaissance. It was stormed 
 by the Spaniards in 1512. Population, town, 19,031; com- 
 mune, 51,453. 
 
 Pratt (prat), Charles, first Earl Carndeu. Born 
 in Devonshire, England, in 1714: died at 
 London, April 18, 1794. An English jurist, cre- 
 ated Baron Camden in 1765 and Earl Camden in 
 1786. He was lord chancellor 1766-70, and presi- 
 dent of the council 1782-83 and 1784-94. 
 
 Pratt, Charles. Born at Watertown, Mass., 
 Oct. 2, 1830: died at New York, May 4, 1891. 
 An American philanthropist. He accumulated a 
 large fortune, chiefly in the oil trade. He is best known 
 as the founder of the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, which 
 was incorporated in 1886 and opened in 1887. 
 
 Pratt, Orson. Born at Hartford, N. Y., Sept. 
 19, 1811 : died at Salt Lake City, Oct. 3, 1881. An 
 apostle and missionary of the Mormon Church. 
 He joined the Mormon Church in 1830, and became an 
 apostle in 1835. He possessed an extensive knowledge of 
 the higher mathematics, and in 1354 published his dis- 
 covery of the law of planetary rotation, namely, that the 
 cube routs of the d ensities of planets vary as the square 
 roots of their periods of rotation. He wrote “Cubic and 
 Biquadratic Equations " (1866), etc. 
 
 Prattigau. See Pratigau. 
 
 Praxiteles (praks-it'e-lez). [Gr. npafmfz^f.] 
 Born at Athens about the end of the 5th century 
 B. c. A celebrated Greek sculptor. His activity 
 lasted until about the time of Alexander the Great, or 336 
 B. c. Nearly threescore of his works are mentioned in 
 old writers. The characteristics of his work are shown in 
 the statue of Hermes and Dionysos discovered in the He- 
 rseum at Olympia and identified by Pausanias’s descrip- 
 tion. Various figures in modern museums are supposed 
 to he copies of his work. Among them are the Satyr of 
 the Capitol (the “Marble Faun ” of Hawthorne’s novel) ; 
 a much more beautiful torso discovered in the Palatine, 
 and now in the Louvre ; the Silenus and Dionysus in the 
 Louvre; the Apollino of the tribune in Florence; and the 
 Apollo Sauroctonus of the Vatican. His most celebrated 
 work was the Aphrodite of Cnidus, which, next to the 
 Zeus of Phidias, was the most admired of the statues of 
 antiquity. 
 
 Pray (pra.) , Isaac Clark. Born at Boston, 1813: 
 died at New York, Nov. 28, 1869. An Ameri- 
 can journalist, theatrical manager, actor, play- 
 wright, and poet. He began to write for the press 
 when only fourteen. In 1846 he went on 'the stage in 
 London, and played for some time such parts as Alexander, 
 Hamlet, Othello, Sir Giles Overreach, etc. Among his plays 
 are “ The Old Clock, etc.,” dramatized from his novel (1836), 
 “ Csecinna,” “The Broker of Florence,” etc. He was par- 
 ticularly successful in training pupils for the stage. 
 
 Preault (pra-o'), Antoine Auguste. Born at 
 Paris, Oct. 8, 1809 : died there, Jan. 11, 1879. A 
 French sculptor. He studied in the College de Charle- 
 magne till he was sixteen, and then supported himself 
 in an ornament-modeler’s shop, devoting his leisure hours 
 to drawing in a life class managed by a celebrated model 
 of the day. From this he went to the atelier of David 
 
 Prentiss, Benjamin Mayberry 
 
 d’Angers. He executed “La mishre,” “Gilbert mourant,” 
 “La famine” (1833), “Les parias,” “Mourd,” “ Vitellius,” 
 and the famous bas-reliefs of “La tuerie” (in plaster), 
 all rejected by the jury (1834). His works were systemat- 
 ically rejected for the Salon till 1848, on account of their 
 extremely marked character. Other works are the co- 
 lossal statue of Charlemagne (1836), “Hecuba” (1836), 
 
 “ Carthage ” (1838), “L’Abbe de l’Epce” for the Hotel de 
 Ville (1844), and “Cldmence Isaure ” for the Jardin du Lux- 
 embourg (1848). Hemade the famous medallion of Silence 
 for the Jewish cemetery at P&re Lachaise in 1848; the 
 statue of General Marceau (1850) ; the Christ of the Church 
 of Saint-Gervais ; “La vierge aux Opines” (1866); “Paul 
 Huet’’(1870: funeral medallion); etc. 
 
 Pre aux Clercs (pra o klar), Le. A strip of land 
 in old Paris, which extended from the wall of 
 Philippe Auguste to the present Champ de Mars, 
 between the abbey of St.-Germain des Pres and 
 the river. It must have belonged originally to the ab- 
 bey, but was at an early date transferred to the university 
 and used as a park or campus by the students. It was for 
 many years given over to lawlessness. It is now built 
 upon. 
 
 Pre aux Clercs, Le. An opera by Herold, pro- 
 duced in 1832 at Paris. It was very successful. 
 Preble (preb'l), Edward. Born at Falmouth 
 (now Portland), Maine, Aug. 15, 1761 : died at 
 Portland, Aug. 25, 1807. An American naval 
 officer. He served in the Revolutionary War, and com- 
 manded the naval expedition against Morocco and Tripoli 
 iu 1803-04. 
 
 Preble, George Henry. Born at Portland, 
 Maine, Feb. 25, 1816: died at Boston, Mass., 
 March 1, 1885. An American admiral and naval 
 writer, nephew of Edward Preble. He entered the 
 navy as a midshipman in 1835 ; commanded the Katahdin 
 and the St. Louis during the Civil War ; was promoted cap- 
 tain in 1867, commodore in 1871, and rear-admiral in 1876 ; 
 and was retired in 1878. He wrote “History of the Preble 
 Family in America” (1868), “History of the Flag of the 
 United States of America, Naval and Yacht Club Signals, 
 etc." (1872), etc. 
 
 Precaution (pre-ka/shon). James Fenimore 
 Cooper’s first novel, published in 1821. 
 Precauzioni (pra-kout-se-6'ne). An opera by 
 Petrella, first produced at Genoa in 1851. 
 Precieuses Ridicules (pra-syez' re-de-kfil'), 
 Les. A comedy by Moliere, produced in 1659. 
 The Marquise de Rambouillet had collected around her, 
 early in the 17th century, a coterie of fine (not to say finical) 
 literary ladies, who came to be known as the “ Ptocieuses ” ; 
 and the fashion had extended to the provinces when Mo- 
 lifere wrote his play. “ The stage had been employed often 
 enough for personal satire, but it had not yet been made 
 use of for the actual delineation and criticism of contem- 
 porary manners as manners and not as the foibles of in- 
 dividuals. The play was directed against the affectations 
 and unreal language of the members of literary coteries 
 which, with that of the Hotel Rambouillet as the chief, had 
 long been prominent in French society. It has but a single 
 act, but in its way it has never been surpassed either as a 
 piece of social satire or a piece of brilliant dialogue illus- 
 trating ludicrous action and character." Saintsbury, 
 French Lit. p. 308. 
 
 Preciosa (prat-se-o'za). A play by Wolff, music 
 by Weber, produced at Berlin in 1821. 
 
 Predil (pra'dil). An Alpine pass on the south- 
 ern border of Carintbia, Austria-Hungary, 35 
 miles west-southwest of Klagenfurt, connect- 
 ing the valleys of the Drave and Isonzo. 
 Pregel (pra'gel). A river in the province of 
 East Prussia, Prussia. It is formed by the union of 
 the Pissa and Rominte, and flows into the Frisches Haff 5 
 miles below Konigsberg. Length, about 125 miles. 
 
 Preller (prel'ler), Friedrich. Born at Eise- 
 nach, Germany, April 25, 1804 : died at Weimar, 
 April 23, 1878. A noted German landscape- 
 painter. Among his best works are landscapes illustrat- 
 ing the Odyssey, in the long corridor in the museum at 
 Weimar. 
 
 Preller, Ludwig. Born at Hamburg, Sept. 15, 
 1809 : died at Weimar, June 21, 1861. A German 
 antiquary, chief librarian at Weimar from 1846. 
 
 His chief work is “ Griechische Mythologie" (1854-55). 
 With n. Ritter he published “ Historia philosophise Grae- 
 cae et Romanae ” (L836). 
 
 Prelude (pre'lud or prel'ud), The. A philo- 
 sophical poem by Wordsworth, published in 
 1850. 
 
 Prence (prens), or Prince (prins), Thomas. 
 Born in England, 1601: died at Plymouth Mass., 
 March 29, 1673. An American colonist, one of 
 the pilgrims in the Fortune. He was gover- 
 nor of Plymouth Colony 1634—38 and 1657-73. 
 Prentice (pren'tis), George Denison. Born at 
 Preston, Conn.. Dec. 18,1802: died at Louisville, 
 Ky., Jan. 22, 1870. An American journalist, 
 poet, and humorist. He became editor of the Louis- 
 ville “ Journal ” in 1831. His humorous writings were pub- 
 lished as “ Prenticeana ” in 1859. 
 Prentiss(pren'tis),BenjaminMayberry. Born 
 Nov. 23, 1819 : died Feb. 8, 1901. An American 
 general. He served as a captain of volunteers in the 
 Mexican war, and was appointed brigadier-general of vol- 
 unteers at the beginning of the Civil War, being promoted 
 major-general in 1862. He defeated Generals Theophilus 
 H. Holmes and Sterling Price at Helena, Arkansas, July 4, 
 1863. He resigned in Oct. of the same year. 
 
Prentiss, Charles 
 
 Prentiss, Charles. Born at Beading, Mass., 
 Oct. 8, 1774: died at Brimfield, Mass., Oct. 20, 
 1820. An American journalist and miscellane- 
 ous author. 
 
 Prentiss, Mrs. (Elizabeth Payson). Born at 
 Portland, Maine, Oct. 26, 1818 : died at Dorset, 
 Vt., Aug. 13, 1878. An American novelist and 
 writer of juveniles : vnfe of G. Lewis Prentiss, 
 and daughter of Ed ward Payson . Her best-known 
 work is “ Stepping Heavenward ” (1869). She also wrote 
 "Little Susy Series,” “Flower of the Family ” (1854), etc. 
 
 Prentiss, Seargent or Sargent Smith. Born 
 at Portland, Maine, Sept. 30, 1808: died near 
 Natchez, Miss., July 1, 1850. An American ora- 
 tor and politician. He was elected to Congress 
 from Mississippi in 1838. 
 
 Prenzlau (prents'lou), or Prenzlow (prents'- 
 16). A town in the province of Brandenburg, 
 Prussia, situated on the Uker and the Lower 
 Ukersee 58 miles north-northeast of Berlin, it 
 was the capital of the ancient Ukermark. Near it, Oct. 28, 
 1806, a Prussian army under Prince von Hohenlohe sur- 
 rendered to the French under Murat. Population, 
 commune, 20,929. 
 
 Preraphaelite Brotherhood, The. A band of 
 artists, originally consisting of Holman Hunt, 
 D. G. Rossetti, and J. E. Millais (joined later 
 by William Michael Rossetti, Thomas Wool- 
 ner, F. G. Stephens, and James Collinson), who 
 united in 1848 with a view of adopting a closer 
 study of nature, and as a protest .against aca- 
 demic dogma. “The Germ" was started in 1850, but 
 only four numbers were published. Its avowed object was 
 to "enforce and encourage an entire adherence to the 
 simplicity of nature.” The principle was applied to the 
 writing of poetry as well as to painting. Buskin earnestly 
 advocated the school, whose methods he defined as the 
 effort “to paint things as they probably did look and 
 happen, not as, by rules of art developed under Baphael, 
 they might be supposed gracefully, deliciously, or sublime- 
 ly to have happened." A storm of vituperative criticism 
 raged round the brotherhood for five years, and finally 
 spent itself on their successors. By 1854 the band was 
 practically broken up by divergence of methods. Over- 
 beck, who went to Borne in 1810, had with Schadow, Cor- 
 nelius, Philip Veit, and others (known by friends and ene- 
 mies as the Preraphaelites, the New-old School, etc.), built 
 up a school based on the methods of Perugino and others 
 preceding Baphael. Their work influenced Dyce. Maclise, 
 Madox Brown, Hunt, and others in England, and led to the 
 formation of the Preraphaelite Brotherhood. 
 
 Prerau (pra'rou). A town in Moravia, Austria- 
 Hungary, situated on the Beczwa 13 miles 
 south-southeast of Olmiitz. Population, 20,- 
 245, (1910). 
 
 Presanella (pra-za-nel'la). A group of the Alps, 
 in southern Tyrol, connected with the Adamello 
 Mountains, and separated from the Ortler group 
 by the Tonale Pass. Height of Monte Presa- 
 nella, 11,686 feet. 
 
 Presburg, or Pressburg(pres'borG), Hung. Po- 
 zsony (po'zhony). [L. Posonium.~\ The capital 
 of the county of Presburg, Hungary, situated 
 on the Danube in lat. 48° 9' N.. long. 17° 6' E. 
 It is a seat of considerable trade by the Danube and the 
 railway system of which it is the center, and occupies an 
 important strategic position. The notable buildings are 
 the cathedral, ruined castle, and Bathaus. It was the capi- 
 tal of Hungary from 1541 to 1784, and the seat of parliament 
 until 1848. Population, 78,000, (1910). 
 
 Presburg, Peace Of. A treaty concluded be- 
 tween France and Austria, Dec. 26, 1805. Austria 
 ceded her Venetian possessions to the kingdom of Italy, 
 Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Passau, etc., to Bavaria, and her Swa- 
 bian possessions to the South German states. Bavaria and 
 Wiirtemberg were made kingdoms. Austria received the 
 principality of Salzburg and some smaller possessions. 
 Prescot (pres'kot). A town in Lancashire, 
 England, 8 miles east of Liverpool. Popula- 
 tion, 7,855. 
 
 Prescott (pres'kot). A town in Yavapai Coun- 
 ty, Arizona, situated in lat. 34° 30' N., long. 
 112° 24' W. It is the center of a gold- and silver- 
 mining region. Population, 5,092, (1910). 
 Prescott. A town in Grenville County, Onta- 
 rio, Canada, situated on the St. Lawrence op- 
 posite Ogdensburg, New York. Population, 
 3,019. 
 
 Prescott, Harriet. See Spofford, Mrs. 
 Prescott, Richard. Born in England, 1725: 
 died in England, Oct., 1788. A British general. 
 He served in the Seven Years’ War : came to Canada in 
 1773 ; and had command of the British force in Bhode Isl- 
 and in 1777, when he was captured by William Barton. 
 H e ibecame major-general in 1777, and lieutenant-general 
 
 Prescott, Robert. Born in England, 1725 : died 
 near Battle, England, Dec. 21, 1816. A British 
 general. He served in the Revolutionary War, 
 and was colonial governor in Canada 1796-99. 
 Prescott, William. Born at Groton, Mass. , Feb. 
 20, 1726: died at Pepperell, Mass., Oct. 13, 1795. 
 An American soldier. He served in the expedition 
 to Nova Scotia in 1755, and commanded at the battle of 
 Bunker Hill June 17, 1776. 
 
 825 
 
 Prescott, William Hickling. Born at Salem, 
 
 Mass., May 4, 1796: died at Boston, Jan. 28, 1859. 
 A noted American historian. While he was an un- 
 dergraduate at Harvard one of his eyes was injured by a 
 piece of bread thrown by a fellow-student, and in a short 
 time he became nearly blind. Notwithstanding this draw- 
 back, he was able to make careful researches, principally 
 in Spanish history, employing a reader and using a special 
 writing-case. He obtained from Spain a large number of 
 valuable manuscripts. His principal works are “History 
 of theBeignof Ferdinand and Isabella ”(1838), “Conquest 
 of Mexico ” (1843), “Conquest of Peru ”(1847), and “His- 
 tory of the Beign of Philip II." (unfinished, 1855-68). 
 President. 1 . An American frigate, built at New 
 York in 1794, a sister ship to Constitution and 
 United States. At the beginning of the War of 1812 it 
 was flag-ship of the squadron commanded by Captain John 
 Bodgers. On Jan. 15, 1815, it defeated the British ship 
 Endvmion, but surrendered to her consorts. 
 
 2. An American steamer which sailed from New 
 York for Liverpool March 21, 1841. It was 
 sighted on the 24th, but was never seen again. 
 Pressburg. See Presburg. 
 
 Pressense (pra-soh-sa'), Edmond Dehoult de. 
 Born at Paris, Jan. 7, 1824 : died April 8, 1891. 
 A French Protestant theologian, orator, and 
 statesman. His works include “Histoire des trois pre- 
 miers sitcles de l’^glise chrdtienne ” (1858-61), “Discours 
 religieux ” (1859), “ Jesus-Christ, sa vie, son temps, et son 
 oeuvre "(1866), “Concile du Vatican ”(1871), “Etudes 6van- 
 g^liques” (1867), “Les origines” (1882), etc. 
 
 Prester (pres'ter) (i. c. ‘Presbyter 5 ) John. A 
 fabulous Christian monarch believed, in the 12th 
 century, tohavemade extensive conquests from 
 the Mussulmans, and to have established a pow- 
 erful empire somewhere in Asia “ beyond Per- 
 sia and Armenia,” or, according to other ac- 
 counts, in Africa (Abyssinia). Marvelous tales 
 were told of his victories, riches, and power ; and extra- 
 ordinary letters purporting to have been written by him 
 to the emperor Manuel Comnenus and to other potentates 
 were circulated. Pope Alexander III. sent him a letter by 
 a special messenger who never returned. The foundation 
 of the legend is uncertain. Sir John Mandeville gives this 
 account of the name: An emperor of India, who was a 
 Christian, went into a church in Egypt on the Saturday in 
 Whitsun week, where the bishop was ordaining priests. 
 “And he beheld and listend the servyse fulle tentyfly.” 
 He then said that he would no longer be called emperor, 
 but priest, and that he would have the name of the first 
 priest of the church, which was John. And so he has ever 
 since been called Prester John. 
 
 Prestige ( pres-tezli' ) , Fanny. Born at London, 
 Aug. 6, 1846. An actress. She made her first ap- 
 pearance at Melbourne, Australia, when only 10 years old, 
 as the Duke of York in “Bichard III.” Her first appear- 
 ance in New York was in 1863. 
 
 Preston (pres'ton). A town in Lancashire, 
 England, situated on the Ribble in lat. 53° 45' 
 N., long. 2° 42' W. It is one of the chief centers of 
 cotton manufacture in England ; and has also manufac- 
 tures of linen (dating from the end of the 18th century), 
 iron, machinery, etc. Here, Aug. 17-19, 1648, the Parlia- 
 mentarians (about 10,000) under Cromwell totally de- 
 feated the Scottish Boyalists under the Duke of Hamilton ; 
 and here in Nov., 1715, the Jacobites were defeated by the 
 British troops and compelled to surrender. The town was 
 occupied by the “Young Pretender” in Nov., 1745. 
 Bichard Arkwright was born here in 1732. It returns 2 
 members to Parliament. Population, 117,113, (1911). 
 
 Preston, Harriet Waters. Born at Danvers, 
 Mass., about 1843. An American writer and 
 translator. She lived in France and Great Britain for 
 some time, and is particularly noted for her translation 
 of Mistral’s “Mireio” in 1873. She has also translated 
 “The Life of Madame Swetchine” (1865), “Portraits de 
 femmes" from Sainte-Beuve (called “Celebrated Wo- 
 men"), etc., and has 'written “Troubadours and Trou- 
 veres ” (1876), “ A Year in Eden ” (1886), etc. 
 
 Preston, John Smith. Born near Abingdon, Ya., 
 April 20, 1809: died at Columbia, S. C., May 1, 
 1881. An American orator: a Secessionist 
 leader and Confederate general. 
 
 Preston, William. Born near Louisville, Ky., 
 Oct. 16, 1816: died at Lexington, Ky., Sept. 21, 
 1887. An American politician. He was member 
 of Congress from Kentucky 1852-55 ; United States min- 
 ister to Spain 1858-61 ; and a Confederate general. 
 
 Preston, William Ballard. Born at Smith- 
 field, Montgomery County, Va., Nov. 25, 1805: 
 died there, Nov. 16, 1862. An American poli- 
 tician. He was Wbig member of Congress from Virginia 
 1847-49; secretary of the navy 1849-50 ; and a Confederate 
 senator. 
 
 Preston, William Campbell. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, Dec. 27, 1794: died at Columbia, S. C., 
 May 22, 1860. An American politician and ora- 
 tor. He was Democratic United States senator from South 
 Carolina 1837-42, and president of South Carolina College 
 1846-51. 
 
 Prestonpans (pres-ton-panz'). A small town 
 in Haddingtonshire, Scotland, on the Firth of 
 Forth 8 miles east of Edinburgh. Here, Sept. 21, 
 1745, the Jacobites (chiefly Highlanders) under Charles 
 Edward, the “Young Pretender,” defeated the British 
 troops under Cope. 
 
 Prestwich (prest'wich). A town in Lancashire, 
 England, 4 miles northwest of Manchester. 
 Population, 12,839. 
 
 Prevost d’Exiles 
 
 Prestwich, Sir J oseph. Born at Clapham, Lon- 
 don, March 12, 1812- died at Shoreham, Kent, 
 June 23, 1896. A noted English geologist, pro- 
 fessor of geology at Oxford 1874-88. 
 Pretender, The or The Old. See Stuart, James 
 Francis Edward. 
 
 Pretender, The Young. See Charles Edward 
 Louis Philip Casimir. 
 
 Pretoria (pre-to'ri-a). The capital of the Trans- 
 vaal: seat of the executive government of the 
 Union of South Africa. Population, 38,519. 
 Pretorian Camp. A camp of ancient Rome, 
 first permanently established by Tiberius, out- 
 side of the city walls. It formed approximately a 
 square of 1,500 feet to a side, and was inclosed by a good 
 brick-faced wall 10 feet high, strengthened with towers at 
 its gates. The camp was included by Aurelian in his new 
 line of fortifications, and still forms an abrupt projection 
 in the wall on the northeast. The fortifications of Aurelian 
 are 3 times as high as those of Tiberius, and not so well built. 
 The latter, embedded as they are in the newer work, can 
 still be followed for a considerable distance. Within the 
 camp there were monumental buildings with mosaics and 
 marble incrustation. Constantine abolished the Preto- 
 rian Guard, and pulled down the wall of their camp on the 
 side toward the city. 
 
 Pretorian Guard, The. See the extract. 
 
 Some remembrance of this fact lingering in the speech 
 of the people gave always to the term Prsetorium (the Prae- 
 tor’s house) a peculiar majesty, aud caused it to be used 
 as the equivalent of palace. So In the well-known passages 
 of the New Testament, the palace of Pilate the Governor 
 at Jerusalem, of Herod the King at Caesarea, of Nero the 
 Emperor at Borne, are all called the Prsetorium. From the 
 palace the troops who surrounded the person of the Em- 
 peror took their well-known name “the Praetorian Guard.” 
 Under Augustus the cohorts composing this force, and 
 amounting apparently to 9,000 or 10,000 men, were scat- 
 tered over various positions in the city of Borne. In the 
 reign of Tiberius, on pre tenceof keeping them understricter 
 discipline, they were collected into one camp on the north- 
 east of the city. The author of this change was the noto- 
 rious Sejanus, our first and most conspicuous example of a 
 Prefect of the Praetorians who made himself all-powerful 
 in the state. The fall of Sejanus did not bring with it any 
 great diminution of the power of the new functionary. As 
 the Praetorians were the frequent, almost the recognised, 
 creators of a new Emperor, it was natural that their com- 
 manding officer should be a leading personage in the state, 
 as natural (if another English analogy may be allowed) as 
 that the Leader of the House of Commons should be the 
 first Minister of the Crown. Still it is strange to find the 
 Praetorian Prefect becoming more and more the ultimate 
 judge of appeal in all civil and criminal cases, and his of- 
 fice held in the golden age of the Empire, the second cen- 
 tury, by the most eminent lawyers of the day. This part 
 of his functions survived. When Constantine at length 
 abated the long-standing nuisance of the Praetorian Guards 
 — setting an example which was unconsciously followed 
 by another ruler of Constantinople, Sultan Mahmoud, in 
 his suppression of the Janissaries — he preserved the Prae- 
 torian Prefect, and, as we have already seen, gave him a 
 position of pre-eminent dignity in the civil and judicial ad- 
 ministration of theEmpire. But of military functionshe was 
 now entirely deprived, and thus this officer, who had risen 
 into importance in the state solely as the most conspicuous 
 Guardsman about the court, was now permitted to do al- 
 most anything that he pleased in the Empire so long as he 
 in no way touched soldiering. 
 
 Hodglan, Italy and her Invaders, I. 211. 
 
 Prettyman (prit'i-man), Prince. A whimsi- 
 cal character, in the Duke of Buckingham’s play 
 “The Rehearsal,” who alternates between be- 
 ing a fisherman and a prince, and is in love 
 with Cloris. His embarrassments are amusing and nu- 
 merous. He was intended to ridicule Leonidas in Dryden’s 
 “Marriage kla Mode.” 
 
 Preuss (prois), Johann David Erdmann. Born 
 at Landsberg, Prussia, April 1, 1785: died at 
 Berlin, Feb. 24, 1868. A Prussian historian, 
 historiographer of the royal house of Branden- 
 burg. He published “Biographie Friedrichs des Gros- 
 sen ” (1832-34), and other works on Frederick the Great. 
 Preussen (prois'sen). The German name of 
 Prussia. 
 
 Preussisch-Eylau. See Eylau. 
 
 Prevesa (pra'va-sa). A seaport in Albania, 
 Turkey, situated at the entrance to the Gulf of 
 Arta, in lat. 38° 57' N., long. 20° 46' E., near 
 the site of the ancient Nieopolis. Population, 
 about 8,000. 
 
 Prevost (pre-vo'), Augustine. Bom at Gene- 
 va, Switzerland, about 1725: died in England, 
 May 5, 1786. A British general in the Revolu- 
 tionary War. He defeated the Americans at Brier 
 Creek in 1779; was unsuccessful before Charleston in 
 1779; and defended Savannah successfully in 1779. 
 Prevost, Sir George. Born at New York, May 
 19, 1767 : died Jan. 5, 1816. A British general, 
 Son of A. Prevost. He became commander-in-chief in 
 British North America in 1811, and was defeated by the 
 Americans at Plattsburg in 1814. 
 
 Prevost d’Exiles (pra-vo' deg-zel'), Abbe An- 
 toine Francois. Born at Hesdin, Artois, April 
 1, 1697 : died in the forest of Chantilly, Nov. 
 23,1763. A French novelist. For 30 years lie spent 
 his time between the Jesuits’ schools, the army, society, 
 and the cloister. Finally he took monastic vows, but did 
 not retain them long. He fled from the country and re- 
 sided six years in Holland and England. He made a live- 
 lihood by means of his pen, and at the outset drew largely 
 
Provost d’Exiles 
 
 upon kisown fund of personal experiences for the subject- 
 matter of his writings. He achieved success with his 
 “MOmoires d un homrae de quality ” (1728-32). Then he 
 wrote “Histoire de M. Cleveland, fils naturel de Crom- 
 well, ou le philosophe anglais ” (1732-39), and his celebrated 
 masterpiece, “Histoire du chevalier Des Grieux et de 
 Manon Lescaut” (1733). A periodical publication, “Le 
 pour et le contre,” in 20 volumes, extended over 7 years, 
 beginning in 1733. He also wrote “ Le doyen de Killerine ” 
 (1735), “Histoire de Marguerite d’Anjou” (1710), “Cam- 
 pagnes philosoplriques ” (1711), “M&noires pour servir h 
 l'histoire de Malle" (1741), “L’Histoire d’une Grecque 
 moderne" (1741), “Histoire de Guillaume le Conqiffirant” 
 (1742), “ M ('moires d’un honnete homme "(1745), “Histoire 
 gdn^rale des voyages ” (1745-70), “ Manuel lexique ” (1750), 
 “Le monde moral” (1760), “ Mdmoires pour servir h l'his- 
 toire de la vertu” (1762), “Contes, aventures, et faits sin- 
 guliers” (1764), “Lettres de mentor h un jeune seigneur” 
 (1764), etc. As a translator he rendered into French works 
 of Dryden, Hume, Richardson, Cicero, etc. 
 
 Prevost-Paradoi (pra-vo'pa-ra-dol'), Lucien 
 Anatole. Born at Paris, Aug. 8, 1829: com- 
 mitted suicide at Washington, D. C., -Tuly 20, 
 1870. A French .journalist and author, an op- 
 ponent of Napoleon III. He was minister to the 
 United States in 1870. He wrote “Revue de l’histoire 
 universelle ” (1854), etc. 
 
 Priam (pri'am). [Gr. Hpiaiwc, L. Priamus.~] In 
 Greek legend, the king of Troy at the time of 
 its siege by the Greeks. He was the husband of 
 Hecuba, and the father of 60 sons, including Hector and 
 Paris. He perished at the capture of Troy. 
 
 Priapus (pri-a'pus). [Gr. Tlpiamg.'] In Greek 
 mythology, a god, a son of Dionysus and Aphro- 
 dite, the promoter of fertility and the protector 
 of shepherds, farmers, and fishermen. 
 
 Pribram, or Przibram (pzhe'brfim). A town 
 in Bohemia, situated 33 miles southwest of 
 Prague. It is noted for its silver-mines (the property of 
 the state), the most important in the Austrian empire. It 
 has also iead-mines. Population, commune, 13,328, (1910). 
 
 Pribylofi (pre'be-lof) Islands. A group of 
 islands in Bering Sea, about lat. 57° N., long. 
 170° W. , belonging to Alaska. They have come into 
 prominence in connection with the controversies between 
 Great Britain and the United States concerning the seal- 
 fisheries. 
 
 Price (pris), Bonamy. Born in Guernsey, May 
 22, 1807 : died at London, Jan. 8, 1888. Ajl Eng- 
 lish political economist. He graduated at Oxford 
 (Worcester College) in 1829, and in 1868 became professor 
 of political economy at Oxford. He published “Tbe Prin- 
 ciples of Curren cy ” (1869), “ Chapters on Practical Political 
 Economy ” (1878), etc. 
 
 Price, Fanny. The principal character in Jane 
 Austen’s novel “ Mansfield Park,” notedfor her 
 humility. 
 
 Price, Matilda. In Dickens’s novel “Nicholas 
 Nickleby,” the bosom friend of Fanny Squeers. 
 She afterward marries John Browdie. She is alluded to 
 by Miss Squeers in their little unpleasantness as “base 
 degrading ’Tilda.” 
 
 Price, Richard. Born at Tynton, Glamorgan- 
 shire, Feb. 23, 1723 : died at London, April 19, 
 1791. An English philosophical writer. In 1757 he 
 published “Review cf the Principal Questions in Morals. " 
 He is best known as a writer on financial and political 
 questions. I a 1778 he was invited by Congress to help in 
 the management of the national finances, but declined. 
 
 Price, Sterling, Born ill Prince Edward County, 
 Va., Sept. 11, 1809: died at St. Louis, Sept. 29, 
 1867. An American general. He was a Democratic 
 member of Congress from Missouri 1845-46, when he re- 
 signed and raised a Missouri cavalry regiment for the Mexi- 
 can war. He took part in General Stephen W. Kearny’s 
 march from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe, where he was 
 left in command when Kearny proceeded to California. 
 In 1847 he was promoted brigadier-general of volunteers, 
 and conquered Chihuahua. He was governor of Missouri 
 1853-57, and became a Confederate major-general in Mis- 
 souri at the beginning of the Civil War. He served at 
 Wilson's Creek, and captured Lexington in 1861 ; took part 
 in the battles of Pea Ridge and Corinth in 1862 ; commanded 
 at Iuka hi 1862 ; and commanded the district of Arkansas 
 1863-64. 
 
 Prichard (prich'ard), James Cowles. Born at 
 Ross, Herefordshire, Feb. 11, 1786: died at Lon- 
 don, Dee. 23, 1848. An English ethnologist. 
 His parents belonged to the Society of Friends. He grad- 
 uated at Edinburgh, and studied also at Cambridge and 
 Oxford. In 1810 he was a physician at Bristol. In 1813 he 
 published “Researches into the Physical History of Man," 
 and in 1831 “Eastern Origin of the Celtic Nations.” 
 
 Pride (prid), Thomas. Born at Ashcott (?), 
 near Glastonbury: died Oet. 23, 1658. An 
 English Parliamentary officer. He was originally 
 a drayman and brewer. At the beginning of the civil 
 war lie was ensign under Essex, and distinguisned himself 
 at Preston. On Dec. 6, 1648, he was delegated to “ purge ” 
 the House of Commons by ejecting the members that 
 favored reconciliation with the king. He was one of the 
 judges of the king, and signed his death-warrant. 
 
 Pride and Prejudice. A novel by Jane Austen, 
 written in 1796 and published in 1813. 
 
 Prideaux (prid'd), Humphrey. Born at Pad- 
 stow, Cornwall, May 3, 1648: died at Norwich, 
 England, Nov. 1, 1724. An English theological 
 writer, dean of Norwich. He was educated under 
 Dr. Busby at Westminster, and graduated at Oxford (Christ 
 Church) in 1672. He wrote “ Marmora Oxoniensia ex 
 Arundellianis, etc., conflata ” (“Description of the Arundel 
 
 826 
 
 Marbles," 1676), “ The Validity of the Orders of the Church 
 of England, etc.” (1688), “Connection of the Old and New 
 Testaments in the History of the Jews, etc.” (1716-18), a 
 number of ecclesiastical tracts, etc. 
 
 Pride’s Purge. In English history, the forcible 
 exclusion from the House of Commons, Dec. 6, 
 1648, of all the members who were favorable to 
 Compromise with the royal party. This was efiected 
 by a military force commanded by Thomas Pride, in exe- 
 cution of orders of a council of Parliamentary officers. 
 
 Priegnitz, or Prignitz (preg'nits). That part 
 of the ancient mark of Brandenburg which lay 
 south of Mecklenburg and northeast of the 
 Elbe and Havel. Chief town, Perleberg. 
 
 Priene (pri-e'ne). [Gr. II piyvy.\ In ancient 
 
 geography, an Ionian city situated in Caria, 
 Asia Minor, north of Miletus. The site contains 
 many ruins. The templeof Athene Polias, dedicated in 340 
 B. c., was an Ionic peripteros of 6 by 11 columns, of marble, 
 graceful in proportion and with delicate decorative sculp- 
 ture. Its walled peribolos was bordered with porticos. 
 
 Priestley (prest'li), Joseph. BornatFieldhead, 
 near Leeds, Yorkshire, March 13, 1733: died at 
 Northumberland, Pa., Feb. 6, 1804. An Eng- 
 lish clergyman and natural philosopher, espe- 
 cially celebrated as the discoverer of oxygen. 
 He was the son of a nonconformist cloth-dresser, and was 
 educated at a Dissenters’ academy at Daventry. In 1756 
 he took chargeof a small congregation at Needham Market, 
 Suffolk, which was subsidized by both Independents and 
 Presbyterians. In 1761 he was tutor in an academy at 
 Warrington. In 1767 he published the “ History of Elec- 
 tricity." He adopted Socinian views on religion, and ma- 
 terialistic views on philosophy. At this time began his 
 researches in “ different kinds of air.” About 1772 he be- 
 came literary companion to Lord Shelburne, and traveled in 
 Holland and Germany, returning to Paris in 1774. In 1774 
 he announced his discovery of “ dephlogisticated air,” 
 now called oxygen. In 1780 he removed to Birmingham, 
 and became associated with Boulton, Watt, and Dr. Dar- 
 win, grandfather of Charles Darwin. For sympathizing 
 with the French Revolution (he had been made a citizen 
 of the French republic) he was attacked in 1791 by a mob, 
 his house was broken into and burned, and his manu- 
 scripts and instruments destroyed. In 1794 he removed 
 to America. 
 
 Prieto (pi e-a'to), Joaquin. Born at Concepcion, 
 Aug. 20, 1786 : died at V alparaiso, Nov. 22, 1854. 
 AChilean general and politician. He took a promi- 
 nent part in the war for independence ; was a leader of the 
 conservative revolt of 1829-30 ; and by his victory over 
 Freire at Lircay (April 17, 1830) decided the result for his 
 party. On the death of Ovalle (March 21, 1831), Prieto be- 
 came provisional president, soon after was regularly elected 
 president, and by reelection retained the post until Sept. 
 18, 1841. On May 25, 1833, the constitution now in force was 
 adopted. A revolt was suppressed in 1836, and the same 
 year a war with Peru was commenced, resulting (Jan. 1839) 
 in the overthrow of the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation. 
 
 Prig (prig), Betsey. A nurse, tbe friend and 
 “frequent pardner” of Sairey Gamp, in Dick- 
 ens’s novel “Martin Chu?zlewit.” 
 
 Prigioni (pred-je-6'ne), Le Mie. [It., ‘My 
 Prisons.’] A work by Silvio Pellico, published 
 in 1833, describing his prison life (1820-30). 
 
 Prignitz. See Priegnitz. 
 
 Prim (prem), Juan, Count de Reus, Marquis de 
 los Castillejos. Bom at Reus, Catalonia, Spain, 
 Dec. 6, 1814: died at Madrid, Dee. 30, 1870. A 
 Spanish statesman and general. He entered the 
 army of the Cristinos in 1834, in the civil war between the 
 Cristinos and the Carlists. As a progressist he was after- 
 ward one of the chief instruments in the overthrow of 
 Espartero. While in command in 1860 of a division of 
 reserves in the war against Morocco, he gained the brilliant 
 victory of Los Castiilejos (Jan. 1), which secured for him 
 the title of marquis. He was a leader of the insurgents 
 who deposed Queen Isabella in 1868, and became premier 
 and minister of war, with the chief command of the army, 
 in the provisional government established by them. He 
 was fatally shot by an assassin Dec. 28, 1870. 
 
 Prime (prim), Samuel Irenseus. Born at Ball- 
 ston, N. Y., Nov. 4, 1812 : died at Manchester, 
 Vt., July 18, 1885. An American editor, author, 
 and Presbyterian clergyman. He became an editor 
 of the New York “ Observer ” in 1840, and contributor under 
 the name of “D’enseus.” Among his works are “Travels 
 in Europe and the East” (1855), “Letters from Switzer- 
 land ’’ (1860), etc. 
 
 Prime, William Cowper. Born Oct. 31, 1825: 
 died Feb. 13, 1905. An American author, 
 brother of S. I. Prime. He edited the New York 
 “Journal of Commerce" 1861-69, and was professor of the 
 history of art at Princeton U ni versity 1884-1905. He wrote 
 “Tent Life in the Holy Land" (1857), “I go a-fishing" 
 (1873), “ Pottery and Porcelain, etc. ” (1877), etc. 
 
 Primorskaya. See Maritime Province. 
 
 Primrose (prim'i-oz), Sir Archibald. Bom 1617 : 
 died 1679. A Scottish baronet. He supported the 
 Royalist cause in the civil war, and at the Restoration was 
 made a lord of session, with the title of Lord Carrington. 
 
 ■k His fourth son was created Earl of Rosebery. 
 
 Primrose, Archibald Philip, fifth Earl of 
 Rosebery. Born in London, May 7, 1847. A 
 British statesman. He was educated at Eton and at 
 Christ Church, Oxford, and succeeded his grandfather as 
 earl in 1868. He has occupied a prominent place in pub- 
 lic affairs. He was under-secretary of state for home af- 
 fairs 1881-83; first commissioner of works 1884-85; and 
 foreign secretary in the third and fourth Gladstone minis- 
 tries, 1886 and 1892-94. On Mr. Gladstone’s retirement 
 
 Princes, Robbery of the 
 
 from office in March, 1894, Lord Rosebery succeeded him 
 as prime minister : resigned June, 1895. He was chairman 
 of the first London county council, elected in 1889. 
 
 Primrose, Charles. The vicar of Wakefield 
 in Goldsmith’s tale of that name. He is a sincere, 
 humane, and simple-minded man, who preserves his mod- 
 esty and nobility through hardship and good fortune. 
 Mrs. Primrose is an excellent housekeeper with a passion 
 for show, and she can read any English book without much 
 spelling. George, the eldestson, was bred atOxford and in- 
 tended for one of the professions. Moses, the youngest, was 
 bred at home and distinguishes himself by going to the fair 
 in a gosling-green waistcoat, and a thunder-and-lightning 
 coat, to sell a colt, coming home with a gross of green spec- 
 tacles. The daughters are described by Dr. Primrose him- 
 self as follows : “Olivia wished for many lovers, Sophia to 
 secure one. Olivia was often affected from too great a 
 desire to please. Sophia even represt excellence, from her 
 fears to offend. The one entertained me with her vivacity 
 when I was gay, the other with her sense when I was 
 serious. But these qualities were never carried to excess 
 in either, and I have often seen them exchange characters 
 for a whole day together. A suit of mourning has trans- 
 formed my coquette into a prude, and a new set of ribbons 
 has given her sister more than natural vivacity.” Gold- 
 smith, Vicar of Wakefield, i. 
 
 Primrose Hill. All eminence about 200 feet 
 high, north of Regent’s Park, London. There is 
 a very fine view from it. In the early part of the 19th 
 century Chalk Farm, which is on the hill, was a popular 
 place for duels. 
 
 Primrose League. In Great Britain, a league 
 or combination of persons pledged to principles 
 of Conservatism as represented by Benjamin 
 Disraeli, earl of Beaconsfield (1804-81), and op- 
 posed to the “ revolutionary tendencies of rad- 
 icalism.” The object of the league is declared to be 
 “ the maintenance of religion, of the constitution of the 
 realm, and of the imperial ascendancy of Great Britain.” 
 The scheme of the organization was first discussed at the 
 Carlton Club in Oct., 1883, and the actual league made its 
 first public appearance at a grand banquet at Freemasons' 
 Tavern in London a few weeks later. The organization of 
 the league is by “ habitations ” or clubs: these obey the 
 instructions of the Grand Council, and annually send del- 
 egates to the Grand Habitation, which is held in London 
 on or near the 19th of April, the anniversary of Beacons- 
 field’s death. A noteworthy feature is the enrolment of 
 women, or “dames,” who take an active part in all the bus- 
 iness of the association, having an executive committee 
 and a fund of their own. The name and symbol of the 
 league are derived from Beaconsiield’s favorite flower, 
 which it has been fashionable to wear on the 19th of April. 
 
 Prince, The. See Principe, II. 
 
 Prince (prins), Thomas. Born at Sandwich, 
 Mass., May 15, 1687 : died at Boston, Oct. 22, 
 1758. An American clergyman and historian, 
 pastor of tbe Old South Church, Boston. He 
 published “ Chronological History of New Eng- 
 land” (1736-55). 
 
 Prince Albert Land. A district in the arctic 
 regions, about lat. 72° N., long. 115° W. 
 
 Prince Dorus (prins do'rus). A poem by Charles 
 Lamb, published in 1811. It is a poetical version 
 of the old tale of the prince with the long nose. 
 
 Prince Edward Island. An island in the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence, forming a province of the Do- 
 minion of Canada. Capital, Charlottetown, it is 
 separated from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia on the 
 southwest and south by Northumberland Strait. The sur- 
 face is undulating ; the soil fertile. It has flourishing 
 agriculture, industries, and fisheries. It is divided into 3 
 counties. Government is vested in a lieutenant-goveruor, 
 executive council, legislative council, and legislative as- 
 sembly. It sends 4 members to the Dominion Senate, 4 
 members to tbe House of Commons. It was discovered by 
 Cartier in 1534, and named Isle St. Jean ; was settled in the 
 beginning of the 18th century; was ceded by France to 
 Great Britain in 1763 ; had the present name given it in 
 1799 : and entered the Dominion in 1S73. Length, about 
 130 miles. Greatest breadth, 34 miles. Area, 2,184 square 
 miles. Population, 93,728, (1911). 
 
 Prince John. A nickname of John Van Buren. 
 
 Prince of Tarent. See Very Woman, A. 
 
 Prince of the Peace. A title given to Godoy, 
 duke of Alcudia, who negotiated with France 
 the peace of Basel, 1795. 
 
 Prince of Wales, Cape. The northwestern- 
 most point of North America, projecting from 
 Alaska into Bering Strait, in lat. 65° 33' N., 
 long. 167° 59' W. 
 
 Prince of Wales Island. 1. See Penang.— 2. 
 
 An island belonging to Alaska, situated west of 
 the mainland, about lat. 55°-56° 30' N. Length, 
 about 130 miles. — 3. A tract in the arctic re- 
 gions, about lat. 72°-74° N., long. 100° W. — 4. 
 A small island north of Cape York peninsula, 
 Australia, from which it is separated by Endea- 
 vor Strait- 
 
 Prince of Wales Strait. Aseapassageinthearc- 
 tic regions, separating Banks Land on the north- 
 west from Prince Albert Land on the southeast, 
 and leading into Melville Sound. 
 
 Prince Regent Inlet. A sea passage in the 
 arctic regions, separating Coekburn Island on 
 the east from North Somerset on the west, and 
 leading to the Gulf of Boothia. 
 
 Princes, Robbery of the. In German history, 
 the resultless abduction from Altenburg of the 
 
Princes, Robbery of the 
 
 princes Ernst and Albert, sons of the elector 
 Frederick the Gentle of Saxony, and founders 
 of the Ernestine and Albertine lines, by Kunz 
 von Kauf ungen and others, in July, 1455. 
 Prince’s Island. See Principe. 
 
 Prince’s Islands. A group of small islands in 
 the Sea of Marmora, 15 miles southeast of Con- 
 stantinople: the ancient Demonesi. 
 
 Princess (prin'ses), The. A narrative poem by 
 Tennyson, published in 1847. 
 
 Princesse de Cleves (pran-ses' de klav), La. A 
 novel by Madame de la Fayette, published in 
 1677. The scene is placed in the court of Henry II., but 
 the chief characters are the author herself, her husband, 
 Rochefoucauld, Mary Stuart and others of her contem- 
 poraries. „ . A. 
 
 Princesse d’Elide, La, ou les Plaisirs de 1 He 
 Enchantee. A play by Moliere, produced at 
 Versailles in 1664 : “ a court piece or eomodie- 
 ballet.” 
 
 Princess Ida, or Castle Adamant. An opera 
 by Sullivan, words by W. S. Gilbert, produced 
 in 1884: a burlesque of Tennyson’s “ Princess.” 
 Princess of Cleve, The. A comedy by Nathaniel 
 Lee, produced in 1681, printed in 1689. It was 
 founded on Madame de la Fayette’s romance. 
 Princes Street. The principal street in Edin- 
 burgh, Scotland. It has a magnificent view, 
 being built on one side only, and furnishes a fine 
 promenade. 
 
 Princeton (prins'ton). A borough in Mercer 
 County, New Jersey, 44 miles southwest of New 
 York. Here, Jan. 3, 1777, a victory was gained by the 
 Americans under Washington over a portion of the army 
 of Cornwallis. The Continental Congress sat here in 1783. 
 It is the seat of Princeton University (see New Jersey, 
 College of). Population, 6,136, (1910). 
 
 Prince William Sound. An inlet of the Pacific 
 Ocean, on the southern coast of Alaska. 
 Principato Citeriore (prin-che-pa'to che-ta-re- 
 o're). The former name of the province of 
 Salerno, Italy. 
 
 Principato Ulteriore (ol-ta-re-6're). The for- 
 mer name of the province of Avellino, Italy. 
 Principe (pren'se-pe), or Prince’s Island. A 
 small island belonging to Portugal, situated in 
 the Bight of Biafra, west of Africa, in lat. 1° 41' 
 N., long 7° 28' E. 
 
 Principe (pren'che-pe), II. [It., ‘ The Prince.’] 
 A famous political treatise by Machiavelli, 
 completed in 1513. It was an outgrowth of his “ Dis- 
 corsi” or comments on the history of Livy, and is a study 
 of the founding and maintenance of a state, and of the 
 character and policy of a successful despotic ruler. It re- 
 flects the unscrupulousness of contemporary Italian poli- 
 tics, and the motive of its composition has long been a 
 subject of dispute. It is probable that Machiavelli be- 
 lieved that the salvation of Italy was possible only through 
 the intervention of an autocrat such as he portrayed. 
 
 Principia (prin-sip'i-ii) : in full Philosophise 
 Naturalis Principia .Mathematica. [L. , ‘ The 
 
 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philoso- 
 phy.’] A famous work by Sir Isaac Newton, 
 composed chiefly 1685-86, presented to the 
 Royal Society April 28, 1686, and first pub- 
 lished (in Latin) in 1687 (edited by Halley). The 
 second edition (1713) was edited by Roger Cotes. It is the 
 foundation of modern astronomy, mechanics, and mathe- 
 matical physics. 
 
 Prior (pri'or), Matthew. Born, probably in 
 East Dorset, July 21, 1664: died at Wimpole 
 (Harley’s country-seat), Cambridgeshire, Sept. 
 18, 1721. An English poet and diplomatist. He 
 
 was educated at Westminster under Dr. Busby, and gradu- 
 ated at Cambridge (St. John’s College) in 1686. In 1098 he 
 was secretary to the Earl of Portland’s embassy to France. 
 In 1699 he succeeded Locke as commissioner of trade and 
 plantations, and became under-secretary of state. In 1701 
 he was a member of Parliament for East Grinstead. He 
 went as ambassador to Paris in 1712 ; was imprisoned in 
 England 1715-17, during the triumph of the Whigs ; and 
 passed the rest of his life at his home, Down Hall in Es- 
 sex. He was the author, with Charles Montague, of the 
 “City Mouse and Country Mouse” (1687: a parody on 
 Dryden’s “Hind and Panther"). He collected his poems, 
 and they were published in 1709 (“ Alma "and “Solomon ” 
 in 1718). In 1740 two volumes of his poems were pub- 
 lished, with (alleged) memoirs, and some of his best 
 poems which had not been printed before. 
 
 Prioress’s Tale, The. One of Chaucer’s “Can- 
 terbury Tales.” It is told by Madame Eglantine, and 
 is the story of the child of a Christian widow killed in Asia 
 by the Jews. Wordsworth wrote a modernized version. 
 See Eglan'inc, and Hugh of Lincoln. 
 
 Pripet (prep'et). A river in western Russia, 
 chiefly in the government of Minsk, it joins the 
 Dnieper 50 miles north of Kieff. Length, about 400 miles ; 
 navigable to Pinsk. 
 
 Priscian- (prish'ian), To Priscianus Caesarien- 
 sis (prish-i-a'nus se-zfi-ri-en'sis). Lived about 
 500 a. n. A celebrated Latin grammarian. His 
 most famous work is “ Institutiones gramma- 
 tiese ” 
 
 Priscilla Mullens. See Mullens. 
 
 827 
 
 Priscillian (pri-sil'ian), L. Priseillianus (pri- 
 sil-i-a'nus). Executed at Treves, 385 a. d. The 
 founder of a sect in Spain and Gaul, called from 
 him Priscillianists, which held a mixture of 
 Christianity, Gnosticism, and Manichseanism. 
 Priscus (pris'kus), Helvidius. A Roman pa- 
 triot, son-in-law of Thrasea Pastus, exiled by 
 Nero, and again by Vespasian who put him to 
 death. He was questor in Aehaia under Nero ; 
 tribune of the people in 56; and later pretor. 
 Prishtina. See Pristina. 
 
 Prisoner of Chillon, The. A poem by Lord 
 Byron, published in 1816, founded on the im- 
 prisonment of Bonnivard in the Castle of Chil- 
 lon in Switzerland. 
 
 Prisrend (pres-rend'). A town in the vilayet of 
 Kosova, European Turkey, situated on a branch 
 of the Drin, in lat. 42° 13' N., long. 20° 47' E. 
 Population, estimated, 30,000. 
 
 Pristina (pres-te'na), or Prishtina (presh-te'- 
 na). A town in the vilayet of Kosova, Euro- 
 pean Turkey, situated in lat. 42° 40' N., long. 
 21° 11' E. Population, est., 17,550. 
 
 Pritchard (prich'ard), Mrs. (Hannah Vau- 
 ghan). Born in 1711 : died at Bath, Aug., 1768. 
 A noted English actress. She played in early life at 
 suburban fairs, and married an actor of little talent; but 
 some years before Garrick appeared she held a leading 
 position on the London stage. She was noted both in tra- 
 gedy and in comedy, and was Mrs. Siddons’s greatest prede- 
 cessor in the characters of Lady Macbeth and Queen Kath- 
 arine. She excelled also in characters of intrigue and 
 gaiety, as Lady Betty Modish, Lady Towneley, etc. She 
 abandoned the stage in 1768. 
 
 Privas (pre-vas'). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Ardeehe, France, situated on the Ou- 
 vhze in lat. 44° 44' N., long. 4° 36' E. An ancient 
 Calvinist stronghold, it was taken and burned by the 
 troops of Louis XIII. in 1629. It has iron-mines and im- 
 portant manufactures. Population, commune, 7,000. 
 
 Privernum. See Piperno. 
 
 Probus (pro'bus), Marcus Aurelius. Born at 
 Sirmium, Pannonia: killed near Sirmium, 282 
 A. d. Roman emperor 276-282. He waged war 
 successfully against the Germans in Gaul. He 
 was killed by mutinous soldiers. 
 
 Procida (pro'che-da). A volcanic island at the 
 entrance of the Bay of Naples, 13 miles west- 
 southwest of Naples, belonging to the province 
 of Naples, Italy : the ancient Prochyta. Length, 
 2 miles. Population, 13,964. 
 
 Proclamation, Emancipation. The proclama- 
 tion by which, on Jan. 1, 1863, President Lin- 
 coln, as commander-in-chief of the armies of 
 the United States, declared as a military mea- 
 sure, in accordance with notice proclaimed Sept. 
 22, 1862, that within certain specified territory 
 in armed rebellion all persons held as slaves 
 “are and henceforward shall be free.” 
 Procne(prok'ne). [Gr. TlpStcvr/.'] In Greek legend, 
 the daughter of Pandion and wife of Tereus. 
 By Tereus she became the mother of Itys. On the pretext 
 that his wife was dead, Tereus brought her sister Philomela 
 from Athens, ravished heron the way, cut out her tongue, 
 and hid heron Parnassus. She contrived to inform Procne 
 of her story, and the two slew Itys and served him up to his 
 father to eat. Tereus was changed into a hawk, Procne 
 into a swallow, and Philomela into a nightingale. 
 Procopius (pro-ko'pi-us). [Gr. llpoKomoc.'] Born 
 at Caesarea, Palestine, probably about 490 a. d. : 
 died about 565 (?). A Byzantine historian. He 
 accompanied Belisarius on various campaigns, and wrote 
 histories of the Persian, Vandal, and Gothic wars in the 
 time of Justinian. He was also the author of a work on 
 the buildingsof Justinian (“De redifieiis”) and of a secret 
 history ( ‘Anecdota’ ) directed against Justinian. 
 
 Procopius, Andrew, sumanied “The Great.” 
 Killed in battle near Bokmisch-Brod, Bohemia, 
 May 30, 1434. A noted Hussite leader. He be- 
 came commander of the Taborites in 1424 ; gained the vic- 
 tory of Anssig, June 16, 1426; and invaded Moravia, Aus- 
 tria, Hungary, Silesia, and Saxony. lie rejected the Com- 
 pactata of Prague ; and was defeated by the Calixtines in 
 the battle of Buhmisch-Brod, May 30, 1434. 
 
 Procris (pro'kris). [Gr. llpdiipir;.'] In Greek le- 
 gend, the wife of Cephalus, by whom she was 
 slain. 
 
 Procrustes (pro-krus'tez). [Gr. XlpoKpobarT/c, 
 the stretcher.] The surname of a legendary 
 Attic robber (Damastes or Polypemon). He had 
 a bed (named from him the “ Procrustean ”) upon which his 
 prisoners were tortured : those who were too short he 
 stretched to fit it, and Ihose who were too tall had their 
 limbs cut to the proper length. 
 
 Procter (prok'ter), Adelaide Ann. Bom at 
 London, Oct. 30, 1825 : died there, Feb. 2, 1864. 
 An English poet, daughter of Bryan Waller 
 Procter (Barry Corn wall). She wrote “Legends 
 and Lyrics” (1858-60), many well-known hymns, 
 etc. She became a Roman. Catholic. 
 
 Procter, Bryan Waller: pseudonym Barry 
 Cornwall. Born at Leeds, Nov. 21, 1787: 
 died Oct. 5, 1874. An English poet and 
 
 Prometheus Bound 
 
 author. He was educated at Harrow, and was a school- 
 mate of Byron and Sir Robert Peel. In 1807 he went to 
 London to study law. In 1820 he began writing under the 
 pseudonym Barry Cornwall, and in 1831 was called to the 
 bar. From 1832 to 1861 he was commissioner of lunacy. 
 He wrote “ Dramatic Scenes and Other Poems ” (1819), ‘ A 
 Sicilian Story ” (1821), “ Mirandola " (1821 : performed at 
 Covent Garden in 1821), “ Flood of Thessaly ” (1823), “ Effi- 
 gies Poetica” (1824), “ English Songs ” (1832), and memoirs 
 of Kean, Lamb (1866), Ben Jouson, and Shakspere. 
 
 Proctor (prok'tor), Henry A. Born in Wales, 
 1765 : died at Liverpool, England, 1859. A Brit- 
 ish general. He was colonel of a regiment in Canada 
 in 1812 ; defeated the Americans under James Winchester 
 at Frenchtown in 1813 ; and was repulsed by Harrison at 
 Fort Meigs, by Croghan at Fort Stephenspn, and by Harri- 
 son at the battle of the Thames (Oct. 5, 1813). 
 
 Proctor, Richard Anthony. Bom at Chelsea, 
 England, March 23, 1837 : died at New York, 
 Sept. 12, 1888. An English astronomer. He was 
 educated at King’s College, London, and at St. John’s Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, graduating in 1860. His practical work 
 in measuring the rotation of Mars and charting the 324,- 
 198 stars of Argelander’s catalogue is specially noteworthy. 
 He published “ Half-hours with the Telescope ’’ (1868), 
 “Half-hours with the Stars ’’ (1867), “Star Atlas” (1870), 
 “The Sun ”(1871), “Borderland of Science” (1873), “The 
 Expanse of Heaven ” (1873),“ Myths and Marvelsof Astron- 
 omy ”(1877), “Old and New Astronomy” (1888-92), “Light 
 Science for Leisure Hours, ’’ “ Elementary Astronomy,” and 
 works on whist and mathematics. 
 
 Procyon (pro'si-on). [From Gr. irpoKbow, be- 
 fore the dog : so named from its rising a little 
 before the dog-star.] 1. The ancient constel- 
 lation Canis Minor. — 2. The principal star of 
 the constellation Canis Minor, the eighth bright- 
 est in the heavens. 
 
 Prodigal Son, The. An oratorio by Sir Arthur 
 Sullivan, produced at the Worcester Festival in 
 1869. 
 
 Professor, The. A novel by Charlotte Bronte, 
 published after her death, which occurred in 
 1855. 
 
 Professor at the Breakfast-table, The. A 
 
 series of sketches by Oliver Wendell Holmes : a 
 sequel to the “Autocrat of the Breakfast-table.” 
 It was published in 1860. 
 
 Profeta (pro-fa'ta), II. [It., ‘ The Prophet.’] 
 An opera by Meyerbeer, first produced at Paris 
 in 1849. 
 
 Profile (pro'fel or pro'fil). A celebrated group 
 of rocks, resembling a human face, on the side 
 of Mount Cannon, in the Franconia Range, New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 Profound Doctor, The. A name given to sev- 
 eral schoolmen, particularly to Thomas Brad- 
 wardine. 
 
 Progreso (pro-gra'so). The seaport of Merida 
 in Yucatan. 
 
 Prokesch-Osten (pro'kesk-os'ten), Count An- 
 ton von. Bom at Gratz, Styria, Dec. 10, 1795 : 
 died at Vienna, Oct. 26, 1876. An Austrian di- 
 plomatist, author, and archaeologist. He was am- 
 bassador in Athens 1834-49, in Berlin 1849-52, in Frankfort 
 1853-55, and in Constantinople 1856-71. He published 
 travels and “Geschichte des Abfalls der Griechen vom 
 tiirkischen Reich" (“History of the Revolt of the Greeks 
 from the Turkish Empire,” 1867). 
 
 Prolegomena in Homerum (prd-le-gom'e-na 
 in ho-me'rum). A critical work by F. A. Wolf, 
 published in 1795, attacking the then commonly 
 received theory of the Homeric poems. 
 
 Prome (pr5m). The capital of the district of 
 Prorne, British Burma, situated on the Ira wadi 
 in lat. 18° 49' N., long. 95° 13' E. It was taken 
 by the British in 1825. Population, 27,375. 
 
 Promessi Sposi (pro-mes'se spo'ze), I. [It., 
 ‘ The Betrothed.’] 1 . A novel by Manzoni, his 
 principal work, published 1825-27. The scene 
 is laid in Milan and its vicinity in the first part 
 of the 17th century. — 2. An opera by Petrella, 
 first produced at Leceo in 1869. 
 
 Prometheus (pro -me 'thus). [Gr. Upopr/devg, 
 forethought.] In Greek mythology, the son 
 of Iapetus and the ocean-nymph Clymene, cele- 
 brated as the benefactor of mankind. For de- 
 ceit practised upon him by Prometheus in a sacrifice, Zeus 
 denied to man the use of fire ; but Prometheus stole it from 
 heaven and brought it to earth in a hollow reed. For this 
 he was chained, by order of Zeus, on a mountain (Cauca- 
 sus), where daily his liver (which grew again at night) was 
 consumed by an eagle. He was freed by Hercules. To 
 counterbalance the acquisition of fire, Zeus sent Pandora 
 to mankind. See Pandwa. 
 
 Prometheus. 1. A drama in blank verse by 
 Goethe, begun in 1773. Ho afterward cut it 
 down to a monologue. — 2. A ballet by Beet- 
 hoven, produced at Vienna in 1802. It was ar- 
 ranged for the stage by Salvatore Vigano. 
 
 Prometheus Bound. A tragedy of JEschylus, 
 of uncertain date. Prometheus, bound to the rocks 
 by order of Zeus for his benevolence to man, resists all ef- 
 forts to subdue his will and purpose, bids defiance to the 
 father of the gods, and disappears in an appalling tempest. 
 Mrs. Browning published a poetical translation in 1833. 
 
Prometheus Bound 
 
 The “ PrometheusVinctus " brings us to the perfection of 
 /Eschylus' art, and to a specimen, unique and unapproach- 
 able, of what that wonderful genius could do in simple 
 tragedy, that is to say, in the old plotless, motionless, sur- 
 priseless drama, made up of speeches and nothing more. 
 There is certainly no other play of iEschylus which has 
 produced a greater impression upon the world, and few 
 remnants of Greek literature are to be compared with it 
 in its eternal freshness and its eternal mystery. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 258. 
 
 Prometheus Unbound. A lyrical drama by 
 Shelley, published in 1820. 
 
 Promos and Cassandra (pro'mos and kas-san 7 - 
 dra). A play by Whetstone, printed in 1578, 
 but never acted. Shakspere took the story of “Mea- 
 sure for Measure ” from this play, which is in two parts, 
 and which was in turn taken from one of Cinthio’s novels. 
 In 1582 Whetstone altered it to a prose novel. 
 
 Promptorium Parvulorum, sive Clericorum 
 
 (promp-to'ri-um par-vu-lo'rum si've kler-i-ko 7 - 
 rum). An English-Latin dictionary, said to 
 have been the first in use. Promptorium should be 
 promptuarium ( ' storehou se ’), and is so spelled by Wynkyn 
 de W orde in his edition “ Promptuarium Parvulorum Cleri- 
 corum ’’ (1510). The words were collected from various 
 authors by Fratre Galfridus (Geoffrey), called Grammati- 
 cus, a preaching friar, a “recluse of Bishop Lynne” in Nor- 
 folk. There are several manuscripts, and, besides Wynkjm 
 de Worde, Pynson printed it in 1499 and Julian Notary in 
 1508. The Camden Society published it in 1865, edited by 
 Albert Way. 
 
 Propertius (pro-per'shius), Sextus. Born at 
 Assisi, Italy, about 50 b. c. : died after 16 B. C. 
 A Roman elegiac poet: a friend of Maecenas, 
 V ergil, and Ovid. His poems are largely amatory, cele- 
 brating his mistress Cynthia (Hostia). 
 
 Prophete (pro-fat 7 ), Le. See Prof eta, 17. 
 Prophetess (prof 7 et-es), The. A play by Fletcher 
 and Massinger, licensed in 1622, printed in 1647. 
 Betterton produced an alteration of it in 1690. 
 Propontis (pro-pon'tis). [Gr. Ilpo7roirn'f,thefore- 
 sea. ] The ancient name of the Sea of Marmora. 
 PropUS (pro'pus). [Gr. Trpdnovc, the fore foot or, 
 in this case, the forward foot.] Ptolemy’s name 
 for the third-magnitude (but slightly variable) 
 double star tj Geminorum, in the northern foot 
 of Castor. 
 
 Propylssa (prop-i-le'a). [Gr. irpoKrAaia (pi.), 
 a gateway.] The monumental gateway to the 
 Acropolis at Athens, begun 437 b. c. by Mne- 
 sicles. It consists of a central ornamented passage and 
 two projecting wings, that on the north with a chamber 
 (the Pinacotheca) behind its small portico. The central 
 passage has on both west and east faces a magnificent 
 hexastyle Doric portico. At about two thirds of its length 
 it is crossed by a wall pierced with 5 doorways, the widest 
 and highest in the middle. An inclined way passes through 
 the wider middle intercolumniations of both great porches 
 and the large central door : this way was flanked bet ween 
 the west portico and the door by six tall Ionic columns, 
 whose capitals supply the most beautiful type of the order. 
 Proscritto (pro-skret'td), II. [It., ‘ The Exile.’] 
 An opera by Nicolai, produced at Milan in 1840. 
 It was afterward produced, with alterations, as “ Die Heim- 
 kehr des Verbannten” in 1844. See Ernani. 
 Proserpina (pro-ser 7 pi-na). An asteroid (No. 
 26) discovered by Luther at Bilk, May 5, 1853. 
 Proserpine (pros'er-pin), In Roman mythol- 
 ogy, one of the greater goddesses, the Greek 
 Persephone or Kora, daughter of Ceres, wife of 
 Pluto, and queen of the infernal regions. She 
 passed six months of the year in Olympus, during which 
 time she was considered as an amiable and propitious di- 
 vinity ; but during the six months passed in Hades she 
 was stern and terrible. She was essentially a personifi- 
 cation of the changes in the seasons, in spring and sum- 
 mer bringing fresh vegetation and fruits to man, and in 
 winter harsh and causing suffering. She was intimately 
 connected with such mysteries as those of Eleusis. The 
 Roman goddess was practically identical with the Greek. 
 Prosna (pros'na). A tributary of the Warthe, 
 which it joins 38 miles southeast of Posen, 
 forming part of the boundary between Prussia 
 and Russian Poland. Length, about 120 miles. 
 Prosopopoia (pros^o-po-poi'a). See Mother 
 Hubberd’s Tale. 
 
 Prosperity (pros-per'i-ti). A poem attributed 
 by Morris to Chaucer, but rejected by Skeat. 
 Prosperity Robinson. An epithet applied to 
 Frederick Robinson (Viscount Goderich), on 
 account of his eulogy of British prosperity 
 (shortly before the financial crisis of 1825). 
 Prospero (pros'pe-ro). The rightful Duke of 
 Milan in Shakspere’s “Tempest.” He is repre- 
 sented as a w'ise and good magician (not a necromancer or 
 wizard) living in exile on an island with his daughter 
 Miranda. 
 
 Pross (pros), Solomon. A spy and scoundrel 
 in Dickens’s “Tale of Two Cities.” His sister, 
 Miss Pross, a wild-looking but unselfish woman, becomes 
 the instrument of vengeance, and accidentally kills Ma- 
 dame Defarge. Also called John Hamad. 
 
 Prossnitz (pros'nits). A town in Moravia, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, situated in the Hanna plain 11 
 miles southwest of Olmiitz. Population, 30,- 
 080, (1910). 
 
 Protagoras (pro-tag'o-ras) of Abdera. [Gr. 
 
 828 
 
 II pioraydpag.'] Born about 481 b. c. : died about 
 411 b. c. A celebrated Greek sophist, the ear- 
 liest of that class of teachers. He was driven 
 from Athens on a charge of atheism, and his work “On 
 the Gods ” was publicly burned. He is best known from 
 his famous dictum “ Man is the measure of all things : of 
 those which are, that they are ; of those which are not, 
 that they are not.” 
 
 Protagoras. A dialogue of Plato: the narra- 
 tion by Socrates of a conversation which took 
 place in the house of Callias, a wealthy Athe- 
 nian, between himself, the sophists Protagoras, 
 Hippias, andProdicus, Hippocrates, Aleibiades, 
 and Critias. The theme of this celebrated dialogue is 
 virtue, its nature, unity, and teachableness : and it is also 
 a study of the sophistic teachers in the person of one of 
 their best representatives, the famous Protagoras. It 
 closes with the well-known conclusion of Socrates that 
 virtue is knowledge 
 
 Protector of the Indians. Bartolomfi de las 
 Casas, who received this official title ( Protector 
 Universal de los Indios) in 1516. Later there 
 were local protectors in the different colonies. 
 
 Protesilaus (pro-tes-i-la'us). [Gr. TlpuTsallaoc.'] 
 In Greek legend, the first of the Greeks slain 
 in the Trojan war. 
 
 Protestant Duke, The. A name given to the 
 Duke of Monmouth (son of Charles II.). 
 
 Protestantenverein (pro-tes-tan-ten-fe-rln'). 
 [G.,‘ Protestant union.’ J An association of Ger- 
 man Protestants formed at Frankfort-on-the- 
 Main in 1863. Among its objects are toleration, free- 
 dom from ecclesiastical domination, union of different 
 churches in a national church, and the development of 
 Protestantism. 
 
 Protestant Pope, The. A name sometimes 
 given to Pope Clement XIV., who suppressed 
 the Jesuits. 
 
 Proteus (pro'tus or pro'te-us). [L., from Gr. 
 Ilpureiif.] 1. In classical mythology, a sea- 
 god, the son of Oceanus and Tethys, who had 
 the power of assuming different shapes. Accord- 
 ing to the legend, Menelaus, on his return from Troy, sur- 
 prised Proteus and held him fast through all his changes 
 of form, until he learned from him how to return home. 
 2. One of the “two gentlemen of Verona,” in 
 Shakspere’s play of that name. 
 
 Prothalamion (pro-tha-la 'mi-on). A “ spousal 
 verse” by Edmund Spenser, published under 
 this name in 1596. It was written on the occasion of 
 the marriage on the same day of the two daughters of the 
 Earl of Worcester to Henry Guilford and William Petre. 
 
 Protogenes (pro-toj'e-nez). [Gr. n poroyrw??.] 
 Born at Caunus, Caria, Asia Minor (or at Xan- 
 tlius in Lycia) : lived in the second half of the 
 4th century b. c. A celebrated Greek painter of 
 Rhodes. His most famous works were the Ialysus in 
 Rhodes, afterward placed in the Temple of Peace in Rome, 
 and the Resting Satyr. Protogenes and his work were 
 greatly admired by his contemporary Apelles. 
 
 Proud Duke. A name given to Charles Sey- 
 mour, sixth duke of Somerset. 
 
 Proudhon (pro-don 7 ), Pierre Joseph. Bornat 
 Besancon, France, July 15, 1809: died atPassy, 
 Jan. 19, 1865. A French socialist. Hewastheson 
 of a cooper ; studied at the College of Besangou, and in 
 1839 obtained from the Academy of Besangon a pension 
 which enabled him to spend several years of study at Paris. 
 He was afterward (1843-47) in the employ of a commercial 
 house at Lyons. At the outbreak of the February revolu- 
 tion in 1848 he threw himself with ardor into the socialis- 
 tic propaganda at Paris; was elected a member of the Con- 
 stituent Assembly; and founded the short-lived journals 
 “ Le Peuple ’’ (1848-49), “ La Voix du Peuple ’’ (1849-50), and 
 “Le Peuple de 1850 ”(1850). He was imprisoned under the 
 press laws 1S49-52, and fled to Belgium to escape a sen- 
 tence of imprisonment on the publication in 1858 of his 
 work “De la justice dans la revolution et dans l’eglise,” 
 but was amnestied in 1860. He also published "Quest-ce 
 quela proprietd ?”(1840),“ Creation del’ordre dansl’human- 
 ite ” (1843), “ Systbme des contradictions economiques ’’ 
 
 « , “La revolution sociale, dCmontrCe par le coup 
 i ” (1852), etc. 
 
 Prout (prout), Father. The pen name of 
 Francis Mahony. 
 
 Provence (pro-vons 7 ). [From the Latin ^provin- 
 cial An ancient government of southeastern 
 France. Capital, Aix. It was bounded by Venaissin 
 and Dauphind on the north, Piedmont and Nice on the 
 east, the Mediterranean on the southeast and south, and 
 Languedoc (separated by the Rhone) on the west, corre- 
 sponding to tlie departments of Var, Basses- Alpes, and 
 Bouches-du-Rhdne, and part of Vaucluse. It is noted for 
 its fruits and a variety of other products. It was made a 
 Roman province ( provincia ) 125-105 B. C., and was after- 
 ward part of Gallia Narbonensis. It was overrun by the 
 West Goths in the 5th century, and conquered by the 
 Franks at the beginning of the 6th century. Then it was 
 part of the kingdom of Theodoric, but about 538 was re- 
 conquered by the Franks. The Saracens overran it in t he 
 8th century. On the division of the Carolingian empire 
 in 843, it went to Lothair and later to Charles the Bald. 
 Boso became king of Provence or Cisjurane Burgundy in 
 879. Provence was later part of the kingdom of Arles, 
 and was ruled by its own counts from 926. It passed to 
 the counts of Barcelona about 1112, and later to Aragon. 
 Charles of Anjou founded the Angevin line of counts of 
 Provence in 1246. Tt passed to Louis XI of trance ia MSI, 
 and was united with the crown. Its inhabitants are Pro- 
 
 Prudentius 
 
 vengals, a designation extended to include dwellers in the 
 south of France. 
 
 Proverbial Philosophy. A didactic work in 
 verse by M. F. Tupper, published 1838-67. 
 Proverbs (prov'erbz). One of the books of the 
 Old Testament, following the Book of Psalms. 
 The full title is Proverbs of Solomon (i. 1). It is a collection 
 of the sayings of the sages of Israel, taking its full title from 
 thechiefamongthem, thoughitisby no means certain that 
 he is the author of a majority of them. Portions of the book 
 are ascribed to other persons: Chaps, xxv.-xxix. are said 
 to have been edited by the “men of Hezekiah,” chap. xxx. 
 contains “the words of Agur,” and xxxi. 1-9 “the words 
 of Lemuel." The original meaning of mishle, the Hebrew 
 word translated ‘proverb,’ is ‘a comparison.’ The term is 
 sometimes translated ‘parable’ in our English Bible ; but, 
 as such comparisons were commonly made in the East by 
 short and pithy sayings, the word came to be applied to 
 these chiefly, though not exclusively. They formed one of 
 the most characteristic features of Eastern literature. 
 
 Providence (prov'i-dens). The capital of the 
 county of Providence and of the State of 
 Rhode Island, situated on Providence River, 
 at the head of Narragansett Bay, in lat. 41° 
 49 7 N., long. 71° 24 7 W. It is the largest city of the 
 State and second city of New England, a railroad and 
 steamboat center and an important manufacturing center, 
 and has a considerable coasting trade. The leading man- 
 ufactures are cotton, woolen, steam-engines, iron castings, 
 jewelry, silver-ware, and worsteds. It is the seat of Brown 
 University (which see), and of various educational and 
 benevolent institutions. It was founded by Roger Wil- 
 liams in 1636 ; was damaged by fire in King Philip’s war 
 in 1675 ; and suffered severely from a storm in 1815. It 
 became a city in 1832. Population, 224,326, (1910). 
 
 Providence River. The estuary formed by the 
 Blackstone and other rivers at the northern 
 end of Narragansett Bay. 
 
 Provincetown (prov'ins-toun). A seaport in 
 Barnstable County, Massachusetts, situated at 
 the extremity of Cape Cod peninsula, in lat. 
 42° 3 7 N., long. 70° ll 7 W. It has cod-, mackerel-, 
 and whale-fisheries. The Mayflower came to anchor here 
 in 1620. Population, 4,369, (1910). 
 
 Provincia, or Provincia Gallica(pro-vin 7 shi-S 
 
 gal'i-ka), or Gallia Provincia (gal'i-fi pro-vin 7 - 
 shi-a). In ancient geography, the part of Gaul 
 conquered by the Romans in the end of the 2d 
 century B. C. It corresponded to Provence, Dauphin^, 
 and Languedoc. Later the name was restricted to Pro- 
 vence. Compare Narbonensis. 
 
 Provincial Letters. See Pascal. 
 
 Provincias Internas (pro-ven'the-as en-ter 7 - 
 nas). [Sp.,‘ Interior Provinces.’] A colonial di- 
 vision of Spani sh America. The name was vaguely 
 used, as early as the 17th century, for the northern parts 
 of New Spain or Mexico. In 1777 (by order of Aug. 22, 
 1776) a new government was formed under this name, 
 completely separated from the viceroyalty of New Spain, 
 and comprising Nueva Vizcaya (Durango and Chihuahua), 
 Coahuila, Texas, New Mexico, Sinaloa, Sonora, and the 
 Californias. The capital was Arizpe in Sonora, and the 
 audience of Guadalajara retained its judicial authority ; 
 the governor was also military commandant. In 1786 
 and 1787-93 the government was again subordinate to the 
 viceroy. When the final separation was made in 1793, 
 California was attached to Mexico. Later the Provincias 
 Internas were divided into two military districts, the Oc- 
 cidente and Oriente, Californiabeing united to the former : 
 this change went into effect in 1810. 
 
 Provincias Unidas de la Plata. See La Plata. 
 Provincias Unidas del Centro de America. 
 
 The official name of the Central American con- 
 federated states, declared by the Constituent 
 Congress, July 1, 1823. The provisional government 
 was an executive of three members and the existing courts. 
 With the constitution adopted Nov. 22, 1824, the name 
 became Estados Federados de Centro- America. 
 
 Provins (pro-van 7 ). A town in the department 
 of Seine-et-Mame, France, at the junction of 
 the Duretin and Voulzie, 50 miles southeast of 
 Paris. The Church of St. Quiriace, the Grosse Tour 
 (keep), and the ancient ramparts are notable. It was a 
 large and important city in the middle ages, but declined 
 in the English and religious wars. Population, com- 
 mune, 8,664. 
 
 Provisions of Oxford. See Oxford, Provisionsof. 
 Provo (pro'vo), or Provo City. The capital of 
 Utah County, Utah, situated on Utah Lake 40 
 miles south by east of Salt Lake City. It is a 
 railroad and manufacturing center. Popula- 
 tion, 8,925, (1910). 
 
 Provoked Husband, The. A comedy begun 
 by Vanbrugh, who wrote nearly four acts be- 
 fore his death, under the title “A Journey to 
 London.” It was finished by Cibber, and pro- 
 duced in 1728. 
 
 Provoked Wife, The. A comedy by Vanbrugh, 
 produced in 1097. It was revived in 1726. 
 Pruckner (prok'ner), Caroline. Born at Vi- 
 enna, 1832. A noted teacher of singing, she 
 
 opened a school of opera in 1870 at Vienna, and has pub- 
 lished a“Theorie und Praxis derGesangskunst" (1872 and 
 1883). 
 
 Prudentius (pro-den'shi-us), Aurelius Clem- 
 ens. Born probably in Spain, 348 a. d. : lived 
 about 400. A Latin poet, author of hymns and 
 
Frudentius 
 
 other poems on religious subjects: the chief 
 Christian poet of the early church. 
 Prudhomme (pru-dom'), Monsieur Joseph. 
 A self-satisfied character created by Henri Mon- 
 nier in 1852, noted for his high-sounding but 
 empty phrases. He is frequently quoted and referred 
 to in French literature. His name was taken from the Old 
 French term signifying ‘righteous man,’ used for a mem- 
 ber of a council composed of workmen and employers, 
 appointed for the settlement of disputes between the two 
 
 . classes. 
 
 Prudhomme, Bene Francois Armand Sully-. 
 
 Born at Paris, March 16, 1839: died near there, 
 Sept. 7, 1907. A French poet. He published his 
 first poems, “Stances et poemes," in 1865. Among his 
 works are “ Les epreuves, etc. ” (I860), “ Les solitudes ” 
 (1869), “Les destins” (1872), “La revolte des Hems” 
 (1874), “La France ” (1874), “La justice" (1878), etc. 
 
 Sainte-Beuve observed of M. Sully Prudhomme that he 
 belonged to none of the schools of contemporary poetry. 
 “His was rather the noble ambition of conciliating them, 
 of deriving from them and reuniting in himself what was 
 good in each. With much skill in the treatment of form, 
 he was not indifferent to the idea; and, among ideas, he 
 did not adopt any group to the exclusion of the rest.” 
 This rightly defines the position of Sully Prudhomme. 
 
 Doicden, Studies in Lit., p. 425. 
 
 Prudhon ( prii-don' ), Charles Francois Joseph. 
 Born at Paris, July 24, 1845. A French come- 
 dian. He is a pupil of R^gnier; made his debut at the 
 Comddie Franqalse in 1865 ; and was elected a member in 
 1883. 
 
 Prud’hon, Pierre Paul. Born at Cluny, France, 
 April 4, 1758 : died at Paris, Feb. 16, 1823. A 
 French historical and portrait painter. He was 
 a pupil of Desvoges at Dijon, and later at the Beaux Arts. 
 He won the grand prix de Rome in 1782, and lived at Rome 
 7 years, returning to Paris in 1789, where his reputation 
 was established in 1794. Among his best works are “Di- 
 vine Justice and Vengeance pursuing Crime” (1808: in 
 the Louvre), “ Rape of Psyche” (1812), “Demeter in the 
 House of Neaera," “Interview between Napoleon I. and 
 Francis II. after Austerlitz,” etc. 
 
 Prue (pro), Miss. In Congreve’s play “ Love 
 for Love,” a romping awkward country girl 
 with a well-developed taste for a lover. She 
 is taken from Wycherley’s “Country Wife.” 
 Prusa (pro'sa). The ancient name of Brusa. 
 Prussia (prush'a), G. Preussen (prois'sen). 
 [F. Prusse, D. Pruissen, It. Prussia, Sp. Prusia, 
 Dan. Preussen.] A kingdom of northern Ger- 
 many, extending from lat. 49° 7' to 55° 54' N., 
 and from long. 5° 52' to 22° 54' E. : the largest 
 state in area and population of the German 
 Empire. Capital, Berlin. It is hounded by the North 
 Sea, Oldenburg, Denmark, Mecklenburg, and the Baltic 
 on the north, Russia on the east, the Austrian empire, 
 the kingdom of Saxony, the Thuringian states, Bavaria, 
 Hesse, and Alsace-Lorraine on the south, and Luxemburg, 
 Belgium, and the Netherlands on the west. It comprises 
 also the detached territory of Hohenzollern and several 
 smaller exclaves. Among the islands belonging to Prussia 
 are Riigen, Fehmem, the North Friesian Islands, and 
 Helgoland. The northern and eastern parts belong to 
 the great northern plain of Europe. In the south and 
 southwest the surface is chiefly hilly or mountainous — 
 the principal ranges there being the Sudetic Mountains on 
 the border of Austria, and the Thuringian and Harz Moun- 
 tains, while further west are the Weser Mountains, Teu- 
 toburgerwald, Taunus, Westerwald, etc. There are many 
 small lakes in the north and northeast. The principal 
 rivers are the Ems, Weser, Elbe (with the Spree and Ha- 
 vel), Eider, Oder, Vistula, Pregel, Niemen, and Rhine 
 (with the Moselle). Among the agricultural products are 
 rye, wheat, oats, barley, millet, fruit, hemp, flax, hops, 
 beet-root, tobacco, and maize. Wines are largely produced 
 in the west. There is large production of coal and iron, 
 and the country yields about one-third of the zinc in the 
 world ; there are also mines of copper, lead, salt, nickel, 
 alum, sulphur, etc. Prussia is one of the principal man- 
 ufacturing countries of the world. The exports include, 
 besides manufactured goods, timber, grain, wool, tobacco, 
 live stock, etc. The kingdom is subdivided into 12 prov- 
 inces, not including Berlin and Hohenzollern : East Prus- 
 sia, West Prussia, Pomerania, Posen, Brandenburg, Saxony, 
 Silesia, Hannover, Schleswig-Holstein, Westphalia, Hesse- 
 Nassau, and Rhine Province. The government is a he- 
 reditary constitutional monarchy, administered by a king 
 and a Landtag consisting of two chambers : the Herren- 
 haus, or House of Lords, and the Abgeordnetenhaus of 433 
 members. Prussia is the principal state in the empire, 
 and has 17 votes in the Bundesrat and 236 members in the 
 Reichstag. Its king is the German emperor. About seven 
 eighths of the inhabitants are Germans; the remainder 
 include Poles, with a smaller number of Lithuanians, 
 Danes, Wends, and Czechs, and afew Walloon-. The dom- 
 inant religion is Protestant (Evangelical Church), but 
 about one third are Roman Catholics. Prussia had its 
 origin in the Nordmark, which grew into the mark of 
 Brandenburg; this, united with the duchy of Prussia 
 (1618), developed in the 17th century under the Great 
 Elector. The elector Frederick IH. assumed the title of 
 Frederick 1., king of Prussia, in 1701. Neuchatel with 
 other territory was acquired in 1707, and part of Gelderland 
 in 1713. A large part of Swedish Pomerania was annexed 
 in 1720. Prussia rose to a place among the European 
 powers in the reign of Frederick the Great (1740 80), lead- 
 ing events in which were the acquisition of Silesia in 1742 
 and the Seven Years’ War 1756-63. By the first partition 
 of Poland (1772) West Prussia was acquired with the Netze 
 district and Ermeland. Prussia was at war with France 
 1792-95. By the partitions of Poland in 1793 and 1795 Po- 
 
 8'29 
 
 sen and the Polish territories as far as the Pilica, Vistula, 
 and Bug were annexed. Prussia lost to France her ter- 
 ritories west of the Rhine in 1801 ; received in 1803 the 
 bishoprics of Paderborn and Hildesheim, and large parts of 
 Munster, Nordhausen, Goslar, Erfurt, the Eichsfeld, and 
 Miihlhausen ; received Hannover in 1805 in return for An s- 
 bach, Cleves, and Neuchatel; was totally overthrown (at 
 Jena, etc.) by France in 1806; lost in 1807 about half its 
 territories, including its possessions on the leftof the Elbe, 
 Kottbus, and the larger part of its territories acquired from 
 Poland in 1793 and 1795, and was reduced to a second-rate 
 state ; and took a prominent part in the War of Liberation 
 (1813), and in the overthrow of Napoleon (1.814 and 1815). 
 By the Congress of Vienna it acquired nearly all its for- 
 mer possessions (but not Hannover or the Polish territory 
 lost in 1807), also parts of the electorates of Cologne and 
 Treves, Swedish Pomerania, Berg, Jiilich, Westphalia, Sie- 
 gen, and large parts of Saxony(Wittenberg,Torgau,etc.). It 
 entered the Germanic Confederation, and belonged to the 
 Holy Alliance. Revolutionary outbreaks occurred in 1848. 
 It was at war with Denmark in 1848-49, and suppressed in- 
 surrections in Saxony, Baden, and elsewhere in 1S49. 
 Prussia, Saxony, and Hannover were united in an alliance 
 in 1849. A constitution was adopted in its final form in 
 1850. Concessions were made to Austria in the Conference 
 of Olmiitz, 1850. Prussia interfered in Schleswig-Holstein 
 in 1851, and renounced its rights to Neuchatel in 1857, 
 After the accession of William I. in 1861 a parliamentary 
 struggle took place between Bismarck and the liberals. 
 The complications resulting from the Danish war of 1864 
 (see Schleswig-Holstein wars ) led in 1866 to the war (in con- 
 junction with Italy) against Austria allied with the South 
 German states, Saxony, and Hannover. By the victory of 
 1866 Prussia acquired II annover, Nassau, Frankfort, Hesse- 
 Cassel, and Schleswig-Holstein, became the first German 
 state, and formed the North German Confederation. By 
 the war between France and Germany in 1870-71 the new 
 German Empire was formed, with the crown hereditary in 
 the Prussian dynasty. More recent events are the acces- 
 sion of Frederick III. and of William II. (both in 1888), 
 and the retirement of Bismarck in 1890. (Compare Ger- 
 many.) Area, 134,616 square miles. Population, 40,157,- 
 673, (1910). 
 
 Prussia. A former province of the kingdom of 
 Prussia. East and West Prussia were united 
 into this from 1829 to 1878. 
 
 Prussia, Duchy of. A former duchy correspond- 
 ing nearly to the present province of East Prus- 
 sia (minus Ermeland). The ancient inhabitants (Prus- 
 sians) were conquered by the Teutonic Knights in the 13th 
 century. West Prussia was ceded to Poland in 1466, East 
 Prussia remaining a Polish fief. The secular duchy was 
 constituted in 1525; it was united to Brandenburg in 1618. 
 
 Prussia, East, G. Ostpreussen(ost-prois'sen). 
 
 A province of the kingdom of Prussia. Capital, 
 Konigsberg. It is bounded by the Baltic on the north- 
 west, Russia on the northeast and east, Russian Poland on 
 the south, and West Prussia on the west. The surface is 
 generally low. It contains the two government districts of 
 Konigsberg and Gumbinnen, and corresponds generally 
 to the ancient duchy of Prussia with the addition of Erme- 
 land. Area, 14,786 square miles. Population, 2,030,- 
 176. 
 
 Prussia, New East. A region now belonging 
 to Russian Poland, acquired by Prussia in the 
 partitions of Poland in 1793 and 1795, and lost in 
 1807. It lay north of the Vistula and Bug, and south and 
 east of East Prussia and West Prussia. 
 
 Prussia, Polish. A former division of the an- 
 cient kingdom of Poland, forming the greater 
 portion of the present province of West Prussia, 
 Prussia. 
 
 Prussia, Rhenish. See Rhine Province. 
 
 Prussia, South. A former province of the king- 
 dom of Prussia, acquired iu the partitions of 
 Poland of 1793 and 1795. It comprised nearly all the 
 present province of Posen south of the Netze district, and 
 the part of present Russian Poland lying between the Vis- 
 tula and Pilica. 
 
 Prussia, West, G. Westpreussen (vest'prois // - 
 sen). A province of the kingdom of Prussia. 
 Capital, Dautzic. It is bounded by the Baltic on the 
 north, East Prussia on the east, Russian Poland and Posen 
 on the south, Brandenburg on the southwest, and Pome- 
 raniaon the westand northwest. The surface is generally 
 low. It contains the two government districts Dantzic and 
 Marienwerder, and corresponds in the main to the regions 
 acquired in the different, partitions of Poland. Area, 
 9,861 square miles. Population, 1,641,746. 
 
 Pruth (proth ; G. pron. prot). A river in eastern 
 Europe. It rises in Galicia, flows through Bukowina, 
 forming the boundary between Moldavia and Bessarabia 
 (in Russia), and joins the Danube at Reni east of Galatz. 
 Length, over 500 miles ; navigable to near Jassy. 
 
 Pruth, Peace of the. A treaty concluded at 
 Hush between Russia and Turkey, July 23, 1 71 1 . 
 
 Peter the Great and his army (which had been blockaded 
 at Hush, near the Pruth) were relieved ; Azoff and other 
 possessions were ceded to Turkey ; and it was stipulated 
 that Charles XII. of Sweden should be permitted to return 
 home unmolested. Called also the treaty of Falczi. 
 
 Prynne (prin), Hester. The principal char- 
 acter of Hawthorne’s “ Scarlet Letter.” She is 
 doomed to wear a scarlet A embroidered on her breast as 
 a penance for her adultery with her husband’s friend. See 
 IKm/mesdale, A rthur. 
 
 Prynne (prin), William. Born at Swainswick, 
 near Bath, 1600: died at London, Oct. 24, 1669. 
 An English Presbyterian lawyer, pamphleteer, 
 and statesman. He graduated at Oxford in 1621, en- 
 tered Lincoln’s Inn in the same year, and was afterward 
 called to the bar. In 1633 he published “ Histriomastix.” 
 For indirectly criticizing the king and queen in this book 
 
 Ptah 
 
 he was sentenced by the Star Chamber to be imprisoned 
 and fined £5,000, expelled from his profession, degraded 
 from his university degree, and set in the pillory, where 
 he lost both his ears. In 1640 he was released by the Long 
 Parliament. In 1643 he entered upon the prosecution of 
 Archbishop Laud. On Nov. 7, 1648, he obtained a seat in 
 the House of Commons. He at once took the part of the 
 king, and was included in Pride’s Purge (Dec, 6, 1648). He 
 was arrested by Bradshaw June 30, 1650, and Imprisoned. 
 He was released Feb. 18, 1653. He was appointed by 
 Charles II. keeper of the records in the Tower. In 1666- 
 1670 he published the “Vindication of the Ecclesiastical 
 Jurisdiction of the English Kings." 
 
 Przemysl (pzhera'isl). A fortified town in Ga- 
 licia, Austria-Hungary, situated on the San 54 
 miles west of Lemberg. It has an active trade ; con- 
 tains two cathedrals ; and is one of the oldest towns of 
 Poland. It was founded in or about the 8th century. 
 Population, 54,069, (1910). 
 
 Przibram. See Pribram. 
 
 Psalms (samz), or the Book of Psalms. A 
 
 book of the Old Testament which contains 150 
 salms and hymns. The authorship of a large num- 
 er of the psalms is ascribed traditionally to David. Many 
 of them, however, are supposed to date from the time of 
 the exile or later. The book is often called the ‘ ‘ Psalter," 
 but that term is usually restricted to those versions of or 
 compends from it which are arranged especially for the 
 services of the church. The translation of the Psalter in 
 the Book of Common Prayer is not that of the author- 
 ized version, but that of the earlier version of Cranmer’s 
 Bible. 
 
 The Psalter, as we have it, unquestionably contains 
 Psalms of the Exile and the new Jerusalem. It is also 
 generally admitted to contain Psalms of the period of 
 David, thus embracing within its compass poems extend- 
 ing over a range of some five hundred years. 
 
 W. R. Smith, Old Testament in the Jewish Ch., p. 176. 
 
 Psammenitus. See Psammetichus III. 
 Psammetichus(sa-met'i-kus) I., or Psemtliek, 
 or Psametik. Reigned 666-610 b. c. (Brugsch). 
 An Egyptian king, the founder of the 26th dy- 
 nasty. He freed Egypt from Assyrian rule, opened the 
 country to the Greeks, and reunited the kingdom. 
 
 Psammetichus III., or Psammenitus (sam-e- 
 ni'tus). King of Egypt, son of Amasis. He was 
 defeated at Pelusium by Cambyses 525 B. c., and Egypt be- 
 came a Persian province. 
 
 Psara. See Ipsara. 
 
 Psellus (sel'us), Michael, surnamed “The El- 
 der.” Born in Andros, Greece. A Byzantine 
 author who lived in the second half of the 9th 
 century. 
 
 Psellus (sel'us), Michael Constantine, sur- 
 named “The Younger.” Born at Constan- 
 tinople, 1020 ; died after 1105. A Byzantine 
 philosopher and author. Among liis numerous 
 works is “Opus in quatuor mathematicas discipliuas — 
 arithmeticam, musicam, geometriam, et astronomiam ” 
 (Venice, 1532). 
 
 Pseudodoxia Epidemica (su-do-doks'i-a ep-i- 
 dem'i-ka), or an Enquiry into Vulgar Errors. 
 
 A work by Sir Thomas Browne, published in 
 1646. It is his most popular and important work, 
 commonly known as “Vulgar Errors.” 
 Psiloriti (pse-16-re'te), Mount. The modern 
 name of Mount Ida in Crete. 
 
 Pskof (pskof ). 1 . A government of Russia, sur- 
 rounded by the governments of St. Petersburg, 
 Novgorod, Tver, Smolensk, Vitebsk, and Livo- 
 nia. It contains many swamps and lakes. Area, 16,678 
 square miles. Population, 1,317,600. 
 
 2. The capital of the government of Pskoff, sit- 
 uated on the Velikaya in lat. 57° 50' N., long. 
 28° 22' E. In the middle ages it was a republic, sustain- 
 ing close relations with Novgorod ; carried on an exten- 
 sive trade with the towns of the Hanseatic League ; and 
 successfully resisted the attacks of the Livonian Knights. 
 It was conquered by Moscow in 1510. Pop., 30,478. 
 
 Pskof, Lake. A lake in Russia, forming the 
 southern extension of Lake Peipus. Length, 
 50 miles. 
 
 Psyche (sl'ke). [L., from Gr. i breath, 
 spirit, life, the spirit, soul, mind, etc.; a depart- 
 ed spirit, ghost, etc. ; also, a butterfly or moth 
 as the symbol of the soul.] 1. In classical 
 mythology, the personified and deified soul or 
 spirit, the beloved of Eros, hy whom she was 
 alternately caressed and tormented, she was con- 
 sidered as a fair young girl, often with the wings of a but- 
 terfly, and the butterfly was her symbol. See Cupid and 
 Psyche. 
 
 2. The sixteenth planetoid, discovered hy De 
 Gasparis at Naples, March 17, 1852. 
 
 Psyche. A religious poem, in 24 cantos, hy Jo- 
 seph Beatimont, published in 1648. 
 
 Psyche. A tragicomedy hy Moli6re, Pierre Cor- 
 neille, and Quinault, pi’oduced in 1670. 
 
 Psyche of Capua. A celebrated Greek torso, 
 undraped, in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. The 
 
 head is bent in sorrow. It is a copy from Praxiteles or his 
 immediate school, and is somewhat injured. 
 
 Ptah (ptii). In Egyptian mythology, an impor- 
 tant deity, though not one of the oldest. He was 
 the creative force (not solar), the divine builder, the vivi- 
 
Ptah 
 
 tying intellectual power, honored especially at Memphis. 
 He was represented in human form, sometimes as a pygmy 
 or embryo. 
 
 Pteria (te'ri-a). [Gr. Tlrepia.j In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a place in Cappadocia, Asia Minor: the 
 scene of a battle between Cyrus the Great and 
 Croesus 554 (?) B. c. 
 
 P. T. Letters. A series of letters published by 
 Pope. 
 
 Never, surely, did all the arts of the most skilful diplo- 
 macy give rise to a series of intrigues more complex than 
 those which attended the publication of the “ P. T. Let- 
 ters.” An ordinary man says that he is obliged to publish 
 by request of friends, and we regard the transparent de- 
 vice as, at most, a venial offence. But in Pope’s hands 
 this simple trick becomes a complex apparatus of plots 
 within plots, which have only been unravelled by the per- 
 severing labours of the most industrious literary detectives. 
 The whole story is given for the first time at full length 
 in Mr. Ehvin’s edition of Pope, and the revelation borders 
 upon the incredible. 
 
 Leslie Stephen , Hours in a Library, p. 101. 
 Ptolemais (tol-e-ma'is). [Gr. JlTolefiap.'] In 
 ancient geography: (a) A city in Cyreuaiea, 
 west of Cyrene. ( b ) A later name of Aceho. 
 Bee Acre, (c) Ptolemais Theron, a town on the 
 west coast of the Red Sea, about lat. 18° N. 
 Ptolemy (tol'e-mi) I., surnamed Soter (‘Pre- 
 server ’) and Lagi (‘ son of Lagus ’). [L. Ptole- 
 rnseus , from Gr. Ylro'/xualor.) Died 285 B. C. 
 King of Egypt, founder of the Greek dynasty 
 in that country. Hewas the alleged son of Lagus, a Ma- 
 cedonian of ignoble birth, and Arsinoe; but, as Arsinoe had 
 been the concubine of Philip II. of Macedon, he was com- 
 monly supposed by his contemporaries tobe the son of that 
 monarch. He rose to a high command in the army under 
 Alexander the Great, and in the distribution of the prov- 
 inces on the latter’s death in 323 obtained the government 
 of Egypt. He formed an alliance with Antipater against Per- 
 diccas, the regent in Asia, who invaded Egypt in 321 but 
 was murdered by his own troops. He afterward concluded 
 an alliance with Cassander, Seleucus, and Lysimachus 
 against Antigonus, who fell in the battle of Ipsus in 301. 
 He assumed the title of king in 306. In 304 his efficient 
 support of the Rhodians enabled the latter to repel a for- 
 midable attack by Demetrius, whence he received the 
 surname Soter or Preserver. He abdicated in favor of his 
 sor. Ptolemy II. in 285. 
 
 Ptolemy II., surnamed Philadelphia. Bornin 
 the island of Cos, 309 B. c.: died 247 B. c. King 
 of Egypt 285-247, son of Ptolemy I. He annexed 
 Phenicia and Coele-Syria ; encouraged commerce, litera- 
 ture, science, and art ; and raised the Alexandrian Mu- 
 seum and Library, founded by his father, to importance. 
 
 Ptolemy III., surnamed Euergetes (‘ Benefac- 
 toi ’). Died 222 b. c. King of Egypt 247-222, 
 son of Ptolemy II. whom he succeeded in 247. 
 To avenge his sister Berenice (see Antiochus II. of Syria), 
 he invaded Syria about 245, and captured Babylon, but 
 was recalled in 243 by a revolt in Egypt. 
 
 Ptolemy IV., surnamed Philopator (‘Loving 
 his Father’). King of Egypt 222-205 (204?) 
 B. c., son of Ptolemy III. He defeated Antio- 
 chus the Great at Raphia in 217. 
 
 Ptolemy V., surnamed Epiphanes (‘Illustri- 
 ous’). King of Egypt 205 (204?)-181 b. c., son 
 of Ptolemy IV. His dominions were overrun by An- 
 tiochus the Great, and saved only by the interference of 
 Borne. He married Cleopatra, daughter of Antiochus the 
 Great, in the winter of 193-192, in accordance with a treaty 
 of peace concluded with Antiochus someyears previously. 
 
 Ptolemy VII., surnamed Philonietor. Died 146 
 b. c. King of Egypt, son of Ptolemy V. whom 
 he succeeded in iSl B. C. Hewas captured during 
 an invasion of Egypt by Antiochus Epiphanes, king of 
 Syria, in 170, whereupon his younger brother Ptolemy IX. 
 proclaimed himself king. He was presently released by 
 Antiochus, and for a time reigned conjointly with his 
 brother. Expelled by his brother, he sought relief in per- 
 son at Rome in 164, and was reinstated at Alexandria, his 
 brother being forced to retire to Cyrene, which he was al- 
 lowed to hold as a separate kingdom. 
 
 Ptolemy IX., surnamed Euergetes or Pliys- 
 con. Died 117 B. C. King of Egypt. He was a 
 
 younger brother of Ptolemy VII., on whose death in 146 
 he usurped the throne, putting to death the legitimate 
 heir. (For Ptolemy IX.’s history previous to this event, 
 see Ptolemy V 11.) He was expelled from Alexandria by 
 the populace in 130, but recovered his capital in 127. 
 
 Ptolemy X., surnamed Soter (‘Saviour’) or 
 Philometor, also called Lathyrus. Died 81 
 B. C. King of Egypt, son of Ptolemy IX. Phys- 
 con, ou whose death in 117 he ascended the 
 throne conjointly with his mother Cleopatra. 
 He was in 107 expelled from Egypt by Cleopatra, who 
 raised her favorite son Ptolemy XI. Alexander to the 
 throne in his stead. lie succeeded, however, in maintain- 
 ing himself in Cyprus, which he held as an independent 
 kingdom, until the death of his mother in 88, when he 
 was recalled by the Alexandrians, who had in the mean- 
 time expelled his brother. 
 
 Ptolemy XIII., surnamed Neus Dionysus and 
 Auletes (‘ Flute-player ’). Died 51 B. c. King 
 of Egypt, illegitimate son of Ptolemy X. La- 
 thyrus. lie succeeded to the throne on the extinction 
 of the legitimate line of the Ptolemies in si b. c. He was 
 expelled by the populace in 58, but was restored by the 
 Romans in 55. 
 
 Ptolemy XIV. Died in 48 or 47 B. C. King of 
 Egypt, son of Ptolemy XIII. Auletes. lie ascended 
 
 830 
 
 the throne in 52 conjointly with his sister Cleopatra, whom 
 he expelled in 49. The reinstatement of Cleopatra by C®- 
 sar in 48 gave rise to war. Ptolemy was defeated ou the 
 Nile, and was drowned in the flight. 
 
 Ptolemy. Died 40 a. d. King of Mauretania, 
 the son of Juba II. and grandson of Antony 
 and Cleopatra. He was summoned to Rome and put 
 to death by Caligula (40 A. D.), whose cupidity had been 
 excited by his great wealth. 
 
 Ptolemy, L. Claudius Ptolemaeus (kla'di-us 
 tol-e-me'us). Born at Alexandria: flourished in 
 the first half of the 2d century A. D. A cele- 
 brated Alexandrian astronomer, geographer, 
 and mathematician. He “built up a mathematical 
 system of astronomy and geography which was universally 
 received until, in the course of the 16th and 17th centuries, 
 the system of Copernicus displaced it. Ptolemy believed 
 that the sun, planets, and stars revolved round the earth. 
 His error in calculating the circumferenceof theglobe war- 
 ranted Columbus in supposing that the distance from the 
 western coast of Europe to the eastern coast of Asia was 
 about one third less than it actually is ; and thus encour- 
 aged the enterprise which led to the discovery of America” 
 ( Jebh ). His recorded observations (at Canopus) extend 
 from 127 to 151 A. D. His astronomical and mathematical 
 work is contained in the “ Syntaxis," called by the Arabs 
 “Almagest” (which see). 
 
 Puans, See Winnebago. 
 
 PublilianLaws(pub-lil'i-anlaz). 1. In Roman 
 history, a law passed about” 471 B. c., through the 
 efforts of the tribune Publilius Volero. it trans- 
 ferred the election of tribunes from the centuries to the 
 comitia tributa, and its passage marked the concession of 
 the right of initiating legislation to the plebeians. 
 
 2. Laws proposed by Publilius Philo 339 (338 ?) 
 B. C. They provided that one censor must be a plebeian; 
 that plebiscita (laws passed by the comitia tributa) should 
 apply to all citizens ; and that laws presented to the cen- 
 turies should be previously approved by the curise. 
 
 Publius (pub'li-us). The pseudonym of Alex- 
 ander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison 
 in their papers in the “Federalist.” 
 
 Pucelle (pii-seF), La. [F., ‘The Maid.’] The 
 surname given to Joan of Are. 
 
 Pucelle, La. 1. An epic by Chapelain. Half of 
 it was published in 1656, after being heralded for twenty 
 years. It was ridiculed, and the other half was not printed. 
 2. A burlesque epic by Voltaire, published in 
 17 62. He denied the authorship for some years. 
 
 Puck (puk). A playful, mischievous elf in folk- 
 lore: otherwise Robin Goodfellow, Will-o’-the- 
 Wisp, etc. Shakspere introduces him in the “Mid- 
 summerNight’s Dream ”as ahousehold fairy, the jester to 
 King Oberon, and he plays many pranks in the wood near 
 Athens. In “Faust” Goethe introduces him as a pervading, 
 whimsical, perverse element rather than as an individual. 
 The tricksy nature of Shakspere’s Puck harmonizes better 
 with the etymology. Puck came to England with the 
 Scandinavian or Danish settlers. “ Puki in old Norse was 
 a devil, usually a wee devil. His Danish name was Pokker. 
 To the Celts he was Pucaor Pwca. He is Pug when Pug 
 is an imp’s name, and Bug in the sense of hobgoblin, bug- 
 bear, and humbug.” Morley. 
 
 The character of Puck, or, as he is properly called, Robin 
 Goodfellow, is literally no other than our own “guter 
 Knecht Ruprecht”; and it is curious that from this name 
 in German the word “Riipel ” is derived, the only one by 
 which we can give the idea of the English clown, the 
 very part which, in Shakespeare, Puck plays in the king- 
 dom of the fairies. This belief in fairies was far more 
 diffused through Scandinavia than through England ; and 
 again in Scotland and England it wasfar more actively de- 
 veloped than in Germany. Robin Goodfellow especially, 
 of whom we hear in England as early as the thirteenth cen- 
 tury, was a favourite in popular traditions, and to his name 
 all the cunning tricks were imputed which we relate of 
 Eulenspiegel and other nations of others. 
 
 Gervinus, Shakespeare Commentaries (tr. by F. E. Bun- 
 [nett, ed. 1S80), p. 194. 
 
 Piickler-Muskau (puk ' ler - mos ' kou) , Prince 
 Hermann Ludwig Heinrich von. Bom at 
 
 Muskau, Silesia, Prussia, Oct. 30, 1785: died at 
 Branitz, Brandenburg, Prussia, Feb. 4, 1871. A 
 German writer of travels. He wrote “Briefe eines 
 Verstorbenen” (“Letters of One deceased,” 1830), “Semi- 
 lassos vorletzter Weltgang” (“Semilasso’s Last Journey 
 but One Around the World, 1835), “.Semilasso in Af- 
 rika” (1836), “Aus Mehemed-Alis Reich” (1844), etc. 
 
 Pudding (pud'ing), Jack. A clown in English 
 folk-lore. He corresponds to Pickelhering, 
 Hanswurst, etc. 
 
 Pudding River Indians. See Ahantchw/uk. 
 
 Pudsey (pud'si). A town in the West Riding 
 of Yorkshire, England, 7 miles west of Leeds. 
 Population, 14,907. 
 
 Pudukota (pd-do-kot'il), or Tondiman (ton'di- 
 mau). A native state of India, tributary to 
 Great Britain, intersected by lat. 10° 30' N., 
 long. 78° 45' E. 
 
 Puebla (pweb'lii), 1. A state of Mexico, sur- 
 rounded by Vera Cruz, Oajaca, Guerrero, More- 
 los, Mexico, Tlaseala, and Hidalgo. Area, 12,204 
 square miles. Population, 1,092,456, (1910). — 2. 
 The capital of the state of Puebla, 76 miles south- 
 east of Mexico: in full, La Puebla delos Angeles. 
 It is the third city in the republic in population, lias 
 thriving manufactures and trade, and contains a cathedral 
 and many religious establishments. It was founded in 
 1532. In 1855-58 it was the scene of several revolts by 
 
 Puff 
 
 partizans of the church party, and was twice besieged 
 and taken by President Comonfort. On May 6, 1862, the 
 French were repulsed in an attack on the place, but it 
 was taken by Forey in 1863. Named from the pious tra- 
 dition that, before the conquest, visions of angel hosts 
 were seen in the heavens above its site. Population, 101,- 
 214, (1910). 
 
 Pueblo ( pweb'lo). The capital of Pueblo County, 
 Colorado, situated on the Arkansas River 106 
 miles south of Denver. It has manufactures of 
 iron, steel, and lead. Pop., 44,395, (1910). 
 
 Pueblo Indians. BeeEeresan, Taman, Tusayan, 
 and ZvMian. 
 
 Puelches (po-al-chas'). [‘Eastern people.’] In- 
 dians of the Pampean or Araucanian stock, in 
 the western part of the Argentine Republic, 
 north of the Rio Negro (territories of Rio Negro, 
 Los Andes, andPampa). They are probably the same 
 as the Querendis, a formidable tribe which opposed the 
 first settlers of Buenos Ayres. (See Querendis.) At present 
 they do not number more than 3,000, hut their fighting 
 force is often increased by their alliance with the Arau- 
 canians of Chile. Until within a few years they have been 
 hostile to the whites, and they are still dangerous neigh- 
 bors of the settlers. They are somewhat wandering in 
 their habits. This is one of the tribes called Pampas. 
 
 Puente de Calderon (pwen'ta da kal-da-ron'). 
 [Sp., ‘bridge of Calderon.’] A place about 30 
 miles east of the city of Guadalajara, Mexico, 
 where the highroad from Lagos crosses the river 
 Santiago. Here the royalist forces (6,000) under CaUeja 
 defeated the revolutionists (said to have numbered 80,000) 
 under Hidalgo Jan. 17, 1811. The victory was largely due 
 to an accident by which the long grass was set on fire in 
 front of Hidalgo's army, forcing it to retreat in confusion. 
 This battle decided the failure of the first attempt to make 
 Mexico independent. 
 
 Puerto Bello. See Porto Bello. 
 
 Puerto Cabello (ka-Bel'yd). A seaport in the 
 state of Carabobo, Venezuela, situated on the 
 Caribbean Sea in lat. 10° 29' N., long. 68° 1' W. 
 It is noted for its fine harbor, and exports cof- 
 fee, etc. Population, about 14,000. 
 
 Puerto Cortls (pwar'to kor-tas'), or Puerto 
 Caballos (ka-Bal'yos), or Port Cortez (port 
 kor'tez). A place in Honduras, situated on the 
 Bay of Honduras about 100 miles north of Coma- 
 yagua. It is a railway terminus. 
 
 Puerto de Santa Marla (san'ta ma-re'a), or El 
 Puerto (el pwer'to). A seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Cadiz, Spain, situated at the entrance 
 of the Guadalete into the Bay of Cadiz, 8 miles 
 northeast of Cadiz. It exports sherry. Popu- 
 lation, 20,120. 
 
 Puerto d’Espana. See Port OJ Spain. 
 
 Puerto Lamar. See CoUja. 
 
 Puerto Mahon. See Port Mahon. 
 
 Puerto Montt (mont). A seaport, capital of 
 the province of Llanquihue, Chile, situated at 
 the head of the Bay of Reloncavi, about lat. 41° 
 30' S. Population, 5,408. 
 
 Puerto Plata (pla'ta), or Porto Plata (pdr'to 
 pla'ta). A seaport situated on the northern 
 coast of the Dominican Republic, 110 miles 
 northwest of Santo Domingo, West Indies. 
 Population, 15,000-16,000. 
 
 Puerto Principe (pren'the-pa), or Ciudad del 
 Principe (tke-6-THaTH' del pren'the-pa). A 
 city in Cuba, situated about lat. 21° 24' N., 
 long. 77° 55' W. It has considerable trade 
 and manufactures. Population, 25,102. 
 
 Puerto Real (ra-al'). A town in the province 
 of Cadiz, Spain, situated on the Bay of Cadiz 
 7 miles east of Cadiz. Population, 11,943. 
 
 Puerto Rico. See Porto Pico. 
 
 Pueyrredon (pwa-e-ra-THon'), Juan Martin. 
 Born about 1780 : died near Buenos Ayres, 1845. 
 An Argentine general and politician. He was su- 
 preme director or president of the United Provinces from 
 July, 1816, to June, 1819, when he resigned. It was owing 
 to his cordial support of San Martin that Chile was con- 
 quered by the patriots. 
 
 Pufendorf (po'fen-dorf), Baron Samuel von. 
 Bora near Chemnitz, Saxony, Jan. 8, 1632: died 
 at Berlin, Oct. 26, 1694. A celebrated German 
 jurist, publicist, and historiau, professor suc- 
 cessively at Heidelberg and at Lund, and his- 
 toriographer in Sweden and in Brandenburg. 
 His chief work is “De jure natura et gentium” (“On the 
 Law of Nature and Nations,” 1672). He also wrote “Ele- 
 menta jurisprudent!® universalis" (1660), “De statn im- 
 perii Germanic!” (“On the Condition of the German Em- 
 pire," 1667), “ De rebus Suecicis ” (“ On Swedish History," 
 1676), a history of the Great Elector (1695), etc. 
 
 Puff (puf). 1. A bustling and impudent liter- 
 ary humbug in Sheridan’s “Critic.” He is the au- 
 thor of the tragedy rehearsed in the play, and past master 
 in the art of puffing. A character in a joint humorous 
 composition of Sheridan and his schoolfellow Halbed was 
 tlie prototype of Puff. 
 
 2. A publisher and vender of quack medicine 
 in Foote’s “Patron.” — 3. A humbugging auc- 
 tioneer in Foote’s “ Taste.” — 4. A cowardly 
 servant in Garrick’s “ Miss in her Teens.” 
 
Pug 
 
 Pug (pug). A devil in man’s shape in Jonson’s 
 “The Devil is an Ass.” He gives the title to 
 the play, being made an ass of, much to his 
 mortification . 
 
 Puget (pii-zha'), Pierre. Born at Marseilles, 
 1622 : died 1694. A French painter, sculptor, 
 engineer, and architect. In 1657 he designed and ex- 
 ecuted the Porte de Ville at Toulon, his first celebrated 
 architectural composition: the caryatids of this gate are 
 among the classics of French sculpture. He also built the 
 Halle au Poisson, Hospice de Charitd, and many fine build- 
 ings in Marseilles. To this period belongs the Hercules 
 Gaulois in the Louvre. After 1669 he executed his three 
 principal works of sculpture : the Perseus and Andromeda, 
 Milo of Crotona, and the bas-relief of Alexander and Dio- 
 genes no w in the Louvre. The Milo of Crotona is his best 
 work. It represents that athlete caught in a splittree-trunk 
 while a lion attacks him from behind. This was finished 
 in 1682, and in 1683 placed in the garden of Versailles : it 
 is now in the Louvre (Salle de Puget). 
 
 Puget (pu'jet) Sound. An arm of the Pacific, 
 penetrating into the State of Washington south- 
 ward from the Strait of J uan de Fuca, by which 
 it is connected with the Pacific. It is divided into 
 Puget Sound proper in the south and Admiralty Inlet in 
 the north. It is noted for its depth and its fine harbors. 
 Seattle and Tacoma are on its shores. Total length in 
 straight line, about 80 miles. 
 
 Pughe (pu), William Owen. Born at Tyn y 
 Bryn, Wales, Aug. 7, 1759 : died June 4, 1835. 
 A Welsh antiquary. He published a Welsh- 
 English dictionary (1793-1803), and with others 
 “ Myvyrian Archaiology” (1801-07). 
 
 Pugin (pu'jin), Augustus Welby Northmore. 
 Born at London, March 1, 1812 : died at Rams- 
 gate, Sept. 14, 1852. An English architect, son 
 of Augustus Pugin (1762-1832). He left the Church 
 of England for the Church of Rome when quite young. He 
 made the designs for Killarney Cathedral, Adare Hall, a 
 chapel at Douai, and many churches and buildings for that 
 faith, and assisted Sir Charles Barry in the decorations of 
 the new Houses of Parliament, He published “ Contrasts : 
 or a Parallel between the Architecture of the 15th and 19th 
 Centuries ”(1836), “ True Principles of Christian Architec- 
 ture ’’ (1841), “Glossary of Ecclesiastical Ornament ”(1844), 
 etc. In 1852 he became insane. 
 
 Pujol, Abel de. See Abel de Pujol. 
 
 Pujunan (po-jo'nan). A linguistic stock of 
 North American Indians, comprising the Maidu 
 and Nisbinam divisions. It embraces a number of 
 small tribes and villages formerly occupying the part of 
 California between Deer Creek, Lassen Butte, and Honey 
 Lake on the north to Cosumne River on the south, and 
 from the Sacramento and in places from points west of 
 that river on the west to the summit line of the Sierra 
 Nevada on the east. In 1850 the stock numbered proba- 
 bly 2,500 or 3,000 persons ; but many of the tribes are now 
 either extinct or on the verge of extinction, and the few 
 survivors are scattered through the country over which 
 they once held sway. The stock is named from the Pusune, 
 a small Nishinam tribe formerly near the mouth of Fea- 
 ther River. 
 
 Pul (pul). A king of Assyria, mentioned in the 
 Old Testament: identical with Tiglath-Pile- 
 ser III. Also Phul. 
 
 Pulairih. See Palaihnihan. 
 
 Pulaski (pu-las'ki), Pol. Pulawski (po-laf'- 
 ske), Count Casimir. Born in Podolia, March 
 4, 1748: died near Savannah, Ga., Oct. 11, 
 1779. A Polish general. He took part in the in- 
 surrection following the formation of the Confederation 
 of Bar in 1768 ; escaped from Poland ; entered the Ameri- 
 can service in 1777; served at Brandywine; formed a 
 corps called “Pulaski’s legion ” in 1778 ; defended Charles- 
 ton in 1779 ; and was mortally wounded near Savannah, 
 Oct. 9, 1779. 
 
 Pulcheria (pul-ke'ri-a). Bom Jan. 19, 399 a. d.: 
 died Feb. 18, 453. A Byzantine empress 414— 
 453, daughter of the emperor Arcadius. she 
 reigned conjointly with her brother Theodosius II. 414- 
 450. On the death of her brother in 450 she married Mar- 
 cianus, whom she raised to the throne as her colleague. 
 Pulch6rie (pul-sha-re'). [F., ‘ Pulcheria.’] A 
 tragedy by Corneille, produced in 1672. The sub- 
 ject is taken from the end of the life of the em- 
 press. 
 
 Pulci (pol'che), Luigi. Born at Florence, Dec. 
 3,1432: died 1487 (1490 Morley). An Italian 
 romantic poet, the friend of Politian and Lo- 
 renzo de’ Medici : author of the burlesque epic 
 “II Morgante Maggiore” (1485). His brothers 
 Bernardo and Luca were also poets. 
 Pulcinella, or Pulcinello, or Punchinello. See 
 Punch. 
 
 Pulkowa (pol'ko-va). A place in the govern- 
 ment of St. Petersburg, Russia, 10 miles south- 
 west of St. Petersburg. It is noted for the Nicholas 
 Central Observatory, situated in lat. 69° 46' N., long. 30° 
 20' E., the most important in Russia, completed in 1839. 
 Pullet (pul'et), Aunt. A selfish invalid, one of 
 the principal characters in George Eliot’s “Mill 
 on the Floss.” She henpecks her husband, whose mis- 
 sion in life seems to be to flatter her and find her pills for 
 her. She is the sister of Aunt Glegg and Mrs. Tulliver. 
 Pullman (pul'man). [Named from George M. 
 Pullman.] A village in Cook County, Illinois, 13 
 miles south of Chicago, now forming a suburb 
 
 831 
 
 of that city. It was annexed in 1889. It is the 
 seat of the ear-works of the Pullman Manufac- 
 turing Company. 
 
 Pulo-Condor (p6'16-kon-dor ' ), or Condore (kon- 
 dor'), or Candore (kan-dor'), F. Poulo-Con- 
 dore (po-lo'kon-dor'). Agroupof smallislands 
 in the China Sea, situated about lat. 8° 40' N., 
 long. 106° 40' E. They have belonged to France 
 since 1862. 
 
 Pulo-Penaug. See Penang. 
 
 Pultava. See Pultowa. 
 
 Pulteney (pult'ni), William, Earl of Bath. 
 Born 1684 : died July 7, 1764. An English states- 
 man. He was educated at Westminster and at Oxford 
 (Christ Church), and in 1706 entered Parliament. He was 
 a prominent Whig in the reign of Queen Anne : when Wal- 
 pole was sent to the Tower by the Tories in 1712, Pulteney 
 defended him in the House of Commons. On the accession 
 of George I. he became secretary of war, retiring in 1717. 
 Neglected by Walpole, he became his opponent in 1725. 
 On J uly 13, 1742, he was created earl of Bath. 
 
 Pultowa fpol-to'va), or Poltava (pol-ta'va), or 
 Pultava (pol-ta'va). 1. A government in 
 southwestern Russia, surrounded by the gov- 
 ernments of Tchernigoff, Kharkoff, Yekateri- 
 noslaff, Kherson, and Kieff. It is one of the lead- 
 ing agricultural governments of the country. Area, 19,265 
 square miles. Population, 3,472,100. 
 
 2. The capital of the government of Pultowa, 
 situated at the junction of the Pultavka with the 
 Vorskla, about lat. 49° 35' N., long. 34° 35' E. 
 It is noted for its fairs. Near it, June 27 (N. S. July 8), 
 1709, the Russians (about 70,000) under Peter the Great de- 
 feated the Swedes (about 25,000) under Charles XII. The 
 battle marks the fall of the latter’s power, and the rise of 
 Russia. Population, 58,900. 
 
 Pultusk (pol'tosk). A town in the government 
 of Lomsha, Russian Poland, situated on the 
 Narew 34 miles north of Warsaw. Here, in 1703, 
 the Swedes under Charles XII. defeated the Saxons ; and 
 here, Dec. 26, 1806, a battle was fought between the French 
 under Lannes and the Russians under Bennigsen. Victory 
 was claimed for both sides ; the Russians retreated after 
 tlie battle. Population, 15,878. 
 
 Pul wul. See Palwal. 
 
 Pumacagua (po-ma-kag'wa), Mateo Garcia. 
 
 Born near Cuzco, 1738 : died at Sicuani, March, 
 1815. A Peruvian Indian general. In Aug., 1814, 
 he headed aformidable insurrection against the Spaniards, 
 occupied Arequipa, and at one time had 40,000 followers. 
 He was defeated at Umachiri (March 11, 1815), captured, 
 and put to death. 
 
 Pumblechook (pum'bl-chok), Mr. A pom- 
 pous old gentleman in Dickens’s novel “Great 
 Expectations.” He is Joe Gargery’s uncle, and makes 
 himself peculiarly odious to Pip by his patronage and his 
 offensive habit of springing mathematical problems on 
 him for solution. 
 
 Pumpernickel (pom'per-nik // el), His Highness 
 of or His Transparency of. A name by which 
 minor German princes are jocularly satirized. 
 Puna (po-na'). An island of Ecuador, at the 
 entrance of the Gulf of Guayaquil, which it pro- 
 tects from the sea. It is about 25 miles long by 12 
 broad, low, and partly covered with forest. Its Indian in- 
 habitants, a warlike race, submitted to the Incas about 
 1500. Here Pizarro gathered his forces in 1532, before in- 
 vading Peru : he had a battle with the natives. 
 
 Puna (po'na), or Bespoblado (das-po-bla'THo). 
 In the Andean regions of South America, any 
 high and arid table-land. Specifically, and in a geo- 
 graphical sense, a region in Peru between the Central and 
 Western Cordilleras, extending from about lat. 13° S. to 
 the confines of Bolivia or beyond; southward it lias an 
 average width of 150 miles, narrowing northward. The 
 Puna consists of undulating lands, 13,000 to 18,000 feet 
 above sea-level, very cold, barren, and uninhabited. 
 Puna. See Poona. 
 
 Punames (po-na'mas). See Sia. 
 
 Punch (punch). [Abbr. of Punchinello, from It. 
 policinello, pulcinello.'] A short hump-backed 
 hooked-nosed puppet, with a squeaking voice, 
 the chief character in a street puppet-show 
 called “Punch and Judy,” who strangles his 
 child, beats his wife (Judy) to death, belabors 
 a policeman, and does other tragical and out- 
 rageous things in a comical way. Punch is the 
 descendant of the clown or Pulcinella (F. Polichinelle) of 
 the Neapolitan comedy : the part is thought to have been 
 created by Silvio Fiorillo, a comedian, about 1600. He 
 first appeared in France as a puppet in the beginning of 
 the reign of Louis XT V. Allusions to “ Punchinellos ” be- 
 come frequent in England after 1688. The origin of Toby 
 the dog is uncertain, and Punch in his Italian form had 
 far more liberty of action than in the English puppet- 
 show. 
 
 Punch. A satirical illustrated journal, pub- 
 lished weekly in London: founded 1841. 
 Punchinello (pun-ehi-nel'o). [From It. pulci- 
 nello, a clown, buffoon, prop, a puppet.] See 
 Punch. 
 
 Punderpur. See Panderpur. 
 
 Pungwe (pong'we). Ariverin Portuguese East 
 Africa which flows into the Indian Ocean north 
 of Sofala. It rises in Manicaland, and the railroad con- 
 
 Purana 
 
 necting Mashonaland with the sea has to pass through ita 
 valley. 
 
 Punic Wars, or Carthaginian Wars. The 
 
 three wars waged between Rome and Carthage. 
 The first began in 264 B. C. Its nominal cause was the inter- 
 ference of the Romans in behalf of the Mamertines (be- 
 sieged in Messana, Sicily, by Hiero of Syracuse). Thelead- 
 ing events were the following: naval battles of Mylse and 
 Ecnomus; unsuccessful invasion of Africa by Regulus; 
 battles of Panormus and Drepanum ; campaigns of Hamil- 
 car in Sicily ; final Roman victory (ending the war) at the 
 iEgates 24i B. C. By the peace Carthage ceded western 
 Sicily and paid a large indemnity. The seat of war was 
 Sicily, Africa, and the Mediterranean. The second war 
 began in 218 B. c. Its immediate cause was Hannibal’s 
 conquest of Saguntum (ally of Rome) in 219. It was 
 carried on in Spain, Italy, Sicily, and Africa. The follow- 
 ing were the leading events: Hannibal's invasion of Italy 
 after crossing the Alps in 218 ; battles of Ticino, Trebbia, 
 Lake Trasimene, and Cannm; campaignsin Spain; conquest 
 of Syracuse by Marcellus ; invasion of Italy by Hasdrubal, 
 defeated at the Metaurus; final defeat of Hannibal at 
 Zama in 202. By the peace, 201 B. c., Carthage ceded pos- 
 sessions in Spain and the Mediterranean, and paid a heavy 
 tribute ; Numidia became an ally of P^ome ; and the Car- 
 thaginian fleet was reduced. The chief commanders were 
 Hannibal for Carthage and Scipio Africanus and Fabius 
 Maximus for Rome. The third war began in 149 B. c. Its 
 cause was the attack by Carthage on Massinissa. Carthage 
 was besieged by land and sea by the younger Scipio Afri- 
 canus, and was taken and destroyed in 146. Its territory 
 was divided between Rome and Numidia. 
 
 Punitz (po'nits). A town ill the province of 
 Posen, Prussia, 44 miles south of Posen. Near 
 it, in 1704, the Swedes under Charles XII. de- 
 feated the Saxons. Population, 2,537. 
 Punjab, or Punjaub. See Panjab. 
 
 Punnah. See Panna. 
 
 Punnak. See Bannock. 
 
 Puno (po'no). 1. A department in southeast- 
 ern Peru, bordering on Bolivia. Area, 41,198 
 square miles. Population, 537,345. — 2. The 
 capital of the department of Puno, situated 
 near Lake Titicaca. Population, about 9,000. 
 Punt (pont). In Egyptian antiquity, a region 
 identified by Maspero and Mariette with that 
 part of the Somali country which is situated 
 on the eastern coast of Africa, bordering the 
 Gulf of Aden. Edwards, Pharaohs, Fellahs, 
 etc., p. 276. 
 
 Punta Arenas (pon'ta a-ra'nas). [Sp., ‘Sand 
 Point.’] A Chilean colony on the Strait of Ma- 
 gellan, in lat. 53° 9' 42 // S. It is the southern- 
 most town in America. Population, 12,199. 
 Punta de Obligado (pon'ta da ob-le-ga'THo). 
 Alow projecting bluff on the western side of the 
 river Parana, Argentine Republic, at the boun- 
 dary between the provinces of Buenos Ayres and 
 Santa Fd. In 1845 the dictator Rosas had this place 
 strongly fortified with batteries commanding the river 
 and defended by 4,000 men under Mansilla. On Nov. 20 
 the position was bombarded and taken by the combined 
 English and French fleets. 
 
 Puntarenas, or Punta Arenas. The, principal 
 seaport on the Pacific side of Costa Rica, situ- 
 ated on the Gulf of Nicoya, about lat. 9° 59' N., 
 long. 84° 46' W. It has considerable foreign 
 commerce. Population, 4,637. 
 
 Puntarvolo (punt-ar'vd-lo), In Ben Jonson’s 
 “Every Man out of his Humour,” a knight af- 
 fecting fantastic romanticism. 
 
 Pupienus Maximus (pu-pi-e'nus mak'si-mus), 
 M. Clodius. Died 238. A Roman emperor. 
 He was appointed by the Senate joint emperor (Augustus) 
 of Rome with Becimus Cselius Balbinus in 238, in oppo- 
 sition to Maximin, who was shortly after killed by his 
 own soldiers at the siege of Aquileia. Pupienus and his 
 colleague were murdered by the pretorians at Rome before 
 the beginning of August in the same year, after having 
 reigned from about the end of April. 
 
 Puquina (po-ke'na). A dialect of the Aymara, 
 spoken in the department of Arequipa, Peru. 
 The Indians using it are a branch of the Ay- 
 maras and have no connection whatever with 
 the Uros. They live like the former and are 
 not, as the latter, lake-dwellers. 
 
 Purana (po-ra'na). [Skt., from pur ana, old, 
 ancient, and so, literally, ‘an old traditional 
 story.’] The name of each of a class of San- 
 skrit works, important in their connection with 
 the later phases of Brahmanism, as exhibited 
 in the doctrines of emanation, incarnation, and 
 triple manifestation. They are the Veda of 
 popular Hinduism, and contain the history of 
 the gods, interwoven with every variety of le- 
 gendary tradition on other subjects. Though 
 nominally tritheistic, they are practically poly- 
 theistic and yet essentially pantheistic. Their 
 form is in general that of dialogues in which a 
 well-known and inspired sage answers the 
 questions of his disciples, while others are 
 monologues. They are written in the Shloka 
 meter of the Mahabharata, with occasional pas- 
 sages in prose. They number 18. The best- 
 known is the Vishnupurana, translated by Wil- 
 
Purana 
 
 son, whose translation has been reedited with 
 notes by Hall. There are also 18 Upapuranas, 
 or subordinate Puranas. 
 
 Purbeck (per'bek), Isle of. A peninsula in 
 Dorset, England, 9 miles in length. It is noted 
 for limestone-quarries. On it are Swanage 
 and the ruins of Corfe Castle. 
 
 Purcell (per'sel), Henry. Born at Westmin- 
 ster, about 1658: died there, Nov. 21, 1695. A 
 noted English musician and composer. He was 
 admitted as chorister in the Chapel Royal, and in 1670 com- 
 posed an ode for the king’s birthday. In 1680 he com- 
 posed his famous opera “Dido andiEneas” for perform- 
 ance in a school. In 1676 he was a copyist at W estminster 
 Abbey, and composed the music of Dryden’s “ Aureng- 
 zebe ” and Shadwell’s “ Epsom Wells "and “The Libertine." 
 In 1677 he wrote the music to Mrs. Behn’s tragedy 
 “Abdelazar.” Some of the songs in these compositions 
 are still popular. In 1680 he was the organist of West- 
 minster Abbey, and during the next 6 or 6 years composed 
 most of his church music. In 1682 he was organist of the 
 Chapel Royal. In 1683 he began to compose chamber music ; 
 and in 1686 wrote the music for Dryden’s “ Tyrannic Love." 
 He composed the anthem “ Blessed are they that, fear the 
 Lord," by command of the king, 1688; the music for Dry- 
 den’s “Ring Arthur,” 1691; and his greatest work, the 
 “ Te Deum and Jubilate," written for St. Cecilia's day, 1694. 
 He was the most celebrated of a noted family of musicians. 
 The Purcell Society was founded in 1878 for the express 
 purpose of doing justice to his memory by publishing and 
 performing his work. 
 
 Purchas (per'chas), Samuel. BomatThaxted, 
 Essex, 1575 (?) : died at London, Sept., 1626. An 
 English clergyman and author, best known from 
 his works of travel. He published “ Purchas his Pil- 
 grimage, or Relations of the World and the Religions ob- 
 served in all Ages and Places, etc. ’’ in 1613 : a second edi- 
 tion appeared in 1614, much enlarged. Four succeeding 
 volumes, comprising articles from Hakluyt’s publications 
 and manuscripts, appeared in 1626 with the general title 
 “Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his Pilgrimes : con- 
 taining a History of the World, in Sea Voyages and Land 
 Travels by Englishmen and Others." The fourth edition 
 of “ Purchas his Pilgrimage ” is usually sold with the latter 
 work as if it were a succeeding fifth volume, and the five 
 are known as “ Purclias’s Pilgrims.” This collection is of 
 great historical value. Purchas also published "Purchas 
 his Pilgrim : Microcosmus, or the History of Man, etc.” 
 (1619), ‘‘The King’s Tower, etc. ”(1623: a sermon), etc. 
 Pure (pur), Simon. In Mrs. Centlivre’s com- 
 edy “A Bold Stroke for a Wife,” a Pennsylva- 
 nia Quaker who is intended by the guardian of 
 Ann Lovely, an heiress, to marry her. His name 
 and personality are assumed by Colonel Fainwell in order 
 to win the lady's person and fortune : hence arose the ex- 
 pression “the real Simon Pure,” as he brought witnesses 
 finally to prove that he was the owner of the name. 
 
 Purgatorio (por-ga-to're-o), II. [‘Purgatory.’] 
 The second part of Dante’s “Divina Comme- 
 dia” (which see). 
 
 Purgatory (per'ga-to-ri) River. A river in 
 southern Colorado which joins the Arkansas in 
 Bent County. Length, about 175 miles. 
 Purgon (pur-gon'). One of Argan’s physicians 
 in Moliere’s “ Le malade imaginaire.” He is 
 “all physician,” a satire on the profession. 
 Purgstall, Joseph von Hammer-. See 11am- 
 mer-Purgstall. 
 
 Puri, or Pooree (pu're). 1. A district in 
 Orissa, British India, intersected by latitude 
 20° N., longitude 86° E. Area, 2,499 square 
 miles. Population, 1,017,284. — 2. See Jugger- 
 naut, where an account of the temple and fes- 
 tival is given. 
 
 Purim (po'rim). [Heb., pi. of pur, lot (Esther 
 ix. 26).] An annual Jewish festival celebrated 
 on the 14th and 15th of the month Adar (March ). 
 It is preceded by the fast of Esther (on the 13th), at the 
 close of which the scroll containing the book of Esther is 
 read in the synagogue, and the name of Haman cursed, 
 while that of Mordecai is blessed. 
 
 Purissima Indians. See Cliumashan. 
 
 Puritan (pu'ri-tan). A wooden center-board 
 sloop designedbyEdwardBurgess, and launched 
 in South Boston in 1885. Her principal dimensions 
 were : length over all, 94 feet ; length at load water-line, 81 
 feet 11 inches ; beam, 22 feet 7 inches; draught, 8 feet 8 
 Inches ; displacement, 105 tons. Winning two out of three 
 of the trial races, she was selected to defend the America’s 
 cup in 1885. This she did successfully in two races with 
 the Genesta, Sept. 14 and Sept. 16. 
 
 Puritan, The, or the Widow of Watling 
 Street. A play published as “ written by W. 
 S.” (William Shakspere) in 1606. According to 
 Fleay, the author of the play is undoubtedly Middleton, 
 the whole style, plot, and meter being his. Swinburne 
 thinks it is probably by Rowley. Dyce thinks that it was 
 by Wentworth Smith, "an industrious playwright,” who 
 was fortunate in his initials. Ward. 
 
 Puritan City, The. Boston. 
 
 Puritani di Scozia (po-re-tii'ne de skot'se-a), I. 
 An opera by Bellini, first produced at Paris in 
 1835. It is usually known as “ I Puritani.” 
 Puritan’s Daughter, The. An opera by Balfe, 
 produced at London in 1861. 
 
 Purrnayah (por-ma // ye / ). [From pur, full, and 
 
 832 
 
 mayah, measure : ‘ having full measure, full 
 grown, rich, precious.’] Iu the Sliahnamah, the 
 wonderful cow, with the colors of the peacock, 
 that nourished the infant Faridun; also, a 
 brother of Faridun who, with another brother 
 Kayanush, sought to kill Faridun by rolling upon 
 him in his sleep a rock which was arrested by 
 Faridun’s magic power. 
 
 Purniah. (per'ni-a), or Purneah (per'ne-a). 1. 
 A district iu Behar, British India, intersected 
 by lat. 26° N., long. 88° E. Area, 4,994 square 
 miles. Population, 1,874,794. — 2. The capital 
 of the district of Purniah, in lat. 25° 46' N., 
 long. 87° 28' E. Population, 14,007. 
 
 Purple Island, The. An allegorical poem on 
 the human body by Phineas Fletcher, published 
 in 1633. 
 
 Pursh (persh), Frederick. Bom at Tobolsk, 
 Siberia, 1774 : died at Montreal, June 11, 1820. 
 A Russian botanist. He wrote “ Flora A in erica: Sep- 
 tentrionalis, or a Systematic Arrangement and Description 
 of the Plants of North America ” (1814), etc. 
 
 Purupurus (po-ro-pS-ros'), or Purus (po-ros'), 
 or Pamarys (pa-ma-rez'). Brazilian Indians 
 living about the lower course of the river Pu- 
 rus, an affluent of the Amazon which takes its 
 name from them. They are wandering in habit, con- 
 structing rude temporary huts on the swampy islands, and 
 subsisting principally by fishing. Lazy and timid, they 
 have never resisted the whites, and are among the most 
 despised of the Amazonian tribes. The name Purupurus, 
 (Tupi piru-puru ) refers to a disease, almost universal 
 among them, in which the skin turns bluish and then 
 white in patches. Martius supposed that these Indians 
 were the same as the Pamas who formerly lived on the 
 Madeira. The Arauas, a horde on the river Juruii, seem 
 to be linguistically allied to them. 
 
 Purus (po-ros')- A river which rises in Peru, 
 flows through the northern part of Bolivia and 
 the western part of Brazil, and joins the Ama- 
 zon about long. 61° 30' W. It was first explored 
 by Chandless in 1864. Length, along its numer- 
 ous windings, about 1,900 miles ; navigable for 
 a great part of its course. 
 
 Pusey (pu'zi), Edward Bouverie. Born at 
 Pusey, Berks, Aug. 22, 1800: died Sept. 14, 
 1882. An English theologian. His father's name 
 was originally Bouverie : the family, of Huguenot origin, 
 became lords of the manor of Pusey, near Oxford. In 1819 
 he entered Christ Church, Oxford, and in 1823 became a fel- 
 low of Oriel. He was associated with John Henry New- 
 man and John Keble. In 1828 he was regius professor of 
 Hebrew at Oxford and canon of Christ Church. In 1835 
 he took part in the tractarian movement, and later was 
 suspended for three years (1843-46) from the function of 
 preaching for publishing “The Holy Eucharist a Comfort 
 to the Penitent.” The movement thus started took the 
 name “ Puseyism.” The practice of confession among the 
 extreme ritualists of the Church of England dates from 
 his two sermons on “ the entire absolution of the peni- 
 tent ” (1846). Among his works are “ Parochial Sermons,” 
 “ Doctrines of the Real Presence,” “ The Real Presence," 
 and “ The Minor Prophets.” He was one of the editors of 
 the “Library of Translations from the Fathers” and the 
 “Anglo-Catholic Library.” 
 
 Pushan (po'shan). [Skt., from s/ push, thrive, 
 make thrive.] A god frequently invoked in the 
 Vedic hymns. He is a protector and multiplier of cat- 
 tle and of human possessions iu general. As a cowherd 
 he carries an ox-goad and is drawn by goats. As a solar 
 deity he beholds the universe and guides on journeys, in- 
 cluding those to the other world, and aids in the revolu- 
 tions of day and night. In the marriage ceremonial he is 
 besought to take the bride’s hand and lead her away and 
 bless her. 
 
 Pushkin, or Poushkin (posh'kin), Alexander. 
 
 Born at Moscow, May 26 (O. S.), 1799: died at 
 St. Petersburg, Jan. 29 (O. S.), 1837. A cele- 
 brated Russian poet. His mother was of negro de- 
 scent. He was repeatedly employed in the administra- 
 tive service of the government, in spite of his liberal sen- 
 timents. He was mortally wounded in a duel. His works 
 include “Ruslan and Liudmilla,” “Prisoner of the Cauca- 
 sus," “Fountain of Bakhtehisarai,” “The Gipsies," “Rob- 
 ber Brothers,” “Count Nulin," “Poltava,” “Angelo” (a 
 play, from “ Measure for Measure ’’), “ House in Kolomna," 
 tragedy “Boris Godunoff," “Eugene Onyegin” (showing 
 Byron’s influence); odes; the novels “Captain’s Daugh- 
 ter,” “ Queen of Spades,” etc. ; and a “ History of the Con- 
 spiracy of Pugatcheff. ” 
 
 Puss-in-Boots (pus'in-bots'). [F.LechatmaHre, 
 ou le chat botte .] The hero of a nursery tale, 
 translated in the 18th century from the French 
 tale published about 1697 by Perrault,who took 
 the plot from Straparola’s “Piacevole Notte.” 
 This cat, by bis cleverness, makes the fortune of his mas- 
 ter, a miller’s son. Tieck published the story in 1795 as 
 “Der Gestiefelte Kater.” 
 
 Pusterthal (pos'ter-tal). An Alpine valley, one 
 of the largest in Tyrol. It comprises Hie valley of 
 the Rienz and the upper valley of the Drave. Length, 
 about 60 miles. 
 
 Putbus (pot'bos). The largest place iu the isl- 
 and of Riigen, Prussia, situated in the southern 
 part, south of Bergen. 
 
 Puteoli. See Pozzuoli. 
 
 Putignano (po-ten-ya'no). A town in the prov- 
 
 Pyat 
 
 ince of Bari, Apulia, Italy, 24 miles south-south- 
 east of Bari. Population, 13,969. 
 
 Put-in-Bay (put'in-ba'). A summer resort in 
 South Bass Island, Lake Erie, 14 miles north of 
 Sandusky, Ohio. 
 
 Putlitz (pot'lits), Gustav Heinrich Gans, 
 
 Edler zu. Born at Retzien, Prussia, March 20, 
 1821 : died there, Sept. 9, 1890. A German poet, 
 dramatist, and novelist. He wrote the fairy poem 
 “Was sicli der Wald erzahlt” (1850),“ Vergissmeinnicht,” 
 “Walpurgis” (1869), etc. 
 
 Putnam (put'nam). A city in Windham County, 
 northeastern Connecticut, on the Quinnebaug 
 River. Population of town, 7,280, (1910). 
 Putnam, Israel. Born at Salem, Mass., Jan. 7, 
 1718; died at Brooklyn, Conn., May 19, 1790. 
 An American Revolutionary general. He was a 
 farmer at Pomfret, Connecticut. He served in the French 
 and Indian war 1755-62, and in Pontiac’s war in 1764; 
 was one of the commanding officers at the battle of Bunker 
 Hill in 1775 ; was made a major-general in 1775 ; took part 
 in the siege of Boston 1775-76 ; commanded at the defeat 
 on Long Island in 1776; commanded in the Highlands of 
 the Hudson in 1777 ; and served in Connecticut 1778-79. 
 He was disabled from active service by a stroke of paraly- 
 sis in 1779. 
 
 Putnam, Mrs. (Mary Lowell). Born at Bos- 
 ton, Dec. 3, 1810: died there in 1898. An Amer- 
 ican author, sister of J. R. Lowell. 
 
 Putney (put'ni). A suburb of London, situated 
 in Surrey, on the Thames, 6 miles southwest of 
 9t. Paul’s. It is the terminus of the course for the uni- 
 versity boat-race. Population, 24,139. 
 
 Putrid Sea, The. See Sivasli. 
 
 Puttenham (put'en-am), George. Born about 
 1530 : died about 1600. An English author. He 
 was educated at Oxford, and had traveled. The “Art 
 of English Poesie” (1589) has been attributed to him, but 
 there is a dispute a3 to his authorship. 
 
 Puttkamer (pot'ka-mer), Robert Victor von. 
 
 Born at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, Prussia, May 
 5, 1828 : died at Karzin in Pomerania, March 
 15, 1900. A Prussian politician. He became min- 
 ister of public instruction in 1879; introduced an im- 
 proved orthography of the German language, commonly 
 called “the Puttkamer orthography," into the public 
 schools in 1880; became minister of the interior and 
 vice-president of the ministry in 1881 ; and was dismissed 
 from office in 1888. Lord lieutenant of Pomerania 1891-99. 
 
 Put Yourself in his Place. A novel by Charles 
 Reade, published in 1870. 
 
 Putziger Wiek (pot'sig-er vek). [‘ Bay of Put- 
 zig.’] The western branch of the Gulf of 
 Dantzic. 
 
 Puvis de Ohavannes (pfi-ves' de sha-van'), 
 Pierre. Born at Lyons, Dec. 14, 1824: died 
 Oct. 24, 1898. A French historical and decora- 
 tive painter. He was a pupil of Couture and Henri 
 Scheffer. Among his works are “Ste. Genevieve” (Pan- 
 theon, Paris), and “The Sacred Grove.” He executed 
 mural paintings for the new Sorbonne, 1886-89, and for the 
 new Public Library in Boston, 1894, 1896. He became pres- 
 ident of the Soci6t<5 des Artistes Dissident after the death 
 of Meissonier in 1891. 
 
 Puy (pfie), Le. or Le-Puy-en-Velay (le-pwe'- 
 on-ve-la'). The capital of the department of 
 Haute-Loire, France, situated between the 
 Borne and the Dolezon, in lat. 45° 2' N., long. 
 3° 52' E. : the medieval Anicium and Podium. 
 It is a manufacturing center for laces. The chief objects 
 of interest are the early medieval cathedral of Notre Dame, 
 and Mont Corneille, a rock surmounted by a statue of the 
 Virgin. The place has been a resort for pilgrims from 
 early times. It was the capital of the ancient Velay. 
 Population, commune, 21,420. 
 
 Puyallup (po-yal'up). A tribe of North Ameri- 
 can Indians. They formerly lived on Puyallup Bay and 
 at the mouth of Puyallup River, Washington ; but are now 
 on Puyallup reservation, Washington. Number, about 
 500. See Salishan. 
 
 Puy-de-Dome (pue-de-dom'). [F. puy, from 
 'LL. podium, a hill.] 1 . A peak of the Auvergne 
 Mountains, situated in the department of Puy- 
 de-Dome 8 miles west of Clermont-Ferrand. On 
 tire summit there are an observatory and Roman ruins. 
 Height, 4,805 feet. 
 
 2. A department of central France. Capital, 
 Clermont-Ferrand. It is bounded by Allier on the 
 north, Loire on the east, Haute-Loire aud Cantal on the 
 south, and Correze and Creuse on the west, and corresponds 
 to the northern part of the ancient Auvergne, part of Bour- 
 bonnais, and a small part of Forez. Its surface is mostly 
 mountainous. It is traversed by the Allier, forming the 
 valley of Limagne. Its agriculture and manufactures are 
 flourishing. Area, 3,090 square miles. Population, 535,- 
 419. 
 
 Puy-de-Sancy (piie-de-son-se'). The highest 
 summit of the Auvergne Mountains, France. 
 Height, 6,185 feet. 
 
 Puzzuoli. See Pozzuoli. 
 
 Pyat (pya), Felix. Born at Vierzon, Cher, 
 France, Oct. 4, 1810 : died at St.-Gratien, Aug. 
 4, 1889. A French socialist politician and dram- 
 atist. He was a member of the “ Mountain ” party in 
 
Pyat 
 
 the Constituent Assembly in 1848; as a member of the 
 Legislative Assembly in 1849 signed the appeal to arms, 
 and escaped from France ; returned in 1870 ; and was a 
 leader of the Commune in 1871. 
 
 Pyatigorsk, or Piatigorsk (pya-te-gorsk')- A 
 town in the Terek Territory, Ciscaucasia, Rus- 
 sia, situated on an affluent of the Kuma in lat. 44° 
 4' N., long. 42° 8' E. It is noted as a watering-place 
 on account of its sulphur springs, which range in tempera- 
 ture from 84° to 117°. Population, 39,885. 
 
 Pydna (pid'na). [Gr. IIGba.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a town in Macedonia, situated near the 
 Gulf of Saloniki 30 miles southwest of Saloniki. 
 It is notable for the victory gained near it in 168 b. c. by 
 the Romans under /Emil ins Paulus over the Macedonians 
 under Perseus, causing the overthrow of the Macedonian 
 monarchy. 
 
 Pye (pi), Henry James. Bom at London, Feb. 
 20, 1745: died at Pinner, Aug. 11, 1813. An 
 English poet. He was educated at Oxford (Magdalen 
 College), and became a member of Parliament in 1784. In 
 1790 he succeeded Wharton as poet laureate. In 1792 he 
 was a London police magistrate. He wrote “Alfred,” an 
 epic, in 1801, and several volumes of poems and translations. 
 Pyeed. See Paiute. 
 
 Pygmalion (pig-maTi-on). [Gr. II vypariuv.'] In 
 Greek legend: (a) The brother of Dido. See 
 Dido, (b) A sculptor and king of Cyprus. He fell 
 in love with an ivory statue which he had made, and at his 
 request Aphrodite gave it life. Marston’s first publication 
 was “The Metamorphosis of Pygmalion’s Image : and Cer- 
 tain Satires,” which was printed in 1598. “Pygmalion’s 
 Image” was a poem of 243 lines, not a satire. William 
 Morris has also told the story in his “Earthly Paradise.” 
 
 Pygmalion and Galatea (gal-a-te'a). A fairy 
 comedy by W. S. Gilbert, produced in 1871. 
 Pygmies (pig'miz). An African race of dwarfs. 
 The existence in Africa of an undersized race, with a stature 
 averaging that of a boy of 12 to 13 years, was known to the 
 earliest writers, as Homer and Hesiod, who must have 
 heard of it through Egyptian channels. Sataspes the Per- 
 sian found, at the terminus of his voyage along the African 
 west coast, a tribe of dwarfs wearing leaves and owning 
 cattle. The Pygmies are found all the way from Egypt to 
 the Cape (Bushmen), andfrom Kamerun to Zanzibar, in spo- 
 radic bands of timid and nomadic hunters and fishermen, 
 paying tribute to Bantu or Hamitic chiefs. In Abyssinia 
 are found the Doko, who make good servants ; on the Blue 
 Nile, the Sienietye ; in Gallaland,the Wasania and Watua; 
 on the Arawimi River, the Akka and Wambuti ; in French 
 Kongo, the Obongo and Bakkebakke; on the Kuangu 
 River, the Bachwa; on the Lulua and Sankuru and in the 
 horseshoe bend of the Kongo River, the Batua (also Ba- 
 tekke or Bayekke) ; in the Nguru Mountains near Zanzibar, 
 the Wadidikimo ; at the head of Lake Nyassa, high up in 
 the mountains, the Wanena or Wapanga. Finally, the vari- 
 ous tribes of Bushmen south of the Zambesi are also Pyg- 
 mies. See Hottentot- Bushmen, Hottentots, Bushmen, Khoi- 
 khoin, and African ethnography (under Africa). 
 Pylades (pil'a-dez). [Gr. Tlvl a<%.] In Greek 
 legend, the friend of Orestes and husband of 
 Electra. 
 
 Pylus (piCus). [Gr. ITcAof.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a town in Messenia, Greece, situated at 
 the northern entrance to the Bay of Navarino, 
 5 miles northwest of the modern Navarino. it 
 is the traditional seat of Nestor and other Neleids. It was 
 fortified by the Athenians under Demosthenes in 425 B. C. 
 
 Pylus, Bay of. See Navarino, Bay of. 
 
 Pym (pim), John. Born at Brymore, Somerset- 
 shire, 1584: died at London, Dee. 8, 1643. An 
 English statesman and Parliamentary leader. 
 He entered Broadgates Hall (now Pembroke College), Ox- 
 ford, in 1599, and became a member of Parliament for Caine 
 ia 1614. He was one of the managers of Buckingham’s 
 impeachment in 1626, and advocated the Petition of Right 
 in 1628. His authority began in the Short Parliament. In 
 the Long Parliament he assisted in impeaching Strafford 
 and Laud. He was one of the “ five members ” whose ar- 
 rest was attempted by Charles I. in Jan., 1642. 
 Pyncheoil (pin 'chon), Clifford. In Hawthorne’s 
 “House of the Seven Gables,” the brother of 
 “old maid Pyncheon,” who has returned from 
 a prison to find himself at odds with a matter- 
 of-fact world. 
 
 833 
 
 Clifford too — . . . who evidently represents the sen- 
 sitive and aesthetic side of the author's own mind, “that 
 squeamish love of the beautiful ” (to use his own expressive 
 phrase) which is in him when stripped of that cold con- 
 templative individuality which seems to me to be at the 
 centre of Hawthorne's literary genius and personality — is 
 a fine study. Hutton, Essays, If. 442. 
 
 Pyne (pin), Louisa Fanny. Born at London, 
 Aug. 27, 1832 : died there, March 20, 1904. An 
 English singer. In 1842 she appeared in public with 
 her sister Susan (Mrs. Standing), and in 1849 she appeared 
 in the opera “ Sonnambula” at Boulogne, and was engaged 
 for opera in London. In 1854-57 she visited America, first 
 appearing in “ Sonnambula ” at New York, and singing at 
 all the principal citieswith brilliant success. She returned 
 to London in 1857, and opened the Lyceum Theatre for 
 English opera. She was married in 1868 to Frank H. Bodda. 
 Pyramid Lake (pir'a-midlak). Alake in west- 
 ern Nevada, 50 miles north by east of Carson 
 City. It has no outlet. Length, about 35 miles. 
 Pyramid Peak. A summit of the Elk Moun- 
 tains, Colorado. Height, 13,885 feet. 
 Pyramids (pir'a-midz) of Gizeh. The north- 
 ernmost surviving group of a range of about 70 
 pyramids, extending from Abu Roash south to 
 Meidoum. The Gizeh group consists of the Great Pyra- 
 mid, the second and third pyramids, and 8 small pyramids. 
 The Great Pyramid is the tomb of the Pharaoh Khufu 
 (Cheops), of the 4th dynasty, and dates from about 4,000 
 B. c. Its original height was 481 feet (present height, 
 451), and the original length of the sides at the base, 755. 
 It is built of solid masonry in large blocks, closely fitted, 
 with use of mortar. The exterior forms a series of steps, 
 which were originally filled with blocks of limestone ac- 
 curately cut to form a smooth slope. The entrance, origi- 
 nally concealed, is on the north side, 45 feet above the base 
 and 24 to one side of the center. The passage slants down- 
 ward for 306 feet ; but the corridor, slanting upward to 
 the true sepulchral chambers, soon branches off from it. 
 A horizontal branch leads to the queen’s chamber, about 
 18 feet square, in the center of the pyramid , and the slant- 
 ing corridor continues in the Great Gallery, 151 feet long, 
 28 high, and 7 wide, to the vestibule of the king’s chamber, 
 which is 34[ feet long, 17 wide, and 19 high, and 141 above 
 the base of the pyramid. It contains a plain, empty sar- 
 cophagus. The second pyramid, or pyramid of Chephren 
 (Khafra), was originally 472 feet high and 706 in base-mea- 
 surement. It has two entrances, and interior passages and 
 chambers similar to those of the Great Pyramid. It re- 
 tains, at the top, part of its smooth exterior casing. The 
 third pyramid, that of Menkaura (Mencheres), was 215 feet 
 high, and 346 to a side at the base. The entrance-passages 
 and sepulchral chambers are similar to those of the other 
 pyramids. All three were built hy the 4th dynasty. Tem- 
 ples, now ruined, stand before the eastern faces of the 
 second and third pyramids. For the Step Pyramid, see 
 Sakkarah. 
 
 Pyramids, Battle of the. A victory gained 
 near the pyramids of Egypt, July 21, 1798, by 
 the French under N apoleon over the Mamelukes 
 under Murad Bey. 
 
 PyramuS (pir'a-mus). [Gr. I Ivpafiog.'] In clas- 
 sical legend, a youth of Babylon, the lover of 
 Thisbe. Their story is celebrated by Ovid in his “ Meta- 
 morphoses," and Shakspere introduces it in the interlude 
 of the “Midsummer Night’s Dream." 
 
 Pyramus. The ancient name of the Jihun. 
 Pyrenees (pir'e-nez), F. Pyrenees (pe-ra-na'), 
 Sp. Pirineos (pe-re-na'os), L. Pyrenasi (pir- 
 e-ne'i). A mountain-range which separates 
 France on the north from Spain on the south, 
 and extends from the Bay of Biscay to the Medi- 
 terranean. It is divided into the Eastern, Central, and 
 Western Pyrenees. The highest points (Pic de Ndthou and 
 Mont Perdu, reaching about 11,000 feet) are in the Central 
 Pyrenees. There are few passes, and the chain has a high 
 average elevation. There are a number of small glaciers. 
 Length, about 300 miles. Greatest width, about 70 miles. 
 
 Pyrenees, Australian. The western part of 
 the Australian Alps, in Victoria. 
 
 Pyrenees, Basses-. See Basses-Pyrenees. 
 Pyrenees, Hautes-. See Hautes-Pyrenees. 
 Pyrenees, Peace of the. A treaty between 
 France and Spain, concluded in Nov., 1659, on 
 an island of the Bidassoa (near the Pyrenees). 
 
 Python 
 
 Spain ceded to France a great part of Artois, parts of Flan- 
 ders, Hainaut, and Luxemburg, most of Roussillon, and 
 part of Oerdagne ; a marriage was arranged between Louis 
 XIV. and the Infanta of Spain, Maria Theresa, daughter 
 of Philip IV. 
 
 Pyr enees-Orientales ( pe-ra-na ' zo-ryon-tal ' ) . 
 [F., ‘Eastern Pyrenees.’] A department of 
 southern France, capital Perpignan, formed 
 from the ancient Roussillon and small parts 
 of Languedoc. It is bounded by Allege on the north- 
 west, Aude on the north, the Mediterranean on the east, 
 and Spain on the south. The surface is mountainous on 
 the frontiers. It is an agricultural department. The lead- 
 ing product is wine. Area, 1,598 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 213,171. 
 
 Pyrgopoliniees (per-go-pol-i-ni'sez). A brag- 
 gart, a character in the comedy “Miles Glorio- 
 sus,” hy Plautus. 
 
 Pyrmont (per'mont). 1. A small principality 
 in Germany, united with Waldeck. It is sur- 
 rounded by Prussia, Lippe, and Brunswick. — 
 2. The capital of the principality of Pyrmont, 
 situated 33 miles southwest of Hannover. It is 
 a watering-place with chalybeate and saline 
 springs. 
 
 Pyrocles(pir'o-klez). 1. A characterin Sidney’s 
 ‘ ‘ Arcadia.” He disguises as a woman, Zelmane. 
 — 2. The son of Aerates and brother of Cymo- 
 cles, in Spenser’s “Faerie Queene.” 
 
 Pyrrha (pir'a). [Gr. Tlvppa.’] In Greek legend, 
 the wife of Deucalion. See Deucalion. 
 
 Pyrrho (pir'o). [Gr. I ~lvppuvf\ Born in Elis, 
 Greece, about 360 b. c. : died about 270 B. c. A 
 Greek philosopher, the founder of the skeptical 
 school. 
 
 Pyrrhus. See Neoptolemus. 
 
 Pyrrhus (pir'us). [Gr. llvppoc.'] Boru about 318 
 B. c. : killed at Argos, Greece, 272 b. c. King of 
 Epirus, one of the greatest generals of antiquity. 
 He was invited by Tarentum to assist it against Rome in 280 ; 
 defeated the Romans at Heracleia in 280, and at Asculum in 
 279 ; remained in Sicily until 276 ; and was defeated by the 
 Romans at Beneventum in 275. 
 
 Pythagoras (pi-thag'o-ras). [Gr. Uvdaydpag.'] 
 Born in Samos, Greece, probably about 582 b. c. : 
 died at Metapontum, Magna Grsecia, about 500 
 B. c. A famous Greek philosopher and mathe- 
 matician. He emigrated to Crotona, Magna Grsecia, 
 about 529, and founded there a philosophic school. Later 
 he removed to Metapontum. 
 
 Pytheas (pith'e-as). [Gr. llv()!ar.~\ A Greek 
 navigator and astronomer who lived in the sec- 
 ond half of the 4th century B. C. He was a native 
 of Massilia (Marseilles), and visited the coast of Spain, 
 Gaul, and Great Britain. His works, fragments only of 
 which remain, contain our earliest precise information 
 concerning the northwestern countries of Europe. 
 
 Pythia (pith'i-a). [Gr. Jlvdia.] The prophetess 
 of the Delphic oracle. 
 
 Pythian games. One of the four great national 
 festivals of Greece, celebrated once in four 
 years, in honor of Apollo, at Delphi. 
 
 Pythias (pith'i-as). [Gr. IMhdf.] A Syracu- 
 san condemned to death by Dionysius I. See 
 Damon. 
 
 Pythius (pith'i-us). [Gr. UvOioc.'] A surname 
 of Apollo as the slayer of the Python. 
 
 Python (pi'thon). [Gr. Hvduv.'] In classical an- 
 tiquities and in the New Testament, a sooth- 
 saying spirit or demon; hence, also, a person 
 possessed by such a spirit ; especially, a ventril- 
 oquist. Some ancient writers speak of the serpent Py- 
 thon as having delivered oracles at Delphi before the com- 
 ing of Apollo (who slew it), and during the Roman impe- 
 rial period we find the name often given to soothsayers. 
 The spirit was supposed to speak from the belly of the 
 soothsayer, who was accordingly called eyyacrrpi>u>&>s, a 
 ventriloquist, a word used in the Septuagmt to represent 
 the Hebrew ’dbh, often rendered python in the Vulgate. 
 In Acts xvi. 16, the usual reading is “a spirit of Python,” 
 while some manuscripts read “a spirit, a Python.” 
 
 C.— 63 
 
ua-. For names beginning 
 thus, not given here, see 
 Kwa-. 
 
 Quackenbos (kwak ' en - 
 bos), George Payn. Born at 
 New York, Sept. 4, 1826: died 
 July 24, 1881. An American 
 educator. He graduated at Co- 
 lumbia in 1843, and was for many 
 y ears pri ncipal of a collegiate school at N ew York. He edited 
 the “Literary Magazine " 1848-50. He is known chiefly 
 as the author of various text-books on United States his- 
 tory, grammar, rhetoric, arithmetic, and natural philos- 
 ophy. 
 
 Quad! (kwa'di). [L. (Tacitus) Quadi, Gr. 
 (Strabo) K oddovoc.'] A German tribe, a part of 
 the Suevi, the eastern neighbors of the Mar- 
 comanni in Bohemia, in the region back of the 
 Danube about the March and the Taya. They 
 were originally allies of the Marcomanni, but later (in the 
 4th century i appear in incursions into Roman territory in 
 company with the Sarmatian Jazyges. They were ulti- 
 mately included under the common name Suevi. 
 
 Quadra (kwa'dra), Vicente. A Nicaraguan poli- 
 tician, president March 1, 1871, to March 1, 1875. 
 His term was peaceful and prosperous. 
 
 Quadrilateral (kwod-ri-lat'e-ral). The four 
 fortresses of Legnago, Mantua, Pesehiera, and 
 Vei'Ona, in Italy. They are famous for their strength 
 and for their strategic importance during the Austrian 
 occupation of northern Italy. 
 
 Quadrilateral, Bulgarian. The four fortresses 
 of Rustchuk, Schumla, Silistria, and Varna. 
 
 Quadruple Alliance, The. A league against 
 Spain, formed in 1718 by Great Britain, France, 
 Austria, and the Netherlands. 
 
 Quadruple Treaty, The. A league formed 
 against the usurper Dom Miguel of Portugal 
 and Don Carlos of Spain in 1834. The signa- 
 tory powers were Great Britain, France, Spain, 
 and Portugal. 
 
 Quai d’Orsay (ka dor-sa'). The quay along the 
 south bank of the Seine in Paris, on which are 
 situated the department of foreign affairs and 
 the building of the Corps L4gislatif ; hence, the 
 French foreign office, or the government in gen- 
 eral (like the English Downing street). 
 
 Quaker (kwa'ker), The. An opera by Charles 
 Dibdin, produced in 1777. 
 
 Quaker City. Philadelphia, which was colo- 
 nized by Quakers. 
 
 Quaker Poet, The. A name given to Bernard 
 Barton, and also to John Greenleaf Whittier. 
 
 Quangsi. See Kwangsi. 
 
 Quangtong. See Kwangtung. 
 
 Quantock Hills (kwan'tok hilz). A range of 
 hills in Somerset, England, west of Bridgwater. 
 
 Quantz (kwants), J ohann Joachim. Born near 
 Gottingen, Jan. 30, 1697 : died at Potsdam, Prus- 
 sia, July 12, 1773. A celebrated German flute- 
 player and composer for the flute. 
 
 Quaquas (kwa'kwas). Indians of eastern Vene- 
 zuela, south of the Orinoco, on the river Cuyu- 
 ni: a branch, descended from those which were 
 gathered into the mission villages in the 18th 
 century, is found near the Gulf of Paria. The 
 Quaquas formerly lived on the upper Orinoco, above the 
 junction of the Meta, and they are said to have spoken a 
 dialect of the Saliva language ; but at present they speak 
 Arawak, perhaps from long intercourse with that tribe. 
 They are of a mild disposition, and agriculturists. Also 
 written Guagues, Giuiieas, and Guaycas. 
 
 Quaregnon (ka-ren-yoii'). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Hainaut, Belgium, 36 miles southwest 
 of Brussels. Population, commune, 18,291. 
 
 Quarles (kwarlz), Francis. Born at Rumford, 
 Essex, 1592: died Sept. 8, 1644. An English 
 poet. He was educated at Christ’s College, Cambridge, 
 and became a stjdent at Lincoln’s Inn, London. He was 
 city chronologer in 1639. Among his works (largely sacred 
 poems) are “Divine Emblems” (1635', “Hieroglyphics” 
 (1638), and a prose work, “ Enchiridion ” (1640). 
 
 The enormous popularity of Francis Quarles's “Em- 
 blems” and “ Enchiridion,” a popularity which has not 
 entirely ceased up to the present day, accounts to some 
 
 extent for the very unjust ridicule which has been lav- 
 ished on him by men of letters of his own and later times. 
 It is, of course, sufficiently absurd that such hasty and 
 slovenly work should have been reprinted as fast as the 
 presses could give it, when the “ Hesperides” remained 
 almost unnoticed. But the silly antithesis of Pope, a 
 writer who, great as he was. was almost as ignorant of lit- 
 erary history as his model, Boileau, ought to prejudice no 
 one, and it is strictly true that Quarles’s enormous volume 
 hides, to some extent, his merits. 
 
 Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 377. 
 
 Quarles (kwarlz), John. Bom 1624: died 1665. 
 An English poet and author, son of Francis 
 Quarles. 
 
 Quarnero (kwar-na/ro), Gulf of. An arm of 
 the Adriatic Sea, southeast of Istria. 
 
 Quarra (kwa-ra'). [Tigua name of central New 
 Mexico.] A former village (pueblo) of Tigua 
 Indians, situated in V alen cia County , Ne w Mex- 
 ico, on the southern edge of the salt-basin of 
 the Manzano. It was abandoned about 1674 on ac- 
 count of the hostility of the Apaches, the inhabitants flee- 
 ing to Tajique. The ruins of a large church of stone stand 
 by the side of those of the village. The mission of Quarra 
 was founded shortly prior to 1632. 
 
 Quarrelers. See EutcMn. 
 
 Quartley (kwart'li), Arthur. Born at Paris, 
 May 24, 1839 : died at New York, May 19, 1886. 
 An American marine-painter. He was of English 
 parentage; lived mostly in Baltimore and New York ; and 
 was elected national academician in 1886. 
 
 Quartu (kwar'to), Gulf of. An arm of the Gulf 
 of Cagliari, in Sardinia. 
 
 Quasimodo (kwa-si-mo'do). [From the first 
 words of the introit in the mass for Quasimodo 
 Sunday.] A misshapen dwarf, one of the chief 
 characters in Victor Hugo’s “Notre Dame de 
 Paris.” 
 
 Quatre-Bras (katr-bra/). A place in Belgium, 
 20 miles south by east of Brussels. It was the 
 scene of a battle between the French under Ney and 
 the Allies under Wellington, June 16, 1815 (two days be- 
 fore the battle of Waterloo), when Ney was forced to re- 
 treat. 
 
 Quatrefages de Breau (katr-fazh' de bra-o'), 
 Jean Louis Armand de. Born atBerthezeme, 
 Gard, Feb. 10, 1810 : died at Paris, Jan. 13, 1892. 
 AFrench naturalist, professor (1855) of anatomy 
 and ethnology at the Museum of Natural His- 
 tory in Paris. He published works on zoology 
 and anthropology. 
 
 Quatre Fils Aymon (katr fes a-moh'), Les. 
 
 1. A medieval French prose romance of adven- 
 ture, from a narrative poem by Huon de Ville- 
 neuve, taken from earlier chansons in the 13th 
 century: a popular French chap-book was 
 founded on it. Aymon de Dordogne has four sons who 
 are knighted by Charlemagne: Renaud or P,eynauld (It. 
 Rinaldo), Guichard or Guiscard, Alard or Adelard, and 
 Richard or Richardet. To Renaud or Rinaldo was given the 
 celebrated horse Bayard (which see). Rinaldo appears in 
 “Orlando Furioso,” and also in Tasso’s poems. 
 
 2. An opera by Balfe, produced at Paris in 1844. 
 
 Quatremere (katr-mar'), Etienne Marc. Born 
 
 at Paris, July 12, 1782: died there, Sept. 18, 1857. 
 A French Orientalist, professor of Hebrew and 
 Syriac at the College de France from 1819. He 
 published “Recherclies historiques et critiques sur la 
 iangue et lalittdrature de l’Egypte "(1808), “MCmoires his- 
 toriques et gdographiques sur l’Egypte ” (1810), “M^moire 
 sur les Nabatdens” (1835), etc. 
 
 Quatremere de Quincy (katr-mar' de kan-se'), 
 Antoine Chrysostome. Born at Paris, Oct. 
 28, 1755 : died at Paris, Dec. 8, 1849. A noted 
 French archteologist and politician. He published 
 “ Dictionnaire de l’architecture," and critical works on 
 Raphael, Michelangelo, Canova, etc. 
 
 Quatres Vents de l’Esprit (katr voh de les- 
 pre'), Les. [F., ‘ The Four Winds of the 
 Spirit.’] A volume containing poems and a 
 drama by Victor Hugo, published in 1881. 
 
 Quatre-Vingt-Treize. See Ninety-Three. 
 
 Quauhtemoc, or Quauhtemotzin. Seo Guate- 
 motzin. 
 
 Quay (kwa), Matthew Stanley. Born at Dills- 
 burg, Pa., Sept. 30, 1833: died at Beaver, Pa., 
 May 28, 1904. An American Republican poli- 
 834 
 
 tiician. He was admitted to the bar in 1854 ; obtained 
 prominence in the politics of Pennsylvania ; and repre- 
 sented that State in the United States Senate from 1887 
 until his death. As chairman of the Republican National 
 Committee heconducted thepresidentialeampaignof 1888. 
 Qubad (pres. Pers. pron. ko-bad', earlier ko- 
 bad' ), or Kobad, in Greek Kobades. The name 
 of the 19th and 24th kings of the Sassanian dy- 
 nasty. Kobad I., the son of Perozes (Firuz), reigned A. D. 
 488-498 and again 501 or 502-531. In the interval Zames 
 (Jamasp), Kobad’s brother, dethroned him and compelled 
 him to fly to the Huns, with whose assistance he recovered 
 the throne. Kobad waged war with the Greek emperor 
 Anastasius, but on the defection of his allies, the Huns, 
 made peace with Anastasius on condition of receiving 
 11,000 pounds of gold. War with Constantinople was re- 
 newed in 521, in the reign of Justin I., and continued un- 
 der Justinian I. He is the Kaiqubad of Firdausi. Kobad 
 II. reigned Feb., 628, -July, 629. He put to death his father, 
 Chosroes II., and his brothers and half-brothers to the 
 number, it is said, of forty, arid is represented as dying of 
 remorse. It is more probable that he died of a plague which 
 ravaged Persia at that time. 
 
 Quebec (kwe-bek'; F. pron. ke-bek'). A prov- 
 ince of the Dominion of Canada, British North 
 America. Capital, Quebec; chief city, Montreal. 
 It is bounded by the Hudson Strait on the north, Labra- 
 dor and the G ulf of St. Lawrence on the northeast and east, 
 New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and 
 New York on the south, and Ontario (partly separated by 
 the Ottawa River), James Bay, and Hudson Bay on the 
 west. It is traversed by the Laurentian, Notre Dame, 
 and other ranges of mountains. The chief river-system 
 is that of the St. Lawrence. The fisheries and lumbering 
 interests are important. It contains 63 counties. Gov- 
 ernment is vested in a lieutenant-governor, executive 
 council, legislative council, and legislative assembly. 
 It sends to" the Dominion Parliament 24 senators and 65 
 representatives. The prevailing religion is the Roman 
 Catholic. The inhabitantsare largely of French origin, and 
 the language is largely Canadian French. The region was 
 explored by Cartier in 1535. The first permanent settle- 
 ment was made by the French at Quebec in 1608. The ter- 
 ritory was ceded by France to Great Britain in 1763 ; the 
 province of Upper Canada was set off in 1791 ; and Upper 
 Canada and Lower Canada were united in 1841 and sepa- 
 rated in 1867. Area, 706,834 square miles, of which 354,961 
 were added in 1912. Population, 2,002,712, (1911). 
 
 Quebec. The capital of the province of Que- 
 bec, Canada, situated at the junction of the St. 
 Charles with the St. Lawrence, in lat. 46° 43' 
 N., long. 71° 12' W. It is noted for its picturesque 
 situation, and is the most strongly fortified city on the 
 western continent. It has extensive trade ; is a terminus 
 of steamship lines ; exports timber, etc ; and is the seat of 
 Laval University (Roman Catholic). The site was visited 
 by Cartier in 1535. The city was founded by the French 
 under Champlain in 1608 ; taken by the British in 1629 and 
 restored in 1632 ; unsuccessfully attacked by the British 
 in 1690; besieged by the British under Wolfe in 1759, and 
 taken after the battle of Quebec in Sept., 1759; ceded to 
 Great Britain in 1763 ; and unsuccessfully attacked by the 
 Americans under Montgomery in 1775. He perished before 
 its walls and his troops were dispersed. Since then it has 
 not been attacked. The battle of Quebec was a victory 
 on the Plains of Abraham, near Quebec, Sept. 13, 1759, 
 gained by the British under Wolfe over the French under 
 Montcalm. It resulted in the fall of Quebec, and ulti- 
 mately in the loss of Canada to the French. Population, 
 78,190, (1911). 
 
 Quedlinburg (kved'lin-borG). A city in the 
 province of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the 
 Bode, near the Harz, 34 miles southwest of 
 Magdeburg. It is noted for the production of vegeta- 
 bles, fruits, and especially of seeds, and has manufactures 
 of cloth. The abbey church, or Schlosskirche, is a monum ent 
 of much artistic importance. The main structure is of the 
 early 11th century ; the choir was modified in the 14th. 
 The crypt is the original church of the 10th century ; it is 
 built over a still older chapel which contains the tombs of 
 the emperor Henry I. and his consort Matilda. Qued- 
 linburg was founded by Henry the Fowler; was frequently 
 a royal residence ; and was a Hanseatic town. It belonged 
 to Saxony, and later to Brandenburg. Population, com- 
 mune, 24,798. 
 
 Queen Anne's War. The name given in the 
 United States to the war against the French and 
 Indians 1702-13 (part of the War of the Spanish 
 Succession). 
 
 Queen Charlotte (shiir'Iot) Islands. A group 
 of islands in the Pacific, west of British Colum- 
 bia, and belonging to that province. The chief 
 islands are Graham Island and Moresby Island. The sur- 
 face is mountainous. The inhabitants are Indians; their 
 number is estimated at 2,000. 
 
 Queen Charlotte Sound. The continuation of 
 Johnstone Strait, separating Vancouver Island 
 from the mainland of British Columbia. 
 
Queen City of the Lakes 
 
 Queen City of the Lakes. Buffalo. 
 
 Queen City of the South. Sydney, Australia. 
 
 Queen City (or Queen) of the West. Cincin- 
 nati. 
 
 Queen Mab. A poem by Shelley, printed in 
 1813. 
 
 Queen Mary. A dramatic poem by Alfred Ten- 
 nyson, published in 1875. 
 
 Queen of Cities. Borne. 
 
 Queen of Corinth, The. A play by Fletcher, 
 Massinger, and others, produced before 1618 
 and printed in 1647. 
 
 Queen of Hearts, The. Elizabeth, queen of 
 Bohemia, daughter of James I. of England. 
 
 Queen of Sheba. 1. See Sheba. — 2. An opera 
 by Goldmark, produced at Vienna in 1875. 
 
 Queen Of Tears. A name sometimes given to 
 Mary, second wife of James II. of England. 
 
 Queen of the Antilles. Cuba. 
 
 Queen of the East. 1 . A name given to Anti- 
 och, in Syria.— 2. A title of Zenobia, queen 
 of Palmyra. — 3. A name given to Batavia, in 
 Java. 
 
 Queen of the North. Edinburgh. 
 
 Queen of the Sea. Tyre. 
 
 Queen’s College. A college of Oxford Univer- 
 sity, England, founded in honor of Philippa, 
 consort of Edward III., by her confessor Robert 
 de Eglesfield, in 1340. The present buildings date 
 from 1692, except the chapel, which is of 1714. The hall, 
 built by Wren, contains line portraits. The High-street 
 front has a circular belvedere, with coupled columns, 
 over the entrance. 
 
 Queens’ College. A college of Cambridge Uni- 
 versity, England, foundedby Margaret of Anjou, 
 consort of Henry VI., in 1448, and refounded 
 by Elizabeth Woodville, consort of Edward IV., 
 in 1465. The vaulted gateway passes under a square 
 tower with octagonal battlemented turrets at the angles. 
 The Great Court is bordered by the venerable chapel, hall, 
 and library. There are three other old courts — the Clois- 
 ter Court, Erasmu s Court, and Walnut Tree Court — besides 
 a modern one. 
 
 She [Queen Margaret] proposed to call it the College of 
 St. Margaret and St. Bernard, but after her husband’s de- 
 position the name was changed. Andrew Docket, the fir st 
 master who had been appointed to that office by Queen 
 Margaret, hastened with pardonable subservience to in- 
 gratiate himself with her successor, and so cleverly did he 
 manage that Elizabeth Woodville consented to be named 
 as co-foundress, and the college became “ The Queens’ Col- 
 lege of St. Margaret and St. Bernard,” now familiarly 
 known simply as Queens' College. Clark, Cambridge, p. 143. 
 
 Queen’s (kwenz) County. A county in Lein- 
 ster, Ireland. Chief town, Maryborough, it is 
 bounded by King's County on the north, Kildare on the 
 east, Carlow and Kilkenny on the south, and Tipperary and 
 King’s County on the west. Area, 664 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 57,417. 
 
 Queen’s Exchange, The. A comedy by Bich- 
 ard Brome, printed in 1657, and reprinted with 
 the title “The Royal Exchange” in 1661. 
 
 Queensferry (kwenz'fer-i), or" South Queens- 
 
 ferry. A small seaport on the Firth of Forth, 
 Scotland, 8 miles west of Edinburgh. The cele- 
 brated Forth Bridge crosses the Firth of Forth from South 
 Queensferry in Linlithgowshire to North Queensferry in 
 Fife. 
 
 Queen’s Gardens. [Sp. Jar dines de la Reyna .] 
 A line of small islands along the southern coast 
 of Cuba : so named by Columbus, who discov- 
 
 *ered them in 1494. 
 
 Queensland (kwenzTand). A state of the Com- 
 monwealth of Australia. Capital, Brisbane. 
 It is bounded by the Gulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait 
 on the north, the Pacific Ocean on the northeast and east, 
 New South Wales and South Australia on the south, and 
 South Australia and the Northern TeiTitory on the west. 
 It is traversed by low ranges parallel to the coast. Gold, 
 tin, silver, and other metals are mined, but the chief in- 
 dustry is stock-farming. Government is vested in a gov- 
 ernor, legislative council (nominated for life), and as- 
 sembly (elected). Queensland was explored by Torres, 
 Cook, Flinders, Mitchell, Leichhardt, etc. ; was made a 
 penal settlement in 1826; was opened to free settlers in 
 1842 ; and was made a separate colony in 1859. Area, 
 668,497 square miles. Population, over 652,000. 
 
 Queen’s Marie, The. A Scottish ballad relat- 
 ing the death of Mary Hamilton, one of the 
 “ Queen’s Maries” who are mentioned in many 
 ballads. In this ballad the Maries are named as “Marie 
 Seaton and Marie Beaton and Marie Carmichael and me” 
 (Marie Hamilton). Keith names them as belonging to the 
 families of Livingston, Fleming, Seatoun, and Beatoun. 
 Scott’s version, the first published, was made up from sev- 
 eral older ballads. 
 
 Queenston ( kwenz ' ton ), or Queenstown 
 
 (kwenz'toun). A place in Ontario, Canada, 
 situated about 5 miles north of Niagara Falls. 
 It was the scene of a victory of the British under Brock 
 (killed early in the action) over the Americans, Oct. 13, 1812. 
 
 Queenstown. A seaport in County Cork, Ire- 
 land, situated on Great Island 8 miles east-south- 
 east of Cork. It is the seaport of Cork, and a port of 
 
 835 
 
 call for transatlantic steamships. It was called Cove of 
 Cork before the visit of Queen Victoria in 1849. Popula- 
 tion, 7,909. 
 
 Queerummania (kwer-um-ma'ni-a). The lands 
 over whichKingChrononhotonthologos reigned, 
 in Henry Carey’s tragical burlesque with the 
 latter name. 
 
 Queiros (ka-e-ros'), or Quires (ke-ros'), Pedro 
 Fernandes de. Born about 1560 : died at Pa- 
 nama, 1614. A Portuguese navigator who com- 
 manded an exploring expedition in the Pacific 
 *1604-06, and discovered the New Hebrides. 
 Q.ueiroz (ka-e-ros'), Jose Maria Ega de. Born 
 Nov. 25, 1843: died Aug. 16, 1900. A Portu- 
 guese novelist, author of “ O crime do padre 
 Amaro” (1874), etc. 
 
 Queipaerd (kwel'pard), or Quelpart (kwel'- 
 part). An island at the entrance of the Chan- 
 nel of Korea, situated 60 miles south of Korea, 
 to which province of Japan it belongs. 
 Quemada (ka-ma'da or-THa), La. [Sp., ‘ place 
 burned over.’] A collection of ruins in the state 
 of Zacatecas, Mexico, 35 miles west-southwest 
 of Zacatecas. They include several large and 
 very ancient buildings, a small pyramid, etc., 
 and are remarkable for their massiveness and 
 the absence of ornamentation. Nothing is 
 known of their origin. 
 
 Quentin Durward (kwen'tin der'ward). A 
 novel by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1823. 
 Quentin Durward is an archer of the Scottish Guard, who 
 seeks his fortune in France in the reign of Louis XI. 
 Quera. See Keresan. 
 
 Querard (ka-rar'), Joseph Marie. Born at 
 Bennes, France, Dec. 25, 1797 : died at Paris, 
 Dec. 3, 1865. A noted French bibliographer. 
 He published “La France litteraire” (1820-42), “La lit- 
 erature frangaise contemporaine ” (1S42-57), etc. 
 Quercy (kar-se'). Aformercountshipof France, 
 situated in the general government of Guienne 
 and Gascony, south of Limousin. It was mostly 
 included in the present department of Lot. It shared 
 generally the fortunes of Aquitaine. 
 
 Querecho (ka-ra'cho). A hunting tribe of the 
 Apache group of North American Indians, met 
 by Coronado in 1541 in eastern New Mexico. 
 Oiiatel (1598) speaks of them as the Vaqueros, ‘cattle- 
 herders.’ Identified with the Tonkawa. 
 
 Querendis (ka-ran-des'). A numerous and war- 
 like race of Indians, which, in the 16th century, 
 occupied most of the territory now included in 
 the province of Buenos Ayres, Argentine Re- 
 public. The first settlers at Buenos Ayres had many 
 conflicts with them, and t hey were-n ever entirely .subdued. 
 The modern Puelches (which see) appear to be their de- 
 scendants. Probably the name Querendi was applied to 
 them by the Guaranys. 
 
 Querer por Solo Querer (ka-rar' p5r soTo ka- 
 rar'). [Sp., ‘To Love for Love’s Sake.’] A 
 Spanish play by Mendoza, published in 1649. 
 Queres. See Keresan. 
 
 Queretaro (ka-ra'ta-ro). 1. A state in Mexico, 
 surrounded by San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Mex- 
 ico, Michoacan, and Guanajuato. Area, 3,556 
 square miles. Population, 243,515, (1910). — 2. 
 The capital of the state of Querdtaro, situated 
 110 miles northwest of Mexico, it has important 
 manufactures, particularly of cotton. The peace of Gua- 
 dalupe-Hidalgo was ratified here in 1848, and here Maxi- 
 milian was besieged and captured in 1867. Population, 
 35,011, (1910). 
 
 Querfurt (kvar'fort). 1. A former lordship in 
 Saxony, holding of the empire, it was annexed 
 to Prussia in 1815, and is now divided between the govern- 
 ment districts of Merseburg and Potsdam. 
 
 2. A town in the province of Saxony, Prussia, 
 situated on the Querne 34 miles west of Leip- 
 sic. Population, 5,078. 
 
 Querouaille, Louise Renee de. See Keroualle. 
 Quesada, Gonzalo Ximenez de. See Ximenez 
 de Quesada. 
 
 Quesnay (ka-na'), Francois. Born at Mer4, 
 near Montfort-l’Amaury, France, June 4, 1694: 
 died at Paris, Dec. 16, 1774. A noted French 
 political economist and physician, founder of 
 the school of the physiocrats : surgeon to Louis 
 XV. His chief work is “Tableau dconomique ” (1758: 
 limited first edition lost). He also contributed to the 
 “ Encyclopedic,” and wrote medical works, etc. 
 
 Quesnel (ka-nel'), Pasquier (Paschasius). 
 
 Born at Paris, July 14, 1634: died at Amster- 
 dam, Dec. 2, 1719. A French Roman Catholic 
 theologian, a member of the Oratory, opposed 
 by the Jesuits as a Gallicanist and Jansenist. 
 His best-known work is “Reflexions morales sur le Nou- 
 veau Testament” (“Moral Reflections on the New Testa- 
 ment,” 1687), condemned by Pope Clement XI. in the bull 
 “ Unigenitus ” (171j{). 
 
 Quesnoy (ka-nwa'), Le. A fortified town in 
 the department of Nord, France, 10 miles south- 
 east of V alenciennes. It has been many times taken, 
 
 Quiches 
 
 especially by Louis XI. in 1477, by Turenne in 165 by 
 Prince Eugene in 1712, by Villars in 1712, by the iius- 
 trians in 1793, and by the French under Sch6rer in 1794. 
 Population, commune, 3,941. 
 
 Quesnoy-sur-Deule (ka-nwa'siir-dfel'). A town 
 in the department of Nord, France, situated 
 on the Deule 8 miles north-northwest of Lille. 
 Population, commune, 5,045. 
 
 Quetelefc (ket-la') , Lambert Adolphe Jacques, 
 Born at Ghent, Feb. 22, 1796 : died at Brussels, 
 Feb. 17, 1874. A Belgian mathematician and 
 astronomer, especially noted as a statistician. 
 He was successively professor of mathematics at the royal 
 college in Ghent (1815) and at the Athenaeum in Brussels 
 (1819), and of astronomy at the military school in Brussels 
 (1836). He was the head of the statistical commission of 
 Belgium. He published “Sur l’homme et le dcveloppe- 
 ment de ses faculty ” (1835), “Sur la theorie des proba- 
 bility ” (1846), “ Du systfeme social ” (1848), “ L’Anthropo- 
 mCtrie ” (1871), etc. • 
 
 Quetta (kwet'ta). A town in Baluchistan, situ- 
 ated about lat. 30° 7' N., long. 67° E., occupied 
 by the British. It is an important strategic point at 
 the end of the Bolan Pass, commanding the route between 
 India and southern Afghanistan ; and is connected with 
 India by the Northwestern Railway, and the headquarters 
 of a district administered by the British. 
 
 Quetzalcohuatl (kat-zal-ko-wat'l). [Nahuatl : 
 quetzalli, iridescent, bright; coliuatl, snake.] A 
 hero-god of the ancient Mexicans. Some storie» 
 represent him as one of the four principal gods, controlling 
 the air and wind, and assisting in the creation of the world 
 and man. But commonly he is a man with more or less 
 supernatural attributes, and there are various confused 
 accounts of how he came from a distant country, in the 
 time of the Toltecs or before them, and ruled in Anahuac 
 for many years with great wisdom. Then he went to Cho- 
 lula, where he lived for 20 years and taught the people to 
 weave, build stone houses, and make pottery and feather- 
 work ; but because he wished to abolish human sacrifices 
 he was opposed by the priests, and at length journeyed 
 on to Tlapallan (probably on the Gulf Coast) and disap- 
 peared over the sea. He was worshiped, especially at 
 Cholula, as the god of the air and rain, and human sacri- 
 fices were made to him. It would appear that the myth 
 was greatly embellished by subsequent writers, who made 
 of Quetzalcohuatl a kind of prophet or apostle, a white and 
 bearded man wearing a strange dress and practising severe 
 penances, eventually identifying him with St, Thomas. 
 Probably these later authors are also responsible for the 
 story that he foretold the coming of white men who should 
 give the Indians abetter government and religion. It is 
 possible that Quetzalcohuatl was a real personage of very 
 ancient times. The Maya (Quich6) creative deity Gucu- 
 matz somewhat resembles Quetzalcohuatl, and the name 
 has the same meaning. 
 
 Queux, Sir. See Kay, Sir. 
 
 Quevedo y Villegas (ka-va'THo e vel-ya'gas), 
 Francisco de. Born at Madrid, Sept. 26, 1580 : 
 died at Villanueva de los Infantes, Spain, Sept. 
 8, 1645. A Spanish satirist, humorist, and nov- 
 elist. He was employed in the civil service, and was im- 
 prisoned for political libel. Among his satirical works is 
 “Sueitos" (“ Visions ”). 
 
 By these [prose satires] he is remembered and will al- 
 ways be remembered throughout the world. The longest 
 of them, called “The History and Life of the Great Sharper, 
 Paul of Segovia,” was first printed in 1626. It belongs to 
 the style of fiction invented by Mendoza in his “Laza- 
 rillo,” and lias most of the characteristics of its class; 
 showing, notwithstanding the evident haste and careless- 
 ness with which it was written, more talent and spirit than 
 any of them except its prototype. Like the rest, it sets 
 forth the life of an adventurer, cowardly, insolent, and full 
 of resources, who begins in the lowest and most infamous 
 ranks of society, but, unlike most others of his class, never 
 fairly rises above his original condition ; for all his ingenu- 
 ity, wit, and spirit only enable him to struggle up, as it 
 were by accident, to some brilliant success, from which he 
 is immediately precipitated by the discovery of his true 
 character. Ticlctior, Span. Lit., II. 286. 
 
 Quezaltenango (ka-thal-ta-nan'go). A town in 
 Guatemala, 75 miles west-northwest of Guate- 
 mala. It is near the site of the ancient Quich6 
 city of Xelahuh, and was founded by Alvarado 
 in 1524. Population, 28,940. 
 
 Qui-. For names beginning thus, not given here, 
 see Ki-. 
 
 Quiberon (ke-bron'). A small town and penin- 
 sula in the department of Morbihan, France, 
 22 miles southeast of Lorient. It was the scene of 
 a landing of the French royalists in 1796, supported by an 
 English fleet and by the Chouans. They were totally de- 
 feated by the republicans under Hoche, July 20-21, 1795. 
 
 Quiberon Bay. A small arm of the Bay of Bis- 
 cay, east of Quiberon. It was the scene of a naval 
 victory of the British under nawke over the French under 
 ConflanB, Nov. 20, 1759. It crippled the power of the 
 French fleet until 1763, the end of the Seven Years’ War. 
 
 Quiches (ke-chiis'). A powerful Indian tribe 
 of western Guatemala at the time of the con- 
 quest. They were one of the chief branches 
 of the Maya stock. Later the Cakchiquels sep- 
 arated from the Quiches, and in timo became 
 divided into two tribes by the breaking off of 
 the Zutugils. Thus at the beginning of (lie 16tli 
 century there were three great Maya tribes in 
 Guatemala — the Quiches, Cakchiquels, and 
 Zutugils : but of these the Quich6s had a cor- 
 
Quiches 
 
 tain political and cultural preeminence. Their 
 capital was Utatlan, near the present town of 
 Santa Cruz Quiche, northwest of Guatemala, 
 and it is described as a large and fine city, for- 
 tified with great skill. The Quiches were ruled by 
 chiefs, had a complicated system of religion, and kept 
 records in picture-writing. (See Popul Vuh.) They 
 were the first Indians encountered by Alvarado when he 
 entered Guatemala in 1524. Their chief. Tecum Uman, 
 brought a vast army against the Spaniards, but wa3 de- 
 feated and killed ; his son, Oxib Quieh, was seized and 
 hanged ; Utatlan was destroyed ; and within a few months 
 the Quiches w'ere completely conquered, many of them 
 being enslaved. Their descendants now form the peas- 
 antry of the same region. 
 
 Quichuas (ke-chd'as). The dominant Indian 
 race of Peru at the time of the Spanish con- 
 quest. At the time of the Spanish conquest the Quichua 
 language was spread over part of southwestern Ecuador 
 and the mountainous regions of Peru, and a branch occu- 
 pied southern central Bolivia to the boundaries of Argen- 
 tina. This southern group was divided from the more 
 numerous northern by the equally numerous Aymar&s, and 
 there was no connection between the two beyond the lan- 
 guage, with dialectical variation. Among and between the 
 northern Quichuas there lived tribes speaking various dis- 
 tinct idioms. Before the conquest the Quichuas appear 
 to have crowded the AymarAs, who formerly extended 
 locally into central Peru, gradually further south into the 
 northern sections of the basin of Lake Titicaca ; and this 
 slow process of encroachment has continued since, so that 
 the latitude of Puno is now the dividing line of the two 
 stocks. Into the Amazon basin the Quichuas did not de- 
 scend, their most eastern raids being confined to the upper 
 eastern slope of the Andes. Whence the Quichuas came 
 and where they originated are as yet unknown. They were 
 sedentary, partly land-tillers and also herders (of the 
 llama), pottery-makers, and weavers, and metal was worked 
 among most of their tribes. They erected buildings of 
 stone. Their architecture was locally influenced, and of 
 varied perfection. They were divided into many inde- 
 pendent tribes, with tribal government, and were often at 
 war with one another. About four hundred years previous 
 to the conquest one tribe, the Incas, residing in the basin 
 of Cuzco, began, under very favorable natural conditions 
 of climate, soil, and military topography, to become ag- 
 gressive. Living in a sheltered basin, well adapted to 
 agriculture, with only four, easily defensible, entrances, 
 surrounded by high and abrupt mountains, they were able 
 to sally out, overrun adjacent tribes, and then withdraw 
 to their sheltered home without much fear of being at- 
 tacked in turn, although many attempts were made to at- 
 tack them. These damaging raids continued until the 
 beginning of the sixteenth century, and were carried further 
 and further until the Incas had overawed the Pacific slope 
 from the eastern Andes of Peru and Ecuador to the sea, and 
 as far north as northwestern Ecuador, and had also raided 
 parts of northern Chile. These raids (which were not uni- 
 formly successful) were not conquests of the Quichuas, 
 but specifically incursions by the Incas of Cuzco for the 
 purpose of rapine and plunder. No amalgamation into a 
 state or Quichua nation was attempted or even thought of. 
 Each tribe defeated, if not exterminated, was held to 
 tribute and, in case of necessity, to assistance in further 
 raids ; otherwise the tribe remained autonomous under 
 the surveillance of the Incas. There are even indications 
 that at least temporary leagues were made with the 
 Aymar&s, although they were of an entirely distinct linguis- 
 tic stock. The Quichuas must not be identified with the 
 Incas (see Incas). The northern Quichuas had become 
 largely tributary to the latter and bore this yoke unwill- 
 ingly, a fact which greatly facilitated the Spanish conquest. 
 The story of a belief, on the part of the Quichuas, in a 
 chief personal God, and a uniform cult, is a fable. Tribal 
 fetishism prevailed everywhere. Also written Quechuas, 
 Kicltuas, and Kechuas. 
 
 Quickly (kwik'li), Mistress or Hostess. A ser- 
 vant to Dr.Caiusin the “Merry Wives of Wind- 
 sor” ; also, a hostess in the first and second parts 
 of “King Henry IV.” and in “King Henry V.” 
 Quicksilver (kwik'siFver). 1. A character in 
 Chapman, Marston, and Jonson’s play “East- 
 ward Ho!”: an idle and rowdy apprentice, a 
 caricature of Luke Hatton.— 2. A character in 
 Warren’s “Ten Thousand a Year”: an undis- 
 guised caricature of Lord Brougham. 
 
 Quileute (kwil-e-ot'). A tribe of North Ameri- 
 can Indians. They formerly lived on the river of the 
 same name, ashort distance above and below its mouth, and 
 on the adjacent coast of the Pacific, between the Makah, 
 of Wakashan stock, on the nort h, and the Quaitso, a Salishau 
 tribe, on the south, in the State of Washington. The Hoh 
 formed the southern division of the tribe. Wars with the 
 numerically superior Salishan tribes gradually reduced 
 their number. The Quileute are now confined to Neah Bay 
 reservation, Washington, where they number about 200. 
 The Hoh are on the Puyallup reservation, and number 
 about 60. See Chimakuan. 
 
 Quilimane, or Kilimane (ke-le-ma'nii). 1. A 
 river in Africa, the northern mouth of the Zam- 
 besi. — 2. A town in Mozambique, situated on 
 the river Quilimane in lat. 17° 52' S., long. 37° 
 1' E. It has considerable trade. Population, 
 about 7,000. 
 
 Quillota (kel-yo'ta). A town in the province 
 of Valparaiso, Chile, 20 miles northeastof Val- 
 paraiso. Population, 11,449. 
 
 Quiloa. See Kilwa. 
 
 Quilp (kwilp). In Dickens’s “Old Curiosity 
 Shop,” a malicious dwarf who abuses his wife. 
 
 Quimper, or Quimper-Corentin (kan-par'ko- 
 ron-tan'). The capital of the department of 
 Finistdre, France, situated at the junction of 
 
 836 
 
 the Steir and Odet, in lat. 48° N., long. 4° 6' W. 
 It is a seaport with considerable commerce, and contains 
 the Cathedral of St. Corentin. It was the capital of the 
 old county of Cornouailles, and suffered in the religious 
 wars. Population, commune, 19,516. 
 
 Quimperle (kan-per-la/). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Finist&re, France, situated at the junc- 
 tion of the E116 and Isole, 11 miles northwest 
 of Lorient. Population, commune, 9,176. 
 
 Quin (kwin), James. Born at London, Feb. 24, 
 1693 : died at Bath, England, Jan. 21, 1766. An 
 English actor. He first appeared at Dublin in 1714, at 
 London in 1715; andinl720hemadea great success of Fal- 
 staff. He was the rival of Garrick until the latter became 
 unmistakably more popular with the public, when Quin re- 
 tired (1751) from the stage, reappearing only for benefits. 
 His great parts were Falstaff, Maskwell, Sir John Brute, 
 Cato, Brutus, Volpone, etc. 
 
 Quinames (ke-na'mas), or Quinametin (ke-na- 
 ma-ten'). In Mexican (Nahuatl) tradition, a 
 fabled race of giants who were the first inhabi- 
 tants of the plateau of Anahuac. 
 
 Quinault (ke-no'), Philippe. Born at Paris, 
 June 3, 1635: died Nov. 26,1688. AFrench dram- 
 atist, the creator of the lyric tragedy. He wrote 
 libretti for Lulli’s operas, including “Roland ”(1685), “Ar- 
 mide ” (1686), etc. 
 
 Quinbus Flestrin. See Flestrin. 
 
 Quince (kwins), Peter. A carpenter in Shak- 
 spere’s “Midsummer Night's Dream.” He takes 
 the part of stage-manager in the interlude. In the farce 
 of “Bottom the Weaver," into which the comic parts of the 
 “Midsummer Night’s Dream ” were worked, he becomes 
 a pedant and schoolmaster, and in Gryphius’s translation 
 of this farce was introduced to Germany as “Herr Peter 
 Squenze." 
 
 Quinctilianus. See Quintilian. 
 
 Quincy (kwin'zi). A city in Norfolk County, 
 Massachusetts, situated onQuincyBay in Boston 
 harbor, 71 miles south-southeast of Boston, it is 
 famous for its granite-quarries. It was the birthplace of 
 John Hancock, John Adams, and John Q. Adams. It was 
 separated from Braintree in 1792. Population, 32,642, 
 (1910). 
 
 Quincy. A city, capital of Adams County, Illi- 
 nois, situated on the Mississippi in lat. 39° 55' 
 
 N. it is an important railway center ; is a seat of river 
 trade; and has flourishing manufactures of flour, etc., and 
 commerce. It was laid out in 1825. Pop., 36,587, (1910). 
 
 Quincy, Edmund. Born at Braintree, Mass., 
 1681 : died at London, 1738. An American ju- 
 rist. 
 
 Quincy, Edmund. Born at Boston, Feb. 1, 
 1808: died at Dedham, Mass., May 17, 1877. 
 An American author, son of Josiah Quincy 
 (1772-1864) whose biography he wrote (1867) 
 and whose speeches he edited (1875). 
 
 Quincy, Josiah. Born at Boston, Feb. 23, 1744 : 
 died at sea, April 26, 1775. An American law- 
 yer and patriot, grandson of Edmund Quincy 
 (1681-1738). ne was sent on a political mission to Eng- 
 land 1774-75. He published various political works, in- 
 cluding “Observations on the Act of Parliament common- 
 ly called the Boston Port Bill” (1774). 
 
 Quincy, Josiah. Born at Boston, Feb. 4, 1772: 
 died at Quincy, Mass., July 1, 1864. An Amer- 
 ican statesman, orator, and historian: son of 
 Josiah Quincy (1744—75). He was a Federalist mem- 
 ber of Congress from Massachusetts 1805-13; opposed the 
 embargo, the admission of Louisiana, and the War of 1812 ; 
 was a member of the Massachusetts legislature ; was may- 
 or of Boston 1823-28 ; and was president of Harvard 1829- 
 1845. Hewrote a “History of Harvard University ’’(1840), 
 “Municipal History of Boston” (1852), “Life of J. Q. 
 Adams ” (1858). 
 
 Quincy, Quatremere de. See Quatremerc de 
 Quincy. 
 
 Quinebaug (kwin-e-bag'). A river in south- 
 ern Massachusetts and eastern Connecticut, 
 which unites with the Shetucket 3 miles north- 
 east of Norwich, Connecticut. Length, 80-90 
 miles. 
 
 Quinet (ke-na'), Edgar. Born at Bourg, Ain, 
 Feb. 17, 1803: died at Versailles, March 27, 
 1875. A French philosopher, poet, historian, 
 and politician. After studying in Heidelberg he trans- 
 lated Herder's “ Ideen zur Philosophic der Geschichte der 
 Menschheit.” He had previously (1823) published “ Les 
 tablettes du Juif errant,” He summed up the results of 
 his travels in Greece, Italy, Spain, etc., in “De la Gr&ce 
 moderne et de ses rapports avec i'antiquite ’’ (1830), “ Voy- 
 ages d un solitaire” (1836), “ Allemagne et Italie ” (1839), 
 “ Mes vacances en Espagne ” (1846), etc. In connection 
 with his studies and observations in foreign countries 
 Quinet wrote a number of monographs and contributed 
 many articles to the leading periodicals. He also com- 
 posed epic poems, including “ Napoleon "(1836) and “Pro- 
 m6thfie’’(1839), and “ Ahasvdrus, a prose drama ” (1833). He 
 lectured in the faculty of letters at Lyons, and in 1842 ac- 
 cepted achair of South European literature at the College 
 de France. His best work of this period is “Le g6nie des 
 religions ”(1842). He lost his position in 1846 on account 
 of his radical views, went to Spain, and after his return in 
 1847 was elected to the Chamber of Deputies. He took 
 part in the revolution of 1848, and in 1852 was banished 
 from France. He resided subsequently in Belgium and 
 Switzerland, and, although amnestied in 1859, did not re- 
 turn to France until after the downfall of the empire. 
 
 Quito 
 
 Aside from numerous articles and pamphlets, he completed 
 “Les revolutions dltalie" in 1852, and published “Les 
 esclaves” (1853), "Merlin I'euchanteur” (I860), “fEuvres 
 poetiques ” (1860), “ Histoire de la campagne de 1815 ” (1862), 
 “La revolution” (1865), “La creation” (1870), ‘ ' La repub- 
 lique ” (1872), and “L’Esprit nouveau” (1874). 
 
 Quinsigamond (kwin-sig'a-mond) Lake. A 
 lake in Massachusetts, 24 miles east of Wor- 
 cester. Its outlet is by the Quinsigamond River 
 into the Blackstone. Length, 5 miles. 
 Quintana (ken-ta'nii), Manuel Jose. Born at 
 Madrid, April 11, 1772: died there, March 11, 
 1857. A Spanish author. He was a lawyer ; was sec- 
 retary of the Cortes and regency during the struggle against 
 Joseph Bonaparte; and was imprisoned 1814-20. Sub- 
 sequently he was preceptor of the infant queen Isabella 
 (1833), and in 1835 was made senator. Quintana was one 
 of the first poets of his time, hut he is best known for his 
 ‘ ‘ Vidas de Espanoles celebres ” (3 vols. 1807-34 : many sub- 
 sequent editions), which is one of the Spanish prose classics. 
 
 Quintilian (kwin-til'i-an) (Marcus Fabius 
 Quintilianus or Quinctilianus). Born at 
 
 Calagurris (Calahorra), Spain, about 35 a. d. ; 
 died about 95 A. D. A celebrated Roman rhet- 
 orician. He was educated at Rome; returned to his 
 birthplace as teacher of oratory ; and went hack to Rome 
 with Galba in 68, and taught oratory there for 20 years. 
 He was patronized by V espasian and Domitian. His most 
 celebrated work is his “Institutio Oratoria.” 
 
 Some copies of Quintilian’s Institutions of Oratory, very 
 much corrupted and mutilated by the ignorance or pre- 
 sumption of copyists, were known in Italy before the fif- 
 teenth century. But in 1414, while the Council of Con- 
 stance was sitting, Poggio, a learned Italian, was commis- 
 sioned by the promoters of learning to proceed to that 
 place, in search of ancient manuscripts, which were be- 
 lieved to be preserved in the monasteries ot the city and 
 its vicinity. His researches were rewarded by discovering 
 in the monastery of St. -Gall, beneath aheap of long-neg- 
 lected lumber, a perfect copy of the Institutions. 
 
 Taylor, Hist. Anc. Books, p. 168. 
 Quintus (kwin'tus). A son of Titus Andronicus 
 in Shakspere’s (?) “Titus Andronicus.” 
 Quintus Curtius Rufus. See Curtins. 
 Quintus Icilius. See Guicliard. 
 
 Quip for an Upstart Courtier, or a Quaint 
 Dispute between Velvet-breeches and 
 Cloth-breeches. A pamphlet printed by Robert 
 Greene in 1592. It attacked Gabriel Harvey and his 
 family in a few lines which were afterward canceled. It 
 was mostly a reproduction of Thynne’s “Debate between 
 Pride and Lowliness,” and satirized pride of attire, etc. 
 
 Quirigua (ke-re-g wa' ) , or Quirihua (ke-re-wa'). 
 A site of ancient ruins in eastern Guatemala, 
 on the river Motagua 13 miles south of Izabal. 
 The remains include a pyramid, a great altar (?) formed of 
 a single sculptured stone, etc. The place appears to have 
 been abandoned before the Spanish conquest. 
 
 Quirinal(kwir'i-nal),L.Mons Quirinalis ( monz 
 kwir-i-na/lis). The furthest north and the high- 
 est of the seven hills of ancient Rome, lying 
 northeast of the Capitoline and northwest of 
 the Viminal. It has its name from an old Sabine sanc- 
 tuary of Quirinus (Mars). On the hill stands the palace 
 of the Quirinal, the former summer palace of the Pope. 
 Quirinalia (kwir-i-na'li-a). In ancient Rome, 
 a festival in honor of Quirinus, celebrated on 
 Feb. 17, on which day Romulus was said to 
 have been translated to heaven. 
 
 Quirinus (kwi-rl'mis). An Italian divinity, 
 identified with Romulus and assimilated to 
 Mars. 
 
 Quirinus. The pen-name of Dr. I. J. von Dol- 
 linger. 
 
 Quirites (kwi-ri'tez). The citizens of ancient 
 Rome considered in their civil capacity. The 
 name Quirites pertained to them in addition to that of Ro- 
 mani, the latter designation having application in their 
 political and military capacity. 
 
 Quirix. See Keresan. 
 
 Quirk, Gammon, and Snap. A firm of rascally 
 solicitors in Warren’s “Ten Thousand a Year.” 
 See Gammon. 
 
 Quiros. See Queiros. 
 
 Quissama (ke-sa'ma). See Kisama. 
 
 Quistello (kwis-tel'lo). A town in the province 
 of Mantua, Italy, situated on the Secchia 14 
 miles southeast of Mantua. Here, 1734, the Impe- 
 rialists defeated the French and Sardinians. Population, 
 town, 3,379 ; commune, 11,214. 
 
 Quiterla (ke-ta're-a). The lost bride of Cama- 
 cho. See Camacho. 
 
 Quitman (kwit'man), John Anthony, Born 
 at Rhinebeck, N. Y., Sept. 1, 1799: died at 
 Natchez, Miss., July 17, 1858. An American 
 politician and general. He served in the Texan war 
 for independence in 1836, and was distinguished in the 
 Mexican war at Monterey, Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Chapul- 
 tepec. He was governor of the city of Mexico in 1847 : gov- 
 ernor of Mississippi 1850-51 : and Democratic member of 
 Congress from Mississippi 1855-58. 
 
 Quito (ke'to). The capital and, except Guay- 
 aquil (?), the largest city of Ecuador, situated 
 on the plateau of the Andes, 9,350 feet above 
 the sea, iu lat.0° 13' S., long. 78° 27' W. it lieB 
 
Quito 
 
 at the base of the Pichincha volcano, and < 'otopuxi, Cay- 
 amb6, Antisana, and several other lofty peaks are in the 
 immediate vicinity, surrounding a basin called the valley 
 or plain of Quito. The city is an archbishop’s seat, and 
 contains numerous convents, a university, etc. It was the 
 ancient capital of the Quitus and later of Atahualpa, and 
 was conquered by the Spaniards under P.enalcazar and Al- 
 varado in 1534. Population, about 70,000. 
 
 Quito, Audience of. The chief court and gov- 
 erning body of Quito or Ecuador during the 
 colonial period. Quito was long a province of Peru, 
 and when the first audience was established, in 1563, it was 
 made subordinate to that of Lima. The president of the 
 audience was also governor of the province ; he was ap- 
 pointed by the crown, but answered directly to the viceroy 
 at Lima. From 1710 to 1722 Quito was attached to New 
 Granada. The audience was abolished in 1718 when New 
 Granada became a viceroyalty, but was restored in 1739, 
 and thereafter remained subordinate to Peru until the rev- 
 olution of 1822, when Quito was incorporated with Colom- 
 bia. The name Ecuador was adopted in 1831, when the 
 country became independent. 
 
 Quito, Kingdom of. The ancient domain of 
 the Quitu Indians. It comprised a large part 
 of the highlands of Ecuador. See Quitus. 
 Quito, Kingdom or Presidency of. The colo- 
 nial name of Ecuador. See Quito , Audience of. 
 
 Quitus (ke'tos). A very ancient and powerful 
 Indian tribe of the highlands of Ecuador. Ac- 
 cording to the doubtful traditions preserved by V elasco, 
 they had a monarchical form of government, and their 
 
 837 
 
 kings reigned for many generations at Quito. They were 
 probably of the Quichua stock. Like their Peruvian neigh- 
 bors, they were well advanced in civilization, and the 
 strength of their empire is shown by the fact that the Incas 
 subdued them onlyafter many yearsof war(1460-87). Their 
 descendants form a large portion of the Indian population 
 of Ecuador, speaking a dialect of Quichua. 
 
 Quivas (ke'vas). An Indian tribe of Vene- 
 zuela, on the upper Orinoco near the confluence 
 of the Meta. It is said that they formerly lived on the 
 Casanare in Colombia. They are very savage, and enemies 
 of the whites, frequently attacking travelers. Their lan- 
 guage has been referred to the Carib stock. 
 
 Quivira (ke-ve'ra), La Gran. [Sp., ‘the 
 great Quivira.’] The name given, in the second 
 half of the 18th century, to the ruins of the Piro 
 pueblo of Tabira, south of the salt-deposits of 
 the Manzano. The origin of this designation was a geo- 
 graphical misunderstanding, coupled with the fabulous 
 tales about the wealth of the Quivira tribe. 
 
 Quixote, Don. See Don Quixote. 
 
 Quixote of the North, The. Charles XII. of 
 Sweden. 
 
 Quomodo (kwo-mo'do). In Middleton’s play 
 “Michaelmas Term,” a woolen-draper and 
 usurer, whose amusingly frustrated ambition 
 is to be a landed proprietor. 
 
 Quongti Richard. A pseudonym of Macaulay. 
 
 Quoratean (kwo-ra-te'an), or Quoratem. 
 
 Qwinctunnetun 
 
 [From the native name of Salmon River.] A 
 linguistic stock of North American Indians, it 
 embraces the Karok and Kworatem divisions, formerly oc- 
 cupying numerous villages on the Klamath River and its 
 tributaries, from the range of hills above Happy Camp to 
 its junction with the Trinity, and on the Salmon from its 
 mouth to its sources in northwestern California. Number 
 between 300 and 500. See Petsik . 
 
 Quoratem. See Quoratean. 
 
 Quorra. See Niger. 
 
 Quotem (kwot'em), Caleb. A character in 
 “The Review,” by Colman the younger. The 
 character was taken by him from an unsuccessful comic 
 opera, “ Caleb Quotem and his Wife, or Paint, Poetry, and 
 Putty,” by Henry Lee. Quotem is a ubiquitous and preter- 
 naturally loquacious jack of all trades, as may be seen by 
 the sign over his door : “ Quotem, Auctioneer, Plumber, 
 Glazier, Engraver, Apothecary, Schoolmaster, Watch- 
 maker, Sign-Painter, etc., etc. N. B. This is the Parish 
 Clerk's — I cure Agues and Teach the Use of the Globes." 
 
 Quran. See Koran. 
 
 Qwinctunnetun (chwin // shtun-na , tun). [‘Peo- 
 ple among the gravel.’] A subdivision (village) 
 of the Pacific division of the Athapascan stock 
 of North American Indians : also known as the 
 Wishtenatin or Pistol Rivers (so called from 
 their former habitat on Pistol River, Oregon). 
 The survivors are on the Siletz reservation, 
 Oregon. See Athapascan. 
 
(ra). In Egyptian mytholo- 
 gy, the sun-god, a type of the 
 supreme deity, always vic- 
 torious: the protector of 
 men and vanquisher of evil. 
 He was frequently associated or 
 confounded with other gods, as 
 Amun-Ra, or Sebek-Ra. In art 
 lie was represented either hawlc- 
 lieaded or in human form, exhib- 
 iting on his head the solar disk with the uraeus. As the 
 emblem of supreme power, every Egyptian king was styled 
 his son. 
 
 Raab (rah). A river in Styria and Hungary 
 which joins an arm of the Danube at Eaab. 
 Length, about 150 miles. 
 
 Raab, Hung. Gydr (dyer) orNagy-Gyor (nody'- 
 dyer'). A royal free city, capital of the county 
 of Raab, situated at the junction of the Eaab 
 and an arm of the Danube (the “Little Dan- 
 ube”), 63 miles west bynorth of Budapest. Itlias 
 important trade. It contains a cathedral, and the Abbey 
 of St. Martinsber^f is in the vicinity. It was an ancient Ro- 
 man town ; was held by the Turks in 1504-98 ; and was for- 
 merly strongly fortified. Near it, June 14, 1809, the French 
 under Prince Eugene defeated the Austrian forces under 
 Archduke John. It was held by the Hungarians in 1848- 
 1849, and stormed by the Austrians in 1849. Population, 
 commune, 28,989. 
 
 Eaasay, or Easay (ra'sa). An island of the 
 Inner Hebrides, Inverness-shire, Scotland, sep- 
 arated from the Isle of Skye on the west by 
 Eaasay Sound. Length, 13 miles. 
 
 Eab. See Arlte. 
 
 Rab (rab) (Abba Areka). Born 175 : died 247. 
 A celebrated rabbi in Babylonia, the most im- 
 portant Jewish personage of his period. He held 
 for a time the post of agoranomos (inspector of markets); 
 was one of the collectors of the Mishna ; founded the 
 celebrated Jewish academy at Sora ; and introduced many 
 reforms, more especially in the marriage laws and the 
 practice of the courts of justice. 
 
 Rabagas (ra-ba-gas'). A play by Sardou, pro- 
 duced in 1871. 
 
 Rab and bis Friends. See Brown, John (1810- 
 1882). 
 
 Rabanus, or Hrabanus, or Rhabanus (ra-ba/- 
 nos), Maurus (‘the Moor’). [OHG. llraban, 
 raven.] Born at Mainz about 776: died at 
 Winkel, Germany, Feb. 4, 856. A German theo- 
 logian, abbot of Fulda, and later (847) arch- 
 bishop of Mainz. He was a disciple of Alcuin, and 
 before his elevation to the archbishopric taught theology, 
 philosophy, poetry, and rhetoric at Paris in a school es- 
 tablished there by Anglo-Saxon monks. He wrote com- 
 mentaries aud theological works (edited by Colvenerius, 
 1027). 
 
 Rabat (ra-bat'), or New Sallee. A seaport in 
 Morocco, situated at the mouth of the Bu Ee- 
 gr eg, opposite Sallee, in lat. 34° N. it has impor- 
 tant manufactures of leather, carpets, cotton and woolen, 
 etc., and has coasting and foreign trade. Population, 
 26,000. Also Rebat , Ribat, Arbet, Arbat , Rbat, etc. 
 
 Rabbah, or Rabba, or Rabbath- Ammon. See 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Rabelais (rab-e-la'), Francois. Born at Chi- 
 non, Touraine, probably in 1495 : died at Paris, 
 April 9, 1553. A celebrated French humorist. 
 He attended school at an abbey near his native town, and 
 went thence to the convent of La Baumette near Angers. 
 In compliance with the wishes of his father, Thomas Rabe- 
 lais, he became a monk and spent some 15 years in con- 
 scientious work at the Cordelier convent of Fontenay- 
 le-Comte (1509-24). He was transferred thence to the 
 order of Benedictine monks at Maillezais, and his occupa- 
 tions during the 6 years that follow are not well defined. 
 In 1530 he is found studying medicine at Montpellier, and 
 two years later practising the profession at Lyons, though 
 he took the doctor’s degree in 1537 only. He devoted a 
 great deal of his time to writing, and yet led a wandering 
 life in France and in Italy. He was in charge of the 
 parish of Meudon 1550-52, and died shortly afterward, 
 presumably in Paris. Besides composing yearly alma- 
 nacs, of which but a few fragments are preserved to this 
 day, Rabelais edited various old medical treatises, and 
 made his lasting reputation with the novels “ Pantagruel ” 
 (1533) and “Gargantua" (1535), of which the latter comes 
 first in point of t he story they both tell. They were 
 published under the name of Alcofribas Nasier which is 
 simply the anagram of Francois Rabelais. Their suc- 
 cess was such as to encourage a sequel. Subsequent vol- 
 umes came out under Rabelais’s own name, the third in 
 1645, the fourth in 1552, and the fifth as a posthumous 
 work in 1564. 
 
 Rabelais, The English. An epithet given to 
 Swift, Amory, and Sterne. 
 
 Rab-mag (rab-mag'). The title of a Babylonian 
 officer mentioned in J er. xxxix. 3 : possibly the 
 chief of the Magi, a class of soothsayers. 
 
 Rabshakeh (rab-shak'e). [Assyro-Babylonian 
 rab £dq.] The title of a Babylonian officer 
 (2 Ki. xviii. 17, Isa. xxxvi. 2), probably general 
 or commander. 
 
 Rabutin (ra-bii-tah' ) , Roger de, Comte de Bussy, 
 known as Bussy-Rabutin (bii-se'ra-bu-tah'). 
 Born at Epiry, Nievre, France, April 18, 1618: 
 died at Autun, France, April 9, 1693. A French 
 officer and writer. He wrote “ Histoire amoureuse des 
 Gaules” (1665: a kind of scandalous chronicle recording 
 gossip about the ladies of the court), ‘ Mtmoires,” and 
 ‘'Lettres.” 
 
 Raccoon (ra-kon'), or Coon (kon), River. A 
 river in Iowa, a tributary of the Des Moines, 
 which it joins at Des Moines. Length, about 
 175 miles. 
 
 Race (ras), Cape. A headland at the southeast- 
 ern extremity of Newfoundland. 
 
 Race of Alderney. That part of the English 
 Channel which lies between Alderney and the 
 neighboring coast of France (department of 
 Manche). 
 
 Rachel (ra'chel). [Heb., ‘a ewe’; F. Rachel, It. 
 Rachele, Sp. Raquel, Pg. Rachel, G. Rahel.'] The 
 daughter of Laban, sister of Leah, and wife of 
 Jacob : mother of Joseph and Benjamin. 
 
 Rachel (ra-shel'), Elisa or Elisabeth Felix, 
 
 called. Born at Mumpf, Aargau, Switzerland, 
 Feb.28,1821(March 24,1820?): died near Cannes, 
 France, Jan. 3, 1858. A celebrated French tra- 
 gedienne, of Hebrew descent. She was a street- 
 singer in Lyons in 1831 with her sister Sophie, known as 
 Sarah. Choron, director of aschooiof music, hearinglier, 
 was struck with the quality of her voice, and took her with 
 her family to Paris, where she entered his academy. She 
 soon lost her voice, however, and studied the dramatic 
 art with Saint-Aulaire. He had a small theater known as 
 “La Salle Moliere,” where he produced plays with his 
 pupils as actors. Rachel played soubrettes and tragic 
 roles there from 1834 to 1836. She began to attract at- 
 tention, and was admitted to the Conservatoire in 1836 ; 
 made rapid progress; resigned in 1837; appeared at the 
 Gymnase in July of that year; and in 1838 appeared as 
 Camille in “Horace” at the ThdStre Fran<;ais. Hersuc- 
 cess was extraordinary, in the greenroom and orchestra as 
 well as in the house. From this time her reputation was 
 secure. She went to England in 1841, and to America in 
 1855, where she contracted a cold that ended in her fatal 
 illness. Her finest parts were in the plays of Corneille 
 and Racine, and in “Adrienne Lecouvreur.” She also 
 played Jeanne Dare, Mademoiselle de Belle Isle, CWo- 
 p.itre, etc. 
 
 Racine (ra-sen'). A city, capital of Racine 
 County, Wisconsin, situated on Lake Michigan 
 23 miles south of Milwaukee. It has a flourishing 
 trade in grain, and important manufactures (threshing- 
 machines, wagons, etc.). It was settled in 1834. Popula. 
 tion, 38,002, (1910). 
 
 Racine (ra-sen'), Jean Baptiste. Born at La 
 Ferte-Milon, Dec. 21, 1639 : died at Paris, April 
 26, 1699. A celebrated French tragic poet. 
 He lost his parents at a very early age, and was brought 
 up by his grandparents. His studies, begun when he was 
 ten years old at the College of Beauvais, were continued at 
 Port Royal, and finished at the College d'Harcourt (1658- 
 1659). On graduating, he went to live with a cousin of his, 
 who was in the service of the Due de Luynes. He was 
 well received in society, and made stanch friends among 
 men of literary bent. His early training in Greek and 
 Latin classics, especially the former, had been very thor- 
 ough, and his tastes all ran in the direction of intellec- 
 tual pursuits. He attracted attention in this line for the 
 first time by an ode written for the marriage of Louis XIV., 
 and entitled “Les nymphesde la Seine ”(1660). A couple 
 of short comedies, “ Amasie ” (1660) and “Les amours 
 d'Ovide” (1661), are among his first attempts as a play- 
 wright, and unfortunately are now lost. His friendly rela- 
 tions with men like La Fontaine, Boileau, and Molifere led 
 him to devote himself to writing for the stage: he thus 
 produced a couple of plays, “La Thdbaide” (1661) and 
 “Alexandre” (1665). His first real success as a dramatic 
 poet was scored in “ Andromaque” (1667), which is the 
 initial tragedy in a long series of masterpieces. He at- 
 tempted comedy next in “Les plaideurs” (1668). hut re- 
 verted completely to tragedy in “Britannicus ” (1669), 
 “B6r6nice” (1070), “ Bajazet ” (1672), “Mithridate" (1673), 
 “Iphig6nie ” (1674), and “ Phtdre ” (1677). Racine’s ene- 
 mies conspired against him at this juncture, and preferred 
 to him a minor poet named I’radon, who had written a 
 838 
 
 rival tragedy on “ Phfedre ” which they extolled far above 
 Racine’s play. The great poet abstained then fora num- 
 ber of years from composing tragedies, but finally, at 
 the request of Madame de Maintenon, wrote a couple of 
 plays of great lyric beauty, dealing with subjects from the 
 Bible : “ Esther ” (16b9) and “ Athalie ” (1691). Besides the 
 above, Racine composed four hymns that rank among 
 the finest productions in lyric poetry of his day, also an 
 “Abr^gd de l’histoire de Port-Royal,” and a few other 
 minor writings. The best edition of Racine's works was 
 made by Paul Mesnard for the “Collection des grands 
 Ecrivains de la France ” (1865-74). Racine was made a 
 member of the French Academy in 1673. 
 
 Racine, Louis. Born at Paris, Nov. 6, 1692: 
 died there, Jan. 29, 1763. A French poet, son of 
 J. B. Eacine whose biography he wrote (1747). 
 
 Racket (rak'et), Mrs. A character in Mi's. 
 Cowley’s comedy “The Belle’s Stratagem”: 
 “a qualified flirt, the incarnation of vivacity 
 and good humour.” 
 
 Racket Lake (rak'et lak). A lake in the Adi- 
 rondacks, in Hamilton County, northern New 
 Y ork. Its outlet is by Long Lake and Racket River into 
 the St. Lawrence. Also Haquette. 
 
 Racket River. A river in the northern part of 
 New York. It joins the St. Lawrence 45 miles north- 
 east of Ogdensburg. Length, about 125 miles. 
 
 Raclawice (rat-sla-^it'se;. A village in the 
 government of Ivielce, Russian Poland, north 
 of Cracow. Here, April 4, 1794, the Poles under Kos- 
 ciuszko defeated the Russians. 
 
 Racow. See Ralcow. 
 
 Rada (ra'da), Juan de. Born in Castile about 
 1490: diedat Jauja, Peru, 1542. A Spanish cav- 
 alier. He followed Alvarado to Guatemala and Peru 
 (1534), was with the elder Almagro in Chile (1535-36), and 
 later headed the conspiracy against Pizarro, killing him, 
 it is said, with his own hand (June 26, 1541). Rada then 
 declared young Diego Almagro governor of Peru, and ruled 
 through him until his sudden death while marching to 
 Cuzco. Also Juan de Herrada. 
 
 Radack (ra'dak), or Ratak (ra'tak), Islands. 
 A chain of islands in the Pacific, nearly parallel 
 with the Ralik chain, and with it forming the 
 Marshall group. 
 
 Radagaisus (rad-a-ga'sus), or Radagais (rad- 
 a-gas'). Died 405 A. D. A leader of an army 
 of Suevi, Vandals, and other tribes which in- 
 vaded Italy in 405 A. D. He was defeated by Stilicho 
 at Fsesulse, and surrendered on condition of having his 
 life spared. He was, however, treacherously put to death. 
 
 Radautz (ra'douts). A town in Bukowina, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, situated on a subtrihutary of the 
 Sereth 31 miles south of Czemowitz. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 16,543, (1910). 
 
 Radcliffe (l’ad'klif). A town in Lancashire, 
 England, situated on the Irwell 7 miles north- 
 west of Manchester. Population, 25,368. 
 
 Radcliffe, Mrs. (Ann Ward). Born at Lon- 
 don, July 9, 1764: died there, Feb. 7, 1823. An 
 English novelist. She appears to have reached the 
 culmination of the romantic novel, and her imitators have 
 produced little that is new in the way of conjuring up 
 imaginary horrors. Among her novels are “The Castles 
 of Athlin aud Dunbayne,” “The Sicilian Romance ”(1790), 
 “Romance of the Forest” (1791), “The Mysteries of 
 Udolpho ” (1794), “The Italian ” (1797), etc. 
 
 Radcliffe, Janies, Earl of Derwent water. Born 
 1689: beheaded at London, Feb. 24, 1716. An 
 English Catholic nobleman, a leader in the re- 
 bellion of 1715. 
 
 Radcliffe, John. Born at 'Wakefield, England, 
 1650: died near London, Nov. 1, 1714. An Eng- 
 lish physician, founder of the Eadcliffe Library. 
 He studied at Oxford, and in 1684 settled at London as 
 a medical practitioner. He obtained great celebrity as a 
 physician, and attended several members of the royal 
 family. He entered Parliament in 1713. He left £40,000 
 for the erection of the library at Oxford which hears his 
 name. 
 
 Radcliffe (rad'klif) College. An institution 
 of learning situated at Cambridge, Massachu- 
 setts. Tt was founded in 1879 as “ The Society for the Col- 
 legiate Instruction of Women," popularly known as “the 
 Harvard Annex,” with the purpose of giving to women a 
 collegiateeducationoftliesamecharacterasthataffordedto 
 thestudents of Harvard College. The instruction hasalwavs 
 been given by the professors and the teachers of Harvard, 
 At first it conferred no degree, but only a certificate that the 
 graduate had taken the same courses and passed the same 
 examinations as a graduate of Harvard College. In 1894 
 it was formally incorporated by the Massachusetts legis- 
 lature as a degree-giving body, its degrees to be coun- 
 
Radcliffe College 
 
 tersigned by the president of Harvard, and its instruction 
 and general management to be under the direction of the 
 corporation of Harvard College. The name Radcliffe was 
 given in honor of Lady Mowlson, whose maiden name 
 was Anne Radcliffe, and who gave one hundred pounds to 
 Harvard College in 1643, the first gift made to the college 
 by a woman. It has about 600 students. 
 
 Radcliffe Library. A library ( originally medi- 
 cal) connected with the University of Oxford, 
 England : founded by John Radcliffe. 
 Radetzki, or Radetzky (ra-det'ske), Feodor. 
 Bom at Kazan, July 28, 1820: died at Odessa, 
 Feb. 26, 1890. A Russian general. He distin- 
 guished himself in the Russo-Turkish war by his success- 
 ful defense of the Shipka Pass, Aug.-Sept., 1877. 
 
 Radetzky, or Radetzki, Joseph Wenzel, Count 
 Radetzky de Radetz. Born at Trzebnitz, near 
 Tabor, Bohemia, Nov. 2, 1766: died at Milan, 
 Jan. 5, 1858. An Austrian field-marshal. He 
 served against the Turks.and against the French at Hohen- 
 linden, Aspern, Wagram, etc. ; was chief of staff in the 
 campaignsof 1813-15 ; became commander in Italy in 1831 ; 
 was defeated by the Sardinians at Goito in 1S48 ; and de- 
 feated them at Custozza in 1848, and at Mortara and Novara 
 in 1849, and captured Venice. He was governor of Upper 
 Italy 1849-57. 
 
 Radha (ra'dliii). [Skt., ‘success, blessing.’] 
 In Sanskrit mythology: (a) The foster-mother 
 of Kama. Her husband, Adhiratha, the charioteer of 
 King Shura, found Kama, the illegitimate son of Pritha 
 or Kunti by the Sun, exposed on the Jumna by his mother, 
 and reared him as his own son. See Kama. (&) A cow- 
 herd or Gopi, the favorite mistress of Krishna 
 when at Vrindavana among the cowherds, and a 
 a principal character in Jayadeva’s “ Gitago- 
 vinda.” She is sometimes held to typify the human soul 
 attracted toward Krishna as the divine goodness, some- 
 times the divine love to which Krishna returns after other 
 affections. She is also regarded as an avatar of Lakslimi 
 as Krishna is of Vishnu. 
 
 Radhanpur (rad-han-por'), or Rahdunpur (ra- 
 dun-por') 1. A native state in India, under 
 British protection, situated about lat. 23° 40' 
 N., long. 71° 40' E. Area, 1,150 square miles. 
 Population, 61,548. — 2. The capital of the 
 state of Radhanpur. Population, 11,879. 
 
 Radnor (rad'nor). A county of South Wales. 
 It is bounded by Montgomery on the north, Shropshire on 
 the northeast, Hereford on the east, Brecknock on the 
 south, and Brecknock and Cardigan on the west. The 
 surface is generally hilly. Area (ad. co.), 470.6 square 
 miles. Population (pari, co.), 23,281. 
 
 Radolfzell (ra'dolf-tsel), or Zell (tsel). A town 
 in the circle of Constance, Baden, situated on 
 the Untersee arm of Lake Constance, 11 miles 
 northwest of Constance. It contains a Gothic 
 church built in 1436, and has preserved its 
 medieval walls. 
 
 Radom (ra'dom). 1. A government of Russian 
 Poland, surrounded by the governments of 
 Kielee, Piotrkow, Warsaw, Siedlce, and Lub- 
 lin, and by Galicia. Area, 4,769 square miles. 
 Population, 975,300. — 2. The capital of the 
 government of Radom, situated on the Mleczna 
 59 miles south of Warsaw. Population, 31,000. 
 Radowitz (ra'do-vits), Joseph Maria von. 
 Born at Blankenburg, Germany, Feb. 6, 1797: 
 died Dec. 25, 1853. A Prussian general and poli- 
 tician, of Hungarian descent. He was a deputy to 
 the Frankfort parliament in 1848, and to the Erfurt parlia- 
 ment in 1850. He was a friend and confidential adviser of 
 Frederick William IV., and was a leader of the anti-revo- 
 lutionary party. 
 
 Radstadt (rad'stat). A town in Salzburg, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, situated on the Enns 31 miles 
 south by east of Salzburg. It was formerly of 
 importance. 
 
 Rae (ra), John. Born in the Orkney Islands, 
 1813: died at London, July 22, 1893. A British 
 arctic explorer. He studied medicine at Edinburgh, 
 and was for a time a ship's surgeon in the employment 
 of tile Hudson Bay Company. He made explorations iri 
 1846—47. In 1848 he went with Richardson in search of 
 Franklin. He proved King William's Land to be an 
 island and discovered traces of Sir John Franklin 1853-, 
 1854. In 1864 he made a telegraphic survey across the 
 Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Raeburn (ra'bem), Sir Henry. Born at Stock- 
 bridge, near Edinburgh, March 4, 1756 : died 
 there, July 8, 1823. A Scottish portrait-painter. 
 He was educated at Heriot’s Hospital, and at 15 appren- 
 ticed to a goldsmith at Edinburgh. From this he passed 
 to miniature-painting and to oil-painting, entirely self- 
 taught. On the advice of Sir Joshua Reynolds he studied 
 in Italy, returning to Edinburgh in 1787, where he re- 
 mained. lie painted portraits of Scott, Blair, Robertson, 
 Dugald Stewart, etc. In 1814 he was made associate royal 
 academician, and in 1815 royal academician. 
 
 Rsedwald (rad'wald), or Redwald (red'wald). 
 A powerful king of East Anglia (died about 
 617) : included among the Bretwaldas. 
 
 Ra-en-ka (r;i'en-ka/). A remarkable work of 
 early Egyptian art, in the museum at Cairo, 
 Egypt, It is a figure of wood, of over half natural size, 
 representing a middle-aged man standing in the attitude 
 of a person directing workmen. The eyes are inlaid. The 
 
 839 
 
 figure is very lifelike. Commonly called the Sheikh el 
 Beled, or village sheikh. He was an overseer of public 
 works in the time of the 4th dynasty. 
 
 Rsetia. See Bheetia. 
 
 Rafael. See Raphael. 
 
 Raff (raf), Joseph Joachim. Born at Lachen, 
 Schwyz, Switzerland, May 27, 1822: died at 
 Frankfort-on-the-Main, June 24, 1882. A Ger- 
 man composer. His works number nearly 300, includ- 
 ing symphonies (among which are “Im Walde," “Leo- 
 nore,” etc.), sonatas, songs, quartets, and operas. Among 
 the last are “Konig Alfred ” (1850), “Dame Kobold” (1870), 
 etc. 
 
 Raffaello, or Raffaelle. See Raphael. 
 
 Raffles (raf'lz), Sir Thomas Stamford. Born 
 at sea, July 5, 1781: died July 5, 1826. An Eng- 
 lish colonial governor and administrator in 
 Java and Sumatra. He published a “History 
 of Java” (1817). 
 
 Rafinesque (ra-fe-nesk'), Constantine Smaltz. 
 
 Born at Galatz, Constantinople, 1784: died at 
 Philadelphia, Sept. 18, 1842. A French-Ameri- 
 can botanist. He published several works on 
 botany and miscellaneous subjects. 
 
 Rafn (rafn), Karl Christian. Born at Brahes- 
 borg, Fiinen, Denmark, Jan. 16, 1795 : died at 
 Copenhagen, Oct. 20, 1864. A noted Danish an- 
 tiquary. He published various works on Northern an- 
 tiquities, and is best known from his “ Antiquitates Ameri- 
 can® " (1837), oh the medieval (10th-century) discoveries 
 and the settlements from the 11th to the 14th century of 
 the Scandinavians in America. 
 
 Raft of the Medusa. A painting by Gericault, 
 in the Louvre, Paris. The raft bears the dying survi- 
 vors of the lost frigate. It is a dramatic presentation of 
 suffering and despair. The picture created a sensation, 
 when exhibited in 1819, as one of the earliest strongly de- 
 fining the tendencies of the new Romantic school. 
 
 Ragatz, or Ragaz (ra'gats). A watering-place 
 in the canton of St.-Gall, Switzerland, situated 
 on the Tamina in lat. 47° N., long. 9° 30' E. it is 
 noted for its hot springs, and has about 50,090 visitors an- 
 nually. A victory was gained here by the Swiss Confed- 
 erates over the Austrians, 1446, by which the independence 
 of the former was materially strengthened. 
 
 Raghava (ra/gha-va). [Skt., ‘descendant of 
 Raghu.’] In Sanskrit mythology, a name of 
 Rama. 
 
 Raghu (ra'g-ho). In Hindu mythology, an an- 
 cient king, ancestor of Rama (whence the lat- 
 ter is called Raghava, ‘ descendant of Raghu ’). 
 
 Raghuvansha (ra-g-ho-van'sha). [Skt., ‘the 
 Raghu race.’] A Sanskrit poem, ascribed to 
 Kalidasa, on the history of Ramachandra, the 
 Raghava. Its date cannot, according to Jacobi, be ear- 
 lier than the 4th century A. D. It has been translated into 
 Latin by Stenzler,and into English by Griffiths. 
 
 Raglan, Lord. See Somerset, Fitzroy James 
 Henry. 
 
 Ragman Roll. 1. A collection of parchments 
 containing the record of the fealty of Scottish 
 barons, clergy, and gentry to Edward I. of Eng- 
 land when in Scotland in 1296. 
 
 In the Chronicle of Lanercost (edited by Stevenson, page 
 261) we read that an instrument or charter of subjection 
 and homage to the Kings of England is called by the Scots 
 ragman, because of the many seals hanging from it. 
 “Unum instrumentum sive cartam subjeetionis et homa- 
 gii faciendi regibus Angliae ... a Scottis propter multa 
 sigilla dependentia ragman vocatur.” That is the sense in 
 which Langland uses the word. Afterwards in Wyntoun’s 
 Chronicle, Douglas and Dunbar, “ ragman ” and “ragmen t” 
 mean a long piece of writing, a rhapsody, or an account. 
 In course of time, it is said, “ragman’s roll"became “rig- 
 marole.’’ Morley, English Writers, IV. 291. 
 
 2. A poem printed by Wynkyn de Worde, con- 
 sisting of a list of good and had women in 
 alternate stanzas. 
 
 Ragnar Lodbrok (rag'narlod'brok). A semi- 
 legendary Norse viking, supposed to have in- 
 vaded England about the end of the 8th cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Ragnarok (rag'na-rek'). [From Icel. ragna 
 rdkr, twilight of the gods (G. Gotterddmmer- 
 ung), from ragna, gen. of rogn, regin, neut. pi., 
 the gods (= Goth, ragin, counsel, will, determin- 
 ation, from ragineis, counselor), and rdkr, twi- 
 light, dimness, vapor; but orig. ragna, role, the 
 history of the gods and the world, esp. with ref. 
 to the last judgment, doomsday, from rok, rea- 
 son, judgment.] In Old Norse mythology, the 
 general destruction of the gods in a great bat- 
 tle with the evil powers, in which the latter also 
 perish and the universe is consumed by fire. 
 It is followed by the regeneration of all things. A new 
 earth rises from the sea ; sons of Odin and of Thor, gods 
 who represent the regenerative forces of nature, reappear, 
 together with Baldur and Hodur (Old Norse Hodhr), gods 
 of the year’s seasons ; and the earth is peopled anew. 
 
 Ragotzky. See Rdkoezy. 
 
 Raguet (ra-ga'), Condy. Born at Philadelphia, 
 Jan. 28, 1784: died there, March 22, 1842. An 
 American political economist. He published “ Prin- 
 ciples of Free Trade ” (1835), “ On Currency and Banking ’’ 
 (1839), etc. 
 
 Rainer 
 
 Ragusa (ra-go'sa). [F. Raguse, It. Ragusa, Slav. 
 Dubrovnik, Turk. Paprovni'k .] A seaport of Dal- 
 matia, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Adri- 
 atic in lat. 42° 38' N., long. 18° 9’ E. It exports oil. 
 The chief buildings are the cathedral and the medieval 
 palace. It is strongly fortified. It. was settled in the 7th 
 century ; was recruited largely by fugitives from Old Ra- 
 gusa and by Slavs ; became a republic governed by rectors •, 
 came under the protection of Hungary, Turkey, etc. ; was a 
 flourishing maritime state in the 15th century ; was nearly 
 destroyed by an earthquake in 1667 ; became the seat of a 
 flourishing literature ; was occupied by the French in 1806 ; 
 and was given to Austria in 1814. Population, commune, 
 14,241, (1910). 
 
 Ragusa. A city in the province of Syracuse, 
 Sicily, situated on the river Ragusa 30 miles 
 west-southwest, of Syracuse, it is sometimes iden- 
 tified with the ancient Hybla Hersea. Population, com- 
 mune, 31,519. 
 
 Ragusa Vecehia (ra-go'sa vek'ke-a). [‘OldRa- 
 gusa.’] A small town 9 miles southeast of Ra- 
 gusa in Dalmatia : the ancient Epidaurus. 
 
 Raguse, Due de (Duke of Ragusa). See Mar- 
 mont. 
 
 Rahab (ra'hab). In Old Testament history, a 
 woman of Jericho who protected two spies sent 
 by Joshua to view the land. She concealed them in 
 her house, put their pursuers on a false scent, and let them 
 down by a cord from a window (Josh. ii.). She was the 
 mother of Boaz, and David was her descendant. 
 
 Eahel. See Varnhagen von Ense. 
 
 Rahl(ral), Karl. Born at Vienna, Aug. 13, 1812: 
 died there, July 9, 1865. An Austrian historical 
 painter. 
 
 Rahmaniyeh (rah-ma-ne'ye), or Ramanieh 
 
 (ra-ma-ne'e). A place in the Delta of Egypt, 
 40 miles east by south of Alexandi-ia. it was a 
 scene of military operations in the French campaigns in 
 Egypt 1798-1801. 
 
 Ra-Hotep. See Nefert and Ra-Hotep. 
 
 Rahu(ra'ho). [Skt.,‘ the seizer’; from rabh = 
 grali, seize.] In Sanskrit, the demon who seizes 
 the sun and moon, and thereby occasions their 
 eclipse. In astronomical treatises, the ascending node, 
 the eclipse itself, and especiaUy the moment at which the 
 obscuration begins. 
 
 Rahway (ra'wa). A city in Union County, New 
 J ersey, situated on Rahway River 17 miles south- 
 west of New York. It has manufactures of car- 
 riages, etc. Population, 9,337, (1910). 
 
 Raiatea (ri-a-ta/a), or Ulietea (o-le-e-ta'a). 
 One of the Society Islands, Pacific Ocean, it 
 is the largest of the Leeward group, situated northwest 
 of Tahiti. 
 
 Rai Bareli (ri ba-ra'le), or Roy Bareilly (roi 
 ba-ra'le). 1. Aformer division of Oudh, British 
 India. Area, 4,882 square miles. — 2. A dis- 
 trict in the division of Rai Bareli, intersected 
 by lat. 26° 15' N., long. 81° E. Area, 1,748 
 square miles. Population, 1,033,761. — 3. The 
 capital of the district of Rai Bareli, situated on 
 the Sai about lat. 26° 14' N., long. 81° 14' E. 
 Population, 15,880. 
 
 Raibolini, Francesco. See Francia. 
 
 Raikes (raks), Robert. Bornat Gloucester, Eng- 
 land, Sept. 14, 1735: died April 5, 1811. An 
 English publisher, noted as a philanthropist. 
 He was the originator of the modern Sunday-schools, the 
 first of which he established at Gloucester in 1780. 
 
 Railroad City, The. Indianapolis. 
 
 Rail-Splitter, The. A nickname of Abraham 
 Lincoln, in allusion to his early life. 
 
 Raimond. See Raymond. 
 
 Raimondi (ri-mon'de), Antonio. BornatMilan, 
 1825: died at Lima, Peru, Dec., 1890. An Ital- 
 ian geographer and naturalist. He went to Peru 
 in 1850, and spent 20 years in traveling and collecting 
 material for his great work on the geography and natural 
 history of the republic. This was to have been printed 
 at the expense of the nation, and 3 preliminary volumes 
 appeared (1874, 1876, and 1880). The edition of the 4th 
 voiume was destroyed by the Chileans in 1881, and after the 
 war the publication was interrupted ; but the materials 
 collected by Raimondi are preserved by the Peruvian 
 Geographical Society. He published a topographical and 
 geological account of Ancachs (1873). 
 
 Raimondi (ri-mon'de), Marcantonio. Born at 
 Bologna, Italy, about 1475: died before 1534. 
 One of the chief Italian engravers of the Re- 
 naissance. He engraved after Raphael, Giulio 
 Romano, Albrecht Diirer, and others. 
 
 Raimund. See Raymond. 
 
 Raimund (ri'mond), Ferdinand. Born at Vi- 
 enna, June 1, 1790: died Sept. 5, 1836. An Aus- 
 trian dramatist and actor. 
 
 Raimundus Lullus. See Lully. 
 
 Rain (rln). A small town in Swabia, Bavaria, 
 situated near the Lech 22 miles north of Augs- 
 burg. It was the scene of an engagement between the 
 forces of Gustavus Adolphus and Tilly, April 15, 1632, in 
 which Tilly was mortally wounded. 
 
 Rainer (ri'ner), Archduke of Austria. Born 
 Sept. 30, 1783: died in Tyrol, Jan. 16, 1853. 
 Seventh son of the emperor Leopold II., vice- 
 
Rainer 
 
 roy of the Austrian possessions in Italy from 
 1818 to the insurrection of 1848. 
 
 Rainier (ra'ner), Mount. The highest moun- 
 tain in the State of Washington, situated oast 
 of Tacoma. It is of volcanic origin. Height, 
 14,363 foot. Sometimes called Tacoma. 
 
 Rains (ranz), Gabriel Janies. Born in North 
 Carolina, 1803: died at Aiken, S. C., Sept. 6, 
 1881. An American general, He graduated at West 
 Point in 1827; served In the Seminole and Mexican wars; 
 and obtained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1800. He 
 accepted a brigadier-generalship in the Confederate ser- 
 vice in 1861, and served with dist inction at Wilson’s Creek, 
 Shiloh, and Seven Pines. Hu afterward had charge of the 
 conscript and torpedo bureaus at Richmond. 
 
 Rainy (ra'ni) Lake. A lake on the border of 
 Minnesota and Canada, northwest of Lake Su- 
 perior. Ita outlet ia the Rainy River (length 80 to 100 
 miles) to the Lake of the Woods. Length of the lake, 
 about 65 miles. 
 
 Raipur (ri-pSr'). The capital of the district of 
 Raipur, Central Provinces of British India, sit- 
 uated about lat. 21° 14' N., long. 81° 39' E. 
 Population, with cantonment, 32,114. 
 
 Rais. See liefer. 
 
 Raisin (ra'zn). A river in southern Michigan 
 which flows into Lake Erie 34 miles south-south- 
 west of Detroit. Length, about 125 miles. For 
 the battle fought on it in 1813, see Frenchtown. 
 Rajagriha (rii-ja-gri'ha). [‘King’s house’; in 
 Pali Rajagahaj] The Gi rivraja of theRamayana, 
 the modern Rajgir in Behar. it was the capital of 
 Magadha, and one of the scenes of Buddha’s preaching. 
 Near it was the Veluvana (‘bamboo grove') which King 
 Bimbiearagave to Buddha, and in which Buddha delighted 
 to dwell. 
 
 Rajamandry (ril-ja-man'dre), or Rajama- 
 hendri (ra-ja-ma-hen'dre). A town in Goda- 
 vari district, Madras, British India, situated on 
 the Godavari in lat. 17° 1' N., long. 81° 46' E. 
 Population, 36,408. 
 
 Rajashekhara (rii-ja-sba'k-ha-ra). A Hindu 
 dramatist who lived about 900 a. d. (Von 
 Schroder). He was the author of three Sanskrit dramas, 
 the “Balaramayana" ( ‘Exploits of Balarana”), the “Pra- 
 chandapandava”(“ The Wrathful Sons of Pandu ”), and the 
 “ Viddhashaiabhanjika” (“The Wounded Doll”), and of a 
 Prakrit drama, the “Karpuramanjari " (“Cluster of Cam- 
 phor-blossoms ”). 
 
 Rajatarangini (ra-ja-ta-rang'gi-ne). [Skt., 
 ‘ Stream of Kings.’] A Sanskrit chronicle of the 
 kings of Kashmir, written about 1148 A. D. by 
 Kalhana. It is remarkable as almost the only work in 
 Sanskrit literature which lias any historical value. There 
 is a French translation by Troyer. 
 
 Rajeshaye, or Rajeshahi. See Rajshahi. 
 Rajputana, or Rajpootana (raj-po-ta'na). A 
 collective name of eighteen native states, two 
 chiefships, and the British province of Ajmir, 
 situated in the northwestern part of India. 
 The chief states are Bikanir, Jaipur, Jiasalmir, Marwar, 
 and Mewar. The ruling people are the Rajputs. The 
 region formed part of the Mogul empire; it was subju- 
 gated by the Mahrattas. Area, 130,402 square miles. 
 Population, 9,723,301. 
 
 Rajputs, or Rajpoots (raj-pots"). [From Hindu 
 rajput, a prince, son of a raja.] The members 
 of the Hindu race (divided into numerous clans) 
 who regard themselves as descendants of the 
 ancient Kshatriya, or warrior caste. They are the 
 ruling (though not the most numerous) race of the great 
 region named from them Rajputana, consisting of several 
 different states. Their hereditary profession is that of 
 arms, and no race in India has furnished so large a num- 
 ber of princely families. The Rajputs are not strict ad- 
 herents of Brahmanism. 
 
 Rajshahi (raj-sha'lie), or Rajeshaye (ra-je- 
 sha'e). 1. A division in Bengal, British 
 India. Area, 18,091 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 9,130,072. — 2. A district in the Rajshahi 
 division, intersected by lat. 24° 30' N., long. 
 89° E. Area, 2,593 square miles. Population, 
 1,462,407. 
 
 Rakas Tal (ra'kiis till), or Ravan Hrad (ra- 
 van' brad). A sacred lake in Tibet, situated 
 about lat. 30° 45' N. It is one of the sources 
 of the Sntlej. Circumference, about 50 miles. 
 Rake’s Progress, The. A series of 8 pictures 
 by Hogarth (1735), in the Soane Museum, Lon- 
 don. The subject is the descent of a rich young 
 man, through dissipation, to poverty, despair, 
 and madness. 
 
 Rakoczy (ra'kot-se), Francis II. Died at Ro- 
 dosto, Turkey, April 8, 1735. A Hungarian 
 statesman, leader of the insurrection of 1703- 
 1711. He was chosen prince of Transylvania 
 1704, and assumed tl>e government 1707. He 
 left Hungary after the peace of 1711. 
 R4k6czy, George I. Died Oct., 1648. Prince 
 of Transylvania 1631—48. In alliance with the 
 Swedes, he invaded Hungary and Moravia 1644- 
 1645. 
 
 Rcikos (ra'kosh), Field of. A large plain near 
 
 840 
 
 Budapest, Hungary, east of the Danube. Many 
 Hungarian Diets have met here. It was the 
 scene of sevoral combats in 1849. 
 
 Rakow (ra'kov). A small town in the govern- 
 ment of Radom, Russian Poland, near Kielce. 
 It was the center of the Polish Sociriians in the end of 
 the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th. 
 Rakshasa ( rit ' ksha - sa) . [ Skt. , from rakslias, 
 
 hurt, injury, and then persoDilied ‘injurer.’] 
 An evil demon. The Rakshasas play a groat part, in 
 Hindu belief. According to some they are divided into 
 three classes, one being semi-divine and ranking with the 
 Yakshaa, another being like the Titans and relentless ene- 
 mies of die gods, while a third are imps and goblins that 
 go about at night, haunting cemeteries, disturbing sacri- 
 fices, animating dead bodies, ensnaring and even devour- 
 ing human beings. Some have long arms, some are fat, 
 some thin, some dwarilsh, some tali and humpbacked, 
 some have only one eye, some only one ear, some enormous 
 paunches, projecting teeth, and crooked thighs, while 
 others can assume beautiful forms. 
 
 Raleigh (ra'li). [Named after Sir Walter Ra- 
 leigh.] A city, capital of North Carolina and 
 of Wake County, situated in lat. 35° 47' N. It 
 has an important trade in cotton, and considerable manu- 
 factures. It is called “the City of Oaks.” Itwaslaidout 
 in 1792. Population, 19,218, (1910). 
 
 Raleigh ( origi u a) ly Ralegh ) , Sir Walter . Born 
 at Hayes, Devonshire, 1552 (?) : executed at 
 London, Oct. 29, 1618. An English courtier, offi- 
 cer, colonizer, historian, and poet. After a short 
 residence at Oriel College, Oxford, he entered the Hugue- 
 not army (1569), returning to England in 1576 (?). In 1680 
 he commanded an English company in Munster, Ireland. 
 In 1582 he was in Leicester’s suite at Antwerp. He was a 
 favorite of Elizabeth. In 1585 he became warden of the 
 stanneries and vice-admiral of Devon and Cornwall ; in 
 1586 he was captain of the guard. In 1584 he obtained a 
 charter of colonization, and sent Amadas and Barlow to 
 explore the region which he called Virginia. In 1585 lie 
 despatched a fleet of colonists, who landed on Roanoke 
 Island, but were brought back by Drake the following 
 year. In 1587 he despatched another body of emigiants, 
 which settled in Roanoke Island, but which had disap- 
 peared when arelief expedition reached theisland in 1590. 
 Aboutl586he introduced the potato in Munster. In 1588he 
 took an active part against the Armada. He introduced 
 Spenser to Elizabeth, and persuaded him to publish the 
 “ Faerie Queene.” For his seduction and marriage of Eliza- 
 beth Throgmorton he was imprisoned in the Tower. In 
 
 1595 he sailed fur Trinidad and ascended the Orinoco. In 
 
 1596 he commanded a squadron under Howard and Essex 
 in the expedition which destroyed the Spanish fleet at 
 Cadiz. In 1597 he captured Fayal in the Azores. On the 
 accession of James I. in 1603, Raleigh was charged with a 
 plot to place Arabella Stua.t on the throne, and was im- 
 prisoned in the Tower. In the Tower he devoted himself 
 to chemical experiments, and wrote as much of his “His- 
 tory of the World" as was ever finished. In 1616 he was 
 released to command another expedition to Guiana and the 
 Orinoco. The expedition was a failure, and on his return 
 he was condemned and executed. Encyc. Brit. 
 
 Ralik, or Ralick (rii'lik), Islands. A chain of 
 islands in the Pacific, nearly parallel with the 
 Radack chain, and with it forming the Marshall 
 group. Annexed by Germany in 1885. 
 
 Ralph (ralf, in Great Britain often raf or raf), 
 James. Born at Philadelphia: died at Chis- 
 wick, England, Jan. 24, 1762. An English 
 pamphleteer, historical writer, poet, and play- 
 wright. 
 
 Ralph Roister Doister (rois'ter dois'ter). A 
 comedy by Nicholas Udall, probably written be- 
 tween 1534 and 1541, to be played by Eton boys. 
 Udall was master there at that time. It was licensed and 
 printed in 1566, and is the first English comedy. The 
 “ Miles Gloriosus ’’ of Plautus appears to be its direct fore- 
 runner. 
 
 The plot turns on the courtship of Dame Christian Cus- 
 tance [Constance], a widow of repute and wealth as well 
 as beauty, by the gull and coxcomb Ralph Roister Dois- 
 ter, whose suit is at once egged on and privately crossed 
 by the mischievous Matthew Merrygreek, who plays at 
 once parasite and rook to the hero. Although Custance 
 has not the slightest intention of accepting Ralph, and at 
 last resorts to actual violence, assisted by her maids, to 
 get rid of him and his followers, the affair nearly breeds 
 a serious quarrel between herself and her plighted lover, 
 Gawin Goodluck ; but all ends merrily. 
 
 Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 54. 
 
 Ralston (ral'ston), William Ralston Shed- 
 den. Born 1828 : died at London, Aug. 6, 1889. 
 An English Russian scholar. He was educated at 
 Cambridge (Trinity College), and was called to the bar at 
 the Inner Temple in 1862. lie visited Russia four times, 
 and was a friend of Turgenieff. He published a transla- 
 tion of Turgenieff’s “Liza” (1872), “Kriloff and his Fa- 
 bles” (1868), “Songs of the Russian People" (1872), “Rus- 
 sian Folk-tales, etc.” (1873). 
 
 Rama (ra'ma). The name of three heroes of 
 Hindu mythology — Balarama, Parashurama, 
 and Ramachandra (see these names) : espe- 
 cially applied to the last. 
 Ramachandra(ra-ma-chan'dra). [Skt.,‘Rama- 
 moon,’ In the Black Yajurveda, Sita, daughter 
 of Savitri, is wedded to Soma, the king of plants 
 and god of fecundity, identified with the moon. 
 The name Rama-Lunus is thus areminiscence of 
 the connection of Rama with the moon, and im- 
 plies an original lunar agricultural god ; but the 
 name is all that survives of this origin, just as 
 
 Rambam 
 
 Sita, ‘furrow,’ retains only her name and the 
 legends of her birtli and death. See Barth’s 
 “ Religious of India,” p. 177.] The hero of the 
 Ramayana (which see). He there typifies the con- 
 quering Kshatriyas, advancing southward and subjugating 
 the barbarous aborigines. His story is also given more 
 briefly in the Mahabharata. He was the son of Dashara- 
 tha, king of Ayodhya, by Kaushalya. 
 
 Ramadan (rii-ma-dan'; E. pron. ram-a-dan'), or 
 Ramazan ( ra-mii-zan' ) . The ninth month of the 
 Mohammedan year. Each day of the entire month is 
 observed as a fast by the Mohammedans from dawn till 
 sunset. 
 
 Ramah (ra'ma). [Heb., ‘a high place.'] In 
 Old Testament geography, the name of several 
 places in Palestine. The principal were the Ramah 
 of Benjamin, situated a few miles north of Jerusalem (at 
 Er-Ram), and the Ramah of Samuel, also called Rama- 
 thaim Zophirn. The latter was situated northwest of Je- 
 rusalem, probably near Lydda: some identify it with 
 the Ramah of Benjamin. 
 
 Ram Alley, or Merry Tricks. A comedy by 
 Lodowick Barry, acted probably in 1609 and 
 printed in 1611. Ram Alley led from Fleet street to the 
 Temple, andformerlysecured immunity from arrest; hence 
 it was the resort of sharpers and persons of ill fame of 
 both sexes. It was full of cooks’ shops, and is frequently 
 referred to in this connection in contemporary literature. 
 
 Ramanieh. See Rahmaniyeh. 
 
 Ramantha. See Laodicea. 
 
 Ramanuja (ra-ma'no-ja). [From Rama and 
 anuja, born after, younger brother : lit. ‘younger 
 brother of Rama.’] Born about 1017 A. D. at Shri 
 Parambattur, about 26 miles west of Madras : 
 said to have died in 1137. The founder of a Va- 
 ishnava sect. He is buried in the great temple of Shri- 
 ranganath. His distinctive tenet was his assertion of a 
 triad of principles — (1) the supreme spirit, Parabrahman 
 orlshvara; (2) the separate spirits of men; and (3) non- 
 spirit. All three are eternal and inseparable, hut the spirits 
 of men and the visible world or non-spirit are dependent 
 on Ishvara. In this Ramanuja was opposed to Shankara, 
 who viewed the separate existence of man’s spirit, as dis- 
 tinct from the universal spirit, as illusory. Still he so far 
 accepted a modilied form of Shankara’s system of non- 
 duality that his own system is called that of “qualified 
 non-duality” (vishishtadvaita). In the 13th century a di- 
 vision arose among his followers, resulting in the northern 
 school (Vadagalai) and the southern (Tengalai). In their 
 view of the human spirit's dependence on Vishnu the Va- 
 dagalais are Arminian, the Tengalais Calvinist, and the 
 sects have struggled as fiercely as in Europe. At present 
 the chief ground of contention is the frontal mark, the 
 Vadagalais holding that it should represent the impress 
 of Vishnu's right foot, while the Tengalais claim that equal 
 reverence is due to both feet. Each of the present chiefs 
 of the two sects claims unbroken succession from Rama- 
 nuja himself, the Vadagalai successor living in the Kurnool 
 district, the Tengalai in the Tinnevelly. Each makes a 
 periodical visitation of his diocese, holding a kind of con- 
 firmation, when he brands the initiated with the proper 
 marks. See Williams’s “Brahmanism and Hinduism, ” 
 pp. 119-129. 
 
 Ramasetu(ra-ma-sa'to). [Skt., ‘Rama’s dike.’] 
 The ridge of rocks which extends from the south 
 extremity of the Coromandel coast toward Cey- 
 lon, supposed to have been formed by Hanumat 
 as a bridge for the troops of Rama when fight- 
 ing Ravana; “Adam’s bridge.” 
 Ramatapaniyopanishad (ra-ma-ta-pa-ne-yo- 
 pa-ni-shad'). [Skt., ‘the (pure) golden Upani- 
 shadtreatingof Rama’; from Rama and tapaniya 
 and Upanisliad .] An Upanishad of the Athar- 
 vaveda, in which Rama is worshiped as the su- 
 preme god. Its earliest possible date is the 11th century. 
 Text and translation were published by Weber in 1864. 
 
 Ramayana (rii-ma'ya-na). [ Rdma-ayana , the 
 goings or doings of Rama.] One of the two great 
 epics of India, the other being the Mahabharata. 
 It is ascribed to a poet Valmiki, and consists at present of 
 about 24,000 stanzas, divided into 7 books. It is the pro- 
 duction of one man, though many parts are later additions, 
 such as those in which Rama is represented as an incarna- 
 tion of Vishnu, all the episodes in the first book, and the 
 whole of the seventh. It was at first handed down orally, 
 and variously modified in transmission, as afterward when 
 reduced to writing : hence the number of distinct recen- 
 sions, agreeing for the most part as to contents, but fol- 
 lowing a different arrangement or varying throughout in 
 expression. One belongs to Benares and the northwest; 
 another, generally more diffuse and open to suspicion of 
 interpolations, to Calcutta and Bengal proper; a third to 
 Bombay and western India; while Weber has found among 
 the manuscripts of the Berlin Library what seems to be a 
 fourth. Weber has sought to show (“ Ueber das Ramaya- 
 nam,” 1870) that the modifications of the story of Rama in 
 its earliest shape, as contained in Buddhist legends, show 
 Valmiki’s acquaintance with the Trojan cycle of legend. 
 He dates the composition of the present Ramayana at 
 a time toward the beginning of the Christian era, when 
 Greek influence had begun. In 1806 and 1810 Carey and 
 Marshman published at Serampore the text anil translation 
 of 2 books in the Bengal recension ; inl829-38 A. W. von Schle- 
 gel at Bonn 2 of the northern with Latin translation ; in 1843- 
 1870 the Italian Gorresio at Paris the complete text of the 
 Bengali recension with Italian translation. Two complete 
 editions of the text appeared in 1859 in India, one at Bom- 
 bay, the other at Calcutta. There is a French translation by 
 Fauche, following Gorresio’s text, and an English transla- 
 tion by Griffiths (Benares, 1870-74), following the Bombay 
 edition. 
 
 Rambam. See Maimonidcs. 
 
Rambervillers 
 
 Rambervillers (rofi-ber-ve-ya'). A town in 
 tlio department of Vosgos, Franco, 35 miles 
 southeast of Nancy. Population, commune, 
 5 , 684 . 
 
 Rambler (ram'blor), The. A periodical after 
 the stylo of the ‘‘Spectator, published in 
 London by Dr. Samuel Johnson 1750-52. It 
 is an imitation of the “ Spectator.” 
 Rambouillet (roil-btt-yfi'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Seine-et-Oise, France, 25 miles 
 southwest of Paris. It is celebrated for its ancient 
 chftteau, at different times a royal residence (of Francis I., 
 Louis XV I., Charles X., etc.). The park of the chateau is 
 celebrated for its scenery and its trees. Charles X. abdi- 
 cated hero in 1830. Population, commune, 0, 105. 
 
 Rambouillet, H6tel de. See Hotel. 
 Rambouillet, Marquise de. See Vivonne, 
 Catherine de. 
 
 Rambouillet Decree. A decree issued by Na- 
 poleon I., March 23, 1810, providing for tho 
 seizure and sale of American vessels. 
 
 Rameau (ra-mo'), Jean Philippe. Born at 
 Dijon, France, Oct. 23, 1G83 : died a t Paris, Sept. 
 12, 1764. A French composer and musical the- 
 orist. He published “ Traitd de l’harmonie” (1722), 
 “ Nouveau systtnne de musique t hCorique ”(1726), etc. His 
 operas and ballets include “Hippolyte et Aricie ” (1733), 
 ‘‘Les Indes gnlantes" (1736), “Castor et Pollux” (1737), 
 ” Les fetes d’Hfibfi '' (1739), “Dardanus” (1739), “Zais” 
 (1748), "La princesse de Navarre "(1746), “Les paladins” 
 (1760), etc. 
 
 Ramde, Pierre de la. See Ramus. 
 
 Ramenghi (rii-meng'ge), Bartolommeo, called 
 Bagnacavallo (ban-yii-kii-val'lo). Born near 
 Bologna, 1484 : died 1542. An Italian painter, 
 of the Bolognese school: a pupil of Raphael. 
 Rameses (ram'e-sez), or Ramses (ram'sez). In 
 Old Testament geography, a city of Lower 
 Egypt. It was built by the Israelites. Its exact site is 
 disputed : by Brugsch it was identified with Tanis or San, 
 and by Lepsius with Tel-el-Maskhuta. 
 
 Rameses (ram'e-sez) I., or Ramses (ram'sez). 
 [NL. Rameses, Ramses, L. Ramises, Rhamises, 
 Rhamses, Gr. 'Pafieorjs, Egypt. Ra-me-su, child 
 of Ra.] An Egyptian king, the founder of the 
 19th dynasty (about 1400 B. C.). A memorial stone 
 of the second year of his reign has been found at the sec- 
 ond cataract at Wady-Halfa. 
 
 Rameses II., or Ramses: Miamunl. One of the 
 
 most famous of Egyptian kings, the third of the 
 19th dynasty (1300 B. C.), son of Seti I. He was 
 a great builder and a successful warrior. His most no- 
 table campaign was one against the Hittites; and the 
 great battle of Kadesh, in which he was saved by his per- 
 sonal bravery, is celebrated in the epic poem of Pentaur. 
 (See Pentaur.) His mummy was found at Deir-el-Bahari 
 in 1881. Also called Ses, Sestesu, Setesu, Sethoris, and by 
 the Greeks Sesostris. 
 
 Here [Tanis, Shn] also Mr. Petrie discovered the remains 
 of the largest colossus ever sculptured by the hand of man. 
 This huge figure represented Rameses II. in that position 
 known as “ the hieratic attitude" ; that is to say, with the 
 arms straightened to the sides, and the left foot advanced 
 in the act of walking. It had been cut up by Osorkon II., 
 of the Twenty- second Dynasty, to build a pylon gateway; 
 and it was from the fallen blocks of this gateway that 
 Mr. Petrie recognized what it had originally been. Among 
 these fragments were found an ear, part of a foot, pieces of 
 an arm, part of the pilaster which supported the statue up 
 the back, and part of the breast, on which are carved the 
 royal ovals. Ex pede Herculemt These fragments (mere 
 chips of a few tons each), although they represent but a 
 very small portion of the whole, enabled Mr. Petrie to 
 measure, describe, and weigh the shattered giant with ab- 
 solute certainty. He proved to have been the most stu- 
 pendous colossus known. Those statues which approach 
 nearest to him in size are the colossi of Abii-Simbel, the 
 torso of the Ramesseum, and the colossi of the Plain. 
 These, however, are all seated figures, and, with the ex- 
 ception of the torso, are executed in comparatively soft 
 materials. But the Rameses of Tanis was not only sculp- 
 tured in the obdurate red granite of Assfian, and designed 
 upon a larger scale than any ot these, but he stood erect 
 and crowned, ninety -two feet high from top to toe, or one 
 hundred and twenty-five feet high including his pedestal. 
 
 Edwards, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 63. 
 
 Rameses III., or Ramses. An Egyptian king 
 (about 1200 b. c.), the founder, or according 
 to some the second king, of the 20th dynasty. 
 He reigned 32 years and conducted successful 
 campaigns. 
 
 Ramesseum (ram-es-se'um), commonly, but 
 erroneously, called the Memnonium (mem-no- 
 ni'um). A splendid monument built by Ram- 
 eses II. at Thebes in Egypt. The entrance, between 
 two great pyramidal towers, opens on a court about 200 
 feet square, which had on each side a double range of col- 
 umns. The second court, alittle smaller, has Osiride pillars 
 in front and rear, and double ranges of columns on the 
 sides. From the rear portico is entered the splendid hy- 
 postyle hall, which has 8 ranges of 6 columns, forming 9 
 aisles. The columns of the central aisle, 321 feet high and 
 over 21 in circumference, are the largest, and still support 
 part of the lintels of the roof. The capitals are of the 
 spreading bell-form. Beyond the hypostyle hall were 9 
 chambers in 3 rows, the first two of the central row col- 
 umned. Among the sculptures the colossal seated figure 
 of Rameses in the outer court, now shattered, should be 
 mentioned as by far the largest statue in Egypt : its weight 
 VI. 28 
 
 841 
 
 Is computed at l,()liO ions. The reliefs, among which nro 
 Illustrations of the Asiatic campaigns of Humeses II., arc of 
 tile highest interest. 
 
 Rameswaram (rtt-mes'wa-riim), or Ramesh- 
 waram (-mesh-), or Rainisseram (ra-mis'e- 
 riitn). An island between India and Ceylon, 
 forming the western end of Adam’s Bridge. 
 Hero is a Dravidian temple of great size. Tho plan Is a 
 reotnnglo 672 by 868 feet, with a largo gopura or pylon In 
 the middle of each face except the eastern, which lias a 
 portico, the gopura here rising from within the structure. 
 The interior consists of corridors forming two rectangles, 
 one within the other, but not concentric, and crossed by 
 galleries connecting the four gopuras. In tho center is 
 the small shrine, witli a gilt ball and spire. The corridors 
 are about 30 feet wido and high, ami those on the sides 
 are nearly 700 feet long. They are flanked on each side by 
 compound piers on a continuous dado, with bracket-cap- 
 itals supporting an ornamented ceiling. The piers are 
 sculptured with arabesque designs of remarkable variety 
 and richness. The construction is assigned to the 17th 
 century. 
 
 Ramganga, or Ramgunga (ram-gung'gii), or 
 Ramaganga (rii-ma-gung'ga). A river in Brit- 
 ish India, which joins the Ganges 53 miles north- 
 northwest of Cawnpore. Length, over 300 
 miles. 
 
 Ramillies (rii-me-ye')* A village in the prov- 
 ince of Brabant, Belgium, 29 miles southeast of 
 Brussels. Here, May 23, 1706, the Allies under the Duke 
 of Marlborough defeated the French and Bavarians under 
 Villeroi. The loss of the French was about 13,000; of the 
 Allies, over 3,600. The victory led to the capture of nearly 
 all the fortresses held by the French in the Low Countries. 
 Raminagrobis (ra-me-na-gro'bis). In Rabe- 
 lais’s “ Pantagruel,” an aged poet : intendedfor 
 Cretin, a poet celebrated in his time, now neg- 
 lected. La Fontaine gives this name to a great 
 cat in his ‘‘Fables.” 
 
 Ramirez (ra-me'retli), Juan. Born about 1765 : 
 died after 1823. A Spanish general in Peru. 
 He was the principal lieutenant of Goyeneche in Charcas 
 (1809-12), and subsequently held a separate command 
 against the formidable rebellion of Pumacagua in Peru, 
 finally defeating him at the battle of Umachiri, March 11, 
 1815. Ramirez treated the prisoners with great cruelty, 
 and a large number were put to death. In 1816 he was 
 made president of Quito, where, on May 24, 1822, he was 
 defeated by the patriots under Sucre at the battle of 
 Pichincha. Ramirez then capitulated and left Quito, 
 which was never again occupied by the Spaniards. 
 
 Ramirez, Norberto. Born about 1800: died in 
 1856. A Central American politician, president 
 of Salvador 1840-41, and of Nicaragua April 1, 
 1849, to March 14, 1851. 
 
 Ramiro (ra-me'ro) II. Died Jan. 5, 950. King 
 of Leon and Asturias from about 930 to 950. 
 He defeated the calif Abd-er-Rahman III. on 
 the plain of Simancas July 21, 939. 
 Ramisseram. See Ramesivaram. 
 
 Ramleb (ram'le). [Ar., ‘sand.’] A town in 
 Palestine, an important stopping-place on the 
 road from Jaffa to Jerusalem, 13£ miles from 
 Jaffa. It was founded by the Ommiad calif Suleiman, 
 and was twice captured during the Crusades by the Sara- 
 cens. Napoleon had his headquarters there. Popula- 
 tion, about 6,500. 
 
 Ramman (ram'man). An Assyro-Babylonian 
 divinity who presided over storms. The eleventh 
 month (the rainy month), Shebat,was dedicated to him. His 
 worship extended over Syria (2 ICi. v. 18), under the 
 names Dad, Iladad, and also Bimmon. See Hadad-rim - 
 man. 
 
 Ramman-Nirari (ram'man-ni-ra're). The 
 name of several kings of Assyria. The first reigned 
 about 1345 B. C. ; the second, 911-890 B. c. ; and the third, 
 811-782 B. C. The last conquered many of the neighboring 
 countries, and restored Assyrian influence in Babylonia. 
 Rammelsberg (ram'mels-berG). A mountain 
 in the Harz, Germany, directly south of Goslar. 
 It is noted for its mines of copper, lead, silver, 
 etc. Height, 2,040 feet. 
 
 Rammobun Roy (ram-mo-hun' roi). Born 
 about 1774 in the district of Mursliidabad: died 
 at Bristol, England, Sept. 27, 1833. The first 
 great modern theistical reformer of India. His 
 father was a Brahman, and his grandfather had been an of- 
 ficial of the Mogul emperors. Disgusted with the extrava- 
 gant Hindu mythology, at 16 he composed a tract against 
 idolatry. Persecuted, he fled to Benares and then to Tibet 
 that he might converse with Buddhist priests, being deter- 
 mined to study each religion at its fountainhead. He 
 learned Pali to read t he Tripit aka, as later Arabic, Hebrew, 
 and Greek to read the sacred books of those languages. 
 At 20 he returned and resumed his Sanskrit studies, at the 
 same time learning English. After his father's death in 
 1803 his antagonism to idolatry became more marked, and 
 he set on foot the movement which resulted in 1830 in 
 abolishing the self-immolation of widows(sati). Heformed 
 at Calcutta in 1816, the Atmiya Sabha, or Spiritual Society, 
 which became in 1830 the Brahma Sabha, ‘the Assembly 
 or Society of God,’ the precursor of the later Adi-Brahma- 
 Samaj and Brahma Samaj or Brahmo Somaj. In April, 
 1831, he visited England, where he stayed until his death. 
 Ramnes (ram'nez). One of the three tribes into 
 which the ancient Roman people were said to 
 have been divided : supposed to represent the 
 Latin element in the composition of the nation. 
 Ramnuggur (ram-nug'ur). A place in the Pan- 
 
 Ramsey 
 
 jab, British India, situated on the Clionab 60 
 miles north-northwest ol Lahore, it was tho scene 
 of a battle between the British under Gough and the Sikhs 
 in 1848. 
 
 Ramona (ra-mo'nit). A novel by Helen Hunt 
 Jackson, published in 1884. It is an exposure of 
 tho wrongs suffered by tho North American Indians. 
 
 Ramoth Gilead (ra'mqth gil'e-ad) and Ra- 
 moth Mizpah (miz'pil). Places (or a place) 
 in Bible geography, probably identical with 
 Mizpah (which see). 
 
 Rampur (rarn-por'). 1. A native state in India, 
 under British protection, intersected by lat. 28° 
 45' N., long. 79° E. Area, 893 square miles. 
 Population, 533,212. — 2. The capital of tho 
 state of Rampur, situated on the Kosila. 
 Population, 78,758. 
 
 Rampur Beauleah (bo-a'le-a). The capital of 
 the district of Rajshahi, Bengal, British India, 
 situated on the Ganges 130 miles north of Cal- 
 cutta. Population, 21,589. 
 
 Ramri, or Ramree (ram-re'). An island west 
 of British Burma, to which it belongs, situated 
 about 120 miles south of Arakan. Length, 
 about 50 miles. 
 
 Ramsay (ram'zi), Allan. Born at Leadhills, 
 Lanarkshire, Oct. 15, 1686: died at Edinburgh, 
 Jan. 7, 1758. A Scottish poet. He was a peasant 
 by birth, and was apprenticed at fifteen to a wig-maker in 
 Edinburgh. The “Gentle Shepherd," a pastoral comedy, 
 his best-known work, was suggested by the critique of 
 Pope's “ Windsor Forest ” in the “ Guardian " April 7, 1713. 
 It substituted for the pseudo-pastoral poetry of the time 
 the real life of the Scotch shepherds. It has been called 
 “the first genuine pastoral after Theocritus." He set up 
 a book-shop in High street and published his collections 
 of poems : “ The Tea-Table M iscellany " (English and Scot- 
 tish songs, 1724-27 : the music for these was published in 
 1763-75), and the “ Evergreen,” the precursor of “ Percy's 
 Reliques,” containing Scottish songs written before 1600 
 (1724-27); “Thirty Fables,” partly original (1730) ; “Scots 
 Proverbs ” (1737), etc. 
 
 Ramsay, Allan. Born at Edinburgh in 1713: 
 died at Dover, Aug. 10, 1784. A Scottish por- 
 trait-painter, son of Allan Ramsay. 
 
 Ramsay, Sir Andrew Crombie. Born at Glas- 
 gow, Jan. 31, 1814 : died Dec. 9, 1891. A Scot- 
 tish geologist. He was appointed director-general of 
 the geological survey of the United Kingdom and of the 
 Museum of Practical Geology in 1871, and was knighted 
 on retiring from these offices in 1881. His works include 
 “ Physical Geology and Geography of Great Britain,” etc. 
 
 Ramsay, Andrew Michael, called the Cheva- 
 lier de Ramsay. Born at Ayr, Scotland, J uly 
 9, 1686: died at St.-Germain-en-Laye, France, 
 May 6, 1743. A Scottish-French miscellaneous 
 author. His chief work is “Voyages de Cy- 
 rus” (1727). 
 
 Ramsay, David. Born in Lancaster County, 
 Pa., April 2, 1749: died at Charleston, S. C., 
 May 8, 1815. An American physician, histo- 
 rian, and patriot, a delegate to the Continental 
 Congress. He published a “History of the Revolution 
 of South Carolina, etc. " (1785), “ History of the American 
 Revolution ”(1789), “Life of Washington ” (1807), “History 
 of South Carolina" (1809), “History of the United States ’’ 
 (1816 : forming part of “ Universal History Americanized," 
 in 12 vols., 1819), etc. 
 
 Ramsay, Edward Bannerman Burnett. 
 
 Bom at Aberdeen, Jan. 31, 1793: died at 
 Edinburgh, Dec. 27, 1872. A Scottish clergy- 
 man and author, dean of the diocese of Edin- 
 burgh in the Scottish Episcopal Church. His 
 “Reminiscences of Scottish Life and Character” (1858) is 
 notable. 
 
 Ramsay, Fox Maule, second Baron Panmure 
 and eleventh Earl of Dalhousie. Bom at Bre- 
 chin Castle, Forfarshire, April 22, 1801: died 
 July 6, 1874. A British politician, known at 
 first as F ox Maule . He entered the army in his youth, 
 and was returned to Parliament as a Liberal in 1835. He 
 was secretary at war under Lord John Russell (1846-52), 
 and under Lord Palmerston (1856-58). He succeeded his 
 father in the barony in 1852, and his cousin in the earl- 
 dom in 1860, assuming the surname of Ramsay after that 
 of Maule by royal license in 1861. 
 
 Ramsbottom (ramz'boPum). A manufacturing 
 town in Lancashire, England, situated on the 
 Irwell. Population, 15,920. 
 
 Ramsden (ramz'den), Jesse. Bom at Salter- 
 hebble, near Halifax, England, 1735 : died 
 Nov. 5, 1800. An English manufacturer of 
 mathematical instruments. Telescopes and 
 divided circles were among his specialties. 
 Ramses. See Rameses. 
 
 Ramsey (ram'zi). A seaport and watering-place 
 in the Isle of Man, situated 12 miles north- 
 northeast of Douglas. Population, 4,823. 
 Ramsey, Alexander. Born Sept. 8, 1815: 
 died April 22, 1903. An American politician. He 
 
 was Whig member of Congress from Pennsylvania 1843- 
 1847 ; governor of Minnesota Territory 1849-63 ; governor 
 of Minnesota 1859-63 ; Republican United States senator 
 from Minnesota 1863-76 ; secretary of war 1879-81 ; and a 
 member of the Utah commission 1882-86. 
 
Ramsgate 
 
 Ramsgate (ramz'gat). [See Thanet. j A sea- 
 port in the Isle of Thanet, Kent, England, situ- 
 ated on the North Sea 65 miles east by south of 
 London : an important watering-place. Popu- 
 lation, 27,733. 
 
 Ramus (ra-miis'), Joseph Marius. Born at 
 Aix, France, June 19, 1805: died at Nogent-sur- 
 Seine, June 3, 1888. A French sculptor. He 
 
 went to Paris in 1822 and studied with Cortot. Among 
 
 hisworksare“DaphnisetChlo6,”“L'Innocence,”“C6phale 
 
 et Procris," "Anne d'Autriche ” (gardens of the Luxem- 
 bourg), a statue of Puget for Marseilles, Saint Michel and 
 Saint Gabriel for the Church of St. Eustache, etc. 
 
 Ramus (ra'mus), Petrus (Pierre de la Ramee). 
 
 Born at CutlpVermandois, France, 1515: killed 
 in the massacre of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24, 
 1572. A French logician, noted for his writings 
 directed against Aristoteliauism. 
 
 Ramusio (ra-mo'se-o), Giovanni Battista. 
 Born at Treviso, Italy, J une 20, 1485 : died at 
 Padua, July 10, 1557. A Venetian statesman 
 and author, secretary of the Senate and later of 
 the Council of Ten. He traveled in various European 
 countries. By correspondence he was acquainted with 
 Oviedo, Cabot, and other distinguished historians and trav- 
 elers ; and lie was indefatigable in collecting accounts of 
 the explorations made in his time. His " Delle navigationi 
 e Viaggi.etc. ” (3 vols. 1550-59-63 and subsequen t editions) is 
 one ot the most important of the early collections of trav- 
 els. Ramusio’s name first appeared in the second volume, 
 which was delayed until 1559. 
 
 Ran (ran). [ON. Ran.] In Old Norse mythology, 
 a water-demon, the goddessof the sea, where she 
 caught drowning men in her net. She was the 
 wife of /F.gir, but typified the destructive characteristics 
 of the sea. 
 
 Ran of Kachh. See Kachh. 
 
 Rancagua (ran-kag'wii). A city of Chile, capi- 
 tal of the province of O’Higgins, 43 miles south 
 of Santiago. Here the patriots under O’Higgins were 
 defeated by the Spaniards under Osorio in a two days' bat- 
 tle in the streets, Oct. 1-2, 1814. O'Higgins escaped with 
 only a small part of his force. Carrera was held respon- 
 sible for this defeat, as he could have reinforced O Higgins. 
 The disaster made the Spaniards masters of Chile until 
 1817. Population, 10,380. 
 
 Ranee (roh-sa'), Armand Jean leBouthillier 
 
 de. Born at Paris, Jan. 9, 1626: died at So- 
 ligny-la-Trappe, Orne, France, Oct. 12, 1700. 
 Abbot of La Trappe : founder of the Trappists. 
 Rand, The. See Witwatersrand. 
 
 Randall (ran' dal), Alexander Williams. 
 Born in Montgomery Comity, N. Y., Oct., 1819: 
 died at Elmira, N. Y., July 25, 1872. An Amer- 
 ican politician. He was Republican governor of Wis- 
 consin 1857-61; United States minister to Italy 1861-62; 
 and postmaster-general 1866-69. 
 
 Randall, James Ryder. Born at Baltimore, 
 Jan. 1, 1839 : died at Augusta, Ga., Jan. 14, 
 1908. An American song-writer and journal- 
 ist, author of “Maryland, my Maryland” 
 (1861). 
 
 Randall, Samuel Jackson. Born at Philadel- 
 phia, Oct. 10, 1828 : died at Washington, D. C., 
 April 13, 1890. An American statesman. Hewas 
 a Democratic memberof Congress from Pennsylvania from 
 1863 until liis death, and was speaker of the House 1876-81. 
 He was noted as the leaderof the Protectionist Democrats. 
 Randall’s Island. An island in the East Riv- 
 er, opposite the upper part of New York city, 
 to which it belongs. It contains several hos- 
 pitals and other institutions. 
 
 Randegger (ran'deg-ger), Alberto. Born at 
 Triest, April 13, 1832: died Dec. 18, 1911. An 
 Italian composer, conductor, and singing-mas- 
 ter. He went to England in 1854, and in 1868 was made 
 professor of singing at the Royal Academy of Music. 
 
 Randers (ran'ders). The capital of Randers 
 province in Jutland, Denmark, situated on the 
 Guden-Aa 22 miles north by west of Aarhuus. 
 
 It has manufactures of gloves, etc., and was a flourishing 
 town in the middle ages. Population, 20,963. 
 
 Randolph (ran'dolf), Edmund. Born at Wil- 
 liamsburg, Va., Aug. 10, 1753: died in Clarke 
 County, Va., Sept. 1 3, 1813. An American states- 
 man, nephew of Peyton Randolph. He was a del- 
 egate to Congress 1779 and 1780-82 ; governor of Virginia 
 1786-88 ; an influential delegate to the Constitutional Con- 
 vention 1787 (introducer of the “Virginia Plan ”) ; attorney- 
 general 1789-94 ; and secretary of state 1794-95. 
 Randolph, John, “of Roanoke.” Born at Caw- 
 sons, Chesterfield County, Va., June 2, 1773: 
 died at Philadelphia, June 24, 1833. An Amer- 
 ican statesman. He was Democratic member of Con- 
 gress from Virginia 1799-1813, 1815-17, and 1819-25 ; United 
 States senator 1825-27 ; member of Congress 1827-29 ; and 
 United States minister to Russia 1830. He was reelected 
 to Congress in 1832. 
 
 Randolph, Peyton. Born at Williamsburg, Va., 
 1723: died at Philadelphia, Oct. 22, 1775. An 
 American patriot, a leading member of the Vir- 
 ginia House of Burgesses. He was president of 
 the first Continental Congress in 1774, and a 
 delegate to Congress in 1775. 
 
 842 
 
 Randolph, Theodore Frelinghuysen Fitz. 
 
 Born at New Brunswick, N. J., June 24, 1826: 
 died at Morristown, N. J., Nov. 7, 1883. An 
 American politician. He was Democratic gov- 
 ernor of New Jersey 1869-72, and United States 
 senator from New Jersey 1875-81. 
 
 Randolph, Thomas. Born at Houghton, Da- 
 ventry, Northamptonshire, 1605: died 1634-35. 
 An English poet and dramatist. He was educated 
 at Westminster and Cambridge, and was also incorporated 
 at Oxford. Ben .Tonson adopted him as one of his “ sons." 
 He wrote “Aristippus," “The Muses’ Looking-Glass, a 
 Comedy," “ Amyntas, or the Fatal Dowry," “ The Con- 
 ceited Pedlar," “ The Jealous Lovers,” “Down with Knav- 
 ery ” (from the “ Plutus " of Aristophanes), etc. ; also a 
 number of minor poems. 
 
 Randolph-Macon College. An institution of 
 learning at Ashland, Virginia, opened in 1832. 
 It is under the control of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church (South). It has about 150 stu- 
 dents. 
 
 Random (ran'dom) Island. A small island in 
 Trinity Bay, eastern Newfoundland. 
 
 Random Sound. An inlet south of Random 
 Island. 
 
 Randon (ron-don'), Comte Jacques Louis Ce- 
 sar Alexandre. Born at Grenoble, France, 
 March 25, 1795: died at Geneva, Jan. 16, 1871. 
 A French marshal, governor-general of Alge- 
 ria and minister of war under Napoleon III. 
 Randsfjord (rands'fyord). A lake in southern 
 Norway, north of Christiania. It has its outlet 
 into Christiania Fjord. Length, 44 miles. 
 Ranelagh (ran'e-la) Gardens. Gardens for- 
 merly situated near the Thames, in Chelsea, 
 London. They were noted for concerts from 1740 to 1805, 
 and famous as the scene of wild and extravagant enter- 
 tainments, masquerades, etc. They were closed in 1805, 
 and no trace now remains. 
 
 Ranen Fjord (rii'nen fyord). A fiord on the 
 western coast of Norway, in lat. 66° 20' N. 
 Rangeley (ranj'li) Lakes. A group of lakes 
 in the western part of Maine, including Range- 
 ley Lake, Lake Umbagog (partly in New Hamp- 
 shire), etc. Their outlet is by the Androscoggin. 
 Ranger (ran'jer). 1. A character in Wycher- 
 ley’s comedy “Love in a Wood”: a brilliant 
 specimen of the rakish fine gentleman of the 
 period. — 2. A similar character in Hoadley’s 
 “Suspicious Husband.” Garrick created it. 
 Rangoon, or Rangun (ran-gon'). The capital 
 of Lower Burma, in the Pegu division, situated 
 on the river Rangoon in lat. 16° 46' N., long. 
 96°11'E. It forms a district. It has considerable com- 
 merce in rice, etc., and is an important port and railway 
 terminus. The Shoedagong Pagoda is at the base a poly- 
 gon of many sides carried up in a concave cone with dec- 
 orated surface, and terminating in a sharp finial. It is 
 about 400 feet in diameter and 300 high, and the base is 
 surrounded by a great number of little pagodas. Rangoon 
 was founded in 1753. It was taken by the British in 1824 
 and 1852. Population, including cantonment, 234,881. 
 
 Rangpur, or Rungpoor (rung-port). 1. A dis- 
 trict in Eastern Bengal and Assam, British In- 
 dia, intersected by lat. 25° 40' N., long. 89° 15' 
 E. Area, 3,493 square miles. Population, 
 2,154,181. — 2. The capital of the district of 
 Rangpur, situated on the river Ghaghat. Pop- 
 ulation, 15,960. 
 
 Ranke (ran'ke), Leopold von. Born at Wiehe, 
 Thuringia, Germany, Dee. 21, 1795: died at 
 Berlin, May 23, 1886. A celebrated German 
 historian. He was educated at Leipsie; became ex- 
 traordinary professor of history at Berlin in 1825, ordi- 
 nary professor in 1834, and historiographer of ^Prussia 
 in 1841 ; and retired from his professorship in 1871. His 
 chief works are “Gesehichten der romanischen und ger- 
 manischen Volker von 1494 bis 1535 " (“Histories of the 
 Romanic and Teutonic Peoples 1494-1535,” 1824), “ Fiirsten 
 und Volker von Siideuropa im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert” 
 ("Princes and Peoples of Southern Europe in the 16th 
 and 17th Centuries,” 1827), “Die serbische Revolution” 
 (“The Servian Revolution, 11 1829), “Die Verschworung 
 gegen Venedig im Jalir 1688” (“The Conspiracy against 
 Venice in 1688,” 1831), “Die romischen Papste” (“The 
 Popes of Rome,” 1834-37), “ Deutsche Geschichte im 
 Zeitalter der Reformation ’’ (“German History in the Pe- 
 riod of the Reformation,” 1839-47), “Neun Bucher preus 
 sischer Geschichte” (“ Nine Books of Prussian History," 
 1847-48), “Franzosische Geschichte, vornehmlich im 16. 
 und 17. Jahrhundert” (“French History, especially in 
 the 16th and 17th centuries,” 1852-61), “Englische Ge- 
 schichte im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert” (“English History in 
 the 16th and 17th Centuries,” 1859-67), “Weltgeschichte” 
 (“Universal History,” 1880-80), “Geschichte Wallen- 
 steins" (1869), “ Ursprung des Siebenjahrigen Krieges" 
 (1871), “Ursprung der Revolutionskriege 1791 und 1792” 
 (1875), “Die deutschen Machte und der Fiirstenbund" 
 (1872). Life by Prutz (1886). 
 
 Rankine (ran'kin), William John Macquorn. 
 
 Born at Edinburgh, July 5, 1820 : died at Glas- 
 gow, Dec. 24, 1872. A Scottish physicist, pro- 
 fessor of civil engineering in the University of 
 Glasgow from 1855. He wrote manuals on “The 
 Steam-Engine,'’ “Civil Engineering,” etc. 
 
 Rannoch (ran'och), Loch. A lake in north- 
 
 Raphael 
 
 western Perthshire, Scotland, 36 miles north- 
 west of Perth. Its outlet is indirectly into the 
 Tay. Length, 9^ miles. 
 
 Ranpur (run-port). One of the Tributary 
 States of Orissa, Bengal. Area, 203 square 
 miles. Population, 46,075. 
 
 Ranqueles (ran-ka'las). Indians of the Argen- 
 tine Republic, in the southern part of Men- 
 doza, San Luis, and Cordoba. They are of the Pam- 
 pean or Araucanian stock, and are said to have immigrated 
 from Chile. They have had little intercourse with the 
 whites. 
 
 Ransom (ran'som), Thomas Edward Green- 
 field. Born at Norwich, Vt., Nov. 29, 1834: died 
 near Rome, Ga., Oct. 29, 1864. An American gen- 
 eral in the Civil War. He entered the Union army as 
 a volunteer at the beginning of the Civil War, and served 
 with distinction at Fort Donelson, at Shiloh, and in the At- 
 lanta campaign, attaining the brevet rank of major-general 
 of volunteers in 1864. 
 
 Rantoul (ran'tol), Robert. Born at Beverley, 
 Mass., Aug. 13,1805: died at Washington, D. C., 
 Aug. 7, 1852. An American politician, lawyer, 
 and reformer : an opponent of slavery. He was 
 United States senator from Massachusetts in 1851; and 
 Democratic and Free-soil member of Congress from Massa- 
 chusetts 1851-62. 
 
 Ranz des Vaches (roii da vash). [F., ‘chime 
 of the cows.’] A strain of an irregular descrip- 
 tion, which in some parts of Switzerland is sung 
 or blown on the Alpine horn in June to call the 
 cattle from the valleys to the higher pastures. 
 Grove. , 
 
 Raon-l’Etape (roh'la-tap'). A town in the 
 department of Vosges, France, situated on the 
 Meurthe 37 miles southeast of Nancy. Here, 
 Oct. 5, 1870, the French were repulsed by the 
 Baden army. Population, commune, about 
 4,800. 
 
 Raoul Island. See Sunday Island. 
 Raoul-Rochette (ra-ol'ro-shet') (Desire Ra- 
 oul). Born at St.-Amand, Cher, France, March 
 9, 1790 : died at Paris, July 3, 1854. A French 
 archseologist. He wrote “Histoire critique de I’dtab- 
 lissement des colonies grecques” (1815), “Monuments in- 
 ddits d’antiquites" (1828-30), “ Peintures infcdites " (1836). 
 etc. 
 
 Raoux (ra-o'), Jean. Born at Montpellier, 
 France, June 12, 1677 : died at Paris, Feb. 10, 
 1734. A French genre-painter. He won the grand 
 prix de Rome in 1704, and was made a member of the 
 Academy in 1717. 
 
 Rapa. See Oparo. 
 
 Rapallo (ra-pal'15). A small seaport in the 
 province of Genoa, Italy, situated on the Gulf 
 of Genoa 16 miles east of Genoa. It is a winter 
 health-resort, and has a trade in oil. 
 
 Rape of Lucrece, The. 1. A narrative poem 
 by Shakspere, published in 1594. — 2. A tragedy 
 by Thomas Heywood, printed in 1608. It con- 
 tains, singularly enough, comic songs. 
 
 Rape of the Lock, The. A mock-heroic poem 
 by Pope, published in two cantos in 1712, and in 
 its present form in 1714. See Belinda, 5. 
 
 Rape of the Sabines, The. 1 . A group in mar- 
 ble by Giovanni da Bologna, in the Loggia dei 
 Lanzi, Florence. A young Roman, bearing off a strug- 
 gling woman, strides over the crouching form of a Sabine 
 warrior. 
 
 2. A vigorous paintingby Luca Giordano, in the 
 museum at Dresden. The Romans, in armor, are seiz- 
 ing the Sabine women, some of whom defend themselves 
 with energy, in an open place adorned with an arch and 
 Corinthian columns. Romulus, mounted, is in command. 
 
 3. A paiuting by Rubens, in the National Gal- 
 lery, London. The scene is in the Forum, with the Pan- 
 theon and a triumphal arch in the background. 
 
 Raphael (ra'fa-el or raf'a-el). An angel men- 
 tioned in Jewish literature. He is the companion 
 and instructor of Tobias in the Book of Tobit, and Milton 
 r epresents him as a winged seraph sent by “ heaven’s high 
 King ” to converse as “ friend with friend " with Adam. 
 Raphael, Cartoons of. See Cartoons of Raphael. 
 Raphael de Jesus (ra-fa-al' de zhe-zos'). Born 
 at Guimaraes, 1614: died at Lisbon, Dec. 23, 
 1693. A Portuguese Benedictine monk and his- 
 torian. He was made chronista-mor, or chief annalist, of 
 the kingdom iu 1681. His principal works are “ Castriota 
 Lusitana,” a history of the war against the Dutch iu Brazil 
 (1679 : 2d ed. 1844), and “ Monarchia Lusitana, parte sep- 
 tima.” containing the reign of Affonso IV. (1683). His 
 “Vida d’ el rei D. Joao IV.” remains in manuscript at 
 Lisbon. 
 
 Raphael of Cats, The. A name given to the 
 Swiss painter Gottfried Mind. 
 
 Raphael (ra'fa-el) (or Rafael, or Raffaello) 
 Sanzio (siin'ze-o) or Santi (san'te). Born at 
 Urbino, Italy, March 28, 1483: died at Rome, 
 April 6, 1520. A celebrated Italian painter. He 
 studied under his father, Giovanni Santi, and after about 
 1499 under Perugino in Perugia, whose style he imitated 
 for many years. He assisted in the decoration of the Sala 
 del Cambio there. His first great work, still in the style of 
 
Raphael 
 
 Perugino, is the “ Coronation of the Virgin " (1603), now in 
 the Vatican. From 1603 to 1604 he painted a series of pic- 
 tures for the Citta di Castello, chief of which is the “Mar- 
 riage of the Virgin,” or “Sposalizio,” in the museum of 
 Brera. In 1604 he established himself in Florence, hut 
 worked also at Perugia and Siena. To this period belongs 
 the St. George of the Louvre. The works of the second or 
 Florentine period are mainly Madonnas and Holy Families, 
 also the portrait of himself in the Uffizi. Here he studied 
 the great cartoons of Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. 
 In 1508, at the recommendation of his countryman Bra- 
 mante, he went to Rome to decorate the Vatican for Julius 
 II. Inthisthird and last period Raphael emancipated him- 
 self from the traditions of his predecessors and formed his 
 own style. His activity at this time, during the remainder 
 of the reign of Julius II. and that of I,eoX., was prodigious. 
 In 1514 he was appointed chief architect of St. Peter’s. He 
 organized fetes for the popes, was guardian of antiquities, 
 and had prepared a great archaeological work on Roman 
 remains. His work in Rome may be divided into five main 
 groups : (1) The Stanze of the Vatican. (2) Loggie of the 
 Vatican. (3) Decoration of the Villa Chigi (Farnesina). (4) 
 Cartoons for the tapestries of the Sistine Chapel (they are 
 now at the South Kensington Museum, London). A tapes- 
 try from Raphael’s cartoons is preserved in the old museum 
 at Berlin. It was made at Brussels for Henry VIII. in 1515- 
 1516. The colors are somewhat faded. There are 9 subjects 
 in this collection, the tenth, “Paul in Prison at Philippi,” 
 having perished. (5) Works at St. Peter’s. Among his chief 
 easel-pictures are “Sposalizio" (1504: in Milan),*' Entomb- 
 ment” (Borghese, Rome), “La belle jardiniere ” (Louvre), 
 “ La Fornarina ” (Rome), “The Resurrection ” (Vatican), 
 “The Crucifixion ” (London), “Coronation of the Virgin" 
 (Vatican), “ Marriage of the Virgin ’’(Milan), “St. George 
 and the Dragon,” “St. Michael,” “St. John,” “Apollo and 
 Marsias” (Louvre), “The Transfiguration," finished by 
 Giulio Romano (1519-20 : Vatican), “Vision of Ezekiel” 
 (Florence), “ Lo Spasimo ” (Madrid). See Madonna. 
 Raphia (ra-fi'a). [Gr. 'P a<pia.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a city on the coast of Palestine, south- 
 west of Gaza. Near it Ptolemy Philopator de- 
 feated Antiochus the Great in 217 B. c. 
 
 Raphoe (ra-fo 7 ). An ancient episcopal city in 
 Donegal, northern Ireland, 13 miles southwest 
 of Londonderry. 
 
 Rapidan (rap-i-dan'). The chief tributary of 
 the Rappahannock, in Virginia, which it joins 
 10 miles west-northwest of Fredericksburg. 
 Length, 75-100 miles. 
 
 Rapp (rap), George. Born at Wiirtemberg, 1770 : 
 died at Economy, Pa., Aug. 7, 1847. A German- 
 American socialist, founder of the Harmonists. 
 He emigrated with his followers in 1803 to Pennsylvania, 
 where he founded a religious communistic settlement, 
 which received the name of Harmony. In 1815 the com- 
 munity removed to Indiana. The new settlement was 
 called New Harmony. The property at New Harmony 
 was sold to Robert Owen in 1824, and the Harmonists re- 
 moved to Beaver County, Pennsylvania, where they built 
 the village of Economy. Rapp continued to be the spiri- 
 tual head of the Harmonists until his death. 
 
 Rapp, Comte Jean. Bom at Colmar, Alsace, 
 April 26, 1772: died near Lorrach, Baden, Nov. 
 8, 1821. A French general. He served in the Na- 
 poleonic campaigns, anti was particularly distinguished 
 at the defense of Dantzic 1813-14, which he surrendered in 
 Jan., 1814. 
 
 Rappaccini’s Daughter. A tale by Hawthorne, 
 published in 1844. 
 
 Rappahannock (rap-a-han'ok). A river in Vir- 
 ginia. It is formed by the union of the North Fork with 
 other branches, and flows into Chesapeake Bay 26 miles 
 south of the mouth of the Potomac. It was of great stra- 
 tegic importance in the Civil War, particularly in the cam- 
 paigns of the Army of the Potomac 1862-64. Length, over 
 200 miles. 
 
 Rapperschwyl (rap'per-shvel), or Rappers- 
 Wll (rap'pers-vel). A town in the canton of 
 St. -Gall, Switzerland, situated on the upper 
 Lake of Zurich 16 miles southeast of Zurich. 
 Rappists (rap 'ists), or Rappites ( rap 'its) . Same 
 as Harmonists. 
 
 Rapti (rap'te). A river in Nepal and British 
 India which joins the Gogra about 80 miles 
 northeast of Benares. Length, about 375-400 
 miles. 
 
 Raratonga (ra-ra-tong 7 ga). The largest island 
 of Cook’s Islands, Pacific Ocean. It is 53 miles 
 in circuit. 
 
 Raritan (rar'i-tan). [From an Indian tribal 
 name.] A river in New Jersey. It is formed by 
 the union of the north and south branches in Somerset 
 County, and flows into Raritan Bay at Perth Amboy. To- 
 tal length, about 75 miles. 
 
 Raritan Bay. A bay on the eastern coast of 
 New Jersey, south of Staten Island. 
 Rarotonga. See Raratonga. 
 
 Rasalas (ras'a-las). [Ar. rds-al-asad, the head 
 of the lion.] The third-magnitude star// Leonis. 
 It is often further designated as Alshemdll or Borealis, as 
 being the northernmost of the group of stars in the lion’s 
 head. 
 
 Ras-al-gethi (ras-al-ge'thi), also Ras-al-geti. 
 [Ar. rds-al-jathi, the head of the kneeler (the gi- 
 ant being represented as kneeling).] The third- 
 magnitude variable colored double star a Her- 
 eulis, in the head of the constellation. 
 Rasalhague (ras-al-ha'gu). [Ar. rds-al-hauwd, 
 the head of the serpent-charmer.] The second- 
 
 843 
 
 magnitude star a Ophiuchi, in the head of the 
 constellation. 
 
 Rascia (rash'iii). A region in the southern 
 part of Bosnia. The chief place is Novibazar. 
 It is inhabited by Serbs. The name was for- 
 merly applied to the kingdom of the Serbs. 
 
 Rasgrad (ras'grad). A town in Bulgaria, situ- 
 ated on the Ak Lorn 35 miles southeast of 
 Rustchuk. It was the scene of engagements between 
 the Turks and Russians in 1810 and 1877. Population, 
 13,799. 
 
 Rashi (ra'she). [Contracted from the initials 
 of the full name: Rabbi Salomoh Izhaki (i.e. 
 ‘son of Isaac’).] Lived 1040-1105 at Troyes, 
 in Champagne (northern France). One of the 
 most eminent and influential men in Jewish 
 talmudieal and biblical literature. He studied 
 in the celebrated schools of his time at Mainz and Worms 
 (Germany). He was the first to compose a commentary 
 on the Talmud (with the exception of three tracts) and on 
 most of the books of the Old Testament. His commen- 
 taries, especially that on the Talmud, are distinguished 
 by clearness of language and sobriety of judgment. His 
 commentary on the Talmud saved that monumental work 
 from neglect, and has not been surpassed ; and his com- 
 mentary on the Bible is still a great favorite with the 
 Jews, and is constantly drawn upon by modern exegetes. 
 
 Rashf. See Resht. 
 
 Rask (rask), Rasmus Kristian. Born at Bran- 
 dekilde, Denmark, Nov. 22, 1787 : diedatCopen- 
 hagen, Nov. 14, 1832. A Danish philologist and 
 writer, one of the founders of the modern 
 science of comparative philology. He went to the 
 Copenhagen University without mean's, but obtained a 
 subsidiary position in the university library, and eked out 
 a support by giving private instruction while he contin- 
 ued the linguistic studies to which he had devoted him- 
 self. His earliest work was particularly in the direction 
 of Old Norse. In 1808 he published a translation of the 
 Edda ; in 1811 an Icelandic grammar. In 1813, with gov- 
 ernment assistance, he made a journey to Iceland to study 
 the language, returning by the way of Scotland in 1815. 
 In the meantime he had been awaraed the gold medal of 
 the Royal Society of Antiquaries for an essay on the ori- 
 gin of the Old Norse language. In 1816, with public sup- 
 port, he started on an extended journey to the East. He 
 was first for some months in Stockholm, then in St. Peters- 
 burg, whence he set out in the summer of 1819 for Tiflis. 
 He traveled through Persia in 1820, and then went on to 
 Bombay, everywhere actively engaged in studying the lan- 
 guages of the countries through which he passed. In In- 
 dia he remained two years, engaged in linguistic study and 
 in collecting and copying MSS. He finally returned to 
 Copenhagen in 1823. His labors for a long time failed of 
 a just recognition. A small pension was given him for three 
 years by the government ; in 1825 he was made professor 
 extraordinarius of the history of literature, but without a 
 stipend. In 1829, however, he was appointed university 
 librarian ; and at the end of 1831, barely a year before his 
 death, he finally received the professorship of Oriental lan- 
 guages which heliadsolong desired. His linguistic stud- 
 ies covered a most extraordinary range. He published, 
 among others, grammars of Icelandic, Anglo-Saxon, Sin- 
 galese, Spanish, Friesian, Italian, Danish(inEnglish), Lapp, 
 and English, and wrote monographs on especial points of 
 many languages and dialects. In numerous instances he 
 cleared the way, by his preliminary labors and suggestions, 
 forother workers in the same field. The principle of the rel- 
 ative correspondence of consonants in the Indo-Germanic 
 languages, for instance, was discovered by him, although 
 it was formulated as a law by Jacob Grimm whose name it 
 bears. His collected essays (“Samlade Afhandlinger”) 
 were published at Copenhagen, 1834-38, in 3 vols. 
 
 Ras Mohammed (Lis mo-ham'ed). The south- 
 ernmost headland of the Sinai peninsula, pro- 
 jecting into the Red Sea. 
 
 Raspail (ras-pay 7 ), Francois Vincent. Born 
 at Carpentras, France, Jan. 29, 1794: died Jan. 
 8, 1878. A French naturalist and radical re- 
 publican politician. He took part in the revolution- 
 ary movements of 1830 and 1848, in which latter year he 
 was imprisoned. He was a member of the Corps Ugis- 
 latif in 1869, and was electi d to the Chamber of Deputies 
 in 1876. Among his works are “Nouveau systtme de 
 chimie organique ” (18331, “Nouveau systtme de physiolo- 
 gic vdgMale" (1836), “Histoire nature-lie de la santd et 
 de la maladie’ 1 (1843), “Nouvelles Ctudes scientifiques ” 
 (1864), etc. 
 
 Raspe (ras'pe), Rudolph Erich. Born at Han- 
 nover, 1737 : died at Muckross, Ireland, 1794. A 
 German author. He was for a time professor of archae- 
 ology and curator of themuseum at Cassel, but was charged 
 with stealing medals under his care, and fled to England 
 to avoid prosecution. Hewasassay-masterand storekeeper 
 at the Dolcoath mines in Cornwall 1782-88. He wrote some 
 scientific works, but is known chiefly as the compiler of 
 "Baron Munchausen’s Narrative of his Marvellous Travels 
 and Campaigns in Russia” (1785), a German translation of 
 which was introduced in Germany by the poet Burger in 
 1787. 
 
 Rassam(ras-sam'), Hormuzd. Born at Mosul, 
 1826: died at Brighton, England, Sept. 16, 1910. 
 A Turkish Assyriologist. He assisted Layard in 
 his archaeological excavations at Nineveh 1845-47. Having 
 at Layard’s instance completed his studies at Oxford, he 
 accompanied him on his second expedition in 1849, and in 
 1851 became his successor as British agent for the con- 
 duct of Assyrian explorations, a post which he held until the 
 explorations came to an end in 1854. In 1864 lie was sent by 
 the British government on a mission to Theodore, king of 
 Abyssinia, by whom he was kept imprisoned until 1868. 
 From 1876-82 he conducted explorations in Mesopotamia 
 
 Ratisbon 
 
 for the British Museum. He has published “The British 
 Mission to Theodore, King of Abyssinia" (1869), etc. 
 Rasselas (ras'e-las). A philosophical romance 
 by Dr. Samuel Johnson, published in 1759. 
 
 Rasselas and his royal brothers and sisters live in a se- 
 cluded portion of the earth known as the Happy Valley, 
 where, completely isolated from the world, they await their 
 succession to the crown of the imaginary land of Abyssinia, 
 surrounded by every luxury which can make life agreeable, 
 and shut off from all knowledge of those evils which can 
 make it painful. The aim of the story is to show the van- 
 ity of expecting future happiness, and the folly of sacrifi- 
 cing present advantages for the delusive promises of the 
 future. Tuckerman, Hist, of English Prose Fict., p. 234. 
 
 Rastaban (ras-ta-ban 7 ). [Ar. rds-ul-thu’bdn, 
 the head of the basilisk.] The third-magnitude 
 star y Draconis, in the head of the constellation. 
 Rastatt, or Rastadt (ras'tat). A town in the 
 circle of Baden-Baden, in Baden, situated on 
 the Murg 14 miles southwest of Karlsruhe, it 
 is one of the strongest fortresses in Germany. The Baden 
 insurrection of 1849 commenced here on May 11, and ended 
 with the surrender of the fortress on July 23. Population, 
 commune, 14,403. 
 
 Rastatt, Congress of. 1 . A congress held in 
 1713-14 for putting an end to the war between 
 Austria and France. — 2. A congress held in 
 1797-99 for the purpose of arranging the ques- 
 tions at issue between France and the Empire. 
 It met Dec. 8, 1797, and was dissolved April 8, 1799. The 
 cession of the leftbank of the Rhine to France and the secu- 
 larization of various German dominions were agreed to. 
 Two of the French envoys were murdered by Austrian hus- 
 sars near Rastatt, April 28, 1799. 
 
 Rastatt, Convention of. A secret agreement 
 between France and Austria, Dec. 1, 1797, pro- 
 viding for the delivery of the left bank of the 
 Rhine to the French. 
 
 Rastatt, Peace of. A treaty concluded be- 
 tween France and Austria in March 6, 1714. It 
 was supplemented by the treaty of Baden (which 
 see). 
 
 Rastrick (ras'trik). A town in the West Riding 
 of Yorkshire, England, situated near the Calder 
 12 miles southwest of Leeds. Population, 
 about 9,400. 
 
 Rata. See Rota. 
 
 Ratak Islands. See Iiadack Islands. 
 
 Ratazzi. See Rattazzi. 
 
 Ratekau. See Ratkau. 
 
 Rathenow (ra'te-no), or Rathenau (ra'te- 
 nou). A town in the province of Brandenburg, 
 Prussia, situated on the Havel 45 miles west by 
 north of Berlin. It has manufactures of optical in- 
 struments, etc. It was repeatedly taken in the Thirty 
 Years' War, and was the scene of a victory of the Great 
 Elector of Brandenburg, Frederick William, over the 
 Swedes, June 15, 1675 Population, commune, 23,095. 
 Rathlin (ratb'lin). A small island belonging to 
 the county of Antrim, Ireland, situated in the 
 North Channel 50 miles north by west of Belfast. 
 Rathmines (rath-minz 7 ). A place in Ireland 3 
 miles south of Dublin. Here Aug. 2, 1649, the Royal- 
 ists under Ormonde were defeated by the Parliamentarians 
 under Jones. 
 
 Ratibor (ra'te-bor). A city in the province of 
 Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Oder in lat. 50° 
 5 7 N., long. 18° 12' E. It has flourishing trade and 
 manufactures, and was formerly the capital of the princi- 
 pality of Ratibor. Population, commune, 32,690. 
 
 Ratibor, Duchy of. A duchy of the Holy Ro- 
 man Empire, in the southeastern part of Silesia. 
 It was acquired by the Hapsburgs 1532, and by Prussia 
 1742. The principality of Ratibor was created 1822. 
 
 Ratibor, Duke of (Victor Moritz Karl, Prince 
 of Corvey and of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schil- 
 lingsfiirst). Bom Feb. 10, 1818 : died Jan. 30, 
 1893. A German politician, president of the 
 Prussian upper house from 1877. 
 
 Ratisbon (rat'is-bon), G. Regensburg (ra/gens- 
 borG). [F. Ratisbonne, ML. Ratisbona, from 
 Celtic Radespona. The Roman name was Regi- 
 num or Castra Regina, the camp on the river 
 Regen (OHG. Regan ) ; OHG. Reganespuruc, G. 
 Regensburg.'] The capital of the Upper Palati- 
 nate, Bavaria, situated on the south bank of the 
 Danube, opposite the mouth of the Regen, in lat. 
 49° 2 7 N., long. 12° 5 7 E. : the Roman Reginum or 
 Castra Regina. Ithasatransittrade, and manufactures 
 of boats, pottery, lead-pencils, etc., and contains many me- 
 dieval buildings. The cathedral was built between 1275 and 
 1534. The west front isof the 15th century; it iscovered with 
 arcading, flanked by 2 towers with lofty openwork spires 
 (finished 1869), and has before its sculptured central portal 
 a curious projecting arcaded triangular porch. The cathe- 
 dral measures 306 by 126 feet; the nave-vault is 132 feet 
 high. Other objects of interest are the Rathaus (the seat of 
 the German Reichstag from 1663 to 1806), Golden < Iross Inn, 
 Golden Tower and other towers, Church of St. Ulrich, Ab- 
 bey of St. Emmeram, and Schottenkirclie. In the vicinity 
 is the hail Walhalla. Ratisbon was an important Roman 
 town, later a free imperial city, and one of the most flour 
 ishing medieval towns of Germany. II suffered in the 
 Thirty Years’ War ; was given to the prince primate Dal- 
 berg in 1803; suffered severely in the five days’ fighting 
 
Eatisbon 
 
 between Napoleon and the archduke Charles, April 19-23, 
 1809 ; and passed to Bavaria in 1810. Population, com- 
 mune, 48,801. 
 
 Eatisbon Interim. A provisional arrangement 
 devised by the emperor Charles V. for the set- 
 tlement of the points of dispute between the 
 Catholics and Protestants. It was based on a con- 
 ference held during the Diet at Eatisbon, in 1541, between 
 leading theologians (Melanchthon, Bucer, Eck, etc.). 
 Eat (rat) Islands. A group of islands in the 
 western part of the Aleutian chain. 
 
 Eatkau (rat'kou), or Eatkow (rat'ko), or 
 Eatekau (ra'te-kou). A village 5 miles from 
 Lubeck, Germany. Here, Nov. 7, 1806, Bliicher, on the 
 retreat from Auerstadt, surrendered with about 7,000 men 
 to the French. 
 
 Eatlam. See Butlam. 
 
 Eatnagiri (rut-na-ge're), or Eutnagherry (rut- 
 na-ger'i). 1 . A district in Bombay, British In- 
 dia, situated alongthe coast of the Arabian Sea, 
 and intersected by lat. 17° N. Area, 3,998 square 
 miles. Population, 1,167,927. — 2. The capital 
 of the district of Ratnagiri, situated on the 
 Arabian Sea in lat. 16° 59' N., long. 73° 18' E. 
 Population, 16,094. 
 
 Eatnavali (rat-na'va-le). [Skt. : ratna, pearl, 
 and avail, row.] “ The Pearl Necklace,” a San- 
 skrit drama of the 7th century, ascribed as the 
 Nagananda and the Priyadarshika to the king 
 Shri Harsha. Hall, Biihler, and Weber believe the real 
 author to have been Bana, while Pisehel ascribes it to 
 Dhavaka. The first scene describes the sports and jokes 
 of the spring festival now called Holi. Sagarika, called 
 Eatnavali from her jewel necklace, a princess of Ceylon, 
 is accidentally brought to the court, falls in love with the 
 king, and paints his picture. The queen discovers the pic- 
 ture, is jealous, and imprisons Sagarika. In the end, how- 
 ever, the king conciliates the first wife and gains a second. 
 A sorcerer plays a great part in it. The best edition is 
 by Cappeller in Bohtlingk's “Sanskrit Chrestomathie"(2d 
 ed.). It has been translated into English by Wilson, and 
 into German by Fritze. 
 
 Eaton (ra-ton') Mountains. Amountain group 
 in Colorado and northern New Mexico. 
 
 Eat Portage (rat pdr'taj). The former name 
 of Kenora, Ontario, situated on the Canadian 
 Pacific Railway at the northern end of the Lake 
 of the Woods. It is noted for the production 
 of caviar. A gold-mining district has devel- 
 oped in its vicinity. Population, 6,158, (1911). 
 Eatsey (rat'si), Gamaliel. See the extract. 
 
 Gamaliel Ratsey was a notorious highwayman, who al- 
 ways robbed in a mask, which was undoubtedly made as 
 hideous as possible in order to strike tei-ror. In the title- 
 page of an old pamphlet (which I have not seen) con- 
 taining the history of his exploits, he is said to be repre- 
 sented with this frightful visor : in allusion to which, I 
 suppose, he is called by Gab. Harvey “ Gamaliel Hobgob- 
 lin.” On the books of the Stationers’ Company (May, 
 1605) is entered a work called “The Lyfe anil Death of Ga- 
 maliel Ratsey, a famous theefe of England, executed at 
 Bedford." There are also several “Ballats ’on the sub- 
 ject, entered about the same time. But the achievements 
 of Gamaliel have been sung in more than one language. 
 
 Gifford, Notes to Jonson’s The Alchemist, II. 7. 
 
 Eatsey’s Ghost. A very rare tract, printed 
 without date, but supposed to be prior to 1606. 
 It mentions Shakspere’s “Hamlet” by name, 
 and refers to the author and some circum- 
 stances of his life. ( Collier. ) Ratsey is referred 
 to in many publications of the time. See the 
 article above. 
 
 Eattazzi, or Eatazzi, Urbano. Born at Ales- 
 sandria, Italy, June 29, 1808 : died at Frosinone, 
 Italy, June 5, 1873. An Italian statesman. He 
 became deputy in the Sardinian parliament in 1848 ; was 
 minister for short periods in 1848 and 1849 ; became min- 
 ister of justice in 1853, and of the interior in 1854; re- 
 signed in 1858 ; was again minister of the interior 1859-60 ; 
 and was premier in 1862 and 1867. 
 
 Eattenfanger von Hameln (rat'ten-feng // er 
 fon ham'eln), Der. [G., ‘ The Rat-catcher of 
 Hameln.’] An opera by Victor Nessler, pro- 
 duced at Leipsic in 1879. See Hameln, Piper of. 
 Eattlin (rat'lin), Jack. A sailor, a character 
 in Smollett’s “Roderick Random.” 
 
 Eatzeburg (rat'se-borG). 1. A former bishop- 
 ric, afterward a secularized principality, lying 
 northwest of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and be- 
 longing to Mecklenburg-Strelitz. — 2. A town 
 in Lauenburg, in the province of Schleswig- 
 Holstein, Prussia, situated on Lake Ratzeburg 
 12 miles south of Lubeck. The cathedral, with the 
 northern part of the town, belongs to Meeklenberg-Strelitz 
 (see def. 1). Population, 4,342. 
 
 Rau (rou), Karl Heinrich. Born at Erlangen, 
 Bavaria, Nov. 23, 1792: died at Heidelberg, 
 March 18, 1870. A German political economist, 
 professor at Heidelberg from 1822. His chief work 
 is “ Lehrbuch der politischen Okonomie ” (“ Manual of Po- 
 litical Economy,” 1826-37). 
 
 Rauber (roi'ber), Die. [G., ‘The Robbers.’] 
 A play by Schiller, printed in 1781 and repre- 
 sented in 1782. 
 
 844 
 
 Rauch (rouch), Christian Daniel. Born at 
 
 Arolsen, Waldeck, Germany, Jan. 2, 1777 : died 
 at Dresden, Dec. 3, 1857. A noted German 
 sculptor. Among his works are the mausoleum of Queen 
 Luise of Prussia at Charlottenburg (1814); statues of 
 Bliicher in Breslau and Berlin, and of Maximilian I. of Ba- 
 varia in Munich ; the monument of Diirer at Nuremberg ; 
 statues of Scliarnhorst, Von Billow, Francke, etc. ; and the 
 monument of Frederick the Great at Berlin (1851). 
 
 Rauch, Friedrich August. Born in Hesse- 
 Darmstadt, July 27, 1806: died at Mercersburg, 
 Pa., March 2, 1841. A German-American phi- 
 losopher, first president of Marshall College, 
 Mercersburg (1835-41). He wrote “Psychol- 
 ogy” (1840), etc. 
 
 Raucoux. See Bocoux. 
 
 Raudian (ra'di-an) Fields. [L. Campi Baudii . ] 
 In ancient geography, a noted plain in northern 
 Italy, probably near Vercelli, but by some lo- 
 cated near Verona. It was the scene of a battle in 101 
 B. c., in which the Cimbri were annihilated by the Romans 
 under Marius and Catulus. 
 
 Raudnitz (roud'nits). A town in northern Bo- 
 hemia, situated on the Elbe 25 miles north by 
 west of Prague. It is noted for its castle. 
 Population, commune, 9,256, (1910). 
 
 Rauhe Alp (rou'e alp) or Alb (alb). The 
 Swabian Jura, or that part of it between Hohen- 
 zollern and Bavaria ; in a more restricted sense, 
 a group of mountains near Reutlingen. 
 
 Rauiner (rou'mer), Friedrich Ludwig Georg 
 von. Born at Worlitz, Anhalt, Germany, May 
 14, 1781: died at Berlin, June 14, 1873. A Ger- 
 man historian. lie became professor at Breslau in 1811, 
 and at Berlin in 1819, and was a member of the Frankfort 
 parliament in 1848, and later of the Prussian chamber. His 
 chief works are “GeschichtederHohenstaufen ’(“History 
 of the Hohenstaufens," 1823-25), and “Geschichte Europas 
 seit dem Etide des 15. Jahrhunderts ” (“ History of Europe 
 since the End of the 15th Century,” 1832-50) ; other works 
 are “Briefe aus Paris und Frankreich ” (183i), “England” 
 (1836-41), “Die Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika” 
 (1845), etc. 
 
 Raumer, Karl Georg von. Born at Worlitz, 
 Germany, April 9, 1783 : died at Erlangen, Ba- 
 varia, June 2, 1865. A German geographer, ge- 
 ologist, and writer on pedagogics, professor at 
 Erlangen: brother of Friedrich Ludwig Georg 
 von Raumer. His works include “ Lehrbuch 
 der allgemeinen Geographic” (1832), “Ge- 
 schichte der Padagogik” (1842), etc. 
 
 Raumer, Rudolf von. Born at Breslau, Prussia, 
 April 14, 1815 : died at Erlangen, Bavaria, Aug. 
 30, 1876. A German philologist, son of K. G. 
 von Raumer : professor at Erlangen from 1 S46. 
 He wrote “ Geschichte der germanischen Phi- 
 lologie” (1870), etc. 
 
 Raupach (rou'pach), Ernst Benjamin Salomo. 
 
 Born at Straupitz, near Liegnitz, Silesia, May 
 21, 1784 : died March 18, 1852. A German dram- 
 atist. 
 
 Rauraci Montes. In ancient geography, a name 
 given to Abnoba., now the Black Forest. 
 
 Eaurici (ra/ri-sl), or Rauraci (ra'ra-si). [L. 
 (Caesar) Baurici, Gr. (Ptolemy) f P aupaxoi.] A 
 German tribe first mentioned by Caesar. They 
 were situated in the neighborhood of Basel, on the upper 
 Rhine, in territory north of the Helvetii, whom they had 
 joined in their attempted migration, 58 B. c. 
 
 Ravaillac (ra-va-yak'), Frangois. Born near 
 Angouleme, France, about 1578: executed at 
 Paris, May 27, 1610. The murderer of Henry IV. 
 of France (May 14, 1610). 
 
 Ravee. See Bavl (in India). 
 
 Ravello (ra-vel'lo). A small town in the prov- 
 ince of Salerno, Italy. It was formerly a place of 
 importance. The cathedral, founded in 1087, is remark- 
 able especially for its bronze doors of 1176 and its pulpit 
 of 1272. 
 
 Eaven (ra'vn), The. A notable poem by Edgar 
 Allan Poe, published in 1845. 
 
 Ravenna (ra-ven'a; It. pron. ra-ven'na). 1. 
 A province in the compartimento of Emilia, 
 Italy. Area, 715 square miles. Population, 
 241,185. — 2. The capital of the province 
 of Ravenna, situated between the Ronco and 
 Lamone, 6 miles from the Adriatic, in lat. 44° 
 25' N., long. 12° 12' E. : the Roman Ravenna. 
 It is famous for its churches (basilicas of the late-Roman 
 and Byzantine periods). The cathedral, founded in the 
 4th century, but remodeled in the 18th, was a 6-aisled ba- 
 silica with mosaics, but is now a 3-aisled domed church 
 with grotesque ornament. The venerable circular cam- 
 panile and the crypt are of the original construction. 
 There are several noteworthy frescos by Guido Rent San 
 Giovanni Evangelista is a votive church built in 425 by 
 Galla Placidia. There is a narthex on the west : its door 
 is a very richly sculptured work of the 13th century'. The 
 3-aisled interior has 24 antique columns; in one chapel 
 there is a fresco of the evangelists and the doctors of the 
 church, by Giotto, powerful and characteristic despite 
 restoration. The palace of Theodoric, a fragment 65 feet 
 long, with two tiers of arcades, a large arched doorway in 
 the middle, and over it a large domed niche containing a 
 double-arched window, is important historically as the 
 
 Rawlins 
 
 abode of Theodoric, the exarchs, and the Lombard kinga, 
 and architecturally as one of the best secular examples of 
 early Italian Romanesque. Themausoleum of Theodoric, 
 of the 6th century, though Roman in character, is in plan 
 a decagon 45 feet in diameter. The upper story, 35 feet in 
 diameter, is circular, roofed by a single enormous slab cut 
 to the form of a flat dome. This story was surrounded by 
 ornamental arcades, now gone. Each side of the decagon 
 below has a niche formed by a massive arch. Each story 
 contains a chamber: the lower one is cruciform. The 
 mausoleum of Galla Placidia, built in 440, is in plan a Latin 
 cross 40 by 46 feet. The four aims have barrel- vaults, and 
 the central space is covered by a raised-groined vault. The 
 ends of the arms are occupied by sarcophagi. The vaults 
 are lined with mosaics which rank among the finest 
 remains of early Christian art. Among other notable struc- 
 tures are the baptistery, Dante’s tomb, library, archi- 
 episcopal palace, and churches of San Vitale, San Na- 
 zario e Celso, Santa Maria in Cosmedin, San Apollinare 
 Nuovo, and San Apollinare in Classe. Ravenna was an 
 ancient city of Cisalpine Gaul ; it is mentioned in the his- 
 tory of Julius Caesar. It was in old times a seaport, and 
 the headquarters of the Roman Adriatic fleet; the chief 
 capital of the Western emperors from about 402 to 476; 
 and the capital of Odoacer, of Theodoric and the East 
 Goths, and of the exarchate of Ravenna (which see, below). 
 It was taken by the Lombard Aistulf about 752 ; was taken 
 by Pepin in 755, and granted to the Pope ; had various 
 other rulers in the middle ages (the Polentas, Venetians, 
 etc.) ; and passed finally to the Papal States in 1509. A vic- 
 tory was gained near it, April 11, 1512, by the French under 
 Gaston de Foix (killed in the battle) over the papal and 
 Spanish troops. It was united with the kingdom of Italy 
 in 1860. Dante died here in 1321. Pop., commune, 64,031. 
 
 Ravenna. A village, the capital of Portage 
 County, Ohio, 36 miles southeast of Cleveland. 
 Population, 5,310, (1910). 
 
 Ravenna, Exarchate of. The dominion of the 
 Byzantine exarch (or governor) in Italy, with 
 its headquarters in Ravenna. The Ostrogothic 
 realm in Italy was conquered by the Byzantines in 636- 
 553, and the exarchate was instituted in 568. It comprised 
 at first Italy, but was soon confined to a district in north- 
 eastern Italy, near Ravenna ; and was taken from the Lom- 
 bards by Pepin the Short in 755 and granted to the Pope. 
 Ravensburg (ra'vens-borG). A town in the 
 circle of the Danube, Wurtemberg, situated on 
 the Schussen 22 miles east-northeast of Con- 
 stance. It has flourishing manufactures and trade, and 
 has several fine buildings. It was founded by the Welfs ; 
 became a free imperial city in the 13th century ; passed 
 to Bavaria in 1803 ; and passed to Wurtemberg in 1810. 
 Population, commune, 14,619. 
 
 Ravenscroft (ra'venz-kroft), Edward. An 
 English dramatist of the 17th century. He was 
 a student of law in the Temple. His works include 
 “Mamamouchi, or the Citizen turned Gentleman ” (1671), 
 “The Careless Lovers” (1673), “ Scaramouch ” (1677), 
 “ The Wrangling Lovers, or the Invisible Mistress ”(1677), 
 “King Edgar and Alfreda” (1677), “The English Lawyer” 
 (1678 : a translation of the Latin play “ Ignoramus "), 
 “The London Cuckolds" (1683), “Dame Dobson, or the 
 Cunning Woman” (1684), “The Canterbury Guests, or a 
 Bargain Broken” (1695), “The Anatomist, or the Sham 
 Doctor” (1697), “The Italian Husband” (1697). 
 Ravenspur (ra'vn-sper). A place (now sub- 
 merged) on the coast of Yorkshire, England, 
 near Spurn Head, where Henry IV. landed in 
 1399 and Edward IV. in 1471. 
 
 Ravenswood (ra'venz-wud), Edgar, Master 
 of. The lover of Lucy Ashton in Scott’s “Bride 
 of Lammermoor.” A melancholy and revengeful man, 
 finding her, as he supposes, faithless to him, he bitterly 
 reproaches her, is challenged by her brother, and perishes 
 in a quicksand on his way to the meeting. 
 
 Ravi (ra've), or Maravi (ma-ra've). A Bantu 
 tribe of British Nyassaland, central Africa, 
 settled on a high plateau southwest of Lake 
 Nyassa. Once a powerful nation, they have been much 
 reduced in numbers and power by the Maviti and other 
 tribes owning firearms. They are kinsmen of the Ma- 
 nganja. A fraction of the tribe fled east to the Namuli 
 Mountains, and mixed there with Lomwe tribes. 
 
 Ravi, or Ravee (ra've). One of the “five riv- 
 ers” of the Panjab, India, uniting with the 
 Chenab 35 miles northeast of Multan. Length, 
 over 400 miles. 
 
 Rawal Pindi, or Rawul Pindee (ra'ul pin'de). 
 1. A division of the Panjab, British India. 
 Area, 15,736 square miles. Population, 2 ? 799,- 
 360. — 2. A district in the Rawal Pindi division, 
 intersected by lat. 33° 30' N., long. 73° E. 
 Area, 2,010 square miles. Population, 558, 699. 
 — 3. Thecapitalof the district of Rawal Pindi, 
 situated in lat. 33° 36' N., long. 73° 7' E. It is an 
 important military station and commercial cen- 
 ter, and contains several educational institu- 
 tions. Pop., including cantonment, 87,688. 
 Rawdon, Lord. See Hastings . Francis Bawdon. 
 Rawil, or Rawyl (ra-vel'). Pass, F. Col des 
 Ravins (kol da rii-vah'). An Alpine pass on 
 the border of the cantons of Bern and Valais, 
 Switzerland, leading from the Simmenthal in 
 Bern to the Rhone valley at Sion. 
 
 Rawlins (ra'linz), John Aaron. Born at East 
 Galena, 111., Feb. 13, 1831: died at Washington, 
 D. C., Sept. 9, 1869. An American general. He 
 
 was a Douglas Democrat in 1860, but joined the Union 
 army on the outbreak of the Civil War, and became ajaals- 
 
Rawlins 
 
 tant adjutant-general to Grant in 1861, and chief of staff 
 with the rank of brigadier-general in 1865. He was secre- 
 tary of war 1869. 
 
 Rawlinson (ra'lin-son), George. Born at Chad- 
 lington, Oxfordshire, Nov. 23, 1812: died at 
 Canterbury, Oct. 6, 1902. An English historian, 
 Orientalist, and theologian, the brother of Sir 
 H. C. Rawlinson. He became canou of Canterbury 
 cathedral in 1872. He published “Five Great Monarchies 
 of tlieA.icient Eastern World "(1862-67), “The Sixth Great 
 Oriental Monarchy" (1873), “The Seventh Great Oriental 
 Monarchy " (1876), “ A Manual of Ancient History " (1869), 
 a translation of Herodotus (1858-60: conjointly with his 
 brother and Sir J. G. Wilkinson), “A History of Egypt’’ 
 (1881), “Phoenicia" (1S8J), and various theological works. 
 
 Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke. Born at 
 Chadlington, Oxfordshire, April 11, 1810: died 
 at London, March 5, 1895. An English Assyri- 
 ologist and diplomatist. He entered the East India 
 Company's army in 1S27, and held various important of- 
 fices both military and diplomatic, retiring in 1855. In 
 1859 he was appointed British minister at Teheran, where 
 he remained one year. He became a member of the Coun- 
 cil of India in 1858 and again in 1868, and president of the 
 Royal Geographical Society in 1871. He was made a K. 
 C. B. in 1856, a G. C. B. in 1889, and a baronet in 1891. He 
 copied, amid great hardships, the trilingual inscription at 
 Behistun. He published “On the Inscriptions of Assyria 
 and Babylonia" (1850), "Outline of the History of As- 
 syria (1852), and “England and Russia in the East" 
 (1876) ; and was the joint editor of “ Cuneiform Inscrip- 
 tions of Western Asia" (1861-70), and other collections of 
 inscriptions. 
 
 Rawson (ra'son), Edward. _ Born at Gilling- 
 ham, England, April 16, 1615: died at Boston, 
 Aug. 27, 1693. A colonial secretary of Massa- 
 chusetts, and historical writer. 
 
 Rawtenstall (ra'ten-stal). A manufacturing 
 town in Lancashire, England. Pop., 31,053. 
 
 Rawul Pindee. See Rawal Pindi. 
 
 Raxalp (raks'alp). An elevated plateau-moun- 
 tain on the border of Lower Austria and Styria, 
 northwest of the Semmering Pass and 44 miles 
 southwest of Vienna. Height, 6,500 feet. 
 
 Ray (ra), Cape. The southwesternmost cape 
 of Newfoundland, situated in lat. 47° 37' N., 
 long. 59° 18' W. />• 
 
 Ray, or Wray (ra), John. Born at Black Not- 
 ley, Essex, Nov. 29, 1627 : died Jan. 17, 1705. A 
 noted English naturalist, called “ the father of 
 English natural history.” He traveled on the Con- 
 tinent with Willughby 1663-66. It is thought that the lat- 
 ter deserves much of the praise which Ray received as the 
 founder of systematic zoology. He published “Catalogus 
 plantarum Angliae, etc.” (1670); “A Collection of English 
 Proverbs " (1670, and many later editions); “Methodus 
 plantarum nova, etc. ” (1682) ; “ Historia plantarum ” (1686- 
 1704) ; “Methodus insectorum ” (1705), and many zoological 
 works; “The Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of 
 the Creation ” (1691) ; “ Miscellaneous Discourses ” (1692) ; 
 etc. The Ray Society was established in 1844 for the pur- 
 pose of publishing “rare books of established merit ” on 
 zoology, botany, etc. 
 
 Rayi (ra'e). [Ar. al-rd'i, the shepherd.] A 
 rarely used name of a Ophiuchi, usually known 
 as Rasalhague. 
 
 Rayleigh- Lord. See Strutt, John William. 
 
 Raymi, Feast of. See Katun Raymi. 
 
 Raymond (ra/mond). A village in Hinds 
 County, Mississippi, 13 miles west by south of 
 Jackson. Here, May 12, 1863, part of Grant’s 
 army defeated the Confederates. 
 
 Raymond IV., of Saint-Gilles. Died at Tripo- 
 lis, Feb. 28, 1105. Count of Toulouse 1088-1105. 
 He was one of the most powerful princes in Europe in his 
 time, and in 1096 assumed command of a large army which 
 participated in the first Crusade. He besieged Tripolis 
 in 1104. Also Itaimond, liaimund, etc. 
 
 Raymond VI. Born 1156: died 1222. Count of 
 Toulouse 1194-1222. He took part with the Albigenses 
 against the Crusaders under Montfort, and was totally de- 
 feated by the latter in 1213. 
 
 Raymond, Henry Jarvis. Born at Lima, N. Y., 
 Jan. 24, 1820: died at New York, June 18, 
 1869. An American journalist and politician. 
 He became assistant editor of the New York “Tribune” 
 1841; later was on the staff of the “Courier and Enquirer”; 
 was speaker of the New York Assembly in 1850 and 1861 ; 
 founded the “New-York Times ’’ in 1851 ; was lieutenant- 
 governor of New York 1855-57: and was Republican 
 member of Congress from New York 1865-67. He wrote 
 “A History of the Administration of President Lincoln " 
 (1864), “Life and Public Services of Abraham Lincoln” 
 (1865), etc. 
 
 Raymond, John T. (assumed name of John 
 O’Brien). Born at Buffalo, N. Y., April 5, 1836 : 
 died at Evansville, Ind., April 10, 1887. An 
 American comedian. He made his first appearance 
 on the stage at Rochester, New York, in 1853; and in 1859 
 made his first distinctive hit as Asa Trenchard with Soth- 
 em as Dundreary. In 1873 he first took the part of Colo- 
 nel Mulberry Sellers in “The Gilded Age," for which he 
 Is chiefly remembered. 
 
 Raymond Lully. See Lully. 
 
 Raynal (ra-nal y ), Guillaume Thomas Fran- 
 cois: called Abb4 Raynal. Born at St.-Ge- 
 niez, Aveyron, France, April 12, 1713: died at 
 Paris, March 6, 1796. A French historian and 
 
 845 
 
 philosopher. He was a priest attached to the parish of 
 St. Sulpice in Paris, but was dismissed for bad conduct, 
 and subsequently devoted himself to literature. His best- 
 known work is the “ Histoire philosophique et politique 
 des dtablissements et du commerce des Europ^ens dans les 
 deux Indes" (“Philosophical and Political History of the 
 Establishments and Commerce of the Europeans in the Two 
 Indies" : published 1770 ; new edition 1780-85). The book 
 was burned by order of the Fariement in 1781 on account 
 of its liberalism, and its author was exiled. He also wrote 
 “ Histoire du Stathoud6rat ”(1748), “ Anecdotes littdraires " 
 (2 vols. 1760), “M6moires politiques de l’Europe " (3 vols. 
 1754-74), etc. Raynal was regarded as a leader of the 
 French freethinkers. 
 
 Raynouard (ra-no-ar'), Francois Juste Marie. 
 
 Born at Brignoles, France, Sept., 1761: died at 
 Passy, Paris, Oct. 27, 1836. A French poet and 
 scholar. He was noted for his works on Provencal liter- 
 ature and language, including “Choix des poesies origi- 
 nates des troubadours ” (1816-21), and “ Lexique roman, "a 
 dictionary of the language of the troubadours, with a 
 grammar and a selection ol poems (1836-45). 
 
 Raz4s (ra-za/). A former small division of 
 Languedoc, France, corresponding to parts of 
 the departments of Aude and Pyrendes-Orien- 
 tales. 
 
 Razor (ra/zor). An amusing intriguing valet 
 in Vanbrugh’s comedy “The Provoked Wife.” 
 
 Razzi. See Sodoma. 
 
 Re, or Rhe (ra), lie de. An island in the Bay of 
 Biscay, situated opposite La Rochelle, belong- 
 ing to the department of Charente-Inferieure. 
 Chief place, St.-Martin. The chief industry is salt 
 manufacture. It was the scene of an unsuccessful expedi- 
 tion of the English under the Duke of Buckingham against 
 the French in 1627. Length, 18 miles. 
 
 Read (red), George. [The E. surname Read, 
 also spelled Reade, Reed, Sc. Reid, is the same 
 as the adj. red, and, like Black, White, etc., re- 
 ferred, as a surname, to the complexion.] Bom 
 in Cecil County, Md., Sept. 18,1733: diedatNew- 
 castle, Del., Sept. 21, 1798. An American states- 
 man and jurist, signer of the Declaration of 
 Independence as delegate to Congress from 
 Delaware. He was United States senator from 
 Delaware 1789-93, and chief justice of Delaware 
 1793-98. 
 
 Read, Thomas Buchanan. Born in Chester 
 County, Pa., March 12, 1822 : died at New York, 
 May 11, 1872. An American poet and painter. 
 He wrote “Poems” (1847, 1853, 1860-65), “The New Pas- 
 toral" (1855), “The nouse by the Sea" (1850), “Sylvia, 
 etc." (1857), “The Wagoner of the Alleghanies ” (1862), 
 “Sheridan’s Ride" (1865), etc. 
 
 Reade (red), Charles. Born at Ipsden House, 
 Oxfordshire, June 8, 1814: died atLondon, April 
 11, 1884. An English novelist and dramatist. He 
 graduated at Oxford (Magdalen College) in 1835 ; was 
 elected to a Vineri m scholarship at Oxford ; and was 
 called to the bar at Lincoln’s Inn in 1843. He is noted for 
 the skill with which he inveighed against social wrongs. 
 His first play, “ The Ladies’ Battle,” appeared in 1851. His 
 principal works are “Peg Woffington ” (1852), “Christie 
 Johnstone ” (1853), “ Masks and Faces ” (a play, with Tom 
 Taylor), “ Clouds and Sunshine ” and “ Art” (1855), “ It is 
 Never Too Late to Mend ’’ (1856 : also dramatized), “ Love 
 me Little, Love me Long ” (1859), “The Cloister and the 
 Hearth " (1861), “Hard Cash ’ (1863), “Griffith Gaunt” 
 (1866), “Foul Play" (1869), “Put Yourself in His Place” 
 (1870), “ATerrihleTemptation ’’(1871), and “The Wander- 
 ing Heir ”(1872). Among his other novels are “The Course 
 of True Love never did Run Smooth" (1857), “White Lies” 
 (1857), “A Woman-Hater" (1877), “A Simpleton ’’ (1874), 
 etc. Among his plays are “ A Scuttled Ship ” (1879 : with 
 Boucicault, from “Foul Play”) and “ Drink ’’ (from Zola’s 
 “ L’Assommoir”). 
 
 Reade, William Winwood. Bom at Ipsden, 
 England, Jan. 30, 1838: died at Wimbledon, 
 England, April 24, 1875. An English traveler 
 in Africa, and novelist, a nephew of Charles 
 Reade. ne published “Savage Africa” (1863), etc. 
 
 Reading (red'ing). [ME. Reding, AS. Reddingas, 
 prop, the name of the inhabitants, ‘the descen- 
 dants of Read,’ i. e. Red, a man’s name.] A 
 town in Berkshire, England, situated on the 
 Kennet, near its junction with the Thames, 39 
 miles west by south of London, it has consid- 
 erable trade, and manufactures of biscuits, iron, ale, etc. ; 
 contains ruins of a Benedictine abbey ; and is the seat of 
 University College. It was the headquarters of the Danes 
 in their inroad on Wessex in 871, and the scene of one of 
 their defeats ; was burned by the Danes in 1006 ; and was 
 taken by the Parliamentarians under the Earl of Essex in 
 1643. Population, 75,214, (1911). 
 
 Reading. Aeity, capital of Berks County, Penn- 
 sylvania, situated on the Schuylkill 50 miles 
 northwest of Philadelphia. It is an important rail- 
 way and manufacturing center ; contains machine-shops 
 of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad ; and has manu- 
 factures of iron, steel, brass, shoes, cigars, leather, etc. It 
 was laid out in 1748, and became a city in 1847. Popula- 
 tion, 96,071, (1910). 
 
 Reading Magdalen, The. See Magdalen, 1. 
 
 Reading the Will. A painting by Sir David 
 Wilkie (1820), in the NewPinakothekat Munich. 
 
 A number of persons, of all ages and various demeanor, 
 are assembled In a room listening to the reading of a will 
 by a lawyer, who sits at a table. 
 
 Reagan (re'gan), John Henninger. Bom in 
 
 Recorde 
 
 Sevier County, Tenn., Oct. 8, 1818 : died at Pales- 
 tine, Texas, March 6, 1905. An American Dem- 
 ocratic politician. He was member of Congress from 
 Texas 1857-61, and again 1875-87 ; was postmaster-general 
 of the Confederacy 1861-65, and (for a short time) acting 
 secretary of the treasury ; and was a United States senator 
 1887-91, when he resigned in order to accept the chair- 
 manship of the railroad commission of the State of Texas. 
 
 Reate (re-a'te). The ancient name of Rieti. 
 
 Reaumur (ra-6-mur'), Rene Antoine Fer- 
 chault de. Born at La Rochelle, France, Feb. 
 28,1683: died on his estate, Bormondiere, Maine, 
 France, Oct. 18, 1757. A French physicist and 
 naturalist, best known as the inventor (about 
 1731) of the Reaumur thermometer, in the scale 
 of which the space between the freezing-point 
 and the boiling-point of water is divided into 80 
 degrees. He also discovered the porcelain named from 
 him. His chief work is “ M6moires pour servir k l’histoire 
 naturelle des insectes ’’ (1734-42). 
 
 Rebecca, or Rebekah (re-bek'a). [F. Rebecque, 
 Sp. Rebeca, Pg. It. Rebecca, L. Rebecca, Gr. ' Pe - 
 [it ana, Heb. Ribhqah, from rdbhak, bind, fasten.] 
 The sister of Laban, wife of the patriarch Isaac 
 and mother of Esau and Jacob. 
 
 Rebecca (re-bek'a). A character in Sir Walter 
 Scott’s novel ‘ ‘ Ivanhoe ”: a Jewess, the daughter 
 of Isaac of York. She secretly loves Ivanhoe, whom 
 she cures of a wound, and repulses at the peril of her life 
 the criminal love of De Bois Guilbert, on account of whose 
 infatuation she is condemned as a witch, but is saved by 
 the sudden death of her accuser. After the marriage of 
 Ivanhoe to Rowena, she leaves England with her father. 
 
 Rebellion, The. 1. In United States history, 
 the Civil War (which see). — 2. In Scottish his- 
 tory, the Jacobite insurrections. 
 
 Rebellion, The Great. In English history, the 
 war waged by the Parliamentary army against 
 Charles I. from 1642 to his execution in 1649, 
 and the subsequent maintenance by force of a 
 government opposed to the excluded sovereign 
 Charles II. till the Restoration in 1660. 
 
 Rebello da Silva (re-bel'lo da sel'va), Luis 
 Augusto. Born at Lisbon, April 1, 1822: died 
 Sept. 19, 1871. A Portuguese historian, novel- 
 ist, and political orator. His chief works are a “His- 
 tory of Portugal in the 17th and 18th Centuries ” (1860-71) 
 and the historical novel “A mocidade de D. Joao V . ’ 
 (“ The Youth of Dom John V.,” 1851-53). 
 
 Recamier ( ra-ka-m ya' ) , Madame (Jeanne Fran- 
 chise Julie Adelaide Bernard). Born at 
 Lyons, Dec. 4, 1777 : died at Paris, May 11, 1849. 
 A celebrated French leader of society, she was 
 married at 15 to Monsieur Jacques Rdcp.mier, who was 
 nearly three times her age. Her beauty and intelligence 
 attracted to her salon a brilliant circle at Paris during the 
 consulate and empire, and later at Abbaye-aux-Bois. She 
 was exiled from Paris by Napoleon. Among her friends 
 were Madame de Stael, Chateaubriand (who wished to 
 marry her after the death of her husband), Constant, etc. 
 The only one of her admirers who is thought to have 
 touched her heart was Prince Augustus of Prussia. She 
 agreed to marry him, and her husband, who had lost his 
 fortune, consented to a divorce : she, however, touched by 
 his amiability, refused to leave him in his poverty. Her 
 “Souvenirs et correspondance” were edited by her niece 
 Madame Lenormant in 1859. 
 
 Rechabites (rek'a-bits). Tbe members of a 
 J ewish family and sect descended from Rechab, 
 which, in obedience to the command of Jona- 
 dab, Reckab’s son, refused to drink wine, build 
 or live in houses, sow seed, or plant or own 
 vineyards (Jer. xxxv. 5-10). 
 
 Recife. See Pernambuco. 
 
 Recklinghausen (rek'ling-hou-zen). 1. A 
 former countsbip in Westphalia, annexed to 
 Prussia in 1815. — 2. A town in tbe province of 
 Westphalia, Prussia, situated 31 miles south- 
 west of Munster. Population, country com- 
 mune, 27,016; commune, 44,396. 
 
 Reclus (ra-klii'), Jean Jacques Elisee. Born 
 March 15, 1830: died July 4, 1905. 
 
 A French geographer. He traveled in England, Ire- 
 land, and North and South America, 1852-57, and subse- 
 quently devoted himself to writing books of travel and 
 geography : some of these were first published in the 
 “Tour du Monde" and the “Revue des Deux Mondes,” 
 and republished in book form. They include “ Ea terre ’’ 
 (1867-68), “Les phOnomtnes terrestres, le monde et les 
 metiores ’’ (1872 ; republished in English as “TheOcean”), 
 “Voyage k la Sierra Nevada de Sainte-Marthe,” etc. His 
 greatest work is the “Nouvelle geographic universelle ’’ 
 (20 vols., 4to, 1875-94). In 1871 Reclus was sentenced to 
 transportation for life on account of his connection with 
 the Paris Commune, but the sentence was committed to 
 banishment at the intercession of numerous distinguished 
 scientists, and he lived at Clarens, Switzerland, until the 
 amnesty of 1879 permitted his return to Paris. 
 
 Recoaro (ra-ko-a'ro). A watering-place in the 
 province of Vicenza, northern Italy, situated 
 21 miles north-northeast of Verona. Popula- 
 tion, town, 1,104: commune, 6,347. 
 
 Recorde (rek'ord), Robert. Born at Tenby, 
 Wales, about 1510: died in tbe King’s Bench 
 prison, London, 1558. A British mathemati- 
 cian and physician. He entered Oxford in 1525; was 
 
Recorde 
 
 846 
 
 era Minnesota, intersected by lat. 48° N. Its 
 outlet is by the Ked Lake River. Length, 33 
 miles. 
 
 Red Lake River. A river in northwestern Min- 
 nesota which joins the Red River of the North 
 opposite Grand Porks , N orth Dakota . Length , 
 over 150 miles. 
 
 An association formed in 
 
 1839 at Birmingham, England. 
 
 fellow of All Souls in 1531 ; and was physician to Edward 
 VI. and Queen Mary. He wrote “The Grounde of Artes, 
 teachinge the Perfect Worke and Practise of Arithme- 
 ticke” (1540), “The Pathway to Knowledge, containing 
 the First Principles of Geometry ’’ (1551), “The Castle of 
 Knowledge, etc.' (1551), “ The Whetstone of Witte, etc.," 
 the first Engl ish book on algebra (1557) . Most of his works 
 are in the form of dialogues between the pupil and his 
 
 Reculver (re-kul'ver), or Reculvers Gverz). 
 
 A place on the coast of Kent, England, 9 miles 
 northeast of Canterbury: the Roman Regul- 
 biutn. 
 
 Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye. [‘Col- 
 lection of the Tales of Troy.’] See the extract. 
 
 The first book printed in English, the “Recuyell of the 
 Historyes of Troye," a stout folio of 351 leaves, does not 
 contain the date of printing, nor the name and place of the 
 printer; but it appears from the introduction that it was 
 translated from the French by William Caxton between the 
 yearsl469andl471. De Vinne, In vention of Printing, p. 507. 
 
 Redan (re-dan'). A fortification defending Se- _ , 
 bastopol in the Crimean war. It was stormed ^d Mountain. A range in Wyonnng, near 
 by the British Sept. 8, 1855, but immediately Yellowstone Lake. The highest point is Mount 
 abandoned by them. _Shendan (which see) 
 
 Reeve, Henry 
 
 Africa on the west. It divides in the north Into the 
 Gulf of Sinai and the Gulf of Akaba. The chief islands are 
 Farsan an d the Dahlak archipelagoes. It communicates on 
 the north with the Mediterranean by the Suez Canal, and 
 on the south with the Indian Ocean by the Strait of Bab-el- 
 Mandeb and the Gulf of Aden. It is noted for its heat. Its 
 commercial importance has increased since the opening 
 of the Suez Canal in 1869. It receives no river of impor- 
 tance. Length, about 1,450 miles. Greatest breadth, 205 
 miles. Greatest depth, about 1,200 fathoms. 
 
 Redshid Pasha. See Resliid Paslm. 
 
 When the British Association met there, several of its Red Skills, The. A novel by Cooper, published 
 
 younger members happened accidentally to dine at the 
 Red Lion in Church street. ... It was resolved to con- 
 tinue the meeting from year to year, wherever the Asso- 
 ciation might happen to meet. By degrees the “ Red 
 Lions” — the name was assumed from the accident of the 
 first meeting-place — became a very exclusive club. Forbes 
 first drew round him the small circle of jovial philosophers 
 which included Lankester, Thomson, Bell, Mitchell, and 
 Strickland. Many were added afterwards, as the club was 
 kept up in London in meetings at Anderton’s in Fleet 
 street. Timbs. 
 
 in 1846. 
 
 Red Sticks. In United States history, those 
 Creek Indians who, expelled from their lands 
 during the War of 1812, retired southward and 
 continued hostile to the United States. They 
 were so called because in their principal village they erect- 
 ed a high pole, and painted it red to signify their eagerness 
 for the blood of the whites. 
 
 Remaining at St. Mark's [Fla.] for two days, and inspir- 
 ing new terror by hanging on the spot two Red Stick 
 chiefs who had fallen into his hands, Jackson next set out 
 in pursuit of the enemy. 
 
 Schouler, Hist, of the United States, IIL 70. 
 
 Redwald. See Rsedwald. 
 
 Red Bank (red bangk'). A village in Glouees- ^edon ^-don'). Red Wing. A city, capital of Goodhue County, 
 
 ter County, New Jersey, situated on the Dela- 
 ware 7 miles south of Philadelphia. Here, Oct. 
 22, 1777, the Americans defeatedthe British and 
 Hessian forces under Donop. 
 
 Red Book of Hergest, The. [W. Llyfr Coch .] 
 The collection of Welsh tales known in its Eng- 
 lish translation as “The Mabinogion.” It is a 
 MS. of the 14th century, and is at Jesus College, Oxford. 
 It contains a chronology from Adam to 1318 A. D. , a chrono- 
 logical history of t he Saxons to 1376, and the oldest copies 
 known to exist of the poems of Taliesin and Llywarch Hen. 
 
 Red Cross Knight, The. The hero of the first 
 book of the “Faerie Queene,” by Spenser. 
 
 The Red Cross Knight, by whom is meant reformed Eng- 
 land (see c. x. 61, where he is called “ St. George of merry 
 England ’’). has just been equipped with the “ armour which 
 Una brought (that is, the armour of a Christian man, speci- 
 fied by St. Paul, v. [vi.] Ephes.),” as Spenser tells Sir W. 
 Raleigh in his letter. The armour “ wherein old dints 
 &c.,” though new to the Knight, is old as Christendom. 
 Thus equipped and guided by truth, he goes forth to fight 
 
 Ille-et-Vilaine, situated at the junction of the 
 Oust with the Vilaine, 37 miles southwest of 
 Rennes. Population, commune, 6,681. 
 
 Redoute(re-do-ta'), Pierre Joseph. Born at St. - 
 Hubert, Belgium, July 10, 1759: died at Paris, 
 June 20, 1840. A French painter of flowers, 
 professor at the Museum of Natural History in 
 Paris. He illustrated many botanical works. 
 
 Redpath (red'path), James. Born at Berwick- 
 on-Tweed, England, Aug. 14, 1833: died at New 
 
 Minnesota, situated on the Mississippi, at the 
 head of Lake Pepin, 39 miles southeast of St. 
 Paul. It exports wheat. Pop., 9,048, (1910). 
 
 Redwitz (red'vits), Baron Oskar von. Bom 
 at Lichtenau, near Ansbacli, Bavaria, June 28, 
 1823: died July 7, 1891. A German poet, dram- 
 atist, and novelist. Among his works are the drama 
 “ Philippine Welser,” the poems “ Amaranth ” (1849), “ Das 
 Lied vom neuen Deutschen Reich" (1871), “Odilo’’(1878), 
 the novel “Hermann Stark ” (1868), etc. 
 
 York, Feb. 10, 1891. An American abolitionist Ree. See Arikara. 
 
 and author. He became a journalist at an early age, Ree (re), Lough. A lake in Ireland, an expan- 
 identified himself with the abolition movement, and acted s j on 0 f fli o river Shannon, between Roscommon 
 as a war correspondent for Northern papers during the ,, , , T r ,i , im i Wostmonth on 
 
 Civil War. He established the Lyceum Bureau at Boston Oil the west ana Kongtorcf ana Westmeath on 
 in 1868. Amonghis works are “Echoes of Harper’s Ferry ” the east. Length, 16 miles. 
 
 (I860), “The John Brown Invasion ” (1860), “The Public Reed (red), Sir Edward James. Born at Sheer- 
 Life of Captain John Brown” (I860) “John Brown, the ne ss. Sent. 20, 1830 : died Nov. 30,1906. An Eng- 
 Hero” 0862), “Talks about Irelan (1881), etc. lish marine engineer, designer of various ves- 
 
 Red Peak. A peak ot the Park Range in Colo- ge ] s £ or £ be British, German, and other navies, 
 rado. Height, 13,333 feet. - - - - - - - - 
 
 inus equipped ana guided by truth, he goes forth to fight rado. Height, Id, Odd teet. TTonrw Ttm-n at Philadoluhia Julv 11 
 
 against error and temptation, and above all to combat p!Ji n(r TI nn J rF Charter on llauae 1 The o T \ ■ ’ 
 
 that spirit of falsehood concerning which the England of -Red Riding HOOd. L . p J -J ■ 1808: lost at sea, Sept. 2/, 1854. An American 
 
 heroine of a popular nursery story, one of the 
 tales in the collection by Perrault. 
 
 Red River. The largest right-hand tributary 
 of the Mississippi, after the Missouri and the 
 Arkansas. It rises in the Staked Plain of Texas, forms 
 the boundary between Texas and Oklahoma, flows 
 through the southwestern part of Arkansas, traverses 
 Louisiana, and joins the Mississippi about lat. 31° N. Its 
 chief tributary is the Washita. Length, about 1,200 miles ; 
 
 1688 had learnt so much from Philip II. of Spain and Alex- 
 ander of Parma. 
 
 Kitchen, Note in Spenser’s Faery Queene. 
 
 Red Cross Society. A philanthropic society 
 founded to carry out the views of the Geneva 
 Convention of 1864. its objects are to care for the 
 wounded in war and secure the neutrality of nurses, hos- 
 pitals, etc., and to relieve suffering occasioned by pesti- 
 lence, floods, fire, and other calamities. The society was 
 established through the efforts of Henri Dunant. The 
 president of the American National Red Cross Society from 
 
 1881-1904 was Clara Barton. By act of Congress, Jan. 5, ,7°, , . . , ., 
 
 1905, the society was reorganized and affiliated with the Red River, Or BOllg-kOI (SOng-KOl). 
 U. S. Government. Flag, a red cross on a white ground. 
 
 Redditch (red'ich). A to wn in Worcestershire, 
 
 England. Population, 13,493. 
 
 Redemption (re-demp'shon) The. A trilogy ^ed ^^ V6r , , , p 
 by Gounod, produced at the Birmingham festi- 
 val in 1882. 
 
 Redesdale (redz'dal). The valley of the Reed, 
 a tributary of the Tyne, in Northumberland, 
 
 England. 
 
 Redfield (red'feld), Isaac Fletcher. Born at 
 Weathersfield, Vt., April 10, 1804: died at Bos- 
 ton, March 23, 1876. An American jurist. He 
 published “Law of Railways” (1857), “Law of 
 Wills” (1864-70), etc. 
 
 Redgauntlet (red-gant'let). A novel by Sir 
 Walter Scott, published in 1824. it describes the 
 Jacobite enthusiasm of the 18th century. Darsie Latimer, 
 who has been kept out of England during his minority, be- 
 comes infatuated with a mysterious lady in a green cloak 
 known asGreenmantle. He discovers that he is in reality 
 Sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet, and that Greenmantle is 
 his sister Lilias Redgauntlet. He is imprisoned by his 
 
 ■cm! navigable to Shreveport, navigation above that point being -p t , -r, t re , ~v- 
 
 rhe partly checkedby “rafts, "orcollectionsof driftwood, which Keea^ JOSepxl. Horn at lienton, IN. 
 ro *P formerly blocked the channel for 45 miles. 27,1/41: died at Philadelphia, Marcl 
 
 author, grandson of Joseph Reed. He was admit- 
 ted to the bar in 1829, but abandoned law on accepting an 
 assistant professorship of English literature in the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania in 1831. He was appointed professor 
 of rhetoric and English literature in 1835. He was lost at 
 sea on a return voyage from Europe. He edited the works 
 of Wordsworth and Gray, and wrote “ Lectures on English 
 Literature " (1855), “ Lectures on English History and Tra- 
 gic Poetry " (1855), “Lectures on the British Poets ” (1867), 
 etc. 
 
 J., Aug. 
 March 5, 1785. 
 
 An American patriot, a member of the Conti- 
 river of Tongking. It rises in the province of Yun- nental Congress. He served in the Revolutionary War, 
 nan China, and flows into the Gulf of Tongking. Length, and was president of the Supreme Executive Council of 
 600-700 miles. Pennsylvania 1778-81. A . . 
 
 In United States Reed, Philip. Died Nov. 2, 1829. An Ameri- 
 
 ot, -intoiionoccfiil TTWlernl evnerlition can politician. He was a United States senator from 
 “Story* “ n , U ^ C6Rf V, UL for Maryland 1806-13, and a member of Congress 1817-19 and 
 
 (March— May, 18b4) up the Ped River \ alley, lor ig 22 -‘ 23 . He commanded, as colonel of railitin, the regi- 
 the purpose of recovering western Louisiana, ment of home guards which defeated the British under 
 The Federal land forces were commanded by Banks, the sir Peter Parker at Mooreflelds, Maryland, Aug. 30, 1814. 
 naval by Porter; the Confederate forces were commanded R d Thomas Brackett. Bom at Portland 
 by Taylor. The chief episodes were a Federal defeat at io icon /r a a w v a 
 
 Sabine Cross-Roads, a Federal victory at Pleasant HH1, Mn,T1A 0,4 18 188Q ,1,P|1 nt Washington. 
 
 The chief 
 
 and the rescue of the Federal fleet by Joseph Bailey. See 
 Bailey. 
 
 2. In Canadian history, the expedition under 
 Wolseley in 1870, which succeeded in putting 
 down the insurrection under Riel in the valley 
 of the Red River of the North. 
 
 Red River of the North. A river in the United 
 States and Canada. It rises in western Minnesota; 
 forms part of the boundary between Minnesota and North 
 Dakota ; traverses Manitoba ; and flows into Lake Win- 
 nipeg. It is called in part of its upper course the Otter 
 Tail River. Length, about 700 miles. 
 
 uncle and guardian Redgauntlet to force him into the -Dpd River Settlement A name formerly given 
 Jacobite insurrection. ' - • ... 
 
 Redgrave (red'grav), Richard. 
 
 Maine, Oct. 18, 1839 : died at Washington, 
 D. C., Dec. 7, 1902. An American Republican 
 politician. He was admitted to the bar in 1865; com- 
 menced practice at Portland, Maine; and held various po- 
 litical offices in his native State. He was a member of 
 Congress from Maine 1877-99, and was speaker of the 
 House 1889-91, 1895-97, and 1897-99. 
 
 Reed, Thomas German. Bom at Bristol, June 
 
 27, 1817: died March 21, 1888. An English 
 musician and conductor. He was the originator in 
 1855 of a novelty known as “Mr. and Mrs. German Reed's 
 Entertainment.” It provided mild dramatic entertainment 
 for persons who objected to the theater, and was very 
 popular. Mrs. German Reed was Priscilla Horton (born 
 at Birmingham, Jan. 2, 1818), an actress. 
 
 Born at Lon- 
 don, April 30, 1804 : died Dec. 14, 1888. An Eng- 
 lish genre- and landscape-painter, inspector- 
 general of art schools and surveyor of the royal 
 pictures. He published (with his brother) “A 
 Century of Painters of the English School” 
 (1866). 
 
 Red Horse, Vale of the. A valley in the south- 
 ern part of Warwickshire, England. 
 
 Redi (ra/de), Francesco. Born at Arezzo, Italy, 
 Feb. 18, 1626 : died at Pisa, March 1, 1698. An 
 
 to the British colony settled in what, is since Reeder (re'der), Andrew H. Bom Aug. 6, 
 1870 the Canadian province of Manitoba. It is 1807: died at Easton, Pa., July 5, 1864. An 
 traversed by the Red River of the North. American politician. He was governor of Kansas 
 
 Pori Pnco The emblem of the House of Lan- 1854-55, and a delegate from Kansas in 1855. He was 
 Red Rose. Ine emblem 01 T elected United States senator from Kansas in 1856, but 
 
 caster m the AVars of the Roses (winch see). wag re f use( j admission. 
 
 Red Rover (red ro'v&r). A sea-novel by J. F. Reelfoot Lake (rel'fut lak). A submerged dis- 
 Cooper, published in 1827. trict in Lake and Obion counties, northwestern 
 
 Red Russia (rush'a). A name formerly given Tennessee, 
 to the territory now included in the eastern Reeg } Abraham Born at Llanbrynmair, 
 part of Galicia (Austria-Hungary) and m the W;Uc ^ 1743 . died June 9 182 5 . a British au- 
 part of Russian Poland near A 111 ■ ,, _ thor. IIeedited“ Chambers's Cyclopaedia "(1776-86), and 
 
 Italian naturalist and poet. He wrote “ Esperienze Redruth (red'roth). A town in Cornwall, Eng “Rees’s Cyclopedia ’ ( 1802 - 20 ). 
 
 intorno alia generazione degli insetti ’’(“Experiments on 
 the Generation of Insects,” 1668). 
 
 Red Jacket (Indian name Sagoyewatha). Born 
 at Old Castle, near Geneva, N. Y., about 1752 : 
 died at Seneca Village, N. Y., Jan., 1830. A 
 chief of the Senecas, noted as an orator. 
 
 Red Lake. A lake in Beltrami County, north- 
 
 land, 8 miles northwest of Falmouth. It is an Reese (res) River. A river in central Nevada, 
 important center of tin- and copper-mining. Fopulation, a tributary (at times) of the Humboldt River. 
 10,451. Length, about 150 miles. 
 
 Red Sea. [L. Arabians Sinus or Mare Rubrjim, j> eeve (rev), Henry. Born Sept. 9, 1813: died 
 F. Mer Rouge, G. Rotes Meer or Arabischer Meer- Oct. 21, 1895. An English writer. He was registrar 
 busen.\ One of the principal arms of the Indian a f the privy council 1843-87, and became editor ot the 
 Ocean, lying between Arabia on the east and “ Edinburgh Review ” ill 1855. He published translations 
 
Reeve, Henry 
 
 of De Tocqueville's " Democracy in America “ and “ France 
 before the Revolution of 1789," and of Guizot’s “ Washing- 
 ton." He published “A Journal of the Reigns of King 
 George IV. and King William IV.” by Greville in 1874, 
 and a sequel to that work in 1885. He also published 
 “Royal and Republican France," a collection of histori- 
 cal essays. 
 
 Reeve, Tapping. Born at Brookkaven, L. I., 
 1744: died at Litchfield, Conn., Dec. 13, 1823. 
 An American jurist. He established a law school at 
 Litchfield in 1784. He published various legal treatises. 
 
 Reeves (revz), Mrs. (Helen Beckenham Ma- 
 thers). Born at Crewkerne, Somerset, 1852. 
 An English novelist, known as Helen Mathers. 
 She has published “Cornin’ thro' the Rye "(1875), “Cherry 
 Ripe "(1877), “My Lady Green Sleeves "(1879), “The Story 
 of a Sin ” (1881), ‘ 1 Found Out ” (1884), “ The Fashion of this 
 World ” (1886), “ A Man of the Time " (1894), etc. __ 
 
 Reeves, John Sims. Born Sept. 26, 1818 : 
 died Oct. 25, 1900. A noted English tenor 
 singer. He made his first appearance as a baritone at 
 Newcastle in 1839, but from 1841 to 1843 he sang second 
 tenor roles. Shortly after he went to Paris to study, and 
 in 1847 appeared in tenor roles in England. He was greatly 
 admired also in oratorio. 
 
 Reeve’s Tale, The. One of Chaucer’s “Canter- 
 bury Tales.” He probably took it from Jean de Bove’s 
 fabliau “ De Gombert et des deux clercs," but it forms the 
 sixth novel of the ninth day of the “Decameron.” It was 
 modernized by Betterton and Horne. 
 
 Reformation ( ref-or-ma ' sh on ) , The. The great 
 religious revolution in the 16th century, which 
 led to the establishment of the Protestant 
 churches. The Reformation assumed different aspects, 
 and resulted in alterations of discipline or doctrine more 
 or less fundamental in different countries and in different 
 stages of its progress. Various reformers of great influ- 
 ence, as Wyclif and Huss, had appeared before the 16th 
 century, but the Reformation proper began nearly simul- 
 taneously in Germany under the lead of Luther and in 
 Switzerland under the lead of Zwingli. The chief points 
 urged by the Reformers were the need of justification by 
 faith ; the use and authority of the Scriptures, and the 
 right of private judgment in their interpretation ; and the 
 abandonment of the doctrine of transubstantiation, the 
 adoration of the Virgin Mary and saints, the supremacy of 
 the Pope, and various other doctrines and rites regarded by 
 the Reformers as unscriptural. In the German Reforma- 
 tion the leading incidents were the publication at Witten- 
 berg of Luther’s ninety-five theses against indulgences in 
 1517; the excommunication of Lutlierin 1520; histestimony 
 before the Diet of Worms in 1521 ; the spread of the princi- 
 ples in many of the German states, as Hesse, Saxony, and 
 Brandenburg, and the opposition to them by the emperor ; 
 the Diet and Confession of Augsburg in 1530 ; and the pro- 
 longed struggle between the Protestants and the Catholics, 
 ending wi(h comparative religious equality in the peace 
 of Passau in 1552. The Reformation spread in Switzerland 
 under Zwingli and Calvin, in France, Hungary, Bohemia, 
 the Scandinavian countries, the Low Countries, etc. In 
 Scotland it was introduced by Knox about 1560. In Eng- 
 land it led in the reign of Henry VIII. to the abolition of 
 the papal supremacy and the liberation from papal control 
 of the Church of England, which, after a short Roman 
 Catholic reaction under Mary, was firmly est ablished under 
 Elizabeth. In many countries theReformation occasioned 
 an increased strength and zeal in the Roman Catholic 
 Church, sometimes called the Counter-Reformation. 
 
 Reformation Symphony. Mendelssohn’s sym- 
 phony in D minor, written for the tercentenary 
 celebration of the Augsburg Protestant Confes- 
 sion in 1830. It was not performed, however, 
 till 1832, when it was given in Berlin. 
 
 Reform Bill. In English history, a bill for the 
 purpose of enlarging the number of voters in 
 electionsfor members of the House of Commons, 
 and of removing inequalities in representation. 
 The first of these bills, passed in 1832 by the Liberals after 
 a violent struggle (often called specifically the Reform 
 Bill), disfranchised many rotten boroughs, gave increased 
 representation to the large towns, and enlarged the num- 
 ber of the holders of county and borough franchise. The 
 effect of the second Reform Bill, passed by the Conserva- 
 tives under Liberal pressure in 1867, was in the direction 
 of a more democratic representation, and the same ten- 
 dency was further shown in the Franchise Bill passed by 
 the Liberals in 1884. 
 
 This measure [The Reform Bill of 1832] disfranchised 
 fifty-six nomination boroughs which returned 111 members, 
 took away one member from thirty others, and two from 
 Weymouth and Melcombe Regis, thus leaving vacant 143 
 seats. It gave sixty-five additional members to the coun- 
 ties, two members each to Manchester, Leeds, Birming- 
 ham, and nineteen large towns, including the metropolitan 
 districts, and one member each to twenty-one other towns, 
 all of which had been previously unrepresented. In the 
 counties copyholders and leaseholders foryears were added 
 as voters to the 40s. freeholders; and tenants at will pay- 
 ing £50 a year (the Chandos clause) were enfranchised. 
 In the towns a £10 household franchise was established, 
 and the rights of freemen to vote were restricted. 
 
 Acland and Ramome, English Political History, p. 180. 
 
 Reform War. [Sp. Guerra de la Reformat A 
 civil war in Mexico, 1857-01. it arose out of the 
 adoption (Feb. 6, 1857) of the present constitution of 
 Mexico, which greatly restricted the power of the clergy. 
 This, and some acts of President Comonfort which were 
 regarded as hostile to the church, led to a reaction and 
 the deposition of Cornonfort (Jan. 21, 1858). His legal 
 successor, Juarez, established a government at Vera Cruz 
 (May 4, 1868), and tins became the focus of the “liberal,” 
 “reform,” or “constitutional” party. The reactionists 
 madeZuloaga president of Mexico, but he was deposed on 
 Dec. 23, 1858, and General Miramon, their principal mili- 
 
 847 
 
 tary leader, took his place. The government of Juarez 
 was recognized by the United States, greatly strengthen- 
 ing his cause. On July 12, 1859, he issued his famous de- 
 cree confiscating church property, and thus increasing the 
 breach. The war, on the side of Juarez, was generally 
 carried on by his generals, but Miramon often commanded 
 his own forces. The movements and counter-movements 
 were confusing to the last degree, and during the whole 
 period the interior was in a state of anarchy, the prey of 
 guerrilla parties. Some of the chief events were : Reac- 
 tionist victory at Salamanca in Guanajuato. March 9-10, 
 1858, followed by the surrender of the liberals under Par- 
 rodi at Guadalajara; Miramon and Mejia occupy San 
 Luis Potosi Sept. 12, and defeat Vidaurri at Ahualulco 
 Sept. 29; siege of Guadalajara by the liberals Sept. 28 
 until its capture, Oct. 27 ; Guadalajara retaken by Mar- 
 quez, Dec. 15 ; first siege of VeraCruz by Miramon, ending 
 in his repulse, March 29, 1859 ; liberals defeated at Tacu- 
 baya, April 11 ; execution of prisoners (called the “mas- 
 sacre of Tacubaya ”), April 11 ; United States vessels cap- 
 ture as pirates Miramon ’s ships which had attempted to 
 attack Vera Cruz, March 6, 1860; abandonment of second 
 siege of Vera Cruz, March 21 ; liberals repulsed from 
 Guadalajara, May 25 ; Miramon defeated on the Silao Hills, 
 Aug. 10 ; liberals defeated at Toluca, Dec. 9 ; final defeat 
 of Miramon at Calpulalpam, Dec. 22 ; Miramon resignsand 
 secretly leaves Mexico, Dec. 24 ; entry of J uarez into M exico, 
 Jan. 11, 1861. The confusion did not entirely cease with 
 Miramon’s defeat, and it eventually opened the way to the 
 French intervention and the short-lived empire of Maxi- 
 milian. 
 
 Refusal, The, or the Ladies’ Philosophy. A 
 
 comedy by Cibber, produced and printed in 
 1721. It is from Moliere’s “Les femmes sa- 
 vantes,” with incidents of the South Sea mania. 
 
 Regalbuto (ra-gal-bo'to). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Catania, Sicily, situated 25 miles west- 
 northwest of Catania. Population, about 
 11 , 000 . 
 
 Regaldi (ra-gal'de), Giuseppe. Born at No- 
 vara, Italy, Nov., 1809: died at Bologna, Feb., 
 1883. An Italian poet, noted as an improvi- 
 sator: professor of history at Bologna from 
 1866. 
 
 Regan (re'gan). The second daughter of Lear 
 in Shakspere’s tragedy of “King Lear”: the 
 fierce and revengeful wife of Cornwall. 
 
 Regen (ra'gen). A river in Bavaria which 
 joins the Danube opposite Ratisbon. Length, 
 about 100 miles. 
 
 Regensburg (ra'gens-borG). The German name 
 of Ratisbon. 
 
 Regent Diamond. Another name for the Pitt 
 Diamond (which see). 
 
 Regent’s Park (re'jents park). One of the 
 largest parks of London, situated in the north- 
 western part of the city. It is 472 acres in ex- 
 tent, and contains the Zoological Gardens. 
 
 Regent’s Sword (re'jents sord). A peniusula 
 in the province of Shmgking, Manchuria, sep- 
 arating the Gulf of Liaotung from Korea Bay. 
 
 Regent street (re'jent stret). One of the prin- 
 cipal streets of the West End of London, ex- 
 tendingfrom Portland Place to Waterloo Place. 
 
 Regga (reg'gii), or Waregga (wa-reg'ga), or 
 Mai egga (ma-leg'ga). A Bantu tribe of the 
 Belgian Kongo, between the Manyema and the 
 Bakumu, northwest of Lake Tanganyika. Living 
 isolated in an unexplored forest region, they yet show, as 
 far as known, a state of culture superior to that of the 
 average African negro. 
 
 Reggio (red'jo). A former duchy now forming 
 part of the province of Reggio nell’ Emilia, 
 Italy. 
 
 Reggio. A province of Calabria, Italy. Area, 
 1,221 square miles. Population, 441,669. 
 
 Reggio di Calabria (red'jo de ka-la'bre-a), or 
 Reggio. A cathedral city, the capital of the 
 province of Reggio, situated on the Strait of 
 Messina in lat. 38° 8' N., long. 15° 40' E. it is 
 noted for its fruits ; has manufactures of essences, scented 
 waters, silk, etc. ; and exports fruit, etc. It was the ancient 
 Rhegium (which see) ; was taken by Alaric in 410, by Totila 
 in 549, and by Robert Guiscard in 1060 ; and was nearly de- 
 stroyed by an earthquake in 1783, and again Dec. 28, 1908. 
 Population, town, 26,873; commune, 44,415. 
 
 Reggio nell’ Emilia (red'jo nel la-me'le-a). 1. 
 A province in the compartimento of Emilia, 
 Italy. Area, 884 square miles. Population, 
 292,163. — 2. The capital of the province of 
 Reggio nell’ Emilia, situated on the Crostolo. 
 It contains a cathedral and various works of art. It was 
 an ancient Roman town(Regium Lepidi), often mentioned 
 in the civil war. Ariosto and Cialdim were born there. 
 Population, town, 19,473 ; commune, 58,490. 
 
 Regicide (rej'i-sid), The. A tragedy by Smollett. 
 It was published in 1749, hut was never acted. 
 
 Regillus (re-jil'us), Lake. In ancient, geog- 
 raphy, a small lake near Rome (perhaps near 
 Frascati). Itis the scene of a traditional victory 
 of the Romans over the Latins about 496 B. c. 
 
 Regina (re-ji'na). The former capital of 
 Assiniboia, Canada, and present capital of 
 Saskatchewan. Population, 30,213, (1911). 
 
 Reginum (re-ji'num). A Roman name of 
 Ratisbon. 
 
 Rehan 
 
 Regiomontanus (re // ji-o-mon-ta'nus), Johann 
 Muller, called. Born at Konigsberg, Franconia, 
 June 6, 1436: died at Rome, July 6, 1476. A 
 German mathematician and astronomer, bishop 
 of Ratisbon. 
 
 Regnard (re-nar'), Jean Frangois. Born at 
 Paris, Feb., 1655: died at his estate of Grillon, 
 near Dourdan, Sept. 4, 1709. A French writer 
 of comedy. He was of a wealthy family, and received 
 an excellent education. He visited successively Italy, 
 Holland, Scandinavian countries (including Lapland), Po- 
 land, Turkey, Germany, etc., and left copious notes on his 
 trips to these countries. When he finally returned to 
 France, it was to divide his time between Paris and his 
 estate at Grillon. After Moliere he is regarded as the 
 greatest exponent of comedy in France. His prose come- 
 dies began to appear in 1688, and followed rapidly on each 
 other during five years. After 1693 he composed a num- 
 ber of short plays in verse, and in 1696 he finally put on 
 the stage the comedy, in verse, that ranks him immediately 
 next to Moliere — “Le joueur.” He further displayed the 
 originality of his talent in “ Le distrait ” (1697), “ DC mocrite ” 
 (1700), “Les folies amoureuses” (1704), “Les MCnechmes” 
 (1705), and “Le lCgataire universel” (1708). His success 
 was by no means limited to these plays in verse, for some 
 of his best work is done in prose, like “La foire de Saint- 
 Germain" (1696) and “Le retour imprevu ” (1700), or else 
 in prose and verse together, like “La suite de la foire de 
 Saint-Germain "or “Les momies d’Egypte” (1696). Reg- 
 nard’s novel “La Provencjale” is in a certain measure 
 autobiographical : it was not published till 1731. 
 
 Regnault (re-no'), Alexandre George Henri. 
 
 Born at Paris, Oct. 30, 1843: killed in battle at, 
 Buzenval, Jan. 19, 1871. A French historical 
 painter, son of H. Y. Regnault. He was a pupil 
 of Montfort, Lamothe, and Cabanel ; took the grand prix 
 de Rome in 1866 ; studied in Italy till 1868 ; and then went 
 to Spain, where he painted the equestrian portraitof Gen- 
 eral Prim. In 1869 he revisited Italy, and in 1870 went 
 to Africa. He returned to fight in the German war'. His 
 works include “Automedon ” (1S67), “Salome,” “Execu- 
 tion in Granada,” “Judith and Holofernes,” “Thetis giv- 
 ing Achilles the Arms of Vulcan,” “A Fantasia in Tan- 
 giers,” etc. 
 
 Regnault, Henri Victor. Born at Aix-la-Cha- 
 pelle, July 21, 1810: died Jan. 19, 1878. A 
 French chemist and physicist. He became director 
 of the Stvres porcelain manufactures in 1854. He wrote 
 articles in the “Comptes-rendus”of the Academy of Sci- 
 ences, “fours elementaire de chimie ” (1847-49), etc. 
 
 Regnault, Jean Baptiste, Baron. Born at 
 Paris, Oct. 19, 1754: died there, Nov. 12, 1829. 
 A French historical and genre painter. He took 
 the grand prix de Rome in 1776 ; and received the title 
 of Baron in 1819. Among his works are “ Education of 
 Achilles ’’ (1783), “ The Descent from the Cross ”(1789), “The 
 Three Graces" (in the Louvre). 
 
 Regne Animal (rany a-ne-mal'), Le. [F., £ The 
 Animal Kingdom.’] A treatise on zoology, by 
 Georges Cuvier, published in 4 vols. 1817. The 
 system developed in this work may be regarded as the 
 basis of nearly all the scientific classifications until after 
 the appearance of Darwin’s “Origin of Species.” 
 
 Regnier (ra-nya'), Jacques Auguste Adolphe. 
 
 Born at Mainz, Germany, July, 1804: died at 
 Fontainebleau, Oct. 21, 1884. A French philol- 
 ogist, librarian of the palace of Fontainebleau 
 from 1873. He was the author of works on Ger- 
 manic, classical, and Oriental philology. 
 Regnier (ra-nya'), Mathurin. Born at Char- 
 tres, Dec. 21, 1573: died at Rouen, Oct. 22, 1613. 
 A French satirical poet, a nephew of the poet 
 Desportes. At the age of 11 he received the tonsure, 
 and when 20 followed the Cardinal de Joyeuse to Rome as 
 a private secretary. On his return to France in 1604, he 
 maintained the dissipated mode of living into which he 
 had fallen while away, but was appointed to a canonry 
 in the Chartres cathedral in 1609. Asa writer, RCgnier is 
 well known for his satires. He is at his best in “ Le gout 
 decide de tout,” “L’Honneur ennemi delavie,” “L’Amour 
 qu'ou ne petit dompter,” “RCgnier apologiste de lui- 
 meme,”“La folie est generale.” “ Ny crainteny esperance,” 
 “Le mauvais lepas,” and “Le mauvais lieu.” Sainte- 
 Beuve speaks of Regnier as standing on the threshold of 
 the 17tli century, and yet looking backward and fraterniz- 
 ing with Montaigne, Ronsard, and Rabelais. He states 
 that where RCgnier excels is in his knowledge of life, his 
 expression of manners, his delineation of characters, and 
 his description of home scenes. He likens Rdgnier’s satires 
 to a gallery of wonderful Flemish portraits. 
 
 Regnitz (reg'nits). A river in Bavaria, it is 
 formed by the union of the Pegnitz and Rednitz near 
 Fiirth, and joins the Main near Bamberg. Length (in- 
 cluding the Pegnitz), about 125 miles. 
 
 Regulus (reg'u-lus). [NL. (Copernicus), trans- 
 lating Gr. paaiXicKoQ, the name of the star in 
 Ptolemy.] A very white star, of magnitude 1.4, 
 on the heart of the Lion; a Leonis. 
 
 Regulus (reg'u-lus), Marcus Atilius. Died 
 250 (?) b. o. A celebrated Roman general. He 
 was consul in 267 ; and as consul in 256 defeated the Car- 
 thaginian fleet, invaded Africa, and defeated the Cartha- 
 ginian array. He was defeated by the Carthaginians under 
 Xantippus in 255 and taken prisoner. According to Roman 
 tradition lie was sent by the Carthaginians to Rome with 
 an embassy, in 250, to ask for peace or an exchange of pris- 
 oners. In this he was unsuccessful, and was put to death 
 on his return to Carthage, whither he went in accordance 
 with liis promise. 
 
 Rehan (re'an), Ada. Born at Limerick, Ire- 
 land, April ’^2, 1860. A noted American actress. 
 
Behan 
 
 She came to America with her family, whose name is Cre- 
 han, in 1865. In 1874 she made her debut at Newark, New 
 Jersey, and her hist appearance in New York the same 
 year. She became leading lady in the company of Augus- 
 tin Daly in 1878, and made her first appearance in his thea- 
 ter in 1879. She has since appeared with success in both 
 London and Paris. Her best impersonations are Rosalind 
 in “As you Like it,” Katharine in “The Taming of the 
 Shrew," Viola in “Twelfth Night,” and Countess Vera in 
 “The Last Word”; and she has created more than 40 roles 
 in the light comedy of the day. 
 
 Rehearsal (re-her'sal), The. A "burlesque tra- 
 gedy or farce by George Villiers, duke of Buck- 
 ingham, and others, produced in 1671. it is a 
 travesty of the bombastic rimed plays of Dryden and 
 others. Butler, the author of “ Hudibras,” Dr. Sprat, Mar- 
 tin Clifford, and others assisted Buckingham. Davenant, 
 Dryden, and Sir Robert Howard are all satirized. (See 
 Bayes.) Sheridan’s “ Critic ” isa similar play, and Marvell's 
 satire “The Rehearsal Transprosed ” is indebted to it. 
 
 Behfues (ra'fiis), Philipp Joseph von. Born 
 at Tubingen, Wiirtemberg, Oct. 2, 1779 : died on 
 his estate near the Drachenfels, Oct. 21, 1843. 
 A German novelist and miscellaneous author. 
 BehOboam (re-ho-bo'am). King of Judah 953- 
 932 B. C. (Dunek'er), son of Solomon. His acces- 
 sion was the signal for the revolt of the ten northern tribes 
 under the leadership of Jeroboam, which resulted in the 
 separation of the Hebrews into two kingdoms, that of Ju- 
 dah and that of Israel. 
 
 Behoboth (re-ho'botli). The name of three 
 places mentioned in the Old Testament : (i) Re- 
 hoboth-Ir, a city near Nineveh ; (2) a city near the Eu- 
 phrates : possibly the modern Rahabeh ; (3) a well situ- 
 ated probably about 20miles south of Eeersheba, Palestine : 
 the modern Wady Ruheibe. 
 
 Behoboth Bay. A bay on the coast of Dela- 
 ware, south of Cape Henlopen. 
 
 Beicha(ri 'cha), Anton J oseph. Born at Prague, 
 Feb. 27, 1770 : died at Paris, May 28, 1836. A 
 composer and writer on music. He published 
 “Traite de meiodie " (1814), “Cours de composition musi- 
 cale” (1818), “ Traitd de haute composition musicale" 
 (1824-26), “ L’Art du compositeur dramatique ” (1833). 
 Reichard (ri'chart), Paul. Born at Neuwied 
 on the Rhine, Dec. 2, 1854. An African explorer. 
 When Leopold II. and the German government sent, in 
 1880, Dr. Kaiser and Dr. Bohm on an expedition to central 
 Africa, Reichard joined them. The station Kakoma was 
 founded, Lake Upemba was discovered, tracts of land were 
 acquired by Reichard, and much new ground in the upper 
 Lualaba basin was explored ; but only Reichard survived 
 and readied again the east coast in 1884. 
 
 Beichardt (ri'chart), Johann Friedrich. Born 
 at Konigsberg, Prussia, Nov. 25, 1752 : died at 
 Giebichenstein, near Halle, Prussia, June 17, 
 1814. A German composer and musical writer, 
 best known now from his songs. 
 
 Beichenau (ri'che-nou). An island in the Un- 
 tersee of the Lake of Constance, 5 miles north- 
 west of Constance. It has belonged to Baden since 
 1803. It was formerly noted for its Benedictine abbey, 
 founded about 728 (secularized in 1799). Length, 3 miles. 
 Beichenbach (ri'chen-bach). A small tributary 
 of the Aar, in the canton of Bern, Switzerland, 
 which joins the Aar 16 miles east of Interlaken. 
 It is celebrated for the beauty of its cascades (at 
 its entrance into the Aar valley). 
 
 Beichenbach . A town ill the kingdom of Saxony, 
 31 miles southwest of Chemnitz. It has manu- 
 factures of woolens. Pop., commune, 24,948. 
 Beichenbach. A manufacturing town in the 
 province of Silesia, Prussia, 32miles southwest 
 of Breslau. Here, Aug. 16, 1762, Frederick the Great 
 defeated the Austrians under Laudon ; and here a conven- 
 tion was signed, July 27, 1790, by which the emperor Leo- 
 pold agreed not to annex Turkish territory. A treaty was 
 concluded here, June 15, 1813, by which Great Britain 
 agreed to subsidies for Russia and Prussia in the war 
 against Napoleon. Population, commune, 15,984. 
 Beichenbach. A small town in the kingdom 
 of Saxony, 9 miles west of Gorlitz. Near it, 
 May 22, 1813, the French defeated the Rus- 
 sians. Population, 2,085. 
 
 Beichenbach, Anton Benedict. Born 1807: 
 died 1880. A German naturalist:, brother of 
 H. G. L. Reichenbach. 
 
 Beichenbach, Georg von. Born at Durlach, 
 Baden, Aug. 24, 1772: died May 21, 1826. A 
 German mechanician, manufacturer of astro- 
 nomical and mathematical instruments. 
 Beichenbach, Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig. 
 Born at Leipsic, Jan. 8, 1793: died March 17, 
 1879. A German botanist and zoologist, pro- 
 fessor at Dresden from 1820. His chief work is 
 “Flora Germanica ” (with the “Iconographia,” 1823-84). 
 Re also wrote “Regnum animale" (1834-36), etc. 
 Beichenbach, Baron Karl von. Born at Stutt- 
 gart, Wiirtemberg, Feb. 12, 1788: died at Leip- 
 sic, Jan. 19, 1869. A German scientist and 
 manufacturer, ne discovered creosote, paraffin, etc. ; 
 bnt is best known from his theories concerning the so- 
 called “od”or “odic force.” 
 
 Beichenberg (ri 'chcn-bero). A city i n Bohemia, 
 situated on the Gorlitzer Neisse 56 miles north- 
 east of Prague. It is the third city of Bohemia, and 
 
 848 
 
 the first in regard to manufactures (yarn, carpets, beer, 
 etc., its cloth manufactures being especially noted). It 
 belonged to Wallenstein 1622-34, and later to the families 
 Gallas and Clam-Gallas. The Prussians defeated the Aus- 
 trians here April 21, 1757. Population, 36,372, (1910). 
 Eeicheilhall (ri'chen-hal). A small town in 
 Upper Bavaria, situated on the Saalach 9 miles 
 
 Seiske 
 
 shire, Scotland, 1791 : died in England, Oct., 
 1858. A British meteorologist and colonial gov- 
 ernor, chairman of the executive committee of 
 the exhibition of 1851. He published “An Attemptto 
 develop the Law of Storms ” (1838), “ Progress of the De- 
 velopment of the Law of Storms ” (1849), etc. 
 
 southwest of Salzburg, it is noted for its salt- Reigate (rl'gat). A town in Surrey, England, 
 
 situated 20 miles south of London. The site of 
 the old castle is marked by a large cave which the barons 
 are said to have used as a meeting-place and guard-room. 
 Population, 25,993. 
 
 tician and writer on art : one of the leaders of Re ign of Te rror, The. In French history, that 
 the clencal (Center ) party. period of the first revolution during which the 
 
 country was under the sway of a faction which 
 
 springs, and as a watering-place and health-resort. 
 
 Beichensperger (ri'chen-sperg-er), August. 
 Born 1808 : died July 16, 1895. A Prussian poli- 
 
 Eeichensperger, Peter Franz. Born at Co 
 blenz, Prussia, May 28, 1810 : died at Berlin, 
 Dec. 31, 1892. A Prussian politician, brother 
 of August Reiehensperger, and a prominent 
 member of the clerical (Center) party. 
 
 Beichlin-Meldegg (rich ' lin - mel ' deg), Baron 
 Karl Alexander von. Born at Grafenau, Ba- 
 varia, Feb. 22, 1801: died at Heidelberg, Feb. 
 15, 1877. A German philosopher and theolo- 
 
 gian, professor of philosophy at Heidelberg SSf / ,-K x u TS r> f ,, 
 from 1839. Ho wrote “Lehrbuch der Psycho- : ^?^ a , nn T P| lr ^J' 1 ^57 0 01 ! D at 1 
 
 logie” (1837-38), etc. . “ 
 
 Beichshofen (richs'ho-fen). A manufacturing 
 town in Lower Alsace, 24 miles north of Stras- 
 burg. (Forthe battle of Aug. 6, 1870, see Worth . ) 
 Population, 2,885. 
 
 Beichsland (richs'lant). [G., ‘imperial terri- 
 tory.’] A designation since 1871 of Alsace-Lor- 
 raine. 
 
 Beichstadt (rieh'stat). A small town in north- 
 ern Bohemia, situated on the Zwittebaeh 43 
 
 made the execution of persons, regardless of age, 
 sex, and condition, who were considered obnox- 
 ious to their measures one of the cardinal princi- 
 ples of their government. This period maybe said to 
 have begun in March, 1793, when the Revolutionary tribu- 
 nal was appointed, and to have ended in July, 1794, with the 
 overthrow of Robespierre and his associates. Also caUed 
 the Terror. 
 
 Reikiavik. See Reykjavik. 
 
 haude, 
 Halle, 
 
 Nov. 22, 1813. A German anatomist and phy- 
 sician, professor (1810) at Berlin. He was super- 
 intendent of the military hospitals in 1813, and died of 
 typhus contracted in the performance of his duties. 
 
 Eeille (ray), Comte Honore Charles Michel 
 Joseph. Born at Antibes, France, Sept. 1, 
 1775: died at Paris, March 4, 1860. A French 
 marshal. He served in the Napoleonic wars in Spain, 
 at Quatre-Bras, Waterloo, etc., and was made marshal in 
 1847. 
 
 miles north by east of Prague, it gave the title Beimarus (ri-ma'ros), Hermann Samuel. 
 
 Born at Hamburg, Dec. 22, 1694: died at Ham- 
 burg, March 1, 1768. A German philosopher 
 and scholar, professor (1727) of Hebrew and 
 later also of mathematics at the gymnasium in 
 Hamburg. He is especially noted as the author of the 
 rationalistic “Wolfenbiittel Fragments, ’’published by Les- 
 sing (1774-78) as fragments of the work of an unknown au- 
 thor found by him in the Wolfenbiittel Library. The whole 
 work bears the title “ Apologie Oder Schutzschrift fur die 
 vernunf t igen V erehrer Gottes ” (“ Apology or Defense for 
 the Rational Worshipers of God *’). 
 
 to the Duke of Reiclistadt. At a meeting here of the em- 
 perors of Austria and Russia, July 8, 1876, it was agreed 
 that these powers should not take independent action in 
 the dismemberment of Turkey. Population, 1,798. 
 
 Beichstadt, Duke of. See Napoleon II. 
 
 Beichstag (G. pron. nchs'tag). [G., ‘parliament 
 of the empire.’] 1 . In the present empire of Ger- 
 many, the deliberat ive body which, in combina- 
 tion with the Bundosrat, exercises the legisla- 
 tive power in imperial matters. It is composed 
 
 of 397 deputies elected by manhood suffrage R g7ins g ee Rheims. 
 for 5 years. 2. 4 lie name by which tlie Ger- Re j nec j^ e p uc jj S< See Reynard the Fox. 
 mans designate the Hungarian Diet, a body Re j ne de Chypre (ran de shepr), La. [F., ‘The 
 composed of a House of Magnates (about 300 Q ueen 0 f Cyprus.’] An opera bvHal6vy, pro- 
 members) and a Lower House or House of Rep- ( f liced at Paris in 1841 . The words are by Saint- 
 resentatives (4o3 members). Georges, and have much literary merit. 
 
 Wilful ^ A ir ^ e H rg . e 'i B( ? rn at Aberdeen, Oct. Re ine de Saba (de sa-ba'), La. [F., ‘The 
 
 31, 1841. A Scottibh landscape- and jiortrait- Q ueen 0 f Sheba.*] An opera by Gounod, first 
 painter. He studied at the Trustees' Academy, Edin- Tvrrwbippd of Pnri^ in 18G 9 
 burgh, and with Mollinger, Israels, and Yvon. He was W Odm.ee (at P iris in l»OZ. 
 
 president of the Royal Scottish Academy 1891-1902. Bemeke VOS (G. Kemeke X UChS). teOO Key- 
 Among his portraits al e those of John Mackenzie, H. Well- nard the Fox. 
 
 wood Maxwell, and Lord President Inglis (the last in the Reine Margot (mar-go'), La. A novel by the 
 Scottish Parliament House). i i t\ & _ vr.f.j ■ , 
 
 _ ., T , -Tii , , elder Dumas, published m 1845. It was drama- 
 
 Keia, Mayne. Born m Ireland, 1818 : died at tized with the assistance of Auguste Maqnet, and played 
 London, Oct. 22, 1883. A British novelist. He in 1847. 
 
 traveledin the United States, and served as captain in the Reine Topaze (to-paz'). La. [F., ‘Queen To- 
 United States army in the Mexican war He sailed from paze .’] An opera by Victor Masse, produced 
 New York m 1849 with a party of volunteers to aid in the U. p *• • o-V. “ ’ 
 
 Hungarian struggle for freedom, but arrived too late to vans ill looo. 
 
 take part in it. He wrote tales of adventure, including Remhardsbrunn (rm'harts-bron). Anotedcas- 
 “The Rifle Rangers” (1850), “The Scalp Hunters" (1851), tie of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, situated 
 “The Joy Hunters” (!852), “ The White Chief’ (1859), .q pq 0 f oo4 0 f (Pg Thiiringerwald, near Fried- 
 “ The Bush Boys (1855), “The Quadroon (1856), “The . , n o„*i,„ 
 
 War Trail ”( 1857 ), “ Osceola " ( 1858 ), “The Boy Tar” ( 1859 ), nchroda, 9 miles southwest of Gotha. 
 
 “The Maroon ” ( 1862 ), “The Headless Horseman” ( 1806 ), Reinhart (rin'hart). Benjamin Franklin. Born 
 “ The Castaways" (1870), “ The Ocean Waifs ” (1871), “The at Waynesburg, ’ Pa., Aug. 29, 1829: died at 
 Death Shot (18/4), “The Flag °f Distress ”(1875), “The Philadelphia, May 3, 1885. An American por- 
 
 Tr trait and historical painter. He studied at ]W 
 Rfd, Samuel Chester Born at No^ch, Conn seldorf Ro and F Paris . 
 
 Aug 25, 1783: died at New York, Jan. 28, 1861. Eeinha U Charles Stanley. Bom at Pitts- 
 An American naval officer. As commander of a iL p., 1044 . „+ v w York Au“ 30 
 
 privateer he repulsed a British attack at Fayal in 1814. tod-i. aieu at 1 e v , g- > 
 
 He designed the United States flag in its present form. 1896. An American genre-painter and lllus- 
 Reid, Thomas. Born at Strachan, Kincardine- trator. He studied at Paris and Munich, 
 shire, April 26, 1710: died at Glasgow, Oct. 7, RemholdO'in holt), Karl Leonhard. Bom at 
 1796. A Scottish philosopher, the principal V’enna, Oct. _6, 1<58: died at Kiel, Holstein, 
 founder of the Scottish school of philosophy. April 10, 18_3. A Gennan philosopher, pro- 
 Re graduated at Marischal College, Aberdeen, in 1726 ; was lessor at J ena 1 i S / - J4 and at t^i^l 1 < J4—1 He 
 librarian there ; became pastor at Newmachar, near Aher- advocated Kant’s philosophy in “ Brief e fiber die Kan tische 
 deen, in 1737 ; was appointed professor of philosophy at Philosophic" (1786-87), and also published “Versuch 
 King’s College, Aberdeen, in 1751; and was professor of einer neuen Theorie des \ orstellungsvermogens (“New 
 moral philosophy at Glasgow 1764-81. He wrote an “Es- Theory of the Faculty of Ideas,” 1789), etc. 
 say^on Quantity” (1748), “Enquiry into the Human Mind RelniSCh (ri'nish), Leo. Born at Osterwitz, 
 
 A noted Egyptologist and Afri- 
 72 professor of Egyptology at the 
 Vienna. His numerous works include 
 
 Rpid Whitola w Born at Yon in Ohio Oct “AgyptischeChrestomathie”(1873-75);grammarsof Barea 
 . ,® ia ' 7 l ’ OI ' rl at Aema, un 10, uct. / 18 74 ) Nuba(1879), and Bilin (1883); and dictionary of Bilin 
 2 /, 1837: died at London, Dec. 15, 1J12. An (1887). He repeatedly visited all the tribes speaking these 
 American journalist. He graduated at Miami Uni- languages. 
 
 war c 
 
 minister to France 1889-92, and was candidate (defeated) Catholic theologian: suspended in 1870 on ac- 
 for the vice-presidency on the Republican ticket in 1892. CQunt of oppos ition to the dogma of papal in- 
 Appointed special ambassador to England to represent the « X L , . , . ” ... ^ 
 
 President at the Queen's jubilee 1897, member of the fallibility, ne was consecrated bishop of ’tlie < Id CatJ" 
 Spanish Peace Commission 1898, and United States am- dies in 1873, and resided in Bonn. He published \arious 
 bassador to Great Britain 1905-12. works on ecclesiastical history, etc. 
 
 Reid, Sir William. Born at Kinglassie, Fife-Reiske (ris'ke). Johann Jakob. Born at /or- 
 
Reiske 
 
 big, near Halle, Dec. 25, 1716: died Aug. 14, 1774. 
 A noted German Orientalist and classical phi- 
 lologist, rector of the Nikolaischule at Leipsic 
 from 1758. He published works on Arabic, edi- 
 tions of Greek authors, etc. 
 
 Reiss (ris), Wilhelm. Born at Mannheim, 1838: 
 died near Po^sneck, Saxe-Meiningen, Sept. 29, 
 1908. AGermanscientistandtraveler. From 1868 
 to 1876 he traveled in South America, generally in company 
 with A. Stiibel. They made their headquarters at Quito 
 for four years ; explored the Ecuadorian mountains ; made 
 an extended examination of the ancient necropolis of 
 Ancon, near Lima, and other Peruvian antiquities ; and 
 finally descended the Amazon and visited the Brazilian 
 coast cities. Their most important joint work is “ Das 
 Totenfeld von Ancon in Peru ’’ (3 vols. folio, with plates, 
 1880-87). Reiss also published many geological works, etc. 
 
 Reissiger (ris'sig-er), Karl Gottlieb. Born at 
 Belzig, near Wittenberg, Jan. 31, 1798: died 
 at Dresden, Nov. 7, 1859. A German composer 
 ★ of operas, songs, etc. 
 
 R6jane (ra-zhan'), Gabrielle Charlotte R6ju, 
 
 called. Born at Paris in 1857. A French actress. 
 She made herdgbut in 1875 at the Vaudeville. One of her 
 greatest successes is Madame Sans G6ne in Sardou’s play 
 of that name (1894), in which she appeared in the United 
 States. About 1892 she married M. Porel, director of the 
 Grand Theatre. 
 
 Rejected Addresses. A collection of parodies 
 onWordsworth, Byron, Scott, Moore, Coleridge, 
 and other poets, written on the occasion of the 
 burning of Drury Lane Theater, London, by the 
 brothers James and Horace Smith, published in 
 1812. 
 
 Relapse, The, or Virtue in Danger. A play by 
 
 Vanbrugh, produced in 1697. It was a sequel to 
 Cibber’s "Love’s Last Shift.” Sheridan altered it to “ The 
 Trip to Scarborough. ’’ See Comte de Boursoufle. 
 
 Relay House. A junction on the Baltimore and 
 Ohio Railway, 7 miles from Baltimore, which 
 General Butler fortified in May, 1861. 
 
 Relief of Lucknow, The. A play by Boucicault. 
 
 The incident of Jessie Brown and the approach of the 
 relief playing “The CampbeUs are coming" is said to be 
 mythical. 
 
 Religio Laici (re-lij'i-o la'i-si). [L., ‘A Lay- 
 man’s Religion .’] A polemic poem by Dryden, 
 published in 1682. 
 
 Religio Medici (re-lij'i-o med'i-sl). [L., ‘A 
 Physician’s Religion.’] A religious treatise by 
 Sir Thomas Browne, published in 1643. 
 Remagen (ra'ma-gen). A town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, situated on the Rhine 22 
 miles northwest of Coblenz: the Roman Rigo- 
 magus. It contains various Roman antiquities. 
 Population, 3,806. 
 
 Rembang (rem-bang'). A town near the north- 
 ern coast of Java, situated in lat. 6° 42' S., long. 
 Ill 0 21' E. Population, about 14,000. 
 Rembrandt (rem'brant; D. pron. rem'briint) 
 (Rembrandt Hermanzoon van Rijn or Ryn). 
 Born at Leyden, July 15, 1607 : died at Amster- 
 dam (buried Oct. 8, 1669). A celebrated Dutch 
 painter and etcher, the chief member of the 
 Dutch school of painting. His father was a miller 
 in easy circumstances. At the age of 12 he entered the 
 studio of Van Swanenburch and three years later that of 
 Pieter LaBtman at Amsterdam. In 1623 he returned to Ley- 
 den, where he remained until 1630. About 1628 he received 
 his first pupil, Gerard Douw. In 1630 he removed to Am- 
 sterdam, where he soon had many pupils and many orders. 
 On June 10, 1634, he married Saskia van Ulenburg. After 
 her death he became involved in litigation, contracted 
 debts, and in 1656 was formally declared bankrupt, and his 
 collections were seized and sold for 500 florins. Among 
 his principal works are “Presentation in the Temple" 
 (1631); “Lesson in Anatomy ” (1632); “Descent from the 
 Cross,” an etching (1633); the “Artemisia” at Madrid, and 
 “ St. Thomas ” at the Hermitage, St. Petersburg (1634) ; por- 
 trait of himself with his wife Saskia on his knee (1638); 
 etching of Tobias and the Angel and Ecce Homo (1638); 
 portrait of his mother, at Vienna(1639); “ Le doreur ’’(“The 
 Gilder,” 1640), now in New York ; “Sortie of the Company 
 of Frans Banning Cock” (the so-called “Night-Watch"), 
 his masterpiece (1642); etching of “The Three Trees” 
 (1643) ; “ Pilgrims of Emmaus,” in the Louvre (1648) ; por- 
 trait of Turenne on horseback, now in Lord Cowper’s col- 
 lection (1649); the “hundred-guilder” print of Christ 
 preaching (1651) (the name comes from a tradition that a 
 Roman merchant offered him seven engravings by Marc- 
 antonio, worth 100 guilders, for a copy of the etching); 
 “The Burgomaster and his wife "(1657) ; “Moses descend- 
 ing Sinai" (1659); “Syndics of the Cloth Hall” (1661); 
 “Jewish Bride" (1663). He painted between 40 and 50 
 portraits of himself, which are in the various public gal- 
 leries of Europe. 
 
 Remedy of Love, The. A poem apparently 
 written about 1530. It was printed in 1532 in an edi- 
 tion of Chaucer’s poems, and wrongly attributed to him. 
 
 Remesal (ra-ma-siil'), Antonio de. Bora at 
 Allariz, Galicia, about 1570: died at Madrid, 
 1639. A Spanish Dominican historian. He was 
 visitador of his order in Central America 1613-17, and 
 while there wrote his “ Historia de las provincias de Chi- 
 apa y Guatemala" (Madrid, 1619), sometimes called “ His- 
 toria general de las Indias." It was the first history of 
 Guatemala prepared in the country, and is much esteemed 
 by historians. 
 
 C.— 54 
 
 849 
 
 Remi (re'mi). In ancient history, a people of 
 the Belgse, in Gaul, dwelling in the vicinity of 
 Rheims (their capital). They sided with Julius 
 Caesar in his Gallic wars. 
 
 Remigius (re-mij'i-us), or Remedius (re-me'- 
 di-us), or F. Remi (re-me' ), Saint. Born about 
 435 : died about 530-533. Archbishop of Rheims. 
 He was raised to the episcopate about 457. 
 
 Remington (rem'ing-ton), Frederic. Born at 
 Canton, N. Y., Oct. 4, 1861: died at Ridgefield, 
 Conn., Dec. 26, 1909. An American figure- 
 and animal-painter. Among his works arc “ A Dash 
 for the Timber," “Last Stand," “Past all Surgery,” and 
 “A Broncho Buster” (in bronze). He was well known as 
 an illustrator, and especially for his pictures of cowboys 
 and Indians. 
 
 Remois (re-mwa'). An ancient district in Cham- 
 pagne, France. Its chief place was Rheims. 
 Remonstrance, The Grand. In English his- 
 tory, a protest passed by the House of Commons 
 Nov. 22, 1641. It rehearsed the unconstitutional and 
 unwise acts of the reign of Charles I., and demanded reme- 
 dies. 
 
 Remonstrants (re-mon'strants). The Armin- 
 ians : so called because they formulated their 
 creed (a. d. 1610) in five articles entitled “ The 
 Remonstrance.” This document expressed theirpoints 
 of divergence from strict Calvinism, and was presented to 
 the states of Holland and West Friesland. 
 
 Remscheid (rem'shlt). A town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, 19 miles northeast of Co- 
 logne. It is the center of hardware manufactures in 
 Germany (including scythes, saws, skates, files, etc.), and 
 has an important export trade. Population, commune, 
 ★ 64,340. 
 
 Remsen (rem'zn), Ira. Bern at New York, 
 Feb. 10, 1846. An American chemist. He grad- 
 uated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Colum- 
 bia College in 1867 ; was professor of chemistry and phys- 
 ics at Williams College 1872-76 ; professor of chemistry at 
 Johns Hopkins University 1876-, and president 1901-12. 
 He has published “ Principles of Theoretical Chem- 
 istry ” (1877), “ An Introduction to the Study of Organic 
 Chemistry " (1885), “Elementary Chemistry" (1887), etc. 
 Remus (re'mus). In Roman legend, the bro- 
 ther of Romulus, by whom he was slain. See 
 Romulus. 
 
 Remus,Uncle. An old plantation negro, feigned 
 narrator of the plantation and folk-lore tales 
 collected by Joel Chandler Harris. 
 
 R4musat (ra-mii-za'), Comtesse de (Claire 
 Elisabeth Jeanne Gravier de Vergennes). 
 Born at Paris, Jan. 5, 1780 : died Dec. 21, 1821. 
 A French lady, wife of the chamberlain of Napo- 
 leon I., and an attendant of the empress Jose- 
 phine. Her “ M^moires ’’ on the court of Napoleon, etc., 
 were published in 1879, and her “Lettres” in 1881. 
 
 Remusat, Comte Francois Marie Charles de. 
 
 Born at Paris, March 14, 1797 : died at Paris, 
 June 6, 1875. A French politician and author, 
 son of the Comtesse de Rdmusat. He was minis- 
 ter of the interior in 1840, and minister of foreign affairs 
 1871-73. He wrote various philosophical works, includ- 
 ing “Essais de philosophic” (1842), “Abailard ’’ (1845), 
 “St. Anselme de Canterbury” (1853), “ L’Angleterre au 
 XVIIIe siccle " (1856), “Bacon, sa vie, son temps, sa philo- 
 sophic ” (1857), “ Histoire de la philosophic en Angleterre " 
 (1875), etc. 
 
 R4musat, Jean Pierre Abel. Born at Paris, 
 Sept. 5, 1788: died June 3, 1832. A French 
 Orientalist. He wrote “ Essai sur la langue et la lit- 
 erature chinoises” (1811), “Recherches sur les langues 
 tartares” (1820), “Elements de la grammaire chinoise" 
 (1822), and other works on Chinese, etc. 
 
 Remy (ra-me'), Jules. Born near Chalons-sur- 
 Marne, Sept. 2, 1826: died Dec. 5, 1893. A 
 French traveler and botanist. From 1851 to 1863 
 he traveled extensively in South and North America, the 
 Pacific Islands, and Asia. Besides botanical memoirs he 
 published many books on the countries visited by him : 
 one of the best-known is “ Voyage au pays des Mormons” 
 (2 vols. 1860 : an English translation 1860). 
 
 Renaix (re-na' ) . A manufacturing town in the 
 province of East Flanders, Belgium, situated 
 34 miles west by south of Brussels. Popula- 
 tion .commune, 21,469. 
 
 Renan (re-non'), Joseph Ernest. BornatTre- 
 guier, Cotes-du-Nord, Jan. 27, 1823: died at 
 Paris, Oct. 2, 1892. A French philologist and 
 historian. He was the acknowledged leader of the school 
 of critical philosophy in France. His studies, begun in 
 his native town, were completed in Paris. He was dis- 
 couraged in the study of theology by the barrenness of the 
 scholastic method then in vogue, and broke sharply with 
 the system. While making his living by teaching, he pur- 
 sued his studies in comparative philology, and took, one 
 after the other, his university degrees. His works pub- 
 lished between 1850 and 1860 attracted much attention, es- 
 pecially for their style. They include his doctor’s thesis 
 on “ A vermes et l’averroisme ’’ (1852), “Etudes d’histoire 
 religieuse" (1857), “ De l’origine du langage ” (1858), “Es- 
 sais de morale et de critique ’’ (1859), etc. Soon after his 
 return from a mission to the East (1861), Renan was called 
 to the chair of Hebrew in the College de France ; but, as 
 he denied the divinity of Christ, he fell out with the cleri- 
 cal party, and was forced to resign his professorship in 1864. 
 The works he wrote about this time contributed perhaps 
 in greatest measure to his reputation. Foremost among 
 
 Reno 
 
 them stands “La vie de J6sus " (1863), the first book in 
 theseries entitled “Histoire des originesduchristianisme," 
 which includes further “Les apiitres ’ (1866), “St. Paul et 
 sa mission" (1867), “L'Antechrist” (1873), “Les evangiles 
 et la seconde generation chrbtienne ” (1877), “ L’Eglise 
 clircRienne ” (1879), and “ Marc-Aurcle et la fin du monde 
 antique ” (1880). The “ Index ” was pubhshed in 1889, and 
 the natural introduction to the entire series is to be found 
 in an entirely separate work, “Histoire du peuple d’lsrael ” 
 (1887-94). Renan was also the author of “Questions con- 
 temporaines" (1868), “Dialogues philosophiques”(1876), 
 “Drames philosophiques” (1888), and many other works. 
 He was elected a member of the French Academy June 13, 
 1878. 
 
 Renart, Roman de. See Reynard the Fox. 
 Rendel (ren'del), James Meadows. Born near 
 Dartmoor, England, 1799 : died at London, Nov. 
 21, 1856. An English engineer, constructor of 
 bridges and harbors of refuge. 
 
 Rendsburg (rends'borG). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, situated 
 on the Eider and on the Schleswig-Holstein 
 Canal 20 miles west of Kiel . It was formerly strongly 
 fortified ; was unsuccessfully besieged by Wrangel in 1646 ; 
 and was taken by the Schleswig-Holsteiners in 1848. The 
 fortifications were demolished by the Danes in 1852. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 15,577. 
 
 Ren6 (re-na'). A romance by Chateaubriand, 
 published in 1802. 
 
 Rene I., surnamed “The Good.” [L. Rena f ms.] 
 Born at Angers, France, Jan. 16, 1409: died at 
 Aix, France, July 10, 1480. Duke of Anjou, 
 count of Provence, and (titular) king of Naples, 
 son of Louis II. of Naples and Yolande of Ara- 
 gon. He succeeded Joanna II. in Naples in 1435, but 
 was dispossessed by Alfonso V. of Aragon in 1442. He was 
 a patron of literature and art. 
 
 Renegado, The, or the Gentleman of Venice. 
 
 Aplay by Massinger, licensed in 1624 and printed 
 in 1630. The title was changed before Shirley’s 
 “Gentleman of Venice” was produced. 
 Renfrew (ren'fro). 1. A southwestern county 
 of Scotland. It is bounded by the Clyde and Dumbar- 
 ton on the north, Lanark on the east, Ayr on the south 
 and southwest, and the Firth of Clyde on the west. It 
 contains the large towns Paisley and Greenock, and has 
 coal- and iron-mines and important manufactures. Area, 
 240 square miles. Population (civil co.), 268,934. 
 
 2. The county town of Renfrew, situated near 
 the Clyde 6 miles west of Glasgow. Popula- 
 tion, 9,297. 
 
 Reni (ra'ne), Guido. Born near Bologna, Nov. 
 4, 1575: died there, Aug. 18,1642. Anotedpainter 
 of the Bolognese school. HewasapupilofCalvaert, 
 and also of the Carracci. He went about 1608 to Rome, 
 where he remained for twenty years. He was the rival of 
 Caravaggio, and was opposed from jealousy by Annibale 
 Carracci, and even by his friend Albani. He had many 
 pupils at Rome and Bologna. He decorated the private 
 chapel of the Palazzo Monte Civallo at Rome, and at a later 
 period executed the celebrated fresco of “Aurora” in the 
 Palazzo Rospigliosi. Among his works are “The Massacre 
 of the Innocents,” “ St, Sebastian,” “ Madonna della Pieta,” 
 and “SamsonVictorious"at. Bologna ; thedoubtful portrait 
 of Beatrice Cenci at the Palazzo Barberini, Rome ; “ Cruci- 
 fixion of St. Peter”and “Madonna in Glory ’’ (Vatican) ; 
 several “Ecce Homos "at Bologna, Rome, Dresden, Paris, 
 London, and other places ; and numerous other paintings, 
 many of them of sacred subjects. 
 
 Rennell (ren'el), James. Bora near Chud- 
 leigh, Devon, England, Dec. 3, 1742: died at. 
 London, March 29, 1830. An English geogra- 
 pher, in the service of the East India Company. 
 His chief works are “Memoir of a Map of Hindustan" 
 (revised ed. 1793), “ Bengal Atlas” (1779), “Geographical 
 System of Herodotus” (1800), “Topography of the Plain of 
 Troy” (1814), and - Geography of Western Asia” (1831). 
 
 Rennes (ren). The capital of the department 
 of Ille-et-Vilaine, France, situated at the junc- 
 tion of the Ille and Vilaine, in lat. 48° 7' N., 
 long. 1° 41' W. : the Gallic Condate and Roman 
 Civitas Redonum. The noted buildings are the Ca- 
 thedral of St. Peter, Church of Notre Dame, Mordelaise 
 gate, palace of justice, and town house. It contains a pic- 
 ture-gallery and a university college (with faculties of 
 law, sciences, and letters). It was the capital of ancient 
 Brittany ; was several times besieged ; and was nearly de- 
 stroyed by fire in 1720. Population, commune, 75,640. 
 
 Rennie (ren'i), John. Born at Phantassie, Had- 
 dington, Scotland, June 7, 1761: died at Lon- 
 don, Oct. 4, 1821. A noted British engineer and 
 architect. Three of the Thames bridges (the Southwark, 
 the Waterloo, and the London) were built from his de- 
 signs. He also designed the London docks, the India docks, 
 and docks at Hull, Greenock, Liverpool, and Dublin, and 
 the dockyards at Portsmouth, Chatham, Sheerness, and 
 Plymouth. 
 
 Reno (ra'no). A river in Italy which rises in 
 the Apennines and flows as the Po di Primaro 
 into the Adriatic 12 miles north of Ravenna. 
 It was called Rhenus by the Romans, and for 
 merly flowed into the Po. Total length, about 
 125 miles. 
 
 Reno (re'no). The capital of Washoe County, 
 Nevada, situated on Truckee River 16 miles 
 northwest of Virginia City. Population, 10,- 
 867, (1910). 
 
Reno, Jesse Lee 
 
 Reno, Jesse Lee. Born at Wheeling, W. Va., 
 June 30, 1823 : killed at the battle of South Moun- 
 tain, Md., Sept. 14, 1862. An American general. 
 
 He graduated at West Point in 1846 ; served in the Mexi- 
 can war ; and was appointed a brigadier-general of United 
 States volunteers in 1861. He served in the Boanoke ex- 
 pedition in 1862 ; and participated as a corps commander 
 In the second battle of Bull Fain, and in the battles of 
 Chantilly and South Mountain 
 Reno, Marcus A. Born in Illinois about 1835: 
 died at Washington, D. C., March 31, 1889. An 
 American officer. He graduated at West Point in 
 1857, and served through the Civil War. As major he com- 
 manded a detachment of Custer’s army at the time of the 
 massacre of Little Big Horn in 1876. He was dismissed 
 Irom the United States service in 1880 on the charge of 
 misconduct. 
 
 Rent Day, The. A domestic drama by Douglas 
 Jerrold, printed in 1832. 
 
 Renwick (ren'ik), James. Bom at Moniaive, 
 Dumfriesshire, Feb. 15, 1662 : executed Feb. 17, 
 1688. A Scottish Covenanter and martyr. He 
 attended Edinburgh University. In 1683 he was ordained 
 at Groningen, Holland. In 1684 he published the “Apolo- 
 getic Declaration," for which he was outlawed. He was 
 indicted for disowning the authority of James II., main- 
 taining the lawfulness of defensive arms, etc.; was con- 
 demned and hanged in the Grassmarket, Edinburgh. 
 
 Renwick (ren'wik), James. Born in England, 
 1790 (1792 ?): died at New York, Jan. 12, 1863. 
 An American physicist. He wrote “Outlines of Nat- 
 ural Philosophy ”(1822-23), “A Treatise on (he Steam-En- 
 gine" (1830), “Elements of Mechanics” (1832), scientific 
 text-books, and biographies of Fulton, Hamilton, etc. 
 Renwick, James. Born at Bloomingdale (now 
 part of New York city), Nov. 3, 1818 : died at 
 New York, June 23, 1895. An American archi- 
 tect, son of James Renwick. He designed Grace 
 Church (New York, 1845), St. Patrick’s Cathedral (New 
 York, commenced 1858), the Smithsonian Institution and 
 Corcoran Art Gallery (Washington), Vassar College, etc. 
 Reole (ra-ol'), La. A town in the department of 
 Gironde, France, situated on the Garonne 31 
 miles southeast of Bordeaux. Population, 
 commune, 4,319. 
 
 Re Pastore (ra pits -to' ro), II. A dramatic 
 cantata by Mozart, to Metastasio’s words, com- 
 posed in 1775. 
 
 Rephaim (ref'a-im or re-fa'im). In Old Testa- 
 ment history, a race of giants, the ancient in- 
 habitants of Palestine and of the land east of 
 the Jordan. 
 
 Rephaim, Valley of. In ancient geography, a 
 valley or plain southwest of Jerusalem. 
 Repnin (rep-nen'), Prince Nikolai. Born at St. 
 Petersburg, March 22, 1734 : died at Riga, May 
 24, 1801. A Russian general and diplomatist. 
 He served against the Turks, whom he defeated 
 at the battle of Matchin, July 9, 1791. 
 
 Repos de Cyrus (re-po' de se-riis'). Le. A work 
 by the Abbe J. Pornetti. 
 
 “ Le Repos de Cyrus ’’embraces the same period of the life 
 of the Persian prince as the work of Ramsay, and compre- 
 hends his journey into Media, his chase on the frontiers 
 of Assyria, his wars with the king of that country, and his 
 return to Persia. Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, II. 349. 
 
 Repose in Egypt. 1 . A painting by Murillo, in 
 the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. The 
 Virgin sits under a tree watching, with two cherubs, the 
 sleeping Child at her side. St. Joseph stands beyond, with 
 the ass, amid attributes of the journey. 
 
 2. A painting by Van Dyck, in the Hermitage 
 Museum, St. Petersburg. The Virgin sits before St. 
 Joseph on a shaded bank, holding the Child standing in 
 her lap. All are looking at a covey of partridges. Some- 
 times called Madonna with the Partridges. 
 
 Representatives, House of. The lower or more 
 numerous branch of the United States Congress, 
 comprising (1913) 435 members, chosen every 
 second year by the people of the several States. 
 
 Representatives are apportioned among the States accord- 
 ing to population, the ratio at present being one to every 
 211,877 of population. No one can be a representative 
 who has not attained the age of twenty-five, who has not 
 been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who is 
 not an inhabitant of the State in which he is chosen. The 
 House of Representatives has the sole power of impeach- 
 ment and of originating hills for raising revenue. Each 
 organized Territory has a delegate in the House of Repre- 
 sentatives who is entitled to speak, though he has no vote. 
 
 Repressor, The. An ecclesiastical treatise by 
 Bishop Pecock, written in 1449. 
 
 Reprisals, The, or the Tars of Old England. 
 
 A farce by Smollett, produced in 1757. It is 
 said to be his single success on the stage. 
 Reptile Fund, The. A name given in Germany 
 to a Prussian fund held for the deposed Hano- 
 verian dynasty, part of which it was alleged was 
 diverted to the subsidizing of journals in the 
 interest of the government. 
 
 Reptile Press, The. A name, in Germany, given 
 collectively to the journals believed to be sub- 
 sidized by the Prussian government. It camo 
 into use in 1869. Compare Reptile Fund. 
 
 850 
 
 Republic, The. A famous work by Plato, de- 
 scriptive of an ideal commonwealth. 
 
 Republica Domimcana. See Dominican Re- 
 public. 
 
 Republican Party. 1 . The usual name of the 
 Democratic party (in full Democratic-Repub- 
 lican party) during the years following 1792- 
 1793 : it replaced the name Anti-Federal, and 
 was replaced by the name Democratic. See 
 Democratic Party. — 2. A party formed in 1854, 
 having as its original purpose opposition to the 
 extension of slavery into the Territories. It was 
 composed of Free-soilers, of antislavery Whigs, and of 
 some Democrats (who unitedly formed the group known 
 as Anti-Nebraska men), and was joined by the abolition- 
 ists, and eventually by many Know-nothings. During the 
 period of the Civil War many war Democrats acted with 
 it. It first nominated a candidate for President in 1856. 
 In 1856 it elected its candidate (Banks) for speaker of 
 the House of Representatives, and in 1861 it gained con- 
 trol of the executive and both houses of Congress. The 
 presidents from 1861 to 1885, Lincoln, Johnson, Grant, 
 Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur, were Republicans, and the 
 presidency was again filled by a Republican, Harrison, 
 1889-93 ; McKinley, 1897-1901 ; Roosevelt, 1901-09 ; Taft 
 1909-13. The Republicans held the power in Congress until 
 1875 ; ttiey then lost the House, regained it in 1881, lost 
 it in 1883, again regained it in 1889, lost it again in 
 1891, regained it in 1895, and continued to hold it until 
 1911. The Senate, however, they continued to hold, except 
 for 1879-83, until 1893, when the executive and both 
 branches of Congress passed into the hands of the Demo- 
 crats ; in 1897 they obtained over one half of the total 
 number of senators and have since held a majority. The 
 party favors generally a broad construction of the’ Consti- 
 tution, liberal expenditures, extension of the powers of the 
 national government, and a high protective tariff. Among 
 the measures with which it has been identified are the 
 suppression of the rebellion, the abolition of slavery, 
 reconstruction, and the resumption of specie payments, 
 
 Republican Pawnee (pa-ne'). A tribe of the 
 Pawnee Confederacy of North American Indi- 
 ans. Also called the Kitkehaliki. See Pawnee. 
 Republican River, or Republican Fork. A 
 
 river in eastern Colorado, southern Nebraska, 
 and northern Kansas. It unites with the Smoky Hill 
 Fork in Davis County, Kansas, 61 miles west of Topeka, to 
 form the Kansas. Length, about 500 miles. 
 
 Repulse Bay (re-puls' ba). A bay south of Mel- 
 ville Peninsula, British America, near the en- 
 trance to Hudson Bay. 
 
 Requena (ra-ka'na). A town in the province 
 of Valencia, Spain, 42 miles west of Valencia. 
 It is a wine center. Population, 16,236. 
 Requier (re-kya' ), Augustus Julian. Born at 
 Charleston, S. C., May 27, 1825: died at New 
 York, March 19, 1887. An American poet and 
 dramatist. 
 
 Resaca de la Palma (ra-sa'ka da la pal'ma) 
 (Sp., ‘dry river-bed of the palm’), or Resaca de 
 Guerrero (da ga-ra'ro). A place in southern 
 Texas, 4 miles north of Matamoros, Mexico, 
 where a battle was fought, May 9, 1846, between 
 the United States troops (about 2,200) under 
 Taylor and the Mexicans (4,000 to 5,000) under 
 Arista. The engagement followed the battle of Palo Alto 
 on the 8th, and, as in that, Taylor was victorious. Ail the 
 Mexican artillery and trains fell into his hands. 
 
 Resen (re'sen). One of the ancient cities in 
 Assyria. 
 
 The site of Resen has not been identified, though its 
 name has been met with in the Assyrian inscriptions under 
 the form of Reseni, ‘the head of the spring.’ 
 
 Sayce, Assyria, p. 22. 
 
 Reservoir of the 1,001 Columns. A reservoir 
 in Constantinople, built by Constantine, it is in 
 plan 197 by 166 feet ; itsgroinedvaultsreston 212 columns 
 in 15 ranges. Though about half filled with sedimentde- 
 posited by the water, the shafts and capitals still project 
 to a height of 33 feet. 
 
 Reshd. See Rcsht. 
 
 Reshid Pasha (re -shed' pash 'a) (Mustapha 
 Mehemed). Bom at Constantinople, 1802 : died 
 at Candia, Jan. 7, 1858. A Turkish statesman 
 and diplomatist. He was several times minister of 
 foreign affairs under Mahmud II. and Abdul-Medjid : pro- 
 mulgated theHatti-sherif of Giilhan£(see A bdvl-Medjid ) in 
 1839; and was grand vizir at the time of the Crimean war. 
 Resht (resht), or Rasht (rasht), or Reshd 
 (resht). The capital of the province of Gilan, 
 Persia, situated near the Caspian Sea about 
 lat. 37° 18' N., long. 49° 37' E. It has important 
 commerce, through its port Enzeli, and is the chief place 
 In Persia for the silk-trade. It was terribly ravaged by 
 [ fire in 1885. Population, 30,000-40,000. 
 
 Resolute (rez'o-lut). An arctic exploring ship 
 which belonged to Sir Edward Belcher’s squad- 
 ron. She sailed with the Assistance, Pioneer, Intrepid, 
 and North Star in April, 1852, to search for Sir John Frank- 
 lin. On May 15, 1854, at the command of Belcher and 
 against their will, Captain Kellett and Commander McClin- 
 tock abandoned the Resolute and the Intrepid in the ice 
 olf Melville Island. On Sept. 17, 1855, Captain Budding- 
 ton, in the American whaler George Henry, met the desert- 
 ed Resolute in sound condition about 40 miles from Cape 
 Mercy. She must have drifted through Barrow Strait, 
 Lancaster Sound, and Baffin Bay. She was recovered, 
 and the United States bought her and restored her in per- 
 
 R4tif de la Bretonne 
 
 feet condition to the British service. She was presented 
 to the queen by Captain Hartstein in 1856. She is now 
 dismantled. 
 
 Resolution (rez-o-lu'shon). An exploring ship 
 in which, with the Discovery, Sir Thomas But- 
 ton sailed from England in 1612. He wintered at 
 the mouth of Nelson’s River, and accomplished the ex- 
 ploration of Hudson Bay and of Southampton Island, re- 
 turning to England in the autumn of the next year. 
 Resolution (rez-o-lu'shon) Island. An island 
 of British America, situated north of Labrador, 
 at the entrance of Hudson Strait. 
 
 Restif de la Bretonne. See Retif. 
 Restigouche (res-ti-gosh'). A river in New 
 Brunswick which forms part of the boundary 
 between New Brunswick and Quebec, and flows 
 into the Bay of Chaleur at Dalhousie. Length, 
 about 200 miles. 
 
 Restitution, Edict of. An edict by the em- 
 peror Ferdinand II., dated March 6, 1629, re- 
 quiring Protestants to restore to the Roman 
 Catholics sees and ecclesiastical property ap- 
 propriated since the treaty of Passau in 1552. 
 Restoration, The. 1. In English history, the 
 reestablishment of the English monarchy with 
 the return of King Charles II. in 1660; by ex- 
 tension, the whole reign of Charles II. — 2. In 
 Jewish history, the return of the Jews to Pales- 
 tine about 537 b. c. ; also, their future return to 
 and possession of the Holy Land, as expected by 
 many of the Jewish race and by others. — 3. In 
 French history, the return of the Bourbons to 
 power in 1814 (called the first Restoration) and 
 (after the episode of the Hundred Days) in 1815 
 (called the second Restoration). 
 
 Restorer of the Roman Empire. A title given 
 by the senate to Aurelian. 
 
 Restrepo (res-tra'po), Jose Manuel. Born at 
 Envigado, Antioquia, about 1775: died about 
 1860. A New Granadan historian. He was a law- 
 yer and active in politics, occupying various civil and cab- 
 inet positions. His intimate acquaintance with Bolivar 
 and otherleadersof the movement for independence pecu- 
 liarly fitted him for writing a history of the times. His 
 most important work was “ Historia de la Revolucion de la 
 Republica de Colombia "(1827: 7 vols., with 3 vols. of doc- 
 uments; 3d ed. 4 vols., 1858). 
 
 Reszke (resh'ke), fldouard de. Born at War- 
 saw, 1855. A noted Polish bass singer, brother 
 of Jean de Reszke. He made his debut at Paris in 
 1876, and his career practically coincides with that of his 
 brother. His principal parts are Ruy Gomez (“ Hernani ”), 
 Don Basile (“Barbier de Seville”), Leporello (“Don 
 Juan”), Mephistophelfes (“Faust”), and Frere Laurent 
 (“Romeo et Juliette "). 
 
 Reszke, Jean de. Born at Warsaw, 1850. A 
 notedPolish teriorsinger. He made his debut in Lon- 
 don in 1874, and appeared at the Theatre Fran^ais in 1876, 
 and again in 1883. At this time his voice changed from the 
 barytone to the tenor register. In 1884 he was engaged 
 at the Italian Opera, and later sang there, with various ab- 
 sences. In 1892, 1893-94, 1895-96, 1896-97, 1898-99, 190(M)1 
 he sang in America. Later he taught in Paris. His prin- 
 cipal parts are Faust, Romeo, Radames (“ Aida ’’), Vasco 
 (“ L’Africaine "), and Ascanio (“ Cellini”’). 
 
 Retford, East. See East Retford. 
 
 Rethel (re-tel'). A town in the department of 
 Ardennes, France, situated on the Aisne 23 
 miles northeast of Rheims. Population, com- 
 mune, 5,708. 
 
 Rethel (ra'tel), Alfred. Bom near Aix-la- 
 Chapelle, May 15, 1816 : died at Diisseldorf , Prus- 
 sia, Dec. 1. 1859. A noted German historical 
 painter. His works incl tide frescos of subj eets taken from 
 the history of Charles the Great (in the Rathaus at Aix-la- 
 Chapelle), series on the “Dance of Death,” and “ Hannibal 
 Crossing the Alps.” 
 
 Rethelois (ret-lwa'). A former division of 
 Champagne, France, now comprised within the 
 department of Ardennes. 
 
 Rethra (reth'ra or ret'ra). An ancient Slavic 
 city in the present Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Ger- 
 many. Its exact locality is unknown. 
 
 Retif (ra-tef') or Restif de la Bretonne (ra- 
 tef' de la bre-tou') (Nicolas Edme Restif). 
 Bom at Sacy, Yonne, France, Nov. 22, 1734 : died 
 at Paris, Feb. 3, 1806. A French romancer and 
 litterateur. 
 
 A mucli more remarkable name is that of Restif de la 
 Bretonne, who lias been called, and not without reason, 
 the French Defoe. He was born at Sacy in Burgundy in 
 1734, and died at Paris in 1806. Although of very humble 
 birth, he seems to have acquired an irregular but consid- 
 erable education, and, establishing himself early in Paris, 
 he became an indefatigable author. Some fifty separate 
 works of his exist, some of which are of great extent, and 
 oneof which," LesContemporaines,” includes forty-two vol- 
 umes and nearly three hundred separate articles or tales. 
 Restif, whose entire sanity may reasonably he doubted, was 
 a novelist, a philosopher, a social innovator, a diligent ob 
 server of the manners of his times, a spelling reformer. 
 His work is for the most part destitute of the most rudi- 
 mentary notions of decency, but it is produced in good 
 faith and evidently with no evil purpose. 
 
 Saintstmry , French Lit., p. 426 
 
Retimo 
 
 Retimo (ra-te'mo). A seaport on the northern 
 coast of Crete, 27 miles east-southeast of Canea. 
 Population, 9,311. 
 
 Retreat of the Ten Thousand Greeks. See 
 
 Anabasis. 
 
 Return from Parnassus, The. A play in two 
 parts, being the second and third parts of “ The 
 Pilgrimage to Parnassus.” They were written before 
 the death of Queen Elizabeth, and have recently been print- 
 ed as a whole. “ The Pilgrimage ” was acted at Cambridge 
 in 1597, the first part of “The Return ” probably in 1598, and 
 the last in 1601. They are thought to have been written 
 by members of St. John's College, Cambridge, and are per- 
 sonal satires showing the trials of poor authors from 
 Shakspere down, and the jealousy existing between pro- 
 fessional actors and scholars. 
 
 Retz (rets). A former division of Brittany, 
 Prance, corresponding to part of the depart- 
 ment of Loire-Inferieure. 
 
 Retz, or Rais (ras), or Raiz (raz), Baron de 
 (Gilles de Laval). Bom about 1396: executed 
 at Nantes, Prance, Oct., 1440. A French mar- 
 shal, notorious for his cruelties to children. His 
 story is connected with that of “ Barbe-Bleue.” 
 See Bluebeard. 
 
 Retz (ras), Cardinal de (Jean Francois 
 Paul de Gondi). Bom at Montmirail, Oct., 
 1614: died at Paris, Aug. 24, 1679. A French 
 politician and author. He received his education at 
 the hands of St. Vincent de Paul, and thereafter at the 
 Jesuit College of Clermont. From earliest childhood he 
 was intended for the church, where he was to become 
 eventually archbishop of Paris, a dignity that had long been 
 held in his family; but by his stormy conduct he came 
 near foiling all plans made in his interest. After a trip to 
 Italy, he settled down in Pari3, keeping the archiepiscopal 
 seat well present in his mind. A strong desire on his part 
 to become a political leader led him to take an active part 
 in the movement against Cardinal Mazarin (1648-49). He 
 obtained at last the removal of that statesman, and rose 
 himself to the dignity of cardinal. But his popularity was 
 shori-lived, and he was finally imprisoned at Vincennes 
 (1652). He made good his escape, and traveled in foreign 
 countries until the time of Mazarin’s death. Then he re- 
 turned to France. He resigned the archbishopric, which 
 in the meantime had fallen to his lot through his uncle’s 
 death, and retired shortly after to private life in Lorraine. 
 Here he wrote his "MAmoires," which are of great value 
 in the history of the court life and doings of his day. They 
 are included in the collection of the “Mrinoires sur l'his- 
 toire de France.” The best edition is the one made by M. 
 Feillet in the “Collection des grands 4crivainsdela France” 
 (1872). To Cardinal de Retz we are indebted for important 
 and doubtless reliable information concerning the queen, 
 Mazarin, Gaston d 'Orleans, Condd, Turenne, La Rochefou- 
 cauld, and many others. 
 
 Retzius (ret'se-Ss), Anders Adolf. Born in 
 Lund, Oct. 13, 1796: died April 18, 1860. A 
 Swedish anatomist, son of A. J. Retzius : pro- 
 fessor of anatomy and physiology at Stock- 
 holm. 
 
 Retzius, Anders Johan. Bom 1742: died 1821. 
 A Swedish botanist, professor at Lund. 
 Retzsch (retsh), Moritz. Born at Dresden, Dec. 
 9, 1779: died there, June 11, 1857. A German 
 etcher and painter. He illustrated works of 
 Goethe, Schiller, etc. 
 
 Reuben (ro'ben). [Heb., prob. ‘behold! a son.’] 
 1. The eldest son of Jacob and Leah. — 2. One 
 of the tribes of Israel, descended from Reuben. 
 Its territory lay east of the Dead Sea and Jor- 
 dan, south of Gad, and north of Moab. 
 
 Reuben and Simeon, whom it was soon difficult to dis- 
 cern from Moah, Edom, and the Arabs of the desert, dis- 
 appeared at an early period as tribes. They were consid- 
 ered, like that of Levi, as sporadic tribes dispersed through 
 the rest of Israel. 
 
 Renan, Hist, of the People of Israel, I. 293. 
 
 Reuchlin (roich Tin), Johann (Grecized as Cap- 
 nio). Bom at Pforzheim, Baden, Dec. 28 
 (or Feb. 22), 1455: died at Liebenzell, near 
 Hirschau, Bavaria, June 30, 1522. A celebrated 
 German humanist. He studied and traveled in Ger- 
 many, Switzerland, France, and Italy ; settled at Tubingen 
 in 1481 as a teacher of jurisprudence and the liberal arts ; 
 was a judge in the Swabian League from 1500or 1502 to 1512 ; 
 opposed, in a formal opinion to the emperor in 1510, the 
 suppression of the Jewish books hostile to Christianity, ad- 
 vocated by the converted Jew Pfefferkorn, which involved 
 him in a controversy (1510-16) with the Dominicans and 
 the obscurantists generally; and taught at Ingolstadt and 
 Tubingen. He promoted education in Germany by pub- 
 lishing Greek text-books ; and wrote various works on Latin, 
 Greek, and Hebrew, including a Hebrew grammar “Rudi- 
 menta Hebraica "(1506). He publ ished the cabalistic works 
 “De verbo mirifico” (1494), “De arte cabbalistica ’’ (1494). 
 
 Reudnitz (roid'nits). A manufacturing village, 
 an eastern suburb of Leipsic. 
 
 Reumont (roi'mont), Alfred von. Born at 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, Aug. 15, 1808: died at Burt- 
 scheid, near Aix-la-Chapelle, April 27, 1887. A 
 German writer on Italian history and art, and 
 diplomatist. His diplomatic service was rendered prin- 
 cipally in Italy, and largely at the papal court. He wrote 
 “ Geschichte der Stadt Rom ” (“ History of the City of 
 Rome " 1867-70), etc. 
 
 Reunion, Chambers of. Special courts estab- 
 
 851 
 
 lished by Louis XIV. at Metz, Besamjon, Tour- 
 nai, aud Breisach, 1680. They decided on the an- 
 nexation to France of various territories along the eastern 
 frontier (Saarbruckeu, Luxemburg, etc.). 
 
 Reunion (ra-ii-nyon'), lie de la, formerly lie 
 Bourbon. An island in the Indian Ocean, a 
 colonial possession of France, southwest of Mau- 
 ritius. St.-Denis, the capital, is situated in lat. 20° 51' S., 
 long. 55° 30' E. The surface is mountainous and vol- 
 canic, the highest summit being Piton des Neiges (10,069 
 feet). The chief product is sugar. The inhabitants are 
 descendants of French, negroes, coolies, etc. The island 
 was discovered by Mascarenhas in the beginning of the 
 16th century, and was taken possession of by the French 
 about 1642 and in 1649. It was occupied by the British 
 1810-15. Area, 970 square miles. Population, 201,000. 
 
 Reunion, Wars of. A name sometimes given 
 to the wars between France and the allied 
 powers waged in consequence of the annexa- 
 tion of territory determined by the Chambers 
 of Reunion in 1680. 
 
 Reus (ra'osj. A city in the province of Tarra- 
 gona, Spain, situated near Tarragona 63 miles 
 southwest of Barcelona. It is the second industrial 
 place in Catalonia, and has important manufactures of 
 wines, cotton, silk, etc. Salou is its seaport. Population, 
 26,681. 
 
 Reuss (rois). A river of Switzerland, it rises in 
 the St.-Gotthard, traverses the Lake of Lucerne, and joins 
 the Aare near Brugg. Length, 90 miles. 
 
 Reuss. A land in Thuringia, central Germany, 
 consisting of several detached portions, west 
 of the kingdom of Saxony : part of the ancient 
 Vogtland . The origin of the house dates from the 11th 
 century, and the present division of the land was estab- 
 lished 1616. 
 
 Reuss(ElderLine),orReuss-Greiz(rois'grits / ). 
 
 [G. Reuss alter e Linie.] A principality and state 
 of the German Empire, bordering on Saxony, 
 Saxe-Weimar, and other German states. Capi- 
 ta], Greiz. It is largely engaged in manufacturing. The 
 government is a hereditary monarchy, vested in a prince 
 and (since 1867)a chamber of 12 members. It sends 1 mem- 
 ber to the Bundesrat and 1 to the Reichstag. Area, 122 
 square miles. Population, 70,603. 
 
 Reuss (Younger Line),orReuss-Gera-Schleiz- 
 Lobenstein-Eber sdorf (rois ' ga' r a-shlits ' 16'- 
 ben-stin-a'bers-dorf). [G. Reuss jiingere Lime.] 
 A principality and state of the German Empire. 
 Capital, Gera. It comprises the principality of Gera, 
 situated west of Saxe-Altenburg, and the principalities of 
 Schleiz and of Lobenstein-Ebersdorf, situated west of the 
 kingdom of Saxony and north of Bavaria. It has flourish- 
 ing manufactures. The government is a hereditary mon- 
 archy, vested in a prince and a chamber of 16 deputies. It 
 sends 1 member to the Bundesrat and 1 to the Reichstag. 
 Area, 319 square miles. Population, 144,584. 
 
 Reuss (rois), Eduard Wilhelm Eugen. Born 
 at Strasburg, July 18, 1804: died there, April 
 15, 1891. A noted Alsatian Protestant theolo- 
 gian, professor at Strasburg from 1834. His 
 works include “Geschichte der heiligen Schriften des 
 Neuen Testaments ’’(1842), “Histoire de la th^ologie ehri- 
 tienne au siccl c apostolique ’’ (1852), “Histoire du canon 
 des Saintes-Ecritures ’’ (1863), “Geschichte der heiligen 
 Schriften des Alten Testaments ” (1881), etc. 
 
 Reute. See Reutte. 
 
 Reuter (roi'ter), Fritz. Born at Stavenhagen, 
 Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Nov. 7, 1810: died at 
 Eisenach, June 12, 1874. A noted German dia- 
 lect (Platt-Deutsch) poet. His works (tales and 
 poems) include “Lauschen un Rimels” (1853), “Reis nah 
 Belligen ” (1855), “ Kein Hiisuug ’’ (1858), “ Haune Niite un 
 de liidde Pudel ’’ (1859), “ Schurr-Murr ” (1861) : also a col- 
 lection of novels, “Olle Kamellen ” (comprising “Ut de 
 Franzosentid ” (1860), “Ut mine Festungstid" (1862), “ Ut 
 mine Strom tid ” (1864), etc.). 
 
 Reuter’s Telegraph Agency. An agency for 
 the collection and transmission of news, devel- 
 oped by P. J. von Reuter in the decade 1850-60 
 and later, and now extending over nearly the 
 entire world. 
 
 Reutlingen (roitTing-en). The chief city of the 
 Black Forest circle, Wiirtemberg, situated on 
 the Echatz, at the foot of the Swabian Alp, 20 
 miles south of Stuttgart. It has flourishing manu- 
 factures, especially of leather. The chief building is a 
 Gothic church (13th and 14th centuries). It was made an 
 imperial city in 1240. Its citizens defeated the Count of 
 Wurtemherg in the battle of Reutlingen in 1377. It was 
 the first Swabian city to receive the Reformation. In 1803 
 it was annexed to Wiirtemberg. Pop., commune, 23,848. 
 Reutte, or Reute (roi'te). A tourist resort in 
 northern Tyrol, near the Bavarian frontier, sit- 
 uated on the Lech 35 miles west-northwest of 
 Innsbruck. 
 
 Reval (rev'al), or Revel (rev'el). [Russ. Re- 
 vel.'] A seaport, and the capital of Esthonia, 
 Russia, situated on a hay of the Gulf of Finland, 
 in lat. 59° 26' N. , long. 24° 45' E. It consists of 
 the lower town and the “ Dom ”; has a large and increasing 
 commerce ; is a favorite watering-place ; and contains sev- 
 eral noteworthy buildings (including the Olai and Nikolai 
 churches). Tt was founded by the Danes in 1219 ; became a 
 Hanseatic town ; joined the Livonian Order of Knights in 
 1346 ; and was annexed to Sweden in 1661, and to Russia 
 in 1710. Population, 64,572. 
 
 Revolutionary War 
 
 Revel (re-vel'). A town in the department of 
 Haute-Garonne, France, 30 miles east-southeast 
 of Toulouse. Population, commune, 5,553. 
 Revelation, Book of, or The Revelation of St. 
 John the Divine. The last hook of the New 
 Testament: also called the Apocalypse. It has 
 been generally attributed by the church to the apostle 
 John, and the date of its composition is often put near the 
 end of the 1st century : but its authorship and date are 
 subjects of dispute. There is a wide difference of opinion 
 also as to the interpretation and significance of the book. 
 
 Reveller (rev'el-er), Lady. One of the prin- 
 cipal characters in Mrs. Centlivre’s comedy 
 “The Basset-Table.” She is a coquettish widow and 
 brilliant fine lady who keeps a basset-table, where she 
 devotes herself night and day to not too scrupulous play. 
 Revenge. A tragedy by Dr. Young, produced 
 in 1721. 
 
 Revenge for a Father. See Hoffman. 
 Revenge for Honour. A tragedy by Chap- 
 man (?), published in 1654. 
 
 Revenge of Bussy dAmbois. See Bussy 
 d’Ambois. 
 
 Revenger’s Tragedy, The. A play by Cyril 
 Tourneur, licensed and printed in 1607. 
 Revere (re-ver'). A town and watering-place 
 in Suffolk County, Massachusetts, situated on 
 Massachusetts Bay 4 or 5 miles northeast of 
 Boston. Population, 18,219, (1910). 
 
 Revere, Paul. Born at Boston, Jan. 1,1735: 
 died at Boston, May 10, 1818. An American pa- 
 triot, famous from his ride from Boston to Lex- 
 ington, April 18-19, 1775, to arouse the minute- 
 men. This ride is celebrated by Longfellow in 
 the poem “ Midnight Ride of Paul Revere,” pub- 
 lished in “ Tales of a Wayside Inn.” 
 
 Review, The. A musical farce by George Col- 
 man the younger, printed in 1800. It was taken 
 from an unsuccessful comic opera, “Caleb Quotem and his 
 Wife, or Paint, Poetry, and Putty,” by Henry Lee. 
 
 Revilla Gigedo, generally written Revillagi- 
 gedo ( ra-vel'ya-He-H a'THu ) . A group of vol- 
 canic islands in the Pacific Ocean. The principal 
 island, Socorro, is situated in lat. 18° 43' N., long. 110° 57' W. 
 They belong to the state of Colima, Mexico, and are un- 
 inhabited. 
 
 Revillagigedo, Count of, Viceroy of Mexico. 
 
 See Giiemez. 
 
 Reville (ra-vel'), Albert. Born at Dieppe, 
 France, Nov. 4, 1826: died at Paris, Oct. 25, 
 1906. A French Protestant theological writer. 
 He accepted a call as pastor of the Walloon church at 
 Rotterdam in 1851 (having previously been suffragan at 
 Nimes and pastor at Luneray, near Dieppe); was ap- 
 pointed titular professor of religious history in the College 
 of France in 1880 ; and was chosen president of the Sec- 
 tion of Religious Sciences at the Sorbonne in 1886. Among 
 his works are “ Essais de critique religieu.se ” (1860), “ His- 
 toire des religions ” (1883 et sea.), etc. 
 
 Revillon (ra-ve-yon'), Antoine, called Tony 
 Revillon. Born at St.-Laurent-lez-Macon, Ain, 
 France, Dec. 29, 1832: died Feb. 12, 1898. A 
 French novelist and miscellaneous author. 
 Revin (re-van'). A town in the department of 
 Ardennes, France, on the Meuse 12 miles north 
 by west of M6zi6res. Population, commune, 
 5,377. 
 
 Revista Trimensal de Historia e Geographia. 
 
 See Instituto Historico e Geograpldco Brazileiro. 
 
 Revizor (re-ve-zor'). [Russ., ‘The Inspector- 
 General.’] A satirical comedy by Gogol, pro- 
 duced in 1841. 
 
 Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (nants; 
 F. pron. nont). A proclamation of Louis XIV. 
 of France, Oct. 22, 1685, annulling the Edict of 
 Nantes. It forbade the free exercise of the Protestant 
 religion. Its promulgation was followed by the emigra- 
 tion of about 300,000 persons, including artffeans, men of 
 science and letters, and others, to Holland, Brandenburg, 
 England, Switzerland, America, etc. 
 
 Revolt of Islam, The. A narrative poem by 
 Shelley, published in 1818. It was first called 
 “Laon and Cythna.” 
 
 Revolution, American. See Revolutionary War. 
 Revolution, English. The movements by which 
 James II. was forced to leave England and a 
 purer constitutional government was secured 
 through the aid of William of Orange, who 
 landed in England in Nov., 1688. in 1689 William 
 and Mary were proclaimed constitutional sovereigns, and 
 Parliament passed the Bill of Rights. 
 
 Revolution, French. See French Revolution. 
 Revolution, South American. See South 
 A merican Revolution. 
 
 Revolutionary Tribunal. In French history, 
 specifically, an extraordinary court of justice 
 established by the Convention, in 1793, to take 
 cognizance of all attacks directed against the 
 Revolution, the republic, and the public wel- 
 fare. It was suppressed in 1795. 
 Revolutionary War, or War of the American 
 Revolution. The war for redress of grievances, 
 
Revolutionary War 
 
 and later for independence, waged by the thir- 
 teen American colonies (States) against Great 
 Britain. They were assisted by France, Spain, and the 
 Netherlands (in the latter part of the war). Its causes 
 were the repressive measures of Great Britain (Writs of 
 Assistance, 1701 ; Stamp Act, 1765 ; taxes on glass, paints, 
 etc., 1767 ; Boston Port Bill, 1774). The following are the 
 leading incidents and events: Boston massacre, 1770; 
 Boston Tea-Party, Dec. 16, 1773 ; first Continental Con- 
 gress, Sept., 1774 ; battles of Lexington and Concord, April 
 10, 1775 ; meeting of the second Continental Congress, May 
 10 ; capture of Ticonderoga, May 10 ; Mecklenburg Decla- 
 ration of Independence, May 20 or 31; battle of Bunker 
 Hill, June 17 ; unsuccessful attack on Canada, 1775-76; 
 evacuation of Boston, March 17, 1776; British repulse off 
 Charleston, June 28; Declaration of Independence, July 
 4 ; battle of Long Island, Aug. 27; battle of White Plains, 
 Oct. 28; loss of Forts Washington and Lee, and retreat 
 through New Jersey, end of 1776 ; battle of Trenton, Dec. 
 26 ; battle of Princeton, Jan. 3, 1777 ; battle of Bennington, 
 Aug. 16; battle of Brandywine, Sept. 11; battle of Still- 
 water, Sept. 19 ; battle of Germantown, Oct. 4 ; battle of 
 Saratoga, Oct. 7 ; Burgoyne’s surrender, Oct. 17 ; adoption 
 of the Articles of Confederation, Nov. 15 ; treaty with 
 France, Feb. 6, 1778 ; battle of Monmouth, June 28 ; storm- 
 ing of Stony Point, July 16, 1779; naval victory of Paul 
 Jones, Sept. 23; British capture of Charleston, May 12, 1780 ; 
 battle of Camden, Aug. 16; Arnold’s treachery, Sept.; battle 
 of King’s Mountain, Oct. 7 ; battle of the Cowpens, Jan. 17, 
 1781 ; ratification of the Articles of Confederation by the 
 last of the States, March 1 ; battle of Guilford, March 15 ; 
 battle of Eutaw, Sept. 8 ; surrender of Cornwallis at York- 
 town, Oct. 19 ; peace of Paris, Sept. 3, 1783 ; evacuation 
 of New York, Nov. 25. 
 
 Revolution in Spanish South America. See 
 
 South American Revolution. 
 
 Revolution of July. The French revolution of 
 July, 1830, which overthrew Charles X. 
 Revolution of 1848. The French revolution 
 of Feb., 1848, which overthrew the govern- 
 ment of Louis Philippe. 
 
 Rewah, or Rewa (ra'wa). 1. A native state in 
 India, under British control, intersected by lat. 
 24° N. , long. 81° E. A treaty establishing a Brit- 
 ish protectorate was made in 1812. Area, about 
 13,000 square miles. Population, 1,327,385. — 
 2. The capital of the state of Rewah, situated 
 in lat. 24° 32' N., long. 81° 18' E. Population, 
 24,608. 
 
 Rewbell (re-bel';, Jean Francois. Born at 
 Colmar, Alsace, Oct. 8, 1747 : died at Colmar, 
 Nov. 23, 1807. A French politician. He was a 
 deputy to the Constituent Assembly and Convention, and 
 a member of the Directory 1795-99. 
 
 Reybaud (ra-bo'), Madame (Henriette Etien- 
 nette Fanny Axnaud). Born at Aix, France, 
 1802: died Jan. 1, 1871. A French novelist, 
 wife of M. R. L. Reybaud. 
 
 Reybaud, Marie Rock Louis. Born at Mar- 
 seilles, Aug. 15, 1799: died at Paris, Oct. 28, 
 1879. A French miscellaneous writer and poli- 
 tician. Hisworks include “Etudes sur les rdformateurs 
 ou socialistes modernes ” (1840-43), the satirical novel “ Je- 
 rome Paturot” (1843), etc. 
 
 Reykjavik (rak'ya // vik), or Reikiavik (ri'ke- 
 a-vik). The capital of Iceland, situated on the 
 southwestern coast, on a bay of the Faxafloi, 
 in lat. 64° 9' N., long. 21° 55' W. It was 
 founded in 874, and is the chief trading-place 
 of the island. Population, 6,682. 
 
 Reyna Barrios (ra'e-naba-re'os), Jose Maria. 
 A Guatemalan politician, nephew of Rufino Bar- 
 rios. He was elected president of Guatemala 
 for the term of 4 years beginning March, 1892. 
 Reynaldo (ra-nal'do) A character in Shak- 
 spere’s tragedy “Hamlet”: a servant to Polo- 
 nius. 
 
 Reynard (ra'nard or ren'ard) the Fox. A sa- 
 tirical epic poem in which the characters are 
 animals : it receives its name from its hero, the 
 fox Reynard. The ultimate origin of the story was a 
 folk-tale which was subsequently embodied in riisop’s fa- 
 ble of the fox and the lion. A Latin beast epic by an un- 
 known monk was written in the 10th century. In 1148 
 Master Nivardus of Ghent wrote a much longer epic in 
 Latin, with the title “Isengrimus." The Flemish poet 
 Willem finally wrote in his own language, in the first half 
 of the 13th century, the poem “Reinaert,” after a French 
 original by the priest Pierre de St. Cloud from the begin- 
 ning of the same century. About 1380 Willem’s work was 
 remodeled and continued by an unknown poet, and a cen- 
 tury later was furnished with a prose commentary by Hen- 
 rik van Alkmer. A Low German version of this, possibly by 
 Herman Barkhusen, was published at Liibeck in 1498. In 
 1544 a High German version of this last was made by Mi- 
 chael Beuther. In 1566 it was translated into Latin(“Spe- 
 culuin vitas auliese”) by Hartmann Schopper. Goethe, in 
 1794, wrote a free version of the Low German poem in 
 hexameters, with the title “Reinecke Fuchs.’’ A prose 
 version of the 14th-century poem “ Historie van Reynaert 
 de Vos ’’(‘History of Reynard the Fox”) was printed at 
 Gouda in 1479 and at Delft in 1485. A Middle High German 
 poem, “ Reinhart Fuchs,” was written by the Alsatian poet 
 Heinrich der Glichezare in the 12th century from French 
 sources. The Low German poem was published by Llib- 
 ben as “Reinke de Vos," Oldenburg, 1867. 
 
 Reynaud (ra-no'), Jean Ernest. Born at Ly- 
 ons, Feb. 14, 1806: died at Paris, June 28, 1863. 
 A French philosophical writer. He became a min- 
 
 852 
 
 ing engineer in the service of the government in 1830, but 
 resigned his position after the July revolution of that year, 
 and associated himself with the Saint-Simonists. He was 
 a moderate Democrat in the assembly of 1848, and soon 
 retired to private life. His chief work is “ Terre et ciel ” 
 (1854). 
 
 Reynier (ra-nya' ), Jean Louis Antoine. Born 
 at Lausanne, Switzerland, July 25, 1762: died 
 there, Dec. 17, 1824, A French political econo- 
 mist and administrator. Bonaparte placed him in 
 charge of the financial affairs of Egypt, and he later served 
 under Joseph Bonaparte as commissary in Calabria. He 
 wrote “L’Egypte sous la domination des Romains” (1807), 
 “ De l’dconomie publique et morale des kgyptiens et des 
 Carthaginois” (1823), “ De l’^conomie publique et morale 
 des Arabes et des J uif s ” (1830), etc. 
 
 Reynier, Jean Louis Ebenezer. Born at Lau- 
 sanne, Jan. 14, 1771 : died at Paris, Feb. 27, 1814. 
 A French general, brother of J. L. A. Reynier. 
 He lost the battle of Maida, July 4, 1806. 
 
 Reynolds (ren'oldz), John. Born in Montgom- 
 ery County, Pa., about 1789: died at Belleville, 
 111. , May 8, 1865. An American politician. As 
 governor of Illinois he commanded the militia in Black 
 Hawk’s war in 1832. He was Democratic member of Con- 
 gress from Illinois 1834-37 and 1839-43. He published 
 “Pioneer History of Illinois” (1848), etc. 
 
 Reynolds, John Fulton. Born at Lancaster, 
 Pa., Sept. 20, 1820: killed at the battle of Get- 
 tysburg, July 1, 1863. An American general. 
 He graduated at West Point in 1841 ; served in the Mexi- 
 can war ; and was appointed a brigadier-general of United 
 States volunteers in 1861. He served with distinction in 
 the Peninsular campaign; was promoted major-general 
 in 1862 ; and commanded the first army corps at Gettys- 
 burg, where he fell. 
 
 Reynolds, Sir Joshua. Born at Plympton Earl, 
 Devonshire, July 16, 1723 : died at London, Feb. 
 23, 1792. A celebrated English portrait-painter. 
 
 He was educated by his father, a schoolmaster and clergy- 
 man. In Oct., 1740, lie went to London and studied under 
 Thomas Hudson. In 1746 he established himself as a por- 
 trait-painter in London. By invitation of his friend, Com- 
 modore (afterward Admiral) Keppei, he sailed for Italy on 
 the Centurion, arriving in Rome at the close of 1749. 
 Owing to a cold which lie took there, he became deaf and 
 never recovered his hearing. After two years in Rome he 
 visited Parma, Florence, Venice, and other Italian cities. 
 He returned to London in 1752, and was intimately asso- 
 ciated with Johnson, Burke, Goldsmith, Garrick, and oth- 
 ers. The “ Literary Club ” was established at his sugges- 
 tion in 1764. In 1768 the Royal Academy was founded, 
 with Reynolds as its first president. His annual addresses 
 form its well-known “Discourses." In 1784, on the death 
 of Allan Ramsay, he was made painter to the king. Rey- 
 nolds wrote three essays in the “Idler ”(1759-60). His most 
 famous works are his portraits of Johnson, Garrick, Sterne, 
 Goldsmith, the little Lady Penelope Boothby, Mrs. Siddons 
 as the “Tragic Muse, ’’the “Infant Hercules, ’’the “Straw- 
 berry Girl,” “Garrick between Tragedy and Comedy,” etc. 
 
 Rezat (ret'sat), Franconian, anti Swabian Re- 
 zat. Two small rivers in Bavaria which unite 
 and. form the Rednitz. 
 
 Rezin (re'zin). Lived in the 8th century B. c. 
 A king of Syria, a contemporary and opponent 
 of Aliaz, king of Judah, and Tiglath-Pileser, 
 king of Assyria. 
 
 Rezonville (re-zon-vel'). A village 10 miles 
 west by south of Metz. It was the scene of impor- 
 tant events in the Franco-German war (Aug., 1870). The 
 battle of Gravelotte is sometimes called the battle of Re- 
 zonville. 
 
 Rha (ra). The ancient name of the Volga. 
 
 Rhabanus Maurus. See Rabanus. 
 
 Rhadamanthus (rad-a-man'thus). [Gr. 'PaJd- 
 /icivOor.} In Greek mythology, brother of Minos 
 and son of Zeus and Europa. He was associ- 
 ated with Minos and iEacus as a judge in the 
 lower world. 
 
 Rhsetia, more correctly Raetia (re'shia). [L. 
 Raetia , alsoRheetia^v. ’P atria ; from Rati, Rhseti, 
 Gr. 'P ai-oi, ’P aim, the inhabitants, prob. Celtic, 
 
 ‘ mountaineers.’] In ancient geography, a prov- 
 ince of the Roman Empire. It was bounded by Vin- 
 delieia (at first included in it, but afterward made a sepa- 
 rate province as Rhfetia Secunda) on the north, Noricum 
 on the east, Italy on the south, and Helvetia on the west, 
 corresponding to the modern Grisons, northern part of 
 Tyrol, and part of the Bavarian and Lombard Alps. It was 
 conquered by Tiberius and Drusus in 15 B. C., and made 
 soon after a Roman province. 
 
 Rhaetian Alps (re'shian alps). A term of va- 
 ried signification, applied in ancient times to 
 the mountainous regions of Rhtetia, hut in mod- 
 ern times generally to the chain of the Alps ex- 
 tending from the neighborhood of the Spliigen 
 Pass to the valley of the Adda, divided by the 
 Engadine and Bergell into the Northern and 
 Southern Rhaetian Alps. 
 
 Rhamnus (ram'nus). [Gr. ’Pa/rrof.] In an- 
 cient. geography, a place in Attica, Greece, sit- 
 uated on the coast 24 miles northeast of Athens. 
 The temple of Nemesis here was a Doric liexastyle perip- 
 teros with 12 columns on the flanks, measuring 37 by 98 
 feet. The cella had pronaos and opisthodomos. Eight 
 columns are still standing. The cult-statue was by 
 Phidias. 
 
 Kheingau 
 
 Rhatikon (ra'te-kon). A chain of the Rhse- 
 tian Alps, situated on the borders of Grisons, 
 Vorarlberg, and Liechtenstein. Highest sum- 
 mit, Scesaplana (9,738 feet). 
 
 Rhazes(ra'zes). Born at Raj, Persia : diedabout 
 932. An Arabian physician, author of an en- 
 cyclopedic treatise on medicine. 
 
 Rhe. See Re 
 
 Rhea(re'a). [Gr. Paa or ’PA.] 1. In Greek my- 
 thology, a daughter of Uranus and Gsea, wife of 
 Cronus and mother of Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, 
 Hera, Hestia, and Demeter: often identified 
 with Cybele. She was worshiped especially in 
 Crete. At Rome she was sometimes identified 
 with Ops. — 2. The fifth satellite of Saturn, dis- 
 covered by Cassini Dec. 23, 1672. 
 
 Rhea, or Rea (re'a), Silvia, also called Ilia. In 
 Roman legend, a vestal virgin, mother by Mars 
 of Romulus and Remus. 
 
 Rhegium (re 'ji-um). [Gr. ’Pr/yiov.] In ancient 
 geography, a city of Magna Grascia, Italy; now 
 Reggio di Calabria (which see). It was founded by 
 Chalcidians and Messenians in the 8th century B. c.; was 
 a flourishing commercial city ; was besieged, taken, and de- 
 stroyed by Dionysius the Elder in 387 b. C.; and was taken 
 by the Campanians in 280, and held till their expulsion by 
 t he Romans in 270. Later it was called Rhegium (or Regium) 
 Julium. 
 
 Rheidt, or Rheid. See Rheydt. 
 
 Rheims, or Reims (remz; F.pron.rans). [Early 
 mod. E. also Rhemes; ME. Reymes, Rentes, F. 
 Reims.} A city in the department of Marne, 
 France, situated on the Vesle in lat. 49° 15' N., 
 long. 4° 2',E.: the ancient Gallic townDurocor- 
 torum, chief town of the Remi (whence the name, 
 originally Remi). Itisoneof theleadingmanufacturing 
 and commercial cities of France ; is a leading center of the 
 manufacture and export of champagne ; is noted especially 
 for its manufacture of various kinds of woolen goods ; and 
 has also manufactures of biscuits, etc. It is the seat of an 
 academy of sciences, and formerly had a university. The 
 cathedral, one of the greatest in the world, was the his- 
 toric place of coronation of the kings of France. The west 
 front has twin towers, a great central rose, and 3 mag- 
 nificent canopied portals, covered with 13th-century 
 statues and reliefs of such excellence that many of them 
 can defy comparison with the best classical work. This 
 facade is the finest produced in the middle ages. The 
 lateral elevations and the chevet are at once rich and very 
 massive ; and the facade and portal of the north transept 
 are most admirable. The interior (466 feet long and 124 
 high) is unsurpassed. The nave is flanked by single aisles, 
 while the choir has a double deambulatory upon which 
 open radiating chapels. The glass, much of it of the 13th 
 century) is superb. The cathedral originally possessed 7 
 lofty spires, which were destroyed by a fire in 1480. The 
 abbey church of St. Remi is a noble Romanesque church, 
 of great size, with Pointed facade and chevet. The inte- 
 rior is 350 feet long and 791 high, with wide nave and beau- 
 tiful perspectives in its arcading. The choir possesses a 
 sculptured Renaissance screen of marble. The canopied 
 Rt nais-ance shrine of St. Remi bears the effigy of the saint 
 and statues of the 12 peers of France. The Porta Martis, 
 a Roman triumphal arch, held to have been dedicated by 
 Agrippa in honor of Augustus, but probably later, has 3 
 large archways of equal size, flanked by 8 Corinthian col- 
 umns, and preserves part of its sculptured ornament. 
 Rheims was sacked by the Vandals in 406; is celebrated 
 as the scene of the coronation of Clovis by Remigius in 
 496, and as the usual place of coronation of later Capetian 
 and Bourbon monarelis from Philip II. to Charles X. ; and 
 was the seat of an archbishopric and the meeting-place 
 of many church councils (1119, 1148, etc.). Joan of Arc 
 crowned Charles VII here in 1429. An English Roman 
 Catholic seminary existed at Rheims in the time of Eliza- 
 beth. Napoleon defeated the Russians near Rheims March 
 13, 1814. It was the headquarters of King William of 
 Prussia in Sept., 1870. Population, 109,859. 
 
 Rhein (rin). The German name of the Rhine. 
 
 Rheine (ri'ne). A town in the province of West- 
 phalia, Prussia, situated on the Ems 24 miles 
 north by west of Miinster. It has manufactures 
 of cotton. Population, commune, 12,801. 
 
 Rheineck (rt'nek). A noted castle in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, situated on the left hank of 
 the Rhine, about 22 miles northwestof Coblenz. 
 
 Rheinfelden (rin'f el-den). A small town in the 
 canton of Aargau, Switzerland, situated on the 
 Rhine 10 miles east of Basel. Here, March 3, 
 1638, Bernhard of Weimar defeated the Imperi- 
 alist and Bavarian forces. 
 
 Rheinfels (rin'felz). A castle and former for- 
 tress in the Rhine Province, Prussia, near St. 
 Goar, the most imposing ruin on the Rhine, it 
 was built in the 13th century, and soon after successfully 
 resisted the combined attack of the Rhenish towns which 
 were aggrieved by its river-tolls. Its huge walls and tow- 
 ers, shattered by gunpowder but still imposing, form sev- 
 eral lines of defense and cover much ground. It was un- 
 suscessfully besieged by the French under Tallard in 1692. 
 and was taken by the French in 1794. 
 
 Rheingau (rin'gou). A district in the province 
 of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, lying along the right 
 bank of the Rhine, from Niederwalluf, near 
 Mainz, to Riidesheim. It is noted for the beauty of 
 its scenery, and for its wines (Johannisberger, Steinber- 
 ger, Assmannshausen, etc.). Length, 13 miles. Breadth, 
 6 miles. 
 
Rheingold, Das 
 
 Rheingold (rln'golt), Das. [G., ‘ The Rhine- 
 gold.’] The first part of Wagner’s “Ringdes 
 Nibelungen,” performed at Munich in 1869. 
 Rheinhessen. See Rhine Hesse. 
 
 Rheinland. See Rhine Province. 
 
 Rheinpfalz (rin'pfalts). See Palatinate. 
 Rheinsberg (rms'berG). A small town in the 
 province of Brandenburg, Prussia, 46 miles 
 north-northwest of Berlin. It has often been 
 a royal residence. 
 
 Rheinwaldgebirge. See Adala. 
 
 Rhenish Alliance or Confederation. An alli- 
 ance between the Electors of Mainz, Cologne, 
 and Treves, the Bishop of Munster, Sweden, 
 Hesse-Cassel, Liineburg, and Pfalz-Neuburg, 
 formed in 1658. It was directed against the emperor 
 Leopold I., and in favor of the French. It was dissolved 
 in 1667. 
 
 Rhenish Bavaria. See Palatinate. 
 
 Rhenish Confederation. See Rhine, Confeder- 
 ation of the. 
 
 Rhenish Prussia. See Rhine Province. 
 Rhenish Switzerland. A name sometimes 
 given to the valley of the Ahr, in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia. 
 
 Rhenus (re'nus). The Roman name of the 
 Rhine, and also of the Reno. 
 
 Rhesus (re'sus). [Gr. 'P^CTof.] In Greek legend, 
 a Trojan prince, ally of the Trojans against the 
 Greeks. On the night of his arrival before Troy, Diomed 
 and Ulysses fell upon him, slew him, and carried off his 
 white steeds, concerning which it had been prophesied 
 that if they fed on Trojan fodder or drank the waters of 
 Xanthus before Troy, the city could not be overthrown. 
 
 Rhett (ret), Robert Barnwall (original name 
 Smith). Born at Beaufort, S. C., Dec. 24, 1800: 
 died Sept. 14, 1876. An American politician. 
 He was a Democratic member of Congress from South 
 Carolina 1837-49; United States senator 1851-52; and a 
 member of the Confederate Congress. He was the owner 
 of the Charleston “Mercury," and a leading nullifier and 
 extreme Secessionist (“ fire eater ”). 
 
 Rheydt, or Rheidt, or Rheid (rit). A town in 
 the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the 
 Niers 28 miles northwest of Cologne, it has manu- 
 factures of cotton, silk, iron, etc. Population, commune, 
 40,149. 
 
 Rhin (ran). The French name of the Rhine. 
 Rhin, Bas- (ba). A former department of 
 France, now included in the German Alsace. 
 Rhin, Haut-. See Belfort, Territory of. 
 
 Rhine (rln). [G. Rhein, F. Rhin, D. Rijn, Rhyn, 
 etc., Ladin Rin, It. Reno, L. Rhenus. ] The prin- 
 cipal river of Germany, and one of the most 
 famous rivers in the world. It rises in the can- 
 ton of Grisons, Switzerland, being formed by the union at 
 Reichenau of its two chief head streams, the Vorderrhein 
 and Hinterrhein ; flows north, and forms the boundary 
 between Switzerland on the west and Liechtenstein and 
 Vorarlberg on the east ; traverses the Lake of Constance ; 
 flows west, forming (for most of the distance) the boundary 
 between Switzerland and Baden ; at Basel turns north, 
 and separates Baden on the east from Alsace and the Rhine 
 Palatinate on the west ; traverses Hesse ; turns west at 
 Mainz, and separates Hesse from Prussia ; turns north at 
 Bingen, and flows through Prussia generally north-north- 
 west; enters the Netherlands near Emmerich, and divides 
 into the Waal (which finally discharges through the 
 Meuse) and the Rhine, the latter subdividing and sending 
 off the New Yssel totheZuyderZee and theLek to the Meuse 
 and the Vecht; and empties as theOude Rijn (Old Rhine) 
 into the North Sea north of The H ague. I ts chief tributa- 
 ries are the Neckar, Main, Lahn, Sieg, Ruhr, and Lippe on 
 the right, and the Aare, 111, Nahe, Moselle, Ahr, and Erft on 
 the left. The chief towns on its banks are Coire, Schaff- 
 hausen, Basel, Spires, Mannheim, Worms, Mainz, Coblenz, 
 Cologne, Diisseldorf, Wesel, Arnheim, Utrecht, and Ley- 
 den. It is famous for its beauty, especially in the part be- 
 tween Bingen and Bonn. The chief falls are at Schaff- 
 hausen. It is celebrated in German legend and poetry. 
 In Roman times it was long aboundary between the prov- 
 ince of Gaul and the German tribes. It played an important 
 part in the history of Germany, latterly and until 1871 as 
 the frontier between Germany and France. It is naviga- 
 ble for boats from Coire. and for large vessels from Kelli. 
 It has often been crossed by armies : twice by Julius Cae- 
 sar, in the Thirty Years’ War, and in the wars of Louis 
 XIV., the Revolution, and Napoleon. Its navigation was 
 declared free in 1868. Its length is about 800 miles. 
 
 Rhine, Confederation of the. A confederation 
 of most of the German states, formed in July, 
 1806, under the protectorate of Napoleon I., 
 emperor of the French, and dissolved in 1813. 
 It comprised Bavaria, Wiirtemberg, Saxony, Westphalia, 
 Baden, Hesse- Darmstadt, and all the other minor German 
 states except Brunswick and Electoral Hesse. 
 Rhinebeck (rin'bek). A town in Dutchess 
 County, New York, situated on the Hudson, op- 
 posite Kingston, 82 miles north of New York. 
 Population, 3,532, (1910). 
 
 Rhine Cities, League of. A union of German 
 cities (Mainz, Worms, Oppenheim, and others 
 near the Rhine) formed in 1254 forthe purpose 
 of preserving the public peace. It was revived in 
 the 14th century ; hut its influence diminished after its 
 defeat at Worms by the elector palatine in 1388. 
 
 Rhine-Hesse (hes), G. Rheinhessen (rin'hes- 
 Ben). A province of the grand duchy of Hesse- 
 
 853 
 
 Darmstadt, lying on the left bank of the Rhine, 
 north of the Rhine Palati nate. Area, 530 square 
 miles. Population, 369,424. 
 
 Rhine Palatinate. See Palatinate. 
 
 Rhine Province, or Rhenish Prussia, G. 
 Rheinprovinz (rin'pro-vints") or Rheinland 
 (rin Taut). The westernmost proviuce of Prus- 
 sia, situated on both banks of the Rhine, it is 
 bounded by the Netherlands on the north, Westphalia, 
 Hesse-Nassau, Hesse, and the Rhine Palatinate on the east, 
 Lorraine on the south and southwest, and the Netherlands, 
 Belgium, and Luxemburg on the west. The surface is 
 generally level in the north, hilly and mountainous in the 
 south. The manufactures are important, particularly those 
 of iron, steel, cotton, woolen, silk, etc. ; and the wine-grow- 
 ing district is notable The province has 6 government 
 districts : Diisseldorf, Cologne, Coblenz, Treves, and Aix- 
 la-Chapelle. It is composed of various territories acquired 
 in the 17th, 18th, and 19tli centuries (Cleves, Jiilich, Berg, 
 Treves, Cologne, etc.). Area, 10,423 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 6,436,337. 
 
 Rhinns, or Rinns (rinz), of Galloway, A pe- 
 ninsula in the county of Wigtown, Scotland, pro- 
 jecting into the Irish Sea. It terminates in the 
 south in the Mull of Galloway. Length, 28 miles. 
 Rhinthon (rin'thon). [Gr. 'I'ivdoiv.] Lived about 
 300 B. c. A Greek poet of Tarentum, noted in 
 the development of the burlesque drama. 
 Rhinthonic(rin-thon'ik) Comedy. A variety of 
 ancient Roman comedy, named from Rhinthon 
 of Tarentum, a writer of travesties of tragic 
 subjects. No specimens have survived. 
 Rhio (re'o), or Riou (re-ou'). 1. A name given 
 to an archipelago south of the Malay penin- 
 sula and east of Sumatra. — 2. A seaport off 
 the island of Bintang in the Rhio Archipelago, 
 50 miles southeast of Singapore. 
 
 Rhipasi Montes (ri-pe'i mon'tez). [Gr. 'P nraia 
 opr/.] An imaginary range of mountains sup- 
 posed by the ancient Greeks to be at the ex- 
 treme north of the world. 
 
 Rhodanns (rod'a-nus). The Latin name of the 
 Rhone. 
 
 Rhode Island (rod i'land). [Named from the isl- 
 and so called in Narragansett Bay.] A State of 
 New England in the United States of America, 
 oneofthethirteenoriginalStates. Capital, Prov- 
 idence, and formerly also Newport. Itisboundedby 
 Massachusetts on thenorthand east, the Atlantic Ocean on 
 the south, and Connecticut on the west: and comprises be- 
 sides the territoryon themainland the islands Rhodelsland, 
 Canonicut, Prudence, Block Island, and some smaller ones. 
 It is situated in lat. 41° 18'-42° 1' N. (not including Block Isl- 
 and), long. 71° 8'-71° 63' W. The surface is diversified. The 
 coast-line is deeply indented by Narragansett Bay. Rhode 
 Island is essentially a manufacturing state: it is the sec- 
 ond State in the production of woolengoods, and the first in 
 proportion to population in the manufacture of cotton, 
 woolen, worsted, etc. Among its other manufactures are 
 jewelry, machinery, screws, rubber, etc. It is the smallest 
 State territorially in the Union, and the most densely 
 peopled. It has 6 counties, sends 2 senators and 3 represen- 
 tatives to Congress, and has 5 electoral votes. It was per- 
 haps visited by the Northmen ; was visited by Verrazano 
 in 1524 ; and was settled by Roger Williams at Providence 
 in 1636. A charter was granted in 1643-44, and a more lib- 
 eral charter in 1663. It suffered in King Philip’s war. 
 Commerce was developed in the 18th century. It took 
 an active part in the Revolution, and ratified the Con- 
 stitution in 1790. A new constitution went into effect in 
 1843 in consequence of the agitation caused by Dorr’s re- 
 bellion in 1842. Area, 1,260 square miles. Population, 
 642,610, (1910). 
 
 Rhode Island, or Aquidneck(a-kwid'nek). An 
 
 island in Narragansett Bay, belonging to Rhode 
 Island State. It contains the city of Newport. 
 Length, 16 miles. 
 
 Rhodes (rodz). [L. Rhodes, from Gr. ’P<Mof.] 1. 
 An island in the iEgean Sea, southwest of Asia 
 Minor, intersected by lat. 36° N., long. 28° E. 
 It belongs to Turkey. The surface is mountainous and 
 hilly. It is noted for its fertility, and has increasing com- 
 merce. The inhabitants are largely Greeks. It was col- 
 onized by Phenicians, later by Dorians, and its three cities 
 formed, with Halicarnassus, Cnidus, and Cos, the “ Dorian 
 Hexapolis. " The three cities Lindus, Ialysus, and Camirus 
 founded the city Rhodes in 408 B. C. Rhodes became in 
 the 4th century B. c. a leading maritime and commercial 
 state ; became noted for its maritimelaws and as a center 
 of art and oratory; was in alliance with Rome and nomi- 
 nally independent ; passed from the Byzantine empire to 
 the Knights of St. John about 1309 ; and surrendered to 
 the Turks in 1622. Length, about 45 miles. Area, 570 
 square miles. Population, 29,000. 
 
 2. A seaport, capital of the island of Rhodes. It 
 was founded 408 B.o. ; was successfully defended against De- 
 metrius Poliorcetes in 305-304 B. C., and against the Turks 
 in 1480 A. D. ; was taken by the Turks in 1522 ; and was vis- 
 ited by an earthquake in 1863. Population, about 10,000. 
 For the Colossus of Rhodes, see Chares. 
 
 Rhodes, Cecil John. Bom at Bishop Stort- 
 ford, Herts, England, July 5, 1853 : died at Cape 
 Town, March 26, 1902. A South African states- 
 man. He went to South Africa for his health; amassed a 
 fortune in the diamond fields of Kimberley ; and became a 
 member of the Cape ministry in 1884, and prime minister 
 of Capo Colony in 1890. He resigned this position in 1896, 
 as also that of chairman of the British South Africa Com- 
 pany, on account of his connection with the Jameson 
 raid into the Transvaal, (See Jameson, L. S.) He was 
 
 Riall 
 
 the prime mover in obtaining mining rights over Mata- 
 beleland and Mashonaland, and in extending British in- 
 fluence in South Africa. He was created a member of 
 the Privy Council in 1895. 
 
 Rhodes, Inner, and Rhodes, Outer. See Ap- 
 
 perisell. 
 
 Rhodes, Knights of. See Hospitalers. 
 
 Rhodes, William Barnes. Born Dec. 25, 1772 : 
 died Nov. 1, 1826. An English dramatist, author 
 ★of “ Bombastes Furioso.” 
 
 Rhodesia (ro-de'gia). [From Cecil Rhodes.] A 
 region in southern Africa, under British dom- 
 ination. 
 
 Rhodope (rod'o-pe), modern Despoto-Dagh 
 
 (des-po-to-dag'). [Gr. 'Podotn?.] A mountain- 
 range in Bulgaria, Eastern Rumelia, and Tur- 
 key, branching from the Balkans toward the 
 south, and then turning east. Highest summits, 
 9,000-9,500 feet. 
 
 Rhodopis (ro-do'pis). [Gr. 'Podumf.] A cele- 
 brated Greek courtezan, a Thracian by birth, 
 said to have been a fellow-slave of iEsop. she 
 was taken to Naucratis, Egypt, where the brother of Sap- 
 pho fell in love with her and ransomed her. She was at- 
 tacked by Sappho in a poem. Her real name was Doricha, 
 and Rhodopis, ‘ the rosy-cheeked,’ was merely an epithet. 
 It was under this name of Doricha that she was mentioned 
 by Sappho. 
 
 Rhone (ron). [F ,'Rhdne, L. Rhodanus, Gr. ’Po- 
 6avi 5f.] A river of Europe: the Roman Rho- 
 danus. It rises in the Rhone glacier near the Furka 
 Pass, canton of Valais, Switzerland; flows west-southwest 
 to Martigny ; turns to the northwest, forming the boun- 
 dary between Valais and Bern ; traverses the Lake of Ge- 
 neva ; enters France ; traverses a chasm (Perte du Rhone) ; 
 flows generally south and west ; from Lyons flows nearly 
 south, separating Dauphind and Provence on the east from 
 Lyonnais and Languedoc on the west ; and flows into the 
 Mediterranean by two mouths, forming a delta, the Grand 
 Rhone and Petit Rhone. The chief tributary is the Saone. 
 Among the other tributaries are the Ain and Gard on the 
 right, and the Arve, Is£re, Drome, and Durance on the left. 
 The chief towns on its banks are Geneva, Lyons, Vienne, 
 Valence, Avignon, and Arles. Length, about 500 miles ; 
 navigable from Seyssel. 
 
 Rhone (ron). A department of France, capi- 
 tal Lyons, formed from the ancient Lyonnais 
 and Beaujolais. It is bounded by Saone-et- Loire on 
 the north, Ain and Isfere (separated by the Saone and 
 Rhone) on the east, and Loire on the south and west. The 
 surface is mountainous and hilly. There is considerable 
 wine-culture, and the manufactures are very important, 
 particularly those of silk, cotton, chemicals, iron, etc. 
 Area, 1,104 square miles. Population, 858,907. 
 
 Rhone, Bouches-du-. See Bouches-du-Rhdne. 
 Rhone, Perte du. See Perte du Rhdne. 
 
 Rhone Glacier. A glacier near the eastern end 
 of the canton of Valais, Switzerland: the source 
 of the Rhone. 
 
 Rhone-Rhine Canal. [F. Canal du Rhone au 
 Rhin.] A canal connecting the basins of the 
 Rhone and Rhine. It leads from Saint-Sym- 
 phorien on the Sa6ne to the 111 near Strasburg. 
 Rhongebirge (ren'ge-ber-ge), or Rhon (ren). 
 A group of mountains in the northern part of 
 Lower Franconia in Bavaria, and in the adjoin- 
 ing parts of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Prussia, 
 and Saxe-Meiningen. Highest point, the Grosse 
 Wasserkuppe (3,115 feet). 
 
 R’hoone (ron), Lord. One of Balzac’s early 
 pseudonyms. 
 
 Rhyl (ril). A town and watering-place in the 
 county of Flint, Wales, situated near the mouth 
 of the' Clwyd, 22 miles west-southwest of Liver- 
 pool. Population, 8,473. 
 
 Rhyme of Sir Topaz. See Rime of Sir Thopas. 
 Rhyme of the Duchess May. A romantic 
 ballad by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. 
 Rhymer, Thomas the. See Thomas the Rhymer. 
 Rhymney, or Rumney (rutn'ni). A manufac- 
 turing and mining town in Monmouthshire, 
 England, 5 miles east of Merthyr Tydvil. Pop- 
 ulation, 7,582. 
 
 Rhyndacus (rin'da-kus). [Gr. ’PmAa/oV.] A 
 river in the northwestern part of Asia Minor: 
 the modern Adranas- or Adirnas-Tchai. it trav- 
 erses Lake Abullonia, receives the Macestus, and flows 
 into the Sea of Marmora 55 miles south-southwest of Con- 
 stantinople. Length, about 150 miles. 
 
 Riad (re-ad'), or Riyad. The Walihabee capi- 
 tal in Nedjed, Arabia, situated in lat. 24° 30 ' N., 
 long. 46° 42' E. It contains a palace and large mosque. 
 It has been the capital since about 1818. Population, esti- 
 mated, 30,000. 
 
 Riah (ri'ii), Mr. In Dickens’s “Our Mutual 
 Friend,” a gentle old Jew in the employment 
 of Fascination Fledgeby, and abominably 
 treated by him. 
 
 Riall (ri'al), Sir Phinehas or Phineas. Bom 
 in England, 1775 : died at Paris, Nov. 10, 1850. 
 An English major-general. He commanded at 
 the battles of Chippewa and Lundy’s Lane in 
 1814. 
 
Rialto 
 
 Rialto (re-al'to). 1. See Rialto, Bridge of the. 
 — 2. The name formerly given to the block on 
 14th street between Broadway and Fourth Ave- 
 nue in New York city, and also to the west side 
 of Broadway between 23d and 32d streets — 
 both frequented by actors. 
 
 Rialto (re-al'to), Bridge of the. Abridge over 
 the Grand Canal in Venice. It was begun in 1588, 
 and consists of a single graceful arch of marble, about 91 
 feet in span, 241 feet above the water in the middle, and 
 72 feet wide. In the middle there is a short level stretch 
 beneath a large open arch, to which steps ascend from the 
 quay on each side. It is divided into 3 footways separated 
 by 2 rows of shops built under arcades. The bridge is sim- 
 ple and well-proportioned, with some sculpture in the 
 spandrels. 
 
 Rianzares, Duke of. See Munoz. 
 
 Riazan. See Ryazan. 
 
 Ribault;, or Ribaut (re-bo'), Jean. Born at 
 Dieppe, 1520: died in Florida, Sept. 23, 1565. 
 A French navigator. As the agent of Coligny he es- 
 tablished in 1562 a colony of French Protestants near Port 
 Royal, South Carolina, where he erected Fort Charles, 
 which was abandoned. In 1564 Coligny sent out a band 
 of colonists under Rend de Laudonnitre, who founded 
 Fort Carolina on the St. John’s River in Florida. Ribault 
 followed in 1565 with reinforcements. Soon after, while he 
 was exploring the coast, the fort was attacked and destroyed 
 by the Spaniards under Menendez de Aviles (see that 
 name). Ribault on his return was shipwrecked, and fell 
 into the hands of the Spaniards, who killed him with most 
 *of his men. 
 
 Ribbeck (rib'bek), Johann Karl Otto. Born 
 at Erfurt, Prussia, July 23, 1827: died at Leip- 
 sic, July 18, 1898. A noted German philologist 
 and critic, professor at Leipsic from 1877. He 
 published an edition of Vergil (5 vols., 1859-68), “Scenicaj 
 Romanorura poesis fragmenta " (1852-55), “Die romische 
 Tragodie im Zeitalter der Repuhlik " (1875), “ Alazon : ein 
 Beitrag zur antiken Ethnologie, etc.” (1882), etc. 
 
 Ribble (rib'l). [AS. Rihhel . ] A river in Eng- 
 land which rises in Yorkshire, traverses Lan- 
 cashire, and flows by an estuary into the Irish 
 Sea below Preston. Length (including the 
 estuary), about 75 miles. 
 
 Ribbon Society, The. In Irish history, a secret 
 association, formed about 1808 in opposition to 
 the Orange organization of the northern Irish 
 counties, and so named from the green ribbon 
 worn as a badge by the members. The primary 
 object of the society was soon merged in a struggle against 
 the landlord class, with the purpose of securing to tenants 
 fixity of tenure, or of inflicting retaliation for real or sup- 
 posed agrarian oppression. The members were bound to- 
 gether by an oath, had passwords and signs, and were di- 
 vided locally into lodges. 
 
 Ribe (re'be), or Ripen (re'pen). A small town 
 in Jutland, Denmark, situated on the river Ribe, 
 near the North Sea, in lat. 55° 18' N., long. 8° 
 44' E. : formerly important. Population, 4,171. 
 Ribera (re-ba'ra). A town in the province of 
 Girgenti, Sicily, 21 miles northwest of Girgenti. 
 Population, 10,936. 
 
 Ribera (re-Ba'ra), Jusepe, called Spagnoletto 
 
 (‘ Little Spaniard’). Born at Jativa (San Fe- 
 lipe), near Valencia, Spain, Jan. 12, 1588 : died 
 at Naples, 1656. A Spanish Neapolitan painter, 
 chiefly of martyrdoms, mythologic subjects, and 
 portraits : a pupil and imitator of Caravaggio. 
 RibSrac (re-ba-rak'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Dordogne, France, on the Dronne 20 
 miles west of Pdrigueux. Population, com- 
 mune, 3,627. 
 
 Ribot (re-bo'), Alexandre Felix Joseph. Born 
 at Saint-Omer, France, Feb. 7, 1842. A French 
 statesman. He became a republican member of the 
 Chamber of Deputies in 1878 ; was minister of foreign af- 
 fairs under Freycinet in 1890 ; and was premier 1892-93, 
 and again, under President Faure, in 1895. 
 
 Ribot (re-bo'), Augustin Th6odule. Born at 
 Bretenie, Eure, Aug. 8, 1823: died at Colombes, 
 Sept. 11, 1891. A French historical, genre, and 
 portrait painter. He was a pupil of Glaize at Paris 
 in 1851. Among his paintings are “Les cuisiniers” (18J1), 
 “St. sebastien, " “ Jdsus et les docteurs," “Samaritain,” 
 “Mfere Morieu," etc. He had two styles, the onerealistic, 
 dealing often with disagreeable subjects, and a more ele- 
 vated but gloomy manner. 
 
 Ricara. See Arikara. 
 
 Ricardo (ri-kar'do), David. Born at London, 
 April 19, 1772 : died at Gatcomb Park, Glouces- 
 tershire, Sept. 11, 1823. A noted English po- 
 litical economist, of Hebrew descent, in isi 9 he 
 became a member of Parliament. His chief work is “ Prin- 
 ciples of Political Economy and Taxation ”(1817). He also 
 wrote “The High Price of Bullion a Proof of the Depre- 
 ciation of Bank-Notes ” (1810), “ Funding System ”(1820 : In 
 the “ Encyclopedia Britannica' ). He was especially noted 
 for his discussion of the theory of rent. His works were 
 edited by M‘Culloch in 1846. 
 
 Ricasoli (re-ka'so-le), Baron Bettino. Born 
 at Florence, March 9, 1809 ; died at his castle 
 Brolio, near Siena, Oct. 28, 1880. An Italian 
 statesman, gonfalonier of Florence 1847-48. 
 He took part, as a liberal, in the movements in Tus- 
 cany 1848-49 ; was the head of the Tuscan government 
 
 854 
 
 1869-60, and labored strenuously for the annexation of 
 Tuscany to Sardinia ; was governor-general of Tus- 
 cany 1860-61 ; and was premier of Italy 1861-62 and 
 1866-67. 
 
 Ricaut. See Rycaut. 
 
 Ricci (ret'che), Federico. Born at Naples, Oct. 
 22, 1809: died at Conegliano, Dec. 10, 1877. An 
 Italian composer of operas, etc., brother of 
 Luigi Ricci, and collaborator with him in “ Cris- 
 pino e la Comare.” He also wrote “ Une Folie 
 a Rome.” 
 
 Ricci, Luigi. Born at Naples, June 8, 1805: 
 died at Prague, Dec. 31, 1859. An Italian com- 
 poser of operas. He studied with Zingarelli, and was 
 sub-professor at the Royal Conservatory, X aples. He com- 
 posed about 30 operas, of which the best-known is his 
 “Crispino e la Comare” (1850: with his brother). 
 
 Ricci, Matteo. Born at Macerata, Italy, 1552 : 
 died at Peking, 1610. An Italian Jesuit mis- 
 sionary in China, one of the chief founders of 
 Christian missions in that country. He settled 
 in China 1583 (at Peking 1601). 
 
 Ricciarelli. See Volterra. 
 
 Riccio, David. See Rizzio. 
 
 Riccio (ret'cho), Domenico, called II Brusa- 
 sorci. Born at Verona, Italy, 1494: died 1567. 
 An Italian painter. 
 
 Riccoboni (rek-ko-bo'ne), Lodovico. Born at 
 Modena, 1677 : died at Parma, Dec. 5, 1753. An 
 Italian playwright, actor, and writer on the 
 theater. 
 
 Riccoboni (rek-ko-bo'ne), Madame (Marie 
 Jeanne Laboras de Mdzidres). Bomat Paris, 
 1714: died there, 1792. A French novelist and 
 letter-writer, daughter-in-law of L. Riccoboni. 
 Her best works are “ Hisloiredu Marquis de Crdcy,” “ Let- 
 tres de Milady Catesby,” ami “Ernestine.” She also wrote 
 a continuation of Marivaux’s “Marianne,” which she did 
 not finish. 
 
 Rice (ris), Luther. Born at Northborough, 
 Mass., March 25, 1783: died in Edgefield dis- 
 trict, S. C., Sept. 25, 1836. An American clergy- 
 man. He went as Congregational missionary to India in 
 1812 ; and became a Baptist and returned in 1813. He was 
 the founder of Columbian University, Washington, District 
 of Columbia. 
 
 Rice, Thomas D. Born at New York, May 20, 
 1808: died there, Sept. 19, 1860. An American 
 negro minstrel, the originator of “Jim Crow.” 
 
 He made his first appearance in negro character at Louis- 
 ville, and first appeared in New York, at the Park Theater, 
 as Jim Crow. He went to England in 1836. 
 
 Rice Lake. A lake in the province of Ontario, 
 Canada, 60 miles northeast of Toronto, and 10 
 miles north of Lake Ontario, into which it 
 ultimately discharges. Length, about 20 miles. 
 Rich (rich), Claudius James. Born near Dijon, 
 France, March 28, 1787: died at Shiraz, Persia, 
 Oct. 5, 1821. An English Orientalist and traveler 
 in Syria. Babylonia, Kurdistan, and elsewhere. 
 He was British resident in Bagdad. Narratives of his 
 travels were published in 1811 and 1836. 
 
 Rich, Edmund. See Edmund, Saint. 
 
 Rich, John. Born about 1682: died Nov. 26, 
 1761. A noted English harlequin, called “the 
 Father of Harlequins.” He played under the name 
 of Lun. He was manager at Lincoln’s Inn Fields 1713-32, 
 and then built the first Covent Garden Theatre, which was 
 opened Dec. 7, 1732. During the season of 1718-19 Rich 
 frequently produced French plays and operas at Lincoln's 
 Inn Fields. 
 
 Rich, Penelope Devereux. See Stella. 
 
 Richard (rich'ard) I., surnamed “The Lion- 
 Hearted ”(F.“Coeurde Lion”). [ME. Richard, 
 from OF. Richard, F. Richard, It. Sp. Pg. Ricar- 
 do, ML. Ricardus, from OHG. Richart, G. Reich- 
 ard, powerful.] Born probably at Oxford, Sept. 
 8, 1157 : died April 6, 1199. King of England 1189- 
 1199, third son of Henry II. He was invested with 
 the duchy of Aquitaine in 1169 ; joined the league between 
 his elder brother Henry and Louis VII. of France against 
 his father 1173-74 ; became heir apparent on the death of 
 his brother Henry in 1183 ; acted with Philip II. of France 
 against his father 1188-89 ; and succeeded to the throne of 
 England, the duchy of Normandy, and thecounty of Anjou 
 in 1189. He started on the third Crusade in alliance with 
 PhilipII. of France in 1190; conquered Cyprus in 1191 ; ar- 
 rived at Acre in J une ; assisted in t he capture of Acre in July ; 
 defeated the Saracens at Arsuf the same year; retook Jaffa 
 from Saladin in 1192 ; signed a truce with Saladin in Sept.; 
 and left Palestine in Oct. He was taken prisoner in Aus- 
 tria by Duke Leopold in Dec.; was transferred to the em- 
 peror Henry VI. in March, 1193 ; and returned to England 
 on the payment of a ransom in 1194. Having suppressed 
 a rebellion of his brother John, he turned against John’s 
 ally, Philip II., whom he defeated at Gisors in 1195. He 
 built the Chateau Gaillard in 1197, and was mortally 
 wounded by an arrow while besieging Chaluz, near Limoges. 
 
 Richard II. Born at Bordeaux, France, Jan. 
 6, 1367 : probably murdered at Pontefract, Eng- 
 land, Feb. 14, 1400. King of England 1377-99, 
 son of the “ Black Prince ” Edward, and grand- 
 son of Edward III. whom he succeeded. During 
 his minority the government was conducted by his uncles 
 the Dukes of Lancaster and Gloucester. A rebellion of the 
 
 Richardson, Henry Hobson 
 
 peasants under Wat Tyler was put down in 1381. Richard 
 assumed the government personally in 1389. He was 
 overthrown by the Duke of Hereford (see Henry IV.) in 
 1399, and was probably murdered in prison. 
 
 Richard III. Born at Fotheringay, England, 
 Oct. 2, 1452 : killed at the battle of Bosworth, 
 Aug. 22, 1485. King of England 1483-85, third 
 son of Richard, duke of York, and younger 
 brother of Edward IV . He was known as the Duke 
 of Gloucester before his accession. He served in the bat- 
 ties of Barnet and Tewkesbur y in 1471 ; and invaded Scot- 
 land ill 1482. On the death of Edward IV. in April, 1483, 
 he seized the young Edward V., and caused himself to be 
 proclaimed protector. On June 26, 1483, he assumed the 
 crown, the death of Edward V. and his brother in prison 
 being publicly announced shortly after. He suppressed 
 Buckingham’s rebellion in 1483 ; and was defeated and 
 slain in the battle of Bosworth by the Earl of Richmond 
 (see Henry VII.). His nickname “Crouchback " was given 
 to him on account of a (probably slight) bodily deformity. 
 
 Richard IV., King of England. A title assumed 
 by Perkin Warbeck. 
 
 Richard II. A historical play by Sbakspere, 
 produced between 1594 and 1596. it is the earliest 
 of the historical series, and the plot is from Holinshed’s 
 “ Chronicle. ” Theobald adapted it in 1720. 
 
 Richard III. A historical play, thought to be 
 completed and altered by Shakspere in 1594 
 from an earlier play by Marlowe, left unfinished 
 at his death. It was printed anonymously in 1597 : 
 in the 1598 edition Shakspere’s name appears, and Cibber 
 produced an alteration in 1700 which was long considered 
 the only acting version of the text. Macready produced 
 a partial restoration in 1821. In 1876 Edwin Booth re- 
 stored the Shakspere version witli slight changes of ar- 
 rangement, but no interpolations. The famous line “Off 
 with his head — so much for Buckingham ! ”is Cibber's. 
 Richard, Duke of Gloucester. See Richard III. 
 Richard, Duke of York. See York, Duke of. 
 Richard Cosur de Lion. An old romance, 
 printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1509. itappears 
 to have been written in French in the time of Edward I., 
 and afterward translated into English. 
 
 Richard Cceur de Lion. An opera by Gr6try, 
 words bv Sedaine, produced at Paris in 1784. 
 Richard of Cirencester. Died at Westminster 
 about 1401. An English Benedictine monk and 
 historian. He wrote an English history (“Speculum,” 
 edited 1863-69), and long was reputed to be the author of 
 the forgery “ De situ Britannia;. ” 
 
 Richard Plantagenet. See Plantagenet. 
 Richard the Fearless. Died 996. Duke of Nor- 
 mandy, son of William Longsword whom he 
 succeeded in 943 or 942. Normandy was Galli- 
 cized principally in his reign. 
 
 Richard the Good. Duke of Normandy 996- 
 1026, son of Richard the Fearless. 
 
 Richard the Redeless. A poem probably by 
 William Langland, written in 1399. The title is 
 given by Professor Skeat, and refers to the “redeless” 
 Richard II., or Richard “without counsel.” 
 
 Richards (rich'ardz), Henry Brinley. Born 
 at Carmarthen, Nov. 13, 1819; died at London, 
 May 1, 1885. A Welsh composer. He was the 
 author of several popular songs (“Her bright 
 smile haunts me still,” etc.). 
 
 Richards (rich'ardz), James. Born at New 
 Canaan, Conn., about 1767 : died at Auburn, 
 N. Y., Aug., 1843. An American Presbyterian 
 clergyman, professor at Auburn Theological 
 Seminary. 
 
 Richards (rich'ardz), Thomas Addison. Born 
 
 at London, Dec. 3, 1820: died June 29, 1900. 
 An American landscape-painter. He was made a 
 national academician in 1851, and was corresponding 
 secretary of the academy 1852-92. He was first director 
 of the Cooper Union School of Design for Women 1868- 
 60, and was professor of art in the University of New York 
 1867-1900 (emeritus 1887). 
 
 Richards, William. Born at Plainfield, Mass., 
 Aug. 22, 1792: died at Honolulu, Dec. 7, 1847. 
 An American missionary to the Sandwich 
 Islands. He was also in the Hawaiian diplo- 
 matic and political service. 
 
 Richards, William Trost. Bom Nov. 14, 1833 : 
 died Nov. 8, 1905. An American marine-and 
 landscape-painter. He was ail honorary member of 
 the National Academy. He studied with Paul Weber in 
 Philadelphia, and visited Italy, France, Germany, and 
 England at different periods between 1855 and 1880. A 
 series of 47 water-color landscapes and marine views 
 (1871-76) is at the Metropolitan Museum, New York. 
 
 Richardson (rich'ard -son), Albert Deane. 
 
 Born at Franklin, Mass., Oct. 6, 1833: killed at 
 NewYork,Dec. 2,1869. An American journalist. 
 He was correspondent of the New York “ Tribune ” in the 
 Civil War. He published “ The Field, the Dungeon, and 
 the Escape ” (1865), a life of U. S. Grant (1868), etc. 
 
 Richardson, Charles. Born July, 1775: died 
 at Feltham, near London, Oct. 6, 1865. An Eng- 
 lish lexicographer. He was the teacher of a school 
 at Clapham. He compiled a dictionary of the English 
 language (1835-37 : supplement 1850), and also published 
 “ On the Study of Languages, etc." (1854). 
 
 Richardson, Henry Hobson. Born at New 
 
 Orleans, 1838 : died at Boston. April 28, 1886. 
 
Richardson, Henry Hobson 
 
 An American architect. He graduated at Harvard 
 In 1869, and studied at the £cole des Beaux Arts, Paris. 
 Among his designs are Trinity Church (Boston), Albany 
 city hall, and parts of the State capitol at Albany. 
 Richardson, Janies. Born at Boston, England, 
 Nov. 3, 1806: died in Bornu, Sudan, March 4, 
 1851. An English traveler in Africa. His explora- 
 tion of the Sahara (Ghadames, Ghat, etc.) and studies on 
 the Tuaregs (1845) were described in his “Travels in the 
 Great Desert of Sahara" (1848). Accompanied by Over- 
 weg and Barth, he started in 1850 from Tripoli for Lake 
 Chad, and explored the rocky plateau of Hammada, but 
 succumbed at Ungurutua, near Lake Chad. His notes were 
 published in “Narrative of a Mission to Central Africa ” 
 (1853) and “ Travels in Morocco ” (1860). 
 
 Richardson, Sir John. Born at Dumfries, Scot- 
 land, Nov. 5, 1787 : died near Grasmere, Eng- 
 land, June 5, 1865. A British naturalist and 
 traveler. He took part as surgeon and naturalist in the 
 arctic expeditions of Parry and Franklin, and in the Frank- 
 lin relief expedition of 1848. He published “Fauna Bore- 
 ali-Americana” (1829-37), “Arctic Searching Expedition" 
 (1851), etc. 
 
 Richardson, Samuel. Born in Derbyshire, Eng- 
 land, 1689 : died at London, July 4, 1761 An 
 English novelist, called “ the founder of the Eng- 
 lish domestic novel.” He was apprenticed to a sta- 
 tioner in London in 1706, and quite late in life became 
 master of the Stationers' Company. When a boy he was 
 addicted to letter-writing, and was employed by young 
 girls to write love-letters for them. In 1739 he composed 
 a volume of “Familiar Letters," which were afterward 
 published as an aid to those too illiterate to write their 
 own letters without assistance. From this came “ Pamela, 
 or Virtue Rewarded" (1740). He then wrote “Clarissa 
 Harlowe, or the History of a Young Lady" (first 4 vols. 
 1747, last 4, 1748), and “The History of Sir Charles 
 Grandison"(l753). His correspondence, with a biography 
 by Anna Letitia Barbauld, was published in 1804. All his 
 novels were published in the form of letters, which was 
 suggested by his early work in letter-writing. 
 
 Richardson, William Alexander. Born in 
 Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 11, 1811: died at 
 Quincy, 111., Dec. 27, 1875. An American poli- 
 tician. He was Democratic member of Congress from 
 Illinois 1847-56 ; governor of Nebraska 1857-58 ; and Demo- 
 cratic United States senator from Nebraska 1863-65. 
 
 Richardson, William Merchant. Bom at Pel- 
 ham, N. EL, Jan. 4, 1774: died at Chester, N. H., 
 March 23, 1838. An American jurist and poli- 
 tician. He was a Federalist member of Congress from 
 Massachusetts 1812-14, and chief justice of New Hamp- 
 shire 1816-38. 
 
 Richborough (rich , bur // 6). A place in Kent, 
 England, on the Stour 11 miles east of Canter- 
 bury : the Roman Rutupias. It was an impor- 
 tant Roman fortress and seaport. 
 
 Rich6 (re-sha'), Jean Baptiste. Born at Cap 
 Haitien, 1780: died at Port-au-Prince, Feb. 28, 
 1847. A Haitian general and politician. He was 
 a negro, and in early life was a slave. He served under 
 Christophe against Potion, and subsequently under Boyer; 
 and was president of Haiti from March 1, 1846. 
 Richelieu (resh-lye'). A town ill the depart- 
 ment of Indre-et-Loire, France, situated on the 
 Mable 32 miles southwest of Tours. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 2,281. 
 
 Richelieu, or Chambly (shon-hle'), or St. John 
 
 (sant jon). A river in the province of Quebec, 
 Canada, which issues from Lake Champlain and 
 dows into the St. Lawrence at Sorel, 44 miles 
 northeast of Montreal. Length, about 80 miles. 
 Richelieu (F. pron. resh-lye' ; E. resh'lo), Car- 
 dinal and Due de (Armand Jean duPlessis). 
 Bora at Paris (or at the Castle of Richelieu in 
 Poitou), Sept. 5, 1585 : died at Paris, Dec. 4, 1642. 
 A celebratedFrench statesman. He waseducated 
 for the church ; became bishop of I.ugon in 1607, and secre- 
 tary of state in 1616 ; was exiled to Blois(later to Avignon)in 
 1617; became cardinal in 1622 ; and was the principal min- 
 ister of Louis XIII. 1624-42. He increased the influence 
 of France abroad and the power of the crown at home, and 
 lessened the power of the nobles. The chief events in 
 his administration were the destruction of the political 
 power of the Huguenots by the siege and capture of La 
 Rochelle 1627-28 ; the war in Italy against Spain and Aus- 
 tria 1629-30 ; the defeat of the partizans of Maria de' 
 Medici in 1630; the suppression of the rising of Mont- 
 morency and Gaston of Orleans in 1632 ; the cooperation 
 of France with Sweden in the Thirty Years’ War ; the 
 founding of the French Academy in 1635 ; and the defeat 
 of the Cinq-Mars conspiracy in 1642. His literary re- 
 mains include religious works, dramas, memoirs, corre- 
 spondence, and state papers. 
 
 Richelieu, Due de (Armand Emmanuel du 
 Plessis). Born at Paris, Sept. 25, 1766: died 
 May 17, 1822. A French politician, grandson 
 of Marshal Richelieu. He emigrated about 1789, and 
 was in the Russian service during the Revolutionary and 
 Napoleonic periods, being appointed governor of Odessa 
 in i803. He returned to Franca in 1814 ; became premier 
 in 1815; signed the treaty with the Allies in 1815; was 
 ambassador at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818; 
 and retired from office in 1818. He was premier again 
 1820-21. 
 
 Richelieu, Due de (Louis Francois Armand 
 du Plessis). Born at Paris, March 13, 1696 ; 
 ^died there, Aug. 8, 1788. A French marshal, 
 grandnephew of Cardinal Richelieu, lie defended 
 
 855 
 
 Genoa in 1747 ; captured Fort Mahon in 1756; and served 
 in Hannover 1757-58. He was the (alleged) author of “ M(5- 
 moires," published in 1790. 
 
 Richelieu. A play by Bulwer Lytton, first pro- 
 duced March 7, 1839. Macready created the 
 part. 
 
 Richepin (resh-pan'), Jean. Born at M6deah, 
 Algeria, Feb. 4, 1849. A French poet and dra- 
 matic author. He served with the francs-tireurs who 
 followed the army of BouFbaki in 1870, and went to Paris 
 in 1871 and wrote for “Le Mot d’Ordre,” “Le Corsaire," 
 “ La.V^riffi,” etc. He published “Jules Valles " (1872), 
 “L'Etoile "(a comedy, with Andrd Gill), “La chanson des 
 gueux ’’ (1876 : for thishewas imprisoned and fined), “Les 
 morts hizarres ” (1877), “Les caresses” (1877 ; a drama in 
 verse), “Les blasphemes” (1884: a collection of short 
 pieces), “Lamer"(18S6: poems), and a number of dramas, 
 among which is “ Nana Sahib ” (1882 : he wrote this for 
 Sarah Bernhardt, and played the principal part with heron 
 account of the illness of the proper actor). He also wrote 
 a version of “Macbeth’’ (1884) for tier, and “Monsieur 
 Scapin ” (1886), “Le flibustier” (l888), and “ Parle glaive” 
 (1892) for the Comddie Franqaise. 
 
 Richerus (ri-ke'rus), Latinized from Richer 
 (re-sha'). Lived in the second half of the 10th 
 century. A Frankish historian, author of a his- 
 tory for the period 888-995 (edited by Pertz 
 1839). 
 
 Riches (rich'ez). A version of Massinger’s 
 “ City Madam,” which still keeps the stage. 
 Richfield Springs (rich'feld springz). A vil- 
 lage and fashionable summer resort in Otsego 
 County, New York, situated on Schuyler Lake 
 65 miles west by north of Albany, ft has sul- 
 phur springs. Population, 1,503, (1910). 
 
 Rich Fisher, The. See Aleyn. 
 
 Richier (re-shya'), Legier or Michier. Born 
 at Dagonville, near Ligny, 1500 or 1506 : died 
 about 1572. A French sculptor. He spent five or 
 six years in Rome, where he is said to have come under 
 the personal influence of Michelangelo. He returned to 
 Lorraine about 1521, and remained there the rest of his 
 life. His work consisted largely of the decoration of houses. 
 In 1532 he executed the colossal group celebrated under 
 the name of “ the Sepulcher of Saint-Mihiel," composed of 
 eleven figures, larger than life, grouped about the foot of 
 the cross, one of the most beautiful creations of the Re- 
 naissance ; and in 1544 the mausoleum of the Prince of 
 Orange, with its extraordinary “Squelette,” in the Church 
 of Saint-Pierre at Bar-le-Duc. 
 
 Richings (rich'ingz), Peter. Born at London, 
 May 19, 1797 : died at Media, Pa., Jan. 18, 1871. 
 An English-American actor and manager. He 
 came t» America in 1821, and made his ddbut at New York 
 as Harry Bertram in “Guy Mannering.” For sixteen years 
 he was a reigning favorite at the Park Theater, where he 
 was a memherof the regular company. Captain Absolute 
 (“ The Rivals ”) was one of his best impersonations. For 
 a time he acted as manager of the Richings English opera 
 troupe, but retired from active life in 1867. 
 
 Richmond (rich'mond). A town in the North 
 Riding of Yorkshire, England, situated on the 
 Swale 42 miles northwest of York. It is noted 
 for its castle, now in ruins. Population, 3,837. 
 Richmond. A town in Surrey, England, situ- 
 ated on the south hank of the Thames, 10 
 miles west-southwest of St. Paul’s. It wa9 for. 
 merly called Sheen (Schene, ‘ beautiful \ etc. It was long 
 a royal residence : used by Edward L, Edward III., Rich- 
 ard II., Henry VII. (who gave it the name Richmond in 
 1500), etc. Richmond Park was inclosed by Charles I. 
 Richmond is a favorite summer resort, and its whitebait 
 dinners at the Star and Garter are noted. Population, 
 31,672. 
 
 Richmond. The capital of Virginia and an in- 
 dependent city, situated on the north bank of 
 the James River, in lat. 37° 32' N., long. 77° 
 27' W. It has an important trade in tobacco and flour, 
 and manufactures of tobacco, iron, etc. Among the noted 
 objects are the capitol, St. John'sChureh, Crawford’s statue 
 of Washington, etc. The site was first settled in 1609. 
 The place was called at first Byrd’s Warehouse. Richmond 
 was incorporated in 1742 ; was made the capital in 1779 ; suf- 
 fered from fire in 1811 ; was noted before the Civil War as an 
 importantcommercial center for tobacco, tea, etc.;became 
 the capital of the Confederate States May, 1861 ; was 
 threatened by McClellan in 1862 ; was besieged by Grant 
 1864-65 ; waB evacuated by the Confederates (who burned 
 the business portion) April 2, and occupied by the Federals 
 April 3, 1865 ; and suffered from a flood in 1870. Popula- 
 tion, 127,628, (1910). 
 
 Richmond. A city, capital of Way no County, 
 Indiana, situated on a branch of the White- 
 water River, 68 miles east of Indianapolis. 
 
 It is a railroad and trading center, and has manufactures 
 of agricultural implements, furniture, machinery, etc. 
 Population, 22,324, (1910). 
 
 Richmond, Dukes of. See Lennox. 
 Richmond, Earl of. The title of Henry VII. 
 of England previous to his accession to the 
 throne. 
 
 Richmond, Legh. Bom at Liverpool, Jan. 29, 
 1772: died at Turvey, Beds, England, May 8, 
 1827. An English clergyman and religious wri- 
 ter. He is best known from his tracts entitled “Annals of 
 the Poor ” (1814 : including “The Dairyman’s Daughter," 
 “The Young Cottager," “The Negro Servant,” etc.). He 
 edited “Fathers of the English Church ” (1807-12). 
 
 Richmond and Gordon, Duke of (Charles 
 Henry Gordon Lennox). Born at Richmond 
 
 Ricketts 
 
 House, Whitehall, Feb. 27, 1818 : died at Gor- 
 don Castle, Banffshire, Sept. 27, 1903. An 
 English Conservative politician. He was president 
 of the board of trade 1867-68 and 1885; lord president of 
 the council 1874-1880, and secretary for Scotland 1885-86. 
 He succeeded his father as sixth duke of Richmond in 
 1860, was created duke of Gordon in 1876, and was com- 
 monly designated as the Duke of Richmond and Gordon. 
 He was also duke of Lennox in the peerage of Scotland, and 
 due d'Aubigny in that of France. See Lennox. 
 
 Richmond Bay. An inlet of the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence, on the northern side of Prince Ed- 
 ward Island, deeply indenting that island for 
 about 10 miles. 
 
 Rich (rich) Mountain. A place in Randolph 
 County, in the eastern part of West Virginia. 
 Here, July 11, 1861, the Federals under Rose- 
 crans defeated the Confederates. 
 
 Richter (rich'ter), Adrian Ludwig. Born at 
 Dresden, Sept. 28, 1803:diednear Dresden, June 
 19, 1884. A noted German landscape-painter 
 and illustrator of scenes from German life. 
 Richter, Ernst Friedrich Eduard. Born Oct. 
 24, 1808: died April 9, 1879. A German com- 
 poser and musical writer, author of text-books 
 on harmony, counterpoint, and the fugue. 
 Richter, Eugen. Born at Diisseldorf, Prussia, 
 July 30, 1838: died March 10, 1906. A German 
 politician. He entered the Reichstag in 1867, and the 
 Prussian Landtag in 1869. He was the leader of the pro- 
 gressist (“Fortsehritts”) party, and of the German liberal 
 (“Deutsche Fi eisinnige ” ) party, and of the radical peo- 
 ple’s party (“ Freisinnige V olkspartei ” ). 
 
 Richter, Gustav. Born atBerlin, Aug. 31, 1823 : 
 died at Berlin, Aug. 3, 1884. A German painter 
 of portraits and historical subjects. 
 
 Richter, Hans. Born at Raab, Hungary, April 
 4,1843. A celebrated conductor, in 1868 he was 
 conductor at the Hof- und National-Theater, Munich ; in 
 1871 conductor at the National Theater, Pesthjand in 1875 
 became principal conductor at the Imperial Opera House, 
 Vienna, where he also conducted the Philharmonic con- 
 certs. He also directed the rehearsals of the “Nibe- 
 lungen Ring" at Bayreuth, and in 1876 the whole of the 
 festival there ; and since 1879 has conducted orchestral 
 concerts at London. He was first court kapellmeister at 
 Vienna 1893-98, and conducted the Hall£ concerts in Man- 
 chester, England, from 1897. Heconducted German opera 
 at Covent Garden from 1904. He retired in 1911. 
 
 Richter, Jean Paul Friedrich. Born at Wun- 
 
 siedel, Bavaria, March 21, 1763: died at Bay- 
 reuth, Bavaria, Nov. 14, 1825. A celebrated 
 German humorist. His father was first a teacher, and 
 subsequently village pastor at Joditz and then at Schwar- 
 zenbach. Afterthe death of his father, who left the fam- 
 ily in extreme poverty, he went to Leipsic in the hope of 
 being able to support himself by giving private instruction 
 while he studied theology. He began here his literary 
 career, in 1783, with the satirical sketches “ Diegronland- 
 ischen Processe " (“The Greenland Lawsuits ”), which met 
 with hut little success, as did also “ Auswahl aus des Teu- 
 fels Papieren” (“ Selections from the Papers of the Devil," 
 1789). After 1784 he lived with his mother in poverty at 
 Hof, whence he went to Schwarzenbach, where he taught. 
 Here, in 1793, he wrote the novel “ Die unsichtbare Loge " 
 (“The Invisible Lodge”), for which he received 100 ducats. 
 From 1791 he lived again in Hof, where he wrote (1794) 
 the novel “Hesperus," like the other a fictitious biography, 
 which firmly founded his literary fame. This was followed 
 by “Quintus Fixlein ” in 1796 ; by “ Siebenkas ” in 1796-97 
 (full title, “Blumen-, Fruclit-, und Dornenstucke, oder 
 Ehestand, Tod, und Hochzeit des Armenadvocaten Sie- 
 benkas ” : “ Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces, or Wedlock, 
 Death, and Marriage of Siebenkas, the Advocate of the 
 Poor ") ; “Campanerthal” (“The Valley of Campan,” 1797); 
 “Titan " (1800-03), “Die Flegeljahre” (“The Awkward 
 Age,” 1804-06), considered his best work; “Reise des 
 Feldpredigers Schmelzle nach Fliiz ” (“Journey of Field- 
 Preacher Schmelzle to Flaz ”) and “ Dr. Katzenbergers 
 Badereise” (“Dr. Katzenberger’s Journey to the Water- 
 ing-place ’’), both 1809. Besides these and other novels 
 and tales he wrote “Vorschule der Aesthetik” (“Prepar- 
 atory Course in Esthetics, ”1804) and “Levana oder Erzie- 
 hungslehre ” (“Levana, or the Theory of Education,” 1807). 
 He was the author also of a number of essays and political 
 pamphlets. After the death of his mother he left Hof, 
 lived for a time in Leipsic, Jena, and Weimar, and subse- 
 quently in Gotha, Hildburghausen, and, in 1801, in Berlin, 
 where he married. Afterward he lived in Meiningen, in 
 Coburg, and finally in Bayreuth, where he was made coun- 
 selor of legation and the recipient of a government pen- 
 sion, and where he died. He is best known as a writer 
 under his pseudonym Jean Paul. A complete edition of 
 his works was published at Berlin, in 1879, in 60 vols. 
 Ricimer (ris'i-mer). Died Aug. 18, 472. A Ro- 
 man commander. He was the son of a Suevic chief 
 by a daughter of Wallia, king of the West Goths ; was edu- 
 cated at thecourtof the emperor Valentinian III.; and rose 
 to high command in the Roman army. He defeated the 
 Vandals in a decisive naval battle off Corsica in 456. In the 
 same year be deposed the emperor Avitus, and in 457 
 caused himself to be created patrician. Under this title 
 he ruled the Western Empire until his death, making and 
 unmaking emperors at his pleasure, but fearing to assume 
 the purple himself on account of his barbaric origin. 
 
 Rickarees. See Ankara. 
 
 Ricketts (rik'ets), James Brewerton. Born at 
 New York, June 21, 1817 : died at Washington, 
 D. 0., Sept. 22. 1887. An American general. He 
 graduated at West Point in 1839 ; served in the Mexican 
 war ; was appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers in 
 
Ricketts 
 
 1861 ; and served in the Army of the Potomac from the first, 
 battle of Bull Run to the siege of Petersburg (1864). He 
 was brevetted major-general in the regular army in 1865. 
 
 Rico (re'ko), Martin. Born at Madrid : died 
 in April, 1908. A Spanish painter. He was a pupil 
 of Madrazo, and later studied in Rome and Paris. Most of 
 his paintings are architectural, they include many Vene- 
 tian scenes. He received the distinction of the Legion of 
 ^ Houor in 1878. 
 
 Riddell (rid'l), Mrs. (Charlotte Eliza Lawson 
 Cowan). Born Sept. 30, 1832: died Sept. 24, 
 1906. An English novelist, daughter of James 
 Cowan, of Carrickfergus, Ireland. She married J. 
 H. Riddell in 1857, and became co-proprietor and editor 
 of the “St. James’s Magazine” in 1867. She published some 
 of her earlier novels under the pseudonym of “ F. G. Traf- 
 ford.” She wrote “Far above Rubies," “George Geith,” 
 “ The Ruling Passion,” “ The Senior Partner,’ “ A Struggle 
 for Fame,” “Miss Gascoigne,” “Idle Tales,” etc. 
 
 Riddle (rill'll, George. Born at. Charlestown, 
 Mass., Sept. 22, 1851 : died at Boston, Nov. 26, 
 1910. An American elocutionist. He appeared as 
 (Edipus in the “ (Edipus Tyrannus " given at Harvard Uni- 
 versity in 1881." 
 
 Riddle, George Reade. Born at Newcastle, 
 Del., 1817 : died at Washington, D. C., March, 
 1867. An American politician. He was Demo- 
 cratic member of Congress from Delaware 1851-55, and 
 United States senator 1864-67. 
 
 Riddle, Joseph Esmond. Born about 1804 : died 
 at Cheltenham, Aug. 27,1859. AnEnglish clergy- 
 man and scholar, a graduate of Oxford. He was 
 associated with Arnold and White in the preparation of 
 Latin-English dictionaries. 
 
 Rideau Lake (re-do' lak). A lake in the prov- 
 ince of Ontario, Canada, 45 miles southwest of 
 Ottawa. It communicates by the Rideau Canal 
 with the Ottawa River and Lake Ontario. 
 Riderhood (ri'der-hud), Pleasant. In Dickens’s 
 novel “Our Mutual Friend,” Rogue Riderhood’ s 
 daughter. “Upon the smallest of small scales she was 
 an unlicensed pawnbroker, keeping what was popularly 
 called a leaving-shop.” 
 
 Riderhood, Roger or Rogue. Iu Dickens’s 
 novel “ Our Mutual Friend,” a river-thief and 
 longshoreman, the accuser of Gaffer Hexam. 
 Afterward a lock-keeper, he was drowned in the 
 lock in a struggle with Bradley Headstone. 
 Ridinger, or Riedinger (re'ding-er), Johann 
 Elias. Born at Ulm, Wiirtemberg, Feb. 15, 
 1695 : died at Augsburg, April 10, 1767. A Ger- 
 man artist, especially noted for his drawings 
 and etchings of wild animals. 
 
 Ridley (rid'li), Nicholas. Born ill Northum- 
 berland, England, about 1500: burned at Ox- 
 ford, Oct. 16, 1555. An English bishop and 
 Protestant martyr. He was chaplain to Cranmer and 
 Henry VIII., and sided with the Reformation. He be- 
 came bishop of Rochester in 1547, and of London in 1550. 
 He was arrested under Mary in 1553 and 1555, and con- 
 demned to death for heresy. See Latimer. 
 
 Riduna (ri-du'na). The Roman name of Al- 
 derney. 
 
 Ried (ret). A town in Upper Austria, Austria- 
 Hungary, 38 miles west of Linz. A treaty was con- 
 cluded here between Austria and Bavaria Oct. 3, 1813, 
 whereby Bavaria joined the alliance against Napoleon. 
 Population, 2,840, (1910). 
 
 Riedel (re'del), August. Born at Bayreuth, 
 Bavaria, Dec. 27, 1799: died at Rome, Aug. 
 8, 1883. A German painter, professor at the 
 Academy of San Luca at Rome. 
 
 Riedesel (re'de-zel), Baron Friedrich Adolph 
 von. Born at Lauterbach, Hesse, June 3, 1738: 
 died at Brunswick, Jan. 6, 1800. A German ma- 
 jor-general, commander of the Brunswick con- 
 tingent of the British forces in the Revolution- 
 ary War. He served at Ticonderoga and at Hubbard- 
 ton, and was taken prisoner at Saratoga Oct. 17, 1777. He 
 was exchanged in 1779, and commanded on Long Island 
 1779-80. Hi9 wife (1746-1808) accompanied him in his 
 American campaigns. Her “Letters” (1800) were trans- 
 lated by W. L. Stone (1867); and his “Memoirs, Letters, 
 etc.” were translated by Stone (1868). 
 
 Riego y Nunez (re-a'go e non'yeth), Rafael 
 del. Bom at Oviedo, Spain, Oct. 24, 1785 : 
 executed at Madrid, Nov. 7, 1823. A Spanish 
 general and patriot. He served against Napoleon ; 
 was leader of the revolution in southern Spain Jan. 1, 
 1820 ; was president of the Cortes ; and was taken prisoner 
 in the French invasion of 1823, and put to death as a 
 traitor. 
 
 Riehl (rel), Wilhelm Heinrich. Born at Bie- 
 brich on the Rhine, May 6, 1823 : died Nov. 16, 
 1897. A German novelist and historical writer. 
 His father was custodian of the castle at Biebrich. He 
 studied theology at Marburg, Tubingen, and Giessen, 
 and subsequently the history of culture at Bonn. For 
 the next ten years he was engaged in journalistic work in 
 turn at Frankfort, Karlsruhe, and Wiesbaden. In 1853 
 he was made professor of political economy at the 
 University of Munich, and in 1859 professor of the his- 
 tory of culture. He was ennobled in 1880. In 1885 he 
 was made director of the Bavarian National Museum. His 
 literary work was almost wholly in the direction of the 
 history of culture. From 1851 to 1855 appeared “Na- 
 turgesehichte des Volks als Grundlage einer deutschen 
 
 806 
 
 Social-rolitik (“Natural History ol thePeopleas theFoun- 
 dation of a German Social-Political System, ”3parts) ;“Mu- 
 sikalische Charakterkopfe” (“Musical Character Stud- 
 ies,” 1852-78, 3 vols.); “KultufgeschichtUche Novellen” 
 ( ‘Stories in the History of Culture,” 1856) ; "Die Pfalzer” 
 ( “ The People of the Palatinate, ”1857) ; “ Kulturstudien aus 
 drei Jahrhunderten ’(“Culture Studies from Three Centu- 
 ries,” 1859) ; “Geschichten aus alter Zeit”(“ Stories of Old 
 Times,” 1862-64, 2 vols.) ; “ Neues Novellenbuch ” (“ New 
 Story-Book," 1867); “Freie Vortrage ’’ (“ Impromptu Lec- 
 tures,” 1873-85, 2 vols.): three volumes of “Novellen” 
 (‘'Stories”) from 1875, 1880, and 1888 ; “ Kuiturgeschicht- 
 liche Charakterkopfe ’’ (“ Character Studies in the History 
 of Culture,” 1891). 
 
 Riel (re-el'), Louis. Born in Manitoba, Oct. 
 23, 1844: executed at Regina, Northwest Ter- 
 ritory, Nov. 16, 1885. A Canadian half-breed, 
 leader of the Red River rebellion of 1869-70 
 (which was suppressed by Wolseley), and of 
 the rebellion of 1885 (which was put down by 
 Middleton). 
 
 Riemann (re'miiu), Georg Friedrich Bern- 
 hard. Born at Breselenz. near Dannenberg, 
 Hannover, Sept. 17, 1826: died at Selasca, 
 Lago di Maggiore, July 20, 1866. A noted Ger- 
 man mathematician, professor at the Univer- 
 sity of Gottingen from 1857. His collected 
 works were published by H. Weber (1876). 
 
 Rienzi (re-en'ze). 1. A tragedy by Miss Mit- 
 ford, published in 1828. — 2. A historical novel 
 by Bulwer Lytton, published in 1835. — 3. An 
 opera by Wagner, first produced at Dresden in 
 1842. 
 
 Rienzi(re-en'ze), or Rienzo (re-en'zo), Cola di. 
 Born at Rome about 1313: killed at Rome, Oct. 
 8,1354. An Italian patriot. He was in 1343 employed 
 on a mission to the Pope at Avignon, by whom he was 
 made a notary of the apostolic chamber. In 1347 he led a 
 revolution at Rome which overthrew the power of the 
 aristocracy, and introduced beneficial reforms in the gov- 
 ernment. He was placed at the head of the municipality 
 under the title of tribune of the people, and received the 
 recognition of Clement VI. He became intoxicated with 
 success, and his arrogant and arbitrary conduct alienated 
 the populace, while his visionary plans for the restoration 
 of the universal dominion of the city brought him into 
 conflict with the papacy. He was expelled in 1348. Here- 
 turned in 1354 at the instance of Innocent VI., who sought 
 to recover control of the city through his instrumentality. 
 His conduct, however, provoked a riot in which he was 
 killed. 
 
 Ries (res), Ferdinand. Born at Bonn, Prussia, 
 Nov. 29, 1784: died at Frankfort, Jan. 14, 1838. 
 A German pianist and composer, a pupil of 
 Beethoven. 
 
 Riesengebirge(re'zen-ge-ber // ge). [G., ‘giants’ 
 mountains.’] A range of the Sudetic Mountain s, 
 on the boundary of Bohemia and Prussian Sile- 
 sia. They are the highest mountains in northern Ger- 
 many, and are noted for their picturesque scenery and in 
 legend. Length, 23 miles. Highest point, the Schneekoppe 
 (6,265 feet). 
 
 Riesi (re-a'se). A town in the province of Cal- 
 tanissetta, Sicily, 54 miles west by south of 
 Catania. Population, 14,944. 
 
 Rieti (re-a'te). A cathedral city in the province 
 of Perugia, Italy, situated on the Velino 42 
 miles northeast of Rome : the ancient Reate. 
 It was an ancient Sabine town. Its vicinity was famous 
 for it3 fertility. Pop., town, 14,446 ; commune, 17,977. 
 
 Rietschel (ret'shel), Ernst Friedrich August. 
 
 Born at Pulsnitz, Saxony, Dec. 15, 1804 : died 
 at Dresden, Feb. 21, 1861. A noted German 
 sculptor. Among his works are Goethe and Schiller 
 (Weimar), Lessing (Brunswick), Pi eta (Potsdam), Luther 
 (Worms), etc. 
 
 Rietz (rets), Julius. Born at Berlin, Dee. 28, 
 1812: died at Dresden, Sept. 12, 1877. A Ger- 
 man composer, conductor, violoncellist, and 
 musical editor. 
 
 Rif (ref), or Riff (rif), or Er Rif (er ref). A range 
 of mountains in northern Morocco, nearly par- 
 allel with the Mediterranean coast. The aggres- 
 sions of its inhabitants, the Riffians, led to complications 
 bet ween Spain and Morocco in 1893, and to war with Spain 
 1909-11. 
 
 Riffelberg (rif'fel-berG). A noted height south 
 of Zermatt in the Alps of Valais, Switzerland. 
 
 Height, at the Riffel Hotel on the summit, 8,430 feet. 
 
 Riffis (rif'iz), or Riffians (rif'i-anz). The in- 
 habitants of the Rif mountains. See Rif. 
 
 Riga(re'ga). [Russ. Riga, Lett. RtVfpe, Esthonian 
 Ria-lin.'] A seaport, capital of the government of 
 Livonia, Russia, situated on the Diina, near its 
 month, inlat. 56° 57' N., long. 24°8' E. Itisoneof 
 the chief cities in Russia in commerce and population ; ex- 
 ports flax, hemp, linseed, timber, grain, etc. ; and has manu- 
 factures of machinery, woolens, cigars, etc. The cathedral 
 (with one of the largest organs in the world) and the castle 
 are notable. Riga was settled by Bishop Albert of Livonia 
 in 1201; was ruled by the bishops and by the Knights 
 Sword-bearers (who coalesced with the Teutonic Order in 
 1237) ; passed to Poland in 1561 ; was taken by Gustavus 
 Adolphus in 1621; and was finally taken and annexed by 
 Russia in 1710. Population, with suburbs, 315,300. 
 
 Riga, Gulf of. An arm of the Baltic Sea, north 
 
 Rikwa 
 
 of Corn-land and west of Livonia. Length, 
 about 115 miles. 
 
 Rigas (re'gas), Konstantinos. Born about 1753: 
 executed 1798. A Greek patriot and poet. 
 
 Rigaud (re-go'). A character in Dickens’s “Lit- 
 tle Dorrit,” a sinister-looking, sharp, murderous 
 criminal, formerly a convict in Marseilles: 
 otherwise Blandois, otherwise Lagnier. His 
 “ moustache went up and his nose went down.” 
 
 Rigaud, Hyacinthe. Born at Perpignan, 
 France, July 20, 1659: died Dee. 27, 1743. A 
 French portrait-painter. 
 
 Rigault de Genouilly (re-go' de zhno-ye'), 
 Charles. Born at Rochefort, France, April 12, 
 1807 : died at Paris, May 14, 1873. A French 
 admiral and politician. He served in the Crimean 
 and Chinese wars, and was minister of marine under Na- 
 poleon III. 1867-70. 
 
 Rigdon (rig'don), Sidney. Born in St. Clair 
 township, Allegheny County, N. Y., Feb. 19, 
 1793: died at Friendship, N. Y., July 14, 1876. 
 All American Mormon. He was associated with Jo. 
 seph Smith about 1829, and was collaborator with him in 
 publishing the “ Book of Mormon.” 
 
 Rigdumfunnidos (rig'dum-fun'i-dos). A lord 
 in waiting at the court of Chrononhotonthol- 
 ogos, in Carey’s burlesque of that name. Scott 
 gave this name to John Ballantyne, his printer, as being 
 more mercurial than his brother. See Aldiborontephos- 
 cophornio. 
 
 Rigel (re'jel or ri'jel). [Ar. rijl-al-jausd , the 
 leg of the giant.] The brilliant white double 
 first-magnitude star (3 Orionis. The same name 
 (then, however, more usually spelled Rigil) is also some- 
 times given to Centauri. 
 
 Rigg (rig), James Harrison. Born at Newcas- 
 tle-on-Tyne, 1821: died April 18, 1909. An Eng- 
 lish Wesleyan clergyman. He became principal of 
 tile Wesleyan Training College in 1868, and was president 
 of the Wesleyan Conference in 1878. He published “ The 
 Churchmanship of John Wesley and Wesleyan Metho- 
 dism ’’ (1868), “ A Comparative View of Church Organiza- 
 tions ” (1887), etc. 
 
 RiggS (rigz), Elias. Born Nov. 10, 1810 : died 
 Jan. 17, 1901. An American missionary. He 
 graduated at Andover Theological Seminary in 1832, 
 and was a missionary at Constantinople from 1853. He 
 published “Manual of the Chaldee Language" (1832), 
 etc. 
 
 Riggs, Stephen Return. Born at Steubenville, 
 Ohio, March 23, 1812: died at Beloit, Wis., Aug. 
 24, 1883. An American missionary among the 
 Dakota Indians. He published various works on the 
 Dakotas and their language, including “Grammar and Dic- 
 tionary of the Dakota Language ” (1862). 
 
 Righi. See Rigi. 
 
 Right (rit), Captain. A fictitious title borne 
 by an insurgent leader whom the peasants of 
 Ireland in the 18th century were sworn to obey. 
 
 Right, Petition of. See Petition of Right. 
 
 Rightful Heir, The. A play by Bulwer Lytton, 
 produced in 1869. 
 
 Rights, Bill of. 1 . See Declaration of Right . — 
 2. A statement or declaration of personal rights 
 in the constitution of a State of the American 
 Union, incorporated in the amendments to the 
 Constitution of the United States. 
 
 Rights of Man, The. A work by Thomas Paine, 
 published in 1791 : a reply to Burke’s “ Reflec- 
 tions on the Revolution in France.” 
 
 Rigi, or Righi (re'gi). A mountain on the bor- 
 der of the cantons of Lucerne and Schwyz, 
 Switzerland, situated north of the Lake of Lu- 
 cerne and south of the Lake of Zug, 8 miles east 
 of Lucerne. Isolated in position, it is famous for its 
 extensive view (300 miles in circumference). It is a noted 
 tourist resort, reached by rack-and -pinion railways from 
 Arth and Vitznau. Highest point, the Rigi-Kulm (5,905 
 feet). 
 
 Rigi, Bavarian. A name sometimes given to 
 the Peissenberg, south of the Ammersee. 
 
 Rigi of Upper Swabia. A name given to the 
 Griinten, Bavaria, on account of its extensive 
 view. 
 
 Rigolets (re-go-la') Pass. A strait in eastern 
 Louisiana, the outlet of Lake Pontchartrain 
 into Lake Borgne and the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Rigoletto(re-go-let'to). An opera by Verdi, pro- 
 duced at Venice in 1851. 
 
 Rigveda. See Veda. 
 
 Rigvidhana (rg-vi-d-ha'na). [Skt., lit. ‘ar- 
 rangement’ or ‘disposition of the Rik,’ or Rig- 
 veda.] A Sanskrit work treating of the magic 
 efficacy of the recitation of the hymns of the Rig- 
 veda. or of single verses. It belongs to the period of 
 the Puranas. It has been edited by R. Meyer, Berlin, 
 
 ★ 1877. 
 
 Riis (res), Jacob. Born at Ribe, Denmark, May 
 3, 1849. A Danish-American reporter and writer 
 on social topics. He has written “How the Other 
 Half Lives” (1890), “Children of the Poor” (1892), etc. 
 
 Rikwa. See Wcitspekan. 
 
Riley, Charles Valentine 
 
 Riley (ri'li), Charles Valentine. Born at Lon- 
 don, Sept. 18, 1843: died Sept. 14, 1895. An 
 Anglo-American entomologist. He was State 
 entomologist of Missouri 1868-77, when he was appoint- 
 ed chief of the United States commission to investigate 
 the Rocky Mountain locust. From 1881 to 1894 he was 
 head of the entomological division of the department 
 of agriculture at Washington. He made important re- 
 searches on the phylloxera, the potato-beetle, cotton-worm, 
 
 ★ etc - 
 
 Riley, Janies Whitcomb. Born at Greenfield, 
 Ind., 1854. An American poet and dialect 
 writer. He was for a time engaged in journalism. He 
 first published under the pseudonym “Benj. F. Johnson 
 of Boone.” Among his works are “The Old Swimmin’ 
 Hole, etc." (1883), “Afterwhiles” (1887), “Character 
 Sketches, etc.” (1887), “Old-Fashioned Roses, etc." (1888), 
 “Pipes o’ Pan, etc. ’’ (1889), “Green Fields and Running 
 Brooks” (1893), “Poems Here at Home” (1893), etc. 
 
 RilO-Dagh (re-lo-diig'). A mountain group in 
 southwestern Bulgaria, about 40 miles south 
 of Sofia, connecting the Rhodope and Balkan 
 mountains. Height, about 8,775 feet. 
 Rima-Szombat (rim ' o - som ' bot), G. Gross- 
 Steffelsdorf (gros'stef'fels-dorf). The capital 
 of the county of Gomor, Hungary, situated on 
 the Rima 78 miles northeast of Budapest. Pop- 
 ulation, 5,849. 
 
 Rime Of Sir Thopas. One of Chaucer’s “ Can- 
 terbury Tales,” a burlesque on the metrical 
 romances of the day. 
 
 Rime of the Ancient Mariner. See Ancient 
 
 Mariner . 
 
 Rimini (re'me-ne). A city in the province of 
 Forli, Italy, situated near the Adriatic in lat. 
 44° 4' N. , long. 12° 34' E. : the ancient Ariminum. 
 It has silk manufactures, and there is sea-bathing in the 
 neighborhood. The cathedral was built in the 14th and 
 renovated in the 15th century. There are notable Roman 
 antiquities, including an amphitheater and a triumphal 
 arch. The bridge of Augustus, across the Marecchia, is 
 one of the most perfect of ancient bridges. It is built of 
 marble in five arches, with a square pedimented niche in 
 every pier. It is 236 feet long and 14.7 wide, and the span 
 of the central arch is 34 feet. The place was atown of the 
 ^Jmbriana, laterof the Etruscans, and then of the Senones ; 
 was made a Roman colony about 268 B. c.; was the termi- 
 nus of the Flaminian and .Emilian ways ; and was the 
 starting-point of Julius Caesar in the civil war 49 B. C. It 
 was an important imperial city ; was later subjected to the 
 exarchate, and one of the cities forming the Pentapolis ; 
 and came under the rule of the Malatesta family in the first 
 part of the 13th century. Its most noted ruler was Sigis- 
 mondo Malatesta (15th century). It passed definitely to 
 the Papal States in 1528, and was annexed to Italy in 1860. 
 Population, town, 10,090 ; commune, 43,203. 
 
 Rimini, Francesca da. See Francesca da Ri- 
 mini. 
 
 Rimini, Story of. A poem by Leigh Hunt, pub- 
 lished in 1816. 
 
 Rimmer (rim'er), William. Born at Liverpool, 
 England, Feb. 20, 1816: died at South Milford, 
 Mass., Aug. 20, 1879. An American sculptor, 
 painter, and art anatomist. His father, a French 
 refugee, whose name, Thomas Rimmer, was assumed, set- 
 tled in Boston as a shoemaker in 1826. Before 1845 Rim- 
 mer commenced the study of medicine, and in 1855 began to 
 practise it at East Milton , Massachusetts, painting portraits 
 and religious pictures as occasion offered. He carved the 
 “Head of St. Stephen "in 1861, and modeled the “ Falling 
 Gladiator." In 1864 he executed a statue of Alexander 
 Hamilton, and immediately afterward the “Osiris," his 
 favorite work. The “Dying Centaur” was made about 
 1871, and the “Fighting Lions ” (presented to the Boston 
 Art Club) at the same time. He published" Art Anatomy” 
 in 1877. From 1876 he was professor of anatomy and sculp- 
 ture at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 
 
 Rimmon. See Ramman. 
 
 Rimnik (rem'nek). A small river in Rumania 
 which joins the Sereth 28 miles west-northwest 
 of Galatz. Near it, in 1789, the Russians under 
 Suvaroff defeated the Turks. 
 
 Rimouski (re-mos-ke'). A watering-place, 
 capital of the county of Rimouski, Quebec, Can- 
 ada, situated on the St. Lawrence 45 miles north- 
 east of the mouth of the Saguenay. 
 
 Rinaldo (ri-nal'do). [F. Renaud.'] 1. A famous 
 character in medieval romance. He was one of the 
 four sons of Aymon, the cousin of Orlando, and one of the 
 bravest of the knights of Charlemagne. In the French ro- 
 mances he is known as Renaud, or Regnault, or Renaud 
 do Montauban. The last is the title of a chanson de geste 
 attributed to Huon de Villeneuve, devoted to an account 
 of his adventures. It was to Renaud or Rinaldo that the 
 famous horse Bayard was given. See Quatre Fils Aymon. 
 2. A steward in Shakspere’s “ All ’s Well that 
 Ends Well.” 
 
 Rinaldo and Armida. A tragedy ( from Tasso’s 
 “ Gerusalemme Liberata”) by John Dennis, 
 produced at Lincoln’s Inn Fields in 1699. 
 Rinaldo Rinaldini (re-niil'do re-nal-de'ne). A 
 romance by Vulpius, published in 1797. 
 
 Rind (rind). In Norse mythology, one of the 
 wives of Odin, personifying the crust of the 
 earth. 
 
 Rinehart (rin'hart), William Henry. Bom in 
 
 857 
 
 Maryland, Sept. 13, 1825 : died at Rome, Oct. 28, 
 187 4. An American sculptor, resident at Rome 
 after 1858. He completed Crawford’s bronze doors (at 
 Washington). Among his other works are “Clytie "(in 
 Baltimore), “Love Reconciled with Death ” (Baltimore), 
 “ Woman of Samaria," “Latona and her Children," etc. 
 Ring and the Book, The. A poem by Robert 
 Browning, published in 1869. 
 
 Ring des Nibelungen (ringdes ne'be-long-en), 
 Der. [G., ‘The Ring of the Nibelung.’] A 
 sequence of four musical dramas by Wagner, 
 first played together at Bayreuth in 1876. it com- 
 prises “ Das Rheingold ” (the first part was first performed 
 1869), “Die Walkure" (1870), “Siegfried "(1876), and “Got- 
 terdammerung ’’ (1876). It has very little in common with 
 the “Nibelungenlied, being based on the Icelandic sagas. 
 Ringkjobing (ring'che // bing) Fjord. A lagoon 
 on the western coast of Jutland, Denmark, com- 
 municating with the North Sea. Length, about 
 20 miles. 
 
 Rink (ringk), Henry John. Born at Copenhagen 
 in 1819: died at Christiania, Norway, Dec., 1894. 
 A Danish naturalist and explorer. He went round 
 the world in the Galatea in 1845, and in 1848 made the first 
 of thirty-eight exploring expeditions to Greenland. He 
 became inspector in South Greenland, and returned to 
 Denmark as director of the Greenland trade in 1871. He 
 wrote numerous works about Greenland. 
 
 Rink (ringk), Johann Christian Heinrich. 
 
 Born at Elgersburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Feb. 
 18, 1770: died at Darmstadt, Aug. 7, 1846. A 
 noted German composer for the organ. 
 Rinteln (rin'teln). A town in the province of 
 Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated on the Weser 
 30 miles west-southwest of Hannover. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 5,329. 
 
 Rio. A common abbreviation of Rio de Janeiro. 
 Riobamba (re-6-bam'ba). A town in Ecuador, 
 95 miles south of Quito. It was removed from its 
 former site at C’ajabamba after its destruction by an earth- 
 quake in 1797. Population, about 18,000. 
 
 Rio Branco. See Branco. 
 
 Rio Branco, Viscount of. See Silva Faranhos, 
 Jose Maria da. 
 
 Rio Bravo del Norte. See Rio Grande del Norte. 
 Rio Cuarto, or Concepcion del Rio Cuarto 
 
 (kon-thep-the-on' del re'o ko-ar'to). A town in 
 the province of Cordoba, Argentine Republic, 
 on the Rio Cuarto 112 miles south of Cdrdoba. 
 Population, about 14,000. 
 
 Rio de Janeiro (re'o de zha-na'ro), often called 
 Rio. [Pg-,‘ river of January,’ a name applied to 
 the bay, in allusion to th e date of its discovery. ] 
 The capital, largest city, and most important 
 port and commercial center of Brazil, situated 
 on the western side of the Bav of Rio de Ja- 
 neiro, in lat. 22° 54' S., long. 43° 8' W. With 
 its beautiful suburbs it nearly surrounds a 
 group of mountains. The city contains nu- 
 merous public institutions, including libraries, 
 a museum, observatory, navy-yard, large 
 hospitals, etc. The leading export is coffee. 
 Epidemics of yellow fever have occurred in the 
 summer months (Oct. -May). The city, with 
 its environs, forms the federal district. The 
 district is governed by a prefect, assisted 
 by a council. Area, 538 square miles. 
 The Bay of Rio de Janeiro was discovered and named 
 Jan. 1, 1516. In 1555 Villegaignon established a col- 
 ony of French Protestants on the island which still 
 bears his name ; they were driven out in 1567 by the 
 Portuguese, who then founded the city of Sao Sebastiao, 
 or Rio de Janeiro. In 1762 it was made the capital 
 of the state of Brazil, to which Maranhao(northern Brazil) 
 was attached in 1774. It was the residence of the Portu- 
 guese court 1808-21, and became the capital of the empire 
 of Brazil in 1822. Until 1834 it was also the capital of the 
 province of Rio de Janeiro. The revolution of 1889 oc- 
 curred here, and in 1893 the city was bombarded during 
 the naval rebellion. Population, federal district, 811,443. 
 
 Rio de Janeiro. A maritime state of Brazil, 
 lying south of Minas Geraes. Capital, Nicthe- 
 roy. Area, 26,634 square miles. Population, 
 excluding the Municipio Neutro which it sur- 
 rounds, 926,035. 
 
 Rio de Janeiro, Bay of. A bay on the coast of 
 Brazil, the port of Rio de Janeiro. It is one of the 
 finest harbors in the world, and is noted for its beauty. 
 Length, about 17 miles. 
 
 Rio de la Plata (re'o da la pla'ta), or La Plata, 
 or Plate (plat). [Sp., ‘river of silver.’] An 
 estuary between Uruguay and the Argentine Re- 
 public. It is formed by the union of the Uruguay and the 
 combined Parani and Paraguay, and falls into the Atlantic 
 about lat. 35° S. The cities Buenos Ayres and Montevideo 
 stand on it. Length, about 150 miles. The name is also 
 given to the river-system finding its outlet in this estuary. 
 Compare Parana and Paraguay. 
 
 RlO de la Plata. A colonial division of Span- 
 ish South America, at first called a territory 
 (gobernacion), and later a province, it. was sep- 
 arated from Paraguay in 1620, Buenos Ayres being made 
 the capital and the seat of a bishop. It was the basis of the 
 
 Rio Negro. Captaincy of 
 
 modern Argentine Republic, but embraced only the modern 
 provinces of Buenos Ayres, and Entre Rios, with Uruguay; 
 the northeastern portion of the present republic was at- 
 tached to Paraguay, the western part to Chile; Patagonia 
 was unexplored, and Cdrdoba and Santa Fd (later the prov- 
 ince of Tucuman) were a part of Charcas. The governor 
 of Rio de la Plata was subject to the viceroy of Peru. Id 
 1661 an audience or high court was established at Buenos 
 Ayres, and thereafter the governor was president of the 
 audience with the title of captain general. Thisarrange- 
 mentcontinued until the province was merged in the vice- 
 royalty of La Plata in 1776. 
 
 Rio Grande (re'o gran'da). [Sp. and Pg., ‘great 
 river.’] A name designating various rivers in 
 regions discovered by the Spanish and Portu- 
 guese. (a) A river in Senegambia which Bows into the 
 Atlantic about lat. 11° 45' N. Estimated length, about 300 
 miles. (6) One of the chief head streams of the river Parani 
 in Brazil. It forms part of the boundary between the states 
 of Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo, and unites with the Para- 
 naliyba about lat. 19° S. Length, over 600 miles. Also 
 called the Para, (c) The name given to the upper part of 
 the Araguaya, (d) One of the head streams of the Mam ore, 
 in Bolivia. Also called the Guapey. (e) The Rio Grande 
 del Norte. 
 
 Rio Grande del Norte (del nor'ta), or Rio 
 Bravo del Norte (re'o bra'vo del nor'ta), or 
 Rio Grande (often pronounced in the United 
 States re'o grand'). [Sp.,‘ great river (or fine 
 river) of the north.’] A river in North America. 
 It rises in the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Colorado, 
 traverses New Mexico from north to south, forms the boun- 
 dary between Mexico and Texas, and flows into the Gulf 
 of Mexico below Matamoros. The chief tributary is the 
 Pecos. Length, estimated, about 1,800 miles ; navigable 
 (for small boats only) to Kingsbury Rapids (about 450 
 miles). 
 
 Rio Grande de Santiago (da san-te-a'go). A 
 river in Mexico, principally in Jalisco, which 
 flows into the Pacific about lat. 21° 40' N. It 
 is called in its upper course the Rio de Lerma. 
 Length, about 500 miles. 
 
 Rio Grande do Belmonte. See Jequitinhonha. 
 Rio Grande do Norte (do nor'te). [Pg., ‘great 
 river of the north.'] A maritime state of Bra- 
 zil, lying north of Parahyba. Capital, NataL 
 Area, 22,195 squaremiles. Population, 274,317. 
 Rio Grande do Sul (do sol). [Pg., ‘ great river 
 of the south.’] The outlet of the Lagoa dos 
 Patos, Brazil, near lat. 32° 8' S. Length, about 
 50 miles. 
 
 Rio Grande do Sul, formerly Sao Pedro do 
 Rio Grande do Sul, which was often abbrevi- 
 ated to Sao Pedro. 1. The southernmost state 
 of Brazil. It borders on the Atlantic, Uruguay, and the 
 Argentine Republic, and contains various successful Ger- 
 man and Italian colonies. Area, 91,333 square miles. 
 Population, 1,149,070. 
 
 2. A seaport in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, 
 situated on the Rio Grande do Sul in lat. 32° 
 
 5., long. 52° 8' W. It is the chief port in the state, 
 and exports hides, dried meat, tallow, etc. Population, 
 29,492. 
 
 Rioja (re-o'Hii), La. 1. A province in the 
 northwestern part of the Argentine Republic, 
 bordering for a short distance on Chile. Area, 
 34,546 square miles. Population, 86,851.-2. 
 The capital of the province of Rioja, near lat. 
 29° 19' S., long. 67° 10' W. Population, about 
 
 10 . 000 . 
 
 Rioja, La. A fertile plain in the province of 
 Logrono, Spain, situated on the right bank of 
 the Ebro. 
 
 Riom (ryon' ). A town in the department of Puy- 
 de-Dome, France, situated on the Ambfene 9 
 miles north of Clermont-Ferrand. It has consid- 
 erable trade ; was formerly the capital of Auvergne ; and 
 contains several old churches. Population, 10,627. 
 
 Rion (re-on'), or Rioni (re-6'ne). A river in 
 Transcaucasia, Russia, which flows into the 
 Black Sea 39 miles north of Batum : the ancient 
 Phasis. Legend connects it with the expedition of the 
 Argonauts, and it was on the line of traffic between Europe 
 and Asia from very early times. Length, about 150 miles. 
 Rio Negro (re'o na'gro). [Pg., ‘ black river.’] 
 A river in South America, it rises in Colombia 
 (region also claimed by Venezuela); flows through northern 
 Brazil ; and joins the Amazon about 75 miles west of the 
 mouth of the Madeira (lat. 3° 9' S., long. 59° 58' W.). In 
 its upper course it is called the Guaynia. It communicates 
 by the Cassiquiare with the Orinoco. The chief tributaries 
 are the Uapbs and Branco. Length, about 1,350 miles ; 
 navigable for 600 miles, and, after passing 20 miles of 
 rapids, for a long distance beyond. 
 
 RlO Negro. A river of the Argentine Republic, 
 rising in the Andes and flowing east-southeast 
 to the Atlantic, which it reaches near lat. 41° S. 
 Most of its course lies within the territory of Rio Negro. 
 Length, about 660 miles ; the greater part is said to be nav- 
 igable. 
 
 Rio Negro, or Sao Jos6 do Rio Negro (soun 
 zho-za' do re'ij na'gro), Captaincy of. A colo- 
 nial division of Brazil, created in 1759, and cor- 
 responding nearly to the present state of 
 Amazonas, It was called at first Sao Jos6 do Javary. 
 
Rio Negro, Captaincy of 
 
 It was united to the province of Pari in 1822, and again 
 separated as the province of Amazonas in 1852 (by decree 
 of 1850). 
 
 Rios (re'os), Jos6 Amador de los. Born at 
 Baena, Spain, May 1, 1818: died at Seville, Feb. 
 17, 1878. A Spanish historian, professor of lit- 
 erature at the University of Madrid. He wrote 
 “ Historia critica de la literatura espanola ” 
 (1861-67), etc. 
 
 Rio Seco (re'5 sa'ko) [Sp., ‘dry river’], or 
 
 Medina del Rio Seco. See Medina de Bio 
 Seco. 
 
 Rio Tinto ( ten'to). [Sp. , ‘ colored (or red)river.’] 
 A mining town in the province of Huelva, Spain, 
 46 miles northwest of Seville. Population, 
 11,603. 
 
 Riouw. See Bhio. 
 
 Rio Vermejo. See Vermejo. 
 
 Ripley (ripTi). A town in Derbyshire, Eng- 
 land, 10 miles north by east of Derby. Popu- 
 lation, 10,111. 
 
 Ripley, Eleazar Wheelock. Born at Hanover, 
 N. H., April 15, 1782: died in Louisiana, March 
 2, 1839. An American general and politician. 
 He served in the War of 1812, and at the battles of Chip- 
 pewa, Niagara, and Fort Erie in 1814. He was Democratic 
 member of Congress from Louisiana 1835-39. 
 
 Ripley, George. Born at Greenfield, Mass., 
 Oct. 3, 1802: died at New York, July 4, 1880. 
 An American critic and scholar. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1823, and was settled as a Unitarian clergyman 
 in Boston. He was one of the leaders of the Transcenden- 
 talists, one of the founders of the "Dial," and one of the 
 chief promoters of the Brook Farm experiment. In 1819 
 he became literary critic for the New York ‘‘Tribune"; 
 and was joint editor with C. A. Dana of the “New Ameri- 
 can Cyclopaedia ” 1857-63, and of the revised edition 1873- 
 1876. 
 
 Ripley, Mount. A peak in the Coast Range, 
 California, about lat. 39° N. Height, about 
 7,500 feet. 
 
 Ripon (rip'on). A city in the West Riding of 
 Yorkshire, England, situated at the junction 
 of the Skell with the Ure, 22 miles northwest of 
 York. It was formerly noted for its manufactures of 
 woolens and spurs. The cathedral was builtbetween the 
 12th and the 15th century. The interior forms a pictur- 
 esque mass, with its low square tower at the crossing, and 
 the 2 towers Hanking the west front. The fagade has 3 
 recessed canopied doors, which are surmounted by 2 tiers 
 of 6 lancets, and 3 small lancets adorn the upper part of the 
 gable. The interior is very plain. The nave is for the 
 most part Perpendicular. The choir is walled in by a 
 sculptured Perpendicular screen. The large Decorated 
 east window is handsome, as are the 15th-century stalls. 
 The crypt, dating from the 7th century, is one of the only 
 two Saxon crypts surviving in England. The cathedral 
 measures 270 by 87 feet. Population, 8,230. 
 
 Ripon, Earls and Marquis of. See Bobinson. 
 Ripon, Treaty of. A truce concluded at Ripon 
 by Charles I. with the Scots in Oct., 1640. 
 Rippach (rip'pacb), Hans von. A German 
 slang designation, denoting a coarse, awkward, 
 boorish fellow: an equivalent for the Scotch 
 Sawney as it is used in some localities. Taylor, 
 Notes to Faust. 
 
 Rippoldsau (rip'pold-sou). A village and wa- 
 tering-place in the Black Forest, Baden, 27 miles 
 east-southeast of Strasburg. 
 
 Ripuarian Franks. See Franks. 
 
 Rip Van Winkle (ripvanwing'kl). The hero of 
 one of the principal stories in the “Sketch-Book” 
 by Washington Irving, published in 1819. The 
 scene is laid in the Catskills, and the point of the story lies 
 hi the awakeningof Rip Van Winkle, an easy, good-natured 
 ne’er-do-well, from a sleep of 20 years to find himself a tot- 
 tering old man, his wife dead, his village changed, and his 
 country a republic. It has furnished the material for 8 
 or 10 plays. Boucicault rewrote the existing one, and it 
 was first produced in his version at the London Adelphiin 
 1865. Joseph Jefferson altered the play, and made the 
 part of Rip Van Winkle peculiarly his own. 
 
 Riquet with the Tuft. [F. Bi quet d la houppe .] 
 A fairy tale by Perrault, translated into Eng- 
 lish in the 18th century. He took the story from 
 Straparoia. Madame Le Prince de Beaumont expanded 
 the story into “Beauty and the Beast.” 
 
 Rishanger, William. An English chronicler 
 who flourished about the beginning of the 14th 
 century. He was a monk of St. Albans, and compiled 
 a chronicle covering the period from 1259-1307, which is 
 commonly looked upon as a continuation of Matthew 
 Paris. 
 
 Rishi (ri'shi ; Skt. pron. r'shi). In the Veda, 
 ‘singer of sacred songs,’ ‘poet.’ These ancient 
 singers appear to later generations as the saints of pri- 
 meval times. “The seven [that is, many] Rishis ” are the 
 representatives of those times. The expression is also used 
 of the seven stars of the Great Bear. 
 
 Risk (risk). A character in the musical farce 
 “ Love Laughs at Locksmiths,” by the younger 
 Colman. Risk was a favorite character with 
 Charles Mathews. 
 
 Rist (rist), Johann. Born at Ottensen, Hol- 
 stein, March 8, 1607 : died at Wedel, Holstein, 
 
 858 
 
 Aug. 31, 1667. A German poet and author, es- 
 ★pecially noted for his hymns. 
 
 Ristori (res-to're), Adelaide. Born atCividale, 
 Friuli, Jan. 29, 1822 : died at Rome, Oct. 9, 
 1906. A noted Italian tragic actress. She ap- 
 peared in Paris in 1855, and was regarded as posing as the 
 rival of Rachel, who was then in the height of her success. 
 Notwithstanding much heated criticism, she became more 
 and more successful, and her reception in other countries, 
 especially in the United States, was enthusiastic. She 
 retired from the English stage in 1873, but later appeared 
 occasionally. Among her leading parts were Francesca 
 da Rimini, Maria Stuart, Piadei Tolomei, Myrrha, Phaidra, 
 Lady Macbeth, Judith, etc. 
 
 Ritchie (rieh'i), Mrs. (Anna Cora Ogden: also 
 Mrs. Mowatt). Born at Bordeaux, France, 
 about 1819: died at Henley-on-Thames, Eng- 
 land, July 28, 1870. An American actress, nov- 
 elist, dramatist, and poet. She married James Mo- 
 watt in 1834, and owing to loss of property went on the 
 stage at New York in 1845. She left the stage before her 
 marriage to W. F. Ritchie. She published her autobiog- 
 raphy in 1854. Among her plays are “ Gulzara " (1840), 
 “ Fashion ’’ (1845), "Armand ” (1847). 
 
 Ritchie, Lady Richmond (Anne Isabella 
 Thackeray). Bom at London, 1838. An Eng- 
 lish novelist, the daughter of William Make- 
 peace Thackeray. She has published “The Story of 
 Elizabeth” (1863), “The Village on the Cliff” (1863), “Old 
 Kensington” (1873), “Miss Angel” (1875), “ A Book of 
 Sibyls ” (1883), an edition of Thackeray (1898), etc. 
 
 Rito Alto (re'to al'to), Mount. A peak of the 
 Sangre de Cristo range, Colorado. Height, 
 about 13,000 feet. 
 
 Ritschl (ritsli'l), Albrecht. Bom at Berlin, 
 March 25, 1822: died March 20, 1889. A Ger- 
 man Protestant theologian, professor at Got- 
 tingen from 1864. He wrote “Die chriStliche Lehre 
 von derRechtfertigungund derVersbhnung"(“TheOhris- 
 tian Doctrine of Justification and Expiation, ”1870-74), etc. 
 
 Ritschl, Friedrich Wilhelm. Born at Gross- 
 
 vargula, Thuringia, April 6, 1806: died at Leip- 
 sic, Nov. 9, 1876. A noted German classical 
 philologist. He became professor at Breslau in 1834, 
 atBonn in 1839, and at Leipsic in 1865. He is best known 
 from his works on Plautus (including an edition 1848-54). 
 He edited “Priscae latinitatis monumenta epigraphica” 
 (1862 : facsimiles of Latin inscriptions). His lesser philo- 
 logical writings were published 1867-79. 
 
 Ritson (rit'son), Joseph. Born at Stockton, Eng- 
 land, Oct. 2, 1752 : died 1803. An English anti- 
 quary. Among his works are “ Ancient Songs " (1792), 
 “ Scottish Songs " (1 794), “Robin Hood ” (1795 : a collection 
 of ballads). 
 
 Rittenhouse (rit'n-hous), David. Born near 
 Philadelphia, April 8, 1732: died at Philadel- 
 phia, June 26, 1796. An American astronomer. 
 He worked on his father’s farm until about the age of 19, 
 when he established himself as a clock-maker at Norriton. 
 He also made mathematical instruments, and in 1770 com- 
 pleted an orrery on an improved model devised by himself. 
 He was elected a member of the American Philosophical 
 Society in 1768, and in 1769 made an observation of the 
 transit of Venus. He was treasurer of Pennsylvania 1777- 
 1789; was professor of astronomy in the University of 
 Pennsylvania 1779-82; and was director of the United 
 States mint at Philadelphia 1792-95. He was elected an 
 honorary fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1795, 
 and was president of the American Philosophical Society 
 from 1790 until his death. 
 
 Ritter (rit'ter), Frederic Louis. Born at Stras- 
 burg, 1834: died at Antwerp, July 6, 1891. An 
 American composer, conductor, and musical 
 writer. His family were Spanish : their name was Cabal- 
 lero, which lie translated. He came to America in 1856 and 
 went to Cincinnati, where he organized the Cecilia and 
 Philharmonic societies. In 1861 he became conductor of 
 the Arion and Sacred Harmonic societies, New York, and 
 was director of music at Vassar College 1867-91. He pub. 
 lished “A History of Music "(1870-74),“ Music in England" 
 (1883), “Music in Ameriea”(1883),“ Manual of Musical His- 
 tory, etc." (1886), etc. His wife. Fanny Raymond Ritter, 
 has written “Woman as a Musician "(1877), “Some Famous 
 Songs" (1878), “Songs and Ballads ”(1887), and has trans- 
 lated Lobe’s “Catechism of Music,” Ehlert’s “Letters on 
 Music,” Schumann’s “ Music and Musicians,” etc. 
 Ritter, Heinrich. Born at Zerbst, Germany, 
 Nov. 21, 1791: died at Gottingen, Feb. 3, 1869. 
 A German philosopher, professor at Gottingen 
 from 1837. His chief work is “Geschickte der 
 Pbilosophie ” (“History of Philosophy,” 1829- 
 1855). 
 
 Ritter, Karl. Born at Quedlinburg, Prussia, 
 Aug. 7, 1779: died at Berlin, Sept. 28, 1859. A 
 celebrated German geographer, professor at 
 Berlin from 1820. His chief work is “ Die Erdkunde 
 im Verhaltniss zur Natur und Geschichte des Mensehen" 
 (“Geography in Relation to Nature and to the History of 
 Man,” 1817-i8 : incomplete ; revised ed. treating of Africa 
 and Asia). Among his other works are ‘ ‘ Europa ” (1804-07). 
 lectures on universal and European geography, etc. 
 
 Rittershaus (rit'ters-hous), Friedrich Emil. 
 
 Born at Barmen, Prussia, April 3, 1834 : died 
 there, March 8, 1897. A German lyric poet. 
 Kitusanhara (r-to-san-ha'ra). [‘ The Collection 
 or Circle of the Seasons.’] A Sanskrit poem 
 by Kalidasa on the six Indian seasons : the hot 
 season, the rains, autumn, the cold season, the 
 
 Rivera, Jos6 Fructuoso 
 
 dewy season, the spring. “Kalidasa’s fine feeling 
 for nature and its beauty, his rich gift of observation, which 
 even the little and the least do not escape, his symmetri- 
 cally beautiful, now delicate, now strong, even glowing 
 coloring, that we know also from his dramas, show them- 
 selves clearly and to great advanlage in this poem.” (Von 
 Schroder, Indiens Literatur und Cultur.) Edited by Sir 
 William Jones, and printed in Bengali characters at Cal- 
 cutta in 1792, it was the first book ever printed in San- 
 skrit. It was again edited with a Latin and a metrical 
 German translation by P. von Bohlen at Leipsic in 1840. 
 
 Riva (re'va), in G. also Reif (rif). A town in 
 Tyrol, situated at the northern end of the Lago 
 di Garda, 17 miles southwest of Trent : a tourist 
 resort. Population, commune, 9,224, (1910). 
 
 Riva-Aguero (re'va-a-go-a'ro), Jose. Bom at 
 Lima, May 3, 1783: died there, May 21, 1858. 
 A Peruvian politician. He was one of the leaders ot 
 the early movements for independence, and was twice im- 
 prisoned ; joined San Martin’s army in 1821; was governor 
 of the department of Lima ; and on Feb. 28, 1823, was elected 
 first president of Peru with the rank of grand marshal. 
 Owing to the machinations of Bolivar and Sucre he was 
 deposed June 19, 1823. He attempted to reestablish his 
 government at Trujillo, but was arrested on Nov. 25, and 
 condemned to be shot. Admiral Guise insisted on his re- 
 lease, and he was allowed to leave the country. He returned 
 in 1831, but owing to his support of Santa Cruz was again 
 banished (1839-47). 
 
 Rivadavia(re-va-da-ve'fi), Bernardino. Bom 
 
 at Buenos Ayres, 1780: died at Cadiz, Spain, 
 Sept. 2, 1845. An Argentine statesman. He was 
 minister of wai and for a time minister of state and of the 
 the treasury (1811-12): was minister of state under Ro- 
 driguez ; was governor of Buenos Ayres 1820-23 : and became 
 president of the Argentine Confederation Feb. 8, 1826, 
 but resigned June 27, 1827, to prevent a civil war. In all 
 these offices he conferred great benefits on the country by 
 his enlightened and far-seeing measures. As president he 
 initiated the plan by which Uruguay became independent 
 in 1828. In the interims he held important diplomatic 
 positions in Europe. His later years were spent in exile. 
 
 Rivadavia stands in America second alone to Wash- 
 ington as the representative statesman of a free people. 
 
 Mitre, Historia de San Martin. 
 
 Rival Fools, The. An alteration of Fletcher’s 
 “Wit at Several Weapons,” produced in 1709 
 by Colley Cibber. 
 
 Rival Ladies, The. A tragicomedy by Dryden, 
 produced in 1664. 
 
 Rival Queens, The, or the Death of Alexan- 
 der the Great. A tragedy by Nathaniel Lee, 
 played in 1677. This is Lee’s best-known play. Some 
 of the scenes seem to have been suggested by La Cal- 
 prenede’s novel “Cassandre”; and it has always been a 
 favorite with actresses. Cibber produced a “ comical 
 tragedy " called “The Rival Queans, with the Humours of 
 Alexander the Great,” in 1710, printed in 1729. 
 
 Rivals, The. 1. An alteration of “The Two No- 
 ble Kinsmen,” attributed to Davenant, played 
 in 1664, printed in 1668. — 2. A comedy by Sheri- 
 dan, produced in 1775. This is considered a bet- 
 ter play than “The School for Scandal,” though 
 less celebrated. 
 
 RivaPalacio(re'va pa-la'the-o), Vicente, Bom 
 Oct. 16, 1832: died Nov. 22, 1896. A Mexican 
 general. He was one of the most distinguished leaders 
 under Juarez; opposed Lerdo, and was banished by him 
 in 1875 ; and was minister of the interior under Diaz. He 
 was a well-known journalist, novelist, and poet, and pub- 
 lished “Historia de la administracion de D. Sebastian 
 Lerdo do Tejada" (1875: the first part only written by 
 Riva Palacio). 
 
 Rivarol (re-va-rol'), Antoine, called Comte de. 
 Born at Bagnols, Languedoc, June 26, 1753: 
 died at Berlin, April 13, 1801. A French writer, 
 noted as an epigrammatist. He emigrated as a roy- 
 alist in 1792. His works include “ Petit Almanach de nos 
 grands homines pour 1788," a translation of Dante’s “In- 
 ferno," etc. 
 
 Rivas (re'vas). A town of Nicaragua, between 
 Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific, about 4 miles 
 from the former. It was an ancient village of 
 the Nicaraos. Population, about 4,000. 
 
 Rivas, Duke of. See Saavedra, Angel de. 
 
 Rivas (re'vas), Patricio. Born 1798: died 1867. 
 A Nicaraguan politician. He was made president 
 by die conservative faction Oct. 30, 1855. At first he up- 
 held Walker, and made him commander-in-chief of the 
 army, but deposed him in June, 1856. Walker thereupon 
 had himself illegally elected president, and declared Rivas 
 deposed. The latter joined with the other Central Amer- 
 ican governments in driving Walker from the country in 
 1857. Rivas resigned his power early in 1867. 
 
 Rive-de-Gier (rev'de-zhe-a'). A town in the 
 department of Loire, France, situated on the 
 Gier 19 miles southwest of Lyons. It is a coal- 
 mining center, and has manufactures of coke, glass, iron, 
 etc. Population, commune, 15,5(57. 
 
 Rivera (re-va'ra), Jose Fructuoso. Born in 
 
 Paysandu about 1790: died at Cerro Largo, Jan. 
 13, 1854. An Uruguayan general and politician. 
 He was a leader of tile Gauclio cavalry ; was engaged in 
 various civil wars (1811-27) ; ami was president of Uruguay 
 Oct, 24, 1830, -Oct. 24, 1834. Succeeded by Oribe, he re- 
 volted against him in J uly, 1836. Oribe was at length forced 
 to resign, and Rivera was again president Oct., 1838, -Oct., 
 1842. In 1842 Oribe, aided by Rosas, began the nine 
 years’ siege of Montevideo, in which Rivera directed the 
 defense, acting, during most of the time, with his cavalry 
 
Rivera, Jos6 Fructuoso 
 
 in the interior, until he was defeated by Urquiza in the 
 battle of India Muerta (March 28, 1845). In 1853 he aided 
 in the revolt against Oribe, and after his overthrow was 
 a member of the executive. 
 
 Rivera, Manuel. A Mexican historian. His 
 principal works are “Historia antigua y moderna de Jala- 
 pa” (5 vols., 1869-71: a general history of Mexico, with 
 special reference to Vera Cruz and Jalapa)and “Los go- 
 bernantes de Mexico ” (2 vols., 1872). 
 
 Rivera, Payo Henriquez de. See Henriquez 
 de Rivera. 
 
 Rivera Paz (re-va'rii path), Mariano. Born 
 about 1795: assassinated in 1849. A Guatema- 
 lan politician. He became president July 22, 1838; was 
 deposed Jan. 30, 1839, but restored April 13, 1839, and hold 
 the post until Dec. 13, 1841. He was again president May 
 14, 1842, to Dec. 8, 1844, when he resigned. During his 
 administration he had constant difficulties with Carrera. 
 
 Rivero (re-va'ro), Mariano Eduardo de. Born 
 at Arequipa about 1795: died at Paris, Nov. 6, 
 1857. A Peruvian naturalist. He received an elab- 
 orate education in Europe ; conducted a scientific explora- 
 tion in Venezuela 1823-26; and on his return to Peru at 
 the end of the latter year was made director-general of 
 mines. Later he was director of the national museum, 
 and founded and edited a scientific journal, the “ Memo- 
 rial de ciencias naturales.” He was a member of Congress 
 in 1832, governor of Junin in 1845 and of Tacna in 1849, 
 and consul-general to Belgium in 1851. His works include 
 “Antiguidades peruanas" (with Tschudi, 1851), “Colec- 
 cion de memorias cientiflcas ” (1857), etc. 
 
 River of Swans, The. The Potomac. 
 
 Riveros (re-va'ros), Galvarino. Born at Quin- 
 chao, Chilofi, 1830. A Chilean naval officer, in 
 conjunction with Latorre he captured the Huascar, the 
 last important Peruvian war-vessel, off Point Angamos 
 (Oct. 8, 1879). (See Grau, Miguel.) Soon after he was made 
 rear-admiral with command of the Chilean fleet, which he 
 directed during the rest of the war. His operations in- 
 cluded the bombardment of Callao (May 26, 1880) and 
 Arica (June 5, 1880). 
 
 River Plate Republics. See Platine States. 
 Riverside Park. A narrow park running from 
 °?2d street to 130th street, New York, border- 
 ing Hudson River. It contains narrow lawns and the 
 .Riverside Drive, which runs through it to 128th street, and 
 Grant’s tomb. Its average width is about 600 feet. 
 
 Rives (revz), William Cabell. Born in Nelson 
 County, Va., May 4, 1793: died near Charlottes- 
 ville, Va., April 26, 1868. An American politi- 
 cian. He was Democratic memberof Congress from Vir- 
 ginia 1823-29 ; United States minister to France 1829-32 ; 
 United States senator from Virginia 1833-34 and 1836-45; 
 minister to France 1849-53 ; delegate to the PeaceCongress 
 in 1861 ; and member of the Confederate Congress. He 
 published “Life and Times of James Madison ’’ (1869-69), 
 etc. 
 
 Rivesaltes (rev-zalt'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Pyrenees-Orientales, Prance, situated 
 on the Agly 6 miles north of Perpignan. It is 
 noted for its fine Muscat wines. Population, commune, 
 6,607. 
 
 Riviera (re-ve-a'ra), or Riviera of Genoa. 
 [It., ‘coast.’] The narrow strip of coast which 
 separates the Maritime Alps and the Apennines 
 from the Mediterranean, between Nice and 
 Spezia. It is celebrated for its fruitfulness and pictur- 
 esque scenery. The Riviera di Ponente (or Western Ri- 
 viera) extends from Nice to Genoa, and the Riviera di 
 Levan te (or Eastern Riviera) from Genoa to Spezia. 
 Riviera. That part of the valley of the Ticino, 
 canton of Ticino, Switzerland, which extends 
 from Biasca to Bellinzona. 
 
 Rivi&re (re-vyar'), Briton. Born at London, 
 Aug. 14, 1840. An English painter, son and pu- 
 pil of a drawing-master at Cheltenham College 
 and afterward at Oxford, of French Huguenot 
 extraction. He began to exhibit in 1858 at the R.oyal 
 Academy. Among his works are “The Poacher’s Nurse ” 
 (1866), “Circe, etc.” (1871), “Daniel in the Den of Lions” 
 (1872), “Sympathy” (1878) “Rizpah,” “The Exile ” (1886), 
 etc. 
 
 Rivifcre, Henri Laurent. Bom July 12, 1827 : 
 killed by the Black Flags before Hanoi, Tong- 
 king, May 19, 1883. A French naval officer and 
 writer, commander of an expedition into Tong- 
 king 1882-83. 
 
 Rivieres du Sud (re-vyar' dii siid). A French 
 dependency in western Africa, situated along 
 the coast about lat. 9°-ll° N. Its capital is 
 Konakry. It is now known by the name of 
 French Guinea. 
 
 Rivington (riv'ing-ton), James. Born at Lon- 
 don about 1724: died at New York, July, 1802. 
 An American bookseller and printer. He emi- 
 grated to America in 1760, and in 1761 established himself 
 as a bookseller at New York. In 1773 hefounded a royal- 
 ist newspaper, “The New York Gazetteer,” which was dis- 
 continued in 1775 on the destruction of his press by a 
 party of American soldiers. In 1777 he established “Riv- 
 ington’s New York Loyal Gazette, ’’whose title was changed 
 to “ The Royal Gazette” in the same year. After the evac- 
 uation of New York by the British, he renamed his paper 
 “ Rivington’s New York Gazette and Universal Advertiser.” 
 It was discontinued in 1783. 
 
 Rivoli (re'vo-le). 1. A town in the province of 
 Turin, Italy, 9 miles west of Turin. Population, 
 commune, 7,250. — 2. A village in the province 
 
 859 
 
 of Verona, Italy, 13 miles northwest of Verona. 
 Here, Jan. 14, 1797, the French under Bona- 
 parte defeated the Austrians under Alvinczy. 
 
 Rivoli, Due de. See Massena. 
 
 Rivoli, Rue de. See Rue de Rivoli. 
 
 Rixdorf (riks'dorf). A manufacturing village 
 directly south-southeast of Berlin, Prussia, it 
 was partly founded by Bohemian emigrants in 1737. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 236,378, (1910). 
 
 Riyad. See Riad. 
 
 Rizzio (ret'se-o), or Riccio (ret'cho), David. 
 Killed at Edinburgh, March 9, 1566. A favorite 
 of Mary Queen of Scots. He was a native of Pied- 
 mont, and in 1561 accompanied the Piedmontese ambas- 
 sador to Scotland as his secretary. He entered the Scot- 
 tish queen’s service as a musician in 1564, and afterward 
 became her French secretary and confidential adviser. He 
 promoted the marriage of Mary with Darnley. The latter, 
 however, failed to supplant him in Mary’s confidence, and 
 suspected him of being the cause of her refusal to share 
 the government with him. He consequently organized a 
 conspiracy of the Protestant lords against him, at the head 
 of whom he burst into Holyrood Palace, wounded Rizzio 
 in the queen's presence, and despatched him outside the 
 chamber. 
 
 Rjukanfos (ryo'kan-fos). A cataract in the 
 province of Bratsberg, Norway, in the Maan- 
 Elf 80 miles west of Christiania: one of the 
 finest in Europe. Height, about 800 feet. 
 
 Roan Barbary. The favorite horse of King 
 Richard II. 
 
 Roan (ron) Mountain. A mountain in Mitchell 
 County, in the western part of North Carolina, 
 near the Tennessee border. Height, about 6,300 
 feet. 
 
 Roanne (ro-an'). A town in the department of 
 Loire, France, situated on the Loire 42 miles 
 northwest of Lyons : the Roman Rodumna. It 
 
 has varied manufactures and considerable trade. The 
 leading industry is the cotton manufacture. It was an 
 ancient town of the Segusiani, and later a Roman station. 
 Population, commune, 35,516. 
 
 Roanoke (ro-a-nok'). A river in Virginia and 
 North Carolina, formed hv the union of the Dan 
 and Staunton at Clarkville, Virginia. It flows 
 into Albemarle Sound. Length, including the Staunton, 
 about 4£0 miles ; navigable to Weldon. 
 
 Roanoke. An independent and manufacturing 
 city of Virginia. Population, 34,874, (1910). 
 
 Roanoke Island. An island on the eastern 
 coast of North Carolina, between Albemarle 
 Sound on the north and Pamlico Sound on the 
 south. Unsuccessful attempts to colonize it were made 
 by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585 and 1587. A victory was 
 gained here by the Federals under Burnside over the Con- 
 federates, Feb. 8, 1862, resulting in the capture of the Con- 
 federate garrison. Length, about 10 miles. 
 
 Roaring Forties, The. The notably rough part 
 of the North Atlantic crossed on the passage 
 from Europe to the ports of North America be- 
 tween the 40th and 50th degrees of north lati- 
 tude . The term is also applied to the region between 40° 
 and 50° south latitude in the South Atlantic, Pacific, and 
 Indian oceans. 
 
 Roaring Girl, The. A comedy by Thomas Dek- 
 ker and Middleton. It was probably written before 
 May, 1605; produced in 1610; and printed in 1611. “The 
 Roaring Girl ” was Mary Frith, a notorious London char- 
 acter. 
 
 Roatan. See Ruatan. 
 
 Robber Council or Synod. See Ephesus , Coun- 
 cil o/(449 a. D.). 
 
 Robber Indians. See Bannock. 
 
 Robber Romances. In German literature, a 
 class of romances prevalent at the end of the 
 18th and the beginning of the 19th century. 
 
 Robbers, The. See Rduber , Die. 
 
 Robbia (rob'he-a), Andrea della. Born in 1437 : 
 died about 1528. The nephew of Luca della 
 Robbia, noted for his work in terra-cotta, the 
 secret of which he inherited. He, with his son Luca, 
 spent eleven years upon the frieze of the Ceppo hospital 
 at Pistoia. He also executed the decorations of the Loggia 
 di San Paolo at Florence, the medallions of the fagade of 
 the Hospital of the Innocents, the decoration of Or San 
 Michele, and a long series of bas-reliefs executed for the 
 churches of Arezzo, Prato, Pistoia, Siena, etc. He very 
 rarely worked in marble ; a marble Pletii is in the Church 
 of Santa Maria delle Grazie, near Arezzo. 
 
 Robbia, Giovanni della. Born about 1469: 
 died about 1529. Son of Andrea della Robbia, 
 noted as a worker in terra-cotta. 
 
 Robbia, Girolamo della. Died about 1566. 
 Son of Andrea della Robbia, noted as a worker in 
 terra-cotta and as an architect. None of the sons of 
 Andrea della Robbia did so much in applying Robbia ware 
 to architectural purposes as Girolamo, his fourth son, who 
 was architect, sculptor, and painter, and had already ob- 
 tained notice for his works in bronze and marble when he 
 was taken to France by some Florentine merchants, and 
 there found employment during the remaining 45 years 
 of his life under four kings of the house of Valois. On his 
 arrival he was employed by Francis I. to build the Chateau 
 de Madrid in the Bois de Boulogne, which he decorated 
 throughout with Robbia ware. This palace was leveled 
 in the Revolution, and its beautiful terra-cottas were used 
 to mend roads. 
 
 Robert le Diable . 
 
 Robbia, Luca della (real name Luca di Simone 
 di Marco della Robbia). Born at Florence 
 about 1400: died at Florence (?), Sept. 22, 1482. 
 A celebrated Italian sculptor. He was early appren- 
 ticed to Leonardo di Ser Giovanni, the best goldsmith of 
 the city. In 1443 he made the first work in Robbia ware 
 after long study and repeated experiments. At first he 
 employed a simple combination of white figures with blue 
 draperies and occasionally green in the backgrounds. He 
 and his family afterward multiplied the number of colors 
 and carried them into the flesh and draperies of their fig- 
 ures. The first bas-reliefs of Robbia ware are those of the 
 Resurrection and Ascension in the lunettes of the doors 
 leading into the sacristy of the Duomo. The earliest 
 memorials of the first 43 years of his life are the bas-reliefs 
 set into the side of Giotto’s Campanile 1435-40, and 2 un- 
 finished reliefs of the imprisonment and crucifixion of St. 
 Peter. He made the well-known reliefs of singing boys 
 for the screen of one of the organ-lofts of the cathedral 
 1431-40. To 1445 belong the bronze doors of the sacristy 
 of the Duomo. It is difficult to distinguish his works from 
 those of Andrea and his four sons, Giovanni, Luca II., Am- 
 brogio, and Girolamo. Among the most remarkable of 
 those which may be attributed to Luca alone, or Luca and 
 Andrea, are the altarpiece in the Church of the Osservanza 
 near Siena (which represents the Coronation of the Virgin), 
 a bas-relief over the door of the Church of San Pierino in 
 the Via di Terra Vecchia in Florence, the ceiling of the 
 Chapel of San Miniato, some of the medallions on the 
 outside of Or San Michele, a Virgin and Child, an Annun- 
 ciation in the cloister of the Innocenti Hospital in Flor- 
 ence, a Madonna with two saints in the Via della Scala, a 
 Coronation of the Virgin, an adoring Madonna formerly at 
 Pisa, and a fountain in the sacristy of Santa Maria Novella. 
 After lasting nearly a century, the school of Della Robbia 
 died out. 
 
 Robbins (rob'inz), Ashur. Born at Wethers- 
 field, Conn., Oct. 26,1757: died at Newport, R. I., 
 Feb. 25, 1845. An American politician, Whig 
 United States senator from Rhode Island 1825- 
 1839. 
 
 Robbins, Royal. Born at Wethersfield, Conn., 
 Oct. 21, 1788 : died at Berlin, Conn., March 26, 
 1861. An American Congregational clergyman 
 and author. He wrote a “ History of American Litera- 
 ture” (1837), “Outlines of Ancient and Modern History" 
 (1839), etc. 
 
 Robert (roh'ert) I. [ME. Robert, Roberd, Robard, 
 OF. Robert, Robart, F. Robert, Rupert, It. Ro- 
 berto, Ruberto, Ruperto, Sp. Roberto, Ruperto, Pg. 
 Roberto, from OLG. Rodbraht, OHG. Hrnodbert, 
 etc., G. Rupert, Rudbert, Ruprecht (also Robert, 
 from F.), lit. ‘fame-bright,’ illustrious.] Killed 
 at Soissons, France, 923. King of France, son 
 of Robert the Strong : chosen king in opposition 
 to Charles the Simple in 922. 
 
 Robert II. (sometimes called Robert I.), sur- 
 named “The Pious.” Born at Orleans, France, 
 971: died at Melun, France, 1031. King of 
 France, son of Hugh Capet whom he succeeded 
 in 996. During his reign the kingdom suffered from 
 an insurrection of the serfs and from famine. 
 
 Robert I. (Robert Bruce : often called “Robert 
 the Bruce” or “The Bruce”). Born July 11, 
 1274: died at Cardross, Scotland, June 7, i329. 
 King of Scotland: one of the national heroes 
 of the country. He was known before his accession as 
 Earl of Garrick. He sided variously with the Scottish and 
 English parties previous to 1304, when he united with 
 Lamberton against Edward I. of England, who claimed the 
 suzerainty of Scotland. He murdered the rival claimant 
 Comyn at Dumfries in 1306, and was crowned king at 
 Scone in March of that year. He was defeated and es- 
 caped to Ireland (1306), but continued the war against 
 Edward II., whom he totally defeated at Bannockburn in 
 1314. He supported his brother Edward in 1317 in his 
 attempt on Ireland ; conquered Berwick in 1318 ; and in- 
 vaded England several times. His title was recognized 
 by England in the treaty of Northampton in 1328. 
 
 Robert II., “ The Steward.” Bom about 1316 : 
 died 1390. King of Scotland, grandson of 
 Robert Bruce, and first of the Stuart dynasty. 
 He was regent under David II., his uncle, whom 
 he succeeded in 1371. 
 
 Robert III. Died 1406. King of Scotland, son 
 of Robert II. whom he succeeded in 1390. He 
 
 was at war with England in the latter part of his reign. 
 The government was chiefly administered by his brother, 
 the Earl of Fife (Duke of Albany), and by the earl’s son, 
 the Earl of Carrick (Duke of Rothesay). 
 
 Robert I., surnamed “The Devil.” Died at 
 NicEea, July 22, 1035. Duke of Normandy 1028- 
 1035, younger son of Richard the Good. He sup- 
 ported the English athelings against Canute. He made 
 a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, on the return from which he 
 died. Lodge wrote a life of Robert before 1593, and many 
 myths have collected about his name. See Robert le Diable. 
 
 Robert II. Born about 1056: died in prison 
 1134. Duke of Normandy, eldest son of Wil- 
 liam the Conqueror. He was several times in rebel- 
 lion against his father; succeeded him in the duchy in 
 1087 ; was at war with William II. ; mortgaged Normandy 
 to him ; took part in the first Crusade 1096-99; invaded 
 England in 1101 ; and was defeated and taken prisoner by 
 his brother Henry I. at Tinchebrai, 1106. 
 
 Robert, Earl of Gloucester. Died Oct. 13, 1 147. 
 An illegitimate son of Henry I., and an adher- 
 ent of Matilda against Stephen. 
 
 Robert le Diable (ro-bar' le dyii'bl). [F ., ‘ Rob- 
 ert the Devil.’] An opera by Meyerbeer, 
 
Robert le Diable 
 
 libretto by Scribe, produced at Paris in 1831. 
 See Robert I., surnamed “ The Devil.” 
 
 Robert of Anjou, surnamed “The Wise.” 
 Born about 1275 : died 1343. Kiug of Naples, 
 son of Charles II. whom he succeeded in 1309. 
 He unsuccessfully attempted to conquer Sicily. 
 Robert of Brunne. See Manning, Robert. 
 Robert of Gloucester. Lived in the second 
 half of the 13th century. An English monk, 
 the reputed author of a rimed “Chronicle of 
 English History” (ed. by Hearne 1724). 
 
 Robert of Jurni&ges. A Norman prelate, bishop 
 of London, and archbishop of Canterbury 
 1051-52. 
 
 Robert of Paris, Count. See Count Robert of 
 Paris. 
 
 Robert (ro'bert), Ernst Friedrich Ludwig. 
 
 Born at Berlin, Dec. 16, 1778: died at Baden- 
 Baden, July 5, 1832. A German dramatist and 
 poet. 
 
 Robert (ro-bar'), Hubert. Born at Paris, 1733: 
 died there, April 15, 1808. A French painter, 
 noted for his architectural paintings. 
 
 Robert, Louis Leopold. Born at La-Chaux-de- 
 Fonds, Switzerland, May 13, 1794: committed 
 suicide at Venice, March 20, 1835. A Swiss 
 painter, noted for scenes from Italian life. 
 Among his works are the “ Neapolitan Improvisator,” 
 “Fishers of the Adriatic,” “Reapers,” etc. 
 
 Robert Elsmere (rob'ert elz'mer). A novel by 
 Mrs. Humphry Ward, published in 1888. 
 Robert Guiscard (ges-kar'). Born about 1015: 
 died in Cephalonia, July 17, 1085. Duke of 
 Apulia and Calabria, son of Tancred de Haute- 
 ville. He succeeded his brother Humphrey as leader 
 of the Normans in Apulia in 1057 ; and in 1059 received 
 the papal confirmation of the title of duke of Apulia and 
 Calabria which he had previously assumed. In conjunc- 
 tion with his brother Roger, he conquered part of Sicily 
 from the Saracens, capturing Palermo in 1072, and Salerno 
 about 1077. He defeated Alexius Comnenus at Durazzo 
 in 1081, and in 1084 captured Rome and delivered Pope 
 Gregory VII. from the emperor Henry IV. 
 
 Robert Macaire. A comedy by Frederic Le- 
 maitre and Benjamin Antier, produced at Paris 
 in 1834. It is the sequel of “L’Auberge des 
 Adrets.” See Macaire, Robert. 
 
 Roberto Devereux (ro-ber'to dev-re'). 1. 
 An opera by Donizetti, produced at Naples in 
 1837. The words are from Thomas Corneille’s 
 “ Comte d’Essex.” — 2. Au opera by Mercadante, 
 produced at Milan in 1883. 
 
 Roberts (rob'erts), David. Born at Stock- 
 bridge, near Edinburgh, Oct. 24, 1796: died at 
 London, Nov. 25, 1864. A British painter, noted 
 for his landscapes and architectural paintings. 
 In 1822 he went to London as a scene-painter, and was as- 
 sociated with Stansfield. In 1831 he was president of the 
 Society of British Artists. In 1838 he visited the Holy 
 Land. He was made an associate of the royal academy in 
 1839, and a royal academician in 1841. 
 
 Roberts, Ellis Henry. Born at Utica, N. Y., 
 Sept. 30, 1827. An American journalist and 
 politician. He became editor of the Utica “Morning 
 Herald ” in 1850, and was Republican member of Congress 
 from New York 1871-75, and treasurer of the United States 
 1897-1905. He wrote a history of New York for the 
 “ American Commonwealth Series ” (1887). 
 
 Roberts, Frederick Sleigh, Earl Roberts. 
 Bom at Cawnpore, Sept. 30, 1832. A distin- 
 guished British general. He served in the Indian 
 mutiny and in the Abyssinian war, and was distinguished 
 in the Afghan war 1878-80. He gained the victory of 
 Charasiab in 1879 ; made a celebrated march from Kabul 
 to Kandahar in 1880; defeated Ayub Khan near Kandahar 
 Sept. 1, 1880 ; and was commander-in-chief of the army in 
 India 1885-93, commander of the forces in Ireland 1895- 
 1899, commander-in-chief in South Africa 1899-1900, and 
 commander-in-chief of the British army 1900-04. He was 
 created a baronet 1881, Baron Roberts 1892, and Earl Rob- 
 erts in 1901. Appointed field-marshal 1895. 
 
 Roberts, George Washington. Born in Ches- 
 ter County, Pa., Oct. 2, 1833: killed at the bat- 
 tle of Murfreesboro, Dec. 31, 1862. An Amer- 
 ican general. He served in the West. 
 Robertson (rob'ert-son), Agnes. Bom at Edin- 
 burgh, Scotland, Dec. 25, 1833. A British ac- 
 tress. She gave concerts in public before she was 11 years 
 old, and began her theatrical career at Hull when she was 
 16. She first appeared in London as Nerissa in 1851. In 
 1853 she was married to Dion Boucicault. 
 
 Robertson (rob'brt-son), Charles Franklin. 
 
 Born at New York city, March 2, 1835 : died at 
 St. Louis, May 1, 1886. An American bishop of 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church, and writer on 
 American history. 
 
 Robertson, Frederick William. Born at Lon- 
 don, Feb. 3, 1816: died at Brighton, Aug. 15, 1853. 
 A British clergyman and pulpit orator. He was 
 the son of a captain in the Royal Artillery, and was edu- 
 cated at Edinburgh. He tried law and the army, and 
 finally matriculated at Oxford. In 1840 he was ordained 
 and was at Cheltenham 1843-46. In Aug., 1847, he 
 entered upon his famous ministry at Trinity Chapel, 
 
 860 
 
 Brighton. His "Sermons,” in separate series, were pub- 
 lished in 1855, 1857, 1859, 1863, and complete in 1879 ; his 
 “ Lectures ” in 1862 and 1858. 
 
 Robertson, George Croom. Born at Aberdeen, 
 1842 : died at London, Sept. 20, 1892. A Scottish 
 metaphysician and educator. He graduated at the 
 University of Aberdeen in 1861, and was made assistant pro- 
 fessor of Greek there in 1864, and professor of the philoso- 
 phy of mind and logic in University College, London, in 
 1866. From 1876 till 1892 he was editor of “ Mind.” He 
 wrote a biographical study of Hobbes in the “ Philosophical 
 Classics ” in 1886, etc. 
 
 Robertson, James. Born in Fifeshire, Scot- 
 land, about 1720: died March 4, 1788. A Brit- 
 ish governor and general. From 1758 to 1759 he 
 served (as quartermaster-general) against Louisburg and 
 Ticonderoga. From 17(33 to 17(35 lie was stationed in New 
 York. He was made major-general on Jan. 1, 1776, and 
 commanded a brigade in the battle of Long Island. In 
 1779 he was appointed civil governor of New York, and 
 was made lieutenant-general Nov. 20, 17S2. 
 
 Robertson, James Craigie. Born at Aberdeen, 
 1813 : died July 9, 1882. A Scottish historian, 
 a graduate of Cambridge (Trinity College) in 
 1834. He was vicar of Bekesbourne 1846-59, and became 
 canon of Canterbury in 1859, and professor of ecclesiastical 
 history in King’s College, London, in 1864. He published 
 a “ History of the Christian Church from the Apostolic 
 Age to the Reformation ” (1874-75), and edited “ Materials 
 for the History of Thomas Becket, etc.” (1875-81). 
 
 Robertson, John Parish. Born at Edinburgh 
 about 1793: died at Calais, France, Nov. 1, 
 1843. A Scottish author and traveler. Until 1830 
 most of his life was spent in the Platine States of South 
 America, where he was a merchant and at one time very 
 wealthy. He was in Paraguay during the dictatorship of 
 Francia. His works (written in conjunction with his 
 brother, William Parish Robertson) include “ Letters on 
 Paraguay ” (1838), “ Francia’s Reign of Terror" (1839), and 
 “Letters on South America ” (1843). 
 
 Robertson, Joseph. Born at Aberdeen, May 17, 
 1810: died Dec. 13, 1866. A Scottish antiquary. 
 He was educated at Marischal College, and was a news- 
 paper editor at Aberdeen, Glasgow, and Edinburgh from 
 1839 to 1853. In 1853 he was appointed curator of t he his- 
 torical depart ment of the Register House, Edinburgh. He 
 published “ Concilia Scotise : Ecclesise Scoticanse Statuta " 
 (1866), etc. 
 
 Robertson, Madge. See Kendal, Mrs. ( Mar- 
 garet Brunton Robertson). 
 
 Robertson, Thomas William. Born at Newark 
 on the Trent, Jan. 9, 1829: died at London, Feb. 
 3, 1871. An English dramatist, son of a provin- 
 cial actor and manager, in 1864 his first successful 
 drama, “David Garrick," was produced at the Haymarket 
 with Sothern in the principal role. Among his other plays 
 are “Society ” (1865), “Ours "(1866),“ Caste ” (1867), “ Play ” 
 (1S68), “School ” (1869), “M. P.”(1870). 
 
 Robertson, William. Born at Borthwick, Scot- 
 land, Sept. 19, 1721 : died near Edinburgh, dune 
 11, 1793. A Scottish historian, and clergyman 
 in the Church of Scotland. He became a royal chap- 
 lain in 1761 ; principal of the University of Edinburgh in 
 1762 ; and historiographer in 1763. His works include a 
 “ History of Scotland dui ing the Reigns of Mary and James 
 VI.” (1759), “ History of the Reign of the EmperorCharles 
 V.”(1769), “History of America ”(1777), “An Historical 
 Disquisition concerning the Knowledge which the An- 
 cients had of India, etc. ” (1791), etc. 
 
 Roberval (ro-ber-val '), Gilles Personne or 
 Personier de. Born at Roberval, in Beauvoisis, 
 France, 1602 : died at Paris, 1675. A French 
 mathematician, best known from his methods 
 of drawing tangents. 
 
 Robeson(rob'sqn), George Maxwell. Bom at 
 
 Oxford, Warren County, N. J., 1829: died at 
 Trenton, N. J., Sept. 27, 1897. An American 
 politician. He was secretary of the navy 1869-77, and 
 Republican member of Congress from New Jersey 1879-83. 
 
 Robeson Channel. A sea passage in the north 
 polar regions, between Hall Land in Greenland 
 on the east, and Grant Land on the west. 
 
 Robespierre (F.pron.ro-bes-pyar'), Augustin 
 Bon Joseph, called “ The Younger.” Born at 
 Arras, Jan. 21, 1763: guillotined in Paris, July 
 28, 1794. Brother of Maximilien Robespierre, 
 and a deputy to the Convention. 
 
 Robespierre, Marie Marguerite Charlotte. 
 Born Jan. 21, 1760 : died at Paris, Aug. 1, 1834. 
 Sister of Maximilien Robespierre : memoirs of 
 her brothers were published under her name 
 by Laponneraye in 1835. 
 
 Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore, sur- 
 named “The Incorruptible.” Born at Arras, 
 May 6, 1758 : guillotined at Paris, 10th Thermi- 
 dor, year 2 (July 28, 1794). A celebrated French 
 revolutionist. He was originally an advocate at Arras ; 
 was elected from Artois to the Third Estate of the States- 
 General in 1789 ; and became the leader of the Extreme 
 Left in the Constituent Assembly, and one of the leading 
 orators in the Jacobin Club. His influence increased after 
 the death of Mirabeau in 1791. He was elected deputy to 
 the Convention in 1792; opposed the Girondins ; became 
 a member of the Committee of Public Safety in July, 1793 ; 
 was identified with the “Reign of Terror " ; attacked Dan- 
 ton and Hubert in 1704 ; was overthrown in the Convention 
 July 27; and with his partizans, Saint-Just, Couthon, and 
 others, was arrested and put to death. 
 
 Robinson, John 
 
 Robin (rob'in). [ME. Robin, Robyn, from OF. 
 Robin, dim. of Robert.] In Shakspere’s “Merry 
 Wives of Windsor,” a page following Falstaff ." 
 Robin (ro-bah'), Charles or Charles Philippe. 
 Born at Jasseron, Ain, June 4,1821: died there, 
 Oct. 5, 1885. A French anatomist and physi- 
 ologist. His works include “ Histoire naturelle des 
 taux parasites" (1853), “Anatomie microscopique ” (1868), 
 etc. He edited, with Littrd, “ Dictionnaire de medeciue. ” 
 Robin Adair (rob'in a-dar'). A song and air. 
 The latter first became popular in England in the last 
 half of the 18th century : it is the Irish air “ Eileen Aroon. " 
 English words were written for it, and there are several 
 versions, all having “Robin Adair” as the refrain. Burns 
 made a Scottish version, but it is not known who wrote 
 the present song. Robin Adair is said to have been a real 
 person of some local interest : a Robert Adair, an ancestor 
 of the later Viscounts Molesworth, lived in County Wick- 
 low in tile early part of the 18th century. 
 
 Robinetta (rob-i-net'a). A painting by Sir 
 JoshuaReynolds (identified as MissLewis, after- 
 wardtheHon. Mrs. Tollemache), in the National 
 Gallery, London. It is a half-length of a seated girl 
 with a bird on her right shoulder and her left arm resting 
 on its cage. 
 
 Robin Goodfellow. See Puck. 
 
 Robin Hood. See Hood, Robin. 
 
 Robin of Redesdale. The assumed name of Sir 
 
 William Conyers, the leader of a peasants’ insur- 
 rection in Yorkshire against Edward IV. in 1469. 
 Robins (rob'inz), Benjamin. Born at Bath, 
 England, 1707 : died in India, July 29, 1751. 
 An English natural philosopher and mathema- 
 tician. He invented the ballistic pendulum, first de- 
 scribed in his “New Principles of Gunnery ’’ (1742), and 
 made important discoveries regarding the flight of pro- 
 jectiles and the rifling of gun-barrels. In 1749 he was ap- 
 pointed engineer-general to the EWst India Company. 
 Robinson (rob'in-son ), Edward. Born at South- 
 ington, Conn., April 10, 1794 : died in New York 
 city, Jan. 27, 1863. An American biblical 
 scholar. He graduated at Hamilton College ; was instruc- 
 tor in Andover Theological seminary 1823-26, and professor 
 there 1830-33 ; and was professor in U nion Theological Sem- 
 inary (New York) 1837-63. From 1837 to 1839 he was in the 
 Orient, traveling in Egypt, the Sinaitic peninsula, and Pal- 
 estine, largely in company with Dr. Eli Smith. The results 
 of their investigations were published in his chief work, 
 “Biblical Researches in Palestine and the Adjacent Coun- 
 tries ” (3 vols. 1841, revised ed. 1867). He translated Gese- 
 nius's “ Hebrew Lexicon ” (1836), and compiled a “ Greek 
 and English Lexicon of the New Testament "(1836), “Greek 
 Harmony of the Gospels ” (1845), “ English Harmony of the 
 Gospels” (1846), and “Physical Geography of the Holy 
 Land” (1865). He founded the “Biblical Repository" 
 (1831) and the “Bibliotheca Sacra" (1843). 
 
 Robinson, Ezekiel Gilman. Born at Attlebo- 
 rough, Mass., March 13, 1815: died June 13, 1894. 
 An American Baptist clergyman and educator. 
 He was professor in the theological seminary at Covington 
 (Kentucky), and 1853at Rochester(New York), and became 
 president of the theological seminary at Rochester in 1860, 
 and was president of Brown University 1872-89. He pub- 
 lished a revised translation of Neander’s “Planting and 
 Training of the Church ” (1865), and edited the “Christian 
 Review " 1859-64. 
 
 Robinson, Frederick John, first Earl of Ripon. 
 
 Born Oct. 30, 1782 : died Jan. 28, 1859. An Eng- 
 lish statesman, youngest son of the second Lord 
 Grantham. He graduated at Cambridge in 1802 ; be- 
 came president of the board of trade in 1818 ; chancellor 
 of the exchequer in 1823 ; colonial secretary in 1827 ; pre- 
 mier 1827-28; colonial secretary in 1830; lord privy seal 
 1833-34 ; and president of the hoard of trade 1841-13. He 
 was created V iscount Goderich in 1827, and earl of Ripon 
 in 1833. 
 
 Robinson, Sir Frederick Phillipse. Born in 
 
 New York, 1763 : died at Brighton, England, Jan. 
 1, 1852. A British general. He served in the Ameri- 
 can Revolution, the Peninsular war, and the War of 1812. 
 
 Robinson, George Frederick Samuel, first 
 Marquis of Ripon. Born Oct. 24, 1827 : died 
 July 9, 1909. An English politician, son of the 
 Earl of Ripon. He was secretary for war 1863-66, and 
 for India 1866 ; lord president of the council 1868-73 ; 
 chairman of the joint high commission to negotiate the 
 treaty of Washington 1871 ; governor-general of India 1880- 
 1884 ; first lord of the admiralty 1886 ; secretary for the 
 colonies 1892-95 ; and lord privy seal Dec., 1905-08. He 
 succeeded Iris father as second earl of Ripon in 1859, and 
 was raised to the marquisate in 1871. 
 
 Robinson, Henry Crabb. Born at Bury Saint 
 Edmunds, March 13. 1775: died at London, Feb. 
 5, 1867. An English writer. From 1800 to 1805 he 
 studied at Jena, Weimar, etc.; in 1807 was reporter of the 
 “Times" in Spain (the first war correspondent); and in 
 1813 was called to the bar. In 1828 he was one of the 
 founders of the London University. His “Diary, Remi- 
 niscences, and Correspondence" was edited in 1869 by Dr. 
 Sadler. He was a friend of Goethe, Wieland, Wordsworth, 
 Lamb, and other authors. 
 
 Robinson, John. Born near Scrooby, Notting- 
 hamshire, 1575: died at Leyden, Netherlands, 
 March 1, 1625. An English Independent min- 
 ister. He entered Cambridge (Corpus Christi College) in 
 1592, and was elected fellow in 1598. He took orders, 
 but waa suspended by his bishop for puritanism. In 1604 
 he joined the Independents, and in 1606 became pastor of 
 the Separatist congregation at Scrooby, England. In 1608 
 
Robinson, John 
 
 he removed to Amsterdam, and in 1609 to Leyden. He was 
 pastor of the English Separatist Church in the Nether- 
 lands. His works were edited by Ashton in 1861. 
 
 Robinson, Sir John Beverley or Beverly. Born 
 in Lower Canada, July 26, 1791: died at Toronto, 
 Jan. 31, 1863. A Canadian jurist and politician. 
 Robinson, John Cleveland. Born at Bingham- 
 ton, N. Y., April 10, 1817 : died there, Feb. 18, 
 1897. An American general. He served in the Mex- 
 ican war, and was commissioned brigadier-general of 
 volunteers in 1862. He commanded a division at Fred- 
 ericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, and in the 
 battles of the Wilderness and at Spottsylvania Court 
 House. He was retired with the rank of major-general 
 in 1869. He was lieutenant-governor of New York 1873-75. 
 
 Robinson, Mary. Born at Leamington, Feb. 
 27, 1857. An English poet. In 1888 she married 
 James Darmesteter, and in 1901 Prof. Emile Duclaux. She 
 has written “A Handful of Honeysuckles” (1878), “The 
 Crowned Hippolytus ” (1880), a translation of Euripides 
 (1881), “The End of the Middle Ages" (1889 : a historical 
 work), etc. 
 
 Robinson, Mrs. (Mary Darby), known as Per- 
 dita. Bora at Bristol, England, Nov. 27, 1758: 
 died Dec. 26, 1800. An English actress, novel- 
 ist, and poet. She went on the stage, for which she 
 had previously been prepared by Garrick, on account of 
 the loss of her husband’s property, and in her third season 
 was cast for Perdita, and attracted the notice of the Prince 
 of Wales (George IV.). She left the stage for him, but 
 he soon cast her off. Her profession being closed to her, 
 she wrote poems and novels under the pen-name of Per- 
 dita. She afterward lived for nearly 10 years with Colonel 
 Tarleton. 
 
 Robinson, Richard. An actor of Ben Jonson’s 
 time, celebrated as an impersonator of female 
 characters. He was known as Dick Robinson. The 
 actor who was slain at the siege of Basing House by Ma- 
 jor Harrison was William Robinson. 
 
 Robinson, Mrs. (Therese Albertine Luise von 
 Jakob): pseudonym Talvj. Born at Halle, 
 Prussia, Jan. 26, 1797 : died at Hamburg, April 
 13, 1870. A German writer, wife of Edward 
 Robinson and daughter of L. H. von Jakob. 
 She published translations of Servian folk-songs (1825-26), 
 “Historical View of the Languages and Literature of the 
 Slavic Nations ” (1850), tales, etc. 
 
 Robinson, Thomas Romney. Born at Dublin, 
 April 23, 1792: died Feb. 28, 1882. A British 
 astronomer, the inventor of the cup-anemom- 
 eter. He was a fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. In 
 1823 he became astronomer at the Armagh Observatory'. 
 He was the author of the “ Armagh Catalogue of Stars.” 
 
 Robinson, William Erigena. Born near Cooks- 
 town, Ireland, May 6, 1814 : died at Brooklyn, 
 N. Y., Jan. 23, 1892. An American journalist 
 and politician. He was a Democratic member of Con- 
 gress from New York 1867-69 and 1881-85. He frequently 
 wrote under the signature of “Richelieu.” 
 
 Robinson Crusoe (rob'in-son kro'so). The hero 
 of a famous story of that name by Defoe, pub- 
 lished in 1719. See Selkirk. 
 
 Rob Roy (robroi) (Robert McGregor or Camp- 
 bell). [ ‘ Red Rob.’] Born in Buchanan parish, 
 1671: died at Balquhidder, Dee. 28, 1734. A 
 Scottish outlaw. He was the younger son of Donald 
 McGregor, a lieutenant-colonel in the army of James II. 
 He got his name Roy from his red hair, and adopted Camp- 
 bell as his surname. After the accession of William III. 
 be obtained a commission from James II., and in 1691 
 made a descent on Stirlingshire. In 1712 he was evicted 
 and outlawed on a charge of embezzlement. He became 
 a Highland freebooter, and was included in the Act of At- 
 tainder. Under the protection of the Duke of Argyll, he 
 continued to levy blackmail on the Scottish gentry. He 
 is the subject of a novel by Sir Walter Scott (published in 
 1818), of an opera by Flotow (1832), and of several plays. 
 Robsart (rob'sart), Amy. A character in Sir 
 Walter Scott’s novel “Kenilworth.” She is the 
 unacknowledged wife of the Earl of Leicester, and, escap- 
 ing from her place of concealment, follows him to Kenil- 
 worth, only to be disowned and sent back to die at the 
 hand of Richard Varney. See Dudley , Robert. 
 
 Robson ( rob ' son ), Thomas Frederick 
 (Thomas Robson Brownhill). Born at Mar- 
 gate, England, Feb. 22, 1822 (?) : died Aug. 12, 
 1864. An English actor. In 1853 he made his d£but 
 at the Olympic, London. He was a successful comedian. 
 Robson, Stuart. Born at Annapolis, Md., March 
 4, 1836 : died at New York, April 29, 1903. An 
 American comedian . He was a page in the Senate at 
 Washington, and went on the stage at Baltimore in 1852. 
 In 1855 he played at Washington, and in 1862 became a 
 member of Laura Keene’s company at New York. From 
 1877 to 1889 he acted in partnership with W. H. Crane. 
 Robust!. See Tintoretto. 
 
 Roc (rok), The. In the “Arabian Nights,” a 
 gigantic bird which carries Sindbad the Sailor 
 out of the V alley of Diamonds. Such a bird appears 
 also in other stories in the “Entertainments." A roc’s 
 egg has become the symbol of something unattainable. 
 
 Roca (ro'ka), Cape, Pg. Cabo da Roca (ka'- 
 bo da ro'kii). A headland in Portugal, west by 
 north of Lisbon, it is the westernmost cape of the 
 continent of Europe. Lat. of lighthouse, 38° 47 ' N., long. 
 9° 31' W 
 
 Roca, Julio A. Born at Tucuman, July, 1843. 
 
 861 
 
 An Argentine general and politician. He was 
 minister of war under Avellaneda 1874-80, and in this ca- 
 pacity led, in 1879, a military expedition into Patagonia 
 which did much to open up that region to settlement. 
 From Oct. 12, 1880, to Oct. 12, i886, he was president of 
 the republic. He was again president 1898-1904. 
 
 Roca (ro'ka), Vicente Ramon. Born at Guaya- 
 quil about 1790: died there, 1850. An Ecua- 
 dorian politician. He was senator, one of the leaders 
 of the revolution of 1845, a member of the provisional gov- 
 ernment formed that year, and president 1845-49. During 
 this period there were several revolts by the partizans of 
 Flores. 
 
 Rocafuerte (ro-ka-fo-ar'ta), Vicente. Born at 
 Guayaquil, May 3, 1783 : died at Lima, Peru, 
 May 16, 1847. An Ecuadorian statesman. He 
 traveled extensively in Europe and North America, and 
 was deputy from Guayaquil to the Spanish Cortes (1812- 
 1814), where he opposed the government of Fernando VII. 
 From 1824 to 1830 he was envoy of Mexico to the court of 
 St. James’s. He retur ned to Ecuador in 1833 ; was elected 
 to Congress, and the same year led a revolution against 
 Flores ; and was defeated and captured in 1834. Flores par- 
 doned him and made him commander of the army, in 
 which position he did efficient service. From 1835 to 1839 
 he was president of Ecuador, and his term was the most 
 
 E rosperous the country has ever known. Subsequently 
 e held various important civil and diplomatic positions. 
 Rocafuerte is regarded as thegreatest of Ecuadorian states- 
 men. He published various works on political subjects. 
 
 Rocamadour (ro-ka-ma-dor'). A village in the 
 department of Lot, France, situated 23 miles 
 north-northeast of Cahors. It has a noted church 
 and chapels, and is one of the most celebrated places of 
 pilgrimage in France. 
 
 Rocas (rd'kas). A reef in the Atlantic, situ- 
 ated northeast of Cape St. Roque, in lat. 3° 52' 
 S., long. 33° 49' W. Being almost entirely cov- 
 ered during high tides, it is very dangerous to 
 ships. 
 
 Rocca, or Roca, Inca. See Inca Rocca. 
 Roccasecca (rok-ka-sek'ka). [It., ‘dry castle.’] 
 A small town in the province of Caserta, Italy, 
 59 miles northwest of Naples. 
 
 Rock (nek), or RocbllS(r6'kus), Saint. Born at 
 Montpellier, France, about 1295 : died at Mont- 
 pellier, 1327. A French Franciscan, noted for 
 his ministrations to the plague-stricken. He was 
 canonized, and his feast is celebrated in the Roman Church 
 Aug. 16. In England St. Roch’s day was celebrated as a 
 harvest-home. 
 
 Rocbambeau, Comte de. See Vimeure, Jean 
 Baptiste Donation de. 
 
 Rochambeau, Vicomte de. See Vimeure, Do- 
 natien Marie Joseph de. 
 
 Rocha Pitta (rosh'a pet'ta), Sebastiao da. 
 
 Born at Bahia, May 3, 1660 : died near the same 
 place, Nov. 2, 1738. A Brazilian historian. He 
 spent many years in collecting material for his “Historia 
 da America Portugueza" (1730, and subsequent editions). 
 It was the first general history of Brazil, bringing the ac- 
 count down to 1724, and was long a standard. 
 
 Rochdale (roch'dal). A parliamentary and 
 municipal borough of Lancashire, England, sit- 
 uated on the Roeh 11 miles north-northeast of 
 Manchester. It has manufactures of flannels, woolens, 
 cotton, iron, and machinery ; and is the seat of a success- 
 ful working-men’s cooperative association. It was founded 
 in 1844. John Bright had his residence there. Popula- 
 tion, 91,437, (1911). 
 
 Rochefort (rosh-for'). A seaport in the depart- 
 ment of Charente-Inferieure, France, situated 
 on the Charente, 9 miles from its mouth, in lat. 
 45° 57' N., long. 0° 58' W. It has an immense marine 
 
 arsenal, with a hospital and other government establish- 
 ments, and a naval harbor. Its commerce is important. 
 The principal industry is ship-building. It was selected 
 by Colbert as an important naval station in 1666. The 
 British fleet defeated the French near it in 1809. Napo- 
 leon was taken prisoner in the neighborhood by the British 
 in July, 1815. There was a convict establishment here 
 q, until 1852. Population, commune, 36,694. 
 
 Rochefort, Henri (Victor Henri, Comte de 
 Rochefort-Lugay). Born at Paris, Jan. 30, 
 1830: died at Aix-les-Bains, June 30, 1913. A 
 French journalist, radical politician, and play- 
 wright. He contributed to the “ Figaro,” etc.; attacked 
 the empire in his journal “ La Lanterne ” in 1868 ; fled to 
 Belgium in 1868 ; was elected to the Corps Legislatif in 
 1869 ; founded the “ Marseillaise ’’ (1869), in which he con- 
 tinued his attack on Napoleon ; was imprisoned in 1870; 
 became a member of the government of national defense 
 in 1870; and was a member of the National Assembly in 
 1871. He sympathized with the Commune (1871); was 
 arrested in May, 1871 ; was banished to New Caledonia in 
 1873 ; escaped to England in 1874 ; and was amnestied in 
 1880. He founded in Paris the “Intransigeant" in 1880. 
 He was a bitter opponent of Gambetta and the Opportu- 
 nists, and was a supporter of Boulanger. 
 Rochefoucauld, La. See La Rochefoucauld. 
 Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, La. See La Roche- 
 foucauld-Liancourt. 
 
 Rochelle, La. See La Rochelle. 
 
 Roches (rosli), Col des. A pass in the Jura, on 
 the borders of France and the canton of Neu- 
 chatel, Switzerland, 11 miles west-northwest of 
 Neuch&tel. 
 
 Rochester (roeh'es-ter). [ME. Rochester, AS. 
 
 Rock Island 
 
 Hrofeceaster, Hrofesceaster, translated by ML. 
 Hrofi or Hrobi civitas, city of Hrof (a man’s 
 name).] A city and seaport in Kent, England, 
 situated on the Medway, adjoining Chatham and 
 Strood, 26 miles east-southeast of London : the 
 Roman Durobrivte or Dorobrevum. it has con- 
 siderable trade. It contains a ruined Norman castle. The 
 cathedral is of very early foundation, but was rebuilt in the 
 13th century and later. The choir is Early English, hand- 
 somely arcaded, with square chevet. The clearstory of the 
 nave is Perpendicular, with a very large west window. The 
 cathedral has double transepts, and an ugly Bquare tower 
 over the first crossing. The recessed west portal is fine, 
 and there is a remarkable crypt. The dimensions are 306 
 by 68 feet, and 120 across the west transepts. It was a 
 British and Roman town ; was sacked by the Danes ; and 
 was besieged by William Rufus. Near Rochester is Gad’s 
 Hill Place, the home of Charles Dickens. Pop., 30,690. 
 
 Rochester. [Named from Nathaniel Rochester.] 
 A city, capital of Monroe County, New York, 
 situated on the Genesee 7 miles from Lake On- 
 tario, and on the Erie Canal, in lat. 43° 8' N., 
 long. 77° 37' W. It is an important railway center. It 
 has manufactures of clothing, boots and shoes, flour, beer, 
 tobacco, carriages, and furniture ; an important trade in 
 coal; and many nurseries. It contains the University of 
 Rochester (Baptist in origin (1850), now non-sectarian), 
 Baptist Theological Seminary, an observatory, and chari- 
 table and reformatory institutions. There are three falls 
 of the Genesee within the city limits. It w as settled in 
 1812, and incorporated in 1834. Pop., 218,149, ( 1910 ). 
 
 Rochester. A city in Strafford County, New 
 Hampshire, situated on the Salmon andCocheco 
 rivers, 28 miles east by north of Concord. Pop- 
 ulation, 8,868, (1910). 
 
 Rochester. A city, capital of Olmsted County, 
 Minnesota, situated on the south fork of Zum- 
 bro River, 73 miles south-southeast of St. Paul. 
 Population, 7,844, (1910). 
 
 Rochester, Earl of. See Wilmot, John. 
 Rochester, Edward Fairfax. The principal 
 character in Charlotte Bronte’s “Jane Eyre.” 
 He is probably responsible for most of the muscular 
 heroes in the world of fiction since his time. 
 Rochester, Nathaniel. Born in Westmoreland 
 County, Va., Feb. 21, 1752: died at Rochester, 
 N. Y., May 17, 1831. An American pioneer and 
 Revolutionary officer. He was one of the chief colo- 
 nizers of the Genesee valley (New York) and of the city of 
 Rochester (which was named after him). 
 
 Roche-sur-Yon, La. See La-Roche-sur-Ton. 
 Rochet (ro-sha'), Louis. Born at Paris, Aug. 
 24, 1813: died there, Jan. 21, 1878. A French 
 Sculptor. Among his works are “ Comte Ugolino et ses 
 enfants” (1839), “Jeune femme pleurant” (1840), “Guil- 
 laume le Conquerant ” (1851: at Falaise), “ NapolCon Bona- 
 parte, Mfeve de Brienne” (1853: statuette), “NapolCon 
 Bonaparte” (1855), “Mme. de Sevigne ” (1857: at Grignan), 
 “L’Empereur Dom Pedro I.” (1861 : large equestrian statue 
 erected at Rio de Janeiro 1862), etc. 
 
 Rochette. See Raoul- Roche tte. 
 
 Rochlitz (roch'lits). A town in Bohemia, situ- 
 ated on the edge of the Riesengebirge 62 miles 
 northeast of Prague. Population, commune, 
 6,466 (1910). 
 
 Rochlitz. A town in the kingdom of Saxony, 
 situated on the Z wickauer Mulde 28 miles south- 
 east of Leipsic. Population, 6,258. 
 
 Rochlitz, Friedrich. Bom at Leipsic, Feb. 12, 
 1769: died there, Dec. 16, 1842. A German mu- 
 sical critic and novelist. He founded the “ All- 
 gemeine mugikalische Zeitung” in 1798. 
 Rochus. See Roch. 
 
 Rock (rok), Captain. A fictitious name signed 
 to notices, summonses, etc., by the leader of a 
 certain band of Irish insurgents in 1822. 
 Rockaway (rok' a-wa) . A summ er resort on the 
 south coast of Long Island, southeast of Brook- 
 lyn. 
 
 Rockaway, Far. A summer resort east of 
 Rockaway. 
 
 Rockaway Beach. A long beach on the south 
 coast of Long Island, 10-12 miles southeast of 
 Brooklyn. 
 
 Rockford (rok'ford). A city, capital of Winne- 
 bago County, northern 111 inois. situated on Rock 
 River. Population, 45,401, (1910). 
 Rockhampton (rok-hamp'ton). A town in 
 Queensland, Australia, situated on Fitzroy 
 River about lat. 23° 25' S. Population, 15,461; 
 with North Rockhampton, 18,326. 
 
 Rockhill (rok'hil), William Woodville. Born 
 at Philadelphia in 1854. An American traveler, 
 diplomat, and author. He was secretary of legation 
 in Peking 1885-86 ; first assistant secretary of state of the 
 United States 1896-97 ; ministerto Greece 1897-99; special 
 envoy to China July, 1900; minister to China 1905-09; 
 ambassador to Russia 1909-11 ; and minister to Turkey 
 1911-13. He has written “The Land of Baa Lamas 
 (1891), etc. 
 
 Rockingham, Marquis of. See Wentworth, 
 
 Charles Watson. 
 
 Rock Island (rok i'land). An island in the 
 Mississippi, opposite the city of Rock Island. 
 
Bock Island 
 
 It is the seat of a large United States arsenal and armory, 
 and was the site of Fort Armstrong at the time of the Black 
 Hawk war. Length, about 3 miles. 
 
 Bock Island. A city, capital of Rock Island 
 County, Illinois, situated on the Mississippi, op- 
 posite Davenport (in Iowa), in lat. 41° 28' N. 
 It is an important railway center, and the seat of a United 
 States arsenal. Population, 24,335, (1910). 
 
 Rockland (rok'land). A city and seaport, capi- 
 tal of Knox County, Maine, situated on Penob- 
 scot Bay 38 miles southeast of Augusta. It has 
 important manufacturing and ship-building industries, 
 exports granite, and has trade in lime. Population, 8,174, 
 (1910). 
 
 Rockland. A town in Plymouth County, Mas- 
 sachusetts, 18 miles south-southeast of Boston : 
 formerly called East Abington. Population, 
 6,928, (1910). 
 
 Rockport(rok'port). Aseaportin EssexCounty, 
 Massachusetts, situated at the extremity of the 
 Cape Ann peninsula, 30 miles northeast of Bos- 
 ton. Population, 4,211, (1910). 
 
 Rockstro (rok'stro), William Smith. Born 
 Jan. 5, 1823: died July 2, 1895. An English 
 composer, author of a “History of Music.” 
 Rocky (rok'i) Mountains. The most important 
 mountain system in North America. The name 
 is sometimes applied to the entire mountainous region in 
 the western part of the continent, extending to the Pacific, 
 but is defined by the United States Geographic Board as in- 
 cluding, within the United States, the ranges of Montana, 
 Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, and Western 
 Texas, exclusive of the Sierra Nevada, Cascade Mountains, 
 Coast Range, and ranges of the Great Basin. Among the 
 chief ranges are the Cceur d’Alene Mountains, Bitter Root 
 Mountains, Salmon River Mountains, Big Horn, Black 
 Hills, Crazy Mountains, Shoshone Mountains, Wahsatch 
 Mountains, Medicine Bow Range, Park Ranges, Front 
 Range, Sawatch Mountains, and Elk Mountains. The 
 system traverses Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, 
 Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana. The chief peaks are 
 Pike’s Peak, Long’s Peak, Gray’s Peak, Mount Harvard, 
 Mountain of the Holy Cross, Uncompahgre Peak, Blanca 
 Peak, and Mount Massive (14,424 feet, the highest in the 
 system within the United States). The heights of the 
 principal summits in British America are notall definitely 
 known, and it is doubtful if any peak rises above 14,000 
 feet, unless it be about the Alaskan region. Mount Brown, 
 frequently represented to be 15,000-10,000 feet in eleva- 
 tion, has been shown to fall much below this. Among the 
 special features of the Rocky Mountains are the canons 
 and geyser springs (see Yellowstone National Park), and 
 the singular rock formations, in the shape of pinnacles, 
 columns, etc., which have likened them to monuments 
 (Monument Park, Garden of the Gods, near Colorado 
 Springs). The “parks" (North, Middle, South, San Luis, 
 etc.) are notable features. The system contains the sources 
 of the Saskatchewan, Missouri, Platte, Arkansas, Rio 
 Grande, Columbia, Colorado, and other rivers. 
 
 Rocourt, or Rocour (ro-kor'), or Rocoux (ro- 
 ko'), or Raueoux (ro-ko'), or Raucourt (ro- 
 kor'). A village in Belgium, 3 miles north-north- 
 west of Liege. Here, Oct. 11, 1746, the French 
 under Marshal Saxe defeated the Austrians and 
 their allies. 
 
 Rocroi, or Rocroy (ro-krwa'). A town in the 
 department of Ardennes, France, situated near 
 the Belgian frontier, 15 miles northwest of 
 M6zi&res. It was fortified by Vauban, and was taken 
 by the Allies in 1815, and by the Germans Jan. 6, 1871. A 
 victory was gained near it May 19, 1643, by the French 
 under the Due d’Enghien (“the Great Condo") over the 
 Spaniards. Population, commune, 2,116. 
 
 Rodbertus (rod-ber'tos), Johann Karl. Born 
 at Greifswald, Prussia, Aug. 12, 1805 : died on 
 his estate Jagetzow, Dec. 6, 1875. A German 
 political economist, originator of German sci- 
 entific socialism. He was a member of the Prussian 
 National Assembly in 1848, and of the second chamber in 
 1849. He wrote “Soziale Briefe” (1850-61), etc. 
 
 Rodenberg (ro 'den -hero) (originally Levy), 
 Julius. Born at Rodenberg, Prussia, June 26, 
 1831. A German poet, novelist, and writer of 
 travels. He has edited the “Deutsche Rund- 
 schau” since 1875. 
 
 Roderick, or Roderic (rod'er-ik). [F. Rodrigue , 
 Roderic, Sp. Rodrigo, Rug, Pg. It. Rodrigo, Gael. 
 Ruairidh, Rory, Pol. Roderyk, Russ. Roderikh, 
 Rurik, ML. Rodericus, from Goth. *Erdtha- 
 reilcs, OHG. Hruoderic, Roderick, G. Roderick, 
 prince of fame.] The last king of the West 
 Goths in Spain. He ascended the throne about 
 710, and was overthrown and probably slain by the Sara- 
 cens under Tarik in 711. According to legend he violated 
 Florindaor Cava, daughter of Count Julian of Ceuta, whose 
 father avenged her dishonor by calling in the Saracens. 
 Roderick was overcome in a seven days’ fight, and fled to 
 the mountains, where he became a hermit. 
 
 The fate of Roderick has remained a mystery to this day. 
 His horse and sandals were found on tile river-bank the 
 day after the battle, but his body was not with them. 
 Doubtless he was drowned and washed out to the great 
 ocean. But the Spaniards would not believe this. They 
 clothed the dead king with a holy mystery which assuredly 
 did not enfold him when alive. They made the last of the 
 Goths into a legendary saviour like King Arthur, and be- 
 lieved that he would come again from his resting-place in 
 some ocean Isle, healed of his wound, to lead the Christians 
 once more against the infidels. In the Spanish legends, 
 
 862 
 
 Roderick spent the rest of his life in pious acts of penance, 
 and was slowly devoured by snakes in punishment for the 
 sins he had committed, until at last his crime was washed 
 out, “the body’s pang had spared the spirit’s pain," and 
 “ Don Rodrigo ” was suffered to depart to the peaceful 
 isle, whence his countrymen long awaited his triumphant 
 return. Poole, Story of the Moors, p. 21. 
 
 Roderick, the Last of the Goths. A narrative 
 poem by Robert Southey, published in 1814. 
 
 Roderick Dhu (rod'er-ik du). A Highland 
 chieftain, one of the principal characters in 
 Scott’s “Lady of the Lake.” 
 
 Roderick Random (ran'dom). A novel by 
 Smollett, published in 1748. 
 
 Roderigo (rod-e-re'go). 1. In Shakspere’s 
 “Othello,” a foolish gentleman in love with 
 Desdemona and duped by Iago. — 2. In Middle- 
 ton’s play “The Spanish Gipsy,” a brutal ruf- 
 fian whose repentance and reformation form 
 the theme of the play. 
 
 Rodewisch (ro'de-vish). Amanufacturingtown 
 in the kingdom of Saxony, situated on the 
 Goltzsch 14 miles south by west of Zwickau. 
 Population, commune, 8,095. 
 
 Rodez, formerly Rhodez (ro-das'). [ML. Ra- 
 te na, Ruthenis, Rutenica; from the Ruteni : see 
 the def.] The capital of the department of 
 Aveyron, France, situated on the Aveyron in 
 lat. 44° 21' N., long. 2° 34' E. : the ancient Sa- 
 godunum. It has considerable commerce and manu- 
 factures. The cathedral, founded in 1274 and carried on 
 for two centuries, is large, and has by the north transept 
 a tower 265 feet high. The town was the capital of the 
 Ruteni, and later of Rouergue. It was united to France 
 under Henry IV. Population, commune, 15,602. 
 
 Rodgers (roj'erz), Christopher Raymond 
 Perry. Born at Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 14, 1819 : 
 died at Washington, D. C., Jan. 8, 1892. An 
 American admiral. He entered the United States 
 navy as a midshipman in 1833, and served in the Seminole 
 andMexicanwars, being promoted commanderin 1861. He 
 was fleet-captain in the Wabash of Admiral Du Pont’s fleet 
 at the battle of Port Royal in 1861 ; commanded an expedi- 
 tion to St. Augustine and up St. Mary’s River in 1862 ; and 
 was fleet-captain in the New Ironsides in the attack on 
 the defenses of Charleston April 7, 1863. He was superin- 
 tendent of the United States Naval Academy 1874-77 and 
 in 188L Promoted rear-admiral 1874 : retired 1881. 
 
 Rodgers, John. Born in Harford County, Md., 
 July 11, 1771: died at Philadelphia, Aug. 1,1838. 
 An American naval officer. He was executive offi- 
 cer of the Constellation at the capture of the French 
 frigate LTnsurgente in 1799, and in 1805 succeeded Com- 
 modore Barron in command of the American squadron 
 operating against Tripolis. He commanded the President 
 in the action against the Little Belt in 1811, and took part 
 in the defense of Baltimore in 1814. 
 
 Rodgers, John. Born in Maryland, Aug. 8, 1812 : 
 died at Washington, D. C., May 5, 1882. An 
 American admiral, son of John Rodgers (1771- 
 1838). He served agains the Seminoles ; was distin- 
 guished in the Civil War, capturing the Confederate iron- 
 clad Atlanta in 1863; and commanded the Korean expedi- 
 tion in 1871. He was superintendent of the United States 
 Naval Observatory at Washington 1877-82. 
 
 Rodiger (re'dig-er), Emil. Born at Sanger- 
 hausen, Thuringia, Oct. 13, 1801: died at Berlin, 
 June 15, 1874. A German Orientalist, professor 
 at Berlin from 1860. 
 
 Rodilardus (ro-di-lar'dus). [From L. rodere 
 lardum, to gnaw lard.] An immense cat, in Rabe- 
 lais’s “ Pantagruel,” which attacks Panurge. 
 
 Rodin (ro-dan'), Auguste. Born at Paris, Nov., 
 1840. A French sculptor. At the age of fourteen he 
 entered La Petite ]5cole, and later the school of theGobelins 
 and Barye’s classes at the Jardin des Plantes. He executed 
 the famous bust called “The Broken Nose” in 1862-63. 
 Rodin worked as an artisan at Marseillesand Strasburg, and 
 finally entered the atelier of Carrier- BeUeuse. During the 
 Commune he followed Carrier- Belleuse to Belgium, where 
 he remained until 1874. He then went to Italy, where he 
 made a profound study of Donatello and Michelangelo, 
 which seems tohaverevealed his own powers to the sculptor 
 himself, now 34 years of age. He returned to Brussels. At 
 the Salon of 1877 he exhibited a figure called “L’Age d’ai- 
 rain, ” which expressed what he believed to be the right prin- 
 ciple of construction of a statue. His bust of “ St. - J ean Bap- 
 tiste ” established his reputation. Among his other works 
 are another “ St. -Jean ” (1880), “Creation of Man ’’ (1881), 
 busts of J. P. Laurens and Carrier-Belleuse (1882), Victor 
 Hugo (1884), a statue of Bastien-Lepage (1885), and a 
 monument for the city of Calais in commemoration of the 
 patriotism of Eustache de Saint-Pierre and his companions, 
 who offered themselves as a sacrifice to the demands of 
 Edward III. of England, conqueror of the city in 1347. He 
 also received a commission for the bronze doors of the 
 Mus<5e des Arts Ddcoratifs, of which the subject is taken 
 from the “Inferno" of Dante. 
 
 Rodman (rod'man), Isaac Peace. Born at 
 South Kingston, R. I., Aug. 18, 1822: died at 
 Sharpsburg, Md., Sept. 30, 1862. A Union gen- 
 eral in the Civil War. He was mortally wounded 
 at the battle of Antietam. 
 
 Rodman, Thomas Jackson. Born at Salem, 
 Ind., July 31, 1816: died at Rock Island, 111., 
 June 7, 1871. An American (brevet) brigadier- 
 general. lie graduated at West Point in 1841, and is 
 
 Roebling, John Augustus 
 
 notable as the author of various inventions in different 
 departments of ordnance, the chief of which is the Rod- 
 man gun. 
 
 Rodna (rod'na). A pass in the Carpathians in 
 northern Transylvania, leading from the valley 
 of the Szamos into Moldavia. 
 
 Rodney (rod'ni), Caesar. Born at Dover, Del., 
 Oct. 7, 1728: died there, June 29, 1784. An 
 American patriot, a signer of the Declaration of 
 Independence as member of Congress in 1776. 
 He was an officer in the Revolutionary War, and 
 president of Delaware 1778-82. 
 
 Rodney, Caesar Augustus. Born at Dover, 
 Del., Jan. 4, 1772: died at Buenos Ayres, June 
 10, 1824. An American politician, son of Caesar 
 Rodney . He was Democratic member of Congress from 
 Delaware 1803-05, and United States attorney-general 1807- 
 1811. He served in the War of 1812 ; was commissioner 
 to South America in 1817 ; was member of Congress from 
 Delaware 1821-22, and United States senator 1822-23 ; and 
 was minister to Buenos Ayres 1823-24. 
 
 Rodney, George Brydges, first Baron Rodney. 
 Born at Walton-on-Thames, England, Feb. 13, 
 1718 : died in London, May 23, 1792. A noted 
 English admiral. He served in the Seven Years' War, 
 and gained a victory over the Spaniards off Cape St Vin- 
 cent, Jan., 1780, and one over the French under De Grasse 
 off Dominica, April 12, 1782. He was created Baron Rod- 
 ney June 19, 1782. 
 
 Rodogune (ro-do-giin'). A tragedy by Cor- 
 neille, produced in 1646. 
 
 Rodomont (rod'o-mont). A brave though brag- 
 ging Moorish king in “Orlando Innamorato” 
 and “ Orlando Furioso.” The word “ rodomon- 
 tade ” is derived from his name. He appears to 
 have originated in the Mezentius of Vergil. 
 
 Rodoni (ro-do'ne), Cape. A cape on the coast 
 of Albania, Turkey, situated in lat. 41° 37' N., 
 long. 19° 28' E. 
 
 Rodosto (ro-dos'to). A seaport in European 
 Turkey, situated on the Sea of Marmora 78 
 miles west of Constantinople: the ancient Bi- 
 santhe and Rhasdestus. Population, estimated, 
 20 , 000 . 
 
 Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar. See Cid. 
 
 Rodrigues Ferreira (rod-re'ges fa-rar'ra), 
 Alexandre. Born at Bahia, April 27, 1756 : 
 died at Lisbon, Portugal, April 23, 1815. A 
 Brazilian naturalist. From 1783 to 1793 he traveled 
 in the interior of Brazil (the Amazon valley, Matto Grosso, 
 etc.) on a scientific commission from the Portuguese gov- 
 ernment. His numerous reports and scientific papers 
 were left in manuscript, hut some of them have been pub- 
 lished during the nineteenth century. 
 
 Rodrigues Torres (tor ' ras), Joaquim Jos6. 
 
 Born at Sao Joao de Itaborahy, Rio de Janeiro, 
 Dec. 13, 1802: died at Rio de Janeiro, Jan. 8, 
 1872. A Brazilian politician. He was several times 
 minister of marine (1831-32, 1832-34, and 1837-39), minister 
 of the treasury (1849), and premier May 11, 1852, -Sept. 6, 
 1853. In 1844 he was chosen senator, and from 1864 was 
 the acknowledged chief of the conservative party. He 
 was created viscount of Itaborahy in 1854. 
 
 Rodriguez (ro-dre'ges), or Rodrigues (rod- 
 reg'). An island in the Indian Ocean, in about 
 lat. 19° 40' S., long. 63° 25' E., east of Mauri- 
 tius, of which it is a dependency, it was origi- 
 nally settled by the French, but is now a British posses- 
 sion. Area, 42 square miles. Population, 3,162. 
 
 Rodriguez (rod-re'geth), Jose Joaquin. A 
 
 Costa Rican statesman, president from May 8, 
 1890, to May 8, 1894. 
 
 Rodriguez, Mariano Ospina. See Ospina Ro- 
 drigues. 
 
 Roe (ro), Azel Stevens. Born in New York city 
 Aug. 16, 1798: died at East Windsor Hill, Conn. r 
 Jan. 1, 1886. An American novelist. Among 
 his works are “James Mountjoy. or I’ve been Thinking” 
 (1850), “A Long Look Ahead” (1855), “True to the Last” 
 (1859), etc. 
 
 Roe, Edward Payson. Born at New Windsor, 
 Orange County, N. Y., March 7, 1838 : died at 
 Cornwall, N. Y., July 19, 1888. An American 
 Presbyterian clergyman and novelist. Among 
 his novels are “ Barriers Burned Away ” (1872), “ Opening 
 a Chestnut Burr ” (1874), “From Jest to Earnest ” (1875), 
 “A Knight of the Nineteenth Century ” (1877), “A Face 
 Illumined ” (1878), “ Without a Home ’’ (18S0), etc. 
 
 Roe (ro), Richard. The name of the imaginary 
 defendant in fictions formerly in use in cases of 
 ejectment. Compare Doe, John. 
 
 Roe, or Row, Sir Thomas. Born at Low Ley- 
 ton, Essex, in 1580 or 1581 : died 1644. An Eng- 
 lish diplomatist under James I. and Charles I- 
 He was “ esquire to the body ” to Queen Elizabeth ; was 
 knighted by James I. in 1004-05 ; and was sent by Prince 
 Henry to the West Indies in 1610-11. He gained consid- 
 erable reputation by his embassy to the court of the Great 
 Mogul at Agra (1615-18). In 1621 he was ambassador to 
 the Porte, and in 1641 was sent to the Diet of Ratisbon. 
 
 Roebling (reb'ling), John Augustus. Bom 
 
 at Miihlhausen, Prussia, June 12, 1806: died at 
 Brooklyn, July 22, 1869. Au American civil 
 
 engineer. Among his works are suspension-bridges over 
 the Niagara (1851-56), over the Ohio at Cincinnati (1850-671 
 
Roebling, John Augustus 
 
 and designs for the East River Bridge between New York 
 and Brooklyn. He died from injuries received while in- 
 specting the work on this bridge. He published “Long 
 and Short Span Bridges ” (1869), etc. 
 
 Roebling, Washington Augustus. Born at 
 Saxenburg, Pa., May 26, 1837. An American 
 civil engineer, son of J. A. Roebling. After the 
 latter’s death he superintended the construction 
 of the Brooklyn Bridge. 
 
 Roebuck (rd'buk), John Arthur. Bom at Ma- 
 dras, Dee., 1801: died Nov. 30, 1879. A British 
 Radical politician. He became member of Parliament 
 for Bath in 1832, and later sat for Sheffield. He wrote a 
 “ Plan for the Government of our English Colonies " (1849), 
 “ History of the Whig Ministry of 1830 ” (1862), etc. 
 Roederer(re'der-er), Comte Pierre Louis. Bom 
 at Metz, Feb. 15, 1754: died Dec. 17, 1835. A 
 French politician, publicist, and economist. He 
 was a member of the National Assembly in 1789, and an 
 administrator under Napoleon I. He was created a count 
 in 1809. He supported Napoleon during the Hundred 
 Days, and retired to private life after the second restora- 
 tion of the Bourbons. He published “Memoires pour ser- 
 vir h l’histoire de Louis XII. et de Francois I.” (1825) and 
 “Esprit de la revolution de 1789 ”(1831), and “ Chronique 
 decinquante jours, du 20 Juin au 10 Aoilt" (1832). 
 
 Roer, or Ruhr (ror). A river in the western 
 part of the Rhine Province, Prussia, and the 
 Netherlands. It joins the Meuse at Roermond. 
 Length, about 125 miles. 
 
 Roermond (ror-mont'), or Roermonde (ror- 
 mon'de), F. Ruremonde (riir-mond'). A town 
 in the province of Limburg, Netherlands, situ- 
 ated at the junction of the Roer and Meuse, 27 
 miles northeast of Maestricht. it has a minster 
 and cloth manufactures. Population, commune, 12,348. 
 
 Roeskilde, or Roskilde (ros'kil-de). A town 
 in the island of Zealand, Denmark, situated on 
 Roeskilde Fjord 20 miles west of Copenhagen. 
 The cathedra], built in the middle of the 13th century in 
 the Transition style, is with three exceptions the finest 
 medieval church in Scandinavia. The masonry is of sand- 
 stone and brick. There are many interesting tombs, in- 
 cluding those of several kings and queens of Denmark. 
 The cathedral is 280 feet long, the tower 246 high. Roes- 
 kilde was an ancient ecclesiastical center. It had at one 
 time a population of 100,000, and was the capital until 1443. 
 By the peace concluded at Roeskilde between Denmark 
 and Sweden, Feb. 28, 1658, the former ceded Schonen, Hal- 
 land, Bornholm, Drontheim, etc. Population, 8,820. 
 
 Roger (roj'er) I. (Roger Guiscard). [L. Ro- 
 
 gerus, F. Roger, It. Ruggiero, Rogero, Sp. Pg. 
 Rogerio, G. Rudiger. ] Born 1031: died at Mileto, 
 1101. Grand Count of Sicily, youngest son of 
 Tancred de Hauteville and brother of Robert 
 Guiscard. He aided his brother in Calabria after 1058, 
 and began with him about lu60 the conquest of Sicily, tak- 
 ing Messina (1061), Palermo (1072), Catania, Girgenti, etc. 
 In 1090 he took Malta from the Saracens. lie assumed 
 the title of count of Sicily about 1071. 
 
 Roger II. Born about 1096 : died at Palermo, 
 1154. Count and later king of Sicily, son of 
 Roger I. whom he succeeded in 110i. He wa3 
 acknowledged duke of Apulia and Calabria in 1127, thus 
 uniting the Norman conquests in Italy with Sicily ; wa3 
 crowned king of Sicily in 1130 ; was defeated by the em- 
 peror Lothair in 1137 ; waged war successfully against the 
 Pope in 1139, and against the Eastern Empire and the 
 Arabs; and conquered Naples and the Abruzzi. 
 
 Roger de Coverley. See Coverley. 
 
 Roger of Hoveden (roj'er ov huv'den or hov'- 
 den). Lived in the last half of the 12th cen- 
 tury. The author of a chronicle of England, 
 first printed in 1596. He was a clerk and a member 
 of the royal household of Henry II., and seems to have been 
 well versed in the law. He served the king in various dip- 
 lomatic and public affairs, and on Henry’s death he prob- 
 ably retired to the collegiate church of Hoveden (Hovedon 
 or Howden), in the East Riding of Yorkshire, and wrote his 
 chronicle. 
 
 Roger of Hoveden’s Chron icle was based first upon a com- 
 pilation made probably at Durham between the years 1148 
 and 1161, and known as the “Historia Saxonum vel Anglo- 
 rum post obitum Bedre.” This chronicle was compiled 
 from the histories of Simeon of Durham and Henry of 
 Huntingdon. Roger of Hoveden added to this an account 
 of the miracles of Edward the Confessor ; an abstract of a 
 charter of William the Conqueror granting Heminburgh 
 and Brackenholm to Durham ; a copy of a charter by which 
 Thomas I., archbishop of York, released Durham churches 
 In his diocese from customary payments to the Archbishop ; 
 a list in French of warriors at the siege of Nice ; and about 
 eight other additions. The part of Iioveden’s Chronicle 
 which extends from 1148 to 1170 is not founded upon any 
 written authority except the chronicle of Melrose. . . . 
 The Melrose Chronicle was based upon Simeon of Durham 
 until the year 1121, and was then continued until 1169 with 
 contemporary record. Between 1163 and 1169 Roger of 
 Hoveden draws largely from the lives of Becket in the rec- 
 ord of his quarrel witli the king. . . . From 1169 to the 
 spring of 1192 Roger of Hoveden’s Chronicle embodies, 
 with occasional divergence, and addition of documents, 
 chiefly northern, that of Benedict of Peterborough ; and 
 from 1192 to 1201, at which date the chronicle ends, the 
 addition of documents especially relating to the north of 
 England becomes a marked feature of the work. This is 
 the part of the chronicle in which Roger of Hoveden is his- 
 torian of his own time, and his work is of the highest value. 
 The reputation of the chronicle was in its own time so good 
 that Edward I. is said to have caused diligent search to be 
 made for copies of it in the year 1291, in order that on its 
 
 863 
 
 evidence he might adjust the disputes as to homage due to 
 him from the Crown of Scotland. 
 
 Morley, English Writers, III. 193, 194. 
 
 Roger of Wendover (wen'do-ver). Died 1236: 
 An English chronicler, a monk of the Abbey of 
 St. Albans and prior of Belvoir. He was the author 
 of that portion of the “ Flores historiarum ’’ which treats 
 of the period after 1189. The rest is by John de Celia. 
 Rogero (ro-ja'ro), or Ruggiero (rod-ja'ro). A 
 Saracen knight in Boiardo’s “ Orlando Innamo- 
 rato” and in Ariosto’s “ Orlando Furioso.” He 
 becomes a Christian and is baptized for the sake of Brada- 
 mant. He is one of the most important characters. 
 Rogers (roj'erz), Fairman. Born Nov. 15, 
 1833 : died Aug. 23, 1900. An American engi- 
 neer. He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania 
 in 1853, and was professor of civil engineering in that uni- 
 versity 1855-70, serving as a volunteer in the Union army 
 during the Civil War. He published “ Terrestrial Magnet- 
 ism and the Magnetism of Iron Ships ’’ (1883), etc. 
 
 Rogers,Henry. Born Oct. 18, 1806: died in 
 North Wales, Aug. 20, 1877. An English Con- 
 gregationalist preacher and essayist, professor 
 of English at University College, London. His 
 'best-known work is “The Eclipse of Faith” 
 (1852). 
 
 Rogers, Henry Darwin. Born at Philadelphia, 
 Aug. 1, 1808: died near Glasgow, Scotland, May 
 29, 1866. An American geologist. He was pro- 
 fessor of geology and mineralogy at the University of Penn- 
 sylvania 1835-46, made a geological survey of New Jersey 
 (begun in 1835), and was the State geologist of Pennsyl- 
 vania 1836-38. In 1855 he removed to Edinburgh, and in 
 1858 became professor of natural history at the University 
 of Glasgow. He published a “Description of the Geology 
 of the State of New Jersey ’’ (1840), “Geology of Pennsyl- 
 vania: a Government Survey ’’ (1858), etc. With the firm 
 of W. and A. K. Johnston he published a geographical 
 atlas of the United States (1857). 
 
 Rogers, James Edwin Thorold. Born at West 
 Meon, Hampshire, 1823 : died Oct. 12, 1890. An 
 English*political economist. He graduated at Ox- 
 ford (Magdalen Hall) in 1846, and officiated for a time as 
 a clergyman, but afterward renounced his orders. From 
 1862 to 1868 he was professor of political economy at Ox- 
 ford ; and from 1880 to 1886 he sat in Parliament as an 
 advanced Liberal. He published “History of Agriculture 
 and Prices in England ’'(1866-87), “Six Centuries of Work 
 and Wages” (1884), “ The Economic Interpretation of His- 
 tory" (1888), etc. 
 
 Rogers, John. Born near Birminghamaboutl500: 
 burned at Smith field, Feb. 4, 1555. An Eng- 
 lish Protestant clergyman. He graduated at Cam- 
 bridge (Pembroke Hall) in 1526. In 1537, under the name 
 of John Matthew, he published “Matthew’s Bible” (com- 
 piled from Coverdale’s and Tyndale’s versions with the 
 Apocrypha in his own translation. After the accession of 
 Mary he preached against Romanism at Paul’s Cross, and 
 was arrested, tried as a heretic, and burned, the first mar- 
 tyr of that reign. 
 
 Rogers, John. Born at Salem, Mass., Oct. 30, 
 1829 : died July 26, 1904. An American sculptor, 
 best known by his small groups illustrating 
 scenes from the Civil War, country life, etc. 
 Rogers, Randolph. Born at Waterloo, New 
 York, July 6, 1825 : died at Rome, Jan. 15, 1892. 
 An American sculptor. He removed to Italy in 1855. 
 Among his works are the bronze doors in the Capitol at 
 Washington and portrait-statues and memorial monu- 
 ments in Richmond, Providence, Detroit, etc. 
 
 Rogers, Robert. Born at Dunbarton, N. H., 
 1727 : died about 1800. An American officer, 
 noted in the French and Indian war as com- 
 mander of the corps called “ Rogers’s Rangers.” 
 He served in the vicinity of Lake George and at Detroit ; 
 was arrested by Washington as a spy in 1776 ; secured his 
 freedom by violating his parole, and raised a royalist corps 
 called “The Queen’s Rangers ” ; and went to England in 
 1777, after which nothing is known of him. He wrote 
 “A Concise Account of North America ” (1765), “Jour- 
 nals ”(1765), and “Diary of the Siege of Detroit "(published 
 1860). 
 
 Rogers, Samuel. Born at Newington Green, 
 London, July 30, 1763: died at London, Dec. 18, 
 1855. An English poet, son of a London banker. 
 He was educated at the Nonconformist Academy at. New- 
 ington Green, and entered his father’s bank. His house in 
 London was noted as a literary center. His principal po- 
 ems are “ Pleasures of Memory, etc.” (1792),“ Epistle to a 
 Friend, etc. ”(1798), “Voyage of Columbus ”(1812), “Jacque- 
 line ’’ (1814), “Human Life ” (1819), “ Italy ” (1822-28). 
 
 Rogers, William Augustus. Born at Water- 
 ford, Conn., Nov. 13, 1832: died at Waterville, 
 Me., March 1, 1898. An American astronomer 
 and physicist, a specialist in micrometry. He 
 graduated at Brown University in 1857, and in 1858 be- 
 came professor of mathematics and astronomy at Alfred 
 University, a post which he occupied thirteen years. He 
 was appointed assistant in the Harvard Observatory in 
 1870; became assistant professor of astronomy at Harvard 
 in 1877 ; and accepted the chair of astronomy and physics 
 at Colby University in 1886. 
 
 Roget (ro-zba'). Peter Mark. Born at London, 
 1779: died 1869. An English physician and 
 scientific writer. He took his medical degree at 
 Edinburgh in 1798, and practised as a physician in Man- 
 chester and London, where he became physician to the 
 Northern Dispensary. He was for many years secretary 
 of the Royal Society, and was Fullerian lecturer on physi- 
 
 Rokelle 
 
 ology at the Royal Institution. His chief work is the nota- 
 ble “Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases” (1852). 
 RoggeveldBerge(rog'ge-veld berG'e). A moun- 
 tain-range in the western part of Cape Colony, 
 intersected by lat. 32° S. It is connected on 
 tne east with the Nieuweveld Berge. 
 
 Rogier (ro-zhya'), Charles. Bom at St.-Quen- 
 tin, France, Aug. 12, 1800 : died May 27, 1885. 
 A Belgian statesman. He was prominent in the rev- 
 olution of 1830, and was one of the members of the pro- 
 visional government, and one of the chief founders of the 
 Belgian monarchy. He was a member of various minis- 
 tries, and a leader of the liberal party. 
 
 Rogue (rog) River. A river in southwestern 
 Oregon, which flows into the Pacific at Ellens- 
 burg. Length, about 200 miles. 
 
 Rogue River Indians. See Athapascan and 
 Takelma. 
 
 Rohan (ro-on'), Due Henri de. Bom at the 
 castle of Blain, Brittany, Aug. 25, 1579: died 
 April 13, 1638. A celebrated French general, 
 writer, and statesman. He was a leader of the Hugue- 
 nots in the civil wars which ended in 1629 ; was forced to 
 retire to Venice, where he became general (1631) ; was re- 
 called to France, and conquered the Valtelline, defeating 
 the Imperialists and Spaniards, 1635-36 ; and was mortally 
 wounded at the battle of Rheinfelden in 1638. He wrote 
 “Le parfait capitaine” (1636), “Memoires et lettres sur la 
 guerre de la Valtelline” (1758), etc. 
 
 Rohilkhand, or Rohilcund (ro-hil-kund'J. A 
 division in the United Provinces, British India. 
 Area, 12,800 square miles. Population, 6,- 
 200,000. 
 
 Rohitsch (ro'hitsh). A village in Styria, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, situated in lat. 46° 14' N., long. 
 15° 43' E. Near it is the watering-place and 
 health-resort Rohitsch -Sauerbrunn. 
 
 Rohlfs (rolfs), Friedrich Gerhard. Born at 
 Vegesaek, near Bremen, April 14, 1831: died at 
 Godesberg, Prussia, June 2, 1896. An African 
 explorer. He was a military surgeon in Algeria 1855-60.; 
 explored Morocco, Tafilet(1860-62), and Tuat (1864); crossed 
 Africa from Tripoli to Lagos over Lake Chad, Bornu, Man- 
 dara, Sokoto, Binue, and Yoruba (1865-66) ; visited Abys- 
 sinia in 1868, the oases between Tripoli and Egypt in 1868, 
 the Libyan desert 1873-74, and the oases Sokna ant Kufra 
 in 1878 ; and was German consul at Zanzibar 1884^85. His 
 numerous works include “ Rei.se durch Marokko” (1869), 
 “Von Tripoli naeh Alexandria ’’ (1871), “Quer durch Afrika” 
 (1874-75), “Kufra” (1881), “Quid novi ex Africa?” (1886). 
 See Century Atlas, Map i09. 
 
 Rohtak (ro-tuk'). 1. A district in the Delhi 
 division, Panjab, British India, intersected by 
 lat. 29° N.,long. 76° 40' E. Area, 1,797 square 
 miles. Population, 630,672. — 2. The capital 
 of the district of Rohtak, 44 miles northwest 
 of Delhi. Population, 20,323. 
 
 Roi des Montagnes (rwa da mon-tany'). [F., 
 ‘ King of the Mountains.’] A novel by Edmond 
 About, published in 1856. The scene is laid in 
 Greece. 
 
 Roi d’Yvetot (rwa dev-to'), Le. [F., ‘ The King 
 of Yvetot.’] A song by Beranger, which ap- 
 peared in 1813. It alludes to the contented ruler of 
 a very small seigniory, and has a political signification, 
 turning on the fact that the French, at that time returned 
 from Moscow, had begun to weary of the glory which cost 
 so much blood and tears. The ballad of the Kingof Yvetot, 
 who took “pleasure for his code,” was sung by all France, 
 and passed in to literature as a type of the “roi bon enfant” 
 whose reign the French wished to inaugurate. 
 
 Roi s’ Amuse (rwa sa-miiz'), Le. [F., ‘The 
 King Amuses Himself.’] A drama by Victor 
 Hugo, produced in 1832. The scene is laid in 
 the reign of Francis I. 
 
 Rois Faineants (rwa fa-na-on'), Les. [F.,‘the 
 do-nothing or sluggard kings.’] A name given 
 to King Clovis II. of Neustria (died 656) and his 
 ten successors. They were merely figureheads, being 
 entirely under the management of the mayor of the palace, 
 or major domus, an officer who had charge of the royal 
 household and later of the royal domain. The mayor was 
 originally elected by the nobles, but the office became 
 hereditary in the Austrasian family of the Carolingians. 
 The empire of the Merovingians slowly declined in the use- 
 less hands of the “rois faineants "until 751, when Pepin (he 
 Short usurped the crown. 
 
 Rojas (ro'nas), Fernando de. Died about 1510. 
 
 A Spanish dramatist, author of “Celestina.” 
 Rojas Paul (pa-61'), Jose Pablo. Born about 
 1845: died July 23, 1905. A Venezuelan poli- 
 tician, president from Feb. 20, 1888, to Feb. 20, 
 1890. 
 
 Rojas-Zorilla o* -Zorrilla (ro'Has-thor-rel'ya), 
 Francisco de. Born at Toledo, Oct. 4, 1607. 
 A Spanish dramatist, distinguished as a writer 
 both of tragedies and comedies. Among his plays 
 are “Garcia del Castanar" and “Donde hay agravios no hay 
 zelos,” imitated by Scarron, Thomas Corneille, and Rotrou. 
 Rokeby (rok'bi). A narrative poem by Sir 
 Walter Scott, published in 1813. The scene is 
 laid in northern Yorkshire in 1644. 
 
 Rokelle (ro-kel'). A river in the southern part 
 of Senegambia and in Sierra Leone. It flows into 
 
Rokelle 
 
 the Sierra Leone estuary. Length, estimated, 
 over 200 miles. 
 
 Rokitansky (ro-ke-tiin'ske), Baron Karl von. 
 Born at Koniggratz, Bohemia, Feb. 19, 1804: 
 died at Vienna, July 23, 1878. An Austrian 
 anatomist, founder of the German school of 
 pathological anatomy. He wrote a “Handbuch der 
 pathologischen Anatomie ” (“Manual of Pathological 
 Anatomy,” 1842-46), etc. 
 
 Rokitno (ro-ket'no). A marshy district in west- 
 ern Russia, between the Dnieper and the Pri- 
 pet. According to one theory it was the home 
 of the Aryans. 
 
 Roland (ro'land). [E. also Rowland, D. Roeland, 
 F. Roland, Sp. Rolando, Pg. Rolando, Orlando, 
 Rolddo, It. Orlando, ML. Rolandus, from OHG. 
 Hruodland, G. Rudland, Ruland, Roland, hav- 
 ing a famous land.] In medieval romance, 
 the most celebrated of the paladins of Char- 
 lemagne, famous for his prowess and death 
 in the battle of Roncesvalles in 778. His deeds 
 were first recorded in Turpin’s chronicle and in the 
 “Chanson de Roland," also in the works of Pulci, Boiardo, 
 and Ariosto. He had a wonderful horn called Olivant, 
 which he won, together with the sword Durandal (Durin- 
 dana), from the giant Jutmundits. The horn might be 
 heard at the distance of twenty miles. There are numer- 
 ous legends concerning Roland. He once fought for five 
 days with Oliver or Olivier, son of Regnier, duke of Genoa, 
 another of Charlemagne's paladins. They had previously 
 known each other, and were nearly equally matched. 
 Neither gained the advantage : hence the phrase “to give a 
 Roland for an Oliver," i. e. a blow for a blow. “Childe 
 Roland (Rowland) to the Dark Tower came,” a poem by 
 Robert Browning, is, according to his own statement, sim- 
 ply a dramatic creation called forth by the line sung by 
 Edgar in “ King Lear” iii. 4. 
 
 Roland, Chanson de. See Chanson de Roland. 
 Roland de la Platifere (ro-loh' de lii pla-tyar'), 
 Jean Marie. Born at Thizy, near Villefranche, 
 France, Feb. 18, 1734: committed suicide near 
 Rouen, Nov. 15, 1793. A French statesman and 
 writer. Previous to the Revolution he was an inspector 
 of manufactures at Amiens and Lyons. He became a re- 
 publican propagandist in Paris in 1791 ; and was one of the 
 Girondist leaders. He was minister of the interior March- 
 June, 1792, and Aug., 1792, -Jan. 22, 1793, and was adeputy 
 to the Convention. He escaped from Paris in June, 1793. 
 
 Roland de la Platidre (ro-lon' de la pla-tyar'), 
 Madame (Manon Jeanne Phlipon). Born at 
 Paris, March 17, 1754: guillotined at Paris, 
 Nov. 8, 1793. The wife of Roland de la Pla- 
 tiere, a famous adherent of the Revolution. 
 Her salon in Paris was the headquarters of the republi- 
 cans and Girondists 1791-93. She was arrested May 31, 
 1793. Her "M^moires,” written in prison, were first pub- 
 lished in 1795. 
 
 Roland for an Oliver. A farce by Thomas 
 Morton, founded on Scribe’s “ Visite a Bedlam” 
 and “ Une heure de mariage”: produced in 
 1819. See Roland. 
 
 Rolandseck (ro'lants-ek). A small village on 
 the left bank of the Rhine, 22 miles south-south- 
 east of Cologne. It is noted for its ruined castle. 
 Near it is the village of Rolandswerth. 
 
 Rold&n (rol-dan' ) , Francisco. Born about 1450 : 
 died July 2 (?), 1502. A Spanish adventurer. 
 In 1493 he went with Columbus to Espanola, where he be- 
 came chief judge. In 1497 he headed a rebellion against 
 Bartholomew Columbus, who wasthengoverningt he island. 
 He submitted to Columbus himself in 1498 on the promise 
 of a pardon and his reinstatement in office, terms which 
 proved the weakness of the admiral’s rule. The Spanish 
 sovereigns sent Bobadilla to inquire into these disorders, 
 and he, instead of punishing Roldan, forced Columbus 
 and his brothers to return to Spain as prisoners. Roldan 
 was arrested by Ovando in 1502, and ordered to Spain. 
 Soon after leaving the island he was drowned in the great 
 storm in which Bobadilla also perished. 
 
 Rolf. See Rollo. 
 
 Rolfe Golf), Robert Monsey, Baron Cranworth. 
 Bom at Cranworth, Norfolk, England, Dec 18, 
 1790: died at London, July 26, 1868. An Eng- 
 lish jurist. He was lord chancellor 1852-58 and 
 1865-66. 
 
 Rolla (rol'a). A character in Kotzebue’s play 
 “ The Spaniards in Peru” (known in English as 
 Sheridan’s “Pizai-ro”) : the commander of the 
 army of Ataliba. 
 
 Rolla. A tale in verse by De Musset, published 
 in 1836. 
 
 Roll-Call, The. A noted paintingby Lady Butler 
 (Elizabeth Thompson), in Windsor Castle, Eng- 
 land, of date 1874. It represents the calling of the 
 roll of the Grenadier Guards, in presence of the colonel, 
 after a battle in the Crimea, in winten 
 
 Roll-Call of the Last Victims of the Terror. 
 
 A painting by Miiller (1850), in the palace of 
 Versailles. It represents the calling of the names, in 
 the Conciergerie prison, of the last detail of victims for the 
 guillotine, in July, 1794. The Priticesse de Chimay is in 
 the tumbril, which is seen through the open door ; the 
 Rrincesse de Monaco rises upon hearing her name. Andr<5 
 Chenier, the poet, sits in a chair in the foreground. There 
 is a replica in the J. J. Astor collection, New York. 
 Rolle (rol), Richard. Born at Thornton, York- 
 shire, about 1290 : died at Hampole, 1349. An 
 
 864 
 
 English hermit and religious writer, known as 
 “ the Hermit of Hampole.” He was well educated, 
 and wrote many prose treatises and a long poem, “ The 
 Prick of Conscience.” It was edited by Richard Mor- 
 ris for the Philological Society in 1863. 
 
 Rollin (ro-lan'), Charles. Born at Paris, Jan. 
 30, 1661: died Sept. 14, 1741. A French his- 
 torian. He became professor of eloquence at the College 
 de France in 1688; was rector of the University 1694-95; 
 and in 1699 was appointed coad j utor of the College de Beau- 
 vais, a post which he lost twelve years later on account 
 of his Jansenistic sympathies. He was reelected rector 
 of the university in 1720. Among his works are “Histoire 
 ancienne” (“Ancient History,” 1730-38), “Traits des 
 etudes” (1726-31), and “Histoire romaine” (“Roman His- 
 tory,’’ 1738-48). 
 
 Rollin, Ledru-. See Ledru-Rollin. 
 
 Rollo (rol'o), or Rolf (roif), or Hrolf (hrolf), or 
 Rou(ro). Died about 930. The first duke of Nor- 
 mandy. He was a Norwegian viking who ascended the 
 Seine and took Rouen at the head of a band of Scandina- 
 vian pirates, and in 911 or 912 compelled Charles III. the 
 Simple to invest him with the sovereignty of the region 
 between the Seine and the Epte, which received the name 
 of Normandy. He on his part accepted Christianity, mar- 
 ried Charles’s daughter Gisela, and recognized the king of 
 France as his feudal superior. 
 
 Rollo, Duke of Normandy. See Bloody Bro- 
 ther, The. 
 
 Rom (rem). An island in the North Sea, be- 
 longing to the province of Schleswig-Holstein, 
 Prussia, 4 miles west of the mainland. Length, 
 8 miles. 
 
 Roma. The Latin and Italian name of Rome. 
 
 Romagna (ro-man'ya). A territorial division 
 in Italy. It formed the main part of the exarchate of 
 Ravenna, and later was an important part of the Papal 
 States. It now comprises the provinces of Bologna, Fer- 
 rara, Ravenna, and Forli. 
 
 Romain (ro-man'), Cape. A point on the coast 
 of South Carolina, 38 miles northeast of Charles- 
 ton. 
 
 Romainville (ro-man- vel' ) . A village and fort 
 directly northeast of the fortifications of Paris. 
 It was the scene of a defeat of the French by 
 the Allies, March 30, 1814. The Russians es- 
 tablished their headquarters here on the night 
 before they entered Paris. 
 
 Roman Actor, The. A play by Massinger, 
 licensed in 1626. It was revived in 1722, 1796, 
 and 1822. 
 
 RomanBourgeois(ro-mon' bor-zhwa'),Le. [F., 
 ‘The Bourgeois Romance.’] A work of fiction 
 by Antoine Furetiere, published in 1666. 
 
 An original and lively book, without any general plot, 
 but containing a series of very amusing pictures of the 
 Parisian middle-class society of the day, with many curious 
 traits of language and manners. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 323. 
 
 Roman Campagna. See Campagna di Roma. 
 Romance of the Forest, The. A romance by 
 Mrs. Radeliffe, published in 1791. 
 
 Roman comique (ro-mon' ko-mek'). [F., ‘com- 
 ical romance.’] A work by Scarron, “ an unfin- 
 ished history of a troupe of strolling actors, dis- 
 playing extraordinary truth of observation and 
 power of realistic description in the style which 
 Le Sage and Fielding afterwards made popular 
 throughout Europe” ( Saintsbury ). it was ver- 
 sified by M. d’Orvilliers, and published at Paris (1733). 
 La Fontaine wrote a comedy which comprehends most 
 of the characters and best situations, and Goldsmith wrote 
 an English version of the romance. 
 
 Roman de la Rose (ro-mon' de laroz). [F.,‘ Ro- 
 mance of the Rose.’] An early French poem, 
 begun by Guillaume de Lorris before 1260, and 
 continued forty or fifty years later by Jean de 
 Meung. The part written by the former extends to 4,670 
 lines, and the entire poem contains more than 20,000. It 
 is an elaborate allegory the theme of which is the art of 
 love. For a long time it enjoyed extraordinary popularity. 
 See Romaunt of the Rose. 
 
 But the real secret of its vogue, as of all such vogues, is 
 that it faithfully held up the mirror to the later middle 
 ages. In no single book can that period of history be so 
 conveniently studied. Its ingrained religion and its nas- 
 cent free-thought ; its thirst for knowledge and its lack of 
 criticism ; its sharp social divisions and its indistinct as- 
 pirations after liberty and equality ; its traditional moral- 
 ity and asceticism, and its half-pagan half-childish relish 
 for the pleasure of sense ; its romance and its coarseness, 
 all its weakness and all its strength, here appear. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 86. 
 
 Roman de Troie (ro-mon' de trwa). A poem 
 by Benoit de Sainte-Maure, written about 1160. 
 
 The principal poem of this class is the “Roman de 
 Troie “ of Benoist de Sainte-More. This work, which ex- 
 tends to more than thirty thousand verses, lias the re- 
 dundancy and the longwindedness which characterise 
 many, if not most, early French poems written in its metre. 
 But it has one merit which ought to conciliate English 
 readers to Benoist : it contains the undoubted original 
 of Shakespeare's “ Cressida.” 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 44. 
 
 Roman de Brut. A romance by Wace, who 
 versified Geoffrey of Monmouth under this title. 
 
 Romberg, Andreas 
 
 Other romances, however, had the same name, 
 and it became a common one. See Brut. 
 
 Roman d’un Jeune Homme Pauvre, Le. [F., 
 ‘The Romance of a Poor Young Man.’] A 
 novel by Feuillet, published in 1857. He dram- 
 atized it in 1858. 
 
 Roman du Renart. See Reynard the Fox. 
 
 Roman Empire. See under Rome. 
 
 Roman Empire, Holy. See Holy Roman Em- 
 pire. 
 
 Romanes (ro-man'ez), George John. Born at 
 Kingston, Canada, May 20,1848: died at Oxford, 
 May 23, 1894. A British naturalist. He graduated 
 at Cambridge (Caius College) in 1870 ; was Burney prize 
 essayist in 1873, and Croonian lecturer to the Royal So- 
 ciety in 1875 and 1881 ; and was elected Fullerian professor 
 of physiology at the Royal Institution in 1889. He pub- 
 lished “Animal Intelligence ” (1881),“ Mental Evolution in 
 Animals” (1883), “The Philosophy of Natural History 
 before and after Darwin ” (1888), etc. 
 
 Romani, Giulio. See Caccini, Giulio. 
 
 Romania (ro-ma'ni-a). 1. A name sometimes 
 given to the Eastern Empire. — 2. The eastern 
 part of the Morea, during the Venetian period. 
 — 3. A name sometimes given to Rumelia. — 
 4. See Rumania. 
 
 Romania (ro-ma-ne'a), Cape. A headland at 
 the southeastern extremity of the Malay penin- 
 sula, east of Singapore . " 
 
 Romanika (ro-ma-ne'ka). See Ruanda. 
 
 Romano (ro-ma'nd), Cape. A cape on the 
 southwestern coast of Florida, situated in lat. 
 25° 52' N., long. 81° 57' W. 
 
 Romano, Ezzelino da. See Ezzelino da Ro- 
 mano. 
 
 Romano, Giulio. See Giulio Romano. 
 
 Romanoff (ro-ma'nof). The present reigning 
 house of Russia, descended from Andrei Ro- 
 manoff (14th century). The family came to the throne 
 in the person of Mikhail in 1613. The direct male line ter- 
 minated in 1730, and the female line in 1762. The present 
 ruler belongs to the Holstein-Gottorp (or Oldenburg- Ro- 
 manoff) branch line. 
 
 Roman Republic. 1. See Rome. — 2. A name 
 given to the short-lived republic established at 
 Rome in 1798 and overthrown in 1799. 
 
 Romans (ro-moh'). A town in the department 
 of Drome, France, situated on the Isere 11 miles 
 northeast of Valence: formerly the seat of an 
 ancient abbey. Population, commune, 17,622. 
 
 Romans (rd'manz), Epistle to the. An epistle 
 written by the apostle Paul to a Christian com- 
 munity at Rome, consisting partly of Jews and 
 partly of Gentile converts, it was composed before 
 the apostle had visited Rome, and is generally supposed to 
 have been written from Corinth about 58 A. D. Its main 
 object is the doctrine of justification by faith, with special 
 reference to the relations of the Jews and Gentiles re- 
 spectively to the law of God (natural and revealed), the 
 rejection of the Jews, and the admission of the Gentiles. 
 
 Romans of the Decadence. A large painting 
 by Couture (1847), in the Luxembourg Museum, 
 Paris. It represents a wild debauch in the later days of 
 the empire, in the court of a splendid house. The statues 
 of dignified ancestors contrast with the scene of unbridled 
 license before them. 
 
 Romanus (rd-ma'nus). Pope 897. 
 
 Romanus I. Lecapenus. Died 948. Emperor 
 of the East 919-944, father-in-law and colleague 
 of Constantine Porphyrogenitus. 
 
 Romanus II. Emperor of the East 959-963, son 
 of Constantine Porphyrogenitus. 
 
 Romanus III. Argyrus (ar-ji'rus). Emperor 
 of the East 1028-34, husband of Zoe. 
 
 Romanus IV. Diogenes (di-oj'e-nez). Emperor 
 of the East 1068-71. He was defeated by Alp 
 Arslan and imprisoned. 
 
 Roman Wall. See Hadrian's Wall. 
 
 Romanzoff. See Rumiantzeff. 
 
 Romanzoff (ro-miin'tsof), Cape. A cape on the 
 western coast of Alaska, situated in lat. 61° 52' 
 N., long. 166° 17' W. 
 
 Romanzoff Bay. An inlet at the northern ex- 
 tremity of the island of Yezo, Japan. 
 
 Romanzoff Mountains. A range of mountains 
 in the northeastern part of Alaska, near the 
 Arctic Ocean. 
 
 Roma Quadrata (ro'ma kwod-ra'ta). [L.,‘the 
 square Rome.’] The earliest fortified Rome, oc- 
 cupying the Palatine Hill and a quadrangular 
 iuclosure surrounding its base. This oldest fixed 
 area or pomerium was looked upon with reverence, and 
 was marked by boundary-stones as late as the empire. The 
 existing fragments of ancient wall on the slopes of the 
 Palatine do not belong to this inclosure, but to the citadel 
 of the Palatine. 
 
 Romaunt of the Rose. A translation of the 
 “ Roman de la Rose,” attributed with some un- 
 certainty to Chaucer. He certainly translated the 
 ‘Roman,’’ but whether the version first printed in the 
 1532 edition is by his hand is not clear. 
 
 Romberg (rom'berG). Andreas. Born atVechte, 
 near Munster, Germany, April 27, 1767 : died at 
 
Romberg, Andreas 
 
 Gotha, Nov. 10, 1821. A German violinist and 
 composer of sacred music, operas, etc. He com- 
 posed the music for Schiller’s ‘ ‘ Song of the Bell,” 
 etc. 
 
 Romberg, Bernhard. Born at Dinklage, Mun- 
 ster, Nov. 11, 1770: died at Hamburg, Aug. 13, 
 1841. A German player on the violoncello, and 
 composer for that instrument. 
 
 Rome (rom). A compartimento and province 
 of the kingdom of Italy, formerly belonging to 
 the Papal States. Area, 4,663 square miles. 
 Population, 1,323,699. 
 
 Rome. [F. Borne, It. Roma, G. Bom, L. Roma, Gr. 
 ' P tiifiTj. There were two other, older, cities in 
 Italy so named, and one in the Troad ; the name 
 is prob. lit. ‘ strength ’ or ‘ stronghold,’ from 
 Gr. pwy?/, strength, force. The name Valentia, 
 
 ‘ strength,’ was, in fact, also applied to Rome, 
 and was the name of several other cities.] 
 The capital and center of the greatest state of 
 the ancient world, the center of the Roman 
 Catholic Church, and the capital of the present 
 kingdom of Italy. This, the most famous of all cities, 
 is situated on both hanks of the Tiber, 15 miles from the 
 Mediterranean, in lat. 41” 54' N., long. 12° 29' E. The city 
 proper is on the left bank, on the original seven hills (Capi- 
 toline, Palatine, Aventine, Caelian, Viminal, Esquiline, and 
 Quirinal) and the connecting valleys and plains near the 
 river. The government quarter is in the northeast ; the 
 modern part, where the great development (since 1870) of 
 the city is most marked, is in the north and east ; the 
 papal quarter (the Leonine City) is on the right bank of 
 the river. Among the existing remains of the ancient city 
 the Forum, Colosseum, Forum of Trajan, Cloaca Maxima, 
 catacombs, Pantheon, column of Aurelius, theater of Mar- 
 cellus, pyramid of Cestius, arches of Constantine, Titus, and 
 Septimius Severus, baths of Titus and Caracalla, ruins on 
 the Palatine, temple of Neptune, basilica of Constantine, 
 temples of Concord, Fortune, Saturn, and Neptune, palace 
 of Caligula, mausoleum of Hadrian, and obelisks are no- 
 table. (For the various objects of interest in ancient and 
 modem Rome, see the separate articles.) The histoiy of 
 Rome is that of the city and of the power which, growing 
 up around it, extended throughout Italy and beyond it 
 under the republic, and finally under the Roman Empire 
 comprised nearly the whole of the civilized world. The 
 early accounts we have of Rome appear to consist of an 
 undistinguishable thread or two of fact in a web of le- 
 gend. According to tradition the city was founded by 
 Romulus in 753 B. c., and was ruled by seven kings in suc- 
 cession (Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, 
 Ancus Martius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius, and 
 Tarquinius Superbus), the overthrow of the last of whom 
 led to the establishment of the republic in or about 509 
 B. c. The history of the first two or three centuries of 
 the republic is also largely traditional. During the 5th 
 and 4th centuries B. o. it was confined mostly to Latium, 
 and was occupied with the struggles between the patri- 
 cians and plebeians and with wars against the ,'Equi, 
 Hernici, Volsci, Etruscans, Gauls, and Samnites. Of later 
 events the following is a summary : Secession of the plebs 
 and formation of the tribunate, about 494 B. c.; formation 
 of the decemvirate, 451-449 ; capture of Veii, 390 ; invasion 
 of the Gauls and sack of Rome, 390 ; passage of the Licin- 
 ian laws, 367 ; passage of the Publiliau laws, 338 ; Samnite 
 wars, 343-341, 326-304, and 298-290 ; Latin war 340-338 ; 
 Hortensian law, 286(?); war againstGauls, Etruscans, etc., 
 285-282 ; war against Tarentum and Pyrrhus, 282-275 ; con- 
 quest of the peninsula completed by 265 ; first Punic war, 
 264-241 ; Illyrian war, 229-228 ; conquest of Cisalpine Gaul, 
 225-222 ; second Punic war, 218-201 (Rome threatened by 
 Hannibal, 211); Macedonian wars, 214-205, 200-197, and 
 171-168 ; war with Syria, 192-189 ; third Punic war, 149- 
 146 ; subjugation of Greece complete, 146 ; war in Spain 
 ended with capture of Numantia, 133; attempted reforms 
 under the Gracchi, 133-121 ; war with Jugurthaterminated, 
 106 ; overthrow of the Teutones and Cimbri, 102-101 ; Social 
 War, 90-88; civil wars of Marius and Sulla, 88-82 (Rome 
 stormed by Sulla, 88 ; reign of terror in the city under 
 Marius and Garbo, 87 ; proscription by Sulla, 82) ; Mithri- 
 datic wars, 88-84, 83-81, and 74-64 ; struggle with the gladi- 
 ators, 73-71 ; war with the pirates, ended 67 ; conspiracy 
 of Catiline, 63 ; first triumvirate, 60 ; conquest of Gaul 
 under Julius Caesar, 58-51 ; tumults in the city between 
 the partizans of Clodius and Milo, 67-52 ; civil war of 
 Caesar and Pompey, 49-48 ; supremacy of Caesar, 49-44 ; 
 assassination of Caesar, 44 ; second triumvirate, 43 ; over- 
 throw of the republicans at Philippi, 42 ; battle of Ac- 
 tium 81, and commencementof the sole rule of Augustus ; 
 establishment of the Roman Empire, 27 ; golden period of 
 Roman literature during the reign of Augustus, 31 B. c.- 
 14 A. p.; Julian emperors, until 68 A. b. (death of Nero) ; 
 Flavian emperors, 69-96 ; reign of Trajan, 98-117, the em- 
 pire then reaching its greatest extent, comprising Italy, 
 Britain, Gaul, Spain, western Germany, Rhaetia, Noricum, 
 Pannonia, Dalmatia, Dacia, Mcesia, Thrace, Macedonia, 
 Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Armenia, parts of the Cau- 
 casus regions, Arabia, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Africa (Tunis), 
 Numidia, Mauretania, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete, Cy- 
 prus, and other islands in the Mediterranean ; age of the 
 Antonines, down to death of Marcus Aurelius in 180 ; 
 inroads of the northern barbarians, commenced in the 
 3d century ; reign of Aurelian, 270-275 ; reign of Diocle- 
 tian, 284-305, followed by division of the empire between 
 various rulers ; last general persecution of the Chris- 
 tians, about 303 ; reign of Constantine as sole ruler, and 
 recognition of Christianity as the religion of the empire, 
 323-337 ; capital transferred to Constantinople, 330 ; reign 
 of Julian the Apostate, 361-363 ; reign of Theodosius, 379- 
 395 ; final separation of the Eastern and Western empires, 
 395 (see Eastern Empire) ; Western Empire disintegrated 
 in the 6th century under attacks of Goths (under Alaric, 
 etc.), Franks, Vandals (under Genseric, etc.), P.urgundians, 
 Angles and Saxons, and Huns (under Attila) ; Ravenna the 
 residence of theWestern emperors af ter402 ; Rome besieged 
 by the Goths under Alaric about 408, sacked by Alaric in 
 C— 56 
 
 865 
 
 410, threatened by the Huns under Attila and saved by 
 Pope Leo the Great in 452, and sacked by the Vandals in 
 455 ; end of the Western Empire, 476, and accession of Odo- 
 acer (chief of the Heruli) as ruler of Italy (see Italy) ; in- 
 crease of the ecclesiastical importance of the city through 
 the gradual development of the claims of the bishops of 
 Rome ; Rome taken by Belisarius in 536, by Totila in 546, 
 and by Narses in 552 ; establishment of the temporal power 
 of the Pope, 8th century ; consecration of the emperors at 
 Rome commenced with Charles the Great, 800 (ended with 
 Frederick III., 1452); Gregory VII. besieged by the em- 
 peror Henry IV. and delivered by Robert Guiscard, 1084 ; 
 revolut ion under Arnold of Brescia, 1143-55 ; removal of pa- 
 pal residence to Avignon, 1309; revolutions under Rienzi, 
 1347 and 1354 ; return of the popes to Rome, 1377 ; over- 
 throw of the republican privileges by Pope Boniface IX., 
 1398 ; Rome taken by the Constable de Bourbon, 1527 ; 
 Roman republic revived, 1798-99 ; Rome in the possession 
 of France 1808-14 ; insurrection, 1848 ; Roman republic re- 
 vived in 1849, and suppressed in the same year by French 
 troops; meeting of the Vatican Council, 1869-70; Rome 
 entered by the Italian troops, Sept. 20, 1870, and made 
 the capital of the kingdom of Italy, 1871. Population, 
 commune, 575,000. See Century Atlas, Maps IX., XIII. 
 
 It is not surprising that from the same somewhat vague 
 premises the following very different conclusions are 
 drawn by their respective authors : Bunsen fixes the 
 
 population of Rome (B. C. 15) at 1,300,000, Marquardt at 
 1,630,000, Zumpt at 1,970,000, Hoeck at 2,265,000. I take 
 this comparison of their different results from Von Wieters- 
 heim, who himself arrives at results very similar to those 
 of Bunsen, making the total population of the city 1,350,- 
 000. The “ Curiosum Urbis,” a description of the city of 
 Rome assigned to the age of Constantine, gives the num- 
 ber of the dwellings therein as 1790 Domus and 46,602 In- 
 sulae. Scholars are generally agreed that the former are 
 the great self-contained mansions of the rich, and the lat- 
 ter the blocks of what we should call “ tenemented prop- 
 erty ” let out in flats and rooms to the poorer classes. From 
 this number of dwellings Gibbon infers a population of 
 1,200,000 and Von Wietersheim 1,470,000 at the beginning 
 of the fourth century. It is obvious, however, how ex- 
 ceedingl^liable to error are all calculations of the popu- 
 lation of a city from a conjectural allowance of so many 
 inhabitants to each house. 
 
 Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 394. 
 
 For ages the Empire remained Roman in the fullest 
 sense, Roman even in keeping possession of the Old Rome. 
 It was Roman too in one most distinctive characteristic of 
 the older Roman power. From the first Julius to the last 
 Palaiologos, the Roman Empire was a power and not a na- 
 tion. Of no phase of the Roman power is this more true 
 than of its Eastern or Byzantine phase. The name Roman, 
 in the use of Procopius, when it does not refer geographi- 
 cally to the elder Rome, means any man, of whatever race, 
 who is a subject of the Roman Empire or who serves in 
 the Roman armies. His nationality may be not only 
 Greek, Macedonian, or Thracian, but Gothic, Persian, or 
 Hunnish. Freeman, Hist. Essays, III. 246. 
 
 Rome. A manufacturing city, capital of Floyd 
 County, Georgia, situated at the head of the 
 Coosa River, 57 miles northwest of Atlanta. 
 Population, 12,099, (1910). 
 
 Rome. A city of Oneida County, New York, 
 situated on the Mohawk and at the junction of 
 the Erie and Black River canals, 95 miles west- 
 northwest of Albany. It is an important dairy cen- 
 ter, and has flourishing manufactures. It occupies the 
 site of Fort Stanwix, besieged by the British in 1777. 
 Population, 20,497, (1910). 
 
 Rome of the North, The. Cologne. 
 
 Romen. See Romny. 
 
 Romeo and Juliet. A tragedy by Shakspere, 
 surreptitiously printed in 1597 (a correct edi- 
 tion in 1599), and produced between 1591-96. 
 The legend of the lovers is founded on a tale found among 
 the “Novelle” of Masuccio di Salerno, of whom little is 
 known. It was printed at Naples in 1476. The story next 
 appears in “LaGiulietta,’’a tale by Luigi da Porta, in 1535 ; 
 then “ a Dominican monk, Matteo Bandello, took up the 
 tale, rehandled it, and included it among his somewhat 
 unclerical ‘Novelle,’ which appeared at Lucca in 1554. 
 Five years later it passed the Alps — a version of Bandel- 
 lo’s ‘ Novelle,’ with variations and additions, being given 
 to French readers by Pierre Boaistuau among his ‘ His- 
 toires Tragiques.’ In 1562 Arthur Brooke produced the 
 English poem, ‘The Tragicall History of Romeus and Ju- 
 liet,’ on which Shakspere founded his tragedy. Brooke 
 speaks of having seen ‘ the same argument lately set forth 
 on stage’; do such drama of early Elizabethan days sur- 
 vives ; rude indeed must have been the attempt of any 
 playwright in England of 1562. Again five years, and Boais- 
 tuau’s French paraphrase of Bandello was translated into 
 English prose by William Painter for his ‘ Palace of Plea- 
 sure’; this also Shakspere consulted. In Italy before the 
 close of the sixteenth century the legend had been versified 
 in ottava rima, professedly by a noble lady of V erona nam- 
 ing herself ‘ Clitia ’ — really, it is supposed, by Gherardo 
 Bolderi ; it had been dramatized by the blind poet and ac- 
 tor Luigi Groto, with scene and time and names of persons 
 changed ; it had been recorded as grave matter of history 
 by De la Corte, who states that he had many times seen 
 the tomb or sarcophagus of the lovers, then used as a wash- 
 ing-trough, at the well of the orphanage of St. Francis " 
 
 ( Dowden ). Garrick produced a version of “Romeo and Ju- 
 liet ’’ in 1748, with a different ending, for Barry and Mrs. 
 Cibber; James Howard’s adaptation appeared about 1668. 
 Lope de Vega and Francisco de Roxas also wrote Spanish 
 plays on the subject. The story is of the love and tragic 
 deatli of two impassioned lovers. The subject has often 
 been used by composers of opera, notably by Zingarelle, 
 Bellini, and Gounod. Berlioz used the subject for his dra- 
 matic fiftli symphony (“RomAo et Juliette,” 1839). 
 
 Romer, or Roemer (re'mer), Friedrich Adolf. 
 Bom at Hildesheim, Prussia, April 14, 1809: 
 died at Clausthal, Prussia, Nov. 25, 1869 . A 
 
 Ronaldshay, South 
 
 German geologist, an authority on the moun- 
 tains of northwestern Germany. 
 
 Romero (ro-ma'ro), Matias. Borninl837: died 
 at Washington, D. C., Dee. 30, 1898. A Mexican 
 diplomatist and politician. He was minister to the 
 United States 1863-68 and again 1882-98 ; and at various 
 times wassecretary of the treasury and postmaster-general. 
 Romford (rum'ford). A town in the county of 
 Essex, England, situated on the river Rom 11 
 miles east-northeast of London. It is noted 
 for ale. Population, 13,656. 
 
 Romilly (rom'i-li), John. Born 1802: died 
 Dec. 23, 1874. An English jurist, second son of 
 Sir Samuel Romilly. He was educated at Cambridge 
 (Trinity College), and was called to the bar at Gray’s Inn 
 in 1827. He was solicitor-general 1848-50, attorney-general 
 1850-51, and master of the rolls 1851-72. In this last office 
 he superintended the publication of public records of great 
 historic importance. Created a baron in 1865. 
 Romilly, Sir Samuel. Born at London, March 
 1, 1757 : committed suicide Nov. 2, 1818. An 
 English lawyer and philanthropist, of Hugue- 
 not descent. At 21 years of age he entered Gray’s Inn. 
 In 1806 he was appointed solicitor-general of the Gren- 
 ville administration. He is famous from his labors for the 
 reform of the criminal law, commencing in 1807. His 
 plans were not realized during his lifetime. His speeches 
 were published in 1820, and his autobiography in 1840. 
 Romilly-sur-SemeCro-me-ye'siir-san'). A town 
 in the department of Aube, France, situated 
 near the Seine 64 miles east-southeast of Paris. 
 Population, commune, 9,929. 
 
 Romney, or New Romney (rom'ni). A town 
 in the county of Kent, England, situated on 
 the English Channel 18 miles southwest of 
 Dover: one of the original Cinque Ports. Pop- 
 ulation, 1,328. 
 
 Romney, George. Born at Beckside, Lanca- 
 shire, England, Dec. 15, 1734: died at Kendal, 
 Nov. 15, 1802. A noted English painter of por- 
 traits and historical subjects. He was apprenticed 
 at first to a wood-worker, was a clever musician, and began 
 very early to paint portraits. He established himself in 
 London in 1762, and made some success with his “ Death 
 of General Wolfe.” He visited Paris in 1764, and exhibited 
 the “ Death of King Edmund ’’ in 1765. This was followed 
 by a sojourn in Italy. He returned to London in 1775, 
 where he took a studio in Cavendish Square and painted a 
 series of famous portraits. He assisted in preparing the 
 Boydell Shakspere Gallery in 1791. Although left without 
 a rival at the death of Reynolds, he was seized with hypo- 
 chondria, left London, rejoined his wife and family, whom 
 he had abandoned 30 years before, and spent the remainder 
 of his life in retirement at Kendal. 
 
 Romney Marsh. A large tract of reclaimed 
 land in Kent, England, near Romney. 
 
 Romny (rom-ne'), or Romen (ro-men' ). A town 
 in the government of Pultowa, Russia, situated 
 on the Sula 95 miles northwest of Pultowa. 
 Population, 26,043. 
 
 Romola (rom'o-la). A novel by George Eliot, 
 published originally in the ‘ ‘ Cornhill Magazine ” 
 from July, 1862, to July, 1863, and in hook form in 
 1863. The scene is laid in Florence at the end of the 15th 
 century. The artistic aim of the novel is to show the con- 
 flict between liberal and classical culture and the Christian 
 faith aroused by the influence of the reformer Savonarola 
 in the heart of Romola, a daughter of the Florentine house 
 of Bardi. Her marriage with theGreekTitoMelema having 
 proved a failure, and all the ties of her life having been 
 broken, she devotes herself to the service of a plague- 
 stricken people, and attains peace through self-sacrifice. 
 Romonan (ro-mo-nan'). A tribe of Indians for- 
 merly on San Francisco Bay, California. See 
 Costanoan. 
 
 Romorantin (ro-mo-ron-tan'). A town in the 
 department of Loir-et-Cher, France, situated on 
 the Grande Sauldre 39 miles south by west of 
 Orleans. It has manufactures of wool. The edict of 
 Romorantin, issued in May, 1560, througli the influence of 
 L’Hopital, secured the exclusion of the Inquisition from 
 France. Population, commune, 8,374. 
 
 Romsdal (roms'd&l). A province in Norway, 
 situated along the coast about lat. 62°-63° 
 N. Area, 5,787 square miles. Population, 
 136,137. 
 
 Romualdo, Saint. Died 1027. The founder of 
 the order of Camaldolesi. Dante placed him in his 
 “Paradiso.” The Roman Church celebrates his memory 
 on Feb. 7. 
 
 Romulus (rom'u-lus). According to Roman le- 
 gend, the founder of Rome (753 B. c.), and its 
 first king (753-716): son of Mars and the vestal 
 Rhea Silvia. He was worshiped as a divinity 
 under the name of Quirinus. 
 
 Romulus, Circus of. See Circus. 
 
 Romulus Augustulus (a-gus'tu-lus). Last em- 
 peror of the West, son of Orestes. He was pro- 
 claimed in 475, and deposed by Odoacer in 476. 
 Ronaldshay (ron'ald-sha), North. One of the 
 Orkney Islands, Scotland, in the northeastern 
 part of the group. 
 
 Ronaldshay, South. One of the larger Orkney 
 Islands, in the southern part of the group. 
 
Roncaglia 
 
 Roncaglia (ron-kal'ya). A village east of Pia- 
 cenza, Italy : a rendezvous of the followers of 
 the medieval German emperors on their jour- 
 neys to Rome. 
 
 Roncal (ron-kal'). A valley in Navarre, Spain, 
 situated on the southern slope of the Pyrenees, 
 40 miles east of Pamplona. 
 
 Roncesvalles (ron-thes-val'yes), F. Ronce- 
 vaux (rons-vo'). A place in Navarre, Spain, 
 in the Pyrenees 20 miles northeast of Pamplona. 
 
 It is notable for the defeat there of the rear-guard of 
 Charles the Great’s army, on its return from Spain, by the 
 Basques (or according to tradition by the Moors) in 778. 
 From the death of Boland in the battle, the “Chanson de 
 Roland ” is called also “Chanson de Roncevaux.” 
 
 No action of so small importance [as Roncesvalles] has 
 ever been made the theme of so many heroic legends and 
 songs. It is the Thermopylae of the Pyrenees, with none 
 of the glory or the significance, but all the glamour, of its 
 prototype. Poole, Story of the Moors, p. 38. 
 
 Ronciglione (ron-chel-yo'ne). A town in the 
 province of Rome, Italy, situated on the Ricano 
 31 miles north-northwest of Rome. Popula- 
 tion, town, 6,100; commune, 6,658. 
 
 Ronconi (ron-ko'no), Domenico. BornatLen- 
 dinara, July 11, 1772: died at Milan, April 13, 
 1839. An Italian composer and teacher of 
 vocal music. 
 
 Ronda (ron'da). A town in the province of 
 Malaga, southern Spain, situated near the 
 Guadiaro 40 miles west of Malaga. It occupies a 
 picturesque situation on a lofty and steep rock ; has con- 
 siderable trade ; and is famous for its bull-fights. It was 
 captured from the Moors in 1485. Population, 20,995. 
 
 Rondeau (ron-do'), Jose. Born at Buenos 
 Ayres, 1773: died there, 1834. A Spanish- Amer- 
 ican general. He commanded the patriot forces in the 
 siege of Montevideo 1311-13, and subsequently in Upper 
 Peru or Bolivia 1814-19, where he was generally unsuccess- 
 ful. He was supreme director of the United Provinces 
 June 10, 1819, to Feb. 12, 1820, when he was deposed. From 
 Nov. 24, 1828, to April 17, 1830, he was provisional presi- 
 dent of Uruguay. 
 
 Rondo (ron'do), or Ovarondo (o-va-ron'do). See 
 Ndonga. 
 
 Rondout (ron'dout). A former village, since 
 1872 a part of the city of Kingston, Ulster 
 County, New York, situated on the Hudson 79 
 miles north of New York. It has a large coal 
 trade. 
 
 Ronge (rong'e), Johannes. Born at Bischofs- 
 walde, Silesia, Oct. 16, 1813: diedat Vienna, Oct. 
 26, 1887. A German Roman Catholic priest, one 
 of the chief founders of the German Catholic 
 movement in 1844 and succeeding years. He 
 was in exile 1849-61. 
 
 Ronne (ren'ne). The capital of the island of 
 Bornholm in the Baltic, belonging to Denmark, 
 situated on the west coast. Population, about 
 9,100. 
 
 Ronne, Ludwig Mcritz Peter von. Born Oct. 
 18, 1804: died at Berlin, Dee. 22, 1891. A Prus- 
 sian jurist and politician. Among his works are 
 “Die Verfassungund Verwaltungdespreussischen Staats” 
 (1843-72), “Das Staatsrecht der preussischen Monarchie* 
 (1856-63), “ Das Staatsrecht des deutschen iteichs ” (1876-. 
 1877), etc. 
 
 Ronneburg (ron'ne-bora). A manufacturing 
 town in the duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, Germany, 
 35 miles south by west of Leipsic. Population, 
 commune, 6,290. 
 
 Ronsard (ron-siir'), Pierre de. Born in the 
 Chateau de La Poissonniere, Vendomois, Sept. 
 11, 1524: died at the priory of St.-Come, Tou- 
 ra.ine, Dec. 27, 1585. A celebrated French poet. 
 After a brief stay at the College de Navarre in Paris, he 
 became page to Charles, duke of Orleans, second son of 
 Francis I. of France. He spent also a couple of years in 
 the service of James V. of Scotland, and then returned to 
 his former post, and was attached to various diplomatic em- 
 bassies On his final return to France in 1542, he lost his 
 sense of hearing in consequence of a severe illness. This 
 infirmity compelled him to give up the life at court, and led 
 him to turn all his attention to literary labors. Together 
 with his friend Baif.he took up a course of study that ex- 
 tended over 7 years (1542^19) and made of him an excellent 
 Greek scholar. The ultimate end he had in view was to 
 regenerate his native tongue, and demonstrate in his own 
 works that the French language was capable of as much 
 power and nobility of expression as it had of acknowl edged 
 grace and refinement. About 1552 he began to publish his 
 poetic works : “Odes,” “ Sonnets a Cassandrc,” “ l.ebocage,” 
 “Les amours,” etc. His greatest success was attained in 
 his “Hymnes” (1555-56), and he became a great favorite 
 with Charles IX., king of France from 1560 to 1574. On 
 the death of his royal patron, Ronsard was gradually rele- 
 gated to the background : finally he left the court in ut- 
 ter discouragement. The last years of his life (1574-85) 
 were spent in quiet and sad retirement. Ronsard was the 
 father of lyric poetry in France. His great ambition, 
 however, had been to rank as the Homer or Vergil of Iris 
 country, and in this spirit he undertook to write a long 
 poem, “ La Franciade ” : he labored on it for 25 years, and 
 finally left it unfinished. 
 
 Ronsdorf (rons'dorf). A manufacturing town 
 in the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated 23 miles 
 
 866 
 
 northeast of Cologne. Population, commune, 
 14,005. 
 
 Rontgen_(rent'gen), Wilhelm Konrad. Bom 
 
 March 27, 1845. An eminent German scientist. 
 He was educated at Zurich and Utrecht. Since 1870 he 
 has taught at Wurzburg, Strasburg, and elsewhere, and in 
 1888 was made director of the Physical Institute of the 
 U Diversity of Wurzburg. Professor at Munich since 1899. 
 His discovery of the X-rays was announced in Dec., 1895. 
 Rood (rod), Black. [ Black and rood, a cross.] 
 A relic brought to Scotland by the wife of Mal- 
 colm Canmore, and long held in extreme venera- 
 tion by the Scots. It consisted of a cross of gold, in- 
 closing a piece of the true cross, set in an ebony figure of 
 Christ. It was deposited with the regalia in Edinburgh 
 Castle, and carried with them to England by Edward I., and 
 used by him to give increased solemnity to the oaths he ex- 
 acted from the Scottish magnates. All trace of it is now lost. 
 
 Roodee (ro'de). A meadow, outside the city of 
 Chester, which is partly surrounded by a Roman 
 wall, the best preserved in England, it has been 
 used as a race-course from the earliest times. The name is 
 derived from the rood or cross which formerly stood here. 
 Rookery (ruk'er-i), The. A dense mass of 
 houses which was once the worst part of St. 
 Giles in London. It has been cleared away in 
 the formation of New Oxford street. 
 
 Rook (ruk) Island, or Rook’s Island. An 
 island in the Pacific, east of Papua and west of 
 New Britain, in long. 148° E. Length, 31 miles. 
 Room. See Rum. 
 
 Room-Elee. See Rumelia. 
 
 Roon (ron), Count Albrecht Theodor Emil 
 von. Born at Pleushagen, near Kolberg, Prus- 
 sia, April 30, 1803: died at Berlin, Feb. 23, 1879. 
 A celebrated Prussian general and statesman. 
 He was minister of war 1859-73, and minister of marine 
 1861-71. He is especially famous for his successful efforts 
 in reorganizing the Prussian army, the result of which was 
 shown in its rapid mobilization in the wars of 1866 and 
 1870. He was made general field-marshal and Prussian 
 premier in 1873, but resigned the latter office in the same 
 year. 
 
 Roos (ros), Johann Heinrich. Born at Otter- 
 berg, Palatinate, Oct. 27, 1631: died Oct. 3, 1685. 
 A German painter of landscapes and animals. 
 Roos, Joseph. Bom about 1728 : died 1805. A 
 German painter and etcher, grandson of Johann 
 Heinrich Roos. 
 
 Roos, Philipp Peter: called also Rosa di Ti- 
 voli. Born at Frankfort, 1657 : died at Rome, 
 1705. A German painter of landscapes and ani- 
 mals, son of Johann Heinrich Roos. 
 Roosendal, orRozendaal (ro'zen-dal). Atown 
 in the province of North Brabant, Netherlands, 
 27 miles south of Rotterdam. Population, town, 
 8,505; commune, 13,720. 
 
 Roosevelt (ro'ze-velt), Robert Barnwell. 
 Born in New York city, Aug. 7, 1829: aied June 
 14, 1906. An American author and politician. 
 
 He was New York State fish commissioner 1867-88 ; Demo- 
 cratic member of Congress from New York 1871-73 ; editor 
 of the New York “ Citizen ” ; and United States minister to 
 the Netherlands in 1888. He wrote “ Game Fish of North 
 fa America," etc. 
 
 Roosevelt, Theodore. Born at New York, Oct. 
 27, 1858. An American author and statesman. 
 He was Republican New York State assemblyman 1882-84 ; 
 unsuccessful candidate for mayor of New York city in 
 18S6 ; United States civil-service commissioner 1889-95 ; 
 president of the New York board of police commissioners 
 1895-97 ; assistant secretary of the navy 1897-98; fought 
 as lieutenant-colonel of the First VolunteerCavalry (Rough 
 Riders) at Las Guasimas June 24, and San Juan July 1; 
 was appointed eolontl July 8,1898; was elected governor 
 of New York Nov., 1898, and vice-president of the United 
 States 1900; and became president of the United States 
 Sept. 14, 1901, on the death of President McKinley. He 
 was elected president in 1904. He was the unsuccessful 
 candidate of the Progressive Party for president in 1912 
 (receiving over four million votes). He has been an edi- 
 tor of “The Outlook ” since 1909. 
 
 Root (rot or rut), George Frederick. Born 
 Aug. 30, 1820 : died Aug. 6, 1895. An Amer- 
 ican composer and musical publisher. He was 
 the author of various songs (“There ’s Music in the 
 Air," “ Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys are March- 
 ing,” ‘Battle Cry of Freedom,” etc.), cantatas, manu- 
 als, etc. 
 
 Root and Branch. In English history, the ex- 
 tremists of the Parliamentary party who about 
 1641 favored the overthrow of episcopacy; also, 
 the policy of these extremists. 
 
 Root-Diggers, See Diggers. 
 
 Root-Eaters. See Diggers. 
 
 Roquefort (rok-for'). A village in the depart- 
 ment of Aveyron, southern France. It is cele- 
 brated for the manufacture (in its grottoes) of 
 Roquefort cheese. 
 
 Roqueplan (rok-plon'), Joseph Etienne Ca- 
 mille. Born at Mallemort, Bouches«du-Rh6ne, 
 France, 1802: died 1855. A French painter. 
 Roqueplan, Louis Victor Nestor. Born at 
 Mallemort. France, 1804: died at Paris, April 
 24, 1870. A French miscellaneous writer and 
 
 Rosales 
 
 theatrical director, brother of J. E. C. Roque- 
 plan 
 
 Roques (ro'kes), Los. [Sp., ‘the rocks.’] A 
 group of small uninhabited islands in the Carib- 
 bean Sea, belonging to Venezuela, situated in 
 lat. 11° 56' N., long. 66° 40' W. 
 
 Roquette (ro-ket'), Otto. Born at Krotoschin, 
 Posen, April 19, 1824: died at Darmstadt, March 
 18, 1896. A German poet and author. He studied 
 history and philosophy at Heidelberg, Berlin, and Halle ; 
 was afterward a teacher in Dresden, and after 1862 in Ber- 
 lin; andin 1869wasmadeprofessor of theGerman language, 
 literature, and history in the school of technology at Darm- 
 stadt. He wrote numerous lyrics, dramas, novels, and 
 tales. Among them are “ Waldmeisters Brautfahrt : ein 
 Rhein-, Wein-, uud Wandermarchen ’ (“ Waldmeister’s 
 Wedding Journey : aTale of the Rhine, Wine, and Travel,’ 
 1851) ; “Liederbuch" (“Song-Book,” 1852: the third edi- 
 tion under the title “Gedichte” (“ Poems ”), 1880) ; “Dra- 
 matische Dichtungen” (“Dramatic Writings,” 1867-76, 2 
 vols.); the novels “Im Halts der Viiter’’ (“In the Ances- 
 tral House”), “Das Buchstabirbuch der Leidenschaft ” 
 (“The Spelling-Book of Passion," 1878), and “Die Pro- 
 phetensehule ” (“ The School of the Prophets,” 1879). He 
 is also the author of a “ Geschichte der deutschen Litte- 
 rat-ur ” (“ History of German Literature,” 1862), which in 
 the third edition has the ti^e “ Geschichte der deutschen 
 Dichtung’’ (“History of German Poetry,” 1879). 
 Roquevaire (rok-var'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Bouches-du-Rhone, France, situated on 
 the Huveaune 11 miles east-northeast of Mar- 
 seilles. It is noted for its export of raisins. 
 Population, commune, 3,110. 
 
 Roraas (re'ras), or Roros (re'ros). A small 
 town in the province of South Trondhjem, Nor- 
 way, situated 61 miles southeast of Trondhjem : 
 noted for its copper-mines. 
 
 Roraima (ro-ra'e-ma). The highest mountain 
 of British Guiana, on the western frontier, in 
 territory claimed by Venezuela, it is properly a 
 part of the Pacaraima range. The upper portion is a table- 
 land with very precipitous sides, ascended in 1884 by Im 
 Thurm. Height, estimated, 8,580 feet. 
 
 Rori (ro're), or Warori (wa-ro're). A Bantu 
 tribe of German East Africa, north of Lake 
 Nyassa, on the Rueha affluent of the Rufiji 
 River. They are of short stature except the chiefs, wear 
 capes and belts of bead-work, live in large tembes, eat dogs, 
 and are feared as slave-raiders. The country is- called 
 Urori. 
 
 Rorschach (ror'shach). A town and watering- 
 place in the canton of St. -Gall, Switzerland, sit- 
 uated on the Lake of Constance 20 miles south- 
 east of Constance. It has a large grain trade. 
 Population, 9,140. 
 
 Rory O’More (ro'ri o-mor'). A novel by Samuel 
 Lover, published in 1836. 
 
 Ros (ros). [LL. Rlios ; Byzantine Gr. 'Pof (Gly- 
 cas), 'Puno/. j The Scandinavians, specifically 
 the Swedes, who conquered a part of Russia in 
 the 9th century and gave their name to the 
 country itself. Novgorod, in the north, and Kieff, in 
 the south, became centers of Scandinavian power. About 
 866 A. D. the Ros made inclusions southward as far as 
 Constantinople, which they again threatened in 941. They 
 were amalgamated with the Slavs. Better known as 
 Varangians. 
 
 Rosa (ro'sa), Saint (Isabel Flores), called Rosa 
 of Lima. Born at Lima, 1586 : died there, Aug. 
 24, 1617. A Peruvian ascetic. She was can- 
 onized in 1671, her feast-day being fixed on 
 Aug. 30. 
 
 Rosa (ro'za), Carl. Borm March 22, 1842 : died 
 April 30, 1889. A German violinist and mana- 
 ger of opera. After the success of his wife Parepa-Rosa 
 in opera, he formed an English opera company which con- 
 tinued with success after her death. He produced nearly 
 20 operas not previously sung in English. 
 
 Rosa, Euphrosyne Parepa. See Parepa-Rosa. 
 Rosa, Francisco Martinez de la. See Martinez 
 
 de la Rosa. 
 
 Rosa, Monte. See Monte Rosa. 
 
 Rosa (ro'sa), Salvator. Born at Renella, near 
 Naples, June 20, 1615 (?) : died at Rome, March 
 15, 1673. A painter of the Neapolitan school. 
 He was a pupil of his uncle Paolo Greco and Falcone. He 
 is said to have learned from the banditti of the Abruzzi 
 many incidents which he afterward painted. He went to 
 Rome in 1635, and soon became famous as apainter, musi- 
 cian, and satirical poet. He sympathized with Masaniello 
 in 1646-47, and is said to have been a member of a Com- 
 pagnia della Morte, formed for the waylaying and killing 
 of Spaniards in Naples. His masterpiece is considered to 
 be the “ Conspiracy of Catiline,” in the Pitti at Florence. 
 He excelled in battle-pieces. 
 
 Rosader (ros'a-der). In Lodge’s “ Rosalynde,” 
 the younger brother of Torrismond the Usurper, 
 and lover of Rosalynde. He is the Orlando of 
 “As you Like it.” 
 
 Rosa di Tivoli. See Roos, Philipp Peter. 
 Rosales ( ro-sal'as), Diego de. Born at Madrid, 
 1595: died in Spain, 1674. A Jesuit historian. 
 
 From 1629 to 1665 he was in Chile, where he traveled ex- 
 tensively and for a time was provincial. His “Historia 
 general ilel Reyno de Chile ’’ was first published in 1877. It 
 is one of the best of tlie early works on Chile. 
 
Rosalie 
 
 Rosalie (roz'a-li), Saint. The patron saint of 
 Palermo, said to have lived near there in the 
 12th century. 
 
 Rosalie Peak (roz'a-li pek). A peak in the 
 Front Range, Colorado, about 14,340 feet in 
 height. 
 
 Rosalind (roz'a-lind). 1 . A name given to Rosa 
 Daniel, the sister of Samuel Daniel and the wife 
 of John Florio. She was loved by Spenser in her 
 youth, and he complains of her ill usage of him in “The 
 Shepherd’s Calendar.” In “The Faerie Queene” he again 
 introduces her under the name of Mirabel. 
 
 2. The daughter of the exiled duke, in love with 
 Orlando: a character in Shakspere’s “As you 
 Like it.” Her vivacity gives the chief charm 
 to the play. 
 
 Rosaline (roz'a-lin). 1. Romeo’s former love, 
 a lady mentioned in Shakspere’s “Romeo and 
 Juliet.” — 2. A lady attending on the Princess 
 of France: a character in Shakspere’s “Love’s 
 Labour’s Lost.” She “holds her part victori- 
 ous" in a war of words with Biron whom she 
 loves. 
 
 Rosalynde, or Euphues’ Golden Legacy. A 
 
 prose idyl by Thomas Lodge, first printed in 
 1590. Shakspere took his “As you Like it ” from it. It 
 is the most famous book of theEuphuist school, with the ex- 
 ception of “Euphues ” itself. Rosalynde is the niece of the 
 usurper Torrismond, and disguises herself as Ganymede. 
 Rosamond (roz'a-mond). [See Rosamunda.'] 
 An opera by Addison, produced at Drury Lane 
 in 1707. 
 
 Rosamond. Fair. See Clifford, Rosamond. 
 Rosamond s Bower. A subterranean labyrinth 
 in Blenheim Park, said to have been built by 
 Henry II. as a retreat for Rosamond Clifford/ 
 Rosamond’s Pond. A sheet of water formerly 
 lying in the southwest corner of St. James’s Park 
 in London. It was “ long consecrated to disas- 
 trous love and elegiac poetry.” It was filled up 
 in 1770. 
 
 Rosamunda (ro-zii-mun'da), or Rosamond 
 (roz'a-mond). [G. Rosamunde or Rosimund . ] 
 Daughter of Cunimond, king of the Gepidse, 
 and wife of Alboin, king of the Lombards. She 
 iB said to have procured the death of her husband (573). 
 See Alboin. 
 
 Rosario (ro-sa're-o). A city in the province of 
 Santa Fe, Argentine Republic, situated on the 
 Parand about lat. 33° 5' S. It is an important rail- 
 way center and center for river and foreign trade, and was 
 made a port of entry in 1854. Population, 160,000. 
 
 Rosario. A small town in the state of Sinaloa, 
 Mexico, about 35 miles southeast of Mazatlan. 
 Rosas (ro'sas). A seaport in the province of 
 Gerona, Spain, situated on the Gulf of Rosas 82 
 miles northeast of Barcelona. Population, 2,- 
 690. 
 
 Rosas (ro'sas), Juan Manuel de. Born at 
 Buenos Ayres, March 30, 1793 : died near South- 
 ampton, England, March 14, 1877. Dictator of 
 Buenos Ayres. For many years he was a leaderof the 
 Gauchos, and Dorrego (1827) made him commander of 
 the rural militia. By the deposition and death of Dorrego 
 (Dec., 1828), Rosas became chief of the federalist party, 
 which aimed at securing the practical independence of the 
 provinces. After some months of fighting, the Unitarian 
 chief, Lavalle, resigned, and Rosas was governor of Buenos 
 Ayres Dec., 1829, -Dec., 1832. His successor, Balcarce, was 
 deposed by a resolution instigated by Rosas’s wife ; and 
 Rosas was again elected governor with extraordinary 
 powers (March 7, 1835). From this time, by successive 
 reelections, he governed as an absolute dictator until his 
 fall, and often with tyrannical cruelty. The press was 
 muzzled, commerce was restricted, and hundreds of his 
 political opponents were driven into exile or assassinated. 
 Some of the provinces formed a loose alliance with Buenos 
 Ayres, and Rosas managed to put his creatures in charge 
 of most of the others : thus, for a time, he practically ruled 
 them all, though nominally he was only governorof Buenos 
 Ayres. One of his great ambitions was to subject Monte- 
 video, which had become a refuge for exiles from Buenos 
 Ayres and a center of the Unitarian party ; to this end 
 he joined with the exiled president, Oribe, who, thus aided, 
 held most of the interior of Uruguay from 1842 to 1851, 
 though the city was never taken. (See Oribe.) Owing to 
 Rosas's persecution of French residents, a French fleet 
 blockaded Buenos Ayres during most of the time from 
 1838 to 1845. In the latter year France and England in- 
 terfered to protect Montevideo, and their combined fleets 
 attacked and took the intrenched camp of Rosas at Punta 
 de Obligado (Nov. 20), but nothing further came of the 
 matter. The Unitarians made many armed attempts to 
 depose Rosas, the most formidable being that commanded 
 by Lavalle (1838-41), but all failed. At length (1851) Brazil 
 interfered to protect the independence of Uruguay, unit- 
 ing with Urquiza, governor of Entre Rios. They were 
 joined by Corrientes, and later by other provinces. The 
 combined forces, under Urquiza, eventually defeated the 
 army of Rosas at Monte Caseros, near Buenos Ayres (Feb. 
 
 3, 1852). Rosas fled to England, where he lived in retire- 
 ment until his death. 
 
 Rosbach. See Rossbach. 
 
 Roscellinus (ros-e-li'nus), Roscellin (ros-el- 
 an'), Rucelinus (ro-se-li'nus), etc. Born in 
 northern France about the middle of the 11th 
 
 / 
 
 867 
 
 century : died after 1121. A scholastic theolo- 
 gian, the chief founder of Nominalism: canon 
 at Compiegne. He was condemned by a church coun- 
 cil at Soissons in 1092 on account of his teachings regard- 
 ing the Trinity. 
 
 Roscher (rosh'er), Wilhelm. Born at Hannover, 
 Germany, Oct. 21, 1817 : died at Leipsic, June 
 4, 1894. A noted German political economist, 
 professor at Leipsic from 1848: one of the 
 founders of the historical school of political 
 economy. His works include “System der Volkswirth- 
 schaft ”(“ System of Political Economy,” 1854-81), “Ge- 
 schichte der Nationalokonomik in Deutschland ”(“ History 
 of Political Economy in Germany,” 1874), etc. 
 
 Rosciad (rosh'iad), The. A poem by Churchill, 
 published in 1761. It is his first published poem, and 
 is a reckless satire on various London actors. It was issued 
 anonymously, but its success was so great that Churchill 
 at once acknowledged it. 
 
 Roscius (rosh'ius), Quintus. Died about 62 
 B. c. The greatest of Roman comic actors. He 
 was a native of Solonium, near Lanuvium. He was pre- 
 sented by Sulla with a gold ring, the symbol of equestrian 
 rank, and was the instructor and friend of Cicero. 
 
 Roscius, African, The. Ira Aldridge. 
 
 Roscius, English, The. David Garrick. 
 Roscoe (ros'ko), Sir Henry Enfield. Born in 
 London, Jan. 7, 1833. A noted English chem- 
 ist, emeritus professor of chemistry in Victoria 
 University (Owens College), Manchester. He 
 was chosen member of Parliament for Manchester in 1885 
 and 1889. His works include “ Lessons in Elementary Chem- 
 istry” (1866), “Lectures on Spectrum Analysis” (1869), 
 “A Treatise on Chemistry” (with Schorlemmer, 1878-89). 
 
 Roscoe, Thomas. Born at Toxteth Park, Liv- 
 erpool, June 23, 1791 : died at London, Sept. 
 24, 1871. An English translator and scholar, 
 son of V^llliam Roscoe. He translated “Memoirs of 
 Benvenuto Cellini” (1822), Sismondi’s “ Literature of the 
 South of Europe ” (1823), Lanzi’s “ History of Painting in 
 Italy " (1828), etc. 
 
 Roscoe, William. Born at Liverpool, March 8, 
 1753 : died June 30, 1831. A noted English his- 
 torian, poet, and miscellaneous author. His chief 
 works are “ Life of Lorenzo de’ Medici ” (1796) and “ Life and 
 Pontificate of Leo X.” (1805). He also published poems, 
 pamphlets against the slave-trade, etc. 
 
 Roscoff (ros-kof'). A town in the department 
 of Finistere, France, situated on the English 
 Channel 34 miles northeast of Brest. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 5,054. 
 
 Roscommon (ros-kom'on). 1. A county of 
 Connaught, Ireland. It is bounded by Leitrim Oil the 
 north and northeast; Longford, Westmeath, and King’s 
 County on the east ; Galway on the south ; Galway and Mayo 
 on the west ; and Sligo on the northwest. The surface is 
 level or undulating. Area, 983 square miles. Population, 
 101,791. 
 
 2. The capital of the county of Roscommon, 
 situated 43 miles northeast of Galway. ThecaBtle, 
 one of the largest and finest in Ireland, built in 1268, is 
 quadrangular in plan, with round towers at the angles. 
 The gate is flanked by towers. The state apartments oc- 
 cupy a building in the inner court. Population, about 
 2 , 000 . 
 
 Rose ( roz), George. Born in 1817 : died at Lon- 
 don, Nov. 11, 1882. An English humorous writer 
 under the pseudonym Arthur Sketchley. He was 
 the author of several’ plays, but is better known as the 
 author of the “Mrs. Brown Lectures,” written in the 
 character of a “garrulous cockney woman, based probably 
 on Mrs. Gamp.” In 1867 he visited America and gave 
 these lectures, but they were not very successful. 
 
 Rose (ro'ze), Gustav. Born at Berlin, March 
 28, 1798: died there, July 15, 1873. A German 
 mineralogist, professor of mineralogy at Berlin 
 from 1826. He published “ Elemente der Krys- 
 tallographie ” (1833), etc. 
 
 Rose, Heinrich. Born at Berlin, Aug. 6, 1795 : 
 died Jan. 27, 1864. AGerman chemist, brother 
 of Gustav Rose : professor of chemistry at Ber- 
 lin from 1823. His chief work is a “ Handbuch 
 der analytisclien Chexnie” (“Manual of Analyt- 
 ical Chemistry,” 1829). 
 
 Rose (roz), The. 1. A playhouse opened by 
 Henslowe on the Bankside, Southwark, London, 
 about 1592. — 2. An ordinary in Russell street, 
 Covent Garden, London, near the theaters, and 
 much frequented about 1667. 
 
 Roseau (ro-zd'). The capital of the island of 
 Dominica, British West Indies, situated on the 
 southwestern coast. Population, about 5,000. 
 Rosebery, Earl of. See Primrose, A. P. 
 Rosecrans (ro ' ze-kranz), William Starke. 
 Born at Kingston, Ohio, Sept. 6, 1819 : died at 
 Rosecrans, near Los Angeles, Cal., March 11, 
 1898. An American general. He graduated at West 
 Point in 1842, but resigned his commission in the army in 
 1854 after attaining the rank of first lieutenant. He volun- 
 teered as aide to General George B. McClellan (then in com- 
 mand of the Department of the Ohio) atthebeginningof the 
 Civil War, and soon received a commission as brigadier- 
 general in the regular army. He gained the battle of Rich 
 Mountain in July, 1861; was appointed commanderof the 
 Department of the Ohio in the same month ; gained the 
 battle of Carnifex Ferry In Sept., 1861; took part in the 
 
 Rosetta 
 
 -.•siege of Corinth in 1862 ; gained, as commander of the Army 
 of the Mississippi, the battles of Iuka in Sept., and of 
 Corinth in Oct., 1862 ; was transferred to the command 
 of the Army of the Cumberland in Oct., 1862 ; gained the 
 battle of Murfreesboro Dec. 31, 1862, -Jan. 3, 1863 ; crossed 
 the Cumberland Mountains and the Tennessee River in 
 Aug., 1863 ; was defeated in the battle of Chickamauga in 
 Sept., 1863 ; was relieved of the command of the Army of 
 the Cumberland in Oct., 1863; and as commanderof the De- 
 partment of the Missouri repelled Price’s invasion of Mis- 
 souri in 1864. He resigned from the army in 1867 ; was 
 United States minister to Mexico 1868-69 ; was Democratic 
 member of Congress from California 1881-85 ; and register 
 of the United States treasury 1885-93. He was reap- 
 pointed brigadier-general and placed on the retired list 
 by a special act of Congress in Feb., 1889. 
 
 Rosedale (roz'dal). A play by Lester Wallaek, 
 founded on Hamley’s novel ‘ ‘ Lady Lee’s Widow- 
 hood ” : it was produced in 1863. 
 Rose-Garlands, Feast of. See Feast of Rose- 
 Garlands. 
 
 Rosellini (ro-sel-le'ne), Ippolito. Born at Pisa, 
 Italy, 1800 : died there, June 4, 1843, An Italian 
 Orientalist and archaeologist, associate of Cham- 
 pollion in Egypt : prof essor of Orientallanguages 
 at Pisa from 1824 to 1839, when he became pro- 
 fessor of archaeology. He published “Imonu- 
 menti dell’ Egitto e della Nubia ” (1832-40). 
 Roselly de Lorgues (ro-za-le' de lorg) (before 
 1860, Roselly), Antoine Francois Felix. 
 Born at Grasse, Alps-Maritimes, France, Aug. 
 11, 1805: died Jan. 2, 1898. A French author, 
 best known for his works in defense of Roman 
 Catholicism and his writings on Columbus. 
 The former include “ Le Christ devant le sifecle " (1835), 
 
 ‘ ‘ La croix dans les deux mondes ’’ (1844), etc. His works on 
 Columbus are extremely laudatory, and were undertaken 
 with the direct end of securing the beatification of hia 
 hero. Among them are “Christophe Colomb” (1856, 2 
 vols.), “ChriBtophe Colomb serviteurde Dieu ” (1884), and 
 “Histoire posthume de Christophe Colomb ” (1885). 
 
 Rosenbusch (ro'zen-bosh), Karl Heinrich 
 
 Ferdinand. Born at Einbeck, June 24, 1836. 
 A noted German geologist. He was professor at 
 Heidelberg 1878-1908. He has principally devoted him- 
 self to microscopic petrography. He edited the “Neuen 
 Yahrbuchs fiir Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaontologie ” 
 with Klein and Benecke 1879-84. 
 
 Rosencrantz and Guildenstem. Characters in 
 
 Shakspere’s “Hamlet.” They are old schoolfellows 
 of Hamlet, and are sent for by the king to spy upon him. 
 They always appear together. 
 
 Rosendale (ro'zn-dal). A village near Kings- 
 ton, New York, noted for its cement. 
 Rosengarten (ro'zen-gar-ten), or Great Rosen- 
 garten. A medieval German folk epic (dating 
 in its present form from about 1300). it treats of 
 Dietrich of Bern, Kriemhild of Worms, etc. It was edited 
 by YV. Grimm (1836). 
 
 Rosenheim (ro'zen-him). A town in Upper 
 Bavaria, Bavaria, situated on the Inn 31 miles 
 southeast of Munich. Pop., commune, 15.409. 
 Rosenkranz (ro'zen -krauts), Johann Karl 
 Friedrich. Bom at Magdeburg, Prussia, April 
 23, 1805: died at Konigsberg, Prussia, June 14, 
 1879. A German Hegelian philosopher and his- 
 torian of literature, professor at Konigsberg 
 1833-49. He wrote “Geschiehte der deutschen Poesie 
 im Mittelalter ” (“ History of German Poetry in the Middle 
 Ages," 1830), “Handbuch einer allgemeinen Geschiehte 
 der-Poesie " (“Manual of a Universal History of Poetry,” 
 1832-33), “Encyklopadie der theologischen Wissenschaf- 
 ten " (“ Encyclopedia of the Theological Sciences," 1831), 
 “KritischeErlauterungendesHegelschen Systems”(“Crit- 
 ical Illustrations of the Hegelian System,” 1840), “Stu- 
 dien " (1839-44), “ Psy chologie ” (1837), “Goethe und seine 
 Werke" (1847), “Die Piidagogik als System ”(“ Pedagogy 
 as a System,” 1848), “ Wissenschaft der logischen Idee” 
 (1858-59), life of Diderot (1866), of Hegel (1844), “Neue 
 Studien ” (1875-77), etc. With F. W. Schubert he edited 
 Kant’s works (1838-40: with a “History of the Kantian 
 Philosophy ”). 
 
 Rosenlaui (ro'zen-lou-wi) Glacier. One of the 
 most noted Alpine glaciers, situated in the can- 
 ton of Bern, Switzerland, 11 miles east by south 
 of Interlaken. 
 
 Rosenmiiller (rd'zen-miil-ler) , Ernst Friedrich 
 Karl. Born at Hessberg, near Hildburghausen, 
 Germany, Dec. 10, 1768 : died Sept. 17, 1835. A 
 German Orientalist and Protestant theologian, 
 son of J. G. Rosenmiiller: professor at Leipsic 
 from 1795. Among his works are scholia to the Old 
 Testament, “Handbuch der biblischen Altertumskunde ” 
 (1823-31), etc. 
 
 Rosenmiiller, Johann Georg. Born at Um- 
 merstadt, near Hildburghausen, Germany, Dec. 
 18, 1736: died at Leipsic, March 14, 1815. A 
 German Protestant theologian and popular re- 
 ligious writer, professor of theology and super- 
 intendent at Leipsic from 1785. 
 
 Rosenthal (ro'zen-tal), Moritz. Bom at Lem- 
 berg, Dec. 18, 1862. A noted German pianist. 
 
 He was a pupil of Liszt, and is noted for his brilliant 
 technic. 
 
 Roses, Wars of the. See Wars of the Roses. 
 Rosetta (ro-zet'tii), Ar. Rashid (ra-shed'). A. 
 town in the Delta of Egypt, situated near the 
 
Rosetta 
 
 mouth of the Rosetta arm of the Nile, 35 miles 
 east-northeast of Alexandria. Population, 14,- 
 414. 
 
 Rosetta Branch. The westernmost of the two 
 chief branches into which the Nile divides to 
 form the Delta. It separates from the Daraietta branch 
 a few miles north-northwest of Cairo. 
 
 Rosetta Stone. The name given to a stone now in 
 the British Museum, originally found by French 
 soldiers who were digging near the Rosetta 
 mouth of the Nile. It is a piece of black basalt, and 
 contains part of three equivalent inscriptions, the first or 
 highest in hieroglyptiics, the second in demotic characters, 
 and the third in Greek. According to these inscriptions, 
 the stone was erected in honor of Ptolemy Epiphanes, 
 March 27, B. C. 196. This stone is famous as having fur- 
 nished to Young and Champollion the first key for the 
 interpretation of Egyptian hieroglyphics. In its present 
 broken condition 'it measures 3 feet 9 inches in height, 2 
 feet 41 inches in width, and II inches in thickness. 
 Rosheim (rdz'him'). A town in Lower Alsace, 
 Alsace-Lorraine, situated 15 miles southwest 
 of Strasburg. It was once a free imperial city. 
 Population, 3,169. 
 
 Rosier (ro'zher), James. Born in Norfolk, 
 England, in 1575: died in 1635. An English 
 explorer. He accompanied Waymouth in his voyage to 
 Maine and the Penobscot in 1605, and described the voyage 
 in his “ True Relation." 
 
 Rosinante(roz-i-nau'te). DonQuixote’scliarger, 
 
 all skin and bone. ‘ He next proceeded to inspect 
 his hack, which, with more quarters than a real and more 
 blemishes than the steed of Gonela that tantum pellis el 
 ossafuit, surpassed in his eyes the Buceplialosof Alexan- 
 der and the Babieca of the Cid.” Also Rocinante. 
 
 Rosine (ro-zen'). The ward of Doctor Bartholo 
 in Beaumarchais’s comedy “ The Barber of Se- 
 ville.” He seeks to marry her, but through the adroitness 
 of Figaro she is married to Count Almaviva. 
 
 Rosini (ro-se'ne), Giovanni. Born at Luci- 
 gnano, Italy, June 24, 1776: died at Pisa, May 
 16, 1855. An Italian poet and writer of histori- 
 cal novels. 
 
 Roslin (ros'lin). A village in Midlothian, Scot- 
 land, situated about 7 miles south of Edinburgh. 
 The notable chapel here was built in 1446 as the choir of a 
 projected collegiate church. The nave consists of five 
 bays, and, especially in its comparatively plain exterior, 
 with beautiful arches and flying buttresses, presents the 
 appearance of being much older than it i3. The interior 
 is sculptured with foliage and arabesque ornament much 
 undercut. 
 
 Rosmini (ros-me'ne), Carlo de\ Born at Ro- 
 veredo, Tyrol, Oct. 29, 1758: died at Milan, 
 June 9, 1827. An Italian historian and biog- 
 rapher. His chief work is “Storia di Milano” 
 (“History of Milan,” 1820). 
 
 Rosmini-Serbati (ros-me'ne-ser-ba'te), Anto- 
 nio. Born at Roveredo, Tyrol, March 25, 1797 : 
 died at Stresa, near Lago Maggiore, July 1, 
 1855. A noted philosopher, founder of the re- 
 ligious order of the Brothers of Charity. Among 
 his numerous works is “Nuovo saggio gull' oi igine delle 
 idee” (“ New Essay on the Origin of Ideas,” 1830). 
 
 Rosmunda (roz-mun'da). A tragedy by Al- 
 fieri, published in 1783. Ristori was celebrated 
 in the part of Rosmunda. 
 
 Rosny (r6-ne')> Leon de. Born at Loos, Nord, 
 France, Aug. 5, 1837. A French Orientalist 
 and ethnographer, author of various works on 
 the Chinese, Japanese, and Corean languages, 
 and on the antiquities of Central America and 
 Yucatan. 
 
 Ross ( ros), or Ross-shire (ros'shir). A northern 
 county in Scotland. The mainland portion is bounded 
 by Sutherland and Dornoch Firth on the north, Moray 
 Firth on the east, Inverness on the south, and the Atlan- 
 tic on the west and northwest, and includes various de- 
 tached portions of Cromarty. Ross-shire comprises also 
 the northern part of Lewis and other islands of the Hebri- 
 des. The surface is generally mountainous. It is con- 
 nected politically with Cromarty. United area of Ross and 
 Cromarty, 3,089 square miles ; population (civil co.), 76,421. 
 Ross. A town in the county of Herefordshire, 
 England, situated on the Wye 15 miles west by 
 north of Gloucester. It has a noted church (with the 
 tomb of John Kyi le, the “Man of Ross”). Population, about 
 3,300. 
 
 Ross, or Rosse, Alexander. Born at Aber- 
 deen, 1590-91 : died 1654. A Scottish clergyman 
 who became chaplain to Charles I. and master 
 of the Southampton free school. Amonghis works 
 is “A View of all the Religions in the World" (1653), to 
 which Butler refers in the couplet in “ Hudibras.” 
 
 “There was an ancient sage philosopher, 
 
 Who had read Alexander Ross over." 
 
 Ross, Alexander. Born in Aberdeenshire, 
 1699 : died at Lochlee, Forfarshire, May 20, 1784. 
 A Scottish schoolmaster and poet. ' He wrote 
 “Helenore, or the Fortunate Shepherdess” (1768: a nar- 
 rative poem), and a number of songs (“ Wooed an’ Married 
 an’ a’,” etc.) and other poetical pieces, in the rural dialect 
 of Aberdeenshire. 
 
 Ross, Alexander. Born in Nairnshire, Scot- 
 land, May 9, 1783: died in Colony Gardens 
 (now in Winnipeg, Manitoba), Red River Settle- 
 
 868 
 
 ment, British North America, Oct. 23, 1856. A 
 British fur-trader and pioneer in British Amer- 
 ica. He wrote “Adventures of the First Settlers on the 
 Oregon or Columbia River” (1849), “Fur-Hunters of the 
 Far West" (1855), “The Red River Settlement" (1856). 
 
 Ross, Alexander Milton. Bom at Belleville, 
 Ontario, Canada, Dec. 13, 1832 : died at Detroit, 
 Mich., Oct. 27, 1897. A Canadian naturalist 
 and botanist, noted for his collections of Cana- 
 dian fauna and flora. 
 
 Ross, Mrs. (Elizabeth (Betsy) Griscom). Bom 
 
 at Philadelphia, Jan. 1, 1752 : died there, Jan. 
 30, 1836. An American woman, who, at the 
 suggestion of Washington, made the first Amer- 
 ican flag, adopted by Congress June 14, 1777. 
 The house, 239 Arch Street, Philadelphia, in which the 
 flag was made is now the property of the American Flag 
 House and Betsy Ross Memorial Association. 
 
 Ross, Sir James Clark. Bom at London, April 
 15, 1800: died at Aylesbury, England, April 3, 
 1862. A British navigator and arctic explorer. 
 He served with his uncle, Sir John Ross, and with Parry 
 in their arctic expeditions ; commanded the expedition of 
 the Erebus and Terror to the antarctic regions 1839-13, dis- 
 covering Victoria Land and penetrating to lat. 78° 10' S., 
 the furthest point ever yet reached in the antarctic re- 
 gions: and commanded the Enterprise in search of Sir 
 John Franklin in 1848. He published “ Voyage of Discovery 
 and Research,” etc. (1847). To Sir Janies Clark Ross is gen- 
 erally given the credit for the discovery of the north mag- 
 netic pole. See Century Atlas , Map 31. 
 
 ROSS, Sir John. Bom at Inch, Wigtownshire, 
 Scotland, June 24, 1777 : died at London, Aug. 
 30, 1856. A British admiral and arctic explorer. 
 He commanded expeditions in search of the northwest 
 passage 1818 and 1829-33, and one in search of Sir John 
 Franklin 1850-51. He published ‘ ‘A Voyage of Discovery ’’ 
 (1819), “ Narrative of a Second Voyage in Search of a North- 
 west Passage’ (1835), etc. 
 
 Ross, John. Born in Georgia about 1790: died 
 at Washington, D. C., Aug. 1, 1866. A Chero- 
 kee half-breed. He became Cherokee chief 1828; pro- 
 tested against the removal to Indian Territory 1835 ; and 
 sided with the Confederates 1861. 
 
 Ross, Man Of. See Kyrle, John. 
 
 Ross, New. See New Boss. 
 
 Ross, Robert. Born at Ross Trevor, Devonshire, 
 England, 1766 : killed at North Point, Md. . Sept. 
 12, 1814. A British general. He served in the wars 
 against France ; defeated the Americans at Bladeusburg, 
 Aug., 1814; and burned Washington. 
 
 Ross and Cromarty. See Boss. 
 
 Rossano (ros-sa'no). A city in the province of 
 Cosenza, southern Italy, situated on a spur of 
 Mount Sila, near the Gulf of Taranto, 27 miles 
 northeast of Cosenza. It has marble and alabaster 
 quarries, and is the seat of an archbishop. It belonged to 
 the Byzantine empire in the early middle ages. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 13,555. 
 
 Rossbach (ros'baeh), in F. sometimes Ros- 
 bach. A village in the province of Saxony, 
 Prussia, 9 miles southwest of Merseburg. Here, 
 Nov. 5, 1757, the Prussians (22,000) under Frederick the 
 Great defeated the united armies of the French under Sou- 
 bise and the Imperialists under the Prince of Saxe-Hild- 
 burghausen (total 43,000). Loss of the Prussians, about 
 500; of the Allies, 1,700 killed and 7,000 prisoners 
 Rossberg (ros'berG). A mountain on the bor- 
 ders of the cantons of Schwyz and Zug, Swit- 
 zerland, 12 miles east by north of Lucerne, a 
 landslide from it buried the village of Goldau in 1806. 
 Height, 6,195 feet. 
 
 Rossbrunn (ros'bron). A village in Lower 
 Franconia, Bavaria, about 8 miles west of Wurz- 
 burg. Here, July 26, 1866, the Prussians defeated the 
 Bavarians. 
 
 Rossdorf (ros'dorf). A village in Saxe-Mein- 
 ingen, Germany, 12 miles northwest of Meinin- 
 gen. It was the scene of a battle between the Prussians 
 and Bavarians July 4, 1866. 
 
 Rosse (ros). A thane of Scotland in Shak- 
 spere’s ‘/Macbeth.” 
 
 Rosse (ros'e), Earl of. See Parsons, William. 
 Rossellino (ros-sel-le'no), Antonio (real name 
 Gambarelli). Born about 1427 : died about 
 1497. A Florentine sculptor, brother of Ber- 
 nardo Rossellino. He is said to have studied with 
 Donatello, and possessed great delicacy of treatment. 
 Among his works is the noble monument to Cardinal Por- 
 togallo in San Miniatoat Florence, executed in 1461. The 
 Duke of Amalfi ordered Antonio to make one like it for 
 the Church of Monte Oliveto in Naples, in memory of his 
 wife, Mary of Aragon. 
 
 Rossellino, Bernardo. Born 1409: died about 
 1464. A Florentine sculptor and architect. Hewas 
 the eldest of the family of Matteo di Domenico Gambarelli, 
 which gave five sculptors to Tuscany (Bernardo, Domenico, 
 Maso, Giovanni, and Antonio). Twoof these. Bernardo and 
 Antonio, were artists of great ability. Bernardo was a disci- 
 ple of Alberti, and attained special eminence as an archi- 
 tect in the service of Pope Nicholas V. It was through 
 his agency that this Pope, who restored the falling edifices 
 of ancient Rome and reconstructed St. Peter’s and the Vati- 
 can, built palaces at Orvieto and Spoleto, and princely 
 baths at Viterbo. After the death of Nicholas and his 
 successor Calixtus III., Bernardo found an equally zealous 
 patron in Pius II., whose chief aim was the embellishment 
 of his native town, Cosignano, to which he gave the name 
 
 Rossini 
 
 of Pienza. In this little town Bernardo built a palace, a 
 cathedral, and a city hall. He also made the beautiful 
 monument to Leonardo Bruni (Aretino) in Santa Croce 
 (1444), generally considered to be the finest monument of 
 the Quattrocento, and a typical specimen of the style of 
 the time. Two of his works are a bust of St. John, in 
 Florence, and an excellent portrait-bust of Battista Sforza. 
 
 Rossetti (ros-set'te), Christina Georgina. 
 
 Born Dee. 5, 1830 : died Dec. 29, 1894. An Eng- 
 lish poet, sister of D.G.Rossetti. She contributed to 
 “ The Germ " as Ellen Alleyn, and wrote “Goblin Market ” 
 (1862), “The Prince’s Progress ”(1866), “Sing-Song, a Nur- 
 sery Rhyme Book” (1872), “A Pageant and Other Poems” 
 (1881), “ Time Flies,” etc. (1885), and a number of religious 
 works on the Benedicite, the minor festivals, etc. 
 
 Rossetti, Dante Gabriel (Gabriel Charles 
 Dante). Born at Loudon, May 12, 1828: died 
 at Birchington, England, April 9, 1882. An 
 English poet and painter, son of Gabriele Ros- 
 setti. He became noted as one of the leading Prera- 
 pliaelites (see Preraphadite Brotherhood), and one of the 
 chief romantic and sensuous poets of modern English 
 literature. He was educated at King’s College school, 
 and about 1846 entered the Royal Academy. In 1848 he 
 entered Madox Brown's studio. Among his chief paint- 
 ings are 11 Found,” “ Girlhood of the Virgin ” (1849), “The 
 Annunciation,” “Ecce Ancilla Domini ”(1850 : in the Na- 
 tional Gallery), “Boat of Love,” “Lady Lilith” (1864) 
 “ Sibylla Palmifera ” (1866), “ Dante's Dream ”(1870), “ Pros- 
 erpina" (1874), “La Pia” (l88I), etc. He wrote transla- 
 tions from Italian poets (1861), and published “Poems” 
 (1870), including “The Blessed Damozel,” “My Sister’s 
 Sleep,” and other poems reprinted from “The Germ" 
 (1850), and “Ballads and Sonnets” (1881), including his 
 series of one hundred sonnets called “ The House of Life. ” 
 
 Rossetti, Gabriele. Born at Vasto, kingdom 
 of Naples, March 1, 1783 : died at London, April 
 26, 1854. An Italian poet and commentator on 
 Dante: father of Dante Gabriel Rossetti. He 
 fled to Malta in 1821 and to England in 1824, and was made 
 professor of Italian at King's College, London, in 1826. He 
 is best known from his patriotic poems at the time of the 
 revolution of 1820. 
 
 Rossetti, William Michael. Bom at London, 
 Sept. 25, 1829. An English poet and art critic, 
 brother of Dante Gabriel Rossetti. He wrote a 
 translation of Dante’s “ Inferno" (1865), “Poems and Bal- 
 lads ” (1866), “Life of Shelley ’’ (1869) ; edited the poetical 
 works of S. T. Coleridge (1871), Milton (1871), Campbell 
 (1872), William Blake (1874), Shalcspere’s works with glos- 
 sary (1880) ; and wrote a “Life of Keats” (1877). 
 
 Rossi (ros'se), Ernesto. Born at Leghorn, Italy, 
 1829 : died at Pescara, June 4, 1896. An Ital- 
 ian actor and dramatist. He early became noted 
 in the plays of Alfieri and Shakspere. He went to Paris 
 in 1855 with Ristori, and again in 1S66, 1874, and 1875. He 
 was called “the Italian Talma.” He played with much 
 success in all the principal cities of Europe, and retired 
 from the stage in 1889. Among his plays are “Adele ’’ 
 (written for Ristori). “ Les hyent-s ’’ “ La priere d’un soldat,” 
 “Consorzio parentale,” etc. He also wrote dramatic 
 studies and personal reminiscences (1887-90). 
 
 Rossi, Giovanni Battista de. Born Feb. 23, 
 1822 : died Sept. 20, 1894. An Italian archaeolo- 
 gist. He is best known from his discoveries in the Ro- 
 man catacombs, published in “ Inscriptions Christian* 
 urbis Rorme septimo sseculo antiquiores” (1857-61) ami 
 “ Roma sotterranea Christiana ” (1864-77). He also pub- 
 lished otherimportantworkson Roman artandantiquities. 
 
 Rossi, Count Pellegrino. Born at Carrara. 
 Italy, July 13, 1787 : assassinated at Rome, 
 Nov. 15, 1848. An Italian politician, jurist, and 
 economist. He lived in exile after 1815. In 1816 he 
 settled at Geneva, became professor of Roman and penal 
 law at the academy (1819), and played a prominent part in 
 Swiss politics. In 1833 he went to France and became (1834) 
 professor of political economy at the College de France, 
 and later of constitutional law at the Law School. He 
 was made a peer in 1839. and was in the service of the 
 French government under Guizot 1840-45. He was ap- 
 pointed French ambassador at Rome in 1845, and became 
 papal premier in Sept., 1848. He wrote “ Trait4 de droit 
 pCnal ”(1829),“Cours dY-conomie politique ”(1840-54), etc. 
 
 Rossignol (ros-sen-yol'), Lake. A lake in the 
 southwestern part of Nova Scotia, 17 miles 
 north of Liverpool. Its outlet is the Mersey. 
 Length, 12 miles. 
 
 Rossini (ros-se'ne), Gioachino Antonio. Born 
 
 at Pesaro, Italy, Feb. 29, 1792 : died at Paris, 
 Nov. 13, 1868. A celebrated Italian operatic 
 composer. He was of humble birth, and was early ap- 
 prenticed to a smith. He began to take regular lessons 
 in music, and played the horn in a theater at Bologna when 
 he was about 13. In 1807 he entered a class in counter- 
 point at the Liceo, and a little later studied the violon- 
 cello. In 1808 a cantata by him was performed in public, 
 and before 1823 he had written twenty operas, most of them 
 after 1815, at which time he became director of the San 
 Carlo and Del Fondo theaters at Naples. In 1821 he mar- 
 ried Isabella Colbran and went to Vienna (1822), where he 
 had much success in spite of opposition. He visited 
 London in 1823, where he was warmly received, and soon 
 went to Paris, where he was made director of the Theatre 
 Italien for 18 months. Here he brought out a number of 
 his operas as well as Meyerbeer's “ Crociato." He was re- 
 tained in the king’s service, and in 1829 produced “Guil- 
 laume Tell,” his greatest work. He retired in 1836 to 
 Bologna, and devoted himself to the encouragement of the 
 Liceo. In 1842 his “Stabat Mater” was first given com- 
 plete. In 1847 he went to Florence, and in 1855 to Paris, 
 where at his villa at Passy he was the center of a brilliant 
 circle till bis death. Toward the end of his life he wrote 
 littlebut pianoforte music. His operas include “ Tancredi " 
 (1813), “ Elisabetta " (1815), “ II Barbiere di Siviglla " (1816). 
 
Rossini 
 
 ** Otello ” (1816), “ La Cenerentola " (1817), “La Gazza La- 
 dra”(1817), “Armida "(1817), “La Donna del Lago”(1819), 
 “ Maoinetto Secondo ” (1820), “Zelmira " (1821), “Semira- 
 mide ”(1823), and “Guillaume Tell ” (1829). He also wrote 
 “Mose in Egitto” (1818: an oratorio), “Stabat Mater” 
 (1842), and “Messe Solennelle ” (1864), etc. 
 
 Rossiter (ros'i-ter), Thomas Pritchard. Born 
 at New Haven, Conn., 1817: died at Cold 
 Spring, N. Y., May 17, 1871. An American his- 
 torical painter. He began the practice of his profes- 
 sion in 1838, and in 1840-41 studied at London and Paris, 
 and from 1841 to 1846 at Home. He was elected national 
 academician in 1849. 
 
 Rossmassler ( ros'mas-ler), Emil Adolf. Born 
 at Leipsic, March 3, 1806 : died there, April 8, 
 1867. A German naturalist and popular writer. 
 His chief work is “ Ikonograpliie der europaischen Land- 
 und Siisswassermollusken ” (“ Iconography of European 
 Land and Fresh- water Mollusks,” 1835-56). 
 
 Ross-shire. See Boss. 
 
 Rostand (ros-tan'), Edmond. Born at Mar- 
 seilles, April 1, 1864. A French poet and play- 
 wright. He has written “ Les Romanesques ” (1894), 
 “ La Princesse Loiiitaine ” (1895), “ La Samaritaine ” (1897), 
 “ Cyrano de Bergerac” (1897), “L’Aiglon” (1900), etc. 
 
 Rostock (ros'tok). A seaport in Mecklenhurg- 
 Schwerin, situated on the estuary of the War- 
 now, in lat. 54° 5' N., long. 12° 8' E. it is the 
 
 principal place in Mecklenburg, and one of the chief ports 
 of the Baltic, and has a trade in grain, herrings, timber, 
 oil, etc. St. Peter’s Churchand some of the other churches 
 are notable. Bliicher was born and Grotius died there. 
 The university, founded in 1419, was temporarily trans- 
 ferred to Greifswald from 1437 to 1443, and (in part) to 
 Biitzow from 1760 to 1789 : it has about 900 students, and 
 a library of about 285,000 volumes. Rostock is an ancient 
 Wendish town. It belonged to the Hansa until 1630. 
 Population, commune, 60,793. 
 
 Rostoff (ros-tof'). A town in the government 
 of Yaroslaff, situated on Lake Nero 125 miles 
 northeast of Moscow. It was founded in the early 
 middle ages ; was the 6eat of a principality annexed by 
 Ivan III. in 1474 ; and has important commerce and manu- 
 factures of sacred pictures. Population, 15,220. 
 
 Rostoff. A city in the government of Yekateri- 
 noslaff, situated on the Don about lat. 47° 16' 
 N., long. 39° 43' E. It was built in the 18th century, 
 and is an important distributing center for the grain and 
 other agricultural products of southern Russia. Popula- 
 tion, 119,476. 
 
 Rostoptchin (ros-top'chin), Count Feodor. 
 Bom in the government of Orel, Russia, March 
 23, 1765: died at Moscow, Feb. 12, 1826. A 
 Russian politician, general, and writer: gov- 
 ernor of Moscow at the time of the F rench in- 
 vasion in 1812. He is believed to have ordered 
 the burning of Moscow. He published memoirs, 
 etc. 
 
 Rqswitha (ros've-ta), or Hrotswitha (hrots'- 
 ve-ta), or Hrosvitha (hros've-ta): properly 
 Hrotsuit (hrot'svit). Born about 935: died 
 probably about 1000. A German poet and chron- 
 icler : a nun in the Benedictine nunnery of Gan- 
 dersheim, Brunswick. She wrote poetical chronicles 
 of Otto I., etc., and six Latin comedies for the entertain- 
 vient of the sisterhood. Her works were edited by Kon- 
 rad Celtes in 150L 
 
 Rota (ro'ta), or Rata (ra'ta). One of the La- 
 drone Islands, Pacific Ocean, situated in lat. 
 14° 7' N., long. 145° 13' E. 
 
 Rota or Coffee Club, The. A London political 
 club, founded in 1659 as a kind of debating soci- 
 ety for the dissemination of republican opin- 
 ions. It met in New Palace Yard “at one Miles’s, where 
 was made purposely a large ovall table with a passage in 
 the middle for Miles to deliver his coffee.” The club was 
 broken up after the Restoration. Tinibs. 
 
 Rotanev (rot'a-nev). [L. Venator, with the let- 
 ters reversed.] A name assigned in the Paler- 
 mo catalogue to the fourth-magnitude double 
 star fi Delphini, by the Italian astronomer Nic- 
 colo Cacciatore, the Latinized form of whose 
 name is Nicolaus Venator. The origin of the 
 name was long a puzzle, until the trick was de- 
 tected by Webb. Compare Svalocin. 
 
 Roth (rot), Justus Ludwig Adolf. Born at 
 Hamburg, Sept. 15, 1818: died at Berlin, April 
 1, 1892. A noted German geologist and min- 
 eralogist, professor at Berlin from 1867. 
 
 Roth, Rudolf von. Born April 3, 1821: died 
 June 22, 1895. A noted German Oriental- 
 ist, professor at Tubingen from 1848 (or- 
 dinary professor 1856). His chief work is a “San- 
 skrit Worterbuch" (“Sanskrit Dictionary,” 1853-75, with 
 Bohtlingk). Among his other works are “ Zur Litteratur 
 umi Geschichte <les Veda" (1846), an edition of the Atharva- 
 veda (with Whitney, 1856-57), etc. 
 
 Rothaargebirge (rot'har-ge-ber"ge), or Rotla- 
 gergebirge (rot'la-ger-ge-ber"ge). A moun- 
 tain-range in the southern part of the province 
 of Westphalia, Prussia. Height, about 2,500 
 feet. 
 
 Rothe (ro'te), Richard. Bom at Posen, Prus- 
 sia, Jan. 28, 1799: died at Heidelberg, Aug. 20, 
 
 869 
 
 1867. A noted German Protestant theologian, 
 professor at Heidelberg from 1854. His chief work 
 is “Theologische Ethik” (“Theological Ethics," 1845-48 : 
 revised ed. 1867-71). His other works include “ Die An- 
 fange der christlichen Kirche” (“The Beginnings of the 
 Christian Church,” 1837), “Zur Dogmatik ” (1863), etc. 
 
 Rothenburg ob der Tauber (ro'ten-borGob der 
 tou'ber). A town in Middle Franconia, Bava- 
 ria, situated near the Tauber 41 miles west of 
 Nuremberg. It is one of the oldest Franconian towns, 
 and was formerly a free imperial city. It took part in the 
 Franconian League and in the Peasants’ War, and suffered 
 in the Thirty Years’ War. Population, commune, 8,436. 
 Rotherham (roTH'er-am). A town in the West 
 Riding of Yorkshire, England, situated on the 
 Don 6 miles northeast of Sheffield. It has ex- 
 tensive manufactures. Population, 62,507, 
 (1911). 
 
 Rotherhithe (roTH'er-hiTH), or Redriff (red'- 
 rif). [‘ Cattle-port.’] A district of London, 
 situated in Surrey, on the right bank of the 
 Thames, 2 miles east-southeast of St. Paul’s. 
 It is the terminus of the Thames tunnel. 
 Rothermel (roth ' &r-mel), Peter Frederick. 
 Born July 18, 1817 : died Aug. 15, 1895. An 
 American historical painter. He visited Europe in 
 1856-59, and afterward lived in Philadelphia, where he was 
 an associate of the Pennsylvania Academy. Many ol his 
 pictures have Been engraved. Among them are “ De Soto 
 discovering the Mississippi "(1844), “Patrick Henry before 
 the Virginia House of Burgesses,” “ Battle of Gettysburg ” 
 (1871). 
 
 Rotherthurm Pass (ro'ter-torm' pas'). [G., 
 
 ‘ red-tourer pass.’] A pass in the Transylvanian 
 Carpathians, on the borders of Transylvania and 
 Wallachia, situated in the valley of the Alnta 
 south of Hermannstadt. It was the scene of defeats 
 of the Turks by the Hungarians in 1442 and 1493. The 
 Russian invaders passed through it in 1849. 
 
 Rothesay (roth'sa). A royal burgh, capital of 
 the county of Bute, Scotland, situated on the 
 island of Bute, in the Firth of Clyde, 30 miles 
 west of Glasgow. It is a watering-place and health- 
 resort; has important fisheries; and contains a ruined 
 castle. Population, royal and municipal burghs, 9,323. 
 
 Rothesay, Duke of. See Stewart, David. 
 Rothorn, or Rothhorn (rot'hom). [G., ‘red 
 horn.’] The name of several summits in the 
 Alps of Bern, Valais, the Grisons, etc. 
 Rothschild (G. pron. rot'shilt; commonly E. 
 roths'child). [Said to he from the sign of the 
 house in Frankfort — “zum rothen Sehilde,” 
 ‘ at the Red Shield.’] A celebrated Jewish bank- 
 ing-house at Frankfort-on-the-Main, founded in 
 the latter half of the 18th century by Mayer Au- 
 selm Rothschild. Mayer Anselm died in 1812, leaving 
 five sons, all of whom were created barons of the Austrian 
 empire in 1822. The eldest, Anselm Mayer (1773-1855), 
 succeeded as head of the firm. Solomon (1774-1855) es- 
 tablished a branch at Vienna; Nathan Mayer(1777-1836), a 
 branch at London (1798): Charles Mayer (1788-1855), a 
 branch at Naples (discontinued about 18G1) ; and Jakob 
 (James) (1792-1868), a branch at Paris. Nation Mayerwas 
 succeeded by his son Lionel Nathan (1808-79) as head of 
 the London branch : the present head is Lionel’s son Na- 
 thaniel Mayer(born in 1840 : raised to the peerage as Baron 
 Rothschild in 1885). 
 
 Rothschild, BarouLionel Nathan. BoruNov. 
 22,1808: died June 3, 1879. An English hanker 
 and politician, of Hebrew birth: son of N. M. 
 Rothschild. He was several times elected a member of 
 Parliament for London, but did not take his seat before 
 1858, when the Parliamentary oath was modified by omit- 
 ting the words obnoxious to his faith. 
 
 Rothschild, Anselm Mayer. Born at Frank- 
 fort-on-the-Main, 1743 : died at Frankfort, Sept. 
 19, 1812. A German-Jewish hanker, founder of 
 the bouse of the Rothschilds. He became a banker 
 at Frankfort, and in 1801 was appointed agent to the 
 Landgrave (subsequently Elector) of Hesse-Cassei. He 
 preserved the elector’s private fortune, which was 
 intrusted to him during the invasion of the French 
 in 1806, and was in gratitude allowed the free use of 
 it for a time, which enabled him to lay the founda- 
 tion of his wealth. 
 
 Rothschild, Baron Nathan Mayer. Born Sept. 
 16,1777: died July 28, 1836. The founder of the 
 English branch of the house of Rothschild, 
 third son of Mayer Anselm Rothschild. About 
 1800 he went to Manchester to buy goods for his father. 
 In 1805 he settled in London. He became the financial 
 agent of nearly every civilized government. 
 
 Rothwell (roth'wel). A town in the West Rid- 
 ing of Yorkshire, England, 4 miles southeast of 
 Leeds. Population, 6,829. 
 
 Rotrou (ro-tro'), Jean de. Born at Dreux, 
 France, Aug. 21, 1609: died there, June 28, 
 1650. A French dramatist. His tragedies and come- 
 dies are largely imitated from the classics and the Span- 
 ish. He formed, with Corneille, Colletet, Boisrobert, and 
 L’Etoile, the band of Richelieu s “five poets," who com- 
 posed tragedies jointly on the cardinal’s plans. Among 
 his best works are the tragedies “Saint-Genest” (1646), 
 “ Venceslas " (1647), “Cosroes ” (1649). 
 
 Rotse (rot'se), or Barotse (bii-rot'se): also 
 called Marutse. A Bantu tribe of Central 
 
 Rouen 
 
 Africa, settled in the low plain of the upper 
 Zambesi valley, which is periodically flooded, 
 and hence fertile hut unhealthy. The kingdom of 
 the Barotse extends far beyond the tribal boundaries. By 
 a revolution the Barotse exterminated, in 1865, their con- 
 querors the Makololo, but retained the language of these 
 and the dominion over neighboring tribes. These tribu- 
 tary tribes are the Manansa, Malaya, Masuhia, Matotela, 
 Manchoia, Mambunda, Balibale, and Mahe. The kings 
 since 1865 are Sepopa, Ngwanawina, Lobosi, Akufuna, and 
 Lewanika. The Barotse kingdom is in the British sphere 
 of influence. 
 
 Rottee. See Botti. 
 
 Rottenburg(rot'ten-borG). Atowninthe Black 
 Forest circle, Wiirtemberg, situated on the 
 Neekar 24 miles south-southwest of Stuttgart. 
 Population, commune, 7,553. 
 
 Rotten Row (rot'n ro). [From F. Route du Roi, 
 the king’s way.] A fashionable thoroughfare 
 for equestrians, in Hyde Park, London, extend- 
 ing west from Hyde Park Corner for miles. 
 “The old royal route from the palace of the Plantagenet 
 kings at Westminster to the royal hunting forests was by 
 what are now called ‘Birdcage Walk,’ ‘Constitution 
 Hall,' and ‘Rotten Row ' ; and this road was kept sacred 
 to royalty, the only other person allowed to use it being 
 (from its association with the hunting-grounds) the Grand 
 Falconer of England." Hare, London, II. 107. 
 Rotterdam (rot'er-dam ; D. pron. rot-ter-dam'). 
 [From the river Rotte.] A city and seaport in 
 the province of South Holland, Netherlands, 
 situated at the junction of the Rotte with the 
 Nieuwe Maas (or New Meuse), in lat. 51° 55' N., 
 long. 4° 29' E. It is the second seaport of the country 
 and the second city in population ; and has extensive sea 
 commerce and river traffic with Belgium, Germany, etc. 
 Its trade in colonial products is very large. It is the ter- 
 minus of a steamshipline to New York ; and has ship build- 
 ing industries and manufactures of machinery, sugar, to- 
 bacco, etc. It consists of an outer and an inner city. 
 Among the objects of interest are Boyiuau’s Museum, the 
 quays. Church of St. Lawrence, Bourse, etc. The town was 
 burned in 1563, and was taken by the Spaniards in 1572. It 
 developed rapidly in the 19th century. Population, 411,635. 
 
 Rotti, or Rottee (rot'te). One of the smaller 
 islands of the Dutch East Indies, situated south- 
 west of Timor. 
 
 Rottweil (rot'vil). A town in the Black Forest 
 circle, Wiirtemberg, situated on the Neekar 50 
 miles southwest of Stuttgart: formerly a free 
 imperial city. Population, commune, 9,013. 
 Rotuma (ro-to'ma). A small island in the 
 South Pacific, belonging to the British, situated 
 in lat. 12° 30' S., long. 177° 5' E., north of the 
 Fiji Islands, of which it is a dependency. It 
 was annexed by the British in 1880. 
 
 Rouarie (ro-a-re'), Marquis de la ( Armand 
 Teffin). Born near Rennes, France, 1756: died 
 near Lamballe, France, Jan. 30, 1793. AFi-ench 
 officer. He served in the American Revolutionary War 
 1777-82 ; and was a royalist agitator in Brittany 1791-93. 
 Roubaix (ro-ba'). A city in the department of 
 Nord, France, 5 miles northeast of Lille, it is 
 a leading industrial center. The principal manufactures 
 are woolen, cotton, silk, dyes, etc. It developed notably 
 in the 19th century. Population, commune, 121,017. 
 
 Roubiliac (ro-be-yak'), Louis Franpois. Born 
 at Lyons, 1695: died at London, Jan. 11, 1762. 
 A French sculptor (known in England under 
 the name Roubiliac), a pupil of Balthazar in 
 Dresden and of Nicholas Coustou in Paris. In 
 1730 he won the second grand prix in sculpture. In 1744 
 lie went to England, and was a protfipfi of the Walpole 
 family. In 1745 he went to Rome. On his return to Eng- 
 land he executed a number of monuments in the great 
 churches. His chief works are the statue of Handel at 
 Vauxhall ; the monument to Duke John of Argyll in West- 
 minster Abbey, which Canova called the best work in Eng- 
 land ; the statue of Shakspere for David Garrick, now in 
 the British Museum ; the monument of the Duke and 
 Duchess of Montagu at Boughton ; etc. 
 
 Roucouennes (ro-ko-enz'). [From roucou, ar- 
 notto, with which they paint themselves.] 
 Indians of the Carih stock in the southern part 
 of French Guiana. They are probably remnants of 
 the true Caribs or Galibis, which have been driven from 
 the coast and have retained their independence in the in- 
 terior. 
 
 Rouen (ro-oii'). The capital of the department 
 of Seine-Infdrieure, France, situated on the 
 Seine, at its junction with the Aubette and 
 Robee, in lat. 49° 25' N., long. 1° 5' E.: the Ro- 
 man Rotomagus and medieval Rodomum. it is 
 an important port witli extensive quays ; lias large foreign 
 and domestic trade ; and is the terminus of several foreign 
 steamship lines. It is sometimes called “the Manchester 
 of France ” on account of its cotton manufactures. It has 
 also manufactures of woolen goods, machinery, etc. The 
 cathedral is oneof (hemost impressive existing. The wide 
 front ranges in date from the Romanesque to the Flam- 
 boyant. The Florid south tower (Tour de Beurre) is 
 notable. The transepts possess fine rose-windows and 
 admirable sculpture in profusion about their rich gabled 
 portals. The central spire, of iron, 500 feet high, re- 
 places an old one destroyed by lightning. The arches 
 of the nave are subdivided into 2 tiers below the trifo- 
 rium-gallery ; the choir is remarkable for its lightness ; and 
 there are admirable Renaissance tombs of t he Due de BrdzG 
 
Rouen 
 
 and Cardinal d'Amboise, and much rich 13th-century glass. 
 The length of the cathedral is 447 feet ; the height of the 
 nave, 92. The abbey church of St. Ouen, a celebrated monu- 
 ment of great size and harmony of design, was built in the 
 14th and 15th centuries, except the facade, which was fin- 
 ished only recently in a somewhat earlier style than the re- 
 mainder. The central lantern is as famous for grace and 
 lightness as that of Burgos. Other beauties are the porch 
 of the south transept and the admirable grouping of the 
 apse and radiating chapels. The interior is very light and 
 effective, the wall-spaces being reduced to a minimum. The 
 length is 453 feet ; the height of the nave, 106. Other ob- 
 jects of interest are the churches of St. Maclou, of St. Vin- 
 cent, of St. Godard, and of St. Patrice, Palais de Justice, 
 industrial and commercial museum, Corneille's house, li- 
 brary, nmsde, Hotel du BourgthOrouldc, Hotel de Ville, an- 
 tiquarian museum, and museum of natural history. There 
 are schools of theology, medicine, and agriculture. The 
 city was the birthplace of Pierre and Thomas Corneille and 
 of Boieldieu. It was the capital of LugdunensisII. ; became 
 the seat of a bishopric about ."00 ; and was several times 
 sacked by the Normans, who finally settled there and made 
 it the capital of Normandy. Arthur of Brittany is said to 
 have been murdered at Rouen. It was taken by Philip II. 
 in 1204 ; was taken by Henry V. of England in 1419, and re- 
 covered by the French in 1449 ; was the scene of the burn- 
 ing of Joan of Arc in 1431; suffered in the Huguenot wars ; 
 resisted Henry IV. of France in 1592 ; and was occupied by 
 the Germans Dec., 1870. Population, commune, 118,459. 
 Rouergue (ro-arg'). An ancient territory of 
 southern France, in the government of Oni- 
 on tie and Gascony, corresponding mainly to the 
 department of Aveyron. It was a county in the mid- 
 die ages, and was united to the crown in 1525. 
 
 Rouge (ro-zha'), Yicomte Olivier Charles Ca- 
 mille Emanuel de. Born at Paris, April 11, 
 1811: died at his Chateau Bois-Dauphin, Dec. 
 31, 1872. A celebrated French Egyptologist, 
 professor of archaeology at theCollfegedeFrance. 
 He is best known from his discovery of the prototypes of 
 the Semitic alphabet in the early Egyptian hieratic. 
 
 The entire glory of this discovery is due to the genius 
 of a French Egyptologist, Emanuel de RougA The first 
 account of his investigations was given in a paper read 
 before the Academic des Inscriptions in the year 1859. 
 A meagre summary of his results was published at the 
 time in the “ Comptes rendus,"but by some mischance 
 the MS. itself was lost, and has never been recovered. 
 
 Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 89. 
 
 Rougemont (F. pron. rozh-mon') Castle. A 
 castle in Exeter, England, founded by William 
 the Conqueror. 
 
 Rouget de Lisle, or l’lsle (ro-zha/ de lei), 
 Claude Joseph. Born at Montaigu, Lons-le- 
 Saulnier, France, May 10, 1760: died at Choisy- 
 le-Roi, near Paris, June 27, 1836. A French 
 soldier and composer of songs. He was the son of 
 royalists; refused to take the oath to the constitution 
 abolishing the crown ; and was stripped of his rank as first 
 lieutenant, and imprisoned. He escaped after the death 
 of Robespierre; was wounded under General Hoche in La 
 Vendee; and retired to Montaigu, where he lived in allbut 
 absolute starvation. He wrote a number of songs, and 
 published “Cinquante chants fran;ais " (1825) and other 
 works, but is most celebrated as the author of the “ Mar- 
 seillaise ” (which see). 
 
 Rough and Ready, Old. An epithet, often given 
 to General Zachary Taylor. 
 
 Rough Riders. The popular name of the First 
 United States Volunteer Cavalry, organized by 
 Theodore Roosevelt and Leonard Wood for 
 service in the Spanish-American war. it con- 
 sisted of 1,000 men, recruited mainly from western States. 
 They fought (dismounted) at Las Guasimas June 24, and 
 San Juan J uly 1, 1898. 
 
 Rougon-Macquart (ro-gon' ma-kar'). The 
 name of a family celebrated by Zola, after the 
 fashion of Balzac, in a series of novels (1871-93) 
 under the general title of “Les Rougon-Mac- 
 quart, histoire naturelle et sociale d’une famille 
 sous le second empire.” See Zola. 
 Rouher(ro-ar'), Eugene. Born at Riom. France, 
 Nov. 30, 1814: died at Paris, Feb. 3, 1884. A 
 French statesman. He was deputy to the Constituent 
 Assembly in 1848, and to tlie Legislative Assembly in 1849 ; 
 minister of justice and premier 1849-51 ; and minister of 
 justice 1851-52. He became vice-president of the State 
 Council in 1852, and minister of commerce, agriculture, 
 etc., in 1855 ; and concluded a commercial treaty with 
 Great Britain in 1860, and others with Belgium, Italy, and 
 Germany. He was premier 1863-69, and reactionary leader ; 
 president of the Senate 1869-70; andaf ter 1871aBonapartist 
 leader. 
 
 Roulers (ro-la'), or Rousselaere (ros-lar'), or 
 Roeselare (ro-se-la'ro). A town ill the prov- 
 ince of West Flanders, Belgium, situated on the 
 Mandelbeke 27 miles west-southwest of Ghent. 
 It has cotton and other manufactures. Here, July 13, 1794, 
 the French under Pichegru and Macdonald defeated the 
 Austrians under Clerfayt. Population, 25,593. 
 
 Roum. See Rum. 
 
 Roumania. See Rumania. 
 
 Roumanille (ro-ma-nely'), Joseph. Born at 
 Saint-Remy (Bouches-du-Rhone), Aug. 8, 1818: 
 died at Avignon, May 24, 1891. A Provencal 
 poet. He studied at Tarascon; went in 1847 to Avignon ; 
 and was one of the principal members of the “ KClibriges.” 
 In 1859 he organized “ L’Armana Provenfan." His improvi- 
 sations include “Li Margarideto " (1847), “Lis Oubreto” 
 
 870 
 
 (1859), “Lou MOge de Cucugnan ” (1863), “Li Conte pro- 
 ven^au li cascareleto " with a French translation (1884), 
 “Le Campano Mountado,” etc. 
 
 Roumelia. See Rumelia. 
 
 Roundheads (round'hedz). In English history, 
 the members of the Parliamentarian or Puritan 
 party during the civil war. They were so called op- 
 probriously by the Royalists or Cavaliers, in allusion to 
 the Puritans' custom of wearing their hair closely cut, 
 while the Cavaliers usually wore theirs in ringlets. The 
 Roundheads were one of the two great parties in English 
 politics first formed about 1641, and continued under the 
 succeeding names of Whigs and Liberals, as opposed to 
 the Cavaliers, Tories, and Conservatives respectively. 
 
 Roundheads, The. A comedy by Mrs. Aphra 
 Behn, produced in 1682. 
 
 Round Table, The. In Arthurian legend, a 
 table made by Merlin for Uther Pendragon, who 
 gave it to the father of Guinevere, from whom 
 Arthur received it with 100 knights as a wed- 
 ding gift. The table would seat 150 knights. One seat 
 was called the siege or seat perilous because it was death 
 to any knight to sit upon it unless he were the knight 
 whose achievement of the Holy Grail was certain. The 
 Order of the Round Table was an institution founded by 
 King Arthur at the advice of Merlin. It was originally 
 military, but it ultimately became a military and theocratic 
 organization. The romances of the grail and of the Round 
 Table are closely connected. There were legends of the 
 latter before 1155, but between 1165 and 1200 several books 
 were collectively called “Romances of the Round Table." 
 Among the poetic and prose compositions belonging to 
 this cycle are “Parzifal und Titurel” (German), “Perce- 
 val” (French), “Morte Arthur” (English and French), 
 “Lancelot du Lac ” (French), “Tristan” (French), “Life of 
 Merlin” (French and English), “Quest of the Holy Grail” 
 (French and English), “Perceforest ” (French), “ Meliadus ” 
 and “ Guiron le Courtois ” (French). 
 
 Round Table Conference. A resultless confer- 
 ence of representatives of the Gladstonian Lib- 
 erals and Liberal-Unionists in 1887, the object 
 of which was to effect a reunion of the Liberal 
 party. 
 
 Roundway Down (round'wa doun). A place 
 near Devizes, Wilts, England, at which the 
 Parliamentary forces under W alter were totally 
 defeated by the Royalists under Hop ton, July 
 13, 1643. 
 
 Rouphia. See Alphcus. 
 
 Rouroutou Island. See Rurutu Island. 
 
 Rous, or Rouse (rous), Francis. Born at Halton, 
 Cornwall, 1579: died at Acton, Jan. 7, 1659. 
 An English Puritan, noted as the author of a met- 
 rical version of the Psalms ( 1646). He was educated 
 at Oxford, was a member of the Long Parliament and the 
 Westminster Assembly of Divines, andinl643wasappointed 
 provost of Eton. His version is that still used in the Scot- 
 tish churches. 
 
 Rousay (ro'sa). One of the Orkney Islands, 
 Scotland, 1 mile north of Mainland. Length, 6 
 miles. 
 
 Rouse Point (rous' point'). A village in 
 Champlain township, Clinton County, New 
 York, situated at the northeastern extremity of 
 the State, at the outlet of Lake Champlain, near 
 the Canadian frontier. Population, 1,638,(1910). 
 Rousseau (ro-so'), Jacques. Born at Paris, 
 1630: died at London, 1693. A French painter. 
 
 His pictures were principally interiors and architectural 
 views, and under the dir ection of Lebrun he decorated all 
 the royal residences. After a period of study in Italy, he 
 decorated many public buildings and a number of apart- 
 ments at Saint-Germain, at Marly, and at the palace of Ver- 
 sailles. He went to London to decorate one of the houses 
 of Lord Montague, but died before completing it. 
 
 Rousseau, Jean Baptiste. Born at Paris, April 
 16, 1670 : died at Brussels, March 17, 1741. A 
 French poet. He was exiled from France in 1712 on the 
 charge of writing satirical verses on certain influential 
 persons. He engaged in controversies with Voltaire and 
 others. 
 
 The first poet who is distinctively of the 18th century, 
 and not the least remarkable, was Jean Baptiste Rousseau 
 (1669-1741). Rousseau’s life was a singular and rather an 
 unfortunate one. In the first place, he was exiled for a 
 piece of scandalous literature of which in all probability 
 he was quite guiltless ; and, in the second, meeting in his 
 exile with Voltaire, who professed (and seems really to 
 have felt) admiration for him, he offended the irritable dis- 
 ciple and was long the butt of his attacks. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 394. 
 
 Rousseau, Jean Jacques. Born at Geneva, June 
 28, 1712 : died at Ermenonville, near Paris, July 
 2, 1778. An eminent Swiss-Erench philosopher. 
 His mother died in giving him birth, and his father, a 
 man of selfish and careless nature, spent his time mending 
 watches and teaching dancing as a means of livelihood. For 
 education Jean Jacques read Plutarch and some novels, 
 lie was successively an engraver’s apprentice, a lackey, a 
 musician, a student in a s< minary a clerk, a private tutor, 
 and a music-copyist. He changed his religion repeatedly, 
 even on pecuniary inducements. He lived thus from hand 
 to mouth until the age of :*8, and the only time that he 
 knew no need was during the years spent with the notori- 
 ous Madame de Warens. His first real awakening to his 
 latent talents dates from the summer of 1740, when he un- 
 dertook to compete for a prize offered by the Academy of 
 Dijon for the best dissertation on the subject “Whether the 
 progress of the sciences and of letters has tended to corrupt 
 or to elevate morals.” So eloquent was he in his paradox- 
 ical condemnation of civilization, that he achieved at once 
 
 Rowan 
 
 a brilliant success. The following years witnessed a series 
 of literary triumphs, such as “ Le devin du village ” (1762), 
 “Discours sur l’indgalitd des conditions" (1754), “Lettre 
 sur les spectacles” (1758), “La nouvelle Helolse" (1761), 
 “Le contrat social ” (1762), and “Emile, ou de Education ’ 
 (1762). The ideas expressed in this last work led to Rous- 
 seau's exile from France, and laid the foundation of mod- 
 ern pedagogy. He lived in Switzerland and England until 
 he was allowed to come back, in 1767, on condition that he 
 would not write any more. And in fact his last works of 
 consequence, ‘ ‘ Les confessions ” and “Reveriesd’un prome- 
 neur solitaire,” were not published until 1782, 4 years after' 
 his death. Rousseau’s home life is an enigma : he lived 
 with a woman unworthy of him, TMrise Le Vasseur, who 
 bore to him 5 children, whom he sent one after the other 
 to the Foundling Asylum. He died of apoplexy after hav 
 ing been for many years a victim to the mania of persecu- 
 tion. 
 
 Rousseau, Lovell Harrison. Born in Lincoln 
 
 County, Ky., Aug. 4, 1818 : died at New Orleans, 
 Jan. 7, 1869. An American general and politi- 
 Cian. He served in the Mexican war, and in the Union 
 army in the Civil War (in the battles of Shiloh, Berry ville, 
 Murfreesboro, C'hickamauga, etc.). He was Republican 
 member of Congress from Kentucky 1865-67. 
 
 Rousseau, Pierre fitienne Theodore, known as 
 Theodore Rousseau. Born at Paris, April 15, 
 1812 : died at Barbizon, near Fontainebleau, 
 France, Dee. 22, 1867. A noted French land- 
 scape-painter, one of the leaders of the French 
 realistic school, known as the school of Fon- 
 tainebleau. nis father was a merchant tailor from the 
 Jura ; his maternal uncle, Gabriel Colombet,was a portrait- 
 painter and pupil of David. He began when very young 
 to paint with Retnond, and copied Claude at the Louvre. 
 To the famous Salon of 1831 he contributed a “ View in 
 Auvergne." He shared with Barye the patronage of the 
 Due d 'Orleans, who in 1833 bought his “Border of Felled 
 Woods." From 1831 to 1836 he led the revolt against for- 
 malism. In 1836 his “Descent of Cattle from the Jura 
 Mountains ” was rejected by the Salon, and in 1837 his 
 “ Avenue of Chestnuts” was also rejected. No picture of 
 his appeared at the Salon until 1849. In 1846 he was estab- 
 lished in a studio at Paris ; later he withdrew entirely to 
 Barbizon. He painted a large number of pictures particu- 
 larly representing the neighborhood of Barbizon and the 
 forest of Fontainebleau. 
 
 Rousselaere. See Roulers. 
 
 Roussillon (ro-se-y&n'). An ancient govern- 
 ment of France, bordering on Spain. Capital, 
 Perpignan. It corresponds nearly to the department of 
 Pyr6n6es-Orientales. It was a countship in the middle 
 ages ; was annexed to Aragon in 1172 ; was freed from the 
 nominal feudal supremacy of France in 1258 ; was annexed 
 by Louis XI. inl471 ; was recovered by Aragon from Charles 
 VIII. in 1493 ; and was annexed to France by the treaty of 
 the Pyrenees in 1659. 
 
 Roussy. See Girodet. 
 
 Roustem. See Rustam. 
 
 Rouvier (ro-vya'), Maurice. Bora at Aix, 
 France, 1842; died at Neuilly-sur-Seine, June 
 7,1911. A French politician. He was minister of 
 commerce 1881-82 and 1884-85 ; premier May-Dec., 1887 ; 
 minister of finance 1889-92 and 1902-05 ; became president 
 of the council in 1905 ; and was minister of foreign affairs 
 1905-06, succeeding Delcass6. 
 
 Rover, The, or the Banished Cavaliers. A 
 
 comedy by Mrs. Aphra Behn, produced in 1677. 
 
 Roveredo (ro-ve-ra'do), G. also Rofreit (ro'- 
 frit). A town in South Tyrol, Austria-Hungary, 
 situated on the Leno, near the Adige, 14 miles 
 south by west of Trent. It is an important silk-manu- 
 facturing center, and has a flourishing trade. It was an- 
 nexed by Venice in 1413, and by Austria in 1510. Here, 
 Sept. 3 and 4, 1796, the French under Massena defeated 
 the Austrians. Population, 11,655, (1910). 
 
 Rovigno (ro-ven'yo). A seaport in Istria, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, situated on the Adriatic 40 miles 
 south of Triest. It has a cathedral, is noted for its 
 wine, and has flourishing trade and fisheries. Population, 
 12,326, (1910). 
 
 Rovigo (ro-ve'go). 1. A province in the com- 
 partimento of Venetia, Italy. Area, 685 square 
 miles. Population, 234,484. — 2. The capital 
 of the province of Rovigo, situated on the 
 Adigetto 37 miles southwest of Venice. It 
 has a large library and picture-gallery. Pop- 
 ulation. town, 6,440; commune, 11,174. 
 
 Rovigo, Due de. See Savar;/. 
 
 Rovira, Custodio Garcia. See Garcia Rovira. 
 
 Rovuma (ro-vo'ma). A river in Africa which 
 separates German East Africa from Portuguese 
 East Africa, and flows into the Indian Ocean 
 near Cape Delgado. 
 
 Rowan (ro'an), Stephen Clegg. Born near Dub- 
 lin, Ireland, Dec. 25, 1808 : died at Washington, 
 D. C., March 31.1890. An American admiral. He 
 
 entered the navy as a midshipman in 1826; served in the 
 Seminole and Mexican wars ; and commanded the Paw nee 
 at the beginning of the Civil War. In this vessel he par- 
 ticipated in the first naval action of the war, namely, the 
 attack on the Confederate batteries on Aquia Creek, May 
 26, 1861. He destroyed a small fleet of gunboats near 
 Elizabeth City, North Carolina, in Feb., 1862; commanded 
 the fleet w hic h cooperated with General Burnside in the 
 capture of New bern in March of t he same year ; and com- 
 manded the New Ironsides in the operations against the 
 defenses in Charleston harbor, Aug. -Sept , 1863. He was 
 promoted rear-admiral in 1866 and vice-admiral in 1870, 
 and was retired in 1889. 
 
Rowandiz 
 
 Rowandiz (rou-an'diz). See the extract. 
 
 The “mountain of the world,”or Rowandiz, the Accadian 
 Olympos, was believed to be the pivot on which the heaven 
 rested, covering the earth like a huge extinguisher. The 
 world was bound to it by a rope, like that with which the 
 sea was churned in Hindu legend, or the golden cord of 
 Homer, wherewith Zeus proposed to suspend the nether 
 earth after binding the cord about Olympos (II. viii. 19-26). 
 ... It lay far away in the regions of the northeast, the en- 
 trance, as it was supposed, to the lower world, and it was 
 sometimes identified with the mountain of Nizir, the mod- 
 em Rowandiz, on whose summit the ark of the Chaldean 
 Noah was believed to have rested. 
 
 Sayce, Anc. Monuments, pp. 173-178. 
 
 Rowandiz. A town in Asiatic Turkey, situated 
 on a tributary of the Greater Zab, 83 miles east- 
 northeast of Mosul. 
 
 Rowe (ro), Nicholas. Bom at Little Barford, 
 Bedfordshire, England, 1674 : died Dec. 6, 1718. 
 An English dramatist and poet, appointed poet 
 laureate 1715. He was educated for the bar. Hischief 
 tragedies are “The Ambitious Stepmother," “ Tamer- 
 lane ”(1702), “ The Fair Penitent ”(1703), “Ulysses,” “The 
 Royal Convert,” “Jane Shore” (1714), and “Lady Jane 
 Grey ” (1715). He also wrote “The Biter,” a comedy. He 
 edited Shakspere (1709), and translated Lucan’s “Phar- 
 salia.” 
 
 Rowena (ro-e'na). 1. The legendary daughter 
 of Hengist, and the wife of the British chief Vor- 
 tigem. — 2. A ward of Cedric in Scott’s “ Ivan- 
 hoe.” She is the rival of Rebecca the Jewess, 
 and marries Ivanhoe. 
 
 Rowland. See Boland. 
 
 Rowland (ro'land), Henry Augustus. Born 
 Nov. 27, 1848 : died April 16, 1901. A noted 
 American physicist. He was professor of physics at 
 Johns Hopkins University 1876-1901, and was the author of 
 numerous papers chiefly relating to optics and electricity. 
 He was especiaUy noted for his work on the solar spectrum. 
 Rowlands (ro'landz), Samuel. Born about 
 1570 : his last poem was ’written in 1030. An 
 English pamphleteer. His pamphlets and others of 
 the same style took the place now occupied by the news- 
 paper. 
 
 Rowley (rou'li), Samuel. An English drama- 
 tist of the 17th century. Only two of his plays exist 
 in print : ‘'When you see me, you know me," a chronicle- 
 play (1605), and “ The Noble Soldier ” (1634). 
 
 Rowley, William. Lived at the end of the 16th 
 and the beginning of the 17th century. An Eng- 
 lish dramatist. He is mentioned as an actor in the Duke 
 of York’s Company in 1610. Four of his dramas are extant : 
 “ A New Wonder : A Woman never Vext ” (1632), “A Match 
 at Midnight” (1633), “A11 ’s Lost by Lust” (1633), and “A 
 Shoemaker a Gentleman ” (1638). He also collaborated 
 with Middleton, Dekker, Ford, Massinger, and others. 
 
 Rowley Poems, The. A collection of poems 
 written by Chatterton, and attributed by him 
 to a mythical Thomas Rowley, a priest of the 
 15th century. He began to write them in 1764. They 
 were declined by Dodsley the publisher in 1768. but in 
 1769Chattertonsucceeded in deceiving Walpolewith them. 
 Gray, however, discovered the hoax. 
 
 Rowley Regis (rou'li re'jis). A town in Staf- 
 fordshire, England, 6 miles west of Birmingham: 
 a manufacturing and mining center. Popula- 
 tion, 34,670. 
 
 Rowton Heath. A place near Chester, in Eng- 
 land, where, Sept. 24, 1645, 'he Parliamentarians 
 defeated the Royalists. 
 
 Roxana (L. pron. roks-a'na ; E. pron. roks-an'a), 
 or Roxane (F. pron. rok-san'). Murdered at 
 Amphipolis, Macedonia, 311 B. c. A Bactrian 
 princess, daughter of Oxyartes. She married Alex- 
 ander the Great In 327, and was put to death with her son 
 by order of Cassander. 
 
 Roxana. A novel by Defoe, published in 1724. 
 Roxburgh (roks'bur-o). A southern county of 
 Scotland. It is hounded by Berwick on the north, Eng- 
 land on the east and southeast, Dumfries on the southwest, 
 and Selkirk and Edinburgh on the west. It is largely in- 
 cluded in the valleys of the Teviot and Tweed. The county 
 town is Jedburgh. It contains various antiquities, and 
 was the scene of many border conflicts. Area, 666 square 
 miles. Population, (civil co.), 48,793. 
 
 Roxburghe Club, The. A club founded in 1812, 
 at the time of the sale of the library of John, 
 duke of Roxburghe. “The Rev. Thomas Frognall 
 Dibdin claimed the title of founder. The avowed object of 
 theclubwasthe reprinting of rare pieces of ancient litera- 
 ture. ... It still exists, and, with the Dilettanti Society, 
 maybe said to have suggested the publishing societies of 
 the present day, at the head of which is the Camden.” 
 Timbs. 
 
 Roxbury (roks'bur-i). A former city of Norfolk 
 County, Massachusetts, south-southwest of the 
 old part of Boston. It was founded in 1630, made 
 a city in 1846, and annexed to Boston in 1868. 
 Roxo (rok'so or ro'sho), Cape. A cape on the 
 coast of Senegambia, western Africa, about 170 
 miles south of Cape Yerd, in lat. 12° 25' N., 
 long. 16° 49' W. 
 
 Roxolani (roks-o-la'ni), or Roxalani (roks-a- 
 la'ni). A people of Sarmatian stock, living in 
 southern Russia, between the Don and Dnieper, 
 about the beginning of tho Christian era. 
 
 871 
 
 Roy, Rammohun. See Rammohun Boy. 
 
 Roy (roi), William. Born in Scotland, May 4, 
 1726: died at London, July 1, 1790. A British 
 surveyor. He conducted the measurements for ascer- 
 taining the difference in longitude between the Greenwich 
 and Paris observatories. He wrote “ Military Antiquities 
 of the Romaus in North Britain ” (1793), etc. 
 
 Royal Academy of Arts. A society founded 
 in 1768 by George III. for the establishment of 
 a school of design and the holding of an annual 
 exhibition of the works of living artists, its first 
 rooms were in Pall MaU, London ; thence it removed to 
 Somerset House ; later to Trafalgar Square (1834) ; and it 
 now occupies Burlington House. The society consists of 
 40 royal academicians, at least 30 associates, and 4 engrav- 
 ers, of whom 2 may be academicians. Its first president 
 was Sir Joshua Reynolds ; the present holder of the office 
 is Sir E. J. Poynter (elected Nov., 1896). 
 
 Royal Exchange. The. See Queen’s Exchange. 
 Royal George. An English man-of-war of 108 
 
 guns. While being refitted at Spithead, Aug. 29, 1782, 
 she suddenly heeled over, under the strain caused by the 
 shifting of her guns, filled, and went down with her com- 
 mander, Admiral Kempenfelt, and nearly 1,000 sailors, 
 marines, and visitors on board, about 800 of whom were 
 lost. 
 
 Royalist (roi'al-ist), The. A play by D’Urfey, 
 produced in 1682. It contains good songs and 
 music, some of the latter by Henry Purcell. 
 Royalists (roi'al-ists). 1. In English history, 
 the partizans of Charles I. and of Charles II. 
 during Jlie civil war and the Commonwealth ; 
 the Cavaliers, as opposed to the Roundheads. 
 — 2. In American history, the adherents of the 
 British government during the revolutionary 
 period. — 3. In French history, the supporters 
 of the Bourbons as against the revolutionary 
 and subsequent governments. 
 
 Royal Merchant, The. See Beggar’s Bush. 
 Royal Society, The. An association founded 
 in London in or a little before 1660 (incorpo- 
 rated in 1662), the object of which is the ad- 
 vancement of science, especially of the physi- 
 cal sciences. Its designation in full is “The Royal 
 Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge." It 
 has held the foremost place among such societies in Eng- 
 land, and has always numbered the leaders of British sci- 
 ence among its members. Its principal publications are 
 “The Proceedings of the Royal Society ” and “The Philo- 
 sophical Transactions.” It meets at Burlington House, 
 Piccadilly. 
 
 Royal Society Club, The. A London club 
 which appears to have existed from 1709. it 
 
 has consisted largely but not exclusively of fellows of the 
 Royal Society. Its members were formerly known as 
 “Royal Philosophers,” and later as “ Royals." 
 
 Royal Sovereign. 1. A British line-of-battle 
 ship of 100 guns and 2,175 tons register. She 
 served in the Channel fleet 1793-95, and was the flag-ship 
 of Vice-Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood at Trafalgar, Oct. 
 21, 1805. 
 
 2. A British line-of-battle ship of 120 guns and 
 3,144 tons register. She was cut down to one deck, 
 armored with a water-line belt 61- inches thick, provided 
 with 4 turrets, and launched in 1864. 
 
 Royan (rwa-yon'). A seaport and sea-bathing 
 resort in the department of Charente-Inferi- 
 eure, France, situated at the mouth of the 
 Gironde, 22 miles south of Rochefort. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 8,843. 
 
 Royat (rwii-ya'). A watering-place in the de- 
 partment of Puy-de-Dome, France, situated 
 on the Tiretaine near Clermont-Ferrand. It is 
 noted for its hot springs. 
 
 Roy Bareilly. See Rai Bareli. 
 
 Royer-Collard (rwa-ya'ko-lar'), Pierre Paul. 
 Born at Sompuis, Marne, France, June 21, 
 1763: died at Chateauvieux, near St.-Aignan, 
 Sept. 4, 1845. A French philosopher and 
 statesman. He was a member of the municipal council 
 of Paris at the beginning of the Revolution, and a member 
 of the Council of Five Hundred in 1797. He became profes- 
 sor of philosophy in the Faculty of Letters at Paris in 1811, 
 teaching the doctrines of the Scottish school. After the 
 Restoration he was a leading member of the Chamber of 
 Deputies and chief of the “Doctrinaires." He became a 
 member of the French Academy in 1827, and president of 
 the Chamber of Deputies in 1828. 
 
 Royle (roil), John Forbes. Bom at Cawnpore, 
 British India, 1799: died at Acton, near Lon- 
 don, Jan. 2, 1858. A British botanist. In 1819 
 he went to Calcutta, on the medical staff of the Bengal 
 army, and from 1837 to 1856 was professor of materia med- 
 icaat King’s College, London. His works include “On the 
 Antiquity bf nindoo Medicine ” (1837), “ Illustrations of the 
 Botany and other Branches of Natural History of the Him- 
 alaya Mountains ’’ (1839), etc. 
 
 Royton (roi'ton). A manufacturing town in 
 Lancashire, England, situated 3 miles north 
 of Oldham. Population, 14,881. 
 
 Rozas, Juan Martinez de. See Martinez de 
 Rozas. 
 
 Rozinante (roz-i-nan'te). See Rosinante. 
 
 Rua (ro'ii), or Barua (bii-ro'ii). A Bantu nation 
 of the Belgian Kongo, included in theconcession 
 
 Rubinstein 
 
 of the Katanga Company. Once a great kingdom, 
 occupying most of the Lualaba basin between the Lomami 
 and Lake Tanganyika, it has lost its political unity and has 
 been dismembered by the Arabs in the north and by King 
 Msidi in the south, and by the rebellion of native tribes. 
 The kingdom of Kassongo exists now only in traditional 
 history. EthnicaUy the Rua, Ruba, and Luba are identical. 
 See Luba. 
 
 Ruad (ro-ad'). A small island on the coast of 
 Syria, 70 miles north-northeast of Beirut. It 
 contained the ancient city Aradus. 
 
 Ruanda (ro-an'da) or Waruanda (wa-ro-an'- 
 da). A Bantu tribe in the high and mountain- 
 ous region around Mount Mfumbiro, between 
 Lakes Albert Edward and Tanganyika, on the 
 boundary of the Belgian Kongo, Uganda, and 
 German East Africa. They are a strong and 
 warlike race. King Romanika of Karagwe 
 was of Ruanda origin. 
 
 Ruatan (ro-a-tan'), or Roatan (ro-a-tan'). An 
 island in the Caribbean Sea, 35 miles north of 
 Honduras, to which republic it belongs. Length, 
 about 30 miles. 
 
 Rubaiyat (ro'bai-yat)j The. See Omar Khayyam. 
 
 Ruben (ro'ben), Christian. Born at Treves, 
 Prussia, Nov. 30, 1805: died in Vienna, July 8, 
 1875. A German historical and genre painter. 
 Among his noted paintings is “ Columbus Dis- 
 covering America.” 
 
 Rubens (ro'benz), Peter Paul. Bom at Siegen, 
 Westphalia, June 29, 1577 : died at An twerp, May 
 30,1640. A celebrated Flemish painter. He lived 
 in Cologne until 1587, when his father died and his mother 
 removed with her children to Antwerp. He received his 
 education in the Jesuits’ school at Antwerp, and later be- 
 came a lay brother. To the Jesuits he owed his excellent 
 classical training. Rubens’s first teachers were Tobie Ver- 
 haegt, a landscape-painter, and Adam van Noort, a figure- 
 painter and imitator of Paul Veronese. He became a mem- 
 ber of the Gild of St. Luke in 1698. In 1600 he went to Italy, 
 studied in Venice and Rome, and served Duke Vincenzo 
 Gonzaga at Mantua 5 years. In 1608 he returned to Ant- 
 werp. In the same year he married Isabella Brandt (died 
 1626) ; two years later he built a house in Antwerp and be- 
 gan to employ assistants in his work. Chief of these were 
 Vandyck, Jordaens, and Snyders. In 1622 Rubens was 
 summoned to Paris to decorate the Luxembourg for Marie 
 de Mfhlicis. His private collection, which he sold to the 
 Duke of Buckingham, contained 17 Titians, 21 Bassanos, 
 13 V eroneses, 8 Palma-Vecchios, 17 Tintorettos, 3 Leonardo 
 da Vincis, 3 Raphaels, and 13 pictures by himself. In 
 Sept., 1628, he went to Madrid on a diplomatic mission 
 to tile Spanisti court, and met Velasquez. He painted 5 
 portraits of Philip IV. From Madrid he went to London, 
 where he arrived June 5, 1629, on the same diplomatic 
 mission. He was made honorary M. A. at Cambridge, and 
 knighted at Whitehall, March 3, 1630. He left London 
 March 6. He painted several pictures in England, and 
 received an order for the decoration of Whitehall. On 
 Dec. 6, 3630, he married Helena Fourment, a niece of his 
 first wife. He was famous as a colorist, and painted his- 
 torical and sacred subjects, portraits, landscapes, etc. Of 
 his pictures 89 are in Munich, 45 in the Louvre, 40 in the 
 Belvedere at Vienna, 22 at Antwerp (besides many pic- 
 tures in churches), and 11 are in the National Gallery in 
 London. Among his chief works are “The Descent from 
 the Cross" (Antwerp), “Elevation of the Cross,” “Fall of 
 the Damned” (Munich), and “Rape of the Sabines” (Lon- 
 don). 
 
 Riibezahl (rii'be-tsal). In German folk-lore, 
 the mountain spirit of the Riesengebirge, in 
 Silesia and Bohemia. 
 
 Rubicon (ro'bi-kon). In ancient geography, a 
 small river in Italy, near Rimini. In the later 
 Roman republic it was the boundary between Italy proper 
 and Cisalpine Gaul. The crossing of it by Caesar, 49 B. o., 
 began the civil war. It has been identified with the Ur- 
 gone and with the Uso. 
 
 The most recent investigations tend to show that the 
 Rubicon has entirely quitted its ancient course. It ap- 
 pears originally to have fallen into the Fiumicino, farther 
 south, while at the present day its upper part (Urgone) 
 unites with the Pisciatello. Baedeker, Central Italy, p. 9L 
 
 Rubini (ro-be'ne), Giovanni Battista. Born 
 
 at Romano, near Bergamo, Italy, April 7, 1795: 
 died there, March 2, 1854. A celebrated Italian 
 tenor Singer. His first important engagement was at 
 Naples, where he took 1 essons from N ozzari ; but his first ap- 
 pearance in Paris in 1825 was the beginning of his career 
 of great and unbroken success. He first sang in England 
 in 1831, and till 1843 sang there and in Paris alternately. 
 In 1843 he set out on a tour with Liszt through Holland 
 and Germany, hut they soon separated. Rubini went on 
 to St. Petersburg, where he sang with such effect that he 
 was made director of singing in Russia. He retired from 
 public life about 1844 with a large fortune. 
 
 Rubinstein (ro'bin-stln), Anton. Born in Vol- 
 hynia, Russia, Nov. 28 (or 30 ?), 1829 : died 
 near St. Petersburg, Nov. 20, 1894. A noted 
 Russian pianist and composer. In 1839 he male a 
 concert tour with his teacher Villoing; went to Paris, 
 Holland, and Germany ; went to England in 1842 ; studied 
 under Dehn in Berlin 1844-46 ; returned to Russia in 1848 ; 
 made a musical tour through Germany, France, and Eng- 
 land 1854-58. From this time his success was unbroken. 
 He was appointed imperial concert director in Russia in 
 1858; founded the St. Petersburg Conservatory of Music 
 in 1862 ; and was its principal until 1867 and again in 
 1887. He visited England and France a number of 
 times, and the United States. His works include 
 “Ocean Symphony, Op. 42," and other symphonies, many 
 songBand concertos, and the operas “Fernmorz,” “The De- 
 
Rubinstein 
 
 mon,” “The Maccabees,” “Nero,” etc.; but he is cele- 
 brated principally as a pianist. He wrote his “ Autobiog- 
 raphy ” and a “Conversation on Music." In 1887 he gave 
 a series of historical recitals in London. 
 
 Rnhwim Mare(ro'brum ma're). [L., ‘Red Sea.’] 
 A Latin name of the Red Sea. 
 
 Rucbah (ruk'ba). [Ar. al-ruklibah, the knee.] 
 A name assigned both to the third-magnitude 
 star e Cassiopeise and to the fourth-magnitude 
 star a Sagittarii. 
 
 Rucellai(ro-chel-la'e), Giovanni. Bom at Flor- 
 ence, Oct. 20, 1475: died 1526. An Italian poet 
 and dramatist. 
 
 Rucker t (riik'ert), Friedrich. Born at 
 Schweinfurt, May 16, 1788 : died on his estate 
 Neuses, near Coburg, Jan. 31, 1866. A German 
 poet. He studied at Wurzburg, Heidelberg, and J ena, at 
 which university he settled for a time as docent, but soon 
 renounced the position and lived in various places. In 
 1817 he went to Italy and spent the winter in Florae. He 
 then devoted himself to Oriental studies. In 1826 he was 
 called to Erlangen as professor of Oriental languages, and 
 remained there until 1841, when he was called to the Uni- 
 versity of Berlin in a like capacity. In 1848 he resigned 
 his position and lived thenceforth at Neuses, where he 
 died. His first poems are from 1807. In 1814 appeared 
 the collection “ Deutsche Gedichte von Freimund liaimar ” 
 (“German Poems by Freimund Itaimar”), which contained 
 among other poems his “ Geharnischte Sonette” (“Son- 
 nets in Armor ”). In 1817 was published another collec- 
 tion with the title “ Kranz der Zeit ” ; in 1822 “ Liebesfruh- 
 Iing " (“ Love’s Spring"). He made many translations and 
 imitations of Eastern poetry, among them “ Ostliche Po- 
 sen ” (“ Eastern Roses,” 1822) and “Nal und Damajanti” 
 (1828). His collected poetical works, “Gesammelte poe- 
 tische Werke,” were published in Frankfort (1868-69) in 
 12 volumes. “ Nachgelassene Gedichte ” (“ Posthumous 
 Poems ") were published in Vienna (1877). 
 
 Rudabah (ro-da-be'). In the Shahnamah, 
 daughter of Mihrab (king of Kabul), wife of Zal, 
 and mother of Rustam. The story of the love of Zal 
 and Rudabah, of the anger of Mihrab. and of the opposi- 
 tion of Sam and Minuchilir is one of the most idyllic por- 
 tions of the great poem. 
 
 Ruddiman (rud'i-man), Thomas. Born at 
 Boyndie, Banffshire, Oct., 1674: died at Edin- 
 burgh, 1757 or 1758. A Scottish classical scholar. 
 He wrote “ Rudiments of the Latin Tongue ”(1714),“ Gram- 
 matics Latin® Institutiones ” (1725, 1731), etc., and edited 
 “ Livy ” (1751). 
 
 Ruddygore (rud'i-gdr), or the Witches’ Curse. 
 
 A comic opera by Gilbert and Sullivan, pro- 
 duced in 1887. It is sbmetimes spelled Ruddi- 
 gore. 
 
 Rude (riid), FrgUQOis. Born at Dijon, France, 
 Jan. 4, 1784 : died at Paris, Nov. 3, 1855. A 
 noted French sculptor. Among his works are 
 the “ Neapolitan Fisher,” a group in the Arc de 
 Triomphe, etc. 
 
 Rudelsburg (ro'dels-borG). A ruined castle 
 near Kosen, on the Saale, southwest of Naum- 
 burg, in Prussian Saxony. 
 
 Riidesheim (rii'des-him). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated near the 
 Rhine opposite Bingen. It is celebrated for its 
 Rhine wine “Riidesheimer,” and for the castle Bromser- 
 burg. Population, 4,773. 
 
 Rudiger (ru'di-ger). One of the leading char- 
 acters in the “ Nibelungenlied.” 
 
 Rudiger (rii'di-ger), Count Feodor. Born at 
 Mitau, Russia, 1784: died at Karlsbad, June 23, 
 1856. A Russian general. Heserved with distinc- 
 tion in the wars against Napoleon, against Turkey 1828-29, 
 and against Poland in 1831. He received the surrender of 
 Gorgey at Vilagos in 1849. 
 
 Rudkjobing (r6d'che // bing). The chief town 
 of the island of Langeland, Denmark, situated 
 in lat. 54° 56' N., long. 10° 41' E. It was the 
 birthplace of Orsted. Population, 3,447. 
 Rudolf (ro'dolf) I. King of Burgundy 888-912. 
 He originally held a county in the Jura, and on the dis- 
 memberment of the empire at the deposition of Charles 
 III. made himself master of Transjurane Burgundy, which 
 he erected into a kingdom. His dominion extended over 
 the northern part of Savoy and all Switzerland between 
 the Reuss and the Jura. 
 
 Rudolf I., or Rudolph (ro'dolf). Bom May 1, 
 1218 : died at Germersheim, Germany, July 15, 
 1291. German king 1273-91, son of Albert IV., 
 count of Hapsburg and landgrave of Alsace. He 
 succeeded his father in Hapsburg and Alsace in 1239, and 
 was elected German king in Sept., 1273, being the first 
 monarch of the Hapsburg line. By a war with Ottocar of 
 Bohemia, who was slain on the Marchfeld in 1278, he ob- 
 tained Austria, Styria, and Carniola for his house. 
 
 Rudolf II ., or Rudolph. Born July 18, 1552: 
 died Jan. 20, 1612. Emperor of the Holy Roman 
 Empire 1576-1612, son of the emperor Maximil- 
 ian II. He succeeded his father as archduke of Austria, 
 king of Bohemia and Hungary, and as emperor in 1676. 
 He was a scholar in his tastes and habits, but an unprac- 
 tical man of affairs, and was under the influence of the 
 court of Spain. He was forced to acknowledge his brother 
 Matthias as king of Hungary and governor of Austria and 
 Moravia in 1608 ; was forced to grant religious freedom in 
 his “letter of majesty " to the Bohemian Protestants in 
 1609 ; and resigned Bohemia to his brother in 1611. 
 Rudolf, or Rudolph. Born Aug. 21, 1858: corn- 
 
 872 
 
 mitted suicide at Mierling, near Vienna, Jan. 
 30, 1889. Archduke and crown prince of Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, only son of the emperor Francis 
 Joseph. He was a man of considerable literary attain- 
 ments, and was a collaborator on “Die 6sterreichisch- 
 Ungarische Monarchic in Wort und Bild” (1886, etc.). 
 
 Rudolf, or Rudolph, of Ems. Died in Italy be- 
 tween 1251 and 1254. A Middle High German 
 poet. He was by birth a Swiss, and probably owes his 
 name to Hohenems, in the Vorarlberg region. He is sup- 
 posed to have begun to write about 1225. He is the au- 
 thor of the legendary poems “Der gute Gerhard ”(“ Good 
 Gerhard”) and “Barlaam und Josaphat”; the historical 
 dramatic poems “Wilhelm von Orleans" and “Alexan- 
 der”; and a “Weltchronilc” (“Universal Chronicle”), 
 which, however, only comes down to Solomon. This last 
 work is dedicated to Conrad IV. with whom he went to 
 Italy, where he died. 
 
 Rudolf of Hapsburg. See Rudolf I., German 
 king. 
 
 Rudolf, or Rudolph, of Swabia. Died Oct. 15, 
 1080. Duke of Swabia after 1057. He was chosen 
 king in opposition to Henry IV. of Germany in 1077, and was 
 supported by Pope Gregory VII. He was at war with 
 Henry 1078-80, and was defeated in battle and slain. 
 
 Rudolf, Lake. A large lake in British East 
 Africa, northeast of Victoria Nyanza. 
 
 Rudolstadt (ro'dol-stat). The capital of the 
 principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Ger- 
 many, situated on the Saale in lat. 50° 43' N., 
 long. 11° 20' E. It has manufactures of porcelain, 
 dyes, etc. Near it is the palace of Heidecksburg. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 12,495. 
 
 Rudra (ro'dra; with Vedic accent, ro-dra'). 
 [Etymology and original meaning uncertain. 
 The Hindus connect it with the root rud, to 
 cry, and understand it as meaning ‘howling/ 
 ‘roaring/ ‘terrible.’] In the Rigveda, the lord 
 of the Maruts ; the storm-god. With his how he 
 shoots deadly darts at the earth, but he also bestows re- 
 medial herbs and has a special power over the cattle. In 
 the Atharvaveda he is already invoked as the master of 
 life and death, and those of his aspects which inspire terror 
 are exalted in preference to the beneficence which most 
 distinguishes him in the Rigveda. Later he becomes the 
 Shiva of the Hindu triad. His evolution and character- 
 istics are treated very fully in Muir’s “Original Sanskrit 
 Texts, ” IV. 299—420. 
 
 Rueda (ro-a'THa), Lope de. Bom in Seville: 
 flourished from 1544 to 1567. A Spanish drama- 
 tist and actor. He enjoyed great popularity during his 
 lifetime, and occupies an important place in the history 
 of Spanish drama as the founder of the popular national 
 theater. 
 
 Rue d’Autricbe (rii dd-tresh'). An old street 
 within the wall of Philippe Auguste, between 
 the Louvre and the Hotel de Bourbon, in Paris. 
 It extended from the Quai de l’Ecole to the Rue St.-Honor6. 
 In 1664 a considerable part was absorbed by the enlarge- 
 ment of the Louvre, and the northern portion was called 
 Rue de l’Oratoire, from the church of that name established 
 in 1616. 
 
 Rue de l’Ancienne Comedie (rii de lon-se-en' 
 ko-ma-de'). The old road in Paris called Rue 
 des Fosses St.-Germain-des-Prds, made on the 
 site of the moat of the wall of Philippe Auguste, 
 near the abbey of St.-Gorrnain-des-Pres. The 
 alinement was established in 1560. In 1689 the Comddie 
 Francaise had its house here, and gave its modern name to 
 the street. 
 
 Rue de la Paix (rii de la pa). A street in Paris, 
 running from the Place de l’Opera to the Col- 
 umn of the Vendome. It is tilled with fine 
 shops. 
 
 Rue de 1’Oratoire. See Rue d’Autriche. 
 
 Rue de Rivoli (de re vo-le'). An important 
 street in Paris, leading from the Place de la 
 Concorde to the Rue St. -Antoine, which con- 
 nects it with the Place de la Bastille, it dates 
 
 from the first empire, and derives its name from the vic- 
 tory of Bonaparte over the Austrians at Rivoli, Jan. 14, 1797. 
 The present street was completed in 1865. The reasons 
 for its creation were mainly military, as it controlled the 
 approach to the western palaces and the faubourg from 
 the Place de la Bastille. It contains many fine shops and 
 hotels, and passes the Louvre, the Place du Palais Royal, 
 the garden of the Tuileries, the Hotel de Ville, etc. 
 
 Rueil (rii-ay'). A town in the department of 
 Seine-et-Oise, France, 4 miles west of the forti- 
 fications of Paris. Population, commune, 12,437. 
 
 Rue St. -Antoine (rii san-toii-twan'). A street 
 in Paris, leading from the Rue de Rivoli to the 
 Place de la Bastille, from which point it is 
 known as the Faubourg St. -Antoine, it was ori- 
 ginally a Roman road leading from the Pont Notre Dame 
 to Vincennes. During the middle ages it passed between 
 the royal palaces of Saint-Paul and Les Tournelles. About 
 the reign of Louis .XI. it began to be identified with the 
 proletariat of Paris. It is the street by which the mob of 
 the Faubourg St.-Antoine and the Place de la Bastille ad- 
 vanced on the Louvre and Faubourg St. -Honors. This fact 
 led to the construction of the Rue de Rivoli and Caserne 
 Napoleon by the Napoleonic dynasty. 
 
 Rue St. -Denis (rii son-de-ne'). A street in Pa- 
 ris, leading north from the Rue de Rivoli to the 
 Boulevard St. -Denis. Crossing this at the Porte St.- 
 Denis, it becomes the Rue du Faubourg St.-Denis, which 
 
 Ruhla 
 
 terminates in the Boulevard de la Chapelle, forming one 
 of the most ancient lines of streets in Paris. The Porte 
 St.-Denis is a triumphal arch built in 1672 to commemorate 
 the victories of Louis XIV. in Holland and the lower Rhine 
 region. 
 
 Rue St.-Honore (san-to-no-ra/). The name giv- 
 en to an old street in Paris, called in early times 
 the Fournus du Louvre. It was so named from 
 a chapel near the western gate of the wall of Philippe 
 Auguste, dedicated about 1204 to St.-Honord, bishop of 
 Amiens. After 1209 the chapel was definitely established 
 as a collegiate church. After the reign of Henry IV. the 
 lower lands (‘petits champs’) without the walls became 
 the Faubourg St.-HouorO. The street runs from the Rue 
 du Pont Neuf past the Place du Thcat re Frangais, where 
 it is called the Rue du Faubourg St.-Honord, and by the 
 Palais de l’Elysde to^he Avenue des Ternes. During the 
 middle ages the Rue St.-Honord was the great street of 
 Paris, corresponding to the Strand in London. 
 
 Ruffini ( ro-fe'ne), Giovanni Domenico. Born 
 
 at. Genoa, Italy, in 1807 : died at Taggia (Ri- 
 viera), in 1881. An English-Italian writer. 
 Rufinus (ro-fi'nus). Born in Aquitania : assas- 
 sinated Nov. 27, 395. Chief minister of Theo- 
 dosius the Great, and later of Arcadius. He 
 encouraged the inroad of the Goths into the 
 Roman Empire. 
 
 Rug (rog), or Hogolu (ho'go-lo). One of the 
 islands of the Caroline group, North Pacific, 
 situated in lat. 7° 28' N., long. 151° 55' E. Pop- 
 ulation, estimated, 15,000. 
 
 Rugby (rug'bi). A town in Warwickshire, Eng- 
 land, situated near the Avon 28 miles east- 
 southeast of Birmingham. It isarailway junction, 
 and a seat of fairs, but is notable principally for its gram- 
 mar-school, one of the great public schools of England. 
 It was founded by Laurence Sheriff in 1567, and reached 
 its greatest celebrity under the head-mastership of Dr. 
 Thomas Arnold 1827-42. Population, 16,830. 
 
 Rugby. A colony in eastern Tennessee, in Mor- 
 gan County, founded in 1880 by Th omas Hughes, 
 and partly colonized by Englishmen. 
 
 Rugby. A servant to Dr. Caius, in Shakspere’s 
 “Merry Wives of Windsor.” 
 
 Ruge (ro'ge), Arnold. Born at Bergen, island of 
 Riigen, Germany, Sept. 13, 1802 : died at Brigh- 
 ton, England, Dec. 31, 1880. A German political 
 and philosophical writer. He conducted various jour- 
 nals which were suppressed by the Prussian and Saxon gov- 
 ernments on account of their radical tendencies, and was 
 a member of the Frankfort Parliament in 1848. After 1849 
 he lived in England. 
 
 Riigen (ru'gen). The largest island of Ger- 
 many, situated in the Baltic north of the main- 
 land of Pomerania, Prussia, to which itbelongs, 
 and from which it is separated by the Strela- 
 sund and Bodden (1-J miles wide). It is diversified 
 and picturesque, is deeply indented in outline, and rises to 
 over 400 feet. It contains the peninsulas Jasmund, Wit- 
 tow, Monchgut, etc. It is frequented on account of its 
 scenery and bathing-places. The noted points are Bergen, 
 Putbus, and the Stubenkammer. It has flourishing fish 
 eries. The ancient inhabitants were Germans, followed 
 by Slavs. The island remained heathen until late in the 
 middle ages. It was in the possession of Denmark 1168- 
 1326 (and nominally a century longer) ; was then attached 
 to Pomerania ; passed to Sweden in 1648 ; and was annexed 
 to Prussia in 1815. Length, 371 miles. Area, 377 square 
 miles. Population, 47,023. 
 
 Ruger (ro'ger), Thomas Howard. Born at 
 
 Lima, Livingston County, N. Y., April 2, 1833: 
 died June 3, 1907. A Union general in the 
 Civil War. He graduated at West Point in 1854, but 
 resigned from the army in 1855 in order to take up law. 
 He volunteered at the beginning of the Civil War ; com- 
 manded a division at Gettysburg ; and aided in suppress- 
 ing the draft riots at New York in 1863. He became a 
 colonel in the regular army 1866; was superintendent of 
 West Point Academy 1871-76; and became brigadier-gen- 
 eral in 1886, and major-general in 1895. Retired in 1897. 
 
 Ruggiero. See Rogero. 
 
 Ruggles (rug'lz), Timothy. Born at Rochester, 
 Mass., Oct. 20, 1711: died at Wilmot, Nova Sco- 
 tia, Aug. 4, 1795. An American lawyer, and a 
 general in the French and Indian war. He was 
 president of the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, but refused 
 to sign the addresses and petitions which it drew up, and 
 was publicly censured for this by the general court. He 
 emigrated from Massachusetts to Nova Scotia in 1776. 
 Rugii (ro'ji-i). [L. Rugii (Tacitus), or Rvgi 
 (Paulus Diaconus), Gr. f P oyo'i (Procopius).] A 
 Germanic tribe first mentioned by Tacitus. They 
 were originally situated on the Baltic, west of the mouth 
 of the Vistula. In the 5th century they appeared south of 
 the Carpathians, where they are named among the people 
 in the army of Attila. They founded a kingdom on the 
 Danube, including parts of Roman Noricum, which was 
 overthrown late in the same century. They then joined 
 themselves to the East Goths, witli whom they subse- 
 quently disappear from history. With Jutes, Angles, Sax- 
 ons, and possibly Friesians, they seem to have taken part 
 in the conquest of England, where their name is preserved 
 in Surrey (AS. Sulh-ryge ) and in Eastry in Kent (AS. EM- 
 ryge). 
 
 Ruhla (roTii). A town and summer resort in 
 Thuringia, 6 miles south-southeast of Eisenach. 
 It belongs partly to Saxe-Weitnar- Eisenach, partly to Saxe- 
 Coburg-Gotha, and has manufactures of pipes, etc. Pop- 
 ulation, 6,993. 
 
Ruhmeshalle 
 
 Ruhmeshalle (ro'mes-hal-le). [G., ‘hall of 
 fame.’] A Doric hall in the southwest of Mu- 
 nich, finished by Klenze in 1853. It is adorned 
 with busts of noted Bavarians. 
 Ruhmkorff(rom'korf), Heinrich Daniel. Born 
 at Hannover, 1803 : died at Paris, Dec. 21, 1877. 
 A German-French mechanician, inventor of 
 the “Ruhmkorff coil”(1851). He lived in Paris 
 from 1839. 
 
 Ruhr (ror). 1. A right-hand tributary of the 
 Rhine in Prussia. It rises in southern West- 
 phalia and joins the Rhine at Ruhrort. Length, 
 146 miles. — 2. See Boer. 
 
 Ruhrort (ror'ort). A town in the Rhine Prov- 
 ince, Prussia, situated at the junction of the 
 Ruhr with the Rhine. It has a large river harbor, 
 and is the chief place of export for coal mined in the 
 Ruhr basin, etc. Combined with Duisburg, 1905. 
 
 Ruisdael. See Ruysdael. 
 
 Ruiz (ro-eth'), Juan, called the “Archpriest 
 of Hita.” Flourished about the middle of the 
 14th century. A Spanish poet of note. "He ap- 
 pears to have been born at Alcahl de Henares, and lived 
 much at Guadelaxara and Hita." Ticknor. 
 
 The Archpriest [of Hita, Juan Ruiz] has not, indeed, 
 the tenderness, the elevation or the general power of 
 Chaucer; but his genius has a compass, and his verse a 
 skill and success, that show him to be more nearly akin 
 to the great English master than will be believed except 
 by those who have carefully read the works of both. 
 
 Ticknor , Span. Lit., I. 77. 
 
 Rule a Wife and Have a Wife. A comedy by 
 
 Fletcher. It was played in 1624 and printed in 1640, and 
 was extremely popular. It was partly founded on one of 
 Cervantes's novels, but the main plot is Fletcher's. In 1759 
 it was revived by Garrick. 
 
 Rule Britannia. An English national air, the 
 words by Thomson and Mallet, music by Arne; 
 both were composed for the mask “Alfred.” It 
 was first performed at Cliefden House, Maiden- 
 head, the residence of Frederick, Prince of 
 Wales, in 1740. 
 
 Rullianus. See Fabius Maximus Rullianus, 
 Quintus. 
 
 Rum, or Roum (rom). [A form of Rome.'] In 
 Arabian literature, Rome. It is often used in a re- 
 stricted sense for separate portions, as the Byzantine em- 
 pire, and also for the medieval monarchy of the Scljuk 
 Turks in Asia Minor, which had its center at Iconium. 
 Rum (rum). An island of the Inner Hebrides, 
 Scotland, belonging to the county of Argyll, 
 situated south of Skye and west of the main- 
 land, and intersected by lat. 57° N. Length, 8 
 miles. Also Room. 
 
 Rumania, or Roumania (ro-ma'ni-a), some- 
 times Romania (ro-ma'ni-a). [F. Roumanie, 
 G. Rumdnien, NL. Rumania, Romania, from Ru- 
 manian Ruman, Roman (nasal a), Rumanian, a 
 Rumanian, fromL.Romanus(RumanianRoman), 
 Roman.] A kingdom of southeastern Europe. 
 Capital, Bukharest. It is bounded by Austria-Hun- 
 gary on the north, Russia on the northeast, the Black Sea 
 on the east, Bulgaria on the south, and Servia and Austria- 
 Hungary on the west. The Danube forms a great part of 
 its southern boundary, and the Carpathians (Transylva- 
 nian Alps) form the boundary with Austria-Hungary. 
 It is composed of the former principalities of Wallachia 
 in the south and west, and Moldavia in the northeast, be- 
 sides the Dobrudja in the east. The surface rises with a 
 gradual slope from the Danube plain to the Carpathians. 
 The chief occupation is agriculture. The leading exports 
 are wheat and maize. The government is a hereditary 
 constitutional monarchy, administered by a king, a senate 
 of 120 members elected for 8 years, and a chamber of 183 
 deputies elected for 4 years. The leading nationality is 
 Rumanian; the population includes also about 260,000 
 Jews, besides Gipsies, Slavs, etc. The leading religion is 
 the Greek Church ; there are also many Roman Catholics. 
 (For early history, see Moldavia and Wallachia.) The two 
 principalities were united in 1859 under Alexander John 
 L Cuza, and a legislative union was established in 1861. 
 In 1866 Cuza was deposed, Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigma- 
 ringen elected, and a new constitution established. Ru- 
 mania assisted Russia in the war with Turkey 1877-78 : its 
 troops distinguished themselves especially before Plevna 
 in 1877. At the end of this war it was recognized as in- 
 dependent of Turkey, and ceded its portion of Bessarabia to 
 Russia, receiving the Dobrudja as compensation. Prince 
 Charles assumed the title of king in 1881. Area, 50,720 
 square miles. Population, 6,771,722. 
 
 Rumburg (rom'borG). A manufacturing town 
 in Bohemia, situated near the frontier of Sax- 
 ony, 61 miles north of Prague. Population, 
 commune, 10,542, (1910). 
 
 Rumelia, or Roumelia (ro-me'li-a). [F. Rou- 
 m6lie, Turk. Rumili.] A geographical term of 
 varying signification, it is used to denote (a) the 
 European possessions of Turkey ; (6) the Balkan Penin- 
 sula, south of the Balkans, extending westward from the 
 Black Sea to the Adriatic (or to Albania) and southward 
 to Greece ; (c) the southeastern part of the Balkan Penin- 
 sula (the ancient Thrace). 
 
 Rumelia, Eastern. See Eastern Rumelia. 
 Rumford, Count. See Thompson, Benjamin. 
 Rumiantzeff (ro-me-iin'tsef), Count Nikolai. 
 Born 1754: died Jan. 15, 1826. A Russian states- 
 VI. 29 
 
 873 
 
 man and patron of science, son of Count Petr 
 Rumiantzeff : chancellor of the empire previous 
 to 1812. 
 
 Rumiantzeff, Count Petr. Bom 1725 : died 1796. 
 A Russian general. He served in the Seven Years' 
 War ; commanded against the Turks 1769-74 ; and dictated 
 the treaty of Kutchuk-Kainardji in 1774. 
 
 Riimker (rfim'ker), Karl Ludwig Christian. 
 
 Born at Stargard, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, May 
 18, 1788 : died at Lisbon, Dee. 21, 1862. A Ger- 
 man astronomer. He was director successively of the 
 School of Navigation in Hamburg (1819), and of observa- 
 tories in Parametta, New South Wales (1821), Hamburg 
 (1830), and Lisbon (1857). He published a catalogue of 
 12,000 fixed stars (1843). 
 
 Rummel (rii-mel'). A river in Algeria which 
 flows into the Mediterranean 45 miles north- 
 west of Constantine : the ancient Ampsaga. In 
 its lower course it is called the Wady el-Kebir. 
 Length, over 100 miles. 
 
 Rummer Tavern. An old London tavern, sit- 
 uated between Whitehall and Charing Cross. 
 It was kept by Sam Prior, the uncle of Matthew 
 Prior the poet. 
 
 Rump Parliament. 1. In English history, the 
 name given to the remnant of the Long Parlia- 
 ment after Pride’s Purge, Dec., 1648. See Long 
 Parliament and Pride's Purge. — 2. In German 
 history, the name given to the remnant of the 
 National Assembly of Frankfort, which met at 
 Stuttgart June 6-18, 1849. 
 
 Rumsen (rum'sen). [From rumsenta, north.] 
 A tribe of North American Indians which for- 
 merly lived in villages on the coast of California 
 from Pajaro River to Point El Sur. AlsoAchasta, 
 Achastlian, Rumsien, Runcien, Runsen, Ruslen. 
 See Costanoan. 
 
 Runaway (run'a-wa), Cape. A cape on the 
 eastern coast of the North Island of New Zea- 
 land, situated in lat. 37° 31' S., long. 178° E. 
 It forms the eastern limit of the Bay of Plenty. 
 
 Runaway, The. A play by Mrs. Hannah Cow- 
 ley. It was produced by Garrick in 1776 and 
 printed the same year, and was very popular. 
 
 Runcorn (rung'korn). A town in Cheshire, 
 England, situated on the Mersey, at the terminus 
 of the Bridgewater Canal, 11 miles southeast of 
 Liverpool. Population, 16,491. 
 
 Rundi (ron'de), or Warundi (wii-ron'de). A 
 Bantu tribe, partly in the Kongo State and 
 partly in German East Africa, at the north end 
 of Lake Tanganyika, in the valley of the Ruzizi. 
 Their country is called Urundi. 
 
 Runeberg (ro'ne-bero), Johann Ludvig. Bom 
 at Jacobstad, Finland, Feb. 5, 1804: died at 
 Borg&, May 6, 1877. A Swedish poet, the great- 
 est name in Swedish literature. Hia father was a 
 merchant captain in extremely poor circumstances. After 
 attending school at Wasa, Runeberg went, in 1822, to the 
 University of Abo, where he supported himself by giving 
 private instruction. After the burning of Abo in 1827, he 
 was for three years tutor in Sarijarvi, in the interior of 
 Finland, where he wrote a number of Ids most important 
 works. His first volume appeared in 1830. Among others 
 it contains the long poem " Svartsjukans Natter ’’ (" Nights 
 of Jealousy ”), and a number of lyrics. This same year he 
 was appointed docent in Latin literature at the university, 
 which had been transferred from Abo to Helsingfors. In 
 1832 appeared his first great work, the epic “ Elgskyttarne ” 
 (‘‘The Elk-Hunters”), written in hexameters. A second 
 volume of lyrics appeared in 1833. In 1836 appeared the 
 idyl “Hanna." In the meantime he had founded the 
 journal “Helsingfors Morganblad," which he edited with 
 great success, and to which he contributed much valuable 
 criticism. In 1837 he gave up this and his university posi- 
 tion to accept the post of lector at the gymnasium in BorgA, 
 where he subsequently lived, and where he died. In 1841 
 appeared another idyl, ‘‘Julqvallen" (‘‘Christmas Eve”), 
 like the “Elk-Hunters” and ‘‘Hanna," in hexameters. 
 This same year was published, further, the epic “Na- 
 donchda. " In 1843 appeared a third volume of lyrics ; in 
 1844 the romantic cycle “Kung Fjalar” (“Tving Fjalar"). 
 In 1848 was published the first part of the greatest of his 
 works, the series of narrative poems with the title “Fan- 
 rick Stills Sagner ” (“ Ensign St&l’s Stories”), whose motive 
 is the war of 1808. A second part appeared in 1860. In 
 1844 he had been made professor at Borga, where, in 1847, 
 he was elected rector. His last works were dramatic. 
 “Kan ej ” (“Can’t"), a rimed comedy, was published in 
 1862; “Kungarne pA Salamis"(“The Kings at Salamis”) 
 in 1863. In 1853 he had collected and published his prose 
 writings under the title “Smarre Berrattelser ”(“ Minor 
 Writings"). His collected works (“Samlade Skrifter”) 
 were published at Stockholm in 1876 in 2 vols.; his posthu- 
 mous works (“ Efterlemlade Skrifter ”) at Stockholm 1878- 
 1879 in 3 vols. 
 
 Runjeet Singh (run-jet' singh). Born at Guga- 
 ran walla, Nov. 2, 1780: died at Lahore, June 27, 
 1839. Maharaja of the Panjab. He organized 
 his army with the aid of French officers, and subjugated 
 the Sikhs in his neighborhood. In 1809 those between 
 the Sutlej and the Jumna appealed to the British. An 
 agreement, however, was concluded between Runjeet Singh 
 and the army sent against him, and the Sutlej was made 
 the limit of Ids dominion. He attacked the Afghans, con- 
 quered Kashmir In 1819 and Peshawar in 1829, and left his 
 empire at his death on a firm footing. He was known as 
 the King of Lahore. 
 
 Rush, Benjamin 
 
 Runnymede, or Runnimede (run'i-med), or 
 Runnemede (run'e-med). A meadow on the 
 right bank of the Thames, near Egham in Surrey, 
 21 miles west by south of London. It is celebrated 
 in English history as the place where the barons forced 
 King John to grant Magna Oharta, June 15, 1215. 
 Runnymede. A pseudonym of Benjamin Dis- 
 raeli, Earl of Beaconsfield. in 1836 he wrote a 
 series of letters which appeared in the “ Times ” with this 
 signature, containing attacks upon Lord Melbourne’s gov- 
 ernment. They were reprinted in 1836 in a volume en- 
 titled “The Letters of Runnymede.” 
 
 Runo (ro'no), Sw. Runo (ro'ne). A small isl- 
 and in the Gulf of Riga, belonging to the gov- 
 ernment of Livonia, Russia. 
 
 Runsen. See Rumsen. 
 
 Rupel (F. rii-pel'). A short tributary of the 
 Schelde, in Belgium, formed by the union of the 
 Dyle and Nethe northwest of Mechlin. 
 
 Rupert (ro'pert), or Rupertus (ro-per'tus). 
 Lived about 700. A bishop of Worms, called 
 “the Apostle of the Bavarians” from his mis- 
 sionary labors in Ratisbon, Salzburg, etc. 
 Rupert, Prince of the Palatinate. Born at 
 Prague, Dec., 1619: died Nov. 29, 1682. Third 
 son of the elector palatine Frederick V. and 
 Elizabeth of England, and nephew of Charles I. 
 He served in the Thirty Years' War against the Imperial- 
 ists ; and became celebrated in the English civil war as a 
 cavalry leader. He fought at Edgehill, Chalgrove, New- 
 bury, Marston Moor, and Naseby ; captured Bristol, 1643 ; 
 surrendered it in 1645 ; and was a naval commander against 
 the Parliament 1648-53. In 1660 he returned to England ; 
 became a privy councilor ; and commanded against the 
 Dutch fleet 1665-66 and 1673. He was governor of the Hud- 
 son Bay Company ; and was a student of engraving, chem- 
 istry, etc. 
 
 Rupert Land, or Rupert’s Land. See Hudson 
 Bay Territory. 
 
 Rupert River. A river in Canada, it issues from 
 Lake Mistassini, and flows into the southeastern part of 
 James Bay. Length, about 350 miles. 
 
 Ruphia (ro-fe'a). The modern name of the 
 Alpheus. 
 
 Rupp (rop), Julius. Born at Konigsberg, Prus- 
 sia, Aug. 13, 1809 : died there, J uly 11, 1884. A 
 Prussian pastor: one of the founders of the 
 German “Free Congregations.” He founded 
 that of Konigsberg in 1846. 
 
 Riippell (rfip'pel), Wilhelm Peter Eduard 
 Simon. Born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Nov. 
 20, 1794: died at Frankfort, Dec. 11, 1884. A 
 German traveler and naturalist. He traveled in 
 Nubia, Kordofan, Sennaar, and Arabia 1822-27 ; and in 
 Abyssinia 1833-34. He wrote accounts of his travels, and 
 works on natural history. 
 
 Ruppin (rop-pen'). A former countship, situ- 
 ated in the present province of Brandenburg, 
 Prussia, northwest of Berlin and southeast of 
 Priegnitz. 
 
 Ruprecht (ro'precht). Born 1352 : died 1410. 
 King of Germany. He succeeded as elector of the 
 Palatinate in 1398, and was chosen king in 1400. 
 
 Ruprecht, Knecht. See Knecht Ruprecht. 
 Rupununi (rup-6-no'ne). A river in British 
 Guiana, joining the Essequibo about lat. 3° 57' 
 N., long. 58° 3' W. Length, about 220 miles. 
 Ruremonde. The French name of Roermond. 
 Rurik (ro'rik). Died 879. The reputed founder 
 of the Russian monarchy. He is said to have been 
 a Scandinavian adventurer who, with his two brothers, 
 about 862 gained Novgorod and neighboring regions, and 
 ruled alone as grand prince of Novgorod. 
 
 Rurik, House of. A Russian royal house, de- 
 scended from Rurik. It became extinct in the 
 person of Feodor in 1598. 
 
 Rurutu, or Rouroutou (ro-ro-to'), Island. A 
 small island of the Austral or Tubuai group, 
 South Pacific, situated in lat. 22° 29' S., long. 
 151° 24' W. 
 
 Rus (rus). In the middle ages, the collection of 
 Slavic states in southern Russia of which Kieff 
 was the principal. The name was later applied to the 
 realm of Moscow (and modified to Rossiya, Russia). It 
 now denotes the regions of the Little Russians and White 
 Russians. See Ros. 
 
 Rusalki (ro-siil'ki), or Russalkas (-kaz). In 
 Slavic folk-lore, water-nymphs with green hair, 
 who entice unwary people into the water and 
 kill them. 
 
 Ruscuk, or Ruscsuk. See Rustchuk. 
 
 Rush (rush), Benjamin. Born near Philadel- 
 phia, Dec. 24, 1745: died in Philadelphia, April 
 19, 1813. A noted American physician. He was 
 
 educated at Princeton and Edinburgh; and became pro- 
 fessor of chemistry at the Medical School of Philadelphia, 
 and later professor of clinical practice and physic. He 
 was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence 
 as member of Congress from Pennsylvania, and was a 
 surgeon in the army 1777-78. In 1799 he was appointed 
 treasurer of the United States mint. He wrote “ Medical 
 Inquiries and Observations M (5 vols. 1789-98), “Essays'* 
 (1798), “ Sixteen Introductory Lectures'’ (1811)>“ Diseases 
 of the Mind ” (1812), etc. 
 
Rush, Friar 
 
 Rush, Friar. A mythical personage who origi- 
 nated in German folk-lore (Bruder Rausch); a 
 fiendish-looking creature who was really a devil 
 and kept monks and friars from leading a re- 
 ligious life: he was also a household sprite. 
 A number of tales and plays were written about him in 
 England, notably “The Historie of Frier Rush, etc.," the 
 under-title of which runs, “A pleasant History, How a 
 Devil (named Rush) came to a religious house to seek 
 a service ” (1620) : this was commended to the reading of 
 “young people. ” Chettle also wrote a play called “ Friar 
 Rush, or the Proud Woman of Antwerp.” 
 
 Friar Rush was probably at one time a good-natured 
 imp like Robin Good Fellow, but under the influence of 
 Christian superstition he became the typical emissary from 
 Satan, who played tricks among men calculated to set 
 them by the ears, and who sought by various devices, al- 
 ways amusing, to fit them for residence in his master's 
 dominions. Tuckerman, Hist, of Prose Fiction, p. 54. 
 
 Rush, James. Born at Philadelphia, March 1, 
 1786: died at Philadelphia, May 26, 1868. An 
 American physician and author, son of Benja- 
 min Rush. He wrote “Philosophy of the Hu- 
 man Voice” (1827), etc. 
 
 Rush, Richard. Born at Philadelphia, Aug. 
 29, 1780: died there, July 30, 1859. An Ameri- 
 can statesman, diplomatist, and jurist : son of 
 Benjamin Rush . He was United States attorney -general 
 1814-17; acting secretary of state in 1817; United States 
 minister to Great Britain 1S17-25, where he negotiated the 
 fisheries treaty of 1818, and treaties on the boundaries ; 
 secretary of the treasury 1825-29 ; unsuccessful candidate 
 for Vice-President in 1828; commissioner to obtain the 
 Smithsonian legacy 1836-38 ; and United States minister 
 to France 1847-51. He wrote “Codification of the Laws 
 of the United States ” (1815), “Narrative of a Residence 
 at the Court of London” (1833-45: new edition as “The 
 Court of London,” 1873), “Washington in Domestic Life" 
 (1857), “Occasional Productions, etc.” (1860), etc. 
 
 Rusk (rusk), Jeremiah McLain. Born in Mor- 
 gan County, Ohio, June 17, 1830 : diedat Viroqua, 
 Wis., Nov. 21, 1893. An Americanpolitician. He 
 served in the Civil War, attaining the rank of brevet briga- 
 dier-general of volunteers ; was a Republican member of 
 Congress from Wisconsin 1871-77 ; was governor of Wis- 
 consin 1882-89 ; and was secretary of agriculture 1889-93. 
 
 Rusk, Thomas Jefferson. Born at Camden, 
 S. C., Aug. 8, 1802: committed suicide at Na- 
 cogdoches, Texas, July 29, 1856. An American 
 politician. He played a prominent part in the Texan 
 war of independence 1835-36, and in the agitation which 
 led to the annexation of Texas to the United States in 1845. 
 He was a United States senator from Texas 1846-56. 
 Ruskin (rus'kin), John. Born at London, Feb. 
 8, 1819 : died at Brantwood, Jan. 20, 1900. An 
 eminent English art critic and writer. He en- 
 tered Christ Church, Oxford, in 1833 ; gained the Newdi- 
 gate prize by a poem entitled “ Salsette and Elephanta” 
 in 1839; and graduated in 1842. He studied painting under 
 Copley, Fielding, and Harding. In 1843 he published a 
 volume entitled “ Modern Painters," which aimed to prove 
 the superiority of modern landscape-painters, and espe- 
 cially of Turiier, over the old masters. This work created 
 a sensation by the brilliancy of its style and the startling 
 originality of its views, and established the author's repu- 
 tation as an art critic. It was afterward enlarged, by the 
 addition of several volumes, into a discursive treatise on 
 art. After the appearance of the first volume of “Modern 
 Painters," Ruskin spentsome years abroad, chiefly devoted 
 to the study of art in Italy. His father, a wealthy wine- 
 merchant, died in 1864, leaving him an ample fortune. He 
 was appointed professor at the Cambridge School of Art in 
 1858, and Rede lecturer at Cambridge in 18C7 ; and hold the 
 Slade professorship of fine art at Oxford 1869-79 and 1883- 
 1885, after which date he lived in retirement on his estate 
 at Brantwood, on Coniston Lake, in the Lake Country. He 
 wrote a number of works of a socialistic tendency on 
 political economy, and in 1871 established the St. George's 
 Gild, an industrial society based on his peculiar views in 
 reference to capital and labor. Among Iris works are 
 “ The . Seven Lamps of Architecture "(1849),“ Poems "(1850), 
 “The Stones of Venice” (1851-53), “ Pre-Rapliaelitism " 
 (1851), “The Elements of Drawing” (1857), “Unto this 
 Last ” (1862), “Sesame and Lilies” (1865), “The Ethics of 
 the Dust" (1866), “The Crown of Wild Olive " (1866), “The 
 Queen of the Air"(1869), “Lectureson Art," delivered before 
 the University of Oxford (1870), “ ForsClavigera : Letters to 
 the Workmen and Labourers of Great Britain ” (1871-84), 
 “Munera Pulveris ; Six Essays on the Elements of Politi- 
 cal Economy ” (1872), “ Aratra Peutelici : Six Letters on the 
 Elements of Sculpture" (1872), “The Relations between 
 Michael Angelo and Tintoret,” a lecture on sculpture de- 
 livered at Oxford (1870-71), “ The Eagle's Nest : Ten Lec- 
 tures on the Relation of Natural Science to Art" (1872), 
 “The Sepulchral Mouumeuts of Italy, etc." (1872), “ Love’s 
 Meinie: Lectures on Greek and English Birds” (1873), 
 “Ariadne Florentina : Six Lectures on Wood and Metal 
 Engraving" (1873-76), “Val d’Arno ; Ten Lectures on the 
 Tuscan Art directly Antecedent to the Florentine Year' of 
 Victories" (1874), “ Frondes Agrestes : Readings inModern 
 Painters, etc.” (1880), “Proserpina: Studies of Wayside 
 Flowers, etc.” (1875-86), “Deucalion: Collected Studies of 
 the Lapse of Waves and Life of Stones ” (1875-78), “ Morn- 
 ings in Florence ”(1875-83), “ St. Mark's Rest : the History 
 of Venice, etc.” (1877-84), “The Laws of Fesole, etc.” 
 (1877-78), “Elements of English Prosody ” (1880), “Notes 
 on Samuel Front and William Hunt” (1880), “Arrows of 
 the Chace ” (1880), “The Lord's Prayer and the Church : 
 Letters to the Clergy, with Replies ” (1879), “ Our Fathers 
 Have Told Us ” (1880-85), “The Art of England” (1884), 
 “Coeli Enarrant : Studies of Cloud Form and of its Visible 
 Causes, etc.” (1884), “The Pleasures of England ’’ (1884), 
 “The Storm-Cloud of the Nineteenth Century ”(1884), “On 
 the Old Road : a Collection of Miscellaneous Essays, Pam- 
 phlets, and Articles, published 1834-85” (1885), “ Hortus 
 
 874 
 
 Inclusus : Messages from the Wood to the Garden, etc.” 
 (1887), “Dilecta: consisting of Correspondence, Diary, 
 Notes, and Extracts from Books, illustrating Prajterita" 
 (1887), “Prseterita: an Autobiography" (1887-88). 
 
 Russel (rus'el), Dan. [The name Russel, Rus- 
 sell, means ‘reddish, 7 i. e., red-haired, from OF. 
 roussel, rousseau, reddish, red-haired.] The 
 Fox in Chaucer’s “ Nun’s Priest’s Tale.” 
 Russell, Charles, first, Lord Russell of Killowen. 
 Born at Newry, Ireland, Nov. 10, 1832 : died 
 Aug. 10, 1900. A British jurist and politician. 
 He was educated at Trinity College, Duhlin, and practised 
 for a time as a solicitor at Belfast. He was called to the Eng 
 lish bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1859 ; became Q. C.; and reached 
 the highest eminence as a pleader. He entered Parliament 
 as a Liberal in 1880, and was attorney-general in 1886 and 
 1892-94, when he became lord chief justice of England. 
 He was knighted in 1886, and created Baron Russell of 
 Killowen in May, 1894. 
 
 Russell, Edward, first Earl of Orford. Born 
 1653: died 1727. An English Whig politician 
 and admiral, grandson of the fourth Earl of Bed- 
 ford. He gained the naval victory of La Hogue over the 
 French in 1692, and was created earl of Orford in 1697. 
 
 Russell, Henry. Born Dec. 24, 1812: died Dec. 
 8, 1900. An English-American singer and com- 
 poser of songs. He went to Italy in 1825, and to America 
 in 1833; lived and taught at Rochester, New York, for 
 some years ; and appeared as Elvino in “LaSonnambula” 
 at Philadelphia in 1839. In 1841 he returned to England, 
 where he repeated the concert tours which had been so 
 successful in America, ne composed nearly 800 songs, 
 among which are “A Life on the Ocean Wave,” “I’m 
 Afloat,” “Cheer, Boys, Cheer,” “The Maniac, "“The Gam- 
 bler’s Wife,”etc. His songs were very influential in send- 
 ing emigrants to the colonies and the United States, 
 especially “There 's a Good Time Coming,” etc. 
 
 Russell, John, fourth Duke of Bedford. Born 
 1710: died 1771. An English statesman. He was 
 
 secretary of state 1748-51 ; was lord lieutenant of Ireland 
 1755-61 ; negotiated a treaty with France in 1762; and was 
 president of the council 1763-67. 
 
 Russell, John, first Earl Russell: known as 
 Lord John Russell till 1861. Born at Lon- 
 don, Aug. 18, 1792: died May 28, 1878. An 
 English statesman, orator, and author: third 
 son of the sixth Duke of Bedford. He studied at 
 Edinburgh ; entered Parliament in 1813 ; began his ad- 
 vocacy of Parliamentary reform in 1819; advocated Catho- 
 lic emancipation in 1826, and the repeal of the Test Acts 
 in 1828; became paymaster of the forces in 1830; intro- 
 duced the Reform Bill in 1831, and was one of its leading 
 champions until its passage in 1832 ; became leader of the 
 Whig party in 183t ; was home secretary 1835-39, secre- 
 tary for war and the colonies 1839-41, and prime minister 
 and first lord of the treasury 1846-52; published the “Dur- 
 ham Letter ” in 1850 ; was foreign secretary and later pres- 
 ident of the council 18.2-55 ; represented England at the 
 Vienna Conference in 1855 ; was colonial secretary in 1S55, 
 foreign secretary in the Palmerston-Russell administra- 
 tion 1859-65, and prime minister and first lord of the trea 
 sury 1865-66 ; and was created Earl Russell in 1861. He 
 edited the memorials and corresponder.ee of Charles James 
 Fox (1853-57), and of Moore (1852-56); and wrote “Life 
 and Times of Fox” (1859-67), “Recollections and Sugges- 
 tions" (1875), etc. 
 
 Russell, John Scott. Born in Scotland, 1808: 
 died in London, June 8, 1882. A noted Brit- 
 ish engineer. He introduced the so-called “wave-sys- 
 tem ” into the construction of steam-vessels. He super- 
 intended the building of the Great Eastern. His works 
 include “ The Modern System of Naval Architecture for 
 Commerce and War” (1864-65), “Systematic and Techni- 
 cal Education for the English People ” (1869). 
 
 Russell, Odo William, first Baron Ampthill. 
 Born at Florence, Feb. 25, 1829 : died at Pots- 
 dam, Aug. 25, 1884 An English diplomatist, 
 brother of the ninth Duke of Bedford. He was 
 ambassador at Berlin 1871-84. 
 
 Russell, William, first Duke of Bedford. Born 
 in 1613 : died Sept. 7, 1700. An English noble- 
 man who took a leading part in the Revolu- 
 tion. He succeeded his father as fifth earl of 
 Bedford in 1641, and was created duke in 1694. 
 Russell, William, Lord Russell (often errone- 
 ously called Lord William Russell). Born Sept. 
 29, 1639: beheaded at London, July 21, 1683. 
 An English statesman, third son of the fifth Earl 
 (later the first Duke : see above) of Bedford. His 
 
 older brothers predeceasing him, he was known by the 
 courtesy-title Lord Russell. He became an active member 
 of the “country party” in 1673; was a leading opponent 
 of Dauby and the Duke of York ; was a privy councilor 
 1679-80 ; and supported the Exclusion Bill. He was tried 
 and condemned on a charge of high treason (pretended 
 complicity in the Rye House Plot) in 1683. His son, Wrio- 
 thesley, succeeded to the dukedom of Bedford in 1700. 
 
 Russell, William. Born in 1741: died Dee. 
 25, 1793. A Scottish historian. He wrote “His- 
 tory of Modei n Europe ” (1779-84), and other works. 
 Russell, William Clark. Born at New York, 
 Feb. 24, 1844: died at Bath, England, Nov. 8, 
 1911. An English novelist. He went to sea 
 in the English merchant service when between 13 and 
 14 years of age ; hut after seven or eight years returned to 
 England and began to write nautical novels. The first 
 was “John IToldsworth, chief mate” (1874); this was fol- 
 lowed by “ The Wreck of the Grosvenor,” “The Little Loo,” 
 “A Sailor’s Sweetheart,” “Au Ocean Free Lance,” “A Sea 
 
 Russia 
 
 Queen," “The Lady Maud,” “.Tack's Courtship," “The 
 Strange Voyage," “The Death Ship," “A Frozen Pirate," 
 “Marooned,’’ “ Au Ocean Tragedy,’’ “My Shipmate Lou- 
 ise,” etc. He also wrote a “ Life of Nelson. ’ ’ 
 
 Russell, Sir William Howard. Born near 
 Dublin, March 28, 1821 : died at London, Feb. 
 10, 1907. A British journalist. He was war cor- 
 respondent of the London “Times” in the Crimean war, 
 the Indian mutiny, the first part of the American Civil 
 War, the Austro- Prussian war, and the Franco-German 
 war. He wrote a “ History of the Crimean War ” (1855-56), 
 “My Diary in India ” (1860), “ My Diary, North and South ” 
 (1862), “My Diary during the Last Great War” (1873), 
 “The Prince of Wales’ Tour in India " (1877), etc. He was 
 knighted in 1895. 
 
 Russellae (ro-sel'e). In ancient geography, a 
 city of the Etruscan League, situated near the 
 Umbro (Ombrone) about 6 miles northeast of 
 the modern Grosseto. It was conquered by the Ro- 
 mans about 300 B. C. There are various remains of anti- 
 quity on the site. 
 
 Russell Square. A London square which lies to 
 the east of the British Museum. 
 
 Russia (rush'a), formerly Muscovy (mus'ko-vi). 
 [F. Russie, NL. Russia (G. Russland), from Russ. 
 Rossiya : see Rus, Ros.] An empire of eastern 
 Europe. Capital, St. Petersburg; second capital 
 and coronation city, Moscow, it is thelargest coun- 
 try of Europe in area, and has the largest population ; and, 
 including its Asiatic possessions, it is the most exten- 
 sive dominion in the world, next to the British empire. 
 It comprises European Russia (including Russian Po- 
 land and Finland), Caucasia, Russian Central Asia, and 
 Siberia. European Russia is bounded by the Arctic Ocean 
 on the north ; its Asiatic possessions on the east ; the 
 Caspian on the southeast; Persia, Turkey, and the Black 
 Sea on the south; Rumania on the southwest; the Aus- 
 trian empire, the German Empire, the Baltic, and Swe- 
 den on tlie west ; and Norway on the northwest. The sur- 
 face is generally a great plain ; but on the borders are the 
 Urals, Caucasus, the mountainous region of the Crimea, 
 and spurs of the Carpathians ; and northwest of the center 
 the surface is broken by the Valdai Hills. Russia is noted 
 for its great fivers: the Niemen, Diina, Neva, Mezen, Dwina, 
 Petchora, Ural, V olga (with theKamaand Oka),Don, Kuma, 
 Terek, Kuban, Dnieper, Dniester, Pruth, Vistula, etc. The 
 Black and Caspian seas are largely Russian, and Russia 
 includes Lakes Ladoga, Onega, Saima, Ilmen, Peipus, etc. 
 It contains large forests, and extensive steppes and tun- 
 dras. Much of it is fertile, especially in the “ black earth ” 
 belt toward the south. The leading occupation is agri- 
 culture. The chief crops are wheat, rye, and other cere- 
 als, hemp, flax, potatoes, tobacco, etc. There are manu- 
 factures of linen, woolen, etc.; live stock is raised; and 
 there are fisheries of sturgeon, etc. Gold, platinum, coal, 
 iron, petroleum, copper, etc., are mined. The leading ex- 
 port (in normal years) is grain ; after it come flax, hemp, lin- 
 seed, timber, animal products, etc. Russia proper, Including 
 Poland, Finland, and Caucasia, has 78 governments. The 
 government is a hereditary monarchy, vested in the czar. 
 Administration is committed to the council of the empire, 
 senate, holy synod, ministries, and the dmna (created 1905). 
 The leading race is Russian (the Great Russians being the 
 most important, then the Little Russians and White Rus- 
 sians). Other nationalities are the Poles, Lithuanians, Finns, 
 Germans, Swedes, LettB, Rumanians, Jews, various tribes 
 of Caucasians, Esthonians, Mordvinians, Tcheremisses, 
 Tatars, Bashkirs, Persians, Armenians, Kirghiz, Kalmucks, 
 Tchuvashes.etc. The leading religion is the Greek Catholic. 
 There are many dissenters (Raskolniks) as well as many 
 Roman Catholics, Jews, Protestants, Mohammedans, and 
 some pagans. Russia has no foreign possessions : Bokhara 
 and Khiva are vassal states. Russia was known to the 
 ancients as Sarmatia. It had Greek colonies on its south- 
 ern coast (Crimea, etc.) ; was inhabited by the Scythians, 
 Finns, and other races ; and was overrun by the Goths, 
 Huns, Avars, Bulgarians, Magyars, and Khazars. The 
 Russian Slavs at the beginning of their history (9th cen- 
 tury) were confined mainly to the upper Dnieper, the 
 sources of the Oka, Volga, Dwina, and Dniester, and Lake 
 Ilmen. The Varangians under Rurik came to Novgorod 
 in 862. Uuder Oleg, about 880, Kieff became the center. 
 Sviatoslaff (964-972) defeated the Khazars, and waged war 
 with the Byzantine empire. Christianity was introduced 
 under Vladimir (980-1015). Russia became united under 
 Yaroslaff (1015-1054), with Kieff as the capital. After 1064 
 Russia was divided into many principalities, Kieff being 
 the grand principality and overlord lor about a century, 
 and then Suzdal (Vladimir) the leading power : others were 
 Novgorod, Pskotf, Smolensk, Galicia (Haliez), Volhynia, 
 Ryazan, Tver, Tchernigoff, Polotsk, etc. The Mongol in- 
 vasion, and the conquest of all Russia except Novgorod, 
 happened about 1240. The Russian principalities became 
 tributary to the khans. Moscow became a principality at 
 the close of the 13th century, and the chief power in 1328. 
 (See Moscow.) Russia was freed from the Mongol yoke in 
 1480. Theworkof consolidation wasgreatly advanced under 
 Ivan III. ,V asili, and Ivan IV. (See summary of acquisitions 
 below.) The title of czar (or tsar) was assumed by Ivan 
 IV. in 1547. The dynasty of Rurik came to an end in 1598. 
 The date of the accession of the house of Romanoff (the 
 present reigning house) is 1613. A great development of 
 the country took place under Peter the Great (1689-1725): 
 Russia took part in the Northern War ; and the capital St. 
 Petersburg was built. It was also involved in the Seven 
 Years’ War. The reign of Catharine II. (1762-96) was sig- 
 nalized by wars with Turkey (1768-74 and 1787-92) and with 
 Sweden (1788-90). Russia was at war with France 1798- 
 1801. The following are the leading events and ineidentsof 
 more recent history: Reign of Alexander I., 1801-25 : war 
 with France, 1805-07 ; alliance with Fi ance, 1807-12; inva- 
 sion of Russia by Napoleon, 1812 ; war with France, 1812- 
 1815 ; Holy Alliance (with Austria and Prussia) ; wars with 
 Turkey, Persia, and Sweden ; reign of Nicholas, 1825-55 ; 
 war with Persia, 1826-28 ; war with Turkey, 1827-29 ; Polish 
 insurrection, 1830-31 ; Hungarian rebellion suppressed by 
 Russian aid, 1849 ; Crimean war, 1863-56 ; reign of Alexan- 
 der II., 1855-81 ; emancipation of the serfs, 1861; growlh of 
 nihilism ; war with Turkey, 1877-78 ; assassinat ion of Alex- 
 
Russia 
 
 ander II., 1881 ; famine, 1891-92; war with Japan, Feb., 
 1904-Sept., 1905 (see Jiuxso- Japanese War), revolutionary 
 movement, 1905-06 ; the partial grant of popular govern- 
 ment and the election of a parliament (Duma), 1906. 
 The Russian territories were acquired as follows : Mos- 
 cow was founded as a principality, in the end of the 
 13th century, by Daniel, son of Alexander Nevski (of 
 Novgorod). Vasili (1389-1426), grand prince of Moscow 
 and Vladimir, acquired Suzdal, Murom, Vologda, and 
 other territories. Ivan III. (1462-1505) acquired Perm in 
 1472, Novgorod iu 1478, Tver in 1482, Vyatka in 1489, Rostoff 
 and vast regions in the north, and made conquests from 
 Lithuania as far westward as the river Soga. Vasili (1505- 
 1533) acquired Pskoff in 1510, and Ryazan about 1521. 
 Under Ivan IV., Kazan was acquired in 1552, and As- 
 trakhan in 1654. The Don Cossacks came under the pro- 
 tection of Russia, and a great part of Siberia was added. 
 The acquisition of Siberia went on through the 17th cen- 
 tury. Under Alexis (1645-76), Smolensk, Kieff, and the 
 eastern Ukraine were added (about 1667). By the treaty 
 of Nystad, Peter the Great gained from Sweden Livonia, 
 Esthonia, Ingria, and Karelia, which had been conquered 
 several years previously. There was a small cession in 
 southern Russia by Turkey in the reign of Anna (1730-40). 
 Part of Finland was acquired by Elizabeth in 1743. Lithu- 
 ania and a large part of Poland were acquired by the par- 
 titions of 1772, 1793, and 179(5, under Catharine II : she 
 received cessions from Turkey in the peace of 1774. the 
 terms of which enabled her to annex the Crimea (1783) ; 
 annexed the republic of the Saporogian Cossacks ; gained 
 territory from Turkey between the Bug and Dniester in 
 1792 ; and annexed Courland in 1795. Paul annexed Georgia 
 in 1801. Finland was conquered in 1808-09 by Alexander 
 I., who also won Bessarabia from Turkey in 1812. By the 
 treaties of 1815 a large part of the duchy of Warsaw was 
 assigned as the kingdom of Poland to Alexander I. He 
 added also Daghestan, Mingrelia, Imeritia, and Shirvan. 
 Nicholas in 1828 acquired Erivan and Nakliitchevan from 
 Persia, and in 1829 Poti and other fortresses near the 
 eastern shore of the Black Sea from Turkey, and received 
 the submission of the Kirghiz. Under Alexander II. the 
 Caucasus practically submitted in 1859 ; the Amur terri- 
 tory was gained in 1858 ; the Khanate of Samarkand was 
 gained in 1868 ; and Bokhara became a vassal state. Rus- 
 sian America was ceded to the United States in 1867. 
 Khiva became a vassal state in 1873. The Chinese prov- 
 ince of Kuldja was acquired in 1871, but retroceded in 
 1881. Khokand was annexed in 1876. The strip of Bessa- 
 rabia, lost in 1856, was regained in 1878, and Kars and 
 Batum were gained at the same time. Geok-Tepe was 
 taken in 1881. The Merv oasis submitted in 1884. The 
 region around Pendjdeh, in northwestern Afghanistan, 
 was gained 1887-88. The area of European Russia proper 
 is returned as 1,862,524 square miles, and the population 
 as 113,841,000 ; including Poland and Finland, the area is 
 2,037,326 square miles, and the population 128,170,500. The 
 area of the Russian empire is 8,647,657 square miles, and 
 the population 155,433,500. 
 
 Russia, Great, Little, Red, White. See Great 
 Russia, etc. 
 
 Russian America. An old name of Alaska. 
 Russian Armenia. That part of Armenia which 
 is included in Russia. It was conquered in 
 part from Persia (1827-28) and in part from 
 Turkey (1877-78), and comprises the govern- 
 ments of Erivan and Kars. 
 
 Russian Asia. See Asiatic Russia. 
 
 Russian Byron, The. A name sometimes given 
 to Pushkin. 
 
 Russian-German Legion. In the war against 
 France 1813-14, a corps recruited from Germans 
 in Russia, in the Russian service, but under 
 Prussian military rules, and supported by Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Russian Turkestan. See Turkestan. 
 
 Russian Wars with Turkey. The most im- 
 portant of the so-called Russo-Turkish or Turco- 
 Russian wars in modern times are the following. 
 (1) Wars of the reign of Peter the Great : Russia con- 
 quered Azoff, 1696 ; truce (the peace of Carlowitz) 1699 ; 
 war renewed, 1711 ; Russian reverses ; treaty of the Pruth, 
 1711. (2) War of 1736-39 : Austria on the side of Russia. (3) 
 Warof 1768-74 : Russians generally successful in the Danu- 
 bian principalities and the Crimea ; advance into Bulgaria, 
 1773-74 ; Russians repulsed before Silistria, Varna, and 
 Shumla ; peace of Kutchuk-Kainardji, 1774 ; Tatars in the 
 south of Russia freed from allegiance to Turkey; Russian 
 conquests in southern Russia retained. (4) War of 1787- 
 1792 (Austria on the side of Russia) : Otchakolf stormed by 
 the Russians, 1788 ; Russians and Austrians gained the 
 victory of Fokshani, 1789 ; Suvaroff stormed Ismail, 1790 ; 
 peace of Jassy, 1792; Russian boundary extended to the 
 Dniester. (5) War of 1806-12; war commenced, 1806; 
 truce, 1807 ; war renewed, 1809; terminated by the peace 
 of Bukharest, 1812 ; Russian boundary extended to the 
 Pruth. (6) War of 1827-29; Russian fleet took part in 
 the battle of Navarino, 1827 ; war declared, 1828 ; Russians 
 took Varna, 1828; repulsed before Shumla and Silistria; 
 successful under Paskevitch in Asia, 1828-29; Russians 
 under Diebitsch crossed the Balkans, 1829 ; war ended by 
 the treaty of Adrianople, 1829. (7) War of 1853-56: see 
 
 Crimean War. (8) War of 1877-78: war declared, April, 
 1877; Russians crossed the Danube, June; Shipka Pass 
 taken, July; Russian reverses before Plevna, July and 
 Sept.; defeat of the Turks atAladja lJagh, Oct.; Russians 
 stormed Kars, Nov.; fall of Plevna, Dec.; Russians crossed 
 the Balkans under Gourko and others, Dec. 1877, -Jan., 
 1878, and advanced to the outskirts of Constantinople ; 
 peace of San Stefano (very disadvantageous to Turkey) 
 concluded, March, 1878; intervention of England in 
 behalf of Turkey ; final settlement at the Congress of 
 Berlin. 
 
 Rustam (Pers. pron. ros-tem'). A hero of the 
 Shahnamah, sou of Zal and Rudabab, daughter 
 of Mihrab, king of Kabul. On the first day of his 
 life he became as large as a child a year old, and ten nurses 
 
 875 
 
 were necessary to provide him with milk. While a mere 
 child he kills a raging elephant, and while still a youth he 
 avenges the death of his great-grandfather Nariman by 
 taking the fortress of Sipand, which he enters disguised 
 as a salt-merchant. In the reign of Garshasp, Zal gives 
 over the dignity of Pahlavan, or champion of the realm, 
 to Rustam, who takes the club of Sam and chooses his 
 horse Raksh. On the death of Garshasp, Rustam is sent 
 to offer the crown to Kaiqubad, who is at Mount Alburz. 
 Returning with Kaiqubad, Rustam defeats without help 
 the armies of Afrasyab. Rustam fights with Afrasyab him- 
 self, and drags him fastened by his girdle to Raksll. The 
 girdle breaks, and Afrasyab is hidden by his warriors. He 
 advises Pashang, the king of Turan, to make peace. In 
 the next reign (that of Kaikawus) Rustam has his seven 
 adventures, encountered in delivering Kaikawus from the 
 King of Mazandaran. Raksh kills a lion, Rustam finds a 
 spring in a burning desert, slays a dragon eighty feet long, 
 slays an enchantress, subdues Aulad and spares his life on 
 condition that he shall guide him to the caves of the White 
 Demon, slays the demon chief Arzang, and finally slays the 
 White Demon. After the return of Kaikawus, Rustam 
 goes to hunt in Turan, where his horse Raksh is captured 
 as Rustam sleeps. Rustam goes to the city of Samangan 
 to recover the steed ; is received with honor by its king; 
 and weds his daughter Tahminali. Summoned away be- 
 fore the birth of his son, Rustam leaves for him a bracelet 
 by which he is to recognize him. When Suhrab the son 
 is born, Tahminah, fearing that the child will be taken 
 away to Iran, pretends that it is a daughter. Suhrab grows 
 up unknown to his father, and becomes a great warrior. 
 The Turanians and Iranians fight. A council of chiefs de- 
 cides for single combat between the leaders Suhrab and 
 Rustam, wJjen Rustam kills Suhrab. Learning from the 
 bracelet that he has slain his son, he returns in grief to 
 Zabulistan, whence he comes later to kill Sudabah, the 
 treacherous wife of Kaikawus, and to continue the war with 
 Turan, in which he performs endless exploits in the reigns 
 of Kaikhusrau, Luhrasp, and Gushtasp, the most consider- 
 able being the combat with Asfandiyar. (See Isfendiyar.) 
 Zal, father of Rustam, had by a slave a son, Shaghad, who, 
 the astrologers said, was to be the ruin of his race. This 
 Shaghad, becoming the son-in law of the King of Kabul, 
 was irritated at the annual tribute of a cowskin paid by 
 Kabul to Zabul, and by a ruse drew Rustam and a hundred 
 knights to Kabul, where they were lured into a hunting- 
 park in which had been dug concealed trenches filled with 
 javelins. Raksh sank into one of these. Rustam came 
 up wounded unto death, but before his death was able to 
 pierce with an arrow the treacherous Shaghad. 
 Rustchuk (ros-ehok' ), or Ruscuk. A city in Bul- 
 garia, situated on the Danube, at the junction of 
 theLom, inlat. 43° 50' N.,long. 25° 58' E. itwas 
 long an important strategic point in the Russian and Turk- 
 ish wars. It was besieged and taken by the Russians in 
 1810 ; destroyed in 1811 ; rebuilt in 1812 ; and besieged by 
 the Russians in 1877-78, when the fortifications were nearly 
 destroyed. Population, 33,632. 
 
 Rustebceuf. See Butebceuf. 
 
 Rtistow (riis'to), Wilhelm Friedrich. Bom at 
 
 Brandenburg, Prussia, May 25, 1821: committed 
 suicide at Zurich, Aug. 14, 1878. A German 
 military writer. He served with Garibaldi in I860. His 
 works include “ Geschichte des griechischen Kriegswe- 
 sens ” (“ History of the Greek Military Art," 1852), “ Heer- 
 wesen und Kriegftihrung Casars ” (1856), works on Napo- 
 leon I.'s campaigns, “Die Feldherrnkunst des 19. Jahr- 
 hunderts" (1857), “Geschichte der Infanterie ” (1857-58), 
 “Militarisches Handworterbuch ’’(“Military Dictionary," 
 1859), etc. 
 
 Ruteboeuf (riit-bef'). Born probably about 1230: 
 died about 1280. A French trouvere of the 13th 
 century. Very little is known concerning him beyond 
 what may be gathered from his own writings. Gaston 
 Paris passes the following judgment on his works : “ The 
 Parisian poetry of Rutebteuf is semi-popular in form. It 
 stands by itself in subject-matter and inspiration. The 
 poet celebrates the events and the people of note in his 
 day ; or he interests himself keenly in the dissensions ex- 
 isting between the church and the University of Paris ; or 
 again, and this is most frequently the case, he relates his 
 own troubles in his humble clerkship where he depends 
 for the support of his family upon either the favor of the 
 nobles or public charity.” Besides being a caustic satir- 
 ist, Ruteboeuf wrote a. number of tableaux, among others 
 “ Chariot le Juif, ” “ L’Arae du vilain,” “ Frere Denise," and 
 “Le testament de Pane”; he is also the author of the po- 
 etic compositions “Notre-Dame,” “ La voie de Paradis," 
 “Le miracle de Th4ophile” (a sort of miracle-play which 
 might be said to contain the germ of Calderon's “ El Ma- 
 gico Prodigioso,” and thus remotely of Goethe’s “Raust" — 
 Lowelt), “ Sainte-Marie l’Egyptienne," “Sainte-Elisabeth 
 de Hongrie," etc. 
 
 Ruteni (ro-te'ni). In ancient history, a people 
 in southern Gaul, occupying the later Rouergue. 
 Rutennu (ro-ten'no). See the extract. 
 
 Syria, in the widest sense of the word, was known to the 
 Egyptians as the country of the Rutennu or Lutennu. It 
 was divided into Upper and Lower, the Lower Rutennu ex- 
 tending from the ranges of the Lebanon as far as Mesopo- 
 tamia. What is meant by the Upper Rutennu is made 
 clear in an inscription of Thothmes III., in which the 
 towns he had conquered from Kadesh on the Orontes to 
 the southern boundaries of Palestine are described as 
 cities of the Upper Rutennu. 
 
 Sayce, Races of the O. T., p. 123. 
 
 Rutgers ( rut'gerz), Henry. Born at New York, 
 Oct. 7, 1745 : died there, Feb. 17, 1830. An 
 American philanthropist. lie graduated at Colum- 
 bia College in 1766; served in the Revolutionary War ; and 
 was a member of the Board of Regents of New York State 
 University 1802-26. He gave $5,000 to Queen's College, New 
 Jersey, which took the name of Rutgers College in 1825. 
 Rutgers College. An institution of learning at 
 New Brunswick, New Jersey: called originally 
 (Queen’s College. It was chartered under the latter 
 
 Rutledge, John 
 
 name in 1766. — asecond charter being issued in 1770 — and 
 was opened in 1771. It was closed during the Revolution- 
 ary War, the building being burned by the British ; and in- 
 struction was subsequently twice suspended for financial 
 reasons (1795-1805 and 1816-25). In 1825 it was enabled to 
 resume its exercises by a gift from Henry Rutgers, whose 
 name it adopted. It offers, besides the courses in the 
 academic department, courses in engineering, ceramics, 
 agriculture, etc. It has an observatory. The State agri- 
 cultural experiment station is connected with its scientific 
 school. It has about 50 instructors and 400 students. 
 
 Ruth (roth). [Heb., ‘ a friend.’] The leading 
 character of the Book of Ruth, a Moabitess who 
 with Naomi went to Bethlehem and there mar- 
 ried Boaz : an ancestor of David. 
 
 Rutherford (nmi'er-foPd), Daniel. Born at 
 Edinburgh, Nov. 3, 1749 : died there, Nov. 15, 
 1819. A Scottish physician and scientist, the 
 discoverer of nitrogen. 
 
 Rutherford, or Rutherfurd (rurH'dr-ferd), 
 Samuel. Born at Nisbet, Roxburghshire, about 
 1600 : died March 29, 1661. A Scottish Presby- 
 terian clergyman, theologian, and controver- 
 sialist. He graduated (M. A.) at Edinburgh in 1621, and 
 became professor there in 1623. He was banished for his 
 severe Calvinism from 1636 to 1638. In 1643 he attended 
 the Assembly at Westminster. He wrote “Lex Rex” 
 (1644), which was publicly burned by the authorities, and 
 other works, but is best known from his “Letters” (first 
 published in 1664). 
 
 Rutherfurd, Lewis Morris. Born at Morrisa- 
 nia, N. Y., Nov. 25, 1816: died at Tranquillity, 
 N. J., May 30, 1892. A distinguished American 
 physicist. He graduated at Williams College in 1834, 
 and was admitted to the bar in 1837, but abandoned law in 
 1849 in order to devote himself to the study of physics. He 
 obtained important results in astronomical photography, 
 and by means of a ruling-engine, designed by him in 1870, 
 constructed the finest diffraction-gratings which had, up 
 to that time, been made (now surpassed by those of flow- 
 land ). 
 
 Rutherglen (ruTH'er-glen, popularly rugTen). 
 A royal burgh in Lanarkshire, Scotland, sit- 
 uated near the Clyde 3 miles southeast of 
 Glasgow. Population, royal burgh, 18,280. 
 
 Ruthven (ruth'ven, locally riv'en), Raid of. 
 In Scottish history, a conspiracy at Castle Ruth- 
 ven, near Perth, in 1582. The Earls of Gowrie, Mar, 
 and others seized the person of James VI., and took him 
 out of the keeping of his guardians, the Duke of Lennox 
 and the Earl of Arran. 
 
 Ruthwell Cross. See the extract. 
 
 Among the remains of the Northumbrian Saxon is the 
 runic writing combined with sculpture from sacred sub- 
 jects and Latin inscriptions upon the stone obelisks at 
 Ruthwell, on the Scottish border — an obelisk or cross that 
 was flung down by the Presbyterians in 1642, and had part 
 of its writing then effaced. The Ruthwell runes had been 
 misread by Repp and Professor Finn Magnusen as half 
 Danish or as some perfectly new language, and they were 
 first rightly interpreted by John Mitchell Kemble, in a 
 paper on Anglo-Saxon Runes read to the London Society 
 of Antiquaries, as an inscription in what was the English 
 of Northumbria during the seventh, eighth, and ninth cen- 
 turies. Mr. Kemble then pointed out that they set forth 
 a few couplets of a religious poem on the events sculptured 
 in the two principal compartments of the stone, namely, 
 the washing of our Saviour’s feet by Mary Magdalene and 
 the glorification of Christ through His Passion. The cor- 
 rectness of his interpretation was afterwards proved by 
 the discovery of lines similar to those read by him in one 
 of the poems of the Vercelli Book. 
 
 Morley , English Writers, IL 174. 
 
 Rutilico (ro-til'i-ko). [Prom L. rutilicus, glit- 
 tering.] A rarely used name for the bright 
 third-magnitude star /i Herculis, more usually 
 called Korneforos. 
 
 Rutlam, or Ratlam (rut'lam). 1. A native 
 state in India, under British protection, inter- 
 sected by lat. 23° 15' N., long. 75° E. Area, 
 902 square miles. Population, 83,773. — 2. The 
 capital of the state of Rutlam. Population, 
 36,321. 
 
 Rutland (rut'land). The smallest county in 
 England. Chief town, Oakham, it is bounded by 
 Lincoln on the northeast, Northampton on the southeast, 
 and Leicester on the west and northwest. The surface is 
 undulating. It contains the fertile vale of Catmoss. Area, 
 (ad. co.), 152 square miles. Population (pari, co.), 19,709. 
 
 Rutland. The capital of Rutland County, cen- 
 tral Vermont, situated on Otter Creek in lat. 43° 
 37' N. It is noted for its qnarrles of white marble. It 
 was one of the capitals of Vermont 1784-1804. Population, 
 13,546, (1910). 
 
 Rutland, Dukes of. See Manners. 
 
 Rutledge (rut'lej), Edward. Born at Charles- 
 ton, S. C., Nov. 23, 1749: died there, Jan. 23, 
 1800. An American politician, brother of John 
 Rutledge. lie was a member of Congress from South 
 Carolina 1774-77, and a signer of the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence; served in the Revolutionary army, and was taken 
 prisoner ; and was governor of South Carolina 1798-1800. 
 
 Rutledge, John. Born at Charleston, S. C., 
 1739; died at Charleston, July 23, 1800. An 
 American statesman. He was a member of the 
 Stamp Act Congress in 1765, of the South Carolina Conven- 
 tion in 1774, and of the Continental Congress 1774-75 ; was 
 presidentof SouthCarolinal776-78,governorof South Caro- 
 lina 1779-82, and member of Congress 1782-83 ; was a dele- 
 
Rutledge, John 
 
 876 
 
 Ryswick 
 
 gate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 ; was asso- 
 ciate justice of the United States Supreme Court 1789-91 ; 
 was chief justice of South Carolina 1791-95 ; and was ap- 
 pointed chief justice of the United States Supreme Court 
 in 1795, but was not confirmed. 
 
 Riitii (rtit'li), or Griitli (griit'li). A meadow 
 in the mountains of the canton of Uri, Switzer- 
 land, situated near the southern arm of the 
 Lake of Lucerne, 15 miles east-southeast of Lu- 
 cerne. It is famous as the legendary scene of the for- 
 mation of the Swiss League against Austria, by Stauf- 
 facher, Arnold von Melchthal, Walther F' first, and thirty 
 others, Nov. 8, 1307. 
 
 Rutnagherry. See Ratnagiri. 
 
 Rutter (rut'6r), Joseph. Lived in the reign of 
 Charles I. An English dramatic author. He 
 was of noble family (that of the Earl of Dorset), and at the 
 earl’s order translated into English “ The Cid," from the 
 French of Corneille (first part printed in 1637). The sec- 
 ond part of “ The Cid ” was printed in 1640, and was trans- 
 lated by Rutter at the command of the king. “ The Shep- 
 herd’s Holiday,” a pastoral tragicomedy, acted at White- 
 hall and printed at London in 1635, is also ascribed to 
 him. 
 
 Rutuli (ro'tu-li). In Roman legendary history, 
 a people of Latium, whose capital was Ardea. 
 Their king Turnus was famous in connection 
 with the legends of ^33neas. 
 
 Ruvo di Puglia (ro'vo de pol'ya). A town in 
 the province of Bari, southeastern Italy, 22 miles 
 west of Bari : the ancient Rubi. Many ancient 
 Apulian vases have been discovered here. Pop- 
 ulation, 23,776. 
 
 Ruwenzori (ro-wen-zd're), Mount. A moun- 
 tain-range in equatorial Africa, between Al- 
 bert Nyanza and Albert Edward Nvanza. It 
 was discovered by Stanley in 1888. Highest 
 peak, 16,816 feet (Abruzzi). 
 
 RuyBlas (rue bias). I. A dramaby Victor Hugo, 
 produced in 1838 at Paris. RuyBlas, the principal 
 character, is a lackey who rises to power, loves the queen, 
 enjoys a terrible revenge on his previous master, Don 
 Salluste, who endeavors to degrade her, and kills himself 
 to save her honor. 
 
 2. An opera by Marcketti, first produced at 
 Milan in 1869. 
 
 Ruy Diaz. See Cid. 
 
 Ruysch (roisch ) , Frederik. Born at The Hague, 
 March 23, 1638 : died Feb. 22, 1731. A noted 
 Dutch anatomist and surgeon, professor of 
 anatomy, and later of botany, at Amsterdam. 
 He investigated the lymphatics, etc. 
 
 Ruysdael, or Ruisdael, or Ruisdaal (rois'dal), 
 Jakob. Born at Haarlem, Netherlands, about 
 1625 : died there, March 14, 1682. A Dutch 
 landscape-painter and etcher. He is noted for 
 representations of forest scenery, etc. : the figures are by 
 other artists. His works are in the Netherlands, Paris, 
 London, Dresden, and elsewhere. 
 
 Ruyter (ri'tOr ; D. pron. roi'ter), Michel Adri- 
 aanszoon de. Boru at Flushing, Netherlands, 
 March 24, 1607 : died at Syracuse, Italy, April 29, 
 
 1676. A famous Dutch admiral. He served against 
 the Spaniards in 1641, and against the English 1652-54. 
 He was made vice-admiral of Holland in 1653, and in 1659 
 commanded the Dutch fleet which supported Denmark 
 against Sweden. He was ennobled by the King of Denmark 
 at the conclusion of the war in 1660. He was subsequently 
 made admlral-in-chief of the Dutch fleet, and commanded 
 against the English 1665-67, sailing up the Thames and 
 Medway in 1667. He commanded against the combined 
 English and French fleets 1672-73, and was mortally 
 wounded in a battle against the French off Messina, in 
 April, 1676. 
 
 Ryan, Lacy. Born 1694 (?) : died Aug. 15, 1760. 
 A British actor, contemporary with Better- 
 ton, with whom he acted, on his first appear- 
 ance, as Seyton to Betterton’s Macbeth. He 
 rose to the first place among actors of the second rank. 
 He played Orestes, Lord Townley, Edgar, Macduff, Iago, 
 Cassio, and many other characters with great effect. 
 
 Ryan (ri'an), Loch. An arm of the sea in Wig- 
 townshire, Scotland. Length, 8 miles. 
 
 Ryance (ri'ans), or Ryence (rl'ens). A legen- 
 dary king of Ireland aud Wales, in the Arthurian 
 legends. His sword was named Marandaise. 
 Ryazan, or Riazan (re-a-zan'). 1. A govern- 
 ment of central Russia, surrounded by Vladi- 
 mir. Tamboff, Tula, and Moscow, it is traversed 
 by the Oka. The soil is fertile. Area, 16,190 square miles. 
 Population, 2,192,300. 
 
 2. The capital of the government of Ryazan, 
 situated on the Trubej, near the Oka, about 
 lat. 54° 42' N.. long. 39° 50' E. The capital of the 
 old principality of Ryazan was Old Ryazan, situated on the 
 Oka. Population, 47,100. 
 
 Ryazan, Principality of. A medieval princi- 
 pality of Russia. It was frequently a rival of Mus- 
 covy, and was annexed by Muscovy about 152L 
 
 Rybinsk (rii-bensk' ), or Ruibinsk, orRiibinsk. 
 
 A town in the government of Yaroslaff, cen- 
 tral Russia, situated on the Volga, opposite 
 the mouth of the Sheksna, 170 miles north- 
 northeast of Moscow. It i3 an important center of 
 transit trade over the Volga and the canal-system which 
 connect SL Petersburg with the southeast of Russia. 
 Population, 27,700. 
 
 Rycaut, or Ricaut (re-kd'), Sir Paul. Died in 
 England, Dec. 16, 1700. An English diploma- 
 tist, traveler, and historian. He wrote “Present 
 State of the Ottoman Empire ”(1670) and “His- 
 tory of the Turks 1623-1699” (1680-1700). 
 
 Rvdal (ri'dal). A village in Westmoreland, 
 England, 2 miles north-northwest of Amble- 
 side. It contains Rydal Mount, the home of 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 Ryde (rid). A town and watering-place in the 
 Isle of Wight, England, situated on the north- 
 ern coast 5 mil es south-southwest of Portsmouth. 
 Population, 11,043. 
 
 Rydqvist (rid'kvist), Johan Erik. Born at 
 Gothenburg, Sweden, Oct. 20, 1800: died at 
 Stockholm, Dec. 19, 1877. A Swedish philolo- 
 
 gist and author, chief librarian of the royal li- 
 brary 1858—65. He wrote “ Svenska sprfikets Lagar " 
 (“Laws of the Swedish Language," 1850-74), etc., and ed- 
 ited “ Heimdall,” a literary journal, 1828-32. 
 
 Rye (ri). A former seaport in the county of 
 Sussex, England, situated near the English 
 Channel 53 miles southeast of London. It Is one 
 of the ancient Cinque Ports, and formerly stood directly on 
 the coast, ijfmd has silted up its harbor. Pop., 3,900. 
 
 Rye. A town in Rockingham County, New 
 Hampshire, situated on the Atlantic Ocean di- 
 rectly south of Portsmouth. The summer resort 
 Rye Beach is near it. Population, 1,014, (1910). 
 
 Rye House Plot. In English history, a conspir- 
 acy by some extreme Whigs to kill Charles II. 
 and the Duke of York (James II.), June, 1683. 
 It is so called from Rye House in Hertfordshire, the meet- 
 ing-place of the conspirators. Lord Russell (see JlusseU, 
 William), Algernon Sidney, and Robert Baillie were exe- 
 cuted for alleged complicity. 
 
 Ryle (ril), John Charles. Born May 10, 1816: 
 died June 10, 1900. Bishop of Liverpool. He 
 was educated at Oxford (Christ Church), and in 1880 was 
 appointed bishop of Liverpool. He was the author of nu- 
 merous religious works. 
 
 Rymer (ri'mer), Thomas. Born 1641: died 
 at London, Dec. 14, 1713. A noted English 
 antiquary. He was called to the bar at Gray’s Inn 
 
 June 16, 1673. In 1692 he succeeded Thomas Shadwell as 
 historiographer royal. On Aug. 26, 1693, he began the 
 great “ Foedera,” based on the “Codex Juris Gentium 
 Diplomaticus” of Leibnitz. It is a compilation of all the 
 treaties, conventions, correspondence, and other records 
 relating to the foreign relations of England from 1101 A. D. 
 to his own time. The publication was completed after hie 
 death, in 1735. His critical work was good, but he pro- 
 duced an unsuccessful play, “Edgar, or the English Mon- 
 arch ” (1678). 
 
 Rysdyk’s Hambletonian (10). A bay trotting 
 stallion, foaled about 1849. From him has sprung 
 most of the improved trotting stock of America. He was 
 by Abdallah (1), dam the Charles Kent mare ; Abdallah by 
 Mambrino, dam Amazonia ; and Mambrino by Messenger 
 out of a.thoroughbred mare. The Charles Kent mare was 
 by the imported Norfolk trotter Bellfounder out of One 
 Eye by a son of Messenger. He was thus a cross between 
 the thoroughbred and the partially developed English 
 trotting horse of the day. 
 
 in the province of South Holland, Netherlands, 
 2 miles south-southeast of The Hague, Sept. 21, 
 1697, between France on the one side and Eng- 
 land, the Netherlands, and Spain on the other. 
 France acknowledged William III. as king of England, 
 abandoning the cause of the Stuarts, and restored con- 
 quests in Catalonia and in the Spanish Netherlands (ex- 
 cept certain “reunited ” towns); the Dutch restored Pon- 
 dicherry to the French ; and England and France mutually 
 restored conquests in America. The treaty was ratified by 
 the Empire Oct. 30 : France restored its conquests except 
 those in Alsace ; the Duke of Lorraine had most of his do- 
 minions restored ; and a clause prejudicial to the Protes- 
 tants was inserted, applying to the towns “reunited" by 
 France. 
 
k (sa), Estacio de. Born in 
 Portugal about 1520: ‘died 
 at Sao Sebastiao (Rio de 
 Janeiro), Feb. 20, 1567. A 
 Portuguese captain, nepbew 
 of Mem de S&. In 1564 he was 
 seri against the French Protes- 
 tant colony in Brazil. Aided by 
 his uncle, he founded the city of 
 Rio de Janeiro, March, 1566, but 
 was closely besieged there by the French and Indians, who 
 were defeated only on the arrival of Mem de 84 with rein- 
 forcements. Estacio de S4 died of a wound received in 
 the engagement. 
 
 Set, Mem or Men de. Born at Coimbra, Portu- 
 gal, about 1500 : died at Bahia, Brazil, March 2, 
 1572. Governor-general of Brazil from 1558 
 (appointed 1556). In March, 1660, he took the French 
 fort of Villegagnon in the harbor of Rio de Janeiro, but 
 was unable to dislodge the interlopers from the interior, 
 and they returned after he had left. In 1566 the city of 
 Rio de Janeiro was founded (see Sd, Estacio de), and on 
 Jan. 21, 1567, Mem de 84 completely defeated the French 
 and their Indian allies. He put down several Indian re- 
 volts, and laid the foundations of the future prosperity of 
 the country. 
 
 Saadi. See Sadi. 
 
 Saadia Gaon ( sa-ad 'y a ga-on ' ) . Born at F ayum, 
 Egypt, 892: died 942. A celebrated Jewish 
 exegete, religious philosopher, and apologist. 
 He became gaon (i. e. head of the Talmudic academy) at 
 Sora. He may be considered as the founder of scientific 
 Judaism, and the creator of religious philosophy in the 
 middle ages. He defended Judaism against Karalsm, 
 Christianity, and Islam. Besides his polemical works, he 
 wrote many treatises on the Talmud, composed a Hebrew 
 lexicon (“ Iggaron ”), and translated the Old Testament into 
 Arabic. But his principal work is on the philosophy of 
 religion, written in Arabic “Kitab al-Amanat wa’l Itiqa- 
 dot”; in Hebrew, “Emunoth we-Deoth " (“Faiths and 
 Opinions "), in which he attempts to bring the doctrines 
 of Judaism into a system, and to reconcile them with the 
 philosophy of his time. In his various controversies 
 Saadia displayed not only great learning and clearness of 
 thinking, but also mildness and tolerance. 
 
 Saalach. See Saale, Salzburger. 
 
 Saale (za'le), Franconian. A river in Lower 
 Franconia, Bavaria : the chief right-hand tribu- 
 tary of the Main, which it joins at Gemiinden, 
 21 miles northwest of Wurzburg. Length, 69 
 miles. 
 
 Saale, Salzburger (zalts'borg-er), or Saalach 
 
 (za'lach). A river in Salzburg and Bavaria 
 which joins the Salzach 4 miles northwest of 
 Salzburg. Length, about 70 miles. 
 
 Saale, Saxon or Thiiringian. One of the chief 
 tributaries of the Elbe, it rises in the Fichtelge- 
 birge, Bavaria; traverses Thuringia, Prussian Saxony, and 
 Anhalt, flowing generally north ; and joins the Elbe 19 
 miles southeast of Magdeburg. Its tributaries are the Ilm, 
 Unstrut, Wipper, Bode, and White Elster. Rudolstadt, 
 Jena, Naumburg, Merseburg, and Halle are on its banks. 
 Length, about 225 miles ; navigable from Naumburg. 
 Saalfeld (zal'felt). A town in the duchy 
 of Saxe-Meiningen, Germany, situated on the 
 Saale 24 miles south of Weimar. It has manufac- 
 tures of machinery, etc. It contains the ruined Sorben- 
 burg. On Oct. 10, 1806, a battle occurred in its vicinity 
 between the French and the Prussians, in which the latter 
 . were defeated and Prince Ludwig of Prussia was slain. 
 Population, commune, 13,242. 
 
 Saalfeld. A former duchy of Germany, founded 
 in 1680 by Johann Ernst, youngest son of Duke 
 Ernst the Pious of Gotha, and annexed to Saxe- 
 Meiningen in 1826. 
 
 Saane (za'ne), F. Sarine (sii-ren'). A river 
 in the cantons of Bern, Vaud, and Fribourg, 
 Switzerland. It rises on the borderof Bern and Valais, 
 and joins the Aare 10 miles west by north of Bern. 
 Length, 78 miles. 
 
 Saauen (za'nen). Aformer division of Switzer- 
 land, in the upper valley of the Saane, now 
 divided between Bern and Yaud (the pays d’en- 
 haut). 
 
 Saar (zar), F. Sarre (sar). [L. Saravus or 
 Sarra.'] A river in Alsace-Lorraine and the 
 Rhine Province, which joins the Moselle 5 miles 
 southwest of Treves. In its basin is one of the chief 
 coal-fields of Germany. Length, 130-140 miles. It is 
 navigable from Saargemiind to its mouth. 
 
 Saarbriicken (zar'briik-en), or Saarbriick 
 (zar'briik), F. Sarrebruck (sar-bruk'). A city 
 
 in the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the 
 Saar 38 miles south-southeast of Treves. It is 
 the center of an important and extensive coal-mining dis- 
 trict, and has considerable manufactures. In its vicinity 
 occurred a skirmish, the first action of the Franco-German 
 war, Aug. 2, 1870. Its result was favorable to the French, 
 and it was represented by Napoleon III. as an important 
 victory. Population, commune, 104,390, (1910). 
 
 Saarburg (zar'borG), F. Sarrebourg (sar- 
 bor'). A town in Lorraine, Alsace-Lorraine, 
 situated on the Saar 35 miles west-northwest 
 of Strasburg. It has a ruined castle. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 9,809. 
 
 Saardam. See Zaandam. 
 
 Saargemiind ( zar ' ge-m iin t), F. Sar reguemines 
 (sarg-men'). A town in Lorraine, Alsace-Lor- 
 raine, situated at the junction of the Blies with 
 the Saar, 40 miles east of Metz, it has important 
 manufactures of porcelain, earthenware, faience, majol- 
 ica, plush, and velvet. Population, commune, 14,919. 
 
 Saarlouis (zar-lo'i), F. Sarrelouis (sar-16-e'). 
 Atown in the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated 
 on the Saar 31 miles south by east of Treves. 
 It is an industrial and commercial center, and was one of 
 the strongest border fortresses of Prussia. It was founded 
 by Vauban in 1681 ; granted to France in 1697 ; and ceded 
 to Prussia in 1815. It was the birthplace of Ney. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 14,412. 
 
 SaasgTat. See Mischabelhorner. 
 
 Saasthal (sas'tal). An Alpine valley in the 
 canton of Valais, Switzerland, south-southwest 
 of Brieg : traversed by the Saaser Visp. 
 
 Saati (sa'te). A height west of Massowah, 
 eastern Africa, occupied by the Italians in 1885 
 as a military post. 
 
 Saavedra (sa-a-va'THra), Angel de, Duke of 
 Rivas. Born at Cordova, Spain, March 1, 1791 : 
 died at Madrid, 1865. A Spanish poet, politi- 
 cian, and diplomatist. He was twice exiled. Among 
 his works are the tragedies “Lanuza” and “Don Alvaro" 
 (1835), the epic “ Florinda," the narrative poem “ El moro 
 expdsito ” (1834), etc. 
 
 Saavedra, Cervantes. See Cervantes. 
 Saavedra y Faxardo (e fa-Har'do), Diego. 
 Born in the province of Murcia, Spain, May 6, 
 1584 : died at Madrid, Aug. 24, 1648. A Spanish 
 diplomatist and author. His chief works are 
 “ Empresas politicas” (1640) and “ Reptiblica 
 literaria” (1655). 
 
 Saaz (zats), Bohem. Zatec (zha'tets). Atown in 
 northwestern Bohemia, situated on the Eger 43 
 miles northwest of Prague : the center of an im- 
 portant hop-growing district. It was formerly 
 aHussite stronghold. Population, 17, 117, (1910). 
 Saba (sa'ba), or Sabea (sa-be'a). A former 
 kingdom in Yemen, southwestern Arabia ; also, 
 its chief city. See Sheba. 
 
 Saba (sa'ba). A small island in the Lesser An- 
 tilles, West Indies, situated northwest of St. 
 Christopher’s, in lat. 17° 39' N., long. 63° 15' 
 W. It belongs to the Dutch. Population, about 
 2 , 000 . 
 
 Sabaco (sab'a-ko), or Shabaka (sha'ba-ka). 
 The first of the recognized monarchs of the 25th 
 or Ethiopian dynasty of Manetho : a native of 
 Akesh, in Kush or Ethiopia. He is mentioned by 
 Herodotus. He retired from Egypt in consequence of a 
 dream. The death of an Apis at the Serapeum is recorded 
 in the second year of his reign, and his name is found on 
 the monuments of Karnak. He concluded a treaty with one 
 of the Assyrian monarchs, and the seal which was attached 
 to it was found in the archives of Kuyunjik, the ancient 
 Nineveh. His reign is supposed to have lasted eight years. 
 Birch. 
 
 Herodotus mentions only one Sabaco, but the monu- 
 ments and Manetho notice two, the Sabakdn and Sebi- 
 chfis (SevCchos) of Manetho, called Shebek in the hiero- 
 glyphics. One of these is the same as So (Sav4), the con- 
 temporary of Hosea, King of Israel, who is said (in 2 Kings 
 xvii. 4) to have made a treaty with the King of Egypt, and 
 to have refused the annual tribute to Shalmaneser, King 
 of Assyria. Rawlinson, Herod., II. 216, note. 
 
 Sabah. Same as British North Borneo. 
 Sabako. See Sabaco. 
 
 Sabanilla. See Savanilla. 
 
 Sabari (sa-ba-ra/). A town in the state of 
 Minas Geraes, Brazil, situated on the Rio das 
 Velhas, about lat. 19° 54' S., long. 44° 21' W. 
 Population, municipio, 51,187. 
 
 877 
 
 Sabazius (sa-ba'zhi-us). A Phrygian god of 
 nature, by the Greeks partially identified with 
 Zeus and with Dionysus. His worship, which was 
 orgiastic, was closely connected with that of Cybele and 
 Attis. It was introduced into Rome, and flourished 
 throughout Italy, especially in the latest pagan times. 
 His symbol was the snake. 
 
 Sabbatai-Zevi (sab-ba-ti'ze-ve'). Born in Smyr- 
 na (Asia Minor), 1626 : died 1676. A Hebrew im- 
 postor. When 20 years old he proclaimed himself the 
 Messiah, and, favored by the mystical tendencies of the 
 time and the oppression under which the Jews were suf- 
 fering, obtained a great following among the Eastern Jews, 
 notwithstanding the opposition and anathemas of the most 
 prominent rabbis. When he arrived with his followers in 
 Constantinople, he was seized by Sultan Mohammed IV. 
 and put into prison. The false prophet then embraced 
 Islam, but the movement which he started lasted for many 
 years. 
 
 Sabbatians (sa-ba'tianz). A Novatian sect of 
 the 4th century, followers of Sabbatius, who 
 adopted the Quartodeciman rule. Also Saba- 
 thians, Sabbatliaists, Sabbathians. 
 
 Sabbioneta (sab-be-6-na'ta). A town in the 
 province of Mantua, Italy, 19 miles southwest 
 of Mantua. It was the chief town of a former princi- 
 pality of Sabbioneta. Population, commune, 6,859. 
 Sabeans (sa-be'anz). 1. Members of some ob- 
 scure tribes mentioned in the authorized ver- 
 sion of the Bible, and regarded as the descen- 
 dants (a) of Seba, son of Cush; (b) of Seba, son 
 ofRaamah; or(e)of Sheba, son of Joktan. Also 
 Sabseans. — 2. The natives or inhabitants of that 
 part of Arabia now called Yemen, the chief city 
 of which was Saba. The Sabeans were extensive mer- 
 chants of Bpices, perfumes, precious stones, etc., which 
 they imported from India. 
 
 Sabellians (sa-bel'i-anz). 1. A primitive Ital- 
 ian people which included the Sabines, Sam- 
 nites, Lucanians, etc. — 2. Followers of Sabel- 
 lius, a philosopher of the 3d century. Sabellianism 
 arose out of an attempt to explain the doctrine of the 
 Trinity on philosophical principles. It agrees with ortho- 
 dox Trinitarianism in denying the subordination of the 
 Son to the Father, and in recognizing the divinity mani- 
 fested in Christ as the absolute deity ; it differs therefrom 
 in denying the real personality of the Son, and in recog- 
 nizing in the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit not a real and 
 eternal Trinity, but one only temporal and modalistic. 
 According to Sabellianism, with the cessation of the mani- 
 festation of Christ in time the Son also ceases to be the 
 Son. It is nearly allied to Modalism. 
 
 Sabellius (sa-bel'i-us). Lived at the end of the 
 2d and the beginning of the 3d century a. d. A 
 Roman presbyter, founder of the Sabellians. He 
 was excommunicated by Bishop Callistus. 
 Sabians (sa'bi-anz). See Mandseans. 
 
 Sabina (sa-be'nk), La. A mountainous region 
 north-northeast of Rome. 
 
 Sabina, Poppaea. See Poppsea Sabina. 
 
 Sabine (sa-ben'). A river in eastern Texas, and 
 on the boundary between Louisiana and Texas. 
 It flows into the Gulf of Mexico through Sabine 
 Lake and Sabine Pass. Length, about 500 miles. 
 Sabino (sab'in), Sir Edward. Born at Dublin, 
 Oct. 14, 1788 : died at Richmond, June 26, 1883. 
 A British astronomer and physicist. He obtained 
 a commission in the artillery in 1803; accompanied Ross 
 and Parry as astronomer in the arctic expeditions of 
 1818-20 ; and was president of the British Association in 
 1852, and of the Royal Society 1861-71. lie published a 
 number of v'lluable papers pertaining to terrestrial mag* 
 netism in the “Philosophical Transactions.” 
 
 Sabine (sa'bin), Lorenzo. Born at Lisbon, 
 N. H., Feb. 28, 1803 : died April 14, 1877. An 
 American author and politician, Whig member 
 of Congress from Massachusetts 1852-53. His 
 works include a “ Life of Preble ” (1847), “ Biographical 
 Sketches of the Loyalists of the American Revolution ” 
 (1847), etc. 
 
 Sabine Cross-Roads (sa-ben' kros'rodz). A 
 place in Mansfield, De Soto parish, northwest- 
 ern Louisiana, where, April 8, 1864, the Confed- 
 erates under Taylor defeated the Federals un- 
 der Banks. 
 
 Sabine Lake. An expansion of the river Sa- 
 bine, on the boundary between Louisiana and 
 Texas, near the Gulf of Mexico. Length, about 
 18 miles. 
 
 Sabine (sa'bin) Mountains. A range of moun- 
 tains east of Rome, near the eastern border of 
 
Sabine Mountains 
 
 Latium. It is a branch of the Apennines. Its 
 highest point is about 4,200 feet. 
 
 Sabine Pass (sa-ben' pas). A short and narrow 
 passage connecting Sabine Lake with the Gulf 
 of Mexico. 
 
 Sabines (sa'binz), L. Sabini (sa-bi'ni). In an- 
 cient history, a people of central Italy, who 
 lived chiefly in the mountains north-northeast 
 of Rome. They were allied to the Umbrians and Oscans, 
 and the Samnites were descended from them. They formed 
 an important element in the composition of the Roman 
 people. The rape of the Sabine women is a notable inci- 
 dent in the legendary history of early Rome. Romulus, 
 finding difficulty in obtaining wives for the men who had 
 gathered around him in his new city, is said to have in- 
 vited the neighboring tribes to a celebration of games, 
 and the Roman youths took occasion to carry off a num- 
 ber of the Sabine virgins. The chief town of the Sabines 
 was Reate (now Rieti). They were subjugated by the Ro- 
 mans about 290 B. c. 
 
 Sabines, Rape of the. See Rape of tl>e Sabines. 
 Sabinum (sa-bi'num). The country villa of 
 Horace, situated not far from Tivoli: celebrated 
 in his poetry. 
 
 Sabis (sa'bis). The ancient name of the Sambre. 
 Sabl6 (sa-bla/). A town in the department of 
 Sarthe, France, situated on the Sarthe 27 miles 
 southwest of Le Mans. In its vicinity are quarries 
 of black marble. Population, commune, 5,520. 
 
 Sable (sa'bl), Cape. [F. sable, sand.] 1. The 
 southwesternmost extremity of Nova Scotia, in 
 lat. 43° 23' N., long. 65° 37' W.— 2. The south- 
 ernmost point of the mainland of Florida and 
 of the United States, in lat. 25° 8' N. 
 
 Sable Island. [F.sa&fe, sand.] A sandy island 
 southeast of Nova Scotia, to which it belongs: 
 lat. of eastern lighthouse 43° 58' N., long. 59° 
 46' W. It is surrounded by shoals and sand- 
 banks. Length, about 45 miles. 
 
 Sables d’Olonne (sa'bl do-lon'), Les. Aseaport 
 in the department of Vendfie, France, situated 
 on the Bay of Biscay 21 miles southwest of La- 
 Roche-Sur-Yon. It has considerable trade and impor- 
 tant fisheries ; it is a summer watering-place. Population, 
 commune, 12,673. 
 
 Sabra (sa'brti). In the ancient ballads of “St. 
 George and the Dragon,” the maiden for whom 
 the knight slew the dragon, and whom he after- 
 ward married. 
 
 Sabrina (sa-bri'na). The Roman name of the 
 river Severn. 
 
 Sabrina. The legendary daughter of Loerine. 
 She was drowned in the river Severn (Savarina, Sabrina), 
 with her mother, by Locrine's enraged widow, and became 
 its nymph. Milton introduces her in “Comus,”and Drayton 
 in the “Polyolbion " and Fletcher in “The Faithful Shep- 
 herdess ” relate her transformation. 
 
 Sabrina (sa-bre'na). A temporary island formed 
 by volcanic eruptions near the coast of St. Mi- 
 chael, Azores, in June, 1811. It disappeared 
 July-Oct., 1811. 
 
 Sabrina Land. [Named by its discoverer, Bal- 
 leny, captain of an English whaler, from a vessel 
 which accompanied him.] A region in the Ant- 
 arctic Ocean, about lat. 66° S., long. 120° E. 
 Sac, Sauk (sak). [PI., also Sacs, Saules.'] A 
 tribe of North American Indians whose earliest 
 known habitat was in the eastern peninsula 
 of Michigan and who settled iu northern Wis- 
 consin. They united with the Fox tribe, and about 
 1765 took possessibn of the land on both sides of the Mis- 
 sissippi River, conquered from the Illinois. In 1810 they 
 held a large territory in Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, and 
 Missouri. They fought against the United States in 1812, 
 and in 1832 a part of the tribe, led by Black Hawk, rebelled, 
 and was defeated and removed. Most of them are now 
 in Oklahoma, their whole number, together with the 
 Foxes, being somewhat more than 1,000. Their name, 
 properly Osagi, has been translated as ‘people at the 
 mouth of a liver,’ referring to their early habitat. 
 
 Sacsa (sa'se). Iu ancient history, a nomadic 
 people dwelling in Central Asia near the sources 
 of the Oxus and the Jaxartes. 
 
 Sacapa. See Zacapa. 
 
 Sacaza (sa-ka'tha), Roberto. Born at Leon, 
 Feb. 27, 1840. A Nicaraguan politician. He was 
 a senator, and when President Carazo died (Aug., 1889) 
 was chosen by lot, according to the constitution, to suc- 
 ceed him ad interim. By (alleged) arbitrary measures he 
 obtained the position of constitutional president for four 
 years in the election of Nov., 1890. He was overthrown 
 by a revolution, May, 1893, and went to New York. 
 
 Saccas. See Ammonias. 
 
 Saccharissa (sak-a-ris'ii). A lady celebrated by 
 Waller in his poems : she was 'Lady Dorothy 
 Sydney. 
 
 Sacer Mons. See Sacred Mount. 
 
 Sacheverell (sa-sbev'e-rel), Henry. Born at 
 Marlborough, England, about 1074: died at 
 London, June 5, 1724. A clergyman and Tory 
 politician. He studied at Magdalen college, Oxford, 
 and was associated there with Addison, with” whom he 
 6hared his rooms. Ho came into notice as preacher of St. 
 
 878 
 
 Saviour’s, Southwark. For two sermons criticizing the 
 Whig ministry, preached Aug. 15 and Nov. 5, 1709, he 
 was prosecuted at the instigation of Godolphin, and March 
 .23, 1710, suspended for three years. He was reinstated by 
 -She Tory ministry, April 13, 1713. 
 
 Sachs (zaks), Hans. Born at Nuremberg, Nov. 
 5, 1494: died there, Jan. 19, 1576. A German 
 poet, the most celebrated of the mastersingers, 
 SO called. His father, a tailor, sent him to the Latin 
 school, which he left in his fifteenth year to become a 
 shoemaker. Two years later, as a journeyman of his trade, 
 he wandered through Germany, studying, when the op- 
 portunity presented itself in the larger cities, the art of 
 mastersong. Four years afterward, in 1515, he returned 
 to Nuremberg, where he married, in 1519, and where he 
 died. He was a most prolific writer. From 1514, when he 
 began to write, to 1567 he had by his own computation 
 composed 4,275 mastersongs, 208 dramas, 1,558 narratives, 
 fables, allegories, aud the like, and 7 prose dialogues — in 
 all 6,048 works, a number that was considerably increased 
 in the succeeding two years of his literary activity. His 
 dramas are tragedies, comedies, and carnival plays. Among 
 them are his first tragedies “ Lucretia ” (1527) and “Vir- 
 ginia ” (1530), and the later ones "Julian der Abtriin- 
 nige” (“Julian the Apostate”), “Melusine,” “Klytem- 
 nestra,” "Hiirnen Seyfried” (“The Horned Siegfri d," 
 1557); the comedy “Die ungleiclieti Kinder Eva” (“The 
 Unlike Children of Eve,” 1553); the carnival play “Das 
 Narrenschneiden." In the Reformation he arrayed him- 
 self on the side of Luther, in praise of whom In wrot in 
 1523, his “ Wittenbergisch Nachtigall(“ Wittenberg Night- 
 ingale ’’); from 1524 are 4 prose dialogues counseling mod- 
 eration in the religious strife. His literary materi d is 
 drawn from all available sources of the time: he makes use 
 of the Bible, of ancient history, legends, popular tales, and 
 folk-books. He was a real poet, and bis influence upon 
 German literature has been lasting. A selection from his 
 works, “Dichtungen von Hans Sachs,” was publish d at 
 Leipsic, 1870-71, in 3 vols A new edition of the original 
 one by Hans Sachs himself, has been published at Tubin- 
 gen, 1870-80, in 12 vols. 
 
 Sachsen (zak'sen). The German name of 
 Saxony. 
 
 Sachsenchronik (zak'sen-kro // nik). [‘ Saxon 
 Chronicle.’] A universal history, written origi- 
 nally in Low German in the middle of the 13th 
 century. It was attributed to Eike von Rep- 
 gowe. Also called “Repgauische Chronik.” 
 Sachsenhausen (zak'sen-hou-zen_). That part 
 of Frankfort-on-the-Main which lies on the left 
 bank of the Main. 
 
 Sachsenland. See Saxonland. 
 Sachsenspiegel (za,k'sen-spe // "ol). [G., ‘ Saxon 
 Mirror.’] A German book of Taw, composed by 
 Eike von Repgowe about 1230 : widely influen- 
 tial in northern Germany and neighboring lands 
 down to modern times. It was written in Latin, and 
 was soon translated into German. It gives a summary of 
 the laws of northern Germany, especially of the duchy of 
 Saxony. 
 
 Sacile (sa-che'le). [ML. Sacilum.] A town in 
 the province of Udine, Italy, situated on the 
 Livenza 38 miles north by east of Venice, it be- 
 longed to the republic of Venice 1420-1797. In its vicinity, 
 in 1809, a victory was gained by the Austrians under the 
 archduke John over the French under Eugene de Beau- 
 harnais. Population, commune, 24,582. 
 
 Sack (zak), Karl Heinrich. Born at Berlin, 
 Oct. 17, 1790 : died at Poppelsdorf, near Bonn, 
 Prussia, Oct. 16, 1875. A German Protestant 
 theologian. He was professor of theology (1818-47) and 
 preacher (1819-34) at Bonn, and consistorial councilor at 
 Magdeburg (1847-75). He wrote “ Christliche Apologetik ” 
 (1829), “Christliche Polemik" (1838), etc. 
 
 Sackanoir. See Lakmiut. 
 
 Sackarson (sak'ar-son). The name of a famous 
 performing bear in Shakspere’s time, slender 
 mentions him to Anne Page, and there are other refer- 
 ences to him. 
 
 Sackatoo. See Sokoto. 
 
 Sacken, Osten-. See Osten-Sacken. 
 
 Sackett’s Harbor (sak'ets har'bor). A lake 
 port of Jefferson County, New York, situated 
 on an arm of Lake Ontario 63 miles north of 
 Syracuse. It was formerly an important naval station. 
 Here, in May, 1813, the Americ ns under Brown repulsed 
 an attack of the British under Prevost. 
 
 Sack of Venezuela, Sp. Saco de Venezuela. 
 
 A name often given to Lake Maracaibo, from 
 its sack-shaped outline. 
 
 Sackville (sak'vil). The family name of the 
 English noble family of Dorset. 
 
 Sackville, G-eorge, Viscount Sackville. See 
 Germain. 
 
 Sackville, Thomas. Born at Buckhurst, Sus- 
 sex, 1536: died at London, April 19, 1608. An 
 English poet. He entered the Inner Temple, and 
 was called to the bar. He was for many years one of 
 Elizabeth's chief councilors, holding high office. He was 
 made Lord Buckhurst in 1567, and earl of Dorset at the 
 accession of James I. Ilis poems were the models for 
 some of Spenser’s best work, and his induction to the 
 “Mirror for Magistrates" is the best part of that book. 
 He wrote wi th N orton the tragedy of “Gorboduc." 
 
 Sacliville-West (sak'vil-west'), Lionel Sack- 
 ville, second Baron Sackville. Born July 
 19, 1827 : died Sept. 3, 1908. An English diplo- 
 matist, minister to the United States 1881-88. 
 
 Sacred Way 
 
 He received his passports from President Cleveland in 
 1888 for having written, in answer to a correspondent who 
 represented himself as a naturalized citizen of English 
 birth in search of advice, a letter in which he recommended 
 the inquirer to vote the Democratic ticket as favorable to 
 British interests. The incident occurred during the pres- 
 idential canvass. 
 
 Saco (sa'ko). A river in New Hampshire and 
 Maine? It rises in the White Mountains, traverses the 
 White Mountain Notch, and flows into the ocean 14 miles 
 southwest of Portland. Length, about 160 miles. 
 
 Saco. A city in York County, Maine, situated 
 on the Saco near its mouth, opposite Biddeford, 
 16 miles southwest of Portland. It has coast- 
 ing trade, cotton manufactures, etc. Popula- 
 tion, 6,583, (1910). 
 
 Saco (sa'ko), Jose Antonio. Bora at Bayamo, 
 May 7, 1797 : died at Barcelona, Spain, Sept. 
 26, 1879. A Cuban publicist and author. Part 
 
 of his life was spent in exile for political reasons : he was 
 several times deputy to the Spanish Cortes. Saco is best 
 known for his important works on the history and effects 
 of Slav cry. 
 
 Saco Bay. A small indentation on the coast of 
 Maine, near the mouth of the Saco River. 
 
 Sacramento (sak-ra-men'to). [Sp., ‘sacra- 
 ment.’] The largest river in California, its 
 longest hear stream, the Pitt River, or Upper Sacramento, 
 rises in Goose Lake on the Oregon frontier. The Sacra- 
 mento proper rises on the slope of Mount Shasta, flows 
 gen -ally south, enters Suisun Bay, and through San Fran- 
 cisco Bay enters the Pacific. Length, nearly 600 miles. 
 
 Sacramento, or Sacramento City. A city, the 
 capital of California and of Sacramento County, 
 situated at the junction of the American and 
 Sacramento rivers, in lat. 38° 33' N., long. 121° 
 2b' W. It is the fourth city in the State, exports fruit, 
 has extensive manufactures, and is a railway center. Its 
 chief building is the State capitol. Sacramento was set- 
 tled by J. A. Sutter in 1841. Gold was discovered in the 
 neighborhood in 1848. It became the capital in 1854, and 
 was made a city in 1863. It has been several times de- 
 vastated by floods. Population, 44,696, (1910). 
 
 Sacred and Profane Love. A painting by 
 Titian, in the Palazzo Borghese, Rome. The 
 scene is a garden. By a fountain sit two women, one nude, 
 the other richly dressed. The former turns her head to 
 see Cupid playing in the water ; the latter turns her back 
 on Love. 
 
 Sacred Band, The. 1. A band of 300 Thebans 
 formed to take part in the wars of the 4th cen- 
 tury B. C. against Sparta. It was especially distin- 
 guished at Leuctra in 371 B. c., and was destroyed at Chae- 
 ronea in 338 B. c. 
 
 2. A company of several hundred Greeks, 
 formed in 1821 by Alexander Ypsilanti for ser- 
 vice in the Danubian Principalities against the 
 Turks. It was destroyed in the battle of Dragat- 
 chan in 1821. 
 
 Sacred Mount, L. Mons Sacer. A hill 3 miles 
 northeast of Rome, beyond the Anio. it is noted 
 in Roman history as the place of temporary emigrations of 
 the plebeians, undertaken in order to extort civil privi- 
 leges. The first (494 (?) B. C.) led to the establishment 
 of the tribunate : the second (449 B. c.) resulted in the 
 abolition of the decemvirate. 
 
 Sacred Nine, The. The Muses. 
 
 Sacred Wars. In Greek history, wars under- 
 taken by members of the Amphictyonic League 
 in defense of the shrine of Delphi. There were 
 four of these wars. (1) In 600-590 B. C. (596-586?): the Am- 
 phictyons overthrew Crissa and Cirrlia. (2) About 448 B. c. : 
 Athens aided the Phocians in recovering Delphi. (3) In 
 357-346 B. c. : the Phocians, at first successful against the 
 Thebans, Locrians, etc., were overthrown by the aid of 
 Philip of Macedon, who joined the allies in 352 ; Phocis 
 was replaced by Philip in the League. (4) In 339-338 b. c. : 
 the Amphietyons appointed Philip to punish the Locrians 
 of Amphissa for sacrilege; his successes led to the union 
 of Athens and Thebes against him and their defeat at 
 Chseronea in 338. 
 
 Sacred Way. 1 . The ancient road from Athens 
 to Eleusis, starting at the Dipylon Gate and 
 traversing the Pass of Daphne. Over it passed 
 every autumn from Athens the solemn procession for the 
 celebration in the shrine of the great Eleusinian sanctuary 
 of the mysteries in honor of Demeter, Persephone, and 
 facchus. For almost its whole length it was bordered 
 with tombs, chapels, and even more important founda- 
 tions. At the outset of the road a number of the tombs 
 remain in place, practically uninjured. (See Ceramicus.) 
 Further along the modern road to Eleusis, whose line is 
 almost identical with that of the Sacred Way, many archi- 
 te< tural fragments are still visible, aud some can be iden- 
 tined from the descriptions of Pausanias. In the middle 
 of the Jass of Daphne rises beside the road a monastery 
 which exhibits, in contrast with its Byzantine architecture, 
 some remnants of French Pointed work. It was founded 
 by the French dukes of Athens, and contains their tombs, 
 ut occupies the site of a temple to Apollo. Further on, 
 toward the Cay of Salamis, there are considerable remains 
 of a sanctuary to Aphrodite. 
 
 2. [L. Via Sacra.] The first, street of ancient 
 Rome to be established on the low ground be- 
 neath the li ills. It had its name either because on its 
 line, according to tradit ion, Romulus made his treaty with 
 the Sabine chief Tatius, or because on it lay several of 
 the oldest and most revered sanctuaries of Rome, as the 
 temple of Vesta and the Regia. It began at the Clivus 
 Capitolinus at the eastern end of the Forum Romanum, 
 
Sacred Way 
 
 and ran along the southern side of the Forum, past the 
 Basilica Julia and the temple of Castor and Pollux ; then 
 it turned at right angles and crossed the Forum, and 
 turned again to skirt the northern side of the temple 
 of Julius Caesar. It continued in front of the temple of 
 Antoninus and Faustina and the basilica of Constantine 
 to the arch of Titus. Under the empire it was extended 
 hence past the Colosseum to a point on the Esquiline. 
 The lava pavement of the Via Sacra, as it now exists, is 
 almost all late in date ; and it is probable that the course 
 of the Sacred Way was slightly altered from time to time 
 to meet architectural exigencies. 
 
 Sacrificial Stone. The stone on which human 
 victims were sacrificed before the war-god 
 Huitzilopochtli, in the principal Aztec temple 
 at Mexico. It was dug up near the site of the temple 
 in 1791, and is now in the Mexican national museum. 
 The stone is disk-shaped, 8J feet in diameter and 2J 
 feet thick. The sides are covered with elaborate sculp- 
 tures. 
 
 Sacripant (sak'ri-pant). 1. A character in the 
 “Orlando Innamorato” of Boiardo and the 
 “Orlando Furioso ” of Ariosto. — 2. A charac- 
 ter in Tasso’s “ Secchia Rapita.” 
 
 Sacriportus (sak-ri-por'tus). In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a locality in Latium, Italy, near Pra3- 
 neste. Here, in 82 B. c., Sulla decisively de- 
 feated the forces of the younger Marius. 
 Sacsahuaman (sak-sa-wa'man). A hill and 
 ancient fortress northwest ef and overlooking 
 the city of Cuzco, Peru. The hill is a terrace 
 of higher mountains, and is so steep as to be 
 practically unassailable on the side toward the 
 city, where it is but slightly defended. The 
 principal works face the other way, inclosing a 
 projecting portion of the terrace. They consist 
 of three walls, each 1,800 feet long, lising one Dehind the 
 other and supporting artificial terraces, which were de- 
 fended by parapets. The walls are built with salient and 
 reentering angles, thus embodying a principle of modern 
 fortification ; counting from the outer one, they are re- 
 spectively 27, 18, and 14 feet high. They are formed of 
 immense irregular limestone blocks, fitted together with 
 great skill (see the quotation) : some of these were evi- 
 dently taken from quanies three quarters of a mile distant. 
 There are subsidiary structures, andtheplace wasartificially 
 supplied with water. These works are commonly called 
 the fortress of the Incas or of Cuzco. Garcilasso (followed 
 by Squier) says that they were built by the later Incas, 
 and even names the engineer. When Inca Manco besieged 
 the Spaniards in Cuzco (April, 1536), he seized this fortress, 
 and the Indians were dislodged only after a fierce battle. 
 
 The work is altogether without doubt the grandest 
 specimen of the style called cyclopeau extant in America. 
 The outer wall, as I have said, is heaviest. Each Balient 
 terminates in an immense block of stone, sometimes as 
 high as the terrace which it supports, but generally sus- 
 taining one or more great 6tones only less in size than it- 
 self. One of these stones is 27 feet high, 14 broad, and 12 
 in thickness. Stones of 15 feet in length, 12 in width, and 
 10 in thickness are common in the outer walls. They are 
 all slightly bevelled on the face, and near the joints cham- 
 fered down sharply to the contiguous faces. The joints 
 . . . are not now, if they ever were, so perfect as repre- 
 sented by the chroniclers. E. G. Squier, Peru, p. 471. 
 
 Sacy (sa-se'), Baron Silvestre de (Antoine 
 Isaac Silvestre). Born at Paris, Sept- 21, 1758 : 
 died at Paris, Feb. 21, 1838. A French Orien- 
 talist. He became professor of Persian at the College 
 de France in 1806. He was the founder of the European 
 study of Arabic. Among his works are “Grammaire arabe ” 
 (1810), “Chrestomathie arabe” (1806 : revised ed. 1826-31), 
 “ Principes de la grammaire g6n£rale ” (1799), etc. 
 
 Sacy, Samuel Ustazade Silvestre de. Born 
 at Paris, Oct. 17, 1801: died Feb. 14, 1879. A 
 French publicist and miscellaneous writer, son 
 of Baron Silvestre de Sacy. 
 
 Sad (sad). [Ar. sa’d, a lucky star.] The name 
 given on some maps to the third-magnitude 
 star t] Pegasi. The full name is Sad-mator. 
 
 S& da Bandeira (sa da ban-da'ra), Bernardo 
 de. Born at Santarem, Portugal, Sept. 26, 
 1795: died Jan. 6, 1876. A Portuguese politi- 
 cian and general. He took part in the insurrections 
 of 1820 and 1846 ; was several times minister (of war or of 
 marine); and was premier 1865, 1868-69, and 1870. 
 Sadachbiah (sad-ak-be'ya). [Ar. sa'd-al-ah- 
 biya, the lucky (star) of the hidden creatures — 
 “ because when it appears the earthworms creep 
 out of their holes” (Smyth). ] The fourth-mag- 
 nitude star y Aquarii. 
 
 Sadah (se-de'). The name of the tenth day of 
 the month Bahman: a fire festival on which 
 the Persian kings lighted fires and attached 
 burning wisps to the feet of birds. Firdausi as- 
 cribes the festival and its name to Hushang, the king who 
 struck a spark in hurling a stone at a demon, and so dis- 
 covered fire. 
 
 Sadalmelik ( sad-al-mel'ik). [Ar. sa' d-apmelik, 
 the lucky (star) of the king.] The third-mag- 
 nitude star a Aquarii. 
 
 Sadalsuud (sad-al-s5-od' or sad-al-sod'). [Ar. 
 sa'd-as-m'iul, the luckiest of the lucky.] The 
 third-magnitude star /? Aquarii. 
 
 Sadatoni (sad-a-to'ni). [Ar., corrupted from 
 dhdt-al-’indn.'] The fourth-magnitude star f Au- 
 riga. 
 
 879 
 
 Saddleback (sad'l-hak). A mountain in Cum- 
 berland, England, 5 miles northeast of Keswick. 
 Height, 2,847 feet. a 
 
 Saddleback Mountain. A mountain in Frank- 
 lin County, western Maine. Height, about 4,000 
 feet. 
 
 Saddle (sad'l) Mountain, A mountain of the 
 Taconic range in Berkshire County, northwest- 
 ern Massachusetts. Its chief peak (Greyloek) 
 is 3,535 feet high. 
 
 Sadducees (sad'u-sez). A religious and political 
 party in Judea in the last centuries of its exis- 
 tence as a Jewish state. They were the rivals of the 
 Pharisees. The name is probably derived from Zadok, one 
 of the leaders of the party. The Sadducees were recruited 
 from among the aristocracy and the wealthy class, and 
 formed the following of the Hasmonean princes. From 
 them the officers of the state and army were taken. Con- 
 trary to the Pharisees, they placed secular interests above 
 those of religion. They did not absolutely reject the tra- 
 dition and the oral law, but considered only the ordinances 
 which appeared clearly expressed in the Pentateuch as 
 binding, regarding the traditional precepts as subordinate. 
 In like manner they did not exactly deny the immortality 
 of the soul, but repudiated the idea of judgment after 
 death. Owin*-to this tenet and to their literal interpreta- 
 tion of the Mosaic code, they were very rigorous in the 
 administration of justice. In the last struggle of Judea 
 for independence, the Sadducees mostly sided with Home. 
 After the fall of Jerusalem, they vanish from history. 
 
 Sa de Miranda (sa de me-ran'dfi), Francisco 
 de. Born at Coimbra, Portugal, Oct. 27, 1495 : 
 died at Coimbra, March 15, 1558. A Portuguese 
 and Spanish poet, writer of comedies, bucolics, 
 and epistles. 
 
 Sad Fortunes of the Reverend Amos Barton, 
 The. A story by George Eliot, it first appeared 
 in “Blackwood's Magazine ,y for Jan. and Feb.. 1857, and 
 was afterward Included in “Scenes of Clerical Life." 
 Sadi (sa'de). [Pers. $a'dh] One of the most 
 celebrated Persian poets. His real name was Shaikh 
 Muslihu-'d-Din, Sadi being a nom de plume said to be 
 taken from the king Sad ben Zangi, and so meaning ‘the 
 Sadyan.’ He was born and died at Shiraz, and lived, it is 
 said, 1190-1291 A. D.; but there is great uncertainty as to 
 these dates, as also with regard to many statements con- 
 cerning his life. He is said to have been educated at 
 Bagdad, to have made the pilgrimage to Mecca 15 times, 
 and to have traveled in parts of Europe and in all the coun- 
 tries between Barbary and India. When near Jerusalem 
 he was captured by the Crusaders and forced to work 
 upon the fortifications of Tripoli, but was ransomed by 
 a citizen of Aleppo, sometimes described as a chief, some- 
 times as a merchant, who married him to a beautiful but 
 termagant daughter. After her death he married again 
 and unhappily. His son and daughter were children of 
 the first wife. The son died in infancy; the daughter 
 lived to become the wife of the poet Hafiz. Sadi is hon- 
 ored as a saint, and his tomb near Shiraz is still visited. 
 He wrote many works in both prose and verse and in both 
 Arabic and Persian, and Garcin de Tassy declares that he 
 was the first poet who wrote in Hindustani. Among his 
 writings are a divan, or collection of odes, the “ Gulistan ” 
 (“ Rose-Garden ’’), “Bustan" (“Flower-Garden "), and 
 “Pandnamah,” or “Book of Counsel." (See Gulistan.) 
 Elegance, simplicity, and wit are Sadi’s chief merits. The 
 first complete edition of his works was that of Harrington 
 (Calcutta, 1791-95). The “Gulistan," first edited with a 
 Latin translation by Gentius (Amsterdam, 1651), has been 
 translated into English by Eastwick in Triibner’s Oriental 
 Series ; the “ Bustan ” by Davie (London, 1882). 
 Sadi-Carnot. See Carnot , Marie Francois Sadi. 
 Sadir (sa'der), or Sad’r (sa'dr). [Ar. al-sadr, 
 the breast.] The second-magnitude star yCygni. 
 Sadira (sad'e-ra). [Ar. al-na’aim al-cddirah, 
 the ostrich returning from water (with refer- 
 ence to an old Oriental constellation).] The 
 second-magnitude star a Sagittarii. it is now 
 probably much brighter than when Bayer assigned the 
 Greek letters to ihe stars of this constellation. 
 
 Sadler (sad'ler), Sir Ralph. Born at Hack- 
 ney, 1507 : died at Standon, Herts, England, 
 May 30, 1587. An English statesman, while a 
 child he entered the service of Thomas Cromwell, earl of 
 Essex. Essex introduced him to the notice of Henry VIII., 
 whom he assisted in the dissolution of the monasteries. 
 He visited Scotland 1537-40, and in 1542 was sent to nego- 
 tiate a marriage between Edward, prince of Wales, and 
 the young queen Mary of Scotland. He was knighted in 
 1542. In 1547 he was appointed by Henry’s will a councilor 
 to the 10 nobles, guardians of Edward VI. During the reign 
 of Mary he lived retired at Standon. On the accession of 
 Elizabeth (1558) he became one of Cecil’s most trusted 
 agents. In 1583-84 he was keeper of Mary Queen of Scots 
 at Wingfield Castle. The letters and negotiations of Sir 
 Ralph Sadler were published in 1720, and by Sir Walter 
 Scott in 1809. 
 
 Sado (sa'do). An island of Japan, west of the 
 main island, in the Sea of Japan, in lat. 38° N. 
 Length, 57 miles. 
 
 Sadowa(sa'do-va). A village nearKoniggriitz, 
 Bohemia. Its name is frequently given to the battle 
 commonly known as the battle of Koniggratz (which 
 see). 
 
 Sad Shepherd, The. A pastoral drama by Ben 
 Jonson, published posthumously in 1641. It is a 
 tale of Robin Hood, and was left unfinished. It was fin- 
 ished by F. G. Waldron in 1783. 
 
 S& e Benevides (sit e be-ne-ve'des), Salvador 
 Correa de. Born at Rio de J aneiro, 1594 : died 
 at Lisbon, Jan. 1, 1688. A Portuguese soldier 
 
 Sage of Monticello, The 
 
 and administrator. He was prominent in the wars 
 with the Dutch and Indians in Brazil; governed the cap- 
 taincy of Rio de Janeiro (1637-42), and the three captain- 
 cies composing Southern Brazil (1648-52); and during the 
 latter period recovered from the Dutch the colony of 
 Angola in Africa. From 1658 to 1661 he was again gov- 
 ernor of Rio de Janeiro, or Southern Brazil. 
 
 Ssemund (sa'mond,), suruamed “Hinn Frodhi ” 
 (‘The Learned’). Born about 1055 : died 1133. 
 An Icelandic scholar, long erroneously reputed 
 to be the author of the “Elder” or “ Soemund’s” 
 Edda. See Edda. 
 
 Saenz Pena (sa'anth pan'ya), Luis. Born in 
 Buenos Aires, in 1823 : died Dec. 4, 1907. An 
 Argentine jurist and politician. He was a justice 
 of the supreme court, and was elected president of the 
 Argentine Republic for the term beginning Oct. 12, 1892. 
 He resigned Jan. 21, 1895. 
 
 Saetersdal (sa'ters-dal). A valley in the south- 
 western extremity of Norway, north of Chris- 
 tiansand. Length, about 148 miles. 
 
 Safed (sa'fed). A city in Palestine, situated 
 on the southern promontory of the Jebl Safed 
 (Mountain of Naphtali), which inclosed the 
 Meron valley. In the Jerusalem Talmud it is referred 
 to as one of the holy cities of Palestine. Safed played a 
 part during the struggles of the Crusades. It experienced 
 many earthquakes, the last of which occurred on New 
 Year’s day, 1837, when 5,000 inhabitants were buried un- 
 der the ruins. It now contains about 25,000 inhabitants, 
 most of whom are Jews. Among its ruins is a medieval 
 castle, oval in plan, with a huge quadrangular keep in the 
 middle : founded in the 12th century by the Crusaders, and 
 rebuilt in the 13th by the Templars. 
 
 Safed Koll (ko), or Suffeed Koh, etc. A range 
 of mountains in eastern Afghanistan, southeast 
 of Kabul. Height, about 14,000-15,000 feet. 
 Saffarids (saf'a-ridz), or Soffarids (sof'a-ridz). 
 A Mohammedan dynasty which reigned in 
 Persia in the latter part of the 9th century. 
 Saffi. See Safi. 
 
 Saffis. See Sufis. 
 
 Safford (saf'ford), Truman Henry. Bom at 
 Royalton, Vt., Jan. 6, 1836: died at Newark, 
 N. J., June 13, 1901. An American astronomer 
 and mathematician. He became professor of astron- 
 omyat the University of Chicago in 1865, and at Williams 
 College in 1876. His works include star catalogues, etc; 
 Saffron Walden (saf'ron wal'dn). A town in 
 Essex, England, situated near the Cam 38 
 miles north-northeast of London. It has a ruined 
 castle. It was the birthplace of Gabriel Harvey, and as 
 such was made famous by the lampoon of Nashe, “Eaue 
 with you to Saffron Walden, or Gabriel Harvey’s Hand is 
 up,” written in 1596. Population, 6,896. 
 
 Safi (sa'fe), or Saffi. (saf'fe), or Asfi (as'fe). 
 A seaport of Morocco, situated on the Atlantic 
 coast 102 miles west-northwest of Morocco. 
 Population, 9,000. 
 
 Safer. See Shalipur. 
 
 Safvet Pasha (sa'vet pash'a), Melxemet. Born 
 at Constantinople about 1815 : died there, Nov. 
 17, 1883. A Turkish statesman. As minister of 
 foreign affairs he signed the treaty of San Stefano March 
 3, 1878. He was grand vizir June-Dee., 1878. 
 
 Saga ( 85/ ga) . A seaport and commercial center 
 in the island of Kiusiu, Japan, about 74 miles 
 northeast of Nagasaki. Population, 36,051. 
 Sagan (za'gan). A town in the province of Si- 
 lesia, Prussia, situated on the Bober 82 miles 
 northwest of Breslau. It is the capital of the media- 
 tized principality of Sagan. It was formerly a possession 
 of Wallenstein. Population, commune, 14,208. 
 
 Sagar (sa-gur'). A sacred island of the Hindus, 
 at the mouth of the Hugli. 
 
 Sagar (sa-gur'), or Saugur (sa-gur'), or Saugor 
 (sa-gor'). 1. A district in the Central Prov- 
 inces, British India, intersected by lat. 24° N., 
 long. 78° 40' E. Area, 3,962 sauare miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 471,046. — 2. The capital of the district 
 of Sagar, situated in lat. 23° 51' N., long. 78° 
 45' E. Population, 42,330. 
 
 Sagara (sa-ga'rii), or Wasagara (wa-sa-ga'ra), 
 or Sagala (sa-ga'lii). A Bantu tribe of German 
 East Africa, dwelling in a mountainous and 
 fertile region bordering on Uzegua, Ugogo, and 
 Masailand. They vary in stature and color, and have a 
 tribal mark tattooed on their temples. They live in con- 
 stant fear of attack. Usagara is the name of the country, 
 Kisagarathat of the language. The Wamegi area subtribe. 
 French and English missions are at work in Usagara. 
 
 Sagasta (sii-gas'ta), Praxedes Mateo. Born 
 July 21, 1827 : died Jan. 5, 1903. A Spanish 
 liberal statesman. He took part in the unsuccessful 
 insurrections of 1856 and 1866; was minister of the inte- 
 rior in the provisional government of 1868, and president 
 of the Cortes in 1871 ; and was premier in 1872, 1874, 
 1881-83, 1885-90, 1893-95, 1897-99, and March, 1901-02. 
 
 Sage, Le. See Le Sage. 
 
 Sage of Concord, The. Ralph Waldo Emer- 
 son : he resided at Concord, Massachusetts. 
 Sage of Monticello, The. Thomas Jefferson : 
 from his country residence at Monticello, Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
Saghalin 
 
 Saghalin, or Saghalien (sa-gii-len'). [Also 
 Sakhalin / Jap. Karaftu or Karafuto. ] An island 
 belonging to Russia above, and to Japan below 
 the fiftieth parallel of north latitude, in the Sea 
 of Okhotsk, east of Siberia and north of Yezo, 
 Japan, ft is traversed by mountain-ranges. Theclimate 
 is cold. The inhabitants are Russians, Ainos, Gilyaks, 
 Oroks, and Japanese. It was ceded by Japan to Russia 
 in 1875, and, south of latitude 60° N., was, with adjacent 
 islands, ceded back to Japan by the Treaty of Portsmouth 
 in 1905. Length, 670 miles. Area, about 29,000 square 
 miles. Population, about 30,000. 
 
 Sag Harbor (saghar'bor). A seaport and sum- 
 mer resort in Suffolk County, Long Island, New 
 York, situated on Gardiner’s Bay 92 miles east 
 by north of New York. Pop., 3,408, (1910). 
 Saginaw (sag'i-na). A river in Michigan which 
 flows into Saginaw Bay. It is formed by the 
 union of the Flint, Shiawassee, Cass, and Titta- 
 bawassee. 
 
 Saginaw. A city, capital of Saginaw County, 
 Michigan, situated on Saginaw River 98 miles 
 northwest of Detroit. It is a railway center and river 
 port, and has extensive sawmills and various manufac- 
 tures. Population, 50,510, (1910). 
 
 Saginaw, East. See East Saginaw. 
 
 Saginaw Bay. The largest arm of Lake Hu- 
 ron on the United States side. It penetrates 
 about 60 miles into Michigan. 
 
 Sagitta (sa-jit'a). [L.,‘ an arrow.’] An insig- 
 nificant but very ancient northern constella- 
 tion, the Arrow, placed between Aquila and the 
 Gill of the Swan. It is, roughly speaking, in a line with 
 the most prominent stars of Sagittarius and Centaurus, 
 with which it may originally have been conceived to be 
 connected. Also called Alahance. 
 
 Sagittarius (saj-i-ta'ri-us). [L., ‘the archer.’] 
 A southern zodiacal constellation and sign, the 
 Archer, representing a centaur (originally 
 doubtless some Babylonian divinity) drawing 
 a bow . The constellation is situated east of Scorpio, and 
 is, especially in the latitudes of the southern United States, 
 a prominent object on summer evenings. The symbol of 
 the constellation ( £ ) shows the Archer’s arrow and part of 
 the bow. 
 
 Sagittary (saj'i-ta-ri). A monster described 
 in medieval romances of the Trojan war as a 
 terrible archer, a centaur armed with a bow. His 
 eyes of fire struck men dead. The allusion in Shakspere’s 
 “ Othello ” i. 1 is conjectured by Knight to be to the official 
 residence at the Arsenal in Venice. 
 
 Sago (sa'go), Mr. and Mrs. Characters in Mrs. 
 Centlivre’s comedy “The Basset-Table.” Mrs. 
 Sago, an ambitious woman, proud of her intimacy with 
 Lady Reveller, and with a passion for gaming, is in love 
 with Sir James Courtly, and deceives Sago, the druggist, 
 her doting husband. 
 
 SagOQ (sa-gon'), Francois. See the extract. 
 
 Among the idlest but busiest literary quarrels of the cen- 
 tury — a century fertile in such things — was that between 
 Marot and a certain insignificant person named Francois 
 Sagon, a belated rhHoriqueur, who found some other rhym- 
 ers of the same kind to support him. One of Marot’s 
 best things, an answer of which his servant, Fripelipes, is 
 supposed to be the spokesman, came of the quarrel ; but 
 of the other contributions, not merely of the principals, 
 but of their followers, the Marotiques and Sagontiques, 
 nothing survives in general memory, or deserves to survive. 
 
 Saintsbury, B’rench Lit., p. 176. 
 
 Sagori (sa-go'ri), or Zagore (za-go're). A small 
 town north of the Sea of Janina, Albania : cap- 
 ital of a small state having a constitution of 
 its own. 
 
 Sagoskin. See Zagoskin. 
 
 Sagras (sa'gras). In ancient geography, a small 
 river in Bruttium, southern Italy, flowing into 
 the Mediterranean north of Locri ( identification 
 uncertain) : noted for the victory gained near 
 it by the Loerians over the forces of Croton in 
 the 6th century B. C. 
 
 Sagres (sa'gres). A small seaport at the south- 
 western extremity of Portugal, near Cape St. 
 Vincent. It was the headquarters of Prince Henry the 
 Navigator, who erected there an observatory, and directed 
 thence his exploring expeditions. 
 
 Saguache (sa-waeh'), or Sawatch, Range. A 
 
 range of the "Rocky Mountains, in central Colo- 
 rado, southwest of Denver and west of the upper 
 course of the Arkansas. It contains several peaks 
 over 14, OOOfeet high, including Mount Harvard, the Moun- 
 tain of the Holy Cross, and Mount Massive. 
 
 Saguenay (sag-e-na'). A river in the province 
 of Quebec, Canada. It traverses Lake St. John, and 
 joins the St. Lawrence at Tadousac, about 115 miles north- 
 east of Quebec. In its lower course (from Ha Ha Bay) it 
 is of great depth, and is celebrated for its scenery. Length 
 from Lake St. John, over 100 miles; total length, including 
 its chief affluent, the Chomoucliouan. about 400 miles. It 
 is navigable for steamers to Chicoutimi (75 miles). 
 Saguntum (sa-gun ' turn ) . In ancient geography, 
 a city on the eastern coast of Spain, on the site 
 of the modern Murviedro (which see), it was flour- 
 ishing in the 3d century B. C., and became an ally of Rome. 
 In 219 B. C. it was besieged and captured by Hannibal ; this 
 was the immediate cause of the declaration of war by 
 Rome against Carthage. 
 
 880 
 
 Sahagun (sa-a-gon'), Bernardino de. Bom at 
 
 Sahagun, Spain, about 1499 : died either at 
 Mexico or at the Convent of Tlatelolco, Feb. 5, 
 1590. A Franciscan missionary and historian. 
 From 1529 he lived in Mexico, where he held various offices 
 in his order. His historical works, published in modern 
 times, were freely used in manuscript by the old historians. 
 They include accounts of the Aztecs and of the conquest 
 of Mexico. He also published works in the Aztec language. 
 
 Sahaptin. See Chopunnish. 
 
 Sahara (sa-ha'ra). [Ar. Sahrd, the desert.] The 
 largest desert in the world, situated in northern 
 Africa. Its limits to the north and south are vague and 
 varying ; but its boundaries may be given generally as the 
 Atlas Mountains and their eastern continuations on the 
 north, the Nile valley on the east, the Sudan on the south, 
 and the Atlantic on the west. The surfaceis diversified, com- 
 prising plateaus, mountain-ranges, sand-hills, and oases. It 
 includes the Libyan desert, the oases of Fezzan and Air, 
 the plateaus of Ahaggar and Tasili, the depression of Djuf, 
 etc. Southwest of Morocco a large district along the 
 coast is called a Spanish protectorate. The remainder is 
 recognized since 1890 as belonging to the French sphere 
 of influence. It thus connects Algeria with the French 
 possessions in Senegambia and the Niger region. The in- 
 habitants are Tuaregs (Berbers), Arabs, and Negroes. 
 Area, estimated, 3,500,000-4,000,000 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, estimated, 2,500,000. The area of the French Sa- 
 hara is estimated at 1,544,000 square miles. 
 
 Saharanpur (sa-har-an-por'), or Seharunpoor 
 
 (se-har-un-por'). 1. A district in the Meerut 
 division, United Provinces, British India, in- 
 tersected by lat. 30° N., long. 77° 40' E. Area, 
 2,228 square miles. Population, 1,045,230. — 
 2. The capital of the district of Saharanpur, 
 95 miles north by east of Delhi. Population, 
 66,254. 
 
 Saho (sa'ho), or Shoho (sho'ho). A tribe of 
 poor pastoral nomads, dwelling between Abys- 
 sinia and Adulis Bay (Red Sea), of Hamitic race, 
 they belong to the same cluster as the Afar or Danakil, and 
 profess Mohammedanism. They number about 45,000. 
 
 Saiaz (sl-az'). A tribe of the Pacific division 
 of the Athapascan stock of North American In- 
 dians, which formerly occupied the tongue of 
 land between Eel River and Van Dusen’s Fork, 
 California. See Athapascan: 
 
 Said (sa-ed'). [Ar.] Upper Egypt. 
 
 SaidPasha(sa-ed' pash'a). Born 1822: died Jan. 
 18, 1863. Fourth son of Mehemet Ali : viceroy 
 of Egypt 1854-63. He promoted various reforms. 
 
 Said Pasha, Mehemet. Born at Erzerum, 1835. 
 A Turkish politician, premier 1879-82, grand 
 vizir 1882-85, 1901-03, and Jan. -July, 1912, and 
 president of the Council of State 1904-08. 
 
 Saida (si'da). A town in the province of Oran, 
 Algeria, 76 miles southeast of Oran. Popula- 
 tion, about 5,000. 
 
 Saida, or Seida (si'da). A seaport in Syria, 
 situated on the Mediterranean in lat. 33° 34' 
 N., long. 35° 22' E., on the site of the ancient 
 Sidon. Various antiquities have been discovered there 
 by Renan and others. It was bombarded and taken by the 
 allied Turkish-Austrian-British fleet in 1840. Population, 
 about 10,000. 
 
 Saiduka. See Saidyuka. 
 
 Saidyuka (sid-u'ka). A confederacy of 5 small 
 tribes of North American Indians which for- 
 merly lived near Pyramid Lake, western Neva- 
 da, whence they were forced into Oregon by the 
 Paviotso : now on Klamath reservation. Also 
 Saiduka , Sidocaw, and Oregon Snakes. Number 
 about 145. See Shoshonean. 
 
 Saigon (si-gon'; F. pron. si-gon'). The capi- 
 tal of French Cochin-China, situated on the 
 Donnai or Saigon River, not far from the 
 China Sea, in lat. 10° 47' N., long. 106° 42' E. 
 It is an important commercial center, and has 
 regular steamship communication with France. 
 It was captured by the French in 1859, and was annexed 
 by France in 1862. Population, 50,870. 
 
 SaigO Takamori (si'gd ta-ka-mo're). Born 
 about 1825: died 1877. A Japanese general, 
 influential in reestablishing the rule of the mi- 
 kado in 1868. He was a leader of the Satsuma 
 rebellion of 1877. 
 
 Saikio (si-kyo'). [‘ Western capital.’] A name 
 sometimes given to Kioto, the ancient capital of 
 Japan, in distinction from Tokio, the eastern 
 capital. 
 
 St. F or names of saints, see under the proper 
 name, as George, Saint. 
 
 Saima (si'ma), Lake. A large lake in southern 
 Finland, north of Viborg. Its outlet is into 
 Lake Ladoga. 
 
 St.-Affrique (san-taf-rek'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Aveyron, southern France, situ- 
 ated on the Sorgues 32 miles southeast of Rodez. 
 Population, commune, 6,571. 
 
 St. Agnes (sant ag'nez). 1. The southwestern- 
 most of the Scilly Isles. — 2. A small seaport 
 
 St.-Antoine, Faubourg 
 
 in Cornwall, England, situated on Bristol Chan- 
 nel 8 miles northwest of Truro. 
 
 St.-Aignan (san-tan-yon'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Loir-et-Cher, France, situated on 
 the Cher 33 miles east-southeast of Tours. It 
 has a ruined chateau. Population, commune, 
 3,106. / 
 
 St. Albans (al'banz). A city in Hertfordshire, 
 England. 20 miles north-northwest of London. 
 The abbey church was constituted a cathedral in 1877. It 
 is a building of great size, founded in the 11th century ; 
 the handsome choir is of the 13th. The recent restoration 
 has greatly altered the exterior aspect of the building, 
 and given it a markedly Early English character. This 
 restoration aroused a heated controversy ; but it is certain 
 that the new west front, with its three portals and its 
 Decorated central window, and the two side divisions ar- 
 caded and flanked by slender turrets, could not be matched 
 architecturally on the western side of the channel. The 
 square central tower is Norman. The interior combines 
 very early and massive Romanesque work with the most 
 graceful fully developed Pointed. The cathedral possesses 
 many notable tombs and brasses. It is 550 feetlong(second 
 only to Winchester), and measures 175 across the transepts. 
 The city is situated near the ancient Verulamium, one of 
 the chief towns of the Britons and Romans. St. Alban is 
 said to have been martyred here about 300 A. ». A Bene- 
 dictine monastery was founded in 793. The first battle in 
 the Wars of the Roses was fought here in May, 1455, the 
 Yorkists under York defeating the Lancastrians under 
 Somerset, and Henry VI. being taken prisoner; and here, 
 Feb. 17, 1461, the Lancastrians under Queen Margaret de- 
 feated the Yorkists under the Earl of Warwick. Popula- 
 tion, 16,019. 
 
 St. Albans. The capital of Franklin County, 
 Vermont, situated 45 miles northwest of Mont- 
 pelier, near Lake Champlain, it has an impor- 
 tant trade in dairy products, and some manufactures. 
 Population, 6,381, (1910). 
 
 St. Albans, Duchess of (Harriot Mellon). 
 
 Bom at London about 1777 : died there, Aug. 
 6, 1837. An English comic actress, of Irish de- 
 scent. She went on the stage as a child, and appeared, 
 through the influence of Sheridan, at Drury Lane in 1795 
 as Lydia Languish. She was vivacious and very popular, 
 being eclipsed only by Mrs. Jordan. Her characters in- 
 cluded Dorinda, Mrs. Candour, Rosalind, Miranda, Ophelia, 
 Miss Prue, Estifania, etc. In 1815 she married the banker 
 Coutts, and in 1827 the ninth Duke of St. Albans. 8he left 
 a large fortune to Miss Burdett-Coutts. 
 
 St. Albans, Viscount. See Bacon, Francis. 
 St. Alban’s Head. A promontory in Dorset- 
 shire, England, which projects into the English 
 Channel 19 miles southeast of Dorchester. 
 
 St. Aldwyn, Viscount. See Hicks-Beach. 
 St.-Amand, or St.-Amand-Montrond (san-ta- 
 mon'mon-ron'). A town in the department of 
 Cher, France, situated on the Marmande, near 
 the Cher. Population, commune, 8,602. 
 St.-Amand-les-Eaux (-la-zo'). A town in the 
 department of Nord, France, situated at the 
 union of the Scarpe and Elnon, 8 miles north- 
 west of Valenciennes : noted for its hot mineral 
 springs. It has a ruined abbey. Population, 
 commune, 14,454. 
 
 St. Ambrose (sant am'broz). A small island 
 in the Pacific, west of Chile and near St. Felix, 
 in lat. 26° 21' S., long. 79° 40' W. 
 
 St. Andrew (an'dro), Cape. A cape on the 
 western coast of Madagascar, in lat. 16° 12' S., 
 ★long. 44° 29' E. 
 
 St. Andrews (an'droz). A city and seaport in 
 Fifeshire, Scotland, situated on the North Sea 
 11 miles southeast of Dundee. The cathedral was 
 founded in the I2th century, and the castle (now in ruins) 
 was built in the 13th and rebuilt in the 14th century. It 
 may be regarded as the headquarters of the game of golf, 
 which is played on the adjoining “links.” The university, 
 founded by Bishop Wardlaw in 1411, and attended by about 
 300 students, consists of two colleges : the united college 
 of St. Salvator and St Leonard, and the college (theologi- 
 cal) of St. Mary. St. Andrews was made a bishopric about 
 the 9th century, and was an archbishopric from the 15th 
 century to the 17th. It was the scene of the martyrdom of 
 Patrick Hamilton and Wishart, and of the murder of Car- 
 dinal Beaton. Pop., royal and municipal borough, 8,827. 
 St. Andrews. A seaport, capital of Charlotte 
 County, New Brunswick, situated on Passa- 
 maquoddy Bay, at the mouth of St. Croix River, 
 54 miles west by south of St. John. Popula- 
 tion, about 2,000. 
 
 St. Andrew’s Bay. An inlet of the Gulf of 
 
 Mexico, situated on the coast of Florida 80 miles 
 east by south of Pensacola. Length, 40 miles. 
 St. Anthony (an'to-ni). A former city of Min- 
 nesota, now a part of Minneapolis. 
 
 St. Anthony, Falls of. A cataract in the Mis- 
 sissippi River, opposite the city of Minneapolis. 
 Height, 18 feet (or, ineludingthe rapids, 50 feet). 
 It is utilized for manufacturing purposes. 
 
 St. -Antoine, Faubourg (fo-bor' san-ton-twan'). 
 A faubourg of Paris, lying without the Enceinte 
 of Charles V., and extending from the Place de 
 la Bastille eastward toward Vincennes. As early 
 as the time of Louis XI. the proletariat of Paris began to 
 drift into the neighborhood of the Bastille, the H6tel St.- 
 Paul, and the Tournelles. When the two palaces were aban- 
 
St.-Antoine, Faubourg 
 
 doned, the aristocracy of Paris removed permanently to the 
 western side of the city, and the quartier St.-Paul and Fau- 
 bourg St.-Antoine were abandoned to the lower classes. 
 The dmeutes of Paris always come out of this region. It 
 corresponds curiously in almost every way to the White- 
 chapel region in London. See Rue St.-Antoine. 
 
 Saint-Arnaud (san-tar-no'), Jacques Achille 
 
 Leroy de. Born at Bordeaux, Aug. 20, 1796 : 
 died Sept. 29, 1854. A French general. He sub- 
 dued the Kabyles in Algeria in 1851 ; was appointed min- 
 ister of war Oct., 1851 ; participated in the coup d’dtat of 
 Dec. 2, 1851 ; was made marshal in 1852 ; and was appointed 
 commander-in-chief of the French army in the Crimea in 
 1854. He cooperated with Lord Raglan in the battle of 
 the Alma, Sept. 20 ; but died shortly after on board ship. 
 
 St. Asaph (sant az'af). A city in Flintshire, 
 Wales, situated on the Clwyd 21 miles west- 
 southwest of Liverpool. The present cathedral 
 was built about 1480. 
 
 St. Augustine (a'gus-ten or a-gus'ten). A city 
 and seaport, capital of St. John's County, Flor- 
 ida, situated near the Atlantic, on the peninsula 
 of the Matanzas and San Sebastian rivers, in 
 lat. 29° 53' N., long. 81° 19' W. It is the oldest 
 town in the United States, and a favorite winter resort. 
 The Spanish fort San Marco (Fort Marion) is notable. The 
 town was settled by the Spaniards under Menendez de 
 Aviles in 1565; was plundered by Drake in 1686; was held 
 by the British from 1763 to 1783 ; and was ceded to the 
 Americans, who took possession in 1821. Population, 5,494, 
 (1910). 
 
 St. Austell (as'tel). A town in Cornwall, Eng- 
 land, situated near the English Channel, 29 
 miles west of Plymouth. Population, parish, 
 11,998. 
 
 St. Bartholomew (bar-thol'o-mu), F. St.-Bar- 
 
 thelemy (san-bar-tal-me'). A small island 
 in the Lesser Antilles, West Indies, situated in 
 lat. 17° 54' N., long. 62° 51° W. Chief town, 
 Gustavia. It is a colonial possession of France, and a 
 dependency of Guadeloupe. It was settled by the French 
 in 1648 ; and was ceded to Sweden in 1784, and ceded back 
 to France in 1878. Population, about 3,000. 
 
 St. Bartholomew, Massacre of. In French 
 history, a massacre of the Huguenots, com- 
 mencing in Paris on the night of Aug. 23-24 
 (St. Bartholomew’s day), 1572. The anti-Hugue- 
 not leaders were the Duke of Guise, the queen mother 
 (Catharine de' Medici), and Charles IX. Coligny was the 
 principal victim, and the total number In France is esti- 
 mated at from 20,000 to 30,000. The occasion was the 
 wedding festivities of Henry of Navarre. A religious war 
 followed directly. It is disputed whether the massacre 
 was suddenly caused by the discovery of Huguenot plots 
 or had been long premeditated. 
 
 St. Bees (bez). A village in Cumberland, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Irish Sea 4 miles south of 
 Whitehaven. It was the seat of St.Bees College 
 (Anglican theological) until closed in 1897. 
 
 St. Bees Head. A headland in Cumberland, 
 England, projecting into the Irish Sea in lat. 54° 
 31' N., long. 3° 38' W. 
 
 St.-Benoit-SUT-Loire (san-bS-nwa'siir-lwar'). 
 A place in the department of Loiret, France, on 
 the Loire 20 miles east-southeast of Orleans. 
 It contains a Benedictine monastery. The abbey church, 
 built between 1026 and 1218, is the finest of its type in 
 France. It is preceded by a narthex of 3 bays, with a 
 crypt, and has double transepts and a central tower. It 
 contains the tomb of Philip I., and has fine sculpture and 
 handsome 15th-century choir-stalls. 
 
 St. Bernard (sant b6r-nard'; F. pron. san ber- 
 nar'), Great. An Alpine pass leading from 
 Martigny, Valais, Switzerland, to Aosta, Italy, 
 and connecting the valleys of the Rhone and 
 the Dora Baltea. It was traversed by armies in Ro- 
 man and medieval times. The passage by the French army 
 under Napoleon in May, 1800, is especially noteworthy. 
 The great monastery or hospice of St. Bernard, main- 
 tained here for the relief of travelers, consists of two large 
 plain structures of masonry. The larger building dates 
 from the middle of the 16th century ; with it is connected 
 the church of 1680. There are many interesting memen- 
 tos of those who have been saved by the monks. A 
 small separate building serves to receive the bodies of 
 those found dead in the snow. Height of the pass, 8,108 
 feet. 
 
 St. Bernard, Little. An Alpine pass leading 
 from Bourg St.-Maurice, in the valley of the 
 Isfere, France, to the valley of the Dora Baltea, 
 Italy. This is almost certainly the pass traversed by 
 Hannibal’s army 218 B. c. Height, 7,235 feet. 
 
 St. Blaise (blaz). A chestnut race-horse, foaled 
 in 1880, winner of the Derby in 1883. He was im- 
 ported in 1885, and was sold at auction in 1891 for $100,000. 
 His principal foals are St. Florian, Potomac, La Tosca, and 
 Chesapeake. 
 
 St. Brandan’s Island. See Brendan, Saint. 
 
 St. Bride’s Bay (bridz ba). A bay on the west- 
 ern coast of Pembrokeshire, South Wales. 
 
 St.-Brieuc (san-bre-e'). The capital of the de- 
 partment of C6tes-du-Nord, France, situated 
 near the entrance of the Gouet into the English 
 Channel, in lat. 48° 31' N., long 2° 47' W. it is 
 
 the seat of a bishopric. Its seaport is the neighboring Ld- 
 gud. Population, commune, 23,041. 
 
 St.-Calais (san-kii-la'). A town in the depart- 
 
 c .— 66 
 
 881 
 
 ment of Sarthe, France, 27 miles east-south- 
 east of Le Mans. Population, commune, 3,676. 
 
 St. Catharine (sant kath'a-rin) Island. An 
 island about 1 mile from the coast of Georgia, 
 to which it belongs, and 27 miles south by 
 west of Savannah. Length, about 14 miles. 
 
 St. Catharines (kath'a-rinz) A city, capital 
 of Lincoln County, Ontario, Canada, situated 
 on the Welland Canal about 10 miles north- 
 west of Niagara Falls : noted for mineral wells. 
 Population, 12,484, (1911). 
 
 St. Catharine’s Island (Brazil). See Santa 
 Catliarina. 
 
 Saint Cecilia’s Day, Ode for. See Alexander’s 
 Feast. 
 
 Saint Cecilia’s Day, Song for. A lyrical poem 
 by Dryden. 
 
 St.-Cergue (san-sarg'). A town in the canton 
 of Vaud, Switzerland, 17 miles north of Geneva. 
 
 St.-Chamas (san-sha-ma/). A town in the 
 department of Bouehes-du-Rhone, France, 25 
 miles north vgest of Marseilles. It contains a Roman 
 bridge(Pont Flavien)of fine masonry spanning the Toulou- 
 bre by a single arch. At each end there is a triumphal 
 arch with Corinthian ornament. Population, commune, 
 2,626. 
 
 St.-Chamond (-sha-m6n'). A manufacturing 
 and mining town in the department of Loire, 
 France, situated on the Gier 25 miles south- 
 west of Lyons. Population, commune, about 
 14,500. 
 
 St. Charles (sant charlz). A city, capital of St. 
 Charles County, Missouri, situated on the 
 north bank of the Missouri, 20 miles northwest 
 of St. Louis. The river is spanned here by a long bridge. 
 St. Charles was settled by the Spaniards in 1769. Popula- 
 tion, 9,437, (1910). 
 
 St.-Chinian (san-she-nyon'). A town in the 
 department of Herault, France, 18 miles north 
 of Narbonne. Population, commune, 3,037. 
 
 St. Christopher (sant kris'to-fer), or St. Kitts 
 (kits). An island of the Lesser Antilles, British 
 West Indies, situated in lat. 17° 18' N., long. 62° 
 43' W. Capital, Basseterre. It is traversed by moun- 
 tains. It exports sugar. It is separated from Nevis by a 
 channel about II miles wide, and the two islands are po- 
 litically united. They form part of the colony of the Lee- 
 ward Islands. This was the first of the West Indies set- 
 tled by the French (1625), but the English had a small 
 colony here in 1623. The dispute regarding its possession 
 was settled in 1713 by the treaty of Utrecht, which left it 
 in the hands of the English. It was taken by the French 
 in 1782 and restored in 17S3. Area, 65 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 29,782. 
 
 St. Clair (klar). A city in St. Clair County, 
 Michigan, situated on St. Clair River 47 miles 
 northeast of Detroit. Population, 2,633, (1910). 
 
 St. Clair, Arthur. Born at Thurso, Scotland, 
 1734 : died near Greensburg, Pa., Aug. 31, 1818. 
 An American general. He served at Louisburg in 
 1758 and at Quebec in 1759 ; took part in the victories of 
 Trenton and Princeton ; commanded in 1777 at Ticonde- 
 roga, which he evacuated before Burgoyne ; and was pres- 
 ent at Yorktown. He was president of Congress in 1787, 
 and governor of the Northwest Territory 1789-1802. In 
 1791 he was defeated by the Indians under Little Turtle 
 near the Miami villages, and resigned his command in 
 1792. He published “ A Narrative of the Manner in which 
 the Campaign against the Indians in the year 1791 was 
 conducted under the Command of Maj.-Gen. St. Clair, 
 etc." (1812). 
 
 St. Clair, Lake. A lake lying between Michi- 
 gan and Ontario, Canada, it receives the waters 
 of Lake Huron through St. Clair River, and has it3 outlet 
 by Detroit River into Lake Erie. Length, 28 miles. 
 Breadth, 12-25 miles. 
 
 St. Clair River. The outlet of Lake Huron. 
 
 St. Clare (klar), Augustine. One of the leading 
 characters of “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” by Mrs. 
 Stowe : the amiable owner of Uncle Tom and 
 father of Eva. 
 
 St.-Claude (san-klod'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Jura, France, situated on the Bienne 
 19 miles northwest of Geneva. It has varied 
 manufactures. Its cathedral of St. Peter is no- 
 table. Population, commune, 10,980. 
 
 St.-Cloud (san-klo'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Seme-et-Oise, France, situated on the 
 left bank of the Seine, 1£ miles west of the for- 
 tifications of Paris. The castle or palace formerly 
 standing here was rebuilt by Louis XIV. in 1658 for the 
 Duke of Orleans, and bought by Louis XVI. for Marie An- 
 toinette. It wa3 the favorite summer residence of the two 
 Napoleons. The interior was burned in the war of 1870, 
 and the palace has since been demolished. It was the 
 scene of the coup d’dtat of the 18th Brumaire, 1799. The 
 treaty for the capitulation of Paris was signed there in 
 1815 ; and there, too, the ordinances of July, 1830, were 
 signed by Charles X. Population, commune, 8,354. 
 
 St. Cloud (kloud). The capital of Stearns Coun- 
 ty, Minnesota, situated on the Mississippi 75 
 miles northwest of St. Paul. Population, 10,600, 
 (1910). 
 
 St. Croix (West Indies). See Santa Crus. 
 
 St. Croix (kroi) River, or Schoodic (sko'dik). 
 
 Sainte-Beuve 
 
 A river on the boundary between New Bruns- 
 wick and Maine. It is the outlet of Grand Lake, 
 and flows into Passamaquoddy Bay. Length, 
 about 75 miles. 
 
 St. Croix River. A river in northwestern Wis- 
 consin, and on the boundary between Wiscon- 
 sin and Minnesota. It joins the Mississippi 
 20 miles southeast of St. Paul. Length, about 
 200 miles. 
 
 Saint-Cyr. See Gouvion-Saint-Cyr. 
 
 St.-Cyr-l’fjcole (san-ser'la-kol'). A village in 
 the department of Seine-et-Oise, France, 2} 
 miles west of Versailles. It was formerly the seat 
 of a convent school for young ladies, founded by Madame 
 de Maintenon, which was transformed into a military 
 school (transferred from Fontainebleau) in 1806. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 3,794. 
 
 St. David (da'vid) Islands, or Freewill (fre'- 
 wil) Islands. A group of small islands in the 
 Pacific, situated in lat. 1° N., long. 134° 15' E. 
 
 St. David’s (da'vidz). A city in Pembroke- 
 shire, Wales, situated near the coast, almost at 
 the western extremity of Wales, 15 miles north- 
 west of Milford. It is the seat of a bishopric. The 
 cathedral is a late-Norman building, with later modifica- 
 tions. The exterior, with central tower, is varied in outline. 
 The interior is very richly ornamented, but not vaulted. 
 The dimensions are 290 by 70 feet ; length of transepts, 
 120 ; height of vaulting, 46. 
 
 St. David’s Head. One of the westernmost 
 points of Wales, situated in Pembrokeshire 
 northwest of St. David’s. 
 
 St.-Denis (san-de-ne'). A city in the depart- 
 ment of Seine, France, situated on the Seine 
 and the Crould, 2| miles north of the fortifica- 
 tions of Paris. It has important manufactures and 
 trade. The abbey church, the historic burial-place of the 
 kings of France, was founded by Dagobert and rebuilt by 
 Suger (1144), who introduced the pointed arch, one of the 
 earliest authenticated examples. Suger’s battlemented 
 west front, with recessed sculptured portals, and his ap- 
 sidal chapels and crypt survive. The intervening parts 
 form one of the most elegant and purely designed cre- 
 ations of the 13th century, the walls being little but tra- 
 ceried frames of stone in which the glass of the windows 
 is set. The great rose-windows of the transepts are un- 
 surpassed in lightness and beauty. The royal tombs were 
 injured in the Revolution, but have been restored : many 
 of them are of great interest and beauty. The church is 
 354 feet long ; the nave 40 feet wide and 92 high. A vic- 
 tory was gained near St.-Denis, Nov. 10, 1667, by the French 
 Catholics under Montmorency (who was mortally wound- 
 ed) over the Huguenots under Conde. Population, com- 
 mune, 64,790. 
 
 St.-Denis. A seaport, capital of the island of 
 Reunion, Indian Ocean, situated on the north 
 coast. Population, 25,689. 
 
 St.-Di§ (saii-dya'). A town iu the department 
 of Vosges, France, situated on the Meurthe 26 
 miles east-northeast of Epinal. It has a lumber 
 trade and flourishing manufactures, and contains a cathe- 
 dral. In the latter part of the 16th and first part of the 
 16th century it had a college and printing-press under the 
 patronage of the dukes of Lorraine. Here, in 1507, the 
 name America was first proposed in a little tract published 
 by Waldseemiiller. Population, commune, 22,136. 
 
 St.-Dizier (san'de-zya'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Haute-Marne, France, situated on the 
 Marne 35 miles southeast of Chalons-sur-Marne. 
 It has an important timber trade, andiron manufactures. 
 It was defended against Charles V. in 1644, and was the 
 scene of several combats between the French and the Allies 
 in 1814. Population, commune, 14,661. 
 
 St. Domingo. See Santo Domingo. 
 Sainte-Alaegonde (sant-iil-d6-g6nd'), Philipp 
 van Marnix. Born at Brussels, 1538 : died at 
 Leyden, Dec.. 15, 1598. A Dutch writer and 
 statesman. His early education was received at Ghent, 
 where he was brought up in the Calvinistic faith. After 
 William of Orange, he played the foremost part in the lib- 
 eration of the Netherlands. The treaty of Breda in 1666 
 was formulated by him. In 1572 he was governor of Delft 
 and Rotterdam. In 1684-85 he conducted the defense of 
 Antwerp. His principal work is “De By en corf der h. 
 Roomscher Kercke” (“The Beehive of the Holy Church 
 of Rome "X a Calvinistic satire on Catholicism, published 
 in 1569 under the pseudonym Isaac Rabbotenus. In 1691 
 he published a metrical translation of the Psalms, and had 
 been commissioned by the States-General to make in Ley- 
 den, where he died, a translation of the whole Bible. He 
 was the author of numerous writings in Latin, French, and 
 Flemish on ecclesiastical and political subjects, and is re- 
 puted to have written the folk-song “ Wilhelmus van Nas- 
 souwen " (“William of Nassau"). His “Beehive" was 
 translated into German by Johann Fiscliart with the title 
 “ Bienenkorb " (1679). 
 
 Sainte-Anne (sant-an'). A pilgrim resort in the 
 department of Morbihan, France, 10 miles west- 
 northwest of Vannes. 
 
 Sainte-Barbe. See Noisseville. 
 
 Sainte-Beuve (sant-bev'), Charles Augustin. 
 Born atBoulogne-Sur-Mer, Dee. 23, 1804: died at 
 Paris, Oct. 13, 1869. A French poet and critic. He 
 began liis studies in his native city, and completed them in 
 Paris at the colleges Charlemagne and Bourbon. On gradu- 
 ation he took a course in medicine, but gave it up a year 
 later as uncongenial. A few book-reviews brought him 
 favorably into notice in literary circles. Among the many 
 friends he made there was Victor Hugo. Iu 1827 he com- 
 
Sainte-Beuve 
 
 peted without success for a prize offered by the French 
 Academy for a dissertation on the subject “Tableau de la 
 poesie fran$aise au X \ T sifecle An improved edition 
 of this work appeared in 1843, and is considered an au- 
 thority on the subject and period in question. He was 
 also a contributor to “La Revue de Paris,’’ “La Revue 
 des Deux Mondes,” “ Le Constitutionnel," “Le Moniteur," 
 and “Le Temps.” The revolution of 1830 developed the 
 political instinct within him, and he became closely con- 
 nected with “Le Globe” and “ Le National.” His early 
 work embraces some collections of poems, “Pofoies de 
 Joseph Delorme” (1829), “Consolations "(1830), and “Pen- 
 sdes d'aofft” (1837); also a novel, “ Volupte” (1832). Of a 
 more serious nature are “L'HistoiredePort-Royal”(1840- 
 1842), and “Chateaubriand et son groupe” (1849). His 
 contributions to periodicals include most of his work as a 
 critic. These so-called “Portraits” and “Causeries"have 
 since been collected, and constitute his strongest claim to 
 literary recognition. They are published as “Portraits 
 litteraires” (1st series, 1832-39 ; 2d series, 1844), “Portraits 
 defemmes”(1844), “ Portraits contemporains "(1846), “Can- 
 series du lundi” (1851-57), “Nouveaux lundis” (1833-72), 
 “ Premiers lundis’’ (1875). In 1845 Sainte-Beuve was elected 
 to the French Academy. He gave a series of lectures on 
 literary subjects at Lausanne in 1837, and at Liege in 1848. 
 For a brief period thereafter he tilled the chair in Latin 
 poetry at the College de France. His last work as an edu- 
 cator was done in connection with the lectureship he held 
 at the Ecole Normale 1857-61. He was made senator in 
 1865. 
 
 Sainte-Chapelle (sant'sha-pel'). [F., ‘holy 
 chapel.’] A chapel in Paris, built by St. -Louis 
 as the chapel of his palace, and to receive and 
 enshrine a precious relic — the crown of thorns 
 — preserved in the treasury of the Byzantine em- 
 peror. Baudouin (Baldwin), son-in-law of the Emperor 
 of Constantinople, Jean de Brienne, and his designated 
 successor, had bound himself during a visit to Paris to se- 
 cure this relic for Louis IX. On his return to Constanti- 
 nople he found the emperor dead, the crown of thorns in 
 pawn with the Venetians, and the treasury without money 
 to redeem it. St. -Louis paid the required ransom (about 
 100,090 francs, present value), and the relic was sent to him. 
 It arrived Aug. 18, 1239, and was deposited at Vincennes, 
 whence it was carried with great pomp by the king him- 
 self to Notre Dame. It was afterward placed in the Chapel 
 of St. Nicholas, then the chapel of the palace. Sainte-Cha- 
 pelle was then built, and consecrated April 25, 1248. It is 
 now that of the Palais de Justice. It is the most perfect 
 example of its type produced during the best period of 
 Pointed architecture. It consists of two chapels, one be- 
 low the other. The lower chapel was dedicated to the Vir- 
 gin, has nave and narrow aisles, and is in itself archi- 
 tecturally remarkable. The upper chapel, 36 by 115 feet, 
 is vaulted in a single span 66 feet high. Almost the 
 entire wall-space is occupied by the great traceried win- 
 dows, which are all filled with 13th-century glass of inde- 
 scribable richness of color. The Flamboyant rose-win- 
 dow which occupies the entire upper half of the west end 
 was inserted in the 15th century in place of the original 
 window. All the stonework of the interior is decorated 
 in gold and brilliant color, and there is much delicate 
 sculpture. Beneath the windows is a range of arcades 
 whose quatrefoils are filled with illuminations represent- 
 ing martyrdoms. The graceful wooden tabernacle at 
 the east end is of the 13th century. The upper chapel 
 was built to receive the crown of thorns and other 
 relics. Before the west end there is a two-storied ar- 
 caded porch. 
 
 Sainte-Claire Deville (sant-klar' de-vel'), 
 Charles. Born at St. Thomas, West Indies, 
 1814: died at Paris, Oct. 10, 1876. A French 
 scientist. He made a special study of volcanic and seis- 
 mic phenomena, exploring for this purpose the West In- 
 dies, Teneriffe, southern Italy, etc. ; was the assistant and 
 successor of Elie de Beaumont in the Coll ge de France ; 
 and established a chain of meteorological stations in 
 France and Algeria. He published “ Voyage gdologique 
 aux Antilles et aux lies TCnCriffe et de Fogo” (7 vols. 
 1856-64), etc. 
 
 Sainte-Croix (saht-krwa/). 1. A town in the 
 canton of Vaud, Switzerland, 22 miles north- 
 northwest of Lausanne. It has manufactures 
 of watches, etc. Population, 5,914. — 2. See 
 Santa Cruz. 
 
 St. Elian’s Well. A celebrated well in Den- 
 bighshire, known as “the head of the cursing- 
 wells.” It was thought that by throwing a pin or a peb- 
 ble into the well, inscribed with the name of a hated per- 
 son, and at the same time per orming certain impious rites, 
 the victim would be caused to pine and die, and his fields 
 would be blasted. 
 
 St. Elias (e-li'as), Mount. 1. The name of sev- 
 eral mountains in Greece. Mountains so named are 
 situated (a) in the western part of Laconia ; (t) i :i the south- 
 ern part of Euboea ; (c) in Zea ; (cl) in Milo ; (e) in .Egina ; 
 (f) in Paros ; (g) in Santorin. 
 
 2. A mountain in Alaska, near the boundary 
 of British America, in lat. 60° 17' 35" N., 
 long. 140° 55' 47" W., near the Pacific Ocean. 
 It was once thought to be the highest peak in North 
 America, but is now known io be surpassed by the Peak 
 of Orizaba, in Mexico; by (Mount Logan, in British terri- 
 tory ; and by Mount McKiSey, in Alaska. Height, 18,023 
 feet. First ascended by the Duke of the Abruzzi in 1897. 
 
 St. Elmo. See Elmo , Castle of St. 
 Sainte-Marguerite (saht-mar-gret'). One of 
 the lies de Bering, near Cannes, France. In its 
 
 fort Monterey the “ man with the iron mask " was confined 
 1686-98; and Bazaine was confined there from 1873 until 
 his escape in 1874. 
 
 Sainte-Marie (sant-ma-re'). A small island 
 east of Madagascar, about lat. 17° S. It belongs 
 to the French, population, about 8,000. 
 
 882 
 
 Sainte-Menehould (saht/me-ne-ol' orm6-no'). 
 A town in the department of Marne, France, 
 situated on the Aisne 41 miles east-southeast of 
 Rheims. Population, commune, 4,992. 
 St.-Emilion (san-ta-me-lyon'). A small town 
 in the department of Gironde, France, 19 miles 
 east of Bordeaux : noted for its wines. 
 
 Saintes (saht). A town in the department of 
 Charente-Inferieure, situated on the Charente 
 38 miles southeast of La Rochelle : the ancient 
 Mediolanum. It is celebrated for its Roman remains. 
 The triumphal arch, formerly the head of the old Charente 
 bridge, lias 2 arched openings, 13 feet wide, between pi- 
 lasters and engaged Corinthian columns. The height is 
 38 feet. The inscriptions show that it was built under 
 Nero, in honor of Germanicus, Tiberius, and Drusus. The 
 cathedral and the churches of St. Eutropius and Notre 
 Dame are notable. The town was the capital of the San- 
 tones, and afterward of Saintonge ; was held by the Eng- 
 lish in the middle ages ; and suffered in the Huguenot 
 wars. Population, commune, 19,025. 
 
 St.-Etienne (sah-ta-tyen'). The capital of the 
 department of Loire, France, situated in lat. 45° 
 26' N., long. 4° 23' E. It is the center of the prin- 
 cipal coal-field in southern France, and one of the greatest 
 manufacturing cities of the country; manufactures iron, 
 weapons, cutlery, ribbons, etc.; has a national arms factory; 
 and is an important railway center. It has a school of 
 mines and a palace of art6. Population, commune, 146,788. 
 
 St. Eustache. See Eustaclie, St. 
 
 St. Eustatius (sant u-sta'shi-us), or St.-Eu- 
 stache (san-te-stash'). An island of the Dutch 
 West Indies, adependency of Cura<jao, situated 
 northwest of St. Christopher’s in lat. 17° 29' N., 
 long. 62° 59' W. Capital, Orangetown. It is of 
 
 volcanic formation. It was occupied by the Dutch in 1635, 
 and lias been held uninterruptedly by them since 1814* 
 Area, 7 square miles. Population, 1,283. 
 
 Saint-Evrernond (san-tavr-inon'), Seigneur de 
 (Charles de Marguetel de Saint-Denis). 
 
 Bom at St.-Denis-di-Guast, near Coutances, 
 France, April 1, 1613 ; died in England, Sept. 
 29, 1703. A French author. He was educated by 
 the Jesuits, and served in the Thirty Years’ War. He was 
 a favorite of Condd, but incurred his displeasure and later 
 that of the king after the fall of Fouquet by his letter on 
 the peace of the Pyrenees, and also by his adhesion to the 
 school of freethinkers founded or encouraged by Gassendi. 
 In 1660 he went to England, and lived there in exile at the 
 court of Charles II. till Iris death. His works include cri- 
 tiques, letters, etc., first published in 1705. 
 
 St. Felix (fe'liks). A small island in the Pacific, 
 west of Chile, situated in lat. 26° 16' S., long. 
 80° 7' W. 
 
 St.-Flour (san-flor'). A town in the department 
 of Cantal, France, 33 miles north by east of 
 Aurillae. Population, commune, 5,065. 
 
 St. Francis (fran'sis). 1. A river in eastern 
 Missouri and eastern Arkansas. It forms part of 
 the boundary between these two States, and joins trie Mis- 
 sissippi miles north of Helena. Length, about 450 miles. 
 
 2. A river in the province of Quebec, Canada, 
 joining the St. Lawrence in Lake St. Peter, 24 
 miles southwest of Three Rivers. Length, 
 about 175 miles. 
 
 St. Francis, Cape. 1. A cape in the penin- 
 sula of Avalon, southeastern Newfoundland, at 
 the entrance to Conception Bay. — 2. A cape 
 on the southern coast of Cape Colony, situated 
 in lat. 34° 12' S., long. 24° 50' E. 
 
 St. Francis, Lake. 1 . An expansion of the St. 
 Lawrence, below the New York and Canada 
 boundary. Length, about 30 miles. Width, 2-5 
 miles. — 2. A lake in Beauce County, Quebec, 
 Canada, 59 miles south of Quebec. Its outlet is 
 by the St. Francis River into the St. Lawrence. 
 Length, about 14 miles. 
 
 St. Gall (sant gal), F. St.-Gall (san-gal'), G. 
 Sankt Gallen (sankt gal'len). 1. A canton 
 of Switzerland. Capital, St. Gall. It is bounded 
 by Thurgau and the Lake of Constance on the north, the 
 Rhine (separating it from Vorarlberg, Liechtenstein, and 
 in part from Grisons) on the east, Grisons and Glarus on 
 the south, and Glarus, Scliwyz, Zurich, and Thurgau on 
 the west. It incloses the canton of Appenzell. Thesur- 
 face is mountainous and hilly: the south and center are 
 traversed by the Glarneralpen and Thuralpen. It is large- 
 ly a manufacturing canton. The prevailing language is 
 German. About two fifths are Protestants and three fifths 
 Roman Catholics. A large part of the territory was for- 
 merly subject to the abbey of St. Gall ; different por- 
 tions’ came under the sovereignty of the confederation in 
 the 15th and 16th centuries ; the canton was formed in 
 1803. Area, 779 square miles. Population, 301,141, (1910). 
 2. The capital of the canton of St. Gall, sit- 
 uated in lat. 47° 26' N., long. 9° 23' E., at a 
 height of 2,165 feet above sea-level, it is one 
 of the chief manufacturing and commercial cities in 
 Switzerland, and the center of alarge district engaged in the 
 manufacture of embroidery and white goods. The abbey 
 is a famous Benedictine establishment, founded by the 
 Irish missionary St. Gall in the 7tl> century, and sup- 
 pressed in 1805. The existing buildings, now used for 
 cantonal offices, schools, episcopal palace, and the valua- 
 ble library, are not old, the grand medieval structures 
 having unfortunately disappeared. The church dates 
 
 St.-Germain-en-Laye 
 
 from 1755. The city grew up around the abbey, and be- 
 came an important literary center. The abbots obtained 
 extensive power in the middle ages. St. Gall joined the 
 Swiss Confederation in 1451. Population, 36,266. 
 St.-Galmier (sah-gal-mya' ) . A town in the de- 
 partment of Loire, France, 28 miles west-south- 
 we^ of Lyons. It exports mineral waters. 
 Population, commune, 3,059. 
 
 St.-Gaudens (san-go-dan'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Haute-Garonne, France, situated 
 near the Garonne 50 miles southwest of Tou- 
 louse. It has a Romanesque church. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 7,120. 
 
 Saint-Gaudens (sant-ga'denz), Augustus. 
 Born at Dublin, Ireland, March 1, 1848 : died 
 at Cornish, N. EL, Aug. 3, 1907. An American 
 sculptor. He studied in New York, Paris, and Rome, 
 where he produced his first 6tatue, “ Hiawatha," in 187L 
 He received the commission for the Farragut monument 
 in Madison Square, New York, in 1876, and finished the 
 work in 1880. Among his other works are “ Adoration 
 of the Cross "(a bas-relief in St. Thomas’s Church, New 
 York), “The Puritan,” statues of Abraham Lincoln, Robert 
 P. Randall, General Sherman, etc., and busts of ff. M. 
 Evarts, Theodore D. Woolsey, and others. The “Diana” 
 on the tower of Madison Square Garden is also his. 
 
 Saint-Gelais (san-zhe-la'), Mellin (or Merlin 
 or Melusin) de. Born at Angouleme, 1487 : 
 died at Paris, Oct., 1558. A French poet. He 
 
 was the most important poet of the school of CICment 
 Marot. He is noted as the introducer of the sonnet from 
 Italy into France. 
 
 St.-Geniez (saii-zhe-nya'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Aveyron, France, situated on the 
 Lot 19 miles east-northeast of Rodez. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 3,066. 
 
 St. George (jorj), Cape. 1. A cape on a small 
 island off the mouth of the Appalachicola River, 
 in Florida. — 2. A cape on the western coast of 
 Newfoundland, forming the northern limit of 
 St. George Bay. 
 
 St. George, Cape, or Cape George. A cape in 
 the northeastern part of Nova Scotia, at the 
 entrance to St. George Bay. 
 
 St. George, Gulf of. An inlet of the Atlantic, 
 on the eastern coast of Argentina, about lat. 
 45°—47° S. 
 
 St. George Bay. An arm of the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence, on the western coast of Newfound- 
 land. Length, about 50 miles. 
 
 St. George Bay, or George Bay. An inlet of 
 the Gulf of St. Lawrence, between Nova Scotia 
 and Cape Breton . 
 
 St. George’s (jor'jez). A seaport, capital of the 
 island of Grenada, British West Indies. Popu- 
 lation, 5,188. 
 
 St. George. 1. One of the Bermuda Islands. 
 Length, 3£ miles. — 2. A seaport in the island 
 of St. George. Population, 985. 
 
 St. George’s Bank. A bank about 100 miles 
 east of Cape Cod in Massachusetts. It is often 
 visited by fishermen. 
 
 St. George’s Channel. A sea passage sepa- 
 rating Wales and Ireland, and connecting the 
 Irish Sea with the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 St. George’s Chapel. See Windsor. 
 
 St. George’s Island. An island in the Gulf of 
 Mexico, situated off the coast of Florida, oppo- 
 site the mouth of the Appalachicola. Length, 
 19 miles. 
 
 St. George’s Sound. An arm of the Gulf of 
 
 Mexico, separating St. George’s Island from the 
 mainland of Florida. 
 
 Saint-Germain (sah-zhev-man'). Bishop of 
 Paris and architect cf the church which Childe- 
 bert constructed in honor of St. Vincent, 550 
 
 A. D. It became afterward the chapel of the Abbey of 
 St -Germain-des-Pres. He is also supposed to have built 
 for Childebert a church to St. -Germain l’Auxerrois at 
 Angers, and trie monastery at Mans. 
 
 Saint-Germain, called Comte de. Died in 
 Schleswig or Cassel after 1780. A European ad- 
 venturer, of unknown origin. He appeared at the 
 court of Louis XV. about 1750, had a large fortune, and 
 was mixed up in all the court intrigues of the day. He 
 claimed the possession of the elixir of life. 
 St.-Germain (san-zher-man'), Faubourg of. 
 A once fashionable quarter of Paris, situated on 
 the south bank of the Seine, long noted as the 
 headquarters of the French royalists. Many 
 of the houses of the old nobility are still stand- 
 ing. 
 
 St.-Germain-des-Pr6s (da-pra'). The impres- 
 sive early-Romanesque church of the historic 
 abbey of the same name in Paris, conspicuous 
 by its tall heavy pyramid-pointed tower. The 
 massive columns and arches and the curiously sculptured 
 capitals are of high interest. The walls of the nave are 
 covered with beautiful scriptural paintings by Flandrin. 
 
 St.-Germain-en-Laye (-on-la'). Atowninthe 
 department of Seine-et-Oise, France, situated 
 
St.-Germain-en-Laye 
 
 on the left bank of the Seine, 8 miles west- 
 northwest of the fortifications of Paris. It is a 
 frequented summer residence. The chateau, a favorite resi- 
 dence of Francis I., Louis XIV., and others, and of James 
 II. of England after his deposition, has, like most of such 
 residences, been constantly altered and renewed with the 
 development of modern civilization. The existing struc- 
 ture, half citadel, dates chiefly from the reign of Francis I. 
 The more luxurious Chateau Neuf, adjoining, was built by 
 Henry II., but, except the Pavilion Henry IV., was demol- 
 ished in the 18th century. The chapel, which is earlier 
 than the rest, is of remarkable beauty. The chateau now 
 contains the Museum of French National Antiquities. 
 Among the treaties signed here were that of 1570 between 
 the French Roman Catholics and the Huguenots, whereby 
 the latter received various concessions, and that of 1679 be- 
 tween France and Brandenburg, whereby the latter was 
 obliged to cede Sweden most of its conquests in Pome- 
 rania. Population, commune, 17,288. 
 
 St.-Germain l’Auxerrois (lo-ser-wa'). The 
 parish church of the kings of France, in Paris. 
 The existing picturesque building dates from the 12th to 
 the 16th century ; it has a fine porch of 6 arches, beneath 
 which open the 3 richly sculptured 13th-century portals. 
 The interior has a nave and 4 aisles ; it contains fine glass 
 and good modern frescos. The signal for the massacre 
 of St. Bartholomew was sounded from the small belfry of 
 the south transept. 
 
 St.-Gervaix (san-zher-va'). A watering-place 
 in the department of Haute-Savoie, France, sit- 
 uated in the Arve valley 35 miles southeast of 
 Geneva : noted for its hot baths. 
 
 St. Giles’s (jil'ziz). A locality in London, west 
 of the City and northeast of Westminster, long 
 noted as a center of poverty and vice. 
 St.-Gilles (san-zhel'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Gard, France, 12 miles south by east of 
 Nimes. It has a remarkable church. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 6,300. 
 
 St.-Grirons (san-zhe-ron'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Ariege, southern France, situated 
 at the junction of the Lez with the Salat, 24 
 miles west of Foix. Population, commune, 
 5,990. 
 
 St. Gotthard (E. sant goth'ard), G. Sankt 
 Gotthard (sankt got'liart). A small town in 
 Hungary, situated on the Eaab 41 miles east by 
 south of Gratz. It is memorable for the victory of the 
 Imperialists under Montecuculi over the Turks under 
 Kiuprili Aug. 1, 1664. 
 
 St. Gotthard. [G. Sankt Gotthard , F. St. -Got- 
 thard : named from St. Godehardus, bishop of 
 Hildesheim 1038.] A mountain group of the 
 Lepontine Alps, on the borders of Valais, Uri, 
 Ticino, and Grisons, Switzerland. Highest 
 points, over 10,000 feet. 
 
 St. Gotthard, Pass of the. A celebrated pass 
 
 over the Alps. It leads from Fliielen in Switzerland 
 up the valley of the Reuss, across the St. Gotthard group, 
 and down the valley of the Ticino to Bellinzona. Height 
 of the pass, 6,935 feet. A carriage-road was constructed 
 through it in 1820-23. It was the line of the retreat of 
 Suvaroff in 1799. 
 
 St. Gotthard, Tunnel of the. The tunnel 
 through the St. Gotthard group, in the St. Gott- 
 hard railway from Lucerne to Milan, it extends 
 from Goschenen to Airolo ; was commenced in 1872 ; and 
 was opened in 1882. It extends 91 miles, and is surpassed 
 by the Simplon tunnel, 12J miles. Height of central 
 point, 3,786 feet 
 
 St. Helena (he-le'na). An island in the South 
 Atlantic, belonging to Great Britain, situated 
 in lat. 15° 55' S., long. 5° 44' W. it is about 1,200 
 miles west of Africa, 1,800 miles east of South America, 
 and 820 miles from Ascension, the nearest land. It is of 
 volcanic origin. The only town is Jamestown. It was 
 discovered by the Portuguese in 1501; became a British 
 possession in 1651 ; and is celebrated as the place of im- 
 prisonment of Napoleon, who resided here at Longwood, 
 1815-21. Length, 10 miles. Area, 47 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 9,850. 
 
 St. Helena Bay. A bay of the Atlantic, on the 
 west coast of Cape Colony, about lat. 32° 4u' S. 
 St. Helena Island. An island in Beaufort Coun- 
 ty, South Carolina, southwest of Charleston: 
 noted for the production of sea-island cotton. 
 St. Helens (hel'enz). A municipal and parlia- 
 mentary borough in Lancashire, England, sit- 
 uated 10 miles east-northeast of Liverpool, it 
 has important manufactures of glass, copper, chemicals, 
 etc. Population, 96,566, (1911). 
 
 St. Helen’s, Mount. A volcanic mountain in 
 the State of Washington, one of the highest 
 summits of the Cascade Range, situated in 
 lat. 46° 12' N., long. 122° 4' W. 
 
 St. Helier (F. pron. san-ta-lya'), or St. Helier’s 
 (sant hel'yerz). The capital of the island of 
 Jersey, Channel Islands, situated on St. Aubin’s 
 Bay in lat. 49° 10' N., long. 2° 7' W. It is a 
 fortress, seaport, and watering-place. Popu- 
 lation, 27,866. 
 
 Saint-Hilaire (san-te-lar'j, Augustin Fran- 
 cois C6sar Provensal de, called Auguste 
 de Saint-Hilaire. Born at Orleans, France, 
 Oct. 4, 1799: died there, Sept. 30, 1853. A 
 French botanist. He traveled in the southern and in- 
 
 883 
 
 terior provinces of Brazil 1816-22, bringing back a very val- 
 uable collection of plants and animals. His most impor- 
 tant writings are “ Flora Brasilia; meridionalis ” (3 vols. 
 1824), and a series of 4 works, in 8 volumes, describing his 
 travels, with the general title “Voyage dans l’intbrieur du 
 Bresil ” (1830-61). 
 
 Saint-Hilaire, Barthelemy-. See Barthelemy- 
 Saint-Hilaire. 
 
 Saint-Hilaire, Geoffroy. See Geoffroy Saint- 
 Hilaire. 
 
 Saint-Hilaire, Marco de (properly Emile Marc 
 Hilaire). Born at Versailles, May 22,1796 : died 
 at Neuilly, Nov. 5, 1887. A French writer, page 
 at the court of Napoleon I. He wrote “Mbmoires 
 d’un page de la cour impbriale ” (1830), and other works 
 on Napoleon I. and the empire. 
 
 St. -Hubert (san-tii-bar'). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Luxemburg, Belgium, 30 miles north- 
 east of Sedan : noted for its chapel of St. Hu- 
 bert. Population, 3,341. 
 
 St. Hyacinthe (sant hi'a-sinth ; F. pron. sant- 
 e-a-sant'). A city, capital of St. Hyacinthe 
 County, Quebec, Canada, situated on the river 
 Yamaska 3l miles east-northeast of Montreal. 
 Population, 9,797, (1911). 
 
 St.-Imier (san-te-mya'). A town in the can- 
 ton of Bern, Switzerland, 26 miles northwest 
 of Bern. It has manufactures of watches. 
 Population, 7,455. 
 
 St.-Imier, Val, G. Sankt Immerthal (sankt 
 im'mer-tal). A valley in the Jura, canton of 
 Bern, Switzerland, north of the Lake of Bienne. 
 Saintine (san-ten'), Joseph Xavier Boniface, 
 
 called. Born at Paris, July 10, 1798 : died there, 
 Jan. 21, 1865. A French poet, dramatist, and 
 novelist. He wrote nearly 200 plays, at first under the 
 name of “Xavier," and a number of novels, but is best re- 
 membered by his “Picciola," a tale of the love of a pris- 
 oner for a flower. 
 
 St. Ives (ivz). A seaport and watering-place 
 in Cornwall, England, situated on St. Ives Bay 
 57 miles west-southwest of Plymouth, it has an 
 important pilchard-fishery, and is a favorite winter resort. 
 Population, 6,699. 
 
 St. Ives. A town in Huntingdonshire, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Ouse 5 miles east of 
 Huntingdon. Population, 2,910. 
 
 St. James’s Palace. A palace in London, adapt- 
 ed as a royal residence by Henry VIII., enlarged 
 by Charles I., damaged by fire in 1809, and since 
 restored. Though no longer occupied by the sovereign, 
 it gives Its name officially to the British court. The pic- 
 turesque brick gate toward St. James's street, and the in- 
 teresting presence-chamber, date from Henry VIII., as 
 does the chapel, which is known as the Chapel Royal. The 
 apartments of state are splendidly decorated. 
 
 St. James’s Park. A public park of 87 acres, in 
 London, east of Green Park. It originally consisted 
 of fields acquired by Henry VIII. in exchange for lands in 
 Suffolk. The Hospital of St. James, which owned it, was 
 pulled down, and St. James’s Palace was erected on its site. 
 It is the first of a series of parks extending from near the 
 Thames at Whitehall to Kensington Palace, 2 j miles, east 
 and west. It reached its greatest importance in the days 
 of the Stuarts, and is especially associated with the private 
 life of Charles II. 
 
 St. -Jean d’Acre. See Acre. 
 
 St.-Jean d’ Ang61y (sait-zhon' don-zha-le' ). A 
 townin the department of Charente-Inferieure, 
 France, situated on the Boutonne 35 miles 
 southeast of La Rochelle. It suffered in the Hun- 
 dred Years’ War; was a Calvinist stronghold; and was 
 captured and dismantled by Iouis XIII. It has remains 
 of a Benedictine abbey. Population, commune, 7,087. 
 St.-Jean-de-Luz (-de-liiz'). A seaport aDd wa- 
 tering-place in the department of Basses-Pyr6- 
 nees, France, situated at the mouth of the Ni- 
 velle, in the Gulf of Gascony, 12 miles southwest 
 of Bayonne. It was formerly a center of the 
 whale-fishery. Population, commune, 4,523. 
 St. John (sant jon). An island in the West 
 Indies, situated in lat. 18° 18' N., long. 64° 42' 
 W. It belongs to Denmark. Area, 21 square 
 miles. Population, 925. 
 
 St. John. A city of New Brunswick and of 
 St. John County, situated at the mouth of 
 the St. John River in lat. 45° 16' N., long. 66° 
 4' W . It has a fine harbor, and flourishing foreign and 
 coasting commerce, manufactures (including ship-build- 
 ing), and fisheries. It was settled chiefly by American 
 loyalists at the close of the Revolution ; was chartered as 
 a city in 1785 ; and was partly destroyed by fire in 1877. 
 Population, 42,511, (1911). 
 
 St. John, or St. Johns (jonz). A seaport, capi- 
 tal of Antigua and of the Leeward Islands 
 colony, British West Indies. Ponulation, 
 9,262. 
 
 St. John (sant jon'; in England sin'jon), Bayle. 
 Born at London, Aug. 19, 1822: died there, 
 Aug. 1, 1859. An English traveler and author, 
 son of J. A. St. John. He wrote “Village Life 
 in Upper Egypt” (1852), “The Subalpme 
 Kingdom” (1856), and other works of travel. 
 
 St. John’s Park 
 
 St.John, Charles William George. BornDec. 
 3, 1809: died July 12, 1856. A British natural- 
 ist and writer on sports. 
 
 St. John, Henry, first Viscount Bolingbroke. 
 Born at Battersea, London, Oct. 10, 1678: died 
 at Battersea, Dee. 12, 1751. An English states- 
 man and political writer. He entered Parliament in 
 1701, and acted with the Tories. He was secretary at war 
 1704-08, and secretary of state 1710-14, and was created 
 Viscount Bolingbroke in 1714. He was opposed to the ac- 
 cession of the house of Hanover, and on the death of Queen 
 Anne in 1714 fled to France, where he entered the service 
 of the Pretender: he was soon dismissed, however, and 
 subsequently returned to England. He was a friend of 
 Pope and Swift, He wrote “ Dissertation on Parties "(1736), 
 “Idea of a Patriot King” (1749), etc. 
 
 St. John, James Augustus. Born in Carmar- 
 thenshire, Wales, Sept, 24, 1801 : died Sept. 22, 
 1875. An English traveler and miscellaneous 
 author. His works include “Journal of a Residence 
 in Normandy ’ and “Lives of Celebrated Travelers " (1831), 
 “History, Manners, and Customs of the Hindoos’’ (1832), 
 “Egyptand Mohammed Ali” (1834), “The Hellenes : Man- 
 ners and Customs of Ancient Greece” (1842), “ Egypt and 
 Nubia” (1845),“ Views in Borneo ” (1847), “Isis, etc. "(1863), 
 “ History of the Four Conquestsof England ”(1862), several 
 novels, lives of Raleigh and Louis Napoleon, etc. 
 
 St. John, John Pierce. Bom in Franklin Coun- 
 ty, Ind., Feb. 25, 1833. An American politician. 
 He served in the Civil War ; was Republican governor of 
 Kansas 1879-83 ; and was the Prohibitionist candidate for 
 President in 1884. 
 
 St. John, Oliver. Born about 1598 : died 1673. 
 An English politician and lawyer. He defended 
 Hampden in the “ ship-money trial ” in 1637 ; was solicitor- 
 general 1641-43 ; and was commissioner of the treasury, 
 chief justice of Common Pleas, and councilor of state 
 during the period of the Long Parliament and Common- 
 wealth. 
 
 St. John Lateran. [It. San Giovanni in Late- 
 rano.'] A famous church in Rome, “ the mother 
 and head of all churches.” The original basilica, 
 erected by Constantine in the palace of the Lateran (which 
 see), was destroyed by an earthquake in 896. It was re- 
 built, and was twice destroyed by fire (1308, 1360), and at 
 various times remodeled. Extensive changes were made 
 in the latter half of the 16th century. The present clas- 
 sical front is of the 18th century ; the heavy Renaissance 
 ornaments of the nave, mostly in stucco, date from 1644. 
 The flat wooden roof is richly coffered. The beautiful 
 13th-century oloisters have round arcades, slender coupled 
 columns, and mosaics. The octagonal baptistery was 
 founded by Constantine, and is essentially unaltered ; it 
 possesses a much-revered font and beautiful old mosaics. 
 
 If it could be ascertained at what period in the life ot 
 Constantine these churches were built, some light might 
 be thrown on the history of his personal religion. For, 
 the Lateran being an imperial palace, the grant of a basil- 
 ica within its walls for the Christian worship (for such we 
 may conjecture to have been the first church) was a kind 
 of direct recognition, if not of his own regular personal 
 att endance, at least of his admission of Christianity within 
 his domestic circle. The palace was afterwards granted 
 to the Christians, the first patrimony of the popes. 
 
 Milman, Hist, of Christianity, II. 298. 
 
 St. John River. A river in Maine and Canada. 
 It rises on tile boundary between Maine and Quebec, flow's 
 northeast (known in part of its upper course as the VValla- 
 stook), forms part of the boundary, then flows east, south- 
 east, and south, and empties into the Bay of Fundy at St. 
 John. Its chief branches are the Alleguash, St. Francis, 
 Madaw'aska, and Aroostook. Length, about 500 miles: 
 navigable to Fredericton, and for smaller vessels to Grand 
 Falls and above. 
 
 St. John’s (jonz). A seaport, the capital of 
 Newfoundland, situated almost at the east- 
 ern extremity of the island, in lat. 47° 34' N., 
 long. 52° 41' W. It exports fish, and has manufac- 
 tures of cod and seal oils, etc. A large part of it was de- 
 stroyed by fire, July 8, 1892. Population, 29,594. 
 
 St. Johnsbury (jonz'bu-ri). The capital of 
 Caledonia County, Vermont, situated on Pas- 
 sumpsic River 30 miles east-northeast of Mont- 
 pelier. It is the seat of the largest scale factory in the 
 world (Fairbanks's scales). Population, 8,098, (1910). 
 
 St. John’s College. A college of Cambridge 
 University, England, founded in 1511 by Lady 
 Margaret Beaufort, replacing St. John’s Hos- 
 pital, which was established in the 12th cen- 
 tury. On the first of the four courts face the hall and 
 the chapel. The former possesses a spacious interior, 
 oak-paneled, and with open-framed wooden roo f . The 
 chapel is a very handsome modern Decorated building hy 
 Sir Gilbert Scott. 'J’he second court, built of brick of a 
 purple tone, is the most beautiful in Cambridge. From 
 the west side of (he third court, a covered bridge, called 
 the Bridge of Sighs, whose arched openings are tilled with 
 tracery, leads over the Cam to the New Court, whose 
 buildings are of stone in the Elizabethan style. 
 
 St. John’s College. A college of Oxford Uni- 
 versity, England, founded in 1555. The build- 
 ings are of various dates, and are picturesquely grouped ; 
 some of them belonged to (lie earlier College of St. Ber- 
 nard, and were built about the middle of the 15th century. 
 The two quadrangles are connected by a vaulted passage. 
 St. J ohn’s Park. A park formerly bounded hy 
 Hudson, Beach, Varick, and Laight streets, in 
 New York city. It was originally appropriated from 
 Trinity Church domains, and embellished by the church 
 corporation. It is now covered by a freight depot. 
 
St. John’s River 
 
 St. John’s River. A river in Florida, it flows 
 
 In general northward nearly parallel to the coast, travers- 
 ing Lake George and other lakes, and empties into the 
 Atlantic 16 miles east- north east of Jacksonville. Length, 
 about 350 miles ; navigable to Enterprise. 
 
 St. John’s W OOd. A quarter in the northwestern 
 part of London, west of Regent’s Park, it is a 
 large colony of second-rate villas. Lord’s Cricket Ground 
 is here, where the Eton and Harrow match is played an- 
 nually in July. 
 
 St. Joseph (jo'zef). Acity, capital of Buchanan 
 County, western Missouri, situated on the Mis- 
 souri in lat. 39° 45' N. It is the third city in the 
 State, and an important railway, commercial, and manufac- 
 turing center. It was founded in 1843, and was formerly a 
 point of departure for Western settlers. Population, 
 77,403, (1910). 
 
 St. Joseph (or Joseph’s) Bay. An arm of the 
 Gulf of Mexico, on the coast of Florida, 120 
 miles east-southeast of Pensacola. 
 
 St. Joseph Island. An island belonging to 
 Ontario, Canada, situated in the outlet of Lake 
 Superior into Lake Huron. Length, 20 miles. 
 St. Joseph River. 1. A river in southwestern 
 Michigan and northern Indiana. It flows into Lake 
 Michigan at St. Joseph. Length, about 200 miles; navi- 
 gable for about half its length. 
 
 2. A river in southern Michigan, northwestern 
 Ohio, and northeastern Indiana, it unites at Fort 
 Wayne with the St. Mary's to form the Maumee. Length, 
 about 100 miles. 
 
 St.-Junien (sah'zhii-nyah'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Haute-Vienne, France, situated on 
 the Vienne 19 miles west of Limoges. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 11,400. 
 
 Saint- J ust ( sah-zhiist' ), Antoine. Born at De- 
 cize, near Nevers, France, Aug. 25, 1767 : guillo- 
 tined at Paris, July 28, 1794. A French revolu- 
 tionist, an intimate associate of Robespierre, 
 and one of the chief promoters of the Reign of 
 Terror. He became deputy to the Convention in 1792; 
 was a member of the Committee of Public Safety 1793-94 ; 
 and was sent on missions to the armies on the frontiers 
 1793-94. He took an active part in the overthrow of the 
 H^bertists and Dantonists, and was involved in the down- 
 fall of Robespierre. 
 
 St. Kilda (kil'da). A remote island of the Outer 
 Hebrides, Scotland, situated west of North Uist, 
 in iat. 57° 49' N., long. 8° 35' W. The surface 
 is rocky. Length, 3 miles. Population, 77. 
 St. Eitts. See St. Christopher. 
 
 Saint-Lambert (san'ion-bar'), Jean Frantjois, 
 Marquis de. Born at Nancy, France, Dec. 26, 
 1716: died Feb. 9, 1803. A French poet and 
 
 E hilosopher; one of the encyclopedists. His 
 est-known work is the poem “Les saisons” 
 ★ (1769). 
 
 St. Lawrence (l&'rens). One of the principal 
 rivers of North America, the outlet of the Great 
 Lakes. The stream issues from Lake Ontario, and flows 
 into the Gulf of St. Lawrence at Cape (laspe. For some 
 distance below Lake Ontario it forms the boundary be- 
 tween Canada and the United States (New York). Its chief 
 tributaries are the Ottawa, St. Maurice, and Saguenay on 
 the left, and the Richelieu, St. Francis, and Chauditre on 
 the right. It contains the Thousand Islands, the islands 
 of Montreal, Jesus, Orleans, etc., and forms Lakes St. 
 Francis, St. Louis, and St. Peter. The chief fall is the 
 Lachine Rapids. Length from Lake Ontario, about 740 
 miles; navigable for the largest vessels to Quebec, for 
 large sea vessels to Montreal. Width of part below Que- 
 bec, from 7 to 90 (at its embouchure) miles. 
 
 St. Lawrence. An island in Bering Sea, be- 
 longing to Alaska, intersected by lat. 63° N., 
 long. 170° W. Length, about 100 miles. 
 
 St. Lawrence, Cape. A cape at the northern 
 extremity of Cape Breton Island, projectinginto 
 the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 St. Lawrence, Gulf of. [F. Gol/e du St.-Lau- 
 rent. ] An arm of the Atlantic, at the mouth of 
 the St. Lawrence River. It borders on the province 
 of Quebec on the north, Newfoundland on the east, Nova 
 Scotia on the south, and New Brunswick and Quebec on 
 the west. It communicates with the sea by a wide open- 
 ing on the southeast, by the Strait of Belle Isle on the 
 northeast, and by the Gut of Canso on the south ; and con- 
 tains Prince Edward Island, Antieosti, and the Magdalen 
 Islands. The chief branches are Chaleur Bay, Miramichi 
 Bay, Bay of Islands, and St. George Bay. The fisheries are 
 important. 
 
 St. Leger (sant lej'er). An English race, sec- 
 ond in importance only to the Derby, itwasestab- 
 lished in 1776, and named from Colonel Anthony St. Leger 
 in 1778. It is a race for three-year-olds, and is run at Don- 
 caster about the second week of September. 
 
 St. Leger (sant lej'er or sil'in-jer), Barry. Born 
 1737 : died 1789. A British officer, of Hugue- 
 not descent. He served in the French and Indian war 
 and in the Revolutionary War. He commanded the un- 
 successful expedition against Fort Stamvix in 1777, and 
 attained the rank of colonel in 1780. He published “St. 
 Leger’s Journal of Occurrences in America” (1780). 
 
 St. L6on (sah-la-6h'), Fanny (originally Fran- 
 cesca Cerrito). Born at Naples, March 11, 
 1821. A noted Italian dancer. She made her d4but 
 at the San Carlo in 1835, and was a favorite in London 1840- 
 1845. She married the dancer and violinist St. Leon about 
 
 884 
 
 this time, but was separated from him in 1850. She assisted 
 Gautier iu the composition of the ballets “Gemma," 
 “Gipsy,” and others. 
 
 St. -Leonard (sah-la-6-nar'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Haute-Vienne, France, situated on 
 the Vienne 10 miles east of Limoges. It was 
 the birthplace of Gay-Lussac. Population, 
 commune, 5,985. 
 
 St. Leonards (len'itrdz). A western suburb of 
 Hastings, Sussex, England: a watering-place 
 on the English Channel. 
 
 St. Leonards, Baron. See Sugden. 
 
 St.-Leu (san-le'). A village in the department 
 of Seine-et-Oise, France, northward of Paris. 
 It is the place of burial of Louis Bonaparte and 
 other Bonapartes. 
 
 St.-Leu, Comte de. A name assumed by Louis 
 Bonaparte after his deposition (1810) as'kine: of 
 Holland. 
 
 St.-Lo (sah-lo'). The capital of the department 
 of Manche, France, situated on the Vire in lat. 
 49° 7' N., long. 1° 7' W. It is largely engaged in 
 cloth manufacture. The Cathedral of Notre Dame lias 
 tall spires, and triple portals beneath three great arches 
 inclosing large traceried windows. On the north side of 
 the facade some Flamboyant tabernacle-work was added, 
 which is among the most exquisite productions of that 
 style. St.-Lo was pillaged by the Normans, and later by 
 the English, and suffered in the religious struggles. 
 Population, commune, 12,181. 
 
 St. Louis (sant lo'is or lo'i). A city in Missouri, 
 situated on the west bank of the Mississippi, 
 20 miles below the mouth of the Missouri, in lat. 
 38° 38' N., long. 90° 15' W. It is the largest city in 
 Missouri and in the Mississippi basin, and fourth city in 
 the United States ; one of the chief railway centers of the 
 country; and one of its leading commercial and manufac- 
 turing cities. The river is crossed here by a bridge 2,225 
 feet long, connecting the city with East St. Louis. There is 
 extensive commerce by river : among the leading articles 
 of shipment are grain, live stock, tobacco, flour, and 
 cotton. The leading manufactures are flour, beer, sugar, 
 iron and steel, tobacco, etc. The chief buildings are the 
 custom-house and post-office, court-house, merchants’ ex- 
 change, Four Courts, etc. It is the seat of St. Louis and 
 Washington universities, and is noted for its public schools. 
 It was founded by the French in 1764 (see Chouteau, Au- 
 guste) ; was formally occupied by the Spaniards in 1771 ; 
 was ceded to the United States in 1803; was made a city 
 in 1822 ; and has been several times devastated by cholera 
 and flood, and in 1849 by fire. Its progress was retarded 
 by the Civil War. It was separated from St. Louis County 
 in 1877. Population, 687,029, (1910). 
 
 St.-Louis (sah-16-e'). The capital of the French 
 colony of Senegal, West Africa, situated on an 
 island in the Senegal River, near its mouth, in 
 lat. 16° 1' N., long. 16° 34' W. (lighthouse). It 
 has considerable commerce. Population, com- 
 mune, 24,679. 
 
 St. Louis (lo'is or lo'i), Lake. An expansion 
 of the St. Lawrence below Lake St. Francis and 
 above Montreal. 
 
 St. Louis (lo'is or lo'i) River. A river in north- 
 eastern Minnesota which flows into Lake Su- 
 perior 9 miles southwest of Duluth. Length, 
 about 200 miles. 
 
 St. Lucas, Cape. See San Lucas, Cape. 
 
 St. Lucia (lo'sha), or Santa Lucia (san'ta 15- 
 se'a). An island of the British West Indies, 
 situated in lat. 14° N., long. 61° W. Capital, 
 Castries. Its surface is mountainous and volcanic. It 
 exports sugar, cacao, etc. It was settled by the English in 
 1639 ; was several times held by the French ; and has been 
 held permanently by the British since 1803. It forms part 
 of the colony of the Windward Islands. Area, 233 square 
 miles. Population, 65,097. 
 
 St. Lucia Bay. An inlet of the Indian Ocean, 
 at the mouth of the Umvolozi River, Zululand, 
 situated south of the St. Lucia Lake, it was 
 claimed by the Germans in 1884, but yielded to the British 
 iu 1885. 
 
 St. Lucia Lake. A lagoon on the eastern coast 
 of Zululand, South Africa, about lat. 28° S. it 
 communicates with the Indian Ocean by St. Lucia Bay. 
 Length, about 60 miles. 
 
 St.-Macaire (sah'ma-kar'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Gironde, France, situated on the 
 Garonne 25 miles southeast of Bordeaux': a 
 Roman and medieval town. Population, com- 
 mune, 2,152. 
 
 St.-Maixent (san'ma-kson'). A town in the 
 department of Deux-S6vres, situated on the 
 Sevre 30 miles southwest of Poitiers. It con- 
 tains an interesting church. Population, com- 
 mune, 5,401. 
 
 St.-Malo ( san'm;i-lo'). A seaport in the de- 
 
 partment of Ille-et-Vilaine, France, situated on 
 an island at the mouth of the Ranee, in lat. 48° 
 40' N., long. 1° 59' W. It is a strong fortress, and 
 an important commercial city and watering-place ; has 
 extended quays and docks ; and is celebrated for the height 
 of the tides, its ramparts, castle, and parish church (for- 
 merly a cathedral) are notable. It was the birthplace of 
 Cartier, Maupertuis, Lamettrie, Mah6 de la Bourdonnais, 
 Chateaubriand, and Lamennais. It was unsuccessfully 
 
 Saint Mary’s 
 
 attacked by the English in 1693, 1695, and 1758. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 10,647. 
 
 Saint-Marc Girardin (san'mar' zhe-rar-dan'), 
 Francois Auguste (originally Marc Girar- 
 din). Born at Paris, Feb. 12, 1801: died at 
 Moi€ang-sur-Seine, near Paris, April 11, 1873. 
 A French author, publicist, and politician. His 
 works include “ Cours de literature dramatique ” (1843- 
 1863), “Essais de literature et de morale ’’ (1844), etc. 
 
 St. Margaret’s. A historic church in West- 
 minster, London, founded by Edward I. and 
 modified by Edward IV. Here Sir Walter Raleigh 
 and William Caxton were buried, and Milton was married. 
 The chureh is full of colored-glass windows and other me- 
 morials to the great men who have been associated with it. 
 
 St. Mark’s (Venice). See Mark, St., Basilicaof. 
 St. Mark’s Square. The principal square in 
 Venice. It contains St. Mark’s Church and the 
 Campanile. Near it are the Ducal Palace, 
 Bridge of Sighs, etc. 
 
 Saint-Mars (sah-mar'), Gabrielle Anne de 
 Cisternes de Courtiras, Marquise de Poilow 
 
 de : best known by her pseudonym of Com- 
 tesse Dash. Born at Poitiers, Aug. 2, 1804: 
 died at Paris, Sept. 11, 1872. A French woman 
 of society and writer. Among her books are “ Le Jeu 
 de la reine,” “ Les bals masques,” “ La chai,ne d’or,” “Les 
 chateaux en Afrique,” “La duchesse d’Eponnes,” “ Le 
 fruit d^fendu,” “ Les galanteries de lacour de Louis XV.,” 
 “ La r^gence,” “La jeunesse de Louis XV.,” “Les mai- 
 tresses du roi,”“Le pare aux cerfs,”“La marquise de 
 Parabere,” “La marquise sanglante,” “La poudre et la 
 neige,” “ Le salon du diable,”etc. 
 
 St. Martin (sant mar'tin; F. pron. san-mar- 
 tah'). An island in the Lesser Antilles, West 
 Indies, situated in lat. 18° 4' N., long. 63° 5' W. 
 It is divided between France and the Netherlands. The 
 surface is hilly. St. Martin exports salt, sugar, and live 
 stock The capital of the French part is Marigot ; of the 
 Dutch part, Philippsburg. It was divided between the two 
 nations iu 1048. Area of French part, 20 square miles; 
 population, about 3,500. Area of Dutch part, 17 square 
 miles ; population, 3,185. 
 
 St. Martin (mar'tin), or St. Martin’s (mar'- 
 
 tinz). One of the Scilly Islands, southwest of 
 Cornwall, England. 
 
 Saint-Martin (san'mar-tan'), Antoine Jean. 
 
 Born at Paris, Jan. 17, 1791: died there, July, 
 1832. A French Orientalist. His chief work is 
 “M6moires sur l’histoire et la geographic de 
 l’Armfinie ” (1818-19). 
 
 Saint-Martin, Louis Claude de, styled “ Le 
 philosophe inconnu.” Born at Amboise, France, 
 Jan. 18, 1743: died at Aunay, near Paris, Oct. 
 13,1803. AFrenchmystical philosopher : called 
 “the French Boh me.” He entered the army, but 
 abandoned it about 1800, and thereafter lived in retire- 
 ment, first at Paris and later at Aunay. Among his works 
 are “Des erreurs et de la vdrite ’’ (1776), "Tableau naturel 
 des rapports qui existent entre Dieu, 1’homme et l’uni- 
 vers ’’ (1782), etc. 
 
 Saint-Martin, Louis Vivien de. See Vivien 
 de Saint-Martin. 
 
 St. -Martin de R6 (de ra). The capital of the 
 lie de Re, department of Chare nte-Inf6rieure, 
 France. Population, commune, 2,382. 
 
 St. Martin's le Grand. A monastery and 
 church formerly in London, dating from very 
 early times. In the second year of William the Con- 
 queror it was exempted from ecclesiastical and civil juris- 
 diction. Its site is now occupied by the General Post 
 Office, built in 1825-29 from Smirke’s designs. 
 
 St. Mary (Azores). See Santa Maria. 
 
 St. Mary (ma'ri), Cape. 1. The southernmost 
 point of Madagascar, situated in lat. 25° 39' S., 
 long. 45° 7' E. — 2. A cape in the peninsula of 
 Avalon, southeastern part of Newfoundland, at 
 the entrance to Placentia Bay. — 3. A cape at 
 the western extremity of Nova Scotia. 
 
 St. Mary Bay. 1. An arm of the Atlantic, on 
 the southern coast of the peninsula of Avalon, 
 Newfoundland. — 2. An arm of the Atlantic, 
 on the western coast of Nova Scotia. 
 
 St. Mary de Arcubus or le Bow, or Bow 
 Church. [L. de arcubus, of the arches.] A 
 chureh in London, on Cheapside, within the 
 sound of whose celebrated bells all cockneys 
 are born. It is an excellently designed structure by 
 Wren, begun in 1671. It stands over the tine Norman crypt 
 of tlie older church, which was destroyed by the fire of 
 1666. The spire (235 feet high) is especially admired, and 
 lias been pronounced the most graceful in outline and ap- 
 propriate in details erected since the medieval period. 
 
 Stow, usually very clear, rather contradicts himself for 
 once about the origin of the name of the church. In one 
 place he says it was so called because it was the first Lon- 
 don Church built on arches ; and elsewhere he says it took 
 its name from certain stone arches supporting a lantern 
 on the top of the tower. The latter is more probably the 
 true derivation, for St. Paul's could also boast its Saxon 
 crypt. Watford and Thornburg, London, I. 335. 
 
 Saint Mary’s (ma'riz), or Saint Mary. 1. 
 
 An island of the British colony of Gambia, 
 western Africa, situated at the mouth of the 
 
Saint Mary’s 
 
 Gambia. — 2. The largest of the Scilly Islands, 
 southwest of Cornwall, England. Area, 2 square 
 miles. 
 
 St. Marys. A town in Perth County, Ontario, 
 Canada, situated on a branch of the Thames 
 65 miles west of Hamilton. Population, 
 3,384. 
 
 St. Mary’s Falls. See Sault Sainte Marie. 
 
 St. Mary’s Loch (loch). A lake in the county 
 of Selkirk, Scotland, 14 miles west-southwest 
 of Selkirk. Length, including the Loch of the 
 Lowes, 4£ miles. 
 
 St. Mary’s River. 1 . The outlet of Lake Su- 
 perior into Lake Huron. Length, 55 miles; 
 navigable by aid of ship-canal. — 2. A river on 
 the boundary between Georgia and Florida. It 
 empties into the Atlantic near Fernandina, 
 Florida. Length, about 150 miles. — 3. A river 
 in northwestern Ohio and northeastern Indi- 
 ana. It unites at Fort Wayne with St. Joseph’s River 
 to form the Maumee. Length, about 100 miles. 
 
 St. Mary’s the Great. The official university 
 church at Cambridge, England. It is a Perpen- 
 dicular structure, built between 1478 and 1519. 
 St. Mary the Virgin, Church of. The official 
 university church at Oxford, England. The great 
 tower is surmounted by a superb octagonal spire of 1300, 
 with unusually rich pinnacles at the angles, rising in the 
 form of steps. The existing choir dates from 1460, and the 
 nave from 1488 : they exhibit varied types of the Perpen- 
 dicular. The south porch, with broken pediment and 
 twisted columns, is of the 17th century. 
 
 St. Matthew (math'u). A small island in Be- 
 ring Sea, belonging to Alaska, south-southwest 
 of St. Lawrence. 
 
 St. Matthew (or Matthew’s) Island. A small 
 island of British Burma, lying near the coast 
 of the Malay peninsula, in lat. 10° N. 
 
 St. Maurice (santma/ris; F. pron. san mo-res'). 
 A river in Quebec, Canada, which rises in a 
 chain of lakes, and joins the St. Lawrence at 
 Three Rivers. It contains the Falls of Shawenegan (160 
 feet). Length, about 350 miles. 
 
 St.-Maurice (san-mo-res'). A commune in the 
 department of Seine, France, situated on the 
 Marne about 3 miles east-southeast of the forti- 
 fications of Paris. Population, commune, 8,320. 
 St.-Maurice. A town in the canton of Valais, 
 Switzerland, situated on the Rhone 28 miles 
 southeast of Lausanne : the Roman Agaunum. 
 The abbey was founded in the 6th century. This was one 
 of the leading towns of the ancient Burgundian kingdom. 
 Population, 2,162. 
 
 St.-Maur-les-Foss6s (san'mor'la-fo-sa'). A 
 village in the department of Seine, France, 
 situated on the Marne 4 miles east-southeast 
 of the fortifications of Paris. Population, 
 commune, 28,238. 
 
 St.-Maur-SUr-Loire (-siir-lwar'). A Benedic- 
 tine monastery, founded by St. Maurus, situated 
 near Saumur, France. It was destroyed by the 
 Normans in the 9th century. 
 
 Saint-M6ry M6d6ric Louis Elie Moreau de. 
 
 See Moreau de Saint- Mery. 
 
 St. Michael. See St. Michel. 
 
 St. Michael overcoming Satan. A painting 
 by Raphael (1518), in the Louvre, Paris. The 
 
 archangel, in glowing corselet, with one foot resting on 
 the prostrate form of his adversary, is about to transfix 
 him with his poised spear. It is a striking work, though 
 black in the shadows. 
 
 St.Michael’s(mi'kelz),orSt.Michael(mi'kel). 
 [Pg. Silo Miguel.'] ’The largest and most popu- 
 lous of the Azores Islands, situated in the east- 
 ernmost group. The surface is mountainous and vol- 
 canic. It exports fruit and wine, and is noted for its hot 
 springs. The chief town is Ponta Delgada. Area, 300 
 square miles. Population, about 125,000. 
 
 St. Michael’s Mount. A pyramidal rock in 
 Mount’s Bay, on the coast of Cornwall, England, 
 18 miles west of Falmouth : the ancient Ictis. It 
 is almost isolated from the mainland. Height, 
 230 feet. 
 
 St. Michel (mi'kel), or St. Michael. 1. Alaen 
 in southern Finland, largely occupied by lakes. 
 Area, 8,819 square miles. Population, 192,- 
 682. — 2. The capital of the laen of St. Michel, 
 80 miles northwest of Viborg. 
 
 St.-Michel, Mont. See Mont St.-Michel. 
 St.-Mihiel (san-me-yel'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Meuse, France, situated on the 
 Meuse 33 miles west-northwest of Nancy. 
 Population, commune, 9,661. 
 
 St.-Nazaire (san-na-zar'). A seaport in the 
 department of Loire-Inf6rieure, France, situ- 
 ated on the Loire, near its mouth, in lat. 47° 16' 
 N., long. 2° 12' W. It, is the outer haven of Nantes 
 and the terminus of several ocean steamship lines, and 
 has large docks and quays. Near it is a large granite 
 dolmen. Population, commune, 35,762. 
 
 St. Neots(ne'ots). Atownin Huntingdonshire, 
 
 885 
 
 England, situated on the Ouse 17 miles west of 
 Cambridge. Population, 2,789. 
 
 St. -Nicolas (san-ne-ko-la'). A town in the 
 province of East Flanders, Belgium, 13 miles 
 west-southwest of Antwerp. It has flourishing 
 manufactures. It was the capital of the an- 
 cient Waesland. Population, commune, 34,037. 
 St. -Nicolas. A town in the department of 
 Meurthe-et-Moselle, France, situated on the 
 Meurtho 6 miles southeast of Nancy. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 5,732. 
 
 St.-Omer (san-to-mar'). The capital of the de- 
 partment of Pas-de-Calais, France, situated on 
 the Aa in lat. 50° 45' N., long. 2° 15' E. it was 
 a strong fortress, and is a commercial and manufacturing 
 center. The cathedral is a large handsome building : the 
 choir is of the 13th century, the transepts of the 14th, and 
 tne remainder Flamboyant. The interior contains paint- 
 ings by Rubens and Van Dyck, and several noteworthy 
 tombs. The Church of Notre Dame and the ruined Church 
 of St. Bertin (where Childeric III. died) are also note- 
 worthy. St.-Omer formerly had a Roman Catholic college 
 for British youth. In early times it belonged to Flanders. 
 It was often taken and retaken. In 1677 it was taken from 
 the Spaniards by Louis XIV. and annexed to France. 
 Population, commune, 20,993. 
 
 Sainton-Dolby (san ' ton - dol ' bi), Madame 
 (Charlotte Helen Dolby). Bom at London, 
 1821: died there, Feb. 18, 1885. An English 
 singer of ballads and in oratorio, and musical 
 writer. She wrote many songs, three cantatas, etc. In 
 I860 she married Prosper Sainton, a violinist, and in 1872 
 opened a “vocal academy.” 
 
 Saintonge (san-tonzli'). A former division of 
 western France, which formed with Angoumois 
 a government before the Revolution. Chief city, 
 Saintes. It was bounded by Aunis and Poitou on the 
 north, Guienne on the east and south, and the Bay of Bis- 
 cay on the west. Angoumois was in its eastern part. Sain- 
 tonge itself is mostly included in the department of Cha- 
 rente-Infdrieure. It passed with Eleanor of Aquitaine to 
 the Plantagenet house, and generally followed the fortunes 
 of Aquitaine. 
 
 St.-Ouen (san-to-on' ) . A town in the department 
 of Seine, France, situated on the right bank of 
 the Seine, llr miles north of the fortifications 
 of Paris. It has various manufacturing estab- 
 lishments and docks. Population, commune, 
 37,866. 
 
 St.-Ouen, Declaration of. A proclamation to 
 the French nation, made by Louis XVIII. at 
 St.-Ouen, May 2, 1814, promising a constitution. 
 St. Pancras (pang'kras). A metropolitan and 
 parliamentary borough of London, situated 
 north of the Thames. It returns 4 members to 
 Parliament. Population, 218,453, (1911). 
 Saint Patrick’s Day, or the Scheming Lieu- 
 tenant. Afarceby Sheridan, produced m 1775. 
 St. Patrick’s Purgatory. A cave on a small 
 island in Lough Derg, Ireland, it was a famous 
 place of medieval pilgrimage, as the supposed entrance to 
 an earthly purgatory or place of expiation. 
 
 St. Paul (pal). An island in the Indian Ocean, 
 situated in lat. 38° 43' S., long. 77° 32' E., about 
 50 miles south of New Amsterdam. It belongs 
 to France (since 1892). The surface is vol- 
 canic. Length, 1| miles. 
 
 St. Paul (sant pal ; F. pron. san pol). A small 
 island at the entrance of the Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence, north -northeast of Cape Breton. 
 
 St. Paul (sant pal). The capital of Minnesota 
 and of Ramsey County, situated on the Missis- 
 sippi, in lat. 44° 56' N., long. 93° 7' W., south 
 of and adjoining Minneapolis. Next to Minneapo- 
 lis it is the largest city in the State. It is an important 
 railway center; is at the head of uninterrupted naviga- 
 tion of the Mississippi ; has extensive commerce ; and is 
 a large meat-packing center. Its manufactures include 
 machinery, agricultural implements, furniture, boots and 
 shoes, etc. It was settled in 1838, and became a city in 
 1854. It is remarkable for its rapid growth. Population, 
 214,744, (1910). 
 
 St.-Paul ( san-pol'). A seaport on the island of 
 Reunion, Indian Ocean, situated on the north- 
 west coast. 
 
 St. Paul, or Paulus. Mendelssohn’s first ora- 
 torio, produced in 1836 at Diisseldorf. 
 
 St. Paul’s (palz). A cathedral in London, be- 
 gun 1675, according to the designs of Sir Chris- 
 topher Wren, in place of the old cathedral of 
 the llth-13th centuries, which was destroyed in 
 the great fire of 1666. Old St. Paul’s was a very notable 
 church, 590 feet long, and with a 14th-century wooden cen- 
 tral spire 460 feet high. The existing cathedral was first 
 used for divine service in 1697, and was completed in 1710, 
 the cost being about $3,500,000. In plan and architecture 
 it is akin to St. Peter’B at Rome, but only one half as great 
 in area, and relatively longer and narrower. Its dimen- 
 sions are 500 by 118 feet ; length of transepts, 250 ; inner 
 height of dome, 226 ; height to top of cross, 364 ; diameter 
 of dome, 112 feet — the diameter of that of St. Peter’s be- 
 ing 139} feet, and of the Pantheon 143. The exterior is clas- 
 sical, with two stories ; the front and transepts are pedi- 
 mented, and the former is flanked by bell-towers. The 
 
 St. Petersburg 
 
 upper story on the sides is merely a mask, the actual struc- 
 ture of lofty nave and low aisles being the same as in a 
 medieval cathedral. The dome is magnificent : it is per- 
 haps the most imposing in existence. Its drum is sur- 
 rounded by a range of Corinthian columns, and it is sur- 
 mounted by a lantern. The interior is impressive from 
 its size, and is not dwarfed like St. Peter's by dispropor- 
 tionate size of its classical details. It has recently been 
 decorated under Sir William Richmond. The vaulted 
 crypt, like the church itself, contains many tombs of fa- 
 mous men. The modern reredos, in the Italian Renais- 
 sance style, is elaborately sculptured. 
 
 St. Paul’s Bay. A bay on the northern coast of 
 Malta, the traditional scene of Paul’s shipwreck. 
 St. Paul’s Churchyard. The open space sur- 
 rounding St. Paul’s Cathedral, London. 
 
 St. Paul’s Rocks. A group of islets in the At- 
 lantic Ocean, east of South America, situated 
 in lat. 0° 55' N., long. 29° 23' W. 
 
 St. Paul Without the Walls. A famous 4th- 
 century basilica at Rome, unfortunately burned 
 in 1823. The original plans have been reproduced as far 
 as possible. The original facade, the tribune with its im- 
 portant mosaics, and a number of antique columns sur- 
 vive. The rich interior is 411 feet long, the transepts 214 
 feet. The fiat wooden ceiling is elaborately carved. The 
 main cloister is a beautiful work of the 13th century, with 
 round arcades and coupled columns in great variety. 
 
 St. Peter (pe'ter). The capital of Nicollet Coun- 
 ty, Minnesota, situated on the Minnesota River 
 o2 miles southwest of St. Paul. Population, 
 4,176, (1910). 
 
 St. Peter, Lake. An expansion of the St. Law- 
 rence above Three Rivers. Length, 20 miles. 
 Width, 9 miles. 
 
 St. Peter Port. A seaport, chief town of Guern- 
 sey, Channel Islands, situated on the east side. 
 It is a watering-place, and has a Gothic church. 
 Population, 18,264. 
 
 St. Peter’s (pe'terz). The metropolitan church 
 of the Roman see. The ancient basilica had become 
 ruinous in 1460, and it was decided to replace it. Little 
 was accomplished until 1506, when the carrying out of the 
 plans of Bramante was begun. Advance was slow until 
 1634, when Michelangelo’s designs were substituted ; but 
 the dome was not completed until 1590, and the basilica 
 was dedicated only in 1626. The plan is a Latin cross, 613} 
 by 446} feet, with rounded apse and transepts, and a ves- 
 tibule. The height of the nave is 162} feet, its width 87}. 
 The interior diameter of the dome is 139} feet, its height to 
 the top of the cross 448. The architecture is heavy pseudo- 
 Roman, all the members being of such huge size that 
 much of the natural effect of magnitude is lost. The in- 
 terior is lavishly decorated with stucco ornament and gild- 
 ing, with colossal statues of saints. The pedimented dome, 
 resting on its four enormous piers, is one of the most mag- 
 nificent achievements of architecture. The high altar is 
 canopied with a bronze baldacchino 95 feet high, with 
 spiral columns. Parts of the walls and vaults are covered 
 with mosaics. There are many papal and princely tombs 
 rich in statuary, some of it fine. The spacious crypts are 
 in part of the time of Constantine, and contain many in. 
 teresting memorials and art works. 
 
 St. Petersburg (pe'terz-b6rg). A government 
 of Russia, bounded by the Gulf of Finland, Fin- 
 land, Lake Ladoga, and the governments of Olo- 
 netz, Novgorod, Pskoff, Livonia, and Esthonia. 
 The surface is generally level. It corresponds to the an- 
 cient Ingermanland. Area, 17,226 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 2,740,300. 
 
 St. Petersburg. [F. Saint-PStersbourg, G. 
 San kt-Petersburg, Petersburg, Russ. Sanktpeter- 
 burg, Peterburg.] The capital of the Russian 
 empire, situated in the government of St. Pe- 
 tersburg, at the mouth of the Neva, in lat. 60° 
 N., long. 30° 19' E. It stands partly on the main- 
 land and partly on low islands formed by the mouths of 
 the river. It is the largest city in the empire, and the 
 fifth in population of Europe ; has important manufac- 
 tures, including cotton, leather, glass, porcelain ; and has 
 extensive commerce, foreign (directly and through Kron- 
 stadt) and internal, by its system of railways and by the 
 Neva and its connections. St. Isaac’s Cathedral is a build- 
 ing of Renaissance style, imposing from its size (364 by 
 316 feet) and the magnificence of its materials : completed 
 after the middle of this century. The plan is a Greek cross 
 crowned by a fine dome 336 feet high, with lantern and cross. 
 From each face projects an octastyle Corinthian portico 
 with columns60feet high, the shafts monolithsof polished 
 granite, and the capitals of bronze. The pediments are 
 filled with sculpture in bronze. The huge doors are of 
 bronze covered with reliefs. In the interior the iconostasis 
 is adorned with remarkable columns of malachite, over 30 
 feet high, and its royal doors are flanked by great pillars of 
 lapis lazuli. The Kazan cathedral is in plan a Latin cross 
 with hexastyle porticos before the nave and transepts, and 
 an apsidal chevet. Though one third smaller than St. 
 Isaac’s, it is still an imposing structure. The chief entrance, 
 which is in the north transept, is preceded by curved porti- 
 cos of admirable effect, in imitation of those of St. Peter’s. 
 Rome. The dome rests on 4 piers from which extend 4 fine 
 double ranges of columns with granite shafts and bronze 
 capitals and bases. The iconostasis is of silver, from the 
 spoils of Napoleon I.; the cathedral contains many other 
 martial trophies. The Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, 
 in the fortress, has been since the foundation of St. Peters- 
 burg the mausoleum of Russian sovereigns. In plan it is 
 rectangular, 3-aisled, 98 by 210 feet; it is rococoin style and 
 crowned by a slender pyramidal spire, of Dutch design, 302 
 feet high, covered with gilded copper. The imperial tombs 
 are in teresting, and the icons and other church orn am ents of 
 extreme richness. The interior contains a great number 
 of warlike trophies. The palace of thq grand duke Michael, 
 
St. Petersburg 
 
 built 1820, is architecturally the finest palace in St. Peters- 
 burg, and of a stateliness and harmony of design which 
 would command attention anywhere. The garden front 
 presents long ranges of Corinthian columns resting on a 
 single story of rusticated masonry, the total height being 
 87 feet. The 12 columns of the central portion stand free, 
 forming a portico. At each end a pavilion projects slightly, 
 and is adorned by six engaged columns surmounted by a 
 pediment The opposite front is of varied but kindred 
 disposition. The entrance-hall, with the grand staircase, 
 is 80 feet square, and all the interior arrangements are at 
 once appropriate and magnificent. The cottage of Peter 
 the Great, built by the czar in 1703, and inhabited by him 
 during the building of St. Petersburg, is carefully pre- 
 served as a memorial, and contains many relics of Peter. 
 It is 20 by 55 feet, of wood, with 2 rooms and a kitchen. 
 The czar's bedroom is now arranged as a chapel. The 
 Moscow gate, a fine triumphal arch in a neo-Greek style, 
 was erected in 1838 in commemoration of Russian victories 
 in Poland, Turkey, and Persia. Twelve columns, 68 feet 
 high and 17 in diameter, support an attic which bears 12 
 angels in relief and inscriptions. Other objects of inter- 
 est are the winter palace, Hermitage (which see), Anitch- 
 koff palace, Nikolai and Alexander bridges, equestrian 
 statue of Peter the Great, and Alexander column. The 
 Nevskii Prospekt is the principal street. The city is the 
 seat of the imperial library (over 1,800,000 vols.), Academy 
 of Sciences (with rich collections), Academy of Arts, vari- 
 ous museums, military, mining, naval, medical, and other 
 schools, and learned societies. The university, founded in 
 1819, has faculties of history and philosophy, physics and 
 mathematics, law, and Oriental studies, and is attended 
 by about 9,000 students. The winter is long and the cli- 
 mate unhealthy. St. Petersburg was founded by Peter 
 the Great in 1703, and thousands were compelled by the 
 emperor to remove their residences to it. It was largely 
 developed by Catharine II., Alexander I,, and Nicholas I. 
 Population, 1,678,000. 
 
 St. Peter's College, or Peterhouse (pe'tfer- 
 hous). The oldest college of Cambridge Uni- 
 versity, England, founded as a hospital in 1257 
 and as a college 1280-86 by Hugh de Balsham, 
 bishop of Ely, and named from the parish church 
 of St. Peter, which was at first used by the 
 scholars for their devotions. Only parts of the 
 original buildings remain. 
 
 St. -Pierre. See St. Peter Port. 
 
 St.-Pierre (san-pyar'). 1. A small rocky island 
 belonging to France, south of Newfoundland 
 and southeast of Miquelon. It is connected by cable 
 with France and the United States. The inhabitants are 
 engaged in the cod-fishery. Area, 10 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, with Miquelon, about 5,000. 
 
 2. A town on the island of St.-Pierre. It is in 
 steam communication with Boston and Halifax. 
 
 St.-Pierre. A seaport and the commercial center 
 of Martinique, French West Indies, it wastotally 
 destroyed by an eruption of Mount Pelee on May 8, 1902. 
 About. 40,000 people in St.-Pierre and vicinity were killed. 
 
 St.-Pierre. A seaport on the island of Re- 
 union, Indian Ocean, situated on the southern 
 coast. Population, 31,927. 
 
 Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de. See Bernardin 
 de Saint-Pierre. 
 
 St.-Pol-de-Leon (san'pol'de-la-on'). Atownin 
 the department of Finist&re, France, situated 
 near the English Channel 32 miles northeast of 
 Brest. The cathedral is a beautiful 13th-century build- 
 ing, with west front flanked by twin spires, a splendid rose 
 in the south transept, and a large porch on the south side. 
 The interior is very beautiful and graceful — the finest in 
 Brittany. The choir is inclosed by a good screen, and pos- 
 sesses handsome 15th-century stalls. The Chapelle de 
 Creizker is chiefly 14th- and 15th-century work. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 8,140. 
 
 Saint-Preux (san-pre'). The lover of Julie, a 
 leading charac ter in Rousse au’s n ovel “Lan ou- 
 velle Hfdoise.” 
 
 Saint-Priest (sah-pre'), Alexis Guignard, 
 
 Comte de. Born at St. Petersburg, April 23, 1805: 
 died at Moscow, Sept. 29, 1851. A French his- 
 torian and diplomatist. His best-known work is 
 41 Oistoire de la conquSte de Naples par Charles d’Anjou ” 
 (1847—48). 
 
 St.-Privat-la-Montagne (sah-pre-va'la-mdh- 
 tiiny'). A village 8 miles northwest of Metz. 
 See Gravelotte. 
 
 St.-Quentin (san-kon-tan'). A city in the de- 
 partment of Aisne, France, situated on the 
 Somme 25 miles northwest of Laon. it is the 
 center of an important manufacturing district, the lead- 
 ing manufactures being cotton and woolen goods. The 
 collegiate church, chiefly of the 13th century, ranks among 
 the most admirable examples of Pointed architecture. The 
 hotel de ville is a typical Flemish Pointed municipal build- 
 ing. The city, which stands on the site of the Roman Au- 
 gusta Veromanduorum, was sacked by the Normans in the 
 9th century. It was the chief town of the former Verman- 
 dois. Two battles have been fought in its neighborhood: 
 the army of Philip II. under Philibert Emmanuel, duke of 
 Savoy, defeated the French under the Constable de Mont- 
 morency, Aug. 10, lf>57 ; and the Germans under Von Goben 
 defeated the French under Faidherbe, Jan. 19, 1871. The 
 place repulsed a German attack Oct. 8, 1870, hut was taken 
 by the Germans Oct. 21 . Population, commune, 52,768. 
 
 Saint-Real (san-ra-aF), Cesar Vicliard, Abb6 
 de. Born at Chambery, France, 1639: died 
 there, 1692. A French historian. He went to 
 Paris early in life, and devoted himself to the study of 
 history. He went to London, but returned shortly to Paris, 
 and in 1679 to Chambery, where he became historiographer 
 
 886 
 
 to the Duke of Savoy. His principal work was the “ Con- 
 juration des Espagnols contre Venise " (1672), which was 
 the basis of Otway’s “Venice Preserved. 
 
 St. Regis (re'jis). An Iroquois reservation sit- 
 uated on the St. Lawrence River, partly in Que- 
 bec, Canada, and partly in New York, 45 miles 
 northeast of Ogdeusburg. 
 
 St.-Remy (san-re-me'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Bouches-du-Rhone, France, 14 miles 
 northeast of Arles. Near it (about 11 miles distant) are 
 antiquities from the Roman town of Glantim Livii. The 
 P^oman triumphal arch, not ed for its beautiful proportions 
 and ornament, and for its fine reliefs of bound prisoners 
 attended by women, is of date about 100 A. D. The Roman 
 mausoleum, called tomb of the Julii, is of pyramidal out- 
 line, about 60 feet high, and includes 2 stories above a 
 square basement encircled by reliefs of military scenes. 
 The lower story is a structure pierced by archways and dec- 
 orated with Corinthian semi columns, and the upper is a 
 circular edicule with 10 Corinthian columns and a domical 
 roof sheltering 2 statues. This beautiful monument is as- 
 signed to the early empire. 
 
 Saint-Rene Taillandier. See Taillandier. 
 
 St.-Riquier (san're-kya'), or St.-Ricquier. A 
 
 town in the department of Somme, France, 19 
 miles northwest of Amiens. Its abbey was notable. 
 The Flamboyant abbey church has a lavishly sculptured 
 facade with a single graceful tower, elaborate vaulting, and 
 fine choir-stalls. The choir is of earlier date. The sacristy 
 is frescoed with a curious “ Dance of Death. ’’ Population, 
 commune, 1,433. 
 
 St. Ronan’s Well. A novel by Sir Walter 
 Scott, published in 1824. 
 
 St. Roque, Cape. See Sao Roque. 
 
 Saint-Ruth (sah-riit'). Died 1691. A French 
 general. He commanded the Jacobite forces in Ireland 
 in 1691, and fell at the battle of Aghrim in that year. 
 
 Saint-Saens (sail -son'), Charles Camille. 
 
 Born at Paris, Oct. 9, 1835. A noted French com- 
 poser and pianist. He began tostudy the piano at the 
 age of seven, in 1847 entered the Conservatoire, and was 
 the pupil of llalevy, Reber, Benoit, and Gounod. In 1851 
 he composed his first symphony. He was organist of St. 
 Merri in 1853, and of the Madeleine 1858-77. He composed 
 several operas, but his instrumental music and orchestra- 
 tion have brought him fame. His musical criticisms, 
 written for various periodicals, were collected and pub- 
 lished in 1885 as “ Harmonieet nrilodie,” Among his works 
 are the symphonic poems “Phaeton,” “Le rouet d’Om- 
 phale,” “Danse Macabre," “La jeunessed’Hercule, etc., "a 
 “Suite algeriemie, ” Symphonies in Ely, A minor, and C 
 minor, a barcarolle “Une nuitit Lisbonne,” several masses, 
 and much vocal, pianoforte, and chamber music. 
 
 Saint-Sauveur (san-so-v6r'). A watering-place 
 in the department of Hautes-Pyr6n6es, France, 
 situated on the Gave de Pau 29 miles south of 
 
 ★Tarbes : noted for hot sulphur springs. 
 Saintsbury (sants' bu-ri), George Edward 
 Bateman. Born at Southampton, Oct. 23, 1845. 
 An English literary critic and historian. He was 
 educated at Oxford (Merton College), where he graduated 
 in 1867. He was classical master at Elizabeth College, 
 Guernsey, 1868-74, and head-master of the Elgin Education- 
 al Institute 1874-76. Soon after 1876 he established himself 
 in London. He has published a “ Primer of French Liter- 
 ature ” (1880), “ Dryderi " in English Men of Letters (1881), 
 “A Short History of French Literature ” (1882), “French 
 Lyrics: Selected and Annotated "(1883). “Marlborough "in 
 English Worthies (1885), a “ History of Elizabethan Lit- 
 erature" (1887), “Essays on English Literature " (1891), 
 “Essays on French Novelists” (1891), etc. 
 
 St. Sebastian. See San Sebastian. 
 
 St. Sepulchre (sep'ul-k6r). A church in Cam- 
 bridge, England, commonly known as the Round 
 Church: a Norman building dating from 110], 
 It is the oldest of the four circular churches 
 surviving in England. 
 
 St.-Servan (san-ser-voh'). A seaport in the 
 department of Ille-et-Vilaibe, France, situated 
 on the Ranee opposite St.-Malo. Population, 
 commune, 12,242. 
 
 Saints’ Everlasting Rest, The. A religious 
 work by Richard Baxter, published in 1650. 
 
 Saint-Simon (san-se-mon' ; Anglicized sant si'- 
 mon), Claude Henri, Comte de. Born at Pa- 
 ris, Oct. 17, 1760: died there, May 19, 1825. A 
 French philosopher, the founder of French so- 
 cialism. He came of an ancient and noble though impov- 
 erished family, studied under D'Alembert, and served asa 
 volunteer in the American Revolution. He was prevented 
 by his aristocratic birth from playing a prominent partin 
 the French Revolution (being indeed for a time impris- 
 oned), but accumulated a fortune by speculating in con- 
 fiscated lands, and devoted himself to the study of phi- 
 losophy. The latter years of his life were spent in pov- 
 erty, hisfortune having been wasted in costly experiments. 
 His first work, “ Lettres d un habitant de Geneve a ses eon- 
 temporains,” appeared in 1802; but it was not until 1817 
 that a distinct approach to a system of socialism was made 
 in “LTndustrie.” The fullest exposition of his socialistic 
 views, which are frequently confused and contradictory, 
 is that given in his “Nouveau Christianisme" (1825). 
 These views were developed by his disciples into the com- 
 plete system known as St.-Simonism. “ According to this 
 system the state should become possessed of all property ; 
 the distribution of the products of the common labor of 
 the community should not, however, be an equal one, but 
 each person should be rewarded according to the services 
 he has rendered the state, the active and able receiving a 
 larger share than the slow and dull ; and inheritance should 
 be abolished, as otherwise men would be rewarded accord- 
 
 St. Vincent Island 
 
 ing to the merits of their parents and not according to 
 their own. The system proposes that all should not be 
 occupied alike, but differently, according to their voca- 
 tion and capacity, the labor of each being assigned, like 
 grades in a regiment, by the will of the directing author- 
 ity ” OLA Mill, Polit. Econ. , II. i. § 4.) Among his other 
 works are “ De la reorganisation de la socidte europ^enne ” 
 (1814), “L’Organisateur," “Systemeindustriel,"and “Cate- 
 chisme d_es industriels ” (1824). 
 
 Saint-Simon, Due de (Louis de Rouvroy), 
 
 Born Jan. 15, 1675: died on his estate Laferte, 
 March 2, 1755. A French soldier, statesman, 
 and writer. He was in the military service of Louis 
 XIV. ; and was a member of the council of regency at the 
 beginning of the reign of Louis XV. In 1721 he was am- 
 bassador to Spain. His celebrated “ Memoirts " on French 
 affairs and the court during the last part of the reign of 
 Louis XIV". and the beginning of the reign of Louis XV 
 (a period of about 30 years) were first published in a com- 
 plete form by Sauteiet under the title “ Mdmoires complets 
 et authentiques du due de Saint-Simon sur le sifccle de 
 Louis XIV. et la r^gence " (20 vols. 1829-30). An improved 
 edition by Cheruel and Rdgnier appeared 1856-58 (new 
 ed. 1872-). v 
 
 St. Simon’s (sl'monz) Island. An island on 
 the coast of Georgia, 60 miles south by west of 
 Savannah. Length, 10 miles. 
 
 St. Sophia. See Sophia, Santa. 
 
 St.-Sulpice (san-siil-pes'). A large church at 
 Paris, built by Louis XIV. The facade of two super- 
 posed classical porticos is between square pedimented 
 towers with cylindrical tops. The interior lias a nave, 
 aisles, and many chapels, with ovoid vaulting and a low 
 dome at the crossing. The dimensions are 462 by 183 feet ; 
 height of vaulting, 108. There are many important fres- 
 cos, including notable works by Eugene Delacroix. 
 
 St. Thomas (tom'as). An island of the West 
 Indies, belonging to Denmark, situated east of 
 Porto Rico, in lat. 18° 20' N., long. 64° 56' W. 
 Chief town, Charlotte Amalie, in 1870 the United 
 States Senate refused to ratify a treaty for the purchase of 
 this island from Denmark, and in 1902 a treaty ceding the 
 Danish West Indies to the United States was defeated in 
 the Kigsdag. Area, 32 square miles. Population, 11,012. 
 
 St. Thomas. [Pg. Sao Thome.] Au island be- 
 longing to Portugal, situated iu the Gulf of 
 Guinea, off the western coast of Africa, in lat. 
 0° 20' N., long. 6° 43' E. Thesurfaceis volcanicand 
 mountainous, and the climate unhealthy. Cacao and 
 coffee are produced. The island was discovered by the 
 Portuguese about 1470. With Principe, it forms a prov- 
 ince under a governor. Area, 390 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 37,776. 
 
 St. Thomas. The capital of Elgin County, On- 
 tario, Canada, situated 75 miles west-southwest 
 of Hamilton. Population, 14,054, (1911). 
 
 St. Ubes. See Setubal. 
 
 St.-Valery-en-Caux (san-val-re'on-ko'). A 
 seaport and watering-place in the department 
 of Seine-InfOrieure, France, situated on the 
 English Channel 34 xniles north-northwest of 
 Rouen. Population, commune, 3,544. 
 
 St.- V alery-sur-Somme (-siir-som'). Aseaport 
 in the department of Somme, France, situated 
 at the entrance of the Somme into the English 
 Channel, 36 miles northwest of Amiens. Wil- 
 liam I. embarked here for the conquest of 
 England in 1066. Population, commune, 3,- 
 656. 
 
 Saint-Victor (sah-vek-tor'), Paul Jacques 
 Raymond Binsse, Comte de (usually known as 
 Paul de Saint-Victor). Born at Paris, July 
 11, 1825: died there, July 9, 1881. A French 
 critic. In 1848 he became the secretary of Lamartine; 
 in 1855 theatrical, artistic, and literary critic for “La 
 Presse”; and in 1870 inspector-general of fine arts. He 
 is noted as a stylist. Among his works are “ Hommes et 
 dieux," a collection of studies (1867); “ Les femmes de 
 Goethe ” (1869) ; “ Les dienx et les demi-dieux de la pein- 
 ture” (1863), with Gautier and Houssaye; “Les deux 
 masques," a history of the stage, unfinished. 
 
 St. Vincent (vin'sent). An island of the Brit- 
 ish West Indies, situated west of Barbados in 
 lat. 13° 9' N., long. 61° 13' W. Capital, Kings- 
 town. Its surface is mountainous, and near the northern 
 end there is a volcano, the Soufriere : in 1812 (April 27- 
 May 1) there was a violent eruption, and in 1902 (May 7 
 and later); the latter was very destructive of life. Sugar, 
 molasses, arrowroot, etc., are exported. The island was 
 ceded by the French to the British in 1763. Area, 132 
 square miles. Population, 47,648. 
 
 St. Vincent, Cape. 1. A cape at the south- 
 western extremity of Portugal, projecting into 
 the Atlantic in lat. 37° 1' N., long. 8° 58' W. 
 A naval victory was gained off this cape, Feb. 14, 1797, by 
 the British fleet of 15 vessels under Jervis over the Span- 
 ish fleet of 27 vessels, 4 of which were captured. 
 
 2. A cape on the western coast of Madagascar, 
 in lat. 21° 54' S., long. 43° 20' E. 
 
 St. Vincent, Earl of. See Jervis , John. 
 
 St. Vincent, Gulf of. An arm of the sea in- 
 denting South Australia, situated east of Yorke 
 Peninsula, which separates it from Spencer 
 Gulf. Length, 100 miles. 
 
 St. Vincent Island. An island in the Gulf of 
 Mexico, situated near the mouth of the Appa- 
 lachicola River, Florida. 
 
St.-Yrieix 
 
 St.-Yrieix ( san-te-ryaks ' ). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Haute-Vienne, France, situated on the 
 Loue 24 miles south of Limoges. Kaolin-quar- 
 ries were discovered here in 1765. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 7,916. 
 
 Saiph (sa-if')- [Ar.] The third-magnitude star 
 k Orionis, in the giant’s right knee. 
 
 Sals (sa'is). [Gr. Saif.] In ancient geography, 
 a city in the Delta, on the Rosetta branch of the 
 Nile, Egypt, about lat. 31° N. Its ruins are near the 
 modern village of Sa-el-hugar. It was an important cen- 
 ter of commerce and learning ; was at times the capital of 
 Lower Egypt ; and furnished kings to the Saitic dynasties 
 (the 24th, 26th, and 28th). The chief local deity was N eith. 
 
 Saisan, Lake. See Zaisan. 
 
 Sajo (sho'yo). A river in northern Hungary 
 which joins the Theiss 40 miles northwest of 
 Debreczin. Near it, in 1241, the Mongols defeated the 
 Hungarians under King BMa IV. Length, about 125 
 miles. 
 
 Sak (sak). A small salt lake in the western 
 part of the Crimea, Russia, situated near Eupa- 
 toria and the Black Sea coast. 
 
 Sakai (sa'ki'). A port near Osaka, in Japan. 
 Population, 61,103. 
 
 Sakalava (sa-ka-la'va). A collective name 
 for the native tribes which occupy the western 
 part of Madagascar.' 
 
 Sakanderabad. See Secunderabad. 
 
 Sakaria (sa-ka-re'a). A river in northwestern 
 Asia Minor: the ancient Sangarius. it flows into 
 the Black Sea 93 miles east of Constantinople. The prin- 
 cipal tributaries are the Pursak and Enguri Su. Length, 
 about 320 miles. It is not navigable. 
 
 Sakhrah (sakk'rii). [Ar. as-SaMrah, the rock.] 
 In Mohammedan belief, a sacred rock in Jeru- 
 salem on which the temple was erected, and on 
 which the mosque of Omar stands. 
 
 Sakkara (sak-ka'ra). A village near the an- 
 cient Memphis, in Egypt. Near it are important 
 remainsof antiquity. The Apismausoleum(orSerapeum, 
 as it is often called, though the Serapeum, the temple 
 which stood above the subterranean mausoleum, hasceased 
 to exist), a famous sanctuary of the ancient Egyptian cult, 
 was discovered by Mariette in 1860, when the great avenue 
 of sphinxes which preceded the Serapeum was excavated. 
 Access to the Apis tombs is by a sloping subterranean pas- 
 sage. They consist of three groups, beginning in the 18th 
 dynasty (about 1700 B. c.). The first two groups are the least 
 interesting, and are now again inaccessible. The third 
 group, extending from Psammetichus I. of the 26th dy- 
 nasty (about 650 B. c.) to about 50 B. c., consists of a series 
 of burial-chambers opening from huge galleries about 1,200 
 feet in extent. Every Apis was buried in a granite sar- 
 cophagus about 13 feet long, 7) wide, and 11 high. The 
 Step Pyramid of Sakkarah is believed to be the oldest pyra- 
 mid in Egypt. It is assigned with probability to the 4th 
 Pharaoh of the 1st dynasty. It consists of 5 steps or stages 
 with sloping sides ; its present height is about 197 feet, 
 and its base measurement 351 by 394. Unlike the other 
 pyramids, it is not oriented toward the cardinal points. 
 There are a number of interior chambers connected by a 
 labyrinth of passages, and a deep dome-shaped excavation 
 in the rock in the axis beneath the base. Some of the 
 chambers are incrusted with blue-green vitrified tiles. 
 
 Sakya-Muni. See Buddha. 
 
 Sala (sa'la), George Augustus Henry. Bora 
 ♦at London, Nov. 24, 1828 : died Dec. 8, 1895. 
 An English novelist, journalist, and miscella- 
 neous writer. He was correspondent of the London 
 “Telegraph "in the United States during the Civil War, in 
 France in 1870-71, in Russia in 1876, and in Australia in 
 1885. He founded “ Temple Bar,” and was its first editor. 
 Among his works are the novel “ Seven Sons of Mammon ’’ 
 (1862), “A Journey Due North, etc.” (1868), “My Diary in 
 America in the Midst of War” (1866), “From Waterloo to 
 the Peninsula,” “Rome and Venice,” “Under the Sun, 
 etc.” (1872), “ A Journey Due South ” (1885), etc. 
 
 Sala del Maggior Consiglio (sa'la del mad'jor 
 kon-sel'yo), or Hall of the Council of Nobles. 
 
 In the Ducal Palace, Venice, an imposing room, 
 175 feet long, 84wide,and51 high, begun in 1310. 
 It was originally painted throughout by Titian, Tintoretto, 
 the Bellini, and Paolo V eronese, but was d estroyed by fire in 
 1577. As restored, the sides are completely covered, except 
 the window-spaces, with paintings by Tintoretto and the 
 later Venetians, and the ceiling contains Paolo Veronese's 
 masterpiece, the “ Apotheosis of Venice,” framed in gilded 
 ornament and surrounded with other priceless paintings. 
 
 Saladin (sal'a-din) (Salah-ed din Yusuf ibn 
 Ayub). Born at Tekrit, 1137 : died at Damas- 
 cus, March, 1193. A famous sultan of Egypt and 
 Syria. He became vizir in Egypt about 1169 ; sup- 
 pressed theFatimite dynasty in 1171 ; was proclaimed sul- 
 tan about 1174 ; and conquered Damascus and the greater 
 part of Syria. He endeavored to drive the Christians from 
 Palestine ; totally defeated them near Tiberias in 1187, 
 taking prisoner Guy de Lusignan (king of Jerusalem), 
 Chatillon (grand master of the Templars), and many 
 others : and captured Acre, Jerusalem, Ascalon, etc. The 
 fall of Jerusalem brought on the scene a powerful army 
 of CrusaderB under Richard the Lion-Hearted and Philip 
 II. of France, which captured Acre in 1191. Richard 
 took Cscsarea and Jaffa, and forced Saladin to accept a 
 truce for three years in 1192. Scott introduces him in 
 “The Talisman” disguised as the Arabian physician 
 Adonbec and as Ilderirn. 
 
 Salado (sa-lii'THo), Rio. [Sp., ‘salt river.’] 1. 
 A river in the Argentine Republic which joins 
 the Parand, on the western side, about 100 miles 
 
 887 
 
 north of Rosario. Length, about 1,000 miles. 
 This, and other smaller rivers of the same name in the 
 republic, are brackish or salty in their lower cour ses. 
 
 2. One of the most considerable streams in 
 Arizona, and the main tributary of the Gila, 
 which it joins below the town of Phenix. The Sa- 
 lado is formed in the Apache reservation by the junction 
 of the White Mountain and Black rivers, and its main 
 course is nearly from east to west. Its waters are very 
 saline, as they pass through large salt-deposits shortly 
 after the junction of the two rivers mentioned. On its 
 banks are interesting aboriginal ruins. 
 
 3. A small riverin the province of Cadiz, Spain, 
 which flows into the Atlantic near Tarifa. On 
 its banks, in 1340, the Moors were defeated by Alfonso XI. 
 of Castile and Alfonso IV. of Portugal. 
 
 Salamanca (sa-la-man'ka). Aprovince of Spain, 
 in the ancient Leon, bounded by Zamora and 
 Valladolid on the north, Avila on the east, Ca- 
 ceres on the south, and Portugal on the west, it 
 
 is flat and hilly in the north and mountainous in the south. 
 Area, 4,829 square miles. Population, 320,765. 
 Salamanca. »-The capital of the province of 
 Salamanca, situated on the Tormes about lat. 
 41° N., long. 5° 37' W. : the Roman Salmantica. 
 The river is crossed here by an ancient Roman bridge. The 
 manufactures and commerce of Salamanca were formerly 
 important. Among its notable buildings are the old and 
 new cathedrals. It contains also the Convent of San Es- 
 teban, which sheltered Columbus 1484-86. The church 
 is of the period of transition between Pointed and P.enais- 
 sance. The front is most elaborately sculptured with 
 figures and arabesques inclosed in a great round arch. 
 The choir is elevated on a broad flat arch at the west 
 end. The cloisters are light and have good sculpture. 
 The once celebrated university was founded in 1415. Sala- 
 manca was the chief town of the ancient Vettones. Sala- 
 manca was taken by Hannibal in 222 B. C., and was re- 
 covered from the Moors in the 11th century. Population, 
 27,895. 
 
 Salamanca, Battle of. A battle fought July 
 22, 1812, at Arapiles, near Salamanca, in which 
 the British army under Wellington defeated 
 the French under Marmont. 
 
 Salamanca, Council or Junta of. A meet- 
 ing held at Salamanca, apparently in the 
 winter of 1486-87, to consider the projects of 
 Columbus. King Ferdinand had referred them to Ta- 
 la vera to be laid by him before a gathering of scholars. 
 The opinions of the majority were against Columbus. 
 Probably the importance of this council has been over- 
 estimated. 
 
 There seems no reason to suppose that at best it was 
 anything more than some informal conference of Talavera 
 with a few councilors, and in no way associated with the 
 prestige of the university of Salamanca. The registers of 
 the university, which begin back of the assigned date for 
 such council, have been examined in vain for any refer- 
 ence to it. Winsor, Christopher Columbus, p. 162. 
 
 Salamis (sal'a-mis). [Gr. 1a/a/i!c.'\ l.Auisland 
 of ancient Greece, situated in the Saronic Gulf, 
 south of Attica, and opposite the harbor of 
 Athens. In early times it was independent, and was 
 contended for by the Megarians and Athenians. It was 
 acquired by Athens in the beginning of the Cth century 
 B. c.; passed to Macedon in 318; and was restored to Ath- 
 ens about 232 B. c. A famous naval victory was gained in 
 the bay between Salamis and Attica, Sept. 20, 480 B. c., by 
 the Greek fleet under Themistocles and Eurybiades over 
 the Persians. It was one of the decisive battles of the 
 Persian wars. Length, 10 miles. 
 
 2. A city on the south coast of the island of 
 Salamis, later transferred to the east coast. 
 Salamis. In ancient geography, a city on the 
 eastern coast of Cyprus. Teucer was its reputed 
 founder. In the Roman period it was rebuilt as Constan- 
 ts. A naval victory was gained near Salamis, 306 B. C., by 
 Demetrius Poliorcetes over Ptolemy and his allies. 
 
 Salammbo (sa-lam-bo'). A novel by Gustave 
 Flaubert, the history of Hannibal’s sister Sa- 
 lammbo, published iu 1862. 
 
 Salang (sa-liing'). An island in the Indian 
 Ocean, belonging to Siam. 
 
 Salanio (sa-la'ni-o) and Salarino (sa-la-re'no). 
 Two characters in Shakspere’s “Merchant of 
 V enice.” Their names were confused by the early com- 
 positors, and the spellings are various. A third character, 
 Salerio, was added to the dramatis persona; by Steevens in 
 his attempt to solve the difficulty, butDyce, Furness, and 
 others consider it unwarranted and the character to be 
 Salanio misspelled. See Salerio. 
 
 Salankeman, or Salankamen. See Slankamen. 
 Salassi (sa-las'i). In ancient history, a Celtic 
 or Ligurian tribe which occupied the valley of 
 the Dora Baltea, northwestern Italy. They were 
 in conflict with the Romans 143 B. o. and later, and were 
 finally subdued in 25 B. C. A Roman colony was planted 
 at the modern Aosta. 
 
 Salathiel (sa-la'thi-el). A romance by George 
 Croly, published in 1827, on the subject of the 
 Wandering Jew. 
 
 Salaverry (sa-la-va're), Felipe Santiago de. 
 
 Born at Lima, May 3, 1806: died at Arequipa, 
 Feb. 19, 1836. A Peruvian general. He headed 
 
 unsuccessful revolts in 1833, and commanded a division 
 in the campaign against Gamarra in 1834. Being in com- 
 mand of the castle at Callao, which he had taken, he de- 
 clared against President Orbegoso during the latter's ab- 
 
 Salerno 
 
 sence (Feb. 23, 1835) ; deposed the vice-president ; and on 
 Feb. 25 proclaimed himself supreme chief of Peru: He 
 was soon acknowledged by all the country except Arequipa. 
 Orbegoso invited the aid of Santa Cruz, president of Bo- 
 livia, who marched into Peru, defeated, captured, and shot 
 Salaverry, and established the Peruvian-Bolivian Confed- 
 eration. Salaverry was a brilliant leader and extremely 
 popular. 
 
 Salawatti, or Salawati (sa-la-wa'te), or Sal- 
 watti (sal-wat'te). An island lying near the 
 northwestern extremity of N ew Guinea. Length, 
 about 30 miles. 
 
 Salayer (sa-li'er), or Saleiyer (sa-li'yer), or 
 Saleyer (sa-li'er), or Silayara (se-li'a-ra). 
 An island directly south of Celebes, East In- 
 dies, belonging to the Dutch. Area, estimated, 
 180 square miles. 
 
 Salayer Islands. A group consisting of Sa- 
 layer and some neighboring islands. Popula- 
 tion, about 80,000. 
 
 SaldanRa Bay (sal-da'na or sal-dan'ya ba). An 
 inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, on the western coast 
 of Cape Colony, 60 miles north-northwest of 
 Cape Town. Here a Dutch fleet of 6 ships sur- 
 rendered to Elphinstone Aug. 16 (17 f), 1796. 
 Length, about 17 miles. 
 
 Saldanha de Oliveira e Daun (sal-dan'ya de 
 o-le-va'ra, e doun), Joao Carlos de, Duke of 
 Saldanha from 1846. Born at Lisbon, Nov. 17, 
 1791 : died at London, Nov. 21, 1876. A Portu- 
 guese statesman and general. He was a moderate 
 constitutionalist, and supported Dom Pedro against Dom 
 Miguel, whose forces he defeated in 1834. He was prime 
 minister in 1835, 1846-49, 1851-56, and 1870. He was am- 
 bassador at London at the time of his death. 
 
 Sale. See Sallee. 
 
 Sale (sal). A town in Cheshire, England, 5 miles 
 southwest of Manchester. Population, 12,- 
 088. 
 
 Sale, George. Born in England, probably about 
 1697 : died in London, Nov. 13, 1736. An Eng- 
 lish Orientalist, best known from his transla- 
 tion of the Koran (1734). His Oriental MSS. 
 are in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. 
 
 Salee, or Saleh. See Sallee. 
 
 Saleiyer. See Salayer. 
 
 Salem (sa'lem). [LL. Salem, Gr. 'ZaTiij/j, Heb. 
 Shalem .] 1. The name of the place of which 
 
 Melchizedek was king. It seems to be impos- 
 sible now to identify it with certainty. — 2. An 
 ancient name of Jerusalem: still used rhetori- 
 cally and in poetry. 
 
 Salem. A city, one of the capitals of Essex 
 County, Massachusetts, situated on a peninsula 
 between North and South rivers, and on Massa- 
 chusetts Bay, in lat. 42° 31' N., long. 70° 54' W. 
 It has flourishing coasting-trade and manufactures, par- 
 ticularly of leather. Next to Plymouth, it is the oldest town 
 in the State. It was settled by John Endicottin 1628 ; was 
 noted in connection with the witchcraft delusion in 1692 ; 
 and was extensively engaged in privateering in the Revolu- 
 tion. At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th 
 century it was famous for its foreign commerce with the 
 East Indies, etc. It has been the home of many noted 
 men. It was the birthplace and for several years the 
 residence of Hawthorne. It became a city in 1836. Pop- 
 ulation, 43,697, (1910). 
 
 Salem. A city, capital of Salem County, New 
 Jersey, situated on Salem Creek 31 miles south- 
 west of Philadelphia. Population, 6,614, (1910). 
 
 Salem. A city in Columbiana County, eastern 
 Ohio, 62 miles southeast of Cleveland. Popu- 
 lation, 8,943 (1910). 
 
 Salem. A city, capital of Oregon and of Marion 
 County, situated on the Willamette in lat. 44° 
 56' N. It has extensive manufactures, especially of 
 woolens, flour, and tobacco ; and is the seat of Willamette 
 University (Methodist). Population, 14,094 (1910). 
 
 Salem. The capital of Roanoke County, Vir- 
 ginia, situated on Staunton River 55 miles 
 west of Lynchburg. It is the seat of Roanoke 
 College. Population, 3,849, (1910). 
 
 Salem. 1. A district in Madras, British India, 
 intersected by lat. 12° N., long. 78° E. Area, 
 7,530 square miles. Population, 2,204,974. — 
 2. The capital of the district of Salem, situ- 
 ated on the river Tirumanimuttar about lat. 
 11° 39' N., long. 78° 10' E. Population, 70,- 
 621. 
 
 Salemi (sa-la'me). A town in the province of 
 Trapani, Sicily, 41 miles southwest of Palermo : 
 the ancient Halicyse. Population, 10,649. 
 
 Salerio (sa-le'ri-o). A messenger from Venice : 
 a character in Shakspere’s “ Merchant of Ven- 
 ice.” See Salanio. 
 
 Salerno (sa-lOr'no; It. pron. sa-ler'no). 1. 
 A province in Italy (formerly called Princi- 
 pato-Citeriore), in the kingdom of Naples. 
 Area, 1,916 square miles. Population, 567,064. 
 — 2. A seaport, capital of the province of Sa- 
 lerno, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Salerno in 
 lat. 40° 41' N., long. 14° 47' E.: the ancient Sa 
 
Salerno 
 
 lemum. It has some commerce and manufactures of 
 cotton, etc. Its chief building, the Cathedral of San Mat- 
 teo, was dedicated in 1084. It is preceded by an arcaded 
 atrium or fore court with 28 antique columns. The chief 
 portal is richly sculptured with foliage and animals, and 
 has bronze doors with 54 panels bearing crosses and sacred 
 personages. The pavement is in rich mosaic ; the ambones, 
 ornamented with sculpture and mosaics, rank with the 
 best of early medieval art. Salerno was an ancient Roman 
 colony ; became the seat of a Lombard principality ; and 
 was taken by Robert Guiscard about 1077. Its medical 
 school was famous in the middle ages. The university 
 was closed in 1817. Pop., town, 27,322 ; commune, 42,727. 
 
 Salerno, Gulf of, or Gulf of Paestum. An arm 
 
 of the Mediterranean Sea, on the western coast 
 of Italy, southeast of the Bay of Naples. 
 
 Sales (sal; E. salz), Francois. Born in Rous- 
 sillon, France, 1771 : died at Cambridge, Mass., 
 Feb. 16, 1854. A French-American scholar, 
 professor at Harvard. He published a Span- 
 ish grammar, and edited Spanish and French 
 classics. 
 
 Sales, Francis of. See Francis of Sales. 
 Saleyer. See Salayer. 
 
 Salford (sal'ford). A municipal and parlia- 
 mentary borough in Lancashire, England, ad- 
 joining Manchester, from which it is separated 
 by the Irwell. In industries and interests it is closely 
 connected with Manchester, of which It is practically a 
 part. Population, 231,380, (1911). 
 
 Salghir, or Salgir (sal-ger'). The principal 
 river of the Crimea. It flows into the Putrid Sea on 
 the eastern coast. Length, about 100 miles. 
 
 Salian Emperors. See Franconian Emperors. 
 Salian Franks. See Salii and Franks. 
 
 Salieri (sa-le-a're), Antonio. Born at Legnano, 
 Italy, Aug. 19, 1750: died at Vienna, Slay 7, 
 1825. An Italian composer of operas and church 
 music. He went to Vienna in 17G6; was made court 
 kapellmeister there 1788-1824 ; and was director of opera 
 there 1766-90. His works include five masses, a number 
 of Te Deums and lesser church music, four oratorios, be- 
 tween thirty and forty operas, etc. Among the latter are 
 “Les Danaides" (1784), “La Grotte de Trofonio ’’ (1785), 
 “Tarare’’ (first produced in 1787 as “Axur, Re d’Ormus": 
 his most noteworthy work), and “Die Neger” (1804). 
 Salies (sa-le'). [‘Salt-springs.’] A town and 
 watering-place in the department of Basses- 
 Pyr6n6es, France, 28 miles east of Bayonne. It 
 has salt-springs. Population, commune, about 
 6 , 000 . 
 
 Salii ( sa'li-i). [LL. Salii, Fraud Salii.'] A Ger- 
 man tribe, a part of the Franks, first mentioned 
 by Ammianus late in the 4th century. They were 
 settled along the lower Rhine, about the Yssel on the 
 north and the Maas and Schelde on-the south to the North 
 Sea. In the 5th century, under Clovis, they overthrew the 
 Roman power in Gaul, and founded the Merovingian Frank- 
 ish monarchy. 
 
 Salim (sa'lim). A place (not identified) men- 
 tioned in John iii. 23. 
 
 Salina (sa-le'na). One of the Lipari Islands, in 
 the Mediterranean 4 miles northwest of Lipari. 
 Length, 6 miles. 
 
 Salina (sa-li'na). [Sp. salina, salt-pit, salt- 
 spring.] The capital of Saline County, central 
 Kansas, situated on Smoky Hill River 107 miles 
 west by south of Topeka. Population, 9,688, 
 (1910). 
 
 Salinan (sa-le'nan). A linguistic stock of North 
 American Indians, now represented only by the 
 Chalone tribe, formerly residing at San Antonio 
 and San Miguel missions, in Monterey and San 
 Luis Obispo counties, California. The name 
 is derived from that of the Salinas River. 
 Salinas, Marquis of, Viceroy of Peru. See 
 Velasco, Luis de. 
 
 Salinas (sa-le'nas) River. A river in Califor- 
 nia which flows into Monterey Bay 76 miles 
 south-southeast of San Francisco. Length, 
 125-150 miles. 
 
 Saline (sa-len') River. 1. A river in central 
 andsouthern Arkansas which joins the Washita 
 near the boundary of Louisiana. Length, about 
 200 miles. — 2. A river in southern Hlinois 
 which joins the Ohio 9 miles south of Shawnee- 
 town. Length, including the South Fork, over 
 100 miles. — 3. A river in Kansas which flows 
 easterly and joins the Smoky Hill River about 
 100 miles west of Topeka. Length , 250-300 miles. 
 Salins (sa-lan'). A town in the department of 
 Jura, France, 21 miles south-southwest of Be- 
 san<;on: noted for its salt-springs and salt- 
 works. Population, commune, 5,290. 
 Salisbury (salz'bu-ri), or New Sarum (nusa'- 
 rum). [ME. Salisbury, Salesbury, AS. Seares- 
 burh, gen. and dat. Searesbyrig, also Searoburh, 
 Searobyrig, Searebyrig, appar. ‘sear borough,’ 
 ‘dry town,’ but the first element (ML. Sarum) 
 isperhapsof other origin.] Acityandthecapi- 
 talof Wiltshire, England, situatedat the junction 
 of the Wily and Bourne with the Avon, in lat. 
 
 888 
 
 51° 4' N., long. 1° 48' W. It was formerly noted for 
 cutlery and woolen manufactures. Near it is Old Sarum, 
 from which the episcopal see was transferred in 1220. The 
 cathedral, the most beautiful of English ecclesiastical 
 monuments, was begun in 1220 and finished in 1260, in a 
 uniform and dignified early- Pointed style. The plan has 
 a square chevet with projecting Lady chapel, double tran- 
 septs, and long nave. The west front, while lacking the 
 clearness and structural propriety of French designs, is a 
 notable work : it is flanked by low towers, and possesses 
 3 canopied portals, the central one triple. The wall-space 
 and that of the towers is covered with six bands of arcades 
 and quatrefoils, the arcades containing ranges of statues. 
 The capital exterior feature is the superb central tower 
 and spire (406 feet high). The interior is excellently pro- 
 portioned, with graceful arches and pillars but sober deco- 
 ration. There is arich modern metal choir-screen of open- 
 work, and there are a number of fine medieval tombs. 
 The dimensions of the cathedral are 473 by 99 feet ; length 
 of west transepts, 230 ; height of nave-vaulting, 81. The 
 very large 13th-century cloister is of great beauty, and the 
 octagonal chapter-house, vaulted from a central clustered 
 column and arcaded below the windows, is admirable. 
 Population, 17,117. 
 
 Salisbury, Earl of. See Cecil, Robert. 
 Salisbury, John of. See John of Salisbury. 
 
 Salisbury, Third Marquis of (Robert Arthur 
 Talbot Gascoyne Cecil). Born at Hatfield 
 House, Herts, Feb. 3, 1830 : died there, Aug. 
 22, 1903. An English Conservative statesman, 
 second son of the second Marquis of Salisbury. 
 Known at first as Lord Robert Cecil, and after his elder 
 brother’s death (June 14, 1865) by the courtesy title of 
 Viscount Crauborne, he succeeded his father as marquis 
 April 12, 1868. He was educated at Eton and at Ox- 
 ford (Christ Church), graduating in 1850. He entered Par- 
 liament as member for Stamford in Feb., 1854, and took an 
 active part in the discussion of public questions — notably 
 in opposing the abolition of church rates in 1858, and in 
 support of Disraeli’s reform bill in 1859. He held the 
 office of secretary for India in Lord Derby’s ministry from 
 July, 1866, to March, 1867. In 1869 he was elected chan- 
 cel lor of the University of Oxford. In 1874 he entered the 
 cabinet of Disraeli (later Earl of Beaconsfield), again as 
 secretary for India. On the reopening of the Eastern Ques- 
 tion he was sent to Constantinople as the representative 
 of Englaud in a conference of the European powers, and on 
 Lord Derby’s resignation in April, 1878, he became foreign 
 secretary. The same year he accompanied Lord Beacons- 
 field to the Congress of Berlin. The death of Beaconsfield 
 (April 19,1881) made him leader of the Conservative party: 
 and he held office as prime minister in four administra- 
 tions — June, 1885, -Feb. , 1886, Aug., 1886, -Aug., 1892, 
 July, 1895, -Nov., 1900, and Nov., 1900,-July, 1902. In the 
 first, during the greater part of the second, and the third he 
 was foreign secretary as well as premier until Nov., 1900. 
 
 Salisbury Court Theatre. An old London 
 
 theater. It was built in 1629 and became one of the 
 principal “playhouses.” It was destroyed in 1649, and 
 Duke's Theatre took Its place in 1660. 
 
 Salisbury Crags. A high range of hills east of 
 Edinburgh, on the western side of Arthur’s Seat. 
 Salisbury Island. An island in the western 
 part of Hudson Strait, British America. 
 Salisbury Plain. An extended undulating and 
 elevated district in Wiltshire, England, between 
 Salisbury and Devizes. 
 
 Salish (sa'lish). The leading tribe of the Sa- 
 lishan stock of North American Indians. They 
 formerly lived about Flathead Lake and valley, Montana. 
 They are wrongly caUed Flatheads by surrounding tribes. 
 Wars with the Blackfeet(Algonquian) have decreased their 
 numbers. See Salishan. 
 
 Salishan (sa'lish-an). [From scilst, the Okin- 
 agan word for ‘people.’] A linguistic stock 
 of North American Indians, living in British Co- 
 lumbia, Montana, Washington, andOregon. They 
 number about 20,000. The principal tribes are the Atnah, 
 Bilqula, Chehalis, Clallam, ColviUe, Cowichin, Cowlitz, 
 Dwamish, Kalispel, Lummi, Met’how, Nestucca, Nisqualli, 
 Okinagan, Pisquow, Puyallup, Queniult, Salish, Sans Puell, 
 Shooshwap, Skokomish, Spokan, Tillamook, and Twana. 
 Salis-Seewis (sa'lis-sa'vis or sa-les'sa-ves'), 
 Baron Johann Gaudenz von. Born in the 
 Grisons, Switzerland, Dec. 26, 1762: died in the 
 Grisons, Jan. 29, 1834. A Swiss poet. He served 
 
 in the army of the Helvetic Republic, and became adjutant- 
 general to Massdna. He published “Gedichte” (1793). 
 Longfellow translated some of his songs. 
 
 Salle, La. See La Salle. 
 
 Sallee, or Salee (sa-le'), or Saleh (sa-le'), or 
 Sal6 (sa-la'). A seaport on the western coast 
 of Morocco, situated on the north bank of the 
 Bu Rakrak, opposite Rabat, in lat. 34° 4' N., 
 long. 6° 48 W. It was formerly an important sea- 
 port and pirate headquarters. Population, about 10,000. 
 Sallet (za'let), Friedrich von. Born at Neisse, 
 Prussia, April 20, 1812: died at Reichau, near 
 Nimptsch, Prussia, Feb. 21, 1843. A German 
 poet. His chief work is “ Laienevangelium ” 
 (“Laymen’s Gospel,” 1842). 
 
 Sallier Papyrus. See the extract. 
 
 The great event of the reign of Rameses was the cam- 
 paign against the Khita in his fifth year. It commenced 
 on the ninth of the month Epiphi, and is represented or 
 described in the temples of Luxor, Abusimbel, Beitoualli, 
 and the Ramesseum, as well as on a papyrus in the Brit- 
 ish Museum, known as the Sallier papyrus, in which the 
 events are described in terms resembling an epic poem, 
 which has been called the Iliad of Egypt. 
 
 Birch, Egypt, p. 125. 
 
 Salm-Salm, Madame 
 
 Sallust (sal'ust) (Caius Sallustius Crispus). 
 
 Born at Amiternum, country of the Sabines, 
 Italy, about 86 b. c. : died about 34 b. c. A 
 Roman historian. He was elected tribune of the peo- 
 ple ino2. In 50 he was expelled from the senate by" the 
 censors on the ground, according to some, of adultery 
 with Fausta, the daughter of the dictator Sulla and wife 
 of T. Annius Milo, but more probably for political reasons, 
 inasmuch as he was an active partizan of Cassar. He ac- 
 companied Caesar in 46 on his African campaign, at the 
 conclusion of which he was appointed governor of Numi- 
 dia, a post in which he is said to have amassed a fortune 
 by injustice and extortion. He wrote “Catilina,” or 
 “Bellum Catilinarium,” and “Jugurtha,” or “Bellum 
 Jugurthinum." 
 
 Sallust, Gardens of. A noted imperial plea- 
 sure-ground in ancient Rome, built originally 
 by the historian Sallust, situated in the north- 
 ern part, east of the Pincian. 
 
 Sallust, House of. See Pompeii. 
 
 Sally in our Alley. 1 . A popular ballad with 
 an original melody by Henry Carey, composed 
 about the middle of the 18th century. — 2. A 
 comedy by Douglas Jerrold, produced in 1826. 
 
 Salm (selm). In the Shahnamah,the eldest of the 
 three sons — Salm, Tur, and Iraj — of Faridun. 
 His mother was Shahrinaz, daughter of Jamshid. He 
 wedded, like his brothers, one of the three daughters of 
 Sarv, king of Yemen. On the return of the brothers from 
 Yemen, Faridun divided his realms among them, giving to 
 Salm Rum and the West ; to Tur, Turan ; and to Iraj, Iran. 
 Salm, jealous of Iraj, arouses Tur to jealousy, and the two, 
 after sending a threatening message to Faridun, march 
 against Iran. Iraj peaceably advances to meet his bro- 
 thers, and offers to resign his throne, but Tur kills him, fills 
 his head with amber and musk, and sends it to Faridun. 
 When they hear of the rise of an avenger in Minuchihr, 
 Salm and Tur make overtures to Faridun, but without re- 
 sult. In the ensuing war Minuchihr slays Tur and sends 
 his head to Faridun, after which Salm thinks of retiring 
 to Alan ; but that fortress is taken by Qarin and Shirui, 
 and Salm is forced to fight, this time in alliance with Ka- 
 kui, Zohak's grandson. Both fall by the hand of Minu- 
 chihr, who sends Salm’s head to Faridun. 
 
 Salmacis (sal'ma-sis). In Greek mythology, 
 the nymph of a fountain in Caria. She was 
 united with Hermaphroditus into one person. 
 
 Salmagundi (sal-ma-gun'di). A humorous 
 periodical, published in 1807 by Washington 
 Irving, J. K. Paulding, and William Irving. 
 A second series, by J. K. Paulding alone, was 
 published in 1819. 
 
 Salmanassar. See Shalmaneser. 
 
 Salmantiea (sal-man'ti-ka). The Roman name 
 of Salamanca. 
 
 Salmasius (sal-ma'shius), Claudius, Latinized 
 from Claude de Saumaise. Bom at S6mur, 
 Cote-d’Or, France, April 15, 1588: died Sept. 
 3, 1653. A French classical scholar. He suc- 
 ceeded his father as a counselor of the parliament of Di- 
 jon, but was ultimately deprived of this post on account 
 of his Protestant faith. He became in 1631 a professor 
 in the University of Leyden, a position which he occupied 
 until his death. He exercised a virtual literary dictator- 
 ship throughout western Europe, and his advice was 
 sought in English and Scottish politics. In 1649 he de- 
 fended the absolutism of Charles I. of England in “ De- 
 fensio regia pro Carolo I.,’’ which elicited an answer from 
 Milton. Among his other works are editions of Florus 
 (1609) and the “Augustan History "(1620), and “Plinianse 
 exercitationes in Solinum ’’ (1629). 
 
 Salm-Dyck (salm-dek'), Princess of (Con- 
 stance Marie de Theis : by her first marriage 
 Madame Pipelet). Born at Nantes, France, 
 Nov. 17, 1767 : died at Paris, April 13, 1845. 
 A French poet and miscellaneous writer, she 
 married the Prince de Salm-Dyck in 1803. She wrote a 
 series of poe/ns, which she styled “Epltres” (the first of 
 which is “Epitre aux femmes,” and the most notable 
 “Epitresurl’aveuglementdu sifecle’’), “Messoixante ans” 
 (1833), “ Les vingt-quatre heures d’une femme sensible,” 
 “Peusdes,” “Cantate sur le mariage de Napoleon,” etc.; 
 also several plays, etc. 
 
 Salmon (sam'on), George. Bora at Dublin, 
 Sept. 25, 1819: died there, Jan 22, 1904. An 
 Irish divine and mathematician. He graduated 
 at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1839 ; took orders in 1844 ; 
 and became regius professor of divinity at Trinity College 
 in 1866, and provost in 1888. He published text-books on 
 higher mathematics, and works on theology. 
 
 Salmon (sam ' on) Falls. A noted cataract of the 
 Snake River, in Idaho, about long. 114° 50' W. 
 
 Salmon River. A river in Idaho which joins 
 Snake River in lat. 45° 44' N. Length, about 
 350-400 miles. 
 
 Salmon River Mountains. A range of moun- 
 tains, outliers of the Rocky Mountains proper, 
 situated in Idaho about lat. 44° N. The lofti- 
 est summits are about 10,000-12,000 feet high. 
 
 Salm-Salm (zalm-zalm), Madame (Agnes Le- 
 clercq). Born at Baltimore, Md., Dec. 25, 1840. 
 The wife of Prince Salm-Salm. she obtained some 
 reputation as an actress under the name of Agnes Le- 
 clercq ; married the prince in 1862 ; and accompanied him 
 in his campaigns. After his death she organized a hos- 
 pital brigade which did good service in the Franco- Prus- 
 sian war. She married Charles Heneage in 1876. She 
 wrote “Ten Years of My Life” (1876). She is living at 
 Bonn. 
 
Salm-Salm, Prince Felix 
 
 Balm-Salm, Prince Felix. Born at Anholt, 
 Prussia, Dec. 25, 1828: killed at the battle of 
 Gravelotte, Aug. 18, 1870. A German soldier of 
 fortune. He was an officer first in the Prussian and 
 afterward in the Austrian service. Compelled to resign 
 from the Austrian army on account of pecuniary difficul- 
 ties, he came to the United States in 1861, and served in the 
 Union army during the Civil War, attaining the brevet rank 
 of brigadier-general of volunteers. He entered the service 
 of Maximilian, emperor of Mexico, in 1866, and became 
 his aide-de-camp and chief of the imperial household. He 
 returned to Europe on the emperor's execution, reentered 
 the Prussian army as major in the grenadier guards, and 
 fell at the battle of Gravelotte in the Franco-German war. 
 He published “My Diary in Mexico in 1867, Including the 
 Last Days of the Emperor Maximilian, with Leaves from 
 the Diary of the Princess Salm-Salm " (1868). 
 
 Salo (sa'lo). A town in the province of Brescia, 
 northern Italy, situated on the Lago di Garda, 
 14 miles east-northeast of Brescia. Here, Aug. 
 3, 1796, the French defeated the Austrians. 
 Population, town, 4,049 ; connnune, 5,098. 
 Saloman (sa-lo-mon' ) , Louis Etienne F elicits. 
 Born at Aux Cayes, 1820: died at Paris, France, 
 Oct. 19, 1888. A Haitian general and politician. 
 He was of pure African descent. He was one of Soulouque’s 
 ministers, and general-in-chief of his army from 1855. On 
 the overthrow of Soulouque(l859)he fled from the island, 
 but through his friends incited several revolts ; returned 
 in 1879 ; and on Oct. 23 of that year was chosen president 
 for seven years. By reelection in 1886 he ruled until Aug., 
 1888, when he was deposed by a revolution. As president 
 lie was practically dictator, but the republic was unusually 
 prosperous under him. 
 
 Salome (sa-lo'me). 1. Died about 12 a. d. The 
 sister of Herod the Great.— 2. The daughter of 
 Herodias, and wife of Philip and later of Aris- 
 tobulus. She caused the death of John the Bap- 
 tist. 
 
 Salome Alexandra. Wife of Alexander Jan- 
 
 nEBUS. She succeeded her husband in 78 B. c. as regent 
 of Judea, and for 9 years managed the affairs of the coun- 
 try with great skill and success. Contrary to the policy 
 of her husband, she favored the Pharisees, but was just and 
 tolerant to the Sadducees. Under her rule Judea for the 
 last time enjoyed peace and prosperity, and she may be 
 considered its last independent ruler. 
 
 Salomo, Salomon. See Solomon. 
 
 Salomon ben Judah aben Gebirol (ge-be'rSl) 
 or Gabirol (ga-be'rol), called Avicebron (a-ve- 
 tha-bron'). Born in Spain : died about 1070. A 
 Jewish poet and philosopher, author of a philo- 
 sophical work called in the Latin translation 
 “ Fons Vitte ” (“Fountain of Life ”). 
 
 Salomon Islands. See Solomon Islands. 
 
 Salon (sa-lon')» Le. 1. The gallery at the 
 Louvre in which exhibitions of art were for- 
 merly held. — 2. The galleries in Paris in which 
 the works of modem artists are now periodi- 
 cally exhibited. — 3. The annual exhibition of 
 such works. 
 
 Salona (sa-lo'na). A village in Dalmatia, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, 4 miles east-northeast of Spalato. 
 Near it is the site of the ancient Salona, an important Ro- 
 man city, the birthplace of Diocletian, destroyed by Avars 
 in the 7th century. Many Roman antiquities have been re- 
 cently discovered in the vicinity (amphitheater, basilica, 
 etc.). 
 
 Salona, on her own inland sea, with her own archipelago 
 in front of her, with her mountain wall rising above her 
 shores, became the greatest city of the Dalmatian coast, 
 and one of the greatest cities of the Roman world. 
 
 Freeman, Hist. Essays, III. 30. 
 
 Salona. The capital of the nomarchy of Pho- 
 cis, Greece, 51 miles northwest of Corinth, on 
 the site of the ancient Amphissa. Population, 
 5,677. 
 
 Salona Bay. A bay on the northern side of the 
 Gulf of Lepanto, Greece. 
 
 Saloniki (sa-16-ne'ke). 1. A vilayet of Eu- 
 ropean Turkey. Population. 1,180,800. — 2. 
 A seaport, capital of the vilayet of Saloniki, sit- 
 uated at the head of the Gulf of Saloniki, in lat. 
 40° 37' N., long. 22° 58' E.: the ancient Thessa- 
 lonica. It has a large and increasing foreign commerce, 
 and contains relics of Roman architecture and Byzantine 
 churcheB. Santa Sophia, now the chief mosque, is a ven- 
 erable church built by Justinian upon the general lines of 
 the great metropolitan church at Constantinople, but on a 
 smaller scale. The beautiful portico has 8 columns of verd- 
 antique ; the dome is lined with a great mosaic of the Sa- 
 viour. St. George is an ancient church said to have been 
 built by Constantine : now a mosque. The dome (82 feet 
 in diameter) is lined with beautiful mosaics. The city, the 
 ancient Therma, later Thessalonica, became an important 
 Roman commercial center, and the capital of Macedonia. 
 It was the scene of a massacre by Theodosius in 390 ; was 
 taken by the Saracens in 904 ; was besieged and taken by 
 the Sicilian Normans in 1185 ; was the seat of an ephemeral 
 kingdom in the 13th century ; and was taken from the Ve- 
 netians by the Turks under Amurath II. in 1430. A Mo- 
 hammedan mob murdered the French and German con- 
 suls here in 1876. It was taken by the Greeks, Nov. 8, 
 1912. Also Salonika, Salonica, Salonichi, etc. 
 Saloniki, Gulf of. The northwesteromost arm 
 of the Aegean Sea, situated west of the Chal- 
 cidic peninsula : the ancient Sinus Thermaicus. 
 Length, about 60 miles. 
 
 889 
 
 Salop. See Shropshire. 
 
 Salpetridre (sal-pa-tre-ar'), La. A hospital or 
 almshouse for infirm, insane, and otherwise 
 helpless women, on the Faubourg St. -Victor, 
 Paris, opposite the great arsenal. It covers nearly 
 80 acres. The general hospital was founded by royal edict 
 in 1656. It contained at one time nearly 10,000 people, 
 and the treatment was extremely brutal. Formerly it was 
 a house of detention as well as a hospital. In 1823 the ser- 
 vice was reformed, and the institution assumed its present 
 form. The Bicetre is a similar institution for men. 
 Salpi (sal'pe), Lago di. A salt lake 20 miles 
 east of Foggia, eastern Italy, near and parallel 
 to the Gulf of Manfredonia. Length, about 12 
 miles. 
 
 Salsette (sal-set'). An island on the western 
 coast of British India, lying near Bombay Isl- 
 and, with which it is connected by causeway 
 and bridge: noted for cave antiquities. The 
 Buddhist chaitya, one of the group of caves at Keneri, 
 is a noted monument. It measures S81 by 40 feet, and 
 dates from the early 5th century A. D. Salsette was taken 
 by the Portuguese in the 16th century; by the Mahrattas 
 in 1739 ; and by the British in 1774. Area, 246 square miles. 
 Population, 146,933. 
 
 Salso (siil'so). A river in Sicily which flows 
 south into the Mediterranean, 28 miles south- 
 east of Girgenti : the ancient Himera. Length, 
 about 65 miles. 
 
 Salt (salt), Sir Titus. Born at Morley, near 
 Leeds, Sept. 20, 1803 : died Dec. 29, 1876. An 
 English manufacturer and philanthropist. He 
 
 introduced the manufacture of alpaca goods into England. 
 He established the model village of Saltaire around his 
 mills near Bradford. In 1848 he was mayor of Bradford. 
 He was elected a member of Parliament in 1859, and was 
 created a baronet in 1869. 
 
 Salta (sal'ta). 1. A province in the northern 
 part of the Argentine Republic, south of the 
 province of Jujuy and bordering on Chile. 
 The surface is generally mountainous. Area, 
 62,184 square miles. Population, 142,937. — 
 2. The capital of the province of Salta, situ- 
 ated in lat. 24° 48' S., long. 65° 30' W. It has 
 a flourishing trade with Bolivia. It was founded 
 in 1582. Population, 18,000. 
 
 Saltaire (sal'tar). [Named from Sir Titus Salt.] 
 A town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Eng- 
 land, 3 miles north-northwest of Bradford : 
 founded by Sir Titus Salt iu 1853. It has man- 
 ufactures of woolens and worsted, chiefly al- 
 paca. 
 
 Saltcoats (s&lt'kots). A seaport and watering- 
 place in Ayrshire, Scotland, situated ou the 
 Firth of Clyde 25 miles southwest of Glasgow. 
 Population, 8,121. 
 
 Saltee (sal'te) Islands. Two small islands off 
 the coast of Ireland, 14 miles south-southwest 
 of Wexford. 
 
 Saltens Fjord (sal'tens fyord). A deep fiord 
 on the coast of northern Norway, about lat. 67° 
 15' N. 
 
 Saltillo (sal-tel'yo). The capital of the state 
 of Coahuila, Mexico, near lat. 25° 25' N., long. 
 101° 4' W. It was founded in 1586. Popula- 
 tion, 35,063, (1910). 
 
 Salt Key Bank (salt ke bangk). A bank lying 
 north of Cuba and south of Florida, in about 
 lat. 24° N., long. 80° W. 
 
 Salt Lake. See Great Salt Lake. 
 
 Salt Lake City (salt lak sit'i). The capital of 
 the State of Utah, situated on the Jordan River, 
 near Great Salt Lake, about lat. 40° 45' N., 
 long. 111° 50' W. It is the largest city of Utah, the 
 headquarters of Mormonlsm, and the Beat of the Uni- 
 versity of Utah (formerly of Deseret). Its most noted 
 buildings are the Tabernacle, an elliptical structure 260 
 feet long, 150 feet wide, and 70 feet high, capable of seat- 
 ing over 8,000 people, built 1864-67; and the new Temple, 
 a granite structure, built 1853-92, 186 feet long and 99 
 feet high, with three towers at each end, the loftiest of 
 which is 210 feet high. The cost of the Temple was 
 83,469,118. The city was laid out by the Mormons in 1847. 
 Population, 92,777, (1910). 
 
 Salto Grande (sal'to gran'da). A cataract in 
 the river Jequitinhonha, Brazil. Height, about 
 ■*■145 feet. 
 
 Salton Sea. A large lake formed in the Col- 
 orado desert of southeastern California by the 
 overflow of the Colorado River. See supple- 
 ment. 
 
 Saltonstall (sal'ton-st&l), Sir Richard. Born 
 m Yorkshire, England, 1586: died in Eng- 
 land in 1658. One of the early colonists of 
 Massachusetts, nephew of Sir Richard Salton- 
 stall, lord mayor of London ( 1597). in I630he went 
 to Massachusetts and was first associate of the Court of 
 the Massachusetts Bay Company ; was one of the founders 
 of Watertown in 1630; and returned to England in 1631. 
 
 Saltonstall, Richard. Born at Woodsome, Eng- 
 land, 1610 : died at Hulme, England, April 29, 
 1694. An English colonist in Massachusetts, 
 son of Sir Richard Saltonstall. He went out 
 
 Salve Regina 
 
 to Massachusetts with his father in 1630, and 
 became one of the governor’s assistants in 1637. 
 
 Salt (salt) Range, or Kalabagh (ka-la-bag'). 
 A mountain-range in the Punjab, India, from 
 the Jhelum westward to Afghanistan, about 
 lat. 32° 45' N. : noted for its salt-mines. The 
 loftiest summits are about 5,000 feet high. 
 
 Salt River. 1 . A river in northern Kentucky 
 which joins the Ohio 19 miles south-southwest 
 of Louisville. Length, over 100 miles. — 2. A 
 river in northeastern Missouri, formed by the 
 union of its North, Middle, and South forks. 
 It joins the Mississippi 22 miles southeast of Hannibal. 
 Length, including the North Fork, about 180 miles. 
 
 Salt Sea. See Bead Sea. 
 
 Saltstrom (salt'strem). A cataract formed by 
 the tide in the Skjerstad Fjord, on the western 
 
 *coast of Norway, about lat. 67° 15' N. 
 
 Saltus (sal'tus), Edgar Evertson. Born at 
 New York, June 8, 1858. An American novel- 
 ist and miscellaneous writer. He has written a 
 life of Balzac (1884), "Philosophy of Disenchantment" 
 (1885), “Anatomy of Negation ” (1886), “Mr. Incoul’s Mis- 
 adventure ” (1887), “ Eden ” (1888), etc. 
 
 Saltzburg. See Salzburg. 
 
 Saluda (sa-16'da). A river in South Carolina 
 which unites at Columbia with the Broad to 
 form the Congaree. Length, nearly 200 miles. 
 
 Salus(sa'lus). [L., ‘safety, “prosperity.’] In Ro- 
 man mythology, a goddess personifying health 
 and prosperity : often identified with the Greek 
 Hygeia. 
 
 Saluzzo (sa-lot'so). [F. Saluces.'] A city in 
 the province of Cuneo, Italy, situated near the 
 Po 31 miles south-southwest of Turin, it con- 
 tains a castle and a cathedral. It was the seat of a mar- 
 quisate from the 12th century to 1548 ; was taken then by 
 the French; and was ceded to Savoy in 1601. It was the 
 
 ★birthplace of Silvio Pellico. Pop., commune, 16,394. • 
 
 Salvador (sal-va-THor'). [Sp. Republica del 
 Salvador; incorrectly San Salvador from its 
 capital.] The smallest but most thickly popu- 
 lated of the Central American republics, lying 
 between Guatemala on the northwest, Hondu- 
 ras on the north and northeast, Nicaragua on 
 the east (separated by the Gulf of Fonseca), 
 and the Pacific Ocean on the south. The surface 
 is traversed by several mountain-chains with intervening 
 fertile valleys and plains : there are many active or quies- 
 cent volcanoes, and earthquakes are frequent. The prin- 
 cipal products and exports are coffee, indigo, sugar, and 
 balsam of Peru ; the manufactures are progressing. 
 About 5 per cent, of the inhabitants are whites of Spanish 
 descent ; the remainder are Indians (55 per cent.), mixed 
 races (40 per cent.), and a few negroes. Spanish is the 
 common language, and the prevailing religion is the Ro- 
 man Catholic. The government is a centralized republic : 
 the president is elected for 4 years, and congress consists 
 of a single house, the members elected for one year. The 
 territory of Salvador was invaded by Pedro de Alvarado 1524, 
 and conquered by Jorge de Alvarado 1528. Independence 
 was proclaimed in 1821, and from 1823 to 1839 the country 
 was a state of the Central American Union. Since then 
 there have been frequent revolutions and wars with the 
 other Central American republics. The present constitu- 
 tion dates from 1886. Area, 7,225 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 1,707,000. 
 
 Salvages (sal-va'zhaz) Islands. A group of 
 small islands in the Atlantic, north of the Ca- 
 nary Islands, about lat. 30° 8' N. , long. 15° 51' W. 
 
 Salvandy (sal-von-de'), Comte Narcisse 
 Achille de. Born at Condom, Gers, France, 
 June 11, 1795: died at the Castle of Graveron, 
 Eure, France, Dec. 15, 1856. A French politi- 
 cian, publicist, and historical writer. 
 
 Salvatierra (sal-va-te-er'ra). A town in Spain, 
 18 miles south-southeast of C&ceres. 
 
 Salvation Army, The. An organization formed 
 upon a quasi-military pattern, for the revival of 
 religion among the masses. It was founded in Eng- 
 land by the Methodist evangelist William Booth about 
 1865, under the name of the Christian Mission : the present 
 name and organization were adopted about 1878. It has 
 extended to the continent of Europe, to India, Australia, 
 and other British possessions, to the United States, South 
 America, and elsewhere. Its work is carried on by means 
 of processions, street-singing and -preaching, and the like, 
 under the direction of officers entitled generals, majors, 
 captains, etc. Both sexes participate in the services and 
 direction of the body on equal terms. Besides its religious 
 work, it engages in various reformatory and philanthropic 
 enterprises. It has no formulated creed, but its doctrines 
 bear a general resemblance to those common to all Prot- 
 estant evangelical churches, and especially to those of 
 Methodism. 
 
 Salvator (sal-va'tor). A famous American 
 race-horse, chestnut with white legs and blaze, 
 foaled in 1886. In 1890 he won the Suburban and the 
 match against Tenny (by Rayon d'Or) ; and in a race against 
 time on the straight course at Monmouth he made the rec- 
 ord for one mile 1:35£. This is still the fastest time for 
 the distance. 
 
 Salvator Rosa. See Rosa. 
 
 Salve Regina (sal've re-ji'na). [So named from 
 its first words, L. salve, regina miscricordix, hail, 
 queen of compassion!] In the Roman Catholic 
 Church, an antiphonal hymn to tho Virgin Mary. 
 
Salve Regina 
 
 It is contained in the breviary, is much used in private de- 
 votions, and from Trinity Sunday to Advent is sung after 
 lauds and complin. 
 
 Salvi, Giambattista. See Sassoferrato. 
 Salvianus (sal-vi-a'nus). A Christian writer 
 who flourished in the 5th century. He appears to 
 have been a native of Cologne, to have been of noble birth, 
 and to have been a priest at Marseilles. He wrote “ De 
 gubematione Dei” and ‘‘Adversus avaritiam.” 
 
 Near the end of the life of Placidia, a book was written 
 In Gaul, and circulated from monastery to monastery, 
 which evidently produced a profound impression on the 
 minds of the generation who first read it, and which re- 
 mains to this day one of our most valuable sources of in- 
 formation as to the inner life of the dying Empire and the 
 moral character of its foes. This work is the treatise of 
 St. Salvian, Presbyter of Marseilles, concerning the Gov- 
 ernment of God, in eight hooks. 
 
 Hodgkin , Italy and her Invaders, I. 504. 
 
 Salviati (sal-ve-a'te), Antonio. Born at Vi- 
 cenza, Italy, in 1816: died at Venice, Jan. 25, 
 1890, An Italian artist. He revived the ancient 
 Venetian glass industry at Murano in 1860. 
 
 Salvini (sal-ve'ne), Tommaso. Born at Milan, 
 Jan. 1, 1829. A celebrated Italian tragedian. 
 
 He studied dramaticart with Gustavo Modena. Hisrepu- 
 tation was still confined to Italy when his theatrical career 
 was interrupted by the revolution of 1848, in which he took 
 an active part and was taken prisoner with Mazzini, Gari- 
 baldi, and Saffi at Genoa. After quiet was restored he de- 
 voted a year to classical studies at Florence, and mastered 
 many of his Shaksperian parts. He then returned to the 
 stage and played with great success. He visited South 
 America in 1872 and the United States in 1873 (for the 
 first time). 1880, 1882, 1886 (when he played “Othello” with 
 Edwin Booth as Iago, and the Ghost to Booth’s Hamlet), 
 and 18S9. He played in England in 1875 and 1884. His 
 principal rOles are Egisto in Alfieri’s “Mdrope,” Paolo in 
 “Francesca da Rimini, ’ Saul in Alfleri’s “Saul," QSdipus 
 in a play written for him by Nicolini, Orosmane in Vol- 
 taire’s “ Zaire,” Conrad in “La Morte Civile,” Samson, the 
 Gladiator, Hamlet, Macbeth, Coriolanus, Othello, Iago (in 
 Italy, 1891), and King Lear. 
 
 Salwatti. See Salawatti. 
 
 Salwin Hill Tracts. A district in Tenasserim 
 division, British Burma. Area, 2,666 square 
 miles. Population, 37,837. 
 
 Salzach (zalt'zaeh), or Salza (zalt'sii). Ariver 
 in Salzburg which, in its lower course, forms the 
 boundary between Bavaria and Upper Austria. 
 It is the chief tributary of the Inn, which it joins 35 miles 
 southwest of Passau. Length, 19D miles. 
 
 Salzbrunn (zalts'bron), or Obersalzbrunn 
 
 (o' ber-zalts’bron ) . ['Salt-spring.’] A village 
 and watering-place in the province of Silesia, 
 Prussia, 38 miles southwest of Breslau. It is 
 frequented on account of its saline-alkaline 
 springs. Population, commune, 6,996. 
 Salzburg (zalts'boro). 1. A crownland in the 
 Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary. Capi- 
 tal, Salzburg. It is bounded by Upper Austria on the 
 north, Upper Austria and Styria on the east, Carinthia and 
 Tyrol on the south, and Tyrol and Bavaria on the west. It 
 is mountainous (containing the Noric and Bavarian Alps), 
 and is traversed by the Salzach. Live stock is raised, and 
 there is extensive production of salt and marble. Salzburg 
 has 7 representatives in the Austrian Reichsrat, and has a 
 Landtag of 28 members. The language is German ; the re- 
 ligion, Roman Catholic. This crownlaDd formed part of 
 the ancient Noricum. It became a bishopric, and was 
 raised in 798 to an archbishopric. Its archbishops were lead- 
 ing princes of the Empire, and were noted for their intol- 
 erance: the Jews were banished in 1498, the Protestants 
 in 1731-32. The bishopric was secularized in 1802, given to 
 Ferdinand III. of Tuscany, and made an electorate. The 
 region was ceded to Austria in 1805 ; was taken by Napoleon 
 in 1809, and by him given to Bavaria in 1810 ; was ceded 
 back to Austria in 1814 ; and became a crownland in 1849. 
 Area, 2,767 square miles. Population, 214,997, (1910). 
 
 2. The capital of the crownland of Salzburg, 
 situated on the Salzach in lat. 47° 48' N., long. 
 13° 3' E. : the ancient Juvavia. It is noted for its 
 picturesque location ; has considerable trade and manu- 
 factures ; is a tourist resort ; and contains many objects of 
 interest. Hohen-Salzburg, the citadel, is a picturesque 
 medieval fortress, crowning an abrupt eminence above 
 the city. The castle displays bartizans at its angles, and 
 is girdled by many square and cylindrical battlemented 
 towers, one of them 80 feet high. The fortress was founded 
 in the 9th century, but in its present form is chiefly of the 
 early 16th. The Chapel of St. George (1502) possesses in- 
 teresting sculptures, among them the apostles in red 
 marble. The university, founded in 1620, was closed in 
 1810. Above the city are the Monchsberg and Kapuziner- 
 berg. It was the birthplace of Mozart. Population, 
 36,210, (1910). 
 
 Salzburger Alps (zalts'borG-er alps). A range 
 of the Alps situated on the border between Salz- 
 burg and Bavaria. 
 
 Salzkammergut (zalts'kanPmer-got). An Al- 
 pine land and imperial domain, situated in the 
 southern part of Upper Austria, adjoining part 
 of Styria. On account of its lakes (Traunsee, etc.) and 
 its natural beauty, it is often called “ the A ustrian Switzer- 
 land." It contains the watering place Ischl. The highest 
 mountain is the Dachstein. The inhabitants are largely 
 engaged in the production of salt. 
 
 Salzungen (ziilt'song-en). A town and water- 
 ing-place in the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, Ger- 
 many, situated on the Werra 19 miles north- 
 
 890 
 
 northwest of Meiningen. It has salt-works. 
 Population, 4,874. 
 
 Salzwedel (zalts'va-del). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Jeetze 
 53 miles north-northwest of Magdeburg, it is a 
 very ancient place, noted in the Altmark ; was a Hanse- 
 atic town ; and has old churches and other buildings. 
 Population, commune, 11,122. 
 
 Sam (sam). One of the great heroes of the Shah- 
 namah, son of Nariman, father of Zal, and grand- 
 father of Rustam. The most striking episode of his 
 history is his exposure near Mount Alburz of his infant son 
 Zal, whom he disowned because hishairwas white, and who 
 was reared by the Simurgh. (See Simurgh.) One night Sam 
 saw in a dream a horseman coming from the direction of 
 Hindustan, who gave him news of his son. Called to inter- 
 pret the dream, the wise men of the realm advised Sam to 
 seek his son, who was brought to Sam by the Simurgh, 
 received with joy, and invested with distinctions by both 
 Sam and King Minuchihr — Sam intrusting to him his realm. 
 Samaden (sa'ma/den). [Romansh Samedan.] 
 A tourist center and health-resort in the Upper 
 Engadine, canton of Grisons, Switzerland, situ- 
 ated on the Inn 28 miles southeast of Coire. 
 Height, 5,670 feet. 
 
 Samael. See Sammael. 
 
 Samak (sa-mak'). The chief island of the Bah- 
 rein group, Persian Sea, situated in lat. 26° N. 
 Capital, Menama. Length, about 30 miles. 
 Population, 60,000 to 70,000. 
 
 Samana (sa-ma-na'). A peninsula in the east- 
 ern part of the Dominican Republic. Length, 
 about 40 miles. 
 
 Samand, or Santa Barbara de Samana (san'- 
 ta bar'ba-ra da sa-ma-na'). A seaport in the 
 Dominican Republic, situated on Samana Bay 
 in lat. 19° 12' N., long. 69° 19' W. Population, 
 about 5,000. 
 
 Samana Bay. A bay on the eastern coast of the 
 Dominican Republic, island of Santo Domingo, 
 south of the peninsula of Samana. It forms one 
 of the largest and finest harbors in the world. 
 Samanids (sam'a-nidz). A Persian dynasty 
 which reigned in Transoxiana, Turkestan, from 
 about 872 to 999. 
 
 Samar (sii'mar). One of the Philippine Islands. 
 Capital, Catbalongan. It is separated from Luzon on 
 the northwest by the Strait of San Bernardino, and from 
 Leyte on the southwest by the Strait of San Juanico. 
 Length, 120 miles. Area, 5,031 square miles. Population 
 of province of Samar (including neighboring small isl- 
 ands), 266,237. 
 
 Samara (sa-ma'ra). 1. Agovernmentof eastern 
 Russia, situated east of the Volga. It is bounded 
 by the governments of Astrakhan, Saratoff, Simbirsk, Ka- 
 zan, Ufa, Orenburg, the territory of the Ural Cossacks, and 
 the Kirghiz Steppes. The chief occupation is agriculture. 
 Area, 58,320 square miles. Population, 3,428,2C0. 
 
 2. The capital of the government of Samara, 
 situated at the junction of the river Samara 
 with the Volga, about lat. 53° N., long. 50° 12' E. 
 It is one of the chief ports on the Volga, and has a large 
 trade in grain. Population, 94,900. 
 
 3. A river in eastern Russia which joins the 
 Volga at Samara. Length, about 300 miles. 
 
 Samara (sam'a-ra). The ancient name of the 
 Somme. 
 
 Samara (sa-ma'ra), or Sambara (sam-hii'ra). 
 A region in eastern Africa, bordering on the Red 
 Sea east of Abyssinia. 
 
 Samara. See Samarrah. 
 
 Samarang(sa-ma-rang'). A seaport, capital of 
 the residency of Samarang, Java, situated on 
 the north coast in lat. 6° 58' S., long. 110° 26' E. 
 It is one of the chief ports in the island, exporting sugar, 
 coffee, etc. Population, 96,600. 
 
 Samarcand. See Samarkand. 
 
 Samaria (sa-ma'ri-a). [L. Samana, Gr. Saud- 
 psia, also lepapeup, Heb. Shomron, city of She- 
 mer (Gr. Sfuapor).] 1. A name sometimes 
 given to the kingdom of Israel. — 2. A name 
 given about the beginning of the Christian era 
 to the central division of western Palestine, 
 lying north of Judea and south of Galilee. — 3. 
 An ancient city of Palestine, situated in lat. 32° 
 15' N., long. 35° 12' E. it was founded by Omri (899- 
 875 B. C.). After a siege of three years by Shalmaneser IV. 
 it was taken by his successor Sargon in 722, and settled 
 with transported colonists. John Hyrcanus destroyed it 
 in 109, hut it was soon rebuilt. Pompey included Samaria 
 in the province of .Syria, and from the proconsul Gahinius 
 it obtained the name of Gabinia or Gabiniopolis. Herod 
 changed its name to Sebaste (Augusta) in honor of Au- 
 gustus, and adorned it with magnificent buildings. Grad- 
 ually Sebaste was surpassed in growth by Nablus (She- 
 chera). Down to the 6th and again in the 12th century an 
 episcopal see of Sebaste is mentioned, and to this day a 
 Greek bishop derives his title from it. At present Sebaste 
 is represented by the insignificant Mohammedan village 
 Sebastieh, in which are still seen the ruins of a church 
 erected by the Crusaders over the supposed grave of John 
 the Baptist. 
 
 Samaritans (sa-mar'i-tanz). A religious com- 
 munity which originated after the fall of the 
 northern kingdom. In place of the Israelites who had 
 
 Samnite "Wars 
 
 been killed and transported, Sargon brought to the terri- 
 tory of Samaria a colony from Babylon and Cuthah ; and 
 this was increased by contingents from the Assyrian prov- 
 inces (Ezra iv. 2-10). Although priests were sent to in- 
 struct these foreigners in the “worship of Jehovah," the 
 p.iff ilation had a mixed belief and practice. After the re- 
 turn from the captivity, the Jews declined the aid of the 
 Samaritans in restoring the walls and the temple of Jeru- 
 salem, in consequence of which the breach between them 
 was widened. The Samaritans, under the leadership of 
 Sanballat and his son-in-law, founded a sanctuary of their 
 own on Mount Gerizim (according to Josephus, in 332). 
 In consequence of this the town of Shechem (Nablus), 
 at the base of the mountain, rose in importance, while 
 Samaria declined. The temple was destroyed by John 
 Hyrcanus, and, apart from some rebellions and repeated 
 conflicts between them and the Jews and Christians, the 
 Samaritans henceforward cease to have any noteworthy 
 separate history. The Samaritans are strict monotheists, 
 believe in spirits and a resurrection, expect a Messiah to 
 appear 6,000 years after the creation of the world, and pos- 
 sess only the Pentateuch, written in the old Hebrew 
 characters, in its text more akin to that of the Septuagint 
 than to the Hebrew Massoretic text. They still make a pil- 
 grimage on the three principal festivals to Mount Gerizim, 
 Their numbers are steadily diminishing, consisting of 
 a few families only, who live in a separate quarter of 
 Nablus. 
 
 Samarkand, or Samarcand (sam-ar-kand'). A 
 city in the district of Serafshah, Turkestan, 
 Asiatic Russia, situated near the Serafslian 
 about lat. 39° 40' N., long. 67° E.: the ancient 
 Maracanda . It has active commerce, and manufactures 
 of cotton, silk, etc. Among the objects of interest are the 
 grave of Timur, citadel, 3 colleges, and neighboring ruins. 
 The ancient city was destroyed by Alexander the Great. 
 In the middle ages Samarkand was a large and flourishing 
 city, renowned as a seat of learning. It was taken and de- 
 stroyed by Jenghiz Khan in 1219 ; became the capital of 
 Timur ; was occupied by the Russians in 1868 ; and was 
 afterward annexed to Russia, Population, 68,786. 
 
 Samarobriva (sam // a-ro-bri'va). The ancient 
 name of Amiens. 
 
 Samarra, or Samara (sa-ma'ra). A small 
 town in Asiatic Turkey, situated on the Tigris 
 70 miles north-northwest of Bagdad : a noted 
 Shiite place of pilgrimage. 
 
 Samary (sa-ma-re'), Jeanne Leonie Pauline, 
 Born at Neuilly, March 4, 1857 : died at Paris, 
 Sept. 18, 1890. A French actress, she was the 
 granddaughter of Suzanne Brohan, and studied with her 
 aunt Augustine Brohan. She entered the Conservatoire 
 in 1871, made her debut at the Thdatre Franqais in 1875 as 
 Dorine in “Tartufe,” and gained a success in soubi;ette 
 parts. Among her favorite roles were Toinon in “ L'Etin- 
 celle” and Suzanne de Villiers in “Lemondeoul'ons'en- 
 nuie,” though she attained distinction in the classic reper- 
 tory. In 1880 she married a banker, M. Lagarde. 
 Samas. See Shamasli. 
 
 Samaveda (sa-ma-va'da). See Veda. 
 Sambalpur, or Sumbulpur (sum-bul-p6r'). 1. 
 A district in Orissa, British India, intersected 
 by latitude 21° 30' N., longitude 84° E. Area, 
 3,773 square miles. Population, 640,243. — 
 2. The capital of the district of Sambalpur, 
 situated on the Mahanadi, Population, 12,- 
 870. 
 
 Sambara (sam-ba'ra), orWasambaraf wa-sftm- 
 
 ba'ra), or Sambala. A Bantu tribe of German 
 East Africa, in the mountainous district facing 
 the island of Pemba. Vigorous, agricultural, and 
 pastoral, they are nevertheless poor, because they leave all 
 the trade to the Arabs and coast people. Usambara is the 
 name of the country, Kisambara that of the language. 
 
 Sambos (sam'bos). [Sp. Sambo, a person of 
 mixed Indian and negro blood.] A name often 
 given to the Mosquitos (which see). 
 
 Sambre (sohbr). Ariver in northeastern France 
 and Belgium which joins the Meuse at Namur: 
 the Roman Sabis. Caesar defeated the Nervii on its 
 banks in 57 B. C., and French victories were gained on it 
 in 1794. Length, 110 miles ; navigable to Landrecies. 
 Sambre-et-Meuse (sonbr'a-mez'). A depart- 
 ment of France during the period of the repub- 
 lic and the first empire. Capital, Namur. 
 Sambro (sam'bro), Cape. A cape on the south- 
 ern coast of Nova Scotia, south of Halifax, in 
 lat. 44° 27' N., long. 63° 35' W. 
 
 Sambwa (sam'bwa). See Nyamwesi. 
 Samgar-Nebo (sam'gar-ne'bo). [Assyr., ‘be 
 gracious, Nebo.’] An officer in the army of 
 Nebuchadnezzar, mentioned in Jer. xxxix. 3. 
 Samhar. See Tigrc. 
 
 Sambara (eastern Africa). See Samara. 
 Samian Sage. The. See Sage of Samos. 
 Samland (zain'lant). A district in the province 
 of East Prussia, Prussia, lying between the 
 Frisches HafT and Kurisches Haff, in the vicinity 
 of Konigsbersr. Its western coast is noted as 
 “the Amber Coast.” 
 
 Sammael, or Samael (sa'ma-el). In rabbini- 
 cal demonology, a personification of the evil 
 principle. 
 
 Samnite Wars (sam'nit warz). In Roman his- 
 tory. the wars between Rome and the Samnites. 
 The following are the most important : (a) In 343-341 B. C.: 
 the war was ended by a treaty of alliance ; Rome received 
 
Samnite Wars 85)1. 
 
 Capua, the Samnites Teanum. (6) In 326-304 B. q. : the Ro- Sampson, Deborah. Born at Plympton, Mass. , 
 mans were in general successful, though an entire Roman J) e c. 17, 1760: died at Sharon, Mass., April 29, 
 army was captured at the Caudine Forks by ' 1827. An American woman who served in the 
 
 the Samnites were joined in the last years of the war by . . , , . , . , , , , 
 
 the Etruscans, Umbrians, Marsi, Peligni, etc. (c) In 298- Revolutionary War disguised under the name 
 290: the Samnites were allied with the Umbrians, Etrus- of Robert Shurtleff. She published a narrative 
 cans, Cisalpine Gauls, and Lucanians ; the Romans gained of her army life, entitled" The Female Review,” 
 a decisive victory at Sentinum 295, and the power of the | j(jy 
 
 SarnniumTsambd-um). In ancient geography, Sampson, Dominie A character iu Sir Walter 
 a mountainous district in central Italy, it Scott's novel " Guy Mannering. He is a homely 
 was bounded by the country of the Marsi, Peligni, and awkward schoolmaster^ loved for his honesty and faith- 
 ^entan "on the north, Apulia on the east, Lucania on the f'diess. who educates Godfrey Bertram s chddren, quotes 
 southf 'campania on the southwest, and Latium on the Latin, and exclaims “Prodigious ! 
 west, and was inhabited by the Samnites, a race of Sabine Sampson, William Thomas. 
 
 origin. The Samnite confederacy included also the Hir- 
 pini and Pentri, and colonists of Samnite stock settled 
 in Lucania and Campania. The first treaty with Rome 
 was concluded in 354 B. C. (For the wars with Rome, see 
 Samnite Wars.) Part of the Samnites sided with Hannibal 
 In the second Punic war. They took a leading part 
 against Rome in the Social War of 90-88 B. C., and as par- 
 tisans of Marius were finally defeated in the battle of the 
 Colline Gate (82 B. C.). The principal towns were Bovia- 
 num, ASsernia, and Beneventum. 
 
 Samoa. See Samoan Islands. 
 
 Born at Pal- 
 myra, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1840: died at Washington, 
 D. C., May 6, 1902. An American naval officer. 
 He entered the United States Naval Academy in 1857, 
 served in the Union navy during the Civil War, and was 
 promoted lieutenant-commander in 18G6, commander 
 in 1874, captain in 1889, commodore .Inly 3, 1898, and 
 rear-admiral Aug. 10, 1898. He was superintendent of 
 the Naval Academy 1886-90; chief of the Bureau of 
 Naval Ordnance 1893-97; and president of the board of 
 inquiry into the Maine disaster 1898. He was appointed 
 commander-in-chief of the North Atlantic naval station in 
 
 his people, are related in the Book of Judges xiii.-xvi. 
 Some exegetes relegate them to the sphere of myth, con- 
 sidering Samson, both because of his name and his ex- 
 ploits, aSemiticformof theGreek Hercules. Itis, however, 
 likely that the accounts of his deeds, though embellished 
 by popular legend, rest on a foundation of historical fact. 
 
 at 
 
 Bamoan (sa-mo'an or sa-mo'an) Islands, or April, 1898 ; bombarded San Juan de Porto Rico May 12 ; 
 Samoa (sa-mo'a or sa-mo'a), formerly Navi- and conducted the blockade of Santiago. The fleet under 
 /vikTr'l rrS trvT-zl Talo-nda A orounof bis command destroyed the Spanish squadron under Cer- 
 
 gators _ (nav i-ga-torz) Islands. a P '0 up or vera off the latter port July 3 J 1898 £ etired 1902 . 
 islands in the South Pacific, situatod ahout lat. Corriqo+ See SaTno^atci 
 
 13° 30'-14° 30' S. , long. 1680-173° W. They are ggX (slms'e). An island belonging to 
 2°l' "'chieTt^nS 1 ‘“adin^^onCe Denmark situated east of Jutland and north- 
 copra, cotton, and coffee. Trade is in German and Brit- west of Zealand. Length, 16 miles. Popular 
 ish hands. Samoa was explored by Bougainville in 1768. tion, 7,272. 
 
 Christianity was introduced in 1830. In 1872 theharborof gamsoe Belt. A sea. passage between Zealand 
 Pango-Pango was granted to the United States as a coal- & 
 
 ing-station. An opposition king, Tamasese, protege of the and oamsoe. 
 
 Germans, was in 1886 set up against King Malietoa, and Samson (sand son). [From Heb. Shemesh, sun.] 
 in 1887 Germany declared war with the islands. In 1889a Son of Manoah of the tribe of Dan, and the fif- 
 conference of British, German, and American representa- t.eenth in order of flip “ indues ” or deliverers 
 tives met at Berlin, and the neutrality of the islands was , mtl m ° ? , ? r T „ . J ua p s > °. r deliverers, 
 guaranteed. Malietoa was restored the same year. After Who managed the affairs of Israel before the 
 his death, in 1898, trouble arose over the succession, which monarchy was established. His exploits and ad- 
 resulted iu the bombardment, in March, 1899, of Apia and, ventures with the Philistines, the hereditary enemies of 
 villages along the coast by American and British war-ships. 
 
 Later Great Britain withdrew from the islands, and Upolu 
 and Savaii were ceded to Germany, and Tutuila and Manua 
 to the United States. Area, 1,079 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 43,668. See Apia. 
 
 Samogitia(sam-o-jish'i-a). Aformerdivisionof ... _ 
 
 Lithuania, bordering on the Baltic, Prussia, and Samson (son-son'), Joseph Isidore. Born at 
 Courland. Capital, Rossieny. Mostof it is now St.-Denis, France, July 2, 1793: died at Auteuil, 
 included in the Russian government of Kovno. March 28, 1871. A noted French actor. He was 
 Samos (sa'mos). [Gr. Xapor ; .] One of the prin- a dmitted . to th ® Conservatoire in 1811, played at first in 
 
 i - 7 T- a. ... , K , the provinces, and was engaged at the Od6on in 1819. In 
 
 9 the A.gean Sea, Situated about Ig 26 he made his ddbut at the Comfdic Frangaise. He 
 lat. 37 N., west of Asia Minor, from which it played with success in nearly all the principal parts of 
 is separated by a narrow strait. Capital, Vathy. classical and modern comedy. He retired from the stage 
 It is traversed by a mountain-range. The chief exports in 1863 - an,t gave lessons in dramatic art as professor at 
 are wine and raisins. It is a principality tributary to th® Conservatoire. He also wrote a number of plays. 
 
 Turkey, administered by a prince appointed by the sultan, SamSOIl AgOnisteS (sam'son ag-O-nis'tez). 
 
 “uglot Greek £8£h£‘ Samos* ‘wrearl^cSonfzld'by [G r - aytJVitrryf.Struggler ;, champion.] "A classical 
 Ionians. It became an important center of Greek com- drama by Milton, printed in 1671. 
 merce, civilization, and art, especially under the despot Samsun (sam-son'). A seaport in Asiatic Tur- 
 Polycrates, in the 6th century B. c. It was freed from key, situated on the Black Sea in lat. 41° 20' N., 
 d0 ! ni " a Q ti °" in 47 n B - a , : * was b ® sie ?ed and taken ] 0 h K . 36° 21' E. Population, about 13,000. 
 nian, Pergamene, and Roman rule in turn. It tiok an SamUCUS (sa-mo-kos ), or ZamUCUS (tha-mo- 
 important part in the Greek war of liberation, but was kos ). Indians ot the department of Santa Cruz, 
 restored to Turkey in 1830. The present government was eastern Bolivia, between lats. 18° and 20° S. 
 
 I^ngth"about"27 miies.^ 1 Areal'l80 Square miles." 1 Rqmla- (? orth ern border of the Gran Chaco region), 
 tion 53 424. 4 xupuia They were formerly numerous, and were divided into sev- 
 
 t • * , xi . . , eral small tribes (Morotocos, Tapios, Guaranocas, Samu- 
 
 bamos. In ancient geography, the principal cus proper, etc.). D’Orbigny was the first to apply the 
 city of the island of Samos, situated on the name to the whole group. Physically they are a fine race, 
 southern coast. tall, well formed, and rather light-colored. They are 
 
 Samos, or Same. Ancient city in Cephalonia. hunter , s and agriculturists, and brave warriors but not 
 Samosata (sa-mos'a-ta) T ~ — — *• quairesome. 
 
 Their language, closely allied in the differ- 
 
 In ancient geogra- ent tribes, is soft and musical : it appeals to constitute a 
 
 phy, a town in Commagene, Syria, situated on distinct stock. The race is nearly extinct, 
 the Euphrates about lat. 37° 32' N lorn? 38° Samuel (sam'u-el). [F . Samuel, It. Samuele, D. 
 - - - ’ ~ " ' T T “ "auovi/l, Heb. She- 
 
 37° 32' N , long 38° Samuel (sam'u-el). [F. Samuel, 
 36' E. : the modern Samsat. It was’ the birth- G - Samiuel^ljL. Samuel, Gr. Zam 
 place of Lucian. 
 
 Samoset (sam'6-set). Lived in the first half of 
 the 17th century. An Indian chief, a firm 
 friend of the Pilgrim colonists at Plymouth. 
 
 Samothrace (E. pron. sam'o-thras; L. sa-m5- 
 thra'se). [Gr. Zauodpaur/.'] An island in the 
 northern part of the ?Egean Sea, belonging to 
 Turkey, situated in lat. 40° 25' N., long. 25° 
 
 30' E. : tlie modern Samothraki. it was in much 
 vogue in antiquity as a religious center, especially noted 
 for its cult and mysteries of the Cabiri. It was particu- 
 larly popular during the Alexandrine epoch, from which 
 date many of its interesting monuments, though there 
 are also temples of the archaic period. On this island was 
 found the famous statue called "the Victory of Samo- 
 thrace,” now in the Louvre. The existing remains have 
 recently been scientifically explored by Conze and Nie- 
 mann. The circular temple, 62 feet in diameter, dedi- 
 cated by Arsinoe, queen of Ptolemy II., had a basement- 
 wall of masonry, surmounted by 44 square piers with or- 
 nate capitals, supporting a Doric entablature. The Doric 
 temple, of unusual plan for its Hellenistic date, apparently 
 foreshadowing Roman types, was prostyle, hexastyle, with 
 2 intervening columns between angle-colnmn and anta 
 on each flank. The cella was divided into 3 aisles, and 
 ended within in an apse, though square outside. The 
 plan measures 43 by 120 feet. The area of the island is 
 about 71 square miles. There are few inhabitants. Mount 
 Phengari rises to the height of 6,248 feet 
 
 Sampson (samp'son). Servant of Capulet, in 
 Shakspere’s “Romeo and Juliet.” 
 
 muel.\ A Hebrew prophet. He was the son of Elka- 
 nah and Hannah, of the tribe of Ephraim (according to I 
 Chron. vi. 27, 34, of the tribe of Levi), and grew up in the 
 sanctuary of Shiloh, under the eyes of the high priest Eli. 
 In bis early youth he felt himself called to the exalted vo- 
 cation of prophet, and obtained a place in the history of 
 Israel second only to that of Moses. He was the preserver 
 of the work of Moses, reuniting the people and averting the 
 threatening decay and internal corruption. After the fall 
 of the sanctuary of Shiloh and the defeat of Israel by the 
 Philistines, Samuel rallied the people in Mizpali (modern 
 Nebi Samwil), renewed the covenant with Jehovah, and 
 repelled the Philistines. He thus became the religious 
 and political reformer of Israel. To spread a healthy and 
 pure religious life in Israel, be established the so-called 
 “ Schools of Prophets,” a special feature of which was 
 the cultivation of sacred poetry and song. His sons Joel 
 and Abijah shared with Samuel the management of 
 the affairs of the people. They were disliked, being ac- 
 cused of misusing their power. In addition to this, need 
 for a leader in case of war became more and more felt. 
 This resulted in the demand by the people for Samuel to 
 place a king at the head of the Israelite community. With 
 a heavy heart the aged prophet acceded to the wisli of the 
 people, in which lie saw the loss of their liberty and in- 
 dependence, and anointed Saul. Saul's disobedience in 
 the war against Amalek caused a rupture between the 
 prophet and himself, and his virtual deposition. Later he 
 anointed David as king, and this is the last act recorded 
 of him. He died at an advanced age in Ramali. The time 
 of his activity falls at the end of the 12th and the begin- 
 ning of the 11 tli century B. c. The books of Samuel owe 
 their title to the circumstance that they begin with the 
 history of the prophet : they were not composed by him, 
 
 Sancho Panza 
 
 nor does his history form the chief part of their contents. 
 Like the books of Kings, the books of Samuel formed orig 
 inally one book : the division was introduced in the old 
 Greek and Latin versions. The books of Samuel comprise 
 the history of Israel from the birth of Samuel to the death 
 of David (which, however, is not distinctly recorded in the 
 book) — i. e., a period of more than 100 years. The first 
 book relates the birth of Samuel, the establishing of the 
 monarchy in Israel, and the conflict between Saul and 
 David, closing with the death of Saul. The second book 
 gives the history of David’s reign. 
 
 San (san). See Bushmen and Khoikhoin. 
 
 San. See Zoan. 
 
 San (san). A river in Galicia, Austria-Hun- 
 gary. It rises in the Carpathians, and joins the Vis- 
 tula, near the Polish frontier, in long. 21° 50' E. Length, 
 243 miles. 
 
 San, or Saint. For Portuguese and Brazilian 
 
 names, see Sdo. 
 
 Sana, or Sanaa (sa-na'). One of the chief 
 towns of Yemen, Arabia, situated about lat. 15° 
 20' N., long. 44° 20' E. It has active commerce and 
 manufactures, and was formerly the most important city 
 of Arabia. It was taken by the Turks in 1872. Popula- 
 tion, about 60,000. 
 
 San Antonio (san an-to'ni-o). A city, capital 
 of Bexar County, Texas, situated on the San 
 Antonio River about lat. 29° 30' N., long. 98° 
 25' W. Its trade is in wool, cattle, grain, hides, etc 
 It is a railway center, the chief commercial town of west- 
 ern Texas, and the first city in the State. A fort was built 
 here in 1714 ; the mission of the Alamo was established in 
 1718. Population, 96,614, (1910). 
 
 San Antonio, or Sant’Antao (Cape Verd). See 
 Sdo Antdo. 
 
 San Antonio (san an-to'ne-o). Cape. 1. Acape 
 in the Argentine Republic, at the southern en- 
 trance to the Rio de la Plata. — 2. A cape on 
 the eastern coast of Spain, in the province of 
 Alicante, projecting into the Mediterranean. 
 — 3. A cape at the western extremity of Cuba. 
 San Antonio (san iin-to'ni-o) River. A river 
 in Texas which flows into Espiritu Santo Bay. 
 Length, about 200 miles. 
 
 Sanballat (san-bal'at). [Assyro-Babylonian 
 Sin-uballit, Sin (the moon-god) has given life.] 
 The chief and most hostile opponent of Nehe- 
 rniah in his endeavors to restore the city of 
 Jerusalem aud its walls. He was connected by 
 marriage with the house of the high priest Eliashib. He 
 was, very likely, head of the Samaritans, and himself, as 
 his name would indicate, a descendant of one of the colo- 
 nists transplanted by the Assyrian kings to Palestine. See 
 Samaria. 
 
 San Bernardino ( san ber-nar-de 'no). An Alpine 
 pass in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, it 
 connects the valleys of the Hinterrhein and the Moesa, 
 branching from the Spliigen road at Spliigen, and leading 
 to Bellinzona. It was known to the Romans. Height, 
 6,768 feet. 
 
 San Bernardino, Mount. The loftiest moun- 
 tain of the Coast Range, California, giving name 
 to the San Bernardino range. Height, 10,630 
 feet (U. S. G. S.). 
 
 San Bias (san bias), Cape. A cape on the 
 southern coast of Florida, 123 miles east-south- 
 east of Pensacola. 
 
 San Bias, Bay of. A small inlet of the Carib- 
 bean Sea, on the northern side of the Isthmus of 
 Panama. 
 
 San Buenaventura Indians. See Chumashan. 
 San Carlo (san kar'lo). The largest and most 
 famous theater of Naples. It was built in 1737 ; was 
 burned in 1816, but immediately rebuilt ; and in 1844 was 
 thoroughly restored. Since 1860 its popularity has de- 
 clined. 
 
 San Carlos. See Ancud. 
 
 Sancho (san'cho) I., King of Castile. See San- 
 cho III., King of Navarre. 
 
 Sancho II., “The Strong.” King of Castile 
 1065-72. He conquered Leon and Galicia. 
 Sancho IV., “The Great.” Born 1258: died 
 1295. King of Castile, son of Alfonso X. whom 
 he dethroned in 1282. He took Tarifa from the 
 Moors. 
 
 Sancho I. King of Navarre 905-926. 
 
 Sancho III., surnamed “The Great,” King 
 of Navarre 1001-1035. His dominion ulti- 
 mately included Castile, Leon, Navarre, and 
 Aragon. 
 
 Sancho (sang'sho) I. Born 1154: died 1211. 
 King of Portugal 1185-1211, son of Alfonso I. 
 Sancho II. King of Portugal 1223-48, son of 
 Alfonso II. 
 
 Sancho Panza (sang'ko pan'zii; Sp. san'cho 
 pan'tha). The “round, selfish, and self-im- 
 portant” squire of Don Quixote, in Cervantes’s 
 romance of that name. On his ass Dapple he 
 faithfully follows the knight. See Don Quixote. 
 
 At first he is introduced as the opposite of Don Quixote, 
 and used merely to bring out his master's peculiarities in 
 a more striking relief. It is not until we have gone through 
 nearly half of the First Part that he utters one of those 
 proverbs which form afterwards the staple of his conver- 
 
Sancho Panza 
 
 flation and humor ; and it is not till the opening of the 
 Second Part, and, indeed, not till he comes forth, in all his 
 mingled shrewdness and credulity, as governor of Bara- 
 taria, that his character is quite developed and completed 
 to the full measure of its grotesque, yet congruous, pro- 
 portions. Ticknor, Span. Lit., II. 146. 
 
 Sanchuniathon (san-ku-nl'a-thon), or Sancho- 
 niathon (san-ko-ni'a-thon). [Gr. iayxovvidtJuv, 
 ?,ayx(Jvta6on>, 2,ayxo>viatdov, said by Movers to 
 mean ‘the whole law of Chon,’ and thus the 
 name, not of a person, but of a collection of 
 writings.] An (alleged) ancient Phenician 
 writer, saidtohave lived before the Trojan war, 
 whose works (founded upon records preserved 
 in the temples) Philo Byblius pretended to have 
 translated. 
 
 Great importance is usually attributed to the so-called 
 fragments of Sanchoniathon. It is wellknownthatin Eu- 
 sebius there are complete extracts of a Phcenician history 
 written by a certain Philo of Byblos who lived in the first 
 and second centuries A. D. This Philo of Byblos is said to 
 have translated his history from the Phoenician original 
 of a certain Sanchoniathon. But now the question re- 
 mains, did this ancient Phoenician document ever exist, 
 or did Philo only wish to cover his own work by the author- 
 ity of an ancient, more or less mythical, name? This last 
 opinion was formerly maintained by Movers, and quite 
 lately defended with important arguments by Baudissin. 
 This opinion is supported by the strong syncretistic and 
 euhemeristic tendency of the fragments, which betray far 
 too much knowledge of Egyptian, Greek, and perhaps even 
 Persian ideas to be regarded as reliable statements as to 
 the original form of the Phoenician religion. 
 
 La Saussaye , Science of Religion, p. 316. 
 
 San Cristobal (san kres-to'bal). A town iu 
 Mexico, formerly capital of the state of Chiapas. 
 It was formerly Ciudad Real and Ciudad de Las Casas. Pop- 
 ulation, about 15,000. 
 
 Sancroft (sang'kroft), William. Born at Fres- 
 singfield, Suffolk, England, Jan. 30, 1617 : died 
 there, Nov. 24, 1693. An English prelate. 
 
 He graduated at Cambridge (Emmanuel College) in 1641, 
 and became dean of York in 1663, dean of St. Paul’s in 
 1664, and archbishop of Canterbury in 1677. He wrote the 
 petition against reading the Declaration of Indulgence 
 in 1687 ; was one of the seven bishops committed to the 
 Tower and tried in 1688 ; and was deprived of office in 1691 
 for refusal to take the oath of allegiance. 
 
 Sand (solid ; E. sand), George : nom de plume of 
 Amandine Lucile Aurore Dupin, Baroness 
 Dudevant. Born at Paris, July 5, 1804 : died at 
 Nohant,Indre,June8, 1876. A noted French nov- 
 elist and playwright. Her early life was spent in the 
 quiet of her grandmother’s country house, and in 1817 she 
 entered the Couvent des Dames Anglaises in Paris, where 
 she remained till 1820. Her marriage with Baron Dude- 
 vant, a retired army officer, was celebrated in 1822. Their 
 union, although blessed with two children, was not happy, 
 and in 1831 she went to Paris with Jules Sandeau in search of 
 a life of independence born of literary work. Her first writ- 
 ing was done in collaboration with Jules Sandeau, and was 
 signed jointly “Jules Sand." On St. George’s day, Sandeau 
 urged her to work on her own account and receive the full 
 credit due her. From this concourse of circumstances 
 arose her nom de plume. Embracing the views of ad- 
 vanced republicanism, she mingled freely in politics : she 
 published a couple of open letters, and made prefatory re- 
 marks, at the request of Louis Blanc, to his “Histoire dela 
 revolution francaise ’’ (1847), and also to the official “ Bul- 
 letins de la republique.” At various times she con- 
 tributed to “La Revue Inddpendante ’’ and “ La Commune 
 de Paris," and in 1848 she even started a newspaper of her 
 own, “La Cause du Peuple.” The preface to a work with 
 socialistic tendencies, “ Les conteurs ouvriers "(1849), was 
 written by her, and under the title “ Rdpublique et royautd 
 en Italie” (1850) she published a translation of a book 
 by the celebrated Italian revolutionist Joseph Mazzini. 
 But her best work is in her novels, as for instance in ‘‘In- 
 diana’’ (1831X “Valentine" (1832), “ Lelia ” (1833), “Le 
 secretaire intime" (1834), “Jacques" (1834), “Mauprat” 
 (1836), “Consuelo" (1842), "Francois le Champi,” “La 
 mare au diable," “La petite Fadette" (1846-48), “Les 
 maitres sonneurs" (1853), “ Mont-Reveche " (1855), “Elle 
 et lui ” (1858) (which called out De Musset’s “ Lui et elle ”), 
 “L’Homme de neige” (1859), “Jean de la Roche" (I860), 
 “ Mile, de la Quintinie ’’ (1864), “Pierre qui roule ” (1869), 
 " Nanon ’’ (1872), etc. Most of these books appeared first 
 in serial form in “La Revue des Deux-Mondes.” Of the 
 above, “Le secretaire intime ” and “Elle et lui,” and also 
 another work, “Lettresd’un voyageur”(lS30-36), deal with 
 the period of George Sand’s intimacy with Alfred de Mus- 
 set. The great novelist herself dramatized her story of 
 “ Francois le Champi "in 1849 ; most of her plays, however, 
 were written direct for the stage, and include “Claudie ” 
 (1851), “Le pressoir” (1853), and many others. 
 
 Sand, Maurice. The pseudonym of Maurice 
 Dudevant, the son of George Sand. 
 
 Sandabar (sen-de-bar'). The Mishle Sandabar, 
 ‘ Parables of Sandabar,’ are a medieval collec- 
 tion of tales in Hebrew. They are substantially the 
 same book as the Greek “Syntipas, the Philosopher,” and 
 the Arabic “Romance of the Seven Vizirs.” The name 
 Sandabar is supposed (Keith-Falconer’s “Bidpai’s Fables," 
 p. lxxii.) to come from a misreading of the unpointed 
 Arabic name Iiaidaba (the Sanskrit vidyapati, ‘lord of 
 wisdom ’), which has become Bidpai and Pilpay. Baidaba 
 may have had in an earlier form a final d to represent 
 the t of pati: thus, when misread, yielding the form Sanda- 
 bad (pron. sen-de-ba'd), which also occurs. As written in 
 Hebrew the final d might he confounded with r, thus 
 giving the form Sandabar. The “ Parables of Sandabar " 
 must not be confounded witli the Hebrew versions of the 
 Arabic “ Kalilah and Dimnah.” See “ Paraboles deSenda- 
 bar, traduites de l’Hdbreu par E. Carmoly," Paris (1849); 
 
 892 
 
 “ Syntipas. De Syntipa et Cyri fllio Andreopuli narratlo 
 edita a Boissonade," Paris (1828); and for the “Seven 
 Vizirs," “Tales, Anecdotesand Letters, "translated from the 
 Arabic and the Persian by Jonathan Scott, Shrewsbury 
 (1800) ; also Comparetti, “ Researches Respecting the Book 
 of Sindibad " publication ix. of the Folk-lore Society; and 
 “Sindban oder die 7 weisen Meister. Syrisch u. deutsch 
 von Fr. Baethgen," Leipsic (1879). 
 
 The famous collection which in the East went under the 
 title of Sendabad was translated into Latin at least early 
 in the 13th century, and became very popular in almost 
 every language of Western Europe under the name of the 
 Romance of the Seven Sages. T. Wright , Essays, II. 60. 
 
 Sandakan (san-da-kan'). The chief town of 
 British North Borneo, on the eastern coast. 
 Population, 9,541. 
 
 Sandalphon (san-dal'fon). In Jewish angelol- 
 ogy, one of the three angels whose duty is to 
 receive the prayers of the Israelites and weave 
 them into crowns. Longfellow has a poem on 
 the subject. 
 
 Sandalwood (san'dal-wud) Island, or Sumba 
 
 (som'ba). An island of the Dutch East Indies, 
 in the residency of Timor, south of Flores. 
 It is very fertile. Area, 4,385 square miles. 
 Population, 200,000. 
 
 Sandby (sand'bi), Paul. Born at Nottingham, 
 1725 : died at London, Nov. 7, 1809. An Eng- 
 lish landscape-painter, the founder of the Eng- 
 lish school of water-color painting. He studied 
 iu London, and in 1746 was appointed by the Duke of 
 Cumberland draftsman to the survey of the Highlands. 
 In 1751 he retired to Windsor and devoted himself to 
 water-color painting. His water-colors are mainly topo- 
 graphical. 
 
 Sandeau (son-do'), Leonard Sylvain Jules. 
 
 Born at Aubusson, Creuse, France, Feb. 19, 
 1811: died at Paris, April 24, 1883. A French 
 novelist and dramatist. Having made the acquain- 
 tance of George Sand, they went to Paris together in 1831 
 to try their fortune in the world of letters. They lived 
 and worked together, and their articles were published in 
 “ Figaro.” In 1833 Sandeau went to Italy, and their liaison 
 came to an end. He returned to Paris in 1834. In 1853 
 he was made librarian of the Mazarin Library, and curator 
 in 1859. He wrote, under the joint nom de plume “Jules 
 Sand,” in collaboration with George Sand, the novel “ Rose 
 et Blanche ’ (1831). Independently he wrote the novel 
 “Marianna" and others. He wrote, in collaboration with 
 Augier, the comedies “Mile, de la Seigliere, ’’ “Le gendre 
 de Monsieur Poirier” (1854), etc., and became a member 
 of the Academy in 1858. 
 
 Sandeman (san 'de- man), Robert. Born at 
 Perth, Scotland, 17i8: died at Danbury, Conn., 
 April 2, 1771. A Scottish elder, son-in-law of 
 John Glas: one of the founders of the Sande- 
 manians or Glassites. 
 
 Sandemanians (san-de-ma'ni-anz). A denomi- 
 nation, followers of Robert Sandeman (1718- 
 1771), a native of Perth, Scotland, and a zeal- 
 ous disciple of John Glas. Among the distinctive 
 practices of the body were community of goods, abstinence 
 from blood and from things strangled, love-feasts, and 
 weekly celebration of the communion. Called Glassites in 
 Scotland. 
 
 Sanderson (san'der-son), Robert. Born either 
 at Sheffield or at Gilthwaite Hall, near Roth- 
 erham, Yorkshire, England, Sept. 19, 1587 : died 
 at his palace of Buckden, Hunts, Jan. 29, 1663. 
 An English bishop and writer. He was educated 
 at Lincoln College, Oxford ; took orders in 1611 ; in 1631 was 
 a royal chaplain ; and was regius professor of divinity 
 at Oxford 1646-48. At the Restoration he was created 
 bishop of Lincoln. The “Cases of Conscience," his most 
 celebrated work, composed of deliberate judgments on 
 points of morality, was published after his death. His 
 “ Compendium of Logic " was published in 1618. 
 
 Sanderson, Robert. Born at Eggleston Hall, 
 Durham, July 27, 1660: died Dec. 25, 1741. An 
 English antiquarian. He was educated at St, John's 
 College, Cambridge ; and became a lawyer in London, and 
 clerk of the rolls. He assisted Thomas Rymer in preparing 
 the “Foedera,” and printed the work after his death. 
 
 Sandford and Merton, History of. A popular 
 book for children, by Thomas Day, published 
 1783-89: named from its heroes, two school- 
 boys. 
 
 Sandgate (sand'gat). A watering-place on the 
 coast of Kent, England, near Hythe. 
 Sandhurst (sand'herst). A parish in Berkshire, 
 England, 33 miles west-southwest of London, it 
 is the seat of the Royal Military College, and near it is the 
 Staff College. 
 
 Sandhurst. A city in Bendigo County, Vic- 
 toria, Australia, situated on Bendigo Creek 85 
 miles north-northwest of Melbourne, it is the 
 ' center of a gold-mining district. Population, 30,774. Of- 
 ficially Bendigo. 
 
 San Diego (san de-a'go). A seaport, capital of 
 San Diego County, California, situated on the 
 Pacific, at nearly the southwestern extremity of 
 the United States. It has one of the best harbors on the 
 Pacific coast ; is on the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa F6 
 and other railroads; and is a winter health-resort. It 
 was founded by Homan Catholic missionaries (Father 
 Junipero Serra, etc.) in 1769. Population, 39.578. (1910). 
 
 Sandwich 
 
 San Diego, Cape. A cape at the eastern ex- 
 tremity of the main island of Tierra del Fuego. 
 Sand Lots Party. An anti-Chinese working- 
 men's party in California about the period 1877- 
 1880 : so called from a place of meeting — the 
 Sand Lots, an open space in the western part of 
 San Francisco. Its leader was Denis Kearney. 
 Sando (san'db), or Sandoe (san'de). [‘Sand 
 island.’] One of the Faroe Islands. 
 
 San Domingo. See Santo Domingo. 
 
 San Domingo, Republic of. See Dominican 
 Republic. 
 
 Sandomir(zan-do-mer'),Pol.Sandomierz(san- 
 do'myarzh). A town in the government of Ra- 
 dom, Russian Poland, situated on the Vistula on 
 the frontier of Galicia. Under the Jagellons it was 
 one of the chief cities of Poland. A synod held there in 
 April (9-15), 1570, effected the union of various bodies of 
 Polish Protestants. The town was destroyed by the Swedes 
 in 1656. Population, 7,349. 
 
 Sandoval (san-do-val'), Gonzalo de. Born at 
 Medellin, Estremadura, 1496: died at Palos, 
 Dec. (?), 1528. A Spanish soldier, one of the 
 principal lieutenants of Cortes in the conquest 
 of Mexico (1519-21). 
 
 Sandoval, Prudencio de. Born about 1560 : 
 died at Pamplona, Spain, March 17, 1621. A 
 Spanish historian . His best-known work is “ Historia 
 de laviday hechos del Emperador Carlos V." (“History of 
 the Life and Deeds of the Emperor Charles V.,” 1604). 
 Sandown (san'doun). A watering-place on the 
 eastern coast of the Isle of Wight, England, 10 
 miles south by west of Portsmouth. Popula- 
 tion, 5,006. 
 
 Sandoz Knob (san'doz nob). A peak of the 
 Black Mountains, in the western part of North 
 Carolina. Height, 6,600 feet. 
 
 Sandringham (sand'ring-am). A residence 
 of King Edward VII., near the coast of Nor- 
 folk, England, north of Lynn. 
 
 Sandrocottus (san-dro-kot'us), or Sandrokot- 
 tos (san-dro-kot'os), or Chandragupta (chun- 
 dra-gop'ta). The founder of the Maurya or 
 Magadha kingdom in India (capital Patna). 
 He reigned about 315-291 B. c. According to Greek tra- 
 dition he was an Indian king who in the time of Seleucus 
 Nicator ruled over the Gangaridse and Prasii on the banks 
 of the Ganges. He was of mean origin, and was the leader 
 of a band of robbers before obtaining the supreme power. 
 In the troubles following the death of Alexander, he ex- 
 tended his sway over the greater part of northern India, 
 conquering the Macedonians left by Alexander in the Pan- 
 jab. Seleucus invaded his dominions, but did not succeed, 
 and, concluding a peace, ceded to Sandrocottus his con- 
 quests in the Panjab and the country of the Paropamisus, 
 receiving in return 600 war elephants. For many years af- 
 terward Seleucus had as his ambassador at the court of San- 
 drocottus, Megasthenes, to whose work entitled “ Indies ” 
 later Greek writers were chiefly indebted for their accounts 
 of India. The identity of Chandragupta and Sandrocottus 
 admits of no reasonable doubt. The identification is of 
 the utmost importance to Indian chronology, in which 
 everything depends upon the date of Chandragupta as as- 
 certained from that of Sandrocottus as given by the clas- 
 sical writers. His accession is the subject of the Sanskrit 
 drama “ Mudrarakshasa.” Hindu and Buddhist writers 
 are entirely silent as to Alexander, but show that Chandra- 
 gupta overthrew the dynasty of the Nandas and “ estab- 
 lished freedom in India by the help of robbers." His cap- 
 ital was Pataliputra (in Greek Palibothra), the modern 
 Patna. The dynasty of the Nandas is often spoken of 
 as the “nine Nandas.” meaning ‘nine descents, ‘or, accord- 
 ing to some, * the last king Mahapadma and eight sons. ‘ Ma- 
 hapadma Nanda was the son of a Shudra, and so by law a 
 Shudra himself. He was a tyrant. The Brahman Chanakya 
 is represented as having brought about his fall. Chandra- 
 gupta was then raised to the throne and founded the Mau- 
 ryan dynasty, of which the great Ashoka was the third king. 
 The commentator on the Vishnupurana says that he was a 
 son of Nanda by a low-caste woman named Mura (whence 
 he and his descendants were called Mauryas). Tne Bud- 
 dhists claim that the Mauryas were of the same family with 
 Buddha, the Shakyas. 
 
 Sands, Robert Charles. Born at Flatbush, Long 
 Island, N. Y., May 11, 1799: died at Hoboken, 
 N. J-, Dec. 17, 1832. An American poet and au- 
 thor. He was associated with Bryant and Verplanck in 
 the authorship of the annual “Talisman " (1828-30). His 
 works were edited by Verplanck (1834). 
 
 Sandusky (san-dus'ki). A city, lake port, and 
 capital of Erie County, Ohio, situated on San- 
 dusky Bay in lat. 41° 26' N., long. 82° 43' W. 
 It has a large trade in fish, also in lime, fruit, lumber, ice. 
 etc.; is the center of an important wine-growing region ; 
 has manufactures of wood, etc. : and is the seat of a large 
 fish- hatchery. Population, 19,989, (1910). 
 
 Sandusky Bay. An arm of Lake Erie, near 
 Sandusky. Length, about 20 miles. 
 Sandusky River. A river in Ohio which flows 
 into Sandusky Bay at Sandusky. Length, about 
 125 miles. 
 
 Sandwich (sand'wieh). [ME. Sandiciche, AS. 
 Sandwic, sand-town.] One of the Cinque Ports, 
 situated in Kent, England, ou the Stour and 
 near the coast opposite the Downs, 11 miles 
 north of Dover. It was an important seaport 
 in the middle ages. Population, 3,170. 
 
Sandwich, Earls of 
 
 Sandwich, Earls of. See Montagu. 
 
 Sandwich Bay. An inlet on the eastern coast 
 of Labrador, about lat. 53° 30' N. 
 
 Sandwich Dome. A mountain in central New 
 Hampshire, on the boundary of Grafton and Car- 
 roll counties, 43 miles north of Concord. Height, 
 about 4,071 feet. 
 
 Sandwich Island. See Fate. 
 
 Sandwich Islands. [Named by Cook for the 
 Earl of Sandwich.] See Hawaiian Islands. 
 Sandwich Land. An island group in the South 
 Atlantic, about lat. 58° S., long. 27° W. 
 
 Sandy (san'di) Cape. A cape in Queensland, 
 Australia, on Great Sandy Island, at the en- 
 trance to Hervey Bay. 
 
 Sandy Hook. A narrow sandy peninsula in 
 Monmouth County, New Jersey, which projects 
 into the Lower Bay of New York, about 16 miles 
 south of New York. Length, 8 miles. 
 
 Sandy Hook Bay. An arm of the Lower Bay 
 of New York, lying west of Sandy Hook. 
 
 Sandy River. See Big Sandu. 
 
 Sandys ( san'dis or sandz), Edwin. Born prob- 
 ably at Hawkshead, Lancashire, England, 1516: 
 died at Southwell, England, July 10, 1588. An 
 English prelate, archbishop of York. He graduat- 
 ed at St.John’s College, Cambridge, in 1539. He embraced 
 the Reformation. In 1553 he became vice-chancellor of 
 Cambridge University. He refused to proclaim Queen 
 Mary, and was imprisoned in the Tower. After the acces- 
 sion of Elizabeth he was made bishop of Worcester (Dec. 
 21, 1659), of London (1670), and archbishop of York (1576). 
 He was one of the translators of the “Bishops’ Bible” 
 (1565). 
 
 Sandys, Sir Edwin. Born at Worcester about 
 1561 : died at Northborne, Kent, Oct., 1629. An 
 English politician and author, son of Archbishop 
 Sandys. He waB educated at Corpus Christi, Oxford; 
 waa associated with Bacon in drawing up the “Remon- 
 strance " of 1604 ; became treasurer of the Second V irginia 
 Company in 1619 ; and assisted the Pilgrims in chartering 
 the Mayflower. He was knighted in 1603. He wrote 
 “ Europse Speculum ” (1599). 
 
 Sandys, George. Born at York, 1577 : died at 
 Bexley Abbey, Kent, March, 1644. An English 
 traveler and translator, brother of Sir Edwin 
 Sandys. He was educated at Oxford, and began to travel 
 in 1610. His records were a valuable contribution to early 
 geography and ethnology. In 1615 he published a valu- 
 able account of a journey to Greece, Asia Minor, Pales- 
 tine, and Egypt. He came out to Virginia as colonial 
 treasurer in 1621. He built the first water-mill, the first 
 Iron- works, and the first ship in Virginia. He returned to 
 England in 1624. He subsequently printed various reli- 
 gious works and a translation of Ovid’s “Metamorphoses," 
 and paraphrased the Psalms, the Book of Job, Ecclesiastes, 
 and the Lamentations of Jeremiah. 
 
 Sanetsch (sa'nech). An Alpine pass on the bor- 
 der of the cantons of Valais and Bern, Switzer- 
 land, north of Sion. It connects the valleys of 
 the Morge (tributary of the Rhone) and the 
 Saane. 
 
 San Fele (san fa'le). A town in the province 
 of Potenza, southern Italy, 17 miles northwest 
 of Potenza. Population, 6,341. 
 
 Sanfelice, Giovanni Vicenzo. See Bagnuolo, 
 Count. 
 
 San Felipe (san fa-le'pa). [Sp., ‘ Saint Philip.’] 
 The capital of the province of Aconcagua, 
 Chile, 55 miles east-northeast of Valparaiso. 
 Population, 10,426. 
 
 San Felipe. A tribe of North American In- 
 dians, inhabiting a pueblo of the same name 
 on the west bank of the Rio Grande, above 
 Bernalillo, north central New Mexico. The 
 name originally was applied by the Spanish to 
 the mission. They number about 500. 
 
 San Felipe de Jativa. See Jdtiva. 
 
 San Fernando (san fer-nan'do). A seaport in 
 the proviuce of Cadiz, Spain, on the Isla de 
 Le6n, in the Bay of Cadiz, 8 miles southeast of 
 Cadiz. It exports salt. Population, 28,227. 
 San Fernando de Apurd (da a-po-ra'). A 
 town in Venezuela, situated on the Apurd, at 
 the mouth of the Portuguesa, about 187 miles 
 southwest of Caracas. Population, about 
 3,000. 
 
 San Filippo d’Argird. See Agira. 
 
 San Francisco (san fran-sis'ko). [Sp., ‘Saint 
 Francis.’] A city and seaport of California, 
 situated on San Francisco Bay, in lat. 37° 47' 55 // 
 N., long. 122° 24' 32 // W. (Washington Square). 
 It occupies the northern part of a peninsula between the 
 bay ana the Pacific and forms a county. It possesses one 
 of the finest harbors in the world ; is the largest city on 
 the Pacific coast, and one of the chief seaports in the coun- 
 try; and has regular steam communication with China, 
 Japan, Australia, Central America, etc. It exports silver, 
 gold, quicksilver, wheat, flour, wool, etc.; and has manu- 
 factures of boots and shoes, cigars, flour, iron and wooden 
 articles, etc. It contains a United States mint. The Span- 
 ish mission of San Francisco (later Dolores) was established 
 there in 1776. The mission was aecularized in 1834. In 
 1835 was founded the village of Yerba Buena which de- 
 
 893 
 
 San Juan de Ulua 
 
 veloped into the city of San Francisco, a name which it aa- banks is supposed to have occurred the battle of Lake 
 Burned in 1847. A United States man-of-war took possession Trasimene. 
 
 of it in 1846, and it became an important place in 1849 on ac- Sanhita (san'ki-tii). [Skt., ‘combination’: Sam, 
 
 “waS together, and V dha, put.] Technically, in San- 
 ■ • ■■ • • - • - skrit literature, the real continuous text of the 
 
 Veda as recited, in which the individual words 
 are subjected to sandhi, or the rules of euphonic 
 combination characteristic of Sanskrit: in dis- 
 
 in large part destroyed by earthquake and fire on April 18, 
 1906, and the following days. The City Hall was destroyed 
 but the Mint and the Post-office were saved. The loss of 
 life was put at 425, of property $350,000,000. The business 
 district has been largely rebuilt. Pop., 416,912, (1910). 
 
 San Francisco (san fran-this'ko), Cape. A 
 cape on the coast of Ecuador, lat. 0° 40' N., 
 long. 80° 7' W. 
 
 San Francisco Bay (san fran-sis'ko ba). A 
 landlocked inlet of the Pacific, in California. 
 
 tinction from the pada text, in which the words 
 (padas) appear each for itself uninfluenced by 
 sandhi . The Pratishakhyas teach how the padas must be 
 changed to form the sanhita ; thence sanhita is also used to 
 designate the collection of mantras or hymns thus formed, 
 as in the expression Bigvedasanhita. 
 
 The entrance to it from the ocean is by the passage called o« n 
 the Golden Gate, on the northwest of San Francisco city. lluelOIlSO. oee l.a tii a Hj(l . 
 
 It extends southeast for about 40 miles, widening about San Jacillto (san ja-sin'to). A river in south- 
 
 its center to 12 miles. San Pablo Bay is an extension of 
 it toward the north. 
 
 San Francisco Mountain or Mountains. The 
 
 loftiest mountain group in Arizona. Its chief 
 summit (Humphrey’s Peak) is 12,794 feet high. 
 
 Sangai (san-gi'). A volcano in the Andes of 
 Ecuador, 120 miles south of Quito, it is in a state 
 of constant activity. Height, 17,464 feet (Reiss and Stiibel). 
 
 The saying Is current that eruptions of Sangai are to be 
 apprehended when Cotopaxi becomes tranquil, and the 
 opinion seems to prevail that the two mountains act as 
 safety-valves to each other. 
 
 Whymper, Travels amongst the Great Andes of the 
 [Equator, p. 73. 
 
 Sangallo (sang-gal'lo), Antonio da, “The 
 Elder.” Born 1450 : died 1543. An Italian 
 architect and military engineer, brother of 
 Giuliano da Sangallo. 
 
 ern Texas, which flows into Galveston Bay north 
 of Galveston. Length, about 120 miles. 
 
 San Jacinto, Battle of. A battle fought on the 
 banks of the San Jacinto River, 17 miles east- 
 southeast of the present city of Houston, be- 
 tween the Mexicans (1,600) under Santa Anna 
 and the Texans (783) under Sam Houston (April 
 21, 1836). Santa Anna was completely defeated 
 and was captured. This victory decided the in- 
 dependence of Texas. 
 
 San Joaquin (san Hd-a-ken'). A river in Cali- 
 fornia which rises in the Sierra Nevada, trav- 
 erses the fertile San Joaquin Valley, and 
 unites with the Sacramento near its entrance 
 into Suisun Bay. Length, about 350 miles, it is 
 navigable for large steamers to Stockton, and for small 
 steamers for about two thirds of its course. 
 
 Sangallo, Antonio da, “The Younger.” Born San Jos6 (san Ho-sa'). A city, capital of Santa 
 
 at Mugello, near Florence, 1485: died at Terni, 
 
 1546. An Italian architect, nephew of Giuliano 
 da Sangallo. He worked on theVatican, Farnese Palace, 
 and other buildings in Rome. 
 
 Sangallo, Francesco da. Born 1493 : died 1570. 
 
 A Florentine sculptor, son of Giuliano da San- 
 gallo the architect. His best works are the statues 
 of the Bishop of Cortona in the Florentine Certosa, and 
 the Bishop of Nocera in the cloisters of San Lorenzo. 
 
 Sangallo, Giuliano da. Born at Florence, 1445 : 
 died there, Oct. 20, 1516. An Italian architect, 
 military engineer, and sculptor. HewenttoRome 
 and in 1465 began the famous album of the Bibliotheque 
 Barberini, a book of sketches of antique monuments many 
 of which have since been destroyed. He entered the ser- San Juan 
 
 vice of Paul II. as mason, and later as superintendent of 
 the Tribune of St. Peter’s. In 1478 he fortified the city 
 of Castellina and defended it against a siege directed 
 by Francesco di Giorgio Martini. About 1489 he built 
 the octagonal sacristy of Santo Spirito at Florence and 
 tlie Villa di Poggio at Cajano. In 1492 he commenced 
 the cloister of Cestello and Santa Maria Maddelcna 
 de' Pazzi, using an Ionic capital found at Fiesole as a 
 model for his order. He was at this time especially at- 
 tached to the Cardinal della Rovere (later Julius II.), 
 and executed along series of works for him. He was prob- 
 ably in France with the cardinal about 1494, and returned 
 to Italy in 1497. From this time until the accession of 
 Della Rovere as Julius II. (1603), Giuliano was engaged on 
 many important works, the chief of which is the Palazzo 
 Gondi at Florence, the sculptured decorations of which 
 
 are by his own hand. After the accession of Julius II. _ _ . 
 
 Giuliano associated himself with Michelangelo in the com- San J UcUl. T he name given by Columbus (1493) 
 petition with Raphael and Bramante for the works of St. to the island of Porto Rico : it was in commoi 
 Peter’s. (See Bramante.) On the accession of Leo X. he 
 was associated with Raphael in the work of St. Peter’s 
 (about 1514). In 1516 he made a design for the facade of 
 San Lorenzo at Florence. 
 
 Sangamon (sang'ga-mon) River. A river in 
 central Illinois, joining the Illinois River 45 
 
 Clara County, California, 48 miles southeast of 
 San Francisco. The first California legislature 
 met there 1849-50. Population, 28,946, (1910). 
 
 San Jose. The capital of Costa Rica, Central 
 America, near lat. 9° 56' N., long. 84° 8' W. 
 Its seaports are Limon on tbe Caribbean coast and Punta 
 Arenas on the Gulf of Nicoya. Itwasfoundedaboutl738, 
 and has been the capital, except for short intervals, since 
 1823. Population, 29,660. 
 
 San Juan (san Ho-an'). [Sp., ‘ Saint John.’] 
 A province in the western part of the Argen- 
 tine Republic, bordering on Chile. Area, 
 33,715 square miles. Population, about 111,- 
 800. 
 
 1. A river of Central America, the 
 outlet of Lake Nicaragua, flowing into the Carib- 
 bean Sea near lat. 10° 55' N. The lower portion 
 forms part of the boundary between Nicaragua and Costa 
 Rica; the remainder is entirely in Nicaraguan territory. 
 Thechannelis obstructed, especially near its mouth ; butit 
 is proposed to utilize the upper course for the interoceanic 
 canal (see Nicaragua Canal). Length, about 108 miles. 
 2. A river in southern Bolivia, a tributary of the 
 Pilaya and subtributary of the Pilcomayo. 
 Length, about 300 miles. — 3. A river in the 
 province of San Juan, in the western part of 
 the Argentine Republic, flowing into the La- 
 goon of Guanacache. Length, about 250 
 miles. 
 
 use until the 18th century. Subsequently the island 
 was known as San Juan de Porto Rico, from its capital ; 
 now generally shortened to Porto Rico. 
 
 San Juan. A locality about 4 miles southeast 
 of Santiago de Cuba. It was attacked and 
 
 miles west-northwest of Springfield. Length, ^ 
 
 including the North Fork, about 225 miles Sa ? J , ua “> 01 ® an Juan , de , Frontera (da la 
 Snmrnriiia (sarm jra/ri us) The ancient name of fron-ta'ra). The capital of the province of Sail 
 banganus (sang ga n us), Ihe ancient name ot JuaDj Argentine Republic, situated on the river 
 
 Sangar Strait (san -gar' strat), or Tsugaru San ^92 miles north of Mendoza. Popula- 
 
 s ^±^hom?r ** the " ort "“' tern 
 
 San d eav UUe See!sa e «uni ° f JaPan ^ thePaClfic ' San Juan Bautista. See SanJuande PortoBico. 
 
 Sam; ns Casino (Ttnlv) San Juan de Fuca. See Juan de Fuca. 
 
 Sanrfr ^ (S eer')Tslands^ aSJ df small San Juan de las Aguilas. See AguUas. 
 
 „ /L San Juan del Norte (del nor ta), or San Juan 
 
 islands between Celebes and the Philippine 
 Islands. They are under the suzerainty of the 
 Dutch. The chief island contains a volcano, an eruption 
 of which in 1856 killed 12,000 inhabitants and nearly de- 
 stroyed the island. 
 
 Sangpo. See Sanpu. 
 
 Sangraal, or Sangreal. See Grail. 
 
 Sangrado (san-gra'THo), Doctor. A character 
 in Le Sage’s “Gil Bias.” His treatment consists in 
 profuse blood-letting and the drinking of hot water. He 
 resembles Doctor Sagredo in Espinel’s “Marcos de Obre- 
 
 ★ gon." 
 
 Sangre de Cristo (san'gra da kris'to). [Sp., 
 
 ‘ blood of Christ.’] A range of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains in Colorado, on the northeastern boundary 
 of San Luis Park. It contains Blanca Peak, 
 the second highest summit in the Rocky Moun- 
 tains proper of the United States (14,390 feet). 
 
 Sanguinetto (san-gwe-net'to). A small river, a 
 tributary of the Lake of Perugia, in Italy, on its 
 
 de Nicaragua (ne-ka-ra'gwii), or Greytown 
 (gra'toun). A seaport of Nicaragua, situated 
 at the mouth of the river San Juan in lat. 10° 
 55' N., long. 83° 42' W. It is the only important At- 
 lantic seaport of the republic. It was bombarded and 
 burned by Commander Hollins of the United States sloop 
 of war G’yane, July 13, 1854. Population, 2,000. 
 
 San Juan de los Lagos (da los la'gos), or La- 
 gos. A town in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, 
 east of Guadalajara. Population, 15,999. 
 
 San Juan de Porto Rico (da por'to re'ko), or 
 San Juan Bautista (bou-tes'ta). A seaport, 
 capital of the island of Porto Rico, situated on 
 the northern coast in lat. 18° 29' N., long. 66° 
 7' W. It was founded in 1511. Population, 
 48,716, (1910). 
 
 San Juan de Ulua (6-lo'a), often called San 
 Juan de Ulloa. A fort, on a small island of 
 the same name, protecting the harbor of Vera 
 
San Juan de TJlda 
 
 Cruz, Mexico. It was built in the 17th century, was the 
 strongest fortification of Mexico, and has had an important 
 lace in the history of the country. It was the last post 
 eld by the Spaniards in North America, capitulating Nov. 
 I' 1 , 1825. 
 
 San Juan Islands. A group of islands in the 
 Gulf of Georgia, belonging to the State of 
 Washington (see below). The principal islands 
 are San Juan, Orcas, Lopez, and Shaw. 
 
 San Juan Question, The. A dispute concern- 
 ing the possession of the San Juan Islands in 
 the Gulf of Georgia, southeast of Vancouver, 
 which arose through different interpretation of 
 the treaty of 1846. They were occupied jointly by 
 British and American garrisons in 1859. By the treaty of 
 Washington the question was referred to the arbitration 
 of the Emperor of Germany, who decided in favor of the 
 United States in Oct., 1872. 
 
 San Juan Range. A range of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, on the western border of San Luis Park, 
 southern Colorado. Highest peaks, over 14,000 
 feet. 
 
 Sankey (sang'ki), Ira David. Born Aug. 28, 
 1840 : died Aug. 13, 1908. An American evan- 
 gelist, singer, and composer of popular re- 
 ligious music: associated in evangelistic work 
 
 with D. L. Moody. 
 
 Sankhya (sankhya). [Skt. : from sankhya, 
 ‘reckoning, enumeration,’ comes the adjective 
 sankhya, ‘relating to number, reckoning, cal- 
 culating,’ of which Sankhya is the masc. or 
 neuter sing, used substantively in the sense of 
 the primitive.] The third of the six systems 
 of Hindu philosophy, ascribed to the sage 
 Kapil a. It repudiates the notion that matter can ori- 
 ginate from spirit, and that anything can be produced from 
 nothing. Instead of an analytical inquiry into the uni- 
 verse as existing, it proceeds synthetically, starting from 
 an original primordial tattva, or ‘eternally existing es- 
 sence.’called prakriti, a word meaning in philosophy ‘ that 
 which evolves or produces everything else.' Beginning 
 with this original, eternal germ, the Sankhya reckons up 
 (whence its name) 23 other tattvas or ‘entities,’ all produc- 
 tions of the first and evolving themselves spontaneously 
 out of it. Of these 23, 7 are produced and producers, 
 whence come 16 productions. The 7 are(l) intellect(bud- 
 dhi), (2) self-consciousness (ahankara, the “I-making” fac- 
 ulty), (3) five principles called tanmatras (‘subtle elemen- 
 tary particles ’). The 16 are the 6 mahabhuta or grosser 
 elements (viz., ether, air, fire or light, water, and earth, 
 these being produced by the tanmatras), followed by the 
 11 organs produced by the ahankara (viz., 5 organs of 
 sense and 5 organs of action, together with an 11th, stand- 
 ing between the two sets, called manas, ‘mind,’ an inter- 
 ned organ of perception, volition, and action). Purusha, 
 ‘the soul,’ is the 25th entity. It is neither producer nor 
 produced, but eternal like prakriti, and quite distinct from 
 the produced and producing elements of the phenomenal 
 world. The 8 producers, the 6 grosser elements, and the 
 11 organs constitute the phenomenal world ; but as ahan- 
 kara or ‘ self-consciousness ’ is after prakriti the most im- 
 portant producer, the whole world of sense is, according 
 to the Sankhya, practically created by the Ego. Prakriti 
 again is viewed as constituted of 3 principles in equipoise 
 called gunas, ‘qualities,’ viz. goodness or purity, passion 
 or activity, and darkness or ignorance. As the ingredients 
 of prakriti they affect all that is evolved from it. The 
 ethical end of the Sankhya system is to effect the libera- 
 tion of the purusha or ‘soul’ from the fetters in which it 
 is involved by union with prakriti. This is done by p-ama 
 or ‘correct knowledge’ of the 24 constituent principles of 
 creation, and discriminating the soul from them, its pra- 
 manas, or ‘means of obtaining the correct measure of ex- 
 isting things,’ being 3 — viz., sense-perception, inference, 
 and credible assertion or trustworthy testimony. Some 
 adherents of the Sankhya maintain the existence of a su- 
 preme soul called Hiranyagarbha. The Sankhya proper 
 not so much denies the existence of a supreme being as 
 ignores it as incapable of dialectical demonstration. “He 
 must be free from desires and not bound by troubles," 
 say in substance the 92d and following aphorisms. “If 
 he were free from desires, he could have no wish to create. 
 If he were bound by desires of any kind, he would be un- 
 der bondage and deficient in power." 
 
 Sankhyakarika (san-khya-ka'ri-ka). [Skt. : 
 sankhya and karikd, ‘ concise metrical explana- 
 tion of difficult rules,’ especially in philosophy 
 and grammar, ‘a memorial verse, or collection 
 of such verses.’] In Sanskrit literature, a col- 
 lection of memorial verses by Ishvarakrishna, 
 in which is given a summary of the Sankhya 
 philosophy. Itdatesperhapsfromthe6th century A. n. 
 It has been edited and translated both by Colebrooke and 
 by Wilson. 
 
 Sankhyasara (san-khya-sa'ra). ‘The essence 
 of the Sankhya’ philosophy : a work by Vijnana- 
 bhikshu. It has been edited and translated by 
 Hall. 
 
 Sankt Andreasberg. See Andreasberg. 
 Sankt Beatenberg (sankt ba-a'ten-bero). A 
 health-resort in the canton of Bern, Switzer- 
 land, north of the Lake of Thun, near Inter- 
 laken. 
 
 Sankt Blasien (bla'ze-en). A health-resort in 
 Baden, situated on the Alb 20 miles southeast 
 of Freiburg: formerly noted as the seat of an 
 imperial abbey. 
 
 Sankt Gallen (giil'len). The German name of 
 St. Gall. 
 
 894 
 
 Sankt Goar (go'ar). A town in the Rhine Prov- 
 ince, Prussia, situated on the Rhine 16 miles 
 southeast of Coblenz. Near it is the castle of 
 Rheinfels. Population, 1,475. 
 
 Sankt-Ingbert (ing'bert). A town in the 
 Rhine Palatinate, Bavaria, 40 miles southeast 
 of Treves. It is the center of a coal- and iron- 
 mining district. Population, commune, 15,521. 
 Sankt Jakob (ya'kop). A village 1 mile south- 
 east of Basel, Switzerland : famous for the heroic 
 battle, Aug. 26, 1444, between about 20,000 
 Armagnaes under the dauphin (Louis XI.) and 
 1,600 Swiss. The latter were all killed except 
 16, after slaying about 8,000 of the enemy. 
 Sankt Johann (yo'han). A town lying oppo- 
 site Saarbriicken (which see). 
 
 Sankt Moritz (mo'rits), Romansh San Murez- 
 zan (san ino-ret'san). A village and water- 
 ing-place in the Upper Engadine, canton of 
 Grisons, Switzerland, situated near the Inn in 
 lat. 46° 29' N. , long. 9° 51 ' E. It is one of the most 
 celebrated and frequented health-resorts in Switzerland, 
 and has noted mineral springs. Elevation, 6,090 feet 
 (highest in the Engadine). 
 
 Sankt Veit fit). AtowninCarinthia, Austria- 
 Hungary. situated on the Gian 11 miles north of 
 Klagenfurt. Pop., commune, 5,471, (1910). 
 San Lazaro, or San Lazzaro (san lad'za-ro). 
 [‘ Saint Lazarus.’] A small island 2 miles south 
 of Venice, noted as the seat of the Mekhitarists. 
 The monastery contains a large Oriental library. 
 San Lorenzo (lo-ren'tho), Cape. [‘ Saint Lau- 
 rence.’] A cape on the western coast of Ecua- 
 dor, lat. 1° 3' S., long. 80° 55' W. 
 
 San Lucar de Barrameda (Io'kar da bar-ra- 
 ma'THa). A seaport in the province of Cadiz, 
 Spain, situa ted at the mouth of the Guadalquivir 
 18 miles north of Cadiz. It exports sherry. It was 
 the starting-point of Magellan on his great voyage. Popu- 
 lation, 23,883. 
 
 San Lucas (lo'kas), or Saint Lucas (lu'kas), 
 Cape. The southernmost point of LowerCali- 
 fornia, in lat. 22° 53' N., long. 109° 55' W. 
 
 San Luis (lo-es'). 1. A province in the interior 
 of the Argentine Republic, east of Mendoza. It 
 is rich in mines. Area, 28,535 square miles. 
 Population, 107,471. — 2. The capital of the 
 province of San Lius, 155 miles east-southeast 
 of Mendoza. Population, 10,500. 
 
 San Luis Park. The largest and one of the 
 finest of the Rocky Mountain parks, situated in 
 the southern part of Colorado and the northern 
 part of New Mexico. It is partly traversed by the Eio 
 Grande. Length, about 100 miles. Average width, about 
 60 miles. Area, about 9,000 square miles. 
 
 San Luis Potosi (lo-es' po-to-se'). 1. A state 
 of Mexico, bounded by Zacatecas, Coahuila, 
 Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, Vera Cruz, Hidalgo, 
 Quer4taro, and Guanajuato. Much of the surface is 
 mountainous or hilly, and it is rich in silver and other 
 minerals, as well as in fertile lands. Area, 25,316 square 
 miles. Population, 624,748, (1910). 
 
 2. The capital of the state of San Luis Potosi, 
 225 miles north-northwest of Mexico. It was 
 
 founded in 1576. It is an important railroad center, and 
 has thriving manufactures and commerce. Population, 
 82,946, (1910). 
 
 San Marcos, University of. A university at 
 
 Lima, Peru. It is the oldest in America (founded in 
 1551), and is still one of the most famous in Spanish 
 America. Its building was sacked by the Chileans in 1881, 
 ★but was reopened for lectures in 188(3. 
 
 San Marino (ma-re'no). 1. The smallest state 
 in Europe, situated between the provinces of 
 Forli and Pesaro e Urbino, Italy, on spurs of 
 the Apennines. It is governed by a great council of 60 
 members, two of whom are captains regent. It has been 
 an independentcommunity since the middleages : its inde- 
 pendence was confirmed by the Pope in 1631, and several 
 times since. Area, 38 Bquare miles. Pop., over 10,300. 
 
 2. The capital of the republic of San Marino. 
 Population, 1,500. 
 
 San Martin, Cape. A cape in the province of 
 Alicante, Spain, projecting into the Mediter- 
 ranean directly south of Cape San Antonio. 
 San Martin (san mar-ten'), Jose de. Bom at 
 Yapeyn, Misiones (now in the Argentine Re- 
 public), Feb. 25, 1778: died at Boulogne, France, 
 Aug. 17, 1850. A celebrated Spanish-American 
 general in the war for independence. Tie served in 
 Spain against the French (1793-1S11), attaining the rank of 
 lieutenant-colonel ; resigned in the latter year : and early 
 in 1812 went to Buenos Ayres, where he joined the patri- 
 ots. In 1813 he received command of the army operating 
 in Upper Peru or Bolivia. Heretofore the patriots had en- 
 deavored to strike the central Spanish power in Peru by 
 way of Chuquisaca and Lake Titicaca. San Martin resolved 
 to open a new line of operations through Chile, and in this 
 he was efficiently supported by the supreme director Pueyr- 
 redon. An army of invasion was organized and drilled at 
 Mendoza during two years ; and on Jan. 17, 1817, San Mar- 
 tin, with 4,000 men, began his celebrated march over the 
 Andes by the Uepallata Pass (12,800 feet high). The victory 
 of Chacabuco (Feb. 12, 1817) was followed by the occupa- 
 
 San Salvador 
 
 tlon of Santiago (Eeb. 15). On March 19, 1818, he was defeated 
 at Cancha Rayada ; but his brilliant victory at the Maipo 
 (April 6, 1818) virtually expelled the Spaniards from Chile. 
 He had declined the office of supreme director of Chile, and 
 prepared for the invasion of Peru. A small navy was or- 
 ganized, and in Aug., 1820, the patriot army of 4,500 men 
 sailed for the Peruvian coast. Mainly by skilful maneu- 
 vers, San Martin was able to occupy Lima. July 9, ±821, and 
 Callao soon after. On Aug. 3 hewasproclainied supreme 
 protector of Peru. The approach of Bolivar with another 
 army from the north threatened a strife for leadership, and 
 San Martin patriotically gave way to his rival : after an in- 
 terview with Bolivar at Guayaquil (July 26, 1822) he re- 
 signed his office to the Peruvian congress (Sept. 22), issued 
 an eloquent farewell address, and soon after left the coun- 
 try. The emancipation of Peru was completed by Bolivar. 
 San Martin spent the rest of his life in comparative poverty 
 in France, taking no further part in South American affairs. 
 San Matias (san ma-te'as), Gulf of. An arm 
 of the Atlantic, on the eastern coast of Argen- 
 tina, about lat. 41°-42° S. 
 
 San Miguel. See St. Michaels. 
 
 San Miguel (rne-gel'). A small island off the 
 coast of California, immediately northwest of 
 Santa Rosa. 
 
 San Miguel. A town in Salvador, Central 
 America, 74 miles east of San Salvador. Pop- 
 ulation (municipality), 22,446. 
 
 San Miguel, Duke Evaristo. Born about 1780 : 
 died at Madrid, May 29, 1862. A Spanish poli- 
 tician and general. He was prominent in the revo- 
 lutionof 1820-23; wa9 minister of foreign affairs in 1822; 
 and was a leader in the events of 1854. He wrote a his- 
 tory of Philip II., and other works. 
 
 San Miguel, Gulf of. An eastern arm of the 
 
 Bay of Panama. 
 
 San Miguel de Allende (da al-yen'da), or Al- 
 lende San Miguel, or Allende. A town in 
 the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. Population, 
 10,547. 
 
 San Miniato(me-ne-a'to) . 1 . Atown in the prov- 
 ince of Florence, Italy, 21 miles west-southwest 
 of Florence. It contains a cathedral, founded 
 inthe 10th century and remodeled in 1488. Pop- 
 ulation, town, 4,467 ; commune, 20,042. — 2. A 
 church on a hill southeast of Florence, on the 
 other side of the Arno. It was built before or in the 
 early part of the 12th century, and, with its grounds cov- 
 ering the whole hill, is now used as a cemetery. 
 
 Sannazaro (san-nad-za'ro), Jacopo. Born at 
 Naples, July 28, 1458 : died at Naples, April 
 27, 1530. An Italian poet. He wrote in Italian a 
 prose pastoral, “Arcadia.” sonnets, etc., and in Latin “De 
 partu Virginia ’’ and other poems. 
 
 Sannazaro — a Neapolitan gentleman, whose family had 
 been carried from Spain to Naples by the political revo- 
 lutions of the preceding century — is the true father of 
 the modern prose pastoral, which, from him, passed di- 
 rectly to Spain, and, during a long period of success in 
 that country, never entirely lost the character its author 
 had originally impressed upon it. His “Arcadia” — writ- 
 ten, probably, without any reference to the Greek pastoral 
 of Longus, but hardly without a knowledge of the ‘ Arne- 
 to” of Boccaccio and the Eclogues of Bembo — was first 
 published entire, at Naples, in 1504. 
 
 Ticknor, Span. Lit., III. 81. 
 
 San Pablo Bay (pa'blo ba). A bay in Califor- 
 nia, connected with San Francisco Bay (of 
 which it really forms a part) on the south. It 
 contains Mare Island. Length, about 13 miles. 
 San Pedro Bay (pe'droba). A bay on the coast 
 of southern California, near Los Angeles, about 
 lat. 33° 40' N. 
 
 San Pietro (pe-a'tro). A small island south- 
 west of the island of Sardinia, belonging to 
 Italy: the ancient Accipitrum. 
 SanPietroinVincoli(enveng'ko-le). [It., ‘St. 
 Peter in chains.’] A noted church in Rome, 
 situated north of the Colosseum. 
 
 Sanpu (san-po'). A name given to the Brah- 
 maputra in the upper part of its course. 
 
 San Rafael (ra-fa-el'). The capital of Marin 
 County, California, and a summer resort, situ- 
 ated near San Francisco Bay 12 miles north- 
 west of San Francisco. Pop., 5,934, (1910). 
 San Remo (ra'mo). A seaport in the province 
 of Porto Maurizio, Italy, situated on the Riviera 
 26 miles east-northeast of Nice, it is frequented 
 as a health-resort on account of its climate. It was the 
 residence of the Crown Prince (Frederick III.) of Germany 
 1887-88. Population, town, 18,500 ; commune, 21,440. 
 
 San Roque (ro'ka), or Saint Roque (sant rok), 
 Cape. See Sao Roque. 
 
 San Salvador (san sal-va-THor'). [Sp., ‘holy 
 Saviour.’] The name given by Columbus to 
 the first island discovered by him in the New 
 World. See Guanahani. 
 
 San Salvador, Republic of. See Salvador. 
 San Salvador. The capital of the republic of 
 Salvador, situated inland, near lat. 13° 43' N., 
 long. 89° 12' W. Itcontains a university and cathedral 
 It was founded in 1528, and has often been devastated by 
 earthquakes: the latest and most destructive of these dis- 
 asters were in 1854 and IS73. Population, 62,940. 
 
San Salvador 
 
 San Salvador, or Quezaltepec ( ka-zal-ta-pak' ) . 
 An extinct volcano in tiie republic of Salvador, 
 3 miles northwest of the city of San Salvador. 
 Height, about 8,000 feet. 
 
 Sansanding (san-san-ding'), or Sansandig 
 (san-san-dig'). A town in Upper Senegal ana 
 Niger, W. Africa, situated on the Niger about 
 lat. 13° 40' N., long. 6° 25' W. Pop^ 10,00C. 
 San Sebastian (sa-Biis-te-an'), or Saint Se- 
 bastian (sant se-bas'tyan). A seaport, capi- 
 tal of the province of Guipuzcoa, Spain, in lat. 
 43 ° 20' N., long. 1° 59' W. It was an important for- 
 
 tress, has considerable trade, is a fashionable bathing-re- 
 sort, and is the summer residence of the royal family. It 
 was taken by Wellington Aug. 31, 1813. 
 
 Sans Gene (son jan'), Madame. [F., ‘without 
 constraint/ hence in a free and easy manner, 
 without troubling one’s self as to the opinions or 
 convenience of others. ] A nickname of the wife 
 of Marshal Lefebvre, duke of Dantzic, who was 
 raised from the ranks by Napoleon I. She was ori- 
 ginally a washerwoman, and followed her husband to the 
 wars as a vivandi re. She was rude, kind-hearted , and witli- 
 out knowledge of social etiquette, and became the butt of 
 the court. Her high temper and natural shrewdness gave 
 her the advantage in the long run. The play of this 
 name by Sardou was produced in 1893. , 
 
 Sansovino (san-s5-ve'nd), Andrea (Andrea 
 Contucci da Monte Sansovino). Bom at 
 
 Monte Sansovino, Tuscany, 1460 : died at Rome, 
 1529. A Tuscan sculptor and architect. He 
 studied in Florence with Pollajuolo. About 1490 he was 
 appointed architect and sculptor to King John of Portugal, 
 for whom he built a royal palace and made some sculpture 
 still to be seen at Coimbra. He returned to Florence in 
 1600. To 1502 belongs the group of the “ Baptism of Christ ” 
 over one of the doors of the baptistery. In 1509 he went 
 to Rome and was commissioned by Pope Julius II. to make 
 the tombs of the two cardinals Rovere and Sforza for Santa 
 Maria del Popolo (his masterpieces). His group of the “ Ma- 
 donna and Child " in Sant’ Agostino, ordered by the German 
 prelate Corycius, was made the subject of a collection of 
 120 sonnets called “Coryciana. ” In 1513 he was sent by Leo 
 X. to Loreto to execute the bas-reliefs on the exterior of 
 the marble temple which incloses the Santa Casa. 
 
 Sans Souci (F. pron. sonso-se'). [F.,‘ free from 
 care.’] A palace at Potsdam, Prussia, built by 
 Frederick the Great 1745-47, and enlarged and 
 adorned by Frederick William IV. it is of a single 
 story, with a projecting semicircular central pavilion, and 
 large arched windows opening between coupled pilasters 
 terminating above in caryatids and atlantes. 
 
 San Stefano (san stef'a-no), Treaty of. A 
 treaty concluded between Russia and Turkey 
 March 3, 1878, at San Stefano (a small port on 
 the Sea of Marmora, west of Constantinople), 
 which put an end to the Russo-Turkish war. 
 Russia was to receive the Dobrudja, Kars, Batum, and 
 other possessions, as well as a war indemnity of 300,000,000 
 rubles ; a principality of Bulgaria was to be created, ex- 
 tending from the Danube to the ASgean ; Rumania, Servia, 
 and Montenegro were recognized as independent. The 
 provisions of this treaty were, however, greatly altered by 
 the Congress of Beilin, June-July, 1878. 
 
 Santa (san'ta). A river in Peru, it flows into the 
 Pacific about lat. 9° S. Length, about 200 miles. 
 
 Santa Ana (san'ta. a'na). A tribe of North 
 American Indians which inhabit a pueblo of the 
 same name on the Rio Jemez, a western afflu- 
 ent of the Rio Grande, in north central New 
 Mexico. The name originally was applied by the Span- 
 ish to the mission, the native name of the pueblo being 
 Tamaya. Number, about 200. See Kereean. 
 
 Santa Anna, originally Santa Ana (san'ta 
 a'na), Antonio Lopez de. Born at Jalapa, 
 Feb. 21, 1795: died at Mexico City, June 21, 
 1876. A Mexican general and politician. He 
 served in the Spanish army from 1810, and supported 
 Iturbide in 1821, but was the prime cause of his overthrow 
 by the revolt which he led at Vera Cruz, Dec, 2, 1822. He 
 also led the revolts which overthrew Pedraza (1828) and 
 Bustamante (1832), and was elected president for the term 
 beginning April 1, 1833. During this and his succeeding 
 occupations of the office he frequently retired to his estate 
 or took command of the army, leaving the administration 
 in the hands of acting presidents, who were generally 
 more or less subservient to him and took the odium of ar- 
 bitrary proceedings. In 1836 he led the army against the 
 revolted Texans. His first successes were followed by mas- 
 sacres of the prisoners. lie was defeated and captured 
 at the battle of San Jacinto, April 21, and released only 
 on agreeing to favor the independence of Texas. The 
 popularity lost in this campaign was regained by the part 
 which he took in the unsuccessful defense, against the 
 French, of Vera Cruz, where he lost a leg (Dec., 1338). He 
 was prominent in the defeat of the federalist revolt of 
 1839, supporting President Bustamante; but in Oct., 1841, 
 he forced Bustamante’s resignation and was again pro- 
 claimed president. By a new constitution, adopted June 
 12, 1843, he became practically dictator. He was deposed 
 and exiled in 1845 ; recalled and again made president in 
 Dec., 1846 ; and commanded the army in the war with the 
 United States. After .Scott’s occupation of Mexico (Sept., 
 1847) he resigned and left the country. By a revolt of the 
 army he was recalled and made president, April, 1853, as- 
 suming dictatorial powers. The revolution which quickly 
 followed drove him into exile in Aug., 1855; and, though he 
 made an unsuccessful attempt to interfere in Mexican 
 affairs in 1864, he never after rose to prominence. He re- 
 turned to Mexico after the death of Juarez, and died al- 
 most forgotten. 
 
 895 
 
 Santa Barbara (bar'ba-rfi). The capital of 
 Santa Barbara County, California, situated on 
 the coast in lat. 34° 26' N., long. 119° 43' W. It 
 is a watering-place, known as the American 
 Mentone. Population, 11,659, (1910). 
 
 Santa Barbara. A small island off the coast 
 of southern California, 60 miles southwest of 
 Los Angeles. 
 
 Santa Barbara Channel. A sea passage which 
 separates Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, and other 
 small islands from the mainland of California. 
 
 Santa Barbara Indians. See Chutmshan. 
 
 Santa Barbara Islands. A group of 8 islands 
 in the Pacific, near the coast of southern Cali- 
 fornia, to which they belong. The principal are 
 Santa Barbara, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Santa Catalina, and 
 San Clemente. 
 
 Santa Catalina (ka-tii-le'na). An island off 
 the coast of southern California, 50 miles south 
 of Los Angeles. Length, 20 miles. 
 
 Santa Catharina (ka-ta-re'na). An island sep- 
 arated by a narrow channel from the coast of 
 the state of Santa Catharina, Brazil, to which 
 it belongs. It contains the capital, Desterro. 
 Length, about 30 miles. 
 
 Santa Catharina. A maritime state of south- 
 ern Brazil, lying northeast of Rio Grande do 
 Sul. It has many European colonists, espe- 
 cially Germans. Area, 28,632 square miles. 
 Population, 320,289. 
 
 Santa Claus or Klaus (san'ta ldaz). [An 
 adapted form of the D. Sant Nikolaas, Niklaas, 
 or Klaas.] The Dutch name of Saint Nicholas, 
 patron saint of children, and dispenser of gifts 
 on Christmas eve. See Nicholas, Saint. 
 
 Santa Croce sull’ Arno (san'ta kro'che sol 
 lar'no). A small town in the province of Flor- 
 ence, Italy, on the Arno 24 miles west by south 
 of Florence. 
 
 Santa Cruz (san'ta kroz), or Saint Croix (sant 
 kroi), or Sainte Croix (sant krwa). [‘Holy 
 Cross.’] An island in the West Indies, belong- 
 ing to Denmark, in lat. (of Cbristiansted) 17° 
 45' N., long. 64° 41' W. Chief town, Christian- 
 sted. The surface is hilly. The chief products are 
 sugar and rum. It has been a Danish possession since 
 1733. Area, 84 square miles. Population, 18,590. 
 
 Santa Cruz. An island off the coast of Cali- 
 fornia, in lat. 34° N. Length, 23 miles. 
 
 Santa Cruz. A territory of the Argentine Re- 
 public, comprising the southern part of Pata- 
 gonia, south of Chubut. Area, about 109,142 
 square miles. Population, 4,214. 
 
 Santa Cruz. The capital of Santa Cruz County, 
 California, situated on the Bay of Monterey 
 in lat. 36° 58' N., long. 122° 1' W. Population, 
 11,146, (1910). 
 
 Santa Cruz (san' ta kroth). An eastern depart- 
 ment of Bolivia, bordering on Brazil. The east- 
 ern portion, which is a plain, is very thinly inhabited. 
 Area, 141,700 square miles. Population, 243,127. 
 
 Santa Cruz, or Nitendi (ne-ten'de). The chief 
 of the Santa Cruz Islands, in the South Pacific 
 in lat. 10° 40' S., long. 166° E. 
 
 Santa Cruz (san'ta kroth'), Andres. Born at 
 La Paz about 1794: died near Nantes, France, 
 1865. A Bolivian general and politician, of In- 
 dian race. He was a colonel in the Spanish army ; but, 
 being captured by the patriots in 1820, joined them, rose 
 to be general, and led an unsuccessful invasion of Upper 
 Peru in 1823. From Sept., 1826, to June, 1827, he was presi- 
 dent of Peru. After the deposition of Sucre, president of 
 Bolivia, Santa Cruz was elected president of that country 
 for ten years (beginning Jan. 1, 1829), with tire military 
 grade of grand marshal. His rule was tirrn and progressive. 
 In 1835 he interfered in the affairs of Peru, ostensibly to 
 reinstate the deposed president, Orbegoso ; defeated Ga- 
 marra and Salaverry (condemning the latter to death) ; and 
 formed the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation (proclaimed 
 Oct. 28, 1836), witli himself at its head as “protector." 
 Gamarra and other fugitive Peruvians obtained the aid of 
 Chile ; a Chilean army invaded Peru ; and Santa Cruz was 
 finally defeated at the battle of Yungay (Jan., 1839). He 
 immediately left the country, and the confederation was 
 broken up. Most of his subsequent life was passed in 
 Europe, where he long held diplomatic positions for Bo- 
 livia. 
 
 Santa Cruz de la Palma (da la pal'ma). A 
 seaport, capital of the island of Palma, Canary 
 Islands. Population, 7,024. 
 
 Santa Cruz de la Sierra (da la se-er'rii). The 
 capital of the department of Santa Cruz, Bo- 
 livia, situated near the Piray 165 miles north- 
 east of Sucre. Population, 20,535. 
 
 Santa Cruz deTeneriffe(ten-e-rif')orde San- 
 tiago (da san-te-ii'gb). A seaport and the 
 capital of the Canary Islands, situated on Tene- 
 riffe in lat. 28° 28' N., long. 16° 15' W. It is the 
 
 chief commercial place in the islands. Population, about 
 38,500. 
 
 Santa Cruz Islands. A group of small islands 
 
 Santa Maria in Cosmedin 
 
 in the South Pacific, north of the New Hebrides 
 and east-southeast of the Solomon Islands. 
 
 Santa Fe (fa). [Sp., ‘holy faith.’] 1. A prov- 
 ince of the Argentine Republic, west of the river 
 Parand and north of the province of Buenos 
 Aires. Area, 50,916 square miles. Population, 
 816,401.-2. The capital of the province of 
 Santa Fe, situated on the Salado, near the 
 Parana, 90 miles north of Rosario. Popula- 
 tion, 33.200. 
 
 Santa Fe. The capital of New Mexico, it was 
 founded by the Spanish in 1605, and has remained the 
 seat of government Bince that time. In 1846 the United 
 States forces under General Kearny occupied Santa Fe 
 without resistance. It was held by the Confederates in 
 1862. There are remains (very indistinct) of an ancient 
 Indian village at Santa Fe, but the pueblo had been aban- 
 doned long previous to the 16th century, and the site was 
 deserted when the Spaniards founded the city. The stories 
 that it was onc6 a “capital ’’ of all the Pueblo tribes of N ew 
 Mexico, and that its Spanish settlement was founded in 
 1540 or 1550 or 1583, are mythical. Pop., 6,072; (1910). 
 
 Santa Fe, Audience of. The supreme court of 
 colonial New Granada, sitting at Santa F6 de 
 Bogota. The governors, and subsequently the viceroys, 
 were presidents of the audience, which ruled In case of a 
 vacancy. New Granada was som etimes caUed the kingdom 
 (reino) of Santa FA See New Granada. 
 
 Santa Fe de Bogota. See Bogota. 
 
 Santa Inez Indians. See Cliumashan. 
 
 Santal Insurrection. An unsuccessful revolt 
 by the Santals of the Rajmahal Hills (Bengal, 
 British India, northwest of Calcutta) in 1855. 
 
 Santal Parganas (san-tal' par-gun'as). A dis- 
 trict in Bengal, intersected by lat. 24° 40' N., 
 long. 87° E. Area, 5,470 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 1,809,737. 
 
 Santa Lucia. See St. Lucia. 
 
 Santa Luzia (san'ta lo-ze'a). A small island 
 of the Cape Verd group. 
 
 Santa Maria (san'ta ma-re'a), La. The largest 
 vessel of Columbus, and bis flag-ship, in the 
 voyage of 1492. She was a decked boat of the type 
 known as a carack, over 200 tons burden, and about 63 feet 
 long and 20 feet beam. Some accounts call her the Marie 
 Galante. The flag-ship was a dull sailer. She was 
 wrecked on the coast of Espaiiola, Dec. 25, 1492. 
 
 Santa Maria, or Saint Mary. The south- 
 easternmost island of the Azores, south of St. 
 Michael. Area, 37 square miles. 
 
 Santa Maria, Puerto de. See Puerto de Santa 
 Maria. 
 
 Santa Maria degli Angeli’ (del'ye an'je-le). 
 [It., ‘ Saint Mary of the Angels.’] A church 
 on the site of the baths of Diocletian, at Rome, 
 constructed by Michelangelo, and later remod- 
 eled by Vanvitelli. The vestibule is the original cir- 
 cular laconicum, 56 feet in diameter, of the ancient baths. 
 The tepidarium of the baths, now the transept of the 
 church, retains much of its ancient decoration. It is a 
 splendid hall, 2971 feet long, 91 wide, and 84 high, with 
 three groined vaults whose apparent imposts are received 
 by eight antique granite columns. The church possesses 
 fine paintings. 
 
 Santa Maria del Popolo (del po'po-16). [It., 
 ‘ Saint Mary of the People.’] A church at Rome, 
 founded, according to tradition, in 1099 (?) to 
 quiet the phantom of Nero, on whose burial- 
 place it was built, and rebuilt by the Roman 
 people in 1227. It is now modernized, but is remark- 
 able for its splendid Renaissance tombs (those of Cardinals 
 Girolamo Basso della Rovere and A scanio Maria Sforza, by 
 Sansovino, are artistically the most important in Rome), 
 for its fine paintings and frescos by Pinturicchio, and for 
 its magnificent Renaissance glass and mosaics. 
 
 Santa Maria del Sole (del so'le). [It., ‘ Saint 
 Mary of the Sun.’] A circular temple at Rome 
 (now a church), near the Ponte Rotto, now held 
 to he that of Hercules, but familiar under tbe 
 name of temple of Vesta. The cella is circular, 33 
 feet in diameter, with a peristyle of 20 graceful Corinthian 
 columns 32 feet high. The entablature and the ancient roof 
 are gone. The probable date is the beginning of the empire. 
 
 Santa Maria di Leuca (de la'6-ka), Cape. A 
 cape at the southeastern extremity of Italy, in 
 lat. 39° 48' N., long. 18° 22' E.: tbe ancient Sa- 
 lentinum Promontorium. 
 
 Santa Maria in Ara Cceli (a'ra se'li). [‘Saint 
 Mary of the Altar of Heaven ’: from the tradi- 
 tion that an altar was here erected by Augustus, 
 in recognition of a heavenly vision of the Virgin 
 and Christ.] An old and interesting church at 
 Rome, rich in its 22 varied ancient columns, its 
 curious mosaic pavement, its beautiful frescos 
 of the life of St. Bernardino by Pinturicchio, its 
 medieval ambones covered with mosaics, and 
 its fine paintings arid tombs. This church possesses 
 the famous miracle-working image of the Santissimo Bam- 
 bino (‘most holy infant’). 
 
 Santa Maria in Cosmedin (in kos'me-din ). [It., 
 ‘Saint Mary in Cosmedin/ a square in Con- 
 stantinople : it originally belonged to a Greek 
 brotherhood.] A very early church at Rome, 
 with antique columns, raised choir, crypt, me- 
 
Santa Maria in Cosmedin 
 
 dieval ambones and tabernacle, fine mosaic 
 pavement, and medieval campanile. The church 
 is important as having replaced the ancient temple of 
 Ceres, Liber, and Libera, a large peripteral structure, with 
 Composite columns, which served as the treasury and 
 record-office of the ediles of the people. Ten peristyle 
 columns and parts of the cella-wall remain in situ. In 
 the vestibule is preserved a large ancient mask with pierced 
 mouth and eyes popularly called the Bocca della Veritd. 
 It was originally set in a pavement to permit water to 
 drain into a sewer. 
 
 Santa Maria Maggiore (mad-jo're). [It., 
 1 Saint Mary the Greater.’] A ehurcb at Rome, 
 built 352 a. d., and keeping much of its original 
 character. The two-tiered loggia of the facade is of the 
 last century. The interior has a wide nave bounded by 
 ranges of Ionic columns with horizontal entablature, 
 above which is a row of arcaded windows and fine Old Tes- 
 tament mosaics of the 6th century. The mosaics of the 
 apse, with the Coronation of the Virgin, are splendid works 
 of the 13th century. There are many fine monuments and 
 sculptures. 
 
 Santa Maria Novella (nd-vel'la). A church 
 in Florence, built 1278-1349 on the site of an 
 older church on the Piazza di Santa Maria No- 
 vella. It is an example of the purest Tuscan Gothic. In 
 1456-70 a marble facade was added, with a fine portal. Its 
 cloisters are the largest in Florence, and it is celebrated 
 for its frescos by Ghirlandajo, Orcagna, and others. 
 
 Santa Maria sopra Minerva (so'pra me-ner'- 
 va). [It,, ‘Saint Mary above Minerva.’] A church 
 at Rome, so named from being built over atemple 
 of Minerva : the only medieval church in Rome 
 which retains its Pointed forms and decoration. 
 The church contains beautiful tombs, notable paintings 
 by Filippino Lippi and others, and important sculptures, 
 among them Michelangelo’s Christ. 
 
 Santa Marta, or Santa Martha (mar'ta). 
 [‘ Saint Martha.’] A seaport, capital of the de- 
 partment of Magdalena, Colombia, situated on 
 a hay of the Caribbean Sea in lat. 11° 15' N., 
 long. 74° 14' W. Except Cumana it is the oldest city 
 of European origin in continental South America, having 
 been founded by Bastidas in 1525. From this point Que- 
 sada started on the expedition which resulted in the sub- 
 jugation of the plateau of New Granada. The port was 
 long important for its trade with the Magdalena Itiver, 
 but is now in decadence. It is the seat of a bishop. Pop- 
 ulation, about 9,000. 
 
 Santa Maura (mou'ra), or Leucadia (mod. Gr. 
 pron. lef-ka-THe'a). 1. One of the Ionian Isl- 
 ands, Greece, situated west of Acarnania, from 
 which it is separated by a narrow channel : the 
 ancient Leukas. The surface is hilly and mountainous. 
 The chief products are currants, wine, and oil. In its 
 southwestern part is a steep cliff, known as Sappho's Leap, 
 from which Sappho is said to have thrown herself into the 
 sea. Length, 23 m iles. Area, 110 miles. 
 
 2. The chief town of the island of Santa Maura, 
 situated on the northern coast. See Levkas. 
 Santana. See San ta Ana. 
 
 Santana (san-ta'na), Pedro. Born at Hineha, 
 June 29, 1801: died at Santo Domingo, June 14, 
 1864. A general and politician of the Domini- 
 can Republic. He led the revolution by which the re- 
 public separated from Haiti in 1844 ; was president 1844- 
 1848 ; repulsed the invasion of Soulouciue in 1849 ; was 
 again president 1853-56, when he was deposed ; and, his 
 successor Baez having been deposed, was a third time 
 elected president in Nov., 1858, holding the post until 
 March 18, 1861, when hedelivered over the country to Spain. 
 Santander (san-tan-dar'). 1. A province of 
 Spain, bounded by the Bay of Biscay on the 
 north, Vizcaya on the east, Burgos and Palencia 
 on the south, and Oviedo and Leon on the west : 
 a part of Old Castile. It is traversed by the Canta- 
 brian Mountains. It has flourishing agriculture and man- 
 ufactures. Area, 2,108 square miles. Population, about 
 276,000. 
 
 2. A seaport, capital of the province of San- 
 tander, situated on a harbor of the Bay of Bis- 
 cay, in lat. 43° 28' N., long. 3° 49' W. It is the 
 terminus of steam-lines ; exports grain, iron 
 ore, wine, etc. ; and is a favorite summer water- 
 ing-place. It was sacked by Soult in 1808. 
 Population, 60,202. 
 
 Santander. A department in the eastern part 
 of Colombia, bordering on Venezuela and on 
 the Magdalena River, and north-northeast of 
 Bogota. Capital, Bucaramanga. 
 
 Santander, or Jimenez, or Rio de las Palmas. 
 
 A river in eastern Mexico which flows into the 
 Gulf of Mexico 100 miles north of Tampico. 
 Length, about 150 miles. 
 
 Santander (san-tan-dar' ), Francisco de Paula. 
 
 Born at Rosario de Cucuta, April 2, 1792 : died 
 at Bogoth, May 5, 1840. A New Granadan gen- 
 eral and politician. He served in the revolutionary 
 army ; was made general of division on the field of BoyacA 
 Aug. 7, 1819 ; was appointed vice-president (governor) of 
 Cundinamarca Sept., 1819; and on Sept. 7, 1821, was 
 elected vice-president of Colombia. During Bolivar’s ab- 
 sence in the south (Dec., 1821,- Nov., 1826) and in Vene- 
 zuela (Jan.- Sept., 1827), he acted as president. In 1827-28 
 he led the federalist opposition to Bolivar. Bolivar as- 
 sumed dictatorial powers and deposed him June, 1828 ; and 
 soon afterward he was condemned to death for alleged 
 
 896 
 
 complicity in an attempt to assassinate Bolivar, but the 
 sentence was commuted to banishment and loss of rank 
 (1829). During his absence the republic of Colombia fell to 
 pieces, and on March 9, 1832, he was elected president of 
 the new republic of N ew Granada, the vice-president, Mar- 
 quez, presiding until his return. He held the post until 
 the beginning of 1837, and subsequently was an active mem- 
 ber of congress. Santander is regarded as the founder of 
 New Granada (the modern Colombia). 
 
 Sant’ Angelo (sant an'je-lo), Castle of. See 
 
 Angelo, Sant’. 
 
 Santarem (san-ta-ran'). A city in the province 
 of Estremadura, Portugal, situated on the Tagus 
 46 miles northeast of Lisbon : the ancient Sca- 
 iahis Presidium Julium. It was taken from the 
 Moors in 1146, and the Almohades were defeated near it 
 iu 1184. On May 16, 1834, the Miguelists were totally de- 
 feated there by Napier and Villaflor. Population, about 
 8,700. 
 
 Santarem. A district in the province of Estre- 
 madura, Portugal. Population, 283,154. 
 Santarem. A town in the state of Para, Brazil, 
 situated ou the Tapajos, near its junction with 
 the Amazon, in lat. 2° 24' S., long. 54° 40' W. 
 It has a considerable river trade. Population, 
 municipio, 16,328. 
 
 Santarem, Viscount of (Manuel Francisco 
 de Barros e Sousa). Born at Lisbon, Nov. 
 18, 1791: died at Paris, Jan. 18, 1856. A 
 Portuguese politician and author. He was di- 
 rector of the archives of Portugal 1823-27, and minister 
 of state under the regency and Dom Miguel 1827-33; 
 subsequently he resided in Paris. His many important 
 works relate to early Portuguese discoveries, diplomatic 
 history, chartography, etc. They include “Recherches 
 sur 1’AmCric Vespuce” (1842), “Essai sur l’histoire de la 
 cosmographie et de la cartography pendant le moyen 
 age” (3 vols. 1849-52; succeeding volumes by Mendes 
 Leal), and "Quadro elementar das relates politicas e di- 
 plomaticas de Portugal” (10 vols. published up to 1854; 
 completed by Rehello da Silva). 
 
 Santarem Channel. A channel between the 
 Great Bahama Bank and the Salt Key Bank, 
 north of Cuba. 
 
 Santa Rosa (ro'zii). An island off the coast of 
 California, in lat. 33° 55' N. ; long. 120° 8' W. 
 Length, 18 miles. 
 
 Santa Rosa. The capital of Sonoma County, 
 California, 50 miles north by west of San Fran- 
 cisco. It is the center of a wine-producing 
 district. Population, 7,817, (1910). 
 
 Santa Rosa Islanders. See Chumashan. 
 Santa Sophia. See Sophia, Santa. 
 
 Santa Victoria do Ameixial (san'ta ve-to'- 
 re-a do a-ma-she-iil'). A place near Estremoz, 
 Alemtejo, Portugal, noted for the victory gained 
 there by the Portuguese over the Spaniards iu 
 1063. 
 
 Santee (san-te'). A river in South Carolina, 
 formed by the junction of the Wateree and 
 Congaree about 30 miles southeast of Columbia. 
 It flows into the Atlantic in lat. 33° 7' N. Length, about 
 150 miles. Total length, including the Wateree or Cataw- 
 ba, over 400 miles. 
 
 Sant’ Elmo Castle. A great fortress at Naples, 
 Italy, built in the 16th century by Pedro de To- 
 ledo. It was built on a very much earlier structure of 
 great strength as a fortification, on a high rock, called the 
 hill of Sant' Elmo, overlooking the city. 
 
 Santerre (son-tar'). A former small division 
 of Picardy, Prance, now divided between the 
 departments of Oise and Somme. Capital, P6- 
 ronne. 
 
 Santerre, Antoine Joseph. Bom at Paris, 
 March 16, 1752: died Feb. 6, 1809. A French 
 revolutionist and general. He took an active part 
 in the storming of the Bastille in 1789 and the overthrow 
 of the monarchy in 1792 ; was commander of the national 
 guard of Paris in 1792-93; fought against theVendeans in 
 1793 ; and was imprisoned 1793-94. 
 
 Santerre, Jean Baptiste. Born at Magny, 
 France, Jan. 1, 1658: died at Paris, Nov. 21, 
 1717. A French genre- and portrait-painter. 
 His “ Susanna Bathing” (1704) isin the Louvre. 
 Sant’ Eufemia (sant a-6-fa'me-a), Gulf of. An 
 arm of the Mediterranean, on the western coast 
 of Calabria, southern Italy. 
 
 San Thiago. See Sao Thiago. 
 
 Santiago (san-te-a'go). [Sp., ‘Saint James.’] 
 A province in the central part of Chile. Area, 
 5,663 square miles. Population, 517,648. 
 Santiago, called Santiago de Chile. The cap- 
 ital of Chile and of the province of Santiago, in 
 lat. 33° 27' S., long. 70° 40' W., on the Rio 
 Mapocho. It is the most populous city on the Pacific 
 side of South America, and has many public institutions, 
 including a university, cathedral, military, art, and music 
 schools, national library, mint, etc. It was founded by 
 Pedro de Valdivia in 1541. Earthquakes are frequent, but 
 have seldom been very destructive. On Dec. 8, 1863, oc- 
 curred the burning of the Jesuit church, in which 2,000 
 people perished. Population, 332,724. 
 
 Santiago, or Santiago de los Caballeros (da 
 
 los kii-Bal-ya'ros). [Sp., ‘ St. James of the 
 Knights.’] A town of the Dominican Republic, 
 
 SSo Antao 
 
 situated on the Yaqui 87 miles west ofSamand. 
 It is the richest town in the republic, and has an extensive 
 trade, especially in tobacco. Population, about 12,000. 
 
 Santiago de Compostella (da kom-pos-tel'ya) 
 or Compostela (kom-pos-ta'la). A cityin the 
 province of Corunna, Spain, situated on the 
 slope of Monte Pedroso in lat. 42° 52' N., long. 
 8° 30' W. : famous from the 9th century as con- 
 taining the relies of St. James the Great, it is 
 the seat of an archbishop, one of the chief Spanish prel- 
 ates, and has a university. In the middle ageB the town 
 was one of the principal pilgrim resorts in the world. It 
 was the capital of ancient Galicia. Population. about24.- 
 200 . 
 
 Santiago de Cuba (da ko'bii ; E. ku'ba), often 
 locally called Cuba (ko'bii). 1 . A seaport, 
 the capital of the province of Oriente, Cuba, 
 situated on the southern coast in lat. 20° N., 
 long. 75° 50' W. It exports sugar, coffee, tobacco, 
 copper ore, etc. It was founded in 1514, and for several 
 years was the capital of the island. In 1873 it was the 
 scene of the execution of various persons on the Virginius 
 (which see). It surrendered to the United States troops 
 July 17, 1898. The campaign lasted from June 20, and 
 included the battles of Las Guasimas, June 24, and of San 
 J uan and El Caney, July 1-2. Population, about 46,000. 
 
 Santiago del Estero (del es-ta'ro), or San- 
 tiago. 1 . A province in the interior of the 
 Argentine Republic, between Cdrdoba and the 
 territory of Chaco. Area, 39,764 square miles. 
 Population, 198,529. — 2. The capital of the 
 province of Santiago del Estero, situated on 
 the Rio Dulce about lat. 27° 45' S. Popula- 
 tion, about 10,000. 
 
 Santillana (san-tel-ya'na), Marquis of (Inigo 
 Lopez de Mendoza). Born at Carrion de los 
 Condes, Spain, Aug. 19, 1398 : died at Guadala- 
 jara, Spain, March 25, '1458. A Spanish poet, 
 distinguished in the military and political ser- 
 vice of Castile. Among his works are the didactic dia- 
 logue poem “Bias contra fortuna”; “Los proverbios,” a 
 collection of rimed proverbs made at the request of John 
 II., printed in 1496 (he made another collection, first 
 printed in 1508, which were not rimed); the “Comedieta 
 de Ponza,” a dramatic poem ; and serraniUas. 
 
 Santillana de la Mar (da la mar). A small 
 town in Spain, west of Santander, near the Bay 
 of Biscay : birthplace of Gil Bias in Le Sage’s 
 novel of that name. 
 
 Santley (sant'li), Sir Charles. Born at Liv- 
 erpool, Feb. 28, 1834. A barytone singer. 
 He sang with success in the United States in 187L 
 
 Santlow (sant'lo), Hester. See under Booth, 
 Barton. 
 
 Santo Antonio (Cape Verd). See Sao Antao. 
 Santo Domingo. See Dominican Eepublic. 
 Santo Domingo (san'to do-meng'go). The cap- 
 ital of the Dominican Republic, situated at the 
 mouth of the Ozama River, in lat. 18° 28' N., 
 long. 69° 53' W. It was founded by Bartholomew Co- 
 lumbus in 1496, and is the oldest European city, and was 
 long the most important place, in the New World. It 
 was sacked by Sir Francis Drake in 1586. Population, 
 18,626. 
 
 Santo Domingo. A name often given to the 
 island of Haiti (which see). 
 
 Santo Domingo, Audience of. A Spanish high 
 court and governing body at Santo Domingo. It 
 was established in 1511, being the first audience in the 
 New World : until 1528 its jurisdiction included all of 
 Spanish America. Cortds derived his first legal authority 
 from it, as did Gil Gonzalez Davila and other conquerors. 
 Later this audience became subordinate to that of Mexico. 
 It existed as a legal tribunal until the union of Santo Do- 
 mingo with Haiti. 
 
 Santo Espiritu (san'to es-pe're-to). [Sp.,‘holy 
 spirit.’] A town on the southern coast of Cuba. 
 Santorin (san-to-ren'). An island in the south- 
 ern part of the Cyclades, belonging to Greece, 
 situated in lat. 36° 25' N., long. 25° 27' E.: the 
 ancient Thera. Capital, Thira. It rises steeply from 
 the sea, and is celebrated as a center of great volcanic 
 activity. Eruptions caused the appearance of the islets 
 Pala:a Kaumene in 199 or 196 B. c., Mikra Kaumene in 
 1573, and Nea Kaumene in 1707. It sent forth the colony 
 of Cyrene in 631 B. c. It produces wine and pozzuolana. 
 Length, 10 miles. Population, 12,109. 
 
 Santos (san'tos). A seaport of the state of Sao 
 Paulo, Brazil, situated on Santos Bay in lat. 
 23° 56' S., long. 46° 19' W. It is the largest coffee- 
 exporting center in the world. Epidemics of yellow fever 
 are frequent and often severe. Population, municipio, 
 60,389. 
 
 Santos (siin'tos), Juan. Died about 1760. A 
 Peruvian Indian who claimed to be a descen- 
 dant of the ancient sovereigns of Peru, and took 
 the name Apu Inca. He led an insurrection in 1741- 
 1743, and subsequently lived as a bandit in the eastern 
 mountains. 
 
 San Vito (san ve'to), Cape. A cape which 
 forms the northwestern extremity of Sicily. 
 Sao Antao (sah an -tan'). [Pg., ‘ St. Anthony.’] 
 The most northwesterly of the Cape Verd Isl- 
 ands, west of Africa. It is mountainous and fertile. 
 Population, about 20,000. Also written San AntOo, Sar. 
 Antonio, and Santo Antonio. 
 
SSo Francisco 
 
 Sao Francisco (san fran-ses'ko). [Pg., ‘St. 
 Francis.’] A river in eastern Brazil, it rises in 
 Minas Geraes, traverses Bahia (separating Pernambuco), 
 separates Alagoas and Sergipe, and flows into the Atlantic 
 in lat. 10° 25' S. The chief tributaries are the Bio das 
 Velhas, Verde Grande, and Piracatu. Length, about 1,800 
 miles ; navigable below the cataract of Paulo Affonso 150 
 miles, and for several hundred miles above it. 
 
 Sao Francisco. A small island on the coast 
 of the state of Santa Catharina, Brazil (to 
 which it belongs), in lat. 26° 14' S. 
 
 Sao Jorge (san zhor'zhe), or St. George. [Pg., 
 *St. George.’] One of the Azores Islands, 
 west of Terceira. Area, 40 square miles. 
 
 Sao Jos6 do Rio Negro. See Rio Negro, Sao Jose 
 do. 
 
 Sao Leopoldo (sanle-o-pol'do). A town in the 
 state of Bio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, 
 situated on the Sinos 28 miles north of Porto 
 Alegre. There is a population of from 3,000 to 4,000, 
 chiefly German colonists, forming the center of a German 
 district of about 28,812. 
 
 Sao Miguel (san me-gel'). The Portuguese 
 name of St. Michael. 
 
 Saona (sa-6'na). A small island in the West In- 
 dies, near the southeastern extremity of the Do- 
 minican Republic, to which it belongs. 
 
 Saone (son). The principal tributary of the 
 Rhone : the Roman Arar. It rises in the depart- 
 ment of Vosges, and joins the Bhone at Lyons. The chief 
 tributaries are the Doubs and Ognon. It is connected by 
 canals with the Loire, Seine, and Bhine. Length, 280 miles ; 
 navigable from Gray. 
 
 Saone, Haute-. See Hautc-Sadne. 
 Saone-et-Loire (son'a-lwar'). A department 
 of France, capital Macon, formed from part of 
 the ancient Burgundy. It is bounded by COte-d’Or 
 on the north, Jura and Ain on the east, Ain, Bhone, and 
 Loire on the south, and AUier and N ievre on the west, and is 
 traversed by a low range of mountains. Agriculture and 
 manufactures are in a flourishing condition. Wine and 
 coal are among the chief products. Area, 3,330 square 
 miles. Population, 613,377. 
 
 SSo Paulo (san pou'lij) [Pg., ‘ St. Paul.’] 1. 
 A maritime state of southern Brazil, lying 
 south of Minas Geraes and northeast of Parana. 
 It is the principal coffee-producing state, and one of the 
 richest and most populous in the republic. Area, 112,307 
 , square miles. Population, 2,279,608. 
 
 2. The capital of the state of Sao Paulo, Bra- 
 zil, situated in lat. 23° 33' S., long. 46° 39' W. 
 It is one of the most flourishing cities of southern Brazil, 
 and contains several professional schools. Originally it 
 was an Indian village (Piratininga) in which the Jesuit 
 Anchieta founded a mission, 1564. It became the capital 
 of the captaincy in 1681. Population, 239,820. 
 
 Sao Paulo de Loanda. See Loanda. 
 
 Sao Pedro. See Rio Grande do Sid. 
 
 Sao Roque (sah ro'ka), or Saint Roque (sant 
 rok), Cape. A low headland of the Brazilian 
 coast (state of Rio Grande do Norte), in lat. 5° 
 29' 15" S., long. 35° 14' 1" W. (Mouchez). it is 
 improperly called a cape, as there is hardly any projection. 
 It is one of the most easterly points of continental Amer- 
 ica. The extreme eastern point is Ponta de Pedras in Per- 
 nambuco (lat. 7° 35' 24" S., long. 34° 45' 42" W.), 145 miles 
 further to the south. 
 
 S5o Roque. A town in Brazil, situated 32 miles 
 west-southwest of Sao Paulo. 
 
 SSo Salvador. See Bahia. 
 
 Sao Salvador, or Ambassi (am-ba'se), or Kon- 
 O (kong'go). The capital of the native kiug- 
 om of Kongo, and one of the chief towns of 
 the district of Kongo in the province of Angola. 
 Famous and flourishing in the 16th century, it declined 
 after the rise of Loanda. Of late years it has reassumed 
 some commercial importance. 
 
 SSo Salvador da Bahia. See Bahia. 
 
 Sao Thiago (san te-a'go). [Pg., ‘ Saint James.’] 
 The largest of the Cape Yerd Islands, west of 
 Africa. The surface is hilly. Porto Praia is the chief 
 place. Area, 360 square miles. Population, about 45,000. 
 Also San Thiago. 
 
 Sao Thom6 (to-ma'), Cape. Acape on thecoast 
 of Brazil, in lat. 22° S.,long. 40° 59' W. 
 
 Sao Vicente (san ve-sen'te). One of the Cape 
 Verd Islands, west of Africa. 
 
 Sao Vicente. A colonial captaincy of Brazil, 
 formed in 1534. it corresponded to the coast froih a 
 point 45 miles north of Cape Frio southward to the river 
 ParanaguA, now in ParanA. Subsequently it was extended 
 southward and westward to the limits of Brazil. From it 
 were successively cut off the captaincies (now states) of Bio 
 de Janeiro (1568), Minas Geraes (1720), Santa Catharina 
 (then embracing Bio Grande do Sul) (1738), and Goyaz 
 and Matto Grosso (1748). In 1681 the capital was removed 
 to Sao Paulo, and the captaincy soon became known by the 
 name of that city, which it has since retained as a province 
 and state. (See S(l o Paulo.) Parana was separated from 
 it in 1853. 
 
 Sapelo (sa-pe'lo) Island. An island on the 
 coast of Georgia, belongingto McIntosh County, 
 42 miles south by west of Savannah. Length, 
 12 miles. 
 
 Sapho (sii-fo'). A name by which the novel- 
 C.-67 
 
 897 
 
 ist Mademoiselle de Scuddry was known among 
 her intimate friends. See Sappho. 
 
 Sapho. [It. Saffo .] An opera by Gounod, first 
 produced at Paris in 1851, and with alterations 
 in 1884. 
 
 Sapienza(sa-pe-en'tsa). A small island off the 
 southwest coast of Messenia, Greece, to which 
 it belongs : one of the ancient G3nussae Islands. 
 Sapor (sa'por) I., or Shapur (sha-por'). King 
 of Persia 242 (240? 239?)-about 272, son of 
 Ardashir. He waged war with the Romans and 
 took prisoner the emperor Valerian, and was 
 defeated by Odenathus. 
 
 Sapor II., surnamed “The Great.” King of 
 Persia from about 310 to 380 (381 ?). He waged 
 war against the Arabs ; was for many years at war with 
 Borne ; and defeated Constantius in 348. He unsuccess- 
 fully besieged Nisibis and other cities. Persia was in- 
 vaded by Julian 362-363, who was repulsed and died in the 
 retreat. By peace with Jovian, Persia obtained territory 
 east of the Tigris, including Nisibis, Singara, etc. Sapor 
 II. conquered Armenia and persecuted the Christians. 
 Sapor III. King of Persia from about 384 to 
 about 389, son of Sapor II. 
 
 Saporogians (sa-po-ro'ji-anz). [See Zaporogi- 
 ans.] A warlike division of the Cossacks, who 
 formerly dwelt along the lower Dnieper. 
 They were compelled to remove in the 18th century to 
 the Crimea, and later to the Kuban, etc. 
 
 Sappa (sap'a) Creek. A river in northwestern 
 Kansas and southern Nebraska. It is formed by 
 the union of its North and South Forks, and joins Beaver 
 Creek (a tributary of the Eepublican Biver) about long. 
 99° 35' W. Length, about 175 miles. 
 
 Sapphira (sa-fi'ra). In New Testament his- 
 tory, a woman who, with her husband Ananias, 
 was struck dead for lying. 
 
 Sappho (saf'o). [Gr. 2arr^<6, F. Sapho, It. Saf- 
 fo.'] A Greek lyric poet who flourished about 
 600 B. C. She appears to have been a native of Myti- 
 Iene, in Lesbos, where she probably spent her life. Ac- 
 cording to Suidas, her father's name was Scamandronyraus, 
 her mother’s Cleis. She had a brother, Larichus, who in 
 his youth acted as cup-bearer in the prytaneum of Myti- 
 lene, an office assigned only to beautiful youths of noble 
 birth. Another brother, Charaxus, a merchant, became 
 enamoured of the courtezan and slave Doricha, surnamed 
 Bhodopis, at Naucratis, in Egypt, and purchased her 
 freedom at an immense price. So much is known of the 
 brothers from Sappho’s poems. She also mentions a 
 daughter, named Cleis. Her husband’s name is said to 
 have been Cercolas or Cercylas of Andros. She was a 
 contemporary of Alcaeus, with whom she maintained 
 friendly relations, and with whom she shared the suprem- 
 acy of the yEolian school of lyric poetry. She appears to 
 have given instruction in the art of versification, and to 
 have been the center of a literary coterie of women. 
 There is no foundation for the story that she threw herself 
 from the Leucadian promontory into the sea, out of love 
 for a beautiful youth, Phaon, who disdained her advances. 
 She wrote nine books of lyric poems, all of which are lost 
 except an ode to Aphrodite and a number of fragments. 
 She was called “the tenth Muse.” 
 
 Among the ancients Sappho enjoyed a unique renown. 
 She was called “The Poetess,” as Homer was called “ The 
 Poet.” Aristotle quoted without question a judgment 
 that placed her in the same rank as Homer and Archilo- 
 chus. Plato, in the Phsedrus, mentioned her as the tenth 
 Muse. Symonds, Studies of the Greek Poets, I. 309. 
 
 Sappho of Toulouse, The. CMmence Isaure. 
 Sappho’s Leap (saf'oz lep). A steep cliff in 
 the southwestern extremity of Leucas (Santa 
 Maura), Ionian Islands: so called from the tradi- 
 tion that Sappho, for love of Phaon, threw her- 
 self from it into the sea. 
 
 Sarabat (sa-ra-bat'). A modern name of the 
 river Hermus. 
 
 Saracens (sar'a-senz). [Ar., ‘ easterns,’ ‘ orien- 
 tals.’] Originally the name of a predatory Arab 
 tribe (the Saraceni) which harassed the Roman 
 frontiers, afterward applied in a broader sense 
 to the Bedouins, later the designation of the 
 Arab followers of Mohammed, who established 
 the great realm of the califs, and finally a 
 name embracing the Moslems in general with 
 whom the medieval Christian states were at 
 war, including the enemies encountered in the 
 Crusades. The Saracena conquered Syria, Palestine, 
 Persia, and Egypt between 634 and 641 ; completed the con- 
 quest of northern Africa in 709 ; invaded Spain in 711, and 
 soon conquered it; invaded France, and were overthrown 
 at Poitiers in 732. Their subsequent conquests included 
 that of Sicily in 827-878. The disruption of their realm be- 
 gan with the establishment of the kingdom (later calif- 
 ate) of Cordova in 766. 
 
 Saracus (sar'a-kus). [Gr. hapasoc.] The name 
 of the last Assyrian king, Sin-shar-ishkun. 
 Saragossa (sar-a-gos'a). A province of Aragon, 
 
 Spain. It is bounded by Navarre on the north, Huesca, 
 Lerida, and Tarragona on the east, Teruel and Guadalajara 
 on the south, and Soria and Navarre on the west ; is trav- 
 ersed by the Abro ; and is mountainous in the north 
 and west. Area, 6,726 square miles. Population, about 
 421,900. 
 
 Saragossa, Sp. Zaragoza (tna-ra-go'thS), F. 
 Saragosse (sa-ra-gos'). The capital of the 
 province of Saragossa, Spain, situated on the 
 Ebro, at its junction with the Huerva, in lat. 
 
 Saratoff 
 
 41° 39' N., long. 0°58' W. It has considerable trade. 
 The principal objects of note are the two cathedrals 
 (founded in the 14th and 17th centuries respectively), uni- 
 versity (founded 1474), leaning tower (Torre Nueva), bourse, 
 and citadel. The ancient name of the town (Salduba) was 
 changed by the Bornans to Ca;saraugusta (whence the 
 modern name). It was taken by northern invaders in the 
 5th century ; became important after its conquest by the 
 Moors in the 8th century ; and was regained by the Chris- 
 tians under Alfonso I. in 1118, becoming the capital of 
 Aragon. Philip V. was defeated here in 1710. It was 
 twice besieged by the French in 1808. The first siege be- 
 gan in June, the French being commanded by Lefebvre 
 (later by V erdier), and the defenders by Palafox; the French 
 raised the siege in Aug. The second siege began in Dec., 
 the French being commanded by Moncey and Mortier 
 (later by Lannes), and the Spanish by Palafox ; the town 
 capitulated, after an obstinate defense (with prolonged 
 house-to-house fighting), Feb. 21, 1809. Population, 106,- 
 021 . 
 
 Saragossa, Maid of. See Agustina. 
 
 Sarah (sa'ra). [Heb., ‘princess.’] In Old Tes- 
 tament history, the wife of Abraham and mother 
 of Isaac. Her name was at first Sarai (Heb., 
 probably ‘ contentious ’) . 
 
 Sarai (sa-ri'), or Serai (sa-ri'). A medieval 
 city, capital of the khanate of Kiptchak. Its ruins 
 are in the government of Astrakhan, Eussia, along the 
 Akhtuba branch of the Volga, near Zarevka. 
 
 Sarakhs (sa-rachs'). A Persian fort on the Rus- 
 sian frontier, situated near the Tejend, east- 
 northeast of Meshhed, and 62 miles southwest 
 of Merv. It was occupied by the Russians in 
 1884. 
 
 Sarama (sa-ra'ma). In the Rigveda, a dog, a 
 messenger of Indra and the Angirases, who dis- 
 covers the place where the Panis have hidden 
 the stolen cows of Indra, and recovers them. 
 Adalbert Kuhn, the first comparative student of the myth, 
 concluded that Sarama meant ‘storm.’ Max Muller regards 
 her as the dawn, and Identifies her with the Homeric Helen. 
 
 Saramaca, or Saramacca (sa-ra-mak'ka). A 
 river in Dutch Guiana, flowing into the Atlan- 
 tic Ocean 47 miles west-northwest of Parama- 
 ribo. Length, over 200 miles. 
 
 Saran. See Sarun. 
 
 Saranac (sar'a-nak) Lake, Lower. A lake in 
 
 the Adirondacks, east of Upper Saranac Lake, 
 with which it is connected by Round Lake. 
 Length, 6 miles. 
 
 Saranac Lake, Upper. A lake in Franklin 
 
 County, New York, in the Adirondacks 64 
 miles southeast of Ogdensburg. Length, 8 miles. 
 
 Saranac River. A river in northeastern New 
 York which issues from Lower Saranac Lake 
 and flows into Lake Champlain at Plattsburg. 
 Length, about 65 miles. 
 
 Sarapis. See Serapis. 
 
 Sarasate y Navas cues (sa-ra-sa'ta e nk-vas'- 
 ko-as), Pablo Martin Meliton. Born at Pam- 
 plona, Spain, March 10, 1844: died at Biarritz, 
 Sept. 21. 1908. A noted Spanish violinist. 
 
 He entered the Conservatoire in Paris in 1856. Shortly 
 alter 1859 he began successful concert tours. He visited 
 all parts of Europe and many parts of North and South 
 America. He composed a number of fantasias, arrange* 
 ments of Spanish airs and dances, etc. 
 
 Sarasota Bay (sa-ra-so'ta ba). An inlet of the 
 Gulf of Mexico, from which it is separated by a 
 chain of keys, situated on the western coast of 
 Florida south of Tampa Bay. Length, about 
 30 miles. 
 
 Sarasvati (sa'ras-wa-te). [Skt., ‘rich in wa- 
 ters.’] 1. In the Rigveda, the name of a mighty 
 river emptying into the sea (conjectured by 
 Roth to be the Indus), and of its genius, who 
 protects the dwellers upon its banks, and be- 
 stows upon them blessings of every kind. Both 
 regards Sarasvati as the special and sacred, Sindhu as the 
 general and profane, name of the stream, and thinks that 
 its name and sacred attributes were transferred in later 
 times to the little river in Madhyadesha, to which in his 
 opinion the description in the Bigveda cannot with prob- 
 ability be applied. 
 
 2. Several times in the Rigveda, and very often 
 in the later literature, a little river, regarded as 
 sacred, that with the Drishadvati forms the 
 boundaries of Brahmavarta, and is lost in the 
 sand, but at last, according to the view of the 
 Hindus, running on under the earth, unites it- 
 self with the Ganges and the Jumna. Muir(" Ori- 
 ginal Sanskrit Texts," V. 337-343) refers the name only to 
 the latter river, and explains the development of the idea 
 of the goddess. The region between the Sarasvati and 
 the Drishadvati, called Brahmavarta, having long been a 
 stronghold of Brahmanic culture, the Sarasvati became to 
 the early Indians what the Ganges has been to their de- 
 scendants ; hence the Sarasvati personified became the 
 patroness of sacrifice, and was imagined to have a part In 
 the composition of the hymns and so identified with Vach, 
 the goddess of speech. As Brahma is essentially in origin 
 the personification of the Brahmanic order and of Brah- 
 manism, Sarasvati is Brahma’s wife. 
 
 Saratoff (sk-ra'tof). 1. A government of east- 
 ern Russia. It is on the right bank of the Volga, and 
 is surrounded by the governments of Penza, Simbirsk, Sa 
 mara, Astrakhan, the province of the Don Cossacks, Voro- 
 
Saratoff 
 
 898 
 
 Sarmatia 
 
 nezh, andTamboff. There is plateau land in the north and 
 steppes in the south. The soil is fertile. Area, 32,624 
 square miles. Population, 2,989,600. 
 
 2. The capital of the government of Saratoff, 
 situated on the Volga about lat. 51° 30' N., 
 long. 45° 45' E. It is one of the chief commercial cities 
 in Russia, with a trade in corn, tallow, salt, wood, etc., 
 and has various manufactures. It was founded on its 
 present site about 1605. Population, 160,700. 
 
 Saratoga. See Saratoga Springs. 
 
 Saratoga (sar-a-to'ga), Battles of. Two bat- 
 tles in the American Revolution, fought near the 
 Hudson 12 miles east of Saratoga Springs. The 
 first was an indecisive battle between the British under 
 Burgoyne and the Americans under Gates (with Morgan 
 and Arnold under him), fought Sept. 19, 1777. The sec- 
 ond was a decisive victory of the Americans over the Brit- 
 ish (both ar mies under the above-mentioned commanders), 
 Oct. 7, 1777 : it was followed by the surrender of Burgoyne 
 and hisarmy(about6,000)tothe Americans, Oct. 17. These 
 are called also the battles of Stillwater or of Bemis’s 
 Heights. 
 
 Saratoga Lake. A lake in Saratoga County, 
 New York, 4 miles east of Saratoga Springs. 
 Length, about 5 miles. 
 
 Saratoga Springs. A village and watering- 
 place in Saratoga County, New York, 29 miles 
 
 north of Albany. It was one of the principal summer 
 resorts in the United States. It ha9 mineral springs (cha- 
 lybeate, sulphur, etc.). Population, 12,(393 (1910). 
 
 Saravia, Antonio Gonzales de. See Mollinedo 
 V Saravia. 
 
 Saravia, Melchor Bravo de. See Bravo do Sa- 
 ravia Sotomayor. 
 
 Sarawak (sa-ra'wak). A British protectorate 
 in the western part of Borneo. Capital, Ku- 
 ching. Its surface is largely hilly. It produces sago, 
 etc., and has mines of gold, coal, antimony, quicksilver, 
 etc. The government is an absolute monarchy, vested in 
 the Brooke family. It was formerly subject to Brunei. 
 It was first visited by Sir James Brooke in 1839-40 ; he was 
 appointed governor in 1841, and raja in 1842. Sarawak 
 was recognized by Great Britain as independent in 1863. 
 In 1888 it was placed under British protection. Area, 
 about 52,000 square miles. Population, about 600,000. 
 
 Sarawan (ea-ra-wan'). A district in northern 
 Baluchistan, situatednorth and west of Khelat. 
 Sarcey (sar-sa/), Francisque. Born at Dour- 
 dan, Seine-et-Oise, Oct. 8, 1828 : died at Paris, 
 May 15, 1899. A French dramatic critic and 
 novelist. He graduated from the Byc£e Charlemagne 
 in Paris, and entered the Eeole Normale, where he pre- 
 pared himself for a professor's career. After teaching 
 in the provinces, he came to Paris in 1859 on leave of ab- 
 sence for one year, and tried his hand at journalism. He 
 contributed to the “Figaro " and other papers, and in 1860 
 resigned his professorship to become dramatic critic on 
 “BOpinion Nationale,” which had just been founded. He 
 was employed in the same capacity on “Be Temps" after 
 1867. For three or four years he contributed frequently to 
 a new paper, “Be Ganlois,’’ started in 1868. From that 
 time he wa9 actively connected with “ Be _XIX« Sieclc," lie- 
 aides writing incidentally for “Be Gagne-Petit," "B'Es- 
 tafette," “ Ba France,” etc. Sarcey's most important work 
 is in the line of dramatic criticism. In the course of his 
 long and successful career he appeared repeatedly as a 
 polemical writer in defense of his own views and opin- 
 ions. He is known furthermore as the author of a Tew 
 novels and other compositions, including “Be nouveau 
 seigneur de village” (1862), “be mot et la chose” (1862), 
 “Be siege de Paris” (1871), “Etienne Moret ” (1876), “Be 
 piano de Jeanne” (1876), “Comddiens et comediennes” 
 (first series 1876-77; second series 1878-84), “Besmisbres 
 d’un fonctionnaire chinois” (1882), “Souvenirs de jeu- 
 nesse ” (1885\“ Souvenirs d’age mflr” (1892), and the second 
 volume of “ Paris-vivant," entitled “ Be thd&tre ” (1893). 
 Sard (sar'se). A tribe of North American In- 
 dians, an offshoot of the Tsa ottine or Beaver, 
 and one of the tribes of the Montagnards. It is 
 now confederated with the Siksika or Blackfeet of the Al- 
 gonquian stock. See Montagnards. 
 
 Sardanapalus. See Asurbanipal. 
 Sardanapalus. A tragedy by Lord Byron, pub- 
 lished in 1821. Macready produced it, and 
 played the principal part. 
 
 Sardes. See Sardis. 
 
 Sardinia (sar-din'i-a). A former kingdom, con- 
 stituted in 1720 out of the duchy of Savoy, to 
 which the island of Sardiniahad just been ceded. 
 It comprised Savoy proper, Nice, Aosta, Montferrat, Pied- 
 mont, Genoa, and the island of Sardinia. It made acqui- 
 sitions from Milan in 1736 and 1748; joined the Allies 
 against France in the French Revolution ; lost dominions 
 on the mainland to France in 1798, and recovered them in 
 1814. An insurrection in 1821 was suppressed with the 
 aid of Austria. King Charles Albert was at war with 
 Austria in 1848-49; was defeated at Novara, March 23, 
 1849 ; and immediately abdicated in favor of Victor Em- 
 manuel. The leading more recent events are the follow- 
 ing : accession of Cavour to the premiership, 1852 ; union 
 with the Allies against Russia in the Crimean war, 1855 ; 
 suoeessful war in alliance with France against Austria 
 ended by the treaty of Villafranca, 1859 ; Bombardy an- 
 nexed, 1859 ; Savoy and Nice ceded to France, 1860; Emilia, 
 Tuscany, and the greater part of the Papal States annexed, 
 1860; kingdom of Naples invaded by Garibaldi and an- 
 nexed, 1860 ; title of king of Italy assumed by Victor Em- 
 manuel, 1861. See Savoy and Italy. 
 
 Sardinia, It. Sardegna (sar-dan'ya), F. Sar- 
 daigne(sar-dany'), Sp.Cerdena(ther-dan'ya). 
 An island in the Mediterranean, belonging to 
 
 Italy: the ancient Greek Iehnousa (’Ixvovoa) 
 and Sardo (Sapdoi), and the Roman Sardinia. 
 Capital, Cagliari. It, lies south of Corsica (separated 
 by the Strait of Bonifacio), and about 150 miles west of the 
 mainland of Italy. Its surface is largely mountainous, 
 particularly in the east(highest point, over 6,000 feet). It has 
 mineral wealth in the south (lead, zinc, iron, silver, etc.). 
 The leading exports are ores and live stock. It is divided 
 into the two provinces of Sassari and Cagliari. It was 
 settled and conquered by the Carthaginians about 500 B. c.; 
 became a Roman possession in 238 ; was one of the chief 
 sources of grain-supply for Rome ; was ravaged by the Van- 
 dals, Goths, and Saracens (the Pisans dispossessing the 
 Saracens about the middle of the 11th century); passed to 
 Aragon about 1325 ; continued Spanish until granted by 
 the treaty of Utrecht to Austria in 1713 ; was ceded to 
 Savoy in 1720 ; and became part of the kingdom of Sar- 
 dinia, and in 1861 of the kingdom of Italy. Area, 9,306 
 square miles. Population of compartimento, 861,294. 
 
 Sardinian Convention. A convention between 
 Sardinia, France, and Great Britain, Jan., 1855, 
 by wlii eh Sardinia agreed to furnish a military 
 contingent against Russia in the Crimean war. 
 Sardis (sar'dis), or Sardes (sar'dez). [Gr. 
 
 Sapdif.] In ancient geography, the capi- 
 tal of Lydia, Asia Minor, situated at the foot of 
 Mount Tmolus, on the Pactolus near the Her- 
 mus ; in lat. 38° 29' N., long. 28° 5' E. It was a 
 flourishing city under Croesus ; was taken by the Athenians 
 and Ionians from the Persians about 498 B. c. ; was the 
 residence of Persian satraps in western Asia; and was later 
 an important Roman city. Its church was one of the seven 
 addressed by the apostle John in Revelation. Sardis was 
 several times destroyed, last by Timur. Its site is occu- 
 pied by the village Sart. The tomb of Alyattes here is a 
 conical tumulus 1,180 feet in diameter and 142 high, with 
 a sloping base-revetment of massive masonry. The temple 
 of Cybele, a famous sanctuary, in its existing remains of 
 Hellenistic date, was an Ionic dipteros of 8 by 17 columns, 
 with 3 ranges of columns on the front, and measured 144 
 by 2G1 feet. The columns are 6 jfeetin diameterand about 
 681 high. 
 
 Sardona (sar-do'nii). A group of the Glarner 
 Alps, on the confines of the cantons of Glams, 
 St. Gall, and Grisons, Switzerland. Height, 
 ★about 10,000 feet. 
 
 Sardou (sar-do'), Victorien. Born at Paris, 
 Sept. 7, 1831: died there, Nov. 8, 1908. A noted 
 French dramati st. In 1854 he wrote a play, “ Ba taveme 
 des dtudiants,’ which proved a complete failure. Discour- 
 aged and broken down in health, he fell dangerously ill. He 
 was cared for by a charitable neighbor, Mademoiselle de 
 Brecourt, whom he subsequently married, and who was 
 largely instrumental in restoring his enthusiasm for dra- 
 matic writing. A fortunate introduction into theatrical 
 circles enabled him to place his plays: his first success may 
 be said to date from his productions of “M. Garat” and 
 “Bes pres Saint-Gervais ” (1860-61). Among his numerous 
 plays are the comedies “ Bes pattes de mouche " (1861), 
 “ Nos intimes ” (1861), “Ba famille Benoiton ” (1865), “ Bee 
 bons villageois ” (1866), “Maisonneuve " (1866), “Ferrbol” 
 (1875), “Dora ”(1877), " Daniel Rochat "(1880), “Divonjons” 
 (1880), “Odette ' (1881), “Georgette” (1885), “Marquise” 
 (1889), and “ Belle-Maman” (1SS9). He was alBO the author 
 of “Rabagas" (1871), a political satire; “B’Oncle Sam” 
 (1873), a satire on American society; “Bes bourgeois de 
 Pont-Arcy ” (L878); “Fedora "(1882); “Be crocodile” (1886); 
 and “ Madame Sans-Geue ” (with others, 1894). Sardou 
 acquired reputation for a more serious Btyle of work, as 
 “ Patrie " (1869), “Ba haine” (1874), and “Theodora" 
 (1884), ^ “BaTosca" (1887), “ Cleopatre" (1890), “Ther- 
 midor" (1891). The accusation of plagiarism was repeatedly 
 brought against Sardou: for instance, “Bes pattes de 
 mouche " was said to be based on “ The Purloined 
 Better ” by Edgar Allan Poe; “ B'Oncle Sam ” to have been 
 borrowed from Alfred Assollant’s “Scenes de la vie des 
 Etats-BTni8 ” (1858), etc. In addition to winning cases of this 
 kind before the courts, Sardou wrote “Mes plagiats” 
 (1883) in refutation of such attacks. He was elected to the 
 French Academy, .Time 7, 1877, succeeding the poet Joseph 
 Antoine Autran. 
 
 Sarduris. See Armenia. 
 
 Saree. See Sari. 
 
 Sarepta (sa-rep'ta), cr Sarephath(zar'e-fath). 
 [Heb., ‘smelting-house.’] An ancient city sit- 
 uated between Tyre and Sidon in Phenieia. It 
 is mentioned in 1 Ki. xvii. as the home of the widow at 
 whose housethe prophet Elijah performed a miracle. In 
 the cuneiform inscriptions of Sennacherib it is mentioned 
 under the name of Cariptu. Its wine was celebrated. 
 The Crusaders established there an episcopal see. It is 
 now represented by the village Sarafend. 
 
 Sarepta (sa-rep'ta). A small town in the gov- 
 ernment of Saratoff, Russia, situated near the 
 junction of the Sarpawith the Volga, 230 miles 
 northwest of Astrakhan. It was founded by 
 the Moravian Brethren. 
 
 Sargasso (sar-gas'o) Sea. A region (or, more 
 propei’ly, regions) within the great gyration of 
 the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic. It is so 
 named from the abundance in it of the weed Sargassutn 
 bacciferum. There existed no such delimited fucus-bank 
 as was supposed by Humboldt, hut merely areas where 
 the sargassum was most abundant. The maximum de- 
 velopment appears to be south of the 35th parallel of 
 latitude and west of long. 52° W. 
 
 Sargent (sar'jent), Charles Sprague. Born at 
 Boston, Mass., April 24, 1841. An American 
 arboriculturist and botanist. He was director of 
 the botanic garden and Arnold Arboretum at Harvard 
 University 1872-78, and has been Arnold professor of arbori- 
 culture since 1879. He was editor of “Garden and For- 
 est” 1887-97. He has published “Catalogue of the Forest 
 
 Treesof North America "(1880), “The Woods of the United 
 States” (1885), and edited “Trees and Shrubs,” etc. 
 
 Sargent, Epes. Born at Gloucester, Mass., Sept. 
 27,1£J2: died at Boston, Dec. 31. 1880. AnAmeri- 
 ean miscellaneous author and journalist. He was 
 for a number of years editor of the “ Boston Evening Tran- 
 script,” from which he retired in order to devote himself 
 to authorship. Hepublished “ The Bride of Genoa "(1836), 
 “Velasco” (1837), “Change Makes Change,” “The Priest- 
 ess”; poems, including “ Bife on the Ocean Wave «; tales ; 
 lives of Henry Clay and Benjamin Franklin : edited English 
 poets, and public-school readers and other school text- 
 books. He also published “The Modem Drama ” (1846—), 
 “Proof Palpable of Immortality : an account of the Mate- 
 rialization Phenomena of Modern Spiritualism” (1876) and 
 other works on Spiritualism, “Cyclopsedia of English and 
 American Poetry” (1881), and other compilations. 
 
 Sargent, John Singer. Born at Florence, Italy, 
 1856. A noted American portrait- and genre- 
 painter: a pupil of Carolus Duran. In 1878he re- 
 ceived an honorable mention at the Salon, and in 1881 a 
 medal of the second class. At the International Exhibi- 
 tion of 1889 he obtained a m edal of honor, and was awarded 
 the Temple medal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fioe 
 Arts in 1894. Among his picturesare “ Portraitof Carolus 
 Duran” (1879), “El Jaleo” (1882), etc. Many of his por- 
 traits are in America. He has also executed a series of 
 decorative panels for the Boston Public library. Elected 
 royal academician 1897. 
 
 Sargent, Lucius Manlius. Born at Boston, 
 June 25, 1786: died at West Roxbury, Mass., 
 June 2, 1867. An American poet, journalist, 
 temperance lecturer, and miscellaneous author, 
 brother of Henry Sargent. He wrote “Tem- 
 perance Tales,” “The Irrepressible Conflict.” 
 
 Sargent, Nathan. Born at Pultney, Vt., May 
 5, 1794 : died at Washington, D. C., Feb. 2, 1875. 
 An American journalist and politician. He was 
 register of the United States treasury 1851-53, and com- 
 missioner of customs 1861-67. He wrote “ Bife of Henry 
 Clay” (1844) and “Public Men and Events” (1875). 
 
 Sargent, Winthrop. Bom at Philadelphia, 
 
 Sept. 23, 1825 : died at Paris, May 18, 1870. An 
 American antiquary and bibliographer, grand- 
 son of Winthrop Sargent (1753-1820). He wrote 
 a ‘ ‘ History of an Expedition against Fort Duquesne, in 1765, 
 under Major-General Braddock ” (1855), “ Boyalist Poetry 
 of the Revolution” (1857), “Bife and Career of Major John 
 Andrd ” (1861), etc. 
 
 Sargon (sar'gon). [Assyr. Sharru-Tcenu, the le- 
 gitimate king.] 1. The first historical king in 
 the old Babylonian period An inscription of Naboni- 
 dus, the last king of the Babylonian empire (555-538 B. c.), 
 speaks of Sargon s son Naram-Sin as having ruled 3,200 
 years before (about 3750 B. c.). Sargon's reign may there- 
 fore be placed at about 3800 B. C. Sargon ruled over North 
 Babylonia, withhis residence in Agade (Akkad). He made 
 conquests in the west (Syria), and erected the temple 
 Eulbar in honor of Anunit. 
 
 2. King of Assyria 722-705 B. C. He was prob- 
 ably a usurper and assumed this significant name after his 
 accession to the throne. He is one of the most imposing 
 characters among the Assyrian kings, great both as a war- 
 rior and ruler. He was the consolidator of the Assyrian 
 empire, by subduing with an iron hand the rebellions which 
 continually broke out in all parts of the vast empire, and 
 by employing the policy of transplanting the subjugated 
 peoples to remote provinces, thus crushing their national 
 existence. The first act recorded of him was the conquest 
 of Samaria and the destruction of the northern kingdom of 
 Israel. The inhabitants of Samaria (according to Sargon’s 
 account, 27,290 in number) were transported to “ Halah. Ha- 
 bor by the river of Gozan, and the cities of the Medes," and 
 in tlieir place were settled peoples from “Babel, Cuthah, 
 Ava, Hamath, and Sepharvaim ” (2 Ki. xvii. 6, 24). (See Sa- 
 maria.) Of Sargon’s other expeditions maybe mentioned 
 those against Ilubi’di (or Yahubi’di) of Hamath in 720, Car- 
 chemish in 717, Ashdod in 711 (cf. Isaiah jex. 1), and espe- 
 cially his war against Merodach Baladan of Babylon, which 
 ended with the defeat of the latter and Sargon’s taking pos- 
 session of Babylon. He received an embassy and gifts from 
 seven kingswho ruled in Cyprus, in return for which he pre- 
 sented them with a stele bearing his image and an inscrip- 
 tion which is now preserved in the Royal Museum of Ber- 
 lin. No less energetic was Sargon in works of peace. He 
 established a city for his residence, naming it Dur-Sharru- 
 kin. It was situated at the foot of the mountain Musri, 
 north of Nineveh, and is now represented by the ruins of 
 Khorsabad. He had great care for the welfare and' pros- 
 perity of his subjects. See Century Atlas, Map VIII. 
 
 Sari (sa-re'). The capital of the province of 
 Mazanderan, northern Persia, situated 114 
 miles northeast of Teheran. 
 
 Sarine (sii-ren'). The French name of the 
 
 Saane. 
 
 Sari-su, or Sary-su (sa-re'so). A river in Ak- 
 molinsk, Russian Central Asia, situated north- 
 east of the Sir-Daria. Its waters are absorbed by the 
 desert. Bength, about 400-500 miles. 
 
 Sarju, or Sarjou (siir-jo'). Aname given to the 
 river Gogra in part of its course. 
 
 Sark (sark), or Sercq, or Serk (sark). One of 
 the Channel Islands, situated 6 miles east of 
 Guernsey, of which it is a dependency. The 
 scenery is very picturesque. Length, 3$ miles. 
 
 Sariat (siir-la'). A cathedral city in the de- 
 partment of Dordogne, France, 32 miles south- 
 east of Perigueux. Population, commune, 
 6,195. 
 
 Sarmatia (sar-ma'shiii). [Gr. 2apyd-ia.~\ In an- 
 cient geography, according to Ptolemy, a terri- 
 
Sarmatia 
 
 tory extending from the Vistula to the V olga. it 
 comprised a large part of Russia and of Poland. The Sar- 
 matians were probably of Median origin ; according to He- 
 rodotus, they were allied to the Scythians. In the time.of 
 the Roman Empire they penetrated into Hungary, the 
 lower Danube valley, etc. The Jazyges and Roxolani 
 were among the principal tribes. They became finally 
 absorbed in other peoples, as the Avars. 
 
 Sarmaticum Mare (sar-mat'i-kum ma're), or 
 Sarmaticus Oceanus (sar-mat'i-kus o-se'a- 
 nus). In ancient geography, a name of the Bal- 
 tic Sea. 
 
 Sarmiento (siir-me-en'td), Domingo Faustino. 
 
 Bom at San Juan, Feb. 15, 1811: died at Asun- 
 cion, Paraguay, Sept. 11, 1888. An Argentinian 
 educator, journalist, author, and statesman. He 
 was minister of public instruction I860, and of the interior 
 1861 ; governor of San Juan ; and while minister to the 
 United States was elected president of the Argentine Re- 
 public for the term Oct. 12, 1868, -Oct. 12, 1874. During this 
 period his efforts to improve the educational system of the 
 republic were continued with great success; the Para- 
 guayan war was brought to a close ; and an insurrection 
 was put down. Sarmiento published many books, includ- 
 ing “ Vida de Quiroga" (1851), travels, etc. 
 
 Sarmiento (sar-me-en'to), Mount. The high- 
 est mountain of the Tierra del Fuego group, 
 situated in the southwestern part of the main 
 island. Height, 6,630 feet. 
 
 Sarmiento de Gamboa (sar-me-en'to da gam- 
 bo'a), Pedro. Born in Galicia about 1530: died 
 after 1589. A Spanish navigator, long promi- 
 nent on the Peruvian coast. In 1579 he was sent 
 with a fleet to the Strait of Magellan in a vain attempt 
 to intercept Drake, who, it was supposed, would return 
 through the strait after his ravages on the Pacific coast. 
 Sarmiento went on to Spain, and in 1581 was associated with 
 Flores Valdez in command of a powerful expedition des- 
 tined to plant a colony on the strait. Many of the ships 
 were lost ; the commanders quarreled ; and Flores returned 
 to Spain, leaving Sarmiento with only four vessels. He 
 left a colony on the strait (1583), and while returning to 
 Europe was captured by English ships belonging to Sir 
 Walter Raleigh, and remained a prisoner until 1588. The 
 colony perished of hunger, only two persons being rescued 
 (whence the site is still called Port Famine). Sarmiento’s 
 report was published in 1708. Often written Pedro de 
 Sarmiento Gamboa. 
 
 Sarnen (zar'nen). The capital of the half-can- 
 ton of Unterwalden Obwald, Switzerland, sit- 
 uated at the northern end of the Lake of Sar- 
 nen, 12 miles south-southwest of Lucerne. Pop- 
 ulation, 3,949. 
 
 Sarnen, Lake of. A lake in the canton of 
 Unterwalden, Switzerland, 5 miles southwest 
 of the Lake of Lucerne, into which it dis- 
 charges. Length, 3 miles. 
 
 Sarnia (sar'ni-a). The Roman name of the 
 island of Guernsey. 
 
 Sarnia (sar'ni-a). The capital of Lambton 
 County, Ontario, Canada, situated on St. Clair 
 River, near Lake Huron, 55 miles northeast 
 of Detroit. Population, 9,947, (1911). 
 
 Saraus (sar'nus). In ancient geography, a 
 small river of Italy, which flows into the Bay 
 of Naples near Pompeii: the modern Samo. 
 Near it the Goths under Teias were totally defeated by the 
 Romans under Narses in 553 or 652. 
 
 Saronic Gulf (sa-ron'ik gulf). [L. Saronic us 
 Sinus.~\ An arm of the iEgean Sea, lying south- 
 west of Attica and northeast of Argolis, Greece : 
 the modern Gulf of HCgina. It contains the isl- 
 ands of Salamis and JEgina. Length, about 50 
 miles. 
 
 Saronno (sa-ron'no). A town in the province 
 of Milan, Italy, situated on the Ltira 15 miles 
 north-northwest of Milan. The Sanctuary of the 
 Virgin, a domed church of the 16th century, is remarkable 
 for its series of frescos by Gaudenzio Ferrari and Bernar- 
 dino Luini. Population, town, 8,754; commune, 9,534. 
 
 Saros (sa'ros), Gulf of. A gulf in the north- 
 eastern extremity of the iEgean Sea, north of 
 the peninsula of Gallipoli : the ancient Melas 
 Sinus. 
 
 S&r os-Patak, or S&ros-N agy-Patak ( sha/ rosh- 
 nody-po'tok). A town in the county of Zem- 
 plin, northern Hungary, on the Bodrog 54 miles 
 north of Debreczin. Pop., commune, 7,911. 
 Sarpa (sar'pa). A river in the government of 
 Astrakhan, Russia. It joins the Volga near 
 Sarepta. Length, 150 to 200 miles. 
 
 Sarpedon (sar-pe'don). [Gr. lapm/dov.'] In 
 Greek legend: (a) A son of Zeus and Europa, 
 and king of the Lydians : often confounded with 
 (6). (b) A Lycian prince, son of Zeus and Lao- 
 damia, or, according to others, of Evander and 
 Deidameia. He was an ally of the Trojans in the Tro- 
 jan war, during which he fell by the hand of Patroclus. 
 His body was, at the command of Zeus, anointed with am- 
 brosia by Apollo and carried by Sleep and Death to f ycia 
 for burial. 
 
 Sarpi (sar'pe), Pietro or Paolo, called Fra 
 Paolo (‘ Brother Paul ’),and surnamed Servita. 
 Born at Venice, Aug. 14, 1552: died there, Jan. 
 15,1623. A Venetian historian. He entered the 
 
 899 
 
 Order of the Servites in 1565. In 1570 he was made pro- 
 fessor of philosophy in the Servite monastery, Venice. He 
 was distinguished, in the controversy with Pope Paul V. 
 1606-07, as the champion of free thought. His chief work 
 is “Istoriadel concilio di Trento ’’(“History of the Coun- 
 cil of Trent ’’), published in London (1619) by Antonio de 
 Dominis. He was noted also for his letters and scientific 
 attainments, and corresponded with Galileo; Harvey, Ba- 
 con, and others. 
 
 Sarpsfos (sarps'fos). A cataract in the river 
 Glommen, Norway, northeast of Fredrikstad. 
 Height, 74 feet. The fall is crossed by a sus- 
 pension bridge built in 1854. 
 
 Sarre. The French name of the Saar. 
 Sarrebourg. The French name of Saarburg. 
 Sarrebruck. The French name of Saarbriicken. 
 Sarreguemines. The French name of Saarge- 
 miind. 
 
 Sarrelouis. The French name of Saarlouis. 
 Sars (sars), Michael. Born at Bergen, Norway, 
 Aug. 30, 1805 : died Oct. 22, 1869. A noted Nor- 
 wegian zoologist, professor at the University 
 of Christiania from 1854. His works include 
 “Fauna littoralis Norvegke” (1846), etc. 
 Sarsfield (sars'feld), Patrick, Earl of Lucan. 
 Killed at the battle of Neerwinden, July, 1693. 
 An Lush J acobite general. He served against Mon- 
 mouth at Sedgmoor in 1685 ; was a member of the Irish 
 Parliament ; and served in the army of James II. in Ire- 
 land. He was present at the battle of the Boyne in 1690 ; 
 forced William III. to raise the siege of Limerick in the 
 same year ; and negotiated the final capitulation of Limer- 
 ick in 1691. He thereupon entered the service of France. 
 Sartain (sar-tan'), John, Born at London, Oct. 
 24, 1808: died at Philadelphia, Oct. 25, 1897. 
 An English-American engraver, pioneer in 
 mezzotint-engraving in the United States, to 
 which country he came in 1830. Until about 1840 
 he painted portraits in oil and miniatures on ivory. He 
 published “Sartain’s Union Magazine ” (1848-52), and was 
 editor of several other magazines. 
 
 Sartain, William. Born at Philadelphia, Nov. 
 21, 1843. An American landscape- and genre- 
 painter, son of John Sartain. 
 
 Sarthe (sart). A river in northwestern France 
 which unites near Angers with the Mayenne to 
 form the Maine. Its chief tributaries are the 
 Huisne and Loir. Length, about 170 miles; 
 navigable from Le Mans. 
 
 Sarthe. A department of France, capital Le 
 Mans, formed from the eastern part of Maine 
 and small portions of Anjou and Perche. It is 
 bounded by Orne on the north, Eure-et-Loir on the north- 
 east, Loir-et-Cher on the east, Indre-et- Loire and Maine- 
 et- Loire on the south, and Mayenne on the west. The 
 surface is hilly. Area, 2,410 square miles. Population. 
 421,470. 
 
 Sarti(sar'te), Giuseppe. Born atFaenza, Italy, 
 Dec. 1, 1729 : died at Berlin, July 28, 1802. An 
 Italian composer. He wrote many operas (among 
 which are “ II R6 pastore,” “ Armida e Rinaldo," “ Didone 
 Abbandonata," etc.) and much sacred music. He also in- 
 vented a machine for counting the vibrations of sound. 
 
 Sarto (sar'td), Andreadel. BornnearFlorence, 
 July 16, 1486: died at Florence, Jan. 22, 1531. 
 A noted Florentine painter, famous for his 
 frescos, many of which are in Florence. His real 
 name was Andrea d’Angelo di Francesco, but he was called 
 del Sarto because his father Angelo was a tailor ; the name 
 Vanucchi has been given him without good reason. The 
 subjects of the frescos are mostly religious. Among them 
 are the “Madonna del Sacco” in the cloisters of San An- 
 nunziata; the “Madonna di San Francesco "and “Birth of 
 St. John ” at the Scalzo ; the “Last Supper’’ at San Salvi; 
 five frescos illustrating scenes in the life of St. Philip, in 
 thecourtof Sant’Annunziatade’ Servi; a “Procession of the 
 Magi ” and the “Nativity of the Virgin" in the court of the 
 Servi (this “Nativity” is said to be the best fresco ever 
 painted). Among his easel-pictures are two “Annuncia- 
 tions,” two “Assumptions," a “Deposition from the Cross,” 
 a “ Holy Family,” a “Madonna,” etc., at the Pitti Palace, 
 Florence ; “Charity “and a “Holy Family ” at the Louvre ; 
 a portrait of himself and a “ Holy Family ’’ at the National 
 Gallery, London ; and pictures at Vienna, Dresden, St. Pe- 
 tersburg, and other galleries. 
 
 Sartoris (sar-to'ris), Mrs. (Adelaide Kemble). 
 
 Born in 1814 : died in 1879. An English singer 
 and writer, the daughter of Charles Kemble. 
 She appeared first in 1835, and retired from the stage on 
 her marriage in 1843. She published “A Week in aFrench 
 Country House "(1867), “Medusa, etc. "(1868), “Past Hours,” 
 edited by her daughter (1880). 
 
 Sartoro (sar' tor-e'). An island off the west- 
 ern coast of Norway, 10 miles west of Bergen. 
 Length, 20 miles. 
 
 Sartor Resartus (sar'torre-siir'tus). [L., ‘the 
 tailor restitched. ’J A satirical work by Thomas 
 Carlyle, published in “Fraser’s Magazine” 
 1833-34, and in hook form in 1835. 
 
 Sarum, New. See Salisbury. 
 
 Sarum, Old. See Old Sarum. 
 
 Sarun, or Saran (sa-run'). A district in the 
 Patna division, Behar, British India, inter- 
 sected by lat. 26° 15' N., long. 84° 30' E. Area, 
 2,674 square miles. Population, about 2,- 
 409,000. 
 
 Satire M6nipp6e 
 
 Sarus (sa'rus). The ancient name of the river 
 Sihun. 
 
 Sarv (surv). [Pers., ‘cypress.’] In the Shah- 
 namah, the king of Yemen whose three daugh- 
 ters were wedded to Salm, Tur, and Iraj, the 
 three sons of Faridun. 
 
 Sarzeau (sar-zo'). A town in the department 
 of Morbihan, northwestern France, situated on 
 the Gulf of Morbihan 33 miles southeast of 
 Lorient: the birthplace of Le Sage. Population, 
 commune, 4,787. 
 
 Sasanians. See Sassanids. 
 
 Sasbach (zas'bach). A village in Baden, 29 
 miles southwest of Karlsruhe. Here, July 27, 
 1675, Marshal Turenne was killed in a skir- 
 mish. 
 
 Sasik, or Sasyk (sa-sik'), or Kunduk (kon- 
 dok'), Lake. A coast lake of Bessarabia, Rus- 
 sia, situated near the Black Sea, with which it 
 communicates near the Kilia mouth of the 
 Danube. Length, 20 miles. 
 
 Saskatchewan (sas-kach'e-wan). 1. A river 
 in British America. It is formed by the North Branch 
 and South Branch (which rise in the Rocky Mountains, 
 and unite about long. 106° W.), flows through Lake Win- 
 nipeg, and issues thence as the Nelson River. The chief 
 tributaries of the system are the Red Deer River, Battle 
 River, and Red River of the North. 
 
 2. A former district constituted in 1882 from 
 part of the Northwest Territories of Canada. 
 It lay north of Manitoba and Assiniboia and east of 
 Alberta. The province of Saskatchewan, comprising the 
 eastern half of Athabasca and the greater part of the old 
 districts of Assiniboia and Saskatchewan, wa3 created 
 Sept. 4, 1905. It sends 4 senators and 10 representatives to 
 the Dominion parliament. Capital, Regina. Area, 251,- 
 700 square miles. Population of province, 492,432, (1911). 
 
 Sassanids (sas'a-nidz), or Sassanians (sa-sa'- 
 ni-anz). The dynasty of Persian kings which 
 ruled from about 226 a. d., when Ardashir I. 
 overthrew the Parthian realm of the Arsacids, 
 until about 641, when it was overthrown by the 
 Arabsat Nehavend. It wasattheheightof its power 
 under Khusrau I. and Khusrau II. The Persian empire 
 in that period is sometimes called the Sassanian empire. 
 
 Sassari (sas'sa-re). 1. The northernmost of 
 the two provinces of the island of Sardinia, 
 Italy. Area, 4,122 square miles. Population, 
 340, 122. — 2. The capital of the province of Sas- 
 sari, situated in lat. 40° 44' N., long. 8° 34' E. 
 Its port is Porto Torres. It contains a cathedral, univer- 
 sity, and castle. Population, commune, 36,041. 
 
 Sassoferrato (sas-so-fer-ra'to). A small town 
 in the province of Ancona, Italy, situated on 
 the Sentino 36 miles west-southwest of Ancona. 
 Near it is the site of the ancient Sentinum. 
 Sassoferrato, Giovanni Battista Salvi, called 
 II. Born at Sassoferrato, July 11, 1605: died 
 at Rome, April 8, 1685. An Italian painter. 
 He devoted himself principally to devotional 
 subjects and Madonnas. 
 
 Sastean (sas'te-an), orShastan (shas'tan). A 
 linguistic stock of North American Indians. 
 They formerly dwelt in California in the valleys of Shasta 
 and Scott rivers, and along the Klamath from beyond 
 Bogus Creek to the range of hills above Happy Camp. It 
 once extended into Oregon as far as Ashland, and was 
 composed of the 3 tribes or divisions Autire, Edohwe, and 
 Iruwai. Only a few survive. Also Shaeta, Shastica, 
 Chestes. 
 
 Satan (sa'tan). [Heb., ‘an enemy/ ‘ Satan.’] 
 The chief evil spirit ; the great adversary of 
 man ; the devil. 
 
 Satanella (sat-a-nel'a), or the Power of Love. 
 
 An opera by Balfe, produced at London in 1858. 
 Satanic School. In 19th-century literary his- 
 tory, a name first given by Southey to a class of 
 writers who were supposed to write in opposi- 
 tion to the received principles of morality and 
 the Christian religion. Among the most prom- 
 inent were Byron, Moore, Shelley, Bulwer, Paul 
 de Kock, Victor Hugo, etc. 
 
 Satanstoe (sa'tanz-to). A novel by Cooper, 
 published in 1845. 
 
 Satara, or Sattara (sa-ta'ra). 1. A district in 
 Bombay, British India, intersected by lat. 17° 
 30' N., long. 74° E. Area, 4,825 square miles. 
 Population, 1,146,559. — 2. The capital of Sa- 
 tara district, situated in lat. 17° 41' N., long. 
 74° E. Population, with cantonment, 26,022. 
 Saterland (za'ter-lant). A small district in the 
 western part of Oldenburg, Germany, west of 
 the city of Oldenburg. 
 
 Satilla (sa-til'a). Ariverin southeastern Geor- 
 gia which flows into the Atlantic 82 miles south 
 southwest of Savannah. Length, about 200 
 miles. 
 
 Satire Menippee(sa-ter' ma-ne-pa'). AFrench 
 political satire (in prose and verse) which ap- 
 peared in 1594, and was directed against the 
 
Satire Menipp^e 
 
 League. It was written by 7 men (Leroy, Gillot, Passerat, 
 Rapin, Chrestien, Pithou, and Durant), most of them law- 
 yers. 
 
 The plan of the [Satire] Menipp^e (the title of which, it 
 is hardly necessary to say, is borrowed from the name of 
 the cynic philosopher celebrated by Lucian) is for the time 
 singularly original and bold ; but the spirit hi which the 
 subject is treated is more original still. Generally speak- 
 ing, the piece has the form of a compte-rendu of the assem- 
 bly of the states at Paris. The full title is “ De la Vertu 
 du Catholicon d'Espagne et de la Tenue des Etats de Pa- 
 ris." The preface contains a sarcastic harangue in ortho- 
 dox charlatan style on the merits of the new Catholicon or 
 Panacea. Then comes a descript ion (in which, as through- 
 out the work, actual facts are blended inextricably with 
 satirical comment) of the procession of opening. To this 
 succeeds a sketch of the tapestries with which the hall of 
 meeting was hung, all of which are, of course, allegorical, 
 and deal with murders of princes, betrayal of native coun- 
 tries to foreigners, etc. Then comes “L’Ordre tenu pour 
 les Stances," in which the chief personages on the side of 
 the League are enumerated in a long catalogue, every item 
 of which contains some bitter allusion to the private or 
 public conduct of the person named. Seven solemn 
 speeches are then delivered by the Duke de Hayenne as 
 lieutenant, by the legate, by the Cardinal de Pelvt-, by the 
 Bishop of Lyons, by Rose the fanatical rector of the Uni- 
 versity, by the Sieur de Rieux as representative of the 
 nobility, and, lastly, by a certain Monsieur d'Aubray for 
 the Tiers-fitat. A burlesque coda concludes the volume, 
 the joints of which are, first, a short verse satire on PelvfS ; 
 secondly, a collection of epigrams ; and, thirdly, Durant's 
 “Regret Funfebrek Mademoiselle maCommbresurleTrdpas 
 deson Ane,” a delightful satire on the Leaguers, which did 
 not appear in the first edition, but which yields to few 
 things in the book. Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 259. 
 
 Satire of the Three Estates. A morality play 
 by Sir David Lindsay, produced in 1540. 
 Satiromastix (sat /, i-r6-mas , tiks), or the Un- 
 trussing of the Humorous Poet. A play by 
 Dekker, acted in 1601 and printed in 1602. It is 
 
 Dekker’s answer to Jonson’s “ Poetaster, ” which is thought 
 to be a direct attack on him. In 1603, however, Jonson and 
 Dekker were joint authors of a pageant for the reception 
 of James I. 
 
 Satlej. See Sutlej. 
 
 S&toralja-Ujhely (sa'to-rol-yo-oy'hely). The 
 capital of the county of Zomplin, Hungary, sit- 
 uated 61 miles north of Debreczin. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 16,886. 
 
 Satpura (sat-po'ra) Mountains. A mountain- 
 range in central India, extending generally 
 east and west between the valley of the Ner- 
 budda on the north and that of the Tapti on 
 the south. Height, 2,000-4,000 feet. 
 
 Satsuma (sat'so-ma). A province in the south- 
 ern part of the island of Kiusiu, Japan, it is 
 one of the most flourishing provinces of the empire, and 
 is especially noted for its pottery, called Satsuma ware. It 
 was the principal seat of the unsuccessful rebellion in 1877 
 against the mikado's government. 
 
 Sattel (zat'tel). [G., ‘ saddle.’] A village and 
 pass in the canton of Schwyz, Switzerland, 
 north of Schwyz. The pass is notable for defeats of 
 the French by the men of Schwyz and Uri, May 2 and 3, 
 1798. 
 
 Saturday (sat'6r-da). [Prom L. Saturni dies, 
 Saturn’s day.] The seventh or last day of the 
 week: the day of the Jewish Sabbath. 
 
 Saturn (sat 'em). [L. Saturnus.'] 1. An ancient 
 Italic deity, popularly believed to have appeared 
 in Italy in the reign of Janus, and to have in- 
 structed the people in agriculture, gardening, 
 etc., thus elevating them from barbarism to 
 social order and civilization. His reign was sung 
 by the poets as “the golden age.” He became early iden- 
 tified with the Cronus of the Greeks. Ops, the personifi- 
 cation of wealth and plenty, was his wife, and both were 
 the especial protectors of agriculture and of all vegetation. 
 2. The most remote of the anciently known 
 planets, appearing at brightest like a first- 
 magnitude star. It revolves in an orbit inclined 2J° 
 to the ecliptic. Its mean distanoe from the sun is 
 9J times that of the earth, or 883,000,000 miles. Its 
 sidereal revolution occupies 29 Julian years and 167 days; 
 its synodical, 378 days. The eccentricity of the orbit is 
 considerable, the greatest equation of the center being 
 6”.4. Owing to the fact that the period of Saturn is very 
 nearly 2j times that of Jupiter, these planets exercise a 
 curious mutual influence, analogous to that of one pendu- 
 lum upon another swinging from the same support. Since 
 1790, when in consequence of this influence Saturn had 
 lagged 50' behind and Jupiter had advanced 20’ beyond the 
 positions they would have had if undisturbed, Saturn has 
 been moving continually faster, and the whole period of 
 the inequality is 629 years. This is the largest perturbation 
 of those affecting the motions of the principal bodies of 
 our system. Saturn is the greatest planet except Jupiter, 
 its diameter (76,800 miles) being about 9 times, its volume 
 697 times, and its mass 93.0 times that of the earth. Its 
 mean density is 0.7, water being unity. Gravity at the 
 surface has If the intensity of terrestrial gravity. Its al- 
 bedo is 0.5 (about that of a cloud), but its color is decidedly 
 orange ; it shows some bands and spots upon the surface 
 which are not constant. The compression of thetpherold of 
 Saturn exceeds that of every other planet, amounting to 
 of its diameter. Its rotation, according to Asaph Hall, is 
 performed in 10 h. 14.4 m. Its equator is nearly parallel to 
 that of the earth. After the discovery by Galileo of the 4 
 satellites of Jupiter, Kepler conjectured that Mars should 
 have 2 and Saturn 6 or 8 moons. In fact, Saturn has 10 sat- 
 ellites: Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dlone, Rhea, Titan, 
 Hyperion, Iapetus, Themis, and Phoebe. This planet has 
 
 900 
 
 the unique appendage of a surrounding ring — consisting 
 really of three apparent rings lying in one plane. The ring 
 is 5,900 miles from the surface of Saturn, and its total 
 breadth (including the distance from Saturn and the width 
 of the division between the rings) is 48,500 miles, its total 
 diameter being thus 172,800 miles. The thickness of the 
 ring is considerably less than 100 miles. Its plane is in- 
 clined 7° to the planet’s equator and 28° Iff to the earth’s 
 orbit. It is best seen when the planet is in Taurus or in 
 Scorpio. The symbol of Saturn is 6 , probably represent- 
 ing a Bcythe. 
 
 Saturnalia (sat-6r-na'li-a). In Roman anti- 
 quity, the festival of Saturn, celebrated in the 
 middle of December as a harvest-home obser- 
 vance. It was a period of feasting and mirthful license 
 and enjoyment for all classes, extending even to the slaves. 
 Satyrane (sat'i-ran). A type of the natural 
 man in Spenser’s “Faerie Queene.” He was bred 
 in the woods, and shows in the outer world all the might 
 and courage of his race. 
 
 Sau. See Save. 
 
 Sauchiebum (sach'i-bfern). A small stream 
 near Stirling, Scotland, near which James III. 
 was defeated by insurgent nobles in 1488. 
 Saucourt (so-kor'). A village near Abbeville, 
 department of Somme, France: noted for the 
 defeat of the Northmen by Louis III. in 880. 
 Sauer. See Sure. 
 
 Sauerland (zou'er-lant). The southern part of 
 the province of Westphalia, Prussia. 
 Sauerland Mountains. A plateau region in 
 the southern part of the province of Westpha- 
 lia and the adjoining part of the Rhine Province. 
 Highest point, the Kahler Astenberg (about 
 2,700 feet). 
 
 Saugerties (sa'g6r-tiz). A town in Ulster 
 County, New York, situated on the Hudson 
 43 miles south of Albany. Population, village, 
 3,929, (1910). 
 
 Saugor (sa-gor'). An island of Bengal, situ- 
 ated in the Ganges delta, at the mouth of the 
 Hugli, 50 miles south of Calcutta. 
 
 Sauk. See Sac. 
 
 Sauk (sak) River. A river in Minnesota which 
 joins the Mississippi near St. Cloud. 
 
 Saul (ski). [LL. Said, Gr. 2,aov'A, Heb. Shaul, 
 asked (of God).] The first king of the Hebrews 
 (1055-1033 b. c. — Duncker), son of Kish of the 
 tribe of Benjamin. His reign was occupied by wars 
 against the Philistines, Amalekites, and other Gentile na- 
 tions. He fell in battle against the Philistines on Mount 
 Gilboa. See David and Samuel. 
 
 Saul. The original name of the apostle Paul. 
 Saul. 1. An oratorio by Handel, produced at 
 London in 1739. It contains a notable “Dead 
 March.” — 2. A tragedy by Alfieri, printed in 
 1783. It was a favorite with its author, and has retained 
 a place on the stage. It is more Shaksperian and less 
 classical than any of his other plays. 
 
 3. A poem by Robert Browning, published in 
 his collected works. 
 
 Saulcy (so-se'), Louis Fdlicien Joseph Cai- 
 
 f nart de. Born at Lille, France, March 19, 1807 : 
 ied at Paris, Nov. 3, 1880. A French numisma- 
 tist, archaeologist, and Orientalist. He traveled 
 extensively in Palestine. Among his works are “Voyage 
 au tour de la Mer Morte ” (1852-64), “Recherches surlanu- 
 mismatique judaique "(1854), “Campagnes de Jules Cesar 
 dans les Gaules ” (1862), “Voyage en terre sainte ” (1865), 
 “Derniers jours de Jerusalem" (1866), "Histoire d'Hc-- 
 rode" (1867), “ Numismatique de la terre sainte" (1873), 
 “ Sept sitcles de l'histoire judaique ” (1874). 
 
 Saulsbury (salz'bu-ri), Eli. Born in Kent 
 County, Del., Dec. 29, 1817 : died at Dover, Del., 
 March 22, 1893. An American politician, Demo- 
 cratic United States senator from Delaware 
 1871-89. 
 
 Saulsbury, Willard. Born in Kent County, 
 Del., June 2, 1820 : died at Dover, Del., April 6, 
 1892. An American politician, brother of Eli 
 Saulsbury. He was attorney -general of Delaware 1850- 
 1855; Democratic United States senator from Delaware 
 1859-71 ; and chancellor of Delaware from 1874 until his 
 death. 
 
 Saulteurs. See Ojibwa. 
 
 Sault (or Saut) Sainte Marie (so sant ma'ri ; 
 F. pron. so sant ma-re'). 1- The capital of 
 Chippewa County, Michigan, situated at the 
 rapids of St. Mary’s River, near the outlet of 
 Lake Superior. Population, 12,615, (1910). — 2. 
 A town in Ontario, Canada, situated opposite 
 *Sault Sainte Marie in Michigan. Pop., 10,984. 
 Sault Sainte Marie, or Saint Mary's Falls. 
 The rapids in St. Mary’s River between Lakes 
 Superior and Huron. The impediment to navigation, 
 produced by the fall of 18 feet, has been obviated by two 
 canals. 
 
 Saumaise. See Salmasius. 
 
 Saumarez, or Sausmarez (so'mii-rez), James, 
 first Baron de Saumarez. Born in Guernsey, 
 March 11, 1757 : died in Guernsey, Oct. 9, 1836. 
 A British admiral. He served at the battle of Cape 
 St. Vincent in 1797 and at the battle of the Nile in 1798, 
 
 Savannah 
 
 and defeated the allied French and Spanish fleets in 1801. 
 He was created Baron de Saumarez in 1831. 
 
 Saumur (so-miir'). A town in the department 
 of Maine-et-Loire, France, situated on the Loire 
 27 miles southeast of Angers, it has manufactures 
 of rosaries, enamels, etc., and has an important trade, par- 
 ticularly in sparkling wines. The chief buildings are the 
 castle and the churches of Notre Dame de Nantilly and 
 St. Pierre. There are Roman and Celtic antiquities in the 
 vicinity, including the dolmen of Bagneux. The place is 
 the seat of a cavalry school. It was a Huguenot strong- 
 hold and the seat of a Protestant academy until the revo- 
 cation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. A victory was gained 
 here by the Vendeans, June 9-10, 1793, over the republi- 
 cans, and the city was taken by the Vendeans. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 16,392. 
 
 Saunders (siin'dGrz), Frederick. Born at Lon- 
 don, Aug. 13, 1807 : died Dec. 12, 1902. An 
 American author. He emigrated to the United State* 
 in 1837, and became assistant librarian of the Astor Library 
 at New York in 1859, and librarian in 1876. He published 
 “Memoirs of the Great Metropolis" (1852), “Salad for 
 the Solitary” (1853), “Salad for the Social" (1856), 
 “Pearls of Thought” (1858), ‘Festival of Song" (1866), 
 “Evenings with the Sacred Poets" (1869), etc. 
 
 Saunders, Nicholas. Born near Reigate, 1527 : 
 died in Ireland between 1580-83. An English 
 polemical writer. He was educated at Winchester and 
 Oxford, and became fellow of New College. Oxford, in 1648, 
 and regius professor of common law in 1668. He went to 
 Rome, and was ordained priest in 1661, and subsequently 
 was professor of theology for 13 years at Louvain. He is the 
 author of “Devisibile monarchia ecclesise "(1671)and “De 
 Origine ac Progressu Sehismatis Anglicani ” (1585). 
 
 Saunders, Richard. The pseudonym under 
 which Benjamin Franklin published his alma- 
 nac in 1733. It was known as “Poor Richard’s 
 Almanac,” and was issued by him for 25 years. 
 
 Sausmarez. See Saumarez. 
 
 Saussier (so-sya' ), F61ix Gustave. Born Jan. 
 16, 1828: died Dec. 20, 1905. A French gen- 
 eral and politician. He was appointed commander- 
 in-chief of the army in Algeria in 1881, and became military 
 governor of Paris in 1885. He retired in 1898. 
 
 Saussure (so-siir' ), Horace B6n6dicte de. Born 
 at Geneva, Feb. 17, 1740: died there, Jan. 22, 
 1799. A Swiss geologist, physicist, and natu- 
 ralist, professor of philosophy at Geneva. He 
 traveled extensively, especially in the Alps ; made in 1787 
 the second ascent of Mont Blanc ; and made many re- 
 searches in meteorology, the hygrometer, etc. His chief 
 work is “Voyages dans les Alpes " (1779-86). 
 
 Sauternes (so-tarn'). A village in the depart- 
 ment of Gironde, France, 23 miles south-south- 
 east of Bordeaux. It is celebrated for the pro- 
 duction of white wines. 
 
 Savage (sav'aj), James. Born at Boston, July 
 13,1784: died there, March 8, 1873. An Ameri- 
 can antiquary. He edited Winthrop’s “History of 
 New England” (1825-26), Paley’s works (1828), and pub- 
 lished a “Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of 
 New England "(4 vols. 1864). 
 
 Savage, John. Born at Dublin, Dec. 13, 1828 : 
 died at Spragueville, Pa., Oct. 9, 1888. An 
 Irish-American journalist, poet, and dramatist. 
 He came to America in 1848. He wrote “’98 and ’48: the 
 Modern Revolutionary History and Literature of Ireland ’’ 
 (1856), “Sibyl," a tragedy (produced in 1858, printed In 
 1865), “Our Living Representative Men" (I860), "Life of 
 Andrew Johnson ’’ (1864), “ Fenian Heroes, etc." (1868), and 
 a number of popular sougs, including “The Starry Flag." 
 
 Savage, Richard. Born at London, Jan. 10, 
 1698 (?): died at Bristol, England, 1743. An 
 English poet. He maintained that he was the illegitimate 
 sonof thefourthRiversaudtheCountessof Macclesfield, but 
 the son born of that connection is thought to have died. 
 He owes his literary fame to the life which Johnson wrote. 
 His lifewas disreputable, and he abused the charity of his 
 friends. During his last years he lived on a pension al- 
 lowed him by Pope, and finally died miserably in a debt, 
 ors’ prison. He published a poem on the Bangorian Con- 
 troversy (1717), adapted a play (“ Woman ’b a Riddle’) al- 
 ready translated from the Spanish (1717), published “Love 
 in a Veil" (1719: a comedy), “Sir Thomas Overbury" 
 (1724), In which he played (very indifferently) the hero, 
 “The Bastard ’’ (1728 : a poem addressed to his supposed 
 mother), “ The Wanderer ’’ (1729), etc. In 1776 his works 
 were collected and published with Johnson’s ’ ‘ Life of Sav- 
 age ’’ prefixed. 
 
 Savage’s Station. A place 10 miles east of 
 Richmond, Virginia. Itwas the scene of a battle be- 
 tween a part of the Federal army of McClellan under 
 Sumner and a part of the Confederate army of Lee under 
 Magruder, June 29, 1862, forming part of the Seven Days’ 
 Battles. 
 
 Savaii (sa-vi'e), or Sawaii. The largest of the 
 Samoan Islands, Pacific Ocean, situated in lat. 
 13° 45' S., long. 172° 17' W. The surface iB moun- 
 tainous. It has au active volcano. Length, 43 miles. Area, 
 about 660 sq. m. Pop., 12,816. It belongs to Germany. 
 
 Savanilla (sa-vii-nel'ya), or Sabamlla (sa-b&- 
 nel'ya). A town and port on a bay of the north- 
 ern coast of Colombia, situated in lat. 11° 3' N., 
 long. 74° 58' W. The port proper is Puerto Colombia, 
 3 miles from the town. A large part of the commerce of 
 Colombia passes through it to and from Baranquilla on 
 the river Magdalena. 
 
 Savanna. See Shawano. 
 
 Savannah (sa-van'a). A seaport, capital of 
 Chatham County, Georgia, situated on the Sa- 
 
Savannah 
 
 vannah River, 18 miles from the ocean, in lat. 
 32° 5'N., long. 81° 5' W. It is one of the largest cities 
 in the State and the second cotton-port in the country, and 
 has alsoalarge trade in rice, resin, turpentine, and lumber. 
 Its harbor is one of the best in the South. It was settled 
 by Oglethorpe in 1738 ; repelled a British attack in 1776 ; 
 and was taken by the British in 1778. An unsuccessful 
 attempt to recover it was made by the French and Ameri- 
 cans in Oct., 1779, when Pulaski was killed in the assault. 
 It became a city in 1789 ; was devastated by fire in 1796 
 and In 1820 ; was an important Confederate post ; was in- 
 vested by the Federals under Sherman Pec. 10, 1864; and 
 was occupied by them Dec. 21. Population, 65,064, (1910). 
 Savannah River. A river on the boundary be- 
 tween South Carolina and Georgia, it is formed by 
 the union of the Tugaloo and Kiowe, and falls into the At- 
 lantic about lat. 32° N. Length, including the Tugaloo and 
 subtributary Chattooga, about 550 miles; navigable for 
 large vessels to Savannah, for smaller vessels to Augusta. 
 
 Savary (sa-va-re'), Anne Jean Marie Ren6, 
 
 Due de Rovigo. Born at Marcq, Ardennes, 
 France, April 26, 1774: died at Paris, June 2, 
 1833. A French general and politician. He en- 
 tered the army in 1790 ; became the confidential agent 
 of Napoleon about 1800; presided at the trial of the 
 Hue d'Enghien in 1804 ; captured Hameln in 1806 ; de- 
 feated the Russians at Ostrolenka in 1807 ; and was en- 
 gaged in various diplomatic missions, particularly in 
 Spain (1808). He was minister of police 1810-14, and was 
 commander-in-chief of the army in Algeria 1831-33. He 
 published " Mdmoires ” (1828). 
 
 Save (sav), G. Sau (sou). One of the principal 
 tributaries of the Danube: the Latin Savus. 
 It rises near the Terglou, traverses Carniola, forms the 
 boundary between Carniola and Styria, traverses Croatia- 
 Slavonia, forms the boundary between Croatia-Slavonia on 
 the north and Bosnia and Servia on the south, and joins 
 the Danube at Belgrad. Its chief tributaries are the Kulpa, 
 Unna, Bosna, and Drina. Length, about 650 miles ; navi- 
 gable from the mouth of the Laibach. 
 
 Save. A river in southwestern France which 
 joins the Garonne 17 miles northwest of Tou- 
 louse. Length, about 85 miles. 
 
 Savelan (sa-ve-lan'), or Sevellan (sa-vel-lan'). 
 A mountain in the province of Azerbaijan, 
 northwestern Persia, 90 miles east by north of 
 Tabriz. Height, about 15,790 feet. 
 
 Savenay (sav-na/). A town in the department 
 of Loire-Inf6rieure, France, 22 miles northwest 
 of Nantes. By a victory which the republicans under 
 KlCber and Marceau gained here over the Vendeans (Dec. 
 22, 1793), the power of the latter was almost annihilated. 
 Population, commune, 3,206. 
 
 Savernake. A celebrated forest region in Wilt- 
 shire, England, near Marlborough. 
 
 Saverne. The French name of Zabern. 
 Saverne (sa-varn'), Col de, or Zabern Pass 
 (tsa'bern pas). A low pass over the Vosges, 
 near the town of Saverne (Zabern). 
 Savigliano (sa-vel-ya'no). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Cuneo, Italy, situated near the Maira 
 29 miles south of Turin. Population, town, 
 9,936 ; commune, 17,321. 
 
 Savigny (sa-ven-ye'), Friedrich Karl von. 
 Born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Feb. 21, 1779 : 
 died at Berlin, Oct. 25, 1861. A celebrated Ger- 
 man jurist and politician : one of the greatest 
 of modem jurists, and one of the founders of 
 the historical school of jurisprudence. He be- 
 came professor in Berlin in 1810 ; held various Prussian 
 offices ; and was minister for the revision of the legisla- 
 tion 1842-48. His works include “Das Recht des Besitz- 
 es" (“Right of Possession,” 1803), “Vom Beruf unserer 
 Zeit fur Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft" (1814), 
 “Geschichte desrbmischenRechtsim Mittelalter " (“His- 
 tory of Roman Law in the Middle Ages,” 1815-31), “ System 
 des heutlgen rbmischen Rechts” ("System of Modern Ro- 
 man Law,” 1840-49), “ Das Obligationenrecht ” (1851-63). 
 
 8avigny, Karl Friedrich von. Born at Berlin, 
 Sept. 19, 1814: died at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
 Feb. 11, 1875. A Prussian diplomatist and poli- 
 tician, son of F. K. von Savigny. He was am- 
 bassador at Frankfort 1864-66 ; a leading negotiator in the 
 treaties and arrangements of 1866 ; and after 1867 a leading 
 member of the Centre in the Reichstag and Landtag. 
 Savile (sav'd), George, first Marquis of Halifax. 
 Bom Nov. 11, 1633: died at London, April 5, 
 1695. An English statesman, author, and orator. 
 He was made privy councilor 1672 ; and in 1680 caused the 
 rejection of the Exclusion Bill debarring the Duke of York, 
 as a papist, from succeeding to the throne. He was lord 
 privy seal 1682-86 and 1689, and was the chief of the party 
 called the “Trimmers.” His “Miscellanies” were pub- 
 lished in 1700. 
 
 Savile, Sir Henry. Bora near Halifax, England, 
 Nov. 30, 1549: died at Eton, England, Feb. 19, 
 1622. An English classical scholar and mathe- 
 matician. Besides mathematical works he published 
 “Rerum Anglicarum scriptores post Bedam " (1596), an 
 edition of Chrysostom, etc. 
 
 Savio (sa've-o). A small river in eastern Italy 
 which flows into the Adriatic 8 miles southeast 
 of Ravenna : the ancient Sapis. 
 
 Saviolina (sav // i-6-]i'nii). A character in Ben 
 Jonson’s comedy “Every Man out of his Hu- 
 mour” : “a court lady, whose weightiest praise 
 is a light wit, admired by herself and one more, 
 her servant Brisk.” 
 
 901 
 
 Savior of Rome. A title given to Marius for 
 his victories over the Teutones and Cimbri 102- 
 101 B. C. 
 
 Savior of Society. A title given to Napoleon 
 III. 
 
 Savior of the Nations. A title given to the 
 Duke of Wellington. 
 
 Savitri (sa'vi-tre). 1. The celebrated verse 
 of the Rigveda III. lxii. 10, repeated by every 
 Brahman at his morning and evening devotions, 
 and often in religious ceremonies, as especially 
 in investing the members of the three castes of 
 the twice-born with the sacred sacrificial thread 
 (whence the thread itself is also known as savi- 
 tra). The verse is so called as addressed to the Sun (Savi- 
 tri). It is also called Gayatri. See that word, under which 
 it is quoted. 
 
 2. The heroine of an episode of theMahabharata. 
 
 She was the daughter of Ashvapati, king of Madra, and 
 beautiful as Lakshmi ; hut, when the time came for her to 
 choose a husband in accordance with the custom of the 
 svayamvara, chose Satyavant, the son of the blind and 
 exiled king Dyumatsena, who dwelt with his wife and 
 son in the forest. The divine seer Narada warns against the 
 choice, as Satyavant, though handsome, magnanimous, and 
 pious, has only a year to live. Savitri is firm, weds Satyavant, 
 and lives in joy with him until theapproach of thefatal day. 
 On that day Satyavant and Savitri go together into the forest. 
 Satyavant sinks to the ground in deadly illness ; and, while 
 Savitri supports his head uponher bosom, Yamathedeath- 
 god appears and withdraws Satyavant’s soul. As Yama 
 turns to go, Savitri follows him, asking her husband’s life. 
 Yama urges her to return, offering her other gifts but not 
 Satyavant. She obtains the restoration of Dyumatsena’s 
 sight and kingdom, for her father a hundred sons, and a 
 hundred sons for herself and Satyavant, but still insists 
 upon following Satyavant into the realm of death if his 
 life i3 not restored. At last Yama relents, and when Savitri 
 goes back to Satyavant’s body and again takes his head 
 upon her bosom, he awakes as from a sleep, and the two 
 live happy many years in the recovered kingdom of the 
 now-seeing Dyumatsena. The Savitri episode has been 
 translated into German by Bopp, Riickert, Hofer, Holtz- 
 mann, Meier, and Merkel. 
 
 Savoie (sa-vwa'). A department of France, 
 capital Chamb(>ry, formed in 1860 from a part 
 of Savoy ceded by Sardinia, it is hounded by 
 Haute-Savoie on the north, Italy on the east, Italy and 
 Hautes-Alpes on the south, I sere on the southwest and 
 west, and Ain on the northwest. The surface is mountain- 
 ous. The leading occupation is agriculture. Area, 2,388 
 square miles. Population, 253,297. 
 
 Savoie, Haute-. See Haute-Savoie. 
 
 Savona (sa-vo'na). A seaport in the province 
 of Genoa, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Genoa 
 23 miles west-southwest of Genoa : the ancient 
 Savo. It is one of the chief cities of the Riviera ; has 
 an active trade in silk, fruits, etc.; and has manufactures 
 of pottery, soap, cloth, glass, etc. The cathedral is a 
 very good classical church of 1598, containing magnificent 
 inlaid choir-stalls from the older cathedral, and some ex- 
 cellent sculpturesand paintings. The harbor was destroyed 
 by the Genoese in 1525. The place was conquered by Sar- 
 dinia in 1746, but restore d to Genoa. It was the enforced 
 residence of Pope Pius VIL 1809-12. Population, town, 
 24,259; commune, 38,355. 
 
 Savonarola (sa-vo-na-ro'la), Girolamo. Born 
 at Ferrara, Italy, Sept. 21, 1452: executed at 
 Florence, May 23, 1498. An Italian moral, po- 
 litical, and religious reformer. He became a Do- 
 minican monk at Bologna in 1475 ; and in 1482 removed to 
 Florence, where he became prior of St. Mark’s in 1491. He 
 brought about a religious revival by his denunciation 
 of the vice and corruption prevalent both in the church 
 and in the state, and was one of the chief instruments in 
 the overthrow of the Medici and the restoration of the 
 republic in 1494. He was for a time virtually dictator of 
 Florence, but incurred the enmity of Pope Alexander VI., 
 whom he had denounced, and was in consequence excom- 
 municated in 1497. He was arrested at Florence in April, 
 1498, and put to death (strangled and then burned) at the 
 instance of the Pope. 
 
 Savou, or Savu (sa-vo'). A small island and 
 island group in the East Indies, belonging to the 
 Dutch, situated east of Sandalwood Island and 
 west of Timor. Also Savoe, etc. 
 
 Savoy (sa-voi'), F. Savoie (sa-vwa'), It. Sa- 
 voja (sa-vo'ya). A former duchy, now divided 
 into the departments of Savoie and Haute-Sa- 
 voie (which see) in France. It was occupied in 
 ancient times by the Allobroges ; passed to Rome about 
 122 B, C. ; was conquered by the Burgundians in the 6th 
 century, and by the Franks in the 6th century; and later 
 was part of the kingdom of Arles until 1032, passing then 
 under German suzerainty. The rise of the counts of Sa- 
 voy dates from the middle of the 11th century, and Turin 
 and Aosta were annexed in that century. Savoy was made 
 a county of the empire in 1111 ; Valais was annexed in the 
 13th century; and Nice was added in the 14th century. 
 Savoy was made a duchy in 1416 ; Vaud, Geneva, Valais, 
 Chablais, and Gex were lost 1533-36. Montferrat was ac- 
 quired in part in 1631 and in part in 1708. Sicily was 
 granted to Savoy in 1713, and was exchanged for the 
 island of Sardinia in 1720. Savoy was made the kingdom 
 of Sardinia in 1720. See Sardinia. 
 
 Savoy, House of. A royal family of Europe, 
 now the reigning house of the kingdom of Italy. 
 Its members are descended from Humbert the White- 
 handed (died 1048?), count of Savoy. They have been 
 dukes of Savoy since 1416, kingsof Sardinia since 1720, and 
 kings of Italy since 1861. 
 
 Savoy, The. A former London palace, now a 
 
 Saxe-Altenburg 
 
 chapel royal. On Feb. 12, 1246, a grant of land lying 
 between the “Straunde" and the Thames was made by 
 Henry III. to Peter of Savoy, uncle of Queen Eleanor, and 
 he built the palace there. Peter died and left his property 
 to the friars of Montjoy, who sold the palace to Queen 
 Eleanor in 1270. In 1284 she gave it to Edmund, earl of 
 Lancaster, and later it became the town seat of the dukes 
 of Lancaster. When the Savoy was occupied by John of 
 Gaunt in 1376, it was twice attacked by a mob and again 
 by Wat Tyler’s followers in 1381, who completely destroyed 
 the palace. It was rebuilt about 1505 as a hospital, and 
 endowed by the will of Henry VII. ; suppressed by Edward 
 VI. ; refounded by Mary ; and finally dissolved by Eliza- 
 beth. The present chapel royal was built on the ruins of 
 a chapel of John of Gaunt, dedicated in 1511. The style Is 
 Perpendicular; the wooden ceiling is modern ; there is ex- 
 cellent glass. This is the only one of the old buildings re- 
 maining, and was made a chapel royal by George III. In 
 1773 ; in 1864 it was partly destroyed by fire, and was re- 
 opened in 1865 : it is entirely supported from the queen's 
 privy purse. The French Protestants had a chapel here 
 from the time of Charles II. till about 1737 : this is the 
 origin of the name Savoy, given in the 18th century to the 
 psalm-tune known as “Old Hundredth." The Savoy The- 
 atre was built near here on the Strand, and opened in 188L 
 
 Savoy Conference. A conference held at the Sa- 
 voy in London, aftertherestorationof CharlesII. 
 (1661), between 21 Episcopalians and an equal 
 number of Presbyterians, for the purpose of se- 
 curing ecclesiastical unity. It utterly failed, 
 leaving both parties more bitterly hostile than 
 before. 
 
 Savoy Declaration. A “declaration of the 
 faith and order owned and practised in the Con- 
 gregational churches in England,” agreed upon 
 at a meeting at the Savoy, London, in 1658. Doc- 
 trinally it is a modification of the W estrainster Assembly’s 
 confession of faith. It is no longer regarded as authorita- 
 tive among Congregational churches. Also called Savoy 
 Confession. 
 
 Savus (sa'vus). The Roman name of the river 
 Save. 
 
 Sawaii. See Savaii. ‘ 
 
 Sawantwari (sa-wunt-wa're). A native state 
 in India, under British control, situated near 
 the western coast, north of Goa, about lat. 16° N. 
 Area, about 900 square miles. Population, 217,- 
 732. 
 
 Sawatch Range. See Saguache Range. 
 Sawney (sa'ni). [A corruption of Sandy , which 
 is a familiar contraction of Alexander.'] A nick- 
 name for a Scotsman. 
 
 Sawtelle’s Peak (sa-telz' pek). A volcanic 
 peak in the Rocky Mountains, in Montana. 
 Sawyer (sa'yer), Bob. A medical student in 
 Dickens’s “Pickwick Papers.” 
 
 Sawyer, Frederick Adolphus. Born at Bol- 
 ton, Mass., Dec. 12, 1822: died at Sewanee, 
 Tenn., July 31, 1891. An American politician. 
 He was a Republican United States senator from South 
 Carolina from 1868 to 1873, when he became assistant sec- 
 retary of the treasury, a post which he occupied about a 
 year. 
 
 Sawyer, Mother. The “witch of Edmonton” 
 in the play of that name by Ford, Dekker, and 
 Rowley. 
 
 Sax f saks), Antoine Joseph, known as Adolphe 
 Sax. Born at Dinant, Nov. 6, 1814: died Feb. 
 9, 1894. A noted Belgian-French maker of 
 musical instruments, the son of Charles Joseph 
 Sax, also a well-known instrument-maker ( 1791- 
 1865). Adolphe Sax patented the saxhorn, the 
 saxotromba, and the saxophone. 
 
 Saxa Rubra (sak'sa ro'bra). [L., ‘ red stones.’] 
 An ancient station on the Flaminian Way, 8 
 miles north of Rome. 
 
 Saxe. The French name for Saxony. 
 
 Saxe (saks), John Godfrey. Born at Highgate, 
 Vt., June 2, 1816 : died at Albany, N. Y., March 
 31, 1887. An American poet, journalist, and 
 lecturer. He is best known from his humorous poems, 
 which include “Rhyme of the Rail,” “The Proud Miss 
 McBride,” etc. He published “Progress" (1846), “Hu- 
 morous and Satirical Poems” (1850), “The Money King 
 and Other Poems” (1859), “Clever Stories of Many Na- 
 tions," “Masquerade and Other Poems” (1866), “Fables 
 and Legends, etc." (1872), “Leisure- Day Rhymes" (1875), 
 etc. He was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for 
 governor of V ermont in 1869 and 1860. 
 
 Saxe, Comte Maurice de, generally called Mar- 
 shal de Saxe or Marshal Saxe. Born at 
 Goslar, Germany, Oct. 28, 1696: died at Cham- 
 bord, France, Nov. 30, 1750. A French mar- 
 shal, illegitimate son of Augustus II. of Saxony 
 and Aurora von Konigsmark. He served under Marl- 
 borough in the War of the Spanish Succession, and under 
 Prince Eugene against the Turks ; was made a mardchal de 
 camp in the French service in 1720; became titular duke 
 of Courland in 1726 ; served under Berwick in 1734 ; cap- 
 tured Prague in 1741 and Eger in 1742 ; was made mar- 
 shal of France in 1744 ; gained the victory of Fontenoy in 
 1745 ; gained the victory of Raucouxin 1746; was made mar- 
 shal general in 1747, and gained the victory of Laffeld and 
 stormed Bergen-op-Zoom in the same year ; and captured 
 Maestricht in 1748. He wrote “Reveries" (1757) and 
 “Lettres ct mdmoires” (1794). 
 
 Saxe-Altenburg (saks-al'ten-bftrg), G. Sach- 
 sen-Altenburg (ziik ' sen - al ' ten - bora). A 
 
Saxe-Altenburg 
 
 duchy, one of the states of the German Empire, 
 situated in the eastern part of Thuringia. Capi- 
 tal, Altenburg. It consists of two detached parts, the 
 eastern bordering on the kingdom of Saxony, and the west- 
 ern separated from the other by Keuss, and bordering on 
 Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. The eastern part is traversed by 
 outliers of the Erzgebirge, the western by spurs of the 
 Thuringerwald. Agriculture and manufactures are flour- 
 ishing. The government is a hereditary constitutional 
 monarchy. The duchy sends one member each to the 
 Bundesrat and Reichstag. The religion is Protestant. 
 The Altenburg branch of the Ernestine line, founded in 
 1603, became extinct in 1672, and was followed by the line 
 of Gotha- Altenburg, which became extinct in 1826. Alten- 
 burg was assigned in 1826 to the Duke of Saxe-Hildburg- 
 hausen, who took the title of duke of Saxe- Altenburg. A 
 constitution was granted in 1831 : it was made more liberal 
 in 1818, and has been since modified. Area, 611 square 
 miles. Population, 206,608. 
 
 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, (saks-ko'berg-go'ta), G. 
 Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha (zak ' sen - ko ' bora- 
 go'ta). A duchy in Thuringia, one of the states 
 of the German Empire. Capitals, Gotha and 
 Coburg. It consists principally of two detached por- 
 tions : the duchy of Gotha in the north, surrounded by 
 Prussia, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, etc., and the duchy of 
 Coburg in the south, surrounded by Bavaria and Saxe- 
 Meiningen. Coburg is hilly and Gotha mountainous, con- 
 taining the highest summits of the Thuringerwald. The 
 leading occupation is agriculture. The manufactures are 
 varied and flourishing. The government is a hereditary 
 constitutional monarchy. The duchy has 1 member in 
 the Bundesrat and 2 in the Reichstag. The religion is 
 Protestant. The line of Saxe-Coburg was founded in 1680, 
 but became extinct in 1699. The title of duke of Saxe- 
 Coburg-Saalfeld was assumed in 1736. Its duke was de- 
 posed by Napoleon in 1807, but was restored and entered 
 the Confederation of the Rhine. A constitution was 
 granted in 1821. The duchy ceded Saalfeld in 1826, and 
 received Gotha and other possessions and took the title 
 of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Lichtenberg (acquired in 1816) 
 was sold in 1834 to Prussia. Area, 764 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 242,432. 
 
 Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg -( saks - go ' ta - al ' ten - 
 
 bbrg). A former duchy of Germany. The Gotha 
 line was founded in 1640, and acquired part of Eisenach in 
 1645 and Altenburg in 1672. The line of Gotha- Altenburg 
 became extinct in 1826. The line of Hildburghausen suc- 
 ceeded in 1826. See Saxe -Altenburg. 
 
 Saxe-Hildburghausen (saks-hild' borG-hou- 
 zen). A former Saxon duchy, founded in 1680, 
 the ruler of which became in 1826 the Duke of 
 Saxe-Altenburg. 
 
 Saxe-Lauenburg. See Laueriburg. 
 
 Saxe-Meiningen (saks-mi'ning-en), G. Sach- 
 sen-Meiningen (zak'sen-mi'ning-en). A 
 duchy in Thuringia, one of the states of the Ger- 
 man Empire. Capital, Meiningen. It consists 
 of a main division bounded by Bavaria, Coburg, Prussia, 
 Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, etc., and several small exclaves. 
 The surface is generally mountainous. It has active manu- 
 factures of iron, glass, porcelain, toys, cloth, etc. Thegov- 
 emment is a hereditary constitutional monarchy. It has 
 1 vote in the Bundesrat and 2 in the Reichstag. The reli- 
 gion is Protestant. The duchy was founded in 1680 ; joined 
 the Confederation of the Rhine ; and annexed in 1826 Hild- 
 burghausen, Saalfeld, etc. It sided with Austria in 1866. 
 Area, 953 square miles. Population, 268,916. 
 
 Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (saks - vi ' mar - 1 ' ze- 
 nach), G. Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (zak'- 
 sen-vi'mar-I'ze-nacli). A grand duchy of Thu- 
 ringia, one of the states of the German Empire. 
 Capital, Weimar. It is composed of three main de- 
 tached portions: Weimar, bounded by Prussia. Saxe-Al- 
 tenburg, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, etc. ; Eisenach, lying 
 west of Saxe-Meiningen and Gotha; and Neustadt, sepa- 
 rated from Weimar by Saxe-Altenburg. It also contains 
 several exclaves, as Ilmenau, Allstedt, etc. It is partly oc- 
 cupied by theThuringerwald and spurs of the Rhongebirge. 
 The leading occupation is agriculture. The chief manu- 
 factures are cotton and woolen. The government is a 
 hereditary constitutional monarchy. It has 1 vote in the 
 Bundesrat and 3 members in the Reichstag. The religion 
 is Protestant. The present Weimar line was founded in 
 1640 ; Jena was reunited to Weimar in 1690, and Eisenach in 
 1741. The state was a famous center of learning and lit- 
 erature under Charles August us (17 75-1818). It entered the 
 Confederation of the Rhine and was changed from a prin- 
 cipality to a duchy in 1806. It received additional terri- 
 tory in 1814-15, and was made a grand duchy. A consti- 
 tution was granted in 1816. It sided with Prussia in 1866. 
 Area, 1,397 square miles. Population, 388,096. 
 
 Saxe-Wittenberg (saks-vit'ten-bero). A me- 
 dieval duchy, part of the old Saxon duchy which 
 was broken up on the deposition of Henry the 
 Lion in 1180. Its capital was Wittenberg. It 
 was merged in the later electorate of Saxony. 
 
 Saxnot (saks'not). [AS. Saxneat, OS. Saxndt.] 
 In Germanic mythology, a name of the god of 
 war. He is known only from Saxon sources : 
 in Anglo-Saxon he appears as a son of Wodan 
 (Odin). 
 
 Saxo Grammaticus (sak'so gra-mat'i-kus). 
 A Danish historian of the 13th century. Little is 
 
 known with certainty of his personal history, except that 
 he was a clerk, and that hisfather and grandfather fought 
 under Waldemar the Great. He had the surname Longus, 
 but is Sommonly known as Grammaticus from his fluent 
 style as a writer. His history, called “ Gesta Danorum ” 
 or " Historia Danica,” is written in Latin, and was under- 
 taken at the instance of Archbishop Absalom, whose secre- 
 tary he probably was. Parts of the work, from internal 
 
 902 
 
 evidence, were written before 1202 ; he is supposed to have 
 died shortly after the year 1208. The history consists of 
 16 books : the first 9 are purely legendary ; the 2 following 
 partly; authentic history begins with the twelfth book. 
 The whole ends with the y ear 1186. The material for the ear- 
 liest part was oral traditions, myths, legends, and poems, 
 most of which have else been lost, although a few have 
 been preserved in the original Old Norse form. Among 
 others of the kind it contains the Hamlet (“ Amleth”) le- 
 gend, of which it is the single extant source. The oldest 
 edition is that of Kristiern Pedersen, Paris, 1514, according 
 to which all subsequent editions have been printed. The 
 classical Dauish translation is by Anders Sorensen Vedel 
 (1542-1616), published first at Copenhagen in 1575. 
 
 Saxon Duchies. A collective designation for 
 the duchies of Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg- 
 Gotha, and Saxe-Meiningen, and the grand 
 duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. 
 
 Saxon Dynasty. A line of German kings and 
 emperors of the Holy Roman Empire. It com- 
 menced with Henry the Fowler in 919, and 
 ended with Henry II. in 1024. 
 
 Saxonland (sak'sn-land), G. Sachsenland 
 (zak'sen-lant). That part of Transylvania 
 which was settled principally by descendants 
 of the Saxons, who immigrated in the 12th cen- 
 tury and later. It lies mostly in the south 
 of Transylvania, the county of Hermannstadt 
 forming the main part of it. 
 
 Saxon Mark. See the extract. 
 
 In Saxony beyond the Elbe, the modern Holstein, the 
 Slaves held the western coast, and the narrow Saxon Mark 
 fenced off the German land. Freeman , Hist. Geog., p. 198. 
 
 Saxons (sak'snz). [Usually explained as lit. 
 ‘sword-men,’ from OHG. salts, a short sword.] 
 1. The nation or people that formerly dwelt in 
 the northern part of Germany, and invaded and 
 conquered England in the 5th and 6t.h centu- 
 ries; also, their descendants. — 2. The English 
 race or English-speaking races. The name is some- 
 times used for the Lowlandersof Scotland as distinguished 
 from the Highlanders or Gaels, and in Ireland for English- 
 men as distinguished from Irishmen. 
 
 3 . The inhabitants of Saxony in its later Ger- 
 man sense, including Saxony and the Saxon 
 duchies (which see). 
 
 Saxon Shore. That portion of the eastern and 
 southern British coast which was exposed to 
 forays of Saxon pirates at the time of the Ro- 
 man occupation. The Saxon Shore was guarded by a 
 force of Roman soldiers, whose commander enjoyed the 
 title of Comes Litoris Saxonici, or Count of the Saxon Shore, 
 and whose jurisdiction extended from Sussex to Norfolk. 
 Compare the extract. 
 
 There is some question whether Frisian or Saxon tribes 
 were not settled on the eastern coasts of Britain before the 
 landing of Caesar. This theory rests chiefly on the supposed 
 Germanic names of two tribes, the Coritavi and the Cati- 
 euchlani ; on a remark of Tacitus that the Caledonians 
 were large-limbed and red-haired like the Germans ; on 
 the title “ Comes Litoris Saxonici," given to the Roman 
 officer who governed the littoral from the Wash to the 
 Adur ; and on the fact that the Saxons in the fifth cen- 
 tury seem to have found a kindred people already estab- 
 lished in Ea9t Anglia, since no conquest of that district 
 is on record. Pearson, Hist. Eng., I. 6. 
 
 Saxon Siberia (si-be'ri-a). A portion of the 
 kingdom of Saxony in the Erzgebirge, noted for 
 its severe climate (whence the name). 
 
 Saxon Switzerland (swit'zer-land). [G. Sach- 
 sische Schweiz, Elbsandsteingehirge , Meissner 
 Hochland, or Sachsisch-Bohmische Schweiz .] A 
 mountainous region in the southern part of the 
 kingdom of Saxony. It lies on both sides of the Elbe, 
 from Pirna above Dresden to Tetschen. Bohemia. It is 
 noted for its rock-formations and its picturesque beauty. 
 Highest mountains, 2,000-2,300 feet. 
 
 Saxony (sak'sn-i). [ML. Saxonia, It. Sassonia, F. 
 Saxe, fromG. Sachsen (AS. Seaxan ), prop, a tribe 
 name, ‘Saxons.’] The land of the Saxons: a 
 geographical name the use of which has greatly 
 varied in medieval and modern times. The an- 
 cient duchy of Saxony was one of the four great duchies 
 of the old German kingdom. It was in northern Germany, 
 comprised (roughly) between the Eras, North Sea, Eider, 
 and Elbe, and extending to the south of the Harz, touching 
 Franconia, but not the Rhine. Saxons appear first about 
 150 A. V., dwelling nortli of the Elbe estuary. Later they 
 absorbed the Chauci, Cherusci, and Angrivarii; spread 
 westward to the Rhine ; and became noted as pirates, plun- 
 dering the coasts of Gaul and Britain. They aided Carau- 
 siusin287; were defeated by Valentinian ; founded Essex, 
 Sussex, and Wessex in Britain in the 5th and 6th centu- 
 ries ; and settled at the mouth of the Loire and on the coast 
 of Normandy. Their four divisions in northern Germany 
 were the Westfalia, Ostfalia, Engern, and Nordalbingia. 
 They were reduced by Charles the Great in a series of wars 
 772^804, and obliged to accept Christianity. About 800, 
 bishoprics were established at Osnabriick, Verden. Brem- 
 en. Paderborn, Minden, Munster, Hildesheim, and Halber- 
 stadt. The duchy of Saxony arose under the Liudolfinger in 
 the middle of the 9th century. It furnished the Saxon line 
 of German kings and emperors from Henry the Fowler (919) 
 to Henry II (1024). “ The modern kingdom of Saxony has 
 
 nothing but its name in common with the Saxony which 
 was brought under Frankish dominion by Charles the 
 Great.” (Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 196.) It was governed 
 later by the house of Billing, and opposed Henry IV. Its 
 duke Lothaire became king of Germany in 1125. Henry 
 the Lion of Saxony and Bavaria (duke from 1139) extended 
 
 Saxton 
 
 the territory, but was overthrown by Frederick Barbarossa 
 in 1180. “ The duchy of Saxony consisted of three main 
 divisions, Westfalia, Engern or Angria, and Eastfalia. . . . 
 The duchy was capable of any amount of extension towards 
 tire east, and the lands gradually won from the Wends on 
 this side were all looked on as additions made to the Saxon 
 territory. But the great Saxon duchy was broken up at 
 the fall of Henry the Lion. . . . The name of Saxony, 
 as a geographical expression, now clave to the Eastfalian 
 remnant of the old duchy, and to Thuringia and the Sla- 
 vonic conquests to the east.” (Freeman, Hist. Geog.,p. 2L2.) 
 Westphalia fell, as a duchy, to Cologne ; the eastern part 
 of Saxony fell to Bernard of Ascania ; Bavaria passed to the 
 Witt jlsbach family. “The duchy of Saxony . . . was 
 granted to Bernard of Ballensted [Duke of Saxony 1180- 
 1212], the founder of the Ascanian house. Of the older 
 Saxon land his house kept only for a while the small dis- 
 trict north of the Elbe which kept the name of Sachsen- 
 Lauenburg, and which in the end became part of the Han- 
 over electorate. But in Thuringia and the conquered 
 Slavonic lands to the east of Thuringia a new Saxony 
 arose.” (Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 213.) This was the later 
 duchy of Saxony, the capital of which was Wittenberg. 
 The strife for the electorate between the two branches of 
 Saxe-Wittenberg and Saxe-Lauenburg was decided in favor 
 of the former by the Golden Bull of 1356. On the extinc- 
 tion of the Ascanian house of Saxe-Wittenberg, the elector- 
 ate and duchy were conferred on Frederick, margrave of 
 Meissen. Thuringia was separated in 1445, and reunited 
 in 1482. Frederick’s grandsons, Ernest and Albert, ruled 
 jointly from 1482 to 1485, when there was a partition of the 
 territories, Ernest receiving the electorate, Thuringia, etc., 
 and Albert Meissen, etc., while Osterland was divided. 
 This was the origin of the Ernestine and Albertine lines. 
 The elector Frederick the Wise (the son of Ernest) became 
 a champion of the Reformation. By the capitulation of 
 Wittenberg (1547) the electorate and various territories 
 were transferred to Maurice of the Albertine line. Saxony 
 flourished under Maurice and his brother Augustus ; suf- 
 fered greatly in the Thirty Years’ War, and vacillated be- 
 tween the parties ; and acquired in 1635 and 1648 Lusatia, 
 the bishopric of Merseburg, etc. Its electors were kings of 
 Poland from 1697 to 1763 ; suffered severely in the Silesian 
 and Seven Years’ wars, in which it generally opposed Prus- 
 sia ; sided with Prussia in the War of the Bavarian Succes- 
 sion ; joined the Fiirstenbund in 1785 ; joined in the first 
 coalition against France, and sided with Prussia in 1806, 
 but went over to Napoleon ; and entered the Confederation 
 of the Rhine, and became a kingdom. (See Meissen, Thurin- 
 gia , and Saxony, Kingdom of.) The portion of Saxony left 
 to the Ernestine line in 1547 soon became divided into the 
 Thuringian petty states of Weimar, Gotha, Altenburg, 
 Meiningen, etc. See Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, etc. 
 
 Saxony, Kingdom of. [G. Eonigreich Sachsen,.'] 
 A kingdom of Germany, the sixth in area and 
 third in population of the states of the German 
 Empire. Capital, Dresden. It is bounded by Prus- 
 sia on the nortli, northeast, and east, Bohemiaon the south- 
 east and south, Bavaria on the southwest, and Prussia, 
 Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, and Reusson the 
 west. The surface is level in the north, elsewhere hilly, 
 and in the south mountainous, with outliers of the Erz- 
 gebirge, and the Saxon Switzerland. It lies mostly in 
 the basin of the Elbe, which traverses it from south to 
 north. It is noted for its mineral wealth, manufacturing 
 activity, and agricultural progress ; produces cereals, fruit, 
 etc. ; and has mines of coal, silver, tin, lead, iron, zinc, 
 porcelain-earth, etc. It is especially famous for its textiles 
 (cottons, woolens, half-woolens, yarns, hosiery, etc.). Other 
 leading manufactures are machinery, tools, porcelain, 
 paper, glass, tobacco, musical instruments, china and con- 
 fectionery. It has extensive trade, which is largely con- 
 centrated in Leipsic, and exports manufactured articles. 
 It lias 5 administrative districts : Zwickau, Leipsic, Dres- 
 den, Chemnitz, and Bautzen. The government is a heredi- 
 tary constitutional monarchy, administered by a king, an 
 upper chamber, and a lower chamber of 91 deputies. Sax- 
 ony sends 4 representatives to the Bundesrat and 23 to the 
 Reichstag. The greater part of the population is Prot- 
 estant, About 50, OOOare Wends. The electorate of Saxony 
 (see above) became a kingdom in 1806 under Frederick 
 Augustus I. The duchy of Warsaw was created for him by 
 Napoleon in 1807. In 1809 its extent was greatly increased. 
 The king was defeated with Napoleon at the battle of 
 Leipsic in 1813, and had to cede half of Saxony to 
 Prussia in 1815 (besides losing the duchy of Warsaw) ; 
 Saxony was the scene of riots in 1830, and received a new 
 constitution in 1831. A revolutionary outbreak in 1849 was 
 suppressed by Prussian arms. Saxony formed an alliance 
 with Prussia and Hannover in 1849 ; sided with Austria in 
 1866 ; was occupied by Prussian troops and forced to pay 
 an indemnity ; entered the North German Confederation 
 in 1866; and entered the German Empire in 1871. (See 
 Saxony.) Area, 5,787 square miles. Population, 4,802,- 
 485, (1910). 
 
 Saxony, Lower. See Lower Saxon Circle. 
 
 Saxony, Province of, or Prussian Saxony. 
 
 [G. Provinz Sadism. ] A province of Prussia. 
 
 It is bounded by Hannover and Brandenburg ou the north, 
 Brandenburg and Silesia on the east, Saxony and Thurin- 
 gia on the south, aud Brunswick, Hannover, and Hesse- 
 Nassau on the west It has also several exclaves, and 
 surrounds portions of other 6tates. It produces sugar- 
 beets, wheat, barley, rye, etc.; has large and varied manu- 
 factures ; and has mines of salt, coal, copper, silver, etc. 
 It is divided into the government districts of Magdeburg, 
 Merseburg, and Erfurt. It was formed from various ter- 
 ritories. including parts of Saxony ceded to Prussia in 1815, 
 the Altmark, Magdeburg, Mansfeld, Halberstadt, Quedlin- 
 burg, Erfurt, etc. Area, 9,752 square miles. Population, 
 2,979,221. 
 
 Saxony, Upper. See Upper Saxon Circle. 
 Saxton (saks'ton), Joseph. Born at Hunting- 
 don, Pa., March 22, 1799; died at Washington, 
 D. C., Oct. 26, 1873. An American inventor. 
 
 He accepted a position in the United States mint at Phila- 
 delphia in 1837, and in 1843 became connected with the 
 United States Coast Survey, having in charge the construc- 
 tion of standard weights, balances, and measures. Among 
 
Saxton 
 
 his inventions were a locomotive differential pulley, a 
 deep-sea thermometer, and an immersed hydrometer. 
 
 Say (sa), Jean Baptiste. Born at Lyons, Jan. 
 
 5, 1767: died at Paris, Nov. 15, 1832. A noted 
 French political economist, a member of the 
 tribunate 1799-1804. His chief works are “Traitd 
 d'dconomie politique” (1803), “Cat4chisme d’economie 
 politique "(1815), ‘‘Cours complet d’economie politique pra- 
 tique ” (1828-30), “ De l'Angleterre et des Anglais ” (1815). 
 
 Say, Jean Baptiste Leon. Bom at Paris, J une 
 
 6, 1826 : died there, April 30, 1896. A French 
 
 financier and politician, grandson of J. B. Say. 
 He was minister of finance 1872-73, 1875-76, 1876-79, and 
 1882 ; and was elected a member of the Academy in 1874. 
 He published, conjointly with Foyot and Lanjalley, “ Dic- 
 tionnaire des finances ” (1889). . 
 
 Say, Thomas. Born at Philadelphia, July 27, 
 1787 : died at New Harmony, Ind., Oct. 10, 1834. 
 An American naturalist. He accompanied Long’s 
 expedition to the Rocky Mountains 1819-20, and that to 
 the sources of St. Peter’s River in 1823. He was a mem- 
 ber of Robert Owen’s short-lived communistic settlement 
 at New Harmony (1825-27). His “American Entomology ” 
 was first published 1824-28, and this title is given to a col- 
 lected edition of his entomological writings, with notes by 
 Leconte (2 vols. 1869). Say also published papers on the 
 Mollusca , etc. 
 
 Sayana (sa/ya-na). A great Hindu scholar of 
 the 14th century a. D., brother of Madhavacarya 
 and minister of Vira Bukka, raja of Vijayana- 
 gara. (For Burnell's identification of Sayana and Ma- 
 dhava, see Madhava). Sayana is especially famous as the 
 reputed author of a great commentary on the Rigveda, 
 the valueof which in Vedic exegesis has been the subject 
 of a sometimes heated discussion, in which all the most 
 eminent Vedic scholars have taken part, the conclusion 
 of which is that the commentary, whatever may be its 
 value in suggestion, does not represent a genuine tradi- 
 tion and is not authoritative. On this discussion, see 
 Whitney’s “Oriental and Linguistic Studies,’’ I. 100. 
 Saybrook (sa'bruk). A town in Middlesex Coun- 
 ty, Connecticut, situated at the mouth of the 
 Connecticut River 28 miles east of New Haven. 
 Population, 1,907, (1910). 
 
 Saybrook Platform. A declaration of princi- 
 ples adopted by a Congregational synod at Say- 
 brook in 1708, substantially the same as the 
 Cambridge platform (which see). 
 
 Sayce (sas), Archibald Henry. Born at Shire- 
 hampton, near Bristol, England, Sept. 25, 1846. 
 An English philologist, deputy professor of com- 
 parative philology at Oxford 1876-90, and profes- 
 sor of Assyriology from 1891 . He is especially noted 
 as an Orientalist. His works include an Akkadian and 
 an Assyrian grammar, “ Principles of Comparative Phi- 
 lology ’’ (1874), “ The Monuments of the Hittites ’’ (1881), 
 “ Ancient Empires of the East ’’ (1884), “Herodotus i.-iii.” 
 (1883), “Records of the Past” (2d series, 1888-91), etc. 
 
 Saye (sa) (or Say) and Sele (sel),FirstViscount 
 (William Fiennes). Born May 28, 1582: died 
 April 14, 1662. An English politician, son of Rich- 
 ard Fiennes, Baron Saye and Sele. Hetookhisseat 
 in the House of Lords on the death of his father in 1613, and 
 became one of the most prominent opponents of the court. 
 He was created viscount in 1624 at the instance of Bucking- 
 ham, who was seeking to conciliate the popular leaders with 
 a view to bringing on war against Spain after the breaking 
 off of the Spanish match. In association with Lord Brooke 
 and ten others he obtained, March 19, 1632, a patent for a 
 large tract of land on the Connecticut River from Lord 
 Warwick and the New England Company. John Winthrop 
 was appointed governor, and a fort was established at the 
 mouth of the river, which received the name of Saybrook. 
 Lord Saye and Sele was appointed a privy councilor, mas- 
 ter of the court of wards, and a commissioner of the 
 treasury in 1641. At the beginning of the civil war he 
 raised a regiment for the Parliament, but did not favor 
 the abolition of the monarchy, and retired to private life 
 after the execution of the king. He was appointed to the 
 council of the colonies in 1660, after the Restoration. 
 
 Sayes Court (saz kort). The estate of Jolm 
 Evelyn at Deptford, England, itcametohim with 
 his wife, who- held it on a lease from the crown. On his 
 removal to VVotton, Sayes Court and its gardens were let. 
 Peter the Great occupied it in 1698 ; in 1759 it was used 
 as a workhouse. In 1881 the owner, a descendant of 
 Evelyn, converted it into the Evelyn Almshouses, and in 
 1886 a public garden was endowed. The Sayes Court Mu- 
 seum and cricket-ground are quite near it. 
 
 Saypan. Ono of the Ladrone Islands. 
 
 Sayre (sar), Lewis Albert. Born Feb. 29, 
 1820 : died Sept. 21, 1900. An American sur- 
 geon, professor(from 1861) at Bellevue Medical 
 College, New York city. He invented many sur- 
 gical instruments and appliances, and was the first to use 
 plaster of Paris “jackets’’ in spinal diseases and curva- 
 ture. He published “ Practical Manual of the Treatment 
 of Club-Foot’’ (1869), “Lectures on Orthopedic Surgery 
 and Diseases of the Joints ” (1876), etc. 
 
 Sayri Tupac (sa-e're to'pak). Born about 1530: 
 died near Cuzco, 1560. A Peruvian chief, son of 
 Inca Manco. After the death of his father 
 (1544) he remained in the mountains uutil 1558, 
 when he was induced to be baptized, receiving 
 a Spanish title with a pension. 
 
 S. B. An abbreviation of South Britain. 
 
 S. C. An abbreviation of South Carolina. 
 Scaevola (sev'o-la) (‘Left-handed ’), C. Mucius. 
 A Roman hero. According to legend, when Lars Por- 
 
 903 
 
 sena was besieging Rome in 509 B. c., Mucius, conceal- 
 ing a dagger about his person, went out to the king’s camp 
 with the intention of putting him to death, but killed in- 
 stead a royal secretary whom he mistook for Porsena. He 
 was threatened with death by fire unless he revealed the 
 details of a conspiracy which he said had been formed at 
 Rome for the purpose of assassinating Porsena, where- 
 upon he thrust his right hand into a sacrificial fire burn- 
 ing on an altar hard by. This firmness excited the admira- 
 tion of Porsena, who ordered him to be released 
 
 Scaevola, Q. Mucius. Died 82 b. c. A Roman 
 
 jurist. He was a tribune of the people in 106, curule 
 edile in 104, and consul in 95. He was subsequently pro- 
 consul of the province of Asia, and ultimately became 
 pontifex maximus. He was proscribed by the Marian 
 party during the Social War, and was killed in sanctuary. 
 Excerpts from his writings are preserved in the Digest. 
 Scafell, or Scawfell (ska-fel'). A mountainin 
 the Lake District of England, adjoining Scafell 
 Pike. Height, 3,162 feet. 
 
 Sea Fell Pikes. The highest mountain in Eng- 
 land, in the Lake District, Cumberland, 10 miles 
 west of Ambleside. Height, 3,210 feet. 
 
 Scala (ska'la), Cane Grande della (usually 
 known as Can Grande). Born at Verona in 
 1291: died at Treviso, July 22, 1329. A sover- 
 eign prince of Verona. He was the most illustri- 
 ous of his line, and conquered Vicenza, Padua, and Treviso. 
 He is famous as the patron of Dante. 
 
 Scala (ska'la), La. A theater in Milan, one of 
 the largest in the world : inaugurated 1778. 
 Scala Nova, Gulf of. An arm of the iEgean 
 Sea, west of Asia Minor, partly inclosed by 
 Samos. 
 
 Scala Santa (skii'la san'ta), or Pilate’s Stair- 
 case. [It., ‘ holy stairway.’] A stairway on the 
 north side of St. John Lateran, at Rome, it 
 consists of 28 marble steps, said to have come from the 
 house of Pilate in Jerusalem, and leads to the medieval 
 papal chapel in the Lateran Palace. The stairs can be 
 ascended only by penitents on their knees. The treasure 
 of the chapel is the painting of the Saviour as a boy, said 
 to have been drawn by St. Luke and finished by an angel. 
 The painting appears to be Greek. 
 
 Scaldis (skal'dis). The Roman name of the 
 Schelde. 
 
 Scaletta (ska-let'ta). An Alpine pass in the 
 canton of Grisons, Switzerland, leading from 
 Davos (east of Coire) to Capella in the Upper 
 Engadine. 
 
 Scaliger (skal'i-jer), Joseph Justus. Born at 
 Agen, France, Aug. 5, 1540: died at Leyden, 
 Jan. 21, 1609. A celebrated Protestant scholar, 
 son of J. C. Scaliger. He studied at Bordeaux and 
 Paris ; traveled in Italy, England, and Scotland ; lectured 
 in Geneva 1572-74 ; lived with his patron La Roche Pozay ; 
 and became professor at Leyden in 1593. By his “De 
 emendatione temporum ’’ (1583) and “ Thesaurus tempo- 
 rum ” (1606) he became the founder of modern chronology. 
 He edited Catullus, Propertius, Tibullus, etc. His “Opu- 
 scula varia ’’ were edited by J. Casaubon in 1610. 
 
 Scaliger, Julius Caesar (originally Della 
 Scala, a nickname of his father, Benedetto Bor- 
 done). Born near Lago di Garda, Italy, April 
 23, 1484 : died at Agen, Prance, Oct. 21, 1558. 
 A noted Italian humanist, philosopher, and sci- 
 entist. He lived until 1526 at Venice or Padua, and then 
 at Agen, where he practised as a physician. His chief 
 philosophical work is “ Exercitationes’’onthe“De subtili- 
 tate” of Cardan (1557). He wrote also Latin verse, “ Poe- 
 tices ’’ (1561), commentaries on Aristotle, Hippocrates, and 
 Theophrastus, etc. 
 
 Scalloway (skal'o-wa). A small seaport on 
 Mainland, Shetland Islands, Scotland, 6 miles 
 from Lerwick. 
 
 Scalpa(skal'pji). 1. An island of the Hebrides, 
 Scotland, east of Harris. Length, about 3 
 miles. — 2. An island of the Hebrides, Scotland, 
 east and north of Skye and south of Raasay. 
 Length, 4| miles. 
 
 Scalve (skal've), Val di. An Alpine valley in 
 Bergamasca, province of Bergamo, northern 
 Italy, 25 to 30 miles northeast of Bergamo. 
 Scamander (ska-man'der), or Xanthus (zan'- 
 thus). The ancient name of a river in Mysia, 
 Asia Minor: the modern Mendere (which see). 
 Scanderbeg, or Skanderbeg (skan'der-beg), 
 from Iskander (Alexander) Bey (originally 
 George Castriota). Born 1403 : died at Ales- 
 sio, Jan. 17, 1468. An Albanian commander. 
 He was the son of Ivan (John) Castriota, lord of a heredi- 
 tary principality in Albania, and in his youth was sent as 
 a hostage to the Ottoman court. On the death of his fa- 
 ther in 1443, the Porte decided to annex this principality, 
 which had hitherto enjoyed a semi-independent existence. 
 He returned to Albania in 1444, proclaimed iiis indepen- 
 dence, and maintained himself successfully against Amu- 
 rath II. and Mohammed II. 
 
 Scandia (skan'di-ii). In ancient geography, a 
 supposed island, identical with the southern 
 part of Sweden. 
 
 Scandinavia (skan-di-na'vi-ii). A name denot- 
 ing either the peninsula which comprises Nor- 
 way and Sweden, or the lands occupied by the 
 Scandinavian peoples, including Norway, Swe- 
 den, and Denmark. 
 
 Scarpa 
 
 Scandinavians (skan-di-na'vi-anz). Natives of 
 the region loosely called Scandinavia. 
 
 The [ancient] Scandinavians, a tall Northern dolicho- 
 cephalic n*ce, represented by the Row Grave and Staen- 
 genaes skeletons, and the people of the kitchen-middens. 
 The stature averaged 5 feet 10 inches. They were dolicho- 
 cephalic, with an index of from 70 to 73, and somewhat 
 prognathous, with fair hair and blue eyes, and a white 
 skin. They are represented by the Swedes, the Frisians, 
 and the fair North Germans. Taylor , Aryans, p. 213. 
 
 Scapa Flow (ska/pa flo). An inclosed sheet of 
 water in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, south of 
 Mainland. 
 
 Scapin (ska-pan'; E. ska'pin). [F., from It. 
 Scapino .] A wily intriguing valet in Moliere’s 
 comedy “Lesfourberies de Scapin.” He is fertile 
 in expedients, and a consummate deceiver. He conducts 
 the affairs of four lovers, against the wishes of their respec- 
 tive fathers, to the desired end. In order to escape the 
 consequences of his insolence in having severely beaten 
 G^ronte, the father of Hyacinthe, he lias himself brought 
 in in an apparently dying condition, and obtains hispardon. 
 The nickname of Jupiter Scapin was given to the first Na- 
 poleon by the A bin) de Pradt, in allusion to his disposition 
 to employ trickery. 
 
 Scapino (ska-pe'no). [It.] A typical character 
 in Italian masked comedy, the cunning and kna- 
 vish servant of Gratiano, originally speaking the 
 dialect of Bergamo. Molifere introduced him to French 
 comedy (see Scapin ) in such a manner as to turn his name 
 into a proverb. 
 
 Scaramouclie (skar'a-mouch ; F. ska-ra-mosh'). 
 [F.] The Italian Scaramuccia (which see), it 
 
 was introduced into France about 1640 by an Italian actor, 
 Tiberio Fiureili (1608-96). 
 
 Scaramuccia (ska-ra-mo'eha). [It.; F . Scara- 
 mouche, G. Scaramuz.] A boaster and clown 
 who is in mortal fear of Polichinelle or Hai’le- 
 cjuin: a typical character inltalian comedy. He 
 grew out of the old pantomimic character Capitan (which 
 see), which was turned into Scaramuccia after the Span- 
 iards lost their influence in Italy. See Scaramuuche. 
 
 Scarborough (skar'bu-ro). A borough and 
 watering-place in the North Ridingof Yorkshire, 
 England, situated on the North Sea 36 miles 
 northeast of York. The ruins of its ancient castle are 
 situated on a promontory northeast of the town. It is 
 frequented for sea-bathing and for its mineral springs. It 
 has a picturesque situation and environs, and is sometimes 
 called “the Queen of Watering-places.’’ Population, 
 38,161. 
 
 Scarborough. The capital of Tobago, British 
 West Indies, situated on the southeastern coast. 
 Scarborough Islands, or Scarborough Eange. 
 A group of the Gilbert Islands, Pacific Ocean. 
 Scaria (ska're-a), Emil. Bom at Gratz, Styria, 
 1840 : died July 22, 1886. A German bass opera- 
 singer. He made his ddbut at Pest, and went to London 
 in 1862, to Dessau in 1862, to Dresden in 1865, and to V ienna 
 in 1872, where he sang for many years. He was noted in 
 Wagnerian opera. 
 
 Scarlatti (skar-lat'te), Alessandro. Bom at 
 
 Trapani, Sicily, 1659: died at Naples, Oct. 24, 
 1725. A celebrated Italian composer. He is called 
 the founder of modern opera. Little is known of his early 
 life, but he was a most prolific composer, leaving over 100 
 operas and 200 masses, besides cantatas and oratorios. 
 He wasthe reputed inventorof accompanied recitatives and 
 of the “da capo,” but the latter was first used by Cavalli 
 in his opera “ Giasone ” (1655). He became a professor in 
 three of the Naples conservatories, and many celebrated 
 musicians were his pupils. 
 
 Scarlatti, Domenico. Born at Naples, 1685 : 
 died there, 1 75 < . An Italian musician, son of 
 Alessandro Scai'latti. He was a noted performer on 
 the harpsichord and organ ; composed many works for the 
 harpsichord ; and did much for modern technic. Men- 
 delssohn and Liszt and other composers show his influence 
 in this particular. His sonatas and fugues, especially the 
 “ Cat’s Fugue,’’ are still played. 
 
 Scarlet (skar'let), Will. One of the companions 
 of Robin Hood. He is also known in old bal- 
 lads as Scadlock and Scatheloek. 
 
 Scarlet Letter, The. A romance by Nathaniel 
 Hawthorne, published in 1850. The scene is laid 
 in New England in the middle of the 17th century. See 
 Prynne, B ester. 
 
 Scarlett (skar'let), Sir James. Bom in Jamaica, 
 1769 : died at Bury St. Edmunds, April 7, 1844. 
 An English jurist. In 1789 he graduatedat Cambridge 
 (Trinity College) and entered the Inner Temple ; in 1819 
 was elected member of Parliament for Peterborough ; in 
 1827 was appointed attorney-general by Canning, and in 1834 
 lord chief baron of the exchequer ; and in 1835 was created 
 Baron Abinger. 
 
 Scarlett, Sir James Yorke. Born 1799: died 
 1871 . An English major-general, younger son 
 of Lord Abinger. He served with distinction in the 
 Crimean war, particularly at the battle of Balaklava. 
 
 Scarlet Woman, The. A name sometimes 
 given by Protestants to the Church of Rome, 
 in allusion to Rev. xvii. 
 
 Scarpa (skar'pa), or Scarp (skarpj. An island 
 of th e Outer Hebrides, county of Inverness, Scot- 
 land, west of Harris. Length, 3 miles. 
 
 Scarpa (skar'pa), Antonio. Born at Motta, 
 northeastern Italy, June 13, 1747 : died Oct. 31, 
 1832. A noted Italian anatomist and surgeon. 
 
Scarpa 
 
 He became professor of anatomy at Modena in 1772, and 
 at Pavia in 1784. He was chief surgeon to Napoleon I. 
 He published numerous anatomical and surgical works, 
 of which a collective edition was published by Vacconi 
 in 1836. 
 
 Scarpanto (skar'pan-to). An island of the 
 ACgean Sea, belonging to Turkey, situated north- 
 east of Crete and about 30 miles southwest of 
 Rhodes: the ancient Carpathus. The surface is 
 mountainous. Its early inhabitants were Dorians. Length 
 31 miles. Population, about 8,000 (mostly Greeks). 
 
 Scarpe (skarp). A river in northeastern France 
 which joins the Schelde 11 miles north by west 
 of Valenciennes. Length, 70 miles. 
 
 Scarron (ska-roii'), Paul. Born at Paris in 
 1610: died there, Oct. 14, 1660. A French 
 burlesque poet and dramatist. As a child, his 
 strained relations with his stepmother led him to live 
 away from home even during his father’s lifetime. He 
 began to study for the church, and lived meanwhile on an 
 allowance amply sufficient to meet all his needs. About 
 1638 he sustained some serious accident that left him a 
 deformed paralytic deprived of the use of his lower limbs. 
 About the same time his father died, leaving him with- 
 out any share in the patrimony. He obtained some pen- 
 sions and sought besides to help himself along by means 
 of his pen. He attempted the burlesque style, and made 
 a success of it in his first publication, “Le Typhon, ou la 
 Gigantomachie ” (1644). His style of writing became at 
 once the fashion : this made the more acceptable his 
 comedies “Jodelet, ou le maitre valet” and “ Les trois 
 Dorothee, ou Jodelet souffletC” (1645), and his farce 
 “Sctnes du capitan Matamore et de Boniface pCdant” 
 (1647). In 1648 he began the publication of “Virgile 
 travesti. ” Then he wrote some stinging pamphlets, among 
 others “La mazarinade,” and scored a great success with 
 his “ Roman comique ” (1651). The following year Scarron 
 married Frangoise d’Aubignd, who became later Madame 
 deMaintenon. During the last period of his life he wrote 
 several short stories, “Nouvelles tragi-comiques ” (1654), 
 one of which (“L'Hypocrite ') underlies Moli&re’s “Tar- 
 tufe,” and composed aljo his best comedies, “ Don Japhet 
 d’Arm^nie "(1653), “L’Ecolierde Salamanque” (1654), and 
 “Le marquis ridicule ” (1656), and a couple of posthumous 
 plays, “La fausse apparence” and “Le prince corsaire” 
 (1662). 
 
 Scartazzini (skar-tfit-se'ne), Johann Andreas. 
 Born Dec. 30, 1837: died Feb. 10, 1901. A 
 Swiss author, noted as a student of Dante. 
 Among his works are “ Dante Alighieri, seine Zeit, sein 
 Leben und seine Werke ”(1869), “ DivinaCommedia”with 
 commentary (1874-82), and editions of Tasso and Petrarch. 
 
 Scawfell. See Scafell. 
 
 Sceaux (so). A town in the department of 
 Seine, France, 4 miles south of the fortifica- 
 tions of Paris. It was the scene of an unsuccessful 
 sortie of the French Sept. 19, 1870. Population, commune, 
 4,867. 
 
 Scesaplana(sha-zii-pla'na). The highest moun- 
 tain of the Rhiitikon, situated on the border 
 of Vorarlberg and the canton of (Prisons, Swit- 
 zerland, 17 miles north-northeast of Coire. 
 Height, 9,738 feet. 
 
 Schachenthal (shach'en-tal). An Alpine val- 
 ley in the canton of Uri, Switzerland, east of 
 Altdorf : a side valley of the Reuss. 
 
 Schack (shak), Count Adolf Friedrich von. 
 Born at Brusewitz, Germany, Aug. 2, 1815 : died 
 at Rome, April 14, 1894. A German poet, trans- 
 lator, and literary historian. Among his works are 
 “Geschiclite der dramatischen Litterutur und Kunst in 
 Spanien ” (1846-46),“ Poesie und Kunst der Araber in Span- 
 ien und Sicilien " (2d ed. 1877), translations from the Span- 
 ish and from Firdausi, and dramatic, epic, and lyric poems. 
 
 Schadow (sha'do), Wilhelm Friedrich von. 
 
 Born at Berlin, Sept. 6, 1789 : died at Diissel- 
 dorf, March 19, 1862. A German painter and 
 teacher of painting, son of J. G. Schadow. He 
 
 became professor at the Berlin Academy in 1819, and ex- 
 erted great influence as the director of the Diisseldorf 
 Academy 1826-59, becoming the founder of a modern school 
 of German painters. See Overbeck. 
 
 Schadow, Johani) Gottfried. Born at Berlin, 
 May 20, 1764 : died there, Jan. 27, 1850. A 
 noted German sculptor, founder of the modem 
 Berlin school of sculptors. His works include stat- 
 ues of Frederick the Great (Stettin), Bliicher (Rostock), 
 Luther (Wittenberg), and the quadriga on the Branden- 
 burger Thor (Berlin). He also wrote several works on art. 
 
 Schafarik (sha'fa-rik) (Bohem. Safaflk),Paul 
 Joseph. Bom at Kobelyarowo, northern Hun- 
 gary, May 13, 1795 : died June 26, 1861. A Slovak 
 philologist, noted for his researches in Slavic 
 speech, literature, and history. He was professor 
 at the gymnasium at Neusatz 1819-33, and its director 1819- 
 1825 ; and was connected with the library of Prague 1841- 
 1857. Among his principal works are “ Slavic Antiquities ” 
 (1837), “History of the Slavic Language and Literature" 
 (1826), “Slavic Ethnography ”(1842), a collection of Slovak 
 songs, and works on Bohemian and South Slavic philology 
 and literature. 
 
 Schafberg (shaf'bera). A mountain on the bor- 
 der of Salzburg and Upper Austria, 19 miles 
 east of Salzburg. It is called “the Austrian Rigi” on 
 account of its extensive view. Height, 5,840 feet. 
 
 Schafer, or Schaefer (sha'fer), Arnold. Born 
 at Seehausen, near Bremen, Oct. 16, 1819: died 
 at Bonn, Prussia, Nov. 20, 1883. A German 
 historian, brother of J. W. Schafer : professor 
 
 904 
 
 of history at Bonn from 1865. He wrote “ Ge- 
 schichte des Siebenjahrigen Kriegs ” (1867-74), 
 etc. 
 
 Schafer, or Schaefer, Heinrich. BornatSchlitz, 
 Germany, April 25, 1794 : died at Giessen, Ger- 
 many, J uly 2, 1869. A German historian, pro- 
 fessor of history at Giessen from 1833, and di- 
 rector of the university library from 1864. He 
 wrote “Geschichte von Portugal "(“HiBtory of Portugal,” 
 1836-54), “Geschichte von Spanien " (1831-67), etc. 
 
 Schafer, or Schaefer, Johann Wilhelm. Born 
 at Seehausen, near Bremen, Sept. 17, 1809 : 
 died at Bremen, March 2, 1880. A German his- 
 torian of literature. His works include “Grundriss 
 der Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur" (1836), “ Hand- 
 buch der Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur ” (1842^4), 
 “Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur des 18. Jahrhun- 
 derts ’’ (1855), lives of Goethe and Schiller, etc. 
 
 Schaff (shaf), Philip. Born at Coire, Switzer- 
 land, Jan. 1, 1819: died at New York, Oct. 20, 
 1893. A German-American church historian, 
 theologian, and miscellaneous writer. He grad- 
 uated at the University of Berlin in 1841, and in 1844 ac- 
 cepted a professorship in the theological seminary of the 
 German Reformed Church of the United States at Mer- 
 cersburg, Pennsylvania: a post which he occupied until 
 1863. He was appointed professor in Union Theologi- 
 cal Seminary at New York in 1870, being elected presi- 
 dent in 1887, and retired as professor emeritus in the 
 spring of 1893. He was president of the American com- 
 mittee for the revision of the authorized version of the 
 Bible. Among his works are “History of the Christian 
 Church” (new ed., Vols. I-IV, and VI, 1882-88), “Creeds 
 of Christendom” (1877), “The Person of Christ” (1865), 
 “Through Bible Lands ” (1878), and “Bible Dictionary" 
 (1880). He edited “Christ in Song” (1868), and, with others, 
 “ Library of Religious Poetry ” (1881), “ Schaff-Herzog Re- 
 ligious Encyclopaedia ” (3 vols. and supp. 1882-87), etc. 
 Schaffhausen (shaf'hou-zen). 1. A canton of 
 Switzerland, situated north of the Rhine, and 
 lying partly in the Swabian Jura and partly 
 in the Klettgau. Capital, Schaffhausen. it is 
 nearly surrounded by Baden, and is bounded also on the 
 south by the cantons of Zurich and Thurgau. It has also 
 two small exclaves north of the Rhine. It sends 2 mem- 
 bers each to the State and National councils. The lan- 
 guage is German, and the prevailing religion Protestant. 
 It freed itself from Austrian rule in 1419 ; was allied to the 
 Swiss Confederates in 1464 ; became a canton in 1501 ; and 
 received a democratic constitution in 1876. Area, 114 
 square miles. Population, 45,943, (1910). 
 
 2. The capital of the canton of Schaffhausen, 
 situated on the Rhine in lat. 47° 41' N., long. 
 8° 38' E. it has various manufactures, and contains 
 the castle of Munoth, a cathedral, "Imthurneum, ” etc. 
 It became a free imperial city in 1264, and passed later to 
 the Hapsburga. Population, 15,275. 
 
 Schaffhausen, Falls of. A cataract of the 
 Rhine, at Laufen, near Schaffhausen. Height, 
 about 60 feet; including rapids, about 100 feet. Width 
 above the falls, about 375 feet. 
 
 Schaffle (shef'fle), Albert Eberhard Fried- 
 rich. Born at Nurtingen, Wiirtemberg, Feb. 
 24, 1831 : died at Stuttgart, Dec. 25, 1903. A 
 German political economist. He became professor 
 of political economy at Tubingen in 1861 and at Vienna in 
 1868, and was Austrian minister of commerce in 1871. He 
 afterward removed to Stuttgart, and devoted himself 
 wholly to literature. He published “ Die Nationalokono- 
 mie ” (1861), the third edition of which was renamed “ Das 
 gesellschaftliche System der menschlichen Wirtschaft” 
 (1873), “ Kapitalismus und Socialismus” (1870), “Quintes* 
 senz des Socialismus ” (1874), etc. 
 
 Schamir (sha'mer). A mysterious worm 
 which, according to Persian and other tradi- 
 tions adopted by the Jews and woven around 
 the legends of Solomon, was able to cut the 
 hardest stone. It was about the size of a barleycorn, 
 but nothing could resist its strength. It was with the aid 
 of Schamir that Solomon built the temple, the stones of 
 which were not hewn by human hands. In some versions 
 it is called a stone. In early rabbinical fable it is not a 
 worm, and is something more than a stone, being called 
 a “creature.” It is an impersonation of a mysterious force. 
 The story passed over to the Greeks, and the force became 
 a plant. In the English “Gesta Romanorum ” it is again 
 a worm called Thumare. Gervaiseof Tilbury speaks of it 
 in connection with Solomon as a worm called Thamir. 
 The same legend in different forms is met with in Ice- 
 land and many other European countries. In some 
 forms Schamir has the power of giving life or of paralyz- 
 ing life. 
 
 It bursts locks and shatters stones; it opens in the 
 mountains the hidden treasures hitherto concealed from 
 men; or it paralyses, lulling into a magic sleep ; or, again, 
 it restores to life. I believe the varied fables relate to 
 one and the same object — and that, the lightning. 
 
 S. Baring-Gould , Curious Myths of Mid. Ages, 2d ser. , p. 144. 
 
 Schamyl (sha'mil). Born 1797 : diedat Medina, 
 March, 1871. A Caucasian leader. Hewaselected 
 imam of the Lesgliians in 1S34, and acquired a complete 
 ascendancy over all the tribes of Daghestan, which he led 
 in a 30 years’ struggle for independence against Russia. His 
 last stronghold, Weden, was taken April 12, 1S59, and he 
 himself was surprised and captured in the following Sept. 
 He was assigned a residence in the interior of Russia, and 
 died on a pilgrimage to Mecca. 
 
 Schandau (shan'dou). A town in the kingdom 
 of Saxony, situated at the junction of the Kir- 
 nitsch with the Elbe, in the midst of the Saxon 
 
 Scheffer, Ary 
 
 Switzerland, 21 miles southeast of Dresden. It 
 is a tourist center. Population, 3,373. 
 Schanfigg (shan-fig'), or Schalfigg (shal-fig'). 
 An Alpine valley in the canton of Grisons, 
 Switzerland, east of Coire, traversed by the 
 Plessur. 
 
 Schar-Dagh (shar-dag'), or Tchar-Dagh. A 
 
 mountain-range in the western part of Euro- 
 pean Turkey, on the eastern border of Albania : 
 the ancient Seardus. It separates the valleys of 
 the Drin and Vardar. Highest peak, 10,005 feet. 
 Scharf (sharf), John Thomas. Bom at Balti- 
 more, May 1, 1843 : died at New York, Feb. 28, 
 1898. An American historian. He served In the 
 Confederate army and navy during the Civil War, and 
 afterward engaged in journalism. He was admitted to 
 the bar in 1874, and was appointed commissioner of the 
 land office of Maryland in 1884. Among his works are 
 “ History of Maryland ’’ (1879), “History of the Confeder- 
 ate States Navy ” (1887), “ History of Delaware " (1888). 
 
 Scharnhorst (sharn'horst), Gerhard Johann 
 David von. Born at Bordenau, Hannover, 
 Nov. 12, 1755 : died at Prague, June 28, 1813. 
 A German general and military writer. He was 
 in the Hanoverian service until 1801, and then in that of 
 Prussia. He was director of a Prussian military school 
 1801-03; served against the French 1806-07 ; was president 
 of the commission for reorganizing the Prussian army; 
 and was director of the department of war 1807-10. He 
 was severely wounded at Grossgorschen in 1813. He wrote 
 “Handbuch fur Offiziere ” (1781-90), etc. 
 
 Scharwenka (shar-veng'kii), Philipp. Bom at 
 Samter, East Prussia, Feb. 16, 1847. A German 
 musician and composer, the brother of Xaver 
 Scharwenka. He was a pupil of Kullak, and has taught 
 in the latter’s academy at Berlin. He is also a caricaturist. 
 Scharwenka, Xaver. Bom at Samter, East 
 Prussia, Jan. 6, 1850. A noted German pianist 
 and composer. He was a pupil and teacher at Kullak’s 
 academy ; and played in public at Berlin in 1869, and in 
 England in 1879, and also in the United States. He es- 
 tablished a school of music in New York in 1891. He has 
 published a numberof pianoforte concertos, songs, sonatas, 
 etc.; also a good deal of chamber-music. 
 
 Schassburg ( shes'boro), Hung. Segesvdr (she'- 
 gesh-var). The capital of the county of Nagy- 
 Kiikiillo, Transylvania, situated on the Nagy- 
 Kukullo in lat. 46° 10' N., long. 24° 47' E. Here, 
 July 31, 1849, the Russians under Liiders defeated the 
 Hungarians under Bern. Population, commune, 10,868. 
 Schaumburg (shoum'horG). 1. A former count- 
 ship of Germany, in the valley of the Weser. 
 It was divided in 1648 between Lippe and Hesse-Cassel. 
 The former part is now Schaumburg- Lippe. 
 
 2. A countship in Prussia, on the Lahn. The 
 title is now in the family of Oldenburg. 
 Schaumhurg-Lippe (shoum'bora-lip'pe). A 
 principality and state of the German Empire, 
 situated west of Hannover, and surrounded by 
 Hannover, Westphalia, and the Prussian part of 
 Schaumburg. Capital, Biickeburg. The surface 
 is level or hilly. It is a hereditary constitutional monarchy, 
 and has 1 vote in the Bundesrat and 1 in the Reichstag. 
 The prevailing religion is Protestant. The present line 
 was founded in 1613, and was at first called Biickebnrg 
 Lippe. It was raised to a principality in 1807. It sided at 
 first with Austria in 1866, hut changed to the Prussian side. 
 Area, 131 square miles. Population, 44,992. 
 
 Scheat (she 'at). TAr. : a corruption of sd’id, 
 the arm or cubit.] A name given to the sec- 
 ond-magnitude star d Pegasi, sometimes called 
 MenMb, and also to the third-magnitude star J 
 Aquarii . As applied to the latter star the name is often 
 spelled Skat. 
 
 Schedir, or Shedir (sha'der or she'der). [Ar. 
 aJ-qadr, the breast.] The second-magnitude 
 star a Cassiopeiaa, in the breast of the figure. 
 Scheele (sha'le), Karl Wilhelm. Born at Stral- 
 sund, Dec. 2, 1742: died at Hoping, Sweden, 
 May, 1786. A celebrated Swedish chemist. He 
 lived as an apothecary at Hoping from 1777. He was the 
 independent discoverer of oxygen, ammonia, and hydro- 
 chloric-acid gas, and discovered many other important 
 substances, including manganese, chlorin, baryta, tartaric 
 acid, Scheele s green, arsenic acid, glycerin, lactic acid, 
 etc. His collected works were published in 1793. 
 
 Scheffel (shef'fel), Joseph Victor von. Bom 
 
 at Karlsruhe, Baden, Feb. 16, 1826 : died there, 
 April 9, 1886. A German poet and novelist. He 
 studied jurisprudence at Heidelberg, Munich, and Berlin. 
 In 1850 he occupied aminor judicial position in Sackingen, 
 and in 1852 in Bruchsal. Subsequently he traveled in Italy, 
 and lived afterward at various places in Germany, Switzer- 
 land, and the south of France. In 1857 he was given the 
 position of librarian at Donaueschingen. In 1872 he re- 
 moved to Rudolfszall, on the Lake of Constance, where he 
 lived until his death. In 1876 he was ennobled. His first 
 important work was the idyl “ Der Trompeter von Sack- 
 ingen ” (“ The Trumpeter of Sackingen ”), which appeared 
 in 1853. The historical novel “ Ekkehard " is from 1866. 
 “ Frau Aventiure,” a collection of lyrics, appeared in 1863, 
 “Juniperus” in 1868, “ Bergpsalmen 1 ’ (“Mountain 
 Psalms”) in 1870, “ Waldeinsamkeit .” (‘ ‘ Forest Solitude") in 
 1881. “Gaudeamus, " acollection of popular poems of ahu- 
 morous character, has been published in some 40 editions. 
 
 Scheffer (shef'fer), Ary. Bom at Dordrecht, 
 Netherlands, Feb. 12, 1795: died at Paris, June 
 5, 1858. A French painter, of a style between 
 
Scheffer, Ary 
 
 the classical and Romantic schools. Among his 
 works are “Suliote Women,” “Eberhard the Weeper," 
 several on the subjects of “ Faust,” “Mignon,” and “ Gret* 
 chen,” “ Francesca da Bimini,” “Charlemagne and Witte- 
 kind,” “St. Augustine and his Mother,” “Christus Con- 
 solator,” “ Christus Remunerator,” “ Dante and Beatrice," 
 “Christ Bearing the Cross," etc.; portraits of Beranger, 
 Marshal Ney, Liszt, Bossini, the artist’s mother, etc. 
 
 Scheffer, Henry. Born at The Hague, Sept. 27, 
 1798 : died at Paris, March 15, 1862. A French 
 historical and genre painter, brother of Ary 
 Scheffer. 
 
 Scheffler, Johannes. See Angelus Silesius. 
 Schehallion. See Schiehallion. 
 
 Scheherazade, or Sheherazade (she-he'ra- 
 zad), or Shahrazad (sha-ra-zad'). A character 
 in the “Arabian Nights’ Entertainments,” 
 daughter of the grand vizir andwife of Schariar, 
 sultan of India. The tales which she nightly relates so 
 interest the sultan that he spares her life from day to day 
 in order to hear more, and finally repeals the law con- 
 demning to death each morning his bride of the previous 
 night. See Arabian Nights. 
 
 Scheideck (shid'ek), or Scheidegg. A spur of 
 the Rigi, in Switzerland. 
 
 Scheideck, Great. The height of the pass 
 between Grindelwald and Meiringen, Bernese 
 Oberland, Switzerland. Height, 6,430 feet. 
 Scheideck, Little, or Wengern-Scheideck 
 (veng'em-shi'dek). A pass in the Bernese 
 Oberland, Switzerland, leading from Grindel- 
 wald over the Wengernalp to Lauterbrunnen. 
 Height, 6,798 feet. 
 
 Scheideck, Reschen-. A pass in western Tyrol, 
 near the Swiss frontier, leading from Landeck 
 in the valley of the Inn to the Yintschgau in the 
 valley of the upper Adige. 
 
 Schelde (sehel'de), or Scheldt (skelt). [D. 
 Schelde, formerly also Scheldt, F. Escaut, from 
 L. Scaldis.] A river in Europe which rises in 
 the department of Aisne, northeastern France, 
 traverses Belgium, andflows in the Netherlands 
 into the North Sea by its chief arms, the West 
 Schelde (or Hont) and the East Schelde, its chief 
 branches are the Selle, Scarpe, Lys, and Bupel ; the chief 
 towns on its banks are Tournai, Oudenarde, Ghent, Den- 
 dermonde, and Antwerp. It was closed to navigation 1648- 
 1792. Length, 250 miles; navigable to near Catelet. 
 
 Scheler (sha'ler), Johann August Huldreich. 
 
 Bom at Ebnat, Switzerland, April 6, 1819 : died 
 at Brussels, Nov. 17, 1890. A noted philologist. 
 He held a professorship in the University of Brussels from 
 1876 until his death, and wrote a number of works on Eo- 
 mance philology, including “Dictionnaire d’dtymologie 
 frangaise ” (1861), and “ Exposd des lois qui r^gissent la 
 transformation frangaise des mots latins” (1875). 
 Schellenberg (shelTen-bero). A hill near Do- 
 nauworth, Bavaria, on which, July 2, 1704, the 
 Bavarians and French were totally defeated 
 by the Imperialists under Marlborough and 
 Louis of Baden. 
 
 Schelling (shelving), Friedrich Wilhelm Jo- 
 seph von. Born at Leonberg, Wiirtemberg, 
 Jan. 27, 1775 : died at Ragatz, Switzerland, Aug. 
 20, 1854. A celebrated German philosopher. 
 He was educated at Tubingen ; became professor at Jena 
 in 1798, and at WUrzburg in 1803 ; occupied various official 
 positions at Munich 1806-41 (as secretary of the Academy 
 of Arts, from 1827 as professor of philosophy, and later 
 director of the Academy of Sciences) ; lectured at various 
 times at Stuttgart and Erlangen ; became a member of the 
 Berlin Academy ; and 1841-46 was lecturer at the Univer- 
 sity of Berlin. His works include “Erster Entwurf eines 
 Systems der Naturphilosophie” (“First Plan of a System 
 of the Philosophy of Nature," 1799), “Dertranscendentale 
 Idealismus ” (1800), “Darstellung meines Systems der Phi- 
 losophic” (“Presentation of my System of Philosophy,” 
 1801), “Bruno" (1802), “ Philosophic undBeligion” (1804), 
 “Menschliche FYeiheit” (1809), etc. His collected works 
 were published in 14 vols. 1856-61. 
 Schemnitz(shem'nits), Hung. Selmecz-Banya 
 (shel-mets'ban'yo). A town in the county of 
 Honth, Hungary, 67 miles north of Budapest, it 
 is the most important mining town in Hungary, with mines 
 of gold, silver, copper, lead, etc. ; and has an academy of 
 mining and forestry. It existed as early as the 8th century. 
 Population, 16,376. 
 
 Schenck(skengk), Robert Cumming. Born at 
 Franklin, Ohio, Oct. 4, 1809: died at Washing- 
 ton, D. C., March 23, 1890. An American poli- 
 tician, diplomatist, and general. He was admit- 
 ted to the bar in 1831; was a Whig memberof Congress from 
 Ohio 1843-51 ; was United States minister to Brazil 1851-53; 
 and served in theUnion army in the Civil War, participating 
 in the first battle of Bull Bun, the battle of Cross Keys, 
 and the second battle ofiBuIl Bun, and attaining the rank 
 of major-general. He was a Bepublican member of Con- 
 gress from Ohio 1863-71, and United States minister to 
 Great Britain 1871-76. 
 
 Schenectady (ske-nek'ta-di). A city, capital 
 of Schenectady County, New York, situated on 
 the Mohawk River and the Erie Canal, 17 miles 
 northwest of Albany. It has manufactures of loco- 
 motives, electrical machinery, agricultural implements, 
 etc., and is the seat of Union College. It was burned by 
 the French and Indians Feb. 8, 1690, and the inhabitants 
 were massacred. Population, 72,826, (1910). 
 
 VI. 30 
 
 905 
 
 Schenkel (sheng'kel), Daniel. Born at Dager- 
 len, canton of Zurich, Switzerland, Dec. 21, 1813: 
 died May 19, 1885. A German Protestant theo- 
 logian, professor at Heidelberg from 1851 : one 
 of the chief founders of the German Protestant 
 Union. Among his works are “Christliche Dog- 
 matik” (1858-59), “Das Charakterbild Jesu” 
 (1864), etc. 
 
 Schenkendorf (shengk' en-dorf), Max von. 
 Born at Tilsit, Prussia, Dec. 11, 1783: died at 
 Coblenz, Dec. 11, 1817. A German lyric poet. 
 He studied jurisprudence in Konigsberg, where in 1812 he 
 became a referendary ; but with the advent of the French 
 army in that year he left, and was subsequently in Berlin, 
 Weimar, and Karlsruhe. In 1813, in response to the Prus- 
 sian call to arms, he joined the army in Silesia, andfought 
 in the battle of Leipsic. After the war, in 1816, he was 
 made counselor at Coblenz, where he died. His lyrics, 
 many of them patriotic songs, appeared under the title 
 “Gedichte" (“Poems ”) in 1815. 
 
 Scherer (sha-rar'), Barthelemy Louis Joseph. 
 
 Born at Delle, near Belfort, France, Dec. 18, 
 1747 : died on his estate Chauny, Aisne, Aug. 19, 
 1804. A French general. He served in the revolu- 
 tionary armies; as commander-in-chief in Italy gained 
 the battle of LoanoNov. 24, 1795; was minister of war 1797- 
 1799 ; and was defeated by the Austrians in Italy in 1799. 
 
 Scherer. Edmond Henri Adolphe. Born at 
 Paris, April 8, 1815: died at Versailles, March 
 16, 1889. A French Protestant theologian of 
 the radical school, politician, and critic. He 
 was made professor of exegesis at the Ecole Evangtdique 
 at Geneva in 1845; resigned in 1850, and became a leader 
 in the liberal movement in Protestant theology ; became 
 chief literary critic of “ Le Temps” in 1860; and later was 
 its editor in chief. He was elected member of the Na- 
 tional Assembly in 1871, and of the Senate in 1875. He 
 wrote “ Melanges de critique religieuse,” seven volumes 
 of literary criticisms, etc. 
 
 Scherer (sha/rer), Wilhelm. Born at Schon- 
 born, Lower Austria, April 26, 1841: died at 
 Berlin, Aug. 6, 1886. A German philologist 
 and literary historian. He wrote “Geschichte 
 der deutschen Litteratur” (1883), etc. 
 
 Scheria (ske'ri-a). [Gr. In the Odys- 
 
 sey, a mythical island, the abode of the Phsea- 
 cians : identified by the ancients with Corcyra. 
 Scherr (sher), Johannes. Born at Hohenrech- 
 berg, Wiirtemberg, Oct. 3, 1817: died at Zurich, 
 Nov. 21, 1886. A German historian and demo- 
 cratic leader in Wiirtemberg until his flight to 
 Switzerland in 1849. He was professor in the Poly- 
 technic School at Zurich from 1860. His works include 
 “Deutsche Kultur- und Sittengeschichte ” (“History of 
 German Civilization and Manners,” 1852), “Schiller und 
 seine Zeit” (1859), “Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur" 
 (2d ed. 1854), “Geschichte der englischen Litteratur" 
 (1854), “Allgemeine Geschichte der Litteratur” (1851), 
 “Geschichte der Beligion” (1855-57), “ Bliicher ” (1862), 
 “Geschichte der deutschen Frauenwelt” (3d ed. 1873). 
 
 Scherzer(shert'ser), Karl von. Born at Vienna, 
 May 1, 1821 : died Feb. 20, 1903. An Austrian 
 traveler. He traversed North and Central America 
 1852-55 ; was a member of the Novara expedition round 
 the world 1857-59; was chief of an expedition to eastern 
 Asia in 1869; and was Austrian consul-general at Genoa 
 from 1884. Besides books of travel he published “ Welt- 
 industrien” (1880) and “Das wirtschaftliche Leben der 
 Volker” (1885), etc. 
 
 Scheuren (shoi'ren), Johann Kaspar. Born at 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, Aug. 22, 1810 : died 1887. A 
 German landscape-painter, of the Diisseldorf 
 school. He became professor at the Diisseldorf Academy 
 in 1855. His pictures are mostly in German galleries. 
 
 Sche veningen (soba' ven-inG-en ). A fishing vil- 
 lage in the province of South Holland, Nether- 
 lands, situated on the North Sea 3 miles north- 
 west of The Hague. It is a celebrated watering-place, 
 and a favorite resort for artists. Near it, Aug. 10(0. S. 
 July 31), 1653, the English fleet under Monk defeated the 
 Dutch under Tromp, who fell in the engagement. Popu- 
 ★lation, 22,273. 
 
 Schiaparelli (skya-pii-rel'le), Giovanni Vir- 
 ginio. Born at Savigliano, Italy, March 4, 1835 : 
 died at Milan, July 4, 1910. An Italian as- 
 tronomer. He was director of the observatory at Milan 
 1862-1900. He published “Note e reflessioni sulla teoria 
 astronomica delle stelle cadenti ” (1870), and “ 1 precursori 
 di Copernico nell’ antichita” (1876). He also published 
 investigations in meteorology and the topography of Mars. 
 
 Schick (shik), Gottlieb. Born at Stuttgart, 
 Aug. 15, 1779: died there, April 11, 1812. A 
 German historical painter, in 1799-1802 he studied 
 at Paris with David, and at Borne 1802-11. 
 
 Schiedam (sche-dam'). A town in the province 
 of South Holland, Netherlands, situated near 
 the junction of the Sehie and Meuse, 3i miles 
 west of Rotterdam. It is noted as a center of gin 
 manufacture (Hollands and Geneva). Population, 31,409. 
 
 Schiefner (shef'ner), Franz Anton. Born at 
 Reval, Russia, July 18, 1817 : died at St. Peters- 
 burg, Nov. 16, 1879. A Russian philologist, 
 noted for his researches in Tibetan, Mongolian, 
 and the Finnic and Caucasian groups of lan- 
 gU&ges. He was a member of the Academy of St. Peters- 
 burg. and was connected with its library from 1863. 
 
 Schiller 
 
 Schiehallion (she-lial'yon). A mountain in 
 Perthshire, Scotland, 30 miles northwest of 
 Perth. It was here that Maskelyne conducted his ex- 
 periments for determining the density of the earth. 
 Height, 3,547 feet. Also Schehallion. 
 
 Schiermonnikoog (seher-mon'nik-oG). An isl- 
 and in the North Sea, belonging to the prov- 
 ince of Friesland, Netherlands, 5 miles north of 
 the mainland. Length, 8 miles. 
 
 Schikaneder (she-ka-na'der), Emanuel. Born 
 at Ratisbon, 1751: died at Vienna, Sept. 21, 
 1812. AGerman librettist, manager, singer, and 
 actor. In 1780, while manager of a company of strolling 
 players, he met Mozart. He wrote the text of Mozart's 
 “ Zauberflote ” in 1791, and played Papageno himself. 
 
 Schiller (shil'ler), Johann Christoph Fried- 
 rich von. Born at Marbach, Wiirtemberg, 
 Nov. 10, 1759: died at Weimar, May 9, 1805. 
 A famous German poet, dramatist, and histo- 
 rian. His father, who had previously been a surgeon, 
 entered the Wiirtemberg service at the outbreak of the 
 Seven Years’ War, and at the time of the birth of the poet 
 was a lieutenant. Subsequently he rose to the rank of 
 captain, and in 1768 was given the position of park-keeper 
 at Ludwigsburg and the duke’s country-seat, Solitude. 
 He married, in 1749, Elizabeth Dorothea Kodweis, daugh- 
 ter of the landlord of the Golden Lion in Marbach. Schil- 
 ler’s earliest education was obtained in the village of 
 Lorch, and then at the Latin school of Ludwigsburg. It 
 was his original intention to study theology, but in ac 
 cordance with the demand of the duke, Karl Eugen, who 
 in 1770 had set up a military academy at his castle, Soli- 
 tude, he entered there in 1773 and began the study of ju- 
 risprudence. In 1775 the academy was removed to Stutl- 
 gart, where lie exchanged the study of law for that of medi- 
 cine; and in 1780, on the conclusion of his studies, was 
 appointed regimental surgeon at Stuttgart. His literary 
 career began in 1781 with the publication of the tragedy 
 “ Die Rauber”(“TJie Bobbers"), the plan of which he had 
 conceived as early as 1778, when a pupil at the military 
 academy. He was not able to find a publisher, and was 
 obliged to print the work at his own expense, but the fol- 
 lowing year it was successfully produced at Mannheim. 
 The publication of the drama had drawn upon him the 
 displeasure of the duke, which was intensified when he 
 went secretly to Mannheim in order to he present at its 
 first representation. Subsequently he was forbidden by 
 the duke to print anything which did not relate to his 
 profession. Once more he went to Mannheim without 
 leave, in order to see his drama, and this time, when it 
 was discovered, he was condemned to a fortnight’s arrest. 
 He now determined to escape from this restraint, and the 
 same year (1782) fled in company with a friend to Mann- 
 heim, and thence went to Darmstadt and Frankfort. Un- 
 der the assumed name of Dr. Schmidt, he lived for a time 
 at the village of Oggersheim, near Mannheim, and, not be- 
 lieving himself here free from pursuit, accepted the in- 
 vitation of Frau von Wolzogen, and took up his abode on 
 her estate Bauerbach, nearMeiningen. In the meantime 
 he had been at work on another drama whicli finally ap- 
 peared in 1783, after having been twice rejected by the 
 theater direction at Mannheim. This is his “Fiesco” 
 (full title “Die Verschworung des Fiesco zu Genua: re- 
 publikanisches Trauerspiel ” : “The Conspiracy of Fiesco 
 at Genoa: a Bepublican Tragedy"). At Bauerbach he 
 lived until July, 1783, under the name of Dr. Bitter, en- 
 gaged upon athird tragedy which he at first called “Luise 
 Millerin,’’but which was published in 1784 under the name 
 of “Kabale und Liebe” (“Love and Intrigue"). In 1783 
 he returned to Mannheim to accept the position of theater 
 poet with a stipend of 306 florins, for which he was to 
 furnish three plays a year : to eke out a support he had 
 founded a journal (which was abandoned in 1793) called 
 “Die rheinische Thalia” (“The Bhenish Thalia"), after- 
 ward “Die neue Thalia” (“The New Thalia”). His con- 
 nection with the theater lasted only until Nov., 1784, when 
 he resigned. In 1785, with the advice and assistance 
 of Christian Gottfried Korner, the father of the poet Kor- 
 ner, he left Mannheim for Leipsic, where he arrived in 
 April. Shortly after he moved out to the little village of 
 Gohlis, near by, and then, that same year, accompanied 
 Korner to Dresden : here, and in the village of Loschwitz, 
 where his friend had a villa, he lived until 1787. In 1786 
 three lyrical poems h ad appeared in the “Thalia ” : “ Frei- 
 geisterei der Leidenschaft’\(“Free-thinking of Passion"), 
 “Resignation, "and “Lied andieFreude"(“Hymn to Joy ”), 
 the last written in Gohlis. In the garden-house at Losch- 
 witz he completed the drama “ Don Carlos, ” begun at Mann- 
 heim and finally published in 1787. Unlike the preced- 
 ing dramas, which are all in prose, this, like its successors, 
 is written in iambic pentameter. To the Dresden period 
 belongs, farther, a novel that was never completed, called 
 “Der Geisterseher” (“The Ghost-seer”). In 1787, having 
 grown tired of his life in Dresden, he removed to Weimar, 
 where, with the exception of the period from 1789 to 1799, 
 he subsequently lived. In 1788 appeared his first histori- 
 cal work, the “Geschichte des Abfalls der Niederlande” 
 (“History of the Revolt of the Netherlands"). Belong- 
 ing also to this early time in Weimar are the poems “Die 
 Gotter Griechenlands” (“The Gods of Greece”) and “Die 
 Kiinstler ” (“ The Artists "). In 1789 he was called as pro- 
 fessor extraordinarius of history, but without a stipend, to 
 the University of Jena. The succeeding year (1790) lie mar- 
 ried Lotte von Lengefeld, having previously been granted, 
 on his application, a small stipend by the Duke of Wei- 
 mar. During 1790-93 appeared his second historical work, 
 the “ Geschichte des dreiszigjahrigen Kriegs ’’ (“ History 
 of the Thirty Years’ War”). In 1794 falls the beginning 
 of the intimate association with Goethe, whicli had a 
 marked influence upon botli poets. In 1796, with the co- 
 operation of Goethe, lie founded the journal “Die Horen ” 
 (“The Hone”), which was continued down to 1798. In 
 1796 the annual “Der Musenalmanach” (“The Almanac 
 of the Muses") was begun under his editorship, and was 
 published down to 1800, when it was abandoned. In it 
 appeared the satiric epigrams, the famous “Xenien," 
 written in collaboration with Goethe, and a number of his 
 most celebrated poems, among them “Der Handschuh* 
 
Schiller 
 
 (“The Glove' ), “ Der Ring des Polykrates ” (“The Ring 
 of Polycrates "), “ Ritter Toggenburg " (“Knight Toggeu- 
 burg”), “Der Taucher” (“The Diver”), “Die Kraniche 
 des Ibycus" (“The Cranes of Ibycus”), “Der Gang nach 
 dem Eisenliammer” (“The Walk to the Forge”), “Der 
 Kampf mit dem Drachen ” (“ The Fight with the Drag- 
 on”), “Das Eleusische Fest” (“The Eleusinian Festi- 
 val”), and (1800) “Das Lied von der Glocke” (“The Song 
 of the Bell ’’), the most popular of all his poems. In 1799 
 another drama had been completed, and the following year 
 it was revised for publication. This is the trilogy “Wal- 
 lenstein," which consists of the prelude “Wallensteins 
 Lager ” (“Wallenstein’s Camp ”), “ Die Piccolomini ” (“The 
 Piccolomini ’’), a drama in five acts, and “Wallensteins 
 Tod ” (“ Wallenstein’s Death "), also in five acts. In 1798, 
 further, he gave up his professorship at Jenaand went back 
 to Weimar, which washenceforth his home. The succeed- 
 ing years were characterized by extraordinary dramatic 
 productiveness. The tragedy “Maria Stuart” appeared 
 in 1801. “Die Jungfrau von Orleans” (“The Maid of Or- 
 leans”), which he calls “aromantic tragedy,” followed in 
 1802. This same year he was ennobled by the emperor 
 Francis II. In 1803 appeared, further, “Die Braut von 
 Messina” (“The Bride of Messina ”), with the subtitle 
 “ Die feindlichen Bruder: Trauerspiel mitChoren”(“The 
 Hostile Brothers : a Tragedy with Choruses ”) ; and final- 
 ly, in 1804, the drama “ Wilhelm Tell.” He died suddenly 
 in 1805. Still another tragedy, “Demetrius," was left un- 
 completed at his death. His life may be divided into 3 
 periods. The first is that of his youth, from 1759 to 1785, 
 when he removed to Leipsic : in th is period fall the “Storm 
 and Stress” dramas “ The Robbers," “ Fiesco,” and “Love 
 and Intrigue,” and the lyric poems published in his “An- 
 thologie” of 1782. A second period is the period of scien- 
 tific production, in reality a time of research, from 1785 
 down to his intimate association with Goethe in the publi- 
 cation of the “ Horen in this period fall, most especially, 
 “Don Carlos, ”his historical works, and several philosophi- 
 cal and esthetic treatises, the principal among them being 
 that on “Naive und sentimentalische Dichtung”(“ Naive 
 and Sentimental Poetry”). A third and last period is from 
 1794 until his death in 1895. This is the time of his great- 
 est productivity : in it fall the best of his poems, of which 
 there are many besides the ballads mentioned, and the 
 most important of his dramas. A critical edition of his 
 complete works was published at Stuttgart, 1867-76, in 17 
 volumes. 
 
 Schiller -Stiftung (shil'ler-stif 'tong). [G., 
 ‘Schiller Institution.’] A German society 
 founded in 1855 (definitely orgauized at Dres- 
 den, Oct., 1859) for the purpose of rendering 
 pecuniary aid to needy German authors. 
 Schilling (shil'ling), Johannes. Born at Mitt- 
 weida, Saxony, June 23, 1828 : died at Dresden, 
 March 22, 1910. A German sculptor, professor 
 at Dresden 1868—1006. Among his works are the 
 Schiller statue in Vienna, statues in the Bruhl Terrace, 
 Dresden, and the national monument in the Niederwald. 
 Schilthorn (shilt'horn). Amountain in the Ber- 
 nese Oberland, Switzerland, southwest of Lau- 
 terbrunnen. Height, 9,748 feet. 
 
 Schimper, Wilhelm Philipp. Born at Dosen- 
 heim, Alsace, Jan. 12, 1808: died May 20, 1880. 
 An Alsatian botanist and paleontologist. He 
 published ‘‘ Traite de paldontologie v6g6tale ” 
 (1867-69), researches on bryology, etc. 
 Schipka Pass. See ShipTca Pass. 
 
 Schirmer (shir'mer), Johann Wilhelm. Born 
 at Jfilich, Prussia, Sept. 5, 1807 : died at Karls- 
 ruhe, Baden, Sept. 11, 1863. A German land- 
 scape-painter. His subjects were taken largely 
 from Bible scenes. 
 
 Schirmer, Wilhelm. Bom at Berlin, May 6, 
 
 1802 : died at Nyon, Switzerland, June 8, 1866. 
 A German landscape-painter. His subjects 
 were taken chiefly from the South. 
 
 Schism, The Great. 1. The division between 
 the Latin and Greek churches, which began in 
 the 9th century, the principal doctrinal diffi- 
 culty relating to the “filioque”in the creed. 
 The immediate occasion of suspension of communion was 
 tile intrusion by the emperor Michael III., in 857, of the 
 learned Photius into the see of Constantinople instead of 
 Ignatius, at that time patriarch. The Roman see asserted 
 jurisdiction in the matter as possessing supreme power, 
 and mutual charges of false doctrine and excommunica- 
 tions followed ; but Photius was finally acknowledged at 
 Rome as patriarch. The final division was that between 
 Pope Leo IX. and the patriarch Michael Cerularius, in 
 1054, since which time Roman Catholics regard the Greeks 
 or Easterns as cut off from the Catholic Church, while the 
 Greeks claim that they have remained faithful to the 
 Catholic creed and ancient usages. 
 
 2. The forty years’ division (1378-1417) be- 
 tween different parties in the Roman Catholic 
 Church, which adhered to different popes. 
 Schlagintweit (shla'gin-tvit), Adolf von. 
 Bom Jan. 9, 1829: killed in Kashgar, 1857. 
 Brother of Hermann Schlagintweit, and his as- 
 sociate in travel and collaborator in his works. 
 Schlagintweit, Hermann von. Born at Mu- 
 nich, May 13, 1826: died at Munich, Jan. 19, 
 1882. A German traveler and scientist. He ex- 
 plored the Alps in company with Adolf von Schlagintweit 
 1846-48, and published their results in “ Untersuchungen 
 fiber die physikalische Geographic der Alpen " (“Re- 
 searches on the Physical Geography of the Alps,” 1850). 
 Hemadefurther journeys with hisbrothev.ascendingMonte 
 Rosa (first ascent made) in 1851. They published “ Neue 
 Untersuchungen, etc." (1854). In 1854 he started on an 
 expedition to India with his brothers Adolf and Robert, 
 
 906 
 
 and the three, together or separately, explored India, the 
 Himalaya, Tibet, Sikkim, Bhutan, Kashmir, Ladak, Nepal, 
 and the Karakorum and Kuenlun mountains (1855-57). 
 Their travels were published in “Results of a Scientific 
 Mission to India and High Asia” (1860-66) and “Reisen in 
 Indien und Hochasien ” (1869-80). He received the sur- 
 name “ Sakuulunski " in 1864 from his passage of the 
 Kwenlun. 
 
 Schlagintweit, Robert von. Born Oct. 27, 
 1833 : died at Giessen, Germany, June 6, 1885. 
 A brother of Hermann von Schlagintweit, whom 
 he accompanied to India and central Asia. He 
 traveled in the United States 1868-69 and 1880, and pub- 
 lished the results of the journey in “Die Pacific-Eisen- 
 bahn ” (1870), “ Californien " (1871), etc. 
 Schlangenbad (shlang'en-bad). A watering- 
 place in the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prus- 
 sia, 6 miles west of Wiesbaden: noted for its 
 mineral springs. 
 
 Schlegel (shla'gel), August Wilhelm, von. 
 
 Born at Hannover, Sept. 8, 1767 : died at Bonn, 
 May 12, 1845. A celebrated German poet and 
 critic. He studied at Gottingen. Subsequently he was 
 a tutor for three years at Amsterdam. Returning thence 
 to Germany, he devoted himself wholly to literature, until 
 in 1798 was made professor of literature and esthetics 
 at the University of Jena. He had founded, with his 
 brother Friedrich von Schlegel, the critical journal “Athe- 
 naeum,” which became the organ of the Romantic school 
 in Germany. In 1801 he left Jena for Berlin, where in 
 1803-04 he delivered lectures on literature. After 1804 
 he traveled extensively, and was in France, Italy, Austria, 
 and Sweden, the greater part of the time in the company 
 of Madame de Stael, with whom he afterward also spent 
 some time at her castle at Coppet in Switzerland. In 
 Sweden, as the secretary of the crown prince Bernadotte, 
 he was ennobled. In 1818 he was made professor of es- 
 thetics and literature at the University of Bonn, where he 
 subsequently lived, and where he died. He was several 
 times in France, and in 1823 in England, engaged in Ori- 
 ental studies. He wrote distichs, romances, sonnets, odes, 
 and elegies. His first volume of poems appeared in 1800. 
 The tragedy “Ion ”(1803), which was produced at Weimar, 
 was not successful. His work asa critic, and particularly as 
 a translator, is of especial importance. His “Spanisches 
 Theater” (“Spanish Theater") appeared 1S03-09; “Vor- 
 lesungen fiber draraatische Kunst und Litteratur ” (“Lec- 
 tures on Dramatic Art and Literature ”), delivered origi- 
 nally in Vienna, were published 1809-11 ; his translation 
 of Shakspere, afterward continued by Ludwig Tieck, ap- 
 peared 1797-1810. From 1823 to 1830 he published the 
 “Indische Bibliothek ” (“ Indian Library ”), a periodical de- 
 voted to Oriental languages, and printed several Sanskrit 
 texts in the printing-office which had been equipped by 
 the Prussian government at his suggestion. His complete 
 works were published at Leipsic, 1846-47, in 12 vols. 
 
 Schlegel, Madame von (Dorothea (originally 
 V eronika) Mendelssohn, Madam e V eit) . Born 
 at Berlin, Oct. 24, 1763: died at Frankfort, -on- 
 the-Main, Aug. 3, 1839. A German author, 
 daughter of Moses Mendelssohn and wife of K. 
 W. F. von Schlegel. By her first husband she 
 was the mother of the painter Philipp Veit. 
 Schlegel, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von. Born 
 at Hannover, March 10, 1772: died at Dresden, 
 Jan. 12, 1829. A noted German poet, author, 
 and critic. He studied at Gottingen and Leipsic, and 
 subsequently lived in Dresden, Berlin, and Jena, where he 
 settled in 1800 as docent at the university. In 1802 he 
 renounced this position to study Oriental languages in 
 Paris, where he remained two years. In 1803 he went 
 over to the Roman Catholic Church. In 1808 he went 
 to Vienna, where he became secretary to the state 
 chancery. From 1815 to 1818 he was Austrian coun- 
 selor of legation at the Diet in Frankfort-on-the-Main. 
 He died at Dresden, whither’ he had gone to deliver 
 a course of lectures. He wrote numerous lyrics, the 
 drama “Alarcos,” and the novel “ Lucinde ” (1799). More 
 important are his essay “Uber die Sprache und Weisheit 
 der Indier” (“On the Language and Wisdom of the In- 
 dians," 1808) and the “Vorlesungen fiber die Geschichte 
 der altenund neuen Literatur” (“Lectures on the History 
 of Old and Modern Literature,” 1815). His complete 
 works (“Sammtliche Werke”) were published at Vienna, 
 1822-25, in 10 vols., increased in the edition of 1846 to 15 
 vols. 
 
 Schlei, or Schley (shli), or Sley (sll). A narrow 
 inlet of the Baltic Sea, in the eastern part of the 
 province of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, which 
 it penetrates as far as Schleswig. Length, 25 
 miles. 
 
 Schleicher (shli'elier), August. Born at Mei- 
 ningen, Germany, Feb. 19, 1821: died at Jena, 
 Dec. 6, 1868. A noted German philologist, 
 professor at Jena from 1857. His works include 
 “Die Sprachen Europas” (“The Languages of Europe,” 
 1850), “Kompendium der vergleichenden Grammatik 
 der indogermanischen Sprachen ”(“ Compendium of the 
 Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germanic Languages," 
 1862), works on the Lithuanian and Slavic languages, etc. 
 
 Schleiden (shll'den), Matthias Jakob. Born 
 at Hamburg, April 5, 1804 : died at Frankfort- 
 on-the-Main, June 23, 1881. A noted German 
 botanist. He was professor at Jena 1839-62, and at Dor- 
 pat 1863-64. His chief work is “ Grundztige der wissen- 
 sehaftlichen Botanik” (“ Principles of Scientific Botany,” 
 1842-43). He also wrote “ Die Pflanze und ihr Leben ” 
 (i860), “FiirBaum und Wald ”(1870), etc. 
 Schleiermacher (shli'er-mach-er), Friedrich 
 Ernst Daniel. Born at Breslau, Nov. 21, 1768 : 
 died at Berlin. Feb. 1 2, 1834. A celebrated Ger- 
 man philosopher and theologian . He was the son of 
 
 Schleswig 
 
 a clergyman of the Reformed Church. The greater part of 
 his youth was spent in the Moravian schools at Niesky and 
 Baiiy. Subsequently he studied theology at Halle, and 
 in 1794 was ordained. From 1796 to 1802 he was pastor of 
 the Chari td Hospital in Berlin. In 1802 he went as pastor 
 to the little town of Stolpe, in Pomerania, where he re- 
 mained two years. From 1804 to 1807 he was university 
 preacher and professor at Halle. Thence he went once 
 more to Berlin, where he was appointed pastor of the 
 Trinity Church, and in 1810 was made professor of theol- 
 ogy at the new university of Berlin, in both of which posi- 
 tions he remained active until his death. His most im- 
 portant works are his “ Reden Uber die Religion ’’(“Ad- 
 dresses on Religion,” 1799), “Monologen” (“Mono- 
 logues,” 1800), “Grundlinien einer Kritik der bisherigen 
 Sittenlehre ” (“Basis of a Critique of Ethics to the Present 
 Time," 1803 : the first of his philosophical works), “Wei- 
 nachtsfeier” (“Christmas Celebration,” 1806), and “Kurze 
 Darstellung des theologischen Stadiums ’’ (“A Short State- 
 ment of Theological Study,” 1810), with which he began 
 his professorial career in Berlin. His principal theologi- 
 cal work, “Der christliche Glaube nach den Grundsatzen 
 der evangelischen Kirche ” (“ Christian Dogma Accord- 
 ing to the Fundamental Principles of the Evangelical 
 Church”), appeared first in 1821-22, and in a second edi- 
 tion, gTeatly altered, in 1830-31. “Studien und Kritiken ” 
 (“Studies and Criticisms ") appeared in 1829. He made 
 the classical translation of Plato, the first, volume of which 
 was published in 1804 ; the last, the “Republic,” in 1828. 
 As a theologian he made a deep impression upon the the- 
 ology and the religious life of his own day ; his fame 
 as a philosopher is, however, almost wholly posthumous. 
 Schleissheim (shlTs'lnm). A royal Bavarian 
 castle, 8 miles north of Munich. It has a noted 
 picture-gallery. 
 
 Schleiz (shlits). A town in the principality 
 of Reuss (younger line), Germany, situated on 
 the Wiesenthal 36 miles southeast of Weimar. 
 It is the second town of the principality, and was the capi- 
 tal of the former principality of Reuss-Sclileiz. It has a 
 palace. Here, Oct. 9, 1806, the French defeated the Prus- 
 sians. Population, commune, 5,577. 
 
 Schlern (shlern). One of the Dolomite Moun- 
 tains of Tyrol, east of Botzen. Height, 8,402 
 feet. 
 
 Schlesien (slila'ze-en). The German name of 
 Silesia. 
 
 Schleswig (shlaz'vio), or Sleswick (sles'wik), 
 Dan. Slesvig (sles'vio). The northern part of 
 the province of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, 
 separated from Holstein by the Eider and the 
 Baltic Canal. The “Danish Mark”was organized by 
 the German sovereigns in the 10th century. About 1026 
 the emperor Conrad II. ceded the region to Canute, king 
 of Denmark, and for about 200 years Schleswig was closely 
 connected with Denmark, being generally ruled by mem- 
 bers of the Danish royal house, after which it was a 
 hereditary duchy, a fief, of the Danish crown (ruled from 
 1232 to 1375 by a branch of the Danish dynasty). In 1386 
 Schleswig and Holstein were formally united. From 1460 
 the kings of Denmark of the Oldenburg line ruled over 
 Schleswig-Holstein (being princes of the German Empire 
 as dukes of Holstein). Under this house various divisions 
 and subdivisions took place, but in 1777 nearly all of 
 Schleswig-Holstein was reunited with Denmark. The 
 King of Denmark entered the Germanic Confederation 
 for Holstein in 1815. The dual relations of Schleswig and 
 Holstein toward Denmark and Germany led to the Schles- 
 wig-Holstein wars of 1848-50 and 1864 (see below). A 
 provisional government of the duchies was formed in 
 1848 ; and Danish rule was restored in 1851. The question 
 was reopened by the death of the King of Denmark in 
 1863. In consequence of the war of 1864, Schleswig and 
 Holstein were handed over to Prussia and Austria; and 
 in 1865, by the Convention of Gastein, Schleswig fell under 
 Prussian rule. After the war of 1866 both Schleswig and 
 Holstein were annexed to Prussia. See Holstein. 
 
 The history of the relations of Denmark and the Duch- 
 ies to the Romano-Germanic Empire is a very small part 
 of the great Schleswig-Holstein controversy. But having 
 been unnecessarily mixed up with two questions properly 
 quite distinct, — the first, as to the relation of Schleswig 
 to Holstein, and of both jointly to the Danish crown : the 
 second, as to the diplomatic engagements which the Dan- 
 ish kings have in recent times contracted with the German 
 poivers, — it has borne its part in making the whole ques- 
 tion the most intricate and interminable that has vexed 
 Europe for two centuries and a half. Setting aside irrele- 
 vant matter, the facts as to the Empire are as follows : — 
 I. The Danish kings began to own the supremacy of the 
 Frankish Emperors early in the ninth century. Having 
 recovered their independence in the confusion that fol- 
 lowed the fall of the Carolingian dynasty, they were again 
 subdued by Henry the Fowler and Otto the Great, and con- 
 tinued tolerably submissive till the death of Frederick II. 
 and the period of anarchy which followed. Since that 
 time Denmark has always been independent, although her 
 king was, until the treaty of 1S65. a member of the German 
 Confederation as duke of Holstein and Lauenburg. II. 
 Schleswig was in Carolingian times Danish; the Eyder be- 
 ing, as Eginhard tells us, the boundary between Saxonia 
 Transalbiana (Holstein) and the Terra Nortmannorum 
 (wherein lay the town of Sliesthorp), inhabited by the 
 Scandinavian heathen. Otto the Great conquered all 
 Schleswig, and, it is said, Jutland also, and added the 
 southern part of Schleswig to the immediate territory of 
 the Empire, erecting it into a margraviate. So it re- 
 mained till the days of Conrad II., who made the Eyder 
 again the boundary. III. Holstein always was an integrtd 
 part of the Empire, as it was afterwards of the Germanic 
 Confederation and is now of the new German Empire. 
 
 Bryce, Holy Roman Empire, p. 450. 
 
 Schleswig. The capital of the province of 
 Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, situated at the 
 western extremity of the Schlei, in lat. 54° 31' 
 
Schleswig 
 
 N., long. 9° 34' E. It contains a cathedral and the 
 ducal castle of Gottorp. A church was founded here by 
 Ansgar about 850. The town was the ancient capital of 
 Schleswig, and formerly a commercial center ; was occu- 
 pied in turn by the Danes and the allies in April, 1848 ; 
 was regained by the Danes July, 1850 ; and was occupied 
 by the Austrians in Feb., 1864. Pop., commune, 19,032. 
 Schleswig-Holstein (shlaz'viG-hol'stin). A 
 province of Prussia. Capital, Schleswig; chief 
 cities, Kiel and Altona. It is bounded by Denmark 
 on the north, the Little Belt, Baltic Sea, Liibeck, and 
 Mecklenburg on the east, Hamburg and the province of 
 Hannover on the south, and the North Sea on the west, 
 and consists of the divisions of Schleswig, Holstein, and 
 Lauenburg. It contains various islands, including Feh- 
 mern, Aisen, and the North Friesian Islands, and includes 
 several enclaves of Hamburg, Liibeck, and Mecklenburg. 
 It nearly surrounds the principality of Liibeck in the 
 southeast. Its surface is generally level, but in parts 
 hilly. It is noted for its cattle. The prevailing religion 
 is Protestantism. The prevailing language is German; 
 but there are many Danes in the north. It was made a 
 Prussian province after the war of 1866. Area, 7,273 
 square miles. Population, 1,504.248. 
 
 Schleswig-Holstein Wars. 1. A war carried 
 on with Denmark in 1848-50. The Schleswig- Hol- 
 steiners formed a provisional government in March, 1848, 
 and were supported by German troops (chiefly Prussians). 
 The Danes invaded Schleswig, but were driven back by the 
 Prussians. The war was suspended by truce in Aug. , 1S48, 
 but was renewed in March, 1849, the Schleswig- Holsteiners 
 being aided again by German troops. Operations were 
 again suspended by a truce from July, 1849, to July, 1850. 
 The Germanic Confederation then formally withdrew from 
 the struggle, which was, however, renewed by Schleswig- 
 Holstein against Denmark. The victory of the latter at 
 Idstedt, July 24-25, 1850, restored Danish rule. 
 
 2. A war of Austria and Prussia against Den- 
 mark in 1864, the object of which was to pre- 
 vent the incorporation of Schleswig with Den- 
 mark. Schleswig was invaded by Austrians and Prus- 
 sians in Feb., and the Duppel was stormed in April. The 
 success of the allies in July led to the treaty of Vienna in 
 Oct., and the cession by Denmark of Schleswig, Holstein, 
 and Lauenburg. See Schleswig. 
 
 Schlettstadt (shlet'stat), sometimes Schle- 
 stadt (shla'stat). A town in Alsace-Lorraine, 
 on the 111 27 miles south-southwest of Strasburg. 
 It was formerly a free imperial city. A noted academy 
 was founded there by Agricola in the 15th century. It was 
 annexed to France in 1634 ; and was besieged and taken 
 by the Germans in Oct., 1870. Pop., commune, 9,699. 
 Schleusingen (shloi'zing-en). A small town in 
 Prussian Saxony, 29 miles south of Gotha. It 
 was the residence of the counts of Henneberg. 
 Schley (sli), Winfield Scott. Born in Fred- 
 erick County, Md., Oct. 9, 1839: died at New 
 York, Oct. 2, 1911. An American naval com- 
 mander. He graduated at the United States Naval 
 Academy in 1860 ; served in the Union navy during the 
 Civil War ; was instructor at the Naval Academy 1866- 
 1869 and 1874-76 ; and commanded the relief expedition 
 which rescued Greely and six of his companions in 1884. 
 He was promoted captain in 1888; commodore Feb. 6, 1898; 
 rear-admiral Aug. 10, 1898. In the Spanish- American war 
 he commanded the “ Flying Squadron ” (Brooklyn, Massa- 
 chusetts, Texas, etc.), and directed the fighting in the 
 battle off Santiago July 3, 1898. He published, conjointly 
 with Soley, “ The Rescue of Greely ” (1885), and, alone, 
 “Forty-five Years under the Flag ” (1904). Retired 1901. 
 Schliemann (slile'man), Heinrich. Born at 
 Neu-Buckow, Mecklenburg-Sehwerin, Jan. 6, 
 1822 : died at Naples, Dec. 27, 1890. A noted 
 German archaeologist and traveler. He acquired 
 a large property as a merchant; traveled extensively in 
 Greece and elsewhere in Europe, the East, and around the 
 world ; and became famous from his explorations of Greek 
 sites and antiquities. From 1870 to 1882 he explored the 
 site of ancient Troy, making many remarkable discoveries, 
 and began similar work in 1876 in Mycense, in 1881 in Or- 
 chomenus, and in 1884 in Tiryns. He wrote “ La Chine et 
 le Japon ” (1866), “ Ithaka, der Peloponnesus und Troja ” 
 (1869), “ Trojanische Altertumer” (“Trojan Antiquities,” 
 1874), “ My ken a " (1878), “Ilios" (1881), “ Orchomenos" 
 (1881), “ Reise in der Troas ” (1881), “ Troja ” (1883), “ Ti- 
 ryns ” (1886). 
 
 Schliengen(shleng'gen). AsmalltowniuBaden, 
 situated 20 miles southwest of Freiburg. Here, 
 Oct. 24, 1796, the archduke Charles defeated the French 
 under Moreau, compelling their retreat across the Rhine. 
 
 Schlik or Schlick (shlik) zu Bassano und 
 Weisskirchen, Count Franz von. Bom at 
 
 Prague, May 23, 1789: died at Vienna, March 17, 
 1862. An Austrian general. He served in the wars 
 againstNapoleon ; was distinguished in the Hungarian in- 
 surrection of 1818-49; and commanded the right wing at 
 Solferino in 1859. 
 
 Schlosser (shlos'ser), Friedrich Christoph. 
 Born at Jever, Germany, Nov. 17, 1776 : died at 
 Heidelberg, Sept. 23, 1861. A German historian, 
 professor at Heidelberg from 1817. His works in- 
 clude “ Weltgeschichte in zusammenhiingender Erzah- 
 lung " (“History of the World in Connected Narrative,” 
 1817-24), “ Geschichte des 18. Jalirhunderts ”(“ History of 
 the 18th Century,” 1823 : continued into the 19th century to 
 the overthrow of the French empire; 5thed..8voIs 1X66- 
 1868), etc. 
 
 Schlucht (shloeht). A pass over the Vosges 
 which leads from the valley of the Munster in 
 Alsace to that of Gdrardmer in France. Height. 
 3,735 feet. 
 
 907 
 
 Schlusselburg (shliis'sel-borG). A town and 
 fortress (now used as a prison) in the govern- 
 ment of St. Petersburg, Russia, situated at the 
 exit of the Neva from Lake Ladoga, about 30 
 miles oast of St. Petersburg. Ivan VI. was 
 imprisoned here 1756-64. Population, 5,400. 
 Schmadrifall (shma'dri-fal). A waterfall in 
 the Ammertenthal, Bernese Oberland, Switzer- 
 land, south of Lauterbrunnen, formed by the 
 Sehmadribach. Height, over 200 feet. 
 Schmalkalden (shmal'kaFden), sometimes in 
 E. Smalkald or Smalcald (smal'kald). A 
 town in the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, 
 situated at the junction of the Stille and Schmal- 
 kalde, 18 miles southwest of Gotha. It is a center 
 of iron and steel manufactures. It passed with Hesse- 
 Cassel to Prussia in 1866. It is an ancient town, noted in 
 the Reformation period. (See Smalkaldic Articles and 
 Smalkaldic League.) Population, commune, 9,529. 
 
 Schmerling (shmer'ling), Anton von. Born at 
 Vienna, Aug. 23, 1805 : died at Vienna, May 23, 
 1893. An Austrian statesman. He was imperial 
 minister in the provisional national government instituted 
 by the Frankfort parliament in 1848 ; Austrian premier 
 1860-65 ; a leading liberal member of the Austrian upper 
 house from 1867; and president of the supreme court of 
 Austria (Cisleithania) from 1865-91. 
 
 Schmidel (shme'del), Ulrich. Born at Strau- 
 bingen, Bavaria : died there, after 1557. A Ger- 
 man adventurer. He served as a common soldier in 
 Paraguay 15S2-52, and shared in most of the prominent ex- 
 plorations and conquests. In 1557 he published in German 
 an account of his travels. Though obscured by barbarous 
 orthography, it is of great historical value. There are old 
 and modern editions in several languages. 
 
 Schmidt (shmit), Heinrich Julian. Born at 
 Marienwerder, Prussia, March 7, 1818: died 
 March 27, 1886. A German literary historian 
 and journalist. His chief works are “Geschichte der 
 Roma’ntik im Zeitalter der Reformation und Revolution ” 
 (1850), “Geschichte der deutschen Nationalliteratur im 
 19. Jahrhundert’ (“History of the German National Litera- 
 ture in the 19th Century,” 1853), “Geschichte der franzosi- 
 schen Literatur seit der Revolution ” (1858), “ Bilder aus 
 dem geistigen Leben unserer Zeit” (1870-78). 
 
 Schmoller (shmol'ler), Gustav. Born at Heil- 
 bronn, Wiirtemberg, June 24, 1838. A German 
 political economist. He became professor of political 
 economy at Halle in 1864, at Strasburg in 1872, and at Ber- 
 lin in 1882. He has published “liber einige Grundfragen 
 des Rechts und der Volkswirtschaft ’’ (1875), etc. 
 Schnaase (shna'ze), Karl. Born at Dantzic, 
 Prussia, Sept. 7, 1798 : died at Wiesbaden, Prus- 
 sia, May 20, 1875. A German writer on art. 
 His chief work is “Geschichte der bildenden Kunste” 
 (“History of the Fine Arts,” 7 vols. 1843-64). 
 
 Schneckenburger (shnek'en-borg-er), Max. 
 Born at Tkalheim, Wiirtemberg, Feb. 17, 1819: 
 died at Burgdorf, near Bern, May 3, 1849. A 
 German poet, author of the song “Die Wackt 
 am Rhein” (“The Watch on the Rhine,” 1840). 
 Schneeberg (shna'berG). [G., ‘snow-moun- 
 tain.’] 1. A summit of the Austrian Alps, about 
 
 20 miles southwest of Vienna. Height, 6,808 
 feet. — 2. The highest mountain of the Fiehtel- 
 gebirge, Ba varia, 15 miles northeast of Bayreuth. 
 Height, 3,454 feet. 
 
 Schneeberg. A town in the kingdom of Saxony, 
 
 21 miles southwest of Chemnitz. It was noted for- 
 merly for mining, and is now for its manufactures of lace, 
 chemicals, etc. It has a noted Gothic church. Popula- 
 tion, 9,033. 
 
 Schneeberg, Great, A mountain on the fron- 
 tier of Prussian Silesia, Moravia, and Bohemia, 
 46 miles north-northwest of Olmiitz. Height, 
 4,660 feet. 
 
 Schneekopf(shna'kopf). [G.,‘ snow head.’] One 
 of the highest mountains of the Thuvingerwald, 
 situated in Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Germany, 19 
 miles south of Gotha. Height, 3,210 feet. 
 SchneidemiihKshni'de-mulJ.Pol. Pila. Atown 
 in the province of Posen, Prussia, situated on 
 the Kiiddow 53 miles north of Posen. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 21,624. 
 
 Schneider (shni'der). The dog of Rip van 
 Winkle in the play of that name. 
 
 Schneider (shni'der), Friedrich Johann Chris- 
 tian. Born at Alt-Waltersdorf, near Zittau, 
 Saxony, Jan. 3, 1786: died at Dessau, Nov. 23, 
 1853. A German composer, teacher, and con- 
 ductor. Among his works are the oratorios “ Die Siind- 
 flut,” “Das verlorene Paradies,” “Pharao,” “Christus das 
 Kind, "a number of massesand cantatas, and about 400 songs 
 for men’s voices, etc. He conducted musical festivals in 
 all parts of Germany from 1825 till nearly 1850. 
 
 Schneider (shna-dar'), Hortense Catherine. 
 
 Born at Bordeaux about 1838. A French actress. 
 She went on the stage at the age of fifteen, and after playing 
 minor roles made a hit at the Varidt^s in 1864 in “La Belle 
 Hdline,” and till 1881, when she married and retired from 
 the stage, was a popular favorite in operas of this class. 
 
 Schneider (shna-dar'), Joseph Eugene. Born 
 at Nancy, 1805: died Nov. 27, 1875. A French 
 manufacturer and politician. He was director of 
 
 Schomburgk, Robert Hermann 
 
 the manufacturing establishment at Le Creusot ; became 
 minister of commerce in 1861 ; and was president of the 
 Corps L^gislatif 1867-70. 
 
 Schnitzer (shnits'er), Eduard. See Emin 
 Pasha. 
 
 Schnitzler (shnits'ler), Jean Henri. Born at 
 Strasburg, June 1, 1802: died there, Nov. 19, 
 1871. An Alsatian writer, best known from hix 
 works on the history and statistics of Russia. 
 Schnorr von Karolsfeld (shnor fon kar'ols- 
 felt) or Carolsfeld, Julius. Born at Leipsic, 
 March 26, 1794 : died May 24, 1872. A German 
 historical and landscape painter. He executed 
 frescos (from Ariosto) at the Villa Massimi at Rome, and 
 held appointments at Munich and later at Dresden. He 
 painted frescos (from the “Nibelungenlied”) at Munich 
 (1830-50), and other frescos from the Charlemagne and 
 other cycles of romance, etc. He published a pictorial 
 Bible, “Die Bibel in Bildern” (1852-450). 
 
 Schoelcher (skel-shar' or shel'cher), Victor. 
 Bom at Paris, July 21, 1804: died at Paris, Dee. 
 26, 1893. A French politician and author, noted 
 for his efforts in behalf of the emancipation of 
 slaves. He published various works, including “De 
 l’esclavage des. noirs” (1833), “Abolition de resclavage" 
 (1840), “ Des colonies frangaises ” (1842), “ Colonies 6tran- 
 geres” (1843), etc. As under secretary for the navy he 
 procured the abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1848. 
 During the reign of Napoleon III. (1852-70) he lived in 
 exile, chiefly in England. Returning to France, he served 
 in the siege of Paris, and became a deputy and senator. 
 
 Schoffer, or Schoeffer (shef'fer), Peter. Born 
 at Germersheim, Bavaria : died about 1502. One 
 of the earliest German printers, an associate of 
 Gutenberg and Fust, 
 
 His reputation as the father of letter-founders, and the 
 inventor of matrices and the type-mould, is entirely unde- 
 served. His types show that he had no skill as a letter- 
 cutter or mechanic. It is not possible that a man who 
 has shown such feeble evidences of mechanical ability 
 could have been the first inventor of the matrices and the 
 type-mould. While Gutenberg and Fust were living, 
 Schoeffer never made the claim that he was the inventor, 
 or even a co-inventor, of printing. But when they were 
 buried, he claimed that he was superior to both, and that 
 he was really the first to enter the sanctuary of the art. In 
 1468 he falsely said that although Gutenberg was the first 
 inventor, he was the man who perfected the art. 
 
 De Vinne, Invention of Printing, p. 472. 
 
 Schofield (sko'feld), John McAllister. Bom 
 
 in Chautauqua County, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1831: 
 died at St. Augustine, Fla., March 4, 1906. 
 Au American general. He graduated at West Point 
 in 1853; was professor at West Point 1855-60 ; became chief 
 of staff to General Nathaniel Lyon in 1861 ; commanded 
 the Army of the Frontier 1862-63, and the Department of 
 the Missouri 1863-64 ; was appointed commander of the 
 Army of the Ohio in 1S64 ; took part in Sherman's Atlanta 
 campaign, and gained the victory of Franklin over Hood 
 in the same year ; commanded the Department of North 
 Carolina in 1865 ; was secretary of war 18681-69 ; became 
 commander of the Department of the Missouri in 1869 ; 
 was commander of the Division of the Pacific 1870-76 and 
 1882-83, of t!ie Division of the Missouri 1883-86, and of the 
 Division of the Atlantic 1886-88 ; was superintendent of 
 the West Point Academy 1876-81 ; and became general-in- 
 chief of the army in 1888 and lieutenant-general in 1895. 
 
 Scholastic Doctor, The. Anselm of Laon. 
 Schollenen (shel'len-en). A deep Alpine ra- 
 vine in the canton of tJri, Switzerland, north 
 of Andermatt. It is traversed by the Reuss. 
 Length, 2£ miles. 
 
 Scholten (schol'ten), Johannes Hendrik. 
 
 Born near Utrecht, Netherlands, Ang. 17, 1811: 
 died at Leyden, April 10, 1885. A Dutch 
 Protestant theologian, professor of theology at 
 Leyden 1843-81. Among his works are “ De leer 
 der revormde kerk" (“The Doctrine of the Reformed 
 Church,” 1848-50), “Geschiedenis van Godsdienst en wys- 
 begeerte ”(“ History of Religion and Philosophy," 1853), 
 “De vrije wil ” (“Free Will,” 1859), “Het Evangelie naar 
 Johannes” (“The Gospel According to John,” 1864), etc. 
 Schomberg (shom'berG; F. pron. slion-bar'), 
 Friedrich von, Duke of Schomberg. Bom 
 at Heidelberg, Dec., 1615 : killed at the battle 
 of the Boyne, July 1 (O. S.), 1690. A noted 
 general. He entered the French service in 1650 ; com- 
 manded successfully in Portugal against the Spaniards 1661- 
 1668; was naturalized in France in 1668, and was madeagran- 
 dee and marshal in 1675; left France after the revocation 
 of the Edict of Nantes(1685); became conimander-in-chief 
 of the Brandenburg army; accompanied the Prince of 
 Orange to England in 1688 ; and commanded in Ireland 
 1689-90. He was created duke of Schomberg in 1689. 
 Schomberg, Comte Henri de. Born about, 1575 : 
 died 1632. A French marshal, distinguished in 
 the wars against the Huguenots and in Italy in 
 1630. 
 
 Schomburgk (shorn' berk; G. pron. shom'- 
 bork), Moritz Richard. Born at Freiburg, 
 1811: died at Adelaide, Australia, March 24, 
 1891. A Prussian botanist, brother of Sir R. H. 
 Schomburgk, whom he accompanied in the ex- 
 ploration of Guiana 1841-44. He published “Rei- 
 sen in Britisch-Guiana ” (3 vols. 1847-48) and many botani- 
 cal papers. In 1865 he was made director of the botanical 
 garden at Adelaide, Australia. 
 
 Schomburgk ( shorn' bfirk ; G.pron. shom'bork). 
 Sir Robert Hermann. Born at Freiburg- 
 
Schomburgk, Robert Hermann 
 
 an-der-Unstrut, June 5, 1804: died near Berlin, 
 March 11, 1865. A Prussian traveler. He went 
 ag a clerk to the United States in 1826 ; thence passed to the 
 W estlndies in 1830, and, assisted by the Royal Geographical 
 Society, made a geographical and botanical exploration 
 of British Guiana, 1833-39. Among the many new plants 
 which he made known was the Victoria regia. In 1841- 
 1844 he surveyed the boundary of British Guiana and Brazil 
 for the British government. Subsequently he held con- 
 sular positions in the Dominican Republic and Siam. His 
 works include several books and many scientific papers on 
 Guiana, and a “ History of Barbadoes ’’ (1847). He was 
 
 ★ knighted in England in 1845. 
 
 Schomburgk Line. The boundary between 
 British Guiana and Venezuela and Brazil sur- 
 veyed by Sir Robert Schomburgk 1841-44. The 
 part bounding Venezuela runs from a point west of the 
 mouth of the river Barima, in about long. 60° 30' W. f in a 
 generally southerly direction to Mount Roraimn. It was 
 not accepted by the Venezuelans, who claimed all the 
 territory held by the British to the river Essequibo ; nor 
 did the latter hold to it, but enlarged their claims to in- 
 clude a large tract extending as far west as long. 63°. The 
 settlement of the boundary dispute by arbitration was 
 urged by the United States government, most forcibly in 
 1895-96, anditsattitudefora timethreatenedseriouscompli- 
 cations with England. Arbitration was agreed to by Eng- 
 land in the latter year, and a decision was reached in 1899. 
 
 Schonbein (shen'bin), Christian Friedrich. 
 
 Born at Metzingen, Wiirtemberg, Oct. 18, 1799: 
 died at Baden-Baden, Aug. 29, 1868. A Ger- 
 man chemist, professor at Basel. He discovered 
 ozone in 1839, and guncotton and collodion in 1845. He 
 wrote “ Das Verhalten des Eisens zum Sauerstoff " (1837), 
 “ tiber die Erzeugung des Ozons” (1844), etc. 
 
 Schonberg in Mecklenburg (shen'bero in 
 mek'len-boro). The capital of the principality 
 of Ratzeburg, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, situated 
 on the Maurine 11 miles east of Lubeck. Popu- 
 lation, 2,838. 
 
 Schonbrunn (shen'bron). An imperial castle 
 three miles southwest of Vienna. It is noted for 
 its gardens and works of art. It was several times occupied 
 by Napoleon I., and is historically important (see below). 
 
 Schonbrunn, Proclamation of. A proclama- 
 tion issued Dec. 27, 1805, by Napoleon I. at 
 Schonbrunn, declaring that the Bourbon dy- 
 nasty in Naples had ceased to reign. 
 
 Schonbrunn, Treaty of. 1 . A treaty concluded 
 at Schonbrunn, Dec. 15, 1805, between Napoleon 
 
 1. and Haugwitz (acting for Prussia). -Prussia 
 ceded Cleves, Ansbach, and Neuchatel to France, and re- 
 ceived Hannover. 
 
 2. A treaty (called also the treaty of Vienna) 
 concluded Oct. 14, 1809, at Schonbrunn, be- 
 tween Napoleon I. and Francis I. of Austria. 
 Austria ceded Salzburg and Berchtesgaden, the Innviertel, 
 and part of the Hausruckviertel to Bavaria ; part of Galicia 
 to the duchy of Warsaw, and part to Russia; andpartof Ca- 
 rinthia, Carniola, parts of Croatia and Hungary, the Mari- 
 time Province, etc., to Napoleon, who formed from them 
 the government of the Illyrian Provinces. Austria joined 
 the Continental system, and paid an indemnity. 
 
 Schonbuch (shen'boch). A plateau region in 
 Wiirtemberg, situated south of Stuttgart and 
 north of Tubingen. 
 
 Schonebeck (she'ne-bek). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Elbe 
 9 miles south-southeast of Magdeburg, its salt- 
 
 works are the most important in Europe. It has manu- 
 factures of chemicals, etc. Population, commune, 17,786. 
 
 Schdneberg (she'ne-bero). A suburb of Berlin, 
 2 miles to the southwest. Population, com- 
 mune, 172,672, (1910). 
 
 Schonefeld (she'ne-felt). A village 2 miles 
 northeast of Leipsic. It was an important posi- 
 tion in the battle of Leipsic, Oct. 16-18, 1813. 
 Schonemann (sho'ne-man), Anna Elisabeth, 
 later Frau von Tiirckheim. Born at Frankfort- 
 on-the-Main, June 23, 1758: died May 6, 1817. 
 A German lady, celebrated by Goethe under 
 the name of Dili. 
 
 Schonen. See Sk&ne. 
 
 Schoner (she'ner), Johann. Born at Karlstadt, 
 1477: died at Nuremberg, Jan. 16, 1547. A Ger- 
 man mathematician. He took orders; subsequently 
 joined the Protestants; was a friend of Melanchthon; and 
 was professor of mathematics at N uremberg. Schoner pub- 
 lished several mathematical and geographical works. He 
 made at least two globes (1515 and 1520: the former known 
 only in copies), which are among the earliest showing the 
 name America. They also indicate a strait (probably con- 
 jectural) at the southern end of South America. Often 
 written Schoner. 
 
 Schongauer (shon'gou-er), Martin, called Bel 
 Martino, Hipsch (Hiibsch) Martin, and Mar- 
 tin Schon. Born at Kolmar, Alsace, about 
 1446: died there, Feb. 2, 1488. AnotedGerman 
 historical painter and engraver, said to be the 
 greatest of the 15th century, the founder of a 
 school of painting at Kolmar. His chief painting 
 fs a Virgin and Child, called “The Madonna of the Rose- 
 hedge ” (1473), at Kolmar. 
 
 Schonhausen (sh6n'hou-zen). A village in the 
 province of Saxony, Prussia, situated near the 
 Elbe 8 miles east of Stendal: notod as the fam- 
 ily seat and birthplace of Bismarck. 
 
 908 
 
 Schoodic Lake (sko'dik lak). A lake on the bor- 
 der of Maine and New Brunswick. Its two chief 
 divisions are sometimes called Grand Lake and First Lake. 
 Its outlet isinto the St. CroixRiver. Length, about 25 miles. 
 
 Schoolcraft (skol'kraft), Henry Rowe. Born 
 at Watervliet (Guilderland), N. Y., March 28, 
 1793: died at Washington, D. C., Dec. 10, 1864. 
 An American ethnologist and explorer. He trav- 
 eled in Missouri and Arkansas 1817-18 ; was geologist to 
 Cass’s expedition to Lake Superior in 1820; was appointed 
 Indian agent in the lake region in 1822 ; discovered the 
 source of the Mississippi in Itasca Lake in 1832 ; negotiated 
 a land cession from the Indians in 1836; and held various 
 government positions relating to Indian matters. He pub- 
 lished, under government auspices.“Historical and Statis- 
 tical Information respecting the History, etc., of the In- 
 dian Tribes of the United States ”(6 vols. 1851-57). Among 
 his other works are “ Travels in the Central Portions of the 
 Mississippi Valley ” (1825), “Expedition to Itasca Lake ” 
 (1834), “Algic Researches ”(1839),“ Notes on the Iroquois ” 
 (1846), and “ Personal Memoirs of a Residence of Thirty 
 Y ears with the Indian Tribes ” (1851). 
 
 Schooley’s (sko'liz) Mountain. 1 . A moun- 
 tain ridge of northern New Jersey, the contin- 
 uation of the Blue Ridge of Virginia, Maryland, 
 and Pennsylvania. — 2. A summer resort in 
 Washington township, Morris County, New 
 Jersey, 44 miles west of New York. 
 
 School for Husbands. See Hcolc des Maris, L\ 
 School for Scandal, The. A play by Sheridan, 
 produced at Drury Lane Theatre, May 8, 1777. 
 It took its position at once as the most brilliant comedy of 
 modern society on the English stage. “In 1788 the screen 
 and auction scenes were embodied in a piece called ‘Les 
 Deux Neveux,’ played with success in Paris, and later ou 
 it was produced at the Theatre Frangais [in 1803] under 
 the title ‘ Le Tartufe des Moeurs,’ and at the Porte St. Mar- 
 tin as ‘L’Ecole du Scandale.’ A version of the comedy 
 was produced in Vienna by Schroder, an actor and author 
 of repute, who had traveled to England for the purpose of 
 seeing it played ; and it has also been played in The 
 Hague. ” Molloy, Famous Plays. 
 
 School for Wives. See Fcole des Femmes, L’. 
 Schoolmaster, The. A treatise on education by 
 Roger Ascham, published in 1570 by his widow. 
 It was the result of a conversation between tlie author and 
 Sir Richard Sackville, who asked him to put in writing 
 “ the chief points of this our talk . . . for the good bring- 
 ing up of children and young men.” The whole title is 
 “The Scholemaster, a plaine and perfite way of teachyng 
 children to vnderstand, write and speake in Latin tong.” 
 It has been many times reprinted. 
 
 Schoolmistress, The. A poem by Shenstone, 
 published in 1742. It originally had a ludicrous turn, 
 and Shenstone expressly says : “ I have added a ludicrous 
 index purely to show (fools) that I am in jest.” Dodsley, 
 however, in a later edition omitted the “ludicrous index,” 
 and, as the poet foresaw, his object was mistaken. 
 
 School of Abuse, A. A book by Stephen Gos- 
 son, published in 1579. 
 
 School of Athens, The. 1 . A fresco by Raphael, 
 in the Stanza della Segnatura of the Vatican, 
 Rome. The subject is Philosophy — thejoyof pureknow- 
 ledge and humanism as contrasted with the triumph of 
 religion. The great Greek philosophers occupy the cen- 
 ter ; around them are assembled the great teachers of nat- 
 ural history, logic, and ethics, with votaries of learning 
 among Raphael's contemporaries. The grouping is ad- 
 mirable. The architectural setting of porticos and dome 
 is probably based on Bramante’s design for St. Peter's. 
 
 2. A cartoon by Raphael for the picture in the 
 Vatican, in the Ambrosian Library at Milan, it 
 is of full size, in black chalk on a gray ground, and is con- 
 sidered one of the most important and instructive of such 
 examples. 
 
 Schopenhauer (sho'pen-hou-er), Arthur. Born 
 at Dantzic, Feb. 22, 1788 : died at Frankfort-on- 
 the-Main, Sept. 21, 1860. A celebrated German 
 philosopher, the chief expounder of pessimism. 
 His father was a well-to-do merchant. At the outset he, 
 too, was intendedfor a mercantile career, and with this end 
 in view was placed, in 1805, in the office of a merchant in 
 Hamburg. His father died a few months later, and as soon 
 as he had become of age he gave up the idea of a business 
 career, and studied first in Gottingen and then in Berlin 
 and Jena. His first work was the monograph “ tiber die 
 vierfache Wurzel des Satzes vom zureichenden Grunde” 
 (“On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient 
 Reason”), which was published in 1813. His principal 
 work, “Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung ” (“ The World 
 as Will and Idea”), appeared in 1819. In 1820 he settled 
 as docent at the University of Berlin, hut, having failed to 
 obtain a professorship, withdrew, in 1831, into private 
 life at Frankfort-on-the-Main, where lie subsequently 
 lived. His other important works are “tjher den Willen 
 in der Natur”(“On the Will in Nature," 1836), which was 
 directed against the professorial philosophy of the day, 
 and “Die beiden Grundprobleme der Ethik”(“The Two 
 Fundamental Problems of Ethics,” 1841). A collection 
 of his minor essays was published, in 1851, under the title 
 “Parerga und Paralipomena.” His complete works ap- 
 peared at Leipsic, 1873-74, in 6 vols. 
 
 Schopenhauer, Madame (Johanna Henriette 
 Trosina). Born at Dantzic, July 9, 1766: died 
 at Jena, April 16, 1838. A German author, mo- 
 ther of Arthur Schopenhauer. She wrote nov- 
 els, books of travel, etc. 
 
 Schott (shot), Anton. Born at Staufeneck, 
 Swabia, June 25, 1846. A noted German tenor. 
 Schott, Wilhelm. Born at Mainz, Germany, 
 Sept. 3, 1802: died at Berlin, Jan. 21, 1889. A 
 
 Schroder-Devrient, Wilhelmine 
 
 German Orientalist, professor at Berlin. He pub- 
 lished many works on the languages and literatures of the 
 Tatars, Chinese, Japanese, Siamese, Annamese, etc. 
 
 Schouler (sko'ler), James. Born at West Cam- 
 bridge (now Arlington), M’ass., March 20, 1839. 
 An American historian and legal writer, son of 
 William Schouler. He graduated at Harvard in 1859, 
 and was subsequently admitted to the bar. He was ap- 
 pointed lecturer in the Boston University Law School, and 
 in the National Law School, Washington, District of Co- 
 lumbia, and lectured on American constitutional history in 
 J ohns Hopkins U niversity. Among his works are “ Treatise 
 on the Law of Bailments” (1880) and “History of the 
 United States under the Constitution ” (1880-99). 
 
 Schouler, William. Born at Kilbarchan, Scot- 
 land, Dec. 31, 1814 : died near Boston, Oct. 24, 
 1872. An American journalist and politician, 
 author of “History of Massachusetts in the Civil 
 War” (1868-71), etc. 
 
 Schouten (schou'ten), Willem Cornells. Born 
 at Hoorn, about 1567: died on the coast of Mada- 
 gascar, 1625. A Dutch navigator, long in the 
 service of the East India Company. Aided by the 
 merchant Isaac Lemaire, he made a voyage to the East In- 
 dies by tlie west, being the first to double Cape Horn (1616). 
 The cape had been seen by earlier explorers. 
 
 Schouten (sho'ten) Island. A small island off 
 the eastern coast of Tasmania, south of Frey- 
 cinet Peniusula. 
 
 Schouten Islands. 1 . A group of islands north- 
 west of New Guinea, about long. 136° E., con- 
 taining Misory and other islands. — 2. A group 
 of small islands north of New Guinea, about 
 long. 144°-145° E. 
 
 Schouvaloff. See Sliuvaloff. 
 Schrader(shra'der),Eberhard. Born at Bruns- 
 wick, Germany, Jan. 5, 1836: died at Berlin, 
 July 4, 1908. A noted German Orientalist and 
 Protestant theologian : professor at Berlin from 
 1875. He published “Die Keilinschriften und das Alte 
 Testament" (“The Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old 
 Testament,” 1872) and works on Oriental philology, etc. 
 
 Schrader, Julius. Born at Berlin, June 16, 1815 : 
 died at Grosslichterfelde, near Berlin, Feb. 
 16, 1900. A German historical painter, a master 
 of color. He was a pupil of the Berlin Academy and 
 of W. Schadow at Diisseldorf, and studied in Italy 1845-47. 
 In 1848 he was elected professor at the Berlin Academy, 
 Among his principal paintings are “Death of Leonardo 
 da Vinci” (1851), “Dedication of the Church of St. Sophia 
 in Constantinople” (fresco, in Berlin), “Charles I. taking 
 Leave of his Family" (1856), “Esther before Ahasuerus” 
 (1856), portraits of A. von Humboldt, Von Ranke, etc. 
 
 Schreckhorn, or Great Schreckhorn (shrek'- 
 horn). One of the chief summits of the Ber- 
 nese Alps, Switzerland, situated 15 miles south- 
 east of Interlaken. It was first ascended in 1861. 
 Height, 13,386 feet. This mountain and the peaks in the 
 immediate vicinity are called the Schreckhorner. 
 
 Schreiberhau (shri'ber-hou). A manufactur- 
 ing town in Silesia, Prussia. Pop.. 4,994. 
 Schreiner (shri'ner), Olive (Mrs. S. C. Cron- 
 wright Schreiner). Born about 1863. A South 
 African author, the daughter of a Lutheran 
 clergyman at Cape Town. She came to England 
 about 1883 with her book “ The Story of an African Farm,” 
 which she published in 1883 under the pseudonym Ralph 
 Iron. She has also published “ Dreams ” (1890) and 
 “ Dream Life and Real Life ” (1893). 
 
 Schreyer (shri'er), Adolf. Born at Frankfort- 
 on-the-Mam, July 9, 1828: died at Kronberg, 
 Prussia, J uly 30, 1899. A German animal- and 
 genre-painter. He was a pupil of the Stadel Institute 
 at Frankfort, and traveled much in Russia, in Syria and 
 Egypt, etc., devoting himself to the study of the horse. 
 Most of his pictures depict horsemen with horses in 
 rapid action. He lived alternately at Paris and at Kron- 
 berg near Frankfort. Among his pictures are “ Artillery 
 attacked by Prussian Hussars ” (1854 : at Berlin), “Battle 
 near Waghausel" (1858 : at Schwerin), “Cossack Horses” 
 (1864), “Charge of Artillery ”(1865 : at one time in the Lux- 
 embourg), “Cuirassiers'Attack,” “Tunisian Cavalry "(1883), 
 “ Arabs Resting,” “Arabs Retreating, ’’“Watering-Place," 
 “Wallachian Teamsters," “Danger,” “Arabs on the 
 March,” “Arab Scout,” etc. The last seven and a number 
 of others are in the United States. 
 
 Schrockh (shrek), Johann Matthias. Born 
 at Vienna, July 26, 1733: died Aug., 1808. A 
 German Protestant church historian. His chief 
 work is “Christliehe Kirchengeschichte ” (35 vols. 1768- 
 1803 : continued for the post-Reformation period 1804-12). 
 
 Schroder (shre'der), Madame (Antoinette So- 
 phie Burger). Born at Paderborn, Prussia, 
 Feb. 23, 1781: died at Munich, Feb. 25, 1868. 
 A noted German tragic actress, known as “the 
 German Siddons.” She was a member of the Hamburg, 
 Vienna, and Munich theaters. Her chief parts were Pine- 
 dra, Lady Macbeth, Medea, Sappho, etc. 
 
 Schroder, Friedrich Ludwig. Born at Schwe- 
 rin, Germany, Nov. 3, 1744: died Sept. 3, 1816. 
 A noted German actor, theatrical director, and 
 playwright. He was director of the Hamburg theater. 
 He wrote various plays and arrangements of English 
 plays. 
 
 Schroder-Devrient (shre'der-dev-ryon'), Wil- 
 helmine. Born at Hamburg, Dec., 1804: died 
 
Schroder-Devrient, Wilhelmine 
 
 at Coburg, Jan. 26, 1860. A noted German 
 opera-singer, daughter of Madame A. S. Schro- 
 der. She made a very successful first appearance in 
 1821 at Vienna in “Die Zauberflote" ; and in 1823 she cre- 
 ated the part of Leonore in Beethoven's “ Fidelio,” on its 
 revival in Vienna, to the satisfaction of the composer. In 
 1823 she sang in Dresden, and from that time till 1837 
 continued her successes as a popular favorite. She then 
 began gradually to lose power, though she still delighted 
 her audiences and did not cease singing till about 1856. 
 Her unusual dramatic power excelled the quality of her 
 voice, which was a strong soprano. She married Karl Dev- 
 rient in 1823 ; was divorced or separated in 1828 ; married 
 a Herr von Doring who wasted her money and from whom 
 she was divorced ; and in 1850 married Herr von Bock. 
 Her repertoire was very extensive. 
 
 Schrodter (shret'ter), Adolf. BornatSchwedt, 
 Prussia, June 28, 1805 : died at Karlsruhe, Ba- 
 den, Dec. 9, 1875. A German genre-painter and 
 etcher. He was a pupil of the Berlin Academy and of 
 W. Schadow at Dusseldorf ; lived at Frankfort 1848-54 ; and 
 was prof essor in the polytechnic school at Karlsruhe 1859- 
 1872. He was noted for his humorous representations of 
 “Don Quixote,” Falstaff’s life, “ Auerbachs Keller," “Hans 
 Sachs,” etc. 
 
 Schroon (skron ) Lake. An expansion of 
 Schroon River, on the border of Essex and War- 
 ren counties, New York. Length, about 8 miles. 
 Schroon River. A small river in eastern New 
 York which joins the Hudson 7 miles north- 
 west of Caldwell. 
 
 Schubart (sko'bart), Christian Friedrich Da- 
 niel. Born at Obersontheim, Swabia, March 
 24, 1739: died Oct. 10, 1791. A German poet. 
 He was imprisoned by the Duke of Wiirtemberg 1777-87. 
 His collected poems were published 1785-86, including 
 religious poems, hymn to Frederick the Great, etc. 
 
 Schubert (sho'bert), Franz Peter. Born at Vi- 
 enna, Jan. 31, 1797 : died there, Nov. 19, 1828. 
 A celebrated Austrian composer. When little over 
 10 years old he was first soprano in the choir of Lichten- 
 thal, the district or parish in which he was born, and had 
 composed songs and violin solos. He was educated in 
 music at the Imperial Konvikt, a school in Vienna. In 
 1818 he became teacher of music in the Esterhazy family ; 
 but soon returned to Vienna, and lived there for atime with 
 Mayrhofer the poet. In 1819 his song the “ Schafers Kla- 
 gelied ” was performed in public at Vienna. In 1825 he 
 made a tour with his friend Vogl, who sang Schubert’s songs 
 from “The Lady of the Lake "to the latter’s accompani- 
 ments. He next directed his attention to dramatic music. 
 By 1827 his prospects had decidedly brightened, and he 
 composed ceaselessly, surpassing his former achievements, 
 and having many demands from foreign publishers ; but 
 poverty and hard work had already weakened his system, 
 and in 1828 he succumbed to an attack of typhoid fever. 
 The number of his compositions is large, including sev- 
 eral operas, cantatas, 10 symphonies, many sonatas, masses, 
 marches, quartets, fantasias, etc., and more than five hun- 
 dred songs, in which he reached the highest level of song- 
 writing. Among the songs are “Erlkonig," “The Wan- 
 derer," “The Trout," “Who is Sylvia?" “Hark, Hark, the 
 Lark,” etc. The great mass of his works published after 
 his death almost excited suspicion as to their genuineness. 
 
 Schubert, Gotthilf Heinrich von. Born at 
 Hohenstein, Saxony, April 26, 1780 : died July 1, 
 1860. A German naturalist, natural philoso- 
 pher, and mystic. Among his works are “Ansichten 
 vender Nachtseiteder Xaturwissenschaf ten” (1808), “Sym- 
 bolik des Traums ” (1814), “ Geschichte der Seele ” (1830), 
 etc. 
 
 Schiicking (shiik'ing), Christoph Bernhard 
 
 Levin. Born at Clemenswerth, ancient bish- 
 opric of Munster, Sept. 6, 1814: died Aug. 31, 
 1883. A German novelist. His novels include “Die 
 Ritterburtigen ” (1846), “Ein Sohn des Volks" (1849), 
 “ Schloss Dornegge " (1868), etc. 
 
 Schulpforta. See Pforta. 
 
 Schuls. See Tarasp-Schuls. 
 
 Schulte (shol'te), Johann Friedrich von. Born 
 at Winterberg, Westphalia, April 23, 1827. A 
 German Roman Catholic author, professor at 
 Bonn from 1873 : after 1870 one of the leaders 
 of the Old Catholics. He has published “Lehrbuch 
 des katholischen Kirchenrechts"(“ Manual of Catholic Ec- 
 clesiastical Law,” 1863), and other works on Roman Catho- 
 lic ecclesiastical law, etc. 
 
 Schultze (sholt/se). Max Johann Sigismund. 
 
 Born at Freiburg, Baden, March 25, 1825 : died 
 at Bonn, Prussia, Jan. 16, 1874. A German 
 anatomist and biologist, professor atBonnfrom 
 1859. He is best known from his contributions to micro- 
 scopic anatomy, and his researches on protoplasm, the 
 protozoa, etc. 
 
 Schulz (sholts), Albert: pseudonym San- 
 Marte. Born at Schwedt, Prussia, May 18, 
 1802 : died at Magdeburg, June 3, 1893. A Ger- 
 man scholar and critic. He published studies on 
 medieval literature, including the Arthurian cycle of 
 romance, Wolfram von Eschenbach, etc. 
 
 Schulz, Johann Abraham Peter. Born at 
 Liineburg, Prussia, March, 1747 : died at 
 
 Schwedt, Prussia, June 10, 1800. A German 
 composer, noted for his folk-songs. Among his 
 compositions were 10 operas and some sacred music. He 
 published “ Lieder im Volkston, bei dem Klavier zu sing- 
 en ” (1782), containing nearly 50 songs, and other works. 
 
 Schulze (sholt'se), Gottlob Ernst. Born at 
 Heldrungen, Thuringia, 1761: died at Gottin- 
 
 909 
 
 gen, 1833. A German skeptical philosopher, 
 professor at Helmstedt 1788-1810, and at Got- 
 tingen 1810-33. Chief work : “ Kritik der theo- 
 retischen Philosophic.” 
 
 Schulze - Delitzsch (sholt'se-da'lich), Her- 
 mann. Born at Delitzsch, Prussia, Aug. 29, 
 1808: died at Potsdam, April 29, 1883. A Ger- 
 man politician. He studied jurisprudence at Leipsic 
 and Halle ; was fora time employed in the civil service of 
 Prussia ; and in 1841 became a Patrimonialricliter (a kind 
 of estate manager with judicial and administrative func- 
 tions)at Delitzsch. He is chiefly known as the founder of 
 the system of working-men's cooperative associations in 
 Germany, including the people’s bank. He published 
 “ Vorschuss- und Kredit-Vereine als Volksbanken” (5th 
 ed. 1876), etc. 
 
 Schumacher (sho'maeh-er), Heinrich Chris- 
 tian. Born at Bramstedt, Holstein, Sept. 3, 
 1780 : died at Altona, Holstein, Dec. 28, 1850. 
 A German astronomer, director of the observa- 
 tory at Altona. He founded the “Astrono- 
 misehe Nachrichten” in 1821. 
 
 Schumann (sho'man), Madame (Clara Jose- 
 phine Wieck). Born at Leipsic, Sept. 13, 1819 : 
 died at Frankfort, May 20, 1896. A noted German 
 pianist and composer, wife of Robert Schumann. 
 She was especially successful in rendering the music of 
 Chopin (which she was the first in Germany to play for 
 the public) and Schumann. She made her ddbut about 
 1832, and visited England first in 1856. After the death 
 of her husband she lived at Dusseldorf, and then at Ber- 
 lin and Baden-Baden, and in 1878 was made principal 
 teacher of the pianoforte at the conservatoire at Frankfort. 
 
 Schumann, Robert. Born at Zwickau, Saxony, 
 June 8, 1810: died at Endenich, near Bonn, 
 Prussia, J uly 29, 1856. A distinguished German 
 composer and musical critic, an exponent of the 
 Romantic school. He studied at Heidelberg 1828-30, 
 and then at Leipsic under Wieck; founded the musical 
 journal “Die neue Zeitschrift fiir Musik” in 1834; and re- 
 mained its editor until 1844. In 1835 he met Mendelssohn. 
 In 1840 he married Clara Wieck. In 1844 he left Leipsic 
 and settled in Dresden. From 1850 to 1853 he was director 
 of music at Dusseldorf, a post for which he was unfitted. 
 From 1851 until his death his eccentricities, due to disease 
 of the brain, increased, and in 1854 he was placed in a 
 private asylum. Among his chief works are symphonies, 
 overtures, quartets, songs (“Das Gluck von Edenhall,” 
 “Der Rose Pilgerfahrt ”), “Genoveva” (an opera), music 
 to Byron's “Manfred" and Goethe’s “Faust,” “Paradise 
 and the Peri.” 
 
 Schurz (shorts), Carl. Born at Libiar, near 
 Cologne, Prussia, March 2, 1829 : died at New 
 York, May 14, 1906. A German-American 
 statesman, journalist, and general. He studied 
 at Bonn 1847-48, and in 1849 took part in the insurrection in 
 the Palatinate and Baden, on the repression of which he 
 was arrested, but escaped to Switzerland. He went to the 
 United States in 1852, and became a prominent member of 
 the Republican party. He was appointed United States 
 minister to Spain in 1861, but resigned on the outbreak of 
 the Civil War in order to enter the Union army. He 
 served at the second battle of Bull Run, Chancellorsville, 
 Gettysburg, and Chattanooga, and attained the rank of 
 major-general of volunteers. He was Republican senator 
 from Missouri 1869-75; was a leading member of the 
 “Liberal-Republican ’’ revolt in 1872 ; was secretary of the 
 interior 1877-81; and was editor of the New York “Even- 
 ing Post” 1881-84. He was oneof the leaders of the “ Mug- 
 wump” movement in 1884. He wrote a “Life of Henry 
 Clay ” (1887), “ Reminiscences of a Long Life ” (1905-06), etc. 
 
 Schuyler (ski'ler), Eugene. Bom at Ithaca, 
 N. Y., Feb. 26, 1840 : died at Cairo, Egypt, July 
 18, 1890. An American diplomatist and author. 
 He graduated at Yale in 1859, and at the Columbia Law 
 School in 1863; entered the diplomatic service in 1866; 
 was secretary of legation at St. Petersburg 1870-76, and at 
 Constantinople 1876-78; traveled in central Asia in 1873 ; 
 became chargd d’affaires at Bukharest in 1880 ; was min- 
 ister to Rumania, Servia, and Greece 1882-84 ; and was con- 
 sul-general at Cairo from 1889 until his death. He wrote 
 “Turkestan” (1876), “Peter the Great” (2 vols. 1884), and 
 “American Diplomacy” (1886). 
 
 Schuyler, Philip. Born at Albany, N. Y. , Nov . , 
 1733: died at Albany, Nov. 18, 1804. An Ameri- 
 can general and politician. He served in the French 
 and Indian war ; was a delegate to the Continental Con- 
 gress in 1775, 1777, and 1779-81 ; was appointed major-gen- 
 eral in 1775 ; was influential in the northern department 
 and in the commissary; was commander of the forces 
 against Burgoyne in 1777 until superseded by Gates in 
 August; and resigned from the army in 1779. He was 
 Indian commissioner during the war, and was Federal- 
 ist United States senator from New York 1789-91 and 
 1797-98. 
 
 Schuyler Lake. A small lake in Otsego Coun- 
 ty, New York, 24 miles southeast of Utica. It 
 has its outlet into the Susquehanna. 
 
 Schuylkill (skol'kil). A river in Pennsylvania 
 which joins the Delaware at Philadelphia. It 
 contributes largely to the water-supply of Phil- 
 adelphia. Its Indian name was Manayunk. 
 Length, 130 miles. 
 
 Schuylkill Haven. A borough in Schuylkill 
 County, Pennsylvania, situated on the Schuyl- 
 kill 72 miles northwest of Philadelphia. Popu- 
 lation, 4,747, (1910). 
 
 Schwab (shvab), Gustav. Born at Stuttgart, 
 Wiirtemberg, June 19, 1792: died there, Nov. 4, 
 1850. A German poet and author, one of the chief 
 
 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 
 
 Swabian poets. He is best known from his ballads and 
 romances. He wrote also “Die schonsten Sagen des klas- 
 sischen Altertums" (“The Most Beautiful Legendsof Clas- 
 sical Antiquity, ”1838-40), a lifeof Schiller, “Deutsche Volks- 
 biicher," etc. 
 
 Schwabach (shva'bach). A town in Middle 
 Franconia, Bavaria, situated on theriver Schwa- 
 bach 9 miles south by west of Nuremberg, it has 
 manufactures of needles, etc. A meeting of princes here, 
 Oct. 16, 1529, adopted the 17 articles of Schwabach that 
 formed, in part, the basis of the Augsburg Confession. 
 Population, commune, 10,347. 
 
 Schwabach (shva'bach) Articles. 1. Articles 
 of religion established 1528 by the Margrave of 
 Brandenburg-Ansbach as the basis of the Ref- 
 ormation in his territories. — 2. Seventeen arti- 
 cles drawn up by Luther and submitted to the 
 convention of Schwabach . They subsequently 
 formed the basis of the Augsburg Confession. 
 Schwabe (shva'be), Heinrich Samuel. Born 
 at Dessau, Germany, Oct. 25, 1789 : died at Des- 
 sau, April 11, 1875. A German astronomer, 
 noted for his discovery of the periodicity of 
 sun-spots. 
 
 Schwaben (shva'ben). The German name of 
 Swabia. 
 
 Schwabenspiegel (shva'ben-spe-gel). [G., 
 ‘ Swabian mirror.’] A compilation of law which 
 attained great authority in southern Germany, 
 compiled by an unknown author at the end of 
 the 13th century. It was based largely on the 
 Sachsenspiegel. 
 
 Schwabisch-Gmiind. See Gmiind. 
 Schwabisch-Hall (shva'bish-hal), or Hall. A 
 town in the Jagst circle, Wiirtemberg, situated 
 on the Kocber 35 miles northeast of Stuttgart. 
 It has important salt-works. Formerly a free imperial 
 city, it was annexed to Wiirtemberg in 1802. Population, 
 commune, 9,400. 
 
 Schwalbach. See Langenschwalbach. 
 Schwann (shvan), Theodor. Born at Neuss, 
 Prussia, Dec. 7, 1810: died at Cologne, Jan. 14, 
 1882. A distinguished German physiologist, the 
 founder of the cell-theory, which he published in 
 “ Microscopical Researches” (Berlin, 1839). He 
 was professor of anatomy at Louvain 1838-48, and at Liege 
 from 1848. He discovered pepsin, and made many impor 
 tant investigations in the nerves, muscles, etc. 
 Schwansen (shvan'zen). A peninsula in the 
 eastern part of the province of Schleswig-Hol- 
 stein, Prussia, east of Schleswig, it Is nearly sur- 
 rounded by the Baltic Sea, the Schlei, and Eckernforde Bay. 
 
 Schwanthaler (shvan 'ta Her), Ludwig Mi- 
 chael. Born at. Munich, Aug. 26, 1802 : died 
 there, Nov. 15, 1848. A German sculptor. He 
 worked especially in Munich under official patronage. 
 Among his works there are statues for the new palace in 
 Munich, the Old Pinakothek, the Ruhmeshalle, and the 
 Walhalla, and the colossal statue “ Bavaria.” He left his 
 collection of models (“Schwanthaler-Museum") to the gov- 
 ernment of Bavaria. 
 
 Schwartz, Christian Friedrich. See Schwarz. 
 Schwartz, or Schwarz (shvarts), Madame von 
 (Marie Esperance Brandt): Grecized name 
 Elpis Melena (el'pes me-la'na). Born Nov. 
 8, 1818 : died April 20, 1899. A German author. 
 After a separation from Von Schwartz, who was her second 
 husband, she went to Rome, became a great admirer of 
 Garibaldi, went with him on his campaigns, and cared for 
 him in his captivity. She wrote “ Travels ” in Crete, the 
 south of Italy, etc., and works on Garibaldi’s career, and 
 also published a volume of his letters. She has often beta 
 confounded with the Swedish novelist. 
 
 Schwartz, Mme. (Marie Sophie Birath). Born 
 at Bor&s, Sweden, July 4, 1819 : died at Stock- 
 holm, May 7, 1894. A Swedish novelist. Her 
 
 works were translated into German in 44 volumes (1865- 
 1874), and several of them have been translated into French 
 and English. 
 
 Schwartzenberg. See Schwareenberg. 
 Schwarz (shviirts), Berthold (originally Kon- 
 stantin Ancklitzen). Born at Freiburg: lived 
 in the first half of the 14th century. A German 
 Franciscan monk and alchemist, said to have 
 invented gunpowder about. 1330. 
 
 Schwarz, or Schwartz, Christian Friedrich. 
 Born at Sonnenburg, Prussia, 1726: died at Tan- 
 jore, Hindustan, Feb. 13, 1798. A German mis- 
 sionary in India. Sent out at first by the Danes, he was 
 afterward engaged in English missions. He was remark- 
 ably successful at Trichinopoly and Tanjore. 
 
 Schwarz, Marie Esperance. See Schwartz. 
 Schwarzbach (shvarts'bach)Fall. A cascade 
 in the Salzburg Alps, near Konigssee. Height, 
 300 feet. 
 
 Schwarzburg (slivarts'borG). A village in 
 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Germany, situated 
 on the Schwarza 32 miles south by west of 
 Weimar. It is a tourist center, and contains 
 the princely castle of Schwarzburg. 
 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt ( shvarts 'borG-ro' - 
 dol-stat). A principality and one of the mem- 
 bers of the German Empire, situated in Thurin- 
 gia. Capital, Rudolstadt. It consists of two main 
 
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 
 
 divisions — the larger in the south, between Saxe-Weimar- 
 Eisenach and Saxe-Meiningen, and the smaller in the 
 north, surrounded by Prussian Saxony and Schwarzburg- 
 Sondershausen. It has also several small exclaves. The 
 surface is hilly and mountainous. The government is a 
 hereditary constitutional monarchy. It has 1 vote in the 
 Bundesrat and 1 member in the Reichstag. The reli- 
 gion is Protestant. The state was raised from acountship 
 to a principality in 1711 ; joined the Confederation of the 
 Rhine in 1807, and the Germanic Confederation in 1815; 
 and sided with Prussia in 1866. Area, 363 square miles. 
 Population, 96,835. 
 
 Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (-zon'ders-hou- 
 zen). A principality and one of the members 
 of the German Empire, situated in Thuringia. 
 Capital, Sondershausen. it. consists of two por- 
 tions — the southern, situated west of Schwarzburg-Ru- 
 dolstadt, and the northern, nearly surrounded by Prussian 
 Saxony. The surface is generally hilly. The government 
 is a limited hereditary monarchy. It lias 1 vote in the 
 Bundesrat and 1 member in the Reichstag. The religion 
 is Protestant. The state was raised from a countship to 
 a principality in 1697 ; joined the Confederation of the 
 Rhine in 1807, and the Germanic Confederation in 1815 ; 
 and sided with Prussia in 1866. Area, 333 square miles. 
 Population, 85,152. 
 
 Schwarzenberg (shvart'sen-berG), Prince Fe- 
 lix Ludwig Johann Friedrich von. Born at 
 Krumau, Bohemia, Oct. 2, 1800 : died April 5, 
 1852. An Austrian diplomatist and statesman, 
 prime minister 1848-52. 
 
 Schwarzenberg, Prince Friedrich von. Born 
 April 6, 1809 : died March 27, 1885. An Aus- 
 trian cardinal, archbishop of Salzburg, and 
 later of Prague. 
 
 Schwarzenberg (shvart'sen-berG), Prince Karl 
 Philipp von. Born at Vienna, April 15, 1771: 
 died at Leipsic, Oct. 15, 1820. An Austrian 
 general. He served with distinction at Hohenlinden in 
 1800 ; escaped from the surrender at Ulm in 1805; served 
 at VVagram in 1809; tilled various diplomatic missions in 
 Russia and France; commanded the Austrian contingent 
 in Russia in 1812 ; became field-marshal in 1812 ; M as com- 
 mander of the Allies against Napoleon 1813-14 ; and gained 
 the victory of Leipsic in 1813. 
 Schwarzhorn(shvarts'horn). [G., ‘black horn.’ j 
 The name of several peaks in the Alps. Among 
 them is one in Valais, southeast of Sierre. 
 Schwarzsee (shvarts'za). [F. Lac Domene or 
 Lac (V Omenaz.'] A small Alpine lake in the can- 
 ton of Fribourg, Switzerland, 11 miles southeast 
 of Fribourg. 
 
 Schwarzwald (shviirts'valt). See Mack Forest. 
 Schwatka (shwot'ka), Frederick. Born at 
 Galena, 111., Sept. 29, 1849: died at Portland, 
 Oregon, Nov. 2, 1892. Au American explorer. 
 He graduated at. West Point in 1871, receiving a commis- 
 sion as lieutenant of cavalry in the United States army, 
 which lie resigned in 1886. He commanded an arctic ex- 
 pedition in search of traces of Franklin 1878-80 ; explored 
 the course of the Yukon River 1883-84 ; and conducted an 
 expedition to Alaska sent out by the New York “ Times ” 
 in 1883. He wrote “Along Alaska's Great River ” (1885), 
 "Nimrod iu the North "(1885), and “Children of the Cold” 
 (1886). 
 
 Schwedt (shvet). A town in the province of 
 Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on the Oder 51 
 miles northeast of Berlin. Population, com- 
 mune, 9,530. 
 
 Schwegler ( sbvagTer), Albert. Born at Michel- 
 bach, Wtirtemberg, Feb. 10, 1819: died at Tu- 
 bingen, Jan. 5, 1857. A German historian and 
 philosophical writer, professor of classical phi- 
 lology and later of history at Tubingen. His works 
 include “Das nacliapostolische Zeitalter” (“The Post- 
 Apostolie Age," 1846\ “ Geschichte der Philosophie ”(“ His- 
 tory of Philosophy," 1848), “Geschichte der grieehisehen 
 Philosophie” (1859), “Romische Geschichte " (1853-58), edi- 
 tions of Eusebius, Aristotle” “ Metaphysics," etc. 
 Schweidnitz (skvid'nits). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Weis- 
 tritz 31 miles southwest of Breslau, it is an im- 
 portant commercial and manufacturing center, and has 
 long been famous for its beer. It was formerly the capi- 
 tal of the ancient principality of Schweidnitz, which be- 
 longed to Bohemia until 1741. It was several times be- 
 sieged and taken in the Thirty Years’ War and the Seven 
 Years’ War. Population, commune, 30,540. 
 
 Schweinfurt (shvin'fort). A town in Lower 
 Franconia, Bavaria, situated on the Main in lat. 
 50° 4' N., long. 10° 14' E. It has important trade 
 and varied manufactures (among the latter, the noted 
 Schweinf urt green). It became a free imperial city in the 
 12th century; was annexed to Bavaria soon after the peace 
 of Lun6ville (1801) ; and belonged to the grand duchy of 
 Wurzburg from 1810 to 1814. It was the birthplace of 
 Riickert. Population, commune, 18,403. 
 
 Schweinfurth (shvin'fort), Georg August. 
 
 Born at Riga, Livonia, Dec. 29, 1836. An Afri- 
 can explorer and botanist. He made a botanical ex- 
 ploration of the Nile valley in 1864-66 ; traveled among the 
 Dinka, Djur, and Bongo in 18H8; among the Nyam-Nyam, 
 Jlombutto, and Akka in 1870, discovering the Welle River ; 
 and returned to Khartum in 1871, and to Europe. In 1873- 
 1874 he explored the oasis P.l Chargeh and founded (1874- 
 1875) a geographical society at Cairo, where he has since re- 
 sided. He made botanic and mineralogic explorations in 
 the desert between the N ile and the Red Sea 1876-88. His 
 works include “ In the Heart of Africa "(1874), “ ArtesAf . 
 ricame ” (1875), etc. See Century Atlas, Map 109. 
 
 910 
 
 Schweinitz (shvi'nits), Hans Lothar von. 
 
 Born near Ltiben, Silesia, Dec. 30, 1822: died 
 at Cassel, Prussia, June 23, 1901. A German 
 diplomatist. He became envoy of the North German 
 Confederation at Vienna in 1869, and was ambassador of 
 the German Empire at Vienna 1871-76, and at St. Peters- 
 burg 1876-93. 
 
 Schweinitz, Lewis Bavr’. von. Born at Beth- 
 lehem, Pa., Feb. 13, 1780 : died there, Feb. 8, 
 1834. An American botanist, noted for his re- 
 searches in American flora, especially in fungi. 
 Schweinschadel (shvin'sha-del). A small vil- 
 lage in northeastern Bohemia, near Skalitz, 
 about 28 miles east of Gitschin. Here, June 29, 
 1866, the Prussians under Steinmetz defeated 
 the Austrians. 
 
 Schweiz (shvits), Die. The German name of 
 Switzerland. 
 
 Schwenkfeld (shvenk'felt), Kaspar. Born in 
 Silesia, 1490 : died at Ulm, Germany, Dec. 10, 
 1561. A German Protestant mystic, persecuted 
 by the Lutherans : founder of a sect named 
 from him Schwenkfeldians. 
 
 Schwerin (shva-ren'). 1. A duchy in Mecklen 
 burg-Sehwerin, forming the circle of Mecklen- 
 burg. — 2. A former principality and imperial 
 bishopric, now in the grand duchy of Mecklen- 
 burg-Schwerin. — 3. The capital of the grand 
 duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany, sit- 
 uated on the Schwerinersee in lat. 53° 38' N., 
 long. 11° 25' E. The principal buildings are the 
 grand-ducal palace, and the Pointed cathedral of the 15th 
 century. An ancient Wendish place, it was captured by 
 Henry the Lion in 1161. Population, commune, 41,628. 
 
 Schwerin, Count Kurt Christoph. Born at 
 Wusecken, Pomerania, Oct. 26, 1684: killed at 
 the battle of Prague, May 6, 1757. A German 
 general. He entered the Dutch service in 1700, that of 
 Mecklenburg in 1706, and that of Prussia in 1720. He was 
 made a field-marshal by Frederick the Great, and in 1741 
 gained the victory of Mollwitz. He distinguished himself 
 in the second Silesian war 1744-45, and in the Seven Years’ 
 War in the invasion of Bohemia 1756-57. 
 
 Schwerin, Lake of. See Schwerinersee. 
 Schwerin-an-der-Warthe ( shva -ren ' an - der- 
 var'te). A town in the province of Posen, 
 Prussia, situated on the Warthe 59 miles west- 
 northwest of Posen. Pop., commune, 6,768. 
 Schwerinersee (shva-ren'er-za), or Lake of 
 Schwerin. A lake in the grand duchy of Meck- 
 lenburg-Schwerin, Germany. Its outlet is by 
 the Stor to the Elde, and thence to the Elbe. 
 Length, 14 miles. 
 
 Schwind ( shvint ) , Moritz von. Born at Vienna, 
 Jan. 21, 1804 : died at Munich, Feb. 8, 1871. A 
 German painter of the Romantic school. His 
 chief works are the cyclus of the “Seven Ravens” (Wei- 
 mar), the cyclus of Melusine (Vienna), and the cyclus 
 of Cinderella ; “ Singers’ Contest" (Frankfort) ; decorative 
 paintings in the Wartburg ; etc. 
 
 Schwyz (shvits). 1. A canton of Switzerland. 
 Capital, Schwyz ; largest town, Einsiedeln. it 
 is bounded by the Lake of Zug, Zug, and Zurich on the 
 northwest, the Lake of Zurich on the north, St. Gall on 
 the northeast, Glarus on the east, Uri and the Lake of Lu- 
 cerne on the south, and Lucerne on the west, and is one 
 of the “Four Forest Cantons." The surface is mountain- 
 ous. It is noted for its cattle. It sends 3 members to the 
 National Council. The prevailing religion is the Roman 
 Catholic ; the prevailing language, German. Schwyz be- 
 longed in the middle ages to the Zurich gau ; was united 
 with Uri and Unterwalden in 1291 in league against the 
 Hapsburgs ; took a leading part, in the 14th and 15th cen- 
 turies in the affairs of the Confederation; opposed the 
 Reformation ; made resistance to the French in 1798 ; 
 and had internal troubles in 1832-33. It was a member 
 of the Sonderbund. Area, 351 square miles. Population, 
 57,824, (1910). 
 
 2. The capital of the canton of Schwyz, sit- 
 uated at the foot of the Mythen, in lat. 47° 1' 
 N., long. 8° 38' E. Its parish church is nota- 
 ble. Population, 7,398. 
 
 Schyn (shen). The lower valley of the river 
 Albula, canton of Grisons, Switzerland, situ- 
 ated 10-14 miles south of Coire : noted for its 
 romantic scenery. 
 
 Sciacca (shak'ka). A seaport in the province 
 of Girgenti, Sicily, situated on the southern 
 coast 46 miles south-southwest of Palermo. 
 It has a cathedral. In its neighborhood are 
 various warm springs. Population, 20,090. 
 Scilla, or Scylla (shel'la), or Sciglio (sbel'yo). 
 A seaport in the province of Reggio di Calabria, 
 Italy, situated on the promontory of Scylla, 
 Strait of Messina, 9 miles north-northeast of 
 Reggio. It has a cast.le. It was nearly destroyed by 
 an earthquake in 1783. Population, commune, 7,182. 
 
 Scilly (sil'i) Islands. A group of small islands 
 southwest of England, belonging to the county 
 of Cornwall, situated in lat. 49° 54' N., long. 6° 
 21' W. : probably the ancient Cassiterides. The 
 principal islands are St. Mary’3 (containing the chief town, 
 Hugh Town), St. Martin’s, St. Agnes, Tresco, and Bryher. 
 The islands were taken by the English in the 10th century 
 
 Scogan 
 
 They were a Royalist stronghold in the civil war, and were 
 rediced by Blake in 1651. Area, about 6 square miles. 
 Population, 2,092. 
 
 Scinde. See .Sind. 
 
 Scindia. See Sindliia. 
 
 Scio (si'o or she'o). An island in the Higean Sea, 
 belonging to Turkey, situated west of Asia Mi- 
 nor, in lat. 38° 20' N., long. 26° E. : the ancient 
 Chios and Turkish Saki-Adasi. Capital. Seio. 
 The surface is hilly and rocky. The island has been noted 
 in ancient and modern times for wine and fruit. The in- 
 habitants are mostly Greeks. It was settled by Ionians ; 
 passed under Persian rule in the 6th century B. c.; was a 
 member of the Confederacy of Delos until 412 B. c.; was 
 a center of art and literature, and particularly noted for its 
 school of epic poets ; has been claimed as the birthplace 
 of Homer ; formed part of the Macedonian, Roman, and 
 other dominions ; was taken by the Genoese in the 14th 
 century; was conquered by the Turks in 1566 ; was the 
 scene of a terrible massacre by the Turks in 1822 ; and was 
 ravaged by earthquakes in 1881-82. Length, 30 miles. 
 Population, about 60,000. 
 
 Scioto (si-6'to). Arivei’inOhio. It flows east and 
 then generally south to the Ohio, which it joins at Ports- 
 mouth. Length, about 250 miles ; navigable about 130 
 miles. 
 
 Scipio (sip'i-o). The secretary of Gil Bias in 
 Le Sage’s novel of that name. 
 
 Scipio (sip'i-o), Cneius Cornelius. Killed 212 
 or 211 B. c. A Roman general, brother of P. C. 
 Scipio. He was consul in 222 B. c., when with his col- 
 league M. Claudius Marcellus he completed the subjuga- 
 tion of Cisalpine Gaul. He was appointed legate in Spain 
 in 218, and was associated with his brother in the Spanish 
 campaigns. 
 
 Scipio, Metellus Pius. See Metellus Fins Scipio. 
 Scipio, Publius Cornelius. Killed 212 or 211 
 
 B. c. A Roman general. He was consul in 218 b. c., 
 when he attempted unsuccessfully to prevent Hannibal’s 
 passage of the Rhone ; and was defeated at the Ticinus 
 and (with Sempronius) at the Trebia. In 217 he defeated 
 the Carthaginian fleet at the mouth of thelberus, whereby 
 he gained for the Romans the supremacy of the sea. With 
 his brother, Cneius Cornelius Scipio, he gained several vic- 
 tories over the Carthaginians in Spain, but was defeated 
 and slain with his brother. 
 
 Scipio (Publius Cornelius Scipio AJmilianus 
 Africanus Minor, surnamed also Numanti- 
 nus). Born about 185 B. C. : died 129 B. c. A 
 celebrated Roman general, son of iEmilius 
 Paulus and grandson by adoption of Scipio 
 Africanus Major. He served at Pydna in 168, and in 
 Spain as military tribune in 151: went to Africa as mili- 
 tary tribune on the outbreak of the third Punic war in 149 ; 
 was elected consul and commander of the army against 
 Carthage in 147 ; captured Carthage in 146 ; was censor in 
 142 ; was appointed consul, with Spain as hisprovince, in 134; 
 and took N umantia in 133. On his return to Rome in 132 he 
 placed himself at the head of the artistocratic opposition 
 to the reforms of the popular party. He was found dead 
 in his room one morning after a tempestuous day in the 
 forum, and was commonly supposed to have been assas- 
 sinated. 
 
 Scipio (Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus 
 Major). Born about 234 b. c.: died probably 
 183 B. c. A Roman general, son of P. C. Scipio. 
 He served at the Ticinus and Canna: ; became edile in 212 ; 
 was appointed to the chief command in Spain as proconsul 
 in 210; captured New Carthage in 210 ; defeated Hasdrubal 
 in 209 ; completed the conquest of Spain in 206 ; was elected 
 consul, with Sicily as his province, in 205 ; invaded Africa 
 in 204 ; defeated Sypliax and Hasdrubal (son of Gisco) in 
 203 ; defeated Hannibal at Zama in 202 ; negotiated the 
 treaty with Carthage ending the second Punic war in 201 ; 
 was censor in 199 and consul in 194 ; and accompanied his 
 brother in the campaign against Antiochus in 190. 
 Scipios (sip'i-oz), Tombs of the. A group of 
 ancient Roman tombs situated on the Appie' 
 Way, near Rome. 
 
 Sciron (sTron). [Gr. 2/t«pfcwor S/d/awn.] InGreek 
 legend, a robber who frequented the region 
 near Megara, and forced strangers over the 
 rocks (the Scironian rocks) into the sea, where 
 they were devoured by a turtle- He was slain 
 by Theseus. 
 
 Scituate (sit'u-at). A town in Plymouth Coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, situated on Massachusetts 
 Bay 21 miles southeast of Boston. Popula- 
 tion, 2,482, (1910). 
 
 Selater-Booth (skla'ter-both), George, first 
 Baron Basing. Born 1826: died Oct. 22, 1894. 
 An English Conservative politician. He was 
 president of the Local Government Board 1874- 
 1880, and was created Baron Basing iu 1887. 
 Sclavinia. See Slavinia. 
 
 Sclavonia. See Slavonia. 
 
 Sclopis de Salerano (sklo'pes de sa-le-ra'no), 
 Count FederigO. Born at Turin, Jan. 10, 1798: 
 died there, March 8, 1878. An Italian politi- 
 cian and jurist. He was president of the Geneva tri- 
 bunal of arbitration for settling the Alabama claims 1871- 
 1872. His chief work is “Histoire de la legislation itali- 
 enne ” (1840-57). 
 
 Scodra(sko'dra). The ancient name of Scutari. 
 Scogan( sko 'gau ) , Henry. Lived at the end of the 
 14th and the beginning of the 15th century. An 
 English poet, a contemporary of Chaucer. He 
 inserted in one of his poems, called “Scogan unto the Lords 
 and Gentilmen of the King's house, ” Chaucer's ballade 
 
Scogan 
 
 “Gentillesse," and refers to Chaucer frequently as “my 
 maistre.” He is probably the man to whom Chaucer's 
 “Lenvoy to Scogan” was written, and is not to be con- 
 founded with a jester named John or Thomas Scogan, to 
 whom a book called “Scoggins Jests" is attributed, and 
 who flourished at the court of Edward IV. It is this Sco- 
 gan that Shakspere introduces anaehronously in the se- 
 cond part of “Henry IV.,” iii. 2 ; but the Scogan to whom 
 Jonson alludes in “The Fortunate Isles ” is Henry Scogan. 
 Scone (skon). A locality in Perthshire, Scot- 
 land, near the Tay, 2 miles north of Perth. An 
 
 abbey was built here by Alexander I. in 1115, and remained 
 tiU destroyed in the Reformation riots about 1579, Scone 
 was from early times a place of residence of the kings of 
 Scotland, and notably the place of their coronation. A 
 “stone of destiny ” which formed part of the coronation 
 chair was carried oft to Westminster by Edward I. in 1296. 
 The present Scone Palace, a modern building, is a seat of 
 the Earl of Mansfield. 
 
 Scopas (sko'pas). [Gr. fhcinrac.] Born in the 
 island of Paros about 420 b. c. A celebrated 
 Greek sculptor and architect. His first important 
 work was the temple of Athene Alea atTegea, built on the 
 site of an older temple. A few fragments of the sculp- 
 ture of this temple have {men recovered. In its in- 
 terior a Corinthian order was superimposed upon an 
 Ionic, the first recorded use of this order. Scopas prob- 
 ably went to Athens about 377 B. c., and remained there 
 25 years, when he went to Halicarnassus to superintend 
 the sculpture of the Mausoleum. The fragments from 
 this monument in the Britisli Museum probably give us 
 our only reliable information as to Scopas’s style. A doubt- 
 ful passage of Pausanias makes it probable that he is rep- 
 resented in the sculpture recovered from the Artemisium 
 at Ephesus. The Apollo Citharoedus of the Vatican is 
 always associated with Scopas as a copy of his statue. The 
 original of the Niobe group was by either Scopas or Praxi- 
 teles, probably Scopas. The Niobide of the Vatican may 
 have belonged to the original group. The style of Scopas 
 was highly ideal and sympathetic. Pathos is the word by 
 which his work is characterized in the old writers. 
 
 Scoresby (skorz'bi), William. Born near Whit- 
 by, Yorkshire, Oct. 5, 1789 : died at Torquay, 
 March 21, 1857. AnEnglish physicist and arctic 
 navigator. Ill 1800 he accompanied his father, William 
 Scoresby. an arctic whaler, on a voyage to Greenland. On 
 May 24, 1806, as chief officer of the Resolution, he reached 
 lat. 81" 30' N., long. 19" E. , the farthest point north (?) which 
 had been reached at that date. In 1811 he took command 
 of the Resolution, which was engaged in the whale-fishery. 
 In 1819 he communicated to the Royal Society of London a 
 paper “On the Anomaly in the Variation of the Magnetic 
 Needle.” In 1820 he published his “History and Descrip- 
 tion of the Arctic Regions,. ” He surveyed the east coast 
 of Greenland between lats. 69° 30 N. and 72" 30' N. in 1822, 
 and in 1823published his 1 ‘Journal of a Voyage to the North- 
 ern Whale-Fishery, etc.” He now abandoned the sea, re- 
 sided two years at Cambridge, and in 1825 was ordained and 
 appointed curate of Bessingby. His especial study was 
 terrestrial magnetism. He visited America in 1844-48, and 
 Australia in 1856. Besides the works above mentioned, he 
 wrote “Memorials of the Sea ” (1833), “ Journal of a Voy- 
 age to Australia for Magnetic Research ” (1859), etc. 
 
 Scornful Lady, The. A comedy of domestic 
 life, by Beaumont and Fletcher, published in 
 1616. It was played about 1609. In 1783 it was 
 altered by Cooke and produced as “ The Ca- 
 pricious Lady.” 
 
 Scorpio (skor'pi-o). [L., ‘ the Scorpion.’] A 
 constellation and the eighth sign of the zodiac, 
 represented by the character 6]. The constellation, 
 which is conspicuous in early summer in the skies of the 
 southern United States (where the whole of the magnifi- 
 cent tail clears the horizon), contains the first-magnitude 
 red star Antares and several of the second magnitude. 
 With the Chaldeans and Greeks it extended over one sixth 
 of the planetary circle, the Scorpion being represented 
 with exaggerated claws embracing a circular space where 
 Libra is now placed. From this irregularity it may be 
 Inferred that the constellation is older than the zodiac, 
 which was formed before 2000 B. c. Libra, though later, 
 is of no small antiquity, since it appears in the Egyptian 
 zodiacs Its adoption by Julius Caesai in his calendar made 
 it familiar. Ptolemy, however, though living in Egypt 
 nearly two centuries later, follows Babylonian and Greek 
 astronomers in covering the place of Libra with the Scor- 
 pion's claws. In designating the stars of this constella- 
 tion by means of the Greek letters, the genitive Scorpii 
 (from the alternative Latin form scorpius) is used: thus, 
 Antares is a Scarpii. 
 
 Scorpion, The. See Scorpio. 
 
 Scot, or Scott (skot), Michael. [Identified by 
 Boece with Sir Michael Scot of Balwearie in 
 Fifeshire, but by Camden with a Cistercian 
 monk of Cumberland.] Born probably before 
 1180: died before 1235. A Scottish school- 
 man, with posthumous fame as a wizard and ma- 
 gician. He is said to have studied at Oxford and Paris, 
 and to have learned Arabic at Toledo. On the invitation of 
 the emperor Frederick II. he superintended a translation 
 of Aristotle and his commentators from Arabic into Latin. 
 His original works deal with astrology, alchemy, and the 
 occult sciences. The chief are “Super auctorem spheric ” 
 (Bologna, 1495 ; Venice, 1631),“ De sole et luna ” (in “The- 
 atrum chimicum,” Strasburg, 1622), and “ De physiog- 
 nomic et de homlnis procreatione.” According to a tra- 
 dition followed by Scott in “ The Lay of the Last Minstrel,” 
 and to Border folk-lore, he was buried in Melrose Abbey. 
 Scot, Reginald. Died 1599. An English author. 
 
 He studied at Hart Hall, Oxford, and afterward lived at 
 Smeeth. He wrote a book against the persecution of 
 witches, entitled “ Discoverie of Witchcraft ” (1584), which 
 was burned by order of James I. 
 
 Scotia (sko'shi-a). [ML., ‘land of Scots,’ from 
 Scotus, Scot.] 1. A name given in the earl)' 
 
 911 
 
 middle ages to Ireland. — 2. A name given to 
 Scotland. 
 
 Scotichronicon (sko-ti-kron'i-kon), The. A 
 Scottish chronicle written partly by John of 
 Fordun (see For clun), who brought the chroni- 
 cle down to 1153, and partly by Walter Bower 
 (1385-1449), who brought it to 1436. An abridg- 
 ment of the work written by Walter Bower is known as 
 the “Book of Cupar”: this has not been printed. 
 Scotists (sko'tists). The followers of Duns 
 Scotus. His fundamental doctrine is that distinctions 
 which the mind inevitably draws are to be considered as 
 real, although they do not exist apart from their relations 
 to mind. Such distinctions were called formal, the ab- 
 stractions thence resulting formalities, and those who in- 
 sisted u [ion them formalists or formalizes (Middle Latin 
 formalizantes). He taught the important principle of h*c- 
 ceity — that individual existence is no quality, is capable of 
 no description or general conception, but is a peculiar ele- 
 ment of being. He held that the natures of genera and 
 species, as animal and horse, are real, and are not in them- 
 selves either general or particular, though they cannot 
 exist except as particular nor be thought except as gen- 
 eral. The teaching of Scotism in the English universities 
 was prohibited by the royal injunctions of 1535. 
 Scotland (skot'land). [AS. Scotland, land of 
 Scots ; F. Fcos.se, G. Schottland, L. Caledonia.] 
 A country of Europe, occupying the northern 
 division of the island of Great Britain, and 
 forming part of the United Kingdom of Great 
 Britain and Ireland. Capital, Edinburgh ; 
 largest city, Glasgow. The mainland, which extends 
 from lat. 64" 38'-58“ 4I'N., and from long. 1° 45'-6° 14' W., 
 is bounded by the Atlantic on the west and north, the North 
 Seaon the east, and England and the Irish Sea on the south. 
 The country is divided generally into the Highlands in the 
 north and west, and the Lowlands in the south and east. 
 The chief indentations of the coast are the Moray Firth, 
 Firths of Tay and Forth, Solway Firth, and Firth of Clyde. 
 The highest mountains are the Grampians, about 4,000 
 feet (Ben Nevis, 4,406 feet). The chief river-systems are 
 those of the Spey, Tay, Forth, Tweed, and Clyde. There 
 are many mountain lakes, including Lochs Tay, Awe, Lo- 
 mond, Katrine, etc. The principal islands are the Orkney 
 Islands, Shetland Islands, Lewis and Harris, North Uist, 
 South Uist, Skye, Mull, Jura, Islay, Arran, and Bute. Scot- 
 land has important commerce, valuable minesof ironand 
 coal, fisheries, flourishing iron, cotton, woolen, linen, and 
 jute manufactures, ship-building industries, whisky-dis- 
 tilleries, etc. It has 33 counties. The kingdom is repre- 
 sented by 72 members in the House of Commons; and the 
 peerage, to which no additions have been made since 1707, 
 but which still numbers 86 members, appoints 16 peers 
 at the opening of each Parliament to sit in the House of 
 Lords, in which, however, 60 of the other Scottish peers 
 have seats as holders of British titles. The great majority 
 of the Scots are Presbyterians (mostly of the Established 
 Church, Free Church, or United Presbyterian Church) ; 
 there are also Roman Catholics, Episcopalians, Congrega- 
 tionalists, etc. Gaelic (a Celtic language) is spoken in 
 many parts of the Highlands. The original inhabitants 
 were Celts. Scotland was invaded by the Romans under 
 Agricola in the 1st century. A wall between the Clyde and 
 Forth was built under Antoninus and Septimius Severus. 
 Invasions of Roman Britain by the Piets and Scots took 
 place in the 4th and 6th centuries. In the 6th century a 
 kingdom was founded by the Dalriad Scots ; there was a 
 settlement of Angles in the southeast; and the conversion 
 of the Piets was begun by Columba. A union of Piets and 
 Scots into the kingdom of Albania or Scotia was effected 
 in the 9th century. From the 8th century to the 11th there 
 were raids by the Norsemen, and settlements were made 
 by them especially in the Orkneys and Shetlands. King 
 Malcolm II. achieved the conquest of Lothian in 1018. In 
 the struggles bet ween England and Scotland, the latter was 
 invaded by William the Conqueror, but no territory was 
 lost. The kingdom prospered in the 12th and 13th centu- 
 ries, especially under the three Alexanders. The death of 
 Margaret, the Maid of Norway, granddaughter of Alexan- 
 der III., led to a notable dispute about the succession, and 
 to the interference of Edward I. of England in Scottish af- 
 fairs. In the contest between Bruce and Balio], in which 
 Edward was virtually arbitrator, Baliol (s eellaliol, John de) 
 was chosen king in 1292. He paid homage to Edward, but 
 afterward renounced his allegiance, and a war followed 
 which was really a struggle on Edward’s part for sover- 
 eignty and on Scotland’s for independence. Scotland was 
 invaded by Edward in 1296. The Scots under Wallace were 
 victorious at Stirling in 1297, but were defeated at Falkirk 
 in 1298. On the death of Wallace in 1305, Robert Bruce 
 succeeded as national leader, and was crowned king in 
 1306. The independence of Scotland was secured by the 
 victory of Bannockburn in 1314, and was recognized by Ed- 
 ward III. in 1328. Robert JI. (who succeeded in 1371), the 
 son of Bruce’s daughter, was the first sovereign of the 
 Stuart dynasty. In 1613 the Scots under James IV. in- 
 vaded England and suffered a disastrous defeat at Flod- 
 den, Sept. 9. The following are important among more 
 recent events: reign of Mary Queen of Scots, 1542-67; in- 
 troduction of the Reformat ion, 1560 ; invasion by the Eng- 
 lish under Somerset, and defeat at Pinkie, 1547 ; accession 
 of James VI., king of Scotland, to the throne of England 
 as James I., 1603; success of the Covenanters against 
 Charles I., 1639-40 ; persecution of the Covenanters under 
 Charles II. and James II.; legislative union of the two 
 kingdoms of England and Scotland, 1707 : Jacobite insur- 
 rections 1715 and 1 745—16. Area, 29,796 square miles. 
 Population, 4,759,445, (1911). 
 
 When the disputed relations between the English and 
 Scottish crowns began, the names of England and Scotland 
 seem not to have been in use at all. And if we choose to 
 use them as convenient ways of expressing the English 
 and Scottish territories as they then stood, we must still 
 remember that the limits of those territories in no way 
 answered to the modern limits of England and Scotland. 
 Part of modern England was not yet English, and a very 
 large part of modern Scotland was not yet Scottish. The 
 growth of the Scottish nation and kingdom is one of the 
 
 Scott, Sir Walter 
 
 most remarkable facts in history. It was formed by the 
 fusing together of certain portions of all the three races 
 which in the tenth century, as now, inhabited the Isle of 
 Britain. Those three races may be most conveniently 
 spoken of as English, Welsh, and Irish. 
 
 Freeman, Hist. Essays, 1. 57. 
 
 Scotland Yard. A short street in London, near 
 Trafalgar Square. Here formerly were the headquar- 
 ters of the London police, now removed to New Scotland 
 Yard, on the Thames embankment, near Westminster 
 Bridge. 
 
 Scots (skots). 1. A Gaelic tribe which came 
 from the northern part of Hibernia and settled 
 in the northwestern part of Britannia (Scotland) 
 about the 6th century. 
 
 The Scots were properly the people of Ireland ; but a 
 colony of them had settled on the western coast of north- 
 ern Britain, and, in the end, they gave the name of Scot- 
 land to the whole North of the island. 
 
 Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 98. 
 
 2. The natives or inhabitants of Scotland. 
 Scots’ Darien Colony. See Paterson, William. 
 Scots Greys (skots graz). A regiment of British 
 dragoons, first organized under Claverhouse 
 about 1683. 
 
 Scots wha hae wi’ Wallace bled. A song by 
 Robert Burns. 
 
 Scott (skot), Clement. Born at London, Oct. 
 6, 1841: died there, June 25, 1904. An English 
 journalist, playwright, and dramatic critic. 
 He also published several volumes of poems. 
 
 Scott (skot), David. Born at Edinburgh, Oct. 
 10 (12?), 1806: died there, March 5, 1849. A 
 Scottish historical painter. He was the pupil of his 
 father, an engraver. His chief works are “The Descent 
 from the Cross," “The Dead Rising at the Crucifixion,” 
 “Vasco da Gama,” “Peter the Hermit,’’ “Ariel and Cali- 
 ban,” etc. His illustrations for the “ Monograms of Man ” 
 (outlines), Coleridge’s “Ancient Mariner,” and “The Pil- 
 grim's Progress ” were published in 1831, 1837, and 1860. 
 In 1841 he published a pamphlet on “British, French, and 
 German Painting.” His works are noted for boldness of 
 conception and exaggerated draftsmanship. 
 
 Scott, Sir George Gilbert. Born at Gawcott, 
 near Buckingham, July 13, 1811 : died atLondon, 
 March 27, 1878. An English architect, grand- 
 son of Thomas Scott (1747-1821). He became the 
 chief practical architect of the Gothic restoration in Eng- 
 land. In 1841 he erected the Martyrs’ Memorial at Ox- 
 ford, and in 1847 began at Ely the renovation of English 
 cathedrals. In 1856 he was obliged by Lord Palmerston 
 to build the new Foreign, Home, and Domestic Offices in 
 the Renaissance style. In 1862-63 he designed and con- 
 structed the Albert Memorial. He was buried in the nave 
 of Westminster Abbey. His “Personal and Professional 
 Recollections ” were edited by his son in 1879. He pub- 
 lished a number of works on architecture, among which 
 are “Remarks on Secular and Domestic Architecture” 
 (1850), “Gleanings from Westminster Abbey ” (lb62), etc. ; 
 and others published after his death, are “ Lectures on the 
 Rise and Development of Mediaeval Architecture” (1879), 
 “English Church Architecture prior to the Separation of 
 England from Rome ” (18S1). 
 
 Scott, Hugh Stowell : pseudonym Henry 
 Seton Merriman. Died at Melton, Suffolk, 
 Nov. 19, 1903. A British novelist. He wrote 
 “From One Generation to Another" (1892), “ With Edged 
 Tools” (1894), “The Sowers” (1896), “In Kedars Tents" 
 (1897), “ Roden’s Corner” (serially, 1898), etc. 
 
 Scott, Michael. See Scot. 
 
 Scott, Michael, Born at Glasgow, Oct. 30, 
 1789: died there, Nov. 7, 1835. A British novel- 
 ist, writer of sea stories, among which are 
 “ Tom Cringle’s Log,” etc. 
 
 Scott, Robert. Born in Devonshire, 1811 : died. 
 1887. An English lexicographer. In 1833 he grad- 
 uated at Oxford (Christ Church). He took orders, and be- 
 came master of Balliol in 1854, professor of exegesis in 
 1861, and dean of Rochester in 1870. He assisted in form- 
 ing the Oxford library of the “Fathers,” and was associated 
 with Dean Liddell in the preparation of Liddell and Scott’s 
 “ Greek-English Lexicon ” (1843). 
 
 Scott, Thomas. Born at Braytoft, Lincoln- 
 shire, Feb. 4, 1747 : died at Aston, Sandford, 
 Buckinghamshire, April 16, 1821. An English 
 clergyman. He was ordained in 1773, and in 1781 suc- 
 ceeded John Newton as curate of Olney. He published 
 “ The Force of Truth ” (1779), the “ Holy Bible, with 
 Notes” (4 vols., 1788-92), etc. 
 
 Scott, Thomas Alexander. Born at Loudon, 
 Franklin County, Pa., Dec. 28, 1824; died May 
 21, 1881. An American financier, long con- 
 nected as vice-president and president with the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad. He was assistant sec- 
 retary of war 1861-62, and president of the 
 Texas Pacific Railroad and other roads. 
 
 Scott, Sir Walter. Born at Edinburgh, Aug. 
 15, 1771 : died at Abbotsford, Sept. 21, 1832. A 
 famous Scottish novelist and poet. He was the 
 son of Walter Scott, a writer to the signet, .and Anne 
 Rutherford, daughter of Professor John Rutherford of 
 Edinburgh. He became lame in infancy. In 1778 he was 
 sent to t lie Edinburgh high school, and later studied atthe 
 university and read for the bar. He was admitted mem- 
 ber of the Faculty of Advocates in 1792, and in 1799 was 
 made sheriff of Selkirkshire, and in 1806 one of the clerks 
 of session. In 1797 he married Miss Charpentier (or Car- 
 penter), daughter of a French refugee. Becoming inter- 
 
Scott, Sir Walter 
 
 ested in the new German romantic literature in 1788, he 
 published translations of Burger’s ballads in 1796, and in 
 1799 a translation of Goethe’s “Gbtz von Berlichingen. 1 
 The “ Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border ” appeared 1802-03, 
 and the first of his poems, “ The Lay of the Last Minstrel,” 
 in 1805. These were published by Ballantyne with whom 
 he established an unfortunate partnership in business. 
 This was followed by the poems “ Marmion " (1808), “ The 
 Lady of the Lake” (1810), “The Vision of Don Roderick ” 
 (1811), “Rokeby ’’(1812), “TheBridalof Triermain ” (1813), 
 “The Lord of the Isles ” (1815), “The Field of Waterloo” 
 (1815), and “Harold the Dauntless” (1817). In 1805 he 
 wrote several chapters of a Scottish novel of the time of 
 the last Jacobite rebellion : this was looked at in 1810, but 
 was again laid aside till 1814, when it was completed and 
 published anonymously (July 7) under the title of “Wa- 
 verley , or ’Tis Sixty Y ears Since. ’’ It was the first of those 
 masterpieces, the “ Waverley Novels, "which place Scott in 
 the front rank of the writers of fiction. The following is 
 the list of them: “Waverley” (1814), “Guy Mannering” 
 (1815), “The Antiquary" (1816), “Old Mortality” (1816), 
 “The Black Dwarf "(1816), “Rob Roy” (1818), “The Heart 
 of Midlothian ” (1818), “ The Brideof Lammermoor” (1819), 
 “The Legend of Montrose” (1819), “Ivanhoe” (1820), 
 “The Monastery” (1820), “The Abbot” (1820), “Kenil- 
 worth" (1821), “The Pirate" (1822), “The Fortunes of 
 Nigel” (1822), “ Peveril of the Peak” (1823), “Quentin 
 Durward ” (1823), “ St. Honan's Well" (1824), “ Redgaunt- 
 let” (1824), “The Betrothed” (1825), “The Talisman” 
 (1825), “Woodstock” (1826), “The Two Drovers” (1827), 
 “The Highland Widow” (1827), “The Surgeon’s Daugh- 
 ter” (1827), “The Fan - Maid of Perth ” (1828), “Anne of 
 Geierstein ” (1829), “ Count Robert of Paris ” (1832), and 
 “Castle Dangerous" (1832). His earliest printers and 
 publishers were the Ballantynes with whom he formed a 
 secret partnership. The publishing business was not suc- 
 cessful — mainly, it would appear, from the production of 
 costly works for which there was but a limited demand. 
 In 1818 and later his copyrights were purchased by Con- 
 stable, and when that publisher failed in 1826, the novel- 
 ist was involved to the amount of £120,000 — in addition 
 to which he had private debts of £30,000. The purchase 
 of the estate of Abbotsford, and the erection, adornment, 
 and maintenance of the mansion (which he occupied from 
 1812 to 1826) had been a very serious drain on his resources. 
 He struggled manfully to meet his liabilities; and by his 
 publ ications (written, after the failure, in gradually failing 
 health), and the disposal of copyrights after his death, his 
 creditors were paid in full. The writer of the novels long 
 remained “the Great Unknown"; extraordinary precau- 
 tions were taken to conceal the authorship, and the vast 
 amount of literary work published by Scott under his own 
 name helped to preserve the secret of his identity. It was 
 not till Feb. 23, 1827, that he publicly confessed himself 
 “the total and undivided author.” He was the first on 
 whom the title of baronet was conferred (1820) by George 
 IV. He edited the works of Dryden (1808 : in 18 vols., with 
 life) and of Swift (1814 : in 19 vols., with life), and wrote, 
 in addition to the works mentioned above, a “ Life of Na- 
 poleon ’’ (9 vols. 1827), “ Tales of a Grandfather ” (1828-30), 
 “ History’ of Scotland ” (1829-30), “Letters on Demonology 
 and Witchcraft” (1830), etc., besides numerous introduc- 
 tions, prefaces, and articles in magazines and reviews. His 
 “Familiar Letters ” were published in 1893. A biography of 
 Scott, by his son-in-law, J. G. Lockhart, appeared 1836-38. 
 Scott, William, Baron Stowell. Bom Oct. 17, 
 1745: died Jan. 28, 1836. An English jurist, 
 brother of Lord Eldon. He became judge of the Con- 
 sistory Court and advocate-general in 1788 : and was judge 
 of the High Court of Admiralty 1798-1828. He is noted 
 for his decisions in international law. 
 
 Scott, William Bell. Born at Edinburgh, Sept. 
 12, 1811 : died at Penkill Castle, Ayrshire, Nov. 
 22, 1890. A Scottish artist and poet, brother 
 of David Scott. 
 
 Scott, Winfield. Born near Petersburg, Va., 
 Junel3, 1786: diedat West Point, N. Y., May29, 
 1866. An American general. He studied at Wil- 
 liam and Mary College ; was admitted to the bar in 1806; 
 entered the United States army as captain in 1808 ; served 
 in the War of 1812, distinguishing himself in the attack on 
 Queenstown Heights (1812), and the battles of Chippewa 
 and Lundy’s Lane (1814) ; was made brigadier-general and 
 brevet major-general in 1814 ; commanded in South Caro- 
 lina during the Nullification troubles of 1832 ; served 
 against the Seminoles and Creeks 1835-37; took part in 
 settling with Great Britain the disputed boundary line of 
 Maine and New Brunswick in 1839; became major-gen- 
 eral and commander-in-chief of the army in 1841 ; was ap- 
 pointed to the chief command in Mexico in 1847; took 
 V era Cruz in March ; defeated the Mexicans at Cerro Gordo 
 in April, Contreras and Churubusco in Aug., Molino del 
 Rey and Chapultepec in Sept., and occupied Mexico Sept. 
 14, 1847 ; was an unsuccessful Whig candidate for Presi- 
 dent in 1852 ; was appointed brevet lieutenant-general in 
 1847 ; was a commissioner to settle the San Juan question 
 with Great Britain in 1859 ; and retired from active service 
 in the autumn of 1861. He wrote “General Regulations 
 for the Army ” (1825), “ Infantry Tactics ’’ (1835), and an au- 
 tobiography (1864). 
 
 Scottish Chiefs, The. A romance by Jane Por- 
 ter, published in 1810. It is founded on early 
 Scottish history. 
 
 Scotus, Duns. See Duns ScoUis. 
 
 Scotus Erigena. See Erigena. 
 
 Scourers. See Mohocks. 
 
 Scourge of God, The. Attila. 
 
 Scourge of Homer. Zoilus. 
 
 Scourge of Princes. The satirist Pietro Aretino. 
 Scourge of Scotland. A name sometimes given 
 to Edward I. of England. 
 
 Scourge of Villanie, The. A work bvMarston, 
 consisting of a series of sa tires published in 1598 
 under the name of W. Kinsayder, which has 
 been variously explained. 
 
 912 
 
 Scranton (skran'ton). A city, capital of Lacka- 
 wanna County, Pennsylvania, situated on Lack- 
 awanna River in lat. 41° 23' N., long. 75° 43' W. 
 It is the third city in the State ; is a railway center ; is 
 the center of a great coal-mining region ; and has exten- 
 sive manufactures of iron, steel, locomotives, boilers, ma- 
 chinery, iron-ware, etc. It was made a city in 1866. 
 Population, 129,867, (1910). 
 
 Scrap of Paper, A. A play adapted from Sar- 
 dou’s “Les pattes de mouehe’’ (1861) by Pal- 
 grave Simpson. Charles Mathews produced an adapta- 
 tion, by himself, in 1867 as “Adventures of a Love Letter. ’’ 
 Scribe (skrib), The. A celebrated early Egyp- 
 tianstatue (5thdynasty),intheLouvre Museum, 
 Paris. The figure is colored red, and has inlaid eyes of 
 crystal ; it sits cross-legged, with a striking expression of 
 life and energy. 
 
 Scribe (skreb), Augustin Eugene. Born at 
 Paris, Dec. 24, 1791 : died there, Feb. 20, 1861. 
 A French dramatist. While studying law to please 
 his mother, he wrote for the stage to satisfy his own tastes. 
 He did not meet with success. In time he gathered ex- 
 perience in dramatic matters sufficient to locate public 
 taste ; then he undertook to gratify it, and catered to it 
 thereafter almost altogether. Either alone or in collab- 
 oration with others he wrote upward of 350 plays. His 
 earliest successes were “Flore et ZCphire ” (1816); “Le sol- 
 liciteur” (1817), “L’Ours et le pacha ” (1820), “Le secre- 
 taire et le cuisinier,” “Mon oncle Cesar,” “Le menage de 
 gar^on,” “La petite steur ” (1821), “Valerie” (1822), etc. A 
 number of his comedies were produced for the first time 
 at the Comedie Frangaise ; among the best are “Le ma- 
 nage d’argent” (1827), “Bertrand et Raton ’’ (1833), “L’Aru- 
 bitieux ” (1834), “La camaraderie ” and “Les independants” 
 (1837), “Lacalomnie” and “Le verre d’eau ’’ (1840), “Une 
 chaine ” (1841), “ Le fils de Cromwell ” (1842), “Le puff, ou 
 Mensonge et vriit6” (1848), “Les contes de la reine de 
 Navarre " (1850), “ Bataille de dames ” (1851), and “ Les 
 doigts de fee ” (1858). The two last-named were written 
 in collaboration with Legouve, as was also the well-known 
 drama ‘ ‘ Adrienne Lecouvreur ’’ (1849). Another drama of 
 Scribe’s composition was “La czarine” (1855). Scribe 
 wrote also the words to an unusually large number of 
 celebrated musical compositions, as, for instance, to Boiel- 
 dieu’s “La dame blanche ”(1825) ; to Auber’s “ La muette 
 de Portici ’’ (1828), “Fra Diavolo” (1830), “Le domino 
 noir” (1837) etc.; to Meyerbeer's “Robert le Diable” 
 (1831), “Les Huguenots" (1836), “Le pruphete " (1849), 
 “L'Etoile du Nord ” (1854), and “ L'Africaine ’’ (1865) ; to 
 Cherubini's “AliBaba" (1833); to Hal^vy's “La Juive” 
 (1835), etc.; to Donizetti’s “La favorita” (1840); to Verdi’s 
 “ Les vepres siciliennes ” (1855) ; etc. As a novelist Scribe 
 was not particularly successful. He was received into 
 the French Academy in 1836. 
 
 Scriblerus Club (skrib-le'rus klub). A club of 
 writers in London, founded by Swift in 1714 
 after tbe breaking up of “The Brothers” in 
 1713. Among the members were Pope, Arbuthnot, Bo- 
 lingbroke, Gay, and others. The object of the club was to 
 satirize literary incompetence : it was not political. See 
 Martinus Scriblerus. 
 
 Scribner (skrib'ner), Charles. Born at New 
 York, Feb. 21, 1821: died at Lucerne, Switzer- 
 land, Aug. 26, 1871. An American publisher, 
 the founder (1846) of the publishing house now 
 Charles Scribner’s Sons, and one of the found- 
 ers of “Scribner’s Monthly” (1870). 
 
 Scribonia (skri-bo'ni-a). The wife of Augus- 
 tus Ctesar, whom he married 40 b. C. and di- 
 vorced 39 B. c. : mother of Julia. 
 
 Scrivener (skriv'ner), Frederick Henry Am- 
 brose. Born at Bermondsey, near London, 
 Sept. 29, 1813 : died at Hendon, Oet. 30, 1891. 
 An English biblical scholar. He was educated at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, and 1846-56 washead-master of 
 Falmouth School, and was one of the revisers of the New 
 Testament, He published “ Plain Introduction totheCriti- 
 cism of the New Testament" (1861), “Cambridge Para- 
 graph Bible ’’ (1873), “Bezse codex Cantabrigiensis,” etc. 
 Scroggs (skrogz), Sir William. Died 1683. A 
 venal, unjust, and brutal English judge, chief 
 justice of the King’s Bench 1678. He tried 
 the victims of Titus Oates’s antipopish con- 
 spiracies. 
 
 Scrooge (skroj), Ebenezer. The leading char- 
 acter in Dickens’s “ Christmas Carol.” He is “a 
 squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, cove- 
 tousold sinner”; butisvisited byspirits on Christmas eve, 
 and changed by his experiences into a worthy, kindly man. 
 
 Scrope (skrop), George Julius Poulett. Born 
 at London, 1797 : died Jan. 19, 1876. An Eng- 
 lish geologist. He was educated at Harrow and Cam- 
 bridge. On his marriage he changed his name (Thomson) 
 to that of his wife (Scrope). He studied volcanic phe- 
 nomena at Vesuvius and in France; and published “ Geol- 
 ogy of the Extinct Volcanoes in Central France" (1826) 
 and “Considerations on Volcanoes” (1828). 
 
 Scrope, or Scroop (skrop), Richard, Executed 
 1405. An English prelate, archbishop of York : 
 one of the leaders in the insurrections of 1403-05. 
 Scrub (skrub). In “ The Beaux’ Stratagem” by 
 Farquliar, an amusing valet : a favorite charac- 
 ter with Garrick. 
 
 Scudamour, Sir. In Spenser’s “Faerie Queene,” 
 the lover of Amoretta. 
 
 Seudder (skud'er), Horace Elisha. Born at 
 Boston, Mass., Oct. 16, 1838: died at Cambridge, 
 Mass., Jan. 11, 1902. An American author. 
 He graduated at Williams College in 1858; edited “The 
 
 Scyros 
 
 Riverside Magazine for Young People" 1867-70; and the 
 “ AWantic Monthly ” 1890-98, succeeding Thomas B. Aid- 
 rich. He published “The Bodley Books” (1875-84), “Boston 
 Town "(1881), “Seven Little People and their Friends ” 
 (1881), “Noah Webster " (1882), “History of the United 
 States" (1884), “George Washington" (1886), and “Men 
 and Letters ” (1887) ; and edited “American Poems "(1879), 
 “American Prose” (1880), and “The American Common- 
 wealth Series " (from 1885) . He was joint author with Mrs. 
 Taylor of the “Life and Letters of Bayard Taylor” (1884). 
 
 Seudder, Samuel Hubbard. Born at Boston, 
 Mass., April 13, 1837 : died at Cambridge, 
 Mass., May 17, 1911. An American naturalist, 
 brother of Horace E. Seudder. He graduated at 
 Williams College in 1857, and at the Lawrence Scientific 
 School of Harvard in 1862; was assistant librarian of Har- 
 vard 1879-82 ; and was paleontologist to the U. S. Geologi- 
 cal Survey 1886-92. He published a “Catalogue of Scien- 
 tific Serials of all Countries ’’ (1879), “ Butterflies : their 
 Structure, etc., with reference to American Forms "(1881), 
 “Nomenclator Zoologicus ’’ (1882), etc. 
 
 Scudery, or Scudery, or Scuderi (skii-da-re'), 
 Georges de. Born at. Havre about 1601 : died 
 at Paris, May 14, 1667. A French author, best 
 known from his tragicomedy “ L’Amour tyran- 
 nique”and his epic “Alaric.” 
 
 Scuddry, Madeleine de. Born at Havre in 
 1607 : died at Paris, June 2, 1701. A French 
 novelist and poet. On her parents’ death she wascare- 
 fully brought up by an uncle, and when he died she went to 
 Paris with her brotherGeorges. Naturallybrightandclever, 
 she was not slow to asserther ability in the literary circle 
 of the Hotel de Ram bou diet. When these famousgather- 
 ings broke up as a gradual result of the internal troubles 
 that attended the minority of Louis XIV., Mademoiselle 
 de Scudery was able to command her own salon, meeting 
 every Saturday. Her first novel, “Ibrahim, ou 1’illustre 
 Bassa,” appeared in 1641 under her brother's name. En- 
 couraged by its success, she affixed her own signature to 
 the two works for which she is best known, “ Artarnene, 
 ou le grand Cyrus ” (1650) and “ C161ie, histoire romaine ” 
 (1656). In these novels she has introduced under assumed 
 names a great many of her contemporaries : in the former 
 she speaks of herself as Sapho. Victor Cousin discovered 
 the complete key to all her characters. In addition to these 
 works. Mademoiselle de Scudery published “Almahide, 
 ou l’esclave reine ” (1660), “ Celinde ’’ (1061), “Les femmes 
 illustres, ou harangues h^roiques ” (1665), “ Mathilde 
 d’Aguilar, histoire espagnole” (1665), “La promenade de 
 Versailles, ou histoire de Celanire ”(1669), and finally “ Le 
 discours de la gloire ” (1671), which won for the first time 
 the academic prize for French eloquence founded by Jean- 
 Louis Guez de Balzac. 
 
 ScugOg(skii'gog), Lake. A lake in Ontario, Can- 
 ada, 40 miles northeast of Toronto. Its waters 
 find their way to Lake Ontario. Length, about 
 10 miles. 
 
 Scurcola, Battle of. See Tagliacozzo. 
 
 Scutari (sko'ta-re). A city in Albania, the capi- 
 tal of a vilayet of the Turkish empire, situated 
 at the southern end of the Lake of Scutari, at 
 its outlet into the Bojaua: the ancient Scodra 
 and Slavic Skadar. It has considerable commerce, 
 and manufactures of amis, etc. It was the capital of Il- 
 lyria, and was conquered by the Romans in 168 b. c. It 
 passed from the Venetians to the Turks in 1479. It was 
 besieged by the Montenegrins in 1912. Pop., about25,000. 
 
 Scutari, Turk. Iskudar or Iskuder. A city 
 in Asia Minor, Turkey, situated on the Bos- 
 porus opposite Constantinople. It has long been 
 noted as a point of departure and rendezvous, and contains 
 various mosques, etc., and the most famous cemetery in 
 Turkey. It occupies the site of the ancient Chrysopolis. 
 Population, about 80,000. 
 
 Scutari, Lake of. A lake on the border of 
 Montenegro and Albania in European Turkey. 
 Its outlet is by the Bojana into the Adriatic. 
 Length, 29 miles. 
 
 Scutum Sobiescianum (sku'tum so-bi-es-i-a'- 
 num). [L., ‘shield of Sobieski.’] A constella- 
 tion made by Hevelius late in tbe 17th century, 
 and representing the shield of the king of Po- 
 land, John Sobieski, with a cross upon it to 
 signify that he had fought for the Christian re- 
 ligion at the siege of Vienna. It lies in the bright- 
 est part of the Milky Way, over the how of Sagittarius 
 Its brightest star is of the fourth magnitude. 
 
 Scylla (sil'a). [Gr. 2/rt/za.] In Greek mythol- 
 ogy, a sea-monster, said to have been a sea- 
 nymph (according to some traditions), and rep- 
 resented as dwelling in the rock Scylla, opposite 
 Charybdis, in the Strait of Messina. See Cha- 
 rybdis. 
 
 Scylla. In Greek legend, a daughter of King 
 Nisus of Megara, sometimes confused with the 
 sea-monster Scylla. 
 
 Scylla (town). See Scilla. 
 
 Scyllsum (si-le'um). [Gr. 2/cuZXatov.] In an- 
 cient geography, a promontory in Argolis, 
 Greece, projecting into the Aegean : the eastern- 
 most point of the Peloponnesus: the modern 
 Kavo-Skyli. 
 
 Scyllaeum. [Gr. S/cr/UaMw.] A promontory in 
 southern Italy, projecting into the Strait of 
 Messina: the modern Scilla or Sciglio. 
 
 Scyros (si'ros). [Gr. Ski ) pof.] 1. In ancient 
 geography, an island of Greece, in the ^Egean 
 
Scyros 
 
 Sea 25 miles east of Euboea, to which nom- 
 archy it now belongs: the modern Skyro. it 
 was conquered by the Athenians under Cimon in 469 
 B. c., and is connected with the legends ol Achilles. 
 Length, 19 miles. 
 
 2. The chief city in ancient times of the island 
 of Scyros, occupying a strong position on the 
 northeastern coast. 
 
 Scythe-Bearers (siTH'bar^erz), or Scythe- 
 
 Men (slTH'men). A name given to bodies of 
 revolutionists, mainly peasants armed with 
 scythes, in the Polish insurrections of 1794, 
 1831, 1846, and in the movement of the Prussian 
 Poles in 1848. 
 
 Scythia (sith'i-a). [Gr. 'Znvdi.a . ] In ancient 
 geography, a name of varying meaning, it des- 
 ignated at first a region in modern southern Russia and 
 Rumania inhabited by the Scythians (see below). They 
 resisted the invasion of Darius I. of Persia. After the time 
 of Alexander the Great they were subjugated by the Sar- 
 matians and others. Later Scythia denoted northern and 
 much of central Asia, divided by the Imaus Mountains 
 into Scythia Intra Imaum and Scythia Extra Imaum. As 
 a Roman province it comprised the lands immediately 
 south of the mouths of the Danube. 
 
 Scythians (sith'i-anz). In ancient times, the 
 inhabitants of the whole north and northeast of 
 Europe and Asia (which was called by the Greeks 
 Scythia). After the time of Herodotus the northeast 
 of Europe received the name of Sarmatia, while all central 
 Asia was still considered as inhabited by the Scythians. 
 Of the nomadic tribes of the Scythians are mentioned the 
 Aorses north of the Caspian Sea, extending to the Jaxartes ^ 
 south and east of them, the Massagetes and the Sacse (mod- 
 ern Kirgises). In the 7th century B. C. Scythian hordes, 
 strengthened by the Cimmerians (which see), invaded Me- 
 dia, next Armeniaand Assyria, reaching over Syria and Pal- 
 estine to the frontiers of Egypt, and leaving everywhere 
 behind them desolation. Many exegetes assume that Eze- 
 kiel, in his description of the hosts of Gog and Magog (ch. 
 xxxviii. and xxxix.), alludes to this invasion. They scat- 
 tered and were disintegrated, some of them having been 
 killed, others returning to the north, and still others re- 
 maining in the countries they invaded. 
 
 Scythopolis (si-thop'o-lis). [Gr.] Betk-shean, 
 a city of the Decapolis: the modem Beisan, 
 about 55 miles north-northeast of Jerusalem. 
 Sea-Born City, The. An epithet of Venice. 
 Seaham (se'am), or Dawdon (da'don). A sea- 
 port in the county of Durham, England, situ- 
 ated on the North Sea 5 miles south of Sunder- 
 land. Population, 5,285. 
 
 Seal Islands. See Lobos Islands. 
 
 Seal (sel) River. A river ill British America. It 
 flows into the west side of Hudson Bay northwest 
 of Churchill River. Length, about 200 miles. 
 Sealsfield (selz'feld), Charles (originally Karl 
 Postl). Born at Poppitz, Moravia, March 3, 
 1793: died near Solothurn, Switzerland, May 
 26, 1864. A German author. He traveled exten- 
 sively in the United States, and lived in Switzerland. He 
 wrote the novel “ Tokeah, or the White Rose ” (1828 : al- 
 tered as “Der Legitime und die Republikaner,” 1833), 
 and novels and works on America, including “Der Virey 
 und die Aristokraten ” (1835), “Lebensbilder aus beiden 
 Hemispharen” (1835-37 : 2d ed. as “Morton," 1846), and 
 “Siiden und Norden" (1842-43). 
 
 Sea of Glory. One of the principal gems of the 
 Persian crown. It is a diamond weighing 66 
 carats. 
 
 Sea, or River, of Light. The largest diamond 
 belonging to the Shah of Persia. It weighs 
 186 carats. 
 
 Search (serch), Edward, Esq. A pseudonym 
 of Abraham Tucker, under which he wrote 
 “The Light of Nature” (1768-78). 
 
 Seasons, The. A poem in blank verse, in four 
 parts, by James Thomson . “ winter " was published 
 in 1726, “Summer” in 1727, “ Spring” in 1728, the whole 
 (including “Autumn” and a “Hymn to Nature”) in 1730. 
 
 Seasons, The. [G. Die Jahreszeiten.] An ora- 
 torio by Haydn, produced at Vienna in 1801. 
 Seaton, Baron. See Colborne, John. 
 
 Seattle (se-at'l). The capital of King County, 
 Washington, situated on Puget Sound in lat. 
 47° 36' N., long. 122° 20' W. It is the chief place 
 of the State in population and importance, and has a large 
 trade in lumber and coal. It is the seat of the State uni- 
 versity. In 1889 it was devastated by fire. Population, 
 237,194, (1910). 
 
 Sea View (se vu), Mount. A mountain in New 
 South Wales, about lat. 31° 25' S. Height, 
 about 6,000 feet. 
 
 Seb (seb). In Egyptian mythology, the father 
 of Osiris, god of the earth and consort of Nut, 
 goddess of heaven. In art he is giyen the 
 human form. 
 
 Sebago Lake (se-ba'go lak). A lake in south- 
 western Maine, 17 miles northwest of Portland. 
 Length. 12 miles. 
 
 Sebaste (se-bas'te). [Gr. 2e/?aor#.] The name 
 of the city of Samaria after the time of Herod 
 the Great. 
 
 Sebasteia (seb-as-te'yii). [Gr. SE/Jdareta.] The 
 ancient name of Sivas" 
 
 58 
 
 913 
 
 Sebastian (se-bas'tian), Saint. Born at Nar- 
 bonne, Gault shot to death by order of Dio- 
 cletian, about 288 a. d. A Roman soldier and 
 Christian martyr, revered as a protector against 
 pestilence. 
 
 Sebastian. 1. Brother to the King of Naples, 
 a character in “The Tempest” by Shakspere. 
 — 2. Brother to Viola, a character in Shak- 
 spere’s “Twelfth Night.” 
 
 Sebastian. Born 1554: killed in the battle of 
 Alcazarquivir, Aug. 4, 1578. King of Portugal 
 1557-78. He led an expedition against Morocco in 1578, 
 in which he was defeated and slain. Soon after the battle 
 rumors began to arise that he was not dead, and in 1584, 
 1594, and 1598 impostors appeared claiming the crown. 
 The last was hanged at San Lucar in Spain in 1603. The 
 belief of the people in these impostors arose from the popu- 
 larity of Sebastian and their firm faith in his reappear- 
 ance. So late as 1808 in Portugal and 1838 in Brazil, his 
 name was used as a rallying-cry. Dryden and others have 
 written plays on the subject. 
 
 Sebastian, Don. See Don Sebastiano. 
 Sebastiani (sa-bas-te-a'ne), Comte Frangois 
 Horace Bastien. Born near Bastia, Corsica, 
 Nov. 10, 1772: died at Paris, July 21, 1851. A 
 French marshal, diplomatist, and politician. 
 He served in the Napoleonic wars; was ambassador in 
 Constantinople in 1802 and 1806-07 ; was distinguished 
 in the Spanish and Russian campaigns and in 1813-14 ; 
 was minister 1830-34 (minister of foreign affairs 1830- 
 1832) ; and was ambassador to Naples in 1834, and to Lon- 
 don 1835-40. 
 
 Sebastiano del Piombo. See Piombo, Sebasti- 
 ano del. 
 
 Sebastopol (se-bas'to-pol or seb-as-to'pol), or 
 Sevastopol (se-vas'to-pol; Russ. pron. sa- 
 vas-to'poly). A seaport in the government 
 of Taurida, Russia, situated on the south- 
 western coast of the Crimea, in lat. 44° 34' 
 N. , long. 33° 36' E. It is situated in a strong posi- 
 tion on arms of the roads of Sebastopol, and is an im- 
 portant naval station for the Black Seafleet.' It was found- 
 ed in 1784 on the Site of a Tatar village Akhtiar, and was 
 strongly fortified under Alexander I. and Nicholas. Since 
 1870 it has been fortified anew. The siege of Sebastopol 
 was the chief event of the Crimean war. The allied army 
 (British, French, Turkish, and later Sardinian) commenced 
 the siege in Oct., 1854, after the battle of the Alma (the 
 British commanded by Raglan, later by Simpson ; the 
 French by Canrobert, later by Pelissier ; and the Russians 
 by Mentchikoff, later by Gortchakoff). The Russian forti- 
 fications were superintended by Todleben. An unsuccess- 
 ful attempt to storm was made June 18, 1855. On Sept. 8 
 the French took the Malakoff by storm, and the British 
 attacked the Redan. The city was entered by the allies 
 Sept. 11. (Compare Crimean War.) Population, 53,595. 
 Sebek (seb'ek). In Egyptian mythology, the 
 crocodile-headed god, seemingly a double of 
 Set, the god of evil. In historical times he was gener- 
 ally detested, and his sacred animal (the crocodile) was 
 hunted except in the localities where his cult was in honor. 
 Sebenico (sa-ba'ne-ko). [Sla v. Zibnilc.] A sea- 
 port in Dalmatia, Austria-Hungary, situated on 
 the Adriatic, at the mouth of the Kerka, iu lat. 
 43° 45' N., long. 15° 58' E. It has a flourishing trade. 
 The cathedral, begun in the 15th century in the richest 
 Venetian Pointed style, and finished a century later upon 
 Renaissance lines, has a fine dome 100 feet high. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 29,548, (1910). 
 
 Sebennytus ( se-ben'i-tus). [Gr. lefUvvvroc.] A 
 town of ancient Egypt, nearly in the center of 
 the Delta. The town of Semennud is on its site. 
 Sebu (sa-bo'). A river in northern Morocco 
 which flows into the Atlantic north of Sallee : 
 the ancient Subur. Length, over 200 miles. 
 Sebustieh (sa-bos'te-e). A village on the site 
 of the ancient Samaria. 
 
 Secchi (sek'ke), Angelo. Born at Reggio, Emi- 
 lia, Italy, June 29, 1818 : died at Rome, Feb. 26, 
 1878. A noted Italian astronomer, director of 
 the observatory in Rome: a member of the Jes- 
 uit order. He made researches in spectrum analysis, me- 
 teorology, etc. His chief work is “Lesoleil ” (“The Sun,” 
 1870). 
 
 Secchia (sek'ke-ii). A river in northern Italy 
 which joins the Po 12 miles southeast of Man- 
 tua : the ancient Secia. Length, about 80 miles. 
 Secession, Ordinances of. In United States 
 history, ordinances passed by conventions of 
 eleven Southern States in 1860-61, declaring 
 their withdrawal from the Union. 
 
 Secession, War of. See Civil War. 
 
 Secession of the Plebs to the Sacred Mount. 
 See Sacred Mount. 
 
 Sechuen. See Specimen. 
 
 Seckendorff (zek'en-dorf), Count Friedrich 
 Heinrich von. Born at Konigsberg, Franconia, 
 July 5, 1673: died at Meuselwitz, Germany, Nov. 
 23, 1763. An Austrian general and diplomatist, 
 nephew of V. L. von Seckendorff. He became am- 
 bassador in Berlin in 1726 ; defeated the French at Klauzen 
 Oct. 20, 1735 ; commanded against the Turks in 1737 ; and 
 was in the Bavarian service 1740-45. 
 
 Seckendorff, Veit Ludwig von. Born at Her- 
 zogenaurach, Bavaria, Dec. 20, 1626 : died Dec. 
 
 Sedgemoor 
 
 18, 1692. A German historian and official in the 
 service of several German states. His chief works 
 are “Der deutsche Fiirstenstaat ” (1656), “Commentarius 
 historicus et apologeticus de Lutheranismo ” (1692). 
 Seckenheim (zek'en-him). A village in north- 
 ern Baden, situated on the Neckar near Schwetz- 
 ingen. Here, June 30, 1462, the elector Frederick I. of 
 the Palatinate gained a decisive victory over the allied 
 forces of Baden and Wiirtemberg. 
 
 Seclin (se-klan'). A town in the department of 
 Nord, France, situated 6 miles south-southwest 
 of Lille. Population, commune, 6,982. 
 
 Second Maiden’s Tragedy, The. A play at 
 one time attributed to Chapman and also to 
 Shakspere, from their names having been writ- 
 ten on the back of a manuscript where the name 
 of Goughe stood erased. It was licensed in 1611 and 
 first printed in 1824. It is thought to be by Massinger and 
 Tourneur from internal evidence, and probably owes its 
 existence to the success of Beaumont and Fletcher’s 
 “Maid’s Tragedy,” though the plot is entirely different. 
 
 Second Nun’s Tale, The. One of Chaucer’s 
 ‘ ‘ Canterbury Tales.” It is a tale of the life and pas- 
 sion of St. Cecilia, and was taken from the “ Legenda Au- 
 rea ” of Jacobus a Voragine. There was a French version 
 of this by Jehan de Vignay about 1300, an Early English 
 one before 1300, and Caxton’s “Golden Legend ” in 1483; 
 also a Latin version by Simeon Metaphrastes. The pre- 
 amble to Chaucer’s poem contains fourteen or fifteen lines 
 translated from the 33d canto of Dante’s “ Paradiso,” or 
 perhaps from their original in some Latin prayer or hymn. 
 See Nun’s Priest's Tale. 
 
 Secretan (sek-ra-tan'), Charles. Born at Lau- 
 sanne, Jan. 19, 1815 : died there, Jan. 22, 1895. 
 A Swiss philosopher. He was appointed professor 
 of philosophy at Lausanne in 1838, in 1840 at Neuchatel, 
 and returned to the same position at Lausanne in 1866. 
 He wrote many philosophical works, and was for some 
 time editor of the “ Revue Suisse.” 
 
 Secunderabad (se-kun-de-ra-bad'), or Sakan- 
 derabad (sa-kun-de-ra-bad'), or Sikandera- 
 bad (se-kun-de-ra-bad'), or Sekunderabad (se- 
 kun-de-ra-bad' ). A British cantonment and 
 town in the Nizam’s Dominions, India, situated 
 6 miles north of Hyderabad, itisoneof the largest 
 British military stations in India. Population of canton- 
 ment, 83,560. 
 
 Secundra (se-kun'dra). A village situated 5 
 miles northwest of Agra, British India, it is nota- 
 ble for the tomb of Akbar, dating from the beginning of 
 the 17th century, an imposing monument whose Indian- 
 Saracenic style is much influenced by Buddhist models. It 
 stands in a large inclosed garden with a fine arched gate- 
 way, and consists of 4 square terraces of red sandstone, 
 Superposed in the form of a stepped pyramid. On a plat- 
 form in the middle is the splendid cenotaph of the king, 
 covered with sculptured arabesques. The real tomb is in 
 a vaulted chamber in the basement. The lowest terrace 
 is 320 feet square, the highest 167. 
 
 Secundus, Johannes. See Johannes Secundus. 
 Sedaine (se-dan'), Michel Jean. Born at Paris, 
 July 4, 1719 : died there, May 17, 1797. A French 
 dramatist and poet. Among his works are the comic 
 operas “Le diable ii quatre ’’ (1756), “Blaise le savetier” 
 (1759), “Rose et Colas” (1764); the comedies “Le philo- 
 sophe sans le savoir ” (1765),“ La gageure imprdvue ’’ (1768) ; 
 a poem, “ Le vaudeville ” (1750) ; etc. He also wrote “ Guil- 
 laume Tell ’’ and “ Richard Coeur de Lion ” with Grrtry, and 
 was admitted to the Academy in 1786. 
 
 Sedalia (se-da'li-a). A city, the capital of Pet- 
 tis County, Missouri, situated 60 miles west of 
 Jefferson City. It is a leading railroad center, and has 
 flourishing manufactures and commerce. Population, 
 17,822, (1910). 
 
 Sedan (se-don'). 1. A former barony or princi- 
 pality in France, the chief place of which was 
 the town of Sedan. It was annexed to France 
 in 1642. — 2. A city in the department of Ar- 
 dennes, France, situated on the Meuse in lat. 
 49° 43' N., long. 4° 56' E. It has important manu- 
 factures of cloth, and was formerly a strong fortress. In 
 early times it was under the rule of lords and princes of 
 the families La Marck and Turenne, but passed to France 
 in 1642. It was taken by the Germans in 1815. It was 
 the scene of a notable victory, gained Sept. 1, 1870, by the 
 German army of 250,000, under the direct command of 
 William I., over the French under Napoleon III., Mac- 
 Mahon, and Wimpffen. lhe next day the French emperor 
 and army (about 84,000) surrendered. The battle and 
 capitulation led directly to the fall of the French empire 
 and the establishment of the republic. Population, town, 
 10,381 ; commune, 19,599. 
 
 Seddon (sed'on), James Alexander. Born at 
 Falmouth, Stafford County, Va., July 13, 1815: 
 died in Goochland, Va., Aug. 19, 1880. An 
 American politician. He was a Democratic member 
 of Congress from Virginia 1845-47 and 1849-51, and was 
 afterward Confederate congressman and secretary of war # 
 
 Seddon, Thomas. Born at London, Aug. 28, 
 1821 : died at Cairo, Nov. 23, 1856. An Eng- 
 lish landscape-painter. In 1852 he began to exhibit 
 at the Royal Academy. In 1853 he joined Holman Hunt 
 at Cairo, and devoted himself to topographical landscape 
 in the East. He exhibited “The Pyramids” and “Jeru- 
 salem" in 1854, and returned to Cairo in 1856. 
 Sedgemoor (sej'mor). A locality in Somerset, 
 England, near Bridgwater. Here, July 6, less, the 
 Royalists under Feversnam defeated the forces of the 
 
0 
 
 Sedgemoor 
 
 Duke of Monmouth. The battle (which hag been called 
 the last battle in England) resulted in the overthrow and 
 capture of Monmouth. 
 
 Sedgwick (sej'wik), Adam. Born at Dent, 
 Yorkshire, 1785: died at Cambridge, Jan. 27, 
 1873. An English geologist. He graduated at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1808, and was elected fel- 
 low in 1809. In 1818 he became Woodwardian professor 
 of oeologv at Cambridge. His principal discoveries were 
 in "the Paleozoic strata of Devonshire and Cornwall, and 
 the Permian of the northwest of England. 
 
 Sedgwick, Catharine Maria. Born at Stock- 
 bridge, Mass., Dec. 28, 1789: died near Rox- 
 bury, Mass., July 31, 1867. An American 
 novelist and miscellaneous writer, daughter of 
 Theodore Sedgwick. Her works include “A New Eng- 
 
 914 
 
 Y ears Since in America ( loan;, - ' ' 
 
 “Means and Ends, etc.” (1838), “ Letters from Abroad, 
 etc." (1841), “ Married or Single ” (1857), etc. 
 
 Sedgwick, John. Born at Cornwall, Conn., 
 Sept. 13, 1813: killed at the battle of Spottsyl- 
 vauia, May 9, 1864. An American general. 
 
 He graduated at West Point in 1837 ; served in the Semi- 
 nole and Mexican ware ; and was a lieutenant-colonel ot 
 cavalry at the beginning of the Civil War. He served in 
 the Army of the Potomac as commander of brigade and 
 division until Feb., 1803, when he obtained command of 
 the Gth array corps. He distinguished himself at the bat- 
 ties of Fair Oaks, Savage's Station, and Glendale ; was se- 
 verely wounded at Antietam ; and took a leading part m 
 the battles of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and the Wilder- 
 
 Sedgwick, Theodore. Born at West Hartford, 
 Conn., 1747: died at Boston, Jan. 24, 1813. An 
 American Federalist politician and jurist. He 
 served in the Revolution ; was a delegate to the Continen- 
 tal Congress from Massachusetts 1785-86 ; was member of 
 Congress from Massachusetts 1789-96; was United States 
 senator 1796-99 (and president pro tempore) ; was mem- 
 ber of Congress and speaker 1799-1801 ; and was judge of 
 the Massachusetts Supreme Court 1802-13. 
 
 Sedley (sed'li), Amelia. The foolish daugh- 
 ter of a broken-down London stockbroker, m 
 Thackeray’s “Vanity Fair.” She marries George 
 Osborne, whom she adores, and after his death Captain 
 Dobbin, who has long adored her. She is the antithesis of 
 Becky Sharp. 
 
 Sedley, Catherine, Countess of Dorchester. 
 Died 1717. The daughter of Sir Charles Sedley, 
 and the mistress of James H. 
 
 Sedley, Sir Charles. Born in Kent, 1639 : died 
 Aug. 20, 1701. A wit, poet, and dramatist of the 
 Restoration. His first comedy, “The Mulberry Gar- 
 den,” was published in 1668. He also wrote “ Antony 
 and Cleopatra ” (1677), “BeUamira, etc.” (1678), Beauty 
 the Conqueror” (1702), “The Grumbler (1702) and The 
 Tyrant King of Crete " (1702). He sat in Parliament for 
 New Romney, and took an active part in politics. . His life 
 was scandalous, and he is remembered as excusing him- 
 self for tlie part he took in the Revolution by saying that, 
 
 “ as James II. had made his [Sedley’s] daughter a countess 
 [see above], he could do no less than endeavour to make the 
 king’s daughter a queen.” „ _ 
 
 Sedley Joseph. A collector from Bogley w ai- 
 lah, in’ Thackeray’s “Vanity Fair”: brother of 
 Amelia Sedley. He is a fat, sensual, but timid 
 dandy, and falls a victim to Becky Sharp. 
 Sedlitz (sed'lits), or Seidlitz (sidTits). A small 
 village in northern Bohemia, near Briix: noted 
 for its springs of mineral water. 
 
 Sedulius (se-du'li-us), Coelms. Lived in the 
 5th century. A Roman Christian poet. He was 
 the author of a poetical version of the history of the 
 NewTestament, entitled “ Carmen Paschale ’ (subsequently 
 enlarged in prose as “Pascliale opus”), and of an abece- 
 darian liymn, “A solis ortus cardine.” 
 
 Seduni (se-du'ni). In ancient geography, a peo- 
 ple in the upper valley of the Rhone, Switzer- 
 land. „ 
 
 Seeberg (za'berG). A height near Gotha, Ger- 
 many, long noted as the seat of an observatory. 
 Seebohm (se'bom), Frederick. Born at Brad- 
 ford, Yorkshire, 1833: died at Hitchm, Feb. 6, 
 1912. An English historian. He was admitted to 
 the bar at the Middle Temple in 1856, and subsequently 
 became a member of a bpkmg firm at Hitch in, Herts. 
 Among his works are “The Oxford Retainers of 14. 
 (1867) “The Era of the Protestant Revolution (1874), 
 
 “The’ English Village Community, etc.” (1883). 
 
 Seeland. 1. See Zealand (in Denmark). — 2. 
 See Zealand (in Netherlands). 
 
 Seeley (se'li), Sir John Robert. Born 1834: 
 died Jan. 13, 1895. An English historian. He 
 
 graduated at Cambridge (Christ College) in 18n7 ; and be- 
 came professor of Latin m University College, London, in 
 1863, and in 1869 professor of modern history at Cam- 
 bridge. “ Ecce Homo, or Survey of the Life and Work 
 of Jesus Christ,” bis most celebrated work, appeared 
 anonymously in 1865. His other works are an edition of 
 Livy. “ Lectures and Essays ” (1870), ‘Life and limes of 
 Stein” (1878), “Natural Religion" (1882), “The Expan- 
 sion of England " (1883), “ Short History of Napoleon I. 
 
 Seelve Ae'li), Julius Hawley. Born Sept. 14, 
 1824: died May 12, 1895. An American educator. 
 He*became professor of philosophy at Amherst College in 
 1858- was president of Amherst College 1876-90; and was 
 Independent Republican member of Congress from Massa- 
 
 chusetts 1875-77. He translated Schwegler's “ History 
 of Philosophy ” (1856), and wrote “ Lectures to Educated 
 Hindus" (1873), “Christian Missions ' (1875), and philo- 
 sophical text-books. 
 
 Seelye, Laurens Clark. Born at Bethel, Conn., 
 Sept. 20, 1837. A clergyman and educator, 
 brother of J. H. Seelye. He was professor of Eng- 
 lish literature at Amherst College 1865-73 ; and was presi- 
 dent of Smith CoUege (for young women) at Northamp- 
 ton, Massachusetts, 1874-1910. 
 
 Sees. See Sees. 
 
 See ! the Conquering Hero Comes ! An air m 
 
 Handel’s “Joshua.” It is introduced three times, 
 and was so popular that he used it again in his “Judas 
 Maccabseus. ” It has frequently been used as a motif by 
 others with many variations. The words were written 
 by Dr. Thomas Morell for Handel’s “Joshua” (1748); they 
 were introduced in late acting versions of Lee's “Rival 
 Queens ” at the beginning of the second act. As this first 
 appeared in 1677, Lee has been erroneously supposed to 
 have written the verses long before “Joshua" appeared. 
 Seewis (za'vis). A village and noted health- 
 resort in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, 
 situated in the Prattigau 12 miles north-north- 
 east of Coire. 
 
 Seez, or Sees (sa-es'). A town in the department 
 of Orne, northern France, situated on the Ome 
 11 miles north-northeast of Alemjon. The cathe- 
 dral is a fine 13 th-century building. The west front has 
 handsome buttressed spires, pleasing arcades, and a south 
 portal of charming design and ornament. The south 
 transept, with its great rose, closely approaches that of 
 the cathedral of Paris ; and the choir is admirable, with 
 its radiating chapels and the tracery of the clearstory. 
 Population, commune, 3,982. 
 
 Sefid (se-fed'), or Safid (sa-fed'). A river in 
 northwestern Persia which flows into the south- 
 western side of the Caspian Sea, east of Resht. 
 Length, including its main head stream (the 
 Kizil-Uzen), about 300 miles. 
 
 Segan Fu. See Singan Fw. 
 
 Segesta (se-jes'ta). [Gr. Sfynrra.j In ancient 
 geography, a city of Sicily, situated near the 
 coast 27 miles west-southwest of Palermo. It 
 was of non-Hellenic (reputed Trojan) origin ; was often 
 at war with Selinus; was an ally of Athens in the Pelopon- 
 nesian war ; became a dependent of Carthage about 400 
 B C * w<is sacked by Agnthoclcs, and had its name changed 
 to Dicaiopolis ; and passed under Roman supremacy in the 
 time of the first Punic war. There are ruins near the 
 modern Calatafimi. The Greek temple, though never fin- 
 ished, is one of the most complete examples surviving. It 
 is Doric, hexastyle, with 14 columns on the flanks, on a 
 stylobate of 4 steps. The architectural details are of the 
 best period. All the 36 peristyle columns are still stand- 
 in", and the entablature and pediments are almost entire. 
 There is also a Greek theater, of the 5th century B. C. , with 
 Roman modifications. In plan it is more than a semicircle . 
 the diameter is 209 feet, that of the orchestra 54 ; the 
 length of the stage is 91. The cavea is in great part rock- 
 liewn. 
 
 Segesv&r. See Schassburg. 
 
 Seginus (se-ji'mis). [Origin uncertain. J One 
 of the many names of the constellation Bootes: 
 assigned on some maps as the name of the third- 
 magnitude star y Bootis. . 
 
 Segnes (zeg'nes) Pass. An Alpine pass m bwit- 
 zerland, leading from Glarus to the valley of the 
 Vorderrhein in Grisons, 15 miles west-north- 
 west of Coire. . 
 
 gep’jii (sen'ye). A. town in Latiinn, It.alyj situ- 
 ated near th eVolscian Mountains 31 miles south- 
 east of Rome: the ancient Signia. It is said to 
 have been colonized by Tarquin, and was a Roman frontier 
 town against the Volscians. It contains many antiquities. 
 Population, commune, 6,994. 
 
 Sego. See Segu. 
 
 Sego (sa'go), or Beg (seg), Lake. A lake mthe 
 government of Olonetz, northern Russia, north- 
 west of Lake Onega. It has its outlet into Lake 
 Vyg and the White Sea. Length, about Zo 
 miles. 
 
 Segovia (se-go'vi-a ; Sp. pron. sa-go've-a). 1. 
 A province of Old Castile, Spam. It is bounded 
 by Valladolid on the northwest, Burgos on the north 
 Soria on the northeast, Guadalajara and Madrid on the 
 southeast, and Avila on the southwest. The surface is 
 generally a plateau. Area, 2,635 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 159,243. _ . 
 
 2. The capital of the province of Segovia, situ- 
 ated on the Eresma in lat. 40° 54' N., long. 4° 
 10' W. The cathedral, begun in 1525 by the architects 
 of the new cathedral at Salamanca, is very large, built, of a 
 rich yellow stone in the Pointed style, plain without, but 
 
 lofty and light within, and with good stained glass. There is 
 
 a beautiful Flamboyant cloister, of earlier date, surround- 
 fng an attractive garden. The Roman aqueduct, presumed 
 to be of the time of Trajan, forms a great bridge, 937 feet 
 long, and consisting of 320 arches in two tiers. The high- 
 est arches (in the middle of the lower tier) are 10- feet 
 high It is built of large blocks of granite, somewhat 
 rounded at the edges and assembled without cement Se- 
 govia was a Roman city, and was a residence of the kings 
 of Le6n and Castile. Population, 15,636. . 
 
 Se°re (sa'gra). A river in northern spam. 
 It rises in the Pyrenees, and joins the Ebro 22 miles south- 
 west of Lerida. Its chief tributary is the Cinca. Length, 
 about 250 miles. . - . ~ 
 
 Segu (sa'go), or Sego (sa go). 1. A forrnei 
 Negro realm in French West Africa, situ- 
 
 Seine-et-Marne 
 
 ated in the upper valley of the Niger. The in- 
 habitants are Bambarras. — 2. The capital of 
 the state of Segu, situated on the Niger. It is 
 in the French sphere of influence. Population, 
 36,000. 
 
 Seguin (sa'gwin), Arthur Edward Shelden, 
 known as Edward Seguin. Bom at London, 
 April 7, 1809 : died at New York, Dec. 9, 1852. 
 
 A popular English bass singer. A pupil of the Royal 
 Academy, he appeared first in 1828, and sang success- 
 fully in England till 1838, when he came to New York. 
 The Seguin Opera Troupe, which he organized, was suc- 
 cessful in the United States and Canada. 
 
 Seguin (se-gan'), Edouard. Born at Clamecy, 
 France, Jan. 20, 1812 : died at New York city, 
 Oct. 28, 1880. A French- American physician, a 
 specialist in the training of idiots, and the in- 
 ventor of a physiological thermometer. Among 
 his works are “ Traitement moral, hygiene et Education des 
 idiots,” “Historical Notice of the Origin and Progress of 
 the Treatment of Idiots,” etc. 
 
 Segur (sa-gllr'), Comte Louis Philippe de. 
 
 Born at Paris, 1753 : died 1830. A French poli- 
 tician and author. He served in the American Revo- 
 lution ; was ambassador to B.ussia ; was a councilor of 
 state under the empire ; and was made a peer at the 
 Restoration. His chief work is “Mirfnoires, ou souvenirs 
 et anecdotes ” (1824). He also wrote a history of France, 
 a universal history, etc. 
 
 Segur, Comte Philippe Paul de. Born Nov. 4, 
 1780 : diedFeb. 25, 1873. A French general and 
 historian, son of L. P. do Segur. He served in the 
 Napoleonic campaigns. His best-known work is a “His- 
 toire de Napoleon et de la grande armee en 1812 ” (1824). 
 
 Segura (sa-go'ra). A river in southeastern 
 Spain which flows into the Mediterranean 19 
 miles southwest of Alicante : the ancient Tader. 
 Length, about 150 miles. 
 
 Segura, Juan Bautista. Born at Toledo, Spain, 
 about 1542 : died in Virginia, Feb. (?), 1571. A 
 Jesuit missionary. He went to Florida as vice-pro- 
 vincial of his order in 1568. In Aug., 1570, he and several 
 companions were sent to Chesapeake Bay to establish a 
 mission. They ascended the Potomac and thence, appa- 
 rently, crossed to the Rappahannock, where all were killed 
 by the Indians. 
 
 Segusiani (se // gu-si-a'nl). [L.] In the time of 
 Julius Ctesar, a Gallic people living in the val- 
 ley of the Rhone, in the vicinity of Lyons. 
 Seharunpoor. See Saharanpur. 
 
 Seidl (zi'dl), Anton. Born at Pest, Hungary, 
 Maj r 7, 1850 : died at New York, March 28, 1898. 
 A Hungarian conductor, especially of Wagner’s 
 music. He was a pupil of the conservatory at Leipsic, 
 and in 1879 through Wagner’s influence obtained the posi- 
 tion of conductor at the Leipsic Opera House. In 1882 he 
 left it for a tour through various parts of Europe as con- 
 ductor of the Nibelungen Opera Troupe. In 1883 lie was 
 made conductor of the Bremen Opera House, and in 1885 
 of German opera in New York, from whicli time he con- 
 ducted the concerts of the Philharmonic Society, New 
 York, etc. 
 
 Seidlitz. See Sedlits. 
 
 Seiero (si'e-re). A small island belonging to 
 Denmark, situated northwest of Zealand. 
 Seiero Bay. All indentation on the northwest- 
 ern coast of the island of Zealand, Denmark. 
 Seiland (sl'land). An island of Norway, off 
 the northern coast, southwest of Hammerfest. 
 Length, 27 miles. 
 
 Seille (say). A river in Lorraine which joins 
 the Moselle near Metz. Length, about 70miles. 
 Seim (sa-em' ). A river of southern central Rus- 
 sia which joins the Desna 52 miles east of 
 Tehemigoff. Length, about 350 miles. 
 
 Seine (s;7n). One of the principal rivers of 
 France : the Roman Sequana. It rises in the pla- 
 teau of Langres, in the department of C6te-d’0r ; flows gen- 
 erally northwest ; widens into an estuary near Quillebeuf ; 
 and flows into the English Channel between Havre and 
 Honfleur. Its chief tributaries are the Aube, Marne, and 
 Oise on the right, and the Yonne, Loing, Essonne, and 
 Eure on the left. The most important places on its banks 
 are ChatiUon , Bar, Troyes, Nogent, Melun, Paris, St. -Denis, 
 Mantes, Rouen, Caudebec, Havre, and Honfleur. The basin 
 is connected by canals with those of the Somme, Meuse, 
 Rhine, Rhone, and Loire. Length, 482 miles. It is navi- 
 gable to Marcilly, for larger vessels to Paris, and for large 
 sea-vessels to Rouen. 
 
 Seine . Th esmallest in area and largest m popula- 
 tion of the departments of France. It contains the 
 city of Paris ; is surrounded by the department of Seine-et- 
 Oise • is the seat of very important manufactures and com- 
 merce ; and has a flourishing market-gardening industry. 
 It formed part of the ancient province of Ile-de-France. 
 Area, 185 square miles. Population, 3,848,618. 
 Seine-et-Marne (san'a-marn'). A department 
 of France, capital Melun, formed from parts of 
 the former Brie andGatinais (belonging to an- 
 cient Ile-de-France and Champagne), it is 
 bounded by Oise on the north, Aisne on the northeast, 
 Marne and Aube on the east, Yonne and Loiret on the 
 south, and Seine-eLOise on the west. Its surface is gen- 
 erallv level. It contains many forests, including that ol 
 Fontainebleau. The manufactures and commerce are im- 
 portant, and agriculture is flourishing. Area, 2,275 square 
 miles. Population, 361,939. 
 
Seine-et-Oise 
 
 Seine-et-Oise (san'a-wtiz'). A department of 
 France, capital Versailles, formed from part of 
 the ancient Ile-de-France, it is bounded by Eure on 
 the northwest, Oise on the north, Seine-et-Marne on the 
 east,' Loiret on the south, and Eure-et-Loir on the west, and 
 surrounds the department of Seine. The surface is level, 
 and in parts hilly. Agriculture and manufactures are 
 highly developed. Area, 2,184 square miles. Population, 
 749,763. 
 
 Seine-Inferieure(san'an-fa-ryer'). [F.,‘ lower 
 Seine.’] Adepartmentof France, capitalEouen, 
 formed from part of the ancient Normandy. 
 It is bounded by the English Channel on the west, north- 
 west, and north, Sommeon the northeast, Oise on the east, 
 and Eure and Calvados on the south. The soil is generally 
 fertile and agriculture flourishing. It has important man- 
 ufactures, commerce, and fisheries. Area, 2,448 square 
 miles. Population, 863,879. m 
 
 Seir (se'ir), Mount. In ancient geography, a 
 mountain-ridge in Edom, occupying part of the 
 region between the Dead Sea and the Elanitic 
 Gulf of the Bed Sea. 
 
 Seisseralp (zls'ser-alp). A pastoral plateau 
 in the Alps of Tyrol, about 15 miles east of 
 Botzen. Length, 12 miles. Height, 6,000-7,000 
 feet. 
 
 Seistan. See Sistan, 
 
 Sejanus (se-ja'nus), iElius. Died 31 a. d. A 
 Boman courtier. He was the son of Seius Strabo, a 
 Roman eques, commander of the pretorian guard, and 
 was a native of Vulsinii in Etruria. He became the favor- 
 ite of the emperor Tiberius, who raised him to the com- 
 mand of the pretorians. With a view to usurping the im- 
 perial power, he poisoned in 23 Drusus, son of the emperor, 
 with the assistance of Livia, the wife of Drusus, whom he 
 had seduced, and induced theemperorto banish Agrippina, 
 the widow of Germanicus. His design was ultimately dis- 
 covered, and he was put to death by the senate at the in- 
 stance of the emperor. 
 
 Sejanus His Fall. A tragedy by Ben Jonson, 
 acted in 1603 and published in 1605. it is said that 
 Shakspere played in it. “The Favourite,” a satire, was 
 founded on it in 1770. 
 
 Sejour (sa-zhor'), Victor. Born at Paris, 1816: 
 died there, Sept. 21, 1874. A French dramatist. 
 Among his plays are “Richard III.” (1852), “Le fils de la 
 nuit”(1857), “Lesfils deCharles-Quint”(1864), etc. They 
 are all chiefly remarkable for their scenic effects. 
 Sekhet. In Egyptian mythology: see Pakht. 
 Sekiang. See Sikigng. 
 
 Sekunderabad. See Secunderabad. 
 
 Selangor (se-lan-gor'), or Salangore (sa-lan- 
 gor'). One of the Federated Malay States, 
 situated on the western side of the Malay Pe- 
 ninsula, intersected by lat. 3° N. Area, 3,200 
 square miles. Population, about 168,800. 
 Selbig (zel'big) , Elisa. The pseudonym of Frau 
 von Ahlefeld (Charlotte Elizabeth Sophie Wil- 
 helmine von Seebach). 
 
 Selborne (sel'born). A parish in Hampshire, 
 England : noted on account of Gilbert White’s 
 “Natural History of Selborne.” 
 
 Selborne, Earl of. See Palmer, Roundell. 
 Selby (sel'bi). A town in the West Biding of 
 Yorkshire, England, situated on the Ouse 20 
 miles east of Leeds, Its abbey church is a very fine 
 Benedictine foundation of the 12th century. Part of the 
 original nave and transepts survives: the remainder of 
 them is Early English. The Lady chapel is Decorated, and 
 some Perpendicular windows have been inserted. The 
 church possesses some interesting sculptures and abba- 
 tial tombs. The length is 306 feet. Population, 7,786. 
 Selden (sel'den), John. Born at Salvington, 
 Sussex, Dec. 16, 1584: died at London, Nov. 30, 
 1654. An English jurist, antiquary, Oriental- 
 ist, and author. At about 16 years of age he entered 
 Hart Hall, Oxford, and in 1602 Clifford’s Inn, London ; in 
 1604 he migrated to the Inner Temple. He was intimately 
 associated with Ben Jonson, Drayton, Edward Little- 
 ton, Henry Rolle, Edward Herbert, and Thomas Garde- 
 ner. He was first employed by Sir Robert Cotton to copy 
 and abridge parliamentary records in the Tower. He es- 
 tablished a large and lucrative practice, but his chief repu- 
 tation was made as a writer and scholar. In 1610 he pub- 
 lished “ England’s Epinomis ” and “ Jani Anglorum, Facies 
 Altera," which treated of English law down to Henry II. 
 These were followed by “ Titles of Honour ” (1614), “ Ana- 
 lecton Anglo- Britannicon " (1615), “ De Diis Syriis ’’ (1617). 
 The “ History of Tithes,” published in 1618, was sup- 
 pressed. He was the instigator of the “ protestation " of 
 Dec. 18, 1621, and was committed to the Tower. In 1623 
 he entered Parliament as member for Lancaster, and in 
 1628 helped to draw up and carry the Petition of Right. 
 In 1635 he dedicated his “ Mare Clausum ” to the king 
 (Charles I.), and seems to have inclined to the court party. 
 He was returned to the Long Parliament (1640) for the Uni- 
 versity of Oxford, and was a member of the committee 
 which impeached Archbishop Laud. In 1645 he declined 
 the mastership of Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Besides the 
 works mentioned, he was theauthorof “ De Juri Natural! 
 etc.” (1640), “ Privileges of the Baronage of England, etc/’ 
 (1642), and “Table-Talk,” his best-known work (1689). 
 
 Sele (sa'le). A river in southern Italy which 
 flows into the Mediterranean 17 miles south- 
 west of Salerno : the ancient Silarus. Length, 
 about 60 miles. 
 
 Sele (sa'le), or Basele (ba-sa'le). See Sumbe. 
 Selene (se-le'ne). [Gr . InGreekmy- 
 
 915 
 
 thology, the goddess of the moon, daughter of 
 Hyperion and Thea. 
 
 Selenga (sa-leng'ga). A river in northern Mon- 
 golia and southern Siberia. It is the largest 
 stream that flows into Lake Baikal. Length, 
 600-800 miles. 
 
 Seleucia (sel-u'si-a),or Seleuceia (sel-u-se'ya). 
 [Gr. ZemvKsia.y The name of many ancient 
 towns. The following are the principal : (1) A city in 
 Syria, situated on the coast north of the mouth of the 
 Orontes: the port of Antioch. It was built by Seleueus 
 Nicator, and is sometimes called Seleucia Pieria. There are 
 many antiquities on the site. (2) A city near the Tigris, 
 about 17 miles below Bagdad. It was built largely from 
 the ruins of Babylon by Seleueus Nicator, and was one of 
 the largest cities of the East. It was plundered by Tra- 
 jan, and was destroyed by Verus about 162 A. I>. (3) A 
 
 city in Cilicia, Asia Minor, situated near the coast about 
 70 miles southwest of Tarsus. There are remains of a 
 Roman hippodrome. (4) A city in northern Pisidia, Asia 
 Minor, near the frontier of Phrygia. 
 
 Seleucians (se-lu'si-anz). A sect of the 3d cen- 
 tury, whichfollowed Seleueus of Galatia, whose 
 teaching included the doctrines, in addition to 
 those of Hermogenes, that baptism by water is 
 not to be used, and that there is no resurrec- 
 tion of the body and no visible paradise. 
 Seleucids (se-lu'sidz), or Seleucidse (so-lu'si- 
 de). A royal dynasty in Syria which reigned 
 312 B. C. to about 64 B. C. : descended from 
 Seleueus Nicator. 
 
 Seleueus (se-lu'kus) L, surnamed Nicator. [Gr. 
 
 hEXevimg: NwaTop, Doric for N udjrup, a conquer- 
 or.] Born about 358 B. c. : assassinated 280 
 B. c. A Macedonian general in the army of 
 Alexander the Great. After the death of Alexander 
 he became satrap of Babylonia; engaged in war against 
 Antigonus; conquered Babylon 312 (era of the Seleucids); 
 extended his conquests into central Asia and India ; and 
 assumed the title of king about 306. He was one of the 
 leading allies in the overthrow of Antigonus at Ipsus in 
 301; obtained part of Asia Minor; took Demetrius pris- 
 oner ; defeated Lysimachus at Corupedlon 281 ; and was 
 ruler, for a short time, of nearly allot Alexander’s empire. 
 Seleueus. 1 . In Shakspere’s ‘ ‘ Antony and Cleo- 
 patra,” an attendant of Cleopatra. — 2. In Shir- 
 ley’s “The Coronation,” the supposed son of 
 Eubulus, but in reality Leonatus, the king of 
 Epirus. 
 
 Self-denying Ordinance. In English history, 
 an ordinance passed by the Parliament April 
 3, 1645, requiring members of either house of 
 Parliament holding military or civil office to 
 vacate such positions at the expiration of forty 
 days. 
 
 Seliger, or Seligher (sa-le-gar' ), or Selguer (sel- 
 gar'), Lake. A lake on the border of the gov- 
 ernments of Novgorod and Tver, Bussia, situ- 
 ated southeast of Novgorod, it is the source of an 
 affluent of the upper Volga, and is sometimes considered 
 as the source of the Volga. Length, about 30 miles. 
 Selim (se'lim or se-lem') I. Born about 1465 ; 
 died Sept. 22, 1520. Sultan of Turkey, son of 
 Bajazet II. whom he dethroned and succeeded in 
 1512. He was an ardent Sunnite, and, in order to main- 
 tain uniformity in the Mohammedan faith throughout his 
 dominions, put to death 40,000 Shiites shortly after his ac- 
 cession. He extended his empire by conquests from Per- 
 sia in 1514, and subsequently annexed Syria and Palestine 
 (1516) and Egypt (1517). 
 
 Selim II., surnamed “ The Sot.” Died Dec. 12, 
 1574. Sultan of Turkey, son of Solyman the 
 Magnificent, whom he succeeded in 1566. Among 
 the events in his reign were the conquest of Cyprus in 
 1570-71, and the battle of Lepanto in 1671. 
 
 Selim III. Born Dec. 24, 1761: put to death 
 May 8, 1808. Sultan of Turkey, nephew of Ab- 
 dul Hamid I. whom he succeeded in 1789. He 
 inherited a war with Austria and Russia, with whom he 
 concluded the peace of Sistowa (1791) and that of Jassy 
 (1792) respectively. He concluded an alliance with Russia 
 and England against France on the invasion of Egypt by 
 Napoleon. In 1805 he began the reorganization of the 
 Turkish army on the European model, which occasioned 
 a revolt of the janizaries in 1807. He was deposed in 
 favor of Mustapha IV., and was strangled in prison. 
 Selinus (se-li'nus). [Gi\ SePavoi >y.] In ancient 
 geography, a city in southwestern Sicily, situ- 
 ated near the coast 48 miles southwest of Paler- 
 mo, near the modern Castelvetrano. it was built 
 by colonists from Megara and Megara Hybkea about 628 
 B. o., and soon became rich and powerful. A quarrel be- 
 tween it and Segeata caused the Athenian expedition to 
 Sicily in the Peloponnesian war. It was conquered and 
 destroyed by the Carthaginians about 409 B. c. ; was rebuilt 
 as a subject city to Carthage ; but was finally destroyed in 
 the first Punic war. Besides minor remains of antiquity, the 
 siteretains the ruinsof seven important Doric temples, sev- 
 eral of them among the most archaic examples of the style 
 known, and metopes from an eighth temple have recently 
 been found. This is the most extensive existing group of 
 Greek temples. Four of them were on the Acropolis, and 
 three on a hill about a mile to the east. The sculptured 
 metopes found are now in the museum at Palermo: they 
 are of importance in the study of Greek sculpture. 
 Selish. See Salishan. 
 
 Selish Lake. See Flathead Lake. 
 
 Selzerbrmmen 
 
 Seljuks (sel-joks'). [Turk.] The name of sev- 
 eral Turkish dynasties, descended from the 
 Ghuzz chieftain Seljuk, which reigned iu cen- 
 tral and western Asia from the 11th to the 13th 
 century. After conquering Persia, Toghrul Beg, the 
 grandson of Seljuk, who belonged to the orthodox Mo- 
 hammedan sect of the Sunnites, rescued the faineant 
 Abbassid calif at Bagdad from his Shiite lieutenant (1056), 
 and was nominated “commanderof the faithful.” He was 
 in 1063 succeeded by his nephew Alp Arslan, who took 
 Syria and Palestine from the Fatimite calif of Egypt, and 
 in 1071 defeated and captured the Byzantine emperor Ro- 
 manus Diogenes, who purchased his release by the cession 
 of a large part of Anatolia or Asia Minor. Alp Arslan was 
 followed in 1072 by his son Malik Shah, on whose death in 
 1092 (he succession was disputed. Civil war ensued, which 
 resulted in the partition of the empire among four branches 
 of the Seljukian family, of which the principal dynasty 
 ruled in Persia, and three younger dynasties at Kerman, 
 Damascus, and Iconium respectively. The last named, 
 whose sultanate was called Roum (i. e. ‘of the Romans’), 
 outlasted the others : it was superseded by the Ottomans 
 at the end of the 13th century. 
 
 Selkirk (sel'kerk). 1. A county in the south 
 Of Scotland. It is bounded by Peebles on the west 
 and north, Edinburgh on the north, Roxburgh on the east 
 and southeast, and Dumfries on the southwest. Its sur- 
 face is largely hilly. It contains the valleys of the Ettrick 
 and the Yarrow, and is celebrated in poetry and romance. 
 Area, 267 square miles. Population, 23,339. 
 
 2. The capital of Selkirkshire, Scotland, 30 
 miles south-southeast of Edinburgh. It has 
 tweed manufactures. Population, 5,701. 
 Selkirk, or Selcraig (sel'krag), Alexander. 
 Born at Largo, Fifeshire, 1676 : died on the ship 
 Weymouth, 1721. A Scottish sailor, the sup- 
 posed original of Defoe’s “Bobinson Crusoe.” 
 He was engaged in bucaneering exploits in the south seas, 
 and in 1703 was sailing-master of a “ Cinque Ports ” galley. 
 In 1704 he was at his own request put ashore on the island 
 of Juan Fernandez, and remained there alone four years. 
 His “Life and Adventures” were published by Howell in 
 1829, and he is the subject of a poem by Cowper. 
 
 Selkirks(sel'kerks),The. A group of lofty moun- 
 tains in the Boeky Mountain system of Canada. 
 
 Sellasia (se-la'shi-a). [Gr. Se/t/tola.] In an- 
 cient geography, a place in Laconia, Greece, a 
 few miles northeast of Sparta. Here, in 221 b . c ., 
 the Lacedsemonians under Cleomenes III. were totally 
 defeated by the Macedonians and their allies under An- 
 tigonus Doson. 
 
 Sellers (sel'erz), Colonel. A leading character 
 in the novel “The Gilded Age,” by Mark Twain 
 and C. D. Warner. It was dramatized, and the char- 
 acter created by J. T. Raymond. Sellers is a visionary 
 Southern speculator. 
 
 Sellier (se-lya'), Henri. Born at Chatel-Cen- 
 soir, France, March 26, 1849 : died June 26, 1899. 
 A noted French tenor singer. He sang the part of 
 Arnold in “ Guillaume Tell ” in 1878 with such effect that 
 he succeeded to all the great tenor roles. He created 
 Radamir in “Aida” (1880), Manoel in “Le tribut de Za- 
 mora ” (18S1), Paolo in “ Francesca da Rimini ’’ (1882), and 
 Sigurd in “Sigurd ” (1885). He also sang in “ Salammbo ” 
 at Brussels (1890). 
 
 Selma ( sel'ma). A city, capital of Dallas County, 
 Alabama, situated on the Alabama Biver 43 
 miles west of Montgomery, it is a railway center 
 and the head of steamer navigation, and has manufactures 
 and trade in cotton. It was an important Confederate 
 arsenal In the Civil War, and was taken by the Federate 
 under Wilson Feb. 2, 1865. Population, 13,649, (1910). 
 
 Selous (se-lo'), Frederick Courteney. Born 
 at London, Dee. 31, 1851. A noted sportsman. 
 He went to Africa in 1871 as explorer, and on hunting 
 trips 1882-88. In 1889 he conducted a gold-prospecting 
 party through eastern Mashonaland, where he made treat- 
 ies, opened up roads, etc., returning to England in 1892. 
 
 Selsea, or Selsey (sel'se), Bill. A headland at 
 the southwestern extremity of Sussex, England, 
 15 miles east-southeast of Portsmouth. 
 
 Selters (zel'ters), Nieder. A village in the prov- 
 ince of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, 17 miles north 
 of Wiesbaden : famous for its spring of Selters 
 water, discovered in the 16th century (errone- 
 ously called Selzer water: see Selzerbrunnen). 
 
 Selvretta. See Silvretta. 
 
 Selwyn (sel'wiu), George Augustus. Boru 
 Aug. 11, 1719: died at London, Jan. 25, 1791. 
 An English wit. In 1745 he was expelled from Hert- 
 ford College, Oxford, for a blasphemous travesty of the 
 Eucharist. I 11 1747 he was a member of Parliament. He 
 was an intimate friend of Horace Walpole. 
 
 Selwyn, George Augustus. Born April 5, 1809 : 
 died April 11, 1878. An English missionary and 
 bishop. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge. In 
 1829 he rowed in the first university boat-race. In 1841 he 
 was consecrated bishop of New Zealand and Melanesia. 
 In 1867 he became bishop of Lichfield. 
 
 Selwyn College. A college of Cambridge Uni- 
 versity, founded in 1882 to meet the wants of 
 students of the Church of England who cannot 
 afford to attend the more expensive colleges. 
 It was founded in memory of George Augustus 
 Selwyn, bishop of Lichfield. 
 
 Selzerbrunnen (selt'ser-bron-nen). A mineral 
 spring in Hesse, near Grosskarben, north of 
 
Selzerbrunnen 
 
 Frankfort: noted for Selzer water (sometimes 
 confused with Setters water : see Setters). 
 Semaine (se-man'), La. [F.,‘ The Week,’ i. e. 
 ‘ of Creation.’] A descriptive poem by Du Bar- 
 tas, published in 1575. See Bartas. 
 
 Semao (sa-ma'd), or Simao (se-ma'o). A small 
 island of the Malay Archipelago, southwest of 
 Timor. It belongs to the Dutch. 
 
 Semele (sem'e-le). [Gr. Ze/ieAj/.'] In Greek 
 mythology, the daughter of Cadmus and Har- 
 monia, and mother by Zeus of Dionysus. Wish- 
 ing to behold Zeus as the god of thunder, she was con- 
 sumed by lightning. 
 
 Semele. A musical drama, after the manner of 
 an oratorio, by Handel, it was first played in 1744 
 at Covent Garden Theatre, London. The libretto is altered 
 from an opera by Congreve written in 1707 but never played. 
 
 Semendria (se-men'dre-a), Serv. Stnederevo 
 (sme-de-re'vo). A fortified town in Servia. it is 
 situated at the junction of the Jesava and Danube, 25 
 miles southeast of Belgrad. It was taken by the Turks in 
 1439, 1459, 1690, and 1738, and by the Austrians in 1717 
 and 1789. Population, 7,141. 
 
 Seminara (sa-me-na'ra). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Reggio di Calabria, southern Italy, 20 
 miles northeast of Reggio. Here the French under 
 D'Aubigny defeated Ferdinand II. of Naples in 1495 ; and 
 D'Aubigny was defeated here and taken prisoner by the 
 Spaniards under Andrada, April 21, 1503. Population, 
 town, 3,861 ; commune, 5,467. 
 
 Seminole(senTi-n61). [Pl.,also-Ste»ti«o?e8. Their 
 name means ‘separatist ’ or ‘renegade.’] A tribe 
 of North American Indians composed of the 
 members of the Creek Confederacy who during 
 the 18th and the early part of the 19th century 
 left the main body and settled in Florida. They 
 were engaged in two wars with the United States(1817-18 
 and 1835-42). That of 1817-18 was occasioned by their dep- 
 redations on the frontier settlements of Georgia and of 
 Alabama Territory. General E. P. Gaines destroyed an 
 Indian village on the refusal of the inhabitants to sur- 
 render certain alleged murderers, and the Indians retali- 
 ated by waylaying a boat ascending the Appalachicola 
 with supplies for Fort Scott, and killing 34 men and a num- 
 ber of women. General Jackson took the field against the 
 Indians in Jan., 1818, and after a short but sharp campaign 
 destroyed the Seminole villages in the neighborhood of the 
 present city of Tallahassee, in April. He court-martialed 
 and executed two British subjects, Arbuthnot and Ambrist- 
 er, who were among the captives, and whom he accused 
 of stirring up the Indians, and on May 24, 1818, entered 
 the Spanish town of Pensacola, which he claimed had given 
 refuge to the savages. The war of 1835-42 was the most 
 bloody and stubborn of all those against Indian tribes. It 
 originated in the refusal of a part of the tribe to cede their 
 Florida lands and remove to the Indian Territory accord- 
 ing to a treaty ratified in 1834. Osceola was the Seminole 
 leader, and the war was conducted with varying success 
 under Scott, Call, Jesup, Taylor, and others, till the sub- 
 jugation of the Indians in 1842. The number of Seminoles 
 finally removed in 1843 was officially reported as 3,824. 
 Those who reached the Indian Territory constituted one 
 of the five “civilized nations” there, now numbering about 
 3,000, including negroes and adopted whites, and more than 
 200 remain in southern Florida. See Muskhogean. 
 Semipalatinsk ( se -me-pa-la-tinsk' ) . 1 . A prov- 
 ince in the Kirghiz Steppe, Russian Central 
 Asia. It lies to the south of Siberia, and borders on the 
 Chinese empire on the east and Lake Balkash on the south. 
 Besides steppes, it contains several mountain-ranges, in- 
 cluding chains of the Altai. It is traversed by the Irtish. 
 Area, 178,320 square miles. Population, 802,300 (chiefly 
 Kirghiz). 
 
 2. The capital of the province of Semipala- 
 tinsk, situated on the Irtish about lat. 50° 25' 
 N., long. 80° 13' E. It is an important trading 
 center for central Asia. Population, 36,040. 
 Semir amide (se-me-ra'mi-de). [It., “Semira- 
 mis.”] The name of various Italian operas. The 
 most important are “ Semiramide,”by Rossini, libretto by 
 Rossi (produced at Venice, 1823); and “ Semiramide Rico- 
 nosciuta," by Gluck, libretto by Metastasio (produced at 
 Venice, 1748). 
 
 Semir amis (se-mir'a-mis). [Assyr. Sammu- 
 ramat, loving doves ; Gr. Sepipagic;.'] In the 
 Greek historiographers, wife of Ninus the 
 founder of Nineveh, she was the daughter of the 
 Syrian goddess Derketo, and was endowed with surpassing 
 beauty and wisdom. She assumed the government of As- 
 syria after her husband’s death ; built the city of Babylon 
 with its hanging gardens, the temple of Bel, and the bridge 
 over the Euphrates ; conquered Egypt, Ethiopia, and Libya ; 
 and organized a campaign against India : in short, every- 
 thing marvelous in the Orient was ascribed by the Greeks 
 to the supernatural queen. These statements of Greek 
 writers find no confirmation in the cuneiform monuments. 
 Some of the exploits of Semiramis are identical with those 
 recorded of the goddess Ishtar in the so-called Nimrod epic. 
 It is possible, however, that there was some historical foun- 
 dation for these legends, as the name Sammuramat occurs 
 in the inscriptions as the queen of Ramman-Nirari III. 
 (811-782 b. o.). She is the only Assyrian queen whose name 
 is recorded on the monuments. 
 
 Semiramis. See Semiramide. 
 
 Semiramis of the North, The. 1. Margaret, 
 queen of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden. — 2. 
 Catharine H. of Russia. 
 
 Semiryetchensk (se-me-rye-cheDsk'). A prov- 
 ince in the governor-generalship of Turkestan, 
 Russian Central Asia, situated south of Lake 
 Balkash, and bordering on the Chinese empire 
 
 916 
 
 on the east. It contains steppes and various mountain- 
 ranges, including part of the Tian-Shan. The chief rivers 
 are the Ili and others belonging to the basin of Lake Bal- 
 kash. Area, 144,550 square miles. Population, 1,480,400 
 (hugely Kirghiz). 
 
 Semites(sernTts). Thedescendants, or supposed 
 descendants, of Shem, son of Noah: a name 
 given by Eiclihorn to the Hebrews and allied 
 races in southwestern Asia and eastern Africa. 
 
 The true Semite, whether we meet with him in the des- 
 erts and towns of Arabia, in the bas-reliefs of the Assyrian 
 palaces, or in the lanes of some European ghetto, is dis- 
 tinguished by ethnological features as definite as the philo- 
 logical features which distinguish the Semitic languages. 
 He belongs to the white race, using the term ‘'race" in 
 its broadest sense. But the division of the white race 
 of which he is a member has characteristics of its 
 own so marked and peculiar as to constitute a special 
 race — or, more strictly speaking, a sub-race. The hair 
 is glossy-black, curly and strong, and is largely developed 
 on the face and head. The skull is dolichocephalic. It is 
 curious, however, that in Central Europe an examination 
 of the Jews has shown that while about 15 per cent, are 
 blonds, only 25 per cent, are brunettes, the rest being of 
 intermediate type, and thatbrachycephalismoccurs almost 
 exclusively among the brunettes. It is difficult to account 
 for this except on the theory of extensive mixt ure of bloijd. 
 Whenever the race is pure, the nose is prominent and 
 somewhat aquiline, the lips are thick, and the face oval. 
 The skin is of a dull white, which tans but does not redden 
 under exposure to the sun. There is usually, however, a 
 good deal of colour in the lips and cheeks. The eyes are 
 dark like the hair. Sayce, Races of the O. T., p. 77. 
 
 Semler (zem'ler), Johann Salomo. Born at 
 Saalfeld, Thuringia, Dec. 18, 1725: died March 
 14, 1791. A German Protestanttheologian, critic, 
 and church historian, professor at Halle : some- 
 times styled the “ father of German rational- 
 ism.” Among his works are “ Abhandlung von der Un- 
 tersuchung des Kanons ” (“Treatise on the Investigation 
 of the Canon,” 1771-75), “Selecta capita historiae ecclesias- 
 ticse ” (1767-69), etc. 
 
 Semliki (sem-le'ke). A river in central Africa 
 which forms the outlet of Lake Albert Edward 
 Nyanza into Lake Albert Nyanza. 
 
 Semlin (sem-len'),Hung. Zimony (zim'ony), 
 Servian Zemun (ze-mon'). A city in Croatia- 
 Slavonia, Austria-Hungary, situated on the 
 Danube, near the mouth of the Save, nearly op- 
 posite Belgrad. It has important transit trade 
 with the Balkan peninsula. Population, about 
 15,100. 
 
 Semmering, or Semering (zem'er-ing), or Som- 
 mering (zem'mer-ing). A pass in the Alps, on 
 the border of Styria and Lower Austria, often 
 regarded as marking the eastern limit of the 
 Alps. It has been traversed since 1854 by the Semmer- 
 ing Railway, connecting Gloggnitz with Miirzzuschlag, and 
 more remotely Vienna with Laibach, Triest, Italy, etc. 
 Height at the tunnel, 2,940 feet. 
 
 Semmering Alps. A branch of the Alps, on the 
 borders of Styi’ia and Lower Austria. Greatest 
 elevation, about 4,500 feet. 
 
 Semmes (semz), Raphael. Born in Charles 
 County, Md., Sept. 27, 1809: died at Mobile, Ala., 
 Aug. 30, 1877. A noted Confederate naval com- 
 mander. He served in the Mexican war ; and was com- 
 mander of the privateer Sumter in 1861, and of the cele- 
 brated privateer Alabama 1862-64. (See Alabama and 
 Kearsarge.) He published “ Service Afloat and Ashore dur- 
 ing the Mexican War ”(1851), “Campaign of General Scott 
 in the Valley of Mexico ” (1852), “Cruise of the Alabama ” 
 (1864), and “ Service Afloat during the War between the 
 States ” (1869). 
 
 Semneh (sem'ne). AnancientfortressinEgypt, 
 on the west bank of the Nile, south of the sec- 
 ond cataract : built to check the Cushites. 
 
 Semnones (sem-no'nez or sem'no-nez). [L. 
 (Tacitus) Semnones, Gr. (Strabo) Sr/mare?.] A 
 German tribe, a principal branch of the Suevi, 
 first mentioned by Strabo, who describes them 
 as subject to Maroboduus. They were situated about 
 the middle Elbe eastward to the Oder. They are named 
 for the last time at the end of the 2d century, in the so- 
 called Marcomannic war. 
 
 Sempach (zem'pach). A small town in the can- 
 ton of Lucerne, Switzerland, situated on the 
 Lake of Sempach 8 miles northwest of Lucerne. 
 A victory gained here by the Swiss Confederates over the 
 Austrians under Duke Leopold, July 9, 1386, secured the 
 independence of the Swiss. Compare Winkelried. 
 
 Sempach, Lake of. A lake in the canton of 
 Lucerne, Switzerland, 8 miles northwest of Lu- 
 cerne. Its outlet is by the Suhr to the Aare. 
 Length, 5 miles. 
 
 Sempronia (sem-pro'ni-a). A character in Ben 
 Jonson’s “Catiline.” “ She dabbles in politics, reads 
 Greek, and thinks herself the match of Cicero in eloquence, 
 of Caesar in statecraft.” Symonds. 
 
 Sempronia gens (sem-pro'ni-a jenz). A Roman 
 house or clan containing several noted families 
 in the time of the republic, the most famous of 
 which was the family of the Gracchi. 
 
 Sempronius (sem-pro'ni-us). 1. A character in 
 Shakspere’s “ Timon of Athens.” — 2. A char- 
 acter in Addison’s tragedy “ Cato.” 
 
 Seneca 
 
 Sempronius (Tiberius Sempronius Longus). 
 
 Died about 210 B. C. A Roman consul in 218 
 b. c. He was a colleague of Publius Scipio, 
 with whom he was defeated by Hannibal on 
 the Trebia. 
 
 Semur ( se-miir ' ) . A town in the department of 
 Cote-d’Or, France, situated on the Armamjon 
 36 miles west-northwest of Dijon. Notre Dame is 
 an unusually beautiful church of the 13th century, with 
 triple porch, fine sculptured portals, and interior of ex- 
 cellent proportions and details. There is fine glass, and 
 the chapels contain noteworthy scriptural reliefs. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 3,512. 
 
 Senaar. See Sennar. 
 
 Senancour (se-non-kor'), Etienne Pivert de. 
 
 Born at Paris, 1770: died at St. -Cloud, France, 
 1846. A French ^ethical writer, moral essayist, 
 and disciple of Rousseau. Among his works are 
 “Reveries sur la nature primitive de l’homme" (1799), 
 “Obermann ” (1804 : which see), “ De l’amour selon les lois 
 primordiales, etc.” (1805), “Observations sur le g^nie du 
 Christianisme ” (1816), a number of resumes of history, 
 tradition, etc. (1821-27), “Isabella," a romance (1833), etc. 
 
 Senate. [L. senatus, from senex, old.] 1. In 
 ancient Rome, a body of citizens appointed or 
 elected from among the patricians, and later 
 from among rich plebeians also, or taking seats 
 by virtue of holding or of having held certain 
 high offices of state. Originally the senate had supreme 
 authority in religious matters, much legislative and judi- 
 cial power, the management of foreign affairs, etc. At 
 the close of the republic, however, and under the empire, 
 the authority of the senate was little more than nominal. 
 The original senate of the patricians numbered 100 ; after 
 the adjunction of the Sabines and Luceres, the number 
 became 300, and so remained with little change until the 
 supremacy of Sulla. Julius Caesar made the number 900, 
 and after his death it became over 1,000, but was reduced 
 to 600 by Augustus, and varied under subsequent em- 
 perors. 
 
 2. The upper or less numerous branch of the 
 legislature in various countries,' as in France, 
 Italy, the United States, most South American 
 countries, and in the separate States of the 
 American Union. The Senate of theUnited States con- 
 sists of 2 senators from each State, and numbers 96 mem- 
 bers. A senator must be at least 30 years of age, 9 years 
 a citizen of the country, and a resident of the State from 
 which he is chosen. Senators (from 1913) are elected by 
 direct vote, and sit for 6 years, but the terms of office are 
 so arranged that one third of the members retire every 2 
 years. In addition to its legislative functions, the Senate 
 has power to confirm or reject nominations and treaties 
 made by the President, and also tries impeachments. The 
 Vice-President of the United States is the president of the 
 Senate : in his absence a senator is chosen president pro 
 tempore. The name Senate has been adopted by the upper 
 houses of the Canadian Parliament, of the Commonwealth 
 of Australia, and of the Union of South Africa. 
 
 Senchus Mor (sen'ckos mor), The. [Ir., ‘The 
 Great Law.’] A revision of the Brehon laws of 
 Ireland, said to have been made by the chief 
 lawyers of the country, with the assistance of 
 St. Patrick, in the 5th century. 
 
 Sendabad. See Sandabar. 
 
 Sendai (sen-di'). A town in the main island of 
 Japan, situated on the eastern coast. Popula- 
 tion, 97,944. 
 
 Seneca (sen'e-ka). [PL, also -Senecas.] A tribe 
 of North American Indians. The name is foreign 
 to their language, and is probably a corruption of a word 
 meaning ‘red paint.’ They called themselves by a name 
 meaning ‘people of the mountain.’ The French called 
 them Tsonnontouan. They shared with the Mohawks the 
 glory of the Iroquois Confederacy, and wire conspicuous 
 in the wars west of Lake Erie. When first known they oc- 
 cupied the land in western New York between Seneca 
 Lake and the Genesee River. On the defeat of the Erie and 
 the Neuter tribes, they took possession of the territory west 
 to Lake Erie and south along the Allegheny to Pennsyl- 
 vania, and received by adoption many of the conquered peo- 
 ples, by which they became the largest tribe of the con- 
 federacy. They sided with the British in the Revolution, 
 but did not generally abandon their homes. They num- 
 ber about 3,000. See Iroquois. 
 
 Seneca, Lucius Annseus. Born at Corduba 
 about 4 b. c. : died at his villa near Rome, 
 65 A. D. A celebrated Roman Stoic philoso- 
 pher. He was the son of M. Annseus Seneca and Helvia, 
 and when a child was brought by his parents to Rome, 
 where he studied rhetoric and philosophy and rose to 
 prominence as a pleader of causes. Hewas a senator un- 
 der Caligula. In the first year of the reign of Caligula’s 
 successor, Claudius (41), he was banished to Corsica at the 
 instigation of the empress Messalina, who accused him of 
 improper intimacy with Julia, the daughter of Germani- 
 cus. He was recalled in 49 through theinfluence of Agrip- 
 pina, the new wife of Claudius, who intrusted him with 
 the education of her son Nero. On the accession of his 
 pupil in 54 he obtained virtual control of the government, 
 which he exercised in concert with the pretorian prefect 
 Burrus. The restraint which his counsel imposed on *he 
 emperor made his tenure of power precarious, and on the 
 assassination of Burrus in 62 he petitioned for permission 
 to retire from the court. The permission was withheld : 
 nevertheless he withdrew from the management of affairs. 
 He was ultimately charged with complicity in the con- 
 spiracy of Piso, and took bis own life in obedience to the 
 order of Nero. His writings consist of the prose works 
 “De ira,” “De consolatione ad Helviam matrem liber," 
 “ De consolatione ad Polybium liber," “ Liber de consola- 
 tione ad Marciam,”“De providentia liber,” “De animi 
 
917 
 
 Seneca 
 
 tranquilitate," " Do constantia sapientis,” “ De dementia 
 ad Neronem Csesarem libri duo," “De brevitate vitae ad 
 Paulinum liber," “De vita beata ad Gallionem,” “ De otio 
 aut secessu sapientis,” “ De beneficiis libri septem," “ Epis- 
 tolte ad Lucilium," “ Apocolocyntosis, ” and “Qusestionum 
 naturalium libri septem"; and the tragedies “Hercules,” 
 “Troades," “ Phoenissse ” or "Thebais,” “Medea,” “Phai- 
 dra" or “ Hippolytus,” “(Edipus," “ Agamemnon,” “ Thy- 
 estes,” “Hercules CEtaeus," and, according to some, “Oc- 
 tavia. ” 
 
 Seneca Falls. A village and township in Sene- 
 ca County, New York, situated on Seneca River 
 45 miles east-southeast of Rochester. It has va- 
 rious manufactures. Pop., village, 6,588, (1910). 
 
 Seneca Lake. A lake in western central New 
 York, west of Cayuga Lake. Its outlet is the 
 Seneca River. Length, about 36 miles. Great- 
 est breadth, 4 miles. 
 
 Senefelder (za'ne-fel-der), Aloys. Born at 
 Prague, Nov. 6, 1771: died at Munich, Feb. 26, 
 1834. A German inventor, discoverer of the pro- 
 cess of lithography (1798). 
 
 Seneffe (se-nef'). A village in the province of 
 Hainaut, Belgium, 22 miles south by west of 
 Brussels. Here, Aug. 11, 1674, an indecisive battle was 
 fought by the French under Conde and the Dutch under 
 William of Orange ; and here, July 2, 1794, the French 
 under Marceau defeated the Austrians. 
 
 Senegal (sen-e-gal'). A river in western Africa, 
 formed by the union of the Bating and Bakhoy. 
 It flows generaHy northwest and west, and empties into 
 the Atlantic about lat. 16“ N. Length, about 1,000 miles ; 
 
 ★ anvigable to Mafu, and in the raiuy season to Medine. 
 
 Sen6gal (sa-na-gal'). Acolonyinwestern Africa, 
 belonging to France. Capital, St. Louis, it lies 
 mainly south of the river Senegal, and extends eastward to 
 theupper Niger valley. Various native states in the vicinity 
 are under a French protectorate. The inhabitants are mostly 
 negroes. It became a French colony in the 17th century; 
 was twice held temporarily by the British ; and was greatly 
 developed under Faidherbe in 1854 and succeeding years. 
 
 Senegambia (sen-e-gam'bi-a). [From Sene(gal) 
 and Gambia .] A region in western Africa, ex- 
 tending along the Atlantic coast south of the 
 Sahara (from which it is partly separated by the 
 Senegal) to Sierra Leone, and eastward to the 
 upper Niger valley. The principal rivers are the Sen- 
 egal and Gambia. It is divided between the French (colony 
 of Senegal), English (Gambia, etc.), and Portuguese (Bis- 
 sagos Archipelago, etc.). See also Sudan, French, and 
 •kSenegal-Niger Colony, Upper. 
 
 Senior (se'nyor), Nassau William. Born at 
 Compton, Berkshire, England, Sept. 26, 1790 : 
 died at Kensington, June 4, 1864. An English 
 political economist and critic. At Magdalen Col- 
 lege, Oxford, he was a private pupil of Richard Whately 
 (afterward archbishop of Dublin). He graduated in 1812 ; 
 was called to the bar in 1819; and became master in chan- 
 cery in 1836. From 1825 to 1830 he was professor of political 
 economy at Oxford. He filled the chair again 1847-52. He 
 was a member of the Education Commission of 1857. He 
 published “ An Outline of the Science of Political Economy ” 
 (1836), a lecture on the “Production of Wealth” (1849), 
 “Suggestions on Popular Education" (1861), “American 
 Slavery" (1856), “Essays on Fiction ” (1864), “Historical 
 and Philosophical Essays" (1865), and many lectures and 
 essays on economic subjects, and journals of travels. 
 
 Senkereh (sen'ke-re). A place on the site of 
 the ancient Chaldean city Larsa. See Ellasar. 
 Tablets containing lists of squares and cubes of numbers 
 have been found in the ruins. 
 
 Senlac (sen'lak). A hill in Sussex, England, 
 near Hastings. It is notable as the scene of the battle 
 of Senlac (or battle of Hastings), Oct. 14, 1066, in which 
 William the Norman (William I. of England, William the 
 Conqueror) defeated the English under Harold, who was 
 slain in the battle. This was the one battle fought in the 
 Norman conquest of England. 
 
 Senlis (son-les' or son-le'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Oise, France, situated on the No- 
 nette 25 miles north-northeast of Paris, it was 
 formerly the seat of a bishopric. The cathedral is an in- 
 teresting church of the 12th century and later. The west- 
 ern facade possesses a very fine sculptured portal and a 
 13th-century spire which, though not very lofty (211 feet), 
 is a model of grace, and forms an architectural type for its 
 date. Sixteen towers of the Gallo-Roman fortifications 
 are still to be seen. The town is of ten mentioned in medie- 
 val history. Population, commune, 7,126. 
 
 Sennaar. See Sennar. 
 
 Sennacherib (se-nak'e-rib). [Assyr. Sin-ahe- 
 erba, Sin (the moon-god) increase the brothers.] 
 King of Assyria 705-681 b. c., son and successor 
 of Sargon : one of the great Assyrian monarchs, 
 and well known in biblical history. He was first 
 engaged, like his father, in many bloody wars against the 
 Babylonian and Elamite alliance headed by Merodach- 
 baladan, the hereditary foe of Assyria. These ended with 
 the capture and destruction of Babylon in 689, and the de- 
 feat of Elam in the memorable battle of Halule in 691 
 B. c. (See Flam.) Of his further expeditions, which ac- 
 cording to Greek and cuneiform accounts reached as far as 
 Cilicia in Asia Minor, where he is supposed to have founded 
 the city of Tarsus, may be mentioned that against Phenicia 
 and Palestine known from the Old Testament. (Concern- 
 ing therelation of the biblical account to that of the cunei- 
 form inscriptions, see Hezekiah and Jerusalem.) The 
 expedition was provoked by the coalition of Phenicia, 
 Palestine, and the principalities of Syria with Egypt, 
 Mesopotamia's rival for the supremacy over Asia, and its 
 object was to isolate Egypt. The bulk of the Assyrian 
 
 army met the forces of the coalition at Eltekeh (Assyrian 
 Altaku). The battle seems to have been indecisive. The 
 siege of Jerusalem had to be given up on account of a pes- 
 tilence which broke out in the Assyrian army. Like Sargon, 
 Sennacherib indulged in building, and endeavored to pro- 
 mote the welfare of the country by introducing improve- 
 ments. His reign was of special importance for the his- 
 tory of the city of Nineveh, which, after having long been 
 neglected, was again raised by him to the dignity of a capi- 
 tal, and restored to unprecedented splendor and glory. 
 While praying in a temple he was murdered by two of his 
 sons, who fled to Armenia (Urartu). 
 
 Sennar, or Sennaar, or Senaar (se-nar'). 1. A 
 region iu eastern Africa. It extends between the 
 White Nile and the Rahad (a tributary of the Blue Nile) 
 southward from Khartum to about lat. 11° N. The sur- 
 face, generally level, is mountainous in the southeast. Be- 
 fore the Mahdist revolt of 1881 it was a province of the 
 Egyptian Sudan, and is now a province of the Anglo- Egyp- 
 tian Sudan. The inhabitants are Arabs, Funji(Negro), etc. 
 Capital, Singa. 
 
 2. Formerly, the chief town of the district of 
 Sennar, situated on the Blue Nile. 
 
 Sennheim (zen'him), F. Cernay (ser-na/). A 
 town in Upper Alsace, Alsace-Lorraine, situ- 
 ated on the Thur 9 miles northwest of Miil- 
 hausen. Near it is the Ochsenfeld, where Caesar is said 
 to have defeated Ariovistus 58 B. c. Pop., commune, 5,214. 
 
 Senonais (sa-no-na'). A former division of the 
 ancient Champagne, in France. Capital, Sens. 
 Senones (sen'o-nez). 1. In ancient history, a 
 people of the Cisalpine Gauls, dwelling between 
 the Adriatic and the Apennines, about lat. 43° 
 30'-44° N. They were conquered by the Ro- 
 mans about 283 b. c. and expelled from their 
 lands. — 2. In ancient history, a tribe in central 
 Gaul, situated northwest of the AUdui, and hav- 
 ing Agedincum (Sens) as their capital. They 
 revolted against Caesar 54-52 B. c. 
 
 Senones (se-non'). A town in the department 
 of Vosges, eastern France, 41 miles southeast 
 of Nancy. Population, commune, 4,343. 
 Senova (sa-no'va). A place south of the Bal- 
 kans, in the Valley of Roses, Eastern Rumelia, 
 where the Russians under Skobeleff defeated 
 the Turks, Jan. 9, 1878. 
 
 Sens (sons). A city in the department of Yonne, 
 France, situated on the Yonne 61 miles south- 
 east of Paris: the ancient Agedincum. The 
 Cathedral of St. Etienne is a beautiful early-Pointed 
 structure, rebuilt in the 12th century, and taken as a 
 model by the architect of Canterbury cathedral. There 
 are remains of Roman walls. The town was the capital of 
 the ancient Senones, and became an important Roman city. 
 Its archbishop was “primate of Gaul and Germany.” It 
 was the meeting-place of the church council which con- 
 demned Abelard. It favored the League and resisted 
 Henry IV. until 1594. It was besieged in 1814, and was 
 held by the Germans in 1870-71. Pop., commune, 15,007. 
 
 Sense and Sensibility. A novel by Jane 
 Austen, written during 1797-98 and published 
 in 1811. 
 
 Sent (sent), or Senta (sen'ta). An Egyptian 
 king. See the extract. 
 
 It is even possible to go back for another 500 years, 
 when we come at last to the very earliest extant inscrip- 
 tion in the world. This venerable record is a tablet now 
 in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, which was erected 
 by Sent, a king of the second dynasty, to the memory of 
 Shera, who appears to have been his grandson. According 
 to the chronological scheme of M. Mariette, King Sent 
 must have lived about the year 4700 b. c. But, as will pres- 
 ently be shown, this very inscription, the oldest written 
 record in existence, affords conclusive proof that even at 
 that distant date of some 60 or 70 centuries, the hiero- 
 glyphic writing was already an extremely ancient graphic 
 system, with long ages of previous development stretch- 
 ing out behind it into a distant past of almost inconceiva- 
 ble remoteness. Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 56. 
 
 Sentimental Journey through France and 
 Italy, A. A work by Laurence Sterne, two 
 volumes of which were published shortly before 
 his death in 1768. He intended to make it a much 
 larger work. Several continuations have been written by 
 others. 
 
 Sentinum (sen-ti'num). In ancient geography, 
 a city in Italy, near the Apennines, 37 miles 
 west-southwest of Ancona: the modern Sen- 
 tmo. It is noted for the decisive victory gained there 
 295 B. C. by the Romans under Fabius and Decius Mus 
 over the allied Samnites and Gauls. 
 
 Sentis, or Santis (sen'tis). A mountain in 
 Switzerland, 6 miles south of Appenzell. It is 
 about 8,215 feet high, and is most easily as- 
 cended from the Weissbad. 
 
 Seoni, or Seonee (se-6'ne). 1. Adistrictinthe 
 Central Provinces, British India, intersected by 
 lat. 22° N., long. 79° 45' E. Area, 3,206 square 
 miles. Population, 327,709. — 2. The capital 
 of the district of Seoni. Population, 11,864. 
 Seoul. See Seal. 
 
 Sepharad (sef'a-rad). A region where de- 
 ported Israelites lived. Its geographical location is 
 uncertain. The Septuagint renders it by Ephratha, the 
 Vulgate by Bosphorus. Some identify it with Spard which 
 occurs iu the Persian cuneiform inscriptions, and which is 
 
 Septennial Act 
 
 supposed to represent Sardis and Lydia ; others with Se« 
 parda in the southwest of Media, mentioned in Sargon’s 
 inscriptions ; still others with Sepurd, a mountain south- 
 west of Erzerum. The Syriac translation of the Peshita and 
 Jewish interpreters render it by Spain, and in medieval and 
 modern Jewish writings the name always designates Spain. 
 
 Sephardim (se-far'dim). [Heb.] Spanish-Por- 
 tuguese Jews, as distinguished from Ashkena 
 zim, or German-Polish Jews. See Ashkenazim , 
 Sephardo (se-f ar'do) , Salomo. In George Eliot’s 
 “ Spanish Gipsy,” a Jewish astrologer who per- 
 ceives clearly the scientific limits to astrologi- 
 cal prediction. 
 
 Sepharvaim (sef-ar-va'im). In the Assyrian 
 inscriptions, Sippara, a city in Mesopotamia, on 
 the left bank of the Euphrates, it was divided by 
 the “Royal Canal ’’ or the “Canal of Agade,” one part be- 
 ing originally called Sippar, the other Agade ; but the 
 name of Agade, it seems, was lost in the lapse of time, and 
 both cities became one. In the cuneiform inscriptions 
 the two portions of the city are distinguished as “Sippar 
 ofShamash” and “Sipparof Annuit,” being centers of the 
 cult of these divinities. The temple of Shamash, the sun- 
 god, called E-babbara, was also consecrated to the worship 
 of Moloch, who was the sun-god in his destructive aspect. 
 This agrees with 2 Ki. xvii. 31, according to which the colo- 
 nists from Sepharvaim settled in Samaria “burned their 
 sons with fire to Adrammelech and Anammelech.” Seph- 
 arvaim is now represented by the ruins of Abuhabba, 
 where, in 1881, Hormuzd Rassam discovered the temple 
 of the sun-god. 
 
 Sephestia(se-fes'tia). In Greene’s novel “Mena- 
 phon,” the banished daughter of King Damo- 
 cles, beloved by the shepherd Menaphon. While 
 disguised as the shepherdess Samela, she is also the object 
 of the passion of her father, her husband Maximus, and her 
 son Pleusidippus. Her song to her child — 
 
 “Weep not, my wanton, smile upon my knee : 
 
 When thou art old, there ’s grief enough for thee 
 is well known. 
 
 Sephiroth (sef'i-roth). [Heb., from saphar, 
 write, count.] In the Kabbala, the ten attri- 
 butes or intelligences forming the Adam Kad- 
 mon (first man) and emanating from the En- 
 Soph or Infinite : compared to rays of light, and 
 identified with Scripture names of God. 
 
 Sepoy Mutiny. See Indian Mutiny. 
 
 Sepp (sep), Johann Nepomuk. Born at Tolz, 
 Bavaria, Aug. 7, 1816: died at Munich, June 
 11, 1909. A German Roman Catholic theologian 
 and historian, professor of history at Munich 
 1846-47 and 1850-67. His works include “ Leben Jesu ” 
 (“Life of Jesus,” 1842-46), etc. 
 
 Sepphoris (sef 'o-ris). [In the Talmud, Zippori.'] 
 The modern village Sefuriyeh, situated 1 } miles 
 distant from Nazareth. Herod Antipas made it the 
 capital of Galilee. Its Roman name was Diocsesarea. 
 Under Rabbi Jehuda the Prince (ha Nasi) it became the 
 seat of the Sanhedrim ; later it was the residence of a 
 bishop of Palestina Secunda. In 339 (under Constan- 
 tine) it was destroyed in consequence of a revolt of the 
 Jews. During the Crusades, the tradition that Sepphoris 
 was the home of Joachim and Anna, the parents of the 
 Virgin Mary, was generally accepted, and the Crusaders 
 erected a church on the traditional site of their dwelling. 
 The modern Sefuriyeh numbers about 600 inhabitants. 
 September (sep-tem'ber). [L. September , sc. 
 mensis, the ‘ seventh month’ of the Roman year, 
 which began with March.] The ninth month 
 of the year, containing thirty days. 
 September, Massacres of. A series of murders 
 perpetrated by the extreme revolutionists at 
 Paris, Sept. 2-6, 1792, the victims being royal- 
 ists and constitutionalists confined in prison. 
 The massacres were undertaken by the Commune of Paris, 
 and were occasioned by the consternation felt over the 
 approach of the Prussians, whose avowed object was to 
 restore the king. 
 
 Danton believed that before going forth to conquer 
 foreign enemies it was necessary to exterminate those at 
 home, at least to “ strike terror to the royalists.” He or- 
 dered, or allowed the committee of surveillance to order, 
 the frightful massacres of September 2-6. A band of four 
 or five hundred assassins, hired by the Commune, took 
 possession of the prisons. Some of them constituted them- 
 selves a tribunal, others served as executioners. The pris- 
 oners were called, and after a few questions they were set 
 at liberty or led into the courtyard of the prison and de- 
 spatched with sabres, pikes, axes, and clubs. After having 
 killed the political prisoners, they murdered prisoners of 
 all classes. The number of killed amounted to nine hun- 
 dred and sixty-six. Duruy, Hist, of France, p. 552 (trails.). 
 
 September Convention. A treaty concluded 
 Sept. 15, 1864, between France and Italy, in ac- 
 cordance with which France was to withdraw 
 troops from Rome in two years, and Italy was to 
 guarantee the retention of Rome by the Pope. 
 September Laws. In French history, laws re- 
 stricting the freedom of the press, p romulgated 
 in Sept., 1835. 
 
 Septembrists (sep-tem'brists). 1. The insti- 
 gators of the September massacres in Paris in 
 1792. — 2. In Portuguese history, the partizans 
 of the liberal constitution of Sept., 1822. 
 Septennial Act. In English history, an act of 
 Parliament passed in 1716, which superseded 
 
Septennial Act 
 
 the Triennial Act, and prolonged to seven 
 years the possible life of Parliament: Parlia- 
 ment must be dissolved at the end of seven 
 years. 
 
 Septentriones (sep-ten-tri-o'nez). [From sep- 
 tem, seven, and trio, a plow-ox. ] The seven stars 
 belonging to the constellation of the Great 
 Bear (or Charles’s Wain) ; hence, this constel- 
 lation itself, which is also called Septentrio. 
 Sept lies (set el). [F., ‘seven islands.’] A 
 group of seven small islands, situated in the 
 English Channel 26 miles northeast of Morlaix. 
 They form a part of the department of Cotes- 
 du-Nord, France. 
 
 Septimania (sep-ti-ma'ni-a), or Gotliia (go'- 
 thi-a). [Named from the seventh Roman le- 
 gion, which established a colony at Beterrte 
 (Beziers).] An ancient territory in the south- 
 ern part of France, of varying limits. Chief 
 place, Narbonne. It comprised part of the Homan 
 Narbonensis, extending from the mouth of the Rhone to 
 the Pyrenees along the Mediterranean coast, and north- 
 westward to the Cbvennes, and comprising also Nimes and 
 Carcassonne. It formed part of the West-Gothic kingdom, 
 and was retained by the West Goths in the Merovingian 
 epoch ; was conquered by the Saracens early in the 8th 
 century ; and was conquered by Pepin the Short 752-759. 
 It was made a duchy, and in the 9th century became a 
 marquisate. Later it followed the fortunes of Toulouse. 
 Septimer (zep'ti-mer). An Alpine pass in the 
 southern part of the canton of Grisons, Switzer- 
 land. It leads from Bivio and the Oberhalbstein valley to 
 Casaccia and the valley of the Maira. Height, 7,682 feet. 
 Septimius Felton. An unfinished story by Na- 
 thaniel Hawthorne, published in 1872, after his 
 death. 
 
 Septimius Severus. See Severus. 
 
 Septimius Severus, Arch of. See Arch ofSep- 
 timius Severus. 
 
 Septinsular (sep-tin 'sfi-lar) Republic. A 
 
 name sometimes given to the republic of the 
 seven Ionian Islands. 
 
 Septuagint (sep'tu-a-jint). [From L. septua- 
 ginta, seventy.] A Greek version of the Hebrew 
 Scriptures made, accord ingto tradition, by about 
 seventy translators : usually expressed by the 
 symbol LXX (‘the Seventy’). The legend is that 
 it was made by seventy-two persons in seventy-two days. 
 It is said by Josephus to have been made in the reign 
 and by the order of Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt, 
 about 270 or 280 B. C. It i3 supposed, however, by mod- 
 ern critics that this version of the several books is the 
 work not only of different hands but of separate times. 
 It is probable that at first only the Pentateuch was trans- 
 lated, and the remaining books gradually; but the trans- 
 lation is believed to have been completed by the 2d cen- 
 tury B. c. The Septuagint is written in the Hellenistic 
 (Alexandrine) dialect, and is linguistically of great im- 
 portance from its effect upon the diction of the New Testa- 
 ment, and as the source of a large part of the religious and 
 theological vocabulary of the Greek fathers, and (through 
 the Old Latin version of the Bibleand the influence of thison 
 the V ulgate) of that of the Latin fathers also and of all west- 
 ern nations to the present day. In the Greek Church the 
 Septuagint has been in continuous use from the earliest 
 times, although other Greek versions (see Hexapla ) were 
 anciently also in circulation, and it is the Old Testament 
 still used in that church. The Septuagint contains the 
 books called Apocrypha intermingled among the other 
 books. It is the version which agrees with most of the 
 citations in the New Testament. 
 
 Sepulcher (sep'ul-ker), Knights of the Holy. 
 
 A military order established by Godfrey de 
 Bouillon in 1099 to watch the sepulcher of Christ. 
 Sepulcher, The Holy. The sepulcher in which 
 the body of Christ lay between his burial and 
 resurrection. Its traditional site at Jerusalem has been 
 marked since very early times by a church. 
 
 Sepulveda (sa-pol'va-Tiiii), Juan Ginez de. 
 Born near Cordova about 1490 : died at Mariano, 
 near Cordova, 1573. A Spanish theologian and 
 historian. He was royal historiographer from 1636, and 
 preceptor of Prince Philip, afterward Philip II. He was 
 one of the most noted opponents of Las Casas, holding in 
 his treatise “Democrates Secundus” that war on the In- 
 dians and Indian slavery were justifiable. Sepulveda’s 
 numerous works are all in Latin. They include histories 
 of the reigns of Charles V. and Philip II., and many the- 
 ological treatises. Referring to the elegance of his Latinity, 
 Erasmus called him “the Spanish Livy.” 
 
 Sequana (sek'wa-na). The Roman name of the 
 Seine. 
 
 Sequani(sek'wa-nl). Inancienthistory, apeople 
 of eastern Gaul who dwelt east of the HMui (from 
 whom they were separated by the Saone) and 
 west of the jura. They were allied with the Arverni 
 against the JEdui. They invited Ariovistus and the Ger- 
 mans across the Rhine ; allowed the Helvetii passage 
 through their country in 68 B. 0.; and joined the league 
 against Caesar in 62 B. c. 
 
 Serafshan. See Zerafshan. 
 
 Seraglio (se-ral'yo). [It., ‘ an inclosure.’] The 
 chief or official palace of the Sultan of Turkey 
 at Constantinople. It is of great size, and contains 
 government buildings, mosques, etc., as well as the sultan’s 
 harem. 
 
 Seraglio Point. The point on the southern side 
 
 918 
 
 of the Golden Horn where that inlet joins the 
 Bosporus. 
 
 The old walls run out to a point, and then wind round 
 to the north, bounding the harbour. The Point is crowned 
 by a group of irregular ruinous buildings, and a few bet- 
 ter preserved kiosques, which are all that remain of the 
 Seraglio of the Grand Signior. Over them rise the bulbous 
 dome and cupolas of St. Sophia, with its Turkish minarets, 
 and beyond are other domes and minarets innumerable. 
 Rounding Seraglio Point, the vessel glides into the Golden 
 Horn — the wide inlet which forms the splendid harbour 
 of Constantinople, and divides the city into its European 
 and its Turkish quarters. Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 262. 
 
 Serai. See Sarai. 
 
 Seraievo. See Bosna-Serai. 
 
 Seraing (se-ran'). A village in the province of 
 LieSge, Belgium, situated on the Meuse 3 miles 
 southwest of Liege. It is the seat of a large establish- 
 ment formanufacturing machinery, engines, cast- iron arti- 
 cles, etc., founded by John Cockerill in 1817. Population, 
 commune, 42,638. 
 
 Serajewo, or Serajevo. See Bosna-Serai. 
 
 Serampur ( ser-am-por ' ) , or Ser ampore ( ser-am- 
 por'). A town in Hugli district, Bengal, Brit- 
 ish India, situated on the Hugli 13 miles north 
 of Calcutta. It is the seat of an English Baptist mis- 
 sion. It belonged to Denmark until 1846. Population, 
 44,451. 
 
 Serang. See Ceram. 
 
 Serapeum, or Serapeium (ser-a-pe'um). [Gr. 
 
 Zeparreiov, a temple of Serapis.] 1. The great 
 Egyptian sanctuary near Memphis, where the 
 Apis bulls were buried. It was explored by 
 Mariette in 1851. See Serapis and Sakkarali . — 
 2. A famous temple of Serapis in ancient Alex- 
 andria, destroyed by Theodosius. See the ex- 
 tract, and that under Serapis, below. 
 
 The Serapion, at that time, appeared secure in the su- 
 perstition which connected this inviolable sanctuary, and 
 the honor of its god, with the rise and fall of the Nile, 
 with the fertility and existence of Egypt, and, as Egypt 
 was the granary of the East, the existence of Constanti- 
 nople. The Pagans had little apprehension that the Sera- 
 pion itself, before many years, would be levelled to the 
 ground. The temple of Serapis, next to that of Jupiter 
 in the Capitol, was the proudest monument of Pagan reli- 
 gious architecture. Like the more celebrated structures 
 of the East, and that of Jerusalem in its glory, it compre- 
 hended within its precincts a vast mass of buildings, of 
 which the temple itself formed the center. It was built 
 on an artificial hill, in the old quarter of the city, called 
 Rlvaeotis, to which the ascent was by a hundred steps. All 
 the substructure was vaulted over ; and in these dark cham- 
 bers, which communicated with each other, were supposed 
 to be carried on the most fearful and, to the Christian, 
 abominable mysteries. All around the spacious level plat- 
 form were the habitations of the priests, and of the ascet- 
 ics dedicated to the worship of the god. Within these 
 outworks of this city rather than temple was a square, sur- 
 rounded on all sides with a magnificent portico. In the 
 center arose the temple, on pillars of enormous magnitude 
 and beautiful proportion. The work either of Alexander 
 himself or of the first Ptolemy aspired to unite the colossal 
 grandeur of Egyptian with the fine harmony of Grecian 
 art. MUman, Hist, of Christianity, III. 150. 
 
 Seraphic Doctor, L. Doctor seraphicus. The 
 
 scholastic theologian Bonaventura. 
 
 Seraphic Saint, The. St. Francis of Assisi. 
 
 Seraphita(sa-ra-fe'ta). Anovelby Balzac, pub- 
 lished ill 1835. It presents the destiny of woman as an 
 ascending series of lives reaching from love of self to love 
 of heaven. 
 
 Serapion, or Serapeion. See Serapeum. 
 
 Serapionsbriider (za-ra-pe-ons'briVder), Die. 
 A collection of tales by E. T. A. Hoffmann, pub- 
 lished 1819-21. 
 
 Serapis (se-ra'pis). The Greek and Roman 
 name of a deity of Egyptian origin whose wor- 
 ship was officially promotedunderthePtolemies, 
 and was introduced into Greece and Rome. 
 Serapis was the dead Apis, honored under the attributes 
 of Osiris ; he was lord of the under world and identified 
 with the Greek Hades. His worship was a combination 
 of Egyptian and Greek cults, and was favored by the 
 Ptolemies for political reasons. See Serapeum. >» 
 
 Egyptian and Greek met as worshippers of Serapis. The 
 Serapis of Egypt was said to have been worshipped for 
 ages at Sinope ; he was transported from that city with great 
 pomp and splendor, to be reincorporated, as it were, and 
 reidentified with his ancient prototype. . . . The colossal 
 statue of Serapis [in the Serapeum] embodied these various 
 attributes. It filled the sanctuary : its outstretched and 
 all-embracing arms touched the walls; the right the one, 
 the left the other. It was said to have been the work of 
 Sesostris ; it was made of all the metals fused together — 
 gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and tin ; it was inlaid with 
 all kinds of precious stones ; the whole was polished, and 
 appeared of an azure color. The measure or bushel, the 
 emblem of productiveness or plenty, crowned its head. By 
 its side stood the symbolic three-headed animal, one the 
 fore-part of a lion, one of a dog, one of a wolf. In this the 
 Greeks saw the type of their poetic Cerberus. The serpent, 
 the symbol of eternity, wound round the whole, and re- 
 turned resting its head on the hand of the god. 
 
 Milman, Hist, of Cliristianity, III. 151-152. 
 
 Serawatty Islands. See Serwati. 
 
 Serayevo. See Bosna-Serai. 
 
 Serbal (ser-bal'), Jebel. A mountain in the Si- 
 naitic peninsula, situated on the western side : 
 
 Seringapatam 
 
 sometimes identified with the biblical Sinai. 
 Height, over 6,000 feet. 
 
 Serbati. See Rosmini-Serbati. 
 
 Serbie, or Servie (sar-ve'). The French name 
 of Servia. 
 
 Serbien (zer'be-en). The German name of 
 Servia. 
 
 Serbonis Lacus. See Sirbonis Lacus. 
 
 Serbs (serbz). [Serv. Serb, lit. ‘ kinsman.’] Na- 
 tives of Servia ; Servians. 
 
 Serbs’ Rout. See Maritza. 
 
 Serchio (ser'ke-o). A river in western Italy 
 which flows into the Mediterranean 8 miles 
 northwest of Pisa : the ancient Auser. Length, 
 about 55 miles. 
 
 Sere (sa're). A tribe of the eastern Sudan, 
 neighbors of the Nyam-Nyam and the Bongo, 
 and related to both. They were once strong and inde- 
 pendent, but are now conquered and scattered by the Ny- 
 am-Nyam. They are hunters and agriculturists, makingre- 
 markable granaries, but keep no domestic animals except 
 fowls. The women wear tufts of grass in front and behind ; 
 the men do not tattoo themselves like the Nyam-Nyam. 
 Travelers say that they are hardy, patient, and jovial. 
 
 Serena. See La Serena. 
 
 Serendib (se-ren-dib'). An ancient name of 
 Ceylon. 
 
 Serer (se-rar'). A negro tribe of French Sene- 
 gambia, dwelling between Cape Verd and the 
 basin of the Salum River. Some are also found in 
 Cayor, where they have mixed with their kinsmen the 
 Wolof. In other places they have mixed with the Man- 
 dingos, to which nation their rulers belong. They are di- 
 vided in two main sections (the Serer None and the Serer 
 Sine), speaking different dialects. They are the tallest 
 race of Senegambia, but their features are coarse. They 
 are honest, industrious, and opposed to slavery, but are 
 given to drinking. 
 
 Seres (se'rez). The inhabitants of the ancient 
 Serica. 
 
 Seressaner (ze-res-sa'ner). [‘Redcloaks.’] For- 
 merly, a corps of Austrian troops (established 
 about 1700), stationed on the southern frontier 
 to guard against Turkish inroads; since 1871, 
 a body of gendarmerie in Croatia-Slavonia. 
 
 Sereth. (ser-et' or sa-ret'). A river which rises 
 in Bukowina, traverses Moldavia, in its lower 
 course separates Moldavia from Wallachia, and 
 joins the Danube near Galatz : the ancient Hie- 
 rasus. Length, about 290 miles. 
 
 Sergeant (sar'jant), John. Born at Philadel- 
 phia, Dec. 5, 1779: died at Philadelphia, Nov. 
 25, 1852. An American politician and lawyer. 
 He was a member of Congress from Pennsylvania 1815- 
 1823, 1827-29, and 1837-42, and was the unsuccessful Whig 
 candidate for Vice-President in 1832. 
 
 Sergievsk Posad (ser-gyefsk' po-zad'). A 
 town in the government of Moscow, Russia, 47 
 miles northeast of Moscow, it was built around the 
 monastery Troitsk, and is a noted place of pilgrimage. It 
 has manufactures of toys and sacred pictures. Popula- 
 tion, 31,413. 
 
 Sergipe (ser-zhe'pe). A maritime state of 
 Brazil, bordering on the Atlantic northeast of 
 Bahia, and separated from Alagoas by the river 
 Sao Francisco. Capital, Aracaju. Area, 15,093 
 square miles. Population, 356,264. 
 
 Sergius (ser'ji-us), Saint. Died about 300. A 
 martyr whose cult is celebrated particularly by 
 the Eastern Church. 
 
 Sergius. Patriarch of Constantinople 610-638, at 
 the beginning of the Monothelite controversy. 
 
 Sergius, Saint. Born 1315: died Sept. 7, 1391. 
 A saint of the Eastern Church, founder of the 
 Troitsk monastery in Sergievsk Posad. 
 
 SerglUS I. Pope 687-701. He rejected certain provis- 
 ions of the Quinisext Council of 692, whereupon the empe- 
 ror Justinian IT. ordered his arrest. The soldiers, however, 
 prevented the imperial officers from carryingout the order. 
 
 Sergius II. Pope 844-847. During his pontifi- 
 cate Rome was plundered by the Saracens (846). 
 
 Sergius III. Pope 904-911. 
 
 Sergius IV. Pope 1009-12. 
 
 Seri (sa-re'). A tribe of North American Indi- 
 ans, living on Tiburon Island and the adjacent 
 coast of Mexico, extending into the interior. 
 See Yuman. 
 
 Seriana (sa-re-a'na), Val or Valle. A valley 
 in the district of Bergamasea, province of Ber- 
 gamo, northern Italy. 
 
 Serica (ser'i-ka). [Gr. S^/a/.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a country in eastern Asia, probably 
 identical with northern China. The inhabi- 
 tants were noted for their production of silk. 
 
 Seriuagur. See Srinagar. 
 
 Seringapatam (ser-ing-ga-pa-tam'), or Sri- 
 rangapatam (sri-rang-ga-pa-tam'). [Named 
 from its famous temple of Vishnu, Shri Ranga.] 
 A town in Mysore, India, situated on an island 
 in the Kaveri, 7 miles north of Mysore. It was 
 formerly famous for its fortress, and contains the former 
 royal palace and a mausoleum of Hyder Ali. It was be- 
 
Seringapatam 
 
 sieged by the British in 1792, when the successes of thebe- 
 siegers under Cornwallis forced Tippu Sail) to sign a treaty ; 
 and again in April and May, 1799, by Harris, when the town 
 was Stormed by a detachment under Baird (May 4), and 
 Tippu Saib was killed. Population, 8,684. 
 
 Seringham. See Srirangam. 
 
 Seriphos (se-ri'fos), or ‘Seriphus (se-ri'fus). 
 [Gr. SepKpo f.] An island of the Cyclades, be- 
 longing to Greece, situated in the zEgean Sea 
 in lat. 37° 10' N., long. 24° 30' E. : the modern 
 Serpho. Here, according to the legend, the chest con- 
 taining Danae and the infant Perseus was cast ashore. 
 The island was a place of banishment during the Homan 
 Empire. Length, 9 miles. Population, 4,024. 
 
 Serlio (sar'le-o), Sebastian. Born at Bologna, 
 Sept. 6, 1473 : died at Fontainebleau, 1554. An 
 Italian painter, engraver, and architect. From 
 1600-14 he was at Pesaro, where he worked as painter and 
 architect. From Pesaro he went to Rome and Venice, 
 where he was associated with Titian. In 1532 he was again 
 in Rome ; in 1537 he returned to Venice, where he pub- 
 lished his great work “ Regole general! d’architectura." 
 He visited France in 1540, where he is supposed to have 
 assisted Pierre Lescot on the Louvre. In 1541 Prunaticcio 
 was appointed architect of Fontainebleau, with Serlio as 
 his assistant. It is, however, difficult to determine on 
 what parts of Fontainebleau Serlio worked, though the 
 east front of the Court of the Fountain has been attributed 
 to him. With the reign of Francis I. the supremacy of 
 the Italians passed away, and Serlio left for Lyons. In 1553 
 he returned to Fontainebleau. 
 
 Sermione (ser-me-6'ne). A peninsula project- 
 ing into the southern part of the Lago di Garda, 
 Italy. 
 
 Serna y Hinojosa, Jose de la. See La Serna. 
 Serneus (zer-nois'). A watering-place in the 
 canton of Grisons, Switzerland, situated in the 
 Prattigau 15 miles east of Coire. 
 
 Seroux d’Agincourt (se-ro' da-zhan-kor'), 
 Jean Baptiste Louis Georges. Born 1730: 
 died 1814. A French archaeologist, author of 
 “ Histoire de l'art par les monuments,” etc. 
 Serpa (sar'pa). A town in the province of 
 Alemtejo, Portugal, situated near the Guadi- 
 ana, 106 miles southeast of Lisbon. Popula- 
 tion, 6,130. 
 
 Serpa Pinto (sar'pa pen'to), Alexandre Al- 
 berto da Rocha. Born at Sinfaes, Portugal, 
 April 20, 1846: died at Lisbon, Dec. 21, 1900. 
 An African explorer and Portuguese politician. 
 As major in the army he was sent, with Capelloand Ivens, 
 to Angola on a scientific expedition, and crossed the con- 
 tinent to Pretoria, Transvaal (1877-79). In 1884-86 he, 
 with Cardozo, extended Portuguese influence from Mozam- 
 bique to Lake Nyassa, where he came in conflict with 
 British interests. He wrote “How I Crossed Africa” 
 (1881). See Century Atlas, Map 109. 
 
 Serpentarius. See Ophiuchus. 
 Serpent-bearer, The. See Ophiuchus. 
 
 Serpent Column, The. A bronze column in 
 Constantinople : the base of the golden tripod 
 set up in the sanctuary at Delphi from the 
 spoils of the Persians at Platsea in 479 b. c. it 
 was placed in the spina of the hippodrome by Constan- 
 tine. It consists of three intertwined serpents, whose di- 
 verging heads are now broken, and is 18 feet high. 
 
 Serpentine (ser'pen-tin), The. A sheet of arti- 
 ficial water in Hyde Park, London, it was formed 
 by order of Queen Caroline, and is now supplied from the 
 Thames. 
 
 Serpent’s Mouth. See Boca del Sierpe. 
 Serpho. See Seriphos. 
 
 Serpukhoff (ser-po-chof ' ) . A town in the gov- 
 ernment of Moscow, Russia, situated on the 
 Nara 56 miles south of Moscow. It has impor- 
 tant commerce, and has manufactures of cotton, leather, 
 etc. It was sacked by the Tatars in 1382. Population, 
 30,571. 
 
 Serra (sar'ra) ? Miguel Jose (Junlpero). A 
 
 Franciscan friar who took the name “Juni- 
 pero ” on receiving holy orders. He was bom in the 
 island of Majorca in 1713, and died at Monterey, Califor- 
 nia, in 1784. Hearrived in Mexico in 1749, and eventually 
 became president of the missions of California. In the 
 spring of 1769 he went overland from Loreto, on the west 
 shore of the Gulf of California, with Portola and others, 
 and cattle, sheep, and horses, totheeiteofSan Diego, send- 
 ing ships around ; and immediately (1769) founded San 
 Diego, the first European settlement in Aita California. 
 He then established many other missions : San Carlos de 
 Monterey, 1770 ; San Antonio de Padua and San Gabriel, 
 1771 ; San Luis Obispo, 1772 ; San Francisco and San Juan 
 Capistrano, 1776 ; Santa Clara, 1777 ; etc. 
 
 Serra do Mar (do mar'). [Pg.,‘ sea-chain.’] A 
 division of the Brazilian mountains of the Coast 
 System, forming a chain parallel to and near 
 the coast, from the northern part of the state 
 of Rio Grande do Sul to the river Parahyba do 
 Sul (confines of Espirito Santo). It culminates in 
 the group called the Organ Mountains, at the head of the 
 Bay of Rio de Janeiro (7.326 feet). The valley of the Para- 
 hyba separates it from the Serra da Mantiqueira. 
 
 Serra dos Aimores (doz I-mo-ras'). [From the 
 Botocudos or Aimores, an Indian tribe.] Moun- 
 tains near the Brazilian coast, from the river 
 Parahyba do Sul northward nearly to the mouth 
 of the river Sao Francisco. They are properly a 
 
 919 
 
 northern prolongation of the Serra da Mantiqueira, which 
 here becomes the Coast Range, the Serra do Mar dying out. 
 Northward the chain is lower and much broken. It sep- 
 arates Minas Geraes from Espirito Santo. 
 
 Serrano y Dominguez (ser-ra'no e do-men'- 
 gath), Francisco, Duke de la Torre. Born at 
 Argonilla, Andalusia, Sept. 17, 1810: died at 
 Madrid, Nov. 26, 1885. A Spanish statesman 
 and general. He served in the war against the Carlists 
 after 1833 ; was a member of various ministries; was minis- 
 ter at Paris in 1857 ; was captain-general of Cuba 1859-62 ; 
 attempted to annex Santo Domingo to Spain ; headed the 
 revolution of 1868; defeated the royalists at AlcoleaSept. 
 28, 1868 ; became president of the provisional ministry in 
 1868; was appointed regent in 1869, and resigned Jan. 2, 
 1871 ; commanded successfully against the Carlists in 1872 ; 
 was again head of the government in 1874 ; defeated the 
 Carlists in the same year ; and was minister at Paris in 1883. 
 
 Sertorius (ser-to'ri-us), Quintus. Assassinated 
 72 B. C. A Roman general. He served under Ma- 
 rius against the Cimbri and Teutones ; served in Spain in 
 97 ; was questor in 91; was a Marian leader in the civil 
 wars ; was pretor in 83 ; went to Spain as Marian com- 
 mander in 82; captured Tangier; waged war, generally 
 with success, against the Sullan commanders; was op- 
 posed by Metellus after 79, and also by Pompey after 76 ; 
 and was joined by Perpenna in 77, who intrigued against 
 him and overthrew him. 
 
 Serva Padrona (ser'va pa-dro'na), La. [It., 
 
 ‘ The Maid as Mistress.’] An Italian musical 
 drama by Pergolesi, words by Nelli, produced 
 at Naples in 1733. In 1754 it was produced at 
 Paris in French as “La servante maitresse,” 
 and in 1873 at London. 
 
 Servetus (ser-ve'tus), Michael (originally 
 Miguel Serveto). Born at Tudela (he has 
 given both Tudela and Villanova as his birth- 
 place), Spain, 1511: burned at Geneva, Oct. 27, 
 1553. A Spanish controversialist and physician. 
 He studied law at Saragossa and Toulouse, and afterward 
 visited Italy in the train of Juan de Quintana, confessor to 
 Charles V. He published atHagenau in 1531 an essay di- 
 rected against the doctrine of the Trinity, entitled “De 
 trinitatis erroribus," which attracted considerable atten- 
 tion. It was revised and reprinted under the title of “ Dia- 
 logorum de trinitate libri duo ” in 1532. In 1535 he was 
 at Lyons editing scientific works for the printing firm of 
 Trechsel, under the name of Michel de Villeneufve, or 
 Michael de Villanova: this name he henceforth used with- 
 out interruption. He removed in 1536 to Paris, where, 
 accordingto his own statement, he graduated in medicine 
 and lectured on geometry and astrology. He afterward 
 studied theology at Louvain. After practising medicine 
 for short periods at Avignon and Charlieu, and after fur- 
 ther study in medicine at Montpellier, he settled in 1541 as 
 a medical practitioner at Vienne. In 1553 he published 
 “Christianismi restitutio,” which caused him to be ar- 
 rested by order of the inquisitor-general at Lyons. He 
 escaped, but was apprehended at the instance of Calvin 
 at Geneva on his way to Naples, and was burned after a 
 trial for heresy lasting from Aug. 14 until Oct. 26, 1553. 
 Servia (ser'vi-a). [F. Serbie or Servie, G. Ser- 
 bien .] A kingdom in the Balkan peninsula, 
 southeastern Europe. Capital, Belgrad. it is 
 bounded by Austria-nungary (separated by the Save and 
 Danube) on the north, Rumania (separated by the Dan- 
 ube) and Bulgaria on the east, Turkey and Bosnia on the 
 south, and Bosnia (mainly separated by the Drina) on the 
 west. The surface is generally mountainous and hilly. 
 The principal river (besides the frontier rivers) is the Mo- 
 rava. The leading occupations are agriculture and the 
 raising of live stock ; the chief products are hogs, sheep, 
 wheat, and maize. The government is a constitutional 
 hereditary monarchy. The legislative body is the Skupsh- 
 tina. The prevailing religion is the Greek Catholic. The 
 inhabitants are mostly Serbs (with over 100,000 Ruma- 
 nians, besides Gipsies, etc.). The Serbs(or Croats) expelled 
 the Avars and settled the country in the 7th century, and 
 expelled the Byzantine governors in the 11th century. 
 The title of king was assumed in the 11th century. The 
 country was most flourishing under Stephen Dushan(about 
 1334-56), who assumed the title of emperor and annexed 
 Macedonia, Albania, etc. The Servian power was over- 
 thrown by the Turks at the battle of Kossova in 1389, and 
 Servia was incorporated with Turkey about 1458. The 
 greater part of the country was occupied by Austria 1718- 
 1739. A rising under Czerny George in 1804 result ed in the 
 expulsion of the Turks, but they reconquered the country 
 in 1813. A rising in 1815 under Milosh Obrenovitch (who 
 was elected prince in 1817) was more successful, and 
 Servia became practically independent. The Turkish gar- 
 risons were withdrawn in 1867. The war against Turkey 
 in 1876 was unsuccessful. Servia took part witli Russia 
 against Turkey in 1877-78, and became absolutely inde- 
 pendent, receiving a considerable addition of territory in 
 1878. ITince Milan assumed the title of king in 1882. A 
 war with Bulgaria in Nov. and Dec., 1885, proved unsuc- 
 cessful. King Alexander was assassinated May 29, 1903, 
 and was succeeded, June 15, by Peter I. Servia declared 
 war against Turkey, October, 1912. Area 18,676 square 
 miles. Population, over 2,688,000. 
 
 Servian W all, The. [N amed from Servius Tul- 
 lius, its (traditional) builder.] The earliestwall 
 which included the entire seven-hilled city of 
 Rome, of which the Capitoline was the cita- 
 del. It connected the fortifications which existed pre- 
 viously on almost all the hills. Practically the entire cir- 
 cuit of the wall and the positions of its gates are known, 
 but most of its remains have been destroyed, especially 
 during the recent modernization of Rome. On the Aven- 
 tine there is a fine fragment of 11 courses, and in the Vigna 
 Torlonia there is a stretch which attains 25 courses, and is 
 50 feet high and 10,’, thick. The masonry is massive ash- 
 ler of tufa, in the lower part quarry-faced with margin- 
 draft. The upper part consisted of a range of line arches. 
 
 Sete Quedas 
 
 Servian Voivodeship and Temesv&r Banat 
 
 (tem'esh-var ba-niit'). A crownland of Austria, 
 formed in 1849 from parts of southern Hun- 
 gary and Slavonia. Capital, Temesvar. It was 
 abolished in 1860. 
 
 Serviles (ser-ve'les). [Sp., ‘serviles.’] Origi- 
 nally, in 1823, a nickname given to the moder- 
 ate or conservative party of Guatemala. It passed 
 
 into common use in this and to some extent in the other 
 Central American states. The party was at first composed 
 of the richer Spanish families and their descendants 
 (whence they were also called Aristocrats), with their fol- 
 lowers, the ignorant portion of the population, who were 
 generally laborers or servants. See Fiebres. 
 
 Servile Wars (ser'vil warz). Three wars con- 
 ducted by the Romans against insurgent slaves. 
 (1) The first war (134—132 B. o.) was occasioned by an insur- 
 rection in Sicily. The slaves were led by the Syrian Eu- 
 nus, who styled himself King Antiochus, defeated several 
 Roman armies, and maintained himself at Henna and Taro- 
 menium, but was ultimately captured and executed. (2) 
 The second war (192-99 B. c.) was occasioned by an insur- 
 rection, also in Sicily, under Tryphon and Athenion, which 
 was put down by the consul Manius Aquillius. (3) The third 
 war (73-71 B. c.), also called the war of the gladiators, was 
 occasioned by bands of gladiators who had escaped from 
 a gladiatorial school at Capua and occupied Vesuvius, 
 whence under the command of two Gauls and the Thra- 
 cian Spartacus they plundered the neighborhood. They 
 were joined by runaway slaves, defeated four Roman armies 
 in succession, and wandered about Italy, even threatening 
 the capital, but were finally put down by M. Licinius Cras- 
 sus and Cn. Pompeius. Spartacus feU fighting. 
 
 Servilius Ctepio. See Csepio. 
 
 Servius Tullius (ser'vi-us tul'i-us). Accord- 
 ing to Roman legend, the sixth king of Rome 
 (578-534 B. C. ), son-in-la w of Tarquinius Priscus : 
 noted for his reformation of the constitution 
 through the institution of the tribes, classes, 
 centuries, and Comitia Centuriata. He ex- 
 tended the limits of Rome, and surrounded it 
 with a wall. See Servian Wall. 
 Serwati(ser-wa'te), or Serawatty (ser-a-wat'- 
 te), Islands. A group of small islands in the 
 Malay Archipelago, east-northeast of Timor. 
 Sesha (sa/sha). In Hindu mythology, the king 
 of the serpents, upholder of the world. 
 
 Sesia (sa'ze-a). A river in northwestern Italy 
 which rises in the Alps and joins the Po 6 miles 
 east of Casale : the ancient Sessites. Length, 
 about 100 miles. 
 
 Sesostris (se-sos'tris). [Gr. Zecum-pig.] In an- 
 cient Greek legend, a king of Egypt, said to 
 have conquered the world. His legendary ex- 
 ploits were foundedou the deeds of Rameses II. 
 and others. 
 
 In all probability the exploits of Rameses himself had 
 already become blended with those of Thothmes and Se- 
 thos into the legend of the imaginary hero Sesostris. 
 
 Taylor, The Alphabet, II. 10. 
 
 Sessa (ses'sa). A town in the province of Ca- 
 serta, Italy, 32 miles northwest of Naples : the 
 ancient Suessa Anrunca. It is famous for 
 its wine. Population, town, 5,912 ; commune, 
 21,844. 
 
 Sestos (ses'tos), or Sestus (ses'tus). [Gr. 
 rog. ] In ancient geography, a town in the Thra- 
 cian Chersonesus, situated on the shore of the 
 Hellespont, opposite Abydos. It is noted as the 
 residence of Hero in the legend of Hero and Leander, and 
 as the place of debarkation of the army of Xerxes in hi3 
 invasion of Europe. 
 
 Set (set), called by the Greeks Typhon (ti'fon). 
 In Egyptian mythology, the brother or son and 
 deadly opponent of Osiris. He was the god of evil, 
 of the powers that oppressed souls after death, of the en- 
 emies of Egypt, and of the desert. In later times he was 
 excluded from the circle of divinities, and while remain- 
 ing the virulent god of all evil, was dreaded but no longer 
 worshiped. In art he was shown with a strange animal’s 
 head, having a pointed muzzle and high square ears. 
 Setebos (set'e-hos). A Patagonian god, alluded 
 to by Shakspere in “ The Tempest.” 
 
 Setebos was the name of an American god, or rather 
 devil, worshipped by the Patagonians. In Eden’s “His- 
 tory of Travaile," printed in 1577, is an account of Magel- 
 lan’s voyage to the South Pole, containing a description 
 of this god and his worshippers : wherein the au thor says : 
 “When they felt the shackles fast about their legs, they 
 began to doubt; but the captain did put them in comfort 
 and bade them stand still. In fine, when they saw how 
 they were deceived, they roared like bulls, and cryed upon 
 their great devil Setebos to help them.” 
 
 Hudson, Int. to The Tempest. 
 
 Sete Lagoas (sa'te lii-go'as). [Pg., ‘seven 
 lakes.’] The source of the river Paraguay, in 
 the Brazilian state of Matto Grosso, near lat. 
 14° 36' Si, long. 56° 7' W. The name, an old one, 
 probably originated in reports of the Indians, and is in- 
 correct. The river rises in a swamp, and immediately re- 
 ceives the water of two very small ponds or springs, called 
 lagoas flakes), a term which, in this region, is applied to 
 any bony of still water. 
 
 Sete Quedas (sa'te ka'das), also_ called the 
 Guayra (gwi-ra') or Conendiu (ko-nan-de-8') 
 Cataract. [Pg., ‘seven falls. ] A fall on the 
 
Sete Quedas 
 
 river Parana (lat. 24° 2' 59" S., long. 53° 57' 
 53" W., according to Bourgade la Dardye). The 
 river above is broad and lake like, but at the falls is sud- 
 denly divided into many small channels. “Traversing 
 slightly inclined planes, the waters gather themselves 
 in circular eddies, whence they flow in falls varying from 
 60 feet to 60 feet in depth. These circular eddies, which 
 are quite independent of each other, range along an arc 
 of about two miles in its stretch ; they are detached, like 
 giant cauldrons yawning unexpectedly at one’s feet, in 
 which the flood seethes with incredible fury; everyone 
 of these has opened for itself a narrow orifice in the rock, 
 through which, like a stone from a sling, the water is 
 hurled into the central whirlpool. The width of these 
 outlets rarely exceeds 15 yards, but their depth cannot be 
 estimated. They all empty themselves into one central 
 channel, about 200 feet wide, rushing into it with as- 
 tounding velocity.” — Bourgade la Dardye, Paraguay. 
 Seth (seth). [Heb., ‘appointed.’] The third 
 son of Adam, and the ancestor of Noah, ac- 
 cording to the account in Genesis. He was the 
 father of Enos. 
 
 Sethos. See Seti. 
 
 Seti(se'ti) I., or Sethos (se'thos). About 1366 
 B. c. A king of Egypt, of the 19th dynasty, 
 father of Rameses II. : noted as a builder. 
 
 Seti II. A king of Egypt, of the 19th dynasty, 
 son of Menepthah. 
 
 Setibos (sa-te'bds). Indians of northern Peru, 
 on the river Ucayale about lat. 5° 30' S. They 
 belong to the Pano linguistic stock, and are closely allied 
 to the Couibos, Cachibos, Sipibos, and other tribes of the 
 same region. They are agriculturists, and use cotton 
 garments of their own manufacture. A few thousand re- 
 main, essentially in a wild state. 
 
 Seton (se'ton), Mrs. (Elizabeth AnnBayley). 
 Born at New York city, Aug. 28, 1774: died at 
 Emmittsburg, Md., Jan. 4, 1821. An American 
 philanthropist : founder of the Roman Catholic 
 order of Sisters of Charity 1809, of which she 
 was the first mother superior. 
 
 Sette Comuni (set'te ko-mo'ne). [‘ Seven com- 
 munes.’] A district in the northern part of 
 the province of Vicenza, northern Italy, long 
 noted as the seat of communities speaking a 
 Germanic dialect. This language is now nearly 
 supplanted by Italian. The district formerly 
 possessed extensive privileges. 
 
 Settle (set'l), Elkanah. Born at Dunstable, 
 1648 : died in the Charterhouse, London, 1723. 
 An English poet and playwright of the Restora- 
 tion. He was a fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, and 
 wrote and edited many political pamphlets in the time of 
 Charles II. He offended Dryden, who attacked him in a 
 coarse pamphlet (assisted by Crowne and Shadwell) ; he 
 criticized and “answered”all Dryden’s political poems in 
 retaliation, andthe town tooksides, Settlebeing thefavorite 
 among the younger Cambridge and London men. He has 
 been immortalized by the ridicule of Dryden and Pope, be- 
 ing the Doeg of “Absalom and Achitophel ” and appearing 
 in the "Dunciad." Later he was made city poet, and com- 
 posed verses to be recited at the pageants : he was the last 
 to hold that office. Among hisjplays are “The Empress of 
 Morocco" (1671 and 1673), “Love and Revenge” (1675), 
 “Cambyses, King of Persia " (1671), “Pastor Fido, or the 
 Faithful Shepherd ” (1677 : a pastoral drama, being an al- 
 teration of Sir R. Fanshawe’s translation from GuariDi), 
 “Fatal Love, or the Forced Inconstancy” (1680), “The 
 Female Prelate, or the History of the Life and Death of 
 Pope Joan ” (1680), “The Heir of Morocco, with the Death 
 of Gayland ” (produced 1682, printed 1604), “ Distressed 
 Innocence, or the Princess of Persia ” (1691 : Mr. Montfort 
 wrote the last scene of this play, and Betterton gave as- 
 sistance), “The World in the Moon " (1697 : acomic opera), 
 •‘The City Eamble, or the Play-house Wedding" (1711), 
 and “ The Ladies' Triumph ” (1718 : a comic opera). 
 
 Settlement, Act of, or Succession Act. In 
 
 English history, an act of Parliament regulating 
 the succession to the throne, passed in 1701. 
 See the extract. 
 
 The Crown to pass after Anne to the Electress Sophia and 
 her Protestant descendants. The sovereign not to leave 
 England without consent of Parliament. No foreigner to 
 hold office or receive grants from the Crown. Public busi- 
 ness to be done by the Privy Council, and resolutions to 
 be signed by those members who advise him. No war 
 to be made for the foreign dominions of the sovereign. 
 Judges are to receive fixed salaries, and cannot be removed 
 except for conviction of some offence, or on the address 
 of both nouses of Parliament. 
 
 Acland and Ransome, Handbook of Political History, p. 124. 
 
 Setubal (sa-to'bal), or Setuval (sa-to'val), also 
 called St. Ubes (sant ubz) or St. Yves (Ivz). 
 A seaport in the province of Estremadura, 
 Portugal, situated on Setubal Bay in lat. 38° 
 31' N., long. 8° 53' W. It has important commerce 
 and fisheries, and is one of the chief seaports of Portugal, 
 and the leading port for the exportation of salt. It occu- 
 pies the site of the Homan Cetobriga. It was nearly de- 
 stroyed by earthquake in 1756. Population, 22,074. 
 
 Seul, or Seoul (se-ol'). The capital of Korea, 
 situated on the river Han. Its seaport is Che- 
 mulpo. Population, about 150,000. 
 
 Sevanga, or Sevan, or Sevang Lake. See 
 Goktcha. 
 
 Sevastopol. See Sebastopol. 
 
 Seven against Thebes, Expedition of the. In 
 
 Greek legend, an expedition by the heroes Ad- 
 
 920 
 
 rastus, Polynices, Tydeus, Amphiaraus, Hippo- 
 medon, Capaneus, and Parthenopteus against 
 Thebes : all perished except Adrastus. 
 
 Seven against Thebes, The. A tragedy by 
 jEschvlus, exhibited 468 B. c. 
 
 Seven Bishops, Case of the. A famous Eng- 
 lish trial in 1688. Archbishop Bancroft and six bishops 
 were arraigned on a charge of libel in protesting, in a peti- 
 tion to James II., against his order that his “ declarations 
 for liberty of conscience” be read in the churches. They 
 were acquitted on the day (June 30) that the invitation was 
 sent to William of Orange to land in England. 
 
 Seven Champions of Christendom. 1 . In 
 
 medieval tales, the following seven national 
 saints: St. Denis of France, St. Anthony of 
 Italy, St. James of Spain, St. George of Eng- 
 land, St. Andrew of Scotland, St. Patrick of 
 Ireland, and St. David of Wales. Their exploits 
 are celebrated in many ballads, plays, etc., notably in the 
 “Famous History of the Seven Champions of Christen- 
 dom,” by Bichard Johnston, a romance entered on the 
 “Stationers’ Register" in 1596 : a second part was brought 
 out in 1608, and a third in 1616. Sir George Buc made a 
 poetical version in 1622. 
 
 2. A play by John Kirke, licensed in 1638 and 
 probably acted in 1636: it is in prose and 
 verse. 
 
 Seven Cities. [Sp. Sicte Ciudades.'] A name 
 given (1536-40) to supposed large and powerful 
 cities in the present New Mexico. Fray Marcos 
 de Niza (1539) reported that one of them was larger than 
 Mexico, and rich in precious metals. Coronado’s expedi- 
 tion (1540) proved that they were villages of the Zuni In- 
 dians. See Cibola and Niza. 
 
 Seven Cities, Island of the. A fabled island 
 which, in the 14th and 15th centuries, was sup- 
 
 ? osed to exist in the Atlantic west of Europe. 
 
 t was said to have been peopled by seven bishops who, 
 with many followers, had been driven out of Spain by the 
 invasion of the Moors. In 1475, and later, the kings of 
 Portugal granted privileges to discover and govern it. 
 The geographers of the time frequently called it Antilla 
 or Antiilia. 
 
 Seven Communes. See Sette Comuni. 
 
 Seven Days’ Battles. In the Peninsular cam- 
 paign of the American Civil War, the series of 
 battles between the Federal army under Mc- 
 Clellan and the Confederate army under Lee, 
 in the Chickahominy swamp region east of 
 Richmond. The fighting began at Oak Grove June 25, 
 1862, and the Federals won a victory at Mechanicsville 
 June 26. McClellan then determined to remove his base 
 to the James River, and while this operation was being 
 effected the battles of Gaines’s Mill (June 27), Savage’s 
 Station (June 29), and Frayser’s Farm (June 30) occurred. 
 The Federals now rested in a strong position on the 
 James, at Malvern Hill, and were unsuccessfully assailed 
 there by Lee, July 1. A few weeks later the Army of the 
 Potomac was withdrawn from the James, and the Penin- 
 r sular campaign was ended. 
 
 Seven Days’ Campaign. A name sometimes 
 given to the series of battles in Bohemia be- 
 tween Austria and Prussia in 1866, ending with 
 the decisive Prussian victory of Sadowa, July 
 3, 1866. 
 
 Seven Deadly Sins of London, The. A pam- 
 phlet by Thomas Dekker, published in 1606. 
 It is described on the title-page as “Opus Sep- 
 tem Dierum.” 
 
 Seven Dials. A locality in London, about mid- 
 way between the British Museum and Trafal- 
 gar Square. It was long notorious as a center 
 of poverty and crime. 
 
 Seven-hilled City, The. Rome. 
 
 Seven Hills of Rome, The. The seven hills on 
 which Rome was originally built, included with- 
 in the circuit of the Servian Wall. They are the 
 Palatine, the Capitoline, the Quirinal, the Aventine, the 
 Coelian, the Esquiline, and the Viminal. The elevations 
 are inconsiderable, the highest, the Quirinal, rising 226 
 feet above the sea, and the lowest, the Aventine, 151. The 
 Capitoline and the Aventine rise above the left bank of 
 the Tiber, the former to the north. The Palatine lies be- 
 tween them, a little back from the river. North of the 
 Palatine, the furthest north of the seven, is the Quirinal, 
 and on the east are the Viminal, the Esquiline, and the 
 Cselian, respectively northeast, east, and southeast of the 
 Palatine. 
 
 Seven Lamps of Architecture, The. A treatise 
 on architecture by Ruskin, published in 1849. 
 Sevenoaks (sev-n-oks'). A town in Kent, Eng- 
 land, 20 miles southeast of London. Near it 
 is Knole Park. Population, 8,106. 
 
 Seven Pines. See Fair Oaks. 
 
 Seven Sages, The. 1. Seven men of ancient 
 Greece, famous for their practical wisdom. A 
 list commonly given is made up of Thales, So- 
 lon, Bias, Chilo, Cleobulus, Periander, and Pit- 
 tacus. — 2. See Seven Wise Masters. 
 
 Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, The. Seven Chris - 
 tian youths who are said to have concealed 
 themselves in a cavern near Ephesus during 
 the persecution under Decius (a. d. 249-251), 
 and to have fallen asleep there, not awaking 
 till two or three hundred years later, when 
 
 Severo, Cape 
 
 Christianity had become the religion of the 
 empire. 
 
 Seven Streams, Land of the. The delta of 
 the river Ili at its entrance into Lake Balkash, 
 Russian Central Asia. 
 
 Seventy, The. 1. The Jewish Sanhedrim.— 2. 
 The body of disciples mentioned in Luke x. as 
 appointed by Christ to preach the gospel and 
 heal the sick. — 3. The body of scholars who, 
 according to tradition, were the authors of the 
 Septuagint (which see) : so called from their 
 number, which, however, is given as seventy- 
 two. — 4. Certain officials in the Mormon 
 Church whose duty it is, under the direction 
 of the Twelve Apostles, “to travel into all the 
 world and teach the Gospel and administer its 
 ordinances” ( Mormon Catechism). 
 
 Seven Weeks’ War. The war of 1866 (some- 
 times called the Austro-Prussian war), caused 
 immediately by the Schleswig-Holstein ques- 
 tion and indirectly by the long rivalry between 
 Austria and Prussia. Austria was supported by the 
 South German states and by Hannover, Nassau, Frank- 
 fort, etc., while Prussia was supported by most of the 
 North German states and by Italy. The main interest of 
 the war is in the rapid successes of the Prussian army 
 under the direction of Von Moltke. Bohemia was invaded 
 and the Austrian army was overthrown at the battle of 
 Sadowa or Koniggratz July 3. Elsewhere the Prussians 
 were almost uniformly successful ; but their Italian allies 
 were defeated on land at Custozza June 24, and on sea at 
 Lissa July 20. The war was ended, after about seven 
 weeks of fighting, by the preliminaries of Nikolsburg, July 
 26, confirmed by the peace of Prague, etc. Prussia became 
 the leading political and military power in Germany, and 
 Italy acquired Venetia. 
 
 Seven Wise Masters, The. An old collection 
 of tales, of Eastern origin, which has undergone 
 many transformations. It consists, in the main, of 
 the story of a king who is dissuaded from executing his 
 son (on the false accusation of one of his queens) by his 
 son’s instructors, each of whom narrates one or more stories 
 (which are answered by the king), showing the dangers of 
 hasty punishment. The collection is an important one 
 in the history of popular fictions. See Sandabar. 
 
 Seven Wise Men of Greece, The. Same as 
 
 The Seven Sages, 1. 
 
 Seven Wonders of the World, The. The seven 
 most remarkable structures of ancient times. 
 These were the Egyptian pyramids, the mausoleum erected 
 by Artemisia at Halicarnassus, the temple of Artemis at 
 Ephesus, the walls and hanging gardens at Babylon, the 
 colossus at Rhodes, the statue of Zeus by Phidias in the 
 great temple at Olympia, and the Pharos or lighthouse at 
 Alexandria. 
 
 Seven Years’ War. One of the greatest wars 
 of the 18th century. It was waged against Frederick 
 the Great of Prussia by an alliance whose chief members 
 were Austria, France, and Russia. Frederick had the as- 
 sistance of British subsidies and of the Hanoverian 
 troops. Saxony and Sweden were against him. The chief 
 events were the following: battle of Lobositz, Oct. 1, 1756; 
 Frederick’s invasion of Bohemia in 1757 ; his victory over 
 the Austrians at Prague, May 6 ; his defeat at Kolin, June 
 18 ; the French victory at Hastenbeck, July 26, leading to 
 the Convention of Closter-Zeven ; the Russian victory at 
 Grossjagerndorf, Aug. 30; Frederick’s great victories at 
 Rossbach (Nov. 5) and Leuthen (Dec. 5) ; his victory over 
 the Russians at Zorndorf, Aug. 25, 1758 ; his defeat by the 
 Austrians at Hochkirch, Oct. 14 ; the victory of Minden 
 over the French, Aug. 1, 1759 ; Frederick's crushing defeat 
 at Kunersdorf, Aug. 12 ; his victories at Liegnitz (Aug. 15) 
 and at Torgau (Nov. 3), 1760 ; death of the czarina, Jan., 
 1762 (her successor, Peter III., sided with Frederick) ; vic- 
 tory of Frederick at Burkersdorf, July 21 ; victory of his 
 brother Henry at Freiberg, Oct. ; peace of Hubertusburg, 
 Feb., 1763 (by this Silesia was confirmed to Frederick). 
 The war is sometimes known as the third Silesian war. 
 Closely connected with the Seven Years’ War was the 
 struggle between the French and English 1754-63, ending 
 with the peace of Paris in 1763, and the triumph of England 
 in America and India. (For the American part, see French 
 and Indian War.) Other important events were Clive’s 
 victory at Plassey June 23, 1757; English naval victories 
 at Lagos in Aug., and at Quiberon Nov. 20, 1769 ; and the 
 conquest of various French possessions. The war raised 
 Prussia to the front rank of European powers, and devel- 
 oped England’s colonial empire. 
 
 Severians (se-ve'ri-anz). 1. An Encratite sect 
 of the second century. — 2. A Gnostic sect of 
 the second century, often identified with — 3. 
 A Monophysite sect, followers of Severus, pa- 
 triarch of Antioch 512-519 A. d. See Niobites. 
 Severn (sev'ern). Next to the Thames, the long- 
 est river in England: the Roman Sabrina. It 
 
 rises in Montgomeryshire, Wales ; traverses Shropshire, 
 Worcestershire, and Gloucestershire ; and empties into the 
 Bristol Channel at the junction of the Lower Avon, west 
 of Bristol. Its chief tributaries are the Tern, Teme, Avon, 
 Wye and Lower Avon. It passes Worcester and Gloucester. 
 Length, about 200 miles ; navigable to Stourport, for large 
 vessels to Gloucester. 
 
 Severn. A river in Canada which flows north- 
 east into the southwestern side of Hudson Bay, 
 near Fort Severn. 
 
 Severn, Joseph. Born 1793: died at Rome, 
 Aug. 3, 1879. An English portrait- and figure- 
 painter, noted for his devotion to Keats. 
 Severo (sa-va'ro), Cape, or Northeast Cape. 
 The northernmost cape of Asia, situated at the 
 
Severo, Cape 
 
 921 
 
 Seymour, Robert 
 
 extremity of the Taimyr peninsula in Siberia, in 
 lat. 77° 41' N., long. i04° 1' E. It was visited 
 by Nordenskjold in 1878. Also called Cape 
 Severo- Vostokhnoi, Cape Chelyuskin, etc. 
 Severus, Alexander. See Alexander Severus. 
 Severus (se-ve'rus), Lucius Septimius. Born 
 at Leptis Magna, Africa, 146 a. d. : died at 
 Eboracum (York), Britain, 211. Roman em- 
 peror 193-211. He was questor and later pretor un- 
 der Marcus Aurelius ; and was commander in Upper Pan- 
 nonia at the time of the death of Commodus in 192. He 
 was proclaimed emperor by his soldiers and overthrew 
 Didius Julianus at Rome in 193 ; crushed his rival Pescen- 
 nius Niger in 194 ; overthrew his rival Albjnus near Lyons 
 in 197 ; waged war successfully against the Parthians 197- 
 202 ; and passed the years 208-211 in Britain. During his 
 reign improvements in the administration of justice were 
 made by the jurist Papinianus. 
 
 Severus, Wall of. A wall built about 208 A. D., 
 by the emperor Septimius Severus, between the 
 Tyne and the Solway in Britain, as a defense 
 against northern inroads. It followed the line 
 of the fortifications of Hadrian. 
 
 Sevier (se-ver'), John. Born in Rockingham 
 County, Va., Sept. 23, 1745 : died near Fort De- 
 catur, Ga., Sept. 24, 1815. An American pio- 
 neer, general, and politician, famous as an In- 
 dian-fighter. He took part in the battle of PointPleas- 
 antOct. 10, 1774, and King’s Mountain in 1779; was gover- 
 nor of Franklin (which see) 1785-88 ; member of Congress 
 from North Carolina 1790-91 ; governor of Tennessee 1796- 
 1801 and 1803-09; member of Congress from Tennessee 
 1811-15 ; and United States commissioner to negotiate with 
 the Creeks in 1815. 
 
 Sevier Desert. A desert in western Utah, in- 
 cluding the valley of Sevier Lake and the ad- 
 jacent region to the north. 
 
 Sevier Lake. A salt lake in Millard County, 
 western Utah, 120 miles south-southwest of 
 Great Salt Lake. Length, 20-25 miles. It has 
 no outlet. 
 
 Sevier River. A river in western Utah which 
 flows northerly and then southwesterly into 
 Sevier Lake. Length, 200 miles. 
 S6vigne(sa-ven-ya'). Marie deRabutin-Chan- 
 tal, Marquise de. Born at Paris, Feb. 6, 1626 : 
 died at Grignan (Drome), April 18, 1696. A 
 French epistolary writer. Her parents died when 
 she was a child, and she was brought up by a maternal un- 
 cle. She had the best of teachers, and as she grew up she 
 had also access to court. In 1644 she was married to Henri, 
 marquis de S6vign6, who was killed in a duel in 1651. 
 Their union had not been happy, though it was blessed 
 with two children, a daughter and a son. The former mar- 
 ried in 1669 M. de Grignan, who occupied an administra- 
 tive position in southern France. Madame de Grignan ac- 
 companied her husband to his home, while her mother, 
 Madame de Sdvignd, spent her time either at Paris or at her 
 country-seat, Les Rochers, in Brittany. It was this sepa- 
 ration that occasioned the famous correspondence from 
 mother to daughter which still ranks as one of the finest 
 monuments in the French language. As everything of 
 daily interest is recorded by Madame de SAvignd for her 
 daughter's benefit, these letters are valuable from a his- 
 torical point of view as well as for the charm of their ex- 
 pression. The best edition of Madame de Sdvign^'s letters 
 was made by Paul Mesnard for the series of “Les grands 
 6crivains de la France.” 
 
 Seville (sev'ilorse-vil'), Sp. Sevilla (sa-vel'- 
 ya). A province of Andalusia, Spain, bounded 
 by Badajoz on the north, Cordova on the north- 
 east, Malaga on the southeast, Cadiz on the 
 south, and Huelva on the west. The surface is 
 generally level in the south and mountainous in the north. 
 The soil is fertile and productive. Area, 5,428 square 
 miles. Population, 555,256. 
 
 Seville, Sp. Sevilla (sa-vel'ya), F. Seville (sa- 
 vel'). The capital of the province of Seville, 
 Spain, situated on theleftbank of the Guadalqui- 
 vir, in lat. 37° 22' N., long. 5° 59' W. : the Roman 
 Hispalis or Sevilla. It is one of the largest and most 
 important commercial cities of Spain. Besides extensive 
 commerce it has manufactures of tobacco, etc., andformer- 
 ly had silk manufactures. Opposite it is the Gipsy suburb 
 of Triana. It contains many specimens of Moorish archi- 
 tecture. The cathedral, of the 15th century, but preserv- 
 ing the broad rectangular plan of the original mosque, is 
 very large, with great richness in its florid ornament and 
 picturesque vistas through its shadowy arches. The nave 
 is 150 feet high. There is beautiful Flemish colored glass. 
 Here is buried Fernando, son of Columbus, and the Colum- 
 bus books and manuscripts are in the chapter library. 
 The Moorish Court of Oranges, with its venerable gate, 
 adjoins the cathedral. The Torre del Oro, or tower of 
 gold, is Moorish with later alterations, in plan an octagon, 
 and rises in three stages. It has its name from having 
 been used for the storage of the precious metals brought 
 from America from the time of the discovery. Other 
 buildings are the Moorish palace Alcazar, the exchange 
 (Lonja), university, amphitheater, museum (containing 
 masterpieces of Murillo, etc.), Roman aqueduct, and Ca- 
 sa de Pilatos. The place was a Phenician colony ; an im- 
 portant Roman city, and the capital of Baitica ; and a Van- 
 dal capital and important city under the Goths. It was 
 taken by the Arabs in 712 ; became one of the chief Moor- 
 ish cities; was the capital of the Abbadid dynasty in the 
 11th century ; was taken by the Almoravides in 1091, and by 
 the Almohades in 114-7 ; was recovered by the Christians 
 under Ferdinand III. of Castile in 1248 (many of its in- 
 habitants emigrating) ; and was made the capital ; car- 
 
 ried on extensive commerce with America ; was plundered 
 by the French under Soult in 1810 ; and was bombarded 
 by Espartero in 1843. Population, 166,066. 
 
 Seville, Archives of. A great collection of 
 documents relating to colonial (particularly 
 American) affairs, at Seville, Spain, in 1778 
 Charles III. ordered that all such documents in the gov- 
 ernment offices should be collected in one place. A build- 
 ing was provided for them at Seville, and in 1788 the most 
 important papers of the Simancas and other deposits were 
 transported to it. There are said to be 47,000 large pack- 
 ages of manuscripts. 
 
 Seville, Council of. See Casa de Contratacion 
 de las Indias. 
 
 Seville, Treaty of. A treaty between Great 
 Britain, Spain, and France, concluded at Se- 
 ville in 1729. It put an end to the war between Eng- 
 land and Spain, left England in possession of Gibraltar. 
 and established a close alliance between the three powers. 
 
 Sevres (savr). A town in the department 
 of Seine-et-Oise, France, 2i miles southwest of 
 Paris. It is celebrated for its porcelain manufactures, 
 established at Vincennes in 1745, removed to Stvres in 1756, 
 and acquired by the state in 1759. A mosaic establish- 
 ment was founded here in 1875. There is an important 
 art museum. Population, commune, 8,143. 
 
 Sevres, Deux-. See Deux-Sevres. 
 
 Sewall (sii'al), Arthur. Born at Bath, Maine, 
 Nov. 25, 183’5 : died at Small Point, near Bath, 
 Me., Sept. 5, 1900. An American ship-builder 
 and banker. He was an advocate of the free coin- 
 age of silver, and as such he received the nomination of 
 the Democratic party for Vice-President at the Chicago 
 Convention of July, 1896. 
 
 Sewall (su'al), Jonathan Mitchell. Bom at 
 
 Salem, Mass., in 1748: died at Portsmouth, 
 N. H., March 29, 1808. An American poet. He 
 wrote a number of patriotic songs, and in his epilogue to 
 Cato (1778) occur the lines 
 
 “No pent-up Utica contracts your powers, 
 
 But the whole boundless Continent is yours. ” 
 
 His poems were published in 1801. 
 
 Sewall, Samuel. Born at Bishopstoke, Eng- 
 land, March 28, 1652:. died at Boston, Jan. 1, 
 1730. An American judge and official in Mas- 
 sachusetts. He was one of the judges at the trials for 
 witchcraft in 1692, and became chief justice in 1718. 
 
 Sewall, Samuel. Born at Boston, Dec. 11, 
 1757 : died at Wiscasset, Maine, June 8, 1814. 
 An American jurist, chief justice of Massa- 
 chusetts 1813-14. 
 
 Sewall, Stephen. Born at Salem, Mass., Dec. 
 18, 1704: died Sept. 10, 1760. An American 
 jurist, chief justice of Massachusetts 1752-60. 
 
 Seward (su'ard), Anna. Born at Eyam, Derby- 
 shire, England, 1747 : died at Lichfield, March 
 25, 1809. An English poet, called “ the Swan 
 of Lichfield.” In 1782 she published her poetical novel 
 “Louisa”; this was followed by “Sonnets” (1799) and 
 the “ Life of Dr. Darwin ” (1804). She was associated with 
 Dr. Johnson, Dr. Darwin, and others, and her letters, in 
 which she imitated Johnson, were published in six vol- 
 umes 1811-13. She bequeathed the publication of her 
 poems to Sir Walter Scott. They were issued in three 
 volumes in 1810. 
 
 Seward, Frederick William. Born 1830. An 
 American lawyer, assistant secretary of state 
 1861-69 and 1877-81. He published “Life and 
 Letters ” of his father, W. H. Seward. 
 
 Seward, George Frederick. Born at Florida, 
 N. Y., Nov. 8, 1840. An American diplomatist, 
 nephew of W. H. Seward. He became consul in 
 China in 1861 and consul-general in 1863, and was United 
 States minister to China 1876-80. 
 
 Seward, Mount. [Named from W. H. Seward.] 
 A summit of the Adirondacks, situated in 
 Franklin County, New York, 14 miles west of 
 Mount Marcy. Height, 4,384 feet. 
 
 Seward, William Henry. Born at Florida, 
 Orange County, N. Y., May 16, 1801: died at 
 Auburn, N. Y., Oc-t. 10, 1872. A noted Ameri- 
 can statesman. He graduated at Union College in 
 1820 ; was admitted to the bar in 1822; settled in Auburn 
 in 1823 ; was elected in 1830 as anti-Masonic candidate to 
 the New York State Senate, in which he served until 
 1S34 ; was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for governor 
 in 1834; was elected (Whig) governor of New York in 
 1838; was reelected in 1840, and served till Jan. 1, 1843; 
 was Whig and afterward Republican United States sen- 
 ator from New York 1849-61 ; made in 1858 a celebrated 
 speech at Rochester, in which he declared that the an- 
 tagonism between freedom and slavery was an “irrepres- 
 sible conflict ” between opposing forces ; was a candidate 
 for the Republican nomination for President in 1860 ; was 
 secretary of state 1861-69 ; was severely wounded by an 
 accomplice of John Wilkes Booth April 14, 1865; made a 
 journey to Europe 1859 (having made a similar journey in 
 1833) ; traveled in western United States and Mexico in 
 1869 ; and made a journey around the world 1870-71. Dur- 
 ing his incumbency of the secretaryship of state he averted 
 serious complications with Great Britain by his prudence 
 and skiU in the negotiations over the “ Trent affair " (which 
 see) ; prevailed on the French government to withdraw its 
 troops from Mexico ; and in 1867 concluded the negotiat ions 
 with Russia for the cession of Alaska. He supported the 
 reconstruction policy of President Johnson. His works 
 were published by G. E. Baker in 5 vols. 1863-84. 
 
 Sewestan (se-wes-tan'), or Sewistan (se-wis- 
 tan'). A district in the southeastern part of 
 Afghanistan, bordering on British India on the 
 east and Baluchistan on the south. 
 
 Sextans (seks'tanz). [NL.,‘ the sextant.’] A 
 constellation introduced by Hevelius in 1690. 
 
 It represents the instrument used by Tycho Brahe ; but it 
 is placed between Leo and Hydra, two animals of a fiery 
 nature according to the astrologers, to commemorate the 
 burning of his own instruments and papers in 1679. The 
 brightest star of the constellation is of magnitude 4.5. 
 Sextus (seks'tus). In Roman legend, the son 
 of Tarquinius Superbus, noted in the story of 
 Lucretia. 
 
 Sextus Empiricus (em-pir'i-kus). Lived about 
 200 a. d. A Greek skeptical philosopher. Ho 
 wrote ‘ ‘ Pyrrhoniae hypotyposes ” and ‘ ‘ Adversus 
 mathematicos.” 
 
 Seybert (si'bert), Adam. Born at Philadelphia, 
 1773 : died at Paris, May 2, 1825. An American 
 chemist and politician. He was member of Congress 
 from Pennsylvania 1809-15 and 1817-19. He wrote “Sta- 
 tistical Annals of the United States” (1818), etc. 
 Seychelles (sa-shel'). A group of small islands 
 in the Indian Ocean, belonging to Great Britain, 
 situated east of Zanzibar, about lat. 5° S., long. 
 55° 30' E. The surface is granitic. The largest island 
 is Mahd ; the principal port is Port Victoria. Coeoanut- 
 oil and vanilla are among the exports. Population, 19,- 
 258. 
 
 Seydlitz (zid'lits), Friedrich Wilhelm von. 
 
 Boro at Kalkar, near Cleves, Feb. 3, 1721 : died 
 Nov. 8, 1773. A Prussian cavalry general. He 
 Berved with distinction in the Seven Years' War, particu- 
 larly at Kolin, Rossbach, Zorndorf, Hochkirch, Freiberg, 
 etc. He was wounded at Kunersdorf. 
 
 Seymour (se'mor). A city in Jackson County, 
 Indiana, 58 miles south by east of Indianapo- 
 lis. Population, 6,305, (1910). 
 
 Seymour, Edward, Duke of Somerset. Bom 
 about 1500: beheaded at London, Jan. 22, 1552. 
 An English politician, brother of Jane Seymour 
 and uncle of Edward YI. : made earl of Hert- 
 ford in 1537. He invaded Scotland in 1544 (sacked Ed- 
 inburgh) and 1545 ; became protector in 1547 and duke of 
 Somerset ; and gained the battle of Pinkie in 1547. He 
 supported the Reformation. In 1549 he was removed from 
 the protectorate ; was imprisoned in the Tower 1549-50 ; 
 and was executed for treason. 
 
 Seymour, Sir Edward. Born 1633: died 1708. 
 An English Tory politician, speaker of the 
 House of Commons. He took part in the revo- 
 lution of 1688. 
 
 Seymour, Frederick Beauchamp Paget, first 
 Baron Alcester. Born April 12, 1821 : died 
 March 30, 1895. An English admiral. He entered 
 
 the navy in 1834 ; became captain 1854 ; rear-admiral 1870 ; 
 vice-admiral 1876 ; and admiral in 1882. In 1880 he com- 
 manded the allied fleet off the Albanian coast which 
 compelled the Turks to agree to the cession of Dulcigno to 
 Montenegro. He commanded the English fleet in the 
 bombardment of Alexandria, July, 1882, and was raised 
 to the peerage Nov. 24. 
 
 Seymour, Sir George Hamilton. Born in Eng- 
 land, 1797 : died at London, Feb. 2, 1880. A 
 British diplomatist. He was educated at Oxford 
 (Merton College). In 1817 he entered the diplomatic ser- 
 vice. In 1830 he became minister at Florence, in 1836 at 
 Brussels, and in 1851 at St. Petersburg. Through him the 
 czar Nicholas, before entering on tile Crimean war, made 
 his famous proposals for a joint dismemberment of the 
 Turkish empire by Russia and England. 
 
 Seymour, Horatio. Born at Pompey Hill, Onon- 
 daga County, N. Y., May 31, 1810; died at Utica, 
 N. Y., Feb. 12, 1886. Am American Democratic 
 politician. He was admitted to the bar in 1832 ; entered 
 the New York State assembly in 1841, and became its 
 speaker in 1845 ; was elected mayor of Utica in 1842 ; was 
 the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for governor of 
 New York in 1850 ; was governor 1863-55 ; vetoed a pro- 
 hibition bill in 1854 ; was defeated as candidate for gov- 
 ernor in 1854; and was governor 1863-65. Among the 
 events in his second term were the draft riots in 1863. 
 He presided over the Democratic national conventions of 
 1864 and 1868 ; was defeated as Democratic candidate for 
 governor in 1864 ; and was the unsuccessful Democratic 
 candidate for President in 1868. 
 
 Seymour, Jane. Born in England about 1510 : 
 died Oct. 24, 1537. The third queen of Henry 
 VIII., daughter of Sir John Seymour and sister 
 of the protector Somerset. She was lady-in-waiting 
 to Catharine of Aragon, and later to Anne Boleyn. She 
 married the king May 20, 1536, the day after the execution 
 of Anne Boleyn. On Oct. 12, 1537, her son (afterward Ed- 
 ward VI.) was bom. 
 
 Seymour, Sir Michael. Born 1802 : died at Lon- 
 don, Feb. 23, 1887. A British admiral. He en- 
 tered the navy in 1813 ; was promoted captain in 1826 and 
 vice-admiral in 1854 ; and commanded the naval force 
 which operated against Canton in 1857. He was promoted 
 admiral in 1864, and was placed on the retired list in 1870. 
 Seymour, Robert. Born about 1800 : died April 
 20, 1836. An English caricaturist. He was first 
 apprenticed to a pattern-drawer of Duke street. Shortly 
 after the termination of his apprenticeship lie set up a 
 studio as a painter in oils, and executed several pictures. 
 The ■; Humourous Sketches ’’ appeared 1834-36. The “Book 
 of Christmas, " with some of his best work, is now very rare. 
 On Dec. 10, 1831, he began “Figaro in London,” continued 
 
Seymour, Robert 
 
 until 1834. Seymour was associated with Dickens as the 
 first illustrator of “ Pickwick Papers." In a fit of depres- 
 sion after a difference with that author, he committed sui- 
 cide, April 20, 1836. 
 
 Seyne (san), La. A seaport in the department 
 of Var, France, situated on the Bay of Toulon 
 4 miles southwest of Toulon. It has important 
 si dp-building. Population, commune, 19,- 
 747. 
 
 Sfax (sfaks). A seaport on the eastern coast 
 of Tunis, situated on the Gulf of Gabes 142 
 miles south of Tunis. It has important exports. It 
 was taken by the French, July 16, 1881, after a twenty 
 days' bombardment. Population, about 30,000. Also writ- 
 ten Sfaks, Sfakus, or Sfakis. 
 
 Sforza (sfort'sa), Francesco. Born 1401: died 
 1466. An Italiancondottiere.sonofMuzio Sforza. 
 He married Bianca Maria Visconti, the natural daughter of 
 Filippo Maria Visconti, duke of Milan, on whose death with- 
 out male heirs he procured his own elevation as duke(1450). 
 
 Sforza, Francesco II. Died 1535. Dukeof Milan, 
 son of Lodovico Sforza. His elder brother, Massimi- 
 liano, had been deprived of his duchy by Francis I. of 
 France in 1515. After the defeat of the French at La 
 Bicocca in 1522, Francesco was restored to the duchy. 
 He was the last of the Sforzas. 
 
 Sforza, Lodovico, surnamed II Moro (‘the 
 Moor’), Died a prisoner at Loches, France, 
 about 1510. Duke of Milan, son of Francesco 
 Sforza. He was agent for Giovanni Galeazzo Sforza, 
 whose throne he usurped, and whom he is said to have 
 poisoned. He was expelled from Milan by Loui3 XII. of 
 France in 1499. He was afterward restored, but was taken 
 prisoner in 1500, and carried to France. 
 
 Sforza, Muzio Attendolo. Born about 1369: 
 died 1424. Anltalian leader of mercenary troops, 
 founder of the Sforza family. Originally a peasant, 
 he entered the service of the famous condottiere Alberico 
 da Barbiano. from whom, on account of his great strength, 
 he received the surname of Sforza. He ultimately became 
 commander-in-chief of the Neapolitan forces, and was 
 drowned in the Pescara during the siege of Aquilain 1424. 
 Sganarelle (sga-na-rel'). A comic character 
 out of ancient comedy, frequently introduced 
 by Moli&re in his plays, and invested by him 
 with different traits and peculiarities according 
 to the necessities of the subject. He first appears 
 in “ Sganarelle, ou le cocu imaginaire ” (1660), and after 
 that in many other plays (in “Don Juan, ou le festin de 
 Pierre" (where he is the leporello of the opera “Don Gio- 
 vanni "), in “ L’Amourmhiecin,” “Le m^decin malgrd lui," 
 “ Le m4decin volant,” “L’Ecole des maris,” “Le mariage 
 force,” etc.). The Sganarelle to which most frequent al- 
 lusion is made is that in “Le m£decin malgr4 lui." where 
 he uses many expressions which have become proverbial, 
 as “ Nous avons changd tout cela,” etc. 
 
 ’S Gravesande. See Gravesande. 
 
 Shadrach (sha/drak). [Heb. Hananiali. ] In 
 Old Testament history, a companion of Daniel : 
 one of the three (Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed- 
 nego) thrown into the fiery furnace. 
 
 Shadwell (shad'wel), Thomas. Born in Nor- 
 folk, 1640 : died at London, Nov. 20, 1692. An 
 English playwright and poet laureate. He was 
 educated at Cambridge and the Inner Temple, but de- 
 serted the law for literature. He is chiefly remembered 
 for his quarrel with Dryden, who revenged Shadwell’s at- 
 tack upon him in “ The Medal of John Bayes" by merci- 
 lessly satirizing him in “MacFlecknoe,” and as “Og" in the 
 second part of “Absalom and Achitophel." He succeeded 
 Dryden, however, as poet laureate and historiographer 
 royal in 1688 (when Dryden would not take the oath), not- 
 withstanding his predecessor’s satire in “MacFlecknoe,” 
 “ The rest to some faint meaning make pretence, 
 
 But Shadwell never deviates into sense.” 
 
 Shadwell was heavy, but not so dull as Dryden saw fit to 
 depict him. His plays are coarse and witty. Among 
 them are “The Sullen Lovers, or the Impertinents ”(1668), 
 “ The Humourists,” “ Psyche ”(an opera), “Epsom Wells,” 
 “The Virtuoso,” “ The Libertine," “The True Widow ” (a 
 comedy to which Dryden wrote an epilogue in 1678, before 
 their quarrel), “The Lancashire Witches, etc.,” “The 
 Squire of Alsatia," “Bury Fair,” “The Volunteers.” His 
 son, Charles Shadwell, was the author of several plays 
 sometimes confounded with Thomas Shadwell’s. They are 
 “ The Fair Quaker of Deal, or the Humours of the Navy ” 
 (1710 : Hester Santlow played Dorcas in this plav and con- 
 tributed largely to its success), “The Humours of the Army ” 
 (1716), “Rotheric O’Connor,” “The Sham Prince," etc. 
 Shanites (shaf'i-its). [From Ar. Shafi’i, name 
 of the founder.] The members of one of the 
 four divisions or sects into which the Orthodox 
 Mohammedans, or Sunnites, are divided. 
 Shafter (shaf'ter), William Rufus. Born Oct. 
 16, 1835: died Nov. 12, 1906. An American 
 general. He served in the Union army, and was 
 brevettedbrigadier-general of volunteers March 13, 1865. 
 He was appointed lieutenant-colonel in the regular army 
 in 1866; was promoted brigadier-general in May, 1897 ; 
 and was appointed major-general of volunteers May 4, 
 1898. He led the expedition to Cuba which effected the 
 surrender of Santiago July 17, 1898. Retired 1899. 
 
 Shaftesbury (shafts'bu-ri), or Shaston (shas'- 
 ton). A town in Dorset, England, 19 miles west- 
 southwest of Salisbury. Population, 2,027. 
 Shaftesbury, Earls of. See Cooper. Eight of the 
 nine earls of Shaftesbury have borne the name Anthony 
 Ashley Cooper, being all eldest sons. 
 
 Shahabad (shii-hii-bad'). Adistrictin the’Patna 
 division, Behar, British India, intersected by 
 
 922 
 
 lat. 25° N., long. 84° E. Area, 4,373 square 
 miles. Population, 1,962,696. 
 
 Shahaptian (sha - hap ' te - an). A linguistic 
 stock of North American Indians, which in- 
 habited a large territory along the Columbia 
 River and its tributaries in Oregon, Washing- 
 ton, and northern Idaho. 
 
 Shah Jehan (shah je-han'), or Shah Jahan 
 (ja-han'). Born about 1592: died 1666. Mo- 
 gul emperor 1628-58, son of Jahangir. During 
 his reign the Mogul empire reached its highest point. 
 He founded the modern Delhi, and built the Taj Mahal 
 and other magnificent buildings at Agra. (See Agra.) He 
 was deposed by his son Aurung-Zeb. 
 
 Shahnamah (shah-na-me'). [‘Book of Kings.’] 
 The title of several works, the most celebrated 
 of which is the great Persian epic of Firdausi. 
 See Abul Kasim Mansur. There is also a Shahnamah 
 in Turkish, written by Firdausi al Thauil, and recounting 
 the history of all the kings of the East. When Bajazet II., 
 to whom it was dedicated, ordered its abridgment from 
 300 to 80 volumes, the author emigrated in mortification 
 to Khorasan. 
 
 Shahpur (shah-por'). A district in Rawal 
 Pindi division, Panjab, British India, inter- 
 sected by lat. 32° 30' N., long. 72° 30' E. Area, 
 4,840 square miles. Population, 524,259. 
 
 Shahrazad. Same as Scheherazade. 
 
 Shairp (sharp), John Campbell. Born at 
 Houston, Linlithgowshire, Scotland, July 30, 
 1819: died Sept. 18, 1885. A British literary 
 critic and poet. He was educated at Glasgow and at 
 Oxford, where he took the Newdigate prize in 1842. From 
 1846 to 1857 he was a master at Rugby, and became in 
 1861 professor of Latin at St. Andrews, in 1868 principal 
 of the United College, St. Andrews, and in 1877 professor 
 of poetry at Oxford. He published “Kilmahoe ” (1864), 
 “Studies in Poetry and Philosophy ” (1868), “Culture and 
 Religion” (1870), “Poetic Interpretation of Nature” 
 (1877), “Aspects of Poetry ” (1S81), etc. 
 
 Shakas (sha'kaz). In the history of India, a 
 people identified with the Sakai and Sac® of 
 classical writers (the Indo-Scythians of Ptole- 
 my), who about the beginning of the Christian 
 era extended along the west of India to the 
 mouths of the Indus. They were probably Turks or 
 Tatar tribes. As they pushed toward Central India they 
 were met by a general league of Hindu princes. The Gup- 
 tas shared in the league, and possibly led it. A great bat- 
 tle was fought at Kahror, near the eastern limits of the 
 great desert of Manvar. The Indo-Scythians were utterly 
 defeated and lost their place in history. The battle of Kah- 
 ror was probably fought about A. D. 78. It is said that the 
 year 78 A. D. has become known as the Shaka or Shali- 
 vahana era in consequence of this battle. 
 
 Shakspere (shak'sper, originally shak'sper), 
 William. [Also Shakespeare, Shakespear, 
 Shaxpcr, and many other forms, the proper 
 modern form etymologically being Shakespear, 
 as in the 1664 impression of the third folio 
 and the fourth folio of the dramatist’s works ; 
 lit. ‘one who shakes a spear/ orig., like Break- 
 spear, a complimentary or sarcastic name for 
 a knight or soldier; from Shake and spear.] 
 Born at Stratford-on-Avon, April, 1564 (baptized 
 April 26) : died there, April 23, 1616 (buried 
 April 25). A famous English poet, the great- 
 est of dramatists. Little is known of his life. He 
 was the first son and the third child of John Shak- 
 spere, a glover, and Mary Arden, both children of hus- 
 bandmen. His parents were possessed of a little prop- 
 erty, and the father held various public offices (consta- 
 ble, alderman, and high bailiff) in Stratford : but their 
 prosperity did not survive the poet’s boyhood. Where or 
 when Shakspere was educated is not known. On Nov. 28, 
 1582, he took out a bond (in which the name is written 
 Shagspere) for license of marriage with Anne (or Agnes) 
 Hathaway of Shottery, who survived him seven years. 
 (Her birthplace was bought for the nation in 1892.) The 
 date of the religious ceremony is not known. A child, 
 Susanna, was bom to them May 26, 1583, and early in 
 1585, twins, Hamnet and Judith. About 1587 Shakspere 
 went to London to seek liis fortune in connection with the 
 stage, and became an actor, probably in Lord Leicester’s 
 company of players, who had visited Stratford about that 
 time. After the death of Leicester it became Lord 
 Strange’s company. (The story that he wasforced to leave 
 Stratford for deer-stealing in the park of Sir Thomas Lucy 
 at Charlecote is a fable ; but there may, be truth in 
 Davenant’s story that he held horses at the theater doors.) 
 Shakspere had the advantage of being associated with 
 Alleyne, the best tragic actor in England, and with Kempe 
 and Pope, the best comedians. Greene, Kyd, Marlowe, 
 Wilson, Peele, Lodge, Lyly, Munday, and others were all 
 at this time writing plays for the different companies 
 playing in the London theaters; and as early as 1589 or 
 1590 Shakspere was part author or reviser of some of the 
 plays acted by his own company, Lord Strange's men. It 
 was this collaboration that induced Greene, his rival play- 
 wright, to allude to him in his “Groatsworth of Wit” as 
 “an upstart crow beautified with our feathers, that, with 
 his Tiger’s heart wrapped in a player’s hide, supposes he 
 is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best; 
 and, being an absolute Johannes-fac-totum, is in his own 
 conceit the oidy Shake-scene in a country.” About 1593 
 he ceased to work as a collaborator, and in reviving the 
 plays produced at this period seems to have taken out the 
 work of the other hands, substituting lines of his own. 
 In 1593 Lord Strange’s men played at the Rose Theatre. At 
 Lord Strange’s death in this year the company became 
 “The Chamberlain's," and with Shakspere and Burbage 
 played at “The Theatre.” After this time Shakspere was 
 
 Shaktas 
 
 one of the chief actors in the best company in London, and 
 its acknowledged play- writer, aud attained fame as a poet 
 as well. His son Hamnet having died in 1596, Shakspere 
 went for a short time to Stratford. He obtained a grant 
 of arms, and in 1597 bought New Place. In this year 
 the Chamberlain’s Company removed to “The Curtain,” 
 and about this time Ben Jonson began to write for them. 
 Shakspere lived at this time in St. Helen’s, Bishopsgate, 
 with occasional absences in Stratford. In 1598 he played 
 in Ben Jonson’s “ Every Man in his Humour.” The Globe 
 Theatre was opened in 1599, and after this Shakspere’s 
 plays were first produced here. In 1601 the Chamberlain's 
 Company traveled, having become obnoxious to the court 
 for playing “Richard II. ” They played at Oxford and Cam- 
 bridge, and also went to Scotland. In this year Shak- 
 spere’s father died. The turbulent quarrel known as “the 
 war of the theaters," which had raged since 1599 between 
 Jonson, Dekker, Chapman, Marston, Shakspere, and others, 
 seems to have been composed about 1602. The plays pro- 
 duced between these years are filled with bitter personal 
 allusions. In this latter year the Chamberlain’s Company 
 went back to the court. In 1603 the theaters were closed 
 on account of the plague; the queen died ; and the cham- 
 berlain’s men took the name of “The King’s Company.” 
 In 1605 Shakspere invested money in a lease of the tithes 
 of Bishopton, Welcombe, Stratford, and Old Stratford. In 
 1607 his daughter Susanna married John Hall, a physician 
 at Stratford, and his brother Edmund died. His mother 
 died in 1608. In 1610 he retired from the theater, and 
 was living in Stratford in 1611. In 1613 he bought a house 
 near Blackfriars Theatre, his brother Richard died, and 
 it is thought that at this time Shakspere sold his shares 
 in the Globe and Blackfriars theaters. Little is known of 
 his life in Stratford after his retirement from the stage, 
 but his name appears in documents until 1615. On Feb. 
 
 10, 1616, his daughter Judith married Thomas Quiney, a 
 vintner. Shakspere died the following April (it is sup- 
 posed on the 23d, which is also celebrated as his birthday). 
 Shakspere’s poems are “ Venus and Adonis ’’(entered on the 
 “Stationers’ Register ’’ 1593), “The Rape of Lucrece” (1594), 
 “Sonnets ” (not published till 1609, but conjectured to have 
 been written 1594-98), “A Lover’s Complaint” (published 
 with the “ Sonnets,” probably written about 1594). The 
 sonnets are 154 in number, and were published with a 
 dedication by the publisher, Thomas Thorpe, to “Mr. W. 
 H.,” “their only begetter," about whom controversy has 
 raged. The “Passionate Pilgrim” was first published in 
 1594. A volume called “Poems: written by Wil. Shake- 
 speare, Gent.,” was published in 1640. It contains many 
 poems now known to be by others. In 1796 the famous 
 Ireland forgeries were published (see Ireland, W. H.). 
 The authenticity of Shakspere’s plays was first discussed 
 in 1848 by J. C. Hart in “The Romance of Yachting.” 
 He was followed by others, notably by Miss Delia Ba- 
 con in 1857 and by Nathaniel Holmes in 1866 and 1288, 
 and by Ignatius Donnelly, all striving to prove that Bacon 
 wrote the plays. About 500 works have appeared on the 
 subject. In the following list the dates of production are 
 given as nearly as possible ; but reference should be made 
 to the separate entries. “ Love's Labour ’s Lost ” (1589 : 
 revised in 1597), “Two Gentlemen of Verona ” (1591 and 
 1595), “Romeo and Juliet” (1591 and 1596), “ Henry VI." 
 (in three parts, 1592-94), “A Comedy of Emus" (1594), 
 “King Richard III.” (1594),“ Titus Andronicus ”(?)(1594), 
 “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” (15951 “King Richard 
 
 11. ” (1595), “The Merchant of Venice ”(1598), “King John” 
 (1596), “Henry IV.” (in two parts, 1597 and 1698), “ Much 
 Ado about Nothing ”(1598),“ As you Like it”( 1599), “Henry 
 V.” (1599), “Merry Wivesof Windsor ”(1600),“Tioilus and 
 Cressida” (1600), “Julius Caesar" (1600), “ Hamlet” (1601), 
 “Macbeth" (1601), “All 's Well that Ends Well" (1601). 
 “Twelfth Night” (1602), “The Taming of the Shrew" 
 (1603), “ Othello” (1604), “Measure for Measure” (1604), 
 “King Lear” (1605), “Antony and Cleopatra” (1697). “Ti- 
 mon of Athens "(1607-08), “Coriolanus” (1608), “Pericles” 
 (1608), “Cvmbeline” (1609), “The Tempest ” (1611), “The 
 Winter's Tale "(1611), “King Henry VIII." (1613). The 
 doubtful plays were first attributed to Shakspere in 
 the 1664 issue of the third folio : they are “The Two No- 
 ble Kinsmen,” “Edward III.,” “The London Prodigal," 
 “Thomas Lord Cromwell,” “Sir John Oldcastle,” “The 
 Puritan Widow,” “Locrine,”and “A Yorkshire Tragedy." 
 “Arden of Feversham,” “The Birth of Merlin," and other 
 plays have also been attributed to him. Some of the plays 
 were printed in quarto during Shakspere's lifetime. The 
 first collected edition was the folio of 1623; the second 
 folio appeared in 1632, a third in 1663 and 1664, a fourth 
 in 1685. Rowe issued the first critical edition of the plays 
 with the poems in 1709. Among the many later editions 
 may be mentioned that of Pope (1725), Johnson (1765), 
 Johnson and Steevens (1773), Malone (1790), Boj dell’s 
 edition, revised by Steevens (1802), Bowdler’s expurgated 
 edition ( 1818 ), Knight (1838-43 and later), Collier (1841-44 
 and later), Halliwell (1853), Dyce (1857), Richard Grant 
 White (1857-65 and 1883). Hudson (I860), Cambridge edi- 
 tion (1863-66), Globe edition (1864). Variorum editions 
 have been edited by Reed (1803) and Boswell (1821), and 
 notably by Furness (begun in 1877). 
 
 Shakspere of Divines, The. Jeremy Taylor. 
 Shakspere of Germany, The. A name some- 
 times given to Kotzebue. 
 
 Shakspere’s Cliff. A cliff near Dover, England, 
 bordering the Strait of Dover. It is graphically pic- 
 tured in Shakspere’s “King Lear.” Height, 350 feet. 
 Shaktas (shak'taz). [Skt. shakta, relating to 
 Shakti (which see).] In India, the worshipers 
 of the divine power under its female representa- 
 tion. As Hinduism has resolved itself into two great sys- 
 tems (Shaivism and Vaishnavism), so the adherents of each 
 of these are divided into two great classes (the Dakshina- 
 margis and the Vamamargis). Both are Shaktas, but the 
 first, the * followers of the right-hand path.’ worship Shiva 
 and Vishnu in their double nature as male and female, do 
 not show undue preference for the female or left-hand side 
 of the deity, and are not addicted to mystic or secret rites ; 
 while the second, the Vamamargis, or' followers of the left- 
 hand path,’ worship exclusively the female side of Shiva 
 and Vishnu. Theformerflnd theirBiblein the Puranas the 
 latter in the Tontras. The rites of the latter are orgiastic, 
 and represent the most corrupt development of Hinduism. 
 
Shakti 
 
 Shakti(shak'ti). In Sanskrit, ‘strength, energy/ 
 and then in Hindu religion the energy or active 
 power of a deity personified as his wife and wor- 
 shiped under various names. Fifty different forms 
 of the Shakti of Vishnu besides Lakshnii are reckoned, and 
 fifty of the Shakti of Shiva besides Durga or Gauri. Brah- 
 manism holds that the One Universal Self-existent Spirit 
 is pure existence. The moment he becomes conscious, his 
 nature becomes duplex ; and this double nature is held to 
 be partly male and partly female, the female constituting 
 his left side. The male side of the god is believed to rel- 
 egate his more onerous functions to the female ; hence 
 the female side of the personal god is more often propiti- 
 ated than the male. See Shaktas. 
 
 Shakuntala (sha-kon'ta-la). The heroine of 
 th e great drama of Kalidasa. She was the daughter 
 of the sage Vishvamitra by the nymph Menaka, and was 
 left at birth in a forest where she was nourished by birds 
 until found by the sage K anva, who brought her up in his 
 hermitage as his daughter. In the drama she is seen in the 
 forest by King Dushy anta, who has gone there to hunt. He 
 induces her to contract with him a Gandharva marriage — 
 that is, one formed by a simple declaration of mutual ac- 
 ceptance. On leaving her to return to his capital, he give3 
 her a ring. When Shakuntala goes back to the lrerm itage, 
 she does not heed the approach of the testy sage Durvasas, 
 who pronounces upon her thecurse of being forgotten by 
 her beloved. Relenting, however, Durvasas promises that 
 Dushyanta shall remember heron seeing the ring. Shakun- 
 tala sets out to join her husband, but on the way bathes in 
 a sacred pool and loses the ring. The king does not recog- 
 nize her, and she isobliged to return to the forest, where she 
 gives birth to Bharata. A fisherman catches a fish in which 
 he finds a royal ring, which is taken to the king with the 
 fisherman, who is thought to have stolen it. On seeing the 
 ring the king recognizes it, remembers Shakuntala, and 
 goes in quest of her. The play exists in two recensions, 
 one known as the Devanagari, the other as the Bengali, of 
 which th e former is thought to be the older and purer. It 
 was from the latter that Sir William Jones made his cele- 
 brated translation of 1789, which, translated into German 
 by Forster in 1791, so excited the admiration of Herder and 
 Goethe. Monier-VVilliams has published an exquisite and 
 * masterly translation of the Devanagari recension. 
 
 Shaler (sha'ler), Nathaniel Southgate. Born 
 at Newport, Ky., Feb. 22, 1841: died April 10, 
 1906. An American geologist and paleontol- 
 ogist. He graduated at the Lawrence Scientific School 
 (Harvard) in 1862 ; served in the Union army during the 
 Civil War ; and was professor of paleontology at Harvard 
 from 1868 to 1887, when he became professor of geology. 
 Among his works are “A First Book in Geology” (1884), 
 “Kentucky” (1884 : in American Commonwealths series), 
 “ The Interpretation of Nature ’’ (1893), etc. 
 
 Shallow (shal'o). A solemn, insignificant coun- 
 try justice in the “ Merry Wives of Windsor,” 
 and in the 2d part of “ King Henry IV.,” by 
 Shakspere. ne has lofty pretensions to having been 
 a roaring blade in his youth, and is a satire on Sir Thomas 
 Lucy, the author's old Stratford enemy. Phelps made a 
 great hit in London in this part. 
 
 Shalmaneser (shal-ma-ne'zer). [Assyr. &ul- 
 man-asarid, the god Shulman is the leader.] The 
 name of four Assyrian kings. The first reigned 
 about 1330 B. C. From an inscription of Asurnazirpal 
 (884-860 B. c.)it is known that he founded the city of Calah 
 (modern Nimrud), which he made his residence, and that 
 he extended the boundaries of the Assyrian empire in the 
 northwest- The second reigned 860-824 B. c. He was war- 
 like and enterprising like his father Asurnazirpal, and 
 under him the first direct collision between Assyr ia and 
 Israel took place. The extant monuments of him are the 
 “black obelisk," about 7 feet high, with 190 lines of cunei- 
 form writing and representations of war-scenes in bas-re- 
 lief, discovered by Layard in the Nimrud mound ; two bull- 
 colossi covered w ith inscriptions, found in the same place ; 
 a monolith, found in Kurkh ; the bronze coverings of his 
 palace doors decorated with scenes of war, games, sacri- 
 fices, etc., and an account of the first nine years of his 
 reign, in repousse work, discovered by Hormuzd Rassam 
 in Balawat. From these monuments we learn that Shal- 
 maneser II. invaded Babylonia, conquering the city of 
 Babylon and many other cities. He then directed his forces 
 against the confederation of the Syrian kings to which 
 also Ahab of Israel belonged, and defeated it in the battle 
 of Karkar. In 842, after the defeat of Hazael of Damascus, 
 he received tribute from Tyre, Sidon, and Jehu of Israel. 
 The last four years of his reign were occupied with the re- 
 bellion which one of his sons had aroused, and which his 
 other son put down two years after his father’s death. The 
 third reigned 782-772 B. c. During the ten years of his 
 reign he made six expeditions against Armenia (Urartu), 
 one against Damascus, and one against Chatarika (the bib- 
 lical Hadrach). The fourth reigned 727-722. He is known 
 from the Old Testament. He undertook an expedition into 
 the west, on which occasion Hosea, king of Israel, who be- 
 came tributary to his predecessor, Tiglath-Pileser III., re- 
 peated the assurance of his submission and brought him 
 presents But, soon after the departure of the Assyrian 
 king, Hosea sent an embassy to the Egyptian king Sliabe 
 (biblical So) offering him his alliance, whereupon Shal- 
 maneser IV. appeared before Samaria, took the faithless 
 Hosea captive, andlaid siege to the city (2 Ki. xvii.). From 
 the cuneiform inscriptions it is known that Shalmaneser 
 IV. himself met with his death during the siege, and that 
 it was his successor, Sargon, who succeeded in taking Sa- 
 maria after a three years' siege. 
 
 Shamaka. See Sliemalclia. 
 
 Shamash (sha'niash). In the Assyro-Babylo- 
 nian pantheon, the god of the snn. ne is called 
 the “light of the gods,” the “illuminator of heaven and 
 earth," and especially the “great judge of heaven and 
 earth.” His wife is Aa, the “lady of mankind, "the “lady 
 of the countries,” The principal seats of his worship were 
 Sippara (the biblical Sepharvaim) and Larsa (modern Sen- 
 kereh). 
 
 Shamba (sham'ba). See Kabail. 
 
 923 
 
 Shasu 
 
 Shamo, Desert of. See Gobi. Chad, Sudan, which it joins from the south: 
 
 Shamokin (sha-mo'kin). A borough in North- source unknown. Length, 700 miles (’!). 
 umberland County, Pennsylvania, 50 miles Shark Bay (shark ba). An inlet of the Indian 
 northwest of Beading. It is important as the Ocean, on the western coast of West. Australia, 
 center of a coal-mining region. Population, Sharkieh (shar-ke'ye). The easternmost prov- 
 19,588, (1910). ince of Lower Egypt. Area, 1,314 square miles. 
 
 Shamrock (sham'rok). A sloop yacht, the un- Population, 879,646. 
 
 successful challenger for the America’s cup in Sharon (shar ' on). A borough in Mercer 
 1899. She was owned by Sir Thomas Lipton and designed County, western Pennsylvania., situated on 
 by William Fife, Jr. Her dimensions were : length over ShenangO River 64 miles northwest of Pitts- 
 all, 128 feet ;; water-line length, 87 feet 8-} inches (for the burg. It has important iron manufactures. 
 Jast race, 88 feet Ilf inches) ; beam, 25 feet 5 inches. Population, 15,270, (1910). 
 
 by Ueorge j-i. iihiduu nuiu vwaeu uy n ,, . . • , „ “ t , "V, a ,, 
 
 Sir Thomas Lipton. She failed to win a race. £ro , m t l / vieinlf Y of J°PP a Cssarea or Car- 
 Shamyl: See Schamyl. “ eL lt; was celebrated for its fertility. 
 
 Shandon (sha.n'don), Captain. A witty, sweet “harp (sharp), James. Born at Castle Banff, 
 tempered, hut intemperate literary hack who -/ay 4, 1618 : ^ murdered^ on. Magus Muir, near 
 
 lives in the Fleet Prison : a character in Thack- 
 eray’s ‘ ‘ Pendennis .” His original was W illiam 
 Maginn. 
 
 Shandy (shan'di), Captain. See Toby, Uncle. 
 
 Shandy, Tristram. See Tristram Shandy. 
 
 Shanghai (shang-hi'). A city and seaport in 
 the province of Kiangsu, China, situated on the 
 river Wusung, at the junction of the Hwangpu, 
 and near the Yangtse, in lat. 31° 15' N., long. 
 
 121° 29' E. It is one of the chief ports of the country, 
 exporting tea, silk, etc. It contains an important foreign 
 quarter inhabited by British, Americans, French, etc. It 
 became a treaty port in 1S43. It was taken by the rebels 
 and held temporarily in 1853. Population, estimated, 
 
 651,000. 
 
 Shankara (shang'ka-ra), or Shankaracarya 
 (-a-char'ya). [‘The teacher or doctor Shan- 
 kara/] One of the most renowned theologians 
 of India, nis exact date is uncertain : Wilson puts it in 
 the8thor9thcentury A.D. Tradition generally makes him a - _ 
 
 native of Malabar. He is described as having led a wander- Sharp, J Gun. Born at Bradford, England, Feb. 
 ing, controversial life^and as having gone toward the close 16, 1644: died at Bath, Feb. 2, 1714. An Eng- 
 of it to Kashmir and then to Kedarnath in the Himalaya Hsff prelate, archbishop of York, 
 where he is said to have died at the age of 32. He is held * -p i ’ £ \ r\ * ., 
 
 to have worked various miracles, among others reaniraat- ollcirp, XvGDGCCS; vi3GCXy One of the 
 
 ing and entering the dead body of King Amaru in order 
 
 St. Andrews, May 3, 1679. A Scottish prelate, 
 archbishop of St. Andrews. In 1637 he graduated 
 at King’s College, Aberdeen ; in 1643 was chosen a re- 
 gent of philosophy in St. Leonard’s College, St. Andrews ; 
 and in 1648 he was appointed minister of Crail in F’ifeshire. 
 He was aleaderof the Resolutioners against the Protesters. 
 In 1667 he went to Loudon to counteract the influence of 
 the Protesters with the Protector. In Feb., 1660, he vis- 
 ited London again to watch the movements of Monk. He 
 was well received by Monkand sent to Charles II. at Breda, 
 ostensibly to advocate the Presbyterian cause. He was 
 in confidential communication with Charles and Claren- 
 don, assisted in the restoration of Episcopacy In Scot- 
 land, and for his treachery was appointed archbishop 
 of St. Andrews in Aug., 1661. When Lauderdale became 
 supreme, Sharp cooperated in passing the National Synod 
 Act of 1663, the first step in subjecting the church to the 
 crown. In 1667, with Rothes, he was the governing power 
 in Scotland. Their tyranny and crueltj^provoked a rising 
 of the Covenanters. On July 10, 1668, an attempt to assas- 
 sinate him was made by James Mitchell, a preacher. He 
 was murdered by a number of Covenanters while on his 
 way to St. Andrews. 
 
 to become temporarily the husband of Amaru’s widow that 
 he might be able to argue with a Brahman on the wedded 
 state, and was even regarded as an incarnation of Shiva. 
 He is made the founder of the Dashnamidandins, or ‘Ten- 
 named Mendicants ’ (so called as divided into 10 classes, 
 each distinguished by the name of one of the 10 pupils of 
 each of Shankara’s 4 chief pupils), one of the principal 
 Shaiva sects. South Indian pandits represent him also as 
 founder of all the 6 principal sects of Hinduism — viz., the 
 Shaivas, the Vaishnayas, the Shaktas, the Ganapatyas, the 
 Sauras, and the Pashupatas — though falsely, as Shankara 
 was opposed to all sectarian ideas. He is said to have es- 
 tablished several maths, or monasteries, particularly one 
 still flourishing at Sringiri on the Western Ghats, near the 
 sources of the Tungabudra. The essential fact of his life 
 is that he molded theUttaramimansa or Vedanta philoso- 
 phy into its final form, and popularized it into a national 
 religion. A large number of works are ascribed to him, 
 of which the most important are commentaries on the Ve- 
 dantasutras, the Bhagavadgita, and the principal Upani- 
 shads. 
 
 Shankar avijaya (shang-ka-ra-vi'ja-ya). [Skt., 
 ‘the triumph of Shankara.’] The name of 
 several Sanskrit works, hut especially of a bi- 
 ography of Shankara (which see), by Ananda- 
 giri. 
 
 Shanklin (shangk'lin). A watering-place situ 
 
 principal characters in Thackeray’s “Vanity 
 Fair”: a friendless girl, “with the' dismal pre- 
 cocity of poverty,” whose object it is to rise in 
 the World. She is agreeable, cool, selfish, and entirely 
 unmoral ; “ small and slight of person, pale, sandy-haired, 
 and with green eyes, habitually cast down, but very large, 
 odd, and attractive when they looked up.” 
 
 But the finest character in the whole novel is Miss Re- 
 beoca Sharp, an original personage, worthy to be called 
 the author s own, and as true to life as hypocrisy, ability, 
 and cunning can make her. She is altogether the most 
 important person in the work, being the very impersona- 
 tion of talent, tact, and worldliness, and working her way 
 with a graceful and executive impudence unparalleled 
 amongmanaging women. She indicatestlieextremepoint 
 of worldly success to which these qualities will carry a 
 person, and also the impossibility of their providing against 
 all contingencies in life. 
 
 Whipple, Essays and Reviews, II. 407. 
 
 Sharp, Timothy. The “lying valet” in Gar- 
 rick’s play of that name. 
 
 Sharp, William. Born at London, Jan. 29, 
 1749: died at Chiswick, England, July 25, 1824. 
 An English line-engraver. He executed excel- 
 lent plates from Sir Joshua Reynolds and the 
 . — ~ , -, , b - T , . old masters, 
 
 ated on the southeastern coast of the Isle of Sharper (shar'per). A character in Congreve’s 
 Wight, England. Population, 4,533. “Old Bachelor.” It is he who says : 
 
 Shannon (shan on). The principal river of « T husgrief still treads upon the lieels of pleasure - 
 Ireland. It rises in the north ; flows south and south- Marry’d in haste, we may repent at leisure.” 
 
 west ; traverses Loughs Allen, Ree, and Derg ; and, form- - , . .. ,,, . , n1 , • 
 
 ing a wide estuary, empties into the Atlantic in lat. 52° Sharpsburg (sharps berg). 1 . A small town m 
 30' N. The chief tributary is the Suck. Length, about 250 Washington County, western Maryland, situ- 
 miles ; navigable for the greater part of its course (for a to<l near the Potomac 12 miles south of Ha- 
 large vessels to Limerick}. gerstown. For the battle of Sharpsburg, see 
 
 Shannon, The. A British man-of-war which j^ntietam . — 2. A borough of Allegheny County, 
 captured the American vessel of war Chesa- Pennsylvail5aj situate d on the Allegheny River 
 Peake off Marblehead, Massachusetts, June 1, 5 , n p es nor theast of Pittsburg. Population, 
 1813. ; See Chesapeake 8,153, (1910). 
 
 Shansi (shan-se ). [ Mountainous west. ] A Sharswood (shSrz'wud), George. BornatPhil- 
 
 province of northern China. Capital, Taiyuen- ’ adel hi j„ ly 7 1810: died it Philadelphia, 
 
 IU» It borders on jVIon^olio, on tlio noitn &nd on the oq i cqq Ah Attipfiooti jitk! Iccrnl 
 
 Hwangho on the south and west; the surface is largely Ma Y 28 > Av \ American jurist ana legal 
 
 mountainous. Area, 81,830 square miles. Population, writer. He became chief justice of the Supreme ( ourt of 
 12 200 456. Pennsylvania in 1867, and later chief justice. He edited 
 
 Shan' (shan) States. A group of Lao states, Ahk-sP’ etc!‘ Klackstone ” (1859)l and 
 
 partly under British rule in Burma, partlymde- . See Sastcan. 
 
 pendent, and partly under the rule of Siam. Shasta (shas'ta), Mount. A mountain-peak in 
 Shan-tung (shan-tong ). A maritime province giski \ Go nniy, California, situated about lat. 
 of China. Capital, Tsinan. It borders on the Yel- 41 o 25 ' N. It is one of the highest peaks in the 
 
 low Sea and the Gulf of Pe-chi-li. The surface is gener- . , rr • I, . 1 , .A,. /' L 
 
 ally level, except in the peninsular portion. Area, 55,970 United btates. Height, 14,ooU leer, 
 square miles. Population, 38,247,900. _ Shastica. See Sastean. 
 
 Sharezer (sha-re'zer). According to 2 Ki.xix. SLasu (shii'so). See the extract. 
 
 37, Isa. xxxvii. 38, the son of Sennacherib who, 
 with his brother Adrammelech, assassinated 
 his father. In Abydenus he hears the name of Nergilos, 
 and it is not improbable that his complete name was Ner- 
 gal-Sharezer (Assyrian Senjal-iar-ue.ur, “Nergal(the god 
 of war) protect the king"). The name Sharezer occurs also 
 as that of a Judean in the time of Darius (Zech. vii. 2). 
 
 Shari (shii're). The chief tributary of Lake 
 
 Very distinct from the Phcctiicians of Kaft are the Shasu 
 or Bedawin, ‘Plunderers,’ of the Egyptian monuments. 
 They were the scourge of the settled populations of 
 Canaan as their descendants are at the present day. VV e 
 hear of them as existing from the Egyptian frontier up to 
 the north of Palestine, ' the land of the Amorite where 
 their place was taken in the fifteenth century before our 
 era by the invading Hittite. They were properly inhabi- 
 
Shasu 
 
 tarits of the desert, who perpetually hovered on the bor- 
 ders of the cultivated land, taking advantage of every op- 
 portunity to harry and plunder it. 
 
 Sayce , Kacea of the O. T., p. 105. 
 
 Shat-el-Arab (shitt-el-ii'riib). Tho lower course 
 of tlie Euphrates after its junction with the 
 Tigris. 
 
 Shattuck (shat'uk), Aaron Draper. Born at 
 Francestown, N. H., Marcli !), 1832. An Ameri- 
 can landscape-painter, lie first exhibited in 
 1856, and was made a national academician in 
 1861. 
 
 Shattuck, Lemuel. Born at Ashby, Mass., Oet. 
 15, 1793: died at Boston, Jan. 17, 1859. Au 
 American historical and statistical writer. 
 Shaula (sha'lii). [Ar. al-Saula, tho sting.] Tho 
 second-magnit ude star J Scorpii, at the extrem- 
 ity of the creature’s tail. 
 
 Shavano (shii-vii'no), Mount. A mountain of 
 the Saguache Mountains, central Colorado. 
 Height, 14,239 feet. 
 
 Shaw (sha), Henry Wheeler: pseudonyms 
 J Osh Billings and Uncle Esek. Born at Lanes- 
 borough, Mass., April 21,1818: died at Monterey, 
 Cal., Oct. 14, 1885. An American humorist. He 
 published annually “Josh Billings’ Farmers’ Allminax,” 
 ami began his career as a lecturer in 1803. His complete 
 works were published in 1877. 
 
 Shaw, Lemuel. Born at Barnstable, Mass., Jan. 
 9, 1781: died at Boston, March 30, 1861. A noted 
 American jurist. He was chief justice of the 
 Supreme Court of Massachusetts 1830-60. 
 Shaw, Robert Gould. Born at Boston, Oct. 10, 
 1837 : killed at Fort Wagner, S.C., July 18, 1863. 
 A Union officer in the Civil War. He enlisted as 
 a private in 1861 ; was promoted captain Aug. 10, 1862 ; and 
 April 17, 1863, became colonel of the 54th Massachusetts, 
 the first regiment of colored troops from afree State mus- 
 tered into the United States service. 
 
 Shawangunk (shong'gum) Mountains. A 
 
 range of the Appalachian system in Orange, 
 Sullivan, and Ulster counties, southeastern 
 New York, extending from New Jersey north- 
 eastward. Height, about 2,000 feet. 
 
 Shawano (sha'wa-no), or Shawnee (sha'ne), or 
 Savannas (sa-van ' az ) . A tribe of N orth Ameri- 
 can Indians. From their wanderings and the difficul- 
 ties of identification, their habitat lias been much dis- 
 cussed. They were early known in the Cumberland valley 
 in Tennessee and on the upper Savannah in South Carolina. 
 About the middle of the 18th century these two bodies, 
 after several changes of homes, were united in the Ohio 
 valley, and were almost constantly at war with the English 
 and afterward with theUnitedStates.beingunderTecum- 
 seh’s leadership in the War of 1812. There are about 
 six hundred living in Oklahoma. The name is translated 
 ‘southerners,’ referring to the fact that for a long period 
 they lived farther south than any of the other Algon- 
 quian divisions. See Algonquian. 
 
 Shawano (slia-wa'nd) Lake. A lake in Sha- 
 wano County, eastern Wisconsin, 30 miles north- 
 west of Green Bay. Its outlet is by Wolf River into 
 Lake Winnebago. Length, about 6 miles. 
 
 Shawnee. See Shawano. 
 
 Shays (shaz), Daniel. Born at Hopkinton, 
 Mass., 1747 : died at Sparta, N. Y., Sept. 29, 
 1825. An American insurgent, one of the lead- 
 ers of the insurrection of 1786-87 in western 
 Massachusetts co mm only known as Shays’s Re- 
 bellion. He was an ensign in Woodbridge’s regiment at 
 the battle of Bunker Hill, and attained the rank of captain 
 in the Continental army. After resigning his commission 
 he settled at Pelham (now Prescott), Massachusetts. He 
 fled on the suppression of the insurrection in question 
 to New Hampshire and thence to Vermont, where he re- 
 mained about a year, at the end of which time he received 
 a pardon. He thereupon removed to Sparta, New York. 
 He enjoyed a pension during his later years for his ser- 
 vices in the Revolution. 
 
 Shays’s Rebellion. An insurrection in western 
 Massachusetts against the State government, 
 1786-87, under the leadership of Daniel Shays 
 and others, occasioned by the unsettled condi- 
 tion of affairs at the close of the Revolution and 
 the con sequent popular discontent. Thechief grie- 
 vances complained of were that the governor’s salary was 
 too high, that the Senate was aristocratic, that the lawyers 
 were extortionate, and that taxes were too burdensome ; 
 and the principal remedy demanded was a large issue of 
 paper money. Shays, in Dec., 1786, attempted at the head 
 of 1,000 followers to prevent the session of the Supreme 
 Court at Springfield, but was forestalled by the militia. 
 In Jan., 1787, three bodies of insurgents, under Shays, Luke 
 Day, and Eli Parsons respectively, marched on Springfield 
 with a view to capturing the Continental arsenal. The 
 largest body, that under Shays, numbering 1,000, was at- 
 tacked by the militia (about 4,000) under General Benjamin 
 Lincoln on the 25th, and was put to flight with a loss of 
 3 men killed and 1 wounded. The fugitives, including 
 Shays, joined the force under Eli Parsons. The insurgents 
 were finally dispersed Feb., 1787, at Petersham, where 150 
 of them were captured. Shays escaped. Some of the other 
 leaders were sentenced to death, but were ultimately par- 
 doned. 
 
 She (she). A novel by Rider Haggard, published 
 in 1887. The scene is laid in the interior of 
 southern Africa. 
 
 924 
 
 Shea (sha), John Dawson Gilmary. Bom at 
 
 New York, July 22, 1824: died at Elizabeth, N. J., 
 Feb. 22, 1892. An American historical writer 
 arid philologist. He was admitted to the bar in 1846, 
 but soon abandoned law in order to devote himself wholly 
 to literature. He wrote “Discovery and Exploration of 
 the Mississippi Valley" (1863), “ History of the Catholic 
 Missions among the Indian Tribes of the United States” 
 (1854), “Early Voyages up and down the Mississippi ”(1862), 
 and “Lincoln Memorial ”(1865). He also published gram- 
 mars and dictionaries of various Indian languages, and 
 various translations, including Charlevoix’s “History and 
 General Description of New France" (1806-72); and edited 
 “ Washington’s Private Diary ” (1861). 
 
 Sheaffe, Sir Roger Hale. Bom at Boston, July 
 15, 1763: died at Edinburgh, July 17, 1851. A 
 British general. He defeated the Americans at Queens- 
 ton, Canada, 1812, and commanded at the defense of York 
 (Toronto) in the following year. 
 
 Sheba (she/bii). A grandson of Cush (Gen. x. 7); 
 a descendant of Jokshan (x. 28) ; grandson of 
 Abraham and Keturah (xxv. 2). The Sabieans were, 
 according to biblical and classical notices, the most im- 
 portant people of South Arabia. They were settled in 
 southwestern Arabia, Yemen, with the capital Mariba. 
 The numerous inscriptions bear evidence of their culture. 
 From this country there came a queen to test Solomon's 
 wisdom (1 Ki. x. 1) : Arabic legends give her the name of 
 Balkis, and assert that she bore a son to Solomon. It is from 
 this son that the Ethiopians claim descent. In 24 B. C. the 
 Egyptian governor -Elms Galius undertook an expedition 
 against Mariba with the aid of the Nabataeans, but with- 
 out success. According to Arabic accounts the capital 
 was destroyed by a flood 200 A. D. The Himyarite dynasty 
 of Yemen was extinguished shortly before Mohammed. 
 Shebat (shvat'; Eng. she-bat'). [Assyr. Saba- 
 tu.~\ InZeeh. i. 7, the eleventh month of the He- 
 brew year, corresponding to Jan. -Feb. : bor- 
 rowed by the Jews from the Babylonians after 
 the exile. Among the Assyro-Babylonians this month 
 was sacred to Ramman, the storm-god. The name is de- 
 rived from the verb shabat, to strike, and means ‘the 
 month of devastation,’ on " account of the destructive 
 storms and inundations which it brought in its train. 
 Sheboygan (she-boi'gan). A city, capital of 
 Sheboygan County, Wis., situated on Lake 
 Michigan, at the mouth of Sheboygan River, 
 48 miles north by eastof Milwaukee, ithasalarge 
 export trade in grain, has varied manufactures, and is a 
 dairy center. Population, 26,398, (1910). 
 
 Shechem (she'kem). [Heb., ‘shoulder.’] An 
 ancient city of Palestine, situated in the val- 
 ley between Mount Ebal and Mount Gerizim. 
 It was afterward called Neapolis (whence the modern 
 nameNablus), or morefully Flavia Neapolis, from its hav- 
 ing been restored by Titus Flavius Vespasianus after its 
 destruction in the Jewish-Roman war. Shechem (or Si- 
 chem) played an important part throughout the history of 
 Israel. The patriarch Jacob and his sons sojourned there 
 for some time. It fell to the lot of the tribe of. Ephraim, 
 and Joshua held there his farewell meeting. It was one 
 of the free Levitical cities. During the period of the 
 judges it was thecenterof theruleof Abimelech, andafter 
 the division of the kingdom Jeroboam made it his tempo- 
 rary residence. After the exile it became the center of 
 the Samaritans, who erected near it their temple on Mount 
 Gerizim. It suffered a great deal during the Crusades, 
 but is still an important city. See Nablus. 
 
 Shechinah, or Shekinah (she-M'nii). [From 
 Heb. shaJchan, dwell.] The Jewish name for the 
 symbol of the divine presence, which rested in 
 the shape of a cloud or visible light over the 
 mercy-seat. 
 
 Shedd (shed), William Greenough Thayer. 
 
 Born June 21, 1820: died Nov. 17, 1894. An 
 American theologian. He became professor of ec- 
 clesiastical history in Andover Theological Seminary in 
 1854, professor of biblical literature at Union Theological 
 Seminary (New York) in 1863, and professor of systematic 
 theology in the latter institution 1874-90. Among his 
 works are “ History of Christian Doctrine ” (1863), “ Homi- 
 letics and Pastoral Theology” (1867), “Sermons to the 
 Natural Man ” (1871),“ Theological Essays” (1877),“ Liter- 
 ary Essays ”(1878), “Commentary on Romans "(1879), “Ser- 
 mons to the Spiritual Man” (1884), “Doctrine of Endless 
 Punishment ” (1886), “Dogmatic Theology ” (1888-94), etc. 
 Sheelin (she'lin), Lough. A lake on the south- 
 ern border of County Cavan, Ireland, 12 miles 
 south of Cavan. Length, about 5 miles. 
 Sheepshanks (shep'shangks), John. Bom at 
 Leeds, 1787 : died at London, Oct. 5, 1863. An 
 English art-collector. He collected the works of 
 modern British artists, especially Landseer, Mulready, 
 and Leslie. In 1857 he gave his collection to the British 
 Museum. 
 
 Sheepshanks, Richard. Born at Leeds, 1794 : 
 died at Reading, 1855. An English astronomer, 
 brother of John Sheepshanks. His represen- 
 tatives founded the “ Sheepshanks Astronomi- 
 cal Exhibition ” in 1858. 
 
 Sheepshead Bay (sheps'hed ha). A small in- 
 let of the Atlantic, near Coney Island, Long 
 Island, New York. Near it is a noted race- 
 course. 
 
 Sheep-shearing, The. A play by George Col- 
 man the elder, produced in 1777. It is taken 
 from Garrick’s alteration of “The Winter’s 
 Tale.” 
 
 Sheeraz. See Shiraz. 
 
 Sheliak 
 
 Sheerness (sher-nes'). A seaport and water- 
 ing-place in Kent, England, situated at the 
 junction of the Medway with the Thames, on 
 the Isle of Sheppey, 36 miles east of London. 
 It lias been a naval establishment with dockyards and 
 strong fortifications. In 1667 it was taken by the Dutch 
 under De Ruyter. Population, 18,179. 
 
 Sheffield (shef 'eld). A parliamentary and muni- 
 cipal borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire, 
 England, situated on the Don, Sheaf, and other 
 streams, in lat. 53° 24' N., long. 1° 28' W. it is 
 the chief seat of English cutlery manufacture. Among 
 the articles manufactured are knives, scissors, razors, tools 
 of all kinds, rails, armor-plates, castings, surgical instru- 
 ments, machinery, silver-plate, axles, etc. The grammar- 
 school, Firth College, St. Peter’s Church, St. George’s 
 Museum, corn exchange, and music-hall are noteworthy. 
 Its cutlery has been celebrated from early times. Mary 
 Queen of Scots was confined in the castle. Sheffield has 
 been a headquarters of trades-unions. It returns 6 mem- 
 bers to Parliament. Population, 454,653, (1911). 
 Sheffield. A city in northern Alabama, on the 
 Tennessee. It is an iron-manufacturing and 
 mining center, of recent foundation. Popula- 
 tion, 4,865, (1910). 
 
 Sheffield, John, Duke of Buckinghamshire. 
 Bom April 7, 1648: died Feb. 24, 1721. An 
 English statesman and poet. In 1658 he succeeded 
 to the titles of his father, the second Earl of Mulgrave. 
 He fought against the Dutch in 1666 ; was chamberlain to 
 James II., cabinet councilor to William III., and lord 
 privy seal (1702-05). In 1694 he was made marquis of 
 Normanby, and in 1703 was created duke of Normanby 
 and duke of Buckinghamshire. He was deprived of all 
 his offices by Godolphin and Marlborough. He wrote an 
 “ Essay on Satire " which was attributed to Dryden, an 
 “ Essay on Poetry,” two tragedies, and minor poems. His 
 works were published in 1723. 
 
 Sheffield Scientific School. A department of 
 Yale University, devoted to special training in 
 science. It confers various degrees, including bachelor 
 of philosophy, civil engineer, and doctor of philosophy. 
 It was established in 1847, and was named from its chief 
 benefactor, J. E. Sheffield (1793- 1882). 
 
 Sheherazade. See Scheherazade. 
 
 Sheil (shel), Richard Lalor. Born at Drum- 
 downey, Tipperary, Aug. 17, 1791 : died at Flor- 
 ence, Italy, May 25, 1851. An Irish politician, 
 orator, and dramatist. He graduated from Trinity 
 College, Dublin, in 1811 ; studied law at Lincoln’s Inn ; 
 and was admitted to the Irish bar in 1814, but devoted 
 himself for some years to literature. In 1814 his drama 
 “ Adelaide, or the Emigrants " was brought out at Crow . 
 St. Theatre. “The Apostate ”(1817) confirmed his reputa- 
 tion, and waB followed by “ Bellamira " (1818), “Evadne” 
 (1819), “ The Huguenot ” (1822), and “ Montini ” (1820). In 
 1823 he was one of the founders of the Catholic Association. 
 He supported O’Connell's agitation until Catholic emanci- 
 pation was granted in 1829. In 1830 he was member of Par- 
 liament for Milbome Port, Somerset ; and in 1831 was re- 
 turned for Louth, and later for Tipperary and Dungarvan. 
 He was vice-president of the board of trade 1838-41 in Lord 
 Melbourne’s ministry ; in 1846 master of the mint under 
 Lord John Russell ; and in 1850 British minister at Florence. 
 His memoirs, by McCullagh, were published in 1856. 
 Sheksna (sheks'na). A river in the govern- 
 mentsof Novgorod and Yaroslaff, Russia, which 
 joins the Volga at Rybinsk. It is the outlet of 
 Lake Bieloe. Length, about 275 miles. 
 Shelburne (shel'bern). A seaport, capital of 
 Shelburne County, Nova Scotia, situated 104 
 miles southwest of Halifax. It has a fine har- 
 bor. Population, about 1,500. 
 
 Shelburne, Earl of. See Petty, William. 
 Shelby (shel'bi), Isaac. Born in Maryland, Dec. 
 11, 1750 : died in Kentucky, July 18, 1826. An 
 American pioneer and officer, distinguished in 
 contests with the Indians 1774 and 1776. He 
 served in the Revolution; was governor of Kentucky 
 1792-96 and 1812-16 ; and commanded a Kentucky contin- 
 gent at the battle of the Thames in 1813. 
 
 Shelbyville (shel'bi-vil). 1. The capital of Shel- 
 by County, Illinois, 56 mi les southeast of Spring- 
 field. Population, 3,590, (1910). — 2. The cap- 
 ital of Shelby County, Indiana, situated on Big 
 Blue River 27 miles southeast of Indianapolis. 
 Population, 9,500, (1910). — 3. The capital of 
 Shelby County, Kentucky, 17 miles west of 
 Frankfort. Population, 3,412, (1910). — 4. The 
 capital of Bedford County, Tennessee, situated 
 on Duck River 50 miles south-southeast of 
 Nashville. Population, 2,869, (1910). 
 
 Sheldon (shel'don), Gilbert. Born 1598: died 
 1677. AnEnglisli prelate, archbishop of Canter- 
 bury 1663-77. 
 
 Sheldonian (shel-do'ni-an) Theatre. A theater 
 at Oxford University, built by Archbishop 
 Sheldon (Sir Christopher Wren architect) in 
 1664-69, in which the “ Encamia,” or annual 
 commemoration of founders (with the reading 
 of prize poems and essays and conferring of 
 honorary degrees), is held. 
 
 Sheliak, or Shelyak (shel'yak). [From an Ara- 
 bianized form of Gr. a tortoise : in allu- 
 
 sion to the fabled origin of tho lyre.] The name 
 of the third-magnitude variable star /? Lyric. 
 
Sheliff 
 
 Sheliff (shel'if). [F.CWKjf.] Tho largest river of 
 Algeria: tho ancient Chinalaph. itrlsos In the Jo- 
 bel-Amur, and Hows into the Mediterranean near Mustafa 
 nera. Length, from 350 to 400 miles. 
 
 Shelley (sliol'i), Mrs. (Mary Wollstonecraft 
 Godwin). Born at London, Aug. 30, 1707 : died 
 Fob. 1, 1851. An English author, daughter 
 of William Godwin, ana second wife of Percy 
 Bysshe Shelley. Sho returned to England in 1823 with 
 her son (see ShcUey, Percy Hysslie). Her chief work is a 
 romance, "Frankenstein" (isih), originating: in Byron's 
 proposition that he himself, Polldorl, and Shelley and his 
 wife should each write a ghost-story. Site also wrote 
 “ Vnlpergn, etc. ”(1823), “The Last Man " (1826), “Lodoro" 
 (1835),“ Falknor " (1837), and other novels; “Journal of a 
 Six Weeks’ Tour "with Shelley (1814), and “Rambles in Ger- 
 many and Italy ” (1844) ; and edited Shelley's pooms, etc. 
 
 Shelley, Percy Bysshe. Born at Field Place, 
 near Horsham, Sussex, England, Aug. 4, 1792 : 
 drowned off Viareggio, Italy, July 8, 1822. 
 A famous English poet, son of Timothy (after- 
 ward (1815) Sir Timothy) Shelley. He was edu- 
 cated at Eton 1804-10; entered University College, Ox- 
 ford, in 1810; and was expelled on accountof the publication 
 of the pamphlet “The Necessity of Atheism ” (1811). He 
 married Harriet W estbrook (the young daughter of a cof- 
 fee-house keeper) in 1811. He was 19, she 16, years of age, 
 and the marriage proved unfortunate. In May, 1814, he 
 met Mary Wollstonecraft, daughter of William Godwin 
 and Mary Wollstonecraft, the author of “ The Rights of 
 Women." He abandoned Harriet and went to Switzerland 
 with Mary in 1814, and returned to England in 1815 and 
 settled at Bishopsgate, near Windsor Forest, where he 
 wrote “Alastor, or the Spirit of Solitude." They joined 
 Byron in Switzerland in 1816. Harriet Shelley drowned 
 herself Nov. 9, 1816, and Dec. 30, 1816, Shelley formally 
 married Mary. In March, 1818, they went again to Italy, 
 where they remained, in the society of Byron, Trelawney, 
 Edward Williams, and others, for the rest of Shelley's life. 
 By the capsizing of the boat in which he and Edward Wil- 
 liams were returning to Spezia, their summer home, both 
 were drowned. Their bodies were consumed on a funeral 
 pyre in the presence of Hunt, Byron, and Trelawney on the 
 19th of July, 1822. His chief long poems are “ Queen Mab ” 
 (1813, printed 1821), “Alastor, or the Spirit of Solitude, 
 etc." (1816), “Laon and Cythna, or the Revolution of the 
 Golden City ” (1818 : it was at once recalled and issued 
 with some alterations as “The Revolt of Islam”), “Ro- 
 salind and Helen "(1819), “The Cenci”(a tragedy, 1819), 
 “Prometheus Unbound, etc." (1820), “Adonais, etc. (1821), 
 and “Epipsychidion " (1821). His “Poetical Work’s, con- 
 taining “Julian and Maddalo,” “Ode to the Skylark,” “The 
 Cloud,” “Ode to the West Wind,” “Hellas," “Witch of 
 Atlas,” etc., were edited by Mrs. Shelley in 1839, and in 
 1840 she edited his letters, essays, etc. 
 
 Shellif. See Sheliff. 
 
 Shelomohibn Gebirol. See Salomon ibn Gebirol. 
 Shelter (shel'ter) Island. An island in Gar- 
 diner’s Bay, east of Long Island, New York. It 
 forms a township in Suffolk County. Length, 
 about 6 miles. 
 
 Shelton (shel'ton), Thomas. Lived in the first 
 part of the 17th century. An English author. 
 He published the first English translation of “Don Qui- 
 xote " (1612-20). Gayton’s “ Pleasant Notes upon Don Qui- 
 xote ” was based on Shelton's translation. 
 
 Shem (shem). In Old Testament history, one 
 of the three sons of Noah, represented as the an- 
 cestor of the Semitic races. See Semites. 
 Shemakha (she-ma/cha), or Shamaka (sha- 
 ma/ka). A town in the government of Baku, 
 Transcaucasia, Russia, situated on an affluent 
 of the Pirsagat, 68 miles west by north of Baku. 
 It is built near the site of Old Shemakha, once a flour- 
 ishing commercial place, destroyed by Nadir Shah. The 
 new town was overthrown by earthquakes in 1859, 1872, 
 and 1902. Population, 20,007. 
 
 Shenandoah (shen-an-do'a). A river in Vir- 
 ginia which joins the Potomac at Harper’s 
 Ferry. Length, about 175 miles. 
 Shenandoah. A borough in Schuylkill County, 
 Pennsylvania, 84 miles northwest of Philadel- 
 phia. It is the center of an important coal- 
 mining region. Population, 25,774, (1910). 
 Shenandoah. A vessel built at Glasgow in 
 1863 for the China trade, and sold to the Con- 
 federates in 1864. It was used as a privateer under 
 command of J. I. Waddell 1864-65, and captured 38 United 
 States vessels. 
 
 Shenandoah Mountains. A part of the range 
 which forms the western boundary of the Shen- 
 andoah Valley. 
 
 Shenandoah Valley. The valley of the Shen- 
 andoah in Virginia. It lies between the Blue Ridge 
 on the east and a parallel range of the Alleghanies on the 
 west, and is noted for its fertility. It was the scene of 
 various important events in the Civil War, including 
 "Stonewall” Jackson’s campaign in 1862 and Sheridan’s 
 campaign In 1864. 
 
 Shenango (she-nang'go) River. A river in 
 northwestern Pennsylvania which unites, near 
 New Castle, with the Mahoning to form Beaver 
 River. Length, about 80-90 miles. 
 
 Shendy, or Shendi (slien'de). Atown in Nubia, 
 situated on the Nile in lat. 16° 40' N. it was an 
 important place before its destruction by the Egyptians in 
 1822. It was captured by the Mahdists in 1884 and recap- 
 tured by Gordon, but later retaken. Population variously 
 estimated at from 3,000 to 5,000. 
 
 926 
 
 Shen-si (sbon-se'). A province of northern 
 China, bordering on Mongolia and west of 
 Shan-si. Chief city, Bingan. Area, 75,270 
 square miles. Population, 8,450,182. 
 Shenstone (shen'ston), William. Born at 
 Halesowen, England, Nov. 13,1714: died there, 
 Feb. 11, 1763. An English poet. He was educated 
 at Pembroke College, Oxford. Ilis best-known poem is 
 “The Schoolmistress" (which see). Besides this, which 
 gained for him the title of “tho water-gruel bard" from 
 Horace Walpole, ho published “Poems, etc.” (1737), “The 
 Judgment of Hercules” (1741), etc. 
 
 Sheol (she'ol). [lleb. slie’ 61 ; etym. doubtful.] 
 Tho place of departed spirits. The original is in 
 tho authorized version generally rendered grave, hell, or 
 pit; in the revised version of the Old Testament tho word 
 Sheol is substituted. It corresponds to the word Hades in 
 Greek classic literature and in the revised version of the 
 New Testament. 
 
 Shepherd Kings. See Hylcsos. 
 
 Shepherd of Banbury. A title assumed by 
 JohnClaridge in publishing in 1744 a collection 
 of juilos for predicting weather changes. The 
 Shepherd of Ban oury’s rules attained great popularity, and 
 passed through many editions. 
 
 Shepherd of Hermas (her'mas), The. [L. Pas- 
 tor Hcrmse .] An early Christian allegorical 
 and didactic book, classed among the works of 
 the apostolic fathers. The first part of the book con- 
 sists of “Visions,” in the last of which a man appears 
 dressed as a shepherd (whence the name Shepherd or 
 Pastor given to the book). This shepherd gives Hermas in- 
 structions in the form of “Mandates "and “Similitudes," 
 which form the second and third parts of the book. The 
 scene of the visions is laid in Rome or its neighborhood, 
 and the writer speaks of St. Clement as a contemporary. 
 Accordingly some assign the date of composition to about 
 A. D. 100 ; others, however, date it about A. D. 150. The 
 “Shepherd” was in early times much esteemed, and was 
 publicly read in the churches and accounted as in some 
 sense Scripture, though not afterward included in the 
 canon. Hermas has often been identified with the Hermas 
 of Rom. xvi. 14. Also called The Pastor of Hermas. 
 
 Shepherd of Salisbury Plain, The. A popular 
 moral tale by Hannah More. 
 
 Shepherd of the Ocean. A name given by 
 Spenser to Sir Walter Raleigh. 
 
 Shepherd’s Calendar, The. A pastoral poem 
 in 12 eclogues by Edmund Spenser, published 
 in 1579. In this form he gave utterance to his opinions 
 on the most important questions of the day. Some of the 
 eclogues are paraphrases of Clement Marot, and sugges- 
 tions are taken from the pastorals of Mantuan. With the 
 publication of this poem the Elizabethan age of literature 
 may be said to begin. See Colin Clout. 
 
 Shepherd’s Week, The. A series of burlesque 
 pastoral poems by John Gay, published in 1714. 
 They were intended to ridicule the fashion of pastoral 
 poems and to depict pastoral life without any illusions, but 
 they are so good that they have survived as a collection of 
 excellent bucolics. See Blowzelinda and Colin Clout. 
 
 Sheppard (shep'ard), Elizabeth Sara. Born 
 at Blackheath, England, about 1830; died at 
 Brixton, March 13, 1862. An English novelist. 
 She is said to have sometimes written under the pseu- 
 donym E. Berger. Among her books are “Charles Au- 
 chester ” (1853), “ Counterparts ” (1854), “My First Season, 
 by Beatrice Reynolds" (1855), “Rumour" (1868). 
 Sheppard, Jack. Born at Stepney, 1702: hanged 
 at Tyburn, Nov. 16, 1724. A famous English 
 robber. He was a carpenter by trade, and began his ca- 
 reer of robbery about 1720. He was of a generous disposi- 
 tion, and was very popular. His portrait was painted by 
 Sir John Thornhill ; apantomime, “Harlequin Sheppard,” 
 was produced at Drury Lane ; Defoe wrote a narrative about 
 him in 1724 ; and a novel by Ainsworth," Jack Sheppard," 
 was published in 1839. He made two remarkable escapes 
 from Newgate, but after many vicissitudes was finally cap- 
 tured in an ale-house while drunk. 
 
 Sheppey (shep'i), or Isle of Sheppey. An isl- 
 and in the county of Kent, England, lying be- 
 tween the estuaries of the Thames and Medway 
 and the Swale. Length, 9£ miles. 
 
 Shepton Mallet (shep'ton mal'et). A town in 
 Somerset, England, 18 miles south of Bristol. 
 Population, 5j238. 
 
 Sheratan (sher-a-tan'). [Ar. Saratain, the two 
 signs (referring to the two stars in the ram’s 
 head).] The ordinary name for the third-mag- 
 nitude star (3 Arietis. 
 
 Sheraton (sher'a-ton), Thomas. Born at Stock- 
 ton-on-Tees, 1751: died at London, 1806. A 
 noted English furniture-maker and -designer. 
 Sherborne (sher 'bom). A town in Dorset, 
 England, 31 miles south-southwest of Bath, its 
 abbey church and Sherborne Castle are notable. It was 
 the seat of a bishopric from the 8th to the 11th century. 
 Population, 6,760. 
 
 Sherbro (sher'bro), or Sherboro (sher'bur-o), 
 Island. A n island off the coast of Sierra Leone, 
 W est Africa. It belongs to the colony of Sierra Leone, 
 and lies off the mouth of Sherbro River. Its length is 
 about 30 miles. 
 
 Sherbrooke (sher'bruk). The capital of the 
 county of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, situated 
 at the junction of the Magog with the St. Fran- 
 cis, 79 miles east of Montreal. Population, 
 16,405, (1911). 
 
 Sheridan’s Ride 
 
 Sherbrooke, Viscount. See Lowe, Robert. 
 Shere Ali (sher iiTo). Born 1825: died in Rus- 
 sian Turkestan, Fob., 1879. Ameer of Afghanis- 
 tan, son of Dost Mohammed whom he succeeded 
 in 1863. lie lost the throne in 1860 ; regained it in 1868.’ 
 suppressed the insurrection of Yakub in 1870; and fled 
 from Kabul in Dec., 1878, on tho approach of the British 
 troops. 
 
 Sheriat-el-Kebir ( she-ro 'iit-el-ke-ber ' ) . A mod- 
 ern namo of tho Jordan. 
 
 Sheridan ( sher ' i-dan ) , Mrs. (Frances Chamber- 
 laine). Born in Ireland, 1724 : died at Blois, 
 Franco, 1766. A British novelist and dramatist, 
 wife of Thomas and mother of R. Brinsley Sheri- 
 dan. Among her novels are “Memoirs of Miss Sidney 
 Biddulph "(1761) and “ Nourjahad ” (1788 : afterward dram- 
 atized). She wrote two comedies, “The Discovery" 
 1763 : the principal r61o was played by Garrick) and “ The 
 Jupe ” (1764). 
 
 Sheridan, Mount. [Named from General P. 
 H. Sheridan.] A peak of the Red Mountains 
 in Yellowstone National Park, south of Yellow- 
 stone Lake. Height, 10,385 feet. 
 
 Sheridan, Philip Henry. Born at Albany, N.Y., 
 March 6, 1831: died at Nonquitt, Mass., Aug. 5, 
 1888. A famous American general. He graduated 
 at West Point in 1853 ; was promoted captain at the out- 
 break of the Civil War in 1861 ; was appointed quarter- 
 master of the army in southwestern Missouri in Dec. ,1861 ; 
 was quartermaster under Halleck during the advance on 
 Corinth in 1862 ; was appointed colonel of cavalry in May, 
 1862, and brigadier-general of volunteers July 1, 1862 ; 
 served with distinction as division commander at the bat- 
 tle of Perryville Oct. 8, and at Murfreesboro Dec. 31, 1862,- 
 Jan. 2,1863 ; was appointed major-general of volunteers Dec. 
 31, 1862 ; served at Chickamauga in 1863 ; commanded an 
 important assault at the battle of Missionary Ridge in 1863 ; 
 became commander of the cavalry corps of the Army of 
 the Potomac in April, 1864 : took part in the battle of the 
 Wilderness May 5-6; led an important raid May 9-25; 
 fought the battles of Hawe’s Shop May 28, and Trevellian 
 Station June 11 ; was appointed commander of the Middle 
 Military Division Aug. 7 ; conducted the successful cam- 
 paign in the Shenandoah Valley against Early, gaining the 
 victories of Winchester Sept. 19. and Fisher’s Hill Sept. 22; 
 was appointed brigadier-general in the regular army in 
 Sept. ; devastated the Shenandoah Valley ; gained the 
 victory of Cedar Creek Oct. 19 (“Sheridan’s Ride”: see 
 below); was appointed major-general in the regular army 
 Nov. 8 ; conducted a successful raid from Winchester to 
 Petersburg, Feb. -March, 1865, gaining the victory of 
 Waynesboro ; commanded at the battle of Five Forks, 
 March 31-April 1 ; and took a leading part in the pursuit 
 to Appomattox Court House in April. He commanded the 
 Military Division (later Department) of the Gulf 1865-67 ; 
 was appointed commander of the Department of the Mis- 
 souri in 1867 ; was made lieutenant-general in 1869 ; visited 
 Europe in 1870 to witness the conduct of the Franco-Prus- 
 sian war ; succeeded Sherman as general ln-chief in 1883 ; 
 and received the rank of general from Congress in 1888. 
 He wrote “ Personal Memoirs ” (2 vols. 1888). 
 
 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley Butler. Bom 
 
 at Dublin, Oct. 30, 1751 : died at London, July 
 7, 1816. A noted British dramatist, orator, 
 and politician: son of Thomas Sheridan (1721- 
 1788). He was educated at Harrow ; settled in London in 
 1773 ; and married Miss Linley, a singer (“ the Maid of 
 Bath ”), and daughter of the composer. He bought Gar- 
 rick's share of Drury Lane Theatre in 1776 ; and in 1778, with 
 his associates, bought the remaining half. He entered 
 Parliament in 1780 as Whig member for Stafford; and was 
 under-secretary for foreign affairs in 1782, and secretary of 
 the treasury in 1783. He was one of the Whig leaders ; was 
 distinguished by his speeches (1787-94) on the impeach- 
 ment of Warren Hastings ; was treasurer of the navy in 
 1806 ; and left Parliament in 1812. He was in favor of the 
 French Revolution, and denounced Napoleon. He was a 
 favorite companion of the prince regent (George IV.) and 
 the wits of the time, but his last years were obscured by 
 debt and disappointment. His dramatic works are “The 
 Rivals” (1775), “ St. Patrick’s Day ” (1775), “ The Duenna" 
 (1775), “A Trip to Scarborough ” (1777 : altered from Van- 
 brugh’s “Relapse”), "The School for Scandal” (1777), 
 “The Critic ’’ (1779), and “Pizarro” (1799: a translation 
 from Kotzebue). 
 
 Sheridan, Thomas. Born about 1687 : died 
 Oct. 10, 1738. An Irish clergyman, grandfather 
 of Richard Brinsley Sheridan the dramatist. 
 He was a favorite companion of Swift in Ireland. In 1728 
 he published an edition of the satires of Persius. Swift 
 wrote a part of “ Gulliver " at his house. 
 
 Sheridan, Thomas. Born at Quilca, near Dub- 
 lin, 1719 : died at Margate, England, 1788. An 
 Irish actor, elocutionist, and author: son of 
 Thomas Sheridan. He first went on the stage at Dub- 
 lin in 1743 and at London in 1744, and played with Garrick 
 in 1745. He was manager of a Dublin theater for 10 years, 
 and of Drury Lane after his son Richard Brinsley Sheridan 
 bought out Garrick there. He wrote “Dictionary of the 
 English Language,” “Life of Swift"(1784 ; whose works he 
 edited in 17 volumes), and works on education. 
 Sheridan’s Ride. A famous incident of the bat- 
 tle of Cedar Creek, Virginia, Oct. 19, 1864. Sheri- 
 dan’s army, which was encamped on Cedar Creek in the 
 Shenandoah Valley, was surprised before daybreak and de- 
 feated by the Confederates under General Early. Sheri- 
 dan, who was at Winchester, twenty miles from the field, 
 on his return from a visit to Washington, heard the sound 
 of battle and rode rapidly to the scene of action. As 
 he galloped past the retreating soldiers, he shouted, 
 “ Face the other way, boys ! We are going back !" He re- 
 formed his corps, and before the close of the day had 
 
Sheridan’s Ride 
 
 gained a decisive victory. This incident has been made 
 the subject ol a poem by T. B. Read, entitled “Sheridan’s 
 Ride " (1865). 
 
 Sheriffmuir (sher-if-mur'). A plateau in 
 Perthshire, Scotland, situated near Dunblane 
 5 miles north of Stirling. Here, Nov. 13, 1715, an 
 indecisive battle was fought between the Royalists (.3,000- 
 4,000), under the Duke of Argyll, and the Jacobite High- 
 landers (9,000-12,000), under the Earl of Mar. 
 
 Sherlock (sher'lok), Thomas. Born at Lon- 
 don, 1678 : died July 18, 1761. An English prel- 
 ate, son of William Sherlock. He became bishop 
 of Bangor in 1728, and later of Salisbury and London. He 
 published “ Trial of the Witnesses of the Resurrection of 
 Jesus ” (1729), “Pastoral Letters” (1750), and sermons. 
 Sherlock, William. Born at London, 1611: 
 died at Hampstead, June 19, 1707. An English 
 clergyman. He was suspended in 1689 for refusing to 
 take the oath of allegiance to William and Mary, hut sub- 
 mitted later, and was made dean of St. Paul’s in 1691. He 
 published “The Case of Resistance of the Supreme Pow- 
 ers "(1684), “Doctrine of the Trinity ” (1690), “Discourse 
 Concerning Death,” etc. 
 
 Sherman (sher'man). A city and the capital 
 of Grayson County, northern Texas, 60 miles 
 north of Dallas. It is a trading center. Popu- 
 lation, 12,412, (1910). 
 
 Sherman, John. Born at Lancaster, Ohio, May 
 10, 1823: died at Washington, Oct. 22, 1900. An 
 American Republican statesman and financier, 
 brotherof W. T. Sherman, He was admitted to the 
 bar in 1844 ; was a Republican member of Congress from 
 Ohio 1855-61 ; United States senator from Ohio 1861-77 
 and 1881-97 ; secretary of the treasury under President 
 Hayes 1877-81 ; and secretary of state under President 
 McKinley 1897-98. He was intimately associated with 
 financial legislation during and after the Civil War. 
 Sherman, Roger. Born at Newton, Mass. , April 
 19, 1721 : died at New Haven, Conn., July 23, 
 1793. An American patriot. He bpcame a judge in 
 Connecticut and a member of the Connecticut legislature. 
 He was a delegate from Connecticut to Congress 1774-89 ; 
 and was one of the committee of five to draft the Declara- 
 tion of Independence, and one of its signers. He was a 
 member of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and of 
 the Connecticut ratifying convention. He was United States 
 senator from Connecticut 1791-93. 
 
 Sherman, Thomas West. Born at Newport, 
 R. I., March 26, 1813: died at Newport, March 
 16,1879. An American general. He served against 
 
 the Indians and in the Mexican war; commanded the land 
 forces in the Port Royal expedition 1861 ; and was division 
 commander at the sieges of Corinth and Port Hudson. 
 
 Sherman, William Tecumseh. Born at Lan- 
 caster, Ohio, Feb. 8, 1820: died at New York 
 city, Feb. 14, 1891. A celebrated American gen- 
 eral. Itegraduated at West Point in 1840 ; served in Cali- 
 fornia during the Mexican war ; resigned from the army in 
 1853, in order to accept a position as manager of a bank at 
 San Francisco, California; and was superintendent of the 
 State military academy at Alexandria, Louisiana, at the 
 outbreak of the Civil War. He accepted a colonelcy in the 
 Union army in 1861 ; commanded a brigade at Bull Run in 
 July; was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers in 
 Aug. ; commanded a division at Shiloh in April, 1862, and 
 in the advance on Corinth ; was made major-general of vol- 
 unteers May 1 ; commanded the unsuccessful expedition 
 against Vicksburg Dec. 26-29 ; stormed Fort Hindman Jan. 
 11, 1863; took an important part in the campaign before 
 Vicksburg in 1863 ; was appointed brigadier-general in the 
 regular army July 4, 1863 ; served with distinction at Chat- 
 tanooga in Nov.; was appointed commander of the Mili- 
 tary Division of the Mississippi in March, 1864 ; started from 
 Chattanooga on his march through Georgia May 6 ; won 
 the battles of Dalton, P>,esaca, and New Hope Church in 
 May, Kenesaw Mountain in June, and Peachtree Creek and 
 Atlanta in July ; was made major-general in the regular 
 army Aug. 12 ; occupied Atlanta Sept. 2 ; started from At- 
 lanta on his “ march to the sea” Nov. 15 ; entered Savan- 
 nah Dec. 21 ; marched northward through the Carolinas in 
 1865 ; gained the battles of Averysboro and Bentonville ; 
 and received the surrender of Johnston’s army April 26. 
 He was appointed commander of the Military Division of 
 the Mississippi in 1865, and of the Division of the Missouri 
 in 1866 ; was made lieutenant-general in 1866 ; succeeded 
 Grant as general and as commander of the army in 1869 ; 
 visited Europe 1871-72 ; and retired from the service in 
 1884. He published “Memoirs of General William T. 
 Sherman, by Himself "(2 vols. 1875). 
 
 Sherman Bill. An act of Congress approved 
 July 14, 1890. It was supported by Senator Sherman 
 and others as a compromise measure, since the two houses 
 were unable to agree on a financial policy. It directed the 
 secretary of the treasury to purchase silver bullion to the 
 amount of 4,500,000 ounces per month, issuing treasury 
 notes in payment. The repeal of the act was often urged. 
 In the summer of 1893 the act was believed to be a main 
 cause of the business depression, and President Cleveland 
 summoned Congress to meet in special session Aug. 7. 
 A bill to repeal the silver-purchasing clause passed the 
 House Aug. 28; in the Senate a substitute, the Voorhees 
 bill, which repealed the silver-purchasing clause but af- 
 firmed bimetallism as a national policy, passed after a 
 prolonged struggle Oct. 30. The Voorhees bill was con- 
 curred in by the House Nov. 1, and approved the same day 
 by the President. 
 
 Sherrington (sher'ing-ton), Madame Lem- 
 mens. Born Oct. 4, 1834: died May 9, 1906. 
 An English soprano singer. She madeherfirstap- 
 pearance in London in 1856, and soon took a leading posi- 
 tion on the operatic stage. 
 
 Sherwood (sher'wud), Mrs. (Mary Martha 
 Butt). Born at Stanford, Worcestershire, May 
 
 926 
 
 6, 1775: died at Twickenham, England, Sept. 
 22, 1851. An English author. She went to India in 
 1804 with her husband, and was interested in the mission- 
 ary work of Henry Martyn and Bishop Corrie. She is known 
 for her works for j uveniles, among which are “ Little Henry 
 and his Bearer,” “History of Susan Gray,” etc. 
 
 Sherwood Forest. AforestinNotting'namshire, 
 England, 14 miles north of Nottingham, it was 
 formerly of large extent. It is the principal scene of the 
 legendary exploits of Robin Hood. 
 
 Shesha (slia'sha). In Hindu mythology, a thou- 
 sand-headed serpent, regarded as the emblem 
 of eternity(whence he is also called Ananta, ‘ the 
 infinite ). He is king of thenagasor serpents inhabiting 
 Patala (which see). He forms the couch and canopy of 
 Vishnu while sleeping during the intervals of creation, 
 bears the entire world on one of his heads, or supports the 
 seven Patalas. 
 
 Sheshonk, or Sheshenk. See SMshak. 
 
 She Stoops to Conquer, or the Mistakes of 
 a Night. A comedy by Oliver Goldsmith, first 
 played March 15, 1773, printed 1774. 
 
 At the present day it is probably the best known <Sf the 
 author’s works, and, outside Shakespeare and Sheridan, 
 the English play with which the greatest number of per- 
 sons are familiar. Of post-Elizabethan comedies which pre- 
 ceded it in this country, those of Congreve alone can be 
 named by its side ; and, if it is less artistically constructed, 
 somewhat less carefully written, and much less witty, its 
 moral purity and wholesomeness, its fund of good spirits, 
 and its wonderful flow of natural dialogue, are qualities 
 that raise it almost to a level with “Love for Love” or 
 “The Way of the World.” Of succeeding comedies, but 
 one has approached it in lasting popularity — the “School 
 for Scandal,” produced four years later, by Sheridan. 
 
 Gosse, Hist. Eng. Lit., p. 319. 
 
 Shetimasha. See Chitimachan. 
 
 Shetland (shet'land) Islands, or Zetland (zet/- 
 land) Islands. [ Shetland , Zetland, earlier *Sliclt- 
 land, orig. Hialtland, Icel. Hjaltland, later Hct- 
 land, land of Hjalt or Hjalti, a man’s name, 
 from 7y7df=E. hilt.'] A group of islands north of 
 Scotland, forming the county of Shetland, situ- 
 ated about 50 miles northeast of the Orkneys. 
 Chief town, Lerwick. The group contains about 100 
 islands, of which 30 or more are inhabited. The surface 
 is hilly and rocky. The principal island is Mainland ; 
 others are Unst, Yell, Fetlar, Bressay, Whalsay, Papa- 
 Stour, and Foula. The inhabitants are of Norse descent. 
 The ancient inhabitants were Piets. The islands were 
 settled by the Northmen in the 9th century, arid were ac- 
 quired by Scotland in 1469. (Compare Orkney Islands.) 
 Area, 551 square miles. Population, (civil county), 28,185. 
 Shetueket (she-tuk'et). Ariver in eastern Con- 
 necticut. It is formed by the union of the Willimantic 
 and Natchaug, and unites at Norwich with the Yantic to 
 form theThames. Length, including the Natchaug, nearly 
 60 miles ; including the Quinebaug, about 90 miles. 
 
 She Would if She Could. A very successful 
 comedy by George Etlierege, produced in 1668. 
 Sheyenne. See Cheyenne. 
 
 Shiahs (she'az). A division of the Mohamme- 
 dans which maintains that Ali, first cousin of 
 Mohammed and husband of his daughter Fati- 
 ma, was the first legitimate imam or successor 
 of the prophet, and rejects the first three califs 
 of the Sunnis (the other great division) as usurp- 
 ers. TheShiahs “are also called the Imamiyahs, because 
 they believe the Muslim religion consists in the true 
 knowledge of the Imam or rightful leaders of the faithful " 
 ( Hughes , Diet, of Islam). They claim to be the orthodox 
 Mohammedans, but are treated by the Sunnis as heretics. 
 The Shiahs comprise nearly the whole Persian nation, and 
 are also found in Oudli, a province of British India ; but 
 the Mohammedans of the other parts of India are for the 
 most part Sunnis. Also Shiites. 
 
 Shiawassee (slh-a-wos'e). Ariver in Michigan 
 which unites with Flint River 8 miles southwest 
 of Saginaw City to form Saginaw River. Length, 
 about 90 miles. 
 
 Shidzuoka (shed-zo-o'kii). A city in the prov- 
 ince of Suruga, Japan, 95 miles southwest of 
 Tokio. Population, 53,614. 
 
 Shiel (shel) , Loch. A lake in western Scotland, 
 forming part of the boundary between Argyll 
 and Inverness. It communicates with the ocean 
 by Loch Moidart. Length, 174 miles. 
 
 Shield (slield), William. Born at Swalwell, 
 near Newcastle, 1748 : died at London, Jan. 25, 
 1829. An English operatic composer, in 1772 he 
 
 was second violin in an opera orchestra. In 1778 he pro- 
 duced “The Flitch of Bacon,” his first comic opera. He 
 was engaged at Covent Garden as composer, and remained 
 there 1791-97. He composed Rosina, “The Mysteries 
 of the Castle,” “Robin Hood,” “The Lock and Key,” 
 “ Aladdin,” “The Castle of Andalusia,” etc. Among his 
 songs are “The Arethusa,” “The Heaving of the Lead,” 
 “The Thorn,” “The Wolf,” the trio “O Happy Fair,” etc. 
 
 Shields (sheldz), Charles Woodruff. Born at 
 New Albany, Ind., April 4, 1825: died at New- 
 port, R. I., Aug. 26, 1904. An American theo- 
 logian and philosopher, professor at Princeton. 
 He published “ Philosophia Ultima ” (1861), “ Religion and 
 Science in their Relation to Philosophy ” (1875), etc. 
 
 Shields, J ames. Born in County Tyrone, Ireland, 
 1810 : died at Ottumwa, Iowa, June 1, 1879. An 
 American general and politician. He was a general 
 
 Shimonoseki 
 
 in the Mexican war, and was severely wounded at Cerro 
 Gordo and Chapultepec in 1847 ; was Democratic United 
 States senator from Illinois 1849-55, and from Minnesota 
 1858-59 ; gained the victory of Winchester March 23, 1862 ; 
 and was defeated at Port Republic June 9, 1862. 
 Shields, North. A town which forms part of 
 the borough of Tynemouth, England. See Tyne- 
 mouth. 
 
 Shields, South. See South Shields. 
 
 Shift (shift). 1. An impudent beggar who pre- 
 tends to be a disbanded soldier, “one that 
 never was a soldier, yet lives upon lendings ” : 
 a character in Jonson’s “ Every Man out of 
 his Humour,” since frequently imitated. — 2. 
 An attorney’s clerk, a mimic, appearing as 
 Smirk, an auctioneer, in Foote’s play “The 
 Minor.” This part was played by Foote himself, 
 and was designed to satirize Tate Wilkinson, 
 his associate. 
 
 Shiites. See Shiahs. 
 
 Shikarpur (shik-ar^por'). 1. A former district 
 in Sind, British India. Of its four subdivisions, 
 Larkana and Mehar were detached in 1901 to form the 
 new district of Larkana, and Roliri and Sukkur now con- 
 stitute Sukkur district. 
 
 2. Thecapital of thedistrictof Sukkur, Bombay. 
 It is situated about lat. 27° 57' N., long. 68° 40' E. Pop- 
 illation, 49,491. 
 
 Shikoku (she-ko'ko), or Sikoku (se-ko'ko). 
 One of the four principal islands of Japan, sit- 
 uated southwest of the main island and north- 
 east of Kiusiu. It is mostly occupied by low moun- 
 tains. Length, about 160 miles. Area, 7,031 square miles. 
 Population, 3,288,290. 
 
 Shilange (she-liing'ge). See Luba. 
 
 Shilha (shil'ha), or Shlu (shlo). The Berber 
 tribes of southern Morocco and of the Adrar 
 Mountains in the western Sahara. 
 
 Shilka (shil'ka). A large river of southern Si- 
 beria. It is formed by the junction of the Onon and In- 
 goda, and unites with the Argun to form the Amur. 
 
 Shillaber (shil'a-ber), Benjamin Penhallow. 
 
 Born at Portsmouth, N. H., July 12, 1814 : died 
 at Chelsea, Mass., Nov. 25, 1890. An American 
 humorist, from 1840-50 editor of the “Boston 
 Post,” and from 1856-66 editor of the “ Saturday 
 Evening Gazette”: noted as the author of the 
 “ Sayings of Mrs. Partington.” Among his works 
 are “Life and Sayings of Mrs. Partington "(1854), “Rhymes 
 with Reason and Without ” (1853), “ Knitting Work ’’ (1857), 
 “ Partingtonian Patchwork ” (1873), “ Wide-Swath " (1882: 
 poems), etc. The “ Ike Partington Juvenile Series ” was 
 published 1879-82. 
 
 Shilluk (shelTok). A negro tribe of the eastern 
 Sudan, occupying the left bank of the White Nile 
 from Bahr-el-Ghazal to Dar Nuba, and stretch- 
 ing westward to the Baggara tribe. They are black 
 and ill-featured, but them hair is not always woolly. 
 They are both agricultural and pastoral. The Dyur (in 
 the south), the Belanda, and the Dembo tribes are branches 
 of the Shilluk, speaking practically the same language. 
 They are said to number 1 , 000 , 000 , living in 3,000 villages. 
 They call themselves Luoh. Shilluk is tlieir name in Dinka. 
 Shiloah. See Siloam. 
 
 Shiloh (siiiTo). In Old Testament geography, 
 a town in Ephraim, Palestine, identified with 
 Seilun, 19 miles north by east of Jerusalem. It 
 contained the sanctuary of the ark of the cov- 
 enant. 
 
 Shiloh may be regarded as having been the first central 
 point of the whole family of Israel. As soon as the great 
 temporary camp of Gilgal was raised, the ark was estab- 
 lished there, and it remained there for centuries. Shiloh 
 was, in this way, a common city. The fine stretch of plain 
 was a favourable place of meeting of ail Israel. 
 
 Renan, Hist, of the People of Israel, I. 210. 
 
 Shiloh. A locality in Hardin County, Tennes- 
 see, near Pittsburg Landing, on the Tennessee 
 River, 88 miles east of Memphis, it was the scene 
 of the battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing, April 6 and 7, 
 1862. The Federals under Grant were surprised by the 
 Confederates under A. S. Johnston and forced back to the 
 river. Johnston was killed, and Beauregard succeeded 
 him. On the 7th Grant, reinforced by Buell’s army, 
 drove the Confederates from the battle-field. Loss of 
 Federals, 13,573, including 1,735 killed ; loss of Confeder- 
 ates, 10,699. 
 
 Shiniba (shem'ba), or Bashimba (ba-shem'ba), 
 Pg. Baximba. A Bantu tribe of southern 
 Angola, West Africa, on the right bank of the 
 lower Kunene River. They are closely allied, 
 linguistically with the Ndonga tribe. 
 Shimoga(she-mo'ga),or Sheemogga(she-mog'- 
 ga) . A district in Mysore, India, intersected by 
 lat. 14° N., long- 75° 30' E. Area, 4,025 square 
 miles. Population, 531,736. 
 
 Shimonoseki (shim-6-no-sek'e). or Simono- 
 seki (sim-o-no-sek'e). A seaport at the south- 
 ern extremity of the main island of Japan, 
 situated in lat. 33° 58' N., long. 130° 58' E. 
 It was bombarded by the Americans, British, French, and 
 Dutch in 1864, in retaliation for injuries received. An 
 indemnity was paid by the Japanese government in 1875. 
 Formerly called Akamagaseki. Population, 68,254. 
 
Shimonoseki, Strait of 
 
 Shimonoseki, Strait of. A sea passage which 
 separates the main island of Japan from Kiusiu, 
 andconnectsthe Suwonadawiththe Seaof Japan. 
 Shimonoseki, Treaty of. A treaty of peace con- 
 cluded between China and Japan at Shimono- 
 seki, April 17, 1895. The Chinese plenipotentiaries 
 were Li-hung-chang and Li-ching-fong ; the Japanese, 
 Count Ito Hirobumi and Viscount Mutsu Munemitsu. 
 China recognized the independence of Korea ; ceded to 
 Japan the southern portion of the province of Shingking 
 (i. e., the Liautung peninsula from Port Arthur to the 
 fortieth parallel), the island of Formosa, and the Pesca- 
 dores Islands ; agreed to pay a war indemnity of 200,000,- 
 000 Kuping taels (about 8175,000,000); opened Shashih, 
 Chungking, Sttchow, and Hangchow ; and granted other 
 important commercial privileges. Japan later agreed to 
 give up the Liautung peninsula in deference to the objec- 
 tions of .Russia. 
 
 Shin (shin), Loch. A lake in the county of Suth- 
 erland, Scotland, situated about lat. 58° 5' N., 
 long. 4° 30' W. Its waters are discharged by the Oy- 
 kill into the North.Sea. Length, 17 miles. 
 
 Shinar (shi'nar). In Bible geography, the tract 
 of land between the Euphrates and Tigris down 
 to the Persian Gulf — i. e., Babylonia in distinc- 
 tion from Mesopotamia (Irak). It is now commonly 
 identified with Shumer, which in the cuneiform inscrip- 
 tions denotes Southern or Lower Babylonia, in contrast to 
 Akkad (the biblical Accad), Upper Babylonia. 
 
 Shingking (shing-king'). A province of Man- 
 churia, bordering on Mongolia, Korea, Korea 
 Bay, the Gulf of Liautung, China proper, and 
 Kirin. Capital, Mukden. 
 
 Shingle (shing'gl), Solon. A character in “The 
 People’s Lawyer,” a play by J. S. Jones. The 
 part was made popular by John E. Owens. 
 Shinji(shen'je), orMashinji (ma-shen'je),Pg. 
 Xinge or Chinge. A Bantu tribe of Angola, 
 West Africa, on the right bank of the Kuangu 
 River, north and south of lat. 9° S. They are 
 linguistically, but not politically, allied with the Maki- 
 oko. At the end of the nineteenth century their princi- 
 pal chief was Kapenda ka Mulemba. 
 
 Shinnecock Bay (shin'e-kok ba). An inlet of 
 the Atlantic, on the southern side of Long Isl- 
 and, 75 miles east of New York city. 
 
 Shinvuno. See Tusayan. 
 
 Shipka Pass (ship'ka pas). A pass in the Bal- 
 kans, 47 miles northeast of Philippopolis. It be- 
 came famous in the war between Turkey and Russia in 
 1877-78, especially for the unsuccessful attacks of Sulei- 
 man Pasha on the Russian positions in Aug. and Sept., 
 1877. 
 
 Shipley (ship'li). A town in the West Riding 
 of Yorkshire, England, situated on the Aire 10 
 miles west-northwest of Leeds. Population, 
 25,573. 
 
 Shipman’s Tale, The. One of Chaucer’s “Can- 
 terbury Tales.” The story is from the first 
 novel of the eighth day of Boccaccio’s “De- 
 cameron.” 
 
 Ship-money (ship'ramPi). In old English law, 
 a charge or tax imposed by the king upon sea- 
 ports and trading towns, requiring them to pro- 
 vide and furnish war-ships, or to pay money 
 for that purpose. It fell into disuse, and was included 
 in the Petition of Right (1628) as a wrong to be discontin- 
 ued. The attempt to revive it met with strong opposition, 
 and was one of the proximate causes of the Great Rebel- 
 lion. (See Hampden, John.) It was abolished by statute 
 16 Charles I. c. 14 (1640), which enacted the strict obser- 
 vance of the Petition of Right. 
 
 Ship of Fools, The. A translation by Alexan- 
 der Barclay, in 1508, of Brant’s “Narrenschiff” 
 (which see). The first English book in which 
 mention is made of the New World. 
 
 Shippegan (ship-e-gan'), or Shippagan (ship- 
 a-gan'), Island. An island in the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence, situated near the northeastern ex- 
 tremity of New Brunswick (to which it belongs), 
 at the southern entrance to the Bay of Chaleur. 
 Length, about 14 miles. 
 
 Shippen (ship'eu), Edward. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, Feb. 16, 1729: died there, April 10,1806. 
 An American jurist. He became chief justice 
 of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in 1799. 
 Shipton(ship'ton), Mother. Born near Knares- 
 borough, Yorkshire, July, 1488: died about 
 1559. A half-mythical English prophetess, bap- 
 tized Ursula Southiel. She married Tony Shipton, 
 a builder. According to tradition, however, she was the 
 child of Agatha Shipton and the devil. See Mother Ship- 
 ton's Prophecies. 
 
 Shipwreck, The. A descriptive poem by Wil- 
 liam Falconer, published in 1762. 
 
 Shir Ali. See Sliere AU. 
 
 Shiraz (she'raz). The capital of Farsistan, Per- 
 sia, situated about lat. 29° 36' N., long. 52° 35' 
 E. It has considerable commerce, and manufactures of 
 wine, etc.; was formerly famous for its surroundings, as 
 the residence of Haflz and Sadi, and as a seat of culture in < 
 the middle ages ; and was atone time of great importance 
 and the capital. It was devastated by earthquakes in 1824 
 and in 1853. Population, estimated, 60,000. 
 
 927 
 
 Shire (she'ra). A river in eastern Africa which 
 issues from Lake Nyassa and joins the Zambesi 
 near its mouth. Length below Lake Nyassa, 
 about 370 miles ; navigable to Murchison Falls. 
 Shirley (shfer'li). A town in Hampshire, Eng- 
 land, 2 miles northwest of Southampton. Popu- 
 lation of Shirley and Freemantle, 25,547. 
 Shirley. A novel by Charlotte Bronte, pub- 
 lished in 1849 under the pseudonym of Currer 
 Bell. The heroine, Shirley Keeldar (an idealized por- 
 trait of Emily Bronte), is an impulsive girl of twenty who 
 inherits her father’s estate and administers it as squire. 
 
 Shirley, James. Born at London, Sept. 18, 
 1596: died at London, Oct. 29 (?), 1666. AnEng- 
 lish dramatist. He was educated at Merchant Taylor’s 
 School, London, and at both Oxford and Cambridge. Owing 
 to scruples of conscience he gave up a living to which he 
 had been presented after ordination, taught school for a 
 time, and from about 1625 wrote from thirty to forty plays. 
 Among them are “Love Tricks ” (published in 1631), “The 
 Maid s Revenge ” (1639), “ The Brothers ” (1653), “The Witty 
 Fair One” (1633), “The Grateful Servant” (licensed in 
 1629, under the title of “ The Faithful Servant,” and printed 
 in 163D), “The Traitor” (1635: the most powerful and 
 pathetic of Shirley’s tragedies), “Love’s Cruelty ” (1640), 
 “The Changes” (1632), “Bird in a Cage” (1633), “Hyde 
 Park” (1637), “The Ball ’’(licensed Nov. 16, 1632, and printed 
 1639 as the j oint work of Chapman and Shirley), “ The Game- 
 ster ” (1637), “ The Contention of Honour andRiches”(pub- 
 lished in 1633, and evidently not intended for representa- 
 tion), “The Coronation” (licensed Feb. 6, 1634-35, as “a play 
 by Shirley,” but the title-page of the first edition in 1640 
 gives it to Fletcher, who had died ten years before : Shirley 
 claimed it as his, but it has continued to appear in all collec- 
 tions of Beaumontand Fletcher’s works), “Chabot, Admiral 
 of France” (the joint performance of Chapman and Shirley, 
 licensed April 29, 1635, and printed 1639: Shirley had lit- 
 tle to do with this), ‘ ' The Lady of Pleasure ’’ (1637 : gener- 
 ally considered his best play), “ St. Patrick for Ireland ” 
 (1640), “The Humorous Courtier ” (1640), “The Arcadia” 
 (1640),“The Imposture ” (1652), “ The Cardinal ”(1652), and 
 “The Sisters ” (1052). In 1659 Shirley published, together, 
 “ Honoriaand Mammon ’’and “ 'The Contentionsof A jax and 
 Ulysses for the Armour of Achilles.” The first piece was a 
 revision of his own interlude called “The Contention of 
 Honour and Riches." He also wrote “Manductio, or a 
 Leading of Children by the Hand through the Principles 
 of Grammar ” (1660). He also finished and fitted for the 
 stage a number of Fletcher’s plays. Henry Shirley, a con- 
 temporary of James Shirley, wrote a play called “The Mar- 
 tyred Soldier,” which was acted and printed in 1638. 
 
 Shirley, John. Born about 1366 : died at Lon- 
 don, Oct. 21, 1456. An English traveler and 
 collector of manuscripts, especially those of 
 Chaucer and Lydgate. He copied them himself “ in 
 sundry volumes to remain for posterity.” Some of them 
 are preserved in the British Museum ; one at Trinity Col- 
 lege, Cambridge; and one at Sion College. 
 
 Shirley, Laurence, fourth Earl Ferrers. Born 
 in Aug., 1720 : died May 5, 1760. An English 
 nobleman, notable as the last nobleman who 
 died a felon’s death in England. He murdered his 
 land-steward, Johnson, in a fit of ungovernable passion (to 
 which he was subject), in Jan., 1760, and was hanged at 
 Tyburn. 
 
 Shirley, Selina, Countess of Huntingdon. Born 
 near Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Aug. 24, 1707: died at 
 London, June 17, 1791. An English religious 
 leader, daughter of the second Earl Ferrers. 
 She was noted as the founder of chapels and as the leader 
 of the sect of the “ Countess of Huntingdon’s Connexion.” 
 Shirley, William. Born at Preston, Sussex, 
 England, 1693 : died at Roxbury, Mass., March 
 24, 1771. A colonial governor of Massachusetts 
 1741-56. He planned the expedition against Louis- 
 burg in 1745 ; became governor of Massachusetts in 1753 ; 
 was commander of the British forces in America at the 
 beginning of the Old French and Indian war in 1755 ; 
 planned the expedition against Niagara in 1755 ; was made 
 lieutenant-general in 1759; and was governor of the Ba- 
 hama Islands 1759-70. He published “Letter to the Duke 
 of Newcastle” (1746), “Conduct of General William Shir- 
 ley" (1758), etc. 
 
 Shirvan (shir-van'). Amedieval khanate south 
 of the Caucasus, now forming part of the gov- 
 ernment of Baku, Transcaucasia, Russia. Chief 
 place, Shemakha. It was incorporated with 
 Russia in 1820. 
 
 Shirwa (slier' w;i). A lake in eastern Africa, 
 south-southeast of Lake Nyassa and east of the 
 Shire. Length, about 40 miles. 
 
 Shishak (shi'shak) I., or Sheshonk (she'- 
 shonk), or Shashanq. Lived in the 10th cen- 
 tury B. C. A king of Egypt, of the 22d dynasty. 
 He plundered Jerusalem in the reign of Reho- 
 boam. 
 
 Shiva (shi'va). The third god of the Hindu 
 triad, in the later mythology regarded as the 
 destroyer, while Brahma is the creator and Vish- 
 nu the preserver. The Sliaivas, or Sliiva-worshlpers, 
 assign to him the first place in the triad, identifying him 
 with creation and reproduction as well as destruction, and 
 so constituting him the Supreme Being. This character 
 in present Hinduism is supposed to tie a development of 
 that of the Vedic Rudra (which see) by the addition of 
 many characteristics drawn from the popular as distin- 
 guished from the priestly religion, and taken especially 
 from the religion of the aborigines, whose chief god some 
 suppose Shiva to have been. The name Shiva, ‘ the pro- 
 pitious,’ seems to have been at first only a euphemistic 
 
 Shore 
 
 epithet used to propitiate Rudra, the god of storms, and 
 then to have supplanted the name Rudra itself. Accord- 
 ing to the Vishnupurana there are 8 principal manifesta- 
 tions of Shiva, viz. : Rudra, Bhava, Sharva, Ishana, Pashu- 
 pati, Bhima, Ugra, and Mahadeva, which are visibly repre- 
 sented under 8 tanus, or material forms, viz. : the Sun, Wa- 
 ter, Earth, Air, Fire, Ether, the officiating Brahman, and 
 the Moon, Shiva upholding the universe by means of these 
 forms. As presiding over reproduction which follows de- 
 struction, he is generally worshiped under phallic sym- 
 bols. As sharing with Yamaand Varuna the attributes of 
 justice and punishment, he rides on a white bull, Dharma 
 having taken this form to become Shiva’s vehicle ; as 
 Kala, or destroying ‘time,’ he is black ; as Ardhanari,‘half- 
 female,’ he symbolizes the unity of the generative princi- 
 ple ; as Panehanana he has 6 faces ; he has 3 eyes, one in 
 his forehead, which are held to denote his view of pres- 
 ent, past, and future ; while a crescent about the central 
 eye marks the measure of time by months, a serpent around 
 his neck that by years, and a necklace of skulls and ser- 
 pents about his person the revolution of ages. His hair is 
 thickly matted, and projects like a horn from his forehead. 
 On his head he bears the Ganges. His throat is dark blue 
 from the poison whicli would have destroyed the world 
 had he not swallowed it at the churning of the ocean. 
 He wears sometimes a deerskin, sometimes a tigerskin, 
 sometimes an elephant’s skin, and at times sits on a tiger- 
 skin or holds a deer in one of his hands. His weapons 
 are a trident (now held to symbolize him as Creator, De- 
 stroyer, and Regenerator), a bow, a thunderbolt, an ax, a 
 skull-surmounted staff, and a nondescript weapon, the 
 khinkira. He carries a drum shaped like an hour-glass, 
 and a noose. His servants are the demons called Prama- 
 tlias, liis chief wife Durga with her various names, and his 
 sons Ganesha and Karttikeya. His residence is Kailasa, 
 one of the loftiest peaks of the Himalaya. He is espe- 
 cially worshiped at Benares. He has even more names than 
 Vishnu, 1,008 being specified in the Shiva Parana and the 
 Mahabharata. See Barth’s “Religions of India,” 159 ff. ; 
 Williams’s “Brahmanism and Hinduism," III. IV.; and 
 Muir’s “Original Sanskrit Texts,” Vol. IV. 
 
 Shlu. See Sliilha. 
 
 Shoa (sho'a). A kingdom in the southeastern 
 part of Abyssinia, southeast of Amhara. The 
 chief towns are Licheli (the capital), Ankober, and An- 
 golalla. The inhabitants (Amharas and Gallas) are esti- 
 mated at 1,500,000. 
 
 Shoalhaven (sliol'ha-vn). A river in New 
 South Wales, Australia, which flows into the 
 Pacific about 80 miles south-southwest of Syd- 
 ney. Length, over 150 miles. 
 
 Shoalwater Bay (shol'wa/ter ba). An inlet 
 of the Pacific Ocean, situated in Pacific County, 
 in the southwestern part of the State of Wash- 
 ington. Length, 28 miles. 
 
 Shoeburyness (slio'ber-i-nes). A headland in 
 Essex, England, on the north side of the 
 Thames estuary, 33 miles east of London. 
 Near it is the village of Shoeburyness, with a 
 noted artillery shooting-range. 
 
 Shoemaker’s Holiday, The, or the Gentle 
 
 Craft. A comedy by Dekker. it was published 
 anonymously in 1600, and had been played the year before. 
 It contains one of his best characters, Simon Eyre, “shoo- 
 maker and Lord Maior of London.” 
 
 Shoe-string District, The. See the extract. 
 
 The most flagrant instance of gerrymandering is prob- 
 ably the sixth [Congressional] district of Mississippi. This 
 remarkable district consists of all the counties of the State 
 which touch the Mississippi River. Its length is about 
 300 miles and its average breadth about 20, and its peculiar 
 shape has given it its popular name of the “shoe-string” 
 district. Lalor, Cyc. Polit. Science, II. 368. 
 
 [In the late redistribution the Shoe-string District has dis- 
 appeared.] 
 
 Sholapur (sho-lii-por'). 1. A district in Bom- 
 bay, British India, intersected by lat. 18° N., 
 long. 75° 20' E. Area, 4,541 square miles. 
 Population, 720,977. — 2. The capital of the 
 district of Sholapur, situated about lat. 17° 
 40' N., long. 75° 54' E. It is a trading center. 
 Population, 75,288. 
 
 Shona (sho'na), or Mashona (ma-sho'na). A 
 Bantu tribe of British South Africa, living on the 
 highland which forms the watershed between 
 the Limpopo and Zambesi basins (intersected 
 by lat. 18° S. and long. 30° E.). They are indus- 
 trious, work iron, and spin and weave native cotton. They 
 were subjects of the Matabele before the subjugation of 
 these by the British South Africa Company in 1894. See 
 Mashonaland. 
 
 Shoofoo. See Kliufu. 
 
 Shoomla. See Shumla. 
 
 Shoosha. See Shuslia. 
 
 Shooter’s Hill (sho'terz hil). A prominent hill 
 in Kent, England, 8 miles southeast of London. 
 Height, 446 feet. 
 
 Shore (shor), Jane. Born at London : died in 
 1527. The mistress of King Edward IV. While 
 still a girl she married William Shore, a citizen of London. 
 After her intrigue witli the king began she lived in the 
 greatest luxury, and after his death she became the mis- 
 tress of Lord Hastings who was beheaded by Richard III. 
 June 13, 1483. Richard imprisoned Jane Shore out of 
 malice and pretended virtue, robbed her house, accused 
 her of witchcraft, and obliged her to do penance for un- 
 chastity at Paul's Cross. She afterward became the mis- 
 tress of tlie Marquis of Dorset. The agonizing details of 
 her death in a ditch from starvation are without author- 
 ity, though the old ballad gives them with great precision. 
 See Jane Shore. 
 
Shoreditch 
 
 Shoreditch (shor'dich). A borough (metropoli- 
 tan) of London, situated north of the Thames. 
 Shoreham (shor'am), or New Shoreham. A 
 seaport in Sussex, England, situated on the 
 English Channel 6 miles west of Brighton. 
 Population, 3,837. 
 
 Shorncliffe (shorn'klif). A height in the county 
 of Kent, situated near the English Channel 
 west of Folkestone. 
 
 Short (short), Bob. The pseudonym of Pope in 
 his contributions to the “Guardian,” Nos. 91 
 and 92. 
 
 Shorthouse (short'hous), Joseph Henry. Born 
 at Birmingham, Sept. 9, 1834 : died at London, 
 March 4, 1903. An English author. His works 
 include “John Inglesant” (1881), “The Platonism of 
 Wordsworth” (1882), “The Little School-Master Mark ’’ 
 (1883-84), “Sir Percival” (1886), “A Teacher of the 
 Violin” (1888), “The Countess Eve" (1888), “Blanche, 
 Lady Falaise” (1891), etc. 
 
 Short-Lived Administration, The. In British 
 history, a name given to the administration un- 
 der the premiership of William Pulteney in 1746, 
 which lasted only two days. 
 
 Short Parliament. In English history, the Par- 
 liament which sat from April 13 to May 5, 1640. 
 It was followed in November by the Long Par- 
 liament. 
 
 Shoshoko (sho-sho'ko). [PL, also Shoshokos."] 
 A name, meaning ‘walker,’ applied collectively 
 to the poorer bands and individuals of Shosho- 
 nean tribes of North American Indians who do 
 not own horses, and are therefore “walkers.” 
 The name Digger (which see) has been applied more gen- 
 erally to this class than to any other. 
 
 Shoshonean (sho-sho'ne-an). An important 
 linguistic stock of North American Indians. 
 Their early habitat included southwestern Montana ; allot 
 Idaho south of lat. 46° 30'; southeastern Oregon south ot 
 the Blue Mountains ; western and central Colorado ; a strip 
 in northern New Mexico ; eastern New Mexico ; all of 
 northwestern Texas ; the entire territory of Utah ; a sec- 
 tion in northern Arizona; all of Nevada ; and a small strip 
 in the northeastern part of California, east of the Sierras, 
 and a wide section along the eastern border south of lat. 
 38°, extending also across the mountains to the sources of 
 the San Joaquin and Kings rivers, as well as in a wide band 
 over the southern portion of the State, reaching northward 
 to Tulare Lake. Along the Pacific the tribes of this stock 
 forced their way between the Chumashan and Yuman 
 stocks, and occupied the coast between lats. 33° and 34° N. 
 The principal Shoshonean tribes are the Bannock, Clieme- 
 huevi, Comanche, Gosiute, Paiute, Paviotso, Saidyuka, 
 Shoshoni, Tobikhar, Tukuarika, Tusayan, and Uta. The 
 name of the stock is adopted from that of the Shoshoni 
 tribe. 
 
 Shoshone Falls (sho-sho'ne falz). A cataract 
 in the Snake River, in Idaho, about lat. 42° 35' 
 N., long. 114° 20' W. it is one of the grandest falls 
 in the United States. Height, 210 feet. Width, about 900 
 feet. 
 
 Shoshone Lake. A lake in Yellowstone Na- 
 tional Park, west-southwest of Yellowstone 
 Lake. It is one of the sources of Snake River. 
 Shoshone River. See Snake River. 
 
 Shoshoni (sho-sho'ni). [Origin of name uncer- 
 tain.] The most northerly division of the Sho- 
 shonean stock of North American Indians. It 
 comprises a number of tribes which formerly occupied 
 western Wyoming, part of central and southern Idaho, a 
 small area in eastern Oregon, western and central Nevada, 
 and a small strip of Utah west of Great Salt Lake. The 
 Snake River region of Idaho was their chief seat. In 1803 
 they were on the head waters of the Missouri in western 
 Montana, but they had earlier ranged farther east on the 
 plains, whence they had been driven into the Rocky Moun- 
 tains by the Atsina and Blackfeet. The most important of 
 the twenty known tribes comprising the Shoshoni division 
 are the Panamint, Tukuarika or Sheep-eaters, and Wa 
 shaki. They number about 2,000. Most of them are under 
 Fort Hall agency and the Lemhi agency, Idaho. Also 
 called Snakes. See Shoshonean. 
 
 Shotover Hill (shot'o-ver hil). A bill 4 miles 
 east of Oxford, England. Height, 600 feet. 
 Shottery (shot'er-i). A village in Warwick- 
 shire, noted as the residence of Anne Hatha- 
 way, Shakspere’s wife. The farm-house in which she 
 is thought to have lived was bought for the nation in 1892. 
 It is known as “Anne Hathaway’s Cottage.” 
 
 Shovel (shuv'l), Sir Cloudesley. Born about 
 1650: died Oct. 22, 1707. Am English ad- 
 miral. He served at Bantry Bay in 1689, Beachy Head in 
 1690, La Hogue in 1692, and later in the Mediterranean. He 
 became commander of the British fleets in 1705, and was 
 shipwrecked off the Scilly Isles on his way home from an 
 unsuccessful expedition against Toulon. 
 
 Shreveport (shrev'port). A city, and the capi- 
 tal of Caddo parish, Louisiana, situated on the 
 Red River in lat. 32° 30' N., long. 93° 46' W. 
 It is the second commercial city in the State, and has an 
 important export trade iu cotton and other products. 
 Population, 28,015, (1910). 
 
 Shrewsbury (shroz'bu-ri). [See extract under 
 Shropshire .] A parliamentary and municipal 
 borough, and the capital of Shropshire, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Severn in lat. 52° 43' N., 
 tong. 2° 46' W. It has manufactures of line i thread, 
 
 928 
 
 cakes, iron wares, etc. , and considerable trade. It contains 
 several ancient churches and a celebrated grammar-school. 
 It was the ancient Pengwerne and the capital of Powis ; 
 was one of the chief cities of early England ; and was often 
 taken and retaken in the W elsh wars. A victory was gained 
 near it, July, 1403, by Henry IV. over the insurgents un- 
 der the Percys, when Henry Percy(Hotspur)wa3slain. The 
 place was made the headquarters of Charles I. in 1642. It 
 was taken by the Parliamentarians in 1645. Population, 
 28,395. 
 
 Shrewsbury, Earls of. See Talbot. 
 
 Shri (shre). [Skt., ‘beauty.’] The Hindu god- 
 dess of beauty and fortune, Lakshmi. See 
 Lakshmi. 
 
 Shrimp-Girl, The. A painting by Hogarth, in 
 the National Gallery, London, it is a half-length 
 figure, almost in full face, wearing a white cap covered 
 with a piece of dark stuff, on which rests the tray of 
 shrimps. 
 
 Shropshire (shrop'shir), or Salop (sal'op). A 
 western county of England. Capital, Shrews- 
 bury. It is bounded by Wales and Cheshire on the 
 north, Stafford on the east, Worcester on the southeast, 
 Hereford on the south, and Wales on the southwest and 
 west. The surface is generally undulating. It is trav- 
 ersed in the west by high hills, and belongs chiefly to the 
 valley of the Severn. It is largely an agricultural county, 
 buthas coal-mineB and iron manufactures. Area (ad. co.), 
 1,346.6 square miles. Population (pari, co.), 239,324. 
 
 But the Scrobsaetan have done more than this; they 
 have given their name to Shropshire, the only Mercian 
 shire which keeps a tribe-name ; and, like our own Sum- 
 ersaetan, Dorsaetan, and Wilsaetan, the shire contains a 
 town with a cognate name, the borough of the Scrobsae- 
 tan, Scrobbesbtirh or Shrewsbury. Shropshire and Rut- 
 land are the only two Mercian shires which have strictly 
 names of their own, not taken from any town. 
 
 Freeman, English Towns, p. 123. 
 
 Shubrick (shu'brik), William Branford. Born 
 onBull’s Island, S.C., Oct. 31, 1790 : died at Wash- 
 ington, D.C., May 27, 1874. An American admi- 
 ral. He served with distinction in the War of 1812, and 
 commanded the Pacific squadron in the Mexican war. In 
 1859 he was sent in command of a squadron to Paraguay, 
 inasmuch as a United States steamer had been fired upon. 
 He obtained an apology and a promise of pecuniary in- 
 demnity. He was placed on the retired list in 1861. 
 
 Shucker. See Shoshoko. 
 
 Shufeldt (sho'felt), Robert Wilson. Born 
 Feb. 21, 1822: died Nov. 7, 1895. An Amer- 
 ican admiral. He commanded the United States 
 steamer Conemaugh in the blockade of Charleston, and 
 afterward the steamer Proteus of the Eastern Gulf Block- 
 ading Squadron, during the Civil War. He was promoted 
 rear-admiral in 1883, and was retired in 1884. 
 Shufflebottom (shuf'l-bot // om), Abel. A pseu- 
 donym sometimes used by Southey. 
 Shukulumbwe ( sho-ko-lom'bwe), or Mashuku- 
 lumbwe (ma-sho-ko-16m'bwe). A Bantu tribe 
 in British Zambesia, Africa, between the Ba- 
 rotse, Lunda, the Zambesi, and the Kafue. They 
 are periodically raided by the Barotse, who claim authority 
 over them, and are fiercely hostile to white men. 
 
 Shuli (sho'le). See Lur. 
 
 Shumagin (sho'ma-gen) Islands. A group of 
 small islands south of the Alaska Peninsula, 
 Alaska. 
 
 Shumanas. See Jumanas. 
 
 Shumer. See Shinar. 
 
 Shumla (shom'la), or Shumna (shom'nii). A 
 town and fortress in Bulgaria, situated in lat. 
 43° 15' N., long. 26° 56' E. It has manufactures of 
 clothes, slippers, etc. It is a place of great strength ; was 
 burned by the Byzantine emperor in 811 ; was besieged by 
 Alexius in 1087 ; was surrendered to the Turks about 1387 ; 
 was strengthened in the 17th centurv ■ was unsuccessfully 
 besieged by the Russians in 1774, 1810, and 1828 ; and was 
 occupied by the Russians in 1878. Population, 22,275. 
 Shunem (sho'nem). In Bible geography, a place 
 in Palestine, about 7 miles south of Nazareth : 
 the modern Sulem. 
 
 Shurtleff (shert'lef), Nathaniel Bradstreet. 
 
 Born at Boston, June 29, 1810 : died there, Oct. 
 17, 1874. An American antiquary and poli- 
 tician, mayor of Boston 1868-70. He published 
 “The Passengers of the Mayflower ” (1849), and various 
 genealogical and other works; and edited “Records of the 
 Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay ” (1853-54) 
 and “ Records of the Colony of New Plymouth ” (with Pul- 
 sifer, 1855-61). 
 
 Shusha (sko'ska). A town in the government 
 of Yelisavetpol, Transcaucasia, Russia, situated 
 about lat. 39° 40' N., long. 46° 40' E. It is an 
 important fortress. Population, 25,881. 
 Shushan (sho'shan). [In the Persian inscrip- 
 tions Shushuna.'} The capital of Elam, situated 
 on the Eulaeus (Hebrew and Assyrian Ulai). 
 It was destroyed in 645 B. C. by Asurbanipal. The Ache- 
 menid kings of Persia made it their winter residence, and 
 provided it with a citadel. It was still flourishing in the 
 12th century A. D. Since the 13th century it has gradually 
 fallen into decay. It is frequently mentioned in the books 
 of Daniel and Esther. See Elam and Susa. 
 
 Shute (shut), Samuel. Bom at London, 1662: 
 died in England, March 15, 1742. An English of- 
 ficer, colonial governor of Massachusetts 1716- 
 1727. He carried on a controversy with the 
 legislature regarding his prerogative. 
 
 Siamese Twins, The 
 
 Shuter (shu'ter), Edward. Born about 1728: 
 died Nov. 1, 1776. An English actor, said by 
 Garrick to be the greatest comic genius he had 
 ever known. He went on the stage in 1744, and ended 
 his career as Falstaff, at his own benefit at Covent Garden, 
 in 1776. He had a wide comic repertory. Among his 
 original creations are Papjllon in “The Liar,” Old Hard- 
 castle, and Sir Anthony Absolute, and he won fame as Jus- 
 tice Woodcock in “Love in a Village/’ etc. 
 
 Shuvaloff (sho-va'lof), Count Paul. Born 1830: 
 died in Jalta, Russia, April 20, 1908. A Rus- 
 sian general and diplomatist, brother of Peter 
 Shuvaloff. He served in the Crimean war, was ambas- 
 sador to Berlin 1885-94, and in 1894 was appointed governor 
 of Poland. 
 
 Shuvaloff (sho-va'lof), Count Peter. Born July 
 15, 1827 : died March, 1889. A Russian diploma- 
 tist. He was a special envoy to London in 1873 ; ambassa- 
 dor to London 1874-79 ; and plenipotentiary to the Congress 
 of Berlin in 1878. 
 
 Shuzub (sho'zob). A name of two Babylonian 
 kiDgS. (a) The first was of Babylonian origin. On his 
 accession to the Babylonian throne, he assumed the name 
 of Nergal-Ushezib (‘Nergal delivered’). After reigning 
 a year and six months, he was taken captive by Sennach- 
 erib in the battle of Nippur (Niffer), 694 B. c. (6) The 
 second was a Chaldean, successor of the preceding under 
 the name of Mushezib-Marduk. He bought with the trea- 
 sures of the temple of Marduk (Merodacli) the help of 
 the Elamite king Umman-menann, but both were routed 
 by Sennacherib in the battle of Halule, 691 B. c. When 
 in 690 (or 689) Sennacherib invaded and destroyed Baby- 
 lon, Shuzub sought refuge with his former aUy Umman- 
 menann, but was delivered by him into the hands of the 
 Assyrians. 
 
 Shyenne. See Cheyenne. 
 
 Shylock (shi'lok). A Jew, one of the princi- 
 pal characters in Shakspere’s “Merchant of 
 Venice.” He lends Bassanio 3,000 ducats on condition 
 that if they are not repaid at the promised time he shall 
 be allowed to cut a pound of flesh from the body of An- 
 tonio, Bassanio’s friend and surety. He claims the forfeit- 
 ure, but is defeated by Portia, who, in a celebrated speech, 
 reminds him that he loses his life if he sheds one drop of 
 Christian blood or takes more or less than his lawful pound 
 of flesh. Down to the time of Macklin the part was played 
 by the low comedian, and was grotesque to buffoonery. He 
 transformed it from “ the grimacings of low comedy to the 
 solemn sweep of tragedy, ’’and made Shylock a revengeful, 
 inexorable money-maker. Edmund Kean, in 1814, played 
 the part as that of “a Jew more sinned against than sin- 
 ning. . . . From that hour a reaction in favor of Shylock 
 set in, until now it is generally agreed that up to a certain 
 point he was the victim of a downright quibble, and that 
 even on the third point, that of conspiracy, his conviction 
 was perhaps of doubtful propriety ” (Furness). 
 
 Sia (se'a). A tribe of North American Indians 
 inhabiting a pueblo of the same name on the 
 Rio J emez, a western affluent of the Rio Grande, 
 in New Mexico. In 1582 Sia was said to be the largest 
 of five villages forming a province called Punames. The 
 present pueblo dates from about 1692, when the village 
 formerly occupied was abandoned. The tribe, which was 
 once comparatively populous, now numbers but 119. The 
 decrease is attributed largely to infectious disease and to 
 the killing of persons accused of witchcraft. Also Chea, 
 Chia, Cia, Cilia, Silla, Tsea, Tsia, Tzia, Zia. See Keresan. 
 Sialkot, or Sealkote (se-al-kot'). 1. A district 
 in Lahore division, Panjab, British India, inter- 
 sected by lat. 32° 20' N., long. 74° 30' E. Area, 
 1,991 square miles. Population, 1,083,909. — 
 2. The capital of the district of Sialkot, situated 
 about lat. 32° 30' N., long. 74° 32' E. Popu- 
 lation, 57,956. 
 
 Siam (si-am' or se-am'). A kingdom in the 
 peninsula of Indo-China, in southeastern Asia. 
 Capital, Bangkok. It is bounded by Burma on the 
 west, the vague Shan states on the north, the French de- 
 pendencies Tongking, Annam (the river Mekong being 
 the recognized boundary), and Cambodia on the east, and 
 the Gulf of Siam on the south. In addition Siam has a 
 considerable part of the Malay Peninsula. The principal 
 river is the Menam. The chief product is rice. The gov- 
 ernment is vested in the king and a council of ministers. 
 The prevailing religion is Buddhism. The capital, Ayuthia, 
 was founded about 1350. In the 16th century the country 
 was enlarged, and trade commenced with Europe. Ayu- 
 thia was sacked by the Burmese in 1767, and the capital 
 transferred to Bangkok 1782. Western civilization has 
 been partially introduced in recent years. French ad- 
 vances and claims along the eastern frontier led in 1893 
 to serious complications, nearly involving England. The 
 French in July entered the Menam River and blockaded 
 Bangkok ; and in Oct. Siam ceded to France about 100,000 
 square miles east of the river Mekong. Area, about 195,000 
 square miles. Population, over 6,686,800. 
 
 Siam, Gulf of. An arm of the Pacific Ocean, 
 partly inclosed by the Malay Peninsula on the 
 west, Siam on the north, and Cambodia and 
 Cochin-China on the northeast. Length, about 
 470 miles. 
 
 Siamese Twins (si-a-mes'or -mez' twinz),The. 
 Born in Siam, April 15, 1811: died in North 
 Carolina, Jan. 17, 1874. Eng and Chang, twins 
 bom of a Chinese father and a Siamese mother. 
 They were joined to one another by a short tubular cartila- 
 ginous band, through which their livers and hepatic ves- 
 ° sels communicated, and in the center of which was their 
 common umbilicus. They were brought to America for ex- 
 hibition in 1828, and after making a competency in various 
 
Siamese Twins, The 
 
 countries settled in North Carolina. They married sistera 
 in 1842. In 1869 they again exhibited themselves in Europe. 
 The one survived the other two horns and a half. 
 
 Sianti. See Ashanti. 
 
 Siao (se-a'd), or Siamo (se-a'mo). A small 
 island in the Malay Archipelago, northeast of 
 Celebes. 
 
 Sibbald (sib'ald), Sir Robert. Born about 
 1641: died 1712. A Scottish physician and 
 scientist. He was educated at Edinburgh, Leyden, and 
 Paris. He was the first professor of medicine in the Uni- 
 versity of Edinburgh, the first president of the College of 
 Physicians, and geographer royal. In 1710 he published 
 “A History of Fife and Fifeshire,” followed by similar 
 works of local interest. 
 
 Siberia (si-be'ri-a). [Russ. Sibir, F. Siberie , G. 
 Sibirien .] A vast region in northern and central 
 Asia, which forms part of the Russian empire. 
 Chief towns, Tomsk and Irkutsk, it is bounded by 
 the Arctic Ocean on the north, Bering Strait on the north- 
 east, the Pacific Ocean on the east, the Chinese repub- 
 lic and Russian Central Asia on the south, and Russia on 
 the west. It comprises officially West Siberia (includ- 
 ing the governments of Tobolsk and Tomsk), Irkutsk 
 (with the governments of Irkutsk, Yeniseisk, and Yakutsk), 
 and the Amur Region (Amur, Transbaikalia, the Maritime 
 Province) and the northern part of the island of Saghalin. 
 The surface is largely a low-lying plain in the north : in 
 the interior and the south it is a plateau traversed 
 by chains of mountains, including the Altai, Sayan, 
 Baikal, Yablonoi, Stanovoi, etc. The principal rivers 
 are the Obi (with the Irtish), Yenisei (with the Angara), 
 Lena, and Amur. The largest lake is Baikal. The lead- 
 ing occupation is agriculture. Siberia contains con- 
 siderable mineral wealth, including gold, platinum, silver, 
 iron, lead, etc. Government is administered by gover- 
 nors-general and governors. The inhabitants are largely 
 Russians ; there are also Buriats, Kirghiz, Tunguses, 
 Yakuts, Kalmucks, Ostiaks, Samoyeds, Kamchadales, 
 etc., besides many thousands of exiles from European 
 Russia. The Russian conquest commenced in the 
 16th century, in the reign of Ivan the Terrible, and 
 advanced to Lake Baikal, the Amur, and the Pacific in 
 the 17th century. Saghalin was formally acquired in 
 1875 and the island south of lat. 50° N. was ceded to 
 Japan in 1905. Area, 4,786,730 square miles. Population, 
 about 7,049,200. 
 
 Siberian Railway. A railway constructed by 
 the Russian government, traversing Siberia 
 and Manchuria from west to east. Ground was 
 broken in 1891, and the work was practically completed in 
 1899. The line runs from Cheliabiusk, via Omsk, Irkutsk, 
 and the southern end of Lake Baikal, to Vladivostok on 
 the Pacific — over 4,000 miles — with a branch from Har- 
 bin to Port Arthur (finished in 1902). 
 
 Sibi (se'be). A district on the border of Af- 
 ghanistan and Baluchistan, now under British 
 rule. 
 
 Sibley (sib'li), Henry Hastings. Born at De- 
 troit, Mich. , Feb. 20, 1811 : died at St. Paul , Minn. , 
 Feb. 18, 1891. An American pioneer, politician, 
 and general. He was a delegate to Congress from Wis- 
 consin Territory in 1849, and from Minnesota Territory 
 1849-53; and was elected first governor of Minnesota as a 
 Democrat in 1858. He organized a force for the protec- 
 tion of the frontier settlements against the Sioux in 1862, 
 when he received a commission as brigadier-general. He 
 put down the Sioux outbreak of that year. 
 
 Sibley, Henry Hopkins. Born at Natchitoches, 
 La., May 25, 1816: died at Fredericksburg, Va., 
 Aug. 23, 1886. An American general. He served 
 in the Mexican war ; entered the Confederate service at the 
 outbreak of the Civil War in 1861 ; and commanded in New 
 Mexico in 1862. He entered the Egyptian service in 1869, 
 with the rank of brigadier-general, returning to the thiited 
 States five years later. 
 
 Sibley, Hiram. Born at North Adams, Mass., 
 Feb. 6, 1807 : died at Rochester, N. Y., July 12, 
 1888. An American financier. He was one of the 
 organizers and the first president of the Western Union 
 Telegraph Company, and constructed in 1861 the telegr aph 
 line across the continent to California (afterward trans- 
 ferred to the Western Union). During his presidency the 
 Western Union expended .$3,000,000 on a line to Europe 
 via Bering Strait, which was abandoned on the completion 
 of the Atlantic cable. He gave 8100,000 for the establish- 
 ment of the Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering and 
 the Mechanic Arts, connected with Cornell University. 
 Sibley, John Langdon. Born at Union, Maine, 
 Dec. 29, 1804: died at Cambridge, Mass., Dec. 
 9, 1885. An American librarian. He was assistant 
 librarian of Harvard College 1841-56, and librarian 1856-77. 
 He was editor for manyyears of the annual, triennial, and 
 quinquennial catalogues of Harvard; and wrote “Bio- 
 graphical Sketches of the Graduates of Harvard Univer- 
 sity ” (3 vols. 1873-85). 
 
 Sibola. See Cibola and Zufti. 
 
 Sibthorp (sib'thorp), John. Born at Oxford, 
 England, Oct. 28, 1758 : died at Bath, Feb. 8, 
 1796. An English botanist, son of Dr. Hum- 
 phrey Sibthorp, professor of botany at Oxford. 
 He graduated at Oxford in 1777 ; studied medicine; and in 
 1784 succeeded his father as Sherardian professor of botany 
 at Oxford. He wrote “ Flora Oxoniensis" (1794) and “ Flora 
 Grama” (edited by J. E. Smith and John Lindley, 1806 
 et seq.). 
 
 Sibylline Books, Sibylline Oracles. See 
 
 Sibyls. 
 
 Sibyls (sib'ilz). In ancient mythology, certain 
 women reputed to possess special powers of 
 prophecy or divination and intercession with 
 c .— 59 
 
 929 
 
 the gods in behalf of those who resorted to them. 
 Different writers mention from one to twelve sibyls, but 
 the number commonly reckoned is ten, enumerated as the 
 Persian or Babylonian, Libyan, Delphian, Cimmerian, Ery- 
 thraean, Samian, Cunuean, Hellespontine or Trojan, Phry- 
 gian, and Tiburtine. Of these the most celebrated was the 
 Cumsean sibyl (of Cum® in Italy), who, according to the 
 story, appeared before Tarquin the Proud and offered him 
 nine books for sale. He refused to buy them, whereupon 
 she burned three, and offered the remaining six at the 
 original price. On being again refused, she destroyed three 
 more, and offered the remaining three at the price she had 
 asked for the nine. Tarquin, astonished at this conduct, 
 bought the books, which were found to contain directions 
 as to the worship of the gods and the policy of the Romans. 
 These Sibylline Books, or books professing to have this 
 origin, written in Greek hexameters, were kept with great 
 care at Rome, and consulted from time to time by oracle- 
 keepers under the direction of the senate. They were de- 
 stroyed at the burning of the temple of Jupiter in 83 B. c. 
 Fresh collections were made, which were finally destroyed 
 soon after A. D. 400. The Sibylline Oracles referred to by 
 the Christian fathers belong to early ecclesiastical litera- 
 ture, and are a curious mixture of Jewish and Christian 
 material, with probably here and there a snatch from the 
 older pagan source, in composition they seem to be of 
 various dates, from the 2d century before to the 3d century 
 after Christ. 
 
 But the Sibylline verses, which clearly belong to this 
 period [of Antoninus], express, in the most remarkable man- 
 ner, this spirit of exulting menace at the expected simul- 
 taneous fall of Roman idolatry and of Roman empire. The 
 origin of the whole of the Sibylline oracles now extant is 
 not distinctly apparent, either from the style, the manner 
 of composition, or the subject of their predictions. It is 
 manifest that they were largely interpolated by the Chris- 
 tians to a late period ; and some of the books can be as- 
 signed to no other time but the present. Much, no doubt, 
 was of an older date. It is scarcely credible that the 
 Fathers of this time would quote contemporary forgeries 
 as ancient prophecies. The Jews of Alexandria, who had 
 acquired some taste for Grecian poetry, and displayed 
 some talent for the translation of their sacred books into 
 the Homeric language and metre, had, no doubt, set the 
 example of versifying their own prophecies and of ascrib- 
 ing them to the Sibyls, whose names were universally 
 venerated, as revealing to mankind the secrets of futurity. 
 They may have begun by comparing their own prophets 
 with these ancient seers, and spoken of the predictions of 
 Isaiah or Ezekiel as their Sibylline verses, which may have 
 been another word for prophetic or oracular. 
 
 MUman, Hist, of Christianity, II. 121. 
 
 Almost every region of heathenism boasts its Sibyl. 
 Poetic predictions, ascribed to these inspired women, were 
 either published or religiously preserved in the sacred 
 archives of cities. Nowhere were they held in such awful 
 reverence as in Rome. The opening of the Sibylline books 
 was an event of rare occurrence, and only at seasons of 
 fearful disaster or peril. 
 
 MUman, Hist, of Christianity, II. 122. 
 
 Sibyls, The. Paintings by Michelangelo, alter- 
 nating with his figures of the prophets on the 
 coved triangles of the vaulting of the Sistine 
 Chapel, Rome. 
 
 Sicambri (si-kam'bri). A powerful German 
 tribe in ancient times. Also called Sugambri 
 (which see). 
 
 Sicanians (si-ka'ni-anz). [Gr. 'Zinavoi, L. Si- 
 cam.] The primitive inhabitants of Sicily, 
 found there on the arrival of the Siculians, or 
 Sicilians proper. 
 
 Sicard (se-kar'), Abbe Roch Ambroise Cucur- 
 ron. Born at Fousseret, near Toulouse, France, 
 Sept. 20, 1742: died May 10, 1822. A French phi- 
 lanthropist, known as an instructor of deaf- 
 mutes. He published “Theorie des signes pour 
 l’instruetion des sourds-muets” (1808), etc. 
 Sicarii (si-ka'ri-I). A class of assassins and 
 zealots in Palestine in the later years of Nero's 
 reign. They are referred to in Acts xxi. 38. 
 Sichseus. See Elissa. 
 
 Sichem. See Sliechem. 
 
 Sicilian Bull, The. A bronze bull made as an 
 instrument of torture by Perillus for the Sicil- 
 ian tyrant Phalaris. 
 
 Sicilian Vespers. A name given to the mas- 
 sacre of the French in Sicily by the Sicilians 
 1282: so called from its commencement at ves- 
 pers on Easter Monday. See Veprcs Siciliennes. 
 
 Sicilien, Le, ou l’Amour Peintre. A comedy 
 by Moliere, produced in 1667. 
 
 Sicilies, Kingdom of the Two. See Two Sici- 
 * lies. Kingdom of the. 
 
 Sicily (sis'i-li). [Gr. Snu/Ua, from 'Zua/.oi (L. 
 Siculi ), the ancient inhabitants ; L. Sicilia, It. Si- 
 cilia, F. Sidle, G. Sicilien.'] An island in the Medi- 
 terranean, belonging to the kingdom of Italy, 
 and forming (with small neighboring islands) a 
 eompartimento. Its chief cities are Palermo, 
 Catania, and Messina, it is situated southwest of 
 the mainland of Italy (separated by the Strait of Messina), 
 and is triangular in shape. The general surface is elevated 
 and mountainous : the culminating point is Mount Etna, 
 and the principal ranges are in the north (Peloritan, Ne- 
 brodian, and Madonie). The principal plain is Catania. 
 The leading products are wheat, oranges, citrons, olives, 
 lemons, and other fruits, sulphur, silk, and salt. Sicily 
 was formerly famous as the granary of Italy and Rome. It 
 contains 7 provinces — Messina, Catania, Syracuse, Calta- 
 nissetta, Palermo, Girgenti, and Trapani. The inhabitants 
 
 Siddons, Mrs. 
 
 are of mixed descent. The early inhabitants were the Si- 
 cani, Siculi, and Elymi; and Phenician colonies were set- 
 tled in early times. Greek colonization commenced in 
 the 8th century B. c. : among the chief Greek cities were 
 Syracuse, Catana, Agrigentum, Selinus, and Himera. An 
 unsuccessful Carthaginian invasion occurred in 480 B. c., 
 and an Athenian invasion in 415-413. The western part of 
 Sicily was conquered by Carthage in the end of the 5th 
 century B. c. Syracuse was the leading Greek power un- 
 der Dionysius the Elder, Timoleon, Agathocles, etc., in the 
 4th century. The island was the scene of important events 
 in the campaigns of Pyrrhus and in the first Punic war. 
 The greater part of it was annexed by Rome in 241. Syra- 
 cuse and Agrigentum were annexed in the second Punic 
 war. Sicily suffered in the Servile. Wars of the 2d century 
 B. C., and under the administration of Verres (73-71 B. c.). 
 It was conquered by the Vandals, and passed to the East 
 Goths in the 5th century ; was taken from the Goths by 
 the Eastern Empire in the 6tli century (the conquest be- 
 ginning with the successes of Belisarius in 535); was con- 
 quered by the Saracens 827-965 ; was temporarily con- 
 quered by the Christians about 1040 ; and was conquered 
 by the Normans under Robert and Roger Guiscard 1061- 
 1090. Roger II. united Sicily with southern Italy (Sicily 
 this side of the Faro) in 1127, and in 1130 assumed the title 
 of king. The Two Sicilies were taken possession of by the 
 Hohenstaufen emperor Henry VI. in 1194. The Hohen- 
 staufens were overthrown by Charles of Anjou in 1266. 
 The Sicilians revolted against the Angevins in 1282, and 
 Sicily came under the rule of Aragon. It was separated 
 from Aragon in 1296; was reunited with it in 1412; was 
 several times united and separated from Naples, and final- 
 ly united with it under Spanish rule in 1503 ; was ceded 
 to Savoy in 1713, and to Austria in 1720; was conquered 
 by Spain in 1734 ; was united with Naples and ruled by 
 a Bourbon dynasty in 1734 ; and was separated from Na- 
 ples and made a separate kingdom under British protec- 
 tion 1806-15. There were unsuccessful risings in 1820, 
 1836, and 1848-49. The Bourbons were overthrown by the 
 expedition of Garibaldi in 1860, and Sicily was annexed to 
 the dominions of Victor Emmanuel. Area, 9,935 square 
 miles. Population, about 3,574,600. 
 
 Sickingen (zik'king-en), Franz von. Born 
 near Kreuznach, March 2, 1481: died May 8, 
 1523. A German knight, influential in the reigns 
 of Maximilian I. and Charles V. He was often at 
 war with the various states, as Worms, Metz, Wiirtem- 
 berg, etc.; favored the Reformation ; and became the head 
 of a league (1522-23) for the forcible introduction of the 
 Reformation and the overthrow of the princes and the 
 ecclesiastical rulers. He besieged Treves in 1522 ; was op- 
 posed by Hesse and the Palatinate; and was besieged in 
 his fortress near Kaiserslautern and mortally wounded. 
 
 Sickles (sik'lz), Daniel Edgar. Born at New 
 York, Oct. 20, 1825. An American general and 
 politician . Hewas admitted to the bar in 1844 ; and was 
 a Democratic member of Congress from New York 1857-6L 
 At the beginning of the Civil War he raised the Excelsior 
 Brigade of United States Volunteers at New York, and 
 was commissioned colonel of one of the regiments. He 
 served in the Army of the Potomac in the Peninsular cam- 
 paign; took part in the battle of Antietam ; and distin- 
 guished himself as a corps commander at Chancellorsville 
 and Gettysburg (where he was severely wounded). He 
 commanded the military district of the Carolinas after the 
 war; was United States minister toSpain 1869-73 ; and later 
 was president of the New York State Board of Civil Service 
 Commissioners. He was a Democratic member of Con- 
 gress from New York 1893-95. 
 
 Sick Man, The, or Sick Man of the East. A 
 
 name given to the Turkish empire, in allusion 
 to its decaying condition : first used by the czar 
 Nicholas of Russia in a conversation with the 
 British ambassador Seymour. 
 
 Siculi (sik'u-li). [Gr. SocsAoh] One of the early 
 peoples of Sicily and southern Italy : probably 
 allied to the Latins. They gave its name to the 
 island. 
 
 Sicyon (sish'i-on). [Gr. 2ikv6v.~\ In ancient ge- 
 ography, a city in the northern part of the Pel- 
 oponnesus, Greece, situated near the Gulf of 
 Corinth 10 miles northwest of Corinth. Sicyon 
 
 was a flourishing commercial center, and was renowned 
 for its art. It was ruled by the dynasty of the Ortha- 
 goridse in the 7th and 6th centuries B. c., and 251 became 
 a member of the Achaean League. Its site is occupied by 
 the village of Vasilika. The ancient theater, a large and 
 important monument, has recently been excavated by the 
 American School at Athens. At the bottom of the cavea 
 there is a row of seats of honor, in the form of benches 
 with backs and arms. Access to the cavea from without 
 is facilitated by two Greek vaulted passages. There is a 
 covered underground passage, as at Eretria, from the mid- 
 dle of the orchestra to the interior of the stage-structure. 
 Sicyonia (sish-i-o'ni-a). In ancient geography, 
 the territory surrounding Sicyon, and bounded 
 by the Gulf of Corinth on the northeast, Co- 
 rinthia on the east, Argolis and Phliasia on the 
 south, Arcadia on the west, and Achaia on the 
 northwest. 
 
 Siddhartha (si-dhar'tha). The personal name 
 of the founder of Buddhism. See Buddha. 
 Siddim (sid'im). A valley, mentioned in the 
 Old Testament (Gen. xiv. 3, 8, 10), which con- 
 tained the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah. It 
 has not been identified with certainty. 
 Siddons (sid'onz), Mrs. (Sarah Kemble). 
 Born at Brecon, Wales, July 5, 1755: died at 
 London, June 8, 1831. A celebrated English 
 tragic actress, daughter of Roger Kemble, a 
 theatrical manager. She was educated at the schools 
 of the towns in which Kemble’s company played, and Nov. 
 26, 1773, married William Siddons, an actor. She made 
 
Siddons, Mrs. 
 
 her first appearance in London in 1775 as Portia. In 1777 
 she returned to the provinces, and in 1782 appeared at 
 Drury Lane with extraordinary success as Isabella in 
 Southerne’s “ Fatal Marriage.” In 1785 she first appeared 
 as Lady Macbeth, her greatest role, and in 1788 appeared 
 as Queen Katharine in her brother’s revival of Henry 
 Vin. In 1803 her brother John bought a share of Covent 
 Garden Theatre, and she joined his company, playing 
 there until she left the stage, June 29, 1812, after a remark- 
 able career in her profession. She made a great impres- 
 sion as Jane Shore, as Belvidera in “ Venice Preserved," 
 and as Queen Elinor in “King John.” Many stories are told 
 of her tragic mien in private life. In 1783 Sir Joshua Rey- 
 nolds painted her as “the Tragic Muse.” 
 
 Siddons, Mrs. A portrait by Gainsborough 
 (1784), in the National Gallery, London. The 
 figure is half-length and seated. 
 
 Siddons, Mrs., as the Tragic Muse. Apainting 
 by Sir Joshua Reynolds (1783), in Grosvenor 
 House, London. The great actress is seated, in deep 
 thought, on a throne surrounded by clouds ; behind her 
 stand two figures impersonating open and secret violence. 
 Siddons, Mrs. Scott. Born in India, 1844 : died 
 at Paris, Nov. 19, 1896. An English actress. 
 
 She was the great-granddaughter of the celebrated Mrs. 
 Siddons, and was educated in Germany. She made her 
 first professional appearance at Nottingham, England, as 
 Lady Macbeth, and her ddbut in America as an actress at 
 the Boston Museum about 1868, although she had pre- 
 viously appeared in New York as a dramatic reader. 
 
 Side (sl'de ). [Gr. StJjy.] In ancient geography, a 
 town of Pamphylia, Asia Minor, situated on the 
 Gulf of Pamphylia, about lat. 36° 45' N., long. 
 31° 25' E., on the site of the modern Eski Adalia. 
 It contains a Roman theater, in part excavated from a hill- 
 side and in part built up of masonry. The cavea, greater 
 than a semicircle, has 26 tiers of marble seats below the 
 precinction and 23 above it. A number of vaulted pas- 
 sages lead from the precinction to the exterior. The di- 
 ameter is 409 feet ; that of the orchestra, 125. 
 
 Sidelhorn. See Siedelhorn. 
 
 Sidgwick (sij'wik), Henry. Born May 31, 
 1838 : died Aug. 28, 1900. An English author. 
 He was educated at Rugby and at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge (being elected fellow in 1859), and was Knight- 
 bridge professor of moral philosophy at Cambridge 1883- 
 1900. He published “Methods of Ethics ” (1874), 
 
 “ Principles of Political Economy" (1883), “Outlines of 
 the History of Ethics ” (1886), etc. 
 
 Sidlaw Hills (sid'la hilz). A range of low 
 mountains in eastern Perthshire and southern 
 Forfarshire, Scotland. 
 
 Sidmouth (sid'muth). A seaport in Devon- 
 shire, England, situated on the English Chan- 
 nel 13 miles east by south of Exeter. Popula- 
 tion, 4,201. 
 
 Sidmouth, Viscount. See Addington, Henry. 
 Sidney (sid'ni). The capital of Shelby County, 
 western Ohio, situated on the Miami 69 miles 
 west-northwest of Columbus. Population, 6,- 
 607, (1910). 
 
 Sidney, or Sydney (sid'ni), Algernon. Born at 
 Penshurst, Kent, England, about 1622: behead- 
 ed at London, Dec. 7, 1683. An Euglish poli- 
 tician and patriot, younger son of the second 
 Earl of Leicester. He served in the Parliamentary army, 
 being wounded at Marston in 1644 ; was in 1646 elected to 
 Parliament, where he took rank aB one of the leaders of 
 the Independents ; became governor of Dublin and lieu- 
 tenant-general of horse in Ireland 1647 ; became coun- 
 cilor of state in 1659; was peace commissioner between 
 Denmark and Sweden 1659-60 ; lived on the Continent after 
 the Restoration until 1677 ; and, being known to be a sup- 
 porter of Monmouth, was arrested on the discovery of the 
 Rye House Plot (with which he had no connection) in June, 
 1683, and condemned to death for high treason. He wrote 
 “ Discourses Concerning Government” (1698), etc. 
 
 Sidney, Mary, Countess of Pembroke. Born 
 Oct. 27, 1561 : died in 1621. An English poet, 
 sister of Sir Philip Sidney. She married the Earl 
 of Pembroke in 1577, and in 1580 Sidney, being in disgrace 
 at court, went to stay at Wilton with her. They made a 
 poetical version of the psalms together, and Sidney wrote 
 for her there his “ Arcadia," which she prepared for the 
 press and published in 1590, after his death. She also 
 wrote poems, and rendered into blank verse Robert Gar- 
 nier’s French tragedy “Antonie." She is the subject of 
 a well-known epitaph by Ben Jonson. 
 
 Sidney, or Sydney, Sir Philip. Born at Pens- 
 hurst, Kent, England, Nov. 30, 1554 : died at Arn- 
 heim, Netherlands, Oct. 17, 1586. An English 
 author and general. He studied at Shrewsbury school 
 and at Christ Church, Oxford, supplementing his scholastic 
 educat ion by several years of travel on the Continent. He 
 was envoy to the emperor Rudolf II. 1576-77 ; was an offi- 
 cer in the English expedition to the Netherlands under 
 Leicester 1585-86 ; was appointed governor of Flushing in 
 1585 ; and was mortally wounded at the battle of Zutphen 
 Sept. 22, 1586. He w’rote the pastoral romance “ Arcadia ” 
 (1590), the series of sonnets “ Astrophel and Stella " (1591), 
 “ Defence of Poesie " (1595), etc. A complete edition of his 
 works was published in 1725; his “ Complete Poems ” were 
 edited by Grosart in 1873. 
 
 Sidney Sussex College. A college of Cambridge 
 University, founded in 1595 by the Countess of 
 Sussex, daughter of Sir William Sidney, on the 
 site of a Franciscan monastery. 
 
 Sidon(si'don). [‘Fishingtown.’ Gr. S/rlou.] The 
 oldest city of ancient Phenicia. From the 17 th cen- 
 tury to about 1100 B. o. it held supremacy in Phenicia and 
 
 930 
 
 established most of the Phenician colonies. Later it was 
 outrivaled by Tyre, but continued to maintain an impor- 
 tant position. In 351 B. C. it was destroyed in consequence 
 of a revolt against the Persian king Artaxerxes III. Ochus. 
 It was still a wealthy city about the beginning ol the Chris- 
 tian era. During the Crusades it was several times de- 
 stroyed. At present Sidon is represented by the town of 
 Saida, with about 12,000 inhabitants. The ancient Necropo- 
 lis, long known and exploited, has yielded numerous monu- 
 ments of the most diverse ages and civilizations, from the 
 oldest Phenician, still under Egyptian influence, through 
 the various stages of Greek art. In 1887 an important dis- 
 covery was made, consisting of an intact subterranean 
 mausoleum of several chambers, containing 22 sarcophagi, 
 several of them bearing polychrome sculptures in relief 
 of the best Greek art, and almost uninjured. The sarcoph- 
 agi were transported to the museum at Constantinople, 
 where they form one of the most important existing col- 
 lections of ancient art. The Greek sarcophagi were not 
 executed at Sidon, but were imported from different 
 places and at different times. Their usual form is that of 
 a temple. Four only are completely covered with sculp- 
 ture ; but these four rank with the finest existing pro- 
 ductions of Greek art, and are the only sarcophagi known 
 which belong to the best period of sculpture. The old- 
 est is of Lycian form, with Centaurs and Lapiths and hunt- 
 ing-scenes. The second, dating from the beginning of the 
 4th century B. c. , is called “ the Sarcophagus of the W eep- 
 ing Women,” from the graceful figures in the intercolum- 
 niations of its Ionic colonnade. The third hears varied 
 scenes from the life of an Oriental ruler. The fourth is so 
 splendid that its discoverers may be pardoned for pro- 
 claiming it the sarcophagus of Alexander. Four of its six 
 sculptured panels represent hunting-or battle-scenes in 
 which the portrait of Alexander, almost contemporaneous, 
 actually figures. It is no doubt the tomb of an Oriental chief 
 who had enjoyed the companionship of the Macedonian 
 conqueror. See Phenicia. 
 
 Sidonius Apollinaris (si-do'ni-us a-pol-i-na'- 
 ris) (properly Caius Sollius Apollinaris Si- 
 donius). Born at Lyons about 430: died in 482 
 or 484. A Christian author. Tie was descended from 
 a noble family, received a careful education, and married 
 Papianilla, the daughter of Avitus (afterward emperor). 
 He was appointed governor of Rome by the emperor 
 Anthemius in 467, and afterward raised to the rank of a 
 patrician and senator. He ultimately entered the church, 
 however, and in 472 succeeded Eparchius as bishop of 
 Clermont. His extant works are “Carmina”and“Episto- 
 larum libri ill.” 
 
 One man alone . . . gives us that more detailed infor- 
 mation concerning the thoughts, characters, persons of 
 the actors in the great drama which can make the dry 
 bones of the chronologers live. This is Cains Apollinaris 
 Sidonius, man of letters, Imperial functionary, country 
 gentleman and bishop, who, notwithstanding much mani- 
 fest weakness of character and a sort of epigrammatic 
 dulness of style, is still the most interesting literary figure 
 of the fifth ceutui-y. 
 
 Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, II. 29S. 
 
 Sidra (sid'ra), Gulf of. The largest arm of the 
 Mediterranean, on the northern coast of Africa, 
 situated north of Tripoli and west of Barca: 
 the ancient Syrtis Major. Length, about 260 
 miles. 
 
 Sidrophel (sid'ro-fel). A character in Samuel 
 Butler’s ‘ ‘ Hudibras,” probably intended for 
 William Lilly. 
 
 Siebenbiirgen (ze'ben-biirg-en). [G., ‘seven 
 castles.’] The German name of Transylvania. 
 
 Siebengebirge (ze'ben-ge-ber"ge). [G.‘ ‘seven 
 mountains.’] A mountainous region in the 
 Rhine Province, Prussia, on the right bank of 
 the Rhine, near Konigswinter, 22 miles south- 
 east of Cologne. Its chief mountains are the Drachen- 
 fels, Olberg, and Lowenburg. It is famous for its pictur- 
 esque scenery and legendary and historical associations. 
 
 Siebold (ze'bolt), Karl Theodor Ernst von. 
 
 Born at Wurzburg, Bavaria, Feb. 16, 1804 : died 
 at Munich, April 7, 1885. A German zoologist 
 and physiologist, brother of P. F. von Siebold : 
 professor of physiology, comparative anatomy, 
 and zoology at Munich from 1853. He published 
 “ Lelirbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der wirhellosen 
 Tiere ” (“ Manual of Comparative Anatomy of the Inverte- 
 brates,” 1848), etc. 
 
 Siebold, Philipp Pranz von. BornatWurzburg, 
 Bavaria, Feb. 17, 1796 : died there, Oct. 18, 1866. 
 A German explorer in Japan. He entered the Dutch 
 medical service in 1822, and was stationed in Java; and 
 was employed on a Dutch mission to Japan 1823-30. He 
 published “ Nippon, Archiv zitr Beschreibung von Japan ” 
 (1832), “Fauna Japonica” (with collaborators, 1833- ), 
 “ FloraJaponica”(1835- ), “ Bibliotheca Japonica "(1833- 
 1841), “Catalogus liltrorum Japonicorum ” (1845), etc. 
 
 Siedelhorn, or Sidelhorn (ze' del-horn). A 
 mountain in the Alps, with two summits (Gross 
 Siedelhorn and Klein Siedelhorn), situated on 
 the border of the cantons of Bern and Valais, 
 Switzerland, 24 miles southeast of Interlaken. 
 Height, 9,395 feet. 
 
 Siedlce (sya'dl-tse),Russ. Syedlets (syad'lets). 
 1. A government of Russian Poland, situated 
 east of the government of Warsaw. Area, 5,528 
 square miles. Population, 644,300. — 2. The 
 capital of the government of Siedlce, situated 
 50 miles east by south of Warsaw. 
 
 Si&ge de Corinthe, Le. An opera by Rossini, 
 produced in 1826. 
 
 Siena 
 
 Siege of Corinth, The. A narrative poem by 
 Lord Byron, published in 1816. 
 
 Siege of Rhodes, The. A play by Davenant, 
 first brought out as a musical and spectacular 
 entertainment in 1656. In 1662 it was produced in 
 a much elaborated form with a great deal of music, and 
 a second part was added ; both were printed in 1663. It 
 is important as being practically the first opera produced 
 in England. Lock, Lawes, and Cook provided the music, 
 and Lock, Cook, Purcell, Harding, and Mr. and Mrs. Cole- 
 man were among the actors. 
 
 Siege of the Legations. The siege of the for- 
 eign legations in Peking by Boxers and Chinese 
 troops during the summerof 1900. It lasted from 
 June 21 until Aug. 14, when it was raised by the capture 
 of Peking by the allied forces. 
 
 Siege of Troy. See Becuyell de Troie. 
 
 Siegen (ze'gen). A town in the province of 
 Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the Sieg 47 
 miles east by south of Cologne. It is the center of 
 an iron-mining and leather-manufacturing district, and 
 contains the castie of the princes of Nassau-Siegen. It 
 was the birthplace of Rubens. Population, commune, 
 25,201. 
 
 Siege (sej) Perilous, The. A vacant seat at 
 the Round Table, in Arthurian romance, which 
 could be filled only by the predestined finder of 
 the Holy Grail. Any other who sat in it paid 
 for the act with his life. 
 
 Siegfried, or Sigfrid (seg'fred; G. pron. zeg'- 
 fret). [MHG. Sifrit.~] A mythical prince (later 
 king) of Niderland on the lower Rhine : the 
 hero of the “Nibelungenlied.” He is the husband 
 of Kriemhild, and is slain by Brunhild. Siegfried is the 
 Sigurd of the Old Norse version of the legend in the Vol- 
 sunga Saga and the Edda. 
 
 Siegfried. One of the four parts of Wagner’s 
 musical tetralogy “ Der Ring des Nibelungen,” 
 first represented in 1876. 
 
 Siemens (ze'mens), Werner. Born at Lenthe, 
 near Hannover, Dec. 13, 1816: died at Berlin, 
 Dec. 6, 1892. A German inventor and manu- 
 facturer. He entered the Prussian army in 1834, but 
 left the service in 1849. In 1847 he established the firm 
 of Siemens and Halske at Berlin, branches of which were 
 subsequently established at St. Petersburg (1857), LondoD 
 (1858). Vienna (1858), and Tiflis (1863). He was ennobled 
 in 1888. He is noted for his researches in electricity, and 
 was the author of numerous scientific papers. 
 
 Siemens (se ' menz : G. pron. ze ' mens), Sir 
 William (G. Wilhelm). Born at Lenthe, near 
 Hannover, April 4, 1823: died at London, Nov. 
 18, 1883. A German-English physicist, engineer, 
 and inventor: brother of Werner Siemens. He 
 settled in England in 1844; became a naturalized British 
 subject in 1859 ; was elected to the Royal Society in 1862 ; 
 was president of the British Association ; and in 1883 was 
 knighted. His researches relate chiefly to electricity and 
 heat. He published ‘ 1 On the "Utilization of Heat and Other 
 Natural Forces "(1S7S), “ The Dynamo-Electric Current and 
 its Steadiness” (1881), and “On the Conservation of Solar 
 Energy ” (1S83). His “Scientific Works ” have been edited 
 by E. F. Bamber (1888). 
 
 Siena (se-a'na). A province of Tuscany, Italy. 
 Area, 1,471 square miles. Population, about 
 238,800. 
 
 Siena (se-a'na), or Sienna (se-en'na). The capi- 
 tal of the province of Siena, Italy, sit uated in lat. 
 43° 19' N., long. 11° 19' E. : the ancient Sena 
 Julia or Colonia Julia Senensis. it has consider- 
 abletrade and manufactures, and is celebrated foritsworks 
 of art. The cathedral is one of the most notable of Italian 
 Pointed buildings, essentially of the 13th century. 289 feet 
 long, 80} across nave and aisles, and 170 across the tran- 
 septs. In the 14th century the plan was formed to make 
 the existing church merely the transept of a grand new 
 cathedral, facing the south, and much was done toward 
 carrying this out, but the work was stopped by the plague 
 of 1356. The rich triple-pedimented front is inlaid in black, 
 red, and white, with painting and gilding ; the interior, 
 built throughout of alternate courses of black and white 
 marble, even to the high clustered columns, is very im- 
 pressive : it is famous for its mosaic and graffito pavement 
 in pictorial designs (the finest work of the kind in exis- 
 tence), and for its hexagonal sculptured pulpit by Niccolo 
 Pisano. In addition, it is full of fine church furniture, 
 and possesses statues by Michelangelo, a noted painting 
 of the Madonna by Duccio, and many beautiful frescos by 
 Pinturicchio and others. There is a lofty square campanile 
 on the south transept. The Palazzo del Governo, or Pic- 
 colomini (now containing the Sienese archives), by Rosel- 
 lino, finished in 1500, is one of the best-proportioned and 
 most effective Renaissance palaces in Tuscany. The Pa- 
 lazzo Pubblico, an imposing 14th-century structure, with 
 traceried windows, arcades, and battlemented roof, is fa- 
 mous for the frescos which adorn its halls. The Piazza 
 del Campo, churches of San Giovanni and San Domenico, 
 university, Opera del Duomo, Oratorio di San Bernardino, 
 picture-gallery, libraries, house ol St. Catherine, fountains, 
 and palaces of Tolomei, Buonsignori, etc., are also notable. 
 Siena was probably a settlement of the Senonian Gauls. 
 It was made a Roman colony by Augustus ; was in the mid- 
 dle ages the capital of a powerful republic, and an im- 
 portant art center ; w as a stronghold of the Ghibeliines, 
 and a rival of Florence, which it defeated at Monte Aperto 
 in 1200 : was under the rule of the despot Pandolfo Pe- 
 trucci about 1500 : was besieged and taken by the Floren- 
 tines and Imperialists in 1555; and was tormally incor- 
 porated with Tuscany in 1557. It was famous in the 
 development of architecture, painting, and wood-carving. 
 Population, town, 25,673 ; commune, 28,355. 
 
Siena, Council of 
 
 Siena, Council Of. A council of the church held 
 *in Siena 1423-24. It was unproductive of results. 
 Sienkiewicz (syen-kye'vich), Henryk. Born 
 in Lithuania in 1845. A Polish novelist. He 
 studied at Warsaw, and passed some of his early years in 
 California. Among his works are “Ogniem i mieczem ” 
 (“By Fire and Sword "), ‘ ‘ Bartek Zwycierca ” (“ Bartek V ic- 
 torious"), “Rodzina Polanieckich” (translated as “Chil- 
 dren of the Soil and “Quo Vadis?” 
 
 Sienna. See Siena. 
 
 Sierra (se-er'ra). [Sp., ‘mountain-range’: in 
 South America often used for mountainous 
 and open lands, in contradistinction to plains 
 and forest.] A common name in Peru for the 
 region between the central and eastern Cordil- 
 leras of the Andes, drained by affluents of the 
 upper Amazon. It was the principal seat of the 
 Inca civilization. 
 
 Sierra (se-er'ra) Blanca. [Sp., ‘white moun- 
 tains.’] The name of three distinct mountain- 
 chains in the Southwest. One Is in southern Colo- 
 rado, and contains Blanca Peak (14,390 feet) ; another is in 
 southeastern New Mexico, and rises to about 12,000 feet; 
 and the third is in eastern Arizona (its highest peaks are 
 not over 11,000 feet). 
 
 Sierra Capitana (ka-pe-ta'na). [Sp., ‘captain 
 (i. e. ‘ chief’) mountains.’] A mountain-range in 
 middle New Mexico, having an elevation of over 
 
 10.000 feet. It lies between the Pecos River 
 and the Rio Grande. 
 
 Sierra de Dolores (da do-lo'res). [Sp., ‘moun- 
 tains of our Lady of Sorrow.’] A mountain- 
 chain south of Santa Fe, New Mexico, also 
 called Placer Viejo (‘Old Placer’), its altitude is 
 about 9,000 feet. It contains placers of gold of some value, 
 but not productive on account of lack of water. 
 
 Sierra de Gredos (da gra'THos). A mountain- 
 range in contra! Spain, in the provinces of Avila 
 and Caceres. Highest point, 8,693 feet. 
 
 Sierra de Guadalupe (da, gwa-Tna-lo'pa). A 
 mountain-range in the province of Caceres, 
 western Spain. 
 
 Sierra de Guadarrama (gwa-THar-ra'ma). A 
 mountain-range in central Spain, north and 
 northwest of Madrid. It divides northern from 
 southern Spain. Highest point, 7,888 feet. 
 
 Sierra de los Ladrones (da los la-THro'nes). 
 [Sp., ‘ mountains of the thieves.’] A picturesque 
 cluster of mountains in New Mexico, south- 
 west of Albuquerque, about 9,000 feet high, in 
 the beginning of the 18th century it was a favorite re- 
 sort of the Apaches: hence, probably, the name, as these 
 marauders were accustomed to retire thither with their 
 booty. 
 
 Sierra de San Francisco (san fran-thes'ko). 
 See San Francis Mountain. 
 
 Sierra de Santa Rita (da san'ta re'ta). A 
 high range in southern Arizona, southeast of 
 the town of Tucson. 
 
 Sierra Florida (flo-re'THa). [Sp., ‘blooming 
 mountains.’] A mountain cluster, a little over 
 
 7.000 feet high, rising a short distance from 
 Doming in southeastern New Mexico, its slopes 
 are very barren, but the gorges in its interior are quite 
 
 ^.rich in flowers : hence the name. 
 
 Sierra Leone (le-6'ne, locally le-on'; Sp. pron. 
 la-o'na). A British colony on tlie coast of west- 
 ern Africa. Capital, Freetown, it includes Sierra 
 Leone proper and various territories under British protec- 
 tion, and is situated between French Guinea on the north 
 and Liberia on the east and southeast. The peninsula of 
 Sierra Leone is traversed by hills. The chief exports are 
 palm products, rubber, nuts, etc. The inhabitants are 
 mostly negroes of various races. The establishment of a 
 colony of liberated slaves here in 1787 was unsuccessful ; 
 but a successful attempt was made in 1791, under the 
 patronage of Wilberforce and others. Sierra Leone be- 
 came a crown colony in 1807. 
 
 Sierra Madre (ma'THra). [Sp., ‘mother moun- 
 tains,’!. e. ‘ main range.’] A mountain-range 
 in Mexico. In an extended sense the name is applied 
 to the Rocky Mountain system in New Mexico. 
 
 Sierra Magdalena (mag-da-la'na). The high- 
 est mountain-range in southern New Mexico, 
 west of the Rio Grande. Its greatest elevation 
 is about 11,000 feet. It is very rich in silver 
 ores. 
 
 Sierra Morena(mo-ra'na). [Sp., ‘brownmoun- 
 tains.’] A mountain-range in southern Spain, 
 stretching nearly east and west on the border 
 of Ciudad Real on the north and Jaen on the 
 south. The name is sometimes extended to include the 
 chains westward to the frontier of Portugal. 
 
 Sierra Nevada (na-va ' Tiiii). [Sp., ‘snowy 
 mountains.’] The highest mountain-range in 
 Spain. It is situated in the southern part of Andalusia, 
 south and southeast of Granada, nearly parallel with the 
 coast. Highest peak, Mulahacen (11,680 feet). 
 
 Sierra Nevada (ne-va'da). A collection of 
 mountain-ranges in California, nearly parallel 
 to the Pacific coast, ft is continued by the Cascade 
 Mountains on the north, and on the south merges with the 
 Coast Range near the Tejon Pass. It forms the eastern 
 
 931 
 
 border of the great valley of California, and is famous for 
 its grand scenery (big trees, Yosemite V alley, etc.). High- 
 est summit, Mount Whitney (14,897 feet). 
 
 Siete Partidas (se-a/ta par-te' th&s), Las. 
 [Sp., ‘ The Seven Laws.’] A code of Spanish 
 law, compiled under the direction of Alfonso 
 X. of Castile. 
 
 Sievers (ze'vers), Georg Eduard. Born Nov. 
 25, 1850. A noted German philologist, pro- 
 fessor successively at Jena (1871-83), Tubing- 
 en (1883-87), Halle (1887-92), and Leipsic 
 (1892) . Among his works on Teutonic philology are “Der 
 Heliand und die angelsaehsische Genesis ” (1875), “Angel- 
 sachsische Grammatik” (“Anglo-Saxon Grammar "; 2d ed. 
 1886 ), etc. 
 
 Sievershausen (ze'vers-hou-zen). A village in 
 Prussia, 17 miles east of Hannover. Here, July 
 9, 1553, Maurice, elector of Saxony (who was mortally 
 wounded in the battle), defeated the margrave Albert of 
 Brandenburg. 
 
 Siey6s (se-a-yas'), Comte Emmanuel Joseph, 
 
 f enerally called Abbe Sieves. Born at Frejus, 
 ranee, May 3, 1748: died at Paris, June 20, 
 1836. A French statesman and publicist. He 
 was the son of a bourgeois family at Frdjus ; received his 
 preliminary education from the Jesuits of his native town 
 and the Doctrinaire Fathers atDraguignan ; studied theol- 
 ogy at St.-Sulpice ; and became vicar-general of the Bishop 
 of Chartres. He was in thorough sympathy with the as- 
 pirations of the reform party in the political agitation 
 which preceded the French P.evolution ; and his brochure 
 “ Qn’est-ce que le tiers dtat? ” created a tremendous sen- 
 sation, furnishing a program for the popular leaders in the 
 initial steps of the Revolution. He was elected deputy of 
 the third estate in 1789; tookanimportantpartintheorgan- 
 ization and early measures of the National Assembly; was 
 a deputy to the Convention 1792-95; was a member of the 
 Council of Five Hundred; was ambassador toBerlin 1798-99; 
 became a member of the Directory in 1799 ; and was oneof 
 the chief organizers of the coup d’etat of the 18th Brumaire 
 of that year, which placed Napoleon at the head of the 
 government as first consul. He was laterpresident of the 
 Senate ; was created a count of the empire ; and became a 
 member of the French Academy. He went into exile on 
 the restoration of the Bourbons, and returned to France 
 in 1S30. 
 
 Sif(sef). [ON.] In Old Norse mythology, tbe wife 
 of Thor. She was robbed of her golden hair by Loki, who 
 was compelled to procure new hair made by the black 
 elves out of gold. 
 
 Sigebert (sij'e-bert; F. pron. sezli-bar') of 
 Gemblours. Born in Brabant about 1030: 
 died 1112. A Belgian chronicler. He left a chron- 
 icle of events from A. D. 381 to his own times (1112), and a 
 work containing the lives of illustrious men. 
 
 Sigel (se'gel), Franz. Born at Sinsheim, 
 Baden, Nov. 18, 1824: died at New York, Aug. 
 21, 1902. A German-American general. He 
 took a leading part in the Baden insurrections of 1848 
 and 1849, but escaped capture, and, after having lived in 
 Switzerland and England, came to the United States in 1852, 
 settling at St. Louis as a teacher in a German institute in 
 1858. On the outbreak of the Civil War he organized a 
 regiment of United States volunteers of which he became 
 colonel. He won the battle of Carthage in 1861; com- 
 manded a wing of the army at Pea Ridge and at the sec- 
 ond battle of Bull Run in 1S62 ; and was commander of the 
 Department of West Virginia in 1864, being defeated by 
 Breckinridge at Newmarket. He was United States pen- 
 sion agent at New York under Cleveland 1885-89. 
 Sigeum (si-je'um). [Gr. Slyeior.] In ancient 
 geography, a promontory andtowninthe Troad, 
 Asia Minor, at the entrance to the Hellespont. 
 It was the legendary station of the Greek fleet in the 
 Trojan war. 
 
 Sigismund (sij'is-mund; G. pron. ze'gis-mont). 
 Born 1361 : died Dec. 9, 1437. Emperor of the 
 Holy Roman Empire, son of Charles IV. and 
 brother of Wenzel. He received the margravate of 
 Brandenburg in 1378 ; married the heiress of Hungary and 
 became king of that country in 1387 ; was defeated by the 
 Turks at Nicopolis in 1396 ; was deposed by the Hungarians 
 in 1401, but recovered the throne by force ; succeeded 
 Wenzel as emperorin 1411 ; and on Wenzel's death in 1419 
 succeeded to the crown of Bohemia, where, however, his 
 authority was set at naught by the Hussites until shortly 
 before his death. Among the events of his reign were the 
 Council of Constance, where he had Huss burned in spite 
 of a safe-conduct; the Hussite war; and the granting of 
 Brandenburg to Frederick of Nuremberg (1415). He was 
 crowned by the Pope in 1433. lie was the last emperor 
 of the house of Luxemburg. 
 
 Sigismund I. Born Jan. 1, 1467: died at Cra- 
 cow, April 1, 1548. King of Poland 1506-48. He 
 waged war successfully with Russia, Wallacliia, and Mol- 
 davia, and was a capable and energetic ruler. 
 
 Sigismund II. Augustus. Born Aug. 1, 1520 : 
 died 1572. King of Poland, son of Sigismund I. 
 whom he succeeded in 1548. Lithuania and the 
 Ukraine were united to Poland in his reign. He was the 
 last of the Jagellons. 
 
 Sigismund III., or Sigismund Vasa. Born 1566 : 
 died at Warsaw, 1632. King of Poland 1587- 
 1632. ne inherited Sweden in 1592, and was crowned king 
 of Sweden in 1594, but was deposed and succeeded by 
 Charles IX. in 1601. 
 
 Sigmaringen (zig'mii-ring-en). The capital of 
 the province of Hohenzollern, Prussia, situated 
 on the Danube in lat. 48° 5' N., long. 9° 13' E. 
 It waa tlie capital of the former principality of Sigma- 
 
 Sikhs 
 
 ringen, and has an important art and archaeological collec- 
 tion. Population, commune, 4,621. 
 
 Sigmund. See Sigismund. 
 
 Signol (sen-yol'), Emile. Born at Paris in 1804: 
 died there, Oct. 17, 1892. A French historical 
 and genre painter. He was a pupil of Blondel and 
 Gros, and won the grand prix de Rome in 1830. His “ Wo- 
 man taken in Aduitery ” was bought for the Luxembourg 
 in 1840. He executed a good deal of work for the Made- 
 leine in Paris and other churches. 
 
 Signorelli (sen-yo-rel'le), Luca di Egidio di 
 Ventura de’. Born at Cortona in 1441 : died 
 there in 1523. An Italian painter. He was the 
 pupil of his uncle, Lazzaro Vasari, and later of Piero della 
 Francesca, who is supposed to have taken him to Rome 
 with him. In 1472 he executed his first independent work, 
 the decoration of tlie Chapel of Santa Barbara in San Lo- 
 renzo at Arezzo, which was followed by other works in that 
 city. As a fresco-painter his career is marked by great 
 works — the decoration of the Sacristy of Loretto, that of 
 the Sistine Chapel at Rome (before 1484), and that of the 
 Chapel of the Virgin at Orvieto. In 1499 he was invited 
 to complete the work begun by Fra Angelico 50 years be- 
 fore at Orvieto, which resulted in the great frescos espe- 
 cially associated with his name. 
 
 Sigourney (sig'er-ni), Mrs. (Lydia Huntly). 
 
 Born at Norwich, Conn., Sept. 1, 1791 : died at 
 Hartford, Conn., June 10, 1865. An American 
 poet and miscellaneous writer. Her works include 
 “ Letters to Young Ladies ” (1833), “Pocahontas, and Other 
 Poems'" (1811), “Pleasant Memories of Pleasant Lands" 
 +(1842). 
 
 Sigsbee (sigs'be), Charles Dwight. Born at 
 Albany, N. Y., Jan. 16, 1845. An American 
 naval officer. He was graduated from the United 
 States Naval Academy in 1863 ; served under Farragut at 
 the battle of Mobile Bay, Aug:. 5, 1864 ; and was promoted 
 commander in 1882, and captain in 1897. He commanded 
 the United States battleship Maine at the time of her de- 
 struction in Havana harbor, Feb. 16, 1898. During the 
 Spanish-Amerioan war he commanded the auxiliary 
 cruiser St. Paul, and was later transferred to the Texas. 
 
 sigtuna (sig-to'na), or Sigtun (sig'ton). A 
 small town on Lake Malar, Sweden, 26 miles 
 north by west of Stockholm : said to be the 
 oldest city of Sweden. 
 
 Sigurd (ze'gord). In the northern Volsunga 
 Saga, the Siegfried of the “ Nibelungenlied.” 
 Sigyn (se'giin). In Norse mythology, the wife 
 of Loki. 
 
 Sihasapa (se-lia'sa-pa). [‘Blackfeet.’] A tribe 
 of North American Indians, commonly called 
 Blackfoot. or Blackfeet. They are to be distinguished 
 from the Blackfeet, or Siksika, who belong to the Algon- 
 quian stock. The Sihasapa are the people of the chief 
 John Grass. 
 
 Sihon (si'hon). In Old Testament history, a 
 ldng of the Amorites, defeated by the Israelites. 
 Sihon. Ana me sometimes given totheSir-Daria. 
 Sihun (se-hon'). A river in Asiatic Turkey 
 which flows into the Mediterranean 28 miles 
 southwest of Adana : the ancient Sams. 
 
 Sikes (silss), Bill. A hard unfeeling thief in 
 Dickens’s “Oliver Twist,” the murderer of 
 Nancy, and the persecutor of Oliver whom 
 Nancy tries to befriend. 
 
 Sikhiin, or Sikkim (sik'im). A native state in 
 northern India. Capital, Tumlung. it is bounded 
 by Tibet on the north, Bhutan on the east, British India 
 on the south, and Nepal on the west, and is comprised 
 within the Himalaya region. The inhabitants are Lepchas 
 or Rong. It is governed by a raja, subsidized by the Brit- 
 ish. It became a British protectorate in 1889-90. Area, 
 2,818 square miles. Population, 69,014. 
 
 Sikhs (seks). [From Hind. Sikh, lit. a ‘disci- 
 ple’: a distinctive name of the disciples of 
 Nanak Shah, who founded the sect.] The mem- 
 bers of a politico-religious community in In- 
 dia, founded near Lahore about 1500 as a sect 
 based on the principles of monotheism and hu- 
 man brotherhood. Under their hereditary theocratic 
 chiefs the Sikhs were organized into a political and mil- 
 itary force, collectively called Ehalsa, ‘ tbe portion " (of 
 God), while every member received the surname of Singh 
 (in Sanskrit sinha, ‘lion ’). This military organization was 
 especially due to Govind Singh. Social inequality was 
 abolished. Of the Hindu usages only the respect paid to 
 cows was retained. Every one was an unbeliever who had 
 not been admitted to the Khalsa by having five of the in- 
 itiated drink with him the sherbet of the Palilul. A Sikh 
 was forbidden to return the salutation of a Hindu, and 
 was bound to kill a Mussulman on meeting him. The holy 
 war was his vocation. The Sikh soldier prayed to his 
 sword. Govind Singh struggled with the Moguls 30 years, 
 and then accepted a command in tlie imperial army. He 
 fell by an Afghan assassin in 1708, appointing no succes- 
 sor and declaring tlie Granth (see Adi-Granth) to be the 
 future guru. After him an ascetic named Banda was the 
 chief of tlie Khalsa. Under him the Sikhs were almost 
 annihilated by the armies of Farrukhshir. Banda himself 
 was captured, compelled for a week to witness the torture 
 of 740 companions(of whom no one winced) and the death 
 of Iris own son, and then tortured to death with red-hot 
 pincers, while he praised God for choosing him to be 
 the instrument of his vengeance. After Banda's death 
 in 1716, the Akalis, ‘the faithful of the Eternal," became 
 the guardians of the sanctuary at Amritsar, where the Adi- 
 Granth was kept. The Gurmata, ‘council of the guru,’ 
 held supreme authority. The political history of the Sikhs 
 
Sikhs 
 
 ended in 1849, when the English, after a violent struggle, 
 annexed the Panjab. The Sikhs have now ceased their 
 religious fanaticism, and are a valuable contingent of the 
 British armies. See Adi Granth and Nanak. 
 
 Sikh Wars. Two wars between the British un- 
 der Sir Hugh Gough and the Sikhs. The Sikhs 
 invaded British territory in Dec., 1845, and were defeated 
 in the battles of Mudki, Ferozshah, Aliwal, and Sobraon. 
 Lahore was taken by the British, and peace was concluded 
 March 9, 1846. The second war began with the massacre 
 of British officers at Multan in April, 1848. A drawn bat- 
 tle at Chillianwalla was followed by a British victory at 
 Gujrat (Feb. 22, 1849), which completely broke the power 
 of the Sikhs, and led to the annexation of the Panjab to 
 British India. 
 
 Sikiang (se-ke-iing'). A river in southern China 
 which rises in Yunnan and flows into the China 
 Sea. Canton and Hong-Kong are in its delta. 
 Sikino (se'ke-no or se-ke'no). An island of the 
 Cyclades, Greece, 19 miles south of Paros: the 
 ancient Sicinos (Gr. Ziiavut;). Length, 9 miles. 
 Sikkim. See > Sikli ini. 
 
 Sikoku. See Shikoku. 
 
 Siksika (sik'sik-a). A confederacy of North 
 American Indians, one of the most important 
 still existing in the Northwest, consisting of 3 
 tribes, the Siksika proper or Blaekfeet, the Kino 
 or Blood, and the Piegan. Their country is in north- 
 ern Montana and the adjacent part of Canada, extending 
 from the Rocky Mountains to the junction of Milk River 
 with the Missouri, and from the Muscle Shell River in Mon- 
 tana to the Belly and South Saskatchewan rivers in Can- 
 ada. Their present number is about 4,600. The Siksika 
 proper and the Kino are chiefly in Canada, and the Piegans 
 at Blackfoot agency, Montana. The name is translated 
 ‘Black feet,’ with several traditional explanations. See 
 Algonquian. 
 
 Sil (sel). A river in northwestern Spain which 
 joins the Minho 9 miles northeast of Orense. 
 Length, about 125 miles. 
 
 Sila (se'lii), or Monte Nero (mon'te na'ro). 
 An extensive wooded region in the Apennines 
 of Calabria, southern Italy, situated east of 
 Cosenza. It rises to the height of 6,200 feet. 
 Length, about 37 miles. 
 
 Silarus (sil'a-rus). The ancient name of the 
 river Sele in southern Italy. Near it, in 71 B. c., 
 Spartaeus was defeated and slain by the Ro- 
 mans under Crassus. 
 
 Silas (si'las), or Silvanus (sil-va'nus). Lived 
 in the 1st century. A Christian missionary, a 
 companion of the apostle Paul. 
 
 Silas Marner (mar'ner), the Weaver of Rave- 
 loe. A novel by George Eliot, published in 
 1861. 
 
 Silberberg (zil'ber-berG). A small town in the 
 province of Silesia, Prussia, situated 42 miles 
 south-southwest of Breslau. It was formerly 
 noted for its silver-mines and for its fortress. 
 Silbury Hill (sil'bu-ri hil). A large barrow 
 near Avebury, in Wiltshire, England. Height, 
 130 feet. 
 
 Silcher (zil'cher), Friedrich. Born at Schnaith, 
 Wiirtemberg, June 27, 1789: died at Tubin- 
 gen, Aug. 26, 1860. A German composer of 
 popular songs, director of music at the Uni- 
 versity of Tubingen from 1817. 
 
 Silchester (sil'ches-ter). A village near Basing- 
 stoke in Hampshire, England, on the site of the 
 ancient Roman town of Calleva. Many remains 
 of antiquity have been discovered here. 
 
 It is a speakingfact that of what must have been one of 
 the greatest Roman cities of Britain we have absolutely no 
 history whatever. Antiquaries are, webelieve, now pretty 
 well agreed that Silchester is the Roman Calleva Atreba- 
 tum — in Gaul the place might have been called Arras and 
 its district Artois — and it is so marked in Dr. Guest's map. 
 But this is merely a geographical and not an historical 
 fact. Calleva is simply a name in the Itineraries; nothing 
 that we ever heard of is recorded to have happened there. 
 
 Freeman, English Towns, p. 159. 
 
 Silence (si'lens). A dull country justice in the 
 second part of Shakspere’s “King Henry IV.” 
 He is the cousin of Shallow, and prides himself oh having 
 “ been merry twice and once ere now." 
 
 Silent Woman, The. See Epiccene. 
 
 Silenus (sl-le'nus). [Gr. 'LuAijvor.'] In Greek 
 mythology, a divinity of Asiatic origin, the fos- 
 ter-father of Bacchus, and leader of the satyrs, 
 but very frequently merely one of a number of 
 kindred attendants in the Dionysiac thiasus. 
 He was represented as a robust full-bearded old man, hairy 
 and with pointed ears, frequently in a state of intoxica- 
 tion, often riding on an ass and carrying a cantharus or 
 other wine-vessel. 
 
 Silenus and Bacchus. A Greco-Roman group 
 in marble, in the Glyptothek, Munich. Silenus, as 
 a strong, bearded man, nude, his head wreathed with ivy, 
 holds the smiling infant in his arms. 
 
 Silenus and Satyrs. A painting by Rubens, 
 in the Old Pinakothek at Munich, silenus reels 
 along, supported by a satyr and a negro and attended by 
 a train of satyrs and bacchantes, who are accompanied 
 by a tiger and two goats. 
 
 Silesia (si-le'shia). [NL. Silesia, F. Silesie, G. 
 
 932 
 
 Sehlesien, a name of Slavic origin, earlier Sleen- 
 sanc, Zlesane , Pol. Zlesaki .] A large region of 
 central Europe, mainly iu the upper basin of the 
 Oder, northeast of the Sudetic Mountains. Its 
 early inhabitants were Slavs. The possession of it was dis- 
 puted between Poland and Bohemia. It became Polish in 
 the 10th century; was separated from Poland in 1163; 
 was divided into various duchies ruled by branches of the 
 Polish dynasty of Piast; gradually became largely Ger- 
 manized ; and was incorporated with Bohemia in 1355. 
 With Bohemia it passed to the house of Hapsburg. It 
 suffered in the Hussite, Thirty Years', Silesian, and Napo- 
 leonic wars. It was conquered by Frederick the Great 
 1741-42, and the larger part of it was ceded by Austria to 
 Prussia in 1742 : the cession was confirmed iu 1763. 
 
 Silesia, or Austrian Silesia. A crownland 
 and titular duchy belonging to the Cisleithan 
 division of Austria-Hungary. Chief town, 
 Troppau. It is bounded by Prussian Silesia on the 
 north, Galicia on the east, Hungary and Moravia on the 
 south, and mainly by Moravia on the west. The surface 
 is largely mountainous, being traversed by branches of 
 the Sudetic and Carpathian mountains. SUesia has min- 
 eral wealth in coal, iron, etc., and flourishing manufac- 
 tures. It sends 15 members to the Reichsrat. The in- 
 habitants are Germans, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, and Mo- 
 ravians. The crownland comprises the part of ancient 
 Silesia not conquered by Prussia. It was united to Mo- 
 ravia until 1849. Area, 1,987 square miles. Population, 
 756,590, (1910). 
 
 Silesia, or Prussian Silesia. A southeastern 
 province of Prussia. Capital, Breslau, it is 
 bounded by Brandenburgon the northwest, Posen and Prus- 
 sian Poland on the northeast, Austrian Silesia, Moravia, 
 and Bohemia on the south, and Bohemia, Saxony, and 
 Prussian Saxony on the west. It comprises most of the 
 ancient duchy of Silesia, Glatz, part of Upper Lusatia, etc. 
 The surface is mountainous and hilly in the southwest and 
 south, and level generally in the north and northeast. It 
 is traversed by the Oder. Prussian Silesia is noted for its 
 mineral wealth, especially for coal, 'iron, and zinc, and is 
 one of the chief manufacturing provinces of the kingdom. 
 Among its leading industries are metal-working and man- 
 ufactures of machinery, linen, cotton, woolen, etc. It 
 contains three government districts: Liegnitz, Breslau, 
 and Oppeln. The majority of the inhabitants are Germans, 
 but there are many Poles and some Czechs, Moravians, 
 and Wends. Area, 15,569 square miles. Population, over 
 4,942,600. 
 
 Silesian (si-le 'shian) Poetical Schools. In 
 
 German literature, two groups of minor poets 
 in the 17th century — one composed of followers 
 of Opitz, the other of followers of Hofmann 
 von Hofmannswaldau. 
 
 Silesian Wars. Three wars waged by Freder- 
 ick the Great of Prussia against Austria for 
 the possession of Silesia, in the first war (1740-42) 
 Prussia was allied with Saxony, Bavaria, and France, and 
 Austria with Great Britain. Frederick invaded Silesia 
 in 1740, and the Prussians were victorious at Mollwitz in 
 1741, and at Chotusitz in 1742. By the peace of Breslau 
 (June, 1742) the greater part of Silesia was ceded to Prus- 
 sia. In the war of 1744^5 Austria was aided by Saxony. 
 Frederick invaded Bohemia and took Prague, but had to 
 fall back into Saxony in 1744. Prussian victories were won 
 at Hohenfriedberg, Sorr, and Kesselsdorf in 1745. The pos- 
 session of Silesia by Prussia was confirmed by the peace of 
 Dresden, Dec. 25, 1745. The third of the Silesian wars is 
 the Seven Years’ War (which see). 
 
 Silesius, Angelus. See Angelus Silesius. 
 
 Silistria (si-lis'tri-a). A town in Bulgaria, sit- 
 uated on the Danube in lat. 44° 7' N., long. 27° 
 16' E. : the ancient Durostorus or Durostorum. 
 Silistria and its vicinity have been the field of many mili- 
 tary operations, especially between theRussians and Turks. 
 It was attacked by the Russians in 1773 ; taken by them 
 in 1810 ; besieged by them in 1828 ; besieged and taken in 
 1829; unsuccessfully besieged inlS54 ; and occupied by them 
 in 1878. The fortifications were razed in 1878. Popula- 
 tion, 12,055. 
 
 Silkworm (silk'werm), Sir Diaphanous. A 
 
 courtier “of a most elegaut thread,” in Jon- 
 son’s comedy “ The Magnetick Lady.” 
 
 Sill (sil), Edward Rowland. Born at Windsor, 
 Conn., 1841: died at Cleveland, Ohio, Feb. 27, 
 1887. An American poet. He graduated at Yale 
 in 1861, and was professor of the English language and 
 literature in the University of California 1874-82. Among 
 his works are “The Venus of Milo, etc.” (1883), and 
 “Poems” (1887). 
 
 Sillery (sel-re'). A village in the department 
 of Marne, France, on the Vesle 6 miles south- 
 east of Rheims : celebrated for its champagne. 
 
 Silliman (sil'i-man), Benjamin. Born at North 
 Stratford (Trumbull), Conn., Aug. 8, 1779: died 
 at New Haven, Conn., Nov. 24, 1864. ' A noted 
 American chemist, geologist, and physicist. 
 He graduated at Yale College in 1796 ; w r as appointed tutor 
 there in 1799, and professor in 1802 ; and became professor 
 emeritus in 1853. He founded the “American Journal 
 of Science ” in 1818, and was long its editor. He published 
 “Elements of Chemistry” (2 vols. 1830), “Travels in Eng- 
 land, etc.” (1810), “ Narrative of a Visit to Europe " (1853), 
 etc. ; and edited Henry’s “Chemistry "(1808-14) and Bake- 
 well’s “Introduction to Geology" (1829-). 
 
 Silliman, Benjamin. Born at New Haven, 
 Conn., Dec. 4, 1816: died there, June 14, 1885. 
 An American chemist, son of Benjamin Silli- 
 man. He graduated at Yale in 1837 ; became professor 
 In the scientific school (afterward the Sheffield Scientific 
 School) in 1846 ; was professor at Louisville 1849-54 : and 
 was again professor at Yale 1854-85. He became associate 
 
 Silves 
 
 editor of the “ American Journal of Science ’’ in 1838, and 
 associate proprietor in 1846. His scientific articles in- 
 clude about 100 titles, published 1841-74. In 1869 he was 
 made one of the State chemists of Connecticut. He pub- 
 lished “First Principles of Chemistry ”(1847), “Principles 
 of Physics, etc.” (1859), and “American Contributions to 
 Chemistry.” He edited, with C. G. Goodrich, “The World 
 of Science, Art, and Industry” (1853), and “Progress of 
 Science and Mechanism ” (1854), which recorded the chief 
 results of the VVorld's Fair (New York, 1853). 
 
 Silliman, Mount. A peak of the Sierra Ne- 
 vada, in the northern part of Tulare County, 
 California. 
 
 Silly Billy (sil'i bil'i). A nickname of Wil- 
 liam IV., king of Great Britain. 
 
 Siloam (si-16'am), or Siloah (si-16'a). [Heb. 
 Shiloach, sending.] A pool at the southeast 
 end of Jerusalem (Neh. iii. 15, “by the king’s 
 garden”), fed by the waters of a spring of the 
 Gihon (the modern Virgin’s Fount), which were 
 conducted to it through a tunnel. It consisted of 
 several artificial channels and basins which supplied Jeru- 
 salem with water. The pool of Siloam which is still in 
 existence formerly had an outlet in the southeast called 
 the “lower pond,” and is now called Birket-el-Hambra (‘red 
 pond ’). Another part of the former water- reservoir is now 
 occupied by gardens. The Virgin’s Fount is intermittent. 
 In 1880 the oldest Hebrew inscription known was dis- 
 covered in the rocky aqueduct. It gives the length of the 
 channel, and, among other details, mentions that the work- 
 men began the boring from both ends. The Arabs called 
 Siloam .1 in Silwan. 
 
 Hardly less interesting has been the discovery of the 
 inscription of Siloam, which reveals to us the very char- 
 acters used by the Jews in the time of Isaiah, perhaps 
 even in the time of Solomon himself. The discovery has 
 cast a flood of light on the early topography of Jerusalem, 
 and has made it clear as the daylight that the Jews of the 
 royal period were not the rude and barbarous people it 
 has been the fashion of an unbelieving criticism to as- 
 sume, but a cultured and literary population. 
 
 Sayce, Anc. Monuments, p. 5. 
 
 Sils (zils). The name of several villages in the 
 canton of Grisons, Switzerland. Sils in the Upper 
 Engadine is situated 8 miles southwest of Pontresina. 
 Near it is Silser See, formed by the Inn, 44 miles long. 
 Silsilis (sil'si-lis). In ancient geography, a 
 place on the Nile, near Edfu : the modern Sil- 
 sili. It is remarkable for its sandstone-quarries. 
 Silures (sil'u-rez). In ancient history, a people 
 dwelling in the western part of Great Britain, 
 mainly in what is now South Wales, at the pe- 
 riods of the Roman and Anglo-Saxon conquests. 
 Silurist (si-lu'rist), The. A name given to 
 Henry Vaughan, from his birth in Wales. 
 Silva (sel'va), Antonio Jos6 da. Bom at Rio 
 de Janeiro, May 8, 1705 : died at Lisbon, Oct. 
 13, 1739. A Portuguese dramatist. His comedies 
 are among the finest in the Portuguese language. Silva was 
 twice imprisoned by the Inquisition on the charge of 
 “Judaism.” The last incarceration was in 1738, and ended 
 in his being burned with his wife and aged mother. 
 
 Silva, Innocencio Francisco da. Born at Lis- 
 bon, Sept. 28, 1810: died there, June 28, 1876. A 
 Portuguese bibliographer. He labored under great 
 disadvantages, being poor and forced to spend much of his 
 time in the subordinate government positions which he 
 was able to obtain. His principal work is the “Dicciona- 
 rio bibliographico portuguez ” (7 vols. 1858-62, and unfin- 
 ished supplement, 2 vols. 1867-70). It is the most com- 
 plete bibliography of Portuguese (including Brazilian) 
 literature, containing 19,328 titles, with biographical notes 
 on the authors. 
 
 Silva Alvarenga. See Alvarenga. 
 
 Silva Marciana. See Abnoba. 
 
 Silvana (sil-va'na), or Silvana das Wald- 
 madchen. An opera by Weber, produced at 
 Frankfort in 1810. 
 
 Silvanus, or Sylvanus (sil-va'nus). In Italian 
 mythology, a god, protector of woods, fields, 
 herds, etc. 
 
 Silva Paranhos (sel'va pii-ran'yos), Jose Ma- 
 ria da. Born in Bahia, March 16, 1819: died at 
 Rio de Janeiro, Nov. 1, 1880. A Brazilian diplo- 
 matist and statesman, viscount of Rio Branco 
 from 1870. He was senator from 1862, several times 
 cabinet minister, and premier 1871-73. During the latter 
 period he proposed and carried through parliament the 
 law of Sept. 28, 1871, by whicli children born of slave pa- 
 rents were declared free under certain conditions, and a 
 fund was provided for manumissions. This is often called 
 “the Rio Branco law”: it prepared the way for the final 
 extinction of slavery. 
 
 Silver-Fork School. Ill English fiction, a nick- 
 name given to a group of novelists (Theodore 
 Hook, Mrs. Trollope, Lady Blessington, etc.) 
 who laid great stress on matters of etiquette. 
 Silver Grays. The bolting Whigs, led by Fran- 
 cis Granger, who left the New York conven- 
 tion of 1848 : so called from the fact that several 
 of them were gray-haired men. 
 
 Silver (sil'ver) Mountain. Apeak of the Sierra 
 Nevada in Alpine County, California. 
 
 Silves (sel'ves). A town in the province of Al- 
 garve, southern Portugal, 112 miles south-south- 
 east of Lisbon. The cathedral is a fine Romanesque 
 building with some Pointed arches and windows, and 
 
• Silves 
 
 other later features. The castle is of Moorish foundation, 
 with a fine cistern and six main towers : in front of the 
 walls there are detached towers : communicating with the 
 fortress by stone bridges, as is the great tower of Bellver, 
 near Palma. The city walls are Moorish, well preserved, 
 and picturesque. Several of the gates are noteworthy : 
 one, of great size, has three large arches opening on diverg- 
 ing streets. Population, 9,687. 
 
 Silvester, or Sylvester (sil-ves'ter), I. [L., 
 
 ‘ of the woods,’ F. Silvestre, Pg. Sylvestre, G. Sil- 
 vester.] Bishop of Rome 314-335. Little is known 
 concerning his pontificate. The story which connects 
 his name with the baptism of Constantine the Great is pure 
 fiction (see Donation of Cotistantine). 
 
 Silvester II., originally Gerbert. Died May 12, 
 1003. Pope 999-1003. He was a native of Aquitania, 
 and before his accession became famous under his Chris- 
 tian name of Gerbert, first as an educator and afterward 
 as archbishop successively of Rheims and Ravenna. 
 Silvester III. Pope or antipope 1044. He was 
 elevated on the expulsion from Rome of Boniface IX. in 
 1044, but was in turn expelled some months later. He was 
 deprived of his priesthood by the Council of Sestri in 1046, 
 and was confined in a monastery. 
 
 Silvestre, or Sylvestre (sil-vastr '), Israel. 
 
 Bom at Nancy, 1621: died in 1691. An eminent 
 French engraver. The Silvestres were a large family 
 of painters and engravers of which Israel was the most 
 important member. He formed his style on Delle Bella 
 and Callot. He was discovered by Louis XIV., for whom 
 he engraved his plates of the royal monuments and fes- 
 tivals. He was a member of the Academy, and visited 
 Italy twice. His plates number more than 1,000. 
 
 Silvestre de Sacy. See Sacy. 
 
 Silvia, or Sylvia (sil'vi-a). 1. In Shakspere’s 
 “ Two Gentlemen of Verona,” the daughter of 
 the Duke of Milan, loved by Valentine : “.the au- 
 burn-haired Silvia, rash and reckless.” — 2. The 
 principal female character in Farquhar’s com- 
 edy “The Recruiting Officer.” she is the daughter 
 of Baliance, and in love with Captain Plume. She disguises 
 herself as a rakish soldier and serves in his company, and 
 is one of the most sparkling and witty characters of com- 
 edy. This was a favorite character with the actresses of 
 the 18th century. 
 
 3. The forsaken mistress of Vainlove in Con- 
 greve’s “Old Bachelor.” 
 
 Silvius (sil'vj-us). A shepherd in Shakspere’s 
 “As you Like it.” 
 
 Silvretta (sil-vret'ta), or Selvretta (sel-vret'- 
 ta). A group of the Rhastian Alps, situated in 
 the eastern part of the canton of Grisons, Swit- 
 zerland, north of the Inn, and on the borders of 
 Tyrol and Vorarlberg, about 25-30 miles east of 
 Coire. Highest summit, Piz Linard (11,207 feet). 
 Simabara (se-ma-ba'ra), Gulf of. An arm of 
 the Pacific Ocean, on the western coast of the 
 island of Kiusiu, Japan. 
 
 Simancas (se-man'kas). A small town in the 
 province of Valladolid, Spain, situated on the 
 Pisuerga 7 miles southwest of Valladolid. The 
 castle is a moated and battlemented fortress, formerly a 
 seat of the admirals of Castile. From the time of Charles 
 V. it has been the place of deposit of the national archives 
 of Spain. 
 
 Simancas, Archives of. A collection of docu- 
 ments relating to Spain and its colonies, formed 
 at Simancas by order of Charles V. (1543). it 
 was reorganized by Philip II. in 1567. In 1788 many im- 
 portant papers relating to the colonies were sent to 
 Seville; many others disappeared during the Napoleonic 
 wars ; and the collection, once very large, is now com- 
 paratively unimportant. It is kept in the old castle (see 
 above). 
 
 Simbirsk fsim-bersk'). 1. A government of 
 eastern Russia. It lies west of the Volga, and is sur- 
 rounded by the governments of Kazan, Samara, Saratoff, 
 Penza, and Nijni-Novgorod. Area, 19,110 Bquare miles. 
 Population, 1,863,300. 
 
 2. The capital of the government of Simbirsk, 
 situated on the Volga and the Sviyaga, about 
 lat. 54° 25' N. It has an important fair. 
 Population, 43,300. 
 
 Simcoe (sim'ko). [Named from J. G. Simcoe.] 
 The capital of Norfolk County, Ontario, Can- 
 ada, situated on the river Lynn 37 miles south- 
 west of Hamilton. Population, 2,627. 
 
 Simcoe, John Graves. Born at, Cotterstock, 
 Northamptonshire, Feb. 25, 1752 : died at Tor- 
 bay, England, Oct. 26, 1806. A British com- 
 mander in the American Revolution, and later 
 colonial governor in upper Canada. 
 
 Simcoe, Lake. A lake in Ontario, Canada, 37 
 miles north of Toronto. Its outlet is into Geor- 
 gian Bay, Lake Huron. Length, about 30 miles. 
 Simeon (sim'e-on). [Heb. Sim'dn; F. Simeon, 
 Simon, It. Simone, Sp. Simon, Pg. Simao, Si- 
 mecCo, G. Simeon, Simon.] 1. One of the patri- 
 archs, a son of Jacob and Leah. — 2. One of 
 the tribe3 of the Israelites, descended from the 
 patriarch Simeon. It occupied the extreme 
 southwestern part of Palestine. 
 
 Simeon, or Symeon, of Durham. Died about 
 1130. An English historian, author of a history 
 of the church of Durham, and of a history of the 
 
 933 
 
 kings of Northumbria. His works were edited 
 by Hinde (1868) and by T. Arnold (1882-85). 
 Simeoni (se-ma-6'ne), Giovanni. Born at Pa- 
 liano, July 23, 1816 : died at Rome, Jan. 14, 1892. 
 A noted Italian ecclesiastic and statesman. He 
 became secretary to the Congregation of the Propaganda 
 in 1808 ; was made a cardinal in 1875 ; was secretary of state 
 under Pius IX. 1876-78 ; and became prefect of the Propa- 
 ganda on the accession of Leo XIII. 
 
 Simeon Stylites (sim'e-on sti-li'tez). [Gr. otv- 
 Xirry;, of the pillar.] Born at Sisan, Syria : died 
 459. A Syrian ascetic who passed the last 30 
 years of his life on a pillar near Antioch. He 
 was the first and most notable of the stylites 
 (pillar-saints). 
 
 Simferopol (sim-fer-o'poly). The capital of the 
 government of Taurida, Russia, situated in the 
 Crimea, on the Salghir, in lat. 44° 58' N., long. 
 34° 6' E. It was formerly a Tatar seat of government, 
 and has been the capital of Taurida since 1784. Popula- 
 tion, 49,378. 
 
 Simkin. A nickname for Simeon. 
 
 Simla (sim'la). 1. A district in the northern 
 part of British India, about lat. 31° 7' N., long. 
 77° 7' E. Area, 101 square miles. Population, 
 40,351. — 2. The capital of the district of Simla, 
 situated about 7,000 feet above sea-level, it is 
 noted as a sanatorium, and as the residence of many offi- 
 cials (including the viceroy) during the hot season. Popu- 
 lation, 13,960 (winter enumeration). 
 
 Simme (zim'me), Greater or Great. A small 
 river in the canton of Bern, Switzerland, which 
 joins the Kander (tributary of the Aare) 5 miles 
 south of Thun. 
 
 Simmenthal (zim'men-tal), popularly Sieben- 
 thal (ze'ben-tal). An AJpine valley in the 
 southwestern part of the canton of Bern, Swit- 
 zerland, traversed by the Great Simme. 
 Simmering (sim'mer-ing). A southeastern sub- 
 urb of Vienna. 
 
 Simms (simz), William Gilmore. Born at 
 Charleston, S. C., April 17, 1806: died there, 
 June 11, 1870. An American novelist, historian, 
 and poet. He wrote many novels, largely on Southern 
 life, and many of them historical (Revolutionary and colo- 
 nial epoch) and frontier romances. These include “ The 
 Yemassee” (1835), “ Carl Werner " (1838), “ Pelayo” (183&), 
 “The Kinsman " (later called “The Scout,” 1841), “The 
 Partisan” (1835), and "Count Julian ”(1845). His best- 
 known poem is “Atalantis: a Drama of the Sea” (1832). His 
 historical works include "A History of South Carolina" 
 (1840), “South Carolina in the Revolution” (1854), lives of 
 Marion, Greene, etc. 
 
 Simnel (sim'nel), Lambert. Born about 1475. 
 A pretender to the throne of England, person- 
 ating the Earl of W arwick. His adherents were 
 defeated by Henry VII. at Stoke in 1487. 
 
 Lambert Simnel, with his tutor, Simon the priest, fell 
 into the king’s hands, who spared their lives, and appointed 
 the former to the office of turnspit, being eventually pro- 
 moted to that of falconer, and as guardian of the king’s 
 hawks he lived and died. 
 
 Laivless, Story of Ireland, p. 135. 
 
 Simois (sim'o-is). [Gr. Zi/ideie.] In ancient 
 geography, a small river in the Troad, Asia 
 Minor, often mentioned in the Iliad. 
 
 Simon. [F. Simon, Sp. Simon, Pg. Simao, It. 
 Simone, LL. Simon, Gr. H/juv, prop, a Gr. name, 
 lit. ‘flat-nosed,’ but in part also an accommoda- 
 tion of the different Heb. name Shimon, Simeon. 
 See Simeon.] See Peter. 
 
 Simon (si'mon). A brother or relative of Jesus : 
 often identified with Simon the Canaanite. 
 Simon. A tanner of Joppa at whose house St. 
 Peter resided. 
 
 Simon, surnamed MagUS (‘the Magician’). A 
 sorcerer of Samaria, represented in Acts viii. as 
 having been converted by Philip, and as seeking 
 to purchase miraculous powers with money. In 
 later accounts he is represented as the founder of a hereti- 
 cal sect. The legend of Doctor Faustus contains traces of 
 the legends of Simon and Helena, his companion. 
 
 Simon probably was one of that class of adventurers 
 which abounded at this period, or like Apollonius of Ty- 
 ana and others at a later time, with whom the opponents 
 of Christianity attempted to confound Jesus and his apos- 
 tles. His doctrine was Oriental in its language and in its 
 pretensions. He was the first ZEon or Emanation , or rather 
 perhaps the first manifestation, of the primal Deity. He 
 assumed not merely the title of the Great Power or Virtue 
 of God, but all the other appellations — the Word, the Per- 
 fection, the Paraclete, the Almighty — the whole combined 
 attributes of the Deity. He had a companion, Helena, ac- 
 cording to the statement of his enemies a beautiful pros- 
 titute, whom he found at Tyre, who became in like man- 
 ner the first conception (the Ennoea) of the Deity ; but who, 
 by her conjunction with matter, had been enslaved to its 
 malignant influence, and, having fallen under the power 
 of evil angels, had been in a constant state of transmigra- 
 tion, and, among other mortal bodies, had occupied that 
 of the famous Helen of Troy. 
 
 Milman , Hist, of Christianity, II. 61. 
 
 Simon. The mayor of C^ueenborougli iu Middle- 
 ton’s play of that name. 
 
 Simple Cobbler of Agawam, Tbe 
 
 The comic figure is the tanner Simon, the mayor of 
 Queenborough, who is cozened by a company of pretended 
 comedians while looking on at what he takes to be a play. 
 
 Ward. 
 
 Simon the Canaanite, or Simon Zelotes (ze- 
 lo'tez). [Gr. an emulator.] One of the 
 
 apostles, often identified with Simon the relative 
 of Jesus. 
 
 Simon (se-mon'). A novel by George Sand, pub- 
 lished in 1836. 
 
 Simon bar Giora. One of the heroes and leaders 
 of the Zealot party during the Judeo-Roman 
 war. He was a man of iron will, stern character, and 
 reckless boldness. After the fall of Jerusalem he surren- 
 dered to the Romans, and, after appearing in the triumph 
 of Titus, was hurled from the Tarpeian Rock in Rome. 
 Simon ben Shetach. Brother-in-law of Alex- 
 ander Jamneus, and president of the Sanhe- 
 drim. In conjunction with Judah ben Tabbai, he intro- 
 duced many reforms, promoted instruction, and restored 
 law and order, which had been disturbed through the ar- 
 bitrariness and tyranny of his brother-in-law. They were 
 therefore honored with the title "restorers of the law.” 
 
 Simon de Montfort. See Montfort. 
 
 Simon (se-moh'), Jules (in full Jules Fran- 
 *Qois Simon Suisse). Born at Lorient, Morbi- 
 han, France, Dec. 31, 1814 : died at Paris, June 
 8, 1896. A distinguished French statesman, 
 philosopher, and publicist : professor at the Sor- 
 bonne. He was a republican member of the Assembly 
 1848-50 ; was removed from his professorship in 1851 ; was 
 a leading opposition member of the Corps L^gislatif 1863- 
 1870 ; was member of the government of national defense 
 and minister of public instruction 1870-71 and 1871-73 ; was 
 chosen senator and member of the French Academy in 1875 ; 
 and was premier 1876-77. Among his works are “ Histoire 
 de ldeole d Alexandrie ” (1844-45), “Le devoir” (1854), 
 “La, liberty de conscience ” (1859), “ L’Ouvriere ’’ (1863), 
 “ L’Ecole ” (1864), “ Le travail ” (1866), etc. 
 
 Simon (se-mon'), Pedro Antonio. Bom at La 
 
 Parrilla, Spain, in 1574: died in New Granada 
 after 1627. A Franciscan missionary and his- 
 torian. He went to New Granada in 1604, and began to 
 write a history of the conquest in 1623, when he was pro- 
 vincial of his order. Only the first part, relating mainly 
 to Venezuela, was published (1627), and it is now very rare. 
 Two other parts are known in manuscript. The work is 
 of great value. 
 
 Simon (se-moh'), Richard. Born at Dieppe, 
 France, May 13, 1638: died there, April 11, 1712. 
 A French biblical critic, a member of the Con- 
 gregation of the Oratory. His chief works are “His- 
 toire critique du Vieux Testament” (“Critical History of 
 the Old Testament, ” printed in France, but suppressed; 
 published in Holland in 1685), “Histoire critique du texte 
 du Nouveau Testament” (1689), “Histoire critique des 
 versions du Nouveau Testament" (1690), and “Histoire 
 critique des principaux commentateurs du Nouveau Tes- 
 tament" (1693). 
 
 Simonides (si-mon'i-dez), or Semonides (se- 
 mon'i-dez), of AmorgOS. [Gr. ~2.ifiuvt6yg.] Bora 
 in Samos : lived about 660 b. c. A famous Greek 
 iambic poet. Fragments of his poems have been 
 preserved (Bergk’s “Poetse lyrici Grseci”). 
 
 The next poet of this period is Simonides, or, as some 
 call him, Semonides, son of Krines, of Samos, who led a 
 colony to the island of Amorgos, after which the poet is 
 called, to distinguish him from the later Simonides of 
 Keos. Here he dwelt in the town of Minoa. The chro- 
 nologists place him about 01. 29 or 30 (660 B. c.), and make 
 him contemporary with, if not later than, Archilochus. 
 Though chiefly celebrated as one of the earliest iambic 
 poets, he wrote the “ Archaeology of Samos,” in two books 
 of elegiacs, of which no trace now remains. About forty 
 fragments of his iambic verse are to be found in Bergk’s col- 
 lection, but only two of them are of any importance. One 
 (25 lines) reflects on the restlessness and trouble of life, 
 and recommends equanimity in a spirit of sad wisdom. 
 The other (120 lines) is the famous satire on women, com- 
 paring them to sundry animals, owing to their having been 
 created of these respective natures. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., L 161. 
 Simonides of Ceos. Born at Iulis, island of 
 Ceos, Greece, 556 b. c.: died at Syracuse about 
 469-467 B. C. A noted Greek poet. He lived in 
 Athens, Thessaly, Syracuse, and elsewhere, and wrote epi- 
 grams, lvrics, threnodies, etc. 
 
 Simon Maccabseus. See Maccabees. 
 Simonoseki. See Shimonoseki. 
 
 Simon’s Town (si'monz toun). A small sea- 
 port in Cape Colony, South Africa, situated on 
 False Bay 18 miles south of Cape Town. 
 Simony (si'mo-ni), Dr. A character ill Foote’s 
 play “ The Cozeners,” supposed to be intended 
 for Dr. Dodd who was afterward executed 
 (though for forgery, not for simony). 
 
 Simon Zelotes. See Simon the Canaanite. 
 Simpcox (sim'koks). An impostor in the sec- 
 ond part of Shakspere’s “King Henry VI.” 
 Simple (sim'pl). A servant of Slender: achar- 
 acterin Shakspere’s “Merry Wivesof Windsor.” 
 Simple, Peter. The hero of a novel of tho same 
 name by Marryat, published in 1837. 
 
 Simple Cobbler of Agawam, The. A satire 
 by Nathaniel Ward, published in 1647. Though 
 written in America, it was sent or taken to England by 
 the author, and published there under the pseudonym of 
 Thbodore de la Guard. 
 
Simplicius 
 
 Simplicius (sim-plish'i-us). Bishop of Rome 
 468-183. 
 
 Simplicius. Born in Cilicia: lived in the first 
 half of the 6th century a. d. A Greek Neopla- 
 tonist. He lived in Persia about 532-533. He wrote com- 
 mentaries on Aristotle and Epictetus. 
 
 Simplon (san-plon'), It- Sempione (sem-pe- 
 o'ne). One of the chief passes over the Alps, 
 situated on the border of northern Italy and the 
 canton of Valais, Switzerland. Through it runs 
 one of the chief roads over the Alps, built by Napoleon 
 1800-06. It leads from Brieg, in the valley of the Rhone, to 
 Domo d’Ossola, in the valley of the Toce (a subtributary 
 of the Po). Height of summit ot pass, about 6,590 feet. 
 
 Simplon Railway. A railway projected in 
 1889, runningfromBrieg, Switzerland, to Iselle, 
 Italy, through a tunnel in the Simplon Moun- 
 tain. The money was furnished by the Jura-Simplon 
 Company (Swiss) and the Italian and Swiss governments. 
 Work on the tunnel was begun in 1898 and the first trains 
 were run through it in 1905. The length of the tunnel is 
 about 12^ miles, the altitude about 2,300 feet. 
 
 Simpson (simp'son), Edward. Born at New 
 York, March 3, 1824 : died at Washington, D. C., 
 Dec. 2, 1888. An American rear-admiral. He 
 
 served in the Mexican and Civil wars, and was appointed 
 rear-admiral in 1884. He wrote “Ordnance aud is' aval 
 Gunnery " (1862), etc. 
 
 Simpson, Sir James Young. Born at Bathgate, 
 Scotland, June 7, 1811: died May 6, 1870. A 
 Scottish physician, professor of medicine at 
 Edinburgh University from 1839 : noted for his 
 introduction of chloroform and of other anes- 
 thetics, especially in midwifery. He was created 
 a baronet in 1866. Among his works are “Obstetric Mem- 
 oirs and Contributions” (1855-56), “ Acupressure ” (1864), 
 “ Homoeopathy,” etc. 
 
 Simpson, Matthew. Born at Cadiz, Ohio, June 
 20,1810: died at Philadelphia, June 18, 1884. An 
 American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church. He was president of Indiana Asbury University 
 (Greencastle, Indiana) 1839-48, and was elected bishop in 
 1852. He was distinguished as a pulpit orator. He pub- 
 lished “One Hundred Years of Methodism ” (1876),“ Cyclo- 
 pedia of Methodism ” (1878), etc. 
 
 Simpson, Thomas. Born at Market Boswortk, 
 England, Aug. 20, 1710 : died there, May 14, 1761. 
 An English mathematician. He wrote “ Ele- 
 ments of Plane Geometry ” ( 1747), ‘ ‘ Miscellane- 
 ous Tracts” (1757), etc. 
 
 Simpson, Thomas. Born 1808: died 1840. A 
 British explorer. He conducted an expedition to the 
 Mackenzie Valley and the arctic coast of British America 
 1836-39. “Life and Travels" by his brother Alexander 
 Simpson (1845). 
 
 Simrock (zim'rok), Karl. Born at Bonn, Prus- 
 sia. Aug. 28, 1802 : died there, July 18, 1876. A 
 German poet, translator, and miscellaneous 
 writer, professor of Old German literature at 
 Bonn from 1850. His chief original poem is “ Wieland 
 der Schmied ” (1835). His other works include transla- 
 tions of the “ Nilielungenlied ” (1827), “Der arrae Hein- 
 rich " “ Parzival.” “Titurel," “Tristan," and other Middle 
 High German works, and of the “Edda”(1851), “Beowulf,” 
 “ Heliand,” and shakspere’s poems and dramas, in part. 
 He also published “ Heldenbuch ” (1843-49), “ Handbuch 
 der deutschen Mytliologie ” (1853-55), “Deutsche Volks- 
 bucher ” (1889-67), “Lauda Sion ”(1850), “Deutsche Sion- 
 sharfe" (1857', “Quellen des Shakspere” (with collabora- 
 tors. 1831), “Rheinland,” etc. 
 
 Sims (simz), James Marion. Born in Lancas- 
 ter County, S. C., Jan. 25, 1813: died in New 
 York city, Nov. 13, 1883. An American surgeon, 
 noted for his development of the science of 
 gynecology. He invented the silver suture and various 
 medical instruments. He was the organizer of the Woman’s 
 Hospital of the State of New York, and in 1870 of the 
 Anglo-American Ambulance Corps in the Franco-German 
 war. 
 
 Simurgh (se-morgk'). [From si, thirty, and 
 murgli, bird (as having the size of thirty birds).] 
 In the Shahnamah, the huge bird that cared for 
 and reared the infant Zal when, in consequence 
 of his white hair, he had been exposed by his 
 father Sam near Mount Alburz. 
 
 The child remained thus in this place one day and one 
 night without shelter. Sometimes he sucked liis thumb, 
 sometimeshe uttered cries. The little ones of the Simurgh 
 being hungry the mighty bird rose from his nest into the air. 
 He saw a child who needed milk and was crying, he saw 
 the earth that seemed like asurging sea. Thorns formed the 
 cradle of the child, his nurse was the earth, his body was 
 naked, his mouth devoid of milk. Around him was the soil 
 black and burned, above the sun that had become fiery hot. 
 Oh, why were hisfather and his mothernot tigers? He would 
 then perhaps have found a shelter against the sun. God 
 gave to Simurgh an impulse of pity, so that the bird did 
 not think of devouring that child. He came down from 
 the clouds, took him in his talons, and carried him from 
 the burning rock. He bore him swiftly to Mount Alburz, 
 where was the nest of his family. He bore him to liis little 
 ones that they might see him, and that his mournful voice 
 might prevent them from devouring him, for God granted 
 him his favors, since he was predestined to enjoy life. The 
 Simurgh and his little ones looked at this child, whose 
 blood was streaming from his two eyes. They surrounded 
 him with marvellous tenderness, they were astonished at 
 the beauty of his countenance. The Simurgh chose the 
 tendereet venison, that his little guest, who had no milk, 
 
 934 
 
 might suck blood. So a long time passed during which 
 the child remained hidden in this place. When the child 
 had grown, a long time still passed upon this mountain. 
 He became a man like a lofty cypress, his breast was like 
 a hill of silver, his stature like a reed. 
 
 Shahnamah , Reign of Minuchihr. 
 
 Simusir ( se-mo-ser' ) . One of the Kurile Islands, 
 situated in lat. 47° 3' N., long. 151° 53' E. 
 
 Sin (sin). The Assyro-Babylonian moon-god. He 
 ranks before Shamash, the sun-god. His wife is Nin-gal, 
 
 ‘ the great lady. ’ The oldest and chief seat of his worship 
 was in Ur, and next to this in Harran. 
 
 Sin, Wilderness of. A desert in the western 
 part of the Sinaitic peninsula, noted in the 
 wanderings of the Israelites. 
 
 Sinae (si'ne). An ancient name of a people in 
 eastern Asia (the Chinese or Cochin-Chinese). 
 Sinai (si'na or si'ni). [From Sin, the Babylo- 
 nian moon-god (?).] The main mountain group 
 of the Sinaitic peninsula ; the mountain (called 
 also Horeb) near which the Israelites encamped 
 and whence the law was given to Moses. Th^ 
 identity of the latter is not certain. See Sina- 
 itic Peninsula. 
 
 Sinai, Convent of, or of St. Catherine. A 
 
 convent on Mount Sinai, consisting of a laby- 
 rinth of buildings and courts inclosed by a 
 fortified wall measuring about 209 by 235 feet. 
 The chief interest is in the great Byzantine church, built 
 in the reign of Justinian, but often altered since. It has 
 narthex, nave, and aisles divided by granite columns, and 
 semi-domed apse with superb mosaics, on gold ground, of 
 the Transfiguration and other subjects. The iconostasis 
 is richly sculptured, and adorned with curious Russian 
 icons. See Sinaitic Peninsula. 
 
 Sinaitic (si-na-it'ik) Peninsula. A peninsula 
 situated between the Gulf of Suez and the 
 Gulf of Akaba. In the north of the peninsula is 
 the desert Paran (modern et-Tih), a desolate limestone 
 plateau, bounded on the south by the Jebel-et-Tih (4,000 
 feet high). This is joined in the south by a tract of low 
 sandstone mountains, ravines, and valleys rich in minerals 
 which had been worked as early as 3000 B. C. Then rises 
 the barren, rugged, and majestic triangle of the Sinai 
 Mountain, the Jebel-et-Tur or Tur-Sinai, formed of masses 
 of granite rock and gneiss, intermingled with diorites and 
 porphyries. In this mountain-chain are to be distin- 
 guished the following groups : in the northwest is the 
 Jebel-Serbal (6,731 feet high), overhanging the coast plain 
 el-Koah and the Wady Feiran, the most fertile spot of 
 the peninsula. From here through the Wady esh-Sheikh 
 in the southeast appears the Jehel-Musa (‘mountain of 
 Moses ’), or Sinai proper, which embraces the Jebel Musa 
 itself (7,862 feet high, and in the south the highest point 
 of the peninsula) and the Jebel Katherin (‘ mountain of St. 
 Catherine’) (8,538 feet high). In the southwest rises the 
 third and last group, the Jebel Um-Shomar (‘the watch or 
 guard ’) (over 8,000 feet high), in the neighborhood of el- 
 lioah. The Jebel -Musais generally thought tobe the moun- 
 tain of the law (Lepsius and Ebers claim the distinction for 
 tlie Serbal), and the plain er-Rahah, north of the Musa 
 group, to be the valley in which the Israelites camped dur- 
 ing their sojourn at Sinai. The Wady er-Rahah is joined in 
 a right angle from the northeast by the Wady ed-Deir, while 
 to the southeast of the Musa stretches the high plateau 
 Wady es-Sebaiyeh. The western ridge of the Musa is the 
 Jebel el-Humr (‘ the red mountain ’), from which the St. 
 Catherine Mountain in the south rises ; the eastern ridge 
 is the Jebel ed-Deir (‘ mountain of the monastery ’). In the 
 Wady Shurib, or Jethro valley, between the Musa and ed- 
 Deir, the monastery of St. Catherine is situated, with its 
 beautiful gardens. Tradition attributes its foundation to 
 the emperor Justinian (527-565), and it was originally ded- 
 icated to the remembrance of the Transfiguration. Its 
 present name was obtained when the relics of St. Cath- 
 erine were transferred thither. The monastery contains 
 at present only 20-30 monks instead of the 309-400 of for- 
 mer times. It became celebrated in recent years by the 
 discovery of the Codex Sinaiticus (theGreek version of the 
 Old Testament and theGreek New Testament), made in it 
 by Tischendorf in 1844. The Sinaitic peninsula is, as a 
 whole, barren. The mountains are naked, and the valleys 
 are dry river-beds. There are, however, exceptions, as the 
 lovely Wady Feiran and other oases. The present popu- 
 lation of the peninsula consists of about 6,000 Bedouins. 
 
 Sinaloa, or Cinaloa (se-na-16'a). 1. A state 
 of Mexico, bounded by Sonora on the north- 
 west, Chihuahua and Durango on the northeast, 
 Jalisco on the southeast, and the Pacific and 
 the Gulf of California on the southwest. The chief 
 occupations are agriculture and mining. Capital, Culi- 
 acan ; chief port, Mazatlan. Area, 33,671 square miles. 
 Population, 323,499, (1910). 
 
 2. A small town, formerly the capital of Sina- 
 loa, on the river Sinaloa about 230 miles north- 
 west of Mazatlan. 
 
 Sinbad. See Sindbad. 
 
 Sin chi Roca. See Inca Rocca. 
 
 Sinclair (sing'kler or sin-klar'), Catherine. 
 Born at Edinburgh, April 17, 1800 : died at Ken- 
 sington, Aug. 6, 1864. A Scottish novelist and 
 writer, daughter of Sir John Sinclair. She was 
 supervisorof a charitable institution forwidows of officers 
 of the army and navy, and was active in good works. She 
 wrote “Modern Accomplishments” (1836), “Modern So- 
 ciety” (1830), “Holiday House,” “ Modern Flirtations" 
 (1841), “Beatrice" (a “Protestant” novel, over 40,000 
 copies of which were sold within 16 months of its publi- 
 cation in 1852), etc. 
 
 Sinclair, Sir John. Born at Thurso Castle, 
 Caithness, Scotland, May 10, 1754: died Dee. 21, 
 1835. A Scottish agriculturist, financial writer, 
 
 Sing Sing 
 
 and politician. He was educated at Edinburgh Uni- 
 versity ; became a member of the Faculty of Advocates ; 
 and was later called to the English bar. He was a member 
 of Parliament 1784-1811. He developed greatly the re- 
 sources of Caithness. He wrote a “ History of the Public 
 Revenue of the British Empire " (2 vols., 1784), “ Statistical 
 Account of Scotland ” (1791-99), etc. 
 
 Sind (sind). One of the names of the river 
 Indus. 
 
 Sind (river in Gwalior). See Sindh. 
 
 Sind, or Sinde, or Scinde, or Sindh (sind). A 
 province of British India, comprised in the gov- 
 ernorship of Bombay. It is bounded by Panjab, 
 Bhawalpur, and Rajputana on the east ; the Ran and 
 Cutch on the south ; the Indian Ocean on the southwest ; 
 and Baluchistan on the west. It contains the districts 
 Frontier, Sukkur, Larkaua, Hyderabad, Karachi, Thar, and 
 Parkar. The chief towns are Karachi, Hyderabad, and Shi- 
 karpur. The inhabitants are chiefly Sindis and Hindus. 
 It was invaded by Alexander the Great ; was conquered 
 by Mahmud of Ghazni ; formed part of the Mogul empire 
 and of Nadir Shah’s dominions ; was governed later by 
 ameers ; and was conquered by Sir Charles Napier in 1843, 
 and annexed to British India. Area, 53,116 square miles. 
 Population, 3,410,223. 
 
 Sindbad (sind'bad) the Sailor. A character 
 in the story of that name in the “Arabian 
 Nights’ Entertainments.” He is a wealthy citizen of 
 Bagdad, called “the sailor” because of his seven wonderful 
 voyages, in which he discovers a roc’s egg and the valley 
 of diamonds, escapes twice from the Anthropophagi, is 
 buried alive, kills the Old Man of the Sea (a monster 
 which got on his hack and would not dismount), is the 
 bearer of a letter and gifts from the King of the Indies to 
 Harun-al-Rashid, and is sent back by that monarch with 
 his acknowledgment of the letter. During this last voy- 
 age he finds a valley filled with the dead bodies of ele- 
 phants, from which he obtains much ivory. Sometimes 
 spelled Sinbad. 
 
 Well known in Europe as having the history of his voy- 
 ages incorporated in the Thousand and One Nights, but 
 they form in Arabic a distinct work, which Baron Walke- 
 naer (in “Nouvelles Annales des Voyages,” tomeLIII, p. 6) 
 regards as of equal value with those of Soliman and Abu 
 Said. The voyages belong to the 9th century, when the 
 commerce of the Arabs under the khalifs of Baghdad was 
 at its highest activity. In his first voyage Sindbad reaches 
 the country of the maharaja. ... In Sindbad’s second 
 voyage mention is made of the kingdom of Riha (the 
 Malay Peninsula according to some), and the manner of 
 the preparation of camphor, .produced in the mountain 
 forests there, is accurately described. In the third voyage 
 the island of Silaheth Is mentioned. In the fourth he 
 was carried to a country (Malabar) where he found men 
 gathering pepper, and from it he went to the isle of Na- 
 cous(the N icobars ?) and on to Kela(Quedah or Keydah?). 
 In the fifth voyage he is shipwrecked on the island (i. e. 
 country) of the Old Man of the Sea, probably somewhere 
 on tlie Konkan coast. Thence he crossed the sea to the 
 Maldives, and back again to the pepper country of Mala- 
 bar, passing on to the peninsula of Comorin, where he 
 found the aloes-wood called santy, and afterwards to the 
 pearl-fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, whence he traveled 
 back to Baghdad. In the sixth voyage he visited an isl- 
 and (i. e. country) where were superb trees of the kinds 
 named santy and comary, and the island of Serendib (Cey- 
 lon), which was also the limit of his seventh and last 
 voyage. Balfour, Cyclopaedia of India. 
 
 The story of Polyphemus is in the third voyage of Sin- 
 bad. Other parts of the adventures of that bold mariner 
 seem to be borrowed from the History of Aristomenes in 
 Pausanias. Dunlop, Hist. Prose Fiction, II. 508. 
 
 Sindh, or Sind (sind). A river in Gwalior, 
 India, which joins the Jumna about 70 miles 
 west of Cawnpore. Length, about 225 miles. 
 
 Sindhia, or Sindia, or Scindia (sin'di-a). The 
 name of a Mahratta dynasty reigning in Gwa- 
 lior, India, from the 18th century. 
 
 Sinestra (se-nes'tra), Val. A small valley in 
 the Lower Engadine, canton of Grisons, Swit- 
 zerland, 40 miles east of Coire. 
 
 Singan-fu (se-ngan'fo), or Sian-fu (se-an'fo), 
 or Segan-fu (se-gan'fo). The capital of the 
 province of Shen-si, China, situated about lat. 
 34° 17' N., long. 108° 55' E. it is one of the chief 
 
 cities of the republic, an important commercial center, and 
 a point of great strategic importance. Many antiquities 
 are in the neighborhood. Population, about 1,000,000. 
 
 Singapore (sing-ga-por'). 1. An island south 
 of the Malay Peninsula, separated from the 
 mainland of Johore by a narrow strait. Length, 
 27 miles. — 2. A British settlement, belonging 
 to the colony of the Straits Settlements, and 
 comprising the island of Singapore and some 
 neighboring islets. It was purchased from the 
 Sultan of Johore in 1824. Area, 206 square 
 miles. Population, 228,555. — 3. The capital 
 of the Straits Settlements, situated on the 
 southern coast of the island of Singapore, on 
 the Strait of Singapore, in lat. 1° 17' N., long. 
 103° 51' E. It lias extrusive trade, and is an important 
 port of call for steamers. An English factory was estab- 
 lished there in 1819. Population, 193,089. 
 
 Singbhum (sing-bhom'). A district in Chota 
 Nagpur, British India, intersected by lat. 22° 
 30' N., long. 85° 45' E. Area, 3,891 square 
 miles. Population, 613,579. 
 
 Single-Speech Hamilton. See Hamilton, W. G. 
 
 Sing Sing (sing sing). A village (since 1901 
 Ossining) in Westchester County, New York, on 
 
Sing Sing 
 
 the Tappan Bay of Hudson River, 32 miles 
 north of New York. It has a State prison. 
 Population, 11,480, (1910). 
 
 Singular Doctor. Occam. 
 
 Sinigaglia (se-ne-gal'ya), or Senigallia (sa-ne- 
 gal'le-a). A seaport in the province of Ancona, 
 Italy, situated at the entrance of the Misa into 
 the Adriatic, 17 miles northwest of Ancona : the 
 ancient Sena Gallica (whence the name), it was 
 
 formerly of great importance. It was an ancient town of 
 the Senones, and became a Roman colony about 285 B. C. 
 Near it occurred the battle of the Metaurus in 207 B. c. It 
 was sacked by Pompey in the civil war between Marius 
 and Sulla. Population, town, 5,635 ; commune, 23,166. 
 
 Sinkat (sen-kat'), or Singat. A fortress in the 
 Egyptian possessions, 40 miles west-northwest 
 of Suakim. It was defended by the Egyptians under 
 Tewflk Pasha against the Mahdists under Osman Digma 
 1883-84. Tewfik’s force abandoned Sinkat with the inten- 
 tion of cutting its way through to Suakim, but was anni- 
 hilated by the Mahdists, Feb. 11, 1884. 
 
 Sinnamary (sen-na-ma-re'), or Sinnimari (sen- 
 ne-ma-re'). A river in French Guiana which 
 flows into the Atlantic northwest of Cayenne. 
 Length, about 150 miles. 
 
 Sinno (sin'no). The modern name of the Siris. 
 Sinope (si-no'pe), Turk. Sinuh (se-nob'). [Gr. 
 S/vtiay.] A seaport in Asia Minor, in the ancient 
 Pontus, situated on the Black Sea in lat. 42° N. 
 It has one of the best harbors on the Black Sea. It was 
 an ancient colony from Miletus ; was an important Greek 
 city and colonizing center ; was conquered by Pliarnaces 
 in 183 B. c. and became the capital of Pontus ; was con- 
 quered by iucullus and became a Roman city ; and was 
 captured by the Turks under Mohammed II. in the 15th 
 century. A part of the Turkish fleet was destroyed here 
 by the Russian admiral Nakhimoff Nov. 30, 1853. Popula- 
 tion, about 9,000. 
 
 Sinsheim (zins'him). A small town in the circle 
 of Heidelberg, Baden, situated on the Elsenz 
 28 miles northeast of Karlsruhe, it has been the 
 . scene of several battles, including one (.Tune 16, 1674) be- 
 tween the French under Turenne and the Imperialists un- 
 der Bournonville. 
 
 Sintram and his Companions. A tale by Fou- 
 qud 
 
 Simi (se-no'), or Zenii (tha-no'), or Zinii (the- 
 no ' ). A river in Colombia which flows into the 
 Gulf of Morosquillo south-southwest of Carta- 
 gena. Length, about 250 miles. 
 
 Sinuessa (sin-u-es'a). [Gr. Sivoieaoa.'] In an- 
 cient geography, a town on the borders of La- 
 tium and Campania, Italy, situated on the coast 
 89 miles southeast of. Rome. On its site is the 
 modern Mondragone. 
 
 Sion. See Zion. 
 
 Sion (se-6n'), G. Sitten (zit'ten). The capital 
 of the canton of Valais, Switzerland, situated 
 on the Sionne, near the Rhone, in lat. 46° 14' 
 N., long. 7° 22' E.: the Roman Sedunum. Pop- 
 ulation, 6,048. 
 
 Sion College. A London college, founded in 
 1623 by the Rev. Dr. White as a college and 
 almshouse. Ill 1884 the almshouse was abolished. In 
 1886 a new building was formally opened. It is situated 
 toward the east end of the Victoria Embankment. It con- 
 tains the most valuable theological library in London, 
 numbering 60,000 volumes. The original buildings were 
 on the foundation of an old priory near' the London Wall. 
 
 Sioot. See Siut. 
 
 Sicilian (so'an). [See Sioux.] A linguistic stock 
 of North American Indians: so called from the 
 Sioux or Dakota, its principal division. The 
 former habitat of this family included parts of Brit- 
 ish North America and of each of the following States and 
 Territories: Montana, Wyoming, North and South Dakota, 
 Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, 
 Oklahoma, Indian Territory, Mississippi, the Carolinas, 
 the Virginias, and Kentucky. The Dakota tribes have 
 been the most warlike of this stock. They have been hos- 
 tile not only to white settlers and to Indians of other 
 stocks (especially the Ojibwa and Pawnee), but even to 
 tribes of their own stock, such as the Crow, Hidatsa, Man- 
 dan, and Omaha. The principal Siouan divisions are: 
 (1) The Dakota division, including the Dakota tribes and 
 the Assiniboin. (2) The Dhegiha division, including the 
 Ponka, Omaha, Kwapa, Osage, and Kansa tribes. (3) 
 The Tciwere division, to which belong the Iowa, Missouri, 
 and Oto tribes. (4) The Winnebago. (5) The Mandan. 
 (6) The Hidatsa division, including the Iii atsa and Ab- 
 saroka tribes. (7) The Tutelo and cognate tribes. (8) 
 The Biloxi. (9) The Kataba group, including several 
 Carolina tribes. In addition to these, there was a Vir- 
 ginia division to which belonged many tribes whose names 
 were recorded by Captain John Smith. The present num- 
 ber of the Siouan stock is about 40,000, of whom about 
 1,500 are in British North America, the rest being in the 
 United States. 
 
 Sioux (so). [A French corruption of the Algon- 
 kian word nadowe-ssiwag, tire snake-like ones 
 or enemies.] See Dakota. 
 
 Sioux (so) City. A city, capital of Woodbury 
 County, Iowa, situated on the Missouri River 
 88 miles north by west of Omaha. It is an im- 
 portant railway, manufacturing, and trading 
 center. Population, 47,828, (1910). 
 
 935 
 
 Sioux Falls. The capital of Minnehaha County, 
 South Dakota, situated at the falls of the Big 
 Sioux River, 59 miles northeast of Yankton. 
 It has important granite-quarries. Population, 
 14,094, (1910). 
 
 Sipand (si-pend'). In the Shahnamah, the for- 
 tress in the siege of which Nariman, father of 
 Sam, lost his life, and which was taken and 
 burned by Rustam, his great-grandson, to 
 avenge him. The mountain is described as steep on 
 all sides, with only one road and gate leading to its sum- 
 mit. It has been identified with Qala-i-safaid, near Shiraz. 
 See Rustam. 
 
 Sipan Bagla (se-pan' dag')- A mountain in Ar- 
 menia, Turkey, north of Lake Van. Height, 
 about 12,000 feet. 
 
 Siplinos (sif'nos). [Gr. Ztyvog.] An island of 
 the Cyclades, Greece, situated in the iEgean 
 Sea about lat. 37° N., long. 24° 44' E. : the 
 modern Sifanto, Siphanto, or Sipheno. it was 
 formerly noted for its mines of gold and silver. Length, 
 10 miles. Population, 3,777. 
 
 Sipibos (se-pe'bos). An Indian tribe of Peru, 
 on the Ucayale River between lats. 6° and 8° S. 
 They belong to the Pano stock, were gathered into mis- 
 sionsduring thel8th century, but relapsed to barbarism, 
 and are now nearly extinct. See Combos and Setibos. 
 Sippar, Sippara. See Sejdiarvaim. 
 
 Sipylus (sip'i-lus). [Gr. SbnAof.] In ancient 
 geography, a mountain of Lydia, Asia Minor, 
 near Smyrna. 
 
 Not far from Karabel anothermonument of Hittite art has 
 been discovered. Hard by the town of Magnesia, on the 
 lofty cliffs of Sipylos, a strange figure has been carved out 
 of the rock. It represents a woman, with long locks of hair 
 streaming down her shoulders, and a jewel like a lotus- 
 flower upon the head, who sits on a throne in a deep artificial 
 niche. Lydian historians narrate that it was the image of 
 the daughter of Assaon, who had sought death by casting 
 herself down from a precipic e ; but Gr: k legend preferred 
 to see in it the figureof “ weeping Niobe” turned to stone. 
 Already Homer told how Niobe, when her twelve children 
 had been slain by the gods, “ now changed to stone, broods 
 over the woes the gods had brought there, among the rocks, 
 in lonely mountains, even in Sipylos, where t 1 4 y say are 
 the couches of the nymphs who dance on the banks of the 
 Akheloios.” But it was only after the set leme t of the 
 Greeks in Lydia that the old monument on Mount Sipylos 
 was held to be the image of Niobe. The limest ne rock 
 out of which it was carved dripped with moisture after 
 rain ; and as the water flowed over the face of the figure, 
 disintegrating and disfiguring the stone as it ran, the pious 
 Greek beheld in it the Niobe of his own mythology. The 
 figure was originally that of the great goddess of Asia 
 Minor, known sometimes as Atergatis or Derketo, some- 
 times as Kybele, sometimes by other names. 
 
 Sayce, Hittites, p. 69. 
 
 Sirajganj (se-raj-gunj'), or Suraigunje. A trad- 
 ing center in the district of Pabna, Eastern 
 Bengal and Assam, British India, situated on 
 the Jamuna arm of the Brahmaputra, 152 miles 
 northeast of Calcutta. Population, 23,114. 
 Siraj-ud-Daula (se-raj'od-dou'la), or Surajah 
 Dowlah (so-ra/jii dou'la). Put to death in 
 1757. A nawab of Bengal, notorious for his 
 imprisonment of 146 British prisoners in the 
 Black Hole of Calcutta in 1756. He was de- 
 feated by Clive at Plassey in 1757. See Black 
 Hole. 
 
 Sirang. See Ceram. 
 
 Sirbonis, or Serbonis, Lacus ( ser-bo/nis la'kus). 
 In ancient geography, a bog or morass situated 
 between the Isthmus of Suez, the Mediterra- 
 nean, and the Delta; “the Sirbonian bog.” 
 
 Sir Charles Grandison. A novel by Richard- 
 son, published in 1753. Sir Charles Grandison, the 
 hero, is respectfully in love with Harriet Byron whom he 
 marries. 
 
 He [Grandison] is, in fact, “the faultless monster whom 
 the world ne’er saw !’’ Young, rich, graceful, and accom- 
 plished, he is not only absolutely free from vice, but all 
 his actions are governed by high religious principle. He 
 is romantically generous and yet perfectly prudent, and 
 his behavior toward the fair sex is marked with all that 
 chivalrous delicacy and respect which, since the novel 
 was written, has passed into a proverb, and to be a Sir 
 Charles Grandison to the ladies is supposed to be a mod- 
 ern lady's perfect knight. 
 
 Forsyth , Novels and Novelists of the 18th Century, p. 220. 
 
 Sir Courtly Nice, or It Cannot Be. A com- 
 edy by Crowne, prod ueed in 1685. The title is the 
 name of the principal character, an insignificant but self- 
 important fop. The play held the stage for nearly a cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Sir-Daria, or Syr-Baria, or Syr-Darya (ser- 
 diir'ya). A river in Russian Central Asia which 
 rises in the Thian-Shan Mountains and flows 
 by a delta into the eastern side of the Sea of 
 Aral about lat. 46° N.: the ancient Jaxartes or 
 Sihon. It is called in its upper course the Naryn. 
 Length, about 1,500 miles ; navigable in the lower half of 
 its course. 
 
 Sir-Daria. A province in the governor-gene- 
 ralship of Turkestan, Russian Central Asia, east 
 of the Sea of Aral, north of Bokhara, and south 
 of Turgai and Akmolinsk. The largest city is Tash- 
 
 hirsa 
 
 kend. The inhabitants are Kirghiz, etc. Area, 194,147 
 square miles. Population, 1,815,400. 
 
 Sirkue (se-ran' ), La. An opera by Auber, words 
 by Scribe, produced at Paris in 1844. 
 
 Sirens (si'renz). In Greek mythology, two, three, 
 or an indeterminate number of sea-nymphs who 
 by their singing fascinated those who sailed 
 past their island, and then destroyed them, in 
 works of art they are represented as having the head, arms, 
 and generally the bust of a young woman, and the wings 
 and lower part of the body, or sometimes only the feet, of 
 a bird. In Attic usage they are familiar as goddesses of 
 the grave, personifying the expression of regret and lam- 
 entation for the dead. 
 
 In the classic Sirens we cannot fail to detect the wailing 
 of the rising storm in the cordage, which is likely to end 
 in shipwrecks. The very name of Siren is from the Greek 
 to pipe or whistle, just as them representatives in Vedic 
 mytlu logy, the Ribhus, draw their name from the word 
 to sound. . . . The Sirens are themselves winged beings 
 rushing over the earth, seeking everywhere the lost Perse- 
 phone. Baring -Gould, Curious Myths, etc., 2d ser., p. 164. 
 
 Sir Fopling Flutter. See Man of Mode. 
 
 Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight. An 
 
 Early English romance taken from the French 
 “Roman de Perceval.” It was written about 
 1360. 
 
 Sir Harry Wildair. A comedy by George Far- 
 quhar, printed in 1701 : a sequel to “ The Con- 
 stant Couple.” See Wildair. 
 
 Sir Hercules Buffoon, or the Poetical Squire. 
 
 A play by John Lacy, published in 1684, after 
 Lacy’s death. 
 
 Sirhind (ser-hind'). 1. A region in northern 
 India, southeast of Lahore and northwest of 
 Delhi, comprising part of the Panjab and sev- 
 eral protected native states (Patiala, etc.). It 
 lies between the Sutlej and the Jumna. — 2. A 
 small town iu the state of Patiala, India, 147 
 miles north-northwest of Delhi. 
 
 Siricius (si-rish'ius). Bishop of Rome from 384 
 or 385 to 398. 
 
 SirikM, Lake. See Victoria, Lake. 
 
 Siris (si'ris). [Gr. In ancient geography, 
 
 a small river which flows into the Gulf of Ta- 
 rentum in the modern province of Potenza : the 
 modern Sinno. Near it Pyrrhus defeated the 
 Romans in the battle of Heraclea 280 b. c. 
 Siris. In ancient geography, a city of Magna 
 Grtecia, Italy, situated at or near the mouth of 
 the river Siris, about lat. 40° 5' N. 
 
 Siris, situated on a river of the same name, midway be- 
 tween Sybaris and Tarentum, was, according to different 
 authors, a Trojan, a Rhodian, or an Ionian settlement. 
 
 Rawlinson, Herod., III. 502, note. 
 
 Siris. A work by Bishop Berkeley, published 
 in 1744. It is an extraordinary series of inquiries and 
 philosophical reflections concerning his favorite panacea, 
 tar-water, which he distilled at Cloyne. 
 
 Sirius (sir'i-us). A very white star, the bright- 
 est in the heavens ; the dog-star, it is more than 
 half a magnitude brighter than Canopus, the next bright- 
 est ; its magnitude is —1.4. It is situated in the mouth 
 of the Dog. 
 
 Sir John oidcastle. A play by Drayton, Mon- 
 day, Hathaway, and Wilson, it was published in 
 1600 as “by Wm. Shakespeare,” but this was withdrawn 
 in the second issue of the same year. It was evidently 
 written against Shakspere’s “ Henry IV.,’’ in which Sir 
 John Oidcastle was the original name of Falstaff, and was 
 thought to be a caricature of Sir John Oidcastle, “the 
 good Lord Cobham.” But it was not written till Shakspere 
 had been compelled to change the name, which he did 
 early in 1508. See Oidcastle, Sir John. 
 
 Sir John van Olden Barneveld. A play by 
 Massinger and Fletcher, acted Aug. 14, 1619. 
 Barneveld had been executed on the 13th of 
 May. See Barneveld. 
 
 Sir Launcelot Greaves, The History of. A 
 
 satirical romance by Smollett, published se- 
 rially in the “British Magazine” 1760-61. sir 
 Launcelot is a Don Quixote who undertakes to redress 
 wrongs and reform society in England in the reign of 
 George II. 
 
 Sir Martin Mar-all, or the Feigned Inno- 
 cence. A comedy by Dryden, produced in 1667 
 and printed in 1668. Dryden adapted it from the Duke 
 of Newcastle’s translation of Molifere’s “L’Etourdi," with 
 additions from QuinaultVL’Amourindiscret.’’ the prin- 
 cipal character, Sir Martin Mar-all, is a foolish knight 
 always committing blunders against his own interest un- 
 less acting under the advice of his servant Warner. 
 Sirmium (ser'mi-um). [Gr. 2 ip/nov.] In an- 
 cient geography, an important city of Lower 
 Paunonia, situated on the Save. Its ruins are 
 near the modern Mitrovitz in Slavonia, in lat. 
 44° 59' N., long. 19° 37' E. 
 
 Sirrah (sir'ra). [Ar. sirrar-al-faras, the navel 
 of the horse.] A not unusual name for the sec- 
 ond-magnitude star a Andromeda 4 , which is also 
 J Pegasi. See Alpheratz. 
 
 Sir Roger de Coverley. See Coverlet /. 
 
 Sirsa (ser'sii). 1. A subdivision of Hissai dis- 
 trict, in the Panjab, British India, intersected 
 
Sirsa 
 
 by lat. 30° N., long. 74° 30' E. Area, 1,642 
 square miles. Population, 158,651. — 2. The 
 capital of the district of Sirsa, 144 miles north- 
 west of Delhi. Population, 15,800. 
 
 Sir Thomas Wyatt, The Famous History of. 
 A play by Webster and Dekker, printed in 1607. 
 It appears to be an abridgment of the first part of a play 
 called “Lady Jane." 
 
 Sir Thopas. See Rime of Sir Tliopas. 
 
 Sisenna (si-sen'a), Lucius Cornelius. Born 
 about 119 B. C. : died 67 B. c. A Roman annal- 
 ist, author of a lost work on Roman history. 
 Sisera (sis'e-ra). In Old Testament history, the 
 commander-in-chief of the army of Jabin, king 
 of Canaan ( Judges iv.). He was routed by Barak, and 
 was treacherously slain by .Tael, wife of Heberthe Kenite, 
 in whose tent he had sought refuge. 
 
 Sismondi (sis-mon'di; F. pron. ses-mon-de'), 
 Jean CharlesLeonard(de Simonde)de. Born 
 at Geneva, May 9, 1773: died there, June 25, 
 1842. A noted Swiss historian and economist. 
 He lived in early life in Geneva, England, and Italy, and 
 after 1800 chiefly at Geneva. His works include “ Histoire 
 des rdpubliques italiennes” (“History of the Italian Re- 
 publics,” 1807-18), “He la littoral lire du midi de l’Europe ” 
 (“On the Literature of the South of Europe," 1813-29), 
 “Histoire des Fran^ais ” (“History of the French,” 1821- 
 1842), the historical novel “Julia Severa ” (1829), “ Histoire 
 de la renaissance de la liberty en Italie”(1832), "Histoire 
 de la chute de I empire domain, etc. ” (1835), “ De la richesse 
 commerciale "(1803), “ Etudes des sciences sociales” (1836- 
 1838), etc. His correspondence was edited by Saint-Rend 
 Taillandier, Montgolfier, Villari, and Mouod. About 1801 
 he observed that his family arms were identical with those 
 of the Italian house of the Sismondi, and assumed the con- 
 nection. 
 
 Sistan (ses-tan'), or Seistan (sa-es-tan'). A re- 
 gion in eastern Persia and southwestern Af- 
 ghanistan, lying near the lower Helmand and 
 the Hamun. By British arbitration in 1872 it was di- 
 vided into Sistan proper (chiefly west of the Helmand), 
 which was adjudged to Persia, and outer Sistan (lying east 
 and southeast of Sistan proper), which was awarded to Af- 
 ghanistan. Population of Sistan proper, estimated, 45,000. 
 Sisteron (sest-ron'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Basses- Alpes, France, at the junction 
 of the Bueeh and the Durance, 25 miles south 
 by west of Gap. It has a citadel, and a noted 
 church. Population, commune, 3,702. 
 
 Sisters (sis'terz), The. A comedy by Shirley, 
 licensed in April, 1652. It was one of the last 
 productions of the pre-Restoration drama. 
 Sisters, The, G. Die Schwestern. A histori- 
 cal novel by Ebers, published in 1880. The 
 scene was laid in Egypt 164 b. c. 
 
 Sistine (sis'tin), or Sixtine (siks'tin), Chapel. 
 The papal private chapel in the Vatican, con- 
 structed by Pope Sixtus IV. (whence the name). 
 It was built 1473, and is in plan a rectangle 1571 by 521 feet, 
 and 69 feet high. Architecturally it is insignificant ; but 
 it is world-famous for the paintings which cover its walls 
 and vault, including works by Perugino, Botticelli, Luca 
 Signorelli, Ghirlandajo, and above all the pictures by 
 Michelangelo of the Creation, the Deluge, and the Last 
 Judgment. The singing of the papal choir of the chapel 
 has long been celebrated, and its archives contain a remark- 
 able collection of illuminated manuscript works of the 
 composers of the 15th and 16th centuries. The first cata- 
 logue of these was published in 1888 by Dr. Haberl at 
 Leipsic. 
 
 Sistine Madonna. See Madonna. 
 
 Sistova (sis'to-va). A town in Bulgaria, situ- 
 ated on the Danube in lat. 43° 36' N., long. 25° 
 20' E. It has considerable trade. The Russians crossed 
 the Danube near here in 1877. Population, 13,441. 
 
 Sistova, Peace of. A treaty concluded be- 
 tween Turkey and Austria, Aug. 4, 1791. It 
 fixed as the boundaries practically those estab- 
 lished by the peace of Belgrad in 1739. 
 Sisyphus (sis'i-fus). [Gr. 2invij>or, the crafty.] 
 In Greek mythology, a son of iEolus and Ena- 
 rete, brother of Athamas, and husband of the 
 Pleiad Merope. He was the founder of Ephyra (later 
 Corinth). According to Homer, he was the craftiest of all 
 men. For some (unstated) reason he was condemned in 
 the lower world to roll up a hill, without ceasing, a huge 
 stone which when he reached the top always rolled back 
 to the valley. 
 
 Sita(se'ta). [Skt., 'furrow ; as pointed out by 
 Weber (“Indian Literature,” p. 192), originally 
 the field-furrow, to which divine honors are paid 
 in the Rigvedaand still more in the ritual of the 
 Grihyasutras.] The heroine of the Ramayana, 
 where she is the daughter of Janaka, king of 
 Videha, and wife of Ramacliandra who rescues 
 her when she is carried off by Ravana, the 
 demon-king of Lanka. See Ramacliandra. 
 Sitapur (se-ta-por'). A district in the United 
 Provinces, British India, intersected by lat. 
 27° 30' N., long. 80° 40' E. Area, 2,250 square 
 miles. Population, 1,175,473. 
 
 Sitcanxu (se-chiin'gho), or Bois Brfiles, or 
 BlUlSs. A tribe of North American Indians, 
 a part of the Titonwan, divided into Upper 
 Brides, or highland Sitcanxu, and Lower Brfilds, 
 
 936 
 
 or lowland Sitcanxu. They were Spotted Tail’s 
 people. 
 
 Sitka (sit'ka). A tribe of North American 
 Indians, living on Baranoff Island, Alaska. 
 Sitka (sit'ka), formerly New Archangel. The 
 capital (prior to 1906) of Alaska, situated on 
 Sitka Island in lat. 57° 3' N., long. 135° 20' W. 
 Population, village, 539 ; native village, 500, 
 (1910). 
 
 Sitka Island, or Baranof (ba-ran'of) Island. 
 An island on the coast of Alaska, containing 
 the town of Sitka. Length, about 85 miles. 
 Sitten. See Sion. 
 
 Sittingbourne (sit'ing-born). A town in Kent, 
 England, 36 miles east-southeast of London. 
 Population, 8,943. 
 
 Sitting Bull (sit'ing bul). Born in 1834: 
 died Dec. 15, 1890. A Dakota chief. He com- 
 manded the Indians who defeated Custer’s command at 
 the battle of the Little Big Horn, 1876 ; and was killed near 
 Fort Yates, North Dakota, while resisting arrest by the 
 Indian police during the Sioux outbreak in 1890. 
 
 Situla (sit'u-la). The fourth-magnitude star k 
 Aquarii, on the edge of the stream which issues 
 from the urn. 
 
 Siuchu (syo'cho // ). A town in the province of 
 Szechuen, China, at the junction of the Wen 
 and Yangtse. 
 
 Siut (se-ot'), or Assiut, or Assiout, or Asyoot 
 
 (a-syot'). Thecapital of Upper Egypt, situated 
 near the left bank of the Nile, in lat. 27° 12' N. : 
 one of the oldest towns in Egypt. It is a rail- 
 road terminus. Population, 39,442. 
 
 Siva (se'va). See Shiva. 
 
 Sivaji, or Sivajee (se-va'je). Originally, a law- 
 less chief of the Konkan, the northern section 
 of the Western Ghats, son of a vassal of the 
 Sultan of Bijapur, who as such held the for- 
 tresses of J oonere and Poona. He was born at Joo- 
 nere in 1627. Forming the mountaineers of theKonkaninto 
 loose but organized bands of horsemen, he waged for many 
 years a war of craft and arms with the Mogul emperor Au- 
 rung-Zeb, at last compelling the Sultan of Bijapur to recog- 
 nize him as the independent sovereign of the Konkan, 
 being installed as Maharaja with great pomp in 1674. In 
 1677 he led a Mahratta army through Golconda, and con- 
 quered a kingdom represented down to recent times by 
 the Raja of Tanjore. He died about 1680, having main- 
 tained his independence until his death. 
 
 Sivalik Hills. See Siwalik Hills. 
 
 Sivan (siv'an). [Hob. sivdn, Assyro-Babylonian 
 sirndnu. ] The third ecclesiastical and ninth civil 
 month of the Jewish year, corresponding to 
 the latter part of May and part of June : conse- 
 crated to the moon-god (Sin) of the Assyrians. 
 Sivas (se-vas'). 1. A vilayet of Asiatic Turkey. 
 Area, 23,970 square miles. Population, 1,057,- 
 500. — 2. The capital of the vilayet of Sivas, 
 situated on the Kizil Irmak about lat. 39° 37' 
 N., long. 37° 2' E. It was the ancient Sebasteia ; was 
 the capital of part of Armenia ; and later belonged to the 
 Seljuks and to Irak. Population, about 43,100. 
 
 Sivash ( se-vash' ), or Putrid Sea (pu'trid se). An 
 arm of the Sea of Azoff , northeast of the Crimea, 
 separated from the main sea by the tongue of 
 Arabat, and connected with it by the Strait of 
 Genitchi. It is shallow, very salt, and largely occupied 
 by lagoons and swamps. Length, about 100 miles. 
 
 Siwa (se'wa). An oasis in the desert of north- 
 eastern Africa, below the sea-level, west-south- 
 west of Alexandria, about lat. 29° N., long. 26°E. 
 It contains several lakes and the town of Siwa. It was 
 anciently the seat of the oracle of J upiter Ammon. Length, 
 about 20 miles. Population, about 7,000. 
 
 Siwalik (se-wa'lik), or Sivalik (se-va'lik), 
 Hills. A range of low mountains in the North- 
 west Provinces, British India, between the head 
 waters of the Jumna and the Ganges, nearly 
 parallel with the Himalaya. 
 
 Siward (se'ward). Died 1055. Earl of North- 
 umberland 1041-55. He is introduced as a 
 character in Shakspere’s “ Macbeth.” 
 
 Siwash. See Sivash. 
 
 Six Articles, Act of. In English history, an 
 act passed in 1539. It asserted (1) Transubstantia- 
 tion; (2) the sufficiency of communion inonekind; (3)celi- 
 bacy of the clergy ; (4) the maintenance of vows of chastity ; 
 (5) the continuation of private masses ; and (6) auricular 
 confession. The penalty for denying the first was death ; 
 for the rest, forfeiture of property for the first offense, death 
 for the second. 
 
 Six Cities, The. In German history, the cities 
 Bautzen, Zittau, Lobau, Kamenz, Gorlitz, and 
 Lauban, which in 1346 formed a league against 
 plundering knights, and received privileges. 
 The last two were ceded to Prussia in 1815 ; the first four 
 (under the name Four Cities) retain certain rights. 
 
 Six Months’ War. The Franco-German war, 
 July, 1870, -Jan., 1871. 
 
 Six Nations, The. A confederation of Indian 
 tribes of the Huron-Iroquois family, it was 
 composed at first of the Mohawks, Senecas, Cayugas, 
 
 Skardo 
 
 Oneidas, and Onondagas (the Five Nations), to which later 
 the TuscaToras were added. See Iroquois. 
 
 Sixtine Chapel, Sixtine Madonna. See Sis- 
 tine and Madonna. 
 
 Sixtus (siks'tus) I. Bishop of Rome about 
 119-126 A. D. 
 
 Sixtus II. Bishop of Rome 257-258. He was 
 martyred under Valerian. 
 
 Sixtus III. Bishop of Rome 432-440. 
 
 Sixtus IV. (Francesco della Rovere). Bom 
 near Savona, Italy, July, 1414: died Aug., 
 1484. Pope 1471-84. He was a patron of art and 
 learning, but was notorious for his nepotism. He built 
 the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. 
 
 Sixtus V. (Felice Peretti). Born Dec., 1521: 
 died Aug., 1590. Pope 1585-90. He fixed the 
 number of cardinals at 70. 
 
 Skadi(ska'de). [ON. Skadhi.] In OldNorse my- 
 thology, a giantess, the daughter of the giant 
 Thjazi and the wife of the god Njord. Three 
 nights she dwelt with Njord at his abode Noatun(ON. 
 Noatun) ; nine she and Njord were in Thor’s abode Thrud- 
 heim (ON. Thrudhheimr), where she hunted with bow and 
 snow-shoes. She was also called Ondurdis (ON. (hidurdis ), 
 the snow-shoe goddess. 
 
 Skagastolstind (ska'gas-tels-tind). One of the 
 highest summits of Norway, situated in the 
 Jotun Fjeld about lat. 61° 34' N. Height, 7,875 
 feet. 
 
 Skagen, Cape. See Slcaw, The. 
 
 Skager-Rack (skag' er-rak ' ) . A chan nel, north of 
 Jutland and south of Norway, which connects 
 the North Sea with the Cattegat, and hence with 
 the Baltic. Breadth, about 70-90 miles. 
 Skagit (skag'it). A river, in the southern part 
 of British Columbia and in the northwestern 
 part of Washington, which flows into Puget 
 Sound 52 miles north of Seattle. Length, 
 about 150 miles. 
 
 Skalitz, or Bohmisch-Skalitz (be'mish-ska'-- 
 fits). A small town in northeastern Bohemia, 
 situated on the Aupa 73 miles east-northeast of 
 Prague. Here, .Tune 28, 1S66, the Prussians under Von 
 Steinmetz defeated the Austrians under Archduke Leopold. 
 Skanda (skan'da). [Skt., ‘the leaper.’] In Hin- 
 du mythology, the younger of the two sons 
 of Shiva, Ganesha and Skanda. He is called the 
 god of war because he is commander-in-chief of the armies 
 of good demons, whom he leads against the evil, especially 
 against those who seek to overcome and enslave the gods. 
 He is often called Karttikeya, from his foster-mothers, the 
 six Krittikas, or Pleiades, and then has six heads and 
 twelve arms : the six heads that he might be nursed by the 
 six nurses, and the twelve arms to hold at the same time 
 various weapons. In the south of India he is not worshiped 
 as presiding over war, but as Subrahmanya, ‘the very pi- 
 ous or sacred one.' Subrahmanya and his two wives, De- 
 vayani and Valliamman, are there believed to grant chil- 
 dren, and to thwart and cast out devils. 
 
 Skandapurana ( skan - da - po - ra ' na ). In San- 
 skrit literature, a Purana in which Skanda is the 
 narrator. It is said to contain 81,800 stanzas, and is an 
 aggregation of many originally unrelated works and frag- 
 ments. The most celebrated is the Kashi Khanda, ‘Benares 
 Section,' describing minutely the temples of Shiva at or 
 near Benares, and giving directions for Shiva-worship and 
 legends attesting the holiness of Kashi or Benares. The 
 greater part of the Kashi Khanda antedates the first attack 
 upon Benares by Mahmud of Ghazni, the first renowned 
 conqueror of India, who reigned 997-1030 A. P., and is said 
 to have made twelve expeditions into India. The Utkala 
 Khanda is the section explaining the holiness of Orissa, 
 the inhabitants of which were known as ITtkalas. A part 
 of the Skandapurana has been printed at Bombay. 
 
 Skanderbeg. See Scanderbeg. 
 
 Skanderun, or Scanderun, or Scanderoon. 
 
 See Alexandretta. 
 
 Skanderun, or Scanderun, Bay of. See Iskan- 
 
 derun, Bay of. 
 
 Sk&ne (ska'ne), G. Schonen (sho'nen). The 
 southernmost of the old divisions of Sweden, 
 comprising the modem laens (provinces) of 
 Malmohus and Christian stad. 
 
 Skaneateles (skan-e-at'les). A town in Onon- 
 daga County, New York, situated at the foot of 
 Lake Skaneateles, 15 miles west-southwest of 
 Syracuse. Population, 1,615, (1910). 
 Skaneateles, Lake. A lake in central New 
 York, southwest of Syracuse and east of Au- 
 burn. Its outlet is into Seneca River. Length, 
 14 miles. 
 
 Skaptar Jokull (skap'tarye-kol'). Avolcanic 
 group in southern Iceland, on the western side 
 of the Vatna Jokull. It was the scene of a great 
 eruption in 1783. 
 
 Skaraborg (ska'ra-borg). A laen in Gothland, 
 Sweden, between Lakes Wener and Wetter. 
 Area, 3,280 square miles. Population, about 
 239,900. 
 
 Skardo (skar'do), or Iskardo (is-kfir'do). The 
 capital of Baltistan, Kashmir, situated on the 
 Indus in lat. 35° 17' N. 
 
Skaw, The 
 
 Skaw (ska), The, or Skagen (ska'gen), Cape. 
 A cape at the northeastern extremity of J utland, 
 Denmark, in lat. 57° 44' N., long. 10° 37' E. 
 Skeat (sket), Walter William. Born Nov. 21, 
 1835: died Oct. 6, 1912. An English philolo- 
 gist. He graduated at Christ’s College, Cambridge, in 
 1858, and was mathematical lecturer there 1864-71, and 
 English lecturer 1867-83. He was appointed first Elrington 
 and Bosworth professor of Anglo-Saxon at Cambridge in 
 1878. He edited “Parallel Extracts from Twenty-Nine Man- 
 uscripts of Piers Plowman ” (1866), “ The Romans of Parte- 
 nay, or of Lusignan, otherwise known as the Tale of Melu- 
 sine” (1860), “The Vision of William concerning Piers 
 Plowman " (1867-85 : the three versions of the text with 
 “Richard the Redeles "and “The Crowned King”), “Speci- 
 mensof English Literature, A.D. 1394-1579 "(1871), “Speci- 
 mens of English Literature, A.D. 1298-1393 ” (1872), Chau- 
 cer’s “Treatise on the Astrolabe” (1872), “Seven Reprint- 
 ed Glossaries ” (1873),“ Ray’s Glossary Reprinted” (1874), 
 “ Tales from the Canterbury Tales ” (1874), “ Plutarch : be- 
 ing a Selection from the Lives in North’s ‘ Plutarch ’ which 
 illustrate Shakespeare's Plays ” (1S75), “ The Gospel of St. 
 Mark in Gothic, according to the Translation made by 
 Wulflla in the Fourth Century : with a Grammatical Intro- 
 duction and Glossarial Index ” (1882), “Chaucer’s Minor 
 Poems ” (1888), a complete edition of Chaueer, the publica- 
 tion of which was begun in 1894, etc. He also wrote “An 
 Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, ar- 
 ranged on a Historical Basis ” (1879-81, 1884, 1892, 1910), “ A 
 Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language ” 
 (1883, 1886), “The Principles of English Etymology ” (first 
 series 1887: with A. L. Mayhew),“ A Concise Dictionary of 
 Middle English 1150-1580 ”(1888), “ Primer of English Ety- 
 mology ” (1892), etc. For many of his Early English Text 
 Society publications he wrote critical introductions and 
 supplied notes and glossarial indexes. 
 
 Skeggs ( skegz) , CarolinaWilhelmina Amelia. 
 
 One of the town ladies who imposed upon the 
 innocent family of the Vicar of Wakefield, in 
 Goldsmith’s novel of that name. 
 
 SkellefteS, Elv (skel-lef'te-a elv). A river in 
 northern Sweden which rises in the Stor-Afvan 
 and flows into the Gulf of Bothnia about lat. 
 64° 45' N. Length, about 140 miles. 
 
 Skelligs (skel'igz),The. Agroup of rocks south- 
 west of Ireland, in lat. 51° 46' N. , long. 10° 32' W. 
 Skelton (skel'ton), John. Born about 1460: 
 died at Westminster, June 21, 1529. An Eng- 
 lish Scholar and poet. He was a protege of Henry 
 VII., a noted scholar, and the tutor of Henry VIII. He 
 took holy orders in 1498, and for 25 years was rector of 
 Diss in Norfolk : he was suspended from this office for 
 marrying, but was not deprived. He wrote “The Bowge 
 of Court," “ The Boke of Phyllyp Sparrow," “ Magnifi- 
 cence,” “The Tunning of Elinor Rummyng,” “The Gar- 
 land of Laurel,” “ Colin Clout," a satire on the clergy, and 
 “Why come ye not to Court?" a satire on Wolsey, etc. 
 He was the hero of a book of “merye " tales. 
 
 Skene (sken), William Forbes. Born at In- 
 verie, Knoydart, Scotland, June 7, 1809 : died at 
 Edinburgh, Aug. 29, 1892. A Scottish historian. 
 He was educated at the Edinburgh High School, in Ger- 
 many, and at the university of St. Andrews. In 1881 he 
 succeeded Hill Burton as historiographer for Scotland. 
 He wrote “ The Highlanders of Scotland " (1837), edited 
 “ Chronicles of the Piets and Scots " (1867), and published 
 “The Four Ancient Books of Wales" (1868), etc. 
 Skerries (sker'iz), Out. A group of islets 
 of the Shetlands, Scotland, 10-12 miles east of 
 Mainland. 
 
 Skerries Bocks. A group of rocks in the Irish 
 Sea, northwest of Anglesea, Wales, in lat. 53° 
 25' N., long. 4° 36' W. 
 
 Skerryvore (sker-i-vor'). A reef in the Atlan- 
 tic, southwest of Tiree, Scotland, in lat. 56° 19' 
 N., long. 7° 7' W. It has a lighthouse. 
 Sketch-Book, The. A collection of tales and 
 sketches by Washington Irving, published in 
 1820. It contains “RipV an Winkle,” “The Legend of 
 Sleepy Hollow,” etc. 
 
 Sketches by Boz. A collection of stories by 
 Dickens, published 1835-36. 
 
 Sketchley (skech'li), Arthur. The pseudonym 
 of George Rose (1830-82), an English humor- 
 ous writer. In 1863 he appeared before the English pub- 
 lic as the originator of “ Mrs. Brown.” 
 
 Skibbereen (skib-e-ren'). A town in the county 
 of Cork, Ireland, situated on the lieu, near its 
 mouth, 42 miles southwest of Cork. Popula- 
 tion, 3,208. 
 
 Skidhladner (skid-blad'ner). In Norse my- 
 thology, the ship of Frey. 
 
 Skiddaw(skid'a). A mountain in Cumberland, 
 one of the highest in Engl and, situated near Kes- 
 wick, 19 miles southwest of Carlisle. Height, 
 3,058 feet. 
 
 Skidi (ske'de), or Pawnee Loup (pa/ne 16) (i. e. 
 ‘Wolf Pawnee’). A tribe of the Pawnee Con- 
 federacy of North American Indians, in prehis- 
 toric times they were east of the Mississippi, being allies 
 of the Siouan tribes; but after they reached Nebraska 
 they were conquered by the other Pawnee tribes, with 
 whom they remained. See Pawnee. 
 
 Skierniewice (skyer-nye-vit'se). Atowninthe 
 government of Warsaw, Russian Poland, 42 
 miles southwest of Warsaw. It was the meeting- 
 place of the emperors of Russia, Germany and Austria 
 In Sept., 1884. 
 
 VI. 31 
 
 937 
 
 Skillet Fork (skil'et fork). A river in southern 
 Illinois which joins the Little Wabash near 
 Carmi, in White County. Length, about 100 
 miles. 
 
 Skilloot. See Echeloot. 
 
 Skimpole (skim'pol), Harold. A character in 
 “Bleak House,” by Dickens. He was drawn 
 from Leigh Hunt. 
 
 Skinner (skin'er), Cortlandt. Bom in New 
 Jersey, 1728 : died at Bristol, England, 1799. A 
 Tory commander in the American Revolution. 
 
 He was attorney-general of New Jersey in 1775, and at the 
 beginning of the Revolution raised a corps of loyalists — 
 the New Jersey Volunteers — which he commanded with 
 the rank of brigadier-general. He removed to England on 
 the conclusion of peace. 
 
 Skinner, John. Born in Birse, Aberdeenshire, 
 Scotland, in 1721: died June, 1807. A Scottish 
 clergyman and poet. He was educated at Marischal 
 College, Aberdeen ; and took orders in the Scottish Epis- 
 copal Church; and had a charge at Longside, Aberdeen- 
 shire. He was persecuted for Jacobitism. He is known 
 by his songs, collected in 1809: of these “ Tullochgorum ” 
 was called by Burns “the best Scotch song Scotland ever 
 saw.” In 1788 he published an “Ecclesiastical History of 
 Scotland." 
 
 Skinner, Stephen. Born at London, 1623 : died 
 at Lincoln, Sept. 5, 1667. An English lexicog- 
 rapher. He graduated at Christ Church, Oxford, in 
 164«, and studied medicine at Heidelberg. His etymologi- 
 cal dictionary of the English language (“ Etymologicon 
 Linguae Anglicanae ”) was published by Henshaw in 1671. 
 
 Skinners (skin'erz), The. 1. See Ecorchenrs. 
 — 2. A body of marauders who pillaged West- 
 chester County, New York, during Revolution- 
 ary times. 
 
 Skiold, or Skjold (shold). In Norse mythol- 
 ogy, the son of Odin, and a mythical king of 
 Denmark. 
 
 Skioldungs, or Skjoldungs (shol'dongz). The 
 descendants and followers of Skiold. 
 
 Skipetar (skip'e-tar). [Albanian Skipetar, lit. 
 
 ‘ mountaineer,’ from stipe, a mountain.] 1 . An 
 Albanian or Arnaut. See Albanian. — 2. The 
 language of the Albanians: same as Albanian. 
 Skipton (skip'ton). Atownin the West Riding 
 of Yorkshire, England, situated on the Aire 23 
 miles northwest of Leeds. It contains a castle, 
 partly destroyed in 1649. Population, 11,- 
 986. 
 
 Skirnir (skir'nir). [ON.] In Old Norse mythol- 
 ogy, the messenger of the gods, but especially of 
 Frey. He is sent to the giants to woo for Frey the giant 
 maiden Gerd (ON. Gerdhr), and to the dwarfs to procure 
 the bonds with which the wolf Fenris is secured. 
 Skirophoria (skir-o-fo'ri-a). [From Gr. iKipo- 
 <j>6pta , pi., from aiapotpopot;, from otdpov, a white 
 parasol borne in honor of Athene (lienee called 
 S/c(pdf), and -<popoc, from <j>rpetv = E. bear.] An 
 ancient Attic festival in honor of Athene, cele- 
 brated on the 12th of the month Skirophorion 
 (about July 1). 
 
 Skirophorion (skir-o-fo'ri-on). [From Gr. 2/upo- 
 < popiuv , the 12th Attic month, from 2Kipo<f>6pia : see 
 Skirophoria.] In the ancient Attic calendar, the 
 last month of the year, containing 29 days, and 
 corresponding to the last part of June and the 
 first part of July. 
 
 Skittagetan (skit'ta-ge // tan). A linguistic, 
 stock of North American Indians, in two chief 
 divisions, the Haida proper and the Kaigani. 
 Habitat, the islands of the Queen Charlotte group, and 
 Forester and Prince of Wales islands, off the west coast 
 of British America. Number, from 2,500 to 2,700. Also 
 called Haida and Kygani or Kaigani. 
 
 Skjold. See Skiold. 
 
 Skobeleff (sko'be-lef), Mikhail. Born 1844: 
 died at Moscow, July 7, 1882. A Russian gen- 
 eral. He served with distinction in the expedition against 
 Khiva in 187.S, and against Khokand in 1875 ; took an ac- 
 tive part in the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-78; and as 
 connnander-in-chief took Geok-Tepe and conquered the 
 Tekke-Turkomans in 1881. 
 
 Skopelo (sko-pa'lo). An island in the iEgean 
 Sea, belonging to the nomarehy of Euboea, 
 Greece, 16 miles from Euboea, and southeast 
 of Thessaly. It is identical either with the ancient 
 Halonnesus or with the ancient Peparethus. Length, 14 
 miles. 
 
 Skowhegan (skou-he'gan). The capital of 
 Somerset County, Maine, situated on the Ken- 
 nebec 30 miles northeast of Augusta. Popu- 
 lation, 5,341, (1910). 
 
 Skropha, or Scropha (skro'fa), Cape. A cape 
 in Greece, at the northwestern entrance to the 
 Gulf of Patras, lat. 38° 16' N., long. 21° 10' E. 
 Skrzynecki (skzhii-net'ske), Jan Boncza. 
 Born in Galicia, Feb. 18, 1786 : died at Cracow, 
 Jan. 12, 1860. A Polish general. He served in the 
 Polisli contingent in aid of Napoleon; joined the Polish 
 insurrection in 1830; served with distinction at Grocliow 
 Feb. 25, 1831, and was appointed commander-in-chief Fell. 
 26 ; defeated the Russians at Wawre and Dembe in March, 
 and at Iganie on April 8; was defeated at Ostrolenka 
 
 Slavs 
 
 May 26 ; and was superseded in Aug. He was temporary 
 commander of the Belgian army in 1839. 
 
 Skunk (skungk) River. A river in Iowa which 
 joins the Mississippi 11 miles south of Burling- 
 ton. It receives from the north a tributary, the North 
 Skunk. Length, over 250 miles. 
 
 Skupshtina (skupsh'ti-na). The national as- 
 sembly of Servia, consisting of one chamber and 
 comprising 160 members, elected by the peo- 
 ple. There is also a state council, appointed in part by 
 the king and in part by the assembly, which is always 
 sitting. 
 
 Skye (ski). An island belonging to Inverness- 
 shire, Scotland, the largest of the Inner Heb- 
 rides. It is separated from the mainland on the east by 
 the Sound of Sleat, Loch Alsh, etc.; from North Uist and 
 Harris on the northwest by the Little Minch ; and from 
 Lewis by the Minch. It contains many mountains (the 
 highest over 3,000 feet). The chief town is Portree. The 
 language is mostly Gaelic. Area, 643 square miles. Popl 
 illation, 14,600. 
 
 Skyros. See Scyros. 
 
 Slankamen (slan'ka-men). A small town in 
 Slavonia, Austria-Hungary, situatedatthe junc- 
 tion of the Theiss with the Danube, 26 miles 
 north by west of Belgrad. Here, Aug. 19. 1691, the 
 Imperialists under Louis of Baden defeated the Turks un- 
 der Koprili, who was killed in the battle. 
 
 Slate (slat) Mountain. A summit of the Elk 
 Mountains in Colorado. 
 
 Slater(sla'ter), John Fox. Born at Slatersville, 
 R. I., March 4, 1815: died at Norwich, Conn., 
 May 7, 1884. An American manufacturer and 
 philanthropist. He established in 1882 the Slater Fund 
 of §1,000,000 for the education of freedmen in the South. 
 Slatina (sla-te'na). A town in Wallacbia, Ru- 
 mania, situated near Aluta 85 miles west of 
 Bukharest. Population, 8,150. 
 
 Slave Coast (slavkost). A region on the west- 
 ern coast of Africa, bordering the Bight of Be- 
 nin. It extends from the Volta to the neighborhood of 
 Benin on the east. It is now divided between Great Brit- 
 ain, France, and Germany. 
 
 Slave Lake. See Great Slave Lake. 
 
 Slave River. See Great Slave River. 
 Slave-Ship, The. A painting by J. M. W. Tur- 
 ner, in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. The 
 slaver has been wrecked by a storm, which is subsiding ; 
 the slaves have been thrown overboard, ami many are 
 seen struggling in the surf, hampered by their chains. 
 The scene is illumined by a crimson light. 
 
 Slave States, The. Those of the United States 
 in which, in the period before the Civil War, 
 slavery flourished. They were Virginia, North Caro- 
 lina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Missis- 
 sippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, and Tennessee (all of 
 which seceded), and Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and 
 Delaware. 
 
 Slavinia (sla-vin'i-ii). The Slavic region in 
 medieval times, near the Baltic. The name was 
 also used to comprise the Slavic regions further 
 south. 
 
 The name of Slavinia reached from the Danube to Pelo- 
 ponnesos, leaving to the Empire only islands and detached 
 points of coast from Venice round to Thessalonica. Their 
 settlements in these regions gave a new meaning to an an- 
 cient name, and the word Macedonian now bpgan to mean 
 Slavonic. Freeman, Hist. Geog., . 115. 
 
 Slavonia (sla-vo'ni-a), G. Slawonien or Sla- 
 vonien (sla-vo'ne-en), F. Esclavonie (es-kla- 
 vo-ne'). [L., from Slavus , Sclavns, Slav.] A 
 region in Austria-Hungary, forming part of 
 the land of Croatia and Slavonia in the Trans- 
 leithan (Hungarian) division of the dual mon- 
 archy. Capital, Essek. It is bounded by the Drave 
 (separating it from Hungary) on the north and northeast, 
 by the Danube (separating it from Hungary) on the east, 
 by the Save (separating it from Servia and Bosnia) on the 
 south, and by Croatia on the west. It is traversed by 
 low mountains and by bills. The soil is fertile. The in- 
 habitants are mostly Slavs. The prevailing languages are 
 Croatian and Servian. Slavonia formed part of the Ro- 
 man province of Pannonia. Its possession was disputed 
 between Hungary and the Byzantine empire. It passed 
 to Hungary in the 12th century, and was under Turkish 
 rule for the greater part of the 16th and 17th centuries. 
 See Croatia and Slavonia, and Militai'y Frontier, 
 Slavonians (sla-vo'ni-anz). 1. The Slavs. — 2. 
 The inhabitants of Slavonia. 
 
 Slavonisch-Brod (slS-vo'nish-brod"). A trad- 
 ing town in Slavonia, on the Danube in lat. 45° 
 8' N., long. 18° E. 
 
 Slavophiles (slav'o-filz), The. A Russian 
 literary school, the principal representatives of 
 which in the first half of the 19th century were 
 Pogodin, Shevireff, and particularly Aksakoff, 
 Khomiakoif, and Kirievsky. They epoke with scorn 
 of western Europe, and particularly of France, and pro- 
 claimed the superiority of Old Russia and theold Byzantine 
 civilization, and prophesied a brilliant future for the Slav 
 race. It was a literary movement of which the doctrines 
 are now fallen into disuse. It should not be confounded 
 with the doctrine of Panslavism, which is political. 
 
 Slavs (sl&vz). 1. A race of peoples widely 
 spread in eastern, southeastern, and central 
 Europe. The Slavs are divided into two sections— the 
 
Slavs 
 
 southeastern and the western. The former section corn- 
 prices the Russians, Ruthenians, Bulgarians, Serbo-Croa- 
 tians, Bosniaks, Montenegrins, and Slovenes ; the latter, 
 the Poles, Bohemians, Moravians, Slovaks, Wends, etc. 
 
 We start with the north of Europe, with that race which 
 at the present day occupies the east of our portion of the 
 globe, the Slavs. It is generally known that these peoples 
 appear for the first time in history in the first century of 
 our era under the name of Veneti (Tacitus, Germ., 46) or 
 Venedi (Pliny, Hist. Nat., IX. 96), and their abode at this 
 period can be made out with tolerable certainty. On the 
 one hand, they cannot yet have touched the north coast 
 of the Black Sea, for this district was occupied by the 
 Persian Sarmatce or Sauromate ; on the other hand, they 
 cannot on thewest have crossed either the Carpathians or 
 the Vistula ; for, as far as the river mentioned, Tacitus is 
 acquainted with Teutonic tribes, which partially, as in 
 the case of the Bastarnse, extended over it as far as the 
 modern Galicia and farther ; and in the ancient Getic or 
 Dacian and Pannonian proper names, large numbers of 
 which have come down to us, no one as yet has succeeded 
 in discovering any trace of Slavonic. If, then, in the be- 
 ginning of our era, the abode of the Slavs must be sought 
 north of the Black Sea steppes, and east of the Vistula and 
 the Carpathians, it is also probable that the same people 
 was settled in the district mentioned as much as five cen- 
 turies earlier. 
 
 Schrader, Aryan Peoples (tr. by Jevons), p. 427. 
 
 2. See the extract. 
 
 The force he (Abd-er- Rahman III.) employed to sustain 
 the central power was a large standing army, at the head 
 of which stood his select body-guard of Slavs, or pur- 
 chased foreigners. They were originally composed chiefly 
 of men of Slavonian nationality, but came by degrees to in- 
 clude Franks, Galicians, Lombards, and all sorts of peo- 
 ple, who were brought to Spain by Greek and Venetian 
 traders, and sold while still children to the Sultan, to 
 be educated as Moslems. Many of them were highly cul- 
 tivated men, and naturally attached to their master. 
 They resemble in many respects the corps of Mamluks 
 which Saladin’s successors introduced into Egypt as a 
 body-guard, and which subsequently attained such renown 
 as Sultans of Egypt and Syria. 
 
 Poole, Story of the Moors, p. 114. 
 
 Slawkenbergius (si a - ken - b er ' j i - us) , Hafen. 
 An imaginary author, noted for the length of 
 his nose: referred to in Sterne’s “Tristram 
 Shandy.” A story professedly by him is intro- 
 duced in the latter work. 
 
 Slay-Good (sla'gud), Giant. A giant in the 
 second part of Bunyan’s “Pilgrim’s Progress” : 
 killed by Mr. Greatkeart. 
 
 Sleaford (sle'ford). A town in Lincolnshire, 
 England, 17 miies south-southeast of Lincoln. 
 Population, 4,508. 
 
 Sleek (slek), Aminadab. A hypocritical char- 
 acter in Morris Barnett’s comedy “The Serious 
 Family.” 
 
 Sleep and Death. A group of Greek sculp- 
 ture in the royal museum at Madrid. The two 
 youths, ivy-crowned, stand in easy attitudes, the arm of 
 Sleep thrown around his brother’s neck, while Death holds 
 a reversed torch upon a small altar at their feet. Behind 
 Death there is a small figure of Aphrodite with the pome- 
 granate — a death-goddess. The work dates from about 
 the beginning of the Roman Empire. 
 
 Sleeping Ariadne. A celebrated statue in the 
 Vatican, Rome. The figure, richly draped in thin tu- 
 nic and liimation, reclines with one arm thrown over the 
 head, which is supported on the other bent at the elbow. 
 It is a fine antique copy of a Greek original, probably of 
 the time of the Pergamene school. The present pedestal 
 is a handsome antique sarcophagus with a vigorous gigan- 
 tomachy in high relief. 
 
 Sleeping Beauty, The. [F. La belle aux bois 
 dormant , G. Dornroschen.] In Perrault’s fairy 
 tales, a princess who in her fifteenth year pricks 
 her finger with a spindle, and falls into a sleep 
 which lasts a hundred years, thus fulfilling the 
 prediction of the fairies at her christening. All 
 the inmates of the palace share the magic slumber, till the 
 fairy prince arrives who wakens the princess with a kiss. 
 This story has been often told in French and English ; and 
 Grimm has told it in German. Tennyson takes it for the 
 subject of his poem “The Day-Dream.” 
 
 Sleepy Hollow (sle'pi hol'o). A locality in Tar- 
 rytown. New York, rendered famous by Wash- 
 ington Irving in “ The Legend of Sleepy Hol- 
 low ” in “ The Sketch-Book.” 
 
 Sleipnir (slap'nir). [ON.] In Old Norse mythol- 
 ogy, the eight-footed steed of Odin. 
 
 Slemmer (slem'er), Adam J. Born in Mont- 
 gomery County, Pa., 1828: died at Fort Lara- 
 mie, Kan., Oct. 7, 1868. An American officer. 
 He successfully defended Fort Pickens against the Confed- 
 erates at the beginning of the Civil War(Jan. -April, 1861), 
 thereby preserving the key to the Gulf of Mexico for the 
 Union. He took part as a brigadier-general of volun- 
 teers in the battle of Stone River. Dec. 31, 1862, where he 
 was disabled for further active service in the field. 
 
 Slender (slen'der), Master Abraham. In 
 
 Shakspere’s “ Merry Wives of Windsor,” a pro- 
 vincial gentleman, cousin to Robert Shallow, 
 Esq. He is an inimitable official booby, in love 
 with “sweet Anne Page.” 
 
 Slesvig. The Danish name of Schleswig. 
 
 Sleswick. See Schleswig. 
 
 Sley. See Sehlei. 
 
 Slick (slik), Samuel or Sam. A Yankee clock- 
 
 938 
 
 maker, introduced from about 1835 as a char- 
 acter into various works by T. C. Haliburton, 
 who afterward used the name as a pseudonym. 
 
 Slidell (sll-del'), John. Born in New York 
 city, 1793 : died at London, July 29, 1871. An 
 American politician. He was a Democratic member 
 of Congress from Louisiana 1843-45 ; was sent as United 
 States minister to Mexico in 1845, but was not received ; 
 and was United States senator from Louisiana 1853-61, re- 
 signing as a Secessionist Feb., 1861. He was sent as a 
 Confederate commissioner to France 1861, and with Ma- 
 son was arrested on the British vessel Trent by the Fed- 
 eral captain Wilkes Nov., 1861. On his release he sailed 
 for Europe (Jan., 1862). He failed, however, to secure 
 the recognition of the French government for the Con- 
 federate States. See Trent, The. 
 
 Sligo (sli'go). 1. A county in Connaught, Ire- 
 land, bounded by the Atlantic on the north, 
 Leitrim on the east, Roscommon on the south- 
 east, and Mayo on the south and west. The 
 surface is diversified. Area, 707 square miles. 
 Population, 84,083. — 2. A seaport, capital of 
 County Sligo, situated at the mouth of the 
 Garvogue, in Sligo Bay, in lat. 54° 17' N., long. 
 8° 28' W. It has considerable coasting trade, and con- 
 tains a ruined abbey of some architectural interest. 
 Population, 10,870. 
 
 Sliven (sle'ven), or Selimnia (sa-lim'ne-a). A 
 town in Eastern Rumelia, Bulgaria, situated at 
 the base of the Balkans, in lat. 42° 40' N., 
 long. 26° 21' E. It has trade and manufactures, and 
 is a point of strategic importance. Population, 25,027. 
 Also called Sliono, Islivne, Islimye, etc. 
 
 Slivnitza (sliv-nit'sa). A village in Bulgaria, 
 13 miles northwest of Sofia. Here, Nov. 17-19, 
 1885, the Bulgarians under Prince Alexander 
 defeated the Servians under Milan. 
 
 Sloane (slon), Sir Hans. Bom at Killyleagh, 
 County Down, Ireland, April 16, 1660 : died at 
 London, Jan. 11, 1753. A British physician and 
 naturalist. He resided in Jamaica 1687-89 ; was physi- 
 cian to Christ’s Hospital, London, 1694-1730 ; and physician- 
 general to the army from 1714 ; was president of the College 
 of Physicians 1719-35 ; and was physician to the king from 
 1727. In the latteryear he succeeded Sir Isaac Newton as 
 president of the Royal Society. His works include an ac- 
 count of his voyage to Jamaica and of the natural products 
 of that island, generally called“NaturalHistoryof Jamai- 
 ca ” (1707-25 : whole title, “Voyage to the Islands Madeira, 
 Barbados, Nieves, St. Christopher’s, and Jamaica, with the 
 Natural History, etc., of the last ”) ; a catalogue of the 
 plants of Jamaica : and many papers in the “Philosophical 
 Transactions.” His library (50,000 vols. and over 3,000 
 MSS.) and collections were bequeathed to the nation on 
 condition that £20,000 — much less than their value — 
 should be paid to his heirs : they formed the nucleus of 
 the British Museum. 
 
 Sloane, William Milligan. Born at Rich- 
 mond, Ohio, Nov. 12, 1850. An American edu- 
 cator and writer. He graduated from Columbia Col- 
 lege 1868 ; studied at Berlin and Leipsic 1872-76 ; was 
 George Bancroft’s secretary at Berlin 1873-75 ; was as- 
 sistant and professor of Latin at Princeton 1876-83 ; was 
 professor of history there 1883-96 ; and became professor 
 of history in Columbia University in 1896. From 1885-88 
 he edited the “New Princeton Review.” He has written 
 “The French War and the Revolution," “The French 
 Revolution and Religious Reform,” and the “Life of Na- 
 poleon Bonaparte.” 
 
 Sloane Museum. See Sloane, Sir Hans. 
 
 Sloat (slot), John Drake. Born in New York 
 city, 1780 : died at New Brighton, Staten Island, 
 N. Y., Nov. 28, 1867. An American admiral. He 
 served in the War of 1812, and was engaged in 
 suppressing piracy in the West Indies 1824-25. 
 
 Slocum (sld'kum), Henry Warner. Born at 
 Delphi, Onondaga County, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1827 : 
 died at Brooklyn, N. Y., April 14, 1894. An 
 American general and politician. He graduated at 
 West Point in 1852; resigned his commission in the army 
 in 1856 ; and took up the practice of law at Syracuse, N. Y. 
 He was a member of the State legislature in 1S59. At the 
 beginning of the Civil War he accepted a commission as 
 colonel of volunteers in the Union army, and commanded 
 a regiment at the first battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. 
 He was made a brigadier-general of volunteers in the same 
 year, and served with distinction in the Peninsular cam- 
 paign. He was promoted major-general of volunteers in 
 1862, and engaged in the battles of Bull Run (Aug. 29-30, 
 1862), South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chan- 
 cellorsville, and Gettysburg (where he commanded the 
 right wing of the army). He commanded the left wing of 
 the army in Sherman’s march to the sea and his invasion 
 of the Carolinas 1864-65. He resigned from the army in 
 Sept., 1865, and resumed the practice of law in Brooklyn, 
 New York. He was a Democratic member of Congress 
 from New York 1869-73. 
 
 Slop (slop), Doctor. In Sterne’s novel “Tris- 
 tram Shandy,” Mrs. Shandy’s attendant physi- 
 cian, who breaks Tristram’s nose at his birth. 
 He is described as having “a breadth of back and a ses- 
 quipedality of belly which might have done honour to a 
 serjeant in the Horse-Guards.” 
 
 Sloper ( slo'per) , Mace. A pseudonym of Charles 
 Godfrey Leiand. 
 
 Slote (slot), Hon. Bardwell. In B. E. Woolf’s 
 play “ The Mighty Dollar,” a character created 
 by W. J. Florence : a caricature of the American 
 politician. He is an unprincipled greedy member from 
 
 Smart, Henry 
 
 the Cohosh district, and is in the habit of Indicating ex- 
 pressions by their initials : as, k. k. (cruel cuss), p. d. q. 
 (pretty d d quick), etc. 
 
 Slough of Despond, The. A hog described in 
 the first part of “The Pilgrim’s Progress” by 
 Bunyan . 
 
 Slovaks (slo-vaks'). A Slavic race dwelling 
 chiefly in northern Hungary and the adjoining 
 part of Moravia. 
 
 Slovenes (slo-venz'). A Slavic race chiefly in 
 Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, and parts of the 
 Kiistenland and Hungary. 
 
 Slowboy (slo'boi), Tilly. In Dickens’s “Crick- 
 et on the Hearth,” an awkward nurse employed 
 by Mr. Peerybingle. She is constantly sur- 
 prised at being so well treated, and has a ge- 
 nius for bumping the baby’s head, 
 
 Sluis, or Sluys (slois). [F. L’Lcluse.'] A sea- 
 port in the province of Zealand, Netherlands, 
 situated near the Belgian frontier 10 miles 
 northeast of Bruges. A naval victory was gained 
 here by Edward III. of England and his Flemish allies 
 over the French in 1340. ' Population, 2,364. 
 
 Sly (six), Christopher. A tinker in the induc- 
 tion to Shakspere’s “ Taming of the Shrew.” 
 He is found in a drunken sleep by a nobleman, who has 
 him taken to his own home as a jest ; and when he wakes 
 he is made to believe that he is the lord of the manor. 
 The “Taming of the Shrew” is then played for his enter- 
 tainment before his illusion is broken. Harun-al-Puishid 
 played the same trick on Abu Hassan. 
 
 Sm&land (sma'lant). A region in southern 
 Sweden, bordering on the Baltic. It comprises 
 Jonkoping, Kronoberg, and Kalmar. 
 Smalcald, or Smalkald. See Schmallalden. 
 Smalkaldic (smal-kal'dik) Articles. The arti- 
 cles of Protestant faith drawn up by Luther and 
 submitted to a meeting of electors, princes, and 
 states at Smalkald (or Schmalkalden) in 1537, 
 designed to show how far the Protestants were 
 willing to go in order to avoid a rupture with 
 Rome. 
 
 Smalkaldic League. A league entered into at 
 Smalkald in 1531 by several Protestant princes 
 and free cities for the common defense of their 
 faith and political independence against the 
 emperor Charles V. 
 
 Smalkaldic War. The unsuccessful war waged 
 by the Smalkaldic League against Charles V. 
 (i.546-47). 
 
 Small-Endians. See Little-endians. 
 
 Small Isles. A collective name for the islands 
 of Canna, Rum, Eigg, and Muck, off the west- 
 ern coast of Scotland. 
 
 Smallweed (smal'wed), Grandfather. In Dick- 
 ens’s “Bleak House,” an old man, the grandfa- 
 ther of young Smallweed (called Chiekweed), 
 “in a helpless condition as to his lower and 
 nearly so as to his upper limbs.” He enjoys throw- 
 ing his pillows at his more feeble wife; both are then 
 shaken up and settled by their granddaughter Judy. 
 
 Smaragdus Mons (sma-rag'dus monz). [Gr. 
 'SgapaySoe, emerald.] In ancient geography, a 
 mountain in Africa, near the western coast of 
 the Red Sea, about lat. 24° 45' N., noted for its 
 emeralds: the modern Jebel Zabareh. 
 
 Smart (smart), Benjamin Humphrey. Bom 
 in England about 1786 : died in 1872. An Eng- 
 lish grammarian, lexicographer, and philosoph- 
 ical writer, for 50 years a teacher of elocution 
 in London. He published “ A Grammar of English Pro- 
 nunciation ” (1810), “The Rudiments of English Grammar 
 Elucidated” (1811), “A Grammar of English Sounds” 
 (1812), “ Practical Logic ’’(1823), “ Outlines of Sematology ’’ 
 (1831), “ Pronouncing Dictionary based on that of John 
 Walker" (1836),“ Grammar on its True Basis ”(184 7), “Let- 
 ter to Dr.Whately on the Effect of his Elements of Logic, 
 etc.” (1852), “Thought and Language” (1856), “Accidence 
 of Grammar,” etc. 
 
 Smart, Christopher. Bom at Shipbonme, 
 Kent, April 11, 1722 : died at London, May 21, 
 1771. An English poet. He entered Cambridge 
 (Pembroke Hall) in 1739, and was elected fellow in 1745. He 
 became a hack writer, and, his mind giving way. he died 
 in the rules of the King’s Bench. In the intervals of a 
 fit of insanity he wrote the poem “A Song to David,” 
 published in 1763, which was omitted from his collected 
 works and has been discovered quite recently. He also 
 wrote “ The Hilliad,” a poetical translation of Phsedrus 
 (1765), a prose translation of Horace, and metrical ver- 
 sions of the psalms and parables. 
 
 Smart, Sir George Thomas. Born at London, 
 May 10, 1776: died there, Feb. 23, 1867. An 
 English musical conductor, instructor, and com- 
 poser. He was appointed organist of the Chapel Royal 
 in 1822, and composer in 1838. He was the first to produce 
 Mendelssohn's “St. Paul” in England, and was in great 
 repute as a conductor of musical festivals in all parts of 
 the country (1823-40). He edited Orlando Gibbon’s “ Mad- 
 rigals "and the “Dettingen Te Deum,” and published sev- 
 eral volumes of glees, anthems, etc. 
 
 Smart, Henry Thomas. Born Oct. 26, 1813 : 
 died July C, 1879. An English musician and 
 composer: nephew of 8ir G. T. Smart, and eon 
 
939 
 
 Smart, Henry 
 
 of Henry Smart (1778-1823), a conductor and 
 manufacturer of pianofortes. He was organist in 
 various London churches (at St. Luke’s (1844-64), and at 
 St. Pancras in 1864, when he became blind and was obliged 
 to dictate his compositions). His church music and part- 
 songs are best known. He also wrote an opera “Bertha, 
 or the Gnome of Hartzburg ” (1855), and several cantatas, 
 “ The Bride of Dunkerron ” (1864), “ King Rent's Daugh- 
 ter," “ The Fisher Maidens ” (1871), and “ Jacob ” (1873). 
 
 Smartas (smiir'taz), or Smarta Brahmans. 
 
 One of the three principal classes into which 
 the Hindus proper of the present day may he 
 divided as to religion, the other two being the 
 Shaivas and the Vaishnavas. The Smartas believe 
 that man’s spirit is identical with the one Spirit, which 
 is the essence of the universe and only cognizable through 
 meditation and self-communion. They believe also in 
 the three personal gods Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu, with 
 their subordinate deities, but only as coequal manifesta- 
 tions of the one impersonal Spirit and as destined to be 
 reabsorbed into that Spirit. They are followers of Shan- 
 kara (which see). 
 
 Smeaton (sme'ton), John. Born at Austhorpe, 
 near Leeds, England, June 8, 1724: died at Aus- 
 thorpe, Oct. 28, 1792. An English civil engi- 
 neer. He rebuilt the Eddystone Lighthouse, and built 
 various canals, bridges, etc. 
 
 Smectymmius (smek-tim'nu-us). The professed 
 author of a controversial tract against episco- 
 pacy, written In the middle of the 17th century 
 in answer to Bishop Hall. The name is a sort of 
 acrostic made up from the initials of the names of the 
 authors : Stephen Marshall, .Edmund Calamy, Thomas 
 Koung, Matthew jVewcomen, B'illiam .S'purstow. 
 
 Smedley (smed'li), Francis Edward. Bom at 
 Marlow in 1818: died at London, May 1, 1864. 
 An English novelist, editor for a time of 
 “ Sharpe’s London Magazine.” He wrote “ Frank 
 Fairleigh” (1850), “Lewis Arundel" (1852), and “Harry 
 Coverdale’s Courtship ” (1855). His books were illustrated 
 by Cruikshank and “ Phiz. ” 
 
 Smelfungus (smel-fung'gus). A name given 
 by Sterne to Smollett, on account of the pes- 
 simistic character of Smollett’s “Travels.” 
 Smellie (smel'i), William. Born at Edinburgh 
 in 1740: died there, June 24, 1795. A Scottish 
 printer and author. He edited the first edition of the 
 “ Encyclopaedia Britannica” (1768-71), and is understood 
 to have been largely responsible for the plan of that work 
 and to have been the principal compiler. He also wrote 
 “Philosophy of Natural History ” (1790-99). 
 
 Smerdis (smer'dis), or Bardija. Killed about 
 523 B. C. The brother of Cambyses of Persia, 
 by whose orders he was put to death. 
 
 Smerdis, Pseudo-, or the False Smerdis. 
 Killed 521 B. c. A Magian and Mede who claimed 
 to be Smerdis and usurped the throne of Persia 
 522-521 B. C. 
 
 Smeru (sma'rii). The highest mountain in Java, 
 situated in the eastern part of the island: 
 an active volcano. Height, 12,148 feet. 
 Smetana (sme-ta/nii), Friedrich. Born in Bo- 
 hemia, March 2, 1824 : died May 12, 1884. A 
 Bohemian musician and composer, a pupil of 
 Proksch and Liszt. He produced a numberof operas, 
 symphonic poems, etc., and was conductor in the National 
 Theater at Prague 1866-74, when he resigned on account 
 of deafness. Among his operas are “ Married for Money,’’ 
 “The Brandenburger in Bohemia,” and “The Bartered 
 Bride." The last suddenly became famous in Vienna in 
 1892, and since that time Smetana's name has been widely 
 known outside of Bohemia. He died insane. 
 Smethwick (sme'l'll'ik). AtowninStalfordshire, 
 Eng., 3 miles west of Birmingham. It has va- 
 rious manufactures. Pop., 70,681, (1911). 
 Smike (smik). In Dickens’s “Nicholas Nick- 
 leby,” a poor homeless persecuted boy, abused 
 by Squeers, afterward befriended by Nicholas 
 Niekleby, and finally discovered to be Ralph 
 Nickleby’s son. 
 
 Smiles (smilz), Samuel. Born at Haddington, 
 Scotland, Dec. 23, 1812 : died at London, Aprii 
 16, 1904. A Scottish miscellaneous writer. 
 He was graduated in medicine at Edinburgh ; but, after 
 practising at Haddington, became editor of the “Leeds 
 Times.” He was assistant secretary to the Leeds and 
 Thirsk Railway Company 1845-54, and secretary of the 
 South-Eastern Railway 1854-66. His works include “ His- 
 tory of Ireland ” (1844),“ Life of George Stephenson " (1857), 
 “Self-Help, with Illustrations of Character and Conduct” 
 (1859), “ Brief Biographies ’’(1860),“ Lives of the Engineers” 
 (1861-65), “Industrial Biography ”(1863), “The Huguenots” 
 (1867), “Character" (1871), “The Huguenots in France” 
 (1874), “Thrift" (1875). 
 
 Smillie (smi'li), George Henry. Bom at New 
 York, Dec. 29, 1840. An American landscape- 
 painter, brother of J. D. Smillie. Ini87ihemade 
 a sketching tour in the Rocky Mountains and the Yosem- 
 ite Valley, and in Florida in 1874. He first exhibited at 
 the National Academy in 1863, and was made a national 
 academician in 1882. 
 
 Smillie, James. Born at Edinburgh, Scotland, 
 1807 : died at New York, Dec. 5, 1885. A Scot- 
 tish-American engraver. He came to America in 
 1821, and settled in New York in 1829. lie engraved bank- 
 notes and was eminent as an engraver of landscapes, 
 among which are Cole's aeries “ The Voyage of Lite,” 
 Biers tadt's “ Rocky Mountains,” etc. 
 
 Smillie, James David. Bom at New York, 
 June 16, 1833: died there, Sept. 14, 1909. An 
 American landscape-painter, son of James 
 Smillie the engraver. He became a member 
 of the National Academy in 1876. 
 
 Smilltheus (smin'thus). [Gr. 2/uvdev f.] In 
 Greek mythology, a surname of Apollo. 
 
 The very name, Smintheus, by which his favourite priest 
 calls on him in the “Iliad” (i. 39), might be rendered 
 “ Mouse Apollo,” or “Apollo, Lord of Mice.” As we shall 
 see later, mice lived beneath the altar, and were fed in the 
 holy of holies of the god, and an image of a mouse was 
 placed beside or upon his sacred tripod. 
 
 Lang, Custom and Myth, p. 103. 
 
 Smirke (smferk), Robert. Born near Carlisle, 
 England, 1752: died at London, Jan. 5, 1845. 
 An English historical painter and illustrator. 
 Smirke, Sir Robert. Bom at London, Oct. 1, 
 1781 : died at Cheltenham, April 18, 1867. An 
 English architect, son of Robert Smirke. He 
 designed the British Museum. 
 
 Smirke, Sydney. Born 1798 : died Dec. 8, 1877. 
 An English architect, brother of Sir Robert 
 Smirke. He succeeded his brottier as architect to the 
 British Museum in 1847. 
 
 Smith (smith), Adam. Bom at Kirkcaldy, Fife- 
 shire, Scotland, June 5,1723: died at Edinburgh, 
 July 17, 1790. A celebrated Scottish political 
 economist. Ho was educated at Glasgow and Oxford, 
 and in 1748 became lecturer on rhetoric and belles-lettres 
 at Edinburgh. He accepted in 1751 the chair of logic at 
 . Glasgow, which he exchanged for that of moral philosophy 
 in the same university in 1752. In 1703 he resigned his 
 professorship in order to travel on the Continent as tutor 
 of the young duke of Euccleuch (1764-66), and afterward 
 lived for a time in studious retirement at Kirkcaldy. He 
 became commissioner of customs at Edinburgh in 1778; 
 and was elected lord rector of the University of Glasgow 
 in 1787. His chief works are “Inquiry into the Nature 
 and Causesof the Wealth of Nations ” (1776) and “ Theory 
 of Moral Sentiments ” (1759). 
 
 Smith, Alexander. Bom at Kilmarnock, Scot- 
 land, Dec. 31, 1830 : died at Wardie, near Edin- 
 burgh, Jan. 5, 1867. A Scottish poet and mis- 
 cellaneous author. He wrote “A Life Drama and 
 other Poems ” (1853), “War Sonnets ’’ (with Dobell, 1855), 
 etc. His chief prose works are “A Summer in Skye " (1865) 
 and “ Alfred Hagart’s Household ” (1866). 
 
 Smith, Andrew Jackson. Born April 28. 
 1815: died Jan. 30, 1897. A Union general 
 in the Civil War. He served with distinction in the 
 Vicksburg and Red River campaigns (18(12-63 and 18G4X 
 participating in the battles of Pleasant Hill and Nashville 
 (1864). He also bore a conspicuous part in the reduction 
 of Mobile, March-April, 18G5. 
 
 Smith, Benjamin Leigh. Born 1828. An Eng- 
 lish arctic explorer. He conducted expeditions to 
 Spitzbergen in 1871, 1872, and 1873, and to Franz Josef 
 Land in 1880 and 1881-82. 
 
 Smith, Buckingham. Born at Cumberland Isl- 
 and, Ga., Oct. 31, 1810: died at New York city, 
 Jan. 5, 1871. An American antiquary. He ed- 
 ited, translated, and wrote various works in Spanish and 
 English relating to early Spanish explorations in America. 
 
 Smith, Charles Emory. Bom in 1842 : died 
 Jan. 19, 1908. An American journalist, editor 
 of the Philadelphia “Press.” He was minister to 
 Russia under President Harrison 1890-92, and postmaster- 
 general 1898-Dec., 1901. 
 
 Smith, Charles Ferguson. Bom at Philadel- 
 phia, April 24, 1807 : died at Savannah, Tenn., 
 April 25, 1862. An American general. He grad- 
 uated at West Point in 1825; served as instructor, adju- 
 tant, and commandant at West Point 1829-42 ; commanded 
 a light battalion in the Mexican War ; commanded the 
 Red River expedition in 1856 ; and served in the Utah 
 expedition 1857-60. He was appointed brigadier-general 
 of volunteers in 1861 ; captured the heights commanding 
 the fort at the battle of Fort Donelson in 1862 ; and was 
 made major-general of volunteers in March, 1862. 
 
 Smith, Edmund Kirby. Born at St. Augus- 
 tine, Fla. , May 16, 1824 ; died at Se wanee, Tenn., 
 March 28, 1893. A Confederate general. He 
 graduated at West Point in 1845 ; served in the Mexican 
 and Indian wars; was wounded at Bull Run in 1861 ; led 
 the advance in Bragg’s invasion of Kentucky in 1862; 
 gained the bat le of Richmond, Kentucky, Aug. 30, 1862, 
 and wasmadelieutenant-general ; served at Perryville and 
 Murfreesboro ; was commander of the Trans-Mississippi 
 department in 1863 ; was opposed to Banks in the Red 
 River campaign of 1864 ; was made general ; and was the 
 last Confederate commander to surrender (Slay 26, 1865). 
 Smith, Eli. Born at Northford, Conn., Sept. 13, 
 1801: died at Beirut, Syria, Jan. 11, 1857. An 
 American missionary in Syria, and Arabic schol- 
 ar. He graduated at Yale in 1821, and at Andover in 1826, 
 and in that year became superintendent of the missionary 
 printing-house at Malta : later he became connected with 
 the mission in Syria. In 1829 he traveled in Greece. In 
 1830-31, with Dr. H. G. 0. Dwight, he made a journey 
 through Armenia, Georgia, and Persia, and settled in Beirut 
 in 1833. In 1838, with Professor Edward Robinson, he 
 made a remarkable exploration of Palestine, which is said 
 to have "opened the second great era of our knowledge 
 of the Promised Land.” In 1852 they visited Jerusalem 
 again. He began in 1844 to translate the Bible into Ara- 
 bic, and a portion of it was in print at the time of his 
 death. It was completed by Dr. Cornelius Van Dyke in 
 1800-67. He had devised an improved font of Arabic type, 
 
 Smith, Henry Boynton 
 
 which was cast at Leipsic in 1839 under his direction. He 
 assisted Professor Robinson in the production of “Bibli- 
 cal Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai, and Arabia Pe- 
 trsea” in 1841: with the second edition (1856) appeared 
 “ Later Biblical Researches in Palestine, etc.” He wrote 
 “ Missionary Researches in Armenia ” (with Dr. Dwight, 
 1833) and “Sermons and Addresses ” (1834), and contrib- 
 uted to the “ Bibliotheca Sacra,” etc. 
 
 Smith, Erasmus Peshine. Born at New York, 
 March 2, 1814; died at Rochester, N. Y., Oct. 
 21, 1882. An American jurist and political 
 economist. He graduated at Columbia in 1832, and at 
 the Harvard Law School in 1833 ; was for some time an 
 official in the state department ; and about 1871 became 
 adviser on international law to the Mikado of Japan, a 
 post which he occupied five years. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. (Erminnie Adelle Platt). Born 
 
 at Marcellus, N. Y., April 26, 1836 : died at Jersey 
 City, N. J., June 9, 1886. An American ethnolo- 
 gist. She published an Iroquois-English dictionary, etc. 
 
 Smith, Francis Hopkinson. Born at Balti- 
 more, Md., Oct. 23, 1838. AnAmerican painter, 
 writer, and civil engineer. He has published “ Well- 
 worn Roads, etc. ” (1886), “ A Book of the Tile Club ’’ (1887), 
 “A White Umbrella in Mexico ” (1889), “Colonel Carter 
 of Cartersville ” (1891), “A Day at Laguerre’s, etc.” (1892), 
 “American Illustrators’’ (1892), “Tom Grogan” (1896), 
 “Caleb West" (1898), “The Fortunes of Oliver Horn” 
 (1902), “The Wood Fire in No. 3” (1905), “The Tides of 
 Bamegat” (1906), “Peter” (1908), “Kennedy Square” 
 (1911), “The Arm-chair at the Inn” (1912). 
 
 Smith, George. Born March 26, 1840: died at 
 Aleppo, Aug. 19, 1876. An English Assyriolo- 
 gist, a bank-note engraver by trade. He studied 
 the cuneiform inscriptions in the British Museum, and, 
 through the influence of Sir Henry Rawlinson and Dr. 
 Birch, was appointed assistant in the department of an- 
 tiquities in the museum. In 1872 he discovered the Chal- 
 dean account of the deluge, and in 1871 the key to the 
 Cypriote character and script. In 1872 he was sent by 
 the “Daily Telegraph” to Nineveh, and in 1873 returned 
 to Nineveh by commission of the British Mnseum and 
 completed his excavations. He published “Assyrian Dis- 
 coveries" in 1875. On a third visit, in 1876, he died. He 
 also wrote “Annals of Assurbanipal” (1871), “History of 
 Assyria ” (1875), “ Eponym Canon ” (1876), etc. 
 
 Smith, George Barnett. Bom 1841 : died 
 Jan. 2, 1909. An English journalist and 
 writer. He went to London in 1864 and was connected 
 with the “ Globe ” and the “ Echo." He contributed 
 to the “ Encyclopaedia Britannica ” and to a number of peri- 
 odicals. Among his works are “ Poets and Novelists " (1875), 
 lives of Shelley (1877), Gladstone (1879), Sir Robert Peel 
 (1881), John Bright(l 881), Victor Hugo(1885),QueenVictoria 
 (1886), and “William I. and the German Empire ”(1889). 
 Smith, Gerrit. Bom at Utica, N. Y., March 6, 
 1797 : died at New York city, Dec. 28, 1874. An 
 American philanthropist. He was connected with the 
 Colonization Society, and later with the Antislavery Soci- 
 ety, and gave pecuniary assistance to John Brown, in whose 
 affair at Harper’s Ferry he was not, however, implicated. 
 He was an abolitionist member of Congress from New 
 *York 1853-54. 
 
 Smith, Goldwin. Bom at Reading, England, 
 Aug. 13, 1823: died at Toronto, June 7, 1910. 
 An English historian and publicist. He was grad- 
 uated at Oxford in 1845 ; was regius p’rofessor of modern 
 history at that university 1858-66 ; and was professor of 
 English and constitutional history at Cornell University 
 (Ithaca, New York) from 1868 to 1871, when he exchanged 
 his chair for that of a non-resident professor and removed 
 to Toronto. He became a member of the senate of the 
 Toronto University ; was editor of the “ Canadian Monthly” 
 1872-74 ; and founded the “Toronto Week ” in 1884. He 
 published “Lectures on Modem History” (1861), “Irish 
 History and Irish Character " (1861), “ Rational Religion ” 
 (1861), “ On Church Endowments ‘‘ (1862), “ The Empire " 
 (1863), “Civil War in America” (1866), “Three English 
 Statesmen" (1867), “Reorganization of the University of 
 Oxford ” (1868), “ Relations between America and Eng- 
 land ”(1869), “Short History of England'’ (1869), “Con- 
 duct of England to Ireland ” (1882), a “ History of the 
 United States ” (1893), etc. 
 
 Smith, Green Clay. Bom 1832 : died June 29, 
 1895. An American politician, general, and 
 clergyman. He was a Federal general in the Civil War ; 
 Unionmember of Congress from Kentucky 1863-66 ; gov- 
 ernor of Montana Territory 1866-69 ; and later a Baptist 
 minister. Prohibition candidate for the presidency 1876. 
 
 Smith, Gustavus Woodson. Bora in Scott 
 County, Ky., Jan. 1, 1822: died June 23, 1896. 
 An American soldier. He graduated at West Point 
 in 1842 ; served in the Mexican war ; and resigned from the 
 army in 1854. He was street commissioner of New York 
 city from 1858 to 1861, when, at the outbreak of the Civil 
 War, lie entered the Confederate army, and was appointed 
 major-general in Sept., 1861. He commanded the Georgia 
 militia in 1864. He was insurance commissioner of Ken- 
 tucky 1870-76. He published “ Notes on Life Insurance ’’ 
 (3d ed. 1877) and “Confederate War Papers” (1884). 
 
 Smith, Henry Boynton. Born at Portland, 
 
 Maine, Nov. 21, 1815: died at New York city, 
 Feb. 7, 1877. An American clergyman and 
 
 scholar. He became professor of philosophy at Amherst 
 College in 1847, and professor of church history at Union 
 Theological Seminary in 1850 (and later of systematic 
 theology). He resigned in 1874. He was editor of the 
 “ American Theological Review,” “ Presbyterian Review, ” 
 and “Princeton Review.” His works include “Relations 
 of Faith and Philosophy "(1849),“ History of the Church of 
 Christ in Chronological Tables ’’ (1859), “ Church History ” 
 (1851),“ The Idea of Christian Theology as a System ’’ (1877), 
 with R. D. Hitchcock a life of Edward Robinson (1864), etc. 
 
 t 
 
Smith, Horace 
 
 Smith, Horace. Born at London, Dec. 31, 1779 : 
 died at Tunbridge Wells, July 12, 1849. An Eng- 
 lish poet, novelist, and miscellaneous writer: 
 brother of James Smith, and associated with 
 him in the “ Rejected Addresses.” He wrote 
 “Brambletye House” (1826) and many other 
 novels. 
 
 Smith, James. Born at London, Feb. 10, 1775 : 
 died there, Dec. 24, 1839. An English poet, noted 
 for a collection of parodies entitled “Reject- 
 ed Addresses” (in collaboration with Horace 
 Smith in 1812). He aided Charles Mathews in 
 “Country Cousins,” etc. 
 
 Smith, John. Born at Willoughby, Lincoln- 
 shire, in Jan., 1579: died at London, June 21, 
 1631. An English adventurer, president of the 
 colony of Virginia 1608-09. He was the eldest son 
 of George Smith, a tenant farmer. Little is known of his 
 life, except through his own writings, which are largely 
 eulogistic of himself and of questionable authority. He 
 studied at the free schools of Alford and Louth, and at the 
 age of fifteen was apprenticed to a trade, hut ran away and 
 served under Lord YVilloughbyin theNetherlandsand else- 
 where. He afterward served in Hungary and Transylvania 
 against the Turks, and was captured and sent into slavery, 
 but escaped to Russia and ultimately returned to England, 
 probably about 1605. He accompanied the expedition, con- 
 sisting of three vessels and 105 men, which left London Dec. 
 19, 1606, under the command of Christopher Newport, for 
 the purpose of establishing a colony in Virginia. He pro- 
 fessed to have been kept under arrest during part of the 
 voyage, on suspicion of aiming to usurp the government 
 and make himself king. The colonists sighted the Virginia 
 coast (Cape Henry) April 26, 1607. The same day they 
 opened the sealed orders which they carried with them pro- 
 viding for the local government of the colony. Theorders 
 named a council of seven members, including John Smith 
 (although for the present he was not allowed to take his 
 seat), which was to elect an annual president, and which 
 ultimately chose Edward Maria Wingfield. The settle- 
 ment of Jamestown began May 13, 1007. Smith’s energy 
 in exploring the neighboring rivers, and his success in ob- 
 taining supplies from the Indians, soon secured for him 
 admission to his place on the council. While on a voyage 
 of exploration up the James in 1607 he was captured by 
 the Indians and brought before Powhatan, who after a six 
 weeks’ captivity sent him back to Jamestown (see Poca- 
 hontas). When he returned to Jamestown, he found the 
 colonists reduced to 40 men ; but they were presently re- 
 inforced by the arrival of Captain Nelson with 140 immi- 
 grants. Smith explored the coasts of the Chesapeake as 
 far as the mouth of the Patapsco June-July, and the head 
 of the Chesapeake July-Sept., 1608. On Sept.. 10, 1608, he 
 was elected president. Captain Newport returned from 
 a visit to England with 70 colonists. Insubordination 
 and Indian uprisings were overcome by Smith's tact and 
 energy, but false accounts of his administration were sent 
 home by his enemies. A new charter was obtained by the 
 proprietors in England (the London Company) ; Lord Dela- 
 ware was made governor ; and three commissioners were 
 empowered to manage the affairs of the colony until the 
 arrival of the governor. The commissioners sailed in 1609 
 with over 500 emigrants in nine ships, one of which, the 
 8ea Venture, was shipwrecked off the Bermudas. The 
 warrant of the new commission was lost in the ship- 
 wreck, with the result that Smith retained his presidency 
 and enforced his authority over the new-comers, who 
 were composed targely of the riffraff of London. While 
 on an exploring expedition he was severely wounded by 
 the explosion of his powder-bag, and returned to Lon- 
 don in the autumn of 1609. He subsequently (in 1614) 
 conducted an expedition fitted out by some London 
 merchants to the coast of New England, which he ex- 
 plored from Penobscot to Cape Cod. In 1615 he started on 
 a similar voyage, but was captured by the French. He 
 escaped the same year, and the remainder of his life was 
 spent in vain endeavors to procure financial support for 
 the establishment of a colony in New England. He ob- 
 tained the promise of 20 ships in 1617, and received the 
 title of Admiral of New England, which he bore until his 
 death. The expedition, however, never sailed. He wrote 
 “A True Relation ’’ (1608), “A Map of Virginia” (1612), ‘‘A 
 Description of New England" (1616), “New England’s 
 Trials ” (1620), “The Generali Historie of Virginia, New 
 England, and the Summer Isles ”(16241, “An Accidence for 
 Young Seamen" (1626), “The True Travels ” (1630), and 
 “Advertisements for the Inexperienced Planters of New 
 England ” (1631). 
 
 Smith, John Cotton. Born at Sharon, Conn., 
 Feb. 12, 1765: died there, Dec. 7, 1845. An 
 American politician. He was Federalist member of 
 Congress from Connecticut 1801-07, and governor of Con- 
 necticut 1813-18. He was president of the American Bible 
 Society and of the American Board of Commissioners of 
 Foreign Missions. 
 
 Smith, John Cotton. Born at Andover, Mass., 
 Aug. 4, 1826 : died at New York, Aug. 10, 1882. 
 An American Protestant Episcopal clergyman. 
 He became rector of the Church of the Ascension, New 
 York city, in 1860, and was a leader in tenement-house 
 reform. He wrote “Miscellanies, Old and New ” (1876), 
 “ The Liturgy as a Basis of Union,” etc. 
 
 Smith, John Pye. Born at Sheffield, England, 
 May 25, 1774: died at Guildford, England, Feb. 
 5, 1851. An English Independent clergyman. 
 He wrote “Scripture Testimony to the Messiah” (1818-21), 
 “ Scripture and Geology ” (1839), etc. 
 
 Smith, Joseph. Bom at Sharon, Vt., Dec. 23, 
 1805: killed at Carthage, 111., June 27, 1844. A 
 Mormon prophet. He removed with his parents, poor 
 farmers, to the State of New York about 1815, and resided 
 successively at Palmyra and Manchester. About 1820 he 
 began, as he claimed, to have supernatural visions, and 
 Sept, 22, 1827, received from an angel a book written in 
 
 940 
 
 strange hieroglyphics on golden plates, which he subse- 
 quently translated with the aid of Urim and Thummim, 
 a pair of magic spectacles. The translation, which was 
 dictated by Smith from behind a curtain, was published 
 in 1830 under the title of the “Book of Mormon" 
 (which see), on the basis of which the Mormon Church 
 was organized in the same year. In Feb., 1831, he re- 
 moved with his followers from New York State to Kirt- 
 land, Ohio, settling afterward in Missouri. In 1840 he 
 founded the city of Nauvoo, Illinois. Therevelation which 
 he professed to have received July 12, 1843, authorizing 
 polygamy, stirred up violent opposition among his follow- 
 ers, which found expression in the “Nauvoo Expositor," 
 a newspaper founded especially for this purpose. Smith’s 
 adherents destroyed the press, and a warrant was procured 
 for his arrest. He resisted ; the militia was called out to 
 assist the constable in serving the instrument ; and he was 
 ultimately lodged in the jail at Carthage with his brother 
 Hyrum, where they were shot to death by a mob. 
 Smith, Joshua Toulmin. Born at Birmingham, 
 England, May 29, 1816 : died April 28, 1869. An 
 English antiquary. His works include “Dis- 
 covery of America by the Northmen” (1839), 
 “History of English Guilds” (1870), etc. 
 Smith, Kirby. Bee Smith, Edmund Kirby. 
 Smith, Marcus. Born at New Orleans, Jan. 27, 
 1829 : died at Paris, Aug. 11, 1884. An Ameri- 
 can actor, known as Mark Smith: son of Solo- 
 mon F. Smith. Heplayed many Shaksperian parts, and 
 had great versatility, ranging easily from Sir Peter Teazle 
 and Sir William Fondlove to Diggory and Powhatan (in 
 Brougham’s burlesque “Pocahontas”). 
 
 Smith, Melancton or Melancthon. Born at 
 New York, May 24, 1810 : died at Green Bay, 
 Wis., July 19, 1893. An American admiral. He* 
 was appointed midshipman in the United States navy in 
 1826; was promoted commander in 1855, captain in 1862, 
 commodore in 1866, and rear-admiral in 1870. He served 
 in theCivil War before New Orleans, at Port Hudson, Fort 
 Fisher, etc. He was commandant of the Brooklyn navy- 
 yard 1870-72, and was afterward governor of the Naval 
 Asylum at Philadelphia. 
 
 Smith, Morgan Lewis. Born in Oswego County, 
 N. Y. , March 8, 1822 : died at Jersey City, N. J., 
 Dec. 29, 1874. An American general, brigade 
 and division commander underGrant and Sher- 
 man in the West during the Civil War. 
 
 Smith, Philip. Born 1817 : died 1885. An Eng- 
 lish historian, brother of Sir William Smith. 
 He was head-master of the Mill Hill Protestant Dissen- 
 ters’ School, Hendon, and was a coadjutor of his brother 
 in the compilation of the dictionaries of Greek and Roman 
 antiquities, biography, and geography. He published “A 
 History of the Ancient World ” (1863-65). 
 
 Smith, Robert. Born 1689: died at Cambridge, 
 1768. An English mathematician. He was ap- 
 pointed Plumian professor of astronomy at Cambridge in 
 1716, and master of Trinity College in 1742. He is chiefly 
 known as the founder of Smith’s prizes (which see) at 
 Cambridge. Hexvrote “Complete System of Optics ”(1738), 
 etc. 
 
 Smith, Robert. Bom Nov., 1757 : died at Bal- 
 timore, Nov. 26, 1842. An American politician, 
 brother of Samuel Smith (1752-1839). He was 
 
 secretary of the navy 1801-05 ; attorney-general 1805 ; and 
 secretary of state 1809-11. 
 
 Smith, Robert Payne. Born Nov., 1818: 
 died April 1, 1895. An English Crientalist 
 and theologian. He xvas regius professor of divinity 
 at Oxford from 1865 to 1871, when he became dean of Can- 
 terbury. He was a member of the Old Testament Revision 
 Company. He published “The Authenticity and Mes- 
 sianic Interpretation of the Prophecies of Isaiah Vindi- 
 cated” (1862), “Prophecy: a Preparation forClirist" (1869), 
 “Thesaurus Syriacus ” (1868 et seq.), etc. 
 
 Smith, Roswell. Born at Lebanon, Conn., 
 March 30,1829: died at New York, April 19, 1892. 
 An American publisher, a founder, with Dr. J. 
 G. Holland and Charles Scribner & Co., of 
 “Scribner’s Monthly,” later (1881) the “Cen- 
 tury "magazine. He wasthe founderand presi- 
 dent of The Century Co. (New York city). 
 Smith, Samuel Francis. Born at Boston, Oct. 
 21, 1808 : died Nov. 16, 1895. An American Bap- 
 tist clergyman and poet. He is well known from his 
 hymns and songs, including “My Country, ’Tis of Thee" 
 (1832), “The Morning Light is Breaking ”(1832), etc. 
 Smith, Seba. Born at Buckfield, Maine, Sept- 
 Id, 1792 : died at Patehogue, L. I., July 29, 1868. 
 An American journalist and miscellaneous wri- 
 ter. He published “Life and Letters of Major Jack Down- 
 ing” (1833), “ ’Way Down East, etc.” (1855), “My Thirty 
 Years Out of the Senate, by Major Jack Downing ” (1859- 
 1860), etc. 
 
 Smith, Sydney. Born a t Woodford, Essex, Eng- 
 land, June 3, 1771 : died at London, Feb. 22, 1845. 
 An English clergyman, wit, and essayist. He was 
 educated at Winchester and at New College, Oxford : took 
 orders; and was curate of Netheravon on Salisbury Plain. 
 He lived in Edinburgh from 1798 to 1803, and then went 
 to London. While in Edinburgh he was one of thefounders 
 of the “Edinburgh Review,” its first editor (1802), and one 
 of its chief contributors for twenty years. From 1804 to 
 1808 he was one of the lecturers on moral philosophy at 
 the Royal Institution, London, teaching the principles of 
 Dugald Stewart. These lectures were published in 1850. 
 In 1806 he was presented to the living of Foston-le-Clay, 
 Yorkshire, where there had been no clergyman for 150 
 years : he lived there 1814-28 as a village priest. In 
 1828 he was presented to a prebend of Bristol, and in 
 
 Smith, Sir William Sidney 
 
 1829 to the living of Combe-Florey in Somerset; and in 1831 
 he was canon residentiary of St. Paul's. He was noted as 
 a brilliant critic, and as a talker and a wit. Macaulay calls 
 him “ the greatest master of ridicule that has appeared 
 among us since Swift.” His chief works are "Letters on 
 the Subject of the Catholics, by Peter Plymley " (1807-08 : 
 advocating Catholic emancipation and Parliamentary re- 
 form); sixty-five articles from the “ Edinburgh Review,” 
 republished in 1839; "Wit and Wisdom" (edited by 
 Duyckinck, 1856); and a number of volumes of speeches, 
 sermons, and letters on questions of the day. His life was 
 published by his daughter, Lady Holland (1855 : Including 
 his letters). 
 
 Smith, Walter Chalmers. Born at Aberdeen 
 in 1824: died Sept. 19, 1908. A Scottish clergy- 
 man and poet. He was educated at Aberdeen and 
 Edinburgh, and held pastoral charges in the Free Church 
 of Scotland at Orwell, Glasgow, and Edinburgh. He was 
 distinguished as a preacher and for his practical interest 
 in public affairs. His poems include “The Bishop’s 
 Walk” (1861), “Olrig Grange" (1872), “Hilda among the 
 Broken Gods ’’ (1878), “Kildrostan” (1884), etc. 
 
 Smith, Waylandi S eeWayland. 
 
 Smith, William. Bom at New York, June 25, 
 1728 : died at Quebec, Canada, Nov. 3, 1793. 
 An American jurist and historian. He graduated 
 from Yale in 1745, studied law, and became chief justice of 
 the province of New York in 1763, and a member of the 
 council in 1767. He finally attached himself, after much 
 wavering, to the cause of the British, and became chief 
 justice of Canada in 17S6. He wrote “ History of the Prov- 
 ince of New York, etc. ’’ (1757). 
 
 Smith, William. Born at Churchill, Oxford- 
 shire, England, March 23, 1769 : died at North- 
 ampton, England, Aug. 28, 1839. An English 
 geologist, called “the Father of English Geol- 
 ogy.” He began as a mineral surveyor and civil engineer, 
 and in 1794 was appointed engineer of the Somerset Coal 
 Canal. He published “Geological Map of England and 
 Wales xvith Part of Scotland ” (1816), geological county 
 maps, and works on the connection of strata with organic 
 remains. 
 
 Smith, Sir William. Born at London in 1813 : 
 died at London, Oct. 7, 1893. A classical 
 and biblical scholar. He studied at University Col- 
 lege (London), and kept terms at Gray's Inn, but aban- 
 doned law in order to devote himself to the study of clas- 
 sical literature. He was editorof the “ Quarterly Review ” 
 from 1867 until his death, and was knighted in 1892. He 
 edited a “ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities" 
 (1842), “ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and 
 Mythology” (3 vols., late ed. 1880), “Dictionary of Greek 
 and Roman Geography ” (2 vols. 1854-57), “ Dictionary of 
 the Bible" (1860-63), Latin-English dictionary (1855) ; was 
 joint editor of “Dictionary of Christian Antiquities” 
 (1875-80), and “ Dictionary of Christian Biography "(4 vols. 
 1877-87) ; and wrote or edited various classical text-books, 
 historical manuals, etc. 
 
 Smith, William Farrar. Born Feb. 17, 1824: 
 died Feb. 28, 1903. An American (Union 'gen- 
 eral and engineer. He graduated at West Point in 
 1845 ; was a division commander in the Peninsular cam- 
 paign and at Antietam ; and was a corps commander at 
 Fredericksburg. He was chief engineer of the Depart- 
 ment of the Cumberland and of the Division of the Mis- 
 sissippi. He took an important part in the operations 
 near Chattanooga, 1863. In 1864 he was confirmed major- 
 general of volunteers, and was corps commander at ( old 
 Harbor and before Petersburg in the same year. 
 
 Smith, William Henry. Born at London, June 
 24, 1825 : died at Walmer Castle, Oct. 6, 1891. 
 An English Conservative politician and pub- 
 lisher. He was financial secretary to the treasury 1874- 
 1S77 ; first lord of the admiralty 1877-80 ; secretary for war 
 18S5-86 and 1886-87 ; and first lord of the treasury and 
 leader of the Houseof Commons from 1887 until his death. 
 
 Smith, William Robertson. Born at Keig, 
 Aberdeenshire, Nov. 8, 1846: died at Cam- 
 bridgej England, March 31, 1894. A distin- 
 guished Scottishbiblicalscholarand Orientalist. 
 He was the eldest son of a Free Church minister, who was 
 his sole teacher till he entered Aberdeen University. After 
 gaining exceptional distinction there, he went to the Free 
 Church College at Edinburgh, and afterward studied at 
 the universities of Bonn and Gottingen. In 1870 he was 
 appointed Hebrew professor in the Free Church College 
 at Aberdeen. A keen ecclesiastical controversy arose out 
 of certain of his writings — the question at issue being the 
 extent of liberty in matters of biblical criticism and inter- 
 pretation permissible in an evangelical church. His con- 
 tributions to the “ Encyclopedia Britannica,” especially 
 the article “ Bible," published in 1875, led to a series of at- 
 tempts to convict him of heresy. These were unsuccess- 
 ful, largely owing to the attraction of a powerful personal 
 influence, as well as to his skilful conduct of his defense ; 
 but in 1881 he was removed from his chair without being 
 deprived of its emoluments, of which, however, he declined 
 to continue acceptance. The ground assigned by the As- 
 sembly for this action was that “they no longer considered 
 it safe or advantageous for the church that Professor Smith 
 should continue to teach in one of her colleges." From 
 1881 he was associated as joint editor of the “ Encyclo- 
 paedia Britannica” with T. Spencer Baynes, after whose 
 death in 1887 he was sole editor. He was lord almoner’s 
 professor of Arabic at Cambridge University 1883-86, libra- 
 rian of the university 18S6-89, and professor of Arabic 
 1889-94. He published “ The Old Testament in the Jewish 
 Church" (1881), “The Prophets of Israel, and their Place 
 in History ” (1882), “Kinship and Marriage in Early Ara- 
 bia” (1885), “The Religion of the Semites ’’ (1S89), etc. 
 
 Smith, Sir William Sidney: often called Sir 
 Sidney Smith. Born at Westminster, June 21. 
 1764: died at Paris, May 26, 1840. An English 
 admiral. Entering the navy at 11, he won a lien tenancy in 
 
Smith, Sir William Sidney 
 
 the battle off Cape St. Vincent, Jan., 1780. In 1788-90 he 
 advised the King of Sweden in his war with Russia ; in 
 1793 he joined Lord Hood at Toulon ; and on April 19, 1796, 
 he was captured in the harbor of Havrede-Grace, and sent 
 to Paris. He escaped in 1798, and crossed the Channel in 
 a skiff. In Oct., 1798, he was sent to Constantinople as 
 plenipotentiary ; but, learning of Bonaparte's operations at 
 St.-Jean d'Acre, went to its relief. On March 16,1799, he 
 captured the French flotilla, and on May 20 compelled Bon- 
 aparte to raise the siege. He served as brigadier-general 
 under Ahercromby at the battle of Abukir. In 1802 he was 
 member of Parliament for Rochester ; in 1805 was sent on 
 secret service to Sicily and Naples ; in 1807 joined Sir John 
 Duckworth against the Turks ; and on Feb. 7 destroyed the 
 Turkish fleet at Abydos. 
 
 Smith College. An institution for the higher 
 education of women, situated at Northampton, 
 Massachusetts. It was founded by Sophia Smith 
 (1796-1870), and opened in 1875. It has over 
 1,600 students. 
 
 Smithfield (smith'feld). A locality in London, 
 north of St. Paul’s. It was formerly a recreation- 
 ground, and was long famous for its cattle-market. It was 
 noted in the time of Queen Mary as the place for burning 
 heretics at the stake. 
 
 Smith’s Island (smiths I'land). A small island 
 off the coast of North Carolina, to which it be- 
 longs, 24 miles south of Wilmington. It con- 
 tains Cape Fear. 
 
 Smithson (smith'son), James (James Lewis 
 
 Macie). Born in France, about 1765 : died at 
 Genoa, June 27, 1829. An English scientist, il- 
 legitimate son of the first Duke of Northumber- 
 land. He made a bequest to the United States for the 
 establishment of a scientific institution. See Smithsonian 
 Institution. 
 
 Smithsonian Institution. An institution of 
 learning at Washington, established in 1846, 
 for the “ increase and diffusion of knowledge 
 among men.” It was founded by James Smithson, an 
 English chemist and mineralogist, and a fellow of the Royal 
 Society. At his death, in 1829, he bequeathed £105,000 to 
 the government of the United States in trust “ to found 
 at Washington an establishment, under the name of the 
 Smithsonian Institution, for the increase and diffusion of 
 knowledge among men,’’ which bequest became operative 
 in 1835. In 1838 the United States government received 
 from the Court of Chancery of Great Britain 8515,169, 
 which sum was increased by careful financial management 
 to $703,000. This amount was further increased in 1891 
 by a gift from Mr. Thomas George Hodgkins of Setauket, 
 New York, of 8200,000, a portion of the income of which 
 was to be devoted to “the increase and diffusion of more 
 exact knowledge in regard to the nature and properties 
 of the atmospheric air, in connection with the welfare of 
 man.” Mr. Hodgkins also named the Institution as his 
 residuary legatee. The funds of the Institution are de- 
 posited in the United States Treasury, the government 
 paying 6 per cent, interest on the fund. After the discus- 
 sion of numerous plans. Congress passed an act in 1846 
 creating an “establishment” consisting of the President 
 and members of the cabinet and a board of regents (the 
 Vice-President, 3 senators, 3 members of the House of 
 Representatives, and six other citizens), the executive 
 officer to be a secretary elected by the board of regents. 
 The Institution has devoted itself to the two lines of 
 work marked out in the terms of the bequest — the 
 prosecution of original research, and the publication and 
 distribution of memoirs on subjects relating to science. 
 During the course of its existence, it has originated many 
 scientific undertakings of great importance, which have 
 since been taken up by the government, and for which 
 separate bureaus have been established, some independent 
 of the Institution, others under its direction. Out of its 
 meteorological service the United States Weather Bureau 
 has grown ; in connection with its work in ichthyology the 
 United States Fish Commission was established. Under 
 the direction of the Smithsonian Institution are the United 
 States National Museum, the legal custodian of all govern- 
 ment collections ; the Bureau of International Exchanges ; 
 the Bureau of American Ethnology ; the Astrophysical Ob- 
 servatory ; the National Zoological Park ; the National Gal- 
 lery of Art ; and the Regional Bureau of the International 
 Catalogued Scientific Literature. The Institution has a li- 
 brary of over 250,000 volumes (especiallyrich in transactions 
 ofleamed societies) and scientificjournals. Thislibrarywas 
 deposited in 1866, by act of Congress, with the library of 
 Congress, only a working library being retained by the In- 
 stitution. The Institution hashad four secretaries — Joseph 
 Henry, a physicist (1846-78) ; Spencer Fullerton Baird, a 
 zoologist (1878-87) ; Samuel Pierpont Langley, an astrono- 
 mer and physicist (1887-1906), and Charles D. Walcott, a 
 geologist (1907-). Its publications consist of “Contribu- 
 tions to Knowledge," “Miscellaneous Collections," and 
 reports, reports of the National Museum, bulletins of the 
 National Museum, proceedings of the National Museum, 
 annual reports of the Bureau of Ethnology, etc. It has 
 a building, used for offices and exhibition halls. It has 
 taken part in all the scientific expeditions and explora- 
 tions conducted by the government, and in all interna- 
 tional expositions. It offers prizes for essays on specified 
 subjects, and supports a table at the Naples zoological 
 station for the purpose of original research. 
 
 Smith Sound. A sea passage in the arctic re- 
 gions, leading northward from Bafiin Bay, and 
 separating Prndhoe Land (in Greenland) on 
 the east from Ellesmere Land on the west. 
 Smith’s Prizes. Two prizes at the University 
 of Cambridge, founded by Robert Smith (1689- 
 1/68). From 1769 to 1882 they were awarded to the stu- 
 dents proceeding B. A. who were most successful in a spe- 
 cial examination in mathematics. From 1883 they have 
 been awarded to writers of the best essays on any subject 
 in mathematics or natural philosophy. 
 
 941 
 
 Smoky (smo'ki) City, The. A name frequently 
 given to Pittsburg. 
 
 Smoky Hill River, or Smoky Hill Fork. A 
 
 river which rises in eastern Colorado, flows 
 east through Kansas, and unites with the Sol- 
 omon River about long. 97° 22' W. to form the 
 Kansas River. Length, about 400 miles. 
 Smoky Mountains, or Great Smoky Moun- 
 tains. A range of the Appalachian system, on 
 the border between North Carolina and Ten- 
 nessee. It contains peaks over 6,000 feet high. 
 Smolen (sme'len). An island off the western 
 coast of Norway, about lat. 63° 25' N. Length, 
 about 15 miles. 
 
 Smolensk (smo-lensk'). 1. A. government of 
 western central Russia, sm-rounded by the 
 governments of Pskoff, Tver, Moscow, Kaluga, 
 Tehernigoff, Moghileff, and Vitebsk. The chief 
 occupation is agriculture. Area, 21,624 square 
 miles. Population, 1,860,500. — 2. A cathedral 
 city, the capital of the government of Smo- 
 lensk, situated on the Dnieper about lat. 54° 
 48' N. It is an important strategic point, and is one of 
 the oldest cities of Russia. It was annexed to Lithuania in 
 1404 ; conquered and annexed by Russia inl514 ; taken by 
 Sigismund III. of Poland in 1611 ; retaken by the Russians 
 in 1654 ; and in 1667 definitely reannexed by Russia. A 
 victory was gained there by the French army under Na- 
 poleon over the Russians under Barclay de Tolly and 
 Bagration, Aug. 17, 1812 (N. S. ), when the town was partly 
 burned. Population, 49,300. 
 
 Smolensk, Principality of. A medieval prin- 
 cipality of central Russia, acquired by Lithua- 
 nia about 1400. 
 
 Smolkin (smol'kin). A fiend mentioned in 
 Shakspere’s “King Lear.” 
 
 Smollett (smol'et), Tobias George. Born at 
 Dalquhurn, Dumbartonshire, Scotland, March, 
 1721: died at Antignano, near Leghorn, Italy, 
 Sept. 17, 1771. A British novelist, historical 
 writer, and miscellaneous author. He was edu- 
 cated at the grammar-school of Dumbarton and the uni- 
 versity of Glasgow, and was apprenticed to a surgeon. 
 About 1739 he went to London and entered the navy as a 
 surgeon, and in 1741 was present at the siege of Carta- 
 gena. In 1744 he returned to England, and until 1767 
 lived there and on the Continent, devoting himself to 
 literary work, and editing “ The Critical Review ” and 
 “ The Briton." In 1767 he retired to a villa near Leghorn, 
 where he died. Among his works are the novels “ The 
 Adventures of Roderick Random ” (1748), “ The Adven- 
 tures of Peregrine Pickle "(1751), “The Adventures of Fer- 
 dinand, Count Fathom” (1753), “The Adventures of Sir 
 Launcelot Greaves" (1762), and “The Expedition of Hum- 
 phrey Clinker” (1771); and among his other works are 
 -‘A Complete History of England " (1757-65), “The Repri- 
 sals, or the Tars of Old England ” (1757 : a farce), “ The 
 History and Adventures of an Atom" (1709: a satire', 
 “ Travels ” (1766), and translations of ‘ * Don Quixote ” (175 ) 
 and “Gil Bias ” (1701 : a later translation by Mr. Benjamin 
 Heath Malkin has been printed with Smollett's name). 
 
 Smyrna (smer'nsi), Turk. Ismir (iz-mer'). A 
 seaport in the vilayet of Aidin, Asia Minor, 
 Turkey, situated on the Gulf of Smyrna in lat. 
 38° 26' N.. long. 27° 9' E. It is the most important 
 city of Asia Minor, and the chief commercial center in the 
 Levant. Its exports include cotton, figs, raisins, carpets, 
 opium, etc. It consists of a Turkish and a Frank quarter, 
 and is the terminus of two railway lines. It was an an- 
 cient Hiolian settlement, and later was colonized from the 
 Ionian city Colophon, and became a member of the Ionian 
 League(C88 B. c.). It claimed tobethebirthplaceof Homer. 
 It was conquered by the Lydian king Alyattes, and was 
 rebuilt and enlarged by Antigonus and J.ysimachus, and 
 became one of the chief cities of Asia. It was one of the 
 seven cities addressed by John in the Revelation. It was 
 destroyed by an earthquake 178 A. D., and was restored by 
 Marcus Aurelius; was occupied by the Knights of St. John 
 in the 14th century; and was sacked by Timur in 1402. 
 From 1424 it has been under Turkish rule. Population, 
 201,000 (Greeks, Turks, Armenians, aud F ranks). 
 
 Smyrna, Gulf of. An arm of the iEgean Sea, 
 situated west and northwest of Smyrna. 
 Smyth (smith or smith), Charles Piazzi. Born 
 at Naples, Jan. 3, 1819: died at Edinburgh, 
 Feb. 21, 1900. Astronomer royal for Scotland 
 (1845-88), son of Admiral W. H. Smyth. He 
 wrote “Teneriffe: An Astrohomer’s Experiment, etc.” 
 (1858), “Three Cities in Russia” (1862), “Our Inheritance 
 in the Great Pyramid” (1864), “Life and Work at 
 the Great Pyramid” (1367), “Antiquity of Intellectual 
 Man ” (1868), “ The Great Pyramid and the Royal Society” 
 (1874), “New Measures of the Great Pyramid ” (1884), etc. 
 
 Smyth, Egbert Coffin. Born Aug. 24, 1829: 
 died April 12, 1904. An American Congrega- 
 tional clergyman and theologian, son of Wil- 
 liam Smith (1797—1868). He became professor of ec- 
 clesiastical history at Andover Theological Seminary in 
 1863, and president of its faculty in 1878. He was chosen 
 editor of the “Andover Review ” in 1884. 
 
 Smyth, Samuel Phillips Newman. Born at 
 Brunswick, Maine, J une 25, 1843. An American 
 Congregational clergyman, brother of E. C. 
 Smyth. lie graduated at Bowdoin in 1863, and at Andover 
 in 1867, having in the meantime served in the Union army 
 in the Civil War. He had charge of the First Congregational 
 Church at New Haven, Gonnecticut, 1882-1907 (emeritus), 
 lie has published “Religious Feeling ” (1877), “Old Faiths 
 in New Lights ” (1879), “The Orthodox Theology of To- 
 
 Snoilsky 
 
 day” (1881), “ The Reality of Faith" (1884), “The Morality 
 of the Old Testament ’’ (1886: in “ Helps to Belief"), and 
 “ Christian Facts and Forces ” (1887). 
 
 Smyth, William. Born at Pittston, Maine, 
 1797 : died at Brunswick, Maine, April 3, 1868. 
 An American educator, professor of mathe- 
 matics at Bqwdoin College. He wrote mathe- 
 matical text-books, etc. 
 
 Smyth, William Henry. Born at Westmin- 
 ster, Jan. 21, 1788: died near Aylesbury, Eng- 
 land, Sept. 9, 1865. An English naval officer 
 and kydrographer. He entered the navy in 1805 ; 
 madesurveysof Sicily, the shores of the Adriatic, and Sar- 
 dinia by order of the admiralty ; attained the rank of rear- 
 admiral in 1853 ; and was appointed hydrographer to the 
 admiralty in 1857. nis chief work is “The Mediterranean” 
 (1854). 
 
 Snsehaetten (sna'hat-ten). A mountain in the 
 Dovre Fjeld, Norway, long regarded as the 
 highest mountain of northern Europe. Height, 
 7,570 feet. 
 
 Snagsby (snagz'bi), Mr. A mild, bald, timid 
 man, very retii’ing and unassuming, in the 
 law stationery business, in Dickens’s “Bleak 
 House.” He is in great fear of his domineering wife, 
 and usually prefaces his remarks with “Not to put too 
 fine a point upon it.” 
 
 Snake (snak), Mr. A malicious character in 
 Sheridan’s “ School for Scandal.” 
 
 Snake Island. See Anguilla. 
 
 Snake (snak) River, or Lewis (lu'is) River, or 
 Shoshone (slio-sho'ne) River. A river in the 
 northwestern part of the United States, it rises 
 in Shoshone Lake in the Yellowstone National Park ; flows 
 south in Wyoming, west through Idaho to the Oregon bor- 
 der, north (forming the boundary between Idaho on the east 
 and Oregon and Washington on the west), and west through 
 Washington ; and joins the Columbia about long 119“ W. It 
 is noted for its scenery (cataracts and cations). Its chief 
 tributaries are the Malade, Boisd, Salmon, Clearwater, 
 and Palouse on the right, and the Owyhee, Malheur, and 
 Grande Ronde on the left. Length, about 1,100 miles; 
 navigable to Lewiston. 
 
 Snakes. See Shoshoni. 
 
 Snare (snar). A sheriff’s officer : a character in 
 the secondpart of Shakspere’s ‘ * King Henry IV.” 
 
 Sneak (snek), Jerry. A foolish good-natured 
 henpecked husband in Foote’s play “The 
 Mayor of Garratt.” He is unable to “pluck up a 
 spirit,” and, when elected mayor, is unequal to the office. 
 He has become the type of henpecked husbands. 
 
 Sneehsetten. See Sneehsetlen. 
 
 Sneer (suer). A disagreeable eritic in Sheri- 
 dan’s play “ The Critic.” 
 
 Sir Fret. Plague on ’t now, Sneer, I shall take it ill. I 
 believe you want to take away my character as an author. 
 
 Sneer. Then I am sure you ought to be very much 
 obliged to me. The Critic. 
 
 Sneerwell (sner'wel), Lady. A beautiful wi- 
 dow, a scandalmonger, in Sheridan’s “ School 
 for Scandal.” “ Everybody allows that Lady Sneerwell 
 can do more with a word and a look than many can with 
 the most laboured detail, even when they happen to have 
 a little truth on their side to support it. ” 
 
 Sneeuwbergen (snaw'ber-oen). [D., ‘snow 
 mountains.’] A range of mountains in Cape 
 Colony, about lat. 32° S., long. 25° E. Highest 
 point, about 8,000 feet. 
 
 Sneffels, Mount. See Sniffels. 
 
 Snehsstten. See Snsehsetten. 
 
 Snell, Willebrord. See Snellius. 
 
 Snellius (snel'i-us), or Snell (snel), Wille- 
 brord. Born at Leyden, 1581: died Oct. 30, 
 1626. A Dutch mathematician, professor of 
 mathematics at Leyden from 1613. He discov- 
 ered the law of refraction. 
 
 Snevellicci (sna-vel-le'che), Miss. An actress, 
 engaged in Mr. Vincent Crummies’s theatrical 
 troupe, “who could do anything, from a med- 
 ley dance to Lady Macbeth”: a character in 
 Charles Dickens’s “Nicholas Nickleby.” 
 
 Sneyders. See Snyders. 
 
 Sniffels (snif'elz) , or Sneffels ( snef 'elz) , Mount. 
 A peak of the San Juan range, southern Colo- 
 rado. Height, 14,158 feet. 
 
 Snodgrass (snod'gras), Mr. Augustus. Amem- 
 ber of the famous Pickwick Club, with a turn 
 for poesy, in Dickens’s “Pickwick Papers.” 
 
 Snoilsky (snoil'ske).Carl Johan Gustav. Born 
 at Stockholm, Sept. 8, 1841 ; died there, May 19, 
 1903. A Swedish lyric poet. He studied at Up- 
 srila after 1860, where, in 1861, he published his first collec- 
 tion of poems, “Smadikter” (“Little Poems”), under the 
 pseudonym Sven Trbst. In 1862 appeared a second volume 
 of poems entitled “Orchideer.” In 1365 he joined the 
 Swedish embassy at Paris ; in 1866 he was appointed 
 second secretary in the ministry for foreign affairs, and in 
 1874 first secretary. In 1875 he was made Swedish charg6 
 d’affaires at Copenhagen. He had the hereditary title of 
 count. In addition to the works named, a volume of “ Pik- 
 ter” (“Poems”) was published in 1869; “Sonetter” (“Son- 
 nets”) in 1871. A translation of Goethe's ballads appeared, 
 iurther, in 1876; *‘Nye Dikter" ( (i New Poems”) in 1881. 
 
Snorre Sturleson 
 
 Snorre (snor'ra) (or Snorri (snor're) or Snorro 
 (snor'ro)) Sturleson (stor'la-son) or Sturlu- 
 son (stor'lo-son). Born at Hvamm, 1179: as- 
 sassinated on his estate Reykjaholt, Sept. 23, 
 1241. An Icelandic historian and high legal 
 officer in Iceland. He twice visited Norway. He was 
 the author of the “Heimskringla” (“ Saga* of the Norwe- 
 gian Kings ” : English translation by Laing), and the re- 
 puted author of the “Younger Edda.” See Edda and 
 Heimskringla. 
 
 Snout (snout). In Shakspere’s “Midsummer 
 Night’s Dream,” a tinker who plays the part of 
 the father of Pyramus in the interpolated play. 
 Snow-Bound (sno'bound). A poem by Whit- 
 tier, published in 1866 : a winter idyl of New 
 England life. 
 
 Snowdon (sno'don), Mount, W. Eryri. [L. 
 
 Mans Henri.] A mountain in Carnarvonshire, 
 Wales, 10 miles southeast of Carnarvon, it is 
 the highest mountain in England or Wales, and is noted 
 for its grand form and extensive view. It has five peaks. 
 Height, 3,590 feet. 
 
 Snowdon. See the extract. 
 
 Snowdon, which is also the official title of one of the 
 Scottish heralds, has no connection with the Welsh moun- 
 tain of that name, but is simply the descriptive name of 
 Stirling — Snua-dun, the fort, or fortified hill, on the river. 
 
 “Stirling's tower 
 Of yore the name of Snowdoun claims," 
 says Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 Stuart Glennie , Arthurian Localities, in. 1. 
 
 Snowdoun, Knight of. [See above.] The title 
 assumed by James V. of Scotland in Scott’s 
 poem “The Lady of the Lake.” Under this dis- 
 guise he meets Ellen Douglas, the “Lady of the Lake,” 
 and vanquishes Roderick Dhu in single combat. 
 
 Snowe (sno), Lucy. The principal characterin 
 Charlotte Bronte’s novel “ Villett.e.” She is a 
 homeless governess. 
 
 Snow King, The. An epithet given by the 
 Austrians to Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. 
 Snow Mass Mountain. A peak in the Elk 
 Mountains, western Colorado. Height, 13,970 
 feet. 
 
 Snow Mountains. See Sneeuwbergen. 
 
 Snowy Range. A name given to the range of 
 mountains in Colorado known also as the Front 
 Range or Colorado Range. 
 
 Snug (snug). In Shakspere’s “Midsummer 
 Night’s Dream,” a joiner who plays the part of 
 the lion in the interpolated play. 
 
 Snyders (sni'ders), Frans or Franz. Born at 
 Antwerp, Nov. 11, 1579: died there, Aug. 19, 
 1657. A Flemish painter, noted especially for 
 representations of animals. He assisted Rubens, 
 Jordaen3, and others in painting the animals, fruit, flowers, 
 etc., on their canvases. 
 
 So (so). See Sabaco. 
 
 Hoshea, as we know, was encouraged by the hope of 
 support from So(Sewe), king of Egypt (2 Kings xvii. 4), and 
 this monarch, the Sebech [Sabe) of the Assyrian monu- 
 ments, was in fact concerned with the whole movement that 
 threatened the Assyrian supremacy in the districts west of 
 the Euphrates. W. H. Smith, Prophets of Israel, p. 279. 
 
 Soa (so'a). A small island of the Hebrides. 
 Soane (son), Sir John. Born at Whitechurch, 
 near Reading, Sept. 10, 1753: died at London, 
 Jan. 20, 1837. An English architect. The Bank 
 of England was built from his designs. He founded, by 
 will, the Soane Museum at No. 13 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, 
 his residence. 
 
 Soar (sor). A small river in England, princi- 
 pally in Leicestershire. It joins the Trent 8 
 miles southeast of Derby. 
 
 Sobat (so-bat'). A large right-hand tributary 
 of the White Nile, which it joins about lat. 9° 
 20' N. Its sources are not well known. Length, 
 estimated, 600-700 miles. 
 
 Sobieski. See John III., King of Poland. 
 Sobraon (sd-bra-on' ). A small place in the Pan- 
 jab, British India, situated on the Sutlej 45 
 miles southeast of Lahore. Here, Feb. 10, 1846, 
 the British army under Sir Hugh Gough de- 
 feated the Sikhs. 
 
 Sobrarbe (so-brar'ba). A former independent 
 state and later countship in Spain, now com- 
 prised in the northern part of the province of 
 Huesca, Aragon. 
 
 Social War, or Marsic War. A war (90-88 b. c.) 
 between Rome and the greater part of her Ital- 
 ian allies in central and southern Italy, includ- 
 ing the Marsi, Peligni, Samnites, and Luca- 
 mans. It was caused by the refusal on the part of the 
 Romans to extend the privileges of Roman citizenship. 
 The Italians formed a new republic with its capital at 
 Corfinium. The chief Roman commanders were Marius 
 and Sulla. Rome made many concessions and suppressed 
 the rebellion. 
 
 Social Wars. In Greek history: (a) A war (357 
 (358 ? )— 355 B. C.) in which Athens was defeated 
 by her former allies Byzantium, Chios, Cos, 
 
 942 
 
 and Rhodes, (b) A war between the Achaean 
 and -Etolian leagues (220-217 B. c.). 
 
 Society and Solitude. A collection of essays 
 by Ralph Waldo Emerson, published in 1870. 
 
 Society (so-sl'e-ti) Islands, or Tahiti (ta-he'te) 
 Archipelago. [F. ArcMpel de Taiti, or Arclti- 
 pel de la Societe .] A large group of islands 
 in the South Pacific Ocean, about lat. 16°-18° 
 S., long. 148°— 155° W. It comprises two subgroups, 
 the Leeward and the Windward. The chief Islands are 
 Tahiti, Raiatea, Borabora, Meetia, and Eimeo. They ex- 
 port cocoanuts, oranges, cotton, mother-of-pearl, etc. The 
 capital is Papeete. The inhabitants are natives (nomi- 
 nally Christianized), French, and others. The islands were 
 visited (probably) by the Spanish navigator Pedro Fer- 
 nandez de Quiros in 1607, and in the 18th century by Bou- 
 gainville, Cook, the mutineers of the Bounty, and others. 
 They were taken under French protection in 1842 by Du 
 Petit- Thouars, and Tahiti, Eimeo, and other islands were 
 made a French colony in 1880. Area, 660 square miles. 
 Population of Tahiti, 11,690. 
 
 Society of Friends. The proper designation 
 of a Christian sect commonly called Quakers, 
 which took its rise in England about the middle 
 of the 17th century through the preaching of 
 George Fox. A division occurred in portions of the 
 Society in America in 1827, through the preaching of Elias 
 Hicks, whose followers, commonly called Hicksites, hold 
 doctrinal views closely approximating those of the Uni- 
 tarians, while in church government and other respects 
 they retain the usages of the orthodox Friends. The lat- 
 ter agree doctrinally with other evangelical Christians, 
 but lay greater stress on the doctrine of the personal pres- 
 ence and guidance of the Holy Spirit. They have no paid 
 minister, and accept the ordinances of baptism and the 
 Lord's Supper in a spiritual sense only, rejecting their 
 outward observance as church rites. They condemn all 
 oath-taking and all war. The organization of the society 
 involves four periodical gatherings called “meetings" : 
 namely, preparative meeting, monthly meeting, quarterly 
 meeting, and yearly meeting. The body called the Year- 
 ly Meeting has legislative power. There are two Yearly 
 Meetings in Great Britain, one in Canada, and fourteen 
 in the United States. 
 
 Socinians (so-sin'i-anz). Those who hold to 
 the doctrines of the Italian theologians Lad i us 
 Socinus (1525-62) and Faustus Socinus (1539- 
 1604) and their followers. The term Socinianism is 
 in theological usage a general one, and includes a con- 
 siderable variety of opinion. The Socinians believe that 
 Christ was a man miraculously conceived and divinely 
 endowed, and therefore entitled to honor and reverence, 
 but not to divine worship; that the object of his death 
 was to perfect and complete his example and to prepare 
 the way for his resurrection, the necessary historical basis 
 of Christianity ; that baptism is a declarative rite merely, 
 and the Lord s Supper merely commemorative ; that di- 
 vine grace is general and exerted through the means of 
 grace, not special and personally efficacious: that the 
 Holy Spirit is not a distinct person, but the divine energy ; 
 that the authority of Scripture is subordinate to that of 
 the reason ; that the soul is pure by nature, though con- 
 taminated by evil example and teaching from a very early 
 age ; and that salvation consists in accepting Christ s 
 teaching and following his example. The Socinians thus 
 occupy theologically a position midway between the Ari- 
 ans, who maintain the divinity of Jesus Christ, but deny 
 that he is coequal with the Father, and the Humanita- 
 rians, who deny his supernatural character altogether. 
 
 Socinus (so-sl'iius), Faustus, Latinized from 
 Fausto Sozzini. Born at Siena, Italy, 1539: 
 died near Cracow, March, 1604. An Italian 
 Unitarian theologian, nephew of Ltelius Soci- 
 nus. He lived in Italy and Basel ; visited Transylvania 
 1578-79; and resided in Poland after 1579. Among his 
 works are “De Jesu Christo Servatore,” “De auctoritate 
 S. Scriptune.” 
 
 Socinus, Laelius, Latinized from Lelio Sozzini 
 (or Sozini or Soccini). Born at Siena, Italy, 
 1525 : died at Zurich, 1562. An Italian Protes- 
 tant thinker, an antitrinitarian. See Socinians. 
 
 Soconusco (so-ko-nos'ko). A department which 
 forms the southern part of the state of Chia- 
 pas, Mexico, bordering on the Pacific. It was 
 conquered by Alvarado in 1524, and formed apart of Guate- 
 mala until 1825. The aboriginal inhabitants (Soconuscans) 
 were perhaps of Chiapanec stock, but had submitted to the 
 Aztecs before the Spanish conquest. The region is said to 
 have been very populous. 
 
 Socotra (so-kd'tra or sok'o-tra), or Socotora 
 (sok'6-to-ra), or Sokotra (so-ko'tra or sok'o- 
 tra). An island in the Indian Ocean, east of 
 Cape Guardafui and south of Arabia, iu lat. (of 
 Tamarida) 12° 39' N., long. 53° 59' E. : the an- 
 cient Dioscorides. The surface is generally moun- 
 tainous ; the chief products are aloes and dragon’s-blood. 
 Its principal place is Tamarida. The inhabitants were 
 formerly Nestorian Christians. Socotra was occupied by 
 the Portuguese in the 16th century, and was annexed by 
 Great Britain in 1886. Length, 71 miles. Area, 1,382 
 square miles. Population, 12,000. 
 
 Socrates (sok'ra-tez). [Gr. lejnparr/r.] Born at 
 Athens about 470 b. c. : died there, 399. A 
 famous Greek philosopher. He was the son of 
 Sophroniscus, a sculptor, and of Phasnarete, a midwife. 
 He at first adopted his father's art : in the time of Pausa- 
 nias a group of draped Graces, by him, still stood on the 
 approach to the Acropolis. He soon, however, devoted 
 himself entirely to the pursuit of philosophy, and became 
 famous through the persistency and skill with which, in 
 conversation with the sophists and with every one who 
 would yield himself to the dialogue, he conducted the 
 
 Sofonisba 
 
 analysis of philosophical and ethical ideas (“the Socratic 
 method”). He was above all a searcher after a knowledge 
 of virtue (which indeed he identified with knowledge), 
 and was in himself the noblest exponent of the ethical life 
 of the Greeks. He served at Potidiea (431), Delium (424), 
 and Amphipolis (422) ; was president of the prytanes in 
 406 ; and opposed the Thirty Tyrants. He is the chief 
 character in the dialogues of Plato, in which his teachings 
 are set forth (greatly modified by Plato's own views), and 
 i3 the subject of the “ Memorabilia ” of Xenophon. His 
 most famous pupils were Plato, Xenophon, and Alcibia- 
 des. He was bitterly attacked by Aristophanes as a so- 
 phist and innovator, and drew upon himself by his mode 
 of life and the character of his opinions the enmity of 
 many others. In 399 he was accused of impiety (the in- 
 troduction of new gods) and of corrupting the youth ; de- 
 fended himself in a famous speech which enraged rather 
 than conciliated his judges ; was condemned ; and drank 
 hemlock in his prison, surrounded by his disciples. 
 
 Socrates. Born at Constantinople : died after 
 440 a. D. A Greek church historian. His ecclesi- 
 astical history was edited by Migne and by Hussey (1853 : 
 English translation by Hanmer 1619). 
 
 Soden (zo'den). The name of several water- 
 ing-places in Germany. The most notable one is 
 in the province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, 9 miles west- 
 northwest of Frankfort-on-the-Main. It has mineral 
 springs. 
 
 Soderkoping (se'der-che-ping). A small town in 
 the laen of Linkoping, Sweden, 86 miles south- 
 west of Stockholm. It was of great impor- 
 tance in the middle ages. 
 
 Sodermanland (se'der-man-lant). A laen in 
 eastern Sweden, southwest of Stockholm. Also 
 called Ny hoping. Area, 2,631 square miles. 
 Population, 173,207. 
 
 Sodermann (se'der-man), August Johann. 
 
 Born at Stockholm, July 17, 1832: died there, 
 Feb. 10, 1876. A Swedish composer, author of 
 the “ Brollops-March.” 
 
 Sodo Lake (so'do lak). A lake in the north- 
 western part of Louisiana, near Shreveport: 
 connected with Caddo Lake. 
 
 Sodom (sod'om). In scriptural geography, one 
 of the cities of the Vale of Siddim (which see), 
 destroyed on account of its wickedness in the 
 time of Abraham and Lot. According to tradition 
 its site is covered by the Dead Sea : but this is not geo- 
 logicaUy possible. 
 
 Sodoma (so-dd'ma), or Sodona (so-do'na), H 
 (properly Giannantonio or Giovanni An- 
 tonio Bazzi, corrupted to Razzi). Born at 
 Vercelli, Italy, 1477 : died at Siena, Italy, 1549. 
 An Italian painter. Among his best works are “St. 
 Catherine,” “Christ Scourged,” “Deposition from the- 
 Cross” (all in Siena), etc. 
 
 Sodor and Man (so'dorandman). A medieval 
 diocese, comprising the Hebrides (Sodor, from 
 a Scandinavian name) and the Isle of Man. 
 The diocese now consists of the Isle of MaD. The bistoop 
 has a seat in the House of Lords, but no vote. 
 
 Sodus (so'dus) Bay, Great and Little. Two 
 
 indentations of the coast of Lake Ontario, 
 southwest of Oswego, New York. 
 
 Soest (zost). A town in the province of West- 
 phalia, Prussia, 34 miles southeast of Munster. 
 It has manufactures of iron, soap, beer, etc. ; and eon- 
 tains several notable churches, including St. Mary-in-the- 
 Fields, the cathedral, and St. Peter's. It was an ancient 
 Hanseatic city, and in the middle ages was one of the 
 chief places of northern Germany. Its municipal code 
 was celebrated. Soest was unsuccessfully besieged by 
 the army of Cologne in 1444, and passed from Cologne to 
 Cleves in 1449. Population, commune, 17,394. 
 
 Soester Fehde (zos'ter fa'de). [‘ Feud of Soest.”) 
 A war between Cologne and Cleves 1444-49, 
 caused by a dispute over the possession of 
 Soest (which see). 
 
 Sofala (so-fa'la). 1. A district in Mozambique, 
 eastern Africa, extending along the coast from 
 the Zambesi to Delagoa Bay. It has by some 
 been identified with the biblical Ophir. — 2. A 
 seaport, the chief place in the district of Sofala, 
 situated at the mouth of Sofala River, in lat. 
 20° 11' S., long. 34° 36' E.: formerly a flourish- 
 ing commercial place. It was taken by the 
 Portuguese in 1505. Population, 1,000-2,000. 
 
 Sofala Bay. An indentation in the coast-line 
 of eastern Africa, near Sofala. 
 
 Sofi (so'fi). See Mittu. 
 
 Sofia, or Sophia (so-fe'a). The capital of Bul- 
 garia, situated in lat. 42° 38' N., long. 23° 15' 
 E.: the ancient Serdiea or Sardica. It was called 
 Triaditza by the Byzantine Greeks. It was plundered by the 
 Huns; was captured by the Bulgarians in 809; was taken 
 by the Turks about 1382 ; was occupied temporarily by the 
 Hungarians in 1443; and was taken by the Russians in Jan., 
 1878. It has been greatly developed ana moaemtzed 
 within the last few years. Population, 82,62L 
 
 Sofonisba (so-fon-es'ba). 1. A tragedy by Ga- 
 leotto del Carretto, acted in 1502: the first Ital- 
 ian tragedy. — 2. A tragedy by Trissino, writ- 
 ten about 1515, printed 1529: the first Italian 
 tragedy of note.— 3. A tragedy byAlfieri, pro- 
 duced in 1783. See Soj)honisba. 
 
Soga 
 
 943 
 
 Soga (so ga), or Wasoga (wa-so'ga). A Bantu Soldau (zol'dou). A town in the province of 
 tribe of British East Africa, on the northern East Prussia, situated near the Russian frontier, 
 shore of Lake Victoria, where the Nile separates 102 miles southeast of Dantzic. Here, Dec. 26, 
 them from the Baganda. Though nominally subject 1806, the French defeated the Prussians. Popu- 
 to Unyoro, they are practically under Ganda rule. The lation, 4,187. 
 
 country is called Usoga. Population estimated at 500,000 g oldier * s Fortune, The. A comedy by Otway, 
 (by Stanley m 1876). „ produced in 1681. 
 
 Sogdiana (sog-di-a na), or Sogdiane So ldiers Three. A collection of stories by Rud- 
 ne). [Gr. y ZopUavy.] In anci, m ^ geography ^ Ki li p ubUshed in 1889 . 
 
 a large region in central Asia lying north of g . oldin A town in the province of 
 
 Bactriana, between the Oxus and Jaxartes, in Bl . aude v nbm . g Prussia, situated on the Soldin- 
 the vicinity of Bokhara and Samarkand. It 0 mil f’ east . no ’ theast of Ber i m . Po pu- 
 was invaded by Alexander the Great. lation, commune, 5,704. 
 
 Sogne Fjord (sog'ne fyord). The longest fiord Solebay , Battle of. See Southwold, Battle of. 
 
 i n r N r°, r o V M y ’ sit ; la ,^ d °" th . ( i r e l"‘”l C0 T l , a 0U Soleillet (so-la-ya'), Paul. Born at Nimes, 
 lat. 61° N. : noted for its wild scenery . imtsupper A , 0 . u , 
 
 part it is bounded by high mountains (6,000 feet) and gla- I ranee, 1842 . died at Aden, 1886. 
 ciers. Length, 112 miles. 
 
 Soham (so'ham). A town In Cambridgeshire, 
 
 England, 14 miles northeast of Cambridge. 
 
 Sohar (so-har'). A seaport in Oman, Arabia, 
 situated on the Gulf of Oman in lat. 24° 22' N., 
 long. 56° 45' E. It was a flourishing commer- 
 cial cityinthemiddleages. Population, 5, 000(f). 
 
 Sohar. See Zohar. ooiem, 
 
 Sohell (so'he-il). 
 
 first-magnitude star a Argus, usually known as 
 Canopus. 
 
 Sohn (zon), Karl Ferdinand. Born at Berlin, 
 
 Dec. 10, 1805: died at Cologne, Nov. 26, 1867. 
 
 A German painter, especially noted for female g^esmes ^64am'X™ A town in the depart- 
 
 An African 
 
 explorer. Ht* carried on explorations in Algeria 1865-36 ; 
 endeavored to open the way between Algeria and Senegal, 
 but failed to penetrate beyond the oasis Ain-Salah ; agi- 
 tated for a trans-Sahara railroad ; visited Senegal in 1878 ; 
 and pioneered for French influence in Shoa, bringing about 
 the occupation of Obok. His works include ‘‘Explora- 
 tion du Sahara Central ”(1874), “ L’Avenir de la France en 
 Afrique” (1876), and “Voyages en Ethiopie” (1885). 
 
 See Slmnem. 
 
 Th. Arabian „.n» for fha bet™. the 
 
 Isle of Wight and the mainland of Hampshire, 
 England, which connects the English Channel 
 on the west with Spithead on the east. Length, 
 about 16 miles. Greatest width, 4 miles. 
 
 figures. 
 
 Sohn, Wilhelm. Born at Berlin, Aug. 29, 1830 : 
 died near Bonn, March 16, 1899. A German 
 painter, nephew of K. F. Sohn. 
 
 Soho (so'ho). A manufacturing suburb of Bir- 
 mingham, England, situated in Staffordshire. 
 Soho Square. A square in London, south of Ox- 
 ford street, about f mile north of Charing Cross. 
 It was made in the reign of Charles II., and was at one time 
 called King’s Square, from Gregory King, its architect. 
 
 Sohrab. See Suhrab. 
 
 ment of Nord, France, situated on the Selle 8 
 miles south of Valenciennes. Population, 
 commune, 5,910. — 2. A village in the depart- 
 ment of Sarthe, France, situated on the Sarthe 
 26 miles west-southwest of Le Mans, its Bene- 
 dictine abbey contains remarkable sculptures of the first 
 part of the 16th century. 
 
 Soleure. The French name of Solothurn. 
 Soley (sd'li), James Russell. Born at Rox- 
 bury, Mass., Oct. 1, 1850: died at New York, 
 o t- i- j t» . . , Sept. 11, 1911. An American writer, chiefly 
 
 Sohrab and Rustum. A poem by Matthew At- on F nava l’ affairs. He graduated at Harvard in 1870; 
 
 nolu. bee liustam. became assistant professor of English at the U. S. Naval 
 
 SohtaU (zo'rou). A town in the province of Academy in 1871 ; was head of the department of English 
 Silesia, Prussia, 56 miles southeast of Oppeln. studies, history, and law at that institution .1872-82; was 
 Pnrmlntinn A nio commissioned a professor in the U. fe. navy in 1876 ; after 
 
 „ , , . . _ , 1883 superintended the publication of the naval records of 
 
 taoigne (swany), x Orest OI. A forest in Bel- the Civil War; and was assistant secretary of the pavy 
 giurn, south-southeast of Brussels. 1890-93. He published “ History of the Naval Academy ” 
 
 Soignies (swan-ve'). A town in the province “ Memoir of Joh “ri? d i| e !n S ( 18 **2), “ The ^Blockade 
 
 Ax. t> i • ii i o and the Cruisers (1883: “The Navy m the Civil Wai ), “lhe 
 
 Ol Hainaut, Belgium, miles southwest of Boys of 1812 ” (1887), “ The Sailor Boys of ’61 ” (1888), etc. 
 Brussels. It has a very old abbey church. Solfatara (sol-fa-ta'ra). A volcano near Poz- 
 Population, commune, 10,860. zuoli, in Italy, in the “solfatara” stage. 
 
 Soissonnais (swa-so-na ). The region around Solfatara. A small sulphur lake, 4 miles west 
 boissons. A of Tivoli, Italy, noted for its floating islands. 
 
 SoiSSOUS (swa-son ). A city in the departmen t Solferino (sol-fe-re'no). A village in the prov- 
 of Aisne I ranee, situated on the Atsne 1J j uce 0 f Mantua, northern Italy. It is famous for 
 miles southwest of Laon: an important and the battle of June 24, 1859, in which the allied French and 
 formerly strongly fortified strategic point. Sardinian armies under Napoleon III. and Victor Em- 
 it has manufactures and trade in agricultural products, manueldefeated the Austrians under Francis Joseph. Loss 
 The Cathedral of Notre Dame, chiefly of the 13th cen- of the allies, about 18,000 ; of the Austrians, about 20,000. 
 tury, is masked by buildings and is not very ertectivegoli (so'li). TGr. £d/. 0 f.] In ancient geography, 
 externally, but presents au admirable interior of excellent A ‘ tb( , -f of p;i;„; n Asia Minor 26 
 proportions and beautiful arcading and details. The a ^ on , 6 coast or Ollicia, Asia Minor, zo 
 south transept has a semicircular end and a double tri- miles southwest Ot tarsus. It was destroyed by 
 foriuin, offering notable persp ective effects. The cathedral Tigranes, and was rebuilt by Ponipey and called Pompeiu- 
 has rich glass and a handsome chapter-house. The Abbey polis. The corruptness of the Greek spoken there was 
 of St. Jean des Vignes was almost wholly destroyed in the proverbial (whence the word solecism). 
 
 Revolution, except the fine west front of the church, which Solignv-la-Trappe (so -len - ye ' la -trap A 
 
 has 3 recessed and canopied portals, a large rose, and 2 ,i i • !, A: . xn 
 
 massive flanking towers, all of the 13th century, crowned by small place in the department of Ome, r ranee, 
 later spires of unequal height. Soissons was probably the 24 miles east-northeast of Alenijon : famous for 
 ancient Belgic town Noviodunum, and was the chief town its Trappist monastery. See Trappists. 
 H^^dA^'^Somr- HwllA^’caJtoDffSolihun Cso-li-lnil'). A town in Warwickshire, 
 the Frankish kingdom of Clotaire in the 6th century. It Lngland, 7 miles southeast of Birmingham, 
 has often been besieged and taken (as in 1814 and 1815), the Population , 7,517. 
 last time by the Germans in Oct. 1870. It was the scene Soliman. See Soluman. 
 of several church councils. Population, commune, 14,334. q -i . q ,,,, 
 
 Soissons, Battles of. Among the most i m - SolimSes (s5-le-m6n'es). The common Bra- 
 
 Lilian name for theiuiddle portion of the Ama- 
 -- - - - - zon River, from the frontier of Peru to the junc- 
 
 governor of Gaul, Syagrius, and established the Frankish 
 power in northern Gaul. (2) A victory of Charles Martel 
 over the Duke of Aquitania in 719. 
 
 Sojourner Truth. See Truth , Sojourner. 
 
 tion of the Rio Negro. The Solimoes or Sorimoes, 
 an Indian tribe from which the name is derived, formerly 
 occupied a portion of the banks near the junction of the 
 
 S ° k ?r t0 i ( ^^°- tO) ; V An . at,ve kingdom of the Solingen ( z6 'ling-en). A town in the Rhine 
 
 ri irf h/dl en r " J 0m h , e P nue Rlver Province, Prussia, 18 miles north-northeast of 
 northward, between Gando and Bornu. The ’ • * A , .. - * , 
 
 population, estimated at 10,000,000, consists of heathen Cologne. It is noted for its manufactures of iron and 
 negroes, semi-civilized and Mohammedan llausas and Bteel (sword-blades, knives, scissors, flies, bayonets, revol- 
 the ruling Fulahs. Wumu and Sokoto are the capitals. vers > etc -)- Population, commune, 49,018. 
 
 In 1885 the sultan accepted the British protectorate. It SolinUS (so-ll'nus). The Duke of Ephesus, a 
 is now included in Northern Nigeria. character in Shakspere’s “Comedy of Errors.” 
 
 2. A capital of tho realm of Sokoto, situated Solinus (so -li'nus), Caius Julius. Lived in 
 about lat. 13° N. the 3d century A. D. A Roman grammarian, 
 
 Sokotra. See Socotra. author of a geographical work drawn largely 
 
 Sol (sol). [L., ‘the sun.’] In Roman mythology, from Pliny. 
 
 the sun-god. 
 
 Solario (so-la're-o), Antonio, called Zingaro 
 (‘the Gipsy ). Bora about 1382: died 1455. A 
 Neapolitan painter. 
 
 Soldfin, Paz. See Paz Solddn. 
 
 The grammarian C. .Tillius Solinus composed his Collec- 
 tanea rerum memorabilium in the first ten or twenty years 
 of this period, if not earlier. The work is mainly a selec- 
 tion from the curiosities mentioned in Pliny’s Natural 
 History, arranged from the geographical point of view 
 and greatly enlarged. Solinus did not, however, himself 
 
 Solomon 
 
 compose this epitome, but merely further abridged an 
 earlier and more extensive one ; for the historical mat- 
 ter therein a chronicle of the best period has been em- 
 ployed. The individual additions of the author are quite 
 worthless, his diction is pretentious and void of taste, the 
 style long-winded. But this work was well suited to the 
 taste of the succeeding age. It was revised in the sixth 
 century, and then received the new title of Polyhistor. 
 
 Tevffei and Schwabe, Hist, of Korn. Lit. (tr. by Warr), 
 
 [II. 291. 
 
 Solis (so-les'), Juan Diaz de. Born at Lebrija, 
 Andalusia (according to some at Oviedo, As- 
 turias, or in Portugal), about 1470: died on the 
 hank of the Rio de la Plata, 1516. A Spanish 
 navigator. He was associated with Vicente Yafiez Pin- 
 zon in exploring the coasts of Honduras and a small part 
 of Yucatan in i506, and the south American coast from 
 Cape St. Augustine to lat. 40° S. in 1508. In this voyage 
 they entered (though they did not discover) the Bay of 
 Bio de Janeiro, and passed the mouth of the Rio de la 
 Plata without exploring it. Varnhagen believed that 
 Solis was with Gongalo Coelho on the Brazilian coast as 
 early as 1503. In 1512 he succeeded Vespucci as chief 
 pilot of Spain. In Oct., 1515, he sailed from Lepe, with 3 
 vessels, to seek a southwestern route to the Pacific. En- 
 tering the Bio de la Plata, he explored it for some dis- 
 tance, but, having landed, was killed by the Indians. It 
 is probable that the river had been partly explored by 
 Portuguese navigators some years before. 
 
 Solis, River of. [Sp. Bio de Solis.] A name 
 given, in early maps and books, to the Rio de 
 la Plata. See Solis, Juan Diaz de. 
 
 Solis y Ribadeneyra (so-les' e re-ba-THa-na'rii), 
 Antonio de. Born at Alcaic de Henares, July 
 18, 1610: died at Madrid, April 19, 1686. A 
 Spanish author. He was secretary of Philip IV., and 
 in 1666 was appointed historiographer of the Indies. In 
 1667 he took orders. His earlier works include poems, 
 collected and published at Madrid in 1692 ; dramas, among 
 which are “Gitanilla,” “One Fool Makes a Hundred,” and 
 “ Love a la Mode ” ; an opera called “ Triumphs of Love and 
 Fortune"; etc. His “Historiade la Conquistade Mexico " 
 (1st ed. 1684) is one of the Spanish prose classics, but shows 
 little profundity of research. There is a continuation by 
 Ignacio Salazar y Olarte (1743). 
 
 Sollas (sol'as), W. J. Born at Birmingham, 
 England, May 30, 1849. An English geologist 
 and biologist, professor of geology and miner- 
 alogy in the University of Dublin 1883-97, and 
 professor of geology and paleontology at tha 
 University of Oxford 1897-. 
 
 Sollinger Wald (zol'ling-er valt), or Soiling 
 (zol'ling). A low mountain-range in Bruns- 
 wick and the province of Hannover, Prussia, 
 situated north and northwest of Gottingen and 
 east of the Weser. Highest point, about 1,600 
 feet. 
 
 Soil und Haben (zol out ha'hen). [G., ‘Debit 
 and Credit/] A novel by Gustav Frev tag, pub- 
 lished in 1855. The scene is laid in Germany 
 in the 19th century. 
 
 Solmona (sol-mo'na), or Sulmona (sol-mo'na). 
 A town in the province of Aquila, central 
 Italy, situated at the junction of the Vella and 
 Gizzio, 33 miles southeast of Aquila: the an- 
 cient Sulroo. It was a city of the Peligni ; and is the 
 birthplace of Ovid. Pop., town, 13,191 ; commune, 17,988. 
 Solness (sol'nes). The “master builder” in 
 Ibsen’s play of that name. He is superstitious, 
 egotistical, and cowardly. 
 
 Solnhofen (zoln'h5-fen), or Solenhofen (zo'- 
 len-ho-fen). A village in Middle Franconia, 
 Bavaria, situated on the Altmiihl 36 miles 
 north of Augsburg: noted for its quarries of 
 lithographic stone. In this formation was made 
 in 1861 the famous discovery of the Archaeop- 
 teryx. 
 
 Solo (so'lo). Ariverin Java, flowing into Java 
 Sea opposite Madura. Length, over 300 miles. 
 Sologne (so-lony'). A level region in the de- 
 partments of Loir-et-cber, Loiret, and Cher, 
 France : naturally sandy and sterile. 
 
 Sololci (so-16-la'). A town in Guatemala, near 
 Lake At,itl4n, 47 miles northwest of Guate- 
 mala. Capital of the department of Solola. 
 It is the ancient Tecpan-A tit lari, chief town of 
 the Cakchiquel Indians. Population, 7,627. 
 Solomon (sol'o-mon). [F. Salomon, It. Salo- 
 mone, Sp. Salomon, Pg. Salomao, G. Salomo, LL. 
 Salomo, Gr. 2a/Uyt4r, Heb. Shelomoh, peace- 
 able.] A famous king of Israel, 993-953 B. c. 
 (Duncker), son of David and Bathsheba. He 
 was the youngest sou of David, but, through the influence 
 of his mother and of Nathan, was made his heir. Under 
 him Israel became a great power, and he himself became 
 famous for his wealth, his luxury, and his wisdom — the 
 last, according to the Bible account, a special gift of God. 
 His great work was the building of the temple (which see), 
 ne was in alliance, political and commercial, with Hiram 
 of Tyre and with other powers, and extended Israelitish 
 commerce to all parts of the known world. The name of 
 Solomon, who was supposed to have possessed extraordi- 
 nary magical powers, plays an important part in Eastern 
 and thence in European legendB. According to one tradi- 
 tion, the Ethiopians are descended from him through a 
 son which the Queen of Sheba bore him. 
 
Solomon 
 
 The Arabians attribute to Solomon a perpetual enmity 
 and warfare against wicked genii and giants, and they 
 have numberless tales of his wonder-working ring. 
 
 D'Herbelot, Southey's Poems. 
 
 Solomon. 1. An epic poem by Prior, published 
 in 1718. — 2. An oratorio by Handel, produced 
 at London in 1749. 
 
 Solomon ben or ibn Gabirol. See Gabirol. 
 Solomon Islands or Archipelago, or Salo- 
 
 *mon (F.pron. sa-lo-mon') Islands. A group 
 of islands in the Pacific Ocean, east of New 
 Guinea, about lat. 5°-ll° S. The chief islands of 
 the group are Bougainville, Choiseul, Ysabel, Malanta, 
 Guadalcanal New Georgia, and San Christoval. They are 
 mountainous and volcanic. Their inhabitants are princi- 
 pally Melanesians, and are warlike cannibals. The islands 
 were discovered by Mendana in the 16th century. The 
 northern part of the group, with an area of 4,200 square 
 miles and a population of 45,000, belongs to Germany. 
 
 Solomon River. A river in northern Kansas 
 which unites with the Smoky Hill River to form 
 the Kansas River. Length, about 300 miles. 
 
 Solon (so'lon). [Gr. 2d/.wu.] Born about 638 
 B. c. : died about 559. A famous Athenian 
 lawgiver. He encouraged the Athenians to regain 
 possession of Salamis. In 594 he became archon and was 
 charged with various reforms. He improved the condi- 
 tion of the debtors, divided the population into four 
 “classes," and reorganized the Boule, the popular assem- 
 bly, and the council of the Areopagus. He traveled in 
 Cyprus and the East. 
 
 Solon (594 B. c.), the great lawgiver, used elegy more In 
 the manner of Callinus or Tyrtams. In his early man- 
 hood, his stirring verses moved the Athenians to win back 
 Salamis from the Megarians. And when he had carried his 
 great reforms, elegy became the voice of his calm joy. 
 
 Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 54. 
 
 Solor (so-lor'). A small island in the Malay 
 Archipelago, east of Flores, from which it is 
 separated by the Strait of Flores. 
 
 Solorzano y Pereira (so-lor'tha-no e pa-ra'- 
 e-ra), Juan de. Born at Madrid, Nov. 30, 1575 : 
 died there, 1654. A Spanish jurist and author. 
 He was professor of law at Salamanca, a judge of the au- 
 dience of Lima, Peru, 1610-27, and subsequently a coun- 
 
 •cilorof the Indies. His works include “Politica Indiana,” 
 and “He Indiarum Jure,” relating largely to colonial 
 affairs, and containing much information regarding the 
 Indians. 
 
 Solothurn (zd'16-torn). [F. Soleure.\ 1. A can- 
 ton of Switzerland, of very irregular shape, 
 bounded by Basel, Aargau, and Bern. Capital, 
 Solothurn. It has 5 members in the National Council. 
 The prevailing language is German ; the religion largely 
 Roman Catholic (over 20 per cent. Protestant). A large 
 part of the territories of the canton was acquired by the 
 city of Solothurn in the 15th century. It was admitted 
 as a canton into the confederation in 1481. Area, 302 
 square miles. Population, 116,728, (1910). 
 
 2. The capital of the canton of Solothurn, 
 situated on the Aare in lat. 47° 13' N., long. 
 7° 32' E. : the Roman Solodurum. it became a 
 free imperial city in 1218, and was allied with Bern in 
 1295. It has a cathedral. Population, 10,960. 
 
 Solta (sol'ta). An island in the Adriatic Sea, 
 belonging to Dalmatia, situated 10 miles south- 
 west of Spalato. Length, 11 miles. Popula- 
 tion, 3,516, (1910). 
 
 Soltikoff (sol'te-kof), or Saltikoff (sal'te-kof), 
 Nikolai. Born Nov. 11, 1736: died at St. Pe- 
 tersburg, May 28, 1816. A Russian field-mar- 
 shal, regent of the empire during the absence 
 of Alexander I. 1813-15. 
 
 Soltikoff, Count Peter. Born about 1700 : died 
 Dec. 15, 1772. A Russian field-marshal. He 
 commanded the Russian contingent in the victory of Ku- 
 nersdorf in 1759. 
 
 Solus (so'lus), or Soluntum (so-lun'tum). In 
 ancient geography, a city on the northern coast 
 of Sicily, 12 miles southeast of Palermo. It was 
 an ancient Phenician colony. 
 
 Solway Firth (sol'wa ferth). An arm of the 
 Irish Sea, lying between the counties of Kirk- 
 cudbright and Dumfries in Scotland on the 
 north, and Cumberland in England on the south- 
 east: noted for the rapidity of its tides. The es- 
 tuary of the Esk forms its upper part, length, 36 miles. 
 Greatest width, 22 miles. 
 
 Solway MOSS. A district in Cumberland, Eng- 
 land, 8 miles north by west of Carlisle, on the 
 Scottish border. It was formerly a bog, but is now 
 drained. It was the sceneof avictory of the English over 
 the Scots in 1542. 
 
 Solyman (sol'i-man) I. (sometimes called Soly- 
 man II. ), surnamed “ The Magnificent.” [ Turk. 
 Ar. Suleiman, from Gr. Solomon.] Born 
 
 about 1490: died before Sziget, Hungary, 1566. 
 Sultan of Turkey 1520-66, son of Selim I. He 
 raised the Turkish empire to its highest point ; captured 
 Belgrad from the Hungarians in 1521 ; besieged and cap- 
 tured Rhodes from the Knights of St. John in 1522 ; in- 
 vaded Hungary in 1526, and totally defeated King Louis 
 II. at Mohics ;and unsuccessfully besieged Viennain 1529. 
 By the treaty of 1533 a part of Hungary was ceded to the 
 Prince of Transylvania, an ally of Turkey. Solyman con- 
 quered from Persia Mosul, Bagdad, part of Armenia, etc.; 
 received the submission of the Barbary States ; and again 
 
 944 
 
 waged war with Hungary, and annexed by the treaty 
 of 1547 a great part of Hungary and Transylvania. His 
 troops were repulsed in the siege of Malta in 1565. In 
 1566 he invaded Hungary with a vast army, and died 
 while besieging Sziget. He was the greatest of the Otto- 
 man sultans, and equally noted as a ruler and as a patron 
 and encourager of the fine arts and of learning. 
 
 Solyman II. (sometimes called Solyman III.). 
 
 Turkish Sultan 1687-91, brother of Mohammed 
 IY. 
 
 Solyman, or Soliman, or Suleiman (so-la- 
 man'). Killed about 1410. Eldest son of Baja- 
 zet I., and an independent ruler in Adrianople. 
 Soma (so'ma). [Skt., ‘ extract,’ from -\/ su, ex- 
 tract.] In Sanskrit, a plant and its sap, often 
 personified as a god ; also, the moon. This plant, 
 now represented by the Sarcostemma viminalis or Ancle- 
 pias acida, was in Vedic times collected by moonlight on 
 certain mountains, stripped of its numerous leaves, and 
 then carried to the place of sacrifice, where the priests 
 crushed the stalks between stones, sprinkled them with wa- 
 ter, and placed them on a sieve or strainer for purification, 
 whence the acid juice trickled into a vessel, after which it 
 was mixed with clarified butter, barley, etc., allowed to fer- 
 ment, and offered in libations to the gods, or drunk by 
 the Brahmans. Itissometimesdescribedasbroughtfrom 
 the sky by a falcon and guarded by the Gandliarvas, or as 
 brought by the daughters of the Sun from a spot where it 
 had been nourished by Parjanya, the rain-god, whom the 
 Rigveda represents as its father. All the 114 hymns of 
 the 9th Mandala of the Rigveda, besides many others in 
 this Veda, and the whole Samaveda, are devoted to its 
 praise. In some parts of India soma-sacrifices are still 
 offered, but the use of the plant is little known, and it is 
 questionable whether the plant now regarded as the soma 
 is really that of the Vedas. The modern medical work of 
 Sushruta distinguishes 24 varieties. The juice was re- 
 garded in Vedic times as a nectar conferring eternal life 
 and vigor on its drinkers, whether gods or men, and was 
 a favorite propitiatory offering. In its character as agod 
 it was represented as primeval, all-powerful, all-pervad- 
 ing, healing all diseases, lord of all other gods. This wor- 
 ship of Soma has great similarity to the Dionysiac and 
 Bacchic worship of the Greeks and Romans. The name 
 becomes in Avestan Haoma, where it designates a plant 
 with yellow flowers and knotty stalk, growing in Ghilan, 
 Mazandaran, Shirvan, and Yazd, also its juice and the 
 Geniusof the plant. Haomaisoften invoked inthe Avesta, 
 where the 9th Ha of the Vasna is devoted to his praises. 
 The haoma plays a great part in the rites of the Parsis. 
 The prominence of Soma and Haoma in the Veda and 
 the Avesta, respectively, constitutes one of the most im- 
 portant indications of an original Indo-Iranian unity. 
 The name soma came to designate the moon in post- 
 Vedic mythology probably from the fact that the moon 
 was regarded as the yellow drop in the sky. 
 
 Somadeva (so-ma-da'va). The author of the 
 Kathasaritsagara (which see). 
 
 Somain (so-m:m'). A ruining and manufactur- 
 ing town in the department of Nord, France, 
 12 miles west of Valenciennes. Population, 
 commune, 6,545. 
 
 Somali (so-ma'le), or Somal (so-mal')- A Ha- 
 mitic nation inhabiting the Eastern Horn of Af- 
 rica — that is, the arid region between the Strait 
 of Bab-el-Mandeb and a point south of the 
 Juba River. They are mixed with Arab blood in the 
 north and with Negro blood in the south, and vary, there- 
 fore, much in color and form. Their language, which is 
 practically one in the whole region, is decidedly Hamitic, 
 and has no written character or literature. The Somali 
 are pastoral, owning herds of camels, horses, oxen, sheep, 
 and goats : their limited agriculture is carried on by do- 
 mestic slaves. Nominally Mohammedan and split into 
 many petty tribes, they are fierce’y opposed to foreign 
 intrusion, though naturally sociable and jovial. The 
 Hashia and Hawiya are the principal subtribes. England 
 *and Italy claim most of.the Somali coast. 
 
 Somali Coast Protectorate, or Somaliland (so- 
 ma, 'le-laud). A British protectorate in eastern 
 Africa, along the Gulf of Aden. 
 
 Somaliland. An Italian protectorate on the 
 eastern coast of Africa. It extends from the Juba 
 River to British Somaliland, and comprises the sultanate 
 of the Mijertins, the territory of the Nogal, and the sultan- 
 ate of Obbia, and the colony of Beuadir. The British 
 boundary was settled in 1891; the inland boundary was 
 determined by treaty with Abyssinia in 1908. Area, 
 147,000 square miles. Population, about 400,000. 
 
 Somanatha (so-ma-na'tha). The name of a 
 celebrated Linga, or emblem of Shiva, or of the 
 temple where it was set up at Somanathapat- 
 tana, or Somnath Pattan, in the peninsula of 
 Kathiawar in Guzerat. The temple wasone of 12 Linga 
 temples held in special veneration. A legend devised to 
 explain the name, the precise meaning of which is uncer- 
 tain, relates that Soma propitiated Shiva by great auster- 
 ities performed there, whereupon Shiva granted him a 
 boon, and Soma set up a Linga on the spot where he had 
 done penance. This makes the name mean ‘the lord of 
 Soma,’ in the sense of the divinity set up by Soma. _ 
 Sombrerete (sdm-bra-ra'ta). A decayed mining 
 town in the state of Zacatecas, Mexico, about 100 
 miles northwest of Zacatecas. Its silver-mines 
 were formerly among the richest in the world. 
 Somers (sum'erz), John. Baron Somers. Born 
 near Worcester, England, March 4,1650-51 : died 
 April 26, 1716. An English statesman and jurist. 
 He was counsel for the seven bishops in their trial in 
 1688; and a member of the Convention Parliament in 
 1689. He became solicitor-general in 1689, attorney-gen- 
 eral in 1692, and lord keeper in 1693. He was a leading mem- 
 
 Sommen, Lake 
 
 ber of the Whig junto ; was one of the lords justices in 
 the absence of William III. in 1695 ; was raised to the 
 peerage in 1697 ; was lord chancellor 1697-1700 ; and was 
 impeached and acquitted in 1701. In 1706 he was influ. 
 ential in arranging the union with Scotland. From 17u8- 
 1710 he was president of the council. 
 
 Somerset (sum'er-set). [ME. Somerset, Somer- 
 sete, AS. Sumorssete, orig. the name of the in- 
 habitants, appar. ‘summer-settlers,’ from sumor, 
 summer, and -seete, settler: an explanation re- 
 flected in the ML. translation JEstiva regio, 
 summer country, and the W. Gwlad yr haf, 
 country of summer.] A county in the south- 
 western part of England, bounded by the Bris- 
 tol Channel and Gloucester on the north, Wilt- 
 shire on the east, Dorset on the southeast, 
 and Devon on the south, southwest, and west. 
 Its surface is hilly and undulating, the chief hills being 
 the Mendip Hills, Exmoor, and Brendon Hills, and it con- 
 tains the plain of Sedgemoor. The principal rivers are the 
 Parret and Lower Avon ; the chief cities, Bath and (part of) 
 Bristol. Somerset was thoroughly occupied by the Ro- 
 mans ; was conquered gradually from the Welsh from the 
 6th to the 8th century ; and sided generally with the 
 Parliament and later with Monmouth in the 17th century. 
 Area (ad. co.), 1,616 square miles. Pop. (pari, co.), 508,256. 
 
 Somerset, Second Duke of (Edmund Beau- 
 fort). Died 1455. An English politician, son 
 of John, earl of Somerset, and grandson of 
 John of Gaunt. He succeeded his brother as duke of 
 Somerset in 1448, and was lieutenant of France 1447-50, 
 during which time Normandy was lost by the English. 
 He was appointed lord high constable of England on his 
 return in 1450, and succeeded Suffolk as the chief minister 
 of Henry VI. In 1453, when the king was stricken with 
 insanity, Somerset supported Queen Margaret in her con- 
 test for the regency with the Luke of York, the heir pre- 
 sumptive to the throne. York triumphed, and Somerset 
 was imprisoned. Somerset was, however, released and 
 restored to office on the recovery of the king in 1455, but 
 fell at the battle of St. Albans in the same year. 
 
 Somerset, Duke of. See Seymour, Edward. 
 Somerset, Earl of. See Carr, Robert. 
 Somerset, Fitzroy James Henry, first Baron 
 Raglan. Born Sept. 30, 1788: died near Sebas- 
 topol, Russia, June 28, 1855. A British general, 
 youngest sou of the fifth Duke of Beaufort by 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Admiral Edward Bosca- 
 wen. He entered the army in 1804 ; served in the Penin- 
 sularwar; was military secretary to the Buke of Welling- 
 ton ; and commanded the British in the Crimea 1854-55. 
 
 Somerset House. A palace in the Strand, Lon- 
 don, built by the Protector Somerset in 1549. 
 Later it was crown property. It was demolished in 1775, 
 but has been rebuilt and is used for government offices 
 (Registrar-General, Inland Revenue, Exchequer, etc.). 
 
 Somers Islands. See Bermudas. 
 Somersworth (sum'erz-werth). A city in 
 Strafford County, New Hampshire, situated on 
 Salmon Falls River 33 miles east of Concord. 
 It contains the manufacturing village of Great 
 Falls. Population, 6,704, (1910). 
 
 Somerville (sum'cr-vil). A city in Middlesex 
 County, Massachusetts, 2 miles northwest of 
 Boston. It was made a city in 1872. Popula- 
 tion, 77 236, (1910). 
 
 Somerville, Mrs. (Mary Fairfax). Bom at 
 
 Jedburgh, Scotland, Dec. 26, 1780: died at Na- 
 ples, Nov., 1872. A British mathematician 
 and scientific writer, daughter of Admiral Sir 
 William George Fairfax. She married in 1804 Cap- 
 tain Samuel Greig, a cousin, who died in 1806; and in 
 1812 she married another cousin, Dr. William Somerville. 
 With his assistance she studied the physical sciences. In 
 1831 she published a translation of the “ Mbcanique ce- 
 leste ” of Laplace. She also published “ Connection of the 
 Physical Sciences” (1834), "Physical Geography " (1848), 
 “ Molecular and Microscopic Science ” (1869). Her “ Per- 
 sonal Recollections ” appeared after her death. 
 
 Somerville, or Somervile, William. Born at 
 Edstone, Warwickshire, 1675: died there, Julyl7, 
 1742. An English poet. He was educated at Win- 
 Chester and New College, Oxford. He wrote The Chase M 
 (1733), “Hobbinol, etc.” (1740), “Field Sports” (1742), etc. 
 Somes Sound (somz sound). An inlet on the 
 coast of Mount Desert, Maine. 
 
 Somma Vesuviana (som'ma va-so-ve-a'na). 
 A town in the province of Naples, Italy, situ- 
 ated at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, 9 miles 
 east of Naples. Population, 10,110. 
 
 Somme (som). A river in northern France which 
 flows into the English Channel 30 miles north- 
 east of Dieppe : the ancient Samara. Length, 
 152 miles; navigable by aid of a canal. 
 Somme. A maritime department of northern 
 France, hounded by Pas-de-Calais and Nord on 
 the north and northeast, Aisne on the east, 
 Oise on the south, Seine-Inferieure on the south- 
 west, and the English Channel on the west. 
 Capital. Amiens. The surface is generally level, and it 
 is one of the leading agricultural departments. It has also 
 flourishing manufactures. It wasforined from tlie greater 
 part of Picardy and a small part of Artois. Area, 2,443 
 square miles. Population, 632,567. 
 
 Sommen (som'men), Lake. A lake in southern 
 Sweden, east of Lake Wetter. Length, 24 miles. 
 
Sommerda 
 
 Sommerda (z6m'mer-da). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Un- 
 strut 13 miles north-northeast of Erfurt : n 9 ted 
 for the manufacture of firearms. Population, 
 commune, 5,155. 
 
 Sommerfeld (zom'mer-felt). A town in the 
 province of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on 
 the Lubis 44 miles southeast of Frankfort-on- 
 the-Oder. It has important manufactures of 
 cloth. Population, commune, 12,251. 
 Sommering (zem'mer-ing), Samuel Thomas 
 VOn. Born at Thorn, Prussia, Jan. 18, 1755: died 
 at Frankfort-on-the-Main, March 2, 1830. A 
 noted German anatomist and physiologist. He 
 became professor of anatomy at Cassel in 1778 and at Mainz 
 in 1784, and later practised medicine at Frankfort. In 
 1804 he went to Munich, returning to Frankfort in 1820. 
 Among his works are “Vom Baue des menschlichen Kor- 
 pers ” (1791-96), ‘ ‘ De corpori s humani f abrica ” (1794-1801), 
 “ Uber das Organ der Seele ” (1796), etc. 
 
 Sommi&res (som-myar'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Gard, France, situated on the Vidourle 
 15 miles west-southwest of Nimes. Population, 
 commune, 3,796. 
 
 Somnath. A town in Bombay, India, situated 
 on the Arabian Sea in lat! 20° 53' N. it was 
 formerly of importance, and is noted for its temple. It is 
 doubtful whether the so-called “gates of Somnath," car- 
 ried off by the British from Ghazni in 1842, and now at 
 Agra, were ever at this town. Population, 8,341. See 
 Somanatha. 
 
 Somnium Scipionis (som'ni-um sip-i-6'nis). 
 [L., ‘Scipio’s Dream.’] An episode in the sixth 
 book of Cicero’s “De Republica,” in which 
 Scipio Africanus the Younger relates a dream 
 which he had in youth, in which Africanus the 
 Elder appeared to him, intimated his destiny, 
 and urged him to continue in the path of vir- 
 tue and renown. 
 
 Somnus (som'nus). [L. somnus, sleep.] In 
 Roman mythology, the personification and god 
 of sleep, the Greek Hypnos, a brother of Death 
 (Mors or Thanatos) and a son of Night (Nox). 
 In works of art Sleep and Death are represented alike as 
 youths, often sleeping or holding inverted torches. 
 Somosierra ( so-mo-se-er'ra). A village in Spain, 
 at a pass of the Sierra de Guadarrama, 52 miles 
 north of Madrid. Here, Nov. 30, 1808, the French un- 
 der Napoleon routed the Spaniards and carried the pass. 
 
 Sompnour, The. See Summoner’s Tale. 
 Soncino (son-clie'no). A town in the province 
 of Cremona, northern Italy, situated near the 
 Oglio, 33 miles east of Milan. Population, town, 
 6,080; commune, 8,063. 
 
 Sonderbund (zon'der-bont). [G., ‘separate 
 league.’] A league of most of the Roman Cath- 
 olic cantons of Switzerland, formed in 1843 and 
 including eventually Lucerne, Uri, Unterwal- 
 den, Schwyz, Zug, Fribourg, and Valais, it was 
 reactionary in its aims, and in favor of the Jesuits. Its abo- 
 lition was resolved on by the Swiss Confederation July 20, 
 1847. War upon it was begun in Nov., 1847, the Federal 
 Swiss troops being commanded by Dufour. The result was 
 the overthrow of the Sonderbund, and the adoption of a 
 new constitution in 1848. 
 
 Sonderburg (zon'der-borG). A seaport in the 
 province of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, the 
 chief town in the island of Alsen, situated on Al- 
 sen Sound 29 miles north-northeast of Schles- 
 wig. It was a strategic point in the Schleswig 
 wars. Population, commune, 7,047. 
 Sondershausen (zon'ders-hou-zen). The capi- 
 tal of the principality of Schwarzburg-Sonders- 
 hausen, Germany, situated on the Wipper 33 
 miles northwest of Weimar. Population, 
 commune. 7,383. 
 
 Sondre Bergenhus (sen ' dre her ' gen-hos). 
 [‘ South Bergenhus.’] A maritime province in 
 southwestern Norway, intersected by lat. 60° 
 30' N. Area, 6,026 square miles. Population, 
 135,752. 
 
 Sondre Trondhjem (s6n ' dre trond ' yem). 
 [‘ South Trondhjem.’] A province in Norway, 
 bordering the ocean on the west and Sweden 
 on the east, and intersected by lat. 63° 20' N. 
 Area, 7,185 square miles. Population, 135,382. 
 Sondrio(son'dre-o). 1. A province in the com- 
 artimento of Lombardy, Italy, bordering on 
 witzerland and Tyrol. Area, 1,232 square 
 miles. Population, 134,400. — 2. The capital 
 of the province of Sondrio, Italy, situated on 
 the Malero, near the Adda, in lat. 46° 10'N., 
 long. 9° 52' E. It is the chief town of the Val- 
 tellina, which is now traversed by a railway. 
 Population, town, 4,897; commune, 8,171. 
 Songamino (song-ga-mo'no), or Basongamino 
 (ba-song'ga-me'no). A Bantu tribe of the 
 Belgian Kongo, settled between the Lukenje 
 and Sankuru livers and southward. 
 
 Songari. See Sungari. 
 
 O.-60 
 
 945 
 
 Songaria. See Sungaria. 
 
 Songe (song'ge), or'Basonge (ba-song'ge). A 
 Bantu tribe of the Belgian Kongo, between the 
 Lubilashi and Lomami rivers, about lat. 5°-6° 
 S., related to the Luba nation. 
 
 Songhai (song-gl'). See Surliai. 
 
 Song-koi. See Bed River. 
 
 Songo (song'go), or Masongo (ma-song'go). A 
 Bantu tribe of Angola, western Africa, occupy- 
 ing Great and Little Songo, between Malange 
 and the head waters of the Luandu River, on the 
 right bank of the Kuanza (lat. 9°-ll° S. ). They 
 are a tall and strong race, closely resembling the Mba- 
 lundu (Bailtindo) people ; but they speak a dialect of Kim- 
 bundu. They are agricultural and pastoral, and engage 
 in the carrying business for white traders. Most of the 
 petty Songo chiefs are independent. 
 
 Song of Solomon. The Songs, otherwise called 
 the Song of Songs, or Canticles (LL. Canticum 
 Canticorum Salomonis), one of the books of the 
 Old Testament. Until the 19th century it was univer- 
 sally ascribed to Solomon, but critics now regard it as 
 of later date. 
 
 Song of the Shirt. A poem by Thomas Hood. 
 
 Song of the Three Holy Children. An addi- 
 tion to the Book of Daniel, found in the Sep- 
 tuagint and in the Apocrypha, purporting to be 
 the prayer and song of the three Hebrews in 
 the fiery furnace. 
 
 Songs without Words. See Lieder oh ne Worte. 
 
 Sonho (son'yo). A native countship and tribe 
 of the Kongo Nation, on the Kongo River south 
 of its mouth. The counts of Sonho always gave much 
 trouble to the kings of Kongo. They nominally adopted 
 Christianity about 1500, but have always been practically 
 heathen. 
 
 Sonnambula (son-nam 'bo-la), La. An opera 
 by Bellini, produced first at Milan in 1831. 
 
 Sonnblick (zon'blik). [G., ‘sun-glance.’] A 
 summit of the Salzburg Alps. Height, 10,180 
 feet. 
 
 Sonneberg (zon'ne-berG). A town and sum- 
 mer resort in Saxe-Meiningen, Germany, situ- 
 ated on the Rothen 13 miles northeast of Coburg. 
 It is the center of a district manufacturing papier-machd 
 articles, etc. Population, commune, 15,003. 
 
 Sonnenburg (zon'nen-borG). A town in the 
 province of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on 
 the Lenze 59 miles east of Berlin. Population, 
 4,427. 
 
 Sonnets from the Portuguese. A series of 
 sonnets by Mrs. Browning, published in 1850. 
 
 Sonora (so -no 'ra). The north westernmost 
 state of Mexico, between Arizona (United 
 States), Chihuahua, Sinaloa, and the Gulf of 
 California. Capital, Hermosillo ; principal port, 
 Guaymas. The eastern part is mountainous ; the west- 
 ern part is lower, and has extensive arid plains. Except 
 in the higher valleys, little of the land can be used for 
 agriculture without irrigation. The most important in- 
 dustry is mining (silver, gold, etc.). Large districts are 
 occupied exclusively by Indians. Area, 70,900Bquaremiles. 
 Population, 262,545, (1910). 
 
 Sonora. The capital of Tuolumne County, Cali- 
 fornia, 110 miles east by north of San Francisco. 
 
 Sonora Pass. A high pass in the Sierra Neva- 
 da Mountains, California, about 110 miles east- 
 southeast of Sacramento. 
 
 Sonsonate (son-so-na'ta). A town in Salvador, 
 Central America, 40 miles west by north of San 
 Salvador. It was founded by Pedro de Alva- 
 rado. Population, 13,332, (1910). 
 
 Sontag (zon'tag), Henriette, Countess Rossi. 
 Born at Coblenz, Prussia, May 13, 1805 (Jan. 
 3, 1806?): died in Mexico, June 17, 1854. A 
 German soprano singer. She made her first appear- 
 mice when only six years old. and acted in children’s parts 
 till she was fifteen. She retired from the operatic stage 
 1830-49, on her marriage, but resumed her career, which 
 was one of unbroken success. She traveled extensively in 
 Europe and America. 
 
 Soochow, or Su-chau (so'chou'). A city in 
 the province of Kiaug-su, China, situated on 
 the Imperial Canal about 55 miles west-north- 
 west of Shanghai. It has flourishing trade and man- 
 ufactures, and was long the center of Chinese fashion. 
 Population, about 500,000. 
 
 Soodan. See Sudan. 
 
 Sooloo Islands. See Sulu Islands. 
 
 Soongaria. See Sungaria. 
 
 Soonwald (zon'valt). A portion of the plateau 
 of Hundsriiek, Rhine Province, Prussia, situ- 
 ated south of Sankt Goar, west of Bingen, and 
 north of the river Nahe. 
 
 Soor, or Sorr, or Sohr (zor). A village in 
 northeastern Bohemia, 21 miles north of Konig- 
 griitz. Here, Sept. 30, 1745, the Prussians under Fred- 
 erick the Great defeated the Austrians under the Duke of 
 Lorraine (Prussian loss, 3,000; Austrian loss, 8,000, and 22 
 guns) ; and here, June 28, 1866, the Prussians defeated the 
 Austrians. 
 
 Soosa. See Susa (in Tunis). 
 
 Sophonisba 
 
 SopherimCso'fe-rim). [Heb.] Writers: scribes. 
 In the Old Testament the title Sopher is applied to Ezra, 
 who is called “ a ready scribe in the law of Moses ” (Ezra 
 vii. 6). It was ill the time of Ezra and Nehemiah, when 
 the law became the center of Jewish life, that the institu- 
 tion of the Sopherim took its origin. The task of these 
 men was to explain the law, and to adapt it to the ever- 
 changing conditions and requirements of daily life. They 
 were thus, in a measure, the successors and followers of 
 the prophets. As the name would indicate, they were 
 also engaged in multiplying copies of the Torah (Penta- 
 teuch) by writing, or by transcribing it from the old He- 
 brew script, no longer intelligible to their generation, into 
 the square characters still in use. The Sopherim deliv- 
 ered their interpretations of and decisions on the law be- 
 fore audiences in schools. They were called collectively 
 “the men of the great synagogue,” and were succeeded by 
 the Tanaim and Amoraim. The results of the mental ac- 
 tivity of these teachers of the law through several centu- 
 ries are laid down in the Talmud. 
 
 Sophia. See Sofa. 
 
 Sophia, Santa (san't.a so-fe'a). [It. Santa 
 Sofia, ML. Sancta Sophia, MGr. to<pia, wisdom, 
 the church being dedicated to Christ as the 
 hypostatized wisdom of God.] The famous 
 metropolitan church of the Greeks at Constanti- 
 nople, built by Justinian : since 1453 a mosque. 
 In plan it consists of outer and inner nartliex preceding 
 a square the central portion of which is covered by the 
 great dome, 105 feet in diameter and 184 high (interior), 
 in whose base open 40 arched windows. Most of the re- 
 mainder of the nave is covered by two lower semi-domes, 
 which buttress the central dome. The aisles have gal- 
 leries resting on arcades with beautiful columns. All the 
 vaults and arches are covered with superb mosaics on 
 gold ground ; all the human figures appearing in these are 
 now masked with whitewash. The walls are incrusted 
 with marbles. The exterior of the venerable church is 
 now plain and unimpressive. 
 
 Sophia, Santa, The Little. The church of Sts. 
 Sergius and Bacchus at Constantinople, fin- 
 ished by Justinian in 565 A. d., and now a 
 mosque. It is quadrangular, with a dome and two 
 tiers of vaulted arcades ; there is a narthex and an apse, 
 and fine mosaics under the whitewash. 
 
 Sophia Dorothea ( so-fl'a dor-o-the'a) , Electress 
 of Hannover. Born Sept. 15, 1666: died Nov. 13, 
 1726. Daughter of the - Duke of Bruns wick-Liine- 
 burg-Celle, wife of the elector George of Han- 
 nover (later George I. of England), and mother 
 of George II. She was divorced Dec. 28, 1694, on ac. 
 count of her relations with Count Konigsmark, and re. 
 mainedfor the rest of her life a prisoner in Ahlden Castle. 
 
 Sophie Charlotte, Queen of Prussia. Bom Oct. 
 20, 1668 : died Feb. 1, 1705. Wife of Frederick 
 I., king of Prussia : noted for her literary and 
 philosophical tastes. Charlottenburg was named 
 from her. 
 
 Sophocles (sof'o-klez). [Gr. 2o^o/c?,^f.] Bom at 
 Colonus, near Athens, 495 or 496 B. c. : died 406 
 B. c. One of the three great tragic poets of 
 Greece. He defeated yEsclivlus for the tragic prize in 
 468, and was defeated by Euripides in 441. He was one 
 of the Athenian generals in the Samian war (440). He 
 added the third actor to the drama, and made various 
 changes in the chorus. His tragedies include “G5dipus 
 Tyrannus”(or “CEdipusKex”), “(Edipusat Colonus," “An- 
 tigone," “ Electra,” “ Philoctetes,” “Ajax,” and “Maidens 
 of Trachis.” 
 
 From this date till his death, at the age of 90, the poet 
 devoted all his energy to the production of those famous 
 works of art, which gave him such a hold over the Athe- 
 nian public that he came to be considered the very ideal 
 of a tragic poet, and was worshipped after his death as a 
 hero, under the title Dexion. He is said to have won eigh- 
 teen or twenty tragic victories, and. though sometimes 
 postponed to Philocles and others, was never placed third 
 in all his life. The author of the “Poetic” and the Alex- 
 andrian critics follow the judgment of the Attic public, 
 and most modern critics have agreed with them that the 
 tragedies of Sophocles are the most perfect that the world 
 Iihs ever seen* 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 280. 
 
 Sophocles. A Greek portrait-statue, in the 
 Lateran Museum, Rome. The face is full-bearded ; 
 the attitude upright and simple ; tire drapery a closely 
 wrapped liimation. The style is of about 300 B. C. The 
 statue is perhaps from a bronze original. 
 
 Sophocles, Evangelinus Apostolides. Born 
 near Mount Pelion, Greece, March 8, 1807 : died 
 at Cambridge, Mass., Dee. 17, 1883. A Greek- 
 American scholar, professor of Greek in Har- 
 vard College. He published a “Greek Grammar ” (1838), 
 and other works on Greek grammar, and a “Greek Lexi- 
 con of the Roman and Byzantine Periods” (1870). 
 
 Sophon (so'fon), Bridge of. A bridge over the 
 Sangarius, built a. d. 561 by Justinian, it. sur- 
 vives almost perfect, except the structures for defense or 
 shelter at the ends. It is 1,400 feet long, with 8 arches, 
 each having a span of 75 feet and small arches on each 
 side. 
 
 Sophonisba (so-fo-niz'bii). Died about 204b. c. 
 A Carthaginian woman, daughter of Ilasdru- 
 bal, son ol Gisco. She was betrothed to the Numi- 
 dian prince Masinissa, hut was afterward married in 206 
 B. o., for political reasons, to Syphax, the rival Numidian 
 ruler. Her husband was defeated by Masinissa, who acted 
 as an ally of the Romans while Syphax was an ally of the 
 Carthaginians, in the second Punic war. Sophonisba fell 
 into the hands of the conqueror, who married her, but 
 
Sophonisba 
 
 was compelled by Scipio to reject her. She died by poi- 
 son sent by Masinissa to prevent her from falling into the 
 hands of the Romans. 
 
 Sophonisba. A tragedy by Thomson, produced 
 in 1730. 
 
 Sophonisba, or Hannibal’s Overthrow. A 
 
 tragedy by Nathaniel Lee, produced in 1676. 
 Sophonisba, or the Wonder of Women. A 
 
 tragedy by Marston, produced in 1602. The 
 plot is semi-historical. See Sofonisba. 
 Sophonisbe. 1. A tragedy by Mairet, produced 
 in 1631. It is said to be the first French tragedy, 
 and is imitated from Trissino’s “ Sofonisba.” — 
 2. A tragedy by Corneille (1663). 
 
 Sophron (so'fron). [Gr. lu^puv.] Lived about 
 440 b. c. A Syracusan writer of comedy, noted 
 for his mimes. Fragments of his works have 
 survived. 
 
 As to the controversy whether the mimes were in prose 
 or in verse, I fancy them like Walt Whitman’s so-called 
 poems, which, if they survive, may yet give rise to a simi- 
 lar discussion. The mimes of Sophron were evidently 
 very coarse also — another parallel — and were full of pro- 
 verbs, and full of humour, often using patois , which is 
 very rare in Greek literature. But Sophron’s neglect of 
 form did not imply a revolutionary creed : it was rather a 
 carefully concealed submission to the laws of art. 
 
 Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 407. 
 Sophronia (sof-ro'ni-a). [Gr., ‘of a sound 
 mind.’] A character in Tasso’s “Jerusalem 
 Delivered.” 
 
 Sophy (so'fi), The. A play by Sir John Denham, 
 acted in 1641 at Blaekfriars, and printed in 1642. 
 It is founded on a story in Herbert’s “Travels.” 
 Sora (so'ra). A town in the province of Ca- 
 serta, Italy, situated on the Garigliano 62 miles 
 east-southeast of Rome. It has a cathedral and some 
 manufactures. It was an ancient Volscian town, was 
 captured by the Romans, and was colonized by them in 
 303 B. C. Population, town, 6,149; commune, 10,001. 
 
 Soracte (so-rak'te). A detached mountain in 
 Italy, situated near the Tiber 25 miles north by 
 east of Rome : the modern Monte Sant’ Oreste. 
 There is an extensive view from its summit, and it is nota- 
 ble for an ancient temple of Apollo. Height, 2,260 feet. 
 
 Sorata (so-ra'ta), Nevado de, or Illampu (el- 
 yam'po). A volcanic mountain of the Bolivian 
 Andes, on the eastern side of Lake Titicaca, 
 nearly north of La Paz. Height, 21,500 (ac- 
 cording to some, 23,000-24,000) feet. 
 
 Sorau (so'rou). A town in the province of 
 Brandenburg, Prussia, situated 56 miles south- 
 southeast of Frankfort-on-the-Oder. it has man- 
 ufactures of cloth, linen, etc., and is the oldest town in 
 Lower Lusatia. Population, commune, 16,410. 
 
 Sorbonne (sor-bon'), La. A celebrated house 
 founded in the University of Paris about 1250 
 by Robert de Sorbon or Sorbonne, chaplain 
 and confessor of Louis IX. The college of the Sor- 
 bonne became one of the four constituent parts, and the 
 predominant one, of the faculty of theology in the univer- 
 sity. It exercised a high influence in ecclesiastical affairs 
 and on the public mind, especially in the 16th and 17th 
 centuries. It was suppressed during the Revolution, and 
 deprived of its endowments. At the reconstruction of the 
 university under Napoleon I., the building erected for it 
 by Richelieu, and still called the Sorbonne, was ceded to 
 the city of Paris on condition that the theological faculty, 
 in connection with the faculties of science and belles- 
 lettres, should remove there. New buildings were erected 
 1884-89. 
 
 Sordello (sor-del'lo), or Sordel. Born at Goito, 
 near Mantua, about 1180: died about 1255. A 
 Provencal poet or troubadour. He was attached for 
 a time to the household of the Count of St. Bonifazio, the 
 chief of the Guelph party, in the march of Treviso, and 
 afterward entered the service of Raymond Berenger, the 
 last Count of Provence of the house of Barcelona. It was 
 thought at that time that the Italian language was not 
 susceptible of polish, and Sordello wrote in the Provencal 
 language. He gradually became in popular tradition a 
 hero of romance, a preux chevalier, and an Italian knight 
 errant. Many fables were woven about his name. It was 
 even said that the sovereignty of Mantua had been be- 
 stowed upon him. He owes his reputation principally to 
 Dante’s mention of him : he speaks of him with admir a- 
 tion eight times in the “ Purgatorio." Nothing survives 
 of his prose or his Italian poems, but about 34 Provencal 
 poems still exist, and are included in Raynouard’s “ Chois 
 des poesies des troubadours ” and his “Lexique roman.” 
 
 Sordello of Mantua, whose real merit consists in the 
 harmony and sensibility of his verses. He was amongst 
 the first to adopt the ballad form of writing, and in one of 
 those, which has been translated by Millot, lie beautifully 
 contrasts, in the burthen of his bailed, the gaieties of na- 
 ture and the ever-reviving grief of a heart devoted to 
 love. Sismondi, Lit. of South of Europe, I. 103. 
 
 Sordello. A poem by Robert Browning, pub- 
 lished in 1840. It is a picture of the restless and 
 troubled condition of northern Italy in the early part of 
 the 13th century, and a history of the development of 
 the soul of Sordello the troubadour. It is the most ob- 
 scure of Browning’s poems. 
 
 Sorel (so-rel'). The capital of Richelieu County, 
 Quebec, Canada, situated at the junction of the 
 Richelieu with the St. Lawrence, 44 miles north- 
 east of Montreal. Population, 8,420, (1911). 
 Sorel (so-rel'), Agnes. Born at Fromenteau, 
 
 946 
 
 Touraine, about 1409 : died near Jumigny, Feb. 
 9, 1450. The favorite mistress of Charles VII. 
 of France. She was brought up with Isabelle, the wife 
 of Rene d’Anjou, and remained her friend through life. 
 Charles, who first saw her when she was about tweuty 
 years old, remained faithful to her till her death, and her 
 influence over him was generally beneficial. 
 
 Soreze (so-raz'). A small town in the depart- 
 ment of Tarn, southern France, situated about 
 35 miles east-southeast of Toulouse : the medie- 
 val Sorecinum. It is noted for its Roman Cath- 
 olic college. 
 
 Soria (so're-a). 1. A province of Old Castile, 
 Spain, bounded by Burgos on the northwest, 
 Logrono on the north, Saragossa on the east, 
 Guadalajara on the south, and Segovia on the 
 west. Area, 3,983 square miles. Population, 
 150,462. — 2. The capital of the province of 
 Soria, Spain, situated on the Duero in lat. 41° 
 45' N., long. 2° 34' IV. Near it is the site of the an- 
 cient. Numantia. It was sacked by Ney iu 1808. Popula- 
 tion, 7,466. 
 
 Sorlingues (sor-lahg'). The French name of 
 the Scilly Islands. 
 
 Soroe :l (so're-e), or Soro (so're). A small town 
 in the island of Zealand, Denmark, 44 miles 
 west-southwest of Copenhagen : noted for its 
 academy. Population, 2,335. 
 
 Sorosis ( so-ro'sis). [In botany, a multiple fruit, 
 like the pineapple ; from Gr. aupd f, a heap.] 
 The first women’s club in the United States, 
 founded at New York in 1868. 
 
 Sorr. See Soor. 
 
 Sorrel (sor'el), Hetty. One of the principal 
 female characters in George Eliot’s novel 
 “Adam Bede”: a pretty, vain, and pleasure- 
 loving dairymaid. 
 
 Sorrento (sor-ren't5). A town in the province 
 of Naples, Italy, situated on the Bay of Naples, 
 16 miles sofith-southeast of Naples : the ancient 
 Surrentum. It is a favorite watering-place ; was noted 
 in antiquity forits wines ; and was the birthplace of Tasso. 
 Population, town, 6,969 ; commune, 8,933. 
 
 Sorrows of Wertlier, The. [G. Das Leiden des 
 jungen TVerther.'] A sentimental novel by 
 Goethe (published in 1774), written in the form 
 of letters. 
 
 Sosigenes (so-sij'e-nez). [Gr. 'Zuoryevr/^.'] Lived 
 in the 1st century B. C. An Alexandrian astron- 
 omer who reformed the calendar, under the 
 direction of Julius Caesar, 46 B. C. He is some- 
 times identified with an Egyptian Peripatetic 
 philosopher. 
 
 Sospel (sos-pel'). A town in the department 
 of Alpes-Maritimes, France, situated on the B6- 
 velre 16 miles northeast of Nice. Population, 
 commune, 3,768. 
 
 Soter (so'ter). [Gt. ouri/p, savior or preserver.] 
 A Greek surname of various gods and men (as 
 Zeus, Ptolemy I. of Egypt, etc.). 
 
 Sothern (suTH'ern), Edward Askew. Born 
 at Liverpool, April 1, 1826 : died at London, 
 Jan. 21, 1881. AnEnglish-American comedian. 
 He first played in Jersey in 1849 ; appeared in the United 
 States in 1852 ; and in 1858 made his mark in the character 
 of Lord Dundreary (see Dundreary). His two sons, Lytton 
 and Edward, went on the stage : Lytton died in 1887. 
 Sothis (so'this), or Sept (sept). The Egyptian 
 name of the dog-star (Sirius). 
 
 Soto (so'to), Hernando or Fernando de. Born 
 at Badajos, Estremadura, in 1500 or 1501 : died 
 near the Mississippi River, May 21, 1542 (ac- 
 cording to others, June 5 or June 30, 1542). A 
 Spanish soldier, discoverer of the Mississippi. 
 He went to Darien with Pedrarias, 1514 ; was with Cdrdoba 
 in Nicaragua, 1524; had an encounter with Gil Gonzalez 
 Davila, who had entered that country from the north ; 
 and opposed Cdrdoba’s defection in 1525. Ill April, 1532, 
 he joined Pizarro in the Gulf of Guayaquil with reinforce- 
 ments ; and thereafter was prominent in the conquest of 
 Peru, returning to Spain very rich in 1536. In 1537 he was 
 appointed governor of Cuba and Florida, with orders to 
 explore and settle the latter country. Leaving San Lucar 
 in April, 1538, he finally sailed from Havana, Cuba, on 
 May 12, 1539, with 9 vessels and 570 (or 950) men, includ- 
 ing many cavaliers of rank ; landed at Tampa Bay, May 25 ; 
 and, having sent part of his ships back to Cuba, set out on 
 July 15 to explore the interior. His route during the next 
 three years can be determined only approximately. He 
 was constantly urged forward by the hope of finding new 
 and rich countries; during the winter months he halted 
 at some Indian village ; and he twice had communication 
 with his vessels on the coast. Reckoning by the present 
 State boundaries, he first made a great circuit northward 
 through northern Florida, Georgia, perhaps the Carol inas 
 and Tennessee, and Alabama, descending the Alabama 
 River to Mobile Bay, where he had a fierce battle with the 
 Indians (Oct., 1540). Thence he turned northward and 
 northwestward through Mississippi ; wintered at an Indian 
 village on the Yazoo, where he had another battle ; and 
 reached the Mississippi River, crossing it at the Lower 
 Chickasaw Bluffs about May, 1541. Subsequently he ex- 
 plored northward nearly to the Missouri, then turned 
 southward, reached the junction of the Red Riverand the 
 Mississippi, and died there of malarial fever : 250 of his 
 men had perished. The survivors, under Moscoso, de- 
 
 Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu 
 
 scended the river and reached Mexico. It should be noted 
 that Alonso de Pineda discovered the mouth of the Mis- 
 sissippi (which he called the Espiritu Santo) in 1519, and 
 that Cabeza de Vaca crossed it, near its mouth, in 1528. 
 See Century Atlas, Map 4. 
 
 Sotomayor, Melchor Bravo de Saravia. See 
 
 Bravo de Saravia Sotomayor. 
 
 Sotomayor y Valdes (e val-das'), Ramon. 
 Born at Santiago, April, 1830. A Chilean jour- 
 nalist, diplomatist, and historian. His most im- 
 portant Work is “Historia de Chile ” (2 vols. 1875). 
 
 Sotteville lez Rouen (sot-vel' la ro-oh'). A 
 town in the department of Seine-Inf (jrieure, 
 France, situated on the Seine above Rouen. 
 Population, commune, 19,042. 
 
 Souabe (so-ab'). The French name of Swabia. 
 Soubise (so-bez'), Seigneur de (Benjamin de 
 Rolian). Born at La Rochelle, 1583 : died at 
 London, Oct. 9, 1642. A French commander, 
 brother of Henri de Rohan. He was one of the 
 Huguenot leaders in the wars of 1621-29. He conducted 
 the heroic though unsuccessful defense of La Rochelle 
 1627-28. 
 
 Soubise, Prince de (Charles de Rohan). Born 
 at Paris, July 16, 1715: died there, July 4, 1787. 
 A French general. He was, through the influence of 
 Madame de Pompadour, mistress of Louis XV., appointed 
 to the command of an army soon after the beginning of the 
 Seven Years’ War. He was totally defeated by Frederick 
 II. at Rossbach Nov. 6, 1757, but in the following year 
 gained the victories of Sondershausen and Liitzelburg, for 
 which he was rewarded with the rank of marshal of France. 
 
 Soublette (so-blat'ta or sob-let'), Carlos. Born 
 at Caracas, 1790: died there, Feb. 12, 1870. A 
 Venezuelan general and statesman. He was 
 prominent in the war for independence, commanding in 
 V enezuela 1821-23 ; was minister of war for Colombia 1825- 
 1827 ; president of the Venezuelan Constitutional Conven- 
 tion 1830 ; minister of war for V enezuela 1830-34 ; envoy to 
 Spain 1835 ; and in the latter year was elected vice-presi- 
 dent of Venezuela. On the resignation of Vargashe assumed 
 the executive May 11, 1836, but soon after placed it in 
 charge of Narvarte and went to Spain to conclude an im- 
 portant treaty, returning and resuming his post March 11, 
 1837. He was succeeded Feb. 1, 1839, by Paez, who made 
 him secretary of war ; and was again president Jan. 28, 
 1843, to March 1, 1847. From 1848 to 1858hewas banished : 
 subsequently he held cabinet positions and commanded 
 the army. 
 
 Soudan. See Sudan. 
 
 Soulary (so-la-re'), Joseph Marie, called Jo- 
 sephin. Born at Lyons, Feb. 23, 1815: died 
 there, March 28, 1891. A French poet, notable 
 for the beauty of his sonnets. His works were 
 published in 3 vols. (1872-83). 
 
 Soule ( so-la' ), Pierre. Born at Castillon , France, 
 in Sept., 1802 : died at New Orleans, March 26, 
 1870. A French-Ameriean politician. He left 
 France on account of his opposition to the government in 
 1825, and settled at New Orleans, where he rose to dis- 
 tinction as a lawyer. He was a Democratic United States 
 senator from Louisiana 1847-53, and United States minister 
 to Spain 1853-55. He was one of the framers of the Ostend 
 Manifesto in 1854, and sided with the Confederacy during 
 the Civil War. He was arrested at New Orleans in 1862 
 and imprisoned at Fort Lafayette, but obtained his re- 
 lease on condition that he would not return to the South 
 until the suppression of the rebellion. > 
 
 Soulouque (sodok'), Faustin Elie. Born at 
 Petit Goiave, 1785 : died there, Aug. 6, 1867. A 
 Haitian general and politician. He was a negro 
 slave ; took part in the insurrection of 1803 ; rose to be 
 general under Guerrier and Rich6 ; and on the death of 
 the latter was elected to the presidency, March 1, 1847, 
 principally because he was old and ignorant and it was 
 supposed that he would be a ready tool of the senators. 
 He displayed an unexpected independence ; secured the 
 support of the blacks ; and, though unsuccessful in an in- 
 vasion of the Dominican Republic (March-^pril, 1849), had 
 himself proclaimed emperor as Faustin I., Aug. 26, 1849. 
 In 1855 he again invaded the Dominican Republic, but was 
 defeated. He was deposed Dec. 22. 1858, left the country 
 Jan. 15, 1859, and lived in exile until shortly before his death. 
 
 Soult (solt), Napoleon Hector. Born 1801: 
 
 died at Paris, Dec. 31, 1857. A French diplo- 
 matist and politician, son of Marshal Soult. He 
 was sent as ambassador to Berlin in 1844. 
 Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, Due de Dalma- 
 tie. Born at St.-Amans-la-Bastide (now in 
 the department of Tarn), France, March 29, 
 1769: died at St.-Amans, Nov. 26, 1851. A 
 French marshal. He entered the army in 1785 ; served 
 at Fleurus in 1794, and at Altenkirchen in 1796 ; became 
 general of division in 1799, and distinguished himself un- 
 der Mass6na at the battle of Zurich (1799) and the defense 
 of Genoa (1800) ; was made a marshal of France in 1804 ; 
 distinguished himself as commander of the right wing at 
 Austerlitz in 1805; served at Jena, Pultusk, and Eylau ; 
 was created duke of Dalmatia in 1807 ; was sent to Spain in 
 1808, and gained thebattleof Gamonal and pursued Moore 
 to Corunna; took Oporto in 1809; was appointed com’- 
 mander-in-cliief in Spain and gained the victory of Ocafia 
 in 1809; conquered Andalusia in 1810; was defeated at 
 Allmera in 1811 ; served at l.iitzen and Bautzen in 1813 ; 
 conducted the French retreat before Wellington in the 
 south of France 1813-14 ; was minister of war under Louis 
 XVIII. Dec., 1814, -March, 1816; was general-in-chief under 
 Napoleon iu the Hundred Days; was inconsequence ban- 
 ished, but was recalled to France in 1819 ; was again made 
 a marshal of France in 1820 ; was created a peer in 1827 •' 
 
Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu 
 
 and was minister of war 1830-34, ambassador extraordinary 
 at the coronation of Queen Victoria in 1838, and minister 
 of war 1840-44. 
 
 Soumet (so-ma'), Alexandre. Born at Castel- 
 naudary, 1788 : died at Paris, 1845. A French 
 poet. His chief work is “La divine epopde” (1840). 
 Among his other productions are “ Clytemnestre ” and 
 “ Saiil " (tragedies produced in 1822), “ Cleopatre ” (1824), 
 “Les Macchab0es”(1827), “Jeanne Dare "(1827), “Jeanne 
 de France " (1828), “ Emilia ’’ (1829), etc. 
 
 Sound (sound), The, Dan. Orasund (e'ra- 
 sond). A sea passage between Sweden and 
 the island of Zealand in Denmark, connecting 
 the Cattegat on the north with the Baltic on the 
 south. Its width in the narrowest part is 3 miles. “Sound 
 duties ” on foreign vessels were levied here by Denmark 
 until 1857. 
 
 Sour. See Sure. 
 
 Source (sors),La. [F., 'the spring.’] A paint- 
 ing by Ingres (1856), in the Louvre, Paris. A 
 graceful, golden-haired girl stands nude in a rocky recess, 
 her right arm passed over her head, and supporting the 
 bottom of a vase held on her shoulder with the left hand. 
 Streams of water fall from the vase into a pool at the girl’s 
 feet. 
 
 Souriciuois. See Micmac. 
 
 Sousa (so'za), Martim Affonso de. Born at 
 Bragamja about 1500 : died at Lisbon, July 21, 
 1564. A Portuguese captain. He commanded the 
 first expedition sent to Brazil for colonization (1530-33), 
 and founded the first Portuguese settlement at Sao Vi- 
 cente, Jan., 1532. In 1534 he was granted the captaincy of 
 Sio Vicente (which see) in hereditary right, and he con- 
 tinued to attend to its affairs though he did not again 
 visit it personally. He was admiral of the seas of India 
 1534-40, commanding in several combats ; and from 1542 
 to 1545 he was governor of the Portuguese East Indies. 
 
 Sousa, Pero Lopes de. Born about 1503: died on 
 the coast of Madagascar, Dec. (?), 1539. APortu- 
 guese captain, brother of M. A. de Sousa. Hecom- 
 manded two caravels in his brother’s fleet (1530-33) , and by 
 his orders explored the lower Paran&(1631-32). He received, 
 in hereditary right, three portions of Brazil, corresponding 
 to northern Pernambuco and Parahyba, a portion of Sao 
 Paulo, and Santa Catharina : some attempt was made to 
 settle the two former through lieutenants whom he ap- 
 pointed. In 1539 he commanded a fleet sent to the East 
 Indies, and was shipwrecked and killed while returning. 
 He wrote an account of the Brazilian expedition which has 
 been published in recent times. 
 
 Sousa, Thome de. Bom about 1510 : died after 
 1563. A Portuguese administrator, first gover- 
 nor-general of Brazil (1549-53). He founded 
 Sao Salvador, or Bahia, April, 1549. 
 
 South (south), Robert. Born at Hackney, near 
 London, 1633 : died at London, July 8, 1716. A 
 noted English divine. He was made prebendary of 
 Westminster in 1663, canon in Oxford in 1670, and rector 
 of Islip in 1678. His “Works ’’ appeared in 1823. 
 
 South Africa (af'ri-ka). A name given col- 
 lectively (and somewhat vaguely) to that por- 
 tion of Africa south of the Zambesi and Angola, 
 most of which is under British influence. The 
 chief political divisions are Cape of Good Hope, Natal (in- 
 cluding Zululand), Basutoland, Bechuanaland Protectorate, 
 Southern Rhodesia, Swaziland, the Orange Free State, 
 Transvaal, and German Southwest Africa. 
 
 South Africa Company, British. See Bru- 
 tish South Africa Company. 
 
 South African Repubiic, now Transvaal 
 
 (trans-val'). A British colony (formerly a 
 republic) in South Africa. Capital, Pretoria. 
 It is bounded by Rhodesia on the north ; Portuguese East 
 Africa on the east; Zululand, Natal, and the Orange Free 
 State on the south ; and the Bechuanaland Protectorate 
 and the Cape of Good Hope on the west. The surface is 
 a plateau, with the Drakenberge Mountains in the east. 
 The chief river-systems are those of the V aal and Limpopo. 
 The colony exports wool, minerals, hides, ostrich feathers, 
 etc.; and iB rich in gold, diamonds, iron, etc. It con- 
 tains 23 districts. The government was a republic 
 under a nominal British suzerainty, administered by 
 a president (assisted by a council) and two Volksraden 
 of 27 members each. The inhabitants are Boers, English, 
 and natives (Bechuanas, Basutos, etc.). The prevailing 
 religion is the Dutch Reformed. Immigration by Boers 
 from Cape Colony commenced about 1836. The state was 
 recognized as independent in 1852, and was annexed by 
 Great Britain in 1877. A successful revolt of the Boers 
 (1880-81) gained them self-government under British 
 suzerainty. British control was restricted in 1884. In 1890 
 small portions of Swaziland and Amatongaland were ceded 
 to the republic, and in 1895 a protectorate over Swaziland 
 was established. In 1900-01 it was conquered and an- 
 nexed by Great Britain. Area, 110,425 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 1,347,227, including 289,952 whites and 1,021,656 
 aborigines. See -A Union of South Africa. 
 
 South America (a-mev'i-ka). The southern 
 continental division of the New World, be- 
 tween the South Atlantic and Pacific oceans, 
 connected with North America by the Isthmus 
 of Panama. It forms a triangular mass with the south- 
 ern angle lengthened out and terminating in the archi- 
 pelago of Tierra del Fuego. The extreme points on the 
 continent are Point Gallinas or Chimare, in Colombia, lat. 
 12° 25' N. ; Cape Froward, on the Strait of Magellan, lat. 
 53° 54' S.; Ponta de Pedras, in Brazil, long. 34° 45' 62" W.; 
 and Cape Parifia, in northern Peru, long. 81° 19' 37" W. 
 The coast-line presents no large Indentations, but near the 
 southern end it is broken by numerous small bays and 
 channels cutting off islands. More than two thirds of the 
 
 947 
 
 surface lies within the tropics. The principal mountain 
 system is the Andean, near the western coast, dividing 
 northward into three diverging chains, with an extension 
 along the northern coast to the mouth of the Orinoco. A 
 notable feature of this system is the giant volcanoes of the 
 Pacific border. (See Andes, Cordilleras, Aconcagua, So- 
 rata, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, Illimani, etc.) There is a 
 smaller mountain system near the southeastern coast in 
 Brazil, and some of the highlands of Guiana and Vene- 
 zuela are mountainous in character. Three great river- 
 systems, the Orinoco, Amazon, and Paraguay-I'aram'i, oc- 
 cupy corresponding broad depressions, which are but 
 slightly raised above the sea-level. Separated by them 
 are the great table-land of Brazil, with its mountains 
 near the coast; the table-land of Guiana; and similar 
 table-lands bordering the Andean system. These table- 
 lands are diversified in their vegetation, but with little 
 forest except near rivers. The most extensive forests 
 are in the Amazon valley, and on the mountains of the 
 northern and southeastern coasts. The llanos, north 
 of the Orinoco, and the pampas of the Argentine Re- 
 public, are great grassy plains. The fauna and flora 
 are extremely rich in species : there are, however, but 
 few large mammals. South America was discovered 
 by Columbus in 1498, and its continental character was 
 ascertained before 1515. It was conquered by the Span- 
 iards and Portuguese; and their descendants, with In- 
 dians, negroes, and mixed races, form the bulk of the 
 modern population. The Dutch and French had short- 
 lived colonies in Brazil ; and the English, Dutch, and 
 French established colonies in Guiana which still exist. 
 Brazil represents the Portuguese conquests : the other 
 South American republics correspond to Spanish colo- 
 nies, but have undergone some changes since the inde- 
 pendence. The independent states are Brazil, Uruguay, 
 Paraguay, the Argentine Republic, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, 
 Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela. British Guiana, 
 French Guiana (or Cayenne), and Dutch Guiana (or Suri- 
 nam) are colonies of European powers. Large portions 
 of the interior are inhabited only by scattered Indian 
 tribes, and the boundaries of the republics in these regions 
 are still unsettled. Extreme length, 4,592 miles. Greatest 
 breadth, 3,230 miles. Estimated area, with the depen- 
 dent islands, 7,681,420 square miles. Population, about 
 45,000,000, (1910). 
 
 South American Revolution. The political 
 movement and war by which the Spanish South 
 American colonies became independent. The 
 principal causes were the restrictions on commerce in 
 favor of Spanish monopolies, burdensome taxes, and un- 
 just laws ; exclusion of the colonists from high offices ; 
 the Inquisition; and the examples of France and the 
 United States. The immediate cause was the chaotic 
 condition of Spanish affairs produced by Napoleon’s in- 
 vasion of Spain. Most of the colonists refused to recog- 
 nize Joseph Bonaparte; and the junta of Seville, which 
 had represented the legitimate monarch, having fallen, 
 the authority of the viceroys and captains-general disap- 
 peared ipso facto. Under these circumstances, revolts 
 broke out almost simultaneously in Venezuela (April 9, 
 1810), New Granada (July 20-21, 1810), Buenos Ayres 
 (May 22, 1810), and Chile (July 16, 1810), the royal officers 
 in each case being deposed and juntas established with 
 the avowed purpose of holding the countries for Ferdi- 
 nand VII. : later all of them declared their independence 
 of Spain. In Peru, which was the center of Spanish 
 power, there was no outbreak until much later. The 
 Spanish officers, adhering to Joseph Bonaparte or to one 
 of the Spanish juntas, regarded the colonists as rebels. 
 War broke out at once, and at first the patriots were gen- 
 erally successful. In Venezuela the great earthquake of 
 May 26, 1812, paralyzed the country. The Spaniards, tak- 
 ing advantage of the confusion, marched on Caracas ; Mi- 
 randa capitulated (July 25), and was sent a prisoner to 
 Spain ; and the Spanish general Monteverde obtained en- 
 tire control. His cruelties provoked fresh outbreaks, led 
 by Bolivar and Marino; but the defeats of La Puerta 
 (June 14, 1814) and Urica (Dec. 6) forced the patriot lead- 
 ers to abandon the country. Shortly after Morillo ar- 
 rived with a large force from Spain ; occupied Venezuela ; 
 took Cartagena after a disastrous siege (Dec. 6, 1815); and 
 captured Bogota May 6, 1816. In a short time all of northern 
 South America was in his power. The patriots in Chile, 
 weakened by party strife, had to meet forces sent from 
 Peru ; they were defeated at Rancagua (Oct. 2, 1814), and 
 the leaders fled over the Andes. Upper Peru (Bolivia) 
 was, from 1810 to 1816, the field of a continuous struggle 
 between the royalists, strongly aided from Peru, and the 
 patriots, supported by armies sent from Buenos Ayres. 
 The royalist general Goyeneche swept the country in 1814, 
 and thereafter the war took on a guerrilla character, for 
 which the mountain-land was especially fitted. A for- 
 midable revolt in Peru, led by the Indian Pumacagua, wa3 
 ended by his defeat at Umachiri, March 11, 1815. Thus, in 
 the middle of 1816, the Platine provinces were the only 
 ones which retained their independence. At the out- 
 break of the revolt the royalist forces under Elio had been 
 besieged in Montevideo, which was taken by the patriots 
 in June, 1814. Paraguay proclaimed its independence in 
 May, 1811, but soon submitted to the dictatorship of 
 Francia, and took no further part in the struggle. The 
 government of Buenos Ayres was at first very weak, and 
 was frequently changed : in 1813 it was centralized under 
 a supreme director, and thereafter it showed more 
 strength. San Martin, who had come into prominence as 
 a military leader, conceived the plan of invading Peru by 
 way of Chile, and to this end massed an army in Men- 
 doza. Meanwhile Bolivar returned in 1816 to Venezuela, 
 and in July, 1817, established a patriot central govern- 
 ment at Angostura, on the Orinoco. The subsequent 
 events may be reduced to two great movements under 
 Bolivar and San Martin, centering on the Spanish power 
 in Peru. Bolivar’s victories of BoyacA (Aug. 7, 1819) and 
 Carabobo (June 24, 1821), and that of his general Sucre at 
 Pichincha (May 24, 1822), were the principal events which 
 secured the independence of New Granada, Venezuela, 
 and Quito or Ecuador : these countries united in the re- 
 public of Colombia. (See Bolivar.) San Martin crossed the 
 Andes Jan., 1817, and gained the battle of Chacabuco Feb. 
 12. The independence of Chile was proclaimed Feb. 12, 
 1818, and practically secured by the victory of Maipo 
 April 5, 1818. Aided by Cochrane’s fleet, San Martin in- 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 vaded Peru (Aug., 1820), and took Lima (July 9, 1821); 
 but, after an interview with Bolivar at Guayaquil (July, 
 1822), he resigned and left the country. (See San Martin.) 
 The viceroy of Peru, La Serna, driven into the interior, 
 led the final struggle against Bolivar. The crowning 
 events of the war were the victory at Junin (Aug. 6, 1824), 
 and the final defeat and capture of La Serna by Sucre at 
 the battle of Ayacucho (Dec. 9, 1824). The remnants of the 
 Spanish forces were soon driven from Upper Peru, which 
 became the republic of Bolivia. Callao Castle, the last 
 Spanish stronghold, surrendered Jan. 19, 1826, thus end- 
 ing the war. 
 
 Southampton (south-amp'ton or suTH-hamp'- 
 ton). A seaport in Hampshire, England, situ- 
 ated on a peninsula at the head of Southampton 
 Water, at the mouths of the Test and theltehen, 
 in lat. 50° 54' N. , long. 1° 24' W. it is one of the prin- 
 cipal seaports of Great Britain ; the terminus of steamer 
 lines to France, Ireland, North and South America, the 
 West Indies, the Pacific, and Cape Colony ; anda port of call 
 for various transatlantic lines. It has extensive docks 
 and ship-building industries, and has relics of old fortifi- 
 cations. It is noted for its double tides. It is a very 
 ancient town. It was sacked by the Danes ; was the 
 place of embarkation of Richard the Lion-Hearted for 
 the third Crusade in 1189, of Edward III. in 1345, and of 
 Henry V. in 1415 ; was attacked by the French and Geno- 
 ese in 1338 ; and was the place where the Pilgrim Fathers 
 embarked on the Mayflower in 1620 . Population, 119,039, 
 (1911). 
 
 Southampton. A rarely used name for Hamp- 
 shire. 
 
 Southampton, Earls of. See Wriothesley. 
 Southampton Island. An island of British 
 America, at the entrance of Hudson Bay. 
 Length, 230 miles. 
 
 Southampton Water. An inlet of the English 
 Channel which extends from the Solent and 
 Spithead northwestward about 10 miles. 
 
 South Anna (an'a). A river in Virginia which 
 unites with the North Anna 21 miles north of 
 Richmond to form the Pamunkey. 
 
 Southard (suTH'ard), Samuel L. Born at 
 Basking Ridge, Ni J., June 9, 1787: died at Fred- 
 ericksburg, Va., June 26, 1842. An American 
 politician. He was Whig United States senator from 
 New Jersey 1821-23; secretary of the navy 1823-29 ; acting 
 secretary of the treasury 1825; governor of New Jersey 
 1832 ; and United States senator 1833-42. 
 
 South Australia (as-tra'lia). A state of the 
 Commonwealth of Australia. Capital, Adelaide. 
 It is bounded by Northern Territory on the north, Queens- 
 land, New South Wales, and Victoria on the east, the 
 ocean on the south, and West Australia on the west. It 
 has gold, copper, etc., and exports wool, wheat and flour, 
 copper, etc. Government is vested in a crown governor, 
 with executive council, and a parliament comprising a 
 legislative council and a house of assembly (both elected). 
 The colony was founded in 1836, and the constitution was 
 established in 1856. The Northern Territory (north of lat. 
 26° S.) was annexed in 1863 (but was transferred to the 
 Commonwealth Jan. 1, 1911). Area, 380,070 square miles. 
 Population, 408,568, (1911). 
 
 South Bend (bend). A city, the capital of St. 
 Joseph County, Indiana, situated on St. Joseph 
 River 73 miles east by south of Chicago. It 
 has manufactures of carriages, wagons, iron, 
 plows, etc. Population, 53,684, (1910). 
 
 South Berwick (ber'wik). A town in York 
 County, Maine, situated on Salmon Falls River 
 31 miles southwest of Portland. Population, 
 2,935, (1910). 
 
 South Bethlehem (beth'le-em). Aboroughin 
 Northampton County, Pennsylvania, situated 
 on Lehigh River 48 miles north by west of 
 Philadelphia. It is the seat of Lehigh Univer- 
 sity (non-sect.). Population, 19,973, (1910). 
 South Brabant. See Brabant. 
 
 South Carolina (kar-o-ll 'na). One of the 
 South Atlantic States of the United States 
 of America. Capital, Columbia; chief city, 
 Charleston. It is bounded by North Carolina on the 
 north and northeast, the Atlantic Ocean on the southeast, 
 and Georgia (separated for most of the distance by the 
 Savannah River) on the southwest and west. The sur- 
 face is level near the coast, hilly and undulating in the 
 interior, and mountainous in the northwest. The princi- 
 pal rivers are the Great Pedee, Santee, Edisto. and Savan- 
 nah. The State has gold, porcelain clay, and other minerals, 
 and is especially noted for the production of rice and sea- 
 island cotton. It has 44 counties, sends 2 senators and 
 7 representatives to Congress, and has 9 electoral votes. 
 A majority of the inhabitants are negroes. An unsuccess- 
 ful attempt to colonize was made by the French under 
 Ribault in 1562. The first permanent settlement was made 
 bytheEnglishinl670. Charleston wasfoundedin 1680. The 
 territory remained under a proprietary government with 
 North Carolina until 1729, when it became a separate crown 
 colony. Many of the early colonists were French Hugue- 
 nots, Scotch-Irish, Swiss, and Germans. South Carolina 
 was one of the 13 original States (1776). It was the scene of 
 many battles in the Revolution (Fort Moultrie, Charleston, 
 Camden, King’s Mountain Cowpens, Eutaw Springs), and 
 of many partisan contests, and was held by the British 1780- 
 1781. Its advocacy of nullification nearly led to civil war 
 in 1832-33. It took the lead in advocating States-riglits 
 doctrines, and was the first State to secede (Dec. 20, 1860). 
 It opened the Civil War by the bombardment of Fort Sum- 
 ter, April 12, 1861 ; and suffered severely by the blockade, 
 attacks on Charleston Harbor, and the march of Sher- 
 man’s array in 1865. It was readmitted in 1868. The 
 
South Carolina 
 
 State was visited by a severe earthquake in 1886. In 1892 the 
 sale of liquors was restricted to State dispensaries, and the 
 constitutionality of the law (of 1893) was affirmed in 1894. 
 Area, 30,670 square miles. Population, 1,515,400, (1910). 
 
 Southcott (south' kot), Joanna. Born in Dev- 
 onshire, 1750 : died Dec. 27, 1814. An English 
 religious fanatic, originally a domestic servant. 
 She became a Methodist, and, pretending supernatural 
 gifts, dictated prophecies in rime, proclaimed herself to 
 be the woman mentioned in the Apocalypse (ch. xii.), and, 
 although 64 years old, affirmed that she was to be delivered 
 of “Shiloh." Her sect numbered over 100,000, and was 
 still in existence in 1889. She wrote “Strange Effects of 
 Faith” (1801, etc.), “The True Explanation of the Bible" 
 (1804-10), the “ Book of Wonders ” (1813-14), etc. 
 Southcottians (south'kot-i-anz). A religious 
 body of the 19th century, founded by Joanna 
 Southcott in England. This body expected that its 
 founder would give birth to another Messiah. Also called 
 New Israelites and Sabbatarians. 
 
 South Dakota (da-ko'ta). A North Central 
 State of the United States. Capital, Pierre, it 
 is bounded by North Dakota on the north, Minnesota and 
 Iowa on the east, Nebraska on the south, and Wyoming 
 and Montana on the west. The surface is rolling and 
 mountainous in the west. Wheat is one of the most 
 important products. The State has 61 counties, sends 2 
 senators and 3 representatives to Congress, and has 5 elec- 
 toral votes. In 1889 it was separated from North Dakota 
 and admitted as a State. Area, 77,650 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 583,888, (1910). 
 
 South Downs (dounz). A district in the west 
 of Sussex and in Hampshire, of considerable 
 elevation, forming natural pastures, and largely 
 devoted to sheep- raising. 
 
 Southend (south-end'). A watering-place in 
 Essex, England, situated on the Thames 34 
 miles east of London. Population, 28,857. 
 Southern Continent. See Antarctic Continent. 
 Southerne, or Southern (suTH'ern), Thomas. 
 Born in County Dublin in 1660 : died May 22, 
 1746. A British dramatist. He studied at Trinity 
 College, Dublin, and entered the Middle Temple, London, 
 but abandoned law for play-writing. Among his plays are 
 “ The Loyal Brother, or the Persian Prince ” (1682), “ The 
 Fatal Marriage, or the Innocent Adultery” (1694), “Oroo- 
 noko" (1696), “Sir Anthony Love, or the Rambling Lady," 
 etc. 
 
 Southern Fish. See Piscis Australis. 
 Southern Killamuk. See Yaquina. 
 
 Southern Ocean. A name given by some ge- 
 ographers to that part of the ocean which lies 
 between lat. 40° S. and the Antarctic Circle. 
 Southern Triangle. See Triangulum Australe. 
 Southey (souTH'i or suTH'i), Mrs. (Caroline 
 Ann Bowles). Born at Lymington, Hants, 
 England, Oct. 7, 1786 : died there, July 20, 1854. 
 An English poet and author, the second wife of 
 Robert Southey whom she married in 1839. 
 Among her works are the poems “ Ellen Fitzarthur ” (1820) 
 and “ The Widow’s Tale, etc.”(1822). Her collected poems 
 were published in 1867. Among her prose works are 
 “Chapters on Churchyards" (1829), “Selwyn in Search of a 
 Daughter ” (1835), etc.* Her correspondence with Southey 
 is her best-known work. 
 
 Southey, Robert. Born at Bristol, England, 
 Aug. 12, 1774: died at Greta Hall, near Kes- 
 wick, England, March 21, 1843. An English 
 poet and prose-writer: one of the Lake School 
 of poets. He went to Westminster School, but was ex- 
 pelled in 1792 for an essay on “ Flogging ” in the “ Flagel- 
 lant,” a school magazine. He was refused admittance at 
 Christ Church, Oxford, on account of this essay, but was 
 admitted to Balliol. He made the acquaintance of Cole- 
 ridge in 1794, and formed with him the scheme of an ideal 
 colony, “ Pantisocracy.” He traveled in Spain and Portu- 
 gal 1795-96 ; held for a 3hort time a government sinecure ; 
 and settled down to literary work in 1803 at Greta Hall, 
 near Keswick, where he collected a large library and wrote 
 with great regularity. He was made poet laureate in 1813 
 and pensioned by the government. In 1839 he married his 
 second wife, Caroline Bowles, and in the same year be- 
 came demented, dying afterward of softening of the brain. 
 His chief poems are “Joan of Afc”(17:>6), “Thalaba, the De- 
 stroyer’ (1801), “ Madoc ” (1805), “The Curse of Kehama” 
 (1810) “ Roderick, the Last of the Goths ”(1814), “A Vision 
 of Judgment ” (1S21), etc. His prose works include “His- 
 tory of Brazil " (1810 : still a standard work), “ Life of Nel- 
 son ”(1813), “Life of John Wesley ”(1820), “History of the 
 Expedition of Orsua and Crimes of Aguirre” (1821), “His- 
 tory of the Peninsular War " (1823), “Book of the Church" 
 (1824), and “Sir Thomas More ”(1829). He edited “The Pil- 
 grim’s Progress,” with a life of John Bunyan (1830) ; wrote 
 “The Doctor "(1834-37); and edited Cowper’s works, with 
 his life (1833-37). He also translated “Amadis de Gaul ” 
 (1805), “Palmerin of England "(1807), Espriella’s “Letters 
 from England ” (1807), and “Chronicle of the Cid ” (1808). 
 His “Common-Place Book "was edited in 1849-51, and his 
 letters in 1856. 
 
 South Foreland. See Foreland, South. 
 
 South Georgia (jor'jia). An uninhabited island 
 in the South Atlantic Ocean, about lat. 54°-55° 
 S. : a dependency of the Falkland Islands. It 
 was annexed by the British in 1775. Area, est., 
 1,000 square miles. 
 
 South Hadley (had'li). A town in Hampshire 
 County, Massachusetts, 11 miles north of 
 Springfield. It is the seat of Mount Holyoke 
 College (which see). Population, 4,894, (1910). 
 South Holland (hol'and). A province of the 
 
 948 
 
 Netherlands which borders on the North Sea, 
 south of North Holland and north of Zea- 
 land. It contains The Hague and Rotterdam. 
 Area, 1,166 square miles. Population, 1,363,- 
 277. ’ 
 
 South Island. The southernmost of the two 
 chief islands of New Zealand. 
 
 South Kensington Museum. One of the “ sub- 
 divisions of the Department of Science and Art 
 of the Committee of the Council on Education.” 
 The museum, which is in Brompton, in the western part 
 of London, south of Hyde Park, was opened in 1857 for the 
 purpose of promoting science and art. It contains a mu- 
 seum of ornamental or applied art, the National Gallery of 
 British Art, an art library, the Royal College of Science, a 
 science and education library, the National Art Training- 
 Schools, etc. The museum is greatly indebted to private 
 liberality in the loan of treasures of art, but the govern- 
 ment has also purchased and presented to it much valuable 
 material. The India Museum is now officially a part of it. 
 The south and west galleries of the buildings used for 
 the International Exhibition of 1871-74 now contain some 
 of the collections of the South Kensington Museum, and 
 the east gallery contains the India Museum. The Muse- 
 um of Natural History, removed from the British Museum, 
 is in a new building south of the International Exhibition 
 Galleries, built in 1873-80. In 1899 extensive new build- 
 ings were begun, and the name was changed, by Order of 
 the Queen, to the Victoria and Albert Museum. 
 
 South Mountain. A ridge of the Alleghaniesin 
 western Maryland and southern Pennsylvania. 
 A victory was gained here by the Federals under McClel- 
 lan over the Confederates under Lee, Sept. 14, 1862. The 
 loss of the Federals was 1,813 ; of the Confederates, 934. 
 Called also the battle of Boonsboro. 
 
 South Norwalk (nor'wak). A seaport and city 
 in Fairfield County, Connecticut, situated on 
 Long Island Sound 31 miles southwest of New 
 Haven. It has various manufactures. Com- 
 *pare Norwalk. Population, 8,968 ? (1910). 
 South Orkney Islands, or Powell’s (pou'elz) 
 Islands, or New Orkney (ork'ni). A group 
 of islands in the Southern Ocean, southeast of 
 Cape Horn and east of South Shetland. 
 
 South Park (park). A plateau or elevated val- 
 ley in central Colorado, southwest of Denver 
 and south of Middle Park. Area, about 1,200 
 square miles. Length, about 40 miles. 
 
 South Platte. See Platte. 
 
 Southport (south'port). A town and watering- 
 place in Lancashire, England, situated on the 
 Irish Sea 17 miles north of Liverpool. It is 
 a favorite resort for sea-bathing. Population, 
 51,650, (1911). 
 
 South Russia (rush'a). A collective name for 
 the governments in the southern part of Euro- 
 pean Russia, including, according to one classi- 
 fication, Bessarabia, Kherson, Taurida, Yeka- 
 terinoslatt'.andtheprovinceof theDon Cossacks. 
 South Sea. The name given to the Pacific by 
 its discoverer, Balboa (1513). As the Isthmus of 
 Panama, where he crossed it, runs nearly east and west, 
 the Pacific forms its southern shore : hence, to the Span- 
 iards on the Isthmus it was the South Sea. Until the 
 19th century this was the common name, sometimes em- 
 ployed in a special manner for the South Pacific. It is 
 still frequently used. See Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Southsea (south 'se). An eastern suburb of 
 Portsmouth, England. 
 
 South Sea Bubble. A financial scheme which 
 originated in England about 1711 and collapsed 
 in 1720. It was proposed by the Earl of Oxford to fund 
 a floating debt of £10,000,000, the purchasers of which 
 could become stockholders in a corporation, the South 
 Sea Company, which was to have a monopoly of the trade 
 with Spanish South America, and a part of the capital 
 stock of which was to constitute the fund. The refusal 
 of Spain to enter into commercial relations with England 
 made the privileges of the company worthless: but, by 
 means of a series of speculative operations and the infat- 
 uation of the people, its shares were inflated from £100 to 
 £1,050. Its failure caused great distress throughout Eng- 
 * land. 
 
 South Shetland, or New South Shetland 
 
 (shet'land). A group of islands in the Southern 
 Ocean, south of Cape Horn, about lat. 60°-65° S. 
 South Shields (sheldz). A seaport in Durham, 
 England, situated on the Tyne, at its mouth, 
 opposite Tynemouth. It has coal-trade, ship-build- 
 ing, manufactures of glass, etc. Roman antiquities have 
 been discovered there. Population, 108,649, (1911). 
 South Uist (wist). An island of the Outer 
 Hebrides, Scotland, about 20 miles west of the 
 Isle of Skye. Length, 21 miles. 
 
 Southwark (suTH'ark). A parliamentary and 
 metropolitan borough in London, situated on 
 the southern bank of the Thames. It returns 
 3 members to Parliament. Population of the 
 registration districts, 191,951, (1911). 
 Southwell (south'wel). A town in Notting- 
 hamshire, England, 12 miles northeast of Not- 
 tingham. The bishopric of Southwell comprises the 
 counties of Nottingham and Derby and parts of the West 
 Riding of Yorkshire. The minster is a Norman church 
 with square central tower and two lofty western towers 
 with pyramidal roofs. The nave is of the most massive 
 Norman work, with round arches and huge cylindrical 
 
 Sozomen 
 
 piers, a large and high triforium-gallery with great open 
 round arches, and a very small clearstory. The roof is a 
 barrel-vault of wood. The choir is of the most beautiful 
 Early English, with two tiers of lancets in the square 
 chevet. The length of the cathedral is 306 feet. Popula- 
 tion, 3,161. 
 
 Southwell, Robert. Born about 1561 : executed 
 at Tyburn, Feb. 21, 1595. An English poet and 
 Jesuit martyr. He was educated at Paris, and in 1678 
 was received into the Society of J esus. In 1586 he returned 
 to England ; in 1589 became domestic chaplain to the Coun- 
 tess of Arundel, and wrote “ Consolations for Catholics ” 
 and most of his poems ; in 1592 he was betrayed to the 
 authorities ; was tortured and closely imprisoned for three 
 years ; and was tried at Westminster and executed. He 
 wrote “St. Peter's Complaint ’ (his longest poem), and 
 “ The Burning Babe,” much admired by Ben Jonson. 
 Southwold (south'wold). A seaport in Suffolk, 
 England, situated on the North Sea, at the 
 mouth of the Blythe, 31 miles northeast of Ips- 
 wich. A naval battle, also called the battle of Solebay, 
 was fought off Southwold in 1072 between the English and 
 French fleets under the Duke of York (later James II.) and 
 the Dutch fleet under De Ruyter. The Dutch retired. 
 Population, 2,800. 
 
 Southworth ( south 'werth), Constant. Born at 
 
 Leyden, Netherlands, 1614: died at Duxbury 
 Mass., about 1685. Acolonistof New England, 
 stepson of William Bradford : the reputed author 
 of the “ Supplement ” to Morton’s “ Memorial.” 
 Southworth, Mrs. (Emma D. E. Nevitt). 
 Born at Washington, D. C., Dec. 26, 1818: died 
 there, June 30, 1899. An American novelist. 
 Among her novels are “Retribution,” “The Deserted 
 Wife,” "The Mother-in-Law,” “Children of the Isle,” 
 “ The Foster Sisters,” “The Bridal Eve,’ “ The Fatal Mar- 
 riage,” “ Vivia, or Secret of Power,” etc. 
 
 Souvaroff. See Suvaroff. 
 
 Souvestre (so-vestr'), Emile. Bom at Mor- 
 laix, France, April 15, 1806: died at Paris, July 
 5, 1854. A French novelist and dramatist. 
 Among his works are “ Derniers Bretons ” (1835-37), “ Le 
 foyer breton ”(1844), “ Un philosophe sous les toits ” (1850), 
 “ Causeries historiques et litteraires ” (18.54), etc. 
 Souvigny (so-ven-ye'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Allier, France, on the Quene 7 miles 
 west-southwest of MouliDS. The abbey church of the 
 Cluniac priory is a notable monument of great size. The 
 greater part is Romanesque ; the remainder, with much of 
 the vaulting, was rebuilt in the 15th century. There are 
 double aisles and curious sculpture. This church was the 
 ancestral burial-placeof the Bourbon family, manyof whose 
 tombs remain in two rich Flamboyant chapels, inclosed by 
 sculptured screens. Population, commune, 3,078. 
 
 Souza. See Sousa. 
 
 Souza-Botelho (so'za-bo-tel'yo), Marquise de 
 (Adelaide Marie Emilie Filleul, later Com- 
 tesse de Flahaut). Born at Chateau Longprfi, 
 Normandy, May 14, 1761: died at Paris, April 
 16, 1836. A French novelist. Her works in- 
 clude “Ad&le de Senanges” (1794), “Eugene de 
 Rothelin” (1808), etc. 
 
 Souza Brazil. See Pompeu de Souza Brazil. 
 Souzdal. See Suzdal. 
 
 Sovereign of the Seas. The largest of the 
 early English war-ships, 100 guns, launched at 
 Woolwich in 1637 (reign of Charles I.). Her di- 
 mensions were : length over all, 232 feet; length of keel, 
 128 feet ; beam, 48 feet. She had flush decks, a forecastle, 
 half-deck, quarter-deck, and roundhouse. She is supposed 
 to have been burned in 1696. 
 
 Sowerby (sou'er-bi), George Brettingham. 
 
 Born March 25, 1812: died 1884. An English 
 conchologist, son of G. B. Sowerby. He wrote 
 “ Mauual of Conchology ” (1839)., and (with his 
 father) “Thesaurus Conchyliorum.” 
 
 Sowerby, James. Born 1757: died 1822. An 
 English naturalist and artist. He published “ Brit- 
 ish Mineralogy" (1804-17), “British Miscellany” (1804), 
 “ English Botany," “ Mineral Conchology of Great Britain ” 
 (cont. by J. de Carle Sowerby 1812-46), etc. 
 
 Sowerby, James de Carle. Born 1787: died 
 1871. An English artist and conchologist, son 
 of James Sowerby. 
 
 Sowerby Bridge. A manufacturing town in 
 the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, situ- 
 ated on the Calder 10 miles southwest of Brad- 
 ford. Population, 11,477. 
 
 Sozomen (soz'6-men) (Hermias Sozomenus). 
 Born probably near Gaza, Palestine, about 400 
 A. D. : died about the middle of the 5th eentury. 
 An ecclesiastical historian, author of a church 
 history (edited by Valesius 1668). 
 
 The “ecclesiastical history "of Hermeias Salamanes Soz- 
 omenus, commonly known as Sozomen. was nearly con- 
 temporary and coextensive with thatof Socrates [Scholas- 
 ticus], whom Sozomen is supposed to have copied, as far 
 at least as the plan of his work is concerned. It extends, 
 as we now have it, from 324 to 415, but was designed to 
 reach the year 439. It is divided into nine books, and is 
 generally superior to the work of Socrates in elegance of 
 style, though it often exhibits puerilities which the other 
 historian had avoided. Sozomen was born at Bethel, near 
 Gaza, in Palestine, and spent mostof his early years in the 
 Holy Land, to which he makes familiar reference in sev- 
 eral parts of his book. 
 
 K. O. Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 403. 
 
 [(Donaldson.) 
 
Spa 
 
 Spa (spa; F. and Flem. pron. spa), or Spaa 
 (spa). A town and watering-place in the prov- 
 ince of Li&ge, Belgium, situated at the junction 
 of the Spa, Wayai, and Picherotte, 17 miles 
 southeast of Liege. It is the oldest of the large Euro- 
 pean watering-places (spas). The chief spring is the Pou- 
 hon. Population, commune, 8,293. 
 
 Spagnoletto. See Ribera. 
 
 Spahawn. See Ispahan. 
 
 Spain (span). [Sp. Espafia, Pg. Hespanha, It. 
 Spagna, D. Spanje, F. Espagne, L. Hispania 
 and Iberia, Gr. 'I anavia, 'Ecmepia (western 
 land), and ’Ifir/pia.] A kingdom of southwest- 
 ern Europe, which occupies the greater part 
 of the Iberian or Spanish peninsula. Capital, 
 Madrid. It is bounded by the Bay of Biscay and France 
 on the north, the Mediterranean on the east and south, 
 the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic on the southwest, 
 and Portugal and the Atlantic on the west. The interior 
 is occupied by table-lands ; and there are numerous moun- 
 tain-ranges, including tiie Cantabrian Mountains, Sierra 
 de Guadarrama, Sierra de Gredos, Mountains of Toledo, 
 Sierra de Guadalupe, Sierra Morena, and Sierra Nevada. 
 The principal rivers are the Ebro, Guadalquivir, Guadi- 
 ana, Tagus, Duero, and Mi no. Spain has very valuable 
 mineral resources (especially quicksilver, lead, copper, 
 silver, salt, zinc). Other leading products are wine (sherry, 
 Malaga, etc.), grapes, raisins, olive-oil, oranges, figs, and 
 other fruits, and cork. It comprises 47 provinces on the 
 mainland (formed from the 13 old provinces) and 2 insular 
 provinces (Canaries and Balearic Islands). The govern- 
 mentis ahereditaryconstitutional monarchy, lhelegisla- 
 tive body is the Cortes, composed of a senate and a cham- 
 ber of deputies. The prevailing religion is Roman Catho- 
 lic. The language is Spanish. The early inhabitants 
 were Celts and Iberians. Various coast towns were colo- 
 nized by the Phenieians. The country wa= conquered in 
 part by Carthage (Hamilcar, Hasdrubal, and Hannibal), 
 237-219 B. c. The period of Roman conquest (under the 
 Scipios, Cato, Gracchus, Pompey, etc., against Carthage, 
 Viiiathus, Numantia, the Celtiberians, Sertorius, the Can- 
 tabri, etc.) extended from about 205 to 19 b. c. Spain was 
 ravaged by Vandals, Suevi, and Alani in 409 A. D. A West- 
 Gothic kingdom was established in 418. and overthrown 
 by the Saracens in 711, and the Ommiad kingdom was es- 
 tablished at Cordova in 756. An invasion by Charles the 
 Great led to the foundation of the “Spanish Mark.’’ The 
 Ommiad dynasty ended in 1031. Christian kingdoms were 
 founded — that of Asturias (later Leon) in the 8th century, 
 Navarre in the 9th century, Castile in 1033, and Aragon in 
 1035. Toledo was taken from the Moors by Castile at the 
 close of the 11th century. The Almoravides had a realm 
 in Spain in the 11th and 12th centuries; the Almohades 
 in the 12th and 13th centuries. Castile and Aragon were 
 united in 1479. Granada was taken from the Moors in 1492. 
 Spain reached its greatest power in the 16th century. The 
 Hapsburg dynasty ruled from 1516 to 1700, when the Bour- 
 bons succeeded them. The throne was given to Joseph 
 Bonaparte in 1808. The Peninsular war lasted from 1808 
 to 1814. The revolution of 1820 was suppressed with French 
 help in 1823. The first C'arlist war was carried on from 
 1833 to 1840. Isabella II. was dethroned in 1868 ; and Ama- 
 deus reigned 1870-73. The republic formed in 1873 was over- 
 thrown and th e Bourbons were restored in 1875. There was 
 a second Carlist war 1872-76. Tne foreign dependencies 
 of Spain were reduced, by the Spanish-American war and 
 the sale of the Carolines and Ladrones to Germany, to her 
 possessions in Africa. Area, including Balearic and Ca- 
 nary Islands, 194,783 sq. m. Population, 19,588,688. 
 Spain, Era of. An era, long used in Spain, 
 which began with the first day of the year 
 38 b. c. 
 
 Spalatin (spa-la-ten'), Georg (originally 
 Burckhard). Born at Spalt, Bavaria, Jan. 17, 
 1484: died Jan. 16, 1545. A noted German Re- 
 former, a friend of Luther. He was in the diplo- 
 matic and other service of Frederick the Wise, elector of 
 Saxony, and his successors. He wrote various historical 
 works. 
 
 Spalato (spa-la/to), or Spalatro (spa-la/tro). 
 [From L. palatinm, palace (the palace of Dio- 
 cletian) ; Slav. Split.'] A seaport in Dalmatia, 
 Austria-Hungary, situated on the Adriatic in lat. 
 43° 30' N., long. 16° 27' E., near the site of the 
 ancient Salona. It has the largest trade in Dalmatia. 
 It is noted for its Roman antiquities, especially for the 
 ruins of the palace of Diocletian, built about 300, an ag- 
 glomeration of highly ornamented structures inclosed by 
 a fortified wall forming approximately a rectangle of 600 
 by 700 feet. Streets connecting the great gates in the 
 middle of each side divide the whole into 4 blocks. The 
 present spacious arcaded Piazza del Duomo is the great 
 court of the palace, on the south side of which are vesti- 
 bule, atrium, and remains of a beautiful series of rooms. 
 Flanking the great courts are areas containing the impe- 
 rial mausoleum (now the cathedral) and a temple of rKscu- 
 lapius. The arcnes of the great court are of importance 
 in architecture, as the earliest which can be precisely dated 
 that spring directly from columns without the interven- 
 tion of an entablature. This marks the development from 
 Roman architecture of the germ of the medieval. When 
 Salona was destroyed by the Avars, about 640, fugitives 
 from that place took refuge in the ruins of the palace. 
 Population, commune, 31,449, (1910). 
 
 Fast by the bay, with the high mountain at his back, 
 with the lower hills on each side of him, Diocletian built 
 his villa, bis palace, of Salona. The prouder name, the 
 name which savoured of the Rome which Diocletian had 
 forsaken, clave to the spot, and the city which in after 
 ages grew up within the palatinm of Diocletian still bears 
 the name of Spalato. Freeman, Hist. Essays, III. 44. 
 
 Spalding (spal'ding). A town in Lincolnshire, 
 England, situated on the river Welland 34 miles 
 
 949 
 
 south-southeast of Lincoln. Population, about 
 9,500. 
 
 Spalding, Martin John. Born in Marion Coun- 
 ty, Ky., May 23, 1810: died at Baltimore, Feb. 
 7, 1872. An American Roman Catholic prelate. 
 He was bishop of Louisville, and became archbishop of 
 Baltimore in 1864 ; was president of the second plenary 
 council in Baltimore in 1866 ; and was prominent as a del- 
 egate to the Vatican Council 1869-70. He wrote “Evi- 
 dences of Catholicity " (1847), “History of the Protestant 
 Reformation in Germany and Switzerland ” (1860), a trans- 
 lation of Darras s “ General History of the Catholic Church ” 
 (1866). 
 
 Spalding, William. Born at Aberdeen, Scot- 
 land, 1809: died Nov. 16, 1859. A Scottish 
 critic, philosopher, and miscellaneous writer. 
 He was admitted to the bar at Edinburgh in 1833, and was 
 professor of rhetoric at Edinburgh University l«40-45, and 
 professor of logic at the University of St. Andrews from 
 1845 until his death. He wrote ‘‘Italy and the Italian 
 Islands ” (1841), “History of English Literature ”(1853), etc. 
 Spandau (spau'dou). A town in the province 
 of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated at the junc- 
 tion of the Spree and Havel, 8 miles west by 
 north of Berlin. It is an important fortress, and the 
 Julius Tower in the citadel contains the imperial war 
 treasure. It has a cannon-foundry, a small-arms factory, 
 a school of musketry, artillery workshops, etc. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 70,295. 
 
 Spangenberg (spang'en-bera), Gustav Adolf. 
 Born at Hamburg, Feb. 1, 1828: died at Berlin, 
 Nov. 19, 1891. A German historical painter. 
 Among his works is “ Luther Translating the Bible ” (1870). 
 Spanish America. A collective name for those 
 portions of America which were settled by the 
 Spaniards, and are now inhabited by their de- 
 scendants — that is, the whole of South America 
 except Brazil and the Guianas, Central Amer- 
 ica, Mexico, Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Domini- 
 can Republic, with some small islands of the 
 West Indies. 
 
 Spanish-American War. A war between 
 Spain and the United States in 1898, waged by 
 the latter for the liberation of Cuba, its chief 
 events were the breaking off of diplomatic relations by 
 Spain April 21; beginning of the blockade of Cuba April 
 22; declaration of war by Spain April 24, and by the United 
 States April 25 ; destruction of Spanish fleet in the Bay of 
 Manila May 1 ; arrival of Cervera's squadron at Santiago 
 May 19; sinking of the Merrimac in the entrance to San- 
 tiago harbor June 3; landing of United States troops at 
 Baiquiri June 20-22; battles of San Juan and El Caney 
 July 1-2; attempted escape and destruction of Cervera's 
 squadron July 3; surrender of Santiago July 17 : campaign 
 in Porto Rico July 25-Aug. 12; signing of peace protocol 
 Aug. 12 ; capture of Manila Aug. 13 ; signing of treaty of 
 peace at Paris Dec. 10. By the treaty Spain relinquished 
 her sovereignty over Cuba, and ceded Porto Rico, Guahnn 
 in the Ladrones, and the Philippines to the United States. 
 
 Spanish Armada, The. 1. See Armada. — 2 . 
 Mr. Puff’s tragedy rehearsed in Sheridan’s 
 “dramatic piece” “The Critic.” 
 
 Spanish Barber, The, or the Fruitless Pre- 
 caution. A comedy by George Colman the 
 elder, taken from “Le Barbier de Seville” of 
 Beaumarchais, and produced at London in 1777. 
 Spanish Curate, The. A play by Fletcher and 
 Massinger, licensed in 1622, printed in 1647. 
 Several alterations of it have been acted. The plot is from 
 a Spanish story, called in English “Gerado the Unfortu- 
 nate Spaniard,” by Cespedes. 
 
 Spanish Fury, The. A name given to the sack 
 of Antwerp by Spanish troops in 1576. 
 
 Spanish Gypsy, The. 1 . A play by Middleton 
 (with Rowley), acted 1623, printed 1653. It is 
 founded on Cervantes’s “Fuerza de la Sangre” 
 and “La Gitanilla.” — 2. A poem by George 
 Eliot, published in 1868. 
 
 Spanish Main, The. A name applied, some- 
 what vaguely, to the northern coast of South 
 America, from the mouth of the Orinoco west- 
 ward. Sometimes it included the Isthmus of Panama 
 and Central America, or all the continental lands border- 
 ing on the Caribbean Sea, as distinguished from the islands. 
 The term was probably derived from the Spanish Tierra 
 Firme, or Costa Firme, used in the 16th century for the 
 continental coast from Paria to Costa Rica, and in a more 
 restricted sense for the Isthmus. Many modem writers 
 appear to suppose that the Spanish Main was the Carib- 
 bean Sea (a popular use of the name). 
 
 Spanish Mark, The. A Frankish possession, 
 conquered by Charles the Great, situated in the 
 northeastern extremity of Spain. It was ruled by 
 counts of Barcelona, and became merged in Catalonia, and 
 finally in Aragon. 
 
 Spanish Moliere, The. Moratin. 
 
 Spanish Moor's Tragedy, The. A play by 
 Thomas Dekker, Day, and Haughton, licensed 
 in 1600 and printed in 1657. 
 
 Spanish Peaks. Two isolated mountains of 
 conical shape, in southern Colorado, near the 
 boundary of Now Mexico, which rise to an ele- 
 vation of nearly 14,000 feet. They are very 
 prominent landmarks. Their aboriginal name 
 is Huajatoyas. 
 
 Spanish Succession, War of the. A war aris- 
 
 Spartel, Cape 
 
 ing out of disputes about the succession in 
 Spain on the death of Charles II., fought 1701-14 
 between the emperor and the navafpowers on 
 the one hand, and France and its allies on the 
 other. The question of the succession agitated the va- 
 rious cabinets for many years before the extinction of 
 the Hapsburg dynasty in Spain by the death of Charles 
 II., as it involved the balance of power in Europe. There 
 were three claimants: Louis XIV. of France, the em- 
 peror Leopold I., and the el afford prince of Bavaria (see 
 the extract). As England and Holland would not allow 
 the Spanish possessions to be united intact to the French 
 or Austrian monarchy, Leopold asserted his claim in be- 
 half of his second son Charles, while Louis urged his in 
 behalf of his grandson Philip of Anjou. Treaties of par- 
 tition were made in 1698 and 1700 dividing the inheritance 
 between the claimants (see Partition Treaties ), but when 
 the vacancy occurred in 1700 Louis decided to ignore his 
 treaty obligations, and recognized Charles II. 's will, which 
 made Philip of Anjou heir. He found himself opposed in 
 Sept., 1701, by the Grand Alliance of The Hague between 
 England, Holland, Austria, and the Empire, joined later 
 by Portugal, while his only allies were the Elector of Ba- 
 varia and the dukes of Modena and Savoy. Spain, indeed, 
 sided with him, but had neither money nor men. The 
 most conspicuous leaders of the Grand Alliance were the 
 English general Marlborough, the imperial general Prince 
 Eugene, and Heinsius, pensionary of Holland. The seat of 
 the war was principally Italy, the Netherlands, and Ger- 
 many. The chief events were the victory of Eugene and 
 Marlborough over the Bavarians and French under Tallard 
 at Blenheim, Aug 13, 1704 ; the victory of Marlborough over 
 Villeroi at Ramillies, May 23, 1706; the victory of Eugene 
 and Leopold of Dessau over Marsin and the Duke of Or- 
 leans at Turin, Sept. 7, 1706; the victory of the French 
 under Berwick at Almansa, April 25, 1707 ; the virtory of 
 Marlborough and Eugene over Vendome and the Duke of 
 Burgundy at Oudenarde, July 11, 1708 ; and the victory 
 of Marlborough and Eugene over Villars at Mnlplaquet, 
 Sept. 11, 1709. The death of the emperor Joseph, the eldest 
 son and successorof Leopold I., in 1711, placed Charles on 
 the imperial throne, thus removing the chief obstacle to 
 the recognition of Philip of Anjou (the electoral prince of 
 Bavaria having died in 1699). The war was ended by the 
 peace of Utrecht (which see) in 1713, and that of Rastatt 
 and Baden in 1714, Philip of Anjou being recognized as 
 king of Spain under the title of Philip V. 
 
 Spanish Town, or Santiago de la Vega (san- 
 
 te-a'go da. lii va'ga). A town in Jamaica, situ- 
 ated on the river Cobre about 10 miles west of 
 Kingston. Population, 5,019. 
 
 Spanish Tragedy, The, or Hxeronimo (Jeroni- 
 mo) is Mad Again ! A play by Thomas Kyd, 
 the continuation of another play usually called 
 “The First Part of Jeronimo.” it was licensed in 
 1692, and in 1602 was altered by Jonson. See Jeronimo. 
 
 Spanker (spang'ker), Lady Gay. A brilliant 
 character in Dion Boucicault’s comedy “Lon- 
 don Assurance.” She is devoted to horses and hunt- 
 ing, and keeps the whip-hand of her meek little husband, 
 Dolly Spanker. 
 
 Sparagus Garden, The, or Tom Hoyden of 
 Taunton Dean. A comedy by Brome, acted 
 in 1635 and printed in 1640. 
 
 Sparkish (spar'kish). A character in Wycher- 
 ley’s “Country Wife.” He is the original of 
 Congreve’s Tattle. 
 
 The character of Sparkish is quite new, and admirably 
 hit off. He is an exquisite and suffocating coxcomb : a 
 pretender to wit and letters, without common understand- 
 ing, or the use of his senses. Hazlitt, Eng. Poets, p. 101. 
 
 Sparks (sparks), Jared. Born at Willington, 
 Conn., May 10, 1789: died at Cambridge, Mass., 
 March 14, 1866. An American historian. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1816, and became a Unitarian 
 clergyman. He was pastor of a church in Baltimore 
 1819-23; was editor of the “North American Review" 
 1824-31 ; was professor of history at Harvard 1839-49 ; and 
 was president of Harvard 1849-53. He was also the founder 
 and first editor of the “American Almanac and Repository 
 of Useful Knowledge " (Boston, 1830-61) . He wrote, among 
 other works, the “Life of John Ledyard " (1828) and the 
 “ LifeofGouverneur Morris "(1832), and edited “Diplomatic 
 Correspondence of the American Revolution " (12 vols. 
 1829-30), “ Writings of George Washington, with a Life of 
 the Author "(12 vols. 1834-38), “Library of American Biog- 
 raphy " (1834-38 : writing the lives of Arnold, Ethan Allen, 
 Marquette, La Salle, etc.), “ Works of Benjamin Franklin, 
 with a Life of the Author" (10 vols. 1836-40), and “Corre- 
 spondence of the American Revolution " (1854), etc. 
 Sparta(spar't&),orLacedasmon(las-e-de'mon). 
 [Gr. 2-dpry, A aKedaipuv.] An ancient city of 
 Laconia, Greece, situated on the Eurotas in 
 lat. 37° 5' N., long. 22° 24' E. It became powerful 
 after the legislation of Lycurgus in the 9th century B. C.; 
 conquered Messenia in the 8th and 7th centuries ; was the 
 leading Greek state by the 6t.h century, and the champion 
 of aristocratic government; took a leading part in (he 
 Persian war • and with allies fought against Athens in the 
 Peloponnesian war. The years 404-371 were the period of 
 Spartan hegemony. Sparta passed under Roman rule in 
 146 B. 0. 
 
 Spartacus (spar'ta-kus). Killed 71 b. c. A 
 Thracian who became a Roman slave and glad- 
 iator in Capua. He headed an insurrection of slaves in 
 Italy in 73 B. c., and routed several Roman armies, but was 
 ultimately defeated by Crassus on the Silarus, and slain. 
 
 Spartel (spar-tel'), Cape. The nortlnvestern- 
 most point of Africa, situated in Morocco, at the 
 entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar, in lat. 35° 
 47' N., long. 5° 56' W. 
 
Spartianus 
 
 Spartianus (spar-ti-a'nus), ^Elius. Lived at 
 the end of the 3d century a. d. A Roman his- 
 torian, one of the authors of the “ Augustan 
 History.” He composed the lives of Verus, 
 Severus, Niger, etc. 
 
 Spartivento (spar-te-ven'to), Cape. 1. A cape 
 at the southern extremity of Italy, in lat. 37° 55' 
 29 // N., long. 16° 3' 31" E. : the ancient Her- 
 culis promontorhim. — 2. A cape at the southern 
 extremity of the island of Sardinia, in lat. 38° 
 52' 34" N., long. 8° 51' 8" E. 
 
 Spasmodic School, The. A name given col- 
 lectively to various 19th-century writers, on ac- 
 count of their alleged unnatural style : among 
 them were Gerald Massey, Sydney Dobell, 
 Bailey, GiLfillan, Alexander Smith, and others. 
 
 Its adherents, lacking perception and synthesis, and mis- 
 taking the materials of poetry for poetry itself, aimed at 
 the production of quotable passages, and crammed their 
 verse with mixed and conceited imagery, gushing diction, 
 interjections, and that mockery of passion which is but 
 surface-deep. Steelman, Victorian Poets, p. 262. 
 
 Specie Circular, The. In United States history, 
 an order by the secretary of the treasury, July 
 11, 1836, which directed that payment for pub- 
 lic lands should be made to government agents 
 in gold and silver only (except in certain eases 
 in Virginia). It was designed to check specu- 
 lative purchases of public lands. 
 
 Spectator (spek-ta'tor), The. An English pe- 
 riodical, published daily from March 1, 1711, to 
 Dec. 6, 1712. It comprised 555 numbers, of which 274 
 were by Addison (“Sir Roger deCoverley” papers, critiques 
 on “Paradise Lost,” etc.), 236 by Steele, 1 by Pope (“The 
 Messiah," No. 378), and 19 by Hughes. Eustace Budgell 
 also contributed to it. Addison killed Sir RogerdeCoverley 
 in No. 517, “that nobody else mightmurder him." It was 
 revived in 1714. 
 
 Specter of the Brocken. See Brocken. 
 
 Speculum Salutis (spek'u-lum sa-lu'tis), or 
 Speculum Humanss Salvationis (spek'u-lum 
 hu-ma'ne sal-va-ti-o'nis). [L., ‘mirror of safe- 
 ty,’ or ‘of man’s salvation.’] An early book in 
 Latin rime, in 45 chapters. It tells the incidents 
 of the Bible story from the fall of Lucifer to the redemp- 
 tion. There are manuscript copies as old as the 12th cen- 
 tury. It is of great interest in relation to the invention 
 of printing. The earliest date which can be assigned to 
 the printed book is 1467. 
 
 The “ Speculum ” was printed at different times and 
 places duringthe fifteenth century, but the copies of great- 
 est value are those which belong to four correlated edi- 
 tions— two in Latin and two in Hutch — all without date, 
 name, or place of printer. In these four editions the illus- 
 trations are obviously impressions from the same blocks; 
 but eacli edition exhibits some new peculiarity in the shape 
 or disposition of the letters. Those who favor the theory 
 of an invention of typography in Holland maintain that 
 these letters are the impressions of the first movable types, 
 and that the curious workmanship of the book marks the 
 development of printing at the great turning-point in its 
 progress when it was passing from xylography to typog- 
 raphy. De Vinne, Invention of Printing, p. 269. 
 
 Spedding (sped'ing), James. Bom at Mire- 
 nouse, near Bassentbwaite, June, 1808 : died, 
 from an injury, at St. George’s Hospital, Lon- 
 don, March 9, 1881. An English editor of Ba- 
 con. He entered Cambridge (Trinity College) in 1827 ; 
 from 1835 to 1841 was a clerk in the Colonial Office; and in 
 1842 was appointed private secretary of Lord Ashburton 
 in America. Prom 1857 to 1874 he published “Works, 
 Life, and Letters of Bacon." In 1878 he published an “Ac- 
 count of the Life and Times of Bacon,” and in 1881 “Studies 
 in English History," etc. 
 
 Speed (sped). Servant of Valentine, in Shak- 
 spere’s ‘‘Two Gentlemen of Verona.” 
 
 Speed (sped), John. Born at Farrington, Che- 
 shire, 1552 (?) : died atLondon, July 28, 1629. An 
 English antiquary. He wrote a “History of Great 
 Britain under the Conquests of the Romans, Saxons, 
 Danes, and Normans” (1611) and “Theater of the Empire 
 of Great Britain ” (1611). 
 
 Speed the Plough. A comedy by Thomas Mor- 
 ton, produced in 1798. 
 
 Speedwell (sped'wel). A ship of about 60 tons 
 burden, bought and fitted out in Holland, 
 which sailed from Southampton with the May- 
 flower in 1615 for New England, she was sent 
 back from Plymouth, England, owing to a series of mis- 
 haps. and those of the “pilgrims" who were disheartened 
 turned back with her. 
 
 Speicher (spl'cher). A manufacturing town in 
 the canton of Appenzell Outer Rhodes, Switzer- 
 land, 21 miles southeast of Constance. Here, 
 in 1403, the inhabitants of Appenzell defeated 
 the troops of the Abbot of St. Gall. 
 
 Speichern. See Spicheren. 
 
 Speier. See Speyer. 
 
 Speke (spek), John Hanning.^ Born at Jor- 
 dans, Somersetshire, May 4, 1827 : died at Bath, 
 England, Sept. 18,1864. An African explorer. 
 After military and scientific service in India, he accom- 
 panied Sir R. F. Burton to the great central African lakes 
 (1858), and crossed the continent with Grant from Zanzibar 
 over Victoria Nyanza and down the Nile to Egypt (1860- 
 
 950 
 
 1863). He discovered the Victoria Nyanza and its affluent, 
 the Kagera, or Alexandra Nile, the main source of the 
 Nile. He published a “ Journal of the Discovery of the 
 Source of the Nile" (1863). See Century Atlas, Map 109. 
 
 Spelman (spel'man), Sir Henry. Born at 
 Congham, England, about 1564: died at Lon- 
 don, 1641. An English antiquary. 
 
 Spence (spens), Joseph. Born at Eingsclere, 
 Hampshire, April 25, 1699 : drowned at Byfleet, 
 Surrey, Aug. 20, 1768. An English critic. 
 His chief works are an “ Essay on Pope’s Odyssey" (1726), 
 “Polymetis, etc." (a work on Roman art and poetry, 1747), 
 and a volume of anecdotes, observations, and characters of 
 books and men. Of this work an edition by Malone and 
 one by Samuel Weller Singer were published in 1820, on 
 the same day. 
 
 Spence, William. Born 1783 : died at London, 
 Jan. 6, 1860. An English entomologist. He col- 
 laborated with Kirby in his “Introduction toEntomology. ” 
 Spencer, Cape. A cape at the southern extrem- 
 ity of Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. 
 Spencer, Charles, third Earl of Sunderland. 
 Born in 1674: died April 19, 1722. An English 
 politician, son of the second Earl of Sunder- 
 land. He was envoy to Vienna in 1705; secretary of state 
 1706-10; lord lieutenant of Ireland 1714-15; lord privy 
 seal 1715-17 ; secretary of state 1717-18 ; and first lord of 
 the treasury and prime minister 1718-21. He was involved 
 in the South Sea scheme. 
 
 Spencer, George John, second Earl Spencer. 
 Born Sept. 1, 1758: died Nov. 10, 1834. An Eng- 
 lish bibliophile and politician. He collected a very 
 valuable library, described in “Bibliotheca Spenceriana” 
 (1814) by Dibdin. 
 
 Spencer. Herbert. Born at Derby, April 27, 
 1820 : died at Brighton, Dec. 8, 1903. A cele- 
 brated English philosopher, founder of the 
 system named by himself the synthetic philos- 
 ophy. He was educated by his father, a schoolmaster 
 at Derby, and by his uncle, the Rev. Thomas Spencer, rec- 
 tor of Hinton. He was articled to a civil engineer in 
 1837, but in 1845 abandoned engineering and devoted 
 himself to literature. He was assistant editor of the 
 “Economist" 1848-53, and in 1882 visited the United 
 States, where he gave a number of lectures. His first 
 effort in the field of general literature (lie had previ- 
 ously published a number of professional papers in the 
 “Civil Engineers’ and Architects' Journal”) was a series 
 of letters to the “Nonconformist” on “ The Proper Sphere 
 of Government,” which appeared in 1842 and was reprinted 
 in pamphlet form in the following year. In 1855 (four years 
 before the appearance of Darwin's “Origin of Species") 
 he published his “Principles of Psychology,” which is 
 based on the principle of evolution. In 1860 he issued a 
 prospectus of his “System of Synthetic Philosophy," in 
 which, beginning with the first principles of knowledge, he 
 proposed to trace the progress of evolution in life, mind, so- 
 ciety, and morality. His works include “Social Statics, or 
 the Conditions Essential to Human Happiness Specified, 
 etc." (1850), “Over-Legislation "(1854), “The Principles of 
 Psychology" (1855), “Part I.: The Data of Psychology” 
 (1869 : an enlarged edition of these two was published 
 later (1870-72) : see below), “ Essays ” (1857-63-64-74), “ Ed u- 
 cation : Intellectual, Moral, and Physical” (1861), “Classi- 
 fication of the Sciences ” (1864), “Illustrations of Universal 
 Progress " (1861), “The Study of Sociology " (1873), “De- 
 scriptive Sociology " (1874-82 : compiled under his direc- 
 tion by James Collier, I). Duncan, and Richard Sheppig), 
 “ Progress ; its Law and Course ” (1881). “ The Philosophy 
 of Style” (1882), “The Man versus the State” (1884), “The 
 Factors of Organic Evolution ” (reprinted in 1887 from the 
 “Nineteenth Century "), etc. The series announced in 1860 
 under the general title “A System of Synthetic Philoso- 
 phy ” was published as follows : Vol. I, “ First Pr inciples " 
 (1862); Vols. II, III, “The Principles of Biology ’’ (1863- 
 and 1867); Vols. IV, V, “The Principles of Psychology” 
 (1870-72); Vols. VI, VII, VIII, “The Principles of Sociol- 
 ogy" (1877; vol. i of these includes “The Data of Soci- 
 ology,” “ The Inductions of Sociology," and “The Domestic 
 Relations”; vol. ii includes “Ceremonial Institutions" 
 (1879), “Political Institutions” (1882), and “Ecclesiastical 
 Institutions” (1885); vol. iii was published in 1897); 
 Vols. IX, X, “The Principles of Morality or of Ethics" 
 (vol. i of these includes “The Data of Ethics ”(1879), “ In- 
 duction of Ethics " (1892), and "Ethics of Individual Life” 
 (1892), and vol. ii contains “Justice” (1891) and “Nega- 
 tive Beneficence and Positive Beneficence ” (1893)). 
 
 Spencer, John Charles, third Earl Spencer: 
 known as Viscount Althorp previous to his ac- 
 cession to the earldom. Born at London, May 
 30, 1782: died at Wiseton Hall, Nottingham- 
 shire, Oct. 1, 1845. An English statesman, 
 son of the second Earl Spencer : leader of the 
 Whig opposition in the House of Commons 
 under George IV. He was chancellor of the exchequer 
 and leader of the House of Commons 1839-34, and was 
 largely instrumental in procuring the passage of the Re- 
 -form Bill. He became Earl Spencer in 1834. 
 
 Spencer, John Poyntz, fifth Earl Spencer. Born 
 Oct. 27, 1835 : died Aug. 13, 1910. An English 
 statesman, nephew of the third Earl Spencer. 
 
 De was lord lieutenant of Ireland 1868-74 and 1882-85; 
 president of the council 1880-82 and 1886; and first lord 
 of the admiralty 1892-95. 
 
 Spencer, Robert, second Earl of Sunderland. 
 Born 1640: died at Althorp, Northamptonshire, 
 Sept. 28, 1702. An English politician. He suc- 
 ceeded to the earldom in 1643; served as ambassador at 
 several courts under Charles II. ; was secretary of state 
 1679-81 ; became secretary again in 1683 ; and continued in 
 office under James II. He was made lord chamberlain 
 nnd lord justice by William III., to whom he was said to 
 have rendered important services before bis accession. 
 
 Speyer 
 
 Spencer, William Robert. Born in 1769: 
 
 died at Paris, 1834. An English poet. He was 
 educated at Harrow and Oxford. He spent the last ten 
 years of his life in Paris. His principal poems are vers 
 de so'cidtii and ballads, among the latter that of “Beth 
 Gelert, or the Grave of the Grey-Hound. ’’ 
 
 Spencer Gulf. [Named from the second Earl 
 Spencer.] A gulf on the coast of South Aus- 
 tralia, about lat. 32° 30'-35° S. Length, inland, 
 about 200 miles. 
 
 Spener (spa'ner), Philipp Jakob. Bom at Rap- 
 
 poltsweiler, Alsace, Jan. 13, 1635: died at Ber- 
 lin, Feb. 5, 1705. A German theologian: called 
 “ the Father of Pietism.” He was pastor at Frankfort 
 1666-68, and court chaplain in Dresden 1668-91, and later 
 (1691) in Berlin. He wrote “Theologische Bedenken,” etc. 
 
 Spenlow (spen'lo),Dora. The “child-wife” of 
 David Copperfield, in Dickens’s “David Copper- 
 field.” 
 
 Spennymoor (spen'i-mor). A town in Durham, 
 England, 5 miles south of Durham. Popula- 
 tion, 16,665. 
 
 Spens (spens), Sir Patrick. The subject of a 
 Scottish ballad : said to have been wrecked in 
 the Orkneys. 
 
 Spenser (spen's6r), Edmund. Bom at London 
 about 1552 : died at London, Jan. 16, 1599. A 
 celebrated English poet. He was educated at the 
 Merchant Taylors’ School, London, and at Pembroke Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, 1569-76, where he associated with Gabriel 
 Harvey, Edward Kirke, and other men ol note. After- 
 ward he became intimate with Sir Philip Sidney and Lei. 
 cester, who did much for him. He was sent abroad by Lei- 
 cester in 1579, and went in 1580 as secretary with Lord Grey 
 de Wilton to Ireland, to assist in suppressing Desmond’s re- 
 bellion, and became extremely unpopular. In the redistri- 
 bution of Munster he became an undertaker for the settle- 
 ment of about 3,000 acres of land, with Kilcolman Castle, 
 County Cork, attached (forfeited by theDesmonds), thegov- 
 ernmept undertaking his security. In 1581 he was made 
 a clerk of the Irish court of chancery, and in 1588 clerk to 
 the council of Munster. In his “View of the State of 
 Ireland” (written about 1596, but not published till 1633) 
 Spenser advocates the most oppressive measures, little 
 short ol wholesale depopulation. At the suggestion of Sir 
 Walter Raleigh, whom he met at the Fort del Ore in 1580, 
 he returned to London in 1589 with the first three books of 
 the “Faerie Queene," which were entered at Stationers’ 
 Hall, Dec., 1589, and published in 1590. In 1591 he re- 
 turned, already famous, to Kilcolman Castle, and wrote 
 “Colin Clout ’s Come Home Again” (published in 1595). 
 His house was burned by the Irish rebels in 1598, and he 
 fled with his family to Cork, and then went to London, 
 where about four weeks later he died. His first poems 
 were published in a small volume entitled “ The Theatre 
 for Worldlings” (1569), said to have been translations from 
 Belhiy and Petrarch, but this has been disputed. He also 
 wrote “The Shepherd's Calendar” (1579), "The Faerie 
 Queene ” (1590-96) (see these entries), “ Daphnaida” (1591), 
 “Complaints” (1591: including “Tears of the Muses," 
 “Mother Hubberd's Tale,” etc.), “ Epithalamion ” and 
 “Amoretti” (1595), "Astrophel,” “ Prothalamion,” “Four 
 Hymns” (1596), etc. 
 
 Speransky, or Speranski (spa-ran'ske), Count 
 Mikhail. Bom in the government of Vladimir, 
 Jan. 1, 1772: died at St. Petersburg, Feb. 11, 
 1839. A Russian statesman. He became state 
 secretary in 1801, colleague of the minister of justice in 
 1808, and secretary of the empire in 1S09. He was in ban- 
 ishment 1812-16. From 1819 to 1821 he was governor-gen- 
 eral of Siberia. He directed the compilation of the Rus- 
 sian laws. 
 
 Sperchius(sper-ld'us). [Gr. XTrcp^crir.] A river 
 in Greece which flows (now) into the Gulf of 
 Lamia (Maliacus Sinus) near Thermopylse : the 
 modern Hellada. Length, about 50 miles. 
 
 Spessart(spes'sart),or Spesshart (spes'hart). 
 A mountain group or range in Lower Franconia, 
 and in the neighboring part of Hesse-Nassau, 
 situated north of the Main, between the Kin- 
 zig and Sinn: noted for its forests. Highest 
 point, the Geiersberg, 1,920 feet. 
 
 Speusippus (spu-sip ' us). [Gr. Xmvonnroc.] 
 Born about 407 B. c. : died 339 B. c. An Athe- 
 nian philosopher, nephew and disciple of Plato: 
 head of the Academy after Plato’s death. He 
 left a fragment of a work on “Pythagorean 
 Numbers.” 
 
 Spey (spa). A river in Scotland which rises in 
 Inverness, forms part of the boundary between 
 Elgin and Banff, and flows into the North Sea 
 8 miles east-northeast of Elgin. It has valu- 
 able salmon-fisheries. Length, about 100 miles. 
 
 Speyer, or Speier (spi ' er or spir), E. Spires 
 (spirz), F. Spire (sper). [L. Spir a.] The capi- 
 tal of the Rhine Palatinate, Bavaria, situated 
 at the junction of the Speyerbach and Rhine, in 
 lat. 49° 19' N., long. 8° 26' E. Its cathedral is a Ro- 
 manesque structure, founded in 1030 and completed in 
 1061, and still, despite fires and restorations, retaining in 
 great part its original form. The three portals of the 
 west end open into a narthex called the Kaiser-Halle 
 from which one great recessed and sculptured door leads 
 into the nave. Over the west end rise two bold square 
 towers. The transepts are at the east end, immediately 
 in front of the semicircular apse, and the crossing is cov- 
 ered with a fine dome. The church is surrounded with 
 open arcading beneath the roof. The interior produces 
 a striking effect of great size ; it is adorned with excellent 
 
Speyer 
 
 modern frescos of Old and New Testament subjects, and 
 other art works medieval and modern. The interesting 
 crypt is wholly of the early 11th ceutury. The dimensions 
 are 440 by 125 feet ; length of transepts, 180 ; height of 
 vaulting, 105 ; width of nave, 45. Speyer is theRoman No- 
 viomagusNemetum. It became the seat of abishopricabout 
 610 A. D. ; became a free imperial city 1294; and was long 
 the seat of the imperial chamber. It was burned by the 
 French in 1689. The chief diets of Speyer were those of 
 1526 and 1529 : the latter condemned the Reformation, and 
 the “ Protestation ” then made by the Reformers gave rise 
 to the name “ Protestant.” Population, commune, 21,856. 
 Speyerbach (spi'er-bach). A small river which 
 joins the Rhine at Speyer. On its banks, Nov. 15, 
 1703, the French (18,000) under Tallard defeated a German 
 army (12,000) under the Count of Nassau-Weilburg. 
 Spezia, or Spezzia (spet'se-a). A seaport in 
 the province of Genoa, Italy, situated on the 
 Gulf of Spezia, in lat. (of lighthouse) 44° 4' 
 N., long. 9° 51' E. : the ancient Pityussa or 
 Haliussa (?). It is one of the chief Italian naval sta- 
 tions, has the largest and best harbor in Italy, and has a 
 marine arsenal, docks, and extensive ship-building works. 
 It is near the site of the ancient Roman Luna. Popula- 
 tion, town, 38,294 ; commune, 65,612. 
 
 Spezia, Gulf of. A small arm of the Mediter- 
 ranean, near Spezia. 
 
 Spezzia, or Spetzia (spet'se-a). 1. An island 
 belonging to Argolis, Greece, situated at the 
 entrance to the Gulf of Nauplia, 28 miles south- 
 east of Nauplia. Length, 5 miles. — 2. A seaport 
 on the island of Spezzia. 
 
 Sphacteria (sfak-te'ri-a). [Gr. S^a/cr^p/a.] A 
 small island near Navarino, off the coast of 
 Messenia, Greece : the modern Sphagia. Here, 
 425 B. c., the Spartans were blockaded by the Athenians, 
 and were compelled by Cleon to surrender. 
 
 Spheres of Influence. Large areas of land in 
 Africa recognized as under the control of Euro- 
 pean powers. The phrase came into use about 1885. 
 It designates the region which may be occupied and de- 
 veloped by the power for which it is named. The Euro- 
 pean spheres of influence in Africa comprise a large part 
 of the continent. See East Africa (British, German, Portu- 
 guese), German Southwest A frica, and Kongo, French. 
 
 Sphinx, Temple of the. A structure (incor- 
 rectly called a temple) lying a short distance 
 southeast of the Sphinx at Gizeh. it is in fact a 
 family mausoleum of Khaf ra or Chephren, the builder of the 
 Second Pyramid, and is connected with the Temple of the 
 Second Pyramid by a rock-cut passage. Here was found 
 the colossal statue of Khafra now in the Cairo Museum. 
 The temple is built of splendid blocks of red granite and 
 alabaster. It consists of a passage descending to an open 
 three-aisled area with square piers and lintels, and two 
 cross-passages or transepts toward the east. At the end 
 of the first transept there is a burial-chamber with 6 niches 
 for mummies, in two tiers, and similar chambers open from 
 the entrance passage. 
 
 Sphinx (sfingks), The. A celebrated figure at 
 Gizeh, Egypt, about a quarter of a mile south- 
 east of the Great Pyramid, it consists of an enor- 
 mous figure of a crouching sphinx of the usual Egyptian 
 type, hewn from the natural rock, with the flaws and cavi- 
 tieB filled in with masonry. The body is 140 feet long ; the 
 head measures about 30 feet from the top of the forehead 
 to the chin, and is 14 wide. Except the head and shoul- 
 ders, the figure has for ages generally been buried in the 
 desert sand. The face, despite the mutilation of eyes and 
 nose due to Mohammedan fanaticism, impresses by its 
 calm dignity. The low head-dress extends broadly out- 
 ward on each side. A long rock-cut passage composed of 
 inclined plane and steps leads down in front to the ex- 
 tended fore paws of the Sphinx, which are 60 feet long 
 and cased with masonry. Between the paws were found 
 an altar, a crouching lion with fragments of others, and 
 3 large inscribed tablets, one, 14 feet high, against the 
 Sphinx’s breast, and the two others extending from it on 
 each side, thus forming a sort of shrine. The Sphinx is 
 now thought to represent the body of a lion with the 
 head of Khafra (Chefren), the builder of the second of 
 the great pyramids at Gizeh. But see the extract. 
 
 To this day, the most ancient statue known is a colossus 
 — namely, the Great Sphinx of Gizeh. It was already in 
 existence in the time of Khoofoo (Cheops), and perhaps we 
 should not be far wrong if we ventured to ascribe it to 
 the generations before Mena, called in the priestly chron- 
 icles “ the Servants of Horus." Hewn in the living rock 
 at the extreme verge of the Libyan plateau, it seems, as 
 the representative of Horus, to uprear its head in order to 
 be the first to catch sight of his father, P„a, the rising sun, 
 across the valley. For centuries the sands have buried it 
 to the chin, yet without protecting it from ruin. Its bat- 
 tered body preserves but the general form of a lion's body. 
 The paws and breast, restored by the Ptolemies and the 
 Ciesars, retain but a part of the stone facing with which 
 they were then clothed in order to mask the ravages of 
 time. The lower part of the head-dress has fallen, and the 
 diminished neck looks too slender to sustain the enormous 
 weight of the head. The nose and beard have been broken 
 off by fanatics, and the red hue which formerly enlivened 
 the features is almost wholly effaced. And yet, notwith- 
 standing its fallen fortunes, the monster preserves an ex- 
 pression of sovereign strength and greatness. The eyes 
 gaze outafar with a look of intense and profound thought- 
 fulness ; the mouth still wears a smile ; the whole counte- 
 nance is informed with power and repose. 
 
 Maspero, Egypt. Archceol., p. 201. 
 
 Spica (spi'kii). Avery white star of magnitude 
 1.2, the sixteenth in order of brightness in the 
 heavens, a Virginis, situated in the left hand 
 of the Virgin. 
 
 951 
 
 Spice Islands. See Moluccas. 
 
 Spicheren (spe'cher-en), or Speichern (spi'- 
 chern). A village in German Lorraine, 3 miles 
 south of Saarbriicken. There, Aug. 6, 1870, the Ger- 
 mans defeated the French under Frossard. Loss of each 
 army, about 4,000. Also called the battle of Forbach. 
 
 Spiegel (spe'gel), Friedrich von. Born at Kit- 
 zingen, near Wurzburg, Bavaria, July 11, 1820 : 
 died at Munich, Dec. 15, 1905. A German 
 Orientalist : professor at Erlangen 1849-90. 
 
 Among his works are an edition and translation of the 
 “A vesta" (1853-68), “JDie altpersischen Keilinschriften ” 
 (1862), “ Eran ” (1863), “ Eranische Altertumskunde ” (1871- 
 1878), Iranian grammars, etc. 
 
 Spiekeroog (spe'ker-oG). A small island of 
 the East Friesian Islands, in the North Sea, be- 
 longing to the province of Hannover, Prussia. 
 Population, about 200. 
 
 Spielberg (spel'berG). A former fortress and 
 state prison near Briinn, Moravia. 
 
 Spielhagen (spel'ha/'gen), Friedrich. Bom at 
 Magdeburg, Feb. 27, 1829 : died at Cbarlotten- 
 burg, Berlin , Feb. 25, 1911. A German novelist. 
 He studied at Berlin, Bonn, and Greifswald, first jurispru- 
 dence and subsequently philology and literature. In 1854 
 he went to Leipsic and became a teacher, but on the death 
 of his father chose a literary career. From 1860 to 1862 
 he was literary editor of the “Zeitung fur Norddeutsch- 
 land” in Hannover. In the latter year he removed to 
 Berlin, where he made his home. Among his novels are 
 particularly to be mentioned “ Problematische Naturen ’ 
 (“ Problematic Natures,” 1861) and its continuation 
 “Durch Naeht zum Licht” (“Through Night to Light,” 
 1862), “ Die von Hohenstein ” (1864), “ In Reih’ und Glied " 
 (“In Rank and File,” 1866), “Hammer und Amboss” 
 (“ Hammer and Anvil,” 1869), “Allzeit voran 1 ’’ (“Always 
 Ahead!” 1872), “Was die Schwalbe sang” (“What the 
 Swallow Sang,” 1873), “Sturmflut" (“Flood Tide,” 1878), 
 “Platt Land” (“ Flat Land,” 1879), and “ Quisisana ” (1880). 
 He also wrote, besides a number of minor novels and 
 stories, the two dramas “Liebe fur Liebe” (“Love for 
 Love," 1875) and “ Hans und Grethe " (1876). 
 
 Spiers (sperz), Alexander. Bom at Gosport, 
 England, 1807 : died at Passy, near Paris, Aug. 
 26, 1869. An Anglo-French grammarian and 
 lexicographer. He published a French-Eng- 
 lish and English-French dictionary (1846). 
 Spies (spes), August. Born in Germany, 1855: 
 hanged at Chicago, Nov. 11, 1887. A German- 
 American anarchist, condemned for his part in 
 provoking the Haymarket Square (Chicago) 
 massacre. See Haymarket Square Riot. 
 Spindler (spind'ler), Karl. Born at Breslau, 
 Prussia, Oct. 16, 1796 : died at Freiersbach, 
 July 12, 1855. A German novelist. Among his 
 works are “ Der Jude ” (“The Jew,” 1827), “Der Jesuit ” 
 (1829), “Der Invalide ” (1831), etc. 
 
 Spinello, or Spinello Aretino (spe-nel'lo a-ra- 
 te'no). Born at Arezzo, Italy, about 1330 : died 
 about 1410. An Italian painter. His works in- 
 clude frescos in Siena and in the Campo Santo 
 of Pisa. 
 
 Spinner (spin'er), Francis Elias. Born at 
 German Flats (Mohawk), N. Y., Jan. 21, 1802: 
 died at Jacksonville, Fla., Dec. 31, 1890. An 
 American financier, politician, and general of 
 militia. He was Democratic member of Congress from 
 New York 1855-57; Republican member of Congress 
 1857-61 ; and United States treasurer 1861-75. 
 
 Spinola (spe'no-la), Marquis Ambrogio di. 
 Born at Genoa about 1570: died at Castel-Nu- 
 ovo di Scrivia, Italy, Sept. 25, 1630. An Ital- 
 ian general in the Spanish service. He captured 
 Ostend in 1604 ; commanded in the Netherlands against 
 Maurice of Nassau until the peace of 1609; conquered 
 the Palatinate in 1620 ; besieged and took Breda in 1625 ; 
 and later commanded in Italy. 
 
 Spinoza (spi-no'za), Baruch (or Benedict). 
 
 Bom at Amsterdam, Nov. 24, 1632 : died at The 
 Hague, Feb. 21, 1677. A famous philosopher, 
 the greatest modern expounder of pantheism. 
 His parents were^ members of a community of Jews who 
 had emigrated from Portugal and Spain. In 1656 he was 
 condemned by the Jewish congregation of Amsterdam as 
 a heretic, and excommunicated. From this time on he sup- 
 ported himself by grinding lenses, an art in which he was 
 very proficient. He lived with a friend (a Remonstrant) 
 just outside of Amsterdam until about the beginning of 
 1661, when they removed to the village of Rhynsburg, near 
 Leyden. In 1664 he went to Voorburg, a suburb of The 
 Hague, and in 1670 took up his residence in The Hague it- 
 self. An attempt upon his life was made at Amsterdam in 
 1656. He was a student of the philosophy of Descartes, and 
 his metaphysical speculations have the Cartesian philoso- 
 phy as their point of departure. He wrote “Tractatus 
 theologico-politicus ” (1670), a practical political treatise 
 designed to demonstrate the necessity in a free common- 
 wealth of freedom of thought and speech ; “Ethicaordine 
 geometricodemonstrata”(completed in 1674, but published 
 posthumously: “Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometri- 
 cal Order ”), his most famous work, and the one containing 
 his metaphysical system ; “ De intellectus emendatione"; 
 and a small treatise on the rainbow (published in 1687: sup- 
 posed to be lost, but discovered by Van Vloten and re- 
 printed 1882-83). 
 
 Spirdingsee (spir'ding-sa). One of the largest 
 lakes of Prussia, situated in the province of 
 East Prussia 80 miles south-southeast of Ko- 
 
 Spofford, Mrs. 
 
 nigsberg. Its outlet is by the Pissek into the 
 Vistula. Length (not including arms), about 
 12 miles. 
 
 Spires. See Speyer. 
 
 Spiridion (spi-rid'i-on). A novel by George 
 Sand, published in 1839. 
 
 Spirillen (spe-ril'len), Lake. A lake in south- 
 ern Norway, about 40 miles northwest of Chris- 
 tiania. Length, 15 miles. 
 
 Spirit Lake (spir'it lak). A lake in Dickinson 
 County, northwestern Iowa, situated on the 
 frontier of Minnesota. Length, 11 miles. 
 Spirit of Hebrew Poetry. [G. Geist der ebrti- 
 ischen Poesie.'] A critical work by J. G. von 
 Herder, published in 1782-83. 
 
 Spirit of the Cape, The. See Adamastor. 
 Spirit of the Laws. See Esprit des Lois. 
 Spiritual Quixote, The. A novel by the Rev. 
 Richard Graves, published in 1772. It was in- 
 tended to ridicule the illiterate and fanatical 
 among the Methodists. 
 
 The hero ... is Geoffrey Wildgoose, a young man of 
 a respectable family and small estate, who, having picked 
 up some old volumes of Puritan divinity, such as “Crumbs 
 of Comfort,” “Honeycombs for the Elect,” the “Marrow 
 of Divinity,” the “Spiritual Eye Salve and Cordials forthe 
 Saints,” and a book of Baxter with an unmentionable 
 name, resolves to sally forth and convert his benighted 
 fellow-countrymen in the highways and by-ways of Eng- 
 land. He is accompanied by Jeremiah Tugwell, a cob- 
 bler, who acts as a sort of Sancho Panza ; and they visit 
 Gloucester, Bath, and Bristol, where they are involved 
 in various adventures more creditable to the zeal of Wild- 
 goose than to his discretion. 
 
 Forsyth, Novels and Novelists of the 18th Cent., p. 297. 
 
 Spitalfields (spit'al-feldz). A quarter of Lon- 
 don, north of the Tower, noted as a seat of 
 silk-manufacture, which was introduced by 
 French refugees expelled in 1685, on the rev- 
 ocation of the Edict of Nantes. It once be- 
 longed to the Priory of St. Mary Spital, founded 
 in 1197. 
 
 Spithe&d (spit'hed). A roadstead off the south- 
 ern coast of England, between Portsmouth and 
 Ryde in the Isle of Wight. It communicates 
 with the Solent and Southampton Water on the 
 west. 
 
 Spithead Mutiny. A mutiny of the British 
 sailors in the ships stationed at Spithead in 
 1797. It was settled amicably, and the sailors’ 
 grievances were remedied by Parliament. 
 Spitzbergen (spits-ber'gen). [Named from its 
 sharp-pointed mountains.] A group of islands 
 in the Arctic Ocean, north of Norway and north- 
 east of Greenland, in lat. 76° 30'-80° 48' N. 
 long. 10°-30° (32° ?) E. : called also East Green- 
 land. It comprises West Spitzbergen, North East Land, 
 Barents Land, Stans Foreland, Prince Charles Foreland, 
 and King Charles Land, and many smaller islands. The 
 islands are partly mountainous, abound in glaciers, and 
 are cut by many fiords and bays. Coal is now mined 
 there. They were discovered in 1596 by the Dutch sail- 
 ors Jakob van Heemskerck, Jan Corneliszoon Ripp, 
 and Willem Barents, who took them to be part of 
 Greenland and named them “New Land." They have 
 been much visited by whalers and walrus-hunters. Re- 
 cently they have been made the base of arctic expeditions, 
 especially by the Swedes (Nordenskjold and others). Area, 
 about 28,000 square miles. 
 
 Spitzkop (spits'kop). Amountain in the Com- 
 pass Berg, in Cajpe Colony. 
 
 Spix (spiks), Johann Baptist von. Bom at 
 lIoehstadt-an-der-Aiseh, Feb. 9, 1781: died at 
 Munich, March 13, 1826. A Bavarian natural- 
 ist, the companion of Martius in Brazil 1817- 
 1820. He wrote part of the “Reise in Brasilien,”and 
 published important papers on South American verte- 
 brates, etc. See Martius. 
 
 Spleen (splen), The. A poem by Matthew 
 Green, published in 1796. 
 
 Splitter (split'er). A village in East Prussia, 
 situated on the Memel near Tilsit. Here, Jan. 
 30. 1679, the forces of Brandenburg defeated 
 the Swedes. 
 
 Spliigen (splii'gen), It. Spluga (splo'ga). An 
 Alpine pass leading from the village of Splii- 
 gen, canton of Grisons, Switzerland, to Chia- 
 venna in Italy. It connects the valleys of the Hinter- 
 rhein and the Maira, a subtributary of the Po. Height 
 of highest point, 6,945 feet. The road was built 1819-21. 
 
 Spofford (spof'ord), Ainsworth R. Bom at 
 Gilmanton, N. A., Sept. 12, 1825: died at Hol- 
 derness, N. H., Aug. 11, 1908. Librarian of the 
 Congressional Library 1865-97. He edited 
 the “American Almanac” (from 1878). 
 Spofford, Mrs. (Harriet Prescott). Born at 
 Calais, Maine, April 3, 1835. An American nov- 
 elist and poet. Among her works are “Sir Rohan s 
 Chost” (1859), “The Amber (lode, and Other Stories” 
 (1863), “The Thief in the Night” (1872), “Poems ” (1881), 
 “Marquis of Carabas ” (1882), “Ballads about Authors” 
 (1887), “The Scarlet Poppy’* (1894), “A Master Spirit” 
 (1890), “ The Maid He Married ” (1899), “The Children of 
 the Valley” (1901). 
 
Spohr 
 
 Bpohr (spor), Louis. Born at Brunswick, Ger- 
 many, April 5, 1784 : died at Cassel, Oct. 22, 
 1859. A German violinist and composer. He 
 became court concert-master at Gotha i n 1805 : went to 
 Vienna in 1812 as second kapellmeister at the Theater an 
 der Wien ; employed the years 1815-17 in concert tours ; 
 was kapellmeister at Frankfort 1817-19; went to London 
 in 1820 ; and became established as court kapellmeister 
 at Cassel in 1822. Among his works are the operas 
 “Faust" (1818), “Zemire und Azor" (1819), “Jessonda" 
 (1823), “ Der Berggeist” (1825), “Pietro von Albano" (1827), 
 '•Her Alchemist" (1830), and “Die Kreuzfahrer" (1845); 
 the oratorios “ Die letzten Dinge” (“ The Last Judgment," 
 1826), “ Des Heilands letzte Stunden " (1835 : known in 
 English as “Calvary"), and “The Fall of Babylon"; and 
 compositions for the violin, songs, etc. 
 
 Spokane (spo-kan'), or Spokan (spo-kan'). A 
 river in Idaho and Washington which joins the 
 Columbia about lat. 47° 51' N. Length from 
 Coeur d’Alene Lake, over 100 miles. 
 
 Spokane (spo-kan'). A city in Spokane County, 
 Washington, situated on Spokane River, in 
 lat. 47° 20' N., long. 117° 25' W. It is the 
 chief commercial and railroad center in east- 
 ern Washington. It was devastated by fire 
 1889. Population, 104,402, (1910). 
 
 Spoleto (spo-la'to). [L. Spoletiuvi.'] A city in 
 the province of Perugia, Italy, 60 miles north 
 by east of Rome. It is the seat of an archbishopric. 
 It contains a castle and a cathedral, and has various an- 
 tiquities, including a triumphal arch. Its aqueduct was 
 built by the Lombards 604 A. D. Spoleto was an ancient 
 Etruscan city ; was colonized by Rome about 240 B. c. ; and 
 was defended successfully against Hannibal in 217 B. C. 
 The Marians were defeated there by Crassus and Pompey 
 in 82 B. c. It was an important fortress in Gothic times ; 
 became about 570 the capital of an important Lombard 
 duchy; and afterward belonged to the Papal States. Pop- 
 ulation, town, 9,677 ; commune, 24,642. 
 
 Spontini (spon-te'ue), Gasparo Luigi Pacifico. 
 
 Born at Majolati, near Ancona, Italy, Nov. 14, 
 1774: died there, Jan. 14, 1851. An Italian ope- 
 ratic composer, director of Italian opera in Paris 
 1810-12, and musical director in Berlin 1820-42. 
 His chief operas are “LaVestale" (1807), "Ferdinand Cor- 
 tez ”(1809, 1817), “ Olympia ” (1819, 1821), and “Agnes von 
 Hohenstaufen ”(1829, 1837). 
 
 Spooner (spon'er), Shearjashup. Bornat Bran- 
 don, Vt., 1809: died at Plainfield, N. J., March, 
 1859. An American author. He published a “ Bio- 
 graphical and Critical Dictionary of Painters, Engravers, 
 Sculptors, and Architects ”(1853). 
 
 Spoon (spon) River. A river in western Illi- 
 nois which joins the Illinois River opposite 
 Havana. Length, about 150 miles. 
 
 Sporades (spor'a-dez). [Gr. S-n-opadtf (so. vycoi), 
 scattered isles.] A group of islands in the 
 iEgean and neighboring seas. The list is differ- 
 ently given by ancient writers. It includes Melos, Thera, 
 Cos, etc., and sometimes Samos, Chios, Lesbos, and others. 
 The modern Sporades are divided between Turkey and 
 Greece. 
 
 Sporus (spo'rus). A favorite of tho emperor 
 Nero. Hewasabeautiful youth of servile origin, andpos- 
 sessed a striking resemblance to Nero's wife Poppaea Sa- 
 bina. After tlie deatli of Sabina, which occurred in 65 A.D., 
 Nero had him castrated and dressed as a woman, and gave 
 him the name of Sabina, publicly going through the cere- 
 mony of marriage with him in Greece in 67. Sporus fled 
 with Nero from Rome on the insurrection of Galba in the 
 following year, and was present at his suicide. He was 
 afterward intimate with the emperor Otho, a former com- 
 panion in debauchery of Nero, and ultimately committed 
 suicide under Vitellius to avoid the indignity of appearing 
 under degrading circumstances as a girl on the stage. 
 
 Sporus. A name given by Pope to Lord Hervey. 
 
 Spotswood (spots'wud), or Spotiswood, or 
 Spottiswood (spot'is-wud), John. Born 1565 : 
 died at London, Nov. 26, 1639. A Scottish prel- 
 ate, made archbishop of Glasgow in 1603 (not 
 consecrated till 1610), and archbishop of St. 
 Andrews and primate of Scotland in 1615. He 
 
 was chancellor of Scotland 1635-38 : in the latter year he was 
 deposed and excommunicated. Hewrote a "History of the 
 Church and State of Scotland ” (1655), etc. 
 
 Spotsylvania (spot-sil-va'ni-a) Court House. 
 
 The capital of Spotsylvania County, Virginia, 
 situated on the Po 49 miles north by west of 
 Richmon d. A series of battles occurred here between the 
 Federate under Grant and the Confederates under Lee, May 
 8-21, 1864. The Confederates withdrew to the North Anna. 
 
 Spottiswoode, William. Born at London, Jan. 
 11,1825: died June 27, 1883. An English mathe- 
 matician and physicist, son of Andrew Spottis- 
 woode, a printer and member of Parliament. 
 
 He was educated at Eton, Harrow, and Oxford (Balliol 
 College). In 1846 he entered his father’s business. In 
 1847 he published “ Meditationes Analytical.” In 1856 he 
 traveled in Russia, ami in 1857 published “A Tarantasse 
 Journey through Eastern Russia,” etc. In 1878 he was 
 president of the Royal Society. His mathematical work 
 was especially in the field of higher algebra. 
 
 Sprague (sprag), Charles. Born at Boston, Oct. 
 26, 1791 : died there, Jan., 1875. An American 
 poet. Among his poems are “ Curiosity ” (1829), “Ode to 
 Shakspere,” prologues, etc. His collected works were 
 published in 1841 and 1876. 
 
 Sprague, Peleg. Born at Duxbury, Mass., April, 
 1793 : died at Boston, Oct. 13, 1880. An Ameri- 
 
 952 
 
 can politician and jurist. He was member of Con- 
 gress from Maine 1825-29, and United States senator from 
 Maine 1829-35. He published “Speeches and Addresses" 
 (1858). 
 
 Sprague, William. Born at Cranston, R. I., 
 Nov. 3, 1799 : died at Providence, R. I., Oct. 19, 
 1856. An American politician. He was a Demo- 
 cratic member of Congress from Rhode Island 1835-37; 
 governor of Rhode Island 1838-39 ; and United States sen- 
 ator 1842—44. 
 
 Sprague, William. Born at Cranston, R. I., 
 Sept. 12, 1830. An American politician and man- 
 ufacturer, nephew of William Sprague. He was 
 Republican governor of Rhode Island 1860-63 ; served as 
 a colonel in the Civil War ; and was United States senator 
 from Rhode Island 1863-75. 
 
 Sprat (sprat), Thomas. Born in Dorset, 1635 : 
 died at Bromley, May 20, 1713. An English 
 prelate, bishop of Rochester. He was a member 
 of James II. s ecclesiastical commission. He wrote a 
 history of the Royal Society, an account of the Rye 
 House Plot, poems, etc. 
 
 Spree (spra). A river in Germany which rises 
 in eastern Saxon)', flows through Berlin, and 
 joins the Havel at Spandau, 8 miles west by 
 north of Berlin. Length, 225 miles. 
 Spreewald (spra'valt). [G.,‘ Spree forest.’] A 
 swampy region in the province of Brandenburg, 
 Prussia, traversed by the Spree : situated in the 
 vicinity of Kottbus and Liibben. Its inhabitants 
 are Wends. Length, 28 miles. 
 
 Spremberg (spram'bero). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on the 
 Spree 78 miles southeast of Berlin. It has man- 
 ufactures of cloth. Pop., commune, 11,188. 
 Sprengel (spreng'el), Kurt. BornatBoldekow, 
 near Anklam, Prussia, Aug. 3, 1766 : died at 
 Halle, March 15, 1833. A German botanist and 
 physician, professor of medicine at Halle from 
 1789. Amonghis worksare“Versucheinerpragmatischen 
 Geschichteder Arzneikunde,” "Handbuch der Pathologie” 
 (1795-97), “ Institutiones medic® ” (1809-16), “Geschichte 
 der Botanik ” (1817-18), “Neue Entdeckungen” (1819-22). 
 Springer; spring'er), William M. Born in Sul- 
 livan County, Ind., May 30, 1836: died at 
 Washington, D. C., Dec. 4, 1903. An Ameri- 
 can Democratic politician. He removed to Illinois 
 with his parents in 1848; graduated at the Indiana State 
 University, Bloomington, in 1858; was admitted to the 
 bar in 1859; was a member of the State legislature of 
 Illinois 1871-72; and a member of Congress from that 
 State 1875-95. He was chairman of the Ways and Means 
 Committee 1891-93. 
 
 Springfield (spring'feld). The capital of Elinois 
 and of Sangamon County. It contains the State 
 capitol, the former home of Lincoln, and the National 
 Lincoln Monument, It was laid out in 1822, and became 
 the capital of Illinois in 1837. Population, 51,678, (1910). 
 Springfield. The capital of Hampden County, 
 Massachusetts, situated on the Connecticut in 
 lat. 42° 6' N., long. 72° 35' W. It is an important 
 railway junction ; has various manufactures ; and contains 
 a national armory founded in 1794. Springfield was settled 
 in 1636 (or 1635), and was at first called Agawam. It was 
 burned by the Indians in 1075. The arsenal was unsuc- 
 cessfully attacked by insurgents in Shays’s Rebellion in 
 1787. It was incorporated as a city in 1852. Population, 
 88,926, (1910). 
 
 Springfield. The capital of Green e County, Mis- 
 souri, situated in the Ozark Mountains 115 
 miles south west of Jefferson City. It is a railroad 
 center, and is the seat of Drury College. Pop., 35,201, (1910). 
 Springfield. A town in New Jersey, west of 
 Newark. It was the scene (June 23, 1780) of a defeat 
 of the British and Hessians by the Americans. 
 Springfield. The capital of Clark County, Ohio, 
 situated at the junction of Lagonda Creek and 
 Mad River, 45 miles west of Columbus, it is a 
 railroad center, and has extensive manufactures of agri- 
 cultural machinery, etc. It is the seat of Wittenberg 
 College (Lutheran). Population, 46,921, (1910). 
 
 Spring Garden. A place of refreshment in 
 St. James’s Park, London, much frequented 
 in the 17th century by persons 'of quality. 
 Sprottau (sprot'tou). A manufacturing town 
 in the province of Silesia, Prussia, situated 
 on the Bober 74 miles northwest of Breslau. 
 Population, commune, 7,900. 
 
 Spruner von Mertz (spro'ner fon merts), Karl. 
 Born at Stuttgart, Wurtemberg, Nov. 15, 1803 : 
 died at Munich, Aug. 24, 1892. A chartogra- 
 pher, geographer, historian, and Bavarian gen- 
 eral. He produced many atlases, especially “Historisch- 
 geographischer Handatlas ” (1837-52), medieval and school 
 atlases, “Atlas antiquus,” etc. 
 
 Spuller (spii-lar'), Eugene. Born at Seurre, 
 Cote-d’Or, Dec. 8, 1835 : died July 23, 1896. A 
 French politician and journalist. He was secretary 
 to Gambetta 1870-71 ; minister of education 1887-89 ; and 
 vice-president of the chamber in 1890. 
 
 Spumador (spo-ma-ddr'). [Sp., ‘the foamer.’] 
 Prince Arthur's steed in Spenser’s “Faerie 
 Queene.” 
 
 Spurgeon (sper'jon), Charles Haddon. Born at 
 Kelvedon, Essex, Juno 19, 1834: died at Men- 
 
 Sraosha 
 
 tone, France, Jan. 31, 1892. An English Baptist 
 preacher. He was educated at Colchester and Maid- 
 stone, and became usher in a private school at Cambridge. 
 In 1851 he became pastor of the Baptist church at Water- 
 beach, five miles from Cambridge, while retaining his 
 place as usher. He accepted a call to the pastorate of the 
 New Park Street Baptist Church in Southwark, London, 
 in 1853, removing with his congregation in 1861 to a new 
 edifice, the Tabernacle, in Newington, London. He was 
 also the founder of a pastors’ college, schools, alms-houses, 
 and an orphanage ; and edited a monthly magazine, 
 “The Sword and the Trowel.” Among his works are 
 “The Treasury of David : Exposition of the Book of 
 Psalms " (1870-85), “Feathers for Arrows, or Illustrations 
 for Preachers and Teachers” (1870), "Lectures to my Stu- 
 dents” (1875-77), “ Commenting and Commentaries: to- 
 getherwith a Catalogue of Biblical Commentaries and Ex- 
 positions" (1876), “John Ploughman’s Pictures : More of 
 his Plain Talk ” (1880), and many volumes of sermons. 
 
 Spurn Head (spern bed). A point in Yorkshire, 
 England, at the mouth of the Humber, project- 
 ing into the North Sea. 
 
 Spurs, Battle of the. 1. The victory of the 
 Flemings over the French at Courtrai, 1302 : so 
 called on account of the number of gilt spurs 
 captured. — 2. The victory of the English over 
 the French at Guinegate, 1513 : so called from 
 the precipitate flight of the French. 
 
 Spurzheim (sports'him), Kaspar. Born at 
 Longwich, near Treves, Dec. 31, 1776: died at 
 Boston, Nov. 10, 1832. A German phrenologist, 
 a disciple of Gall. He wrote “The Physiognomical 
 System of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim ” (1815), “Outlines of 
 the Physiognomical System ’’ (1815), and philosophical and 
 anatomical works. 
 
 Spuyten Duyvil Creek (spi'tn di'vil krek). A 
 creek on the northern boundary of Manhattan 
 Island, NewYork, connecting the Harlem River 
 with the Hudson. 
 
 Spy ( spi), The. A novel by Cooper, published 
 in 1821. The scene is laid in southeastern New 
 York, about 1780. 
 
 Squab (skwob) Poet, The. A nickname given to 
 Dryden by his antagonist Rochester, and after- 
 ward adopted by lampooners of every degree. 
 
 Squam Lakes (skwom laks). Two lakes in 
 the central part of New Hampshire, north- 
 west of Lake Winnipiseogee. The outlet is 
 into the Merrimac. 
 
 Squeamish (skwe'mish). Lady. 1. A charac- 
 ter in Wycherley’s “Couutry Wife.” — 2. A 
 character in Otway’s “Friendship in Fashion.” 
 
 Squeers (skwerz),‘Mr. Wackford. The cruel 
 and ignorant schoolmaster of Dotheboys Hall 
 (Yorkshire): a character in Dickens’s “Nicho- 
 las Nickleby.” 
 
 Squier (skwir), Ephraim George. Born at 
 Bethlehem, N. Y., June 17, 1821: died at Brook- 
 lyn, N. Y., April 17, 1888. An American archae- 
 ologist and traveler. In 1843-48, while conducting a 
 newspaper in Ohio, he investigated the mounds and other 
 ancient monuments of the Mississippi valley, and in 1848 
 examined similar works in New York. In 1849-60 he 
 was special chargd d'affaires for the United States in 
 Central America, and in 1853 again visited that region to 
 examine the line of a proposed interoceanic railroad : 
 on both occasions he made extensive archeological ex- 
 plorations. In 1863-64 he visited Peru as special commis- 
 sioner of the United States. In 1868 he was appointed 
 consul-general of Honduras at New York, and in 1871 
 was elected first president of the American Anthropologi- 
 cal Institute. After 1874 his health was seriously impaired. 
 His numerous and valuable works include “Ancient Mon- 
 uments of the Mississippi Valley ” (with Dr. E. H. Davis, 
 1848), “ Antiquities of the State of New York " (1851), 
 “Travels in Central America" (1852), “ Waikna, or Adven- 
 tures on the Mosquito Shore” (1856: under the pseudonym 
 Samuel A. Bard). “The States of Central America" (1858), 
 and “Peru ’’ (1877). 
 
 Squillace (skwel-la'che). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Catanzaro, southern Italy, 7 miles south- 
 west of Catanzaro: the Roman Seylacium. 
 The emperor Otto II. was defeated there by the 
 Saracens in 982. Population, 3,220. 
 
 Squillace, Prince of. See Borja y Array on. 
 
 Squillace, Gulf of. An arm of the Mediterra- 
 nean Sea, on the coast of Calabria, Italy. 
 
 Squint (skwint), Lawyer. A character in the 
 play “A Citizen of the World,” by Goldsmith. 
 
 Squire of Alsatia. A comedy by Thomas Shad- 
 well, produced in 1688. 
 
 Squire’s Tale, The. One of Chaucer’s “Can- 
 terbury Tales.” It is told by the squire “who left 
 half told the story of Cambuscan bold,” which Milton 
 wished Musaeus or Orpheus could finish. Spenser tried to 
 finish itin the fourth book of “The Faerie Queene." 
 
 Sraosha (sra-o'sha). [From -\/ srush, hear, 
 obey, obedience.] In the Avesta, a Yazata, 
 or sacred being, who first taught the law and 
 is the especial foe of Aeshma, the demon of 
 wrath. As heavenly guardian of the world heisawakened 
 by fire in the third night-watch, and then awakes the cock, 
 who by his crowing drives away Busliyansta, the demon of 
 sleep. To him is addressed in the Yasna the Srosh Yasht. 
 In Firdausi, as Sarush or Surush, he becomes the messenger 
 of heaven and in the later literature is often identified 
 with Gabriel. 
 
Srinagar 
 
 Srinagar (sri-nug'ur), or Serinagur (ser-i- 
 nug'ur), or Kashmir, or Cashmere (kash- 
 mer'). The capital of Kashmir, on the Jhelum 
 in lat. 34° 5' N., long. 74° 50' E. It has man- 
 ufactures of carpets, silver and copper ware, 
 and was formerly renowned for shawls and pa- 
 pier-mache work, etc. Population, 122,618. 
 Srirangam (sri-rang'gam),or Seringham (ser- 
 ing'am). A town in the district of Trichi- 
 nopoli, Madras, India, situated on an island of 
 the Kaveri near Trichinopoli. It has a noted temple 
 of Vishnu. The temple is remarkable especially for its 
 great size (the outermost inclosure measures 1,024 by 840 
 yards), and for the lavish sculptured ornament of its many 
 magnificent gopuras, or lofty pyramidal pylon gateways. 
 The general plan presents a series of courts, in the central 
 one of which is the sanctuary, and in the fourth the choul- 
 try, or hall of 1,000 columns, which is traversed by a beau- 
 tiful central aisle of double the height and width of the 
 others. The Jambu Keswaram temple, dedicated to Siva, 
 is also notable. Population, 23,039. 
 
 Srirangapatam. See Seringapatam. 
 
 St. For words beginning with St., see Saint, 
 Sankt, San, Sao, Santo, or Santa. 
 
 Staal (stal), Baronne de (Marguerite Jeanne 
 Cordier) : often called Mme. de Staal-Delau- 
 nay. Bom at Paris, May 30, 1684: died June 
 16,1750. A French writer of memoirs. Shewasthe 
 daughter of the painter Cordier, whose name she dropped 
 for that of her mother, Delaunay. She received her edu- 
 cation at the convent of St. Louis at Rouen, and at 27 en- 
 tered the service of the Duchesse de Maine, in 17: 5 she 
 married the Baron de Staal, but remained in the duchess’s 
 household. Her “ Memoires ” were published in 1 755. She 
 also left two comedies and some letters. 
 
 Stabat Mater (sta'bat ma'ter). [So called 
 from the first words of the Latin text, Stabat 
 mater, ‘The mother (sc. of Jesus) was stand- 
 ing.’] In the Roman Catholic liturgy, a se- 
 quence on the Virgin Mary at the crucifixion, 
 written about 1300 by Jacobus de Bene- 
 dicts (Jacopone da Todi). It has also been as- 
 cribed to Innocent III. and others, and was probably 
 modeled on older hymns such as the staurotheotokia of 
 the Greek Church. It is sung after the Epistle on the 
 feast of the Seven Dolours of the Blessed Virgin Mary on 
 the Friday before Good Friday and on the third Sunday 
 in Sept. Music for it has been written by Palestrina, 
 Pergolesi, Rossini, Dvoritk, and others. 
 
 Stabiae (sta'bi-e). An ancient Roman watering- 
 place, on the Bay of Naples, 4 miles south of 
 Pompeii, overwhelmed by the eruption of Vesu- 
 vius in 79 a. d. It has been excavated in part. 
 Castellamare occupies its site. 
 
 Stabroek (stab'rok). The old name of George- 
 town, British Guiana : given by the Dutch who 
 were its original settlers in 1774. 
 
 Stachelberg (staeb'el-bera). A watering-place 
 in the canton of Glarus, Switzerland, situated 
 on the Linth 9 miles south-southwest of Gla- 
 rus. It has sulphur springs. 
 
 Stachys (sta'kis). [Gr. ord^uf, a spike of wheat.] 
 A rarely used name for a Virginis, ordinarily 
 called Spica. 
 
 Stade (sta'de). A seaport in the province of 
 Hannover, Prussia, situated on the Schwinge 
 22 miles west by north of Hamburg, it was for- 
 merly an important commercial place, and until recently 
 a fortress. It passed from the archbishopric of Bremen 
 to Sweden in 1648; was ceded to Hannover in 1719; and 
 passed to Prussia in 1866. Population, commune, 10,837. 
 
 Stade, or Staden (sta'den), or Stadt (stat), 
 Hans. Born in Hesse-Homburg about 1520 : 
 died after 1557. A German soldier. He was in 
 Brazil 1547-48; enlisted in a Spanish expedition for the Rio 
 de la Plata 1549 ; was shipwrecked in Santa Catharina ; and 
 passed 3 years in captivity among the Indians. Ultimately 
 (late in 1554) he escaped to a French ship. An account of 
 his adventures was published in 1557 as “Geschichte eines 
 Landes America genannt.” There are later editions in 
 several languages. 
 
 Stadion (sta'de-5n), Count Johann Philipp 
 Karl Joseph von. Born June 18,1763: died 
 at Baden, near Vienna, May 14-15, 1824. An 
 Austrian statesman. He was minister of foreign af- 
 fairs from the peace of Presburg (Dec., 1805) to 1809, and 
 later was minister of finance. 
 
 Stadtlohn (stat-lon'). A town in the province 
 of Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the Berkel 
 25 miles northeast of Wesel. Here, Aug. 6, 1623, 
 
 the Imperialists under Tilly defeated the administrator 
 Christian of lialberstadt. Of the army of the latter 6,000 
 fell and 4,000 were captured, including William, duke of 
 W eimar. 
 
 Stael-Holstein (sta'el-hol'strn; F. prori. sta/el- 
 ol-stan'), Anne Louise Germaine Necker, 
 Baronne de t commonly callod Madame de 
 Stael. Born at Paris, April 22, 1766 : died there, 
 July 14, 1817. A celebrated French writer, she 
 was the daughter of Necker, the minister of finance un- 
 der Louis XVI. Already as a child she enjoyed in her 
 own home the society of men like Buffon, Marrnontel, 
 Grimm, and Gibbon, who were all personal friends of her 
 father, and who stimulated her to mental activity. She 
 especially admired J. .1. Rousseau, and devoted to him 
 her first serious essay, "Lettres sur le caractore et les 
 Merits de J. J. Rousseau "(1788). In 1786 she was married 
 
 953 
 
 to the Baron of Stael-Holstein, ambassador from Sweden 
 to France : he died in 1802. Madame de Stael spent a 
 couple of years in Germany (1803-04), and met both Goethe 
 and Schiller at Weimar. In 1805 she took a short trip to 
 Italy. In 1800 she published one of her best works, “ De 
 la literature considdrde dans ses rapports avec les insti- 
 tutions sociales.” In 1802 appeared her novel “ Delphine,” 
 and in 1807 “Corinne.” She returned to Germany in 1808 
 to finish “De TAllemagne,” her best-known work. The 
 first edition (Paris, 1810) was destroyed, presumably at the 
 instigation of Napoleon, who at all times evinced a spirit 
 of petty enmity toward the great writer. He was further- 
 more the cause of her exile from France (1812-14), when 
 she visited Austria, Russia, Sweden, and England. She also 
 wrote “ Considerations sur la revolution fran^aise ” (1818). 
 Other posthumous works by her are “Dix annees d’exil ” 
 and “ Essais dramatiques “ (1821), and finally her “CEuvres 
 inedites ” (1836). 
 
 Staempfli. See Stampfli. 
 
 Staffa (staf'a). A small island of the Inner 
 Hebrides, Scotland, off the western coast of 
 Mull, north of Iona and southwest of Ulva. It 
 contains Fingal’s Cave. 
 
 Stafford (Stafford), or Staffordshire (staff ord- 
 shir). [ME. Stafford, AS. Stafford, appar. from 
 stsef, staff, and ford, ford.] A midland county 
 of England, bounded by Cheshire on the north- 
 west, Derby and Leicester on the east, Warwick 
 on the southeast, Worcester on the south, and 
 Shropshire on the west. The surface is level or un- 
 dulating. Stafford produces iron, coal, clay, and marble, 
 and has manufactures of iron wares, pottery, ale, etc. It 
 was an ancient Druid stronghold. It formed part of the 
 medieval Mercia. Area (ad. co.), 1,128 square miles. 
 Population (pari, co.), 1,234,506. 
 
 Stafford. The capital of Staffordshire, situated 
 on the Sow in lat. 52° 48' N., long. 2° 6' W. It 
 
 has various manufactures, including boots and shoes. 
 It was the birthplace of Izaak Walton. Population, 
 20,895. 
 
 Stafford, Henry, second Duke of Buckingham. 
 Born in England about 1454: beheaded at Salis- 
 bury, Nov. 2, 1483. An English soldier, son of 
 Humphrey, the first duke. He was the most prom- 
 inent supporter of Richard III. in usurping the throne, 
 and in 1483 was made hereditary lord high constable of 
 England. Having joined a conspiracy to restore the Lan- 
 castrians, he was betrayed and executed. He is a promi- 
 nent character in Shakspere’s “King Richard III.” 
 
 Stafford, Humphrey, fourth Earl of Stafford, 
 afterward Duke of Buckingham. Born in 1402 : 
 killed at the battle of Northampton, July 10, 
 1460. An English soldier. He was present at the 
 coronation of Henry VI. as king of France in Paris in Dec., 
 1431. He was made lord high constable of England, and 
 in 1444 was created duke of Buckingham. 
 
 Stafford, First Viscount (William Howard). 
 
 Born in England, Nov. 30, 1614: executed on 
 Tower Hill, Dec. 29, 1680. The chief victim 
 of the Oates conspiracy, fifth son of Thomas 
 Howard, earl of Arundel. He was brought up as a 
 Roman Catholic. About 1634 he married Mary, sister and 
 heir of Henry, Baron Stafford, through whom he acquired 
 the title of Baron Stafford. He was created Viscount Staf- 
 ford in 1640. He was a Royalist during the civil war. He 
 was accused of complicity in the “Popish Plot ” of Titus 
 Oates, and of treason, and was convicted Dec. 7, 1680. 
 
 Stagira (sta-jl'ra), or Stagirus (sta-ji'rus). 
 [Gr. Irayeipa .] In ancient geography, a city on 
 the coast of Chalcidice, Macedonia, about 43 
 miles east of Thessalonica: the birthplace of 
 Aristotle. It was colonized from Andros. 
 
 Stagirite (staj'i-rlt), The. Aristotle : so named 
 from his birthplace Stagira. 
 
 Stagnelius (stag-na/le-os), Erik Johan. Born 
 in Oland, Sweden, Oct. 14, 1793: died at Stock- 
 holm, April 13, 1823. A Swedish poet. He stud- 
 ied at Lund and Upsala. Subsequently he received a mi- 
 nor government position at Stockholm, where he died 
 in his thirtieth year. His short life was embittered by 
 physical infirmity, and his cares and sufferings reflected 
 themselves in his poetry. His first important work was 
 the epic “Wladimir den Store ’’ (“ Wladimir the Great ’’), 
 which appeared in 1817. The year after he was awarded 
 the prize of the Academy for the poem “Quinnorna i 
 Norden" (“The Women of the North”). His greatest 
 work is the cycle of poems, philosophical-religious in 
 character, under the title “Liljor i Saron” (“The Lilies of 
 Sharon ”), published in 1821. Among his other works are 
 the uncompleted epics “Blenda" and “Gunlcig”; the dra- 
 matic poem “ Martyreme"(“ The Martyrs ”); the drama 
 “Riddartornet” (“ The Knight’s Tower’’) ; and the trage- 
 dies “Bacchantorna"(“The Bacchanals ”), “ Visbnr.”and 
 “Signrd Ring. " His collected works were published at 
 Stockholm, 1867-68, in 2 vols. 
 
 Stagnone (stan-yo'ne) Islands. A group of 
 small islands off the western coastof Sicily, north 
 of Marsala and south-southwest of Trapani. 
 
 Stahl (stal), Friedrich Julius. Born at Mu- 
 nich, Jan. 16, 1802: died at Briickenau, Bava- 
 ria, Aug. 10, 1861. A noted German political 
 philosopher and conservative politician : pro- 
 fessor at Berlin from 1840. He was an advocate for 
 close union between church and state. He wrote “Philo- 
 sophic dcs Rcchts" (1830-37), etc. 
 
 Stahl, Georg Ernst. Born at An sbach, Bava- 
 ria, Oct. 21, 1660: died at Berlin, May 14, 1734. 
 A noted German chemist, physician of the King 
 of Prussia from 1716. His works include “Theoriame- 
 
 Stampalia 
 
 dica vera ’’ (1707), “ Experiments et observationes cherni- 
 cse ” (1731), etc. 
 
 Stahr (star), Adolf Wilhelm Theodor. Born 
 at Prenzlau, Prussia, Oct. 22, 1805: died at 
 Wiesbaden, Prussia, Oct. 3, 1876. A German 
 Scholar and author. Among his works are “Aristo- 
 telia ” (1830-32) and various other works on Aristotle, 
 “ Ein Jahr in Italien ” (“A Year in Italy,” 1847-50), “ Die 
 preussische Revolution" (1850), “Torso, oder Kunst, 
 Kunstler, und Kunstwerke der Alten ” (1854-55), “Les- 
 sing” (1858), “Bilder aus dem Altertum ” (1863-66), etc. 
 
 Stahremberg. See Starhemberg. 
 
 Stainer (sta'ner), Sir John. Born June 6, 1840: 
 died March 31, 1901. An English composer of 
 sacred music, and organist. He was organist and 
 choir-master at St. Benedict and St. Peter’s in 1854, and 
 organist of the college at Tenbury in 185G. He matricu- 
 lated at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1859 ; and was organist 
 of the University of Oxford 1863-72, and of St. Paul’s, Lon- 
 don, 1872-88, when he resigned on account of failing sight. 
 He was professor of music at Oxford University 1889-99. 
 He was the author of a manual on harmony and of one on 
 the organ, and was editor with W. A. Barrett of a “ Dic- 
 tionary of Musical Terms ” (1870) . H e was knighted in 1888. 
 Staines (stanz). A town in the county of 
 Middlesex, England, situated on the Thames 
 19 miles west-southwest of London. Popular 
 tion, 6,688. 
 
 Stair, Earls of. See Dalrymple. 
 
 Stair, Viscount. See Dalrymple, James. 
 
 Stair of Sighs. See the extract. 
 
 The flight of steps which led from the door of the upper 
 prison down to the Forum was called the Scalse Gemo- 
 nise: or, according to Pliny (Hist. Nat., viii. 145), Gradus 
 Gemitorii, ‘ the stairs of sighs’; see also Tac., Hist., iii. 
 74 and 85. On it the body of Sabinus, and a few days 
 afterwards that of the murdered Vitellins, were thrown 
 (Suet.,Vit, 17); and in the reign of Tiberius the bodies of 
 jElius Sejanus, his family and friends, after they were 
 cruelly murdered by the Emperor’s orders, were exposed 
 on these Scalse to the number of twenty in one day ; see 
 Suet., Tib., 61. Middleton , Remains of Anc. Rome, I. 154. 
 
 Staked Plain, Sp. Llano Estacado (lya'no es- 
 ta-ka'do). Anextensive sterile plateau in north- 
 western Texas and southeastern New Mexico. 
 The name is derived from lines of stakes which were set 
 up to guide travelers, or, according to another account, 
 from the stalks of a yucca plant resembling stakes. 
 
 Staleybridge. See Stalybridge. 
 
 Stalybridge, or Staleybridge (sta'li-brij). A 
 town in Cheshire and Lancashire, England, situ- 
 ated on the Tame 7 miles east of Manchester. 
 It has important cotton manufactures. Popu- 
 lation, 27,673. 
 
 Stamboul (stam-bol'). [Turk. Istambul, from 
 MGr. tif t!/v irdXiv, into the city.] The Turkish 
 name of Constantinople, and also, in a narrower 
 use, of the oldest part of it, southwest of the 
 Golden Horn. 
 
 Stambuloff (stam-bo'lof), Stephen. Born 1853: 
 died at Sofia, July 18, 1895. A Bulgarian liberal 
 politician. He was president of the Sobranye 1884-86 ; 
 one of the regents, 1886-87, between the abdication of 
 Alexander and the accession of Ferdinand : and premier 
 1887-94. He was shot by an assassin July 15, 1895. 
 
 Stamford (stam'ford). [ME. Stamford, AS. Stan- 
 ford, stone ford.] A town in Lincolnshire and 
 Northamptonshire, England, situated on the 
 Welland. It was one of the “ five Danish 
 boroughs.” Population, 8,229. 
 
 Stamford. A city in Fairfield County, Con- 
 necticut, situated on Long Island Sound. Pop- 
 ulation, 25,138; township, 28,836, (1910). 
 Stamford (stam'ford), Battle of. A victory 
 gained by Edward IV. over the Lancastrian in- 
 surgents in 1470. Also called the battle of Lose- 
 coat Field. 
 
 Stamford Bridge. A place in Yorkshire, Eng- 
 land, 8 miles east-northeast of York. Here, Sept., 
 1066, the English under Harold II. defeated the army of 
 Harold Hardrada of Norway and Tostig. 
 
 Stammerer (stam'er-er), The. A surname of 
 Louis II. of France, and also of Michael H. t 
 Byzantine emperor. 
 
 Stamp Act. An act imposing or regulating the 
 imposition of stamp duties ; in American colo- 
 nial history, an act, also known as Grenville’s 
 Stamp Act, passed by the British Parliament in 
 1765, providing for the raising of revenue in the 
 American colonies by the sale of stamps and 
 stampedpaperforcommercialtransactions, real- 
 estate transfers, lawsuits, marriage licenses, in- 
 heritances, etc. : it also provided that the royal 
 forces in America should bo billeted on the peo- 
 ple. The act was to go into effect Nov. I, 1705; but it 
 aroused intense opposition, led by the assemblies of Vir- 
 ginia, Massachusetts, and other colonies. A “Stamp Act 
 Congress,” with delegates from many of the colonies, met 
 at New York in Oct., 1765, and a petition against this and 
 other repressive measures was sent, to England. The Stamp 
 Actwas repealed in March, 1766, but the agitation was one 
 of the leading causes in effecting the Revolution. 
 
 Stampalia (stam-piL-le'S), or Astropalia (as- 
 tro-pa-le'ii). An island in the iEgean Sea, be- 
 
Stampalia 
 
 longing to Turkey, 77 miles west-northwest of 
 Rhodes: the ancient Astypalaea. Length, 13 
 miles. 
 
 Stampfli (stempf'li), Jakob. Born at Schiip- 
 fen, Bern, Switzerland, 1820: died at Bern, May 
 15, 1879. A Swiss liberal politician. He was presi- 
 dent of the government of the canton of Bern 1849-50, and 
 was vice-president of the Bundesrat in 1855, and president 
 in 1S56 and 1862. He was president of the federal bank in 
 Bern from 1865. 
 
 StancMo (stan'ke-o). A modern name of Cos. 
 Standard, Battle of the. A victory gained by 
 the English, led by Archbishop Thurstan, over 
 the Scots under King David, near Northallerton, 
 Yorkshire, in 1138 : so called from the English 
 banner. 
 
 Standish (stan'dish), Miles or Myles. Born 
 in Lancashire, England, about 1584: died at 
 Duxhury, Mass., Oct. 3, 1656. One of the early 
 colonists of New England. He served in the Nether- 
 lands as a soldier; came over in the Mayflower to Ply- 
 month in 1620, and was appointed captain by the Pilgrims ; 
 commanded various expeditions against the Indians, de- 
 feating them at Weymouth in 1623 ; was agent of the colony 
 in England 1625-26; and was one of the settlers and a 
 magistrate of Duxhury. He is the subject of a poem by 
 Longfellow, “The Courtship of Mies Standish." 
 
 Stanfield (stan'feld), Clarkson. Born at Sun- 
 derland, England, Dec. 3, 1793: died March 
 18, 1867. A noted English painter, chiefly of 
 marine subjects. He was a sailor in his youth. In 
 1818 he painted scenery for the Old Royalty, a sailors' 
 theater, in London. From 1822-34 he painted at Drury 
 Lane. In 1827 he exhibited his first important picture, 
 “Wreckers off Fort Rouge," at the British Institution. 
 In 1830 he traveled on the Continent. He was made 
 associate royal academician in 1832, and royal academician 
 in 1835. Among his paintings are “ The Battle of Trafal- 
 gar " (1836), “ The Castle of Ischia ” (1841), “ Isola Bella " 
 *(1842), “Battle of Roveredo" (1851), etc. 
 
 Stanford (stan'ford), Sir Charles Villiers. 
 
 Born at Dublin, Sept. 30, 1852. A British com- 
 poser and conductor. In 1872 he was appointed con- 
 ductor of the Cambridge University Musical Society, and 
 graduated there in 1874. He is professor of composition 
 aud orchestral playing at the Royal College of Music, Lon- 
 don, and in 1887 was elected professor of music at the Uni- 
 versity of Cambridge. Among his compositions are the 
 operas “The Veiled Prophet of Klrorassan" (1881), “Sa- 
 vonarola " (1884), and “ The Canterbury PilgTinis ’’ (1884). 
 He lias also written many overtures, songs, suites, etc. , anil 
 some church music. He was knighted in 1902. 
 
 Stanford fstan'ford), Leland. Born at Water- 
 vliet, N. Y., March 9, 1824: died at Palo Alto, 
 Cal., June 20, 1893. An American capitalist 
 and politician. He was Republican governor of Cali- 
 fornia 1861-63 ; first president of the Central Pacific Rail- 
 road (elected 1861); and United States senator from Cali- 
 fornia 1885-93. He gave to California the Leland Stanford 
 Junior University at Palo Alto, with an endowment of 
 about §20,000,000. 
 
 Stanhope (stan'op), Charles, third Earl Stan- 
 hope. Born Aug. 3, 1753: died at Chevening, 
 Kent, Dec. 15, 1816. An English statesman and 
 scientist. He was educated at Eton and Geneva. From 
 1780 to 1786, when he succeeded to the earldom, he wasmem- 
 ber of Parliament for Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, and was 
 a supporterof Pitt, whose sister he married Dec. 19, 1774. In 
 the arbitrary measures of his later career Lord Stanhope 
 opposed his brother-in-law. He was chairman of the 
 “Revolutionary Society," formed in commemoration of 
 the revolution of 1688, which sympathized with the French 
 Revolution ; and in 1795 introduced a motion in the 
 House of Lords deprecating interference with French af- 
 fairs. He was left in a “minority of one," a sobriquet 
 which clung to him, and left Parliament for five years. 
 He was caricatured by Sayers and Gillray. On March 17, 
 1781, he married as his second wife a niece of the first Earl 
 Temple and George Grenville. Lady Hester Stanhope 
 was a daughter of his first wife. He invented the Stan- 
 hope printing-press and lens, improved canal-locks, and 
 (1795-97) made experiments in steam navigation. He pub- 
 lished “ Principles of Electricity " (1779) and a reply to 
 Burke's “ Reflections on the Revolution in France "(1790). 
 
 Stanhope, Lady Hester Lucy. Bom at Lon- 
 don, March 12, 1776: died at Djoun in Mount 
 Lebanon, June 23, 1839. Daughter of the third 
 Earl Stanhope, and niece of William Pitt, and 
 from 1803 the head of Pitt’s household and his 
 private secretary. She attended his death-bed. In 
 Feb., 1810, she left England and established a small satrapy 
 at Djoun in Mount Lebanon. In 1832 Ibrahim Pasha, when 
 about to invade Syria, was obliged to secure her neutrality. 
 Her “Memoirs, as Related by Herself in Conversations 
 with her Physician" (Dr. Meryon), were published in 1845, 
 and later (1846) the “Memoirs ” were supplemented by her 
 “ Travels. 
 
 Stanhope, James, first Earl Stanhope. Born 
 at Pans, 1673: died at London, Feb. 5, 1721. 
 An English general and politician, nephew of 
 the second Earl of Chesterfield. He resided in 
 Spain, where his father was minister ; entered the army in 
 1694 ; entered Parliament in 1701 ; served as brigadier, 
 general at the siege of Barcelona in 1705 ; was command. 
 er-in-chief in Spain in 1708, when he captured Port 
 Mahon; with Starhemberg defeated the Spaniards at Al- 
 menara July 17, 1710, and at Saragossa Aug. 20; and sur- 
 rendered at Brihuega (1710). On the accession of George 
 I. (1714) he was appointed secretary of state ; in 1717 was 
 first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer ; 
 and in April, 1718, was created Earl Stanhope. 
 
 954 
 
 Stanhope, Philip Dormer, fourth Earl of Ches- 
 terfield. Born at London, Sept. 22, 1694: died 
 March 24, 1773. An English politician, orator, 
 and writer : famous as a man of fashion. He was 
 a graduate of Trinity Hail, Cambridge ; occupied a num- 
 ber of diplomatic positions ; and was lord lieutenant of 
 Ireland 1744-46. His chief work is “Letters to his Son," 
 which were not written for publication, but were published 
 in 1774. These letters give instruction in manners 
 and morals, and the method of “ uniting wickedness and 
 the graces," written by the man who of all others in Eng- 
 land desired to be considered the mirror of politeness. It 
 was to Chesterfield that Johnson wrote his celebrated in- 
 vective about the dictionary in 1755, which is now thought 
 to be unjust. 
 
 Stanhope, Philip Henry, fifth Earl Stanhope, 
 designated by the courtesy title Lord Mahon 
 before his accession to the earldom. Bom Jan. 
 30, 1805: died at Bournemouth, Dec. 24, 1875. 
 An English historian and politician, grandson of 
 the third Earl Stanhope. He wrote a “ History of Eng- 
 land from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles ’’ 
 (1836-53) ; “ The War of Succession in Spain ” (1832) ; lives 
 of Belisarius, Cond6, Joan of Arc, and William Pitt; and 
 a “History of England, comprising the Reign of Anne un- 
 til the Peace of Utrecht ” (1870). 
 
 Stanihurst. See Stanyliurst. 
 
 Stanislaus (stan'is-las), or Stanislas (stan'is- 
 las), Saint. Born 1030 : killed 1079. Bishop of 
 Cracow, andpatron saint of Poland. 
 Stanislaus I. Leszcynski (lesh-cktin'ske). 
 Born at Lemberg, Galicia, Oct. 20, 1677 : died 
 Feb. 23, 1766. King of Poland, elected as the 
 candidate of Charles XII. of Sweden in 1704, 
 and crowned in 1705. He was obliged to leave Poland 
 in 1709; was again a candidate in 1733; and formally ab- 
 dicated in 1735, hut retained the title and received the 
 duchies of Lorraine and Bar in 1737. 
 
 Stanislaus II. Augustus (a-gus'tus) (Ponia- 
 towski). Born at Wolczyn, Lithuania, Jan. 
 17, 1732 : died at St. Petersburg, Feb. 12, 1798. 
 King of Poland 1764-95. He was elected through 
 the intervention of Russia. He was in 1795 forced to sign 
 the third partition of Poland, which put an end to his 
 kingdom. 
 
 Stanislaus River. A river in California which 
 joins the San Joaquin 22 miles south of Stock- 
 ton. Length, over 150 miles. 
 
 Stanislawow. See Stanislaus. 
 
 Stanko (stan'ko). A modern name of Cos. 
 Stanley. See Falkland Islands. 
 
 Stanley (stan'li), Arthur Penrhyn. Born at 
 Alderley, Cheshire, England, Dec. 13, 1815 : died 
 at London, July 18, 1881. An English divine, 
 histprian, and theological writer. He was a tu- 
 tor in Oxford 1843-51 ; canon of Canterbury 1851-56 ; and 
 professor of ecclesiastical history in Oxford 1856-63. He 
 was appointed dean of W estminster 1863, and entered on the 
 office in 1864. He traveled in Egypt and Palestine 1852-53, 
 in Russia in 1857, in Egypt and Palestine with the Prince 
 of Wales in 1862, aud in America in 1878. He was a 
 leader of the “Broad Church." His works include “Life 
 and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold "(1844), “Sermons 
 on the Apostolic Age ’’ (1847), “ Commentary on the Epistles 
 to the Corinthians" (1855), “Memorials of Canterbury" 
 (1855), “Sinai and Palestine” (1856), “Lectures on the His- 
 tory of the Eastern Church " (1861), “ History of the Jewish 
 Church ” (1863-76), “ Historical Memorials of Westminster 
 Abbey”(1868), “ Essays on Church and State" (1870), “Church 
 of Scotland " (1872), and “ Christian Institutions ” (1881). 
 
 Stanley, Edward George Geoffrey Smith, 
 
 fourteenth Earl of Derby. Born at Knowsley, 
 Lancashire, England, March 29, 1799: died at 
 Knowsley, Oct. 23, 1869. A British statesman. 
 He entered Parliament in 1822 ; was chief secretary for 
 Ireland 1830-33, and colonial secretary 1833-34 and 1841-44 ; 
 was created Baron Stanley in 1844 ; succeeded to the eari- 
 dom in 1851 ; and was premier in 1852, 1858-59, and 1866- 
 1868. He published a translation of the Iliad (1864). 
 
 Stanley, Edward Henry Smith, fifteenth Earl 
 of Derby. Born at Knowsley, Lancashire, Eng- 
 land, July 21, 1826: died there, April 21, 1893. 
 A British politician, son of the fourteenth Earl 
 of Derby. He was secretary of state for India 1858-59 ; 
 foreign secretary 1866-68 and 1874-78 ; and colonial sec- 
 retary 1882-85. Originally a Conservative, he acted with 
 the Liberals from 1880 to 1886, when he joined the Liberal- 
 Unionists. 
 
 Stanley, Frederick Arthur, sixteenth Earl of 
 Derby. Born Jan. 15, 1841 : died at London, 
 June 14, 1908. An English nobleman, second 
 son of the fourteenth earl. He was financial sec- 
 retary of the treasury 1877-78 ; secretary for war 1878-S0 ; 
 colonial secretary 1885-86; president of the board of 
 trade 1886-88 ; and governor-general of Canada 1888-93. 
 He was raised to the peerage as Baron Stanley of Preston 
 in 1886, and in 1893 succeeded to the earldom. 
 
 Stanley, Sir Henry Morton (originally John 
 Rowlands). Born near Denbigh, Wales, 1841: 
 died at London, May 10, 1904. A noted Afri- 
 can explorer. He was of obscure parentage; was 
 thrown upon his own resources at an early age ; and,,it 
 is said, worked his way as a cahin-boy to New Orleans, 
 where he was employed by a merchant named Stanley, 
 whose name he adopted. He served in the Confederate 
 army, and later in the United States navy ; went to Tur- 
 key as a newspaper correspondent ; went with the British 
 expedition to Abyssinia in 1868 as correspondent of the 
 New York “ Herald ” ; was sent oy the “ Herald ” in search 
 
 Stapleton 
 
 of Livingstone in 1869; started from Zanzibar March, 1871 ; 
 found Livingstone at Ujiji Nov., 1871, and returned 1872- 
 was sent by the “Herald " and London “Telegraph" to 
 central Africa 1874 ; left the coast Nov., 1874 ; circum- 
 navigated Victoria Nyanza 1875 ; explored Albert Nyanza 
 and Tanganyika ; discovered the Albert Edward Nyanza, 
 and descended the Lualaba (Kongo) 1876-77. To him 
 is due the demonstration that the great system of 
 waters immediately west of Lake Tanganyika, including 
 the lake itself, lies in the upper basin of the Kongo, and 
 is tributary to that river. He was sent under the auspices 
 of the International African Association to develop the 
 Kongo region 1879 ; was instrumental in founding the 
 Free State of the Kongo ; took part in the KoDgo confer- 
 ence in Berlin 1884-85 ; was sent to the relief of Emiu 
 Pasha 1887 ; returned with Emin from the Nile to the 
 coast 1889 ; and arrived in England in 1890. He wrote 
 “ How I Found Livingstone ” (1872), “ Through the Bark 
 Continent” (1878), “The Congo and the Founding of its 
 Free State ’’ (1885), “ In Darkest Africa ” (1890), “ My Dark 
 Companions, etc." (1893), “Slavery and the Slave Trade 
 in Africa” (1893), etc. His “Autobiography,” edited by 
 his wife, appeared in 1909. See Century Atlas, Map 109. 
 Stanley, Sir Hubert. An impoverished squire 
 in Thomas Morton’s comedy “ A Cure for the 
 Heart Ache ” (1797). The phrase “Approbation from 
 Sir Hubert Stanley is praise indeed” occurs in Act v., 
 scene 2. 
 
 Stanley, Thomas. Born in Hertfordshire, 
 1625: died at London, April 12, 1678. An Eng- 
 lish translator, poet, and miscellaneous writer, 
 authorof a “History of Philosophy” (1655-62). 
 
 Stanley Falls. [Named from Henry M. Stan- 
 ley.] A series of falls in the upper Kongo, 
 situated near the equator. 
 
 Stanley Pool. [From H. M. Stanley.] A lake 
 formed by the Kongo, about lat. 4° 5' S. 
 Stanmore, Lord. See Gordon, Arthur Hamilton. 
 Stanovoi (sta-no-voi') Mountains. Amountain- 
 chain in eastern Siberia, which extends from the 
 borders of Mongolia and Manchuria to Bering 
 Strait. It connects in the southwest with the 
 Yablonoi Mountains. Height, 5,000-7,000 feet. 
 Stanton (stan'ton), Edwin McMasters. Bom 
 at Steubenville, Ohio, Dec. 19, 1814: died at 
 Washington, D. C., Dec. 24, 1869. A noted 
 American statesman and jurist. He was educated 
 for the bar ; practised in Ohio, at Pittsburg, and at Wash- 
 ington before the United States Supreme Court ; was at- 
 torney-general Dec., 1860, -March, 1861; was appointed 
 secretary of war by President Lincoln in Jan., 1862 ; was 
 suspended by President Johnson in Aug., 1867 ; and was 
 restored by the Senate in Jan., 1868. Johnson s attempt 
 to remove him in Feb., 1868, caused the impeachment of 
 the President : on the latter’s acquittal in May, 1868, Stan- 
 ton resigned. He was appointed associate justice of the 
 United States Supreme Court, Dec. 20, 1869. 
 
 Stanton, Mrs. (Elizabeth Cady). Bom at 
 Johnstown, N. Y., Nov. 12, 1815: died at New 
 York, Oct. 26, 1902. An American reformer, a 
 prominentadvocate ofwomansuflrage. Theflrst 
 woman s rights convention was held at her house in 1848. 
 Stanwix (stan'wiks), John. Born in England 
 about 1690 : lost at sea, Oct., 1766. An English 
 general in the French and Indian war. He 
 erected Fort Stanwix on the Mohawk in 1758. 
 stanyhurst (stan'i-herst), Richard. Bom at 
 Dublin in 1547 : died at Brussels, 1618. An 
 Irish miscellaneous author and translator, an 
 uncle of Archbishop Usher. He was educated at 
 University College, Oxford, and studied law at Fumival’a 
 Inn. Later he became the chaplain of Albert, archduke 
 of Austria, the governor of the Spanish Netherlands. He 
 translated the first four books of Vergil's “ Aneid," printed 
 with translations of four of the PBalms, etc., in Leyden in 
 1582, and the next year in London. “ This wonderful 
 book (in which the spelling is only less marvellous than 
 the phraseology and verse) shows more than anything else 
 the active throes which English literature was undergoing; 
 and though the result was but a false birth, it is none the 
 less interesting ” ( Saintibury ). He also wrote the descrip- 
 tion of Ireland in Holinshed’s “Chronicles,” a life of St. 
 Patrick (1587), etc. 
 
 Stanz (slants), or Stans (stans). The capital 
 of the canton of Unterwalden nid-dem-Wald, 
 Switzerland, 7 miles south-southeast of Lu- 
 cerne. It was the scene of a battle between the 
 French and the men of Unterwalden Sept. 9, 
 1798. Population, 2,798. 
 
 stanzerthal (stant'ser-tal). An Alpine valley 
 in western Tyrol, 50 miles west of Innsbruck. 
 Staple of News (sta'pl ov nuz), The. A com- 
 edy by Ben Jonson, acted in 1625. 
 
 Staples (sta'plz), William Read. Bora at 
 Providence, R. I., Oct. 10, 1798 : died at Provi- 
 dence, Oct. 19, 1868. An American historian 
 and jurist, author of several historical and legal 
 works relating to Rhode Island. 
 
 Stapleton (sta'pl-ton), or Stapylton, Sir Rob- 
 ert. Died in 1669. An English soldier, trans- 
 lator, dramatist, and poet. He was a student at Donai, 
 but was converted to Protestantism, and became gentle- 
 man usher to King Charles II. He translated Juvenal and 
 Musicus, and wrote two plays, “The Slighted Maid ” (acted 
 in 1663) and Hero and Leander,” based on Musseus(printed 
 in 1669). Langbaine states that he translated De Marrnet a 
 “Entertainments of the Coura, or Academical Conversa- 
 
Stapleton 
 
 tions” (1658) and De Bergerac's “Government of the 
 World in the Moon” (1659), but these should be credited 
 to Thomas Saint Serfe (or Sydserf). 
 
 Star and Garter. A famous tavern formerly 
 standing in Pall Mall, London. 
 
 Starbuck (star'buk) Island. A small island in 
 the Pacific, in lat. 5° 38' S., long. 155° 55' W. 
 It has deposits of guano. 
 
 Star Chamber (star cham'ber). [So called, it 
 is said, because the roof was orig. ornamented 
 with stars: perhaps from Heb. shtar, a contract, 
 the name of the financial documents executed 
 between the exchequerof the Jews(who farmed 
 the British revenues) and the early kings of 
 England.] In English history, a court of civil 
 and criminal jurisdiction at Westminster, it was 
 constituted in view of offenses and controversies most fre- 
 quent at the royal court, or affecting the interests of the 
 crown, suchas maintenance, fraud, libel, conspiracy, or riots 
 resulting from faction or oppression, but freely took juris- 
 diction of other crimes and misdemeanors, and adminis- 
 tered justice by arbitrary authority instead of according 
 to the common law. Such a jurisdiction was exercised at 
 least as early as the reign of Henry VI., the tribunal then 
 consisting of the privy council. A statute of 3 Henry 
 VII. authorized a committee of the council to exercise 
 such a jurisdiction, and this tribunal grew in power (al- 
 though successive statutes from the time of Edward IV. 
 were enacted to restrain it) until it fell into disuse in the 
 latter part of the reign of Henry VIII. In 31 Henry VIII., 
 a statute declared that the king’s proclamation should 
 have theforce of law, and that offenders might be punished 
 by the ordinary members of the council sitting with cer- 
 tain bishops and judges “in theSterr Chamber at Westm. 
 or elsewhere.” In 1640 the court of Star Chamber was 
 abolished by an act of 16 Charles I., reciting that “the 
 reasons and motives inducing the erection and continu- 
 ance of that court [of Star Chamber] do now cease.” 
 
 Starhemberg (sta'rem- berG), Count Ernst 
 Rudiger. Born at Gratz, Styria, 1035: died in 
 1701. An Austrian field-marshal, celebrated as 
 commander of Vienna during the attack by the 
 Turks in 1683. 
 
 Starhemberg, Count Guido. Born Nov. 11, 
 1654: died at Vienna, March 7, 1737. A noted 
 Austrian field-marshal, cousin of Count E. It. 
 Starhemberg: distinguishedintheTurkishwars. 
 As Austrian commander in Spain, he gained with Stan- 
 hope the victories of Almenara and Saragossa in 1710. 
 Stark (stark), John. Born at Londonderry, 
 N. H., Aug. 28, 1728 : died at Manchester, N. H., 
 May 8, 1822. A noted American general. He 
 was taken captive by the Indians in 1752 ; was an officer 
 in Rogers's Rangers in the French and Indian war, and 
 distinguished himself in the campaigns near Lakes Cham- 
 plain and George. He was colonel of a regiment at the bat- 
 tle of Bunker Hill in 1775 ; served in the expedition against 
 Canada, and in the battles of Trenton and Princeton ; won 
 the victory of Bennington Aug. 16, 1777; and later was 
 commander of the Northern Department. He was a mem- 
 ber of the court martial which condemned Andre. 
 
 Starnberg (starn'berG). A village and summer 
 resort on the northern shore of the Starnber- 
 gersee. 
 
 Starnbergersee (starn'berg-er-za), or Staren- 
 bergersee, or Stahrenbergersee (sta'ren- 
 berg // er-za), or Wiirmsee (vtirm'za). A lake in 
 Upper Bavaria, 14 miles southwest of Munich. 
 Its outlet is by the Wiirm to the Isar. Length, 
 13 miles. 
 
 Star-Spangled Banner, The. An American 
 national song, composed by Francis Scott Key, 
 Sept., 1814, at the time of the bombardment 
 of Fort McHenry (near Baltimore) by the Brit- 
 ish. It was set to the music of “Anacreon in 
 Heaven.” 
 
 Start (start) Point. Aheadland in Devonshire, 
 England, 25 miles southeast of Plymouth, pro- 
 jecting into the English Channel. 
 
 Starucca (sta-ruk'a) Viaduct. Astone viaduct 
 of the Erie Railway over Starucca Creek, near 
 Lanesborough, Susquehanna County, Pennsyl- 
 vania. Height, 110 feet. Length, 1,200 feet. 
 Starvation Dundas. A nickname given to Lord 
 Melville (Henry Dundas) because in 1775, in a 
 speech on American affairs, he invented (or 
 brought into notice) the word “starvation.” 
 Starveling (starv'ling). In Shakspere’s “Mid- 
 summer Night’s Dream,” a tailor who plays the 
 part of Thisbe’s mother in the interpolated play. 
 Stassfurt (stiis'fort). A town in the province 
 of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Bode 20 
 miles south of Magdeburg : one of the centers 
 of salt-production in Germany. It has manu- 
 factures of chemicals. Pop., commune, 18,310. 
 Staten (stat'n) Island. An island forming Rich- 
 mond County, New York, and the borough of 
 Richmond in the enlarged city of New York. 
 It is separated from Long Island by the Narrows, and 
 from New Jersey (north and west) by the Kill van Hull, 
 Newark Bay, and Staten Island Sound. Its surface is un- 
 dulating, and hilly in the north. Length, 13 miles. Area, 
 58 square miles. Population, 85,969, (1910). 
 
 Staten (stat'n or sta'ten) Island. An island 
 at the southeastern extremity of the archipel- 
 
 955 
 
 ago of Tierra del Fuego, separated from the 
 main island by the Strait of Le Maire. Length, 
 about 50 miles. 
 
 Staten Island Sound. An arm of the Atlantic 
 which separates Staten Island from New Jer- 
 sey, and connects Newark Bay on the north 
 with Raritan Bay on the south. 
 
 States, The. 1. The Netherlands. — 2. The 
 United States of America. 
 
 States, The. The legislative body in the island of 
 Jersey. It consists of the bailiff, jurats of the royal court, 
 constables, rectors of the parishes, and fourteen depu- 
 ties. Thelieutenant-governorhastheveto power. Guern- 
 sey has a similar body, the Deliberative States, and a more 
 popular assembly, the Elective States. 
 
 States-General (stats 'jen'e-ral). [F. Ittats- 
 G&neraux .] The name given to the legislative 
 assemblies of France before the revolution of 
 1789, and to those of the Netherlands. 
 
 States of the Church. See Papal States. 
 
 State street. A street in Boston, Massachu- 
 setts, noted as a financial center. 
 
 Statira (sta-ti'ra). [Gr. Irdretpa.'] 1. The wife 
 of Artaxerxes Mnemon, king of Persia: put 
 to death by Parysatis. — 2. The wife of Darius 
 Codomannus, king of Persia: taken prisoner 
 by Alexander the Great after the battle of 
 Issus. — 3. The daughter of Darius Codoman- 
 nus, and wife of Alexander the Great. She was 
 put to death by Roxana. Also called Barsine. 
 
 Statius, Caecilius. See Ceecilius Statius. 
 
 Statius (sta'shi-us), Publius Papinius. Born 
 about 45 A. D.: died about 96. A Roman poet: 
 court poet to Domitian. He wrote the epics “ The- 
 bais ” and “ Achilleis ” (unfinished), and the collection 
 “Silvse.” 
 
 Stator (sta'tor). [L., 1 the stayer.’] A surname 
 of Jupiter as the stayer of flight. 
 
 Staubbach (stoub'bach). A waterfall in the 
 Bernese Oberland, Switzerland, situated near 
 Lauterbrunnen, 9 miles south of Interlaken. 
 Height, 980 feet. 
 
 Stauffacher (stquf'fach // er), Werner. Accord- 
 ing to tradition, a patriot of Schwyz who, with 
 Arnoldvon Melchthal and Walter Fiirst, planned 
 the liberation of Switzerland on the Riitli, 1307. 
 
 Staunton (stan'ton). A river in southern Vir- 
 ginia which breaks through the Blue Ridge 
 and unites with the Dan at Clarksville, Meck- 
 lenburg County, to form the Roanoke. Length, 
 about 200 miles. 
 
 Staunton (stan'ton), Sir George. The seducer 
 of Effie Deans in Scott’s “Heart of Midlothian.” 
 Also known as Gentle Geordie. 
 
 Staunton, Sir George Leonard. Born in Ire- 
 land, 1737 : died 1801. A British diplomatist in 
 India and China. He published “An Authentic Ac- 
 count of an Embassy from the King of Great Britain to 
 the Emperor of China" (1797). 
 
 Staunton, Howard. Born about 1810 : died at 
 London, June 22, 1874. An Euglish chess- 
 player, writer on chess, and Shaksperian com- 
 mentator. He defeated the French chess-player Saint- 
 Amant in 1843, and was regarded as the strongest player 
 of that time. He was for many years the chess editor of 
 the “Illustrated London News,” and by his column there 
 and his books did much to expound and popularize the 
 game. He published an edition of Shakspere (1857-60), 
 “Memorials of Shakspere ” (1864), a facsimile of the folio 
 of 1623 (1864), “ The Great Schools of England ” (1865), 
 “Chess-Player's Handbook ” (1847), “Chess-Player's Com- 
 panion" (1849), “Chess Praxis" (1860). 
 
 Stavanger (sta-viing'ger). A maritime amt 
 of southwestern Norway. Area, 3,531 square 
 miles. Population, 127,592. 
 
 Stavanger. A seaport, capital of the amt of 
 Stavanger, Norway, situated on Stavanger 
 Fjord in lat. (lighthouse) 58° 58' N., long. 5° 
 44' E. It has important trade, and exports fish, espe- 
 cially herringB. The cathedral of Stavanger was founded 
 in the 11th century and rebuilt in the 13th. The massive 
 nave-piers, of Byzantine character, belong to the original 
 building. The choir is Pointed ; it is flanked by four 
 towers and has a fine east window. There are two note- 
 worthy doorways on each side. The west tower is ruinous. 
 The church measures 250 by 70 feet. Stavanger is one of 
 the oldest towns in Norway. Population, 30,613. 
 
 Stavanger Fjord (fyord). A bay on the south- 
 western coast of Norway, near Stavanger. 
 
 Stavenhagen (sta'ven-ba-gen), Bernhard. 
 Born at Greiz, Nov. 24, 1862. A German com- 
 poser and pianist. He studied at Berlin ; in 1880 re- 
 ceived the Mendelssohn prize ; and in 1885 became a pupil 
 of Liszt. He appeared at New York in 1894. He has 
 written Norse songs and piano pieces, etc. 
 
 Stavoren (stii'vo-ren). A small town in the 
 province of Friesland, Netherlands, at the en- 
 trance to the Zuyder Zee, 22 miles south-south- 
 west of Franeker. It was the ancient Friesian 
 capital, and a prosperous seaport in the middle 
 ages. 
 
 Stavropol (stiiv'ro-poly). 1. A government of 
 Caucasia, Russia, bordering on the Caspian 
 
 Steelyard 
 
 Sea south of Astrakhan and the province of 
 the Don Cossacks. Area, 20,654 square miles. 
 Population, 1,088,800. — 2. The capital of the 
 government of Stavropol, about lat. 45° N. 
 It was built as a military post about 1776. 
 Population, 41,590. 
 
 Stead (sted ), william Thomas. Born at Em- 
 
 bleton, Northumberland, July 5, 1849: drowned 
 in the wreck of the Titanic, April 15, 1912. 
 An English journalist, son of a Congregational 
 minister. He left school at. the age of fourteen in order 
 to become oftice-boy in a mercantile office. He was ap- 
 pointed editor of the “ Northern Echo ” (Darlington) in 
 1871, and in 1880 assistant editor of the “ Pall Mall Ga- 
 zette," of which he was editor 1883-89. In 1890 he founded 
 the “Review of Reviews,” of which he was the editor and 
 publisher. 
 
 Stedinger (sted'ing-er). [From OS.stath, beach, 
 shore.] In the middle ages, the dwellers along 
 the lower Weser. They resisted the authority of the 
 archbishop of Bremen and were overthrown at Altenesch, 
 ★May, 1234. 
 
 Stedman (sted'man), Edmund Clarence. Bom 
 
 at Hartford, Conn., Oct. 8, 1833: died at New 
 York, Jan. 18, 1908. A noted American poet 
 and critic. He entered Yale in 1849, leaving in his 
 junior year; was war correspondent of the New York 
 “World" 1861-63; and later became a stock-broker in 
 New York city. He published “ Poems Lyric and Idyllic " 
 (1860), “ Alice of Monmouth, and other Poems ” (1864), 
 “ The Blameless Prince, and other Poems ” (1869), “ Haw- 
 thorne, and other Poems " (1877), “ Lyrics and Idylls, etc.” 
 (1879), and various poems for public occasions, as “ Gettys- 
 burg,” “ Dartmouth Ode,” etc. His collected poems were 
 published in 1884. His chief critical works are “ Victorian 
 Poets ” (1875 : revised ed., with supplement, 1887), “ Edgar 
 Allan Poe" (1880), and “Poets of America” (1885). With 
 Ellen Mackay Hutchinson he edited “A Library of Ameri- 
 can Literature, etc.” (11 vols. 1888-90). 
 
 Stedman, John Gabriel. Born in Holland, 
 1744: died in 1797. An officer in the Dutch 
 service. He was brevet captain in an expedition against 
 the “ bush negroes ’ of Dutch Guiana, 1772-77. He pub- 
 lished “Narrative of an Expedition against the Revolted 
 Negroes of Surinam "(2 vols. 1796). It is one of the stan- 
 dard works on Guiana. 
 
 Steedman (sted'man), James Barrett. Bom 
 
 in Northumberland County, Pa., July 30, 1818: 
 died at Toledo, Ohio, Oct. 18, 1883. A Union 
 general in the Civil War. He served in West Vir- 
 ginia and Kentucky ; and was distinguished at Chieka- 
 mauga in 1863, and in the Atlantic and Nashville cam- 
 paigns in 1864. 
 
 Steele, Sir Richard. Born at Dublin, March, 
 1672 : died near Carmarthen, Sept. 1, 1729. A 
 British essayist, dramatist, and Whig politician: 
 companion of Addison at the Charterhouse 
 School, and later at Oxford. He did not gradu- 
 ate, but entered the army (1694), serving as a trooper 
 under the Duke of Ormonde, and becoming a captain. 
 He was gazetteer 1707-10, and later member of Parlia- 
 ment, but was expelled for seditious language in “The 
 Crisis." He was knighted and held various offices under 
 George I. He was a member of the Kit-Kat Club, and in 
 1707 is said to have tirst met Swift : by 1710 their relations 
 became strained, and in 1719 he quarreled with Addison. 
 He was extremely careless in money matters and incon- 
 sistent in morals, but warm-hearted and impulsive. He 
 founded and edited the “ Tatler” 1709-11, under the name 
 of Isaac Bickerstaffe, and next to Addison was chief con- 
 tributor to the “Spectator” 1711-12. He founded and was 
 chief contributor to the “Guardian” in 1713. To attack 
 the Tory ministry he started “The Englishman ” in Oct., 
 1713: his later ventures, “Town Talk,” “The Tea Table,” 
 and “ Chit Chat," were unsuccessful. In his most famous 
 political periodical, “The Plebeian” (1718), he opposed 
 Addison on Sunderland's Peerage BilL His last venture 
 was “The Theatre ” (Jan.- April, 1720) : about this time he 
 was patentee of Drury Lane. In 1714 he wrote “ An Apol- 
 ogy " for himself and his writings. He was an ardent Whig, 
 and in 1710 lost his gazetteership on the accession of the 
 Tories to power. He wrote the treatise “ The Christian 
 Hero ’’ (1701 : a manual of religious ethics at variance 
 with his loose career), and the comedies (which were writ- 
 ten with the avowed purpose of reforming the morals of 
 the age) “The Funeral " (1701), “The Lying Lover” (1704), 
 “The Tender Husband ” (1706), “The Conscious Lovers ” 
 (1722), besides pamphlets, etc. 
 
 Steele Glas, The. A satire in blank verse by 
 George Gascoigne, written in 1576 and published 
 with “ The Complaint of Philomene.” It is the 
 first English satire in blank verse, and holds up a mirror 
 “ true as steel ” to the vices of his countrymen, the allu- 
 sion being to the early mirrors made of polished metal. 
 Steelton (stel'ton). A borough in Dauphin 
 County, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna 
 near Harrisburg. It has manufactures of steel. 
 Population, 14,246, (1910). 
 
 Steelyard (stel'yard, colloq. stil'yiird). [Ex- 
 plained as orig. ’the yard in London where 
 steel was sold by German merchants,’ as if from 
 steel and yard ; but in fact an imperfect trans- 
 lation of the MD. staelhof, later staalhof, = 
 MLG. stalhof, an office or hall where cloth was 
 marked with a leaden seal as being properly 
 dyed ; from MD. stael , a sample, test of dyeing.] 
 A place in London, comprising great ware- 
 houses called before the reign of Edward IV. 
 Gildhalla Teutonicorwm, ‘Gildhall of the Ger- 
 mans,’ where, until expelled in 1597, the mer- 
 
Steelyard 
 
 chants of the Hanseatic League had their Eng- 
 lish headquarters ; also, the company of mer- 
 chants themselves. The merchants of the Steelyard 
 were bound by almost monastic gild rules under a sepa- 
 rate jurisdiction from the rest, of London, were exempt 
 from many exactions and restrictions, and for centuries 
 controlled most of the foreign trade of England. 
 
 Steen (stan), Jan. Born at Leyden about 1626: 
 died at Leyden, 1679. A Dutch genre-painter. 
 Among his works are “Feast of St. Nicholas,” 
 “Human Life,” “Marriage Feast,” etc. 
 Steenbergen (stan'berG // en). A town in the 
 province of North Brabant, Netherlands, 25 
 miles south-southwest of Rotterdam. Popula- 
 tion, commune. 7,537. 
 
 Steenie (ste'ni). A name given by James I., 
 king of England, to the Duke of Buckingham, 
 on account of a fancied resemblance to St. 
 Stephen. 
 
 Steenkerke (stan ' kerk^e), or Steenkerken 
 
 (stan'kerk // en). A village in the province of 
 Hainaut, Belgium, 20 miles southwest of Brus- 
 sels. Here, Aug. 3, 1892, the French under the Duke of 
 Luxembourg defeated the Allies under William III. of Eng- 
 land. Also called the battle of Steinkirk. 
 
 Steenwijk (stan'vik). A town in the province 
 of Overyssel, Netherlands, in lat. 52° 47' N., 
 long. 6° 7' E. It was defended against the 
 Spaniards in 1581, and was taken by them in 
 1582. Population, commune, 5,591. 
 Steerforth (ster'forth), James. Tliemostprom- 
 inent youth at Salem House, in Dickens’s 
 “ David Copperfield” : a friend and protector of 
 David Copperfield, and afterward the lover and 
 betrayer of Little Em’ly. 
 
 Steevens (ste'venz), George. Born at Stepney, 
 London, May 10, 1736: died at Hampstead, near 
 London, Jan. 22, 1800. An English Shaksperian 
 scholar. He was educated as a foundationer at Eton, 
 and was a scholar at King's College, Cambridge. He pub- 
 lished “ Twenty of the Plays of Shakspere ” (1766), and 
 with Dr. Johnson edited Shakspere in 1773. His own 
 edition (with Reed) of Shakspere, in which he adopted 
 “ the expulsion of useless and supernumerary syllables, 
 etc ," supplying what he thought necessary, appeared in 
 1793 and 1803, and was an authority till Malone’s “Va- 
 riorum Shakspere,” edited, after Malone's death, by Bos- 
 well in 1821, took its place. His life was one of constant 
 quarrels from his habit of making anonymous attacks upon 
 his friends in the newspapers, and his bad temp r. 
 
 Stefanie (ste-fa-ne'), Lake. A lake in British 
 East Africa, northeast of Lake Rudolf. 
 Steffani (stef'fa-ne), Agostino. Born at Castel- 
 franco, Italy, in 1655 (1653 ?) : died at Frank- 
 fort-on-the-Main in 1730 (1728?). An Italian 
 composer, diplomatist, and ecclesiastic. He was 
 court musician at Munich, and after 1688 kapellmeister at 
 Hannover and diplomatist in the Hannoverian service, and 
 later in the service of the Palatinate. 
 
 Steier. See Steyr. 
 
 Steiermark (sti'er-mark). The German name 
 of Styria. 
 
 Steigerwald (sti'ger-valt). A mountain-range 
 in Franconia, Bavaria, south of the Main, east 
 of Wurzburg, and west of Bamberg. Its lofti- 
 est summit is about 1,600 feet high. 
 
 Stein (stln), Baroness von (Charlotte Alber- 
 tine Ernestine von Schardt). Bom at Wei- 
 mar, Germany, Dec. 25, 1742: died there, Jan. 
 6, 1827. A German lady, noted for her friend- 
 ship with Goethe. The latter’s letters to her 
 were edited by Scholl and by Fielitz. 
 
 Stein, Baron vom und zum fHeinrich Fried- 
 rich Karl). Born at Nassau, Germany, Oct. 26, 
 1757: died at Kappenberg, Westphalia, June 29, 
 1831. Anoted Prussian statesman. He was educated 
 at Gottingen ; entered the Prussian service in the depart- 
 ment of mines in 1780; became head of (he department of 
 commerce, customs, etc., in the Prussian ministry in 1804 ; 
 was dismissed in Jan., 1807; waschief minister 1807-Nov., 
 1898 ; carried out a vast system of reforms ; was proscribed 
 by Napoleon Dec., 1808, and exiled ; was the intimate 
 counselor of Czar Alexander I. in 1812-13; and brought 
 about the anti-Napoleonic alliance between Prussia and 
 Russia. He founded the society for editing the “ Monu- 
 ments Germanise.” 
 
 Stein, Lorenz von. Born Nov. 18, 1815 : died 
 Sept. 23, 1890. A noted German economist and 
 writer on politics, professor at Vienna 1855-85. 
 He published several works on French social and politi- 
 cal history, “System der Staatswissenschaften "(1852-56), 
 “ Lehrbueh der Volkswirthschaft " (1858), “Lehrbuch der 
 Finanzwissenschaft ”(“ Manual of the Science of Finance," 
 1860), “Handbuch der Verwaltungslehre ” (“Handbook of 
 the Theory of Administration," 1865-68), etc. 
 
 Steinamanger (stln-am-ang'er), Hung. Szom- 
 bathely (som'bot-hely). The capital of the 
 county of Vas (Eisenburg), Hungary, situated 
 on the Guns 70 miles south of Vienna. It has a 
 cathedral and Roman antiquities. It was built on the 
 site of the ancient Sabaria or Savaria. Population, com- 
 mune, 24,761. 
 
 Steinau (sti'nou). A town in the province of 
 Silesia, Prussia, situated near the Oder 34 miles 
 northwest of Breslau. Here, in 1474, King Matthias of 
 
 956 
 
 Hungary defeated the Poles, and on Oct. 11, 1633, Wallen- 
 stein defeated the Swedes. Population, 4,269. 
 
 Steinen (sti'nen), Karl von den. Born at 
 Miilheim-an-der-Ruhr, March 7, 1855. A Ger- 
 man traveler and ethnologist. He made a voyage 
 round the world 1879-81 ; was naturalist of the German 
 expedition toSouth Georgia, 1882 ; andinl884-85 made avoy- 
 age through the central parts of South America, ascending 
 the Paraml and Paraguay and making the first (modern) 
 descent of the river Xingu. In its geographical and eth- 
 nographical results this was one of the most important 
 South American explorations of the century. Von den 
 Steinen made a second tr.p to the upper Xingu 1887-88. 
 He has published “ Durcli Centralbrasilien ” (1886),“Unter 
 den Naturvolkern Zentral-Brasiliens ” (1894), and other 
 works on South America, with special reference to eth- 
 nology. 
 
 Steiner (sti'ner), Jakob. Born at Utzendorf, 
 Switzerland, March 18, 1796 : died at Bern, April 
 1, 1863. A Swiss-German geometer, noted for 
 his researches in synthetic geometry. His chief 
 work is “ Systematische Entwickelung der Abhangigkeit 
 geometrischer Gestalten von einander ’’ (1832). 
 
 Steiner Alpen (sti'ner al'pen). A division of 
 the Karawanken, situated near the frontiers of 
 Carniola, Carinthia, and Styria. Height, 6,000- 
 8,000 feet. 
 
 Steinernes Meer (sti'ner-nes mar). [G., ‘sea 
 of rocks.’] A wild mountainous region in the 
 Salzburger Alps, south of the Konigssee. 
 Steinfurt (stin'fort). A former countship in 
 Westphalia. 
 
 Steinfurt, or Burg-Steinfurt (borg-stin'fort). 
 A town in the province of Westphalia, Prussia, 
 17 miles northwest of Munster. Population, 
 commune, 5,441. 
 
 Steinheil (stin'kil), Karl August. Born at Rap- 
 poltsweiler, Alsace, Oct. 12, 1801: died at Mu- 
 nich, Sept. 12, 1870. A German physicist and 
 astronomer, especially noted in the develop- 
 ment of telegraphy. 
 
 steinitz (stin'its), 'William. Born at Prague, 
 Bohemia, May 17, 1836 : died at New York, 
 Aug. 12, 1900. A noted German chess-player 
 and chess analyst. He resided in London from 1862 
 to 1883, when he iame to New York. He was never beaten 
 in a match until he succumbed to Lasker in 1894 (see 
 Lasker, Emanuel), losing then the position of chess cham- 
 pion of the world, which he had been regarded as holding 
 from the time he defeated Anderssenby 8 games to 6 (1866). 
 Steinkirk. See SteenkerJce. 
 
 Steinmetz (stin'mets), Karl Friedrich von. 
 Born at Eisenach, Germany, Dec. 27, 1796: died 
 at Landeck, Silesia, Aug. 4, 1877. A noted Prus- 
 sian general. He served against the French 1813-15; 
 fought in Schleswig-Holstein 1848-49 ; as corps com- 
 mander defeated the Austrians at Nachod, Skalitz, and 
 Schweinschadel, June, 1866 ; was appointed commander 
 of the first army July, 1870, which fought at Spicheren, 
 Colombey-Nouilly, and Gravelotte; was removed Sept., 
 1870, and appointed governor-general of Posen and Silesia ; 
 and was made field-marshal general in 1871. 
 Steinsehonau (stIn'she"nou). Atown in north- 
 ern Bohemia, 50 miles north of Prague : the 
 center of a glass-manufacturing region. Popu- 
 lation, 5,306, (1910). 
 
 Steinthal (stin'tal). [G., ‘stone-valley.’] A 
 mountainous region in Lower Alsace, about 25 
 * miles west-southwest of Strasburg. 
 
 Steinthal, HeymaniL Born at Grobzig, An- 
 halt, May 16, 1823: died March 14, 1899. A 
 noted German philologist, professor at Berlin 
 from 1863. His works include “Der Ursprung der 
 Sprache ” (“The Origin of Language,” 1851), “ Klassiflka- 
 tion der Sprachen ’’ (1850 : later edition as “Charakteristik 
 der hauptsachliehsten Typen des Sprachbaues,” I860), 
 “ Die Entwickelung der Sehrift" (1852), etc. 
 
 Steinway (stln'wa), C. F. Theodore. Bom at 
 
 Seesen, Germany, Nov. 6, 1825: died at Ham- 
 burg, March 26, 1889. A German inventor and 
 piano-manufacturer. The art of piano-making in 
 America, Germany, and Russia has been developed upon 
 his practice and theory, especially in the construction of 
 the metal frame. 
 
 Steinwehr (stin'var), Baron Adolph Wilhelm 
 Friedrich. Born atBlankenburg, Brunswick, 
 Sept. 25, 1822: died at Buffalo, N. Y., Fob. 25, 
 1877. A German- American general. He com- 
 manded a division of the Union army at Chancellorsville 
 and at Gettysburg. He published a series of geographies, 
 and a map and gazetteer of the United States. 
 
 Stella (stel'a). [L., ‘star.’] A name given to 
 Penelope Devereux (afterward Lady Rich and 
 later Countess of Devonshire), beloved by Sir 
 Philip Sidney, and celebrated in his sonnets. It 
 has been sought to identify her with the “dark 
 lady ” of Shakspere’s sonnets. 
 
 Stella. The name given by Swift to Esther 
 Johnson (died 1728), to whom in 1716 he was 
 secretly married. 
 
 Stella. A play by Goethe, published in 1776. 
 In 1806 he altered its close, making Stella take poison. I n 
 the first version she surrenders her rights to her husband’s 
 second wife. In this form the play suggested to Canning 
 his parody “The Rovers, or the Double Arrangement." 
 
 Stephen 
 
 Stella del Nord, La. See Utoile du Nord. 
 Stellaland (stel'a-land). An ephemeral Boer 
 republic, west of the Transvaal, founded in 1882. 
 It was in 1884-85 absorbed by the Transvaal and by Great 
 Britain (in Bechuanaland). 
 
 Stelvio Pass (stel've-o pas). [G. Stilfser Joch.'] 
 An Alpine pass which leads from the Vintsch- 
 gau in the valley of the Adige, Tyrol, to Bor- 
 mio in the valley of the Adda, Italy : the highest 
 pass in Europe. A road was constructed through it 
 1820-25. It was contested in the wars of 1848, 1859, and 
 1866. Highest point, 9,055 feet. 
 
 SteHhock (sten'bok), Count Magnus VOH. Born 
 at Stockholm, 1664 : died 1717. A Swedish gen- 
 eral. He was distinguished at Narva in 1700 ; defeated 
 the Danes at Helsingborg Feb. 28, 1710 ; and invaded Hol- 
 stein, but was forced to surrender at Tonning May 16, 
 1713. 
 
 Stendal (sten'dal). A town in the province of 
 Saxony, Prussia, on the Uchte 32 miles north 
 by east of Magdeburg, it is a railway junction, and 
 has important railway works. It contains a cathedral. 
 Stendal was founded by Albert the Bear ; was the ancient 
 capital of the Altmark ; and was the seat of the Stendal 
 line of the Ascanian house. Population, commune, 23,281. 
 
 Stendhal (ston-dal'), De. The nom de plume 
 of Marie Henri Beyle. 
 
 Steno (sta'no), Nicolaus. Born at Copenha- 
 gen, 1638: died about 1687. A Danish anato- 
 mist, discoverer of “Steno’s duct.” 
 Stenterello (sten-te-rel'lo). A farcical person- 
 age who assumes various parts in Florentine 
 comedy. See the extract. 
 
 Stenterello is the Florentine mask or type which snr- 
 vives the older Italian comedy which Goldoni destroyed ; 
 and during carnival he appeared in a great variety of char- 
 acters at three dill erent theaters. . . . With this face [ab- 
 surdly paintedl and thi3 wig he assumes any character 
 the farce requires. 
 
 IF. D. Howells, The Century, XXX. 210. 
 
 Stentor (sten'tor). [Gr. Srenro/i.] In Greek 
 legend, a Greek herald before Troy, who, ac- 
 cording to Homer, had a voice as loud as those 
 of fifty other men together. The adjective sten- 
 torian is derived from his name. 
 
 Stenzel (stent'sel), Gustav Adolf Harald. 
 Born at Zerbst, Germany, March 21, 1792: died 
 at Breslau, Jan. 2, 1854. A German historian, 
 professor at Breslau from 1820. He wrote “Die 
 Geschichte Deutschlandsunterden frankischen 
 Kaisern” (1827-28), etc. 
 
 Stephano. 1 (stef'a-nb). A drunken butler in 
 Shakspere’s ‘ ‘ Tempest.” He is the master of the 
 ship in Dryden and Davenant’s versi on . Mack- 
 lin played the part. — 2 (ste-fa'no). A messen- 
 ger in Shakspere’s “Merchant of Venice.” 
 Stephanus (printers). See Estienne. 
 Stephanus Byzantius (stef'a-nus bi-zan'shi- 
 us). [L. Stephanus, Stephen.] Lived probably 
 in the first half of the 6th century. A Byzantine 
 geographer, author of a work “Ethnika.” 
 Stephen (ste'ven), Saint. [Gr. orttyavoq, a crown; 
 L. Stephanus, It. Stefano, Sp. Estevan, Pg. Es- 
 ter ao, F. lttienne (Estienne).'] In New Testa- 
 ment history, a deacon of the church at Jeru- 
 salem, stoned to death by the people. He was 
 the first martyr, and his day is celebrated in the Roman 
 and Anglican churches on Dec. 26. In England St. Ste- 
 phen's day is known as Boxing Day, as Christmas-boxes, 
 or presents of money, are then begged or given. 
 Stephen I. Bishop of Rome 254-257 A. d. 
 Stephen (II.). Chosen pope in 752: died four 
 days after his election. He is sometimes omitted 
 from the list of popes. 
 
 Stephen II. Pope 752-757. He demanded aid from 
 Pepin the Short against Aistulf, king of the Lombards, 
 ana received from the former the exarchate of Ravenna 
 and the Pentapolis (foundation of the Papal States). 
 
 Stephen III. Pope 768-772. 
 
 Stephen IV. Pope 816-817. 
 
 Stephen V. Pope 885-891. 
 
 Stephen VI. Pope 896-897. 
 
 Stephen VII. Pope 929-931. 
 
 Stephen VIII. Pope 939-942. 
 
 Stephen IX. Died at Florence, 1058. Pope 
 1057-58, brother of the Duke of Lorraine, 
 whom he wished to make emperor. He ex- 
 erted himself to eradicate the abuses in the 
 church. 
 
 Stephen. Bom at Blois, 1105 : died Oct. 25, 1154. 
 
 King of England. He was the son of Stephen, earl of 
 Blois, and Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror. He 
 obtained the couuty of Boulogne by marriage with Ma- 
 tilda, daughter of Count Eustace. Although he had sworn 
 to secure the succession of the empress Matilda and her 
 son, he went to England on the death of Henry I. in 1135, 
 and, with the help of his brother Henry, bishop of Win- 
 Chester, was elected and crowned (Dec. 26). In two char 
 ters he undertook to observe the laws and his subjects’ 
 liberties. His defective title was the cause of outbreaks 
 in 1136 and 1137. David, king of Scotland, Matilda's uncle, 
 invaded Yorkshire, but his advance was checked by the 
 Battle of the Standard in 1138. Matilda landed in England 
 in 1139, and the country was plunged in civil war. This 
 
Stephen 
 
 continued till 1153, when the treaty of Wallingford gave 
 Stephen permission to reign until his death and secured 
 the succession to Henry (Henry II.), the son of Matilda. 
 Stephen I., Saint. Died 1038. King of Hungary. 
 He succeeded as duke in 997 ; and was crowned first king 
 of Hungary in 1000. He promoted the spread of Chris- 
 tianity, and became the patron saint of Hungary. 
 
 Stephen IT. King of Hungary 1114-31. 
 Stephen III. Died March 4, 1173. King of 
 Hungary 1161-73. 
 
 Stephen IV. Died 1164. King of Hungary, 
 uncle of Stephen III. and rival claimant to the 
 throne in 1161. 
 
 Stephen V. Died Aug. 1, 1272. King of Hun- 
 gary 1270-72, son of Bela IV. 
 
 Stephen,. Henry John. Born 1787: died 1864. 
 An English barrister, brother of Sir James Ste- 
 phen. He wrote “Summary of the Criminal taw " (1834), 
 and “New Commentaries on the La wsof England" (1841-45). 
 Stephen, Sir Janies. Born at London, Jan. 3, 
 1789: died at Coblenz, Sept. 14, 1859. An 
 English historical writer. He was educated at Cam- 
 bridge (Trinity Hall) and Lincoln's Inn. He waB under- 
 secretary for the colonies 1834-47. In 1849 he was ap- 
 pointed regius professor of modern history at Cambridge. 
 He published “Essays in Ecclesiastical History, ” and in 
 1852 “Lectures on the History of France." 
 
 Stephen, Sir James Fitzjames. Born March 3, 
 1829: died March 11, 1894. An English jurist, 
 son of Sir James Stephen (1789-1859). He was educated 
 at Eton, at King’s College, London, and at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, where he graduated in 1851. In 1854 he 
 was called to the bar at the Inner Temple. From 1879 to 
 1891 he was judge of the High Court of Justice. He pub- 
 lished “General View of the Criminal Law of England" 
 (1863), “Digest of the Law of Evidence" (1876), “History 
 of the Criminal Law of England” (1883). 
 
 Stephen, Sir Leslie. Born at Kensington, Nov. 
 28, 1832 : died there February 22, 1904. An 
 English man of letters, son of Sir James 
 Stephen. He was educated at Eton, at King's College, 
 London, and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he took the 
 degree B. A. in 1854. He was editor of the “Cornhill 
 Magazine” 1871-82, and editor of the “Dictionary of Na- 
 tional Biography " 1885-91, latterly in association with Sid- 
 ney Lee, who succeeded him. He published “Tlie Play, 
 ground of Europe ” (1871), “ Hours in a Library ” (1874-79), 
 “ History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century " 
 (1876), and “ Life of Henry Fawcett ’’ (1885), etc. He was 
 knighted in 1902. 
 
 Stephen Bathori. See Bathori. 
 
 Stephens (ste'venz), Alexander Hamilton. 
 Born near Crawfordville, Ga., Feb. 11, 1812: 
 died at Atlanta, Ga., March 4, 1883. An Ameri- 
 can statesman. He graduated at the University of 
 Georgia in 1832 ; studied law ; was chosen member of the 
 State legislature in 1836 ; was member, of Congress from 
 Georgia 1843-59, acting at first with the Whigs and later 
 with the Democrats ; opposed secession in 1860; was Vice- 
 President of the Confederacy 1861-65 ; was chief Confed- 
 erate commissioner in the Hampton Roads conference in 
 Feb., 1865 ; was imprisoned in Fort Warren, Boston harbor, 
 May-Oct., 1865 ; was elected United States senator in 1866, 
 but was not seated ; was Democratic member of Congress 
 from Georgia 1873-82; and was governor of Georgia in 
 1883. He wrote “The War between the States "(2 vols. 
 1868-70), a “ History of the United States” (1883), etc. 
 
 Stephens, George. Bora at Liverpool, Eng- 
 land, Dec. 13, 1813 : died Aug. 9, 1895. An Eng- 
 lish archaeologist and philologist. He was edu- 
 cated at University College, London. In 1851 he was 
 lector and later professor of English in the University of 
 Copenhagen. He published “Old Northern Kunic Monu- 
 ments of Scandinavia and England ” (1866, 1868, 1884). 
 
 Stephens, James. Bom 1824 : died March 29, 
 1901. A Fenian .agitator. He was employed in the 
 construction of the Waterford and Limerick Railway; 
 joined the Young Ireland party, and was wounded at Bal- 
 lingarry June 29, 1848; fled to Paris; and in 1853 became 
 “Head Centre" of the Fenian conspiracy. He visited 
 America in 1864, and on Nov. 10, 1864, was arrested in 
 Dublin. He escaped to New York, where he was deposed 
 by the Fenians. He returned to Ireland in 1891. 
 
 Stephens, John Lloyd. Bom at Shrewsbury, 
 N. J., Nov. 28, 1805: died in New York city, 
 Oct. 10, 1852. An American lawyer, traveler, 
 and archaeologist. In 1834-36 he traveled in Europe 
 and the East, and after his return published “ Egypt, 
 Arabia Petrsea, and the Holy Land ” (2 vols. 1837) and 
 “Greece, Turkey, Russia, and Poland" (1838). In 1839 lie 
 was envoy to Central America, Accompanied by the Eng- 
 lish artist Catherwood, he visited many of the ruined 
 Indian cities of that region, and these explorations were 
 supplemented in a second trip. The results were pub- 
 lished as “ incidents of Travel in Central America, etc." 
 (2 vols. 1841) and "Incidents of Travel in Yucatan ” (2 
 vols. 1843). Mr. Stephens was president of the Panama 
 Railway Company, and died from the results of exposure 
 while personally superintending the work. 
 
 Stephenson (ste'ven-son), George. Born at, 
 Wylam, near Newcastle, June 9, 1781: died 
 near Chesterfield, Aug. 12, 1848. The perfecter 
 of the locomotive. He was the son of Robert Stephen- 
 son, fireman of a colliery engine at Wylam, and while as- 
 sisting his father, educated himself at night-schools. In 
 1812 he was made enginewright at a coal-pit at Killing- 
 worth. He constructed a “traveling engine ” worked by 
 steam, for a tramroad between the colliery and the port, 
 nine miles distant; and on July 26, 1814, made a success- 
 ful trial oi it. Continuing his experiments, he was made 
 engineer of the Stockton and Darlington Railway, which 
 
 957 
 
 was opened Sept. 27, 1825, being the first to carry passen- 
 gers and goods by steam locomotion. This was followed 
 by the construction, under his direction, of the Liverpool 
 and Manchester Railway, opened Sept. 15, 1830. He is said 
 by some to have been the inventor of the safety-lamp, usu- 
 ally attributed to Sir Humphry Davy. 
 
 Stephenson, Robert. Bora at Willington, near 
 Newcastle, England, Oct. 16, 1803 : died Oct. 
 12, 1859. An English railway engineer, son of 
 George Stephenson. He assisted his father in the 
 construction of the engine “Rocket” in 1829. He built 
 many railway bridges and viaducts, including the Britan- 
 nia tubular bridge over the Menai Strait, the Victoria 
 tubular bridge near Montreal, the viaduct of Berwick, 
 a bridge at Newcastle, etc. 
 
 Stepney (step'ni). [The Stibbenliidde or Steben- 
 heth of early deeds : the affix indicating the 
 “hid” or hteredium of a Saxon freeman.] A 
 borough (metropolitan) of London, 2 miles east 
 of St. Paul’s. Population, 280,024, (1911). 
 
 Stepniak (step'nyak), Sergius. Born about. 
 1851 : died Dec. 23, 1895. A pseudonym of a 
 Russian author. He was compelled to leave Russia in 
 1876, and settled in Loudon. He wrote much in the Little 
 Russian dialect, and worked for the establishment of equal 
 political rights in his country, declaring against social- 
 ism and absolutism. Among his works are “Russia under 
 the Czars,” “The Russian Storm Cloud," “The Career of 
 a Nihilist," “The Turks Within and Without,” “Tyran- 
 nicide in Russia,” “Little Russian Internationalism," 
 “Underground Russia," etc. 
 
 Step Pyramid. See SaTcJcarah. 
 
 Sterkrade (sterk'ra-de). A town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, 20 milesnorth byeastof Diis- 
 seldorf. Population, country commune, 21,205. 
 
 Sterling (ster'ling). A city in Whiteside Co., 
 Illinois, on Rock River 108 miles west of Chi- 
 cago. It has varied manufactures. Pop., 7,467, (1910). 
 
 Sterling, Antoinette. Born at Sterlingville, 
 N. Y., Jan. 23, 1850: died at Hampstead, Eng- 
 land, Jan. 9, 1904. A noted American contralto 
 singer. Shestudied with Abella,Marchesi, Manuel Garcia, 
 and Pauline Viardot. In 1871 she returned to the United 
 States, and made a success as a concert-singer. In 1873 
 she made her first appearance in London in concert, and 
 after that time mostly lived there. She married John 
 MacKinlay in 1875. 
 
 Sterling, John. Bom at Karnes Castle, Bute, 
 Scotland, July 20, 1806 : died at Ventnor, Isle 
 of Wight, Sept. 18, 1844. An English poet and 
 author, best known as a friend of Carlyle. His 
 father, Edward Sterling (1773-1347) was an editor of the 
 “Times.” Sterling studied at Glasgow and Cambridge 
 (but left without a degree); went to London and purchased 
 the “ Athenaeum ” in 1828, but soon gave it up ; and in 1834 
 became curate at Hurstmouceaux, where Julius Hare was 
 vicar. He wrote “Arthur Coningsby” (1833), “Poems" 
 (1S39), “Strafford ” (1843), “Essays and Tales ” (edited by 
 Hare, 1848), and “The Onyx Ring ’’(reprinted from “Black- 
 wood” in 1856). His life was written by Carlyle (1851). 
 
 (stern (stern), Daniel. Pseudonym of the 
 Comtesse d’Agoult. 
 
 Sternberg (stem'berG). A town in Moravia, 
 Austria-Hungary, 9 miles north-northeast of 
 Oliniitz. It is a center of cotton manufactures. Here, 
 in 1241, Yaroslatf of Steinberg defeated the Mongols. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 14,584, (1910). 
 
 Sternberg, Ungern-. See Ungern-Sterriberg. 
 
 Sterne (stern), Laurence. Born at Clonmel, 
 Ireland, Nov. 24, 1713: died at London, March 
 18, 1768. A celebrated English novelist and 
 humorist. His father was an officer in one of Marl- 
 borough’s regiments stationed in Ireland. Sterne fol- 
 lowed the army until he was 10 years of age, and was at 
 school in Halifax, Yorkshire, for nine years. He gradu- 
 ated at J esus College, Cambridge, in 1736. He took orders ; 
 in 1738 obtained the living of Sutton, near York ; and later 
 was made a prebendary of the cathedral. He was associated 
 with John Hall Stephenson, of Skelton Castle, Yorkshire, 
 a supporter of Wilke3 and author of “Fables for Grown 
 Gentlemen” and “Crazy Tales." On Jan. 1, 1760. he pub- 
 lished the first two volumes of “ Tristram Shandy,” which 
 immediately made hi in famous. In 1762 he visited France, 
 and in 1765 Italy. In 1768 he published the first two volumes 
 of the “Sentimental Journey through France and Italy,” 
 and died the same year. His chief works are “The Life 
 and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gent." (9 vols. 1760-67: 
 a fictitious third volume was published in 1760, and latera 
 ninth — Lowndes), “A SentimentalJourney through France 
 and Italy by Mr. Yoriek”(1768 : several fictitious continu- 
 ations were published), “Sermons ” (1760-69) : several vol- 
 umes of his letters were also published in 1776. 
 
 Sternhold (stern'hold), Thomas. Born near 
 Blakeney, in Gloucestershire, about 1500 : died 
 Aug., 1549. An English writer, joint author 
 with John Hopkins of a metrical version of the 
 Psalms (first edition about 1547 : enlarged as 
 “ The Whole Book of Psalms,” 1561). 
 
 Sterzing (stert'sing). A town in Tyrol, situated 
 on the Eisack, near the Brenner Pass, 26 miles 
 south of Innsbruck: the Roman Vipitenum. 
 It flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries, through the 
 neighboring silver-mines ; and has been the scene of sev- 
 eral Tyrolese victories over the French and Bavarians. 
 Population, 1,672. 
 
 Stesichorus (ste-sik'o-rus). [Gr. Sr^fn'^opof.] 
 Lived about 630-550 b. c. A celebrated Greek 
 lyric poet of Hiraera in Sicily. Fragments of his 
 works have survived. 
 
 Stevens, Thaddeus 
 
 Stettin (stet-ten'). A seaport, capital of the 
 province of Pomerania, Prussia, situated on the 
 Oder in lat. 53° 26' N., long. 14° 34' E. : one of 
 the chief seaports of Germany. It has a large trade 
 in wood, cement, potatoes, herrings, petroleum, coal, 
 grain, spirits, wine, etc., and important ship-building 
 works (notably the “ V ulcan ” works), and manufactures of 
 cement, sugar, chemicals, machinery, etc. It comprises 
 the city proper ; the quarters of Lastadie and Silberwiese, 
 separated from it by the Oder ; and the suburbs of Grabow, 
 Bredow, etc. It contains a castle and several notable old 
 churches. Stettin was a settlement of the Wends (date 
 unknown) ; was a Hanseatic town in the middle ages ; and 
 became the capital of Pomerania. It belonged to Sweden 
 1648-1720, qnd then passed to Prussia. It surrendered to 
 the French in 1806, and was recovered in 1813. Population, 
 commune, 234,033, (1910). 
 
 Stettiner Half (stet-te'ner haf ), orPomeranian 
 Haff. An arm of the Baltic Sea, north of Stet- 
 tin. It receives the Oder. The eastern part is called the 
 Greater Haff, the western the Lesser Haff. Length, about 
 30 miles. 
 
 Steuben (stu'ben ; G. pron. stoi'ben), Baron 
 Friedrich Wilhelm August Heinrich Ferdi- 
 nand von. Born at Magdeburg, Prussia, Nov. 
 17, 1730 : died at Steubenville, Nov. 28, V'QA. A 
 Prassian-American general. He entered the Prus- 
 sian military service in 1747, rising to the rank of adjutant- 
 general and staff-officer; was distinguished at Prague, 
 Rossbach, Kunersdorf, and the siege of Schweidnitz; and 
 later was grand marshal to the Prince of Hohenzollern. In 
 1777 he came to the United States ; was appointed by 
 Washington inspector-general, with the rank of major- 
 general, in 1778 ; and reorganized the army. He served at 
 Monmouth and Yorktown, and was a member of the court 
 martial on Andrd in 1780. He wrote a manual of army 
 regulations. After the war he settled in New York. 
 Steubenville (stu'beu-vil). A city, capital of 
 Jefferson County, Ohio, situated on the Ohio 
 20 miles north of Wheeling. Pop., 22,391, (1910). 
 Stevens (ste'venz), Abel. Born at Philadel- 
 phia, Jan. 19, 1815 : died at San Jose, Cal., Sept. 
 12, 1897. An American Methodist Episcopal 
 clergyman and historical writer. He was editor 
 of “ Zion’s Herald," of the “ Christian Advocate and Jour- 
 nal,” and of the “Methodist." He published works on the 
 introduction and progress of Methodism in the Eastern 
 States, “Church Polity” (18471, “ Preaching Required by 
 the Times” (1866), “History of Methodism” (1858-61), 
 “History of the Methodist Episcopal Church” (1364-67), 
 “Madame de Stael" (1881), etc. 
 
 Stevens, Alfred. Born at Blandford, Dorset 
 (baptized Jan. 28, 1818) : died at London, May 
 1, 1875. An English sculptor. In 1833 he was sent 
 to Italy, where he remained nine years, part of the time as 
 assistant in Thorwaldsen’s studio. In 1845 he became 
 teacher of architectural drawing in the School of Design, 
 Somerset House. He also did much commercial designing. 
 From 1356 to the end of his life he was occupied with his 
 chief work, the monument to Wellington in St. Paul’s 
 ithedral. 
 
 evens (stev'enz), Alfred. Born at Brussels, 
 May 11, 1828: died at Paris, Aug. 24, 1906. A 
 distinguished Belgian painter. He went to Paris 
 at seventeen, and was educated uuder Camille Rocqueplan 
 and at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. His first pictures show 
 the influence of the Belgian school ; the later exhibit the 
 most modem French feeling both in technic and in con- 
 ception. He wa9 preeminently a painter for painters, an 
 impressionist in the highest artistic sense of the term. 
 
 Stevens (ste'venz), Benjamin Franklin. Bora 
 at Barnet, Vt., Feb. 19, 1833: died at Surbi- 
 ton, Surrey, March 5, 1902. A bibliographer, 
 brother of Henry Stevens. He edited “Campaign 
 in Virginia in 1781 ” (1888), “ Facsimiles of MSS. in Euro- 
 pean Archives relating to America 1773-83 ” (1889). 
 
 Stevens, Henry. Born at Barnet, Vt., Aug. 
 24, 1819: died at South Hampstead, England, 
 Feb. 28, 1886. An American bibliographer. He 
 collected “Americana” for the British Museum, and was 
 the London agent of many American libraries He pub- 
 lished “Catalogue Raisonn^ of English Bibles "(1854), cata- 
 logues of American, Canadian, Mexican, etc., works in the 
 British Museum, “ Bibliotheca Americana ”(1861), “Bibles 
 in tlie Caxton Exhibition ’’ (1878), and edited “ The Dawn 
 of Britisli Trade, etc.” (1886), etc. 
 
 Stevens, Isaac Ingalls. Bom at Andover, 
 
 Mass., March 28, 1818: killed at the battle of 
 Chantilly, Sept. 1, 1862. A Union general. He 
 graduated at West Point in 1839; served in the Mexican 
 war; was governor of Washington Territory 1853-57; was 
 a delegate to Congress 1867-61 ; served in the Port Royal 
 expedition ; and was in the second battle of Bull Run. 
 
 Stevens, John Austin. Born in New York 
 
 city, Jan. 21, 1827 : died at Newport, R. I., 
 June 16, 1910. An American antiquarian and 
 author. He founded and edited the “ Magazine of Amer- 
 ican History," and wrote “Valley of the Rio Grande” 
 (1864), “Colonial Records of the New York Chamber of 
 Commerce ’’ (1867), “ Resumption of Specie Payment ” 
 (1873), “Yorktown Centennial Handbook ’’ (1881), a life of 
 Gallatin (1884), etc. 
 
 Stevens, Thaddeus. Born in Caledonia County, 
 Vt., April 4, 1793: died at Washington, D. C., 
 Aug. 11,1868. An American statesman. Hegradu- 
 
 ated at Dartmouth College in 1814 ; studied law ; and re- 
 moved to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, in 1816 ; became lead- 
 ing member of the legislature of Pennsylvania; and was 
 Whig member of Congress from Pennsylvania 1849-58; and 
 Republican member of Congress 1869-68. He was one 
 of the leaders of the radical section of the Republicans : 
 
Stevens, Thaddeus 
 
 was a strong opponent of slavery, and a leading advocate 
 of reconstruction measures ; and was chief manager of the 
 impeachment of President Johnson in 1868, which he pro- 
 posed. 
 
 Stevens, Thomas. Born in England, 1855. An 
 Anglo-American bicyclist and writer. He made 
 a tour of the world (partly by bicycle) 1884-86, which he 
 described in “ Around the World on a Bicycle,” and made 
 a trip to Masailand, East Africa. 
 
 Stevenson (ste'ven-son), Adlai Ewing. Bom 
 in Christian County, Ky., Oct. 23, 1835. An 
 American lawyer and politician, Vice-President 
 of the United States 1893-97. He was educated at 
 Illinois Wesleyan University and Centre College, Ken- 
 tucky ; was a member of Congress from Illinois 1875-77, 
 1879-81; and was first assistantpostmaster-general 1885-89. 
 
 Stevenson, Andrew. Born in Culpeper County, 
 Va.,1784 : diedinAlbemarle County, Va.,J an. 25, 
 1857. An American Democratic politician. He 
 
 was memberof Congressfrom V irginia 1823-34; speakerl827- 
 1834 ; and United States minister to Great Britain 1836-41. 
 Stevenson, James. Born at Maysville, Ky., 
 1840: died at New York city, July 25, 1888. 
 An American ethnologist. He served in the geo- 
 logical survey under Hayden, and investigated the Zunis, 
 Moquis, Navajos, and other Indian tribes. 
 
 Stevenson, Robert. Born at Glasgow, June 
 8, 1772: died at Edinburgh, July 12, 1850. A 
 Scottish civil engineer. At 19 he assisted his step- 
 father, Thomas Smith, in the erection of a lighthouse on 
 Little Cumbrae, attending Edinburgh University in the 
 winter. In 1799 he succeeded liis stepfather as engineer 
 to the Board of Northern Lighthouses. Between 1797 and 
 1843 he built not less than 18 lighthouses, including that 
 on the Bell Bock (1807-10). He invented intermittent and 
 flashing lights and other contrivances. He constructed har- 
 ^.bors, docks, breakwaters, and several important bridges. 
 
 Stevenson, Robert Louis Balfour. Born at 
 Edinburgh, Nov. 13, 1850: died at Apia, Samoa, 
 Dec. 4, 1894. A Scottish poet, essayist, and 
 novelist. His father was a lighthouse engineer, a son 
 of Robert Stevenson. He was educated at Edinburgh 
 University, and was called to the Scottish bar, but never 
 practised. From 1889 he resided in Samoa. He published 
 "An Inland Voyage ” (1878), “Edinburgh: Picturesque 
 Notes ” (1878), “ Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes " 
 (1879), “Virginibus Puerisque, and other Papers” (1881), 
 “ Familiar Studies of Men and Books ” (1882), “ New Ara- 
 bian Nights ”(1882), “ Treasure Island" (1882), “The Silver- 
 ado Squatters" (1883), “The Dynamiter : More New Ara- 
 bian Nights " (1885 : with his wife), “ A Child's Garden of 
 Verse” (1885), “Prince Otto” (1885), “ The Strange Case of 
 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” (1886), “Kidnapped : Memoirs 
 of the Adventures of David Balfour, etc.” (1886), “The 
 Merry Men, and other Tales” (1886), “Underwoods " (1887), 
 “Memories and Portraits" (1887), “The Black Arrow” 
 (1888), “ The Master of Ballantrae ” (1889), “ Ballads ” 
 (1890), “The Wrecker" (with Lloyd Osbourne, 1891-92), 
 “A Foot-note to History : Eight Years of Trouble in Sa- 
 moa" (1893), “David Balfour” (1893), “Island Nights' 
 Entertainments” (1893), “ The Ebb Tide ”(1894), “Vailima 
 Letters" (1895), “Fables" (1896), “In the South Seas” 
 (1896), “A Mountain Town in France” (1897), “St. Ives" 
 (unfinished : completed by A. T. Quiller-Couch 1897). 
 Stevenson Road. A road constructed by the 
 British between Lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika. 
 It is near the Anglo-German frontier. 
 
 Stevens Point (ste'venz point). The capital 
 of Portage County, Wisconsin, on the Wiscon- 
 sin River. Population, 8,692, (1910). 
 
 Stewart (royal family). See Stuart. 
 
 Stewart ( stu'art), Alexander Peter. Bora at 
 Rogersville, Tenn., Oct. 2, 1821: died at Bi- 
 loxi, Miss., Aug. 30, 1908. A Confederate 
 lieutenant-general. He graduated at West Point in 
 1842 ; was assistant professor of mathematics there 1843- 
 1845;andwas professorof mathematicsat Cumberland Uni- 
 versity 1845-49, and at Nashville University 1854-55. He 
 served in the West under Bragg, Johnston, Hood, etc. In 
 1868 he was appointed professor of mathematics and nat- 
 ural philosophy in the University of Mississippi. 
 
 Stewart, Alexander Turney. Born near Bel- 
 fast,Ireland,Oct. 12,1803: died in New York city, 
 April 10, 1876. An American merchant and 
 Capitalist. He became established in the dry-goods 
 business in New York city in 1825, and acquired great 
 wealth (about $40,000,000). He was nominated by Grant 
 as secretary of the treasury in 1869, but was not confirmed. 
 Stewart, Balfour. Born at Edinburgh, Nov. 1, 
 1828: died near Drogheda, Ireland, Dec. 19. 1887. 
 A Scottish physicist. He was educated at St. Andrews 
 and Edinburgh universities. In 1846 he entered upon a 
 business career in Australia. In 1853 he returned to Edin- 
 burgh, and became in 1859directorof the Kew Observatory, 
 and in 1870 professor of physics at Owens College, Man- 
 chester. He is especially noted for his work on the radi- 
 ation of heat, and as one of the founders of the method of 
 spectrum analysis. He published “Kadiant Heat ”(1858), 
 “A Treatise on Heat ” (1866), “ Elementary Lessons in Phys- 
 ics "(1870), “Elementary Treatise on Heat” (1871), “ Phys- 
 ics Primer” (1872), and “Conservation of Energy " (1872). 
 With Professor Tait he published “ The. Unseen Universe, 
 or Physical Speculations on a Future State " (1875), and 
 with others “ Researches in Solar Physics." 
 
 Stewart, Charles. Born at Philadelphia, July 
 28, 1778: died at Bordentown, N. J., Nov. 6, 
 1869. An American admiral. He was distinguished 
 in the cruises against French privateers 1798-1800, in the 
 Tripolitan War, and in the War of 1812. As commander of 
 the Constitution he made various captures 1813-15. He 
 became rear-admiral in 1862. 
 
 958 
 
 Stewart, David. Died March 27, 1402. Eld- 
 est son of Robert III. of Scotland. 
 
 Stewart, Dugald. Born at Edinburgh, Nov. 22, 
 1753 : died there, June 11, 1828. A Scottish 
 philosopher. He was the son of Matthew Stewart (1717- 
 1785), a Scottish mathematician; was educated at Edin- 
 burgh ; wasapupil of Reid atGlasgow U Diversity in 1771 ; be- 
 came instructor in mathematics at Edinburgh in 1772, con- 
 jointprofessorofmathematicsin 1775, and professorof moral 
 philosophy in 1785 ; and retired from active service in 1810. 
 His chief works are “Elements of the Philosophy of the 
 Human Mind ” (3 vols. 1792, 1814, 1827), “ Outlines of Moral 
 Philosophy ” (1793), “Philosophical Essays" (1810), disser- 
 tation for the supplement of the “ Encyclopaedia Britan- 
 nica,” entitled “ General View of the Progress of Meta- 
 physical, Ethical, and Political Philosophy since the Re- 
 vival of Letters ” (1815-21), and “ Philosophy of the Active 
 and Moral Powers " (1828). His collected works were 
 edited by Sir William Hamilton (1854-58), with a memoir 
 by Veitch. 
 
 Stewart, Esme, Lord of Aubigny and Earl and 
 Duke of Lennox. Bom in France about 1542 : 
 died at Paris, May 26, 1583. A Scottish noble, 
 grandson of John, third earl of Lennox. His 
 French title came from Sir John Stewart of Darnley, con- 
 stable of the Scots army in the wars of Charles VII. of 
 France. He was a favorite of James VI., who made him 
 duke of Lennox in 1581. He secured the condemnation of 
 Morton for the murder of Darnley. In Dec., 1582, he was 
 expelled from Scotland for treason. 
 
 Stewart, Sir Herbert. Born at Winchester, 
 Jan. 30, 1843: died at Gakdul, Feb. 16, 1885. 
 An English general. He served in South Africa 
 against the Zulus in 1879 ; was chief of Sir Garnet Wol- 
 seley's staff, and was quartermaster-general in the Boer 
 war in 1881. He went to Egypt in 1882 ; served (then 
 quartermaster-general of the cavalry) at Tel-el-Kebir ; 
 commanded the cavalry division under Sir Gerald Graham 
 in 1884 ; and as commander of Wolseley's advance-guard in 
 1885 gained the victory of Abu-Klea, Jan. 17. He was 
 mortally wounded at Gubat Jan. 19. 
 
 Stewart, Robert, Earl of Fife and Duke of Al- 
 bany. Born about 1340 : died 1420. Younger 
 son of Robert II. of Scotland, and brother of 
 Robert III. : regent of Scotland from 1389, in 
 the reign of Robert II., the greater part of the 
 reign of Robert III., and the first part of the 
 reign of James I. He was accused of the mur- 
 der of the Duke of Rothsay. 
 
 Stewart, Robert, second Marquis of London- 
 derry: known till his father’s death (April 8, 
 1821) by the courtesy title Viscount Castle- 
 reagh. Born in Ulster, Ireland, June 18, 1769: 
 committed suicide in a fit of insanity at Foots 
 Cray, Kent, Aug. 12, 1822. A British statesman, 
 son of an Ulster proprietor (who was created 
 Viscount Castlereagh in 1795, earl of London- 
 derry in 1796, and marquis of Londonderry in 
 1816). He became acting secretary for Ireland in 1797, 
 and secretary in 1798 ; was instrumental in carrying the 
 union in 1800 ; became president of the board of control in 
 1802 ; was secretary for war July, 1805, -Jan., 1806, and April, 
 1807, to Sept., 1809 ; planned the Portuguese(1808)and Wal- 
 cheren (1809) expeditions ; and was foreign secretary 1812- 
 1822. He represented England at the congresses of Oha- 
 tillon, Vienna, and Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 Stewart Diamond, The. A large diamond 
 found in 1872, on the claim of a Mr. Spalding, 
 in South Africa. It weighed 288f carats in the 
 rough, and is of a light-yellow tinge. 
 
 Stewart Island, or New Leinster (len'ster or 
 lin'ster). The southernmost of the three prin- 
 cipal islands of New Zealand, situated south 
 of South Island. The surface is hilly. Pop- 
 ulation, 384. 
 
 Stewart Islands. A small group of islands in 
 the Solomon Archipelago, Pacific Ocean. 
 Steyne (stin), Marquis OI. A brutal and cyn- 
 ical man of the world, in Thackeray’s “ Vanity 
 Fair.” 
 
 Steyr (stir), or Steier, or Steyer (sti'er). A 
 town in Upper Austria, situated at the junction 
 of the Steier with the Enns, 90 miles west by 
 south of Vienna. It has manufactures of cutlery, fire- 
 arms, etc. It was formerly the capital of a countship of 
 Steyr, and belonged to Styria. Population, 17,442, (1910). 
 
 Stickeen, or Stikine (stik-en'), River, or Fran- 
 ces (fran'ses) River. A river in British Amer- 
 ica and Alaska which flows into the Pacific east 
 of Sitka. There are gold-mines in its vicinity. 
 Stieler (ste'ler), Karl Joseph. Bom at Mainz, 
 Germany, Nov. 1, 1781: died at Munich, April 
 9, 1858. A German portrait-painter. 
 
 Stierno (ster'ne). An island of Norway, off the 
 northern coast, about lat. 70° 30' N. 
 
 Stigand (stig'and). Died at Winchester after 
 1072. An English prelate. He was a favorite of 
 Edward the Confessor, who made him (1044) bishop of 
 Elmham or of the East Angles, and in 1052 archbishop 
 of Canterbury. On the death of Harold, Stigand voted for 
 Edgar .Etheling to be king. For this reason he was dis- 
 trusted by William the Conqueror, who induced the Pope 
 to deprive him of his see and to condemn him to perpetual 
 imprisonment. 
 
 Stikine, or Stikeen. See Stickeen. 
 
 Stiklestad (stik'le-stiid). A place near Trondh- 
 
 Stirling, James 
 
 jem, Norway, where, in 1030, St. Olaf, king of 
 Norway, was defeated and slain by the Danes. 
 
 Stiles (stilz), Ezra. Bom at North Haven, 
 Conn., Nov. 29, 1727 : diedatNew Haven, Conn., 
 
 'May 12, 1795. An American Congregational 
 clergyman, scholar, and educator. He was pastor 
 for many years in Newport, Rhode Island, and president 
 of Yale College from 1778. He wrote “An Account of the 
 Settlement of Bristol ’’ (1785), “History of Three of the 
 Judges of Charles I.” (1794), etc. 
 
 Stilfser Joch. See Stelvio Pass. 
 
 Stilicho (stil'i-ko), Flavius. Bom about 359 
 a. D.: beheaded at Ravenna, Italy, Aug. 23, 408. 
 A famous Roman general and statesman. He 
 was the son of a Vandal chief who had entered the service 
 of the emperorValens. Hewasambassadorto Persia under 
 Theodosius, and commander-in-chief of the army ; and was 
 the guardian and chief adviser of Honorius and his father- 
 in-law. He carried on war against Alaric ; repelled an in- 
 vasion of Alaric in 403 after the battles of Pollentia and 
 Verona; and defeated the barbarians under Radagaisus at 
 Fsesulae in 406 or 405. His troops revolted at Pavia, and 
 he fled to Ravenna and was put to death by Honorius. 
 
 Still (stil), John. Bom at Grantham about 
 1543: died Feb. 26, 1607-08. An English prelate. 
 He was a student at Christ’s College, Cambridge ; after- 
 ward dean of Booking, canon of Westminster, master of 
 St. Johns and of Trinity, vice-chancellor of Cambridge, and 
 bishop of Bath and Wells (1593-1607). In 1670 he was Lady 
 Margaret’s professor of divinity. He was probably the 
 author of the comedy “Gammer Gurton’s Needle "(which 
 see). He made a large fortune in lead-mines discovered 
 in the Mendip Hills. 
 
 Stille (stil'e), Alfred. Born Oct. 30, 1813: 
 died Sept. 24, 1900. An American physician, 
 professor in the Pennsylvania Medical College, 
 and later in the University of Pennsylvania. 
 He published various medical works. 
 
 Stille, Charles Janeway. Bom at Philadel- 
 phia, Sept. 23, 1819 : died at Atlantic City, N. J., 
 Aug. 11, 1899. An American historian, brother 
 of Alfred Stille : provost of the University of 
 Pennsylvania 1868-80. His works include “ How a 
 Free People Conduct a Long War "(1862), “Northern Inter- 
 est and Southern Independence : a Plea for United Action ” 
 (1863), “ History of the United States Sanitary Commis- 
 sion” (1866), “Studies in Medieval History” (1882), and 
 “ Beaumarchais and ‘the Lost Million ’ : a Chapter of the 
 Secret History of the American Revolution ” (1886). 
 
 Stilling. See Jung. 
 
 Stillingfleet (stil'ing-flet), Edward. Bom at 
 Cranborne, Dorset, England, April 17, 1635 : 
 died at Westminster, March 27, 1699. A noted 
 English prelate and theologian. He graduated at 
 Cambridge (St. John’s College), in 1652; was chaplain 
 to Charles II., and dean of St. Paul’s ; and was made bishop 
 of Worcester in 1689. Among his works are “ Irenicum ” 
 (1659), “Origines Sacra; ’’ (1662), “Unreasonableness of 
 Separation,” “Origines Britannicaa ” (1685), works against 
 the nonconformists and Roman Catholics, etc. 
 
 Stillwater (stil'waHer). The capital of Wash- 
 ington County, Minnesota, situated on St. Croix 
 River 19 miles northeast of St. Paul. It is an 
 important seat of the lumber trade. Popula- 
 tion, 10,198, (1910). 
 
 Stillwater, Battles of. See Saratoga, Battles of. 
 
 Stimson (stim'son), Frederic Jesup: pseu- 
 donym J. S. of Dale. Born at Dedham, Mass., 
 July 20, 1855. An American lawyer and novel- 
 ist. He has published a law glossary (1881), and 
 a number of novels under his pseudonym. 
 
 Stinkomalee (stingk-o-ma-le'). A name given 
 to London University, first by Theodore Hook. 
 
 Stirling (ster'ling), or Stirlingshire (ster'ling- 
 shir). A county of Scotland, bounded by Perth 
 and Clackmannan on the north, the Forth on the 
 east, Linlithgow on the southeast, Lanark and 
 Dumbarton on the south, and Dumbarton (partly 
 separated by Loch Lomond) on the west, it has 
 two detached portions to the northeast. The surface is 
 largely hilly or mountainous (Lennox Hills, Ben Lomond) 
 It was the scene of many battles in the wars of Wallace, 
 Bruce, Montrose, and the Young Pretender. Area, 461 
 square miles. Population (civil co.), 142,338. 
 
 Stirling. A royal and parliamentary burgh, cap- 
 ital of the county of Stirling, situated near the 
 Forth in lat. 56 s 7' N., long. 3° 57' 'W. it has im- 
 portant woolen manufactures. Its castle is a picturesque 
 agglomeration of battlemented buildings of various dates, 
 occupying a height commanding the town. It was a favor- 
 ite abode of the kings of Scotland, whose palace of the 16th 
 century still stands on the lower court : on the upper 
 court front the Parliament House and the Chapel Royal. 
 It was frequently taken and retaken by the Scotch and 
 English in the wars of Edward I., Edward II., and Edward 
 III. ; was taken by Monk in 1651 ; and was unsuccessfully 
 besieged by the Highlanders in 1745. The town contains 
 also the Greyfriars Church. In a picturesque location in 
 the vicinity are Bannockburn, Sauchieburn, and Cambus- 
 kenneth Abbey. Stirling is one of the oldest Scotch towns 
 and was long a royal residence. Pop., royal burgh, 14,355. 
 
 Stirling, Earl of. See Alexander , Sir William. 
 
 Stirling, James. Born at Garden, Stirlingshire, 
 1692 : died at Edinburgh, Dec. 5, 1770. A Scot- 
 tish mathematician. At eighteen he entered Oxford, 
 but was expelled in 1715 for corresponding with bis Jaco- 
 bite relatives, and as accessory to the acts of rebellion. 
 He went to Venice and taught mathematics there, return- 
 
Stirling, James 
 
 959 
 
 Stolzenfels 
 
 ing to London about 1725. He wrote “ Line® Tertii Ordi* 
 uia Newtonian® ” (1717) and “ Methodus Differentialis " 
 (1730 : his most important work). In 1735 he was made 
 manager of the Scots Mining Company at Leadhills. 
 
 Stirling, James Hutchison. Born at Glasgow, 
 June 22, 1820 : died March 19, 1909. A Scot- 
 tish philosopher. He graduated both in arts and in 
 medicine at Glasgow University; practised medicine in 
 South Wales for a short time ; and then studied philoso- 
 phy in Germany. He published “The Secret of Hegel" 
 (1865), “Sir William Hamilton: being the Philosophy of 
 Perception” (1865). a translation of Schwegler’s “History 
 of Philosophy ” (1867), “ As Regards Protoplasm ” (1869- 
 1872), “ Text-book to Kant ” (1881), etc. . 
 
 Stirling Bridge, Battle of. A victory gained 
 at Stirling by the Scots under Wallace over the 
 English in 1297. 
 
 Stirling-Maxwell (ster'ling-maks'wel), Sir 
 William. Born near Glasgow, 1818 : died at 
 Venice, Jan. 15, 1878. A Scottish author. He 
 
 graduated at Cambridge (Trinity College) in 1839. His 
 works include “Annals of the Artists of Spain" (1848), 
 “Cloister Life of Charles V.” (1852), “Velasquez and his 
 Works" (1856), “Don John of Austria” (1883: privately 
 printed earlier). 
 
 Stobseus (sto-be'us), Joannes. Born at Stobi, 
 Macedonia : lived probably about the 5th cen- 
 tury a. d. A Greek writer, author of an an- 
 thology. 
 
 Among the Byzantine writers to whom we are indebted 
 for precious relics of the older Greek authors, perhaps 
 the earliest, and certainly not the least important, is John 
 of Stobi in Macedonia, generally known as Stobseus. His 
 personal existence has vanished from all records, and even 
 his date is determined rather by inference than by testi- 
 mony. He mentions Hierocles, who flourished about the 
 middle of the 5th century, and does not name any subse- 
 quent writer. It is therefore concluded that he lived soon 
 after that author. 
 
 K. 0. Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 379. 
 
 [(Donaldson.) 
 
 Stockach (stok'kach). A town in the circle of 
 Constance, Baden, 16 miles north-northwest of 
 Constance. There, on March 25, 1799, the archduke 
 Charles defeated the French under Jourdan ; and on May 
 4, 1800, the French under Moreau defeated the Austrians 
 under Kray. 
 
 Stockbridge (stok'brij). A town in Berkshire 
 County, Massachusetts, situated on the Housa- 
 tonic River 43 miles west-northwest of Spring- 
 field : noted for picturesque scenery, and as a 
 summer resort. It was the scene, in the 18th century, 
 of the missionary labors of Jonathan Edwards and others 
 among the Stockbridge Indians. Population, 1,933, (1910). 
 
 Stockbridge Indians. See Mahican. 
 Stockholm (stok'holm). A laen of Sweden. 
 Area, 3,015 square miles. Population, about 
 213,600. 
 
 Stockholm. The capital of Sweden, situated 
 at the outlet of Lake Malar into a bay of the 
 Baltic Sea, in lat. 59° 20' 35 // N., long. 18° 3' 
 30 // E. (of observatory). It comprises the city proper, 
 or “Staden”; the northern quarters Norrmalm, Blasie- 
 holmen, Skeppsholmen, Ladug&rdslandet, and Kungshol- 
 men ; and the southern suburb Sodermalm. Stockholm is 
 a principal emporium for the commerce of central and 
 northern Sweden, and has extensive and varied manufac- 
 tures. The royal palace is a massive building, in plan 
 forming a rectangle 400 by 380 feet, begun in 1697 in the 
 style of the Italian Renaissance. The north and south 
 facades are extended by large wings. The state apartments 
 are fine, and are richly adorned with ceiling paintings, 
 tapestry, and sculpture. The Riddarholms-Kyrka, the old 
 church of the Franciscans, is a large medieval building 
 with Renaissance and later modifications. It has been 
 for centuries the burial-place of the kings and distin- 
 guished men of Sweden, and is full of their tombs, with 
 monuments of which many possess historic and some ar- 
 tistic interest. The openwork spire of iron is 290 feet 
 high. The city also contains the National Museum, the 
 Northern Museum, and the Royal Library ; and is the seat of 
 the Swedish Academy, and of academies of science, belles- 
 lettres, history and antiquities, music, etc. It is noted for 
 its picturesque location and environs. It was founded in 
 the 13th century; has several times been besieged; and 
 was taken by Christian II. in 1520, who ordered the “Blood 
 Bath" of Stockholm (see Christian 11.). Population, 
 339,582. 
 
 Stockholm, Treaties of. 1. A treaty (1719) 
 between Sweden and Hannover. To the latter 
 were ceded Bremen and Verden in return for 
 a payment of money. — 2. A treaty (1720) be- 
 tween Sweden and Prussia. Sweden ceded Stettin, 
 Hither Pomerania to the Peene, and Wollin and Usedom, 
 and received a payment of money. 
 
 Stockmar (stok'mar), Baron Christian Fried- 
 rich von. Born at Coburg, Germany, Aug. 22, 
 1787: died there, July 9, 1863. A German physi- 
 cian, an official in the service of Coburg. He was 
 a friend of Prince Leopold (king of Belgium) and of Prince 
 Albert, consort of Queen Victoria. His son published selec- 
 tions from his papers (“Denkwiirdigkeiten- aus den Pa- 
 pieren, etc.,” 1872). 
 
 Stockport (stok'port). A town in Cheshire and 
 Lancashire, England, situated at the junction 
 of the Tame with the Mersey, 5 miles southeast 
 of Manchester. Its chief industries are cotton- 
 spinning and weaving. Population, 108,693, 
 (1911). 
 
 Stockton (stok ' ton). The capital of San Joa- 
 quin County, California, situated on the Stock- 
 ton navigable channel, near the San Joaquin 
 River, 64 miles east by north of San Francisco. 
 It is the commercial center of the San Joaquin 
 valley. Population, 23,253, (1910). 
 
 Stockton, Frank Richard. Bom at Philadel- 
 phia, April 5, 1834 : died at Washington, D. C., 
 April 20, 1902. An American humorist. His chief 
 works are “ Rudder Grange ” (1879), “The Rudder Gran- 
 gers Abroad," “The Lady or the Tiger? and other Stories” 
 (1884), “ The Late Mis. Null ’’ (1886), “The Casting Away 
 of Mrs. Leeks and Airs. Aleshine" (1886: with its sequel 
 “The Dusantes,” 1888), “The Hundredth Man” (1887), 
 “Personally Conducted” (1889), “The Merry Chanter” 
 (1890), “The Squirrel Inn” (1891), “The Clocks of Ron- 
 daine, etc.” (1892), “ The Watchmaker’s Wife, etc.” (1893), 
 “Pomona’s Travels” (1894), “The Adventures of Captain 
 Horn ’’ (1895), etc. 
 
 Stockton, Robert Field. Born at, Princeton, 
 N. J., 1795 : died at Princeton, Oct. 7, 1866. An 
 American naval officer and politician, son of 
 Richard Stockton (1764-1828). He served in the 
 War of 1812, and in the Algerine war ; negotiated the pur- 
 chase of Liberia in 1821 ; served against the pirates ; was 
 sent to California in command of a squadron in 1845 ; with 
 Fremont conquered California 1846-47, and organized a 
 government ; resigned from the navy in 1850 ; and was 
 Democratic United States senator from New Jersey 1851-53. 
 
 Stockton-on-Tees (stok'ton-on-tez'). A sea- 
 port inthecountyof Durham, England, situated 
 on the Tees in lat. 54° 34' N., long. 1° 19' W. It 
 has considerable commerce, and important iron 
 and 6teel manufactures. Population, 51,478. 
 Stockwell (stok'wel). A district of London, in 
 Southwark. 
 
 Stoddard (stod'ard), Amos. Born at Wood- 
 bury, Conn., Oct. 26, 1762 : died at Fort Meigs, 
 Ohio, May 11, 1813. An American soldier, an 
 officer in the Revolution and in the War of 1812. 
 He was governor of Missouri Territory 1 804-05. 
 ★He published “ Sketches of Louisiana” (1812). 
 Stoddard, Charles Warren. Born at Roches- 
 ter, N. Y., 1843 : died at Monterey, Cal., April 
 24,1909. An American writer. He was professor 
 of English literature at Notre Dame College, Indiana, 
 1885-86, and later lecturer on English literature at the 
 Catholic University, Washington, D. C. He has written 
 “ South Sea Idylls ’’ (1873), “ Summer Cruising in the South 
 Seas "(1874), “ Mashallah ! ” (1S80), “The Lepers of AIolo- 
 kai ” (1885) etc 
 
 Stoddard, Mrs. (Elizabeth Barstow). Born 
 
 at Mattapoisett, Mass., May 6, 1823: died at 
 New York, Aug. 1, 1902. An American poet and 
 novelist, wife of R. H. Stoddard. Among her 
 novels are “The Morgesons” (1862), “Two 
 Men” (1865), “Temple House” (1867). 
 Stoddard, Richard Henry. Bom at Hingham, 
 Mass., July 2, 1825: died at New York, May 
 12, 1903. An American poet and literary critic. 
 He published “Poems ”(1852), “Songsof Summer”(1857), 
 “The King's Bell” (1862), “The Story of Little Red 
 Riding Hood” (1864), “Children in the Wood” (1865), 
 “Abraham Lincoln: a Horatian Ode” (1865), “Putnam 
 the Brave” (1869), “The Book of the East” (1867 : “The 
 Book of the East, and other Poems,” 1871) ; and edited 
 various works, including the “ Bric-a-Brac ” series (1874- 
 1876) and the “ Sans Souci ” series. 
 
 Stoddert (stod'ert), Benjamin. Born in Mary- 
 land, 1751: died at Bladensburg, Md., Dec., 
 1813. An American politician : the first secre- 
 tary of the navy (1798-1801). 
 
 Stoics (sto'iks). [Formerly also StoicTc; F. sto- 
 ique, Sp. estoico, Pg. estoico, It. stoico, from 
 L. stoicus, from Gr. oroindg, pertaining to a 
 porch or portico, specifically pertaining to that 
 called 2rod llondXr/, ‘the Painted Porch’ in the 
 Agora at Athens, and to the school of philosophy 
 founded by Zeno, who frequented this porch.] 
 Disciples of the philosopher Zeno, who founded 
 a sect about 308 B. C. He taught that men should be 
 free from passion, unmoved by joy or grief, and submit 
 without complaint to the unavoidable necessity by which 
 all things are governed. The Stoics are proverbially 
 known for the sternness and austerity of their doctrines, 
 and for the influence which their tenets exercised over 
 some of the noblest spirits of antiquity, especially among 
 the Romans. Their system appears to have been an at- 
 tempt to reconcile a theological pantheism and a material- 
 ist psychology with a logic which seeks the foundations 
 of knowledge in the representations or perceptions of the 
 senses, and a morality which claims as its first principle 
 the absolute freedom of the human will. The Stoics teach 
 that whatever is real is material ; that matter and force 
 are the two ultimate principles ; and that matter is of 
 itself motionless and unformed, though capable of receiv- 
 ing all motions and all forms. Force is the active, mov- 
 ing, and molding principle, and is inseparably joined with 
 matter; the working force in the universe is God, whose 
 existence as a wise, thinking being is proved by the beauty 
 and adaptation of the world. The supreme end of life, or 
 the highest good, is virtue — that is, a life conformed to 
 nature, the agreement of human conduct with the all- 
 controlling law of nature, or of the human with the divine 
 will ; not contemplation, but action, is the supreme problem 
 for man ; virtue is sufficient for happiness, but happiness 
 or pleasure should never he made the end of human en- 
 deavor. The wise man alone attains to the complete per- 
 formance of his duty ; he is without passion, although uot 
 
 without feeling ; he is not indulgent but just toward him- 
 self and others ; he alone is free ; he is king and lord, and 
 is inferior in inner worth to no other rational being, not 
 even to Zeus himself. 
 
 Stoke (stok), Battle of. A victory gained by 
 Henry VII. over the adherents of the pretender 
 Lambert Simnel at Stoke-upon-Trent, 1487. 
 
 Stoke Newington (stok nu'ing-ton). A bor- 
 ough (metropolitan) of London, 3-4 miles 
 N.N.E. of St. Paul’s. Population, 50,683, (1911). 
 
 stoke Poges (stok po'jis). A village in Buck- 
 inghamshire, England, 23 miles west of London : 
 the burial-place of Thomas Gray. 
 
 Stokes (stoks), Sir George Gabriel. Born at 
 Skreen, Ireland, Aug. 13, 1819 : died at Cam- 
 bridge, Feb. 1, 1903. A British mathema- 
 tician and physicist. He graduated in 1841 at Cam- 
 bridge (Pembroke College) as senior wrangler and first 
 Smith’s prizeman ; was appointed Lucasian professor of 
 mathematics in 1849 ; was made president of the Royal 
 Society in 1885; and represented Cambridge University 
 in Parliament 1887-92. In 1846 he wrote a report for the 
 British Association on hydrodynamics. He discovered 
 the refrangibility of light, for which discovery the Rum- 
 ford medal was awarded to him in 1852. He was made a 
 
 ★ baronet in 1889. 
 
 Stokes, Whitley. Born at Dublin, Feb. 28, 
 1830 : died at London, April 13, 1909. A Brit- 
 ish Celtic scholar and Anglo-Iudian jurist. He 
 was educated at Trinity College, Dublin ; went to India 
 (Madras) as a barrister ; was law member of the council 
 of the governor-general of India 1877-82, and president of 
 the Indian law commission on the civil and criminal codes 
 in 1887. He published “Irish Glosses” (1860), “Three 
 Irish Glosses ” (1862), and edited “ Cormac’s Glossary, 
 translated by O'Donovan ” (1868), “ Goidelica ” (1872), “ Sal- 
 tair na Rann ” (1883), etc., besides editing the Anglo-In- 
 dian codes. 
 
 Stoke-upon-Trent (stok ' u - pon - trent'). A 
 county borough in Staffordshire, England, situ- 
 ated on the Trent 33 miles south of Manchester. 
 It has manufactures of earthenware and porcelain. It is 
 tlie center of the “ Potteries.” Population, 234,553, (1911). 
 
 stolberg (stol'berG). 1. A countship in Thu- 
 ringia, at the southern foot of the Harz. It is 
 divided into Stolberg-Stolberg and Stolberg- 
 Rossla. — 2. The chief town of the countship of 
 Stolberg-Stolberg, 50 miles southwest of Mag- 
 deburg. It contains a castle. Population, 2,083. 
 
 Stolberg. A town in the Rhine Province, Prus- 
 sia, situated on the Vichtbach 7 miles east of 
 Aix-la-Chapelle. In Stolberg and its vicinity are ex- 
 tensive manufactures of brass, iron, lead, zinc, glass, etc. 
 Its manufactures were established by French Hugue- 
 nots in the 17th century. Population, commune, 14,963. 
 
 Stolberg, Count Christian. Born at Hamburg, 
 Oct. 15, 1748: died on his estate Windebye, 
 near Eckernforde, Schleswig, Jan. 18, 1821. A 
 German poet, a member of the “Gottingen 
 Dichterbund.” His works, with those of his 
 brother, were published 1820-25. 
 
 Stolberg, Count Friedrich Leopold. Bom at 
 Bramstedt, Holstein, Nov. 7, 1750: died near 
 Osnabriick, Dec. 5, 1819. A German poet and 
 author, brother of Christian Stolberg, and mem- 
 ber of the “Gottingen Dichterbund.” He wrote 
 the “Iamben" (1784), with his brother “Schauspiele mit 
 Choren,” and “ Vaterlandische Gedichte”; he also wrote 
 a translation of the Hiad, Plato, etc. , the novel “ Die Insel " 
 (1788), travels, etc. 
 
 Stolen Heiress, The, or the Salamanca Doctor 
 Outplotted. A comedy by Mrs. Centlivre, 
 produced in 1702: from Thomas May’s comedy 
 “The Heir.” 
 
 Stollberg (stol'berG). A town in the kingdom 
 of Saxony, 10 miles southwest of Chemnitz. 
 Population, 7,373. 
 
 Stollhofen (stol'ho' ,/ fen). A small village in 
 Baden, near the Rhine 23 miles southwest of 
 Karlsruhe. The Stollhofen lines were a de- 
 fense against the French 1703-07. 
 
 Stolp (stolp), or Stolpe (stol'pe). A town in 
 the province of Pomerania, Prussia, situated 
 on the river Stolpe 65 miles west of Dantzic. 
 A Hanseatic town. Pop., commune, 31,154. 
 
 Stolpe. A river in northern Prussia which flows 
 into the Baltic Sea at Stolpmiinde. Length, 
 about 90 miles. 
 
 Stolpmiinde (stolp'miin // de), or Stolpemiinde 
 
 (stol'pe-miin-de). [G., ‘mouth of the Stolpe.’] 
 A small seaport and watering-place in the prov- 
 ince of Pomerania, Prussia, situated at the 
 mouth of the Stolpe, in the Baltic, 74 miles west 
 by north of Dantzic. 
 
 Stolzenfels (stolt'sen-fels). [G., ‘proud rock.’] 
 A picturesque castle, situated on a height above 
 the Rhine, 4 miles south of Coblenz, it was founded 
 in the 13th century, on the site of an older structure, by an 
 archbishop of Treves, and was ruined by LouisXIV. in 1689. 
 In the present century it was restored as a royal residence 
 by Frederick William IV. It is a picturesque modified 
 medieval castle with clustering towers, the central one 1 10 
 feet high. The interior is adorned with historical and alle- 
 gorical frescos, sculptures, and many interesting artworks. 
 
Stone 
 
 Stone (ston). A town in Staffordshire, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Trent 7 miles north of 
 Stafford. Population, 5,080. 
 
 Stone, Amasa. Born at Charlton, Mass., April 
 27, 1818 : died at Cleveland, Ohio, May 11, 1883. 
 An American financier and philanthropist. He 
 largely endowed Adelbert College of Western 
 Reserve University. 
 
 Stone, Charles Pomeroy. Born at Greenfield, 
 Mass., Sept. 30, 1824: died in New York city, 
 Jan. 24, 1887. An American general and en- 
 gineer. He graduated at West Point in 1845 ; served in 
 the Mexican war ; was head of the survey and scientific 
 exploration of Sonora, Mexico, 1857-60 ; was engaged in 
 the winter of 1861 at Washington (as colonel and inspec- 
 tor-general of the local militia) in drilling volunteers ; 
 was placed in command of the defenses of Washington 
 May 14, 1861 ; served as brigade commander under Patter- 
 son in the Shenandoah ; was in command of the corps of 
 observation of the Army of the Potomac Aug. 10, 1861, -Feb. 
 9. 1862 ; directed the unfortunate attack at Ball's Bluff Oct. 
 21, 1861; was imprisoned in Fort Lafayette (New York 
 harbor) Feb.-Aug., 1862 ; served at the siege of PortHudson 
 in 1863 ; and was chief of staff in the Red River campaign 
 of 1864. He was in the service of the khedive 1870-83, 
 and became chief of staff. He was chief engineer for the 
 erection of the pedestal of the Bartholdi Statue of Liberty 
 in New York harbor. 
 
 Stone, Edwin Martin. Born at Framingham, 
 Mass., April 29, 1805 : died 1883. An American 
 Congregational clergyman and author. He 
 edited hymn-books, and wrote the “Invasion of 
 Canada in 1775” (1867), memoirs, etc. 
 
 Stone, Lucy (Blackwell). Born in West 
 Brookfield, Mass., Aug. 13, 1818: died at Dor- 
 chester, Mass., Oct. 18, 1893. An American 
 reformer, a prominent advocate of woman’s 
 rights. 
 
 Stone, Samuel. Born at Hertford, England, 
 about 1602 : died at Hartford, Conn., July 20, 
 1663. A clergyman and colonist in New Eng- 
 land. He emigrated to Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 
 1633, and became pastor there, and was one of the early 
 colonists of Hartford in 1636. 
 
 Stone, William Leete. Born at New Paltz, 
 N. Y., April 20, 1792 : died at Saratoga Springs, 
 N. Y., Aug. 15, 1844. An American journalist 
 and author, editor and one of the proprietors 
 of the New York “Commercial Advertiser” 
 from 1821. He wrote “Letters on Masonry and Anti- 
 Masonry” (1832), “ Tales and Sketches ” (1834), “ Ups and 
 Downs in the Life of a Distressed Gentleman ” (1836), 
 “ Border Wars of the American Revolution,” lives of Brant 
 (1838) and Red Jacket (1840), etc. 
 
 Stone, William Leete. Born April 4, 1835 : 
 died June 11, 1908. An American lawyer and 
 historical writer, son of W. L. Stone (1792- 
 1844) . He published the “ Life and Times of Sir William 
 Johnson" (1865), and wrote a “History of New York 
 City” (1872), “Campaign of Lieutenant-General John 
 Burgoyne, etc. " (1877), etc. 
 
 Stoneham (ston'am). A town in Middlesex 
 County, Massachusetts, 9 miles north by west 
 of Boston. Population, 7,090, (1910). 
 Stonehaven (ston-ha'vn). A seaport, capital 
 of the county of Kincardine, Scotland, situated 
 on the North Sea 14 miles south-southwest of 
 Aberdeen. Near it are the ruins of Dunnottar 
 Castle. Population, 4,565. 
 
 Stonehenge (stdn'henj). A celebrated prehis- 
 toric monument in Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, 
 England, 8 miles north of Salisbury. The original 
 plan seems to have included two concentric circles of up- 
 right stones inclosing two ellipses. In the middle there 
 is a slab called the altar. Seventeen stones of the outer 
 circle (16-18 feet high) are standing, in part connected by 
 lintel-slabs resting on their tops. In the vicinity are 
 many barrows and a race-course (“ cursus ”). 
 
 We cannot leave this point without alluding to the ques- 
 tion, whose temple Stonehenge was, or whose it chiefly 
 was. After giving it all the attention I can, I have come 
 to the conclusion that we cannot do better than follow 
 the story of Geoffrey, which makes Stonehenge the work 
 of Merlin Emrys, commanded by another Emrys which I 
 interpret to mean that the temple belonge'd to the Celtic 
 Zeus, whose later legendary self we have in Merlin. It 
 would be in vain to look for any direct argument for or 
 against such an hypothesis ; one can only say that it suits 
 the facts of the case, and helps to understand others of a 
 somewhat similar nature. What sort of a temple could 
 have been more appropriate for the primary god of light 
 and of the luminous heavens than a spacious, open-air en- 
 closure of a circular form like Stonehenge? Nor do I see 
 any objection to the old idea that Stonehenge was the 
 original of the famous temple of Apollo in the island of the 
 Hyperboreans, the stories about which were based in the 
 first instance most likely on t he journal of Pytheas’ travels. 
 
 Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 194. 
 
 Stoneman (ston'mau), George. Bom at Busti, 
 N. Y., Aug. 8, 1822 : died at Buffalo, Sept. 5, 
 1894. An American general of cavalry. He 
 graduated at West Point in 1846; was chief of cavalry in 
 the Army of the Potomac 1861-62 ; was later division and 
 corps commander in the Army of the Potomac ; conducted 
 a raid toward Richmond in 1863 ; took part in the Atlanta 
 campaign of 1864 ; was captured in a raid in Georgia in 
 1864 ; and engaged in other raids and military operations. 
 He was Democratic governor of California 1883-87. 
 
 960 
 
 Stonemason of Cromarty. A pseudonym of 
 Hugh Miller. 
 
 Stone Mountain. A small village in De Kalb 
 
 County, Georgia, about 12 miles east-northeast 
 of Atlanta : noted for its isolated granite dome 
 (about 2,200 feet high). 
 
 Stone of the Sun. An Aztec monument, con- 
 sisting of a piece of basalt twelve feet in 
 diameter, carved with characters representing 
 divisions of time, and supposed to serve as a 
 calendar. It was carved about 1512, and is now in the 
 National Museum of Mexico. Chavero is of opinion that 
 it is a votive monument to the sun. It is also called the 
 Aztec Calendar Stone. 
 
 Stone River, Battle of. See Murfreesboro, 
 Battle of. 
 
 Stones of Venice, The. An art treatise by 
 Ruskin, published in 1851. 
 
 Stonewall Jackson. A nickname of General 
 Thomas J. Jackson. See Jackson, Thomas J. 
 Stonington (sto'ning-ton). A seaport in New 
 London County, Connecticut, situated on Long 
 Island Sound in lat. 41° 20' N., long. 71° 54' W. 
 It has railroad and machine shops, factories and mills. 
 It was defended against the British in 1814. Population, 
 town, 9,154, (1910). 
 
 Stony (sto'ni) Creek. A village in Ontario, Can- 
 ada, situated near Hamilton, at the western end 
 of Lake Ontario. Here, 1813, the British de- 
 feated the Americans. 
 
 Stony Point. A promontory on the west bank 
 of the Hudson, at the entrance to the Highlands, 
 35 miles north of New York. It was occupied by an 
 American fort in the Revolutionary War, was captured 
 by the British in 1779, and was retaken by assault by the 
 Americans under Anthony Wayne, July 16, 1779. 
 
 Stora (sto'ra). The seaport of Philippeville, 
 Algeria. 
 
 Storace (sto-ra'che or sto'ras), Anna (or Ann) 
 Selina. Born at London, 1766 : died Aug. 24, 
 1817. An English opera-singer, sister of Stephen 
 Storace. She created the role of Susanna in 
 Mozart’s “ Nozze di Figaro.” 
 
 Storace, Stephen. Born at London, 1763: died 
 there, March 19, 1796. An English composer of 
 operas, son of Stefano Storace, an Italian con- 
 trabassist. Among his works are “The Haunted Tow- 
 er ” (1789), “ No Song no Supper " (1790), “ The Siege of Bel- 
 grade ” (1791), “The Pirates ” (1792), and “The Iron Chest” 
 (1796), with Colman. 
 
 Stora Lulelr (sto'ra lo'la-a). A river in north- 
 ern Sweden which flows into the Gulf of Both- 
 nia about lat. 65° 40' N. Length, about 240 
 miles. 
 
 Stora Luleci Lake. An expansion of Stora Lu- 
 lefi River in its upper course. 
 
 Storer (sto'r6r), David Humphreys. Bom at 
 Portland, Maine, March 26, 1804: died at Bos- 
 ton, Mass., Sept. 10, 1891. An American physi- 
 cian and naturalist. He was a practising physician 
 at Boston from 1826, and was professor of obstetrics and 
 medical jurisprudence at the Harvard Medical School, 
 and its dean from 1854-68. He was a collaborator with 
 Agassiz. He wrote “ Fishes of North Am erica ”(1846), etc. 
 
 Storer, Francis Humphreys. Born at Boston, 
 Mass., March 27, 1832. An American chemist, 
 professor in Harvard University (1870), and 
 dean of the Bussey Institution. 
 
 Stork, King. See Lot 7 , King. 
 
 Storm and Stress. See Sturm und Drang. 
 Storm King (storm king). A mountain on the 
 western bank of the Hudson, above West Point. 
 Height, 1,530 feet. 
 
 Storms, Cape of. A name given by Bartholo- 
 meu Dias to the Cape of Good Hope. 
 Stornoway (stor'no-wa). A seaport on the east- 
 ern coast of the island of Lewis, Hebrides, in 
 lat. 58° 11' N., long. 6° 22' W. It is the largest 
 town in the Hebrides. Population, 3,711. 
 Storo (sto're). An island on the western coast 
 of Norway, about 35 miles south of Bergen. 
 Storrs (stdrz), Richard Salter. Born at Brain- 
 tree, Mass., Aug. 21, 1821: died at Brooklyn, 
 N. Y., June 5, 1900. An American Congrega- 
 tional clergyman, noted as a pulpit orator. He 
 was pastor of the Church of the Pilgrims, Brooklyn, 1846- 
 1900. He was an editor of the “ Independent " 184S-61. 
 His works include “Conditions of Success in Preaching 
 without Notes” (1875), “John Wyclitte and the First 
 English Bible” (1880), etc. 
 
 Storthing (stor'ting). [From Dan. Norw. stor- 
 thing (Icel. storthing), great or high court.] 
 The national parliament of Norway. It is com- 
 posed of 123 members, who are chosen by 
 direct election. The Storthing assembles every year, 
 and divides itself into an upper house (Lagthing) and a 
 lower house (Odelsthing). The former is composed of one 
 fourth and the latter of three fourths of the members. 
 See Lagthing and Odelsthing. 
 
 Stor-Umail (stor-o'miin). A large lake in Swe- 
 den, about lat. 65° N. Its outlet is the Umefi 
 Elf. 
 
 Stowe, Mrs. 
 
 story (sto'ri), Joseph. Born at Marblehead, 
 Mass., Sept. 18, 1779: died at Cambridge, Mass., 
 Sept. 10, 1845. An eminent American jurist. He 
 graduated at Harvard in 1798 ; began the practice of law in 
 1801 in Salem ; was Democratic member of Congress from 
 Massachusetts 1808-09 ; was associate justice of the United 
 States Supreme Court 1811-45 ; and was professor of law at 
 Harvard 1829-45. He published “CommentariesontheLaw 
 of Bailments ”(1832),“Commentarieson the Constitution of 
 the United States ” (1833), “On the Conflictof Laws "(1834),- 
 “On Equity Jurisprudence” (1835-36), “Equity Plead- 
 ings” (1S38), “ Law of Agency" (1839), “Law of Partner- 
 ship" (1841), “Law of Bills of Exchange" (1843), “ Law of 
 Promissory Notes,” Circuit Court decisions, and Supreme 
 Court reports. His “Miscellaneous Writings "were edited 
 by his son. 
 
 Story, William Wetmore. Bom at Salem, 
 Mass., Eeb. 19, 1819: died at Vail ombrosa, Italy, 
 Oct. 7, 1895. An American sculptor and poet, 
 son of Joseph Story . Among his works are statues 
 of Edward Everett (Boston), George Peabody (London), 
 “Cleopatra,” “Semiramis” (New York), etc. He wrote 
 legal treatises, several volumes of poetry, “Robadi Roma, 
 or Walks and Talks about Rome ” (1862), etc. 
 
 Stosch (stosh), Albrecht von. Born April 20, 
 1818 : died F eh. 29, 1896. A Prussian general 
 and state minister, chief of the imperial ad- 
 miralty 1872-83. 
 
 Stosch, Baron Philipp Von. Bom at Kiistrin, 
 Prussia, March 22, 1691 : died at Florence, Nov. 
 7, 1757. A German art connoisseur, noted for 
 his collection of antique gems. 
 
 Stoss (stos), Der. Au Alpine pass on the bor- 
 ders of Appenzell and St. Gall, Switzerland, 5 
 miles northeast, of Appenzell. 
 
 Stothard (stotli'ard), Thomas. Born at Lon- 
 don, Aug. 17, 1755 : died there, April 27, 1834. 
 An English painter and illustrator. Among his 
 paintings is the “Canterbury Pilgrims.” He designed il- 
 lustrations for Shakspere, “Robinson Crusoe," “The Pil- 
 grim’s Progress,” Rogers’s “ Italy," etc. 
 
 Stotteritz (stet'te-rits). A village in Saxony, 
 miles southeast of Leipsic: the headquarters 
 of Napoleon in the battle of Leipsic (1813). 
 Stoughton (sto'ton), Israel. Died at Lincoln, 
 England, 1645. An early colonist in Massa- 
 chusetts. He commanded the Massachusetts 
 troops in the Pequot war, 1637. 
 
 Stoughton, William. Born in England about 
 1630: died at Dorchester, Mass., July 7, 1701. 
 An American jurist, son of Israel Stoughton. 
 He became lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts in 1692, 
 and later acting governor. As chief justice of the Supe- 
 rior Court he presided over the Salem witchcraft trials. 
 Stour (stor). [L. Sturius. ] 1. A small river 
 
 in southern England, chiefly in Dorsetshire, 
 which unites with the Avon at Christchurch. — 
 2. A small river in Kent, England, which flows 
 past Canterbury and empties into the North 
 Sea at the Isle of Thanet. — 3. A river on the 
 boundary between Essex and Suffolk, England, 
 which flows into the North Sea 10 miles south- 
 east of Ipswich. — 4. A river in Staffordshire 
 and Worcestershire, England, which joins the 
 Severn at Stourport. 
 
 Stourbridge (ster'brij). A town in Worcester- 
 shire, England, situated on the Stour 10 miles 
 west of Birmingham. It has manufactures of 
 glass, fire-brick, etc. Population, 10,372. 
 Stourport (ster'port). A town in Worcester- 
 shire, England, situated at the junction of the 
 Stour with the Severn, 10 miles north by west 
 of Worcester. Population, 4,529. 
 
 Stow(sto), John. Born at London, about 1525: 
 died there, April 6, 1605. A noted English his- 
 torian and antiquary, son of Thomas Stow, a 
 tailor. In 1565 he published “A Summary of Englische 
 Chronicles,” and in 1580 his “Annales, or a Generale Chron- 
 icle of England from Brute until the present yeare of 
 Christ 1580. " Stow is best known from his “Survey of 
 London ’’ (1598), the standard authority on old London. 
 Through the patronage of Archbishop Parker he was able 
 to print the “Flores Bistoriarum ” of Matthew of West- 
 minster (1567), the “Chronicle" of Matthew Paris (1571), 
 and the “Historia Brevis" of Thomas Walsingham (1574). 
 In 1604 he was authorized bv James I. to collect “amongst 
 our loving subjects their voluntary contributions and kind 
 gratuities.” 
 
 Stowe (sto). A village in Buckinghamshire, 
 England, 3 miles northwest of Buckingham: 
 noted for its castle and park. 
 
 Stowe, Calvin Ellis. Born at Natick, Mass., 
 April 6, 1802: died at Hartford, Conn., Aug. 22, 
 1886. An American educator and theological 
 writer, professor successively in Dartmouth. 
 College, Lane Theological Seminary (Ohio), 
 Bowdoin College, and 1852-64 (of sacred litera- 
 ture) in Andover Theological Seminary. He pub- 
 lished “Introduction to the Criticism and Interpretation 
 of the Bible” (1835), “Origin and History of the Books of 
 the Bible ” (l867 and 1887), translation of Jahn’s ‘ ‘ Hebrew 
 Commonwealth” (1828). 
 
 Stowe, Mrs. (Harriet Elizabeth Beecher). 
 
 Born at Litchfield, Conn., June 14, 1811: died 
 at Hartford, Conn., July 1, 1896. A noted Ainer- 
 
Stowe, Mrs. 
 
 ican novelist and miscellaneous writer : daugh- 
 ter of Lyman Beecher, sister of H. W. Beecher, 
 and wife of C. E. Stowe. She was educated at Hart- 
 ford, Conn.; taught school there and at Cincinnati ; and 
 after her marriage lived in Cincinnati, Brunswick (Maine), 
 Andover, Hartford, Florida, and elsewhere. Her famous 
 work, “Uncle Tom's Cabin,” was published in the Wash- 
 ington “ National Era" 1851-52, and in book form in 1852. 
 Among her other works are “ Dred " (1856 : also published 
 as “Nina Gordon”), “The Minister’s Wooing "(1859), “ The 
 Pearl of Orr’s Island ” (1862), “Agnes of Sorrento ” (1863), 
 “Old Town Folks ” (1869), “ My Wife and I " (1872), “ Pink 
 and White Tyranny” (1871), “We and Our Neighbors” 
 (1875), “Sam Lawson's Fireside Stories ” (1871), “ Poganuc 
 People” (1878), “KeytoUncle Tom's Cabin " (1853), “Sunny 
 Memories of Foreign Lands ” (1854), “ Lady Byron Vindi- 
 cated ” (1869), etc. 
 
 Stowell, Baron. See Scott, William. 
 Stowmarket (sto'mar-ket). A town in the 
 county of Suffolk, England, situated on the Gip- 
 ping 11 miles northwest of Ipswich. Popular 
 tion, 4,162. 
 
 Stow-on-the-Wold (st5 ' on - th§ - wold'). A 
 town in Gloucestershire, England, 24 miles 
 northwest of Oxford. It was the scene of the last 
 battle of the English civil war, March, 1646, in which the 
 Royalists under Astley were defeated. 
 
 Strabane (stra-ban'). A town in the county of 
 Tyrone, Ireland, on the Mourne, opposite Lif- 
 ford and the mouth of the Finn, 13 miles south- 
 west of Londonderry. Population, 5,033. 
 Strabo (stra'bo). [‘ Squint-eyed’: from Gr.] Bom 
 at Amasia, Pontus, about 63 b. c. : died about 24 
 a.d. A celebrated Greek geographer. He traveled 
 extensively, and wrote a geographical work, in 17 books, 
 describing Europe (Books IIL-X.), Asia (XI. -XVI. ), and 
 Egypt and Libya (XVII.). “The first two books contain 
 a general introduction, in which the author reviews his 
 principal predecessors, beginning with Homer and pass- 
 ing on to Anaximander, Hecatteus, Democritus, Eudoxus, 
 Dicaearchus, Ephorus, Eratosthenes, Polybius, and Posei- 
 donius. He also gives us his general notions of the figure 
 and dimensions of the earth, and the climatology of the 
 different zones. According to him the earth is a globe, 
 fixed in the centre of the universe, and its habitable por- 
 tion resembles a military cloak, and extends from Ireland 
 to Ceylon.” 
 
 Strachey, William. Lived in the first part of 
 the 17th century. An English colonist, secre- 
 tary of Virginia about 1610-12. He wrote “A True 
 Repertory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas 
 Gates, upon and from the Islands of the Bermudas ” (edited 
 by Purchas),“ For theColony in Virginea Britannia: Lawes 
 Divine, Morall, and Martiall” (1612), “Bistorie of Travaile 
 into Virginia Britannia” (published by the Hakluyt Society 
 1849). 
 
 Strada, Alonzo de. See Estrada. 
 
 Stradella (stra-del'la). A town in the province 
 of Pavia, northern Italy, situated on the Aversa 
 10 miles southeast of Pavia. Population, 
 town, 6,546; commune, 8,979. 
 
 Stradella. 1 . An opera by Flotow. It was first 
 produced as a short lyrical piece in Paris in 1837, and after- 
 ward rewritten and produced in its present form in Ham- 
 burg, Dec. 30, 1844, as “Alessandro Stradella.” 
 
 2. An opera by Niedermeyer, produced at Pa- 
 ris in 1837. 
 
 Stradella, Alessandro. Born at Naples about 
 1645 : diedat Genoa about 1681. An Italian com- 
 poser, alleged to have been also a noted singer 
 and performer. 
 
 Stradella, Alessandro. See Stradella, 1. 
 Stradella .Defile of. A famous pass and strate- 
 gic point between the Po and spurs of the Apen- 
 nines, near Pavia. 
 
 Stradivari (strii-de-va're), Antonio, Latinized 
 Antonius Stradivarius. Born at Cremona, 
 Italy, about 1644 (?): died there, Dec. 17 or 18, 
 1737. A famous Italian maker of violins, the 
 most celebrated of the masters of the art : a pupil 
 of Nicolo Amati. His best violins were made about 
 1700-25. His sons Francesco and Omobono are also noted. 
 Strafford (straf'ord). A tragedy by Robert 
 Browning, relating to the Earl of Strafford. It 
 was written for Macready, at his own request, and he 
 played the title role on its production in 1837. 
 
 Strafford, Earl of. See Wentworth, Thomas. 
 Strafford Going to Execution. A painting by 
 Paul Delaroche (1835), in Stafford House. Lon- 
 don. The earl is kneeling beneath the prison window 
 of Archbishop Laud, who extends his hands through the 
 bars in blessing, while the guards wait, 
 strahlegg (strii'lek). A glacier pass in the Ber- 
 nese Alps, canton of Bern, Switzerland, lead- 
 ing from the Grimsel hospice to Grindelwald. 
 Straits Settlements (strats set'l-ments). A 
 British crown colony in the Malay Peninsula. 
 Itcomprises Singapore, Malacca, Penang (Bindings Wel- 
 lesley); and administration is exercised over the Feder- 
 ated Malay States (see supplement), British North Borneo, 
 and Sarawak. 
 
 Strakonitz (stra'ko-nits), Czech Strakonice 
 (stra-ko-net'se). A manufacturing town in 
 Bohemia, situated on the Wattawa 61 miles 
 southwest of Prague. Population, commune, 
 5,441, (1910). 
 
 O .— 61 
 
 961 
 
 Strakosch (stra'kosh), Maurice. Born at Lem- 
 berg, Galicia, 1823 : died at Paris, Oct. 9, 1887. 
 An opera and concert manager. He introduced 
 Patti, Nilsson, and other famous singers to 
 American audiences. 
 
 Strakosch, Max. Born 1835. An opera mana- 
 ger, brother of Maurice Strakosch, and partner 
 in many of his ventures. 
 
 Stralsuild (stral'sond). A seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Pomerania, Prussia, situated on the 
 Strelasund in lat. 54° 19' N., long. 13° 5' E. 
 It exports grain, and has varied manufactures. It con- 
 tains a Rathaus and 3 large Gothic churches. The city 
 was founded by the Prince of Riigen in 1209 ; was a Hanse- 
 atic town; was unsuccessfully besieged by Wallenstein in 
 1628; passed to Sweden in 1648; was several times cap- 
 tured ; was defended unsuccessfully by Schill against the 
 French allies in 1809; and passed to Prussia in 1815. 
 Population, commune, 31,809. 
 
 Strand (strand). One of the chief thorough- 
 fares of London, extending southeast from 
 Fleet street to Charing Cross. Originally the only 
 route between the City and Westminster was by Wat- 
 ling street over Holborn Bridge. Later, when Ludgate 
 was opened and Fleet Bridge built, a more direct way was 
 made by the “Straunde ” through the fens or marsh bythe 
 river side. The street became the fashionable quarter, and 
 was, especially on the river side, built up with fine palaces 
 and monasteries (Bridewell, Whitefriars, The Temple, 
 Savoy, etc.). 
 
 Strange (stranj), Sir Robert. Born in Main- 
 land, Orkney, July 14, 1721: died at London, 
 July 5, 1792. A British line-engraver, in 1735 he 
 was apprenticed to an Edinburgh engraver, and in 1745- 
 1746 he was in the Jacobite army. In 1748 he studied 
 drawing under J. B. Descamps at Rouen ; in 1749 was 
 a pupil of Le Bas at Paris : and in 1750 returned to Lon- 
 don, where he superintended the illustrations of Dr. Wil- 
 liam Hunter s work on the “ Gravid Uterus ” from red 
 chalk drawings by Van Rymsdyck, published in 1774. In 
 1753 he engraved the “Magdalen" and “ Cleopatra ” of 
 Guido, and in 1760 went to Italy. He was elected a 
 member of the academies of Rome, Florence, Parma, and 
 Paris, and was knighted in 1787. 
 
 Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 
 The. A tale by R. L. Stevenson, published in 
 1886. 
 
 Stranger (stran'jer), The. A translation from 
 Kotzebue’s “ Misanthropy and Repentance,” by 
 Thompson, altered and improved by Sheridan. 
 Strange Story, A. A novel by Bulwer Lyt- 
 ton, published during 1862 in “All the Year 
 Round.” 
 
 Strangford (strang ' ford), Lough. A lake or 
 branch of the Irish Sea, situated in northeast- 
 ern Ireland 10 miles southeast of Belfast. 
 Length, about 16 miles. 
 
 Straniera (stra-ne-a'ra), La. [It., ‘The 
 Stranger.’] An opera by Bellini, first pro- 
 duced at Milan in 1829. 
 
 Stranraer (stran-rar ' ). A seaport in Wig- 
 townshire, Scotland, situated at the head of 
 Loch Ryan, in lat. 54° 54' N., long. 5° 2' W. 
 It has some coasting trade. Population, 
 2,856. 
 
 Strap (strap), Hugh. A follower of Roderick 
 Random in Smollett’s novel of that name. He 
 is a simple, disinterested fellow, ill treated by his mother. 
 
 Straparola da Caravaggio (stra-pa-ro'la- da 
 ka-ra-vad'jo), Giovanni Francesco, known as 
 Straparola. Born near the end of the 15th 
 century: died about 1557. An Italian novelist. 
 He published “Sonetti, strambotti, epistole e eapitole” 
 (1508), but is best remembered by his collection of stories 
 called “ Tredeci piaeevoli notti,” drawn from many sources 
 and published at Venice in two series in 1550 and 1554. 
 Many editions were issued, and the book has been a store- 
 house from which succeeding writers have obtained plots, 
 etc. Shakspere and ,\ Inhere are indebted to it, one of the 
 stories is in Painter’s “ Palace of Pleasure,” and there have 
 been several French translations. The stories are told on 
 separate nights by a party of ladies and gentlemen enjoy- 
 ing the cool air at Murano (Venice), and are frequently 
 called “ Straparola’s Nights.” 
 
 Strasburg (stras'berg),G. Strassburg (stras'- 
 borG), F. Strasbourg (stras -bor'). The capi- 
 tal of Alsace-Lorraine, situated at the junction 
 of the Breusch and 111, about 2 miles from the 
 Rhine, in lat. 48° 35' N., long. 7° 46' E.: the Ro- 
 man Argentoratum. It is a railway center, a fortress 
 of the first rank, and an important strategic point. It has 
 manufactures of beer, leather, tobacco, dyes, etc.; and ex- 
 ports beer, sausages, “fat liver pies,” sauer-kraut, hops, 
 etc. The cathedral is an interesting monument, founded 
 in the 11th century, and not finished until the 15th. The 
 west front and openwork tower and spire are famous : the 
 front is very richly decorated with traceried windows and 
 slender arcading, and has fine sculptured portals and a 
 splendid rose, but it bears little relation to the remainder of 
 the edifice, far above which it rises irra heavy square mass. 
 The spire is 468 feet high. The 13th-century nave is 100 
 feet high, and excellent in design : the east end is of mas- 
 sive Romanesque, with an early crypt. The medieval glass 
 is gorgeous in color, and the great astronomical clock 
 (1842) is an artistic and scientific curiosity. The Church of 
 St. Thomas is chieily of the time of transition from Roman- 
 esque to Pointed, of massive and imposing architecture, 
 and possesses good glass. It is chieily remarkable, how- 
 ever, for the tomb of the Mar6chal de Saxe, erected by 
 
 Stratonice 
 
 Louis XV., and designed by Pigalle.- The marshal ap- 
 pears descending to the grave, to which he is conducted 
 by Death, while France in the form of a beautiful woman 
 seeks to hold him back. The University of Strasburg was 
 founded in the first part of the 17th century ; was sup- 
 pressed in the French Revolution ; was refounded later as 
 a French academy ; and was refounded as a university in 
 1872. Connected with it are an observatory and a library of 
 over 900,000 volumes. Near Argentoratum the emperor Ju- 
 lian defeated the Alamanni in 357 ; but the town was later 
 conquered by the Alamanni and by the Franks. Strasburg 
 was confirmed as a free imperial city in consequence of 
 the victory of the citizens over the bishop in 1262. The 
 gilds obtained a share in the government in 1332. 
 wholesale execution of J ews took place in 1349. The town 
 became one of the leading cities of the Empire ; accepted 
 the Reformation ; was taken by the French in 1681 and con- 
 firmed to them in 1697 ; and was annexed with Alsace to 
 Germany in 1871. The city was invested by the Germans 
 in the middle of Aug., 1870; was bombarded Aug. 24 and 
 succeeding days ; and capitulated (after great damage to 
 the city and cathedral) Sept. 28, with a garrison of nearly 
 18,000 men commanded by General Uhrich. The attack- 
 ing force was under General von Werder. Population, 
 commune, 178,290, (1910). 
 
 Strasburg. A village in Shenandoah County, 
 Virginia, situatedon the North Fork of the Shen- 
 andoah, 72 miles west of Washington. Itwasan 
 important point in the Civil War. Near it occurred the 
 battle of Fisher's Hill, or Woodstock, Sept. 22, 1864. 
 
 Strasburg, Oath of. See the extract. 
 
 This fact comes prominently forth in the famous oath 
 of Strassburg, preserved by N ithard. That precious docu- 
 ment has been commented upon over and over again as 
 a matter of philology ; it is no less valuable as a matter 
 of history. It shows that in 841 the distinctions of race 
 and language were beginning to make themselves felt. 
 The Austrasian soldiers of King Lewis swear in the Old- 
 German tongue, of which the oath is an early monument; 
 but of the language in which the oath is taken by the 
 Neustrian soldiers of King Charles, the oath itself is, as far 
 as our knowledge goes, absolutely the oldest monument. 
 
 Freeman, Hist. Essays, I. 181. 
 
 Strasburg-an-der-Drewenz ( stras ' borG - an - 
 der-ara'vents). A town in the province of West 
 Prussia, situated on the Drewenz 84 miles south- 
 southeast of Dantzie. Pop., commune, 7,217. 
 Strasburg-in-der-Uckermark (stras'boro-in- 
 der-ok'er-mark). A town in the province of 
 Brandenburg, Prussia, 72 miles north-northeast 
 of Berlin. Population, commune, 6.797. 
 Strassburg (in Alsace). See Strasburg. 
 Strassnitz (stras ' nits), Slav. Str£2nice 
 (strazh'net'se). A town in Moravia, Austria- 
 Hungary, situated on the March 37 miles south- 
 southeast of Briinn. Population, 4,948, (1910). 
 Stratford (atrat'ford). A suburb of London, 
 situated in Essex, on the Lea, 44 miles east- 
 northeast of St. Paul’s. 
 
 Stratford. The capital of Perth County, On- 
 tario, Canada, situated on the Avon 58 miles 
 west of Hamilton. Population, 12,946, (1911). 
 
 Stratford de Redcliffe, Viscount. See Can- 
 ning, Stratford. 
 
 Stratford-upon-Avon(strat'fqrd-u-pon-a'vqn), 
 or Stratford. A town in Warwickshire, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Avon 8 miles southwest of 
 Warwick:famousasthebirthplaceof Shakspere. 
 It contains the Church of the Holy Trinity (Early English 
 and Perpendicular styles), with the tomb of Shakspere ; the 
 house where Shakspere was born; and the New Place, the site 
 of the house built by Sir H ugh Clopton in the time of Henry 
 VII., and bought by Shakspere in 1597 ; Shakspere’s birth- 
 place is now national property and has been suitably re- 
 stored. The low gabled exterior and the interior rooms 
 preserve their 16th-century character. An interesting 
 Shakspere Museum has been formed in the house. The 
 Shakspere Memorial Building includes a theater, gallery, 
 and library. The Shakspere fountain was erected in 1887 
 by George W. Childs. Near by is Shottery, with Anne 
 Hathaway’s cottage. Population, 8,310. 
 
 Strathbogie (strath-bo'gi). A district iu the 
 county of Aberdeen, Scotland. 
 
 Strathclyde (strath-klid'). A medieval Celtic 
 kingdom, embracing in its greatest extent 
 southwestern Scotland to the Clyde and north- 
 western England to the Mersey. The northern 
 part was finally annexed to Scotland in 1124. Called Cum- 
 bria in its later history. 
 
 Strathearn (strath-ern'). The valley of the 
 Earn, in Perthshire, Scotland. 
 
 Strathmore (strath-mor'). An extensive plain 
 in eastern Perthshire and Forfarshire, Scot- 
 land. 
 
 Strath Spey (strath spa). The valley drained 
 by the Spey in the counties of Inverness, Elgin, 
 and Banff, Scotland. 
 
 Strato (stra'to), or Straton (stra'ton). [Gr. 
 "ZTpaTitv. ] A Greek peripatetic philosopher, the 
 successor of Theophrastus in the presidency of 
 the Lyceum in 288 B. C. lie was called “the natu- 
 ralist” because he declared the intervention of a deity in 
 nature unnecessary. 
 
 Stratonice (strat-o-ni'se). [Gr. Zrparow'xy.] 
 Lived about 300 b. c. Daughter of Demetrius 
 Poliorcetes, and wife of Seleucus Nicator, and 
 
Stratonice 
 
 later of his son Antiochus I. Seleucus, discovering 
 his son's passion for her, gave her to him, and at the same 
 time made him king of the provinces of upper Asia. 
 
 Stratton (strat'n). A place in Cornwall, Eng- 
 land, 26 miles southwest of Barnstaple, where, 
 in 1643, the Royalists defeated the Parliamenta- 
 rians. 
 
 Stratton, Charles Sherwood (sobriquet Tom 
 Thumb). Born at Bridgeport, Conn., 1838: died 
 at Middleborough, Mass., 1883. An American 
 dwarf, exhibited by P. T. Barnum in various 
 parts of the world. He married in 1863 Mercy Lavinia 
 Bump (Lavinia Warren), also a dwarf. When first exhib- 
 ited he was about two feet high, but grew to a height of 
 forty inches. 
 
 Strauss (strous), David Friedrich. Born at 
 Ludwigsburg, Wiirtemberg, Jan. 27, 1808 : died 
 at Ludwigsburg, Peb. 8, 1874. A celebrated 
 German theological and philosophical writer 
 and biographer. He was educated at Tubingen and 
 Berlin, and was “repetent” at the Theological Seminary 
 and lecturer at the University of Tubingen 1832-35. He 
 was deprived of his office on account of his “Leben Jesu,'’ 
 and received the position of teacher at the Lyceum of 
 Ludwigsburg : this, however, he abandoned in i836, and 
 went to Stuttgart. In 1839 he was called as professor of 
 dogmatics and church history to Zurich ; hut his appoint- 
 ment caused so much opposition that he was at once 
 pensioned, and soon driven from the place. He lived 
 thereafter at Stuttgart, Darmstadt, and elsewhere. He 
 sought to prove that the gospel history is mythical in 
 character. Among his works are “Das Leben Jesu ’’(“Life 
 of Jesus,” 1835), “Die christliche Glaubenslehre, etc.” 
 (‘‘Christian Doctrine of Belief,” 1840-41), biographies of 
 Schubart (1849), Mitrklin (1851), Frischlin (1855), Ulrich 
 von Hutten (1858-60), Reimarus (1862), Voltaire (1870), 
 “Das Leben Jesu fur das deutsche Volk ” (1864), “Der 
 alte und der neue Glaube ” (“The Old and the New Be- 
 lief,” 1872), and controversial works. 
 
 Strauss, Eduard. Born at Vienna, Feb. 14, 
 1835. An Austrian composer of dance-music, 
 son of Johann Strauss (1804-49). In 1870 he be- 
 came conductor of the court balls. He has composed more 
 than 200 pieces of dance music. 
 
 Strauss, Johann. Born at Vienna, March 14, 
 1804: died there, Sept. 25, 1849. An Austrian 
 composer and conductor, famous for his dance 
 music. In 1826 he became the conductor of a small 
 orchestra at Vienna, which gave successful concerts, and 
 he was engaged for six years at the “Sperl.” The baud 
 was finally enlarged to 200 members, out of which a se- 
 lection was made of a certain number who played music 
 of the highest class. He now began a series of tours, ap- 
 pearing for the first time in England in 1838. He raised 
 dance-music (of which he composed about 250 pieces) to a 
 high level. 
 
 Strauss, Johann. Born at Vienna, Oct. 25, 1825: 
 diedthere, June 3, 1899. An Austriancomposer, 
 son of Johann Strauss (1804-49). He composed 
 nearly 400 pieces of dauce-music, among them the waltz 
 “An derschoueu blauen Donau ” (“ By the Beautiful Blue 
 Danube”). Among his operettas are “Indigo, Oder die 
 vierzig Rauber” (1871), “Der Karneval in Rom,’’ “Die 
 Fledermaus," “ Cagliostro,” “Prinz Methusalem,” etc. 
 
 Strauss, Joseph. Born at Vienna, Aug. 22, 
 1827 : died there, July 22, 1870. An Austrian 
 composer of dance-music, son of Johann Strauss 
 (1804-49). He composed about 280 pieces of 
 dance-music. 
 
 Strawberry Hill ( stra/berri hil). Horace Wal- 
 pole’s country house, near Twickenham, Surrey. 
 He gave Kitty Clive a small house near it, which he called 
 Cliveden, sometimes “Little Strawberry Hill.” 
 
 Streaky Bay (stre'ki ha). An inlet of the 
 ocean, on the coast of South Australia, in long. 
 134° E. 
 
 Street (stret), Alfred Billings. Born at Pough- 
 keepsie, N.Y., Dec. 18, 1811: died at Albany, N.Y., 
 June 2, 1881. An American poet and author, 
 State librarian of New York. Among his poems 
 are “ The Burning of Schenectady ” (1842), “ Drawings and 
 Tintings ” (1844), “Fugitive Poems” (1846), “Frontenac" 
 (1849). His other works include “Woods and Waters," 
 on Adirondack travel (1860), etc. 
 
 Street, The. A popular name for the part of 
 New York in and near Wall street, famous as 
 a financial center. 
 
 Strelasund (stra'la-zont). The narrow strait 
 which separates Riigen in the Baltic from the 
 mainland of Germany. 
 
 Strelitz. See Neustrelitz. 
 
 Strelna (stral'na). A Russian royal palace, 
 situated on the Gulf of Finland 12 miles west- 
 southwest of St. Petersburg. 
 
 Strephon (stref'on). A shepherd, a character 
 in Sir Philip Sidney’s “Arcadia.” In English 
 poetry it is often a conventional name of a lover. 
 
 Stretford (stret'ford). A town in Lancashire, 
 England, situated on the Mersey 3 miles south- 
 west of Manchester. Population, 30,436. 
 
 Stretton (stret'on), Hesba. Born 1832: died 
 1911. The pseudonym of Sarah Smith, an 
 English novelist and juvenile writer. She pub- 
 lished “Jessica’s First Prayer,” “Bede’s Charity,” etc. 
 
 Strieker (strik'er), Der. Lived in Austria 
 about 1240. A Middle High German poet. Of 
 
 962 
 
 his life nothing i3 known. He wrote epics and “Bei- 
 spiele” (fables, stories, etc.). 
 
 Strickland (strik'land), Agnes. Born Aug. 
 19, 1796: died July, 1874. An English histori- 
 cal writer. Her chief works are “ Lives of the Queens 
 of England ” (12 vols. 1840-48), “ Lives of the Queens of 
 Scotland” (8 vols. 1850-59), “Bachelor Kings of England” 
 (1861), and “ Lives of the Seven Bishops " (1866). She also 
 edited “Letters of Mary Queen of Scots," and wrote sev- 
 eral novels. 
 
 Stringham (string'am), Silas Horton. Born 
 at Middletown, Orange County, N. Y., Nov. 7, 
 1798: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 7, 1876. 
 An American admiral. He served in the War of 
 1812, and in the Algerine and Mexican wars, and com- 
 manded the expedition to the Hatteras forts in Aug., 1861. 
 
 Strobeck (stre'bek). A small village in the 
 province of Saxony, Prussia, near Halberstadt. 
 Its inhabitants are renowned for their skill as 
 chess-players. 
 
 Stroma (stro'ma). A small island of Scotland, 
 situated in Pentland Firth between Caithness 
 and the Orkneys. 
 
 Str emboli (strom'bo-le). One of the Lipari Isl- 
 ands, north of Sicily : famous for its constantly 
 active volcano (height, 3,038 feet). 
 
 Stromness (strom-nes')- A seaport on the 
 western coast of Mainland, Orkney Islands, 13 
 miles west of Kirkwall. 
 
 Stromo (stre'me). The chief one of the Faroe 
 Islands. 
 
 Stromstad (strem ' stad). A small watering- 
 place on the southwestern coast of Sweden, 
 near the Norwegian frontier. 
 
 Strong (strong), Caleb. Born at Northampton, 
 Mass., Jan. 9, 1745 : died there, Nov. 7, 1819. 
 An American politician, a leading patriot in the 
 Revolution. He was a member of the Constitutional 
 Convention of 1787 ; Federalist United States senator from 
 Massachusetts 1789-96; and governor of Massachusetts 
 1800-07 and 1812-16. 
 
 Strong, George Crockett. Born atStockbridge, 
 Vt., Oct. 16, 1832: died in New York city, July 
 30, 1863. An American general in the Civil 
 War. He was a staff-officer under McDowell, McClel- 
 lan, and Butler; and as brigadier-general was mortally 
 wounded in the assault on Fort Wagner, July 18, 1863. 
 
 Strong, James. Born at New York, Aug. 14, 
 1822: died at Round Lake, N. Y., Aug. 7, 1894. 
 An American scholar, acting president of Troy 
 University 1858-61, and professor of exegeti- 
 cal theology in Drew Theological Seminary, 
 Madison, N. J., from 1868. He was one of the Old 
 Testament revisers, and was associated with Dr. J. Mc- 
 Clintock in editing the “Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theolo- 
 gical, and Ecclesiastical Literature,” becoming sole editor 
 after McClintock’s death. He also published “A New 
 Harmony and Exposition of the Gospels” (1852), a “ Har- 
 mony ” in Greek (1854), and various other works, chiefly 
 religious. 
 
 Strong, James Hooker. Born at Canandaigua, 
 N. Y., April 26, 1814: died at Columbia, S. C., 
 Nov. 23, 1882. An American admiral, dis- 
 tinguished as commander of the Monongahela 
 in the battle of Mobile Bay in the Civil War. 
 He was promoted rear-admiral in 1873 ; commanded the 
 South At lantic squadron 1S73-75 ; and retired in 1876. 
 
 Strong, William. Boi’n May 6, 1808 : died Aug. 
 19, 1895. An American jurist. He was Demo- 
 cratic member of Congress from Pennsylvania 1847-51 ; 
 justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania 1857-68; 
 and associate justice of the United States Supreme Court 
 1870-80. He was a member of the Electoral Commission 
 in 1877. 
 
 Strongbow, Richard. See Clare, Richard de. 
 
 Strong Island, or Ualan (wa-liin'), or Kusai 
 (ko-si'). An island of the Caroline Archipel- 
 ago, Pacific Ocean, in lat. 5° 21' N., long. 163° 
 1' E. It has an American mission. Length, 
 about 10 miles. 
 
 Strongoli (strong'go-le). A small town in the 
 province of Catanzaro, southern Italy, 36 miles 
 northeast of Catanzaro: the ancient Poetelia. 
 
 Stronsa (stron'sa), or Stronsay (stron'sa). An 
 island of the Orkneys, Scotland, northeast of 
 Pomona. Length, 7-J miles. 
 
 Stronsa Firth. An arm of the sea between 
 Stronsa and Pomona. 
 
 Strontian (stron'shi-an, locally stron-te'an). 
 A village in Argyllshire, Scotland, situated on 
 Loch Sunart 20 miles north by west of Oban. 
 The metal strontian (found there) was named 
 from it. 
 
 Strophades (strof'a-dez). [Gr. Srpo^dtJef, turn- 
 ing islands: seethe def.] A group of small 
 islands west of the Peloponnesus, Greece, in lat. 
 37° 14' N., long. 21° E.: the modern Strivali 
 or Stamphane. Hither the sons of Boreas were said, 
 in Greek legend, to have pursued the Harpies, and here 
 they turned back from their pursuit (whence the name). 
 
 Strother (stroTH'er), David Hunter. Born at 
 Martinsburg, Va., Sept. 16, 1816: died at 
 Charleston, W. Va., March 8, 1888. An Arneri- 
 
 Stuart 
 
 can author and artist. Und er the pseudonym " Porte 
 Crayon " he contributed to “ Harper’s Magazine ’’ illus- 
 trated articles, chiefly on the South. He was a Federal 
 officer (colonel of cavalry) in the Civil War. 
 
 Stroud (stroud). A town in Gloucestershire, 
 England, 26 miles northeast of Bristol : famous 
 for its cloth manufactures. Population, 7,673. 
 
 Strozzi (strot'se), Bernardo. Bom at Genoa, 
 1581: died at Venice, 1644. An Italian painter, 
 surnamed “II Capuccino” (‘The Capuchin’) 
 and “II Prete Genovese” (‘The Genoese 
 Priest’). 
 
 Strudel (stro'del), Der. [G., ‘ the whirlpool.’] 
 A whirlpool in the Danube, near Grein in Upper 
 Austria: formerly very dangerous. Length, 900 
 feet. 
 
 Struensee (stro'en-za), Count Johann Fried- 
 rich von. Born at Halle, Germany, Aug. 5, 
 1737 : executed at Copenhagen, April 28, 1772. 
 A German-Danish politician. He was educated as 
 a physician ; was appointed physician to Christian VII. of 
 Denmark in 1768 ; became the favorite of Queen Caroline 
 Matilda (sister of George III. of England), and in 1771 
 the most influential minister ; introduced various reforms ; 
 and was overthrown by a conspiracy in 1772. 
 
 Struldbrugs (struld'brugz). An immortal race, 
 inhabitants of Luggnagg, an imaginary land 
 described in “ Gulliver’s Travels” by Swift. 
 
 Struma ( stro 'rna) , or Kar asu (ka-ra' so) . A river 
 in Bulgaria and Turkey which Hows through 
 Lake Taehyno (the ancient Cercinites), and 
 empties into the .ZEgean Sea 50 miles east of 
 
 *Saloniki: the ancient Strymon. 
 
 Strutt (strut), John William, third Baron Ray- 
 leigh. Born Nov. 12, 1842. A noted English 
 physicist. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 of which he became a fellow in 1866 ; was professor of ex 
 perimental physics at Cambridge 1879-84 ; ana was pro- 
 fessor of natural philosophy at the Royal Institution in 
 1887-96. In 1895 he, with Professor William Ramsay, dis- 
 covered argon— at first supposed to be a new element — in 
 the atmosphere. 
 
 Strutt (strut), Joseph. Born in Essex, Eng- 
 land, Oct. 27, 1749: died at London, Oct. 16, 
 1802. An English engraver and antiquary. 
 He published “ The Regal and Ecclesiastical Antiquities 
 of England ” (1773), “ Horda-Angel-Cynnan ” (1774), “The 
 Chronicle of England ” (1777-79),“ Biographical Dictionary 
 of Engravers “(1785-86), “Complete View of the Dress and 
 Habits of the People of England ” (1796-99), “Sports and 
 Pastimes of the People of England ” (1801). 
 
 Struve (stro've), Friedrich Georg Wilhelm 
 von. Born at Altona, Germany, April 15, 1793 : 
 died at St. Petersburg, Nov. 23, 1864. A noted 
 German-Russian astronomer, director of the 
 Dorpat observatory 1817, and afterward (1839- 
 1862) of the Pulkowa observatory. He is especially 
 noted for his researches on double stars, and for his work 
 in geodesy. He published “Stellarum duplicium men- 
 surse micrometricae ” (1837), “ Stellarum fixarum, impri- 
 mis compositarum positiones mediae ” (1852),“ Arc du mi- 
 ridien entre le Danube et laMerGlaciale" (1861), etc. 
 
 Struve, Gustav von. Born at Munich, Get. 11, 
 1805: died at Vienna, Aug. 21, 1870. A German 
 republican agitator. He took an active part in the 
 revolutionary movements in Baden 1848-49, and published 
 works on politics, history, etc. 
 
 Struve, Otto Wilhelm von. Bom at Dorpat, 
 Russia, May 7, 1819 : died at Karlsruhe, April 
 14, 1905. A Russian astronomer, son of F. G. 
 W. von Struve, and his successor as director 
 of the Pulkowa observatory. He discovered about 
 500 double stars and a satellite of Uranus, and published 
 important researches on comets, nebula?, Saturn, etc. 
 
 Stryj (stre). A river in Galicia, Austria- 
 Hungary, which joins the Dniester 31 miles 
 southeast of Lemberg. Length, over 100 miles. 
 
 Stryj, or Stry (stre). A town in Galicia, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, situated on the river Stryj 39 
 miles south of Lemberg. It was nearly de- 
 stroyed by fire in 1886. It has cattle-markets. 
 Population, commune, 30,203, (1910). 
 
 Strymon (strl'inon). [Gr. iTpvuuv.] The an- 
 cient name of the Struma. 
 
 Strymonicus Sinus (stri-mon'i-kns si'nns). In 
 ancient geography, an arm of the iEgean Sea, 
 on the coast of Macedonia, east of the penin- 
 sula of Chalcidiee: the modern Gulf of Con- 
 tessa. 
 
 Strype (strip), John. Born at Stepney, near 
 London, Nov. 1, 1643 : died at Hackney, Dec. 
 11, 1737. An English biographer and histori- 
 cal writer. He was educated at St. Paul's School and 
 at Cambridge, and in 1669 w as made perpetual curate of 
 Theydon-Bois in Essex. His works fill 13 folio volumes. 
 They include “ Memorials of Archbishop Cranmer” (1694). 
 “Annals of the Reformation in England" (1709-31), an 
 edition of Stow’s “Survey of London” (1720), “Ecclesias- 
 tical Memorials” (1721), and lives of Sir Thomas Smith, 
 Aylmer, Cheke. Grindal, Matthew Parker, and Whitgift. 
 
 Stuart, or Stewart, or Steuart (stu'art.). A 
 royal family of Scotland and England. It was 
 descended from a family which for several generations 
 held the office of high steward of Scotland (whence the 
 name). Walter, the sixth high steward, married Margaret, 
 
Stuart 963 
 
 daughter of Robert Bruce, and on the death of Margaret’s He became a secretary of state in 1761, and was prime 
 brother David II. in 1371, the only child of this marriage minister from May, 1762, to April, 1763. He was extremely 
 succeeded as Robert II. The Stuart sovereigns of Scot- unpopular. During his administration occurred the cap- 
 land were Robert II., Robert III., James I., James II., ture of Havana and of Manila, and the peace of Paris. 
 
 James III., James IV., James V., Mary Queen of Scots, 
 and James VI. James IV. married Margaret, daughter of 
 Henry VII. of England, and on the failure of direct heirs 
 at the death of Elizabeth, the last of Henry VIII. ’s de- 
 scendants, in 1G03, James VI. of Scotland, Margaret’s great- 
 grandson, succeeded to the throne of England as James 
 I. The Stuart sovereigns of England and Scotland jointly 
 were James I., Charles I., Charles II., James IE, Mary 
 (consort of William III.), and Anne. 
 
 Stuart (stu'art), Arabella. Born about 1575: 
 died in the Tower of London, Sept. 27, 1615. 
 A daughter of Charles Stuart, earl of Lennox 
 (younger brother of Darnley), and cousin of 
 J ames I. She was the next heir after James to both the 
 English and Scottish crowns. “Lady Margaret Douglas, 
 the mother of Darnley and his brother, having been the 
 daughter of Archibald, sixth earl of Angus, by Margaret, 
 queen dowager of James IV., James VI. (I. of England) 
 was thus nearest heir of the junior English branch by 
 a double descent, Arabella Stuart being next heir by a 
 single descent.” (Encyc. Brit.) Sir Walter Raleigh was 
 accused of a plot to place her on the throne in 1603. She 
 married William Seymour in 1610, and was imprisoned 
 by James in consequence. 
 
 Stuart, Charles Edward. See Charles Ed- 
 ward Louis Philip Casimir. 
 
 Stuart, Gilbert. Born at Narragansett, R. I., 
 1755 : died at Boston, July 27, 1828. A noted 
 American portrait-painter. He was a pupil of West 
 in London, and settled in the United States in 1793. He 
 painted five whole-lengths and a number of other portraits 
 of Washington, and also portraits of John Adams, J. Q. 
 Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Story, Ames, Astor, etc. Of 
 his portraits of Washington the so-called “Athenseum 
 head,” and its pendant the portrait of Mrs. Washington, 
 were painted at Germantown, and were bought from Stu- 
 art’s widow by the Washington Association and other 
 gentlemen, who presented them to the Boston Athemeum 
 in 1831. Stuart copied them for General Washington, ac- 
 cording to the statement of his daughter, keeping the 
 originals by agreement. The “Gibbs Washington” is 
 also in the same institution. Excellent specimens of his 
 work are to be found in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts 
 and the New York Historical Society, the latter including 
 the portrait of Egbert Benson, painted in 1807. His great- 
 est works are the portraits of Judge Stephen Jones and of 
 F. S. Richards of Boston. His best work in England is a 
 portrait of Mr. Grant of Congalton skating, exhibited as a 
 Gainsborough in 1878. 
 
 Stuart, Henry Benedict Maria Clement. Born 
 at Rome, 1725 : died at Frascati, Italy, July 13, 
 1807. A son of the Old Pretender. He was created 
 cardinal in 1747, and assumed the title of Henry IX of 
 England on the death of his brother (the Young Preten- 
 der) in 1788. Usually known as Cardinal York. 
 
 Stuart, James, second Earl of Murray or Mo- 
 ray. Boml531(T):killedJan. 21,1570. Regentof 
 Scotland: illegitimate son of James Y. of Scot- 
 land and Margaret, daughter of Lord Erskine. 
 At the age of 5 he was made prior of St. Andrews ; and at 
 15 he routed an English force on the Fife coast. He 
 joined Knox on his return, and became the chief adviser 
 of Mary Stuart on her accession. In 1562 he was created 
 earl of Mar. Resigning this earldom, he was created earl 
 of Murray or Moray. He opposed the Darnley marriage, 
 and was outlawed. On the abdication of Queen Mary at 
 Lochleven he was made regent. He defeated the queen 
 at Langside, and was murdered by one of her followers, 
 Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh. 
 
 Stuart, James. Born at London, 1713: died 
 Feb. 2, 1788. An English antiquarian, called 
 “Athenian Stuart.” He began, with Revett, 
 “Antiquities of Athens ” (1762-1814). 
 
 Stuart, James Ewell Brown. Born in Patrick 
 County, Va., Feb. 6, 1833: died at, Richmond, 
 Va., May 12, 1864. A Confederate cavalry 
 general. He graduated at West Point 1854 ; was distin- 
 guished at the first, battle of Bull Run ; became the lead- 
 ing cavalry officer in the Army of Northern Virginia ; con- 
 ducted a raid around McClellan’s army June, 1862 ; served 
 in the Seven Days' Battles ; captured Pope’s camp and Ma- 
 nassas Junction Aug., 1862 ; was distinguished at Antietam 
 and elsewhere in the invasion of Maryland ; later in 1862 
 made a raid into Pennsylvania ; commanded the extreme 
 right at Fredericksburg ; succeeded Jackson as corps com- 
 mander at Chancellorsville ; commanded a large cavalry 
 force in the Gettysburg campaign ; was distinguished in the 
 further operations of 1863-64 ; and was mortally wounded 
 at the battle of Yellow Tavern, near Richmond. 
 
 Stuart, James Francis Edward, Prince of 
 Wales : also called the Chevalier de St. 
 George and the Old Pretender. Born at St. 
 James’s Palace, June 10, 1688: died at Rome, 
 Jan. 1, 1766. Son of James II. of England and 
 Mary of Modena. Suspicion was aroused by the cir- 
 cumstances of his birth, and it was believed by many that 
 a fraud had been perpetrated : but that he was the child 
 of the king and queen there is no doubt. When his father 
 fled from the kingdom, the child was sent to France. He 
 was proclaimed king of England (James Ill.)and Scotland 
 (James VIII.) by Louis XIV. in Sept., 1701; made an un- 
 successful attempt to invade Scotland with a French force 
 in 1706 ; served in the French army, distinguishing himself 
 at Oudenarde and Malplaquet ; countenanced the unsuc- 
 cessful Jacobite rising in Scotland in 1715, appearing there 
 in person in the latter part of that year ; and was driven 
 out early in 1716. He soon retired to Rome. 
 
 Stuart, John, third Earl of Bute. Born 1713: 
 died March 10, 1792. An English statesman. 
 
 Stuart, John Patrick Crichton-, third Mar- 
 quis of Bute. Died Oct. 9, 1900. 
 
 Stuart, John MacDouall. Born 1818: died 
 1866. An Australian explorer. He conducted 
 expeditions 1858-62, traversing Australia from 
 south to north 1862. 
 
 Stuart, Matthew, Earl of Lennox. Born in 
 Scotland, 1516: died at Stirling, Sept. 4, 1571. 
 A Scottish statesman and soldier, son of John 
 Stewart, third earl of Lennox. He was the heir 
 male of the Stuarts of Scotland at the death of James V. 
 He married Lady Margaret Douglas, daughter of Archi- 
 bald, earl of Angus, and the queen dowager Margaret, 
 daughter of Henry VII. of England. Matthew succeeded 
 to the earldom in 1526. In the civil war he sided with the 
 party of the English king. He was declared guilty of trea- 
 son, and joined the invasion of Scotland in 1545 and 1547. 
 In 1662 he was imprisoned in the Tower for planning the 
 marriage of Lord Darnley, his elder son, and Mary Stuart. 
 He assisted in the imprisonment of the queen at Lochleven 
 Castle in 1567, and was elected regent July 12, 1570. 
 
 Stuart, Moses. Bom at Wilton, Conn., March 
 26, 1780: died at Andover, Mass., Jan. 4, 1852. 
 An American philologist, and theologian. He 
 graduated at Yale in 1799; was a Congregational clergyman 
 at New Haven 1806-10 ; and was professor of sacred litera- 
 ture in Andover Theological Seminary 1810-48. His chief 
 works are “Grammar of the Hebrew Language without 
 Points” (1813), “Grammar of the Hebrew Language with 
 Points” (1821), “Commentary on the Epistle to the He- 
 brews ’’ (1827-28), “Hebrew Chrestomathy ” (1829), “Com- 
 mentary on the Epistle to the Romans ” (1832), “ Grammar 
 of the New Testament Dialect” (revised edition 1834), 
 “ Hints on the Prophecies,” “ Philological View of Modern 
 Doctrines of Geology,” “Critical History and Defense of 
 the Old Testament Canon ” (1845), commentaries on the 
 Apocalypse (1845), Daniel (1850), Ecclesiastes (1851), Prov- 
 erbs (1852). He wrote also translations of German works, 
 including Greek and Hebrew grammars. 
 
 Stuart Island. A small island in Bering Sea, 
 near the western coast of Alaska, 
 stubai Alps (sto'bi alps). A group of moun- 
 tains in Tyrol, sometimes included in the Otz- 
 thaler Alps. 
 
 Stubaithal (sto'bi-tal). An Alpine valley in 
 Tyrol, southwest of Innsbruck, famous for its 
 sublime scenery. • 
 
 Stubbs (stubz), George. Bom 1724 : died 1806. 
 An English anatomist and painter of horses. 
 
 He went to Italy to study in 1754. In 1766 he published his 
 celebrated work on equine anatomy. In 1780 he was made 
 an associate of the Royal Academy, and a full member in 
 1781. 
 
 Stubbs, William. Born at Knaresborough, Eng- 
 land, June 21, 1825: diedatCuddesdon, Oxford- 
 shire, April 22, 1901. A distinguished English 
 historian. He studied at Oxford (Christ Church), grad- 
 uating in 1848. He was appointed regius professor of 
 modern history at Oxford in 1866, curator of the Bodleian 
 Library in 1868, canon of St. Paul’s in 1879, and bishop of 
 Chester in 1884, and was translated to the see of Oxford in 
 1889. He was the author of “TlieConstitutional History of 
 England in its Origin and Development" (1874-78), “The 
 Early Plantagenets” (1876 : “ Epochs of Modern History ” 
 seriesj.and “Seventeen Lectures on the Study of Mediaeval 
 and Modern History and Kindred Subjects" (1886) ; and 
 edited Benedict of Peterborough’s “Gesta Regis Henrici 
 Secundi Benedict! Abbatis : Chronicles of the Reigns of 
 Henry II. and Richard I., 1169-92” (1867), “Select Charters 
 and other Illustrations of English Constitutional History, 
 from the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First ” 
 (1870),"MemorialeFratrisWalteri deCoventria: The His- 
 torical Collections of Walter of Coventry: Edited from 
 the MS. in the Library of Corpus Ctiristi College, Cam- 
 bridge" (1872-73), “Memorials of St. Dtinstan, Archbishop 
 of Canterbury” (1874), “Radulft de Diceto Decani Ludo- 
 niensis Opera Historica : The Historical Works of Master 
 Ralph de Diceto, Dean of London” (1876), “ The Historical 
 Worksof Geryaseof Canterbury : Vols. I and II, The Chron- 
 icle of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II., and Richard I. By 
 Gervase, the Monk of Canterbury ’’ (1879-80), “ Chronicles 
 of the Reigns of Edward I. and Edward II.” (1882-83), etc. 
 Students, The. A play printed in 1762, said by 
 Genest to be “professedly ‘Love’s Labour ’s 
 Lost’ adapted to the stage,” but it does not 
 seem ever to have been acted. 
 Stuhlweissenburg (stol-vis'seii-borG), Hung. 
 Szekes-Fehervar (sa'kesh-fe'har-var). The 
 capital of the county of Stuhlweissenburg, 
 Hungary, 37 miles southwest of Budapest : the 
 Roman Alba regia or Alba regalis. It was the 
 place of coronation of the kings of Hungary from the 11th 
 to the 16th century, and was held by the Turks (with one 
 interruption, 1601-02) from about 1543 to 1688. It has a 
 cathedral. Population, 32,168. 
 
 Stukely(stukTi),orStucley,SirThomas. Born 
 at London about 1525; died at Alcazar-Quivir 
 (Alcazar), Aug. 4, 1578. A younger son in an 
 old Devonshire family, who, after a life of ad- 
 venture, died in the company of three kings 
 on the battle-field of Alcazar. Peele made him 
 the hero of his play “The Battle of Alcazar” 
 (acted in 1588). 
 
 Stukeley (stuk'li), William. Bom at Hol- 
 beach, Lincolnshire, Nov. 7, 1687: died March 
 
 Styria 
 
 3, 1765. An English antiquarian. He published 
 some 20 works on the antiquities of England 
 
 Stundists (ston'dists). [< G. stunde, hour, 
 lesson ; from their meetings for Bible-reading.] 
 A Russian sect which originated about 1860. 
 Its tenets and practices are in the main evangelical and 
 Protestant in character. Since 1870 the Stundists have 
 been objects of persecution by the government. The sect 
 has rapidly increased in numbers. 
 
 Sturgeon (ster'jon), Major. A character in 
 Foote’s play “ The Mayor of Garratt,” played 
 by himself. 
 
 Sturgeon Bay (ster'jon ba). An arm of Green 
 Bay, in Wisconsin. 
 
 Sturluson. See Snorre Stwleson. 
 
 Sturm (storm), Julius Karl Reinhold. Born 
 * at Kostritz, Germany, July 21, 1816: died at 
 Leipsic, May 2, 1896. A German pastor and 
 lyric poet. He published “ Fromrae Lieder,” etc. 
 Sturm und Drang (storm out drang). [G., 
 ‘ storm and stress.’] A period in German liter- 
 ature (about 1770-80) noted for the impetuosity 
 of thought and style of the younger writers : 
 so named from Klinger’s drama “Sturm und Drang.” 
 Among the representatives of this movement were Her- 
 der, Goethe (in “ Werther"), Basedow, Klinger, Lenz, etc. 
 
 Sturt (stert), Charles. Died at Cheltenham, 
 England, June 16, 1869. An English explorer 
 in Australia. He discovered the Darling River in 1828, 
 and the Murray River and Lake Alexandria 1830-31, 
 and conducted an expedition into the interior 1844-45. 
 
 Sturt, Mount. [Named from Sir Charles Sturt.] 
 A mountain of the Gawler Range, South Aus- 
 tralia, south-southwest of Lake Gairdner. 
 Stutly (stut'li). Will. A character in the Robin 
 Hood cycle of English legend. 
 
 Stuttgart (stot'gart). The capital of Wiirtem- 
 berg, situated on the Nesenbach, near the Neck- 
 ar, in lat. 48° 46' N., long. 9° 11' E. It is the lead- 
 ing city in south Germany in the business of book-pub- 
 lishing, and has manufactures of chemicals, dyes, musical 
 Instruments, drugs, sugar, etc. The new royal palace, be- 
 gun in 1746, surrounds three sides of a square, and contains 
 finely proportioned and decorated apartments with some 
 good modern paintings and sculptures. The old palace, 
 adjoining, is of the 16th century : it has cylindrical angle- 
 towers, and a picturesque arcaded court. Stuttgart also 
 contains a noted academy of music, a royal library (of over 
 500,000 volumes), and an art museum. It was made the 
 capital of all W urtemberg lands in 1482, and has developed 
 rapidly in the 19th century. The seat of the “ Rump Par- 
 liament” in 1849. Pop., commune, 285,589, (1910). 
 
 Stuyvesant (stl've-sant), Peter. Born in Hol- 
 land, 1592 died at New York, Feb., 1672. 
 The last Dutch governor of New York. He 
 served in the West Indies; was for a time governor of Cu- 
 rasao; and returned to the Netherlands in 1644. He was 
 appointed director-general of New Netherlands in 1646, 
 arriving at New Amsterdam in 1647. He conciliated the 
 Indians ; arranged aboundary line with the English colo- 
 nists at Hartford in 1650 ; dismissed a convention demand- 
 ing popular reforms in 1653 ; took possession of the col- 
 ony of New Sweden in 1655 ; was compelled to surrender 
 the colony to the English in Sept., 1664 ; and sailed for 
 the Netherlands in 1665, but returned and lived on his 
 farm, the “Bouwerij” (Bowery), New York. 
 
 Styles (stilz), Tom or John. A fictitious name 
 formerly used by lawyers in actions of eject- 
 ment. 
 
 Stylites. See Simeon Stylites. 
 
 Stymphalides (stim-fal'i-dez). [Gr. Xrvyipa.- 
 /htSff.] In Greek legend, a flock of fierce birds 
 near Lake Stymphalus. They had brazen claws, 
 beaks, and wings, and could discharge their own feathers 
 like arrows. To kill them was one of the laborsof Hercules. 
 
 Stymphalus (stim-fa'lus). [Gr. In 
 
 ancient geography, a district and lake in the 
 northeastern part of Arcadia, Greece, near 
 Mount Cyllene. 
 
 Styr (ster). A river in Galicia and western 
 Russia which joins the Pripet about lat. 52° N. 
 Length, about 250 miles. 
 
 Styria (stir'i-a). [G. Steiermark or Steyermark, 
 F. Styrie.~\ A crownland and titular duchy 
 of the Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, 
 bounded by Upper Austria and Lower Austria 
 on the north, Hungary on the east, Croatia 
 and Carniola on the south, Carinthia on the 
 south and west, and Salzburg on the west. 
 Capital, Gratz. It is divided into Upper Styria in the 
 north and Lower Styria in the south. The surface is gen- 
 erally mountainous (the Alps, including the Styrian Alps 
 and the Karawanken), and is traversed by the Mur and 
 Drave : the Save is on its southern frontier. It is rich in 
 agricultural products, has great mineral wealth (iron 
 and coal, lead, zinc, also salt, etc.), and has important 
 manufactures of iron and iron and steel articles. The 
 prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. About two thirds of 
 the inhabitants are Germans, about one third Slovenes. 
 Styria has 30 members in the Reichsrat, and a Landtag of 
 71 members. The ancient inhabitants were the Celtic 
 Taurisci. The country was a part of ancient Noricum and 
 Pannonia. The Wends settled in it in the 6th century. It 
 wa^ conquered by Charles the Great ; was erected from a 
 margravate into a duchy about 1180; was united with Aus- 
 tria in 1192 ; and has been in the possession of the Haps, 
 burgs since 1282. It was several times invaded by the 
 
Styria 
 
 964 
 
 Suevi 
 
 Turks. The Reformation was suppressed by force in 
 the 16th century. Area, 8,670 square miles. Population, 
 1,441,604, (1910). 
 
 Styrian Alps (stir'i-an alps). A name given 
 by some geographers to a division of the Alps 
 which lies east of the Hohe Tauern. 
 
 Styx (stiks). [Gr. Sruf, the hateful.] In Greek 
 mythology, a daughter of Oceanus, and mother 
 of Zeal, Victory, Power, and Strength, she first. 
 
 came to the aid of Zeus against the Titans, and as a reward 
 he kept her children with him in Olympus, and made her 
 the goddess by whom the most inviolable oaths were 
 sworn. She was the goddess of the river Styx. 
 
 Styx. In Greek mythology, a mighty river, the 
 tenth part of the water of Oceanus, which flows 
 in the lower world. An oath sworn by any of the gods 
 in the name of the river was confirmed by drinking a cup 
 of its water brought by Iris. If such an oath was violated, 
 the guilty party was punished by being deprived of speech 
 and breath for a year and banished from the council of 
 gods for nine years. The name was also given to a water- 
 fall in Arcadia. See the extract. 
 
 Pausanias describes the terrible water as "a stream 
 falling from a precipice, the highest that he had ever be- 
 held, and dashing itself upon a lofty rock, through which 
 it passed and then fell into the Crathis” (VIII. xviii. 
 § 2). Homer and Hesiod give similar descriptions. Colo- 
 nel Leake (“Morea,” iii. p. 160) seems to have discovered 
 the waterfall intended, near Solos, where “two slender 
 cascades of water fall perpendicularly over an immense 
 precipice, and, after winding for a time among a laby- 
 rinth of rocks, unite to form the torrent which, after 
 passing the Klukines, joins the river Akrata ” (Crathis). 
 Superstitious feelings of dread still attach to the water, 
 which is considered to be of a peculiarly noxious char- 
 acter. Rawlinson, Herod., III. 457, note. 
 
 Suabia. See Swabia. 
 
 Suakim (swa'kim), or Suakin (swa'kin). A 
 seaport belonging to Egypt, situated on the Red 
 Sea in lat. 19° 7' N., long. 37° 19' E., on a 
 small island : the chief seaport on the west coast 
 of the Red Sea. It exports cotton, gum, ivory, senna, 
 etc., and is the terminus of the Berber-Suakiin-Sudan 
 Railway. It was occupied by British troops in the Mah- 
 dist revolt ; and near it occurred several conflicts between 
 the Anglo-Egyptian troops and the Mahdists under Osman 
 Digna in 1884 and later. Population, about 14,000. Also 
 Suwakim, Sauakin, and Sauakin. 
 
 Suarez(swa'reth), Francisco. BomatGranada, 
 Spain, Jan. 5, 1548: died at Lisbon, Sept. 25, 
 1617. A noted Spanish Jesuit theologian and 
 scholastic philosopher. He is best known from his 
 “ Defensio Fidei ” (1613 : burned in England and France). 
 His works were edited by Migne. 
 
 Subanrika (so-bun-re'ka). A river in India 
 which flows into the Bay of Bengal 96 miles 
 southwest of Calcutta. Length, nearly 300 
 miles. 
 
 Suben (so'ben). In Egyptian mythology, the 
 goddess of childbirth, akin to the Greek Eilei- 
 thyia and the Roman Lucina. She was honored in 
 southern Egypt, and especially at the city Eileithyia, con- 
 secrated to her. In northern Egypt her place was filled 
 by Nati, also called Buto. Her emblem was the vulture. 
 Subiaco (so-be-a/ko). A town in the province 
 of Rome, Italy, situated on the Teverone 33 
 miles east of Rome: the ancient Sublaqueum. 
 There are Benedictine monasteries in the neighborhood; 
 and it contains a castle built in the 11th century, long a 
 papal residence. It also contained a villa of Nero! Popu- 
 lation, town, 7,082 ; commune, 8,005. 
 
 Sublime Porte (sub-lim' port). The building in 
 which are the offices of the grand vizir and 
 other high functionaries of the Ottoman em- 
 pire; hence, the Turkish government itself. 
 
 A quay, on which were mounted several large pieces of 
 artillery, ran along outside the whole ength of the sea-wall, 
 which, as well as the city-wall, was pierced with a number 
 of gates, but one only was in general use. This was the 
 great gate of the Seraglio, the Bah-i-Hnmayun or Imperial 
 Gate, that “Sublime Porte "from which the Ottoman Gov- 
 ernment derives the name by which it is best known. Piled 
 up on one side, just without this gate, were pyramids of 
 heads, trophies of victory over Greek or Serbian rebels, as 
 ghastly as the skulls that once bleached upon London 
 Bridge or over Temple Bar. Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 268. 
 
 Subtle (sut'l). 1. The Alchemist in Ben Jon- 
 son’s play of that name. He is a knavish cheat and 
 pretender, who offers to make gold for his dupes, and 
 cheats them in various ways, inflaming their cupidity and 
 lust of power. He is thought to be meant for the charla- 
 tan Dr. Dee. 
 
 2. A sharper in Foote’s comedy “The English- 
 man in Paris.” 
 
 Subtle Doctor, L. Doctor Subtilis(snb'ti-lis). 
 
 A name given to Duns Scotus, from his meta- 
 physical acuteness. 
 
 Subunreeka. See Subanrika. 
 
 Subltra (su-bu'rg,). A valley in ancient Rome, 
 on the north side of the Fora, and extending 
 between the Yiminal and the Esquiline. It 
 *was drained by the Cloaca Maxima. 
 
 Suburban (sub-fer'ban), The. One of the prin- 
 cipal American horse-races : a handicap sweep- 
 stakes run annually at the June meeting of the 
 Coney Island Jockey Club at Sheepshead Say, 
 Long Island. It is for horses three years old and up- 
 ward. The distance is li miles. The winners have been : 
 
 1884, General Monroe; 1885, Pontiac ; 1886, Troubadour; 
 1887, Eolus ; 1888, Elkwood ; 1889, Raceland ; 1890, Salva- 
 tor ; 1891, Loantaka; 1892, Montana; 1893, Lowlander; 
 1894, Ramapo ; 1895, Lazzarone ; 1896, Henry of Navarre ; 
 1897, Ben Brush; 1898, Tillo; 1899, Imp; 1900, Kinley 
 Mack; 1901, Alcedo; 1902, Gold Heels; 1903, Africander. 
 Succoth (suk'oth). 1 . In scriptural geography, 
 
 Sudbury. A town in Middlesex County, Massa- 
 chusetts, 19 miles west of Boston. It was the 
 scene of a battle with the Indians in 1676. Pop- 
 ulation, 1,120, (1910). 
 
 Sudermania. See Sodermanland. 
 
 Sudermann (zo'der-man), Hermann. Born at 
 
 a place in Palestine probably east of the Jor- * Matzicken , East Prussia bee. 9, 1857. A Ger- 
 
 non onn oAnth at tho on ia it • rl not tt a/1 nw - ' ' 
 
 dan and south of the Jabbok: destroyed by 
 Gideon. — 2. The place of the first encampment 
 of the Israelites in the Exodus. It is called in 
 Egyptian records Thukot, and lay east of San. 
 
 Suchet (sii-sha'), Louis Gabriel, Due d’Albu- 
 f6ra. Born at Lyons, March 2, 1770: died at 
 Marseilles, Jan. 3, 1826. A marshal of France. 
 He served with distinction in Italy, especially in the cam- 
 paigns of 1800-01, becoming a brigadier-general in 1797, 
 chief of staff to Massbna in 1798, and general of division 
 in 1800 ; and later at Austerlitz, Saalfeld, Pultusk, and 
 elsewhere. He received the command in Aragon in April, 
 1809 ; defeated Blake at Santa F0 and Belchite, June, 1809, 
 and O’Donnell near Lerida April 23, 1810 ; captured Tortosa 
 Jan. 2, 1811 ; stormed Tarragona June 28, 1811; captured 
 Valencia Jan. 9, 1812; and gained other victories. He 
 
 man dramatic poet. He is a disciple of Ibsen. 
 He has written “Die Ehre,” “Sodoms Ende," “Heimat,” 
 “ Es War," “ Das Gluck im Winkel,” “Es Lebe das Leben," 
 “Stein unter Steinen," etc. 
 
 Sudero (so'de-re). One of the Faroe Islands. 
 
 Sudeten(so-de'ten). [G., ‘Sudetic’ Mountains.] 
 A mountain system in Moravia, Austrian Sile- 
 sia, Prussian Silesia, Bohemia, and Saxony, it 
 extends from the basin of the Beczwa in Moravia to the 
 gap of the Elbe near the Bohemian and Saxon frontier. 
 Its chief divisions are the Isergebirge, Riesengebirge, 
 Glatzer Mountains (Schneeberg), Reichensteiner Moun- 
 tains, Eulengebirge, Adlergebirge, Habelschwerter Moun- 
 tains, Heuscheuergebirge, Schweidnitzer Mountains, Lan- 
 sitzer Mountains, and the Moravian Gesenke and Altvater 
 Schneegebirge. 
 
 served under Napoleon in the Hundred Days. He became Sudini. See JEslii. 
 a marshal in 1811, and later a peer of France. He wrote Sue (sii), Marie Joseph (best knownasEug&ne). 
 
 trwimoira AT hia klivotiien citvmnirrna — . * . . ° 
 
 memoirs of his Spanish campaigns. 
 
 Suchow, or Su-chau. See Soochow. 
 
 Siichteln (zuch'teln). A town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, situated near the Niers 36 
 miles northwest of Cologne. Population, com- 
 mune, 9,371. 
 
 Suckling ( suk ' ling) , Sir John. Bor n at Whitton, 
 Middlesex (baptized Feb. 10, 1609) : supposed 
 to have committed suicide at Paris about 1642. 
 An English Royalist poet and man of fashion of 
 the Court of Charles I. His father was a comptroller 
 of the household of Charles I In 1623 he entered Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, and 1631-32 fought in the Marquis of 
 Hamilton's troop in Gustavus Adolphus’s army. Return- 
 ing to court just as the masks had passed their splendor, 
 he wrote plays adapted to the scenery which the taste for 
 them had developed. “Aglaura” was produced in 1637, 
 and “Brennoralt,” under tiie name of its first draft, “The 
 Discontented Colonel,” appeared in quarto in 1640. When 
 the war with the Scottish Covenanters began (1639), he 
 raised a troop of 100 horse for the king. In May, 1641, he 
 was implicated in a plot for the liberation of Strafford, 
 was charged with high treason, and fled from England. 
 He is best known from his lyric poems and ballads. 
 
 Sucre (sg'kra), Antonio Jose de. Born at Cu- 
 man&, Venezuela, June 13, 1793: died in the 
 province of Pasto,New Granada, June 4. 1830. A 
 
 Born at Paris, Dec. 10, 1804: died at Annecy, 
 Savoy, July 3, 1857. A celebrated French nov- 
 elist. His sponsors were Prince Eugfene Beauhamais 
 and the empress Josephine ; from the former he took the 
 name Engine, which he prefixed to Sue to form his nom 
 de plume. After a short stay at the Lycbe Bonaparte in 
 Paris, he took up painting and then medicine, and wrote 
 also a couple of poor plays. He spent six years in the navy 
 as a surgeon, falling heir to his father’s large estate on his 
 return to France in 1830. Chance led him to write his 
 first novel, “ Plicket Plock ” (1831), and he was encouraged 
 by its success to publish “Atar-Gull ” (1831), “La sala- 
 mandre” (1832), “La Coucaratcha” (1832-34), and “La vi- 
 gie de Koat-Ven” (1833). For the subject-matter of all 
 these works he drew largely upon his store of personal 
 reminiscences and experiences. A great deal of sound in- 
 formation on naval matters is found embodied in Sue’s 
 “Histoire de la marine francaise” (1835-37). Dropping 
 gradually into the general style of novel, he published 
 “ Arthur” (1838), “Le marquis de L^toriere” (1839), “Ma- 
 thilde” (1841), “Le morne au diable” (1842). In a more 
 erudite strain he composed two historical novels, “La- 
 trdaumont” (1837) and “Jean Cavalier" (1840). He ex- 
 erted a profound influence by the views to which he gave 
 expression in “Les mystOresde Paris "(1842-43), and in “Le 
 Juif errant "(1844-45). A change of government drove him 
 into exile in 1852, and he spent the remainder of his life in 
 Annecy. In addition to the works mentioned above, he 
 wrote a few plays and a number of novels. 
 
 Spanish- American general in the war for iude- Suess (zfis), Eduard. Born at London, Eng 
 
 i ° loud A -i-i a* OA 1 UQ 1 A viAtorl inoftnon ffDAlfurict 
 
 pendence. He was a trusted lieutenant of Bolivar, and 
 during his absence gained twoof the most decisive victories 
 of the war— the battle of Pichincha (May 24, 1822). which 
 freed Quito or Ecuador ; and that of Ayacucho (Dec. 9, 1824), 
 which put an end to Spanish rule in South America. Sucre 
 was awarded the title of grand marshal of Ayacucho, and 
 was elected first president of Bolivia Oct. 3, 1826. He re- 
 signed in Sept., 1828, to prevent a war with Peru, the gov- 
 ernment of that country having demanded his removal as 
 an adherent of Bolivar. Sucre went to Colombia, where 
 he took command of the army then acting against Peru, 
 gained the battle of Giron, near Cuenca, Feb. 26, 1829, and 
 
 land, Aug. 20, 1831. A noted Austrian geologist. 
 In 1857 he became professor of geology at the University 
 of Vienna. He has been a member of the Landtag of 
 Lower Austria since 1869, and in 1873 he entered the 
 Reicllsrat as deputy from Vienna, and was a member of 
 the ljiberal party. He has held several public offices. He 
 is noted for his special researches on the stratigraphy of 
 the Alps, the geology of Italy, and the organization of the 
 brachiopod mollusks. Among his works are “DerBoden 
 der Stadt Wien” (1862), “Die Entstehung der Alpen” 
 (1875), “ Die Zukunft des Goldes ” (1877), “ Das Antlitz der 
 Erde ’’ (1885-1909). 
 
 thus practically ended the war. He was president of the Suessiones (swes-i-6'nez). An ancient people 
 
 Colombian congress of 1829, and while returning to his 
 home in Quito was assassinated, at the instigation, as was 
 supposed, of his political enemies. 
 
 Sucre, or Chuquisaca (cko-ke-sa'ka). The offi- 
 
 of Gallia Belgica, allied to and situated near 
 the Remi, in the vicinity of Soissons (named 
 from them). They were subjugated by Julius 
 
 cial capital of Bolivia, situated nearlat. 19°5' S. J a sai , w , B ‘ c \, .... T - , , 
 
 Itcontamsacathedralandseveraleducationalinstitutions. SueSSUla (swes u-la). In ancient geography, a 
 
 ■ . _ . — . place m Campania, Italy, 13 miles northeast of 
 
 Naples : the traditional scene of a Roman vic- 
 tory over the Samnites in the first Samnite 
 
 Originally it was the Indian village of Chuquisaca. The 
 Spaniards called it La Plata de Chuquisaca, or simply La 
 Plata, from the important silver-mines of the vicinity. 
 It was the capital of the old Spanish province of Choreas, 
 whence it was also known as Charcas. The official name 
 Sucre was given when it became the capital of Bolivia in 
 1826. For many years La Paz has been the seat of gov- 
 ernment. Population, 23,416. 
 
 Suczawa (so-cka'va). A town in Bukowina, 
 Austria-Hungary, situated on the river Sucza- 
 wa 45 miles south by east of Czernowitz. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 11,539, (1910). 
 
 Sudan, or Soudan (so-dan'), sometimes called 
 Nigritia (ui-grish'ia). [Ar. Sudan, the Blacks.] 
 A vast region in Africa, with indefinite boun- 
 daries, including the territories from the Atlan- 
 tic (or Senegambia) eastward to Abyssinia or 
 
 Suetonius (swe-to'ni-us) (Caius Suetonius 
 Tranquillus). Lived in the first part of the 2d 
 century a. d. A Roman biographer and histo- 
 rian. He was private secretary of Hadrian about 119- 
 121, and was a friend of the younger Pliny, whom he ac- 
 companied to Bithynia in 112. His chief work is “ Lives 
 of the Caesars, ’’ which contains biographies (of an anecdoti- 
 cal character) of the first twelve Csesars. including Julius. 
 It is important on account of its revelations concerning 
 the private life of the emperors. Fragments of his “De 
 grammaticis ” and of other works, are extant. 
 
 Suett (su'et), Richard. Born in 1755 : died in 
 1805. An English comedian. 
 
 the Red Sea, and from the Sahara southward Suevi (swe'vl). [L. (Ctesar) Suebi. (Pliny) 
 
 to the Guinea coast, and the Kongo Basin. 
 The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan extends southward from the 
 frontier of Egypt to the Uganda Protectorate and the Bel- 
 gian Kongo, eastward to the Red Sea and Abyssinia, and 
 westward to Wadai. Divided into 13 provinces. Its area is 
 about 950,000 sq. m., and its population about 3,000,000. Of 
 the central Sudan states Wadai, Baghirmi, and Kanem are 
 within the French sphere of influence, and a part of Bormi, 
 with Sokoto and Gando, within the British. Adamawa falls 
 within the German Kamerun Hinterland. The bounda- 
 ries between the English and tile French possessions and 
 spheres of influence both west and east of the Niger were 
 determined by a convention between the United Kingdom 
 and France ratified June 13, 1899. 
 
 Sudani (so-da'ne). A dialect of Arabic spoken 
 in the Sudan. 
 
 Sudbury (sud'bu-ri). A town in Suffolk and 
 Essex, England, situated on the Stour 50 mileB 
 northeast of London. Population, 7,109. 
 
 Suevi, Gr. (Strabo) 26r/$oi,( Jordanes) Sovapoi.) 
 The collective name of a German people men- 
 tioned by Caesar, who describes them as the 
 largest and most warlike of the German tribes. 
 At the time of Tacitus the Suevi occupied all central 
 Germany west of the Oder, from the boundaries of 
 the Harudes, who alone intervened between them and the 
 Baltic, to the Danube. The common name included the 
 Semnones, Chatti, Hermunduri, Marcomanui, Quadi, and 
 Juthungi, with many of which tribal appellations the com- 
 mon name interchanged. In file first half of the 5th cen- 
 tury the suevi, so called (possibly the Juthungi), appeared 
 as neighbors and allies of the Alamanni, with whom they 
 acted as one folk : either name may be used of the whole 
 people. Together they were crushingly defeated by the 
 Franks under Clovis. Subsequently the Suevi were settled 
 about the head waters of the Danube, where their name is 
 still preserved in Swabia (Schwaben). The Suevi who set- 
 tled in Spanish Galicia in the 5th century were possibly 
 the Semnones. 
 
Suevicum, Mare 
 
 Suevicum (swe'vi-kum), Mare. [L., ‘Suevic 
 Sea.’] A Roman name of the Baltic Sea. 
 
 Suez (so'ez or so-ez'). A seaportof Egypt, situ- 
 ated at the head of the Gulf of Suez, and at the 
 southern terminus of the Suez Canal, in lat. 
 29° 58' N., long. 32° 33' E. : the ancient Arsinoe, 
 later Clysma and Kolzum. it was the terminus of 
 an ancient canal. It was developed in recent times by the 
 opening of the fresh-water canal (1863), which extended 
 from Suez to Ismailia, and of the Suez Canal in 1869. It 
 has harhors and quays. Population, 17,173. 
 
 Suez, Gulf Of. The northwestern arm of the 
 Red Sea, bounding the Sinaitic peninsula on 
 the west : the ancient Heroopolites Sinus. 
 Suez, Isthmus Of. The isthmus which unites 
 Asia and Africa, and separates the Mediterra- 
 nean from the Red Sea: now intersected by 
 *the Suez Canal (which see). 
 
 Suez Canal. A ship-canal which connects the 
 Mediterranean with the Red Sea. Napoleon I. 
 entertained the idea of building a maritime canal between 
 these two bodies of water, but abandoned it in conse- 
 quence of a report by the engineer l.epere (1798), which 
 placed the surface of the Red Sea nearly 30 feet higher than 
 that of the Mediterranean. This mistake was corrected by 
 British officers in 1841, and in 1849 Ferdinand de Lesseps 
 began a thorough investigation of the isthmus. With the 
 consent of the Khedive of Egypt and the Porte he organ- 
 ized the Universal Company of the Maritime Suez Canal 
 in 1856, half the capital of which was raised by public sub- 
 scription in Europe (chiefly in France), the other half by the 
 khedive. Work began April 25, 1859, and Nov. 17, 1869, the 
 canal was opened for navigation, having cost about £20,- 
 000,000. It is 87 miles long, traversing Lake Menzaleh, 
 Lake Timsah, and the Bitter Lakes, and was originally 
 from 150 to 300 feet wide at the water-surface, and 72 at 
 the bottom, with a minimum depth of 26 feet: but has 
 since (1886-90) been deepened to : 8 feet and considerably 
 widened. The original capital of the company consisted 
 of 400,000 shares of £20 each (besides 100,000 founders' 
 shares), of which 176,602 belonged to the khedive and 
 were purchased by the British government in 1875. The 
 following table shows the increase in the number of ves- 
 sels passing through the canal and the receipts of the 
 company: 
 
 r«ir No. Tonnage. Receipts, 
 
 1870 486 .. 654,915 .. £ 206,373 
 
 1880 2,026 .. 4,344,519 .. 1,629,577 
 
 1890 3,389 .. 9.749,129 .. 2,680,436 
 
 1895 3,434 .. 11,833,637 .. 3,124,149 
 
 1896 3,409 .. 12,039,859 .. 3,182,800 
 
 1897 2,986 .. 11,123,403 .. 2,913,222 
 
 1898 3,503 .. 12,962,632 .. 3,411,791 
 
 1899 3,607 .. 13,815,992 .. 3,652,751 
 
 1910 4,533 .. 23,054,901 .. 5,348,000 
 
 Suffolk (suf'ok). [ME. Suffolk, AS. Suthfolc, 
 south folk: opposed to Northfolc, north folk, 
 Norfolk.] The easternmost county of England, 
 bounded by Norfolk, the North Sea, Essex, and 
 Cambridge. Its surface is generally level, and it is one 
 of the chief agricultural counties of England. It formed 
 part of the old kingdom of East Anglia. Area (ad. co. ), 
 1,470 square miles. Population (pari, co.), 384,293. 
 Suffolk, Dukes Of. See Brandon, Charles, and 
 Grey, Henry. 
 
 Suffolk, Earl and later Duke of (William de 
 la Pole). Executed 1450. An English politi- 
 cian, grandson of Michael de la Pole, earl of 
 Suffolk : leading minister under Henry VI. 
 Suffren de Saint-Tropez (su-frah' de san-tro- 
 pa'), Pierre Andre de. Bom at Saint-Cannat, 
 France, July 13,1726: died at Paris, Dec. 8, 
 1788. A French vice-admiral. He entered the 
 Fiench navy in 1743; was twice captured by the English ; 
 and was made captain in 1772. For ten years he was in 
 the service of Malta. In 1781 he was sent to protect 
 French interests in the East Indies. After an action at 
 the Cape Vcrd Islands (April 16, 1781) he outsailed Com- 
 modore Johnstone to the Cape of Good Hope, and so pre- 
 vented an attack of the English upon Cape Town. He 
 fought five hard but indecisive battles against the English 
 under Admiral Hughes : off Sadt as (Feb. 17, 1782), off 
 Trincomalee (April 12 and Sept. 3, 1782), off Negapatam 
 (July 6, 1782), off Cuddalore (June 20, 1783). He was re- 
 called to France by the treaty of Versailles, and was re- 
 ceived with the highest honors and created a vice-admiraL 
 
 Sufis (so'fiz), or Saffis, or Safawis. A dynasty 
 of Persian monarchs who reigned from about 
 1501 to the accession of Nadir Shah in 1736. 
 Sugambri (su-gam'bri), also Sigambri (si- 
 gam'bri) or Sicambri(si-kam'bri). [L.(Ctesar) 
 Sigambri, (Tacitus) Sugambri. Gr. (Strabo) Xov- 
 yayPpoi . ] A German tribe, first mentioned by 
 Caasar, in whose time they were situated on the 
 right bank of the lower Rhine, north of the 
 Ubii, on both sides of the Ruhr. 
 
 Sugden (sug'den), Edward Burtenshaw, first 
 Baron Saint Leonards. Born at London, Feb. 
 12, 1781: died at Thames Dellon, Jan. 29, 
 1875. An English statesman and jurist. He was 
 solicitor-general 1829-30 ; lord chancellor of Ireland 1834- 
 1835 and 1841-46 ; and was created Lord St. Leonards, and 
 appointed lord high chancellor of England in Lord Herby's 
 first, administration in 1852. He wrote “Law of Venders 
 and Purchasers ” (1805), “Powers "(1808), “Law of Property 
 as Administered by the House of 1-ords ” (1849), and other 
 legal treatises. 
 
 Suhl(zol). A town in the province of Saxony, 
 
 965 
 
 Prussia, situated in the Thuringerwald, on the 
 Lauter, 23 miles south of Gotha. It is famous for 
 manufactures of Iron, especially of firearms, and was long 
 called “the armory of Germany.” Pop., commune, 13,814. 
 
 Suhrab (modern Pers. pron. so-hrab'; earlier, 
 following the Arabic, so-hrab'). In the Shah- 
 namah, the son of Rustam by Tahminah. Rus- 
 tam kills Suhrab without knowing that he is 
 his son. (See Rustam.) Also Sohrab. 
 
 Suidas (su'i-das). [Gr. 2ow'<5af.] Lived probably 
 in the second half of the 10th century a. d. A 
 Byzantine lexicographer, author of a famous 
 encyclopedic Greek lexicon. “ The works of Suidas, 
 like those of Photius, contain a vast store of various learn- 
 ing, singularly useful on points of criticism and literary 
 history. The lexicon of this writer, besides the definition 
 of words, contains accounts of ancient authors of all classes, 
 and many quotations from works that have since per- 
 ished. ” Taylor. 
 
 The author of the great lexicon which bears the name 
 of Suidas is known to us only from the title-page of this 
 compilation, and from some citations in the commentary 
 of Eustathius. That he was a Byzantine monk is merely 
 a conjecture started by Joannes Rosinus and adopted by 
 subsequent scholars. Even the age in which he flourished 
 is quite uncertain ; for it cannot be ascertained whether 
 the references to certain personages of a comparatively 
 modern date belong to the original fabric of the lexicon, 
 or were subsequent additions. 
 
 K. O. Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 385. 
 
 [(Donaldson.) 
 
 Suiones(su-I'o-nez). [L . (Tacitus) iSm iones, ( J or- 
 danes) Suelians, ON. Sviar, AS. Swceon.] Ac- 
 cording to Tacitus, the collective name of the 
 Germanic inhabitants of Scandinavia. In Jor- 
 danes, in the 6th century, asSuehans(i. e. Swans), the name 
 is limited to the inhabitants of central Sweden, whence it 
 has been extended to include the whole country. 
 
 Stlir (shor). A river in Ireland which unites 
 east of Waterford with the Barrow to form 
 Waterford Harbor. Length, over 100 miles. 
 Suisse (sties), La. The French name of Swit- 
 zerland. 
 
 Suisun Bay (so-e-sou' ba). A bay in California 
 which communicates on the west by Carquinez 
 Strait with San Pablo Bay, and through it 
 with San Francisco Bay. It receives the Sac- 
 ramento and San Joaquin rivers. Length, 
 about 20 miles. 
 
 Suivante (siie-vont'), La. A comedy by Cor- 
 neille, issued in 1634, in which the character of 
 the soubrette makes its first appearance. 
 Sukuma (s6-k6'ma),orWasukuma(wa-so-ko'- 
 ma). A Bantu tribe of German East Africa, in- 
 h abiting a vast undulating plateau south of Lake 
 Victoria. This region, called Usukuma, is sometimes 
 spoken of as the northern part of Unyamwezi. The lan- 
 guage, Kisukuma, is closely allied to Nyamwezi, being 
 possibly only a dialect of the latter. The VVasukuma are 
 agricultural and pastoral. Their petty chiefs used to exact 
 toll from travelers. 
 
 Sul, Rio Grande do. See Rio Grande do Sul. 
 Sula (so'la). A river in southern Russia which 
 joins the Dnieper 75 miles west-southwest of 
 Poltava. Length, about 200 miles. 
 
 Sulaphat (so'la-fat). [Ar. al-suUiafdt, the tor- 
 toise. See Shahin. ] The third-magnitude star 
 y Lyras. 
 
 Suleiman (Turkish sultans). See Solyman. 
 Suleiman (so-la-man'), Mosque of. A mosque 
 in Constantinople, begun in 1550. It is the finest 
 edifice in the city, after Santa Sophia, whose plan it some- 
 what resembles, having anave with central dome buttressed 
 by two large semi-domes, and arcaded aisles with domes 
 over every bay. The dome is 17 feet higher than that of 
 Santa Sophia. The walls and piers are incrusted with 
 colored marbles, and in part with beautiful Persian tiles. 
 The forecourt, arcaded and domed, is beautiful in mate- 
 rials and proportions. There are four minarets. 
 
 Suleiman Mountains. See Suliman Mountains. 
 Suleiman Pasha. Born 1840: died at Constan- 
 tinople, Aug. 11, 1892. A Turkish general. He 
 was one of the chief movers in the deposition of Abdul 
 Aziz in 1876; served with distinction in the war with Ser- 
 via in 1876, and in Herzegovina and Montenegro in 1877 ; 
 commanded the attacks against the Shipka Pass, Aug.- 
 Sept., 1877 ; and later was commander in Bulgaria, and was 
 forced to retreat to Constantinople in 1878. He was con- 
 demned to imprisonment on a charge of high treason in 
 1878, but was soon pardoned. 
 
 Sulen (so'len) Islands. A group of islands off 
 the western coast of Norway, 50 miles north- 
 northwest of Bergen. 
 
 Suli (so'le). A mountainous district in Alba- 
 nia, European Turkey, about 15-20 miles west 
 of Janina. 
 
 Suliman (so-le-man'), or Suleiman, or Sulai- 
 man (so-la-man'), Mountains. A range of 
 mountains near the border of Afghanistan and 
 British India, extending from the river Kuram 
 south and west toward the Bolan Pass. The 
 highest point is about 11,300 feet. 
 
 Sulimana (so-le-mii'na). A region in the south- 
 ern part of Senegambia, western Africa. 
 
 Sully, Due de 
 
 Sulina (so-le'na). The middle one of the three 
 chief mouths of the Danube, and the one most 
 frequented by ships. 
 
 Sulina. A town in Rumania, at the mouth of 
 the Sulina branch of the Danube. 
 
 Suliotes (so'li-otz). A Greco-Albanian peo- 
 ple who settled in Suli and carried on war in 
 the 18th century against the Turks and Alba- 
 nians. They were finally subdued in 1822, and forced to 
 leave Suli for Greece, where they played an important part 
 in the war of liberation. 
 
 Sulla (sul'a), Lucius Cornelius, surnamed Fe- 
 lix. Born about 138 b. c. : died 78 b. c. A cele- 
 brated Roman general and dictator. As questor 
 in the army of Marius he served in the war against Ju- 
 gurtha 107-106, and captured Jugurtha ; fought against 
 the Cimbri and Teutones 104-101 ; was pretor in 93 ; as 
 propretor in Cilicia in 92 defeated the general of Mithri- 
 dates and restored Ariobarzanes to the throne of Cappa- 
 docia; took part in the Social War 90-89, and captured 
 Bovianum 89 ; and was consul in 88. The civil war be- 
 tween him and Marius broke out in 88. He led an army 
 against Rome and expelled the Marians (this was the 
 first time that a Roman had led a Roman army against 
 Rome). As commander in theMithridatic war, 87-84, he de- 
 feated Archelaus at Cliaeronea in 86 and Orchomenns in 
 85, and defeated the Marian leader Fimbria in 84. He 
 landed in Italy in 83, and defeated the Marians in 83 and 
 82, and the Samnites at the Colline Gate in 82. He issued 
 a sweeping proscription against his enemies (see extract 
 below) ; was appointed dictator in 82 ; and was consul in 
 80. He attempted various constitutional reforms ; reor- 
 ganized the senate and the judiciary; established military 
 colonies in Italy ; and resigned the dictatorship in 79. 
 
 One of his first acts was to draw up a list of his enemies 
 who were to be put to death, which list was exhibited in 
 the forum to public inspection, and called a Pruscriptio. 
 It was the first instance of the kind in Roman history. 
 All persons in this list were outlaws, who might be killed 
 by any one with impunity, even by slaves ; their prop- 
 erty was confiscated to the state, and was to be sold by 
 public auction. 
 
 Smith, Diet, of Greek and Roman Biog., etc., III. 938. 
 
 Sullen (sul'en), Mrs. The gay, youthful wife 
 of the drunken blockhead Sullen, in Farquhar’s 
 “Beaux’ Stratagem.” Incompatibility leads to a di- 
 vorce, and she marries Archer whom she loves. 
 
 Sullivan (sul'i-van), Sir Arthur Seymour. 
 
 Born at London, May 13, 1842: died there, 
 Nov. 22, 1900. A noted English composer and 
 conductor. He was choir boy in the Chapel Royal ; 
 gained the Mendelssohn scholarship in 1856;. studied in 
 Leipsic 1858-61 ; was principal of the National Training 
 School for Music 1876-81 ; and president of the Birming- 
 ham aud Midland Institution in 1888. He is famous for 
 his operettas (for the titles of those composed with W. S. 
 Gilbert as librettist, see Gilbert). Those composed with 
 others are “ Cox aud Box ” (1867 : with Burnaud), “ The 
 Zoo " (1875 : with B. Rowe), “ Ivanhoe ” (1891), and “ Had- 
 don Hall” (1892: with S. Grundy). He composed many 
 songs (“ The Lost Chord,” “ Arabian Love Song,” “O Fair 
 Dove, O Fond Dove,” “If Doughty Deeds,” etc.) ; the ora- 
 torios “The Prodigal Son” (1869), “The Light of the 
 World” (1873), “The Martyr of Antioch ” (1880), etc. ; in- 
 cidental music for “The Tempest,” “The Merchant of 
 Venice," “Merry Wives of Windsor,” “Macbeth,” and 
 “ Henry VIII.,’ and for Wills’s “Olivia"; besides part- 
 songs, anthems, services, hymn-tunes, cantatas, a sym- 
 phony in E, music for Longfellow's “Golden Legend,” etc. 
 He was knighted in 1883. 
 
 Sullivan, Barry. Born at Birmingham, 1821 : 
 died at Brighton, May 3, 1891. An English ac- 
 tor. He first appeared at Cork in 1837, and in London at 
 the Haymarket in 1852. He visited the United States 
 1857-60, and Australia 1861-66. 
 
 Sullivan, James. Born at Berwick, Maine, 
 April 22, 1744 : died at Boston, Dec. 10, 1808. 
 An American politician, brother of John Sulli- 
 van. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress, and 
 governor of Massachusetts 1807-08. He wrote a “ History 
 of Maine " (1795), a “ History of Land-Titles in Massachu- 
 setts ” (1801), etc. 
 
 Sullivan, John. Born at Berwick, Maine, Feb. 
 17, 1740 : died at Durham, N. H., Jan. 23, 1795. 
 An American general. He was amemberof the Con- 
 tinental Congress in 1774 ; seized a fort near Portsmouth 
 in Dec., 1774 ; became brigadier-general in 1775 ; served 
 at the siege of Boston ; commanded in Canada in 1776 ; 
 was taken prisoner at the battle of Long Island, in 1776; 
 served at Trenton and Princeton ; attacked Staten Island 
 in 1777; served at Brandywine and Germantown ; com- 
 manded in Rhode Island in 1778, and gained the victory 
 of Butt’s Hill Aug. 29 ; commanded an expedition against 
 the Six Nations in 1779; and defeated the Indians and 
 Tories at Newtown (Aug. 29) and elsewhere, and ravaged 
 their country. He was a delegate to Congress in 1780; 
 and was president of N ew Hampshire 1786-89. 
 Sullivan’s Island. [Named from Gen. John 
 Sullivan.] An island at the entrance of Charles- 
 ton harbor, South Carolina, east of Charleston : 
 the site of Fort Moultrie. 
 Sullivant(sul'i-vant), William Starling. Born 
 near Columbus, Ohio, Jan. 15, 1803 ; died there, 
 April 30, 1873. An American botanist, noted as a 
 bryologist. He wrote “ Musci Alleghanienses " (1845), 
 “Musci ami Hepaticsc of the United States East of the 
 Mississippi River ” (1856), “leones Muscorum ” (1864), etc. 
 Sully (sul'i ; F. pron. sii-le'), Ducde (Maximil- 
 ien de Bethune, Baron de Rosny). Bom at 
 Rosny, France, Dec. 13, 1560: died at. the castle 
 
966 
 
 Sully, Due de 
 
 of Villebon, France, Dec. 22, 1641. A French 
 Protestant statesman. He became the companion 
 and friend of Henry of Navarre; served with distinction in 
 the civil wars, especially at Ivry ; and became celebrated 
 as minister of finance under Henry IV. (1697-1610). He 
 was made due de Sully in 1606; was appointed governor 
 of the Bastille in 1602 ; and was made a marshal by Louis 
 XIII. in 1634. He was influential in nearly all depart- 
 ments of the government during the reign of Henry IV. 
 He published “ Mdmoires des sages et royales Economies 
 d’dtat, domesticities, politiques, et militaires, de Henri le 
 Grand ” (2 vols. 1634). Two other volumes were published 
 by Jean le Laboureur In 1662. 
 
 The extraordinary form of Sully’s Memoirs is well 
 known. They are neither written as if by himself, nor of 
 him as by a historian of the usual kind. They are directly 
 addressed to the hero in the form of an elaborate reminder 
 of his own actions: “You then said this”; “his Majesty 
 thereupon sent you there ”; “when you were two leagues 
 from your halting-place, you saw a courier coming," etc. 
 It is needless to say that this manner of telling history is 
 in the highest degree unnatural and heavy ; and, after the 
 first quaintness of it wears off, it makes the book very hard 
 to read. It contains, however, a very large number of short 
 memoirs and documents of all kinds, in which the elabo- 
 rate farce of “ V OU3 ” is perforce abandoned. It shows Sully 
 as he was — a great and skilful statesman ; but it does not 
 give a pleasant idea of his character. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit. , p. 254. 
 
 Sully, James. Born at Bridgwater, Somerset- 
 shire, 1842. An English psychologist. He was 
 educated at the Regent’s Park College, London, the Uni- 
 versity of Gottingen, and the University of London. His 
 works include “Sensation and Intuition” (1874), “ Pessi- 
 mism ” (18771 “ Illusions ’’ (1881), “ Outlines of Psychology, 
 with Special Reference to the Theory of Education ” (1884), 
 “The Teachers' Handbook of Psychology” (1886), “^Es- 
 thetics," with G. C. Robertson (1888), “The Human Mind ” 
 (1892), “ Studies of Childhood ” (1895), etc. 
 
 Sully, Thomas. Born at Homcastle, Lincoln- 
 shire, England, 1783: died at Philadelphia, Nov. 
 5, 1872. An American portrait-painter. Among 
 his best-known works are “Washington Crossing the 
 Delaware ” (in Boston), portraits of Jefferson, Lafayette, 
 Madison, and Jackson, etc. 
 
 Sully-Prudhomme (su-le'prfi- doin'), Rene 
 Francois Armand. Born at Paris, March 16, 
 1839: died near Paris, Sept. 7, 1907. A French 
 poet and critic, elected memberof the Academy. 
 
 He published “Poesies” (1865), “Les epreuves" (1866), 
 “Les solitudes” (1869), “Les destine" (1872), “Les vaines 
 tendresses ” (1875), “La justice "(1878), “Le prisme” (1886), 
 etc. He also published “ L’Expression dans les beaux 
 arts” (1884), “Reflections sur Part des vers” (1892). A 
 general edition of his works was published 1883-84. 
 Sulmo (sul'mo). The ancient name of Solmona. 
 Sulphur Fork (of the Red River). A river in 
 northeastern Texas and southwestern Arkan- 
 sas, which joins the Red River near the south- 
 west corner of Arkansas. Length, about 180 
 miles. 
 
 Sulphur Island. A small island in the North 
 Pacific, north of the Loochoo group. 
 Sulpicians, or Sulpitians (sul-pish'ianz). 
 [From F. Sulpktien, the parish of St. Sulpice in 
 Paris, where they were first organized.] A 
 Roman Catholic order of priests, established at 
 Paris by the Abbfi Olier, about 1645, for the 
 purpose of training young men for the clerical 
 office. 
 
 Sulpicius Rufus (sul-pish'ius ro'fus), Publius. 
 Born 124 B. c. : killed 88 b. c. A Roman ora- 
 tor. As tribune of the plebs he was put to 
 death by the party of Sulla. 
 
 Sultanpur (sul-tan-por'). 1 . A district in the 
 United Provinces, British India, intersected by 
 lat. 26° N., long. 82° E. Area, 1,713 square 
 miles. Population, 1,083,904. — 2. The capital 
 of the district of Sultanpur, situated on the 
 Gumti 80 miles southeast of Lucknow. Popu- 
 lation, 9,550. 
 
 Sulu (so-lo'). A sultanate in the northeastern 
 part of Borneo. Part of it was ceded to the 
 British North Borneo Company about 1880. 
 Sulu. 1 . The chief island of the Sulu Archi- 
 pelago. — 2. The chief town of the Sulu Archi- 
 pelago. 
 
 Sulu, or Sooloo (so-lo'), Islands. An archi- 
 pelago lying northeast of Borneo and south- 
 west of Mindanao (in the Philippine Islands). 
 The inhabitants are Malays and Mohammedans. It was 
 annexed by Spain in 1878, and acquired by the United 
 States in 1898. It was long notorious for piracy. Area, 
 about 1,000 square miles. Population, 117,777. 
 
 Sulzbacher Alps (ziilts'baeh-er alps). Same 
 as Steiner Alps. 
 
 Sulzer (zolts'er), Johann Georg. Born at Win- 
 terthur, Switzerland, Oct. 5, 1720 : died at Ber- 
 lin, Feb. 27, 1779. A Swiss-I Prussian philoso- 
 pher and writer on esthetics. His chief work 
 is “ Allgemeine Theorie der schonen Kiinste.” 
 Sumatra (so-ma'tra). The second largest isl- 
 and of the Malay Archipelago, situated west 
 and south of the Malay Peninsula, from which 
 it is separated by the Strait of Malacca, and 
 separated from Java on the southeast by the 
 
 Strait of Sunda. It is traversed by a range of moun- 
 tains (highest point, Indrapura, about 12,500 feet), and has 
 many volcanoes ; contains mineral wealth ; produces cof- 
 fee, pepper, sugar, rice, etc. ; and is chiefly under the con- 
 trol of the Netherlands. Administrative divisions : West 
 Coast, East Coast, Palembang, Benkulen, Lampongs, and 
 Atjeh. The inhabitants are chiefly Malays : among other 
 peoples are the Battaks. The religion is largely Moham- 
 medan. Dutch influence began in the 17th century : Dutch 
 territories in Sumatra were taken by the British 1811, but 
 restored (last English possession, Benkulen, ceded 1825). 
 War against Atchin commenced 1873, and ended with the 
 subjugation and annexation of Atchin. Length, 1,100 
 miles. Area, 161,612 square miles. Population, 4,029,503. 
 
 Sumba. See Sandalwood Island. 
 
 Sumbawa (soin-ba'wa). One of the Sunda Isl- 
 ands, Malay Archipelago, situated east of Lom- 
 bok and west of Flores. The surface is mountain- 
 ous and volcanic. The island contains several native states, 
 under Dutch control. It was devastated by an eruption 
 in 1815. Area, estimated, about 5,186 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 150,000. 
 
 Sumbe (som'be), orBasumbe (ba-som'be). A 
 Bantu tribe of Angola, West Africa, settled 
 around Novo Redondo, about lat. 11° S. They 
 form one nation, linguistically and ethnically, with their 
 southern neighbors, the Basele. Inhabiting a hilly and 
 fertile district, they are an athletic, hardy, and industrious 
 people, furnishing the best slaves and contract laborers 
 for the plantations of Angola and S. Thorn 6, and produ- 
 cing corn and beans for the cities along the coast. The 
 Mbuiyi tribe, north of the Basumbe, is also closely allied, 
 but differs in several respects. 
 
 Sumbulpur. See Sambalpur. 
 
 Sumer (su'mer). See Sumeria. 
 
 Sumeria (su-me'ri-a). In the Assyrian inscrip- 
 tions, southern or lower Babylonia, the country 
 toward and around the Persian Gulf, as opposed 
 to Akkad (in Gen. x. 10 Accad as name of a 
 city), or North Babylonia. The derivation of 
 the name is uncertain. It is identified with 
 Shinar (which see). 
 
 Sumer is Icumen In. A very ancient folk-song 
 set to a round or canon. The original manuscript 
 of the music is in the British Museum. Sir Frederick 
 Madden assigns it to the first half of the 13th century. 
 
 Sumir. See Sumeria. 
 
 Summa Theologiae (sum'a the-o-16'ji-e). [L., 
 ‘substance' or ‘summary of theology.’] 1. A 
 theological work by Thomas Aquinas. — 2. A 
 theological work by Alexander of Hales. 
 
 Summer (sum'er), or Somers (sum'erz),Will. 
 The jester of Henry VIII. His effigy is at Hampton 
 Court, and his portrait, by Holbein, at Kensington. Several 
 fools in oldpiays are called by his name. 
 
 Summer Islands. 1. A group of small islands 
 off the western coast of Cromarty, Scotland, 
 about lat. 58° N. — 2. See Bermudas. 
 
 Summerside (sum'er-sid). A seaport in Prince 
 Edward Island, capital of Princes County, situ- 
 ated on Bedeque Bay 35 miles west-northwest 
 of Charlotte Town. Population, 2,875. 
 
 Summerson (sum'er-son), Esther. The ille- 
 gitimate daughter of Lady Dedlock and Captain 
 Hawdon, and ward of Mr. Jarndyce who calls 
 her “Dame Durden” : one of the principal char- 
 acters in Dickens’s “Bleak House.” 
 Summoner’s or Sompnour’s Tale, The. One 
 of Chaucer’s “Canterbury Tales.” The somp- 
 nour’s business was to summon delinquents to the eccle- 
 siastical courts. The story is in large part from Seneca’s 
 treatise “ De Ira,” and is a contemptuous sketch of a hypo- 
 critical friar. 
 
 Sumner (sum'ner), Charles. Born at Boston, 
 Jan. 6, 1811: died at Washington, D. C., March 
 11,1874. Anoted American statesman. He was 
 educated at the Boston Latin School and at Harvard, gradu- 
 ating in 1830; studied law at Harvard ; and was admitted 
 to the bar in 1834. He traveled in Europe 1837-40 ; became 
 noted as an advocate of antislavery ideas ; took an active 
 part in politics as a Whig, and from 1848 as a Free-soiler ; 
 was an unsuccessful Free-soil candidate for Congress in 
 1848; was elected United States senator from Massachu- 
 setts by Free-soil and Democratic votes 1851 ; became a 
 leading opponent of slavery in Congress ; was assaulted in 
 the senate-chamber by Preston Brooks May 22, 1856; was 
 reelected senator as a Republican in 1857, 1863, and 1869; 
 was absent from his seat 1856-59 ; became chairman of the 
 committee on foreign affairs in 1861 ; and was removed 
 from it in 1871 for his opposition to Grant’s policy regard- 
 ing the annexation of Santo Domingo. He was a champion 
 of the Civil Rights Bill for the negroes, and opposed the 
 reelection of Grant in 1872. His works, in 15 vols., were 
 published 1870-83. 
 
 Sumner, Edwin Vose. Born at Boston, Jan. 30, 
 1797 : died at Syracuse, N. Y., March 21, 1863. 
 An American general. He served in the Black Hawk 
 war ; was distinguished as a cavalry commander at Cerro 
 Gordo and Molino del Rey in 1847 ; was governor of New 
 Mexico 1851-53 ; commanded the Department of the Pa- 
 cific in 1861 ; was a corps commander at Fair Oaks, in the 
 Seven Days' Battles, and at Antietam ; and commanded a 
 grand division at Fredericksburg. He was appointed to 
 the command of the Department of the Missouri in 1863. 
 
 Sumner, John Bird. Born at Kenilworth, Eng- 
 land, 1780: died at London, Sept. 6, 1862. An 
 English prelate. He became bishop of Chester in 1828, 
 and archbishop of Canterbury in 1848. He published 
 “ Records of Creation ” (1816), “ Evidence of Christianity ” 
 (1824), etc. 
 
 Sund 
 
 Sumner, William Graham. Born at Paterson, 
 
 N. J., Oct. 30, 1840: died at Englewood, N. J., 
 April 12, 1910. An American political econo- 
 mist, professor of political and social science 
 at Yale 1872-1909. He was a prominent advocate of 
 free trade. His works include “A History of American 
 Currency ’’ (1874), a life of Andrew Jackson (in “ American 
 Statesmen " series, 1882), “ What Social Classes Owe to 
 Each Other” (1883), “Problems in Political Economy” 
 (1884), “ Protectionism ” (1885), “ Collected Essays ” (1885), 
 “War and Other Essays” (1911, edited by A. G. Keller). 
 
 Sumter, Fort. See Fort Sumter. 
 
 Sumter (sum'ter), Thomas. Born in Virginia, 
 1734: died near Camden, S. C., June 1, 1832. 
 An American Revolutionary general. He was 
 present at Braddock’s defeat in 1755 ; was appointed lieu- 
 tenant-colonel of a regiment of South Carolina riflemen in 
 1776 ; became a leading partizan commander in 1780, de- 
 feating the Toriesat Hanging Rock Aug. 6, but wasrepulsed 
 by the British regulars under Tarleton ; was defeated by 
 Tarleton at Fishing Creek Aug. 18; and defeated Tarleton 
 at Blackstock Hill Nov. 20. He was member of Congress 
 from South Carolina 1789-93 ; United States senator 1601- 
 1809 ; and United States minister to Brazil 1809-1L 
 Sumy (so' me). A town in Kharkoff, southern 
 Russia, situated on the Psiol 106 miles north- 
 west of Kharkoff. It is an important trading 
 center for the Ukraine. Population, 42,779. 
 Sun (sun). The central body of the solar system, 
 aroundwhichtheearthandotherplanetsrevolve, 
 retained in their orbits by its attraction, and 
 supplied with energy by its radiance, its mean 
 distance from the earth is a little less than 93 millions 
 of miles, its horizontal parallax being 8. " 80 + 0. " 02. Its 
 mean apparent diameter is 32' 4" ; its real diameter 866,600 
 miles (109.) times that of the earth). Its volume is therefore 
 a little more than 1,300,000 times that of the earth. Its 
 mass— that is, the quantity of matter in it — is 330,000 times 
 as great as that of the earth, and is about 900 times as 
 great as the united masses of all of the planets. The force 
 of gravity at the sun’s surface is nearly 28 times as great 
 as at the earth’s surface. The sun’s mean density is only 
 one fourth that of the earth, or less than 1) times that of 
 wat er. By means of thespotsits rotation can be determined. 
 It is found that the sun’s equator is inclined 7}° to the 
 plane of the ecliptic. The sun’s visible surface is called 
 the photosphere, and is made up of minute irregularly 
 rounded “granules,” intensely brilliant, and apparently 
 floating in a darker medium. These are usually 400 or 500 
 miles in diameter, and so distributed in streaks and groups 
 as to make the surface, seen with a low-power telescope, 
 look much like rough drawing-paper. In the neighbor- 
 hood of the sun-spots, and to some extent upon all parts 
 of the sun, faculae (bright streaks due to an unusual crowd- 
 ing together and upheaval of the granules of the photo- 
 sphere) are found. At the time of a total eclipse certain 
 scarlet cloud-like objects are usually observed projecting 
 beyond the edge of the moon. These are the prominences, 
 called protuberances, which in 1868 were proved by the 
 spectroscope to consist mainly of hydrogen, and have been 
 discovered to be merely extensions from an envelop of in- 
 candescent gases which overlies the photosphere like a 
 sheet of scarlet flame, and is known as the chrmnosphere. 
 The thickness of this is very irregular, but averages about 
 5,600 miles. The prominences are often from 60,000 to 
 100,000 miles in height, and occasionally exceed 200,000 : 
 they are less permanent than the spots, and their changes 
 and motions are correspondingly swift. They are not con- 
 fined to limited zones of the sun’s surface : those of the 
 greatest brilliance and activity are, however, usually con- 
 nected with spots, or with the faculie which attend the 
 spots. The corona — the most impressive feature of a total 
 eclipse — is a great “glory,” of irregular outline, surround- 
 ing the sun, and composed of nebulous rays and Btreams 
 which protrude from the solar surface, and extend some- 
 times to a distance of several millions of miles, especially 
 in the plane of the sun’s equator. The lower parts are in- 
 tensely bright, but the other parts are faint and indefinite. 
 Its real nature, as a true solar appendage and no mere 
 optical or atmospheric phenomenon, has been abundantly 
 demonstrated by both the spectroscope and the camera. 
 The sun is believed to be, in the main, a mass of intensely 
 heated gas and vapor, powerfully compressed by its own 
 gravity. The central part is entirely gaseous, because its 
 temperature, being from physical necessity higher than 
 that of the inclosing photosphere, is far above the so-called 
 “ critical point” for every known element: no solidifica- 
 tion, no liquefaction even, can therefore occur in the 
 solar depths. But near the outer surface radiation to 
 space is nearly free, the temperature is lowered to a point 
 belowthe “critical point” of certain substances, and under 
 the powerful pressure due to solar gravity condensation 
 of the vapors begins, and thus a sheet of incandescent 
 cloud is formed, which constitutes the photosphere. The 
 chromosphere consists of the permanent gases and the un- 
 condensed vapors which overlie the cloud-sheet, while 
 the corona still remains in great degree a mystery, as re- 
 gards both the substances which compose it and the forces 
 which produce and arrange its streamers. 
 
 Sunapee Lake (sun'a-pe lak). A lake in New 
 Hampshire, 27 miles west-northwest of Concord. 
 Its outlet is through Sugar River into the Con- 
 necticut. Length, 8 miles. 
 
 Sunart (sun'art), Loch. An arm of the ocean 
 on the coast of Argyllshire, western Scotland, 
 situated north of Mull. Length, 194 miles. 
 Sunbury (sun'bu-ri). A village in Middlesex, 
 England, situated on the Thames 16 miles west- 
 southwest of London. Population, 4,544. 
 Sunbury. The capital of Northumberland 
 County, Pennsylvania, situated on the Susque- 
 hanna 42 miles north of Harrisburg. Popula- 
 tion, 13,770, (1910). 
 
 Sund. See Sound, The. 
 
Sunda, Strait of 
 
 Snnda (sun'da), Strait of. A sea passage 
 which separates Sumatra and Java. It con- 
 tains the volcanic island of Krakatoa (which 
 see). Width, about 13 miles. 
 
 Stmda Islands. A collective name for a group 
 of islands in the Malay Archipelago. As often 
 used, it includes the Great Sunda (Sumatra, Java, Bor- 
 neo, Celebes, and smaller islands near them), and the 
 tittle Sunda (Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Sandalwood Isl- 
 and, Flores, etc., to Timor) : sometimes restricted by ex- 
 cluding Celebes and the islands east of Sumbawa ; also 
 further restricted by excluding Borneo. Another classifi- 
 cation includes the chain from Sumatra to Timor, exclud- 
 ing Borneo and Celebes. Still another classification com- 
 prises the smaller islands between Java and Timor. 
 
 Sundarbans (son'dar-banz), or S underbuilds 
 (son'der-bundz). A wilderness region of swamps 
 and islands in the southern part of the deltas 
 of the Ganges and Brahmaputra, southeast of 
 Calcutta. 
 
 Snnda Sea (sun'da se). A part of the ocean 
 lying north of Java and south of Borneo : often 
 considered as identical with the Java Sea. 
 
 Sunday (sun'da). The first day of the week; 
 the Christian Sabbath ; the Lord’s Day. The 
 name Sunday, or ‘day of the Sun, ’belongs to the first day 
 of the week on astrological grounds, and has long been 
 so used from far beyond the Christian era, and far outside 
 of Christian countries. The ordinary name of the day in 
 Christian Greek and Latin and in the Romanic languages 
 is the Lord's Day (Greek K V LJ i a K r'l . Latin dominica, French 
 dimanche, etc.), while the Germanic languages, including 
 English, call it Sunday. 
 
 Sunday Island, or Raoul (ra-ol') Island. A 
 small island of the South Pacific, near lat. 29° 
 25' S., long. 178° W. 
 
 Sunday River. A river in Cape Colony which 
 flows into Algoa Bay 25 miles northeast of Port 
 Elizabeth. Length, about 200 miles. 
 
 Sundeep. See Sundip. 
 
 Sunderbunds. See Sundarbans. 
 
 Sunderland (sun'der-land). A seaport in Dur- 
 ham, England, situated at the mouth of the 
 Wear in lat. 54° 55' N., long. 1° 20' W. it is an 
 important seaport and a coal-mining center ; and has also 
 yards for building iron and steel vessels, and manufactures 
 of chemicals, glass, etc. The bridge over the Wear (built 
 1793-96) is notable. Sunderland includes, besides Sun- 
 derland proper, Bishopwearmouth and Monkwearmouth 
 (north of the Wear). The town grew up about a convent 
 founded in Monkwearmouth in the 7th century. Popula- 
 tion. 151,162, (1911). 
 
 Sundewitt (zon'de-vit). A peninsula in the 
 eastern part of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, 
 situated opposite the island of Alsen, north of 
 Flens'borg Fjord. 
 
 Sundgau(zont'gou). Aname given to the south- 
 ern part of Alsace. 
 
 Sundl (son'de), orBasundi (ba-son'de). Atribe 
 of the Kongo nation, included in the Belgian. 
 Kongo, and settled on the lower Kongo River 
 between Vivi and Manvanga. 
 
 Sundip, or Sundeep (sun-dep'), or Sandwip 
 (sund-wep'). An island belonging to British In- 
 dia, situated in the Bay of Bengal at the mouth 
 of the Meghna. Length, 17 miles. 
 
 Sundsvall (sonds'val). A seaport in the laen 
 of Hemosand, Sweden, situated on the Gulf of 
 Bothnia in lat. 62° 23' N., long. 17° 19' E. It 
 has considerable trade and manufactures. Pop- 
 ulation, 16,278. 
 
 Sune. See Zurti. 
 
 Sunflower (sun'flou // er) River. A river in west- 
 ern Mississippi which flows into the Yazoo 27 
 miles northeast of Vicksburg. Length, about 
 150 miles. 
 
 Sung (song). A medieval kingdom in southern 
 China, reduced by Kublai Khan in the 13th 
 century. 
 
 Sungari (son-ga-re' or son-ga're), or Songari 
 (son-ga-re' or son-ga're). A river in Manchuria 
 which flows into the Amur about lat. 47° 30' N. 
 Length, including the Nonni, over 1,000 miles. 
 
 Sungaria, or Soongaria (son-ga're-a), or Dzun- 
 garia (dzon-ga're-a), or Songaria (son-ga'- 
 re-a). A name given to a province of Ili, in the 
 Chinese empire : called also the “ Northern Cir- 
 cuit.” It lies south of the Altai, west of Mongolia, and 
 east and south of Asiatic Russia. But the name is some- 
 times restricted to a part of this province. It was the 
 nucleus of a Mongol kingdom, that of the Songares, in the 
 
 ★17th and 18th centuries. 
 
 Sungei Ujong (son'ge 6-jong'). A small native 
 state in the Malay Peninsula, British protecto- 
 rate, now a part of the Federated Malay States 
 (which see, in supplement). 
 
 Sunium (su'ni-um). [Gr. Sovveov.] 1. In ancient 
 geography, the promontory at the south-east- 
 ern extremity of Attica, Greece, now known 
 as Cape Colonna. It contains the ruins of a temple of 
 Athene, a famous landmark from the sea. It was a Doric 
 peripteros of white marble, of 6 by 12 or 13 columns, on a 
 stylobate of 3 steps, measuring 44 by 98 feet. Twelve col- 
 umns are still standing, with part of the cella. The col- 
 
 967 
 
 umns have only 16 channels, and are 20 feet high. The 
 temple possessed a frieze sculptured with the exploits of 
 Theseus. 
 
 2. In ancient geography, a town on the promon- 
 tory of Sunium. 
 
 Sunk Islet (sungk l'let). A small district in 
 Y orkshire, England, situated near the estuary of 
 the Humber, southeast of Hull: f ormerlyan islet. 
 
 Sunnis. See Sunnites. 
 
 Sunnites (sun'Its). A Mohammedan sect com- 
 prising the greater part of the Moslem world, 
 usually claiming to be the traditional or ortho- 
 dox sect. They recognize the first three califs as legiti- 
 mate successors of Mohammed, and accept six books of the 
 Sunna, or ‘rule,’ which purport to contain the verbal ut- 
 terances of Mohammed, in contradistinction to the Koran, 
 the written revelation. The Sunnites are opposed by the 
 Shiites, who hold that Ali was the first legitimate successor 
 of Mohammed. They also have five books of traditions 
 differingfrom thoseof the Sunnites. Inthecourseof time 
 many differences of practice have grown up. The Moham- 
 medans of Turkey, Arabia, North Africa, and India are 
 mostly Sunnites, those of Persia and many in India being 
 Shiites. Also Sunnis. 
 
 The Turks were orthodox Sunnis, or believers in the 
 conventional doctrine of the Koran and in the traditions 
 handed down by the respectable divines of the orthodox 
 school. The Persians, on the other hand, were Shias, or 
 believers in a somewhat mystical variety of Islam, which 
 presented many and important differences from the ortho- 
 dox teaching, and offered not a few temptations to politi- 
 cal as well as religious revolution. 
 
 Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 154. 
 
 Sunnyside (sun'i sid). The bouse in which 
 Washington Irving resided at Irvington, New 
 York. It was built in the 17th century, and was originally 
 known as “ Wolfert’s Roost. ’ 
 
 Sunol (so'nol). An American bay trotting mare 
 by Electioneer, dam Waxana: Waxana by Gen- 
 eral Benton out of Waxy. Waxy was supposed to 
 have been a thoroughbred daughter of Lexington. Sunol 
 was foaled in 1886, and held all age records except that for 
 one year until 1891, when she broke Maud S.’s record of 
 2:08J by a mile on a kite-shaped track in 2 : US]. 
 
 Sun’s barling, The. A “moral masque” by 
 Ford and Dekker, licensed in 1624 and published 
 in 1656 . It is probably an old play of Dekker’s (“Phaeton ”) 
 worked into its present shape by Ford. The songs are 
 evidently by Dekker. 
 
 Siintel (ziin'tel). A group of mountains in 
 Germany, about 20 miles southwest of Han- 
 nover. Height, about 1,400 feet. 
 
 Suomi (so-6 ' me ) . The native name of Finland. 
 
 Suonada. See Smvonada. 
 
 Superba (so-per'ba), La. [It., ‘the superb.’] 
 An epithet given to Genoa, on account of its 
 situation. 
 
 Superior (su-pe 'ri-or). A city in Douglas 
 County, Wisconsin, at the western end of Lake 
 Superior, near Duluth. Population, 40,384, 
 (1910). 
 
 Superior, Lake. [F. le lac Superieur, the upper 
 lake.] The largest sheet of fresh water in the 
 world : one of the chain of the Great Lakes in 
 the St. Lawrence system, lying between British 
 America and the United States. Among its tribu- 
 taries are the rivers St. Louis, Pigeon, and Nipigon. Its 
 outlet is by St. Mary’s River into Lake Huron. Elevation 
 above sea-level, about 600 feet. Length, about 370 miles. 
 Area, about 32,000 square miles. 
 
 Superunda, Count of, Viceroy of Peru. See 
 
 Manso de Velasco. 
 
 Suppe (sop-pa'), Franz von. Born April 18, 
 1820 : died May 21, 1895. An Austrian com- 
 poser, kapellmeister at Vienna. He is best 
 known from his operettas, which include “Fa- 
 tinitza” (1876), “Boccaccio” (1879), etc. 
 
 Supper at Emmaus, The. 1. A masterpiece 
 by Rembrandt, in the Louvre, Paris. Christ is 
 seated at a table between two disciples, before a niche 
 flanked by pilasters. The color is glowing and admirably 
 treated, red predominating. 
 
 2. A noted painting by Titian, in the Louvre, 
 Paris. Christ is seated at a table with St. Luke and Cleo- 
 pas, in a rich architectural setting, attended by a varied 
 company with pages and servants. It is a genre picture, 
 approaching in type the later compositions of Paolo Vero- 
 nese. 
 
 Supper of Trimalchio. See Trimalchio. 
 
 Supple (sup'l). 1. A character in Cibber’s 
 comedy “The Double Gallant.” — 2. The spir- 
 itual adviser and boon companion of Squire 
 Western in Fielding’s “ Tom Jones.” 
 
 Suppliants (sup'li-ants), The. A tragedy by 
 rEschylus, brought out in 462 n. c. in it the 50 
 daughters of Danaus, who, to avoid marrying theircousins, 
 the 50 sons of zEgyptus, have fled witli their father from 
 Egypt to Argos, find asylum with Pelasgus,the Argive king. 
 
 Supplicants (sup'li-kants), The. In Scottish 
 history, those persons who, about 1637-38, pro- 
 tested against Laud’spolicy inScotland: known 
 later as Covenanters. 
 
 Supposes (su-po'zez), The. A comedy from Ari- 
 osto’s “ I Suppositi” (1512), by Gascoigne, acted 
 in 1566. It is said to be the earliest extant English prose 
 
 Surratt 
 
 comedy. Shakspere was indebted to it in “The Taming 
 of the Shrew.” 
 
 Supremacy (su-prem'a-si), Act of. 1. An Eng- 
 lish statute of 1534 (26 Hen. VIH., c. 1) which 
 proclaimed that Henry VIII. was the supreme 
 head of the English Church. — 2. An English 
 statute of 1558-59 (1 Eliz., c. 1) vesting spiri- 
 tual authority in the crown, to the exclusion of 
 all foreign jurisdiction. 
 
 Siiptitz (zup'tits). A village near Torgan, Prus- 
 sia, the chief scene of the battle of Torgau. 
 See Torgau, Battle of. 
 
 Sura (so'ra). A river in eastern Russia which 
 joins the Volga at Vasil, below Nijni-Novgorod. 
 Length, 400-500 miles. 
 
 Surabaya, or Soerabaya(so-ra-bi'a). 1. Aresi- 
 dency in eastern Java. — 2. A seaport and one 
 of the largest cities of Java, situated on the 
 northern coast in lat. 7° 12' S., long. 112° 34' E. 
 It has government arsenals, dockyards, etc. 
 Population, 150,198. 
 
 Surajah Dowlah. See Siraj-ud-Daula. 
 
 Surakarta, or Soerakarta (so-ra-kar'ta). 1. 
 A residency of central Java. — 2. A city of 
 Java, about 75 miles southeast of Samarang. 
 Also called Solo. Population, 104,589. 
 
 Surat (so-ra.t'). A district in the northern 
 division of the Bombay Presidency, British 
 India, intersected by lat. 21° N., long. 73° E. 
 Area, 1,653 square miles. Population, 637,017. 
 
 Surat. A seaport, capital of the district of Su- 
 rat, situated on the river Tapti, near the sea, in 
 lat. 21° 12' N., long. 72° 50' E. It became a chief 
 emporium of India under the Mogul empire. An English 
 factory was established here about 1613. It was very pop- 
 ulous in the 18th century. Population, including canton- 
 ment, 119,306. 
 
 Surbiton (ser'bi-ton). A suburb of Kingston, 
 in Surrey, England, situated on the Thames 11 
 miles southwest of London. Population, 11,- 
 981. 
 
 Sure (sur or sii're), G. Sauer (zou'er). A river 
 in southeastern Belgium, grand duchy of Lux- 
 emburg, and on the boundary between Luxem- 
 burg and the Rhine Province of Prussia, it joins 
 the Moselle at Wasserbillig, near Treves. Length, about 
 110 miles. 
 
 Surenen (so're-nen). A pass of the Urner Alps, 
 Switzerland, which leads from Engelberg, in Un- 
 terwalden, to the valley of the Reuss, in Uri. 
 Height, 7,562 feet. 
 
 Suresnes (sii-ran'). A western suburb of Paris, 
 situated near the Seine, beyond the Bois de 
 Boulogne. Population, commune, 13,660. 
 
 Surettahorn (so-ret'ta-hom). A mountain on 
 the border of the canton of Grisons, Switzer- 
 land, and the province of Sondrio, Italy, east 
 of the Spliigen Pass. 
 
 Surface (ser'fas), Charles. A light-hearted 
 prodigal in Sheridan’s “ School for Scandal.” 
 
 Surface, Joseph. A malicious hypocrite in 
 Sheridan’s “School for Scandal.” He is the 
 elder brother of the reckless Charles, and is 
 called by Moore “ the Tartufe of sentiment.” 
 
 Surface, Sir Oliver. The rich uncle of Charles 
 and Joseph Surface, in Sheridan’s “School for 
 Scandal.” 
 
 Surgeon’s Daughter, The. A short novel by 
 Sir Walter Scott, published in 1827. 
 
 Surgeres (siir-zbar'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Charente-Inf6rieure, France, 20 miles 
 east-southeast of La Rochelle. Population, 
 commune, 3,301. 
 
 Surhai (so-ri'), or Sonrhai (son-ri'). A great 
 negro nation of the west central Sudan, settled 
 around Timbuctu between the Niger River and 
 the Sahara. They are strongly mixed with Hamitic 
 and Fulah elements, and are known to have been in their 
 present habitat since the middle ages. In books of travel 
 they appear as Kissour, Guber, Kallaghi, Garaugi, etc. Be- 
 cause of its extensive use, the Surhai language is, with 
 Hausa, called “ Kalam al Sudan " (language of the Sudan) 
 by the Arabs. 
 
 Surinam (so-ri-nam'). A river in Dutch Guiana 
 which flows into the Atlantic near Paramaribo. 
 Length, about 300 miles. 
 
 Surinam. See Guiana, Dutch. 
 
 Surly (ser'li). A kind of “plain dealer” in 
 Crowne’s ‘ ‘ Sir Courtly Nice.” He is the antithesis 
 of Sir Courtly, and one of the most repulsive figures in the 
 whole range of English comedy. 
 
 Surprise Plot. See Bye riot. 
 
 Surratt (sur-rat'), Mrs. Mary E. Died July 7, 
 1865. A member of the conspiracy to assassi- 
 nate Abraham Lincoln. 'The conspirators, including 
 her son John H. Surratt, had their ordinary rendezvous at 
 her house, a small boarding-house in Washington. Lin- 
 coln was shot by John Wilkes Booth on the 14th of April. 
 Hie other conspirators, with the exception of John H. 
 Surratt, were tried by a military commission in May and 
 
Surratt 
 
 June. Mrs. Surratt was hanged on the 7th of July, and 
 John H. Surratt escaped to Canada, thence to Europe. He 
 was detected in Egypt, and brought back in 1867. His trial 
 lasted two months, and ended in a disagreement of the j ury. 
 Surrentum (su-ren'tum). The Roman name 
 of Sorrento. 
 
 Surrey (sur'i). [ME. Surry, Surrye, Suthrey, AS. 
 Suthrege, Suthrige, prob. for Suthrice, South 
 Kingdom.] A county in England, bounded 
 by Berkshire and Middlesex (from which it is 
 separated by the Thames), Kent, Sussex, and 
 Hampshire. It is traversed by the Downs. Area (ad. 
 co.), 707.5 square miles. Population, (pari, co.), 675,774; 
 including part of London, 2,012,744. 
 
 Surrey, Earl of. See Howard, Henry. 
 
 Surrey, Second Earl of. See Howard, Thomas. 
 Sursee (zor'za). A small town in the canton of 
 Lucerne, Switzerland, situated on the Suhr 13 
 miles northwest of Lucerne. 
 
 Surtr (sortr). In Scandinavian mythology, a 
 fire-giant of Ragnarok. 
 
 Surville(siir-vel'),Clotilde de. AFrenchpoet, 
 said to have lived in the 15th century : the al- 
 leged author of “ Poesies de Clotilde” (pub- 
 lished by Vanderbourg 1803: second collection 
 published 1823). 
 
 Survilliers, Comte de. See Bonaparte, Joseph. 
 Surya (sor'ya). [InSkt., an adjective of relation 
 (from svar, the sun, sunlight, light : pronounced 
 in the Veda suar) which came to be used sub- 
 stantively.] The Sun: in the Rigveda one of 
 the two most common designations of the Sun, 
 the other being Savitri. Surya ia called the son of 
 Dyaus and also the son of Aditi, while in some passages 
 he is distinguished from the Adityas. In oneplace Ushas, 
 the Dawn is said to be his wife, while in another the Dawns 
 are said to produce him together with Sacrifice and Agni. 
 He moves on a car drawn sometimes by one, sometimes 
 by several or by seven, fleet and ruddy horses or mares. 
 Pushan goes as his messenger with hi3 golden ships, which 
 sail in the aerial ocean. Surya is the preserver of all 
 things stationary and moving, the vivifler of men, and 
 common to them all, and beholds the good and bad deeds 
 of mortals. He is the eye of Mitra and Varuna. and some- 
 times also of Agni. He is at times identified with Indra, 
 but in many passages his position is dependent, his path 
 being prepared by Indra, the Ushases, Soma, Dhatri, Va- 
 runa, Mitra and Varuna, Indra and Varuna, Indra and 
 Vishnu, or the Angirases, when the divine personality of 
 the sun is thrown into the background, and it becomes 
 little more than a part of nature. (On Surya in the Veda, 
 see Muir's “Original Sanskrit Texts,” V. 155-161.) There 
 is also a feminine personality Surya (sor-ya'), who is some- 
 times merely the sun personified as feminine, sometimes 
 the wife of Surya, sometimes the daughter of Surya or 
 Savitri and given in marriage to Soma, the Moon. The 
 Surya or Suryasukta, ‘Surya hymn ’ ( Rigveda X. 85), de- 
 scribing this wedding plays an important part in the 
 wedding ceremony. 
 
 Suryasiddhanta (sor-ya-sid-dhan'ta). [San- 
 skrit title : ‘ Siddhanta of the Sun.’] A cele- 
 brated astronomical work in Sanskrit, said to 
 be a direct revelation from the Sun, and thought 
 by some to be the same as the Saurasiddhanta, 
 or one of the five earlier works on which was 
 founded the Panchasiddhantika of Varahami- 
 hira, who lived about the beginning of the 6th 
 century A. D. The Suryasiddhanta has been edited by 
 Fitzedward Hall and BapuDeva Shastrin in the “Bibliothe- 
 ca Indica," and translated by the latter for the same series. 
 The “ Journal of the American Oriental Society" (Vol. VI) 
 also contains a translation nominally by Ebenezer Burgess, 
 but practically by \V. D. Whitney, accompanied by a very 
 thorough commentary by Whitney, one of the most valu- 
 able contributions of that scholar to Oriental research. 
 Sus (sos). A mountainous district in Morocco, 
 lying south and southwest of the city of Mo- 
 rocco. 
 
 Susa (so'sa). In ancient geography, the capital 
 of Susiana or Elam, situated between the rivers 
 Kerkha and Dizful, about lat. 32° N., long. 48° 
 25' E. : the modern Sus or Shush, and the scrip- 
 tural Shushan. It was a royal residence and flourish- 
 ing city throughout the period of the Achsemenid kings. 
 The site at present exhibits a group of large and high 
 mounds, forming together a diamond-shaped figure about 
 3i miles in circuit. Excavations were made in 18 'J by 
 Loftus in one of the mounds. With the result of disclosing 
 the palace of ArtaxerxesMnemon. the chief feature being a 
 fine colonnade of 340 feet front. The excavations of Di ula- 
 foy. between 1884 and 1886, laid bare beneath these ruins 
 those of the palace of Darius, son of Hystaspes, and showed 
 that the upper strata of the mound are formed by super- 
 posed layers of ruins, still but imperfectly explored. 
 
 Susa (so'sa). A seaport in Tunis, situated on 
 tbe Gulf of Hamama 72 miles south by east of 
 Tunis: probably the ancient Hadrumetum. 
 Population, about 8,000. 
 
 Susa. A town in the province of Turin, Italy, 
 situated on the Dora Riparia, near the French 
 frontier, 32 miles west of Turin: the Roman Se- 
 gusio. It was an important city and the chief town of 
 the Cottian Alps. It has a cathedral, of which the cam- 
 panile and the massive round arches of the nave are of 
 the 11th century: the remainder of the church is later 
 and Pointed. Among its Roman antiquities is a trium- 
 phal arch in honor of Augustus, now serving as a city gate. 
 Population, town, 3,529; commune, 4,957. 
 
 968 
 
 Susanna (so-zan'a). [Heb.,‘ a lily’; F. Susanne, 
 It. Susanna, Sp. and Pg. Susana, G. Susanne.'] 
 The wife of Joachim, the subject of “The His- 
 tory of Susanna,” one of the books of the 
 Apocrypha — an addition to the Book of Daniel. 
 The subject of her surprisal by two of the elders while in 
 her bath has been frequently used by painters. 
 Susanna. An oratorio by Handel, produced in 
 1749. 
 
 Susanna and the Elders. A painting by Rem- 
 brandt (1637), in the Royal Gallery at The 
 Hague, Holland. Susanna is about to enter her bath, 
 when she is startled at perceiving one of the elders in the 
 thicket. 
 
 Susanna at the Bath. 1 . One of the most fin- 
 ished and carefully composed paintings of Rem- 
 brandt (1647), in the Old Museum at Berlin. — 
 2. A painting by Rubens, in the Old Pinako- 
 thek at Munich. Susanna turns her back to the elders, 
 and seeks to veil herself. One of the intruders seizes her 
 drapery, and the other touches her back. 
 
 Susdal. See Suzdal. 
 
 Susiana (su-si-a'na). A province of the Per- 
 sian empire: the same as Elam. It was an in- 
 dependent state after the first destruction of 
 Nineveh, and was subdued by Sargon. 
 Suspension Bridge. A former village in Ni- 
 agara County, New York, situated on the Ni- 
 agara River below the falls. Near it was the 
 suspension railroad bridge over the Niagara. 
 Now a part of Niagara Falls. 
 
 Suspicious Husband, The. A comedy by Dr. 
 Hoadley, produced in 1747. David Garrick was 
 the original Ranger in this play. 
 
 Susquehanna ( sus-kwe-han'ii). A river in New 
 York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, it rises in 
 Otsego Lake, New York; flows generally south-southwest 
 past the Great Bend in Pennsylvania ; reenters New York ; 
 flows southeast and then southwest through Pennsylvania 
 (and is also called the North or East Branch) ; unites at 
 Northumberland with the West Branch; and flows into 
 Chesapeake Bay at Havre de Grace. Among its tributaries 
 are the Chenango and Juniata. Length of united stream, 
 about 150 miles; total length, including the North Branch, 
 over 400 miles; length of West Branch to the junction, 
 over 200 miles. 
 
 Sussex (sus'eks). [ME. Sussex, Sussexe, AS. 
 Suth sexe, Suth. seaxe, South Saxons. Cf. Essex, 
 Wessex.] A maritime county of southern Eng- 
 land. It is bounded by Surrey, Kent, the English Channel, 
 and Hampshire, and traversed by the range of the South 
 Downs. The northern part of the county is called the 
 Weald (part of the ancient Andredsweald). It is mainly an 
 agricultural county. Formerly it was the chief seat of the 
 English iron manufactures. It contains many seaside re- 
 sorts. It nearly corresponds to the ancient kingdom of 
 Sussex, which was founded by JSlle (who landed here 477), 
 and came under the supremacy of Wessex about 685. It 
 was the scene of the landing of William the Conqueror 
 and of the battles of Senlac and Lewes. Area (ad. co.), 
 1,446 square miles. Population (pari, co.), 605,202. 
 
 Sussex, Duke of. See Augustus Frederick. 
 Sustenpass (zos'ten-pas). A pass of the Urner 
 Alps, Switzerland, which connects the Hasli 
 Valley, in the eastern part of the canton of Bern, 
 with the valley of the Reuss, canton of Uri. 
 Sustermans (sus'ter-mans), or Suttermans 
 (sut'ter-mans), Justus. Born at Antwerp, 1597 : 
 died at Florence, April 23, 1681. A Flemish por- 
 trait-painter, pupil of Willem de Vos and of 
 Franz Pourbes the younger in Paris. At Flor- 
 ence he was patronized by Grand Dukes Cosmo II. and 
 III. and Ferdinand II. At Vienna (1623-24) he painted the 
 emperor’s portrait. In 1627 he painted Pope Urban VIII. 
 He returned to Florence in 1653. He was a friend of Ru- 
 bens and of Vandyke. 
 
 Sutherland (suTH'br-land). The northwestern- 
 most county of Scotland. It is bounded by the At- 
 lantic on the west and north, Caithness on the east, the 
 North Sea on the southeast, and Ross and Cromarty on the 
 south and southwest. The surface is generally mountain- 
 ous and elevated. Area, 2,028 square miles. Population, 
 (civil county), 21,550. 
 
 Sutherland, First Duke of. See Leveson- 
 Gowcr, George Granville. 
 
 Sutherland Falls. A noted cascade near Mil- 
 ford Sound, in New Zealand. Height, 1,900 
 feet. 
 
 Sutlej, or Satlej (sut'lej). One of the chief 
 rivers of the Panjab. It rises in Tibet near the source 
 of the Brahmaputra ; flows generally west ; breaks through 
 the Himalaya; receives the Bias, and is known also as 
 the Ghara ; unites with the Chenab, and is known as the 
 Panjnad ; and flows into the Indus about lat. 29° N. Length, 
 about 1,000 miles ; navigable to near Ludhiana. 
 
 Sutra (so'tra). In Sanskrit, originally a ‘ thread, 
 cord,’ and then a brief rule, or book of such 
 rules, so named because each rule was a short 
 ‘line,’ or because the collection was a ‘string’ 
 of rules. These rules appear to have been at first mere 
 aids to the memory of teachers, whence they came to be 
 the basis of teaching not only in religious ritual but also 
 in philosophy and grammar. Thus there are the Shrau- 
 tasutras, and among them especially the Kalpasutras, 
 founded on Shruti (see Smriti and Shruti ) and treating 
 
 Svendborg 
 
 especially of ritual, and the Grihyasutras and Samayachari- 
 kasutras op Dharmasutras. which are ‘rules for domestic 
 ceremonies’ and ‘rules for conventional customs,' the 
 last two being called collectively Smartasutras, as based 
 on Smriti. Out of the last grew the Dharmashastras or 
 ‘ law-books. ’ Each system of philosophy has its text-book 
 written in Sutras. Examples in grammar and related 
 subjects are the celebrated Sutras of Panini, the Unadisu- 
 tras on certain affixes, and the Pratishakyas on V edic accent 
 and phonetics. 
 
 Sutri (so'tre). A town in Italy, 29 miles north- 
 west of Rome : tbe ancient Sutrium. it was an 
 ancient Etruscan town, and later a Roman colony. Popu- 
 lation, 2,795. 
 
 Sutro (so'tro), Adolph Heinrich Joseph. Born 
 
 at Aix-la-Chapelle, Rhenish Prussia, April 29, 
 1830: died Aug. 8, 1898. A German- American 
 mining engineer. He received his education in the 
 polytechnic schools in Germany; emigrated to the United 
 States in 1850; and in 1860 went to Nevada, where he 
 planned the famous Sutro tunnel at Virginia City, con- 
 necting with and draining the mines of the Comstock 
 Lode. The main tunnel is over 20,000 feet in length. It 
 was begun in 1869, and connection was made with the first 
 of the mines in 1878. Elected mayor of San Francisco 1894. 
 
 Sutter (so'ter), John Augustus. Born at Kan- 
 dern, Baden, Feb. 15, 1803 : died at Washing- 
 ton, ,D. C., June 17, 1880. A Swiss-American 
 pioneer and trader. He founded a settlement on the 
 site of Sacramento. Gold was first discovered in Califor- 
 nia on his property in 1848. 
 
 Sutton (sut'on), Charles Manners-, first Vis- 
 count Canterbury. Born 1780 : died 1845. An 
 English politician, for many years speaker of 
 the House of Commons. 
 
 Suva (so'va). A seaport on the southern coast 
 of Viti Levu, capital of the Fiji Islands. 
 Suvaroff (so-va'rof), or Suvoroff (so-vo'rof), or 
 Suwarrow (so-va'rov), or Suwaroff (so-va'- 
 rof), Count Alexander. Born in Finland, Nov. 
 25, 1729 : died at St. Petersburg, May 18, 1800. 
 A celebrated Russian field-marshal, of Swedish 
 descent. He served in the Seven Years’ War against the 
 Poles, and 1773-74 against the Turks ; suppressed the revolt 
 of Pugatcheff 1774-75 ; defeated the Turks at Kinburn in 
 1787, and at Fokshani and Rymnik in 1789 (being surnamed 
 Rymnimski for this last victory) ; stormed Ismail in 1790 : 
 stormed Praga, near Warsaw, and was made field-marshal 
 in 1794 ; defeated the French at the battles of Cassano, the 
 Trebbia, and Novi in 1799 (for which he was surnamed 
 Italiiski) ; and crossed the Alps and traversed Switzerland 
 1799. Having been recalled in disgrace by the emperor 
 Paul, he retired to his country-seat, where he died. 
 Suwalki (so-val'ke). The northernmost gov- 
 ernment in Russian Poland, bordering on East 
 Prussia and the governments of Kovno, Vilna, 
 Grodno, andLomza. Area, 4,756 square miles. 
 Population, 644,300. 
 
 Suwalki. The capital of the government of 
 Suwalki, in lat. 54° 12' N., long. 22° 55' E. 
 Population, 23,500. 
 
 Suwanee, or Suwannee (su-wa'ne). A river 
 in southern Georgia and Florida which flows 
 into the Gulf of Mexico about lat. 29° 18' N. 
 Length, about 250 miles. 
 
 Suwaroff, or Suwarrow. See Suvaroff. 
 Suwonada (so-wo-na'da), or Inland Sea. A 
 part of the Pacific Ocean which lies southwest 
 of the main island of Japan, and is nearly in- 
 closed by it and the islands of Kiusiu and Shi- 
 koku. Its length is about 240 miles. 
 
 Suzdal (soz-daP), or Susdal (sos-dal'), or Souz- 
 dal (soz-dill'). A town in the government of 
 Vladimir, Russia, situated on the Kamenka 
 115 miles east-northeast of Moscow. It was 
 the seat of a medieval Russian principality. 
 Population, 6,900. 
 
 Suzdal, Principality of (or Vladimir). A 
 
 principality, and at times grand principality, of 
 Russia, about the upper basin of the Volga : 
 founded in the middle of the 12th century, it 
 supplanted Kieff as the chief Russian state, and was united 
 with the principality of Moscow in the 14th century. 
 Svalocin (sval'o-sin). [Nicolaus reversed : see 
 Rotanev.] The name given in the Palermo Cata- 
 logue to the fourth-magnitude star a Delphini. 
 Svartisen (svart'e-sen). [‘Black ice.’] An ice- 
 covered tract near the northwestern coast of 
 N orway, just north of the Arctic Circle. Length, 
 about 35 miles. Height above sea-level, about 
 4,000 feet. 
 
 Sveaborg (sva'a-borg). A fortress in the har- 
 bor of Helsingfors, Finland. It was constructed in 
 1749 ; was betrayed to the Russians May 3, 1808 ; and was 
 bombarded by the Anglo-French fleet Aug. 9-10, 1855. 
 
 Svealand (sva'a-land). * The historical name 
 of central Sweden. It comprised Soderman- 
 land, Upland, Westermanland, Nerike, Werm- 
 land, and Dalecarlia. 
 
 Svend. See Sweyn. 
 
 Svendborg (svend'borg). An amt of Denmark, 
 comprising part of Fiinen with Langeland, 
 Taasinge, etc. Population, 132,034. 
 
Svendborg 
 
 Svendborg. A seaport on the southern coast 
 of the island of Fiinen, Denmark, in lat. 55° 4' 
 N., long. 10° 37' E. Population, 11,766. 
 Svengali. See Trilby. 
 
 Svenigorodka (sve-ne-go-rod'ka). A town in 
 the government of Kieff, Russia, situated on 
 the Gniloi Tikitch 98 miles south of Kieff. 
 Population, 20,100. 
 
 Sverige (sva're-ge). The Swedish name of 
 Sweden. 
 
 Svetchine. See Swetchine. 
 
 Sviatoi (sve-a'toi), Cape. A headland on the 
 northern coast of Russia, projecting into the 
 Arctic Ocean near the entrance to the White Sea. 
 Svir (sver). A river in the government of Olo- 
 netz, northern Russia, which flows from Lake 
 Onega into Lake Ladoga. Length, about 125 
 miles. 
 
 Swabia, or Suabia (swa'bi-a). [F. Souabe, 
 ML. Suabia , from MHO. Swaben, G. Schwaben, 
 Swabia, orig. dat. pi. of Sivab, G. Schwabe, a 
 Swabian.] An ancient duchy of Germany, cor- 
 responding in general to Wiirtemberg, Baden, 
 and southwestern Bavaria, and also, at various 
 times, to eastern Switzerland, Alsace, part of 
 Tyrol, etc. : sometimes called Alamannia. it 
 was one of the four great duchies of the early German 
 kingdom, and endured from 917 to 1268. The Swabian 
 house of Hohenstaufen furnished a famous dynasty of 
 German kings and emperors. The name Swabia was re- 
 vived as that of one of the circles of the Empire, and now 
 includes the southern central part of Wiirtemberg, the 
 adjoining part of Baden, and the southwestern part of 
 Bavaria. 
 
 Swabia and Neuburg (G. pron. noi'bora). A 
 governmental district of Bavaria, bounded by 
 Middle Franconia on the north, Upper Bava- 
 ria on the east, Tyrol and Vorarlberg and Lake 
 Constance on the south, and Wiirtemberg on 
 the west. Capital, Augsburg. Area, 3,793 
 square miles. Population, 753,177. 
 
 Swabian Alp. See Sivabian Jura. 
 
 Swabian (swa'bi-an) Circle. [G. SchwdbiscJier 
 Kreis.) One of the ten circles of the old Ger- 
 man Empire, as established by the emperor 
 Maximilian I., 1512. It comprised substantially the 
 modern Wiirtemberg, a part of Bavaria, and a great part 
 of Baden. 
 
 Swabian Emperors. The German-Roman em- 
 perors who reigned from 1138 to 1254 (the Ho- 
 henstaufen line) : so called because the founder 
 was duke of Swabia. 
 
 Swabian Jura, or Swabian Alp, or Rauhe 
 
 Alp (rou'e alp) or Alb. A mountain-range 
 in Wiirtemberg and Hohenzollern, which ex- 
 tends from near Sulz northeasterly to near the 
 Bavarian frontier, between the valleys of the 
 Neckar and Danube. Among its divisions are the 
 Hardt and the Eauhe Alp proper. 
 
 Swabian League, or Swabian Cities’ League. 
 
 A league of various Swabian cities formed in 
 1376, and extended into Franconia, Bavaria, 
 and the Rhine lands, as a defense against the 
 extortions and depredations of the counts of 
 Wiirtemberg. It fell into decay after 1388. 
 Swabian League, Great. A league of Swabian 
 cities and governments formed in 1488 for the 
 maintenance of the public peace. It was dis- 
 solved in 1533 on account of religious dissen- 
 sions. 
 
 Swabian Poets, The. In German literature: ( a ) 
 A former collective name of the Minnesingers. 
 (b) A group of modern poets of Wiirtemberg, 
 the chief of whom were Uhland, Kerner, arid 
 Schwab. 
 
 Swabian Sea. An occasional name of the Lake 
 of Constance. 
 
 Swain (swan), Charles. Born at Manchester, 
 England, Jan. 4 , 1801 : died Sept. 22, 1874. An 
 English poet, called 14 the Manchester Poet.” 
 He wrote “ Dryburgh Abbey” (1832), etc. 
 Swainson(swan'son), William. BornatLiver- 
 ool, Oct. 8,1789: died at Hutt Valley, New 
 ealand, Dec. 7, 1855. A British naturalist. 
 His works include “Zoological Illustrations" (1820), “Ex- 
 otic Conchology " (1821), “ Naturalist's Guide," “Ornitho- 
 logical Drawings" (1834-41), and volumes in Lardner’s 
 “Cabinet Cyclopaedia" and in Jardine's “Naturalist’s 
 Library." He was associated with Kichardson in writing 
 the “Fauna Boreali-Americana,” and with Shuckard in 
 the “History and Natural Arrangement of Insects." 
 
 Swale (swal). An inlet of the North Sea (or 
 mouth of the Medway), south of the Isle of 
 Sheppey, in Kent, England. 
 
 Swale. A river in Yorkshire, England, which 
 joins the Ure 14 miles northwest of York. 
 Length, 60-70 miles. 
 
 Swalli, or Swally (swol'e). The outer harbor 
 of Surat, at the mouth of the Tapti. 
 
 VI. 32 
 
 969 
 
 Swammerdam (swam'mer-dam), Jan. Born at 
 Amsterdam, Feb. 12, 1637 : died there, Feb. 15, 
 1680. A noted Dutch naturalist, distinguished 
 as an anatomist and entomologist. 
 
 Swamp (swomp), The. A low-lying region in 
 the lower part of New York city, east of the 
 post-office, known as a center of the hide and 
 leather trade. 
 
 Swamp Angel, The. A name given by the Fed- 
 eral soldiers to an 8-inch Parrott gun which was 
 mounted on a battery built on piles driven into 
 a swamp outside of Charleston, and used during 
 the siege of that city. It burst Aug. 22, 1S63. After the 
 war it was bought with some condemned metal and sent to 
 Trenton, New Jersey, to be melted ; but, having been iden- 
 tilied, was set up on a granite base on the corner of Perry 
 and Clinton streets in that city. 
 
 Swampscott (swomp'skot). A watering-place 
 in Essex County, Massachusetts, on Massachu- 
 setts Bay. Population, 6,204, (1910). 
 
 Swan (swon), The. See Cygnus. 
 
 Swan, The. A playhouse built on the Bank- 
 side, Southwark, London, about 1594-95. 
 Swan, The Mantuan. See Mantuan Swan. 
 Swan, Knight of the. A local religious myth 
 of Brabantine origin. The principal part of the story 
 is that of a mysterious knight who appears in a small 
 boat drawn by a swan, and performs helpful deeds, saves 
 the lady of the story, and marries her, but who can remain 
 with her only on condition that she does not ask his name : 
 this connects him with the Knights of the Grail, who 
 were obliged to disappear if questioned. The condition 
 having been broken, the swan and boat reappear and he 
 is carried swiftly away. This story is very ancient, and is 
 told of Helias, Lohengrin (in the Round Table cycle). Sal- 
 vius, Gerhard the Swan, and others, and the lady is Else of 
 Brabant or Beatrice of Cleves. There are numerous ro- 
 mances in French, German, and English on this subject. 
 The story of the seven swan-maidens is another myth 
 pieced on to the genuine story of the Knight of the Swan. 
 
 It was in commemoration of the beautiful myth of the 
 Swan-Knight that Frederick II. of Brandenburg instituted 
 the Order of the Swan, in 1440. . . . The badge of the 
 Cleves order of knighthood was also a silver swan sus- 
 pended from a gold chain. Charles, Duke of Cleves, at- 
 tempted to revive the Order of the Swan. When Cleves 
 fell to Prussia, the Count de Bar endeavored to persuade 
 Frederick the Great to resuscitate the order, but in vain. 
 With Anne of Cleves, the white swan passed to our tavern 
 sign-boards. 
 
 S’. Baring-Gould, Curious Myths of the Mid. Ages, 2d ser. , 
 
 [p. 335. 
 
 Swan (swon) Lake. A small lake in Nicollet 
 County, southern Minnesota, northwest of Man- 
 kato. 
 
 Swan-maidens. See Swan, Knight of the. 
 Swan of Avon, Sweet. A name given by Ben 
 Jonson to Shakspere. 
 
 Swan of Cambrai, The. Fdnelon. 
 
 Swan of Lichfield, The. A name given to Miss 
 Anna Seward, the friend of Dr. Johnson. 
 Swan of Padua, The. Francesco Algarotti. 
 Swan of the Thames, The. John Taylor. 
 Swan (swon) River. [Named from the black 
 swans seen in it by its discoverer, Willem de 
 Vlaming, 1697.] A river in West Australia 
 which flows into the Indian Ocean near Perth. 
 It gave name to the colony which formed the 
 nucleus of West Australia. 
 
 Swansea (swon'se). A seaport of Glamorgan- 
 shire, Wales, situated at the entrance of the 
 river Tawe into Swansea Bay, inlat. 51° 37' N., 
 long. 3° 56' W. It is the principal seat of copper- 
 smelting in Great Britain, and perhaps in the world, and 
 has also manufactures of lead, iron, tin-plate, zinc, and 
 other metals, chemicals, etc. There are extensive coal- 
 mines in its vicinity. It has docks, and exports of tin- 
 plate and other manufactured goods, coal, etc. The castle 
 was built in 1099. Population, 114,673, (1911). 
 
 Swansea, or Swanzey (swon'zi). A village in 
 Bristol County, Massachusetts, 4 miles north- 
 west of Fall River. Here, June 24, 1675, the Indians 
 murdered several settlers : this event was the immediate 
 cause of King Philip’s war. 
 
 Swan’s Island. An island of Hancock County, 
 Maine, 5 miles southwest of Mount Desert. 
 Length, 54 miles. 
 
 Swanzey. See Swansea. 
 
 Swarga (swar'gk), or Swerga (swer'gii). In 
 Hindu mythology, the heaven of Indra and 
 other gods, situated on Mount Meru. 
 Swarthmore (swarth'mor) College. An in- 
 stitution of learning situated at Swarth- 
 more, Pennsylvania, 12 miles west-southwest 
 of Philadelphia. It is under control of the 
 Friends. 
 
 Swat (swat), or Suwat (su-wat'). One of the 
 tracts comprised in the Dir, Swat, and Chitral 
 Agency, North-West Frontier Province, inter- 
 sected by lat. 34° 50' N., long. 73° W. It was 
 under the rule of Abdul Ghafur, a chief en- 
 titled the Akhoond, 1835-77. 
 
 Swatow (swa-tou'), or Skantow (sban-tou'), or 
 
 Swedenborgians 
 
 Swartow (swiir-tou'). A treaty port in the 
 province of Kwangtung, China, situated at one 
 mouth of the river Han, in lat. (of Double Isl- 
 and) 23° 20' N„ long. 116° 43' E. It has con- 
 siderable trade in tea, bean -cake, oranges, cloth, 
 etc. Population, about 67,000. 
 
 Swayne (swan), Noah Haynes. Born in Cul- 
 peper County, Va., Dec. 7, 1804: died at New 
 York, June 8, 1884. An American jurist, asso- 
 ciate justice of the United States Supreme 
 
 ★Court 1861-81. 
 
 Swaziland (swa'ze-land). Formerly, a small 
 independent state in South Africa, situated 
 near the Transvaal, Amatongaland, and Zulu- 
 land. Its independence was recognized in 1884. In 1890 
 a commission was formed, with representatives of Great 
 Britain, the Transvaal, and the Swazis, to rule over the 
 whites. It became subject to the Transvaal in 1895 and 
 
 ^to Great Britain in 1900. 
 
 Sweden (swe'den). [Formerly also Sweeden; 
 F. Subde , D. Zweden, G. Schweden; orig. dat. pi. 
 of Swede, D. Zweed, G. Schwede, Goth. *Swetha 
 (pi. Swethans in Jordanes); a form appar. 
 cliff, from the other designation, AS. Swedn, 
 Sivion, Icel. Sviar, Sw. Svear, L. Suiones. also 
 Sued, whence the ML. name Sueda (It. Svezia, 
 Sp. Sueda). The Sw. name for Sweden is 
 Sverige, Dan. Sverrig, Icel. Sviariki, kingdom of 
 the Svear or Swedes.] A kingdom of Europe, 
 in the eastern part of the Scandinavian penin- 
 sula. Capital, Stockholm. It is bounded by Nor- 
 way on the west and north, F’inland, the Gulf of Bothnia, 
 and the Baltic Sea on the east, the Baltic on the south, 
 and the Sound, Cattegat, and SkagerRackon the S.W. ; and 
 extends from lat. 55° 20' to 69° 3' N., and from long. 11° 6' to 
 24° 8' E. There are three main divisions : Gotaland in the 
 south, Svealand in the center, and Norrland in the north. 
 Thesurface is generally hilly: amountain-range(theKolen) 
 runs along the northwestern boundary between Sweden 
 and Norway. The kingdom contains many lakes (Wenern, 
 Wettern, Malar, etc.) and rivers, and comprises many 
 neighboring islands, including Gotland and bland. The 
 leading occupation is agriculture. There is considera- 
 ble mineral wealth, particularly iron. Timber, iron, hard- 
 ware and wooden wares, etc., are exported. The country 
 is subdivided into 25 laens or provinces. The government 
 is a hereditary constitutional monarchy, legislate e author- 
 ity being vested in the king and the Riksdag of two houses 
 (both elected). Sweden and Norway were united under 
 the same king 1814-1905 and were bound to stand by each 
 other in war, but were otherwise free and independent. 
 The inhabitants are mostly Swedes : there are a few Finns 
 and Lapps in the north. The prevailing religion is Protes- 
 tant (Lutheran). Sweden was inhabited in early times 
 by various tribes, the chief of them being the Goths in the 
 south and the Swedes in the north. Christianity was finally 
 established about the end of the lltli century. A fusion 
 of the Goths and Swedes took place in the 13th century. 
 The union of the three kingdoms Denmark, Sweden, and 
 Norway was effected at Kalmar in 1397. A rebellion 
 against the Danes was led by Gustavus Vasa, who was 
 elected king in 1523. The Reformation was introduced 
 by him. Sweden became one of the leading European 
 powers in the 17th century. It took a leading part in 
 the Thirty Years’ War under Gustavus Adolphus and his 
 successor; obtained a large part of Pomerania, Bremen, 
 Verden, etc., in 1648 ; carried on successful wars with Den- 
 mark and Poland; received Livonia, Esthonia, Scania, etc., 
 in 1660 ; carried on the Northern War, under Charles XII., 
 against Denmark, Russia, Poland, and Saxony ; ceded a 
 large part of its possessions in northern Germany in 1719- 
 1720 ; ceded Livonia, Esthonia, etc., to Russia in 1721 ; and 
 ceded Finland to Russia in 1809. Norway was united with 
 it in 1814 and separated from it J une 7, 1905. Its remain- 
 ing possessions in Germany were ceded to Prussia in 1815. 
 Area, 172,876 square miles. Population, 5,429,600. 
 
 Swedenborg (swe'dn-borg; Sw. pron. sva'den- 
 borg) (originally Svedberg or Swedberg), 
 Emanuel. Bom at Stockholm, Jan. 29, 1688: 
 died at London, March 29, 1772. A celebrated 
 Swedish philosopher and tlieosophist, founder 
 of the New Church. He was educated at Upsala ; 
 traveled in Europe 1710-14 ; was appointed assessor of the 
 Swedish college of mines in 1716; distinguished himself at 
 the siege of Frederikshall in 1718 by the invention of ma- 
 chines for the transport of boats overland from Stromstadt 
 to Iddefjord ; and was subsequently elevated to the nobil- 
 ity. About 1743 he commenced to have “visions,” and in 
 1747 resigned his office in order to devote himself wholly 
 to the expounding of Scripture as the immediate mouth- 
 piece of God. His chief theological and mystical work is 
 “Arcana caelestia” (1749-56). Among his other works are 
 “Opera philosophies et mineralogies "(1734), “(Kconomia 
 regni animalis ’’ (1740-41), and “Regnum animale ” (1744). 
 See Swedenborgians. 
 
 Swedenborgians(swe-dn-bor'ji-anz). The be- 
 lievers in the theology and religious doctrines 
 of Swedenborg ; the New-Churchmen. Sweden- 
 borg held Rev. xxi. 2, “ And I John saw the holy city, new 
 Jerusalem, coming down from God out of heaven,” to be 
 a prediction of the establishment of a new dispensation, 
 the initiation of which took place by the execution of the 
 last judgment in the spiritual world in the year 1757, where- 
 by man was restored to moral freedom by the restriction 
 of evil infestations, the power of which had threatened its 
 utter extinction. In proof of this belief, his followers point 
 to the unparalleled spiritual and material progress of man- 
 kind. They were first organized in London (where Sweden- 
 borg long resided) in 1778 under the name of the “ Society 
 of the New Church signified by the New Jerusalem," usu- 
 ally abbreviated to New Church. Professed Swedenbor 
 gians, thougli widely scattered, have never been numerous ; 
 
Swedenborgians 
 
 but Swedenborg himself appears not to have contemplated 
 the formation of a separate church, trusting to the permea- 
 tion of his doctrines through the existing churches. Swe- 
 denborgians believe that this process is going on, and that 
 thus the new dispensation is making its way indepen- 
 dently of their own organization or efforts, and even with- 
 out the conscious knowledge of most of those affected by 
 it. Swedenborg considered himself the divinely appointed 
 herald and expounder of this dispensation, being prepared 
 for t he office by open intercourse during many years with 
 spirits and angels (all originally human beings), and with 
 God himself, who revealed to him the spiritual or symbolic 
 sense of the Divine Word (which the world had not previ- 
 ously been in a state to receive or apprehend), setting forth 
 spiritual and celestial truths in every part through the 
 correspondence of all material things with the spiritual 
 principles, good or evil, of which they are the outgrowth 
 and manifestation. This doctrine of correspondencies is 
 the foundation of his system, which he elaborated with 
 uniform consistency in many volumes, all first published 
 in Latin. In this correspondence consists the plenary in- 
 spiration of the Word, which includes only the Pentateuch, 
 Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, the Prophets and Psalms, 
 the four Gospels, and the Apocalypse : the other books of 
 the Bible are valuable for instruction, but lack thisdivine 
 character. 
 
 Swedish (swe'dish). The language of the 
 Swedes: a Scandinavian dialect akin to Danish 
 and Norwegian-Icelandic. old Swedish is preserved 
 in runic inscriptions from the end of the viking age in the 
 11th century, and in literature from late in the 13th cen- 
 tury. Modern Swedish dates from the Deformation. 
 
 Swedish Nightingale, The. Jenny Lind. 
 
 Swedish Pomerania. A name formerly given 
 to the western part of Pomerania, which was 
 granted to Sweden at the peace of Westphalia 
 in 1648. It comprised Vorpommem and Riigen, and 
 part of Hinterpommern. Part of it was ceded to Prussia 
 in 1720 ; the remainder was ceded to Denmark in 1814, and 
 by Denmark to Prussia in 1815. 
 
 Sweedlepipe (swe'dl-plp), Paul or Poll. In 
 
 Dickens’s “Martin Chuzzlewit,” a bird-fancier 
 and “easy shaver,” Mrs. Gamp’s landlord: “a 
 disapp’intin’ Sweedlepipes.” 
 
 Sweeny (swe'ni), Thomas William. Born at 
 Cork, Ireland, Dec. 25, 1820: died at Astoria, 
 Long Island, N. Y., April 10, 1892. An Ameri- 
 can general. He served in the Mexican war, and in the 
 Civil War (at Wilson’s Creek, Fort Donelson, and Shiloh, 
 and in the Atlanta campaign) ; and took part in the Fenian 
 invasion of Canada. 
 
 Sweet Singer of the Temple. George Herbert. 
 Sweetwater (swet ' waiter) Mountains. A 
 
 range of the Bockv Mountains in Wyoming, 
 southeast of the Wind River Mountains, and 
 northwest of the Medicine Bow Mountains. 
 
 Sweetwater River. A tributary of the North 
 Pork of thePlatte, in central Wyoming. Length, 
 about 150 miles. 
 
 Sweet William’s Farewell to Black-eyed 
 Susan. See Black-eyed Susan. 
 
 Swegen. See Sweyn. 
 
 Swerga. See Sioarga. 
 
 Swetchine ( svech-en' ), Madame (Anne Sophie 
 Soymonoff). Born at Moscow, 1782: died at 
 Paris, 1857. A Russian author. Her works 
 and letters were edited by Falloux. 
 
 Swett (swet), Samuel. Born at Newburyport, 
 Mass., June 9, 1782 : died at Boston, Oct. 28, 
 1866. An American historical writer. He pub- 
 lished “ Bunker Hill,” controversial and other 
 works on that battle, etc. 
 
 Sweyn, or Swein (swan), or Swegen (sva'gen), 
 or Svend (svend). Died 1014. King of Den- 
 mark, son of Harold Blaatand and father of 
 Canute. He invaded England in 994 and 1003, 
 and conquered England in 1013. 
 
 Sweyn, or Swein. Died about 1051. An Eng- 
 lish earl, eldest son of Godwine. He was out- 
 lawed and exiled in 1046; was restored; and was finally 
 exiled with Godwine in 1051. 
 
 Sweyn. Died 1076. King of Denmark 1047- 
 1076, son of Canute. He invaded England in 1068. 
 
 Swift (swift), Jonathan. Born at Dublin, Nov. 
 30, 1667 : died there, Oct. 19, 1745. A celebrated 
 English satirist and man of letters : usually 
 spoken of as Dean Swift. His grandfather, Thomas 
 Swift, vicar of Goodrich in Herefordshire, was a follower 
 of Charles I. Swift matriculated at Trinity College, Dub- 
 lin, in 1632, leaving with only a degree sprciali gratia in 
 1686. In 1688, owing to the Revolution, he went to Eng- 
 land, and in 1689 became amanuensis or secretary to Sir 
 William Temple (who was in some way related to Swift’s 
 mother) at Moor Park, near Farnliam. He disliked his sub- 
 ordinate position, and returned to Dublin in about a year. 
 In 1692 he received the degree of B. A. at Oxford, took 
 orders in 1695, and in 1695 obtained the living of Kilroot, 
 Antrim, Ireland. In 1696, tired of obscurity, he returned 
 to Sir William Temple, and remained with him till his 
 death in Jan., 1699. During these years of quiet he not only 
 read much, but was in such relations with the court as to 
 obtain an insight into politics which later was of use to 
 him. In 1690 he wrote “A Tale of a Tub," and in 1697 
 the “Battle of the Books” (both published in 1704): 
 he also published an edition of Temple's works (1700- 
 1703). He was made rector of Agher, in Meath, and vicar 
 of Laracor in 1700, and held other small livings. In 1696 
 he had offered marriage to Miss Waring (“Varina”), who 
 refused him on account of her ill health and his poverty. 
 
 970 
 
 When he received the living of Laracor, however, in 1700, 
 she wished the marriage to take place. He broke off the 
 match by saying that if she would submit to be edu- 
 cated so that she could entertain him, soothe his ill hu- 
 mor, accept his likes and dislikes, etc. he would overlook 
 deficiencies in looks and income. He published the Whig 
 tract “A Discourse on the Dissensions in Athens and 
 Rome ” in 1701. At Laracor he was joined by Mrs. Rebecca 
 Dingley and by Esther Johnson (born in 1681), a dependent 
 of Sir William Temple, who presided over his house — the 
 “Stella” of later years. In 1708 he published the pam- 
 phlets “The Sentiments of a Church of England Man ” and 
 “On the Reasonableness of a Test” : these were followed 
 by the ironical “Argument Against Abolishing Christian- 
 ity " and by his best poem, “Baucis and Philemon.” He 
 was in London for a longer or shorter period nearly every 
 year from 1701 to 1710. At this time he abandoned the 
 Whigs and went over to the Tories : a full account of this 
 Is given in the “Journal to Stella," written 1710-13, and 
 not intended forthe public. In Nov., 1710, he began to write 
 for the “ Examiner, ” a Tory journal, and formed the “ So- 
 ciety of Brothers.” In July, 1711, he left the “Examiner,” 
 but continued to write Tory pamphlets(“The Conduct of 
 the Allies ” and “ Remarks on the Barrier Treaty ”). He 
 was appointed by Queen Anne dean of St. Patrick’s, Dublin, 
 in 1713. He was intimately associated with Oxford and 
 Bolingbroke, and was a friend of Steele, Addison, Pope, Ar- 
 buthnot, Congreve, Atterbury, Parnell, and Gay. Some of 
 his best work belongs to this period — the last four years 
 of Queen Anne. After the fall of the Tories he-retired to 
 Dublin. While living in London, Esther Vanhomrigh, 
 the “Vanessa” of his poem “Cadenus and Vanessa," had 
 formed an attachment for him. In 1714 her mother died, 
 and she followed Swift to Dublin. It is generally said 
 that in 1716 he was privately married to “Stella," and in 
 1717 “Vanessa" retired to Marl ey Abbey at Celbridge, 
 where Swift visited her. In 1723 “Vanessa" wrote to 
 “Stella” demanding an explanation of her relation to 
 Swift. “Stella” replied that she was his wife, and sent 
 “Vanessa’s "letter to Swift, who at once, in one of his char- 
 acteristic fits of passion, went to “ Vanessa,” threw her 
 letter on a table without a word, and rode away. This 
 was her death-blow : she lived only a few weeks longer. 
 Swift devoted himself earnestly to the condition of Ireland 
 and Irish politics, and in 1720 published his “Proposal 
 for the Universal Dse of Irish Manufactures.” urging the 
 disuse of English good8 by thelrish. A patent for supplying 
 Ireland with copper coins had been accorded to oneWilliam 
 Wood, who shared a 40 per cent, profit with the Duchess 
 of Kendal, the king's mistress. In 1724 Swift attacked 
 this abuse in letters signed “ M. B. Drapier,” which ra sed 
 his popularity to a height that it always retained. Return- 
 ing to England, he was recalled on account of “Stella’s” 
 illness, but she did not die till 1728. In 1726 he published 
 “ Gulliver’s Travels,” and in 1729 his “ Modest Proposal for 
 Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland from 
 being a Burden to their Parents” — his ironical suggestion 
 being that they should be fattened and eaten. In his later 
 years his brain became diseased, and he was alternately in 
 a state of torture and apathe. ic torpor ; for a year or two 
 his intellect was almost wholly eclipsed, a fact of which 
 he was conscious at intervals. He was putunder restraint 
 in 1741, and lingered till 1745. He was buried in St. Pat- 
 rick’s Cathedral, Dublin. With Arbuthnot and Pope he 
 carried out the scheme of the “Scriblerus Club ” (which 
 see). Among his works not mentioned above are “ Pin- 
 darics. ” “ Predictions for 1 708 ” ( L708 : an attack upon ast rol- 
 ogyin the person of Partridge, the almanac-maker, in which 
 Swift assumed the character of an almanac-maker and the 
 nameof Isaac Bickerstaffe),“AProject forthe Advancement 
 of Religion” (1708), “Vindication of Bickerstaffe " (1709), 
 “Proposal for Correcting, Improving, and Ascertaining 
 the English Tongue” (the only work to which he ever 
 put his name : 1712), “Free Thoughts on the State of Pub- 
 lic Affairs ”(1714), “History of the Last Four Years of Queen 
 Anne "(not published till 17r>7-68 : anumberof volumes of 
 miscellanies with Arbuthnot, Pope, Gay, Sheridan, and 
 others), “ The Legion Club ” (1735 : a satire against the Irish 
 House of Commons), “ Directions to Servants,” and “Polite 
 Conversation ” (1738). 
 
 Swift. Lewis. Born at Clarkson, N. Y., Feb. 
 29, 1820. A distinguished American astrono- 
 mer, director of the Warner Observatory at 
 Rochester, New York, and subsequently of 
 Lowe Observatory. He is especially noted as 
 a discoverer of comets and nebulai. 
 
 Swilly (swil'i), Lough. An inlet of the Atlantic 
 in Ulster, Ireland, northwest of Londonderry. 
 ^Length, 25 miles. 
 
 Swinburne (swin'bern), Algernon Charles. 
 
 Born at London, April 5, 1837 : died there, April 
 10, 1909. An English poet, son of Admiral 
 Swinburne and Lady Henrietta Ashburnham. 
 He was educated in Fiance, and at Eton and Oxford 
 (P.alliol College), entering the university in 1857 and 
 leaving it without a degree. He was especially re- 
 markable for his facile metrical invention. He pub- 
 lished “The Queen Mother" and “Rosamund” (1861), 
 “Atalanta in Calydon ” (1864), “Chastelard: a Tragedy” 
 (1865), “ Poems and Ballads ” (1866 ; these were so severely 
 censured that the edition was withdrawn, but it was re- 
 printed the same year as “Laus Veneris, and other Poems 
 and Ballads,” and Swinburne replied to the criticism (also 
 in 1866 ) with “Notes on Poems and Reviews"), “William 
 Blake : a Critical Essay ”(1867), “An Ode on the Proclama- 
 tion of the French Republic ” (1870), “ Songs Before Sun- 
 rise” (1871), “Under the Microscope” (1872: an answer 
 to Robert Buchanan’s pamphlet “The Fleshly School ”), 
 “Bothwell’s Tragedy" (1S74), “Songs of Two Nations” 
 (1875), “Essays and Studies” (1876), “George Chapman : a 
 Critical Essay" (1875), “Erechtheus: a Tragedy ” (1876), 
 “A Note on Charlotte Bronte ” (1877), a second series of 
 “ Poems and Bal lads ” (1878), * ‘A Study of Shakspere ” (1879), 
 “ The Modern Heptalogia, or the Seven Against Sense " 
 (1880), “Songs of the Springtides ” (1880), “Studies in 
 Song ”(1880), “ Maty Stuart : a Tragedy ” (1881), “Tristram 
 of Lyonesse, etc.” (1882), “ A Century of Roundels " (1883), 
 “A Midsummer Holiday, etc.” (1884), “Marino Faliero: 
 a Tragedy ” (1885), “ Prose Miscellanies ” (1886), “A Study 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 of Victor Hugo "(1886),“A Study of Ben Jonson ” “ Locrine: 
 a Tragedy ” (1887),“The Armada " (1888), and “ Poems and 
 Ballads ’’ (1889). 
 
 Swinemiinde (sve'ne-mun-de). A seaport in 
 the province of Pomerania, Prussia, situated on 
 the island Usedom, at the mouth of the Swine, 
 in lat. 53° 55' N., long. 14° 17' E. it forms the 
 outer port of Stettin. It is a watering-place, and has an 
 excellent harbor and important commerce. Population, 
 commune, 13,272. 
 
 Swing (swing), Captain. A fictitious name 
 signed to various threatening letters in Eng- 
 land, about 1830, especially to letters addressed 
 to the users of threshing-machines, which were 
 obnoxious to the old-fashioned threshers. 
 
 Swing (swing), David. Born at Cincinnati, 
 Ohio, Aug. 23, 1830 : died Oct. 3, 1894. An 
 American Presbyterian clergyman, tried for 
 heresy in Chicago in 1874, and acquitted. He 
 was afterward pastor of an independent church. 
 
 Swinton (swin'ton). A village in Lancashire, 
 England, 6 miles west-northwest of Manches- 
 ter. Population, with Pendlebury, 27,005. 
 
 Swinton. A manufacturing town in Yorkshire, 
 England, 10 miles northeast of Sheffield. Pop- 
 ulation, 12,217. 
 
 Swinton, William. Born in Haddingtonshire, 
 Scotland, April 23, 1833 : died at New York, Oct. 
 24, 1892. An American journalist and author. 
 He became connected with the “New-Y r ork Times” in 
 1858, and was its war correspondent 1862-64 : his letters 
 several times involved him in difficulties with t u e mili- 
 tary authorities. From 1869 to 1874 he was professor 
 of English at the University of California. He wrote a 
 series of historical ami other text-books, and “Rambles 
 Among Words”(1859\ “The Times’s Review of McClellan : 
 his Military Career Reviewed and Exposed ” (1864), “ Cam- 
 paigns of the Army of the Potomac” (1866), “Twelve De- 
 cisive Battles of the War” (1867), “History of the New 
 York Seventh Regiment during the Rebellion ” (1870), etc. 
 
 Swiss Family Robinson. A romance by Ro- 
 dolplie Wyss. The scene is laid in a desert isl- 
 and about 1800. 
 
 Swiss Guards, The. A corps of Swiss merce- 
 nary troops in the French service, formed in 
 1616 and finally disbanded in 1830. They are cele- 
 brated for their valor in the defense of the Tuileries, 
 Aug. 10, 1792, commemorated in the “Lion of Lucerne” at 
 Lucerne. 
 
 Swithin (swith'in), or Swithun (swith'un), 
 Saint. Born near Winchester, probably about 
 800 : died about 862. A bishop of Winchester. 
 It was fabled that he performed many miraculous cures 
 after his death, and he was translated with great cere- 
 monial July 15, 971. H e was not regularly canonized, but 
 received his title of saint on his translation. He has, for 
 no known reason, become associated in the popular mind 
 with drunkenness. He is noted in folk-lore, a common 
 adage being that if it rains on St. Swithin’s day (July 15), 
 it will rain for forty days after. 
 
 Switzerland (swit'zer-land). [‘Landof the Swit- 
 zers’; G. Die Schweiz, F! Suisse, It. Svizzera, Sp. 
 Suiza.'] A country of Europe, bounded by France 
 on the west and northwest, Alsace and Baden on 
 the north, the Lake of Constance on the north- 
 east, Vorarlberg and Tyrol on the east, and Italy 
 andFrance onthesouth:Latin Helvetia. Capital, 
 Bern. The main range of the Alps in the south (partly 
 on the Italian border) is separated from a secondary range 
 of the Alps (Bernese Oherland, Todi, Santis, etc.) by the 
 valleys of the Rhone and Rhine : (he Jura is in the west 
 and north. (See Alps.) The highest mountain is Monte 
 Rosa (over 15,000 feet). The chief lakes are the Lakes of 
 Geneva, Constance, Lucerne, Zurich, and Neuehatel. The 
 leading industries are cotton, woolen, and silk manufac- 
 tures, straw-plaiting, manufactures of embroidery, clocks 
 and watches, wooden wares, chemicals, machinery, music- 
 boxes, etc., and dairy-farming. The country contains many 
 pleasure- and health-resorts, and is famous as a summer 
 resortof tourists. It contains 22 cantons united in a con- 
 federation, the several cantons being very largely indepen- 
 dent in internal matters. The government of the confed- 
 eration is vested in a federal assembly of two chambers : 
 the State Council (“ Standerath ” or “ Conseil des Etats ”) 
 of 44 members (2 for each canton), and the National Coun- 
 cil (“Natioualrath ” or “Conseil National ”), with 167 rep- 
 resentatives. The Federal Assembly in jointsession elects 
 the executive body, the Federal Council (“Bundesrath” or 
 “ Conseil F6d6ral ”), of 7 members, and also the president 
 of the Federal Council, who is elected for one year as presi- 
 dent of the Swiss Confederation. “Whenever a petition 
 demanding the revision or annulment of a measure passed 
 by the Legislature is presented by 30,000 citizens, or the 
 alteration is demanded by eight cantons, the law in ques- 
 tion must be submitted to the direct vote of the nation. 
 This principle, called the referendum, is frequently acted 
 on.” (The Statesman’s Year-Book, 1909, p. 1249.) Cantonal 
 government is exercised by a great council or directly by the 
 citizens in popular assembly (“ Landesgemeinde ”). About 
 three fifths of the inhabitants areProtestants and about two 
 fifths Roman Catholics. About 2,300,000 speak German, 
 730,000 French, 222,000 Italian, and 38,000 Romansh. The 
 ancient inhabitants were Helvetii and other tribes. The 
 land became part of the Roman Empire and largely of the 
 province of Gaul, and was settled by Burgundians, Alaman- 
 ni, etc. The league between Uri, Schwyz, and Nidwald (in 
 Unterwalden) against Hapsburg oppression was formed 
 1291. The legend of Tell and (lie founding of the confedera- 
 tion at Riitli are assigned to the beginning of the 14th cen- 
 tury, The Swiss defeated the Austrians at Morgarten in 
 1316, and renewed the league the same year. Lucerne 
 
Switzerland 
 
 joined the confederation in 1332, Zurich in 1351, Glarus in 
 1352, Zug in 1352, and Bern in 1353. The Austrians were de- 
 feated at Sempacli in 1386, and various conquests were made 
 in the 14th century. Besides its own members, the con- 
 federation recognized “associates" and “protected dis- 
 tricts." The Swiss were freed from Austrian claims in 
 1394 and 1474. They defeated Charles the Bold of Bur- 
 gundy at Granson and Murten in 1476. The “Compact of 
 Stanz "was formed in 1481. Fribourg and Solothurn were 
 admitted in 1481. Switzerland became practically inde- 
 pendent of the Empire in 1499. Basel and Schaffhausen 
 were admitted in 1501, and Appenzell in 1513. The Swiss 
 were defeated at Marignano by Francis I. of France in 
 1515, and concluded peace with France in 1516. The Ref- 
 ormation was introduced into various parts by Zwingli, 
 Farel, Calvin, etc. The Golden League between Catholic 
 members was formed in 1586. Switzerland became for- 
 mally independent of the Empire in 1643. The Helvetic 
 Republic was established in 1798, under the influence of 
 France. A revolt of the Forest Cantons was suppressed by 
 the French in 1798, and the country was the scene of much 
 fighting in the wars of the Directory and Consulate. The 
 confederation was restored in 1803, and the cantons of St. 
 Gall, Gri sons, Aargau.Thurgau, Ticino, andVaud were added. 
 A new constitution was adopted, neutrality was guaran- 
 teed, and the cantons of Geneva, Valais, and Neuchatel 
 were added in 1815. The war of the “ Sonderbund ” oc- 
 curred in 1847. Government was made more centralized 
 by the constitution of 1848. Neuchatel was freed from 
 Prussian claims in 1857. The constitution was revised 
 in 1874. Area, 15,976 square mileB. Population, 3,738,600, 
 (1910). 
 
 Such is the Switzerland of our own time, but such was 
 not the Switzerland with which Charles the Bold had to 
 deal. In those days the name of Switzerland, asadistinct 
 nation or people, was hardly known. The names Swit- 
 enses, Switzois, Suisses, were indeed beginning to spread 
 themselves from a single canton to the whole Confeder- 
 ation ; but the formal style of that Confederation was 
 still the “Great (or Old) League of Upper Germany 
 perhaps rather of “Upper Swabia.” That League was 
 much smaller than it is now, and it was purely German. 
 It consisted of eight German districts and cities, united, 
 like many other groups of German cit ies, by a lax Federal 
 tie, which tie. while other similar unions have died away, 
 has gradually developed into a perfect Federal Govern- 
 ment, and has extended itself over a large non-German 
 territory. The League then consisted of eight cantons 
 only — Zurich, Bern, Luzern, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, 
 Zug, and Glarus. Freeman, Hist. Essays, I. 353. 
 
 Switzerland, Saxon. See Saxon Switzerland. 
 Swiyeller (swiv'l-6r), Dick. A happy-go-lucky, 
 devil-may-care fellow in Dickens’s “Old Curi- 
 osity Shop.” 
 
 Altogether, and because of rather than in spite of his 
 weaknesses, Dick is a captivating person. His gaiety and 
 good humour survive such accumulations of “ staggerers," 
 he makes such discoveries of “ the rosy” in the very small- 
 est of drinks, and becomes himself by his solacements of 
 verse such a “perpetual grand Apollo,” that his failings 
 are all forgiven, and hearts resolutely shut against victims 
 of destiny in general open themselves freely to Dick Swiv- 
 eller. Forster, Life of Dickens, ii. 7. 
 
 Swordfish, The. See Xiphias. 
 
 Sword of God, The. A name given to the Sara- 
 cen conqueror Kkaled. 
 
 Sword of Rome, The. A name sometimes given 
 to Marcellus. 
 
 Swords (sordz). Thomas. Born at New York, 
 Nov. 1, 1806 : died there, March 20, 1886. An 
 American general. He served in the conquest of, New 
 Mexico and California in the Mexican war, and in the 
 Civil War. 
 
 Swynford (swin'ford), Katharine. Died 1403. 
 The third wife of John of Gaunt, mother of the 
 Beauforts and ancestress of Henry VII. of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Syagrian (si-a'gri-an) Promontory. In an- 
 cient geography, a headland at the eastern ex- 
 tremity of Arabia. 
 
 Syagrius (si-a'gri-us). The last Roman gov- 
 ernor of Gaul. He was defeated by Clovis near 
 Soissons in 486. 
 
 Syamantaka ( sya-man'ta-ka ). In Hindu my- 
 thology, a celebrated jewel of which the story 
 is told in the Vishnupurana. it yielded daily eight 
 loads of gold, and expelled all fear of portents, wild beasts, 
 fire, robbers, and famine : but, though an inexhaustible re- 
 source to a virtuous, it was deadly to a wicked, wearer. It 
 was given by Surya, the Sun, to Satrajit, Surya recompens- 
 ing Satrajit for praises rendered him by allowing himself 
 to be seen in his proper form and by the bestowal of the 
 gem. Afraid that Krishna would take it from him, Satra- 
 jit gave the jewel to hisown brother, Prasena, but Prasena 
 was killed by a lion. Jambuvat, king of the bears, killed 
 the lion and carried off the gem ; but Krishna took it from 
 him and restored it to Satrajit, who in thankfulness gave 
 him his daughter Satyabhama in marriage. One of the 
 many suitors of Satyabhama had been Shatadhanvan, who 
 now killed Satrajit in his sleep and carried off the gem. 
 Pursued by Krishna and Balarama, Shatadhanvan gave it 
 to Akrura and continued his flight, but was overtaken and 
 killed by Krishna. As Krishna did not bring back the jewel, 
 Balarama upbraided him with secreting it, and parted from 
 him. Akrura, after fifty-two years, produced it, when it was 
 claimed by Krishna, Balarama, and Satyabhama, and decided 
 that Akrura should keep it, whence he moved about like the 
 sun wearing a garland of light. 
 
 Sybaris ( sib'a-ris). [Gr. Zi'ftap/r.'} In ancient 
 
 geography, a city of Magna Grtncia, southern 
 Italy, situated near the Gulf of Tarentum in 
 lat. 39° 41' N., long. 16° 28’ E. It, was founded by 
 Achsean colonists in 720 B. c. It was celebrated for its 
 
 971 
 
 wealth, and its inhabitants were proverbial for their lux- 
 ury (whence the epithet Sybarite). It was destroyed by the 
 inhabitants of Crotona in 510 B. c. 
 
 Sybaris was one of the most important towns of Magna 
 Graecia. According to Strabo, it was founded by the 
 Achseans (vi. p. 378), probably about B. c. 720. (Clinton’s 
 F. H., vol. i.. pp. 168, 174.) The colonisation was most 
 likely connected with the gradual conquest of the Pelo- 
 ponnese by the Dorian invaders. Its site is marked by the 
 junction of the Crathis ( Crati ) with the Sybaris ( Cossile ). 
 Sybaris flourished 210 years (Seym. Ch. 1. 360). Its walls 
 were 50 stadia in circumference ; it had twenty-five sub- 
 ject cities, and ruled over four neighbouring tribes. In the 
 great war with Crotona, it is said to have brought into the 
 field 300,000 men (Strab. 1. s. c.). Its excessive luxury is 
 proverbial. It was taken (B. c. 510) after a siege of 70 
 days by the Crotoniats, who turned the river upon the 
 town, and in this way destroyed it. A second Sybaris arose 
 upon the ruins of the first, but it never flourished, and was 
 finally merged in the Athenian colony of Thurii(B. c. 443), 
 which was built, on a spot in the neighbourhood. Herodo- 
 tus was one of the colonists (Suidas). 
 
 Rawllnson , Herod., III. 242, note. 
 
 Sybel (ze'bel), Heinrich von. Born at Diissel- 
 dorf, Prussia, Dec. 2, 1817: died at Marburg, 
 Prussia, Aug. 1, 1895. A noted German his- 
 torian. He has been a member of the Hessian and 
 Prussian chambers, of the Erfurt Parliament of 1850, and 
 later of the Reichstag, and professor at Marburg, Munich 
 (where he founded the first historical seminary in Ger- 
 many), and (1861) Bonn. His chief work is “Geschichte 
 der Revolutionszeit 1789-1800 ” (“History of the Revolu- 
 tionary Period of 1789-1800,” 1853-). His other works in- 
 clude “ Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzugs ” (“ History of 
 the first Crusade,” 1841), “ Die Entstehung des deutschen 
 Konigtums ” (1844), and “ Die Begriindung des deutschen 
 Reiches durch Wilhelm I.” (“The Foundation of the Ger- 
 man Empire by William I.,” 1889-90). 
 
 Sybil (sib'il). A political novel by Benjamin 
 Disraeli, published in 1845. 
 
 Sybota (sib'o-ta). In ancient geography, a 
 small island and town on the coast of Epirus, 
 opposite the southern end of Corcyra. Near it, 
 in 432 B. c., wa’S fought a naval battle between Corcyra 
 (aided by Athens) and Corinth. 
 
 Sycorax (sik'o-raks). A witch, the mother of 
 Caliban, referred to in Shakspere’s “ Tempest.” 
 In Dryden and Davenant's version she is his sister, and a 
 monster like him. 
 
 Sydenham (sid'n-am). A suburb of London, 
 in Kent, 7 miles south of London. Near it is 
 the Crystal Palace. Population, 43,653. 
 Sydenham, Thomas. Born at Winford Eagle, 
 Dorsetshire, England, 1624: died at London, 
 Dec., 1689. A noted English physician, sur- 
 named “the English Hippocrates.” In 1642 he 
 entered Magdalen College, Oxford. His course there was 
 interrupted by service in the Parliamentary army ; but 
 he graduated (bachelor of medicine) in 1648, and became 
 a feiiow of All Souls. In 1663 he was licensed by the Col- 
 lege of Physicians to practise in Westminster. He was a 
 warm friend of John Locke and Robert Boyle, nis works 
 include “MethodusCurandiFebres”(166S),“ Epistoh-e Re- 
 sponsorire ” (1680), “Tractatus de Podagra et Hydrope” 
 (1683), etc. Sydenham anticipated modern practice in many 
 ways, especially in a minute study of predisposing causes 
 external and internal, and in assisting natural crises, as well 
 as by the general liberality of his practice. 
 
 Sydney (sid'ni). A seaport, capital of New 
 South Wales, Australia, situated on the harbor 
 of Port Jackson, in lat. 33° 52' S., long. 151° 
 13' E. : one of the turn chief cities of Austra- 
 lia. Its suburbs include Glebe. Paddington, etc. Its 
 commerce and manufactures are important, and it is the 
 terminus of various steamship lines. Near it are extensive 
 coal-mines. It is the seat of a mint and of Sydney Univer- 
 sity. It was settled in 1788 as a convict colony. Popu- 
 lation, with suburbs, 487,932. 
 
 Sydney, A seaport in Cape Breton, Nova 
 Scotia, situated on the eastern coast in lat. 
 46° 16' N. , long. 60° 7' W. It is in the vicinity of a 
 coal-raining region. Population, 17,723, (1911). 
 
 Sydney, Algernon Philip. See Sidney. 
 Syene. See Assuan. 
 
 Syennesis (sl-en'e-sis). [Gr. hvhvsa/c,'} A king 
 of Cilicia, vassal of Persia, at the time of the 
 expedition of Cyrus the Younger 401 B. c. The 
 name is common to all the kings of Cilicia men- 
 tioned in history. 
 
 Sykes (siks), George. Born at Dover, Del., Oct. 
 9, 1822 : died in Texas, Feb. 9, 1880. An Ameri- 
 can general. HegraduatedatWestPointinl842; served 
 in the Mexican and in Indian wars ; and was a division and 
 corpB commander in the Army of the Potomac. 
 
 Sykes, Mrs. (Olive Logan). Born at Elmira, 
 N. Y., April 16, 1841: died at Banstead, Eng., 
 April 27, 1909. An American actress and 
 writer, daughter of Cornelius A. Logan (1806- 
 1853). Shemade her d5but in 1854 at Philadelphia, and in 
 1857 went to England, where she finished her education. 
 She married Henry A. Delillc, but was divorced in 1865. 
 In 1864 she appeared in New York in a play of her own, 
 “Evelecn.” She retired from the stage in 1868, devoted 
 herself to lecturing, and was a frequent contributor to 
 newspapers. She married William Wirt Sykes in 1871 : 
 he died in 1884, and in 1892 she married James O'Neill 
 She wrote a number of books, principally about theatrical 
 matters, and several plays. 
 
 Symonds 
 
 Sylhet, or Silhet (sil-het'). 1, A district in 
 Eastern Bengal and Assam, British India, inter- 
 sected by lat. 24° 45' N., long. 91° 45' E. Area, 
 5,388 square miles. Population, 2,241,848. — 
 2. The capital of the district of Sylhet, situ- 
 ated on the Surma. Population, 13,893. 
 
 Sylla. See Sulla. 
 
 Sylphide (sel-fed'), La. A ballet in two acts, 
 music by Schneitzhoffer, libretto by Nourrit. 
 It was produced at Paris in 1832. La Sylphide was one of 
 Taglioni’s greatest parts. 
 
 Sylt, or Silt (silt). An island in the North Sea, 
 belonging to the province of Schleswig-Hol- 
 stein, Prussia, intersected by lat. 55° N. it con- 
 tains the watering-place Westerland. The inhabitants are 
 chiefly Friesians. Length, 22£ miles. Population, about 
 3,500. 
 
 Sylva (sel-va/). A river in the government of 
 Perm, eastern Russia, which joins the Tcliuso- 
 vaya near Perm. Length, 250-300 miles. 
 Sylva, Carmen. See Carmen Sylva. 
 
 Sylva, or a Discourse of Porest Trees, etc. 
 A report on the condition of timber in the Eng- 
 lish dominions, bv John Evelyn, published in 
 1664. 
 
 Sylvander (sil-van'der). The name under 
 which Burns corresponded with Mrs. Maclehose 
 (“ Clarinda”). The letters were published in 
 1802, afterward suppressed, and republished 
 in 1845. 
 
 Sylvester (Popes). See Silvester. 
 
 Sylvester (sil-ves'ter), James Joseph. Born 
 at London, Sept. 3, 1814 : died there, March 15, 
 1897. A distinguished English mathematician, 
 professor successively at University College, 
 London, at the University of Virginia, at Wool- 
 wich, at the Johns Hopkius University, and at 
 Oxford (Savilian professor 1883). 
 
 Sylvester Daggerwood (sil-ves'ter dag'er- 
 wud). A “whimsical interlude” by George Col- 
 man the younger; produced in 1795. There are 
 but two characters — Sylvester Dajrgerwood, a strolling 
 player, and Fustian, a Grub-street playwright. 
 
 Sylvia. See Silvia. 
 
 Sylvius, iEneas. See Pius II. 
 
 Sylvius (sil'vi-us), Franz (originally De le 
 Boe). Born at Hanau, Prussia, 1614 : died at 
 Leyden, 1672. A German physician, professor 
 of medicine at Leyden. 
 
 Sylvius (sil'vi-us) (Jacques Dubois). Born at 
 Amiens, France, 1478 : died at Paris, 1555. A 
 French anatomist, lecturer ou an atomy at Pari s . 
 He made various anatomical discoveries, and invented in- 
 jection. From him the Sylvian aqueduct, the Sylvian 
 artery, and the Sylvian fissure (of the brain) were named. 
 
 Syme. See Symi. 
 
 Syme (sim), James. Born at Edinburgh, Nov. 7, 
 1799 : died June 26, 1870. A noted Scottish sur- 
 geon. Among his works are “Excision of Dis- 
 eased Joints” (1831), “ Principles of Surgery” 
 (1832), etc. 
 
 Symeon, Henry. See the extract. 
 
 The inceptor [at Oxford) was required to swear that he 
 would never consent “to the reconciliation of Henry Sy- 
 meon,” or reassume the degree of Bachelor of that Facul- 
 ty. The exact nature of Henry Symeon’s offence is not 
 stated, but for century after century the implacable uni- 
 versity held him up to the obloquy of every Bachelor who 
 was about, to become a Master of Arts. This singular oath 
 has been taken by some men who are still living, for it was 
 not abolished until the year of grace 1827.* [‘Ward’s 
 “ Oxford University Statutes,” vol. ii, p. 139. Bryan Twyne 
 states that Symeon was a Regent in Arts at Oxford who 
 feigned himself a Bachelor in order to obtain admission to 
 a foreign monastery in which regency in secular arts was 
 not allowed. (“ Antiquitatis Oxon. Apologia,” p. 376.) He 
 does not, however, cite any authority for this plausible 
 explanation.) Lyte, Oxford, p. 214. 
 
 Symeon of Durham. See Simeon of Durham. 
 Symi (se'me). A small island off the southwest 
 coast of Asia Minor, 15 miles north of Rhodes : 
 the ancient Syme. It belongs to Turkey. 
 Symi, Gulf of. An arm of the sea, on the coast 
 of Asia Minor, near the island of Symi. 
 Symmachus (sim'a-kus). Lived at the end of 
 the 2d century A. D. The author of a Greek ver- 
 sion of the Old Testament, included in Origen’s 
 “ Hexapla.” 
 
 Symmachus. Pope 498-514. The “Palmary 
 Synod” was held in his reign (501). 
 Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius. Lived about 
 400 A. D. A Roman pagan orator, writer, and 
 politician. He was prefect of Rome, and consul 391. 
 He wrote epistles and orations, fragments of which are 
 extant. 
 
 Symonds (sim'ondz), John Addington. Born 
 at Bristol, Oct. 5, 1840 : died at Romo, 
 April 19, 1893. An English man of letters. He 
 graduated at Oxford (BallioT College), winning the New- 
 digate prize in 1800. He published “ An Introduction to 
 
Symonds 
 
 the Study of Dante " (1872), “Studies of the Greek Poets " 
 (1873-76), and ‘‘Sketches in Italy and Greece ” (1874). His 
 best-known work, “The Renaissance in Italy,” consists of 
 five parts: “The Age of the Despots ” (1875), “The Re- 
 vival of Learning” (1877), “ The Fine Arts" (1877), “Ital- 
 ian Literature "(1881), and “The Catholic Reaction "(1886). 
 He also wrote a “Life of Shelley” (1878), “ Sketches and 
 Study in Italy ” (1879), “Italian Byways " (1883), “Shak- 
 spere’s Predecessors in theEnglish Drama ”(1884),“ Wine, 
 Woman, and Song, etc.”(1884: an essay on the Latin songs 
 of the 12th-century students), “Life of Sir Philip Sidney” 
 (1886), “Life of Ben Jonson ” (18S6), “Life of Michelan- 
 gelo " (1892), and several volumes of verse. He translated 
 the sonnets of Michelangelo and Catnpanella (1878), and 
 the autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini (1887). 
 
 Symplegades (sim-pleg'a-dez). In the legend 
 of the Argonauts, two movable rocky islets at 
 the entrance of the Bosporus into theBlack Sea. 
 
 Symposium (sim-po'si-um), The. [Also some- 
 times Symposion ; from L. symposium, from Gr. 
 ovftTromov, a drinking-party, drinking after a 
 dinner, from avpnivuv, drink with or together, 
 from aim, together, and mveiv, drink.] 1 . A cele- 
 brated work by Plato, an account given by Aris- 
 todemus of a banquet at the house of the tragic 
 poet Agathon after on e of his victories, at which, 
 together with other less famous persons, Soc- 
 rates, the physician Eryximaehus, Aristopha- 
 nes, and by and by Aleibiades, discuss the na- 
 ture and praise of Eros (love). — 2. A work by 
 Xenophon, describing the character of Socrates. 
 
 Syn. See Sin. 
 
 Syndesmos (sin-dez ' mos). [Gr. cvvdsapog, a 
 knot.] The fourth-magnitude double star o. Pi s- 
 cium, situated at the bend or knot in the rib- 
 bon by which the two fishes are represented as 
 joined. 
 
 Syndics of the Arquebusiers. A painting by 
 Van der Heist (1657), in the Rijks Museum, Am- 
 sterdam, Holland. The four syndics, richly dressed, 
 are seated about a table examining the plate of the gild. 
 Behind is a maid bringing in a large drinking-horn, and to 
 the right in the distance are seen soldiers with longbows. 
 
 Syndics of the Gild of the Clothmakers, or 
 De Staalmeesters. A masterpiece by Rem- 
 brandt (1661), in the Rijks Museum at Amster- 
 dam, Holland. The five syndics, robed in black, are 
 assembled about a table, attended by a servant. It is a 
 striking example of the powerful effects attained by the 
 master with the simplest means. 
 
 Synesius (si-ne'shi-us). Born at Cyrene, 378: 
 died about 430 A. d. A Neoplatonist philoso- 
 pher and writer. He was at Constantinople 397-400, 
 and was bishop of Ptolemais, in the Pentapolis of Libya, 
 about 410-414. His works include letters, hymns, “En- 
 comium Calvitii,” “De Providentia,” the oration “De 
 Regno," etc. 
 
 Synesius, who was born at Cyrene in A. D. 378, must be 
 classed rather with the school of Justin, Clement, and 
 Origen than with the Christian sophists whom we have 
 been considering in the last few sections. Perhaps he 
 was the only eminent Christian in the fourth or fifth cen- 
 tury who ventured to maintain the parallel importance of 
 heathen and Christian literature. He was bom a pagan, 
 and was not converted to Christianity till he was about, 
 thirty years old. He had been a hearer and sincere ad- 
 mirer of Hypatia, and even after he became a Christian 
 and bishop of Ptolemais, towards the end of A. D. 409, he 
 was far from embracing all the tenets of orthodoxy. He 
 did not hesitate to confess in the most candid manner 
 that his doctrines were rather those of Origen than those 
 of Theophuus: and though he declared that his thoughts 
 should never rise in open revolt against his tongue, he 
 conceived himself at liberty to maintain an esoteric faith 
 in accordance with his philosophical convictions, as well 
 as the popular views of Christianity which he preached to 
 his less instructed hearers. He lived to about A. D. 430. 
 
 K. O. Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, III. 344. 
 
 [(Donaldson.) 
 
 Synnada (sin'a-da). [Gr. SrWada.] In an- 
 cient geography, a town of Phrygia, Asia Minor, 
 identified with the modern Eski-Karahissar. It 
 is noted for its marble-quarries. 
 
 Synod (sin'od), Holy Governing, of all the 
 Russias. A synod which is the highest ecclesi- 
 astical authority in the Russian Church, it con- 
 sists of several metropolitans and other prelates and offi- 
 cials — the chief procurator of the synod representing the 
 czar. It was instituted by Peter the Great, in 1721, to sup- 
 ply the place of the Patriarch of Moscow. The last patri- 
 
 972 
 
 arch had died about 1700, and Peter would not allow the 
 appointment of a successor, thinking the power of the pa- 
 triarchal office too great. The orthodox national church 
 of the kingdom of Greece is also governed by a synod of 
 archbishops and bishops, independent of any patriarch. 
 
 Synod, The Robber. See Ephesus, Council of, 2. 
 
 Synod of Dort. See Dort, Synod of. 
 
 Syntax, Doctor. See Combe, William. 
 
 Syphax (si'faks). [Gr. Xv<pa£.~\ Died about 
 201 b. c. A king of the Masssesylians in west- 
 ern Numidia. He vacillated between the Roman and 
 Carthaginian alliances ; was often at war with Masinissa; 
 and was finally allied with Carthage, and married Soplio- 
 nisba, daughter of Hasdrubal. He overran all of Numidia, 
 but was defeated by Scipio in 203 and taken prisoner to 
 Rome. 
 
 Syra (se'ra). An island of the Cyclades, in the 
 Aegean Sea, belonging to Greece, intersected 
 by lat. 37° 25' N., long. 24° 54' E. : the ancient 
 Syros. Its surface is rocky. It was of minor impor- 
 tance until its settlement by Greek refugees at the time of 
 the war of independence in the 19th century. The chief 
 town is Hermupolis. Length, 11 miles. Population, 
 27,325. 
 
 Syra (city). See Hermupolis. 
 
 Syracuse (sir'a-kus). [Br. Xvpaicovacu.'] A prov- 
 ince in the southeastern part of Sicily. Area, 
 1,442 square miles. Population, 455,078. 
 
 Syracuse. [Gr. XvpaKovaat, L. Syracusse, It. Sira- 
 cusa.'] A city, capital of the province of Syra- 
 cuse, situated on the island of Ortygia on the 
 eastern coast of Sicily, in lat. 37° 3' N., long. 15° 
 18' E. It contains a cathedral (see below) and museum, 
 and some relics of the ancient city are near it. There is a 
 Roman amphitheater, presumably of the time of Augustus, 
 formed of masonry on the south side, and in other parts 
 hewn from the rock. Portions of the ancient barrier in 
 marble remain standing about the arena. The temple of 
 Athene (Pallas), of the 6th century B. c., was famous for 
 its wealth, and was plundered by Verres. In the 7th cen- 
 tury it was converted into a church, and is now the cathe- 
 dral. The temple was Doric, hexastyle, peripteral, with 
 14 or 15 columns on the flanks, on a stylobate of 3 steps, 
 measuring 74^ by 188 feet. The columns of the flanks are 
 embedded in the walls of the cathedral ; those of the front 
 were overthrown by an earthquake in 1693. The two col- 
 umns in antis of the pronaos survive. Proportions and 
 details are of archaic character. The temple of Diana, so 
 called, probably in fact the temple of Apollo, is a Greek 
 Doric structure of the 6th ccntuiy B.c.,with notably archaic 
 features. It was a peripteros of 6 by 19monolithic columns, 
 on a stylobate of 4 steps. Sixteen columns and a part of 
 the cella wall are standing. Syracuse was founded by 
 Corinthian colonists about 735 B. C. on the island, and 
 spread over the adjoining part of the mainland, form- 
 ing Achradina, Epipoloe, Neapolis, etc. Gelon, ruler of 
 Gela, became tyrant of Syracuse in 485 B. c.; and it became 
 the chief power in Sicily. The tyrant Thrasybulus was 
 expelled about 466, and Syracuse became ademocratic com- 
 monwealth. It was besieged by the Athenians under Nicias 
 and Demosthenes in 414-413, the Athenians being finally 
 defeated with the aid of Spartan allies in 413. It was under 
 the rule of Dionysius the elder about 405-367 ; was fre- 
 quently at war with Carthage ; was ruled by Dionysius the 
 younger and Dion, and about 343-337 by Timoleon ; had 
 Agathocles as tyrant 317-289 ; and was defended by Pyrrhus 
 against Carthage about 278. Hiero II., its king, was allied 
 with Rome in the first and second Punic wars. It was 
 allied with Carthage later ; was besieged by the Romans 
 under Marcellus 212, captured, and annexed by Rome ; and 
 was destroyed by the Saracens in the 9th century. Popula- 
 tion, 23,247. 
 
 Syracuse. The capital of Onondaga County, 
 New York, situated near Onondaga Lake in 
 lat. 43° 3' N., long. 76° 13' W. It stands on the 
 Erie and Oswego canals ; was noted for extensive salt- 
 works (among the largest in the country) ; has varied 
 manufactures and large trade ; is an important railroad 
 center; and is the seat of Syracuse University (non-sec- 
 tarian). It was settled about the end of the 18th cen- 
 tury ; had its present name given it in 1824 ; and became 
 a city in 1847. Population, 137,249, (1910). 
 
 Syr-Daria, or Syr-Darya. See Sir-Daria. 
 
 Syria (sir'i-a). [F. Syrie, G. Syrien, L. Syria, Gr. 
 Xvpia, from tvpoi, L. Syri, the Syrians.] Acountry 
 in Asiatic Turkey, extending from the Mediter- 
 ranean eastward to the Euphra tes and the desert 
 of Arabia, and from Egypt northward to about 
 lat. 36° N. Chief city, Damascus. It includes 
 
 Palestine (in the southwest), Phenicia, etc. ; but by 
 some Palestine is regarded as distinct. It is traversed 
 by mountains north and south (Lebanon, Anti-Libanus, 
 etc.). The principal rivers are the Orontes, Litany, and 
 Jordan. The inhabitants are Bedouins, town Arabs, Druses, 
 
 Szigethvar 
 
 Maronites, Jacobites, Jews, etc. The ancient inhabitants 
 were Hittites, Arameans, Canaanites, Hebrews, and Pheni- 
 eians. Syria became subj ect to Assyria about 733 B. C., and 
 was later under Babylon, Persia, and Macedon. Part of Syria 
 was conquered by Seleucus Nicator about 300 B. c., and 
 Syria gave its name to the whole realm of the Seleucidse, 
 which had Antioch as its capital, and embraced a great 
 part of the Macedonian conquests in Asia. It was con- 
 quered by Pompey about 64 B. C., and annexed to the Ro- 
 man Empire ; was conquered by the Saracens 634-636 A. D. ; 
 and belonged to the califate, Seljuk Turks, etc. A Chris- 
 tian kingdom was established in part of it during the 
 Crusades. It was conquered by the Turks in 1516 ; and 
 was held temporarily by Mehemet Ali of Egypt 1832-41. 
 Massacres of Christians in 1860 led to temporary French 
 occupation. Population of vilayet estimated at about 
 3,675,000. 
 
 Syrian Gates, The. A pass between the moun- 
 tains (ancient Amanus) and the northeastern 
 angle of the Mediterranean, leading from Cilicia 
 to Syria : the modern Pass of Beilan. 
 
 Syrinx (sl'ringks). In Greek mythology, a 
 nymph who was changed by Pan into a reed. 
 
 Syrmia (ser'mi-a), G. Syrmien (zir'me-en). 
 A former duchy, situated in Slavonia, in the 
 eastern part of the peninsula comprised be- 
 tween the Drave, Danube, and Save. 
 
 Syro-Phenicia (sp'ro-fe-nish'a). A Roman 
 province which included Phenicia and the ter- 
 ritories of Damascus and Palmyra. 
 
 Syrophenicians (sFro-fe-nisli'anz). In ancient 
 history, either the Phenicians dwellingin Syria, 
 or persons of mixed Syrian and Phenician de- 
 scent, or the inhabitants of Syro-Phenicia. 
 
 Syros (si'ros). The ancient name of Syra. 
 
 Syrtis Major (ser'tis ma'jor). [L., ‘ Greater 
 Syrtis.’] The ancient name of the Gulf of 
 Sidra. 
 
 Syrtis Minor (ser'tis mi'nor). [L., ‘ Lesser 
 Syrtis.’] The ancient name of the Gulf of 
 Cabes. 
 
 Syzran (siz-rany'). A town in the government 
 of Simbirsk, eastern Russia, situated near the 
 Volga 80 miles south of Simbirsk. It has 
 manufactures of leather, etc. Population, 
 about 34,900. 
 
 Szabad (Hung, so'bod), Emeric. Born in 
 Hungary about 1822. A Hungarian- American 
 author and soldier. He was secretary to the Hun- 
 garian revolutionary government in 1849, and served in 
 the American Civil War. He wrote “Hungary,” “State 
 Policy of Modern Europe,” “Modern War,” etc. 
 
 Szabadka. See Theresienstadt. 
 
 Szecbuen (sih'chwen'). A province of western 
 China, bounded by Kansu and Shensi on the 
 north, Hupeh and Hunan on the east, Kwei- 
 chow and Yunnan on the south, and Tibet on 
 the west and northwest. Capital, Chingtu. 
 Area, about 218,480 square miles. Population, 
 68,724,890. 
 
 Szegedin (seg'ed-en). A royal free city, capi- 
 tal of the county of Csongrad, Hungary, situ- 
 ated at the junction of the Maros with the 
 Theiss, in lat. 46° 16' N., long. 20° 10' E. it is 
 the second city of Hungary. It has important trade aud 
 various manufactures. It was formerly fortified, and was 
 held by the Turks in the 16th and 17th centuries. It was 
 a seat of the Hungarian revolutionary government in 
 July, 1849. It was nearly destroyed by an inundation of 
 the Theiss in March, 1879. Population, 118,000, (1910). 
 
 SzegSZcird (sek'sard). The capital of the 
 county of Tolna, Hungary, situated on the Sar- 
 viz, near the Danube, in lat. 46° 23' N. It has 
 a trade in wine. Population, commune, 13,895. 
 
 Sziget (sig'et), or Marmaros-Sziget (mar'- 
 mo-rosh-sig'et). The capital of the county of 
 Marmaros, Hungary, situated at the junction 
 of the Iza and the Theiss, in lat. 47° 56' N. 
 Near it is a salt-mining region. Population, 
 commune, 17,445. 
 
 SzigetvAr (sig'et-var), or Sziget. A town in 
 the county of Somogy, Hungary, situated on 
 the Almas 25 miles south of Kaposvar: noted 
 for its defense under Zrinyi against the Turks 
 in 1566. Population, commune, 5,601. 
 
aaffe (ta'fe), Count Eduard 
 von. Born at Prague, Feb. 
 24, 1833: died Nov. 29, 1895. 
 An Austrian statesman, of 
 Irish descent. He was governor 
 of Salzburg 1863-67, and of Upper 
 Austria in 1867 ; entered the Aus- 
 trian (Cisleithan) ministry as min- 
 ister of the interior in 1867 ; was 
 premier from Oct., 1869, to Jan., 
 1870 ; was minister of the interior 1870-71 ; became gov- 
 ernor of Tyrol in 1871 ; and was again premier 1879-93. 
 
 Taasinge (t&'sing-e). An island belonging to 
 the amt of Svendborg, Denmark, situated south 
 of Fiinen. Length, 9 miles. Population, 3,933. 
 
 Tab (tab). A river in western Persia which flows 
 into the head of the Persian Gulf near lat. 30° N. 
 Tabago. See Tobago. 
 
 Tabard (tab'ard), The. An ancient London 
 hostelry, made famous by Chaucer as the house 
 at which his pilgrims assembled before starting 
 for Canterbury. It was situated on the High Street 
 of Southwark, near the Kent Road. Stow says in 1598 that 
 it was then “amongst the most ancient" of the “fair inns 
 for receipt of travellers.” It received its name from its 
 sign, which was a tabard, or sleeveless coat. It was ori- 
 ginally the property of the Abbey of Hyde. In 1765 the 
 sign of the talbot (see the extract) was removed as a street 
 obstruction, and in 1866 the inn was condemned, and shortly 
 afterward demolished and a freight depot of the Midland 
 Railway built on the spot. 
 
 Table Mountain. A mountain in Pickens Coun- 
 ty, in the northwestern part of South Carolina. 
 Height, 3,124 feet. 
 
 Table of Abydos. See the extract. 
 
 To the above-named monuments must be added the 
 Table of Abydos. As may be gathered from its name, it 
 came from that site, being brought away by M. Mimaut, 
 Consul-General of France ; it is now in the British Muse- 
 um. Of all the innumerable Egyptian monuments there 
 is not one that is so famous, nor that less deserves its 
 fame. This time it is Ramses II. who adores his ances- 
 tors, and out of the fifty cartouches — besides that of 
 Ramses repeated twenty-eight times— there are now but 
 thirty left, and these are in a state more or less incom- 
 plete. Like the Hall of Ancestors, the Table of Abydos 
 gives a list resulting from the artist’s choice, the reason 
 of which is also unknown. Anotherfact that depreciates 
 its value is that we do not possess its commencement. 
 After the Twelfth Dynasty, however, the list passes at 
 once without a break to the Eighteenth. 
 
 Maiielte, Outlines, p. 104. 
 
 [There are two temples at Abydos dedicated to the local 
 divinity: the one built by Seti, the other by Ramses. The 
 same series of kings, twice repeated, without any varia- 
 tion, adorns these buildings. One is the Table described 
 above, the other was discovered comparatively lately. 
 Although in an admirable state of preservation, this Tab- 
 let adds but little to our knowledge. It mentions some 
 new kings, and shows the correct sequence of others, but 
 is far from giving us a connected series of all the kings 
 of Egypt from Menes to Seti I.— Note, p. 105.] 
 
 bns (te-bres'), or Tauris (ta'ris). The capi- 
 tal of the province of Azerbaijan, Persia, situ- 
 ated on a tributary of Lake Urumiah, about 
 lat. 38° 4' N., long. 46° 18' E.: the second city 
 of Persia, and its chief commercial center, it 
 lies on the main route between Teheran and Turkey and 
 Russia. Among the buildings are the citadel and •' Blue 
 Mosque.” It is noted for its orchards and gardens. It 
 has often been devastated by sieges and earthquakes. 
 Population, about 200,000. 
 
 Tacanas (ta-ka'nas). Indians of northern 
 Bolivia, between the rivers Beni and Madre de 
 Dios. They are divided into many small tribes, 
 some of which have been gathered into the 
 Beni missions. The wild. tribes are, to some extent, 
 agriculturists, and the women weave cotton cloths ; but 
 they are said to be very savage, and are accused of canni- 
 balism. Their language appears to constitute a distinct 
 stock. 
 
 Tacchinardi (tak-ke-niir'de), Niccolo. Born at 
 Leghorn, Sept. 3,1772 : died at Florence. March 
 
 Up to a few years before its destruction it was marked 
 by an inscription [not ancient] which said “This is the 
 Inne where Sir Jeffrey Chaucer and twenty pilgrims lay in 
 their journey to Canterbury anno 1383.” . . . The front 
 towards the street was comparatively modern, having per- 
 ished in the fire of 1676, after which, says Aubrey, “the ig- 
 norant landlord or tenant instead of the ancient sign of 
 the Tabard put up the Talbot or Dog." 
 
 Hare, London, I. 462. 
 
 labaristan (ta-ba-ris-tan'). The mountain- 
 ous region in the southeast of the province of 
 Mazanderan, Persia. 
 
 Tabaristan, Sea of. A medieval name of the 
 Caspian Sea. 
 
 Tabariyeb (ta-ba-re'ye), or Tabariya (ta-ba- 
 re'ya). The modern name of Tiberias. 
 Tabasco (ta-Biis'ko). A maritime state of Mex- 
 ico. Capital, San Juan Bautista. It is bounded 
 by the Gulf of Mexico, the Mexican states of Vera Cruz, 
 Chiapas and Campeche, and Guatemala. The surface is 
 low except in the southern part, and the soil is fertile. 
 Area, 10,072 square miles. Population, 183,708, (1910). 
 Tabatinga (ta-ba-teng'ga). A military post and 
 town in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, situated 
 on the Amazon close to the Peruvian frontier. 
 Tabernacle. See Salt Lake City. 
 
 Tabira (ta-be-ra'). [Origin of name doubtful, 
 possibly Piro.] The proper name of the ruined 
 pueblo on the mesa of Jumanos in New Mex- 
 ico, now called la gran Quivira.” TabirA was a 
 Franciscan mission in the 17th century', but was abandoned 
 about 1670, on account of the Apaches, at the same time 
 as the village, the inhabitants of which retreated to the 
 south and to the Rio Grande. 
 
 Tabitha (tab'i-tha). [LL. Tabitha, Gr. TapiOa ; 
 an Aramaic name meaning ‘a female gazel': 
 its Gr. translation is Aopxdf.] A Christian wo- 
 man at Joppa, mentioned in Acts ix. as making 
 garments for the poor : also called Dorcas. She 
 was miraculously restored to life by the apostle 
 Peter. 
 
 Tablas (ta'blas). One of thePhilippine Islands, 
 southeast of Mindoro. Length, about 30 miles. 
 Table (ta bl) Bay. An arm of the ocean, on the 
 southwestern coast of the province of Cape of 
 Good Hope, South Africa. On it is Cape Town. 
 Table Diamond, The Great. A famous royal 
 Indian diamond, ranked by Tavernier, who saw 
 it in Golconda in 1642, as the third in size and 
 quality seen by him. it weighed about 242 A, carats. 
 It was then in the hands of a dealer, the king having been 
 obliged to raise money on it. It has disappeared, and it 
 has been suggested that the Russian Table diamond may 
 be a part of it. The latter diamond weighs 68 carats. 
 
 Table Mountain, or Tafelberg (tii'M-bera). 
 A mountain immediately south of Cape Town. 
 South Africa, remarkable for its flattened sum- 
 mit. Height, about 3,500 feet. 
 
 Table Rock. A rocky mass formerly at Niagara 
 Falls, the presence of which is said to have at 
 one time caused a separate fall. Until a part 
 of it fell in June, 1850, it largely overhung the 
 water. Some of it still remains. 
 
 Table Round. See Round Table. 
 
 Tables, The. In Scottish history, an organi- 
 zation, consisting of members of the privy 
 council and others, whieh took the lead in op- 
 position to the introduction of episcopacy into 
 Scotland about 1638-39. They were so called 
 from sitting separately or conjointly at the ta- 
 bles in the Parliament House. 
 
 Table-talk. A name given to various collec- 
 tions of essays. The most notable works so entitled 
 are those of Luther, of John Selden (published in 1689, 
 after his death, by his amanuensis), of Hazlitt(lS21-57), and 
 of Coleridge (published by his son in 1835, and republished 
 m 1884). Dyce published in 1856 “ Recollections of the 
 Table Talk of Samuel Rogers”; and Cowper added a poet- 
 ical dialogue entitled “ Table Talk ” to a volume of poems 
 published in 1782. 
 
 Tablet of Sakkarah. See the extract. 
 
 The most interesting, as also the most perfect, monu- 
 ment of this kind is the one that was found during the 
 French excavations at Sakkarah, and which is now in the 
 Gizeh palace. [Removed to Cairo, 1902.] It was discovered 
 in the tomb of an Egyptian priest named Tunari, who lived 
 in the days of Ramses If. According to the Egyptian belief, 
 one of the good things reserved for the dead who were 
 deemed worthy of eternal life was to be admitted to the 
 society of their kings, and Tunari is represented as hav- 
 ing been received into the august assembly of fifty-eight. 
 Here again in the Tablet of Sakkarah, as before in that of 
 Abydos, is raised the same question ; Why these fifty- 
 eight kings more than any others? 
 
 Mariette, Outlines, p. 106. 
 
 Tabnit (tiib'nit). King of Sidon (Pkenicia) in 
 the first part of the 4th century B. c., father of 
 Eshmunazar. 
 
 Tabor (ta'bor). [See Taborites .] A town in 
 Bohemia, situated on the Luschnitz 48 miles 
 South of Prague. It was founded as a stronghold by 
 the Hussites under Ziska in 1419. It gave name to the 
 Taborites. Population, 11,926, (1910). 
 
 Tabor (ta'bor), Mount. A wooded mountain in 
 Palestine, 6 miles east of Nazareth, on the bor- 
 der of the plain of Esdraelon : famous in Old 
 Testament history. According to a tradition it was 
 the scene of the Transfiguration ; and in the monastic ages 
 it was peopled with hermits. Height, about 1,800 feet. 
 Taborites (ta'bor-its). [So called from their 
 great fortified encampment formed, in 1419, on 
 a hill in Bohemia named by them Mount Ta- 
 bor, probably with reference both to Bohemian 
 tabor, encampment, and to Mount Tabor in 
 Palestine.] The members of the more extreme 
 party of the Hussites. They were fierce and success- 
 ful warriors under their successive leaders Ziska and Pro- 
 copius, causing wide-spread devastation, till their final de- 
 feat in 1434. See Hussites. 
 
 Tabriz (tii-brez'), or Tavris (ta-vres'), or Te- 
 
 973 
 
 Leghorn, Sept, 3, 1772 : died at Florence, March 
 14, 1859. A noted Italian tenor singer. He ap- 
 peared first in opera in 1804, made a brilliant success in 
 Rome and other cities, and visited Paris in 1811. In 
 1814 he returned to Italy, and was appointed chief singer 
 to the Grand Duke of Tuscany. He retired from the stag e 
 in 1831, and became celebrated as a teacher. 
 
 Tache (ta-sha'), Alexandre Antonine. Born 
 at Rivi&re-du-Loup, Canada, July 23, 1823: 
 died at Winnipeg, Manitoba, June 22, 1894. A 
 Canadian archbishop of the Roman Catholic 
 Church, brother of E. P. Tach6 : distinguished 
 for his early missionary labors among the In- 
 dians. He became bishop of St, Boniface in 1863, and 
 archbishop in 1871, when St. Boniface was made a metro- 
 politan see. He mediated between the Canadian govern- 
 ment and the Metis in 1870. His best-known work is “Es- 
 quisse sur le nord-ouest de l’Amdrique ” (1869 : translated 
 into English). 
 
 Tache, Sir Etienne Paschal. Born at St. Tho- 
 mas, Lower Canada, Sept. 5, 1795: died there, 
 July 29, 1865. A Canadian politician. He entered 
 Parliament in 1841, and was commissioner of public works 
 1848-49, and speaker of the legislative council 1856-57. 
 
 Tacitus (tas'i-tus), Cornelius. Bom about 55 
 A. D. : died probably after 117. A celebrated 
 Roman historian and n oted legal orator. He was 
 pretor in 88 and consul in 97. He was a friend of the 
 younger Pliny. His extant works include “Dialogus de 
 oratoribus,” an “attempt to demonstrate and explain the 
 decay of oratory in the imperial period, in the form of a 
 dialogue between literary celebrities of the time of Ves- 
 pasian”; a biography of his father-in-law Julius Agricola 
 (“De vita et moribus Julii Agricolse ”) ; the “Germania,” 
 a celebrated ethnographical work on the Germans ; the 
 “Historis,” a narrative of events in the reigns of Galba 
 Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian, of which 
 only the first four books and the first half of the fifth hook 
 survive; and the “Annales,” a history of the Julian dy- 
 nasty from the death of Augustus. Of the last work only 
 the first four books and parts of the fifth and sixth have 
 come down to us. 
 
 Tackers (tak'erz). In English history, a sec- 
 tion of extreme Tories who in 1704 attempted 
 to carry their point by “tacking” a “rider” to 
 a revenue bill. They were defeated. 
 
 Tackleton (tak'l-ton), Mr. A character in 
 Dickens’s “ Cricket on the Hearth.” He is a toy- 
 merchant who has mistaken his vocation in life, and, 
 “cramped and chafing in the peaceable pursuit of toy- 
 making, ” becomes at las t the implacable enemy of children 
 Tacna (tak'na). 1. A province, provisionally 
 under Chilean government, but formerly be- 
 longing to Peru. (See Arica.) It borders on 
 Peru. Area, 9,248 square miles. Population, 
 28,748. — 2. The capital of the province of 
 Tacna, situated on the river Tacna about lat. 
 18° S. It is the terminus of one of the main routes to 
 Bolivia. A victory was gained here. May 26, 1880, by the 
 Chileans (14,000 men, under General Baquedano) over the 
 allied Peruvians and Bolivians (9,000, under Campero). 
 Population, 9,176. 
 
 Tacoma (ta-ko'ma). A seaport in Pierce 
 County, Washington, situated on Puget Sound 
 about 28 miles northeast of Olympia: the ter- 
 minus of the Northern Pacific Railroad, it has 
 a flourishing trade in grain and lumber, and large smelt- 
 ing works. It is at the head of navigation on Puget 
 Sound, has large facilities for the shipment of its manu- 
 factures and products, and is a starting-point of steamers 
 for Alaska. It is called the “City of Destiny.” Popula- 
 tion, 83,743, (1910). 
 
 Tacoma, Mount. See Rainier. 
 
Taconic Mountains 
 
 Taconic . (ta-kon'ik), or Taghkanic, Moun- 
 tains. A low range of mountains in eastern 
 New York, Berkshire County, Massachusetts, 
 and southwestern Vermont. 
 
 Tadcaster (tad'kas-ter). A town in the West 
 Biding of Yorkshire, England, situated on the 
 Wharfe 10 miles southwest of York. Popula- 
 tion, 3,043. 
 
 Tadema, Alma-. See Alma-Tadema. 
 
 Tadmir (tad-mer'). In the early period of Mo- 
 hammedan domination in Spain, a state in the 
 southeastern part of the peninsula, dependent 
 on the ealifate of Cordova. It comprised Mur- 
 cia with portions of Valencia and Grenada. 
 Tadmor. See Palmyra. 
 
 Tadousac. See Hontagnais. 
 
 Tadousac (ta-do-zak'). [From the Indian 
 name.] A watering-place in the county of Sa- 
 guenay, Quebec, Canada, situated at the junc- 
 tion of the Saguenay with the St. Lawrence. 
 Taenarum (ten'a-rum). [Gr. laivapov.] The 
 ancient name of the promontory in Greece now 
 called Cape Matapan. The name was also 
 given to the adjoining peninsula. 
 
 Taensa (ta-en'sa). A tribe or confederacy of 
 North American Indians, formerly living in 
 Louisiana, on the west bank of the Mississippi, 
 near St. Joseph. D’Iberville in 1699 enumerated 
 seven villages. They were united until 1706, but were 
 then pressed by other tribes and in turn attacked others. 
 In 1764 they were settled on the Chetimachas Fork about 
 thirty leagues from New Orleans, and there were later 
 changes of habitat, until they became extinct or absorbed. 
 Also called Tenisaws, Tensau, Tensagini, Tinnsals. See 
 Natchesan. 
 
 Taeping. See Tai-ping. 
 
 Tafalla (ta-fal'ya). A town in the province of 
 Navarre, Spain, situated on the Zidaco 23 miles 
 south of Pamplona. Population, 5,494. 
 Tafelbsrg. See Table Mountain. 
 
 Taff (taf). A river in South Wales which flows 
 into the estuary of the Severn at Cardiff. 
 Length, about 40 miles. 
 
 Taffy (taf'i). [A corruption of David.'] A 
 nickname for a Welshman. 
 
 Tafilet (ta-fe-let'). A large oasis in Morocco, 
 about lat. 31° N., long. 4° W. Its chief place 
 is Abuam. Population, about 100,000. 
 
 Tafna (taf'na). A small river in the province 
 of Oran, Algeria, which flows into the Mediter- 
 ranean 58 miles southwest of Oran. It was 
 the scene of conflicts between the French and 
 Kabyles Jan. 26-28, 1836. 
 
 Tafna, Treaty of. A treaty concluded between 
 the French general Bugeaud and Abd-el-Kader 
 May 30, 1837. 
 
 Taft (taft). A town in central Persia, 165 miles 
 east-southeast of Ispahan. It has manufactures 
 of felt and carpets. Population, about 7,000. 
 Taft (taft), Alphonso. Born at Townshend,Vt., 
 Nov. 5, 1810: died at San Diego, Cal., May 21, 
 1891. An American jurist and Republican poli- 
 tician. He was secretary of war in 1876, attorney-gen- 
 eral 1876-77, and United States minister to Austria 1882- 
 1884, and to Russia 1884-85. 
 
 Tagal (ta-Gal'), or Tegal (te-oal'). 1 . A seaport 
 on the northern coast of Java, about 100 miles 
 west of Samarang. — 2. A residency of north- 
 ern Java. 
 
 Taganrog (ta-gan-rog'). A seaport in the gov- 
 ernment of Yekaterinoslaff, Russia, situated on 
 the Gulf of Taganrog, near the mouth of the 
 Don, about lat. 47° 15' N. Next to Odessa it is the 
 leading seaport in southern Russia. It was bombarded 
 by the Allies J une 3, 1855. Population, 60,900. 
 
 Taghanuck Falls. See Taughannock Falls. 
 Taghkanic Mountains. See Taconic. 
 
 Taginae (taj'i-ne). In ancient geography, a 
 place near the modern Gualdo Tadino, east- 
 northeast of Perugia, Italy. There, 552, Nar- 
 ses defeated the Goths under Totila. 
 
 Tagish (ta'gish). A tribe of North American 
 Indians. They lived about the head waters of 
 Lewis River, Alaska, and in British Columbia. 
 See Koluschan. 
 
 Tagle y Portocarrero (tag'la e por-to-kar-ra'- 
 ro), Jose Bernardo, Marquis of Torre-Tagle. 
 Born at Lima, March 21, 1779: died at Callao, 
 1825. A Peruvian general and politician. He 
 represented Peru in the Spanish Cortes 1813-14 ; subse- 
 quently was brigadier-general and governor of Trujillo ; 
 and in 1820 deserted to the patriots. San Martin named 
 him grand marshal and president of the council of state, 
 and in J uly-Aug., 1822, he had charge of the executive, with 
 the title of supreme delegate. From July, 1823, to Feb., 
 1824, he was again nominally the head of the government, 
 but in reality acted for Sucre and Bolivar. Charged with 
 treason, he took refuge with the loyalists in Callao, where, 
 despised by both parties, he died of hunger or disease 
 during the subsequent siege. 
 
 Tagliacozzo (tiil-ya-kot'so). [ML. Tallaco- 
 
 974 
 
 sum.] A town in the province of Aquila, cen- 
 tral Italy, 44 miles east-northeast of Rome. 
 Near it, Aug. 23, 1268, a victory was gained by Charles of 
 Anjou over Conradin of Swabia (also called the battle of 
 Scurcola). Population, town, 4,455 ; commune, 8,607. 
 Tagliamento (tal-ya-men'to). A river in 
 northeastern Italy which rises in the Vene- 
 tian Alps and flows into the Gulf of Venice 
 40 miles east-northeast of Venice: the ancient 
 Tiliaventus (ML. Tiliamentum). On its banks a 
 victory was gained, Nov. 12, 1805, by the French under 
 Massena over the Austrians under the archduke Charles. 
 Length, about 100 miles. 
 
 Taglioni (tal-yo'ne), Filippo. Born at Milan, 
 1777 : died nearthe Lake of Como, Feb. 11.1871. 
 An Italian ballet-master and composer of bal- 
 lets. His best-known ballet is “La sylphide.” 
 Taglioni, Maria. Born at Stockholm, April 
 23 (March 18'/), 1804 (?) : died at Marseilles, 
 France, April 23, 1884. A celebrated dancer. 
 She was the daughter of Filippo Taglioni, an Italian bal- 
 let-master. She first appeared as a premiere danseuse in 
 June, 1822. Her most celebrated parts were in “ La baya- 
 dere,” “ La sylphide,” and “Lafille du Danube.” Her style 
 was original, and was known as “the ideal it was light 
 and airy. She married Comte Guilbert des Voisins in 1832. 
 Retired 1847. 
 
 Taglioni, Marie. Born at Berlin, Oct. 27, 1833 : 
 died Aug. 27, 1891. A ballet-dancer, daughter 
 of Paul Taglioni. She married Prince Joseph 
 Windischgratz in 1866. 
 
 Taglioni, Paul. Bom at Vienna, 1808: died Jan. 
 7, 1884. A ballet-dancer, ballet-master (at Ber- 
 lin), and composer of ballets, son of Filippo 
 Taglioni. His most noted ballets are “ Sar- 
 danapal,” “Undine,” etc. 
 
 Tagno. See Tano. 
 
 Tagulanda (ta-go-liin'da). A small island 
 northeast of Celebes, in lat. 2° 22' N., long. 
 125° 24' E. : under Dutch protection. 
 
 Tagus (ta'gus), Sp. Tajo (ta'Ho), Pg. Tejo 
 (ta'zho). The longest river in the Spanish 
 peninsula : the Roman Tagus, it rises in the prov- 
 ince of Teruel, Spain, in the mountain Muelade San Juan ; 
 flows west through New Castile and Estremadura ; forms 
 part of the boundary between Spain and Portugal ; and 
 empties by two arms into the Bay of Lisbon. The chief 
 place on its banks in Spain is Toledo. Its chief tributaries 
 are the Jarama, Alberche, Tietar, Alagon, Zezere, and Zatas. 
 Length, about 5C0 miles ; navigable from Abrantes in 
 Portugal for large vessels from Santarem. 
 
 Tahaa (ta-ha'), or Otaha (o-ta-ha/). One of the 
 Society Islands. 
 
 Tahamis (ta-a'mes). An extinct Indian tribe 
 of the department of Antioquia, Colombia. At 
 the timeof the Spanish conquest they werenumerous and 
 powerful, occupying a region west of the river Magda- 
 lena. The Chibehas were their neighbors on the southeast, 
 and the Nutabes onthenorth. The Tahamis were hardly 
 less advanced in civilization than the Chibehas, but they 
 had no hereditary chiefs or “kings,” and their wealth in 
 gold was less apparent, owing to their custom of burying 
 it with the dead. Many of their tombs ( hnacas 1, opened 
 in modern times, have yielded large quantities of gold or- 
 naments. See Nutabes. 
 
 Tahano. See Tano. 
 
 Tahiti (ta-he'te, locally tl'te), formerly Ota- 
 heite. The principal island of the Society 
 Archipelago in the South Pacific. The surface is 
 mountainous, the highest point being 7,300 feet above the 
 sea. Annexed to France 1897. The chief town is Papeete. 
 Length, 35 miles. Area, about 600 sq. m. Pop., 11,691. 
 
 Tahiti Archipelago. See Society Islands. 
 Tahlequah (ta-le-kwa'). The former capital 
 of the Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory. It 
 is now a city of Cherokee County, Oklahoma. 
 Population, 2,891, (1910). 
 
 Tahmurath (ta-mo-rat'). In the Avesta, as 
 Takhmo urupa, a son of Vivanghao, and elder 
 brother of Yima. He tames Ahriman and rides upon 
 him 30 years until Ahriman devours him, when Yima over- 
 comes Ahriman by subterfuge and delivers Takhmo urupa 
 from the body of Ahriman. In Firdausi he becomes the 
 third Iranian king, who taught weaving and subdued 
 animals, but was especially the vanquisher of the devs or 
 demons, who, freed by him, taught the king writing. He 
 chained Ahriman and rode him as a courser round the world. 
 
 Tahoe (ta-ho'), Lake. A lake ill the SierraNe- 
 vada Mountains, situated on the boundary be- 
 tween California and Nevada, and intersected 
 by lat. 39° N. It is noted for its picturesque scenery. 
 Its outlet is the Truckee River. Length, about 20 miles. 
 Elevation, over 6,225 feet. 
 
 Tai, or Thai, or T’hai (ti). [Siamese, lit. 1 free- 
 men.’] The principal race of people in the 
 Indo-Chinese peninsula, including the Siamese, 
 the Shan tribes, the Laos, etc. 
 
 Tai-chau (ti'chou'). A city in the province of 
 Chekiang, China, situated on the river Taichow 
 80 miles south-southwest of Ningpo. 
 Taillandier (ta-yon-dya'), Rene Gaspard Er- 
 nest, called Saint-Rene. Bom at Paris, Dec. 
 16, 1817: died there, Feb. 24, 1879. A French 
 scholar and litterateur, noted especially for His 
 historical and literary writings on Germany and 
 Russia : professor in the Faculte des Lettres at 
 
 Tai-ping Rebellion 
 
 Paris from 1863. His works include “Histoire de la 
 jeune Allemagne ” (1849), “ Allemagne et Russie ” (1856), 
 “ Maurice de Saxe " (1865), etc. 
 
 Taillebourg (tay-bor'). A village in the de- 
 partment of Charente-Inferieure, France, situ- 
 ated on the Charente 34 miles southeast of 
 La Rochelle. Here, in 1242. Louis IX. defeated 
 the English under Henry III. 
 
 Taillefer (tay-far'). Killed at the battle of Sen- 
 lac, 1066. A Norman trouvere in the invading 
 army of William of Normandy. 
 
 Before the two armies met hand to hand, a juggler or 
 minstrel, known as Taillefer, the Cleaver of Iron, rode 
 forth from the Norman ranks as if to defy the whole force 
 of England in his single person. He craved and obtained 
 the Duke’s leave to strike the first blow ; he rode forth 
 singing songs of Roland and of Charlemagne — so soon had 
 the name and exploits of the great German become the 
 spoil of the enemy. He threw his sword into the air and 
 caught it again ; but he presently showed that he could 
 use warlike weapons for other purposes than for jugglers’ 
 tricks of this kind : he pierced one Englishman with his 
 lance, he struck down another with his sword, and then 
 himself fell beneath the blows of their comrad' s. A bra- 
 vado of this kind might serve as an omen, it might stir up 
 the spirits of men on either side ; but it could in no other 
 way affect the fate of the battle. 
 
 Freeman, Norman Conquest of England, III. 319. 
 
 Tailors of Tooley Street, The Three. Three 
 tailors of Tooley street, London, referred to 
 by Canning, who wrote a petition to Parlia- 
 ment, beginning “ We, the people of England.” 
 Taimyr (ti-mer'j, or Taimur (tl-mor'). Penin- 
 sula. The northernmost peninsula of Siberia, 
 projecting into the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 Tain (tan). A town in Ross-shire, Scotland, 
 situated on Dornoch Firth 24miles north-north- 
 east of Inverness. Population, 2,756. 
 Tain(tah). A town in the department of Drome, 
 France, situated on the Rhone 11 miles north 
 of Valence. Near it is produced the Ermitage 
 wine. Population, commune, 3,227. 
 
 Taine (tan), Hippolyte Adolphe. Born at 
 Vouziers, Ardennes, April 21, 1828: died at 
 Paris, March 5, 1893. A distinguished French 
 historian, philosopher, and critic. He graduated 
 with the highest honors from the Collfege Bourbon in 
 Paris, and was admitted in the first rank to the Ecole 
 Normale in 1848. He maintained this high standing 
 throughout his course, and went then as a professor into 
 the provinces. He soon returned to Paris. Anxious to 
 broaden his knowledge of science, he took a three years' 
 course in medicine. In this time he accumulated an ex- 
 tensive fund of information, and wrote a series of articles 
 that brought him into notice. In 1853 he took his doc- 
 tor’s degree before the Faculty of Letters in Paris : as a 
 dissertation he presented the celebrated “ Essai sur les 
 fables de La Fontaine.’’ Other essays by Taine are on 
 Livy (1854), on Carlyle (v. “ L'ldealisme aDglais,” 1864), 
 and on Stuart Mill (v. “Le positivisme anglais,” 1864). 
 He composed also a volume of “ Essais de critique et 
 d’histoire ” (1857), and another entitled “Nouveaux essais 
 de critique et d’histoire” (1865). In 1864 he accepted the 
 chairof esthetics at theEcole des Beaux Arts. His course 
 of lectures appeared as “ L'Ideal dans l'art ’’ (1867). Other 
 works of the same nature are “ Philosophic de l'art” 
 (1865), “id. en Italie" (1866), “id. dans les Pays-Bas ” 
 (1868). His personal experiences and impressions about 
 men and things both at home and abroad are related in 
 his “Voyage aux Pyrenees ” (1855), “Voyage en Italie" 
 (1866), “ Notes sur Paris ou vie et opinions de M. Frede- 
 ric-Thomas Graindorge ” (1867), and “Notes sur I’Angle- 
 terre ” (1872). Lastly came the series of brilliant works 
 that have chiefly made his reputation. These are “ Les 
 philosophes classiques du XI A e siecle en France” (1856), 
 “Histoire de la litteralure anglaise” (1864-65). “De l'in- 
 telligence "(1870), and “ Les origines de la France contem- 
 poraine” (in three parts: “L’Ancien regime," “La revo- 
 lution,” “ Le regime moderne ” (1875-90)). The Univer- 
 sity of Oxford conferred upon Taine the honorary degree 
 of LL. D. in 1871, and the French Academy elected him 
 to membership Nov. 14, 1878. 
 
 Tainos (ti'nos). [From taini, chiefs (the name 
 which they gave to themselves).] The ancient 
 Indian inhabitants of the island of Haiti. Their 
 number is conjectural, but all accounts agree that the 
 island was very populous. They are described as a race 
 of agriculturists, going nearly naked, and living in small 
 villages : theirchiefs had little power, except in war. The 
 island was divided among several tribes or subtribes, in- 
 habiting districts which the Spaniards called provinces. 
 The tribes in the central and eastern districts were more 
 warlike than the others, perhaps from admixture of Oarib 
 blood. Those of the northern coast were very friendly to 
 Columbus in 1492, and the subsequent uprisings appear 
 to have been provoked entirely by Spanish cruelty. Wars 
 with the whites and the slavery to which they were re- 
 duced soon destroyed the tribes, and their blood is seen 
 only in the mixed "races of the Dominican Republic. The 
 few words of their- language which have comedown to us 
 show that they belonged to the Arawak or Maypure stock. 
 
 Tai-ping, or Taeping (tl'ping'), Rebellion. 
 [Chinese, from t’ai, a form of ta, great, and 
 p’ing, peace.] The great rebellion inaugurated 
 in southern China in 1850 by one Hung-siu- 
 tsuen, who, calling himself the “ Heavenly 
 Prince,” pretended that he had a divine mis- 
 sion to overturn the Manchu dynasty and set 
 up a purely native dynasty, to be styled the 
 T’ai-pHng Chao , or ‘ Great-peace Dynasty.’ As 
 tire cue had been imposed (about 1644) upon the Chinese 
 
Tai-ping Rebellion 
 
 by theManchus as an outward expression of loyalty to the 
 Tatar dynasty, the Taipings discarded the cue, and hence 
 were styled by the Chinese Ch'ang-mao-tseh, or ‘long- 
 haired rebels.’ Hung-siu-tsuen also promulgated a kind 
 of spurious Christianity, in which God (Shangti) was 
 known as the “ Heavenly Father," and Jesus Christ as the 
 “Heavenly Elder Brother.” The insurrection was sup- 
 pressed about 1864, largely with the aid of the “ Ever vic- 
 torious Army ” under Colonel Gordon, who from that time 
 became known as “Chinese Gordon." 
 
 Taironas. See Tayronas. 
 
 Tais (ta'is). [Ar. al-ta'is. the goat.] The third- 
 magnitude star 6 Draconis. Another form given 
 on some maps is Jais. 
 
 Tait (tat), Archibald Campbell, Born at Edin- 
 burgh, Dee. 21, 1811: died Dec. 1, 1882. An 
 English prelate. He was educated at Glasgow and 
 Oxford ; became head master of Kugby in 1842 ; and was 
 made dean of Carlisle in 1849, bishop of London in 1856, 
 and archbishop of Canterbury in 1869. He wrote “Dangers 
 and Safeguards of Modern Theology "(1861), “The Word of 
 God and the Ground of Faith ” (1863), and various sermons 
 and charges. 
 
 Tait, Peter Guthrie. Born April 28, 1831 : died 
 July 4, 1901. A Scottish mathematician and 
 physicist, professor of natural philosophy in 
 Edinburgh University 1860-1901. He was edu- 
 cated at Edinburgh, and at Peterhouse, Cambridge. He 
 made important investigations in electricity, heat, and 
 light, and was an authority on quaternions. He wrote, 
 with Steele, “ Dynamics of a Particle ” ; with Thomson 
 (now Lord Kelvin), a “ Treatise on Natural Philosophy 
 and with Balfour Stewart, “The LTnseen Universe.” He 
 also wrote “Properties of Matter,” etc. 
 
 Taittiriyas (tit-ti-re'yaz). [In Skt., a patro- 
 nymic from Tittiri : ‘ the scholars of Tittiri.’] 
 The name of a school of the Yajurveda, whence 
 Taittiriyasanhita as a name for the Yajurveda 
 itself as handed down in the text of this school. 
 The Taittiriyas have also a pratishakhya, a 
 brahmana, an aranyaka, and an upaniskad. 
 
 Taiwan (tI-wan'),orTaiwan-ju(-j6). Thecapi- 
 tal of Formosa while it belonged to China. 
 The Japanese capital is (Chinese) Tai-peh or 
 (Japanese) Dai Hoku. Population, 53,794. 
 
 Tai-yuan (ti-wan'). The capital of the prov- 
 ince of Shansi, China, about lat. 37° 54' N. 
 
 Tajak (ta-zhak'), or Tajik (ta-zhak'). A name 
 given collectively to all persons of Iranian de- 
 scent in central and western Asia. 
 
 Taj-e-mah (tazh'e-mah'), The. [‘Crown or 
 crest of the moon.’] An Indian diamond in the 
 Persian collection of crown jewels. It weighs 
 146 carats. 
 
 Taj Mahal (tazhma-hal'). [‘Gem of buildings.’] 
 The famous mausoleum erected at Agra, India, 
 by Shah Jehan for his favorite wife, it stands 
 on a platform of white marble 18 feet high and 313 square, 
 with tapering cylindrical minarets 133 feet high at the an- 
 gles. The mausoleum itself is in plan 186 feet square with 
 the corners cut off ; it consists without of two tiers of keel- 
 shaped arches with a great single-arched porch in the mid- 
 dle of each side. The structure is crowned by a pointed 
 and slightly bulbous dome, 58 feet in diameter and about 
 210 in exterior height, flanked by 4 octagonal kiosks. The 
 interior is occupied by 4 domed chambers in the comers, 
 and a large arcaded octagon in the middle, all connected 
 by corridors. In the central chamber stand two cenotaphs 
 inclosed by a remarkable openwork rail in marble. No light 
 is admitted to the interior except through the delicately 
 pierced marble screens which till all the windows. The 
 decoration is enriched by admirable mosaic inlaying in 
 stone of flower-motives and arabesques, much of it in 
 agate, bloodstone, and jasper. 
 
 Tajo. The Spanish name of the Tagus. 
 
 Tajurrah (ta-jo'ra). A seaport of the French 
 Somali Coast Protectorate, East Africa, on the 
 Gulf of Tajurrah. Ceded to France in 1884. 
 
 Tajurrah, Gulf of. An arm of the Gulf of 
 Aden, on the eastern coast of Africa, about lat. 
 11° 40' N. It is now within the French Somali 
 Coast Protectorate. 
 
 Taka (ta'ka). A region near Kassala, in the 
 eastern Sudan, Africa. 
 
 Takala (tii-ka'la), or Tekele (ta-ka'le). A 
 region in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, south of 
 Kordofan and west of the White Nile. 
 
 Takao (tit-kou'). A treaty port in Formosa, 
 situated on the southwestern coast in the vicin- 
 ity of Taiwan. 
 
 Takelma (tii-kel'ma), or Takilma (ta-kil'ma). 
 [Their own name for themselves.] A tribe 
 which constitutes the Takilman stock of North 
 American Indians. It formerly occupied seventeen 
 villages extending along the south side of upper Hogue 
 River, Oregon, from the valley of Illinois Creek on the 
 west to Deep Rock in Curry County. There were 27 sur- 
 vivors in 1884 on the Siletz reservation in western Oregon. 
 Sometimes called Rogue River Indians and Upper Rogue 
 River Indians (see Athapascan). See Takilman. 
 
 Takiang (ta-kyang'). A name sometimes given 
 to the lower course of the river Yang-tse- 
 Kiang in China. 
 
 Takilma. See Takelma. 
 
 Takilman (ta-kil'man). A linguistic stock of 
 North American Indians. Its former habitat was 
 
 975 
 
 the upper part of Rogue River, along the south side, 
 through Jackson, Josephine, and Curry counties, Oregon. 
 It consists of but one tribe, the Takelma. 
 
 Takovo (ta-ko'vo). A village near Budnik, 
 south of Belgrad, Servia : the scene of the up- 
 rising of the Servians under Milosh Obreno vitch 
 against Turkish rule. 
 
 Taku (tak'o). A tribe of North American In- 
 dians living about Taku Lake and Inlet, Alaska 
 and British Columbia. 
 
 Taku Forts. Fortifications at the mouth of the 
 river Peiho, China, which guard the approach 
 to Tientsin and Peking. They were taken by 
 the English and French forces Slay 23, 1858, and 
 Aug. 21, 1860, and by the allies June 17, 1900. 
 Also Peilio Forts. 
 
 Takulli (ta-kul'i), or Carrier. A confederacy of 
 the northern division of the Athapascan stock 
 of North American Indians, found along and 
 near Fraser Biver, British Columbia. See A tha- 
 pascan. 
 
 Talamanca (tal-a-man'ka). A region on the 
 eastern or Caribbean side of Costa Eiea, south 
 of Puerto Limon, and extending from the coast 
 to the central Cordillera. See Talamancas. 
 
 Talamancas (ta-la-man'kas). Indians of Costa 
 Bica, in the district called Talamanca (which 
 see). The name is loosely used for several tribes of dif- 
 ferent race who have taken refuge in this region and still 
 retain their independence. The true Talamancas appear 
 to be distantly allied, by their language, to the ancient 
 Chibchas of New Granada. They are said to be sun-wor- 
 shipers. 
 
 Talanta (ta-lan'ta), Channel of. The north- 
 western portion of the sea passage which sepa- 
 rates Euboea from the mainland of Greece. 
 
 Talaut (ta-louU) Islands, or Salibabo (sa-le- 
 ba'bo) Islands. A group of small islands 
 northeast of Celebes and south-southeast of the 
 Philippines, about lat. 4° N., long. 127° E. It 
 is under Dutch control. 
 
 Talavera delaReina(ta-la-va'radalara'e-na). 
 A town in the province of Toledo, Spain, situ- 
 ated on the Tagus 44 miles west of Toledo: the 
 ancient Tala Briga. It manufactures earthenware. 
 Near it, July 27-28, 1809, the allied English and Spanish 
 army under Wellington and Cuesta defeated the French 
 under King Joseph. Population, 10,580. 
 
 Talbot (tal'bot), Catherine. Born in May, 
 1721 : died 1770. An English writer, she was 
 the lifelong friend of Dr. Johnson, and imitated his manner. 
 She wrote No. 30 of the “Rambler,” and was the correspond- 
 ent of Elizabeth Carter : their letters were published in 
 1809. She also wrote “Reflections on the Seven Days of 
 the Week” (published after her death, 1770), “Essays” 
 (1772), etc. A collective edition of her works, published 
 by Elizabeth Carter, has gone through many editions. 
 
 Talbot, Charles, twelfth Earl and only Duke 
 of Shrewsbury. Born 1660: died Feb. 1, 1718. 
 An English statesman. He was one of the noblemen 
 who invited the Prince of Orange to England in 1688 ; was 
 secretary of state 1689-90 and 1694 ; under Queen Anne was 
 lord chamberlain and ambassador to France ; was made 
 lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1713 ; and as lord high 
 tr asurer in 1714 secured the succession of the house of 
 Hanover by proclaiming George I. He was created duke 
 of Shrewsbury in 1694, but had no successor in the duke- 
 dom. 
 
 Talbot, John, first Earl of Shrewsbury. Born 
 about 1388 : killed at the battle of Castillon, 
 France, July, 1453. An English general. He was 
 lord lieutenant of Ireland under Henry V.; and fought 
 with distinction in France. He was taken prisoner at Patay 
 by Joan of Arc in 1429. He was created earl of Shrews- 
 bury in 1442, receiving in addition the title of earl of Wex- 
 ford and Waterford in 1446. 
 
 Talbot, Lying Dick. A nickname given to Tyr- 
 connel. 
 
 Talbot, Silas. Born at Dighton, Mass., 1751: 
 died at New York, June 30, 1813. An American 
 naval officer. He served on the Hudson, the Delaware, 
 and near Newport in the Revolution ; captured several 
 British prizes; was member of Congress from New York 
 1793-95 ; and commanded the Constitution in the war with 
 France. 
 
 Talbot, William Henry Fox. Born Feb. 11, 
 1800 : died at Laycock Abbey, Wiltshire, Sept. 
 17, 1877. An English inventor and antiquary, 
 best known from hisdiscoveriesin photography. 
 He graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1821. 
 About 1839, contemporaneously with Daguerre, he dis- 
 covered photography. In 1841 he made known the calo- 
 type process discovered by him. In 1838-39 he published 
 “Hermes, or Classical and Antiquarian Researches.” He 
 was among the first to decipher the cuneiform inscriptions 
 of Nineveh. In 1847 he published “English Etymologies." 
 
 Talca (tal'ka). 1. A province in Chile, inter- 
 sected by lat. 35° 30' S. Area, 3,839 square 
 miles. Population, 131,957. — 2. The capital 
 of the province of Talca, situated on the Claro 
 135 miles south-southwest of (Santiago. Popu- 
 lation, 38,040. 
 
 Talcahuano (tal-ka-wii/no). A town and an 
 important seaport of southern Chile, on 
 
 Talismano, II 
 
 Talcahuano Bay 8 miles north-northwest of 
 Concepcion. Population, 15,561. 
 
 Tale of a Tub, A. 1 . A comedy by Ben Jonson, 
 licensed in 1633. Fleay assigns the date of its first 
 performance to 1601, on account of the meter. It was al- 
 tered just before it was licensed, and was played in this 
 shape in 1634, and printed in the folio edition of 1640. 
 
 2. A satire by Swift, written about 1696, but 
 not printed till 1704. 
 
 In the wonderful allegory of the “Tale of a Tub,” in 
 which the corruptions and failings of the English, Roman, 
 and Presbyterian churches were ridiculed in the persons 
 of Jack, Peter, and Martin, Swift displayed at an early 
 age his exuberant wit and surpassing satirical power. 
 
 Tuckerman, Hist, of Prose Fiction, p. 172. 
 
 Tale of the Two Brothers, The. See the ex- 
 tract. 
 
 In another Egyptian story, called “The Tale of the Two 
 Brothers,” a lock of hair from the head of a beautiful 
 damsel is carried to Egypt by the river, and its perfume is 
 so ravishing that the king despatches his scouts through- 
 out the length and breadth of the land, that they may 
 bring to him the owner of this lock of hair. She is found, 
 of course, and she becomes his bride. In these tales we 
 have apparently the germ of Cinderella. 
 
 Edwards, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 223. 
 
 Tale of Two Cities, A. A novel by Charles 
 Dickens. It first appeared serially in “All the 
 Year Bound” between April and Nov., 1859. 
 
 Tales in Verse. A poetical work by Crabbe, 
 published in 1812. 
 
 ales of a Grandfather. A collection of his- 
 torical stories by Sir Walter Scott, published 
 in four series 1827-30. 
 
 Tales of a Traveler. A work by Washington 
 Irving, published in 1824. 
 
 Tales of a Wayside Inn. A series of poems 
 by Longfellow, published in 1863. 
 
 Tales of my Landlord. A collective name for 
 four series of the Waverley novels by Scott. 
 The first series comprised “Old Mortality” and “The 
 Black Dwarf”; the second, “The Heart of Midlothian"; 
 the third, “The Bride of Lammermoor” and “A Legend 
 of Montrose ” ; and the fourth, “Count Robert of Paris ” 
 and “Castle Dangerous.” 
 
 Tales of the Crusaders. A collective name 
 for “ The Talisman” and “ The Betrothed” by 
 Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 Tales of the Genii. A series of tales pub- 
 lished by J ames Bidley in 1764, under the pseu- 
 donym of Sir Charles Morell, as a translation 
 from the Persian of “Horam the Son of As- 
 rna-r.” See Ahudali. 
 
 Tales of the Hall. A work in verse by Crabbe, 
 published in 1819. 
 
 Tales of the Irish Peasantry. A work by 
 Mrs. Hall, published in 1840. 
 
 Talfourd (tal'ferd), Sir Thomas Noon. Bom 
 
 at Doxey, near Stafford, England, Jan. 26, 1795 : 
 died at Stafford, March 13, 1854. An English 
 jurist, dramatic poet, and miscellaneous writer. 
 As member of Parliament he advocated the International 
 Copyright Bill. In 1849 he became judge of the Court of 
 Common Pleas. His best-known work is the classical 
 tragedy “ Ion ” (produced 1836). H is other plays include 
 “Athenian Captive” (1838), “ Glencoe ” (1840), “The Cas- 
 tilian” (1853). He published also “Life and Letters of 
 Lamb”(1837), “Final Memorialsof Charles Lamb " (1849- 
 1850), travels, a history of Greek literature, etc. 
 
 Taliesin (tal'i-sin). A Cymric hard said to 
 have lived in the 6th century. He is said to have 
 been the school-fellow of Gildas at Llanveithm in Glamor- 
 gan, to have been seized by Irish pirates when young, 
 and to have escaped by using his wooden shield for a boat, 
 and floating into the fishing-weir of the son of Urien, 
 who made him his foremost bard. He followed his chief 
 to battle, and sang his victories. The songs are his authen- 
 tic poems. It is also said that he died in’ Cardiganshire, 
 and was buried near Aberystwith. Many of the poems 
 handed down as his are of later origin. The “Romance 
 or Hook of Taliesin,” included in the “ Mabinogion,” is not 
 older than the 13th century. Rhys connects him with the 
 sun myth. Also Taliessin. 
 
 In the last section I spoke of the Sun-god in the person 
 of a mythic judge : we have now to discuss a Welsh story 
 which makes him a great bard and poet bearing the well- 
 known name of Taliessin. It is convenient to follow the 
 long-established custom of speaking of certain Welsh 
 poems as Taliessin’s, and of a manuscript of the 13th cen- 
 tury in which they are contained as the Book of Taliessin. 
 Those poems represent a school of Welsh bardism, but 
 we know in reality nothing about their authorship ; and 
 the personality of Taliessin is as mythic as that of Gwy- 
 dion and Merlin, both of whom have also been treated as 
 the authors of Welsh verse. The name, however, of Tal- 
 iessin, viewed in this light, has an interest far surpassing 
 even that of Merlin. Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 544. 
 
 Talisman (tal'is-man), The. A novel by Sir 
 Walter Scott, published in 1825. The scene is 
 laid in Palestine during the reign of Richard I. 
 of England. 
 
 Talismano (ta-lez-mii'no), II. [It., ‘The Talis- 
 man.’] An opera by Balfe (finished byMaefar- 
 ren), first produced at London in 1874. The 
 words were English, founded on Scott’s “Talis- 
 man,” and afterward translated into Italian. 
 
Talita 
 
 Talita (ta'le-ta). [Ar. al-tlialitha, the third verte- 
 bra: the name is supposed to refer to some an- 
 cient Oriental constellation.] The third-mag- 
 nitude double star /. Ursae Majoris, in the Bear’s 
 right fore paw. The name is often written Ta- 
 li tha. 
 
 Talkative (ta'ka-tiv). A character in Bun- 
 yan’s “Pilgrim’s Progress.” 
 
 Talladega (tal-a-de'ga). The capital of Talla- 
 dega County, Alabama, 80 miles north by east 
 of Montgomery. It is the seat of Talladega Col- 
 lege. Population, 5,854, (1910). 
 
 Tallahassee (tal-a-has'e). The capital of Flor- 
 ida and of Leon County, situated about lat. 
 30° 26' N., long. 84° 18' W. Population, 5,018, 
 (1910). 
 
 Tallahatchie (tal-a-hach'i). A river in north- 
 ern Mississippi which unites with the Yallo- 
 busha to form the Yazoo. Length, over 200 
 miles ; navigable about half its length. 
 Tallapoosa (tal-a-po'sii). A river in Georgia 
 and Alabama which unites with the Coosa to 
 form the Alabama northeast of Montgomery. 
 Length, nearly 250 miles ; navigable about 40 
 miles. 
 
 Tallard (ta-lar'), Due de (Camille d’Hostun). 
 
 Born 1652 : died 1728. A marshal of France. 
 He defeated the Imperialists at Speyer in 1703 ; and was 
 totally defeated and taken prisoner at Blenheim in 1704. 
 He was minister of state under Fleury. 
 
 Talleyrand-Perigord (tal'i-rand ; F. pron. tal- 
 a-ron' pa-re-gor'), Charles Maurice de, 
 Prince de Bouevent. Born at Paris, Feb. 13, 
 1754 : died at Paris, May 17, 1838. A famous 
 French statesman and diplomatist. He was edu- 
 cated for the church ; became an abbd, and a general agent 
 of the French clergy ; was appointed bishop of Autun in 
 1788 ; was chosen deputy to the States-General in 1789 ; 
 urged theclergy to join with the third estate ; becamenoted 
 as a financier and leader in the Constituent Assembly ; pro- 
 posed the confiscation of church property Oct. 10, 1789 ; 
 took a prominent part in the fete of the Champ de Mars 
 July 14, 1790 ; was excommunicated by the Pope in 1791; 
 and made a report in favor of national education in Sept., 
 1791. He was envoy in England in 1792; was obliged to 
 leave England for the United States in 1794 ; returned to 
 Paris in 1796 ; became a member of the Institute ; was ap- 
 pointed minister of foreign affairs July, 1797 (resigned 1799); 
 was one of the chief instruments in preparing the way for 
 the coup d’dtat of the 18th Brumaire, 1799 ; was reappointed 
 minister of foreign affairs by Bonaparte in 1799 ; took a 
 leadingpartin negotiatingthetreatiesof Lundville, Amiens, 
 Presburg, and Tilsit, together with the Concordat, and was 
 one of the chief agents employed in the establishment of the 
 Confederation of the Rhine; was made Prince of Bdndvent 
 in 1806 ; resigned in 1807 ; quarreled with Napoleon in 1809 ; 
 opposed Napoleon’s Russian and Spanish policy; took a 
 prominent partin the restoration of the Bourbons ; became 
 minister of foreign affairs 1814 under Louis XVIII. ; was 
 plenipotentiary at the Congress of Vienna, and by his 
 tact secured the territorial integrity of France ; was 
 minister of foreign affairs July-Sept , 1815 ; took part in 
 the revolution of 1830 ; was ambassador in London 1830- 
 1834 ; and formed the Quadruple Alliance in 1834. His cor- 
 respondence with Louis XVIII. was edited by Pullain in 
 1880. His memoirs (the publication of which before 1890 
 was prohibited by will) appeared under the editorship of 
 the Due de Broglie in 1891, and have been translated into 
 English by Mrs. A. Hall (1891-92). 
 
 Tallien (ta-lyan'), Jean Lambert. Bom at 
 Paris, 1769: died Nov. 16, 1820. A French revo- 
 lutionist. He was connected with the Paris “Moniteur”; 
 edited the “Ami des Citoyens” in 1791 ; was secretary of 
 the Revolutionary communeafter Aug. 10,1792; waselected 
 deputy to the Convention in 1792 ; was a prominent Jacobin 
 and the agent of the “Terror" in Bordeaux ; took the lead 
 in overthrowing Robespierre on the 9th Thermidor, 1794 ; 
 was a member of the Committee of Public Safety and a 
 leading thermidorian 1794-95 ; and was a member of the 
 Council of Five Hundred. He was with Napoleon in Egypt, 
 and later was consul in Alicante. 
 
 Tallien, Madame de. See Chimay, Princesse de. 
 Tallis, or Tallys, or Talys (tal'is), Thomas. 
 Born about 1510: died Nov. 23, 1585. An Eng- 
 lish composer, called “ the father of English 
 cathedral music.” He was organist of Waltham Abbey 
 and later gentleman of the Chapel Royal and music-printer. 
 His works include “First Service in the Dorian Mode,” 
 “ Litany,” etc. 
 
 Tallmadge (tal'maj), Benjamin. Born at 
 Brookhaven, N. Y., Feb. 25, 1754: died at Litch- 
 field, Conn., March 7, 1835. An American Rev- 
 olutionary officer and politician. He captured a 
 band of Tories at Lloyd’s Neck (Long Island), Sept , 1779, 
 and captured Fort George (Oyster Bay, Long Island), 1780. 
 He had the custody of Andrd in 1780. From 1801 to 1817 
 he was Federalist member of Congress from Connecticut. 
 
 Tallmadge, Frederick Augustus. Born at 
 Litchfield, Conn., Aug. 29, 1792: died there, 
 Sept. 17, 1869. An American lawyer and poli- 
 tician, son of Benjamin Tallmadge. He was Whig 
 member of Congress from New York 1847-49. As recorder 
 of New York city he had an important part in suppressing 
 the Astor Place riots in 1849. 
 
 Tallyho (tal'i-ho'), Sir Toby. A roistering 
 character in Foote’s play “The Englishman 
 returned from Paris.” 
 
 Talma (tal-mii/), Francois Joseph. Born at 
 
 976 
 
 Paris, Jan. 15, 1763: died there, Oct. 19, 1826. 
 A famous French tragic actor. He was educated 
 in England, and made his ddbut in the Thd&tre Francis at 
 Paris in 1787. In the small role of Proculus in Voltaire's 
 “ Brutus” lie first introduced on the French stage the cus- 
 tom of wearing the costume of the period represented in 
 the play. The reform was soon adopted. His first great 
 triumph was in the part of Charles IX., in Chdnier’s tra- 
 gedy of that name, iu 1789. Among his parts were Othello 
 (Ducis), Cesar, Oreste, Achille, Ndron, China, etc. He wrote 
 “Reflexions sur Lekain et sur Part theatrnl ” (1825). He 
 was a friend of Napoleon as general, consul, and emperor. 
 
 Talma, Madame (Mademoiselle Vanhove). 
 Boru at The Hague, 1771: died in 1860. - A 
 French actress, wife of Talma. 
 
 Talmage (tal'maj), Thomas De Witt. Born 
 near Bound Brook, N. J., Jan. 7, 1832: died at 
 Washington, D. C., April 12, 1902. An Amer- 
 ican Presbyterian clergyman. He was educated 
 at the University of the City of New York and the New 
 Brunswick (New Jersey) Theological Seminary ; was pastor 
 of Reformed Dutch churches at Belleville (New Jersey), 
 Syracuse, and Philadelphia ; and was pastor of the Central 
 Presbyterian Church in Brooklyn 1869-94, and of the First 
 Presbyterian Church of Washington 1895-99. His church 
 known as the Brooklyn Tabernacle was built 1870, burned 
 1872, rebuilt 1873-74, burned 1889, again rebuilt on a new 
 site, and again burned May, 1894. He has edited the “ Chris- 
 tian at Work," “The Advance,” “Frank Leslie’s Sunday 
 Magazine," etc. Among his works are “Crumbs Swept 
 Up" (1870), “Abominations of Modern Society" (1872), 
 “ Around the Tea-Talde "(1874), “ Mask Torn Gif" (1879), 
 “The Brooklyn Tabernacle: a Collection of 104 Sermons" 
 (1884), “The Marriage Ring" (1886), etc. 
 
 Talmud (tal'mud ) . [From Heb. lamad, to learn 
 — study, doctrine.] The monumental work 
 which contains the Jewish traditional or oral 
 laws and regulations of life explanatory of 
 the written law of the Pentateuch as applied 
 to the various aud varying conditions and 
 circumstances of life, and developed by logi- 
 cal conclusions, analogies, and combination of 
 passages. To a lesser degree the Talmud contains com- 
 ments on the historical, poetical, and ethical portions of 
 the Scriptures, in a homiletical spirit. This latter part 
 is called Hagada or Agada (from nagad, to say, make 
 known — narrative, tale), while the former, or legislative, 
 part, which comprises all the rules of life, is called 1 1 ala- 
 dux (from halach, to go, walk — the path or way of life as 
 ruled and governed by the law). The Talmud may be ex- 
 ternally divided into the Mishnah and Gemara. The re- 
 lation of one to the other is that of exposition to thesis. 
 The Mishnah gives a simple statement of a law or precept ; 
 the Gemara presents the discussion and debate on it. The 
 authors of the Mishnah are called Tenaim (doctors); 
 they were preceded by the Sophen'm (scribes). The activ- 
 ity of the Tenaim began in the time of the Maccabees, and 
 their rules and decisions, nearly 4,000 in number, were 
 codified and arranged according to subjects (see under 
 Mishnah ) by Rabbi Judah 1. (patriarch 190-220 A. D.). The 
 authors of the Gemara are called Amoraim (from amar, to 
 say— speakers). The discussions of the Amoraim in the 
 schools of Palestinefespecially in Tiberias) were codified in 
 the4th century A. D. in the Jerusalem Talmud ; the discus- 
 sionsof the Amoraim of the schools of Babylonia were codi- 
 fied in the course of the 5th and 6th centuries A. D. in the 
 Babylonian Talmud. The chief redactors were Rab Ashi, 
 principal of the school of Sora 375-427, and Rabbina, head 
 of the same academy 473-499. The Mishnah is composed 
 in Hebrew (“post-biblical,” or “New Hebrew"), the Ge- 
 mara mainly in Aramean. Neither the Jerusalem nor the 
 Babylonian Talmud contains the complete Gemara to the 
 entire Mishnah. But the Babylonian Talmud is about 
 four times as voluminous as that, of Jerusalem. The 
 Babylonian Talmud obtained greater popularity and au- 
 thority among the Jews than that of Jerusalem, and is 
 always meant when the Talmud is spoken of without a 
 qualification. Its 63 tracts are usually printed in 12 folio 
 volumes on 2,947 pages. The Mishnah is besides sepa- 
 rately printed in 6 volumes, according to its division into 
 6 orders or sedarim ; and also the portions of the Hagada 
 under the title of Ain Yakob. See Agada, Amoraim, 
 Gemara, Mishnah. 
 
 Talos (ta'los). [Gr. TaXtif.] 1. In Greek le- 
 gend, an inventor, nephew of Dasdalusby whom 
 lie was slain. See Dmdalus. — 2. A man of 
 brass, constructed by Hephaestus for Minos to 
 guard the island of Crete. 
 
 Talus (ta'lus). An iron man, the attendant 
 of Artegal: a character in Spenser’s “Faerie 
 Queene.” Compare Talos, 2. 
 
 Tamanacs (ta-ma-naks'), or Tamanacas (tii- 
 ma-na'kas). Indians of Venezuela, south of 
 the Lower Orinoco (state of Bolivar). Formerly 
 very numerous and powerful, they are now reduced to a 
 few thousands ; some of them are partly civilized, while 
 others, in the interior, retain their independence. The 
 Tamanacs belong to the Carib linguistic stock. The Chay- 
 mas of Barcelona (state of Bermudez) are closely related 
 to them. Also writteu Tamanacks, Tamanaques, etc. 
 Tamanieb (tii-ma-ne-eb'). Avillage near Sua- 
 kim, Sudan. Near it, March 13, 1884, occurred a battle 
 between the British forces under Graham and the Mah- 
 dists under Osman Digma. 
 
 Tamaqua (ta-ma'kwa). A borough in Schuyl- 
 kill County, Pennsylvania, situated on the Lit- 
 tle Schuylkill River 34 miles north of Reading. 
 It is a coal-mining center. Pop., 9,462, (1910). 
 Tamar (ta'mar). 1. A river on the border 
 of Cornwall and Devonshire, England, which 
 empties into Plymouth Sound above Plymouth. 
 Length, about 50-60 miles. — 2. One of the 
 
 Taming of the Shrew, The 
 
 principal rivers of Tasmania, flowing northward 
 into Bass Strait. 
 
 Tamaroa. See Illinois. 
 
 Tamatave (ta-ma-tav'). A seaport on the east- 
 ern coast of Madagascar, in lat. 18° 10' S., long. 
 49° 28' E. It is the chief commercial center of 
 the island. Population, 7,026. 
 
 Tamaulipas (ta-mou-le'pas). A frontier state 
 of Mexico, bordering on Texas, the Gulf of 
 Mexico, and the states of Coahuila, Nuevo 
 Leon, San Luis Potosi, and Vera Cruz, its sur- 
 face is low in the east and diversified in the west. Capi- 
 tal, Ciudad Victoria. Area, about 32,128 square mileB. 
 Population, 249,243, ( 1910 ). 
 
 Tamaya, See Santa Ana. 
 
 Tambelan (tam-ba-lan') Islands. A group of 
 small islands west of Borneo and east of Singa- 
 pore, under Dutch control. 
 
 Tamberlane. See Tamburlaine. 
 
 Tamberlik (tam-ber-lek'), Enrico. Born at 
 Rome, March 16, 1820 : died at Paris, March 15; 
 1889. A noted Italian tenor singer. He made his 
 first appearance at Naples in 1841, and in England in 1850, 
 where he sang with success for twenty-four years. In 1857 
 he sang in America. His later years were passed in Madrid 
 as a manufacturer of arms. 
 
 Tamboff (tam-bof'). 1. A government of cen- 
 tral Russia, surrounded by the governments of 
 Vladimir, Nijni-Novgorod, Penza, Saratoff, Vo- 
 ronezh, Orel, Tula, and Ryazan. The surface is 
 undulating or level. The chief export is corn. Area, 25,- 
 710 square miles. Population, 3,354,900. 
 
 2. The capital of the government of Tamboff, 
 situated on the Tsna about lat. 52° 45' N. 
 Population, 56,200. 
 
 Tamburlaine (or Tamberlane) the Great, or 
 the Scythian Shepherd and the Scourge of 
 God. A tragedy in two parts, by Marlowe, acted 
 in 1587, and entered on the “Stationers’ Regis- 
 ter” and printed in 1590. it is his earliest play and 
 the first in which blank verse was introduced on the public 
 stage. See Tamerlane and Timur. 
 
 Mr. C. H. Herford and Mr. A. Wagner have investigated 
 the authorities from which Marlowe drew his conception 
 of Tamburlaine’s character and hi tory. They show, at 
 some length, and at the cost of considerable research, that 
 Marlowe was indebted to the lives of Timur by Pedro 
 Mexia theSpaniard and Petrus Perondinus. Mexia s “ Silva 
 de varia lecion," published at Seville in 1543, obtained 
 great popularity, and was translated into Italian. French, 
 and English. The English translation, known as Fortes- 
 cue’s “The Foreste," appeared in 1571 ; and there can be 
 little doubt hut that the book was an early favourite of 
 Marlowe’s. Bullen, Introd. to Marlowe’s Works, p. xxii. 
 
 The subject of “Tamburlaine,” ... if we would ex- 
 press it in the simplest way, is a mere lust of dominion, 
 the passion of “ a mighty hunter before the Lord " for sov- 
 ereign sway, the love of power in its crudest shape. This, 
 and this alone, living and acting in the person of the Scy- 
 thian shepherd, gives unity to the multitude of scenes 
 which grow up before us and fall away. . . . There is no 
 construction in “Tamburlaine.” Instead of two plays 
 there might as well have been twenty, if Marlowe could 
 have found it in his heart to husband his large supply of 
 kings, emperors, soldans, pashas, governors, and viceroys 
 who perish before the Scourge of God, or had he been able 
 to discover empires, provinces, and principalities with 
 which to endow a new race of rulers. The play ends from 
 sheer exhaustion of resources. 
 
 Dowden , Transcripts and Studies, p. 44. 
 Tame (tarn). A small river in central England 
 which joins the Trent northeast of Lichfield. 
 Tamega (ta-ma'ga). Ariver in northern Portu- 
 gal and Spain which joins the Donro 20 miles 
 east of Oporto. Length, about 90 miles. 
 Tamera (tam'e-ra). An ancient name of Lower 
 Egypt. 
 
 Tamerlane. See Timur. 
 
 Tamerlane (tam-er-lan'). A play by Rowe, 
 producedin 1702. Tamerlane, though supposed to be 
 the Timur (Tamburlaine) of Marlowe’s play, is made a 
 calm philosophic prince, with poetical allusion to William 
 III., so that it was played for many year9 on the 4th and 
 6th of Nov., the anniversaries of the birth and of the land- 
 ing of William III. Handel composed the music for a li- 
 bretto by Piovene, called Tamerlano : it was produced in 
 London in 1724. 
 
 Tamesis (tam'e-sis). The Latin name of the 
 Thames. 
 
 Tamiahua (ta-me-a'wa), Lake of. A lagoon 
 on the coast of the state of Vera Cruz, Mexico, 
 immediately south of Tampico. Length, nearly 
 100 miles. Also written Tamiagua. 
 
 Tamils (tam'ilz). [Also Tamuls: a Tamil name.] 
 A race inhabiting southern India and Ceylon, 
 belonging to the Dravidian stock. The Tamils 
 form the most civilized and energetic of the 
 Dravidian peoples. 
 
 Tamina (ta'me-na). A small streaminthe can- 
 ton of St. Gall, Switzerland, which joins the 
 Rhine near Ragatz: noted for its romantic 
 scenery. 
 
 Taming of the Shrew, The. A. comedy by 
 Shakspere, produced in 1603 and printed in 1623 : 
 altered from “ The Taming of a Shrew” printed 
 in 1594. The earlier play was not by Shakspere, but by 
 
Taming of the Shrew, The 
 
 some one else (Marlowe and Kyd have been suggested) 
 for Pembroke’s company in 1588-89. The version alterea 
 by Shakspere was by Lodge ( Fleay ). See Katherine and 
 Petruchio t Cobbler of Preston , Rule a Wife and Have a 
 Wife , and The Honeymoon , all of which are more or less 
 based on this play. 
 
 Tamise (ta-mez'). A manufacturing town in 
 the province of East Flanders, Belgium, situ- 
 ated on the Schelde 20 miles north-northwest 
 of Brussels. Population, commune, 13,332. 
 Tammany Hall (tam'a-ni hal'). [From the 
 conventional spelling of the name of a sachem 
 of the Delaware Indian s who sold land to William 
 Penn, in the aboriginal tongue his name means 
 ‘ the Affable,' and tradition credits him with 
 being a lover of peace ; further than this, the 
 legends and adventures attached to his name 
 are the invention of members of different 
 American societies which held May-day fes- 
 tivals in Maryland and Pennsylvania before 
 and after the devolution, and, adopting the sa- 
 chem as their patron saint, commonly described 
 themselves as “Sons of St. Tammany.”] A 
 New York political organization, having its 
 headquarters in Tammany Hall, the property of 
 the “Tammany Society or Columbian Order.” 
 The latter was founded in New York city on May 12, 17S9, 
 with benevolent and fraternal purposes. In general op- 
 position to the Federalists the Tammany Society became 
 identified with the Republicans (now the Democratic 
 party), and took an active part in the campaign of 1800, 
 which resulted in the choice of Thomas Jefferson for 
 President. In 1805 the society was incorporated. While 
 adhering to its original character as a secret social organi- 
 zation, with a governing council of sachems and a ritual 
 with aboriginal flavor, the Tammany Societ y grew in public 
 influence, and in 1811 built the original Tammany Hall 
 at Frankfort street, fronting the City Hall Park. Since 
 then a local political party, favored by a majority of the 
 members of the Tammany Society, has always had its 
 headquarters in the home of the Society, and has been 
 popularly known as “Tammany Hall "—the present hall, 
 erected in 1867, being on 14th street, between Irving Place 
 and Third Avenue. Although in theory the Tunmany 
 Hall General Committee has no relation to the Tammany 
 Society save as tenant of the latter’s edifice, in practice 
 they are coordinate branches of one political system, the 
 Society being in effect the citadel of the controlling spirits 
 of the Tammany Hall party. Tammany Hall purports to 
 be the regular Democratic organization of the city and 
 county of New York, though that claim has often been 
 contested. By means of a highly organized system of 
 Tammany clubs and assembly-district associations, it has 
 usually held a paramount place in city politics. In 1893, 
 Tammany Hall, controlled virtually by one man, was in 
 possession of every important office and avenue of public 
 employment pertaining to the municipal administration. 
 It was overthrown 1894, regained power 1897, was again 
 overthrown 1901, and again regained power 1903. 
 
 Tammerfors (tam'mer-fors). A manufactur- 
 ing town in the government of Tavastehus, Fin- 
 land, 105 miles north-northwest of Helsingfors. 
 Population, 41,307. 
 
 Tammuz (tarn 'uz). [Heb.] 1. The fourth ec- 
 clesiastical and tenth civil month of the Hebrew 
 year. It corresponds to part of June and part 
 of July. — 2. A Syrian deity, the same as the 
 Phenieian Adon or Adonis, in whose honor a 
 feast was held every year, beginning with the 
 new moon of the month Tammuz. He was 
 identical with the Assyro-Babylonian Du’uzu 
 or Dumuzu. Also Thummuz. See Adonis. 
 Tam o’ Sbanter (tam 6 shan'ter). A famous 
 poem by Robert Burns. 
 
 Tamoyos (ta-mo'yos). [Tupi tamuya, a grand- 
 father or ancestor: hence ‘the ancient.’] A 
 powerful tribe of Indians who at the time of the 
 conquest dominated the Brazilian coast from 
 Cape Frio to Ubatuba (Rio de Janeiro and Sao 
 
 Paulo). They were a branch of the great Tupi stock. 
 They repeatedly attacked the Portuguese settlements of 
 sao Vicente and Santos, and by their alliance with the 
 French oolonists at Rio de Janeiro enabled the latter to 
 maintain their position until 1567. As a tribe they have 
 long been extinct. 
 
 Tampa (tam'pii). A seaport, capital of Hills- 
 borough County, Florida^ situated at the mouth 
 of Hillsborough River in Tampa Bay, in lat. 
 27° 57' N. Population, 37,782, (1910). 
 
 Tampa Bay. An inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, 
 on the western coast of Florida. Length, about 
 40 miles. 
 
 Tampico (tiim-pe'ko). A seaport in the state 
 of Tamaulipas, Mexico, situated on the Panuco, 
 near the Gulf of Mexico, in lat. (of lighthouse) 
 22° 16' N., long. 97° 49' W. It has important com- 
 merce with the United States and Europe. Population. 
 16,313. 
 
 Tamraparni (tiim-ra-par'ne). [Skt.: tamra, 
 dark-red, copper-colored, and parna, leaf: 
 having dark-red leaves, or “copper-leaf, most 
 probably from the color of the soil in the isl- 
 and” (E. Muller , Pali Grammar, p. 132).] 1. 
 
 The Sanskrit name of a town in Ceylon, and 
 then of the island: the Greek Taprobane. — 2. 
 A river in southern India. 
 
 C.— 62 
 
 977 
 
 Tamsui (tam-shoi'). A seaport on the northern 
 coast of Formosa, Japan . It was bombarded by the 
 French Oct. 2-3, 1884 ; and near it occurred other combats 
 between the French and Chinese in the same month. 
 
 Tamuz. See Tammuz. 
 
 Tamworth (tam'werth). A town in Stafford- 
 shire and Warwickshire, England, situated at 
 the junction of the Tame and Anker, 13 miles 
 northeast of Birmingham. It has an ancient castle, 
 which was the principal residence of the kings of Mercia. 
 Formerly a parliamentary borough, it was represented by 
 Sir Robert Feel from 1833 until his death. Population, 
 7,271. 
 
 Tamyras (ta-mi'ras), or Damuras (da-mu'ras). 
 [Gr. Tapvpag, Aa//.nvfjar. ] In ancient geography, 
 a river of Phenicia, between Sidon and Bery- 
 tus: the modern Nahr-ed-Damur. 
 
 Tana-Elv (ta'na-elf). A river in northern Nor- 
 way, and on the boundary between Norway 
 and Russia, which flows into the Tana-Fjord. 
 Length, about 180 miles. 
 
 Tana-Fjord. An inlet of the Arctic Ocean, on 
 the extreme northern coastof Norway. Length, 
 about 40 miles. 
 
 Tanagra (tan'a-gra). In ancient geography, a 
 town of Boeotia, Greece, situated near the Aso- 
 pus 24 miles north-northwest of Athens. A vic- 
 tory was gained here, in 457 B. c., by the Spartans over the 
 Athenians and their allies. Its extensive necropolis has 
 made this obscure town famous, for from it came about 
 1874 the first of the terra-cotta figurines which drew at- 
 tention to the interest and charm of antiquities of this 
 class. Such figurines, previously ignored, have since been 
 eagerly sought and found in great quantities, not only at 
 Tanagra, but upon a great number of sites in all parts of 
 the Greek world. Those from Tanagra, despite ancient 
 animadversions on Boeotian taste, still hold the palm for 
 elegance and artistic quality. 
 
 Tanaim (ta-na'im), or Tanaites. [From Ara- 
 mean tena, to learn and to teach: ‘teachers, 
 doctors.’] The name applied among the Jews 
 to the rabbis or teachers of the law in the Mish- 
 nic period (10-220 A.D.); the authors of the 
 Mishnah, as opposed to the Amoraim, the 
 authors of the Gemara. See under Talmud. 
 
 Tanais (ta'na-is). 1. The ancient name of the 
 Don, Russia. — 2. An ancient Greek colony near 
 the head of Lake Mteotis, near the site of the 
 modern Azoff, Russia. 
 
 Tananarive) (ta-na-na-re'vd), or Antananari- 
 vo (an-ta-na-na-re'vo). The capital of Mada- 
 gascar, situated in the interior, about lat. 19° S. 
 It contains the royal palaces and many buildings in the 
 European style. Population, estimated, about 72,000. 
 
 Tanaquil (tan'a-kwil). In Roman legend, the 
 wife of Tarquinius Priscus, king of Rome. 
 
 Tanaquill (tan'a-kwil). A British princess. 
 Spenser uses the name with reference to Queen Elizabeth 
 in the “Faerie Queene." 
 
 Tanaro (ta-na'ro). A river in northwestern 
 Italy: the ancient Tanarus. It rises in the Ligurian 
 Alps, flows past Asti and Alessandria, and empties into the 
 Po 11 miles northeast of Alessandria. Length, about 130 
 miles. 
 
 Tancred (tang'kred). Died •at Antioch, 1112. 
 One of the chief heroes of the first Crusade, 
 1096-99. He was the son of Otho the Good and Emma, 
 sister of Robert Guiscard. He joined the crusading army 
 under his cousin, Bohemund of Tarentum, son of Robert 
 Guiscard. He distinguished himself at the taking of Nice 
 and Tarsus, the siege of Antioch, the capture of Jerusalem, 
 and the battle of Ascalon. He became prince of Galilee 
 and later of Edessa. His virtues and achievements are 
 celebrated in Tasso’s “Jerusalem Delivered." 
 
 Tancred. Died 1194. King of Sicily, illegiti- 
 mate son of Roger, duke of Apulia. He was 
 crowned king 1190, and contended for his throne 
 with Henry VI. of Germany. 
 
 Tancred and Gismunda. A tragedy originally 
 written in rime by five gentlemen, probably 
 members of the Inner Temple, it was acted there 
 in 1568, and was republished in 1572 by Robert Wilmot, 
 the author of the last act. The edition was put into blank 
 verse. It is remarkable as the oldest English play extant 
 the plot of which is known to be taken from an Italian 
 novel. 
 
 Tancr&de (toh-krad'). A play by Voltaire, pro- 
 duced in 1760. 
 
 Tancredi (tan-kra'de). An opera by Rossini, 
 first produced at Venice in 1813 and at Lon- 
 don in 1820. 
 
 Taney (ta'ni), Roger Brooke. Born in Calvert 
 County, Md., March 17, 1777 : died at Wash- 
 ington, D. C.,Oct. 12, 1864. An American jurist. 
 He became a leading lawyer in Maryland, and a Federalist 
 politician; was made attorney-general of Maryland in 1827; 
 was a prominent supporter of Andrew Jackson ; was Unit- 
 ed States attorney-general 1831-33 ; became secretary of 
 the treasury in 1833 (Congress not being in session), and 
 removed the deposits from the United States Bank, but was 
 rejected by the Senate in 1834; was nominated for associ- 
 ate justice of the Supreme Court in 1835, but was rejected 
 by the Senate ; and was confirmed as chief justice of the 
 Supreme Court in 1836. His most noted decision was that 
 in the “Dred Scott Case ” (which see) in 1857. 
 
 Tannhauser 
 
 Tanganyika (tan-gan-ye'kii), Lake. A lake in 
 eastern central Africa, extending from about lat. 
 3° 15' S. to 8° 45' S. : the longest fresh-water 
 lake in the world, its outlet is the Lukuga, which flows 
 into the Kongo. It was discovered by Burton and Speke 
 in 1858, and has been explored by Livingstone, Cameron, 
 Stanley, Thomson, Wissmann, and others. Length, 410 
 miles. Area, estimated, 12,650 squar e miles. Height above 
 sea-level, 2,680 feet. 
 
 Tanger. See Tangier. 
 
 Tangermiinde (tang'er-miin-de). Atowninthe 
 province of Saxony, Prussia, situated at the 
 junction of the Tanger with the Elbe, 30 miles 
 northeast of Magdeburg. Population, com- 
 mune, 12,829. 
 
 Tangier (tan-jer'), or Tangiers (tan-jerz'), F. 
 Tanger (toh-zba'), G. Tanger (tan'ger), native 
 Tanja (tiin'ja). A seaport of Morocco, sit- 
 uated on the Strait of Gibraltar in lat. 35° 
 47' N., long. 5° 49' W. : the Roman Tingis. 
 It is the principal center of commerce in Morocco; has 
 important trade with Europe ; and is the residence of 
 consuls and the diplomatic corps sent to Morocco. It 
 was the capital of the Roman province of Tingitana; 
 came into the possession of the Portuguese in the 16th 
 century ; was ceded to England on the marriage of Catha- 
 rine of Braganza with Charles II. in 1662 ; and was aban- 
 doned to the Moors in 1684. It was bombarded by the 
 Spaniards in 1790, and by the French in 1844. Population, 
 about 35,000. 
 
 Tangier (tan-jer') Island. An island of Vir- 
 ginia, situated in Chesapeake Bay southeast of 
 the mouth of the Potomac. 
 
 Tanglewood Tales, The. A series of tales by 
 Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1853. 
 
 Tanis (ta'nis). See Zoan. 
 
 Tanit (ta'nit). A Phenieian goddess. With 
 Baal, Hamraon, and Eshinun she formed the supreme 
 triad. Her symbol was the solar disk with a crescent. 
 
 Tanitic (ta-nit'ik) Branch. A northeastern 
 mouth of the Nile, which was silted up in an- 
 cient times. 
 
 Tanjore (tan-jor'). 1. A Mahratta state in 
 southern India, founded in the 17th century. 
 It came under British rule about 1800. — 2. A 
 district in Madras, British India., intersected by 
 lat. 11°N., long. 79° E. Area, 3,710 square miles. 
 Population, 2,245,029. — 3. The capital of the 
 district of Tanjore, situated on an arm of the 
 Kaveri about lat. 10° 47' N., long. 79° 8' E. 
 It has important manufactures, and is noted as a literary 
 and religious center. It was once a princely residence. 
 The Great Pagoda is a stately Dravidian temple, dating 
 from the 11th century. The shrine measures 82 feet square, 
 and rises in two vertical stages with windows and en- 
 gaged columns, upon which rests the great Vimana pyra- 
 mid, with 13 stages, and a domical crowning ISO feet 
 above the ground. The whole is covered with rich or- 
 namentation, in which a fan-shaped detail and figure- 
 sculpture are conspicuous. Before the shrine is a some- 
 what low closed porch, from which an avenue of columns 
 leads to the Bull Shrine, a low flat-roofed columned pa- 
 vilion in which is the noted colossal bull statue. The in- 
 closure which contains the temple is 250 by 500 feet ; be- 
 sides the buildings described, it contains several other 
 notable shrines, and has a monumental sculptured gopura 
 or gate. Population, 57,870. 
 
 Tann (tan), Von der (in full: Baron Ludwig 
 Samson von und zu der Tann-Rathsam- 
 hausen). Born at Darmstadt, June 18, 1815: 
 died at Meran, April 26, 1881. A Bavarian gen- 
 eral. He served in the Schleswig-Holstein war of 1848- 
 1850 and against Prussia in 1866 ; was commander of the 
 1st Bavarian armv corps in the Franco-German war: and 
 commanded independently on the Loire. He was defeated 
 atCoulmiers Nov. 9, 1870. 
 
 Tanna(tiin'na). An island of the New Hebrides, 
 Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Tannahill (tan'a-hil), Robert. Born at Pais- 
 ley, Scotland, June 3, 1774: committed sui- 
 cide May 17, 1810. A Scottish poet. Among 
 his best-known lyrics are “The Flower of Dun- 
 blane” and “Gloomy Winter ’s noo awa’.” 
 
 Tannenberg (tan'nen-berG). A village in the 
 province of East Prussia, Prussia*, 14 miles 
 south of Osterode. Here, in 1410, the Polish and 
 Lithuanian army defeated and broke the power of the 
 Teutonic Order. 
 
 Tannhauser (tan'hoi-zer). [MHG. Der Tan- 
 hilser.] A Middle High German lyric poet of 
 the 13th century. He belonged to the Salzburg family 
 of Tanhusen. From about 1240 to 1270 he led a wander- 
 ing life in which he lived at the Bavarian Austrian, and 
 other courts, and visited the far East. He was a minne- 
 singer and the writer, particularly, of dance-songs. A 
 German ballad of the 16th century has preserved the 
 memory of the historical Tannhauser. This first describes 
 his parting with Lady Venus, with whom he has been for 
 a year in the Venusberg. He makes a visit of penance to 
 Rome and asks for absolution, but Pope Urban, who holds 
 a dry staff in his hand, declares that as little as the staff 
 can grow green, so little can he have God’s mercy. In de- 
 spair he goes away. On the third day after, the staff, 
 however, begins to bud, and the Pope sends out in search 
 of him ; but he has gone back to Venus in the mountain. 
 The legend of Tannhauser is the subject of the opera of 
 the same name by Richard Wagner. 
 
Tannhauser 
 
 Tannhauser und der Sangerkrieg auf Wart- 
 burg. An opera by Wagner, founded on the 
 legend of Tannhauser, produced at Dresden in 
 1845, and in England in 1876. 
 
 Tano (ta'no), or Tahano, or Thano. [From 
 Tan-u-ge, Tigua Tahano, their name for them- 
 selves.] A tribal division of the Tahoan stock 
 of Noi'th American Indians, which formerly 
 occupied a number of pueblos in the vicinity 
 of Galisteo, 20 miles south of Santa F6, New 
 Mexico. It waa almost destroyed as a tribe in the Pueblo 
 revolt of 1680. The remnants are settled with the Tigua 
 and Tewa. See Tanoan. 
 
 Tanoan (tan'yo-an), or Enaghmagh. A linguis- 
 tic stock of North American Indians, which 
 embraces the Tewa, Tano, Tigua, Jemez, and 
 Piro, divisions which speak more or less closely 
 allied dialects and inhabit various communal 
 pueblos or villages in the main and tributary 
 valleys of the Rio Grande, in N ew Mexico, Texas, 
 and Chihuahua, as well as one of the Tusavan 
 villages, Arizona. Number, about 4,000. 
 Tanta, or Tantah (tan'ta). The capital of the 
 province of Gharbiyeh, Egypt, situated in the 
 Delta 72 miles southeast of Alexandria. It is 
 the seat of important fairs and festivals. Pop- 
 ulation, 54,437. 
 
 Tantalam (tan-ta-lam') Island. An island in 
 the Gulf of Siam, on the eastern coast of the 
 Malay Peninsula, intersected by lat. 7° 30' N. 
 Length, 40 miles. 
 
 Tantallon(tan-tal'on) Castle. Acastlein Had- 
 dingtonshire, Scotland, situated on the North 
 Sea near North Berwick: now in ruins. It was 
 a stronghold of the Douglas family. 
 
 Tantalus (tan'ta-lus). [Gr. T avraXoc.] InGreek 
 mythology, a soil of Zeus and Pluto, and father 
 of Pelops and Niobe : king of Mount Sipylus in 
 Lydia. For revealing the secrets of the gods he was 
 condemned to stand in Tartarus up to his chin in water 
 under a loaded fruit-tree, the fruit and water retreating 
 whenever he sought to satisfy his hunger or thirst. From 
 his name is derived the word tantalize. 
 
 Tantra (tan'tra). [Skt., ‘loom, thread, warp,’ 
 and then ‘order of rites, theory, treatise.’] In 
 Sanskrit literature, a religious treatise teach- 
 ing magical formulas for the worship of the gods 
 or the attainment of superhuman power. The 
 Tantras are the Bible of Sliaktism (see Shaktas). Like the 
 Puranas, they are sometimes called a fifth Veda. They 
 are also known as Agama, ‘that which has come down’ 
 (also applied to the Brahmana portion of the Veda), in dis- 
 tinction from Nigama, a general name for the Vedas, 
 Dharmashastras, Puranas, and other Smriti literature. 
 Their authorship is sometimes ascribed to Dattatreya, who 
 is worshiped as an incarnation of Brahma, Vishnu, and 
 Shiva ; but they are generally thought to have been re- 
 vealed by Shiva alone. None has as yet been printed or 
 translated in Europe. They are said to number 64, with- 
 out counting many works of a Tantrik character. They 
 are generally written in the form of a dialogue between 
 Shiva and his wife, and every Tantra ought in theory to 
 treat of five subjects: the creation, the destruction of the 
 world, the worship of the gods, the attainment of super- 
 human power, and the four modes of union with the Su- 
 preme Spirit. Whole Tantras treat only of various modes 
 of using spells for acquiring magical power; others simply 
 describe the most effectual modes of worshiping the 
 Shaktis. The oldest known Tantra cannot antedate the 
 6th or 7 th cent ury A. D. Full as they are of doubtful sym- 
 bolism, and tending in their teaching to licentiousness, 
 they are not all necessarily impure. They seem connected 
 with a distorted view of the Sankhya philosophy and with 
 some corrupt forms of Buddhism. They have greatly in- 
 fluenced the later Buddhist literature of Nepal. There 
 are also Vaishnava Tantras, such as the Gautamiya and 
 the Sanatkumara ; but even in these Shiva is the speaker 
 and his wife the listener. In them Radha, the wife of 
 Krishna, takes the place of Durga as the chief object of 
 worship. 
 
 Taormina (ta-or-me'nii). A decayed town in 
 the province of Messina, Sicily, situated on the 
 coast 31 miles southwest of Messina: the an- 
 cient Tauromenium. It has acastle and a cathedral, 
 and is noted for its antiquities, especially for its very fine 
 theater, of Greek foundation but altered by the Romans. 
 This important ancient city was founded about 396 B. C. 
 It was often besieged and taken. Population, 4,391. 
 
 Taos (ta'os). Tue northernmost of the Pueblo 
 tribes of North American Indians, occupying 
 a village of the same name about 52 miles 
 northeast of Santa Fe, on the Rio de Taos, a 
 tributary of the Rio Grande, in New Mexico. 
 See Tigua. 
 
 Tapajos (ta-pa-zhos'), orTapajosos (ta-pa-zho'- 
 zos). An Indian tribe which, in the 16th and 
 17th centuries, occupied the territory about the 
 mouth of the river Tapajos. The sites of their vil- 
 lages, which were large and close together, are still marked 
 by great quantities of broken pottery strewn over the 
 ground. The Tapajos were probably of Tupi race. Many 
 of them were enslaved ; others were gathered into mis- 
 sions, and their descendants form part of the peasant popu- 
 lation of the same region. 
 
 Tapajos (ta-pa-zhos'). A river in the states of 
 Matt.o Grosso and Pard, Brazil. It is one of the 
 principal southern tributaries of the Amazon, which it 
 
 978 
 
 joins near long. 54° 35’ W. The main head streams are the 
 Arinos (which rises near the source of the Paraguay) and 
 the Juruena. Length, with the Arinos, nearly 1,100 miles ; 
 navigable by steamboats to Itaituba, 150 miles ; above this 
 there are numerous rapids, but canoes ascend nearly to 
 the source of the Arinos. Also written Tapajoz. 
 
 Tapanecs. See Tepanecs. 
 
 Tapes (fa-pas'). Indians of the Guarany race 
 who formerly occupied much of the territory 
 between the rivers Parana and Uruguay, ex- 
 tending eastward nearly to the Atlantic! Like 
 the Guaranys proper they had hardly any tribal organiza- 
 tion, and probably the name itself was loosely used. The 
 Jesuits had some of their largest missions among these 
 Indians. Descendants of the Tapes form a large portion 
 of the country population of Corrientes and Misiones, part 
 of EntreP.ios,' northern Uruguay, and southern Rio Grande 
 do Sul. See Guaranys. 
 
 Taphise (ta'fi-e). [Gr. Taipiuv vf/aot.] In ancient 
 geography, a group of islands west of Acarna- 
 nia, Greece, corresponding to the modern Mega- 
 nisi, Kalamo, etc. : earlier called Teleboides. 
 Tapia (ta'pe-a), Andres de. Born in Spain 
 about 1495 : died in Mexico after 1539. A Span- 
 ish soldier. He was a nephew of Velasquez, governor 
 of Cuba; joined Cortes in 1 5 1 0 ; took a prominent part in 
 the conquestof Mexico; and subsequently settled at Mex- 
 ico City, where he held high civil offices. He wrote an in- 
 complete but very valuable account of the conquest, which 
 was published by Icazbalceta in 1866. 
 
 Tap ley ( tap' li), Mark. A character in Dickens’s 
 “ MartinChuzzlewit. ’’Martin’s servantand trav- 
 eling companion, alight-hearted, merry fellow, 
 who takes constant credit to himself for being 
 jolly under the most adverse circumstances. 
 Tappan (tap'an), Arthur. Born at Northamp- 
 ton, Mass., May 22, 1786 : died at New Haven, 
 Conn., July 23, 1865. An American merchant 
 and philanthropist. He was the first president 
 of the American Anti-Slavery Society. 
 Tappan, Lewis. Born at Northampton, Mass., 
 May 23, 1788: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., June 
 21, 1873. An American merchant, philanthro- 
 pist, and antislavery advocate : brother of Ar- 
 thur Tappan. He was a leading founder of the 
 American Missionary Association. 
 
 Tappan, William Bingham. Bom at Beverley, 
 Mass., Oct. 29, 1794: died at West Needham, 
 Mass., June 18, 1849. An American poet. He 
 wrote “New England, and other Poems ” (1819), “Poetry 
 of the Heart ” (1845), “ Sacred and Miscellaneous Poems ” 
 (1846), etc. 
 
 Tappan Bay, or Tappan Sea. [D. Tappaan 
 Zee.'] An expansion of the Hudson River, in 
 the vicinity of Tarrytown and Sing Sing, New 
 York. Length, about 12 miles. Greatest width, 
 about 4 miles. 
 
 Tappertit (tap'er-tit), Sim or Simon. A char- 
 acter in Dickens’s “Barnaby Rudge.” He is a 
 ridiculously conceited and pompous apprentice, veiy proud 
 of his figure, and in love with Dolly Varden. He is after- 
 ward concerned in the “Gordon riots.” 
 
 Taprobane (tap'ro-ban). A fabulous island in 
 the dominion of Prester John, in which, ac- 
 cording to Mandeville, there are huge pismires, 
 as large as hounds, that guard hills of gold, and 
 work in them, finding and storing the pure gold. 
 Taprobane (ta-prob'a-ne). [Gr. T airpofiavr), Skt. 
 Tamraparni: see Tamraparni.] The ancient 
 name of Ceylon. 
 
 Tapti (tap'te), sometimes Tuptee (tup'te). A 
 river in western central India which flows into 
 the Gulf of Cambay below Surat. Length, about 
 450 miles. 
 
 Tapuya stock (ta-po'ya stok). [Tupi tapuia , 
 a stranger: first applied to these Indians as a 
 term of dislike or reproach.] A name given by 
 many ethnologists to the Crens (which see). 
 On the Amazon the name Tapuya is now used 
 for any Indian. 
 
 Tara (ta'ra). A place in County Meath, Ireland, 
 21 miles northwest of Dublin, it, was famous in the 
 early history of Ireland as a royal residence. In 1843 it 
 was the scene of a large mass-meeting in favor of repeal 
 of the Union. 
 
 The assembly of Tara was held at the beginning of No- 
 vember, every third year, and . . . was a sort of parliament 
 at which all the nobles and principal scholars of Erinn met 
 to institute new laws, or to renew and extend old ones, 
 and to examine, to compare, and to correct the national 
 annals and history of the country. 
 
 O’Curry, Ancient Irish, I. i. 
 
 Tarahumar (ta-ra-lio-mar'). [Adapted from 
 words signifying ‘ foot-racers,’ in allusion to 
 their custom of kicking a ball in racing.] A di- 
 vision of the Piman stock of North American 
 Indians, embracing the Tarahumar, Varoliio, 
 Guazapar, Pachera, and Tubar tribes. Its habitat 
 embraces the head waters of the principal streams in the 
 Sierra Madre of Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico. The names 
 of nearly all their settlements terminate in the locative 
 form chic. Number, estimated, 30,000-40,000. See Piman . 
 Tarai (ta-ri'). [‘Moist land.’] 1. A region in 
 India, at the foot of the Himalaya. — 2. A small 
 
 Tarbat Ness 
 
 district in the Northwest Provinces, British 
 India, near the Himalaya. 
 
 Tarancon (ta-ran-kon'). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Cuenca, Spain, situated near the Ri&n- 
 sares 46 miles southeast of Madrid. Popula- 
 tion, 5,292. 
 
 Taranto (ta-ran'to). A seaport in the province 
 of Lecce, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Taranto 
 and the Mare Piccolo, in lat. 40° 25' N., long. 
 17° 12' E.: the ancient Tarentum or Taras. 
 It has considerable commerce and fisheries. The chief 
 building is the castle. (For history, see Tarentum.) Pop- 
 ulation, town, 50,914 ; commune, 60,733. 
 
 Taranto, Duke of. See Macdonald. 
 
 Taranto, Gulf of. An arm of the Mediterra- 
 nean, on the southern coast of Italy : the an- 
 cient Tarentinus Sinus. It separates the so-called 
 “heel "of the peninsula from the “toe," projecting into 
 _the “foot" about 85 miles. 
 
 Tarapaca (ta-ra-pa-ka'). 1. A maritime prov- 
 ince of Chile, situated west of Bolivia and south 
 of Tacna: noted for its rich nitrate deposits. 
 Capital, Iquique. It was seized by the Chileans in 
 1879, and was ceded by Peru to Chile in 1883. Area, 
 18,125 square miles. Population, 110,036. 
 
 2. A small town, the former capital of Tara- 
 pacd, situated in lat. 20° 3' S., long. 69° 58' W. 
 On Nov. 27, 1879, a Peruvian-Bolivian force defeated the 
 Chileans near this place. 
 
 Tarare (ta-rar'). A town in the department 
 of Rhone, France, situated on the Turdine 22 
 miles northwest of Lyons, it is the center of a 
 large manufacturing region, turning out silk plush, vel- 
 vet, embroidery, dyes, muslin, etc. ; and has considerable 
 trade. Population, commune, 12,180. 
 
 Taras. See Tarentum. 
 
 Taras Bulba (ta-ras' bol'ba). A tale of the 
 Cossacks, by Gogol. It appeared in its first form in 
 the “ Evenings at the Farm, " but was rewritten and re- 
 published. Taras Bulba is a type of one of those fighting 
 Cossack chiefs who played an important part in the his- 
 tory of Poland, and later in the history of Russia. 
 
 Tarascans. See Tarascos. 
 
 Tarascon (ta-ras-kon'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Ari&ge, France, on the Arihge 5 miles 
 south of Foix. It has manufactures of iron. 
 Population, commune, 1,684. 
 
 Tarascon. A town in the department of 
 Bouches-du-Rhone, France, situated on the 
 Rhone 10 miles north of Arles: the Roman 
 Tarasco. It is connected by bridges with Beaucaire 
 opposite. The Church of Ste. Marthe and the castle are 
 notable. It has a festival in honor of the legendary preser- 
 vation of the town from a monster (Tarasque). Popula- 
 tion, commune, 8,972. 
 
 Tarasco3 (ta-ras'kos), or Tarascans (ta-ras'- 
 kanz). An Indian race of Mexico, formerly a 
 powerful nation which occupied the territory 
 now included in the state of Michoacan. Accord- 
 ing to tradition they came from the north about the time 
 of the Aztec migration, establishing their capital at Tzin- 
 tzontzan on the Lake of Patzcuaro. Their language was 
 entirely distinct from the Nahuatl, forming in itself a lin- 
 guistic stock. They were quite as far advanced in civili- 
 zation as the Aztecs, building temples and houses of 
 stone, weaving cotton for clothing, and using a very com- 
 plete defensive armor in war ; their calendar was similar 
 to that of the Mexicans, and they had a form of picture- 
 writing, no specimeu of which has been preserved. Human 
 sacrifices were made to their gods and at funerals. Their 
 chief hero god was Curicanberi. Their chiefs (caUed 
 kings by the Spaniards) were elected and had considerable 
 power. The Tarascos were frequently at war with the 
 Aztecs, and were never conquered by them. They sub- 
 mitted without resistance to the Spaniards; but, notwith- 
 standing this, Nuilo de Guzman tortured and killed their 
 last chief, BimbichA or Tangaxoan. Under Hidalgo they 
 were the first to revolt against the Spaniards in 1810, thus 
 opening the war for independence, in which they fought 
 bravely. About 275,000 Tarascos survive, principally in 
 Michoacan, with outlying villages in Guerrero and Jalisco. 
 
 Tarasp-Schuls (ta-rasp'shSls"). A health-re- 
 sort and watering-place in the Lower Enga dine, 
 canton of Grisons, Switzerland, situated on 
 the Inn 36 miles east of Coire. It has mineral 
 springs. 
 
 Tarasque (ta-rask'). A legendary monster that 
 ravaged the neighborhood of Tarascon, France. 
 A figure of him is carried in procession at a festival held 
 annually at Beaucaire and at Tarascon to celebrate his de- 
 struction. 
 
 Tarazed (tar'a-zed). [Ar. slidlitn tdrdzed, the 
 soaring falcon, which is the Persian name for the 
 constellation Aquila.] The third-magnitude 
 star y Aquilte. 
 
 Tarazona (ta-ra-tho'na). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Saragossa, Spain , situated on the Queiles 
 43 miles northwest of Saragossa. Population, 
 8,790. 
 
 Tarbagatai (tar-bii-ga-ti'). A range of moun- 
 tains in Asiatic Russia and on the borders of 
 Ili (in the Chinese empire), about lat. 47°—48° N. 
 Height, about 10,000 feet. 
 
 Tarbat Ness (tar'bat nes). A cape on the east- 
 ern coast of Scotland, between Moray Firth and 
 Dornoch Firth. 
 
Tarbelli 
 
 Tarbelli (tar-bel'i). In ancient history, a peo- 
 ple living in the southwestern extremity of 
 Aquitania, in Gaul. 
 
 Tarbert (tar'bert),West Loch. An inlet of the 
 ocean, on the western coast of Argyllshire, 
 Scotland, north of Kintyre. There are also two 
 lochs (West Loch Tarbert and East Loch Tarbert) on the 
 west and east coasts of Harris, Hebrides. 
 
 Tarbes (tarb). The capital of the department 
 of Hautes-Pyrenees, France, situated on the 
 Adour in lat. 43° 14' N., long. 0° 5' E. it has 
 
 manufactures of paper, flax, woolens, machinery, etc. The 
 principal buildings are the cathedral and the museum. 
 Its Jardin Massey is notable. It was the capital of the old 
 county of Bigorre ; was in the possession of the English 
 about 1360-1406 ; and suffered severely in the Huguenot 
 wars. .Near it the British defeated the French in 1814. 
 Population, commune, 25,869. 
 
 Tarbox (tar'boks), Increase Mies. Born at 
 East Windsor, Conn., Feb. 11, 1815 : died at 
 Newton, Mass., May 3, 1888. An American 
 Congregational clergyman, and historical and 
 miscellaneous writer : secretary of the Ameri- 
 can College and Education Society. He wrote 
 “Nineveh” (1864), “Tyre and Alexandria" (1865), “ Life of 
 Israel Putnam” (1876), “Sir Walter Raleigh and his Col- 
 ony in America” (1884), “Songs and Hymns for Common 
 Life ” (1885), etc. 
 
 Tarentaise (ta-roii-taz'). A district in the de- 
 partment of Savoie, France, in the upper valley 
 of the Isere. It is mountainous and pictur- 
 esque. 
 
 Tarentaise Alps. A part of the Graian Alps in 
 Tarentaise, southeastern France. The highest 
 point is the Grande-Casse (12,665 feet). 
 Tarentinus Sinus (tar-en-tl'nus sl'nus). The 
 ancient name of the Gulf of Taranto. 
 Tarentum (ta-ren'tum). The ancient and me- 
 dieval name of Taranto (which see), in south- 
 ern Italy. It was colonized by Sparta about 705 B. c. ; be- 
 came the leading city of Magna Gracia, and noted for wealth 
 and luxury ; was at war with the Lucanians, etc., in the 4th 
 century, and with Rome in 281, aided by Pyrrhus ; was taken 
 by Rome in 272 ; was taken by Hannibal in 212 (except the 
 citadel); was retaken by Fabius in 209; and received a 
 Roman colony in 123. In the middle ages it passed to the 
 Goths, Lombards, Saracens, and Byzantine Greeks, and in 
 1063 to the Normans under Robert Guiscard. 
 
 Targovitz (tar'go-vits), or Targovitza (tiir-gd- 
 vit'sa). A small town in the government of 
 Kielf, Russia, about 120 miles south of Kieff. 
 Targovitz, Confederation of. A union of cer- 
 tain Polish nobles, formed at Targovitz in 1792, 
 in opposition to the constitution of 1791. 
 Targum (tar'gum). [Aram./ interpretation.’] 
 The name applied to the Chaldean (i. e., Ara- 
 mean) versions ofthe Old Testament. Theydevel- 
 oped out of the oral translations and paraphrases of the 
 passages of Scripture read in the synagogues : a custom 
 which probably began soon after the return of the Jews 
 from the captivity. The most popular Targum is that 
 which passes under the name of Onkelos, which originated 
 probably in the 3d century A. D. in Babylonia : the name 
 is supposed to be a corruption of Aquila(Akylos), the cele- 
 brated convert and author of a Greek version of the Old 
 Testament, to whom it was ascribed. It gives in general a 
 faithful translation of the Hebrew text. Another Targum 
 is attributed to Jonathan ben Uzziel a disciple of Hillel, 
 which is more free in its rendering of the original ; while 
 the so-called Jerusalem Targum (“pseudo-Jonathan”) is 
 moreof ahomiletical paraphrase than a translation. None 
 of these Targums is in its present shape a complete trans- 
 lation of the Old Testament. 
 
 Tarifa (ta-re'fa). A seaport and fishing town 
 in the province of Cadiz, Spain, situated on the 
 Strait of Gibraltar in lat. 36° S. : the Punic 
 Josa and Roman Julia Traducta. It occupies the 
 southernmost point of the continent of Europe. The Sar- 
 acens under Tarik landed there in 711. It was taken by 
 the Castilians in the end of the 13th century and was de- 
 fended by the British in 1812. Population, 11,723. 
 
 Tariff of Abominations. In United States his- 
 tory, a name given by its opponents to the 
 high tariff act of 1828. 
 
 Tarija (ta-re'Ha). 1. A department in south- 
 eastern Bolivia, bordering on the Argentine 
 Republic, Paraguay, and Brazil. The eastern 
 part is included in the Gran Chaco (which 
 see) ; the western part is mountainous. Area, 
 70,800 square miles. Population, 119,439. — 2 . 
 The capital of the department of Tarija, 200 
 miles south-southeast of Sucre. Population, 
 7,817. 
 
 Tarik (t&'rik). Lived in the first part of the 
 8th century. A Saracen general. As subordinate 
 of Musa, the governor of North Africa, he led the invasion 
 of Spain; landed at Gibraltar; defeated Roderick near 
 Xerez de la Frontera in 711; and conquered Cordova, To- 
 ledo, etc. He aroused the jealousy of Musa, and was over- 
 thrown by him in 712. 
 
 Tarim (tii-rem'). A river of Eastern Turkestan, 
 Chinese empire, which flows easterly into Lake 
 Lob Nor. It is supposed to receive the Aksu, 
 Khoten, etc. Length, estimated, over 1,000 
 miles. 
 
 979 
 
 Tarkhan (tar-chan'), Cape. A cape at the west- 
 ern extremity of the Crimea, Russia. 
 
 Tarleton (tarl'ton), Sir Banastre. Born at 
 Liverpool, Aug. 21, 1754 : died Jan. 25, 1833. An 
 English general, notorious in the Revolution for 
 his cruelty as a partizan commander in the Caro- 
 linas (1780-81). He organized the “British Legion” of 
 regulars and Tories ; served at Camden ; defeated Sum- 
 ter at Fishing Creek and was defeated by him at Black- 
 stock’s Hill Nov. 20, 1780 ; was defeated by Morgan at the 
 Cowpens in Jan., 1781 ; and surrendered with Cornwallis at 
 Yorktown. He was later member of Parliament and lieu- 
 tenant-general. He wrote a “ History of the Campaigns of 
 1780-81, etc." (1787). 
 
 Tarlton (tarl'ton), Richard. Died at Lon- 
 don, 1588. A famous clown and comic actor. 
 He is said to have been brought to London from Shrop- 
 shire, and to have been a “ prentice in his youth ” in the 
 city of London, later a “water-bearer." He was enrolled 
 afterward as one of the twelve of the Queen’s Company, and 
 became a kind of court jester as well. He was celebrated 
 for his extemporaneous rimes and for his “jigs ” (comic 
 songs with a dance), which he invented. His popularity 
 and audacity were both unbounded. He fell into disgrace 
 and was dismissed from court for scurrilous reflections 
 upon Leicester and Raleigh. He then kept a tavern in 
 Paternoster Row, and later the Tabor in Gracechurch 
 street. He wrote “The Seven Deadly Sins,” a play which 
 appears to have been the result of his real or pretended 
 repentance of his irregularities. 
 
 Tarma (tar'ma). A colonial intendency of 
 Pern, corresponding, nearly, to the present de- 
 partment of Junin (which see). 
 
 Tarn (tarn). A river in southern France which 
 joins the Garonne below Moissac : the Roman 
 Tarnis. A gorge or cafion, 31 miles long, in its upper 
 course, is remarkable for the height of the rocks. Among 
 its tributaries are the Aveyron and the Agout. Length, 
 about 235 miles. 
 
 Tarn. A department of France, formed from 
 part of tlie ancient Languedoc. Capital, AIM. 
 It is bounded by Tarn-et-Garonne on the northwest, Avey- 
 ron on the north and east, Herault on the southeast, Aude 
 on the south, and Haute-Garonne on the west. The sur- 
 face is generally hilly or mountainous (containing part of 
 the Cevennes). Area, 2,231 square miles. Population, 
 330,533. 
 
 Tarn-et-Garonne (tarn'a-ga-ron'). A depart- 
 ment of France, formed from parts of the an- 
 cient Guienne, Gascony, and Languedoc. Capi- 
 tal, Montauban. It is bounded by Lot on the north, 
 Aveyron on the northeast, Tarn on the east and southeast, 
 Haute-Garonne on the south, and Gersand Lot-et-Garonne 
 on the west. The surface is mostly low plateau. Area, 
 1,440 square miles. Population, 188,553. 
 
 Tarnopol (tar'no-pol). A town in Galicia, 
 Austria-Hungary, situated on the Sereth 73 
 miles east-southeast of Lemberg. Its trade is 
 flourishing, and it has horse-fairs. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 33,853, (1910). 
 
 Tarnow (tar'nov). A town in Galicia, Austria- 
 Hungary, situated on the Dunajec 47 miles east 
 of Cracow. Pop., commune, 37,263, (1910). 
 Tarnowitzer (tar'no-vits-er) Plateau. A pla- 
 teau in the southeastern part of Silesia, Prussia, 
 near Tarnowitz. 
 
 Taro (ta'ro), A small river in the province of 
 Parma, Italy, which joins the Po 14 miles north- 
 northwest of Parma. 
 
 Tarpeia (tar-pe'ya). In Roman legend, the 
 daughter of Spurius Tarpeius, governor of the 
 citadel of Rome on the Capitoline Hill. Tempted 
 by offers of the golden bracelets and collars ofthe Sabines, 
 she betrayed the fortress to them : but as they entered 
 they cast their shields upon her, and she was crushed to 
 death. From her the Tarpeian Rock was named. 
 
 Tarpeian Rock (tar-pe'yan rok). [L. Mons Tar- 
 peius. ] Originally, the name of the entire Capi- 
 toline Hill in Rome, or at least of the peak 
 occupied by the citadel, in memory of the 
 treason of tlie maid Tarpeia in connection with 
 the Sabine siege; later, that part ( Rupes Tar- 
 peia) of the cliff of the Capitoline above the 
 Vieus Jugarius and the Forum Romanum, over 
 whose precipice condemned criminals were 
 hurled: now unrecognizable owing to artificial 
 and natural changes in the rocks. The popular 
 identification as the Tarpeian Rock of a portion of the 
 Capitoline cliff which is cut to a vertical surface, and with 
 a deep vertical channel, above the Vicolo della Rupe Tar- 
 peia, is incorrect. 
 
 Tarquin (tar'kwin). See Tarquinius. 
 Tarquinii (tar-kwin'i-i). In ancient geography, 
 a city of Etruria, situated near the Mediterra- 
 nean and near the modern Corneto, 45 miles 
 northwest of Rome. It was one of the chief cities of 
 the Etruscan League, the original residence of Tarquinius 
 Priscusin Roman legend. It was often at war with Rome, 
 especially in the 4th century B. c. 
 
 Tarquinius Priscus (tar-kwin'i-us pris'kus). 
 [L. priscus, old, original.] In Roman legendary 
 history, the fifth king of Rome: the son of a 
 Greek colonist in Tarquinii. He settled in Rome, 
 became guardian of the sons of Ancus Marcius, and suc- 
 ceeded the latter, ne is said to have built the Cloaca 1 , 
 the Circus Maximus, and the Capitoline Temple. The 
 traditional date of his reign is 016-578 B. 0. 
 
 Tartini 
 
 Tarquinius Sextus. See Sextus. 
 
 Tarquinius Superbus (su-per'bus). [L. super- 
 
 bus, haughty.] In Roman legendary history, 
 the seventh and last king of Rome : son of Tar- 
 quinius Priscus, and son-in-law of Servius Tul- 
 lius whom he put to death and succeeded. He 
 extended Roman influence abroad, but is represented as a 
 despot and tyrant, and as overthrown through the crime 
 of his son Sextus. Unsuccessful attempts were made to re- 
 store him through the Etruscans and others. The tradi- 
 tional date of his reign is 534-510 B. c. 
 
 Tarracina (tar-a-sl'nii), or Anxur (anks'ur). 
 In ancient geography" a city of Latium, Italy, 
 situated on the Mediterranean 57 miles south- 
 east of Rome : the modern Terracina. A Vol- 
 scian town, it was later in possession of Rome. 
 
 Tarraco (tar'a-ko). The ancient name of Tar- 
 ragona. 
 
 Tarraconensis (tar // a-ko-nen'sis). In ancient 
 geography, a Roman province in Spain, called 
 at first Hispania Cit.erior. It occupied the north- 
 ern and eastern parts of the peninsula. 
 
 Tarragona (tar-ra-go'na). 1. A province ill 
 northeastern Spain. It is bounded by the Mediterra- 
 nean and the provinces of Barcelona, Lerida, Saragossa, 
 Teruel, and Castellon. It corresponds to part of the an- 
 cient Catalonia. The surface is partly mountainous. 
 Area, 2,505 square miles. Population, 337,964. 
 
 2. A seaport, capital of the province of Tarra- 
 gona, situated at the mouth of the Prancoli, 
 on the Mediterranean, in lat. 41° 6' N., long. 1° 
 15' E. : the ancient Tarraco. It has a growing com- 
 merce, exporting wine, oil, etc. The interior of the cathe- 
 dral is of French early Pointed work : the fine west door 
 and rose and the geometrical tracery of the chapels lend a 
 later character to the exterior. The old city walls are of 
 high interest. Their base is of rude cyclopean work, pre- 
 historic, with stones unshaped. Above this is Roman 
 ashler, with wide margin-drafts, and still higher up more 
 modern masonry. There Is much pre-Roman masonry, in 
 very large blocks, both in the fortifications and within the 
 city. There are remains of a Roman aqueduct, of 11 arches 
 in the lower tier and 25 in the upper. Its length is 742 
 feet ; its height is 96 feet. The margin-drafted masonry 
 is very solid and imposing. This town was a Phenician 
 settlement ; was fortified by the Scipios ; became one of the 
 leading cities of Spain, and the capital of Hispania Tar- 
 raconensis ; was sacked by the West Goths in the 5th cen- 
 tury, and by the Saracens in the 8th ; and was rebuilt in 
 the I2th century. It was captured by the British in 1705, 
 and by the French under Suchet in 1811. Population, 
 24,548. 
 
 Tar (tar) River. A river in North Carolina 
 wMoh flows into Pamlico Sound, it is called in 
 its lower course Pamlico River. Length, about 200 miles. 
 
 Tarrytown (tar'i-toun). A village in West- 
 chester County, New York, situated on the 
 Hudson (Tappan Sea) 24 miles north of New 
 York City. It was the scene of AndrO’s capture in 1780, 
 and is the burial-place of Washington Irving. Sunnyside, 
 the residence of Irving, is in the neighborhood. Popula- 
 tion, 5,600, (1910). 
 
 Tarshish (tar'shish). Ill ancient geography, a 
 place or region several times mentioned in the 
 Old Testament. It is commonly identified with a dis- 
 trict in southern Spain near the mouth of the Guadal- 
 quivir, and was probably the ancient Tartessus. It was 
 noted for its commerce. 
 
 Tarsus (tiir'sus). [Gr. Tapffdf.] In ancient ge- 
 ography, the capital of Cilicia, Asia Minor, sit- 
 uated on the Cydnus in lat. 36° 56' N., long. 
 34° 58' E. : the modern Tersus or Tarsus. It was 
 an important city in the Persian period ; became partly 
 Hellenized, and the seat of a school of philosophy; and 
 received important concessions from the Romans. It was 
 the birthplace of the apostle Paul. Population, 16,000. 
 
 Tartan (tiir'tan). [Turtanu in the cuneiform 
 inscriptions.] The Assyrian title of the com- 
 mander-in-chief of the army. 2 Ki. xviii. 
 
 Tartar. Same as Tartarus. 
 
 Tartarin (tar-ta-ran'). A gasconading humbug, 
 the principal character in Alphonse Daudet’s 
 “Tartarin de Tarascon,” “Tartarin sur les 
 Alpes,” and “Port Tarascon”: a satire on 
 the typical character attributed to southern 
 Prance. 
 
 Tartars. See Tatars. 
 
 Tartarus (tar'ta-rus). [Gr. T dprapoc.] A deep 
 and sunless abyss, according to Homer and the 
 earlier Greek mythology as far below Hades as 
 earth is below heaven. It was closed by adamantine 
 gates, and in it Zeus imprisoned the rebel Titans. Later 
 poets describe Tartarus as the place in which the spirits 
 of the wicked receive their due punishment ; and some- 
 times the name is used, as synonymous with Hades, for the 
 lower world in general. 
 
 Tartary. See Tatary. 
 
 Tartas (tar-ta'). A town in the department of 
 Landes, southwestern France, situated on the 
 Midouze 16 miles west-southwest of Mont-de- 
 Marsan. Population, commune, 3,095. 
 
 Tartessus. See Tarshish. 
 
 Tartini (tar-te'ne), Giuseppe. Born atPirano, 
 Istria, April 12, 1692 : died at Padua, Italy, Feb. 
 16, 1770. An Italian violinist, composer for 
 the violin, and writer on music. He lived chiefly 
 
Tartini 
 
 in Padua, and wrote “Trattatodi musica"(1754), “Devil's 
 Sonata,” etc. He discovered the so-called “third sound 
 of Tartini.” 
 
 Tartufe, or Tartuffe (tar-tuf'). A famous 
 comedy, by Moliere, which was produced at the 
 Com6die Fran<jaise iu 1667. Tartufe is « an obscene 
 pedant, a red-faced, hypocritical wretch, who, palming 
 himself off on an honest and refined family, tries to drive 
 the son away, marry the daughter, corrupt the wife, ruin 
 and imprison the father, and almost succeeds in it, not 
 by clever plots, but by vulgar mummery and by the coarse 
 audacity of his caddish disposition ” ( Taine , Eng. Lit., 
 I. 606). Matthew Medbourne translated and adapted it in 
 1670 as “Tartuffe, or the French Puritain.” (See Hypo- 
 crite, The.) “ Lady Tartufe,” a play by Madame de Girar- 
 din, was produced in 1853. Rachel was much admired in 
 the title role. 
 
 Tarudant (ta-ro-dant'). The capital of Sus, 
 Morocco, situated near the Wadi Sus, 125 miles 
 southwest of Morocco. Population, estimated, 
 8,500. Also Terodant, Tcrudant, etc. 
 
 Tarumas (ta-ro-maz'). Indians inhabiting the 
 highlands in Ihe southern part of British and 
 Dutch Guiana. They belong to the Arawak or May- 
 pure stock, and formerly lived on the Rio Negro, where 
 they are said to have been numerous. 
 
 Tarutino (ta-ro-te'no). A village in Russia, 
 48 miles south -southwest of Moscow. Here, Oct. 
 18, 1812, the Russians under Kutusoff defeated the French 
 under Murat. 
 
 Taschereau (tash-ro'), Elzear Alexandre. 
 
 Born at Sainte Marie de la Beauce, province 
 of (Quebec, Canada, Feb. 17, 1820 : died at Que- 
 bec, April 12, 1898. A Canadian Roman Catho- 
 lic prelate. He became rector of Laval University in 
 1860, archbishop of Quebec in 1871, and cardinal in 1886. 
 
 Taschereau, Jules Antoine. Bom at Tours, 
 France, 1801 : died at Paris, 1874. A French 
 journalist, politician, and author. He wasa mem- 
 ber of the legislative body, and had charge of the imperial 
 library. He founded the “Revue retrospective" (1833), 
 wrote histories of the lives and works of Moliere and 
 Corneille, and edited Molitre, etc. 
 
 Tashkend (tash-kend'), or Tashkent (tash- 
 kent'). The capital of the general government 
 of Turkestan, Asiatic Russia, situated in the 
 valley of the Tchirtchik about lat. 41° 20' N., 
 long. 69° 20' E. It consists of the Asiatic city and a 
 European or Russian quarter ; contains many gardens ; and 
 is the seat of extensive trade and of silk manufactures. 
 It has belonged to Russia since 1868. Population, 155,- 
 673. 
 
 Tashmet (tash'met). [From SencA, to hear (the 
 one who hears prayer).] In Assyrian -Baby- 
 lonian mythology, a name or epithet of the wife 
 of Nebo {Nairn). Her proper name was Nana. 
 Her principal seat of worship was in Ereeh. 
 Task (task), The. A descriptive poem, in six 
 parts, by William Cowper, published in 1785. 
 Tasman (tas'man), Abel Janszen (Janszon, 
 etc.). Born probably at Hoorn, Netherlands, 
 about 1602: died at Batavia, Oct., 1659. A 
 Dutch navigator. He sailed from Batavia in Aug., 
 1642, in command of an exploring expedition to Australia, 
 despatched by Van Diemen, governor-general of the Dutch 
 East Indies ; and discovered Tasmania (which he named 
 Van Diemen’s Land) in Nov., 1G42; New Zealand in Dec., 
 1642; part of the Friendly Islands in 1643; returning to 
 Batavia in June, 1643. In a second voyage (1644) he dis- 
 covered the Gulf of Carpentaria. 
 
 Tasman (taz'man) Bay. [Named from A. J. 
 Tasman.] An inlet of the ocean, on the north- 
 *ern coast of South Island, New Zealand. 
 Tasmania (taz-ma'_ni-a), formerly Van Die- 
 men’s Land (van de'menz land). [Named from 
 its discoverer.] An island and British colony 
 in Australasia, situated south of Australia 
 (separated by Bass Strait). Capital, Hobart. 
 Its surface is largely mountainous or hilly. It has good 
 agricultural resources, and mines of gold, tin, etc.; and 
 exports wool, gold, tin, etc. It is one of the states of the 
 Commonwealth of Australia, under a governor, legislative 
 authority being vested in a council and assembly (both 
 elected). The aborigines are extinct. It was discovered 
 by Tasman in 1642 ; was visited by Cook, Bass, and others ; 
 was settled in 1803.- and at first was partly a penal colony. 
 It was a dependency of New South Wales until 1825. 
 Area, 26,385 square miles. Population, 185,824. 
 
 Tasman (taz'man) Peninsula. A peninsula 
 at the southeastern extremity of Tasmania, 
 nearly cut off from the mainland. 
 
 Tasman Sea. The name proposed by the Aus- 
 tralian Association for the Advancement of 
 Science, and adopted by the English Admiralty, 
 for the part of the Pacific inclosed by Australia 
 and Tasmania on the one side, and New Zea- 
 land and smaller islands on the other. 
 
 Tasso (tas'o; It. pron. tiis'so), Bernardo. 
 Born at Venice, Nov. 11, 1493: died at Ostiglia, 
 Sept. 4, 1569. An Italian poet, father of Tor- 
 quato Tasso. His chief work is the romantic 
 poem “L’Amadigi” (“Amadis,” 1560), in oc- 
 tave stanzas. 
 
 Tasso, Torquato. [F, Le Tasse .] Born at Sor- 
 rento, Italy, March 11, 1544: died at Rome, 
 April 25, 1595. A celebrated Italian poet. He 
 
 980 
 
 was educated at the Jesuit schools at Naples, Rome, and 
 Bergamo. His father, Bernardo Tasso, was involved in the 
 troubles of the Prince of Salerno, his patron, and joined 
 the prince in Rome ; but, that city becoming unsafe for 
 him, he accepted shelter at Pesaro, the courtfof the Duke 
 of Urbino, where his son Torquato was taught with the 
 son of the duke. In 1557 Torquato went to study Jaw at 
 Padua. He was influenced by his father’s writings and 
 not by his advice, and in 1562, while still at Padua, pub- 
 lished “Rinaldo.” It was successful, and, his father ceas- 
 ing his opposition to a literary career, Tasso went to Bo- 
 logna to study philosophy and literature. He returned to 
 Padua shortly after, and by 1565 was attached to the ser- 
 vice of the house of Este, the glories of which he celebrated 
 in “Jerusalem Delivered”: Rinaldo was said to be of 
 that race. He was well received at court, aud was en- 
 couraged to finish the epic “Goffredo” (later called “Ge- 
 rusalemme Liberata”), which he had begun at Bologna. 
 In 1570 Cardinal Luigi d’Este, his patron, went to Paris, 
 taking Tasso with him. There he met Ronsard and other 
 distinguished men. He left the cardinal after his return on 
 accountof adifference in religious opinion, butwas received 
 by Duke Alfonso of Ferrara, who loaded him with favors. 
 He produced his “Aminta ” in 1573, and had written 18 
 cantos of “ Goffredo " in 1574, when he was seized with 
 fever. After this his mind was not clear: lie became 
 quarrelsome, worried himself about the orthodoxy of his 
 poem, and became subject to delusions, dreading accu- 
 sations of heresy aud assassination or poison. At 
 length he was placed in a convent at Ferrara for medi- 
 cal treatment. He escaped and fled to his sister in the 
 disguise of a shepherd. She cared for him, and in 1578 the 
 duke received him again ; but his delusions continued, 
 and he wandered from place to place (to Mantua, Turin, 
 etc.), finally returning to Ferrara. There he became so 
 violent in accusing the duke of a design to poison him 
 that he was placed in an insane asylum. After he had re- 
 mained there for seven years he was released, on the per- 
 sonal promise of the Prince of Mantua that Alfonso 
 should not again be exposed to his insane attacks. A 
 theory has obtained credit that Tasso was shut up in an 
 asylum on account of his aspirations for the hand of Leo- 
 nora d’Este, the duke’s sister, and Goethe’s play was based 
 on this supposition. “Goffredo” was published at Ven- 
 ice during the time of Tasso’s seclusion, but it was very 
 inaccurately printed, and in 1581 a revised edition was 
 printed at Parma, with its present title “Gerusalemme 
 Liberata ” (“Jerusalem Delivered ”). He remained a year 
 at Mantua, wrote “Torrismondo” (1586), and again re- 
 sumed his wanderings. He had many friends eager to 
 help him, but was broken in health and spirits. His 
 “Gerusalemme Conquistata,” much inferior to the “Ge- 
 rusalemme Liberata," was published in 159.3. Two 
 years later he died at Rome, whither he had been sum- 
 moned by Pope Clement VIII. to be crowned poet laure- 
 ate : the ceremony was never performed, owing to his ill- 
 ness. The “Gerusalemme Liberata” has been translated 
 into many languages. The most famous English transla- 
 tion is that of Fairfax (1600). 
 
 Tasso (tas'so), Torquato. A tragedy by Goethe, 
 printed in 1790. 
 
 Tassoni (tas-so'ne), Alessandro. Born at Mo- 
 dena, Italy, 1565 : died there, 1635. An Italian 
 poet aud author. His best-known work is aburlesque 
 heroic poem, “La secchia rapita” (“Rape of the Bucket,” 
 1622). He also wrote “Considerazioni sopra il Petrarca” 
 (1609), etc. 
 
 Tatar-Bazardjik (ta-tar'ba-zar-jek'), or Ba- 
 zardjik. A town in Eastern Rumelia, Bulgaria, 
 situated on the Maritza 25 miles west of Philip- 
 popolis. Population, 17,555. 
 
 Tatars (ta'tarz), or Tartars (tar'tarz). [From 
 Pers. Tatar, Chinese Tali tar, a Tatar. Tartar, 
 probably dne to some confusion with Tartarus, 
 was formerly the established form, and is still 
 frequently used.] 1. Certain Tungusic tribes 
 whose original home was in the region vaguely 
 known as Chinese Tatary (Manchuria and Mon- 
 golia), and who are now represented by the Fish- 
 shin Tatars in northern Manchuria, and the 
 Solons and Daurians in northeastern Mongolia, 
 but more particularly by the Mauchus (the re- 
 cent rulers of China). The chief among these tribes 
 were ( a ) the Khitans, who in 907 conquered China and set 
 up a dynasty there (called the Liao) which lasted until 
 1123, when they were conquered by their rivals ; ( b ) the 
 Niuchi, Juchi, or Jurehin (the true Tatars, and the ances- 
 tors of the modern Manchus), who also established a dy- 
 nasty, called Kin (‘golden ’), and are lienee known as the 
 Kin Tatars ; (c) the Kara-Khitai (or black Tatars), a 
 remnant of the Khitans who, when their empire was over- 
 thrown by the Juch’, escaped westward and founded an 
 empire which stretched from the Oxus to the desert of 
 Shamo, and from Tibet to the Altai ; (d) the Onguts (or 
 white Tatars). 
 
 2. In the middle ages, the host of Mongol, Turk, 
 aud Tatar warriors who swept over Asia under 
 the leadership of Jenghiz Khau, and threatened 
 Europe. — 3. Numerous tribes or peoples of 
 mixed Turkish, Mongol, and Tatar origin (de- 
 scendants of the remnants of these hosts) now 
 inhabiting the steppes of central Asia, Russia 
 in Europe, Siberia (the latter with an additional 
 intermixture of Finnish and Samoyedic blood), 
 and the Caucasus, such as the Kazan Tatars (the 
 remnant of the Kiptehaks, or “ Golden Horde ”), 
 the Crim Tatars in the Crimea, the Kalmucks 
 or Eleuths (who are properly Mongols), etc. 
 
 Tatary (ta'ta-ri), more frequently Tartary 
 (tar'ta-ri). A name formerly given to central 
 Asia, on account of the inroads of Tatar hordes 
 in the middle ages. It was later sometimes divided 
 
 Tatu 
 
 in part into Chinese Tatary (East Turkestan) and Inde- 
 pendent Tatary (Turkestan). The name has also often 
 been extended to include Manchuria, Mongolia, and Europe 
 westward to tile Dnieper or Don. Hence the division into 
 European and Asiatic Tatary. 
 
 Tatary, Chinese. See Tatary. 
 
 Tatary, Crim. See Crimea. 
 
 Tatary, Gulf or Sound of. An arm of the sea 
 which sepa rates Saglialin from the mainland of 
 Siberia, north of the Sea of Japan. 
 
 Tatary, High. A name sometimes given to 
 East Turkestan. 
 
 Tatary, Independent. See Tatary. 
 
 Tatary, Little. A name formerly given to the 
 regions in southern Russia occupied by Tatars 
 (Crimea, Kiptchak, etc.). 
 
 Tate (tat), Nahum. Born at Dublin, 1652 : died 
 at London, Aug. 12, 1715. An English poet and 
 play-writer, appointed poet laureate in 1692. 
 He was associated with Brady in a poetical ver- 
 sion of the Psalms (1696), and wrote various 
 poems and plays. 
 
 Tatian (ta'shian), L. Tatianus (ta-shi-a'nus). 
 Born in Assyria : lived in the middle of the 2d 
 century a. d. A Christian apologist. He was 
 educated as a Greek ; went to Rome, and became converted 
 to Christianity ; and later adopted in part Gnostic views. 
 He wrote “ Oratio ad Griecos ” (an apology for Christianity) 
 and “ Diatessaron ” (a harmony of the Gospels, recovered 
 by Zalm and edited by him 1881). 
 
 Tatihou (ta-te-o'). A small fortified island on 
 the coast of the department of Manche, Prance, 
 16 miles east of Cherbourg. 
 
 Tatius, Achilles. See Achilles Tatius, and 
 Statius. 
 
 Tatius (ta'shi-us), Titus. In Roman legend, a 
 king of the Sabines who attacked Rome, and 
 ruled over it conjointly with Romulus. 
 
 Tatler (tat'ler), The. A periodical founded by 
 Steele in 1709, and discontinued in 1711. Ad- 
 dison wrote 41 papers; Addison and Steele 
 together 34. Steele wrote a much larger num- 
 ber alone. 
 
 Tatra (ta'tro) Mountains. The highest group 
 of the Carpathian system, situated in northern 
 Hungary and on the Galician frontier, about 
 lat. 49° 15' N., long. 19°-20° E. Also called 
 the Central or High Carpathians. Highest 
 point, the Gerlsdorfer Spitze (8,737 feet). 
 Tattam (tat'am), Henry. Born in Ireland, 
 Dec. 28, 1788 : died at Stamford Rivers, Eng- 
 land, Jan. 8, 1868. A British clergyman noted as 
 an Orientalist, and especially as an authority 
 on Coptic. He published a Coptic grammar, 
 a Coptic dictionary, various Coptic works, etc. 
 Tattersall’s (tat'er-salz). A sporting estab- 
 lishment and auction mart for horses, inLondon, 
 opened about 1770 by Richard Tattersall (1724— 
 1795). Since 1865 it has been situated near Knightsbridge 
 Green. The “subscription room ” was opened in 1818. 
 The name has been given to similar establishments in 
 other cities. 
 
 Tattle (tat'l). A character in Congreve’s “Love 
 for Love ” : a vain, impertinent beau, boasting 
 of his amours, yet priding himself on his secrecy. 
 Tattnall (tat'nal), Josiall. Born near Savan- 
 nah, Ga., 1762: died at Nassau, Bahamas, June 
 6, 1803. An American Revolutionary soldier 
 and politician. He was United States senator 
 from Georgia 1 796-99, and governor of Georgia 
 1801-02. 
 
 Tattnall, Josiall. Born near Savannah, Ga., 
 Nov. 9, 1795 : died at Savannah, June 14. 1871. 
 An American naval officer, son of J. Tattnall 
 (1762—1803). He served in the War of 1812 ; in the Al- 
 gerine war; against the pirates infesting the West Indies; 
 and in the Mexican war. In 1857 he was appointed flag- 
 officer of the Asiatic station. While occupying this post 
 he violated the law of neutrality by assisting the British 
 in an attack on the Beiho forts, China (“Blood, ’ he said, 
 “ is thicker than water ”) : his conduct was sustained by 
 the government. In 1861 he accepted a captaincy in the 
 Confederate navy, and in 1862 succeeded Franklin Buchanan 
 in command of the Merrimac. When, soon after, the Con- 
 federates were forced to abandon Norfolk, he destroyed 
 the Merrimac off Craney Island (May 11, 1862) in order to 
 prevent her falling into the hands of the Federals. 
 
 Tattvabodhinisabha (tut-twa-bo-dhi-ne-su'- 
 bhii). [‘ Truth-investigating ’ or ‘ Truth-teach- 
 ing Society.’] A society founded at Calcutta 
 in 1839 by Debendranath Tagore to carry on 
 the labors of Ram Mohun Roy in restoring the 
 monotheistic system believed by him to be 
 taught in the original Hindu scriptures. It 
 lasted 20 years, being merged in 1859 iu the 
 Brahmasamaj (which see). 
 
 Tattycoram (tat-i-ko'ram). A character in 
 Dickens’s “ Little Dorrit.” Her real name is 
 Harriet Beadle. 
 
 Tatu (ta'to), or Huchnom (kocli'nom). A tribe 
 of North American Indians, living in Upper 
 Potter Valley, California. See Yukian. 
 
Tauber 
 
 Tauber (tou'ber). A river in Wiirtemberg, Ba- 
 varia, and Baden, which joins the Main at Wert- 
 heim, 19 miles west of Wurzburg. Its valley 
 (the Taubergrund ) produces the Tauber wines. 
 Length, 74 miles. 
 
 Taubert(tou'bert), Karl Gottfried Wilhelm. 
 
 Born at Berlin, March 23, 1811: died there, Jan. 
 7, 1891. A German composer. He was made music- 
 director of the royal opera in 1841, cour t kapellmeister in 
 1845, and chief kapellmeister in 1867. He wrote songs, 
 operas (“Macbeth,” “Cesario,” etc.), sonatas, music to 
 dramas, etc. 
 
 Tauchnitz (touch'nits), Christian Bernhard 
 
 Von. Born Aug. 25, 1816 : died Aug. 14, 1895. A 
 German publisher, nephew of K.C. T. Tauchnitz. 
 He founded in 1837 a printing and publishing house at 
 Leipsic, and in 1841 began the publication of his “Col- 
 lection of British Authors " (the “Tauchnitz Edition ”), to 
 which were subsequently added “Collection of German 
 Authors ” (in English translations) and “ Students' Tauch- 
 nitz Editions.” 
 
 Tauchnitz, Karl Christoph Traugott. Born 
 at Grosspardau, near Gremma, Saxony, Oct. 29, 
 1761: died Jan. 14, 1836. A German publisher 
 (in Leipsic). Heintroduced stereotyping into Germany. 
 He was especially noted for his editions of the classics. 
 Tauern (tou'ern), Hohe. A lofty group of the 
 Alps, in Tyrol and on the borders of Salzburg 
 and Carinthia. Highest point, the Grossglock- 
 ner. See Gloclfner. 
 
 Tauern, Niedere. A name sometimes given to 
 a mountain-range in Salzburg and Styria, east 
 of the Hohe Tauern. 
 
 Tauferer Thai (tou'fer-er tal). An Alpine val- 
 ley in central Tyrol. 
 
 Taugenichts (tou'ge-nichts), aus dem Leben 
 
 eines. [G., ‘ From the Life of a Good-for- 
 Nothing.’] A romance by Eichendorif, pub- 
 lished in 1826. 
 
 Taughannock (ta-gan'ok), or Taghanuck, 
 Falls. A perpendicular cascade, 212 feet in 
 height, near Cayuga Lake, western New York. 
 Tauler (tou'ler), Johann. Born at Strasburg 
 about 1300: died there, June 16, 1361. A noted 
 German mystic and preacher. He entered the Do- 
 minican order about 1318 ; was driven from Strasburg 
 with other Dominicans who disregarded the interdict of 
 John XXII. in 1339; and established himself at Basel. 
 Here he became intimately associated with the “Friends 
 of God.” In 1352 he returned to Strasburg . His“Sermons” 
 were published in 1498. Other works (“Book of Spiritual 
 Poverty," etc.) also have been ascribed to him. 
 
 Taunay (to-na' ), Alfredo d’Escragnolle. Born 
 at Rio do Janeiro, Feb. 22, 1843 : died there in 
 Feb., 1899. A Brazilian military engineer, au- 
 thor, and politician. He served in the Paraguayan war 
 1865-70 ; subsequently was prominent in congress as an ad- 
 vocate of means for promoting immigration ; was president 
 of Sant aCatharina and Parana ; and mlS86becamesenator. 
 His “Retraitede Laguna” (1871 : Portuguese edition 1872) 
 describes an episode of the Paraguayan war, and is widely 
 known. He is the best of the Brazilian novelists, and 
 published many critical and political essays, poems, etc. 
 Taunton (tan'ton). The capital of Somerset, 
 England, situated on the Tone 38 miles south- 
 west of Bristol. It has a castle (said to have been 
 founded by Ine) and a Gothic church; was made by Ine, 
 the JVest-Saxon king, a frontier fortress in the 8th century ; 
 was long held by the bishops of Winchester ; was seized by 
 Perkin Warbeck in 1497 ; was taken by the Royalists in 
 1643 ; was besieged and taken by the Parliamentarians un- 
 der Blake in 1644 ; and was defended by Blake in 1644-45, 
 and relieved by Fairfax. The Duke of Monmouth was pro- 
 claimed king here in 1685, and the “ Bloody Assizes " were, 
 held here by Jeffreys in the same year. Population, 21,- 
 087. 
 
 Taunton (tan'ton). A city in Bristol County, 
 Massachusetts, situated on Taunton River, at 
 the head of navigation, 32 miles south of Bos- 
 ton. It has manufactures of locomotives, nails, cotton 
 goods, copper, silver-plated and britannia ware, etc. It 
 was settled about 1638, and became a city in 1864. Popu- 
 lation, 34,259, (1910). 
 
 Taunton River. A small river in southeastern 
 Massachusetts which flows into Mount Hope 
 Bay (Narragansett Bay) at Fall River. 
 
 Taunus (tou'nos). A mountainous and plateau 
 region in Prussia and Hesse, lying between the 
 Rhine, the Lahn, the Main, and the Wetter. 
 The name is generally limited to the southern portion of 
 this region, called also Die Hohe. Its culminating point 
 is the Grosser Feldberg (about 2,900 feet). It contains 
 many mineral springs. 
 
 Taupo (ta'po), Lake. A lake in North Island. 
 New Zealand, situated about lat. 38° 45' S. 
 Length, 24 miles. 
 
 Tauri (ta'ri). In ancient history, a people dwell- 
 ing in the Crimea. 
 
 Taurian games (ta'ri-an gamz). A name un- 
 der the Roman republic for the games called 
 secular (ludi saaculares) under the empire. 
 Also called Tar en tine games. 
 
 Tauric (ta'rik) Chersonese, or Tauric Penin- 
 sula. The Crimea. 
 
 Taurida (tav-re'da). [G. TaurienJ] A govern- 
 ment of southern Russia. Capital, Simferopol. 
 
 981 
 
 It is bounded by the governments of Kherson and Yeka- 
 terinoslaff, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azoff, and in- 
 cludes the Crimea. The inhabitants include Russians, 
 Tatars, Germans (Mennonites, etc.), and others. Area, 
 23,312 square miles. Population, 1,789,700. 
 
 Taurids (ta'ridz). A shower of meteors ap- 
 pearing Nov. 20, and radiating from a point 
 north, preceding Aldebaran in Taurus. The me- 
 teors are alow, and fire-balls occasionally appear among 
 them. 
 
 Taurini (ta-rl'ni). In ancient history, a Ligu- 
 rian tribe which dwelt in the valley of the 
 upper Po, near Turin. 
 
 Tauris. See Tabriz. 
 
 Taurisci (ta-ris'i). A Celtic people which 
 dwelt in the ancient Noricum. 
 
 Tauroggen (tou'rog-en), Convention of. A 
 convention between the Prussian general York 
 and the Russian general Diebitseh, concluded 
 Dee. 30, 1812, at Poscherun (or Poscherau), near 
 Tauroggen, in the Russian government of Kov- 
 no. The Prussian corps (auxiliary to the French) 
 was neutralized. 
 
 Tauromenium (ta-ro-me'ni-rim). The Roman 
 name of Taormina. 
 
 Taurus (ta'rus). [Perhaps from Aramean twr, 
 mountain.] A mountain-range in the southern 
 part of Asia Minor. It extends from the southwest- 
 ern extremity eastward to near the northeastern angle of 
 the Mediterranean (or to the valley of the Jihun , separating 
 it from the Amanus). The Anti-Taurus is an offshoot to 
 the northeast. The chief pass is the Cilician Gates. High- 
 est point, probably about 11,000 feet. 
 
 Taurus. [L., ‘ the bull.’] An ancient constella- 
 tion and sign of the zodiac, representing the 
 forward part of a bull. It contains the star Alde- 
 baran of the first magnitude, the star Nath of the second 
 magnitude, and the striking group of the Pleiads. Its 
 sign is 8 . 
 
 Taus, or Tauss (tous). A manufacturing town 
 in western Bohemia, 29 miles southwest of Pil- 
 sen. Population, commune, 8,170, (1910). 
 Tautphceus (tout'fe -os), Baroness von (Je- 
 mima Montgomery). Born in Ireland in 1807 : 
 died at Munich, Nov. 12, 1893. An Irish nov- 
 elist. She visited Munich in 1836, and married there 
 Baron von Tautphceus. She published ‘ ‘ Cyrilla,” “ Quits,” 
 “At Odds,” “ The Initials,” etc. 
 
 Tavannes (ta-van'), Gaspard de Saulx de. 
 
 Born at Dijon, March, 1509: died 1573. Amarshal 
 of France. He captured Metz in 1552-53 ; took part in 
 the capture of Verdun and decided the victory of Renti 
 in 1554 ; and took a leading part in the wars against the 
 Huguenots (at the battles of Jarnac and Moncontour in 
 1569), and in the massacre of St. Bartholomew in 1572. 
 Tavastekus (tii-vas'ta-hos). 1. A government 
 in southern Finland, Russia. Area, 8,334 square 
 miles. Population, 320,659. — 2. The capital 
 of Tavastehus, situated 60 miles north of Hel- 
 singfors. Population, 5,626. 
 
 Tavda (tav'da). A river in western Siberia 
 which rises in the Urals and joins the Tobol 
 southwest of Tobolsk. Total length, about 400 
 miles. 
 
 Tavernier (ta-ver-nya' ), Jean Baptiste. Born 
 at Paris, 1605: died 1689. A French traveler. 
 As a merchant he made various journeys to Turkey, Per- 
 sia, central Asia, and the East Indies. His “Voyages" 
 was published 1676-79. 
 
 Tavetscher Thai (ta-vech'er tal). An Alpine 
 valley at the western extremity of the canton 
 of Grisons, Switzerland, at the head of the val- 
 ley of the Vorderrhein, west of Dissentis. 
 Tavira (ta-ve'ra). A seaport in the province 
 of Algarve, Portugal, situated in lat. 37° 7' N., 
 long. 7° 36' W. It has a coasting trade and 
 fisheries. Population, 12,175. 
 
 Tavistock (tav'is-tok). A town in Devonshire, 
 England, situated on the Tavy 12 miles north 
 of Plymouth. It has ruins of an abbey founded in the 
 10th century, and is the center of a large mining district 
 (tin, copper, lead, etc.). Population, 4,728. 
 
 Tavoy (ta-voi'). 1. A district in the Tenasse- 
 rim division, Lower Burma, India, intersected 
 by lat. 14° N. Area, 5,308 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 109,979. — 2. The capital of the dis- 
 trict of Tavoy, situated on the river Tavoy, 
 near the coast, about 160 miles west of Bang- 
 kok. Population, 22,371. 
 
 Tavris, or Tavriz. See Tabriz. 
 
 Taw (ta). A river in Devonshire, England, 
 which unites with the Torridge and flows into 
 Barnstaple Bay. Length, about 50 miles. 
 Taxila (tak'si-la). [Gr. Td^/ia.] In ancient 
 geography, a city in the Panjab, India, in the 
 vicinity of the modern Rawal Pindi. 
 
 Taxiles (tak'si-lez). [Gr. Taffily?.] 1 . An In- 
 dian king in the Panjab at the time of the in- 
 vasion of Alexander the Great (about 326 b. c.). 
 — 2. Aleading general of Mithridates the Great. 
 Tay (ta). The longest river in Scotland, it rises 
 on the borders of Perthshire and Argyllshire, being called 
 at first the Fillan and then the Dochart ; traverses Loch 
 
 Taylor, Isaac 
 
 Tay ; passes Perth ; forms the estuary or Firth of Tay ; and 
 empties into the North Sea below Dundee. The principal 
 tributaries are the Lyon, Tummel, Isla, and Earn It has 
 valuable salmon-fisheries. Length, 118 miles ; navigable to 
 Perth. 
 
 Tay, Firth of. The estuary of the Tay, Scot- 
 land. It extends to about the mouth of the Earn, sepa- 
 rating Fife from Perthshire and Forfarshire. Greatest 
 width, about 2 \ miles. 
 
 Tay, Loch, A lake in Perthshire, Scotland, 
 traversed by the river Tay. Length, 144 miles. 
 Tayabas (tl-a'Bas). A town ill the southern 
 part of Luzon, Philippine Islands, 60 miles 
 southeast of Manila. Population, 16,058. 
 Taygeta (ta-ij'e-tii). [Gr. T avyerr/, one of the 
 daughters of Atlas and Pleione.] The fifth- 
 magnitude star 19 e Pleiadum, situated at the 
 southwest eorner of the group. 
 
 Taygetus (ta-ij'e-tus). The highest mountain- 
 range in the Peloponnesus, Greece, it is situated 
 in the western part of Laconia, on the border between La- 
 conia and Messenia, extending into Arcadia. Length, 70 
 miles. Highest point, St. Elias (the ancient Taletum) 
 (about 7,900 feet). 
 
 Taylor(ta'lqr), Alfred. Born in Fairfax County, 
 Ya., May 23, 1810: died at Washington, D. C., 
 April 19, 1891. An American admiral. He was 
 appointed a midshipman in theUnitedStatesnavyin 1825 ; 
 commander in 1855 ; and rear-admiral in 1872. He served 
 in the blockade of Vera Cruz during the Mexican war ; ac- 
 companied Commodore Perry on his expedition to Japan 
 1853-54 ; and was attached to the Boston navy-yard during 
 the Civil War. He was retired in 1872. 
 
 Taylor, Bayard. Born at Kennett Square, 
 Chester County, Pa., Jan. 11, 1825: died at 
 Berlin, Dec. 19, 1878. An American poet, trav- 
 eler, writer of travels, translator, and novel- 
 ist. He was named after James A. Bayard, and in early 
 life sometimes signed himself “ J. Bayard Taylor. ” He was 
 apprenticed to a printer in 1842. He traveled on foot in 
 Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, France, etc., 
 1844^6, writing letters to American papers ; was connect- 
 ed with the New York “ Tribune," and its correspondent 
 in California 1849-50 ; and traveled in Egypt, Asia Minor, 
 Syria, and Europe 1851-52, and in Spain, India, China, and 
 Japan 1852-53, joining Perry's expedition in Japan. On his 
 return, having traveled more than fifty thousand miles, he 
 began his series of lectures. He traveled in Germany, 
 Norway, and Lapland in 1S55 ; traveled later in Greece, 
 etc.; was secretary of legation and chargA d’affaires at St. 
 Petersburg 1862-63 ; resided afterward on the Continent ; 
 visited Egypt and Iceland in 1874 ; and was appointed Unit- 
 ed States minister at Berlin 1878. His principal works are 
 “Ximena, etc.” (1844: poems), “Views Afoot” (1846), 
 "Rhymes of Travel ” (1849), “ Eldorado, or Adventures in 
 the Path of Empire” (1850), “Book of Romances, Lyrics, 
 and Songs ” (1851), “ A Journey to Central Africa ” (1854), 
 “ The Lands of the Saracen ” (1854), “ Poems and Ballads ” 
 (1854), “ A Visit to India, China, and Japan ” (1855), “ Poems 
 of the Orient” (1855), “ Poems of Home and Travel ” (1855), 
 “ Northern Travel ” (1857), “ Travels in Greece, etc." (1859), 
 “At Home and Abroad” (1859-62), “The Poet s Journal " 
 (1862), “Hannah Thurston " (1863: a novel), “John God- 
 frey’s Fortunes ” (1864), “ The Story of Kennett ” (1866), 
 “Colorado ” (1867), “Byways of Europe ” (1869), “Joseph 
 and his Friend ” (1870), “ The Masque of the Gods ” (1872), 
 “BeautyandtheBeast”(1872), “ Lars, etc.” (1873), “School 
 History of Germany to 1871 ’’ (1874), “ Egypt and Iceland ” 
 (1874), “The Prophet” (1874: a tragedy of Mormonism), 
 “ Home Pastorals ” (1875), “The Echo Club, and other Lit- 
 erary Diversions" (1876), “Boys of Other Countries" 
 (1876), “The National Ode” (1876), “Prince Deucalion" 
 (1878), “Studies in German Literature” (1879), “Critical 
 Essays, etc." (1880), and “Dramatic Works” (1880: with 
 notes by M. H. Taylor). He edited Tegner’s “ Frifhjofs 
 Saga" in 1867 (translated by Blackley), and translated 
 Goethe’s “ Faust ” in the original meters (1870-71). 
 
 Taylor, Benjamin Franklin. Born at Low- 
 ville, N. Y., July 19, 1819: died at Cleveland, 
 Ohio, Feb. 24, 1887. An American poet, mis- 
 cellaneous author, and war correspondent. He 
 wrote “ Pictures of Life in Camp and Field ” (1871), “ The 
 World on Wheels, etc.” (1874), “Song of Yesterday" (1877), 
 “Between the Gates ”(1878), “Summer Savory, etc. ’’(1879), 
 “Dulce Domum” (1884), “Theophilus Trent” (a novel, 
 1887), etc. His poems include “Isle of the Long Ago,” 
 “Rhymes of the River,” and “The Old Village Choir.” 
 Taylor, Brook. Born at Edmonton, England, 
 Aug. 18, 1685 : died at Somerset House, Dec. 
 29,1731. AnEnglish mathematician. He entered 
 St. John’s College, Cambridge, in 1701. In 1708 he solved 
 the problem of the center of oscillation (results pub- 
 lished later in “ Philosophical Transactions ”). His works 
 include “ Methodus incrementorum directa et inversa ” 
 (1715), “New Principles of Linear Perspective” (1719), 
 “Contemplatio Philosophica ’’ (1793). He is best known 
 as the discovererof “Taylor’s theorem.” 
 
 Taylor, Sir Henry. Born near Durham, Oct. 
 18, 1800: died at Bournemouth, March 27, 1886. 
 A noted English dramatic poet, statesman, and 
 critic. He went to London in 1823, and obtained an ap- 
 pointment in the colonial office in 1824, retiring in 1872. 
 He became editor of the “London Magazine ” in 1824, and 
 was made knight commander of the Order of St. Michael 
 and St. George in 1869. His chief dramas are “Isaac 
 Comnenus” (1827), “Philip van Artevelde ” (1834),“ Edwin 
 the Fair ’’ (1842), “ The Virgin Widow ” (1850). Among his 
 other works are “The Statesman ” (1836), “Notes from 
 Life ” (1817), “The Eve of the Conquest, and other Poems” 
 (1847), “Notes from Books" (1849). His autobiography 
 was published in 1885 ; his letters were edited by Edward 
 Dowden in 1880. 
 
 Taylor, Isaac. Born at Lavonham, Suffolk, 
 England, Aug. 17, 1787 : died at Stanford Riv- 
 
Taylor, Isaac 
 
 ers, Essex, England, June 28, 1865. An English 
 author. He studied art, but ultimately adopted litera- 
 ture as a profession. Among his works are “ Natural His- 
 tory of Enthusiasm ” (1829), “Saturday Evening" (1832), 
 “Natural History of Fanaticism " (1833), “Spiritual Des- 
 potism ” (1835), “Physical Theory of Another Life ” (1836), 
 “Ancient Christianity” (1839), “Restoration of Belief" 
 (1855), “ Spirit of Hebrew Poetry ” (1861), etc. 
 
 Taylor, Isaac, Born at Stanford Rivers, May 
 2, 1829 : died at Settrington, Oct. 18, 1901. An 
 English philologist and antiquarian, son of Isaac 
 Taylor (1787-1865). He studied at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, and, after holding benefices at Bethnal Green 
 and Twickenham, was rector of Settrington, Yorkshire, 
 1875-1901, and a canon of York 1885-1901. Among his works 
 are “Words and Places ” (1864), “The Alphabet: an Ac- 
 count of the Origin and Development of Letters ” (1883), 
 “Etruscan Researches” (1874), “ Greeics and Goths: a 
 Study on the Runes” (1879), “The Origin of the Aryans” 
 (1890), etc. 
 
 Taylor, Baron Isidore Justin Severin. Born 
 at Brussels, Aug. 15, 1789 : died at Paris, Sept. 
 8,1879. A French artist and author. He published 
 “ Voyages pittoresques et romantiques de l ancienne 
 France ” (1820-63), etc. 
 
 Taylor, Jane, Bom at London, Sept. 23, 1783: 
 died at Ongar, Essex, April 13, 1824. An English 
 poet and author. Conjointly with her sister Ann Taylor 
 she wrote “Original Poems for Infant Minds,” “ Hymns 
 for Infant Minds,” etc. Among her independent works 
 are “Display” (1815), “Essays in Rhyme on Morals and 
 Manners ” (1816), etc. 
 
 Taylor, Jeremy. Born at Cambridge, England 
 (baptized Aug. 15, 1613) : died at Lisburn, Ire- 
 land, Aug. 13, 1667. An English bishop and 
 celebrated theological writer. He was the son of a 
 barber, and was educated atCaius College, Cambridge, be- 
 ing elected a fellow of his college in 1613. He was after- 
 ward appoin t ed to a fellowship at All Souls, Oxford, by Arch- 
 bishop Laud. He became rector of Uppingham, in Rut- 
 landshire, in 1638. During the civil war he adhered to the 
 royal cause serving as chaplain to Charles I. He lost his 
 living in 1642, and supported himself by teaching. After 
 the Restoration he was made bishop of Down and Connor 
 and a member of the Irish privy council. His chief works 
 are “Liberty of Prophesying" (1646), “Life of Christ, or 
 the Great Exemplar” (1649), “Holy Living" (1650), “Holy 
 Dying ” (1651), “ Golden Grove ” (1655), “ Ductor Dubitan- 
 tium ” (1660), and “ Dissuasive from Popery ” (1661). His 
 collected works were edited by Heber in 1822. 
 
 Taylor, John. Born in Gloucestershire, 1580: 
 died at London, Dec., 1653. An English poet, 
 known as “ the Water Poet.” By occupation he 
 was a waterman, and afterward collector of wine duties 
 for the Tower lieutenant. At the outbreak of the 
 civil war he became a Royalist, and kept a tavern at Ox- 
 ford ; at the time of his death lie kept the Crown Tavern 
 in Phcenix Alley, Longacre, London. His writings are val- 
 uable illustrations of the manners of his age. He wrote 
 many poetical and prose works, first collected in 1630, which 
 were very popular. His complete works, comprising about 
 140 separate titles, were edited by Hindley in 1872. 
 
 Taylor, John. Born in England, Nov. 1, 1808: 
 died July 25, 1887. A Mormon missionary and 
 apostle. He emigrated to Toronto, Canada, in 1832 ; was 
 converted to the Mormon faith in 1836; became an apostle 
 in 1838 ; was with Joseph Smith during theattackon Car- 
 thage jail in 1844 ; succeeded Young as president of the 
 Mormon Church in 1877 ; and in 1880 became president of 
 the faction which sanctioned polygamy. 
 
 Taylor, Joseph. An English actor of the time 
 of Shakspere. He was the successor of Burbage in 
 Hamlet and Othello, and is supposed to have been the 
 original Iago. It is said that Shakspere personally in- 
 structed him to play Hamlet, and the remembrance of this 
 performance enabled Davenant to give the traditions of 
 Shakspere’s directions. 
 
 Taylor, Nathaniel William. Born at New Mil- 
 ford, Conn., July 23, 1786 : died at New Haven, 
 Conn., March 10, 1858. An American Congrega- 
 tional clergyman and theologian, leader of the 
 “ New Haven School of Theology” (also called 
 “ Taylorism”). He graduated at Yale in 1807; became 
 pastor of the First Congregational Church at New Haven in 
 1812 ; and was professor of theology at Yale 1822-58. He 
 wrote “ Practical Sermons ” (1858), “Lectures on Moral 
 Government” (1859), “Essays, Lectures, etc., on Select 
 Topics of Revealed Theology” (1859). 
 
 Taylor, Richard, often called Dick. Born at 
 New Orleans, Jan. 27, 1826: died at New York, 
 April 12, 1879. A Confederate general, son of 
 Zachary Taylor. He was a member of the Secession 
 Convention of Louisiana ; served under Jackson in the 
 Valley campaign and the Seven Days’ battles in 1862 ; later 
 was commander in Louisiana ; defeated Banks at Sabine 
 Cross Roads, and was defeated by him at Pleasant Hill, in 
 1864; commanded east of the Mississippi 1864-65 ; and sur- 
 rendered to General Canby May 4, 1865. He wrote “De- 
 struction and Reconstruction ” (1879). 
 
 Taylor, Samuel Harvey. Born at Derry, N. H., 
 Oct. 3, 1807 : died at Andover, Mass., Jan. 29, 
 1871. A noted American educator. He graduated 
 at Dartmouth College in 1832 and at Andover Theological 
 Seminary in 1837, and was principal of Phillips Academy, 
 Andover, Massachusetts, 1837-71. He prepared several 
 Greek and Latin text-books, and wrote “Method of Clas- 
 sical Study ” (1861). 
 
 Taylor, Thomas. Born at London, May 15, 
 1758: died Nov. 1, 1835. An English classical 
 scholar and miscellaneous author. He studied 
 three years at St. Paul's School, and afterward received 
 instruction from private teachers; was for a time a bank 
 
 082 
 
 clerk, and then a teacher in private schools ; and spent the 
 last forty years of his life in studious retirement. He mad 3 
 translations of Plato, Aristotle, Pausanias, and various 
 Neoplatonists. He is sometimes called “ the Platonist.” 
 Taylor, Tom. Born at Sunderland in 1817: 
 died at Wandsworth, July 12, 1880. An English 
 dramatist and art critic, editor of “ Punch” 
 from 1874 to 1880. He studied at Glasgow University 
 and at Trinity College, Cambridge, and for two years was 
 professor of English at University College, London. He 
 was called to the bar in 1846, and in 1854 was appointed 
 secretary of the board of health. lie wrote or adapted 
 over 100 plays, among whicli are “ Still Waters Run Deep,” 
 “Victims,” “An Unequal Match,” “The Overland Route,” 
 “The Contested Election," “Our American Cousin,” “To 
 Parents and Guardians,” “The Ticket-of-Leave Man,” 
 " Twixt Axe and Crown,” “Joan of Arc, Lady Clancarty,” 
 “Anne Boleyn," and, with Charles Reade, “Masks and 
 Faces,” “Two Loves and a Life," and “The King’s Rival.” 
 He wrote a life of Haydon, edited the “Autobiographical 
 Recoil ections ’’ of C. R. Leslie, and wrote “Leicester Square, 
 its Associations and its Worthies ” (1874), etc. 
 
 Taylor, William. Born in Rockbridge County, 
 Va., May 2, 1821: died at Palo Alto, Cal., May 
 18, 1902. An American missionary of theMeth- 
 odist Episcopal Church. He founded independent 
 missions to India and South America, and became a mis- 
 sionary bishop to Africa in 1884. He wrote “ Seven Years' 
 Street Preaching in San Francisco” (1856), “California 
 Life Illustrated ” (1858), “ Model Preacher” (I860), “Four 
 Years' Campaign iu Iudia ” (1875), etc. 
 
 Taylor, William Mackergo. Boru at Kilmar- 
 nock, Scotland, Oct. 23, 1829 : died at New 
 York, Feb. 8, 1895. A Scottish- American Pres- 
 byterian clergyman and author : pastor of the 
 Broadway Tabernacle (Congregational) in New 
 York city 1872, pastor emeritus 1892. Among 
 his works are “The Miracles” (1865), “David" (1875), 
 “ Elijah ” (1876), “ Ministry of the Word ” (1876), “ Peter ” 
 (1876), “Daniel ”(1878), “Moses "(1879), “ Gospel Miracles ’’ 
 (1880), “Paul" (1882), “John Knox” (1884), “Joseph" 
 (1887), “Parables of our Saviour ’’ (1886), etc. 
 
 Taylor, William Rogers. Born at Newport, 
 R. I., Nov. 7, 1811: died at Washington, D. C., 
 April 14, 1889. An American admiral, son of 
 W. V. Taylor. He entered the navy as a midshipman 
 in 1828 ; served in the Mexican war ; and during the Civil 
 War acted as fleet-captain under Dahlgren in the attack 
 on Morris Island in July, 1863. He was promoted rear- 
 admiral in 1871 and retired in 1873. 
 
 Taylor, William Vigneron. Born at Newport, 
 R. I., 1781: died there, Feb. 11, 1858. An 
 Americannaval officer. Heentered the United States 
 navy as a sailing-master in 1813 (having previously attained 
 the rank of captain in the merchant marine), and in the 
 same year served with distinction under Perry in the bat- 
 tle of Lake Erie. 
 
 Taylor, Zachary. Born in Orange County, Va., 
 Sept. 24, 1784: died at Washington, D. C., July 
 9, 1850. The twelfth President of the United 
 States. He entered the army as first lieutenant in 1808 ; 
 served in the War of 1812, attaining the rank of major; 
 defended Fort Harrison against the Indians in 1812 ; served 
 in Black Hawk’s war in 1832, with the rank of colonel ; de- 
 feated the Seminole Indians at Okeechobee in 1837, and 
 was brevetted brigadier-general ; and became commander- 
 in-chief in Florida in 1838. Later he commanded in the 
 Southwest. In 1845 he took command of the army in Texas. 
 He commanded in northern Mexico in the Mexican war ; 
 gained the battle of Palo Alto May 8, 1846, and that of 
 Resaca de la Palma May 9 ; took possession of Matamoros 
 May 18 ; captured Monterey Sept. 24 ; and defeated Santa 
 Anna at Buena Vista Feb. 22-23, 18' 7. He was appointed 
 major-general June 29, 1846. In 1848 he was elected as 
 Whig candidate to the presidency, and was inaugurated 
 March 4, 1849. 
 
 Taylorville (ta'lor-vil). The capital of Chris- 
 tian County, Illinois, situated on the South 
 Fork of the Sangamon, 26 miles southeast of 
 Springfield. Population, 5,446, (1910). 
 Tayronas (ti-ro'nas). An extinct tribe of In- 
 dians who occupied the mountaiu region of 
 Santa Marta, now in northern Colombia. They 
 were very brave and warlike, fighting the first Spanish in- 
 vaders with poisoned arrows. The Tayronas were per- 
 haps of Chibclia stock. Also written Taironas. 
 
 Taywah. See Tewa. 
 
 Taz Bay. An eastern arm of the Gulf of Obi. 
 Tazewell (taz'wel), Littleton Waller. Born 
 at Williamsburg, Va., Dec. 17, 1774: died at 
 Norfolk, Va., March 6, 1860. An American poli- 
 tician. He was member of Congress from Virginia 
 1800-01; United States commissioner under the Florida 
 treaty with Spain ; United States senator 1824-32 ; and 
 governor of Virginia 1834-36. 
 
 Tcawi (cha-we'), or Grand Pawnee (pa-ne'). 
 The leading tribe of the Pawnee Confederacy 
 of North American Indians. See Pawnee. 
 Tceme (clia-ma'), or Tceme Tunne (clia-ma' tu- 
 na'), sometimes called Yahshutes, or Joshua 
 Indians. [‘People at the mouth of the 
 stream.’] A tribe of the Pacific division of the 
 Athapascan stock of North American Indians. 
 Theyformerlylivedatthe mouth of RogueRivei, Oregon, but 
 are nowon the Siletzrese rvation, Oregon. See Athapascan. 
 
 Tcetlestcan Tunne (chet-les'chan tu-na'), or 
 Chetlessentun. [‘People among the big 
 rocks.’] A village of the Pacific division of 
 the Athapascan stock of North American In- 
 
 Tearless Battle 
 
 dians. Their habitat was formerly on the Pacific coast 
 of Oregon, below the mouth of Rogue River ; it is now on 
 the Siletz reservation, Oregon. See Athapascan. 
 
 Tchad, Lake. See Chad. 
 
 Tchadvr-Dagh (cha-der-dag'). [‘Tent moun- 
 tain.’] A mountain in the Crimea, south by 
 east of Simferopol : the ancient Trapezus Mons. 
 Height, 5,131 feet. 
 
 Tchai (chi). The Turkish word for ‘river’: com- 
 mon in geographical names. 
 
 Tchalabone. See Cholovone. 
 
 Tchatal-Dagh (cha-tal-dag'). A range of the 
 Balkans in Eastern Rumelia, Bulgaria, situated 
 near Sliven. 
 
 Tcheliuskin, Cape. See Severo, Cape. 
 Tchernaya (char'ni-a). A small river in the 
 Crimea, which flows into the Black Sea near 
 Sebastopol. On its banks, Aug. 16, 1855, the al- 
 lies repelled an attack by the Russians. 
 Tchernigoff (eher-ne-gof'). A government of 
 Russia, surrounded by the governments of Mo- 
 ghileff, Smolensk, Orel, Kursk, Poltava, Kieff, 
 and Minsk. It lies in the basin of the Dnieper, which 
 forms part of its boundary. Area, 20,232 square miles. 
 Population, 2,858,100. Also Chernigoff. 
 
 Tchernigoff. The capital of the government of 
 Tchernigoff, situated on the Desna in lat. 51° 
 30' N. : one of the oldest towns in Russia. Pop- 
 ulation, 27,716. > 
 
 Tchernigoff, Principality of. A medieval prin- 
 cipality in central Russia. It was acquired by 
 Lithuania under Gedimin (1315-40). 
 Tchernyshevsky (cher-ne-shef'ske), Nikolai. 
 Born at Saratoff, 1828 : died there, Oct. 29, 1889. 
 A Russian historical and political writer and 
 novelist, exiled to eastern Siberia as a Nihilist : 
 well known from his “tendency” novel “What 
 is to be Done?” (1867). 
 
 Tcheskaya (ehes'ka-ya), Gulf of. A gulf in 
 the north of Russia, in the government of Arch- 
 angel. 
 
 Tchesme, or Chesme (ches'me). A small port 
 on the western coast of Asia Minor, opposite 
 Chios and west of Smyrna. Near it, July, 1770, the 
 Russian fleet under Orloif, aided by Rear-Admiral John 
 Elpliinstoue and Sir Samuel (later Admiral) Greig, nearly 
 annihilated the Turkish fleet. The Turkish vessels were 
 burned by the enemy during the night. 
 
 Tchishi (che'she). The Warm Springs Apaches : 
 so named because they formerly lived at Aguas 
 Calientes, or Hot Springs, New Mexico. Their 
 chief, Victoria or Cochise, was killed in 1881. 
 See Apaches. 
 
 Tchita, or Chita (che'ta). The capital of Trans- 
 baikalia, Siberia, situated near the junction of 
 the Tchita and Ingoda, 410 miles east of Ir- 
 kutsk. It is a trading center for Eastern Si- 
 beria. Population, 16,627. 
 
 Tchitimacha. See Chitimachan. 
 
 Tcholovone. See Cholovone. 
 
 Tchu (eho). A river in Russian Central Asia 
 which rises in the Thian-Shan Mountains and 
 is lost in the sands. It was formerly a tribu- 
 tary of the Sir-Daria. Length, about 600 miles. 
 Tchuktches (chok'chez). A people dwelling 
 in the northeastern extremity of Siberia, near 
 the Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea: allied to the 
 Koryakes. 
 
 Tchusovaya (cho-so' va-ya). A river in the 
 government of Perm, eastern Russia, which 
 joins the Kama northeast of Perm. Length, 
 300-400 miles. 
 
 Tchuvashes (cho-vash'ez). A people in east- 
 ern Russia, livingmainly near the Volga: prob- 
 ably of mixed Finnic and Tatar origin. Their 
 number is estimated at about 600,000. 
 
 Tciwere (che'wa-ra). [An Oto term meaning 
 ‘autochthon.’] A division of the Siouan stock 
 of North American Indians, composed of three 
 tribes: the Iowa, Oto, and Missouri. Their 
 number is about 600 : most of them are in Okla- 
 homa. See Siouan. 
 
 Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. A didac- 
 tic work for use in the early church, discovered 
 by the metropolitan Bryennius at Constanti- 
 nople, and published in 1883: date and author 
 unsettled. 
 
 Teague (teg). [So called from the former prev- 
 alence of Teague as an Irish name.] A nick- 
 name for an Irishman. 
 
 Teague (teg). A character in Howard’s play 
 “The Committee.” He is a faithful Irishman, a char- 
 acter said by Dibdin to have been copied from Howard s 
 own Irish servant. “ Teague ” became a half-contemptu- 
 ous name for an Irishman in the 17th-century plays and 
 novels : it appears in the famous ballad “Lillibullero.” 
 
 Teapi, or Teapy. See Easter Island. 
 
 Tearless Battle. A battle, 367 b. c., between 
 the allied Arcadians and Argives on one side 
 
Tearless Battle 
 
 and the Spartans on the other : so called from 
 the immunity from loss of the Spartans. 
 Tearsheet (tar'shet), Doll. A disreputable 
 character in the second part of Shakspere’s 
 “Henry IV.” 
 
 Tears of the Muses. A poem by Edmund 
 Spenser. 
 
 Tea Water Spring. A famous spring in New 
 York, which issued from the ground in a hollow 
 near what is now the junction of Chatham and 
 Roosevelt streets, then out of town. The water 
 was the best on the island of Manhattan about the begin- 
 ning of the 18th century, and was highly prized by house- 
 wives for making tea. Before the Revolution the old 
 spring was a popular resort. A pump was erected, orna- 
 mental grounds were laid out, and the wealth and fashion 
 of the city gathered there on summer evenings to sip the 
 water, fortified by other beverages. 
 
 Teazle (te'zl), Lady. A gay and innocent but 
 imprudent country-bred girl in Sheridan’s 
 “School for Scandal.” Married to an old man, she 
 plunges into the temptations of town life. Mrs. Abing- 
 ton, the creator of the part made her an entirely affected 
 fine lady, giving no hint of her rustic origin. Mrs. Jordan 
 was the first who allowed a trace of country breeding to 
 be visible through the glitter of her artificial town manner. 
 
 When the veterans in the art of scandal are joined by a 
 brilliant and mischievous recruit in the shape of Lady 
 Teazle, rushing in amongst them in pure gaite dw cceur, 
 the energy of her young onslaught outdoes them all. The 
 talk has never been so brilliant, never so pitiless, as when 
 she joins them. She adds the gift of mimicry to all their 
 malice. Mrs. Oliphant, Sheridan. 
 
 Teazle, Sir Peter. The husband of Lady Teazle 
 in Sheridan’s “ School for Scandal.” He is “some- 
 thing of a curmudgeon ” in the first act, but improves on 
 acquaintance, and secures the affection of his young wife 
 at the crisis of the play. 
 
 Teb, El. See El Tcb. 
 
 Tebessa (ta-bes'sji). A town in the province 
 of Constantine, Algeria, 108 miles southeastof 
 Constantion : the ancient Thereste. it has im- 
 portant Roman antiquities, including: ( a ) A Roman ba- 
 silica, in plan 71 by 212 feet, with nave and two aisles, and 
 a semicircular apse at the further end. The basilica 
 is preceded by an atrium, or open court, surrounded by 
 arcades. The building stands in a large walled inclosure 
 of later date, strengthened by towers. The structure is 
 assigned to the beginning of the 2d century A. D., and 
 though it served long as a Christian church, underwent 
 but little alteration. ( b ) A temple of Jupiter: a prostyle, 
 tetrastyle, Corinthian building, measuring 26 by 45 feet, on 
 a basement 12 feet high, with a fine flight of steps in front, 
 (c) A triumphal arch of Caracalla: a four-way arch like that 
 of Janus Quadrifrons at Rome and the Roman arch at 
 Tripoli. It is shown by inscriptions to have been founded 
 about 211 A. D. 
 
 Tebeth (te-bet'). [Heb.; in Assyrian tebetu, in- 
 terpreted to signify ‘the muddy month.’] The 
 tenth ecclesiastical and the fourth civil month 
 in the Hebrew year, corresponding to February- 
 March (Esther ii. 16). 
 
 Tebris, or Tebriz. See Tabriz. 
 
 Tecbe (tesh), Bayou. A river in southern 
 Louisiana which flows into the lower Atcha- 
 falaya. Length, about 175 miles ; navigable to 
 St. Martinsville. 
 
 Teck (tek). A small medieval duchy in Swabia, 
 now belonging to Wiirtemberg. 
 
 Tecpan (tak-pan'). An old province of Mexico, 
 established by Morelos in 1811 as a revolution- 
 ary measure, but retained after the indepen- 
 dence. It corresponded, nearly, to the state 
 of Guerrero, which was formed from it in 1847. 
 Tecpanecs. See Tepanccs. 
 
 Tecumseh (te-kum'se). Born near the site 
 of Springfield, Ohio, about 1768: killed in the 
 battle of the Thames, Canada, Oct. 5, 1813. A 
 chief of the Shawnee Indians. He aided his bro- 
 ther (“ the Prophet") in his attempt to unite the western 
 Indian? against the whites, and was an important ally of 
 the British in the War of 1812. He served at the Raisin 
 River and at Maguaga ; commanded an Indian contingent 
 at the siege of Fort Meigs ; and commanded the right wing 
 at the battle of the Thames. 
 
 Tecumseh. A township in Lenawee County, 
 Michigan, situated on the Raisin River 41 miles 
 west-southwest of Detroit. Population, 2,763; 
 village, 2,332, (1910). 
 
 Tecumseh. An iron-clad vessel, a single-tur- 
 reted monitor, of the United States navy. 
 It was one of Admiral Farragut’s fleet in the attack on Mo- 
 bile, Alabama ; was commanded by Captain Craven ; and 
 was sunk by a torpedo in Mobile Bay Aug. 5, 1864. 
 
 Tecunas. See Tueunas and Jumanas. 
 Teddington (ted'ing-ton). A village in Middle- 
 sex, England, situated near the Thames 12 
 miles west-southwest of London. Population, 
 14,037. 
 
 Te Deum (te de'um). [So called from the first 
 words, “ Te Dcum laudamus,” ‘Thee, God, we 
 praise.’] An ancient hymn, in the form of a 
 psalm, sung at matins or morning prayer in the 
 Roman Catholic and in the Anglican churches, 
 and also separately as a service of thanksgiving 
 on special occasions. The Te Deum is first men- 
 
 983 
 
 tioned early in the 6th century. Its authorship is popu- 
 larly attributed to St. Ambrose and St. Augustine, but it 
 probably assumed nearly its present form in the 4th cen- 
 tury, during the Arian and Macedonian controversies, 
 though in substance it seems to be still older, St. Cyprian 
 in A. D. 252 using words closely similar to the seventh, 
 eighth, and ninth verses, and several of the latter verses 
 (“Day by day," etc.) agreeing with part of an ancient 
 Greek hymn, preserved in the Alexandrine Codex, the be- 
 ginning of which is a form of the Gloria in Excelsis. Origi- 
 nally it was modeled on the preface and great intercession 
 of a primitive liturgy, probably African, of the type of the 
 liturgy of St. James. Also, more fully, TeDeum Laudamus. 
 Tees (tez). A river in northern England which 
 forms the boundary between York and Durham. 
 It flows into the North Sea. Length, 70 miles ; 
 navigable for small vessels to Stockton. 
 Teewah. See Tigua. 
 
 Teffe(tef-fa'). A southern tributary of the Ama- 
 zon, which it joins about long. 64° 40' W. 
 Teffe, formerly Ega (a'ga). A town of the 
 state of Amazonas, Brazil, on a lake at the 
 mouth of the river Teffe. It was originally a. Tesuit 
 mission, and is now the chief commercial town between 
 Manaoa and Tabatinga. Population, municipio, 12,745. 
 Tegea (te'je-a). [Gr. Tryta.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a city in Arcadia, Greece, in lac. 37° 28' 
 N., long. 22° 26' E. Itfoughtinthebattle of Plata;a479 
 B. c., and sided with Sparta in the Peloponnesian and Corin- 
 thian wars ; was later a member of the Arcadian Confeder- 
 acy; fought against Sparta at Mantinea 302 B. c.; andwaha 
 member of the JCtolian and Acliaran leagues. It contained 
 a famous temple of Athene Alea, burned about 394 B. c., and 
 restored by Scopas. It was a Doric peripteros of 6 by 13 
 columns, measuring 72 by 154 feet. The columns within the 
 cella were Ionic and Corinthian. The sculptures of the 
 eastern pediment represented the slaying of the Caly- 
 donian boar ; those of the western, the combat of Telephus 
 and Achilles. 
 
 Tegel (ta'gel). A village and popular resort, 
 situated on the Tegeler See 7 miles northwest 
 of Berlin. 
 
 Tegernsee (ta'gem-za). A lake in Upper Bava- 
 ria, situated near the Alps 29 miles south of 
 Munich: noted for its beautiful scenery. Its 
 outlet is by the Mangfall to the Inn. Length, 
 nearly 4 miles. Elevation 2,400 feet. 
 Tegetthoff (te'get-hof), Baron Wilhelm von. 
 Born at Marburg, Styria, Dec. 23, 1827 : died 
 at Vienna, April 7, 1871. An Austrian admiral. 
 
 He commanded the Austrian contingent in the allied naval 
 victory over the Danes near Helgoland May 9, 1864 ; and 
 is especially noted for his victory near Lissa over the 
 Italian fleet under Persano, July 20, 1866. 
 
 Tegner (teng-nar' ), Esaias. Born in Kyrkerud, 
 in Wermland, Sweden, Nov. 13, 1782: died at 
 Wexio, Nov. 2, 1846. A Swedish poet He was 
 the son of a clergyman : both parents were from the peas- 
 ant class. He was in his tenth year when his father died 
 and left the family in extremely poor circumstances. 
 Friends enabled him to obtain his early education, and in 
 1799 lie went as a student to Lund. The following year, 
 from lack of means to continue his studies, he became a 
 tutor in SmMand, but subsequently returned to Lund, 
 where he finally took his examination in 1802. In 1803 
 he was appointed docent in esthetics; ten years later 
 he was made professor of Greek and prebendary. In 1824 
 he was elected bishop of Wexio. Subsequently he was 
 afflicted with a hereditary mental disease, and from the 
 autumn of 1840 until the following spring he was in an 
 asylum in Schleswig. He then resumed the duties of his 
 office, but never recovered his health. His literary career 
 began in 1808 with the “ Krigss&ng for det Skanska landt- 
 varnet” (“ War Song for the Militia of Scania "). In 1811 
 he was awarded the prize of the Academy for the long poem 
 “ Svea ” (the poetical name of Sweden). The idyl “ Natt- 
 vardsbarnen ” (“The Children of the Lord’s Supper”) ap- 
 peared in 1820 ; this was followed two years later by the 
 narrative poem “Axel.” In 1825 appeared in its complete 
 foim the cycle of romances, based upon the Old Norse saga 
 of thesame name, the “Frithjofs Saga,” his most celebrated 
 work and one of the most famous in Scandinavian liter- 
 ature. He wrote numerous shorter poems, among them 
 “ KarlXII." (“Charles XII.’’) and “Sfing til solen"(“ Hymn 
 to the Sun”). The longer poems “Gerda” and “Kruw- 
 bruden ” were left unfinished. His last poem, written a 
 short time before his death, is “ Afsked til min lyra” 
 (“Farewell to My Lyre”). He was the principal poet of the 
 so-called Gothic school. His collected works were pub- 
 lished at Stockholm, 1876, in 2 vols. His posthumous works 
 appeared at Stockholm, 1873-74. in 3 vols. 
 
 Tegnum (teg'num). See the extract. 
 
 His [Galen’sl greatest medical works were the treatise, 
 in seventeen books," on the use of the parts of the human 
 body ”; the essay “on the art of medicine,” which was the 
 text-book and chief subject of examination for medical 
 students : a the middle ages, when it was known in barbar- 
 ous Latin as the Tegnum or Microtegnum ( Microtechnum ) 
 of Galen; the fourteen books “on therapeutic method,’ 
 known in the middle ages as his Megalotegnum, in which 
 he defends his own dogmatic or Hippocrat ic system against 
 the Empirics and Methodics; the ten books “on the com- 
 position of medicines according to the places,” which con- 
 tained the pharmacopoeia of Archigenes. and which is a 
 text-book with the Arabic physicians under the name Mi- 
 ramir. or ‘ the bonk of ten treatises.’ 
 
 K. O. Muller, Hist, of the Lit. of Anc. Greece, ITT. 274. 
 
 [(Donaldson.) 
 
 Tegua. See Tew a. 
 
 Tegucigalpa (ta-go-the-giil'pa). The capital 
 (since 1880) of Honduras, Central America, 
 about lat. 14° 10' N. It contains a cathedral 
 and a university. Population, 34,692. 
 
 Telamon 
 
 Tehama (ta-ha'ma). A comparatively low-lying 
 region on the western coast of Arabia. 
 Teheran (teh-e-ran'), or Tehran (teh-ran'). 
 The capital of Persia, situated about lat. 35° 
 41' N., long. 51° 25' E. It became the royal 
 residence about the end of the 18th century. 
 Population, estimated, 280,000. 
 
 Tehri (teh-re'). A native state in the Hima- 
 layas, India, intersected by lat. 31° N., long. 
 79° E. Area, 4,200 square miles. Population, 
 268,885. 
 
 Tehua. See Tewa. 
 
 Tehuacan (ta-wa-kan'). A town in the state 
 of Puebla, Mexico, 125 miles east-southeast of 
 Mexico. Population, 7,139. 
 
 Tehuantepec (ta-wan-ta-pek'). A town in the 
 southeastern part of the state of Oajaca, Mex- 
 ico, on the Tehuantepec River, 13 miles from 
 its mouth in the Pacific. It was an ancient 
 settlement. At the time of the Spanish con- 
 quest it belonged to a branch of the Zapotecs ; 
 its chief, Cociyopu, submitted to the Spaniards 
 in 1522. Population, 10,386. 
 
 Tehuantepec, Gulf of. An arm of the Pacific 
 Ocean, on the southern coast of Mexico at the 
 Isthmus of Tehuantepec. 
 
 Tehuantepec, Isthmus of. An isthmus in 
 southeastern Mexico, between the Bay of Cam- 
 peche on the north and the Gulf of Tehuante- 
 pec on the south. Width at the narrowest part, 
 about 120 miles. The mountain lands are here some- 
 what interrupted, and there are several passes below 900 
 feet. The Tehuantepec Railway, connecting the parts of 
 Coatzacoalcos and Salina Cruz, was opened Jan. 23, 1907. A 
 canal and a ship-railway have been projected. 
 
 Tehuelches. See Patagonians. 
 
 Teian (te'an) Muse, The. A name given to 
 Anacreon, from his birthplace in Teos, Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 Teifi, or Teify, or Tivy (ti've). A river in Wales 
 which flows into Cardigan Bay below Cardigan. 
 Length, about 60 miles. 
 
 Teign, or Teigne (tan). A small river in Devon- 
 shire, England, which flows into the English 
 Channel at Teignmouth. 
 
 Teignmouth (tan'muth). A seaport and water- 
 ing-place in Devonshire, England, situated at 
 the entrance of the Teign into the English Chan- 
 nel, 13 miles south of Exeter. Population, 
 8,636. 
 
 Teith (teth). A small river chiefly in Perth- 
 shire, Scotland, which joins the Forth near 
 Stirling. 
 
 Teixeira (ta-sha'ra), Pedro. Born in Portugal 
 about 1575: died at Para, Brazil, .June 4, 1640. 
 A Portuguese soldier. He served in Brazil, taking 
 part in the recovery of Maranhao from the Fren. h 1614, 
 and the founding of Pari 1615. In 1620-21 he was governor 
 of Pari. In 16.'. 7 he was placed in command of a power- 
 ful expedition which ascended the Amazon and Napo and 
 crossed the mountains to Quito, returning by the same 
 route and arriving at Pari Dec. 12, 1639. This was the 
 first careful exploration of the Amazon, and had impor- 
 tant results: an account of it was published byAcufia. 
 (-!ee that name.) Teixeira was again governor of Pari 
 from Feb. 28, 1640, until a few days before his death. Often 
 written Texeira or Texeyra. 
 
 Teja (te'ja), or Tejas (te'jas). Killed Sept., 553. 
 The last king of the East Goths in Italy, suc- 
 cessor to Totila July, 553. He was slain in 
 the battle on Mount Lactarius. 
 
 Tejada, Lerdo de. See Lcrdo de Tejada. 
 
 Tejal (ta-yal' or te'jal). [Ar. tali yah . ] An 
 Arabic name, of uncertain meaning, for the two 
 stars y and g Geminorutn. The former, a double 
 variable star, usually of the fourth magnitude, is Tejal 
 prior, and the latter, of the third magnitude, is Tejal post. 
 The first-named star is also known as Propus (which see). 
 Tejano. See Coahuiltecan. 
 
 Tejend (te-jeud'). The name given to the lower 
 course of the river Heri-Rud, partly on the 
 boundary between Persia and Asiatic Russia. 
 Tejo. The Portuguese name of the Tagus. 
 Tekele. See Takala. 
 
 Tekes (tek'es). A head stream of the river Hi. 
 Tekke-Turcomans (tek'ke-ter'ko-manz). A 
 race of Tatar nomads in central Asia, on the 
 frontiers of Persia, Afghanistan, and Asiatic 
 Russia. Their power was broken by the Russians under 
 Skobeleff at Geok-Tepe in 1881. Merv was taken by the 
 Russians in 1884. 
 
 Tekna (tek'na). A region south of Morocco. 
 Tel-Abib (tel-ii'beb). [In the Assyrian inscrip- 
 tions Tel Abubi, hill of the deluge.] A city on 
 the canal of Kebar, in Babylonia, where many 
 of the Jewish exiles were settled, amongst whom 
 was the prophet Ezekiel. 
 
 Telamon (tel'a-mon). In Greek legend, son of 
 .zEacus, brother of Peleus, and father of Ajax. 
 
Telamon 
 
 He took part in the Calydonian hunt and the Argonautic 
 expedition, and accompanied Hercules against Laomedon 
 of Troy. 
 
 Telamon. In ancient geography, a place on the 
 coast of Etruria, Italy, about 76 miles north- 
 west of Rome. Near here, in 225 B. c., the 
 Romans nearly annihilated an army of Gauls. 
 Telde (tel'da). A town in the island of Gran 
 Canaria, Canary Islands. 
 
 Tel- (or Tell-) Defenneh (tel-da-fen'ne). See 
 the extract. 
 
 Tell Defenneh is a large mound, or group of mounds, 
 situated close to Lake Menzaleh, at the extreme northeast- 
 ern comer of the Delta ; and the name of this group of 
 mounds, “ Defenneh," is a corrupt Arab version of “Daph- 
 nae," the “Daplinse of Pelusium ” of the Greek histori- 
 ans. The identity of Defenneh and Daphna; has never 
 been questioned by scholars, and the identity of both 
 with the Biblical Tahpanhes has also been admitted by 
 the majority of Bible commentators. Here Mr. Petrie 
 discovered the ruins of “Pharaoh’s House at Tahpanhes.” 
 Edwards, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 58. 
 
 Telegonia (tel-e-go'ni-a), or Lay of Telegonus. 
 
 A cyclic poem by Eugamon of Cyrene (about 
 566 B. C.). It was a continuation of the Odyssey, and 
 was named from its hero Telegonus, son of Odysseus 
 and Circe, who slew his father. The poem completed the 
 “Trojan cycle.” 
 
 Telegonus (te-leg'o-nus). [Gr. Ty/Jyovor.] In 
 Greek legend: (a) A son of Proteus, slain by 
 Hercules, (b) A son of Odysseus and Circe. 
 He was sent by his mother to Ithaca, where he killed Odys- 
 seus and whence he returned to Circe with Telemachus 
 and Penelope: the latter he married. He was said to have 
 been the founder of Tusculum and Prseneste. 
 
 Tel- (or Tell-) el-Amarna (tel -el -a -marina). 
 The ruins of a residence of Amenophis IV., in 
 cen tral Egypt. In the winter of 1S87-88 there were dis- 
 covered there about three hundred clay tablets covered 
 with cuneiform inscriptions which have since been deci- 
 phered : they contain the diplomatic correspondence of 
 kings of Babylonia, Assyria, and other countries of west- 
 ern Asia, including Palestine, with the Egyptian court. 
 Tel- (or Tell-)el-Kebir(tel-el-ke-ber'). Avillage 
 in Lower Egypt, situated on the Freshwater 
 Canal about 50 miles northeast of Cairo. Here, 
 Sept. 13, 1882, the British under Wolseley defeated the 
 Egyptian insurgents under Arabi Pasha : loss of the lat- 
 ter, about 3,000. The surrender of Arabi Pasha followed. 
 
 Telemachus (te-lem'a-kus). [Gr. Tt/Ttifiaxog.'] 
 In Greek legend, the son of Odysseus and Pe- 
 nelope. He visited Pylos (attended by Athene in the 
 guise of Mentor) and Sparta, in search of his father, and 
 joined the latter, on his return to Ithaca, in slaying the 
 suitors of Penelope. 
 
 Telemachus. An Asiatic monk, famous for his 
 attempt in 404 to stop the gladiatorial shows. 
 He sprang into the arena and endeavored to separate the 
 gladiators, but was stoned to death by the spectators. He 
 was proclaimed a martyr by the emperor Honorius; and 
 his act and death led to the abolition of the exhibitions. 
 
 Telemaque (ta-la-mak'), Aventures de. [F., 
 ‘Adventures of Telemachus.’] A romance by 
 Fenelon, published in 1699. It is founded on the 
 legendary history of Telemachus, and is one of the classics 
 of French literature. 
 
 Though the beautiful fiction of Telemachus, which has 
 much in common with, and was doubtless suggested to 
 FCnelon by the Argenis, be rather an epic poem in prose 
 than a romance, it seems to have led the way to several 
 political romances, or, at least, to have nourished a taste 
 for this species of composition. 
 
 Dunlop , Hist, of Prose Fict., II. 348. 
 
 Telemarken (ta-la-mar'ken). A mountainous 
 and picturesque region in the amt of Bratsberg, 
 southern Norway. 
 
 Telephus (tel'e-fus). [Gr. T^/U^of.] In Greek 
 legend, the son of Hercules and Auge: king of 
 Mysia at the time of the Greek expedition 
 against Troy. 
 
 Telescope, The. See Telescopium. 
 
 Telescope (tel'e-skop) Mountains. A moun- 
 tain group in eastern California, east of Owen’s 
 Lake and west of Death Valley. 
 Telescopium(tel-e-sko , pi-um). Asoutherncon- 
 stellation, introduced by Lacaille in 1752. it 
 contains one star of the fourth magnitude. Telescopium 
 Herschelii is a constellation inserted by the Abbe Hell in 
 1789 between Lynx, Auriga, and Gemini. It is obsolete. 
 
 Telford (tel'ford), Thomas. Born at Eskdale, 
 Dumfriesshire, Aug. 9, 1757: died at Westmin- 
 ster, Sept. 2, 1834. A Scottish civil engineer. He 
 built the bridge across the Severn at Montford in 1792 ; 
 was engineer of the Ellesmere Canal (1793), the Caledonian 
 Canal (1802), the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal (1818), and 
 the Grand Trunk Canal (1822); and in 1810 superintended 
 the construction of the Gotha Canal, Sweden. From 1803 
 he superintended the construction of nearly 1,000 miles of 
 road in the Highlands of Scotland, and afterward con- 
 structed lines of road through North Wales, surmounting 
 great natural difficulties. The most notable parts of this 
 undertaking were the erection of the Menai suspension- 
 bridge and the Conway bridge. He built the road from 
 Warsaw to Brest-Sitovski in Poland. He improved the 
 harbors of Aberdeen and Dundee, afid built St. Cath- 
 erine’s docks in London. In 1828-30 he drained nearly 
 50,000 acres of the Fen country. The Telford pavement 
 was his invention. 
 
 Tell (tel), The. That part of Algeria which 
 
 984 
 
 lies along the coast of the Mediterranean, and 
 comprises the cultivated land. The name is 
 extended to include the similarly placed regions 
 of Morocco and Tunis. 
 
 Tell (tel), William. One of the legendary heroes 
 of Switzerland in the struggle for independence 
 of the cantons Schwyz, Uri, and Unterwalden 
 with Albrecht of Austria (the German emperor 
 Albrecht I. ) . The story, in its familiar form, is that Tell, 
 who was the head of the independent confederates, hav- 
 ing refused to salute the cap which Gessler, the Austrian 
 governor, had placed for that purpose in the market place 
 of Altorf, was ordered to place an apple on the head of his 
 little son and shoot it off. He did so, and revealed another 
 arrow with which he had intended to shoot Gessler if he 
 had killed his son. He was taken across the lake by Gessler 
 to Kussnacht Castle to be eaten alive by reptiles ; but, a 
 storm coming up, he shot the governor, escaped, and after- 
 ward liberated his country. The Tell legend in its Swiss 
 form appears for the first time in a chronicle, written be- 
 tween 1467 and 1476, contained in a manuscript known as 
 the ‘ ‘ White Book of Sarmen, ” which places the events after 
 the accession of Rudolf to the empire in 1273. It is also 
 found in the “ Chronicle "of Melchior Buss of Lucerne, who 
 began to write in 1482. The principal source, however, of 
 the life and deeds of Tell is the “Chronicon Helveticum ” 
 ("Swiss Chronicle") of 45gidius Tschudi (1505-72), where 
 the year 1307 is given as the date of the Tell incident. 
 Based principally upon Tschudi is Schiller’s drama “Wil- 
 helm Tell ”(1804), which closely follows the episode as re- 
 lated by the Swiss chronicler, and even incorporates some 
 of the speeches word for word. The legend of William 
 Tell is in its ultimate origin a Germanic myth. The earli- 
 est extant version of this story of the apple is contained 
 in the Old Norse Vilkina Saga, from the 13th century, 
 whose material, however, according to its own account, 
 was derived from German sources. The story of the fa- 
 mous shot of the archer Eigil is here related with circum- 
 stantiality of detail. At the command of King Nidung 
 an apple is placed upon the head of the three-year-old son 
 of Eigil, who is then made to shoot, and strikes it, directly 
 in the middle, with his first arrow. When asked why he 
 had taken two other arrows when only one shot was 
 allowed, he replied boldly, “In order to shoot the king if 
 I had injured the child.” Another version of the legend 
 is found in Saxo Grammaticus, who wrote his “ Historia 
 Danica ” early in the 13th century. The apple-shot is also 
 told in English territory of William of Cloudesley. The 
 Swiss story of William Tell is simply a localization of the 
 legend, which was, apparently, once common Germanic 
 property. 
 
 Tell-el-Amama. See Tel-el-Amarna, 
 
 Tell-el-Kebir. See Tel-el-Kebir. 
 
 Teller (tel'er), Henry Moore. Bom at Granger, 
 Alleghany County, N. Y., May 23, 1830. An 
 American lawyer and Republican politician. 
 He was United States senator from Colorado 1876-52 ; sec- 
 retary of the interior 1882-85 ; and United States senator 
 from Colorado 1885-1909. 
 
 Tellez (tel'yeth), Gabriel: pseudonym Tirso 
 de Molina. Born at Madrid about 1570: died 
 in the convent of Soria, 1648. A noted Span- 
 ish dramatist. He entered the church before 1613, and 
 became the head of the convent of Soria. Five volumes 
 of his plays were published underhis pseudonym between 
 1616 and 1636 : among these the best-known out of Spain 
 is “El Burlador de Sevilla” (“The Seville Deceiver”), 
 “the earliest distinct exhibition of that Don Juan who is 
 now seen on every stage in Europe.” In Spain “Don Gil 
 de las Cabas Verdes ’’(“Don Gil in the Green Panta- 
 loons”) is the favorite. Among his other plays may be 
 mentioned “ Vergonzoso en Palacio ” (“ A Bashful Man at 
 Court”)," La Lealtad contra la Envidia,” “ For el Sotano y 
 el Torno,” and “Escarmientos para Cuerdos.” He pub- 
 lished in 1624 “Cigarrales de Toledo,” an account of en- 
 tertainments given by a wedding party at a cigarral or 
 small country house resorted to for recreation in summer. 
 These were stories told, plays acted, poetry recited, etc., 
 a theatrical framework being used to connect the sepa- 
 rate parts instead of the narrative adopted by Boccaccio 
 in the “ Decamerone,” from which the idea was taken. 
 This style was soon imitated by other authors. Tirso 
 published another of a graver tone, “Pleasure and Profit,” 
 in 1635. 
 
 Tellez y Giron (tel-yeth' e He-ron'), Pedro, 
 Duke of Osuna (or Ossuna). Bom at Valla- 
 dolid, Spain, 1579: died 1624. A Spanish states- 
 man, viceroy of Sicily 1611-15, and of Naples 
 1616-20. 
 
 Tellicherri, or Tellicherry (tel-i-cher'i). A 
 seaport in the Malabar district, Madras, British 
 India, situated on the Arabian Sea in lat. 11° 
 45' N., long. 75° 29' E. It has considerable 
 trade. Population, 27,883. 
 
 Tello, or Tel-loh (tel-lo'). A site in Chaldea 
 excavated by De Sarzec between 1877 and 1881. 
 These explorations have shed a new light upon the de- 
 velopment of Mesopotamian art by supplying a series of 
 very ancient monuments of architecture and sculpture 
 which can be dated. The site is believed to be the an- 
 cient Sirpulla. Its remains form a number of the low 
 mounds produced by the degradation of Mesopotamian 
 platforms and buildings in unburned brick, spread over a 
 space nearly 5 miles long. The sculpture which is more 
 direct in spirit and more lifelike than that of the later 
 Babylonian and Assyrian art, reached its best period about 
 2500 B. c.; but much that is older and more primitive has 
 been found. The architecture already exhibits the later 
 types, though in simpler form. The chief portable re- 
 mains are in the Louvre. 
 
 Tellsplatte (telz-pliit'te). [G.,‘Tell’s slab.’] A 
 stone on the Axenberg, north of Fliielen, on the 
 eastern bank of the Lake of Lucerne, where 
 
 Tempest, The 
 
 William Tell, according to the legend, sprang 
 out of Gessler’s boat. 
 
 Tellus (tel'us). [L., ‘earth.’] In Roman my- 
 thology, a goddess, the personification of the 
 earth. 
 
 Telmessus (tel-mes'us). In ancient geography, 
 a town on the coast of Lycia, Asia Minor, in 
 lat. 36° 36' N., long. 29° 10' E., on the site of 
 the modem village of Makri. Among the impor- 
 tant antiquities on its site is an ancient theater, well pre- 
 served and of good style. The cavea is semicircular, with 
 one precinction : its diameter is 254 feet, that of the or- 
 chestra 92._ The stage structure measures 141 by 40 feet. 
 Teman (te'man). [‘ South,’ properly ‘the coun- 
 try to the right.’] The southern district and 
 people of Edom (Idumea) : from Teman, the 
 grandson of Esau (Gen. xxxvi. 11-15). 
 
 Teme (tern). A river on the boundary between 
 Wales and England, and - in western England, 
 which joins the Severn 3 miles south of Wor- 
 cester. Length, about 70 miles. 
 
 Temeraire (ta-ma-rar ' ). 1. Aline-of-battleship 
 of 98 guns, called “the Fighting Tdmdraire,” 
 captured from the French at the battle of the 
 Nile, Aug. 1, 1798. She fought next to the Victory 
 in the line at the battle of Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1805, under 
 Captain Harvey. She was broken up in 1838. Turner's 
 picture of “the Fighting T6m6raire ” was exhibited at the 
 Royal Academy in 1839. 
 
 2. A British armored war-ship, launched in 1876. 
 Her dimensions are : length, 285 feet ; breadth, 62 feet ; 
 draught, 27 feet ; displacement, 8,540 tons. She has an ar- 
 mored water-line belt 11 inches thick, andacentral single- 
 decked citadel with armor 10.8 inches thick. She has 
 4 25-ton guns mounted en barbette fore and aft upon the 
 upper deck. 
 
 Temes (tem'esh). A river in southern Hun- 
 gary which joins the Danube 8 miles east of 
 Belgrad. Length, about 250 miles. 
 
 Temeser Banat (tem'esh-er bii-nat'). A former 
 administrative division, comprising the present 
 counties of Temes, Krasso, and Toront&l, in 
 Hungary. 
 
 Temesvar (tem'esh-var). A free city, capital 
 of the county of Temes, Hungary, situated on 
 the Bega Canal in lat. 45° 47' N., long. 21° 
 13' E. It consists of the city proper, or fortress, and sev- 
 eral suburbs. It is an administrative and military cen- 
 ter. Among its buildings are a Roman Catholic cathe- 
 dral, and a castle built in the middle of the 15th century. 
 Temesvir was besieged and taken by the Turks in 1552; 
 and was several times fruitlessly besieged, but finally 
 taken, by Prince Eugene in 1716 and reunited to Hungary. 
 It was made a royal free city in 1781. It was defended by the 
 Austrians against the Hungarian insurgents in 1849, who 
 were defeated by Haynau Aug. 9, 1849. Population, 72,500, 
 (1910). 
 
 Temiscaming (te-mis'ka-miug), Lake. A lake 
 on the border line between the provinces of 
 Quebec and Ontario, Canada, intersected by 
 lat. 47° 30' N. Its outlet is the Ottawa River. 
 Length, about 26 miles. 
 
 Temiscouata (tem-is-ko-a'ta), Lake. A lake 
 in Temiscouata County, Quebec, Canada, east 
 of Quebec. Its outlet is the Madawaska River. 
 Length, about 22 miles. 
 
 Temme (tem'me), Jodocns Donatus Huber- 
 
 tus. Born at Lette, Westphalia, Oct. 22. 1798 : 
 died at Zurich, Nov. 14, 1881. A German jurist, 
 liberal politician, and novelist : in the judicial 
 service of Prussia. He was tried for high treason 
 in 1849, and was acquitted but was dismissed from the ser- 
 vice. He wrote “criminal novels.” 
 
 Temminck (tem'mink),Coenraad Jacob. Born 
 about 1778 : died in 1858. A Dutch naturalist, 
 noted as an ornithologist. 
 
 Temora (tem'o-ra). One of the poems of Os- 
 sian, published in 1763. See Ossian. 
 
 Tempe (tem'pe), Vale of. [Gr. Ttfirrn, con- 
 tracted from Te^rrra.] A valley in eastern 
 Thessaly, Greece, deeply cleft between Olym- 
 pus on the north and Ossa on the south, and 
 traversed by the Peneius. It has been celebrated 
 from ancient times for its beauty; but “the scenery is 
 distinguished rather by savage grandeur than by the sylvan 
 beauty which Lilian and others attribute to it.” Length, 
 about 6 miles. 
 
 Tempel (tem'pel), Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht. 
 
 Born at Nieder-Kunersdorf, Lusatia, Dec. 4, 
 1821 : died at Arcetri, Italy, March 16, 1889. A 
 German astronomer, director of the observatory 
 at Arcetri, near Florence. He discovered sev- 
 eral asteroids, comets, etc. 
 
 Tempest (tem'pest), The. A play by Shakspere, 
 first performed at court in 1611, first printed in 
 the folio of 1623. The subject was taken from a pam- 
 phlet “ A Discovery of theBermudas, otherwise called the 
 Isle of Devils,” by “one Jourdan, who probably returned 
 from Virginia” (1610). Fleay thinks it was probably 
 abridged by Beaumont about 1613, and the mask inserted. 
 In 1667 Dry del i and Davenant produced “The Tempest, or 
 the Enchanted Island ” (printed in 1670), a version in- 
 tended to improve Shakspere’s play : the mutilations, or 
 rather additions, are now said by a German scholar to be 
 wholesale conveyances from a play of Calderon. (Furness.) 
 
Tempest, The 
 
 In 1673 Shadwell turned "The Tempest" into an opera, 
 and in 1756 Garrick produced an opera with the same name, 
 based on Shakspere and Dryden : he repudiated the au- 
 thorship. Sir Arthur Sullivan has written “ The Music 
 to Shakspere’s Tempest," in twelve numbers : this was 
 first performed in 1862. 
 
 Templars (tem'plarz). A military order, also 
 called Knights Templars or Knights of the 
 Temple, from the early headquarters of the 
 order in the Crusaders’ palace at Jerusalem 
 (the so-called temple of Solomon). The order 
 was founded at Jerusalem about 1118, and was confirmed 
 by the Tope in 1128. Its special aim was protection to 
 pilgrims on the way to the holy shrines, and the distin- 
 guishing garb of the knights was a white mantle with a 
 red cross. The order took a leading part in the conduct 
 of the Crusades, and spread rapidly, acquiring gr eat wealth 
 and influence in Spain, France, England, and other coun- 
 tries in Europe. Its chief seats in the East were Jeru- 
 salem, Acre, and Cyprus, and in Europe a foundation 
 called the Temple, then just outside Paris. The members 
 comprised knights, men-at-arms, and chaplains ; they were 
 grouped in commanderies, with a preceptor at the head of 
 each province, and a grand master at the head of the order. 
 The templars were accused of heresy, immorality, and 
 other offenses by Philip IV. of France in 1307, and the order 
 was suppressed by the Council of Vienne in 1312. 
 Temple (tem'pl), The. The religious edifice of 
 the Jews in Jerusalem. There were three buildings 
 successively erected in the same spot, and entitled, from 
 the names of their builders, the temple of Solomon, the 
 temple of Zerubbabel, and the temple of Herod. The first 
 was built by Solomon, and was destroyed by Nebuchad- 
 nezzar about 586 B. c. The second was built by the Jews 
 on their return from the captivity (about 537 B. c.), and 
 was pillaged or partly destroyed several times, especially 
 by Antiochus Epiphanes, Pompey, and Herod. The third, 
 the largest and most magnificent of the three, was begun 
 by Herod the Great, and was completely destroyed at the 
 capture of Jerusalem by the Romans (A. D. 70). Various 
 attempts have been made toward the restoration of the 
 first and the third of these temples, but scholars are not 
 agreed in respect to architectural details. The ornament 
 and design were in any case of severe and simple char- 
 acter, though rich materials were used. The successive 
 temples all consisted of a combination of buildings, com- 
 prising courts separated from and rising one above an- 
 other, and provided also with chambers for the use of the 
 priests and for educational purposes. The inclosure of 
 Herod's temple covered 19 acres. It comprised an outer 
 court of the Gentiles, a court of the women, a court of Is- 
 rael, a court of the priests, and the temple building with 
 the holy place, and, within all (entered only once a year, 
 and only by the high priest), the holy of holies. Within 
 the court of the priests were the great altar and the laver ; 
 within the holy place, the golden candlestick, the altar of 
 incense, and the table for the showbread ; and within the 
 holy of holies, the ark of the covenant and the mercy-seat. 
 
 Temple, The. A lodge in London of the reli- 
 gious and military establishment of the middle 
 ages known as the Knights Templars. The Tem- 
 ple Church, London, is the only part of it now existing. 
 The first settlement of the Knights Templars of the Holy 
 Sepulchre in London was in Holborn, where in 1118 they 
 built a house which must have stood near the northeast 
 corner of Chancery Lane. They removed to the New Tem- 
 ple in the Strand in 1184. When the order was suppressed 
 in the reign of Edward II., their house was given by the 
 king to the Earl of Pembroke ; it went next to the Earl of 
 Lancaster, and at his death reverted to the crown. In 
 1338 it went to the Knights Hospitalers of St. John of Je- 
 rusalem, at Clerkenwell. who leased part of it in 1346 to 
 students of the common law, and on the site of the London 
 Temple the two Inns of Court called the Middle Temple 
 and Inner Temple now stand : they have ever since been 
 occupied by barristers, and are the joint property of the 
 Societies of the Inner and of the Middle Temple, which 
 have the right of calling candidates to the degree of bar- 
 rister. The Inner Temple is so called because itis within 
 the precincts of the City, the Middle Temple because it 
 was between the Inner and Outer Temple. The Outer 
 Temple remained in the possession of the Bishop of Exe- 
 ter when the remainder was leased, and was afterward 
 converted into the Exeter Buildings. 
 
 Temple, The Mormon. The chief religious 
 building of the Mormons. See Salt Lake 
 City. 
 
 Temple (tohpl), Le. A fortified lodge of the 
 Knights Templars established in Paris by the 
 Council of Troyes in 1128, standing where 
 the Marchfi du Temple now stands. After the abo- 
 lition of the order in 1312, the old building was used for 
 various purposes. The chapel (similar in general plan to 
 that in London) stood until 1650, and the great square 
 tower, made memorable by the imprisonment of Louis 
 XVI. in 1792-93, was destroyed in 1810. 
 
 Temple (tem'pl), Frederick. Bom Nov. 30, 
 1821 : died Dec. 23, 1902. Archbishop of Can- 
 terbury (1896). He graduated at Balliol College, 
 1842 ; was head-master of Rugby 1858-69 ; in 1860 became 
 prominent as the author of the first of the “ Essays and 
 Reviews”; and in 1868-70 advocated the disestablish- 
 ment of the Irish Church. He was appointed bishop of 
 Exeter 1869, and bishop of London 1885. He published 
 •‘Sermons Preached in Rugby Chapel" (1861). 
 
 Temple, Henry John, Viscount Palmerston. 
 Bom at Broadlands, near Romsey, Hampshire, 
 Oct. 20, 1784 : died at Brocket Hall, near Hat- 
 field, Hertfordshire, Oct. 18, 1865. A British 
 statesman. He belonged to the Irish branch of the Tem- 
 ple family. On April 17, 1802, he succeeded to his father's 
 title. He was educated at Harrow. He became member 
 of Parliament for Newtown, Isle of Wight, in 1807, and ju- 
 nior lord of the admiralty in the Duke of Portland's ad- 
 ministration in the same year. From 1809 to 1828 he was 
 secretary of war. At this time he was a Tory, a disciple 
 
 986 
 
 of Pitt, and an advocate of Catholic emancipation. In 
 1830 he entered the Whig ministry of Lord Grey as minis- 
 ter of foreign affairs. His activity in this position was 
 very great. He was interested in the policy which estab- 
 lished Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg on the throne of 
 Belgium, and in the maintenance of the Ottoman empire 
 as a defense against Russia on the Bosporus and France 
 on the Nile. At the close of the Melbourne administra- 
 tion in 1841, Palmerston went out of office for 5 years. In 
 1848, in the ministry of Lord Johu Russell, he sympathized 
 with the revolutionary party in Europe, and ardently sup- 
 ported the Italian revolution. In 1851 he openly approved 
 the coup d'etat of Louis Napoleon, and was dismissed from 
 the foreign office. He became secretary of state for the 
 home office under the Earl of Aberdeen in 1852. On Feb. 5, 
 1856, he became prime minister, and retained the office, 
 with the interval of Lord Derby s administration in 1858- 
 1859, until his death. 
 
 Temple, Knights of the. See Templars. 
 Temple, Sir William. Born at London, 1628: 
 died at Moor Park, Surrey, Jan. 27, 1699. An 
 English diplomatist, statesman, and author. 
 He was educated at Cambridge; entered Parliament in 
 1660 ; concluded a treaty with the Bishop of Munster in 
 1665; became minister at Brussels in 1665; negotiated the 
 treaty of the Triple Alliance in 1668; was ambassador at 
 The Hague 1668-71 ; negotiated a peace with the Nether- 
 lands in 1674 ; was ambassador to the Congress of Nimwe- 
 gen ; formed aplanforaprivycouncilinl679, and became 
 one of its chief members ; and withdrew from public life 
 in 1681. He wrote “An Essay on the Present State and 
 Settlement of Ireland " (1668), “ The Empire, etc.” (1671), 
 “ Observations upon the United Provinces ” (1672), “ Essay 
 upon Government " (written 1671, published 1680), “ Trade 
 in Ireland" (1673), “ Miscellanies," including poems (1679 
 and 1692), “ Memoirs " (1691 and 1709), and “ Introduction 
 to the History of England ” (1695). 
 
 Temple Bar. A famous gateway before the 
 Temple in London, which formerly divided 
 Fleet Street from the Strand. According to ancient 
 custom, when the sovereign visited the City, he asked per- 
 mission of the lord mayor to pass it. In its last form it 
 was a rather ugly archway built by Wren in 1670. It 
 spanned the street with an elliptical arch flanked by two 
 small arches over the footways, and had a second story in 
 which were four niches with statues of sovereigns, and a 
 curved pediment above. It was removed in 1878, and re- 
 erected at Waltham Cross, Herts. It is now represented 
 by a monument called the Temple Bar Memorial, a tall 
 pedestal with statues of Queen Victoria and the Prince of 
 Wales in niches at the sides, surmounted by the griffin 
 and arms of the city of London. 
 
 Temple Beau, The. A comedy by Henry Field- 
 ing, produced in 1730. 
 
 Temple Church. A church within the bounds 
 of the Inner Temple in London, it consists of the 
 Round Church and the Choir. The former is in a rich Nor- 
 man style ; it is 68 feet in diameter, and was finished in 
 1185. The Choir is Early English. The Round Church 
 contains several beautiful altar-tombs of Templars. 
 
 Temple Gardens. Gardens belonging to the 
 Temple, London, separated from the Thames 
 by the Victoria Embankment. According to Shak- 
 spere, the red and white roses which were assumed as 
 badges of the houses of Lancaster and York were plucked 
 in this garden by Plantagenet and Somerset at the end of 
 the brawl which began the civil war. 
 
 Temple of Concord. See Girgenti. 
 
 Temple of Fame, The. A poem by Alexander 
 Pope, published in 1715. It differs from Chau- 
 cer’s “House of Fame,” though imitating it. 
 Temple of Glass, The. A poem by Lydgate, part- 
 ly imitated from Chaucer’s “ House of Fame.” 
 Temple of Heaven or of the Great Dragon. 
 A temple at Peking, perhaps the most notable 
 of Chinese temples. It stands in an inclosureof about 
 a square mile. From the gate a causeway leads to the 
 temple, which is surrounded by subordinate buildings. 
 The temple proper stands on a 3-staged terrace ascended 
 by flights of steps ; it i3 circular, rising in 3 recessed stages 
 each with a widely projecting roof, that of the highest 
 stage forming a concave cone of blue tiles terminating in 
 a gilded ovo ; d finial. The date assigned is 1420. 
 
 Temple of Mexico. See Teocalli. 
 
 Temple of the Cross. A name commonly gi-ven 
 to one of the ruined edifices at Palenque, Mex- 
 ico. In a small inner room of this building there is a 
 structure resembling an altar; and above this altar for- 
 merly stood the remarkable symbolic group from which 
 the temple derives its name. This consisted of 3 sculp- 
 tured slabs joined together, showing a central cross-like 
 symbol, with a human figure on each side, and numerous 
 hieroglyphics. The middle slab, containing the cross, is 
 now in the museum at Mexico; one of the others is at 
 Washington, where it is known as the Palenque tablet; 
 the third is still at Palenque. The meaning of the cross 
 has been a subject for much conjecture and dispute: it 
 was probably a symbol of the fertilizing powers of nature. 
 Another sculpture from the same building is supposed to 
 represent the Maya rain-god. The temple itself is a quad- 
 rilateral, and rests on a truncated pyramid. See Palenque 
 Tablet. 
 
 Temple of the Sun (at Cuzco). See CuricaneJia. 
 Temptation of St. Anthony. 1. A painting 
 by Pieter Brueghel the younger (1604), in the 
 museum at Dresden. The saint is praying in a cave 
 partly roofed with old planks, and undergoes temptation 
 from a young woman richly dressed and attended by fan- 
 tastic demons. The archit ecture and scenery of the back- 
 ground present a free rendering of Tivoli. 
 
 2. A painting by Tintoretto, in San Trovaso at 
 Venice. The saint sits calmly, with four tempters about 
 him, one a demon, and two women, young ami beautiful. 
 
 Ten, Council of. In the ancient republic of 
 
 Teniers, David 
 
 Venice, a secret tribunal instituted in 1310 and 
 continued down to the overthrow of the repub- 
 lic in 1797. It was composed at first of 10 and later of 
 17 members, and exercised unlimited power in the super- 
 vision of internal and external affairs, often with great 
 rigor and oppressiveness. 
 
 Tenaino (te-ni'no). A tribe of North Ameri- 
 can Indians, nearly related to the Warm Springs 
 Indians. They formerly lived at Celilo, Oregon, on the 
 Columbia River. Their remnants are on the Warm Springs 
 reservation, Oregon, and number about 30. 
 
 Tenant of Wildfell Hall, The. A novel by 
 Anne Bronte (Acton Bell), published in 1848. 
 
 Tenasserim (te-nas'e-rim). A river in Lower 
 Burma which flows into the Bay of Bengal 
 near Tenasserim. Length, about 250 miles. 
 
 Tenasserim. 1. A division of Lower Burma. 
 Area, 36,076 square miles. Population, 1,159,- 
 558. — 2. A village in the division of Tenasse- 
 rim, Lower Burma, situated on the river Tenas- 
 serim, near the coast, lat. 12° 6' N.,long. 99° 3'E. 
 
 Tenavucan. See Tescuco. 
 
 Ten Brink. See Brink. 
 
 Tenbury (ten'bu-ri). A town in Worcester- 
 shire, England, situated on the Teme 17 miles 
 west-northwest of Worcester. 
 
 Tenby (ten'bi). A watering-place and seaport 
 in Pembrokeshire, Wales, situated on Carmar- 
 then Bay in lat. 51° 40' N., long. 4° 43' W. 
 Population, 4,400. 
 
 Tenchebrai, or Tenchebray. See Tinchebray. 
 
 Tencin (toh-san'),Claudine Alexandrine Gue- 
 rin de. Bom at Grenoble, France ; died 1749. 
 A French leader of society in the reign of Louis 
 XV. : mother of D’Alembert. She wrote various 
 works. 
 
 Tencteri (tengk'te-ri). [L. (Ctesar) Tenchtheri, 
 (Tacitus) Tencteri, Gr. (Ptolemy) T^yrfpot.] A 
 German tribe first mentioned by Caesar, who 
 describes them as having been driven by the 
 Suevi (59 B. C.), together with the Usipites, 
 out of their original homes. They were crushingly 
 defeated by Caesar iu Gallic territory near the confluence 
 of the Maas with the Rhine. They afterward joined other 
 tribes in wars against Rome. They were probably merged 
 ultimately in the Alamanni. 
 
 Tenda (ten'da), Col di. A pass in the Alps, 16 
 miles south of Cuneo, Piedmont, Italy. According 
 to one classification, it separates the Ligurian and Mari- 
 time Alps. Height, 6,195 feet. 
 
 Tendelti. Same as Pastier. 
 
 Tender Husband, The, or the Accomplished 
 Fools. A comedy by Sir Richard Steele, pro- 
 duced in 1705. 
 
 Tendra (ten'dra). A narrow island in the Black 
 Sea, near the coast of Russia, about 45 miles 
 southwest of Kherson. Length, about 40 miles. 
 
 Tendra Bay. An inlet of the Black Sea, nearly 
 inclosed by Tendra. 
 
 Tenedos (ten'e-dos). [Gr. Truedof.] A small 
 island in the iEgean Sea, belonging to Turkey, 
 situated off the Troad, on the northwestern 
 coast of Asia Minor, in lat. 39° 50' N., long. 26° 
 E. : the Turkish Bogdsha-Adassi. It was settled by 
 Aiolians; is noted in the legends of Trojan times; was 
 subjugated by the Persians ; and was in alliance with 
 Athens in the 6th century B. o. Length, about 7 miles. 
 
 Tenerani ( ta-na-ra'ne), Pietro. Born at Torano, 
 near Carrara, Italy, Nov. 11, 1789: died at 
 Rome, Dec. 14, 1869. An Italian sculptor. Among 
 his works are “Psyche with Pandora's Box,” ‘‘Cupid Ex- 
 tracting a Thorn,” " Psyche and Venus,” ‘‘Descent from 
 the Cross,” “ Christ on the Cross,” etc. 
 
 Teneriffe (ten-er-if'), or Tenerife (ta-na-re'fa), 
 orTeneriffa (ta-na-ref'fa). The largest of the 
 Canary Islands. It is traversed by mountains, and con- 
 tains the famous Peak of Teneriffe. On it is the capital of 
 the group, Santa Cruz de Santiago. Length, 60 miles. 
 Population, 138,008. 
 
 Teneriffe, Peak of. See Pico de Teyde. 
 
 Teniers (ten'yerz; F. pron. ta-nyar'), David, 
 the elder. Bom at Antwerp, 1582: died there, 
 July 29, 1649. A Flemish historical, genre, and 
 landscape painter: a pupil of Rubens. He painted 
 mostly peasants with landscape. His "Temptation of 
 Saint Anthony” and “Dutch Kitchen" are at the Metro- 
 politan Museum, New York. 
 
 Teniers, David, the younger. Born at Antwerp 
 (baptized Dec. 15, 1610): died near Brussels, 
 April 25, 1690. A noted Flemish genre, land- 
 scape, and portrait painter, influenced by Ru- 
 bens : son and pupil of D. Teniers the elder. He 
 
 lived mostly at Antwerp and Brussels, and was master of the 
 Antwerp gild in 1632, and dean 1644-45. He was well re- 
 ceived at the court in the Netherlands, and obtained many 
 important commissions from other courts. His subjects 
 are taken from peasant life in Flanders, from sacred history, 
 etc. He painted hundreds of pictures, among them “The 
 Temptation of St. Anthony," “Seven Works of Mercy," 
 “The Denial of St. Peter," and “The Prodigal Son " (all at 
 the Louvre, with about 30 others), “Marriage of Teniers" 
 (Rothschild collection, London), “Kirmess" (Brussels), 
 “ Temptation of St. Anthony " (Berlin), “Archers of Ant- 
 werp" (Hermitage, St. Petersburg), “Village Festival” 
 
Teniers, David 
 
 (Vienna), “Rinaldo and Armida" (Madrid), “Marriage 
 Festival ''and “Judith”(Metropolitau Museum, New York), 
 and “Incantation Scene,” “ Parableof theLaborer,” “Boors 
 Feasting,” “Village Fete,” and “Charles V. Leaving Dort,” 
 etc. (all at the rooms of the Historical Society, New York). 
 
 Tenimber. See Timorlaut. 
 
 Teniquech. See CherncJmevi. 
 
 Tenisaws. See Taensa. 
 
 Tenison (ten'i-son), Thomas. Born at Cotten- 
 kam, Cambridgeshire, England, 1636: died 1715. 
 An English prelate. He was bishop of Lincoln ; 
 became archbishop of Canterbury in 1G91 ; and was ap- 
 pointed one of the lords justices during the absence of 
 William III. in 1695. 
 
 Tennant (ten 'ant), William. Born at An- 
 strutker, Fifeshire, Scotland, May 15, 1784: died 
 near Dollar, Scotland, Oct. 14, 1848. A Scottish 
 poet. His chief work is the mock-heroic poem 
 “Anster Fair” (1812). He also wrote “Thane of 
 Fife,” etc. 
 
 Tennemann (ten'ne-man), Wilhelm Gottlieb. 
 
 Born at Brembach, near Erfurt, Prussia, 1761: 
 died at Marburg, Sept. 30, 1819. A German 
 philosopher, professor of philosophy at Mar- 
 burg from 1804. His chief work is “Geschichte der 
 Philosophie”(“Historyof Philosophy, ’’1798-1S19): abridged 
 in “Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie” (1812). 
 
 Tennent( ten'ent), Sir JamesEmerson. Born at 
 Belfast, Ireland, April 7, 1804 : died at London, 
 March 6, 1869. A British traveler, politician, 
 and author. He was educated at Trinity College, Dub- 
 lin ; traveled in Greece, where he met Lord Byron ; and 
 was called to the bar at Lincoln’s Inn in 1831. He married 
 a daughter of William Tcnnent of Belfast, and adopted her 
 name. He was returned as member of Parliament for 
 Belfast in 1832, and was colonial secretary at Ceylon 1845- 
 1850, and permanent secretary of the board of trade 1852- 
 1867. He published a “Picture of Greece” (1826), “Let- 
 ters from the ASgean "(1829), “History of Modern Times” 
 (1830), “Calico Printing in Belgium, etc.” (1841), “Chris- 
 tianity in Ceylon " (1850), “ Ceylon, Physical, Historical, 
 and Topographical " (1869), etc. 
 
 Tennessee (ten-e-tee'). The principal tributary 
 of the Ohio River. It is formed by the union at King- 
 ston, East Tennessee, of the Clinch and Holston (which rise 
 in Virginia), and flows southwest in Tennessee past Chatta- 
 nooga, then west through Alabama, touchingthe northeast 
 corner of Mississippi, and then north through Tennessee 
 and Kentucky, to join the Ohio at Paducah, Kentucky. To- 
 tal length, including the Holston, 1,100 to l,200miles; navi- 
 gable the greater part of its course. The chief obstruction 
 is at the Muscle Shoals in Alabama. 
 
 Tennessee. One of the South Central States of 
 the United States of America. Capital, Nash- 
 ville ; chief cities, Memphis and Chattanooga. 
 It is bounded by Kentucky and V irginiaon the north ; North 
 Carolina on the southeast; Georgia, Alabama, and Missis- 
 sippi on the south ; and Arkansas and Missouri (separated 
 by the Mississippi River) on the west. It is mountainous 
 in the east, containing the Alleghanies and the Cumber- 
 land plateau, and is lower in the center and west. The 
 leading agricultural productions are Indian corn, cotton, 
 and tobacco. The manufactures (iron, cotton, etc.) are in- 
 creasing. The State has 96 counties, sends 2 senators and 
 10 representatives to Congress, and has 12 electoral votes. 
 This region was claimed in early times by North Carolina, 
 and by the French and Spaniards. The leading settlement 
 was made from Virginia and North Carolina in 1769. The 
 temporary State of Franklin was formed in 1784. North 
 Carolina ceded its claims to the United States, and the 
 Territory of Tennessee was formed in 1790. It was admit- 
 ted to the Union in 1796. It seceded June 8,1861, and was 
 the scene of many important events in the Civil War, in- 
 cluding the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Island No. 10, 
 Memphis, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga.therelief Of Chatta- 
 nooga and Knoxville, and the battles of Franklin and Nash- 
 ville. It was readmitted in 1866. Area, 42,050 square 
 miles. Population, 2,184,789, (1910). 
 
 Tennessee, Army of the. A Federal army in 
 
 the Civil War. It was commanded after the battle of 
 Shiloh by Halleck, and later by Grant, Sherman, McPher- 
 son, Howard, and Logan. 
 
 Tennessee Pass. A pass over the main chain 
 of the Rocky Mountains in central Colorado. 
 Height, 10,400 feet. 
 
 Tenney (ten'i), Sanborn. Born at Stoddard, 
 N. H., Jan. 13, 1827 : died at Buchanan, Mich., 
 July 9, 1877. An American naturalist and geol- 
 ogist, professor of natural history at Vassal 1 Col- 
 lege 1865-68, and at Williams College 1868-77. 
 He wrote “Geology for Teachers, etc.” (1859), “A Manual 
 of Zoology” (18 5), “Elements of Zoology” (1875), etc. 
 
 Tenney, William Jewett. Bom at Newport, 
 R. I., 1814: died at Newark, N. J., Sept. 20, 
 1883. An American editor and author. He 
 edited “Appletons’ Annual Cyclopaedia” (1861-82), and 
 wrote a “Military and Naval Histoi'y of the Rebellion in 
 the United States” (1865) and other works. 
 
 Tenniel (ten'i-el), Sir John. Born at London, 
 1820. An English artist and cartoonist. He 
 was a member of the staff of “ Punch ” 1851-1901. He 
 illustrated “Alice’s Ad ventures in Wonderland, ” “Through 
 the Looking Glass,” etc. Knighted in 1893. 
 
 Tennis Court. See Jcu de Paume. 
 
 Tennyson (ten'i-son), Alfred, first Lord Tenny- 
 son. Born at Somersby, Lincolnshire, Aug. 6, 
 1809: died at Aldworth House, near Haslemere, 
 Surrey, Oct. 6, 1892. A celebrated English poet. 
 He was the son of George Clayton Tennyson, vicar of Great 
 
 986 
 
 Grimsby and rector of Somersby and Enderby. He pub- 
 lished with his brother Charles a collection of juvenile 
 poems (“Poems by Two Brothers ”) in 1827 ; was a student 
 at Trinity College, Cambridge, 1828-31 (with Arthur H. Hal- 
 lam, Houghton, Trench, and others), where he wrote the 
 prize poem “Timbuctoo" (1829); lived at various places 
 till 1850, when he married and settled at Twickenham ; 
 and afterward lived at, Aldworth (Sussex), and from 1853 
 at Farringford (Isle of Wight). He received a state pen- 
 sion in 1845, succeeded Wordsworth as poet laureate in 
 1850, and was raised to the peerage as Baron Tennyson of 
 Aldworth in 1884. He lived a secluded life, and died of old 
 age after a short and painless illness. He was buried in the 
 Poets’ Comer, near Chaucer, in Westminster Abbey. He 
 wrote “ Poc ms, Chiefly Lyrical ” (1830 : including “ Mariana, ” 
 “ Recollections of the Arabian N ights," “ The Ballad of Ori- 
 ana,” etc. ),“ Poem s ’’ (1832 : including “ Th eLady of fehalott, ” 
 “The Miller’s Daughter,” “CEnone,” “The Palace of Art,” 
 “The May Queen,” “The Lotus Eaters,” and “A Dream 
 of Fair Women”), “Poems ” (1842 : including “Ulysses,” 
 “Two Voices,” “The Talking Oak,” “Morte d’Arthur,” 
 “The Gardener’s Daughter,” and “Locksley Hall ”), “The 
 Princess,” a medley (1847), “In Memoriam ” (I860), “Ode 
 on the Death of the Duke of Wellington ” (1852), “ Charge 
 of the Light Brigade," “Maud "and other poems (1855), 
 “Idylls of the King” (1859-85), “A Welcome to the Prin- 
 cess Alexandra ” (1863), “Enoch Arden and Other Poems ” 
 (1864), “ The Golden Supper ” (18.,9), “The Window, or the 
 Songs of the Wrens,” with music by Sir Arthur Sullivan 
 (1871), “ Queen Mary ’’ (a drama, 1876), “ Harold ”.(a drama, 
 1876), “ The Falcon ” (a short play, acted 1879, published 
 1884), “The Cup” (a short play, acted 1881, published 
 1884), “The Promise of May ’’(acted 1882, published 1886), 
 “Becket” (a drama, 1884), “The Lover’s Tale” (1879: in- 
 cluding as its fourth part “ The Golden Supper "), “ Ballads 
 and Other Poems” (1880), “Tiresias and Other Poems" 
 (partly new, 1885), “Locksley Hall Sixty Years After” 
 (1S86), “Demeter and Other Poems ’’ (1889), “The Death 
 of CEnone, Akbar’s Dream, and Other Poems” (1892), “The 
 Foresters, Robin Hood, and Maid Marian ” (a drama, 1892). 
 Tennyson, Charles. See Turner. 
 
 Tennyson, Frederick. Born in 1807 : died at 
 Kensington, London, Feb. 26, 1898. An Eng- 
 lish poet, brother of Alfred Tennyson. He was 
 educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 1828 took 
 the medal for a Greek poem. He published a volume of 
 poems entitled “Days and Hours ” (1854), “ Isles of Greece " 
 (1890), “ Daphne and Other Poems ” (1891). 
 
 Tenochtitlan (ten-dch-tet-lan'). [Derivation 
 doubtful.] The chief seat of the Aztecs, occu- 
 pying the site of the modem city of Mexico. 
 It was founded about 1325 on what was then 
 an island in Tezcuco Lake. Causeways were 
 built to the adjacent mainland, and these ap- 
 pear to have been the only approaches. Many 
 of the streets were occupied by canals, and 
 the houses were subject to frequent inunda- 
 tions. Water was supplied from Chapultepee 
 by an aqueduct. The most remarkable building was 
 the teocalli, or great temple : most of the other edifices 
 were low, and built of adobe. The Spaniards under Cor- 
 tes entered peaceably, but were subsequently driven out, 
 and took the place in 1521, only after a terrible siege, in 
 which a great part of the city was destroyed. (See CorUs.) 
 The new capital was built on its 6ite. 
 
 Tenos (te'nos), or Tinos (te'nos), or Tino (te'- 
 no). [Gr. T-yiw;.] An island of the Cyclades, 
 belonging to Greece, southeast of Andros and 
 northeast of Syra : one of the most prosperous 
 of the Greek islands. It exports wine and 
 marble. The chief place is Tino (St. Nicolo). 
 Greatest length, about 17 miles. Population, 
 11,816. 
 
 Tensas (ten'sas), or Tensaw (ten'sa), River. 
 An offtake or bayou of the Alabama River, in 
 Alabama, which flows parallel with Mobile River 
 and empties into Mobile Bay. 
 
 Tensas, or Tensaw, River. * A river in south- 
 eastern Arkansas and northeastern Louisiana, 
 which joins the Washita about 26miles west by 
 north of Natchez. Length, over 200 miles; 
 navigable about two thirds of its course. 
 Tensau. See Taensa. 
 
 Tenterden (ten'ter-den). A small town in Kent, 
 England. 
 
 Tenterden, Baron. See Abbott. 
 
 Tenth Legion. A 1 egion of the Roman army, cel- 
 ebrated for its valor, in the time of Julius Caesar. 
 Ten Thousand, Retreat of the. See Anabasis. 
 Ten Thousand a Year. A novel by Samuel 
 Warren, published in 1841. 
 
 Tent on the Beach, The. A collection of poems, 
 chiefly narrative, by Whittier, published in 1867. 
 Tentyra, or Tentyris. See Denderah. 
 
 Teocalli (ta-o-ka'li). [Nahuatl, ‘house of 
 god.’] A general name applied to any pyrami- 
 dal temple in ancient Mexico ; as, for instance, 
 the great temple in Tenoehtitl&n or Mexico 
 City. It was completed about 1486. According to the 
 accounts which have come down to us, it was an artificial 
 truncated pyramid, faced with stone, and well adapted 
 for defense. The dimensions are hut vaguely given, and 
 even these statements are conllicting. On the fiat surface 
 were several small buildings, with the images of liuitzilo- 
 pochtli and other gods and sacrificial stones. The pyra- 
 mid was surrounded by a wall of adobe capped by blocks 
 of stone cut in the shape of serpents’ heads, several of 
 which are at the national museum of Mexico. The great 
 
 Teramo 
 
 teocalli was the scene of several fierce battleB between the 
 Spaniards and Indians in 1520-21. After the city was 
 taken, the pyramid was tom down, and a part of its site 
 is now occupied by the cathedral. Some of the sculptured 
 stones and idols which were on or near it are now in the 
 Mexican national museum. See Huitzilopochtli, Teoyao- 
 miqui, and Sacrificial Stone. 
 
 Teos (te'os). [Gr. TAir.] In ancient geogra- 
 phy, an Ionian city of Asia Minor, situated on 
 the western coast 25 miles southwest of Smyrna. 
 Its ruins contain a noted temple of Bacchus, a beautiful 
 Ionic hexastyle peripteros on a stylobate of 3 steps. It 
 stood in a court surrounded by stoas. The fine sculptured 
 frieze is in the museum at Constantinople. 
 
 Teotihuac&n, or San Juan Teotihuacan (san 
 Hoan ta-o-te-wa-kiin'). A town of the repub- 
 lic and state of Mexico, 27 miles northeast of 
 Mexico City. In the vicinity are many remarkable 
 ruins, including two very large and many small pyramids, 
 a walled inclosure called the “citadel,” etc. Tradition as- 
 signs these remains to the Toltecs (which see), and they 
 are certainly older than the Aztec period. Population of 
 the modern town, about 5,000. 
 
 Teoyaomiqui(ta-o-you-me'ke). Thename given 
 to a stone idol which was dug up near the an- 
 cient teocalli at Mexico, and is now in the Mexi- 
 can national museum. Leon y Gama, who first de- 
 scribed it under this name, states that Teoyaomiqui was 
 the wife or female companion of the war-god Huilzilo- 
 pochtll ; others suppose that the statue is compound, rep- 
 resenting several gods. It is doubtful if Teoyaomiqn i was 
 really a personage in the Nahuatl mythology ; and the 
 best modern investigators are inclined tc believe that this 
 hideous stone was the war-god himself. It is about 8) 
 feet high and 5J feet wide. See Huitzilopochtli. 
 
 It is covered with carvings almost to overloading. . . . 
 The general effect, however, is appalling, and the stone 
 presents a most hideous agglomeration of repulsiv e forms. 
 ... In place of christening the monolith after an imagi- 
 nary composite deify of whose existence the oldest authori- 
 ties make no mention, it strikes me as much more natural 
 to believe that it represents the well-known w. r-g d of 
 the Mexican tribe, Huitzilopochtli ; and that consequently 
 it was indeed the famous principal idol of aboriginal 
 Mexico, or Tenochtitlan. 
 
 Bandelier, Report of an Archaeological Tour in Mexico, 
 
 fpp. £9, 67. 
 
 Tepanecs (ta-pa-naks'), or Tecpanecs (tak-pa- 
 naks'). A Nahuatl tribe of the Mexican valley. 
 They were originally a branch of the Tezcu- 
 cans who settled at Azcapozalco, on the west- 
 ern shore of Lake Tezcuco, about 1168. In 
 the 14th century the Aztecs of Tenochtitl&n 
 paid tribute to them. About 1430 the Aztecs 
 conquered them. The Tepanecs joined with Tenoch- 
 titl&n and Tezcuco in the confederacy formed soon after, 
 but never rose to prominence. Tlacopan was joined to 
 Tenochtitldn by a causeway over which Cortes retreated 
 on the Noche Triste. 
 
 Tepeguana. See Tepehuan. 
 
 Tepehuan (ta-pa-hwan'). A tribe of North 
 American Indians which inhabit mainly the 
 eastern slope of the Sierra Madre, from lat. 25° 
 to 26° N., in the state of Durango, Mexico. 
 Their domain formerly extended across the borders into 
 Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Jalisco, Zacatecas, and Coahuila. 
 Their tribal name is adapted from a term signifying 
 * conqueror.’ See Piman. 
 
 Tepic (ta-pek'). 1. A territory of Mexico, on 
 the Pacific coast north of the state of Jalisco, 
 to which it was formerly attached. Area, 11,- 
 279 square miles. Population, 171,337, (1910) 
 (mostly semi-civilized Indians). — 2. The capi- 
 tal of the territory, 18 miles from the Bay of 
 San Bias. Population, 16,805, (1910). 
 
 Teplitz (tep'lits), or Toplitz (tep'lits). A town 
 and watering-place in northern Bohemia, situ- 
 ated in the valley of the Biela, near the moun- 
 tains, 46 miles northwest of Prague, it is one of 
 
 the most frequented watering-places in Europe (saline- 
 alkaline springs), and has been the scene of several con- 
 ferences of princes. Population, commune, 26,776, (1910). 
 
 Teplitz, Alliance of. A treaty of alliance be- 
 tween the monarchs of Russia, Austria, and 
 Prussia against Napoleon, signed at Teplitz 
 Sept, 9, 1813. 
 
 Tequendama (ta-kan-da'ma). A celebrated 
 waterfall of the republic of Colombia, on the 
 Funza or Bogota River, 12 miles southwest of 
 Bogota. It is 475 feet high, and perpendicular. 
 
 Ter (ter). A river in northeastern Spain, flow- 
 ing into the Mediterranean east of Gerona. 
 Length, about 85 miles. 
 
 Terah (te'ra). The father of Abraham (Gen. 
 xi.). The name is etymologically connected by 
 some with the Assyrian turaliu , antelope. 
 
 Teramo (ta'rii-mo), formerly Abruzzo Ulteri- 
 ore I. A province in central Italy, in the eom- 
 partimento of the Abruzzi and Molise. Area, 
 1,067 square miles. Population, 323,260. 
 
 Teramo. The capital of theprovince of Teramo, 
 Italy, situated at the junction of the Vezzola 
 with the Tordino,in lat. 42° 40' N., long. 13° 45' 
 E.: the ancient Interamnium, and the medieval 
 Aprutium(also Interampne,Teramne,Terame). 
 
Teramo 
 
 It has a cathedral and Roman antiquities. Pop- 
 ulation, town, 11,044; commune, 24,563. 
 Terburg (ter'borch) (originally Ter Borch), 
 Gerard. Born at Zwolle, Netherlands, about 
 1608 : died at Deventer, Netherlands, 1681. A 
 Dutch genre- and portrait-painter, noted par- 
 ticularly for his draperies. 
 
 Terceira (ter-sa'ra). One of the principal isl- 
 ands of the Azores, situated northwest of St. 
 Michael. It contains Angra, the capital of the group. 
 A regency in behalf of Queen Maria was established here 
 in 1829 by Villaflor with Palmella and Guerreira. Length, 
 about 28 miles. Population, about 45,000-50,000. 
 
 In Dec., 1828, an expedition, consistingof 652 Portuguese 
 refugees of the party of the queen, sailed from England for 
 Terceira in four vessels, under the command of Count Sal- 
 danha. Terceira held for the queen, and arms and am- 
 munition had previously been sent them from England. 
 The British government ordered Captain Walpole, of the 
 “ Banger,’’ to stop this expedition otf Terceira. which he 
 did by firing a gun into Saldanha’sship. The ground taken 
 by the Duke of Wellington in defence of this measure was 
 his resolution to maintain the neutrality of England be- 
 tween the two parties then contending for the crown of 
 Portugal ; but the proceeding was vehemently attacked in 
 Parliament and elsewhere. -v 
 
 Oreville, Memoirs (editor's note), I. 169. 
 
 Terceira, Duke of (Antonio Jose de Souza, 
 
 Count of Villaflor). Born at Lisbon, March 10, 
 1792: died there, April 27, 1860. A Portuguese 
 general and politician. He went to Terceira in 1828, 
 and took part in the political events there ; conquered the 
 Azores in 1831 in behalf of Maria da Gloria ; landed at Oporto 
 May 20, 1832 ; and defeated the Miguelists several times in 
 1833 and li<34. He was minister of war and premier. 
 Terek (ter'ek). A river in Caucasia, Russia, 
 which flows by a broad delta into the Caspian 
 Sea about lat. 44° N. Length, about 350 miles. 
 Terek. A province of Caucasia, Russia, situated 
 on the northern slope of the Caucasus, south of 
 Stavropol. Capital, Vladikavkas. Area, 27,- 
 902 square miles. Population, 1,124,300. 
 Terek Pass. A celebrated and long used pass 
 over the mountain harrier between Eastern 
 Turkestan and Asiatic Russia. It connects 
 Khokand with Kashgar. 
 
 Terenas. See Guanas. 
 
 Terence (ter'ens) (Publius Terentius Afer). 
 
 Born at Carthage about 185 b. c. : died about 159. 
 A celebrated Roman comic poet. H« went early to 
 Rome as a slave, and was soon liberated ; became a friend 
 of the younger Scipio and of Lselius ; and went to Greece 
 after bringing out his plays. The material of his works 
 was taken largely from the Greek writers Menander and 
 Apollodorus. He left six comedies : “Andria,” “Hecyra,” 
 “Heauton-timoroumenos," “Eunuchus,” “Phormio,”and 
 “ Adelphi.” 
 
 Terentia (te-ren'shi-a). The first wife of Cicero, 
 from whom she was divorced 46 b. c. 
 
 Teresa, Saint. See Theresa. 
 
 Tereus (te're-us or te'rus). In Greek legend, 
 a king, son of Ares. See Philomela. 
 Tergeste(ter-jes'te). The ancientname ofTriest. 
 Terglou (ter'glo), Slavic Triglav. The high- 
 est summit of the Julian Alps, situated on the 
 borders of Carniola and Gorz, 28 miles south- 
 west of Klagenfurt. Height, 9,394 feet. 
 
 Ter Goes. See Goes. 
 
 Terhune (ter- hun'), Mrs. (Mary Virginia 
 Hawes): pseudonym Marion Harland. Born 
 in Amelia County, Va., 1830. An American 
 novelist and miscellaneous writer. Among her 
 novels are “ Alone " (1854), “The Hidden Path” (1855), 
 “Sunnybank,” etc. Her works on housekeeping include 
 “Common Sense in the Household ” (1871), “Breakfast, 
 Luncheon, and Tea" (1875), etc. 
 
 Terlizzi (ter-let'se). A town iu the province of 
 Bari, Italy, 20 miles west of Ban. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 23,232. 
 
 Termagaunt (ter'ma-gant). A name given to the 
 god of the Saracens in the medieval romances, 
 in which he is constantly linked with Mahound. 
 In “ Orlando Furioso ” he is called Trevigant. The French 
 romancers called it Tervagaunte. The origin of the term 
 is unknown. It is possible that the latter part of the word, 
 ■mayaunt, may conceal the name Mahound, or Mahomet; 
 if so, it is simply an invocation of the prophet. The word 
 in recent times means only a ‘scolding woman.’ 
 Terminalia (t6r-mi-na'li-a). In Roman anti- 
 quity, a festival celebrated annually in honor 
 of Terminus, the god of boundaries. It was 
 held on the 23d of February, its essential feature being 
 a survey or perambulation of boundaries. 
 
 Termini (tar'me-ne), or Termini Imerese. A 
 
 seaport in tbe province of Palermo, Sicily, 21 
 miles east-southeast of Palermo- the ancient 
 Thermse Himerenses. It has warm springs, and con- 
 tains many antiquities. It is noted for its macaroni, and 
 for its sardine- and tunny-fisheries. Near it is the site of 
 the ancient Himera (which see). Population, commune, 
 18,050. 
 
 Terminos (tar'me-nos), Laguna de. A large 
 lagoon on the coast of tbe state of Campeche, 
 Mexico, communicating with the Bay of Cam- 
 peche. It was so called by the pilot Alaminos, 
 
 987 
 
 in 1518, because he supposed it to mark the 
 western limit of Yucatan. 
 
 Terminus (ter'mi-nus). In Roman mythology, 
 the god of boundaries : the deity who presided 
 over boundaries or landmarks. He was represented 
 with a human head, but without feet or arms, to intimate 
 that he never moved from whatever place he occupied. 
 Termoli (tar'mo-le). A seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Campobasso, Italy, situated on the Adri- 
 atic in lat. 42° N. Population, 5,117. 
 
 Ternant (ter-non'), Chevalier Jean de. Died 
 1816. A French officer. He served in the Ameri- 
 can Revolution, and was minister to the United 
 States under Washington. 
 
 Temate (ter-na'te). 1. A small island in the 
 Moluccas, west of Jilolo, in lat. 0° 47' N., long. 
 127° 23' E. It is under Dutch control. — 2. A 
 Dutch residency, including parts of Celebes, 
 Jilolo, and smaller islands. — 3. A seaport in 
 the island of Ternate. 
 
 Ternaux-Compans (ter-no'kon-pon') (original- 
 ly Ter naux), Henri. Born at Paris, 1807 : died 
 there, Dec., 1864. A French bibliographer and 
 historian. Heheld diplomatic positionsin Spain, Portu- 
 gal, and Brazil, and at one time was a deputy in tire French 
 congress. His collection of books and manuscripts relat- 
 ing to the early history of America was one of the largest 
 ever brought together. His publications include “Bib- 
 liothfeque Am^ricaine,” a catalogue of books relating to 
 America published previous to 1700(1836) ; “Voyages, re- 
 lations et mernoires originaux pour servir it l’histoire de la 
 ddcouverte de l’Am^rique,” French translations of docu- 
 ments from his collection, of great value (2 series, in 20 
 vols., 1836-40); etc. 
 
 Terni (ter'ne). A town in the province of Pe- 
 rugia, Italy, situated between two arms of the 
 Nera, 47 miles north by east of Rome : the an- 
 cient Interamna. It has a cathedral and the ruins of 
 a Eoman amphitheater, and many other antiquities. Near 
 it are the Falls of the Veliono. It was the birthplace of 
 the emperors Tacitus and Florian, and perhaps of the 
 historian Tacitus. Here, Nov. 27, 1798, the French de- 
 feated the Neapolitans. Population, commune, 30,641. 
 
 Terni, Falls of. See Marniore. 
 
 Terodant. See Tarudant. 
 
 Ter or (ta-ror'). A small town in the island of 
 Gran Canaria, Canary Islands. 
 
 Terpander (ter-pan ' der). [Gr. T epiravSpo^.'] 
 Bom at Antissa, Lesbos : lived in tbe first half 
 of tbe 7th century B. C. A famous Lesbian mu- 
 sician and lyric poet, settled in Sparta ; called 
 “the father of Greek music,” perhaps from his 
 development of the lyre. 
 
 We know nothing of Terpander’s youth, save that he 
 was born in Lesbos, the real home of melie poetry, and 
 came, or was called, to Sparta, where he established the 
 musical contests at the Karnean festival about 670 B. c. 
 (01. 26). He was said to have been victor at the Pythian 
 contests for four consecutive eight-year feasts, which 
 brings down his activity at least to the year 640 B. c. 
 Thus we may imagine him the older cont emporary of Tyr- 
 tffius. Not twenty lines of his hymns remain — solemn 
 fragments in hexameters or heavy spondaic meters, which 
 show that hymns to the gods (nomes) were his chief pro- 
 ductions. ' Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., 1. 167. 
 
 Terpsichore (terp-sik'o-re). [Gr. T epijjcxSpg, de- 
 lighting in the dance.] In classical mythology, 
 one of the Muses, the especial companion of 
 Melpomene, and the patroness of the choral 
 dance and of the dramatic chorus developed 
 from it. In the last days of the Greek religion her at- 
 tributions became restricted chiefly to the province of lyric 
 poetry. In art this Muse is represented as a graceful 
 figure, clad in flowing draperies, often seated, and usually 
 healing a lyre. Her type is closely akin to that of Erato, 
 hut the latter is always shown standing. 
 
 Terra (ter'ii). [L., ‘earth.’] In Roman mythol- 
 ogy, a goddess, the personification of the earth. 
 Terracina (ter-ra-che'na). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Rome, Italy, situated on the Mediter- 
 ranean 58 miles southeast of Rome : the an- 
 cient Anxiu- or Tarracina. It has a cathedral and 
 the ruins of a castle of Theodoric. (See Tarracina.) Pop- 
 ulation, town, 7,590 ; commune, 11,310. 
 
 Terracina, Gulf of. An arm of the Mediter- 
 ranean, near Terracina. 
 
 Terra del Fuego. See Tierra del Fuego. 
 
 Terra di Bari. See Bari. 
 
 Terra di Lavoro. See Caserta. 
 
 Terra di Otranto. See Lecce. 
 
 Terra Firma(ter'afer'ma). [L., ‘solid ground.’] 
 A name sometimes given to (a) the part of the 
 mainland of Italy that was formerly subject 
 to Venice; ( b ) the region known in Spanish as 
 Tierra Pirme. See Spanish Main. 
 Terranova.or Terranova di Sicilia(ter-r;i-no'- 
 va de se-che'le-a), or Terranuova (ter-rii-no- 
 o'va). [It,, ‘new land.’] A seaport in the 
 province of Caltanissetta, Sicily, situated on the 
 southern coast 56 miles west of Syracuse, it 
 has some trade. It was founded by the emperor Frederick 
 II. near the ancient Gela. Population, commune, 22,- 
 114. 
 
 Teruel 
 
 Terranova. A small town on the northeastern 
 coast of the island of Sardinia. 
 
 Terrasson (ter-a-son'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Dordogne, Prance, situated on the 
 Vezere 30 miles east by south of Perigueux. 
 Population, commune, 3,572. 
 
 Terre (tar). La. [F., ‘the earth.’] A novel by 
 Zola, published in 1887. 
 
 “La Terre” was by common consent his farthest excur- 
 sion, and is perhaps the farthest excursion possible on the 
 quest after a representation of man and nature which shall 
 he not disrealised but disidealised, which shall be confined 
 to the merely ugly, base, and low, to the study of degrada- 
 tion and deformity, and to the study even of these things 
 from what may be called the purely police-court and re- 
 porter point of view. Sainbsbury, French Novelists, p. 6. 
 
 Terre Haute (ter'e hot). [F., ‘high land.’] A 
 city, capital of Vigo County, Indiana, situated 
 on the Wabash 72 miles west-southwest of In- 
 dianapolis. It is an important railroad and manufac- 
 turing center, and contains the State Normal School, Rose 
 Polytechnic Institute, etc. It was settled by French col- 
 onists. Population, 58,157, (1910). 
 
 Terre-Noire (tar-nwar'). [F., ‘black country.’] 
 An industrial commune in tbe department of 
 Loire, France, east of St.-Etienne. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 5,261. 
 
 Terror (ter' or). An arctic exploring vessel 
 which sailed from England with the Erebus 
 under Sir John Franklin in 1845. a document was 
 discovered on the shore of King William’s Land by Captain 
 McClintock, stating that both ships were abandoned about 
 a year after the death of Sir John Franklin in 1847, and 
 that the survivors had started for the Great Fish River. 
 They all perished on their journey southward. No traces 
 of the vessels appear to have been found. The Erebus and 
 Terror had previously been the vessels of the Antarctic 
 expedition under command of Sir James Clark Ross. 
 Terror, The. See Reign of Terror. 
 
 Terror of the World. A name given to Attila. 
 Terry (ter'i), Alfred Howe. Boru at Hartford, 
 Conn., Nov. 10, 1827: died at New Haven, Conn., 
 Dec. 16, 1890. An American general. He was 
 educated at the Yale law school ; became a colonel of 
 militia in 1854 ; served at the first battle of Bull Run, at the 
 capture of Port P.oyal, and at the siege of Fort Pulaski in 
 1861 ; took part as brigadier-general in the operations 
 against Char leston in 1862 ; was a division and corps com- 
 mander in Virginia in 1864 ; served at Drury's Bluff, Ber- 
 muda Hundred, the siege of Petersburg, and elsewhere ; 
 captured Fort Fisher by assault Jan. 15, 1865 ; served at 
 the capture of Wilmington, and as corps commander under 
 Sherman in 1865 ; and later was department (Dakota and 
 the South) and division commander. In 1876 he com- 
 manded a successful expedition against Sitting Bull. He 
 was made major-general in the regular army in 1886, and 
 retired in 1888. 
 
 Terry, Ellen (Mrs. James Carew). Born at 
 Coventry, Feb. 27, 1848. An English actress. 
 She made her first appearance on the stage with Charles 
 Kean’s company in 1856 in the parts of Mamillius in “ The 
 Winter’s Tale” and Prince Arthur in “King John.” She 
 appeared in London in 1863 as Gertrude in “The Little 
 Treasure.” In 1864 she married George Frederick WattB 
 and left the stage, but reappeared in 1866. In 1878 she 
 made her first appearance at the Lyceum with Henry 
 Irving, and was associated with him in all his successful 
 Shalcsperian productions, and as Camma in Tennyson's 
 “The Cup" and Rosamonde in his “Becket.” She visited 
 America eight times, seven with Irving. Her memoirs, 
 “ The Story of My Life,” appeared in 1908. 
 
 Terry Alts (ter'i alts). A body of rebels wbo 
 appeared in County Clare, Ireland, about the 
 beginning of tbe 19th century. 
 
 Terschellmg (ter-schel'ling). An island in the 
 North Sea, belonging to the Netherlands, sit- 
 uated northwest of Friesland. 
 
 Tersteegen (ter-sta'Gen), Gerhard. Born at 
 Mors, Prussia, Nov. 25, 1697 : died at Miilheim, 
 Prussia, April 3, 1769. A German hymn-writer. 
 His hymns were included iu “ Blumengartlein ” 
 (1729). 
 
 Tersus. See Tarsus. 
 
 Tertre, Jean Baptiste du. See Dutertre. 
 Tertuliian (ter-tul'yan) (Quintus Septimius 
 Florens Tertulliarius). Born at Carthage 
 about 150 A. d. : died about 230. A celebrated 
 ecclesiastical writer, oue of the fathers of the 
 Latin Church. He became converted to Christianity 
 about 192; lived in Rome and Carthage; and became a 
 Montanist about 203. His chief work is his “Apologeti- 
 CU8,” a defense of Christianity called forth by the persecu- 
 tions under Septimius Severus. Among his other works 
 are “Ad Martyres,” “De Baptismo,” “ De Poenitentia,” 
 “De Spectaculis,” “De Patientia,” “ De Prcescriptione," 
 “Adversus Marcionem,” “ De Virginibus velandis,” •• Ad- 
 versus Praxean.” 
 
 Tertullianists (ter-tul'yan-ists). A branch of 
 the African Montauists of the 3d and 4th cen- 
 turies, who held the doctrines of Montanism 
 as modified by Tertuliian. The divergence of the 
 Tertullianists from orthodoxy seems to have been much 
 less marked than that of the original Asiatic Montanists. 
 They called themselves “ Pneumatics,” or spiritual men, 
 and the Catholics “ Psychics,” natural or sensual men. 
 Terudant. See Tarudant. 
 
 Teruel (ta-ro-el'). 1. A province iu Aragon, 
 Spain. It is bounded by Saragossa on the north, Tarra- 
 
Teruel 
 
 gona on the east, Castellon on the southeast, Valencia on 
 the south, and Cuenca and Guadalajara on the west, and is 
 traversed by mountain-chains. Area, 5,720 square miles. 
 Population, 240,001. 
 
 2. The capital of the province of Teruel, situ- 
 ated on the Guadalaviar in lat.40° 23' N.,long. 
 1° 12' W. It has a medieval cathedral. Popu- 
 lation, 10,878. 
 
 Teschen (tesh'en), Slav. Cieszyn (tse-esh'in). 
 A manufacturing town in Austrian Silesia, sit- 
 uated on the Olsa 61 miles west-southwest of 
 Cracow. It was the capital of the ancient duchy of 
 Teschen, and has a ruined castle. A treaty concluded here, 
 May 13, 1779, between Austria and Prussia, which termi- 
 nated the War of the Bavarian Succession, is known as the 
 peace of Teschen. Population, commune, 22,538, (1910). 
 Tesla (tes'la), Nikola. Born at Smiljan, Lika, 
 Austria-Hungary, in 1857. A noted physicist 
 and electrician. He came to the United States in 1884 
 with a view of developing motors based on his discovery 
 of the rotating magnetic held : this he completed in 1888. 
 He has invented a number of methods and appliances in 
 the line of electrical vibrations aiming at the production 
 of efficient light with lamps without filaments, and the 
 production and transmission of power and intelligence 
 without wires. On his discovery of the action of air or 
 gaseous matter when subjected to rapidly alternating elec- 
 trostatic stresses is based the modern art of insulating 
 currents of very high tension. He has also constructed 
 steam-engines and electrical generators (oscillators) with 
 which otherwise unattainable results are obtained. 
 
 Tessin. See Ticino. 
 
 Testament (tes'ta-ment). A collection of 
 books containing the history and doctrines of 
 the Mosaic or old dispensation and of the Chris- 
 tian or new, in two divisions, known sever- 
 ally as the Old Testament and the New Testa- 
 ment. The word testament in the authorized version of 
 the Bible always represents the Greek word 6 laOrjKr] (else- 
 where rendered 1 covenant’), which in early Christian 
 Latin, and regularly in the Vulgate, is rendered ‘ testa- 
 mentum,’ perhaps from its use in Heb. ix. 15-20. 
 
 Testament of Love. A prose work, wrongly 
 attributed by Speght to Chaucer, it purports to 
 be written by a prisoner in danger of being hanged, and 
 dates probably from the end of the 14th century. 
 
 Teste-de-Buck (test-de-biish'), La. A town in 
 the department of Gironde, France, situated on 
 theBasinof Arcachon 32mileswest-southwest of 
 Bordeaux. Population, commune, 7,082. 
 Testry, or Testri (tes-tre'). A small place in 
 northern France, situated near the Somme, 
 north of Soissons. Here, in 687, Pepin of He- 
 ristal overthrew the power of Neustria. 
 Tete-Noire (tat-nwar'). [F./ black head.’ ] An 
 Alpine pass on the frontiers of Savoy and 
 Switzerland, leading from Martigny [o the val- 
 ley of Chamonix. It is so called from a mountain of 
 the same name near the pass. Height, 4,997 feet. 
 
 Tetes Plates. See Choctaws. 
 
 Tethys (te'this). [Gr. Tt?0c<\] A sea-goddess. 
 Tethys. The third satellite of Saturn, dis- 
 covered by Cassini, March, 1684. 
 
 Teton (te-ton' or te'ton). A river in northern 
 Montana which joins the Missouri northeast of 
 Fort Benton. Length, about 150 miles. 
 Tetons. See Three Tetons. 
 
 Teton, Grand. See Hayden, Mount. 
 
 Teton Range. A mountain-range in the Rocky 
 Mountain system, near the borders of Idaho 
 and Wyoming, north of the Snake River. 
 Tetrapolis (te-trap'5-lis), Chaldean. [Gr. T>- 
 Tpano'Ats, a name applied to several groups of 
 four cities.] The four cities Babylon, Erech, 
 Akkad, and Calneh. 
 
 Tetrapolitan (tet-ra-pol'i-tan) Confession. 
 
 A confession of faith presented at the Diet of 
 Augsburg in 1530 by the representatives of the 
 four cities (whence the name) Constance, Lin- 
 dau, Memmingen, and Strasburg. It resembled 
 the Augsburg Confession, but inclined some- 
 what to Zwinglian views. 
 
 Tetrieus (tet'ri-kus). A pretender to the Ro- 
 man Empire who usurped the throne in Gaul 
 about 267-270 a. d. 
 
 Tetschen (tet'shen). A town in Bohemia, situ- 
 ated on the Elbe 49 miles north by west of 
 Prague. It is a center for the upper Elbe navigation, 
 and a touriBt center for the Saxon-Bohemian Switzerland. 
 Population, commune, 10,641, (1910). 
 
 Tetuan (tet-6-an'). A town in Morocco, situ- 
 ated on the river Martil, near its mouth in the 
 Mediterranean, 25 miles southeast of Tangier. 
 It has manufactures of guns. Here, Feb. 4, 1860, the Span- 
 iards under O’Donnell gained a decisive victory over the 
 troops of Morocco. Population, estimat ed, 20,000 to 25,000. 
 
 Tetzel, or Tezel (tet'sel), Johann (properly 
 Diez, Diezel, etc.). Born at Leipsic about 1455 : 
 died 1519. A German Dominican monk and in- 
 quisitor. The scandal of his sale of indulgences led to 
 the publication of Luther’s ninety-five theses at Witten- 
 berg in 1517, and to the German Beformation. See Luther. 
 Teucer (tu'ser). [Gr. Trikpof.] In Greek le- 
 gend.: (a) A son of Scamander, and the first 
 
 988 
 
 king of Troy. ( h ) A son of Telamon and step- 
 brother of Ajax : noted as an archer. He was 
 said to have founded Sal amis in Cyprus. 
 
 Teufelsbriicke (toi'felz-bruk-e). German for 
 Devil's Bridge (which see). 
 
 Teufelsdrockh (toi'felz-drek), Herr. A Ger- 
 man philosopher, the central character in Car- 
 lyle’s “ Sartor Resartus.” 
 
 Teuffel (toif'fel), Wilhelm Sigismund. Born 
 at Ludwigsburg, Wurtemberg, Sept. 27, 1820: 
 died at Tubingen, March 8, 1878. A German 
 philologist, literary historian, and archaeologist: 
 professor of classical philology at Tubingen 
 from 1849. His chief work is “Geschichte derromisch- 
 en Litteratur ” (“History of Roman Literature," 1868-70). 
 
 Teul, or Gran Teul (gran ta-ol'). A small town 
 in the state of Zacatecas, Mexico, 17 miles 
 south-southwest of Tlaltenango. It was the capi- 
 tal and largest town of the Nayarits, and was burned by 
 the Spaniards about 1530. 
 
 Teulada (ta-6-la'da), Cape. A cape at the 
 southern extremity of the island of Sardinia, 
 west of Cape Spartivento. 
 
 Teumman (ta-om'man). Kin^ of Elam. He 
 succeeded his brother Urtaki. In the battle of Ulai (the 
 classical Eulseus) he was defeated by the Assyrian king 
 Asurbanipal (668-626 B.c. ) ; and in the triumphal procession 
 of Asurbanipal, Teumman’s head was suspended by a string 
 around the neck of one of his chief allies and friends. 
 
 Teutobod (tu'to-bod). A king of the Teutones, 
 totally defeated by Marius at the battle of 
 Aquae Sextiae, 102 b. C. 
 
 Teutoburgerwald (toi'to-borg-er-valt). A 
 mountain-range in Germany, extending from 
 the vicinity of Osnabriick in Hannover south- 
 east through Westphalia and Lippe. Itisknown 
 in different parts as the Lippischer Wald, Osning, etc. 
 The Egge, to the south, is sometimes included. A victory 
 was gained in this range (exact locality undetermined) in 
 9 a. d. by the Germans under Arminius (Hermann) over 
 the Romans under Varus, the Roman army being nearly 
 annihilated. Highest point, about 1,500 feet. 
 
 Teutones (tu'to-nez), or Teutoni (tu'to-ni). In 
 ancient history, a Germanic people who, with 
 the Cimbri, defeated several Roman armies at 
 the end of the 2d century B. C., and were 
 nearly destroyed by Marius at Aquae Sextiae, 
 102 B.c. They are mentioned later as dwelling 
 near the lower Elbe and eastward. 
 
 We have a Teutonic parallel of the same etymological 
 origin in the Gothic “thiudans,” . . . Norse “thjddann,” 
 ‘ a king,' and A. -Saxon “theoden,” which also meant a king 
 or lord : both the Norse and the A. -Saxon words are found 
 only in poetry, which is an indication that they are very 
 ancient formations, going back probably far behind the 
 time of Ulfilas, as may be shown by approaching the ques- 
 tion from another direction: the word touta and its con- 
 geners entered into many proper names, and when the 
 Romans had to write these names they represented the 
 Teutonic dental, as they did the Gaulish one, as a simple 
 t : witness Caesar’s Teutones, Ammianus Marcellinus' Teu- 
 tomeres, Eutropius’Teutobodus, and Floras' Teutobochus. 
 Now in Teutones or Teutoni we have the plural, as given 
 by Roman authors, of the word “thiudans,” “thjddann,” 
 and “ theoden”; and that a people should have given them- 
 selves such a name as Teutones, meaning kings, will sur- 
 prise no one who has noticed such Celtic names as that of 
 the Remi, which signified princes; those of the Caturiges 
 and Catuvellauni, meaning war-kings or battle-princes; 
 and that of the Bituriges, which actually meant Welt- 
 herrscher, or lords of the world. This explanation of the 
 origin of the modern term Teutonic is doubtless open to 
 the objection of implying that a natural inclination to brag 
 was not quite confined to the Celt. 
 
 Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 46. 
 
 Teutonic Order. See Order. 
 
 Tevastehus. See Tavastehus. 
 
 Teverone. See Anio. 
 
 Teviot (te'vi-ot). A river in Roxburghshire 
 which joins the Tweed near Kelso. Length, 
 about 40 miles, 
 
 Teviotdale (te'vi-ot-dal). A name often given 
 to Roxburghshire. 
 
 Tewa (ta'wii), or Taywah, or Tegua, or Tehua. 
 [‘ Moccasins.’] A division of the Tahoan lin- 
 guistic stock of North American Indians, occu- 
 pying the pueblos of Namb6, San Ildefonso, 
 San -Juan, Santa Clara, and Tesuque, in the Rio 
 Grande valley, New Mexico, and the pueblo of 
 Hano which forms one of the Tusayan group 
 in northeastern Arizona. 
 
 Tewfik Pasha (tu'fik pash'a), Mohammed. 
 Born Nov. 15, 1852: died in his palace near 
 Cairo, Egypt, Jan. 7, 1892. Khedive of Egypt, 
 son of Ismail Pasha whom he succeeded June 
 26, 1879. From his accession until 1882 Egyptian finances 
 continued under Anglo-French control, in that year oc- 
 curred the rebellion of Arabi Pasha. Its suppression by 
 the British marked the cessation of Frencli influence, and 
 the virtual establishment of a British protectorate. The 
 revolt of the Mahdistsled, in spite of British expeditions, 
 to the loss of the upper Nile and Sudan regions in 1884- 
 1885. lie was succeeded by his eldest son, Abbas Pasha. 
 
 Tewkesbury (tuks'bu-ri). A town in Glouces- 
 tershire, England, situated at the junction of 
 the Avon and Severn, 10 miles northeast of 
 
 Tezcuco 
 
 Gloucester: the Roman Etocessa. The abbey 
 church, chiefly of the 12th century, is one of the most im- 
 portant of English Romanesque structures. The exterior 
 is marked by its massive tower, its beautiful radiating 
 choir-chapels in the Decorated style, and the curious re- 
 cessed porch and wiudow of the west front. The interior 
 is highly effective, and possesses excellent 14th-century 
 glass and medieval monuments. A victory was gained here 
 May 4, 1471, by the Yorkists under Edward IV. over the 
 Lancastrians under Margaret of Anjou and Prince Ed- 
 ward: by it Edward was reestablished on the throne. Pop- 
 ulation, 5,419. 
 
 Tewkesbury Chronicle. A chronicle, chiefly 
 of English ecclesiastical history, kept at th’e 
 Abbey of Tewkesbury, 1066-1263. 
 
 Texarkana (teks-ar-kan'a). The capital of 
 Miller County, in the southwestern extremity 
 of Arkansas, situated partly in Texas, it is a 
 railroad center. Population, in Arkansas, 5,655 ; in Texas, 
 9,790, (1910). 
 
 Texas (tek'sas). One of the South Central States 
 of the United States of America. Capital, Aus- 
 tin ; chief seaport, Galveston, it is bounded by 
 Oklahoma and Indian Territory on the north, Arkansas on 
 the northeast (separated by the Red River), Louisiana and 
 the Gulf of Mexico on the east, the Gulf of Mexico on the 
 south, Mexico (separated by the Rio Grande) on the south- 
 west, and New Mexico on the west. It is the largest State 
 in the Union, comprising a low coast region, a prairie 
 country, a central hilly region, high plains to the north 
 and west (including the Staked Plain), and a mountainous 
 region westof the Pecos. The chief rivers are the Canadian, 
 Red River, Sabine, Trinity, Brazos, Colorado, Nueces, and 
 Rio Grande. It is an important agricultural State, the 
 leading products being cotton, Indian corn, live stock, 
 sugar, and rice. It also produces lead and petroleum. It 
 has 245 counties, sends 2 senators and 18 representatives 
 to Congress, and lias 20 electoral votes. An attempt at 
 settlement was made by La Salle about 1685, and various 
 missions were established by the Spaniards in the 18th 
 century. The region was invaded by various adventurers 
 early in the 19th century. It formed with Coahuila a 
 state of Mexico, and was settled rapidly about 1820-30 by 
 American colonists. A rebellion against Mexico*broke out 
 in 1835 ; the garrisons at the Alamo and Goliad were mas- 
 sacred by the Mexicans in 1836 ; and the Mexicans were 
 finally defeated by Houston at San Jacinto, April 21, 1836. 
 Texas was a republic from 1836 to 1845, when it was an- 
 nexed to the United States. It was the scene of early 
 events in the Mexican war in 1846 ; seceded Feb. 1, 1861 ; 
 was tile scene of various events in the Rebellion, and of 
 the last conflicts ; and was readmitted in 1870. Area, 265,- 
 780 square miles. Population, 3,896,542, (1910). 
 
 Texcocans. See Tezcucans. 
 
 Texcoco. See Tezcuco. 
 
 Texel (tek'sel). An island in the North Sea, be- 
 longing to the Netherlands. It lies north of North 
 Holland (separated by the Marsdiep). The surface is low. 
 Its neighborhood has been the scene of many naval en- 
 gagements. Length, 15 miles. Population, about 6,000. 
 
 Texier (tes-ya'), Charles Felix Marie, Born 
 
 at Versailles, France, Aug. 29, 1802: died at 
 Paris, July 1, 1871. A French archteologist and 
 traveler. Among his works are “Description de l’Asie 
 Mineure ” (1839-48), “ Description del'ArmOnie, deia Perse, 
 de la iiesopotamie ” (1842-45), etc. 
 
 Tezcatlipoca (tatif-kat-le-po' ka). In Aztec 
 (Mexican) mythology, one of the principal 
 deified shamans and chiefs of their tribe. On the 
 teocalli at Mexico he had a chapel near that of Huitzilo- 
 pochtli. Human sacrifices were made to him. The vic- 
 tim (said by some to represent the god himself) was selected 
 a year before, and was a young man of perfect form. He 
 was kept under a kind of tutelage for the ceremony, but 
 was allowed every pleasure ; beautiful girls were given 
 him for companions ; and at feasts he was honored as a 
 divinity. On the day of the sacrifice he was stripped of 
 his gaudy clothes, and while ascending to the temple threw 
 away his chaplets of flower»and broke his musical Instru- 
 ments. 
 
 Tezcotzinco (tas-kot-sen'ko). A hill about 
 5 miles east of the town of Tezcuco, Mexico. 
 Ixtlilxochitl gives an absolutely fanciful de- 
 scription of it. The place is marked by a few 
 ruins overgrown with vegetation. Some small 
 artificial pools are erroneously called the Baths 
 of Montezuma. 
 
 Tezcucans (tas-ko'kans), or Texcocans (tas- 
 ko'kans), or Acolhuans (a-kol'6-ans). An 
 ancient Nahuati tribe of the valley of Mexico. 
 Some traditions make them the offspring of 
 the semi-mythical race called Chichimecs. 
 About 1120 they settled at Tenayucan or Tez- 
 cuco, then on the eastern shore of the lake, 
 and this soon became the most powerful pue- 
 blo of the valley. Early in the 15th century 
 they were for a time conquered by the Te- 
 panecs ; subsequently they joined in a league 
 with Tenocktitlan and Tlacopan, and eventu- 
 ally became subordinate in power to the former 
 place. Their last chief, Ixtlilxochitl, joined CortCs in 
 1520, and assisted in the siege of Tenochtitl&n or Mexico. 
 The Tezcucans claim for their nation a preeminence in 
 civilization among (he Nahuati tribes. 
 
 Tezcuco (tas-ko'ko), or Texcoco (tas-ko'ko). A 
 town of the state and republic of Mexico, near 
 the eastern shore of Tezcuco Lake, about 16 
 miles from Mexico City. It was the seat and home 
 of the Tezcucans or Acolhuans, who called it Acolhua- 
 can or Tenayucan. (See Tezcucans.) At this place, in 
 
Tezcuco 
 
 1521, Cortes organized the siege of Mexico and built 
 the brigantines with which he assaulted that city from 
 the lake. Population, town, 11,044 ; commune, 24,663. 
 
 Tezcuco, or Texcoco, Lake of. The largest of 
 the cluster of lakes in the valley of Mexico. 
 At present it is nearly oval in outline, about 12 miles long, 
 7 wide, and less than 2 feet deep. Mexico City is about 4 
 miles from the western shore, and Tezcuco is about the 
 same distance from the eastern side. Low and more or 
 less swampy lands around it mark its ancient limits, 
 which were at least four times as great as at present ; Mex- 
 ico was then on an island in it, approached by causeways, 
 and Tezcuco, Tlacopan, and other towns were on its shore. 
 The water w as deep enough in 1520 to float the ships of 
 CortOs. During the Aztec and early colonial periods it 
 was frequently swelled by rains, causing disastrous floods 
 in Mexico ; one of these floods lasted 3 years (1629-32). 
 The shrinkage is due to tilling in with sediment, drainage, 
 and evaporation. Until 1813 the drains of Mexico opened 
 into the lake, and its polluted waters, forced back through 
 them during the rains, caused great mortality in the city. 
 This has been remedied by extensive drainage works, and 
 it is now proposed to empty the lake entirely. Tezcuco is 
 the lowest of the valley lakes, and its waters are brackish. 
 It has no fish, but the singular amphibian called the axolotl 
 was formerly abundant. 
 
 Tezel. See Tetzel. 
 
 Thacher(tkacli'6r), George. Born at Yarmouth, 
 Maine, April 12, 1754: diedatBiddeford, Maine, 
 April 6, 1824. An American jurist and politi- 
 cian. He was a delegate from Massachusetts to the 
 Continental Congress ; was member of Congress from the 
 Maine district of Massachusetts 1789-1801 ; and was judge 
 of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts and of Maine. 
 Thacher , Thomas Anthony. Born at Hartford, 
 Conn., Jan. 11,1815: died at New Haven, Conn., 
 April 7, 1886. An American classical scholar, 
 professor of Latin at Yale from 1842. He trans- 
 lated Madvig’s Latin grammar, and edited va- 
 rious Latin works. 
 
 Thackeray (thak'e-ri), William Makepeace. 
 Born at Calcutta, July 18, 1811: died at Lon- 
 don, Dec. 24, 1863. A celebrated English novel- 
 ist, satirist, and critic. He was taken to England 
 In the year 1817, and was educated at the Charterhouse 
 school and at Trinity College, Cambridge, leaving in 1830. 
 He traveled on the Continent (visiting Weimar, etc.) for 
 several years. In 1833 he began to devote himself se- 
 riously to literature and art, wrote for the “National Stan- 
 dard ” (of which he was afterward both editor and pro- 
 prietor), and later for “The Times," for “Fraser’s Maga- 
 zine” (to which he long contributed as Michael Angelo 
 Titmarsh), for “ Punch,” etc. He had a talent for draw- 
 ing and caricature, and about 1834 went to Paris, with 
 the idea of studying painting. In this he was unsuccess- 
 ful ; but he illustrated many of his own works, and about 
 1835 made his well-known application to illustrate “Pick- 
 wick.” In 1837, having married Miss Isabella Shawe, he 
 returned to England. About 1840 his wife’s mind became 
 affected, after the birth of her third daughter, and she 
 never recovered, though she did not die until many years 
 after her husband's death. He visited the East in 1844, lec- 
 tured in the United States in 1852-53 and 1854-55, and was 
 editor of the “ Cornhill Magazine ’’ 1860-62. His chief 
 novels are “ Vanity Fair ’’ (1847-48 : which made his repu- 
 tation), “ Pendennis " (1849-50), “ Henry Esmond ’’ (1852), 
 “The Newcomes” (1853-55), and “The Virginians” (1857— 
 1859). Among his other novels and stories are “The Yel- 
 lowplush Papers "(1838 and 1840), “History of Mr. Samuel 
 Titmarsh and the Great Hoggarty Diamond” (1841), “The 
 Paris Sketch Book” (1840), “Jeames's Diary," “Fitz- 
 Boodle’s Confessions," “Shabby Genteel Story,” “The 
 Book of Snobs ” (collected from “ Punch ” 1848), “ The Irish 
 Sketch Book ”(1843), “Notes of a Journey from Cornhill 
 to Grand Cairo ” (1846), “Memoirs of Barry Lyndon ” (1844), 
 “Mrs. Perkins’s Ball" (1847), “Punch's Prize Novelists,” 
 “The Kickleburys on theRhine," “Rebecca and Rowena,” 
 “Lovel the Widower” (1860-61), “Adventures of Philip” 
 (1861-62), “The Rose and the Ring,” and “Denis Duval” 
 (unfinished). Many of these appeared first in “ Fraser’s,” 
 “Cornhill, and other periodicals. His other works in- 
 clude “English Humourists of the 18th Century’’ (firstde- 
 livered as lectures in 1851), “The Four Georges ” (lectures 
 delivered iu the United States 1855, first printed in 1860), 
 “The Roundabout Papers" (1860-63), “ Early and Late 
 Papers” (edited by J. T. Fields, 1867), “The Orphan of 
 Pimlico, etc.” (edited 1875), balladB, etc. 
 
 Thaddseus (tha-fle'us). [Gr. OaMalor.~\ One of 
 the apostles, otherwise called Jude or Judas 
 and Lebbaeus. See Jude. 
 
 Thaddeus of Warsaw. A novel by Jane Por- 
 ter, published in 1803: named from its hero. 
 Thais (tha'is). [Gr. 0aif.] Lived in the last 
 part of the 4th century B. c. A famous Athe- 
 nian hetsera, mistress of Alexander the Great. 
 She is alleged (probably erroneously) to have incited him 
 to fire the Persian palace at X’ersepolis. She was afterward 
 mistress of Ptolemy Lagi. 
 
 Thaisa (tha'is-a). The daughter of Simonides 
 and wifeof Pericdesin Shakspere’s (?) “Pericles.” 
 Thalaba the Destroyer. A descriptive poem 
 by Southey: so called from the name of the hero. 
 Thalberg (tal'bero), Sigismond. Born at Ge- 
 neva, 1812: died at Naples, 1871. A pianist 
 and composer for the piano, illegitimate son of 
 Prince von Dietrichstein. His works include 
 various fantasias, nocturnes, etc. 
 
 Thale (tii'le). A watering-place in the province 
 of Saxony, Prussia, situated in the Harz, on the 
 Bode, 5 miles west of Quedlinburg. Popula- 
 tion, country commune, 13,194. 
 
 Thales (tha'lez). [Gr. 0aA^f.] Born at Miletus, 
 
 989 
 
 Asia Minor, about 640 b. c. : died about 546. A 
 famous Greek philosopher, astronomer, and ge- 
 ometer: one of the seven wise men of Greece, 
 and the earliest of the Ionian natural philoso- 
 phers. He regarded water as the principle of ail things. 
 He predicted an eclipse of the sun for May 28, 585 B. C. ; 
 and to him were attributed various discoveries in geometry 
 and astronomy. 
 
 Volney considered the eclipse [of Thales] to have taken 
 place B. o. 625(“Reeherches, etc.,” vol. i. p. 342). Clinton 
 places it B. c. 603 (F. H. vol. i. p. 419). Ideler considers 
 that no eclipse about this period fulfils the necessary condi- 
 tions except that of B. c. 610(“Handbuchder Chronologie," 
 vol. i. p. 203). Mr. Hind and Professor Airy have recently 
 suggested the late date of B. c. 5S5 (Bosanquet, “ Fall of 
 Nineveh,” p. 14). Rawlinson, Herod., I. 359, note. 
 
 Thales, or Thaletas (tha-le'tas). [Gr. Oalyc, 
 Qa'/J/rac.'] Bornin Crete: lived about the 7th cen- 
 tury B. c. A lyric poet and musician of Sparta. 
 
 Thalia (tha-li'a). [Gr. QuXev.q, Oa/.ta.] 1. In Greek 
 mythology, the joyful Muse, to whom is due the 
 bloom of life. She inspired gaiety ; was the patroness 
 of the banquet accompanied by song’and music ; and also 
 favored rural pursuits and pleasures. At a late period she 
 became the Muse of comedy, and to the Romans was little 
 known in any other character. In the later art she is 
 generally represented with a comic mask, a shepherd’s 
 crook, and a wreath of ivy. 
 
 2. An asteroid (No. 23) discovered at London 
 by Hind, Dec. 15, 1852. 
 
 Thallo (thal'o). [Gr. 0a?26.] In Greek my- 
 thology, one of the Hours. 
 
 Thame (tam). A river in Buckinghamshire 
 and Oxfordshire, England, which joins the 
 Thames (of which it is a main tributary) at 
 Dorchester. Length, about 35 miles. 
 
 Thame. A town in Oxfordshire, England, situ- 
 ated on the Thame 13 miles east of Oxford. 
 Population, 2,911. 
 
 Thames (temz). [Early mod. E. also Thamys, 
 Tames, Temse, ME. Temse, AS. Temes , Temese, 
 Txmese, L. Tamesis (Caesar), Tamesa (Tacitus), 
 Gr. T apeaa or T apeaay (Dion Cassius), and said to 
 be Celtic, meaning ‘broad water.’ TheF. Tamise 
 is from the L., G. Tliemse from the E.] The 
 principal river in Great Britain. It rises near Ciren- 
 cester; flows on the border between Gloucester and Wilt- 
 shire ; separates Oxford and Buckingham from Berkshire, 
 Middlesex from Surrey, and Essex from Kent ; and, broad- 
 ening into an estuary, flows into the North Sea. Its course 
 is generally easterly. To its junction with the Thame it is 
 called also the Isis. The principal tributaries are the Cher- 
 well, Thame, Colne, Lea, and Roding on the north, and the 
 Kennet, Mole, and Medway on the south. The chief places 
 on its banks are Oxford, Reading, Windsor, Eton, Kingston, 
 Richmond, Brentford, London, Woolwich, Gravesend, and 
 Sheerness. Length to Sheerness, 228 miles. Width at 
 London Bridge, 909 feet; at Gravesend, half a mile. It is 
 tidal to Teddington, and is navigable by locks for barges 
 from Lechlade ; for large vessels, from the Pool, London. 
 
 Thames. A river in Ontario, Canada, which 
 flows into Lake St. Clair 32 miles east of De- 
 troit. Near its banks, Oct. 5, 1813, tiie Americans under 
 Harrison (cavalry under R. M. Johnson) defeated the allied 
 British (under Proctor) and Indians (under Tecumseh, 
 who was killed in the battle). Length, about 160 miles ; 
 navigable to Chatham. 
 
 Thames (temz; locally also thamz). A navi- 
 gable river in Connecticut, formed by the junc- 
 tion at Norwich of the Quinebaugand the Yan- 
 tic. It empties into Long Island Sound below 
 New London. Length, 15 miles. 
 
 Thames Embankment. A wide macadamized 
 carriageway, with foot-pavements on each side, 
 constructed 1864-70 bythe Metropolitan Board 
 of Works in London along the north bank of 
 the Thames, from Blackfriars Bridge to West- 
 minster. Strictly this is the Victoria Embankment, 
 while the Albert Embankment, finished 1868, extends from 
 Westminster Bridge to Vauxhall Bridge on the south 
 bank, and the Chelsea Embankment, finished 1873, ex- 
 tends from the Chelsea Hospital to the Albert Suspension 
 Bridge on the north bank. These embankments have a 
 granite wall on the river side ; the whole area was once 
 covered by the tide. 
 
 Thames Tunnel. A tunnel under the Thames 
 at London, near the Tower, opened in 1843. 
 
 Thamien (tha'mi-en). A tribe of North Amer- 
 ican Indians which formerly inhabited the 
 country between the Almaden mines and Alviso 
 Landing, Santa Clara County, California; also, 
 the native name of the site of Santa Clara mis- 
 sion. See Costanoan. 
 
 Thammuz. See Tammuz. 
 
 Thamyris (tham'i-ris). [Gr. Qauvp/r. ] In Greek 
 legend, a Thracian singer. He boasted that he could 
 surpass the Muses, and was deprived by them of his sight 
 and of the power of singing. 
 
 Thanatopsis (than-a-top'sis). [From Gr. dava- 
 rof and ofic, vision : 1 a vision of death.’] A poem 
 by William Cullen Bryant, published in 1816. 
 
 Thanatos (than'a-tos). [Gr. Havaroc, death. ] In 
 Greek mythology, the personification of death, 
 brother of Sleep. See Sleep and Death. 
 
 Thanet (than'et), Isle of. An island at the east- 
 
 Theagenes and Chariclea 
 
 ern extremity of Kent, England, it is formed by 
 a bifurcation of the Stour, and contains Margate and Rams- 
 gate (so called from Ruim, the older name of the island). 
 Length, 9 miles. 
 
 Thanet, Octave. The pseudonym of Alice 
 French. 
 
 Thann (tan). A town in Upper Alsace, Alsace- 
 Lorraine, situated on the Thur 23 miles south- 
 west of Kolmar. It has manufactures of cotton and 
 silk, and wine is produced in the vicinity. Its church of 
 St. Theobald is noteworthy. Population, commune, 7,901. 
 
 Thano. See Tano. 
 
 Thapsacus (thap'sa-kus). In ancient geogra- 
 phy, a town on the western bank of the Eu- 
 phrates : the biblical Tiphsah. it was probably 
 situated near the modern Rakka, about lat. 35° 50' N. 
 The Euphrates was crossed here in the expedition of Cy- 
 rus the Younger, by Darius, and by Alexander the Great. 
 Thapsus (thap'sus). In ancient geography, a 
 town in northern Africa, situated on the coast, 
 near the modern Cape Dimas in Tunis, 30 miles 
 southeast of Susa. Here, 46 B. c., Caesar totally de- 
 feated the Pompeians under Cato, Scipio, and Juba, and 
 ended the war in Africa. 
 
 Tharand (ta'rant). A small town in the king- 
 dom of Saxony, situated on the Wilde Weis- 
 seritz, 9 miles southwest of Dresden. It is the 
 seat of a noted academy of forestry. 
 Thargelia (thar-ge'li-a). [Gr. Bapyr/2ia.] In 
 Greek antiquity, a festival celebrated at Athens 
 on the 6th and 7th of the month Thargelion, in 
 honor of the Delian Apollo and of Artemis. On 
 the first day of the festival (probably not every year) there 
 was an expiatory sacrifice of two persons, for the men and 
 the women of the state respectively, the victims being 
 condemned criminals ; on the second day there were a 
 procession and a contest for a tripod between cyclic cho- 
 ruses provided by the choragi. 
 
 Tkarrawaddy (thar-a-wod'i). A district in 
 Pegn division, Lower Burma, intersected by 
 lat. 18° N. Area, 2,851 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 395,570. 
 
 Thasos (tha'sos). [Gr. 0a<ro<;.] 1. An island in 
 the northern part of the zEgean Sea, intersected 
 by lat. 40° 40' N. It belongs to Turkey, and is about 
 4 miles from the mainland. The surface is mountainous. 
 It was colonized from Paros about the end of the 8th 
 century B. c. ; was long noted for its gold-mines ; belonged 
 to the Athenian confederacy ; revolted about 465 B. c., but 
 was besieged and subjugated by Cimon ; was subject to 
 Philip V. of Macedon ; and was a free city under the Ro- 
 mans. The inhabitants (Greeks) number about 12,000. 
 Length, 15 miles. 
 
 2. The ancient capital of Thasos, situated on 
 the northern coast. 
 
 Thatcher (thach'er), Benjamin Bussey. Born 
 
 at Warren, Maine, Oct. 8, 1809: died at Boston, 
 July 14, 1848. An American author. His works 
 include “ Biography of North American Indians ” (1832), 
 “ Tales of the American Revolution ” (1846), etc. 
 
 Thatcher, Henry Knox. Born at Thomaston, 
 Maine, May 26, 1806 : died at Boston, April 5, 
 1880. An American rear-admiral. He served in the 
 attacks on Fort Fisher, and commanded the Western Gulf 
 Squadron in the naval operations against Mobile in 1865. 
 Thau (to), Etang de. A lake in the department 
 of Herault, southern France, situated near the 
 Mediterranean (with which it communicates 
 by a canal) near Cette. Length, 12 miles. 
 Thaumaturgus (tha-ma-ter'gus). [L.,fromGr. 
 davyaTovpyo f, wonder-working.] A surname 
 given to Gregory of Cappadocia (3d century), a 
 reputed worker of miracles. 
 
 Thaumaturgus of the West, The. A name 
 given to St. Bernard. 
 
 Thaxter (thaks'ter), Mrs. (Celia Leighton). 
 
 Born at Portsmouth, N. H., 1835: died at the 
 Isles of Shoals, Aug. 26, 1894. An American 
 poet. 
 
 Thayer (thar), Abbott Henderson. Bom at 
 Boston, Aug. 12, 1849. An American animal-, 
 figure;, aud landscape-painter. He was a student 
 at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts under Lehmann and Geronie 
 1875-79. He was for two years president of the Society 
 of American Artists. Among his pictures are “Virgin 
 Enthroned," “Caritas," etc. He has made special studies 
 in protective coloration in the animal kingdom. 
 
 Thayer, Joseph Henry. Born at Boston, Nov. 
 7, 1828 : died Nov. 26, 1901. An American bib- 
 lical scholar, professor at Andover Theological 
 Seminary 1864-82, and at the Divinity School, 
 Harvai'd, 1884-1901. 
 
 Thesetetus(the-e-te'tus). [Gr.0Ea(Y?/rof.] Lived 
 about the end of the 5th century b. c. An 
 Athenian, a disciple of Socrates. He is the 
 principal character in one of the most famous 
 of Plato’s dialogues. 
 
 Theagenes (the-aj'e-nez). [Gr. QeayJvyc.] A 
 tyrant of Megara, who ruled about the end of 
 the 7th century B. c. 
 
 Theagenes and Chariclea (kar-i-kle'a). An 
 ancient romance by one Heliodorus, written in 
 the 4th century. It recounts the loves and adventures 
 of Theagenes, a Thessalian, and Chariclea, the daughter of 
 
Theagenes and Chariclea 
 
 Persina, queen of Ethiopia. It was rendered into English 
 prose by Thomas Underdown (1577), and into French by 
 Arnyot. It “supplied with materials many of the early 
 writers of romance. It was imitated in the composition of 
 Achilles Tatius and subsequent Greek fablers ; and was 
 the model of those heroic fictions which, through the 
 writings of Gomberville and Scuddry, became for a con- 
 siderable period so popular and prevalent in France” 
 ( Dunlop). Also called JEthiopica. 
 
 Theatins.or Theatines (the'a-tinz). [From The- 
 ate or Teate , Chieti. ] A monastic order of regu- 
 lar clerks, founded at Rome in 1524, principally 
 by the Archbishop of Chieti, in Italy, with the 
 purpose of combating the Reformation. There 
 were also Theatin nuns. The order flourished to some 
 extent in Spain, Bavaria, and Poland, but its influence is 
 now confined chiefly to Italy. 
 
 Theatre, The. The first London theater, it was 
 
 a wooden building erected by James Burbage, the father 
 of Richard Burbage, in 1576, on the site of the priory of 
 St. John the Baptist, Shoreditch, which was destroyed at 
 the Reformation. It was taken down in 1598, and the 
 Globe, Bankside, built of the materials. 
 
 Theatre de la Foire (ta-atr' de la fwar). [F., 
 ‘theater of the fair.’] A theater set up by 
 provincial comedians at the fairs of St.-Germain 
 and St. -Laurent, outside of Paris. These theaters 
 had privileges, in the interests of commerce, which the 
 regular theaters had not. The plays were originally given 
 by marionettes, and their performance can be traced as 
 far back as 1596. Le Sage, Fuselier, Dominique, Dorneval, 
 Boissy, Sedaine, and others wrote for it, Le Sage alone 
 writing more than 100 little pieces, farces, etc., with or 
 without songs. 
 
 Theatre Franqais (ta-atr' froh-sa'), Le. The 
 most noted theater in France. It is situated on 
 the Place du Theatre Frangais, Rue St.-Honor6, near the 
 Palais Royal, in Paris. Its rights having been restricted 
 during the Revolution, Napoleon reinstated it in nearly 
 sole possession of the right of producing classic drama. 
 Its present constitution was given to it in 1830, and it is 
 now the chief home of the regular drama, and receives a 
 subsidy from the government. It has a governing board 
 of six, who in turn are supervised by government officials. 
 It was almost entirely destroyed by fire, March 8, 1900. 
 See Comidie Francaise, La. 
 
 Theatre Italien, or Les Italiens (ta-atr' e-ta- 
 lyan' or laz e-ta-lyan'). The name given to the 
 old Italian opera-house in the Rue Le Peletier 
 in Paris. For many years the lyric drama was given 
 here. In 1875 the new opera-house was opened. 
 
 Theatre Royal. Same as Drury Lane Theatre 
 (which see). It was the first London theater 
 so named. 
 
 Thebaid (the'ba-id), The. [L. Thebais, Gr. 
 0///!cur.] In ancient geography, the domain of 
 Thebes in Egypt, or Upper Egypt. It included 
 the valley of the Nile from about lat. 27° 45' N. southward 
 to Syene (about lat. 24° N.). 
 
 Thebaid, The. An epic poem by Statius, re- 
 lating to the expedition of the Seven against 
 Thebes. 
 
 This poem, which is admitted by Merivale to be faultless 
 in epic execution, and has been glorified by the admiration 
 of Dante, occupied the author twelve years in the compos- 
 ing, probably from 80 to 92 A. D. 
 
 Cruttwell, Hist, of Roman Lit., p. 427. 
 
 Thebaide (ta-ba-ed'), La. A play by Racine, 
 produced June 20, 1664, by Moliere’s company. 
 
 Thebais (the'ba-is). A Greek epic poem of the 
 Theban cycle, of unknown authorship, relating 
 to a mythical war between Argos and Thebes. 
 
 Theban (the'ban) Cycle, The. A group of le- 
 gends or poems relatin g to the mythical war be- 
 tween Argos and Thebes. See Cyclic Poets, The. 
 
 Theban Eagle, or Theban Bard. Pindar. 
 
 Theban Legion. In Christian legend, a legion 
 (from the Thebaid ?) in the army of Maximian 
 which refused to obey the emperor’s order to 
 persecute the Christians, and was twice deci- 
 mated and finally exterminated for its disobedi- 
 ence. 
 
 Thebaw (the'ba). The last king of Burma, de- 
 posed by the British in 1885. 
 
 Thebes (tliebz). [Gr. 6 ypai, L. Thebse or Thebe 
 (also Diospolis Magna), Egyptian Cast. j A 
 city of ancient Egypt, situated on both sides of 
 the Nile, in lat. 25° 38' N., long. 32° 39' E. Thebes 
 
 proper was on the east bank, and the Libyan suburb (Pa- 
 thyris, Memnonia) on the west bank The village of Luxor 
 now stands on the site. The remains of antiquity here are 
 of great interest. The Colossi, or statues of Memnon as 
 commonly called, are two huge seated figures, originally 
 monolithic, of Amenhotep III. (about 1500 B. c.), stand- 
 ing, with others now ruined, before the ruined temple of 
 that king. They are about 50 feet high, and are raised on 
 sandstone pedestals measuring about 10 feet. They are 
 now much weather-beaten and broken by earthquake 
 shocks, but have suffered still more from vandalism. The 
 northernmost figure is the famed vocal statue of Memnon, 
 which is said to have emitted a sound when touched by 
 the rays of the rising sun. The temple of Rameses I. 
 and Seti I., or of Amen-Ra, is entered by a dromos of 
 sphinxes between two pylons, the second of which is fol- 
 lowed by a similar dromos before the fine prostyle colon- 
 nade, whose columns are of the early type resembling stalks 
 bound together. The portal opens on a columned hall sur- 
 rounded by chambers, beyond which lies a large hall with 
 four columns, preceding the now ruined sanctuary. On 
 
 990 
 
 both sides of the main temple there are other halls and 
 rooms : those on the west may have formed part of the 
 royal palace. The sculptures, which refer to Rameses I., 
 Seti I., and Rameses II., are of high interest. The tomb 
 of Seti I. (about 1400 B. c.), No. 17 of the Tombs of the 
 Kings (commonly called Belzoni’s tomb, from its discov- 
 erer). is, like its fellows, a rock-cut tomb. At its entrance, 
 which is a mere shaft in the face of the cliff, a long, steep 
 stair descends, followed by a narrow passage, another 
 stair, and another passage, at the end of which there was 
 a deep pit (now filled), the continuation of the passage be- 
 yond which was walled up, stuccoed, and painted over 
 with scenes continuing those on the side walls. Beyond is 
 a first hall with four pillars, elaborately sculptured and 
 painted ; then another hall, and a series of passages by 
 which is reached the great hall, 27 feet square, with 6 pil- 
 lars. A vaulted chamber 19 by 30 feet continues this hall, 
 and contained the alabaster sarcophagus of the king. Other 
 columned chambers flank this one, and still other passages 
 and chambers extend on a lower level into the mountain, 
 the total length open being 470 feet, and the depth below 
 the entrance 180. The continuation of the tomb is choked, 
 and its extent is unknown. The sculptures, historical, 
 mythological, and ceremonial, with particular reference 
 to the rites of royal burial, are exceedingly remarkable. 
 With allowance for endless differences of detail, this may 
 be taken as a type of the Tombs of the Kings. The Tombs 
 of the Queens, temple of Rameses III., Memnonium (see 
 Ramesseum), temple of Luxor, temple of Karnak, obelisks, 
 and sphinxes are also noteworthy. Thebes is first men- 
 tioned in the 11th dynasty. It supplanted Memphis as the 
 great Egyptian center; was very flourishing in the 18th, 
 19th, and 20 th dynasties (Thothmes III., Amenhotep III., 
 Seti, Rameses II., RamesesIII.) ; was afterward supplanted 
 by cities of the Delta; and declined under the Ptolemies. 
 See Karnak and hux<n\ 
 
 Thebes. [Gr. Qijpai, L. Thebse or Thebe.'] In an- 
 cient geography, the chief city of Bceotia, 
 Greece, situated in lat. 38° 19' N., long. 23° 19' 
 E. : the modern Thiva. It is said to have been founded 
 by Cadmus (hence Cadmea, the citadel), and is celebrated 
 in connection with Amphion, Zethus, Laius and tEdipus, 
 and the expeditions of the Seven against Thebes and of the 
 Epigoni. It was early settled by the Boeotians from Thes- 
 saly ; had a quarrel with Athens at the end of the Gth cen- 
 tury B. c. ; was allied with the Persians in the Persian war ; 
 was defeated by Athens at (Enophyta 456; and was under 
 democratic and Athenian influence until 447 ; was the hit- 
 ter enemy of Athens in the Peloponnesian war; had a se- 
 vere struggle with Sparta in the battle of Coronea in 394; 
 had to yield to Sparta 382-379 ; defeated Sparta at Leuctra 
 in 371, and at Mantinea in 362, and held the hegemony in 
 Greece under the leadership of Epaminondas ; took part in 
 the Sacred War ; was allied with Athens in the defeat at 
 ChEcronea in 338, and was severely treated by Philip ; re- 
 belled in 335, but was retaken by Alexander and destroyed ; 
 was rebuilt by Cassander ; became insignificant under the 
 Roman Empire ; was important in the middle ages and 
 noted for its silk manufactures ; and was plundered by the 
 Normans of Sicily and others. It was the reputed birth- 
 place of Tiresias, Amphion, Hercules, and Bacchus. Popu- 
 lation of the modern town, 3,491. 
 
 Thecla (thek'la), Saint. A saint of Iconium, 
 Asia Minor, said to have been a disciple of the 
 apostle Paul. 
 
 Theia (the'ya). See Titans. 
 
 Theiner (ti'iier), Augustin. Born at Breslau, 
 April 11, 1804: died Aug. 10, 1874. A noted 
 German Roman Catholic historian. He was pre- 
 fect of the Vatican archives 1855-70. He was suspected 
 of misusing his official position for the advantage of the 
 bishops of the opposition in the Vatican Council, and the 
 key of the archives was taken away from him. He pub- 
 lished many ecclesiastical works on the old monuments 
 of Poland, Hungary, Russia, etc. ; “Geschichte des Pontifi- 
 catsClemensXlV.” (1853) ; “Codex diplomaticus dominii 
 temporalis Sanctfe Ledis ” (1862 : on the temporal power of 
 the papacy) ; etc. 
 
 Theiss (tls), Hung. Tisza (tis'o). The largest 
 tributary of the Danube: the Slavonian Tisa, 
 and the ancient Pathissus, or Tissus, or Tisia 
 (less probably Tibiscus). It is formed by the union of 
 the Black Theiss and White Theiss in the Carpathians on 
 the border of Galicia ; Hows west, southwest, and south 
 through Hungary ; and empties into theDanub.e 26 miles 
 north by west of Belgrad. Its principal tributaries arethe 
 Hernad on the right, and the Szamos, Koros, Maros, and 
 Bega on the left. The chief towns on its banks are Szigeth, 
 Tokay, Szolnok, Csdngrad, and Szegedin. Length, esti- 
 mated, about 700 miles ; navigable for steamboats from 
 Tokay. 
 
 Themis (the'mis). [L., from Gr. 0e///.f.] 1. A 
 
 Greek goddess, the personification of law, order, 
 and abstract right. — 2. An asteroid (No. 24) 
 discovered by De Gasparis at Naples, April 5, 
 1853. 
 
 Themistocles (the-mis'to-klez). [Gr. Qe/uiero- 
 ic'Afjc. ] Born in the latter part of the 6th cen- 
 tury b. c. : died about 460 (perhaps as late as 
 447). A famous Athenian statesman and com- 
 mander. He became a political leader in opposition to 
 Aristides, who was ostracized in 483 ; was instrumental in 
 increasing the naval resources of Athens; induced the 
 Athenians to leave Athens for Salamis and the fleet, and 
 brought about the victory of Salamis in 480; urged on the 
 fortifications of Athens and of the Piraeus, and the devel- 
 opment of the naval power of Athens ■ and was ostracized 
 about 470. He was charged with complicity in the treason 
 of Pausanias. He lived in exile in Argos, Corcyra, Epirus, 
 and elsewhere, and went to Persia in 465, when lie was pen- 
 sioned by Artaxerxes, and established himself at Magnesia. 
 
 Even after Leonidas had so gallantly perished, Themis- 
 todes had great difficulty in persuading them not to take 
 flight in their ships ; if once they went to sea, he said, all 
 was lost. And then his reply to Eurybiades, which has 
 
 Theodoric 
 
 been by some censured, appears to me to have been one of 
 the grandest ever made by man. Eurybiades, in the heat 
 of dispute, shook his staff in a menacing manner at him. 
 “ Strike, hut hear,” was the only return he made. To have 
 drawn forth the sword by his side, and to have smote him 
 dead for such an insult, would have been no more than 
 natural ; but any one could have done that. A poor dray- 
 man in a pothouse might have done it ; but to forbear, to 
 waive his own redress in order to extinguish resentments, 
 and keep the troops united for his country’s sake, this ap- 
 pears to me truly great ! 
 
 Carlyle , Lects. on the Hist, of Lit., p. 31. 
 
 Thenard (ta-nar'), Louis Jacques. Bom at 
 
 Louptiere, near Nogent-sur-Seine, France, May 
 4, 1777 : died at Paris, June 21, 1857. A French 
 chemist, professor in the College de France : 
 baron and peer of France. He discovered Thfinard’s 
 blue, etc. He wrote “ Traits £l<§mentaire de chimie ” (1813). 
 He worked in connection with Gay-Lussac. 
 
 Theobald (tbe'o-bald). Died 1161. An English 
 prelate, archbishop of Canterbury 1139-61. 
 
 Theobald, Lewis. Born at Sittingboume, Kent, 
 England : died 1774. An English playwright, 
 translator, Shaksperian commentator, and his- 
 torical writer. He published “ Shakspere Restored," 
 abusing Pope (1726), and edited Shakspere (1733). He was 
 the original hero of Pope’s “Dunciad,” as a revenge for 
 “Shakspere Restored.” 
 
 Theocritus (the-ok'ri-tus). [Gr. Oedapiroc.] Born 
 at Syracuse : lived in the 3d century B. c. A 
 famous Greek idyllic poet. He lived in Syracuse, 
 Cos, and Alexandria. His idyls represent the life of herds- 
 men, shepherds, and fishermen. 
 
 Theocritus, a Syracusan, flourished about 270 B. C., un- 
 der Ptolemy II. (Philadelphus), and is the Greek repre- 
 sentative of pastoral or bucolic poetry. Shepherds con- 
 tending for a prize in alternate or amcebseic strains give 
 rise to tins rustic poetry, which was distinctively Dorian 
 and especially Sicilian ; hence Milton calls his “Lycidas,” 
 in which one shepherd is supposed to be mourning for 
 another, a Doric lay, and invokes the Sicilian muse. Be 
 sides some epigrams and fragments, we have 31 short 
 poems under the name of Theocritus, — though the gen- 
 uineness of some is doubtful,— mainly in the Doric dia- 
 lect. Scarcely one half of these are properly pastoral in 
 subject ; but most of them may properly be called idyls, 
 i. e. little pictures of life. Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 141. 
 
 Theodelinde (the-od'e-lind; G. pron. ta-6-de- 
 lin'de). Lived about 590. A Bavarian prin- 
 cess and Lombard cpieen, daughter of Garibald 
 I., and wife of Authari and later of Ago. 
 
 Theoderic. See Theodoric. 
 
 Theodora (tke-o-do'ra). [Gr. QeoSupa, gift of 
 God.] Born at Constantinople, in Cyprus: died 
 547 or 548. An actress and courtezan (accord- 
 ing to the usual account) who married Justin- 
 ian about 523, and became Byzantine empress in 
 527. she took an important part in the administration 
 of the affairs of the empire. 
 
 Theodora, surnamed “ The Elder.” Lived about 
 the beginning of the 10th century. A Roman 
 woman influential iu Italy and in papal affairs : 
 mother of Marozia. 
 
 Theodora, “ The Younger.” Lived in the 10th 
 century. Daughter of Theodora the Elder : 
 influential at Rome. 
 
 Theodore (the'o-dor) I. [L. Theodoras, from 
 Gr. Qiofieipoc, gift of God ; F. Theodore, It. Teo- 
 dor o, G. Theodor, Russ. Feodor.'] Pope 642-649, 
 au opponent of the Monothelites. 
 
 Theodore II. Pope 898. 
 
 Theodore I. (Lascaris). Died 1222. Son-in- 
 law of Alexius III Angelus. He was raised to the 
 throne of Nicea April 13, 1204, on the storming of Con- 
 stantinople by the Venetians and Crusaders. 
 
 Theodore II. (originally Kasa or Kassa). Born 
 about 1818 : committed suicide at Magdala, 
 April 13, 1868. King of Abyssinia. He is said 
 to have been educated for a priest, but became a partisan 
 leader. Repeated successes resulted in the conquest of 
 Tigrd and the proclamation of Theodore as king in 1855. 
 He also conquered Shoa and waged war with the Gallas. 
 At first a reformer, he became at last a cruel despot. His 
 imprisonment of the British consul Cameron and other 
 Europeans brought about the intervention of the English. 
 Abyssinia was invaded by British troops under Napier in 
 1868, and Magdala was stormed April 13, 1868. 
 
 Theodore I., King of Corsica. See Netdwf. 
 
 Theodore of Tarsus. Died 690. An English 
 prelate, of Greek origin: archbishop of Canter- 
 bury 668-690. 
 
 Theodoret (tkf-od'o-ret), L. Theodoretus 
 
 (the-od-o-re'tus). Born at Antioch about 390: 
 died about 457. A Greek theologian, church 
 historian, and exegete : a member of the school 
 of Antioch. He became bishop of Cyrus or Cyrrlius 
 (near the Euphrates) about 423 ; was deposed about 448 : 
 and was restored by the Council of Chalcedon in 451. He 
 wrote commentaries, controversial works, a continuation 
 uf tlie history of Eusebius, lives of ascetics, letters, etc. 
 
 Theodoric (the-od'o-rik), “The Great.” [LL. 
 Theodoricus, LG r. BeodupncSt;, accom. form of a 
 Gothic name cognate with OHG. Deotrth, Dio- 
 terih, MHG. Dietrich , G. Dietrich, ruler of the 
 people.] Bora in Pannonia about 454: died 
 Aug. 30, 526. A celebrated king of the East 
 
Theodoric 
 
 Goths, son of the Amaling prince Theodemer. 
 
 He passed his boyhood as a hostage at Constantinople ; 
 with his father invaded Moesia in 473 ; and succeeded his 
 father about 474. He started on the invasion of Italy late 
 in 488 ; repeatedly defeated the Gepidse ; and defeated 
 Odoacerat the Isonzo Aug. 28, 489, at Verona Sept. 30, and 
 on the Adda Aug. 11, 490. On Feb. 27, 493, a peace was 
 concluded according to which the two kings were to live 
 together in Italy, Odoacer as the military subordinate of 
 Theodoric. But in March Odoacer was slain by Theodoric 
 at a banquet, and the latter became the sole ruler in Italy 
 and the founder of the East-Gothic power there. He in- 
 troduced many reforms. He put to death Boethius and 
 Symmachus. In medieval German romance he is cele- 
 brated as Dietrich von Bern. Also spelled Theoderic. 
 
 It is no wonder that Theoderic became the subject of 
 many fabulous stories, and that tradition represented his 
 reign as having been almost a kingdom of heaven upon 
 earth, liven before the sixth century closed, men told 
 in Italy nearly the same story that was told in England re- 
 specting the days of Alfred — how the great king had made 
 righteousness to prevail in his realm so that gold pieces 
 could be left exposed on the highway for a year and a day 
 without being stolen. Many of his sayings were quoted 
 as proverbs in the land, and anecdotes were related to 
 show how, like Solomon in the matter of the two mothers 
 and their infants, Theoderic h id displayed in the judg- 
 ment seat his wonderful insight into human nature. But 
 it was not in Italy or amongst the Goths that his legen- 
 dary fame reached its highest point. The whole Teutonic 
 race regarded his glory as their own, and his imagined 
 deeds were the theme of popular songs in all the German 
 lands. The story of “Dietrich of Bern ’’(the High Ger- 
 man way of pronouncing “ Theoderic of Verona ”) is in- 
 deed, as told in the poems, very different from the history 
 of the real Theoderic. He is described as the vassal of 
 Attila and the foe of Ermanaric, who is partly confounded 
 with Odovacar ; and in some of the songs “Dietrich" is 
 even represented as vanquished, and as a fugitive or a 
 captive. But amid all this strange distortion of the his- 
 tory, the character of the legendary Dietrich is essen- 
 tially that of the Gothic king. 
 
 Bradley, Story of the Goths, p. 171. 
 
 Theodoras. See Theodore. 
 
 Theodosia (the-o-do'shi-a). [Gr. Beodooia, gift 
 of God.] See Feodosia. 
 
 Theodosian Code (the-o-do'shi-an kod). A col- 
 lection of Roman laws from the time of Con- 
 stantine to that of Theodosius II., comprised 
 in 16 books, first published a. d. 438. 
 Theodosius (the-o-do' shi-us). Executed at 
 Carthage 376 a. d.’ A Roman general, distin- 
 guished for his services in Britain, on the Dan- 
 ube, and in Africa. 
 
 Theodosius I., “ The Great.” Born at Cauca, in 
 northern Spam, about 346: died at Milan, Jan. 
 17, 395. Roman emperor, son of Flavius Theodo- 
 sius, a general (chiefly noted for his campaigns 
 in Britain) of Valentinian I. He commanded in 
 Moesia in 374 ; was made joint emperor by Gratian and 
 ruler over the East in 379 ; defeated the Goths and other 
 invaders ; and after 382 enrolled the Goths in the empire. 
 After the death of Gratian in 383, he had as colleagues 
 Maximus, Valentinian II., and Eugenius. He defeated 
 Arbogast and Eugenius at the Frigidus near Aquileia in 
 394, and became sole emperor. In ecclesiastical history 
 he is noted for his submission to Ambrose. 
 
 Theodosius II. Born 401 : died 450. Emperor of 
 the East, son of Areadius whom he succeeded 
 in 408. He was controlled largely by his sister Pulche- 
 ria and his wife Eudocia. He carried on war with Persia. 
 During his reign the empire was invaded by the Huns. 
 The Theodosian Code was formed by his order. 
 
 Theodosius III. Byzantine emperor 716-717. 
 
 Theodosius, Obelisk of. See Obelisk of Theo- 
 dosius. 
 
 Theodule (ta-6-dttl') Pass, or Matterjoch 
 (mat'ter-yoch). A pass over the Alps, leading 
 from Zermatt in Switzerland to Val Tournan- 
 che in Italy. Height, 10,900 feet. 
 
 Theognis (the-og'nis). [Gr. Beoyvtr.] Born in 
 Megara : lived in the middle or last part of the 
 6th century B. c. A celebrated Greek elegiac 
 poet. 
 
 Theognis (540 B. C.), a Dorian noble of Megara, has left 
 us about 1,400 elegiac verses in the Ionic dialect — much 
 more than we have from any early Greek elegist — in which 
 he seeks to impress the orthodox doctrines of the Dorian 
 aristocracy on a young Megarian noble named Cyrnus, and 
 puts in many quaint bits of worldly wisdom by the way. 
 His tone, and the respectability of his views, made him 
 a standard author in Attic schools, and his text has been 
 much confused by additions. Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 54. 
 
 Theogony (the-og'6-ni), The. [Gr. Beo yovia, 
 the origin of the gods.] An ancient Greek poem 
 of 1,022 lines, attributed to Hesiod, treating of 
 the origin of the order of nature from chaos and 
 the origin of the gods. It was a standard work 
 on theology among the Greeks. 
 
 Theon (the'on). [fir. Bhrv.] Lived in the lat- 
 ter half of the 4th century a. d. An Alexan- 
 drian mathematician and astronomer, father of 
 Hypatia. He wrote a commentary on the “ Al- 
 magest.” 
 
 Theophilus ( the-of ' i-lus ) . [L.,fromGr. Be6<j>iko<;, 
 one who loves God; F. ThSophile, It. Sp. Teo- 
 filo, Pg. Theophilo, G. Theophilus ( Gottlieb ).] 
 In legend, the administrator of a bishopric in 
 
 991 
 
 Adana, Asia Minor, said to have made a com- 
 pact with the devil. 
 
 Theophrastus (the-o-fras'tus). [L.,from Gr. 
 QedippaoToc .] Born at Eresus, Lesbos, about 372 
 B. C. : died 288 or 287 B. C. A Greek philoso- 
 pher, a disciple of Aristotle whom he succeeded 
 as head of the Peripatetic school. He wrote on 
 the “History of Plants,” etc. 
 
 Theophrastus of Eresus in Lesbos (374-287 B. c.) suc- 
 ceeded Aristotle at the head of the Lyceum, and followed 
 his master in handling physical as well as moral science. 
 We have from him two botanical works, “Researches about 
 Plants,” in nine books, and “Principles of Vegetable Life," 
 in six books, which show him to have been a thorough and 
 acute inquirer ; also30 short, lively sketches of character — 
 such as “ The Flatterer,” “ The Grumbler," “The Boastful 
 Man,” “The Man of Petty Ambition.” These characters 
 were the original models of those sketches which English 
 literature produced in the 17th century, such as Hall’s 
 “ Characterismes of Vertues and Vices,” Overbury’s “ Char- 
 acters or Witty Descriptions of the Properties of Sundry 
 Persons,” and Earle's “ Microcosmographie. ” 
 
 Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 135. 
 
 Theophrastus Such (the-o-fras'tus such), The 
 Impressions of. A series of essays by George 
 Eliot, published in 1879. 
 
 Theopompus (the-o-pom'pus). [Gr. Be6nopno^, 
 sent of God.] Born in Chios about 378 B. c. : 
 died about the end of the 4th century b. c. A 
 Greek historian and rhetorician, the aristocratic 
 and pro-Macedonian leader in Chios. His chief 
 works are “ Hellenics ” and “Philippics ” (frag- 
 ments edited by Muller). 
 
 Theotocos (the-ot'6-kos). [From LGr. 6eot6kos, 
 bearing God, mother of God.] The mother of 
 God: a title of the Virgin Mary. Also Theot- 
 okos. 
 
 Theramenes (the-ram'e-nez). [Gr. Or/pa/uv7/r.~\ 
 Executed 404 b. c. An Athenian politician and 
 commander. He was one of the leaders in the estab- 
 lishment of the oligarchic rule of the 400, which he later 
 opposed ; served at Cyzicus, Arginusse, and elsewhere ; was 
 instrumental in procuring the condemnation of the Athe- 
 nian generals after Arginusas ; was one of the negotiators 
 for peace with Sparta ; became one of the thirty tyrants ; 
 and was put to death through the influence of Critias. 
 Theresa, or Teresa (te-re'sa or ta-ra'sa), Saint. 
 [It. Sp. Teresa, Pg. Theresa, G. Therese, F. The- 
 rese. ] Born at Avila, Spain, March 28, 1515: 
 died at Alba de Liste, Spain, 1582. A Spanish 
 saint and author. She entered the Carmelite order in 
 1534 ; established a reformed order of Carmelites in 1562 ; 
 and became famous for her mystic visions. Her works, 
 including “El camino de la perfeccion" (“Way of Per- 
 fection ”)and “El Castillo interior” (“Castle of the Soul”), 
 were published in 1587. 
 
 Theresa Christina Maria. Born at Naples, 
 March 14, 1822: died at Oporto, Portugal, Dec. 
 28, 1889. Empress of Brazil. See Pedro II. 
 Theresienstadt _(ter-a'ze-en-stat), or Theresi- 
 opel ( ter - a'ze - o - pel), or Maria-Theresiopel 
 (ma-re'a-ter-a'ze-o-pel),Hung. Szabadka(so'- 
 bod-ko). A royal free city in the county of Bacs, 
 Hungary, situated 24 miles west-southwest of 
 Szegedin. It is an agricultural center. Popula- 
 tion, 95,000, (1910). 
 
 Theresienstadt, Slav. Terezin (ta-ra-zen'). A 
 town in Bohemia, situated on the Eger, near 
 its junction with the Elbe, 32 miles north-north- 
 west of Prague. It is the principal fortified 
 place in Bohemia. Population, 6,094, (1910). 
 Thermaic Gulf (ther-ma'ik gulf). [L. Ther- 
 maicus Sinus. ] The ancient name of the Gulf 
 of Saloniki. 
 
 Thermidor (ther-mi-dor'; F. pron. ter-me-dor'). 
 [F., from Gr.dep/ar/, heat, and dupov, a gift.] The 
 name adopted in 1793 by the National Conven- 
 tion of the first French republic for the eleventh 
 month of the year. Itconsistedof 30 days, beginning 
 in the years 1 to 7 with July 19, and in 8 to 13 with July 20. 
 Thermidorians (ther-mi-do'ri-anz). The more 
 moderate party in the French Revolution, who 
 took part in or sympathized with the overthrow 
 of Robespierre and his adherents on the 9th 
 Thermidor, year 2 (July 27, 1794). 
 Thermopylae (ther-mop'i-le). [Gr. Bep/ioirv'kai, 
 gate of the hot springs.] In ancient geography, 
 a narrow pass from Thessaly to Locris, between 
 Mount (Eta and a marsh bordering the Maliac 
 Gulf. The configuration of the land has been somewhat 
 changed in recent times. Through it passed the only road 
 from northern to southern Greece. Here, in 480 B. c., oc- 
 curred one of the most famous conflicts of the Persian wars. 
 A small army of Greeks under Leonidas defended the pass 
 against a vast army under Xerxes. Their position was be- 
 trayed, and Leonidas sent away his troops, except 300 Spar- 
 tans and 700 Thespians, who remained and were slain. 
 Here, too, in 279 or 278 B. c., the allied Greeks attempted 
 unsuccessfully to prevent the passage of the Gauls under 
 Brennus ; and here, in 191 B. c., the Romans under Glabrio 
 defeated Antiochus the Great of Syria. 
 
 The springs at Thermopylae are hot (about 100° Falir.) 
 and salt. There are two of them, which seem anciently 
 to have been devoted respectively to male and female 
 
 Thespis 
 
 bathers (Pausan.). They are enclosed within receptacles 
 of masonry, about two feet in depth, from which in cool 
 weather a strong vapour rises. 1 he name “ Cauldron ” is 
 thus very expressive. Rawlinson, Herod., IV. 145. 
 
 Theroigne de Mericourt (ta-rwany' de ma-re- 
 kor'), Anne Joseph Terwagne, called. Born 
 at Marcouit, Luxemburg, Aug. 13, 1762 : died at 
 Paris, June 9, 1817. Aheroineof the Fren eli Re vo- 
 lution, an adnerentoftheGirondist party: called 
 the “Amazon of the Revolution,” the “Belle 
 Lidgeoise,” the “Fury of the Gironde,” etc. she 
 played a prominent part in the taking of the Bastille, (he 
 expedition of the women to Versailles in Oct., 1789. the 
 events of Aug. 10, 1792, etc. She was insane in her later 
 years. 
 
 Theron (the'ron). [Gr. 9 i/puv.~] Tyrant of Agri- 
 gentum in Sicily 488^72 B. C. He ruled also 
 over Himera. 
 
 Ther sites (thor-si'tez). [Gr. Bepairr/r.] InGreek 
 legend, the most hateful and impudent of the 
 Greeks assembled before Troy. Shakspere in- 
 troduces him in “Troilus and Cressida.” 
 
 Thervings (ther'vingz). See the extract. 
 
 About the year 200, when they were living on the north 
 shore of the Black Sea, the Gutans or Goths divided them- 
 selves into twogreat branches, the Thervings and the Greu- 
 tungs. These two peoples had also other names which are 
 much betterknown in history. The Thervings were called 
 Visigoths (i. e., West Goths), and the Greutungs Ostro- 
 goths (East Goths). These latter names referred at first to 
 the situation which the two divisions then occupied, one 
 east, the other west of the river Dniester ; but by a curious 
 coincidence they continued to be appropriate down to the 
 latest days of Gothic history for when the Goths con- 
 quered the south of Europe, the Visigoths went westwards 
 to Gaul and Spain, while the Ostrogoths settled in Italy. 
 
 Bradley, Story of the Goths, pp. 6-7. 
 
 Theseum (the-se'um). [Gr. Biiatiov.] A temple 
 at Athens, probably a temple of Hephaestus 
 (Vulcan). It is one of the three most perfect surviving 
 Greek temples. Itis a Doric peripteros of Pentelic marble, 
 of 6 by 13 columns, on a stylobate of 3 steps mea uring 45J 
 by 104 feet. The columns are 19 feet high and 3 feet 5 
 inches in base diameter. The cellahas 2 columns in antis 
 in both pronaos and opistbodomos. The metopes of the 
 eastern frieze and those nearest on the flanksare sculptured 
 from the myths of Hercules and Theseus ; the pediments 
 were filled with sculptures, now lost. Over the antae and 
 columns of both ends of the cella there is a sculptured 
 frieze: thaton the east represents a combat between Athe- 
 niansandThracians ; thaton the west, a fight with centaurs. 
 
 Theseus (tlie'sus or the'se-us). [Gr. Bpoive;.'] 
 In Greek legend, the chief hero of Attica : son 
 of JEgeus, king of Athens, and iEthra, daughter 
 of Pittheus, king of Troezen. He was brought up 
 at Troezen, and when hereached maturity setout for Athens, 
 which he reached after wonderful adventures, and where 
 he was recognized and acknowledged by ASgeus. He cap- 
 tured the Marathonian bull, and when the Athenians sent 
 their tribute of youths and maidens to Minos, he went 
 with them and -lew the Minotaur with the help of Ariadne, 
 daughter of Minos, who fell in love with him. She gave 
 him a sword and a clue of thread by means of which he 
 found his way through the labyrinth. He sailed away 
 with Ariadne, but abandoned her on the island of Naxos. 
 He also fought with the Amazons, who in turn invaded At- 
 tica ; was one of the Argonauts ; took part in the Calydo- 
 nian hunt; and performed other marvelous exploits. He 
 was slain in Scvros by Lycomedes. 
 
 Theseus. The Duke of Athens, a character in 
 Shakspere’s “ Midsummer Night’s Dream.” 
 
 The days of the Frank duchy of Athens have almost 
 passed away from memory. But from the memory of Eng- 
 lish-speaking men at least they should not pass away. It 
 was from the French and Italian holders of that duchy 
 that Shakespere borrowed that title which, to purely clas- 
 sical ears, seems so strange, when Theseus himself, the 
 legendary statesman who wrought the union of the At- 
 tic towns, was brought on the stage, like a De la Roche 
 or an Acciaiuoli, as Theseus, Duke of Athens. And doubt- 
 less many readers of English and French history ha ve been 
 puzzled when, in the story of the fight of Crecy, a Duke of 
 Athens appears as if he were as naturally to be looked for 
 at such a moment as the Count of Alengon or the Earl of 
 Warwick. Freeman , Hist. Essays, III. 295. 
 
 Thesiger (thes'i-jer), Frederic Augustus, 
 
 second Baron Chelmsford. Born May 31, 
 1827: died April 9, 1905. An Euglish general. 
 He served as aide-de-camp in the Crimean campaign, and 
 as adjutant-general in the Abyssinian campaign of 1868; 
 was adjutant-general of the forces in India 1869-74 ; be- 
 came major-general in 1877 ; and had chief command of 
 the British troops in the Zulu war of 1879 until relieved 
 by Sir Garnet Wolseley. He gained a decisive victory 
 over the Zulus under Cettiwayo at Ulundi July 4, 1879. 
 
 Thespiss (thes'pi-e). [Gr. Beanai, Bloneia, Bta- 
 7 no.] In ancient geography, a city in Bceotia, 
 Greece, 8 miles west by south of Thebes. The 
 city is mentioned by Homer (Catalogue). With Platsen it 
 refused to give earth and water to the heralds of Xerxes , 
 and it sent to Thermopylse 700 men who remained and 
 perished with the Spartans. The Thespians fought at 
 Plataea in 479, and against Athens at Delium in 424. The 
 walls of the city were later destroyed by Thebes. Tliespia) 
 was noted for the worship of Eros and the Muses. 
 
 Thespian Maids. The Muses. See Tliespise. 
 
 Thespis (thes'pis). [Gr. Gt-cunf.] Lived in the 
 midale of the 6th century B. O. An Attic poet, 
 the reputed founder of tragedy. He is said to 
 have introduced monologues and perhaps dia- 
 logues into the dithyrambic choruses. 
 
Thesprotia 
 
 Thesprotia (thes-pro'ti-a), or Thesprotis 
 
 (thes-pro'tis). In ancient geography, a region 
 in southwestern Epirus, lying near the sea. 
 Thessalonians (thes-a-16'ni-anz), Epistle to 
 the. The title of two of the Pauline epistles 
 in the New Testament. The main theme of 
 both epistles is the second coming of Christ. 
 Thessalonica (thes' ,/ a-lo-nI'ka). [Gr. Qtcod/.o- 
 vUri.'] The ancient name of Saloniki. 
 Thessaly (thes'a-li). [L. Thessalia, from Gr. 
 QeaaaXia.] A district which in ancient times 
 formed the northeastern division of Greece. 
 It was bounded by Macedonia on the north (separated by 
 the Cambunian Mountains and Mount Olympus), the 
 Thracian Sea and Magnesia (or including Magnesia) on 
 the east, Doris and Aitolia on the south, and Epirus on 
 the west (separated by Mount Pindus). Thessaly contains 
 the mountains Ossa, Pelion, and Othrys, aud is traversed 
 by the Peneius. Its chief divisions were Perrhsebia, Pe- 
 lasgiotis, Thessaliotis, Hestiaeotis, Magnesia, and Phthio- 
 tis. Many of its cities, mountains, and valleys were cele- 
 brated in Greek legend. It was aristocratic and pro-Persian 
 in its tendencies. The greater part of it was ceded by 
 Turkey to Greece in 1881. The present inhabitants are 
 Greeks, with some Turks and Rumanians. 
 
 Thetford (thet'ford). A town in Norfolk and 
 Suffolk, England, situated on the* Little Ouse 
 31 miles northeast of Cambridge. It was the 
 capital of East Anglia. Thomas Paine was born 
 there. Population, 4,613. 
 
 Thetis (the'tis). [Gr. Gf-nf.] 1. In Greek my- 
 thology, the chief of the Nereids : mother by 
 Peleus of Achilles. — 2. An asteroid (No. 17) 
 discovered by Luther at Bilk, April 17, 1852. 
 Theuerdank (toi' er-dangk) . [G. , ‘ dear thanks/] 
 1. A name given to the emperor Maximilian I. 
 — 2. A German poetical romance, founded on 
 the life of the emperor Maximilian I., and in 
 *part designed by him . It was published in 1517. 
 Theuriet (te-re-a'), Andre. Born at Marly- 
 le-Roi, Oct. 8, 1833: died at Bourg-la-Reine, 
 April 23, 1907. A French novelist and poet. 
 He was elected to the French Academy 1896. 
 
 Th6venot (tav-no'), Jean de. Born 1633 : died 
 1667. A French traveler, nephew of Melchis6- 
 dech Th4venot. He made journeys in the East 1655- 
 1659, and traveled again in the East, particularly in Per- 
 sia and India, 1664-67. His collected “Voyages" were pub- 
 lished in 1689. 
 
 Th6venot, Ivlelchisedech. Born about 1620: 
 died 1692. A French scholar. He published 
 “Relations de divers voyages” (1663-72), etc. 
 Thiaki (the-a'ke). A modern name of Ithaca. 
 Thibaudeau (te-bo-do'), Comte Antoine 
 Claire de. Born at Poitiers, France, March 23, 
 1765: died at Paris, March 1, 1854. A French 
 politician and historian. He became deputy to the 
 Convention in 1792, and a member of the Mountain ; be- 
 came president of the Council of Five Hundred in Feb., 
 1796 ; was ennobled by Napoleon I.; lived in exile under 
 the Bourbons ; and was made senator by Napoleon III. 
 Among his works are “ Mdmoires sur la Convention et le 
 Directoire” (1824), “Mdmoires sur le Consulat” (1826), 
 “ Histoire gdndrale de Napollon Bonaparte" (1827-28), etc. 
 Thibaut (te-bo') XV., Count of Champagne and 
 King of Navarre. Born 1201: died 1253. A 
 French ruler, noted as a poet. 
 
 Thibaut de Champagne, King of Navarre, ... is indeed 
 the most important single figure of early French lyrical 
 poetry. . . . Thibaut’s poems have been more than once re- 
 printed, the last edition being that of M. Tarbd ; this con- 
 tains eighty-one pieces, not a few of which, however, are 
 probably the work of others. The majority of them are 
 Chansons d'Amour. Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 68. 
 
 Thibet. See Tibet. 
 
 Thierry, or Thierri (ti-er'i; F. pron. tya-re'), I., 
 or Theodoric (the-od'o-rik). Died 534. King 
 of Austrasia: son of Clovis, and one of his suc- 
 cessors in 511. 
 
 Thierry II. Died 613. King of Burgundy and 
 later of Austrasia, second son of Childebert II. 
 Thierry III. Died 691 (692?). King of the 
 Franks, a younger son of Clovis II. 
 
 Thierry IV. Died 737. King of the Franks, one 
 of the “ rois faineants.” The government was 
 administered by Charles Martel. See Charles. 
 Thierry (tya-re'). Amedee Simon Dominique. 
 Born at Blois, France, Aug. 2, 1797 : died at Pa- 
 ris, March 26, 1873. A French historian and 
 politician, brother of J. N. A. Thierry. He was for 
 a time professor atBesamjon ; after the revolution of 1830 
 was prefect of the upper Sadne ; and later held other politi- 
 cal offices. He was made a senator in 1860. He wrote 
 “Histoire des Gaulois” (1828), “Histoire de la Gaule sous 
 Tadministration romaine'’ (1S4CM7), “Histoire d'Attila” 
 (1866), "Tableau de l’empire romain” (1862), “Rdcits de 
 l'histoire romaine "(I 860 , 1864), “ Saint-JdrOme” (1867), etc. 
 
 Thierry, J acques Nicolas Augustin. Born at 
 Blois, May 10, 1795: died at Paris, May 22, 1856. 
 An eminent French historian. He obtained a free 
 scholarship at the college of his native town, and graduated 
 with thehighest honors. Then hetookatwoyears'courseof 
 studyattheEcoleNormalein Paris (1811-13), and fitted him- 
 self for a teacher. After a brief stay in a provincial college, 
 
 992 
 
 he returned to Paris to follow up literature as a means of 
 livelihood. For a while he worked in collaboration with 
 the philosopher Saint-Simon, and published with him 3 
 books (1814-17). Then he contributed several original 
 papers to various periodical publications. These papers 
 he subsequently fused together, and composed in this way 
 his “Histoire de la conquete de l’Angleterre par les Nor- 
 mands” (1825) and his “Lettres sur 1 histoire de France” 
 (1827). In 1826 he became completely broken down in 
 health, and was left blind and paralyzed. The remainder 
 of his literary work was done through the medium of 
 secretaries. With their help he published his “Dix ans 
 d’dtudes historiques” (1834), his“Rdcits des temps mdro- 
 vingiens ”(1840), and an“ Essai sur l'histoire de la formation 
 et des progres du tiers-dtat” (1853). 
 
 Thierry and Theodoret. A play by Fletcher, 
 Massinger, and another, published in 1621 
 (written a few years earlier). 
 
 Thiers (tyar). A town in the department of 
 Puy-de-Dome, France, situated on the Durolle 
 24 miles east-northeast of Clermont-Ferrand. 
 Cutlery is made here and in the vicinity. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 17,418. 
 
 Thiers, Louis Adolphe. Born at Marseilles, 
 April 15, 1797 : died at St.-Germain-en-Laye, 
 near Paris, Sept. 3, 1877. A distinguished French 
 statesman and historian. He studied law'at Aix, and 
 in 1821 went to Paris, where he became a journalist. His 
 “Histoire de la revolution frangaise” appeared 1823-27. 
 In 1830 he established with Mignet and Armand Carrel 
 the “National,” which contributed greatly to the down- 
 fall of the Bourbons. He was a prominent supporter of 
 Louis Philippe, and held various cabinet positions 18 ,2-36 
 (premier Feb. -Aug., 1836). In March, 1840, he again be- 
 came premier : resigned in Oct. His principal work, ‘ His- 
 toire du consulat et de l’empire, ” was published 1845-62. 
 He was a conspicuous member of the Constituent and 
 Legislative assemblies 1848-51, and was arrested by Napo- 
 leon III. at the time of the coup d'dtat in 1851. In 1&63 
 he was elected to the Corps Ldgislatif, where he led the 
 opposition to the imperial regime. He protested against 
 the declaration of war in 1870, on the ground that France 
 was not ready. He conducted the negotiations for an 
 armistice with Germany, was elected to the National As- 
 sembly, and was chosen chief of the executive power Feb. 
 17, 1871. He negotiated the peace with Germany, sup- 
 pressed the insurrection of the Commune, and by his ex- 
 traordinary energy and admirable financiering freed his 
 country of foreign occupation before the stipulated time. 
 On Aug. 31, 1871, he was declared by the Assembly presi- 
 dent of the republic fora term of three years, and resigned 
 May 24, 1873. He was a member of the Academy from 
 1834. 
 
 Thing (ting). [Not from AS. thing, a council, 
 but repr. Icel. thing, au assembly, conference, 
 = Sw. Dan. ting, a court, a place of assembly, 
 a legal trial.] In Scandinavian countries and 
 in regions largely settled by Scandinavians (as 
 the east and north of England), an assembly, 
 public meeting, parliament, or court of law. 
 Also Ting. 
 
 Thionvilie (tyon-vel'). The French name of 
 Diedenhofen. 
 
 Thira. See Santonin. 
 
 Thirlwall (tberl'wal), Connop. Born at Step- 
 ney, London, Feb. 11, 1797: died at Bath, Eng- 
 land, July 27, 1875. An English historian, critic, 
 and prelate. He was bishop of St. David's 1840-74. His 
 chief work is a “History of Greece” (1835-44). 
 
 Thirteen Communes. See Tr edict Comuni. 
 Thirty, Battle of the. A fight between thirty 
 Bretons and thirty Englishmen, pitted by Jean 
 de Beaumanoir and Bemborough, an English- 
 man, against each other, to decide a contest. 
 The fight is said to have taken place between the castles 
 of Josselin and Ploerrael in France in 1351. The English 
 were beaten. 
 
 Thirty Tyrants, The. 1 . An aristocratic body 
 which usurped the government of Athens 404— 
 403 B. c. The most notable was Critias. They 
 were expelled by the democratic party under 
 the lead of Thrasybulus. — 2. A popular name 
 given collectively to the body of pretenders 
 to the Roman Empire under the reigns of Vale- 
 rian, Gallienus, etc. Among them were Tet- 
 ricus and Odenatlius. 
 
 Thirty Years’ War, The. A religious and po- 
 litical war in central Europe which involved 
 Germany and various countries. It was caused by 
 the friction between the Protestants and Catholics in the 
 Empire ; and the immediate occasion was the infringe- 
 ment by the court of Austria of the rights of the Bohemian 
 Protestants, who in May, 1618, rose in revolt under the 
 lead of Count Thurn. The following were the main events: 
 In 1619 the emperor Matthias died, and was succeeded in 
 the Hapsburg dominions and as emperor by Ferdinand 
 II.. but Frederick V., elector of the Palatinate, was chosen 
 as a rival king by the Bohemians ; in Nov., 1620, the Cath- 
 olic League defeated Frederick at the White Mountain; 
 in 1622 Tilly and the Catholic League were victorious at 
 Wimpfen and Hochst ; in 1625 Christian IV. of Denmark 
 became the leader of the Protestants ; in 1626 Tilly defeated 
 Christian IV. at Lutter, and Wallenstein, the Imperialist 
 general, defeated Mansfeld at Dessau : in 1629 the edict of 
 Restitution was issued by Ferdinand II (see Restitution ) ; 
 in 1630 Wallenstein was dismissed, while Gustavus Adol- 
 phus of Sweden became the Protestant leader. The events 
 of 1631 were the storming of Magdeburg by Tilly and the 
 victory of Gustavus at Breitenfeld ; of 1632, the successes of 
 Gustavus, the reentry of Wallenstein to the Imperialist ser- 
 
 Thomas the Rhymer 
 
 vice, and the victory and death of Gustavus at Liitzen (Nov. 
 16) ; of 1634, the murder of Wallenstein, and the Imperial- 
 ist victory at NOrdlingen; of 1635, the treaty of Prague 
 between Saxony and Ferdinand II., and the interference of 
 France on the Protestant side under the lead of Richelieu ; 
 of 1636, the victory of the Swedes at Wittstock ; of 1637’ 
 the accession of the emperor Ferdinand III. ; of 1642, the 
 victory of the Swedes at Breitenfeld ; and of 1643, 1644, and 
 1645, generally French and Swedish victories under Cond4, 
 Turenne, and Torstenson. In 1648 the war was terminated 
 by the treaty of Westphalia (which see). In general the 
 Protestants were strong in northern Germany, the Catho- 
 lics in southern Germany. Spain was the chief ally of the 
 emperor ; France, Sweden, and Denmark were the princi- 
 pal allies of the Protestants. The main profits of the war 
 fell to France and Sweden. Germany suffered severely in 
 loss of life, property, and morale. 
 
 This (this). In ancient geography, a city in 
 Upper Egypt, near Abydus or perhaps identi- 
 cal with it. 
 
 Thisbe(thiz'he). [Gr.9 iofb/.'] In classical legend, 
 a maiden of Babylon, beloved by Pvramus. Living 
 in adjoining houses, they were able to converse through a 
 hole in the wall without the knowledge of their parents, 
 who opposed their marriage. A rendezvous was appointed 
 at the tomb of Ninus. Thisbe,who appeared first, was fright- 
 ened by a lion, and, running away, dropped her mantle 
 which the beast soiled with blood. Pyramus, seeing the 
 blood, and believing that Thisbe had been slain, killed him- 
 self under a mulberry-tree, the fruit of which was ever 
 after blood-red. Sliakspere introduced the story in the 
 farcical interlude in the “Midsummer Night’s Dream.” 
 Thistle (this'l). A steel yacht (cutter), designed 
 by George L. Watson, and launched at Glasgow 
 April 21, 1887. Her principal dimensions were : length 
 over all, 108.06 feet; length at water line, 86.46; beam, 
 20.03; draught, 13.80; displacement, about 138 tons. She 
 was designed expressly to capture the America’s cup, but 
 lost the cup races to Volunteer. She was afterward sold 
 to the Emperor of Germany and rechristened Meteor. 
 Thlinkit, or Thlinkeet. See Kolusclian. 
 Tholen (to'len). 1. An island in Zealand, Neth- 
 erlands, situated northeast of the East Schelde 
 and 22 miles northwest of Antwerp. Length, 
 9 miles. — 2. A small town in the eastern part 
 of the island of Tholen. 
 
 Tholuck (to'lok), Friedrich August Gotttreu. 
 
 Born at Breslau, Prussia, March 30, 1799 : died 
 at Halle, Prussia, June 10, 1877. A German 
 Protestant theologian and preacher, professor 
 of theology at Halle from 1826. He was educated 
 at Breslau and at Berlin, where he was appointed professor 
 (extraordinary) in 1823. His works include “Die Lehre 
 vom Sunder und Versohner”(“The Doctrine of the Sinner 
 and Redemption ”),“Stundender Andacht” (“Hours of De- 
 votion, ” 1840), commentaries on Romans, .Tolin, the Sermon 
 on theMount, Hebrews, and Psalms, an answer toStrauss’s 
 “Leben Jesu” (“Glaubwiirdigkeit der evangtlischen Ge- 
 schichte,”1837), “ VorgeschichtedesRationalismus ’(1853- 
 1862), “Geschichte des Rationalismus ” (1865), etc. 
 
 Thomas (tom'as), Saint, or Didymus. [Heb., 
 ‘a twin’ ; Gr. Qu/xac ; L. Didymus, from Gr. 6 didv- 
 goc, a twin; It. Tommaso, Sp. Tomas, Pg. Tho- 
 mas or Thomaz.'] One of the twelve apostles : 
 according to tradition, an evangelist in Parthia 
 and India, where he suffered martyrdom. 
 Thomas of Erceldoune. See Thomas theBhymer. 
 Thomas of London. Born at London, 1118: 
 murdered in Canterbury cathedral, Dec 29, 
 1170. An English prelate, archbishop of Can- 
 terbury. He was the son of a rich merchant, and his 
 career was advanced by Theobald, archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, in whose household he was about 1142. He became 
 archdeacon of Canterbury in 1154, and chancellor of Henry 
 II. in 1155, an office he filled with great magnificence : and, 
 though only in deacon’s orders, was suddenly appointed 
 archbishop of Canterbury in 1162. He became a strong 
 advocate of the church’s rights, defending her against the 
 king whose partizan he had previously been. He refused 
 to consent to the constitutions of the Council of Clarendon, 
 curtailing clerical privileges, but was prevailed upon to 
 do so by the Pope. He was tried by Henry for breach of 
 allegiance in endeavoring to leave the country after this, 
 and his property was confiscated and his ecclesiastical 
 revenue sequestered. He finally escaped to France, and 
 thence to Rome, where the Pope reinstalled him in his 
 see. After much correspondence and many threats of ex 
 communication against the English bishops, he was recon- 
 ciled with Henry in 1170, and returned to England; but 
 his temper was as haughty as ever, and Henry prayed “to 
 be rid of this turbulent priest." Four knights, overhearing 
 this hasty exclamation, slew Becket before the altar of St. 
 Benedict in the north transept of Canterbury cathedral, 
 Dec. 29, 1170. In 1173 he was canonized, and in 1220 his 
 bones were removed to Trinity Chapel, where they were 
 for several centuries the object of pilgrimages. Chaucer’s 
 “ Canterbury Tales "were told on a pilgrimage to his shrine. 
 Henry VIII. destroyed it, and burned and scattered his 
 bones. Also Thomas Becket or a Bccket. 
 
 Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester. 
 Born at Woodstock, England, Jan. 7, 1355: 
 murdered at Calais, France, Sept. 8 ( ?), 1397. 
 The youngest son of Edward III., a leading pol- 
 itician in the reign of Richard II. 
 
 Thomas the Rhymer, or Thomas of Ercel- 
 doune (nowEarlston). Livedaboutl220?-1297? 
 A Scottish poet, noted in folk-lore and Arthu- 
 rian legend as a prophet and a guide to the 
 mvsterious halls beneath the Eildon Hills. Ac- 
 cording to the popular story, the Queen of Faery came to 
 him as he Bat under the Eildon tree, and earned him to 
 
Thomas the Rhymer 
 
 Fairyland, where they lived in happiness for three years, 
 at the end of which time she brought him back to the Eildon 
 tree and told him of many things that were to happen in 
 the wars between England and Scotland. He was called 
 “True Thomas" from the truth of these prophecies. He 
 finally disappeared in a forest, following a hart and hind, 
 and was seen no more. (Compare Tannhduser.) “The Ro- 
 mance :.nd Prophecies of Thomas of Erceldoune ” has been 
 edited by Dr. Murray for the Early English Text Society 
 (1875). Sir Walter Scott attributed to him the poem “ Sir 
 Tristrem,” a 13th-century romance, which he edited from 
 the Auchinleck MS. in 1804 ; but it is not now thought to 
 be his. “Sir Tristrem "was edited by McNeill in 1886 
 for the Scottish Text Society. 
 
 The charter [dated 1299, in which his son describes him- 
 self as the heir of Thomas Rymour de Erceldon] quoted 
 in the “ Minstrelsy ” contains written evidence that the 
 epithet of Rymour was peculiar to our Thomas, and was 
 dropped by his son, who designates himself simply Thomas 
 of Erceldoune, son of Thomas the Rymour of Erceldoune ; 
 which I think is conclusive upon the subject. In all this 
 discussion, I have scorned to avail myself of the tradition 
 of thecountry, as well as the suspicious testimony of Boece, 
 Dempster, &c., grounded probably upon that tradition, 
 which uniformly affirms the name of Thomas to have been 
 Learmont or Leirmont, and that of the Rhymer a personal 
 epithet. . . . Certain it is that his castle is called Leir- 
 mont’s Tower, and that he is as well known to the country 
 people by that name as by the appellation of the Rhymer. 
 Letter from, Scott to George Ellis, in Lockhart, I. 217. 
 
 Thomas, Annie. See Cudlip, Mrs. 
 
 Thomas (td-ma'), Charles Ambroise. Born at 
 Metz, Aug. 5, 1811: died Feb. 12, 1896. A French 
 composer, director of the Conservatory in Paris. 
 Among his works are the operas “Mignon” 
 (1866), “Hamlet” (1868). 
 
 Thomas (tom'as), Edith Matilda. Born at 
 Chatham, Ohio, in 1854. An American poet. 
 
 Among her works are “A New Year’s Masque" (1885), 
 “The Round Year" (1886), “Lyrics and Sonnets” (1887). 
 
 Thomas (tom'as), George Henry. Bom in 
 
 Southampton County, Y a., July 31, 1816: died at 
 San Francisco, March 28, 1870. A distinguished 
 American general. He graduated at West Point in 
 1840 ; served in the Seminole war ; was distinguished in the 
 Mexican war at Monterey in 1846 and Buena Vista in 1847 ; 
 was instructor at West Point 1851-54 ; and served in Texas 
 until the Civil War. He was appointed colonel in May, 
 1861, and served under Patterson ; was appointed briga- 
 dier-general of volunteers and transferred to the Depart- 
 ment of the Cumberland in Aug., 1861 ; gained the victory 
 of Mill Springs Jan. 19, 1862 ; was distinguished at Perry- 
 ville Oct. 8, and as commander of the center at Murfrees- 
 boro; and became famous for his defense of the Union 
 position in the battle of Chickamauga Sept. 19-20, 1863 
 (hence called “the Rock of Chickamauga"). On Oct. 19, 
 1863, he was made commander of the Army of the Cum- 
 berland, with the rank of brigadier-general ; and fought at 
 the battle of Chattanooga, and with Sherman in the in- 
 vasion of Georgia in 1864. He was sent to Tennessee to 
 repel Hood’s invasion in Sept., 1864, and defeated Hood at 
 Nashville Dec. 15-16, 1864. He was promoted major-gen- 
 eral in the regular army and organized cavalry operations 
 (capture of Davis, etc.) in 1865. He was commander of 
 military divisions and departments in Tennessee, etc., and 
 lastly of the military division of the Pacific 1869-70. 
 
 Thomas, Joseph. Born in Cayuga County, N. Y. , 
 Sept. 23, 1811 : died Dec. 24, 1891. An American 
 author. He was educated as a physician, and was for a 
 time professor of Latin and Greek in Haverford College. 
 He was associated with Baldwin in compiling the “Pro- 
 nouncing Gazetteer” (1845); edited the biographical and 
 geographical vocabularies to Webster’s dictionaries; col- 
 laborated with Baldwin in the compilation of “A New 
 and Complete Gazetteer of the United States” and of 
 “Lippincott’s Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World ” (1855); 
 and edited “ A Comprehensive Medical Dictionary ” (1864 : 
 revised 1886) and Lippineott’s “Pronouncing Dictionary 
 of Biography and Mythology" (1870-71). He wrote also 
 “ Travels in Egypt and Palestine ’’ (1853), etc. 
 
 Thomas, Lorenzo. Bom at Newcastle, Del., 
 Oct. 26, 1804 : died at Washington, D. C., March 
 2, 1875. An American general. He served in the 
 Seminole war ; was chief of staff to Butler in the Mexican 
 war. and later chief of staff to Scott ; was adjutant-general 
 in the Civil War ; and was appointed by Johnson secretary 
 of war ad interim 1868 (but did not serve). 
 
 Thomas, Philemon. Bom in North Carolina, 
 1764: died at Baton Rouge, La., 1847. An 
 American officer and politician . He was leader of 
 the West Florida insurrection against Spain 1810-11, and 
 was member of Congress from Louisiana 1831-35. 
 Thomas, Theodore. Bom at Esens, Hannover, 
 Oct. 11, 1835 : died at Chicago, Jan. 4, 1905. An 
 American musical conductor. He first appeared 
 about 1841 as a violinist. He was brought to the United 
 States in 1845, and was first and solo violin in concerts and 
 opera till 1861. From 1855 to 1869 he gave a series of con- 
 certs of chamber-music ; and his symphony concerts in 
 New York, begun in 1864, were given every season (except 
 from 1869 to 1872) until 1878, when he became director of 
 the College of Music at Cincinnati, Ohio. He returned to 
 New York in 1880, and made it the headquarters of his 
 orchestra till 1891, when he removed to Chicago. He was 
 mainly instrumental in developing the musical taste of 
 the country by his series of orchestral concerts, as well as 
 by his work as conductor of the New York and Brooklyn 
 Philharmonic Societies, of the New York Chorus Society, 
 the Cincinnati festivals, the Chicago Orchestra, etc. 
 
 Thomas a Kempis (kem'pis): properly Thomas 
 Hammer ken or Hamerken. Born at Kempen, 
 Rhenish Prussia, about 1380 : died near Zwolle, 
 Netherlands, July 25, 1471. A German mystic 
 c— 63 
 
 993 
 
 and ascetic writer, generally regarded as the 
 author of “De imitatione Christi” (“Imitation 
 of Christ,” I486) (which see). He entered the 
 Augustinian convent Agnetenberg, near Zwolle, in 1407, 
 and became subprior in 1423, and again in 1447. 
 
 Thomas Aquinas, or of Aquino. See Aquinas, 
 Thomas. 
 
 Thomas Becket or a Becket. See Thomas of 
 London. 
 
 Thomists ( to 'mists) . The followers of Thomas 
 Aquinas. He held two sources of knowledge — faith and 
 reason — the doctrines of unconditional predestination and 
 efficacious grace, and a physical as well as a moral efficacy ; 
 and denied the doctrine of the immaculate conception. 
 His theology, embodied in his great work “Summa theo- 
 logian," was based on a philosophical system rather than 
 on either the Bible or the traditional teaching of the 
 church. It was an attempt to reconcile Aristotelian phi- 
 losophy with the Christian faith. It is of very high author- 
 ity in the Roman Catholic Church, and its influence is 
 great even outside of that church. 
 
 Thompson (tomp'son), Benjamin, Count Rum- 
 ford. Born at Woburn, Mass., March 26, 1753: 
 died at Auteuil, near Paris, Aug. 21, 1814. An 
 American scientist and Bavarian administrator. 
 Having been refused a commission in the Continental 
 army, he offered his services to the British, and in 1776 was 
 sent to England with despatches from General William 
 Howe. Here he was given a place in the administrative 
 service by Lord George Germaine, secretary of state for 
 the colonies, and rose to the post of under-secretary of 
 state (1780). He was elected a fellow of the Royal Soci- 
 ety in 1779. On the retirement of his patron, he returned 
 in 1781 to America, and raised in New York the “King’s 
 American Dragoons,” of w hich he was commissioned lieu- 
 tenant-colonel. He returned to England before the close 
 of the war, and in 1784 accepted a confidential appoint- 
 ment with the rank of aide-de-camp and chamberlain at 
 the court of the Elector of Bavaria. He reorganized the 
 military establishment of Bavaria, and introduced impor- 
 tant economic and other reforms, with the result that he 
 was rapidly promoted to the highest offices in the state, 
 including those of commander-in-chief of the general staff, 
 minister of war, and superintendent of the police. He 
 was created a count in the Holy Roman Empire in 1791. 
 Owing to illhealth he quitted Bavaria about 1798, and was 
 for a time a private agent of Bavaria in England. He re- 
 moved to Paris in 1802, and in 1804 married as his second 
 wife the widow of the French chemist Lavoisier. The rest 
 of his life was spent at his wife’s villa in Auteuil. He gave 
 §5,000 to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and 
 a like amount to the Royal Society of London to found 
 prizes bearing his name for the most important discov- 
 eries in heat and light. He left to Harvard the funds 
 with which the Foimford professorship of the physical and 
 mathematical sciences as applied to the useful arts has 
 been erected. 
 
 Thompson, Elizabeth. See Butler, Lady. 
 
 Thompson, Jacob. Born in Caswell County, 
 N. C., May 15, 1810: died at Memphis, Tenn., 
 March 24, 1885. An American politician. He 
 was Democratic member of Congress from Mississippi 
 1839-51 ; secretary of the interior 1857-61 ; governor of 
 Mississippi 1862-64 ; and Confederate agent in Canada. 
 
 Thompson, Joseph Parrish. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, Aug. 7, 1819 : died at Berlin, Sept. 20, 
 1879. An American Congregational clergyman, 
 theological writer, and Egyptologist. He was 
 pastor of the Broadway Tabernacle, New York, 1845-71, 
 and one of the founders of the “New Englander” and of t lie 
 “Independent.” He lived in his later years at Berlin. His 
 works include “ Egypt, Past and Present ” (1856), ‘ ‘ Theology 
 of Christ” (1870), “ Church and State in the United States ” 
 (1874), and “ Life of Christ ” (1875). 
 
 Thompson, Launt. Born in Queen’s County, 
 Ireland, 1833 : died at Middletown, N. Y., Sept. 
 26, 1894. An American sculptor. 
 
 Thompson, Richard Wigginton. Born in Cul- 
 peper County, Va., June 9, 1809: died at Terre 
 Haute, Ind., Feb. 9, 1900. An American politi- 
 cian. He was a Whig member of Congress from Indiana 
 1841-43 and 1847-49 ; and secretary of the navy 1877-81. 
 
 Thompson, Robert Ellis. Bom near Lurgan, 
 Ireland, 1844. An American educator, editor, and 
 economist : an advocate of protection. He was 
 editor of the “Penn Monthly” and the “American,” and 
 was the first editor of the “American Supplement ’’to the 
 “Encyclopaedia Britannica ”; was formerly professor in the 
 University of Pennsylvania ; and in 1894 became principal 
 of the Central High School, Philadelphia. 
 
 Thompson, Smith. Born at Stanford, N. Y., 
 Jan., 1768: died at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Dec. 
 18, 1843. An American jurist and politician. 
 He was chief justice of the Supreme Court of New York 
 1814-18; secretary of the navy 1818-23; and associate jus- 
 tice of the United States Supreme Court 1823-43. 
 
 Thompson, Thomas Perronet or Peronnet. 
 
 Born at Hull, England, March 15, 1783 : died 
 Sept. 6, 1869. An English politician and mathe- 
 matician. He studied at Queen's College, Cambridge ; 
 entered the navy in 1803 ; and in 18136 wentover to the army. 
 In 1808 he was made governor of Sierra Leone through the 
 influence of Wilberforce, but was recalled in the second year 
 of office. He served with the army in the Pyrenees, India, 
 and Persia, and rose to the rank of general in 1868. In 
 1835 he was elected member of Parliament for Hull. He 
 published “ A Catechism of the Corn Laws” (1827), a telling 
 pamphlet. His“Theory of Just Intonation'’ (1850) was an 
 early contribution to the principles of musical acoustics 
 that have been developed as the tonic sol-fa system. He 
 was for a time proprietor and joint editor of the "West- 
 minster Review.” 
 
 Thoreau 
 
 Thompson, Waddy. Born at Pickeusville, S.C., 
 Sept. 8, 1798; died at Tallahassee, Fla., Nov. 
 23, 1868. An American politician. He was Whig 
 member of Congress from South Carolina 1835-41, and 
 United States minister to M exico 1842-44. He wrote “Rec- 
 ollections of Mexico” (1846). 
 
 Thomson (tom'son ), Sir Charles W y ville. Bom 
 
 at Bonsyde, Linlithgowshire. March 5, 1830: died 
 at Edinburgh, March 10, 1882. A noted Scottish 
 biologist. He lectured on botany at Aberdeen in 1860- 
 1853, and was successively professor of natural history at 
 Cork, Belfast, and Edinburgh. With Dr. W. B. Carpenter, 
 he conducted the deep-sea dredging expeditions in the 
 war-ships Lightning and Porcupine (1868-69). He is beat 
 known as the director of the scientific staff of the im- 
 portant Challenger expedition for deep-sea exploration 
 (1872-76). In 1877 he published “The Voyage of the 
 Challenger," descriptive of its general results. He was 
 knighted in 1S76, and is generally designated Sir Wyville 
 Thomson. See Century Atlas, Map 109. 
 
 Thomson, James. Bom at Ednam, Roxburgh- 
 shire, Scotland, Sept. 11, 1700: died near Rich- 
 mond, England, Aug. 27, 1748. A British poet. 
 He was educated at Edinburgh, and studied for the church; 
 was private tutor for a short time ; and held several sine- 
 cure offices. He wrote “The Seasons ’’(“ Winter,” 1726; 
 “Summer," 1727 ; “Spring,” 1728; “Autumn," 1730), “The 
 Castle of Indolence” (1748), an “Ode to the Memory of Sir 
 Isaac Newton ” (1727), “ Liberty ” (1734-36), and the plays 
 “ Sophonisba ’’ (1730 : containing the famous line (which 
 killed the piece) “O Sophonisba, Sophonisba 0,’’ parodied 
 by everyone as “ 0 Jemmy Thomson, Jemmy Thomson O”) 
 and “ Agamemnon "(1738), the masque “Alfred, ”in con junc- 
 tion with Mallet (1740), and “Tailored and Sigismunda” 
 (1745). 
 
 Thomson, James. Bom at Port Glasgow, Scot- 
 land, Nov. 23, 1834: died at London, June 3, 
 1882. A Scottish poet, known as “the poet of 
 despair.” He became a lawyer’s clerk in 1862 ; later 
 came to America as a mining agent. ; was war correspon- 
 dent in Spain ; and during the last years of his life labored 
 as a journalist. He is best known as the author of “The 
 City of Dreadful Night” (1880). He also wrote “ Vane’s 
 Story,” “A Voice from the Nile” (1884), and “Shelley, a 
 Poem ” (1885). 
 
 Thomson, William. Bom Feb. 11, 1819: died 
 Dec. 25, 1890. An English prelate and author, 
 archbishop of York 1862. He wrote “Outline of 
 the Necessary Laws of Thought ” (1842), and theological 
 
 + works. 
 
 Thomson, Sir William, Baron Kelvin. Born 
 at Belfast, Ireland. June, 1824: died at London, 
 Dec. 17, 1907. A celebrated British mathe- 
 matician and physicist, professor of natural 
 philosophy in Glasgow University 1846-1899. 
 He made important investigations in the domains of heat, 
 electricity, and magnetism ; invented the mirror-galva- 
 nometer and siphon-recorder, various forms of apparatus 
 used in navigation and deep-sea exploration, and otherwise 
 did much for the advancement of practical electricity ; and 
 took a prominent part in the laying of the first submarine 
 cables in the Atlantic. He was joint author with Professor 
 P. G. Tait of “An Elementary Treatise on Natural Philos- 
 ophy,” and besides wrote extensively on theoretical sub- 
 jects connected with geology, terrestrial physics, tidal 
 phenomena, etc. He was the first boldly to enunciate the 
 doctrine, now largely received by geologists and mathe- 
 matical physicists, that the earth has the rigidity of steel 
 or glass, and is practically solid to the center. He was 
 president of the British Association in 1871 ; was knighted 
 in 1866 ; and was created Baron Kelvin in 1892. 
 
 Thomson, William McClure. Bom near Cin- 
 cinnati, Dec. 31, 1806 : died April 8, 1894. An 
 American Presbyterian missionary in Syria and 
 Palestine, and biblical archeologist. He wrote 
 “The Land and the Book ”(1859), “The Land of Promise ” 
 (1865), etc. 
 
 Thopas, Sir. See Rime of Sir Thopas. 
 
 Thor (thor or tor). [Icel. Thorr = AS. Tlmnor, 
 thunder.] The second principal god of the an- 
 cient Scandinavians: the god of thunder. He 
 was the son of Odin, or the supreme being, and Jordh, 
 the earth. He was the champion of the gods, and was 
 called to their assistance whenever they were in straits. 
 He was also the friend of mankind, and the slayer of trolls 
 and evil spirits. He always carried a heavy hammer (Mjoll- 
 nir, ‘the crusher’), which, as often as he discharged it, 
 returned to his hand of itself, and he possessed a girdle 
 which had the virtue of renewing his strength. Thor is 
 represented as a powerful man, in the prime of life, with 
 a long red beard. 
 
 Thorah. See Torah. 
 
 Thorbecke (tor'bek-e), Jan Rudolph. Bom 
 
 at Zwolle, Jan. 15, 1798 : died at The Hague, 
 June 4, 1872. A Dutch statesman. He was 
 premier 1849-53, 1862-66, and 1871-72. 
 
 Thoreau (tho'ro), Henry David. Born at Con- 
 cord, Mass., July 12, 1817: died at Concord, 
 May 6, 1862. An American writer. He gradu- 
 ated at Harvard in 1837, taught school, and afterward be- 
 came a land-Burveyor. He lived alone on the shore of 
 Walden Pond, Concord, 1845-47. He was a transcenden- 
 talist, and a friend of Emerson, Alcott, etc. ; stood out 
 for the rights of the individual ; anil was at one time im- 
 prisoned for his refusal to pay taxes. Among his works 
 are “A Week on the Concord and Merrimac Rivers” 
 (1849), “Walden, or Life in die Woods ” (1854), “Excur- 
 sions in Field and Forest” (1868 : with a memoir by Em- 
 erson), “The Maine Woods” (1864), “Cape Cod "(1865), 
 “Letters to Various Persons ” (1865 : with a notice by Em- 
 erson), “A Yankee in Canada, etc.” (1866). He wrote for the 
 leading periodicals, and was the author of several poems. 
 
Thorenburg 
 
 Thorenburg (to'ren-boro), orTorda, orThorda 
 
 (tor'do ). The capital of the county of Torda- 
 Aranyos, Hungary, situated on the Aranyos 
 .16 miles south-southeast of Klausenburg. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 12,117. 
 
 Thorfinn (thor'fin). Lived at the beginning of 
 the 11th century. A Scandinavian navigator, 
 said to have explored the coast of New England 
 about 1107-10, and to have attempted a settle- 
 ment in southeastern Massachusetts. 
 
 Thorn (torn), Pol. Torun (to'ron). A town 
 and fortress in the province of West Prussia, 
 Prussia, situated on the Vistula in lat. 53° 2' N., 
 long. 18° 34' E. It has considerable trade, partly by 
 the Vistula, and contains several medieval churches. It 
 was founded by the Teutonic Order in 1231, but the people 
 destroyed the castle of the order and attached themselves 
 to Poland in 1454. The first peace of Thorn between Po- 
 land and the Teutonic Order was concluded in 1411 ; by 
 the second (1466) the order made important cessions to 
 Poland. Thorn was an ancient Hanseatic town. Several 
 Protestants were put to death in 1724. It passed to Prus- 
 sia at the second partition of Poland (1793), to the grand 
 duchy of Warsaw in 1807, and to Prussia in 1815. As an 
 important border strategic point it has been strongly for- 
 titled since 1878. It was the birthplace of Copernicus. 
 Population, commune, 31,801. 
 
 Thorn, Conference of. A fruitless congress 
 held at Thorn in 1645 between representatives 
 of the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Re- 
 formed churches in Poland. 
 
 Thornbury (thorn' bu-ri), George Walter. 
 Born at London, 1828: died there, June 11, 
 1876. An English miscellaneous writer, com- 
 monly known as Walter Thornbury. Among his 
 works are “ Lays and Legends ” (1851), “ The Buccaneers, 
 or Monarehs of the Main ” (1855), “ Shakspere’s England ” 
 (1856), “Art and Nature at Home and Abroad” (1856), 
 “Songs of the Cavaliers and Roundheads ” (1857), “Every 
 Man his own Trumpeter" (1858), “Life in Spain" (1860), 
 “British Artists from Hogarth to Turner" (1861), “Life 
 of Turner" (1861), etc. 
 
 Thornhill (thorn'hil). A town in the West 
 Riding of Yorkshire, situated near the Calder 
 10 miles southwest of Leeds. Population, 
 10,290. 
 
 Thornhill, Sir James. Born at Melcombe Re- 
 gis, 1675: died at Thornhill, near Weymouth, 
 May 13, 1734. An English painter. His first teacher 
 was Thomas Highmore. He visited Holland, Flanders, 
 Germany, and France. When George I. became king he 
 appointed Thornhill court painter as successor to High- 
 more. He executed the decorations of part of the cupola 
 of St. Paul’s, the ceiling and walls of the hall of Greenwich 
 Hospital, the great hall at Blenheim, parts of Hampton 
 Court, and many chapels in Oxford, etc. He was knighted 
 by George I. in 1715. Hogarth was his most distinguished 
 pupil and his son-in-law. 
 
 Thornhill, Sir William. A character in Gold- 
 smith’s “Vicar of Wakefield.” He assumes the 
 name of Mr. Burchell, and is the good genius of the story. 
 
 Thornton (thorn'ton), Sir Edward. Born at 
 London, July 13, 1817: died there, Jan. 26, 
 1906. An English diplomatist. He was minister 
 to Brazil 1865-67, and to the United States 1867-81 ; mem- 
 ber of the joint high commission 1871 ; and ambassador 
 to Russia 1881-84, and to Turkey 1884-87. 
 
 Thornycroft (th6r'ni-kr6ft),Mrs. (Mary Fran- 
 cis). Born in England, 1814: died Feb. 1, 1895. 
 An English sculptor. 
 
 Thornycroft, William Hamo. Born at Lon- 
 don, March 9, 1850. An English sculptor, son 
 of the sculptor Mary Thornycroft. Among his 
 works are “ Artemis" (1880), at Eaton Hall, the seat of the 
 Duke of Westminster; “Teucer" (1881), in the South 
 Kensington Museum ; “ Hypatia ” (1884), in the Grosvenor 
 Gallery ; a statue of General Gordon (1885), in Trafalgar 
 Square; an equestrian statue of Edward I. (1885); “Sci- 
 ence " (1891), a high relief ; a statue of John Bright (1892), 
 at Rochdale; “The Mower,” in the Liverpool Gallery; 
 and the Cromwell statue at Westminster. 
 
 Thorough (thur'o). The name given by Straf- 
 ford to his policy. See Strafford. 
 
 Thorough Doctor, The. William Varro. 
 Thorpe (th6rp), Benjamin. Born in 1782: 
 died at Chiswick, England, July 19, 1870. An 
 English philologist, noted as an Anglo-Saxon 
 scholar. He edited various Anglo-Saxon works, including 
 Caedmon’s“Paraphrase”(1832), “Analecta Anglo-Saxonica” 
 (1834), “Ancient Laws and Institutes of England" (1840), 
 gospels, homilies, Beowulf (1855), “Anglo-Saxon Chron- 
 icle" (1861), “ Diplomatarium Anglicum .-Evi Saxonici" 
 (1865) ; and translated Lappenberg’s history of England. 
 
 Thorvald (tor'vald). A Scandinavian naviga- 
 tor, said to have explored the coast of New 
 England about 1003-04. 
 
 Thorvaldsen (tor'viild-zen), often Thorwald- 
 sen (tor'wald-sen), Albert Bertel. Born at sea, 
 Nov. 19, 1770 (or at Copenhagen, Nov. 15, 1770): 
 died at Copenhagen, March 24, 1844. A noted 
 Danish sculptor. He gained the first gold medal at 
 the Academy at Copenhagen in 1793, carrying with it 
 three years' residence abroad. He lived mostly in Rome 
 from 1797, except from 1838 to 1841, when he was at 
 Copenhagen. He died suddenly on a visit to his home. 
 Among his works are the colossal lion at Lucerne (de- 
 aigned by him, executed by his pupils) ; the bas-reliefs 
 
 994 
 
 “Triumphal Entry of Alexander Into Babylon “and “Night 
 and Morning” (his best-known work); statues of Jason, 
 Ganymede, Venus, Psyche, the Graces, and other classi- 
 cal subjects ; “Christ and the Twelve Apostles ” (Copenha- 
 gen), probably his best work ; and “ Preaching of John the 
 Baptist” (Copenhagen). 
 
 Thorvaldsen Museum. A museum at Copen- 
 hagen, at once the mausoleum of the great 
 sculptor and a repository of his works. It was 
 completed in 1848. The building, inspired by Greek 
 and Etruscan prototypes, is solemn and impressive. It is 
 a long rectangle, preceded by a vestibule, and inclosing a 
 court in the middle of which, on an ivy-covered mound, 
 is the tomb of Thorwaldsen. The museum contains, ar- 
 rayed in a series of rooms, 80 statues from the master’s 
 hand or in casts, three long friezes, 220 smaller reliefs, 
 and 130 busts. 
 
 Thorwaldsen. See Thorvaldsen. 
 
 Thospitis (thos-pi'tis). The ancient name of 
 Lake Van. 
 
 Thoth (thoth or tot), Eg. Tehuti (te-ho'te). An 
 Egyptian divinity whom the Greeks assimilated 
 to their Hermes (Mercury). He was the god of 
 speech and hieroglyphics or letters, and of the reckoning 
 of time, and the source of wisdom. The cynocephalous 
 ape and the ibis were sacred to him. He is represented 
 as a human figure, usually with the head of an ibis, and 
 frequently with the moon-disk and crescent. Also Tat. 
 
 Thot (Tehuti) is generally drawn with an ibis head, or 
 as a dog-ape. We recognize in him the moon-god, but he 
 generally appears as the god of civilization (of intelligence 
 and writing), or as the god who protects and revives dead 
 bodies. He is worshipped more especially at Sesennu 
 (Hennopolis) and in the peninsula of Sinai. 
 
 La Saussaye, Science of Religion, p. 410. 
 
 Thothmes (thoth'mez or tot'mes) I., Egypt . Te- 
 huti-mes, pren. Aa-kheper-ka-Ra. [‘ Tehuti’s 
 child.’] Lived about 1633 b. c. (Brugsch). An 
 Egyptian king of the 18th dynasty. He was a sue- 
 cessful warrior, and conducted a campaign as far as the 
 Euphrates. An important record of his deeds is preserved 
 in an inscription on the rocks in the neighborhood of the 
 third cataract. 
 
 Thothmes II., Eg. Tehuti-mes, pren. Aa-khe- 
 per-en-Ra. Lived about 1600 b. c. (Brugsch). 
 An Egyptian king of the 18th dynasty, son of 
 Thothmes I. He married his sister Hatshepsu, 
 who obtained control of the government. 
 Thothmes III., Eg. Tehuti-mes, pren. Men- 
 Kheper-Ra. Lived about 1600 b. c. (Brugsch). 
 A famous Egyptian king of the 18th dynasty. He 
 reigned for 54 years, and under him “Egypt, to use the 
 poetic expression of the time, ‘placed her frontiers where 
 she would.’ Her empire consisted of the whole of Abys- 
 sinia, the Sftdan, Nubia, Egypt proper, Syria, Mesopota- 
 mia, Irak- Arabia, Kurdistan, and Armenia” ( ilarictte ). 
 He married his sister Hatshepsu, widow of Thothmes II. 
 The records of his reign are extensive. 
 
 Now, ThothmesIII. was the Alexanderof ancient Egyp- 
 tian history. He conquered the known world of his day ; 
 he carved the names of six hundred and twenty-eight 
 vanquished nations and captured cities on the walls of 
 Karnak ; and he set up a tablet of Victory in the Great 
 Temple. It is in this famous tablet, engraved with the 
 oldest heroic poem known to science, that we find the 
 Greeks mentioned for the second time in Egyptian history. 
 
 Edwards, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 160. 
 
 Thou (to), Jacques Auguste de (Latinized 
 Thuanus). Born at Paris, Oct. 8,1553: died 
 May 7, 1617. A French historian and states- 
 man. He was educated for the church ; held the offices 
 of master of requests, of president h mortier, etc. ; and 
 was employed on diplomatic missions. He is celebrated 
 for his contemporary history “ Historic sui temporis ” 
 (in Latin, 1604-20; standard edition, edited by Buckley and 
 Carte, 1733 ; French translation by Desfontaines and others 
 1734). He also wrote Latin poems. 
 
 Thouars (to-ar'). A town in the department 
 of Deux-Sevres, France, situated on the Thouet 
 40 miles northwest of Poitiers. The castle and 
 chapel are notable. It was formerly a seat of viscounts 
 who took a prominent part in medieval wars. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 6,273. 
 
 Thouars. See Dupetit-Thouars. 
 
 Thousand and One Days. A series of Persian 
 tales, resembling the “Thousand and One 
 Nights.” They were translated into French by IVtis de 
 la Croix and Le Sage, and were published in the beginning 
 of the eighteenth century. Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, 
 If. 510. 
 
 Thousand and One Nights. See Arabian 
 Nigh ts’ Entertainmen ts. 
 
 Thousand Islands, Lake of the. The expan- 
 sion of the St. Lawrence River which contains 
 the Thousand Islands (see below). 
 
 Thousand Islands, The. A collection of isl- 
 ands in the expansion of the St. Lawrence from 
 the northeastern end of Lake Ontario for about 
 40 miles. They are partly in New Fork and partly in 
 Canada. Their number is estimated at from 1,500 to 1,800. 
 They contain summer resorts, and are noted for their 
 beauty. 
 
 Thouvenel (tov-nel'), Edouard Antoine. Bom 
 
 at Verdun, France, Nov. 11, 1818 : died at Paris, 
 Oct. 19, 1866. A French politician and diploma- 
 tist. He had charge of political matters in the ministry of 
 foreign affairs 1852-55 ; became ambassador at Constanti- 
 nople in 1855 ; and was minister of foreign affairs 1860-62. 
 
 Thrace (thras). A region in southeastern Eu- 
 
 Three Rivers 
 
 rope, with varying boundaries: the ancient 
 Thracia (Gr. (),')(/ /;//). In early times it was regarded as 
 the entire region north of Greece. As a Roman province 
 it was bounded by the Haem us or Balkan (separating it 
 from Moesia) on the north ; the Euxiue and Bosporus on the 
 east ; the Propontis, Hellespont, and zEgean Sea on the 
 south, and the Nestus (separating it from Macedonia) on 
 the west; corresponding, therefore, to EasternRumeliaand 
 part of Turkey. The principal mountain-range is the 
 Rhodope ; the principal river, the Hebrus. Greek colo- 
 nies were planted at Byzantium, on the Thracian Cherso- 
 nesus, and at Abdera, Perintlius, etc. The climate was nota- 
 ble for its severity, and the inhabitants for their ferocity 
 and barbarity. The affinities of the ancient Inhabitants 
 are unknown : they may have been ancestors of the Wal- 
 lachs. In the 5th century B. c. Thrace was largely under 
 the rule of Teres, king of t he Odrysse. It was successively 
 under Macedonian, Roman, Byzantine, and Turkish rule. 
 
 The wide stretch of country between the lower course 
 of the Banube and the shores of the Higean and the Pro- 
 pontis was occupied in antiquity by the tribe of the Thra- 
 cians, which Herodotus (v. 3) regards as the greatest of 
 all peoples next to the Indi. The scanty remains of the 
 Thracian language are enough to establish traces of its 
 Indo-Germanie character, but not enough to define its 
 position in the Indo-European family more closely. Cer- 
 tain it is, however, that from hence a large part of Asia 
 Minor received its Indo-Germanic population. In the 
 first place, it is known that the Thracians themselves 
 spread eastwards over the strait a considerable distance 
 towards Asia. According to the unanimous opinion of 
 antiquity, again, the Phrygians emigrated from Europe, 
 and were originally connected with the Thracians. 
 
 Schrader, Aryan Peoples (tr. by Jevons), p. 430. 
 
 Thrace. A diocese of the later Roman prefec- 
 ture of the East. It extended from the /Egean and the 
 Propontis to the lower Danube, comprising the eastern 
 parts of Bulgaria and Rumelia. 
 
 Thracian Bosporus. See Bosporus. 
 
 Thracian Chersonesus. See Chersonesus. 
 Thraetaona (thra-a-ta-o'na). [See Trita , Fori- 
 dun.’] In the Avesta, a son of Athwya (see 
 Trita), originally a deity like Indra, but later 
 a hero who fetters the serpent Dahaka. He 
 divided his realm among his three sons, giving Salm the 
 Sairimian, Tur the Turanian, and Iraj the Iranian lands. 
 Iraj is killed by his brothers. Compare the modern Per- 
 sian legends under Faridun and Salm. 
 
 Thrale, Mrs. See Piozsi, Mrs. 
 
 Thrasybulus (thras-i-bu'lus). [Gr. Qpaovflov- 
 Jof.] Killed about 389 B. c. A celebrated 
 Athenian commander and statesman. He opposed 
 the oligarchists at Samos in 411 B. c. ; was the leading 
 commander at the battle of Cynossema in 411 ; was ban- 
 ished by the Thirty Tyrants in 404 ; overthrew the thirty 
 by seizing Phyle and Piraeus and restored the democracy 
 in 403; aided Thebes against Sparta in 395; and com- 
 manded in the Hagean Sea in 390. 
 
 Thrasyllus (thra-sil'us). [Gr. Opuori./of.] Put 
 to death 406 B. C. An Athenian commander in 
 the Peloponnesian war. He opposed the oligarchists 
 in 411 ; was one of the commanders at Cynossema in 411 ; 
 and was a general at Arginusse in 406, and one of those 
 who were executed. 
 
 Thrasymenus (thras-i-me'nus), Lacus. See 
 
 Trasimeno, Lago. 
 
 Threadneedle (thred'ne'Ml) street. A prom- 
 inent commercial street, in the city of London, 
 which leads out from the Bank of England. 
 Three Bishoprics, The. In French and Ger- 
 man history, the three bishoprics of Metz, Toul, 
 and Verdun. They were taken by France in 
 1552. 
 
 Three Chapters, The. 1 . An edict issued by 
 Justinian, about A. D. 545, condemning the writ- 
 ings of Theodore of Mopsuestia, those of Theo- 
 doret in defense of Nestorius and against Cy- 
 ril, and the letter of Ihas to Maris. — 2. The 
 writings SO condemned. The edict was intended to 
 reconcile the Monophysites to the church by seeming to 
 imply a partial disapproval of the Council of Chalcedon, 
 which had admitted Theodoret and Ibas, after giving ex- 
 planations, to communion. 
 
 Three Hours After Marriage. A play by Pope, 
 Arbuthnot, and Gay, produced in 1717. it was 
 Cibber’s ridicule of this play in his part of Bayes in “The 
 Rehearsal ” which was the occasion of the quarrel between 
 him and Pope. 
 
 Three Kings, Alliance of the. An alliance 
 between the kings of Prussia, Saxony, and Han- 
 nover, in 1849, for the furtherance of law and 
 order in Germany. 
 
 Three Kings of Cologne, The. The three wise 
 men of the East, known in legend as Kaspar, 
 Melchior, and Balthasar. See Magi, 2. 
 
 Three Musketeers, The. See Trots Mousque- 
 taires. 
 
 Three Points (thre points), Cape. A cape on 
 the southern coast of Guinea, Africa, situated 
 in lat. 4° 45' N., long. 2° 6' W. It marks the 
 western limit of the Bight of Benin. 
 
 Three Rivers (thre riv'erz). The capital of St. 
 Maurice County, Quebec, Canada, situated at 
 the junction of the St. Maurice and St. Law- 
 rence, 68 miles southwest of Quebec. It lias 
 manufactures, and a large export trade in lum- 
 ber. Population, 13,691, (1911). 
 
Three Sisters, The 
 
 Three Sisters, The. The Fates or Parc®. 
 Three Tailors of Tooley Street. See Tailors. 
 Three Tetons (te-ton' or te'tonz), The. A group 
 of high mountains in the Teton Range, western 
 Wyoming, culminating in three peaks, the high- 
 est of which is Mount Hayden. 
 
 Three Wise Men. See Three Kings of Cologne. 
 Thresher (thresh'er), Captain. The assumed 
 name of the leader of a number of Irish law- 
 breakers, about 1806. 
 
 Throcmorton (throk'mor-ton), or Throgmor- 
 ton (throg'mor-ton), Sir Nicholas. Born in 
 1515: died 1571. An English politician. Betook 
 part in Wyatt’s rebellion in 1554 ; was ambassador to 
 France under Elizabeth ; and intrigued for the marriage 
 of the Duke of Norfolk with Mary Queen of Scots. 
 
 Throndhjem. See Trondhjem. 
 
 Throop (trop), Enos Thompson. Born at 
 
 Johnstown, N. Y., Aug. 21, 1784: died near 
 Auburn, N. Y., 1874. An American Democratic 
 politician. He was member of Congress f rom N ew Y ork 
 1815-16; was elected lieutenant-governor of New York in 
 1828 ; succeeded Van Buren as governor March, 1829 ; was 
 reelected as governor in 1830 and served until 1833 ; and 
 was charge d’affaires at Naples 1838-42. 
 
 Thrym (trim). [ON. Thrymr . ] In Old Norse 
 mythology, the giant who stole from Thor his 
 ha mm er Mjollnir. 
 
 Thnanus. See Thou. 
 
 Thuban (tho-ban'). [Ar. al-thu' ban, the dragon.] 
 The star a Draconis, now of the fourth magni- 
 tude only, though three hundred years ago it 
 was estimated as of the second. About b. c. 2750 
 it was the pole-star, and at one time was within 10’ of the 
 true pole itself. 
 
 Thucydides (thu-sid'i-dez). [Gr. BovKv6t^.\ 
 Born probably 471 B. c. : died probably about 
 401 b. c. A celebrated Greek historian. He was 
 a native of Athens ; belonged to a family which claimed 
 blood-relationship with Miltiades and Cimon ; is said to 
 have been a pupil of Antiphon of Rhamnus and of Anaxag- 
 oras ; and possessed an ample fortune, part of which was 
 invested in gold-mines in Thrace, opposite Thasos. In 
 424 he commanded an expedition sent to the assistance of 
 Amphipolis against Brasidas, but failed to prevent the 
 capture of the city, and in consequence went into exile 
 (whether enforced or voluntary is unknown), from which 
 he returned twenty years later, in 403. He was commonly 
 supposed by the ancients to have died a violent death soon 
 after, probably at Athens. He began a “History of the 
 Peloponnesian War, ’ which he did not live to finish, the 
 narrative ending in 411, seven years before the end of 
 the war. The Greek text was first printed by Aldus at Ven- 
 ice in 1502. 
 
 Thugut (to'got), Baron Franz Maria von. 
 Bora at Linz, Austria, March 8, 1739: died at 
 Vienna, May 29, 1818. An Austrian diplomatist 
 and politician. He was ambassador at Constantinople 
 1771-76; was employed later in various diplomatic mis- 
 sions ; and was minister of foreign affairs for nearly all of 
 the period 1794-1800. Among the events of his ministry 
 were the wars with France, the loss of Belgium and Lom- 
 bardy, and the acquisition of Western Galicia and Venice. 
 Thule (thu'le). [Gr. Qovlr ). ] The name given 
 by Pytheas of Marseilles to a region or island 
 north of Great Britain, the position of which 
 has been for more than two thousand years the 
 subject of investigation and a matter of con- 
 troversy. Of the voyage of Pyfheas, who xvas probably 
 nearly contemporaneous with Alexander the Great, no- 
 thing is known with certainty, since none of his writings 
 has been preserved. It is, on the whole, most probable 
 that he followed the east coast of Great Britain (of whose 
 size he got a very much exaggerated idea), and that he 
 obtained information in regard to the groups of islands 
 lying still further north — namely, the Orkney and Shetland 
 Islands — which he embraced under the general name of 
 Thule. From what he is believed to have said in regard 
 to the length of the day in Thule at the summer solstice, 
 it is evident that, as he is known to have been a skilled 
 astronomer, he thought that this land was situated on or 
 near the Arctic Circle. The Romans frequently added to 
 Thule the designation of “ Ultima" (the Farthest Thule), 
 and, from classic times down to the present day, Thule, 
 besides remaining a subject for voluminous controversy 
 among geographical critics, has been in constant use by 
 poets and others as designating some unknown, far-distant, 
 northern, or purely mythical region, or even some goal, 
 not necessarily geographical, sought to be attained. This 
 use of Thule and Ultima Thule runs throughout the litera- 
 ture of all the cultivated languages of Europe. 
 
 “Ultima Thule,” the furthest of the “Britannic Isles,” 
 has been identified with all sorts of localities since the 
 time when Pytheas sailed with his Cimbric guides to the 
 country of the midnight sun. The controversy is bound- 
 less, and its details are too tedious to be examined at 
 length. But we may select sufficient evidence to show 
 why the story of the journey should be believed, and to 
 justify the selection of Lapland as the northern limit of 
 the expedition. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 64. 
 
 Thun (ton). A town in the canton of Bern, 
 Switzerland, situated at the exit of the Aare 
 from the Lake of Thun, 16 miles southeast of 
 Bern . It is a frequented tourist center, and has consid- 
 erable trade. Population, 6,030. 
 
 Thun, Lake of, G. Thunersee (ton'er-za). A 
 lake in the canton of Bern, Switzerland, south- 
 east of Bern and west of the Lake of Brienz. 
 
 995 
 
 It is traversed by the Aare. Length, 11 miles. 
 Width, nearly 2 miles. 
 
 Thunberg (ton'bera), Karl Peter. Born at 
 Jonkoping, Sweden, Nov. 11, 1743: died near 
 Upsala, Aug. 8, 1828. A Swedish botanist and 
 traveler, a pupil of Linnseus. He wrote, besides 
 his travels (1788), “Flora Japonica,” “Flora Capensis,” 
 “leones plantarum Japonicarum,” etc. 
 
 Thunder Bay (thun'der ba). A bay of Lake 
 Huron, on the eastern coast of Michigan, inter- 
 sected by lat. 45° N. 
 
 Thunderbolt of Italy, The. Gaston de Foix. 
 Thunderer (thun'der-er), The. A name given 
 to the London “Times.” 
 
 Thundering Legion, The. In Christian tradi- 
 tion, a legion of Christians in the army of 
 Marcus Aurelius, in battle with the Quadi, 
 whose prayers for rain were answered by a 
 thunder-shower which refreshed the thirsty Ro- 
 mans while it destroyed numbers of the enemy 
 by lightning. 
 
 Thur (tor). A river in the cantons of St. Gall, 
 Thurgau, and Zurich, Switzerland, which joins 
 the Rhine 7 miles south by west of Schaffhau- 
 sen. Length, about 75 miles. 
 
 Thuralpen (tor'al-pen). A group of the Alps 
 in the cantons of St. Gall and Appenzell, Swit- 
 zerland, north of the Lake of Wallenstadt and 
 west of the Rhine. They culminate in the 
 Sentis (which see). 
 
 Thurgau (tor'gou), F. Thurgovie (tur-go-ve'). 
 A canton of Switzerland, bounded by Schaff- 
 hausen, Baden (from which it is separated by 
 the Rhine and the Unter See), the Lake of Con- 
 stance, St. Gall, and Zurich. Capital, Frauen- 
 feld. It sends 6 members to the National Council. The 
 language is German, and about two thirds of the inhabi- 
 tants are Protestant. In the early middle ages Thurgau 
 included northeastern Switzerland. It fell to the Haps- 
 burgs in the 13th century ; was conquered by the SwiBs 
 Confederation in 1460, and ruled by them as a subject 
 district until 1798 ; and became an independent canton 
 in 1803. The present constitution was adopted in 1869. 
 Area, 381 square miles. Population, 134,055, (1910). 
 
 Thurii (thu'ri-I), or Thurium (thu'ri-um). In 
 ancient geography, a city of Magna Graecia, 
 Italy, situated near the ancient Sybaris and 
 near the modern Terranova. It was founded by 
 fugitives from Sybaris in 452 B. c., who were soon ex- 
 pelled by Croton ; and was refounded by colonists from 
 Athens and other cities about 443. It was defeated by the 
 Lucanians in 390 B. c ; called Rome to its aid against Ta- 
 rentum in 282; and later was subject to Rome. It xvas 
 plundered by Hannibal in 204 B. c., and had a Roman colony 
 planted in it in 194 B. C. 
 
 Tliuringerwald (tu'ring-er-valt). [G., ‘Thu- 
 ringian Forest/] A mountain-range in central 
 Germany, connected by the Frankenwald with 
 the Fichtelgebirge on the southeast, and with 
 the Rhongebirge on the southwest : famed for 
 picturesque scenery and for the legends con- 
 nected with it. Length, 95 miles. Highest 
 point, Grosser Beerberg (3,226 feet). 
 
 Thuringia (thu-rin'ji-a), G. Thiiringen (tfi'- 
 ring-en), F. Thuringe (tu-ranzh'). Aregionin 
 central Germany, included between the Harz, 
 the Werra, the Saale, and Franconia. It com- 
 prises in large part the hilly and mountainous district of 
 the Tliuringerwald. The Thuringians were probably de- 
 scended from the ancient Hermunduri, with admixture 
 of other tribes. They appeared in history in the 5th cen- 
 tury, and extended their power from the Elbe to the Dan- 
 ube ; but were overthrown bythe Austrasian Franksin the 
 first part of the 6th century. Thuringia soon became prac- 
 tically independent. Later it was an important landgravi- 
 ate ; the line of landgraves became extinct in 1247. In 
 1263 Meissen secured most of the Thuringian territory, 
 which eventually passed to the Saxon states. See Thu- 
 ringian States and Hesse (landgraviate). 
 
 Thuringian (thu-rin'ji-an) Gates. Two heights 
 in the basin of the Unstrut in Thuringia, situ- 
 ated near Sachsenburg. 
 
 Thuringian Saale. See Saale. 
 
 Thuringian States. Those German states which 
 correspond nearly to ancient Thuringia. They 
 are Saxe-Altenhurg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, 
 Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach.Schwarzburg-Rudplstadt, Sell warz- 
 burg-Sondershausen, Reuss (elder line), Reuss (younger 
 line), and parts of Prussia, and a fexv other exclaves. 
 Thurkell (ther'kel), or Thurkill (tber'kil), or 
 Thurcytel. Lived in the first part of the 11th 
 century. A Danish piratical leader, allied with 
 Sweyn and afterward with ZEthelred. He was 
 earl of East Anglia under Canute. 
 
 Thurles (therlz). A town in the county of Tip- 
 perary, Ireland, situated on the Suir 34 miles 
 east of Limerick. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic 
 archbishop, and was the scene of a battle between the Danes 
 and the Irish in the 10th century. Population, 4,411. 
 
 Thurloe (ther'lo), John. Born 1616: died 1668. 
 An English politician, secretary of state 1653- 
 1660. Ilis “ State Papers ” were edited by Birch 
 in 1742. 
 
 Tiahuanacu 
 
 Thur low (ther'lo), Edward, Baron Thurlow. 
 Born at Bracon-Ash, Norfolk, Dee. 9, 1731: died 
 at Brighton, Sept. 12, 1806. An English jurist 
 and statesman. He was educated at Cambridge (Caius 
 College) ; became king’s counsel in 1761 ; entered Parlia- 
 ment in 1765 ; xvas made solicitor-general in 1770 and at- 
 torney-general in 1771 ; and was lord chancellor 1778-83 
 and 1783-92. He xvas a Tory leader in the House of Lords, 
 and a bitter opponent of the American colonists. 
 
 Thurman (ther'man), Allen Granbery. Born 
 at Lynchburg, Va., Nov. 13, 1813: died Dec. 12, 
 1895. An American statesman and jurist. He 
 was admitted to the bar in 1835 ; xvas Democratic member 
 of Congress from Ohio 1845-47 ; became judge of the Ohio 
 Supreme Court in 1851; was chief justice 1854-56; was the 
 (unsuccessful) Democratic candidate for governor of Ohio 
 in 1867; and was United States senator 1869-81. He served 
 as chairman of the judiciary committee; promoted the 
 passage of the “Thurman Act,” compelling the Pacific 
 railroads to fulfil their obligations to the government ; xvas 
 United States commissioner at the international monetary 
 conference in Paris in 1881 ; was a prominent candidate for 
 the Democratic nomination for President in 1876, 1880, and 
 1884 ; and xvas the (unsuccessful) Democratic candidate for 
 Vice-President in 1888. 
 
 Thurmayr. See Aventinus. 
 
 Thurn (torn), Count Heinrich Matthias von. 
 Bom 1580: died Jan. 28, 1640. The leader of 
 the Bohemian Protestant insurrection at the 
 commencement of the Thirty Years’ War (1618). 
 He invaded Austria in 1610; served in the Swedish army; 
 and surrendered to Wallenstein in 1633. 
 
 Thursby (thers'bi), Emma. Born at Brooklyn, 
 N.Y.,Feb.21, 1857. An American soprano singer. 
 Thursday (therz'da). [Orig. two words, ‘Thun- 
 der’s day,' ‘Thor’s day,’ translating L. Dies 
 Jovis. ] The fifth day of the week. 
 
 Thurso (tlier'so). A seaport in Caithness, 
 Scotland, situated on Thurso Bay in lat. 58° 
 36' N., long. 3° 32' W. : an ancient Northman 
 stronghold. It exports flagstones. Population, 
 3,724. 
 
 Thurstan (thers'tan). Died 1140. An English 
 archbishop of York, one of the leaders in the 
 Battle of the Standard. 
 
 Thurston (thers' ton), Robert Henry. Born at 
 Providence, R. I., Oct. 25, 1839 : died at Ithaca, 
 N. Y., Oct. 25, 1903. An American engineer. 
 He served as a naval engineer in the Civil War; was de- 
 tailed as assistant professor of natural philosophy at the 
 naval academy in 1865; resigned from the navy in 1872 ; 
 xvas professor of mechanical engineering m the Stevens 
 Institute, Hoboken, 1871-85 ; and after 1885 was director 
 of Sibley College, Cornell University. He xvas United 
 States commissioner at the Vienna Exposition in 1873; 
 and xvas a member of various United States scientific 
 boards. Among his works are “Report on Machinery and 
 Manufactures” (Vienna Exposition), “History of the 
 Groxvth of the Steam-Engine” (1878), “Materials of En- 
 gineering” (1884-86), “ Materials of Construction ” (1885), 
 “ A Manual of Steam Boilers, etc.” (1888), etc. 
 Thyatira (thi-a-ti'ra). [Gr. Qvdreipa .' ] In an- 
 cient geography, a city of Lydia, on the site of 
 the modern Akhissar: also called, in antiquity, 
 Pelopeia, Euhippa, and Semiramis. It was one 
 of the seven cities of Asia Minor mentioned in 
 the Book of Revelation. 
 
 Thyestes (thi-es'tez). [Gr. Oviortjc.'] In Greek 
 legend, son of Pelops, brother of Atreus, ami 
 father of AUgisthus. Thyestes seduced the wife of 
 Atreus and attempted his life : in revenge Atreus slew the 
 sons of Thyestes and served them up to their father to eat. 
 Thymbrius (tliim'bri-us). In ancient geogra- 
 phy, a small river near Ilium. 
 
 Thyrsis (ther'sis). A herdsman in the “Idylls” 
 of Theocritus ; a shephei’d in the ‘ ‘ Eclogues ” of 
 Vergil; in later literature, a rustic or shepherd . 
 Thyrsus (ther'sus). The ancient name of the 
 Tirso. 
 
 Ti (te). See the extract. 
 
 In marked contrast to the plebeian type of Ea-em-ka is 
 the limestone statue of one Ti, a courtly gentleman of the 
 Fifth Dynasty. No less than nineteen statues of Ti were 
 found immured in the substance of the walls of his tomb, 
 xvhich is one of the most beautiful in Egypt, ’t he figure 
 stands about seven feet high, the flesh tints being of a 
 pale brick-dust color, and the xvig yelloxv. The pose of 
 the head is spirited, and the expression of the face is open 
 and lifelike. Ti’s shoulders are very square, his arms 
 long, his body slender ; this being the characteristic type 
 of the xvell-groxvn fellah of the present day. 
 
 Edwards, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 140. 
 
 Tiahuanacu (te-a-wa-na/ko). [Also Tiahua- 
 vaco.'] A group of ancient ruins in western 
 Bolivia, about 12 miles from the southern end 
 of Lake Titicaca, near the Peruvian frontier, 
 and about 12,900 feet above the eea. An Indian 
 
 village of that name stands on the edge of the ruins. These 
 were formerly also called “ Taypikala ” (‘ stone in the mid- 
 dle’) and Chucara. The church of the village and most of 
 its houses are built of the smaller and well-cut blocks of 
 trachyte of the ruins, so that the latter are largely de- 
 stroyed. Only a large artificial mound showing traces of 
 original stone-facings ; txvo courts indicated-by inclosures 
 of huge and well-cut pillars set at irregular intervals ; 
 ledges of red sandstone carved into xvhat resemble seats 
 or small compartments ; colossal statues of either ma- 
 terial ; and several monolithic gateways remain standing. 
 
Tiahuanacu 
 
 Very large blocks cut into prisms and more or less orna- 
 mented slabs remain on the surface. There is not a single 
 building of which the original form and purpose could be 
 recognized. The largest human statue is 18 feet tall. The 
 great monolithic gateway has an opening of 7 feet, and 
 a front 13 feet long, and is nearly 3 feet thick. Its 
 outer front is elaborately carved with clumsy figures of 
 imaginary forms of animals, as well as of partly human 
 beings. What remains of the stonework shows patient 
 Indian work, but there is lack of symmetry. In front of 
 the village churcharetwo colossal human figures squatting. 
 These and a few other statues are valuable as indicating 
 costumes. Much obsidian is found scattered over the 
 surface. Other artefacts hint at three distinct periods of 
 occupation : an oldest one, about which only vague and 
 doubtful traditions remain ; a subsequent occupation by 
 Avmard Indians ; and, together with it and up to the 
 coming of the Spaniards, the presence of the Incas. 
 Neither the Aymara nor the Incas dwelt on the site in 
 the 16th century ; only the Indian village of Tiahuanacu 
 was occupied by the former. 
 
 Tiamat (te-a'mat). In Assyro-Babylonian cos- 
 mogony, the personification of the primeval 
 chaos, the beginning of all. it is hostile to the gods, 
 to law and order, and is depicted in the form of a drapon. 
 Bel-Merodach conquers the monster in a struggle, driving 
 a wind into its opened jaw and splitting it in twain. 
 
 Tian-Shan, or T’ien-Shan (tven'shan'), or 
 Celestial Mountains. A mountain system in 
 central Asia, extending from about long. 75° to 
 95° E. Between about long. 75“ and 80° E. it forms the 
 boundary between East Turkestan and Russian Central 
 Asia. By some geographers the Trans-Alai and Hissar 
 Mountains, lying southwest of the main chain, are con- 
 sidered to be a part of the Tian-Shan. The Khan Tengri, 
 assumed to be the culminating point of the range, is said 
 to have an elevation of 24,000 feet. 
 
 Tiber (tl'ber). [It. Tevere, L. Tiberis, Tibris, 
 Tybris, Tiberinus, Gr. Tifte/ur, Tt/leptof; said to 
 have been called earlier Alba or Albas or Albula, 
 white river.] The second largest river in Italy. 
 It rises in the Apennines about 20 miles north-northeast 
 of Arezzo, flows generally south, and empties into the 
 Mediterranean 16 miles southwestof Rome, which is on its 
 banks. Its chief tributaries are the Chiana, Nera, and 
 Teverone. Length, about 250 miles. 
 
 Tiber. A colossal recumbent statue, of the pe- 
 riod of the early Roman Empire, in the Louvre, 
 Paris. Romulus and Remus, with the wolf, are 
 at the river-god’s side. 
 
 Tiberias (ti-be'ri-as). [Gr. Tifpidc: named by 
 its founder from the emperor Tiberius.] A town 
 in Palestine, situated on the western shore of 
 the Sea of Galilee, 17 miles east-nortlieast of 
 Nazareth : the modern Tabariya. it was founded 
 by Herod Antipas in the first half of the 1st century A. D. ; 
 was long a seat of Hebrew learning ; was a bulwark of the 
 Crusaders ; and was taken by Saladin in 1187. Popuia- 
 tion, 5,000. 
 
 Tiberias, Battle of. A victory of Saladin over 
 the Crusaders under Guy of Lusignan in 1187. 
 It was followed by the capture of Jerusalem. 
 
 Tiberias, Lake or Sea of. See Galilee, Sea of. 
 Tiberius (ti-be'ri-us) (Tiberius Claudius Nero 
 Caesar). Born Nov. 16, 42 b. c. : died March 16, 
 37 A. D. Roman emperor, son of Tiberius 
 Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla, and stepson 
 of Augustus : infamous for his vices and cru- 
 elty. He was divorced by command of Augustus from 
 his wife Vipsania Agrippina (daughter of Agrippa). and 11 
 B. c. married Julia, daughter of Augustus and widow of 
 Agrippa ; served in Spain, in Armenia, against the Rhse- 
 tians and Vindelicians, and on the Danube ; became consul 
 in 13 B. c., and tribune in 6 B. c.; spent several years prac- 
 tically in exile in Rhodes ; returned to Rome in 2 A. D. ; 
 was adopted by Augustus in 4 A. D. ; conducted several cam- 
 paigns in Germany, Pannonia, and Dalmatia; and suc- 
 ceeded Augustus as emperor in 14 A. D. His administra- 
 tion of the affairs of the empire was generally successful, 
 but his private life, especially in his later years (which were 
 passed in large part on the island of Capri), was marked by 
 gross vices and cruelty toward his enemies. His chief min- 
 ister was Sejanus. 
 
 Tiberius. Byzantine emperor 578-582. 
 
 Tibesti (te-bes-te'), or Tu (to). A district in the 
 eastern part of the Sahara, in the region in- 
 ★habited by the Tibbus. 
 
 Tibet, or Thibet (tib'et or ti-bet'). A land in 
 central Asia: a dependency of China, it is 
 bounded by the Kwenlun Mountains on the north (sepa- 
 rating it from Eastern Turkestan), by China proper on the 
 east, by the Himalaya on the south (separating it from 
 British India, Bhutan, Nepal, etc.), and by Kashmiron the 
 west. Chief city, Lhasa. The surface is an elevated table- 
 land: the interior is little known. It contains the sources 
 of the Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtse-Kiang, and other 
 large rivers. The foreign and military affairs of Tibet are di- 
 rected by imperial delegates ; the supreme civil authority 
 is vested in the dalai-lama. The inhabitants are of Mon- 
 goloid race ; the religion Lamaism and the Bon religion. 
 Tibet became subject to China in the 17th century. Area, 
 about 750,000 square miles. Population, about 6,500,000. 
 
 Tibet, Little. See Baltistan. 
 
 Tibet, Middle. See La dab. 
 
 Tibullus (ti-bul'us), Albius. Born about 54 
 B. C.: died 18 b. c. A Roman elegiac poet. He 
 was patronized by Messala whom he accompanied in a 
 campaign to Aquitania. He wrote the first two of the 
 books extant under his name. 
 
 Tibur (tl'ber). The ancient name of Tivoli. 
 Tiburon (te-Bo-ron'). [‘Shark’ island.] An 
 island in the Gulf of California, about lat. 29° 
 
 996 
 
 N., belonging to the state of Sonora, Mexico. 
 Length, about 34 miles. The only inhabitants 
 are a few Seri Indians. 
 
 Tichborne (tich'bom), Roger Charles. Born 
 Jan. 5, 1829: died at sea, 1854. The presump- 
 tive heir to the Tichborne estates in England. 
 He sailed from Rio de Janeiro for New York, April 20, 1854, 
 on the Bella, which was lost. A famous trial for the re- 
 covery of the estates by Arthur Orton, the Tichborne claim- 
 ant (see Orton), was decided against the claimant in 1872. 
 Orton was tried for perjury 1873-74, and imprisoned 1874- 
 1884. 
 
 Ticino (te-ehe'no). [L. Ticinus, P. Tessin, G. 
 Tessin.'] A river in Switzerland and Italy, 
 formed by the junction of two head streams 
 near Airolo. It traverses the Val Leventina and the 
 Riviera in the canton of Ticino, Lago Maggiore, and the 
 Lombard plain, and joins the Po near Pavia. Its chief 
 tributaries are the Brenno and Moesa. Length, about 150 
 miles. 
 
 Ticino. [F. Tessin, G. Tessin.] A canton of 
 Switzerland, bounded by Valais, Uri, Grisons, 
 and Italy. Capital, Bellinzona. It sends 7 mem- 
 bers to the National Council. The Inhabitants are Ital- 
 ian in race and language, and Roman Catholic in religion. 
 It was subjugated by Rome with the rest of Gallia Cisal- 
 pina ; and fell under the power of the Ostrogoths in the 6th 
 century, of the Longobards in the 6th, and of the Franks 
 in the 8th. In the middle ages it was held in large part 
 by Milan. The Val Leventina was conquered by Uri in 
 1403, and finally in 1440 ; and the remainder of Ticino was 
 taken by the confederates and the Forest Cantons about 
 1500. It was divided into the cantons of Bellinzona and 
 Lugano in 1798, and these were consolidated in 1803. 
 A constitution was adopted in 1830. The canton has 
 been disturbed by contests between the Ultramontanes and 
 the radicals, and the intervention of federal troops was 
 necessary in 1876 and 1890. Area, 1,088 square miles. 
 Population, 169,555, (1910). 
 
 Ticinum ( ti-si'num) . The Roman name of Pavi a. 
 
 Ticinus (ti-si'nus). The Roman name of the 
 river Ticino. 
 
 Ticinus, Battle of the. A victory gained near 
 the Ticinus and probably near Pavia, 218 b. c., 
 by Hannibal over the Romans under Publius 
 Scipio : chiefly a cavalry engagement. 
 
 Tickell (tik'el), Thomas. Born at Bri dekirk, 
 Cumberland* 1686 : died at Bath, April 23, 1740. 
 An English poet. In 1708hegraduated at Queen’s Col- 
 lege, Oxford. He was a friend of Addison, and through 
 him in 1717 was appointed under-secretary of state. His 
 poem on “ The Prospect of Peace” appeared in 1713, and 
 a poem, “ Kensington Gardens," in 1722. He contributed 
 to the “Spectator ' and “Guardian,” and wrote the elegy 
 on Addison prefixed to his edition of Addison's works in 
 1721 : his finest work. He translated the first book of the 
 “Iliad,” which Pope suspected was done by Addison, and 
 wrote the popular ballad “Colin and Lucy.” ■ 
 
 Ticket-of-Leave Man, The. A play by Tom 
 Taylor, produced in 1863. It is from the French 
 play ‘‘Leonard,” by Edouard Brisbarre and Eu- 
 gene Nus. 
 
 Ticknor (tik'nor), George. Born at Boston, 
 Mass., Ang. 1, i791: died there, Jan. 26, 1871. 
 An American author. He graduated at Dartmouth 
 in 1807 ; was admitted to the bar in 1813; resided at Got- 
 tingen and elsewhere in Europe 1815-19; and was profes- 
 sor of French, Spanish, and belles-lettres at Harvard 1819- 
 1835. He spent theyears 1835-38 in Europe. He was one of 
 the founders of the Boston public library. His chief work 
 is a “ History of Spanish Literature ” (1849). He also wrote 
 various essays, and a life of Prescott (1864). His life and 
 letters were published in 1876. 
 
 Ticonderoga (ti-kon-de-ro'ga). A town inEssex 
 County, New York, situated on the outlet from 
 Lake George to Lake Champlain, 88 miles north 
 by east of Albany. It was fortified by the French in 
 1755, and was called at first Carillon ; was the rendezvous 
 of Montcalm’s army in 1757 ; was unsuccessfully attacked 
 by the British under Abercrombie July 8, 1758; was in- 
 vested and taken by the British under Amherst in 1759 ; 
 was surprised and captured by the Americans under Ethan 
 Allen, May 10, 1775; was taken by the British under Bur- 
 goyne in July, 1777 ; and was taken by the British under 
 Haldeman in 1780. Population, 4,940 ; village, 2,475, (1910). 
 
 Tidewater (tid'wa/'ter). A section of Virginia 
 extending from tbe sea-coast westward as far 
 as the rivers are affected by the tides. 
 
 Tieck (tek), Ludwig. Born at Berlin, May 31, 
 1773 : died there, April 28, 1853. A German 
 poet and critic. He studied at Halle, Gottingen, and 
 Erlangen. Subsequently he lived alternately in Berlin, 
 Jena, and Dresden. In 1805 he undertook a journey to 
 Italy, and in 1817 to England. In 1820 he was made a mem- 
 ber of the direction of the royal theater at Dresden. In 
 1841 he was called to Berlin by Frederick William IV., by 
 whom he was granted a pension. Among his many works 
 in almost all departments of literature are particularly to 
 be mentioned tw'o collections of popular tales, partly from 
 old German sources, partly original, “Volksmarchen” 
 (“Folk Tales,” 1797) and “Phantasus” (1812-17), the ro- 
 mantic novel “ Franz Sternbalds Wanderungen ” (“Franz 
 Sternbald’s Wanderings," 1798), the classical translation 
 of “ Don Quixote" (1799-1801), a modem German version 
 of Middle Higli German “ Minnelleder” (“ Minnesongs,” 
 1803). After 1825 he was engaged upon a translation of 
 Shakspere to complete the work begun by A. W. von 
 Schlegel. In 1823 and 1827, during his connection with 
 the Dresden theater, he published a series of dramatic 
 criticisms under the title of “ Dramaturgische Blatter" 
 (“Dramaturgic Leaves”). Other works are the two nov- 
 els with which he began his literary career, “Abdallah " 
 
 Tiers £tat 
 
 and “William Lovell”; the comedies " Blaubart” (“Bine- 
 beard ”), “Der gestiefelte Kater” (“Puss in Boots”), 
 “ Prinz Zerbino "(“ Prince Zerbino ”); the dramas "Le- 
 ben und Tod der heiligen Genoveva” (“The Life and 
 Death of St. Genoveve "), “Kaiser Oktavianus” (“ Em- 
 peror Octavian ”), “ Fortunat”(“Fortunatus”). Among his 
 many shorter stories, written between 1821 and 1840, are 
 especially to he named “ Das Dichterleben ” (“ The Poet’s 
 Life ’’), which describes the youth of Shakspere, and 
 “Der Tod des Dichters” (“The Death of the Poet”), 
 whose motive is the death of the poet Camoens. He 
 wrote, besides, many lyrics, the best of which are in his 
 Italian journey in 1805-06. He was the most prolific of 
 the poets of the Romantic school in Germany. A collec- 
 tion of his writings, made by himself, was published in 
 Berlin, 1828-46, in 20 vols.; his critical writings, in the 
 same way, appeared in Berlin 1852-54 ; and his short stories 
 (“Gesammelte Novellen ’’) were published in Berlin, 
 1852- 58, in 12 vols. His posthumous works (“Nachge- 
 lassene Schriften ”) appeared at Leipsic, 1855, in 2 vols. 
 
 Tiedemann (te 'de-man), Dietrich. Born at 
 Bremervorde, near Bremen, April 3, 1748 : died 
 at Marburg, Sept. 24, 1803. A German philoso- 
 pher, professor of philosophy at Marburg from 
 1776. His chief work is “ Geist der spekuiativen 
 Philosophie” (1791-96). 
 
 Tiedge (ted'ge), Christoph August. Born at, 
 Gardelegen, Prussia, Dec. 14, 1752 : died at 
 Dresden, March 8, 1841. A German poet. His 
 chief work is the lyrico-didactic poem “ Ura- 
 nia” (1800). 
 
 Tientsin (ten'tsin'). A city in the province 
 of Chihli, China, situated on the Peiho in lat. 
 39° 9' N., long. 117° 12' E. it is an important cen- 
 ter of transit trade, and the terminus of the imperial 
 canal and of a railroad to Tongshan opened in 1888. A 
 treaty was concluded here in 1858 betw een China on one 
 side and Great Britain, the United States, France, and 
 Russia on the other. Tientsin was occupied by the Eng- 
 lish and French in 1860, and w 7 as made an open port. A 
 massacre of Christians occurred there in 1870. Captured by 
 the allies July 14, 1900. Population, 760,000-900,000. 
 
 Tiepolo (te-a'po-lo), Giovanni Battista. Born 
 at Venice, March 5, 1693 : died at Madrid, 
 March 25, 1769 (?). A Venetian painter, a pu- 
 pil of Gregorio Lazzarini : the last great deco- 
 rative painter of the Venetian school. He was 
 influenced by Giovanni Battista Piazzetta, and still more 
 by the works of Paolo Veronese. After painting frescos 
 at Milan and other Italian cities, he decorated the episco- 
 pal palace at Wurzburg, Bavaria, in 1750 ; and on his re- 
 turn to Venice in 1753 he was appointed first director of 
 the Academy of Painting. In 1761 he was called to Spain 
 by Charles III., and executed frescos in the royal palace, 
 with the assistance of Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo, his 
 son (1726—77). There are many of his easel-pictures in the 
 galleries of Europe. 
 
 Tierney (ter'ni), George. Born at Gibraltar, 
 March 20, 1761: died at London, Jan. 25, 1830. 
 An English Whig politician. He was educated at 
 St. Peter’s College, Cambridge, and was called to the bar, 
 but devoted himself to politics. He entered Parliament 
 as member for Colchester in 1788, and sat in the House of 
 Commons for different constituencies from 1796 to his 
 death. He was a prominent opponent of William Pitt. In 
 1798 Pitt accused him of want of patriotism, and fought a 
 Woodless duel with him (May 27). In 1803 he joined the 
 Addington ministry as treasurer of the navy, and in 1806 
 the Grenville ministry as president of the board of con- 
 trol. From 1817 he was the leader of the opposition in 
 the House of Commons. He was master of the mint in 
 Canning’s ministry (1827), and also, with a seat in the cabi- 
 net, in Goderich’s ministry (1827-28). 
 
 Tierra Bomba (te-er'ra bom'ba). A small isl- 
 and near the coast of Colombia, west of Car- 
 tagena. 
 
 Tierra de Canelo. See Cinnamon, Land of. 
 Tierra del Fuego (te-er'ra del fwa'go), or Ter- 
 ra del Fuego. [‘ Land of Fire.’] 1. An archi- 
 pelago south of the southern end of South Amer- 
 ica, from which it is separated by the Strait of 
 Magellan. It comprises the large island of King Charles 
 South Land (or Tierra del Fuego proper, or Fuegia) and the 
 smaller Desolation Island, Clarence Island, Dawson Island, 
 Navarin, Hoste, Horn, Wollaston, Stewart, Londonderry, 
 etc.: these are separated from each other by narrow and 
 tortuous channels, and the islands themselves are cut by 
 deep fiords. The central and western parts of King Charles 
 South Land, and most of the smaller islands, are moun- 
 tainous and partly covered with forest. Politically it is 
 divided nominally between the Argentine Republic and 
 Chile. It was discovered by Magellan in 1520 ; and has 
 been explored by Darwin, King, Wilkes, Bove, etc. Length 
 of group, about 400 miles. Area, over 21,000 square miles. 
 Population, civilized, about 2,000 ; the aboriginal inhabi- 
 tants probably do not exceed 1,000. See Fuegians. 
 
 2. A territory of the Argentine Republic, com- 
 prising the Argentine portion of the archipelago 
 (the eastern part of King Charles South Land 
 and the Isla de los Estados). There are two small 
 settlements established by Englishmen, one as a mission 
 station. Gold is obtained in considerable quantities. 
 Area, 8,299 square miles. Population, 1,637. 
 
 Tierra Firme, or Costa Firme. See Spanish 
 Main. 
 
 Tiers Etat (tyar-za-ta'). [F., ‘third estate.’] 
 In France, that portion of the nation which be- 
 longed neither to the nobility, nor the clergy 
 (the two privileged classes), nor the peasantry. 
 It consisted chiefly of the burghers who sent representa- 
 tives to the States-General. The name was made famous 
 by the struggles of the representatives of this order 
 
Tiers Etat 
 
 in the last French StatesGeneral for power equal to that 
 of both the other orders, and their final assumption of 
 supreme authority, consummating the Revolution. 
 
 Tiete (te a -ta'). A river in the state of Sao 
 Paulo, Brazil, a tributary of the Parana. 
 Length, about 700 miles. 
 
 Tietjens, or Titiens (tet'yens), Therese Car- 
 oline Johanna. Born at Hamburg, July 
 17, 1831 : died at London, Oct. 3, 1877. A so- 
 prano singer, of Hungarian descent : settled in 
 England from 1858. She was noted in opera 
 and oratorio. 
 
 Tifata (te-fa'ta). A low mountain-range near 
 Capua, Italy, 17 miles northeast of Naples : now 
 called Monte di Maddaloni. Near it, in 83 b.c., 
 Sulla defeated the Marian general Norbanus. 
 Tifernum Tiberinum (ti-fer'numtib-e-ri'num). 
 In ancient geography, a city of Italy, on or near 
 the site of the modern Citta di Castello, about 
 20 miles from Arezzo. 
 
 TifernUS (ti-fer'nus). The ancient name of the 
 Bifern o. 
 
 Ti ffin (tif'in). A city and capital of Seneca 
 County, Ohio, situated on Sandusky River 43 
 miles south-southeast of Toledo. It is the 
 seat of Heidelberg University. Population, 
 11 894, (1910). 
 
 Tinis (tif-les'). 1. A government in Transcau- 
 casia, Russia, intersected by lat. 41° 30' N., 
 long. 45° E. Area, 15,776 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 1,117,100. — 2. The capital of the 
 government of Tiflis, and of the general gov- 
 ernment of Caucasia, situated on the Km- in 
 lat. 41° 42° N., long. 44° 48' E. It is the chief com- 
 mercial city in Caucasia, and is on the main route between 
 Russia and Persia. It has manufactures of cotton, silks, 
 leather goods, silverware, swords, guns, etc. Formerly it 
 was the capital of Georgia. It has often been plundered 
 (last by the Persians in 1795). Population, 159,590. 
 
 Tiger of Central America, The. An epithet of 
 General Santos Guardiola. 
 
 Tiger of Tacubaya, The. An epithet applied 
 to the Mexican general Leonardo Marquez for 
 his massacre of prisoners at Tacubaya. 
 Tiglath-Pileser (tig'lath-pi-le'zer). [Assyr. 
 Tukulti-pal-eshara, my support is the son of 
 Eshara (i. e. ‘Adar the god of war and the 
 chase’).] The name of three Assyrian kings. 
 (a) King 1120-1100 B. c., one of the most warlike and en- 
 ergetic of Assyrian rulers. According to inscriptions on 
 prisms found in the ruins of Kileh Sherghat (on the site of 
 the ancientcity of Ashur), he undertook campaignsagainst 
 forty-two countries and their kings, among them the Mo- 
 schoi, Kummuch (Commagene), Hittites, the “Aramean 
 river-land,” the country of Nairi, and Babylonia. He also 
 indulged in the adventures of the chase, and relates that 
 he killed with his own hand 10 elephants and 920 lions. ( b ) 
 King about 950-930 n. C. (c) King 745-727 B. C. In the Old 
 Testament he bears thenameof Phut. In 741 he conquered, 
 after a three years’ siege, the city of Arpad (modern Tel- 
 Erfad, north of Aleppo). In 738 he brought nineteen dis- 
 tricts of Hamath under Assyrian supremacy. In the same 
 year he received tribute from Rezin of Damascus, Mena- 
 hem of Samaria (2 Ki. xv. 19), Hiram of Tyre, and many 
 other kings of Syria. Several years later Rezin of Damas- 
 cus and Pekah of Israel entered into a coalition against 
 Assyria, and waged war against Ahaz of Judah because he 
 would not join this alliance (Isa. vii.). At the behest of 
 Ahaz, Tiglath-Pileser again marched against the west 734- 
 732. Rezin was killed and the kingdom of Damascus de- 
 stroyed, and many cities were taken from Israel (2 Ki. 
 xv. 29), Pekah being left as a vassal king. While in Damas- 
 cus the Assyrian king received tribute from Ahaz of Ju- 
 dah, and the kings of Moab, Ascalon, Edom, Gaza, etc. For 
 a third time Tiglath-Pileser took a hand in the policy of 
 Israel when Pekah was assassinated by Hosea. The As- 
 syrian king, according to his account, placed Hosea on the 
 throne and received 10 talents of gold and 1,000 talents 
 of silver as tribute. He also made several expeditions to 
 Babylonia, against Urartu (743-735) and Elam (744-737). 
 Tigranes (tig-ra'nez) I. [Gr. Trypavijg.'] Died 
 after 56 B. c. King of Armenia, son-in-law of 
 Mithridates the Great. He conquered Syria and part 
 of Asia Minor, and founded Tigranocerta. He was de- 
 feated by Lucullus near Tigranocerta 69 B. o. ; surrendered 
 at Artaxata to Pompey ; and was deprived of his conquests. 
 Tigre (te'gra). A river in Ecuador which joins 
 the Amazon about 40 miles west of the mouth 
 of the Ucayale. Length, about 400 miles. 
 Tigr6 (te-gra'). The northernmost division of 
 Abyssinia. Chief city, Adowa. It was formerly 
 an independent kingdom. 
 
 Tigris (ti'gris). A river in Asiatic Turkey which 
 is formed by head streams that rise in the 
 mountains of Armenia and Kurdistan, and flows 
 south and southeast, joining the Euphrates 
 about 40 miles northwest of Basra, its chief 
 tributaries are the Great Zab, Little Zab, and Diyala; the 
 chief places on its banks are Diarbekir, Mosul, and Bagdad. 
 Length, about 1,100 miles; navigable for small vessels to 
 Bagdad, and for rafts to Diarbekir. It is the biblical 
 Hiddekel. 
 
 Tigiia, or Teewah, orTihua (te'wii). [PL, also 
 Tigua s.] A division of the Tanoan linguistic 
 stock of North American Indians, occupying the 
 pueblos of Senecii del Sur in Chihuahua, Isleta 
 
 997 
 
 del Sur in Texas, and Isleta, Picuris, Sandia, 
 and Taos iu northern central New Mexico. The 
 population of the southern Tigua pueblos is small, while 
 those in New Mexico have a population of over 1,000. See 
 Tanoan. 
 
 Tigurini (tig-u-ri'ni). In ancient history, one 
 of the branches of the Helvetii, which took an 
 active part in the defeat of the Romans 107 B. c., 
 and were cut to pieces by Caesar 58 B. c. 
 Tihua. See Tigua. 
 
 Tilburg (til'borG). A town in the province of 
 North Brabant, Netherlands, 36 miles southeast 
 of Rotterdam. It has important woolen manu- 
 factures. Population, 49,319. 
 
 Tilburina (til-bu-ri'na,). The daughter of the 
 governor of Tilbury Fort, a character in the 
 tragedy rehearsed iu Sheridan’s “Critic”: a 
 type in which the sorrows of the tragedy hero- 
 ine are burlesqued. 
 
 Tilbury Fort (til'bu-ri fort). A fortification 
 in Essex, England, situated near the Thames 
 20 miles east of London. 
 
 Tilden (til'den), Samuel Jones. Born at New 
 Lebanon, N.Y., Feb. 9, 1814: died at Greystone, 
 near Yonkers, N. Y., Aug. 4, 1886. A noted 
 American statesman and lawyer. He was edu- 
 cated at Yale and at the University of New York ; early 
 took an active part in politics ; was admitted to the barin 
 1841 ; was elected asaDemocrat to theNewY’ork Assembly 
 in 1845, and was a member of the Constitutional Conven- 
 tion in 1846 ; became a Free-soiler in 1848 ; was the unsuc- 
 cessful Democratic candidate for-attorney-general in 1855 ; 
 and became chairman of the Democratic State Committee 
 in 1866. He was prominent in the successful contest against 
 the “ Tweed Ring ” ; and was elected Democratic governor 
 of New York in 1874, and served 1876-76. He promoted the 
 reform of the management of the canals. In 1876 he was 
 Democratic candidate for President, and received about 
 250,000 more votes than Hayes, the Republican candidate, 
 and 184 uncontested electoral votes (see Electoral Com- 
 mission). The decision of the contest was in favor of Hayes. 
 Tilden declined to be a candidate for the Democratic nomi- 
 nation for President in 1880 and 1884. His works were 
 edited by John Bigelow (1885). 
 
 Tillemont (tey-moh'), Sebastien le Nain de. 
 
 Born at Paris, Nov. 30, 1637 : died Jan. 10, 1698. 
 A distinguished French historian. He was edu- 
 cated among the Jansenists at Port-Royal; resided for 
 many years at Beauvais, occupied with his studies; re- 
 turned to Paris in 1670 ; and in 1679 retired to Tillemont, 
 near Montreuil. He wrote “M<5moirespour servirkl’hi3- 
 toire eccldsiastique des six premiers siccles ” (1693-1712) 
 and “Histoire des empereurs et des autres princes qui 
 out rdgnd pendant les six premiers sibcles del’dglise” (1690- 
 1738), and collaborated in the writings of the Port-Roy- 
 alists. 
 
 For a perfect digest of all the authorities bearing on 
 every fact in Roman imperial history we naturally turn 
 to Tillemont, who devoted the patient industry of a life 
 to his two great works, “Memoires Eccldsiastiques ” and 
 “Histoire des Empereurs.” 
 
 Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 91. 
 
 Tillotson (til'ot-son), John. Born at Sowerby, 
 Yorkshire, England, Oct.., 1630: died Nov. 22, 
 1694. An English prelate and theological writer. 
 He was dean of Canterbury and of St. Paul's, and became 
 archbishop of Canterbury in 1691. His collected works 
 were published 1707-12. 
 
 Tilly (til'i ; F. pron. te-ye'), Count of (Johann 
 Tserclaes). Born at the castle of Tilly, near 
 Gembloux, Belgium, Feb., 1559: died at Ingol- 
 stadt, Bavaria, April 30, 1632. A famous gen- 
 eral in the Spanish, Bavarian, and Imperial ser- 
 vice. He served under Farnese in the Netherlands, and 
 as lieutenant-colonel under Duke Philip Emanuel of 
 Lorraine in Hungary against the Turks 1600-02 ; became 
 field-marshal general and commander of the Bavarian 
 army in 1610 ; was commander of the Catholic League at 
 the beginning of the Thirty Years’ War ; gained the vic- 
 tory of the White Mountain, near Prague, Nov. 8, 1620; 
 subdued Bohemia in 1621 ; conquered the Palatinate in 
 1622 ; defeated Christian of Brunswick at Stadtlohn Aug. 
 6, 1623, and Christian IV. of Denmark at Lutter Aug. 27, 
 1626; became imperial generalissimo in 1630; stormed 
 Magdeburg May 20, 1631 ; was defeated by Gustavus Adol- 
 phus at Breitenfeld, near Leipsic, Sept. 17, 1631; and was 
 mortally wounded in a contest with Gustavus Adolphus 
 near the Lech, April 15, 1632. He was victorious in 36 
 battles. 
 
 Tilsit (til'sit). A town in the province of East 
 Prussia, situated on the Memel 61 miles north- 
 east of Konigsberg. It has varied manufactures, 
 and trade in lumber, fish, grain, hemp, flax, etc. It is fa- 
 mous from the peace between France on one side and Rus- 
 sia and Prussia on the other, agreed upon there in July, 
 1807. The meeting between Napoleon and Alexander 
 took place on araft in theriver, June 25, 1807. Thetreaty 
 between France and Russia was signed July 7, and that 
 between France and Prussia July 9. According to the terms 
 of the peace, the grand duchy of Warsaw was formed out 
 of parts of Prussia ; part, of Prussia was ceded to Russia, 
 and a small portion to Saxony ; Dantzic was made free ; 
 the region west of the Elbe was ceded to Napoleon ; the 
 Confederation of the Rhine and Joseph, Louis, and Jdrftme 
 Bonaparte were recognized ; Prussian harbors were closed 
 to British trade ; the Prussian army was reduced to 42,000 ; 
 a secret conditional alliance was arranged between France 
 and Russia ; and large indemnities were to be paid by 
 Prussia, which was reduced to a second-rate state. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 37,148. 
 
 Tilton (til'ton), Theodore. Born at New York, 
 
 Timotes 
 
 Oct. 2, 1835: died' at Paris, May 25, 1907. An 
 American editor. He edited the “Independent” 
 and founded the “Golden Age.” He was known chiefly 
 from his suit against Henry Ward Beecher, begun in 1874, 
 which resulted in a disagreement of the jury. 
 
 Timseus (tl-me'us). [Gr. Tfywwo?.] Lived about 
 400 B. c. A Greek Pythagorean philosopher 
 of Locri in Italy : the reputed author of a phil- 
 osophical work, “On the Soul of the World,” 
 probably of a later period. He appears in 
 Plato’s dialogue named from him. 
 
 Timseus. Lived about 352-256 b. c. A Greek 
 historian of Tauromenium in Sicily. He lived in 
 exile in Athens. He wrote a history of Italy and Sicily 
 from the earliest times to 264 B. o. , fragments of which have 
 been preserved. 
 
 Timan (te-man'). A plateau or group of low 
 mountains in the governments of Vologda and 
 Archangel, northeastern Russia. 
 
 Timanthes (ti-man'thez). [Gr. T i/iavdr/i;.'] Bom 
 in the island of Cythnos (?) : lived about 400 b. c. 
 A Greek painter of Sicyon. He is known mainly as 
 the painter of one of the great pictures of antiquity, the 
 “Sacrifice of Iphigenia,” in which Agamemnon conceals 
 his uncontrollable grief by covering his head with his 
 mantle. This picture was a favorite of Cicero. Pliny's re- 
 mark that there is “always something more implied than 
 expressed in his work ” is suggestive of bold and general- 
 ized execution. 
 
 Timbuktu, or Timbuctoo (tim-buk'to). A city 
 of Africa, situated near the southern border of 
 the Sahara and about 10 miles north of the Niger, 
 about lat. 16° 47' N. It has considerable trade in 
 gold, gum, salt, ivory, etc., being a center of various cara- 
 van routes from Morocco, the Guinea coast, and elsewhere. 
 It was occupied by the Tuaregs in the 11th century, and 
 later by Fellatalis, Arabs, and various other peoples. It 
 has been visited by Laing, C.iillie, Barth (1853), and Lenz 
 (1880). Population, estimated, 5,000. 
 
 Times (tlmz), The. A leading British news- 
 paper, published in London, founded in 1785 
 underthe title of “The London Daily Universal 
 Register.” The present name was adopted in 
 1788. The paper was developed under John 
 Walter 1803-47. 
 
 Tirnocrate (te-mo-krat' ). A tragedy by Thomas 
 Corneille, produced in 1656. 
 
 Timoga. See Timuquanan. 
 
 Timoleon (ti-mo'le-on). [Gr. Tifioleuv.'] Born 
 at Corinth: died 337 or 336 b. c. A celebrated 
 Greek general and statesman. He favored the 
 death of his brother Timophanes (tyrant of Corinth), and 
 withdrew from public life ; was sent from Corinth to aid 
 Syracuse against Dionysius the Younger and Hicetas in 
 344; delivered Syracuse from Dionysius the Younger in 
 343; reorganized the city and the Greek power in Sicily; 
 and defeated the Carthaginians at the Crimisus in 339 (?). 
 
 Timomachus (ti-mom'a-kus). [Gr. Tmd/zayof.] 
 Lived in the 1st century (?) B. c. A Byzantine 
 painter. According to Pliny, Csesar paid a large sum for 
 two of his pictures, an Ajax and a Medea. The Medea of 
 Timomachus was not less praised in song and epigram than 
 the Aphrodite of Apelles. An echo of the original per- 
 haps remains in some of the Pompeiian wall-paintings. 
 An Iphigenia in Tauris and a Gorgon were also celebrated. 
 He seems to have shown tact in choosing the right moment 
 just after or just before the catastrophe. 
 
 Timon (ti'mon). [Gr. Lived in the last 
 
 part of the 5th century B. c. An Athenian 
 misanthrope. He is the subject of a tragedy 
 by Shakspere. See Timon of Athens. 
 
 Timone (te-mo'ne). A comedy by Boiardo, 
 produced before 1494 : the first original Italian 
 comedy. 
 
 Timon of Athens. A tragedy by Shakspere, 
 which unquestionably contains much by an- 
 other hand. It was produced 1607-08 and 
 printed iu 1623, and was adapted by Shadwell. 
 Timon of Phlius (fii'us). Lived about 280 b. c. 
 A Greek skeptical philosopher and author. He 
 wrote satiric poems called “Silloi” (hence he was called 
 the “sillographer”), in hexameter verse, ridiculing all the 
 dogmatic schools of philosophy. Fragments of them sur- 
 vive. 
 
 Timor (te-mor'). An island of the Malay Arehi- 
 pelago,lat.8° 30'-10°20'S., long. 124°-127°30'E. 
 The surface is mountainous ; the southwestern part is 
 claimed by the Netherlands, the northeastern by Portugal ; 
 the capital of the Dutch part is Kupang ; thatof the Portu-' 
 guese, Deli. Length, about 300 miles. Area, about 12,600 
 square miles. Population (Papuas mixed with Malays, 
 etc.), estimated, 400,000. 
 
 Timor laut (te-mor'lout), or Tenimber (te-nim'- 
 ber). A group of islands in the Malay Archi- 
 pelago, east by north of Timor and southwest 
 of the Aru Islands and of New Guinea : claimed 
 by the Dutch. It comprises three large and several 
 small islands (formerly supposed to form a whole). The 
 formation is generally that of coral reefs and low. The in- 
 habitants are largely Papuas. Area, about 2,000 square 
 miles. 
 
 Timotes (te-mo'tas). Indians of Venezuela, in 
 the mountain region south and southeast of 
 Lake Maracaibo, and the adjacent plains (state 
 of Los Andes). The early explorers described them 
 as agriculturists, divided into many small tribes or hordes 
 (Tatuyes, Mocochies, etc.), and having few arts. Those in 
 
Timotes 
 
 the lowlands went naked and painted their bodies red ; 
 the mountain tribes wore a cotton mantle. They buried 
 their dead in caves or, in some tribes (Mocochies, etc.), 
 in artificial vaults. Their descendants are civilized, and 
 occupy villages which take their names from the tribes. 
 Their language, now nearly extinct, is said to have had re- 
 lations with the Chibcha, but this is doubtful. 
 
 Timotheus (ti-mo'the-us). [Gr. Tqwfeof.] Died 
 about 354 B. C. An Athenian naval commander, 
 son of Conon. He conquered Corcyra in 375 n. c., and 
 secured the favor of Acarnania, Cephalonia. and Epirus ; 
 took Samos from the Persians in 305 ; and was unjustly 
 condemned during the Social War. 
 
 Ticiotheus. Born at ’Miletus : died about 357 
 B. c. A celebrated Athenian musician and 
 dithyrambic poet. He improved the cithara by 
 adding to it a string (the eleventh "!). 
 
 Timothy (tim'o-thi), or Timotheus. A Lvca- 
 onian Christian missionary, a disciple aud com- 
 panion of the apostle Paul. 
 
 Timour. Same as Timur or Tamerlane. 
 
 Timrod (tim'rod), Henry. Born at Charleston, 
 S. C., Dec. 8, 1829: died at Columbia, S. C., 
 Oct. 6, 1867. An American poet, author of 
 Confederate war lyrics. His poems, with mem- 
 oir by P. Id. Hayne, were edited 1873. 
 
 Timsah (tim'sa), Lake. A small lake traversed 
 by the Suez Canal, near Ismailia. 
 
 Timuquanan (tim-o-kwan'an). [‘Ruler’ or 
 ‘ master.’] A linguistic stock of North Ameri- 
 can Indians. The name was first used for a village or 
 tribe upon St. John's River, Florida, but afterward to in- 
 clude the ancient tribes (now extinct) in that peninsula. 
 When their towns were destroyed in 1706, the fugitives 
 settled on the eastern coast, upon Tomoco River and the 
 Mosquito Lagoon. There were 60 tribes or villages attrib- 
 uted to the stock, the names of which have been pub- 
 lished. Also Atimuca, Timoga. 
 
 Timur, or Timour (te-mor'), or Timur Bey 
 (te-mor' ba), also Timiir-Leng (te-mor'leng) 
 (‘Timur the Lame’): corrupted to Tamerlane 
 (tam-er-lan'). Born in central Asia, 1333: died 
 1405. A Tatar conqueror, said to have been 
 descended from a follower of Jenghiz Khan. 
 He became ruler about 1370 of a realm whose capital was 
 Samarkand ; conquered Persia, central Asia, and in 13!i8 a 
 great part of India ; waged war with the sultan Bajazet I., 
 whom he defeated at Ancyra in 1402 and took prisoner; 
 and died while preparing to invade China. He is the 
 Tamerlaine of the plays. 
 
 Just at the moment when the Sultan [Bajazet] seemed 
 to have attained the pinnacle of his ambition, when his 
 authority was unquestioningly obeyed over the greater 
 part of the Byzantine Empire in Europe and Asia, when 
 the Christian states were regarding him with terror as the 
 scourge of the world, another and a greater scourge came to 
 quell him, and at one stroke all the vast fabric of empire 
 which Bayezld had so triumphantly erected was shattered 
 to the ground. This terrible conqueror was Timur the 
 Tartar, oraswecallliim“Tamerlane.” Timurwas of Turk- 
 ish race, and was born near Samarkand in 1333. He was 
 consequently an old man of nearly seventy when he came 
 to encounter Bayezld in 1402. It had taken him many 
 years to establish his authority overa portion of the numer- 
 ous divisions into which the immense empire of Chingiz 
 Khan had fallen after the death of that stupendous con- 
 queror. Timur was but a petty chief among many others : 
 but at last he won his way, and became ruler of Samar- 
 kand and the whole province of Transoxiana, or ‘Beyond 
 the River’(Ma-wara-n-nahr), as the Arabs called the coun- 
 try north of the Oxus. Once fairly established in this 
 province, Timur began to overrun the surrounding lands, 
 and during thirty years his ruthless armies spread over the 
 provinces of Asia, from Dehli to Damascus, and from the 
 Sea of Aral to the Persian Gulf. The subdivision of the 
 Mohammedan Empire into numerous petty kingdoms ren- 
 dered it powerless to meet the overwhelming hordes which 
 Timur brought down from Central Asia. One and all. the 
 kings and princes of Persia and Syria succumbed, and Ti- 
 mur carried his banners triumphantly as far as the frontier 
 of Egypt, where the brave Mamluk Sultans still dared to 
 defy him. He had so far left Bayezld unmolested ; partly 
 because he was too powerful to be rashly provoked, and 
 partly because Timur respected the sultan’s valorous deeds 
 against the Christians: for Timur, though a wholesale 
 butcher, was very conscientious in matters of religion, and 
 held that Bayezid’s fighting for the Faith rightly covered 
 a multitude of sins. Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 63. 
 
 Tinchebray, or Tinchebrai (tansh-bra/), or 
 Tenchebray, or Tenchebrai. A town in the 
 department of Orne, Normandy, 44 miles north- 
 west of AlentJOn. Here, Sept .28, 1106, Henry I. ofEng- 
 land defeated and captured his brother Robert, duke of 
 Normandy. Population, 3,952. 
 
 Tindal (tin'dal), Matthew. Born at Beer-Fer- 
 rers, Devonshire, about 1656 : died at Oxford, 
 Aug. 16, 1733. An English deist. He studied at 
 Lincoln College, Oxford. In 1685 he joined the Roman 
 Catholic Church, but returned in 1688 to the Church of 
 England. He published “ An Essay of Obedience to the 
 Supreme Powers "(1694), and “ The Rights of the Christian 
 Church asserted against the Romish and all other priests 
 who claim an independent power over it ” (1706-09). His 
 defense of the theory of state control of the church led 
 to the proscription of the work, Dec. 12, 1707. He con- 
 tinued to defend his deistic position, and in 1730 published 
 “ Christianity as old as the Creation, or the Gospel a Repub- 
 lication of the Religion of Nature,” a work recognized as 
 the “ Bible ” of deism. The work was translated into Ger- 
 man by J. Lorenz Schmidt in 1741, and had great influence 
 on German theology. Tindal called himself a “Christian 
 deist ' 
 
 998 
 
 Tindale, William. See Tyndale. 
 Ting-hai(ting-hi'),orTmghae (ting-M'). The 
 
 capital of the island of Chusan, China. 
 
 Tingis. See Tangier. 
 
 Tingitana (tin-ji-ta'na). An ancient Roman 
 province, included in the northern part of the 
 modern Morocco. 
 
 Tinne (tin'ne), Alexandrine or Alexine. Born 
 at The Hague, Oct. 17, 1839: murdered in the 
 vicinity of Murzuk, Fezzan, Aug. 11, 1869. A 
 Dutch traveler, of English descent, she traveled 
 extensively in Europe and the East ; with her mother, aunt, 
 and others explored the White Nile to Gondokoro, and 
 the regions of the Sobat and Bahr-el-Ghazal, 1862-64 ; trav- 
 eled in 1865 and following years in southern Europe and 
 northern Africa ; and started for the interior of Africa in 
 1869, but was murdered by her escort. 
 
 Tinneh. See Athapascan. 
 
 Tinnevelli (tin-e-vel'i), or Tinavelly (tin-a- 
 vel'i). 1. A district in Madras, British India, 
 intersected by lat. 9° N., long. 78° E. Ai'ea, 
 5,389 square miles. Population, 2,059,607. — 2. 
 The capital of the district of Tinnevelli, in lat. 
 8° 44' N. Population, 40,469. 
 
 Tintagel (tin-t.a'jel), or Trevena (tre-ve'na). 
 A village in Cornwall, near the sea, 18 miles 
 west of Launceston. Near it is the ruined Tintagel 
 Castle, celebrated in Arthurian legend. It was the re- 
 puted birthplace of Arthur. In the romance of Sir Tris- 
 tram it is the castle of King Mark. Tintagel Head is a 
 high cliff on the coast. 
 
 Tintern (tin'tern) Abbey. A ruined medieval 
 abbey in Monmouthshire, England, situated on 
 the Wye 17 miles north by west of Bristol. The 
 ivy-clad church, of the middle of the 13th century, is one 
 of the most picturesque of English ruins. The vaulting 
 is gone, but otherwise it is well preserved. It retains most 
 of its window-tracery, and has a fine west portal of two 
 cusped arches, and a single very large window, a typical 
 English feature, in each of the main and transept facades. 
 The monastic buildings survive in part. 
 
 Tinto (tin'to), Dick. The light-hearted artist 
 who is supposed to relate Scott’s tale of “ The 
 Bride of Lammermoor”to Peter Mattieson. It 
 is also the pseudonym of Frank Booth Goodrich. 
 Tinto Hills (tin'to hilz). A group of hills in 
 Lanarkshire, Scotland, southeast of Lanark. 
 Height, about 2,300 feet. 
 
 Tintoretto (ten-to-ret'to), or Tintoret (tin'to- 
 ret) (Jacopo Kobusti : called Tintoretto from 
 the trade of his father, a dyer). Born at Venice, 
 Sept. 16, 1518 : died there, May 31, 1594. A cele- 
 brated Venetian painter. He entered the atelier of 
 Titian, with whom it does not appear that he stayed very 
 long. From Titian he went to Andrea Schiavone. In 1546 
 he received his first important order for the decoration of 
 the choir of Sta. Maria dell’ Orto. The compositions were 
 over 50 feet high. They brought him great reputation and 
 a commission to paint the “ Miracle of St. Mark,” now in 
 the Accademia delle Arti in Venice, his most perfect and 
 important work. The “ Last Supper,” in the Sacristy of San 
 Giorgio, is more powerful and vaster in technical range, 
 but is less successful in its attainment of the finer quali- 
 ties of art. In 1560 Tintoretto began to paint the Scuola 
 di San Rocco and the doge’s palace. The famous “Cruci- 
 fixion ”of the Scuola di San Rocco dates from this time. In 
 1576 he painted the ceiling of the great hall. In 1560 he 
 seems to have taken the place of Titian as court painter 
 to the doges. The great conflagrations of 1574 and 1577 
 threw much of the work of restoration into the hands of 
 Tintoretto. The work accomplished by him on these com- 
 missions includes the great ‘ ‘ Paradise ” (1589-90). 
 
 Tiny Tim (tl'ni tim). The little crippled son of 
 Bob Cratchit in Dickens’s “Christmas Carol.” 
 Tioga (ti-6'gii). A small river in northern Penn- 
 sylvania and Steuben County, New York, which 
 unites near Corning with the Conhocton to form 
 the Chemung. 
 
 Tionoiltati (te^on-on-ta/te). [Their own name, 
 meaning ‘there the mountain stands.’] A 
 tribe of North American Indians who formerly 
 lived in the mountains south of Nottawasaga 
 Bay, Ontario. They wore first met in 1616 by the 
 French, who called them Nation du Petun, or Tobacco 
 Nation, from their large fields of tobacco. On the defeat 
 of the Hurons in 1648, many of the fugitives took refuge 
 with the Tionoiltati, and the Iroquois attacked that tribe 
 and drove them with the Hurons to the head of Lake Su- 
 perior. In 1670 the united remnants lived at Mackinaw 
 under the name of Wyandots. See Iroqvoian. 
 Tipitapa (te-pe-tii'pa). A river of Nicaragua, 
 joining Lakes Managua and Nicaragua. Length, 
 about 20 miles. 
 
 Tipkin (tip'kin), Biddy. A romantic charac- 
 ter in Steele’s “ Tender Husba nd.” she feels “ that 
 it looks so ordinary to go out at a door to be married.” 
 She is the original of Lydia Languish. 
 
 Tippecanoe (tip // e-ka-no / ). A nickname of Wil- 
 liam Henry Harrison, from his victory near 
 the Tippecanoe River. 
 
 Tippecanoe, Battle of tbe. A victory gained 
 at Battle Ground, Tippecanoe County, Indiana, 
 near Tippecanoe River, Nov. 7, 1811, by the 
 Americans under General William Henry Har- 
 rison over the Indians under the “Prophet,” 
 brother of Tecumseh. 
 
 Tirnova 
 
 Tippecanoe River. A river in northern Indi- 
 ana which joins the Wabash 10 miles north- 
 east of Lafayette. Length, about 175 miles. 
 
 Tipperah (tip'e-ra). A district in the Chitta- 
 gong division, Bengal, British India, inter- 
 sected by lat. 23° 45' N., long. 91° E. Area, 
 2,499 sq. m. Population, 2,117,991. 
 
 Tipperary (tip-e-ra'ri). A county in Munster, 
 Ireland, bounded by Galway, King’s County, 
 Queen’s County, Kilkenny, Waterford, Cork, 
 Limerick, and Clare. It is a rich agricultural 
 county, containing the “ Golden Vale.” Area, 
 1,659 square miles. Population, 160.232. 
 
 Tipperary. A town in the county of Tipperary, 
 Ireland, 23 miles southeast of Limerick. It 
 has a trade in agricultural products. Popula- 
 tion, urban district, 6,281. 
 
 Tippermuir (tip'er-mur). A place near Perth, 
 Scotland, where, Sept. 1, 1644, the Royalists 
 under the Marquis of Montrose defeated the 
 Covenanters. 
 
 Tippoo Sahib (ti-po' sa'hib), or Tipu Saib (ti- 
 po' sa'ib). Born 1749: killed at the storming 
 of Seringapatam, May 4, 1799. Sultan of My- 
 sore, son of HyderAli. He was distinguished ill the 
 Mahratta war 1775-79; defeated Braithwaite on the Cole- 
 run in 1782 ; succeeded his father in 1782 ; gained several 
 successes in the war with the British, and concluded peace 
 in 1784 ; attacked Travancore 1789-90, and provoked the 
 second Mysore war ; was defeated by Cornwallis at Ari- 
 kera in 1791; and concluded peace and ceded about half 
 of his dominions to the British in 1792. He intrigued 
 against the. British and renewed the war in 1799. 
 
 Tippoo Tib (ti-po 'tib), or Tippoo Tip (tip). Ha- 
 midi bin Muhammad, nicknamed. Born 
 about 1837 or 1838 : died at Zanzibar, June 14, 
 1905. A trader and slaver in equatorial Africa, 
 of Arabian and African descent, influential in 
 the Upper Kongo region. He aided Cameron in 
 1874 and Stanley in 1876, and in the Emin relief expedition 
 in 1887 ; and was appointed governor of the Stanley Falls 
 district for the Kongo State. 
 
 Tipton (tip'ton). A manufacturing town in 
 Staffordshire, England, 8 miles west-northwest 
 of Birmingham. Population, 30,543. 
 
 Tirabosclii (te-ra-bos'ke), Girolamo. Born at 
 Bergamo, Italy, Dec. 28, 1731: died near Mo- 
 dena, Italy, June 3, 1794. A distinguished 
 Italian historian of literature. He was professor 
 at Milan, and later librarian to the Duke of Modena. His 
 chief work is “Storia della ietteratura italiana" (“History 
 of Italian Literature," 1771-82, 13 vole.). 
 
 Tirard (te-rar'), Pierre Emmanuel. Born at 
 
 Geneva, Sept. 27, 1827 : died at Paris, Nov. 4, 
 1893. A French politician, a jeweler by trade. 
 He was minister of trade and agriculture 1879-82; minister 
 of finance 1882-85 ; premier Dec., 1887, -March, 18^8. and 
 Feb., 1889, -March, 1890; and minister of finance 1892-93. 
 
 Tiraspol (te-ras-poly'). A fortified town in the 
 government of Kherson, Russia, situated on the 
 Dniester 59 miles northwest of Odessa. Popu- 
 lation, 31,616. 
 
 Tiresias (ti-re'si-as). [Gr. T«pi/<r«zf.] In 
 Greek legend, a blind Theban seer. He was said 
 to have been blinded by Athene, whom he saw bathing. 
 The goddess relented, but was unable to restore his sight, 
 and so gave him instead the vision of the seer and under- 
 standing of the voices of birds and beasts (other accounts 
 are given in the legends). At the request of Circe, Odys- 
 seus descended into Hades to consult him. 
 
 Tirhakah (t£r'ha-ka). A king of Egypt and 
 Ethiopia who encountered Sennacherib while 
 he was on his expedition against Judah (Isa. 
 xxxvii. 9; 2 Ki. xix. 9). He was defeated by Sen- 
 nacherib in the battle of Eltekeh (701 B. C.), and by his 
 son and successor Esarliaddon (680-668 B. c.): the entire 
 country was conquered by the Assyrian king, the names 
 of the cities changed, and over the 1 wenty principalities 
 into which the country was divided were placed vassals 
 loyal to Assyria. This took place after673B.c. Butsoon Tir- 
 hakah put to flight tbe Assyrian vassals and got posses- 
 sion of Memphis. Asurbanipal (668-626), in whose annals 
 he is first mentioned by name (Tarku), defeated him in the 
 battle of Karbanit (about 6S8). The twenty kings were 
 restored, and Necho was put at their head. Soon afterward 
 these twenty vassals entered into a plot with Tirhakah 
 against Assyria. But the plot was discovered by the As- 
 syrian garrison of Egypt, aud frustrated. Tirhakah fled, 
 and died in the place of his refuge. According to Manetho, 
 Tirhakah (Tarkos, Tarakos) was the last of the Ethiopian 
 kings in Egypt. The Egyptian monuments call this third 
 and last king of the 25tli “ Ethiopian ’’ dynasty Tahark or 
 Taharka. He enlarged the temple of Amun in Thebes. 
 
 Tirlemont (ter-le-mon'), Flem. Thienen (te'- 
 nen). A town in the province of Brabant, Bel- 
 gium, situated on the Geete 26 miles east of 
 Brussels. It was taken by the Duke of Marlborough in 
 1705 ; and near it the French under Dumouriez defeated 
 the Austrians March 16, 1793. Pop., commune, 18,966. 
 
 Tirnovo (ter’n6-vo),or Tarnovo (tiir'no-vo). A 
 city in Bulgaria, situated on the Jantra in lat. 
 43° 6' N., long. 25° 36' E. It is an important strategic 
 point on the route between the Danube aud the Balkans ; 
 and was formerly the place of coronation of the Bulgarian 
 kings. Alexander I. was chosen prince here and took the 
 oath to the constitution in 1879. l’opulation, 12,185. 
 
Tiro 
 
 Tiro (ti'ro), Marcus Tullius. Lived in the 1st 
 century B. c. A freedman and amanuensis of 
 Cicero, supposed to have greatly developed ste- 
 nography. See Notse Tironianse. 
 
 Tirocinium (tl-ro-sin'i-um). A poem by Cowper. 
 Tirol. See 'Tyrol. 
 
 Tironian Notes. See Notse Tironianse. 
 
 Tirso (ter'so). The principal river of the island 
 of Sardinia: the ancient Thyrsus. It flows into 
 the Gulf of Oristano near Oristano. Length, 
 about 80 miles. 
 
 Tirso de Molina. The pseudonym of Tellez. 
 Tiruvalluvar (ti-ro-val-16-var'). [Properly Ti- 
 ru-valluva-nayanar, the sacred devotee, priest, 
 or soothsayer of the Pariahs.] The name given 
 to the greatest of Tamil poets, the author of 
 the Rural . His date is uncertain. Pope puts it between 
 800 and 1000 A. D. All that seems certain about the details 
 of his life is that he lived at S. ThomS, orMayilapur, now 
 a suburb of Madras ; was a weaver and a Pariah; and had 
 an intimate friend, probably a patron, called Elelacinkan, 
 
 ‘ Lion of the Surf,’ who was the captain of a small vessel. 
 Kural, the name of his work, means ‘anything short,’ 
 then the couplet, and thence this collection of couplets. 
 It is divided into three books, treating of Virtue, Wealth, 
 and Pleasure, and consists of 133 chapters, each containing 
 10 couplets, and so numbers 2,660 lines. The Venpa meter, 
 in which it is composed, is very curious, and in fact unique. 
 “A kurral,”says Pope, “is a couplet containing a complete 
 and striking idea expressed in a refined and intricate meter. 
 No translation can convey an idea of its charming effect. 
 It is truly ‘an apple of gold in a network of silver.’” 
 Every Hindu sect claims the poet, and interprets his 
 verses so as to favor its own dogmas, the Jains especially. 
 He was influenced by Shankara’s reforms, the later devel- 
 opments of Jainism, and the P.hagavadgita, his philosophy 
 seeming to be of the eclectic school represented by the last. 
 Tiryns (tl'rinz). [Gr. T tpwf.] In aueient geog- 
 raphy, a city of Argolis, Greece, situated near 
 the coast southeast of Argos and 3 miles north 
 of Nauplia. It was built on a rock, and is celebrated 
 for its antiquities, including the Cyclopean walls, gates, 
 and a palace (excavated by Schliemann and Dorpfeld 
 1884-85) of the 10th or 11th century B. c. The citadel is 
 a famous memorial of the earliest known Greek civiliza- 
 tion. The massive walls, built of great blocks with the 
 interstices filled with small stones, surround the summit 
 of an oblong hill. At one end are the well-known gaUeries 
 of arcades resembling pointed arches : these were maga- 
 zines for munitions and supplies. Within the walls there 
 is an extensive prehistoric palace, with outer and inner 
 courts, men’s apartments, bath-room, and secluded women’s 
 quarters, the whole corresponding with the spirit of the 
 Homeric picture. Wall-paintings and other details of 
 high interest were found by Schliemann. According to the 
 legend, Hercules lived for many years at Tiryns. It was 
 destroyed by Argos about 468 B. c. 
 
 Tischendorf (tish'en-dorf), Lobegott Fried- 
 rich Konstantin von. Born at Lengenfeld, 
 Saxony, Jan. 18, 1815: died at Leipsie, Dec. 7, 
 1874. A noted German Protestant biblical 
 critic, professor at Leipsie from 1845. He was edu- 
 cated at Leipsie ; made investigations in Paris, Holland, 
 England, Italy, Egypt, Sinai, Palestine, and other parts of 
 the East ; and brought many manuscripts from the East, 
 including the famous Sinaitic Codex of the New Testa- 
 ment. He published a critical edition of the New Testa- 
 ment (1872), various codices of the Old Testament and 
 New Testament, “Anecdota sacra et profana,” “Wann 
 wurden unsere Evangelien verfasst? ” (1865), etc. 
 
 Tishri (tish'ri). [Assyr. tashritu, explained to 
 mean‘beginning’(i. e. of the second half-year).] 
 The seventh month of the Hebrew year, corre- 
 sponding to September-October. In Tishri fall 
 the holy days New Year’s day, Atonement day, 
 and Tabernacles. 
 
 Tisiphone (ti-sif'o-ne). [Gr. Ticn^Avri.] In Greek 
 mythology, one of the Eumenides (which see). 
 Tissaphernes (tis-a-fer'nez). [Gr. T tma<pipv7i<;.] 
 Executed about 395 b. c. A Persian satrap. 
 He became satrap in Asia Minor 414 B. c.; carried on war 
 against the Athenians ; was hostile to Cyrus the Young- 
 er, and discovered and disclosed the latter’s plans to Ar- 
 taxerxesll.; took part in the battle of Cunaxa 401 B. c.; 
 pursued the Ten Thousand on part of their return jour- 
 ney and molested them ; was appointed chief ruler in west- 
 ern Asia by Artaxerxes ; was defeated by Agesilaus in 395 ; 
 and was put to death through the influence of Parysatis. 
 
 Tissot (te-so' ), James Joseph Jacques. Bom at 
 Nantes, Oct. 15, 1836: died at the Abbey of 
 Buillon, Doubs, Prance, Aug. 9, 1902. A noted 
 French genre-painter. He at first painted after the 
 Dutch school, but became the pupil of Flandrin and La- 
 mothe. He painted (1893-96) a series of water-colors illus- 
 trating the life of Christ. 
 
 Tissot (te-so'), Simon (or Samuel) Auguste 
 
 Andr6 David. Bornat Grancy,Vaud, Switzer- 
 land, March 20, 1728: died at Lausanne, Switzer- 
 land, June 15, 1797. A physician of Lausanne. 
 His best-known works are “L’Onanisme” 
 (1760), “Avis au peuple sur la sant6” (1761). 
 Tisza (tis'o), Kalman. Bom at Geszt, Hun- 
 gary, Dec. 16, 1830: died at Budapest, March 23, 
 1902. A noted Hungarian statesman. He en- 
 tered the Diet in 1861, and became leader of the Left Cen- 
 ter. He was one of the founders in 1875 of the liberal 
 party, which succeeded the Dealt party, and was premier 
 of Hungary 1876-90. 
 
 Titan (tl'tan). [Gr. Titov.] 1. See Titans. — 
 
 999 
 
 2. The sun personified, the name Titan being 
 at times substituted by the Latin poets for He- 
 lios as god of the sun. — 3. The sixth in order 
 of the eight satellites of the planet Saturn, and 
 the largest, appearing as a star of the ninth 
 magnitude : discovered by Huygens March 25, 
 1655. See Saturn. 
 
 Titan. One of the principal romances of Jean 
 Paul Richter, published in 1803. 
 
 Titania (ti-ta'ni-a). A fairy queen in Shak- 
 spere’s “ Midsummer Night’s Dream.” Shak- 
 spere is said to be the first to give this name to 
 the queen of the fairies. 
 
 Titania. The third satellite of Uranus, discov- 
 ered by Lassell in 1847. 
 
 Titans (ti'tanz). [Gr. Ttravcc, from Tnavideq, 
 children of Titan.] In Greek mythology, a race 
 of primordial deities, children of Uranus and 
 Gsea (Heaven and Earth), in the oldest accounts 
 there were six male Titans (Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hype- 
 rion, Japetus, and Cronus), and six female (Theia, Rhea, 
 Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, andTethys). They were im- 
 prisoned by their father Uranus from their birth, but, after 
 unmanning and dethroning him, were delivered by Cronus. 
 Zeus, son of Cronus, compelled him to disgorge his elder 
 brothers and sisters, whom he had swallowed at their birth, 
 and after a terrible war thrust the Titans (except Oceanus) 
 into Tartarus, under guard of the hundred-armed giants. 
 In the later legends. Titan, the father of the Titans, yielded 
 the supreme power to his younger brother Cronus, but 
 regained it, and was finally overcome by the thunderbolts 
 of Zeus (Jupiter), son of Cronus (Saturn), who then became 
 the supreme god. The Titans in their wars are said to 
 have piled mountains upon mountains to scale heaven, 
 and they were taken as the types of lawlessness, gigantic 
 size, and enormous strength. 
 
 Titcomb (tit/kom), Timothy. Thepseudonym 
 of J. G. Holland. 
 
 Tithonus (ti-tho'nus). [Or. Ti(k>v6c.] In Greek 
 mythology, a son (or brother) of Laomedon, 
 beloved by Eos. He received from the gods the gift 
 of immortality, but not of eternal youth, and in his ex- 
 treme old age withered away and was metamorphosed into 
 a grasshopper. 
 
 Titian(tis_h'an),It.TizianoVecelli(tet-se-a'n6 
 va-chel'le) orVecellio(va-chelTe-o): surnamed 
 Da Cadore, and II Divino (‘The Divine’). 
 Born at Pieve di Cadore, Friuli, 1477 (?): died at 
 Venice, Aug.27, 1576. Afamous Venetian paint- 
 er. He first studied paintingathis native place, and at9or 
 10 years of age went to Venice and was put to study with 
 Giovanni Bellini. He does not seem to have been influ- 
 enced by any of the foreign schools. From 1507-08 he 
 worked as collaborator with Giorgione in the decoration 
 of the exterior of the Fondaco de’ Tedeschi at Venice: 
 these frescos are destroyed. In 1511 Titian was at work 
 at the school of Padua with Campagnola, who was his 
 assistant. He returned to Venice in 1512, and in 1513 
 sought to obtain an order for a battle-piece for the council- 
 hall, and applied for the first vacancy as broker at the 
 Fondaco, a privilege already accorded to Bellini and Car- 
 paccio. About this time he declined an invitat ion to work 
 at Rome for the Pope. On the death of Bellini he became 
 his successor as broker at the Fondaco and as portrait- 
 painter to the doges. In 1516 he went to Ferrara at the 
 invitation of Alphonso d’Este, and painted several pictures, 
 some of which are now in various public and private col- 
 lections. From this time he was occupied with commis- 
 . sions from various royal and private clients until 1523, 
 ' when he returned to Venice to paint the portrait of the 
 new doge, Andrea Gritti, and the fresco over the landing 
 of the doge’s palace, “St. Christopher Carrying the Christ 
 Child,” which still remains. About this time he married, 
 and in 1530 was left a widower with three children. In 
 1532 Titian was called to Bologna by Charles V., who had 
 come to meet the Pope. He became painter to the em- 
 peror, and enjoyed his friendship. This relation led him 
 in 1546 to Rome, where he met Michelangelo and became 
 acquainted with theworksofRaphaeland theGreeks. He 
 was at this time 69 years old. In 1547 he was summoned 
 to Augsburg by the emperor, and there he painted many 
 portraits. His court life was brilliant and profitable. In 
 1549 he was again at Venice, and in 1550 returned to Augs- 
 burg. His life from this time forward is a succession of 
 honors and triumphs. He succeeded to the favor of Philip 
 on the death of Charles V. He died of the plague. Among 
 his chief paintings are many representations of the Mag- 
 dalen, Venus, Danae, the Madonna, the Holy Family, etc.; 
 “Sacred and Profane Love ’’(Rome), “Bacchusand Ariadne’’ 
 (London), “Ecce Homo” (Vienna), “Entombment of 
 Christ ” (Louvre), “ Tribute Money ” (Dresden); “ Martyr- 
 dom of St. Laurence,” “St. Peter Martyr," “Last Supper," 
 “Christ Crowned with Thorns” (Louvre) ; “Bella di Tiz- 
 iano" (“Titian’s Mistress”: Palazzo Pitti, Florence, and 
 another at The Hermitage, St. Petersburg), “Venus of the 
 Tribune "(Uffizi, Florence), “ L’Hommeau Gant ” (Louvre), 
 “ Knight of Malta ” (Madrid), “ Titian and his Mistress ” 
 (Louvre), etc. 
 
 Titicaca (te-te-ka/ka). An island in Lake Titi- 
 caca, near the Peninsula of Copacabana. It was 
 a sacred place of the Incas, the birthplace of the Sun ac- 
 cording to one of their legends, and by some said to be the 
 place whence Manco Capac and his wife issued to found 
 the empire at Cuzco. Ruins of a temple of the Sun, a pal- 
 ace, convent, etc., still exist on it. The lake itself prob- 
 ably took its name from this island. 
 
 Titicaca (te-te-kii/ka), Lake, The largest and 
 most important inland lake of South America, 
 situated in a high basin between two ranges of 
 the Andes, on the confines of Peru and Bolivia, 
 12,645 feet above the sea. It is irregular in form, 
 and almost cut in two by the Peninsula of Copacabana. 
 Near the eastern side it attains a depth of over 700 feet, 
 
 Tlacopan 
 
 but along the western and southern sides there are exten- 
 sive shallows and marshes. The outlet is the Desaguadero, 
 at the southern end. There are many small islands : some 
 of these, as well as the Peninsula of Copacabana and many 
 parts of the shore, have interesting ruins of the Incarial 
 andpre-Incarial periods : the most celebrated of the latter 
 are at Tiahuanacu (which see). The lake is connected with 
 many legends of the Incas. The Indians still navigate Ti- 
 ticaca on rafts made of rushes ; latterly small steamers 
 have been placed on it. Ice sometimes forms along the 
 shore. Extreme length, 101 miles. Average width, about 37 
 miles. Area, 3,200 square miles. See Titicaca Basin, below. 
 Titicaca Basin. An elevated inclosed plateau 
 of the Andes of Bolivia, extending into Peru. 
 It is about 200 miles long from north to south, 80 miles 
 wide, and averages 13,000 feet above the sea. Much of the 
 surface is unfit for agriculture, and the climate is so cold 
 that corn grows only in a few sheltered places. Lake Titi- 
 caca, near the northern end, discharges through the deep 
 and rapid Desaguadero River, 190 miles long, into Lake 
 Aullagas or Poop6. Beyond that the water is lost in sands 
 and marshes. The northern part of the basin, and some- 
 times the whole of it, is called the Oollao. 
 
 Titlis (tet'lis). A mountain on the borders of 
 Unterwalden, Bern, and Uri, Switzerland, 20 
 miles south by east of Lucerne.. Height, 10,627 
 feet. 
 
 Titmarsh (tit'marsh), M. A. (or Michael An- 
 gelo ). The name under which Thackeray wrote, 
 in “Fraser’s Magazine,” his “ Paris "Sketch 
 Book,” “ Yellowplush Memoirs,” etc. 
 Titmouse (tit'mous), Tittlebat (titT-bat). One 
 of the principal characters in Warren’s novel 
 “Ten Thousand a Year”: a vulgar shopman in 
 Oxford street, London. 
 
 Titurel (tit'u-rel). A hero of the legend of the 
 Holy Grail, the subject of a series of poems by 
 Wolfram von Eschenbaeh (generally called 
 “Titurel ” because the first begins with Titurel, 
 the grandfather’ of Parzival), and of a “later 
 Titurel” published in 1477. 
 
 Titus (ti'tus). A convert and companion of the 
 apostle Paul. 
 
 Titus (Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus). 
 
 Born 40 or 41 a. d. : died Sept., 81. A Roman 
 emperor, son of Vespasian : called “the delight 
 of mankind.” He was educated with Britaunicus ; 
 served in the army; conducted the Jewish war aftei the 
 departure of his father; and captured Jerusalem in 70. 
 He was associated with Vespasian in the government, and 
 succeeded to the throne June, 79. He finished the Colos- 
 seum, and built the “baths of Titus. 1 ’ An eruption of 
 V esuvius and a fire at Rome occurred in his reign. 
 
 Titus, Arch of. See Arch of Titus. 
 
 Titus Andronicus (ti'tus an-dr*on'i-kus or -ni'- 
 kus). A tragedy, produced in 1594, variously 
 attributed to Marlowe, Kyd, and Shakspere. It 
 is published with Shakspere’s plays. Ra.vens- 
 croft adapted it in 1678. 
 
 Titusville (ti 'tus-vil). A city in Crawford 
 County, Pennsylvania, situated on Oil Creek 81 
 miles north by east of Pittsburg : noted for the 
 production and refining of petroleum, and the 
 manufacture of oil-machinery. Petroleum was 
 discovered there in 1859. Population, 8,533, 
 (1910). 
 
 Tityus (tit'i-us). [Gr. Titvoc.] In Greek my- 
 thology, the son of Zeus or of Gsea : a giant of 
 Euboea, father of Europa. He assaulted Artemis or 
 Leto at the instigation of Hera (Juno), and was killed by 
 her arrows or those of Apollo, or by the lightning of Zeus. 
 In Tartarus he was extended on the ground (covering nine 
 acres) while vultures gnawed his liver. 
 
 Tiumeil. See Tyumen. 
 
 Tiverton (tiv'er-ton). A borough in Devon- 
 shire, England, situated at the junction of the 
 Lowman and Exe, 14 miles north of Exeter. 
 It has manufactures of lace, and was formerly noted for its 
 woolen manufactures. It was taken by Fairfax in 1045. 
 Population, 10,382. 
 
 Tivoli (te'vo-le). A town in the province of 
 Rome, Italy, situated at the falls of the Teve- 
 rone (the ancient Anio), 15 miles east-northeast 
 of Rome : the ancient Tibur. The castle, erected by 
 Pope Pius II. in the 16th century, is a highly picturesque 
 fortress with five great cylindrical battlemented towers of 
 different heights, connected by lofty machicolated cur 
 tain-walls. According to tradition, the town was founded 
 by the Siculi. It was conquered by Rome about 335 B. c., 
 and was the favorite place of residence of many Romans 
 (Maecenas, Augustus, Hadrian, etc.). Among the antiqui- 
 ties on the site are Hadrian’s Villa (which see), and the 
 so-called temple of Vesta (perhaps the temple of the 
 Tiburtine Sibyl). It is circular, with a cella surrounded 
 by a peristyle of slender graceful Corinthian columns, 
 rising from a simple basement. Ten columns, with their 
 entablature, of the original eighteen are still standing. 
 The diameter is 24 feet, the total height 34.) . The date ie 
 anterior to Augustus. Pop., 11,933 ; commune, 13,396. 
 Tizona (Sp. pron. te-tho'nii). The sword of the 
 Cid. 
 
 Tlaasaht (tlii'as-at), or Klaizaht (kla'iz-at), 
 or Makah (ma-kS/). A tribe of North Ameri- 
 can Indians. Their habitat was once on Vancouver 
 Island, but they have occupied the region about Cape 
 Flattery, Washington, since they have been known to his- 
 tory. See Aht. 
 
 Tlacopan. Seo Tepanccs. 
 
Tlaloc 
 
 Tlaloc (tla-lok'). In Aztec mythology, the god 
 of rain. His cult was said to be older than any other, 
 having come down from the Toltecs. According to Duran, 
 his statue at Mexico “ was of stone, formed in the shape 
 of a terrible monster with an ngly face like that of a lizard.” 
 In seasons of drought it is said that children were sacri- 
 ficed to Tlaloc. Also written Tlaloch. 
 
 Tlamath. See Klamath. 
 
 Tlamatl. See Klamath. 
 
 Tlaokwiaht (tla-6'kwe-at), or Clahoquaht 
 (kla'ho-kwat). A tribe of North American In- 
 dians living on Clayoquaht Sound, Vancouver 
 Island, British Columbia. Number, 304. See 
 Aht. 
 
 Tlascala. See Tlaxcala. 
 
 Tlaxcala (ancient). See Ttaxcalans. 
 
 Tlaxcala (tlas-ka'la). 1. A state of Mexico, 
 surrounded by the states of Hidalgo, Puebla, 
 and Mexico. Area, 1,595 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 183,805, (1910). — 2. The capital of the 
 state of Tlaxcala, situated on the Atoyac 64 
 miles east of Mexico. Population, 2,812, (1910). 
 Tlaxcalans (tlas'ka-lanz), or Tlaxcaltecs 
 (tlas-kal-teks'). A tribe of Mexican Indians, 
 of the Nahuatlecan stock, who occupied the 
 territory now included in the state of Tlaxcala, 
 east of the valley of Mexico. They were less ad- 
 vanced in arts than the Aztecs ; but they were brave war- 
 riors and had repeatedly defeated the Aztecs, retaining 
 their independence. They had elective chiefs, but the 
 true governing power was the tribal council, called a sen- 
 ate by Spanish historians. Their principal pueblo wai on 
 or near the site now occupied by the city of Tlaxcala. 
 Cortes, in his first march to Mexico, took the route through 
 Tlaxcalan territory, and they resisted him in several fierce 
 battles (Sept., 1519). Having been defeated, they made terms 
 with the Spaniards, joined CortCs with a large force of war- 
 riors, and took a prominent part in the siege and capture 
 of Mexico. The modern Indian population of Tlaxcala 
 is mainly descended from this tribe. Also written Tlas- 
 calans, Tlaxcaltecos. 
 
 Tlinkit. See Koluschan. 
 
 Tmolus (rno'lus). [Gr. T/toAof.] A mountain- 
 range in Asia Minor, extending eastward from 
 near Smyrna, south of the Hermus and north of 
 the Cayster. 
 
 Tobacco Nation. See Tionontati. 
 
 Tobago (to-ba'go), or Tabago (ta-ba'go). An 
 island of the British West Indies, northeast of 
 Trinidad. Capital, Scarborough. Its northern point 
 is in lat. 11° 21' N., long. 60° 3T W. The surface is moun- 
 tainous. It was seen by Columbus in 1498, and was settled 
 by the Dutch in 1654, but passed into the hands of the 
 French and eventually (1763) of the English. In 1889 it 
 was annexed to the colony of Trinidad. Length, 26 miles. 
 Area, 114 square miles. Population, 18,751. 
 
 Tobias (to-bi'as). [Heb., ‘God is good.’] 
 The son of Tobit, and a character in the Book 
 of Tobit. 
 
 Tobias, Family of, and the Angel. A fine paint- 
 ing by Rembrandt, in the Louvre, Paris. 
 Tobikhar (to-bik -har'). A division of North 
 American Indians, comprising a number of 
 tribes which formerly lived about the missions 
 of San Gabriel, San Luis Rey, San Juan Capis- 
 trano. San Fernando, Los Angeles, and San 
 Bernardino, in southern California. The name, 
 signifying ‘residents, settlers, ’belongsstrictly to the former 
 inhabitants of San Gabriel and Los Angeles, but is now 
 used to designate also the entire group of tribes which 
 form the southwestern or coast division of the Shoshonean 
 stock. They have been gradually dispossessed of their 
 lands, and are now mostly under the Mission agency, 
 California, being classed, with natives of other tribes of 
 totally distinct stocks, as “Mission Indians." Number, 
 about 2,200. See Shoshonean. 
 
 Tobit (to'bit), Book of. A romance, one of the 
 apocryphal books of the Old Testament: so 
 called from the name of its leading character. 
 Tobitschau (to'bit-shou). A town in Mora- 
 via, Austria-Hungary, situated on the March 
 12 miles south of Olmiitz. Here, July 15, 1866, a 
 Prussian brigade defeated an Austrian force. Population, 
 commune, 3,157, (1910). 
 
 Tobol (to-bol'). A river in western Siberia, it 
 rises on the slopes of the Urals, and joins the Irtish near 
 Tobolsk. Length, about 600 miles. It is navigable for a 
 large part of its course. 
 
 Tobolsk (td-bolsk'). 1. A government of West- 
 era Siberia. Capital, Tobolsk, it is bounded by the 
 Arctic Ocean on the north, the governments of Yeniseisk 
 and Tomsk on the east, Semipalatinsk and Akmolinsk on 
 the south, and European Russia on the west. The surface 
 is generally level. It is fertile in the Tobol and Ishim 
 steppes. The inhabitants are mostly Russians. Area, 
 535,739 square miles. Population, 1,722,200. 
 
 2. The capital of the government of Tobolsk, 
 situated on the Irtish, near its junction with 
 the Tobol, about lat. 58° 20' N. It has considers- 
 ble trade, and contains a picturesque kreml. Founded in 
 the last part of the 16th century, it was formerly the capi- 
 tal of western Siberia, and was long an administrative cen- 
 ter for exiles. Population, 21,401. 
 
 Toboso (to-bo'so). A small town 60 miles east- 
 southeast of Toledo, Spain. It is notable as 
 the home of Dulcinea in “Don Quixote.” 
 
 Toby (to'bi), Uncle, or Captain Shandy (shan'- 
 
 1000 
 
 di). The uncle of Tristram Shandy, in Sterne’s 
 novel of that name : one of its chief characters. 
 See Le Feme. 
 
 He represents, it has been said, the wisdom of love, as Mr. 
 Shandy exemplifies the love of wisdom ; more precisely, he 
 is the incarnation of the sentimentalism of the eighteenth 
 century. Leslie Stephen, Hours in a Library, III. 350. 
 
 Tocantins (to-kan-tenz'). [So called from an 
 Indian tribe. ] An important river of central and 
 northern Brazil. It rises in the state of Goyaz, flows 
 northward, and reaches the Atlantic through the Pari 
 River. The latter may be regarded as its estuary, though 
 it also receives a large amount of water from the Amazon. 
 The most important affluent of the Tocantins is the Ara- 
 guaya. Navigation is interrupted by a series of rapids be- 
 ginning about 200 miles above ParA : beyond these both t he 
 Tocantins and the Araguaya are navigable for many hun- 
 dred miles. Length (from ParA), about 1,700 miles; with 
 the Araguaya, nearly 1,900 miles. 
 
 Tocqueville (tok'vil; F. pron. tok-vel'), Alexis 
 Charles Henri Clerel de. Bora at Paris, 
 July 29, 1805 : died at Cannes, April 16, 1859. 
 A celebrated French statesman and writer. His 
 studies, begun at Metz, were completed by a course in law 
 at Paris. He took bis flnaldegreein 1826, and spent then 
 a year or more traveling in Italy and Sicily. On his re- 
 turn to France he occupiedapost in the law-courtof Ver- 
 sailles. But jurisprudence was not altogether suited to his 
 tastes, and April2, 1831, he left France for the United States, 
 whither he was sent by his government for the purpose 
 of studying the penitentiary system. He did not limit 
 himself, however, to this special field, hut extended his 
 observations also to the social and political institutions 
 and customs of the new country. The following year he 
 published in France, together with his friend and travel- 
 ing companion, M. de Beaumont, the result of their of- 
 ficial investigations, under the title “Du systeme peni- 
 tentiaire aux Etats-Unis et de son application en France.” 
 This important work attracted much attention, and was 
 crowned by the French Academy. From the notes that 
 he had taken in a private capacity while on his visit to 
 the United States, he wrote his masterpiece, “DAmocratie 
 en AmCrique ” (1835-40). Its success secured his admis- 
 sion to the French Academy (Dec. 23, 1841). After several 
 years of public life (1839-51), he retired in order to de- 
 vote his entire time to travel and writing. Besides the 
 works already mentioned, he wrotea numberof pamphlets 
 on various subjects, also an “Histoire philosophique du 
 rtgne de Louis XV.” (1846), and the first volume of the 
 work left unfinished at his death, “L’Ancien regime et 
 la revolution ” (1856). A paper entitled “Etat social et 
 politique de la France ” was translated into English by 
 John Stuart Mill, and published in the April number of 
 the “Westminster Review," 1834. De Tocqueville’s com- 
 plete works were edited by Iris friend M. de Beaumont 
 1860-65. 
 
 Todd (tod), John, Born at Rutland, Vt., Oct. 9, 
 1800: died at Pittsfield, Mass., Aug. 24, 1873. 
 An American Congregational clergyman and 
 author, long pastor in Pittsfield. Among his 
 works are “Lectures to Children ’’ (1834), “Student's Man- 
 ual” (1835), “Index Rerum” (1835), “Truth Made Sim- 
 ple” (1839), “The Young Man "(1843), “Mountain Gems ” 
 (1864), "Sunset Land" (1869), “Old-Fashioned Lives” 
 (l870), and other works. 
 
 Todd’s Tavern (todz tav'ern). A place in Vir- 
 ginia, 11 miles west by south of Fredericksburg. 
 Here, May 7 and 8, 1864, the Federal cavalry under Torbert 
 and Gregg defeated the Confederate cavalry under Hamp- 
 ton and Fitzhugh Lee. 
 
 Todhunter (tod'lnm-ter), Isaac. Born at Rye, 
 England, 1820 : died there, March 1, 1884. An 
 English mathematician, author of an extensive 
 series of mathematical text-hooks. He graduated 
 as senior wrangler atCambridge(St. John’s College) in 1848. 
 He also wrote “History of the Progress of the Calculus of 
 Variations during the 19th Century " (1861), and “ History 
 of the Mathematical Theories of Attraction and the Fig- 
 ure of the Earth "(1873), “A History of the Theory of Elas- 
 ticity and the Strength of Materials, etc.” (1886), etc. 
 
 Todi (te'de). The highest summit of the Glar- 
 ner Alps, situated on the borders of the cantons 
 of Glarus, Grisons, and Uri, 31 miles southeast 
 of Lucerne. Height, 11,887 feet. 
 
 Todi (to'de). A small town in the province of 
 Perugia, Italy, situated near the Tiber 23 miles 
 south of Perugia: the ancient Tuder. It has a 
 noted Renaissance church (Sta. Maria della Consolazione), 
 and contains Etruscan and Roman antiquities, including 
 walls, temple, theater, etc. 
 
 Todleben, or Totleben (tot' la-ben), Count 
 Franz Eduard. Born at Mitau, Courland, 
 Russia, May 20, 1818 : died at Soden, near Frank- 
 fort, July 1, 1884. A noted Russian military engi- 
 neer and general. He was educated in the St. Peters- 
 burg school of engineers ; served as captain in the Caucasus 
 1848-50, and at the siege of Silistria 1854 ; became famous as 
 the chief engineer in the defense of Sebastopol 1854-55 ; was 
 made major-general in 1855; was wounded in June, 1855; 
 was employed in fortifying Nikolaieff and Kronstadt ; be- 
 came assistant to the inspector-general of engineers, and 
 in 1869 general of engineers ; took charge of the siege of 
 Plevna in the Turkish war Sept. -Dec., 1877 ; was employed 
 in the reduction of the Bulgarian fortresses in 1878 ; became 
 commander of the Russian army in Turkey in 1878 ; and 
 later served as governor of Odessa and in other stations. 
 He wrote “ Defense de Sevastopol ” (1864-72), etc. 
 
 Todmorden ( tod-mor'den). A town in Yorkshire 
 and Lancashire, England, situated on the Calder 
 17 miles north-northeast of Manchester. It has 
 cotton manufactures. Population, 25,418. 
 
 Toggenburg (tog'en-boro). A region in the 
 
 Toledo 
 
 canton of St. Gall, Switzerland, traversed by the 
 Thur. It was a medieval countship. The most notable 
 of the so-called Toggenburg wars was that of 1712, caused 
 by the oppressive action of the Abbot of St. Gall : Bern and 
 Zurich supported Toggenburg successfully against the 
 Catholic forces of Lucerne, the Forest Cantons, etc. 
 
 Togoland (to'go-land). A German protector- 
 ate on the Slave Coast of western Africa, east 
 of the Gold Coast, about long. 1° 20' E. Capi- 
 tal, Lome. The protectorate was proclaimed 
 in 1884. Area, est., 33,700 sq. m Population, 
 about 1,000,000. 
 
 To grill (to'grol), or Togril (to'gril), Beg. Died 
 about 1063. The founder of the first dynasty 
 of the Seljuk Turks (which see). He made 
 many conquests in Persia. 
 
 Toilers of the Sea, The. See Travailleurs de la 
 Mer, Les. 
 
 Toinette (twa-net'). The capable but exasper- 
 ating servant of Argan in Moliere’s “ Le ma- 
 lade imaginaire.” 
 
 Toisond’Or(twa-son' dor), La. [F./TheFieece 
 of Gold.’] A play by Corneille, “it includes a 
 great deal of spectacle, and is rather an elaborate masque 
 interspersed with regular dramatic scenes than a tragedy.” 
 
 Saintsbury. 
 
 Toiyabe Range (toi-ya'be ranj). A range of 
 mountains in the central part of Nevada, about 
 long.. 117° 20' W. 
 
 Tokaido (to-ki'do). [From to, eastern, kai, sea, 
 do, road.] The main road along the eastern 
 coast of Japan, extending from Tokio to Kioto. 
 
 Tokaj. See Tokay. 
 
 Tokar (to-kar'). A town of the Anglo-Egyp- 
 tian Sudan, near the coast of the Red Sea, 40 
 miles south of Suakim. The town was surrendered 
 to the Malidists. Near it a battle (called also the battle of 
 Trinkitat) was fought Feb. 4, 1884, when the Mahdists 
 under Osman Digna totally defeated the Egyptian forces 
 under Baker Pasha. 
 
 Tokat (to-kat'). Atown in the vilayet of Sivas, 
 Asiatic Turkey, situated near the Yesbil-Irmak. 
 
 It was formerly a seat of important trade, and still has 
 copper manufactures. Population, about 30,000. 
 
 Tokay, or Tokaj (to-ka'; Hung. pron. to'koi). 
 A town in the county of Zemplin, Hungary, 
 situated at the junction of the Bodrog with the 
 Theiss, 42 miles north by west of Debreczin. 
 The celebrated Tokay wines are produced in its 
 vicinity. Population, commune, 5,110. 
 
 Tokio, Tokyo (to'kyo), or Yedo, Yeddo (yed'o). 
 The capital of Japan, situated north of the 
 Bay of Tokio, on the main island, in lat. 35° 41' 
 N., long. 139° 46' E. It is situated on low and flat 
 ground, traversed by several streams. It is the seat of im- 
 portant commerce and manufactures, and a center of cul- 
 ture, containing the imperial university. Yokohama is the 
 seaport. The Shiba temple is remarkable for its succession 
 of inclosures, each with an elaborately decorated covered 
 gateway. The tombs of the shoguns are admirable monu- 
 ments of the national style, chiefly in wood, with a succes- 
 sion of inclosures, gates, corridors, and halls, ornamented 
 with sculpture and color, and with delicate work in metal. 
 Yedo was the seat of the shogunate until its abolition in 
 1868, and succeeded Kioto as the capital in 1869, when the 
 name was changed to Tokio (‘Eastern Capital ’). Popula- 
 tion, 2,186,079. 
 
 Tokio, Bay of. An arm of the ocean, on the 
 coast of Japan, near Tokio. 
 
 Toland (to'land), John (baptized Janus Ju- 
 nius). Bom near Londonderry, Nov. 30, 1669 
 (1670?): died at Putney, March 11, 1722. An 
 English deist. He was brought up a Catholic, but at 
 fifteen became a Protestant, and was educated at Glas- 
 gow and Edinburgh, graduating from the latter university 
 in 1690. He then studied at Leyden, and in 1694 began to 
 reside at Oxford. In 1696 he published “Christianity not 
 Mysterious.” The work aroused considerable controversy, 
 which was increased by its similarity to “The Reasonable- 
 ness of Christianity ” by John Locke. In 1698 he published 
 the “Life of Milton,” in 1704 the “ Letters to Serena ” (the 
 Queen of Prussia), followed in 1705 by his “ Account of 
 Prussia and Hanover." In 1710 he returned to England, 
 and published “Nazarenus ” in 1718, and “Tetradymus” 
 and “ Pantheisticon ” in 1720. In his last years his life 
 was that of an adventurer. 
 
 Tolbiacum (tol-bi'a-kum). The ancient name 
 of Ziilpich. 
 
 Toledo (to-le'do; Sp. pron. to-la'do). 1. A 
 province of New Castile, Spain. It is bounded by 
 Avila and Madrid on the north, Cuenca on the east, Ciu- 
 dad Real and Badajoz on the south, and Caceres on the 
 west. The surface is elevated and mountainous. Area, 
 5,919 square miles. Population, 376,814. 
 
 2. Tbe capital of tbe province of Toledo, situ- 
 ated on the Tagus in lat. 39° 51' N., long. 4° 1' 
 W. : the ancient Toletum. It is picturesquely situ- 
 ated on hills ; is the seat of an archbishop, primate of 
 Spain ; was long noted for manufactures, and is still fa- 
 mous for its swords ; and has a trade in coal, iron, lumber 
 and grain. It formerly contained a university. The 
 cathedral, the metropolitan church of Spain, was com 
 menced in 1227, and is essentially of the 13th century, 
 though it was not finished until 1492. Like most Spanish 
 churches, it is not effective without. The five-aisled in- 
 terior, though not lofty, is very impressive and pictur- 
 esque : it has much good glass, and is a museum of sculp 
 ture and rich old church furniture. The choir-stalls are 
 
Toledo 
 
 carved with the long series of victories of Ferdinand and 
 Isabella over the Moors. The cloisters are large, with fine 
 Bimple tracery and vaulting. The city contains many other 
 churches and religious houses, and many specimens of 
 Moorish architecture. The Alcazar is a combined palace 
 and citadel rebuilt and decorated by Charles V., but greatly 
 damaged by lire in 1886. The patio, or inner court, is a fine 
 example of Renaissance arcading. The bridges of Alcan- 
 tara and San Martin, over the Tagus, are both essentially 
 of the 13th century, narrow, very lofty, and with an enor- 
 mouB central arch. The first has only one side arch, and a 
 battlemented tower at the inner end and a simple gate at 
 the outer ; the second has four side arches, and a fortified 
 tower at each end. The city was the ancient capital of 
 the Carpetani, and was conquered by the Romans about 
 193 B. c. It was the capital of the West-Gothic realm ; 
 has been the seat of many councils ; was the second city in 
 the country under the Moorish rule ; was taken by Alfonso 
 VI. of Castile and Leon in 10S5 ; was defended against 
 Moorish attacks in the 12th century ; and was the capital 
 of Castile until superseded by Madrid in the 16th century. 
 Population, 24,695. 
 
 Toledo (to-le'do). A city and lake port, capital 
 of Lucas County, Ohio, situated on the Maumee 
 River, near Lake Erie, about lat. 41° 38' N. 
 
 It is a leading railroad center; has important commerce 
 in grain, flour, live stock, lumber, etc. ; and has manufac- 
 tures of wood, iron, etc. Its art museum was opened in 
 1912. It was formed by the union of two villages in 1836. 
 (See Toledo War.) Population, 168,497, (1910). 
 
 Toledo (to-la'do). The main street of Naples; 
 called officially the Via di Roma. 
 
 Toledo (to-la'do), Francisco de. Born about 
 1515 : died at Seville, Sept., 1584. A Spanish 
 administrator. He wasayoungersonof thethird Count 
 of Oropesa. From Nov. 26, 1569, to Sept. 23, 1581, he was 
 viceroy of Peru. During this period the young Inca Tupac 
 Amaru was seized and executed ; the Inquisition was in- 
 troduced (1669) ; and the code of laws called Libro de Ta- 
 sas (which see) was promulgated. On hisreturn to Spain, 
 Toledo was imprisoned for malversation of public funds, 
 and was severely rebuked by the king for having caused the 
 death of the Inca. 
 
 Toledo Molina y Salazar (to-la'do mo-le'na e 
 sfi-la-thar'), Antonio Sebastian de, Marquis 
 ofMancera. Born about 1620 : died after 1675. 
 A Spanish nobleman, viceroy of Mexico from 
 Oct. 15, 1664, to Nov. 9, 1673. He was one of 
 the best and ablest of the viceroys. 
 
 Toledo War. A bloodless dispute between Ohio 
 and Michigan, in 1835, relating to the city of 
 Toledo, which was claimed by both. It termi- 
 nated in favor of Ohio. 
 
 Tolentino (to-len-te'no). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Macerata, Italy, situated on the Chienti 
 30 miles south-southwest of Ancona: the an- 
 cient Tolentinum. It has several noted churches and 
 works of art. A victory gained here by the Austrians un- 
 der Bianchi over the Neapolitans under Murat, May 2 and 
 3, 1815, led to Murat's loss of his throne. Population, 
 town, 4,944 ; commune, 12,872. 
 
 Tolentino, Peace of. A treaty concluded at 
 Tolentino, Feb., 1797, between Pope Pius VI. 
 and Napoleon Bonaparte. The Pope ceded 
 Avignon, the Comtat-Venaissin, Bologna, Fer- 
 rara, the Romagna, and Ancona to the French. 
 
 Toleration, Act of. In English law, the name 
 given to the statute 1 Will, and Mary, cap. 
 18 (1689). By this the Protestant dissenters from the 
 Church of England, except such as denied the Trinity, 
 were relieved from the restrictions under which they had 
 formerly lain with regard to the exercise of religious wor- 
 ship according to their own forms, on condition of their 
 taking the oaths of supremacy and allegiance, and repu- 
 diating the doctrine of transubstantiation, and, in the 
 case of dissenting ministers, subscribing also to the Thirty- 
 nine Articles with certain exceptions relating to ceremo- 
 nies, ordination, infant baptism, etc. 
 
 Tolima (to-le'ma). An interior department of 
 Colombia, about the head waters of the river 
 Magdalena. Capital, Ibague. It lies between the 
 Cordillera Central and the Cordillera Oriental. 
 
 Tolima. The highest mountain of Colombia, in 
 the Central Cordillera of the Andes, near lat. 
 4° 40' N., northwest of the town of Ibague, To- 
 lima. It is a quiescent volcano. Height, 18, 325 
 feet. 
 
 Toll (tol), Count Karl Friedrich. Born April 
 19, 1777 ; died at St. Petersburg, May 5, 1842. 
 A Russian general. He was distinguished in Swit- 
 zerland and Italy, and in the Turkish and Napoleonic 
 wars ; was chief of staff in the Turkish war in 1829, and 
 In the Polish revolution in 1831 ; and succeeded Diebitsch 
 as commander in Poland in 1831. 
 
 Tollan. See Tula and Toltecs. 
 
 Tollens (tol'lens), Hendrik. Born at Rotter- 
 dam, Sept. 24, 1780 : died at Ryswick, Oct. 21, 
 1856. A Dutch poet. His father was a merchant in 
 Rotterdam, and his early education was in the direction of 
 the mercantile career, twhich he followed until 1846, when 
 he retired to private life. His earliest works were the 
 comedies “De Bruiloft" (“The Wedding," 1799) and 
 “Gierigheid en baatzucht”(“ Avarice and Covetousness,” 
 1801). From 1801 to 1805 appeared the poems “Idyllen 
 en Minnezangen ’’ (“Idyls and Love Songs”), “Gedich- 
 ten" (“ Poems.” 1808-15), “ Tafereel van de overwintering 
 der Nederlanders op Nova Zembla” (“ A Picture of the 
 Wintering of the Netherlanders on Nova Zembla,' 1816), 
 “ Komancen, balladen en legenden ”(“ Romances, Ballads, 
 VI. 33 
 
 1001 
 
 and Legends,” 1818-19), “Nieuwe gedichten' (“New 
 Poems," 1821, 1829), and, finally, in 1848 and 1853, “Laatste 
 gedichten ” (“ Last Poems ’’). 
 
 Tolosa (to-16'sa). The ancient name of Tou- 
 louse. 
 
 Tolosa (to-16'sa). A town in the province of 
 Guipuzcoa, Spain, at the junction of the Arages 
 with the Oria, 25 miles northwest of Pamplona. 
 It was formerly the capital of the province. 
 Population, 8,111. 
 
 Tolosa. A suburb of La Plata (which see). 
 Tolosa, Battle of. See Navas de Tolosa. 
 Tolowa (tol'6-wa). A tribe of the Pacific di- 
 vision of the Athapascan stock of North Ameri- 
 can Indians, living on the northern coast of 
 California. See Athapascan. 
 
 Tolstoy (tol'stoi), Count Alexei Konstantino- 
 vich. Born at St. Petersburg, Sept. 5, 1818; 
 died near Pochep, Oct. 10, 1875. A Russian 
 poet. He served in the Crimean war. His chief works 
 are “ Prince Serebrany ” (1861 : a historical romance) and 
 the dramatic trilogy “Death of Ivan the Terrible "(1867), 
 “ Czar Feodor ” (1868), and “ Czar Boris ’’ (1870). 
 Tolstoy.Count Dmitri. Born 1823 : died at St. 
 Petersburg, May 7, 1889. A Russian politician. 
 He was minister of public instruction 1866-80, 
 and minister of the interior 1883-89. 
 
 Tolstoy, Count Lyeff or Lyoff (i. e. Leo) 
 Nikolaievich. Born in the government of 
 Tula, Russia, Aug. 28, 1828 (O. S.): died at 
 Astapova, Nov. 20, 1910. A Russian novelist, 
 social reformer, and religious mystic. He was 
 educated at the University of Kazan, and served in the 
 army in the Caucasus and in the Crimean war, being ap- 
 pointed commander of a battery in 1855. He took part in 
 the battle of the Tchernaya, was in the storming of Sebas- 
 topol, and after it was sent as a special courier to St. Peters- 
 burg. He retired at the end of the campaign. After the 
 liberation of the serfs he lived on his estates, working with 
 and relieving the peasants, and also devoting himself to 
 study. The stories regarding his life have almost assumed 
 the proportions of a myth. His chief novels are “ War and 
 Peace ” (1865-68 : a picture of Russian society 1805-15) and 
 “ Anna Karenina ” (1875-78). Among his other works are 
 “Sevastopol" (1853-55), “The Cossacks” (composed while 
 in the army), “Ivan Ilyitch" (1886), “Two Pilgrims," 
 “Childhood, Boyhood, and Youth,” “My Religion” (1885), 
 
 “ My Confession,” “ A Commentary on the Gospel," “Life,” 
 “The Kreutzer Sonata" (1890), “War” (1892), “Resur- 
 rection " (1900), and “ The End of the Age ” (1906). 
 
 Toltecs (tol'teks or tol-taks'). A traditional or 
 perhaps mythical Indian stock or tribe, said to 
 have occupied the Mexican plateau during sev- 
 eral centuries previous to the advent of the 
 Aztecs. According to the story, they came from Hue- 
 huetlapallan, somewhere in the north, and after various 
 migrations and temporary settlements arrived at Tollan 
 (supposed to be Tula in Hidalgo). Here they settled, and 
 a list is given of 9 or 11 “kings" who ruled them. The 
 legends also connect them with the ruins at Teotihuacan, 
 the pyramid at Cholula, etc. ; and the prophet or hero Quet- 
 zalcohuatl is Baid to have appeared among them, making 
 his final departure from Tlapallan, an unknown locality, 
 but supposed to be near the sea-coast. Later on the Tol- 
 tec power was overthrown, and its remnants drifted south- 
 ward and disappeared ; but many have supposed that the 
 Maya stock is of Toltec origin. The vagueness and confu- 
 sion which characterize all accounts of the Toltecs have 
 given rise to many and widely diverse theories about them. 
 Some ethnologists, notably Dr. Brinton, deny that they 
 ever had any real existence except, perhaps, as an early and 
 small gens of the Aztecs; others believe that they formed 
 a powerful kingdom which left profound traces on the later 
 civilizations. 
 
 They were a sedentary Indian stock which at some remote 
 time settled in portions of central Mexico, as for instance 
 at Tula, Tullantzinco, Teotihuacan, and perhaps Cholula. 
 Nothing certain is known of their language, and it must 
 not be overlooked that the so-called Toltec names men- 
 tioned in the chronicles are in the Nahuatl idiom, with a 
 few exceptions, whose etymology and interpretation are 
 yet doubtful. 
 
 Bandelier, An Archseological Tour in Mexico, p. 191. 
 
 Toluca (to-16'ka). The capital of the state of 
 Mexico, Mexico, 32 miles west-southwest of the 
 city of Mexico. It is one of the places said to have 
 been settled by the Toltecs, and was an important Aztec 
 pueblo at the time of the Spanish conquest. Population, 
 31,247, (1910). 
 
 Tom (tom). A river in the government of 
 Tomsk, Siberia, which joins the Obi near 
 Tomsk. Length, about 450 miles. 
 
 Tom, Mount. Amountain in Hampshire County, 
 Massachusetts, on the Connecticut, opposite 
 Mount Holyoke, near Northampton. Height, 
 1,214 feet. 
 
 Tomales Bay (to-ma'les ba). An inlet of the 
 Pacific, on the coast of California, 35 miles 
 northwest of San Francisco. 
 
 Tom and Jerry, or Life in London. A novel 
 by Pierce Egan, published 1821-22, which con- 
 tains the adventures of Jerry Hawthorn, Corin- 
 thian Tom, and Bob Logic. It was illustrated 
 by Cruikshank, and was very popular. 
 Tombigbee, or Tombigby (tom- big ' bi). A 
 river in eastern Mississippi and western Ala- 
 bama, which unites with the Alabama to form 
 
 Tonale Pass 
 
 the Mobile. Length, estimated, about 450 
 miles; navigable to Aberdeen, Mississippi. 
 Tom Brown at Oxford. A story by Thomas 
 Hughes, published in 1861; a continuation of 
 “Tom Brown’s School Days.” 
 
 Tom Brown’s School Days. A story by Thomas 
 Hughes, published in 1856. It describes life at 
 Rugby School under the rule of Dr. Arnold. 
 Tombs (tomz), The. A prison in New York 
 city, built 1838 and partly rebuilt 1897-99. 
 It fronts on Centre street, on the block bounded by Leon- 
 ard, Lafayette, and Franklin streets. It was in the Egyp- 
 tian style of architecture. The new criminal law courts, 
 on the opposite side of Franklin street, are connected 
 with the Tombs by a bridge from the second story, known 
 as “the Bridge of Sighs” (which see). 
 
 Tombs of the Scipios. See Scipios, Tombs of the, 
 Tomelloso (to-mel-yo'so). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Ciudad Real, Spain. It exports wine 
 and brandy. 
 
 Tom Gate. A gate of Christ Church College, 
 Oxford, begun by Wolsey, and completed by 
 Wren in 1682. 
 
 Tomi (to'mi), or Tomis (to'mis). [Gr. T<5mf.] 
 In ancient geography, a town on the coast of 
 the Black Sea, near the modern Kustendje, 
 Rumania. It was the place of Ovid’s banish- 
 ment. 
 
 Tomini (to-me'ne), Gulf of. An arm of the sea 
 which separates the northern from the eastern 
 peninsula of Celebes. 
 
 Tom Jones. The title of a novel by Fielding, 
 published in 1749, and the name of its hero. 
 He is represented as a foundling who is brought up by 
 Squire Allworthy, and in the end is discovered to be the 
 squire’s (illegitimate) nephew, and is made his heir. 
 Jones is a young man of a naturally attractive and gener- 
 ous character, but many of his adventures are unsavory. 
 
 Tomki[n]s (tom'kinz or -kis), Thomas. A 
 scholar of Trinity College (B. A., 1600), author 
 of “ Albumazar” and, according to Fumival 
 and Fleay, of “Lingua, or the Combat of the 
 Tongue and the Five Senses for Superiority.” 
 The latter has also been attributed to Antony Brewer. 
 [He is always spoken of as Tomkis, though his father’s name 
 was Tomkins.] 
 
 Tommaseo (tom-mii-sa'o), Niccold. Born at 
 Sebenico, Dalmatia, 1802 : died at Florence, 
 May 1, 1874. An Italian author. He was a mem- 
 ber of the revolutionary government of Venice in 1848, and 
 was exiled from Venice in 1849. His works include “ Dizi- 
 onario dei sinonimi della lingua italiana ” (1832), a com- 
 mentary on Dante (1837), “Lettere di Pasquale de' Paoli ” 
 (1846), “Canti popolari,” etc. He was collaborator with 
 Bellini on an Italian dictionary. 
 
 Tommy Atkins (tom'i at'kinz). A generic 
 name for a private in the British army ; also, the 
 rank and file collectively. The name is said to be 
 derived from the usage of making out blanks for military 
 accounts, etc., with the name “I, Thomas Atkins," etc. 
 Tom o’ Bedlam (tom 6 bed'lam). An incura- 
 ble lunatic : so called from Bethlehem Hospital, 
 London. See Bedlam. 
 
 Tompkins (tomp'kinz), Daniel D. Born at 
 (what is now) Scarsdale, Westchester County, 
 N. Y., June 21, 1774: died on Statenlsland, June 
 11,1825. An American statesman. Hewaseducated 
 at Columbia College, and was admitted to the bar in 1797. 
 He was associate justice of the New York Supreme Court 
 1804-07, and governor of New York 1807-17. Inl812he pro- 
 rogued the legislature for 10 months to prevent the estab- 
 lishment of the Bank of North America in New York city. 
 He was elected Vice-President in 1816 and was reelected 
 in 1820, serving 1817-26. He recommended, in 1817, the 
 abolition of slavery in New York. 
 
 Tom Quad (kwod). The great quadrangle of 
 Christ Church College, Oxford. 
 
 Tom’s (tomz). A famous coffee-house, named 
 from its proprietor, Thomas West, formerly sit- 
 uated on Russell street, London : removed in 
 1865. In 1764 a club of nearly 700 members was formed 
 here, consisting of the most noted men of the age, and 
 called Tom's Club. 
 
 Tomsk (tomsk). 1. A government of Western 
 Siberia, bounded by Tobolsk, Yeniseisk, the 
 Chinese republic, and Semipalatinsk. it is moun- 
 tainous (Altai, etc.) in the southeast, and has great min- 
 eral wealth. Area, 327,173 square miles. Population, 
 2,537,800. 
 
 2. The capital of the government of Tomsk, 
 Siberia, situated on the Tom, near the Obi, 
 about lat. 56° 40' N. it is one of the chief Siberian 
 cities, and is situated on the great Siberian road from Ty- 
 umen to Irkutsk. Population, 67,419. 
 
 Tom’s River (tomz riv'er). The capital of 
 Ocean County, New Jersey, situated on Tom’s 
 River 34 miles southeast of Trenton. 
 
 Tom Thumb. See Stratton, Charles S. 
 
 Tom Thumb the Great. A burlesque by Field- 
 ing, produced in 1730. Carey’s “ Chrononliotonthol- 
 ogos” was imitated from it in part. O’Hara turned it into 
 an opera. 
 
 Tonale Pass (to-nii'le pas). An Alpine pass, 
 30 miles west-northwest of Trent, which con- 
 nects the valley of the Noce in Tyrol with that 
 
Tonale Pass 
 
 of the Oglio in the province of Brescia, Italy. 
 It was the scene of various contests in the Napoleonic wars 
 ami in the Austrian wars of 1848 and 1866. Elevation, 
 6,160 feet. 
 
 Tonantzin. See Cihuacohuatl. 
 
 Tonatiuh (to-na-te'o). [Mex.,‘sun.’] Aname 
 given by the Indians of Mexico to Pedro de Al- 
 varado, in allusion to his ruddy complexion and 
 blond hair and beard. 
 
 Tonawanda (ton-a-won'da). A town in Erie 
 County, New York, at the junction of Tona- 
 wanda Creek with Niagara River. Itisan impor- 
 tant center of the lumber trade. Pop., village, 8,290, (1910). 
 
 Tonawanda Creek. A river in western New 
 York which joins the Niagara 10 miles north of 
 Buffalo. Length, about 75 miles. 
 
 Tonbridge. See Tunbridge. 
 
 Tone (ton), Theobald Wolfe. Born at Dublin, 
 June 20, 1763: committed suicide in prison at 
 Dublin, Nov. 19, 1798. An Irish revolutionist, 
 one of the chief founders of the United Irish- 
 men. He promoted and served in the expedition of Hoche 
 to Ireland in 1796 ; and was captured on a French squadron 
 on its way to Ireland in 1798, and sentenced to death. His 
 autobiography was edited by his son in 1826. 
 
 Tone-gawa. The longest river in Japan, on the 
 main island, flowing into the Pacific east of 
 Tokio. Length, about 170 miles. 
 
 Tonga Bay (tong'ga ba). An inlet on the east- 
 *ern coast of South Africa, near Cape Delgado. 
 Tonga Islands, or Friendly Islands. A group 
 of islands in the South Pacific, south of the Sa- 
 moan Islands. Thev belong to Great Britain. 
 Tongaland (tong'ga-land). A native state, un- 
 der British rule, on the eastern coast of Africa 
 north of Zululand. in 1897 it was incorporated with 
 the colony of Natal. Area, about 1,200 square miles. 
 Population, about 100,000. Also Amatongaland. 
 
 Tongas (tong'giiz). A tribe of North American 
 Indians who live on an island at the mouth of 
 Portland Canal, and on Prince of Wales Island, 
 Alaska. Number, about 200. 
 
 Tongatabu, or Tongataboo (tong-ga-ta'bo). 
 The largest island of the Friendly Islands. It 
 contains the capital of the group. Length, 21 
 miles. 
 
 Tongking (tong-king'), sometimes Tungking 
 (tong-king'), also Tonkin (ton-ken') and (F.) 
 Tonquin (ton-kan'). A French colonial posses- 
 sion in Farther India.bounded by China, the Gulf 
 of Tongking, Annam,and the Shan States. Capi- 
 tal, Hanoi. The surface is generally low, and is traversed 
 by the river Song-koi. The chief exports are rice, silk, silk 
 goods, and tin. It was long a kingdom, nominally tributary 
 to China, and until 1897 under Annamese suzerainty. In 
 1873 an unsuccessful French expedition under Gamier 
 was sent against Tongking ; and a treaty between France 
 and Annam was ratified in 1874. The contest for Tongking 
 was renewed in 1882, and campaigns were undertaken by 
 the French under Riviere, Negrier, Briere de l'lsle, and 
 others against the Black Flags and the Chinese 1883-85. 
 Tongking was ceded to France by treaty with China in 
 1885. Area, 46,400 square miles. Population, 10,000,000. 
 
 Tongking, Gulf of. An arm of the China Sea, 
 partly inclosed by China, Tongking, and the 
 island of Hainan. 
 
 Tongking River. A name sometimes given to 
 the Red River in Tongking. 
 
 Tongoland. See Tongaland. 
 
 Tongue (tung) River. A river in northern 
 Wyoming and southeastern Montana which 
 unites with the Yellowstone near Miles City. 
 Length, about 200 miles. 
 
 Tonikan (ton'e kan), or Otonnica, or Tanico. 
 [F rom a word in their language meaning ‘man’ 
 or ‘ people.’] A linguistic stock of North Amer- 
 ican Indians which lived, when first met with 
 (about 1700), in Mississippi on the lower Yazoo 
 River. They were faithful allies of the French. In 1708 
 they were driven from their villages by the C’hikasa and 
 Alabama; afterward occupied the lands of the Huma; and 
 in 1730 were driven thence down the Mississippi by the 
 Nachi. In 1817 some of them were in Avoyelles parish, 
 Louisiana, where a few till live. 
 
 Tonkawan (tong'ka-wan). A linguistic family 
 of North American Indians which, when first 
 known (about 1719), lived in several parts of 
 Texas, and later in the northwestern part of 
 that State. But three tribes are known — theTonkawe, 
 Mayes, and Yakwal: the last two are extinct or are merged 
 in the first. Thirteen subdivisions or bands are known 
 by name. 
 
 Tonkaways. See Tonkawe. 
 
 Tonkawe (tong'ka-wa), or Tancahuas, or 
 Tanks. [PL, also Tonkaways; from a Caddo 
 term meaning ‘they all stay together.’] A 
 tribe of North American Indians which for- 
 merly roamed in the western and central 
 regions of Texas. Those still living together are in 
 Oklahoma. See Tonkawan. 
 
 Tonkin. See Tongking. 
 
 Tonna (ton'ii), Mrs. (Charlotte Elizabeth 
 
 1002 
 
 Browne; Mrs. Phelan): pseudonym Char- 
 lotte Elizabeth. Born at Norwich, England, 
 Oct. 1, 1790: died at Ramsgate, July 12, 1846. 
 An English religious writer. She married Captain 
 Phelan, who died in 1837 ; and in 1841 she married Mr. 
 ToiVna. Amon^ her works are “Judah’s Lion,” “ The Siege 
 of Derry,” “Floral Biography,” “The Rockite,” etc., and 
 many religious tracts. She edited the “ Christian Lady’s 
 Magazine ” 1836-46. 
 
 Tonnante (ton-noht'). The first ironclad, oue 
 of five floating batteries built by Napoleon III. 
 during the Crimean war. it was launched at Brest 
 in March, 1855. Its length was 172 feet ; breadth, 44 feet ; 
 draught, 9 feet. The armored casemate carried 41-inch 
 armor and 17-inch wooden backing, and mounted 16 guns. 
 Tonnay-Charente (ton-na'sha-ront'). A town 
 in the department of Charente-Infdrieure, 
 France, situated on the Charente 4 miles east 
 of Rochefort. Population, commune, about 
 4,900. 
 
 Tonneins (ton-nan'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Lot-et-Garonne, France, situated on 
 the Garonne 20 miles northwest of Agen. It 
 was destroyed by Louis XIII. in 1622. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 6,689. 
 
 Tonnerre (ton-nar'). A town in the department 
 of Youne, France, situated on the Armamjon 
 32 miles south by west of Troyes. It produces 
 wiues. Population, commune, 4,522. 
 
 Tonning (ten'ning). A seaport in the province 
 of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, situated at the 
 mouth of the Eider, 30 miles west-southwest of 
 Schleswig. It has several times been besieged. The 
 Swedish general Stenbock surrendered here to the Rus- 
 sians and Hanes May 16, 1713. Population, 4,427. 
 
 Tonquin. See Tongking. 
 
 Tonson (ton'son), Jacob. Born about 1656: died 
 1736. Anoted English bookseller. He published 
 some of Otway's and Tate’s plays; was Dryden’s pub- 
 lisher in 1679 and later ; and published Rowe's Shak- 
 spere in 1709. See Kit-Cat Club. 
 
 Tonstall, Cuthbert. See Tunstall. 
 
 Tonti (ton 'te), Lorenzo. Lived about 1650. An 
 Italian banker, inventor of the tontine system 
 of life-insurance. 
 
 Tonto Apache. See Pinal Coyotero. 
 
 Tonty (ton'te), or Tonti, Henryde. Bornabout 
 1650 : died at Mobile, 1704. An Italian explorer 
 in the Mississippi valley, son of Lorenzo Tonti : 
 a companion of La Salle. 
 
 Tooke (tok) , Horne : the assumed name of John 
 Horne. Born at Westminster, England, June 
 25, 1736: died at Wimbledon, England, March 
 18, 1812. An English politician and philologist. 
 He was educated at Eton and Cambridge; was vicar at 
 New Brentford until 1773 ; began his political career about 
 1765 as a Liberal; engaged in controversies with Wilkes 
 and Junius; was the chief founder of the “Society for 
 Supporting the Bill of Rights ” in 1769 ; opposed the Ameri- 
 can war ; and was imprisoned for libel 1767-68. He as- 
 sumed the name of Tooke in 1782. In 1794 he was tried 
 for high treason and acquitted. He was member of Par- 
 liament 1831-02, but was excluded later, as a clergyman. 
 His chief work is the philological treatise “ Epea Pte- 
 roenta, or Diversions of Furley "(1786, 1805). He also wrote 
 various political pamphlets, including “Petition of an 
 Englishman” (1765), “Two Pair of Portraits” (1788), etc. 
 Toombs (tomz), Robert. Born in Wilkes Coun- 
 ty, Ga., July 2, 1810 : died at Washington, Ga., 
 Dec. 15, 1885. An American politician. He was 
 Whig member of Congress from Georgia 1815-53 ; United 
 States senator from Georgia 1853-61 ; a leading disunion- 
 ist ; member of the Confederate Congress 1861 ; and Con- 
 federate secretary of state 1861. He served as brigadier- 
 general at the second battle of Bull Run and at Antietam 
 in 1862 ; and served as a volunteer aide upon the staff of 
 Gen. Gustavus W. Smith, who commanded the Georgia 
 militia in 1864. He lived abroad 1865-67, when he re- 
 turned, but refused to take the oath of allegiance to the 
 United States government. 
 
 Topeka (to-pe'kii). The capital of Kansas, and 
 of Shawnee County, on the Kansas River. 
 
 It is a railroad center ; has manufactures of flour, ma- 
 chinery, etc.; and is the seat of Washburn College (non- 
 sectarian), and of the College of the Sisters of Bethany 
 (Episcopal), and other educational institutions. It was 
 settled in 1854, and was incorporated in 1857. Population, 
 43,684, (1910). 
 
 Topeka Constitution. A constitution for the 
 projected State of Kansas, adopted in conven- 
 tion at Topeka 1855. It prohibited slavery. 
 Topelius (to-pa'le-os), Zachris. Born at Ny- 
 karleby, Finland, Jan. 14, 1818: died March 12, 
 1898. A Swedish poet and novelist. His father 
 was a physician. After 1833 he studied at Helsingfors. 
 Here he subsequently settled, and 1842-61 was editor of the 
 “ Helsingfors Tidningar,” in whichhis earliest poems and 
 stories originally appeared. Afterward he was made pro- 
 fessor extraordinarius of the history of Finland and the 
 North at the University of Helsingfors, and in 18(53 pro- 
 fessor ordinarius. In 1876 he became professor of univer- 
 sal history. From 1875 to 1878 he was the rector of the 
 university. In the latter year he finally withdrew from his 
 academic labors. Hisfirst collection of lyrics appeared in 
 1845 with the title “Ljungbloinmor ”(“ Heath Blossoms"). 
 Three other collections were published in 1850, 1854, and 
 1860 respectively, and still another, “Nya blad " (“ New 
 Leaves ”), in 1870. Among his dramatic works are partic- 
 
 Tordesilhas, Convention of 
 
 ularly to be mentioned “ Titians forsta karlek " (“ Titian’s 
 First Love”), “Efter50 ar” (“ After Fifty YearB”), and 
 “ Prinsessan of Cypern ” (“ The Princess of Cyprus" : with 
 which the Helsingfors theater was opened in 1860). His 
 most celebrated work is the series of novels in six vol- 
 umes, depicting life in Sweden and Finland in the 17th 
 and 18th centuries, with the title “ Faltskams berattelser " 
 (“The Surgeon’s Stories,” 1872-74). His “Lasning for 
 Barn ” (“Reading for Children ’’) has been translated into 
 English and German. He is the author, besides, of several 
 historical and descriptive works on Finland. 
 
 Tophet (to'fet). [From. Heb. topheth, lit. ‘a 
 place to be spit on.’] A place situated at the 
 southeastern extremity of Gehenna or the Val- 
 ley of Hinnom, to the south of Jerusalem, it was 
 there that the idolatrous Jews worshiped the fire-gods and 
 sacrificed their children. In consequence of these abomi- 
 nations the whole valley became the common laystall of the 
 city, and symbolical of the place of torment in a future 
 life. 
 
 Toplady (top'la-di), Augustus Montague. 
 
 Born at Farnbam, Surrey, Nov. 4, 1740 : died at 
 London, Aug. 14, 1778. An English clergyman, 
 controversialist, and sacred poet. He was educated 
 at Westminster and at Trinity College, Dublin. In 1768 
 he was appointed vicar of Broadh Eembury, Devonshire. 
 He was an earnest Calvinist. He published “The Doc- 
 trine of Absolute Predestination Stated and Asserted’’ 
 (1769), “Historic Proof of the Doctrinal Calvinism of the 
 Church of England” (1774), “The Church of England Vin- 
 dicated from the Charge of Arminianism ” (1769), “ Poems 
 on Sacred Subjects ” (1775), and “Psalms and Hymns” 
 (1776). He wrote several other volumes of hymns and 
 sacred poems. He is best known as the author of the 
 noble hymn “Rock of Ages.” 
 
 Toplitz. See Teplitz. 
 
 Topsham(tops'am). A town in Devonshire, Eng- 
 land, situated at the beginning of the estuary 
 of the Exe, 4 miles southeast of Exeter. Popu- 
 lation, 2,790. 
 
 Topsy (top'si). A negro girl, an amusing char- 
 acter in “Uncle Tom’s Cabin.” 
 
 Toquima Range (to-ke'ma ranj). A range of 
 mountains in the central part of Nevada, about 
 long. 117° W. 
 
 Torah (to'ra). [Heb., ‘instruction,’ ‘teaching.’] 
 The name given to the first five books of the Old 
 Testament, or Pentateuch, bytheJews. it is con- 
 sidered by them the most important part of the Bible. 
 Weekly lessons are read from it in the synagogue, and only 
 manuscript copies are used for this purpose. See Pen- 
 tateuch. 
 
 Tor Bay (tor ba). A small bay of the English 
 Channel, situated near Torquay. William of 
 Orange landed there in 1688. It has important 
 fisheries. 
 
 Torbert (tor'bert), Alfred Thomas Archime- 
 des. Born at Georgetown, Del., July 1. 1833: 
 died at sea, Sept. 30, 1880. An American gen- 
 eral in the Civil War. He served in the infantry in 
 the Army of the Potomac; became distinguished in 1864 
 as a cavalry commander under Sheridan ; and commanded 
 the Army of the Shenandoah in 1865. Later he was in the 
 diplomatic and consular service. He was brevetted major- 
 general in the United States army, March 13, 1865, and re- 
 signed in Oct., 1866. 
 
 Torcello (tor-chel'lo). A small island 6 miles 
 northeast of Venice, of importance in the 10th 
 and 11th centuries. It contains an ancient Byzan- 
 tine cathedral of Santa Maria, and a church of Santa 
 Fosca. The former was rebuilt in the 11th century, but 
 preserves the early basilican plan. The south windows of 
 the choir have stone shutters turning on pivots. The nave 
 and aisles end in apses : that of the nave has a primitive 
 presbyterium of three steps at the back, forming seats for 
 the clergy, with the raised episcopal throne inthenriddle. 
 The chief apse and other portions of the interior are cov- 
 ered with curious and beautiful mosaics; and the pavement 
 and msL'-y details of furniture and decoration are of the 
 highest interest. Santa Fosca is a remarkable church, 
 probably of the 12th century, in plan a Greek cross 46 by 
 62 feet, originally the baptistery of the cathedral. It has 
 porches of stilted arches on three side3, three apses on the 
 east, and was originally domed at the crossing. The grace- 
 ful interior is surrounded by 12 handsome columns from 
 earlier churches. 
 
 Torch Lake (torch lak). A lake chiefly in An- 
 trim County, Michigan, about lat. 45° N. It 
 communicates with Lake Michigan. Length, 
 about 14 miles. . 
 
 Torda. See Thorcnburg. 
 
 Tordesilhas (tor-da-sei'yas), Sp. Tordesillas 
 (tor-da-sel'yas), Convention of. A treaty be- 
 tween Spain and Portugal, signed at Tordesil- 
 has June 7, 1494, regulating their rights of dis- 
 covery and conquest.. The Pope, by his celebrated 
 bull of May 3, 1493, had drawn ameridian “100 leagues west 
 of the Azores and Cape Verd Islands,” giving to Spain 
 the right of conquest to the west of it, and to Portugal the 
 same right on the east. The convention of Tordesilhas re- 
 moved this line to a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape 
 Verd Islands. At that time the continental character 
 of America was unknown, and the powers supposed that 
 they were dividing “ the Indies,” or Asia; but apparently 
 it never occurred to them that, in pushing their conquests, 
 they would eventually meet on the same meridian, but on 
 the opposite sideof the world. Unfortunately themeridian 
 was not definitely fixed — first, because it was reckoned 
 from an archipelago, and not from one island or point ; and 
 second, because the term “league "admitted of several dif- 
 ferent meanings. The Brazilian coast, discovered soon 
 
Tordesilhas, Convention of 
 
 after, was clearly to the east of the Tordesilhas line, and 
 it was accordingly settled by the Portuguese ; but the line 
 passed near the mouths of the two great rivers Plata and 
 Amazon, and in the uncertainty as to its position disputes 
 arose in those regions which have come down to the pres- 
 ent day. Eventually, and partly because of the uncertainty, 
 the Portuguese pushed their conquests far westward. In 
 the course of time the two powers met in the East Indies, 
 and here the field of dispute was broader, owing to the 
 defective methods of determining longitude which were 
 then in vogue. The Philippine Islands, discovered by Ma- 
 gellan, were claimed and held by Spain as lying within her 
 hemisphere ; but in fact they were in the hemisphere 
 which had been assigned to Portugal. 
 
 Toreno (to-ra'no), Jose Maria, Count of To- 
 reno. Born at Oviedo, Spain, 1786 : died at 
 Paris, Sept. 16, 1843. A Spanish historian and 
 politician, minister in the regency of Maria 
 Christina. He wrote “Historiadellevantamiento, guerra 
 y revolution deEspafia” (“History of the Rising, "War, and 
 Revolution of Spain," 1835-38), a standard history of the 
 Peninsular war. 
 
 Torfaeus (tor-fe'us), or Torfason (tor'fa-son), 
 Thormodr. Born in Iceland, 1639: died 1719. 
 An Icelandic antiquary. His chief work is a “ His- 
 tory of Norway ” (1711). He also wrote works on Green- 
 land, Vinland, etc., and translated Icelandic works into 
 Danish. 
 
 Torgau (tor'gou). A fortified town in the prov- 
 ince of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Elbe 
 31 miles east-northeast of Leipsic. its chief build- 
 ing is the castle Hartenfels. It suffered in the Thirty 
 Years’ War ; was fortified by Napoleon in 1810 ; was be- 
 sieged by the Allies in 1813; and surrendered Jan. 14, 
 1814. Population, commune, 12,299. 
 
 Torgau, Alliance of. A league formed at Tor- 
 gau, 1526, by Saxony and Hesse and other 
 Protestant powers against the Roman Catholic 
 states. 
 
 Torgau, Battle of. A battle fought at Stiptitz, 
 near Torgau, Nov. 3, 1760, in which the Prussians 
 under Frederick the Great defeated the Aus- 
 trians under Daun. 
 
 Torgau Articles. A document, drawn up at 
 Torgau in 1530, which formed the basis of the 
 Augsburg Confession. 
 
 Torgau Book. A document, drawn up at Torgau 
 in 1576, which formed the basis of the Formula 
 of Concord. 
 
 Toribio, Saint. See Mogrovejo, Toribio. 
 
 Toribio de Benavente. See Motolinia. 
 
 Tories (to'riz). [From Ir. toiridhe, a pursuer, a 
 plunderer.] 1. In English history, one of the 
 two great political parties which arose at the end 
 of the 17th century. It may be regarded as the suc- 
 cessor of the Cavaliers, Court Party, and Abhorrers. It fa- 
 vored conservative principles in church and state. One 
 wing after the revolution of 1688 became known as Jaco- 
 bites ; it was the peace party in the reign of Queen Ann e ; and 
 from the Hanoverian succession (1714) it was in opposition 
 for about half a century. It took stronger ground than 
 the Whig party against the American colonies and against 
 the French Revolution. Among its leaders were Pitt, 
 Canning, and Wellington. From about the time of the Re- 
 form Bill (1832), which the Tories opposed, the name began 
 to be replaced by Conservative. The word Tory, however, 
 is still in common use. 
 
 2. The loyalist or British party during the 
 American Revolutionary period. 
 
 Torino. The Italian name of Turin. 
 Tormentine (tor-men'tin), Cape. A headland 
 at the eastern extremity of New Brunswick, 
 projecting into North umherland Strait. 
 Tormes (tor'mes). [L. Termes, ML. Turmus .] 
 A left-hand tributary of the Duero, which it joins 
 46 miles west-northwest of Salamanca, Spain. 
 Length, about 150 miles. 
 
 Torne«L (tor'ne-a) . A small town in the laen of 
 Ule&borg, Finland, situated at the head of the 
 Gulf of Bothnia, at the mouth of the Torneh Elf, 
 in lat. 65° 48' N., long. 24° 12' E. It is a resort 
 for summer tourists, who visit it to see the ‘ ‘mid- 
 night sun.” 
 
 Torne&, Lake. A lake in northern Sweden, the 
 source of the Tomefi Elf. Length, about 35 
 miles. 
 
 TomecL Elf. A river in northern Sweden, and 
 on the boundary between Sweden and Finland, 
 which flows into the head of the Gulf of Bothnia. 
 Length, about 275 miles. 
 
 Toro (to'ro). A town in the province of Zamo- 
 ra, Spain, situated on the Duero 38 miles north 
 by east of Salamanca. It was an important medieval 
 city. Near it, in March, 1476, the Castilians defeated the 
 Portuguese. Population, 8,379. 
 
 Toro, Manuel Murillo-. See Murillo- Toro. 
 Toronaic Gulf (tor-o-nii'ik gulf). In ancient 
 geography, an arm of the Aegean Sea between 
 the peninsulas of Pallene and Sithonia, Chalci- 
 dice, Macedonia : now called Gulf of Cassandra. 
 Toronto (to-ron'to). [From an Indian (Huron) 
 word, ‘place of meeting.’] The capital of the 
 province of Ontario, Canada, situated on Lake 
 Ontario in lat. 43° 40' N., long. 79° 24' W. It 
 is the second city in population in the dominion ; is an im- 
 
 1003 
 
 portant railway and commercial center ; has varied manu- 
 factures ; and is the seat of a university (burned in 1890) 
 with affiliated colleges, and numerous other educational 
 institutions. The early name of Toronto was York. It 
 was settled and made the capital of Upper Canada by Gov- 
 ernor Simcoe in 1794 ; was taken and burned by the Ameri- 
 cans in 1813 ; and was incorporated as a city and had its 
 name changed to Toronto in 1834. It was at one time, alter- 
 nately with Quebec, the seat of government of Canada. It 
 has been the capital of Ontario since 1867. Population, 
 
 • 376,538, (1911). 
 
 Torquato Tasso. A drama by Goethe, printed 
 in 1790. 
 
 Torquatus. See Manlius. 
 
 Torquay (tor-ke'). A seaport and watering- 
 place in Devonshire, England, situated on Tor 
 Bay 18 miles south of Exeter. It is remarkable for 
 its mild climate, and is a favorite winter health-resort. 
 Near it are the ruins of Tor Abbey (12th-14th century). 
 It has manufactures of terra-cotta articles. Population, 
 33,626. 
 
 Torquemada(tor-ka-mfi'da), Juan de. Born at 
 Valladolid, Spain, about 1545 : died in Mexico 
 after 1617. A Spanish historian. He went to Mex- 
 ico in his youth ; joined the Franciscan order there ; and 
 was a professor in the College of Tlatelolco, and provincial 
 1614-17. His principal work is the “Monarquia Indiana” 
 (3 vols., folio, 1615 ; 2d ed. 1723). It is the most voluminous 
 and one of the best of the early histories of Mexico. 
 Torquemada (tor-ka-ma'da), Tomas de. Born 
 about 1420: died 1498. A Dominican prior, made 
 by Ferdinand and Isabella first inquisitor-gen- 
 eral for Castile in 1483. He organized the Inquisition 
 in Spain, and became infamous for the barbarous severity 
 with which he administered his office. The number of his 
 victims who suffered death is placed at nearly 9,000. He 
 favored the expulsion of the Jews in 1492. 
 
 Its earliest victims were Jews. Six were burned within 
 four days from the time when the tribunal first sat, and 
 Mariana states the whole number of those who suffered 
 duringthe eighteen terrible years of Torquemada’s Inquis- 
 itorship at two thousand, besides seventeen thousand who 
 underwent some form of punishment less severe than that 
 of the stake. Ticknor, Span. Lit., I. 408. 
 
 Torre del Greco ( tor're del gra'ko) . [It. , ‘ tower 
 of the Greek.’] A town in the province of Na- 
 ples, Italy, situated on the Bay of Naples, 7 miles 
 southeast of Naples, at the base of Vesuvius. It 
 has coral-fisheries. It has often been ravaged by eruptions 
 and earthquakes (last in 1900). Population, 33,299. 
 
 Torre dell’ Annunziata (tor're del lan-non-ze- 
 a'ta). A town in the province of Naples, Italy, 
 situated on the Bay of Naples, 12 miles south- 
 east of Naples, at the base of Vesuvius. It has 
 considerable trade, and manufactures of maca- 
 roni, etc. Population, commune, 28,143. 
 Torregiano(tor-re-ja'no). Born 1472: died 1522. 
 A Florentine sculptor, popularly known as the 
 sculptor who broke Michelangelo’s nose in a 
 quarrel about 1491. For many years he served in the 
 papal army under Cesare Borgia. About 1503 he went to 
 England, where he won great reputation and made the 
 tomb of Henry VII. in Westminster Abbey which Lord 
 Bacon called “one of the stateliest and daintiest monu- 
 ments in Europe.” He afterward wandered to Spain, and 
 is said to have been starved to death in a prison at Seville. 
 Torrens (tor'enz), Lake. A salt lake in South 
 Australia, about lat. 30°-32° S. Estimated 
 length, about 125 miles. It is at times a salt 
 marsh. 
 
 Torrente (tor-ran'ta), Mariano. Born atBar- 
 bastro, Aragon, 1792: diedinCuba(?)afterl853. 
 A Spanish author. His most important work is “His- 
 toriadelarevolucionHispano- Americana "(3 vols., Madrid, 
 1829). It is the best history of the Spanish-American rev- 
 olution from the Spanish side, but has been severely criti- 
 cized by the republicans. After 1832 Torrente lived iD 
 Havana, where he published various works. 
 
 Torre Pellice (tor're pel-le'ehe). A small town 
 in Piedmont, Italy, among the Alps, near the 
 French frontier, southwest of Pinerolo. It has 
 been for centuries a center of the Waldenses. 
 Torres (tor'res) Strait. A sea passage which 
 separates Australia on the south from Papua on 
 the north, and connects the Pacific with Ara- 
 fura Sea. It was discovered by Torres in 1606. 
 Width, about 90 miles. Its navigation is dan- 
 gerous. 
 
 Torres Vedras (tor'res va'dras). [Pg., ‘old 
 towers.’] A town in the province of Estre- 
 madura, Portugal, situated on the Zizandra 26 
 miles north by west of Lisbon. Population, 
 6,890. 
 
 Torres Vedras, Lines of. Lines of fortifica- 
 tions extending from near Torres Vedras to the 
 Tagus. They were defended by the Anglo-Portuguese 
 under Wellington against the French under Massdna Oct., 
 1810,-March, 1811. Length of longest line, 29 miles. 
 Torrey (tor'i), John. Born at New York, Aug. 15, 
 1796: diod there, March 10, 1873. An American 
 botanist and chemist. He was professor at Princeton 
 and in the College of Physicians and Surgeons (New York 
 city); State geologist of New York; United States assayer; 
 and botanical editor of the reports of various exploring 
 expeditions. He published “Catalogue of Plants Growing 
 Spontaneously within Thirty Miles of the City of New 
 
 Tostig 
 
 York ” (1819), “ Flora of the State of New York ” (1843-44), 
 “ Flora of the Northern and Middle States ” (begun 1824), 
 and began with Gray “ Flora of North America ” (1838-43). 
 Torrey’s Peak (tor'iz pek). A mountain in the 
 Rocky Mountains, Colorado, 48 miles west by 
 south of Denver. Height, 14,335 feet. 
 Torricelli (tor-re-chel'le), Evangelista. Born 
 at Piancaldoli, Italy, Oct. 15, 1608: died at 
 Florence, Oct. 25, 1647. A celebrated Italian 
 physicist and mathematician. He was the friend 
 and amanuensis of Galileo, and his successor as professor 
 at Florence. He discovered the principle of the barome- 
 ter in 1G43 ; made other mathematical and physical dis- 
 coveries ; and improved the microscope. His “Opera 
 geometrica” were published in 1644. 
 
 Torridon (tor'i-don), Loch. An inlet of the 
 ocean, on the western coast of Ross-shire, Scot- 
 land, in lat. 57° 35' N. Length, including up- 
 per Loch Torridon, 14 miles. 
 
 Torrington (tor'ing-ton). A town in Devon- 
 shire, England, situated on the Torridge 5 
 miles south-southeast of Bideford. It contains 
 a blueeoat school and several churches. Pop- 
 ulation, rural district, 9,260. 
 
 Torrington, First Viscount (George Byng). 
 Born at Wrotham, Kent, England, 1663: died 
 Jan. 17, 1733. An English admiral, father of 
 Admiral John Byng. He was distinguished in the 
 battle of Malaga 1704 ; defended the coast against the 
 Pretender in 1715 ; and destroyed the Spanish fleet in the 
 victory off Cape Passaro in 1718. He became first lord of 
 the admiralty in 1727. 
 
 Torso Belvedere (of Hercules). A celebrated 
 ancient work, signed by the Athenian Apollo- 
 nius, in the Vatican, Rome, it is ascribed to the 
 middle of the 1st century B. o., and is remarkable as a 
 skilful portrayal of muscular development, and for the 
 anatomical knowledge shown in the sitting position of the 
 figure. 
 
 Torstenson (tor'sten-son), Lennart, Count of 
 Ortala. Born at Torstena, West Gothland, 
 Sweden, Aug. 17, 1603: died at Stockholm, 
 April 7, 1651. A Swedish general in the Thirty 
 Years’ War. He served in Germany after 1630 under 
 Gustavus Adolphus, and later under Bailor ; became com- 
 mander-in-chief in 1641 ; gained the victory of Schweid- 
 nitz in 1642 ; overran Silesia ; gained the victory of Brei- 
 tenfeld Nov. 2, 1642 ; overran Schleswig, Holstein, and 
 Jutland 1643-44 ; defeated the Imperialists under Gallas 
 at Jiiterbog in 1614 ; gained the victory of Jankau March 
 6, 1645 : united with Rakdczy, conquered Moravia, and in- 
 vaded Austria in 1645 ; and resigned his command in 1646. 
 Tortola (tor-to'lii). 1. The chief island of the 
 Virgin Islands, British West Indies. — 2. A 
 town on the island of Tortola, the seat of gov- 
 ernment of the British Virgin Islands. 
 Tortona (tor-to'na). A town in the province of 
 Alessandria, Italy, situated on the Scrivia 12 
 miles east of Alessandria: the Roman Dertona. 
 It contains a cathedral. Tortona was destroyed by Fred- 
 erick Barbarossa in 1155, and again by the Ghibellines in 
 1163 ; and was several times captured in later years (War 
 of the Spanish Succession, etc.). Population, town, 11,- 
 371 ; commune, 17,452. 
 
 Tortosa (tor-to'sa). A city in the province 
 of Tarragona, Spain, situated on the Ebro 43 
 miles southwest of Tarragona : the Roman Der- 
 tosa. It is a fortified town, and has some manufactures 
 and trade. It was an important Moorish stronghold ; was 
 taken by the Crusaders, Pisans, and Genoese in 1148 ; and 
 was captured by the French in 1708, and again under Su- 
 chet in 1811. Population, 24,452. 
 
 Tortuga (tor-to'ga). [F. Tic da la Tortue.~\ An 
 island north of Haiti, to which it belongs. It was 
 a noted resort of the bucaneers, where most of their ex- 
 peditions were organized, and whence they passed over to 
 Haiti under French commanders. Length, about 20 miles. 
 
 Tortuga. A small island in the Caribbean Sea, 
 belonging to Venezuela, 125 miles east-north- 
 east of Caracas. 
 
 Tortugas. See Dry Tor togas. 
 
 Tory Party. See Tories. 
 
 Torzburg Pass (terts'borc pas). A pass in the 
 Transylvanian Alps, near Torzburg, between 
 Transylvania and Rumania. 
 
 Tosa (to'sa) Falls. The falls of the Tosa or 
 Toce, in the Alps of northern Italy, near the 
 source. Height, 470 feet. 
 
 Toscanelli (tos-ka-nel'le), Paolo del Pozzo. 
 Born at Florence, 1397 : died there, May 15, 1482. 
 An Italian astronomer. He was the author of the 
 map used by Columbus on the voyage which resulted in 
 the discovery of America. 
 
 Tosti (tos'te), Sir Francesco Paolo. Born at 
 Ortona, Italy, April 9, 1846. An Italian com- 
 poser. In 1880 he became teacher of singing to the royal 
 family of England. He is noted for his songs, especially 
 English ballads. Knighted in 1908. 
 
 Tostig (tos'tig). Killed at the battle of Stam- 
 ford Bridge, Sept. 25, 1066. An English earl, 
 son of Earl Godwine. ne was banished with his fa- 
 ther in 1051 ; became earl of Northumbria in 1055 ; as- 
 sisted Harold in the Welsh campaign in 1063; was de- 
 posed by the Northumbrians in 1065, and went to Flanders ; 
 ravaged the southern coast of England ; and joined with 
 Harold Hardrada in the invasion of England in 1066. 
 
Totilas 
 
 Totilas (tot'i-las),or Totila(tot'i-la). Died 552. 
 An East-Gothic king in Italy. He overran the 
 peninsula; opposed Belisarius and Narses ; took Home 546 
 and 549 ; and was defeated and mortally wounded at the 
 battle of Taginte in July, 552. 
 
 Totleben. See Todleben. 
 
 Totnes, orTotness(tot'nes). A town in Devon- 
 shire, England, situated on the Dart 21 miles 
 east by north of Plymouth. It has a ruined 
 castle. Population, 4,035. 
 
 Totnes, or Totness, First Earl of. See Carew, 
 George. 
 
 Totonicapam (to-to-ne-ka-pam'), or Totonica- 
 
 pan (to-to-ne-ka-pan'). A town of Guatemala, 
 60 miles west-northwest of Guatemala City. It 
 
 was an ancient Indian stronghold and village, and is now 
 the capital of the smallest but most densely populated de- 
 partment of the republic. It has manufactures of textiles, 
 pottery, etc. Population, 28,310. 
 
 Totter s Miscellany. The first regular collec- 
 tion of poetical miscellany, it was issued in 1557 by 
 Bichard Tottel, and was probably edited by Nicholas Grim- 
 ald. It contained the songs and sonnets of Sir Thomas 
 Wyatt and the Earl of Surrey, Grimald, and others. A 
 second edition, omitting Grimald, appeared in the same 
 year, and eight editions had been issued by 1587. 
 
 Totten (tot'en), Joseph Gilbert. BornatNew 
 Haven, Conn., Aug. 23, 1788 : died at Washing- 
 ton, D. C., April 22, 1864. An American mili- 
 tary engineer, general, and scientist. He gradu- 
 ated at West Point in 1805 ; was chief engineer under Van 
 Bensselaer, Dearborn, and Macomb in the War of 1812; 
 was engaged in developing the coast defenses of the United 
 States; became chief engineer of the army in 1838; di- 
 rected the siege of Vera Cruz in 1847 ; and later was in- 
 spector at the Military Academy. He wrote “Hydraulic 
 and Common Mortars," etc. 
 
 Tottenham (tot'en-am). A suburb of London, 
 situated in Middlesex 6 miles north by east of 
 St. Paul’s. Population, 102,519. 
 
 Toucey (tou'si), Isaac. Born at Newtown, 
 Conn., Nov. 5, 1796: died at Hartford, Conn., 
 July 30, 1869. An American Democratic poli- 
 tician. He was member of Congress from Connecticut 
 1835-39 ; governor of Connecticut 1846-47 ; United States 
 attorney-general 1848-49; United States senator 1852-57 ; 
 and secretary of the navy 1857-61. 
 
 Touchstone (tuch'ston). 1. An “allowed fool” 
 in Sliakspere’s “As you Like it.” He is wise 
 and facetious, a fool by profession, not an un- 
 conscious clown. — 2. A shrewd honest gold- 
 smith in “ Eastward Ho ! ”by Jonson, Chapman, 
 and Marston. 
 
 Touchwood (tuch'wud), Lady. 1. A brilliant 
 and shameless woman in Congreve’s “Double 
 Dealer,” in love with her husband’s nephew 
 Mellefont. — 2. A simple countrywoman, in 
 Mrs. Cowley’s “Belle’s Stratagem,” whose hus- 
 band tries to keep her away from the world. 
 
 Toul ( tol ) . A to wn in the departm ent of Meurthe- 
 et-Moselle, France, situated on the Moselle 14 
 miles west of Nancy. It is an important fortress, 
 and one of the chief strategic points on the eastern fron- 
 tier. The Church of St. Etienne, formerly a cathedral, is a 
 lofty 13th-century building with an elaborate florid west 
 front flanked by twin towers. It has fine Benaissance 
 glass, and a beautiful cloister, appropriately though so- 
 berly ornamented, and remaining quite perfect. Toul 
 was long the seat of a bishopric; was an imperial city in 
 the middle ages ; was taken by Henry II. of France in 1552 ; 
 was formally annexed to France in 1648 ; and was be- 
 sieged by the Germans and capitulated Sept. 23, 1870. 
 Population, commune, 13,663. 
 
 Toulmin, Camilla. See Crosland. 
 
 Toulon (to-lon'). A seaport in the department 
 of Var, France, on the Mediterranean in lat. 43° 
 7' N., long. 5° 56' E. : the Roman Telo Martius. 
 It is the second naval station in France, and the chief sta- 
 tion of the Mediterranean fleet. It has large roadsteads, 
 and a harbor with five basins. The naval arsenal was de- 
 veloped by Vauban. Toulon is said to have been founded 
 by the Phenicians. It was taken by Charles V. in 1524 
 and 1536 ; resisted the Allies in 1707 ; received the British 
 and Spanish in 1793 ; and was taken by the Convention in 
 the same year. Population, commune, 103,549. 
 
 Toulon, Sieges of. 1 . An unsuccessful siege 
 by the allied army and navy (Piedmontese, 
 British, Dutch, etc.), in 1707, under Prince Eu- 
 gene. — 2. In 1793 Toulon, which had received 
 an Anglo-Spanish fleet, was besieged by the 
 French republicans, and was taken in Dec., 
 largely through the skill of N apoleon Bonaparte . 
 
 Toulouse (to-loz'). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Haute-Garonne, France, situated on 
 the Garonne in lat. 43° 35' N., long. 1° 25' E., at 
 the junction of the Canal du Midi and the Canal 
 Lateral : the ancient Tolosa. it is the seat of an 
 archbishopric ; contains a university, a school of medicine, 
 the Academy of the Floral Games, and the Academy of 
 Sciences, Inscriptions, and Belles-Lettres ; and has a trade 
 in grain, wine, manufactured articles, etc. The cathedral 
 is notable for the great width (62 feet) of the 13th-century 
 nave, without aisles. It has a very beautiful rose-window 
 in the facade. The choir is later, in part Flamboyant, 
 light and graceful, and with flue glass. Toulouse was the 
 capital of the Tectosages ; was allied with the ( ’imbri in 106 
 B. C. ; was taken by Csepio, and afterward reduced by Ma- 
 rius ; was the capital of the West-Gothic kingdom from 419 ; 
 
 1004 
 
 was taken by the Franks in 507 (see Toulouse , County of, be- 
 low); was captured by Montfort in the Albigensian crusade 
 in 1216; and later often revolted and was besieged. It suf- 
 fered in the Huguenot wars, and was the scene of mas- 
 sacres of Huguenots in 1562 and 1572, and of the torture 
 of Galas in 1762. The last battle of the Peninsular war was 
 fought there, April 10, 1814, in which the Allies under the 
 Duke of Wellington defeated the French under Soult. 
 Population, commune, 149,438. 
 
 Toulouse, Comte de (Louis Alexandre de 
 Bourbon). Born June 6,1678: died at Ram- 
 bouillet, Dec. 1, 1737. A son of Louis XIV. and 
 Madame de Montespan : noted as a naval com- 
 mander. He fought a bloody but indecisive battle with 
 the English under Admiral Booke, Aug. 24, 1704, near 
 Malaga. 
 
 Toulouse, County of. An ancient county in 
 southern France, whose center was the city of 
 Toulouse. It was established in 778, and its counts ac- 
 quired various other possessions. Its fiefs — Narbonne, 
 Beziers, etc. — were annexed to the French crown about 
 1229. It was united to France in 1271, and formed part 
 of Languedoc. 
 
 Toulouse, Family of. A medieval family who 
 reigned as counts of Toulouse and its territory 
 from the time of Raymond I. (9th century) to 
 1271 : long the leading line of rulers in southern 
 France. 
 
 Toulouse, War of. A war in 1159, caused by 
 the claim of Henry II. of England to the count- 
 ship of Toulouse. He reduced a large part of 
 the territory. 
 
 Touraine (to-ran'). An ancient government of 
 France. Chief city, Tours, it was hounded by An- 
 jou, Maine, OrRanais, Berry, and Poitou. It was called 
 “ the garden of France ” on account of its fertility. It 
 corresponded nearly to the depar tment of Indre-et-Loire. 
 Touraine was ruled in early times by counts ; was united 
 with Anjou in 1044, and with it formed part of the Plan- 
 tagenet possessions ; was conquered by Philip Augustus of 
 France about 1204; and was made a duchy in 1356, and 
 continued an appanage of the king's son until its incor- 
 poration with France in 1584. 
 
 Tourcoing (tor-kwan'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Nord, France, 8 miles northeast of 
 Lille. It has important manufactures of cotton, woolen, 
 linen, silk, carpets, etc. It is virtually a part of Boubaix. 
 ★ Population, commune, 81,671. 
 
 Tourgbe (tor-zha') , Albion Winegar. Bom at 
 
 Williamsfleld, Ohio, May 2, 1838 : died at Bor- 
 deaux, France, May 21, 1905. An American 
 lawyer and novelist. He served in the Federal army 
 in the Civil War; settled at Greensboro, North Carolina, 
 and became judge of the Superior Court, and later entered 
 the consular service. He has published works relative to 
 political affairs in the South, including “ Figs and Thistles ” 
 (1879), “ A Fool’s Errand ” (1879), “ Bricks without Straw ” 
 (1880), “ Hot Ploughshares " (1883), “An Appeal to Cajsar" 
 (1884) ; also legal works. 
 
 TourguSnief. or Tourgueneff. See Turgenieff. 
 Tournai, or Tournay (tor-na' ), Flem. Doornick 
 
 (dor'nik). A town in the province of Hainaut, 
 Belgium, situated on the Schelde 34 miles 
 south-southwest of Ghent : the Roman Torna- 
 eum or Turris Nerviorum. It has Important manu- 
 factures of carpets, stockings, etc. Its cathedral is one of 
 the most notable of Flemish churches, with a picturesque 
 group of 5 towers. The nave is Bomanesque, and was not 
 vaulted until the last century. The transept is French, of 
 the 13th century, and the admirable choir is still later. 
 The Bomanesque facade has a Pointed porch with abundant 
 and excellent sculptures. There are some good pictures, 
 and fine 15th-century glass made in Haarlem. The ornate 
 Benaissance rood-loft dates from 1566. The dimensions are 
 408 by 78 feet ; length of transepts, 220 ; height of nave 78, 
 of choir 107 feet. Tournai was a town of the Nervii, and 
 a Merovingian capital in the 5th century. It was defended 
 unsuccessfully by the Princesse d’Epinoy against the Duke 
 of Parma in 1581 ; was taken by Louis XIV. in 1667 and 
 fortified by Vauban ; was captured by the Allies in 1709 
 and assigned to Austria in 1713; and was taken by the 
 French in 1745, and restored in 1748. It was the birth- 
 place of Perkin Warbeck. Population, commune, 37,640. 
 
 Tournefort (torn-for'), Joseph Pitton de. 
 
 Born at Aix, France, June 5, 1656 : died Nov. 
 28, 1708. A distinguished French botanist, ap- 
 pointed professor of botany at the royal gar- 
 den of plants at Paris in 1683. He traveled ex- 
 tensively in Europe and the East. His chief work is 
 “Institutiones rei herbariae” (1700). 
 
 Tournette (tor-net'). A mountain near the 
 Lake of Annecy, in the Alps of Savoy. Height, 
 7,730 feet. 
 
 Tourneur (tor-ner' or ter'ner), Cyril. Born 
 about 1575: died in Ireland, Feb. 28, 1625-26. 
 An English tragic poet. His name was originally 
 Turner : he adopted the spelling Tourneur in 1611. He 
 published in 1600 an allegorical poem, and in 1613 an elegy 
 on the death of Prince Henry, son of James I. His fame 
 rests on two tragedies, published 1607-11, “ The Atheist's 
 Tragedy ” and “ The Bevenger’s Tragedy ” : the latter is 
 one of the finest in the language. 
 
 Tournus (tor-mis'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Saone-et-Loire, France, on the Saone 
 56 miles north of Lyons. Itis acommercial and man- 
 ufacturing town. It contains a noted abbey church of 
 St. Philibert, of the 11th century. The facade is machic- 
 olated and loopholed : it precedes a large narthex. The 
 nave has cylindrical piers, and is vaulted at right angles 
 to its axis. The choir is later, with rich ornament and 
 columns of great elegance. There is a central tower and 
 
 Tower of London 
 
 lantern, and an extensive crypt. It is the Boman Tlnur- 
 tium, ML. Trinorcium or Toruusium. Population, com- 
 mune, 4,846. 
 
 Tour of Dr. Syntax. See Combe, William. 
 
 Tours (tor). [ML. Turones, in L. the name of 
 the inhabitants, the city being Urbs Turonum .] 
 The capital of the department of Indre-et-Loire, 
 France, on the Loire, near its junction with the 
 Cher, in lat. 47° 24' N., long. 0° 42' E. : the Ro- 
 man Ctesarodunum. It has manufactures of silk, 
 cloth, carpets, etc. Its cathedral is a building of the 12th 
 to the 16th century, with rich florid facade, canopied 
 portals, and two high towers, and lofty graceful interior, 
 which retains much splendid early glass. In the south 
 transept is the beautiful monument of the children of 
 Charles VIII., whose effigies are guarded by angels. 
 Tours was anciently the capital of the Turones in Gallia 
 Lugdunensis, and in later times was the capital of Tou- 
 raine and the residence of French kings. Several church 
 councils have sat there. It was noted for silk manufacture 
 until the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. In 1870 
 it was the seat of the government of the national defense. 
 Population, commune, 67,601. 
 
 Tours, or Poitiers, Battle of. One of the “ de- 
 cisive battles of the world, ’’fought between Poi- 
 tiers and Tours, Prance, 732, in wbicb Charles 
 Martel defeated the Saracen invaders under 
 Abd-er-Rahman. France and northern Europe 
 were rescued from Mohammedan conquest. 
 Tourville (tor-vel'), Comte de (Anne Hila- 
 rion de Cotentin). Born at Tourville, Nor- 
 mandy, Nov. 24, 1642: died May 28, 1701. A 
 French admiral. He defeated the Anglo-Dutch fleet 
 off Palermo 1677 ; served in the wars with the Barbary pi- 
 rates; defeated the Anglo-Dutch fleet near the Isle of 
 Wight July 10, 1690 ; was defeated at La Hogue May 29, 
 1692, by an English-Dutch fleet under Bussell ; and de- 
 feated an Anglo-Dutch fleet off Cape St. Vincent May 
 26-27, 1693. 
 
 Toussaint, Anna Luize Geertruide. See Box- 
 boom. 
 
 Toussaint Louverture or L’Ouverture (to- 
 sah' lo-ver-tiir'), Dominique Franqois. Born 
 near Cap Franoais, Haiti, 1743: died at the 
 Castle of Joux, near Pontarlier, France, April 
 27, 1803. A Haitian revolutionist. He was a negro 
 slave, butreceived a rudimentary education. In 1791, after 
 protecting the flight of his master, he joined Jean Fratic;ois, 
 with whom hesubsequentlyfoughtfortheroyalist faction, 
 at that time united with the Spanish Dominicans. In 1794, 
 with a large force of blacks, he deserted to the French 
 republicans, thus turning the scale In their favor and ac- 
 quiring unbounded influence for himself. He was made 
 deputy governor and commander-in-chief ; and eventu- 
 ally the French commissioners, who were supposed to rule 
 the island, were left with only nominal power. When the 
 British under General Maitland evacuated the island in 
 1798, they refused to treat with Commissioner IRdouville, 
 but surrendered the posts which they had held to Tous- 
 saint as the real ruler. Soon after an insurrection, incited 
 by Toussaint, drove Hedouville from the island : he del- 
 egated his powers to the mulatto general Kigaud, but 
 in 1799 Kigaud was defeated by Toussaint, who thus be- 
 came undisputed master of the western part of the island. 
 He issued a general amnesty, protected the whites, and 
 put the blacks at work on their old plantations under a 
 compulsory system which, however, secured them a part 
 of the profits. In 1801 he occupied the eastern part of 
 the island, which had been ceded to France. Finally he 
 threw off all semblance of subjection to France, promul- 
 gating a constitution which made him president for life, 
 with power of nominating his successor (July, 1801). 
 Bonaparte thereupon sent General Leclerc with a formida- 
 ble force to subdue the island (see Leclerc). After a series of 
 bloody conflicts Toussaint capitulated, and was pardoned 
 (May 1, 1802). The next month he was arrested on a 
 charge of conspiracy and sent to France, where he re- 
 mained a prisoner until his death. 
 
 Towakarehu (to-wa-ka'ra-ho). A tribe of the 
 Wichita Confederacy of North American In- 
 dians. This name they give to themselves, translating 
 it ‘three canes.’ They are also called Towaconi, Towoc- 
 conie, and Tawakani. See Wichita. 
 
 To wan da (to-wan'da). The capital of Bradford 
 County, Pennsylvania, situated on the Susque- 
 hanna 50 miles west-northwest of Scranton. 
 Population, 4,281, (1910). 
 
 Tower Hamlets. A parliamentary borough in 
 London, situated east of the City and north of 
 the Thames. It returns six members to Parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 Tower Hill. A hill in London, near the Tower, 
 formerly the scene of execution of political of- 
 fenders. 
 
 Tower of London. The ancient palace-citadel 
 of London. It is situated on the Thames at the south- 
 east angle of the old walled city of London. The Boman 
 wall ran through the site. It consists of a large and ir- 
 regular agglomeration of buildings of different periods, 
 inclosed within battlemented and moated walls. While 
 a stronghold of some kind existed earlier on the site, the 
 history of the Tower begins with William the Conqueror. 
 The chief buildings are the work of Norman kings and 
 Henry HI. No important additions were made after Ed- 
 ward I. When it ceased tube a royal residence it became 
 famous as a state prison, and is now a national arsenal. 
 The royal mint was located there in the middle ages. The 
 Tower has fourgates — the Iron, Water, and Traitors' Gates 
 on the side toward the Thames, and the Lions’ Gate at the 
 southwest angle. In the middle of the inclosure rises the 
 square and lofty White Tower, the keep of the medieval 
 fortress. It is characterized by its four tall angle-turrets 
 
Tower of London 
 
 with modern crowning. In the White Tower is the vener- 
 able Chapel oi St. John, with heavy cylindrical pillars, 
 round arches, and rude capitals ; it is unsurpassed as an 
 example of the earliest type of Norman architecture. In 
 the halls above is shown an admirable collection of 
 medieval arms and armor. The buildings of the inner 
 inclosure include 12 towers, with many of which are as- 
 sociated memories of historic captives, executions, and 
 crimes. In the Record or Wakefield Tower are kept the 
 crown jewels of England. In the Chapel of St. Peter ad 
 Vincula, in the northwest angle, and the little cemetery 
 adjoining, are buried most of the celebrated persons who 
 suffered death within the Tower precincts or on Tower 
 Hill. The buildings are for the most part severely plain, 
 in rough masonry of small stones, their great interest lying 
 almost wholly in their manifold associations. 
 
 Tower Of the Winds. The horologium or 
 water-clock erected by the Syrian Andronicus 
 Cyrrhestes, at Athens, in the 1st century b. c. 
 It is octagonal in plan, 26 feet in diameter, and 42 high. 
 Toward the top of each face is sculptured the figure of a 
 Wind with appropriate attributes. The structure was 
 surmounted by a bronze Triton which served as a weather- 
 vane. 
 
 Towle (tol), George Makepeace. Born at 
 Washington, D. C., Aug. 27, 1841 : died at Brook- 
 line, Mass., Aug. 8, 1893. An American journal- 
 ist. politician, and historical writer. He graduated 
 at Yale in 1861; studied law at Harvard ; was United States 
 consul at Nantes 1866-68 and at Bradford, England, 1868-70; 
 and was managing editor of the Boston “ Commercial Bulle- 
 tin ” and foreign editor of the Boston “ Post. ” His works in- 
 clude “American Society,” “ The Eastern Question,” “ Prin- 
 cipalities of the Danube,” “ Beaconsfield," “ Heroes of His- 
 tory," “Modern France," “Certain Men of Mark,” “Young 
 People’s History of England,” “ The Literature of the Eng- 
 lish Language," etc. 
 
 Towneley Mysteries. See Wakefield. 
 Townley (toun'li), Lord. The “provoked hus- 
 band” in Vanbrugh and Cibber’s play of that 
 name. Lady Townley. a frivolous but not heartless 
 woman, was a favorite character with Peg Woffington, 
 Ellen Tree, and others. 
 
 Townsend (toun'zend), George Alfred : pseu- 
 donym Gath. Born at Georgetown, Del., Jan. 
 30, 1841. An American journalist and author, 
 noted as a war correspondent aud lecturer. 
 Townsend, Virginia Frances. Bom at New 
 Haven, Conn., 1836. An American novelist 
 and biographical writer. Among her works are 
 “Life of Washington” (1887) and “Our Presi- 
 dents” (1888). Many of her stories have been 
 collected in “ The Breakwater Series.” 
 Townshend (toun'zend), Charles, second Vis- 
 count Townshend. Born 1674: died June 21, 
 1738. An English statesman, originally a Tory 
 and later a Whig. He was plenipotentiary with Marl- 
 borough in the negotiations of Gertruydenberg 1709 ; am- 
 bassador at The Hague 1709-11 ; and secretary of state 
 1714-16. He became president of the council in 1720, and 
 secretary of state in 1721. He quarreled with Walpole and 
 resigned in 1730. 
 
 Townshend, Charles. Born Aug. 29, 1725 : died 
 Sept. 4, 1767. An English politician, younger 
 son of the third Viscount Townshend. He entered 
 the House of Commons in 1747 ; became noted as an ora- 
 tor ; was secretary of war 1761-62 ; became later presi- 
 dent of the board of trade and paymaster-general ; and be- 
 came chancellor of the exchequer in 1766. He championed 
 resolutions for taxing various articles imported into the 
 American colonies 1767. From his political instability he 
 was called “ the Weathercock.” 
 
 Townshend, George, first Marquis Townshend. 
 Born 1724: died 1807. Eldest son of the third 
 Viscount Townshend and brother of Charles 
 Townshend. He succeeded Wolfe as commander in 
 Canada, and received the surrender of Quebec ; later he 
 was lord lieutenant of Ireland. 
 
 Towton (tou'ton). A village in Yorkshire, Eng- 
 land, 12 miles east-northeast of Leeds. Here, 
 March 29, 1461, the Yorkists under Edward IV. totally de- 
 feated the Lancastrians under Henry VI. and Margaret. 
 The Lancastrian loss is stated at 28,000 killed (?). The vic- 
 tory secured the throne to Edward IV. 
 
 Toxophilus (tok-sof'i-lus): The Schools and 
 Partitions of Shooting. [B., from Gr. rifov, 
 
 bow, and love.] A treatise relating to 
 
 archery, written by Roger Ascham (1545). 
 Toxteth Park (toks'teth park). A southeast- 
 ern suburb of Liverpool, England. 
 
 Toyama Bay (to-ya-ma/ ba). An indentation on 
 the western shore of the main island of Japan. 
 Toynbee Hall (toin'be lial). An institution 
 in Whitechapel, London, founded in 1885 as 
 the outcome of plans set on foot by the mem- 
 bers of Oxford and Cambridge universities “ to 
 provide education and the means of recreation 
 and enjoyment for the people of the poor dis- 
 tricts of London,” etc. Some of the members reside 
 at the hall, which is something between a college and 
 a club. In connection with it are Balliol House and 
 Wadham House. It was organized and named in memory 
 of Arnold Toynbee (1852-83), a graduate of Oxford, who de- 
 voted himself to work among the poor in Whitechapel and 
 died of overstrain, and from whose example sprang the 
 idea of such a residence house. 
 
 Trachenberg (tra'chen-bers). A small town in 
 the province of Silesia, Prussia, situated on an 
 
 1005 
 
 arm of the Bartsch 26 miles north by west of 
 Breslau. Here, July, 1813, plans for the cam- 
 paign were signed by the czar Alexander I. and 
 Frederick William III. 
 
 Trachiniae (tra-kin'i-e). [Gr. T pax'iviai, Women 
 of Trachis.] A play by Sophocles, founded on 
 the death of Hercules at Trachis. 
 
 The play called the “Trachiuise,” or “Women of Tra- 
 chis,” because these form the chorus, tells how Deianeira, 
 living at Trachis in Thessaly, learns that Heracles has 
 fallen in love with Iole, and sends him a robe anointed 
 with the blood of the Centaur Nessus, knowing not that it 
 is aught but a harmless love-charm ; and how Heracles, 
 in mortal torment from the poison, bids his son Hyllus 
 take him to the top of Mount (Eta, and lay him on a fu- 
 neral pyre; and thence, “wrapped in heavenly flame, is 
 gathered to the host of the gods.” Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 85. 
 
 Trachis (tra'kis). [Gr. Tpaxf - ] In ancient 
 geography, a city of Greece, situated at the foot 
 of Mount (Eta near Thermopyl®. It was an im- 
 portant strategic point, and the legendary scene of the 
 death of Hercules. The Spartan colony of Heraclea was 
 established there in 426 B. C. 
 
 Trachonitis (trak-o-ni'tis). [Gr. T paxuvLTLS.'] 
 In ancient geography, a region in Syria, east 
 or northeast of the Sea of Galilee. 
 Tractarians. See Oxford School. 
 
 Tractatus Theologico-politicus. See Spinoza. 
 Tract No. 90. See Tracts for the Ti mes. 
 
 Tracts for the Times, or Oxford Tracts. A 
 series of 90 pamphlets, published at Oxford 
 from 1833 to 1841, the doctrines of which formed 
 the basis of the Tractarian movement. The move- 
 ment began as a counter-movement to the liberalizing 
 tendency in ecclesiasticism and the rationalizing tendency 
 in theology, and was in its first inception an endeavor to 
 bring the church back to the principles of primitive and 
 patristic Christianity. Its fundamental principles were 
 that the Christian religion involves certain well-defined 
 theological dogmas, and a visible church with sacraments 
 and rites and definite religious teaching on the foundation 
 of dogma, and that this visible church is based upon and 
 involves an unbroken line of episcopal succession from the 
 apostles, and includes the Anglican Church. The tracts 
 consisted of extracts from the High-church divines of the 
 17th century and the church fathers, with contributions 
 by Newman, Froude, Pusey, and Isaac Williams. In the 
 last of the series, Tract No. 90, Dr. (afterward Cardinal) 
 Newman took the ground that the Thirty-nine Articles 
 of the Church of England are in large part susceptible 
 of an interpretation not inconsistent with the doctrines 
 of the Council of Trent. This tract was condemned by a 
 number of bishops and heads of colleges, and a part of the 
 Tractarians (among them Newman in 1845) entered the 
 Church of Rome, others remaining with Dr. Pusey and 
 John Keble in the Church of England, and maintaining 
 the principles of sacramental efficacy and apostolic au- 
 thority within that communion. 
 
 Tracy. See Destutt de Tracy. 
 
 Tracy (tra'si), Benjamin Franklin. Born at 
 Owego, N.Y., April 26, 1830. An American law- 
 yer and Republican politician. He served as a vol- 
 unteer in the Civil War, and wasbrevetted brigadier-gen- 
 eral ; was United States district attorney in New York 
 1866-68 ; and was secretary of the navy 1889-93. 
 
 Tracy, Joseph. Born at Hartford, Vt., Nov. 3, 
 1794: died at Beverley, Mass., March 24, 1874. 
 An American Congregational clergyman, New 
 England secretary of the American Coloniza- 
 tion Society. He published “The Great Awak- 
 ening” (1842), “A History of the American 
 Board, etc.” (1842), etc. 
 
 Traetto (tra-et'to), or Trajetto (tra-yet'to). A 
 town in the province of Caserta, Italy, 39 miles 
 northwest of Naples. Near it are the ruins of the 
 ancient Minturnce. Population, commune, 
 about 5,300. 
 
 Trafalgar (traf-al-gar'), Battle of. The great- 
 est British naval victory in the Napoleonic 
 wars, gained off Cape Trafalgar Oct. 21, 1805. 
 The British fleet numbered 27 ships of the line and 4 frig- 
 ates under Nelson (Collingwood second in command) ; the 
 French-Spanish fleet numbered 33 ships of the line and 5 
 frigates under VilleneuveandtheSpanish admirals Gravina 
 and Alava. The Allies lost 19 ships. Gravina was killed 
 and Villeneuve taken prisoner : Nelson was killed. 
 Trafalgar, Cape. A promontory on the southern 
 coast of Spain, projecting into the Atlantic be- 
 tween Cadiz and the Strait of Gibraltar, in lat. 
 (of lighthouse) 36° 11' N., long. 6° 2' W. 
 Trafalgar Square (tra-fal'gar skwar). One of 
 the principal squares in London, about 1 J miles 
 west by south of St. Paul’s. It contains the 
 Nelson monument and the site of CharingCross, 
 and the National Gallery faces on it. 
 
 Traitors’ Gate (tra'torz gat). The Southwark 
 end of London Bridge, where after 1577 the 
 heads of persons executed for treason were ex- 
 hibited. See London Bridge. 
 
 Trajan (tra'jan) (Marcus Ulpius Trajanus), 
 surnamed Dacicus and Parthicus. Born in 
 Italica, Spain, about 53 a. d. : died at Selinus, 
 Cilicia, July or Aug., 117. A famous Roman 
 emperor 98-117. He early entered the army; served 
 as military tribune in various provinces ; marched from 
 Spain to Germany about 89 ; was made consul 91, and by 
 Nerva consular legate in Germany; and was adopted by 
 
 Transleithania 
 
 Nerva, and succeeded him in Jan., 98. He developed the 
 defenses of the empire on the northeastern frontier ; built 
 many roads, etc. ; founded the institution of alimenta (for 
 rearing poor children in Italy) ; and encouraged various 
 reforms. Lie conducted about 101-106 a successful war 
 against the Dac'ans under Decebalus ; annexed Dacia to 
 the empire ; incorporated Damascus, etc. , and part of Ara- 
 bia; and carried on an unsuccessful war with the Parthians 
 114-116. There were revolts in the eastern part of the 
 empire and among the Jews in the last part of his reign. 
 
 Trajan, Arch of. See Arch of Trajan. 
 
 Trajan, Bridge of. See Alcantara (Spain). 
 Trajan, Forum of. A forum in Rome, con- 
 structed under Trajan, situated north of the 
 Roman Forum. See Forum. 
 
 Trajanopolis (traj-a-nop'o-lis). In ancient 
 geography, a city of Thrace, often identified 
 with Orikhova. 
 
 Trajan’s Column. See Column of Trajan. 
 Trajan’s Gate. 1. A name given to the Roth- 
 erthurm Pass. — 2. A pass in the Balkans which 
 connects Adrianople with Sofia. 
 
 Trajan’s Wall. 1. Remnants of a Roman for- 
 tification in Bessarabia, Russia, between the 
 Pruth and the Black Sea. — 2. Remnants of a 
 Roman fortification in the Dobrudja, Rumania, 
 between the Danube and the Black Sea. 
 Trajectum ad Rhenum (tra-jek'tum ad re'- 
 num). The Roman name of Utrecht. 
 Trajetto. See Traetto. 
 
 Tralee (tra-le'). A seaport, chief town of the 
 county of Kerry, Ireland, situated on the Lee 
 (Leigh), near Tralee Bay, in lat. 52° 17' N., 
 long. 9° 43' W. Population, 9,867. 
 
 Tralee Bay. An arm of the Atlantic on the 
 western coast of Ireland, near Tralee. 
 
 Tralles (tral'ez). [Gr. Tpdr./.eic, Tpd/l/hf.] In 
 ancient geography, a city of Caria, Asia Minor, 
 situated near the Meander 28 miles east-south- 
 east of Ephesus. 
 
 Trani (tra'ne). A seaport in the province of 
 Bari, Italy, situated on the Adriatic 27 miles 
 northwest of Bari. It has considerable trade in fruits, 
 wine, and grain. Its cathedral is a basilica of the 12th 
 century, with three apses and a large crypt. The Norman 
 tower, of five tiers, is imposing ; the round-arched re- 
 cessed portal is delicately sculptured ; the doors are of 
 bronze, with 42 relief-panels ranking with the finest Ro- 
 manesque metal-work in southern Italy. The crypt is re- 
 markable for its choir and its beautiful columns. Trani, 
 the ancient Turenum, was a flourishing commercial city in 
 the middle ages under the Normans and their successors. 
 Population, commune, 31,800. 
 
 Tranio (tra'ni-o). The servant of Lucent.io, 
 a character in Shakspere’s “ Taming of the 
 Shrew.” He is clever enough to change parts 
 with his master. 
 
 Trans-Alai (trans-a/li). A mountain-range in 
 Ferghana (Russian Turkestan), south of the 
 Alai Mountains. 
 
 Transbaikalia (trans-bi-kaTi-a). Aprovince of 
 eastern Siberia, bounded by Irkut sk, Yakutsk, 
 the Amur Province, Manchuria, Mongolia, and 
 Lake Baikal. Capital, Tchita. it is traversed by 
 the Yablonoi Mountains. There are gold-mines at Kara 
 and elsewhere. Area, 229,520 square miles. Population, 
 745,600. 
 
 Transcaspian (trans-kas'pi-an) Railway. A 
 
 Russian strategic railway, built under the su- 
 perintendence of General Annenkoff, and open- 
 ed in 1888. It extends from Ouzoun Ada on the Cas- 
 pian (connected by steamer with Baku and the Russian 
 railroad system) to Samarkand, largely through the desert. 
 
 Transcaspian Region or Province. A terri- 
 tory belonging to Russia, under the administra- 
 tion of the government of Turkestan, situated 
 east of the Caspian, north of Persia and Af- 
 ghanistan, and west of Khiva and Bokhara. 
 It is largely a desert, containing the oases of Atok, Merv, 
 etc. The inhabitants are Turkomans. Geok-Tepe was 
 taken by the Russians in 1881, Merv in 1884, and Pendjdeh 
 in 1885. Area, 218,855 square miles. Population, 415,700. 
 
 Transcaucasia (trans-ka-ka'sia). The south- 
 ern division of the general government of the 
 Caucasus, Russia. It comprises the governments of 
 Baku, Black Sea, Elizabethpol, Erivan, Kutais, and Tiflis ; 
 the provinces of Batura and Daghestan ; and the districts 
 of Sukhum and Zakataly. Total area, 95,402 sq. miles ; 
 pop., 6,199,100. 
 
 Transfiguration, The. A famous painting by 
 Raphael, in the Vatican. Rome. Christ floats in 
 glory, attended by Moses and Elias, above a group of apos- 
 tles ; below, people are leading a boy possessed of an evil 
 spirit to the remaining apostles for relief. 
 
 Transformation. See Marble Faun, The. 
 Transkei (trans-ke'). A territory in the east- 
 ern part of the province of Cape of Good Hope, 
 South Africa. Area, 2,552 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 177,730. 
 
 Translator General. A title given to Phile- 
 mon Holland. 
 
 Transleithania (traus-li-ta'ni-a), or Translei- 
 thanian (tr&ns-li-tha'ni-an) Division. A name 
 given to the lands of Austria-Hungary which 
 
Transleithania 
 
 1006 
 
 are under Hungarian rule, comprising Hun- 
 gary with Transylvania, Croatia-Slavonia, and 
 Fiume. See Leith a. 
 
 Transpadane (tr&ns-pa'dan) Republic. [From 
 
 L. transpadanus, beyond the Po.] A republic 
 established by Bonaparte in 1796, corresponding 
 generally to Lombardy : united in 1797 with the 
 Cispadane Republic to form the Cisalpine Re- 
 public. 
 
 Trans-Siberian Railway. See Siberian Bail- 
 way. 
 
 Transvaal. See South African Bepublic. 
 Transvaal War.l.A war between the South 
 African Republic and Great Britain in 1880-81. 
 The most notable event was the Boer victory at Majuba 
 Hill, Feb. 27, 1881. The battle was soon toUowed by peace. 
 See South African Republic. 
 
 Transylvania (trim-sil-va'ni-a), G. Sieben- 
 biirgen (ze'ben-biirg-en), F. Transylvanie 
 (troh-sel-va-ne'). A titular grand principality 
 of the Austrian empire, now incorporated with 
 the kingdom of Hungary, it is bounded by Hungary 
 proper, Bukowina, Moldavia, and Wallachia, and is sur- 
 rounded and traversed by the Carpathians. It has 15 
 counties, and among the chief towns are Hermannstadt, 
 Klausenburg, and Kronstadt. The chief races are the Ru- 
 maus or Wallachs (over half), Hungarians (including 
 Szeklers), and Germans (see Saxonland), with Gipsies, 
 Jews, Armenians, etc. Transylvania was formerly a part 
 of Dacia. It was conquered by Stephen I. of Hungary in 
 1004, and made a province ruled by a voivode; received 
 colonists from Lower Germany about 1143 ; was recognized 
 as a sovereign principality in 1538 ; was aided by the Turks 
 against Austria ; took a prominent part on the side of the 
 Protestants in the Thirty Years’ War ; and was taken pos- 
 session of by Leopold I. of Austria in 1697. The sover- 
 eignty of Austria was recognized by Turkey in 1699, and 
 Transylvania was incorporated with Hungary in 1713 and 
 was made a grand principality in 1766. It was the scene 
 of a bloody insurrection of the Rumans against the Hun- 
 garians in 1848, and of contests between the Hungarians 
 and the Russians in 1849 ; received autonomy and a Land- 
 tag in 1860 ; and was finally incorporated with Hungary 
 in 1868. Area, 21,512 square miles. Population, 2,466,838. 
 
 Transylvanian Alps (trim-sil-va'ni-an alps). 
 A range of the Carpathians, on the southern bor- 
 der of Transylvania, on the Rumanian frontier. 
 Transylvanian Erzgebirge (erts'ge-ber-ge). 
 [‘Transylvanian ore mountains.’] A range of 
 mountains in the Carpathian system, situated 
 in western Transylvania, and Hungary. 
 Trapani (tra'pa-ne). 1. A province in western 
 Sicily. Area, 948 square miles. Population, 
 374,363. — 2. A seaport, capital of the prov- 
 ince of Trapani, Sicily, situated on the west- 
 ern coast in lat. 38° I' N., long. 12° 29' E. : 
 the ancient Drepanum, orDrepana, near Eryx. 
 It figures in the yEneid. It was one of the last remaining 
 strongholds of the Carthaginians in Sicily in the first 
 Punic war, and was fortified by Hamilcar Barca. The 
 Carthaginians won a naval victory near it in 249 B. C. 
 Population, town, 36,788 ; commune, 59,452. 
 
 Trapezus (tra-pe'zus). The ancient name of 
 Trebizond. 
 
 Trapezus Mons. See Tchadyr-Dagli. 
 
 Trappe, La. See La Trappe. 
 
 Trappists (trap'ists). [From F. Trappiste : so 
 called from the abbey of La Trappe in France.] 
 A monastic body, a branch of the Cistercian or- 
 der. It is named from the village of Soligny-la- Trappe, 
 in the department of Orne, France, where the abbey of La 
 Trappe was founded in 1140 by Rotrou, count of Perche. 
 The abbey soon fell into decay, and was governed for many 
 years by titular or commendatory abbots. De Ranee (1626- 
 1700), who had been commendatory abbot of La Trappe 
 from his boyhood, became its actual abbot in 1664, and 
 thoroughly reformed and reorganized the order. The rules 
 of the order are noted for their extreme austerity, and in- 
 culcate extended fasts, severe manual labor, almost per- 
 petual silence, abstinence from flesh, fish, etc., and rigor- 
 ous asceticism in general. The order was repressed in 
 France during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods. 
 There are branch monasteries in France, Belgium, Great 
 Britain, Italy, etc., and two in the United States — abbeys 
 of Gethsemane (Kentucky) and of New Melleray (Iowa). 
 There is also an establishment at Tracadie, N. S. 
 
 Trasimene, Lake, Ba ttle of. See Trasimenus. 
 Trasimeno (tra-se-ma'no), Lago, or Lago di 
 
 Perugia (la/ go de pa-ro'jii) ( ‘ Lake of Perugia’). 
 A lake in the province of Perugia, Italy, 10 
 miles west of Perugia : the ancient Trasimenus 
 (erroneously Thrasymenus) Lacus. Length, 10 
 miles ; depth, 20 feet. It has no natural outlet. 
 Trasimenus (tras-i-me'nus), Battle of Lake. 
 A victory gained by Hannibal over the Romans 
 under the consul Flaminius, on the northern 
 shore of Lake Trasimenus, in the summer of 217 
 b. c. The Roman army was nearly annihilated, 
 and the consul was slain. 
 
 Tras-os-Montes (tras'os-mon'tes), or Traz-os- 
 Montes (triiz'os-mon'tes). The northeastern 
 province of Portugal, bounded by Spain, Beira, 
 and Entre Minho e Douro. The surface is mountain- 
 ous or table-land. It comprises the districts Villa Real 
 and Bragan<;a. Capital, iiraganca. Area, 4,163 square 
 miles. Population, 427,358. 
 
 Trastevere (tras-ta'va-re'b [It., ‘beyond the 
 
 Tiber.’] A working-men’s quarter of Rome, 
 situated on the right bank of the Tiber. With- 
 in it is the Janiculum. 
 
 Trau (tra-o'). A town in Dalmatia, situated on 
 an island adjacent to the coast, 10 miles west 
 of Spalatro. It contains a noted cathedral of the 13th 
 century : a later Pointed campanile rises over the north- 
 western angle. The magnificent recessed sculptured por- 
 tal is Romanesque ; the impressive interior has round 
 arches on massive square piers, a fine altar, choir-stalls, 
 and a sculptured pulpit supported on eight columns. 
 Population, commune, 18,765, (1910). 
 
 Traun (troun). A river which rises in Styria, 
 traverses the Hallstattersee and Traunsee in 
 Upper Austria, and joins the Danube near Linz. 
 It forms a noted waterfall near the village of Roitham. 
 Length, 110 miles. 
 
 Traunsee(troun'za), oi'Gmundenersee(gm6n'- 
 den-er-za). A picturesque lake in Upper Aus- 
 tria, in the Salzkammergut, near Gmunden, 
 traversed by the Traun. Length, 8 miles. 
 Trautenau (trou'te-nou). Bohem. Trutnov. A 
 town in northeastern Bohemia, situated on the 
 Aupa 72 miles east-northeast of Prague, it is 
 the center of linen- weaving in the Riesengebirge in Bohe- 
 mia. Here, on June 27, 1866, the Austrians defeated the 
 Prussians ; and on the following day the Prussians de- 
 feated the Austrians. Population, 16,096, (1910). 
 
 Trautmann (trout'man), Franz. Born at Mu- 
 nich, March 28, 1813 : died there, Nov. 2, 1887. 
 A German novelist, poet, dramatist, and writer 
 on art. His works include “Die Abenteuer des Her- 
 zogs Christoph von Bayern” (1853), ‘‘Traum und Sage” 
 
 S , ‘‘Leben, Abenteuer und Tod des Dr. Th. Thadaus 
 er im Jenseits ” (1864), etc.; the comedies “Schloss 
 Latour,” “Blemers Leiden ” ; the drama “Cagliostro ’; and 
 the tragedy “ Jugurtlia." 
 
 Trauttmansdorff (trout'mans - dorf), Count 
 Maximilian von. Born 1584 : died 1650. An 
 Austrian diplomatist and politician. He negoti- 
 ated the alliance between the emperor and the Elector 
 of Bavariain 1619; informed the emperor of Wallenstein’s 
 designs; negotiated the peace of Prague in 1635 ; and was 
 the chief negotiator of the peace of Westphalia in 1648. 
 
 Travailleurs de la Mer (tra-vi-yer' de la mar), 
 Les. [F. , ‘ The Toilers of the Sea.’] A novel by 
 Victor Hugo, published in 1866. The scene is 
 laid in the Channel Islands. 
 
 Travancore (trav-an-kor' ). A tributary native 
 state of India, under British control, situated 
 at the southern extremity of the peninsula, 
 along the western coast, about lat. 8°-10° N. 
 It is traversed by the Western Ghats. Its products are 
 cocoanuts, areca-nuts, pepper, coffee, etc. Capital, Tri- 
 vandrum. It is ruled by a maharaja, and is one of the 
 most prosperous of the vassal states in India. Area, 7,091 
 scuare miles. Population, 2,952,157. 
 
 Trave (tra/ve). A river in the principality and 
 territory of Liibeck, and in Holstein, which flows 
 into the Baltic at Travemiinde below Liibeck. 
 Length, 70 miles ; navigable for large vessels to 
 Liibeck. 
 
 Traveller, The. A poem by Oliver Goldsmith, 
 published in 1765. 
 
 Traveller’s Club. A London club originated 
 shortly after the peace of 1814 by the Marquis 
 of Londonderry (then Lord Castlereagh). The 
 present house in Pall Mall was built in 1832. 
 
 Travelling Bachelor, The. A work by Cooper, 
 published in 1828. 
 
 Travendal (tra'ven-dal), or Traventhal (triV- 
 ven-tal). A village in Holstein, on the Trave 15 
 miles west of Liibeck. Here, inl700, CharlesXII. 
 of Sweden extorted a treaty from Denmark. 
 
 Travers (tra-var'), Val de. A short valley be- 
 tween two ranges of the Jura, in the canton of 
 Neuchatel, Switzerland, southwest of Neucha- 
 tel, renowned for its beauty. 
 
 Traverse (trav'ers), Lake. A lake on the boun- 
 dary between Minnesota and South Dakota. Its 
 outlet is by the river Bois des Sioux to the Red 
 River of the North. Length, 17 miles. 
 
 Traviata (tra-ve-a/ta), La. [It., ‘the wander- 
 ing or lost one.’] An opera by Verdi, first pro- 
 duced at Venice in 1853. The words are by Piave. 
 
 Traz-os-Montes. See Tras-os-Montes. 
 
 Treasure Island. A tale by R. L. Stevenson, 
 published in 1883. 
 
 Treasury of Atreus. See the extract. 
 
 The most ancient remains of buildings in Greece are of 
 Cyclopean, or, as some have it, of Pelasgic origin ; and the 
 most famous of these Cyclopean works are two subter- 
 raneous structures known as the Treasury of Atreus and 
 the Treasury of Minyas — the former at Mycenae in Ar- 
 golis, the latter at Orchomenos in Bceotia. Both are built 
 after the one plan, being huge dome-shaped constructions 
 formed of horizontal layers of dressed stones, each layer 
 projecting over the one next below, till the top was closed 
 by a single block. The whole was then covered in with 
 earth, and so buried. 
 
 Edwards, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 167. 
 
 Treaty Elm, The. A tree, formerly standing 
 near Philadelphia, beneath which Penn nego- 
 tiated a treaty with the Indians in 1682. 
 
 Trench 
 
 Treaty of Washington. See Washington. 
 Trebbia (treb'be-a). A river in northern Italy 
 which joins the Po near Piacenza : the ancient 
 Trebia. Length, about 60 miles. 
 
 Trebbia, Battle of the. A victory gained near 
 the Trebbia, June 17-19, 1799, by the allied Rus- 
 sian-Austrian army under Suvaroff over the 
 French under Macdonald. Sometimes called 
 the battle of Parma. 
 
 Trebelli (tra-bel'le), Madame (Zelia Gilbert) 
 Born at Paris, 1838 : died at Etretat, Seine-In- 
 ffrieure, Aug. 18, 1892. A French soprano opera- 
 singer. She became Madame Bettini in 1863, 
 but soon separated from her husband. Trebelli 
 was her stage-name. 
 
 Trebia (tre'bi-a). See Trebbia. 
 
 Trebia, Battle of the. A victory gained by Han- 
 nibal over the Romans under Sempronius, near 
 the Trebia, in Dec., 218 B. c. 
 
 Trebizond (treb'i-zond). A vilayet in the north- 
 ern part of Asia Minor, Turkey. Area, 12,500 
 square miles. Population, 948,500. 
 Trebizond, or Trapezunt (trap-e-zont'). A 
 seaport, capital of the vilayet of Trebizond, on 
 the Black Sea in lat. 41° 1' N., long. 39° 46' E. : 
 the ancient Trapezus. It is picturesquely situated 
 on a table land between two deep ravines, and is defended 
 by a citadel and forts. Next to Smyrna itis the chief com- 
 mercial city in Asia Minor ; and it is a center of transit 
 trade between Europe and Armenia, Persia, and central 
 Asia. It is the terminus of steamship lines (Austro-Hun- 
 garian, Lloyd's, Messageries Maritimes, etc.). It was the 
 Greek colony of Sinope ; was a resting-place in the retreat 
 of the Ten Thousand ; was an important city about the 
 time of Hadrian ; and became the center of the empire of 
 Trebizond. It was captured by the sultan Mohammed II. 
 in 1461. Population, about 35,000. 
 
 Trebizond, Empire of. A Byzantine realm on 
 the southern coast of the Black Sea, whose capi- 
 tal was Trebizond. It was founded by Alexius Com- 
 nenus after the establishment of the Latin Empire of Con- 
 stantiuople in 1204 ; and maintained its independence 
 against the Seljuks, Constantinople, Nicaea, etc., until its 
 overthrow by the Ottoman Turks in 1461. 
 
 Trebur (tra'bor), or Tribur (tre'bor). A vil- 
 lage in the province of Starkenburg, Hesse, 
 situated near the Rhine 5 miles southeast of 
 Mainz. It contained a palace of Charles the 
 Great, and was the seat of several diets in the 
 middle ages. 
 
 Tredegar (tred' e-gar). A town in Monmouth- 
 shire, England, situated on the Sirhowy 6 miles 
 east-northeast of Merthyr Tydfil. It has im- 
 portant iron-works. Population, 18,497. 
 
 Tredgold (tred'gold), Tbomas. Born at Bran- 
 don, near Durham, England, Aug. 22, 1788 : died 
 at London, Jan. 28, 1829. An English engineer. 
 He wrote “ Elementary Principles of Carpentry ” 
 (1820), “The Steam Engine” (1827), etc. 
 Tredici Comuni (tra-de'cheko-mo'ne). [‘Thir- 
 teen Communes.’] A locality in the province 
 of Verona, Italy, in the vicinity of Badia. It 
 has long been noted for the preservation of 
 a Germanic dialect (Cimbro), now nearly sup- 
 planted by Italian. Its chief town is Giazza. 
 It formerly had extensive privileges. Compare 
 Sette Comuni. 
 
 Tree, Ellen. See Kean, Mrs. 
 
 Tregelles (tre-gel'es), Samuel Prideaux. Born 
 near Falmouth, England, Jan. 30, 1813: died 
 there, April 24, 1875. An English New Testa- 
 ment scholar, noted for his critical edition of 
 the New Testament (1857-72). He translated 
 Gesenius’s Hebrew grammar, and wrote various 
 critical works. 
 
 TrSguier (tra-gya'). A town in the department 
 of Cotes-du-Nord, France, situated at the junc- 
 tion of the Guindy and Jaudy, 29 miles north- 
 west of St.-Brieuc. It has a cathedral, and was 
 the birthplace of Renan. Population, com- 
 mune, 3,028. 
 
 Treitschke (tritsh ' ke), Heinricb Gotthard 
 
 von. Born at Dresden, Sept. 15, 1834: died April 
 28, 1896. A noted German historian and pub- 
 licist, professor in Berlin from 1874, and a Na- 
 tional Liberal member of the Reichstag 1871-84. 
 Among his works are “Zehn Jahre deutscher Kainpfe ” (2d 
 ed. 1879), “ Historische und politische Aufsatze” (essays 
 on recent history, 5th ed. 1886), “ Der Sozialisnms und seine 
 Gonner" (1875), and “Deutsche Geschichte im 19. Jahrhun- 
 dert” (“German History in the 19th Century,” 1879-89). 
 
 Trelawney (tre-la'ni), Edward John. Born 
 
 1792: died Aug. 13, 1881. An English adven- 
 turer, a friend of Shelley. He accompanied Byron to 
 Greece, and served in the war of independence. He wrote 
 “ Recollections of the Last Days of Shelley and Byron” 
 (1858), rewritten as “Records of Shelley, Byron, and the 
 Author.” 
 
 Tremont (tre-mont'). See Trimountain. 
 Trench (trench), Richard Chenevix. Born at 
 Dublin, Sept. 9, 1807 : died at London, March 
 
Trench 
 
 28, 1886. A British prelate, philologist, theo- 
 logian, and poet. He graduated at Cambridge (Trinity 
 College); became dean of Westminster in 1856; and was 
 archbishop of Dublin 1864-84. Among his works are 
 the “Story of Justin Martyr " (1835), “Sabbation” (1838), 
 “ Poems from Eastern Sources ” (1842), “ Study of Words ” 
 (1861X ' English Past and Present" (1856), "Select Glos- 
 sary of English Words" (1859), “Notes on the Parables" 
 
 S , “ Notes on the Miracles " (1846), ‘‘Lectures on Me- 
 l Church History " (1878). 
 
 Trenchard (tren'chard), Asa. The title role of 
 Tom Taylor’s “Our American Cousin.” Though 
 intended for the principal part, it was soon overshadowed 
 by that of Lord Dundreary. 
 
 Trenck (trengk), Baron Franz von der. Born 
 at Reggio, Calabria, Italy, Jan. 1, 1711 : died at 
 Brtinn, Moravia, Oet. 14, 1749. An Austrian 
 officer and adventurer, later in the Russian ser- 
 vice. He raised a corps of pandoors for Maria Theresa 
 in 1740, and became notorious for his cruelty in the war in 
 Bavaria and elsewhere. He was finally imprisoned by 
 the Austrian government. His autobiography (“Merlc- 
 wiirdiges Leben und Thaten des Freiherrn Franz von der 
 Trenck ") was published in 1770. 
 
 Trenck, Baron Friedrich von der. Born at 
 Konigsberg, Prussia, Feb. 16, 1726: guillotined 
 at Paris, July 25, 1794. A German adventurer, 
 cousin of Franz von der Trenck. He entered the 
 Prussian service in 1742 ; was imprisoned by Frederick the 
 Great at Glatz on account of intrigues ; escaped in 1747, 
 and entered the Austrian service in 1749 ; was again im- 
 prisoned by Frederick the Great in Magdeburg until 1763 ; 
 went to Paris during the French Revolution ; and was ar- 
 rested by Robespierre and put to death as a secret agent 
 of foreign powers. He published an autobiography in 
 1786. 
 
 Trendelenburg (tren'de-len-borG), Friedrich 
 Adolf. Bom at Eutin, Germany, Nov. 30, 1802 : 
 died at Berlin, Jan. 24, 1872. A noted German 
 philosopher, professor of philosophy at Berlin 
 from 1833. He was especially noted for his researches 
 on Plato and Aristotle, and as an opponent of Hegelian- 
 ism. He wrote “Elementa logices Aristotelicse " (1837), 
 “ Brian terungen zu den Elementen der Aristotelischen 
 Logik " (1842), “Logische Untersuchungen ” (“Logical Re- 
 searches," 1840), “Historisehe Beitrage zur Philosophie" 
 (1846-07), “Naturrecht" (1860), etc. 
 
 Trent (trent). A river of England which rises 
 in northern Staffordshire, flows through Staf- 
 ford, Derby, Nottingham, and Lincoln, and 
 unites with the Ouse to form the Humber. 
 Length, about 170 miles ; navigable for larger vessels to 
 Gainsborough, and for barges to Burton-on-Trent. 
 trent. A river in Ontario, Canada, which flows 
 into the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario. 
 
 Trent, It. Trento (tren'td), G. Trient (tre-ent'). 
 [L. Tridentum, from the Tridentini, an Alpine 
 tribe.] The chief city of “Welsck” (non-Ger- 
 man) Tyrol, situated on the Adige and on the 
 Brenner Railway in lat. 46° 5' N., long 11° 6' E. 
 The cathedral, founded 1048, was rebuilt in the 13th and 
 completed in the 15th century. It is in type a Romanesque 
 basilica with two domes. The west portal has two lions. 
 The interior possesses curious monuments and wall-paint- 
 ings, and peculiar flights of steps in the aisles. Santa Ma- 
 ria Maggiore is the church in which the Council of Trent 
 met 3545—03. In the choir there is a picture with portraits 
 of the 3 patriarchs, 7 cardinals, 33 archbishops, and 235 
 bishops who sat in the council. Trent was anciently the 
 capital of the Tridentini, and became successively a Ro- 
 man, Gothic, Lombard, and Frankish city. It passed un- 
 der the rule of the bishops of Trent in 1027, and became 
 connected with Tyrol. Population, 30,004, (1910). 
 
 Trent, Council of. A famous council (usually 
 reckoned as the 18th ecumenical) held (with sev- 
 eral prorogations and suspensions) at Trent, in 
 Tyrol, Dec. 13, 1545, -Dec. 4, 1563. it condemned 
 the leading doctrines of the Reformation concerning the 
 Bible, original sin, and justification. Its decrees were con- 
 firmed by Pius IV., Jan. 26, 1564. He also published in that 
 year the Tridentine Profession of Faith. 
 
 Trent, The. A British steamer on whicli were 
 seized, in the Bahama Channel, Nov. 8, 1861, the 
 Confederate commissioners to Europe, Mason 
 and Slidell, by the American captain Wilkes. 
 The disavowal of Wilkes’s act by the United States gov- 
 ernment prevented serious complications from arising 
 between the United States and Great Britain. 
 
 Trent Affair, The. See Trent, The. 
 
 Trentine Alps (tren'tin alps). A group of the 
 Alps near Trent, Tyrol, south of the Ortler 
 group. 
 
 Trento. The Italian name of Trent. 
 
 Trenton (tren'ton). The capital of New Jer- 
 sey and of Mercer County, situated on the Dela- 
 ware River in lat. 40° 13' N., long. 74° 46' W. it 
 has manufactures of pottery, iron, tools, rubber goods, etc. 
 It was settled in 1680, and was named Trenton in 1720 ; be- 
 came the capital in 1790 ; and was made a city in 1792. 
 Population, 96,815, (1910). 
 
 Trenton, Battle of. A victory gained by the 
 Americans under Washington over the British, 
 Dec. 26, 1776. Washington crossed the Delaware with 
 2,400 men on the night of Dec. 25, and attacked the Hes- 
 sian mercenaries (about 1,500) under Rahl. The Hessians 
 were defeated, and about 1,000 were captured. 
 
 Trenton Falls. A series of picturesque cascades 
 
 1007 
 
 in West Canada Creek, Oneida County, New 
 York, 13 miles north-northeast of Utica. Total 
 descent, 312 feet. 
 
 Treport (tra-por'), Le. A seaport and watering- 
 place in the department of Seine-Inferieure, 
 France, situated on the English Channel, at the 
 mouth of the Bresle, 16 miles east-northeast of 
 Dieppe. Population, commune, 4,985. 
 
 Trescot (tres'kot), William Henry. Born at 
 Charleston, S.C., 1822: died at Pendleton, S.C., 
 May 4, 1898. An American diplomatist, sent as 
 special envoy to Chile, Peru, and Bolivia in 1881. 
 He wrote “Diplomatic History of the Administrations of 
 Washington and Adams " (1857), and other works on diplo- 
 macy. 
 
 Tressel (tres'el). A character in Shakspere’s 
 “ Richard III.” 
 
 Treubund (troi'bond). 1 . A reactionary politi- 
 cal union in Prussia, 1848-49. — 2. A reaction- 
 ary political union in Electoral Hesse, 1850-53. 
 Trevelyan (tre-vel'yan), Sir Charles Edward. 
 Born April 2, 1807 : died June 19, 1886. An Eng- 
 lish official in India, and publicist, brother-in- 
 law OI Lord Macaulay. He was governor of Madras 
 1859-60, and Indian financial minister 1862-68. He was 
 created a baronet in 1874. 
 
 Trevelyan, Sir George Otto. Bom at Rothley 
 Temple, Leicestershire, July 20, 1838. An Eng- 
 lish baronet and Liberal politician, son of Sir 
 Charles E. Trevelyan. He entered Parliament as 
 member for Tynemouth in 1865. He succeeded Lord Fred- 
 erick Cavendish as chief secretary for Ireland 1882-84; was 
 chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster 1884-85 ; and was sec- 
 retary of state for Scotland in 1886, and again 1892-1895. 
 He joined the Liberal-Unionist party on its formation, hut 
 returned to the Gladstonian ranks in 1887. He has pub- 
 lished “ Letters of a Competition W allah ” (1864), “ Life and 
 Letters of Lord Macaulay" (1876), “History of Charles 
 James Fox " (1886), “The American Revolution ” (1905), etc. 
 Treveri (trev'e-ri), or Treviri. In ancient his- 
 tory, a Celtic (or Germanic ?) people in eastern 
 Gaul, who dwelt near the Moselle. Their chief 
 town was Treves (which was named from them). 
 
 But, if we admit the witness of Jerome as to the Celtic 
 speech of the Treveri, it follows that we must admit their 
 Celtic descent. During the times between Caesar’s day 
 and Jerome’s, the Treveri might have exchanged either 
 German or Gaulish for Latin ; they were not at all likely to 
 exchange German for Gaulish. In the face of such wit- 
 ness as this, it is hardly safe for German writers to as- 
 sume, as they sometimes do, without doubt or qualifica- 
 tion, that the Treveri were a German people. 
 
 Freeman, Hist. Essays, III. 74. 
 
 Treves (trevz), F. Treves (trav), G. Trier (trer). 
 [L. Augusta Trevirorum, imperial city of the 
 Treviri; ML. Treviris.'] A city in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, situated on the Moselle in 
 lat. 49° 45' N., long. 6° 38' E. It contains more Ro- 
 man antiq lilies than any other city in northern Europe 
 (see below). Its cathedral is one of the oldest of German 
 churches, occupying the site of a 4th-century basilica built 
 by Valentinian I., some portions of which are Incorporated 
 in the existing structure. In the 11th century an addition 
 was made at the west end with an apse, and the eastern 
 apse was built a century later. The vaulting is of the 13th 
 century. The different styles of masonry and ornament 
 are plaiuly distinguishable on the exterior. The interior 
 possesses a fine Renaissance pulpit, choir-screen, and high 
 altar, and beautiful monuments. It contains the famous 
 seamless or "Holy Coat" said to have been worn by Jesus 
 Christ. According to the legend, the empress Helena 
 brought it to Treves in 1106. About 1512 it became a 
 fruitful source of revenue. Its last exhibitions were in 
 1844 and 1891. It attracted over a million and a half pil- 
 grims. Treves contains a Roman basilica, assigned to the 
 reign of Constantine : one of the special class of Roman 
 monuments intended for the administration of justice and 
 the convenience of trade. The monument has been put 
 to various uses since the Roman day, and is now a Prot- 
 estant Church. It is built entirely of brick, in the form 
 of a rectangular hall with a large semicircular apse at the 
 north end. The Porta Nigra is another memorial of the 
 old Roman city, consisting of a fortified gate flanked by 
 two towers. It is assigned to the 4th century, and has its 
 name from the black hue acquired by its masonry from 
 age. It has two gateways, 23 feet high, and consists of 
 three stories. It measures 115 by 29 feet, and the towers 
 are 93 feet high. There is a Roman amphitheater, assigned 
 to the time of Trajan or Hadrian, and in excellent preser- 
 vation. On one side the structure is supported against a 
 side hill ; on the other it is built up architecturally. At 
 the north and south ends there are triple gateways, the 
 central passage leading to the arena, and those at the sides 
 giving access to the auditorium. There are two other en- 
 trances for spectators on the west side. The axes of the 
 elliptical plan are 228 and 159 feet, and the auditorium 
 could receive about 30,000 people. There are also Roman 
 baths, after those of Badenweiler the best-preserved struc- 
 ture of this class north of Italy, dating from the 4th cen- 
 tury A. D., and lately excavated. The length of the chief 
 facade is 660 feet ; the disposition of the cold bath (frigi- 
 darium), warm bath (tepidarium), hot-air bath (calda- 
 rium), heating devices (hypocaustum), etc., is still clear. 
 Treves, founded perhaps by the emperor Claudius, was 
 one of the most important provincial cities under the Ro- 
 man Empire, of which it was the western capital. It was 
 taken by the Franks about 464 ; had great importance in 
 the middle ages as the capital of the archbishopric of 
 Treves ; passed to France in 1794, and became the capital 
 of the department of Sarre ; and passed to Prussia in 1815. 
 Population, commune, 46,709. 
 
 Treves, F. Treves, G. Trier, Electorate of. An 
 
 Triboci 
 
 electorate and archbishopric of the old German 
 Empire. It lay chiefly west of the Rhine, but a part lay 
 east, opposite Coblenz. The bishopric of Treves, the old- 
 est in Germany, was erected into an archbishopric in the 
 9th century. The archbishop was recognized as one of the 
 seven electors in 1356. The part on the left of the Rhine 
 was annexed by France in 1797. Treves was secularized 
 in 1801, and the part east of' the Rhine was given to Nassau. 
 Nearly all of the electorate was assigned to Prussia 1815. 
 Trevi (tra've), Fountain of. A celebrated foun- 
 tain at Rome, situated east of and near the 
 Corso. 
 
 Treviglio (tra-vel'yo). A town in the province 
 of Bergamo, Italy, 20 miles east by north of 
 Milan. Population, commune, 15,138. 
 Treviranus (tra-ve-ra'nos), Gottfried Rein- 
 hold. Born a t Bremen, Feb. 4, 1776 : died there, 
 Feb. 16, 1837. A German naturalist. His chief 
 work is “ Biologie, oder Philosophie der lebenden Natur ” 
 (1802-22). 
 
 Treviranus, Ludolf Christian. Bom at Bre- 
 men, Sept. 10, 1779; died at Bonn, May 6, 1864. 
 A German botanist, brother of G. R. Trevira- 
 nus : professor at Bonn. 
 
 Treviri. See Treveri. 
 
 Trevisa (tre-ve'sa), John, or John of. Died 
 about 1412. An English translator. He com- 
 pleted in 1387 the translation of Higden’s “ Polychroni- 
 con " into English. 
 
 Trevise (tra-ves') (Treviso), Due de. A title of 
 
 the French general Mortier. 
 
 Treviso (tra-ve'so). 1. A province in the com- 
 partimento of Venetia, Italy. Area, 955 square 
 miles. Population, 468,940. — 2. The capital of 
 the province of Treviso, situated on the Sile 
 18 miles north by west of Venice : the ancient 
 Tarvisium. It came under Venetian rule in the 14th 
 century ; was taken by the French under Mortier in 1797 ; 
 was the scene of a revolutionary outbreak in March, 1848 ; 
 and was bombarded and taken by the Austrians in June. 
 1848. Population, town, 18,237 ; commune, 33,987. 
 
 Trevor (tre'vor), Sir John. Born 1635: died 
 May 20, 1717. An English politician, speaker 
 of the House of Commons which met May 19, 
 1685 (reelected in 1690). in 1695 he was accused of 
 receiving SI, 000 for advancing a local London bill. On 
 the motion that he was guilty of a high crime and misde- 
 meanor, he had, as speaker, to put the question, and to 
 declare it carried. He was deprived of the speakership, 
 but remained master of the rolls. 
 
 Trevoux (tra-vo'). A town in the department 
 of Ain, France, situated on the Saone 13 miles 
 north of Lyons. Population, commune, about 
 2,700. 
 
 Triangle, the Lesser. See Triangulum Minus. 
 Triangle, the Northern. See Triangulum Bo- 
 reale. 
 
 Triangle, the Southern. See Triangulum Aus- 
 trale. 
 
 Triangulum (tri-ang'gu-lum). [L., ‘a tri- 
 angle.’] An ancient northern constellation, in 
 the form of the letter delta (A). It has one 
 star of the third magnitude. 
 
 Triangulum Australe (as-tra'le). [L., ‘the 
 Southern Triangle.’] A southern constella- 
 tion, added by Petrus Theodori in the 15th 
 century, south of Ara. It contains one star of 
 the second and two of the third magnitude. 
 Triangulum Boreale. Same as Triangulum. 
 Triangulum Minus (mi'nus). [L., ‘the Les- 
 ser Triangle.’] A constellation introduced by 
 Hevelius in 1690, immediately south of Trian- 
 gulum. It is no longer in use. 
 
 Trianon (trya-noh'), Decree of the. An edict 
 issued by Napoleon I. at the Grand Trianon, 
 1810, placing an import duty of 50 per cent, on 
 colonial products. 
 
 Trianon, Grand. [F.,‘ Large Trianon.’] Asmall 
 palace at Versailles, of only one story but con- 
 siderable length, built by Louis NIV. for Mme. 
 de Maintenon, and since used by successive 
 French sovereigns as a private residence. Many 
 of the apartments are interesting as retaining the furni- 
 ture of their former occupants, and there are a number of 
 good modern works of art. 
 
 Trianon, Petit. [F.,‘LittleTrianon.’] Agraee- 
 ful neo-classical villa in the park at Versailles, 
 built by Louis XV., and closely associated with 
 the memory of Marie Antoinette, whose favo- 
 rite abode it was. It has two stories over a basement, 
 and tetrastyle Corinthian porticos. Its furniture and fit- 
 tings are in large part memorials of the queen. Her 
 Swiss village and dairy and “temple of Love” still stand. 
 Triballi (tri-bal'i). In ancient geography, a 
 Thracian people who dwelt in the vicinity of 
 the Danube. 
 
 Triboci (trib'o-si). [ L. (Cassar) Triboci, Gr. 
 (Strabo) T ptpouxoi. The name is of Gallic ori- 
 gin.] A German tribe, first mentioned by Cte- 
 sar as in the army of Ariovistus. They were situ- 
 ated on the middle Rhine, east of the Vosges, in the region 
 
Triboci 
 
 to the southwest of Strasburg, where they still remained 
 after the defeat of Ariovistus (B. C. 58). They were prob- 
 ably merged ultimately in the Alamanni. 
 
 Tribonian (tri-bo'ni-an), L. Tribonianus (tri- 
 bo-ni-a'nus). Born in Pamphylia about the end 
 of the 5th century : died 545. A Byzantine 
 jurist and official, head of the commission for 
 the codification of the laws under the direction 
 of Justinian. 
 
 Tribuna (tre-bo'na), La. [It., ‘the tribune.’] 
 A celebrated room in the Uffizi Gallery, Flor- 
 ence, containing many noted paintings and 
 statues, among them the Medicean Venus. 
 
 Tribunal, Revolutionary. See Revolutionary 
 Tribunal. 
 
 Tribur. See Trebur. 
 
 Tribute-Money, The. 1. A noted fresco by 
 Masaccio, in the Brancacci Chapel of the Car- 
 mine, Florence. The picture consists of three scenes, 
 in the chief of which Christ, surrounded by the Apostles, 
 points to St. Peter, who draws a fish from the stream. 
 
 2. A painting by Titian (about 1514), in the 
 museum at Dresden. There are only two figures, seen 
 at half length— Christ in full face, and the Pharisee, hold- 
 ing the coin, in profile. Also called Cristo della Moneta 
 (Christ of the coin). 
 
 Trichinopoli (trich-in-op'o-li). The capital of 
 the district of Trichinopoli, situated on the 
 Kaveri in lat. 10° 49' N. Population, 104,721. 
 
 Trichinopoli. A district in Madras, British 
 India, intersected by lat. 11° N., long. 79° 
 E. The Kaveri River crosses it from west to 
 east- Area, 3,632 square miles. Population, 
 1,444.770. 
 
 Trick to Catch the Old One, A. A comedy 
 by Middleton, printed iu 1608. 
 
 Tricoteuses (tre-ko-tez'), Les. [F./the knit- 
 ters.’] A class of women who frequented the 
 tribunals and places of execution during the 
 French Revolution, and sat knitting while they 
 expressed their approval or disapproval of the 
 turn of events. From their violence they have received 
 the name of “ Furies of the Guillotine." They were not 
 seen after 1794. 
 
 Tricoupis. See Trikoupis. 
 
 Tridentine Council. See Trent, Council of. 
 
 Tridentum (tri-den'tum). The Roman name of 
 Trent. 
 
 Triennial Act (trl-en'i-al akt). In English his- 
 tory, an act of Parliament, passed in 1694, 
 which limited the duration of Parliaments to 
 three years, and forbade a period of three 
 years to pass without the summoning of a Par- 
 liament. It was superseded by the Septennial 
 Act of 1716. 
 
 Trient (tre-ent'). The German name of Trent. 
 
 Trient, Col de. A pass over the Alps, between 
 Martigny and Chamonix. 
 
 Trient, Gorges du. A deep gorge in Valais, 
 Switzerland, formed by the stream Trient, 
 which unites with the Rhone north-northwest 
 of Martigny. Length, 7| miles. 
 
 Trier (trer). The German name of Treves. 
 
 Triest (tre-est'),or Trieste (It. pron. tre-es'te). 
 A crownland belonging to the Cisleithan di- 
 vision of Austria-Hungary, comprising the city 
 of Triest and adjoining territory. Area, 36 
 square miles. 
 
 Triest, or Trieste. [L.Tergeste.] The principal 
 seaport of Austria-Hungary, picturesquely sit- 
 uated on the Gulf of Triest in lat. 45° 39' N., 
 long. 13° 46' E. It comprises an Altstadt, Neustadt, 
 and suburbs. It is the seat of the Austrian Lloyd's Com- 
 pany ; has extensive commerce with Italy, Russia, Greece, 
 Egypt, Turkey, the Danube lands, the East, England, 
 America, etc. ; and has varied manufactures. It contains 
 a castle, a cathedral, an exchange, and Roman antiqui- 
 ties. Triest was a Roman colony established under 
 Vespasian ; was under Venetian supremacy in the 13th 
 and 14th centuries ; submitted to Austrian suzerainty in 
 1382 ; wa9 made a free port in 1719 ; was held by the 
 French 1797-1805 ; was a part of the Illyrian Provinces 
 1809-13 ; was blockaded by the Italians in 1848 ; and 
 was made an imperial city in 1849. Population, 157,765, 
 (1910). 
 
 Triest, Gulf of. An arm of the Adriatic Sea, 
 near Triest, north of Istria. 
 
 Trifanum (tri-fa'num), Battle of. A decisive 
 victory in the Great Latin War, gained by the 
 Romans at Trifanum (between Minturnse and 
 Suessa, Italy), over the Latins and Campanians, 
 about 338 b. c. 
 
 Trifels (tre'fels). A ruined imperial fortress 
 near Annweiler, in the Rhine Palatinate, it was 
 a resort of the medieval emperors. Richard the Lion- 
 Hearted was imprisoned there in 1193. 
 
 Triglaw (tre'glav). A Slavic deity, chief divin- 
 ity of the Pomeranian Slavs. 
 
 Trikala (tre'ka-la), or Trikkala. 1. A nom- 
 archy of northern Greece, on the Turkish bor- 
 der. Area, 1,181 square miles. Population, 
 90,548. — 2. The capital of the nomarchy of 
 
 1008 
 
 Trikala, 33 miles west of Larissa. Population 
 17,809. 
 
 Trikoupis, or Tricoupis (tre-ko'pis), Chari- 
 laos. Born 1832 : died at Cannes, April 11, 1896. 
 A Greek statesman, son of Spyridon Trikoupis. 
 He became minister of foreign affairs in 1866, and was 
 premier 1878-79, 1882-85, 1886-90, 1892-93, and 1893-95. 
 
 Trikoupis, or Tricoupis (tre-ko'pis), Spyridon. 
 Born April 20. 1788 : died 1873. A Greek politi- 
 cian, diplomatist, historian, and poet. Hewrote 
 a history of the Greek Revolution (1853-57). 
 Trilby (tril'bi). A novel by George Du Mau- 
 rier, published in 1894. it deals with artist life in 
 the Quartier Latin in Paris. It has been dramatized. 
 Trilby O’Ferrall, the heroine, is by occupation a laundress 
 and also a model “for the altogether ” in the artists’ quar- 
 ter. She is gay, generous, and friendly,— has, in short, all 
 the virtues save one, — and is famous for the possession of 
 the most beautiful foot in Paris. Her comradeship with 
 the three artists, — Taffy, the Laird (a Scotchman), and Lit- 
 tle Billee, — who all love her more or less, forms the theme 
 of the story. Svengali, a Polish .Tew and a musical genius, 
 gains control of her hypnotically, and by means of this 
 power develops her voice, and transforms her into a cele- 
 brated prima donna. 
 
 Trim (trim), Corporal. The military servant 
 of Uncle Toby in Sterne’s “Tristram Shandy.” 
 Trimalchio (tri-mal'ki-o). In the satirical novel 
 of Petronius Arbiter, a rich and ignorant par- 
 venu who gives a feast, an account of which 
 forms one of the largest of the fragments of 
 which the work now consists. 
 
 Trimble (trim'bl), Robert. Born in Berkeley 
 County,Va., 1777: died Aug. 25, 1828. An Ameri- 
 can politician, associate justice of the United 
 States Supreme Court 1826-28. 
 
 Trimmers (trim'erz). In English politics, a 
 party which followed the Marquis of Halifax 
 about 1680-90 in trimming between the Whigs 
 and the Tories. 
 
 Trimountain (tri'moun // tan), or Tremont (tre- 
 mont'). An early name of Boston. See Boston. 
 Trimurti (tri-mor'ti). [In Skt., ‘having three 
 forms,’ and then at the beginning of a compound 
 a collective designation of Brahma, Vishnu, and 
 Shiva.] The Hindu triad, consisting of these 
 gods, associated in a threefold impersonation 
 of the Supreme Spirit. Brahma is the creator, Vishnu 
 the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer. Brahma should 
 strictly be the first of three equal persons, but ordinarily 
 either Shiva orVishnu is identified with theSupreme Being, 
 and the other two, especially Brahma, are reduced to a sub- 
 ordinate part. Although there are tracesof a triadic princi- 
 ple in the earlier literature, as in the triad of Agni, Vayu or 
 Indra, and Surya, the doctrine of the Trimurt i is a develop- 
 ment of the later Puranic theology, and rathera philosophi- 
 cal conception than an important article of popular belief. 
 Its significance has been much exaggerated. These gods 
 are creations of the Supreme Spirit, rather than the Su- 
 preme Spirit himself. They are composed of material 
 particles, and are subject to destruction and reabsorption. 
 The points of difference from are quite as noticeable a3 
 the points of resemblance to the Christian doctrine of the 
 Trinity. 
 
 Trinacria (tri-na'kri-a). [Gr. T pivanpla.'] An 
 old name of Sicily, from the three promontories 
 Pachynum, Pelorum, and Lilybseum. 
 
 Trincalo (trin'ka-lo), or Trinculo (trin'ku-15). 
 The principal character in Tomkis’s “ Albuma- 
 zar”: a farmer. 
 
 Trincomali (tring // ko-ma-le'). A seaport in 
 Ceylon, situated on the northeastern coast in 
 lat. 8° 33' N., long. 81° 14' E. It has a fine harbor, 
 and is one of the chief British naval stations in Asia. It 
 was finally taken by the British from the Dutch in 1795. 
 Population, 13,000. 
 
 Trinculo (trin'ku-lo). A jester, a character in 
 the “ Tempest” by Shakspere. 
 
 Trinidad (trin-i-dad'; Sp.pron. tre-ne-THaTH'). 
 [Sp., ‘Trinity.’ Columbus is said to have 
 given the name to the island on account of three 
 prominent peaks near the shore where he first 
 saw it.] Am island of the British West Indies, 
 forming with Tobago a crown colony, situated 
 northeast of Venezuela, near the coast, and 
 opposite the northern mouths of the Orinoco. 
 Capital, Port of Spain. The surface is varied, portions 
 being mountainous. The chief exports are sugar, cocoa, 
 molasses, coffee, and asphalt (from the celebrated pitch 
 lake of La Brea). It was discovered by Columbus in 1498 ; 
 and was taken by the British from the Spanish in 1797. 
 Length, about 80 miles. Area, 1,754 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 265,148. 
 
 Trinidad. A small island belonging to Brazil, 
 situated in the South Atlantic in lat. 20° 32' 
 S v long. 29° 20' W. 
 
 Trinidad. The capital of Las Animas County, 
 Colorado, situated on Las Animas River, in lat. 
 37° 10' N. Population, 10,204, (1910). 
 Trinidad. A seaport on the southern coast of 
 Cuba, about long. 80° W. Population, about 
 11 , 200 . 
 
 Trinidad. A town of Bolivia, capital of the 
 department of Beni, near the river MarnorA 
 It was the most celebrated of the .Jesuit mission towns of 
 
 Tripitaka 
 
 the Madeira valley, but is now a mere village. Popula- 
 tion, 4,810. 
 
 Trinity (trin'i-ti). A small seaport on the east- 
 ern coast of Newfoundland, 57 miles north- 
 northwest of St. John’s. 
 
 Trinity Bay. A large bay on the eastern side 
 of Newfoundland, deeply indenting the coast, 
 and nearly cutting off the peninsula of Avalon. 
 
 Trinity Church. 1 . A notable church (Episco- 
 palian) at Boston, Massachusetts, designed by 
 H. H. Richardson, founded in 1873, and conse- 
 crated in 1877 . The building is cruciform, 160 by 120 
 feet, in the Romanesque style of Auvergne, the masonry 
 exhibiting inlaid patterns in stone of different colors. 
 The transeptshave triple windows, and the front, with it 3 
 graceful arcaded loggia, is flanked by towers. The chief 
 feature of the church is the imposing central tower, which 
 has square openings below and arcades above, with cylin- 
 drical turrets at the angles, and a pyramidal tiled roof 211 
 feet high, broken by picturesque dormers. The interior 
 is ornamented with mural paintings by John La Farge 
 and other artists. 
 
 2. One of the oldest religious foundations 
 (Episcopalian) in New York city, though the 
 present building dates only from 1846. it is an 
 example in brown stone of the English Perpendicular 
 style, witli square chevet, without transepts, and with an 
 effective tower and spire, 284 feet high, at the east end, 
 which is the front. The richly sculptured reredos and the 
 bronze doors are artistically notable. 
 
 Trinity College. The, largest college of Cam- 
 bridge University, England, founded by Henry 
 VIII. in 1546 by the union of several older foun- 
 dations. The beautiful gateway on the street is mainly 
 of the time of Henry VIII. The great court, 340 by 280 
 feet, is bounded on the north by the chapel and on the 
 west by the hall. The chapel is of the Tudor period, with 
 fine wood-carving and portrait-sculptures. The cloister 
 court is arcaded on three sides, and on the fourth is 
 bounded by the handsome classical library built by Wren. 
 There are several other comparatively modern courts. 
 
 Trinity College. A college of Oxford Univer- 
 sity, founded by Sir Thomas Pope in 1554 upon 
 the site of an old college of the priors of Dur- 
 ham which had been founded in 1286. The Renais- 
 sance chapel, built in 1694, has a plain exterior with large 
 round-arched windows, and possesses a fine altarpiece and 
 a beautiful carved screen. 
 
 Trinity College, or The University of Dub- 
 lin. The leading educational institution in 
 Ireland, founded by Queen Elizabeth in 1591. 
 The chief front, toward College Green, is ornamented with 
 Corinthian columns and pilasters and a pediment. The 
 extensive buildings inclose several quadrangles or 
 “squares.” The chapel has a Corinthian portico; the 
 decorations of the fine library are also Corinthian. The 
 campanile, which stands alone, is a circular domed Corin- 
 thian belvedere, surmounted by a lantern, and resting on 
 a rusticated basement pierced by arches. 
 
 Trinity College. An institution of learning at 
 Hartford, Connecticut. It was opened in 1824, and 
 was known as Washington College until 1846. It is under 
 Episcopal control. It has about 260 students and a li- 
 brary of 60,000 volumes. 
 
 Trinity Hall. A college of Cambridge Univer- 
 sity, England, founded in 1350, and occupied 
 chiefly by students of law. 
 
 Trinity House, Corporation of. An English 
 corporation, first chartered in 1514, charged 
 with various naval matters, especially with 
 erecting lighthouses, etc. 
 
 Trinity River. 1. A tributary of the Klamath 
 River in northwestern California. Length, over 
 100 miles. — 2. Ariver in Texas, formed by the 
 union of the West Fork and Elm Fork, and 
 flowing into Galveston Bay. Length, over 500 
 miles ; navigable about half its length. 
 
 Trinkitat (tring-ki-tat'). A port on the Red 
 Sea, about 38 miles southeast of Tokar : an im- 
 portant strategic point in the Sudanese cam- 
 paign of 1884. 
 
 Trinkitat, Battle of. See Tokar. 
 
 Trinobantes (trin-o-ban'tez). See the extract. 
 
 The Trinobantes, another Belgian tribe, had settled in 
 such parts of the modern Middlesex and Essex as were not 
 covered by the oak forests or overflowed by the sea. Their 
 western boundary may be fixed in the Valley of the Lea 
 and along the edge of the “ Forest of Middlesex," which 
 once spread northwards from the swamp at Finsbury and 
 covered the Weald of Essex. Their northern limit was 
 fixed at the Valley of the Stour, a flat and marshy tract 
 which is thought to have been covered at that time by the 
 sea for a distance of many miles above the termination of 
 the modern estuary. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 105. 
 
 Trinummus (tri - num ' us). A comedy by 
 Plautus. 
 
 Triomphe, Arc de. See Arc de Triomphe. 
 
 Tripartite Chronicle. A Latin historical poem 
 
 by Gower. 
 
 Tripitaka (tri-pi'ta-ka). [In Pali Tipitaka, the 
 Three Baskets.] A collective name for the 
 three classes into which the sacred writings of 
 the Southern Buddhists are divided, viz. the 
 Sutrapitaka (Pali Suttapitaka), ‘Aphorisms,’ 
 ‘Discourses for the Laity’; Vinayapitaka, ‘Dis- 
 cipline for the Order’; and Abhidharmapitaka 
 
Tripitaka 
 
 (Pali Abliidhammapitaka), ‘ Metaphysics.’ The 
 term “basket" was applied to these divisions because the 
 palm-leaves on which they were written were kept in 
 baskets. A list in detail of the several treatises included 
 in each of these divisions may be found in Rhys Davids’s 
 “Buddliism"(London,1886),pp. 18-21. Discussiugtheques- 
 tion of their enormous mass, Davids finds that, exclu- 
 sive of the very frequent repetitions, they contain rather 
 less than twice as many words as the Bible, and that a 
 translation of them into English would be about four 
 times as long. 
 
 Triple Alliance. 1. A league between Eng- 
 land, Sweden, and the Netherlands, formed in 
 1668, and designed to check the French aggres- 
 sions. — 2. A league between France, Great 
 Britain, and the Netherlands, formed in 1717, 
 and directed chiefly against Spain. After the 
 accession to it of Austria in 1718, it was known 
 as the Quadruple Alliance. — 3. An alliance be- 
 tween Germany, Austria-Hungary, aud Italy, 
 formed in 1883, and designed to check Rus- 
 sia and also France. It is chiefly the creation of 
 Prince Bismarck. By its provisions the three powers are 
 bound to support one another in certain contingencies. 
 Its influence has succeeded to that of the League of the 
 Three Emperors (the German, Austrian, and Russian), 
 which was also largely the creation of Bismarck. It was 
 renewed in June, 1902, and in December, 1912. 
 
 Triple Alliance, War of the, or Paraguayan 
 
 War. The war waged, 1865-70, between Pa- 
 raguay on one side and Brazil, the Argentine 
 Republic, and Uruguay on the other, in 1864-65 
 Brazil had a short war with Uruguay which ended in the 
 downfall of the government of the latter country, Flores 
 assuming the presidency. Lopez, president of Paraguay, 
 protested against the interference of Brazil in the affairs 
 of Uruguay, and commenced the war by seizing a Brazil- 
 ian passenger steamer at Asuncion (Nov., 1864) and in- 
 vading Matto Grosso (Dec.-Jan., 1864-65). Early in 1865 he 
 sent a force across Argentine territory against the Bra- 
 zilian province of Rio Grande do Sul ; subsequently he 
 seized Argentine merchantmen, and on April 14, 1865, oc- 
 cupied Corrientes, taking two Argentine war vessels. On 
 June 11 the Paraguayan flotilla was nearly annihilated in 
 a combat with the Brazilian squadron at Riachuelo, below 
 Corrientes. The Argentine Republic declared war on 
 Paraguay April 6; and on May 1 the triple offensive and 
 defensive alliance between Brazil, the Argentine, and 
 Uruguay was signed at Buenos Ayres. The Emperor of 
 Brazil and Presidents Mitre and Flores took personal part 
 in the campaign in Rio Grande do Sul ; the Paraguayans 
 who had invaded that province were besieged in Uruguay- 
 ans, and surrendered (6,000 men) Sept. 18, 1865. On Oct. 25 
 Corrientes was occupied by the allies, who, after some 
 fighting, crossed the ParanA into Paraguay, April, 1866. 
 The most important of the subsequent operations were 
 near the river Paraguay, and especially at Humaita and 
 Curupaity, where Lopez had strong fortifications. The 
 principal events were : Paraguayans defeated at Estero 
 Bellaco (May 2, 1866) and Tuyuty (May 24) ; Boqueron 
 taken, July 16 ; allies repulsed at Sauce, July 18 ; Curuzu 
 bombarded Sept. 1, taken by assault Sept. 3 (the Brazil- 
 ian ironclad Rio de Janeiro was sunk by a torpedo Sept. 
 2); allies repulsed at Curupaity, Sept. 22; second battle 
 of Tuyuty, Nov. 3, 1867 ; passage of HumaitA by the allied 
 fleet, Feb. 19, 1868; Brazilians repulsed at HumaitA, July 
 16; Paraguayans abandoned HumaitA, July 25; repulsed 
 at Pikisiry, Sept. 23 ; battles near Villeta, Dec. 6 and 11 ; 
 Villeta occupied by the allies, Dec. 11 ; battles on Dec. 21, 
 22, and 27, ending in the surrender of Angostura Dec. 30 ; 
 allies entered Asuncion, Jan. 1, 1869. Subsequently there 
 were numerous combats, generally adverse to the Para- 
 guayans. Lopez was forced into the northern part of Para- 
 guay, and was defeated and killed at the Aquidaban. A 
 small Brazilian army had operated in Matto Grosso, but 
 its movements, from a military point of view, were unim- 
 portant. The allies were commanded successively by 
 Mitre, Lima e Silva, and the Count d’Eu. 
 
 Tripoli (trip'o-li). A former vilayet of the 
 Turkish empire, situated along the coast of 
 northern Africa, bounded by Tunis on the 
 northwest and by the desert on the west and 
 south. It contains the oasis of Fezzan and other oases, 
 and has a narrow fertile belt near the coast. The capital 
 is Tripoli. The inhabitants are Moors, Kabyles, Arabs, 
 Turks, etc. It was anciently a possession of Carthage and 
 later of Rome ; was conquered by the Arabs in the 7th 
 century, and by the Turks in the middle of the 16th cen- 
 tury ; became a seat of Iiarbary pirates ; secured its inde- 
 pendence in 1714 ; was reconquered by Turkey in 1835 and 
 annexed by Italy in 1912. Pop., est., 800,000 to 1,300,000. 
 
 Tripoli. [Gr. Tp«7ro/Uf, name of several places 
 regarded as including ‘three cities.’] A sea- 
 port, the capital of Tripoli, in lat. 32° 54' N., 
 long. 13° 11' E. It has some foreign trade, and is the 
 starting-point of caravans for the interior. It was formerly 
 a piratical stronghold, and several times has been bom- 
 barded. Population, over 30,000. 
 
 Tripoli, or Tripolis (trip'o-lis), or Tarabulus 
 
 (ta-ra'bo-los). A town in Syria, Asiatic Tur- 
 key, situated on the river Abu-Ali (Kadisha), 
 near its mouth, in lat. 34° 27' N.,long. 35° 49' E. 
 It has considerable trade, fisheries, and manufactures of 
 silk ; its neighboring seaport is Al-Mina. Tripoli was 
 an ancient Phenician city ; was taken by the Saracens 
 about 639 ; was besieged by the Crusaders in 1104, and 
 taken in 1109 ; and was destroyed in 1289, but rebuilt. Its 
 castle is a large structure with crenellated walls and ma- 
 chicolated towers. Its halls, courts, arcades, and rock-cut 
 passages and casemates are of great interest. Pop., 30,000. 
 
 Tripolitan War. A war between the United 
 States and Tripoli, 1801-05. War was declared by 
 Tripoli June 10, 1801, because the United States refused to 
 Increase its payment for immunity from the depredations 
 0.— 64 
 
 1009 
 
 of the Tripolitan corsairs. In anticipation of this event, 
 however, the United States had already sent a squadron 
 to the Mediterranean. In Oct., 1803, the frigate Phila- 
 delphia, Captain Bainbridge, while chasing a corsair into 
 the harbor of Tripoli, struck a sunken rock and was cap- 
 tured by the Tripolitans : she was burned by Decatur Feb. 
 16, 1804. In July, 1804, Commodore Edward Preble began 
 a series of only partially successful attacks on the harbor 
 fortifications, the fifth and last of which was made in the 
 following September. In the meantime a land expedition 
 under William Eaton induced Tripoli to conclude peace 
 June 4, 1805 (see Eaton, William). 
 
 Tripolitza (tre-po-lit'sa), or Tripolis. The 
 capital of the nomarchy of Arcadia, Greece, in 
 lat. 37° 30' N., near the ancient Mantinea and 
 Tegea. It became the capital of the pashalic of Morea 
 in 1718 ; was stormed by the Greeks Oct. 17, 1821 ; and was 
 retaken by Ibrahim PaBha June 22, 1825, and ruined. 
 Population, 10,789. 
 
 Trip to Calais, A. A play by Foote, in which, 
 under the name of Lady Kitty Crocodile, he un- 
 dertook to ridicule the notorious Duchess of 
 Kingston. She secured the prohibition of the play, and 
 he altered it and produced it as “ The Capuchin ” ; but his 
 health broke down under an indictment for criminal as- 
 sault, procured by a creature of the duchess, and he died 
 not long after. 
 
 Triptolemus (trip-tol'e-mus). [Gr. Tp(7rrdAe- 
 yor.] In Greek mythology, a favorite of De- 
 meter: the inventor of the plow and patron 
 of agriculture. He was honored in the Eleu- 
 sinian mysteries. 
 
 Trip to Scarborough, A. An alteration by 
 Sheridan of Vanbrugh’s “Relapse,” produced 
 in 1777. 
 
 Trismegistus. See Hermes. 
 
 Trissino (tres-selno), Giovanni Giorgio. Born 
 at Vicenza, Italy, July 8, 1478: died in Dec., 
 1550. An Italian lyric, epic, and dramatic poet 
 and scholar. See the extract. 
 
 Gian-Giorgio Trissino had, in fact, sufficient merit to jus- 
 tify that celebrity which, during a whole century, placed Iris 
 name in the first rank in Italy. Born at Vicenza in 1478, 
 of an illustrious family, he was equally qualified by his 
 education for letters and for public business. He came to 
 Rome when he was twenty-four years of age, and had re- 
 sided there a considerable time when Pope Leo X., struck 
 by his talents, sent him as his ambassador to the Emperor 
 Maximilian. Under the pontificate of Clement VII. he 
 was also charged witli embassies to Charles V. and to the 
 Republic of Venice, and was decorated by thefonnerwith 
 the order of the Golden Fleece. In the midst of public 
 affairs he cultivated, with ardor, poetry andthe languages. 
 He was rich ; and, possessing aline taste in architecture, he 
 employed Palladio to erect a country house, in the best 
 style, at Criccoli. Domestic vexations, and more particu- 
 larly a lawsuit with his own son, embittered his latter 
 days. He died in 1560, aged seventy-two. The most just 
 title to fame possessed by Trissino is founded on his “So- 
 fonisba,” which may be considered as the first regular tra- 
 gedy since the revival of letters. 
 
 Sismondi, Lit. of the South of Europe, I. 408. 
 
 Trissotin (tre-so-tan'). A “ pedant” in Mo- 
 like’s “Les femmes savantes,” intended to 
 ridicule the Abbe Cotin. 
 
 Tristan (tris'tan). A prose Breton or Cornish 
 romance. The first part was written or translated about 
 1170 by a Norman knight, Luces de Gast, who lived near 
 Salisbury in the time of Henry II. The second part was 
 written by Hclie de Borron, who connected Tristan (“ Tris- 
 tram ” in the Old English form) with the Round Table ro- 
 mances. The name appears in many forms, as Tristan, 
 Tristans, Tristanz, Tristant, Tristran, Tristram, Tristrant, 
 Trystren, Tristram, Tristrem, Trystrem, Trustram, Tritan, 
 Tritans, Tritanz, and was associated with the Latin tristis, 
 sorrowful. 
 
 The story of Tristan seems to have been current from the 
 earliest times. It was the subject of a number of metrical 
 tales in the Romance language, which were versified by the 
 French minstrels from ancient British authorities. From 
 these original documents, or from the French metrical 
 tales, was compiled the Sir Tristrem attributed to Thomas 
 of Erceldoune, and which has been edited by Mr. [Sir Wal- 
 ter] Scott. There are also extant two fragments of metri- 
 cal versions, which are supposed to be parts of one whole 
 work, written by Raoul de Beauvais, who lived in the mid- 
 dle of the thirteenth century. 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 193. 
 
 Tristan da Cunha (tris-tan' da kon'ya). A 
 group of three islands and two islets in the 
 South Atlantic, in lat. 37° 6' S., long. 12° 16' W. 
 They are of volcanic formation. The group includes 
 Tristan, Inaccessible, and Nightingale. They were dis- 
 covered by the Portuguese in 1506, and were taken pos- 
 session of by Great Britain in 1816. Highest peak, about 
 8,500 feet. Population, 75. 
 
 Tristan 1’Ermite (tres-t,on' ler-met'). The pro- 
 vost of Louis XL of France, infamous for his 
 cruelty. 
 
 Tristan und Isolde (tris'tan ont e-zol'de). 1. 
 An epic poem by Eilhard von Obergc, written 
 in. the last half of the 12th century. He intro- 
 duced this romance tq German literature. — 2. 
 A famous epic poem by Gottfried von Strass- 
 burg, written in the 12th century, but later than 
 Eilhard’s poem. This is the classical form of the story. 
 It was left unfinished, and sequels were written by two 
 later poets, the last in 1300. It was closely connected with 
 the English “ Sir Tristrem ’’ and with a Northern saga. 
 
 Troad, The 
 
 3. An opera, both words and music by Wag- 
 ner, first produced at Munich in 1865. 
 
 Tristram, or Tristrem. See Tristan. 
 
 Tristram (tris'tram), Sir, of Lyonesse. [From 
 L. tristis, sorrowful.] One of the most cele- 
 brated knights of the Round Table. His love 
 for Isolde, or Iseult, the wife of King Mark, forms the sub- 
 ject of many romances. He was born in the open country, 
 where his mother, who died shortly after, was in great sor- 
 row : hence she gave him this name. See Tristan . 
 
 Tristram Shandy (tris'tram shan'di). A fa- 
 mous novel by Sterne (9 vols. 1760-67) : so 
 called from its nominal hero. The first volume in- 
 troduces Walter Shandy and his brother the Captain 
 (Uncle Toby), Slop, and Yorick. Corporal Trim is promi- 
 nent in the second volume ; the third and fourth contain a 
 good deal on the subject of noses and Slawkenbergius ; 
 the sixth contains the episode of Le Fevre; and the Widow 
 Wadman is introduced in the eighth. The character of 
 Walter Shandy, Tristram's father, an opinionated, captious 
 old gentleman, is taken from that of Arbuthnot's Martin 
 Scriblerus the elder. 
 
 Trita (tri-ta'). A Vedic god appearing in con- 
 nection with the Maruts, Vata or Vayu, and 
 Indra, and to whom, as to them, combats with 
 demons, such as Tvashtra, Vritra, and the dra- 
 gon, are ascribed. He is called Aptya, a word perhaps 
 related to ap, ‘water,’ and thought of as living concealed 
 and very far away when ills are wished to Trita. Related 
 to Trita is Traitana, the name of a superhuman being or 
 designation of a god. With Aptya is compared the Aves- 
 tan Athivya, inhabitant of the waters, the name of a fam- 
 ily whence descended Yima and in modern Persian At- 
 bin or Abtin, the name of the father of Faridun ; with 
 Traitana, A vestan Thraetaona (which see), modern Persian 
 Faridun (which see). 
 
 Triton (tri'ton). [Gr. Tpirov.] In Greek and 
 Latin mythology, a son of Poseidon and Amphi- 
 trite (or Celseno), who dwelt with his father 
 and mother in a golden palace at the bottom of 
 the sea, and was a gigantic and redoubtable 
 divinity. In the later mythology Tritons appear as a 
 race of subordinate sea deities, fond of pleasure and fig- 
 uring with the Nereids in the train of the greater sea- 
 gods : they were conceived as combining the human figure 
 with that of lower animals or monsters. A common at- 
 tribute of Tritons is a shell-trumpet, which they blow to 
 quiet the restless waves. 
 
 Tritons. See Triton. 
 
 Triumph of Caesar, The. A series of nine 
 paintings in tempera on linen, each nine feet 
 square, by Mantegna, in Hampton Court Pal- 
 ace, England. Ctesar advances in a chariot, 
 attended by a train of soldiers, captives, and 
 trophies. 
 
 Triumph of Death, The. A fresco in the Campo 
 Santo, Pisa, formerly ascribed to Orcagna, but 
 now to the Lorenzetti (1350). It is an allegory con- 
 trasting worldly pomp and delight with their annihilation 
 in death and with the outcome in a future existence. 
 
 Triumph of Galatea. See Galatea. 
 
 Triumph of Silenus. A painting by Rubens, in 
 the Old Museum at Berlin (until 1885 at Blen- 
 heim Palace). Silenus totters forward, supported by a 
 negro and a satyr and preceded by a faun with a flute. 
 In front are boys and a tiger, and behind nymphs and 
 satyrs with a landscape background. Vandyke is said to 
 have collaborated in this painting. 
 
 Triumvirate (trl-um' vi-rat), First. In. Ro- 
 man history, an agreement or alliance formed 
 in B. c. 60 between Caesar, Pompey, and Cras- 
 sus, for the purpose of dividing the power 
 among them. Csesar obtained the consulship for the 
 next year (59) and a command in Cisalpine Gaul (extended 
 to Transalpine Gaul) and Illyricum for 6 years (extended 
 for 5 years more). Pompey received for his veterans as- 
 signments of lands, and for himself later the commission- 
 ership of corn supplies. By a renewal of the league at 
 Lucca in 65, Pompey received the consulship and com- 
 mand in Spain, and Crassus the consulship and command 
 in the East (where he was killed in 63). The union be- 
 tween Caesar and Pompey was formally broken by the civil 
 war in 49. 
 
 Triumvirate, Second. An alliance formed in 
 43 B. C. between Octavian (Augustus), Mark 
 Antony, and Lepidus, on an island in the river 
 Reno, near Bologna. The triumvirs were to have con- 
 sular powers for 3 years : they appointed magistrates, 
 and their decrees were valid as laws. Octavian received 
 Africa and the islands ; Antony, Gaul ; Lepidus, Spain and 
 Narbonensis. The alliance was followed by a wholesale 
 proscription, and by the overthrow of the republicans un- 
 der Brutus and Cassius in 42. Lepidus was soon reduced 
 to a minor position, and eventually banished. By a treaty 
 at Brundisium Octavian received the West and Antony the 
 East. The union was broken in 31, and Antony was over- 
 thrown in the battle of Actium. 
 
 Trivia (triv'i-ii), or the Art of Walking the 
 Streets of London. A burlesque poem by Gay, 
 published in 1716. It is a mine of information 
 on outdoor life in the roign of Queen Anne. 
 
 Troad (tro'ad), The. The region at the north- 
 western extremity of Asia Minor, included be- 
 tween the HUgean, the Hellespont, the Sea of 
 Marmora, Mount Ida, and the Gulf of Adramyt- 
 tium: the ancient Troas. It contained the Ho- 
 meric Troy (which see). 
 
Trobriand 
 
 Trobriand (tro-bryon'), Philippe Regis de. 
 
 Born at Tours, France, June 4, 1816: died at 
 Bayport, L. I., N. Y., July 15, 1897. A French- 
 American officer, journalist, and author. He 
 emigrated to the United States in 1841 ; was editor and 
 proprietor of the "Revue de Nouveau Monde,” New York, 
 1849-50; and was joint editor of the “Courrier des Etats- 
 Unis" 1854-61. He joined the United States volunteer 
 service as colonel in 1861, and became brigadier-general 
 of volunteers in 1864. He commanded a brigade of the 2d 
 army corps in the engagements at Deep Bottom, Peters- 
 burg, Hatcher's Run, and five Forks, and was at the head 
 of a division in the final operations against Richmond. 
 He was brevetted major-general of volunteers in 1865 ; en- 
 tered the regular army as colonel of the 31st infantry in 
 1866 ; and was placed on the retired list in 1879. Author of 
 “Quatre ans de campagnes a l’arm^e du Potomac” (1867). 
 Trobriand (tro-bre-and') Islands. A group of 
 small islands, east of New Guinea and south 
 of New Britain. 
 
 Trocadero (tro-ka-da'ro). A fort near Cadiz, 
 Spain, taken by the French Aug. 31, 1823. 
 Trocadero. A square in Paris, situated on the 
 right bank of the Seine, opposite the Champ-de- 
 Mars. It contained the Exposition building in 
 1878. 
 
 Trocadero, Palais du. See Palais du Trocadero. 
 Trochu(tro-shu'), Louis Jules. BornatPalais, 
 Morbihan, France, May 12, 1815: died at Tours, 
 France, Oct. 7, 1896. A French general. He 
 served in Algeria, in the Crimean war, and in the Italian 
 war of 1859 ; was appointed governor of Paris in Aug. , 1870 ; 
 became member of the government of national defense 
 and was charged with the defense of Paris in Sept. ; re- 
 signed in Jan., 1871 ; was a deputy 1871-72 ; and resigned 
 from the army in 1873. He wrote “L’Arm6e fran?aise en 
 1867,” and several works in his own defense. 
 
 Trcezen (tre'zen). [Gr. T poiC.yv.'] In ancient 
 geography, a city of Peloponnesus, Greece, sit- 
 uated near the coast 39 miles southwest of 
 Athens. It was originally an Ionian settlement, but 
 later became Doric. It took an active part in the Persian 
 wars, and sided later with Sparta. 
 
 Troezen, anciently Posidonia (Strab. viii. p. 542 ; Steph. 
 Byz. ad voc.), was situated on the eastern coast of the Pe- 
 loponnese, not quite two miles (15 stades) from theshore, 
 between the peninsula of Methana and Hermione. The 
 remains of the ancient city may be traced near the mod- 
 ern village of Dhdmala. Rawlinson, Herod., IV. 84, note. 
 Troglodytae (trog-lo-di'te). [L., from Gr. rpo- 
 yAodrrjyf, one who creeps into holes.] Cave- 
 dwellers; troglodytes: a name given in an- 
 tiquity to various racesof men, especiallyto cer- 
 tain inhabitants of the shores of the Bed Sea. 
 Trogus Poinpeius(tro'guspom-pe'yus). Lived 
 about 10 A. d. A Roman historian, author of 
 a general history, partly preserved in an epit- 
 ome by Justin. See the extract. 
 
 About the same time as Livy, and as it were to supple- 
 ment his history, Pompeius Trogus wrote his Universal 
 History, Historic Philippic®, in 44 books, beginning with 
 Ninus and extending to the writer’s own time, from a 
 Greek source (probably Timagenes); it was composed in 
 a lively style and classical diction, and was also more rich 
 in material and less rhetorical than Livy. We know the 
 work chiefly through the abridgment of Justinus. Be- 
 sides his historical work, Trogus wrote also on zoology 
 and botany, after the best authorities, Aristotle and Theo- 
 phrastos. 
 
 Teuffel and Schivabe, Hist, of Rom. Lit. (tr. by Warn), I. 531. 
 Troil (troil), Magnus. The udalev or magnate 
 of Zetland in Scott’s novel “The Pirate.” His 
 daughters Minna and Brenda are the principal 
 female characters. 
 
 Troilus (tro'i-lus). In Greek legend, according 
 to a common account, a son of Priam. See 
 Troilus and Cressida. 
 
 Troilus and Cressida (tro'i-lus and kres'i-da). 
 
 1 . A poem by Chaucer, written about 1369. it 
 is a version of Boccaccio’s “ Filostrato.” There are addi- 
 tions, however, which show his reading of the “Gestede 
 Troie" of Benoit de Sainte-Maure (in which the story first 
 appeared as an addition of Sainte-Maure’s to the legen- 
 dary history of Troy ascribed to Dares Phrygius and Dictys 
 Cretensis), or of the Latin version of Sainte-Maure by Guido 
 Colonna. The Lollius to whom Chaucer attributes the 
 story is now thought to be mythical. 
 
 2. A play by Dekker and Chettle, acted in 
 1599.— 3. A tragedy by Shakspere, thought to 
 be altered from an older one. It was played at the 
 Globe about 1609, licensed to be printed in 1603 and 1609, 
 and printed in the folio edition of 1623. 
 
 Troilus and Cressida, or Truth Found too 
 Late. A play by Dryden, printed in 1678, in 
 which be undertook to “correct” what he 
 “opined was in all probability” one of “Shak- 
 spere’s first Endeavours on the Stage.” 
 
 Trois Couleurs (trwii ko-ler'), Les. [F., ‘The 
 Tricolor.’] A popular French political song, 
 written after 1830 by Adolphe Vogel, celebrat- 
 ing the fall of the white flag and the return of 
 the tricolor. 
 
 Trois fichelles (trwa za-shel'). [F., ‘three lad- 
 ders.’] The executioner of Louis XI. of France. 
 Scott introduces him in “Quentin Durward.” 
 Trois Mousquetaires (trwii mos-ke-tar'), Les. 
 [F., ‘ The Three Musketeers.’] A novel by Alex- 
 
 1010 
 
 andre Dumas pere, published iu 1844. The scene 
 is laid in the time of Richelieu. The three musketeers are 
 Athos, Portlios, and Aramis, but D’Artagnan is the princi- 
 pal character. See these names. 
 
 Troizen. See Trcezen. 
 
 Trojan (tro'jan) Cycle, The. A group of legends 
 or poems relating to the Trojan war. See Cyclic 
 Poets. 
 
 Trojan War. In Greek legend, a war waged for 
 ten years by the confederated Greeks under the 
 lead" of Agamemnon, king of Mycente and Ar- 
 golis, against the Trojans and their allies, for 
 the recovery of Helen, wife of Menelaus, king 
 of Sparta or Lacedeemon, who had been carried 
 off by Paris, son of the Trojan king Priam. See 
 Iliad. 
 
 The dates for the Trojan war vary almost two cen- 
 turies. Duris placed it as early as B. C. 1335 (Clem. Alex. 
 Stromat. i. p. 337, A.). Clemens in B. C. 1149. Isocrates, 
 Ephorus, Democritus, and Phanias seemed to have in- 
 clined to the later, Herodotus, Thucydides, the author of 
 the Life of Homer, and the compiler of the Parian Marble, 
 to the earlier period. The date now usually received, B. c. 
 1183, is that of Eratosthenes, whose chronology was purely 
 artificial and rested on no solid basis. The following is a 
 list of the principal views on this subject : Duris placed 
 the fall of Troy in 1335 B. c.; author of the Life of Homer, 
 1270 ; Herodotus, 1260 ; Thucydides, 1260 ; Parian Marble, 
 1209; Eratosthenes, 1183; Sosibius, 1171; Ephorus, 1109; 
 Clemens, 1149. Rawlinson, Herod., II. 223, note. 
 
 Trollope (trol'up), Anthony. Born at London, 
 April 24, 1815 : died Dec. 6, 1882. An English 
 novelist, son of Frances Trollope. He studied at 
 Harrow and Winchester, and spent the greater part of his 
 life in the postal service, as inspector in Ireland, England, 
 and abroad. He assisted in establishing the “Fortnightly 
 Review ” in 1865. In 1867 he retired from the post-office 
 and undertook the management of “ St. Paul’s,” a maga- 
 zine which existed only for about 31 years. He came to 
 the United States in 1868 on post-office affairs and with a 
 view to establishing an international copyright. Among 
 his novels, in many of which the same characters 
 (notably Mrs. Proudie and Lady Glencora) and the same 
 localities reappear, retaining their identity, are “ The 
 Macdermots of Ballycloran ” (1847), “ The Kellys and 
 the O’Kellvs” (1848), “La Vendee” (1850), “The War- 
 den" (1855), “Barchester Towers” (1857), "The Three 
 Clerks” (1858), “Doctor Thorne” (1858), “The Bertrams” 
 (1859), “ Castle Richmond ’’(I860), “Orley Farm "(1861-62), 
 "Framley Parsonage” (1861), "Tales of All Countries” 
 (1861-631, "The Struggles of Brown, Jones, and Robinson” 
 (1862), “ Rachel Ray" (l863), " The Small House at Ailing- 
 ton” (1864). “Can You Forgive Her?” (1864), “Miss Mac- 
 kenzie" (1865), “The Claverings” (1867), “Nina Balatka" 
 (1867), “The Last Chronicle of Barset ” (1867), “ Linda Tres- 
 sel" (1868), “He Knew He was Right” (1869), “Phineas 
 Finn” (1869), “The Vicar of Bullhampton ” (1870), “Sir 
 Harry Hotspur of Humblethwaite ’’ (1870), “ Phineas 
 Redux” (18732, “Lady Anna” (1874), “Harry Heathcote, 
 etc.” (1874\ “The Way we Live Now ” (1875), “The Prime 
 Minister" (1876), “The American Senator''(l877), “Is He 
 Popenjoy?” (1878), “John Caldigate” (1879), “An Eye for 
 an Eye” (1879), “Cousin Henry” (1879), “The Duke’s 
 Children" (1880), “Ayala’s Angel” (1881), “Dr. Wortle’s 
 School ” (1881), “The Fixed Period ” (1882), “Kept in the 
 Dark” (1882), “ Marion Fay ” (1882), “Mr. Scarborough’s 
 Family ” (1882), “The Land Leaguers ’’ (unfinished, 1882), 
 “An Old Man’s Love" (1884). His “ Autobiography” was 
 published in 1883 : it was written in 1875-76, with additions 
 in 1879. Among his books of travel are “The West Indies 
 and the Spanish Main” (1859). “North America" (1862), 
 and travels in South Africa, Australia, etc. He also wrote 
 lives of Cicero (1880), and of Thackeray (in “English Men 
 of Letters," 1879), etc. 
 
 Trollope, Mrs. (Frances Milton). Bom at Sta- 
 pleton, near Bristol, 1780: died at Florence, Oct. 
 6, 1863. An English novelist and writer of trav- 
 els, the mother of Anthony and T. Adolphus 
 Trollope. She lived in the United States 1829-32. She 
 wrote “Domestic Mannersof theAmericans "(1832 : which 
 created much comment) and various travels on the Conti- 
 nent. Among her numerous novels are “The Vicar of 
 Wrexhill,” “The Widow Barnaby,” and “Petticoat Gov- 
 ernment.” 
 
 Trollope, Thomas Adolphus. Bom April 29, 
 1810: died at Clifton, Nov. 11, 1892. An Eng- 
 lish writer, brother of Anthony Trollope. Hewas 
 educated at Winchester and Oxford. He went to Italy in 
 1843, and resided in Florence till 1873, when he went to 
 Rome. About 1890 he returned to England. He wrote 
 “A Summer in Brittany " (1840), “A Summer in Western 
 France ” (1841), “ Impressions of a Wanderer, etc.” (1850), 
 “ The Girlhood of Catherine de’ Medici ”(1856), “A Decade 
 of Italian Women ” (1859 : Vittoria Colonna was included 
 in this), “Tuscany in 1849 and in 1859” (1859), “Filippo 
 Strozzi” (1860), “Paul V. the Pope and Paul the Friar” 
 (1860), “A Lenten Journey in Umbria, etc.” (1862), “ A His- 
 tory of the Commonwealth of Florence” (1865), “The Pa- 
 pal Conclaves as they Were and as they Are ”(1876), “ Life 
 of Pope Pius the Ninth "(1877), “A Peep Behind the Scenes 
 at Rome ” (1877), “ Sketches from French History ” (1878), 
 “ What I Remember ” (1887), etc. He wrote also a num- 
 ber of novels, among them “La Beata,” “Lindisfarn Chase,” 
 “ Diamond Cut Diamond. ’’and “TheGarstangsof Garstang 
 Grange." His second wife, Frances Eleanor Ternan, has 
 written a number of novels, among them “Aunt Margaret’s 
 Trouble,” “ The Sacristan’s Household,” and “That Unfor- 
 tunate Marriage.” With her husband she wrote “Homes 
 and Haunts of the Italian Poets " (1881). 
 
 Tromp (tromp), Cornells or Cornelius. Born 
 Sept.. 9, 1629 : died at Amsterdam, May 29, 1691. 
 A Dutch admiral, son of M. H. Tromp. He ob- 
 tained a command against the Algerine pirates at the age 
 of nineteen, and was promoted rear-admiral about 1653 
 He was defeated by the English at Solebay in 1665 ; served 
 
 Trowbridge, John 
 
 under De Ruyter in 1666 ; and gained several victories over 
 the Allies in 1673. He afterward assisted the Danes against 
 the Swedes, and became lieutenant-admiral-general of the 
 United Provinces on the death of De Ruyter in 1676. 
 
 Tromp, Martin Harpertzoon. Born at Briel, 
 Netherlands, 1597 : killed July 31, 1653. A Dutch 
 admiral. He entered the navy in 1624 ; was made lieuten- 
 ant-admiral in 1637 ; gained two decisive victories over 
 the Spaniards in 1639 ; was worsted by Blake in the Downs 
 May 19, 1662 ; defeated Blake off Dungeness Nov. 29, 1652 ; 
 fought a drawn battle with Blake, Monk, and Deane in the 
 Channel Feb. 18-20, 1653; fought an indecisive engage- 
 ment with Deane and Monk in the Channel in June ; and 
 was defeated by Monk off t he Texel, and killed, J uly 31,1653. 
 
 Trompeter von Sackingen, Der. [G., ‘The 
 
 Trumpeter of Sackingen,’] A popular epic poem 
 by Joseph Victor von Scheffel (published in 
 1853), which has reached its 200th edition in Ger- 
 many. It has been translated into English under the title 
 of “The Trumpeter: a Romance of the Rhine,” and is the 
 subject of several operas : one by Victor Nessler was pro- 
 duced in 1884. 
 
 Tromso (trom'se). The capital of the stiff and 
 amt of Tromso, Norway, situated on the small 
 island Tromso, in Tromso Sound, in lat. 69° 39' 
 N., long. 18° 57' E._ It has seal- and walrus-fish- 
 eries, and a trade in furs and fish. Population, 
 7,447. 
 
 Trondhjem (trond'yem). A stiff in central Nor- 
 way. 
 
 Trondhjem, or Tbrondhjem (trond'yem), or 
 Drontheim (dront'him). A seaport and the 
 third city in Norway, capital of Trondhjem 
 stiff, situated on the Trondhjem Fjord in lat. 
 63° 27' N., long. 10° 23' E. It has important foreign 
 and domestic commerce ; exports fish, lumber, copper, etc. ; 
 and has ship-building and manufactures. Its cathedral, the 
 most notable church in Scandinavia, was founded in the 
 11th century, but rebuilt in the 12th and 13th. The Roman- 
 esque transept, with its tower, and the beautiful chapter- 
 house are of the 12th century ; and the choir, with its 
 chapels and the octangular chevet, and the impressive 
 nave are of the 13th. The eastern end of the church is 
 architecturally distinct from the remainder of the build- 
 ing, and forms a feature of the nature of Becket’s Crown 
 at Canterbury. The western facade exhibits a rose- window 
 and a profusion of sculpture. The cathedral was an early 
 burial-place for the kings of Norway, and is now the place 
 of their coronation. It has for many years been under- 
 going a careful restoration. The city was founded toward 
 the end of the 10th century. Population, 45,228. 
 
 Trondhjem Fjord. A fiord on the western coast 
 of Norway, extending inland about 70 miles. 
 
 Trophonius (tro-fo'ni-us). [Gr. Tpotpuvior.] A 
 Greek architect, reputed to have been the son 
 of Erginus, king of Orchomenus, or of Apollo. 
 He is said to have built, with his brother Agamedes, the 
 temple of Apollo at Delphi. He was celebrated as a hero 
 after his death, and had an oracle in a cave near Lebadeia 
 in Boeotia. 
 
 Troppau (trop'pou). A former principality, 
 now in large part belonging to Prussia. 
 
 Troppau, Slav. Opava. The capital of Austri an 
 Silesia, situated on the Oppa, on the Prussian 
 frontier, in lat. 49° 56' N., long. 17° 54' E. Pop- 
 ulation, 30,686, (1910). 
 
 Troppau, Congress of. A congress of the mon- 
 arch of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, held at 
 Troppau Oct. -Dec., 1820, for the purpose of de- 
 liberating on the Neapolitan revolution and 
 other popular movements, and preserving the 
 Holy Alliance. 
 
 Trossachs, or Trosachs (tros'aks). A romantic 
 valley in the Highlands of western Perthshire, 
 between Lochs Katrine and Achray : made cel- 
 ebrated by Scott in the “Lady of the Lake.” 
 
 Trotwood (trot'wud), Betsey. The eccentric 
 but kind-hearted greataunt of David Copper- 
 field, in Dickens’s novel “David Copperfield.” 
 
 Troup (trop), George McIntosh. Born at Mc- 
 Intosh Bluff, Ga., Sept. 8, 1780 : died in Laurens 
 County, Ga., May 3, 1856. An American poli- 
 tician. He was member of Congress from Georgia 1807- 
 1815 ; United States senator 1816-18 ; governor of Georgia 
 1823-27; and United States senator 1829-33. He was a 
 promiuent advocate of State rights. 
 
 Trousseau (tro-so'), Armand. Born at Tours, 
 France, 1801: died at Paris, June 27, 1867. A 
 noted French physician, professor in the medi- 
 cal faculty and physician at the Hotel Dieu at 
 Paris. He wrote “ Traits de thfrapeutique et 
 de matifere m6dieale ” (1836-39), etc. 
 
 Trouville (tro-vel'). A seaport in the depart- 
 ment of Calvados, France, situated at the 
 mouth of the Touques in the Bay of the Seine, 
 9 miles south of Le Havre. It is a frequented sea- 
 side resort. Population, commune, 6,401. On the other 
 side of the Touques is the town Deauville. 
 
 Trovatore (trd-va-to're), II. [It., ‘ The Trou- 
 badour.’] An opera by Verdi, produced at 
 Rome iu 1853. An English version, “ The Gip- 
 sy’s Vengeance,” was produced at Drury Lane 
 in 1856. 
 
 Trowbridge (tro'brij), John. Bom at Boston, 
 Mass., Aug. 5, 1843. An American physicist, 
 
Trowbridge, John 
 
 Rumford professor of applied science at Har- 
 vard 1888-1910, and director of the Jefferson 
 physical laboratory at Harvard from 1884. 
 
 Trowbridge, John Townsend. Born at Ogden, 
 N. Y., Sept. 18, 1827. An American novelist, 
 poet, and editor. Among his works are the novels 
 “Neighbor Jackwood ” (1857), “Cud jo’s Cave" (1863), 
 “Coupon Bonds, etc.” (1871); books for the young, “His 
 Own Master " (1877), “The Tinkham Brothers’ Tide-Mill" 
 (1884), the “ Jack Hazard " stories, etc. ; and several vols. 
 of poems, notably “The Vagabonds, and Other Poems” 
 (1869), “The Book of Gold ’’ (1877), “The Lost Earl ” (1888). 
 
 Trowbridge, William Petit. Born in Oakland 
 County, Mich., May 25, 1828: diedatNewHaven, 
 Conn., Aug. 12, 1892. An American engineer. 
 He graduated at West Point in 1848 ; was for many years 
 connected with the United States Coast Survey; and be- 
 came professor of engineering in the School of Mines at 
 Columbia College in 1876. He published “Heat as a 
 Source of Power ” (1874), etc. 
 
 Troy (troi). [L. Troja, Gr. T poia, T poi-q, Tputa, 
 Tpuir/.’] An ancient city of the Troad, famous 
 in Greek legend as the capital of Priam and the 
 object of the siege by the allied Greeks under 
 Agamemnon. See Iliad and Trojan War. The 
 site of this Homeric city was generally believed in an- 
 tiquity to be identical with that of the Greek Ilium (which 
 see), the modern Hissarlik; and this view has been sup- 
 ported in recent times most notably by Schliemann, whose 
 explorations at Hissarlik laid bare remains of a series (6 
 or 7) of ancient towns, one above the other, at least one of 
 which is universally admitted to be prehistoric. The third 
 and later the second from the bottom he identified with 
 the Homeric town. On the other hand, some scholars re- 
 gard the situation of Ilium as irreconcilable with Homer's 
 description of Troy, and prefer a site in the neighborhood 
 of the modern BunArbashi, holding Schliemann's results to 
 be inconclusive. 
 
 Troy (troi). The capital of Rensselaer County, 
 New York, situated on the eastern bank of the 
 Hudson, 6 miles north of Albany, at the head of 
 steam navigation of the Hudson, it is practically 
 the terminus of the Erie and Champlain canals, and has 
 extensive manufactures of iron, steel, stoves, shirts, col- 
 lars, etc. It iB the seat of the Rensselaer Polytechnic In- 
 stitute. Troy was settled by the Dutch in the latter part 
 of the 18th century, and was incorporated in 1816. The 
 name Troy was adopted in 1789. Pop., 76,813, (1910). 
 
 Troy, West. See West Troy. 
 
 Troya (tro'ya), Carlo. Born at Naples, June 
 7, 1784: died there, July 27, 1858. An Italian 
 historian, a writer on Dante and on early Ital- 
 ian history. His chief work is “ Storia d’ltalia 
 del medio evo” (1839-51). 
 
 Troyes (trwa). The capital of the department 
 of Aube, France, situated on several arms of 
 the Seine in lat. 48° 18' N., long. 4° 4' E. : the 
 Roman Augustobona and the ML. Tree* and 
 Trecas. It has large manufactures of stockings, etc., 
 and flourishing trade. Its cathedral is in great part of the 
 13th century, with a fine Flamboyant west front. It has 
 double aisles and numerous chapels ; the nave is unusu- 
 ally wide, and the effect is of notable lightness and space. 
 There is much old glass, splendid in color. The length is 
 374 feet, the height 96. Troyes was the capital of the Tri- 
 casses(or Tricassi) ; was sacked by the Normans ; and be- 
 came the capital of Champagne and a great commercial 
 center. It is said to have given name to troy weight. It 
 took a leading part in the Hundred Years’ War ; sided with 
 the Burgundians ; and was taken from the English by Joan 
 of Arc in 1429. It accepted the Reformation, and was in- 
 jured by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. 
 Population, commune, 53,447. 
 
 Troyes, Chrestien de. See Chrestien de Troyes. 
 Troyes, Treaty of. A treaty between Henry V. 
 of England and France, 1420, by which Henry 
 
 V. was to marry Catharine, daughter of Charles 
 
 VI. , to become regent of France, and to succeed 
 to the throne on the death of Charles. 
 
 Troynovant. The name given to London in the 
 early chronicles, as the city of the Trinobantes. 
 In Layamon’s “Brut” it is given as Trinovant. 
 Troyon (trwa-yon'), Constant. Born at Sevres, 
 France, Aug. 25, 1810: died at Paris, Feb. 21, 
 1865. A noted French landscape- and animal- 
 painter. Among his numerous works are “Val- 
 ley of LaTouque,” “Oxen Going to Work,” “Re- 
 turn to the Farm,” etc. 
 
 Triibner (trtib'ner), Nikolaus. Born at Heidel- 
 berg, June 12, 1817 : died at London, March 30, 
 1884. A German-English publisher and book- 
 seller in London. He made specialties of 
 American and Oriental subjects. 
 
 Truce of God. A suspension of private feuds 
 which was observed, chiefly in the 1 1th and 12th 
 centuries, in France, Italy, England, and else- 
 where. The terms of such a tmee usually provided that 
 such feuds should cease on all the more important, church 
 festivals and fasts, or from Thursday evening to Monday 
 morning, or during the period of Lent, or the like. This 
 practice, introduced by the church during the middle ages 
 to mitigate the evils of private war, fell gradually into 
 disuse as the rulers of the various countries became more 
 powerful. 
 
 Truckee (truk-e'). A town in Nevada County, 
 California, situated on Truckee River and on 
 
 1011 
 
 the Central Pacific Railroad 91 miles northeast 
 of Sacramento. 
 
 Truckee River. A river in eastern California 
 and western Nevada which flows from Lake 
 Tahoe into Pyramid Lake. Length, about 125 
 miles. 
 
 Truculentus (truk-u-len'tus). [L., ‘ fierce,’ 
 ‘ stern.’] A comedy by Plautus. 
 
 Truewit (tro'wit). A scholar and gentleman, 
 the exposit or of the other characters in J onson’s 
 “ Epicoene.” Dryden says in the preface to his “ Even- 
 ing’s Love” that he is the best character of a gentleman 
 that Ben Jonson ever made. 
 
 Trujillo, or Truxillo (tro-hel'yo). A seaport 
 on the northern coast of Honduras, near long. 
 85° 58' W. It was founded in 1525. Popula- 
 tion, about 3,000. 
 
 Trujillo, or Truxillo. A town of the depart- 
 ment of Libertad, Peru, about 3 miles from the 
 coast, in lat. 8° 8' S. It was founded by Francisco 
 Pizarro, in 1535, near an Indian town of the Chirnus (see 
 Chirnu). Population, about 8,000. 
 
 Trujillo, Intendency of. See Libertad. 
 
 Truli (tro'li). [MGr. T povloi.) See the extract. 
 
 Some Gothic soldiers bought from some Vandals a trula 
 of wheat for an aureus. As the trula was only the third 
 part of a pint, and the aureus was worth about twelve 
 shillings, the bargain did not redound greatly to the profit 
 of the Visigoths, who received from the other nation the 
 contemptuous nickname of Truli. Many a time, as we 
 can well imagine, were the streets of Spanish towns made 
 red with Teuton blood, and the yellow locks of slain bar- 
 barians lay thick across the pathway, after the taunting 
 shout “Truli, Truli ” and some unknown word of answering 
 defiance had greeted the ears of the trembling provincials. 
 
 Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, I. 416. 
 
 Trullan (trul'an) Council. 1. The sixth ecu- 
 menical council, held in the imperial palace in 
 Constantinople, Nov. 7, 680, -Sept. 16, 681: so 
 named from the domed hall (trullus) in which 
 it was held. It deposed Macarius, patriarch of Alexan- 
 dria, as a Monothelite, and condemned Pope Honorius I. 
 for holding similar views. 
 
 2. The name of the Quinisext Council, held at 
 Constantinople in 692, considered as ecumeni- 
 cal in the Eastern Church, but not so acknow- 
 ledged in the Western: called the second Trul- 
 lan Council or Synod. It allowed the continuance in 
 marriage of the priests, and passed a number of canons in- 
 consistent with Roman authority and Western legislation 
 and usages. 
 
 Trulliber (trul'i-ber), Parson. In Fielding’s 
 novel “Joseph Andrews,” a coarse and brutal 
 curate represented as lacking all the virtues 
 which Parson Adams (see Adams) possessed. 
 He is exhibited in an interview with Adams in which the 
 latter’s request for a small sum of money brings out all the 
 uncharitableness and brutality of Trulliber’s nature. 
 
 Trumbull (trum'bul), Benjamin. Born at He- 
 bron, Conn., Dec. 19, 1735: died at North Haven, 
 Conn., Feb. 2, 1820. An American clergyman 
 and historian. His chief works are a “Complete His- 
 tory of Connecticut from 1630 tiU 1713 ”(1797) and a “Gen- 
 eral History of the United States of America” (1765, 1810). 
 
 Trumbull, James Hammond. Born at Ston- 
 ington, Conn., Dec. 20, 1821 : died at Hartford, 
 Conn., Aug. 5, 1897. An American philolo- 
 gist aud historical writer: an authority on the 
 languages of the North American Indians. His 
 works include “ Composition of Indian Geographical 
 Names” (1870), “Best Method of Studying the Indian 
 Languages” (1871), several works on Algonkin, “Defense 
 of Stonington ” (1864), “The True Blue Laws of Connec- 
 ticutand New Haven, etc."(1877), “Indian NamesofPlaces 
 in . . . Connecticut "(1881), etc. 
 
 Trumbull, John. Bom at Westbury (the pres- 
 ent Watertown), Conn., April 24, 1750: died at 
 Detroit, Mich., May 10, 1831. An American law- 
 yer and poet. He wrote the burlesque epic “ McFin- 
 gal” (1775) in imitation of “Hudibras,” “l.legy on the 
 Times” (1774), etc., and collaborated with Barlow and 
 others on the “Anarchiad.” 
 
 Trumbull, J ohn. Born at Lebanon , Conn . , Jun e 
 6, 1756: died at New York city, Nov. 10, 1843. 
 An American painter, son of Jonathan Trum- 
 bull. He served in the Revolutionary War, attaining the 
 rank of colonel and deputy adjutant-general; studied in 
 London under West, and on the Continent ; and settled as 
 a portrait-painter in New York in 1804. He gave a large 
 collection of his paintings to Yale College. Among his 
 works are portraits of Washington, Adams Jefferson, and 
 others, “Battle of Bunker Hill,” “Death of Montgomery," 
 four pictures in the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington 
 (“The Declaration of Independence,” “The Surrender of 
 Burgoyne,” “The Surrender of Cornwallis,” “The Resig- 
 nation of Washington”), etc. 
 
 Trumbull, Jonathan. Born at Lebanon, Conn., 
 Oct. 12, 1710; died there, Aug. 17, 1785. An 
 American magistrate and patriot. HewasaWhig 
 leader in New England during the Revolutionary period, 
 and was governor of Connecticut 1769-83. He was a friend 
 and adviser of Washington, and is said to have been the 
 original “ Brother Jonathan,” that being Washington’s 
 familiar name for him. 
 
 Trumbull, Jonathan. Born at Lebanon, Conn., 
 March 26, 1740 : died there, Aug. 7, 1809. An 
 
 Tschudi, .ffigidius 
 
 American statesman, son of Jonathan Trumbull. 
 He served on Washington’s staff in the Revolutionary War ; 
 was Federalist member of Congress from Connecticut 1789- 
 1795 ; was speaker of the House 1791-93 ; was United States 
 senator 1795-96 ; and was governor of Connecticut 1798- 
 1809. 
 
 Triimmelbach (trum'mel-bach) Fall. A noted 
 cascade in the Bernese Oberland, Switzerland, 
 near Lauterbrunnen. 
 
 Trumpeter of Sackingen. See Trompeter. 
 Trunnion (trun'yon), Commodore Hawser. 
 
 The kind-hearted uncle of Peregrine Pickle, in 
 Smollett’s novel of that name. He gives every- 
 thing a nautical turn, and utters volleys of 
 oaths. 
 
 Truro (tro'ro). A seaport and the chief town 
 of Cornwall, England, situated near Truro 
 Creek 8 miles north of Falmouth. There are 
 tin-mines in its neighborhood. It is the seat of 
 a bishopric. Population, 11,562. 
 
 Truro. The chief town of Colchester County, 
 Nova Scotia, situated at the head of Cobequid 
 Bay, 54 miles north-northeast of Halifax. Pop- 
 ulation, 6,107, (1911). 
 
 Truth. A poem hy Chaucer, usually known 
 as “Flee from the Press” (“Fie fro the 
 Pres”). 
 
 Truth (troth), Sojourner. Born in Ulster 
 County, N. Y., in the latter part of the 18th 
 century: died at Battle Creek, Mich., Nov. 26, 
 1883. A negro lecturer and reformer, origi- 
 nally a slave. She obtained her freedom probably in 
 1817, at which time New York liberated all her slaves who 
 were over 40 years of age. 
 
 Truxillo. See Trujillo. 
 
 Truxtun (truks'tun), or Truxton (truks'ton), 
 Thomas. Born on Long Island, N. Y., Feb., 
 1755: died at Philadelphia, May 5, 1822. An 
 American naval officer, distinguished as a com- 
 mander of privateers in the Revolutionary War. 
 In the French war he defeated the frigate L'Insurgente 
 Feb. 9, 1799, and La Vengeance in Jan., 1800, hut the latter 
 escaped owing to a storm. 
 
 Tryon (tri'on), Dwight William. Born at 
 Hartford, Conn., in 1849. An American land- 
 scape-painter. 
 
 Tryon (tri'on), William. Bornin Ireland about 
 1725: died at London, Dec. 27, 1788. A British 
 colonial governor in America,. He was governor of 
 North Carolina 1765-71 ; suppressed the “Regulators’ ” re- 
 volt ; was governor of New York 1771-78 ; and conducted 
 various expeditions against Connecticut in the Revolution- 
 ary War. 
 
 Tsaribrod, or Zaribrod (tsar'i-brod). A place 
 in Bulgaria, 34 miles north-northwest of Sofia. 
 There, Nov. 23, 1885, the Bulgarians defeated 
 the Servians. 
 
 Tsaritzin (tsar-it'zin). A town in the govern- 
 ment of Saratoff, Russia, situated on the Volga 
 230 miles northwest of Astrakhan. It has im- 
 portant transit trade by railway and river. Pop- 
 ulation, 67,650. 
 
 Tsarskoe Selo (tsar'sko-e sa-lo'). A town in 
 the government of St. Petersburg, Russia, about 
 15 miles south of St. Petersburg, it contains a 
 famous imperial palace, a favorite summer residence of 
 the court. The Old Palace, begun in 1744, is 780 feet long. 
 The interior is richly decorated ; the walls of one room 
 are incrusted with amber, those of another with lapis la- 
 zuli. The magnificent marble gallery, 270 feet long, con- 
 nects the palace with a detached building. The park is 
 full of caprices, such as a Chinese tower and village, an 
 Egyptian pyramid, a Turkish kiosk, and the so-called doll- 
 houses of the princesses. 
 
 Tschaikovsky (chi- kof ' ski), Peter Hitch. 
 Born at Votkinsk, government of Perm, Dec. 
 25, 1840 : died at St. Petersburg, Nov. 6, 1893. 
 A noted Russian composer. In 1862, when the Con- 
 servatory of Music was founded at St Petersburg, he gave 
 up an official position to devote himself to music. He 
 studied composition with Anton Rubinstein, and harmony 
 and counterpoint with Zaremba ; and from 1866 to 1877 
 was professor of harmony, composition, and the history of 
 music in the conservatory at Moscow. From 1878 he gave 
 himself entirely to composition. He visited England in 
 1881 and 1889. In 1891 he came to New York at the invi- 
 tation of the New York Symphony Society, and conducted 
 a number of his own compositions. He wrote several 
 operas and other music, but is best known from his “Fifth 
 Symphony in E minor,” “Fourth Symphony in F minor," 
 “Third Suite,” “Francesca daRimini” (a symphonic poem), 
 and his two overtures to “Hamlet" and “Romeo and 
 Juliet" respectively. His “Sixth Symphony ” was not per- 
 formed till after his death. 
 
 Tschermak (cher'mak), Gustav. Born at Lit- 
 tau, Moravia, April 19, 1836. A noted Austrian 
 mineralogist, professor at Vienna from 1868. lie 
 is a specialist in petrography, crystallography, and the 
 study of meteorites, and has published “ Lehrbuch der 
 Mineralogie ” (2d ed. 1885), etc., and numerous scientific 
 papers. 
 
 Tschesme. See Tcliesme. 
 
 Tscbudi (ebo'de), jEgidius or Gilg. Born at 
 Glarus, Switzerland, 1505: died Feb. 28, 1572. 
 A Swiss historian and Roman Catholic theolo- 
 gian, called “the father of Swiss history.” nil 
 
Tschudi, .SIgidius 
 
 most noted work is his “Chronicon helveticum,” a Swiss 
 history of the period 1000-1470, published after his death 
 (1734-36). 
 
 Tschudi, Johann Jakob von. Born at Glarus, 
 Switzerland, July 25, 1818: died in Jakobs- 
 thal, Oct. 8, 1889. A Swiss naturalist, philol- 
 ogist, traveler, and diplomatist. He traveled in 
 Peru 1838-43, and later again in South America ; and was 
 ambassador to Brazil 1860, and to Austria 1866-83. He 
 wrote “Fauna Peruana" (1844-47), “ Peruanische Reise- 
 skizzen "(“ Peruvian Travels,” 1846), “Die Kechua-Sprache” 
 (1853), “ Reisen durch Siidamerika " (“Travels through 
 South America," 1866-68), “Organismus der Kechua- 
 Sprache” (1884), etc., and was part author of “Antigue- 
 dades Peruanas” (1851). 
 
 Tseng, or Tsting (tsung), Marquis. Born 1839 : 
 died April 12, 1890. A Chinese diplomatist, 
 ambassador at Paris and London. 
 
 Tsimshian (tsim-she-an'). The principal divi- 
 sion of the Chimmesyan stock of North Amer- 
 ican Indians, living mainly on Skeena River, 
 western British Columbia. It embraces the Ts'em- 
 sian, Gyits’umralon, Gyits’alaser, Gyitqatla, Gyitgaata, and 
 Gyidesdzo tribes, most of which comprise numerous sub- 
 tribes, each inhabiting a single village. Also Chemsian , 
 Chimsian, Simpsian, Tshimsian, Tsimsian. See Chimme- 
 syan. 
 
 Tsimsian. See Tsimshian. 
 
 Tsi-nan(tse-nan'). The capital of the province 
 of Shan-tung, situated about lat. 36° 40' N., 
 near the Hwang-ho. Population, 34,887. Also 
 6,000 floating population. 
 
 Tsing, properly Ta Tsing (ta tsing). [‘Great 
 Pure.’] The name of the Manchu dynasty of 
 China (1644-1912). 
 
 Tsugaru Strait. See Sangar Strait. 
 
 Tsushima (tso-she'ma') Islands. Two islands 
 belonging to Japan, situated in the Channel of 
 Korea south of Korea and northwest of Kiusiu. 
 Tualatim. See Atfalati. 
 
 Tuam (tii'am). A townin the county of Galway, 
 Ireland, 19 miles northeast of Galway : the seat 
 of an Anglican bishopric and a Roman Catho- 
 lic archbishopric. Population, 2,896. 
 Tuamotu Islands. See Low Archipelago. 
 Tubal (tu'bal). One of the sons of Japheth, ac- 
 cording to the account in Genesis. 
 
 Tubal and Meshech, whose Dames follow that of Javan, 
 are almost always coupled together in the Old Testament, 
 and were famous for their skill in archery. In the Assyrian 
 inscriptions the names appear as Tubla and Muska, and 
 they were known to the classical geographers as Tibareni 
 and Moskhi. In classical days, however, their seats were 
 further to the north than they had been in the age of the 
 Assyrian monuments. In the time of Sargon and Sen- 
 nacherib their territories still extended as far south as Ci- 
 licia and the northern half of Komagene. Later they were 
 forced to retreat northward towards the Black Sea, and it 
 was in this region of Asia Minor that Xenophon and his 
 Greek troops found their scanty remains. 
 
 Sayce, Races of the O. T., p. 48. 
 
 Tubal. A Jew, the friend of Shylock, in Shak- 
 spere’s “Merchant of Venice.” 
 
 Tubal-Cain (tu'bal-kan or -ka'in). Son of La- 
 ntech the Cainite and Zillah: the pioneer of 
 workers in brass and iron, according to the ac- 
 count in Genesis. 
 
 Tubantes (tu-ban'tez). [L. (Tacitus) Tubantes, 
 Gr. (Ptolemy) T ovpavroi.] A German tribe lo- 
 cated by Tacitus on the right bank of the Rhine, 
 north of the Lippe, in territory afterward occu- 
 pied by the Usipites. Ptolemy subsequently places 
 them fur ther to the south, back from the Rhine, near the 
 Chatti. They were probably merged ultimately in the 
 Alamanni. 
 
 Tubar (to-bar'). See Tardhumar. 
 
 Tubingen (tii'bing-en). A town in the Black 
 Forest Circle, Wiirtemberg, situated on the 
 Neckar, at the junction of the Ammer and Stein- 
 lach, 18 miles south-southwest of Stuttgart. 
 The castle Hohentiibingen, built in the first half of the 
 16th century, occupies a commanding position : it now 
 contains the university library. The university, one of the 
 most celebrated in Germany, was founded by Count Eber- 
 hard-im-Bart in 1477. It adhered to the Reformation, and 
 has long been noted for its theological teaching, which, 
 especially under F. C. Baur, founderof theso-called “Tu- 
 bingen School "(which see), has latterly been distinctively 
 of a liberal and advanced type. The university has about 
 100 instructors and over 2,000 students. Tubingen feU 
 to Wiirtemberg in 1342. It was taken by the Swabian 
 League in 1519, and by the French in 1647 and 1388. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 16,809. 
 
 Tubingen, Treaty of. A treaty, concluded on 
 July 10, 1514, by which Duke Ulrich’s subjects 
 secured certain privileges from him in return 
 for their payment of his debts. 
 
 Tubingen School. A name given to a certain 
 phase of modern rationalistic philosophy which 
 took its rise (1825-60) at the University of Tu- 
 bingen, in Germany, under Ferdinand Christian 
 Baur. The fundamental principle of this school is that 
 the books of the New Testament were written for the pur- 
 pose of establishing certain opinions and parties in the 
 early church ; that many of them were written at a later 
 date than the one usually assigned to them ; and that they 
 are rather valuable as indications of the spirit of the 
 
 1012 
 
 early church than as authoritative revelations or even as 
 authentic records. The name is also sometimes, though 
 more rarely, given to an earlier school in the same univer- 
 sity which taught almost exactly the reverse — namely, the 
 credibility, integrity, and authority of the New Testament. 
 
 Tubuai (to-bo-i') Islands. A group of islands 
 inPolynesia.south of the Society Islands, belong- 
 ing to France since 1881, Also called Austral Is- 
 lands. Population, 1,881. 
 
 Tubular Bridge, Britannia. See Britannia 
 Tubular Bridge. 
 
 Tubus (to-boz'). A tribe of the Sahara. 
 
 Tucca (tuk'a), Captain. A bragging bully in 
 
 Jonson’s “Poetaster.” Dekker introduces him in his 
 “Satiromastix,” but without the success which attended 
 Jonsou’s character. 
 
 Tucca is the creation of Jonson. He is described as a 
 general railer, a man whose whole conversation is made 
 up of scurrilous exaggerations and impossible falsehoods. 
 
 Gifford, Memoirs of Ben Jonson, p. xii., note. 
 
 Tuck (tuk), Friar. A vagabond monk, a charac- 
 ter in the Robin Hood ballads and legends and 
 in the morris-dance. Sir Walter Scott intro- 
 duces him in “Ivanhoe” as the “holy clerk of 
 Copmanhurst.” 
 
 Tucker (tuk'er), Abraham. Born at London, 
 Sept. 2, 1705: died Nov. 20, 1774. An English 
 metaphysician and moralist. He wrote “The 
 Light of Nature Pursued ” under the pseudonym “ Ed- 
 ward Search ’’(4 vols. 1768 ; 3 vols. edited after his death; 
 edited again by Mildmay 1805). 
 
 Tucker, Charlotte Maria. Born in England 
 in 1821 : died in India, Dec. 2, 1893. An Eng- 
 lish writer, mostly of juvenile or religious works 
 under the signature “A. L. O. E.” (A Lady of 
 England). When she was fifty-four years old she went 
 as a missionary to India, and worked there for eighteen 
 years. She wrote more than fifty volumes, the proceeds 
 of which were used for the benefit of the missions. 
 
 Tucker, Nathaniel Beverley. Born at Wil- 
 liamsburg, Va., Sept. 6, 1784: died at Winches- 
 ter, Va., Aug. 26, 1851. An American jurist, 
 novelist, and political writer. His best-known 
 work is the novel “The Partisan Leader: a 
 Tale of the Future” (1836). 
 
 Tuckerman (tuk'er-man), Edward. Born at 
 Boston, Mass., Dec., 1817 : died at Amherst, 
 Mass., March 15, 1886. An American botanist, 
 noted as a lichenologist : professor at Amherst 
 College from 1858. 
 
 Tuckerman, Henry Theodore. Born at Bos- 
 ton, Mass., April 20, 1813: died at New York, 
 Dec. 17, 1871. An American critic, essayist, 
 and poet. His works include “Italian Sketch-Book” 
 (1835), “Isabel, or Sicily” (1839), “Rambles and Reve- 
 ries” (1841), “Thoughts on the Poets” (1846), “Artist 
 Life” (1847), “Characteristics of Literature” (1849-51), 
 “Essays” (1857), and “Book of the Artists” (1867). 
 
 Tuckerman’s Ravine. [Named from Prof. Ed- 
 ward Tuckerman.] A deep ravine on the side 
 of Mount Washington, New Hampshire. 
 
 Tucson (tu-son' or tuk'son). The capital of 
 Pima County, Arizona, situated on the Santa 
 Cruz River in lat. 32° 14' N. It is one of the chief 
 towns of the Territory, and was formerly its capitaL An 
 Indian village, of unknown age, first mentioned in 1699, 
 existed on the site of the present city. A presidio was es- 
 tablished there by the Spaniards in 1776. Population, 
 13,193, (1910). 
 
 Tucuman (to-ko-man'). A colonial division 
 ( gobernacion ) of Spanish South America, itcor- 
 responded nearly to the modern provinces of Cordoba, 
 Rioja, Catamarca, Santiago del Estero, Tucuman, Salta, 
 and Jujuy, now in the Argentine Republic. The capital 
 was Tucuman. It was a part of the viceroyalty of Peru, 
 subordinate to Charcas, until 1776, when it was attached 
 to the viceroyalty of La Plata. 
 
 Tucuman. An interior province of the Argen- 
 tine Republic, surrounded by Salta, Santiago 
 del Estero, and Catamarca. The surface is hilly. 
 Principal products sugar, rum, and wheat. Area, 8,926 
 square mileB. Population, 293,211. 
 
 Tucuman, or San Miguel de Tucuman. The 
 
 capital of the province of Tucuman, situated 
 on the Tala. Population, 55,000. 
 
 Tucunas (to-ko'nas), or Ticunas (te-ko'nas). 
 Indians of the upper Amazon and its branches 
 in northeastern Peru and the adjacent parts of 
 Brazil. They are divided into many small hordes, and 
 are savages of a rather low grade, though harmless and 
 friendly to the whites. The Jesuits labored among them 
 from 1683 to 1727. 
 
 Tudela (to-THa'la). A town in the province of 
 Navarre, Spain, situated on the Ebro 47 miles 
 northwest of Saragossa. A victory was gained near 
 Tudela, Nov., 1808, by the French under Lannes over the 
 Spanish. Population, 9,449. 
 
 Tudor (tu'dor). [W. Tewdyr, L. Theodoras, Gr. 
 Gebdcjpof: see Theodoras.'] An English dynasty, 
 descended on the male side from Owen Tudor, 
 on the female side from John of Gaunt through 
 the Beauforts. It comprised the sovereigns 
 Henry VII., Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, 
 and Elizabeth. 
 
 Tudor, Jasper, Earl of Pembroke. Died Dec., 
 
 Tula 
 
 1495. Son of Owen Tudor and Catharine of 
 France, and uncle of Henry VII.: a Lancastrian 
 partizan. 
 
 Tudor, Owen. Executed 1461. A Welsh knight 
 who married Catharine, widow of Henry V., 
 and was grandfather of Henry VH. He joined 
 the Lancastrians. 
 
 Tuesday (tuz'da). The third day of the week. 
 Tufts (tufts) College. An institution of learn- 
 ing founded by Charles Tufts, situated at Med- 
 ford, Massachusetts: opened in 1855. It is 
 non-sectarian, and has about 1,150 students. 
 Tugendbund (to'gent-bont). A German asso- 
 ciation formed at Konigsberg, 1808, with the 
 acknowledged purpose of cultivating patriot- 
 ism, reorganizing the army, and encouraging 
 education, and with the secret aim of aiding in 
 throwing off the French yoke. Frederick William 
 III. was forced to dissolve it in 1809 ; but it continued in 
 secret for several years, and exerted a very considerable 
 influence, especially in 1812. It was vehemently attacked 
 in 1816 by reactionary politicians. 
 
 Tuggurt (tog-gort'). A town in an oasis in the 
 province of Constantine, Algeria, about lat. 33° 
 14' N. 
 
 Tugb (togh). See the extract. 
 
 The Tugh, or ensign of the Turkish tribes, was origi- 
 nally the tail of a yak ; but when the Ottomans left Central 
 Asia, that of a horse was substituted. Governors of prov- 
 inces received one, two, or three tughs, according to their 
 rank ; the Sultan alone displayed seven. 
 
 Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 278, note. 
 Tughra (togh'ra). See the extract. 
 
 Among the functionaries who formed the first depart- 
 ment were the Defterdar, or Minister of Finance, and the 
 Nishanji Bashi, whose duty was to trace the Tughra or 
 cypher of the Sultan at the head of all the documents pre- 
 sented to him for that purpose. This Tughra, with the 
 appearance of which most of us are familiar from seeing 
 it on Turkish coins and postage-stamps or on pieces of em- 
 broidery or inlaid mother-of-pearl work, contains, orna- 
 mentally written as a sort of monogram, the names of the 
 reigning Sultan and his father, together with the title 
 Khan and the epithet el-muzaffar-daima, or ‘ victor ever.' 
 The Tughra is said to have originated in this way : Sultan 
 Murad I. entered into a treaty with the Ragusans, but 
 when the document was brought for his signature, he, be- 
 ing unable to write, wetted his open hand with ink and 
 pressed it on the paper. The first, second, and third fin- 
 gers were together, but the thumb and fourth finger were 
 apart. Within the mark thus formed the scribes wrote 
 the names of Murad and his father, the title Khan, and the 
 “victor ever.” The Tughra, as we now have it, is the 
 result of this : the three long upright lines represent Mu- 
 rad 's three middle fingers, the rounded lines at the left side 
 are his bent thumb, and the straight ones at the right his 
 little finger. Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 328. 
 
 Tuhwalati. See Atfalati. 
 
 Tuileries (twe'le-riz; F. pron. twel-re'), Pal- 
 ace of the. [F. tuileries, tile-kilns.] A royal 
 residence formerly existing in Paris, connect- 
 ed with the Louvre by wings. In 1518 Francis I. 
 bought a house here for the Duchesse d’Angouleme. 
 It was demolished in 1664 by Catharine de’ Medici, 
 who began the erection of the Tuileries, which was 
 enlarged by Henry IV. and Louis XIV. The palace, the 
 scene of many of the most memorable disasters attending 
 the subversion of the ancient French monarchy, was in- 
 vaded by the mob June 20, and stormed by the mob Aug. 
 10, 1792, and was the seat of the Convention. It was 
 taken by the people July 29, 1830, and Feb. 24, 1848, 
 and was burned by the Commune in 1871, the ruins not 
 being removed till 1883. Nothing remains except the 
 pavilions at the two extremities, which have been restored 
 and now form a rich architectural termination to the two 
 extended arms of the Louvre. Its history as a royal resi- 
 dence came to an end with the battle of Sedan and the 
 departure of the empress Eugdnie. The Jardin des Tuile- 
 ries, a popular promenade, was enlarged in 1889, and now 
 covers the site of the palace. The Quai des Tuileries ex- 
 isted at a very early period as the road to St.-Cloud. The 
 wall of Charles V. terminated at the Tour du Bois, between 
 the Louvre and the Tuileries. Outside of this wall were 
 the tile-yards or tuileries, mentioned as early as 1274. In 
 1865 excavations disclosed the furnaces of Palissy here. 
 
 Tuke (tuk), William. Bom at York, 1732: died 
 1822. An English philanthropist. He was especially 
 devoted to the amelioration of the condition of the insane. 
 In 1792 he projected the “Retreat” at York under the man- 
 agement of the Society of Friends, in which it was at- 
 tempted to manage the insane without the excessive re- 
 straint then common. His improvements led to important 
 legislation on the treatment of the insane after his death. 
 His grandson, Samuel Tuke (1784-1857) wrote an account 
 of the Retreat (1813), and published works on the construc- 
 tion of hospitals for the insane. 
 
 Tukuarika (to"kwa-re'ka), or Tucarica, or 
 Sheep-eaters. [‘Sheep-eaters.’] A tribe of 
 North American Indians, formerly in Yellow- 
 stone Park, subsequently on Lemhi and Malade 
 rivers in western central Idaho, and now on 
 Lemhi reservation. Number, about 90. See 
 Shoshoni. 
 
 Tula (to'la). 1. A government of Russia, 
 bounded by Moscow, Ryazan, Tamboff, Orel, 
 and Kaluga. Area, 11,954 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 1,722,100. — 2. The capital of the gov- 
 ernment of Tula, situated on the Upa in lat. 
 54° 12' N. It is one of the chief manufacturing centers 
 of Russia : especially noted for the manufacture of small 
 arms. Population, 111,048. 
 
Tula 
 
 Tula (to'la). A small town in the state of Hi- 
 dalgo, Mexico, 50 miles (by railroad) north of 
 Mexico City. It is a very ancient place, and is sup- 
 posed to be the same as Tollan, the Toltec capital (see 
 Toltecs). Some ruins near it indicate communal struc- 
 tures similar to those of Arizona. 
 
 Tulare (to-lar'; or, as Sp., to-la'ra) Lake. A 
 lake in California, chiefly in Tulare County, in- 
 tersected by lat. 36° N. It receives Kern River 
 and other tributaries, but has no outlet. Length, 
 32 miles. 
 
 Tuldja. See Tultcha. 
 
 Tulkingkorn (tul'king-horn), Mr. An attor- 
 ney, a character in Dickens’s “Bleak House.” 
 Tullamore (tul-la-mor'). The chief town of 
 King’s County, Ireland, 51 miles west of Dublin. 
 Population, 4,639. 
 
 Tulle (tiil). [L. Tutela Lemovicum, ward of the 
 Lemovices (Limoges).] The capital of the de- 
 partment of Correze, Prance, situated at the 
 junction of the Solane with the Correze, in lat. 
 45° 16' N., long. 1° 45' E. It has varied manufac- 
 tures, and contains a national factory of firearms. It was 
 taken by the English in 1346 and in 1369, and by the Hu- 
 guenots in 1585. Population, commune, 17,245. 
 
 Tullia (tul'i-a). [L., fem. of Tullius.'] In Roman 
 legend, a daughter of Servius Tullius. She was 
 the wife of Aruns, brother of Tarquin (Lucius Tarquiuius). 
 She murdered her husband, and Tarquin, having killed 
 his wife, married her, slew Servius Tullius, and proclaimed 
 himself king. Tullia rode to the senate-house to greet her 
 husband as king, and on her return drove over the dead 
 body of herfather, which lay in the way. The street through 
 which she passed thereafter bore the name Vicus Scelera- 
 tus (‘Abominable Street’). 
 
 Tullia. Bom about 79 b. c.: died 45 b. c. The 
 daughter of Cicero and Terentia, and wife of 
 Calpurnius Piso and later of Dolabella. 
 Tullius, Servius. See Servius Tullius. 
 Tulliver (tul'i-ver), Maggie. The principal 
 character in George Eliot’s “Mill on the Floss.” 
 Tulin, or Tuln (toln). A town in Lower Aus- 
 tria, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Danube 
 18 miles northwest of Vienna: the Roman Com- 
 agenffi. Population, commune, 4,323, (1910). 
 Tulloch (tul'och), John. Born in Perthshire, 
 Scotland, 1823 : died at Torquay, England, Feb. 
 13, 1886. A Scottish Presbyterian theologian, 
 educator, and author. He became principal of St. 
 Mary's College, St. Andrews, in 1854. His works include 
 Theism" (1855), “Leaders of the Reformation” (1859), 
 “English Puritanism and its Leaders" (1861), “Beginning 
 Life ” (1862), “ The Christ of the Gospels and the Christ 
 of Modern Criticism ” (1864), “Rational Theology and 
 Christian Philosophy” (1872), “The Christian Doctrine of 
 Sin ” (1876), “ Modem Theories in Philosophy and Religion ’’ 
 (1884), “Movements of Religious Thought in the 19th 
 Century ’’ (1885), etc. 
 
 Tullus Hostilius (tul'us hos-til'i-us). Accord- 
 ing to tradition, the third king of Rome. He was 
 said to have reigned 672-640 b. c., and to have 
 carried on many wars, especially with Alba. 
 Tully (tul'i). See Cicero. 
 
 Tully-Veolan (tul'i-ve-6'lan). The house of 
 Baron Bradwardine in Scott’s “ Waverley.” 
 Tulomo (to'16-mo), or Tulumono, or Tuolomo. 
 A tribe of North American Indians, formerly on 
 San Francisco Bay, California. See Costanoan. 
 Tultcha (tol'cha), or Tuldja (tol'ja). A town in 
 the Dobrudja, Rumania, situated on an arm of 
 the Danube 45 miles east-southeast of Galatz. 
 Population, estimated, 20,000. 
 
 Tuminel (tum'el). A river and loch in Perth- 
 shire, Scotland, tributary to the Tay. 
 Tunbridge, or Tonbridge (tun'brij). A town 
 in Kent, England, situated on the Medway 27 
 miles southeast of London. Population, 12,736. 
 Tunbridge Wells (tun'brij welz). A town and 
 watering-place in Kent and Sussex, England, 
 31 miles southeast of London : long celebrated 
 as a fashionable resort. It has a chalybeate spring 
 (discovered about 1606) and a trade in “Tunbridge ware” 
 (woodenware). It was very fashionable in the 18th cen- 
 tury. The favorite promenade is the Parade or Pantiles 
 (so named from Its first pavement). Population, 33,373. 
 
 Tundja (ton'ja). A river in Eastern Rumelia 
 and Turkey which joins the Maritza near Adri- 
 anople : the ancient Tonzus or Tonsus. Length, 
 over 150 miles. 
 
 Tung-chau (tong'chou'). A city in the province 
 of Chi-li, China, situated on the Pei-ho, at the 
 head of navigation, 12 miles east of Peking. 
 Population, estimated, 50,000. 
 
 Tunguragua (ton-go-ra'gwa). A name formerly 
 given to the Maraiion or Amazon in its upper 
 course. 
 
 Tunguragua. A province in the interior of 
 Ecuador. Population, 103,000. 
 
 Tunguragua. A volcano in Ecuador, south of Co- 
 topaxi. Height, 16,690 feet (Reiss and Stiibel). 
 Tunguses (ton-go'sez). A Mongolian people, 
 
 1013 
 
 chiefly nomads, dwelling in eastern and central 
 Siberia, east of the Yenisei, and in the basin 
 of the Amur. Their numbers are estimated at 
 70,000-80,000. 
 
 Tunis (tu'nis), F. Tunisie (tii-ne-ze'). AFrench 
 protectorate in northern Africa. Capital, Tunis. 
 It is bounded by the Mediterranean on the north and 
 east, Tripoli on the southeast, the desert on the south, and 
 Algeria on the west. The north, east, and center are oc- 
 cupied by comparatively low mountains, and there are 
 considerable lakes (“shotts ’’) in the south. The principal 
 river is the Medjerda. The island of Jerba and the Ker- 
 kenua group belong to Tunis. It produces gram and fruits 
 (particularly dates, olives, etc.), and has important fisher- 
 ies. Government is administered nominally by a native 
 bey, actually by France through a minister resident, sup- 
 ported by a corps of occupation. The inhabitants are 
 Berbers, Arabs, and Jews, and in less numbers Italians, 
 Turks, Maltese, and French. The prevailing religion is the 
 Mohammedan. The region in ancient times formed part 
 of the domains of Carthage and of Rome, and as part of 
 Roman Africa it flourished greatly under the empire, and 
 was the leading seat of Latin Christianity. It was con- 
 quered by the Vandals in the 5th century, by the Greeks 
 in the 6th, and by the Arabs in the 7th ; was invaded by 
 St. Louis in 1270, and by the emperor Charles V. in 1535 ; 
 was reduced to a Turkish province about 1575 ; was ruled 
 by deys and beys, and was long noted as a piratical state ; 
 and was occupied by a French army in 1881, and (May 12) 
 made a French protectorate. Area, about 60,000 square 
 miles. Population, estimated, 1,500,000. 
 
 Tunis. A seaport, capital of Tunis, situated on 
 a lagoon connected with the Gulf of Tunis, in 
 lat. 36° 50' N., long. 10° 12' E.: the Roman 
 Tunes. The port Goletta is situated at the entrance to 
 the lagoon. Tunis is the center of a caravan trade ; is con- 
 nected by steamer line3 with France and Italy, and by a 
 railroad with Constantine, Oran, and Algiers ; and has tex- 
 tile and other manufactures. The seat of government is 
 at the neighboring castle of Bardo. The chief objects of 
 interest are the bazaars, the mosque of the Olive Tree, the 
 town palace of the bey, and the Moslem college and other 
 institutions. The ruins of Carthage are situated to the 
 northeast. The city was founded in Carthaginian times. 
 It was conquered by the emperor Charles V. in 1535. Popu- 
 lation, estimated, 227,519. 
 
 Tunis, Gulf of. An inlet of the Mediterranean, 
 northeast of Tunis. 
 
 Tunja (ton'ha). The capital of the department 
 of Boyaed, Colombia, 75 miles north-northeast 
 of Bogota. Near it is the battle-field of Boyaca, 
 (which see). Population, estimated, 10,000. 
 
 Tunstall (tun'stal). A town in Staffordshire, 
 England, 29 miles south of Manchester. It has 
 manufactures of pottery, ironware, etc. Pop- 
 ulation, 19,492. 
 
 Tunstall (tun'stal), or Tonstall (ton'stal), 
 Cuthbert. Born at Hatchford, Yorkshire, 
 England, in 1474: died at Lambeth Palace, 
 1559. An English prelate. He was made bishop of 
 
 London in 1522, was sent to the Tower in 1551, and de- 
 prived of his see in 1552 ; was restored by Mary ; and was 
 again deprived by Elizabeth in 1559. He was lord privy 
 seal under Henry VIII. 
 
 Tuolumne (twol'um-ne) River. A river in Cali- 
 fornia which joins the San Joaquin River 25 
 miles south of Stockton. Length, 150-175 
 miles. 
 
 Tupac (to'pak), called Toparca (td-par'ka) by 
 Spanish historians. Born about 1514: died at 
 Jauja, Oct., 1533. A younger brother of the 
 Inca Atahualpa of Peru. After the execution of 
 Atahualpa (Aug., 1533), he was made nominal ruler of 
 Peru by Pizarro, and forced to swear allegiance to the 
 Spanish monarchs. He died during the march to Cuzco. 
 
 Tupac Amaru (to'pak a-mii-ro'). [Quicliua, 
 ‘bright or shining snake.’] Date of birth un- 
 certain. Said to have been a son of Manco, the 
 last Inca war-chief, who resided at Cuzco when 
 that place was already a Spanish city. Together 
 with his elder brother, Sayrl Tupac, he retired to the 
 mountainous districts of V ilcabamba and maintained there 
 a sort of independence until 1571. The viceroy Francisco 
 de Toledo sent to him special envoys to put an end to the 
 depredations which the Indians were committing under 
 the leadership of Tupac Amaru. These envoys, who came 
 under a flag of truce, Tupac Amaru had killed. There- 
 upon an armed force was sent against him, and after a 
 short resistance he was captured, brought to Cuzco, and 
 there executed for having caused the death of peace- 
 bearing messengers. His case has been grossly misrepre- 
 sented and exaggerated by subsequent writers, and the 
 title attributed to him, “ last of the Incas," is wholly ima- 
 ginary. 
 
 Tupac Amaru (Jos6 Gabriel Condorcanqui). 
 
 Born at Tungasuca, departmentof Cuzco, about 
 1743 : died at Cuzco, May 18, 1781. A Peruvian 
 revolutionist. When the Spaniards began to organize 
 Peru they gave titles of nobility, franchises, and privileges 
 to Indian chiefs, with hereditary rights. The office of 
 cacique was made hereditary in many special cases. 
 Hereditary succession being thus introduced, it was in- 
 evitable that contentions and lawsuits under Spanish 
 laws should arise. It was cne of these lawsuits that 
 brought Condorcanqui to a certain limited prominence in 
 the middle of the 18th century. He claimed the office of 
 cacique of Tungasuca by birthright under Spanish colo- 
 nial laws, but his claim was for some time disputed. Tho 
 documents in the case are the only ones which contain any 
 reliable information concerning the youth and position of 
 Tupac Amaru, his certificate of baptism and correlated 
 papers having (so he asserted) been destroyed, together 
 
 Turanian 
 
 with the curacy of Tungasuca, by fire. The assertion that 
 the Spanish officials had destroyed all evidence of his origin 
 and descent is false. Tupac Amaru did not profess any 
 grievances himself, but secretly aspired to the post of 
 corregidor, which was always held by a Spaniard. In the 
 early part of 1780 a tumult broke out at Arequipa among 
 the Creoles and Mestizos, caused by an increase in duties. 
 The disturbance was soon quelled, but six months after 
 a more dangerous revolt broke out in western Bolivia 
 among the Aymaras, under Tomas Catari. Tupac Amaru 
 revolted in November, 1780, seized the corregidor of Tinta, 
 and hung him publicly. Then the insurrection broke out 
 around Cuzco, though independently of what was going 
 on in Bolivia. Tupac Amaru threatened Cuzco, but was 
 defeated. He fled and was captured with his family by In- 
 dians at Longui, brought to Cuzco, tried, and cruelly exe- 
 cuted, together with most of his near relatives. His death 
 had no influence on the uprising in Bolivia, which con- 
 tinued with unabated fury until the close of 1781, when 
 the siege of La Paz was raised. The Indians gradually 
 submitted in the course of the year 1782. Subsequent en- 
 deavors to rise, under various leaders, were easily quelled. 
 The importance of Jose Gabriel Tupac Amaru has been 
 greatly exaggerated, and the events of his career have 
 been misrepresented. A few months previous to his death 
 he had assumed the title of king of Peru, but to his title 
 the Indians paid hardly any attention. Nor did the various 
 leaders of the partial insurrections throughout Bolivia ac- 
 knowledge any allegiance or obedience to Tupac Amaru. 
 
 Tupi-Guarani stock. Same as Tupi stocic. 
 Tupis (to-pez'). A general name for Brazilian 
 Indians of the Tupi stock in Brazil, especially 
 near the coast and on the lower Amazon. 
 Their language in those regions was essentially the same, 
 though the Indians were divided into many tribes; it was 
 closely allied to the Guarani of Paraguay, and is the basis 
 of the modern Lingoa Geral. See Tupi stock. Also writ- 
 ten Tupys , Tupies. 
 
 Tupi stock (to-pe' stok). One of the most im- 
 portant of the South American Indian linguis- 
 tic stocks, extending over a great part of Bra- 
 zil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Their villages were 
 generally near the coast or scattered along the great riv- 
 ers. Their dialects were closely allied. Their physical 
 characteristics and customs were much the same ; but 
 they had no national organization : neighboring towns 
 were often at war with each other, and distant ones had 
 no knowledge of one another. The power of their chiefs 
 was very limited, and was generally confined to a single 
 village. The Tupis were agriculturists, and lived in fixed 
 villages of considerable size, the houses framed with poles 
 and thatched with palm-leaves or grass. They made large 
 and serviceable wooden canoes, showed some taste in orna- 
 menting pottery, making feather- work, etc., and were natur- 
 ally intelligent. Most of them went nearly naked, painting 
 or tattooing the face and body. In war they used bows and 
 arrows and a heavy club called macand. They believed in 
 certain malignant or mischievous spirits, and their medi- 
 cine-men had great influence. Generally they were friendly 
 to strangers, but when provoked were fierce warriors. Some 
 ofthe tribes killedand atetheirprisoners of war. The first 
 European colonists found these Indians the dominant race 
 all along the Brazilian coast, on the lower Amazon, Uru- 
 guay, Paran4, and Paraguay ; those about the Platine river- 
 system were called collectively Guaranis, as those on the 
 Brazilian coast were called Tupis ; but neither of these 
 names was properly a tribal appellation. Most of these 
 Indians submitted readily to missionary influence, and 
 their descendants, mixed with European and Afr ican blood, 
 form a large part of the country population of Brazil, 
 northern Uruguay, northeastern Argentina, and Paraguay. 
 A few, in the interior, retain a semi-independence. Among 
 the extinct or existing tribes and groups of this stock are 
 the Tupinambas, Tupiniquins, Potiguaras, Papanazes, 
 Caites, Tupinaes, and Tamoyos of the Brazilian coast ; the 
 Tupinambas, Mundurucus, Maues, Apiacas, etc., in the 
 Amazon valley ; the Tapes in theArgentine ; Guaranis ; etc. 
 
 Tupman (tup'man), Tracy. A member of the 
 famous Pickwick Club, in Dickens’s “ Pick- 
 wick Papers.” 
 
 Tupper (tup'Or), Sir Charles. Born at Am- 
 herst, Nova Scotia, July 2, 1821. A Canadian 
 Conservative statesman. He studied medicine in 
 Edinburgh University ; settled as a physician in his na- 
 tive town of Amherst, Nova Scotia; and was president 
 of the Canadian Medical Association 1857-70. He entered 
 the provincial legislature in 1855, and was prime minister 
 of Nova Scotia 1864-67. He advocated the formation of 
 the Dominion of Canada, which took place in 1867 ; and in 
 1870 entered Macdonald’s cabinet, going out of office with 
 his chief in 1873. He took office as minister of public 
 works on Macdonald's return to power in 1878 ; and from 
 1879 to 1884 was minister of railways and canals, in which 
 capacity he promoted the construction of the Canadian 
 Pacific Railway. In 1884 he was appointed high commis- 
 sioner for Canada at London, and was prime minister of 
 Canada in 1896. He was leader of the Opposition in the 
 House of Commons 1896-1900. He was one of the nego- 
 tiators of the fisheries treaty with the United States 1887- 
 1888, and was created a baronet in the latter year. . 
 
 Tupper, Martin Farquhar. Born at London, 
 July 17, 1810: died Nov. 29, 1889. An English 
 poet. He graduated at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1832, 
 and was called to the bar at Lincoln’s Inn in 1835, but soon 
 abandoned law in order to devote himself to literature. 
 His chief work is “Proverbial Philosophy” (four series 
 1839-76). 
 
 Tur (tor). In the Shahnamah, the second of the 
 three sons — Salm, Tur, and Iraj — of Faridun. 
 His mother was Shahrinaz. See Salm. 
 
 Tura (to'ra). A river in eastern Russia and 
 western Siberia which joins the Tobol below 
 Tyumen. Longth, about 500 miles. 
 
 Turanian (tu-ra'ni-an). [Pcrs. Tur an, from Tur, 
 a legendary ancestor of the Turks, etc.] A 
 word loosely and indefinitely used to designate 
 
Turanian 
 
 a family of languages and also an ethnological 
 group. It is sometimes applied to the Asiatic languages 
 in general outside of the Indo-European and Semitic fam- 
 ilies, and so includes various discordant and independent 
 families ; but is sometimes used especially or restrictedly 
 of the Ural-Altaic or Scythian family. 
 
 Turbervile, or Turberville (ter'bev-vil), 
 George. Born about 1540: died about 1610. An 
 English poet, translator, and writer on hunting. 
 
 (George] Turberville, of whom not much is known, was a 
 Dorsetshire man of good family, and was educated at Win- 
 chester and Oxford. He was probably born before 1530, 
 and died after 1594. Besides a book on Falconry and nu- 
 merous translations (to which, like all the men of his 
 school and day, he was much addicted), he wrote a good 
 many occasional poems, though none of great length. 
 
 Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit.., p. 18. 
 
 Turbia (tor'be-a). [F. Turbie. ] A small place 
 near Monaco. It contains a Roman tower of 
 the time of Augustus. 
 
 Turcaret (tiir-ka-ra'). A comedy by Le Sage, 
 produced in 1709 : so called from its chief char- 
 acter. 
 
 Despite his theatrical successes he [Le Sage] was never 
 on very good terms with the players of the regular theatre, 
 and a small piece — “ Les Etrennes " — was refused by them 
 at the beginning of 1708. The author took it back, set to 
 work on it, and refashioned it into “Turcaret," the best 
 French comedy, beyond all doubt, of the 18th century, 
 and probably the best of its kind to be found outside the 
 covers of Molifere’s works. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Novelists, p. 71. 
 
 Turcomans. See Turkomans. 
 
 Turdus Solitarius (tAr'dus sol-i-ta'ri-us). [NL. , 
 
 ‘ Solitary Thrush.’] A constellation introduced 
 by Le Monnier in 1776, on the tail of Hydra, and 
 encroaching on the southern scale of Libra. It 
 is no longer recognized. 
 
 Turenne (tii-ren'). A place in the department 
 of Correze, France, 18 miles southwest of Tulle. 
 It has a ruined chateau. 
 
 Turenne, Vicomte de (Henri de La Tour 
 d’ Auvergne). Born at Sedan, France, Sept. 
 11, 1611 : killed at Sasbach, near Offenburg, 
 Baden, July 27, 1675. A celebrated French mar- 
 shal, grandson of William the Silent. He was 
 brought up in the Reformed Church ; learned theart of war 
 under his uncle Maurice of Nassau ; and was given a regi- 
 ment in the French army by Richelieu in 1630. He served 
 with distinction under De la Force, Cardinal La Valette, 
 Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar, and D'Harcourt, and in 1639 was 
 appointed to a command in Italy. He was in 1643 trans- 
 ferred to Germany by Mazarin, by whom lie was created a 
 marshal of France in 1644. His four brilliant campaigns 
 in Germany (1644-47) prepared the way materially for the 
 peace of Westphalia in 1648. During the disturbances of the 
 Fronde (1648-53) he at first supported the parliament, but 
 afterward sided with the court, and in 1652 defeated Conde 
 at Gien and at the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. After the re- 
 turn of peace at home, he took command against the Span- 
 iards under Condd (who had in the meantime fled from 
 France and accepted the post of general-in-chief of the 
 Spanish armies). His victory of the Dunes in 1658 decided 
 the war, and was followed by the peace of the Pyrenees in 
 1659. He was created marshal-general of the armies of 
 France in 1660 ; conquered French Flanders in 1667 ; ab 
 jured Protestantism and joined theRoman Catholic Church 
 in 1668; commanded in theNetherlands in 1672 ; and devas- 
 tated the Palatinate in 1674. He was opposed during the next 
 campaign by the Imperial general Montecuculi, and was 
 killed by a cannon-bail while reconnoitering at Sasbach. 
 
 Turfan (tor-fan'). An occasional name of apart 
 of Eastern Turkestan. 
 
 Turgai (tor-gi'), or Turgansk (tor-gansk'). A 
 province in the Kirghiz Steppe, Russian Cen- 
 tral Asia, situated east of Uralsk and north of 
 the Sea of Aral and Sir-Daria. Area, 169,832 
 square miles. Population, 557,100. 
 Turgenieff (tor-gan'yef), Alexander. Born 
 1784: died at Moscow, Dec. 17, 1845. A Rus- 
 sian historian, author of “Historica Russia 
 monumenta” (1841-42), etc. 
 
 Turgenieff, Ivan Sergeyevich. Born at Orel, 
 Russia, Nov. 9, 1818: died at Bougival, near 
 Paris, Sept. 3, 1883. A celebrated Russian 
 novelist. He wa9 educated at Moscow and St. Peters- 
 burg, and in 1838 went to Berlin to study philosophy and 
 the classics. About 1840 he received an appointment in 
 the ministry of the interior. He began to publish poems 
 in 1841 ; and his first novel, “Andrei Kolossoff," appeared 
 in 1844. He contributed to the emancipation of the serfs 
 through his “ Annals of a Sportsman,” sometimes translat- 
 ed as “ Sketches from the Diary of a Sportsman ” (1845-57) : 
 the first of these appeared in English in the “Contempo- 
 rary Review ” in 1847 ; they were also published in French 
 and German, and raised him to a high rank as an author. 
 In 1852 some remarks on Russian officialism, made in an 
 obituary letter on Gogol, led to his being deprived of 
 his position, imprisoned, and afterward banished several 
 years in Orel, in the interior of Russia. In 1854 he was 
 allowed to return, and in later life lived in Baden-Ba- 
 den and Paris, with short visits to Russia and elsewhere. 
 He created much personal antagonism by his analysis of 
 political parties, and was misunderstood by those with 
 whom he was most in sympathy. The epithet “ Nihilist," 
 which he applied to revolutionary, was applied by the 
 government to all socialistic and democratic, tendencies. 
 Later, however, popular opinion was in his favor. Among 
 his chief novels are “ Rudin ” (1855), “ A Nest of Nobles” 
 (1858), “Helene "(translated as “On the Eve," 1860), ‘ Fa- 
 thers and Sons ” (1862 : in this the epithet Nihilist is in- 
 
 1014 
 
 troduced and defined), “Smoke" (1867), “Virgin Soil' 
 (1876), “Punin and Baburin,” “A Lear of the Steppe." 
 “Clara Militch." He also wrote “ Senilia "(1883 : a poem), 
 etc. The name is also written Turgeneff, Tourguenieff , etc. 
 
 Turgenieff, Nikolai. Born 1790 : died at Paris, 
 Nov., 1871. A Russian historian, brother of 
 Alexander Turgenieff. He wrote “ La Russie 
 et les Russes ” (1847), etc. 
 
 Turgot (tilr-go'), Anne Robert Jacques, Baron 
 de L’Aulne. Born at Paris, May 10, 1727 : died 
 there, March 20, 1781. A noted French states- 
 man, political economist, and financier. He at 
 first studied theology and then law, and became an advo- 
 cate in 1752, and master of “requetes” in 1753. He was 
 intendant of Limoges 1761-74 ; and was appointed minister 
 of marine in 1774, and immediately afterward controller- 
 general of finance. In this office he planned many reforms, 
 including the abolition of corvdes and of various feudal 
 privileges, the securing of liberty of trade, the establish- 
 ment of a comprehensive system of public instruction, etc., 
 which outlived many of the results afterward attained by 
 the Revolution. Hewas bitterly opposed by various classes, 
 and was dismissed by the king in May, 1776. His complete 
 works were edited by Dupont de Nemours 1808-11. 
 
 Turia (tu'ri-a). The ancient name of the Gua- 
 dalaviar. 
 
 Turin (tu'rin). A province in the comparti- 
 mento of Piedmont, Italy. Area, 3,955 square 
 miles. Population, 1,172,843. 
 
 Turin, It. Torino (to-re'no). The capital of 
 the province of Turin, Italy, situated on the 
 Po, near its junction with the Dora Riparia, in 
 lat. 45° 4' N., long. 7° 42' E. : the ancient Tau- 
 rasia, Roman Augusta Taurinorum (whence the 
 modern name). It is regularly built, with many 
 squares and broad streets ; is the seat of important trade 
 for northern Italy ; has varied manufactures ; and is rap- 
 idly growing. It contains a university, cathedral, cas- 
 tle (Palazzo Madama), royal palace (with the royal armory 
 and library), Palazzo Carignano (former seat of Parliament, 
 now containing collections in natural history), palace of 
 the Academy of Sciences (with a museum of antiquities 
 and picture-gallery), monument of Cavour, etc. Victor 
 Emmanuel and Cavour were born there. Turin was the 
 ancient capital of the Taurini (whence the name) ; was cap- 
 tured by Hannibal in 218 B. c. ; became the chief town of 
 Piedmont, and was acquired by the dukes of Savoy in 1032 ; 
 was occupied by the French in the first part of the 16th 
 century, but was recovered by Savoy in 1562 ; was again 
 taken by the French in 1640 ; was taken by the Imperialists 
 under Prince Eugene in 1706 ; was captured by the French 
 in 1798, and by Suvaroff in 1799 ; and was retaken by the 
 French in 1800, and restored to Sardinia in 1814. Turin 
 played an important part in the national movements of 
 the 19th century, and was the capital of the kingdom of 
 Italy 1861-65. Population, commune, 371 , 000 - 
 
 Turin, Treaties of. 1. A peace between France 
 and Savoy in 1696. — 2. An armistice negoti- 
 ated by Bonaparte with Sardinia in 1796. 
 
 Turkestan (tor-kes-tan'), or Turkistan (tor- 
 kis-tan'). [‘Land of the Turks.’] A region 
 with indefinite limits in Asia, east of the Cas- 
 pian, south of Siberia, and north of Persia, 
 Afghanistan, and Tibet. The name is sometimes 
 used as synonymous with central Asia, but is generally 
 limited to the western portion of this region, included 
 chiefly in Russia and its dependencies, or to the highlands 
 and plains east of the Transcaspian lowlands and west of 
 Eastern Turkestan. 
 
 Turkestan, or Turkistan. A general govern- 
 ment of Russian Central Asia, comprising the 
 provinces Samarkand, Sir-Daria, Ferghana, and 
 Semiryetchensk. Area, about 400,770 square 
 miles. Population, about 5,856,400. 
 
 Turkestan, Afghan. See Afghan Turkestan. 
 
 Turkestan, East. See East Turkestan. 
 
 Turkestan, Russian. See Turkestan. 
 
 Turkestan, West. That part of central Asia 
 which is west of Eastern Turkestan. See Tur- 
 kestan. 
 
 Turkey (ter'ki), or the Ottoman Empire. [F. 
 
 Turquie, G. Die Tiirlcei, It. Turcliia, Sp. Turquia : 
 Turk, name of the empire Osmanli Vilaieti : NL. 
 Tarda , from Turcus, Turk : see Turks."] An em- 
 pire in the southeast of Europe, southwest of 
 Asia, and northern Africa. Capital, Constanti- 
 nople. It comprises as possessions: in Europe, the vilayets 
 or divisions of Constantinople, Adrianople, Saloniki, Mon- 
 astir, Skutari, Janina, Kosovo, and Chatalja (mutes- 
 sarifat) ; in Africa, until 1912, the vilayets of Tripoli and 
 Bengazi ; and in Asia, Asia Minor (11 vilayets), Armenia 
 and Kurdistan (5), Mesopotamia (3), and Syria and Arabia 
 (8). It has also the following nominal possessions : the 
 tributary principality of Samos ; Cyprus (administered by 
 Great Britain) ; Crete (which see) ; and Egypt (which 
 pays annual tribute). The principal occupations are agri- 
 culture and pastoral pursuits. The leading exports are 
 raisins, silk, mohair, opium, wheat, cotton, wool, coffee, 
 fruits, skins, oil, and valonia. The government was for- 
 merly an absolute monarchy. Constitutional government, 
 which had been attempted in 1876 (1876-Feb., 1878), was 
 reestablished in 1908 a9 a result of the influence of the 
 Young Turk party. The reactionary attitude of the Sul- 
 tan, Abdul Hamid II., in the winter of 1909 led to the cap- 
 ture of Constantinople (April 24) by the army of the 
 Young Turks (starting from Salonika) and the deposition 
 of the Sultan (April 27). He was succeeded by his 
 brother Mehmed V. The leading religion is Moham- 
 medanism. The inhabitants comprise Turks, Greeks, 
 Armenians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Jews, Syrians, Arabs, 
 etc. The nucleus of the Ottoman empire was 
 
 Turner, Joseph Mallord William 
 
 formed in Asia Minor in the 13th century under Er-Togb- 
 rul. Under his son Osman or Othman (1288-1326), who is 
 regarded as the founder of the empire, and Osman s son 
 Orkhan (1326-59), a powerful realm was reared on the 
 ruins of the Seljukian and Byzantine power in Asia Minor. 
 Amurath I. took Adrianople (1361), which he made the 
 capital, and broke the power of Servia in 1389. The Turk- 
 ish power was extended under Bajazet I., who subjugated 
 Bulgaria and made Wallachia tributary, and under Amu- 
 rath II. Mohammed II. took Constantinople and over- 
 threw the Byzantine empire in 1453, and conquered Trebi- 
 zond, etc. The empire reached its height in the 16lh 
 century, through the conquest of Syria, Egypt, Rhodes, a 
 great part of Hungary, and the extension of suzerainty over 
 Algeria, etc. The Turks were repulsed before Vienna in 
 1683 ; suffered great losses at the hands of Austria in the 
 end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 1 8th, and 
 at the hands of Russia in the last part of the 18th century 
 and the beginning of the 19th ; lost Greece 1821-29 ; had 
 an unsuccessful war with Russia 1828-29 ; and took part 
 in the Crimean war 1853-56. Egypt meanwhile had be- 
 come practically independent. Insurrections in Crete, 
 Bosnia, and Herzegovina, and wars with Servia and Mon- 
 tenegro, were followed by the unsuccessful war with Rus- 
 sia 1877-78; the independence of Rumania, Servia, and 
 Montenegro was recognized in 1878 ; and Bulgaria, Bosnia, 
 Herzegovina, and Cyprus were practically lost. Turkey 
 was compelled to make a large cession to Greece in 1881, 
 but was victorious in a conflict with that country in 1897. 
 Eastern Rumelia was united with Bulgaria in 1885. Tur- 
 key was at war with Italy 1911-12 and lost Tripoli and 
 Bengazi, and was invaded and defeated, Oct. -Dec., 1912, by 
 the allied armies of Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, and 
 Servia. 
 
 Turkey River. A river in northeastern Iowa. 
 
 Tiirkheim (tiirk'him). A town in Upper Alsace, 
 Alsace-Lorraine, 40 miles southwest of Stras- 
 lntrg. There, Jan. 5, 1675, the French under 
 Turenne defeated the Imperialists. 
 
 Turkistan. See Turkestan. 
 
 Turkmantchai. A place in Persia, 70 miles 
 southeast of Tabriz. Here, in 1828, peace was con- 
 cluded between Russia and Persia. Russia acquired Per- 
 sian Armenia, and great influence over Persia. 
 
 Turkomania (ter-ko-ma'ni-a). The country 
 of the Turkomans, in central Asia, north of Per- 
 sia and Afghanistan : annexed by Russia. 
 
 Turkomans (ter'ko-manz). A branch of the 
 Turkish race, found chiefly in central Asia (in 
 Russian territory), Persia, and Afghanistan. 
 Nearly all are nomads. Among the tribes are the Tekkes 
 of Merv and Akhal, the Sariks, etc. Also Turcomans or 
 Turkmans. 
 
 Turko-Russian Wars. See Russian Wars with 
 Turkey. 
 
 Turks (terks). 1. The race now dominant in 
 Turkey: the Ottomans. See Ottomans. — 2. In 
 an extended sense, the members of a race re- 
 garded as related to the Mongols : a branch of 
 the Ural-Altaic family. In this sense the Turkish 
 race includes the Petchenegs, Uzbegs, Turkomans, Otto- 
 man Turks, etc. 
 
 A revolt took place against the Jouan-Jouan in the be- 
 ginning of the sixth century, when the Turks eo nomine 
 are for the first time heard of in history. They founded 
 an empire which stretched from the borders of Manchuria 
 to the Carpathians, and commanded also Transoxiana and 
 the country as far as the Indus. Their power south of ihe 
 Sihun or Jaxartes was sapped and eventually destroyed by 
 the Arabs, who founded the Samani dynasty ; but the Turks 
 remained masters of the steppes, and supplied the Sama- 
 nis. and even the Khalifs, with mercenary troops whose 
 leaders presently supplanted their masters and founded a 
 famous Turkish dynasty at Ghazni, while somewhat later 
 fresh hordes under their own leaders planted themselves 
 in Khorasan and created the splendid empire of the Sel- 
 juks, who from the eleventh to the thirteenth century gov- 
 erned the greater part of the Khalifs’ dominions in Asia, 
 and advanced the Mohammedan rule into the mountain 
 ranges of Anatolia, and thus prepared the way for the Otto- 
 mans, their successors. Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 4. 
 
 Turnacum. In ancient geography, a city of 
 northern Gaul, on the site of the modern Tour- 
 nai. See Tournay. 
 
 Turner (ter'ner), Charles Tennyson. Born at 
 Sowerby, July 4. 1808: died April 25, 1879. An 
 English poet, brother of Alfred Tennyson. 
 Turner, Charles Y. Born at Baltimore. Md., 
 Nov. 25, 1850. An American figure-painter. 
 He studied at New York, and with Laurens, MunkacBy, 
 and Bonnat at Paris. 
 
 Turner, Joseph Mallord William. Born at 
 London. April 23, 1775: died there, Dee. 19, 1851. 
 A famous English landscape-painter, the son of 
 a barber in London. His education was meager, but 
 he devoted himself to drawing at a very early age. In 
 1789 he entered the school of the Royal Academy, and for 
 a short time worked with Sir Joshua Reynolds. In 1790 
 he exhibited a “View of the Archbishop's Palace, Lam- 
 beth,” at the Royal Academy. He was made associate 
 of the Royal Academy in 1799, and royal academician in 
 1802. Before the latter date he was more noted for his 
 water-color painting, the advance in which is largely 
 due to him. Between 1795 and 1799 he sent thirty-nine 
 works to the academy exhibitions. In 1808 he was pro- 
 fessor of perspective at the academy. He visited Scot- 
 land in 1800, and the Continent about 1802 and in 1804. In 
 1803 he exhibited six foreign subjects, among them the 
 famous “ Calais Pier." From 1807 to 1819 he produced 
 his “Liber Studiorum” (which see), a rival of the “Liber 
 Veritatis " of Claude. After 1797 his work becomes more 
 and more imaginative. In 1814 he commenced the illus- 
 
Turner, Joseph Mallord William 
 
 trations for Cooke's “ Southern Coast. " 111 1818 he wentto 
 Scotland to make the illustrations for Scott's “ Provincial 
 Antiquities.” In 1819 he visited Italy for the first time. 
 The visit was followed by increased brilliancy of color, as 
 in “The Golden Bough” and “The Fighting Tetneraire." 
 In 1816- he illustrated Whitaker's “ History of Richmond- 
 shire” (pub. 1823), in 1824 “The Rivers of England," in 
 1830 Rogers’s “Italy," and in 1833-35 “The Rivers of 
 France.” He developed a new school of engravers. In 
 1828 he again visited Italy. His first Venetian picture ap- 
 peared at the academy in 1833. In 1839 he exhibited “ The 
 Fighting T6m^raire,” in 1840 “The Slave Ship," and in 
 1842 “ The Burial of Wilkie at Sea. ” He continued to ex- 
 hibit till 1850. 
 
 Turner, Sharon. Born at London, Sept. 24, 
 1768: died there, Feb. 13, 1847. An English 
 historian. His chief works are a “History of England 
 from the Earliest Period to the Norman Conquest " (4 
 vols. 1799-1805), and a “History of England from the Nor- 
 man Conquest to 1509 " (1814-29). 
 
 Turner’s Falls (ter'nerz falz). A manufac- 
 turing village in Franklin CouDty, Massachu- 
 setts, situated on the Connecticut 35 miles 
 north of Springfield. 
 
 Turner’s Gap (ter'nerz gap). A pass in the 
 South Mountain, Maryland : the scene of part 
 of the battle of South Mountain, Sept. 14, 1862. 
 Turnhout (torn'hout). A town in the province 
 of Antwerp, Belgium, 25 miles east by north of 
 Antwerp. Here, Jan. 22, 1597, the Dutch under Mau- 
 rice of Nassau defeated the Spaniards ; and here, Oct. 27, 
 1789, the Belgians defeated the Austrians. Population, 
 23,503. 
 
 Tumus (ter'nus). In Roman legend, the king 
 of the Rutulians, in Italy, at the period of the 
 arrival of the Trojans under rEneas. 
 
 Turpin (ter'pin; F. pron.tur-pan'). Died about 
 794. An archbishop of Rheims, famous as the 
 erroneously reputed author of a history of 
 Charlemagne which was really composed in the 
 11th or 12th century. 
 
 The chronicle of the pseudo-Turpin is of little real im- 
 portance in the history of French literature, because it is 
 admitted to have been written in Latin. The busy idle- 
 ness of critics has, however, prompted them to discuss at 
 great length the question whether the “Chanson de Roland ” 
 may not possibly have been composed from this chronicle. 
 The facts are these. Tilpin or Turpin was actually arch- 
 bishop of Rheims from 753-794, but nobody pretends that 
 the chronicle going under his name is authentic. All that 
 is certain is that it is not later than 1165, and that it is 
 probably not earlier than the middle, or at most the be- 
 ginning, of the eleventh century, while the part of it which 
 is more particularly in question is of the end of that cen- 
 tury. “ Roland " is almost certainly of the middle at latest. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 127, note. 
 
 Turpin (t6r'pin), Dick. A notorious English 
 highwayman who was executed in 1739. The 
 popular account of his famous ride to York on his mare 
 “Black Bess” is not mentioned in the “Newgate Calen- 
 dar," and in its original form is said to have been written 
 by Maginn. 
 
 Turretin (F. pron. tiir-tan'), or Turretini (tor- 
 ra-te'ne), Ben4dict. Born 1588: died 1631. A 
 Swiss Protestant theologian. 
 
 Turveydrop (ter'vi-drop), Mr. A fatuous char- 
 acter, a “model of deportment,” in Dickens’s 
 “Bleak House.” 
 
 Tus. See Tuz. 
 
 Tusayan, or Tu$ayan (to-sa-yan'), or Tuzan. 
 A confederacy of North American Indian tribes 
 inhabiting the pueblos of Mashongnavi, Oraibi, 
 Shumepovi, Shupaulovi, Sichumovi, Walpi, and 
 Hano, on the summits of four mesas about 50 
 miles east of the Colorado Chiquito, northeast- 
 ern Arizona. All the pueblos except Hano are inhab- 
 ited by a kindred people. This distinct village was built 
 in the latter part of the 17th century by fugitive Tewa Indi- 
 ans (which see) from the Rio Grande valley. New Mexico. 
 The name is derived from Usaya, the Zuni name of the 
 two principal pueblos once inhabited by the Tusayan Con- 
 federacy. Hopi or Hopituh is the name by which the tribe 
 calls itself. Also called Cinyumuh, Hapitu, Hopec, Mayui , 
 Maqui, Mnhoce, Mohotz ", Moki, Monkey Indians, Opii, She- 
 noma, Shinumo, and Totonteac. (See Shoshonean. ) N um- 
 ber, about 2,000. 
 
 Tuscaloosa (tus-ka-lo'sii). The capital of Tus- 
 caloosa County, Alabama, situated on the 
 Black Warrior River 89 miles northwest of 
 Montgomery. It is the seat of Alabama Uni- 
 versity, and was formerly the capital of Ala- 
 bama. Population, 8,407, (1910). 
 
 Tuscan (tus'kan) Archipelago. A group of 
 islands west of Tuscany, including Elba and 
 some smaller islands. 
 
 Tuscan Sea. A name sometimes given to the 
 part of the Mediterranean west of Tuscany. 
 Tuscany (tus'ka-ni). [G. Toscana, F. Toscane, 
 from It. Toscana, theTuscanstate,fromL. Etrus- 
 cus, Etruscan.] Acompartimentoof the kingdom 
 of Italy, and former grand duchy, bounded by 
 Liguria, Emilia, the Marches, Umbria, Latium, 
 and the Mediterranean. It comprises the provinces of 
 Florence, Lucca, Massa e Carrara, Pisa, Leghorn, Grosseto, 
 Arezzo, and Siena. It corresponds nearly to the ancient 
 Etruria (see Etruria). It was ruled by the Romans, Goths, 
 Byzantine Greeks, Lombards, and Franks, and after the 
 
 1015 
 
 Frankish conquest constituted a margravate. The cele- 
 brated countess Matilda, who reigned from 1076 to 1115, 
 bequeathed her dominions to the popes. Their possession, 
 however, was contested by the emperors of Germany, and 
 in the meanwhile Tuscany became completely disinte- 
 grated, various independent republics in addition to Pisa 
 (Florence, Lucca, Siena, etc.) rising to prominence. Flor- 
 ence ultimately absorbed the other republics, and in 1569 
 her dominions were erected into the grand duchy of 
 Tuscany, under the house of Medici. Tuscany passed 
 from the house of Medici to that of Lorraine in 1737, and 
 became an Austrian “secundogeniture” ; was occupied 
 by the French in 1799; was given as the kingdom of 
 Etruria to the house of Parma in 1801; was taken again 
 by the French in 1807, and incorporated with France in 
 1808; and was restored to the H apsburg-Lorraine line in 
 1814. There were revolutionary troubles in 1848-19. The 
 grand duke Leopold II. was obliged to quit the country 
 in 1859, and in 1860 Tuscany was annexed by Victor 
 Emmanuel. Area of compartimeuto, 9,304 square miles. 
 Population, 2,701,631. 
 
 Tuscarawas (tus-ka-ra'was) River. A river in 
 northeastern Ohio which unites with the Mohi- 
 can River at Coshocton to form the Muskingum. 
 Length, about 125 miles. 
 
 Tuscarora (tus-ka-ro'ra). [PL, also Tuscaroras.} 
 A tribe of North American Indians who lived, 
 when first known, upon the Neuse, Roanoke, 
 Taw, and Pamlico rivers in North Carolina. 
 
 In 1711 they rose against the colonists, and after several 
 years of warfare were nearly destroyed ; the remainder 
 subsequently joined the Iroquois, forming the sixth tribe 
 of that confederacy, and settling in the territory of the 
 Oneidas in New York. Their name means ‘hemp-gath- 
 erers,' the Indian hemp being used by them in many ways. 
 They number now about 700, about equally divided be- 
 tween New York and Ontario. See Iroquois. 
 
 Tusculan Disputations. A work in five books 
 by Cicero, dedicated to M. Brutus, consisting 
 of conversations represented as taking place at 
 Cicero’s estate at Tusculum. 
 
 Tusculum (tus'ku-lum). In ancient geography, 
 a city of Latium, Italy, situated in the Alban 
 Moun tains, 13 miles southeast of Rome, near 
 the modern Frascati. Accordingtotradition itschief, 
 Mamilius, joined Tarquinius Superbus against theRomans. 
 Later it was allied with Rome. Under the republic and 
 empire it contained villas of many Romans (Lucullus, Pom- 
 pey, Brutus, and Cicero). It was destroyed near the end of 
 the 12th century. Its ruins contain aRoman amphitheater 
 and a theater. The interior of the former is reticulated 
 masonry ; the seats are supported on vaulting of brickwork. 
 The axes of the outer ellipse are 230 and 171 feet; of the 
 arena, 157 and 95 feet. The latter is in excellent preserva- 
 tion. There are 15 tiers of seats, divided by radial stair- 
 ways into 4 cunei ; there are three main entrances. The 
 orchestra remains perfect, and there is much of the stage 
 structure. 
 
 Tuscumbia (tus-kum'bi-a). The capital of Col- 
 bert County, Alabama, situated near the Ten- 
 nessee 5 miles south of Florence. Population, 
 3,324, (1910). 
 
 Tussaud’s (tii-soz'), Madame, Waxworks. A 
 
 collection of waxworks representing notable 
 persons, and various curiosities, on the Maryle- 
 bone Road, London, near Baker street station. 
 It was established by Madame Marie Grosholtz Tussaud, a 
 Swiss, in 1802 : she died in 1850. She learned to model in 
 Paris, and after an imprisonment during the Revolution 
 brought her collection to London. Many of the figures now 
 on exhibition were modeled by her. There is also a “Cham- 
 ber of Horrors,” with casts, relics, etc., of executed crimi- 
 nals. 
 
 Tusser (tus'er), Thomas. Born at Rivenhall, 
 Essex, about 1524 : died at London about April, 
 1580. An English poet. He was a chorister of St. 
 Paul’s ; studied at Eton and at King’s College, Cambridge ; 
 spent ten years at court; and then settled on a farm in 
 Suffolk He wrote “A Hundred Good Points of Good Hus- 
 bandry ”(1557), “Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry 
 United to as Many of Good Wiferie” (1573), etc. 
 Tutivillus (tu-ti-vil'us). A demon who was 
 said to collect all the fragments of words which 
 the priests had skipped over or mutilated in the 
 performance of the service, and to carry them 
 to hell. Halliwell. 
 
 Tuttlingen (tut'ling-en). A town in the Black 
 Forest circle, Wiirtemberg, situated onthe Dan- 
 ube 29 miles northwest of Constance, it has 
 manufactures of shoes, knives, surgical instruments, etc. 
 Here, 1643, the Imperialists and Bavarians defeated the 
 ^French. Population, commune, 14,627. 
 
 Tutuila. The third in importance of the Sa- 
 moan Islands. It contains the harbor of Pango- 
 Pango. It belongs to the United States. 
 Length, 17 miles. Area, 55 square miles. 
 Tuxedo (tuk-se'do) Club. A fashionable club, 
 having its house at Tuxedo Park, New York, 
 and a membership of 400 non-residents. 
 Tuxedo Park (tuk-se'do park). A fashionable 
 settlement in Orange County, New York, 35 
 miles north-northwest of New York city. 
 
 Tuz, or Tus, or Toos (tciz). The medieval capi- 
 tal of Khorasan, Persia. It was the birthplace 
 of Firdausi. 
 
 Tvashtri (twash'tri). [Skt., ‘the Shaper,’ from 
 y/ tvaksh, work, hew, fashion. ] In the later Hindu 
 
 Twiggs 
 
 mythology, one of the Adityas, but in the Rig- 
 veda the Hephaestus or V ulcan of the Indian 
 pantheon, the ideal artist, the divine artisan. 
 He sharpens the iron ax of Brahmanaspati and forges the 
 thunderbolts of Indra, which are golden, or of iron with 
 a thousand points and a hundred edges. He bestows off- 
 spring and forms husband and wife for each other, even 
 from the womb. All worlds or beings are his. He is in 
 several passages connected with the Ribhus, who, likehim, 
 are skilful workmen. His daughter is Saranyu, whom he 
 gives in marriage to Vivasvant, and to whom she bears the 
 Ashvins, and Yama and Yami, the primeval pair. 
 
 Tver (tvar). 1. A government of Russia, sur- 
 rounded by the governments of Novgorod, 
 Yaroslav, Vladimir, Moscow, Smolensk, and. 
 Pskoff. Area, 24,975 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 2,098,700. — 2. The capital of the govern- 
 ment of Tver, situated on both banks of the 
 Volga, at its junction with the Tvertsa, about 
 lat. 56° 50' N., long. 36° E. It has manufactures of 
 cotton goods, etc., and considerable trade. Formerly it 
 was the capital of an independent principality. Popula- 
 tion, 59,300. 
 
 Tver, Principality of. A medieval principal- 
 ity in northern central Russia in the 13th-15th 
 centuries. It was annexed by Ivan III. of Mos- 
 cow in 1482. 
 
 Twain, Mark. See Clemens. 
 
 Tweed (twed). A river in Scotland and on the 
 boundary between Scotland and England. It 
 rises in Peeblesshire ; traverses Peebles, Selkirk, and 
 Roxburgh ; forms the boundary between Berwick and 
 Northumberland ; and enters the North Sea at Berwick. 
 Among its tributaries are the Ettrick, Teviot, Till, Gala, 
 Leader, Eden, Leet, and Whiteadder. On it are Peebles, 
 Abbotsford, Melrose, Dryburgh Abbey, Kelso, Norham 
 Castle, etc. Length, 97 miles. 
 
 Tweed, William Marcy. Born at New York, 
 April 3, 1823: died there, April 12, 1878. A 
 Democratic politician and notorious criminal. 
 He was the son of a chair-maker, and learned his father’s 
 trade. In 1852 he became an alderman ; served in Con- 
 gress 1853-55 ; was chairman of the board of supervisors 
 of New York city 1856, and school commissioner 1856-57; 
 was State senator 1867-71 (reelected in the latter year) ; 
 and was appointed commissioner of public works for the 
 city in 1870. He became chairman of the general com- 
 mittee of Tammany Hall and grand sachem in 1863. As 
 the head of a group of influential politicians (ConnoUy, 
 Sweeny, Hall, and others), known as the “Tweed Ring,” 
 he succeeded in getting control of the financial affairs of 
 the city, and in robbing it of many millions of dollars. He 
 was arrested in a civil suit Oct. 28, 1871, and in a criminal 
 action in December; was tried in Jan., 1873, and, the 
 jury disagreeing, was again tried in November and sen- 
 tenced to 12 years’ imprisonment ; was released on legal 
 technicalities in 1875, hut was committed to Ludlow street 
 jail in default of bail in civil suits; escaped and fled to 
 Spain ; was arrested by the Spanish authorities and re- 
 turned to the United States; and was recommitted to 
 Ludlow street jail, where he died. 
 
 Tweed Ring. See Tweed, William Marcy. 
 
 Tweedledum and Tweedledee. A phrase in a 
 satirical squib by Byrom (1692-1763) alluding 
 to the differences between the adherents of 
 Handel and of Buononcini. See Handel. 
 Twelfth Night, or What You Will. A com- 
 edy by Shakspere, first acted in 1602 and printed 
 in 1623. 
 
 The critics all agree that some outlines of the serious 
 portion of “ Twelfth Night ’’ were drawn, directly or in- 
 directly, from the Italian of Bandello. Several intermedi- 
 ate sources have been pointed out, to which the poet may 
 have gone ; and among them the English of Barnabe Rich 
 and the French of Belleforest, either of which might well 
 enough have been the true one. Besides these, two Ital- 
 ian plays have lately been discovered, severally entitled 
 “GF Inganni” and “GT Ingannati,” both also founded 
 upon Bandello, though differing considerably from each 
 other. Hudson, Int. to Twelfth Night. 
 
 Twelve Tables. The tables on which were en- 
 graved and promulgated in Rome (451 and 450 
 b. c.) short statements of those rules of Roman 
 law which were most important in the affairs of 
 daily life. They were drawn up, in large part, it seems, 
 from the existing law, and in part as new legislation, by 
 the decemvirs, and hence were at first called “the laws 
 of the decemvirs.” Ten were first promulgated, and two 
 were soon added. They formed thereafter the principal 
 basis or source of the Roman jurisprudence. 
 
 Twenty-four Parganas (par-ga'naz). A dis- 
 trict in Bengal, British India, in the immediate 
 vicinity of Calcutta. Area, 4,844 square miles. 
 Population, excluding Calcutta, about 2,- 
 078,000. 
 
 Twenty Years After. See Vingt Ans Aprts. 
 Twice-Told Tales. A collection of stories by 
 Hawthorne, published in 1837. A second series 
 under the same title was published in 1842. 
 Twickenham (twik'n-am). A town in Middle- 
 sex, England, situated on the Thames 11 miles 
 west-southwest of London. Its manor belongs to 
 the crown. It contains many villas, and was once the 
 residence of Alexander Dope. Population, 20,991. 
 
 Twiggs ( twigz), David Emanuel. Born in Rich- 
 mond County, Ga., 1790: died at Augusta, Ga., 
 Sept. 15, 1862. An American general. He served 
 
1016 
 
 Twiggs 
 
 In the War of 1812 and in the Mexican war, becoming 
 brigade and division commander under Scott in 1847. As 
 commander of the department of Texas, lie surrendered 
 his army, stores, etc., to the Confederate general McCul- 
 loch, Feb., 1861. He was thereupon dismissed from the 
 United States service, and was appointed a Confederate 
 major-general. He commanded for a time in Louisiana. 
 
 Twightwees. See Miami. 
 
 Twin Rivals, The. A play by Farquhar, pro- 
 duced in 1702. 
 
 Twist, Oliver. See Oliver Twist. 
 
 Twitcher (twich'er), Jemmy. A treacherous 
 highwayman in Gay’s “ Beggar’s Opera.” The 
 nickname was given to Lord Sandwich by the newspapers 
 in the latter part of the 18th century on account of certain 
 irregularities of conduct. 
 
 Two Admirals, The. A novel by Cooper, pub- 
 lished in 1842. 
 
 Two Drovers, The. Anovel by Sir Walter Scott, 
 one of the •‘Chronicles of the Canongate,” pub- 
 lished in 1827. 
 
 Two Foscari (fos'ka-re), The. A tragedy by 
 Lord Byron. 
 
 Two Gentlemen of Verona, The. A comedy 
 by Shakspere (the date of production is uncer- 
 tain: variously stated to be 1591 and 1595), 
 printed in 1623. Fleay thinks the play was produced in 
 1591 with work by a different hand in it, which was cut 
 out and replaced by Shakspere’s own in 1595. Parts of 
 the story are identical with that of the shepherdess Filis- 
 mena in Montemayor’s “Diana," translated in manuscript 
 by Young about 1583, and with Bandellos “Apollonius 
 and Sylla.” 
 
 Two Noble Kinsmen, The. A play produced 
 in 1625 and published in 1634 as by Fletcher and 
 Shakspere. It is not now supposed that Shakspere 
 had any hand in it, but Massinger and Rowley are thought 
 to have worked with Fletcher. Fleay suggests Beaumont 
 with Fletcher. The story is that of Palamon and Arcite. 
 
 Two Sicilies (sis'i-liz), Kingdom of the. The 
 
 united kingdom of Sicily and southern Italy. The 
 latter, when separate, is called Sicily on this side the 
 Faro (or Capo del Faro, the northeastern promontory of 
 Sicily), or the kingdom of Naples. The kingdom com- 
 prised (besides the island of Sicily), Abruzzi and Molise, 
 Apulia, Campania, Basilicata, and Calabria. The princi- 
 pal periods of union have been the 12th and 13th centuries 
 (under the Normans, Hohenstaufens, and Charles of An- 
 jou), 1503-1713, 1713-1806, and 1815-60. Naples was under 
 Joseph Bonaparte 1806-08, and under Murat 1808-15. See 
 further under Sicily. 
 
 Two Years Ago. A novel by Kingsley, pub- 
 lished in 1857. 
 
 Two Years Before the Mast. A narrative of 
 sea adventure, by Richard Henry Dana, Jr., 
 published in 1840. 
 
 Tyana (ti'a-na). [Gr. Tiara.] In ancient geog- 
 raphy, a city of Cappadocia, Asia Minor, its 
 ruins are near the modern Hflissa-Hissar, 75 miles northwest 
 of Adana. It was the birthplace of Apollonius (of Tyana). 
 Tybalt (tib'alt). The nephew of Lady Capulet 
 in Shakspere’s “Romeo and Juliet.” 
 
 Tybee (ti-be'). An island at the entrance to 
 the Savannah River, Georgia. On it were placed 
 Gilmore’s batteries which reduced the Confederate fort 
 Pulaski, April, 1862. Length, 6 miles. 
 
 Tybee Roads. An inlet of the Atlantic, near 
 Savannah. 
 
 Tyburn (ti'bern). In old London, a tributary 
 of the Thames which rose in the clay-beds at the 
 foot of the Hampstead Hills. It went through 
 Regent’s Park, crossing Oxford street at Sussex Court, 
 then to Green Park, through Buckingham Palace gardens, 
 and through St. James’s Park, to Thorney, Westminster. 
 The manor at Tybourne, which took its name from this, 
 adjoined that of Marylebone. There was a place of execu- 
 tion on the Tyburn near what is now the Marble Arch, 
 Hyde Park. “ Tyburn Tree ” was the public gallows till 
 the executions were transferred to Newgate in 1783. 
 Tyburnia (tl-ber'ni-a). A fashionable quarter 
 of London, north of Hyde Park: named from 
 the former Tyburn. 
 
 Tyche (ti'ke). [Gr. Try//, a personification of 
 good fortune.] In Greek mythology, the god- 
 dess of fortune, a divinity whose protection was 
 believed to assure prosperity, wealth, and good 
 luck : often in the form Agathe Tyche (Good 
 Fortune). 
 
 Tycho Brahe. See Brahe. 
 
 Tydides (ti-di'dez). A patronymic of Diomedes, 
 the son of Tydeus. 
 
 Tyldesley (tildz'li) (with Shakerley). Atownin 
 Lancashire, England, 10 miles west-northwest 
 of Manchester. Population, 14,843. 
 
 Tyler (ti'ler). The capital of Smith County, 
 Texas, 115 miles east by south of Fort Worth. 
 Population, 10,400, (19i0). 
 
 Tyler, John. Born at Greenway, Charles City 
 County, Va., March 29, 1790 : died at Richmond, 
 Va., Jan. 18, 1862. The tenth President of the 
 United States. He was educated at William and Mary 
 College ; was admitted to the bar in 1809 ; was member of 
 the Virginia legislature 1811-16; volunteered for the de- 
 fense of Richmond in 1813 ; was member of Congress from 
 Virginia 1816-21 ; was a member of the legislature 1823-25 ; 
 was governor of Virginia 1825-27 ; and was United States 
 senator from Virginia 1827-36. He opposed the tariff, the 
 
 bank, and the Force Bill ; and resigned in Feb., 1836, from 
 unwillingness to obey instructions of the Virginia legisla- 
 ture to vote for the “expunging resolution "(which see). 
 He received 47 electoral votes in 1836 as candidate of the 
 “State-rights Whigs ” for Vice-President ; was reelected to 
 the Virginia legislature in 1838; and was nominated by 
 the Whigs as candidate for Vice-President in Dec., 1839, 
 and elected in 1840. By the death of President Harrison, 
 he became President April 4, 1841. Among the leading 
 events of his administration were the quarrel with the 
 Whig leaders; the veto of the fiscal bank bills in 1841, 
 notwithstanding the resignation of nearly all the cabinet 
 in Sept., 1841; veto of the protective bill in 1842; the 
 Ashburton treaty; .and the annexation of Texas. He was 
 nominated for President by a Democratic convention in 
 1844, but soon withdrew. He was made peace commis- 
 sioner by President Buchanan in 1861 ; was president of the 
 peace convention in Feb., 1861; favored secession in Vir- 
 ginia ; and became a member of the Confederate provisional 
 congress. 
 
 Tyler, Moses Coit. Born Aug. 2, 1835: died 
 Dee. 28, 1900. An American scholar, professor 
 of English at the University of Michigan 1867- 
 1881, and of American history at Cornell from 
 1881. Among his works are “History of American Lit- 
 erature”(1878), “A Manual of English Literature ” (1S79), 
 “ Life of Patrick Henry ”(1887). 
 
 Tyler, Wat (Walter the Tyler). Killedat Smith- 
 field, June 15, 1381. The leader of a revolt of 
 peasants of England in 1381. He is said to have 
 killed a tax-gatherer who insulted his daughter, and with 
 Jack Straw to have led the men of Kent and Essex to Lon- 
 don. While treating with Richard II. at Smithfield, he 
 was kill ed by Lord Mayor Walworth. 
 
 Tylor (ti'lor), Sir Edward Burnett. Born at 
 Camberwell, Oct. 2, 1832. A noted English 
 anthropologist. He was educated at the Friends’ 
 School, Grove House, Tottenham ; undertook with Henry 
 Christy a scientific journey through Mexico in 1856; w r as 
 appointed keeper of the Oxford University Museum in 
 1883, and reader (1883) and professor (1896) in anthropology 
 (now emeritus); and was president of the Anthropological 
 Institute 1891-92. His works include “ Anahuac, or Mex- 
 ico and the Mexicans” (1861), “Researches into the His- 
 tory of Mankind " (1865), “ Primitive Culture” (1871), and 
 “ Anthropology ’’ (1881). Knighted 1912. 
 
 Tyndale, or Tindale (tin'dal), William. Born 
 
 in Gloucestershire, England, about 1484: exe- 
 cutedatVilvorde,near Brussels, Oct.6, 1536. An 
 English reformer, and translator of the Bible. 
 He studied at Oxford and Cambridge ; was ordained priest 
 about 1521 ; aDd was for a time chaplain and domestic tutor 
 in the family of Sir John Walsh, Little Sodbury, Gloucester- 
 shire. Having exposed himself to persecution on account 
 of his professions of sympathy with the new learning, he 
 left England for the Continent in 1524, and after a visit to 
 Luther at W ittenberg settled at Cologne, whence, however, 
 he was presently expelled. He took refuge in Worms, 
 where he published his octavo edition of the New Testa- 
 ment in 1525. His translation of the Pentateuch appeared 
 at Marburg in 1530. His movements between 1526 and 1530 
 are uncertain ; after 1530 he lived chiefly at Antwerp. He 
 was arrested at the instance of Henry VIII., May 24, 1535 ; 
 was imprisoned in the castle of Vilvorde, near Brussels ; 
 and after a protracted trial for heresy was strangled, Oct. 
 6, 1536, his body being burned at the stake. Among his 
 other works are “ Parable of the Wicked Mammon ” (1528), 
 “Obedience of a Christian Man” (1528), and “Practice of 
 Prelates " (1530). 
 
 Tyndall (tin'dal), John. Born at Leiglilin 
 Bridge, Ireland, Aug. 2, 1820: died at Hasle- 
 mere, Surrey, England, Dec. 4, 1893. A distin- 
 guished British physicist. Having been educated 
 partly at home, partly at a school near his native town of 
 Leighliu Bridge, he entered the employment of a firm 
 of engineers in 1844. He was teacher at Queenwood Col- 
 lege, Hants, 1847—48 ; studied at the University of Marburg 
 1848-50; was elected fellow of the Royal Society in 1852 ; 
 became professor of natural philosophy at the Royal In- 
 stitution of London in 1853 ; explored with Huxley the 
 glaciers of Switzerland in 1856, thus beginning a study to 
 which he afterward devoted much attention ; climbed the 
 Weisshorn in 1861 ; scaled the Matterhorn in 1868 ; visited 
 Algeria in 1870 ; and lectured in the United States in 1872. 
 He was especially noted for his investigations in electricity 
 and magnetism, radiant heat, light, acoustics, and glaciers. 
 He was a zealous advocate of the doctrine of materialism, 
 which he upheld in an address delivered while presiding 
 over a meeting of the British Association at Belfast in 
 1874. His works are “Faraday as a Discoverer” (1868), 
 “Researches on Diamagnetism and Magne-Crystallic Ac- 
 tion ” (1870), “ Notes of a Course of Nine Lectures ou Light 
 delivered at the Royal Institution, 1869”(1870), “ Notes of 
 a Course of Seven Lectures on Electrical Phenomena de- 
 livered at the Royal Institution, 1870" (1870), “Essays on 
 the Imagination in Science ” (1870), “Hours of Exercise in 
 the Alps "(1871), “Fragments of Science for Unscientific 
 People ” (1871), “ Contributions to Molecular Physics in the 
 Domain of Radiant Heat: a Series of Memoirs" (1872), 
 “ The Forms of Water in Clouds and Rivers, Ice and Gla- 
 ciers" (1872), “Six Lectures on Light, delivered in America, 
 1872-73 ” (1873), "Address delivered before the British As- 
 sociation assembled at Belfast: with Additions” (1874), 
 “On the Transmission of Sound by the Atmosphere ”(1874), 
 “ Lessons in Electricity at the Royal Institution, 1875-76” 
 (1876), “ Fermentation ” (1877), “Essays on the Floating 
 Matter of the Air in Relation to Putrefaction and Infec- 
 tion” (1881), “Free Molecules and Radiant Heat ” (“Philo- 
 sophical Transactions 1882), “ Fragments of Science ’’ and 
 “New Fragments" (1892), etc. 
 
 Tyndall, Mount. A mountain in the Sierra 
 Nevada, California, about lat. 36°39'N. Height, 
 about 14,386 feet. 
 
 Tyndarides (tin-dar'i-dez). Patronymic of 
 Castor, Polydeuces, and Helena, children of 
 Tyndareus. 
 
 Tyrol 
 
 Tyne (tin). A river in northern England, it 
 is formed by the union of the North Tyne and South 
 Tyne, which unite near Hexham after traversing North- 
 umberland ; flows eastward past Newcastle ; forms part of 
 the boundary between Northumberland and Durham ; and 
 empties into the North Sea at Tynemouth. Length, about 
 80 miles ; navigable for large vessels to Newcastle. 
 
 Tynemouth (tin'muth or tin'muth). A borough 
 in Northumberland, England, situated at the 
 mouth of the Tyne in lat. 55° 1' N., long. 1° 25' 
 W . It comprises the wards of Tynemouth, North Shields, 
 and Percy. It is a watering-place and seaport, and has 
 ship-building, fisheries, manufactures of ropes and sails, 
 etc. Its priory was founded in the 7th century, and has 
 several times been rebuilt. Population, 58,822, (1911). 
 
 Tyner (ti'ner), James Noble. Born at Brook- 
 ville, Ind., Jan. 17, 1826: died at Washington, 
 D. C., Dec. 5, 1904. An American politician. 
 He was Republican United States senator from Indiana 
 1869-75 ; postmaster-general 1875-77 ; first assistant post- 
 master-general 1877-82 ; and assistant attorney-general 
 1889-93, 1897-1903. 
 
 Tynewald, or Tinewald (tin'wold). The par- 
 liament or legislature of the Isle of Man, consist- 
 ing of the governor and council, constituting the 
 upper house, and the House of Keys, or lower 
 house. It is independent of the British Parliament, its 
 acts requiring only the assent of the sovereign in council. 
 
 Tyng ( ting) , Stephen Higginson. Bom at Ne w- 
 
 b ury port, Mass., March 1, 1800: died at Irving- 
 ton , N. Y Sept . 4, 1885. A Protestant Episc opal 
 clergyman and author: rector of St. George’s 
 Church, New York city, 1844-78, when he re- 
 tired as rector emeritus. He published several vol- 
 umes of sermons, “Recollections of England” (1847), 
 “Forty Years’ Experience in Sunday-Schools "(1860), “The 
 Prayer-Book Illustrated by Scripture ” (1863-67), etc. 
 
 Typhon (ti'fdn). [Gr. T v^aov.] 1. In Greek 
 mythology, a son of Tvphoeus, and the father of 
 the winds: later confused with Typlios or Ty- 
 phoeus.— 2. In Egyptian mythology : see Set. 
 
 Tyr (tir). [ON. Tyr.'] In Northern mythology, 
 the god of war and victory, son of Odin. He is 
 the same as the Anglo-Saxon Tiw. He is represented with 
 one hand, the other having been bitten off by the wolf 
 Fenris, in whose mouth he had placed it as a pledge. 
 
 Tyrannic Love, or the Royal Martyr. A 
 
 tragedy by Dryden, produced in 1668 or 1669, 
 printed in 1670. 
 
 Tyras (ti'ras). The ancient name of the river 
 Dniester. 
 
 Tyre (tir) . [L. Tyr us, Gr. T vpoc, from Phen. (Heb. ) 
 l'sor (cor, modern yur), rock.] Next to Sidon, 
 the oldest and most important city of Phenicia. 
 It consisted of a town on the mainland, which was the 
 oldest part (Palsetyrus), and two rocky islands directly op- 
 posite Palaetyrus. These islands originally contained only 
 the temple of Melkarth and warehouses. In the 13th cen- 
 tury B. c. they were more settled, and they were united 
 by Hiram, the contemporary of Solomon, by an embank- 
 ment. In the 11th century B. c. Tyre began, under its first 
 king, Abibaal, father of Hiram, to rival itsmothercity Sidon, 
 and soon supplanted it as queen of the Phenician cities. 
 Of its magnificence and luxury the prophet Ezekiel gives 
 a detailed and graphic description. It established colo- 
 nies in Sicily, Sardinia, Spain, Africa (Carthage), and sent 
 out mercantile fleets to India and Brittany. Under Hiram 
 Tyre reached the height of its prosperity and splendor. It 
 then came into close friendly relations with Israel. Later, 
 Ahab, king of Israel, married Jezebel, daughter of Eth- 
 baal, whose great-granddaughter Elissa (Dido) is said to 
 have founded Carthage. Tyre was often the aim of at- 
 tacks by Eastern rulers. It became Tributary to Assyria 
 under Tiglath-Pileser III. (745-727 B. c.). Shalmaneser 
 IV. (727-722) besieged it for five years, apparently without 
 success. Under Nebuchadnezzar it stood a siege of 13 
 years (585-572). Later it came under Persian supremacy. 
 Alexander the Great reduced the city after a siegeof nine 
 months, though he did not completely destroy it. From 
 this blow Tyre never fully recovered, but continued to 
 flourish in a quiet manner through its manufactures of 
 metal-work, fine textiles, and purple dye. In the Roman 
 period Tyre was still a prosperous city, and it retained 
 some importance down to the middle ages. During the 
 Crusades it often changed hands between the Christians 
 and the Mohammedans, and was repeatedly destroyed. 
 The modern bur is an unimportant town under the gov- 
 ernment of Beirut, with about 6,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Tyrian Cynosure. The constellation Ursa 
 Minor, anciently called the Cynosure, which 
 served as a guide to the Tyrians in their long 
 voyages. 
 
 Tyrol (tir'ol ; G. pron. te-rol'), or Tirol, some- 
 times the Tyrol, It. Tirolo (te-ro'lo). A 
 county in Austria-Hungary which forms with 
 Vorarlberg a crownland in the Cisleithan di- 
 vision of the Austrian empire. Capital, Inns- 
 bruck. Tyrol itself is bounded by Vorarlberg, Bavaria, 
 Salzburg, Carinthia, Italy, and Switzerland. 1 1 is traversed 
 by the Alps, and contains the upper valleys of the Lech, 
 Adige, and Drave, and the middle valley of the Inn. Among 
 its chief products are dairy products, fruits, and wine (in 
 South Tyrol). It has mines of coal, iron, lead, zinc, cop- 
 per, etc. The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic ; most 
 of the inhabitants are Germans, but there are also about 
 15,000 Ladins, and in South Tyrol over one third of the 
 population is Italian. It has 25 representatives in the 
 Austrian Reichsrat, and 68 members in its Landtag. Tyrol 
 was part of the ancient Rhretia and Noricum under the 
 Roman Empire, and later in great part a portion of Ba- 
 varia. It belonged to the empire of Charles the Great, and 
 
Tyrol 
 
 later to the duchy of Bavaria. The counts of Tyrol ex- 
 tended their power from the neighborhood of Meran in 
 the middle ages, and became paramount in the country. 
 Tyrol passed to the house of Hapsburg in 1363, and was 
 granted by Napoleon to Bavaria in 1805. In 1809occurred 
 an insurrection against the French and Bavarian rule. 
 Barts of Tyrol were ceded to France in 1809-10. It was 
 recovered by Austria in 1814. Area, with Vorarlberg, 
 11,324 square miles. Population, 946,498, (1910). 
 
 Tyrol, Welsch. That part of Tyrol not inhab- 
 ited principally by German-speaking people; 
 specifically, South Tyrol, inhabited principally 
 by Italians. 
 
 Tyrone (ti-ron'). A county in Ulster, Ireland, 
 bounded by Donegal, Londonderry, Lough 
 Neagh, Armagh, Monaghan, and Fermanagh. 
 Capital, Omagh. The surface is generally hilly. 
 Area, 1,260 square miles. Population, about 
 150,500. 
 
 Tyrone, Earl of. See O’Neil, Hugh. 
 
 Tyropceon (tir-o-pe'on). [Gr. n>v Tvpoiroiuv, of 
 the cheese-makers.] A valley at Jerusalem. 
 See the extract. 
 
 The Pool of Siloam lies on the opposite side of this ridge, 
 at the mouth of the valley called that of the Cheesemak- 
 ers (Tyropceon) in the time of Josephus, but which is now 
 filled up with rubbish, and in large part built over. 
 
 Sayce, Anc. Monuments, p. 98. 
 
 Tyrrhenians (ti-re'ni-anz). A name given by 
 the Greeks to the ancient inhabitants of Etruria. 
 
 Tyrrhenian Sea, or Inferum Mare (in'fe-rum 
 ma're). In ancient geography, that part of the 
 Mediterranean which lies west of Italy. 
 
 Tyrtseus (ter-te'us). [Gr. Tvpraioc.\ Lived in 
 
 1017 
 
 the middle of the 7th century B. c. A famous 
 elegiac poet of Sparta, said to have been a 
 native of Attica. According to a (doubtless un- 
 founded) tradition, the Spartans who were at war with 
 the Messenians were commanded by the oracle to take a 
 leader from among the Athenians. The latter, not wish- 
 ing to aid the Spartans, sent Tyrtseus, a lame schoolmaster 
 of no reputation ; but by his songs he so inspired his fol- 
 lowers that they obtained the victory. Fragments of his 
 poems are extant. 
 
 Tyrus (ti'rus). The Latin name of Tyre. 
 
 Tyrwhitt (ter'it), Thomas. Born at London, 
 March 29, 1730 : died at Loudon, Aug. 15, 1786. 
 An English critic. He studied at Oxford, and was 
 elected a fellow of Merton in 1755, but in 1762 abandoned 
 his academic career in order to become clerk of the House 
 of Commons. He resigned his clerkship in 1768, and de- 
 voted himself to literature. He wrote “Observations on 
 Some Passages of Shakespeare ” (1766), and prepared ex- 
 cellent editions of Chaucer's “ Canterbury Tales " (1775-78) 
 and Aristotle’s “Poetics ” (1794). He is chiefly known as 
 the original editor of “ Rowley’s Poems,” which he demon- 
 strated were written by Chatterton. 
 
 Tytler (tlt'ler), Alexander Fraser, Lord 
 Woodhouselee. Born at Edinburgh, Oct. 15, 
 1747 : died there, Jan. 5, 1813. A Scottish his- 
 torical and general writer, son of William Tytler 
 (judge-advocate of Scotland). Among his works are 
 “Elements of General History” (1801: first published as 
 “ Outlines” 1782), livesof Lord Kames (1807)audof Petrarch 
 (1810), “ Essay on the Principles of Translation ” (1791). 
 
 Tytler, C. C. Fraser. The pseudonym of Mrs. 
 Christina Catherine Fraser Tytler Liddell. 
 
 Tytler, Patrick Fraser. Born at Edinburgh, 
 Aug. 30, 1791 : died at Great Malvern, England, 
 Dec. 24, 1849. A Scottish historian, son of A. 
 
 Tzume 
 
 F. Tytler. His chief work is a “History of Scotland" 
 (9 vols. 1828-43). Among his other works are lives of 
 Admirable Crichton, Wyciif, Raleigh, and Henry VIII., 
 “Lives of Scottish Worthies" (1831-33), and “Progress of 
 Discovery on the Northern Coasts of America ” (1832). 
 
 Tytler, Sarah. The pseudonym of Henrietta 
 Keddie. 
 
 Tytler, William. Born at Edinburgh, Oct. 12, 
 1711: died at Edinburgh, Sept. 12, 1792. A 
 Scottish historical and antiquarian writer. His 
 chief work is “ An Inquiry, Historical and Critical, into the 
 Evidence against Mary Queen of Scots " (1759). 
 
 Tyumen, or Tinmen (tyo-meny'). A town in 
 the government of Tobolsk, West Siberia, situ- 
 ated on the Tura about 140 miles southwest 
 of Tobolsk. It has important commerce through the 
 Obi river-system ; is the terminus of a railway from 
 Yekaterinburg ; and is on the great Siberian highway. It 
 is the chief manufacturing center in Siberia : among its 
 manufactures are leather and carpets. 
 
 Tz. For Russian words in Tz, see Ts. 
 
 Tzana, or Tsana (tsa'nii), or Dembea (dem'ba- 
 a), Lake. A lake in the interior of Abyssinia, 
 intersected by lat. 12° N. Its outlet is the 
 Blue Nile. Elevation above sea-level, about 
 5,700 feet. Length, 55 miles. 
 
 Tzigane (tse-gan'), La. An opera by Strauss, 
 produced at Paris in 1877. 
 
 Tzum6 (tzo-ma/), or Tsome (tzo-ma'). A tra- 
 ditional or perhaps mythical hero of the Tupi 
 Indians of Brazil. Some of the missionary au- 
 thors of the 17th century identified him with St. 
 Thomas. 
 
 
For an explanation of Afri- 
 can names of countries and 
 languages beginning with 
 U, see African names, un- 
 der A frica. 
 
 Ualan. See Strong Island. 
 Uarda (o-ar'da). A novel 
 by Ebers, published in 1877. 
 The scene is laid chiefly in 
 Egypt at the time of the reign of Raineses II. 
 Uaup6s (wa-6-pas')- Ariverof southern Colom- 
 bia and Brazil, the largest affluent of the Rio 
 Negro. Length unknown (probably over 700 
 miles). Also written Uaupez. 
 
 Ubangi (o-bang'ge), or, better, Mobangi (mo- 
 bang'ge), in its upper course Makua (ma-ko'- 
 a) and Welle (wel'e). The chief right-hand 
 tributary of the Kongo, in the Belgian Kongo. 
 It joins the Kongo a little south of the equator. Its length 
 is probably about 1,500 miles. 
 
 Ubara-tutu. See Otiartes. 
 
 tJberweg (ii'ber-vee), orUeberweg, Friedrich. 
 
 Born at Leichlingen. Prussia, J an. 22, 1826 : died 
 at Konigsberg, June 9, 1871. A German philos- 
 opher, professor at Konigsberg from 1867. His 
 chief works are “ Grundriss der Geschichte der Philoso- 
 phic "(“ Outline of the History of Philosophy": in many 
 editions, the first 1863-66), and “System der Logik und 
 Geschichte der logischen Lehren” (1857). 
 
 Ubicini (ii-be-se-ne'), Jean Henri Abdolo- 
 
 nyme. Born at Issoudun, France, Oct. 20, 
 1818: died at Roche-Corbon, Oct. 8, 1884. A 
 French publicist. He traveled in Italy, Greece, and 
 the Orient, and took part in the insurrection of Bukharest 
 in 1848. He wrote various works on southeastern Europe, 
 including “Lettres surlaTurquie ’’ (1847-51), “ La question 
 d ’Orient" (1854), etc. 
 
 Ubii (u'bi-i). [L. (Ctesar) Ubii, Gr. (Strabo) 
 
 Ovfiiot.'] A German people first mentioned by 
 Caesar, in whose time they were situated on 
 the right bank of the Rhine, north of the Taunus 
 region to the Sieg. Made tributary to the Suevi, they 
 sought Roman protection, under Augustus, ontheleftbank 
 of the Rhine, somewhat further to the north. Their prin- 
 cipal place, named Colonia Agrippinensis (modern Cologne) 
 from Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus and wife of Clau- 
 dius, became the chief seat of Roman power on the lower 
 Rhine. The Ubii themselves are also frequently called 
 Agrippinenses. They were merged ultimately in the Franks. 
 
 Ucayale (o-ki-a'la), or Ucayali (o-kl-a'le). 
 One of the principal head streams of the Ama- 
 zon, in Peru. It rises near lat. 14° 30' S., receives the 
 Apurimac, and joins the Maraiion at Nauta. Length, over 
 1,400 miles; navigablefor 1,000 miles. Called in its upper 
 course Vilcamayu and Urubamba. 
 
 Uchard (ii-shar'), Mario. Born at Paris, Dec. 
 28, 1824 : died there, Aug. 1, 1893. A French 
 dramatist, husband of the actress Madeleine 
 
 Brohan. He wrote the dramas “LaFiammina”(1857)and 
 “La Charmeuse ” (1864) ; the comedies “La seconde jeu- 
 nesse ” (1859), “ La postOritd d’un bourgmestre ’’ (1864) ; the 
 romance “ Raymond ” (1861) ; etc. 
 
 Uchatius (6-eha/ti-6s), Baron Franz von. Born 
 at There sienf eld, in Lower Austria, Oct. 20, 
 1811: committed suicide at Vienna, June 4, 1881. 
 An Austrian artillery general (lieutenant field- 
 marshal) and authority on artillery tactics. He 
 invented a steel bronze for cannon (named from him 
 Uchatius steel), ballistic apparatus, etc. 
 
 Uchean (u'che-an), or Yuchi, or Euchees. A 
 linguistic stock of North American Indians, of 
 which but one tribe, the Yuchi, is definitely 
 known. Its earliest known habitat was the coast tract 
 of South Carolina southwest of Charleston, and in the early 
 part of the 18th century they lived also upon the lower 
 Savannah River. They became allies of the Creek Confed- 
 eracy without joining it, and were removed at the same 
 time with the Creeks (1836-40) to the Indian Territory 
 (Oklahoma), where a few now live. 
 
 Uchtritz (uch'trits), Friedrich von. Born at 
 Gorlitz, Prussia, Sept. 12, 1800: died there, 
 Feb. 15, 1875. A German dramatist and nov- 
 elist. His best-known drama is “Alexander 
 und Darius” (1827). 
 
 Uckermark. See Ukermark. 
 
 Uckermiinde (ok-er-miin'de), or Ukermiinde 
 (ok-er-miin'de). A seaport in the province of 
 Pomerania, Prussia, situated on the ticker, 
 
 near the Lesser Half, 30 miles northwest of 
 Stettin. Population, communej 6,263. 
 
 Ucl6s ( o-klas'). A small town m the province 
 of Cuenca, Spain, 56 miles southeast of Madrid. 
 It was the scene of a battle between the Moors and Cas- 
 tilians in 1108 ; and here. Jan. 13, 1809, the French under 
 Victor defeated the Spaniards. 
 
 Udaipur (o-dl-por'), or Oodeypore (o-dl-por'). 
 
 1 . A tributary native state in Rajputana, India, 
 intersected by lat. 25° N., long. 74° E. : the 
 ancient Meywar. It is under British protec- 
 tion. Area, 12,691 square miles. Population, 
 1,018,805. — 2. The capital of the state of Udai- 
 pur, about lat. 24° 35' N. Population, about 
 38,000. 
 
 Udall (u'dal), John. Died in the Marshalsea 
 Prison, 1592. An English nonconformist, one 
 of the writers for the Marprelate press. He pub- 
 lished “ Diotrephes” in 1588, the first answer to Bridges's 
 “Defense of the Government Established in the Church 
 of England for Ecclesiastical Matters,” and was sum- 
 moned before the Court of High Commission and finally 
 deprived of his living and imprisoned at Southwark. He 
 then printed a work called “A Demonstration of the 
 Truth of that Discipline which Christ hath Prescribed, 
 etc." This book was declared seditious, and he was sen- 
 tenced to death in Feb., 1591. Efforts were made by Sir 
 Walter Raleigh and others for his release, but just when 
 they were successful he was taken ill in prison and died. 
 He also wrote “The Key to the Holy Tongue," the first 
 Hebrew grammar in English, printed at Leyden in 1593. 
 Udall, Nicholas. Born in Hampshire in 1505 : 
 died 1556. An English dramatist and Latin 
 scholar. He was head-master at Eton in 1534, and of 
 Westminster School about 1654 to 1556. He was the author 
 of the first English comedy, “Ralph Roister Doister" 
 (which see). In 1542 he published his translation of the 
 “Apothegms" of Erasmus; he also (1542-45) translated 
 Erasmus's paraphrase on Luke. 
 
 Udine (o'de-ne). 1. A province in Venetia, 
 Italy. Area, 2,541 square miles. Population, 
 674,612. — 2. The capital of the province of 
 Udine, Italy, situated on the Roja in lat. 46° 4' 
 N., long. 13° 14' E. : the ancient Vedinum or 
 Utinum. It has flourishing silk manufactures. It 
 became the capital of Friuli in i238 ; and passed to Venice 
 in 1420. Population, town, 24,257 ; commune, 37,942. 
 
 Udolpho, The Mysteries of. See Mysteries of 
 Udolpho, The. 
 
 Ueberweg. See Uberweg. 
 
 Uechtland (ucht'lant), or Helvetian (hel-ve'- 
 shan) Desert. A medieval name for a region 
 in the modern cantons of Fribourg and Bern, 
 Switzerland, between the Aar and the Saane : 
 so called because often devastated by war in 
 the early middle ages. 
 
 Ufa(o'fa). 1. A government of eastern Russia, 
 surrounded by the governments of Perm, Oren- 
 burg, Samara, Kazan, and Vyatka. It is traversed 
 by ranges of the Urals. The chief river is the Byelaya. Ufa 
 has iron- and copper-mines. Area, 47,109 square miles. 
 Population, estimated, 2,777,700. 
 
 2. The capital of the government of Ufa, situ- 
 ated at the junction of the Ufa with the Bye- 
 laya, about lat. 54° 45' N. Population, 56,000. 
 
 Uffizi (of-fet'se). One of the chief art galleries 
 in the world, situated in Florence near the 
 Arno, and connected with the galleries in the 
 Palazzo Pitti by a covered gallery over the 
 *Ponte Vecchio: founded in the 15th century. 
 Uganda (o-gan'da). A protectorate in Brit- 
 ish East Africa, at the northwest end of Lake 
 Victoria, bordering on German East Africa on 
 the south and the Belgian Kongo on the west. 
 It was definitely placed in the British sphere of influence 
 in 1890. In March. 1893, the British East Africa Company 
 retired from Uganda. Area, about 117,681 square miles. 
 Population, estimated, over 3,000,000. Altitude of plateau, 
 about 4,000 feet. See Ganda. 
 
 Uggione. See Oggione. 
 
 Ugogo (o-go'go). See Gogo. 
 
 Ugolino. See Gherardesca. 
 
 Uhehe (o-ha'he). See Helie. 
 
 Uhland (o'lant), Ludwig. Born at Tubingen, 
 April 26, 1787 : died there, Nov. 13, 1862. A Ger- 
 man lyric poet. He studied jurisprudence at Tubing- 
 en, and afterward became an advocate at Stuttgart. He 
 subsequently devoted himself to linguistic studies. In 
 1810 he was in Paris engaged in study, particularly of man- 
 uscripts of the middle ages. In 1829 he was made pro- 
 1018 
 
 fessor of the German language and literature at Tubingen, 
 a post which he resigned in 1833 on the refusal of the gov- 
 ernment to grant him a leave of absence to attend the Diet 
 of Wurtemberg as delegate. In 1848 and 1849 he was a 
 member of the German National Assembly. His first po- 
 ems (“ Gedichte ") appeared in 1806 : a complete collection 
 was published in 1815. “ Vaterlandische Gedichte ’’ (‘ Fa- 
 
 therland Poems"), a volume of patriotic lyrics evoked by 
 the Wurtemberg constitutional troubles of 1815, was pub- 
 lished in 1816, and in an augmented edition in 1817. In 1818 
 appeared the first of his two dramas, the tragedy “Ernst 
 Herzog von Schwaben ''(“Ernst, Duke of Swabia"), which 
 was followed in 1819 by “Ludwig der Baier” (“Louis the 
 Bavarian "). His fame as a poet is based chiefly upon his 
 songs and ballads, some of which are among the most 
 famous in German literature. Several of his lyrics, like 
 “Ich liatt’ einen Kameraden," “Droben stehet die Ka- 
 pelle, " and “ Es zogen drei Burschen wohl fiber den Rhein," 
 and the religious poem “Das ist der Tag des Herrn,” have 
 become genuine folk-songs. As a poet he belonged to the 
 so-called Swabian School. His poems and dramas (“Ge- 
 dichte und Dramen ") were published at Stuttgart in 1876, 
 in 3 vols. His “Schriften zur Geschichte der Dichtung 
 und Sage” (“Writings on the History of Poetry and Le- 
 gend") appeared at Stuttgart, 1865-73, in 8 vols. 
 
 Uhrich (o'rich or ii-rek'), Jean Jacques Alexis. 
 
 Born at Pfalzburg, Alsace, Eeb. 15, 1802 : died 
 at Passy, Oct. 9, 1886. A French general. He 
 served in Spain, Algeria, the Crimea, and Italy; and was 
 commandant of Strasburg at the time of its siege and ca- 
 pitulation in 1870. 
 
 Uigurs (o'i-gorz). A Turkish people dwelling 
 in central Asia, especially in the Tian-Shan 
 region. Also Vighurs. 
 
 TheUighurs eventually, . . . under the names of Yueh- 
 chi and White Huns, broke in pieces the Greek kingdom 
 of Bactria, and founded a famous empire, with its capital 
 at Balkh, which became the scourge of the Sassanians on 
 the one hand, and filled a more remarkable place in Indian 
 history than is generally suspected on the other. 
 
 Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 3. 
 
 Uintah, or Uinta (u-in'ta), Mountains. A 
 
 range of mountains chiefly in northern Utah, 
 on the borders of Colorado and Wyoming. It 
 extends nearly east and west. 
 
 Uiracocha (we-ra-ko'cha). [Quichua: perhaps 
 from Uayra, air, spirit, and ccocha, sea, space.] 
 The Supreme Deity of the ancient Peruvians. 
 He was described as the creator of all living things. His 
 worship had come down from very ancient times, and was 
 attributed to the people who had ruled about Lake Titi- 
 caca (see Piruas). He was adored, at least by the amau- 
 tas, or wise men, and temples were dedicated to him (see 
 Curicancha). The festival of Ccapac Raymi, in the mid- 
 dle of the year, was held in his honor. The early Spanish 
 writers corrupted the name to Yiracocha and mistrans- 
 lated it ‘foam of the sea.' Uiracocha was sometimes rep- 
 resented as white and bearded, whence the Indians are 
 said to have applied the name to the Spaniards. For the 
 same reason the missionaries supposed him to be identical 
 with the Mexican Quetzalcohuatl (which see), and ima- 
 gined that the traditions of him referred to St. Thomas. 
 Also called Illa-ticsi (‘eternal light’), Pachayachachic 
 (‘teacher’), and Pachacamac (‘ruler of the world ’). 
 
 Uist, North. See North TJist. 
 
 Uist, South. See South Uist. 
 
 Ujfalvy, Charles Eugene. Bom at Vienna, 
 May 16, 1842: died at Florence, Jan. 31, 1904. 
 A philologist, ethnologist, and traveler, of Hun- 
 garian descent. He became professor at the Oriental 
 Academy at Paris in 1873, and made journeys to Asia (1876- 
 18S2) under French auspices. lie wrote various works on 
 Magyar, the Finnic and other Ural-Altaic languages. 
 
 Ujiji ( o-je'je)- 1- The country of the Jiji tribe 
 (Wajiji), of Bantu stock, in central Africa. The 
 natives are well built and strong, able fishermen and boat- 
 men, agriculturists, iron-workers, and traders in ivory, 
 palm-oil, and cattle. They are settled on the northeastern 
 shore of Lake Tanganyika in German East Africa. 
 
 2. The chief town of the Wajiji, situated in 
 lat. 5° S., long. 30° E.,with about 14,000 popula- 
 tion and a strong settlement of Arabs. It was 
 here that Burton discovered the lake, and here 
 Stanley found Livingstone on Nov. 10, 1871. 
 
 Ukaqpa. See Kwap>a. 
 
 Ukerewe (o-ke-re'we). All island in the south- 
 ern part of Lake Victoria Nyanza. 
 
 Ukermark, or Uckermark (o'ker-mark). The 
 northernmost division of the province of Bran- 
 denburg, Prussia, surrounded by Mecklenburg- 
 Strelitz, Pomerania, the Neumark, and the Mit- 
 telmark. It is divided now into the circles Prenzlau, 
 Templin, and Angermiinde. The early inhabitants were 
 Polabian Slavs. It was acquired by Brandenburg chiefly in 
 the reign of Frederick I. (1415-40). 
 
Ukermiinde 
 
 Ukermiinde. See Uckermunde. 
 
 Ukert (o'kert), Friedrich August. Bom at 
 Eutin, Germany, Oct. 28, 1780: died at Gotha, 
 May 18, 1851. A German historian and geog- 
 rapher, chief librarian of the ducal library at 
 Gotha from 1808. He published “Geographic der 
 Griechen und Rbmer" (1816-46), etc., and was a collabo- 
 rat or of Heeren. 
 
 Ukko. See Jumala. 
 
 Ukraine (u'kranor o-kran'). [Russ. Ukrdina, 
 border land.] A region in Russia, of vague 
 boundaries, lying chiefly in the valley of the 
 middle Dnieper: nearly the same as Little Rus- 
 sia, and corresponding nearly to the govern- 
 ments Kieff, Tchernigoff, Pultowa, and Khar- 
 koff. It was long an object of contention between Po- 
 land and Russia. The part east of the Dnieper was ceded 
 to Russia by Poland in 1667 and 1686 ; the part west of the 
 Dnieper fell to Russia in 1793. 
 
 Uledborg (o'le-d-borg). 1. A laen of Finland, 
 occupying the northern part of that country. 
 Area, 63,957 square miles. Population, 299,450. 
 — 2. A seaport, capital of the laen of Ule&- 
 borg, situated at the mouth of the Ulea-Elf in 
 the Gulf of Bothnia, in lat. 65° N., long. 25° 
 30' E. It has considerable foreign commerce. 
 Population, 18,398. 
 
 Uled Lake (o'le-a lak). A lake in Finland, 
 southeast of Ule&borg. Length, about 40 miles. 
 Ulfilas (ul'fi-las), Goth. Wulfila (‘little wolf’). 
 Bom 311: died at Constantinople in 382. A 
 Gothic bishop and translator of the Bible. His 
 parents were Christians of Cappadocian origin. At the 
 Synod of Antioch, 341, he was consecrated bishop of the 
 Arlan Visigoths, who lived to the north of the lower Dan- 
 ube. In 348, persecuted and driven out of this region by 
 Athanarich, Ulfilas and his people, with the permission of 
 the emperor Constantius, emigrated to Moesia, in the neigh- 
 borhood of Nicopolis. From their new home they are con- 
 sequently frequently called Mcesogoths and their language 
 Mcesogothie. Ulfilas died at Constantinople, where he had 
 gone to defend the doctrines of Arianism. He preached 
 in Greek, Latin, and Gothic. He translated the Bible into 
 Gothic from a Greek original, but is said to have omitted 
 the Books of Kings. For his translation he invented a 
 written alphabet by supplementing the Greek alphabet in 
 necessary instances from the Gothic runes. His transla- 
 tion, which from internal evidence shows the work of 
 several hands, and was, doubtless, in part done by others 
 under his supervision, has been preserved only in a frag- 
 mentary form : in all there are the greater part of the Gos- 
 pels, a large portion of the Epistles, and scraps of the Old 
 Testament. The principal manuscript is the so-called 
 Codex Argenteus of the University Library at Upsala, 
 Sweden, which is written in silver characters on a purple 
 ground. Fragments of other manuscripts are preserved 
 at Wolfenbuttel, Germany, and at Milan and Turin. The 
 Gothic translation of the Bible is the oldest extant literary 
 monument in the Germanic languages. It has been many 
 times published. A recent edition is by E. Bernhardt 
 (“ Vulfila oder die Gotische Bibel,” Halle, 1875). 
 
 The grammar of the Gothic tongue, as exhibited in the 
 translation of Ulfilas, is, it need hardly be said, of priceless 
 value in the history of human speech. We here see, not 
 indeed the original of all the Teutonic languages, but a 
 spedimen of one of them three centuries earlier than any 
 other that has been preserved, with many inflections which 
 have since been lost, with words which give us the clue 
 to relationships otherwise untraceable, with phrases which 
 cast a strong light on the fresh and joyous youth of the 
 Teutonic peoples. In short, it is not too much to say 
 that the same place which the study of Sanscrit holds in 
 the history of the development of the great Indo-European 
 family of nations is occupied by the Gothic of Ulfilas 
 (Moeso-Gothic, as it is sometimes not very happily named) 
 in reference to the unwritt en history of the Germanic races. 
 
 Hodgkin , Italy and her Invaders, I. 69. 
 
 Ulleswater. See Ullswater. 
 
 Ullmann (ol'man), Karl. Bom at Epfen- 
 bach, near Heidelberg, March 15, 1796: died 
 at Karlsruhe, Baden, Jan. 12, 1865. A German 
 Protestant evangelical theologian. His works in- 
 clude “ Reformatoren vor der Reformation " (“ Reformers 
 before the Reformation," 1841), “Uber die Sundlosigkeit 
 Chri8ti”( ‘Onthe Sinlessness of Christ," 1841),“ Das Wesen 
 des Christentums " (1845), and a reply to Strauss's “ Life of 
 Jesus," entitled “Historisch Oder mythischv” 
 
 Ulloa (ol-yo'a), Antonio de. Born at Seville, 
 Jan. 12, 1716 : died near Cadiz, July 3, 1795. A 
 Spanish naval officer. In 1735 he was chosen, with 
 Jorge Juan, another young naval officer, to accompany to 
 Peru the French commission for the measurement of an 
 arc of the meridian. (See Condamine.) While there they 
 studied the natural features and politicial condition of the 
 colony, and were also employed in defending it against 
 Lord Anson. During his return voyage in 1744-45, Ulloa 
 was captured by the English, but soon released. Charles 
 III. gave him high naval and civil offices, including the 
 governorship of Louisiana (1766-68), but he showed little 
 aptitude for command, and after 1780 was not in active 
 service. He founded the observatory at Cadiz and the 
 first Spanish metallurgical laboratory, and was prominent 
 in other scientific enterprises. He published “ Relacion 
 histdrica del viage a la America meridional " (with Juan : 2 
 vols., 1748, translated into various languages), “Noticias 
 Americanae" (1772), etc. The secret report of Juan and 
 Ulioa on the American colonies was published in English 
 in 1826 ; it is important as showing the causes which led 
 to the war for independence. 
 
 Ulloa, Francisco de. Died in 1540(f). A Spanish 
 
 captain. He was with Cortes in the conquest of Mexico, 
 and in July, 1539, was sent by him to explore the Gulf of 
 
 1019 
 
 California, He left Acapulco with three vessels, one of 
 which was lost in a storm : with the others he ascended 
 to the head of the gulf, subsequently exploring the west- 
 ern coast of the peninsula, and attaining about lat. 28°, or, 
 as some assert, lat. 30° 30' N. One account says that he 
 was lost at sea ; another that he was assassinated shortly 
 after his return to Acapulco. Ulloa proved that Lower 
 California is a peninsula. See Century Atlas, Map 4. 
 
 Ullswater, or Ulleswater (ulz'wa // ter). A lake 
 on the border between Cumberland and West- 
 moreland, England, 20 miles south of Carlisle: 
 the second in size of the English lakes. Its outlet 
 is the Eamont into the Eden. Length, 9 miles. 
 Ulm (olm). The chief town of the Danube cir- 
 cle of Wiirtemberg, and an imperial fortress, 
 situated at the junction of the Iller and Blau 
 with the Danube, in lat. 48° 24' N., long. 9° 59' 
 E. It is an important strategic and railway center ; has 
 active trade in leather, wood, cloth, etc. ; has manufac- 
 tures of beer, pipe-bowls, metal-work, hats, etc.; and is 
 noted for its vegetables. Its cathedral, the largest church 
 in Germany except the cathedral of Cologne, was begun 
 in 1377, and finished early in the 16th century. The west 
 front has a splendid triple portal surmounted by a rich 
 tower terminating in an octagon and a spire 529 feet high, 
 completed in 1890, and forming the loftiest structure of 
 its kind. The interior has double aisles, and much fine 
 church furniture. The 15th-century choir-stalls of oak 
 are covered with remarkable figure-sculpture, illustrating 
 paganism, Judaism, and Christianity. There is some 
 beautiful glass. The cathedral measures 420 by 165 feet ; 
 height of nave vault, 141. Ulm was a free imperial city ; 
 was one of the chief places in Swabia, and a leading mem- 
 ber of the Swabian leagues ; joined the Reformation in 
 1530 ; and passed to Bavaria in 1803, and to Wiirtemberg 
 in 1810. Population, commune, 51,820. 
 
 Ulm, Capitulation of. The surrender of an 
 Austrian army (about 25,000-30,000) under 
 Mack to Napoleon, Oct. 17, 1805. 
 
 Ulm, Truce of. A truce concluded in 1647 be- 
 tween the Franco-Swedish forces and the Ba- 
 varians. 
 
 Ulmecs. See Olmecs. 
 
 Ulphilas. See Ulfilas. 
 
 Ulpian (ul'pi-an), L. Ulpianus (ul-pi-a'nus), 
 Domitius. Murdered about 228 a. d. A eele- 
 bratedRoman jurist, of Phenician descent. He 
 held office from the time of Septimius Severus ; was ban- 
 ished by Elagabalus ; and was pretorian prefect under Alex- 
 ander Severus. He wrote many commentaries and other 
 legal works (“Ad Edictum,” “ AdSabinum,” etc.), largely 
 used in the “Digest.” Fragments of his “Institutiones" 
 were published by Endlicher in 1835. 
 
 Although Ulpian’s chief merit lies rather in the colla- 
 tion of very voluminous materials than in the well-bal- 
 anced arrangement of the same, his works enjoyed for a 
 long time high authority on account of their rich con- 
 tents, and likewise in virtue of their pertinent criticism 
 and clear style. In Justinian’s Digest the extracts from 
 his works form a full third of the whole work. 
 
 Teuffel and Schwabe, Hist, of Rom. Lit. (tr. by W art ), II. 267. 
 
 Ulrich (ol'rich). Born 1487 : died 1550. Duke 
 of Wiirtemberg, son of Heinrich IV. He suc- 
 ceeded to the duchy in 1498 ; was expelled by the Swabian 
 League in 1519; was restored with the aid of Philip of Hesse 
 in 1534 ; and joined the Smalkaldic League. 
 
 Ulrich von Hutten. See Butten. 
 
 Ulrich von Lichtenstein (ol'rich fonlich'ten- 
 stin). Born about 1200 : died 1276. A Middle 
 High German lyric poet. He was descended from 
 a noble family in Styria. His principal poem is his auto- 
 biography ca led “ Frauendienst” (“Service of Ladies”), 
 containing his loves and adventures from 1222 to 1255, in 
 which year it was written. His other work, “Frauen- 
 buch” (“Book of Ladies”), from 1257, is descriptive of the 
 morals of his time. His works were published by Karl 
 Lachmann (Berlin, 1841). 
 
 Ulrici (ol-ret'se), Hermann. Born at Pforten, 
 Prussia, March 23, 1806 : died at Halle, Prus- 
 sia, Jan. 11, 1884. A German theistic philoso- 
 pher and critic, professor at Halle. His works 
 include “Uber Shakspere’s dramatische Kunst ’’(“OnShak- 
 spere's Dramatic Art,” 1830), “ Geschichte der liellen- 
 ischen Dichtkunst" (1835), “Uber Prinzip und M ethode der 
 Hegelschen Philosopliie" (1841), “ Grundprinzip der Phi- 
 losophic" (1845), “System der Logik" (18521, “Glauben 
 und Wissen " (1858), “Gott und die Natur” (1862), “Gott 
 und der Mensch”(1866), etc. 
 
 Ulrike Eleonore (ol-re'ke el-e-o-no're). Born 
 at Stockholm, Jan. 23, 1688: died Nov. 24, 1741. 
 Queen of Sweden, younger sister of Charles 
 XII. She married the hereditary prince Frederick of 
 Hesse-Cassel, and was proclaimed queen in 1718. Her hus- 
 band was crowned as reigning king in 1720. 
 
 Ulster (ul'ster). [ME. Ullister, Ulcistcr, Ulsister, 
 Ir. Uladh, with termination as in Leinster, Mun- 
 ster.'] The northernmost of the four great 
 divisions of Ireland, bounded by the Atlantic 
 Ocean, North Channel, Irish Sea, Leinster, and 
 Connaught. It contains the counties Donegal, London- 
 derry, Tyrone. Antrim, Down, Armagh, Monaghan, Cavan, 
 and Fermanagh. It was early colonized by Scots ; was long 
 ruled by kings ; and in recent times has been a Protestant 
 and loyalist stronghold. Population, 1,582,826. 
 
 Ulster, Settlement or Plantation of. The 
 
 colonization of a large part of Ulster with 
 English and Scottish settlers, about 1609-11. 
 Ulster Rebellion. An outbreak of the Irish 
 in Ulster against the English colonists in 1641. 
 Ultramontane (ul-tra-mon'tan) Party. [From 
 
 Unaka Mountains 
 
 L. ultra, beyond, and montanus, of or pertain- 
 ing to a mountain.] In German politics, the 
 Center party, which opposes legislation sup- 
 posed to be inimical to the Church of Rome. 
 Ulugh Beg (o'logh beg) or Beigh. Lived in the 
 middle of the 15th century. A prince of Samar- 
 kand, grandson of Timur : noted as an astrono- 
 mer. Histables, which were published by Hyde in 1665, are 
 referred to as important authority by modern astronomers. 
 
 Ulundi (6 -lon'de). A place in Zululand, South 
 Africa, about lat. 28° 10' S., where, in 1879, the 
 British under Lord Chelmsford defeated the 
 Zulus under Cettiwayo. 
 
 Ulva (ul'va). An island of the Inner Hebrides, 
 Scotland, west of Mull. Length, about 5 miles. 
 Ulverston (ul'v6r-ston). A town in Lanca- 
 shire, England, situated near Morecambe Bay 
 16 miles northwest of Lancaster: once the chief 
 town in Furness. It has various manufactures 
 andminesofhematite. Population, 10,064. 
 Ulwar. See Alwar. 
 
 Ulysses (u-lis'ez), or Ulixes (u-lik'sez). See 
 Odysseus. 
 
 Ulysses. A poem by Tennyson. 
 
 Uma (o'mii). A name of the goddess Devi. 
 Umah. See Cuchan. 
 
 Umatilla (u-ma-til'a). A tribe of North Ameri- 
 can Indians, originally dwelling on Umatilla 
 River, Oregon. There are now about 200 of them on 
 the Umatilla reservation, near their former habitat. See 
 Shahaptian. 
 
 Umatilla River. [From the Indian tribal 
 name.] A river in northern Oregon which 
 joins the Columbia about long. 119° 18' W. 
 Umbagog Lake (um-ba'gog lak). A lake on 
 the boundary between Maine and New Hamp- 
 shire, intersected by lat. 44° 45' N. Its out- 
 let is by the Androscoggin. Length, 9 miles. 
 Umballa. See Ambala. 
 
 Umbertide. See Fratta. 
 
 Umberto. See Humbert. 
 
 Umbria (um'bri-a). [L. Umbria, Gr. ?/ yfj or 
 X (J P r / ’Oyppadjv or ’OpBpiKr/, from Umbri, Gr. 
 ”0 pfipoc, Cvuppoi, or ’Opfjptsot, the inhabitants.] 
 In ancient geography, a region in Italy, situ- 
 ated east of Etruria and west of Picenum. The 
 Umbrians took part in the second Samnite war, but were 
 defeated by Rome in 308 B. c. After the third Samnite war 
 they were gradually Romanized. Modern Umbria is a com- 
 partimento of the kingdom of Italy. It contains the prov- 
 ince Perugia. 
 
 The Umbria of Herodotus, as Niebuhr observes (Hist, 
 of Rome, vol. i., p. 142 E. T.), “ is of large and indefinite ex- 
 tent.” It appears to include almost the whole of Northern 
 Italy. It is from the region above the Umbrians that the 
 Aipis and the Carpis flow into the Danube (iv 49). This 
 would seem to assign to them the modern Lombardo-Ve- 
 netiau kingdom, and to place them on the Adriatic. The 
 arrival of the Tyrrhenians on their shores extends them to 
 the opposite coast, and makes Tuscany also a part of their 
 country. Herodotus knows of no Italian nations except the 
 Tyrrhenians, the Umbrians, the Venetians (Veneti), the 
 (Enotrians, and the Messapians. 
 
 Rawlinson, Herod., I. 223, note. 
 Umbriel (um'bri-el). [Formed from L. umbra, 
 shade, and -iel as in Uriel, Gabriel.] A dusky 
 sprite in Pope’s “ Rape of the Lock.” 
 
 Umbriel. The second satellite of Uranus, dis- 
 covered by Herschel in 1787. 
 
 Umbundu (om-bon'do). The language of the 
 Ovimbundu (sing.Ochimbundu), who are settled 
 between Benguella (Bangela),West Africa, and 
 the Kuangu River, due east. The two principal 
 tribes are those of Bailundo (Ombalundu)and Bihe(Oviye). 
 As these people are traveling traders who have opened 
 the Zambesi valley, Katanga, Urua, and Lubuku to the 
 commerce of Benguella, the language is understood far 
 beyond its tribal territory. In structure it belongs to the 
 same cluster as Ndongaand Herero. It should not be con- 
 founded with Kimbundu (which see). American mission- 
 aries are developing a native Christian literature. 
 Ume&-Elf ( o'me-a elf). A river in Sweden 
 which flows into the Gulf of Bothnia near 
 Umefl : the outlet of various lakes, including 
 StorUman. Length, 261 miles. 
 Ummerapoora. See Amarapura. 
 
 Umon (o-mon'). An African town, built on an 
 island in the Oyono or Old Kalabar River, West 
 Africa, about 70 miles from its mouth, it is an 
 important market where the tribes of the upper river come 
 to barter their produce for European goods brought up by 
 the Ehk traders of the coast. Population, about 8,000. 
 Umpqua (ump'kwa). A river in Oregon which 
 flows into the Pacific Ocean about lat. 43° 40' N. 
 Length, about 180 miles. 
 
 Umritsir. See Amritsar. 
 
 Una(u'nii). [L., fem. of unus, one.] “A lovely 
 ladie,” the personification of truth, in Spenser’s 
 “ Faerie Queene.” She is ultimately united to St. 
 George, the lied Cross Knight, who has slain the dragon 
 in her behalf. In her wanderings she is followed by a lion 
 who has been tamed by her gentleness and purity. 
 Unaka (u'na-ka) Mountains. A range of moun- 
 tains on the border between North Carolina and 
 
Unaka Mountains 
 
 1020 
 
 University College 
 
 Tennessee : a continuation of the Great Smoky 
 Mountains, or identical with them. 
 
 Unakhotana (un i ' / a-eh6-ta , na), or Yukonikho- 
 tana (y6-kon // e-ch6-ta / na). [The first name 
 means ‘distant people’; the second, ‘people of 
 the Yukon.’] A tribe of the northern group 
 of the Athapascan stock of North American In- 
 dians, living in several villages along the Yu- 
 kon River, between the Koyukuk River and 
 the Tananah River, Alaska. See Athapascan. 
 
 Unao (6 ' na- 6). A district in Oudh, British 
 India, situated east of Cawnpore. Area, 1,792 
 square miles. Population, 976,639. 
 
 Unas. See Mastabat-el-Faraun. 
 
 Uncas (ung'kas). Died about 1682. An Indian 
 chief, a Pequot by birth. He revolted from the 
 Pequots and became chief of the Mohegans ; joined the 
 English in the Pequot war ; and defeated the Narragan- 
 sets under Miantonomoh in 1643. Cooper introduces a 
 character Uncas in his “ Last of the Mohicans.” 
 
 Uncle Esek (ung'kl e'zek). The pseudonym of 
 Henry W. Shaw. 
 
 Uncle Remus. See Remus, Uncle. 
 
 Uncle Sam (sam). The government of the peo- 
 ple of the United States : a jocular extension of 
 the initials U. S. 
 
 Uncle Tom’s Cabin. A novel by Mrs. Harriet 
 Beecher Stowe, published in book form in 1852. 
 It was directed against negro slavery in the Southern 
 States. The scene is laid chiefly in Kentucky and Loui- 
 siana. It has appeared in numerous editions and trans- 
 lations. 
 
 1, 1707. — 3. A statute of 1800, which united the 
 kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland on and 
 after Jan. 1, 1801. 
 
 Unionists (u'nyon-ists). In British politics, 
 those who are opposed to the dissolution or 
 rupture of the legislative union existing be- 
 tween Great Britain and Ireland, and especially 
 to the separatist principles and tendencies of 
 those who desire to establish home rule in Ire- 
 land : a name applied to the Conservatives and 
 Liberal-Unionists. 
 
 Union Jack. The national ensign of the United 
 Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, used in 
 a small form as a jack — that is, displayed at the 
 end of the bowsprit. The name “union jack "has come 
 wrongly to be applied to the larger union flag itself. It is 
 formed by the union of the cross of St. George (red on a 
 white field), the diagonal cross or saltier of St. Andrew 
 (white on a blue field), and the diagonal cross or saltier of 
 St. Patrick (red on a white field). The jack is not flown 
 on shore. 
 
 Union League Club. A social and political (Re- 
 publican) club, organized in New York city in 
 1863, and incorporated in 1865. its stated objects 
 at the time of its organization during the War of the Re- 
 bellion were “to promote, encourage, and sustain, by all 
 proper means, absolute and unqualified loyalty to the gov- 
 ernment of the United States ; to discountenance and re- 
 buke, by moral and social influences, all disloyalty to said 
 government, and every attempt against the integrity of 
 the Nation ” ; and also to establish a library and art gallery 
 for the collection of literature, works of art, and military 
 trophies relating to the war. House, Fifth Avenue and 
 39th street. Similar clubs were formed in other cities. 
 
 It came out as a sort of feuilleton in the “National 
 Era,” a Washington paper. The death of Uncle Tom was 
 the first portion published, indeed the first that was writ- 
 ten. It appeared in the summer of 1851, and excited so 
 much attention that Mrs. Stowe added a beginning and 
 middle to her end, by composing and printing from week 
 to week the story as we now have it, until it was concluded 
 in March, 1852. Before the end of 1852 it had been trans- 
 lated into Italian, Spanish, Danish, Swedish, Dutch, Flem- 
 ish, German, Polish, and Magyar. There are two Dutch 
 translations and tw elve German ones ; and the Italian 
 translation enjoys the honour of the pope’s prohibition. 
 It has been dramatised in twenty forms, and acted in every 
 capital in Europe, and in the free States of America. 
 
 Senior, Essays on Fiction, p. 397. 
 
 Uncommercial Traveller, The. A volume of 
 sketches by Dickens, first published serially in 
 “Ail the Year Round” in 1860. 
 
 Uncompahgre (un-kom-pa'gre) River. A trib- 
 utary of the Gunnison River, in Colorado. 
 Undine (un-den' or un'den ; G. pron. on-de'ne). 
 A tale by Fouque, Baron de la Motte, published 
 in German in 1811. Undine is a water-spirit who is 
 endowed with a soul by her marriage with a mortal. 
 
 Unfortunate Peace, The. A name sometimes 
 given to the treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (which 
 see). 
 
 Ungama Bay. See Formosa Bay. 
 Ungarisch-Brod. A town in Moravia, Austria- 
 Hungary, situated near the Olsawa 45 miles 
 south-southeast of Olmiitz. Population, com- 
 mune, 4,709, (1910). 
 
 Ungam. The German name of Hungary. 
 Ungava Bay (ung-ga'va ba). An arm of Hud- 
 son Strait, projecting into Labrador. 
 
 Unger (ong'er), Franz. Born in Styria, 1800: 
 died at Gratz, Feb. 13, 1870. A distinguished 
 Austrian botanist and paleontologist, professor 
 of botany at Vienna from 1850. He was particu- 
 larly noted for his researches in the anatomy and physiol- 
 ogy of plants and in fossil botany. 
 Ungern-Sternberg (ong'em-stern'bero), Baron 
 Alexander von. Born near Reval, Esthonia, 
 1806 : died at Dannenwalde, Mecklenburg-Stre- 
 litz, Aug. 24, 1868. A German novelist. Among 
 his best-known novelsare “Der Missionar,’’ “Diane, ’’and 
 “ Die Royalisten." 
 
 Unicorn, The. See Monoceros. 
 
 Unieh (u'ni-e or u-ne'e). A small seaport on 
 the coast of the Black Sea, Asiatic Turkey, 120 
 miles west of Trebizond. 
 
 Uniformity Act. In English history: (a) An 
 act of Parliament, passed in 1549, which pro- 
 vided for uniformity of religious service, (b) 
 An act of Parliament passed May 19, 1662. it 
 obliged holdersof church livings to be ordained by abish- 
 op ; to assent to the Prayer-book ; to renounce the Cove- 
 nant ; to declare the unlawfulness of bearing arms against 
 the sovereign ; and to make oath of canonical obedience. 
 Many clergymen resigned their benefices. 
 
 Unigenitus DeiFilius (u-ni-jen'i-tus de'i fil'i- 
 us). [L.,‘ Only-begotten Son of God.’] A bull 
 promulgated by Pope Clement XI. in 1713, in 
 which the Jansenists were condemned. 
 
 Union (u'nyon), The. 1. The United States of 
 America. — 2. Same as Union, Act of, 3. 
 Union, Act of. 1 . A statute of 1535-36, which 
 enacted the political union of Wales to England. 
 — 2. A statute of 1706, which united the king- 
 doms of England and Scotland on and after May 
 
 Union Square. A public park in New York 
 city, between Broadway, Fourth Avenue, 14th 
 street, and 17th street. 
 
 Uniontown (u'nyqn-toun). The capital of 
 Fayette County, Pennsylvania, 42 miles south 
 by east of Pittsburg. Population, 13,344, (1910). 
 
 United African Company. A British mercan- 
 tile company formed in recent years for the 
 purpose of operating on the Niger, it became the 
 National African Company in 1882, and the Royal Niger 
 Company in 1886. 
 
 United Brethren. See Moravians. 
 
 United Irishmen. An Irish society formed in 
 1791 by Wolfe Tone, for the purpose of procur- 
 ing parliamentary reform and the repeal of the 
 penal laws. It afterward became a secret society with 
 revolutionary aims, and was influential in causing the 
 Irish rebellion of 1798. 
 
 United Kingdom, The. See Great Britain. 
 
 United Netherlands, The. See Netherlands. 
 
 United Provinces, The. The seven provinces 
 of the Low Countries — Holland, Zealand, 
 Utrecht, Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen, and 
 Overyssel — which in 1579 formed the Union of 
 Utrecht and laid the foundation of the republic 
 of the Netherlands. 
 
 United Provinces of La Plata. See La Plata. 
 
 United States (u-m'ted stats), or United 
 
 ^States of America. [F. Etats-Unis, G. Ferein- 
 igte Staaten, It. Stall Uniti, Sp. Estados Unidos, 
 D. Vereenigde Staten.] A federal republic which 
 occupies the central part of North America. 
 Capital, Washington. Excluding the detached dis- 
 trict of Alaska, it is bounded by British America on the 
 north, the Atlantic on the east, Florida Strait, the Gulf of 
 Mexico, and Mexico on the south, and the Pacific on the 
 west. The great physiographical divisions are the At- 
 lantic slope, Appalachian system, Gulf coastal plain, cen- 
 tral plain (including the Mississippi valley and the Great 
 Lakes basin), Rocky Mountain system, Columbian plateau, 
 great interior basin, Sierra Nevada and Cascade systems, 
 and Pacific slope. The principal rivers are the Mississippi 
 (with the Missouri, Ohio, etc.), St. Lawrence (forming a 
 part of the boundary with Canada), Yukon, Rio Grande, 
 Colorado, and Columbia; the principal lakes, the group 
 known as ‘ ‘ the Great Lakes ” (partly in Canada), Great Salt 
 Lake, and Lake Champlain. The most elevated point of 
 land east of the Mississippi River is Mount Mitchell 
 (Black Dome) in North Carolina ; west of the Mississippi, 
 apparently Mount McKinley in Alaska (20,300 feet). 
 There are seemingly no fully active volcanoes within the 
 United States at the present day, but volcanic outbursts 
 have been reported within a comparatively recent period, 
 and many of the western peaks (Shasta, Tacoma, etc.) are 
 volcanic in origin. The leading agricultural products are 
 corn, wheat, oats, sugar, cotton, tobacco, rye, rice, dairy 
 products, live stock, hay, and potatoes. The metallic pro- 
 ducts are iron, silver, gold, copper, lead, zinc, quicksilver, 
 nickel, aluminium, antimony, platinum ; other products 
 are coal, petroleum, natural gas, mineral waters, etc. The 
 principal exports are breadstuff s, cotton, provisions, petro- 
 leum, Indian com, tobacco, iron and steel, lumber, oil- 
 cake, leather, machinery, cattle. The country is the first 
 in the world in the production of steel, pig-iron, cotton, 
 wheat, and Indian corn, and ranks among the first in to- 
 bacco and sugar. There is no universally recognized sys- 
 tem of grouping the States of the Union : they are often 
 classified as New England States, Middle States, Southern 
 States (including the subdivision Gulf States), Western 
 States (including Lake States and “the Northwest”), and 
 Pacific States. The following is an accepted arrange- 
 ment— Worth Atlantic division: Maine, New Hampshire, 
 Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New 
 York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. South Atlantic division : 
 Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Caro- 
 lina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida (and the District of 
 
 Columbia). North Central division : Ohio, Indiana, Hlinois, 
 Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North 
 Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas. South Central 
 division: Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, 
 Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Oklahoma. Western Division : 
 Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Washington, Oregon, Cali- 
 fornia, Nevada, Idaho, Utah, Arizona (admitted 1912), and 
 New Mexico (admitted 1911). An act enabling these two 
 last to become States was signed by the President, June, 
 1910. In addition there are two Territories, Alaska and 
 Hawaii, and the Philippine Islands, Guahan, Porto Rico, 
 etc. The District of Columbia contains Washington, 
 the capital, and is administered by the Federal govern- 
 ment. The largest cities are New York, Chicago, Philadel- 
 phia, andSt.Louis. TheFederal executive power is vested 
 in a President, elected for 4 years by an electoral college 
 elected by the votes of the people of the different States. 
 He is assisted by a cabinet of 9 members of his own ap- 
 pointment. The legislative -authority is vested in Con- 
 gress, which consists of a Senate, 2 members of which are 
 returned by each State, and a House of Representatives, 
 at present (1913) of 435 members, returned by the States 
 in the proportion of one for every 211,877 inhabitants. 
 The separate States have extensive independent powere 
 reserved to them under the Constitution of the republic. 
 The State governments are administered each by a gover- 
 nor and a legislature of two houses. There are distinct 
 Federal and State judicial systems, the highest court in 
 the land being the United States Supreme Court. The 
 inhabitants are mainly of British descent ; about 8,000,- 
 000 are colored. There are many immigrants and de- 
 scendants of recent immigrants from Germany, Nor- 
 way, Sweden, Italy, Bohemia, Russia proper, Poland, 
 Hungary, etc.; also Indians and Chinese. All reli- 
 gions are tolerated, and in a population of such diversi- 
 fied origin all may be said to have adherents. The 
 largest of the Protestant denominations are the Method- 
 ists and Baptists. The region is said to have been visited 
 and temporarily colonized by Northmen about 1000. It was 
 seen by the Cabots in 1497-98, and explored by Poncede Leon 
 in 1513-14, Verrazano in 1524, De Soto in 1539-42, and others. 
 The first permanent settlement was made at St. Augustine 
 in 1565. Thirteen colonies were planted, which by their 
 union in 1776 formed the thirteen original States : V ii ginia 
 (1607), Massachusetts (1620), New Hampshire (1623), Mary- 
 land (1634), Connecticut (1635), Rhode Island (1636), North 
 Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania (1682), and Georgia 
 (1733), all by the English ; New York andNew Jersey by the 
 Dutch ; and Delaware (1638) by Swedes. Among the wars 
 carried on with the Indians were the Pequot war and 
 King Philip’s war ; with the French and Indians, King 
 William’s war, Queen Anne’s war, King George’s war, 
 and the French and Indian war. The following areamong 
 the leading events of United States history : Revolution 
 hastened by the Stamp Act of 1765, taxes in 1767, and the 
 Boston Port Bill of 1774 ; commencement of the Revolu- 
 tion, 1775 (see Revolutionary War) ; Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence, 1776 ; Articles of Confederation adopted, 1777- 
 1781 ; surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, 1781 ; recog- 
 nition of independence, 1783 ; Ordinance of 1787 relating 
 to the Northwest Territory ; Constitution framed, 1787; 
 new form of government inaugurated, 1789, with the capi- 
 tal at New York ; capital removed to Philadelphia, 1790 ; 
 Indian wars, 1790-94; French war, 1798-1800 ; capital 
 transferred to Washington, 1800; Tripolitan war, 1801-05; 
 Louisiana Purchase, 1803 ; embargo, 1807 ; war with Great 
 Britain, 1812-15 ; cession of Florida by Spain, 1819 ; Mis- 
 souri Compromise, 1820; Nullification movement, 1832-33 ; 
 financial crisis, 1837 ; annexation of Texas, 1845 ; Mexican 
 war, 1846-48 ; acquisition of territory from Mexico, 1848, 
 and by the Gadsden Purchase, 1853 ; Omnibus BiU, 1850 ; 
 Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854 ; financial crisis, 1857 ; seces- 
 sion of eleven States, 1860-61 ; Civil War, 1861-65 (see Civil 
 War); Lincoln’s emancipation proclamations, 1862’and 
 1863 ; constitutional prohibition of slavery, 1865 ; recon- 
 struction in the South, 1865-70 ; .purchase of Alaska from 
 Russia, 1867 ; financial crisis, 1873 ; disputed presiden- 
 tial election, 1876-77 ; resumption of specie payments, 
 1879 ; Spanish-American war, 1898, resulting in the 
 acquisition of Porto Rico, Guahan, and the Philippines. 
 Area, 3,025,640 square miles; including Alaska and 
 Hawaii, 3,622,933 square miles. Population, including 
 the Territory of Alaska and the Territory of Hawaii, 
 92,228,531, (1910). 
 
 United States. An American frigate, bnilt at 
 Philadelphia in 1797, which, under the com- 
 mand of Decatur, captured the British frigate 
 Macedonian, Oct. 25, 1812. 
 
 United States Military Academy. See West 
 Point Military Academy. 
 
 United States Naval Academy. See Naval 
 
 Academy, United States. 
 
 United States of Brazil. See Brazil. 
 
 United States of Colombia. [Sp. Estados Uni- 
 dos de Colombia.] The official name of Colom- 
 bia from 1861 to 1886, when a federal constitu- 
 tion was in force. 
 
 United States of Mexico. See Mexico. 
 United States of Venezuela. See Venezuela. 
 Universal Doctor, The, L. Doctor Universalis 
 
 (dok'tor u // ni-ver-sa'lis). A name given to 
 Thomas Aquinas, and also to Alain de Lille. 
 Universite Nationale de France. An insti- 
 tution which virtually included the entire edu- 
 cational system of France. The organization of the 
 old University of Paris having been destroyed by the Rev- 
 olution, certain “dcoles centrales” appeared at various 
 points in the country. These were abolished by Napoleon, 
 and the whole system was reconstructed. 
 
 University College. A non-sectarian London 
 college, founded in 1828. It is situated on Gower 
 street. Opposite is the University College Hospital, the 
 patients of which are treated by the professors of medi- 
 cine of the college. In 1881 additions were made to the 
 main building. It is now incorporated in the University 
 of London. 
 
University College 
 
 University College. The oldest college of Ox- 
 ford University. According to an apparently baseless 
 tradition, it was founded by King Alfred in 872. It doubt- 
 less originated in a fund bequeathed by William, arch- 
 deacon of Durham, in 1249 ; and the college was practically 
 established in 1280. The foundation consists (according to 
 the new statutes made in 1881) of a master, 13 fellows, 
 16 scholars, and (ultimately) 17 exhibitors. 
 
 Unkiar-Skelessi (on'ke-ar-ska-les'se), or Hun- 
 kiar-Skelessi. A small place in Asia Minor, 
 near Constantinople, where, in 1833, Russia and 
 Turkey concluded a treaty favorable to the 
 former. 
 
 Unlearned Parliament, The. See Parliament 
 of Dunces. 
 
 Unnatural Combat, The. A play by Philip 
 Massinger, acted about 1619, printed in 1639. 
 
 Unready, The. An epithet of the Anglo-Saxon 
 king iEthelred. See JEthelred. 
 
 Unst ( unst). The northernmost of the Shetland 
 Islands, Scotland. Length, 12 miles. 
 
 Unstrut (on'strot). Ariverin central Germany 
 which joins the Saale near Naumburg. Length , 
 108 miles. 
 
 Unter den Linden (on'ter den lin'den). (G., 
 
 ‘ under the lindens.’] A famous street in Ber- 
 lin which extends from the Brandenburger Thor 
 eastward about three fifths of a mile. On itarethe 
 imperial and princely palaces, the university, the academy, 
 the statue of Frederick the Great, etc. Width, 160 feet. 
 
 Unterpfalz. See Palatinate. 
 
 Untersberg (on'ters-berG). A mountain in the 
 Salzburger Alps, situated near the border be- 
 tween Salzburg and Bavaria, 8 miles southwest 
 of Salzburg: celebrated in folk-lore (legends of 
 Charles the Great). Height, 6,480 feet. 
 
 Untersee (on'ter-za). [G.,‘ lower lake.’] The 
 name given to the western arm of the Lake of 
 Constance. Length, about 13 miles. 
 
 Unterseen (on'ter- za-en). A village in the can- 
 ton of Bern, Switzerland, situated between the 
 Lakes of Thun and Brienz, near Interlaken. 
 
 Unterwalden (on'ter- val-den). [G.,‘ lower for- 
 est.’] One of the Forest Cantons of Switzerland, 
 bounded by Lucerne, the Lake of Lucerne, Uri, 
 and Bern. It comprises the two half-cantons Nidwalden 
 and Ob walden. The surface is mountainous ; highest point, 
 the Titlis. The chief towns are StanzandSarnen ; the lan- 
 guage is German ; the religion Roman Catholic. It has 
 two representatives in the National Council. Unterwalden 
 united with the other Forest Cantons in the leagues of 
 the 12th-14th centuries. It was assigned to the canton of 
 Waldstatten in 1798; the resistance of Nidwalden was 
 suppressed by the French. It became again a canton in 
 1803, a position secured in 1815 (resistance of Nidwalden 
 suppressed by Confederate troops in 1815), and joined the 
 Sonderbund. Area, 295 square miles. Population, 28,801. 
 
 Untrussing of the Humorous Poet, The. See 
 
 Satiromastix. 
 
 Unukalhai (iUnuk-al-ha'i). [Ar. 'unuq-al-haiya, 
 the neck of the serpent.J The third-magnitude 
 star a Serpentis. 
 
 Unungun (u-nung'un), or Aleut. [‘People.’] 
 A division of the Eskimauan stock of North 
 American Indians, inhabiting the Aleutian Ar- 
 chipelago. Number, about 1,500. 
 
 Unyamwezi (o-nya-mwa'zi). See Nyamwesi 
 and Mirambo. 
 
 Unyanyembe (o-nya-nyem'be). See Nyamwezi. 
 
 Unyoro (o-nyo'ro). A region of British East 
 Africa, just north of the equator, between 
 Uganda and Lake Albert. It is now a district of 
 the Northern Province of the Uganda Protectorate. The 
 principal native tribe, the Wanyoro, are kinsmen of the 
 Ganda tribe, but less powerful and less progressive. See 
 Nyoro. 
 
 Upanishads (o-pa-ni-shadz'). [Skt., from upa, 
 unto, ni, down, and sad, to sit; and so, liter- 
 ally, ‘a sitting down by,’ ‘setting oneself at 
 the feet of another,’ ‘confidential communica- 
 tion,’ ‘ esoteric doctrine.’] With the Aranyakas, 
 the oldest speculative treatises of the Hindus: they 
 lie at the root of the philosophical side of Hinduism. 
 Not only are they viewed as shruti, or revelation, 
 equally with the Mantras and Brahmanas, but they are 
 practically the only Veda of all educated Hindus at the 
 present day. Properly each Brahmana had its Aranyakas, 
 or ‘forest treatises,’ intended for the Vanaprasthas, or 
 ‘dwellers in the forest ’(that is, Brahmans who, having 
 passed the two earlier stages of the brahmacharin, or stu- 
 dent, and the grihastha, or householder, retire into the 
 forest to devote themselves to self-mortification and reli- 
 gious meditation) ; but the mystical doctrines of the latter 
 were so mingled with extraneous matter that the chapters 
 called Upanishads appear to have been added to investi- 
 gate more exclusively and definitely such problems as the 
 origin of the universe, the nature of deity, the nature of 
 the soul, and the connection of spirit and matter. Some 
 of the most important are the Aitareya Upanishad and 
 the Kaushitakibrahmana Upanishad of the Rigveda; the 
 Taittiriya belonging to the Taittiriyasanhita of the Yajur- 
 veda ; the Brihadaranyaka attached to the Shatapathabrah- 
 mana of the Vajasancyisanhita of that Veda, and the Isha 
 or Ishavasya, forming the 40th chapter of the latter San- 
 hita; the Chhandogya and Kena belonging to the Sama- 
 veda; and the Prashna, Mundaka, Mandukya, and Katha 
 belonging to the Atharvaveda. Following the stratiflca- 
 
 1021 
 
 tory principle, in general the only guide in determining 
 the age of Sanskrit works, the ancient Upanishads — that 
 is, those which occupy a place in the Sanhitas, Brahmanas, 
 and Aranyakas — are believed to be older than 600 B. o., or 
 anterior to Buddhism, though the germs of the doctrines 
 contained in them are to be found in some of the latest 
 hymns. The others range through a long period, and are 
 very numerous. The ancient V edic literature first became 
 known outside of India through these Upanishads. They 
 were translated from Sanskrit into Persian by or for Dara 
 Shukoh, the eldest son of the Mogul emperor Shah Jehan, 
 who held the liberal religious views of Akbar. He had 
 heard of the Upanishads in Kashmir in 1040, invited several 
 pandits to Delhi to assist in their translation, and finished 
 the work in 1657. Translated into Persian, then the most 
 widely read language of the East, they became generally 
 accessible. In 1775 a manuscript of this Persian transla- 
 tion was sent by the French resident at the court of Shuja 
 ud Daula to Anquetil Duperron, the discoverer of the 
 Avesta; and later another manuscript. Anquetil Duperron 
 collated the two, and translated the work into French 
 and into Latin, publishing the latter version in 1801 and 
 1802 under the title of Oupnekhat, a corruption of Upani- 
 shad. This Latin translation was studied by Schopen- 
 hauer. Twelve of them are translated by Max Muller, with 
 introductions and notes, in the “ Sacred Books of the East,” 
 I. and XV. 
 
 Upernivik (o-per'ni-vik). The northernmost 
 Danish district in Greenland, situated on the 
 western coast. Position of the chief settlement, 
 lat. 72° 48' N., long. 55° 54' W. 
 
 Upham (up'am), Charles Wentworth. Born 
 at St. John, N. B., May 4, 1802: died at Salem, 
 Mass., June 14, 1875. An American Unitarian 
 clergyman, author, and politician. He was a 
 Whig member of Congress from Massachusetts 1853-55. 
 
 Upham, Thomas Cogswell. Born at Deer- 
 field, N. H., Jan. 30, 1799: died at New York, 
 April 2, 1872. An American philosophical and 
 ★religious writer and poet. 
 
 Upolu (6-po-lo'). The second in size of the 
 Samoan Islands, southeast of Savaii. it is moun- 
 tainous and fertile, and contains Apia, the chief town of the 
 group. Area, 340 square miles. Population, about 19,000. 
 
 Upper Austria. See Austria. 
 
 Upper Avon. See Avon. 
 
 Upper Bavaria, G. Oberbayern. A govern- 
 ment district in the southeast of Bavaria, ex- 
 tending from the Alps to the Danube. Area, 
 6,458 square miles. Population, 1,414,224. 
 Upper Brules. See Sitcanxu. 
 
 Upper Canada. See Ontario. 
 
 Upper Chinook (up'er chi-nuk'). One of the 
 two divisions of the Chinookan stock of North 
 American Indians. The principal tribes are 
 Cathlamet, Clackama, Echeloot, Multnoma, 
 Wasco, andWatlala. See ChinooTcan. 
 
 Upper Germany (jer'ma-ni), G. Oberdeutsch- 
 land (o'ber-doich'lant). 1. A geographical 
 term nearly coextensive with South Germany, 
 or Germany south of the Main. — 2. A geo- 
 graphical term for the German-speaking lands 
 of the German Empire and Austria-Hungary 
 which are situated in the Alps or about their 
 northern slopes. It comprises Baden, Hohenzollern, 
 Wiirtemberg, southern Bavaria, Upper and Lower Austria, 
 Salzburg, Tyrol, and parts of Styria,Carinthia, and Carniola. 
 
 Upper Hesse, G. Oberhessen. A province in 
 the grand duchy of Hesse. Area, 1,269 square 
 miles. Population, 296,755. 
 
 Upper Peru. See Charcas and Bolivia. 
 
 Upper Rhine (rin) Circle, G. Oberrheinkreis 
 (o'ber-riii 'kris). One of the ten circles of the 
 ancient German Empire, comprising an aggre- 
 gation of ecclesiastical and temporal lordships, 
 mainly west of the Rhine. 
 
 Upper Saxon Circle, G. Obersachsischer- 
 kreis (o'ber-zek // sish-er-kris). One of the 
 ten circles of the ancient German Empire, com- 
 prising electoral Saxony, Brandenburg, the 
 Saxon duchies, Anhalt, Pomerania, Schwarz- 
 burg, Reuss, etc. 
 
 Uppingham (up'ing-am). A town in Rutland- 
 shire, England, situated 17 miles east by south 
 of Leicester. 
 
 Upsala (op-sa'la). 1. A laen in eastern Swe- 
 den. Area, 2,051 square miles. Population, 
 126,334. — 2. The capital of the laen of Upsala, 
 situated on the river Fyris in lat. 59° 51' N., 
 long. 17° 38' E. It is the seat of a noted university 
 and of an archbishopric. The university was founded by 
 Sten Sture in 1477. It has a library of 350,000 volumes, col- 
 lections of coins and minerals, botanic garden and museum, 
 observatory, etc. The cathedral was founded in 1260, but 
 has since been altered. Among the radiating choir-chapels 
 is that of Gustavus Vasa, adorned with historical frescos, 
 and containing the king’s tomb with sculptured figures 
 of himself and bis first two wives. The dimensions are 359 
 by 103 feet ; length of transepts, 136 ; height of vaulting, 
 90. The two west towers have reached only about half of 
 their projected height of 388 feet. The side portals and 
 the exterior of the choir are exceedingly fine. Near Upsala 
 was the medieval city Old Upsala, one of the oldest in the 
 country. Population, 25,311. 
 
 Upshur (up ' sh6r), Abel Parker. Born ill 
 Northampton County, Va., June 17, 1790 : killed 
 
 Urban VII. 
 
 on the Potomac, Feb. 28, 1844. An American 
 politician, secretary of the navy 1841-43, and 
 secretary of state 1843-44. 
 
 Upton (up'ton), Emory. Born at Batavia, 
 Genesee County, N. Y., Aug. 27, 1839: died 
 at San Francisco, March 14, 1881. An Ameri- 
 can general. He graduated at West Point in 1861; 
 served in the Army of the Potomac and in Georgia and 
 Alabama during the Civil War, attaining the rank of brig- 
 adier-general in 1864; and was commandant of cadets at 
 West Point 1870-75. He wrote “New System of Infantry 
 Tactics" (1867), “Armies of Asia and Europe" (1878), etc. 
 
 Ur (er). The place (in Gen. Ur Easdim, Ur of the 
 Chaldeans) from which Abraham set out on his 
 journey to Canaan. It has been identified with Uru 
 which figures in the cuneiform inscriptions as the oldest 
 capital of Babylonia and at the same time as an important 
 maritime and commercial city. It is now represented by 
 the ruins of Mugheir on the right bank of the Euphrates. 
 It was the principal seat of worship of the moon-god Sin, 
 and is therefore sometimes qualified in the inscriptions as 
 the “ moon city." 
 
 Uraba (o-ra-ba') , Gulf of. An old name for the 
 Gulf of Darien: generally restricted to the 
 southern arm which receives the river Atrato. 
 
 Ural (o'ral or u'ral). A river which rises in the 
 Ural Mountains, flows southwest and south, and 
 empties by a delta into the northern end of the 
 Caspian Sea. It forms for a large part of its course 
 part of the conventional boundary between Europe and 
 Asia. Length, about 1,000 miles ; navigable for large ves- 
 sels from Orenburg. 
 
 Ural Mountains. A collection of mountain- 
 ranges situated mainly on the border between 
 Europe and Asia, and in Russian territory. 
 They extend from the Arctic Ocean southward to near lat. 
 51° N. The chief divisions are the Arctic Urals (in Nova 
 Zembla), Northern Urals (with the Pai-hoi, Vogul, and 
 Obdorsk Mountains), Middle Urals, and Southern Urals. 
 They are famous for their mineral wealth (gold, iron, 
 copper, platinum, and precious stones). Highest peak 
 (T el-pos), 5,540 feet. 
 
 Uralsk (6-ralsk'). 1. A province of Russia, in 
 Central Asia, lying between Astrakhan and 
 Turgai. Area, 137,679 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, about 758,000. — 2. The capital of Uralsk, 
 situated at the junction of the Tchagan with the 
 Ural, about lat. 51° 10' N. Population, 36,466. 
 
 Urania (u-ra'ni-a). [NL., from L. Urania, from 
 Gr. 0 vpavia, one of the Muses, lit. ‘ the Heavenly 
 One.’] 1. In Greek mythology, the Muse of 
 astronomy and celestial forces, and the arbi- 
 tress of fate, second only to Calliope in the 
 company of the Muses. Her usual attributes are a 
 globe, which she often holds in her hand, and a little staff 
 or compass for indicating the course of the stars. 
 
 2. An asteroid (No. 30) discovered by Hind at 
 London, July 22, 1854. 
 
 Uranienborg (o-ra'ne-en-borg). A castle on the 
 island of Hven, Sweden, the seat of the obser- 
 vatory of Tycho Brahe. 
 
 Uranus (u'ra-nus). [L., from Gr. Qhfxivor, a 
 personification of heaven, equivalent to Skt. 
 Varuna, a deity of the highest rank in the Veda, 
 later a god of the waters.] 1. In classical my- 
 thology, the son of Gaea or Ge (the Earth), and 
 by her the father of the Titans, Cyclopes, etc. 
 He hated his children, and confined them in Tartarus ; but, 
 on the instigation of Gsea, Cronus, the youngest of the 
 Titans, overthrew and dethroned him. 
 
 2. In astronomy, the outermost but one of the 
 planets, appearing to the naked eye as a faint 
 star. It was discovered as a moving body with a disk, 
 March 13, 1781, by Sir W. Herschel ; but had previously 
 been observed twenty times as a star by different obser- 
 vers. These are called the ancient observations of Uranus. 
 The planet, seen with a telescope of the first class, appears 
 as a small bluish disk with two bands. It is a little smaller 
 than Neptune, its diameter being 31,000 miles ; its mass is 
 TiBffTi °f tlrat of the sun, or 14.7 times that of the earth ; its 
 density therefore is about 1.4, being a little more than that 
 of Jupiter. It is about 19.2 times as far from the sun as the 
 earth is ; and its period of revolution is about 84 years and 
 a week. It has four satellites — Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, 
 and Oberon — of which the first two are extremely diffi- 
 cult telescopic objects. They revolve in one plane, nearly 
 perpendicular to that of the planet. 
 
 Urartu. See Ararat. 
 
 Urban (er'ban) I. [L. Urbanus, of the city; It. 
 Urbano, F. Urbain.~\ Bishop of Rome 222-230. 
 
 Urban II. (Udo or Eudes). Born at Chatillon- 
 sur-Marne, France : died 1099. Pope 1088-99. 
 He continued the policy of Gregory VII. against lay in- 
 vestiture and in opposition to Henry IV. ; excommunicated 
 Philip I. of France ; and furthered the first Crusade. 
 
 Urban III. (Uberto Crivelli). Pope 1185-87. 
 
 He opposed the emperor Frederick I. 
 
 Urban IV. (Jacques Pantaleon). Pope 1261- 
 1264. He opposed Manfred of Sicily. 
 
 Urban V. (Guillaume de Grimoard). Born in 
 southern France : died 1370. Pope 1362-70. 
 Urban VI. (Bartolommeo Prignani). Pope 
 1378-89. The papal schism began in his reign : 
 the cardinals elected Clement VII. antipope. 
 Urban VII. (Giovanni Battista Castagna). 
 Pope in 1590, for 13 days. 
 
Urban VIII. 1022 Usedom 
 
 Urban VIII. (Maffeo Barberini). Born at 
 Florence, 1568: died 1644. Pope 1623-44. He 
 annexed the duehy of Urbino, and supported the 
 policy of France in the Thirty Years’ War. 
 Urban, Sylvanus. The pseudonym of the edi- 
 tor of the “ Gentleman’s Magazine.” 
 
 Urbino (or-be'no). [L. Urvin/um Metaurense, 
 ML. Urbinum.'] A city in the province of Pe- 
 saro e Urbino, Italy, situated on a hill in lat. 
 43° 44' N., long. 12° 38' E. : the capital of the 
 formerduchy of Urbino, and a celebrated center 
 of art and literature in the 15th and 16th cen- 
 turies. It was the birthplace of Raphael. It contains a ca- 
 thedral and a ducal palace, and is the seat of an archbishop, 
 and formerly of a university. The ducal palace is one of 
 the finest examples of the cinque-cento or early Renais- 
 sance style, light in proportions and richly ornamented. 
 The south front has three superimposed loggie, and two 
 machicolated cylindrical flanking towers. The court, 
 with two stories and an attic, the lower story arcaded, is 
 celebrated. The saloons are well proportioned, and dec- 
 orated with sculptured arabesques, foliage, etc. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 29,720. 
 
 Urbino, Duchy of. A former duchy compris- 
 ing Urbino, Pesaro, and other places in their 
 vicinity. It was ruled by princes of the Montefeltro 
 family, and later was under the house of Della Rovere. 
 It was annexed by the Papal States in 1631, and by Victor 
 Emmanuel in 1860. 
 
 Ure (ur), Andrew. Born at Glasgow, 1778: 
 died at London, Jan. 2, 1857. A Scottish chem- 
 ist, professor of chemistry and natural history 
 at the Andersonian institution in Glasgow. He 
 published a “ Dictionary of Chemistry "(1821), “ A New Sys- 
 tem of Geology ” (1829), “ Philosophy of Manufactures ” 
 (1835), “Dictionary of Aits, Manufactures, and Mines” 
 (1837-39 : revised by Hunt), etc. 
 
 Ures (o'res). A former capital of the state of So- 
 nora, Mexico, situated on the Rio Sonora about 
 lat. 29° 20' N. Population, about 2,500. 
 
 Urfe (tir-fa'), Honore D’. Born at Marseilles, 
 1567 : died in 1625. A French writer. He was 
 of a noble family, and seems to have been intended for 
 the church. A marriage unfortunate in all its circum- 
 stances drove him into retirement, where he composed his 
 “Astr^e ’ (which see), as the author of which he is usually 
 known. He was a voluminous pastoral and amatory writer. 
 Urganda (or-gan'da). A fairy and enchantress 
 in the legend of Amadis de Gaul. 
 
 Urgel (or-Hel'). A town in the province of 
 Lerida, Spain, on the Segre 74 miles north-north- 
 west of Barcelona. It is the seat of a bishop who, con- 
 jointly with France, supervises the republic of Andorra. 
 Uri (o'ri). One of the Forest Cantons of 
 Switzerland, bounded by the Lake of Lucerne, 
 Schwyz, Glarus, Grisons, Ticino, Valais, Bern, 
 and Unterwalden. Capital, Alt orf. It is traversed 
 by the Reuss and by the St. Gotthard Railway. The lan- 
 guage is chiefly German (but Italian also is spoken); reli- 
 gion, Roman Catholic. Uri sends one representative to the 
 National Council. It united in leagues with other Forest 
 Cantons in the 12th and 14th centuries ; conquered the Val 
 teventina in the 15th century; was assigned to the canton 
 Waldstatten in 1798; was the scene of conflicts between 
 the French and the Russians and Austrians in 1799 ; be- 
 came a canton in 1803, without the Val Leventina; and 
 joined the Sonderbund. Area, 415 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 22,055, (1910). 
 
 Uri, Bay of or Lake of, or Urner See (or'ner za). 
 The southeastern arm of the Lake of Lucerne, 
 Switzerland. Length, 7 miles. It is bordered 
 by bigh mountains. 
 
 Uriah (u-ri'a). [Heb.,‘Yahveh is my light.’] A 
 Hittite officer in the army of David, husband of 
 Bathsheba : killed by design of David. 
 
 Urian (u'ri-an ; G. pron. o're-an), Sir. A name 
 formerly used to designate an unknown person, 
 or one whose name, even if known, it was not 
 thought proper to mention, in this sense it was 
 sometimes applied to the devil. In the “ Parzival "of Wolf- 
 ram von Eschenbach, the unprincipled Prince of Puntur- 
 tois is called Urian. Bayard Taylor, Notes to Eaust, sc. xxi. 
 Uriconium(u-ri-k6'ni-um),orViroconium(vir- 
 o-ko'ni-um). An ancient town in Britain, on the 
 site of the modern Wroxeter. near Shrewsbury. 
 Uriel (u'ri-el). [Heb.,‘ light of God.’] One of 
 the seven archangels. He is spoken of in 2 Esdras as 
 the good angel. He has been conceived to be an angel of 
 light, and his station to be in the sun. He is introduced by 
 Milton in “Paradise Lost, “and by Longfellow in the “Golden 
 Legend.” 
 
 Uri-Rothstock (o'ri-rot'stok). A summit of 
 the Urner Alps, in the canton of Uri, Switzer- 
 land, west of Altorf. Height, 9,620 feet. 
 Urmia. See Urumiah. 
 
 Urn-burial. See Hydriotaphia. 
 
 Urner (or'ner) Alps. A group of the Alps in 
 Switzerland, comprised between the Lake of 
 Lucerne, the Reuss, the Furca Pass, Aare, and 
 the Sarner Aa. 
 
 Urner Loch. A tunnel in the St. Gotthard Pass, 
 Switzerland, between the Devil’s Bridge and 
 Andermatt. 
 
 Urner See (or'ner za). Same as Uri, Bay of. 
 TJrquhart (Srch'art), David. Born in the county 
 
 of Cromarty, Scotland, 1805: died 1877. ABrit- 
 ish publicist aud politician. He was a Conservative 
 member of Parliament. He published “Observations on 
 European Turkey ” (1831), “ Turkey and its Resources " 
 (1833), “Spirit of the East ’’ (1838), “Pillars of Hercules" 
 (I860), “ The Lebanon ” (I860), and various works on Rus- 
 sia, the United' States, on French affairs, etc. 
 
 Urquhart, orUrchard (erch'ard), Sir Thomas. 
 Born in 1611 : died 1660. A Scottish Roy- 
 alist and author. He possessed estates in Cromarty ; 
 was educated at King’s College, Aberdeen ; and traveled, 
 having a good knowledge of foreign tongues. He was de- 
 clared a rebel by Parliament ; took arms on the king’s side ; 
 fought in the battle of Worcester ; and, though sent a pris- 
 oner to London, had some liberty. He escaped, and died 
 abroad. He published several works, but is best known 
 from his translation of Rabelais (1653). 
 
 Urquiza (or-ke'tha), Justo Jose. Born near 
 Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios, March 19, 
 1800: assassinated on his estate of San Jos6, 
 near the same place, April 11, 1871. An Ar- 
 gentine general and politician. As a country 
 shopkeeper he acquired great influence over the Gau- 
 chos, and in 1844-45, with an army of 4,000 of them, as- 
 sisted Oribe against the government of Montevideo, de- 
 feating Rivera at India Muerta, March 28, 1845. In 1846 
 he was elected governor of Entre Rios. Tiie loose feder- 
 ative system then in vogue in the Argentine gave prac- 
 tically unlimited powers to the governors or dictators. 
 Urquiza ruled Entre Rios as an independent state aud for 
 his own advantage, acquiring a very large fortune. As a 
 leader of the federalist party he made war on the Unita- 
 rians of Corrientes. In 1851 he joined forces with Brazil 
 and Montevideo ; compelled Oribe to capitulate Oct, 8, 
 ending the “nine years’ siege” of Montevideo; and on 
 Feb. 3, 1852, defeated and overthrew Rosas at the bat- 
 tle of Monte-Caseros. He was at once proclaimed provi- 
 sional dictator of the Argentine Confederation, and in 
 May, 1853, was elected president for 6 years. Buenos 
 Ayres refused to join the confederation until forced to do 
 so by Urqniza’s victory at Cepeda, Oct. 23, 1859. Urquiza 
 retained the presidency until May, 1860, when he took 
 command of the army. Buenos Ayres revolted soon after, 
 and the federalist army of Urquiza was defeated by Mitre 
 at Pavon, Sept. 17, 1861. With this battle the federalist 
 system came to an end. Urquiza retired to Entre Rios, 
 where he continued to rule in a kind of feudal state, though 
 with somewhat diminished power, until his death. He 
 evaded taking an active part in the Paraguayan war. 
 
 Urraca(or-ra'ka). Died 1126. Queen of Castile, 
 daughter of Alfonso VI. of Castile, she married 
 Alfonso of Aragon; was divorced from him in 1111; and 
 carried on civil war in Spain against her husband and son. 
 
 Ursa Major (er'sa ma'jor). [L., ‘the Greater 
 Bear.’] The most prominent constellation of 
 the northern heavens, representing a bear with 
 an enormous tail. There is a rival figure for the same 
 constellation — a wagon. (See Wain.) Both figures are 
 mentioned by Homer. The nameof thebearis translated 
 from some original Aryan language, since the constella- 
 tion in Sanskrit is called rilcsha — a word which means in 
 different genders a ‘bear’ and a ‘star.’ As the seven 
 stars of the Great Bear are in many languages called the 
 Septentrions, it is probable the figure of the bear, which 
 by its tail would seem to have originated among some peo- 
 ple not familiar with bears, may have been the result of 
 a confusion of sound. Draco appears to have had formerly 
 a longer tail, twisting down in front of Ursa Major. The 
 principal stars of the Great Bear compose the figure of 
 Charles’s Wain, or the Dipper. 
 
 Ursa Minor (6r'sa ml'nor). [L.,‘the Smaller 
 Bear.’] A constellation near the north pole, 
 the figure of which imitates that of Ursa Ma- 
 jor, which its configuration resembles. It also 
 has a rival figure of a wagon, and is sometimes called the 
 Cynosure, which seems to mean ‘ dog’s tail.’ At the time 
 of the formation of these constellations the pole must have 
 been near a Draconis ; and during the greater part of his- 
 tory sailors have steered by Ursa Minor as a whole. In 
 the tail of the Little Bear is the pole-star. 
 
 Ursern (or'zern), or Urseren (or'zer-en). The 
 same as Andermatt. 
 
 Ursinus (er-si'nus), or Urcicinus (er-si-si'nus). 
 Antipope 366-384. 
 
 Ursua (or-so'a), Pedro de. Bom at Ursua, 
 near Pamplona, Navarre, about, 1510: died at 
 Machiparo, on the Upper Amazon, Jan. 1, 1561. 
 A Spanish soldier. He was governor of New Gra- 
 nada 1545 40: led expeditions from Bogota in search of El 
 Dorado 1547 and 1549-52, founding Pamplona and other 
 places ; and subdued the rebellious Cimarrones of Pana- 
 ma 1555-57. In 1559 the Marquis of Canete, viceroy of 
 Peru, commissioned him to lead an expedition to the 
 region of the upper Amazon in search of El Dorado and 
 the “kingdom" of theOmaguas (which see). The ulterior 
 object of the viceroy was to get rid of the wild adven- 
 turers who had been attracted to Peru by the civil wars. 
 Some hundreds of these joined Ursua, who took the title 
 of “Governor of Omaguaand El Dorado,” and embarked in 
 boats at Lamas on the Moyobamba in Sept., 1560. He de- 
 scended the Moyobamba and Huallaga to the Amazon, 
 where he was killed by Lope de Aguirre and other con- 
 spirators. (See Aguirre.) Also written Orsiui. 
 
 Ursula (er'su-la), Saint. [ML.,‘a she-bear’; It. 
 Orsola, Sp. TJrsola, F. Ursule. ] In Christian le- 
 gend, a British saint and martyr who, with 
 11,000 virgins, was said to have been put to 
 death by an army of Huns near Cologne. In the 
 first part of the 12th century, iti digging foundations for 
 new walls, the citizens of Cologne found a large number 
 of bones in the cemetery of the old Roman town Colonia 
 Agrippina. These were announced by Elizabeth of Shbnau, 
 a visionary nun, as the relics of the 11,000 virgins, and for 
 many years were so venerated. Bones of men and children, 
 
 however, were found among them, and this was variously 
 explained by inspired persous. The Church of St. Ursula 
 of Cologne is still visited bv thousands of credulous be- 
 lievers in the miraculous properties of the bones of Roman 
 colonists. One matter-of-fact explanation of the 11,000 re- 
 duces them to one in the person of a St. “ Undecemilla.’’ 
 St. Ursula has been identified by Dr. Oscar Schade with 
 the Swabian goddess Horsel, or Ursel, who is the Holda 
 (or Venus) of Teutonic mythology turned into a saint of 
 the Christian calendar. 
 
 Urubamba (o-ro-bam'ba). A name given to the 
 Ucayale in the upper part of its course. 
 
 Urugal(6-ro-gal'). The Babylonian Hades. The 
 word is of Sumerian origin, and means ‘ the 
 great city.’ 
 
 Uruguay (o-ro-gwi' ; or, as Eng., u'ro-gwa). A 
 river which rises in southeastern Brazil (Santa 
 Catharina), near the coast, flows west, south- 
 west, and south, forms the boundary between 
 Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil and Uruguay on 
 the east, and the Argentine Republic on the 
 west, and empties into the estuary of the Rio 
 de la P lata in lat. 34° S. its chief tributaries are the 
 Ibicuy and Negro. Length, about 1,000 miles. It is navi- 
 gable to Salto (about 200 miles), and above that, for small 
 vessels, 300 miles farther. 
 
 Uruguay, orRepublica Oriental del Uruguay 
 
 (ra-po'ble-ka, o-re-en-tal' del o-ro-gwi'), often 
 Banda Oriental (ban'da o-re-en-tal'). A re- 
 public in South America, bounded by Brazil, 
 the Atlantic, the estuary of the Rio de la Plata, 
 and the river Uruguay (which separates it from 
 the Argentine Republic). Capital, Montevideo. 
 The surface consists generally of grassy lands traversed 
 by low ridges ; the chief occupation is the rearing of cattle 
 and sheep ; the leading exports, live stock, wool, beef, 
 hides, tallow, etc. It has 19 departments. The govern- 
 ment is vested in a president and a parliament consisting 
 of a senate and a chamber of representatives. The pre- 
 vailing religion is Roman Catholic. Of the inhabitants 
 the majority are native Uruguayans, many of the country 
 people being of the mixed race called Gauchos (which 
 see) ; but there are also many Italians, Spaniards, French, 
 Brazilians, etc. The prevailing language is Spanish. Uru- 
 guay was settled by Spanish Jesuits in the 17th century, 
 and by Portuguese and Spanish colonists later ; became a 
 Spanish province, annexed to the viceroyalty of La Plata, 
 in 1776 ; was joined to Brazil in 1821 ; revolted against 
 Brazil in 1825; and was recognized as an Independent state 
 in 1828. Montevideo was besieged by the combined forces 
 of Oribe and Rosas 1842-51. Area, 72,210 square miles. 
 Population, 1,042,668. 
 
 Uruguayana (6-ro-gwi-a'na). A town of the 
 state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, on the river 
 Uruguay near lat. 29° 35' S. It is the principal 
 Brazilian port on the Uruguay, and has an important trade 
 in cattle. The Paraguayan army which invaded Rio 
 Grande do Sul in 1865 was besieged in this place by the 
 combined forces of Brazil, Uruguay, and the Argentine 
 Republic, and surrendered (nearly 6,000 men) Sept. 18. 
 The Emperor of Brazil and Presidents Mitre and Flores 
 took part in the siege. Population, municipio, 23,194. 
 
 Urumiah, or Oroomiah (o-ro-me'a), or Urmia 
 (or-me'a). A city in the province of Azerbaijan, 
 Persia, 70 miles west-southwest of Tabriz: the 
 traditional birthplace of Zoroaster. It is the 
 seat of an American mission. Population, es- 
 timated, 30,000-50,000. 
 
 Urumiah, Lake. A salt lake in Persia, west 
 of Tabriz, intersected by lat. 38° N. it contains 
 many small islands. The water is intensely salt and is 
 shallow. It has no outlet. Elevation above sea-level, over 
 4,000 feet. Length, about 85 miles. 
 
 Urundi (o-ron'de). A land in Africa, north of 
 Lake Tanganyika. 
 
 Urungu (o-rijng'go), or Ulungu (o-long'go). 
 A district in central Africa, south and southeast 
 of Lake Tanganyika. 
 
 Urus, or Uros. See Puquinas. 
 
 Urvashi (or'va-she; Vedic or-va'she). [Ac- 
 cording to Bohtlingk and Roth, from uru, wide, 
 and then great, and va$i = vaga, desire.] In the 
 Rigveda, ‘ longing,’ ‘desire,’ and in X. 95 per- 
 sonified as a woman beloved by Pururavas. 
 The obscure hymn consists of a dialogue between Purura- 
 vas and Urvashi. They are interpreted by Max Miiller 
 (“Oxford Essays” (1856) and “ Chips from a German Work- 
 shop ”) as the Sun and the Dawn. Urvashi is especially 
 important as the heroine of Kalidasa’s “ Vikramorvashi. ” 
 
 Ushegs (us'begz), or UzbegS (uz'begz). A 
 Turkish people, socially and politically rather 
 than ethnically distinct, dwelling in various 
 parts of central Asia, chiefly in the cities. They 
 form the influential class. Number, estimated, 2,000,000. 
 They rose to power in the 13th century. 
 
 Ushoi (os-boi'). A depression in central Asia, 
 east of the Caspian Sea and west of the Amu- 
 Daria: formerly supposed to be the ancient 
 course of the latter. 
 
 Usedom (o'ze-dom). An island, belonging to 
 Pomerania, Prussia, which, with the island of 
 Wollin, separates the Pomeranian Hail from the 
 Baltic. Chief town, Swinemunde. Length, 
 about 30 miles. 
 
 Usedom, Count Karl Georg Ludwig Guido 
 von. Born on the island of Riigen, July 
 
Usedom 
 
 17, 1805: died at San Remo, Jan. 22, 1884. A 
 Prussian diplomatist, distinguished as ambas- 
 sador to Italy 1863-69. 
 
 Ushak (o-shak'). A town in the western part 
 of Asia Minor, about 120 miles east of Smyrna. 
 Population, 15,000. 
 
 Ushant (ush'ant), F. Ouessant (wes-son'). An 
 island off the coast of France, belonging to the 
 department of Finistere, in lat. 48° 28' N., long. 
 5° 3' W. It contains the village St. -Michel. 
 Length, 4£ miles. Population, 2,717. 
 
 Ushant, Battle of. A naval battle fought near 
 Ushant, in 1778, between the French underd’Or- 
 villiers and the British under Keppel. The ad- 
 vantage was with the former. 
 
 Ushas (o'shas; Vedic o-shas'). [From -\/ ms, 
 light up, dawn ; cognate with Gr. 'IUV, L . Aurora 
 for Ausosa, and E. eas-t. With the kindred 
 Skt. nsra' , dawn, is also to be compared the Old 
 Germanic Aus-t-rd, a goddess of the year-dawn 
 or spring-light, and AS. Eos-t-ra, the name of 
 whose festival, Easter, occurring in April, was 
 transferred to the Christian festival which re- 
 placed it.] The Vedic Dawn, a favorite object 
 of celebration with the poets of the Rigveda. 
 She is the daughter of the Sky (Dyaus), sister of Bhaga, 
 and kinswoman of Varuna, and also sister of Night, and in 
 one passage the elder sister. The Sun is her lover, and 
 follows her track. She brings the eye of the gods. Agni 
 is also her lover, Are being kindled for sacrifice at dawn. 
 She is the friend of the Ashvins, whom she awakens with 
 her song. She is borne onward in a shining chariot from 
 the distant east, and in one passage arrives in a hundred 
 chariots. She is drawn by ruddy horses, or by cows or 
 bulls of the same hue. She is compared to a beautiful 
 maiden dressed by her mother, to a richly decked dancing- 
 girl, a gaily attired wife appearing before her husband, or 
 a female rising resplendent from her bath. She is the life 
 and breath of all things, causing the birds to fly from their 
 nests, and, like an active wife arousing her household, 
 awakening the five races of men. She is young, being born 
 anew every day, and yet old — nay, immortal. See Muir’s 
 “Original Sanskrit Texts,” V. 181-198, for translations of 
 Ushas hymns and details. 
 
 Usher, or Ussher (ush'er), James, Latinized 
 Usserius (us-se'ri-us). Born at Dublin, Jan. 4, 
 1580-81 : died at Reigate, Surrey, England, 
 March 21, 1656. A British prelate, theologian, 
 and scholar. He took the degree of 11. A. at Trinity 
 College, Dublin, in ItiOO ; was regius professor of divinity 
 there 1607-20, and chancellor of St. Patrick's Cathedral, 
 Dublin, in 1605 ; was appointed bishop of Meath in 1621 ; 
 and became archbishop of Armagh and primate of Ireland 
 in 1025. He waB on a visit to England at the outbreak of 
 the civil war, and took sides with Charles I., with the 
 result that he lost nearly all his property in Ireland, with 
 the exception of his library. He was preacher to the So- 
 ciety of Lincoln's Inn, London, from 1647 until shortly 
 before hiB death. His most notable work is “ Annales 
 Veteris et Novi Testamenti" (1650-541, in which he pro- 
 posed a scheme of biblical chronology that was universally 
 accepted until disproved by recent investigations. 
 
 Usipites (u-sip'i-tez), or Usipii (u-sip'i-I), or 
 Usipes (u-si'pez). [L. (Caesar) Usipites, (Taci- 
 tus) Usipii, Gr. (Strabo) Ovmiroi.] A German 
 tribe first mentioned by Caesar, who describes 
 them as having been driven by the Suevi (59 
 B. c.), together with the Tencteri, from their 
 Original homes. With the Tencteri they were defeated 
 by Csesar on the left bank of the Rhine, near the conflu- 
 ence of the Maas, whence they withdrew to the opposite 
 side, to the north of the Sugambri. Ptolemy, who names 
 them for the last time, places them further to the south, 
 in the Main region. They were probably merged ulti- 
 mately in the Alamanni. 
 
 Usk (usk). [Celtic, ‘ water.’] A-river in South 
 Wales and Monmouthshire, England, which 
 joins the estuary of the Severn 18 miles west- 
 northwest of Bristol. Length, about 60 miles. 
 Uskoken (os'ko-ken). [Serb, ‘fugitives.’] 
 Fugitives from Servia and Bosnia who went 
 to Venetian and Hungarian lands about the be- 
 ginning of the 16th century to escape Turkish 
 tyranny. 
 
 Uskup(os'kup), orUskub (os'kub), or Uskiub 
 (os'ke-ub), or Skoplie. The capital of the 
 vilayet of Kosovo, European Turkey, situated 
 on the Vardar in lat. 42° 1' N., long. 21° 32' E. : 
 the ancient Scupi or Scopi. It is a strategic point. 
 It has manufactures of leather, etc. Population, about 
 28,000. 
 
 Uspallata (os-pal-yii'tii) Pass. [Sp. Boquete or 
 Portillo de Uspallata.'] A pass over the Andes, 
 between the Argentine Republic and Chile, 
 near lat. 32° 49' S. The highest point is about 12,800 
 feet above the sea. During the colonial period this pass 
 was tho principal means of communication between San- 
 tiago and the Chilean cities east of the Andes. It was 
 the route taken by San Martin in his famous invasion of 
 Chile, Jan., 1817. The Transandine Railroad passes 
 through it. Also Cumbre ( Carnbre ) Pass. 
 
 Ussher, James. See Usher. 
 
 Ustica (os'te-ka). A mountainous island in the 
 Mediterranean, belonging to Italy, 43 miles 
 
 1023 
 
 north by west of Palermo. It contains a penal 
 establishment. Length, 4 miles. Population, 
 1,992. 
 
 Ust-Kamenogorsk (ost'ka-men-6-gorsk'). A 
 town in the province of Semipalatinsk, Russian 
 Asia, situated on the Irtish 150 miles southeast 
 of Semipalatinsk. Population, 8,721. 
 
 Ust-Urt (ost'ort'). A plateau in central Asia, 
 between the Sea of Aral and the Caspian Sea. 
 It is mainly a desert. 
 
 Usuramo (o-so-ra'mo). A region in East Africa, 
 situated southwest of Zanzibar, near the coast. 
 Since 1885 it has been a possession of the Ger- 
 man East Africa Company. Also Uzaramo. 
 uta (u'ta), or Utah, or Ute (u'te), or Youta. 
 [PI. , also Utas or Utahs.] A division of the Sho- 
 shonean stock of North American Indians, em- 
 bracing 15 tribes, which formerly occupied the 
 entire central and western portions of Colorado 
 and the northeastern portion of Utah, including 
 the eastern part of Salt Lake valley and Utah 
 valley. On the south they extended into New Mexico, 
 occupying much of the country drained by the Rio San 
 Juan. In the northeastern part of their range they inter- 
 married extensively with other Shoshonean branches, as the 
 Shoshoni, Bannock. Paiute, and with the.Ticarilla Apache. 
 The first treaty with the Uta was concluded Dec. 30, 1849. 
 They have always been warlike and restless. The Uta are 
 now confined to reservations in Utah and Colorado, and 
 number about 3,000. See Shoshonean. 
 
 Utah (u'ta or u'ta). [From the Indian tribal 
 name.] Oneof the United States (the 45th). Cap- 
 ital, Salt Lake City. It is bounded by Idaho and Wyo- 
 ming on the north, Wyoming and Colorado on the east, Ari- 
 zona on the south, and Nevada on the west. The surface 
 is mountainous and plateau, including theWahsatch and 
 Uintah Mountains and part of the Great Basin. The 
 Great Salt Lake is in the north. The silver-, copper-, and 
 lead-mines are important. Utah contains 27 counties, and 
 sends 2 senators and 2 representatives to Congress. The in- 
 habitants are largely Mormons. This region formed part 
 of the lands ceded by Mexico in 1848. The Mormons set- 
 tled here in 1847-48. Utah was organized as a Territory 
 in 1850. The Mountain Meadow massacre of Gentile set- 
 tlers by Indians and Mormons occurred in 1857. Disturb- 
 ances in 1856 led to the sending of an expedition of United 
 States troops to Utah in 1857 ; the Mormons submitted in 
 1868. The Edmunds Act of 1882, followed by supplemen- 
 tary legislation, punished and discouraged polygamy in the 
 Mormon Church. A large Gentile immigration has taken 
 place in recent years. On July 17, 1894, the President 
 signed a bill for the admission of Utah to the Union as a 
 State (“ enabling act "), and it was admitted in 1896. Area, 
 84,970 square miles. Population, 373,351, (1910). 
 
 Utah Lake. A fresb-water lake in Utah, 28 
 miles south of Salt Lake City. Its outlet is by 
 the Jordan into Great Salt Lake. Height above 
 eea-level, about 4,400 feet. Length, 23 miles. 
 Utatlan (o-tat-lan'), or Gumarcaah (go-mar- 
 ka-a'). The ancient seat of the Quichd In- 
 dians of Guatemala, near the site of the modern 
 city of Santa Cruz del Quichd. it was an easily 
 defensible place, of difficult access. It was abandoned after 
 1524, the Indians gradually settling outside. 
 
 Ute. See Uta. 
 
 Ute (ut) Peak. A peak in Williams Range, 
 Colorado, west of Central City. 
 
 Utgard (ut ' gard). In Norse mythology, the 
 dwelling-place of the giant Utgard-Loki. 
 Utgard-Loki (ut'gard-lo'ke). In Norse my- 
 thology, the chief of the giants. 
 
 Uther (u'ther). In the Arthurian cycle of 
 romance, a king of Britain and father of Ar- 
 thur, known from his rank as Uther Pendragon. 
 Utica (u'ti-ka). [L. Utica, Gr. 0 bruit/, Ovtikt/, 
 ’lrijKTj.] In ancient geography, a city in Africa, 
 situated near the Bagradas 25 miles north- 
 northwest of Carthage. It was founded by the Phe- 
 nicians ; sided in the third Punic war with Rome ; and suc- 
 ceeded Carthage as the leading city of Africa. It was held 
 by Cato for the Pompeians in 46 B. c. 
 
 Utica. The capital of Oneida County, New 
 York, situated on the Mohawk River 83 miles 
 west-northwest of Albany. It is a railroad center, 
 and is on the Erie Canal. It is the leading market in the 
 United States for cheese, and has manufactures of cloth- 
 ing, boots and shoes, etc. Fort Schuyler was built in 1758, 
 and the town was settled after the Revolution. It was in- 
 corporated as a city in 1832. Population, 74,419, (1910). 
 
 Uticensis (u-ti-sen'sis). [L.,‘ of Utica.’] Asur- 
 name of Cato the Younger. 
 
 Utila (o-te'la). One of the Bay Islands in the 
 Gulf of Honduras. 
 
 Utliberg (iit'le-berG). A peak of Mount Albis, 
 Switzerland, 4 miles west of Zurich: noted for 
 its view. Height, 2,864 feet. 
 
 Utopia (u-to'pi-a). [NL., ‘no where,’ from Gr. 
 ov, no, not, and rbjrof, place, spot.] A political 
 romance by Sir Thomas More, published in Latin 
 in 1516 : so called from an imaginary island, the 
 seat of an ideal commonwealth. The original title 
 
 Uzziali 
 
 was “De Optimo Reipublicse Statu, deque Nova Insula 
 Utopia.” It was translated in 1661 by Ralph Robinson, 
 and by Bishop Burnet in 1683. The name “ Utopia ” has 
 given rise to the adjective utopian with the meaning of 
 ‘impracticable’ or ‘ideal,’ especially as applied to schemes 
 for the advancement of social conditions. 
 
 Utrecht (u'trekt; D. pron. ii'trecht). 1. A 
 province of the Netherlands, bounded by North 
 Holland, Zuyder Zee, Gelderland, and South 
 Holland. Area, 534 square miles. Population, 
 285,480. — 2. The capital of the province of 
 Utrecht, situated on the Kromme Rijn, at its 
 division into the Vecht and the Oude Rijn, in 
 lat. 52° 5' N., long. 5° 7' E. : the Roman Tra- 
 jectus (ferry). It is a railway center, and has manu- 
 factures of cigars, chemicals, etc. The noted Cathedral 
 of St. Martin consists of a spacious choir and transepts of 
 the 13th century. The nave fell in 1674, and was not re- 
 built : thus the fine west tower, 338 feet high, stands at a 
 distance from the existing church. The vaulting is 116 
 feet high, and the proportions and details are excellent. 
 Utrecht is also the seat of a university. Its medieval bish- 
 ops possessed great power. It was often a residence of 
 the German emperors, and was an early seat of the States- 
 General. Population, 116,783. 
 
 Utrecht, Peace of. The peace concluded in 
 1713, through several separate treaties, bet ween 
 France on one side and Great Britain, Holland, 
 Prussia, Savoy, and Portugal on the other, and 
 acceded to by Spain. With the subsequent treaties 
 of Rastatt and Baden, it put an end to the War of the 
 Spanish Succession. Philip V. (of Bourbon) was confirmed 
 as king of Spain, the crowns of France and Spain never to 
 be united ; and France recognized the Protestant succes- 
 sion in England. Prussia was recognized as a kingdom. 
 Great Britain received Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, etc., 
 in North America, and Gibraltar and Minorca, with the 
 right to semi African slaves to America. Holland was se- 
 cured by the Barrier Treaty. The Spanish Netherlands, 
 Sardinia, the Milanese, and Naples were ceded to Austria. 
 Savoy received Sicily from Spain. Prussia received Neu- 
 chatel and part of Gelderland, and renounced its claims 
 to Orange. Portugal received additions in South America. 
 Utrecht, Union of. The union, concluded in 
 1579, of the seven united provinces, Holland, 
 Zealand, Utrecht, Gelderland, Overyssel, Gron- 
 ingen, and Friesland, which became the Dutch 
 republic. 
 
 Uttoxeter (uks'e-ter or u-tok'se-t6r). A town 
 in Staffordshire, England, situated near the 
 Dove 28 miles north of Birmingham. Popula- 
 tion, 5,133. 
 
 Uvaroff (o-va'rof), Count Sergei. Born at 
 Moscow, Aug. 25, 1785: died there, Sept. 16, 
 1855. A Russian statesman and scholar. He was 
 president of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from 
 1818, and minister of public instruction 1832-48. He did 
 much to promote higher instruction in Russia. He wrote 
 “ Etudes de philologie et de critique ’’ (1843), “ Esquisses 
 politiques et littdraires ” (1848), etc. 
 
 Uvira (o-ve'ra). See Vira. 
 
 Uxbridge (uks'brij). A town in Middlesex, 
 England, situated on the Colne 18 miles west 
 by north of London. It was the scene of unsuccess- 
 ful negotiations between Parliamentary and Rovalist com- 
 missioners at the beginning of 1645. Population, 8,686. 
 
 Uxmal (oz-mal'). A ruin in Yucatan, Mexico, 
 about 70 miles south of Merida. The remains 
 are scattered over several square miles, but 
 only a few of the buildings have the walls still 
 standing. These are generally raised on terraced foun- 
 dations (truncated pyramids), and are faced with dressed 
 stone, in many cases elaborately sculptured. Some of 
 them are very large. The one called “ Casa del Gober- 
 nador ’’ is 320 feet long, but narrow. The so-called “ Casa 
 de las Monjas” is built around a courtyard which measures 
 258 by 214 feet. There are no idols as at Copan, and nothing 
 resembling the stucco-work of Palenque. One of the most 
 curious features is the great number of protuberant or- 
 naments called “elephants’ trunks ” by Waldeck. The ori- 
 gin of Uxmal is unknown, but there can be little doubt 
 that it was built by a Maya people. Stephens believed 
 that some of the temples were used by the Indians as late 
 as 1673. 
 
 Uz (uz). Iu biblical geography, a land east of 
 Palestine: the home of Job. It is sometimes 
 
 Uz6s (ii-zas'). A town in the department of 
 Gard, France, situated on the Auzon 12 miles 
 north by east of Nimes. It contains a castle 
 and the campanile of the ancient cathedral. 
 Population, commune, 5,182. 
 
 Uzziali (u-zi'a). A name of Azariah, king of 
 Judah, sonof Amaziab. He reigned 792-740B.C. 
 (Duncker.) 
 
 Amaziah was succeeded by Uzziah, whose long and pros- 
 perous reign appears to have corresponded pretty exactly 
 with that of Jeroboam II. The current chronology, which 
 obscures this correspondence, is certainly corrupt ; and we 
 shall not be far wrong if we view Uzziah and Jotham as 
 the contemporaries of Jeroboam II. and Menahem, while 
 Ahaz of Judah came to the throne soon after Menahem ’s 
 death, and saw the greater part of the wars which began 
 with the invasion of Tlglath-Pileser and closed with the 
 fall of Samaria. W. It. Smith, Prophets of Israel, p. 194. 
 
aal (val). The chief head 
 stream and tributary of the 
 Orange River, South Afri- 
 ca. It forms the chief part of 
 the boundary between the Trans- 
 vaal and the Orange Free State, 
 and joins the Orange River about 
 lat. 29° l<y S., long. 24° 15' E. 
 Length, 500-600 miles. 
 
 Vaca, Cabeza de. See Ca- 
 
 beza de Vaca. 
 
 Vaca de Castro (va'ka da k&s'tro), Cristoval. 
 Born in 1492 : died in 1562. A Spanish lawyer 
 and administrator. He was a member of the audi- 
 ence of Valladolid, and in 1540 was sent to Peru to in- 
 quire into certain alleged abuses, with orders to act as 
 governor in case of Pizarro's death. He landed on the 
 coast of New Granada (spring of 1541), and crossed to 
 Popayan, where he heard of the assassination of Pizarro 
 and the rebellion of the younger Almagro. Aided by 
 loyal Spaniards, he advanced into Peru. Almagro was de- 
 feated at Chupas (Sept. 16, 1542), and executed, and Cas- 
 tro held the government until the arrival of Viceroy Vela, 
 May 15, 1544. The latter imprisoned him on suspicion of 
 conspiring with the rebels against the new laws, but he 
 escaped and reached Spain in 1545. There he was arrested 
 on charges of peculation, etc., hut was exonerated in 1556, 
 after 11 years' imprisonment. 
 
 Vach (vach). [Skt., cognate with Latin vox — 
 voc-s, and with Greek f>\ p for uip, originally Fvm-r, 
 voice.] In the Rigveda, a feminine personifi- 
 cation of speech; the Word; Logos. In the 
 later literature she is identified with Sarasvati. 
 Vacberot (vash-ro'), Etienne. Born at Lan- 
 gres, France, July 29, 1809 : died at Paris, July 
 28, 1897. A French philosophical writer, pro- 
 fessor of philosophy at the Sorbonne 1839-52. 
 He was attacked by the clerical party on account of his 
 philosophical doctrines ; was deprived of his office in 1852 
 for political reasons ; and in 1859 was condemned to three 
 months' imprisonment for his book “La democratic. ’’ In 
 1871 he waB elected to the National Assembly from the 
 department of Seine. His other works include “ His- 
 toire critique de ITcole d'Alexandrie " (1846), “ La mC-ta- 
 physique et la science" (1858), “La religion " (1868), “ La 
 science et la conscience ” (1870), etc. 
 
 Vacquerie (vak-re'), Auguste. Born Nov. 19, 
 1819 : died Feb. 19, 1895. A French journal- 
 ist and dramatist, founder in 1869, with Paul 
 Meurice and others, of the radical “Le Rap- 
 pel.” His dramatic works include “ Tragaldabas,” a 
 melodrama (1848), “Jean Baudry,” a comedy (1863), 
 “Jalousie," a comedy (1888), etc. He also published 
 poems, etc. 
 
 Vacuna (va-ku'na). A Sabine goddess of agri- 
 culture. 
 
 V£cz. See Waitzen. 
 
 Vadimonian Lake (vad-i-mo'ni-an lak). [L. 
 Vadimonis Lacus.~\ In ancient geography, a 
 small lake in Italy, near the Tiber and near the 
 modern Orte : the modern Laghetto di Bassano. 
 Here, in 310 or 309 B. c., the Romans under Fabius Maxi- 
 mus defeated the Etruscans ; and in 283 B. c. the Romans 
 defeated the combined northern Italians and Gauls. 
 
 Vadred (va'dret), or Vadret, Piz. A peak of 
 the Rhsetian Alps, canton of Grisons, Switzer- 
 land, 24 miles east-southeast of Coire. Height, 
 10,609 feet. 
 
 Vaga (va'ga), Perino del: properly Piero, or 
 Pierino, or Perino Buonaccorsi (bo-d-nak- 
 kor'se). Born at Florence, 1500 or 1501: died at 
 Rome, 1547. An Italian painter, a pupil and 
 assistant of Raphael. He worked in Rome and 
 Genoa, and painted chiefly historical and mythological 
 subjects. 
 
 Vagienni (vaj-i-en'i). In ancient history, a 
 Ligurian tribe which dwelt in northwestern 
 Italy, near the Maritime Alps. 
 
 Vahlen (va'len), Johann. Born Sept. 27, 1830 : 
 died Nov. 30, 1911. A German classical phi- 
 lologist, professor at Berlin 1874-1911. 
 Vaigatch (vi-gach'). An island in the Arctic 
 Ocean, southeast of Nova Zembla, intersected 
 by lat. 70° N., long. 60° E. It belongs to the govern- 
 ment of Archangel, Russia. It is visited in the summer by 
 hunters. Length, 70 miles. Also Vaigats, Vaigatz, Waigalch. 
 Vaikuntha (vl-kon'tha). In later Hindu my- 
 thology, Vishnu’s heaven, described as situated 
 in the northern ocean, or on the eastern peak 
 of the mythical Mount Meru. Each of the modern 
 
 systems has its own heaven, that of Shiva being Kailasa, 
 and that of Krishna Goloka. 
 
 Vaillant, Franqois Le. See Levaillant. 
 
 Vaillant (va-yon'), Comte Jean Baptiste Phi- 
 libert. Born at Dijon, Franee, Dec. 6, 1790 : 
 died at Paris, June 4, 1872. A marshal of 
 France. He served as lieutenant and adjutant in the 
 Napoleonic wars, as chief of battalion in Algeria, and as 
 lieutenant-colonel at the siege of Antwerp(1832); directed, 
 as engineer, the siege and capture of Rome in 1849, and 
 was made a marshal ; was minister of war 1854-59 ; fought 
 at the battle of Solferino in 1859; commanded the army 
 of occupation in Italy 1859-60 ; and was minister of the 
 emperor s household 1860-70, and for part of the time 
 minister also of the fine arts. He was banished in 1870, 
 but returned to Paris in 1871. 
 
 Vainlove (van'luv). A character in Congreve’s 
 comedy “ The Old Bachelor.” He is capricious in his 
 love, and cares for nothing that he finds difficulty in pro- 
 curing. 
 
 Vaishya (visli'ya). [‘Belonging to the vi?, or 
 “ folk.’”] In the Sanskrit designation of castes, 
 a member of the third caste, the folk, as dis- 
 tinguished from the Brahmans, or priests, and 
 the Kshatriyas, or warriors. 
 
 VaisseauFantome(va-s6' fon-tom'), Le. [F., 
 
 ‘ The Phantom Ship.’] An opera by Dietsch, the 
 words translated from Wagner’s “DerFliegende 
 Hollander.” It was produced in Paris in 1842. 
 
 Vakh (vak). A river in western Siberia which 
 joins the Obi about lat. 60° 30' N. Length, 
 about 300 miles. 
 
 Valais (va-la'), G. Wallis (val'lis). [From 
 L. valles, a valley.] A canton of Switzerland. 
 Capital, Sion. It is hounded by the Lake of Geneva, 
 Vaud, and Bern on the north (separated from Bern by the 
 Bernese Alps), Uri, Ticino, and italy on the east, Italy on the 
 south (separated by the main chain of the Alps), and France 
 on the west. It comprises the upper valley of the Rhone 
 and the surrounding mountains, it has 6 representatives 
 in the National Council. The inhabitants are about two 
 thirds French and about one third German. The prevail- 
 ing religion is Roman Catholic. Valais was incorporated 
 in the Roman Empire in the time of Augustus. In the mid- 
 dle ages it was a part of Burgundy, and later was divided 
 among various rulers (Savoy, bishop of Sion, etc.). Upper 
 Valais formed a league with the Swiss cantons in 1416, 
 and about 1475 reduced most of Lower Valais. Valais was 
 made a canton of the Helvetic Republic in 1798; became 
 a separate republic in 1802 ; was incorporated with France 
 in 1810 ; and was made a canton in 1815. It was disturbed 
 by civil dissensions, and joined the Sonderbund in 1845. 
 Area, 2,027 square miles. Population, 126,340, (1910). 
 
 Valais, Alps of. The Pennine Alps. 
 
 Valbert (val-bar'), G. A pseudonym of Victor 
 Cherbuliez. 
 
 Valbonne (val-bon'). A district in the south- 
 western part of the department of Ain, France, 
 east of Lyons : the seat of a French military 
 encampment. 
 
 Valcour (val-kor') Island. A small island in 
 Lake Champlain, 4 miles south-southeast of 
 Plattsburg, in New York. 
 
 Valdai Hills (val'di liilz). A group of hills and 
 plateaus, chiefly in the governments of Novgo- 
 rod and Pskoff, Russia: the most elevated region 
 in the interior of Russia. They form in general the 
 watershed between the rivers which flow into the Baltic and 
 the head waters of the Volga. Height, about 1,100 feet. 
 
 Val d’Anniviers (val da-ne-vya'), G. Einfisch- 
 tlial (ln'fisb-tal) or Eifischthal (i'fish-tal). 
 An Alpine valley in the canton of Valais, Swit- 
 zerland, south of Sierre. 
 
 Val d’Anzasca (val dan-zas'ka). An Alpine 
 valley in northern Italy, east of the Monte Rosa 
 group. 
 
 Val d’Arno. See Arno, Val d\ 
 
 Valdepenas (val-da-pan'yas). A town in the 
 province of Ciudad Real, Spain, 30 miles east- 
 southeast of Ciudad Real : noted for its mines. 
 Population, 21,015. 
 
 Valdes (val-das'), Juan. Born at Cuenca, Spain, 
 about 1500: died about 1541. A Spanish theo- 
 logian. He held many views which were at va- 
 riance with Roman Catholic doctrines. 
 
 Juan Valdes . . . enjoys the distinction of being one of 
 the first Spaniards that embraced the opinions of the Ref- 
 ormation, and the very first who made an effort to spread 
 them. Tichnor, Span. Lit., II. 19. 
 
 Val de Travers. See Travers. 
 
 Valdez, Melendez. See Melendez Valdes. 
 Valdez (Sp. pron. val-deth') Island. An island 
 belonging to British Columbia, situated in the 
 Gulf of Georgia about lat. 50°-50° 20' N. Length, 
 24 miles. 
 
 Val d’Herens (val da-ron'). An Alpine valley 
 in the canton of Valais, Switzerland, south of 
 Sion. 
 
 Val di Demone (val de da-mo'ne). The ancient 
 northeastern division of Sicily. 
 
 Valdieri (val-de-a're),F.Vaudier (vo-dya'). A 
 town and watering-place in the province of Cu- 
 neo, Italy, 12 miles southwest of Cuneo : noted 
 for its sulphur-springs. Population, town, 
 1,298; commune, 2,291. 
 
 Val di Genova (val de jen'6-va). A valley in 
 southern Tyrol, in the Adamello Alps. 
 
 Val d’llliez. An Alpine valley in the canton 
 of Vaud, Switzerland, west of St. -Maurice. 
 Length, about 15 miles. 
 
 Val di Mazzara (val de mat-sa'ra). The an- 
 cient western division of Sicily. 
 
 Val di Non (val de non). The lower part of the 
 valley of the Noce, in southern Tyrol, north of 
 Trent. 
 
 Val di Noto (val de no'to). The ancient south- 
 eastern division of Sicily. 
 
 Val di Sole (val de so'le). The upper part of 
 the valley of the Noce, in southwestern Tyrol, 
 southeast of the Ortler. 
 
 Valdivia (val-de've-a). 1. Aprovince inChile, 
 intersected by lat. 40° S. Area, 8,352 square 
 miles. Population, 118,277.-— 2. A town, capi- 
 tal of the province of Valdivia, Chile, on the 
 Calle Calle River near the sea : its port, called 
 the Corral, is at the mouth of the river, it was 
 founded as a fort by Pedro de Valdivia in Feb., 1552 ; 
 was a point of great importance during the wars with the 
 Araucanians ; and was destroyed by them in the great up- 
 rising of 1599. Rebuilt in 1644, it was strongly fortified ; 
 pronounced for independence in 1810, but fell into the 
 hands of the Spaniards ; and was finally taken by the pa- 
 triots under Cochrane, after a three days’ fight from fort 
 to fort, Feb. 2-4, 1820. Population, 15,229. 
 
 Valdivia, Luis de. Born in Granada, 1561: died 
 at Valladolid, Nov. 5, 1642. A Spanish Jesuit, 
 missionary in Chile from about 1590 to 1621. 
 He published several works on the Araucanian and other 
 Indian languages, and histories of the Indian wars. 
 
 Valdivia, Pedro de. Born near La Serena, 
 Estremadura, 1498 or 1500 : died near the fort of 
 Tucapel, southern Chile, Jan. 1 (?), 1554. A 
 Spanish soldier, conqueror of Chile. He served in 
 the Italian wars; went to Venezuela about 1534; and in 1535 
 passed to Peru, where he served with Pizarro's forces at 
 the battle of Las 'Salinas, April 26, 1538. After Almagro’s 
 death, Pedro Sanchez de Hoz, an incompetent man, was 
 sent from Spain to complete the conquest of Chile ; Pizarro 
 associated Valdivia with him, aud Hoz soon became a ci- 
 pher in the expedition. Leaving Cuzco in March, 1540, 
 with 150 Spanish soldiers and a large body of Indians, Val- 
 divia marched by the coast deserts, defeated a large body 
 of natives in the valley of Chile, and on Feb. 12, 1541, 
 founded Santiago. The Indians soon rose against him, and 
 he was closely besieged until the arrival of reinforcements 
 from Peru in Dec., 1543. Valparaiso was founded in Sept., 
 1544, and in 1546 Valdivia pushed into the Araucanian 
 country to the river Biobio. In 1547-49 he was in Peru, 
 serving with Gasca to suppress the rebellion of Gonzalo 
 Pizarro : during his absence the country was ruled by Vil- 
 lagra. In 1550-51 the Spaniards continued their conquest 
 of the Araucanian country, passing the Biobio and found- 
 ing Concepcion, Imperial, Valdivia, etc. Late in 1553 there 
 was a great uprising of the Indians. Valdivia, with fifty 
 horsemen, started from Concepcion to relieve Tucapel, 
 which was closely besieged ; was attacked and defeated by 
 the Indians ; and was captured and put to death shortly 
 after. Authorities do not agree as to the precise date of 
 the battle and of Valdivia’s death. 
 
 Valdo. See Waldo. 
 
 Valee (va-la'), Comte Sylvain Charles. Born 
 at Brienne-le-Ckateau, Aube, France, Dec. 17, 
 1773 : died at Paris, Aug. 16, 1846. A marshal 
 of France. He served in the Napoleonic wars, especially 
 in the Peninsula, commanding the artillery of the 3d army 
 corps in Spain in 1809, and attaining the rank of general 
 of division in 1811 ; was inspector-general of artillery under 
 the first restoration (1814); supported Napoleon during 
 the Hundred Days ; retained his position under the second 
 restoration ; was created a peer of France in 1835 ; went to 
 
 1024 
 
Valee 
 
 Algeria in 1837 in command of the artillery; captured 
 Constantine Oct. 13, and was made a marshal ; and was 
 governor-general of Algeria 1837-40. 
 
 Valeggio (va-led'jo). A town in the province of 
 Verona, Italy, situated on the Mincio 14 miles 
 west-southwest of Verona. It has a notable forti- 
 fied bridge, crossing the Mincio to Borghetto, built in 1393 
 on Roman foundations by Gian Galeazzo Visconti with 
 much architectural lavishness. There is a battlemer led 
 causeway about 1,800 feet long, with a high gate-tower at 
 each end, and a bridge, now broken, in the middle. Here, 
 May 30, 1796, the French under Kilmaine defeated the Aus- 
 trians under Beaulieu. Population, commune, 5,789. 
 
 Valentjay (va-lon-sa'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Indre, France, situated on the Nahon 
 46 miles east-southeast of Tours. In its castle 
 Ferdinand VII. of Spain was confined 1808-14. 
 Population, commune, 3,411. 
 
 Valence (va-loiis'). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of Drome, France, situated on the Rhone 
 in lat. 44° 56' N., long. 4° 53' E. It has an impor- 
 tant trade and manufactures (silks, metal- work, etc.); 
 and is the seat of a suffragan bishop of the archbishopric 
 of Avignon. The Romanesque cathedral was consecrated 
 in 1095. Valence originated in the Roman colony of V a- 
 lentia (whence the name) of the Segalauni in Gallia Nar- 
 bonensis. Population, commune, 28,112. 
 
 Valencia (va-len'shia ; Sp. pron. va-len'the-a). 
 
 1. A Moorish kingdom in Spain. It was conquered 
 by Aragon 1233-53, and was permanently united with 
 Aragon in 1319. It comprised the provinces of Castellon, 
 Valencia, and Alicante. 
 
 2. A province of Spain, hounded by Teruel and 
 Castellon on the north, the Mediterranean on 
 the east, Alicante on the south, and Albacete 
 and Cuenca on the west. It is well cultivated 
 and fertile. Area, 4,150 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 806,556. — 3. The chief town of the prov- 
 ince of Valencia, situated on the river Gua- 
 dalaviar, near its mouth, in lat. 39° 27' N.,long. 
 0° 19' W. (of port) : the Roman Valentia Edi- 
 tanorum. It is the third city in Spain ; has manufac- 
 tures of silks, tiles, cigars, paper, etc.; and exports wine, 
 fruits, corn, rice, etc. It has a university, an academy, a 
 museum, a botanic garden, and has been the seat of an 
 archbishopric since 1492. The cathedral, founded in 1262, 
 originally a Pointed building, has been much modernized. 
 The original lantern remains, also the north transept, 
 with a fine rose and recessed door. The interior has good 
 light-effects, beautiful jaspers and marbles, and some ex- 
 cellent Florentine painting. Valencia was founded as a 
 Roman colony by D. Brutus about 138 B. C. ; was taken 
 by the Moors from the Goths about 711 ; was conquered 
 by the Cid about 1095, but soon lost ; was reconquered by 
 ■layme 1. of Aragon in 1238 ; was unsuccessfully attacked 
 by the French in 1808 ; and was taken by the French under 
 Suchet Jan. 9, 1812. Its school of painting in the 16th and 
 17th centuries is noted. Population, 233,260. 
 
 Valencia (va-lan'the-a). The capital of the 
 state of Caraboho, Venezuela, situated near 
 the Lake of Valencia, 86 miles west by south 
 of Caracas. Population, about 40,000. 
 Valencia, Duke of. A title of the Spanish poli- 
 tician Narvaez. 
 
 Valencia, Lake of. A lake in northern Vene- 
 zuela, west of Caracas, near the Caribbean Sea. 
 Length, 30 miles. 
 
 Valenciana (va-lan-the-a'na). A celebrated sil- 
 ver-mine near Guanajuato, Mexico. It yielded 
 $14,000,000, in less than five years, toward the 
 end of the 18th century. 
 
 Valenciennes (va-lon-syen'). [L. Valencia nx or 
 Falentiana.] A formerly strongly fortified city 
 in the department of Nord, France, situated 
 at the junction of the Rhondelle with the 
 Schelde, in lat. 50° 22' N., long. 3° 31' E. it is 
 in the center of a coal-mining and agricultural region; has 
 foundries, forges, and manufactures of iron-ware, sugar, 
 woolens,linen8,etc. ;and was long famous for its lace. In the 
 middle ages Valenciennes formed part of the county of 
 Hainaut ; was taken by the Spaniards in 1567 ; was defended 
 by Conde against the French under Turenne in 1656 ; was 
 taken by Louis XIV. and annexed to France in 1677 ; was 
 captured by the Allies (Austrians and English under Fer- 
 raris and the Duke of York) in July, 1793 ; was recovered 
 by the French under Scherer Aug. 27, 1794 ; and surren- 
 dered to the Prussians Aug. 18, 1815. It was the birthplace 
 of Froissart, Watteau, and Pujol. Pop., commune, 31,759. 
 Valens (va'lenz). One of the principal gener- 
 als of Vitellius, 69 A. d. He defeated Otho at 
 Bedriacum. 
 
 Valens. Born at Cibalse, in Pannonia, about 
 328: killed in the battle of Adrianople, Ang. 
 9, 378. Roman emperor, younger brother of 
 Valentinian I. by whom he was made emperor 
 of the East in 364. He defeated and put to death his 
 rival Procopius in 366 ; terminated the troubles with Persia 
 by a truce in 377 ; and permitted the Goths to settle south 
 of the Danube in 376. The Goths revolted under Frithi- 
 gem in 377 ; overcame the generals of the emperor, who 
 was then in Syria ; and totally defeated and slew Valens 
 himself at Adrianople Aug. 9, 378. 
 
 Valens. A pseudonym of Richard Burke. 
 Valens, Aqueduct of. See Aqueduct of Valens. 
 Valentia (va-len'shia). A province in Britain, 
 in the latter part of the Roman period, gener- 
 ally thought to have been between the walls of 
 Antonine and Severus. 
 c.— 65 
 
 1(125 
 
 Valladolid 
 
 Valentia. An island off the southwest coast of 
 Ireland, belonging to County Kerry, in lat. 51° 
 56' N., long. 10° 19' W. Valentia harbor, on the east 
 coast, was the terminus of the earliest submarine cables to 
 Newfoundland. Length, 6A miles. 
 
 Valentin (va'len-ten), Gabriel Gustav. Born 
 at Breslau, Prussia, July 8, 1810 ; died at Bern, 
 May 24, 1883. A German physiologist, profes- 
 sor at Bern from 1836. Among his works are “Lehr- 
 buch der Physiol ogie des Menschen ” (1845), “Grundriss 
 der Physiologie des Menschen ”(1846), etc. 
 
 Valentine (val'en-tin), Saint. A Christian mar- 
 tyr of the reign of the emperor Claudius (about 
 270). His festival was observed on the 14th of Feb. before 
 the time of Gregory the Great. The custom of sending 
 valentines had its origin in a heathen practice connected 
 with the worship of Juno on or about this day : its asso- 
 ciation with the saint is wholly accidental. 
 
 Valentine. 1. One of the “two gentlemen of 
 Verona” in Shakspere’s play of thatname. — 2. 
 A gentleman attending on the duke in Shak- 
 spere’s “Twelfth Night.” — 3. The principal 
 character in Congreve’s “ Love for Love.” Bet- 
 terton was famous in this part, with Mrs. Brace- 
 girdle as Angelica. — 4. Alight-hearted spend- 
 thrift in Beaumont and Fletcher’s “ Wit with- 
 out Money.” — 5. The brother of Gretehen in 
 Goethe’s “Faust.” He is killed by Faust in 
 a street affray. 
 
 Valentine. A novel by George Sand, published 
 in 1832: so called from the name of the heroine. 
 
 Valerian (va-le'ri-an), L. Publius Aurelius 
 Licinius Valerianus (va-le-ri-a'nus). Roman 
 emperor 254-260. He became princeps senatus in 238, 
 and was censor in 251. He appointed his son Gallienus as 
 his colleague in 254. The empire was in great disorder 
 during his reign, and was attacked by the Goths, Alamanni, 
 Persians, and others. He was taken prisoner by the Per- 
 sians in 260, and was put to death about 269. 
 
 Valerien, Mont. See Mont Valerien. 
 Valerius (va-le ' ri-us), Marcus, surnamed 
 Corvus (kor'vus). Born about 371 B. c. : died 
 about 270 B. c. A Roman general, distinguished 
 in the first Samnite war 343 B. C. 
 
 Valerius, Publius, surnamed Publicola (pub- 
 lik'o-la). According to tradition, the colleague 
 of Brutus in the first year of the Roman repub- 
 lic. He introduced various liberal measures, 
 and was three times elected consul. 
 
 Valerius Antias (an'ti-as). Lived in the first 
 part of the 1st century B. c. A Roman annalist. 
 Valerius Flaccus. See Flaccus. 
 
 Valerius Maximus (mak'si-mus). Lived in the 
 first part of the 1st century A. d. A Roman 
 rhetorician and historian. Of his life nothing 
 is known except that he accompanied Sextus 
 Pompeius to Asia in 27 A. D. He dedicated to Ti- 
 berius a collection of anecdotes for rhetorical purposes. 
 Val-es-Dunes (val-a-diin'). A plain near Caen, 
 Normandy, where, in 1047, William, duke of 
 Normandy (William the Conqueror), defeated 
 
 The scene is laid in Berry. 
 
 Valentine and Orson (or'son). A romance of 
 the Charlemagne cycle, which was written dur- 
 ing the reign of Charles VIII., and first printed 
 in 1495 at Lyons. Several plays, etc., have been 
 founded on it. Hathaway and Munday produced one in 
 1598. An interlude of the same name was produced in 1595. 
 Valentine and Orson were twins, born in a forest. Orson 
 was carried off by a hear, and became rough and uncouth. 
 Valentine was carried off by his uncle, King Pepin, and 
 grew up a courtier. Hence the allusions in literature. 
 
 Valentinian I. (val-en-tin'i-an), L. Flavius 
 Valentinianus (val-en-tin-i-a'nus). Bora at 
 Cibalse, Pannonia, about 321 : died at Bregetio 
 (nearKomorn), Nov. 17, 375. A Roman officer, 
 proclaimed emperor by the army in 364. He as- 
 sociated with himself his younger brother Valens as em- 
 perorof the East, and retained the West. He was actively 
 engaged in strengthening the northern frontiers against 
 the barbarians. 
 
 Valentinian II. Born about 371: murdered in 
 392. Son of Valentinian I., made associate 
 emperor of the West with bis half-brother Gra- 
 tian in 375. He was delivered from the rivalry of the 
 usurper Maximus by Theodosius 387-388, and was assas- 
 sinated by his general Arbogast. 
 
 Valentinian III., L. Flavius Placidus Val- 
 entinianus. Born 419 ; assassinated 455. Son 
 of Constantius and Placidia, made emperor of 
 the West in 425. HisfamousgeneralAetiusgainedthe 
 victory of Chalons-sur-Marne over Attila in 451, but was 
 murdered by Valentinian, from jealousy, in 454. Among 
 the losses of his reign were Africa (to the Vandals), Britain, 
 and large parts of Gaul and Spain. 
 
 Valentinian. A tragedy by Fletcher, pro- 
 duced before 1618, printed in 1647. It con- 
 tains some beautiful songs. 
 
 Valentinois (va-lon-te-nwa'). A former small 
 county of France, in Dauphind, in the vicinity 
 of Valence. 
 
 Valentinois, Duchess of. A title of Diana of 
 
 Poitiers. 
 
 Valentinus (val-en-ti'nus). Bora probably in 
 Egypt : died about 160 A. d. One of the chief 
 Gnostic teachers. He was educated probably in Alex- 
 andria ; went to Rome about 138 ; and was an instructor 
 of Origen and Clement. Fragments of his works have sur- 
 vived. 
 
 Valentinus appears to have been considered the most 
 formidable and dangerous of this school of Gnostics. He 
 was twice excommunicated, and twice received again into 
 the bosom of the Church. He did not confine his danger- 
 ous opinions to the school of Alexandria : he introduced 
 the wild Oriental speculations into the more peaceful 
 West ; taught at Rome ; and, a third time being expelled 
 from the Christian society, retired to Cyprus — an island 
 where the Jews were formerly numerous till the fatal 
 insurrection in the time of Hadrian, and where probably 
 the Oriental philosophy might not find an unwelcome 
 reception, on the border, as it were, of Europe and Asia. 
 
 Mil-man, Hist, of Christianity, II. 72. 
 
 Valentinus. Pope in 827. 
 
 Valdre (va-lar'). 1. A character in a number 
 of Moli ore’s plays, usually a lover: found in 
 “L’Avare,” “Le d6pit amoureux,” “ L’Ecole 
 desmans,” “Lem6decin volant,” etc. — 2. The 
 principal character in Mrs. Centlivre’s play 
 “The Gamester.” 
 
 Valeria (va-le'ri-ii,). 1. A character in Shak- 
 spere’s “Coriolanus.” — 2. A girl with a mania 
 for biological research in Mrs. Centlivre’s “Bas- 
 set-Table.” 
 
 Valeria, who is an F. R. S. in petticoats, hut has feelings to 
 spare for a lover as well as for a Lumlrricus lietus. Ward. 
 
 the Norman rebels. 
 
 Valespir (va-les-per'). A small ancient district 
 in France, now included in the department of 
 Pyronees-Orien tales. 
 
 Valetta, or Valletta (val-let'ta). [Namedfrom 
 •J. P. de la Valette.] A seaport, capital of the 
 Maltese group, founded in 1566. It is strongly forti- 
 fled, and contains many relics of the occupation of the 
 Knights of Malta. Population, 22,680. 
 
 Valette (va-let'), Jean Parisot de la. Born 
 1494 : died 1568. Grand Master of the Knights 
 of Malta 1557-68, famous from his conduct of 
 the successful defense of Malta against the 
 Turks in 1565. He built Valetta. 
 
 Valhalla (val-kal'a). [NL., repr. Icel. Valliott 
 (gen. Valhallar), ball of the slain.] In Old 
 Norse mythology, the abode of Odin in Asgard. 
 Originally the realm of the dead, it became in the viking 
 age a warriors’ paradise to which only those go who are 
 slain in battle. It was situated in Gladsheim (Old Norse 
 Gladhsheimr), the region of joy. Its roof was of gold. On 
 it lived the goat Heidrun (Old Norse Heidhriin ), from 
 whose udders flowed mead ; the tree Laerad (Old Norse 
 Laeradhr ) rose above the hall and furnished her with food. 
 Within, it contained many halls whose walls were hung 
 with spears and shields. Troops of heroes issued daily from 
 the many hundred doors to delight themselves in battle, 
 and returned to drink and feast at evening, when Odin was 
 the host and the Valkyrs bore about the mead-horns. Also 
 Walhalla. 
 
 Valiant (val'yant), The. A surname of Al- 
 fonso VI. of Spain. 
 
 Valiant- for-Truth. A character in the second 
 part of Bunyan’s “ Pilgrim’s Progress.” 
 Valjean (val-zkon'), Jean. The principal char- 
 acter in Victor Hugo’s “ Les misdrables.” 
 Valkyrie. See Walkure. 
 
 Valkyrie (val-ki're) II. A keel cutter built at 
 Glasgow in 1893 for Lord Dunraven. she went to 
 
 America in October, 1893, to race for the America’s cup, and 
 was defeated in three races by the Vigilant. She was sunk 
 by collision with tire Satanita, July 5, 1894, at the Mud 
 Hook Regatta on the Firth of Clyde. Length over all, 126 
 feet ; draught, 16.6 ; beam, 20.06 ; load water line, 85.60. 
 
 Valkyrie III. A cutter built- in 1895 for Lord 
 Dunraven to compete for the America’s cup. 
 The cup was defended by the Defender. In the first race, 
 Sept. 7, the Defender won ; in the second, Sept. 10, the 
 yachts fouled and the race was awarded to the Defender, 
 which was injured, though the Valkyries time was 47 
 seconds less ; in the third race the Valkyrie withdrew im- 
 mediately after crossing the line, while the Defender sailed 
 over the course. The cup was awarded to the latter. 
 Valkyrs(val'kirz). [ON. Valkyrja, AS. Wselcyrie, 
 G. Walkure, lit. ‘ chooser of the slain.’] In Norse 
 mythology, the company of handmaidens of 
 Odin, usually said to number nine, though the 
 number varies. They serve at the banquets at Val- 
 halla, but are best known as “the choosers of the slain," 
 being sent forth by Odin to every battle. They ride through 
 the air, and with their spears designate the heroes who 
 shall fall, whom they afterward conduct to Valhalla. In 
 the Norse versions of the “Nibelungenlied,” Brunhild, the 
 daughter of Odin, appears as a Valkyr, as also in Wagner's 
 music-drama “ Die Walkiire.” 
 
 Valla (val'lii), Lorenzo or Laurentius. Born 
 about 1407 : died Aug. 1, 1457. An Italian hu- 
 manist and critic, ne lived at Milan and Naples, 
 and was papal secretary and canon of the Church of St. 
 John Lateran at Rome. He wrote on the "Elegances of 
 tlie Latin Language " (1471 : “ Elegant ire Latini sermonis "), 
 “ De Voluptate," against the forged “ Donation of Con- 
 stantine," etc. 
 
 Valladolid (val-ya-do-leTH'). A province of 
 Old Castile, Spain, bounded by Leon on the 
 
Valladolid 
 
 northwest, Palencia on the north, Burgos on 
 the east, Segovia on the southeast, Avila and 
 Salamanca on the south, aud Zamora on the 
 west. It is traversed by the Duero. It is a leading agri- 
 cultural province. Area, 2,922 square miles. Population. 
 278,561. 
 
 Valladolid. [ML. Vallisoletum The capital 
 of the province of Valladolid, situated at the 
 junction of the Esgueva with the Pisuerga, in 
 lat. 41° 38' N., long. 4° 46' W. it has a noted 
 university (founded in 1346), a royal palace, and an un- 
 finished cathedral. Before the 16th century it was often 
 a royal residence. In it occurred the marriage of Ferdi- 
 nand and Isabella, the death of Columbus, and the birth of 
 Philip II., and it was the residence of Cervantes. Popu- 
 lation, 74,513. 
 
 Valladolid. See Morelia. 
 
 Vallandigham (va-lan'di-gam), Clement 
 Laird. Born at New Lisbon, Ohio, July 29, 
 1820 : died at Lebanon, Ohio, June 17, 1871. 
 An American Democratic politician. He was 
 member of Congress from Ohio 1858-63, and a leader of 
 the Copperheads during the Civil War. He was arrested 
 by United States troops in May, 1863 ; was court-mar- 
 tialed ; and was banished to the Confederate lines : not 
 being well received there, he went to Canada. He was the 
 unsuccessful Democratic candidate for governor of Ohio 
 in 1863, and was a prominent member of the Democratic 
 National Convention in 1864 at which McClellan was 
 nominated. 
 
 Valle (val'le), Pietro della. Born at Rome, 
 April 2, 1586 : died there, April 20, 1652. An 
 Italian traveler. He made a journey, 1614-26, to Tur- 
 key, Egypt, Palestine, Persia, and India. His account of 
 his travels was published in 1650-63 (Eng. trans. 1665). 
 Vallejo (val-ya'Ho). A city and seaport in 
 Solano County, California, situated on San 
 Pablo Bay 28 miles northeast of San Francisco. 
 Population, 11,340, (1910). 
 
 Valle y Caviedes (val'ya e ka-ve-a'THas), Juan 
 del. Bom at Lima, 1652 : died there, 1692. A 
 Peruvian satirical poet, author of the “ Diente 
 de Pamaso,” one of the best productions of its 
 kind. It was first published in 1874. Caviedes 
 led a very dissipated life. 
 
 Valley Forge (val'i forj'). A village in Ches- 
 ter County, Pennsylvania, situated on the 
 Schuylkill 20 miles west-northwest of Phila- 
 delphia : famous as the place near which Wash- 
 ington and the American army passed the win- 
 ter of 1777-78 amid great privations. 
 
 Valley of Humiliation. The scene of the con- 
 test between Christian and Apollyon, in Bun- 
 yan’s “Pilgrim’s Progress.” 
 
 Valley of the Shadow of Death. A valley 
 traversed by Christian in Bunyan’s “Pilgrim’s 
 Progress.” 
 
 Valli&re, La. See La Valliere. 
 
 Vallombrosa (val-lom-bro'sa). [It., from L. 
 
 valles utnbrosa, shady valley.] A famous abbey 
 in a valley of the same name, east of Florence. 
 It was founded about 1038 by Gualbert, and the present 
 buildings were erected in 1637. 
 
 Vails (viilys). A manufacturing town in the 
 province of Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain, situ- 
 ated on the Francoli 10 miles north of Tarra- 
 gona. Here, Feb. 25, 1809, the French under St. Cyr de- 
 feated the Spaniards under Reding (who was mortally 
 wounded) in a bloody coniliot. Population, 12,625. 
 Valrniki (val-me'ki). The name of the reputed 
 author of the Ramayana. He is represented as taking 
 part in some of the scenes, as, for example, receiving the 
 banished Sita in his hermitage at Chitrakuta, and rearing 
 her twin sons Kusha and Lava. 
 
 Valmore, Madame. See Desbordes -Valmore. 
 Valrny (val-me'). A village in the department 
 of Marne, France, 36 miles east by south of 
 Rheims. Here an important battle was fought Sept. 20, 
 1792, in which the French under Kellermann repulsed the 
 Prussians underthe Duke of Brunswick: sometimes classed 
 among the decisive battles of the world. 
 
 Valmy, Due de. A title conferred on F. C. 
 Kellermann (see above). 
 
 Valognes (va-lony'). A town in tbe depart- 
 ment of Manche, France, 11 miles southeast of 
 Cherbourg. Population, commune, 5,746. 
 Valois(val-wa'). An ancient territory of France 
 which formed part of the government of Ile- 
 de-France. It lay northeast of Paris, and is comprised in 
 the departments of Oise and Aisne. The chief town was 
 Crespy. Itwasacountshipinthemiddleages; was united 
 to the crown by Philip II. in 1215 ; was given by Philip 
 III. to his younger son Charles (ancestor of the Valois 
 house of French kings) in 1285 ; and was reunited to the 
 crown in 1515. 
 
 Valois, Charles de. See AngouUme, Due d’. 
 Valois House of. A French dynasty, a branch 
 of the Capetian family: reigned 1328-1589. 
 See Valois. 
 
 Valona. See Avlona. 
 
 Valparaiso (val-pa-ri'so; Sp. pron. val-pa-ra- 
 *e'sd). [Sp., ‘Vale of Paradise.’] 1. A prov- 
 
 ince in Chile. Area, 1,953 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 281,385. — 2. A seaport, capital of the 
 
 1026 
 
 provinceofValparaiso, situated on a bay on the 
 Pacific coast, in lat. 33° 1' S., long. 71° 38' W. 
 It is the principal commercial and manufacturing center 
 of Chile, and the most important seaport on the Pacific 
 coast of South America. It consists of the old town, Puerto, 
 and the new to.wn, Almendral. It was founded in Sept., 
 1544 ; was taken by Drake 1578, by Sir Richard Hawkins 
 1594, and by Dutch pirates 1600 ; has several times been 
 devastated by earthquakes and fires ; and was bombarded 
 by a Spanish fleet under N unez March 31, 1866. Popula- 
 tion, 162,447. 
 
 Valparaiso, Battle of. The decisive battle of 
 the Chilean civil war of 1891, fought on Aug. 28. 
 The congressional army (about 12,000) attacked Valpa- 
 raiso, which was defended by about 9,000 Balmaeedists 
 under Generals Barbosa and Alzerreca, taking the city after 
 a bloody engagement of three hours. The congressional- 
 ists met with no further opposition. Also called the bat- 
 tle of Placillas, from the place where the heaviest fighting 
 began. 
 
 Valreas (val-ra-a/). A town in the department 
 of Vauclu.se, France, 32 miles north by east of 
 Avignon. Population, commune, 5,535. 
 
 Vais (val), sometimes Vals-les-Bains (viilTa- 
 ban'). A town in the department of Ardbehe, 
 France, situated on the Volane 20 miles west- 
 southwest of Privas: noted for its alkaline 
 springs. It has manufactures of silk, etc. 
 Population, commune, 4,352. 
 
 Valsalva (val-sal'va), Antonio Maria. Born 
 atlrmola, Italy, Feb. 15, 1666: died at Bologna, 
 Feb. 2, 1723. An Italian anatomist, professor 
 at Bologna : noted for researches on the ear. 
 Valtellina (val-tel-le'na), or Valtelline (val- 
 tel-len'), or Val Tellina (val tel-le'na). [G. 
 Veltlin.\ A region in the province of Sondrio, 
 Italy. It comprises, in a narrow sense, the valley of the 
 upper Adda, from the Lake of Como to the Serra di Mori- 
 gnone (separating it from the district of Bormio) ; in an ex- 
 tended sense, also the district of Bormio (sometimes also 
 Poschiavol. It belonged in the middle ages to Lombardy 
 and to Milan, and came in 1512 under the rule of Grisons. 
 There were many struggles for its possession at the epoch 
 of the Thirty Years' War. It passed to the Cisalpine Re- 
 public in 1797, to the kingdom of Italy in 1805, to Austria 
 1814-15, and to the kingdom of Sardinia in 1859. 
 
 Val Tournanche, or Valtournanche (val-tor- 
 nonsh'). An Alpine valley in northern Italy, 
 southwest of the Monte Rosa group. 
 Vamamargis (va-ma-inar-gez'). [Skt. vdma- 
 margin, nom. vamamargi , he who holds the 
 left-hand ( vama ) path (■ marga ).] In Hinduism, 
 those who worship exclusively the left or female 
 side of the dual nature of Shiva or Vishnu. 
 See ShaTctas and Shalcti. 
 
 Vamana (va'ma-na). [‘ The Dwarf.’] The fifth 
 of the incarnations of Vishnu. In the second age of 
 the world Vishnu infused a part of his essence into the 
 body of a dwarf in order to wrest from the tyrant-demon 
 Bali the dominion of the three worlds. The dwarf pre- 
 sented himself before the demon and asked as much land 
 as he could step over in three paces. His form expanding, 
 he strode in two steps over heaven and earth, but in com- 
 passion left the lower world to Bali. 
 
 Vamanapurana (va-ma-na-po-ra'na). [‘The 
 Dwarf Purana.’] A Purana (see Pur ana) extend- 
 ing to about 7,000 stanzas, and containing, 
 among other things, an account of the dwarf in- 
 carnation of Vishnu. It is of very recent origin, 
 having been compiled, apparently, only three or four cen- 
 turies ago. 
 
 Vambery (vam'ba-re), Arminius, or Arinin, 
 
 or Hermann. Born March 19, 1832: died Sep- 
 tember 15, 1913. A noted Hungarian traveler, 
 Orientalist, and historian : professor at Buda- 
 pest until 1905. He lived many years in Constanti- 
 nople, and 1863-64 visited Persia, Khiva, Bokhara, Sa- 
 markand,Herat, and other parts of central ABia. Among 
 his works are “Travels in Central Asia’’ (1865), “Wander- 
 ings and Adventures in Persia ” (1867), “ Sketches of Cen- 
 tral Asia" (1868), “History of Bokhara" (1873), “Central 
 Asia and the Anglo-Russian Boundary Question," “Islam 
 in the 19th Century" (1875), “Manners in Oriental Coun- 
 tries ” (1876), “ Primitive Civilization of the Turko-Tatar 
 People'’ (1879),“ Origin of the Magyars ” (1882), “ The Turk- 
 ish People" (1885), “ The Future Contest for India "(1886), 
 
 “ Western Culture in Eastern Lands " (1906), and various 
 linguistic works, including a “German-Turkish Diction- 
 ary," a “ Dictionary of the Turko-Tatar Languages " (1878). 
 Van. See Armenia. 
 
 Van (van). 1. A vilayet of Asiatic Turkey, 
 situated on the border of Persia, south of Erze- 
 rum. Area, 15,170 square miles. Population* 
 379,800. — 2. The capital of the vilayet of Van, 
 situated near Lake Van, about lat. 38° 30' N., 
 long. 43° 10' E. It is in the center of a fertile plain ; 
 has some manufactures and trade ; and is an important 
 strategic point. It is especially noted for ancient cunei- 
 form inscriptions in its neighborhood. Population, about 
 30,000. See Biainia. 
 
 Van, Lake. A salt lake in eastern Turkey. 
 Length, about 75 miles. It has no outlet. 
 Height above sea-level, 5,400 feet. 
 
 Vana (va'na), pl.Vanas (vii'nas). [ON. Vanr , 
 pi. Yanir.~\ In Old Norse mythology, a race 
 of gods originally at war with the Asas, but 
 later received by them into Asgard. Heimdall, 
 
 Vancouver Island 
 
 Njord, Frey, and Freyja were Vanas. They are all godsof 
 light. The myth of a war between the two races of gods 
 most probably had its origin in the subordination of an 
 older local cult of the light-gods to the newer cult of Odin. 
 Vanaprastha (va-na-pras'tha). See Upani- 
 shads. 
 
 Van Artevelde. See Artevelde. 
 
 Vanbrugh (van-bro'), Sir John. Bom 1663-64: 
 died at London, March 26, 1726. An English 
 dramatist and architect. He was educated in France, 
 and in 1695 was a commissioner for finishing Greenwich 
 Hospital. About 1697 he joined Congreve in the manage- 
 ment of a theater which was not successful. He was comp- 
 troller of the Board of Works 1702-13 and again in 1715, 
 and was knighted in 1714. He was Clarencieux king at 
 arms for about twenty years before his death. He built 
 Castle Howard in Yorkshire, Blenheim House, and other 
 country houses. Collier’s allegation that all his heroes 
 were professed libertines gave rise to a controversy in 
 which Vanbrugh did not hold his own. Among his plays 
 are “The Relapse "(1697), “ ,Esop "(1697), “ The Provoked 
 Wife ” (1697), “ The False Friend ” (1702), “ The Confeder- 
 acy ” (1705), and “ A Journey to London,” which he left 
 unfinished (Cibber finished it, and produced it in 1728 as 
 “The Provoked Husband"). 
 
 Van Buren (van bu'ren), John. Bom at Hud- 
 son, N. Y., Feb. 18, 1810 : died at sea, Oct. 13, 
 1866. An American lawyer, son of Martin Van 
 Buren: known as “Prince John,” from his fig- 
 ure and manners. He was attorney-general of 
 New York 1845-46. 
 
 Van Buren, Martin. Born at Kinderhook, 
 N.Y.,Dec.5,1782: died there, July 24,1862. The 
 eighth President of the United States (1837-41). 
 He was admitted to the bar in 1803 ; became surrogate of 
 Columbia County in 1808 ; entered the New York State 
 Senate in 1812, and was reelected in 1816 ; was attorney- 
 general of New York State 1815-19 ; was United States 
 senator from New York 1821-28; was a member of the 
 New York State constitutional convention in 1821 ; was 
 governor of New York 1828-29 ; was secretary of state un- 
 der President Jackson 1829-31 ; was sent as United States 
 minister to Great Britain in 1831, but presently returned, 
 his nomination having been rejected by the Senate ; was 
 elected as Democratic candidatefor V ice- President in 1832, 
 and served 1833-37; was elected as Democratic candidate 
 for President in 1836, and served 1837-41; procured the es- 
 tablishment of the independent treasury system in 1840 ; 
 was defeated as Democratic candidate for President in 
 1840 ; was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic 
 nomination for President in 1844 ; was unsuccessful Free- 
 soil candidate for President in 1848 ; and traveled in Eu- 
 rope 1853-55. He wrote “ Inquiry into the Origin and 
 Course of Political Parties in the United States” (1867). 
 
 Vance (vans), Zebulon Baird. Born in Bun- 
 combe County, N. C., May 13, 1830: died April 
 14, 1894. An American politician. He was mem- 
 ber of Congress from North Carolina 1858-61 ; was a Con- 
 federate colonel in the Civil War; was governor of North 
 Carolina 1862-65; was elected United States senator in 
 1870, but was not seated ; and was United States senator 
 from North Carolina 1879-94. 
 
 Van Cortlandt (van kort'lant), Oloff (Oliver) 
 Stevense. Bom near Utrecht, 1600: died at 
 New York, April 4, 1684. A Dutch colonist and 
 magistrate in New York. 
 
 Van Cortlandt, Pierre. Born at Cortlandt 
 Manor, Jan. 10, 1721: died at New York, May 
 1, 1814. An American magistrate, first lieu- 
 tenant-governor of New York: great-grandson 
 of Oloff Van Cortlandt. 
 
 Van Cortlandt, Stephanus. Born at New Am- 
 sterdam (afterward New York), May 4, 1643: 
 died at New York, Nov. 25, 1700. A colonial 
 magistrate in New York, son of Oloff Van Cort- 
 landt. He is said to have filled at one time or another 
 every oflice of prominence in the province of New York, 
 except the governorship ; and in 1697 his estate was erected 
 into the lordship and manor of Cortlandt by patent of 
 William III. Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biogra- 
 phy. 
 
 Vancouver (van-ko'ver). A seaport in British 
 Columbia, situated on Burrard Inlet about lat. 
 49° 20' N. It is the terminus of the Canadian Pacific 
 Railway and of several lines of steamers. Population, 
 100,401, (1911). 
 
 Vancouver, George. Born in 1758 : died 
 
 near London, May 10,1798. A British navigator. 
 He served under Cook in his second and third voyages ; and 
 commanded an expedition to the Pacific 1791-95, on which 
 he explored the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the Gulf of Geor- 
 gia, and the shores of Vancouver Island. He left a narra- 
 tive of his voyage which was published by his brother 
 under the title “ Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific 
 Ocean and Round the World ” (1798). 
 
 Vancouver Island, or Vancouver’s (van-ko'- 
 verz) Island. An island belonging to British 
 Columbia, situated west of tbe mainland of that 
 province and northwest of the State of Wash- 
 ington, and separated from them by Queen 
 Charlotte Sound, Johnstone Strait, the Gulf of 
 Georgia, and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Capital. 
 Victoria. It was discovered in 1774 by the Spaniards 
 Juan Perez and Martinez, and explored by Juan Francisco 
 de la Bodega y Cuadra in 1775and 1779. by Cook in 1778, and 
 by Vancouver in 1792. It was settled by the Hudson Bay 
 Company in 1843, and was united with British Columbia 
 in 1866. Length, about 290 miles. Area, 12,176 6quare 
 miles. 
 
Vandalia 
 
 Vandalia ( van-da'li-a). The capital of Fayette 
 County, Illinois, situated on the Kaskaskla 65 
 miles southeast of Springfield: formerly the 
 State capital. Population, 2,974, (1910). 
 Vandals (van'dalz). A Germanic race which 
 first appeared in midi lie and southern Germany, 
 and in the first half of the 5th century ravaged 
 Gaul, Spain, northern Africa, etc., and in 455 
 Rome itself, with great damage to the accumu- 
 lated treasures of art and literature (whence the 
 term Vandalism). They founded a kingdom in Africa, 
 with Carthage as its capital, which took in also the great 
 islands of the western Mediterranean, including Sicily. 
 
 The Romans often confounded the two peoples [Goths 
 and Vandals] together, and not unfrequently they applied 
 the name of Goths in a loose sense to all those Teutonic 
 nations who invaded the southern lands. 
 
 Bradley, Story of the Goths, p. 8. 
 
 Vandalusia. See Andalusia. _ 
 
 Vandamme (von-dam 7 ), Dominique Josephe. 
 
 Born at Cassel, Nord, France, Nov. 5, 1770 : 
 died there, July 15, 1830. A French general. 
 He served in the Army of the North in 1793, gaining the 
 rank of brigadier-general ; fought in the campaigns in 
 Germany 1795-97, and 1799-1801 as general of division ; ob- 
 tained command of the 16th military division in 1803 ; 
 fought at Austerlitz in 1805 ; was defeated and taken pris- 
 oner at the battle of Kulm Aug. 30, 1813 ; was made a peer 
 during the Hundred Days and placed in command of the 
 3d army corps : and was distinguished at Wavre June 18, 
 1815. 
 
 Van den Eeckhout. See Eeckhout. 
 
 Van der Aa. See Aa. 
 
 Vanderbilt (van'der-bilt), Cornelius : called 
 “Commodore.” Born near Stapleton, Staten 
 Island, N. Y., May 27, 1794 : died at New York, 
 Jan. 4, 1877. An American financier. He began 
 life as a boatman, conveying passengers and goods between 
 Staten Island and New York : became a steamboat captain, 
 manager, and owner ; established steam-lines between 
 New York and New England ports, Hudson River ports, 
 Nicaragua, Havre, and other places ; became chief owner 
 of the Harlem Railroad in 1863 ; became soon the principal 
 owner of the Hudson River Railroad and New York Central 
 Railroad, which he consolidated ; and extended his control 
 to the Lake Shore, Canada Southern, and Michigan Central 
 railroads. He gave $1,000,000 to Vanderbilt University. 
 His fortune was estimated at about $100,000,000. 
 
 Vanderbilt, William Henry. Bom at New 
 
 Brunswick, New Jersey, May 8, 1821: died at 
 New York, Dec. 8, 1885. An American finan- 
 cier, son of Cornelius Vanderbilt. He extended 
 the Vanderbilt system of railroads, and made large gifts 
 to the College of Physicians and Surgeons (New York), the 
 Metropolitan Museum, etc. He was reputed to be the 
 richest man in the world. 
 
 Vanderbilt University. An institution of 
 learning situated at Nashville, Tennessee, it 
 was founded in 1872 as the Central University of the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church (South) ; but received its present 
 name in 1873 in recognition of a gift of $1,000,000 by Cor- 
 nelius Vanderbilt. It is under Methodist control. Ithas 
 about 120 instructors and 1,000 students. 
 Vanderdecken (van'der-dek // en). The captain 
 of the Flying Dutchman in the English form of 
 the legend. He was condemned, as a penalty for his 
 sins, to sail around the Cape of Good Hope forever. His 
 ship has nothing unreal in her appearance. 
 
 Van der Goes. See Goes. 
 
 Van der Heist. See Heist. 
 
 Van der Heyden. See Heyden. 
 
 Van der Hoeven. See Hoeven. 
 
 Van der Meer. See Meer. 
 
 Van der Meulen. See Meulen. 
 
 Van der Poorten-Schwarz. (van der por'ten 
 *shvarts 7 ), J. M. H. Born at Amsterdam, Aug. 
 15, 1858. A Dutch novelist. His works are pub- 
 lished under the pseudonym of Maarten Maartens. They 
 include “ Joost Avelingh ” (1890), “ A Question of Taste ” 
 (1891), “ God’s Fool" (1892), and “ The Greater Glory ” (1894). 
 Van Diemen’s (van de'menz) Gulf. An inlet 
 on the northern coast of Australia, west of the 
 Gulf of Carpentaria. 
 
 Van Diemen’s Land. A former name of Tas- 
 mania. 
 
 Van Dorn (van d6m), Earl. Born near Port 
 Gibson, Miss., Sept. 17, 1820 : assassinated in 
 Tennessee, May 8, 1863. An American gen- 
 eral. He graduated at West Point in 1842; served in 
 the Mexican war and in the Indian wars ; entered the 
 Confederate service in 1861 ; was commander (as major- 
 general) of the Trans- Mississippi district in 1862 ; was de- 
 feated at the battle of Pea Ridge March 7-8, 1862 ; and 
 was defeated with Price at Corinth Oct. 3-4, 1862. 
 
 Vandyke (van-dlk 7 ), or Van Dyck, Sir An- 
 thony. Bom at Antwerp, March 22, 1599 : died 
 at London, Dec. 9, 1641. A famous Flemish 
 painter, best known as a portrait-painter : a 
 pupil of Rubens whom he assisted in some of 
 his great compositions. He was in England 1620-21; 
 in Italy 1621-25 ; later in Antwerp ; and after 1632 
 chiefly in England. In 1632 he was knighted and made 
 court painter to Charles I. Among his best-known works 
 arc ‘‘Cruciflxions"(especiallyone at Mechlin), “Elevation 
 of the Cross "(Courtrai), “ St. Augustine in Ecstasy ’’ (Ant- 
 werp), and portraits of Charles I. and members of his 
 family, and of prominent men of the time. 
 
 1027 
 
 Vane (van), Sir Henry: commonly called Sir 
 Harry V ane. Born at Hadlow, Kent, England, 
 1613 : beheaded at London, June 14, 1662. An 
 English Puritan statesman and patriot, son of 
 Sir Henry Vane, comptroller of the household 
 of Charles I. He was educated at Westminster and Ox- 
 ford ; visited Vienna with the English ambassador in 1631 ; 
 emigrated to Massachusetts in 1635; was governor of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1637, when he failed of 
 reelection on account of siding with Anne Hutchinson ; 
 returned to England in Aug., 1637 ; entered Parliament 
 in 1640, and in the same year’ was knighted and made joint 
 treasurer of the navy ; was one of the commissioners who 
 negotiated the Solemn League and Covenant with Scotland 
 in 1643; furthered the Self-Denying Ordinance and the 
 New Model ; condemned Pride’s Purge ; became a mem- 
 ber of the council of state in 1649; was imprisoned for 
 four months in 1656 for his attack on the protectorate of 
 Cromwell in a publication of that year ; was arrested at the 
 Restoration (1660); and, excepted from the Act of Pardon 
 and Oblivion, was executed on the charge of treason. 
 
 Van Erpe. See Erpenius. 
 
 Vanessa (va-nes'a). Swift’s poetical name for 
 his friend Esther Vanhomrigh: composed of 
 
 * Van- and Essa for Esther. See Vanhomrigh. 
 
 Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Charles Stewart, 
 sixth Marquis of Londonderry. Born 1852. A 
 British politician. As Viscount Castlereagh he en- 
 tered Parliament as member for South Kensington in 1874, 
 and subsequently sat for Montgomery District and County 
 Down until his accession to the peerage on the death of his 
 father in 1884. He was lord lieutenant of Ireland from 
 1886 to 1889, and postmaster-general 1900-02. 
 
 Van Eyck. See Eyck. 
 
 Vangiones (van-ji'o-nez). [L. (Ctesar) Van- 
 giones, Gr. (Ptolemy) 0 vayjidvoc.] A German 
 tribe first mentioned by Caesar as in the army 
 of Ariovistus. They were situated on the left side of 
 the middle Rhine, in the region about Worms. They 
 were probably merged ultimately in the Alamanni. 
 
 Vanguard (van'gard). 1. A British line-of- 
 battle ship of 74 guns and 1,603 tons. She served 
 in the Channel squadron of Lord Howe in 1793, and was 
 flag-ship of Vice-Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson in the battle 
 of the Nile, Aug. 1-2, 1798. 
 
 2. An armored battle-ship of the Iron Duke 
 class. She came in collision with the Iron Duke off the 
 coast of Ireland in 1875, and was sunk. 
 
 Van Helmont. See Helmont. 
 
 Vanhomrigh (van-um'ri), or Vanhomerigh 
 
 (van-um'er-i), Esther. BornFeb. 14, 1689-90: 
 died 1723. The Vanessa of Swift’s “Gadenus 
 and Vanessa.” He made her acquaintance in 1708. She 
 became his pupil, fell in love with him, and followed him 
 to Ireland in 1714. See Swift. 
 
 Vanikoro (va-ne-ko'ro). One of the largest of 
 the Santa Cruz Islands, in the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Vanini (va-ne'ne), Lucilio, self-styled Julius 
 Caesar. Born at Taurisano, kingdom of Naples, 
 about 1585 : burned at the stake at Toulouse, 
 France, Feb. 19, 1619. An Italian free-thinker, 
 condemned to death as an atheist and magician. 
 He studied at Rome and Padua ; became a priest; traveled 
 in Germany and the Netherlands; and began teaching at 
 Lyons, but was obliged to flee to England, where he was 
 arrested. After his release he returned to Lyons, and 
 about 1617 settled at Toulouse. Here he was arrested for 
 his opinions, condemned, and on the same day executed. 
 His chief works are “Amphitheatrum astern* Providen- 
 tiae ’’ (1615), “De admirandis naturae regime deseque mor- 
 talium arcanis” (1616). 
 
 Vanity Fair. A fair described in Bunyan’s 
 “Pilgrim’s Progress.” it was held in the town of 
 Vanity, and the phrase is often used as a synonym for the 
 present world and its worldliness. 
 
 Vanity Fair. [From the preceding.] Anovel 
 by Thackeray, the publication of which was be- 
 gun in 1847 in monthly parts. 
 
 Van Lennep. See Lennep. 
 
 Vanloo (voh-lo 7 ), Charles Andre. Bom at 
 Nice, 1705: died at Paris, 1765. A French 
 painter, brother of J. B. Vanloo. 
 
 Vanloo, Jean Baptiste. Born at Aix, France, 
 1684: died at, Aix, 1745. A French painter of 
 portraits and religious subjects. 
 
 Vannes (van), Breton Gwened. The capital of 
 the department of Morbihan, France, situated 
 near the Gulf of Morbihan in lat. 47° 39' N., 
 long. 2° 46' W. It contains a museum of Celtic and 
 Gallo-Roman antiquities and a cathedral. It was the an- 
 cient Dariorigum or Civitas Venetorum (whence the mod- 
 ern name), capital of the Veneti ; and was a favorite resi- 
 dence of the dukes of Brittany, and the seat of a parle- 
 ment. Population, commune, 23,561. 
 
 Vannucchi. See Sarto, Andrea del. 
 
 Vannucci, Pietro. See Perugino. 
 
 Vanoise (vii-nwaz 7 ). A range in the Tarentaise 
 Alps, southeastern France. Highest point, 
 12,180 feet. 
 
 Van Oost. See Oost. 
 
 Vanora. Same as Guinevere. 
 
 Van Ostade. See Ostade. 
 
 Vanozza (vii-not'sii), Rosa. The mistress of 
 Pope Alexander VI., and the mother of Cesare 
 and Lucrezia Borgia. 
 
 Varallo 
 
 Van Rensselaer ( van ren 7 se-ler) , Killian. Bom 
 at Amsterdam, Holland, 1595; died there, 1644. 
 A Dutch merchant, the first patroon of Rensse- 
 laerswick. He was a wealthy dealer in pearls and dia- 
 monds at Amsterdam, and was one of the founders of the 
 West India Company. Through an agent he purchased of 
 the Indians the territory comprised in the present coun- 
 ties of Albany, Columbia, and Rensselaer, New York, 
 which received the name of Rensselaerswick, and which 
 he colonized. 
 
 V an Rensselaer, Solomon. Born in Rensselaer 
 County, N. Y., Aug. 6, 1774: died at Albany, 
 N. Y., April 23, 1852. An American officer and 
 politician, cousin of Stephen Van Rensselaer. 
 He served with distinction under General Anthony Wayne 
 at the battle of Maumee Rapids, Aug., 1794 ; commanded 
 the assault at the battle of Queenston Heights, Oct., 1812 ; 
 and was a member of Congress from New York 1819-22. 
 
 Van Rensselaer, Stephen, called “The Pa- 
 troon.” Bom at New York, Nov. 1, 1765: died 
 at Albany, Jan. 26, 1839. An American general. 
 He was a descendant of Killian Van Rensselaer, and was the 
 eighth patroon of Rensselaerswick (see Killian Van Rensse- 
 laer), although his manorial rights were material lyeurt ailed 
 on the dissolution of the colonial government. He gradu- 
 ated at Harvard in 1782, became a major of militia in 1786 
 and a major-general in 1801, and was lieutenant-governor 
 of New York 1795-1801. He was made commander of the 
 United States forces on the northwestern frontier in 1812, 
 and lost the battle of Queenston Heights Oct. 13 of that 
 year. He cooperated with De Witt Clinton in promoting 
 the Erie Canal (completed in 1825), being president of the 
 board of commissioners for fourteen years. He was a 
 member of Congress from New York 1823-29, and founded 
 the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., which 
 was begun in 1824 and incorporated in 1826. 
 
 Van Schaick (vanskoik 7 ), Gozen. Born at 
 Albany, N. Y., 1737 : died there, July 4, 1787. 
 An American general. He served in the French 
 and Indian war; in the Cherry Valley against the Indian 
 Joseph Brant; and at Monmouth, where he acted as 
 brigadier-general. He destroyed the Onondaga settle- 
 ments in 1779. 
 
 Vansen (van'zen). A dissipated clerk and pub- 
 lic agitator in Goethe’s “ Egmont.” 
 
 Vansittart (van-sit'art), Nicholas, Baron Bex- 
 ley. Bom 1766 : died 1851. An English poli- 
 tician. He was chancellor of the exchequer in 
 the Liverpool ministry, and later chancellor of 
 the duchy of Lancaster. 
 
 Vansittart Island. [Named from Nicholas 
 Vansittart, Baron Bexley.] An island in the 
 arctic regions of North America, south of Mel- 
 ville Peninsula. , 
 
 Van Tassel (van tas'el), Caterina. A village 
 beauty in Irving’s “ Legend of Sleepy Hollow.” 
 
 Van Tromp. See Tromp. 
 
 Van Twiller (van twil'er), Wouter (Walter). 
 Born atNieukirk, Holland, about 1580: died at 
 Amsterdam after 1646. A Dutch governor of 
 New Netherlands 1633-37. He had disputes 
 with the Massachusetts colony relating to Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 Vanua Levu. (va-no'a la'vo). One of the two 
 chief islands of the Fiji group. Length, about 
 100 miles. 
 
 Vapereau (vap-ro 7 ), Louis Gustave. Bom at 
 Orleans, April 4, 1819: died April 18, 1906. A 
 French author, best known as editor of the 
 “Dictionnaire universel des contemporains ” 
 (1858 and successive editions). 
 
 Var (viir). [L. Varus, It. Varo.~\ A river in 
 southeastern France, chiefly in the department 
 of Alpes-Maritimes, which flows into the Medi- 
 terranean 4 miles west-southwest of Nice, it 
 was long the boundary between France and Italy, and 
 in ancient times between Cisalpine and Transalpine GauL 
 Length, about 80 miles. 
 
 Var. A department of France, hounded by 
 Basses-Alpes on the north, Alpes-Maritimes on 
 the northeast, the Mediterranean on the south- 
 east and south, and Bouches-du-Rhone on the 
 west. Capital, Draguignan; chief place, Tou- 
 lon. The surface is hilly or mountainous. Var was 
 formed from part of the ancient Provence. A part of it 
 was given to the department of Alpes-Maritimes in 1860. 
 Area, 2,333 square mileB. Population, 324,638. 
 
 Varaha (va-ra/ha). [‘The Boar.’] The third 
 incarnation of Vishnu, who infused a part of 
 his essence into a hoar to deliver the world 
 from the demon Hiranyaksha who had seized 
 the earth and carried it down into the ocean. 
 After a thousand years the divine boar slew the monster 
 and brought back the earth. According to the Vanapar- 
 van(‘ forest-section’ of the Mahabharata), the earth, pressed 
 down by superabundant population, was submerged by a 
 deluge, when the boar descended and upheaved it on one 
 of his tusks. 
 
 Varallo (va-riilTo). A town jn the province 
 of Novara, Italy, situated on the Sesia 32 miles 
 north-northwest of Novara. Near it is Sacro Monte, 
 a place of pilgrimage founded in 1486, where 46 chapels 
 are ranged along a winding path on the beautiful ascent, 
 each one containing a group of colored and clothed lift- 
 sized terra-cotta figures representing in order a scene from 
 the story of Christ. The series is extremely curious, and 
 
Varallo 
 
 some of the figures are highly artistic. The architecture 
 of the chapels is ornate, and their walls are covered with 
 frescos, some of them admirable. Pop., commune, 4,218. 
 
 Varanger Fjord, or Waranger Fjord (va- 
 rang'ger fyord). An arm of the Arctic Ocean, 
 at the northeastern extremity of Norway and 
 the northwestern extremity of Russia. Length, 
 about 60-70 miles. 
 
 Varangian Guard (va-ran'ji-an gard). A body- 
 guard of the Byzantine emperors about the 
 11th century, formed around a nucleus of Va- 
 rangians. 
 
 Varangians (va-ran'ji-anz). [ML. *Varangi, 
 MGr. B apayyoi, Icel. Vseringjar, confederates.] 
 Norse warriors who ravaged the coast of the 
 Baltic about the 9th century, and who (accord- 
 ing to common account) founded the Russian 
 monarchy in 862, and formed an important ele- 
 ment in the early Russian people. 
 
 Varas (va'ras), Antonio. Bom at Cauquenes, 
 1817 : died at Santiago, 1886. A Chilean jurist 
 and politician. He was minister of justice under 
 Bulnes 1845-50, and the principal minister of President 
 Montt 1851-56, and for a short time in 1861. Varas is re- 
 garded as the greatest of the conservative politicians. 
 He was the founder of the party called Montt-Varistas. 
 Varaville (va-ra-vel'). A place near Falaise, 
 Normandy, where, in 1058, William of Normandy 
 defeated the forces of France and Anjou. 
 Varazze (va-rat'se). A seaport in the province 
 of Genoa, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Genoa 
 18 miles west by south of Genoa. 
 
 Vardar (var-dar'). A river in European Tur- 
 key which flows into the Gulf of Saloniki 15 
 miles southwest of Saloniki : the ancient Axius. 
 Length, about 200 miles. 
 
 Varden (var 'den), Dolly. A notable charac- 
 ter in Dickens's “Barnaby Budge,” daughter 
 of Gabriel Varden, a prosperous locksmith. 
 
 The good-hearted plump little Dolly, coquettish minx 
 of a daughter, with all she suffers and inflicts by her fickle 
 winning ways and her small, self-admiring vanities. 
 
 Forster , Life of Dickens, ix. 
 
 Vardo, or Wardo (var'de). An island and town 
 in Finmark, Norway. Near it is the northern- 
 most fortress of Europe, Vardohuus, in lat. 70° 
 22' N., long. 31° 7' E. 
 
 Varela (va-ra'la), Cape. Aheadlandon the east- 
 ern cqast of Annam, projecting into the China 
 Sea. 
 
 Varela (va-ra'la), Hector Florencio. Born 
 1833: died 1891. An Argentine journalist and 
 author. He founded and edited the “ Tribuna ” at Bue- 
 nos Ayres, and “El Americano,” a literary journal pub- 
 lished at Paris. He was a noted orator, and held important 
 diplomatic positions. His works include several novels, 
 historical and critical studies, etc. 
 
 Varela y Morales (e mo-ra'las), Felix. Born 
 at Havana, Nov. 20, 1788: died at St. Augus- 
 tine, Florida, Feb. 18, 1853. A Spanish-Ameri- 
 can author. He took orders in the Homan Catholic 
 Church ; was deputy to the Spanish Cortes 1822-23; and 
 was one of the 66 deputies condemned to death in 1823. 
 He escaped, and passed most of the remainder of his life 
 in New York, where he was vicar-general from 1845. His 
 writings, mainly on philosophical suhj ects, have had a wide 
 circulation in Spain and Spanish America. 
 
 Varennes (va-ren'), Flight to. An attempt of 
 Louis XVI. and the royal family to escape from 
 France in 1791. They left Paris June 20-21, and were 
 arrested at Yarennes-en-Argonne June 22 and taken back 
 to Paris by order of the National Assembly. 
 
 Varennes-en-Argonne (va-ren' on-ar-gon'). A 
 small town in the department of Meuse, France, 
 situated on the Aire 18 miles west of Verdun. 
 See above. 
 
 Varese (va-ra'se), Lago di. A lake in northern 
 Italy, east of Lago Maggiore. Length, 6 miles. 
 Vargas (var'gas), Jose Maria. Born at La 
 Guaira, March 2, 1786 : died at New York, July 
 13,1854. A Venezuelan politician. He was an 
 eminent physician ; was several times deputy to Congress ; 
 and was elected president of Venezuela in Feb., 1835. Re- 
 volts broke out, and he resigned in April, 1836. Subse- 
 quently he held various public offices. He was greatly re- 
 spected. 
 
 Vargas, Luis de. Born at Seville, 1502: died 
 there, about 1568. A Spanish painter of religious 
 subjects. Many of bis works are at Seville. 
 Varicourt (va-re-kor'), Heine Philiberte de. 
 A poor but noble young girl adopted in 1776 by 
 Voltaire. She married the Marquis deVillette. Vol- 
 taire called her “ Belle et Bonne,” and to her was due 
 much of the happiness of his last years. 
 
 Varina (va-ri'na). The name given by Swift 
 to Miss Waring, the sister of an old college 
 friend. See Swift. 
 
 V arini ( va-rl' nl ) . In ancient history, a Germanic 
 people who dwelt near the Baltic Sea. 
 
 Varius Rufus (va'ri-us ro'fus), Lucius. Lived 
 in the last part of the 1st century B. c. A Ro- 
 
 1028 
 
 man epic and tragic poet, author of a tragic 
 poem “ Thyestes.” Only short fragments of his 
 works are extant. 
 
 Varley (var'li), Cornelius. Born 1781: died 
 1873. An English painter in water-colors, bro- 
 ther of John Varley. 
 
 Varley, John. Born Aug. 17, 1778: died 1842. 
 An English water-color painter, noted for his 
 landscapes. 
 
 Varna, or Warna (var'na). A fortified sea- 
 port in Bulgaria, situated on the Bay of Varna 
 in lat. 43° 12' N., long. 27° 57' E. : one of the 
 posts of the Bulgarian Quadrilateral, it is the 
 chief seaport of Bulgaria, and has an important export 
 trade in grain. A battle was fought near Varna, Nov. 
 10, 1444, in which the Turks under Amurath II. defeated 
 the Hungarians and allies under Ladislaus (who was 
 killed) and Hunyady. It was taken by the Russians in 
 1828 ; was occupied by the Allies in 1854 ; and was the 
 starting-point of the expedition to the Crimea. Popula- 
 tion, 37,417. 
 
 Varney (viir'ni), Richard. Master of the 
 horse to the Earl of Leicester, in Sir Walter 
 Scott’s ‘ 1 Kenilworth.” For his own advancement he 
 persuades his patron to disown his wife Amy Robsart, 
 and to consent to her murder, which Varney contrives at 
 Cumnor Place. 
 
 Varnhagen (varn-a'gen), Francisco Adolpho 
 
 de, Viscount of Porto Seguro (from 1874). Born 
 at Sao Joao de Ypanema, Sao Paulo, Feb. 17, 
 1816 : died at Vienna, Austria, June 29, 1878. 
 An eminent Brazilian historian. His youth was 
 passed in Portugal, where he fought against Dom Miguel 
 in 1833-34. In 1841 he became a subject of Brazil, his na- 
 tive country ; and thereafter he held diplomatic positions 
 under the empire in Europe and America. Of his numer- 
 ous and important historical works (nearly all relating to 
 Brazil), the best-known are “ Historia geral do Brazil ” (2 
 vols. 1854-57 ; revised edition 1875), “ Historia das lutas 
 com os Hollandezes no Brazil ’* (2d ed. 1874), and several 
 monographs on Amerigo Vespucci. 
 
 Varnhagen von Ense (vam'ha-gen fon en'se), 
 Karl August. Born at Diisseldorf, Prussia, 
 Feb. 21, 1785: died at Berlin, Oct. 10, 1858. 
 A noted German prose-writer. He served in 
 the Austrian and later in the Russian army, and after 
 the War of Liberation was in the Prussian diplomatic 
 and political service. Among his works are “Deutsche 
 Erzahlungen ” (1815), poems (1816), “ Goethe in den 
 Zeugnissen der Mitlebenden” (“Goethe in the Testi- 
 monies of Contemporaries,” 1824), “ Biographische Denk- 
 male ” (“ Biographical Monuments," 1824-30), lives of 
 Seydlitz, Queen Sophia Charlotte of Prussia, the Count 
 of Schwerin, Marshal Keith, Billow, etc., “ Denkwurdig- 
 keiten ” (1837-46), “ Tagebiicher,” correspondence with 
 his wife Rahel, “Blatter aus der preussischen Ge- 
 schichte,” etc. 
 
 Varnhagen von Ense, Madame (Rahel An- 
 tonie Friederike Levin). Born at Berlin, 
 May 19, 1771: died there, March 7, 1833. A 
 German writer, wife of Karl August Varnhagen 
 von Ense. 
 
 Varoli (va-ro'le), Costanzo. Born about 1543 : 
 died 1575. An Italian anatomist. 
 
 Varro (var'o), Caius Terentius. Died after 
 200 B. c. A Roman politician. He was consul 
 with Paulus 216 B. C., and was defeated with him at the 
 battle of Cannae. 
 
 Varro, Marcus Terentius. Born at Reate, 
 Italy, 116 b. c.: died about 27 b. c. A famous 
 Roman scholar and author : the most learned 
 of the Romans. He held various offices, and rose to 
 the pretorship ; joined the party of Pompey ; was made 
 by Ctesar director of the public library; and was proscribed 
 by the second Triumvirate, but was saved by his friends. 
 The total number of his works is about 74, comprising 620 
 books. Of these only two, “De lingua latina" and “De 
 re rustica,” survive (the former only in part). 
 
 Varro’s prose writings embraced almost all branches of 
 knowledge and literature, oratory, history both general 
 and literary, jurisprudence, grammar, philosophy, geog- 
 raphy, husbandry, etc. But in all this universal study, 
 Varro always kept his own country and its past steadily 
 in view, and through that portion of his writings exer- 
 cised an immense influence, both directly and indirectly. 
 The Christian Fathers especially, and among them pre- 
 eminently S. Augustine, studied and used him diligently. 
 The most important prose works of Varro were his “ An- 
 tiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum,” which long 
 survived in literature, the books “ De lingua latina,” “ Re- 
 rum rusticarum,”the Encyclopaedia of the artes liberales 
 (“ Disciplinarum libri”), and his “Imagines." 
 
 Teuffel and Schwabe, Hist. Rom. Lit. (tr. by Warr), I. 256. 
 
 Varro, Publius Terentius, surnamed Ata- 
 cinus. Born at Atax, Narbonensis, 82 b. c.: 
 died about 37 b. c. A Roman poet, author of 
 the epic “ Argonautica.” Only fragments of 
 liis works survive. 
 
 Varuna (va'ro-na). [From -fvr or var , cover, 
 encompass ; cognate with Greek ovpavdg, E. 
 Heaven and heaven.] ‘ The Encompasser’ of 
 the universe : in the Rigveda, the name of an 
 Aditya, the supreme god among those of the 
 Veda, and therefore called king. To him belong 
 especially the waters, the night, and the West, lie is the 
 judge who punishes sin and who is appealed to for for- 
 giveness. From him come avenging diseases, especially 
 dropsy. He is often associated with Mitra, he being the 
 ruler of the night, as Mitra of the day. He is the noblest 
 
 Vatican Council 
 
 character of the Vedic pantheon, the few Varuna hymns 
 having a loftier ethical character than is found in any 
 others. Roth identifies the Adityas with the Amshaspands 
 of the Avesta, and Varuna with Ahura Mazda or Ormazd, 
 regarding Varuna as belonging to an older dynasty of gods 
 common to the Indo-Aryans, of whom he believes the Rig- 
 veda to show the supersession of Varuna by Indra. (On 
 this question, see Muir’s “ Original Sanskrit Texts,” V. 
 116-125.) In the later literature Varuna becomes a mere 
 god of the waters. 
 
 Varus (va'rus). The ancient name of the Var. 
 
 Varus, Publius Quintilius. Died 9 a. d. A 
 
 Roman general. He was consul 13 b. c.; governor in 
 Syria 6— i B. c. ; and commander in Germany 6-9 a. n. His 
 rigorous measures led to a German alliance against him, 
 and he was totally defeated by Arminius in the famous 
 battle in the Teutoburgerwald 9 A. D. When he saw that 
 the battle was lost, he fell upon his sword. This defeat 
 profoundly affected the Romans, and the loss of his legions 
 was bitterly lamented by Augustus. 
 
 Varzin (var'tsin). A village in Pomerania, 
 Prussia, southeast of Koslin. It is the resi- 
 dence of Bismarck. 
 
 Vasa(va'sa). A laen of Finland. Area, 16,084 
 square miles. Population, 484,413. 
 
 Vasa, Gustavus. See Gustav us I. 
 
 Vasarhely. See Rod-Mezd- Vasarhely and 
 Maros- Vdsarhely. 
 
 Vasari (vii-sa're), Giorgio. Bom at Arezzo, 
 Italy, July 30, 1511 ; died at Florence, June 27, 
 1574. An Italian architect, painter, and writer 
 on art. He painted many pictures in Florence, Rome, 
 and elsewhere, and constructed part of the Uffizi Palace. 
 He is best known from his biographies of artists (“ Vite 
 de’ piii eccelenti architetti, pittori, e scultori italiani, ” 1550 ; 
 enlarged 1568). 
 
 Vasco da Gama. See Gama. 
 
 Vascones (vas'ko-nez). A people which dwelt 
 in the northern part of ancient Spain : the pre- 
 decessors of the present Basques. See Basques. 
 
 Vascongadas (vas-kon-ga'das). The Spanish 
 name of the Basque Provinces. 
 
 Vasconia (vas-ko'ni-a). The Latin name of 
 Gascony. 
 
 Vashka (vasli'ka). A river in northern Rus- 
 sia, a tributary of the Mezen. Length, about 
 200 miles. 
 
 Vashti (vash'ti). The queen of Ahasuems, 
 mentioned in the Book of Esther. 
 
 Vasili (va-se'le) I. (II.). Grand prince of Mos- 
 cow 1389-1425. 
 
 Vasili II. (III.), surnamed ‘ ‘ The Blind.” Grand 
 prince of Moscow 1425-62, son of Vasili I. (n.). 
 
 Vasili III. (IV.). Grand Prince of Moseow 1505- 
 1533, son of Ivan III. 
 
 Vasili IV. (V.) (Shuiski). Czar of Russia 
 1606-10. 
 
 Vasili (va-se-le'), Comte Paul. The.pseudonym 
 of Madame Edmond Adam in “ La Soeiete de 
 Londres” (1885), etc. 
 
 Vasquez de Coronado, Francisco. See Coro- 
 nado. 
 
 Vassar (vas'ar), Matthew. Born in Norfolk, 
 England, April 29, 1792: died at Poughkeepsie, 
 N. Y., June 23, 1868. An American philan- 
 thropist, founder of Vassar College. 
 
 Vassar College. An institution for the higher 
 education of women, at Poughkeepsie, New 
 York. It was founded by Matthew Vassar in 
 1861, and opened in 1865. It is non-sectarian. 
 
 Vassy (va-se'). A town in the department of 
 Haute-Marne, France, situated on the Blaise 20 
 miles south-southwest of Bar-le-Duc. It was 
 the scene of a massacre of Protestants by the 
 Due de Guise, March 1, 1562. Population, 3,674. 
 
 Vasto (vas'td). A town in the province of 
 Chieti, Italy, situated near the Adriatic in lat. 
 42° 7' N. : the ancient Histonium. Population, 
 town, 10,090; commune, 15,538. 
 
 Vate (va/ta), or Vati (va'te), or Sandwich 
 (sand'wieh) Island. One of the southern 
 islands of the New Hebrides, Pacific Ocean. 
 Length, 30 miles. 
 
 Vathek (vath'ek). An Eastern romance by 
 Beckford, published in 1787 : so called from 
 the name of the hero. It was written in French ; 
 and the English translation was not by the author, but by 
 a person (thought to have been the Rev. S. Henley) whom 
 he declared to be a stranger. This translation was pub- 
 lished anonymously in 1784, and has superseded the ori- 
 ginal. 
 
 Vatican (vat'i-kan). [L. Mons Vaticauus.'] A 
 hill of Rome, on the right bank of the Tiber, 
 opposite the Pincian. On it stand St. Peter’s 
 and the Vatican Palace. 
 
 Vatican Council. The twentieth ecumenical 
 council, according to the reckoning of the 
 Church of Rome, which met in the Vatican 
 Dec. 8, 1869, and declared belief in the infalli- 
 bility of the Pope, when speaking ex cathedra, 
 to be a dogma of the church, it was closed Oct. 
 20, 1870, owing to the occupation of Rome by Victor 
 Em manuel. 
 
Vatican Fragments 
 
 Vatican Fragments. Parts of a summary of 
 rules of law as extracted from the writings of 
 jurisconsults and from several imperial consti- 
 tutions from A. d. 163 to a. d. 372, discovered 
 by the librarian of the Vatican, and first pub- 
 lished at Rome in 1823. 
 
 Vatican Palace. A palace at Rome, probably 
 attached to the Basilica of St. Peter under 
 Constantine, remodeled and enlarged at inter- 
 vals, and the chief residence of the Pope since 
 the return from Avignon in 1377. It is a vast con- 
 geries of constructions, chiefly later than 1500, and includ- 
 ing, besides the papal .apartments and ecclesiastical 
 offices, the famous museums (founded by Julius II.), li- 
 brary, and archives. The space occupied is 1,151 by 767 
 feet ; there are over 200 staircases, 20 courts, and 11,000 (?) 
 rooms, halls, chapels, etc. It contains the celebrated Sis- 
 tine Chapel, the stanze, or chambers, painted by Raphael, 
 and the famous loggie, or galleries, with Raphael’s grace- 
 ful arabesques and paintings by him and other artists. 
 The palace gardens are extensive, varied, and beautiful. 
 Vaticano (vii-te-ka'no), Cape. A headland on 
 the western coast of Calabria, Italy, in lat. 38° 
 38' N. 
 
 Vatke (vat'ke), Johann Karl Wilhelm. Bom 
 
 at Behndorf , near Magdeburg, March 14, 1806 : 
 died at Berlin, April 19, 1882. A German Prot- 
 estant theologian and philosopher, professor 
 of theology at Berlin from 1837. He wrote “Die 
 Religion des Alten Testaments” (1835), etc. 
 Vattel (vat-tel' or vat'tel), Emerich de. Born 
 at Couvet, Neuchatel, Switzerland, Aug. 25, 
 1714 : died there, Dec. 20, 1767. A distinguished 
 Swiss publicist, in the diplomatic and political 
 service of Saxony. He was Saxon ambassador at Bern. 
 His “Law of Nations " (translated by Chitty) is famous 
 (in full, “Droit des gens, ou principes de la loi natureile 
 appliquds h la conduite et aux affaires des nations et des 
 souverains,” 1768). 
 
 Vauban (vo-bon'), Sebastien Le Prestre de. 
 Born near Saulieu, Burgundy, May 15, 1633: 
 died at Paris, March 30, 1707. A celebrated 
 French military engineer and marshal. He served 
 a short time with the Spaniards under Conde in the 
 Fronde, and afterward entered the French service. He 
 distinguished himself as an engineer at the capture of 
 Sainte-Menehouid in 1653 ; and was commissioned a royal 
 engineer in 1655, between w-hich date and the peace of 
 the Pyrenees in 1659 he conducted the sieges of Gravelines, 
 Ypres, and Oudenarde. He besieged Lille, Maestrieht, 
 Valenciennes, Cambrai, Luxemburg, Mods, and Namur in 
 succeeding wars; and was made commissary-general of 
 fortifications in 1677, and marshal of France in 1703. He 
 constructed and improved many fortresses on the frontiers 
 and elsewhere in France, and wrote on political economy 
 and on engineering. 
 
 Vaucelles (vo-sel'). A hamlet in the depart- 
 ment of Nord, France, near Cambrai. A truce 
 between Henry II. of France and the emperor Charles V. 
 was signed here in 1556. 
 
 Vauchamps (vo-shon'l. A village in the de- 
 partment of Marne, France, 32 miles southwest 
 of Rheims. It was the scene of successes of the French 
 under M armont against the Prussians under Blucher, Feb. 
 14, 1814. 
 
 Vaucluse (vo-kluz'). [Named from the vil- 
 lage of Vaucluse.] A department of France, 
 bounded by Drome on the north, Basses-Alpes 
 on the east, Bouches-du-Rhone (separated by 
 the Durance) on the south, and Gard (separated 
 by the Rhone) on the west. Capital, Avignon. 
 The plains of the Rhone are in the west, and the moun- 
 tain-chains of Ventoux, Lubdron, etc., in the east. Vau- 
 cluse was formed from Orange, Venaissin, and parts of 
 Provence. Area, 1,381 square miles. Population, 239,- 
 178. 
 
 Vaucluse. [From L. valles clausa, closed val- 
 ley.] A village in the department of Vaucluse, 
 about 18 miles east of Avignon : celebrated for 
 the fountain of Vaucluse (the source of the 
 stream Sorgue) and as the dwelling-place of 
 Petrarch. 
 
 Vaucouleurs (vo-ko-ler'). A town in the de- 
 partment of Meuse, France, situated on the 
 Meuse 26 miles west by south of Nancy, it was 
 
 the starting-point of Joan of Arc on her military career. 
 Population, commune, 3,070. 
 
 Vaud (vo), G. Waadt (vat). A canton of 
 Switzerland, bounded by France on the west 
 and northwest, Neuchatel, the Lake of Neu- 
 chatel, and Fribourg on the north, Fribourg 
 and Bern on the east, Valais, the Lake of Ge- 
 neva, and Geneva on the south. Capital, Lau- 
 sanne. It is traversed by the Jura and by the Alps in 
 the southeast. It has 14 members in the National Coun- 
 cil. The prevailing language is French, and the prevail- 
 ing religion Protestant. Vaud came under Roman rule in 
 58 B. c. through the victory of Caesar at Bibracte (chief 
 Roman place, Aventicum) ; and passed to the Burgundians 
 in the 6th century, and to the Franks, with the kingdom 
 of Burgundy, in 534. The larger part of it was acquired 
 by Savoy in 1265, and was conquered by Bern 1475-76, 
 1536, and 1555, and ruled as a subject land. An unsuc- 
 cessful attempt to revolt was made in 1723. By French 
 intervention it was constituted the Lemanic Republic in 
 1798, and in the same year made the canton Leman of the 
 
 1029 
 
 Helvetic Republic. On the restoration of the confedera- 
 tion in 1803, it became a canton. Area, 1,244 square miles. 
 Population, 315,428, (1910). 
 
 Vaudois des Alpes. Same as Waldenses. 
 Vaudoncourt (v6-d6n-kor'), Guillaume de. 
 
 Born at Vienna, Sept. 24, 1772: died at Passy, 
 near Paris, May 2, 1845. A French general and 
 military writer. He served through the revolutionary 
 and Napoleonic wars, and commanded the Sardinian 
 revolutionists in 1821. He wrote “ Histoire des cam- 
 pagnes d’Annibal en Italie” (1812), and histories of the 
 Russian campaign of 1812, the German campaign of 1813, 
 the Italian campaigns of 1813-14, the French campaigns of 
 1814-15, etc. 
 
 Vaudreuil (vo-drey' or vo-drely'), Marquis de 
 (Louis Philippe de Rigaud). Bom at Roche- 
 fort, Oct. 28, 1724: died at Paris, Dec. 14, 1802. 
 A French naval commander, grandson of Phi- 
 lippe de Rigaud. He served in various actions in 
 the war with Great Britain 1778-83, commanding a di- 
 vision of Comte de Grasse's fleet at Yorktown in 1781. He 
 protected the royal family against the mob at Versailles 
 during the night of Oct. 5-6, 1789. He emigrated to Eng- 
 land in 1791, but returned to Paris in 1800, and was granted 
 a pension on the retired list by Bonaparte. 
 
 Vaudreuil, Marquis de (Philippe de Rigaud). 
 
 Born near Castelnaudary, France, 1640 : died 
 at Quebec, Oct. 11, 1725. A French commander 
 and official in Canada. He was for many years com- 
 mander of the French forces in Canada, and in 1703 be- 
 came governor of that province. 
 
 Vaudreuil-Cavagnal (-ka-van-yal'), Marquis 
 de (Pierre Franpois de Rigaud). Born at 
 Quebec, 1698 : died at Paris, Oct. 20, 1765. A 
 French colonial governor, son of Philippe de 
 Rigaud. He became governor of Canada in 1755, and 
 capitulated to the English in 1760, after the defeat of 
 Montcalm, commander of the French troops in Canada, by 
 Wolfe in the preceding year. 
 
 Vaughan (van or va'an), Henry, surnamed 
 “The Silurist” (from the Silures, the ancient 
 inhabitants of South Wales). Born at New- 
 ton-by-Usk, Brecknockshire, Wales, April 17, 
 1622: died April 23, 1695. A Welsh poet and mys- 
 tic. He studied at Oxford, became a physician, and ulti- 
 mately settled at Skethiog. He wrote “Poems” (1646), 
 “ Olor Iscanus ” (1651), “ Silex ScintiUans ” (1650-55), etc. 
 
 Vaughan, Robert. Born 1795: died at Tor- 
 quay, June 15, 1868. An English Independent 
 clergyman and historian. He was president of the 
 Lancashire Independent College, Manchester, 1843-57, 
 and in 1845 founded the “British Quarterly Review," of 
 which he remained editor for twenty years. He wrote 
 a ‘ ‘ Life of Wycl iffe ’’ (1853), “ Protectorate of Oliver Crom- 
 well” (1838), “History of England under the House of 
 Stuart” (1840), “Revolutions in England ”(1859-63), etc. 
 
 Vaulion, Dent de. See Dent de Vaulion. 
 
 Vauvenargues (vov-narg'), Marquis de (Luc 
 de Clapier). Born at Aix, France, Aug. 8, 1715 : 
 died March 9, 1747. A French moralist. He is 
 best known from his “Introduction a la connaissance de 
 l’esprit humain” (“Introduction to the Knowledge of 
 the Human Miud," 1746), followed by “Reflexions et 
 Maximes. " 
 
 Vaux (vaks), Calvert. Born at, London, Dec. 
 20, 1824 : died at Bensouhurst, N. Y. , Nov .19, 1895. 
 An Anglo-American landscape architect, in 
 connection with Frederick L. Olmsted he designed the 
 plans of Central Park, New York city ; the State reserva- 
 tion at Niagara Falls ; and numerous other parks. His de- 
 sign for Prospect Park, Brooklyn, was accepted in 1865. 
 
 Vauxhall (vaks-hal'). A quarter of London, in 
 Lambeth. 
 
 Vauxhall Gardens. A popular and fashion- 
 able London resort, formerly situated on the 
 Thames above Lambeth. 
 
 The name dates from the marriage of Isabella de Forti- 
 bus, Countess of Albemarle, sister of Archbishop Baldwin, 
 with Foukes de Brent, after which the place was called 
 Foukes-hall. . . . Vauxhall Gardens were laid out in 1661, 
 and were at first known as the New Spring Gardens at Fox 
 Hall to distinguish them from the Old Spring Gardens at 
 Whitehall. They were finally closed in 1859, and the site 
 is now built over ; but they will always be remembered 
 from Sir Roger de Coverley’s visit to them in the “Spec- 
 tator” [and tlie descriptions in “Humphrey Clinker" and 
 “ Vanity Fair”). Hare, London, II. 422. 
 
 Vavau (va-vou'). Oue of the principal islands 
 of the Friendly group, Pacific Ocean: 42 miles 
 in circumference. 
 
 Vavitau. See Vivitao. 
 
 Vecelli, or Vecellio. See Titian. 
 
 Vecht (vecht). An arm of the Rhine which 
 leaves it at Utrecht and flows into the Zuyder 
 Zee east of Amsterdam. 
 
 Vectis (vek'tis), or Vecta (vek'ta). The Ro- 
 man name of the Isle of Wight. 
 
 Veda (va'dii). [Skt., from y/ vid, know.] ‘Know- 
 ledge/ ‘ science/ and then the whole Hindu sa- 
 cred literature as the science. This includes the 
 Sanhitas, ‘collections’ of mantras, ‘hymns’; theBrahma- 
 nas, canonized ‘priestly dicta,’ with their developments, 
 the Aranyakas and theUpanishads ; and the Sutras, ‘ rules,’ 
 brief memorial lines to aid the teacher in the oral tradi- 
 tion of the sacred literature — the Sanhitas and Brahmanas 
 together forming Shruti, ‘hearing,’ ‘revelation,’ while the 
 Sutras constitute Smriti, ‘memory,’ ‘ tradition.’ There are 
 four Sanhitas, the Vedas, in distinction from the Veda as 
 
 Vega Carpio 
 
 including the whole body of sacred literature, or as applied 
 to the Rigveda par excellence — viz , the Rigveda, the Sama- 
 veda, the Yajurveda, and the Atharvaveda. Of these the 
 Rigveda and the Atharvaveda are historical collections — 
 that is, collections formed with a view to the perpetuation 
 of the contents as literature ; while the Samaveda and the 
 Yajurveda are liturgical — material already existing in the 
 Rigveda and elsewhere being in them put to special 
 liturgical uses. The first in antiquity, extent, and impor- 
 tance is the Rigveda, containing 1,017 suktas, • hymns,’ in 
 10,580 rcas, ‘ verses. ’ (The stem re, in which c is pronounced 
 as eh in church, when it stands alone becomes rk, but 
 when it comes before a sonant letter, rg : so Rgveda, 
 usually printed Rigveda, means ‘the Veda of rcas’ (pro- 
 nounced r'chas), ‘ verses,’ ‘ songs. ’) The hymns, in a very 
 simple metrical form, and a language varying considera- 
 bly from the later classical Sanskrit, are almost all reli- 
 gious, and glorifications of the divinity addressed. The 
 Atharvaveda (which see) is the latest of the four collec- 
 tions. The Samaveda is the Veda of samans, ‘chants.’ 
 Material almost all of which is found in the Rigveda here 
 appears in the form of chants to be sung in the Soma rit- 
 ual. Certain words to be uttered at a special stage of a 
 sacrifice were known technically as a yajus, ‘sacrificial 
 formula.’ The Yajurveda (with thesof yajus changed into 
 rowing to the effect of the following letter) is the Yajus- 
 veda, or ‘Veda of sacrificial formulas.’ The question of 
 the date of the Rigveda, as the oldest of the collections of 
 hymns, has been much discussed, but without definite re- 
 sults. The majority of Vedic scholars place the Vedic 
 period proper between 2000 and 1600 B. c. 
 
 Vedanta (va-dan'ta). [ Veda and ant a, end.] 
 The most common designation of the Uttara- 
 mimansa school of Hindu philosophy, given to 
 it either as teaching the ultimate aim of the 
 Veda, or as founded on the Upanishads, which 
 come at the end of the Veda as the last stage 
 in its historic evolution . It is ascribed to a Vyasa 
 or Badarayana. The first of these names (‘ arranger ’) is 
 given also to the legendary person who is supposed to have 
 arranged the Vedas and written the Mahabharata, Pura- 
 nas,‘and a Dharmashastra, and was doubtless applied to 
 various great writers or compilers as a kind of title. In 
 this sense it seems to have been given to the founder of 
 the Vedanta. Its principles are propounded in sutras, 
 but Badarayana’s sutras are generally called Brahmasutra, 
 or sometimes Sharirakasutra. The text and that of the 
 celebrated commentary of Shankaracarya have been ed- 
 ited in the “Bibliotheca Indica,” and a portion trans- 
 lated by Banerjea. Ballantyne also edited and translated 
 a portion, as also the commentary known as the Vedan- 
 tasara. The most authoritative recent works on the Ve- 
 danta are, however, Paul Deussen’s ‘ ‘ Die Sutra des Vedanta 
 iibersetzt aus dem Sanskrit” and his “Das System des 
 Vedanta” (Leipsic, 1883). 
 
 Vedantasara (va-dan-ta-sa'ra). [Skt., ‘es- 
 sence of the Vedanta.’] A treatise on the Ve- 
 danta philosophy by Sadananda. The text is printed 
 in Bohtlingk’s “Sanskrit Chrestomathie. ’’ It has been 
 translated with full notes in Triibner’s “ Oriental Series " 
 by Jacob. The name is also given to a commentary by 
 Ramanuja on the Vedantasutras, which is also called Ve- 
 dantapradipa, ‘The Light or Lamp of the Vedanta.’ 
 
 Vedas. See Veda. 
 
 Veddahs (ved'az), or Weddahs. An ancient 
 and probably aboriginal people of Ceylon. 
 Vedder (ved'er), Elihu. Born at New York, 
 Feb. 26, 1836. An American genre- and figure- 
 painter. He studied in Paris and Italy, where he has 
 lived for a number of years. He illustrated a translation 
 of the “Rubaiyat," by Omar Khayyam, 1883-84. Among 
 his other works are “The Lair of the Sea-Serpent,” “The 
 Roc’s Egg," “The Lost Mind,” “The Crucifixion," “The 
 Cumaean Sibyl,” “ Young Marsyas,” “ The Monk upon the 
 Gloomy Path,” “ The Questioner of the Sphinx," etc. Auto- 
 biography, “The Digressions of V." (1910). 
 
 Vega (ve'ga). [From Ar. ivaqt’, falling, i. e. ‘the 
 falling bird/ with reference to Altair, the ‘ fly- 
 ing eagle/ situated not far from Vega.] A star 
 of the first magnitude in the constellation Lyra ; 
 a Lyrae. 
 
 Vega. The vessel in which Nordenskjold made 
 his expedition of 1878-79. 
 
 Vega (va'ga), Garcilasso de la. Born at Cuzco, 
 Peru, April 12, 1539: died at Cordova, Spain, 
 1616. A Peruvian historian. His father was a 
 distinguished Spanish officer of the same name, and his 
 mother was a niece of the Inca Huaina Capac (whence 
 he called himself Garcilasso Inca de la Vega). He went 
 to Spain in 1560 ; served for many years as a captain in 
 the Spanish army ; and finally settled in Cordova, w here 
 he devoted himself to literary pursuits. He published 
 “ El Florida del Inca," a descript ion of De Soto’s expedition 
 to Florida (1605), “Comentarios reales de las Incas ” (1608), 
 and “ Historia general del Peru ”(1616). There are many 
 later editions and translations. 
 
 Vega Carpio (va'ga kar'pe-o), Lope Felix de. 
 Born at Madrid, Nov. 25, 1562 : died there, Aug. 
 27, 1635. A celebrated Spanish dramatist and 
 poet. He was educated at the Jesuit college of Madrid 
 and at the University of A leal A ; was in the service of the 
 Bishop of Avila, and secretary to the Duke of Alva ; and 
 was twice married. He was obliged to live away from 
 Madrid for several years on account of a duel. He joined 
 the Spanish Armada in 1588, and returned to Madrid in 
 1690, and was soon known as a dramatic writer : he had 
 previously, during his exile, written for the theater in Va- 
 lencia. lie was the inventor of a witty character known 
 as the “gracioso,” a parody of the heroic character of the 
 play, which passed first to the French and from that to 
 all other modern theaters. He entered the church about 
 1612, after the death of his second wife, and about 1614 
 took priest’s orders. His plays fall into three classes: 
 the first, called ‘ ‘ Comedias de Capa y Espada ” (dramas with 
 
Vega Carpio 
 
 cloak and sword), “ took their name from the circum- 
 stance that their principal personages belong to the gen- 
 teel portion of society, accustomed, in Lope's time, to the 
 picturesque national dress of cloaks and swords — exclud- 
 ing, on the one hand, those dramas in which royal per- 
 sonages appear, and, on the other, those which are devoted 
 to common life and the humbler classes. Their main and 
 moving principle is gallantry — such gallantry as existed in 
 the time of their author. The story is almost always in- 
 volved and intriguing, and almost always accompanied 
 with an underplot and parody on the characters and ad- 
 ventures of the principal parties, formed out of those of 
 the servants and other inferior personages ” ( Ticknor ). 
 The second class consisted of “Comedias Heroicas”or 
 “Historiales," and the third of dramas founded on domes- 
 tic life. Healso wrote epics(“La Jerusalem conquistada ”), 
 romances, lyrics, pastorals, prose novels, etc. 
 
 Their [Lope’s plays’] very number, however, may have 
 been one obstacle to their publication ; for the most mod- 
 erate and certain accounts on this point have almost a fab- 
 ulous air about them, so extravagant do they seem. In 
 1603, he gives us the titles of two hundred and nineteen 
 pieces that he had already written ; in 1609, he says their 
 number had risen to four hundred and eighty three; in 
 1618 he says it was eight hundred ; in 1619, again, in round 
 numbers, he states it at nine hundred ; and in 1624, at one 
 thousand and seventy. After his death, in 1635, Perez de 
 Montalvan, his intimate friend and eulogist, who three 
 years before had declared the number to befifteen hundred, 
 without reckoning the shorter pieces, puts it at eighteen 
 hundred plays and four hundred autos : numbers which 
 are confidently repeated by Antonio in his notice of Lope, 
 aud by Franchi, an Italian, who had been much withLope 
 at Madrid, and who wrote one of the multitudinous eulo- 
 gies on him after his death. The prodigious facility im- 
 plied by this is further confirmed by the fact, stated by 
 himself in one of his plays, that it was written and acted 
 in five days, and by the anecdotes of Montalvan that- he 
 wrote five full-length dramas at Toledo in fifteen days, 
 and one act of another in a few hours of the early morn- 
 ing, without seeming to make any effort in either case. 
 
 Ticknor, Span. Lit., II. 203. 
 
 Vega Real (ra-aF), Battle of the. A battle 
 fought on the Vega Real (a plain in the north- 
 ern part of Haiti), April 25, 1495, between a 
 small force of Spaniards under Christopher and 
 Bartholomew Columbus and the Indians of 
 Caonabo and other chiefs. Las Casas says that the 
 latter numbered 100,000 — an evident exaggeration. The 
 Indians were completely defeated. 
 
 Veglia (val'ya), Slav. Kerk. 1. An island be- 
 longing to Istria, Austria-Hungary, situated in 
 the Gulf of Quarnero in lat. 45° N. It is sepa- 
 rated from the mainland by the channel of Mor- 
 lacea. Length, 24 miles. Pop., 21,286, (1910). 
 — 2. A small seaport on the island of Veglia. 
 It has a cathedral. 
 
 Vehmgerichte (fam'ge-rich // te). [G., from 
 fehm, a criminal tribunal so named, and gericht, 
 judgment. ] Medieval tribunals which flourished 
 in Germany, chiefly in Westphalia, in the 14th 
 and 15th centuries. They were apparently descended 
 from the cantonal courts, and at first afforded some pro- 
 tection, as the regular machinery of justice had become de- 
 moralized. Later they misused their power, and practically 
 disappeared with the increasing strength of the regular 
 governments. The president of the court was culled frei- 
 graf, the justices freischoffen, and the place of meeting 
 freistuhl. The sessions were open for the adjudication of 
 civil matters, but secret when persons accused of murder, 
 robbery, heresy, witchcraft, etc., were summoned. Those 
 convicted of serious crimes, or those who refused to ap- 
 pear before the tribunal, were put to death. Also freige- 
 richte, W estphalian gerichte, etc. 
 
 Vehse (va'ze), Karl Eduard. Born at Freiberg, 
 Saxony, Dec. 18, 1802: died at Striesen, near 
 Dresden, June 18, 1870. A German historian. 
 He came to America with the separatist Stephan in 1838, 
 but returned in 1839; went to Berlin in 1853, but was ar- 
 rested for political reasons, imprisoned for six months, 
 and banished from Prussia ; and lived thereafter near 
 Basel and in Italy and at Freiberg. His chief work is 
 “Geschichte der deutschen Hofe seit der Reformation” 
 (“ History of the German Courts since the reformation,” 
 1851-58). 
 
 Vei, or Vai (vi). A negro tribe of Liberia, West 
 Africa, north of Monrovia. It belongs to the Mande 
 cluster, and has made its way from the elevated interior 
 to the coast. About 1834 a Vei-man, Doalu Bukere, who 
 had learned the Roman character, invented and intro- 
 duced a new graphic system, of the syllabic type, with 
 upward of two hundred signs, which has been used by the 
 Mohammedans for their manuscript books. 
 
 Veii (ve'yi). In ancient geography, a city of 
 Italy, the most important of the Etruscan 
 League : identified with Isola Farnese, 11 miles 
 north by west of Rome. It was frequently at war 
 with Rome, especially in behalf of the restoration of Tar- 
 quinius Superbus, at the time of the massacre of the Fabii 
 (about 476 B. C.), about 438-434, and about 426. It was be- 
 sieged by the Romans and taken under the leadership of 
 Camillus in 396 B. C. 
 
 Veiie (vi'le). 1. An amt in Jutland, Denmark. 
 Population, 131,985. — 2. The capital of the amt 
 of Veiie, Denmark, situated on the Veiie Fjord 
 in lat. 55° 44' N. It was taken by the Schleswig- 
 Holsteiners May 5, 1848. Near it, at Gudso, May 7, 1849, 
 the Prussians defeated the Danes. Veiie was stormed by 
 the Austrians March 8, 1864. Population, 16,212. 
 
 Veiled Prophet of Khorassan, The. The first 
 part of the poem “ Lalla Rookh,” by Moore: so 
 
 1030 
 
 called from the chief character, Mokanna. See 
 Mokanna. 
 
 Veiie Fjord (vi'le fyord). An arm of the Great 
 Belt which penetrates the eastern coast of Jut- 
 land, Denmark. 
 
 Veintemilla (va-en-ta-mel'ya), Ignacio. Bom 
 in Cuenca, 1830 : died July 19, 1909. An Ecua- 
 dorian general and politician. He led the liberal 
 revolt which overthrew President Borrero in Dec., 1876; 
 was proclaimed president with extraordinary powers ; and 
 in 1882 became practically dictator with the title of su- 
 preme chief. He was deposed and driven from the coun- 
 try, after several months of civil war, July, 1883. 
 
 Veit (fit), Philipp. Born at Berlin, Feb. 13, 
 1793: died at Mainz, Dec. 18, 1877. A noted Ger- 
 man painter, a grandson of Moses Mendelssohn. 
 He was associated with Cornelius, Overbeck, and Schadow. 
 Among his works are ‘ Seven Years of Plenty" (Rome), 
 “ Christianity bringing Civilization to Germany ” (Frank- 
 fort), “ Assumption of Mary ” (Frankfort cathedral), 
 “ Egyptian Darkness,” etc. 
 
 Vela, Blasco Nunez. See Nuttez Vela. 
 
 Velahrum (ve-la'brum), An area in ancient 
 Rome, between the Capitoline, the Palatine, 
 and the Tiber, extending northeastward to the 
 Forum Romanum. It was a marsh before the con- 
 struction of the Cloaca Maxima. The marble arch built 
 in honor of Severus by the merchants of the Velahrum 
 formed a portal between it and the Forum Boarium on the 
 south. 
 
 Velasco, Jose Antonio Manso de. See Manso 
 de Velasco. 
 
 Velasco (va-las'ko), Josd Miguel de. Bom at 
 
 Santa Cruz de la Sierra about 1795: died there, 
 1859. A Bolivian general and politician. As vice- 
 
 president he was twice acting president during the dis- 
 orders of 1828-29 ; led a revolt in the South in 1838 ; was 
 elected president after the fall of Santa Oruz in 1839, but 
 was deposed in 1841 ; and was again president 1847-48 
 during a period of great disorder which culminated in 
 his deposition. 
 
 Velasco, Juan de. Born at Riobamba (now in 
 Ecuador) about 1727: died atVerona, Italy, 1819. 
 A Jesuit historian. He was for many years a profes- 
 sor in the University of San Marcos at Lima. After the 
 expulsion of his order in 1767, he lived atFaenza and Ve- 
 rona. His principal work i3 “ Historia del reino de Quito ” 
 (first published in French 1840; Spanish edition, Quito, 
 1841-44). It includes an account of the Scyri kingdom of 
 Quito. 
 
 Velasco, Luis de, Count of Santiago. Born at 
 Toledo about 1500: died at Mexico City, July 
 31, 1564. A Spanish administrator, second vice- 
 roy of Mexico from Dec., 1550, until his death. 
 He enforced the “New Laws,” emancipating, it is said, 
 150,000 Indians ; put down revolts of the Chichimecs ; and 
 fitted out Legazpe’s expedition to the Philippine Islands. 
 
 Velasco, Luis de, Count of Santiago and Mar- 
 quis of Salinas (from 1595). Bom at Madrid, 
 1539: died at Seville, 1617 (?). A Spanish ad- 
 ministrator, son of the preceding. He was viceroy 
 of Mexico Jan. 25, 1590, -Nov., 1595 ; viceroy of Peru July 
 24, 1596, -Nov. 28, 1604 ; and again viceroy of Mexico July 
 2, 1607, -June 12, 1611. Subsequently he was president of 
 the Council of the Indies. He was one of the best of the 
 Spanish colonial rulers. 
 
 Velasquez (va-las'keth), Diego. Born at Cuel- 
 lar, Segovia, 1465 (or 1458?) : died at Havana, 
 Cuba, 1523 or 1524. A Spanish soldier and ad- 
 ministrator. He wen t to Espafiola with Columbus in 1493, 
 and was prominent in the affairs of that island until 1511, 
 when he was sent by Diego Columbus to conquer Cuba. He 
 had many conflicts with the Indians, whose principal chief, 
 Hatuey, was captured and burned in Feb., 1512 ; founded 
 Santiago, Havana, and other towns; and continued to 
 rule the island, whicli was only nominally subject to the 
 audience of Santo Domingo. He furnished avessel forthe 
 expedition of Cordova, which discovered Yucatan in 1517 ; 
 fitted out Grijalva’s expedition in 1518 (see Grijalva ); and 
 in 1519 sent Cortds to conquer Mexico. The latter, as soon 
 as he had left the island, refused obedience to Velasquez, 
 who, in March, 1520, sent Panfllo de Narvaez to arrest him. 
 Narvaez was defeated by CorRs, and all subsequent efforts 
 of Velasquez to secure the rich conquests of Mexico for 
 himself ended in failure. His death, it is said, was caused 
 by vexation at his loss. 
 
 Velasquez (va-las'keth), or Velazquez (va- 
 lath'keth), Diego Rodriguez de Silva. Born 
 at Seville (baptized June 6, 1599): died at Ma- 
 drid, Aug. 7. 1660. A celebrated Spanish paint- 
 er. He was the son of Juan Rodriguez de Silva, but 
 took his mother’s name Velasquez. He was a pupil of 
 Herrera el Viejo and of Pacheco whose daughter he mar- 
 ried. He was patronized by Philip IV. ; became court 
 painter about 1623; visited Italy 1629-31; and for eigh- 
 teen years painted portraits, landscapes, and historical 
 and genre subjects in Madrid. From 1652 to 1660 he was 
 quartermaster-general of the king’s household, and died 
 from over-fatigue in the preparations for the marriage of 
 Louis XIV. and the infanta Maria Theresa. Among his 
 principal works in his earlier manner are "The Water- 
 Carrier of Seville ” (Apsley House) and “The Adoration of 
 the Shepherds” (National Gallery, London). Among his 
 other works are “Los Borrachos.” “Las Aleninas,” “ Las 
 Hilanderas,” “ The Expulsion of the Aloriscos,” “ Forge of 
 A'ulcan ” (Aladrid Museum) ; “Joseph’s Coat” (Escorial) ; 
 “St. John the Evangelist”(London) ; “Boar Hunt,” “Lot 
 and his Daughters," “ The Surrender of Breda," and a Cruci- 
 fixion (in the Prado) ; etc. His famous portraits are those 
 of Philip IV., of which he painted about forty ; Innocent 
 X., Quevedo (Apsley House) ; Admiral Pulido Pareja (Na- 
 
 Vend6e, La, War of 
 
 tional Gallery, London) ; Olivares, Prince Baltasar Carlos, 
 a series of portraits of jesters and dwarfs ; etc. His genius 
 was not fully known till about the beginning of the 19th 
 century, when the royal pictures were collected in the 
 Aluseo del Prado. About 275 pictures are attributed to 
 him, of which 121 are in Great Britain, 7 in the United 
 States, and others in different European galleries. 
 Velazquez. See Velasquez. 
 
 Velay (ve-la'). An ancient territory and county 
 of France, which formed part of Languedoc. 
 Capital, Le Puy . It is comprised in the depart- 
 ment of Haute-Loire. 
 
 Veldeke (vel'de-ke). Heinrich von. Born in 
 
 the neighborhood of Maestricht, Holland: flour- 
 ished at the end of the 12th century. A Middle 
 High German poet, the founder of the German 
 court epic poetry. HewasofDoble family and in the 
 service of the Counts of Looz and Rineck, burgraves of 
 Alayence. At the court of Cleves he began to write, be- 
 tween 1175 and 1184, his poem “ Eneit” (“zEneid ’’) after 
 a French original. The manuscript was stolen from a 
 Countess of Cleves, to whom it had been loaned, by a 
 Count of Schwarzburg, who took it to Thuringia. In 
 1181, in Thuringia, Veldeke finally got back his work, 
 and completed it at the court of the Count Palatine of 
 Saxony, afterward the landgrave Hermann of Thuringia. 
 An earlier work, supposed by some to have been written 
 by another poet of the same name, is the “Legende 
 van S. Servaes.” He was, besides, the author of a num- 
 ber of lyrics. The “.Eneid ” was published by Behagel 
 in 1882. 
 
 Velez-Rubio (va'leth-ro'be-o). A town in the 
 province of Almdria, Spain, situated on the 
 Velez 54 miles west-southwest of Murcia. 
 Population, 10,109. 
 
 Velia (ve'li-a). A locality in ancient Rome, 
 identified as the ridge which extends from the 
 Palatine to the Esquiline, and on which stand 
 the temple of Venus aud Roma and the Arch 
 of Titus. As it now exists, it has been much 
 cut down from its original height. 
 
 Velino (va-le'no). A river in central Italy 
 which joins the Nera above Terni. Length, 
 about 45 miles. 
 
 Velino, Monte. See Monte Velino. 
 
 Velitrte (ve-li'tre). The ancient name of Vel- 
 letri. 
 
 Velius Longus (ve'li-us long'gus). A Latin 
 grammarian of unknown date. He is the author 
 of a work entitled “ De orthographia," which was pub- 
 lished by Fulvius Ursinus in his “Notae ad AL Varronem 
 de re rustica ’’ (1587). 
 
 Velleius Paterculus. See Paterculus. 
 Velletri (vel-la'tre). A town in the province 
 of Rome, Italy, situated on a spur of the Alban 
 Mountains 21 miles southeast of Rome, it was 
 the ancient Velitrae, an important Latin town. Near it, 
 Alay 19, 1849, Garibaldi defeated the Neapolitans. Popu- 
 lation, town, 14,625 ; commune, 19,574. 
 Vellinghausen (vel'ling-hou-zen). A village 
 in the province of Westphalia, Prussia, near 
 the Lippe and near Soest. Here, July 15-16, 1761, 
 Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick defeated the French under 
 Broglie and Soubise. 
 
 Vellore (vel-lor'). A town in North Areot 
 district, Madras, British India, situated on the 
 Palar 87 miles west by south of Madras. It 
 was the scene of a Sepoy mutiny in 1806. 
 Population, with cantonment, 43,537. 
 
 Venaissin (ve-na-san'), Comtat, or County of. 
 
 An ancient county in the southeastern part of 
 France, now included in the department of Vau- 
 cluse. Capital, Carpentras. By Philip III. it 
 was ceded to the popes in 1273 ; it was annexed 
 to France in 1791. 
 
 Venantius. See Fortunatus. 
 
 Vendeans (ven-de'anz). The natives or inhabi- 
 tants of Vend6e; specifically, the partizans of 
 the royalist insurrection against the Revolution 
 and the republic which was begun in western 
 France in 1793, and the chief seat of which was 
 in Vend6e. 
 
 Vendee (von-da'). A department of France, 
 hounded by Loire-Inf6rieure and Maine-et- 
 Loire on the north, Deux-Sbvres on the east, 
 Charente-Inftmeure and the Bay of Biscay on 
 the south, and the Bay of Biscay on the west. 
 Capital, La Roche-sur-Yon. It is divided into the 
 “marsh ”in the west, the “woodland ” (“bocage") in the 
 north, and the “ plain ” in the south. Vendde corresponds 
 nearly to the former Bas-Poitou. It was the center of the 
 royalist outbreak in the Revolution, and the scene of Bour- 
 bon disturbances in 1815 and 1832. Area, 2,690 square 
 miles. Population, 442,777. 
 
 Vendee, La, War of. The royalist war against 
 the French republic which was carried on 
 chiefly in Vendle and in Brittany. It broke out 
 in Vendde in Alarch, 1793, and reached "its height in the 
 Vendean victory at Saumur in June, 1793. The Vende- 
 ans under La Rocheiacquelein suffered a decisive defeat 
 by the republicans under AVestennann and Marceau at 
 Le Alans, Dec. 12, 1793. The war was continued in Brittany 
 (war of the rhouans), and was suppressed in Vendde by 
 Hoche in 1796. The chief Vendean leaders were Catheli- 
 
Vendee, La, War of 
 
 neau. La Rochejacquelein, Stofflet, and Charette. The com- 
 plete submission of the Chouans was effected by Bona- 
 parte in 1800. 
 
 Vend6miaire (von-da-myar'). [F., from L. 
 vindentia, grape-gathering.] The name adopted 
 in 1793 by the National Convention of the first 
 French republic for the first month of the year. 
 It consisted of 30 days, beginning in the years 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 
 7 with Sept. 22 ; in 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14 with Sept. 23 ; and 
 in 12 with Sept. 24. The republican calendar came into 
 use on 14th V'endsimiaire, year 2 (Oct. 5, 1793). 
 
 Vendidad (ven-de-dad'). See Avesta. 
 Vendome (von-dom'). A former countship of 
 France, made by Francis I. a duchy. It after- 
 ward gave name to a Bourbon line. 
 
 Vendome. A town in the department of Loir- 
 et-Cher, France, on the Loir 19 miles north- 
 west of Blois : the Roman Vindocinium. Iteon- 
 tains the abbey church of the Trinity, the Lyc(e (former- 
 ly a college), a ruined castle, and a hotel de ville. It was 
 formerly the capital of a barony, later a duchy. Several 
 contests between the French and Germans occurred in its 
 vicinity in Dec., 1870. Population, commune, 9,804. 
 
 Vendome, Cesar, Due de. Born 1594 : died 1665. 
 An illegitimate son of Henry IV. of France 
 and Gabrielle d’Estr4es. He took part in the 
 intrigues against Louis XHI. and Mazarin. 
 Vendome, Column. A column in the Place 
 Vendfime, Paris, erected by Napoleon in honor 
 of the Grand Army in 1806-10. It was destroyed 
 by the Commune in 1871, and was replaced in 
 1875. 
 
 Vendome, Francois de, Due de Beaufort. Born 
 at Paris, 1616 : killed at Candia, June 25, 1669. 
 A French politician and admiral, grandson of 
 Henry IV.: surnamed “roi des halles” (‘king 
 of the markets’) on account of his audacity 
 and the grossness of his language. He was a 
 leader of the Fronde 1648—49. 
 
 Vendome, Louis Joseph, Due de: also called, 
 until the death of his father, Due de Pen- 
 thiSvre. Born at Paris, July 1, 1654: died at 
 Vinaroz, in Catalonia, June 15, 1712. A famous 
 French general, son of Louis, due de Ven- 
 d6me (1612-69). He served in the campaigns in the 
 Low Countries, and at the victory of Marsaglia in 1G93 ; 
 commanded in Catalonia, and took Barcelona Aug. 10, 
 1697: commanded against Prince Eugene atLuzzara, Aug. 
 15, 1702 ; commanded in Tyrol, Piedmont, and Lombardy ; 
 was defeated at Oudenarde July 11, 1708; and defeated 
 the Austrians in Spain at Villaviciosa, Dec. 10, 1710. 
 
 Vendome, Philippe de. Born 1655 : died 1727. 
 A French general, brother of Louis Joseph de 
 Vendfime. He was grand prior of the Maltese Order, 
 and fought against the Dutch, Imperialists, etc. 
 
 Vendome, Place. One of the principal squares 
 of Paris, situated north of the Seine, and con- 
 nected with the Place de l’Opera by the Rue de 
 la Paix, and with the Rue de Rivoli by the Rue 
 Castiglione. 
 
 Venedey (ve'ne-dl), Jakob. Born at Cologne, 
 May 24,1805: died near Badenweiler, Feb. 8, 1871. 
 A German publicist and historian. He lived long 
 in exile in France after his participation in the celebration 
 at Hambach in 1832, and was a member of the Frankfort 
 Parliament of 1848. His works include “ Romertum, Chris- 
 tentum, Germanentum" (1840), “Irland” (1844), “Eng- 
 land "(1845), “Geschiehte des deutschen Volks” (1854-62), 
 and biographies of Washington, Franklin, and others. 
 Venedig (ve-ua'diG). The German name of 
 Venice. 
 
 Venediger (ve-na'dig-er), Gross-. A peak of the 
 Hohe Tauem, on the frontier of Tyrol and Salz- 
 burg, west of the Grossglockner : one of the 
 highest summits of the Eastern Alps, famous 
 for its view. Height, 12,005 feet. 
 
 Venerable Doctor, L. Doctor Venerabilis 
 (dok'tor ven-e-rab'i-lis). Champeaux. 
 Venern, Lake. See Wenern. 
 
 Veneti (ven'e-ti). 1 . In ancient history, a peo- 
 ple dwelling near the head of the Adriatic, be- 
 yond the Po and Adige. — 2. An ancient Celtic 
 people dwelling in Brittany near the coast of 
 the Bay of Biscay. They were subdued by 
 Caesar, after a severe maritime war, in 56 B. c. 
 Venetia (ve-ne'shia). An ancient province of 
 Italy, included, in general, by the Po, the Alps, 
 and the Adriatic. It was afterward ruled by Venice; 
 passed to Austria in 1797 ; and became finally united to 
 Italy in 1866. As a modern compartimento it comprises 
 theprovinces of Venice, Padua, Rovigo, Verona, Vicenza, 
 Treviso, Belluno, Udine. Population, 3,134,467. 
 Venetia. The Latin name of Venice. 
 Venetian (ve-ne'shan) Alps. A group of the 
 Alps in northeastern Italy, south of the Carnic 
 Alps, and between the valleys of the Taglia- 
 *mento and Piave. 
 
 Venezuela (ven-e-zwe'lii) : Sp., in full, Estados 
 TJnidos de Venezuela (es-ta'dos o-ne'dos da 
 va-nath-wa 'lii). [For origin of n ame, see Quotes. ] 
 A federal republic in the northern part of South 
 America, bounded by the Caribbean Sea, British 
 Guiana, Brazil, and Colombia. Capital, Caracas. 
 
 1031 
 
 Branches of the Colombian Andes traverse the northwest- 
 ern portion, and are continuous with a range along the 
 northern coast called the Maritime Andes or Venezuelan 
 Coast Range : south of these are the plains bordering the 
 Orinoco and its tributaries, and including the vast stretches 
 of grass-land called the llanos (which see); southeast of 
 the Orinoco (Venezuelan Guiana) there are broken or 
 mountainous lands. The sou them and eastern boundaries 
 are unsettled. The chief industries are agriculture (coffee, 
 cacao, etc.) in the mountain regions, and grazing on the 
 llanos ; gold, copper, etc., are mined in considerable quan- 
 tities. The limits and names of the Btates and territories 
 have been frequently changed. In 1899 the division into 
 20 states, which existed in 1864, was reestablished. The 
 executive is vested in a president chosen for four years, 
 and 7 responsible ministers. Congress consists of a senate 
 and chamber of deputies. The prevailing language is Span- 
 ish, and the prevailing religion Roman Catholic : religious 
 liberty is guaranteed by the constitution. V enezuela was 
 discovered by Columbus in 1498, and was conquered and set- 
 tled principally by agents of the commercial house of the 
 Welsers, who held a grant of the country from Charles V. 
 during part of the 16th century. Later the greater part 
 of it was included in the Spanish captain-generalcy of 
 Caracas. Insurrections broke out in 1810 ; were partially 
 suppressed 1812-13 and 1815-16 ; and were finally success- 
 ful in 1819. Until 1830 the country was included in the 
 (original) republic of Colombia. The conflicting principles 
 of the federalist and centralist parties have led to many 
 civil wars and several changes of the constitution. Area, 
 365,000 square miles. Population, 2,664,241. See Schom- 
 burgk Line. 
 
 Venezuela, Gulf of. Same as Maracaibo , 
 Gulf of. 
 
 VenL See Beni. 
 
 Venice (ven'is). A province of the kingdom of 
 Italy. Area, 934 square miles. Population, 
 443,804. 
 
 Venice (ven'is). [F. Venisc, It. Venesia, G. Ve- 
 nedig, L. Venetia (from the Veneti).] A seaport, 
 capital of the province of Venice, Italy, situ- 
 ated in the Lagune (lagoons) in a bay of the 
 Adriatic, on 117 small islands, in lat. 45° 26' 
 N., long 12° 20' E. The islands are separated by 150 
 canals and connected by 378 bridges. The city is cele- 
 brated for its situation, its palaces, and its works of art. 
 Its trade is important, and it has manufactures of glass, 
 gold- and silver- work, mosaic, silk, velvet, cotton, etc. 
 The communication is mostly by water, the Grand Canal 
 (which see) being the principal thoroughfare. The most 
 famous church (see Marie. St. , Basilica of) st amis on the Piaz- 
 za of St. Mark, where also are the Procuratie (or procu- 
 rators’ palaces), campanile (until its collapse in 1902), 
 and clock-tower ; while the adjoining Piazzetta is bor- 
 dered by the palace of the doges (see Doge’s Palace) and 
 the former library (now the great hall of the Palazzo 
 Reale or Procuratie Nuove). San Giovanni e Paolo, or 
 San Zanipolo, is a fine large Pointed church with a light 
 and lofty interior and a dome at the crossing. It was the 
 usual burial-place of the doges. Among the finest tomhs 
 are those of Pietro Mocenigo, Michele Morosini, and 
 Andrea Vendramin — the last a masterpiece of the early 
 Renaissance. Santa Maria dei Frari, designed by Niccolb 
 Pisano, and begun in 1250, is a large church of brick 
 with a fine arcaded apse and a good campanile. The spa- 
 cious and well-proportioned interior contains good paint- 
 ings and interesting tombs. The Church of San Giorgio 
 degli Schiavoni, built in 1551 for the lay brotherhood of 
 the Dalmatians, is famous for the series of highly realistic 
 paintings by Carpaccio which adorns its interior. The 
 Church of San Salvatore, outside a grotesque Renaissance 
 production, but well proportioned and classical in the in- 
 terior, contains some of the finest Renaissance tombs in 
 Venice. There are many other notable churches. The 
 Palazzo Contarini Fasan, on the Grand Canal, a small 
 house, defaced though it is by restoration, presents the 
 richest example of Venetian 15th-century Pointed work. 
 The Palazzo Foscari is the finest example of Venetian 
 Pointed architecture of the 15th century. The Palazzo Ven- 
 dramin-Calergi, built in 1481, is the finest example of a 
 private building of the early Renaissance in Venice. 
 Among other objects of interest are the Bridge of Sighs 
 (which see), the Quay Riva degli Schiavoni, the Rialto 
 (which see), and the Academy of Fine Arts. The Vene- 
 tian islands are said to have become refuges from the 
 Teutonic conquerors as early as the 5th and 6(h centuries. 
 The dogate was instituted in or about 697 The first 
 permanent settlement was made on the site of Venice 
 in the 9th century. Itoccupied an intermediate position 
 between the Byzantine empire and that of the West. The 
 title of Duke of Dalmatia was assumed by the doge about 
 997. The republic of Venice became one of the greatest 
 commercial powers of the world, especially after the par- 
 tition of the Byzantine empire in 1204, in which it played 
 a leading part, sharing the spoils. It had a long and 
 bitter rivalry with Genoa. It was governed by a doge, 
 great council, senate, and after 1310 by the Council of 
 Ten. In the 14th and 15th centuries it acquired Treviso, 
 Vicenza, Padua, Verona, Udine, Brescia, Bergamo, and 
 other places in northeastern Italy. It was at its height 
 in the 15th century, and held various possessions in Dalma- 
 tia, Greece, and the Levant ; became celebrated in art, es- 
 pecially in the 16th century (Titian, Tintoretto, Paolo Ver- 
 onese, Giorgione, Bellini, Sansovino, Palladio, Da Ponte); 
 and lost to the Turks in the 15th and 16th centuries its 
 possessions in the Morea, with Euboea, Cyprus, Corfu, etc. 
 The League of Cambray was formed against Venice in 
 1508. Venice took a leading part in the victory of Le- 
 panto in 1571; lost Crete to the Turks in 1669; and con- 
 quered the Morea under Morosini 1685-87. Napoleon put 
 an end to the republic in 1797. Its territories were ceded 
 to Austria by the treaty of Campo-Formio in 1797; were 
 ceded to the kingdom of Italy in 1805, and ceded back to 
 Austria in 1814 ; and Venetia became part of the Lom- 
 bardo- Venetian kingdom in 1815. The republic of Venice, 
 under the leadership of Manin, was proclaimed in 1848. 
 The city was besieged and taken by Austria 1848-49. 
 Venetia (with Venice) was ceded to the kingdom of Italy 
 in 1806. Population, commune, 151,840. 
 
 Venus 
 
 Venice, Gulf of. The northwestern arm of the 
 
 Adriatic Sea. 
 
 Venice as Queen of the Sea. An effective 
 and skilfully painted allegorical picture by 
 Tintoretto, on the ceiling of the Sala del Col- 
 legio in the ducal palace at Venice. 
 
 Venice of the East. A name occasionally 
 given to Bangkok. 
 
 Venice of the North. A name sometimes 
 given to Stockholm and to Amsterdam. 
 Venice of the West. An occasional name of 
 Glasgow. 
 
 Venice Preserved, or a Plot Discovered. A 
 
 tragedy by Otway, printed in 1682. The plot is 
 from St. Real’s “Historic de la Conjuration du 
 Marquis de Bedamar.” 
 
 Venlo, or Venloo (ven-15'). A town in the 
 province of Limburg, Netherlands, situated on 
 the Meuse in lat. 51° 23' N., long. 6° 9' E. it 
 has varied manufactures and an extensive trade in swine. 
 It was formerly strongly fortified. In 1473 it was taken 
 by Charles the Bold, and in 1481 by Maximilian I. It 
 was besieged by Charles V. in 1643, and capitulated 
 under favorable conditions (the “Accord of Venloo”); 
 was taken by the Dutch in 1568, by the Duke of Parma in 
 1586, and by Prince Henry of Orange in 1632 ; was taken 
 from the French by the Allies under Marlborough in 
 1702 ; fell to Austria by the peace of Baden in 1714] was 
 restored to the Netherlands in 1715; was taken by the 
 French Oct. 26, 1794, and incorporated in France in 1801 ; 
 was restored to the Netherlands by the peace of Paris in 
 1814 ; was taken by the Belgians Nov., 1830 ; and was again 
 restored in 1839. Population, commune, 14,399. 
 
 Venn (ven), or the High Venn. A desolate pla- 
 teau chiefly in the Rhine Province, Prussia, on 
 the frontier of Belgium, near the towns Mont- 
 joie and Malmedy. Elevation, about 2,000 feet. 
 Venn, John. Born 1834 : died 1883. An English 
 writer and lecturer on moral science. He grad- 
 uated at Caius College, Cambridge, in 1857, and was or- 
 dained in 1858. Among his works are “The Logic of 
 Chance, etc." (1866), “ On Some of the Characteristics of 
 Belief, Scientific and Religious "(1870), “Symbolic Logic ” 
 (1881), “ Principles of Empirical or Inductive Logic "(1889). 
 
 Vennachar (ven'a-char), Loch. All expansion 
 of the river Teith in Perthshire, Scotland, east 
 of Loch Katrine. Length, 3-£ miles. 
 
 Venosa (va-no'sa). A town in the province of 
 Potenza, Italy, 23 miles north of Potenza : the 
 Roman Venusia. It was the birthplace of Hor- 
 ace. Population, 8,585. 
 
 Venta, or Venta Belgarum (ven'ta bel-ga'- 
 rum). The Roman name of Winchester. 
 Ventimiglia (ven-te-mel'ya). A seaport in 
 the province of Porto-Maurizio, Italy, situated 
 on the Mediterranean, close to the French 
 frontier, 17 miles east-northeast of Nice. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 11,500. 
 
 Ventnor (vent'nor). A watering-place in the 
 Isle of Wight, England, situated on the south- 
 ern coast 9 miles south-southeast of Newport: 
 noted for its mild climate. Population, about 
 6 , 000 . 
 
 Ventose(von-toz'). [F., ‘the windy.’] The name 
 adopted in 1793 by the National Convention of 
 the first French republic for the sixth month 
 of the year. It consisted of 30 days, beginning in the 
 years 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 with Feb. 19; in 4, 8, 9, 10. 11, 13 with 
 Feb. 20; and in 12 with Feb. 21. 
 
 Ventoux (von-to'), Mont. An outlying sum- 
 mit of the Alps, in southeastern France, north- 
 east of Avignon. Height, 6,270 feet. 
 
 Venus (ve'nus). 1. In Roman mythology, the 
 goddess of beauty and love, more especially 
 sensual love. Venus was of little importance as a 
 Roman goddess until, at a comparatively late period, she 
 was identified with the Greek Aphrodite. She is repre- 
 sented as the highest ideal of female beauty, and was 
 naturally a favorite subject with poets and artists, some 
 of her statues (see below) being among the noblest remains 
 of classical sculpture. 
 
 2. The most brilliant of the planets, being fre- 
 quently visible to the naked eye by daylight. 
 It is the' second from the sun and next within the earth's 
 orbit, performing its sidereal revolution in 224.7008 days; 
 its distance from the sun is 0.723332 that of the earth. 
 The synodical revolution is made in 684 days. Its orbit 
 is the most nearly circular of those of the major planets, 
 the greatest equation of the center being only 47' 3". The 
 inclination of the orbit to the ecliptic is 3° 23.5; and 
 the earth passes through the ascending node on Dec. 7. 
 The mass of Venus (which is not very closely ascertained) 
 is about TTti'cnni that of the sun, or }.{ that cf the earth. 
 Its diameter is a little smaller than that of our planet, 
 which subtends an angleof 2 x 8". 827 at the sun’s center, 
 while Venus at the same distance has a semidiameter of 
 8" .68 by the mean of the best night measures, or 8" .40 ac- 
 cording to the observations at its transit over the sun. 
 Taking the mean of these (which are affected in opposite 
 ways by irradiation), or 8".64, we find the diameter of 
 Venus about that of the earth. Its volume is about A, 
 its density about J, and gravity at its surface about g the 
 same quantities for the earth. It receives 1.9 as much 
 light and heat from the sun as we, and the tidal action of 
 the latter is about 5.3 times as great as upon the earth. 
 The period of rotation of Venus is set down in many books 
 as 23 hours and 50 minutes ; but recent observations have 
 
1032 
 
 Venus 
 
 led some astronomers to the confident conclusion that the 
 true period falls short but a little of 225 days and is identi- 
 cal with the orbital period. No satellite of Venus has 
 ever been seen. Numerous observations of one were re- 
 ported in the 18th century ; but all these have been fairly 
 shown to be fixed stars, except one, which was probably 
 an asteroid. The symbol for Venus is 5 , supposed to 
 represent the goddess's mirror. 
 
 Venus, Mountain of, or Venusberg. The 
 
 Horselberg, between Eisenach and Gotha, with- 
 in whose caverns (the Horselloch), according to 
 medieval legend, Venus held her court with 
 heathen splendor and revelry, of those who, 
 charmed by music and sensuous allurements, entered her 
 abode, none ever returned except Tannliauser. See Tann- 
 hauser. 
 
 Venus and Adonis. A poem by Sliakspere, 
 published in 1593. 
 
 Venus and Adonis. 1 . A painting by Guer- 
 cino (1647), in the Museum at Dresden. Venus 
 comes suddenly on the body of Adonis, who lies with torn 
 flank, and makes lively manifestation of grief. Cupid 
 drag 9 up the boar from one side, by the ear. 
 
 2. A painting by Rubens, in the Hermitage 
 Museum, St. Petersburg. In the center of a glade, 
 Adonis, bearing his hunting-spear, struggles with Venus 
 and Cupid, who strive to hold him back. In the back- 
 ground are seen Venus’s chariot drawn by swans, and 
 several hunting-dogs. 
 
 3. A painting by Paolo Veronese, in the Royal 
 Museum at Madrid. Venus reclines, holding 
 in her lap the head of the sleeping Adonis. 
 
 Venusberg (va'nos-berG). See Venus, Moun- 
 tain of. 
 
 Venus Callipyge (ka-lip'i-je). [Gr. KalVmvyy, 
 with beautiful buttocks.] A late Greek statue, 
 in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. The title is a mis- 
 noiner, as there is nothing of Venus about the figure, which 
 stands with the weight on the left leg, and with the uplifted 
 left hand raises the drapery from behind, at the same time 
 looking over her right shoulder. 
 
 Venus Genetrix (jen'e-triks). [L., ‘she who 
 has borne or produced.’] 1 . A Roman copy of a 
 Greek original held to represent a celebrated 
 type by Alcamenes, in the Louvre, Paris. The 
 goddess is clad in a very light Ionian tunic, and with the 
 raised right arm lifts her himation from behind toward her 
 head, forming the Greek gesture symbolic of marriage. 
 The left hand extends the apple. 
 
 2. An antique marble statue, in the Vatican 
 Museum, held to be an excellent copy of the 
 bronze cult-statue by Arcesilaus which stood 
 in the temple of Venus on the Forum Julium. 
 The figure is fully draped in very thin, clinging drapery : 
 she extends an apple with her left hand, and with the 
 right raises her mantle over the shoulder toward the head 
 — the symbolical marriage-gesture. 
 
 Venusia (ve-nu'§i-a). The ancient name of 
 Venosa. 
 
 Venus of Arles. A Greek statue found at Arles 
 in 1651. now in the Louvre, Paris. The goddess 
 
 is represented standing, undraped to the hips, with the 
 head slightly inclined toward the left. 
 
 Venus of Capua. A beautiful antique statue, 
 of the type of the famous Venus of Melos, in 
 the Museo Nazionale, Naples. The goddess wears 
 a stephane, and is undraped to her hips. It is a Roman 
 copy of a Greek original. 
 
 Venus of Cnidus. The best antique reproduc- 
 tion of the type of the famous statue by Praxit- 
 eles, in the Vatican, Rome. The figure is nude ; 
 the drapery is held in the left hand, and falls over a beau- 
 tiful vase. The existing drapery about the legs is of tin 
 painted white. The arms are restored. 
 
 Venus of Medici. An antique Greek original 
 statue of marble, probably of the time of Augus- 
 tus, in the Tribuna of the Uffizi, Florence. It is 
 a very graceful, highly finished figure of the goddess, un- 
 draped, as Anadyomene, with her arms held before her 
 body, and a dolphin to her left. While without the dig- 
 nity of earlier Greek work, it has long ranked as a canon 
 of female beauty. 
 
 Venus of Melos. A famous Greek statue in the 
 Louvre, Paris, perhaps the most admired single 
 existing work of antiquity. It was found in 1820 in 
 the island of Melos, and in date appears to fall between 
 the time of Phidias and that of Praxiteles, or about 400 b. c. 
 The statue represents a majestic woman, undraped to the 
 hips, standing with the weight on the right foot and with 
 the head turned slightly toward the left. The arms are 
 broken off, and there is a dispute as to their original 
 position. Also called the Venus of Milo. 
 
 Venus of Syracuse. A Greek statue of Venus 
 Anadyomene, of the 3d century b. C., in the Mu- 
 seo Nazionale at Syracuse, Sicily. The statue is 
 headless: the only drapery is a piece of light tissue blown 
 back by the wind and retained by the right hand. 
 Venus of the Capitol. A notable Greek origi- 
 nal statue, in the Capitoline Museum, Rome. 
 
 The goddess is undraped, with her arms in the position of 
 those of the Venus of Medici, and her drapery thrown 
 over a vase beside her. The motive is a variation of the 
 type of the Venus of Cnidus. 
 
 Venus of the Hermitage. A noted antique 
 statue of Parian marble, found in Rome in 1859, 
 and now in the Hermitage, St. Petersburg, it 
 is a very close replica, but slightly restored, of the Venus 
 of Medici, but is somewhat less affected in pose, though 
 harder in type. 
 
 Venus of the Shell. A painting by Titian 
 (1520), in Bridgewater House, London. The god- 
 dess wrings her hair as she rises from the sea, in which she 
 is still immersed to her thighs. The modeling is remark- 
 able, despite the strong light on all sides, and the color is 
 admirable. The picture has its name from the small shell 
 floating beside the figure. 
 
 Venus of Urbino. A masterpiece by Titian, in 
 the Tribuna of the Uffizi, Florence: a very grace- 
 ful figure reclining on a white-draped couch, 
 with beautifully warm and transparent flesh- 
 tints. It is the portrait of Eleonora Gonzaga, 
 duchess of Urbino. 
 
 V epres Siciliennes ( vapr se-se-lyen' ),Les. [F. , 
 
 ‘Sicilian Vespers’ (which see).] 1. An opera 
 by Verdi, produced at Paris in 1855, and in Eng- 
 land as “I Vespri Sieiliani” in 1859. — 2. Aplay 
 by Casimir Delavigne. 
 
 Vera (va'ra), Augusto. Born at Amelia, Um- 
 bria, Italy, May 4, 1813 : died at Naples, July 
 13, 1885. An Italian Hegelian philosopher, pro- 
 fessor at Naples. He translated various works of Hegel 
 into French, and wrote “ Problem e de la certitude ”(1845), 
 “ An Inquiry into Speculative and Experimental Science ” 
 (1856), “Essais de philosophie hbgelienne ” (1864), etc. 
 
 Vera Cruz (ve'ra kroz ; Sp. pron. va'ra kroth). 
 [‘True cross.’] A maritime state of Mexico, 
 bounded by the Gulf of Mexico and the states 
 of Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo, Pue- 
 bla, Oajaca, Chiapas, and Tabasco. Capital, 
 Jalapa. The surface is mountainous, except the coast- 
 belt. Area, 29,201 square miles. Population, 1,124,368, (1910). 
 
 Vera Cruz. A seaport in the state of Vera 
 Cruz, Mexico, situated on the Gulf of Mexico 
 in lat. 19° 12' N., long. 96° 9' W. : defended by 
 the castle of San Juan de Ulua. it is the principal 
 seaport of Mexico, and the port of export for over half of 
 all Mexican products. It was founded by Cortes near the 
 present site (see Villa Idea) ; was made a city in 1615 ; 
 was bombarded and taken by the French in 1838, and by 
 the United States troops under Scott in 1847 ; and was 
 taken by the Spaniards in 1861. Population, 29,164. 
 
 Veragua (va-ra'gwa), or Veraguas (va-ra'- 
 gwas). [From the name of ariver,orperhaps of 
 an Indian town.] A region in the western part 
 of the Isthmus of Panama, near the Gulf of Chi- 
 riqui. It was named by Columbus, who discovered it in 
 1502 and attempted to found a settlement there, but was 
 driven oft by the Indians. It was included in Castilla del 
 Oro, granted to Diego de Nicuesa in 1509, who endured 
 great sufferings while attempting to colonize it. Maria 
 de Toledo, acting for her son, Luis Columbus, sent an ex- 
 pedition to conquer Veragua in 1535, but the country w as 
 abandoned after nearly all the colonists had died. It was 
 partly settled during the colonial period, and for a time 
 formed a province of New Granada. It is now a province 
 in the republic of Panama. 
 
 Veragua, Dukes of. The successors to the hon- 
 ors of Christopher Columbus. In 1536 Luis Colum- 
 bus abandoned his claims to the viceroyalty of the Indies, 
 receiving in return the title of duke of Veragua, with a 
 grant of twenty-five leagues square in Veragua, and the 
 islandof Jamaica, in fief. In 1556 he was deprived of the fiefs, 
 but retained the title, with the honorary title of admiral 
 of the Indies, and a pension. Diego Columbus, the great- 
 grandson of the discoverer, died cliildless in 1578, and with 
 him the male line of Columbus came to an end. A lawsuit 
 for the succession to the titles followed : it lasted thirty 
 years, and was settled in favor of the descendants of Isabel, 
 sister of Luis Columbus. This line ceased in 1733, and the 
 title, afternew litigations, was settled on the descendants of 
 Francesca, sister of the Diego Columbus who had died in 
 1578. The present Duke of Veragua (born 1837) visited the 
 United States in 1892, and was received with high honors 
 as the representative of the family. 
 
 Verazzano. See Verrazano. 
 
 Verboeckhoven (ver-bok'ho-ven), Eugene 
 Joseph. Born at Warneton, Belgium, July 8, 
 1798 : died at Brussels, Jan. 20, 1881. A Bel- 
 gian painter of animals. 
 
 Verbruggen (ver-brug'en), John. Died 1707(f). 
 An English actor. He was the original Oronooko, 
 and so famous as Alexander that he was sometimes called 
 by that name. 
 
 Verbruggen, Mrs. (Susanna Perceval Mount- 
 fort). Born about 1667 : died 1701. An Eng- 
 lish actress. She married William Mountfort, an actor, 
 about 1686, and after his death married Verbruggen. She 
 was a brilliant actress of light comedy. Cibber has cele- 
 brated her in hiB “Apology." 
 
 Vercellae (ver-sel'e). The ancient name of Ver- 
 celli. 
 
 Vercelli (ver-chel'le). A town in the province 
 of Novara, Italy, situated on the Sesia 38 miles 
 west by south of Milan: the ancient Ve reel he, 
 capital of the Libici. Near it are the Raudian Fields. 
 It had a university in the middle ages. The Church of 
 Sant’ Andrea, of the early 13th century, is a notable build- 
 ing combining Romanesque and Pointed arches. The 
 walls are of brick ; the pillars, angle-quoins, and other 
 important details, and the entire facade, of stone. The 
 facade has three sculptured doorways and two galleries 
 of columns, with slender rectangular towers. At the cross- 
 ing there is an octagonal lantern surrounded by six tur- 
 rets. Population, town, 18,626 ; commune, 31,164. 
 
 Vercelli, Battle of. See Raudian Fields. 
 
 Vercelli Book. A manuscript collection of early 
 English poetry and Anglo-Saxon legends and 
 
 Vergennes 
 
 homilies. It contains Cynewulf's “Elene." It was dis- 
 covered by Dr. Friedrich Blume at Vercelli, Italy, in 1822. 
 
 Vercingetorix (ver-sin-jet'o-riks). Puttodeath 
 about 45 B. c. A heroic chief of the Arverni in 
 Gaul, the leader of the great rebellion against 
 the Romans in 52 B. C. He gained various successes 
 against Caesar, but was besieged by him in Alesia and sur- 
 rendered in 52. He was exhibited in Caesar’s triumph in 
 Rome in 46, and then by Caesar’s order beheaded. 
 
 Verd, Cape. See Cape Verd. 
 
 Verdant Green (ver'dant gren), Mr., Adven- 
 tures of. A novel by Bdward Bradley (under 
 the pseudonym of Cuthbert Bede), published 
 in 1853. 
 
 Verden (ver'den). A town in the province of 
 Hannover, Prussia, situated on the Aller 21miles 
 southeast of Bremen. It has a cathedral, and was for- 
 merly the seat of a bishopric. It became a Swedish duchy 
 in 1648, and passed to Hannover in 1719. Population, 
 commune, 9,728. 
 
 Verdi (ver'de), Giuseppe. Born at Roncole, 
 duchy of Palma, Italy, Oct. 10, 1813: died at 
 Milan, Jan. 27, 1901. A celebrated Italian 
 composer. He received his musical education at 
 Busseto and Milan ; was appointed organist at Roncole 
 when only 10 years old ; settled in Milan in 1838 ; and lived 
 in later life in Genoa and at his villa Sta. Agata(near Busse- 
 to). He was a member of the Italian Parliament for a short 
 time in 1860, and w’as chosen senator in 1875, but never 
 attended a sitting. His chief operas are “Nabucodonosor” 
 (1842), “I Lombardi "(1843), “ Ernani ” (1844), “IdueFos- 
 cari ” (1844), “ Attila ” (1846), “ Macbeth ” (1847 : revised 
 1865), “Luisa Miller" (1849), “ Rigoletto " (1861), “IlTrova- 
 tore"(1853), “LaTraviata”(1853), “LesVepres. Siciliennes" 
 (1855), “Simon Boccanegra" (1867 : revised 1881), “Un hallo 
 in maschera” (1859), “La forza del destino" (1862), “Don 
 Carlos" (1867), “Aida” (1871), “Otello” (1887), “Falstaff” 
 (1893). His other works include “Requiem Mass "(1874) 
 and other sacred compositions, etc. 
 
 Verdigris (ver'di-gres) River. A river in Kan- 
 sas and the Indian Territory which joins the 
 Arkansas 25 miles west of Tahlequah. Length, 
 over 250 miles. 
 
 Verdon (ver-don'). A river in southeastern 
 France which forms in large part the boundary 
 between Basses-Alpes and Var. it joins the Du- 
 rance 21 miles northeast of Aix. Length, about 100 miles. 
 
 Verdun (ver-dun'). A fortified town in the de- 
 partment of Meuse, France, situated on the 
 Meuse in lat. 49° 9' N. : the ancient Verodu- 
 num in Gaul. It manufactures confectionery, liquors, 
 etc. ; has a cathedral of the 12 th century ; and is strongly 
 fortified. In the 10th century it passed to the German 
 Empire ; was made a free imperial city ; was occupied by 
 Henry II. of France in 1552, and witli its territory was for- 
 mally annexed to France in 1648 ; was held a short time by 
 the Prussians in 1792 ; and capitulated to the Prussians in 
 Nov., 1870. Population, commune, 21,706. 
 
 Verdun, Treaty of. A treatymade atVerdunin 
 843 by the sons of Louis leDdbonnaire. Lothaire 
 was confirmed as emperor, and received Italy and theregion 
 lying in general west of the Rhine and Alps and east of the 
 Rhone, SaOne, Meuse, and Schelde. Ludwig the German re- 
 ceived the region between the Rhine and the Elbe(the nu- 
 cleus of Germany) ; and Charles the Bald obtained the re- 
 gion west of Lothaire’s dominions (the nucleus of France). 
 
 On his [Louis the Pious's] death the sons flew to arms, 
 and the first of the dynastic quarrels of modem Europe 
 was fought out on the field of Fontenay. In the partition 
 treaty of Verdun which followed, the Teutonic principle 
 of equal division among heirs triumphed over the Roman 
 one of the transmission of an indivisible empire. 
 
 Bryce, Holy Roman Empire, p. 77. 
 
 Verdunois (ver-dii-nwa'). An ancient terri- 
 tory of eastern France, whose capital was Ver- 
 dun. With the Pays Messin it formed one of the small 
 governments of France prior to 1790. The name Verdu- 
 nois was also given to a small district in Gascony, south- 
 ern France, near Verdun-sur-Garonne. 
 
 V erdy du V ernois ( ver-de ' dii ver-nwa' ), Julius 
 von. Born at Freistadt, in Silesia, July 19, 
 1832 : died Sept. 30, 1910. A Prussian general, 
 military writer, and politician. He became lieu- 
 tenant-general in 1881, and commander of the first divi- 
 sion (at Konigsberg) in 1883, and was minister of war 
 1889-90. He is especially noted for his works on mili- 
 tary affairs. 
 
 Vere, Sir Aubrey de. See De Fere. 
 
 Vere, Maximilian Scheie de. See Dc Vere. 
 
 Vereshchagin (ve-resh-cha'gin), Vasili. Born 
 in the province of Novgorod, Russia, Oct., 1842: 
 died off Port Arthur, April 13, 1904. A Russian 
 genre- and battle-painter. He studied at the St. 
 Petersburg Academy, at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, 
 and with GCrome. He traveled through Turkestan, China, 
 and India ; served in the Caucasus and in the Russo-Turk- 
 isli war ; was present at the storming of Plevna ; acted as 
 secretary in the negotiations for peace ; and went to India 
 again in 1882 and 1884. Many of his paintings are at 
 Moscow in the Tretjakoff collection. Among his other pic- 
 tures is a cycle of 20 from the history of India, a cycle of 
 20 from the campaign in Turkestan, 20 from the Russo- 
 Turkish war, a number of sacred subjects, etc. He was 
 killed iu the destruction of the Russian battle-ship Petro- 
 pavlovsk. 
 
 Vergara. See Bergara. 
 
 Vergennes (ver-jenz'). A city in Addison 
 County, Vermont, 35 miles west by south of 
 Montpelier. Population, 1,483, (1910). 
 
Vergennes 
 
 Vergennes (ver-zhen'), Comte de (Charles 
 Gravier). Born at Dijon, France, Dec. 28, 
 1717 : died Feb. 13, 1787. A French politician 
 and diplomatist. He was appointed minister to Treves 
 in 1750 ; was ambassador to Turkey 1755-68 ; was made 
 ambassador to Sweden in 1771 ; and became minister of 
 foreign affairs in 1774. He.promoted the alliance with the 
 United States, and negotiated the treaty of Paris in 1783. 
 
 Verges (ver'gez). In Shakspere’s “Much Ado 
 about Nothing,” a “ headborough,” assistant 
 to Dogberry. 
 
 Vergier de Hauranne. See Duvergierdc Hau- 
 ranne. 
 
 Vergil, or Virgil (ver'jil) (L. Publius Vergi- 
 liusMaro). Bom in Andes, near Mantua , Cisal- 
 pine Gaul, Oct. 15, 70 b. c. : died at Brundisium, 
 Italy, Sept. 21, 19 B. c. A famous Roman epic, di- 
 dactic, and idyllic poet. He studied at Cremona, Me- 
 diolanum, Neapolis, and Rome, where he devoted himself 
 to rhetoric, philosophy, and poetry. In 41 his paternal 
 estate near Mantua was confiscated for the benefit of the 
 soldiery which had assisted Octavian in the civil war 
 against Brutus and Cassius : but he was later indemnified 
 through the intercession of Maecenas. He enjoyed the 
 friendship and patronage of Asinius Pollio. Maecenas (to 
 whom he was introduced about 40), and Octavian (Augus- 
 tus). He was an intimate friend of Horace, whom he in- 
 troduced to Maecenas. About 37 he settled at Rome : his 
 later years were spent chiefly in Campania. His works in- 
 clude “Eclogues” or “Bucolics" (written 42-37), “Geor- 
 gies” (written about 37-30), and the “.Kneid," The first 
 printed edition of V ergil appeared at Rome about 1469. 
 
 Vergil, or Virgil (ver'jil), Polydore. Born at 
 Urbino, Italy, about 1470: died there, 1555. An 
 Italian-English ecclesiastic and historian. He 
 was sent to England as deputy collector of Peter’s pence 
 by the Pope in 1501 ; was presented to an English living in 
 1503 ; and in 1504 was appointed the Bishop of Hereford's 
 proxy on his translation to the see of Bath and W ells. He 
 was collated to the prebend of Scamblesby in Lincoln in 
 1507 ; was naturalized in 1510 ; and was collated to the 
 prebend of Oxgate in St. Paul's in 1613. He was impris- 
 oned for a short time about 1515 on the charge of slander- 
 ing Wolsey. He returned to Italy about 1550. His chief 
 work is “ Historic Anglicsc libri xxvi”(1534): a twenty- 
 seventh book was added in the third edition, 1555. 
 
 Vergil the Magician. The legendary form 
 which the historical Vergil assumed in the mid- 
 dle ages. 
 
 Vergilius (ver-jil'i-us). See Vergil. 
 Vergniaud (vem - yo '), Pierre Victurnien. 
 
 Born at Limoges, France, May 31, 1753 : guillo- 
 tined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. A French orator 
 and Revolutionary statesman. He practised law 
 at Bordeaux ; became, on the outbreak of the Revolution, 
 a member of the government of the department of Gi- 
 ronde ; was elected deputy to the Legislative Assembly in 
 1791, and became its president ; and was one of the chief 
 Revolutionary orators, and the leader of the Girondists. 
 He was a member of the Convention ; was opposed by Robes- 
 pierre ; and was proscribed in June, 1793, imprisoned in 
 July, and condemned to death in October. 
 
 Veria, or Verria (ve-re'a). A town in Turkey, 
 44 miles west by south of Saloniki : the ancient 
 Berea. Population, about 10,000. 
 
 Verlaine (ver-lan'), Paul. Born March 30, 1844 : 
 died Jan. 8, 1896. A French poet. He at first be- 
 longed to the “Parnassians,” but afterward became one of 
 the most noted of the “Symbolists "and the “Decadents.” 
 Following the example of Villon, he used his misfortunes 
 in hospital and prison as a theme for his poems and prose 
 works. He lectured on poetry in England in 1893. Among 
 his works are “ Poemes saturniens ” (1865),“ Sagesse "(1881), 
 “ Jadis et naguere” (1885), “Romances sans paroles ” (1887), 
 “ Bonhenr " (1891), “Mes hopitaux ” (1891). 
 
 Verlorene Handschrift (fer-16'ren-e hand'- 
 shrift), Die. [G.,‘ The Lost Manuscript.’] One 
 of the chief novels of Gustav Freytag, pub- 
 lished in 1864. 
 
 Verlorenes Loch (fer-lo'ren-es loch). A deep 
 and narrow gorge of the Ilinter Rhein, in the 
 canton of Grisons, Switzerland, through which 
 the Via Mala passes. 
 
 Vermandois (ver-mon-dwa'). An ancient 
 territory of France, in Picardy. Capital, St.- 
 Quentin. It lay northeast of Pari3, and is comprised in 
 the departments of Aisne and Somme. In the middle ages 
 it was a countship ; was united to France by Philip II. in 
 1183 ; was ceded to Burgundy by the treaty of Arras in 
 1435 ; and on the death of Charles the Bold (1477) was taken 
 by Louis XI. of France. 
 
 Vermejo (ver-ma'Ho), Rio. [Sp., ‘red river.’] 
 A western branch of the Paraguay, rising in 
 Bolivia, flowing southeast through the Gran 
 Chaco plains (Argentine Republic), and joining 
 the Paraguay shortly above the junction of the 
 latter with the Parana. The middle and lower por 
 tions spread out in swamps in which the channel is nearly 
 lost. Length, over 800 miles. 
 
 Vermilion (ver-mil'yon). A city in Clay County, 
 South Dakota, on the Missouri near Yankton. 
 Vermilion Bay. An arm of the Gulf of Mex- 
 ico, on the southern coast of Louisia na. Length, 
 about 20 miles. 
 
 Vermont(ver-mont'). [‘Green mountain.’] One 
 of the New England States of the United States 
 of America, extending from lat. 42°44'to45°l' 
 VI. 34 
 
 1033 
 
 N., and from long. 71° 38' to 73° 25' W. Capital, 
 Montpelier. It is bounded by Quebec on the north, New 
 Hampshire (separated by the Connecticut) on the east, 
 Massachusetts on the south, and New York (largely sepa- 
 rated by Lake Champlain)on the west. It is traversed from 
 north to south by the Green Mountains. It is an agricul- 
 tural State, and is also noted for its quarries of granite and 
 marble. It has 14 counties, sends 2 senators and 2 repre- 
 sentatives to Congress, and has 4 electoral votes. The first 
 to explore it was Champlain (1609) ; the first settlement was 
 made at Brattleboro in 1724. It was claimed by N ew Hamp- 
 shire, and called at first the “ New Hampshire Grants,” and 
 was afterward claimed by New York. Its “Green Mountain 
 Boys," under the lead of Ethan Allen, took an active 
 part in the Revolutionary War; and it was the scene of 
 the battle of Bennington. It formed a constitution and 
 proclaimed its independence in 1777, and was admitted to 
 the Union in 1791. It was the starting-point of Canadian 
 raids in 1837, and later of Fenian raids." Length, 158miles. 
 Area, 9,565 square miles. Population, 355,956, (1910). 
 Verne (veru), Jules. Bom at Nantes, France, 
 Feb. 8, 1828: died at Amiens, March 24, 1905. 
 A French novelist. He was educated at Nantes, and 
 afterward studied law at Paris, but ultimately devoted 
 himself to literature. After turning out a number of mod- 
 erately successful plays, he struck a new vein in his scien- 
 tific romances, which have gained a world wide popular- 
 ity. They include “Cinq semaines en ballon” (“Five 
 Weeks in aBalloon,” 1863), “ Voyage au centre de la terre ” 
 (“Journey to the Center of the Earth,” 1864), “De la terre 
 k la lune" (“A Trip to the Moon,” 1865), “Vingt mille 
 lieues sous les mers” (“Twenty Thousand Leagues under 
 the Sea,” 1870), “L’ile mysterieuse” (“The Mysterious 
 Island," 1870), “ Voyage au tour du mondeen quatre-vingts 
 jours” (“Round tlie World in Eighty Days," 1872), “Mi- 
 chel Strogoff " (1876), “ Le rayon vert ” (1882), etc. 
 
 Vernet (ver-na'), Antoine Charles Horace, 
 called Carle. Born at Bordeaux, Aug. 14, 1758 : 
 died at Paris, Nov. 17, 1835. A French histori- 
 cal and animal painter, son and pupil of C. J. 
 Vernet. He took a first prize in 1782, studied in Italy 
 till 1789, and went with Napoleon to Italy. 
 
 Vernet, Claude Joseph, called Joseph. Bom 
 
 at Avignon, France, Aug. 14, 1712 : died at Pa- 
 ris, Dec. 23, 1789. A French marine- and land- 
 scape-painter, son and pupil of Antoine Vernet 
 (1689-1753). He studied at Rome in 1732, and settled in 
 Paris in 1753, after painting at many European courts. He 
 painted by royal order a series of French seaports. 
 
 Vernet, Smile Jean Horace, called Horace. 
 Born at Paris, June 30, 1789: died there, Jan. 
 17, 1863. A distinguished French genre- and 
 battle-painter, son and pupil of A. C. H. Vernet, 
 and pupil of Moreau and Vincent. He was deco- 
 rated for braveiy at the defense of the Barriere de Clichy in 
 1820 ; was director of the French school at Rome 1827-39 ; 
 and was employed 1836-42 in painting for the gallery of 
 Versailles. Most of his pictures after 1836 were of Arab 
 life. They include “Dog of the Regiment,” “ Horse with 
 the Trumpet,” “Grenadier of Waterloo,” battles of Je- 
 mappes,Valmy, Hanau, Bouvines, Montmirail, Jena, Fried- 
 land, Wagram, Isly, “ Campaign of Constantine,” “Capture 
 of the Sinaia of Abd-el-Kader,” “ Barrier of Clichy,” 
 “Bridge of Areola,” “Smala,” “ Siege of Antwerp," various 
 Moorish scenes, “Judith," “Rachel,” scenes from Mo- 
 litre’s plays, etc. 
 
 Verneuil (ver-ney'). A town in the department 
 of Eure, France, situated on the Avre 49 miles 
 south by west of Rouen. Here, Aug. 17 , 1424, the 
 English under the Duke of Bedford defeated the French. 
 Population, commune, 4,446. 
 
 Verneuil, Catherine Henriette de Balzac 
 d’Entragues, Marquise de. Born at Orleans 
 in 1579: died at Paris in 1633. A mistress 
 of Henry IV . She was false to him, but he was infat- 
 uated with her, though he finally broke with her. Later 
 she was accused of haviDg been a moral accomplice in his 
 assassination, but nothing was proved against her. 
 
 VernSville (ver-na-vel'). A village west-north- 
 west. of Metz. The heights east of the village were the 
 scene of hard fighting in the battle of Gravelotte, Aug. 18, 
 1870. The French center was here attacked by the German 
 9th army corps. 
 
 Vernier (ver-nya'), Pierre. Bom at Ornans, 
 France, about 1580 : diedthere, Sept. 14, 1637. A 
 French mathematician, noted as the inventor 
 of the vernier (named for him). He wrote “Con- 
 struction, usage, et propri<5tbs du quadrant nouveau de 
 mathbmatiques ’’ (1631), etc. 
 
 Vernon (ver-noh'). [ML. Verno .] A town in 
 the department of Eure, France, situated on the 
 Seine 30 miles southeast of Rouen. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 8,667. 
 
 Vernon (ver'non), Diana or Di. A high- 
 spirited girl with a love for manly sports, the 
 heroine of Scott’s “ Rob Roy.” 
 
 Vernon (ver'non), Edward. Born at West- 
 minster, Nov. 12, 1684: died at Nacton, Suf- 
 folk, England, Oet. 30, 1757. An English ad- 
 miral. He entered the navy in 1700; served in the War of 
 the Spanish Succession 1701-13 ; and entered Parliament in 
 1722. He bombarded and took Porto Bello in 1739 ; was re- 
 pulsed before Cartagena in 1741 ; and was struck from the 
 list of admirals in 1740 for publishing a couple of pamphlets 
 against the admiralty. 
 
 Vernon, Jane Marchanfc Fisher. Bom in Eng- 
 landabout 1796 : died at New York, June 4, 1869. 
 An English-Ameriean actress, she came to Amer- 
 ica in 18*27. and shortly after married George Vernon, an 
 actor, who died in about three years. Her best parts in her 
 
 Veronese 
 
 later years were Mrs. Hardcastle, Mrs. Malaprop, Tabitha 
 Stork, and similar characters. 
 
 Verocchio, or V err occhio ( va-rok'ke-o) , Andrea 
 < Andrea Cioni di Michele). Bom at Florence, 
 1435 : died at V enice, 1488. An Italian sculptor, 
 the most noted pupil of Donatello. He was early 
 apprenticed to Giuliano Verocchio, a goldsmith, from 
 whom he took his nam e (Verocchio, the true eye). He was a 
 painter as well as a sculptor, but only one picture remains, 
 the “Baptism of our Lord," in the Aceademia in Florence. 
 In 1467 he did compartments of the door of the sacristy of 
 the Duomo in Florence for Luca della Robbia. From 1473 
 to 1476 (pontificate of Sixtus IV.) he was in Rome. Imme- 
 diately after his return to Florence in 1476, Verocchio 
 modeled and cast his famous little statue of David. From 
 1471 to 1472 he worked upon the mausoleum of Giovanni and 
 Piero de Medici for the sacristy of San Lorenzo. The last 
 work upon which he was employed was the equestrian 
 statue of Bartolommeo Colleoni (or Coleone), captain-gen- 
 eral of the Venetian forces, who died at Bergamo, leaving 
 his silver, furniture, arms, horses, and the sum of 216,000 
 florins to the republic of Venice, on condition that his 
 statue should be set up in the Piazza di San Marco (it 
 was really placed in the Piazza of the Scuola di San Marco). 
 Verocchio had nearly finished the horse when he died. 
 The Colleoni was later finished by Leopardi. Lorenzo di 
 Credi, Perugino, and Leonardo da Vinci were his pupils. 
 Veroli (va'ro-le). [L. Veru! a .'] A town in the 
 province of Romo, Italy, situated 49 miles 
 east-southeast of Rome. Population, town, 
 2,780; commune, 12,677. 
 
 Veromandui (ver-o-man'du-i). An ancient 
 people of Belgic Gaul who lived in the vicinity 
 of St. -Quentin. 
 
 Verona (va-ro'na). A province in the compar- 
 timento of Venetia, Italy. Area, 1,185 square 
 miles. Population, 447,938. 
 
 Verona. The capital of the province of Vero- 
 na, Italy, situated on the Adige iu lat. 45° 26' 
 N., long. 11° E. It is strongly fortified. It contains 
 a Roman amphitheater, deprived almost completely of its 
 ornamental exterior facing, but remaining practically per- 
 fect in its vaults and cavea, and still iu current use. It 
 is 3 stories (98 feet) high, built of white and red marble 
 with brick substructions, has 45 tiers of seats, and can seat 
 22,000 people. The greater axis is 506 feet, the less 403 ; 
 the arena is 248 by 145 feet. The arena could be flooded 
 for the naumachy. It was built about 290 A. D. The Church 
 of Sant’ Anastasia is one of the finest Italian brick churches 
 of the 13th century, with a beautiful recessed double- 
 arched sculptured portal. The characteristically Italian 
 interior has very high wide nave-arches ; the triforium is 
 represented merely by an open circle in every bay, and the 
 clearstory by an ornamented sexfoil. The Cast.el Vecchio is 
 a large battlemented citadel built by Can Grande II. della 
 Scala in 1355, now used as a barracks. It is connected 
 with the arsenal by a picturesque contemporaneous bat- 
 tlemented and turreted bridge of brick, with unequal 
 arches, the largest with a span of over 160 feet. The cathe- 
 dral is, as it now stands, of the 12th century. The chief 
 entrance-porch has four columns, two of them resting on 
 griffins, and superposed arches ; the portal is guarded by 
 the Paladins of Charlemagne. The interior has clustered 
 columns and pointed arches, with some excellent frescos ; 
 the Chapel of Sant’ Agata contains a beautiful medieval 
 sculptured shrine ; the fineRenaissance choir, with curved 
 colonnade, is by Sammichele. The Lombard baptistery 
 has a great octagonal marble font, curiously sculptured 
 with reliefs and arcades. The cloister, witli coupled col- 
 umns, retains a fine Roman mosaic and a column of the 
 temple of Minerva. The palace of the Scaligers is now 
 used for the law-courts and jail. It has a picturesque 
 court and staircase, and a fine brick campanile of the 13th 
 century (272 feet high). Below, it is plain and square ; 
 above, it has in each face a fine triple arch beneath a bold 
 corbeled cornice. The crown is a recessed octagonal ar- 
 caded lantern of two stories. The tombs of the Scaligers 
 form a unique assemblage of family tombs of the 13th and 
 14th centuries. The two chief of these monuments are 
 those of Mastino II. and of Can Signorio della Scala. Ve- 
 rona was a Roman colony and important city, and was the 
 residence of Theodoric (Dietrich of Bern, i. e. Verona), at 
 times the residence of Lombard kings. It was ruled by 
 the Scala family in the 13th and 14th centuries ; was con- 
 quered by Venice in 1405; and played an important 
 part in the history of art in the 15th and 16th centime's. 
 The city was taken by the French in 1796 ; was ceded to 
 Austria in 1797 ; and was ceded to Italy in 1866. It was 
 one of the four famous fortresses of the Quadrilateral. It 
 was the birthplace of Catullus, Cornelius Nepos, Vitru- 
 vius, and the elder Pliny. Pop., 62,024 ; commune, 74,271. 
 
 Verona, Congress of. A congress of repre- 
 sentatives from the principal European govern- 
 ments, held at Verona Oct.-Dec., 1822: occa- 
 sioned by the disturbances in Spain and south- 
 eastern Europe. It was attended by the monarchs of 
 Prussia, Austria, Russia, and the Two Sicilies and Sardinia, 
 the Duke of Wellington, the Duke of Montmorency, and 
 others. Metternich presided. The chief result was the 
 armed intervention of France in Spain in 1823. 
 
 Veronese (va-ro-na 'ze), Paul (Paolo Cagliari ). 
 
 Bom at Verona, 1528: died at Venice, April 19, 
 1588. A celebrated Italian painter of the Vene- 
 tian school. His first considerable commissions were 
 executed at Mantua. In 1555 he went to Venice, where 
 he remained. II is first commission here was the “Corona- 
 tion of the Virgin,” and four other subjects, for the Con- 
 vent of St. Sebastian. In 1563 Titian supported his claims 
 to the award of the decoration of the Library of St. Mark. 
 In 1565 Veronese went to Rome. In 1573 lie was called 
 before the Inquisition to answer a charge of blasphemy for 
 introducing in a “Last Supper,” painted for the friars of 
 St. John and St. Paul, irrelevant and decorative figures. 
 He was obliged to paint out bis dwarfs, German soldiers, 
 etc., and to paint the picture as it hangs in the Academy. 
 After the fire of 1577 he was commissioned to paint the 
 
Veronese 
 
 1034 
 
 Vesuvius, Battle of 
 
 ceiling of the council-chamber in the doge’s palace. His 
 works include “Marriage at Cana" (Louvre), “Feast in 
 the House of Simon” (Louvre), “Europa and the Bull" 
 (London), “Leda and the Swan” (London), “Death of 
 Adonis” (London), “Supper at Emmaus,” “Venice En- 
 throned,” “ Calling of St. Andrew,” “Presentation of the 
 Family of Darius to Alexander,” “St. Helena’s Vision’’ 
 (both the last named in the National Gallery, London), 
 and many others. 
 
 Veronica (ve-ron'i-ka), Saint. [A corrupted 
 form of Berenice, Gr. Bepev'oa}, a woman’s name. 
 The name suggested the words vera icon , ‘true 
 picture,’ and gave rise to the fable.] In Christian 
 legend, a woman of Jerusalem, said to have died 
 at Rome, who gave to Jesus on his way to Cal- 
 vary a handkerchief to wipe his brow. He took 
 it, and upon it was miraculously left an impression of his 
 face (the so-called Vernnicon). The legend probably arose 
 in the 13th century. She is commemorated on Feb. 4. 
 
 Verplanck (ver-plangk'), Gulian Cromxnelin. 
 
 Born at New York, Aug. 6, 1786 : died there, 
 March 18, 1870. An American author, poli- 
 tician, and lawyer. He graduated at Columbia in 
 1801 ; was admitted to the bar ; and settled as a lawyer at 
 New York. He was in 1821 appointed professor of the evi- 
 dences of revealed religion and moral science in the Prot- 
 estant Episcopal General Theological Seminary at New 
 York, a position which he occupied four years. He was 
 a Democratic member of Congress from New York 1825- 
 1833. He published, with William C. Bryant and Robert C. 
 Sands, an annual entitled the “Talisman "(1827-29). Among 
 his works are “ Bucktail Bards ” (1819), “ Evidences of Re- 
 vealed Religion "(1824), “Doctrineof Contracts ’(1826), “Dis- 
 courses and Addresses” (1833), and“Shakespeare’s Plays, 
 with his Life, with Critical Introduction and Notes "(1847). 
 
 Verrazano (ver-rat-sa'no), or Verrazani (ver- 
 rat-sa'ne), or Verazzano (va-rat-sa'nd), or 
 Verrazzano (ver-rat-sa'no), Giovanni da (or 
 de). Born in Italy about 1480 : died probably 
 in 1527. An Italian navigator. He left France in 
 
 command of a French exploring expedition in 1523; and 
 explored the coast of North America from North Carolina 
 to Newfoundland in 1524, discovering New York and Nar- 
 ragansett bays. See Century Atlas, Map 4. 
 
 Verres (ver'ez), Cains. Put to death by An- 
 tony 43 B. c. A Roman official, pretor in 73, 
 who, as governor of Sicily 73-71, plundered the 
 island of property, art treasures, etc. He was 
 brought to trial in 70 B. c. , and was defended by Hortensius 
 and prosecuted by Cicero. The trial resulted in his volun- 
 tary exile in Marseilles. Of the six orations against Verres 
 composed by Cicero, only the first was actually delivered. 
 
 Verria. See Feria. 
 
 Verrill (ver'il), Addison Emory. Born at 
 Greenwood, Maine, Feb. 9, 1839. An Ameri- 
 can zoologist, professor at Yale 1864-1907. He 
 has published many scientific papers, chiefly in 
 the “American Journal of Science.” 
 Versailles (ver-salz'; F. pron. ver-say'). The 
 capital of the department of Seine-et-Oise, 
 France, situated 11 miles west-southwest of 
 Paris. It contains a famous royal palace, consisting of 
 a comparatively inconsiderable central portion built by 
 Louis XIII., and of wide reaching wings and connected 
 structures, added chiefly by Louis XIV. The garden front 
 is a quarter of a mile long, with only two stories and an 
 attic ; so that, although broken by a large projection in 
 the middle, the general effect is monotonous. The court 
 front is more diversified, though injured by the insertion 
 of two mm-classical pavilions by Louis Philippe. A great 
 part of (he palace is now occupied by the Museum <f 
 French History, consisting chiefly of paintings ; but some 
 of the apartments are still preserved with the fittings of 
 a royal residence. The chapel is well proportioned and 
 sumptuous. The great gallery, called the Galerie des 
 Glaces, is one of the finest rooms existing : it is 240 by 35 
 feet, and 42 high, adorned with mirrors and gilding, and 
 with ceiling-paintings by Lebrun representing the tri- 
 umphs of Louis XIV. Here King William of Prussia was 
 proclaimed German emperor in 1871. The council-cham- 
 ber, the bedroom of Louis XIV., the antechamber of the 
 < Hit de Boeuf, the Petits Appartements of the queen, and 
 the theater are all historic and highly interesting. The 
 gardens are the finest of their formal kind : they abound 
 with monumental fountains profusely adorned with groups 
 of sculpture, and supplied the model for those of half the 
 palaces of Europe. (See Trianon.) Versailles was the 
 meeting-place of the States-General in 1789. A popular 
 tumult, Oct. 5-6, 1789, resulted in the removal of the royal 
 family to Paris. Versailles was the seat of the French 
 government 1871-79. It is the place of election of French 
 presidents. Population, commune, 54,820. 
 
 Versailles (ver-salz'). The capital of Wood- 
 ford County, Kentucky, 12 miles southeast of 
 Frankfort. Population, 2,268, (1910). 
 Versailles, Preliminaries of. The prelimina- 
 ries of peace between France and Germany 
 signed at Versailles Feb. 26, 1871, and ratified 
 by the treaty of Frankfort. See Frankfort. 
 Versailles, treaty of. See Paris, Treaties of ( b ). 
 Vertentes (var-tan'tas), Serra dos. A low 
 mountain-chain in Minas Geraes, Brazil, con- 
 necting the Goyaz Mountains with the coast 
 system, and separating the head streams of the 
 Paranti from those of the Sao Francisco and 
 Tocantins. 
 
 Vertot d’Auboeuf (ver-to' do-bef'), Abbe Rene 
 Aubert de. Born at Chateau Benetot, Nor- 
 mandy, Nov. 25, 1655: died at Paris, June 15, 
 1735. A French historian. He was in a cloister 
 
 1677-1701, and became secretary of the Duchess of Orleans 
 in 1703, and historiographer of the Order of Malta in 1715. 
 He wrote “Histoire des revolutions de Portugal” (1689), 
 “Histoire des revolutions de Suede ” (1690), “Histoire des 
 revolutions de la republique romaine” (1719), “Histoire 
 des chevaliers de Malte ” (1726). 
 
 Vertumnus (ver-tum'nus). [L., ‘the god of the 
 changing year,’ ‘he who turns or changes him- 
 self.’] An ancient Roman deity who presided 
 over gardens and orchards, and was worshiped 
 as the god of spring or of the seasons in general. 
 Vertus (ver-tii'). [ML. Firtus.] A town in the 
 department of Marne, France, 18 miles west- 
 southwest of Chalons-sur-Marne : noted for its 
 wines. Population, commune, 3,148. 
 
 Verulas (ver'u-le). An ancient town of the 
 Hernici: the modern Veroli. 
 
 Verulam, Baron. See Bacon, Francis. 
 Verulamium (ver-6-la'mi-um). An ancient 
 British and Roman town, situated near the site 
 of the present St. Albans, England. 
 
 Verus (ve'rus), Lucius. Died 169 a. d. The 
 adopted son of the emperor Antoninus Pius: 
 colleague of the emperor Marcus Aurelius 161- 
 169. 
 
 Verus, Marcus Annius. The original name 
 of the emperor Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 Vert-vert (var-var'). 1. A burlesque poem by 
 Gresset, giving the history of a parrot, the pet of 
 a convent. — 2. An opera by Offenbach, words by 
 Meilhac and Nuitter, produced at Paris in 1869. 
 Verviers (ver-vya'). A city in the province 
 of Liege, Belgium, situated on the Vesdre 13 
 miles east by south of Li&ge. It has manufac- 
 tures of cloth, etc. Population, commune, 
 48,583. 
 
 Vervins (ver-van'). [ML. Fervimm.] A town 
 in the department of Aisne, France, situated 
 on the Vilpion 24 miles northeast of Laon. A 
 treaty between France and Spain was concluded here May 
 2, 1598 : conquests were mutually restored. Population, 
 commune, 3,187. 
 
 Very (ver'i), Jones. Born at Salem, Mass., 
 Aug. 28, 1813: died there, May 8, 1880. An 
 American poet and essayist, a graduate of Har- 
 vard in 1836. He became a Unitarian minister, but 
 preached only occasionally. His works were edited by 
 J. F. Clarke in 1886. 
 
 Very Hard Cash. A novel by Charles Reade, 
 published serially in 1863 as “Hard Cash.” 
 Very Woman, A, or the Prince of Tarent. 
 
 A comedy printed in 1655 as the work of Mas- 
 singer. It was probably written by Fletcher and revised 
 by Massinger. It is to he identified with a comedy called 
 “The Woman’s Plot," which was acted at court in 1621. 
 
 Vesalius (ve-sa'li-us ), Andreas. Born at Brus- 
 sels, Dec. 31, 1514: died in a shipwreck on the 
 island of Zante, Oct. 15, 1564. A noted Belgian 
 anatomist, physician to the emperor Charles V. 
 and, after his abdication, to Philip II. He lived 
 chiefly at Madrid, and was condemned to death by the In- 
 quisition. His sentence was commuted by the king to a 
 pilgrimage to the Holy Sepulcher. On his return he was 
 shipwrecked. His chief and epoch-making work is “ De 
 corporis liumani fabrica libri septem.” 
 
 Vesontio (ve-son'shi-o). The Roman name of 
 Besantjon. 
 
 Vesoul (ve-zol'). The capital of the depart- 
 ment of HauteJSaone, France, situated on the 
 Durgoon in lat. 47° 37' N., long. 6° 8' E. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 1 J,163. 
 
 Vespasian (ves-pa'zhian) (Titus Flavius Sa- 
 biilUS Vcspasianus). Born near Reate, Italy, 
 Nov. 17, 9 A. d. : died June 24, 79 A. D. Roman 
 emperor 7 0-79. He was of humble origin, but rose to 
 distinction in the army, and became consul in 51. He was 
 afterward governor of Africa ; and in 67 was appointed 
 commander-in-qMef against the insurgent Jews. He was 
 proclaimed emperor in 69. His general Antonius Primus 
 overthrew Vitellitis in the same year, and Vespasian arrived 
 at Rome in 70, leaving his son Titus to continue the Jewish 
 war. The chief events of his reign were the destruction 
 of Jerusalem by Titus (70), the victories of Agricola in 
 Britain, and the suppression of the revolted Batavians 
 under Civilis by Petilius Cerealis (70). He restored disci- 
 pline in the army and order in the finances, and expended 
 large sums on public works, including the Colosseum, 
 which, however, he did not live to finish. 
 
 Vespers, Sicilian. See Sicilian Fespers. 
 Vespucci (ves-po'che), Amerigo, Latinized 
 Americus Vespucius. Born at Florence, 
 March 18, 1452: died at Seville, Feb. 22, 1512. 
 An Italian navigator. He was the son of Nastugio 
 Vespucci, a notary of Florence; received his education 
 from his uncie, a Dominican friar ; and became a clerk in 
 the commercial house of the Medici. He was sent to Spain 
 by his employers about 1490 ; and some years after appears 
 to have entered the service of the commercial house of 
 Juonato Berardi at Seville, of which he became a member 
 in 1495. This house fitted out Columbus’s second expedi- 
 tion (1493), and it has been suggested that Vespucci may 
 have accompanied Columbus’s first or second expedition, 
 although the supposition is unsupported by any proof. 
 Vespucci himself claims to have accompanied four expedi- 
 tions to the New World, of each of which he wrote a nar- 
 rative. Two of these sailed from Spain by order of Fer- 
 
 dinand in May, 1497. and May, 1499, respectively; the other 
 two were despatched from Portugal by Emanuel in May, 
 1501, and June, 1503. The first expedition, in which lie 
 would appear to have held the post ot astronomer, left 
 Cadiz May 10 or 20, 1497, and after touching at the Cana- 
 ries came “ at the end of twenty-seven days upon a coast 
 whicli we thought to be that of a continent.” If this ex- 
 pedition is authentic, Vespucci reached the continent of 
 America a week or two earlier than the Cabots and about 
 fourteen months earlier than Columbus. His account of 
 these expeditions was contained in a diary said to have been 
 written after his fourth voyage, and entitled “Le Quattre 
 Giornale," no portion of which is extant. He also wrote 
 several letters to his former schoolfellow Soderini, gonfa- 
 lonier of Florence, one of which remains in a Latin trans- 
 lation printed at St. Did in 1507. WaldseemuUer (Hyla- 
 comylus), who made use of this letter in his “Cosmogr aphiae 
 Introductio,” published at St. Did in the same year, was the 
 first to suggest the name America for the new continent, 
 in honorof Amerigo Vespucci. See Century Atlas, Map A. 
 
 It should first of all be noted that the sole authority for a 
 voyage made by Vespucci in 1497 is Vespucci himself. All 
 contemporary history, other than his own letters, is abso- 
 lutely silent in regard to such a voyage, whether itbe history 
 in printed books, or in the archives of those kingdoms of 
 Europe where the precious documents touching the earlier 
 expeditions to theNew World weredeposited. . . . Thefact 
 is unquestioned that Vespucci, who had been a resident of 
 Spain for some time, became in 1495 a member of the com- 
 mercial house of Juonato Berardi at Seville, and that in 
 January of the next year, as the public accounts show, he 
 was paid a sum of money relative to a contract with Gov- 
 ernment which Berardi did not live to complete. The pre- 
 sumption is that he would not soon absent himself from 
 his post of duty, where new and onerous responsibilities 
 had been imposed upon him by the recent death of the 
 senior partner of the house with which he was connected. 
 But at any rate he is found there in the spring of 1497, 
 M ufioz having ascertained that fact from the official record s 
 of expenses incurred in fitting out the ships for western 
 expeditions, still preserved at Seville. Those records show 
 that from the middle of April, 1497, to the end of May, 
 1498, Vespucci was busily engaged at Seville and San Lucar 
 in the equipment of the fleet with which Columbus sailed 
 on his third voyage. The alibi, therefore, is complete. 
 Vespucci could not have been absent from Spain from 
 May, 1497, to Oct., 1498, the period of his alleged voyage. 
 
 S. H. Gay, in Winsor’s Narrative and Critical History 
 [of America, II. 137, 142. 
 
 Vesta (ves'ta). [L., - Gr. r E aria, the goddess of 
 the hearth.] One of the chief divinities of the 
 ancient Romans, equivalent to the GreekHestia. 
 She was one of the 12 great Olympians, the virgin goddess 
 of the hearth, presiding over both the private family altar 
 and the central altar of the city, the tribe, or the race. 
 She was worshiped along with the Penates at every meal, 
 when the family assembled round thealtar or hearth, which 
 was in the center of the house. JSneas was said to have 
 carried the sacred fire (which was her symbol) from Troy, 
 and to have brought it to Italy, and it was preserved at 
 Rome by the state in the sanctuary of the goddess which 
 stood in the Forum. The fire was watched by six stainless 
 virgins, called vestals, who prevented it from becoming ex- 
 tinguished. The Roman temples of Vesta were circular, 
 preserving the form of the primitive huts of the Latin race, 
 because it was in such a hut that the sacred fire was first 
 tended liy the young girls while their parents and brothers 
 were absent in the chase or pasture-ground. 
 
 The very fact that the Vesta worship is the most indu- 
 bitable of the correspondences between the Greek and 
 Roman mythologies is itself a proof of the rudimentary 
 nature of their common civilisation. Only among the 
 rudest of existing savage tribes, such as the Australians, 
 is it held a duty to keep alight the fire of the tribe, which 
 if extinguished has to be obtained from some neighbour- 
 ing tribe, as they are ignorant of the means of rekindling 
 it. The Chippeways and Natchez Indians had an institu- 
 tion for keeping alight the tribal fire, certain persons be- 
 ing set aside and devoted to this occupation ; and the in- 
 corporation and endowment of the Vestal VirginsatRome 
 seems to be a survival of a similar practice, the social 
 duty, originally devolving on the daughters of the house, 
 obtaining a religious sanction as the service of the per- 
 petual flame. Taylor, Aryans, p. 313. 
 
 Vesta. An asteroid (No. 4) discovered by Gi- 
 bers at Bremen, March 29, 1807. 
 
 Vesta, Temple of. See Tivoli. 
 
 Vestini (ves-ti'nl). In ancient Mstorv, a peo- 
 ple of central Italy, living east of the Sabines : 
 probably of Sabine affinities. They became allied 
 with the Romans about 300 B. c., and joined the Marsi in 
 the Social War. 
 
 Vestris, Madame. S ee Mafhetcs, Lucia Elizabeth. 
 Vesulus (ves'u-lus). The ancient name of 
 Monte Viso. 
 
 Vcsunna (ve-sun'a). The ancient name of Pe- 
 rigueux. 
 
 Vesuvius (ve-su'vi-us), Mount. [L. Fesuvivs, 
 It . Fesuvio, F. Fesuve, G. Feswv.] The only ac- 
 tive volcano on the continent of Europe, and the 
 mostnotedone in the world, situated on theBay 
 of Naples, Italy, 9 miles east-southeast of Na- 
 ples. It lias two summits — the volcano proper (about 
 4,200 feet high), and Monte Somma to the north (3, 730 feet). 
 It is now readied by a wire-rope railway. It was regarded 
 in ancient times as extinct. Severe ear thquake shocks oc- 
 curred in 63 A. P., and the first recorded eruption in 79, 
 destroying Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabire. The most 
 destructive eruption since that time happened Dec. 16, 
 1631. Others, more or less notable, took place in 203, 472, 
 512, 685, 1139, 1631, 1707, 1779, 1794, 1822, 1855, 1872 and 1906. 
 
 Vesuvius, Battle of. A victory gained near 
 Mount Vesuvius, about 340 B. c. , by the Romans 
 under Manlius Torquatus and Deeius Mus over 
 the Latin League. 
 
Veszprem 
 
 1035 
 
 Vichy 
 
 Veszprem (ves'pram), orVeszprim (ves'prim), 
 G. Weissbrunn (vis'bron). The capital of the 
 county of Veszprem, Hungary, 63 miles west- 
 southwest of Budapest : the seat of a Roman 
 Catholic bishopric. It has a trade in wine and grain. 
 It was captured by Maximilian in 1490 ; by the Hungarians 
 in 1491 : by the Germans in 1527 ; by the Turks in 1552 ; 
 by the Germans in 1566 ; by the grand vizir Sinan in 1594 ; 
 by the Imperialists in 1598 ; and by the Turks again in 
 1605, who finally lost it in 1683. Pop., commune, 14,114. 
 
 Veta Madre (va'ta ma'dra). [Sp., ‘mother 
 lode,’ i. e. chief lode.] A celebrated silver lode, 
 or system of lodes, near Guanajuato, Mexico. 
 It is about 8 miles long. It was discovered in 1558, and 
 Humboldt calculated that, up to 1800, it had yielded one 
 fifth of the silver then current in the world. It has been 
 worked to a great depth, and most of the shafts are now 
 abandoned owing to the lack of drainage-machinery of 
 sufficient power. 
 
 Vetancurt (va-tan-kort'), Agustin de. Bora 
 at Mexico City, 1620 : died there, 1700. A Mexi- 
 can Franciscan author. His most important work 
 is “Teatro Mexicano ” (4 parts in 2 vols., 1697-98), an eth- 
 nographical and historical account of New Spain. He 
 published many other books, including biographies, theo- 
 logical treatises, and a grammar of the Nahuatl language. 
 Also written Vetancur, Vetancour, etc. 
 
 Veterani Cave (ve-te-ra'ne kav). A large cav- 
 ern on the left bank of the Danube, in southern 
 Hungary, about 12 miles from Old Orsova. It 
 was defended for 45 days against an overwhelming Turk- 
 ish force in 1691 by Baron von Arnau, at the command of 
 Count Veterani (whence its name). 
 
 Veto (ve'to), Madame. A sobriquet given to 
 Marie Antoinette during the French Revolu- 
 tion. She is mentioned by this name in “La 
 Carmagnole.” 
 
 Vetterli (vet'ter-le), Friedrich. Born in the 
 canton of Thurgau, Aug. 15, 1822: died May 
 21, 1882. A Swiss inventor, director of the 
 manufacture of firearms in Neuchatel. His 
 magazine-gun was adopted by Switzerland in 
 1868, and by Italy in 1870. 
 
 Vettern, Lake. See Wettern. 
 
 Veuillot (ve - yo ' ), Louis. Born at Boynes, 
 Loiret, France, Oct. 11, 1813: died at Paris, 
 April 7, 1883. A French journalist, publicist, 
 and author: leader of the French Ultramon- 
 tanes. He was editor of the Paris “Univers,” 
 and wrote various polemical and other works. 
 Veules (vel). A watering-place in the depart- 
 ment of Seine-Inferieure, France, on the Eng- 
 lish Channel 15 miles west of Dieppe. 
 Veulettes (ve-let'). A watering-place in the 
 department of Seine-Inferieure, France, on the 
 English Channel 24 miles west of Dieppe. 
 Vevey, orVevay (ve-va'). [G. Vivis, L. Vibis- 
 cum.\ A town in the canton of Vaud, Switzer- 
 land, situated on Lake Geneva, at the mouth 
 of the Veveyse, 12 miles east-southeast of Lau- 
 sanne. It is a favorite resort of tourists, and is 
 noted for its festival of vine-dressers. Popula- 
 tion, 11,781. 
 
 Vexin (ve-san'). An ancient territory in norths 
 era France, northwest of Paris, it was included 
 partly in Normandy (the Norman Vexin) and partly in Ile- 
 de-France (the French Vexin). Norman Vexin now forms 
 part of the departments of Eure and Seine-Infdrieure : its 
 capital was Gisors. French Vexin forms part of the de- 
 partments of Oise and Seine-et-Oise : its capital was Pon- 
 toise. Vexin was a county in the early middle ages. Part 
 of it was granted to the Normans in 912, and part was at- 
 tached to the crown. The latter was definitely acquired in 
 the reign of Philip I. 
 
 V6zelay (vaz-la/). [ML. Vizeliacus, Vezeliacus.~\ 
 A small town in the department of Yonne, 
 France, 25 miles south-southeast of Auxerre : 
 noted for its abbey, founded in the 9th century. 
 St. Bernard preached the second Crusade here in tl46, and 
 it was the rendezvous of Richard the Lion-Hearted and 
 Philip Augustus before starting for the third Crusade. 
 Vez£re (vii-zar'). A river in France which joins 
 the Dordogne 23 miles south-southeast of Pe- 
 rigueux. Length, about 120 miles. 
 
 Via .^milia(vi'ae-niil'i-a). [L.,‘iEmilianWay.’ 
 See the def.] An important ancient Roman 
 highway, the earliest in northern Italy, con- 
 necting Placentia (Piacenza) and Ariminum 
 (Rimini), where it met the Flaminian Way. 
 Later branches extended from Rimini to Bologna, and 
 thence to Aquileia, and from Piacenza to Pavia, and the 
 main road was extended from Piacenza to Milan and Aosta. 
 The original highway was built by M. /Emilias Lepidusin 
 187 B. C.. and is still in use. 
 
 Via Appia. See Appian Way. 
 
 Via Aurelia (a-reTi-a). [L.,‘Aurelian Way.’] 
 One of the chief ancient Roman highways. It 
 was built toward the close of the republic, exactly when is 
 unknown, and extended from Rome, for the most part along 
 the coast, to Pisa, whence it was continued along the Ligu- 
 rian shore to the Maritime Alps, and by Augustus was 
 carried into Gaul. There are considerable remains of the 
 road, notably along the Italian and French Riviera. 
 
 Via Cassia (kash'i-a). [L.,‘CassianWay.’] An 
 
 ancient Roman highway which extended from 
 Rome through Etruria to Arretium (Arezzo), 
 and thence to Florence and Lucca. It was in ex- 
 istence before the end of the republic, but the time of its 
 construction is unknown. 
 
 Via Clodia(klo'di-a). [L.,‘Clodian Way.’] An 
 ancient Roman highway of the time of the re- 
 public, extending though Etruria on a line 
 about parallel with the Via Cassia, it was a 
 branch of the Via Cassia, which it left about 10 miles from 
 Rome, where its pavement still exists, and appear s to have 
 ended at Saturnia, passing through Bracciano and Bieda. 
 ViaDolorosa(vI'a dol-o-ro'sa). [L.,‘ Dolorous 
 Way.’] A name given by Christians to the road 
 from the Mount of Olives to Golgotha. 
 
 Via Egnatia (eg-na'ski-a). An important an- 
 cient Roman military road, running from the 
 coast of the Adriatic at Dyrrachium (Durazzo) 
 through Illyria and Macedonia to Thessaloniea, 
 and thence by Philippi through Thrace to Cyp- 
 sela (modern Ipsala). Tlredateof its construction is 
 unknown. Its length was 534 Roman miles. There are 
 abundant remains of the road, especially near Salonica. 
 Via Flaminia. See Flaminian Way. 
 
 Via Latina (la-tl'na). [L., ‘Latin Way.’] One 
 of the great highways leaving ancient Rome. 
 It ran to Casilinum (near Capua), where it united with the 
 Appian Way. A branch was later carried from Teanum 
 to Beneventum. Both the Via Latina and the Appian 
 Way left Rome by the Porta Capena. The Via Latina un- 
 doubtedly existed as a road for a long period before it was 
 regularly constructed and paved. The invading forces of 
 both Pyrrhus and Hannibal followed its course. There 
 are extensive remains, not only of the paved way, but of 
 the bordering tombs and monuments. 
 
 Via Mala (ve'a ma'la). A picturesque portion 
 of the road leading up the valley of the Hinter 
 Rhein, immediately south of Tusi, canton of 
 Grisons, Switzerland. It traverses a deep and 
 narrow chasm. 
 
 Viana (ve-a'na). A small town in the province 
 of Nayarre, Spain, situated near the Ebro op- 
 posite Logroiio. Near here Cesare Borgia was 
 defeated and slain in 1507. 
 
 Via Ostiensis (vi'a os-ti-en'sis). [L.,‘Ostian 
 Way.’] The ancient highway from Rome to 
 Ostia. It followed the left bank of the Tiber, 
 cutting across the larger bends of the river. 
 Via Pcrtuensis (por-tu-en'sis). The ancient 
 highway from Rome to the new imperial seaport 
 Portus Trajani. Its course, which can still be followed, 
 is along the right bank of the Tiber. 
 
 Via Prsenestina (pren-es-ti'na). [L., ‘ Prtenes- 
 tine Way.’] A very ancient highway from Rome 
 through Gabii to Prseneste (Palestrina), whence 
 it was continued to join the Via Latina at 
 Anagnia. There are interesting remains. 
 Viardot (vyiir-do'), Louis. Born at Dijon, July 
 31, 1800: died at Paris, May 5, 1883. A French 
 author. He studied law at Paris, became a journalist, 
 and was manager of the Theatre Italien 1838-41. With 
 George Sand and Pierre Leroux he founded in 1841 the 
 “Revue Independante." He wrote “ Histone des Arabes 
 ct des Maures d’Espagne” (1851), etc. 
 
 Viardot-Garcia (vyar-do'gar-the'a), Michelle 
 Ferdinande Pauline. Born at Paris, July 18, 
 1821 : died there, May 18, 1910. A noted French 
 opera-singer and actress, daughter of Manuel 
 Garcia, sister of Malibran, and wife of L. Viar- 
 dot. Her voice was a mezzo-soprano. She was a pupil 
 of her mother and of Liszt (for the piano), and made her 
 first appearance as a singer at Brussels in 1837. In 1849 
 she created the part of Fides in Meyerbeer's “ Prophete,” 
 which she sang more than two hundred times in all the 
 great cities of Europe. Among her other roles were Ra- 
 hel (“ La Juive”), Orphee in Gluck's opera of that name 
 (the part was restored to the contralto register, for which 
 it was written, by Berlioz), Alceste, Desdemona, Norma, 
 Cenerentola, Romeo, Lucia, Azucena, Zerlina, and many 
 others. She retired from the operatic stage in 1803, and 
 later sang only in concerts. From 1871 she lived in Paris, 
 and gave her time to teaching. She published songs, etc. 
 
 Viareggio (ve-a-red'jo). A seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Lucca, Italy, situated on the Mediterra- 
 nean 14 miles north-northwest of Pisa. It is a 
 frequented watering-place. Population, town, 
 14,805; commune, 17,166. 
 
 Via Salaria (Vi'a sa-la'ri-ii). One of the most 
 celebrated of ancient Roman highways. It ran 
 from Rom e up the l iber vail ey to Reate (Rieti), then crossed 
 the Apennines and descended the valley of the Tronto, past 
 Ascoli, to Castrum Truentinum on the Adriatic. Here it 
 branched, one road running north to Ancona and the other 
 south to Adria. The date of this highway is unknown : it 
 is undoubtedly very old, and existed as a route long before 
 it was built as a public work. 
 
 Viatka. See Vyatka. 
 
 Viau (vyo), Theophile de. Born near Agen, 
 France, 1590 : died at Paris, 1626. A French 
 poet. He wrote the tragedy “ Pyrame et Thisbd ” (1617), 
 and for his part in the authorship of “ Parnasse Satirique ” 
 (1622) was condemned to death His sentence was com- 
 muted to banishment. Ills complete works were published 
 in 1856. 
 
 Viaud (vyo), Louis Marie Julien: pseudonym 
 
 Pierre Loti. Born at Rochefort, Charente- 
 Inferieure, Jan. 14, 1850. A French novelist. 
 He was admitted to the French training-ship Borda iu 
 1867, traveled extensively, and took part in several cam- 
 paigns. His comrades nicknamed him Loti after an Indian 
 flower. His novels are largely exotic in their subject-mat- 
 ter, and reveal forcibly the author's keen poeiic instinct 
 and ideality. Loti’s works include “Aziyadd” (1879), 
 “Rarahu : idylle polynesienne,” the reprint of which was 
 entitled “Le mariage de Loti” (1880), “ Le roman d'un 
 Spahi" (1881), “Fleurs d’ennui," “Pasquala Ivnovitch,” 
 “ Suleiraa " (1882), “Mon frere Yves ' (1883), “Les trois 
 dames de la Kasbah ” (1884), “Pecheur d’lslaride” (1886), 
 “ Madame. Chrysanthdme,” “Propos d’exil'' (1887), “Ja- 
 poneries d'automne ” (1889), “An Maroc ” (1890), “Le ro- 
 man d'un enfant ’’ (1890), “Le livre de la pitie et de la 
 mort” (1891), “ Fantome d'Orient" (1892), and “Matelot” 
 (1893), “Judith Renaudin " (1898), “Les desanchantees " 
 (1906), etc. In 1891 he was elected by the French Academy 
 to fill the seat left vacant by the death of Octave Feuillet. 
 
 Via Valeria (vi'a va-le'ri-ii). [L.,‘ Valerian 
 Way.’] One of the principal highways of ancient 
 Rome. It continued the Via Tiburtina, which led from 
 Rome to Tibur (Tivoli), to Lake Fucinus and the Marsic 
 territory, and was afterward extended to the Adriatic at 
 the mouth of the Aternus. The time of its construction 
 as far as Cerfennia, near modern Coll’ Armeno, on Lake 
 Fucinus, is unknown ; its continuation through the Apen- 
 nines at Mons Imeus, and in the Aternus valley, was built 
 by Claudius. Many portions of the roadway survive, with 
 the ancient mile-stones and other remains. 
 
 Vibert (ve-bar'), Jehan Georges. Born at 
 Paris, Sept. 30, 1840 : died there, J uly 27, 1902. A 
 French genre-painter and writer, a pupil ofBar- 
 rias and Picot. Among his works are “Entry of Bull- 
 Fighters ” (with Zamacois, 1867), “ Coquelin as Masca- 
 rille” (1874), “Grasshopper and Ant” (1875), “Monsei- 
 gneur’s Antechamber ’ (1876) , “The Despair of PolichineUe” 
 (1892), “The Arrival” (1886), “The Apotheosis of M. 
 Thiers” (1878), “Committee on Moral Books” (New York), 
 “Theological Discussion ” (New York): many others are 
 in the Uuited States. In 1879-80 he exhibited only in the 
 exhibitions of the French Water-color Society, of which 
 he was one of the founders. He wrote a number of short 
 plays, monologues, etc., and also published “ La science 
 de la peinture ” (1891). 
 
 Viborg, or Wiborg (ve'borg). A laen in south- 
 eastern Finland. Area, 16,627 square miles. 
 Population, 466,796. 
 
 Viborg, or Wiborg (ve'borg). A seaport, capi- 
 tal of the laen of Viborg, situated on the Bay 
 of Viborg 85 miles northwest of St. Petersburg. 
 
 It exports timber. The town was taken by the Russians in 
 1709. It contains a castle built in 1293. Population, 35,005. 
 
 Viborg (ve'boro). An amt in the central part 
 of Jutland, Denmark. Population, 113,937. 
 Viborg (ve'boro). A town in Jutland, Denmark, 
 in lat. 56° 27' N. : probably the oldest town in 
 Jutland. It has a cathedral, a spacious Romanesque 
 basilica of the 12th century, thoroughly restored since 
 1863. It is built entirely of granite, with good architec- 
 tural details, notably a beautiful chevet. The very inter- 
 esting crypt is entirely of the original construction. Pop- 
 ulation, 9,521. 
 
 Vicar of Bray, The. A well-known song at- 
 tributed to a British soldier of the reign of 
 George I. ; but a version printed in the reign 
 of Queen Anne has been found. See Bray. 
 Vicar of Wakefield, The. A novel by Gold- 
 smith, published in 1766: so called from its 
 chief character, Dr. Primrose. In 1886 ninety-six 
 editions had been published. It has been several times 
 dramatized (by W. G. Wills (1878) as “ Olivia"). 
 
 Vicente (ve-sen'ta), Gil. Born about 1470: died 
 1537(f). A Portuguese author. He wrote pastorals 
 and plays for the Portuguese court after 1502. His works 
 in Portuguese and Spanish include comedies, farces, autos, 
 and tragicomedies. 
 
 Vicenza (ve-chent'za). [L. Vicetia, ML. Viccn- 
 tia.\ The capital of the province of Vicenza, 
 Italy, situated on the Bacchiglione, at its junc- 
 tion with the Retrone, in lat. 45° 33' N., long. 
 11° 32' E. It has considerable trade, and important silk 
 manufactures ; and is noted for its buildings by Palladio 
 and others. The cathedral is a structure of the 13th cen- 
 tury, with later alterations. The nave is of 60 feet span, 
 and there are no aisles ; the raised choir is approached by 
 a fine flight of steps. The Renaissance door on the north 
 side is by Palladio, the lofty dome by Giulio Romano. The 
 campanile is of the 13th century, on a Roman foundation. 
 Vicenza was ruled by the Della Scala family and others 
 from the time of the emperor Henry VII.; passed to Ven- 
 ice about 1404: revolted against Austria in 1848; and ca- 
 pitulated to Radetzky June 11, 1848. Pop., commune, 44, 777. 
 Vicenza. A province iu the compartimento of 
 Venetia, Italy. Area, 1,056 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 486,345. 
 
 Vicenza, Duke of. See Caula/in court. 
 
 Vich, or Vique (vek). A town in the province 
 of Barcelona, Spain, 38 miles north of Barce- 
 lona : the ancient Ausa, later Ausona. it has a 
 cathedral and flourishing manufactures. In 713 it was 
 destroyed by the Arabs, and was rebuilt by the Franks of 
 the Spanish March in 798. On Feb. 19, 1810, it was unsuc- 
 cessfully assaulted by the Spaniards under O’Donnell. 
 Population, 11,628. • 
 
 Vichy (ve-she'). [L. Vicus Calkins ; also Aqux 
 Calidm, hot springs.] A town and watering- 
 place in the department of AUier, France, sit- 
 uated on the Allier 32 miles south by east of 
 
Vichy 
 
 Moulins. It has been celebrated since Roman times 
 for its mineral springs (Grande Grille, Puits-Carr6, L’Hd- 
 pital, etc.), and is the most frequented watering-place in 
 France. Pop ulation, commune, 15,315. 
 
 Vicinal Way (vis'i-nal wa). [L. Via Vicinalis, 
 a field road used in common.] An old Roman 
 road by which produce was brought from the 
 farms of Essex to London. At first it left the city 
 with Ermyn Street at Bishopsgate, later at Aldgate when 
 Bow Bridge was built. From Bishopsgate it ran eastward 
 to Durolitum (now Romford) in Essex; next to Coesaro- 
 magus (now Chelmsford); thence to Canonium (now Kelve- 
 don) on the river Paut ; and thence to Camulodunum, the 
 first Roman colonia (now Colchester). The road crossed 
 the Stour at Ad Ansem (now Stratford), and thence ran 
 through Combretonium, near Woodbridge, to Sitomagus 
 (now Dunwich) on the coast, and terminated at Venta of 
 the Iceni (now Caistor), near Norwich. From Norwich a 
 direct road ran to Cambridge. 
 
 Vicksburg (viks'berg). The capital of Warren 
 County, Mississippi, situated on the Missis- 
 sippi in lat. 32° 23' N. It is the third city in the 
 State, and is the chief place on the river between Mem- 
 phis and New Orleans. It has important manufactures 
 and a large export of cotton. It was of great strategic 
 importance in the first part of the Civil War, and an un- 
 successful attempt to capture it was made by Sherman at 
 the close of 1862. Grant's advance on Vicksburg from the 
 south and east began in April, 1863. Federal victories 
 were gained at Port Gibson May 1, Raymond May 12, 
 Jackson May 14, Champion’s Hill May 16, and Big Black 
 May 17, over the Confederates under Johnston and Pem- 
 berton. Vicksburg was invested May 18 ; unsuccessful 
 assaults were made May 19 and 22 ; and the Confederates 
 (30,000, under Pemberton) surrendered July 4, 1863. Pop- 
 ulation, 20,814, (1910). 
 
 Vico (ve'ko), Francesco de. Born at Mace- 
 rata, Italy, 1805 : died 1848. An Italian astron- 
 omer. He made observations of Venus and of 
 Saturn’s rings, and discovered several comets. 
 Vico, Giovanni Battista. Born at Naples, 
 1668: died Jan. 21, 1744. An Italian philoso- 
 pher and jurist, professor of rhetoric at Na- 
 ples and historiographer royal. His chief works 
 are “ Principii d’ una scienza nuova, etc. ” (1725), “Dean- 
 tiquissima Italorum sapientia " (1710), “De universi juris 
 uuo principio et fine uno” (1720). 
 
 Vicq d’Azyr (vek'da-zer'), Felix. Born 1748: 
 died 1794. A French comparative anatomist 
 and physiologist. 
 
 Victor (vik'tor) I. [L.,‘ conqueror.’] Bishop of 
 Rome about 187-200 A. D. He excommunicated 
 the Monarchian Theodotus. 
 
 Victor II. (Gebhard). Pope 1057-59. He en- 
 deavored to suppress simony and the marriage 
 of priests. 
 
 Victor III. (Desiderius). Pope 1086-87. He 
 was earlier abbot of Monte Cassino. 
 
 Victor IV. (Gregorio Conti). Antipope, 
 chosen in 1138 in opposition to Innocent II. 
 Victor IV. (Octavianus or Octavius). Anti- 
 pope, chosen in 1159 in opposition to Alexan- 
 der HI. 
 
 Victor Amadeus (vik'tor am-a-de'us ) I. Duke 
 of Savoy 1630-37. 
 
 Victor Amadeus II. (as King of Sardinia, Vic- 
 tor Amadeus I.). Born 1666: died 1732. Duke 
 of Savoy and King of Sardinia. He succeeded to 
 the duchy in 1675 ; sided with the Allies in the wars 
 against France ; received Sicily in 1713 ; ceded Sicily to 
 Austria in 1720, and received Sardinia in exchange; as- 
 sumed tiie title of king of Sardinia ; and abdicated in 1730. 
 
 Victor Amadeus III. (as King of Sardinia, 
 Victor Amadeus II.). Born 1726: died 1796. 
 Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia, son of 
 Charles Emmanuel III. He reigned 1773-96, 
 and lost Nice, Savoy, and places in Piedmont 
 to France. 
 
 Victor Emmanuel (or Emanuel) (e-man'u-el) 
 I. Born 1759: died 1824. King of Sardinia 
 1802-21, son of Victor Amadeus ill. He ruled at 
 first in Sardinia, but received Nice, Savoy, Piedmont, and 
 Genoa 1814-15. He abdicated in 1821. 
 
 Victor Emmanuel (or Emanuel) II., King of 
 Sardinia (as King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel I.). 
 [It. Vittorio Emanuele.] Born at Turin, March 
 14, 1820; died at Rome, Jan. 9, 1878. He was 
 the son of Charles Albert, king of Sardinia ; 
 served with distinction at the battle of Goito 
 in 1848, and in the campaigns of 1848-49 ; and 
 was present at the battle of Novara March 23, 
 1849, on the evening of which day he succeeded 
 to the throne of Sardinia by the abdication of 
 his father. In 1852 he made Cavourhis chief political 
 adviser, in accordance with whose policy he supported 
 France and Great Britain in the Crimean war, and allied 
 himself with France against Austria in 1859 (see Italian 
 War of 1859). He received Lombardy from Austria in 1859, 
 and in 1860 annexed Tuscany, Parma, Modena, the Roma- 
 gna, the Two Sicilies, the Marches, and Umbria. He ceded 
 Savoy and Nice to France in 1860 ; assumed the title “king 
 of Italy" in 1861; and allied himself with Prussia against 
 Austria in 1866, as a result of which he received t he cession 
 of Venetia from the latter country. The complete union 
 of Italy was effected by the occupation of Rome in 1870. 
 
 Victor Emmanuel (or Emanuel) III. Born at 
 Naples, Nov. 11, 1869. King of Italy. He as- 
 
 Vidal 
 
 Land and east of Wollaston Land. — 2. A land 
 in the antarctic regions, about lat. 71°-79° S. : 
 discovered by Ross in 1841. 
 
 Victoria Nyanza (ni-an'za). A great lake of 
 equatorial Africa, the source of the Nile, which, 
 between Victoria Nyanza and Albert Nyanza, 
 has been named the Somerset Nile, it is crossed 
 in its northern part by the equator. The Nile stream 
 issues about centrally from the north. Area, about 30,000 
 square miles. Elevation, 3,880 feet. It was discovered 
 by Speke in 1858, and was visited by Grant, Stanley, and 
 others. 
 
 1036 
 
 cended the throne on the death of his father, 
 
 Humbert, July 29, 1900. 
 
 Victoria (vik-to'ri-a). In Roman mythology, 
 the personification of victory. 
 
 Victoria: full name Alexandrina Victoria 
 (al-eg-zan-dri'na vik-to'ri-a). Born at London, 
 
 May 24, 1819: died at Osborne House, Isle of 
 Wight, Jan. 22, 1901. Queen of Great Britain 
 and Ireland, and Empress of India, she was the 
 only child of the Duke of Kent, fourth son of George III., 
 and was educated under the direction of her mother and 
 of the Duchess of Northumberland. On the death of . _ 
 
 William IV., the third son of George III., she succeeded V ICtona Strait. A sea passage in the arctic 
 to the throne, June 20 , 1837; was crowned June 28 , 1838; regions, between King William Island on the 
 
 T P™ e i d l’ rh ,‘riw J m Sa l f' < f 0hurg ; Gotl,: !, (whu east and Victoria Land on the west, 
 
 died Dec. 14, 1861), Feb. 10, 1840. Her favorite residences tt- j.. rnu . n x ,, T t * 
 
 were Balmoral Castle (in the Highlands of Aberdeenshire, VlCtOrici 1 OVver. 1 Detail tower on the Houses of 
 Scotland), Osborne (Isle of Wight), and Windsor. She Parliament, London. See Parliament, Houses of 
 assumed the title of Empress of India in 1877. The jubi- Victor-Perrin (vek-tor'pe-ran'), Claude. Duke 
 lee of her reign was celebrated in 1887, and her diamond 0 f Belluno Born atLimarohe Vnsws p..,, ...... 
 
 jubilee (60 years) in 1897. (For the leading events in her jw 7 V 7 C , 7 i iD ir’ os & es > * ra nce, 
 reign, see England.) She was author in part of “ Leaves k)QG, 1/04. (lied at Pans, March 1, 1841. A 
 from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands" (1868), French marshal. He served as chief of battalion at 
 and “More Leaves from the Journal of a Life in the Toulon in 1793; became brigadier-general and was as- 
 Highlands” (1884). She supervised the preparation of signed to the army of theEast Pyrenees near the end of the 
 lives of the Prince Consort by C. Grey and Theodore year; took part in the early Italian campaigns, becoming a 
 ■A Martin. general of division in 1797 ; commanded in Vendee ; fought 
 
 Victoria. A state of the Commonwealth of “ • • — 
 
 Australia. Capital, Melbourne, it is bounded by 
 New South Wales (largely separated by Murray River) on 
 the north, the ocean on the south, and South Australia on 
 the west. It is very rich in gold, and has many sheep; 
 the chief exports are wool, gold, live stock, wheat, and flour. 
 
 Victoriahas37 counties. Itsgovemoris appointed by the 
 crown, and is aided by_a cabinet. There is a parliament 
 
 at Marengo in 1800 ; was ambassador to Denmark in 1805 ; 
 became a marshal for his part in the victory of Friedland 
 in 1807 ; was made duke of Belluno after the peace of Tilsit, 
 and was for a time governorof Berlin ; received command 
 of the 1st army corps in Spain in 1808 ; gained various suc- 
 cesses, but was defeated by Wellington at Talavera ; guard- 
 ed the French retreat at the Beresina in 1812 ; served in 
 the campaigns of 1813-14 ; and was minister of war 1821-23. 
 
 of two chambers— the Legislative Council and Legislative Victory (vik'to-ri). A British line-of-battle 
 Assembly (both elected). It was first settled in 1835; ship of 100 guns'. She was the flag-ship of Vice-Admiral 
 formed at first a part of New South Wales (and was called Lor J Uowe t f efore Tolllon and Cor f ica ^93-94 . tl)e flag . 
 Gie , I),3 , t . rlct) ’ and pvas made a separate colony } , ; p 0 f gj r j 0 hn Jervis in action with the Spanish fleet off 
 
 m 1851. .Gold was discovered in 1851. Area, 87,884 square Ca £ e st Vincent, Feb. 14, 1797 ; and the flag-ship of Vice- 
 
 miles. Population, 1,282,928. 
 
 tt- a . - m, .. i „ -r. -i- -i n i , . Admiral Lord Nelson at Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1805. 
 
 victoria. 1 he capital of British Columbia, sit- Victory. A fine Greco-Roman statue in bronze, 
 uated in the southeastern part of \ ancouver larger than life, in the Museo Anticoat Brescia, 
 island, on the otrait of Juan de r uca, in lat. The figure is winged, clad in light and rich drapery, and 
 48° 25' N., long. 123° 23' W. It was formerly is in the act of writing on a shield held in the left hand 
 a post of the Hudson Bay Company. Popula- and supported on the raised left knee. It is assigned to 
 tion, 31,660, (1911). the 1st century A. D. 
 
 Victoria (vek-to're-a). A seaport, capital G f v ictory, Wingless, Temple of. See hike Ap- 
 the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, situated on t 
 
 the Bay of Espirito Santo in lat. 20° 19' S., Victory Loosing her Sandal^ A famous^relief 
 long. 40° 20' W. Population, municipio, 11,850 
 Victoria (vik-to'ri-a). The capital of Hong- . , 
 kong, situated on the northwestern coast. Ataens. It dates from the early part of the fourth 
 — - - - — — - --• — ..... century B. C. 
 
 Uciy UL HibpiIIbU OcLIJIO III Idl. IV £5., ", . , c Ii m 1 £ T7T7* 
 
 long. 40° 20' W. Population, municipio, ll,85o! from the balustrade of the Temple of Wmg- 
 Victoria (vik-to'ri-a). The capital of Hong- Vl «tory, now in the Acropohs Museum, 
 kong, situated on the northwestern coast. Ataens. It dates from the early part of the fourth 
 
 Victoria (vek-to're-a). The capital of the state tt-’V" l T m,. a 
 
 of Tamaulipas, Mexico, about lat. 23° 45' N Victoiyqf Lepanto,The. A memonal pictuie 
 
 Population, 10,086. 
 
 Victoria (vik-to'ri-a). ABritish armored battle- 
 ship (tonnage, 10,400; indicated horse-power, 
 12,000) sunk by collision off Tripoli, Syria, June 
 22, 1893. It wasthe flag-shipof Vice-Admiral Sir George 
 
 by Paolo Veronese, in the Sala del Collegio of the 
 ducal palace at Venice. The future doge, Sebastian 
 Venier, kneels before the descending Saviour, to whom he 
 is recommended by St. Mark and St. Justina. To the left 
 is a figure of Faith, and behind is Barbarigo with the vic- 
 torious banners. 
 
 Tryon, and was lost in manoeuvering through orders issued Victory Of Samothl'ace. One of the greatest 
 
 Ku him which led tn itc hoincr rammed hv a rnmnaninn i. . . 4-, 
 
 by him which led to its being rammed by a companion 
 vessel, the Camperdown. The admiral and 338 officers 
 and men were drowned. 
 
 Victoria. An asteroid (No. 12) discovered by 
 Hind at London, Sept. 13, 1850. 
 
 art monuments of antiquity, found in Samo- 
 thrace in 1863, andnowin the Louvre, Paris. The 
 
 colossal winged figure (of which the head has been lost) 
 stands, with full drapery blown by the wind, on the prow 
 of a trireme. The work is of Hellenistic date. 
 
 Victoria (vek-to're-a), Guadalupe (Juan Felix Vicuna Mackenna (ve-kon'ya mak-ka'na) 
 
 Fernandez). Born in Durango, 1 7 89: died at 
 Perote, March 21, 1843. A Mexican general 
 and politician. He was prominent on the patriot side 
 during the war for independence, and adopted the name 
 Guadalupe Victoria to commemorate a victory over the 
 Spaniards. After assisting in the overthrow of Iturbide, 
 he was a member of the provisional government, March, 
 1823, -Oct., 1824 ; was the candidate of the federalists in 
 the ensuing election ; and was first president of Mexico, 
 Oct. 10, 1824, to April i, 1829. There were revolts in 1828- 
 1829. 
 
 Victoria, La. One of the vessels composing 
 the squadron of Magalhaes, 1519-21. she was the 
 only one toretum to Europe around the Cape of Good Hope, 
 and was thus the first vessel to circumnavigate the globe. 
 (See Cano, Sebastian del.) Subsequently she was used in 
 
 Benjamin. Born at Santiago, Aug. 25, 1831: 
 died on his estate of Santa Rosa de Colmo, Jan. 
 25, 1886. A Chilean historian. He was engaged 
 in the revolts of 1851, and was obliged to leave the country- 
 traveling in the United States and Europe until 1856, when 
 he was allowed to return. He engaged in journalism, but 
 was again banished 1858-63; was elected to Congress 
 1864; and was special envoy to Peru and the United States 
 1865-67. In 1875 he was the candidate of the liberal party 
 for the presidency. His works, which are numerous, relate 
 mainly to the history of Chile: they are written in pop 
 ular style, but are generally very accurate. Among the 
 best-known are “El Ostracismo de los Carreras” (1857), 
 “Historia de la revolution del Peril ” (1860), “El Ostracismo 
 del general O'Higgins ” (1S60), “ Historic de la administra- 
 cion Montt ” (1862), “ Historia de Chile ” (1868), and “ Cam- 
 panas de Arica y Tacna ” (1880). 
 
 two voyages to the West Indies, and was lost while return- tt-j (voMa ) Mnren Girolamo Born at Cre 
 ing from the second one. The Victoria was of about 90 Vlcta Ua b iViarC0 LrirOianiO. £mrn_at v,re 
 
 tons burden, and carried 45 men 
 
 Victoria (vik-to'ri-a), or Alexandrina (al-eg- 
 zan-dri'na), Lake. An expansion of the Mur- 
 ray River, Australia, at its mouth. 
 
 Victoria Bridge. A tubular iron bridge built 
 across the St. Lawence River at Montreal by 
 Robert Stephenson in 1854-59. In 1898 it was 
 replaced by the Victoria Jubilee Bridge. 
 
 Victoria Cave. A cave near Settle, in York- 
 shire, England. 
 
 Victoria Embankm ent. See Thames Embank- 
 ment. 
 
 Victoria Falls. A cataract of the Zambesi 
 River, about lat. 17° 55' S., long. 26° 32' E. it 
 is one of the grandest waterfalls in the world. Height, 
 about 360 feet. Width, about 1,000 yards. It was first seen 
 by Livingstone in 1855. 
 
 Victoria Lake. A large lake in the Pamir, 
 central Asia, one of the sources of the Amu- 
 Daria. Elevation, about 14,000 feet. 
 
 Victoria Land. 1 . A land in the arctic regions, 
 about lat. 70° N., southeast of Prince Albert 
 
 mona, Italy, about 1480: died Sept. 27, 1566. 
 An Italian Latin poet. He was made by Leo X. 
 prior in Frascati, and by Clement VII. in 1532 bishop of 
 Alba. His Latin poems include the religious epic “Chris 
 tias” (in 6 books, 1535), “De arte poetica” (1537), “De 
 bombyce ” (1527 : on silk-culture), “ De ludo scacchormn ’ 
 (1527 : on chess), etc. 
 
 Vidal (ve-dal'), Pierre. Born at Toulouse: 
 flourished about 1175-1215. A Provencal trou- 
 badour. He accompanied Richard the Lion- 
 Hearted to Cyprus in 1190. 
 
 Pierre Vidal of Toulouse, a troubadour who followed 
 King Richard to the third Crusade, was no less celebrated 
 for his extravagant actions than for his poetical talents. 
 Love and vanity, amongst the poets, seem by turns to as- 
 sume such an empire over the feelings as almost to shake 
 the reason. None, however, have been known to display 
 more perfect madness than Pierre Vidal. Persuaded 
 that he was beloved by every lady, and that he was the 
 bravest of all knights, he was the Quixote of poetry. His 
 ridiculous amours, and his extravagant rhodomontades, 
 heightened by the treacherous pleasantries of pre- 
 tended friends', led him into the strangest errors. During 
 the Crusade he was persuaded at Cyprus to marry a 
 Greek lady who asserted that she was allied to one of the 
 families which had filled the throne of Constantinople; 
 
Vidal 
 
 and this circumstance furnished him with sufficient 
 grounds for believing that he was himself entitled to the 
 purple. Sismondi, Lit. of South of Europe, I. 136. 
 
 Vidar (ve'dar). In Norse mythology, a power- 
 ful god, son of Odin and the giantess Grid. 
 
 Vidaurri (ve-THour're), Santiago. Born in 
 Mexico about 1803: executed in the city of 
 Mexico, July 8, 1867. A Mexican general and 
 politician. He was a member of the govern- 
 ment of Maximilian, and was condemned as a 
 traitor. 
 
 Vidocci (ve-dok'), Francois Eugene. Bom at 
 Arras, France, July 23, 1775: died at Paris, 
 May, 1857. A French detective and adven- 
 turer. In early life he was a soldier and thief ; was sev- 
 eral times imprisoned ; became connected with the Paris 
 police as a detective in 1809 ; and resigned as chief of the 
 detective force in 1825. In 1832 he started a private de- 
 tective establishment, soon closed by the government. He 
 was the reputed author of “ Memoires ” and other works. 
 
 Viehoff (ve'liof), Heinrich. Born at Biittgen, 
 near Neuss, April 28, 1804: died at Treves, 
 April 28, 1886. A German historian of litera- 
 ture and translator. 
 
 Vieira (ve-a'ra), Antonio. Born at Lisbon, 
 Feb. 6, 1608: died at Bahia, Brazil, July 18, 
 1697. A celebrated Portuguese missionary*, 
 pulpit orator, author, and publicist. He was taken 
 to Bahia when a child ; entered the Jesuit order there in 
 1625 ; became celebrated as a pulpit orator, and in 1611 
 returned to Portugal with the ex-governor of Brazil, Mas- 
 carenhas. There he attracted crowds to his sermons ; was 
 nominated royal preacherin 1644 ; was an influential coun- 
 cilor of the king ; and was sent on important diplomatic 
 missions to Paris, The Hague, and Borne. In 1652 he was 
 ordered to the missions of Maranhao; returned to Lis- 
 bon for a short time to secure protection for the Indians in 
 1654 ; was again in Maranhao 1655 to 1661, when there was 
 an uprising against the missionaries ; and was sent a pris- 
 oner to Portugal. There his eloquence prevailed with the 
 court, and a new governor was sent to Maranhao with 
 orders to protect the Jesuits. Vieira remained in Portu- 
 gal, but fell into iU favor with the court ; and for a book 
 which he published, “ Esperancas de Portugal,” was tried 
 before the Inquisition, imprisoned 1665-67, and forbidden 
 to preach, but was soon reinstated. In 1670-75 he was 
 in Rome, where his brilliant oratory brought him renewed 
 fame. He returned to Brazil in 1681, and was provincial 
 of his order there from 1688. Vieira’s published works 
 consist mainly of sermons and letters, the latter often of 
 much historical value. He is one of the first, if not the 
 greatest, of the Portuguese prose authors. 
 
 Vieira, Joao Fernandes. See Fernandes Vieira. 
 
 Vienna (vi-en'a). The Roman name of the 
 city of Vienne in France. 
 
 Vienna. [G. Wien, F. Vienne, L. Vindobona.'] 
 The capital of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, 
 of the Cisleithan division of the empire, and of 
 Lower Austria, and the residence of the em- 
 peror. It is situated on the Danube Canal (southernarm 
 of the Danube) and the Wien, in lat. 48° 13' N., long. 16° 
 23' E., and comprises the Inner City (surrounded by the 
 magnificent Ringstrasse) and the municipal districts Leo- 
 poldstadt, Landstrasse, Wieden, Margarethen, Mariahilf, 
 Neubau, Josefstadt, Alsergrund, Favoriten, Simmering, 
 Meidling, Hietzing, B-udolfsheim, Fiinfhaus, Ottakring, 
 Hernals, Wahring, and Dobling. St. Stephan's cathedral 
 (12th-15th century) is one of the finest specimens of Gothic 
 architecture in Europe. Among other churches the Karls- 
 kirche and the modern Votivkirche are the most remark- 
 able. Other imposing edifices are the new Rathaus, the 
 Parliament and University buildings, and the imperial mu- 
 seums. The principal pleasure resort is the Prater (which 
 see). Vienna is the chief commercial and industrial center 
 of the country ; has ex tensive commerce by railway and the 
 Danube in grain, manufactured goods, etc.; and has manu- 
 factures of leather, silk, cotton, iron and wooden wares, 
 beer, fancy goods, etc. It was an ancient Celtic settle- 
 ment; was fortified by the Romans; was probably the 
 place of the death of Marcus Aurelius ; was taken by the 
 Huns, and later by the Avars ; and was conquered by 
 Charles the Great. The Babenbergers were established 
 there from the 10th century. Vienna has been the capi- 
 tal of the Hapsburg dominions from 1282 ; was occupied 
 by the French in 1805 and in 1809 ; and was a scene of revo- 
 lutionary outbreaks in 1848. A world’s exposition was 
 held there in 1873. Population, 2,030,850, (1910). 
 
 Vienna, Congress of. A congress of the prin- 
 cipal European powers for settling the affairs 
 of Europe, held at Vienna Sept., 1814, -June, 
 181 5. Among the persons present were the monarchs of 
 Russia, Prussia, Austria, Denmark, Bavaria, and various 
 smaller German states, Wellington, Castlereagh, Talley- 
 rand, Nesselrode, Ilardenberg, Metternich, and Stein. 
 The chief stipulations were: the retention by Fiance of 
 the limits existing at the outbreak of the Revolution ; 
 the restoration of the Austrian monarchy without Bel- 
 gium, Breisgau, and West Galicia, but with the addition 
 of Venetia, Dalmatia, etc.; the restoration of the Prussian 
 monarchy without most of the territory taken in 1807 to 
 form the duchy of Warsaw, and minus Ansbach and Bay- 
 reuth (ceded to Bavaria), etc., but with the addition of 
 half of Saxony, extensive territories in the region of the 
 Rhine, and Swedish Pomerania ; the formation of the Ger- 
 man Confederation under the hegemony of Austria ; the 
 creation of a new kingdom of Poland under the Russian 
 dynasty; the establishment of the kingdom of the Nether- 
 lands. including Holland and Belgium ; the retention of 
 Norway by Sweden ; the retention of Finland by Russia ; 
 the restoration of the Sardinian monarchy witli the annexa- 
 tion of Genoa ; the restoration of the States of the Church, 
 Avignon and Venaissin being left to France ; the recon- 
 stitution of the Swiss Confederacy with enlarged limits; 
 the retention by Great Britain of Cape Colony, Ceylon, part 
 
 1037 
 
 of Dutch Guiana, Mauritius, Tobago, Malta, Helgoland, 
 etc.; the establishment of a British protectorate over the 
 Ionian Islands ; the restoration of the Bourbons and other 
 former dynasties in Spain, Naples, Tuscany, and Modena. 
 
 Vienna, Sieges of. 1. Au unsuccessful siege by 
 the Turks under Sultan Solyman in 1529: the 
 city defended by Von Salm. — 2. A siege by the 
 Turks under Kara Mustapha in 1683. Vienna was 
 defended by Rudiger von Starhemberg. It was relieved 
 by a German-Polish army under Sobieski and Charles, duke 
 of Lorraine, who defeated the Turks before the city Sept. 
 12, 1683. 
 
 Vienna, Treaties of. 1. A treaty signed Nov. 
 18, 1738, ratifying the preliminai-ies signed Oct. 
 3, 1735. It ended the War of the Polish Succession. 
 Austria ceded the kingdom of the Two Sicilies as a secun- 
 dogeniture to Don Carlos of Spain, and received the duchies 
 of Parma and Piacenza; Stanislaus renounced Poland and 
 received Lorraine (to devolve after his death on France) ; 
 the Duke of Lorraine (Francis Stephen) received Tuscany. 
 2. See Schonbrunn, Treaty of. — 3. A treaty 
 signed Oct. 30 (preliminaries Aug. 1), 1864, 
 which ended the Schleswig-Holstein war. The 
 King of Denmark renounced all rights over 
 Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg. — 4. A 
 treaty between Austria and Italy, signed Oct. 
 3, 1866. Austria recognized the cession of Ve- 
 netia to Italy. 
 
 Vienna, University of. A university founded 
 at Vienna in 1365. It is especially famous for its 
 medical faculty. The teachers number over 400, and the 
 students about 8,000. 
 
 Vienne (vyen). [ML. Vingenna, Vcncenna, Vi- 
 genna.] A river in western France, which 
 rises in the department of Correze and joins 
 the Loire 8 miles above Saumur. Length, 231 
 miles ; navigable to Chatellerault. 
 
 Vienne. [Roman Vienna Allobrogum (‘of the 
 Allobroges’).] A city in the department of 
 Is&re, France, at the junction of the Gere with 
 the Rhone, 16 miles south of Lyons, it has im- 
 portant and varied manufactures, and trade in wine and 
 grain. It contains a Gothic cathedral and the Roman 
 temple of Augustus and Livia (which see). The cathedral 
 is a fine building exhibiting all styles, from the Roman- 
 esque to the florid Pointed. The west front is Flamboy- 
 ant, with 3. doorways, a large window, and 2 towers. The 
 interior exhibits admirable details in the sculpture of 
 its capitals, and in decorations imitated from the local 
 Roman remains. Vienne was a city of the Allobroges, and 
 later a Roman colony and the capital of a province (Pro- 
 vincia Viennensis). It was the earliest center of Chris- 
 tianity in Gaul. It was the capital of the kingdom of 
 Burgundy 413-534 and 879-933. It was governed later 
 by counts and archbishops. The Archbishop of Vienne 
 was the Primate of Gaul until the French Revolution. 
 Several ecclesiastical councils have been held there, of 
 which the most important is that of 1311-12, in which 
 Clement V. suspended the order of the Templars (buU of 
 May 2, 1312). Population, commune, 24,887. 
 
 Vienne. A department of France, bounded 
 by Maine-et-Loire, Indre-et- Loire, Indre, 
 Haute-Vienne, Charon te, and Doux-Sovres. 
 Capital, Poitiers. The surface is generally level. 
 Vienne was formed chiefly from Poitou, and also from 
 parts of Touraine and Berry. Area, 2,711 square miles. 
 Population, 333,621. 
 
 Vienne. The French name of Vienna. 
 Vienne, Haute-. See Haute-Vienne. 
 
 Viennois (vyen-nwa/). An ancient district in 
 the neighborhood of the city of Vienne, France: 
 now in the departments of Isere and Drome. 
 Viersen (fer'sen). A town in the Rhine Prov- 
 ince, Prussia, 34 miles northwest of Cologne : 
 noted for manufactures of velvet, plush, silk, 
 etc. Population, commune, 27,577. 
 Vierwaldstattersee (fer-valt'stet-ter-za). [G., 
 ‘Lake of the Four Forest Cantons.’] See Lu- 
 cerne, Lalce of. 
 
 Vierzehnlieiiigen (fer-tsan-hi 'lig-en). [G., 
 ‘fourteen saints.’] 1. A place of pilgrimage 
 in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, 19 miles north- 
 northeast of Bamberg. — 2. A village near 
 Jena, Germany, the central point in the battle 
 of Jena in 1806. 
 
 Viesch, or Fiesch (fesh). A small village and 
 tourist center in the canton of Valais, Swit- 
 zerland, situated in the upper Rhone valley 
 9 miles northeast of Brieg. 
 
 Vieuxtemps (vye-ton'), Henri. Born at Ver- 
 viers, Belgium, Feb., 1820: died in Algeria, June 
 6, 1881 . A celebrated Belgian violinist and com- 
 poser for the violin. He was a pupil of De B^riot, and 
 his style was distinctively French. He made many long 
 and successful tours through Europe and America ; and 
 was teacher of the violin 1871-73 at the Brussels Conserva- 
 tory, and director of popular concerts there. After 1873, 
 when he was disabled by a shock of paralysis, he still gave 
 lessons, but was unable to play. Among his compositions 
 are six grand concertos and many fantasias, etc. 
 Vigevaao (ve-ja-va'no). A town in the province 
 of Pavia, Italy, situated on the Ticino 19 miles 
 southwest of Milan. It has important silk 
 manufactures, and contains a cathedral. Popu- 
 lation, town, 18,467; commune, 23,909. 
 Vigfusson (vig'fos-son), Gudbrandr. Born in 
 
 Vilaine 
 
 Iceland, in 1828: died at Oxford, Jan. 31, 1889. 
 A noted Danish philologist, a student of the 
 Icelandic language and literature: lector in 
 Icelandic at Oxford from 1884. He completed 
 Cleasby’s “ Icelandic - English Dictionary” 
 (1869-74). 
 
 Vigil, Francisco de Paula Gonzalez. See 
 
 Gonzalez Vigil. 
 
 Vigilant (vij'i-lant). A center-board sloop se- 
 lected to defend the America’s cup against the 
 Valkyrie. She won three races, Oct. 5, 9, and 13, 1893. In 
 July, 1894, she went to Great Britain for the racing season, 
 in which she was unsuccessful. Her racing length for the 
 America’s cup was 93.31 feet; height of topmast, 56.88; 
 load water-line, 86.34 ; boom, 74.62. She was designed by 
 the Herreshoffs, and was owned by a syndicate of twelve, 
 C. O. Iselin being the principal. After passing to various 
 owners, she was sold to be broken up. 
 
 Vigiles (vij'i-lez). A corps of police and fire- 
 men, organized under military discipline, in an- 
 cient Rome. Under Augustusthey numbered 7,000; were 
 under the command of a prefect; and were divided into 7 
 regiments, each of which had the guard of two of the 14 
 regiones of the city, and was subdivided into 7 companies. 
 The V igiles were quartered in 7 main barracks, or stationer, 
 and 14 subordinate posts, or excubitorm. The remains of 
 several of these barracks and posts have been discovered, 
 and are remarkable for the magnificence of their decora- 
 tion with marble incrustation and columns, mosaic pave- 
 ments, statues, and mural paintings. 
 
 Vigilius (vi-jil'i-us). Died 555. Pope : ordained 
 by order of Belisarius 537. His pontificate 
 was largely occupied with intrigues relating to 
 the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon. 
 Vigliemale (ven-ye-miil'). One of the highest 
 peaks of the Pyrenees, situated southwest of 
 Luz. Height, 10,820 feet. 
 
 Vignola (ve-nyo'la), Giacomo Barocchio or 
 Barozzi, called. Born at Vignola (Modena) in 
 1507 : died at Rome in 1573. A noted Italian 
 architect. He wrote a treatise on the five orders of 
 architecture, and one on perspective, which are well 
 known. After the death of Michelangelo he succeeded 
 him as the architect of St. Peter’s, Rome, and also de- 
 signed the Escorial in Spain. He lived for several years 
 in France, where he executed a number of bronzes. 
 
 Vigny ( ven-ye' ) , Alfred Victor, Comte de. Bom 
 at Loches, Touraine, March 27, 1799: died at 
 Paris, Sept. 17, 1863. A French poet and novel- 
 ist. At the age of 16 he entered the army, and was pro- 
 moted captain in 1823. During the moments of enforced 
 inactivity in his military career he pursued his studies: 
 as early as 1815 he composed a couple of essays, “La 
 Dryade” and “Symdta.” His first collection of poems 
 appeared in 1822 as “Poemes antiques et mod ernes.” That 
 same year he published “Le Trappiste,” and “Eloa, ou la 
 sneur des anges ” in 1824. Then came his last work of a 
 biblical character, “Le Ddluge,” and his first work in the 
 new romantic ordering, “Dolorida.” He published his 
 great historical novel “Cinq-Mars” in 1826, and resigned 
 from the army in 1828 by reason of ill health. As a drama- 
 tist he translated Shakspere’s “Othello” and “Merchant 
 of Venice "into French verse, wrote an original historical 
 drama, “La mardchale d’Ancre,” and finally produced his 
 best piece of work in this line, “ Cliatterton ” (1835). This 
 drama is related in its subject to “Stello, ou les diables 
 bleus” (1832), in which De Vigny defined the position of 
 a poet in modern society. Another work, in which a war- 
 rior's position is similarly defined, appeared as “Servi- 
 tude et grandeur militaires ” (1835). Among the last publi- 
 cations during the author’slifetime was a series of “Poemes 
 philosophiques” (1843). He spent the last twenty years of 
 his life in retirement, and left several posthumous works. 
 He was admitted to the French Academy May 8, 1845. 
 Vigo (ve'go). A seaport in the province of 
 Pontevedra, Spain, situated on the Ria de Vigo 
 in lat. 42° 12' N., long. 8° 43' W. It has sardine 
 and other fisheries, and important commerce ; and is a 
 port of call of several steamship lines. It was attacked 
 by Drake toward the end of the 16th century. The allied 
 Anglo-Dutch fleet destroyed the Spanish plate fleet in 
 Vigo Bay Oct. 23, 1702. The town was captured by the 
 British in 1719. Population, 23,259. 
 
 Vihiers (ve-ya'). A small town in the depart- 
 ment of Maine-et-Loire, France, 24 miles south 
 of Angers. Here, July 18, 1793, the Vendeans 
 defeated the republicans. 
 
 Vikings (vl'kingz). [ON. vildngr, a pirate, a 
 freebooter.] The bands of Northmen who, as 
 pirates, infested the British Isles and the north 
 coast of France in the 8th, 9th, and 10th cen- 
 turies. 
 
 Vikramorvashi (vi-kra-mor'va-she). [Skt., 
 ‘Urvashi won by valor (vikrama).’] A cele- 
 brated drama by Kalidasa, after the Shakun- 
 tala the most remarkable of Sanskrit dramas. 
 It is in five acts, and belongs to the trotaka class, in which 
 the events take place some on earth and some in heaven. 
 VilagOS (vil'a-gosh). A small town in the 
 county of Arad, Hungary, 16 miles east-north- 
 east of Arad, ncrc the Hungarian army under Gorgey 
 (about 25,000) surrendered to the Russians under Rudiger 
 Aug. 13, 1849. This practically ended the Hungarian in- 
 surrection. 
 
 Vilaine (ve-lan'). [ML. Vincinonia or Vicc- 
 nonia.2 A river in France, principally in Brit- 
 tany, which flows into the Atlantic 17 miles south- 
 east of Vannes: the Roman Herius. Length, 140 
 miles; navigable 88 miles. 
 
Vilas 
 
 Vilas (vi'las), William Freeman. Born at Chel- 
 sea, Vt., July 9, 1840: died at Madison, Wis., 
 Aug. 27, 1908. An American Democratic poli- 
 tician. He served in the Civil War ; and was chairman 
 of the Democratic National Convention in 1884 ; post- 
 master-general 1885-88 ; and secretary of the interior 
 1888-89. He was senator from Wisconsin 1891-97. 
 
 Vilcabamba (vel-ka-batn'ba). A mountainous 
 region of Peru, north of Cuzco, between the 
 rivers Apurimac and Vilcamayu. 
 
 Vile (ve'le). In Norse mythology, the brother 
 of Odin. 
 
 Vili (ve'le), or Bavili (ha-ve'le). A Bantu tribe 
 of the French Kongo, on the coast between Ma- 
 vumba and Nkobi. 
 
 Vilkomir (vil-ko-mer'), or Wilkomierz (vil- 
 
 kom'e-arzh). A town in the government of 
 Kovno, western Russia, situated on the Sventa 
 43 miles northeast of Kovno. Population, 14, 700. 
 Villa Adriana. See Hadrian’s Vina. 
 
 Villa Albani (vel'la al-ba'ne). A Roman villa 
 on the Via Salaria, founded in 1760 by Cardinal 
 Alessandro Albani. It was filled with works of art. 
 Napoleon sent nearly 300 of the statues to Paris. They 
 were restored to Cardinal Giuseppe Albani in 1815 : he sold 
 them, and many of them are now in the Glyptothek at 
 Munich. Prince Torlonia bought the villa in 1866. It still 
 contains many works of art. 
 
 Villa Aldobrandini (al-do-bran-de'ne). A villa 
 at Frascati, near Rome. It was built for Cardinal 
 Aldobrandini near the close of the 16th century, and now 
 belongs to the Borghese family. The grounds are finely 
 laid out, and are famous for their waterworks and extensive 
 views. 
 
 Villa Borghese (bor-ga'se). A villa just out- 
 side the Porta del Popolo, Rome, it was founded 
 by Cardinal Scipio Borghese, the nephew of Plus V. Its 
 grounds are very extensive, having been enlarged by the 
 addition of the Giustiniani Gardens. The villa contains 
 many fine sculptures, Prince Borghese having founded a 
 new museum here, the older one having been purchased 
 by Napoleon I. and sent to the louvre. 
 
 Villa do Conde (vel'la do kon'da). A seaport 
 in the province of Entre Douro e Minlio, Portu- 
 gal, situated on the Atlantic 18 miles north of 
 Oporto. Population, 5,547. 
 
 Villaflor. See Terceira, Duke of. 
 
 Villafranca (vel-la-frang'ka). ‘ A town in the 
 province of Verona, Italy, 11 miles southwest of 
 Verona, A treaty was signed here, July 11, 1859, between 
 the emperors Francis Joseph of Austria and Napoleon III, 
 ending the war of 1859. It was preliminary to the treaty 
 of Zurich (which see), Nov., 1859. Pop., commune, 9,461. 
 Villa Franca (vel'la frang'ka). A town on the 
 southern coast of the island of St. Michael, 
 Azores. Population, 7,527. 
 
 Village Coquette, The. A short comedy, with 
 songs, by Charles Dickens, published in 1836. 
 Villagra (vel-ya-gra'), or Villagran (vel-ya- 
 gran' ), Francisco de. Born at Astorga, Leon, 
 1507: died at Concepcion, Chile, July 15, 1563. 
 A Spanish soldier. He was prominent in the conquest 
 of Chile 1540-46 ; was acting governor (1547-49) during Val- 
 divia’s absence; and, after the latter was killed by the 
 Araucanians (Jan., 1554), succeeded him as governor ad 
 interim. He immediately marched against the Indians, 
 but was disastrously defeated at Mariguenu (Feb., 1554), 
 and forced to abandon Concepcion, which was burned 
 by the Indians. In 1555 he was more successful, relieving 
 Imperial and Valdivia, which had been closely besieged, 
 and carrying on a war of extermination in the south. In 
 1557 he surprised, defeated, and killed the celebrated chief 
 Lautaro at Mataquito. His right to rule was contested, 
 and on the arrival of the new governor, Hurtado de Men- 
 doza, he was sent a prisoner to Peru : but was quickly 
 released, went to Spain, and in 1561 returned to Chile as 
 governor, ruling until his death. In 1562-63 he had to deal 
 with a fresh uprising of the Araucanians, in which his son 
 was killed. 
 
 Villalobos, Rui Lopez de. See Lopez de Villa- 
 lobos. 
 
 Villa Ludovisi (vel'la lo-do-ve'se). A villa on 
 the Via di S. Basilio, within the walls of Rome, 
 erected in the early part of the 17th century by 
 Cardinal Ludovisi. It has a fine collection of antique 
 sculptures, including the Ludovisi Juno, which are to 
 be transferred to a new building erected near by. Its 
 grounds, formerly extensive, have been partly built over. 
 Villamanrique, Marquis of, Viceroy of Mexico. 
 
 See Zuniga , Alonso Manrique de. 
 
 Villa Medici (ma'de-clie). A Roman villa built, 
 in 1540, south of the Pincio, for Cardinal Ricci 
 da Montepulciano. About 1600 it came into the pos- 
 session of the Medici family, and afterward into that of 
 the grand dukes of Tuscany. Galileo was confined there 
 1630-33. The French Academy of Art, founded by Louis 
 XIV., was transferred to it in 1801, and it has a fine collec- 
 tion of casts. 
 
 VillaNazionale (nat-ze-o-nii'le). The principal 
 public park and promenade in Naples, formerly 
 the Villa Real© (royal villa). It is an extension of 
 the Chiaja from the Largo della Vittoria to the Piazza Um- 
 berto, about 200 feet wide and a mile long, laid out in 1780 
 (since enlarged) on the edge of the sea. The new aqua- 
 rium, belonging to the zoological station, is about in the 
 middle of the grounds, and was opened in 1874. 
 
 Villani (vel-la'ne), Giovanni. Born at Flor- 
 
 1038 
 
 ence: died there of the plague, 1348. An 
 Italian historian. He traveled in Italy, France, and 
 Flanders, and held public offices in Florence. He wrote 
 a “Chronicle of Florence,” etc. 
 
 Villani, Matteo. Died about 1363. An Italian 
 chronicler, brother of G. Villani whose ‘‘Chron- 
 icle ” he continued. 
 
 Villanova de Portimao (vel-la-no'va de por- 
 te-mouh'). A seaport in the province of Algarve, 
 Portugal, situated on the southern coast 112 
 miles south-southeast of Lisbon. Population, 
 7,972. 
 
 Villanovanus, Arnaldus. See Arnold of Villa- 
 
 nova. 
 
 Villanueva(vel-ya-nwa'va),JoaquinLorenzo. 
 
 Bom at J ativa, Spain, Aug. 10, 1757 : died at Dub- 
 lin, March 26, 1837. A noted Spanish patriot, 
 scholar, and poet. On the restoration of 1823, 
 he fled to Great Britain. 
 
 Villa Pallavicini (vel'la pal-la-ve-ehe'ne). 
 The residence of the Marchese Durazzo, at 
 Pegli, Italy. It is famous for its elaborate decoration 
 and its extensive gardens, which, with the luxuriance and 
 variety of their subtropical vegetation, and their charm- 
 ing views over the Mediterranean, combine numerous 
 statues, fountains, bridges, grottoes, a Pointed chapel, a 
 triumphal arch with sculptures, a mosque, an obelisk, 
 a Roman temple, and many other attractions. In its arti- 
 ficial type of beauty, the Villa Pallavicini is unsurpassed. 
 Villa Real (vel'la ra-al'). [Pg., ‘royal villa.’] 
 A seaport in the province of Algarve, south- 
 eastern extremity of Portugal, on the Spanish 
 frontier, at the mouth of the Guadiana. Popu- 
 lation, 6,172. 
 
 Villa Real. A town in the province of Traz- 
 os-Montes, Portugal, situated on the Corgo 50 
 miles east-northeast of Oporto. It was the scene 
 of an outbreak of the Miguelists in 1823 ; and of the vic- 
 tory of C’azal over the insurgents in 1846. Population, 
 6,716. 
 
 Villareal ( vel-ya-ra-al'). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Castellon, Spain, south of Castellon. 
 Population, 16,068. 
 
 Villaret de Joyeuse (vel-la-ra' de zhwa-yez'), 
 called Villaret-Joyeuse, Louis Thomas, 
 
 Count. Born in 1750: died at Venice, July 24, 
 1812. A French naval officer. He commanded a 
 fleet which, while convoying grain-ships, engaged the Eng- 
 lish under Lord Howe, near Brest, May 28-June 1, 1794. 
 In 1801-02 he commanded the naval forces in the Santo 
 Domingo expedition (see Leclerc). From 1802 to 1809 he 
 was governor of the islands of Martinique and St. Lucia, 
 finally capitulating to the English. From 1811 he was 
 ★ governor of Venice. 
 
 Villari (vel'la-re), Pasquale. Born at Naples, 
 Oct. 3, 1827. An Italian author, professor at 
 Florence 1866—1906. He has written a history of Sa- 
 vonarola (“Storia di Savonarola e de suoi tempi," 1859-61), 
 one of Machiavelli and his times (1877-82), essays, and 
 works on education, art, philosophy, Italian literature, etc. 
 
 Villa Rica (vel'yare'ka). The first town found- 
 ed in Mexico by Cortes, May, 1519. it was nomi- 
 nally founded on the present, site of Vera Cruz, and was then 
 known as Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz. A short time after 
 the actual settlement was commenced farther north, on 
 the harbor of Bernal. In 1525 the site was changed to a 
 place on the Rio de la Antigua, and thenceforth the town 
 was generally known as Vera Cruz. The final removal to 
 the present site took place in 1599. 
 
 Villa Rica (vel'yare'ka). A town in Paraguay, 
 95 miles (by railroad) east-southeast of Asun- 
 cion. Population, about 25,000. 
 
 Villars (ve-lar'). Due de (Claude Louis Hec- 
 tor). Born at Moulins, France, May 8, 1653: 
 died at Turin, June 17, 1734. A French mar- 
 shal. Heserved under Turenne, Conde, and Luxembourg ; 
 filled various diplomatic missions ; commanded in Ger- 
 many in 1702 ; defeated Louis of Baden at Friedliugen Oct. 
 14, 1702 ; gained the victory of Hochstadt Sept. 20, 1703 ; 
 subdued the Camisards in i704 ; commanded in Germany 
 and Italy 1705-08; was defeated at Malplaquet Sept. 11, 
 1709; defeated the Imperialists at Denain July 24, 1712; 
 and gained various successes in 1713. He was a member 
 of the council of regency under Louis XV., and commanded 
 successfully in Lombardy in 1733-34. 
 
 Villaviciosa (vel-ya-ve-the-6'sa). A village in 
 the province of Guadalajara, Spain, 25 miles 
 east-northeast of Guadalajara. Here, Dec. 10 . 1710 , 
 the French under Vendome defeated the Austrians under 
 Starhemberg. 
 
 Villa-Viqosa (vel'la-ve-so'sa). Atowninthe 
 province of Alemtejo, Portugal, 24 miles west- 
 southwest of Badajoz. Population, 7,222. 
 Villedieu (vel-dye'), Madame de: the pseu- 
 donym of Marie Catherine Hortense Des- 
 jardins. Born near Fougeres in 1631 : died 
 there, Nov., 1683. A French writer. She had an 
 adventurous life, and was the author of numerous works, 
 among which are “Les desordres de l'amour,” “ Amours des 
 grands homines,” “ M^moires du serail,” “Le rdcit eu 
 prose eten vers des pr^cieuses,” etc. 
 
 Villefranche (vel-fronsh'), It. Villafranca 
 
 (vel-la-frang'ka). A seaport, in the department 
 of Alpes-Maritimes, France, situated on the 
 Gulf of Nice 3 miles northeast of Nice. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 4,425. 
 
 Villeneuve 
 
 Villefranche de Lauragais (vel-fronsh' de 16- 
 
 ra-ga'). A town in the department of Haute- 
 Garonne, France, 20 miles southeast of Tou- 
 louse. Population, commune, 2,347. 
 Villefranche de Rouergue (ro-arg'). A town 
 in the department of Aveyron, France, situated 
 on the Aveyron 27 miles west of Rodez. it waB 
 a flourishing medieval town, and later a Huguenot center. 
 It has a church of Notre Dame and a Carthusian convent. 
 Population, commune, 8,352. 
 
 Villefranche-sur-Saone (-sfir-son'). A town in 
 the department of Rhone, France, situated near 
 the Saone 17 miles north by west of Lyons. 
 It was the capital of Beaujolais. Population, 
 commune, 16,031. 
 
 Villegaignon (vel-ga-nyoh'), Chevalier de 
 (Nicolas Durand). Born in 1510; died near 
 Nemours, Jan. 9, 1571. A French soldier. He 
 served against the Turks and Algerians ; was vice-admiral 
 of Brittany ; and in 1555 was given command of the expe- 
 dition sent by Coliguy to found a colony in Brazil. He 
 sailed from Havre, July 12, with two ships, and in Nov. 
 entered the Bay of Rio tie Janeiro and occupied the island 
 which is still known by his name, establishing friendly re- 
 lations with the Indians. Coligny had intended the colony 
 as a refuge for Protestants, but it was made up of differ- 
 ent sects, including Catholics: quarrels arose, and Ville- 
 gaignon, whose affiliations were doubtful, expelled the Cal- 
 vinists. In 1559 he went to France, ostensibly for reinforce- 
 ments, but never returned, and the colony was destroyed 
 by the Portuguese in 1567 (see Sd, Mem de). Villegaignon 
 published (in Latin) works on the wars in which he had 
 been engaged, etc. Also written Villegagnon. 
 
 Villegaignon (ve-le-gan-yon'), Ilha de. A 
 small island in the- harbor of Rio de Janeiro, 
 fronting the city. It was occupied by the French who 
 formed the first settlement on the bay. (See Chevalier de 
 Villegaignon, above.) During the empire it was fortified, 
 and it was a strongly contested point during the naval 
 rebellion of 1893-94. 
 
 Villehardouin (vel-ar-do-ah'), Geoffroi de. 
 
 Born presumably on his ancestral estates near 
 Troyes, Champagne, between 1150 and 1165: 
 died probably in 1212. A French chronicler. 
 The only thing known concerning him before the time of 
 the fourth Crusade (1202) is that he bore the title of mar- 
 shal of Champagne in 1191. When his liege lord Thibaut 
 III. joined theCrusade preached in 1 199, Villehardouin took 
 service under him, and gained special reputation in nego- 
 tiating with the Venetians for the transfer of the Crusa- 
 ders by sea to the Holy Land. He followed the Crusade 
 through all its disasters, and chronicled all the events of 
 importance that extended over a period of 10 years (1198- 
 1207). His “Chronique” is considered trustworthy from 
 a historical point of view, but is more deserving still for 
 it? literary excellence, while being one of the oldest monu- 
 ments in original French prose. The best edition of thi3 
 “Chronique ’’was made by M. Natalis de Wailly under the 
 title “La conquete de Constantinople, par Geoffroi de 
 Villehardouin, texte original accompagne d’une traduc- 
 tion ” (Paris, 1872). 
 
 Villela Barboza (ve-la'la bar-bo'za), Francis- 
 co, Marquis of Para nagua from 1825. Born 
 at Rio de Janeiro, Nov. 20, 1769: died ’there, 
 Sept. 11, 1846. A Brazilian politician of the 
 conservative party. He was deputy to the Portuguese 
 Cortes 1821-22, and during the reign of Pedro I. was re- 
 peatedly a member of the cabinet. The unpopular acts 
 of the emperor, which led to his enforced abdication in 
 1831, were due to Barboza’s advice. He was a poet of some 
 repute. 
 
 Villele (ve-lal'), Comte Jean Baptiste Sera- 
 pilin Joseph de. Born at Toulouse, France, 
 Aug. 14, 1773: died there, March 13, 1854. A 
 French statesman and financier. He served in 
 early life in the navy ; after the restoration was a leader 
 of tire ultra-royalists; entered the cabinet in 1820; be- 
 came minister of finance in 1821 ; and was premier 1822-28. 
 
 Villemain (vel-mah'), Abel Franqois. Born at 
 Paris, June 11, 1790 : died there, May 8, 1870. A 
 French writer. On graduating from the LycSe Louis- 
 le-Grand, he studied law. In 1810 he was called to the 
 chair of rhetoric at the LycAe Charlemagne, and from 1816 
 to 1826 filled the chair in French eloquence at the Sor- 
 bonne. His success as a teacher was such that his name 
 was associated with those of Cousin and Guizot, thus form- 
 ing the famous trio known as “les trois professeurs." He 
 won his first laurels as a writer in successful competition 
 before the French Academy for the prize offered for the 
 best essay entitled “Elogede Montaigne ’’(1812). Heagain 
 took the prize in 1814 with his “A vantages et inconvenient? 
 de la critique,” and in 1816 with his “ Eloge de Montes- 
 quieu.” The French Academy elected him a mem- 
 ber in 1821. The success of his “Histoire de Cromwell” 
 (1819) led him gradually into a political life, so that after 
 1836 he gave up teaching altogether. From 1839 to 1844 
 he was almost continuously minister of public instruction. 
 Besides a couple of essays on Grecian themes, entitled 
 “ Lascaris, ou lesGrecsdu X V-- sihcle ’’ and “Essai sur 1’iHat 
 des Grees depuis la conquete musulmane ’’ (1825), Ville- 
 main wrote several shorter papers and articles that were 
 ultimately published in book form : prominent among 
 these writings stand his “Souvenirs contemporains d’his- 
 toire et de literature ” (1856). His reputation, however, 
 rests more particularly on the following three great works : 
 “ Cours de literature frangaise, tableau du X V II I-' sited e, ” 
 “ Tableau de l’eloquence chrtHienne au IVe siecle,” and. in 
 a somewhat lesser degree, “ Histoire de Gr^goire VII.” — 
 this last-named being a posthumous publication (1873). 
 Villeneuve (vel-nev'). [F., ‘new town.] A 
 town in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, situ- 
 ated at t he head of Lake Geneva, 17 miles south- 
 east of Lausanne. Population, 1,751. 
 
Villeneuve 
 
 Villeneuve, Pierre Charles Jean Baptiste 
 Silvestre de. Born 1763: committed suicide 
 1806. A French admiral. He was made commander 
 of the fleet destined to invade England in 1805, and was 
 defeated by Nelson at Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1805. 
 
 Villeneuve-lez-Avignon ( vel - nev' la, - za - ven- 
 yon'). A town in the department o£ Gard, 
 France, situated on the Rhone opposite Avi- 
 gnon. Population, commune, 2,890. 
 Villeneuve-Sur-Lot (-siir-lo'). A town in the 
 department of Lot-et-Garonne, France, situ- 
 ated on the Lot 16 miles north by east of Agen. 
 It has remains of medieval ramparts, etc. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 13,540. 
 Villeneuve-sur-Yonne (-sur-yon'), formerly 
 Villeneuve-le-Roi. A town in the department 
 of Yonne, France, situated on the Yonne 67 
 miles southeast of Paris. Population, com- 
 mune, 4,666. 
 
 Villeroi (vel-rwa'), Due de (Francois deNeuf- 
 
 Ville). Born April 7, 1644 : died July 18, 1730. 
 A French marshal, favorite of Louis XIV. with 
 whom he was educated. He was commander-in- 
 chief in the Low Countries in 1695 ; was defeated by Prince 
 Eugene at Chiari Sept. 1, 1701 ; was surprised and taken 
 prisoner by Eugene at Cremona Feb. 1, 1702 ; and was de- 
 feated at Ramillies May 23, 1706. He was a member of 
 the council of regency under Louis XV. 
 
 Villeroi, Seigneur de (Nicolas de Neufville). 
 
 Born 1542 : died 1617. A French minister of 
 state, author of “Memoires d’etat” (1622). 
 Villers-Cotterets (ve-lar' kot-ra'). A town 
 in the department of Aisne, France, 14 miles 
 southwest of Soissons. It was the scene of a con- 
 test between the Allies and the French, June 28, 1815, in 
 which the French were defeated. It was the birthplace 
 of Dumas pere. Population, commune, 5,381. 
 Villersexel. A small town in the department 
 of Haute-Sa6ne, France, situated on the Ognon 
 14 miles east-southeast of Vesoul. it was the scene 
 of a battle (claimed as a French victory) between the 
 French under Bourbaki and the Germans under Von 
 Werder, Jan. 9, 1871. 
 
 Villers-Sur-Mer (ve-lar'sur-mar'). A watering- 
 place in the department of Calvados, France, 
 on the English Channel 12 miles southwest of 
 Lo Havre. 
 
 Villette (vi-let'). A novel by Charlotte Bronte, 
 published in 1853. In this she made use of an 
 older story, “ The Professor.” 
 
 Villette (vel-let'), La. A northeastern suburb 
 of Paris. 
 
 Villiers (vil'yerz), Barbara, Lady Castlemaine 
 and Duchess of Cleveland. Born 1641: died 
 1709. A mistress of Charles II. of England, by 
 whom she became the mother of the dukes of 
 Cleveland, Grafton, and Northumberland. 
 Villiers, George, first Duke of Buckingham. 
 Bora at Brookesby, Leicestershire, England, 
 Aug. 28, 1592: died at Portsmouth, Aug. 23, 
 1628. An English courtier and politician un- 
 der James I. and Charles I.: created succes- 
 sively Viscount Villiers (1616), and earl (1617), 
 marquis (1618), and duke of Buckingham (1623). 
 He became privy councilor in 1617 ; accompanied Charles 
 to Spain in 1623; was chief minister at court 1624-28 ; 
 and was defeated by the French at the Isle of Rhd in 1627. 
 He was assassinated by John Felton. 
 
 Villiers, George, second Duke of Buckingham. 
 Born at London, Jan. 30, 1627 : died at Kirkby 
 Moorside, Yorkshire, April 17, 1688. An Eng- 
 lish politician, courtier, and writer: son of the 
 first Luke of Buckingham. He was a privy coun- 
 cilor 1662-67 ; and organized the “Cabal" in 1670 (see Ca- 
 bal). His collected works were published in 1704. 
 
 Villiers, George William Frederick, fourth 
 Earl of Clarendon. Born at London, Jan. 12, 
 1800: died at London, June 27, 1870. An Eng- 
 lish statesman and diplomatist. He was minister 
 to Spain 1833-39 ; lord privy seal 1839-41 ; chancellor of 
 the duchy of Lancaster 1840-41 ; lord lieutenant of Ireland 
 1847-62; foreign secretary 1853-58; plenipotentiary at 
 Paris in 1856; chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster 1864- 
 1865 ; and foreign secretary 1865-66 and 1868-70. 
 
 Villiers de L’lsle-Adam (ve-ya' de lel-a-don'), 
 Philippe de. Born at Beauvais, France, in 
 1464: died in Malta in 1534. Grand master of 
 the order of St. John of Jerusalem. He was 
 elected grand master in 1521. In 1522, after a six months’ 
 siege, he was compelled to surrender the island of Rhodes, 
 the seat of the order, to Solyman. In 1530 he secured from 
 Charles V. the cession of the islands of Malta and Gozo, 
 which became the new seat of the order. 
 
 Villon (vel-lon'), Frangois. Bom at Paris, 
 1431: died about 1484. One of the earliest 
 French poets. Little is known of his life except what 
 may be gathered from his own writings. Although of 
 very humble extraction, he found means to acquire a good 
 education. Beginning with his student days, he led 
 throughout his whole life a wild Bohemian existence. 
 Three times he appeared before the courts to answer seri- 
 ous charges (see the extract). The llrst time he was sen- 
 tenced to be flogged. Between his llrst and second ar- 
 rests he wrote “Le petit testament ” (1456). For his second 
 
 1039 
 
 offense he was condemned to death : he owed his life, it is 
 said, to one of the princesses of the royal household, to 
 whom he had inscribed a poem, “Le dit de la naissance 
 Marie.” She was presumably the daughter of the duke 
 Charles d'Orleans, himself a poet, who raised Villon to an 
 honorable position. In 1461 he again was imprisoned. On 
 regaining his liberty he composed his masterpiece, “Le 
 grand testament,” in which he incorporated a large num- 
 ber of his older ballads. Besides the works already named, 
 Villon wrote several separate poems and a series of obscure 
 slang rimes, “Le jargon.” 
 
 Francois Villon, or Corbueil, or Corbier, or de Montcor- 
 bier, or des Loges, was certainly born at Paris in the year 
 1431. Of the date of his death nothing certain is known, 
 some authorities extending his life towards the close of the 
 century in order to adjust Rabelais’ anecdotes of him, 
 others supposing him to have died before the publication 
 of the first edition of his works in 1489. That Villon was 
 not his patronymic, whichsoever of his numerous aliases 
 may really deserve that distinction, is certain. He was a 
 citizen of Paris and a member of the university, having 
 the status of clerc. But his youth was occupied in other 
 matters than study. In 1455 he killed, apparently in self- 
 defence, a priest named Philip Sermaise, fled from Paris, 
 was condemned to banishment in default of appearance, 
 and six months afterwards received letters of pardon. In 
 1456 a faithless mistress, Catherine de Vausselles, drew 
 him into a second affray, in which he had the worst, and 
 again he fled from Paris. During his absence a burglary 
 committed in the capital put the police on the track of a 
 gang of young good-for-nothings among whom Villon’s 
 name figured, and lie was arrested, tried, tortured, and 
 condemned to death. On appeal, however, the sentence 
 was commuted to banishment. Four years after he was in 
 prison at Meung, consigned thither by the Bishop of Or- 
 leans; but the king, Louis the Eleventh, set him free. 
 Thenceforward nothing certain is known of him. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit. , p. 156. 
 
 Vilna, or Willi a (vil'na). A government of 
 West Russia, surrounded by the governments 
 of Kovno, Vitebsk, Minsk, Grodno, and Su- 
 walki. It exports timber, flax, etc. Area, 16,- 
 181 square miles. Population, 1,861,200. 
 Vilna, or Wilna, or Wilno (vil'no). The capi- 
 tal of the government of Vilna, situated on the 
 Vilia about lat. 54° 40' N. : the ancient capital 
 of Lithuania. It has a trade in timber and grain, and 
 contains a Greek and a Roman Catholic cathedral and a 
 ruined castle of the Jagellons. Formerly it had a univer- 
 sity. Population, 162,633. 
 
 Vilyui. A range of mountains in Siberia, between 
 the Lena and the Vilyui. 
 
 Vimeiro (ve-ma ro). A place in the province 
 of Estremadura, Portugal, 33 miles north by 
 west of Lisbon. Here, Aug. 21, 1808, the British 
 under Wellington defeated the French under 
 Junot. 
 
 Vimeure (ve-mer'), Donation Marie Joseph 
 
 de, Vicomte de Roehambeau. Born near Ven- 
 dorne, April 7, 1750 : killed at the battle of Leip- 
 sic, in Saxony, Oct. 18, 1813. A French gen- 
 eral, son of the Comte de Roehambeau. He served 
 with his father in North America, and in 1792 was made 
 lieutenant-general and governor of the Leeward Islands, 
 where he capitulated to the English March 22, 1794. In 
 1802 he was second in command in the French expedition 
 against Santo Domingo, and after Leclerc’s death (Dec. 2, 
 1802) succeeded him in the leadership. Closely besieged in 
 Cape Francois, he abandoned it Nov. 30, 1803, and sur- 
 rendered to the British admiral whose fleet was blockad- 
 ing the bay. He remained in captivity until 1811, and sub- 
 sequently served under Napoleon. 
 
 Vimeure, Jean Baptiste Donatien de, Comte 
 de Roehambeau. Born 1725: died 1807. AFrench 
 marshal. He served in the War of the Austrian Succes- 
 sion and the Seven Years’ War ; became commander of 
 the French forces in America in 1780 ; cooperated with 
 Washington in the siege and capture of Yorktown in 1781 ; 
 became a marshal in 1791 ; and was imprisoned in the 
 Reign of Terror. 
 
 Viminal (vim'i-nal). [L . Hons Yiminalis.\ The 
 northeasternmost of the group of the seven 
 hills of ancient Rome, east of the Quirinal and 
 north of the Esquiline. The baths of Diocletian 
 lie below it to the north. 
 
 Vinaroz (ve-na-roth'). A seaport in the prov- 
 ince of Castellon, Spain, situated on the Medi- 
 terranean 45 miles northeast of Castellon de la 
 Plana. Here, Nov., 1810, the French under 
 Musniers defeated the Spaniards. Population, 
 8,625. 
 
 Vincennes (vin-senz' ; F. pron. van-sen'). A 
 town in the department of Seine, France, about 
 two miles east of the fortifications of Paris: 
 noted for its castle. The castle is of medieval foun- 
 dation, and was at once a royal residence and a fortress until 
 the reign of Louis XV. It is now an armory and artillery 
 station. The donjon is an imposing square tower, 170 feet 
 high, with turrets at the angles. The beautiful chapel, 
 begun in 1379, was finished by Henry II. : it possesses a 
 picturesque facade, lofty vaulting, and beautiful glass. In 
 the dungeons of the castle were confined Mirabeau and the 
 Due d’Enghien. Population, commune, 34,185. 
 Vincennes (vin-senz'). The capital of Knox 
 County, Indiana, situated on the Wabash 163 
 miles southwest of Indianapolis: an important 
 railroad center. It was settled by the French in 1702, 
 and was the capital of Indiana Territory. Population, 
 14,895, (1910). 
 
 Vincennes (van-sen'), Bois de. [F.,‘ wood of 
 
 Vinet 
 
 Vincennes.’] A pleasure park near Paris, di- 
 rectly south of Vincennes. 
 
 Vincent (vin'sent), or Vinqentius (vin-sen'- 
 shi-us), Saint. [Sp. Vincente, I J g. Vicente, It. Vin- 
 cenzio, from LL. Vincentius, from vincens, con- 
 quering.] Martyred 304 A. D. A Spanish mar- 
 tyr, deacon of Saragossa. 
 
 Vincent de Paul (van-son' de pol' or vin'sent 
 de pal') or de Paulo, Saint. Born at Pouy, 
 Gascony, France, April 24, 1576: died at St. 
 Lazare, Paris, Sept. 27, 1660. The founder of 
 the Lazarists, of the order of “Filles de la 
 Chari te,” and of the Foundling Hospital, Paris. 
 He was canonized in 1737. 
 
 Vincentio (vin-sen'shio). 1. The reigning 
 duke, a character in Shakspere’s “ Measure for 
 Measure.” — 2. An old gentleman of Pisa, a char- 
 acter in Shakspere’s “Taming of the Shrew.” 
 Vinci (vin'che), Leonardo (or Lionardo) da. 
 Born at Vinci, near Empoli, Italy, 1452: died 
 at Cloux, near Amboise, Prance, May 2, 1519. 
 A famous Italian painter, architect, sculptor, 
 scientist, engineer, mechanician, and musician. 
 He was taken by his father to Verocchio about 1470, with 
 whom he remained until he was past twenty, drawing, 
 modeling, designing for architecture, and planning en- 
 gineering schemes. His studio companions were Lorenzo 
 di C’redi and Perugino. He was in the Company of Paint- 
 ers in 1472, and received Iris first recorded commission 
 in 1478. He seems to have gone to Milan about 1487, hav- 
 ing prospered littleat Florence. He returned to Florence in 
 1503 ; went to Milan again in 1506 ; and lived in Rome 1514- 
 1515. He painted his famous Cenacolo, or Last Supper, on 
 the wall of the refectory i n the Convent of Santa Maria delle 
 Grazie : it was finished in 1498. Owing to the dampness of 
 the wall, it has been frequently repainted : the original 
 sketches, however, still exist, andfrom a copy of it by Marco 
 d’Oggione Raphael Morghen produced his celebrated en- 
 graving published in 1800. While living in Milan under 
 the protection of Ludovico il Moro, he occupied himself 
 with the colossal equestrian statue of Duke Francesco I. , 
 the model of which was exhibited in 1493 aud demolished 
 by the French in 1499. On liia return to Florence he drew 
 tlie cartoon from which Filippino painted the altarpiece 
 of the monks of Servi. His principal work subsequently 
 seems to have been in portraiture, and he did many por- 
 traits of women : the best-known is the “Mona Lisa” in 
 the Louvre, Paris, completed about 1504. He was also 
 commissioned to paint a wall of the council-hall at Flor- 
 ence, for which he made a cartoon corresponding to the 
 great cartoon of Michelangelo. Both are now lost. He 
 went to France in 1516, at the invitation of Francis I., and 
 died there at the Chateau de Cloux. Among his works 
 are “La belie Ferronnitre, " “The Virgin of the Rocks ’’(Na- 
 tional Gallery, London, and another version at the Louvre), 
 “St. John the Baptist ’’(Louvre), “St. Anne ’’(Louvre), and 
 a cartoon of St. Anne in the Royal Academy, London. He 
 wrote a celebrated treatise on painting,” Trattura della 
 pittura,” published in 1651. A portrait of him, by himself, 
 is iu the Royal library, Turin. 
 
 Vincy (vin'si), Rosamond. One of the princi- 
 pal female characters in George Eliot’s novel 
 “ Mlddlemarch.” Shemarries Lydgate, aphysician, and 
 checkmates his endeavors after a higher career by her stub- 
 born and selfish nature and narrow intellect. Her brother 
 Frederick has been spoiled by the expectation of a fortune. 
 
 Vindelicia (vin-de-lish'i-a). Ill ancient geogra- 
 phy, a Roman province : also called Rluetia Se- 
 cunda, and sometimes united with Rbaetia. it 
 was bounded by the Danube, the Inn (separating it from 
 Noricum), and Rhsetia. Its chief town was Augusta Vin- 
 delicorum. The early inhabitants were probably of Cel- 
 tic origin. Vindelicia occupied in general the southern 
 part of Baden, Wurtemberg, and Bavaria, and the north- 
 ern part of Tyrol. 
 
 Vindhya (vind'ya) Mountains. A group of 
 ranges of mountains and hills in central India, 
 connecting at the extremities with the Eastern 
 and Western Ghats, and forming the northern 
 boundary of the Deccan. 
 
 Vineam Domini (vin'e-am dom'i-ni). [L.,‘the 
 vineyard of the Lord’: words occurring in the 
 bull.] A bull issued by Pope Clement XI. 
 against the Jansenists in 1705. 
 
 Vinegar Bible, The. An edition printed at the 
 Clarendon Press, Oxford, in 1717, with the head- 
 ing to Luke xx. as the “ Parable of the Vinc- 
 qar ” instead of the “ Parable of the Vineyard .” 
 
 Vinegar Hill. A place in Ireland, 14 miles 
 north of Wexford: a stronghold of the Irish in- 
 surgents in T. 98. They were attacked by Brit- 
 ish troops and dispersed in June. 
 
 Vineland (vin'land). A borough in Cumber- 
 land County, New Jersey, 33 miles south by east 
 of Philadelphia. Fruit-raising is its principal 
 industry. Population, 5,282, (1910). 
 
 Vinet (ve-na'), Alexandre Rodolphe. Born 
 near Lausanne, Switzerland, June 17, 1797 : 
 died at Clarens, Switzerland, May 4, 1847. A 
 Swiss Protestant theologian and literary critic, 
 professor in Basel (1819), and later (i837) in 
 Lausanne. He was one of the leaders of tlieFree-church 
 movement in Valid. His works include “ Chrestomathie 
 fran$aise "(1829), “ Discours siirquelquessujets foligieux " 
 (1831), “ Etudes sur Pascal ” (1848), “ Etudes sur la litera- 
 ture framjaise aux XIX'' sitcle ” (1849-51), “ Thtkdogie pas- 
 torale” (1850), “ Histoire de la literature fran^aise au 
 X VIII e sifccle ”(1851), “ Homil^tiaue ” (1863), “ Histoire de la 
 
Vinet 
 
 predication parmi les Reformes de France au XVII® siecle ’’ 
 (I860), “ Moralistes des X V I* et XVI Is sieeles ” (1859), 
 " i’oetes du siecle Louis XIV.," etc. 
 
 Vineta (vi-ne'ta). A medieval city on the site 
 of the present Wollin, island of Wollin, Ger- 
 many: an important Wendish commercial cen- 
 ter about the 10th and 11th centuries. 
 Vineyard Sound (vin'y&rd sound). A sea pas- 
 sage, southeast of Massachusetts, which sepa- 
 rates Martha’s Vineyard from the Elizabeth 
 Islands. Width, 4-7 miles. 
 
 Vingt Ans Apres (van ton za-pra'). [F., 
 ‘ Twenty Years After.’] A novel by Dumas perc, 
 published in 1845: a sequel to “Les trois mous- 
 quetaires.” It was followed by “Dix ans plus 
 tard, ou le vicomte de Bragelonne” (1848-50). 
 Vinland(vin'land). [Icel. Finland, wine-land, 
 from the grapes f ound by the discoverers. ] The 
 region in which a Norse settlement was prob- 
 ably made in North America about 1006. it has 
 been identified with various regions on the coast from 
 Labrador to New Jersey. 
 
 Vintscbgau (vintsh'gou). See Adige. 
 
 Viola (vi'o-la). [L., ‘a violet.’] 1. The princi- 
 pal female character in Shakspere’s “Twelfth 
 Night.” She is the sister of Sebastian, is shipwrecked 
 on the coast of Illyria, and, disguised as Cesario, wins the 
 heart of the duke. 
 
 2. The principal character in Fletcher’s “Cox- 
 comb.” 
 
 Violet, Corporal or Papa. See Corporal Violet. 
 Violet-Crowned City. A name sometimes given 
 to Athens. 
 
 Viollet-le-Duc (vyo-la'le-duk'), Eugene Em- 
 manuel. Born at Paris, Jan. 27, 1814: died at 
 Lausanne, Sept. 17, 1879. A French architect, 
 archaeologist, and writer on art. He was employed 
 in the restoration of many medieval buildings in France, 
 including Notre Dame in Paris and the cathedrals of 
 Amiens and Laon. His works include “Dictionnaire de 
 l'architecture franpaise du XI° au XV! siecle" (10 vols. 
 1854-69), “Essai sur l’architecture militaire au moyen 
 age” (1854), “Dictionnaire du mobilier franpais” (1855), 
 “ Description de Notre Dame de Paris" (1856), “Entretiens 
 sur l'architecture” (1868), “ Histone d’une maison,” “His- 
 toire d’une forteresse," “Histoire de l’habitation hu- 
 maine," “Histoire d'liotel de ville et d’une cathedral e ” 
 (all 1873-75). 
 
 Vionville (vyoh-vel'), or Mars-la-Tour (mars- 
 la-tor '). Battle of. A battle between the French 
 and Germans, fought near the villages of Vion- 
 ville and Mars-la-Tour, about 12 miles west of 
 Metz, Aug. 16, 1870. The Germans (about 67,000) were 
 commanded by Prince Frederick Charles ; the French (120,- 
 000-1:18,000) by Marshal Bazaine. The result of the battle, 
 which was one of the most fiercelv contested and bloodiest 
 of the century, was the preventing of the retreat of the 
 French from Metz to Verdun. (S eeMetz.) TheGerman loss 
 in killed and wounded was about 16.000 ; the French loss 
 in killed, wounded, and prisoners was about 17,000. The 
 third Westphalian infantry regiment lost 49 officers and 
 1,736 men — the heaviest regimental loss of the war. 
 Viper (vi'per), Doctor. A character in Foote’s 
 play “The Capuchin”: under this name he 
 severely lashed an Irish clergyman named Jack- 
 son, in the pay of the Duchess of Kingston, as a 
 revenge for the suppression of his play “ The 
 Trip to Calais” (which see). 
 
 Vique, See Vi eh. 
 
 Vira (ve'ra), or Wavira (wa-ve'ra). A Bantu 
 tribe of the Belgian Kongo, at the north end of 
 Lake Tanganyika. They produce iron, wooden arti- 
 cles, and baskets, which are sold to the people on the 
 shore of the lake. The land is called Uvira. 
 
 Viracocha. See Uiracoclia. 
 
 Viracocha, Temple of. A name often given to 
 the temple of Cacha (which see). 
 
 Virchow (ver'cho), Rudolf. Born at Schivel- 
 bein, Pomerania, Prussia, Oct,. 13, 1821: died at 
 Berlin, Sept. 5, 1902. A celebrated German 
 anatomist, physiologist, and anthropologist, the 
 founder of cellular pathology: professor at 
 Wurzburg 1849-56, and at Berlin 1856-1902. He 
 was a member of tile Prussian Landtag 1862-1902, and of 
 the German Reichstag 1880-93, and one of the leaders of 
 the Progressist and later of the German Liberal party. He 
 published numerous technical works. He was one of the 
 founders of the “ Archivfiir pathologische Ar.atomie und 
 Physiologie." 
 
 Vire (ver). [ML. Vira.] A river in Normandy, 
 France, which flows into the English Channel 
 30 miles southeast of Cherbourg. Length, 80 
 miles. 
 
 Vire. A town in the department of Calvados, 
 France, situated on the Vire 35 miles southwest 
 of Caen. It has manufactures of woolen goods. 
 Population, commune, 6,353. 
 
 Virgil. See Vergil. 
 
 Virgil, Polydore. See Vergil. 
 
 Virgilia (ver-jil'i-a,). The wife of Coriolanus, 
 in Shakspere’s play “ Coriolanus.” 
 
 Virgin. See Virgo. 
 
 Virgin, The. See Madonna. 
 
 Virginia (ver-jin'i-a). [L., fem. of Virginias.] 
 
 1040 
 
 In Roman legend, the daughter of Virginius, a 
 plebeian, who was slain by her father to keep 
 her from the power of the decemvir Appius 
 Claudius (449 b. c.). This act led to the over- 
 throw of the decemvirate. 
 
 Virginia. A tragedy by Alfieri, printed in 1783. 
 See Appius and Virginia. 
 
 Virginia. An asteroid (No. 50) discovered by 
 Ferguson at Washington, Oct. 4, 1857. 
 Virginia. [Named from Queen Elizabeth, the 
 “Virgin Queen.”] One of the South Atlantic 
 States of the United States of America, ex- 
 tending from lat. 36° 31' to 39° 27' N., and 
 from long. 75° 13' to 83° 37' W. Capital, Rich- 
 mond. It is bounded by West Virginia on the north 
 and northwest, Maryland and the District of Columbia 
 (separated by the Potomac) on the north and northeast, 
 Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean on the east. North 
 Carolina and Tennessee on the south, and Kentucky on 
 the west, and contains a small detached portion east of 
 Chesapeake Bay. It is called the “Old Dominion ” and the 
 “Mother of Presidents." It is level in the southeast and 
 mountainous in the northwest and west, and is traversed 
 from northeast to southwest by the Blue Ridge and other 
 ranges of the Appalachians (highest point, about 5,700 
 feet). It is sometimes divided into the physical regions 
 Tidewater, Midland, Piedmont, Blue Ridge valley, and 
 Appalachia. The principal river-systems are those of the 
 Potomac (with the Shenandoah), Rappahannock, York, 
 James, Roanoke, and Tennessee. Virginia is rich in 
 agricultural and mineral resources ; is the second State 
 in the Union in the production of tobacco, and ha9 also a 
 large production of wheat, corn, vegetables, fruit, timber, 
 coal and iron ; has iron, coke, tobacco, leather, and other 
 manufactures ; and has various mineral springs and natu- 
 ral curiosities (as the Natural Bridge, Luray Caverns, etc.). 
 It has 100 counties and several independent cities, sends 
 2 senators and 10 representatives to Congress, and has 12 
 electoral votes. It was the first of the original colonies, 
 and one oi the 13 original States, and was settled by the 
 English at Jamestown in 1607. Among the early leaders 
 were John Smith, Newport, Somers, Gates, and Delawarr. 
 It was governed at first by the London Company. Ne- 
 gro slavery was introduced in 1619. It became a royal 
 colony in 1624 ; was the scene of Bacon’s rebellion in 1676 ; 
 took part in the French and Indian war; took a promi- 
 nent part in the events leading to the Revolution ; ceded 
 its territory beyond the Ohio in 1784 ; ratified the Consti- 
 tution in 1788: was the leading State in influence in the 
 early history of the country, furnishing four of the first 
 five Presidents ; seceded from the Union April 17, 1861 : be- 
 came the center of the Confederate States, and contained 
 their capital ; and was one of the chief seats of the war. 
 Among the events of which it was the scene were the 
 battle of Bull Run, Peninsular and Valley campaigns, 
 second Bull Run campaign, Fredericksburg and Chancel- 
 lorsvilie campaigns, Wilderness campaign, siege and cap- 
 ture of Richmond, and surrender of Lee’s army. The 
 State was readmitted to the Union in 1870. Area, 42,450 
 square miles. Population, 2,061,612, (1910). 
 
 Virginia, Army of. A Federal army in the 
 Civil War, formed in Aug., 1862, out of the 
 commands of Fremont, Banks, and McDowell. 
 It was commanded by General Pope, and took part in the 
 second Bull Run campaign, after which it was discon- 
 tinued. 
 
 Virginia, University of. An institution of 
 learning situated near Charlottesville, Virginia : 
 chartered 1819. Its chief founder was Thomas 
 Jefferson. 
 
 Virginia City (ver-jin'i-a sit'i). The capital 
 of Madison County, Montana, situated on Alder 
 Creek 60 miles southeast of Butte. It is a gold- 
 mining center. Population, 467, (1910). 
 Virginia City, or Virginia, The capital of 
 Storey County, Nevada, situated on the slope 
 of Mount Davidson, about 6,200 feet above sea- 
 level, in lat. 39° 17' N. It is the fourth largest in- 
 corporated place in the State, and one of the richest rain- 
 ing centers in the world. It was built in 1859 over the 
 Comstock Lode. Population, 2,244, (1910). 
 
 Virginians (ver-jin'i-anz), The. A novel by 
 Thackeray, published in 1857-59. The scene 
 is laid in Virginia in the 18th century. It is 
 a sequel to “Henry Esmond.” 
 
 Virginia Plan, The. An outline plan of a con- 
 stitution for the United States, presented to the 
 Constitutional Convention of 1787 by Edmund 
 Randolph of Virginia. It projected a national 
 union differing radically from the old confed- 
 eracy. 
 
 Virginia Resolutions, The. Resolutions pre- 
 pared by James Madison, and passed by the 
 Virginia legislature Dec., 1798, which declared 
 the Alien and Sedition acts “palpable and 
 alarming infractions of the Constitution.” 
 Virgin (ver'jin) Islands. A group of islands 
 in the West Indies, east of Porto Rico, it com- 
 prises the British islands Tortola, Anegada, Virgin Gorda, 
 etc. (forming part of the Leeward Islands Colony); the 
 islands Culebra, Vieques, etc. (dependencies of Porto 
 Rico) ; and the islands St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John. 
 They were discovered by Columbus in N&v., 1493. Area 
 of British islands, 58 square miles. Population of British 
 islands, about 6,000. 
 
 Virginius (ver-jin'i-us). In Roman legendary 
 history, the father of Virginia. See Virginia. 
 Virginius. A tragedy by J. Sheridan Knowles, 
 produced in 1820. 
 
 Vishnu 
 
 Virginius. An American vessel 'captured by 
 the Spaniards in 1873 while engaged in filibus- 
 tering. The captain and others were executed at San- 
 tiago de Cuba. The affair caused extreme tension between 
 the American and Spanish governments. It ended in the 
 payment of an indemnity by Spain. 
 
 Virgin Martyr, The. A tragedy by Massinger 
 and Dekker, licensed in 1620, printed in 1622. 
 It was revised in 1668 and 1715. 
 
 Virgin of the Rosary, The. A painting by 
 Murillo, in the Royal Museum at Madrid, it is 
 one of the best of Murillo's pictures. The heads of the 
 Virgin and Child show typical Andalusian faces. 
 
 Virgin Queen. A name given to Queen Eliza- 
 beth of England. 
 
 Virgo (ver'go). [L., ‘the virgin.’] An ancient 
 constellation and sign of the zodiac. The figure 
 represents a winged woman in a robe holding a spike of 
 grain in her left hand. One of the stars was called Vin- 
 demiatrix, or by the Greeks Protrygeter — that is, precursor 
 of tl>e vintage. At the time when the zodiac seems to 
 have been formed (2100 B. c.) this star would first be seen 
 at Babylon before sunrise about Aug. 20, or, since there 
 is some evidence that it was then brighter than it is now, 
 perhaps a week earlier. This would seem too late for the 
 vintage, so that perhaps this tradition is older than the 
 zodiac. Virgo appears in the Egyptian zodiacs without 
 wings, yet there seems no room to doubt that the figure 
 was first meantfor the winged Assyrian Astarte, especially 
 as the sixth month in Akkadian is called the “Errand of 
 Ishtar.” The symbol of the zodiacal sign is ttjj, where a 
 resemblance to a wing may be seen. The constellation 
 contains the white first-magnitude star Spica. 
 
 Viriathus (vi-ri'a-thus), or Viriatus (vi-ri'a- 
 tus). Assassinated about 139 b. c. A Lusita- 
 nian shepherd who conducted a long and gener- 
 ally successful war against the Romans in the 
 western part of the Spanish peninsula 149-139. 
 
 Viroconium. See Uriconium. 
 
 Virues (ve-ro-es'), Cristoval de. Born at 
 Valencia, Spain, about 1550: died about 1610. 
 A Spanish epic and dramatic poet, a friend of 
 Lope de Vega. Five of his plays are extant. 
 
 He claims to have first divided Spanish dramas into 
 three jornadas or acts, and Lope de Vega assents to the 
 claim ; but they were both mistaken, for we now know 
 that such a division was made by Francisco de Avendaiio 
 not later than 1553, when Virues was but three years 
 old. Tieknor, Span. Lit., IL 64. 
 
 Viscaino, Sebastian. See Vizcaino. 
 
 Vischer (fish'er), Friedrich Theodor. Born 
 at Ludwigsburg, Wiirtemberg, June 30, 1807 : 
 died at Gmunden, Sept. 14, 1887. A German 
 critic, professor at Tubingen. He was a member 
 of the Frankfort Parliament of 1848. His chief work is 
 “Asthetik" (1847-58). His other works include “Uber 
 das Erhabene und Komische” (1837), “Kritische Gauge “ 
 (1844), etc. 
 
 Visconti (vis-kon'te), Ennio Quirino. [From 
 
 L. Vicecomites , viscount.] Born at Rome, Nov. 
 1, 1751 : died Feb. 7, 1818. A celebrated Italian 
 archaeologist. He was conservator of the Capitoline Mu- 
 seum at Rome, and member of the provisional government 
 at Rome. In 1799 he went to Paris, where in 1799 he was 
 made custodian of the collections in the Louvre and pro- 
 fessor of archaeology. His chief work is “ Iconographie 
 grecque” (1808). Hisotherworksincludethefirst volume 
 of the “ Iconographie romaine ’’ (1817 : completed by Mon- 
 gez), “Museo Pio-Clementino" (1782-87), “Description des 
 antiques du musde royal," etc. 
 
 Visconti, Filippo Maria. Died 1447. The last 
 
 Duke of Milan of the Visconti house, son of 
 G. G. Visconti. 
 
 Visconti, Gian Galeazzo. Died 1402. Grand- 
 nephew of Giovanni Visconti, and son of Gale- 
 azzo Visconti. He became duke of Milan in 1395 ; 
 subdued a large part of northern and central Italy ; and 
 was a patron of literature and art. 
 
 Visconti, Giovanni. Died 1354. Lord of Milan. 
 He annexed Genoa. His dominions were di- 
 vided among his three nephews. 
 
 Visconti-Venosta (vis-kon'te-va-nos'ta), Mar- 
 quis Emilio. Born at Milan, Jan. 22,1829. An 
 Italian diplomatist and politician, minister of 
 foreign affairs 1863-64, 1866-67, and 1869-76. 
 
 Vishnu (vish'no). [Skt.,‘The Worker’; from 
 V fish, work, be active, accomplish.] In later 
 Hindu mythology, the second member of the 
 trimurti or triad (Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva) : 
 regarded as the preserver, while Brahma and 
 Shiva are respectively the creator and the de- 
 stroyer. Vishnu appears already in the Rigveda as a solar 
 divinity. There his chief achievement is striding over 
 the heavens in three steps, explained as designating the 
 three daily stations of the sun in his rising, culmination, 
 aud setting, the conception out of which grew the legend 
 of the Varnana, or dwarf incarnation of Vishnu. (See V'a- 
 mana.) He is the companion of Indra in drinking the 
 soma and in battling with Vritra. At times he appears 
 as sent by Indra, and strengthened by him, while at others 
 he gives Indra strength, especially by preparing the soma 
 for him. Not at first included among the Adityas, or sons 
 of Aditi (whose number in the Vedic period varies from 
 six to eight), when their number is raised to twelve, rep- 
 resenting the sun in the twelve months of the year, Vish- 
 nu receives the first place among them. It is in the Ma- 
 habharataand the Ramayana that he appears without this 
 
Vishnu 
 
 solar character, and as gradually rising to his present su- 
 premacy as the most popular god of modern Hindu wor- 
 ship, while the Puranas represent the fully developed 
 rivalry between Shiva and Vishnu and their worshipers, 
 called respectively Shaivas and Vaishnavas. The most 
 marked feature of the modern Vishnu is his incarnation 
 in a portion of his essence on ten different occasions to 
 deliver mankind from special dangers. These ten princi- 
 pal avatars (‘ descents,' ‘incarnations’) are (1) the Matsya, 
 or ‘ fish ’ ; (2) the Kurma, ‘ tortoise ’ ; (3) the V araha, ‘ boar ’ ; 
 (4) the Narasinha, ‘man-lion’; (5) theVamana, ‘dwarf’; 
 (6) Parashurama, or ‘ Rama with the ax’; (7) Jtamachandra; 
 (8) Krishna ; (9) Buddha, by adopting whom the Brahmans 
 apparently wished to effect a compromise between their 
 own creed and Buddhism ; and (lO)Kalki, an incarnation, 
 yet to come, in which Vishnu at the end of the four yugas 
 or ages will destroy the wicked, and free the world from 
 its enemies. (See the names.) These avatars some of the 
 Puranas increase to 22 or 24. As in their treatment of the 
 triad the modern Hindus elevate either Shiva or Vishnu 
 to the supreme place, subordinating the other two, Vish- 
 nu is often identified with Narayana, the personified Pu- 
 rusha, or primeval living spirit, and is described as mov- 
 ing on the waters, and resting on Shesha, the serpent of 
 infinity, while Brahma emerges from a lotus growing from 
 his navel. His wife is Lakshmi or Shri, and his paradise 
 Vaikuntha. He has a peculiar mark on his breast called 
 Shrivatsa, and has a conch-shell, a discus, a club, a lotus, a 
 bow, and a sword. Upon his wrist is the jewel Syamau- 
 taka, and on his breast the jewel Kaustubha. His vehicle 
 is Garuda, who is half man, half bird (with the head, wings, 
 talons, and beak of an eagle, and the body and limbs 
 of a man), and whose face is white, wings red, and body 
 golden. The Ganges issues from Vishnu’s foot. He has 
 slain countless demons, a number of whom are specified 
 in various legends. He has a thousand names, all given 
 in the Anushasana-parvan (‘instruction-section’) of the 
 Mahabharata, with those of Shiva, which number 1,008. 
 On Vishnu, see Muir’s “Original Sanskrit Texts,” IV. 63- 
 298, and Monier- Williams's “Brahmanism and Hinduism,” 
 iii., v., and vi. 
 
 Vishnupurana (vish-no-po-rfi'na). In Sanskrit 
 literature, an important and typical Purana (see 
 that word). It has been translated, with preface and 
 many notes, by Wilson. A second edition of this transla- 
 tion has been greatly enriched by the further notes of 
 Fitzedward Hall. It appears in Wilson’s works, Vol. VI 
 (London, 1864). Wilson’s analysis of the Puranas in Vol. 
 Ill, and his preface to the Vishnupurana, are the chief 
 sources of information on the Puranas. 
 
 Visigoths (viz'i-goths). [From LL. *Visigothi, 
 Visegothse, West Goths.] The individuals of the 
 more westerly of the two great historical di- 
 visions of the Goths. See Gotlis. The Visigoths 
 founded a monarchy which continued in southern France 
 until 507, and in Spain until 711. Also called West Goths. 
 
 Vision of Don Roderick. A narrative poem 
 by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1811. 
 
 Vision of Judgment. 1 . A poem by Southey, 
 published in 1821. — 2. Aburlesque of this poem 
 by Lord Byron. 
 
 Vision of Ezekiel (e-ze'ki-el), The. God the 
 Father, with the symbols of the four Evange- 
 lists : a small but impressive painting by Ra- 
 phael, in the Galleria Pitti, Florence. The God- 
 head is treated perhaps too much like a Jupiter, 
 but the grouping is admirable. 
 
 Vision of Mirza (mer'za), The. An allegory by 
 Addison, published in the “Spectator,” No. 159. 
 It is a vision of human life. 
 
 Vision of Piers Plowman (pers plou'man). An 
 allegorical and satirical poem by William Lang- 
 land, begun about 1362, revised in 1377, and re- 
 vised and enlarged until about 1393. it was very 
 popular, as attested by its numerous MSS., and was printed 
 in 1550, 1553, and 1561, in several editions. There have been 
 several modem reprints, the most recent of which is that 
 edited by Professor W. W. Skeat in 1887. This incorporates 
 the collations of three MS. versions, of different dates, with 
 noteB. The book is really the “Vision of William concern- 
 ing Piers Plowman,’’ who is the subject, not the author. 
 There are other visions incorporated, but this was the fa- 
 vorite character of Langland. 
 
 In the earlier part of the poem he is a blameless plough- 
 man and a guide to men who are seeking the shrine of 
 Truth, whilst in the latter part of it he is the blameless 
 carpenter’s son who alone can show us the Father. The 
 ambiguity is surely not very great, and the reader who 
 once apprehends this explanation will easily remember 
 that the true Piers Plowman was certainly not a Middle- 
 English author. 
 
 Slceat, Preface to Piers the Plowman, p. xxvii. 
 
 Vision of Sir Lailnfal (lan'fal). A poem by 
 James Russell Lowell, published iu 1845. 
 
 Viso, Monte. See Monte Yiso. 
 
 Vistula (vis'tu-la). [F. Vistule, L. Vistula, G. 
 Weichsel, Pol. Wisla.] A large river of north- 
 ern Europe. It rises in Austrian .Silesia in the Jablunka 
 Mountains, forms part of the boundary between Austrian 
 Silesia and Galicia on the one side and Prussian Silesia 
 on the other ; passes through Galicia, and forms part of the 
 boundary between Galicia and Poland ; traverses Poland ; 
 enters Prussia ; separates near its mouth into the Vis- 
 tula and Nogat ; and then divides into the Danziger 
 Vistula and the Elbinger Vistula, of which the former 
 flows directly into the Gulf of Dantzic and the latter into 
 the Frisches Half. Its chief tributaries are the San, Pilica, 
 Bug, and Brahe ; the chief towns on its banks, Cracow, 
 Warsaw, Block, Thorn, and Dantzic. Length, about 660 
 miles ; navigable for small vessels from Cracow, for large 
 vessels from the mouth of the San. 
 
 The origin of the name of this river [Vistulal (Germ. 
 Weichsel, Vixel, Slav. Visla, Lat. Vistula) unfortunately 
 C.— 66 
 
 1041 
 
 can hardly be ascertained with certainty. It is sometimes 
 regarded as originally and thoroughly Teutonic, sometimes 
 as Slavonic, sometimes also as Slavo-Teutonic (Miillen- 
 hoff, ii. 207 ; J. v. Fierlinger, K. Z., xxvii. 479). The last 
 seems to be the most probable. 
 
 Schrader, Aryan Peoples (tr. by Jevons), p. 429. 
 
 Vistula Governments. The official name of 
 Russian Poland. 
 
 Visurgis (vi-ser'jis). The Latin name of the 
 TVeser. 
 
 Vitalians (vi-ta'li-anz). A band of pirates who 
 infested the Baltic and North seas at the end 
 of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Vitalis (ve-ta'les). Pseudonym of the Swedish 
 poet Sjoberg. 
 
 Vitalis (vi-ta'lis). See Ordericus. 
 
 Vita Nuova (ve'ta no-6'va). [It., ‘The New 
 Life.’] A work by Dante, probably finished in 
 1307. 
 
 Dante wrote in his early manhood the “ Vita Nuova ’’ — 
 the New or the Early Life — connecting, with a narrative 
 of aspiration towards Beatrice as the occasion of them, 
 sonnets and canzoni, representing artificially, according 
 to the manner of that time, various mood., of love. 
 
 Morley , English Writers, III. 402. 
 
 Vitebsk (ve-tebsk'). 1. A government of west- 
 ern Russia, surrounded by the governments of 
 Livonia, Pskoff, Smolensk, Moghileff, Minsk, 
 Vilna, andCourland. Area, 16, 983 square miles. 
 Population, 1,800,900. — 2. The capital of the 
 government of Vitebsk, situated on the Diina 
 in lat. 55° 15' N. It has considerable trade. 
 Population, 65,871. 
 
 Vitellius (vi-tel'i-us), Aulus. Born 15 a. d.: 
 killed at Rome, Dec., 69 a. d. Roman emperor, 
 a favorite of Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and 
 Nero. He was appointed governor in Lower Germany by 
 Galba in 68, and was proclaimed emperor by the army at 
 the beginning of 69. His generals Caecina and Valens de- 
 feated Otho ; and he entered Rome in the middle of 69. 
 His forces were defeated by those of Vespasian under 
 Antonius Primus. 
 
 Viterbo (ve-ter'bo). [ML. Ytterbium, Biter- 
 vum.] A city of the province of Rome, Italy, 
 41 miles north-northwest of Rome. Ithasa noted 
 cathedral, and was formerly a papal residence. In the 
 neighborhood are mineral springs and Etruscan antiqui- 
 ties. Population, town, 17,342 ; commune, 21,292. 
 
 Viti (ve'te), or Maviti (ma-ve'te), also called 
 Mazitu (ma-ze'to). A tribe of marauders in 
 East Africa, originally Zulus from the neigh- 
 borhood of Sofala and Inhambane, who, about 
 1850, crossed the Zambesi and ravaged the 
 region between the Rovuma and Rufiji rivers. 
 Many settled finally southwest of Lake Nyassa, where they 
 are called Mangoni (Livingstone, 1863). Others mixed 
 with different tribes, especially with theMahenge. Taking 
 advantage of the fear inspired by the Maviti, other ma- 
 rauders, as the Waninde and the Wangindo, took their 
 name, costume, and manners in order to facilitate their 
 depredations. 
 
 Viti Archipelago. See Fiji Islands. 
 
 Vitiges (vit'i-jez). An East-Gothic king who 
 reigned from 536 to about 540. He was taken 
 captive to Constantinople by Belisarius. 
 
 Viti Levu (ve'te lev'o). The largest island 
 of the Fiji group, and the most important in 
 respect to population and fertility. Area, 
 about 4,250 square miles. Pop., about 50,000. 
 Vitim (ve-tem'). A river in Siberia which rises 
 in Transbaikalia and joins the Lena about lat. 
 59° 50' N. Length, about 1,400 miles. 
 
 Vitoria, or Vittoria (ve-to're-a). [ML. Vic- 
 toriacum, Victoria .] The capital of the Basque 
 province of Alava, Spain, situated on the Za- 
 dorra in lat. 42° 50' N., long. 2° 43' W. It is an 
 important commercial and manufacturing town. A vic- 
 tory was gained there by the Allies under Wellington 
 over the French under Joseph Bonaparte and Jourdan, 
 June 21, 1813. Population, 30,701. 
 
 Vitoria, Duke of. A title of Espartero. 
 
 Vitr6 (ve-tra'). A town in the department of 
 Ille-et-Vilaine, France, situated on the Vilaine 
 24 miles ea8t of Rennes. It contains a castle, and a 
 church of Notre Dame, and is noted for its old Breton as- 
 pect. Population, commune, 10,092. 
 
 Vitruvius Pollio (vi-tro' vi-us pol 'i-o), Marcus : 
 called Vitruvius. Born at Verona. A famous 
 Roman architect and engineer, military engi- 
 neer under Csesar and Augustus. His treatise on 
 architecture, in ten books (“De architectura”), dedicated 
 to Augustus, is the only surviving Roman treatise on the 
 subject. He seems to have been an unsuccessful archi- 
 tect : his book, however, was well known to Pliny, and on 
 it was based almost all the earlier theory and practice of 
 Renaissance and pseudo-classical architecture. 
 
 Vitry-le-Frangois (ve-tre'le-fron-swa'). [See 
 def.J A town in the department of Marne, 
 France, situated on the Marne 20 miles south- 
 east of Chalons-sur-Marne. It was founded by 
 Francis I. Population, commune, 8,487. 
 Vittoria (Spain). See Vitoria. 
 
 Vizcaino 
 
 Vittoria Colonna. See Colonna. 
 
 Vittoria Corombona. See White Devil. 
 Vittorio (vit-to're-o). A town in the province 
 of Treviso, Italy, situated on the Mesohio 38 
 miles north of Venice. It is composed of the two 
 former towns Ceneda and Serravalle. Ceneda was an im- 
 portant place in the middle ages. It has various works 
 of art. Population of Vittorio, commune, 18,969. 
 
 Vitus (vi'tus), Saint. A saint of the Roman 
 church, a martyr under Diocletian. His festival 
 is celebrated June 15. At Ulm and E,avensburg and 
 other places in Germany it was believed in the 17tli cen- 
 tury that good health could be secured for a year by dan- 
 cing before his image at his festival, and bringing gifts : 
 hence it is said that St. Vitus’s dance came to be con- 
 founded with chorea, a nervous disorder, and he was in- 
 voked against it. 
 
 Vitznau (vits'non). A small village in the can- 
 ton of Lucerne, Switzerland, situated on the 
 Lake of Lucerne 9 miles east-southeast of Lu- 
 cerne. It is a tourist center. 
 
 Vivarais (ve-va-ra'). \~L. pagus Vivariensis.] 
 An ancient district in Languedoc, France, cor- 
 responding nearly to the modern department 
 of Ard&che. Capital, Viviers. 
 
 Vivian (viv'i-an), or Viviane, or Vivien. In 
 the Arthurian cycle of romance, an enchantress, 
 the mistress of Merlin. She brought up Lancelot in 
 her palace, which was situated in the midst of a magical 
 lake : hence her name “the Lady of the Lake.” Tennyson 
 has used the subject of her subjugation of Merlin in his 
 “Merlin and Vivien ” in the “Idylls of the King.” 
 
 At length this renowned magician [Merlin] disappeared 
 entirely from England. His voice alone was heard in a 
 forest, where he was enclosed in a bush of hawthorn : he 
 had been entrapped in this awkward residence by means 
 of a charm he had communicated to his mistress Vivian 
 or Viviane, who, not believing in the spell, had tried it on 
 her lover. The lady was sorry for the accident, but there 
 was no extracting her admirer from his thorny coverture. 
 
 Dunlop, Hist, of Brose Fiction, I. 154. 
 
 It . . . seems evident that it is to the Hwimleian, or 
 Cliwifleian of Merlinus Silyesti is [the historical Merlin of 
 Scotland], that we are to attribute the origin of Viviane of 
 the romances of Chivalry, and who acts so conspicuous 
 a part in those compositions, although it is true that there 
 is not much resemblance betwixt the two names. But if we 
 look into the poems of Merlin Sylvestris, we shall find that 
 the female personage of this name, which by tlie French 
 romances might easily be modified into Viviane, is repeat- 
 edly referred to by the bard in his vaticinations. It also 
 seems probable, as Chwifleian signifies a female who ap- 
 pears and disappears, and also as the word bears some re- 
 semblance in sound to Sibylla, that the bard, by a confusion 
 of terms and ideas not uncommon in early writers, coined 
 this name as an appellation for some imaginary character, 
 and thus furnished the original of Viviane. 
 
 T. Price , Literary Remains, I. 144. 
 
 Vivian Grey. A novel by Disraeli, published 
 in 1826-27. 
 
 Viviani (ve-ve-a'ne), Vincenzo. Bom at Flor- 
 ence, April 5, 1622 ; died Sept. 22, 1703. An 
 Italian mathematician, a pupil of Galileo, and 
 his companion during the last years of the 
 great astronomer’s life. His theoretical restoration 
 of the lost books of Aristaeus and of Apollonius of Perga 
 on conic sections was verified by the discoveiy of the text. 
 
 Vivien de Saint-Martin (ve-vyan' de san-mar- 
 tan'), Louis. Born at Saint Martin-de-Fonte- 
 nay, May 17, 1802: died Jan. 3, 1897. A noted 
 French geographer, one of the founders of the 
 Geographical Society of Paris. He founded in 1852 
 the “Athenaeum frangais,” and edited “ L’Annie gctogra- 
 phique ” 1863-76. He also wrote “ litude sur la gCographie 
 grecque et latine de l’lnde ” (1868-60), “ Le nord d’Afrique 
 dans l’antiquitogrecqueetromaine”(1863),etc., and edited 
 (1877-90) “Nouveau dictionnaire de geographic univer- 
 selle. ” 
 
 Viviers (ve-vya'). [ML. Vivarias, Vivarium.'] A 
 smalltowninthedepartmentof Ardeche, France, 
 situated on the Rhone southeast of Privas. 
 Vivitao (ve-ve-ta'o), or Vavitau. One of the 
 principal islands of the Austral group, Pacific 
 Ocean. 
 
 Vivonne (ve-von'), Catherine de, Marquise de 
 Rambouillet. Born at Rome, 1588: died at 
 Paris, 1665. A French social leader, celebrated 
 for her influence on French literature and so- 
 ciety through the reunions in her salon. See 
 Hotel de Rambouillet and Arthenice. 
 Vizagapatam (ve-za/ga-pa-tam'). 1. A dis- 
 trict in Madras, British India, intersected by 
 lat. 18° N., long. 83° E. Area, 17,222 square 
 miles. Population, 2,933,650. — 2. A seaport, 
 capital of the district of Vizagapatam, sit- 
 uated on the Bay of Bengal in lat. 17° 42' N., 
 long. 83° 18' E. Population. 40.892. 
 
 Vizcaino (veth-ka-e'no), Sebastian. Bom at 
 Huelva, Spain : died at Acapulco, Mexico, about 
 1615. A Spanish navigator. He commanded ex- 
 ploring expeditions from Acapulco to Lower California 
 (1696-97), the Californian coast to lat. 43“ (1602-03), and 
 Manila and Japan (1611-14). In the last he carried F ran- 
 ciscan missionaries to Japan, and made the first, attempt 
 to establish commercial relations between that country 
 and Spain. His reports have been repeatedly published. 
 Also written Vizcaino. 
 
Vizcaya 
 
 Vizcaya (veth-ka'ya). A Spanish armored 
 cruiser of 7,000 tons and a nominal speed of 
 20 knots. She was a sister ship of the Almirante 
 Oquendo and the Infanta Maria Teresa. Under Captain 
 Eulate she surrendered to the Iowa off Aserraderos, San- 
 tiago de Cuba, July 3, 1893. 
 
 Vizcaya. See Biscay. 
 
 Vlachs (vlaks). Same as Wallachians. 
 Vladikavkaz (vla-de-kav-kaz'). The capital 
 of the province of Terek, Caucasia, Russia, 
 situated on the Terek, at the base of the Cau- 
 casus Mountains, about lat. 43° N. It is the ter- 
 minus of the railway, a fortress, and an important center 
 of transit trade. Population, 43,740. 
 
 Vladimir (vla'di-mir or vla-de'mir). 1. A 
 government of Russia, surrounded by the gov- 
 ernments of Tver, Yaroslaff, Kostroma, Nijni- 
 Novgorod, Tamboff, Ryazan, and Moscow, it 
 comprises the greater part of the ancient principality of 
 Vladimir. Area, 18,821 square miles. Population, 1,845,500. 
 2. The capital of the government of Vladimir, 
 situated on the Klyasma 110 miles east by 
 north of Moscow. It contains two ancient cathedrals. 
 That of the Assumption was rebuilt in the 13th century 
 after destruction by the Tatars, and, though twice since 
 restored, retains much of its old character and interest. 
 It was until the middle of the 15th century the metropol- 
 itan church of Russia. It possesses rich silver shrines, 
 tombs of princes and metropolitans, and many other his- 
 torical relics. That of Dimitri of Solun is remarkable for 
 the abundant sculpture, representing animals, birds, foli- 
 age, and the like, which adorns its walls of white sand- 
 stone. The great portal is one of the finest of its type. 
 
 Vladimir, Saint, “The Great.” Died 1015. 
 Grand Prince of Russia 980-1015. He extended 
 the Russian dominions and promoted Chris- 
 tianity. 
 
 Vladimir, Principality of. A medieval prin- 
 cipality, and at times a grand principality, in 
 Russia. See Suzdal. 
 
 Vladimir Bay. An arm of the Sea of Japan, on 
 the coast of the Maritime Province in Siberia. 
 Vladivostok (vla-de-vos-tok'). A seaport in 
 the Maritime Province, Siberia, situated on the 
 Golden Horn of the Gulf of Peter the Great 
 (Sea of Japan), in lat. 43° 7' N., long. 131° 53' E. 
 It has a fine harbor, is the chief Russian naval station on 
 the Pacific, and is a terminus of the Trans-Siberian rail- 
 way. It was founded in 1861. Population, 38,000. 
 
 Vlaenderen, or Vlaanderen. The Flemish 
 name of Flanders. 
 
 Vlie (vie). A sea passage or current between 
 the North Sea and the Zuyder Zee, northeast 
 of Vlieland and southwest of Tersehelling. 
 Vlieland (vle'lant). Oneofthe Friesian Islands, 
 belonging to the Netherlands, situated in the 
 North Sea northeast of Texel. Length, 12 
 miles. 
 
 Vlissingen (vlis'sing-en), or Vliessingen 
 (vles'sing-en). The Dutch name of Flushing. 
 Vogel (fo'gel), Eduard. Born at Krefeld, Ger- 
 many, March 7, 1829 : killed in Wadai, 1856. 
 An African explorer. While ill London as astrono- 
 mer he was commissioned by the British government to 
 supplement the explorations of Richardson and Barth in 
 the Sudan (1853). After three years of successful explora- 
 tion in the Sudan states around Lake Chad, where he 
 met Barth, he fell a victim to the fanaticism of the Wadai 
 people as he was attempting to reach the Kile basin. 
 Only in 1873_ was his fate ascertained by Nachtigal. 
 Vogelweide. See Walther von der Vogelweide. 
 Vogler (fo'gler), Georg Joseph, called Abbe. 
 Born at Wurzburg, Germany, June 15, 1749: 
 died at Darmstadt, May 6, 1814. A German 
 organist, composer, and writer on music : ka- 
 pellmeister successively in Mannheim, Stock- 
 holm, and Darmstadt, and conductor of schools 
 of music in those cities. 
 
 Vogt (fokt), Karl. Born at Giessen, Germany, 
 July 5, 1817 : died at Geneva, Switzerland, May 
 5, 1895. A distinguished German naturalist. 
 He studied at Giessen (under Liebig) and Bern, and later 
 associated himself with Agassiz, taking an important part 
 in the elaboration of the latter's great work on fishes. 
 He was appointed professor of zoology at Giessen in 1847, 
 but soon lost his chair for political reasons. In 1852 he 
 became professor of geology at Geneva, and subsequently 
 obtained the additional chair of zoology at the same in- 
 stitute. He conducted an expedition to the North Cape 
 in 1861, and in 1878 entered the Swiss National Assembly. 
 He was an extreme Darwinist and a zealous advocate of 
 the doctrine of materialism. Among his works are “Im 
 Gebirg und auf den Gletschern ’’ (1843), “ Lehrbuch der 
 Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde ” (1846), “ Physiologische 
 Briefe ” (1845-46), “Ocean und Mittelmeer” (1848), “Tier- 
 staaten " (1851), “ Kohlerglaube und Wissenschaft ” (1853- 
 1855), “Saugetiere in Wort und Bild” (1883), “ Praktische 
 vergleicliende Anatomie” with Emile Yung (1885-). His 
 later works have been principally zoological. 
 
 Vogtland (fokt/lant), or Voigtland (foikt'- 
 lant). A region in Germany, immediately sub- 
 ject in the middle ages to the empire, and ad- 
 ministered by officials called vogte , or bailiffs. 
 It comprised parts of western Saxony, Itenss, Saxe-Alten- 
 burg, Saxe-Weimar, Upper Franconia, Bohemia, etc. — in 
 general, the lands near the upper Elster and Saale. 
 
 1042 
 
 Vogtland Switzerland. A picturesque region 
 in the Vogtland, extending along the White 
 Elster from Plauen northward to Greiz (or to 
 Berga). 
 
 Vogue(v6-gu-a , ), Charles Jean Melchior, Mar- 
 quis de. Born at Paris, 1829. A French archaeol- 
 ogist and diplomatist, ambassador at Constan- 
 tinople and later at Vienna. He has published 
 “Les dglises de la Terre Sainte ” (1860), “Inscriptions 
 h^braiques de Jerusalem ” (1864), “Le temple de Jerusa- 
 lem,” “ Essai sur la topographie de la Ville Sainte ” (1865), 
 “L’ Architecture dans laSyrie centrale ”(1865), “Melanges 
 d’archeologie orientale ” (1869), ‘ ‘Inscriptions sem itiqiK'S ” 
 (1869-77), and edited “M6moires du Mar6chal de Villars” 
 (1884) and “ Villars d’aprbs sa correspondance et ses docu- 
 ments ” (1888). 
 
 Vogiie, Eugene Marie Melchior, Vicomte de. 
 Born at Nice, Feb. 25, 1848: died March 24, 
 1910. A French writer and diplomatist. He 
 
 served during the Franco-Prussian war, was minister of 
 foreign affairs in 1871, and was successively attached to 
 the embassies and missions at Constantinople, in Egypt, 
 and at St. Petersburg. He wrote a number of works of 
 travel, etc., and “Le roman Russe” (1886), “ Heures dhis- 
 toire ” (1893), “Les morts qui parlent ” (1899), etc. 
 
 Voigtland. See Vogtland. 
 
 Voirons (vwa-ron'), Les. Amountain-rauge in 
 the department of Haute-Savoie, France, 10 
 miles east of Geneva. Highest point, 4,875 feet. 
 
 Voiture (vwa-tiir'), Vincent. Bornat Amiens, 
 France, 1598: died May 26, 1648. A French 
 poet and man of letters, patronized at court. 
 He is noted for his letters and for his short poems. 
 
 There was, in the first place, the school of the coterie 
 poets, who devoted themselves to producing vers de so- 
 ci6t6, either for the ladies or for the great men of the 
 period. The chief of this school was beyond all question 
 V oiture. This admirable writer of prose and verse pub- 
 lished absolutely nothing during his lifetime, though his 
 work was in private the delight of the salons. 
 
 SainUbury, French Lit., p. 275. 
 
 Vokes (volts), Rosina. Born at London, 1858: 
 diedatBabbacombe,nearTorquay, Jan. 27,1894. 
 An English actress. She first appeared in the English 
 provinces in pantomime with her brother Fred and her 
 sisters Victoria and Jessie. In 1870, with Fawdon Vokes, 
 who assumed the name, they made a success in London 
 as “the Vokes family." They were also very successful in 
 America, where they appeared annually for many years. 
 Rosina married Cecil Clay in 1876 She was remarkable 
 for her fun, originality, and graceful dancing. 
 
 Volano (vo-la'no). A village in Tyrol, situated 
 on the Adige near Roveredo. Here, April 24 , 1809 , 
 the Austrians under Chasteler defeated the French un- 
 der Baraguay d’Hilliers. The French were driven out of 
 southern Tyrol. 
 
 Volcse ( vol'se). In ancient history, a people of 
 Gaul, dwelling in Languedoc. 
 
 Volcan de Agua. See Agua. 
 
 Volcan de Fuego (vol-kan' da £o-a'go). [Sp., 
 ‘fire volcano.’] An active volcano of Guate- 
 mala, 10 miles southwest of the city of Guate- 
 mala la Antigua. Height, about 12,500 feet. 
 
 Volcano (vol-ka'no) Islands. A group of small 
 islands in the Pacific, about lat. 25° N., long. 
 141° 20' E. 
 
 Volga (vol'ga). [G. Wolga.] The chief river of 
 Russia, and the longest river of Europe : the an- 
 cient Rha or Rhos, Hunnish Var . It rises in marshes 
 of the Valdai plateau, government of Tver ; traverses the 
 governmentsof Tver, Yaroslav, Kostroma, Nijni-Novgorod, 
 and Kazan ; separates Simbirsk and Saratoif from Samara ; 
 and traverses Astrakhan. Its chief tributaries are the 
 Mologa, Unsha, Vetluga, Kama, and Samara on the left, 
 and the Oka and Sura on the right. The chief places on its 
 banks are Tver, Yaroslav, Kostroma, Nijni-Novgorod, Ka- 
 zan, Simbirsk, Samara, Saratoff, and Astrakhan. It divides 
 into various branches, and flows into the Caspian Sea by a 
 delta. It is of great importance as a medium of commerce. 
 It is connected by a system of canals with the Baltic. 
 Length, about 2,400 miles; navigable for the greater part 
 of the distance. 
 
 Volhyma (vol-hin'i-a). A government of Russia, 
 bordering on Galicia (in Austria-Hungary) and 
 on the governments of Lublin, Siedlce, Grodno, 
 Minsk, Kieff, and Podolia. Capital, Zhitomir. 
 The surface is hilly in the south, elsewhere flat. Area, 
 27,699 square miles. Population, 3,691,000. 
 
 Volhynia, Principality of. A medieval prin- 
 cipality of western Russia, acquired by Lithua- 
 nia under Gedimin (1315-40). 
 
 Volkmann (folk'man), Alfred Wilhelm. Born 
 at Leipsic, July 1, 1801 : died at Halle, April 21, 
 1877. A German physiologist, professor at Halle. 
 His works include “Anatomiaanimalium” (1831-33), “Die 
 Lehre voraleiblichen Leben "(1837),“ Physiologische Unter- 
 suchungen im Gebiete der Optik” (1863-64). 
 
 Volkmann, Friedrich Robert. Born at Lom- 
 matzsch, Saxony, April 6, 1815 : died at Pest, 
 Oct. 30, 1883. A German-Hungarian composer. 
 He went to Leipsic to study in 1836, and to Prague as 
 teacher and composer in 1839 ; lived in Vienna 1854-58 ; and 
 removed to Pest in 1858. Among his compositions ar< two 
 symphonies in I) minor and B fiat, serenades for string 
 orchestra, concertos for violoncello, a “Schlummerlied," 
 etc., and much vocal and pianoforte music. 
 
 Vollon (vo-loh'), Antoine. Born at Lyons, 
 
 Voltaire 
 
 France, April 20, 1833 : died at Paris, Aug. 27, 
 1900. A distinguished French landscape-, genre-, 
 and flower-painter : a pupil of Ribot. Among his 
 works are “ Art and Gluttony” (1864), “Kitchen Interior ” 
 (1864, and another in 1865), “ Curiosities,” “ Sea Fish,” and 
 “Old Fisherman” (Luxembourg), “The Kettle" (Lyons 
 Museum), “ Woman of Pollet at Dieppe ” (1876). 
 
 Volney (vol'ni; F. pron. vol-ua'), Comte Con- 
 stantin Francois de Chassebceuf de. Born 
 at Craon, France, Feb. 3, 1757 : died at Paris, 
 April 25, 1820. A French scholar and author. 
 He traveled in Syria and Egypt 1783-87, and in the United 
 States ; was a member of the Constituent Assembly ; and 
 was made a count by Napoleon and a peer by Louis XVIII. 
 His works include “Voyage en l^gypte et en Syrie ” (1787), 
 “ Considerations sur la guerre des Turcs avec les Russes ” 
 (1788), “Ruines, ou meditations sur les revolutions des 
 empires” (1791), “ Tableau du climat et du sol des Etats- 
 Unis” (1803), “Recherches nouvelles sur l’histoire an- 
 cienne," etc. 
 
 Vologda (vo-log-da'). 1. A government of Rus- 
 sia, bordering on Siberia on the east, and sur- 
 l'ounded on other sides by the governments 
 of Perm, Vyatka, Kostroma, Yaroslav, Nov- 
 gorod, Olonetz, and Archangel. Area, 155,265 
 square miles. Population, 1.565,800. — 2. The 
 capital of the government of Vologda, situated 
 on the river Vologda about lat. 59° 20' N., 
 long. 40° E. It early became an important center of 
 commerce : this it was especially from the founding of 
 Archangel to the founding of St. Petersburg. Popula- 
 tion, 29,800. 
 
 Volpone (vol-po'ne), or the Fox. A comedy 
 by Ben Jonsou, played in 1605, printed in 1607. 
 
 The central character [Volpone] long continued to ex- 
 press to the popular mind the incarnation of the most 
 loathsome kind of hypocrite. In Queen Anne’s reign Dr. 
 Sacheverell could in his notorious sermon point an attack 
 upon the principles of the Revolution by alluding to the 
 Lord Treasurer Godolphin under his nickname of the Old 
 Fox or Volpone. Ward, Hist. Dram. Lit. 
 
 Volscian (vol'sian) Mountains. A group of 
 mountains in Italy, southeast of Rome. They are 
 west of the main chain of the Apennines, and south of the 
 Alban Mountains. Height, about 5,000 feet. 
 
 Volscians (vol'sianz). An ancient Italian peo- 
 ple who dwelt in the southern part of Latium : 
 noted for their long wars against Rome. They 
 were subdued by Rome in the last part of the 
 4th century b. c. 
 
 Volsk (volsk). A town in the government of 
 Saratoff, Russia, situated on the Volga, 65 miles 
 northeast of Saratoff. Population, 29,800. 
 
 Volsunga Saga ( vol'song-ga sa'ga). [ON. Vol- 
 sungasaga .] In Old Norse literature, the mythi- 
 cal history of the Volsungs and the Nibelungs. 
 Its central hero is Sigurd the Volsung, the Siegfried of the 
 “Nibelungenlied." Unlike the German version, the story 
 has throughout aheathen character, and the gods in person 
 enter into its action. It was probably written in Norway 
 not long after the middle of the 13th century. Its mate- 
 rial was taken in part from ancient popular legends, partly 
 from old heroic poems, some of which are preserved in the 
 Elder Edda. It, and not the “Nibelungenlied,” is the prin- 
 cipal source of Wagner’s “Ring of the Nibelungs.” 
 
 Volta (vol'ta). A small town in Italy, 13 miles 
 n orth-n or tliwest of Mantua. Here, July 26-27, 
 1848, the Austrians drove back the Sardinians. 
 
 V olta, Coun t Alessandro. Born at Como, Italy, 
 Feb. 18, 1745 : died there, March 5, 1827. A cele- 
 brated Italian physicist, famous for his re- 
 searches and inventions in electricity: profes- 
 sor in Como and Pavia. He was made by Napoleon 
 senator of Lombardy. He invented the electrophore. elec- 
 troscope, condenser, and the voltaic pile (described 1800, 
 and named from him). 
 
 Voltaire (vol-tar'): the assumed name of Fran- 
 cois Marie Arouet (a-ro-a'). Born at Paris, 
 Nov. 21, 1694: died at Paris, May 30, 1778. 
 A famous French writer. He took the name 
 of Voltaire, the origin of which is still in dispute, in 1718, a 
 short time after the performance of his tragedy “ (Edipe.” 
 His father, a notary connected with the tribunal of the Chii- 
 telet, was a man of some wealth. Y'oung Arouet was one 
 of the most brilliant pupils of the College Louis-le-Grand 
 (then in the hands of the Jesuits). Before he was out of 
 college he began writing poetry'. His wit, as well as the 
 influence of liis godfather, the Abbd de Chateauneuf, se- 
 cured for him an introduction into the most aristocratic 
 circles of Parisian society. But the freedom of his utter- 
 ances soon brought him into trouble. Between 1716 and 
 1726 he was twice exiled from Paris, and twice thrown a 
 prisoner into the Bastille, both for things that had been 
 wr itten by him and on mere suspicion, and always without 
 atrial. His last imprisonment was due to his resenting an 
 insult offered him by a dissolute young nobleman, the Che- 
 valier de Rohan. He was soon liberated, however, and at 
 once went to England, where he remained over two years 
 (1726-29). Already a celebrated dramatic writer, owing to 
 the success of “ (Edipe, ” he increased his fame by the pub- 
 lication of his epic poem on Henry the Fourth, “ La Henri- 
 ade,” the first complete edition of which was dedicated to 
 the Queen of England. He returned to France in 1729 and 
 won repeated successes both as a poet and a historian. 
 In 1734 he took up his residence with the Marquise du 
 Chatelet in the Chateau of Cirey in Lorraine, where_he 
 resided most of the time until that lady's death in 1749. 
 It was during this period of his life that he became his- 
 toriographer of France and “a gentleman of the king's 
 bedchamber." He also had some intercourse with Pope 
 
Voltaire 
 
 Benedict XIV., to whom he dedicated his tragedy “Ma- 
 homet." After Madame du Chutelet's death he returned 
 to Paris, but soon left France for Prussia, where Frederick 
 the Great, who had always admired him, had often re- 
 quested him to take up his residence. There he remained 
 from July, 1750, to March, 1753. Voltaire and Frederick, 
 who had met almost as lovers, parted bitter enemies, and 
 the great writer was arrested on his way through Frank- 
 fort, at the request of the king’s representative, although 
 not guilty, nor even accused, of offense, and was treated 
 with harshness. During his stay in Berlin and Potsdam he 
 had completed and published one of his most important 
 works, “he sifecle de Louis XIV.” His return to France 
 was followed by a period of wandering caused by the refusal 
 of the arbitrary government of Louis XV. to allow him to 
 come to Paris. He finally settled in Geneva (1756), whence 
 two years later he moved to Ferney, a large estate only 
 a few miles distant, which he purchased, and where he 
 spent the remainder of his life (1758-78). Much of his time 
 was given to the defense and protection of the victims of 
 religious intolerance and fanaticism. He thus spent about 
 two years getting justice done to the family and memory of 
 a Protestant, Jean Calas, who had been put to death upon a 
 false accusation of killing one of his sons to prevent his turn- 
 ing Catholic. He was constantly at work, also, revising his 
 formerly published writings, issuing numerous pamphlets, 
 both in prose and verse, in favor of freedom of thought, and 
 carrying on an extensive correspondence. Early in 1778, 
 during the reign of Louis XVI., at the request of his friends 
 he determined to visit Paris, where he was received with 
 great enthusiasm. The fatigue of the journey and the ex- 
 citement of his reception proved too much for his weak- 
 ened frame, and he died at Paris, May 30, 1778. His most 
 important works are: tragedies, “Ujdipe," “Brutus," 
 “Zaire” (considered the best), “Mdrope,” “Mahomet," 
 “Alzire,” “ Tancrede ” ; poems, “La Henriade," “Epitre 
 k Uranie,” “ La mort d’ Adrienne Lecouvreur,” “Discours 
 sur 1'homme,” “ La loi naturelle,” “ Le ddsastre de Lis- 
 bonne,” “Lemondain,” and the one which his admirers 
 would prefer he had never written, “La Pucelle”; his- 
 tory, “Histoire de Charles XII.,”“Essai surles moeurset 
 l’esprit des nations,” “Le siecle de Louis XIV.,” “Histoire 
 de Russie sous Pierre le Grand”; philosophy, “Diction- 
 naire philosophique ” ; literary criticism, “ Commentaire 
 sur Corneille"; fiction, “Candide,” “La princesse de 
 Babylone,” “L’lngdnu,” “L’Homme aux quarante dcus,” 
 “Zadig” ; miscellanies ( which fill a very large number of 
 volumes), “Lettres philosophiques,” “Traitd de la tole- 
 rance." His correspondence is considered as fine as that 
 of Madame de Sdvignd. The best editions of his works 
 are the Edition de Kehl (Kelil, 1784 et seq., 72 vols.), 
 Beuchot’s edition (Paris, 1829 et seq., 72 vols.), and Mo- 
 land's edition (Paris, Gamier, 1875 et seq., 52 vols.). A se- 
 lection of his works (8 volumes) was edited by Georges 
 Bengesco, who is also the author of a bibliography of Vol- 
 taire’s works, in 4 volumes. 
 
 Volterra (vol-ter'ra). A town in the province 
 of Pisa, Italy, 35 miles southwest of Florence : 
 the ancient Volaterr&s. It contains a cathedral, a 
 stately Romanesque structure, in the Pisan arcaded style, 
 consecrated in 1120, and enlarged about a century later. 
 The marble pulpit hears 12th-century scriptural reliefs, 
 and rests on four granite columns, two of them with lions. 
 There are some fine tombs, and paintings by several of the 
 great masters, particularly a superb “Annunciation” by 
 Signorelli. The Porta all’ Arco is one of the original gates 
 of the old Etruscan city. It is round-arched, 20 feet high 
 and 12 wide, the outer arch formed of 19 enormous blocks 
 of travertine assembled without cement, and bearing three 
 curious heads in relief on the keystone and imposts. The 
 gate-passage, 30 feet long, with grooves for portcullis, is 
 Roman. 
 
 Volterra, Daniele da (Daniele Ricciarelli). 
 
 Bom at Volterra, Italy, 1509: (lied at Rome, 
 April 4, 1566. An Italian painter and sculptor. 
 His chief work is a “Descent from the Cross” 
 (Rome). 
 
 Voltri (vol'tre). [L. Veturium, ML. Vulturum, 
 Vulturi.'] A seaport in the province of Genoa, 
 Italy, situated on the Gulf of Genoa 9 miles 
 west of Genoa. Here, in 1800, the Austrians 
 defeated the French under Massdna. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 14,719. 
 
 Volturno (vol-tor'no). [L .Vulturnus.'] A river 
 in Italy which traverses Campania and flows 
 into the Mediterranean 21 miles northwest of 
 Naples. Length, about 95 miles. Near it Gari- 
 baldi defeated the Neapolitan troops Sept. 19 
 and 21, and Oct. 1, 1860. 
 
 Volumnia (vo-lum'ni-a). The mother of Corio- 
 lanus, a character in Shakspere’s play “Corio- 
 lanus.” 
 
 Volunteer (vol-un-ter'). A steel center-board 
 sloop, built to defend the America's cup, chal- 
 lenged by the Thistle (Scotch cutter), she won 
 the trial race with the Mayflower (Sept. 17, 1887), and both 
 the cup races against the ’Thistle (Sept. 27 and 30). She 
 was afterward remodeled into a schooner and called the 
 Phoenix. She was originally designed by Edward Burgess 
 for General J. C. Paine of Boston, and launched June 30, 
 1887. Her principal dimensions were: length over all, 
 106.23 feet ; length, load water-line, 85.88 feet ; beam, 23.2 
 feet ; draught, 10 feet ; displacement, 130 tons. 
 
 Voluspa. The principal poem of the Elder 
 Edda. See Edda. 
 
 Von Arnim. See Arnim. 
 
 Vondel (von'del), Joost van den. Born at 
 Cologne, Nov. 17, 1587 : died at Amsterdam in 
 1679. A Dutch dramatist and poet : the great- 
 est name in Dutch literature. His parents, who had 
 fled to Cologne from Antwerp, removed to Amsterdam 
 in 1597. After his father’s death in 1608 he married, 
 and kept the stocking-shop in which he had succeeded his 
 father. This business was successfully continued long 
 
 1043 
 
 after he had acquired a literary reputation, but in 1657 
 the mismanagement of it by his eldest son led to bank- 
 ruptcy. His - own small fortune was sacrificed, and he 
 was forced to accept a clerkship where from his seven- 
 tieth to his eightieth year he labored for a pittance. In 
 1668, after he had been obliged to resign his position 
 on account of the weakness of old age, he finally received 
 a small state pension. His literary career was begun 
 with the drama “Het Pascha" (“ The Pascha”), produced 
 in 1612 before the “Rhetorical Chamber,” of which he was 
 a member (the so-called Flemish Chamber of the Laven- 
 der Flower). In 1619, after the performance of the first of 
 his biblical dramas, the tragedy “Hierusalem verwoest” 
 (“Jerusalem Destroyed ”), he went over to the Chamber 
 of the Eglantine. His subsequent works are the tragedy 
 “Palamedes,” and “Amsterdaemsche Hecuba” (“The 
 Amsterdam Hecuba” : .a free version of Seneca), both 1625 ; 
 the tragedy (the greatest of his dramas) “ Gysbrecht van 
 Aemstel,” 1637; “Maeghden” (“St. Ursula”) and “Ge- 
 broeders” (“Brothers,” i. e., the sons of Saul), both 1639; 
 “ Joseph in Dothan ” and “ Joseph in Egypten, ” both 1640 ; 
 “Peter en Pauwels ”(“ Peter and Paul”), 1641; “Maria 
 Stuart,” 1646; “ De Leeuwendalers ” (a pastoral play in 
 celebration of the peace of Westphalia) and “Salomon” 
 (“Solomon”), both 1648; the choral drama “Lucifer,” 
 1654; “Salmonens,” 1657; “Jephtha,” 1659; “Koning 
 David in ballingschap”(“ King David in Exile”), “Koning 
 David herstelt”(“King David Restored"), and “Sam- 
 son,” all 1660; “Adonias” (“Adonis”), 1661; “Batavian 
 Brothers,” 1662; “Faeton” (“ Phaethon "), 1663; “Adam 
 in ballingschap ” (“Adam in Exile”), 1664 ; “Zungchin,” 
 1666; and “Noah,” 1667. He was also the author of 
 translations from the classics (among them Vergil’s 
 “ADneid,” 1660, and Ovid’s “Metamorphoses,” 1661), and of 
 versionsof classical originals (from Seneca, “Hippolytus,” 
 1628; from Sophocles, the “Electra,” 1638, “Koning (Edi- 
 pus” (“(EdipusTyrannus”), 1660, and “Hercules,” 1663; 
 from Euripides, “Iflgenie in Taurien” (“Iphigenia in 
 Tauris”), 1666, and “ Feniciaensche Iflgenie” (“ The Phe- 
 nician Iphigenia”), 1668). His literaiy works reflect 
 clearly his own political*and religious views. He was at 
 the outset a supporter of the house of Orange, as is plain- 
 ly visible in the “ Pascha,” from 1612. The action of the 
 Synod of Dort, and the progress of Calvinism, brought 
 about a revulsion, and the “ Palamedes,” with the subtitle 
 of “ Murdered Innocence,” from 1625, represents under a 
 thin disguise the trial of Olden-Barneveldt, and cost the 
 poet a summons before the court at Amsterdam, and a 
 fine of 300 gulden. In 1626 he wrote in popular verse 
 against the Calvinistic zealots. In 1641 he joined the 
 Roman Catholic Church, and subsequently wrote in praise 
 of it. In this category of writings belong, among others, 
 the didactic poems “ Altaergeheimenissen ” (“Mysteries 
 of the Altar”), 1645; “Johannes de boetgezant”(“ John 
 the Evangelist”), 1662 ; “De heerlijkheid der kerke” 
 (“The Glory of the Church”), 1663; and the tragedy of 
 “Maria Stuart,” already mentioned. The dramatic poem 
 “Lucifer,” the greatest of his works, is considered by 
 many Dutch critics to be an allegorical account of the 
 rise of the Netherlands against Philip of Spain. He has 
 been called “the Dutch Shakspere." His collected works, 
 together with a life of the poet, were published at Am- 
 sterdam, 1850-69, in 12 vols. 
 
 Von Martins. _ Sec Martins. 
 
 Voorhees (vor'ez), Daniel Wolsey. Born Sept. 
 26, 1827 : died April 10, 1897. An American 
 Democratic politician. He commenced the practice 
 of law at Covington, Fountain County, Indiana, in 1851; 
 was member of Congress from Indiana 1861-66 and 1869- 
 1873 ; and was a United States senator from Indiana 1877- 
 1897. 
 
 Voorne (vor'ne). An island belonging to the 
 province of South Holland, Netherlands, situ- 
 ated between the mouth of the Meuse and the 
 Haring Vliet. 
 
 Vopiscus (vo-pis'kus), Flavius. Lived about 
 the beginning of the 4th century A. D. A Ro- 
 man historian, one of the writers of the “Au- 
 gustan History.’’ 
 
 Vorarlberg (for'arl-berG). A land belonging to 
 Austria-Hungary, and forming with Tyrol the 
 administrative division of Tyrol and Vorarl- 
 berg. Capital, Bregenz. It is bounded by Lake Con- 
 stance, Bavaria, Tyrol, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. 
 The surface is mountainous. It sends 4 members to the 
 Reichsrat and has a Diet of 24 members. The inhabitants 
 are German ; the prevailing religion, Roman Catholic. 
 Vorarlberg was transferred from Hither Austria to Tyrol 
 in 1782. Area, 1,004 square miles. Pop., 145,794, (1910). 
 
 Vorderrhein (for'der-rin). [G., ‘Hither Rhine.’] 
 The northernmost of the two head streams of 
 the Rhine, in the canton of Grisons, Switzer- 
 land. 
 
 Voringsfos or -foss ( ve' rings -f os). A cele- 
 brated waterfall in Norway, formed by the 
 Bjoreia 64 miles east of Bergen. Height, 475 
 feet. 
 
 Voronezh (vo-ro'nezh), sometimes Voronetz 
 (vo-ro'nets). 1. A government of Russia, sur- 
 rounded by the governments of Orel, Tamboff, 
 and Saratoff, the Province of the Don Cossacks, 
 and Kharkolf and Kursk. Area, 25,443 square 
 miles. Population, 3,215,100. — 2. The capi- 
 tal of the government of Voronezh, situated on 
 the river Voronezh about lat. 51° 40' N. It is 
 an important commercial center. Population, 
 87,700. 
 
 Vorparlament(for'par-la-ment // ).Aprovisional 
 assembly which met at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 
 March 31-April 3, 1848, to prepare the way for 
 a German parliament. 
 
 Vortigern ( v6r'ti-g6rn). A British king, of the 
 
 Vulcan 
 
 middle of the 5th century, who is said to ha ve 
 invited the Jutes to Britain to aid the Britons 
 against the Piets. 
 
 Vortigern and Rowena. A play written in 
 1796 by William Henry Ireland, and assigned by 
 him, with his other forgeries, to Shakspere. 
 Vos (vos), Martin de. Bom at Antwerp : died 
 about 1604. A Flemish painter. 
 
 Vosges (vozh), G. Vogesen (vo-ga'zen). [L. 
 Vosegus or Vogesus.'] A range of mountains 
 in eastern France and western Germany, which 
 forms in part the boundary between them, it 
 extends from Belfort northward, parallel with the Rhine, 
 and, including its continuation the Hardt, through Rhe- 
 nish Bavaria, and is connected westward by the Monts 
 Faucilles with the plateau of Langres. Highest point, the 
 Ballon de Guebwiller (about 4,680 feet). 
 
 Vosges. A department of France, bounded by 
 Meuse, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Alsace-Lorraine, 
 Haute-Saone, and Haute-Marne. Capital, Epi- 
 nal. It is traversed by the Vosges Mountains in the 
 east and by the Monts Faucilles in the south. It has im- 
 portant forests, and manufactures of iron, cotton, etc. It 
 was formed chiefly from part of Lorraine. Area, 2,303 
 square miles. Population, 429,812. 
 
 Voss (fos), Johann Heinrich. Bom at Som- 
 
 mersdorf, Mecklenburg, Feb. 20, 1751 : died at 
 Heidelberg, March 29, 1826. A German poet. 
 He studied first theology and then philology at Gottingen, 
 where he was one of the founders of the poetic brother- 
 hood, the so-called “Gottingen Hainbund.” In 1778hewas 
 appointed rector of the school at Otterndorf, which posi- 
 tion he exchanged in 1782 for one at Eutin. On account 
 of ill health he afterward gave this up, and in 1802 went 
 to Jena, and in 1806 to Heidelberg, where he lived until 
 his death. His principal original work is the idyl “Luise,” 
 published first In 1784 (in its complete form in 1795). His 
 fame is based principally upon his translations of the 
 classical writers, particularly of Homer : the Odyssey 
 appeared in 1781 ; the Hiad, together with a revised ver- 
 sion of the Odyssey, in 1793. He also translated Vergil 
 in 1799, Horace and Hesiod in 1806, Theocritus and Bion 
 and Moschus in 1808. Tibullus in 1810, and Aristophanes 
 in 1821. He also translated, together with his sons Hein- 
 rich and Abraham, Shakspere’s plays (1819-29). His com- 
 plete poetical works were published at Leipsic in 1835. 
 
 Vossius (vosk'i-us), Gerardus Johannes, Lat- 
 inized from Vos (vos), or Voss (vos). Born 
 near Heidelberg, 1577 ; died at Amsterdam, 
 March 17, 1649. A Dutch classical scholar, 
 grammarian, and Protestant theologian : pro- 
 fessor successively at Dort, Leyden, and Am- 
 sterdam. His works include “ Grammatica Latina” 
 (1607), “Etymologicum lingu® Latin® ” (1662), “ Conimen- 
 tariorum rhetoricorum libri vi.” (1606), “ De historicis 
 Gracia ” (1624), “De historicis Latinis ” (1627), “De theo- 
 logia gentili" (1642), “Histories Pelagian® 1 (1618). 
 Votan (vo-tan'). A hero-god of Indians of the 
 Maya stock in southern Mexico and Guatemala. 
 He is described in the “Book of Votan,” a supposed book 
 in the Tzendal language of Chiapas, of which only legen- 
 dary fragments from after the conquest remain, and whose 
 existence is very doubtful. Votan was descended from 
 Chan, the serpent. He came from over the sea, introduced 
 civilization into southern Mexico, and founded the 
 “ empire ” of Xibalba, supposed by some to be Palenque. 
 Then he disappeared, and was worshiped as a god the 
 first year of the cycle of four in the Indian calendar of 
 Chiapas. 
 
 Voulon (vo-lon'). A village in the department 
 of Vienne, France, south of Poitiers. Here 
 (not at Vouill6), in 507, the Franks under Clo- 
 vis defeated the West Goths under Alaric II. 
 Vox Clamantis (voks kla-man'tis). [L., ‘the 
 voice of one crying.’] An allegorical poem in 
 Latin, by Gower. 
 
 Voyage autour de ma Chambre. [‘Jour- 
 ney around my Room.’] A novel by Xavier de 
 Maistre, published in 1794. 
 
 The “Voyage autour de ma Chambre ” [of De Maistre] 
 (readers may be informed or reminded) is a whimsical de- 
 scription of the author’s meditations and experiences when 
 confined to barracks for some military peccadillo. After 
 a fashion, which has found endless imitators since, the 
 prisoner contemplates the various objects in his room, 
 spins little romances to himself about them and about his 
 beloved Madame de Hautcastel, moralises on the faithful- 
 ness of his servant Joannetti, and so forth. The “Expedi- 
 tion Nocturne,” a less popular sequel, is not very differ- 
 ent in plan. Saintsbury, French Novelists, p. 144. 
 
 Voyages de Cyrus, Les. A work by the Cheva- 
 lier Ramsay, the friend of Fenelon and tutor 
 to the sons of the Pretender, first published 
 in 1727. It was translated into English in 
 1730. 
 
 Voyer d’Argenson. See Argenson. 
 
 Vryburg (vri'berg). The capital of British 
 Bechuanaland, South Africa. 
 
 Vulcan (vul'kan). 1. In Roman mythology, 
 the god of fire and the working of metals, and 
 the patron of all handicraftsmen. Originally an 
 independent deity, he became, with the advance of time, 
 completely identified witli the Greek Hephaestus. He was 
 the son of Jupiter and Juno, or of Juno alone, and was 
 born with deformed feet, though according to late myths 
 his lameness came from his having been hurled down 
 from heaven by Jupiter in a fit of anger. He was the di- 
 vine artist, the creator of all that, was beautiful as weU as 
 
Vulcan 
 
 of all that was mechanically wonderful in the abodes of 
 the gods. On earth various volcanoes, as Lemnos and 
 Etna, were held to be his workshops, and the Cyclopes 
 were his journeymen. He had the power of conferring 
 life upon his creations, and was thus the author of Pan- 
 dora, and of the golden dogs of Alcinous. In art he was 
 represented as a bearded man, usually with the short 
 sleeveless or one-sleeved tunic of the workman, with a 
 conical cap, holding hammer and tongs or other attributes 
 of the smith, and sometimes with indication of his lame- 
 ness. When Jupiter conceived Minerva in his head, the 
 goddess was delivered full-armed upon the stroke of an 
 ax in the hands of Vulcan. 
 
 2. A hypothetical planet between the sun and 
 the planet Mercury. An object supposed to be a 
 planet was seen crossing the sun's disk on March 26, 
 1859. The period of revolution assigned to it was some- 
 thing over 19 days, and its distance from the sun was 
 estimated at about 13,000,000 miles. The existence of Vul- 
 can, however, has not been confirmed (may, indeed, be 
 said to have been practically disproved) by subsequent 
 careful observations. 
 
 Vulcanalia (vul-ka-na/li-a). An ancient Ro- 
 man festival in honor of Vulcan, celebrated on 
 Aug. 23 with games in the Flaminian circus, 
 near the temple of the god, and with sacrifices 
 of fishes. As part of the observance on this day, 
 
 1044 
 
 work was begun by lamp-light in honor of the 
 fire-god. 
 
 Vulcan Pass. A pass in the Carpathians, be- 
 tween Transylvania and Rumania, about lat. 
 45° 25' N., long. 23° 17' E. 
 
 Vulgar Errors. See Pseudodoxia Epidemica. 
 
 Vulgate(vul'gat). [ML. Vulgata, sc. editio or ver- 
 sio, ‘ the published’ (i. e. ‘commonly circulated ’) 
 ‘ edition’ or ‘version.’] The Latin version of the 
 Scriptures accepted as the authorized version of 
 the Roman Catholic Church, it was prepared by 
 Jerome about the close of the 4th century, partly by trans- 
 lation from the original, partly by revision of prior Latin 
 versions. It gradually came into general use between the 
 6th and the 9tb century. The Anglo-Saxon translations were 
 made from it, and also Wyclif s English version, while other 
 English versions from Tyndale’s onward have been much 
 influenced by it. The Vulgate was the first book printed 
 (about 1455). The Council of Trent ordered that the “ old 
 and vulgate edition,” approved by the “ usage of so many 
 ages,” should be the only Latin version used in “public 
 lectures, disputations, sermons, and expositions.” Au- 
 thorized editions were afterward published under Sixtus 
 V. in 1590 and Clement VIII. in 1592-93. The latter, or 
 Clementine edition, is at present the accepted standard 
 of the Roman Catholic Church, and is the basis of the 
 
 Vyatka, Principality of 
 
 Douay Bible. In 1907 Pope Pius X. intrusted to the Bene- 
 dictine Order the task of preparing for a revision of the 
 Vulgate. The religious terminology of the languages of 
 western Europe has been in great part derived from or 
 influenced by the Vulgate. 
 
 This Vulgate or received version (the word vulgate means 
 ‘currently received’), as it actually existed in the Middle 
 Ages and at the time of the Reformation, was not the pure 
 text of Jerome, but was Jerome’s version considerably 
 modified by things which had been carried over from the 
 older Latin translations taken from the Greek. 
 
 W. R. Smith, Old Testament in the Jewish Ch., p. 36. 
 
 Vulture, Monte. See Monte Vulture. 
 
 Vulturnus (vul-ter'nus). The Roman name of 
 the Volturno. 
 
 Vyatka, or Viatka (ve-at'ka). 1. A govern- 
 ment of Russia. Area, 59,329 square miles. 
 Population, 3,616,000. — 2. The capital of the 
 government of Vyatka, situated on the river 
 Vyatka near long. 50° E. Pop., about 27,- 
 000 . 
 
 Vyatka, Principality of. A republican prin-- 
 cipality in northern Russia, colonized from 
 Novgorod at the end of the 12th century. It 
 existed till 1489. 
 
a 
 
 aadt. The German name of 
 Yaud. 
 
 Waal(wal). The southern 
 arm of the Rhine, in Gel- 
 derlandand South Holland, 
 Netherlands. Itseparatesfrom 
 the other branch about 10 miles 
 southeast ot Arnheim, taking 
 about two thirds of the entire 
 stream ; and unites with the 
 Meuse and flows on as the Mervede and Old Meuse. 
 
 Wabash (wa'bash). The capital of Wabash 
 County, Indiana, situated on the Wabash 75 
 miles north-northeast of Indianapolis. Popu- 
 lation, 8,687, (1910). 
 
 Wabash. A river which rises in Mercer County, 
 Ohio, flows west and southwest through Indiana, 
 forms part of the boundary be tween Indiana and 
 Illinois, and joins the Ohio at the union of In- 
 diana, Illinois, and Kentucky. Its chief tribu- 
 tary is the White River. On its banks are Xogansport, 
 Lafayette, Terre Haute, and Vincennes. Length, about 
 560 miles. 
 
 Wace (was), or Eustace, erroneously called 
 Robert. Born in the island of Jersey about 
 1124 : died about 1174. An Anglo-Norman poet. 
 He received a prebend at Bayeux under Henry II., and 
 was attached to the Anglo-Norman court. He wrote two 
 poetical romances: “Roman de Brut,” and “Homan de 
 Rou,” or “Romance of Rollo," which was a poetical ver- 
 sion of the story of the Norman conquest by William of 
 Poitiers, chaplain to William the Conqueror. Wace made 
 some additions, including a third part. See Brut and Ho- 
 man de Brut. 
 
 Wacht am Rhein (vacht am rin), Die. [‘The 
 Watch on the Rhine.’] A German popular 
 song, words by Schneckenburger (1840), music 
 by Karl Wilhelm (1854). It enjoyed great vogue in 
 the war of 1870-71, becoming a national song. Other com- 
 posers also wrote music for it. 
 
 W achtel ( vach'tel ) , Theodor. Born at Hamburg, 
 March 10, 1823: died at Berlin, Nov. 14, 1893. 
 A German tenor singer. He was a groom and driver 
 for his father, who kept a livery-stable. He first sang in 
 England in 1862, came to the United States in 1871 and 
 1875. He was noted for his high C, which he sang as a 
 chest note, and not in falsetto. 
 
 Wachter (vach'ter), Georg Philip Ludwig 
 
 Leonhardt. Bom at Ulzen, Nov. 25, 1762: 
 died Feb. 11, 1837. A German writer. His 
 pseudonym was Veit Weber. He published “ Sagen 
 der Vorzeit” (1787-99), “Historien”(1794),“ Wilhelm Tell,” 
 a tragedy, etc. 
 
 Wachusett (wa-chu'set), Mount. An isolated 
 mountain in Princeton, Massachusetts, 16 miles 
 north by west of Worcester. Height, 2,108 feet. 
 
 Wackles (wak'lz), Mrs. and the Misses. Char- 
 acters in Dickens’s novel “The Old Curiosity 
 Shop.” 
 
 W aco ( wa'ko). The capital of McLennan County, 
 Texas, situated on the Brazos 93 miles north- 
 northeast of Austin. It has varied manufac- 
 tures. Population, 26,425, (1910). 
 
 Wadai (wa-di'). A former Mohammedan king- 
 dom of the eastern Sudan, Africa, between lat. 
 8° 20' and 18° 20' N., bordering on Kanem and 
 Baghirmi in the west, on Tibbuland in the 
 north, on Darfur in the east, and on Dar Runga 
 (its tributary) in the south. Capital, Abeshr. Area, 
 about 170,000 square miles. Population, about 2,000,000. 
 In 1903 it became a French protectorate. The country is 
 generally an arid sandy plain, where the camel and the 
 ostrich thrive : only in the southern and eastern parts can 
 it be called tolerably fertile. The Arabs and Fulahs, 
 though numerous, are not dominant. The kingdom be- 
 longed to the negro tribe of Maba, which, under Abd-el- 
 Kerim, introduced iBlam about 1635. Life and property 
 were unsafe until Sultan Ali established some order (Bince 
 1869). The chief exports are ivory and feathera. 
 
 Wadan (wa-dan'). The chief town of Adrar, in 
 the western part of the Sahara. 
 
 Waddington (wod'ing-ton; F. pron. va-dan- 
 ton'), William Henry. Born at St.-Remi, 
 Euro-et-Loire, France, Dec. 11, 1826: died Jan. 
 13, 1894. A French statesman and archaeologist. 
 He entered the National Assembly in 1871, and the Senate 
 in 1876; was minister of public instruction in 1873 and 
 1876-77; was minister of foreign alfairs 1877-79; and was 
 French plenipotentiary at the Congress of Berlin 1878, 
 premier Feb.-Dee., 1879, and ambassador to Great Britain 
 1883-93. He wrote memoirs of an archaeological journey 
 
 to Asia Minor, “Melanges de numismatique et de philo- 
 logie ” (1861), “Voyage archdologique en Grfece et en Asie 
 Mineure ” (1868-77). 
 
 Wade (wad), Benjamin Franklin. Born near 
 Springfield, Mass., Oct. 27, 1800: died at .Jeffer- 
 son, Ohio, March 2, 1878. An American lawyer 
 and statesman. He was Whig and later Republican 
 United States senator from Ohio 1851-69 ; was an anti- 
 slavery leader ; opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, etc.; 
 and favored the Homestead Bill, confiscation in the 
 war, and emancipation. He was acting Vice-President 
 under Johnson, and commissioner to Santo Domingo in 
 1871. 
 
 Wadelai (wa-de-li'). A town in the Uganda 
 Protectorate, on the Nile north of Albert 
 Nyanza. It was a main station of Emin Pasha. 
 
 Wadham (wod'am) College. A college of Ox- 
 ford University, founded in 1612 by Nicholas 
 Wadham. The chapel, despite its date, is built in the 
 Perpendicular style : it possesses good glass. The gate- 
 tower and the framed wooden ceiling of the hall are also 
 noteworthy. 
 
 Wadidikimo (wa-de-de-ke'mo). See Pygmies. 
 
 Wadman (wod'man), Widow. A character in 
 Sterne’s “ Tristram Shandy.” She has a tender feel- 
 ing for Uncle Toby, and the scene where among other en- 
 couragements she approaches her face nearer and nearer 
 to his, that he may extract a supposititious something 
 from her eye, is often referred to. 
 
 Wadsworth (wodz'w6rth), James Samuel. 
 
 Born at Geneseo, N.Y., Oct. 30, 1807 : died near 
 Chancellorsville, Va., May 8, 1864. An Ameri- 
 can general. He was a member of the peace confer- 
 ence in 1861 ; served in the first battle of Bull Run in 1861 ; 
 was made brigadier-general in 1861 ; became military 
 governor of Washington in 1862; was distinguished as a 
 division commander at Fredericksburg and Gettysburg; 
 was sent on a tour of special service in the South and 
 West in 1864; and was mortally wounded at the battle of 
 the Wilderness, May 6, 1864. 
 
 Wadsworth, Peleg. Born at Duxbury, Mass., 
 1748 : died at Hiram, Maine, Nov. 18, 1829. An 
 American general in the Revolutionary War. He 
 
 served in the Penobscot expedition in 1779, and was mem- 
 ber of Congress from the Maine district of Massachusetts 
 1793-1807. 
 
 Wady-Half a (wa'de-hal'fa). A locality at the 
 second cataract of the Nile, often regarded as 
 the southern limit of Egypt. It contains im- 
 portant inscriptions. 
 
 Waesland (was'lant). A well-cultivated dis- 
 trict in the province of East Flanders, Belgium, 
 lying north and west of the Schelde and north- 
 east of Ghent. 
 
 Wafer (wa'fer), Lionel. Bom in Wales (?) 
 about 1640: died at London after 1700. A Brit- 
 ish surgeon and traveler. After making several voy- 
 ages to the East Indies, he settled in Jamaica, and in 1679 
 joined the bucaneers. He was with Dampier on the Isth- 
 mus of Panama in 1680, and on account of a quarrel was 
 left among the Indians, living with them until 1684. In 
 1688-90 he was in North America. He published “A New 
 Voyage and Description of the Isthmus of America” (1699 : 
 French, German, and Swedish translations). It is the first 
 good English description of the Isthmus, and is important 
 in connection with the history of the bucaneers. 
 
 Waghausel (vag'hoi-zel). A village in Baden, 
 in the neighborhood of Karlsruhe. Here, June 
 21, 1849, the Prussians defeated the Baden in- 
 surgents. 
 
 Wagner. Faust’s famulus, a pedant, in Goethe’s 
 “Faust.” He is also introduced in Marlowe's “Dr. 
 Faustus," with some of the same characteristics. 
 
 According to Hinrichs, Faust represents Philosophy, 
 and Wagner Empiricism. Duntzer calls the latter “ the 
 representative of dead pedantry, of knowledge mechani- 
 cally acquired"; while other critics consider that he sym- 
 bolizes the Philistine element in German life, — the hope- 
 lessly material, prosaic, and commonplace. 
 
 Taylor, Notes to Faust. 
 
 Wagner (vag'ner), Adolf Heinrich Gotthilf. 
 
 Bom at Erlangen, Bavaria, March 25, 1835. A 
 German political economist, son of Rudolf Wag- 
 ner : professor at Berlin from 1870. He is noted 
 for his works on finance, and as an advocate of 
 the “socialism of the chair.” 
 
 Wagner, Moritz. Born at Bayreuth, Bavaria, 
 Oct. 3, 1813 : died at Munich, 1887. A German 
 traveler, naturalist, and geographer : brother of 
 Rudolf Wagner. Hetraveledin Algeria 1836-38 ; in the 
 Black Sea regions, the Caucasus, Kurdistan, Armenia, and 
 Persia 1842-45; in North America 1862-56 ; and in Panama 
 1046 
 
 and Ecuador 1857-69. His works include “ Reisen in Al- 
 gier” (1841), “Der Kaukasus" (1847), “Reise nach Kol- 
 chis" (1850), “Reise nach dem Ararat, etc. "(1850), “Reise 
 nachPersien, etc. "(1852), “Naturwissmschaftliche Reisen 
 im tropischen Amerika”(1870),and“Die darwinischeTheo- 
 rie” (1868) and other works on evolution. He wrote, with 
 Kcherzer, “ Reisen in Nordamerika”(1854)and “Die Repub- 
 lik Costa-B,ica” (1856). 
 
 Wagner, Richard. See Wagner, Wilhelm Rich- 
 ard. 
 
 Wagner. Rudolf. Born at Bayreuth, Bavaria, 
 June 30, 1805: died at Gottingen, May 13, 1864. 
 A noted German physiologist, comparative 
 anatomist, and anthropologist: professor at Er- 
 langen 1832-40, and at Gottingen from 1840. 
 Among his works are “ Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Ana- 
 tomic” (1834-35), “leones physiologic* ” (1839-40), “Lehr- 
 buch der Physiologie ” (1839), “Handatlas der vergleichen- 
 den Anatomie ” (1841), “Handworterbuch der Physiologie" 
 (1842-53), “Neurologische Untersuchungen ” (1854), “Der 
 Kampf um die Seele” (1857), “Vorstucien” on the brain 
 (1860-62). 
 
 Wagner, Rudolf Johannes von. Bom at Leip- 
 sic, Feb. 13, 1822: died at Wurzburg, Oct. 4, 
 1880. A German chemist and technologist. He 
 wrote “Lehrbuch d;rChemie,” “Handbuch der chemischen 
 Technologic," “Theorie und Praxis der Gewerbe,” “Die 
 chemische Fabrikindustrie,” etc. 
 
 Wagner, Wilhelm Richard. Born at Leipsic, 
 May 22, 1813: died at Venice, Feb. 13, 1883. 
 A celebrated German operatic composer and 
 poet. His father, who was a clerk to the police-courts 
 of Leipsic, died a few months after his birth, and his 
 mother married Ludwig Geyer and removed to Dresden. 
 He was educated at Dresden and Leipsic ; matriculated at 
 the University of Leipsic in 1831 ; and studied music at 
 Leipsic. At this time he had a great enthusiasm for Beet- 
 hoven. He was chorus-master at Wurzburg in 1833, in the 
 theater where his elder brother Albert was actor aud stage 
 manager ; music diiectorat Magdeburg 1834-36 ; conductor 
 at Konigsberg in 1836, when he married Fraulein Planer; 
 music director at Riga 1837-39 : and lived in Paris 1839-42, 
 where he struggled in vain to obtain a footing in some 
 theater, and even offered himself as chorus-singer (“ cho- 
 riste ”). He, however, studied and wrote constantly, and 
 finished his “Faust” overture in 1840, though it was not 
 published till 1855 : this is his first markedly original per- 
 formance. In 1841 he composed his “ Fliegende Hollan- 
 der,” and endeavored unsuccessfully to get his "Rienzi ” 
 produced at Paris. About this time the “ Volksbuch ” of 
 the Tannhauser legend came into his possession, and he was 
 struck with its possibilities. From this lie was led to study 
 the poems of Wolfram von Eschenbach and the “ Loheran- 
 grin.” He wrote the first sketches for his “Tannhauser" 
 in 1842. “Rienzi" was produced at Dresden in 1842, and 
 was a success. The next year “ Der Fliegende Hollander ” 
 was produced there, with Madame Schroder-Devrient as 
 Senta. He was appointed court kapellmeister at Dres- 
 den in 1843, where he remained for seven years. “Tann- 
 hauser ” was produced there in 1845, and was a compara- 
 tive failure. He got into pecuniary difficulties, and his 
 arrest was ordered for alleged participation in the revo- 
 lutionary movements of 1849 ; but, with the assistance of 
 Liszt, he escaped to Paris. He lived chiefly at Zurich until 
 1859 ; and was in London in 1855 and in Paris 1859-61. Lud- 
 wig II. , king of Bavaria, sent for him to return to Germany 
 in 1861, and from this time his life was comnaratively free 
 from struggle. He settled at Munich in 1864, and lived 
 near Lucerne from 1866 till 1872. In 1870 he married 
 Cosima, the daughter of Liszt ; and settled at Bayreuth in 
 1872. His theater was founded there in 1872, and com- 
 pleted in 1876. The first performance in it was the “Nibe- 
 lungen ” tetralogy, and in 1882 “Parsifal" was produced 
 there. He went to London in 1877, but, his health begin- 
 ning to give way, he went to Venice, where he died. He 
 was buried in the grounds of “ Wahufried,”hisown house 
 at Bayreuth. Among the many characteristics of his art 
 theory are these : the choice of a general subject in which 
 the mythical and heroic elements are prominent: the 
 amalgamation of poetry, music, action, and scenic effect 
 into the most intimate union as equally important coop- 
 erating elements ; the desertion of the conventionalities 
 of the common Italian opera, especially of its sharply de- 
 fined and contrasted movements and its tendency to dis- 
 play of mere virtuosity ; the abundant use of leading mo- 
 tives as a means to continuous and reiterated emotional 
 effect ; the elaboration of the orchestral parts, so that in 
 them is furnished an unbroken presentation of or com- 
 mentary on the entire plot ; and the free use of new and 
 remarkable means of effect, both scenic and instrumental. 
 The W agnerian ideal is often called (sometimes derisively) 
 “ the music of the future," from the title of one of Wag- 
 ner’s essays. While Wagnerism is best exemplified in the 
 great dramas of Wagner himself, its qualities may be seen 
 more or less in almost all the dramatic music of the last 
 half of this century. His works include the operas 
 “ Rienzi "(1842), “ Der Fliegende Hollander "(“The Flying 
 Dutchman,” 1843), “Tannhauser "(first performed in 1845), 
 “Lohengrin " (1850), “Der Ring des Nibelungen” (includ- 
 ing “ DasRheingold," “ Die WaJkiire,” “Siegfried,” “Got- 
 terdammerung " : first performed as a whole in the 
 
Wagner, Wilhelm Richard 
 
 autumn of 1876), “Tristan und Isolde” (1865), “Die Meis- 
 tersinger von Niirnberg” (1868), “Parsifal ” (1882) ; over- 
 tures, sonatas, songs, orchestral and choral works, piano- 
 forte pieces, etc. His literary works are contained in ten 
 volumes (1871-85), including the poems for his operas, 
 much critical work, “ DasKunstwerk derZukunft” (“ The 
 Art- Work of the Future,” 1850), “Oper und Drama,” 
 “Beethoven,” “Religion und Kunst,” “Bayreuther Blat- 
 ter,” etc. liis autobiography (“My Life”), comprising his 
 reminiscences from 1813 to 1864, appeared in 1911. 
 
 Wagram (va'gram), or Deutsch- Wagram 
 
 (doieh'va'gram). A village 9 miles northeast 
 of Vienna. Here, July 5-6, 1809, the French under Na- 
 poleon (about 150,000) defeated the Austrians (about 120,- 
 000) under Archduke Charles. Loss on each side, about 
 25,000. 
 
 Wagram, Prince of. A title of the French 
 general Berthier. 
 
 Wagstaif (wag'staf), Simon. The pseudonym 
 of Swift in "Polite Conversation.” 
 Wahhabees, or Wahabis (wa-ha'bez). The 
 followers of Abd-el-Wahhab (1691-1787), a Mo- 
 hammedan reformer, who opposed all prac- 
 tices not sanctioned by the Koran. His successors 
 formed a powerful dominion whose chief seat was in Nejd 
 in central Arabia. They were overthrown by Ibrahim 
 Pasha in 1818, but afterward regained much of their former 
 power in central Arabia. Also Wahhabites. 
 
 Wahlstatt (val'stat), Battle of, or Battle of 
 Liegnitz. A battle between the Mongols and 
 the Germans under Duke Henry II. of Silesia, 
 fought April 9, 1241, at Wahlstatt, a village 6 
 miles southeast of Liegnitz, in Silesia. The 
 Mongols were victorious, hut retired from Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Wahlstatt, Prince of. A title of Bliicher, who 
 defeated the French at the battle of the Katz- 
 bach, near Wahlstatt, Aug. 26, 1813. 
 Wahlverwandschaften (val ' fer- vant- shaf '- 
 ten), Die. [G., ‘Elective Affinities.’] A ro- 
 mance by Goethe, published in 1809. 
 Wahnfried (van 'fret). [G., literally ‘peace to 
 illusion.’] The villa where Wagner lived during 
 the later years of his life at Bayreuth. He was 
 buried in the grounds. An inscription on the house means 
 in English ‘Here, where I found the fulfilment of my Ideal 
 — Wahnfried — So shall this house be named.’ 
 
 Wahrheit und Dichtung (var'hit ont dich'- 
 tong). [G., ‘Truth and Poetry.’] An autobio- 
 graphical work by Goethe. Three volumes were 
 published in 1811, 1812, 1814, and the fourth was published 
 af ter his death, from disconnected materials. 
 
 Wahsatch (wa-sach') Mountains. A range of 
 
 mountains in Utah. According to the United States 
 Geographic Board, it includes on the north the Bear River 
 Range, extending to the bend of Bear River at Soda 
 Springs, Idaho, and on the south extends to the mouth of 
 San Pete River near Gunnison, Utah. The highest point, 
 Mount Nebo, is 11,680 feet high. 
 
 Waiblingen (vl'bling-en). AtownintheNeckar 
 circle, Wiirtemberg, situated on the Rems 7 
 miles northeast of Stuttgart. Population, 
 commune, 5,997. 
 
 Waiblinger (vi'bling-er). A surname of the 
 Hohenstaufen, who held Waiblingen in the 
 12th century. From it came by corruption 
 the Italian ‘‘ Ghibelline.” 
 
 Waiilatpuan (wi // e-lat'po-an). [From wayi- 
 letpu, the plural of ivailet, a Cayuse man.] A 
 linguistic stock of North American Indians, 
 formerly living in Oregon and Washington. 
 
 Wain (wan), Charles’s. In astronomy, the seven 
 brightest stars in the constellation Ursa Major, 
 or the Great Bear, which has been called a 
 wagon since the time of Homer. Two of the stars 
 are known as “ the pointers," because, being nearly in a 
 straight line with the pole-star, they direct an observer to 
 it. Also called the Plow , the Great Dipper, the Northern 
 Car, and sometimes the Butcher's Cleaver. [The name 
 Charles's Wain, or Charles' Wain, is a modernalterationof 
 the earlier carl' swain, from late AS. carles wain, the carl’s 
 or churl's wain, or farmer’s wagon. The word wain came 
 to be associated with the name Charles with reference to 
 Charlemagne, the group being also called in ME. Charle- 
 maynes wayne. In the 17th century it was associated with 
 the names of Charles I. and Charles II.) 
 
 Wain, The Lesser. Ursa Minor. 
 Wainamoinen. See the extract. 
 
 The Kalevala begins with a cosmogony, which certainly 
 offers interesting features for comparison, but in which 
 there is much that may be foreign to the original heathen 
 conceptions. Then the epic deals with the adventures of 
 the three heroes Wainamoinen, Ilmarinen, and Lemmin- 
 kainen. These heroes of Kaleva go into the hostile north- 
 country of Pohjola as suitors, to fetch a bride, who is 
 finally won by Ilmarinen : they return later to rob the Sam- 
 po treasure. Amongst the labours which Louhi, the host- 
 ess of Pohjola, lays upon them is a journey to Tuonela, 
 with which a description of the lower regions is connected. 
 
 La Saussaye, Science of Religion, p. 304. 
 
 Waite (wat), Morrison Remick. Born at Lyme, 
 Conn., Nov. 29, 1816: died at Washington, D. C., 
 March 23, 1888. An American jurist. He gradu- 
 ated at Yale in 1837 ; was admitted to the bar in 1839; became 
 a leader of the bar in Ohio ; was counsel for the United 
 
 1046 
 
 States before the Geneva tribunal of arbitration 1871-72; 
 and was appointed chief justice of the United States Su- 
 preme Court in 1874. 
 
 Waitz (vits), Georg. Born at Flensburg, Schles- 
 wig, Oct. 9, 1813 : died at Berlin, May 24, 1886. A 
 German historian. He aided Pertz in editing the 
 “Monumenta Germanise historica’ ; became professor at 
 Kiel in 1842; was agent of the provisional government 
 of Schleswig and Holstein in 1848 ; was a member of the 
 Frankfort Parliament in 1848 ; became professor at Gotting- 
 en in 1849 ; and removed to Berlin as editor of the “ Monu- 
 menta Germanise ’’ in 1875. Among his works are “ Deutsche 
 Verfassungsgeschichte " (“German Constitutional His- 
 tory," 1843-78), “Schleswig-Holsteins Geschichte ” (1851- 
 1854), “Liibeck unter Jurgen Wullenweber und die euro- 
 paische Politik" (1855-56), “Grundzuge der Politik” 
 (“Principles of Politics," 1862), life of Ulfila, “Deutsche 
 Kaiser.” 
 
 Waitz, Theodor. Born at Gotha, Germany, 
 March 17, 1821: died at Marburg, May 21, 1864. 
 A German philosopher and anthropologist, pro- 
 fessor at Marburg. He wrote “Grundlegung der 
 Psychologie,” “Lehrbuch der Psychologie,” “Ailgemeine 
 Padagogik,” “ Anthropologie der Naturvolker” (1859-71), 
 “ Die Indianer Nordamerikas,” and edited Aristotle’s “Or- 
 ganon.” 
 
 Waitzen (vit'sen), Hung.Vacz (vats). A town 
 in the county of Pest-Pilis-Solt, Hungary, situ- 
 ated on the Danube 20 miles north of Budapest. 
 It has a cathedral, and is the seat of a Roman Catholic 
 bishopric. The Turks were defeated here in 1597, and 
 again in 1684, when the city was captured by Duke Charles 
 of Lorraine. Here, April 10, 1849, the Hungarian insurgents 
 defeated the Austrians ; and here, July 15-17, 1849, there 
 was fighting between the Russians and the Hungarian in- 
 surgents under Gorgey. Population, commune, 16,808. 
 Wakashan (wa'kash-an). [From wakash, a 
 Nootka word meaning ‘ good.’] A linguistic 
 stock of North American Indians. This stock is 
 in two divisions — the Aht and the Haeltzuk (1). Habi- 
 tat, Vancouver Island, the opposite mainland of British 
 Columbia, and the region of Cape Flattery, Clallam 
 County, Washington. Number, about 4,000. 
 Wakefield (wak'feld). A city and parliamen- 
 tary borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire, 
 England, situated on the Calder 8 miles south by 
 east of Leeds. It is a manufacturing town, formerly 
 noted for its production of cloth and yarn, and has an im- 
 portant trade in grain and wool. The new bishopric of 
 Wakefield was sanctioned in 1878. Here, Dec. 31, 1460, 
 the Lancastrians under Queen Margaret defeated the 
 Yorkists under Richard, duke of York, who was killed in 
 the battle. Population, 41,413. 
 
 Wakefield. A town in Middlesex County, 
 Massachusetts, 10 miles north of Boston. 
 Population, 11,404, (1910). 
 
 Wakefield, The Vicar of. See Vicar. 
 
 W akefield Mystery Plays. A cycle of thirty- 
 two plays, of uncertain date, perhaps earlier 
 than the 14th century. Twenty-four of the plays 
 are from the New Testament and eight are from the Old. 
 They were played at the fairs of Woodkirk(Widkirk), near 
 Wakefield, and are called by all these names. They were 
 first printed by the Surtees Society, in 1836, as “The 
 Towneley Mysteries,” from the fact that the MS. (15th cen- 
 tury) in which they are preserved belonged to the library 
 of the Towneley family, Towneley Hall, Lancashire, Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Wakem (wa'kem), Philip. One of the prin- 
 cipal characters in George Eliot’s novel “The 
 Mill on the Floss,” a deformed youth in love 
 with Maggie Tulliver. 
 
 Walachia. See Wallachia. 
 
 Walapai (wal'a-pi), or Hualapai. A tribe of 
 North American Indians, living in Arizona 
 from the great bend of the Colorado River east- 
 ward and southward to the Cerbat and Aquarius 
 Mountains. The name means ‘ Pinery people,’ refer- 
 ring to the pine forests. N umber, about 500. See Yuman. 
 
 Walch (valc'h), Christian Wilhelm Franz. 
 
 Born at Jena, Germany, 1726 : died at Got- 
 tingen, 1784. A German Protestant church his- 
 torian, professor at Gottingen. His chief work 
 is “Entwurf einer vollstandigen Historie der 
 Ketzereien” (1762-85). 
 
 Walcheren (val'cher-en). The westernmost 
 island of the province of Zealand, Netherlands. 
 It is situated between the North Sea, the West Schelde, 
 and North and South Beveland. The surface is low. The 
 chief places are Middelburg and Flushing. Length, 12 
 miles. 
 
 Walcheren Expedition. An unsuccessful Brit- 
 ish expedition against the French. The troops 
 landed on Walcheren in the end of July, 1809 — the land 
 force (40,000) under Lord Chatham, and the naval force 
 under Strachan. They bombarded and took Flushing in 
 Aug. ; failed to take Antwerp ; and retired from Walcheren, 
 after sustaining great losses, in Dec. 
 
 Walckenaer (val-ke-nar'), Baron Charles Ath- 
 anase. Born at Paris, Dec. 25, 1771: died at 
 Paris, April 27, 1852. A French entomologist, 
 geographer, and biographer. He held various posi- 
 tions in the administrative service. Among his works are 
 “Faune parisienne ’’ (1802), “Histoire naturelle des ara- 
 noides ” (1805-08), “ Histoire de La Fontaine ” (1820), 
 “Gdograpliie ancienne des Gaules" (1839), “Histoire 
 d'Horace " (1840),“ MOmoires sur Mine, de Sdvignd "(1844- 
 1852), “ Histoire gtmirale des voyages ’’(1826-31). 
 
 Waldseemiiller 
 
 Walcot (wol'kot), Charles Melton. Born at 
 London, 1816: died at Philadelphia, May 13, 
 1868. An English actor. He came to America in 
 1843, and in 1852 joined the company of Wallack’s The- 
 ater, where he made a great success as Touchstone, and 
 also in Planchd’s “Lavater." He was the original Major de 
 Boots in America. 
 
 Waldeck (wol'dek ; G. pron. val'dek). A prin- 
 cipality, one of the states of the German Em- 
 pire. Capital, Arolsen. It comprises the county of 
 Waldeck, surrounded by the Prussian provinces of West- 
 phalia and Hesse-Nassau, and the principality of Pyrmont, 
 surrounded byLippe, Hannover, and Brunswick. Its sur- 
 face is hilly and mountainous. It has one member in the 
 Bundesrat and one deputy in the Reichstag. The gov- 
 ernment is administered by Prussia. The inhabitants are 
 Protestant. Waldeck was raised from a countship to 
 a principality in the last part of the 17th century ; was a 
 member of the Confederation of the Rhine and of the Ger- 
 manic Confederation ; and sided with Prussia in 1866. 
 Area, 433 square miles. Population, 65,876. 
 
 Waldeck, Count and later Prince of (Georg 
 Friedrich). Born 1620 : died 1692. A German 
 field -marshal. He was a general in the service of 
 Brandenburg and Sweden : imperial field-marshal at St. 
 Gotthardin 1664; served at the relief of Vienna in 1683; and 
 was defeated as captain-general of the Dutch at Fleurns 
 in 1690. 
 
 Waldernar (wol ' de -mar or val 'de -mar) I., 
 “The Great.” King of Denmark 1157-82. 
 Waldernar II., “ The Victorious.” King of Den- 
 mark 1202-41, son of Waldernar I. He conquered 
 Esthonia and many of the lands near the Baltic, but sub- 
 sequently lost the greater part of them. 
 
 Waldernar IV. King of Denmark 1340-75. 
 Waldernar, “ The Great.” Margrave of Bran- 
 denburg 1308-19. He waged war successfully against 
 a league of German princes, Denmark, etc. 
 
 Walden (wal'den), or Life in the Woods. A 
 
 work by Thoreau, published in 1854. 
 Waldenburg (val'den-borG). A town in the 
 province of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the 
 Polsnitz 41 miles southwest of Breslau. It is 
 
 the center of a large coal mining region, and has manu- 
 factures of porcelain, stoneware, fire-clay, etc. Popula- 
 tion, commune, 16,435. 
 
 "Walden Pond (wal'den pond). A small lake 
 in Concord, Massachusetts. On its shores Tho- 
 reau lived for years. 
 
 Waldenses (wol-den'sez). The Waldensians. 
 Waldensians (wol -den ' sianz). [From the 
 founder, Waldo or Valdo. ]~ " The members of a 
 reforming body of Christians, followers of Peter 
 Waldo (Valdo) of Lyons, formed about 1170. 
 Their chief seats were in the Alpine valleys of Piedmont, 
 liaupiiim:, and Provence : hence the French name Vaudois 
 des Alpes, or Yaudois. The Waldenses joined the Refor- 
 mation movement, and were often severefy persecuted. 
 
 Waldersee (val'der-za), Count Alfred von. 
 Born at Potsdam, April 8, 1832: died at Hano- 
 ver, March 5, 1904. A German general. He was 
 chief of the general staff of the 10th army corps in the 
 Franco-German war, became quartermaster-general and 
 deputy of the chief of staff in 1881 ; succeeded Von Moltke 
 as chief of staff in 1888; became commander of the 9th 
 army corps in 1891, inspector-general of the 3d army corps 
 in 1898, field-marshal in 1899, and commander-in-chief of 
 the European forces in China in 1900. 
 
 Waldis (val'dis). Burkard. Bora at Allendorf 
 on the Werra about 1495 : died at Abterode 
 probably in 1557. A German poet. The greater 
 part of his early life was spent in Livonia. In 1523 he was 
 sent by Archbishop Jasper van Linden to the Pope to so- 
 licit aid against the inroads of Protestantism. On his re- 
 turn from Rome he was taken prisoner by the Protestants 
 at Riga, where he himself went over to Protestantism and 
 lived for a time as a pewterer. Subsequently he was a 
 clergyman at Abterode, in Hesse, where he died. He wrote 
 fables in verse. His “ Verlorener Sohn ”(“ Prodigal Son") 
 is from 1527; “Esop” (“.Esop”), 1548. The former was 
 published at Halle in 1881 ; the latter at Leipsic in 1882. 
 
 Waldo, or Valdo (F. pron. val-do'), or Valdez, 
 Peter. Lived in the last part of the 12th cen- 
 tury. A merchant of Lyons who about 1170 be- 
 came a preacher and leader of the Waldenses, 
 who were named from him. 
 
 Waldseemiiller (valt ' za-miil-ler), Martin 
 (called by himself Ilacomilus (Hylacomy- 
 lus), a Greekform of thename). Born probably 
 at Radolfszell, on Lake Constance, between 
 1470 and 1475: died about 1522. A German 
 geographer. In 1507 he was, with his friend Philesius 
 Ringmann, in the printing establishment of Walter Ludd 
 at St. Die. In this year he published a little treatise in 
 Latin, the “ Cosmographiai Introductio,” etc. In tins book 
 he says : “ and a fourth part (of the earth) has been discov- 
 ered by Amerigo Vespucci. . . . Inasmuch as both Eu- 
 rope and Asia received their names from women, I see no 
 reason why anyone should justly object to calling this 
 part Amerige, i. e. tile land of Amerigo, or America, after 
 Amerigo, its discoverer.” The publication met with suc- 
 cess and soon ran through several editions. Waldseemnl- 
 ler made a “ mappemonde ’’ for w hich the volume was 
 explanatory, entitled “ Universalis Cosmographia ” (1507), 
 8 feet long and 44 high, on which the name America was 
 used (on South America) for the first time. No copy was 
 known to exist till 1900, when one was discovered by Pro- 
 fessor Fischer in the library of Castle Wolfegg in Wiirtem- 
 berg. 
 
Waldshut 
 
 Waldshut (valts'hot). A town in Baden, on 
 the Rhine 30 miles southeast of Freiburg. 
 
 Waldstatte (valt'stet-te). The ForestCantons 
 of Switzerland: Uri, Unterwalden, Schwyz, and 
 Lucerne. 
 
 Waldstein (wald'stin), Sir Charles. Born at 
 New York, 1856. An American archaeologist. 
 
 He was educated at Columbia College, New York, and at 
 the University of Heidelberg; was made director of the 
 Fitzwiliiam MUseum in Cambridge, England, in 1883 ; and 
 in 1888 he was appointed director of the School of Archse- 
 ology at Athens, and was Slade professor of fine arts at 
 
 1047 
 
 Walker, Hookey. A slang name used as an 
 expression of incredulity, as if one said “Tell 
 that to the marines.” Various explanations of 
 it are given. 
 
 Walker, John. Born at Colney Hatch, Middle- 
 sex, March 18, 1732 : died at London, Aug. 1, 
 1807. An English lexicographer. His best-known 
 
 work is a “ Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Exposi- 
 tor of the English Language " (1791 : this was the first dic- 
 tionary after Sheridan’s (1780) in which pronunciation was 
 systematically recorded). He also published a “ Rhyming 
 Dictionary ” (1775). 
 
 Cambridge 1895-1901 and 1901-12. He has written “The Walker, Robert James. Born at Northum- 
 
 " berland, Pa., July 23, 1801: died at Washingt on, 
 
 D. C., Nov. 11, 1869. An American statesman 
 and financier. He was an opponent of nullification ; 
 was United States senator from Mississippi 1836-45 ; sup- 
 ported the Homestead Bill, and the independence and la- 
 ter the annexation of Texas ; was secretary of the treasury 
 1845-49; carried through the “Walker Tariff ’’of 1846; 
 and promoted the warehouse system and the department 
 of the interior. He was governor of Kansas 1857-58, and 
 a financial agent of the United States in Europe 1863-64. 
 He furthered the Alaska treaty. 
 
 Balance of the Emotion and the Intellect” (1878), “Es- 
 says on the Art of Pheidias’’(1885), etc. Knighted, June, 
 1912. 
 
 Walensee. See Wallenstadt, Lake of. 
 
 Wales (walz). [ME. Wales, AS. Walas, Wealas, 
 foreigners, i. e. Britons or Celts; hence the 
 adjective Welsh.'] A titular principality of Great 
 Britain, now an integral part of the United 
 Kingdom. It is bounded by the Irish Sea on the north ; 
 the English counties of Cheshire, Shropshire, Hereford 
 
 and Monmouth on the east; the Bristol Channel on the Walker, William. Born at Nashville, Tenn., 
 » a— - ’ «- *»■- — Tf “ May 8, 1824: died at Trujillo, Honduras, Sept. 
 
 12, 1860. An American filibuster. He was a jour- 
 nalist and lawyer in California. In 1853, with 170 follow- 
 ers, he invaded Lower California and Sonora. Driven over 
 the border by Mexican troops, he was tried at San Francisco 
 (May, 1854) for violation of the neutrality laws, but was 
 acquitted. Taking advantage of the disturbed state of 
 Nicaragua, he entered that country with 58 men (June, 
 1855) and joined the democratic faction. At first unsuc- 
 cessful, he finally defeated Guardiola (Sept. 3) and took the 
 capital, Granada. Corral submitted to him. Walker ac- 
 knowledged Rivas as president an 1 Corral as minister 
 of war, reserving for himself the titie of commander-in- 
 chief (Oct.). A few days after he brought charges against 
 Corral, who was tried and shot. In July, 1866, he was 
 elected president by the votes of departments which 
 were controlled by his army. Among his many arbitrary 
 acts was a decree restoring slavery. Costa Rica, and 
 eventuallyalltheCentralAmerican states, joined with the 
 Nicaraguan legitimists against him. After July, 1856, he 
 was repeatedly defeated by the allies ; was forced to aban- 
 don Granada, which he burned (Dec. ) ; and on May 1, 1857, 
 he took refuge on a U nited States vessel, which carried him 
 to Panama. He made two attempts to recover the country, 
 but was foiled by the intervention of the United States. In 
 Aug., 1860, he invaded Honduras ; but was captured in 
 September by a British vessel, delivered to the Honduras 
 authorities, and by them tried and shot. He published 
 “The War in Nicaragua” (1860). 
 
 south ; and St. George’s Channel on the west. Its sur- 
 face is mountainous. It is noted for mineral wealth, pro- 
 ducing iron, coal, copper, lead, zinc, slate, limestone, 
 etc. It is divided into North Wales, containing the coun- 
 ties Anglesea, Carnarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Merioneth, 
 and Montgomery ; and South Wales, containing the 
 counties Brecknock, Cardigan, Carmarthen, Glamorgan, 
 Pembroke, and Radnor. The inhabitants are largely of 
 Welsh stock, and the language is largely Welsh. The 
 ancient inhabitants were the Celtic tribes Ordovices, De- 
 metse, and Silures. Wales was not subdued by the Ro- 
 mans ; maintained prolonged struggles with the Anglo- 
 Saxons ; was made tributary by Athelstan, Harold II., and 
 William the Conqueror ; and after repeated efforts was sub- 
 dued by Edward I., 1276-84, and united to England. An 
 unsuccessful rebellion, under Owen Glendower, broke out 
 in 1400. The principality was incorporated with England 
 in 1536. Area, 7,446 square miles. Population, 2,032,193. 
 Wales, Prince of. The title usually conferred 
 on the heir apparent to the throne of England. 
 The kings who have held it at the time of their accession 
 are Edward II. (the first holder of it), Henry V., Edward 
 V., Henry VIII., Charles I., Charles II., George II., George 
 IV., Edward VII., and George V., sons of the sovereigns 
 preceding them, and Richard II. and George III., grand- 
 sons of their predecessors. Edward III., Henry VI., and 
 Edward VL, though heirs apparent, did not hold the 
 title. 
 
 Walewski (va-lev'ske), Comte (Alexandre 
 
 Florian Joseph Colonna). Born at Wale- Walker River. A river which rises in the 
 wice, Poland, May 4, 1810: died at Strasburg, Sierra Nevada Mountains in eastern Califor- 
 Sept. 27, 1868. A French politician, diploma- nia, and flows into Walker Lake in Nevada, 
 tist, and author : reputed illegitimate son of Length, about 150 miles. 
 
 Napoleon I. He served in the Polish revolutionary Walkers. See Shoshoko. 
 
 army and in the French army, and filled various foreign WalkUre (val'kli-re), Die. [G.,‘The Yalkyrs.’l 
 missions. He was minister of foreign affairs and later re. ... j _ t f Wncmer’s tetrnWv ‘‘Dor- 
 president of the Corps Ldgislatif under Napoleon III. He seconu part OI vv agners tetralogy Her 
 
 signed the treaty of Paris, and was president of the Con- Ring des xvibelungen. It was completed in 
 A-gress of Paris in 1856. 1856, and first performed at Munich in 1870. 
 
 Walfish, or Walfisch, Bay (wol'fish ba). An Wall (wal). A character in the interlude of 
 inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, situated about lat. Shakspere’s “ Midsummer Night’s Dream.” 
 
 22° 54' S., long. 14° 27' E. it has a good harbor. Wallabout Bay (wol'a-bout ba). An inlet of 
 It was claimed by Great Britain in 1878, and, with some the East River in Brooklyn, New York. Itsshores 
 adjoining territory, was ™ade a British possession in 1884. are occupied by aUnited States navy-yard. Itwasthemoor- 
 Walnalla. bee Valhalla. ing-place of British prison-ships iti the Revolutionary War. 
 
 Walkalla (val-hal'la), or Temple of Fame. A Wallace (wol'as). A historico-legendary poem 
 building founded at Ratisbon, Bavaria, by Lud- * on Sir William Wallace, written by Blind Harry. 
 Wig I., in 1830. The exterior reproduces a Greek Doric Wallace (wol'as), Alfred RllSSel. Born at 
 temple, 115 by 246 feet in plan, built of gray marble. The England) j an . 8 , 1822: died Nov. 7, 1913. 
 
 pediments contain sculptured reliefs of “ Germania Set 
 Free by the Battle of Leipsic ” and of theHermannschlacht. 
 The interior is Ionic, and forms a hall 50 by 180 feet, and 
 56 high : it is surrounded by a frieze representing the early 
 history of the Teutonic race. The hall contains 101 busts 
 of celebrated Germans, and six Victories by Rauch. 
 
 Walke (wak), Henry. Born Dec. 24, 1808: died 
 March 8, 1896. An American admiral. He served 
 in the Mexican war, and in the Civil War rendered im- 
 portant services on the Mississippi River. He was pro- 
 moted captain in 1862, commodore in 1868, and rear-ad- 
 miral in 1870, going on the retired list in 1871. He published 
 “Naval Scenes in the Civil War” (1877). 
 
 Walker (wa'ker), Amasa. Born at Wood- 
 stock, Conn., May 4, 1799: died at Brookfield, 
 
 An English naturalist and traveler. He was 
 educated as a land-surveyor and architect, but after 1845 
 gave his attention entirely to natural history. He ex- 
 plored the valleys of the Amazon and Rio Negro 1848-52, 
 and traveled in the Malay Archipelago and Papua 1854-62, 
 making rich collections. Simultaneously with Darwin he 
 announced the theory of natural selection (his paper “On 
 the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the 
 Original Type" was read July 1, 1858, the same day as 
 Darwin’s paper). His works include “Tray els on the 
 Amazon and Rio Negro ” (1853), “Palm Trees of the Am- 
 azon,” “The Malay Archipelago ” (1869), “Contributions to 
 the Theory of Natural Selection" (1870), “Miracles and 
 Modem Spiritualism" (1875), “Geographical Distribution 
 of Animals” (1876), “Tropical Nature" (1878), “Island 
 
 Mass.', Oct. 29, 1875. An American political ‘ ^^^H°JJSr iza * ion ” 0882), ete. 
 
 economist. He lectured on political economy at Oberi in Mackenzie. Born Nov. 
 
 and at Amherst; held various political offices in the State iL 1 oil. A .British writer and traveler in 
 of Massachusetts; and was Republican member of Con- Russia. He wrote “Russia” (1877), etc. 
 gress from Massachusetts 1862-63. He wrote “Nature Wallace, Lewis. Born at Brookville,Ind., April 
 and. Uses of_Money and Mixed Cunency” (1857), and 10, 1827 : died at Crawfordsville, 7 ' 
 
 “ Science of Wealth ” (1866). 
 
 Walker, Francis Amasa. Born at Boston, July 
 2,1840: died there, Jan. 5, 1897. An American 
 statistician and political economist, son of 
 Amasa Walker. He graduated at Amherst in 1860, and 
 served in the Civil War, being hrevetted brigadier-general 
 of volunteers in 1865. He was commissioner of Indian affairs 
 1871-72, and professor of political economy and history in 
 the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale 1873-81. He was sub- 
 sequently president of the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- 
 nology. He was superintendent of the ninth and tenth 
 United States censuses(1870 and 1880), an d wasU nited States 
 
 commissioner to the International Monetary Conference 
 at Paris in 1878. Among his works are a “Statistical Atla9 
 of the United States” (1874), 
 
 “Money, Trade, and * 
 
 S , ‘ Political Economy 
 d Army Corps ” (1886). 
 
 Ind., Feb. 15, 
 1905. An American general, diplomatist, and 
 author. He served as first lieutenant in the Mexican war ; 
 was engaged in the practice of law in Indiana from 1848 ; 
 became a brigadier-general in Sept., 1861 ; commanded a 
 division at the battle of Fort Donelson in 1862 ; became ma- 
 jor-general of volunteers in March, 1862; served on the sec- 
 ond day of the battle of Shiloh in 1862 ; saved Cincinnati 
 from capture by Kirby Smith in 1863 ; was appointed com- 
 mamlerof the Middle Department and the 8th army corps; 
 and was defeated by Early at the Monocacy July 9, 1864. 
 From 1881 tol885hewas United States minister to Turkey. 
 He wrote “Ben Hur: a Tale of the Christ” (1880), “The 
 
 Fair God ” (1873), “ The Boyhood of Christ” (1888), life of 
 Benjamin Harrison (1888), “The Prince of India” (1893). 
 ’(1874), “The Wages Question "(1876), Wallace, Sir William. Bom about 1274: ex- 
 ti an . d its ” ecuted at London, Aug. 23, 1305. A Scottish 
 • ----- ’ 11 18 ry ° lu patriot and national hero. He was outlawed in 
 
 Wallenstein 
 
 early life ; became a leader of a party of insurgents in 
 1297 ; protested against the treaty of Irvine ; totally de- 
 feated the English at the battle of Stirling Bridge Sept. 
 11, 1297 ; devastated northern England ; was made guar- 
 dian of Scotland ; and was defeated by Edward I. at Fal- 
 kirk July 22, 1298. He carried on a guerrilla warfare for 
 several years; was betrayed to the English near Glasgow 
 Aug. 3, 1305 ; was taken to London ; and was tried and con- 
 demned for treason. 
 
 Wallace, William Harvey Lamb. Born at 
 Urbana, Ohio, July 8, 1821: died at Savannah, 
 Tenn., April 10, 1862. An American general. 
 He served in the Mexican war ; commanded a Federal bri- 
 gade at Fort Donelson in 1862 ; was made brigadier-general 
 in March, 1862 ; and served as division commander at Shiloh 
 (April 6), where he was mortally wounded. 
 
 Wallachia, or Walachia (wo-la'ki-a). [F. 
 Valachie, G. Walachei.] A division of Rumania : 
 part of the ancient Dacia. It is bounded by Hun- 
 gary and Transylvania on the northwest and north ; by 
 Moldavia on the north ; and by the Danube on the east, 
 south, and southwest and west, separating it from the 
 Dobrudja, Bulgaria, and Servia. The principality of 
 Wallachia arose in the 13th century. From about the close 
 of the 14th century it was tributary to Turkey under its 
 national princes, and from 1716 to 1821 under the Fanariot 
 hospodars appointed by the sultan. An era of greater 
 autonomy began in 1829, inaugurated by the intervention 
 of Russia. Wallachia was united under the same prince 
 with Moldavia in 1859, and in 1861 the two principalities 
 were united into the principality of Rumania. See 
 Rumania. 
 
 Wallack (wol'ak), James William. Bom at 
 London, Aug. 20, 1 794(? ) : diedatNewYorkCity, 
 Dec. 25, 1864. An Anglo-American actor and 
 dramatic manager. He played in Great Britain and 
 the United States in romantic drama, refined comedy, etc. 
 His range of parts was wide. He came to America in 
 1818, and played here and in England alternately until 1851, 
 when he settled in New York. In 1837 he managed the 
 New York National Theater, and conducted Wallack’s 
 Theater on the cornerof Broadway and Broome street, New 
 York, 1852-61, and after that on the corner of Broadway 
 and 13th street, New York. 
 
 Wallack, James William. Born at London, 
 Feb. 24, 1818: died in America, May 24, 1873. 
 An Anglo-American actor, the son of Henry 
 John Wallack (an actor, died 1870). He played 
 with varying success on both sides of the Atlantic, and in 
 1861 began to appear as a star in America in what was 
 known as the Wafiaek-Davenport Combination. He made 
 a great hit as Fagin, as Leon de Bourbon in “The Man 
 with the Iron Mask,” and as Henry Dunbar. His range 
 was large, but he was most successful in tragedy or ro- 
 mantic and somber drama. 
 
 Wallack, Lester (real name John Johnstone 
 Wallack). Born at New York city, Jan. 1, 1820 : 
 died at Stamford, Conn., Sept. 6, 1888. An 
 American actor, son of J. W. Wallack the 
 elder. His middle name was that of his mother's fam- 
 ily. He served two years as lieutenant in the English 
 army, and first acted with his father in the English prov- 
 inces under the name of Allan Field about 1840. He played 
 in America in 1847 as John W. Lester, afterward as John 
 Lester Wallack. In 1852 he joined his father’s company 
 at Wallack’s Theater, and managed it, after the latter’s 
 death, until 1887. In 1882 a new Wallack’s Theater was 
 opened on the corner of Broadway and 30th street, for 
 some years known as Palmer’s Theater. He was a brilliant 
 comedian, and was noted as Don Felix (“The Wonder”), 
 Charles Surface, Young Marlowe, Alfred Evelyn 
 (“Money"), St. Pierre (“The Wife"), Harry Dornton 
 (“The Road to Ruin ”), Claude Melnotte, Don Caesar de 
 Bazan, Sir Charles Coldstream, etc. He wrote “The Vete- 
 ran "and “Rosedale/’inwhichheplayedtheprincipal parts, 
 and his “Autobiography,” which was published in 1889. 
 Wallasey (wol'a-si). A town in Cheshire, Eng- 
 land, 4 miles west of Liverpool. Population, 
 53,579. 
 
 Walla Walla (wa'la wa'la). A tribe of North 
 American Indians which occupied both sides of 
 the Columbia River from the mouth of Lewis 
 (or Snake) River to the Muscleshell Rapid, 
 wintering on the Tapteel (or Yakima) River, 
 Washington. Under this general name may have been 
 included one or more other divisions, e. g. the Umatilla. 
 Later on the Walla Walla were confined more closely to 
 the region of the Walla Walla River, Oregon. They now 
 number about 500, on the Umatilla reservation, Oregon. 
 See Shahaptian. 
 
 Walla Walla (wol'a wol'a). The capital ot 
 Walla Walla County, State of Washington, sit- 
 uated on Mill Creek in lat. 46° 3' N. It is the 
 center of a wheat region. Population, 19,364, 
 (1910). 
 
 Wallenstadt (viil'len-stat), Lake of, or Wa- 
 lensee, or Wallensee (val'len-za), or Wallen- 
 stadter See (val'len-stet-er za). A lake situ- 
 ated between the cantons of St. Gall and Gla- 
 rus, Switzerland. It receives the Seez and the Linth, 
 and its outlet is by the Linth Canal to the Lake of Zurich. 
 Length, 9) miles. Width, 1) miles. 
 
 Wallenstein (valTen-stln). A trilogy by Schil- 
 ler, comprising “Wallensteins Lager” (acted 
 at Weimar, 1798), “Die Piccolomini” (1799), 
 and “Wallensteins Tod” (1799). Schiller con- 
 ceives his hero in these dramas as the type of the practical 
 realist, serious, solitary, and reserved. 
 
 Wallenstein (wol'en-stin; G. pron. val'len- 
 stln), or Waldstein (viilt'stin), or Walden- 
 stein (val'den-stin), Albrecht Eusebius von* 
 
Wallenstein 
 
 Duke of Friedland, Mecklenburg, and Sagan. 
 Born at Hermanie, near Naohod, Bohemia, 
 Sept. 24, 1583: assassinated at Eger, Bohemia, 
 Feb. 25, 1634. A celebrated Austrian general. 
 He was educated at first as a Protestant, but later as a 
 Roman Catholic ; and studied in the Jesuit College atOl- 
 mutz, andat the universities of Altdorf, Bologna, andPadua. 
 He served in Hungary under the emperor Rudolf II.; be- 
 came quartermaster-general of the League in 1620; was 
 made duke of Friedland in 1623; raised an army for the 
 Imperialist service in 1625 ; defeated Mansfeld at the 
 bridge of Dessau, April 25, 1626 ; invaded Hungary and 
 won Silesia for the Imperialists in 1627; besieged Stral- 
 sund unsuccessfully in 1628 ; was removed from his com- 
 mand in 1630, and retired to Gitschin ; resumed command 
 by invitation of the emperor in the spring of 1632 ; recov- 
 ered Bohemia from the Saxons and repulsed Gustavus 
 Adolphus before Nuremberg, but was defeated by him at 
 Liitzen, Nov. 16, 1632. The emperor, Ferdinand II., con- 
 vinced that he was meditating treachery, removed him 
 from his command Jan., 1634, and outlawed him. Wallen- 
 stein was in the act of going over to the Swedes (who 
 were on the borders of Bohemia) when he was murdered 
 by some of his officers (Butler, Gordon, and others). 
 Waller (wol'er), Edmund. Born at Coleshill, 
 Hertfordshire, England, March 3, 1605: died at 
 Beaconsfield, England, Oct. 21, 1687. An Eng- 
 lish poet. He studied at King’s College, Cambridge ; 
 entered Parliament in 1621 ; was a leader in the Long 
 Parliament ; took part in royalist plots, and was arrested 
 in 1643 and exiled ; returned to England under Cromwell ; 
 and was a favorite at court after the Restoration. Among 
 his poems are a panegyric on Cromwell, lament for Crom- 
 well's death, congratulation on Charles 11. 's return, etc. 
 His poems were published 1045, 1664, etc. 
 
 Waller, Sir William. Born about 1597: died 
 1668. An English general . He served in the Thirty 
 Years’ War; was second in command of the Parliamen- 
 tary forces under Essex in 1642 ; reduced Portsmouth in 
 1642; was defeated near Bath and near Devizes in 1643; 
 gained a victory at Cheriton in 1644 ; was defeated at Crop- 
 redy Bridge in 1644 ; served at Newbury ; and was de- 
 prived of his command in 1645. He was a Presbyterian 
 leader in Parliament ; was expelled for treason in 1647 ; 
 and returned and was expelled in Pride's Purge in 1648. 
 He was a member of the council of state and of the con- 
 vention parliament in 1660. 
 
 Wall-Face (wal' fas) Mountain. A peak of the 
 Adirondack Mountains, New York, separated 
 from Mount McIntyre by the Adirondack Pass. 
 Wallin (val-len'), Johan Olof. Born in Da- 
 larna, Sweden, Oct. 15, 1779: died at Upsala, 
 June 30, 1839. A Swedish poet and divine. His 
 parents were in extremely poor circumstances, and he was 
 obliged to support himself even while obtaining his ele- 
 mentary education at the gymnasium at Vester&s. Subse- 
 quently he studied at Upsala. In 1806 he began his clerical 
 career as pastor of the Royal Military Academy. After- 
 ward he was clergyman at Solna, Ulriksdal, and Vesteras, 
 and was ultimately made archbishop of Sweden. His 
 poems are chiefly religious in character. As a member 
 of the commission for the revision of the Swedish hymn- 
 book, he contributed over a hundred original hymns, and 
 translated and adapted many mor». One of the best- 
 known of his poems is the hymn “Dodens engel" (“The 
 Angel of Death”). Among bis longer secular poems is par- 
 ticularly to be mentioned the didactic poem in Alexan- 
 drines, “Uppfostraren” (“The Educator”), which won a 
 prize at the Swedish Academy. Among bis shorter poems 
 is an impassioned song on George Washington. His col- 
 lected literary works (“Samlade vitterhetsarbeten”) were 
 published at Stockholm in 1878, in 2 vols. 
 
 Wallingford (wol'ing-ford). A town in Berk- 
 shire, England, situated on the Thames 13 miles 
 south-southeast of Oxford. It has a ruined castle. 
 A treaty was concluded here iu 1153 between Stephen and 
 Prince Henry (later Henry II.). Population, 2,808. 
 Wallingford. A town in New Haven County, 
 Connecticut, 11 miles north-northeast of New 
 Haven. It is the seat of the Wallingford Community, 
 a branch of the Oneida Community. Population, 11,155, 
 (1910). 
 
 Wallis (val'lis). The German name of Valais. 
 Wallis (wol'is), John. Born at Ashford, Kent, 
 Nov. 23, 1616 : died at Oxford, Oct. 28, 1703. An 
 English mathematician, grammarian, logician, 
 and theological writer. His works include “ Arith- 
 metics Infinitorum,” “Grammatics Linguae Anglican®, ” 
 “Institutio Logic®,” etc. 
 
 Wall of Antoninus. A rampart erected in the 
 first pare of the reign of Antoninus Pius, to check 
 the northern barbarians of Britain. It extended 
 from the Firth of Forth to the Firth of Clyde. 
 Wall of Aurelian. A fortified inclosure of an- 
 cient Rome, of irregular outline, extending be- 
 yond the Servian wall, particularly on the north 
 (where it includes the Pincian Hill) and on the 
 east and south (where it takes in the Monte 
 Testaccio), and on the right bank of the Tiber 
 inclosing the Vatican and Janiculum Hills. 
 The wall was begun by Aurelian in 271 A. D., and was re- 
 paired by Honorius, Theodoric, Belisarius, and laterrulers : 
 its circuit remains almost unaltered, and measures about 
 13 miles. Many stretches of the wall and several of the 
 gates, particularly the Porta Pinciana, the Chiusa, Mag- 
 giore, Latina, San Sebastiano, and San Paolo, are highly 
 picturesque. The masonry of the wall is for the most part 
 of brick, interrupted occasionally by stonework. Someolder 
 pieces in opus reticulatum are incorporated. The exterior 
 height is about 55 feet, and there are nearly 300 towers. 
 
 Wall of China, Great. A wall begun by the 
 emperor Tsin Chi-hwangti 214 B. c. (finished 
 
 1048 
 
 204 b. c.) as a defense against northern tribes. 
 
 It extends from Shanhai-kwan, lat. 40° N., long. 119° 50' E., 
 along the northern frontiers of Chihli, Shansi, Shensi, and 
 Kansu, to about lat. 39° 50' N., long. 99° E. Length, about 
 1,500 miles. 
 
 Wallon (va-lon'), Henri Alexandre. Born at 
 Valenciennes, Dec. 23, 1812: died at Paris, Nov. 
 13, 1904. A French historian and politician. 
 He was elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1849, to the 
 National Assembly in 1871, and to the Seriate (for life) in 
 1875, and was one of the chief founders of the constitution 
 of 1875. He was minister of public instruction 1875-76. 
 Among his works are “Histoire de l’esclavage dans Pan- 
 tiquitfo’ (1848), “Jeanne Dare” (1860), “La vie de J foils" 
 (1864), “La Terreur” (1873), “Histoire du tribunal ivvo- 
 lutionnaire de Paris, etc. ” (1880-82), etc. 
 
 Walloon Guard, The. A Spanish body-guard 
 of Walloon troops, formed in 1703 and dis- 
 banded in 1822. 
 
 Walloons (wo-lonz'). [From ML. Wallus, L. 
 Gallus, a Gaul or Celt.] 1. A people found 
 chiefly in southern and southeastern Belgium, 
 also in the neighboring parts of France, and in 
 a few places in Rhenish Prussia near Malmedy. 
 They are descended from the ancient Belgse, 
 mixed with Germanic and Roman elements. — 
 2. In America, especially colonial New York, 
 the Huguenot settlers from Artois in northern 
 France. 
 
 Wallsend (walz-end'). A town in Northum- 
 berland, England, situated on the Tyne 4 miles 
 east-northeast of Newcastle. It lias important coal- 
 mines. It derives its name from its situation at the ex- 
 tremity of Hadrian's Wall. Population, 20,918. 
 
 Wall street. A street in the lower part of New 
 York city, which extends from Broadway, oppo- 
 site Trinity Church, to the East River : famous 
 as a financial and speculative center. 
 
 Walpole (wol'pol), Horace, fourth Earl of Or- 
 ford. Born at London, Oct. 5, 1717: died there, 
 March 2, 1797. An English author, third son of 
 Sir Robert W alpole. H e was educated at Eton and 
 Cambridge, and traveled with Gray in France and Italy 
 1739-41, spending a year at Florence with Horace Mann, 
 then British envoy. He entered Parliament, as a Liberal, 
 in 1741. In 1747 he purchased the estate of Strawberry 
 Hill (on the Thames, near Twickenham). He held, through 
 the influence of his father, three sinecures, with the emol- 
 uments of which he enlarged the cottage at Strawberry Hill 
 to a Gothic villa which he filled with a valuable collection 
 of works of art. He became fourth earl of Orford in 1791. 
 Among his works are “Catalogue of Royal and Noble 
 Authors of England” (1758), “Anecdotes of Painting in 
 England ”(1762-711, the romance “ The Castle of Otranto ” 
 (1764), “ Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of Richard 
 III.”(1768), “Memoirs of the Last Ten Years of the Reign 
 of George II.” (1822 : edited by Lord Holland), “Memoirs 
 of the Reign of George III.” (1845 : edited by Sir Denis Le 
 Marchant; with supplement in 1859, edited by Doran), 
 and other memoirs, and “Letters "(edited by Cunningham 
 1857-59). 
 
 Walpole, Sir Robert, Earl of Orford. Born at 
 Houghton, Norfolk, England, Aug. 26, 1676 : died 
 there, March 18, 1745. A noted English states- 
 man. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge ; entered 
 Parliament in 1701 ; became a member of the council to 
 Prince George in 1705, and secretary at war in 1708; and be- 
 came one of the Whig leaders. He was treasurer of the navy 
 and manager of the Sacheverell impeachment iu 1710 ; was 
 accused of corruption, expelled from Parliament, and sent 
 to the Tower in 1712 ; was returned to Parliament in 1713 ; 
 became paymaster-general in 1714 ; was prime minister 
 (first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer) 
 1715-17 ; became paymaster-general in 1720 ; and was again 
 prime minister (first lord of the treasury and chancellor 
 of the exchequer) 1721-42. He was created earl of Orford 
 in 1742. 
 
 Walpurgis Night (val-por'gis nit). [G. Walpur- 
 gis Naclit : so called with reference to the day of 
 St. Walpurgis, Walburgis, or Walpurga, the name 
 of an abbess who emigrated from England to 
 Germany in the 8th century.] The night before 
 the first of May. According to German popular super- 
 stition, on this night witches are said to ride on broom- 
 sticks, he-goats, etc., to some appointed rendezvous, espe- 
 cially the Brocken in the Harz Mountains, where they hold 
 high festival with their master the devil. 
 
 Walpurgis Night. A choral symphony by Men- 
 delssohn, words by Goethe : produced in 1833, 
 and in revised form in 1844. 
 
 Walsall (wal'sal). A parliamentary borough 
 in Staffordshire, England, 8 miles north-north- 
 west of Birmingham. There are coal and lime works 
 in the neighborhood, and iron, brass, etc., manufactures 
 in the town. Population, 92,130, (1911). 
 
 Walsh (wolsh), William. Born 1663: died 1709. 
 An English poet, a friend of Drydenand Pope. 
 
 Walsingham (wol'sing-am), Cape. A head- 
 land projecting into Davis Strait, Cumberland, 
 British America, in lat. 66° N. 
 
 Walsingham, Sir Francis. BornatChislehurst, 
 Kent, England, about 1530 : died at London, 
 April 6, 1590. A noted English statesman . He 
 entered Parliament in 1559; was ambassador to France 
 1570-73 ; was made secretary of state in 1673 ; and was 
 sent on an embassy to the Netherlands in 1578, to France 
 in 1581, and to Scotland in 1683. He was a firm opponent 
 of Mary Queen of Scots, and was one of the commissioners 
 on her trial. He was a patron of learning. 
 
 Wamba 
 
 Walsingham, Thomas. Lived about 1440. An 
 English historian and monk, author of a history 
 of England (“Brevis Historia”) from Edward 
 I. to Henry V., and a history of Normandy. 
 
 Walter (wal'ter), John. Born 1739: died at 
 Teddington, Middlesex, Nov. 16, 1812. The 
 first proprietor of the London ‘ * Times.” In 1782 
 he bought Henry Johnson's two patents for “ logography,” 
 the art of using entire words in printing. To introduce 
 the invention he established “ The London Daily Univer- 
 sal Register," Jan., 1785. The invention failed, but the 
 paper became the London “Times,” Jan. 1, 1788. His son 
 John (1776-1847) succeeded him, and was iu turn suc- 
 ceeded by his son John (1818-94). 
 
 Walter, Master. The Hunchback in Sheridan 
 Knowles’s play of that name. He is the guar- 
 dian of Julia, and is discovered to he her father. 
 
 Walter of Coventry. One of the most re- 
 nowned builders of the middle ages in Eng- 
 land. In 1187 he probably had the entire direction of the 
 construction of Chichester cathedral (consecrated 1199). 
 The palace and cloisters are attributed to him. He is 
 highly praised by Matthew Paris. He built many edifices 
 in the reigns of Henry II., Richard I., and John. 
 
 Walter the Penniless. A French knight, 
 leader of a hand through Europe in 1096, fore- 
 runners of the early Crusaders. He was killed 
 at the battle of Niotea, 1097. 
 
 Walters (wal'terz), or Walter, Lucy. Died 
 1658. A mistress of Charles II. of England, 
 and mother by him of the Duke of Monmouth. 
 
 Waltham (wol'tham). A city in Middlesex 
 County, Massachusetts, 9 miles west by north 
 of Boston. The American Watch Company here was 
 the first to manufacture watche3 by machinery. Popula- 
 tion, 27,8:14, (1910). 
 
 Waltham Abbey, or Waltham Holy Cross. 
 
 A town in Essex, England, situated on the Lea 
 12 miles north of London. The abbey was founded 
 by King Harold, who was buried in the church. The 
 venerable nave, which has been restored and now serves 
 as a parish church, is interesting as an example of the 
 early Norman style prior to the Conquest. The town con- 
 tains one of the original crosses erected to Queen Eleanor 
 by Edward I. Population, 6,549. 
 
 Walthamstow (wol'tham-sto). A town in Es- 
 sex, England, 5 miles north of London. Pop- 
 ulation, 95,131. 
 
 Waltharius. A Latin poem by the monkEeke- 
 hard of St. Gall (10th century). It belongs to 
 the German heroic cycle of poetry. 
 
 Walther von der Vogelweide (val'ter fon der 
 fo'gel-vi-de). Born probably in Austria (date 
 unknown) : died at Wurzburg after 1227. A 
 Middle High German lyric poet. He was of noble 
 family, as his title “ Herr ” indicates, but poor. His youth 
 was spent in Vienna, at the court of Duke Frederick the 
 Catholic. After the death of his patron in 1198, he lived 
 the life of a wandering singer, and traveled through a great 
 part of Germany and the countries adjoining. He was not 
 only with the Babenberg princes in Austria, whither he 
 subsequently returned, but also at the courts of Thuringia, 
 Meissen, Bavaria, and Carinthia ; and in turn was witli the 
 emperors rhilip of Swabia, Otto IV., and Frederick II. 
 By the last-named he was given a fief, it is supposed in 
 Wurzburg. His career as a poet began about 1187; the 
 last poem which can be dated is a song in encouragement 
 of the Crusade of Frederick II. in 1227. His poems are 
 love-songs, political songs or “Spriiche,” and religious 
 songs, the last written in his later years. He is the prin- 
 cipal minnesinger and the greatest lyric poet of medieval 
 Germany. His poems have been often published ; a late 
 edition is that of Hermann Paul (Halle, 1882). 
 
 Walton (wal'ton), Izaak. Born at Stafford, 
 England, Aug. 9, 1593: died at Winchester, 
 England, Dec. 15, 1683. A noted English au- 
 thor, known as “ the Father of Angling.” He 
 was a shopkeeper in London until the civil war, and is 
 famous from his work “The Complete Angler ” (1653 : 6th 
 ed., 1676, with continuation on fly-fishing by Cotton) (a 
 bibliographical record of its numerous editions, phases, 
 etc., was published by Westwood in 1864). He also wrote 
 lives of Donne, Wotton (with “Reliqui® Wottonian® ”), 
 Hooker, Herbert, and Sanderson. 
 
 Walton-on-Thames (wal'ton-on-temz'). A 
 small town in Surrey, England, situated on the 
 Thames 17 miles southwest of London. 
 
 Walton-on-the-Hill (-hil'). A town in Lanca- 
 shire, England, 3 miles north of Liverpool. 
 Population, 54,615. 
 
 Waltzeemiiller. See Waldseemuller. 
 
 Walvisch Bay. See Walfisli Bay. 
 
 Wamba (wom'ba or wam'hii). A king of the 
 Visigoths in Spain. He was present at the death-bed 
 of the reigning king; was chosen his successor unani- 
 mously ; declined on the plea of his advanced age ; and 
 was told by one of the officers of the household that he 
 should never leave the room “save as a dead man or as a 
 king.” He consented, and was crowned at Toledo on the 
 nineteenth day after. Having been clothed in a monastic 
 dress during a dangerous illness, according to a common 
 superstition, he was afterward considered by a council in- 
 competent to resume the crown, a judgment to which he 
 submitted. Lived in the 7th century. 
 
 Wamba. In Scott’s novel “ Ivanhoe,” Cedric’s 
 thrall and jester. He risks his own life to save 
 that of his master at the siege of Front de Boeuf s 
 castle. 
 
Wampanoag 
 
 Wampanoag (wam-pa-no'ag). [PI., also Wam- 
 panoags. The name means ‘ eastern land.’] A 
 tribe of North American Indians which once 
 occupied the eastern shore of Narragansett Bay, 
 Rhode Island, but also ruled the country east 
 from that bay to the Atlantic, including the isl- 
 and of Martha’s Vineyard, and to the lands of the 
 Massachusetts on the north . They were sometimes 
 styled Pokanokets, from their main village. Their chief 
 Massasoit and his son “King Philip" are historic char- 
 acters ; and the war with the latter, beginning in 1675, 
 was destructive to the colonists, but fatal to the tribes 
 engaged. See Algonqxdan. 
 
 Wanamaker (won'a-ma-ker), John. Born at 
 Philadelphia, July 11, 1837. An American mer- 
 chant, in Philadelphia and New York : post- 
 master-general of the United States 1889-93. 
 Wan-chow-fu (wan-chou'fo')> or Wen-chau. 
 A treaty port in the province of Che-kiang, 
 China, situated on the Gow, near the sea, in lat. 
 28° 1' N. Population, estimated, 80,000. 
 Wanda (won'da). A legendary queen of Po- 
 land, said to have reigned about 700 a. d. 
 Wandering Jew. A legendary character who, 
 according to one version (that of Matthew Paris, 
 dating from the 13th century), was a servant of 
 Pilate, by name Cartaphilus (afterward baptized 
 Joseph), and gave Christ a blow when he was 
 led out of the palace to execution. According to 
 a later version he was a cobbler, named Ahasuerus, who 
 refused Christ permission to sit down and rest when he 
 passed his house on the way to Golgotha. Both legends 
 agree in the sentence pronounced by Christ on the of- 
 fender, “Thou shalt wander on the earth till I return.” 
 A prey to remorse, he has since wandered from land to land 
 without being able to find a grave. There are many later 
 versions, and the story has been turned to account by nu- 
 merous painters and novelists. He is introduced in Ed- 
 garQuinet’s “Ahasuerus,” and by Chamisso, A.W. Schiegel, 
 Lenau, H. C. Andersen, George Croly (in his novel “Sala- 
 thiel”), Eugene Sue (in his novel “Le Juif Errant"), and 
 others. He is reported to have appeared in different cities 
 and countries at intervals : the last noted was in England 
 In 1830. Gustave Dord illustrated the story in a series 
 of woodcuts of great originality. There is also an older 
 Italian story of a Jew, named Malchus, who struck Christ 
 with an iron glove, and was condemned to whirl cease- 
 lessly round an underground pillar until the last day. 
 
 Wandering Jew, The. [F. Le Juif Errant.'] A 
 novel by Eugene Sue, published in 1844—45. 
 Wandering Lovers, The. A play by Fletcher 
 and Massinger (?), licensed in 1623. 
 Wandering Willie. A blind fiddler, whose real 
 name is Willie Steenson, in Scott’s “ Redgaunt- 
 let.” He is devoted to the Redgauntlet family. 
 Wandewash (wan-de-wash'). A town in south- 
 ern India, in the neighborhood of Arcot. Near 
 here, Jan., 1760, the British under Coote de- 
 feated the French under Lally. 
 
 Wandot. See Wyandot. 
 
 Wandsbeker Bote. See Claudius, Matthias. 
 Wandsbek (vands'bek). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, 3 miles 
 northeast of Hamburg. It was the residence 
 of Claudius, the “Wandsbeker Bote.” Popu- 
 lation, commune, 31,563. 
 
 Wandsworth (wandz'werth). A metropolitan 
 and parliamentary borough of London, situated 
 on the Thames, 5£ miles southwest of St. 
 Paul’s. Population of metropolitan borough, 
 311,402 (1911). 
 
 Wantage (won'taj). A town in Berkshire, 
 England, 13 miles southwest of Oxford. It was 
 the birthplace of Alfred the Great and of Bishop 
 Butler. Population, 3,766. 
 
 Wantley, Dragon of. See Dragon. 
 Wanyassa. S eeNganga. 
 
 Wapping (wop'ing). A quarter of London, 
 situated along the north bank of the Thames, 
 below the Tower. 
 
 Wappinger (wop'in-jer). A tribe, sometimes 
 regarded as a confederacy, of North American 
 Indians which occupied the east bank of the 
 Hudson River from near Poughkeepsie to Man- 
 hattan Island, and extended to or beyond the 
 Connecticut River. They were divided into nine vil- 
 lages or chieftaincies. The western bands were much re- 
 duced by the Dutch in 1640, and the remnants afterward 
 became merged in the Delawares. Derivationsof the name 
 are from words meaning severally ‘east’ and ‘ opossum.' 
 See Algonquian. 
 
 Wappinger’s Falls (wop'in-jerz falz). A vil- 
 lage in Dutchess County, New York, situated 
 on Wappinger’s Creek, near the Hudson, 59 
 miles north of New York. Population, 3,195, 
 (1910). 
 
 War and Peace. A historical novel by Tol- 
 stoy, published 1865-68. Tlie scene is laid in the time 
 of the czar Alexander I., and the novel is a picture of 
 Russian society during the Russian-French wars. 
 
 Waranger Fjord. See Varanger Fjord. 
 Warbeck (war'bek), Perkin. Executed Nov. 
 23, 1499. A pretender to the English crown, 
 
 1049 
 
 a Fleming (?) by birth. He claimed to he the Duke 
 of York, son of Edward IV". In 1492 he landed at Cork, 
 and soon went to France, where he was recognized as 
 Duke of York by the court; made an unsuccessful landing 
 in Kent inl495 ; was acknowledged by J amesl V. of Scotland 
 in 1496 ; unsuccessfully invaded England with the Scotch 
 inl496 ; wentto Ireland and made adescent upon Cornwall 
 in 1497, but was captured ; escaped from the Tower in 1498, 
 but was retaken ; and was condemned and executed in 
 1499. He was made the subject of a tragedy by Ford, 
 called “ The Chronicle History of Perkin Warbeck" (1634), 
 and also of a play by Charles Macklin, the actor, called 
 “King Henry VII., or the Popish Impostor” (1716). An- 
 other, called “The Pretender,” was written by Joseph 
 Elderton, an attorney, but never acted. 
 
 Warburg (var'borG). A town in the province 
 of Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the Diemel 
 21 miles northwest of Cassel. It was an ancient 
 Hanseatic town. Here, July 31, 1760, Ferdinand of Bruns- 
 wick defeated the French. Population, commune, 5,301. 
 
 Warburton (war 'ber-ton), Eliot Bartholo- 
 mew George. Born near Tullamore, Ireland, 
 1810: died at sea, Jan. 4, 1852. An Irish trav- 
 eler and novelist. He traveled in the East, and per- 
 ished in the burning of the Amazon on the way to Darien. 
 He published “ The Crescent and the Cross ” (1844), “ Mem- 
 oir of Prir.ce Rupert" (1849), “Reginald Hastings ” (1850 : 
 a novel), “ Darien ” (1852 : a novel). 
 
 Warburton, John. Born Feb., 1682 : died 1759. 
 An English antiquarian. He was made Somerset 
 herald in 1720. He published a numberof maps, and “Val- 
 lum Romanum, or the History and Antiquities of the Ro- 
 man Wall” (1753), etc. He madealarge collection of MSS., 
 engravings, books, etc., but is principally known to pos- 
 terity as the master of a careless cook who burned a large 
 number of valuable plays for waste paper: hence the en- 
 tries in dramatic catalogues, -“Burned by Mr. Warburton ’s 
 servant.” 
 
 Warburton, William. Born at Newark, Eng- 
 land, Dec. 24, 1698: died at Gloucester, June 7, 
 1779. An English prelate, theological contro- 
 versialist, and critic. He was made bishop of Glouces- 
 ter in 1759. His works include “The Alliance between 
 Church and State ” (1736), “The Divine Legation of Moses 
 Demonstrated, etc.” (1738-41 : last part posthumous, 1788), 
 “Julian” (concerning his attempt to rebuild the temple 
 at Jerusalem, 1750), “Principles of Natural and Revealed 
 Religion” (1753), “View of Bolingbroke’s Posthumous 
 Writings” (1754), “Doctrine of Grace ” (1762). He edited 
 ^.Shakspere’s plays (1747). 
 
 Ward (ward), Adolphus William. Born at 
 Hampstead, Dec. 2, 1837. An English writer. 
 He was educated in Germany and at Peterhouse, Cam- 
 bridge, where he received a fellowship in 1860. He was 
 chosen professor of history and English literature at Owens 
 College, Manchester, in 1866, and was principal 1888-97. 
 In 1900 lie became master of Peterhouse, Cambridge. He 
 has translatedCurtius's “ History of Greece ” (1868-69), has 
 written “ The Houseof Austria in the Thirty Years’ War" 
 (1869), “A History of English Dramatic Literature" (1875), 
 and lias contributed the lives of Chaucer and Dickens to 
 the “English Men of Letters" series. 
 
 Ward, Artemas. Born at. Shrewsbury, Mass., 
 1727 : died there, Oct. 28, 1800. An American 
 generalandpolitician. Hewasanofficerin theFrench 
 and Indian war; became commander of the Massachusetts 
 troops in 1775; was made major-general in June, 1775; 
 commanded the army before Boston in 1775 until Wash- 
 ington’s arrival, and later was second in command ; and re- 
 sig led in 1776. He held various local offices, and was Fed- 
 eralist member of Congress from Massachusetts 1791-95. 
 
 Ward, Artemus: the pseudonym of Charles 
 
 Farrar Browne. Born at Waterford, Maine, 
 about 1834: died at Southampton, England, 
 March 6, 1867. An American humorist. He ac- 
 quired reputatiou in England and America both aslecturer 
 and writer. He contributed to “ Punch ” (1866-67). His 
 works include “ Artemus Ward : His Book” (1862), “Arte- 
 mus Ward ; His Travels among the Mormons" and “On the 
 Rampage ”(1865), “Artemus Ward: His Book of Goaks" 
 (1865), “Artemus Ward among the Fenians” (1865), “Ar- 
 temus Ward in London, etc. "(1867). His lecture at the 
 Egyptian Hall, London, with pictures from his panorama, 
 etc. , was edited by T. W. Robertson and J. C. Hotten in 
 1869. 
 
 Ward, Edward Matthew. Born at London, 
 1816 : died at Windsor, Jan. 15, 1879. An Eng- 
 lish historical painter. He was elected royal aca- 
 demician in 1865. He executed eight historical works for 
 the corridor of the House of Commons. Among his works 
 are “ Dr. Johnson in Lord Chesterfield's Anteroom,” 
 “South Sea Bubble," “Disgrace of Lord Clarendon,” 
 "Charlotte Corday,” “Last Sleep of Argyll,” “Royal 
 * Family of France in the Temple.” 
 
 Ward, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps (Mrs. Herbert 
 I). Ward). Born at Andover, Mass., Aug. 13, 
 1844: died at Newton, Mass., Jan. 28, 1911. 
 An American writer, the daughter of Austin 
 Phelps, ner works include “The Gates Ajar” (1868), 
 “Men, Women, and Ghosts ” (1869), “Hedged In," “The 
 Silent Partner/' and “The Trotty Book” (1870), “Trotty’s 
 Wedding Tour" and “What to Wear" (1873), “The Story 
 of Avis "(1877), “An Old Maid’s Paradise” (1879), “Bur- 
 glars in Paradise," “Beyond the Gates” (1883), “ Dr. Zay” 
 (1884), “ The Gates Between" (1887), “Jack, the Fisher- 
 man ‘’(1887), “A Singular Life ”(1894), “The Story of Jesus 
 Christ ”(1897), “Trixy” (1904), etc. 
 
 Ward, Frederick Townsend. Born at Salem, 
 Mass., Nov. 29, 1831: killed in battle near Ning- 
 po, China, Sept. 21, 1862. An American adven- 
 turer. He organized for the Chinese government the 
 “ Ever Victorious Army ” against the Taiping rebels ; won 
 
 Wargla 
 
 various victories ; and was made a high-grade mandarin and 
 
 ^admiral-general. He was succeeded by “Chinese ” Gordon. 
 
 Ward, Genevieve: the stage name of Lucia 
 Genoveva Teresa Ward. Countess Guerbel. 
 Bornat New York, March 27, 1833. AnAm< ri- 
 can singer and actress. She first appeared in o] >era 
 at Milan, and sang with success in Italy and Paris. She 
 came to America in 1862, but after a short time lost her 
 voice and went upon the dramatic stage. She appeared 
 in 1873 in New York, and in the same year at Manchester, 
 England, where she was successful as Lady Macbeth, 
 Constance, etc. She leased the Lyceum in London in 1879. 
 and made a tour around the world 1882-85. She afterward 
 
 ^ acted with Sir Henry Irving in “Becket,” etc. 
 
 Ward, Mrs. Humphry (Mary Augusta Ar- 
 nold). Born at Hobart Town, Tasmania, 1851. 
 An English novelist. She is the granddaughter of 
 Thomas Arnold (of Rugby), and married Thomas Humphry 
 Ward in 1872. Her works include the novels “ Miss Bre- 
 therton ”(1884), “ Robert Elsmere"(1888), “David Grieve” 
 (1892), “ Marcella” (1894), “Story of Bessie Costrell” (1895), 
 “Sir George Tressady ” (1896), “ Helbeck of Bannisdale” 
 (1898), “ Eleanor ” (1900), “ Lady Rose’s Daughter ” (1903). 
 “The Marriage of William Ashe” (1905), “Fenwick's 
 Career” (1906); biographical and critical works; and a 
 translation of “Amiel’s Journal” (1885). 
 
 Ward, John Quincy Adams. Bom at Urbana, 
 Ohio, June 29, 1830: died at New York, May 
 1,1910. An American sculptor. He studied with 
 Henry K. Browne, working with him for six years ; in 186] 
 opened a studio in New York ; and was vice-president of 
 the National Academy of Design 1870-71, and president in 
 1872. Among his statues are “ The Indian Hunter,” “ The 
 Pilgrim,” “Shakspere,” and “Seventh Regiment Soldier ” 
 (all in Central Park, New York); “The Freedman,” “The 
 (»ood Samaritan,” etc.; statues of Commodore Perry, Gen- 
 eral Israel Putnam, General Thomas, George Washington 
 (Wall street), Henry Ward Beecher (in front of the City 
 
 ^Hall, Brooklyn); and numerous portrait-busts. 
 
 Ward, Lester Frank. Born at Joliet, HI., 1841. 
 
 An American botanist, geologist, and sociol- 
 ogist. He served in the Civil War, and graduated at Co- 
 lumbian University (1869) ; was assistant geologist of the 
 United States Geological Survey 1881-88, and geologist 
 1888-1905. In 1906 he became professor of sociology in 
 Brown University. Among his works are “Haeckel’s 
 Genesis of Man” (1879), “The Flora of Washington, etc.’ 
 (1881), “Dynamic Sociology” (1883), “Sketch of Paleo- 
 Botany" (1885), “Flora of the Laramie Group” (1886), 
 “Types of the Laramie Flora” (1887), “Geographic Distri- 
 bution of Fossil Plants" (1888), “Principles of Sociology” 
 (1898), “Pure Sociology" (1903), etc. 
 
 Ward, Nathaniel. Born at Haverhill, Eng- 
 land, in 1578 : died in England about 1652. An 
 English preacher and author. He emigrated to 
 Massachusetts in 1634; lived in Ipswich (Agawam); 
 and returned to England in 1646. He was the author 
 of the satirical work “The Simple Cobbler of Agawam ” 
 (1647). 
 
 Ward, William Hayes. Born at Abington, 
 Mass., June 25, 1835. An American Orientalist, 
 archaeologist, and journalist. He graduated at Am- 
 herst in 1856, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 
 1859 ; and has been editor of the New York “ Independent ” 
 since 1870. He was director of the Wolfe archeological 
 expedition to Babylonia 1884-85. 
 
 Warden (war'den), Florence. The pseudonym 
 of Mrs. Florence Alice Price James, an English 
 novelist. 
 
 Wardle (war'dl), Mr. A hospitable kindly 
 bustling old gentleman, the owner of Manor 
 Farm, Dingley Dell, and the host and friend of 
 the Pickwick Club : a character in Charles Dick- 
 ens’s “Pickwick Papers.” Miss Rachel Wardle, 
 his old but girlish sister, who elopes with Alfred Jingle : 
 his very deaf old mother; and his daughters Isabella and 
 Emily, form the Wardle family. 
 
 Wardo. See Vardd. 
 
 Ward’s Island. An island in the East River. 
 New York, the seat of several municipal insti- 
 tutions of New York city. 
 
 Ware (war). A town in Hertfordshire, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Lea 21 miles north of 
 London. Population, 5,373. 
 
 Ware. A town in Hampshire County, Massa- 
 chusetts, situated on Ware River 21 miles east- 
 northeast of Springfield. Pop., 8,774, (1910). 
 
 Ware, William. Born at Hingham, Mass. , Aug. 
 3, 1797 : died atCambridge, Mass., Feb. 19, 1852. 
 An American novelist and miscellaneous wri- 
 ter, and Unitarian clergyman. He wrote the novels 
 “Letters from Palmyra” (1837 : afterward published a3“Ze- 
 nobia Probus ” (1838 : afterward published as “ Aure- 
 lian ”), and “Julian ” (1841) ; “Sketches of European Capi- 
 tals ” (1851), “ Works and Genius of Washington Allston ” 
 (1852), and life of Nathaniel Bacon (in Sparks’s “American 
 Biography ”). He edited "American Unitarian Biography. ’’ 
 
 Wareham (war'am). A town in Dorset, Eng- 
 land, situated between the Frome and Trent, 
 15 miles east of Dorchester. Population, 
 2,003. 
 
 Warfield (war'feld), Mrs. (Catharine Ann 
 Ware). Born at Natchez, Miss., June 6, 1816 : 
 died in Kentucky, May 21, 1877. An American 
 novelist and poet. She wrote “The Household of 
 Bouverie,” and other novels, and, with her sister (Mrs. Lee), 
 published several volumes of poems. 
 
 Wargla (war'glii). See Kabail. 
 
Warham 
 
 Warham (war' am), William. Born in Hamp- 
 shire about 1450 : died Aug. 22, 1532. An Eng- 
 lish prelate. He became archbishop of Canter- 
 bury in 1504, and was keeper of the great seal 
 1502-15. 
 
 Waridah (war'i-da). [Ar. al-wdridah, the re- 
 turning (camels), in antithesis to al-sddirah : 
 see Sadira.~\ The third-magnitude star y Sa- 
 gittarii. 
 
 Warminster (w&r'min-ster). A town in Wilt- 
 shire, England, 15 miles southeast of Bath, on 
 the Wily. Population, 5,547. 
 
 Warner, Anna Bartlett. See Warner, Susan. 
 Warner (war'ner), Charles Dudley. Born at 
 Plainfield, Mass., Sept. 12, 1829 : died at Hart- 
 ford, Conn., Oct. 20, 1900. An American 
 author. He graduated at Hamilton College in 1851; 
 practised law in Chicago 1856-60 ; and became managing 
 editor of the Hartford “Press ” in 1861, and on its consoli- 
 dation with the Hartford “Courant,” in 1867, co-editor. He 
 became associate editor of “Harper’s Magazine” in 1884. 
 His works include “My Summer in a Garden” (1870), 
 “Saunterings ” (1872), “Back-Log Studies ” (1872), “Bad- 
 deck and That Sort of Thing ” (1874), “My Winter on the 
 Nile, etc. "(1876: first issued as “Mummies and Moslems ”), 
 “Being a Boy ”(1877), “ In the Levant ”(1877), “In the Wil- 
 derness ”(1878), “Captain John Smith ” (1880), “Washing- 
 ton Irving” (1881), “A Roundabout Journey” (1883), 
 “Their Pilgrimage ” (1886), “On Horseback, etc.” (a book 
 of travels, 1888), “Tne Golden House” (1894), etc. He 
 also wrote papers, including “ Studies in the South ” and 
 “Studies in the Great West "(in “Harper's Magazine"). 
 He wrote, with Mark Twain, “ The Gilded Age ” (1873). 
 Warner, Olin Levi. Born at Suffield, Conn., 
 April 9, 1844: died at New York, Aug. 14, 1896. 
 An American sculptor. He was in turn an artisan, 
 a telegraph operator, and a designer of silverwork, and at 
 the age of twenty-five went to Paris, where he studied 
 sculpture for three years and a half at the Ecole de3 Beaux 
 Arts with Jouffroy. He then returned to New York. 
 Among his works are a bust of Daniel Cottier (in the Met- 
 ropolitan Museum); statuettes of “Twilight "and “May”; 
 statues of a “ Dancing Nymph ” and “Diana” ; a fountain 
 for Portland, Oregon ; statues of Governor Buckingham, 
 William Lloyd Garrison, and several portrait-busts." 
 Warner, Seth. Born at Roxbury, Conn., 1743 : 
 died 1784. An American Revolutionary officer, 
 one of the leaders of the “Green Mountain 
 Boys,” outlawed by New York authorities. 
 He was second in command under Allen at the taking 
 of Tieonderoga in 1775 ; captured Crown Point in 1775 ; 
 was made colonel ; and served in the expedition to Canada, 
 and in the siege of St. John’s. He commanded at the bat- 
 tle of Hubbardton in 1777, and was distinguished at the 
 battle of Bennington and in the Saratoga campaign. 
 
 Warner, Susan: pseudonym Elizabeth Weth- 
 erell. Born at New York, July 11, 1819: died 
 at Highland Palls, N. Y., March 17, 1885. An 
 American novelist and religious writer. Among 
 her novels are “The Wide, Wide World” (1850: next to 
 “Uncle Tom’s Cabin ” the most popular American novel), 
 “Queechy” (18521, “The Hills of the Shatemuc ” (18561, 
 “The Old Helmet” (1863), “Melbourne House” (1864), 
 “ Daisy ”(1848), “ What She Could ” (1870), “The House in 
 Town” (1871), “The Little Camp ”(1873), “Willow Brook" 
 (1874), “ Wych Hazel” (1876), “My Desire” (1879), “No- 
 body ” (1883), “Daisy Plains” (1885), etc. With her sister, 
 Anna Bartlett Warner (bom at New York, 1820), shewrote 
 “ Say and Seal ” (1860), ‘ ‘ Ellen Montgomery’s Book-shelf ” 
 (1863-69), “Sybil and Chryssa, etc. ”(1869), etc. Anna B. 
 Warner, who wrote under the pseudonym of Amy Lothrop, 
 is the author of “ Dollars and Cents” (1852), “My Brother’s 
 Keeper ” (1855), and other stories. Among Susan Warner’s 
 other works are “The Law and the Testimony ’’ (1853), 
 “The Golden Ladder" (1862), “Lessons on Standard-Bear- 
 ers of the Old Testament ” (1872). 
 
 Warner, William. Born in Oxfordshire, Eng- 
 land, about 1558 : died March, 1609. An Eng- 
 lish poet. He wrote a rimed history of England, “Al- 
 bion’s England ” (15861, and ‘ Mensechmi” (a comedy from 
 Plautus, 1595): Shakspere’s “Comedy of Errors” was de- 
 rived from this. 
 
 Warnsdorf (varns ' dorf). A manufacturing 
 town in northern Bohemia, 59 miles north of 
 Prague. Population, commune, 23,220 (1910). 
 War of 1812. T he war between Great Britain 
 and the United States 1812-15. War was declared 
 by the United States, June 18. Chief events —1812 : em- 
 bargo for 90 days declared ( April 4) ; unsuccessful invasion 
 of Canada and surrender of Detroit (Aug. 16) ; British ship 
 Alert captured by the Essex (Aug. 13); the Guerriere 
 (British) by the Constitution (Aug. 19) ; the Frolic (British) 
 by the Wasp (Oct. 18); and the Macedonian (British) by 
 the United States (Oct. 25). 1813: American defeat at 
 
 Frenchtown (Jan. 22), and victories of Perry on Lake Erie 
 (Sept. 10), and of Harrison at the Thames (Oct. 5) ; the 
 Chesapeake (American) captured by the Shannon (June 1) ; 
 the Hornet (American) captured the Resolution (Feb. 14) 
 and Peacock (Feb. 24) ; and the Enterprise ( American) cap- 
 tured the Boxer (Sept. 5). 1814: the Americans won the 
 
 battles of Chippewa (July 5), Lundy’s Jane (July 25), and 
 Lake Champlain (Sept. 11) ; the British defeated the Amer- 
 icans at Bladensburg (Aug. 24), entered Washington and 
 burned the public buildings, and were defeated at Balti- 
 more (Sept. 12-13) ; the Essex (American) was captured by 
 the Cherub and the Phoebe (March 28); and the Wasp 
 (American) took the Reindeer (June 28) and sank the Avon 
 (Sept. 1); the Hartford Convention assembled Dec. 15, 
 and adjourned in about three weeks without result. 
 Peace was signed at Ghent Dec. 24, 1814, and ratified at 
 Washington Feb. 18, 1815, hut the news did not reach the 
 ocean cruisers till later. 1815 : the British were defeated by 
 Jackson at New Orleans (Jan. 8) ; the President (American) 
 
 1050 
 
 surrendered to a British squadron (Jan. 15) ; the Constitu- 
 tion (American) captured the Levant and the Cyane (Feb. 
 20); and the Hornet (American) captured the Penguin 
 (March 23). 
 
 War of Liberation. The war undertaken by 
 Germany in 1813, with the aid of Russia, Great 
 Britain, and other allies, to free Germany and 
 other parts of Europe from the rule or influence 
 of Napoleon and the French. 
 
 War of Secession. See Civil War. 
 
 War of the American Revolution. See Rev- 
 olutionary War. 
 
 War of the Rebellion. See Civil War. 
 
 War of the Spanish Succession, etc. See 
 
 Spanish Succession, War of the, etc. 
 
 Warren, Gouverneur Kemble. Born at Cold 
 Spriug, N. Y., Jan. 8, 1830: died at Newport, 
 R. I., Aug. 8, 1882. A noted American gen- 
 eral and military engineer. He graduated at West 
 Point in 1850; served in surveys in the West ; and was as- 
 sistant professor of mathematics at West Point 1859-61. 
 In Sept., 1861, he became captain of engineers, and served 
 at Big Bethel, through the Peninsular and Manassas cam- 
 paigns, and at Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancel- 
 iorsville. He was promoted brigadier-general of volun- 
 teers in Sept., 1862, and major-general of volunteers in 
 May, 1863. In June of the latter year he was appointed 
 chief engineer of the Army of the Potomac. He held 
 Little Round Top at the battle of Gettysburg ; as com- 
 mander of the 2d army corps defended Bristow Station Oct., 
 1863 ; and as commander of the 5th corps served through 
 the Richmond campaign of 1864-65. He was removed 
 from his command by General Sheridan after the battle 
 of Five Forks, April 1, 1865. Later he commanded the De- 
 partment of the Mississippi. He was brevetted major- 
 general in the regular army in 1865. 
 
 Warren, Joseph. Born at Roxbury, Mass., 
 June 11, 1741: killed at the battle of Bunker 
 Hill, June 17, 1775. An American physician 
 and soldier. He graduated at Harvard in 1759 ; prac- 
 tised medicine in Boston ; became one of the patriot lead- 
 ers in Massachusetts previous to the Revolution ; deliv- 
 ered orations on the anniversary of the Boston massacre 
 in 1772 and 1775 ; was chairman of the committee of pub- 
 lic safety in 1774, and president of the Provincial Con- 
 gress of Massachusetts ; served at the battle of Lexington; 
 was made major-general of the Massachusetts forces in 
 June, 1775; and served as a volunteer aide at Bunker Hill. 
 
 Warren, Samuel. BorninDenbighshire, Wales, 
 May 23, 1807: died at London, July 29, 1877. A 
 British novelist and legal and general writer. 
 His chief work is the novel “Ten Thousand a Year "(pub- 
 lished in “Blackwood's Magazine” 1839-41). Among his 
 other works are “Passages from the Diary of a Late Phy- 
 sician ” (“ Blackwood’s Magazine,” 1830-31), “ Popular and 
 Practical Introduction to Law Studies ” (1835), “Extracts 
 from Blackstone’s Commentaries ” (1837), etc. 
 
 Warren, William. Born at Philadelphia, Nov. 
 17, 1812: died at Boston, Sept. 21, 1888. A 
 popular American comedian, the son of Wil- 
 liam Warren, an actor (1767-1832). He made his 
 
 first appearance in 1832 at Philadelphia. In 1845 he played 
 in London, and 1846-82 was connected with the Howard 
 Athenaeum and Boston Museum in Boston. He was suc- 
 cessful as Sir Peter Teazle, Dr. Pangloss, Touchstone, etc. 
 
 Warrensburg (wor'enz-berg). The capital of 
 Johnson County, Missouri, 52 miles east-south- 
 east of Kansas City. Pop., 4,689, (1910). 
 Warrington (wor'ing-ton). A town in Lan- 
 cashire and Cheshire, England, situated on the 
 Mersey 16 miles east of Liverpool, it has exten- 
 sive trade, and manufactures of cotton, iron, etc. It was, 
 perhaps, an ancient Roman station. Several contests oc- 
 curred near it in the period of the civil war. Population, 
 72,178, (1911). 
 
 Warrington, George. The friend of Penden- 
 nis in Thackeray’s novel of that name. He is a 
 rough melancholy man with a gentle heart. His family 
 appears in “ The Virginians.” 
 
 Warrior (wor'i-or). The first English iron-clad 
 ship constructed entirely of iron, launched in 
 1860. The dimensions are: length, 380 feet; breadth, 
 58.4; draught, 26.9; displacement, 9,210tons. The central 
 part was protected for 218 feet by 4J-inch armor on 18-inch 
 wooden backing. Her sides could not be penetrated by 
 any guns then afloat. 
 
 Warsaw (war'sa). [Pol. Warszawa, G. War- 
 schau, P. Varsovie.~\ The capital of Russian 
 Poland and of the government of Warsaw, situ- 
 ated on the left bank of the Vistula, in lat. 52° 
 14' N. , long. 21° 4' E. It is connected by two bridges 
 over the Vistula with its suburb Praga. It is the third 
 city of the Russian empire ; has a very extensive commerce 
 through its situation on the Vistula and as a railway cen- 
 ter ; and has varied and important manufactures. Warsaw 
 is first mentioned in 1224 ; was the residence of the 
 dukes of Mazovia until 1526 ; was made a royal residence 
 about 1550 ; and became formally the capital of Poland in 
 1609. It was captured by the Swedes in 1665 and 1056 ; 
 was taken and retaken in the Northern War ; w as occupied 
 by the Russians in 1764 and 1793 ; resisted a Prussian siege 
 in 1794, but surrendered to Suvaroff ; was ceded to Prus- 
 sia in 1796; was occupied by the French in 1806; and w as 
 made the capital of the grand duchy of Warsaw in 1807. 
 It was finally occupied by the Russians in 1813. An insur- 
 rection was commenced there Nov. 29. 1830 and the town 
 oapitulated to Paskevitch, Sept. 8, 183L It was the cen- 
 ter of tfie insurrection of 1863. Population, 756,426. 
 
 Warsaw. A government of Russian Poland, 
 surrounded by Ploek, Lomza, Siedlce, Radom, 
 
 Warwick 
 
 Piotrkow, Kalisz, and Prussia. Area, 6,749 
 square miles. Population, 2,361,400. 
 Warsaw. A dueby created by Napoleon at the 
 treaty of Tilsit in 1807, and given to the king 
 ot Saxony. It was formed from the Polish possessions 
 acquired by Prussia in 1793 and 1795, and was dissolved 
 in 1813. 
 
 Warsaw, Battle of. A victory gained by the 
 Swedes and the Great Elector of Brandenburg 
 over the Poles, July 28-30, 1656. 
 
 Warschau (var'shou). The German name of 
 
 Warsaw. 
 
 Wars of the Roses. In English history, the 
 prolonged armed struggle between the rival 
 houses of Lancaster and York (see York, House 
 of) : so called from the red rose and white rose, 
 badges respectively of the adherents of the two 
 families. The wars began in the reign of Henry VI. 
 (third of the Lancaster line). The following are the lead- 
 ing events and incidents : Yorkist victory at St. Albans 
 under Richard, duke of York, May 22, 1455 ; renewal of the 
 war in 1459, and Yorkist victory at Blore Heath, Sept. 23; 
 Yorkist victory at Northampton, July 10, 1460 ; Lancastrian 
 victory at Wakefield, and death of the Duke of York, Dec. 
 31, 1460 ; Yorkist victory at Mortimer's Cross, Feb. 2, 1461 ; 
 Lancastrian victory at St. Albans, Feb. 17, 1461 ; accession 
 of the Earl of March (son of the Duke of York) as Edward 
 
 IV. , March, 1461 ; Yorkist victory at Towton, March 29, 
 1461 ; Yorkist victories at Hedgeley Moor, April 25, and 
 Hexham, May 8, 1464 ; revolt of the Earl of Warwick (the 
 “King-Maker”), 1469; restoration of Henry VI., 1470; land- 
 ing of Edward IV., March 14, 1471, and his victory over 
 Warwick at Barnet, April 14, 1471, and over Margaret of 
 Anjou at Tewkesbury, May 4, 1471 ; accession of Edward 
 
 V. , 1483 ; accession of Richard III. , 1483. The contest was 
 ended with the defeat and death of Richard III. at Bos- 
 worth, Aug. 22, 1485, and the succession of Henry VII., rep- 
 resentative of a Lancastrian offshoot, who, by his marriage 
 with a Yorkist princess, united the conflicting interests. 
 
 Warta (var'ta). The Polish name of the 
 Warthe. 
 
 Wartburg (vart'borG). An ancient princely 
 residence at Eisenach, Germany, still occasion- 
 ally occupied by the Grand Duke of Weimar. 
 It is one of the finest existing Romanesque secular monu- 
 ments, and has been well restored and adorned with his- 
 torical frescos. It includes the Vorburg, or outer ward, 
 and the Hof burg, in which are the finest buildings. Espe- 
 cially interesting are the Minstrels’ Hall in the Landgraf- 
 enliaus, the chapel, and the armory. In the Ritterhausof 
 the Vorburg Luther had asylum given him by the elector 
 Frederick the Wise in 1521-22 : his room and its furniture 
 are preserved. 
 
 Wartburg, Contest of. A historico-legendary 
 contest of minnesingers at the Wartburg, about 
 1206. It gave rise to an epic poem composed 
 about 1300 (“ Krieg von Wartburg”). 
 
 W art burg, F estival of. A commemoration fes- 
 tival, under the auspices of the German stu- 
 dents, held at the Wartburg, Oct. 18, 1817, the 
 fourth anniversary of the battle of Leipsic, to 
 celebrate the tercentenary of the Reformation. 
 Its main practical object was the foundation of the union 
 of German students in the interest of political liberty and 
 national unity. The event caused reactionary measures 
 to be taken in Germany. 
 
 Warthe, or Warte (var'te), Pol. Warta (var'- 
 ta). The largest tributary of the Oder, it rises 
 in the southwestern part of Russian Poland, traverses Po- 
 land and the province of Posen in Prussia, and joins the 
 Oder at Kiistrin in Brandenburg. Length, over 400 miles ; 
 navigable from Konin in Poland. 
 
 Warton (war'ton), Thomas. Born at Basing- 
 stoke, England, 1728: died May 21, 1790. An 
 English critic andpoet, professor of poetry at Ox- 
 ford. He became poet laureate in 1785. His chief works 
 are a “ History of English Poetry ” (3 vols. 1774-61), “ Plea- 
 sures of Melancholy ” (1747), “ Observations on the Poetry 
 of Spenser” (1754), and editions of Theocritus, the Greek 
 Anthology, and the minor poems of Milton. 
 
 Warville, de. See Brissot, Jean Pierre. 
 
 W arwick (wor'ik), or Warwickshire (wor'ik- 
 shir). A county of England, bounded by Staf- 
 ford, Leicester, Northampton, Oxford, Glouces- 
 ter, and Worcester. It contains the forest of Arden 
 and the towns of Birmingham, Stratford-on Avon, and Cov- 
 entry. It formed a part of the ancient Mercia. Area, 
 (ad. co.), 880 square miles. Population (pari, co.), 897,835. 
 Warwick. The capital of Warwickshire, situ- 
 ated on the Avon in lat. 52° 16' N., long. 1° 35' 
 W. It contains a famous castle, with machicolated towers 
 and battlemented walls, the effect of which is much en- 
 hanced by their framing of splendid trees. The great 
 Csesar’s Tower dates back almost to the Conquest. The 
 spacious residential buildings are of the 15th century and 
 later, extensively restored : they contain many historical 
 relics, paintings, and other works of art, among them the 
 large sculptured Warwick vase, found in Hadrian’s villa 
 at Tivoli. St. Mary’s is a large Perpendicular church, in 
 great part rebuilt in 1694. The interior is impressive, and 
 contains interesting brasses and other medieval monu- 
 ments. The church is chiefly notable for the superb Beau- 
 champ Chapel, dating from 1464. The architecture of the 
 chapel is Horid Perpendicular, and it contains the beauti- 
 fully sculptured tombs of the earls of Warwick and of 
 Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester. Warwick was a British 
 settlement, and became a Roman fortress about 50 A. I). It 
 was rebuilt by Ethellleda about 915. Population, about 
 11,900. 
 
1051 
 
 Warwick, Earl of 
 
 Wasp 
 
 Warwick, Earl of (Richard Nevil or Nev- 
 ille). Born in 1428: killed at the battle of 
 Barnet, April 14, 1471. An English politician 
 and commander: called “the King-Maker.” 
 He was related to both the Yorkist and the Lancas- 
 trian families. He inherited the title of earl of Salis- 
 bury, and became earl of Warwick through his marriage 
 with the daughter of Richard Beauchamp (earl of War- 
 wick). At first he sided with the Yorkists, and served at 
 the first battle of St. Albans in 1455 ; was made governor 
 of Calais ; again joined the Yorkists in 1459 ; defeated 
 the Lancastrians at Northampton in July, 1460, and took 
 Henry VI. prisoner; was defeated at St. Albans in 1461 by 
 Margaret; joined with Edward IV. and reentered London 
 in 1461; won with Edward the victory of Towton in 
 1461 ; was made warden of the Scottish marches, consta- 
 ble of Dover, lord high chamberlain, etc. ; and repressed 
 the Lancastrian rising in 1463-64. He opposed the mar- 
 riage of Edward IV. with Elizabeth Woodville, and the al- 
 liance with Burgundy ; and was driven into revolt by the 
 king, whom he took prisoner in 1469, but soon released. 
 He conspired with his son-in-law Clarence against Edward 
 IV. in 1470 ; fled to France ; adopted the cause of the 
 Lancastrians ; landed in England, drove Edward IV. to 
 Flanders, and restored Henry VI. in 1470; but was over- 
 thrown by Edward IV. at Barnet in 1471. 
 
 Warwick, Earls of. Bee Beauchamp, Iiichard, 
 and Dudley, John. 
 
 Warwick, Guy of. See Guy of Warwick. 
 Wasa. See Vasa. 
 
 Wasania (wa-sa'nya). See Pygmies. 
 
 Wasat (wa'sat). [Ar. al-icasal, the middle: 
 though the appropriateness of the name is not 
 clear.] The third-magnitude double star <5 
 Geminorum. 
 
 Wasatch Mountains. See Wahsatch. 
 
 Wasco (was'ko). [PL, also Wascos,Wascoes.~\ A 
 tribe of the Chinook division of North American 
 Indians, formerly living on the south side of 
 the Columbia River, near the Dalles, Oregon. 
 
 They joined in the treaty of 1855 and removed to the 
 Warm Spring reservation, Oregon. They now number 
 ab out 200. See Chinookan. 
 
 Wash (wosh), The. An arm of the North Sea, 
 on the coast of England between Norfolk and 
 Lincolnshire. Length, 22 miles. Width, about 
 15 miles. It receives the Witham, Welland, 
 Nen, and Ouse. 
 
 Washa (wosh 'a), Lake. A lake in Louisiana, 
 southwest of New Orleans. Length, about 14 
 miles. 
 
 Washaki (wash'a-ke). [From the name of a 
 former chief.] The easternmost of the Sho- 
 shoni tribes of North American Indians, for- 
 merly in the Wind River country, western 
 Wyoming, and in eastern Idaho : now on the 
 Shoshoni reservation in western Wyoming. 
 They numbered 870 in 1885. Also Washano, 
 Washikeek, Pohah, Pokah. See Shoshoni. 
 Washburn (wosh'bera), Cadwallader Colden. 
 Bom at Livermore, Maine, April 22, 1818 : died 
 at Eureka Springs, Ark., May 14, 1882. An 
 American politician and general, brother of E. 
 B. Washburne. He was admitted to the bar in 1842 ; 
 was Republican member of Congress from W isconsin 1855- 
 1861 ; was delegate to the peace convention in 1861 ; en- 
 tered the Union army as colonel in 1861 ; became major- 
 general of volunteers in 1862 ; took part in the siege of 
 Vicksburg in 1863 ; captured Fort Esperanza in Texas in 
 1863 ; commanded the district of West Tennessee 1864-65 ; 
 was Republican member of Congress from Wisconsin 1867- 
 1871 ; and was governor of Wisconsin 1872-74. He after- 
 ward engaged in the flour business at Minneapolis, and 
 founded the Washburn Observatory in connection with 
 th e Wisconsin State University 
 
 Washburne (wosh'bern), Elihu Benjamin. 
 
 Bora at Livermore, Maine, Sept. 23, 1816 : died 
 at Chicago, Oct. 22, 1887. An American states- 
 man and diplomatist. He studied law at Harvard ; 
 was admitted to the bar in 1840 ; was a Whig and later 
 a Republican member of Congress from Illinois 1853-69 ; 
 and was chairman of the committee on commerce. He 
 was secretary of state March 5-17, 1869, and United States 
 minister to France 1869-77. He was the only foreign 
 representative who remained in Paris through both the 
 siege and the Commune period. He wrote “ Recollections 
 of a Minister to France ’’ (1 887). 
 
 Washburne Mountains. A group of moun- 
 tains in the Yellowstone National Park. High- 
 est point, 10,345 feet. 
 
 Washington (wosh'ing-ton). One of the Pa- 
 cific States of the United States of America, 
 extending from lat. 45° 40' to 49° N., and from 
 long. 117° to 124° 44' W. Capital, Olympia; chief 
 cities, Seattle and Tacoma, it is bounded by the 
 Strait of Juan de Fuca and British Columbia on the north, 
 Idaho on the cast, Oregon (partly separated by the Colum- 
 bia River) on the south, and the Pacific on the west. The 
 Cascade Mountains traverse the State from south to north. 
 It has rich forests, particularly in the west, and extensive 
 deposits of coal; and gold, silver, and copper are found. 
 There is an extensive wheat region in the east. The sal- 
 mon-fisheries are important, and ship-building is a flour- 
 ishing industry. Washington has 39 counties, sends 2 
 senators and 5 representatives to Congress, and has 7 elec- 
 toral votes. The Strait of Juan de Fuca was discovered in 
 1592, and explored in 1789 ; the mouth of the Columbia 
 was explored by the American captain Gray in 1792 ; and 
 further explorations were conducted by Lewis and Clark 
 
 in 1805. A settlement at the mouth of the Columbia was 
 founded by John Jacob Astor in 1811. The boundary was 
 settled with Great Britain in 1846. Washington formed 
 part of the Territory of Oregon ; was organized as a Terri- 
 tory in 1853 ; and was admitted to the Union in 1889. 
 Area, 69,180 square miles. Population, 1,141,990,(1910). 
 
 Washington. The capital of the United States, 
 forming part of the District of Columbia, situ- 
 ated on the Potomac, at the head of navigation, 
 in lat. 38° 53' N., long. 77° 1' W. It has become a 
 favorite city of residence in late years, and is noted for its 
 public buildings, the most important being the Capitol 
 (which see). The White House, the official residence of 
 the President, is a handsome mansion in the English Re- 
 naissance style. Its classical details are sober and well 
 designed, both outside and inside. It became too small 
 for the official and social needs ol the chief of the govern- 
 ment and was remodeled in 1902, the offices being re- 
 moved to a new executive building. The corner-stone 
 of the White House was laid by General Washington, and 
 it was first occupied in 1800 by John Adams. Besides the 
 buildings for the various government departments, the 
 National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, etc., are nota- 
 ble. The Washington monument is an obelisk-shaped 
 tower of white marble, erected in honor of George Wash- 
 ington. It is 555 feet high to its acutely pointed apex, 
 and 55 feet square at the base. The corner-stone was laid 
 on July 4, 1848, but after a short time the work languished 
 
 was the most invariably judicious, and there is scarcelya 
 rash word or action or judgment recorded of him. These 
 who knew him well, noticed that he had keen sensibilities 
 and strong passions ; but his power of self-command never 
 failed him, and no act of his public life can be traced to 
 personal caprice, ambition, or resentment. In the de- 
 spondency of long-continued failure, in the elation of sud- 
 den success, at times when his soldiers were deserting 
 by hundreds, and when malignant plots were formed 
 against his reputation, amid the constant quarrels, rival- 
 ries, and jealousies of his subordinates, in the dark hour 
 of national ingratitude, and in the midst of the most uni- 
 versal and intoxicating flattery, he was always the same 
 calm, wise, just, and single-minded man, pursuing the 
 course which he believed to be right, without fear or 
 favour or fanaticism, equally free from the passions that 
 spring from interest, and from the passions that spring 
 from imagination. He never acted on the impulse of an 
 absorbing or uncalculating enthusiasm, and he valued very 
 highly fortune, position, and reputation ; but at the com- 
 mandof duty he was ready to risk and sacrifice them all. He 
 was in the highest sense of the words a gentleman and a 
 man of honour, and he carried into public life the severest 
 standard of private morals. It was at first the constant 
 dread of large sections of the American people that if the 
 old Government were overthrown, they would fall into 
 the bands of military adventurers, and undergo the yoke 
 of military despotism. It was mainly the transparent in- 
 tegrity of the character of Washington that dispelled the 
 fear. Lecky, England in the XVIIIth Century, III.470-47L 
 
 and then stopped entirely, until in 1876 Congress voted 
 
 the completion of the monument, which was accomplished r> • at 77- 
 
 in 1884. The site for the capital was chosen in 1790, and Washington, Martha. Born in New Kent 
 the government removed from Philadelphia in 1800. The County, Va., May, 1/32: died at Mount Vernon, 
 
 public buildings were burned by the British in 1814. The 
 city was the Federal military headquarters in the Civil 
 War, and was threatened by the Confederates under 
 Early in 18ht. Its municipal government was abolished 
 in 1871, and a territorial government established in that 
 year. This was abolished in 1874, and the present form 
 instituted (see District of Columbia). Population, 331,069, 
 (1910). 
 
 Washington. The capital of Daviess County, 
 Indiana, 92 miles southwest of Indianapolis. 
 Population, 7,854, (1910). 
 
 Va. , May 22, 1802. The wife of George W asking- 
 ton. She was the daughter of Colonel John Dandridge, a 
 planter, and in June, 1749, married Daniel Parke Custis, 
 a planter, who died in 1757. leaving his widow one of the 
 wealthiest women in Virginia. She married Washington 
 in Jan., 1759. She had by her first husband four children, 
 two of whom died in infancy ; the third, Martha Parke Cus- 
 tis, died at theage of sixteen ; the fourth, John ParkeCustis, 
 diedin 1781, leavingfour children, the twoyoungerof whom, 
 Eleanor Parke Custis and George Washington Parke Custis, 
 were adopted by Washington. She had no children by 
 
 ^Countv, g N > <irth ^arolma^ituated *011 ^^irco^^ s ^!^.^On, Mount. Tkehigkest summit of 
 
 River 100 miles east by south of Raleigh. Pop- the White Mountains New Hampshire and the 
 
 illation, 6,211, (1910). highest mountain m New England, situated in 
 
 Wakh inn-ton The eanitnl of Fnvette Countv lat. 44° 16 JN. It is ascended by railroad and by a car- 
 
 wasmngton. me capital 01 Payette county, riage . road from the Glen House 0n the EUmmit is a 
 
 Ohio, 3j miles southwest of Columbus. Popu- United States 8ignal*Btation. Height, 6,279 feet. 
 
 lation, 7,277, (1910). Washington, Treaty of. A treaty between 
 
 Washington. The capital of Washington Coun- Great Britain and the United States, signed May 
 
 ty, Pennsylvania, situated on Chartiers Creek 8,1871, which provided for the settlement of the 
 
 24 miles southwest of Pittsburg. Population, Alabama claims by the Geneva tribunal, and 
 
 18,778, (1910). for the settlement of the San Juan boundary 
 
 Washington, Bushrod. Bom in Westmore- and fisheries disputes. 
 
 land County, Va., 1762: died at Philadelphia, Washington and Jefferson College. An in- 
 1829. An American jurist, nephew of George stitution of learning at Washington, Pennsyl- 
 Washington. He was a member of the Virginia House 
 of Delegates, and of the Virginia ratifying convention of 
 1788; aud was associate justice of the United States Su- 
 preme Court 1798-1829. 
 
 Vania. It was formed in 1865 through the consolidation 
 of Washington College at Washington, Pennsylvania, and 
 Jefferson College at Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. It is non- 
 sectarian, and is attended by about 400 students. 
 
 Washington, George. Born in Westmoreland Washington and Lee University. An insti- 
 
 < VniTitv Va PVh 9»» 70 SS Feb Il f 17S0- Hind x..x; J3 i • .. t : x xr- • ■ T x_ 
 
 County, Va., Feb. 22(0. S. Feb. 11), 1732: died 
 at Mount Vernon, Dec. 14, 1799. Afamous Ameri- 
 can soldier and statesman, the first President of 
 theUnited States. Hewasthesonof Augustine Wash- 
 ington, a Virginia planter. He was at school until he was 
 about 16 years of age ; was engaged in surveying 1748-51 ; 
 was appointed adjutantof Virginia troops in 1751; inherited 
 Mount Vernon on the death of his brother in 1752 ; was 
 made by Dimviddie commander of a military district of 
 Virginia in 1753; was sent on a mission to the French 
 authorities beyond the Allegheny River 1753-54 ; was ap- 
 
 tution of learning at Lexington, Virginia. Its 
 foundation was a school near Greenville, Va., 
 called the Augusta Academy, in 1776 its name was 
 changed to Liberty Hall ; in 1782 it was chartered ; in 1785 
 it was moved to the neighborhood of Lexington ; and in 
 1796 it received a gift from George Washington and its 
 name was changed to Washington College. In 1803 it was 
 placed on its present site. It received its present name 
 in 1870. Robert E. Lee was its president 1865-70. It is 
 non-sectarian, and has about 400 students. 
 
 pointed lieutenant-colonel in 1754; had a successful WAshillgtOIlCenteilllial Arch. An arch fonnd- 
 
 edin 1890attheFifthAvenueentranceof Wash- 
 ington Square, New York. It has a single archway 
 with coffered vault, 30 feet in span and 47 high, sur- 
 mounted by an entablature with a rich frieze carved with 
 foliage. Above the somewhat heavy cornice is a low attic, 
 which bears the inscription of dedication. 
 
 skirmish with the French, and defended Fort Necessity, 
 but was obliged to surrender on July 3 ; was a volunteer 
 aide-de-camp to Braddock in the battle of the Mononga- 
 hela in 1755, and brought off the Virginians; commanded 
 on the frontier 1756-57 ; and led the advance-guard in 
 Forbes’s expedition for the reduction of Fort Duquesne in 
 
 1758. On Jan. 6, 1759, he married Martha Custis (widow of , . . . 
 
 Daniel Parke Custis), and settled as a planter at Mount Ver- vv ashlllgtOIl Lilli. An elm m Cambridge, Mas- 
 non. He was a delegate to the Virginia House of Burgesses, sackusetts, under which Washington took eom- 
 and to the Continental Congresses of 1774 and 1775 ; was m and of tile American army in 1775. 
 
 appointed commander-in-chief ol the Continental forces xtt„ n . r , , • , , 
 
 June 15, 1775 ; arrived at Cambridge July 2, and took com- iVllSnillgtOH Group. A cluster of islands in 
 
 mand; and compelled the evacuation of Boston on March 17, the Marquesas group, Pacific Ocean. 
 
 1776. His army was defeated at the battle of Long Island T a 
 
 Aug. 27, 1776, and at White Plains Oct. 28, 1776 ; be retreated W aSHington Land. A region in the n Orth west- 
 
 through New Jersey ; surprised the Hessians at Trenton ®Tn part ot Greenland, about lat. 89 JN. 
 
 Dec. 26 ; won the victory of Princeton Jan., 1777; was de- Washington Monument. See Washington ( city) . 
 feated at Brandywine and Germantown in 1777; was at Val- WasD (wosn). 1 An American ship' of war, 18 
 ley Forge during the winter of 1777-78; fought the drawn _ "f U in 1806 n,.f v, 
 
 battle of Monmouth in 1778; compelled the surrender of 
 Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781 ; resigned his commission 
 as commander-in-chief at Annapolisin 1783 ; and retired to 
 Mount Vernon. In 1787 he was president of the Constitu- 
 tional Convention; was unanimously elected President of 
 the United States in Feb., 1789, and inaugurated at New 
 York April 30, 1789; and was unanimously reelected in 1793, 
 serving until 1797. Among the chief events in liisadminis- 
 trations were the establishment of the machinery of gov- 
 ern ment, the crystallization of parties, the regulation of com- 
 merce and finance, the admission of Vermont, Kentucky, 
 and Tennessee, the Indian wars, the “whisky insurrection,” 
 and the Jay treaty. He issued bis farewell address to the 
 people in Sept., 1796. He was appointed lieutenant-general 
 and commander-in-chief of the army in anticipation of a 
 war with France in 1798. 
 
 In civil as in military life, be [Washington] was pre- 
 eminent among his contemporaries for the clearness and 
 soundness of his judgment, for bis perfect moderation and 
 self-control, for the quiet dignity and the indomitable 
 firmness with which he pursued every path which lie had 
 deliberately chosen. Of all the great men in history lie 
 
 guns, built at Washington in 1806. Oct. 13, 1812 , 
 she sailed from the Delaware, under command of Captain 
 Jacob Jones, with 137 men. On Oct. 18, in lat. 37° N., long. 
 65° W., she fell in with 6 merchantmen under convoy of 
 the British brig Frolic, 18 guns and 110 men. The action 
 began at 11:32 A. M., and the Frolic struck at 12 : 15 P. M. 
 It was fought in a very heavy sea. Both ships were cap- 
 tured the same day by the Poictiers (British, 74). 
 
 2. An American ship-rigged sloop of war, 22 
 guns and 160 men, built atNewburyport in 1814. 
 She left Portsmouth, May 1, 1814, under Captain Johnston 
 Blakeley, and ran into theEnglish Channel. On June 28 she 
 fell in with the British sloop Reindeer, 18 guns and 118 men. 
 The battle began at 3:17 P. M., and the Reindeer struck at 
 3:44. On Sept. 1, in lat. 47° 30' N. , she met the British brig 
 Avon, 18 guns. The battle began at 8:38 P. M., and the 
 Avon struck at 10:12. On Oct, 9, in lat, 18”85'N., long. 
 30° 10' W., she spoke and boarded the Swedish brig Adams, 
 and tool/ out of her Lieutenant McKniglit and a master's 
 mate, late of the United States ship Essex, on their way 
 from Brazil to England. The Wasp was never heard from 
 again. 
 
Wasps, The 
 
 Wasps (wosps), The. A comedy by Aristopha- 
 nes, exhibited in 422 B. C. 
 
 Wast Water (wast wa'ter). A lake in Cum- 
 berland, England, 13 miles west of Ambleside. 
 Length, 3 miles. 
 
 Wasulu (wa-so'lo). An African kingdom in 
 the upper Niger basin, since 1887 under French 
 protection. It is in the western part of the Upper Sene- 
 .sal and Niger. The population (about 1,500,000) is com- 
 posed of Mandingos, with a sprinkling of mixed Fulahs 
 and Soninkes. Bissandugu, the capital, has about 3,000 
 population. Wasulu was only a federation of petty tribes 
 until 1840, when Mahmadu founded the kingdom. This 
 was greatly enlarged by Samory, w ho, though of humble 
 origin, succeeded in dispossessing Mahmadu’s son and con- 
 quering his neighbors, until a conflict with the French 
 compelled him to accept their protection. 
 
 Watch Hill Point (woeh hil point). A head- 
 land near the southwestern extremity of Rhode 
 Island. Near it, also on the Atlantic Ocean, is 
 the summer resort of Watch Hill. 
 
 Wateh (wa'te). An Arab chieftain whose ter- 
 ritory bordered on Edom, Moab, and Ammon. 
 He took part in a rebellion against Asurbanipal, king of 
 Assyria (668-626 B. C. ), and was captured by him and yoked 
 to his triumphal chariot. 
 
 Water-bearer. See Aquarius. 
 
 W aterbury ( wa'ter-ber-i ). A city in New Haven 
 County, Connecticut, situated on Naugatuck 
 River 19 miles north-northwest of New Haven. 
 
 It has important manufactures of brass, and produces 
 watches, pins, lamps, wire, clocks, etc. It was incorpo- 
 rated in 1853. Population, 73,141, (1910). 
 
 Wateree (wa-te-re'). A river in South Caro- 
 lina which unites with the Congaree to form 
 the Santee : called Catawba in its upper course. 
 See Catawba. 
 
 Waterford (wa't6r-ford). 1. A maritime county 
 of Munster, Ireland. It is bounded by Tipperary and 
 Kilkenny on the north, Waterford Harbor (separating it 
 from Wexford) on the east, St. George's Channel on the 
 south, and Cork on the west. The surface is largely moun- 
 tainous. The county contains many antiquities. Area, 
 716 square miles. Pop. (including co. borough), 87,187. 
 
 2. A county of a city, capital of Waterford, 
 situated on the Suir, at the head of Waterford 
 Harbor, in lat. 52° 16' N., long. 7° 6' W. It has 
 a considerable export trade ; was an ancient Danish strong- 
 hold ; was taken by Strongbow in 1171 ; received a charter 
 from King John ; was unsuccessfully attacked by Crom- 
 well in 1649 ; and was taken by Ireton in 1650. Popula- 
 tion, 26,769. 
 
 Waterloo (wa-ter-lo'; D. pron. va-ter-lo'). 
 A village in the province of Brabant, Belgium, 
 94 miles south of Brussels: the headquarters 
 of the Duke of Wellington in the battle of 
 Waterloo. 
 
 Waterloo, Battle of. Adecisive victory gained 
 near Waterloo (a village south of Brussels), 
 June 18, 1815, by the Allies over Napoleon. 
 The Prussians often call the battle Belle Alliance, and 
 the French Mont St. -Jean, after localities near Water- 
 loo. The French numbered about 72,000 ; the allied 
 British, Dutch, and Germans, under the Duke of Welling- 
 ton. numbered about 67,000 : the Prussians (about 50,000 
 additional), under Bliicher, marched to the battle-field 
 and took part in the close and in the pursuit. The battle 
 commenced about 11: SO A. M. The features were the un- 
 availing charges of the French and the stubborn resistance 
 of the British contingent, and the last charge of the French 
 Old Guard in the evening, which failed and was followed 
 by an advance of the combined armies. The Allies lost 
 about 22,000 ; the French about 35,000, besides many pris- 
 oners. (See Grouchy.) The rout was so complete and the 
 disaster to Napoleon so decisive that “Waterloo ” is pro- 
 verbial for a final and deciding blow. The preliminary 
 battles were at Ligny and Quatre-Bras (which see). 
 
 Waterloo Bridge. A bridge over the Thames 
 at London, called by Canova the finest bridge 
 in Europe : designed and built by John Rennie. 
 The first stone was laid Oct. 11. 1811, and the bridge was 
 opened June 18, 1817, the second anniversary of the battle 
 of Waterloo. It is 1,326 feet long, 42 feet wide, 35 feet 
 high, and the central span is 120 feet wide. 
 
 Waterloo Place. An open square in London, 
 between Carlton House Terrace and Regent 
 street. Pall Mall crosses it, and in its center is the 
 Crimean monument. It also contains statues of Lord 
 Napier, Colin Campbell (Lord Clyde), Lord Lawrence, and 
 others. 
 
 Waterloo-with-Seaforth (-se'forth). A water- 
 ing-place in Lancashire, England, situated at 
 the mouth of the Mersey, 5 miles north-north- 
 west of Liverpool. Population, 23,102. 
 
 Water Music, The. A series of 21 movements 
 by Handel, which he had played by an orches- 
 tra on a boat in which he followed the barge 
 of the king (George I.) as he proceeded to 
 Whitehall in 1715. They have been arranged 
 for the piano. 
 
 Water-Poet, The. A name given to the poet 
 John Taylor (1580-1654). 
 
 Watertown (wa'ter-toun). A town in Middle- 
 sex County, Massachusetts, situated on the 
 Charles River 7 miles north of Boston. It con- 
 tains a United States arsenal. Population, 
 12,875, (1910). 
 
 1052 
 
 Watertown. Aeity,capitalof Jefferson County, 
 New York. Population, 26,730, (1910). 
 Watertown. A city in Jefferson and Dodge 
 counties, Wisconsin, situated on Rock River 
 44 miles west by north of Milwaukee, it is a rail- 
 road and manufacturing center, and the seat of North- 
 Western University (Lutheran). Population, 8,829, (1910). 
 Waterviile (wa'ter-vil). A city in Kennebec 
 County, Maine, situated ou the Kennebec 
 River 18 miles north-northeast of Augusta : 
 the seat of Colby College. Pop,, 11,458, (1910). 
 Watervliet (wa'ter-vlet). A city in Albany 
 County, New York. It is situated on the Hud- 
 son north of Albany. Pop., 15,074, (1910). 
 Watkins Glen (wot'kinz glen). A deep ravine 
 near Watkins, Schuyler County, New York, 
 celebrated for its picturesque scenery. 
 Watling (wot'ling) Island. A small island 
 of the Bahama group, West Indies, in lat. 24° 
 6' N., long. 74° 6' W. : generally supposed to 
 be the San Salvador of Columbus. See 
 Guanaha ni. 
 
 Watling (wot'ling) Street. [ME. Watling strete , 
 AS. Weetlinga street.'] One of the principal 
 Roman roads in Britain. It commenced at Dover, 
 passed through Canterbury to London, and thence went 
 by St. Albans, Dunstable, Stony Stratford, etc., passing 
 along the boundary line of the present counties of Lei- 
 cester and Warwick to Wroxeter on the Severn, and then 
 north to Chester. It had a number of branch roads di- 
 verging from it. 
 
 Watson (wot'son), James Craig. Born in On- 
 tario, Canada, Jan. 28, 1838: died at Madison, 
 Wis., Nov. 23, 1880. An American astronomer, 
 professor of astronomy and director of the ob- 
 servatory at the University of Michigan, and 
 after 1879 at the University of Wisconsin. He 
 discovered 23 asteroids and several comets; conducted 
 several United States astronomical expeditions, including 
 that to China in 1874 for the transit of Venus ; and wrote 
 “Popular Treatise on Comets” (1860), “Theoretical As- 
 tronomy " (1869),“ Tables for the Calculation of Simple and 
 ★ Compound Interest,” etc. 
 
 Watson, John: pseudonym Ian Maclaren. 
 
 Born at Manningtree, Essex, Nov. 3, 1850 : died 
 at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, May 6, 1907. A 
 Scottish clergyman and author. He was assistant 
 at churches in Edinburgh and Glasgow ; pastor of the Free 
 Church, Logiealmond, Perthshire; and 1880-1905 pastor of 
 the English PreBbyterian Church, Sefton Park, LiverpooL 
 He wrote “ Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush ” (1894), “The 
 Days of Auld Lang Syne ” (1895), “ The Upper Room ” 
 (1896), “ The Mind of the Master ” (1896), “ Kate Carnegie ” 
 (1896), etc. 
 
 Watson, Richard. Born at Heversham, West- 
 moreland, 1737 : died 1816. An English prel- 
 ate, theological writer, and chemist: bishop 
 of Llandaff (1782). He wrote an “ Apology for Chris- 
 tianity ” (1776 : in answer to Gibbon), etc. 
 
 Watson, William. Born at Wharfedale, York- 
 shire. An English poet. His poem “Wordsworth’s 
 Grave” drew attention to him in 1892, and in that y ear he re- 
 ceived a civil pension of £200 rendered vacant by the death 
 of Tennyson. His “Lachrym* Musarum” was the finest ode 
 written on the death of the latter. He had previously pub- 
 lished “Love Lyrics," “The Prince’s Quest,” “Epigrams 
 of Art, Life, and Nature ”; and he has also published “ The 
 Eloping Angels” (1893), “Excursions in Criticism,” “Odes 
 and Other Poems ” (1894), “The Purple East" (1896), “The 
 Hope of the World ’’ (1897), “ For England ” (1903), “ Sable 
 and Purple ’’ (1910), “ The Heralds of the Dawn " (1912), etc. 
 Watt (wot), James. Born at Greenock, Scot- 
 land, Jan. 19, 1736: died at Heathfield, near 
 Birmingham, Aug. 25, 1819. A famous British 
 mechanician, inventor, and civil engineer. He 
 was apprenticed to an instrument-maker in London in 
 1755 ; became mathematical-instrument maker to the Uni- 
 versityof Glasgowinl757;began experiments in improving 
 the steam-engine about 1760 ; and invented (he condensing 
 steam-engine in 1765 and obtained a patent in 1769. Many 
 other improvements were devised later and patented. He 
 formed a partnership with Boulton in Binningham and 
 began the manufacture of steam-engines in 1775. 
 
 Watt, Robert. Born at Stewarton, Ayrshire, 
 May, 1774: died March 12, 1819. A Scottish 
 physician and bibliographer. His “Bibliotheca 
 Britannica” (4 volumes, published posthumously in 1824) 
 is a compilation showing great industry and wide research, 
 and is of great value as an index to literature. 
 
 Watteau (va-to'), Jean Antoine. Born at Va- 
 lenciennes, France, Oct. 10, 1684: died at No- 
 gent-sur-Marne, France, July 18, 1721. A French 
 genre-painter. He studied with Gillot in Paris in 1702, 
 and later with Audran. He was unusually successful with 
 subjects representing conventional shepherds and shep- 
 herdesses, fetes champetres, rustic dances, etc. The style 
 of female dress represented in many of them, consisting of 
 what was known as a “sacque” with loose plaits hang- 
 ing from the shoulders, is still known as the Watteau. 
 Ten of his pictures are in the Louvre, and specimens are 
 in all the principal galleries of Europe. 
 Watterson(wot'er-son), Henry. Born at Wash- 
 ington, D. C-, 1840. "An American journalist, 
 Democratic politician, and orator. He served on 
 the Confederate side in the Civil War. and became noted 
 as the editor of the Lonisville “ Courier-Journal,’’ and as 
 a prominent advocate of free trade. He was member of 
 Congress from Kentucky 1876-77. 
 
 Wawre 
 
 Wattignies (va-ten-ye'). A village in the de- 
 partment of Nord, France, near Lille. Here, 
 Oct. 15-16, 1793, the French under Jourdan de- 
 feated the Austrians under Clairfayt. 
 Wattrelos (vatr-lo'). A town in the depart- 
 ment of Nord, France, 9 miles northeast of 
 Lille. Population, commune, 27,503. 
 
 Watts (wots), Alaric Alexander. Born at 
 London, March 16, 1797 : died there, April 5, 
 1864. An English poet and journalist. He was 
 editor of the Leeds “Intelligencer” 1822-25, and of the 
 Manchester “Courier” 1825-26; and was an assistant on 
 the London “ Standard ’’ in 1827 and 1841-47. He founded 
 the “ United Service Gazette” in 1833, and edited it until 
 1847. He established more than twenty journals between 
 1842 and 1847, when he severed his connection with the 
 press. His works include “Poetical Sketches” (1822), 
 
 “ Lyrics of the Heart "(1850), etc. He edited “The Liter- 
 ary Souvenir ” (1824-38), “ Poetical Album ’’ (1828-29), “ Cab- 
 inet of British Art, etc.” (1835-38), and other similar works. 
 These were illustrated by line-engravings after Etty, 
 Stothard, Westall, and others, and were very popular. 
 
 Watts, George Frederick. Born at London, 
 Feb. 23, 1817 : died there, July 1, 1904. An Eng- 
 lish historical, subject, and portrait painter, 
 and sculptor. He was a pupil of the Royal Academy, 
 and was elected royal academician In 1868. His works 
 include : cartoon, “ Caractacus ’’ (1843) ; colossal oil-paint- 
 ings, “Echo" and “Alfred the Great” (1847); frescos, 
 “ St. George and the Dragon ’’ (Parliament House), “ The 
 School of Legislation ” (dining-hall of Lincoln's Inn). Be- 
 sides Iris portraits of Tennyson, Browning, William Mor- 
 ris, Stuart Mill, Dean Stanley, Swinburne, Matthew Ar- 
 nold, Holman Hunt, Lord Lytton, Gladstone, and others, 
 he painted “Paolo and Francesca” (1848), “Fata Mor- 
 gana" (1848), “Life's Illusions" (1849), “Sir Galahad" 
 (1862), “Love and Death” (1877), “Orpheus and Euryd- 
 ice" (1879), “Love and Life”(1884), “Hope” (1886), “She 
 Shall be Called Woman” (1892), “Sic Transit ’’ (1893), etc. 
 Watts, Isaac. Bom at. Southampton, July 17, 
 1674: died at Theobalds, Herts, Nov. 25, i748. 
 An English nonconformist theologian, hymn- 
 writer, and author: pastor of an Independent 
 church in London. He is best known from his sacred 
 poems, “Horse Lyric® "(1706), “ Hymns ” (1707), “ Psalms 
 of David ’’ (1719), “Psalms, Hymns, and Spiritual Songs” 
 (in many editions), and “ Divine and Moral Songs for Chil- 
 dren ”(1720). He also wrote " Logic ” (1725), “Improve- 
 ment of the Mind ” (1741), catechisms, and philosophical 
 and theological works. 
 
 Watts, Thomas. Born at London, 1811 : died 
 there, Sept. 9, 1869. An English author, as- 
 sistant librarian of the British Museum from 
 1838. He published a “Sketch of the His- 
 torv of the Welsh Language and Literature” 
 (1861). 
 
 Watt’s Dyke. See Offa’s Dyke. 
 
 Wat Tyler’s (wot ti'lerz) Rebellion. See Tyler, 
 Wat. 
 
 Waukegan (wa-ke'gan). The capital of Lake 
 County, Illinois, situated on Lake Mi oh man 
 35 miles north by west of Chicago. Population, 
 16,069, (1910). 
 
 Waukesha (wa'ke-sha). The capital of Wau- 
 kesha County, Wisconsin, 18 miles west of 
 Milwaukee. It is a watering-place. Popula- 
 tion, 8,740, (1910). 
 
 Wausau (wa'sa). The capital of Marathon 
 County, Wisconsin, situated on the Wisconsin 
 River 130 miles north of Madison. Population, 
 16,560, (1910). 
 
 Waveney (wa've-ni). A river on the boundary 
 between Norfolk and Suffolk, England, which 
 joins the Yare near Yarmouth. 
 
 Waverley (wa'ver-li), or ’Tis Sixty Years 
 Since. A novel by Sir Walter Scott, the first 
 of the “Waverley Novels,” published in 1814. 
 The scene is laid principally in Scotland during 
 the Jacobite rebellion of 1745. 
 
 Waverley Dramas. A series of eight dramas 
 founded on the “Waverley Novels.” They were 
 produced at Edinburgh 1818-24 : seven of them were pub- 
 lished there in 1823. 
 
 Waverley Novels. The novels written by Sir 
 Walter Scott: so named from “ Waverley,” the 
 first of the series. They were published anonymous- 
 ly “by the author of Waverley " till 1827, when the author 
 disclosed the identity of the “Great Unknown” at a din- 
 ner for the benefit of the Edinburgh theatrical fund. See 
 Scott. 
 
 Wavertree (wa'ver-tre). A township in Lan- 
 cashire, England, 3 miles east of Liverpool. 
 Population, 25,303. 
 
 Wavre (vavr). A town in the province of Bra- 
 bant, Belgium, situated on the Dyle 15 miles 
 southeast of Brussels. It was the scene of a battle, 
 June 18, 1815, between the French under Grouchy and 
 the Prussians under Thielmann. Grouchy was checked 
 and prevented from hindering Bliicher’s march to Water- 
 loo, and from reaching the battle-field in time with his 
 own force. 
 
 Wawre (va'vre). A village north of Warsaw, 
 situated on the Vistula: the 6cene of Polish 
 successes over the Russians Feb. 19 and March 
 31. 1831. 
 
Wayland, Francis 
 
 Wayland (wa'land), Francis. Born at New 
 York city, Marcii 11, 1796: died at Providence, 
 R. I., Sept. 30, 1865. An American Baptist 
 clergyman, educator, and author. He graduated 
 at Union College in 1813, and was president of Brown 
 University 1827-55. His works include “Elements of 
 Moral Science " (1835), “ Elements of Political Economy ” 
 (1837), “ Limitations of Human Responsibility ” (1838), 
 “Thoughts on the Present Collegiate System in the 
 United States ” (1842), “Domestic Slavery Considered as a 
 Scriptural Institution "(1845), “Memoir of Adoniram Jud- 
 son "(1853), “Elements of Intellectual Philosophy" (1854), 
 “Notes on the Principles and Practices of Baptist 
 Churches” (1857), etc. 
 
 Wayland Smith. [AS. Weland, ON. Volundr, 
 G. Wieland .] In English folk-lore, an invisible 
 smith who once dwelt at an old stone monu- 
 ment near Ashdown in Berkshire, if a horse had 
 cast a shoe, it was only necessary to lead him thither, 
 place a piece of money on the stone, and retire for a while. 
 Upon returning, the money was gone and the horse shod. 
 The legend of Wayland, the most skilful of smiths, is 
 common Germanic property. In the Anglo-Saxon poem 
 “Beowulf,” aprecious piece of armor is called “ Welandes 
 geweorc”(‘ Weland’s work”). His deeds are the subject 
 of the “ Volundar Kvidha” (‘ Lay of Volund ’ ) in the Elder 
 Edda. According to the Old Norse “Vilkina Saga,” he 
 was taught first by the smith Mime, and then by two 
 dwarfs. Swedish legend locates his grave near Siseback 
 in Scania. Scott introduces him as a character in “Kenil- 
 worth.” In recent German literature he is the subject 
 of the poem “Wieland der Schmied,” by Karl Simrock. 
 
 Wayland Wood. A wood near Watton, Eng- 
 land, the legendary scene of the murder of the 
 “ Children in the Wood.” 
 
 Wayne (wan), Anthony. Bom in Chester 
 County, Pa., Jan. 1, 1745: died at Presque Isle 
 (Erie), Pa., Dec. 15, 1796. An American gen- 
 eral: called “Mad Anthony Wayne.” in early 
 life he was a surveyor ; was a member of the Pennsylva- 
 nia legislature in 1774, and of the committee of safety in 
 1775 ; was colonel of Pennsylvania troops in Canada, and 
 served at Three Elvers in 1776 ; commanded at Ticonderoga 
 in 1776 ; became brigadier-general in Feb., 1777, and joined 
 Washington’s army; served at Brandywine, where he 
 commanded a division ; was surprised by the British at 
 Paoli Sept. 20, 1777 ; commanded the right wing at Ger- 
 mantown in Oct., 1777 ; conducted a successful raid within 
 the British lines in 1778; served at Monmouth in 1778; 
 stormed Stony Point July 15, 1779 ; suppressed a mutiny 
 in Jan., 1781 ; commanded at Green Spring in 1781 ; and 
 served at the siege of Yorktown. He defeated the British 
 and Indians in the south in 1782. In 1783 he was bre- 
 vetted major-general ; became a member of the Pennsylva- 
 nia ratifying convention ; and was member of Congress 
 from Georgia 1791-92. In 1792 he was appointed major- 
 general and commander-in-chief of the army. He took 
 command of the army in the West; defeated the Indians 
 at Fallen Timbers, Maumee Rapids, in 1794 ; built Fort 
 Wayne ; and negotiated a peace with the Indians in 1795. 
 
 Waynesboro (wanz'bu-ro). A small place in 
 the Shenandoah valley, in Augusta County, Vir- 
 ginia. There, March 2, 1865, the Federals un- 
 der Sheridan defeated the Confederates under 
 Early. 
 
 Waynflete (wan'flet), William. Died 1486. 
 An English prelate, bishop of Winchester : 
 founder of Magdalen College, Oxford. He was 
 lord high chancellor under Henry VI. 
 
 Way of the World, The. A comedy by Con- 
 greve, produced in 1700. 
 
 Ways of the Hour, The. A novel by Cooper, 
 published in 1850. 
 
 Wazan (wa-zan'). A sacred city of Morocco, 
 southeast of Tangiers. 
 
 Weakest Goeth to the Wall, The. A play at- 
 tributed to Webster and Dekker (1600). It was 
 probably by Munday. 
 
 Weald ( weld). The name given in England to an 
 oval-shaped area, bounded by a line topograph- 
 ically well marked by an escarpment of the 
 Chalk, which begins at Folkestone Hill, near 
 the Strait of Dover, and passes through the 
 counties of Kent, Surrey, Hants, and Sussex, 
 meeting the sea again at Beachy Head, it em- 
 braces the southwestern part of Kent, the southern part 
 of Surrey, the north and northeastern half of Sussex, and 
 a small part of the eastern side of Hampshire. 
 
 Wealth of Nations, The. The chief work of 
 Adam Smith, published in 1776: the founda- 
 tion of the science of political economy. 
 
 Wear (wer). A river in Durham, England, 
 which flows into the North Sea at Sunderland. 
 Length, about 60 miles. 
 
 Weathercock (weTii'er-kok), The. A name 
 given to Charles Townsliend, on account of the 
 instability of his political opinions. 
 
 Weaver (we'v£r). A small river in Cheshire, 
 England, which joins the estuary of the Mer- 
 sey 12 miles southeast of Liverpool. 
 
 Weaver, James B. Bom at Dayton, Ohio, June 
 12, 1833 : died at Des Moines, Iowa, Feb. 6, 1912. 
 An American politician. He served in the Civil 
 War, attaining the rank of brigadier-general ; was member 
 of Congress from Iowa 1879-81 ; was the candidate of the 
 Greenback-Labor party for President in 1880, and of the 
 People’s party in 1892 ; and was GreenbacK-Labor and 
 Democratic member of Congress from Iowa 1885-89. 
 
 1053 
 
 Webb (web), Alexander Stewart. Born at 
 New York, Feb. 15, 1835 : died Feb. 12, 1911. 
 An American general. He graduated at West Point 
 in 1855; served at Gettysburg, (awarded Congressional 
 medal of honor for personal gallantry), Bristow Station, 
 Spotsylvania, and elsewhere ; was professor atWestPoint 
 1866-68 ; and president of the College of the City of New 
 York 1869-1903. He wrote “The Peninsula : McClellan's 
 Campaign of 1862 ” (1882), etc. 
 
 Weber (va/ber), Albrecht Friedrich. Born at 
 Breslau, Prussia, Feb. 17, 1825 : died at Berlin, 
 Nov. 30, 1901. A noted German Orientalist, 
 professor at Berlin 1856-1901. His chief works are 
 “Indische Studien” (17 vols. 1849-85), and an edition of 
 the “ White Yajurveda” (1849-59). 
 
 Weber, Ernst Heinrich. Born at Wittenberg, 
 Prussia, June 24, 1795: died at Leipsic, Jan. 
 26, 1878. A noted German physiologist and 
 anatomist, professor at Leipsic from 1818. His 
 works include “Anatomia comparata nervi sympathiei” 
 (1817), “De aure et auditu hominis et animalium” (1820), 
 “ Annotations anatomicse et physiologicse ” (1851), etc. 
 
 Weber, Georg. Born Feb. 10,1808: died Aug. 
 10, 1888. A German historian. His chief work 
 is “ Allgemeine Weltgeschichte ” (“ Universal History, 15 
 vols. 1S57-S0). He also wrote “Geschichte der deutschen 
 Litteratur” (many editions), etc. 
 
 Weber, Baron Karl Maria Friedrich Ernst 
 von. Born at Eutin, Germany, Dec. 18, 1786: 
 died at London, June 5, 1826. A celebrated 
 German composer: famous as the creator of 
 romantic opera. He received his musical education 
 from Heuschkel, Michael Haydn, Kalcher, and Vogler; 
 was appointed kapellmeister at Breslau 1804-06 ; was 
 private secretary to the Duke of Wtirtemberg at Stutt- 
 gart 1807-10 ; lived in Mannheim. Darmstadt, and else- 
 where; was appointed kapellmeister in Prague in 1813, 
 and in Dresden in 1816 ; and visited London in 1826, where 
 he died. He had a lively interest in mechanical processes, 
 especially wood-engraving and lithography. His work3 
 include the operas “ Der Freischiitz ” (1820), “ Euryanthe ” 
 (l823), “ Oberon ” (1826), “ Silvana ” (1810), “ Abu Hassan ’* 
 (1811), fragments of “Das Waldmadchen” (1800), “Rube- 
 zahl,” etc.; music to “Preciosa,” etc. 
 
 Weber, Wilhelm Eduard. Born at Witten- 
 berg, Prussia, Oct. 24, 1804: died at Gottingen, 
 June 23, 1891. A distinguished German physi- 
 cist, brother of Ernst Heinrich Weber : professor 
 at Gottingen from 1831 (with the exception of 
 the years 1837-49) : especially noted for his re- 
 searches in magnetism and electricity. He was 
 one of the seven liberal professors excluded from Got- 
 tiugen in 1837. He was associated with his brother in his 
 work on wave-theory, “ Wellenlehre ” (1825), with Gauss 
 in “ Resultate aus den Beobachtungen des magnetischen 
 Vereins 1836-41 ” and “ Atlas des Erdmagnetismus ” (1840). 
 Weber (we'ber) Canon. A deep canon of the 
 Weber River, noted for its scenery. It is trav- 
 ersed by the Union Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Weber River. A small river in northern Utah, 
 a tributary to Great Salt Lake. 
 
 Webster (web'ster), Daniel. Born at Salis- 
 bury (Franklin), N. H., Jan. 18, 1782: died 
 at Marshfield, Mass., Oct. 24, 1852. A famous 
 American statesman, orator, and lawyer. He 
 studied at Exeter Academy and Boscawen,NewHampshire; 
 graduated atDartmouthCollege in 1801; was admitted tothe 
 bar at Boston in 1805 ; practised law at Boscawen and Ports- 
 mouth ; was Federalist member of Congress from New 
 Hampshire 1813-17 ; and removed to Boston in 1816. He 
 acquired a national reputation as a lawyer in the Dart- 
 mouth College case in 1818 ; was member of Congress from 
 Massachusetts 1823-27; was Whig United States senator 
 from Massachusetts 1827-41 ; became famous for his con- 
 stitutional speeches in reply to Hayne in 1830, and in op- 
 position to Calhoun in 1833; opposed Jackson on the 
 United States Bank question ; received several electoral 
 votes for President in 1836; and was an unsuccessful can- 
 didate for the Whig nomination in later years. In 1839 
 he visited Europe. He was secretary of state 1841-43 ; ne- 
 gotiated the Ashburton treaty with Great Britain 1842; 
 was United States senator from Massachusetts 1845-60; 
 opposed the Mexican war and the annexation of Texas; 
 supported Clay’s compromise measures in his “7th of 
 March speech ” in 1850 ; was secretary of state 1850-52 ; and 
 was again candidate for the Whig nomination for President 
 in 1852. His chief public speeches (aside from those made 
 in Congress and at the bar) are addresses delivered on the 
 anniversary at Plymouth in 1820, on thelayingof the corner- 
 stone of Bunker Hill monument in 1825, on the deaths of 
 Jefferson and Adams in 1826, on the dedication of Bunker 
 Hill monument in 1843, and on the laying of the corner- 
 stone of the addition to the Capitol in 1851. 
 
 Webster, Fletcher. Bom 1813: killed at the 
 second battle of Bull Run, Aug. 30, 1862. The 
 son of Daniel Webster. He was a colonel in 
 the Civil War. 
 
 Webster, John. Flourished in the first part of 
 the 17th century (1602-24). An English dram- 
 atist, noted for his tragedies. Little is known of 
 his biography. He assisted Dekker, Drayton, Middleton, 
 and others in “Lady Jane ”(1602) and “The Two Harpies” 
 (1602). He published, with Dekker, “Northward Ho!” 
 (1607), “ Westward Ho ! ” (1607), and “ The History of Sir 
 Thomas Wyat” (played in 1607). “ The Weakest Goeth to 
 
 the Wall ’’ (1600) is attributed, without authority, to him. 
 His finest plays are “ The White Devil ” (printed 1612) and 
 “The Duchess of Maid " (printed 1623). He also wrote 
 “The Devil’s Law Case ” (1623), a city pageant (1624), and 
 “ Applus and Virginia" (not printed till 1654). Twoother 
 plays are attributed to Webster and Rowley: “A Cure 
 
 Weigl 
 
 for a Cuckold "and “A Thracian Wonder” (both printed 
 in 1661). 
 
 Webster, Noah. Born at Hartford, Conn., Oct. 
 16, 1758 : died at New Haven, Conn., May 28, 
 1843. An American lexicographer and author. 
 He entered Yale in 1774 ; served in the Revolutionary War 
 in 1777 ; graduated at Yale in 1778 ; and was admitted to 
 the bar in 1781. He taught in various places, and iu 1788 
 settled in New York as a journalist. In 1798 he removed 
 to New Haven, and in 1812 to Amherst, Massachusetts, 
 where he took part in the founding of the college and was 
 the first president of its board of trustees. He returned to 
 New Haven in 1822. He published “A Grammatical In- 
 stitute of the English Language ” (1783-85 : comprising 
 spelling-book, grammar, and reader), “ Dissertations on the 
 English Language ”(1789), “A Compendious Dictionary of 
 the English Language” (1806), and “A Grammar of ‘the 
 English Language ”(1807). He is best known from his large 
 “ American Dictionary of th e English Language ” (1828 ; 2d 
 ed. 1841). Among his other works are “Rights of Neutrals” 
 (1802), “ Collection of Papers on Political, Literary, and 
 Moral Subjects” (1843), and a brief history of the United 
 States (1823). 
 
 Weckherlin(vek'er-lcn), Georg Rudolf. Born 
 at Stuttgart, 1584: died about 1653. A German 
 poet. He introduced tbe ode, sonnet, and other 
 forms of verse into German literature. 
 Weddahs. See Veddalis. 
 
 Wedderburn (wed'er-bem), Alexander, first 
 Earl of Rosslyn. Born in East Lothian, Feb. 13, 
 1733: died near Windsor, England, Jan. 2, 1805. 
 A British politician and jurist. He became solici- 
 tor-general in 1771, and attorney -general in 1773 ; and was 
 chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas 1780-93, and 
 lord chancellor 1793-1801. He was created Baron Lough- 
 borough in 1780, and earl of Rosslyn in 1801. 
 
 Wedgwood ( wej ' wud ) , Josiah. Bom at Burs- 
 lem, England, July 12,1730: diedat Etruria, near 
 Newcastle-under-Lyme, Jan. 3, 1795. A cele- 
 brated English potter, noted especially for his 
 copies of classical vases and other antiquities. 
 Wedmore (wed'mor). A place in Somerset* 
 England, 8 miles west of Wells. Here, in 878, a 
 peace was concluded between Guthrum, king of the Danes, 
 and Alfred the Great. The latter secured Wessex and the 
 southern part of Mercia ; the region lying in general north 
 of Watling Street and the Thames valley fell to the Danes. 
 Wednesbury (wenz'bu-ri). A town in Stafford- 
 shire, England, 7 miles northwest of Birming- 
 ham. It is an iron- and coal-mining center, and hasmanu- 
 factures of iron and steel. Population, 26,554. 
 Wednesday (wenz'da). [Lit. ‘Woden’s day.’] 
 The fourth day of the week. 
 
 Weed (wed), Thurlow, Bom at Cairo, Greene 
 County, N. Y., Nov. 15, 1797 : died at New York 
 city, Nov. 22, 1882. A noted American jour- 
 nalist and politician. He was educated as a printer ; 
 served in the War of 1812 ; was editor of various papers in 
 New York, including the “Agriculturist "(Norwich, N. Y.), 
 “ Onondaga County Republican,” “Rochester Telegraph,” 
 and “Anti-Mason Enquirer" ; became famous as editor of 
 the Albany “ Evening Journal ” 1830-62, and as one of the 
 leaders of the Whig and Republican parties ; and was very 
 influential in State and national polities 1824-76. He was 
 instrumental in nominating Harrison in 1836 and 1840, 
 Clay in 1844, Taylor in 1848, and Scott in 1852 ; formed with 
 Seward and Greeley a triumvirate in New York ; supported 
 Lincoln and the war ; and was sent by Lincoln on amission 
 to Europe 1861-62. After the war he was for a short time 
 editor of the New York “Commercial Advertiser.” He 
 published “Letters from Europe and the West Indies" 
 (1866), “ Reminiscences ”(“ Atlantic Monthly," 1870), and 
 an “Autobiography/’ completed by T. W. Barnes (1884). 
 Weehawken (we-ha'ken). A township in Hud- 
 son County, New Jersey, north of Hoboken, 
 opposite New York city. It was the scene of 
 the duel between Burr and Hamilton in 1804. 
 Population, township, 11,228, (1910). 
 
 Weeping Philosopher, The. A name given 
 to Heraclitus. 
 
 Wega. See Vega. 
 
 Wegg (weg), Silas. A wooden-legged seller 
 of fruit and printed ballads in Dickens’s “ Our 
 Mutual Friend,” employed by Mr. Boffin, whose 
 education had been neglected, to read to him 
 out of “old familiar Deeline-and-Fall-off-the- 
 Rooshan-Empire,” with an occasional drop into 
 poetry. Wegg turns out to be a rascal. 
 Weggis, or Waggis (veg'gis). A village in the 
 canton of Lucerne, Switzerland, situated on 
 the Lake of Lucerne 7 miles east by south of 
 Lucerne : a health and tourist resort. 
 
 Wehlau (va'lou). A town in the province of 
 East Prussia, Prussia, situated at the junction of 
 the Alle with the Pregel, 29 miles east of Konigs- 
 berg. Here a peace was concluded between Poland and 
 Brandenburg Sept. 19, 1657, by which Poland renounced 
 her suzerainty over the duchy of Prussia, and Branden- 
 burg restored its receut conquests to Poland. Population, 
 commune, 5,322. 
 
 Wehrathal (va'rii-tal). One of tho most pic- 
 turesque valleys in the southern part of the 
 Black Forest, Germany, near the Swiss frontier. 
 Weichsel (vik'sel). The German name of the 
 Vistula. 
 
 Weigl (vigl), Joseph. Bom at Eisenstadt, 
 March 28, 1766 : died at Vienna, Feb. 3, 1846 
 
Weigl 
 
 An Austrian composer of opera. He was made 
 second court kapellmeister in 1827. He composed about 
 SO operas, both German and Italian. Among them are the 
 “Schweizer Familie "(1809), “Das Waisenhaus," “L’Uni- 
 forme,” “Cleopatra" (1807), “II rivale di se stesso” (1807), 
 “L’lmboscata” (1815), etc. He also composed a number 
 of cantatas, two oratorios, etc. 
 
 Wei-hai-wei (wa'i-hi-wa'i). A seaport on the 
 north shore of the Shan-tung peninsula, China, 
 leased to Great Britain in 1898. 
 
 Wei-ho (wa'ho'). A river in northwestern 
 China which joins the Yellow River at the 
 junction of the provinces of Shensi, Shansi, 
 and Honan. Length, about 500 miles. 
 
 Weil (vil), Gustav. Born April 24, 1808 : died 
 Aug. 30, 1889. A German historian and Orien- 
 talist, professor at Heidelberg. He wrote “ Mo- 
 hammed” (1843), “Geschichte der Kalifen ” (“History 
 of the Califs," 1846-62), a translation of the “Arabian 
 Nights,” works on the Koran and Arabian literature, “Ge- 
 schichte der islamitischen Volker ” (1866), etc. 
 Weilburg (vil'borG). A town in the province 
 of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated on the Lahn 
 33 miles northwest of Frankfort. It has a castle, 
 the ancient residence of the dukes of Nassau-Weilburg. 
 Population, 3,828. 
 
 Weilen(vi'len),or Weil(vil), Joseph von. Born 
 at Tetin, Bohemia, Dee. 18, 1830. An Austrian 
 dramatist and poet. He wrote the poems “Phanta- 
 sien und Lieder ” (1853), “Manner vom Scliwerte,” etc. ; 
 th e dramas “Tristan” (1860), “ Edda” (1865), etc. 
 
 Weimar (vi'mar). The capital of the grand 
 duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Germany, sit- 
 uated on the Ilm in lat. 50° 58' N., long. 11° 
 19' E. It became famous as the “ German Athens,” the 
 centerof German literature, in the last quarterof the 18th 
 and the first quarter of the 19th century, from the resi- 
 dence there of Goethe, Schiller, Herder, and Wieland un- 
 der the patronage of the grand duke Charles Augustus. 
 It was also the place of residence of Cranach, Liszt, etc. 
 'Goethe's house, given to the poet by the grand duke, and 
 occupied by him for 40 years, is now arranged as a Goethe 
 Museum, and restored to its condition at the time of 
 Goethe’s occupancy. It contains gifts and other personal 
 souvenirs of the poet, portraits in painting and sculpture, 
 and much else of artistic and historical interest. Other 
 objects of interest are the palace (built under Goethe’s su- 
 perintendence), museum, library, theater, Schiller’s house, 
 groupof statuary(Schillerand Goethe), statuesof Wieland, 
 Herder, and Charles Augustus, tombs, etc., and the neigh- 
 boring chateaus of Belvedere, Tiefurt, and Ettersburg. 
 Weimar became the capital in the middle of the 16th cen- 
 tury. Population, commune, 31,117. 
 
 Weimar, Duke of (Bernhard). See Bernhard. 
 Weinsberg (vins'berG). A town in the Neekar 
 circle, Wiirtemberg, 27 miles north by east of 
 Stuttgart : formerly a free imperial city. A vic- 
 tory was gained there by the emperor Conrad over Count 
 Welf in 1140. In this battle, according to tradition, were 
 for the first time used the war-cries “Hie Waiblingen 1” 
 “ Hie Welf ! ” See Guelfs and Ghibellines. Population, 3, 097. 
 
 Weir (wer), Harrison William. Bom May 5, 
 
 1824: died Jan. 3, 1906. An English engraver, 
 illustrator, and sketeber of animals. 
 
 Weir, John Ferguson. Born at West Point, 
 N. Y., Aug. 28, 1841. An American subject- a nd 
 portrait-painter, son and pupil of R. W. Weir. 
 He was made a national academician in 1806, and became 
 director of the Yale School of Fine Arts in 1869. Among his 
 works are “Christmas Bells," “Gun Foundry” (1807), 
 “Forging the Shaft ” (1868). 
 
 Weir, Julian Alden. Born at West Point, Aug. 
 30, 1852. An American genre- and portrait- 
 painter, son and pupil of R. W. Weir. He studied 
 with Gerome in Paris 1872-76, and was elected national 
 academician in 1886. He was one of the founders of the 
 Society of American Artists. Among his works are “ Idle 
 Hours,” ^ “ Green Bodice,” “Breton Interior,” “The 
 Mother,” a number of tlower-pieces, and water-color paint- 
 ings. 
 
 Weir, Robert Walter. Born at New Rochelle, 
 N. Y., June 18, 1803: died at New York, May 
 1, 1889. An American historical and landscape 
 painter. He studied at Florence and Borne ; was elected 
 national academician in 1829 ; and was professor of draw- 
 ing at West Point 1837-79. Among his paintings are “Em- 
 barkation of the Pilgrims "(Capitol, Washington), “Land- 
 ing of Hendrik Hudson,” “Columbus before the Council 
 of Salamanca.” 
 
 Weird Sisters, The. The three witches in 
 Shakspere’s “Macbeth.” 
 
 Weishaupt (vis'houpt), Adam. Bom at Ingol- 
 stadt, Bavaria, Feb. 6, 1748 : died at Gotha, 
 Nov. 18, 1830. A German author, founder of 
 the Illuminati. He wrote “ Apologie der Illuminaten” 
 (1786), “Das verbesserte System der Illuminaten ”(1787), 
 “Pythagoras ” (1790), etc. 
 
 Weismann (vis'man), August. Born at Frank- 
 f ort-on-the-Main, J an. 17, 1834. A noted German 
 zoologist. He studied rnedii ine at Gottingen, Vienna, 
 and Paris, and also paid special attention to the natural 
 sciences. He began to devote himself to zoology with 
 Leuckart at Giessen in 1863. He has been specially inter- 
 ested in biology. In 1873 he became professor at Freiburg. 
 Among his principal works are “Die Entwickelung der 
 Dipteren ’(1864), “Studien zur DescendenzTheorie” (1875— 
 1870), “Naturgeschichte der Daphniden ” (1876-79). “Die 
 Entstehung der Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen ” 
 (1883), and a number of philosophical treatises. 
 
 1054 
 
 Weisse (vis'se), Christian Hermann. Bom 
 
 at Leipsic, Aug. 10, 1801 : died at Leipsic, Sept. 
 19, 1866. A German philosopher, professor at 
 Leipsic. He wrote “System der Asthetik” 
 
 ( 1830), and many other philosophical works. 
 
 Weissenburg (vis 'sen -bora), or Kronweis- 
 senburg (kron-vis'sen-borG). [F. Wissem- 
 bourg .] A town in Lower Alsace, Alsace-Lor- 
 raine, situated on the Lauter, near the fron- 
 tier of the Palatinate, 32 miles north by east 
 of Strasburg. It was a free imperial city, and was for- 
 merly fortified. It passed to France in 1697, and to Ger- 
 many in 1871. A victory was gained there, Aug. 4, 1870, by 
 the Germans under the Crown Prince of Prussia over the 
 French under Douay (who fell in the battle). This was the 
 first important engagement in the Franco-German war. 
 Population, commune, 6,788. 
 
 Weissenburg, or Lauterburg (lou'ter-bora), 
 Lines. Fortifications formerly extending from 
 Weissenburg in Alsace to Lauterburg. They were 
 taken by the Austrians under Wurmser in 1793; were re- 
 taken by the French under Pichegru in 1793 ; and were de- 
 stroyed in 1873. 
 
 Weissenfels (vis'sen-fels). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Saale 
 20 miles southwest of Leipsic. it has manufac- 
 tures and trade. From 1657 to 1746 it was a residence of 
 the dukes of Saxe-Weissenfels. Pop., commune, 30,894. 
 
 Weissenstein (vls'sen-stln). A mountain of 
 the Jura, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzer- 
 land, near Solothurn : noted for its prospect. 
 Height, 4,220 feet. 
 
 Weisshorn (vis'horn). [G.,‘ white town.’] 1. 
 A mountain in the Bernese Alps, on the bor- 
 ders of the cantons of Bern and Valais, Swit- 
 zerland, north of Sierre. Height, 9,882 feet. — 
 2. A peak of the Pennine Alps, in the canton 
 of Valais, Switzerland, north of the Matter- 
 horn. Height, 14,803 feet. 
 
 Weissnichtwo (vis'nickt-vo). [G., ‘(I) know 
 not where.’] An imaginary city in Carlyle’s 
 “ Sartor Resartus.” 
 
 Weitspekan (wit'spek-a.n). A linguistic stock 
 of North American Indians: also often called 
 Yurolc, from its leading division. Its territory was 
 chiefly within the limits of Humboldt County, California ; 
 and it was in two divisions — the Yurok, inhabiting the 
 Klamath River and the coast from near its mouth south- 
 ward to Gold Bluff ; and the Cliilula, extending from the 
 latter point southward. The principal tribes or villages 
 are Mita, Pekwan, Rikwa, Sugon, and Weitspek. 
 
 Weitzel (vit'sel), Godfrey. Born at Cincin- 
 nati, Nov. 1, 1835 : died at Philadelphia, March 
 19, 1884. An American general and military en- 
 gineer. He graduated at West Point in 1855 ; was chief 
 engineer in Butler’s expedition to New Orleans in 1862, 
 and assistant military commander and acting mayor there ; 
 gained the victory of Labadieville, Louisiana, Oct, 27, 1862 ; 
 served before Port Hudson and in the Sabine Pass expe- 
 dition ; was chief engineer of the Army of the James in 
 1864, and corps commander ; took part in the capture of 
 Fort Harrison and in the first expedition against Fort 
 Fisher ; and was in command of the troops which occu- 
 pied Richmond April 3, 1865. He became major-general 
 of volunteers in Nov., 1864, and brevet major-general in 
 the regular army in March, 1865. 
 
 Welcker (vel'ker), Friedrich Gottlieb. Born 
 at Griinberg, Hesse, Nov. 4, 1784 : died atBonn, 
 Dec. 17, 1868. A German classical archaeologist 
 and philologist, professor at Bonn from 1819. 
 Among his works are “Die aschylische Trilogie ” (1824), 
 “Die griecliisclien Tragodien mit Riicksicht auf den ep- 
 ischen Cyclus geordnet” (1839^1), “Der epische Cyclus ” 
 (1835-49), “ Alte Denkmliler ” (1849-64). 
 
 Welde (weld), Thomas.. Born in England about 
 1590 : died 1662. An English clergyman. He emi- 
 grated to New England and became minister in Roxbury. 
 He wrote against the Antinomians, Familists, etc., and 
 was one of the authors of the “ Bay Psalm-Book ” (1640). 
 He returned to England. 
 
 Welf (velf). See Guelfs. 
 
 Welfesholze (vel'fes-holt-se). A place near 
 Eisleben, Germany, where in 1115 a battle oc- 
 c urred between the Saxon s and the Imperialists. 
 
 Welfs. A famous German princely house. 
 From it are descended the Brunswick and Ha- 
 nover lines. See Guelfs. 
 
 Welhaven (vel'ha-ven), Johan Sebastian 
 Cammermeyer. Born at Bergen, Dec. 20, 1807 : 
 died at Christiania, Oct. 21, 1873. A Norwegian 
 lyric poet. He was the son of a clergyman. In 1825 
 he went to Christiania to study theology at the university ; 
 but on the death of his father, in 1828, he gave this up for 
 a literary career. His first important work was a long 
 polemical poem, really a series of sonn ets, enti tied “ Norges 
 Domring” (“Norway's Twilight”), published in 1834. In 
 1840 he was made professor of philosophy at the Christi- 
 ania University, a position which he held until 1867, when 
 he was compelled to relinquish it on account of ill health. 
 Between 1839 and 1859 appeared numerous lyrical poems. 
 His pamphlet “Om Henrik Wergelands DigtekunstogPoe- 
 sie”(“On Henrik Wergeland’s Poetic Art and Poetry”), 
 published in 1832, was a merciless attack upon the poet 
 Wergeland. His collected writings were published at 
 Copenhagen 1867-68. 
 
 Welland (wel'and). 1 . A river in England 
 which separates in part Northampton from Lei- 
 
 Wellesley, Marquis of 
 
 cester, Rutland, and Lincoln, and flows into the 
 Wash. Length, about 70 miles. — 2. A small 
 river in Ontario which joins the Niagara above 
 the falls. 
 
 Welland Canal. A ship-canal in Ontario, ex- 
 tending from Port Colborne on Lake Erie to 
 Port DaLhousie on Lake Ontario. Length, 27 
 miles. It was opened in 1833. 
 
 Well-Beloved, The. [F. Bien-Aime.] A name 
 given to Charles VI. of France, and also to 
 Louis XV. 
 
 Welle (wel'le), or Welle-Makua (-ma-ko'a). 
 A large river in equatorial Africa which flows 
 westward from the vicinity ofWadelai. it is the 
 upper course of the Mobangi or Ubangi, and was discov- 
 ered by Schweinfurth iu 1870. Its connection with the 
 Ubangi was shown by Van Gele. 
 
 Weller (wel'er), Sam. The servant of Mr. 
 Pickwick in Dickens’s “ Pickwick Papers,” an 
 impudent witty fellow with an immense fund 
 of humor, a merry heart, and an inexhaustible 
 devotion to his master. His father, Tony Weller, is 
 an apoplectic pimple-nosed coachman, full of good nature 
 and kindliness, with a dread of “ widders ” and a great 
 admiration for his son Sam and Mr. Pickwick, His "sec- 
 ond wentur’” is a scolding slovenly woman, devoted to 
 religious matters. 
 
 Sam Weller, one of those people that take their place 
 among the supreme successes of fiction, as one that no- 
 body ever saw but everybody recognizes, at once perfectly 
 natural and intensely original. . . . Who is so amazed by 
 his inexhaustible resources, or so amused by his inextin- 
 guishable laughter, as to doubt of his being as ordinary 
 and perfect a reality, nevertheless, as anything in the Lon- 
 don streets 1 Forster, Life of Dickens, ii. 1. 
 
 Welles (welz), Gideon. Born at Glastonbury, 
 Conn., July 1, 1802: died at Hartford, Conn., 
 Feb. 11, 1878. An American politician. He was 
 editor of the “Hartford Times ” 1826-36, and a Democratic 
 leader. From 1846 to 1849 he was chief of the bureau of pro- 
 visions and clothing in the navy department. He joined 
 the Republican party in 1855, and became one of its lead- 
 ers. From 1861 to 1869 he was secretary of the navy. 
 
 Wellesley (welz'li), or Wesley (wez'li), Ar- 
 thur, Viscount Wellington, Earl and later Mar- 
 quis and Duke of Wellington. Born at Dublin 
 (or in Meath ?), Ireland, April 29 (May 1 ?), 1769 : 
 died at Walmer Castle, England, Sept. 14, 1852. 
 A famous British general and statesman, son 
 of the first Earl of Mornington, and younger 
 brother of the Marquis of Wellesley. He was 
 educated at Eton and at the military college of Angers ; 
 entered the army as ensign in 1787 ; was elected to 
 the Irish Parliament in 1790; served in the Netherlands 
 1794-95; was made a colonel in 1796 and sent to India ; 
 took part in the victory of Malaveli and the attack on 
 Seringapatam in 1799; was appointed governor of Mysore; 
 defeated the chieftain Doondiah in 1800 ; became major- 
 general in 1802 ; was commander of the expedition to 
 restore the Peshwa in 1803 ; defeated the Mahrattas at 
 Assaye (Sept. 23) and Argaum (Nov.) in 1803 ; negotiated 
 peace in 1803 ; and was knighted, and returned from 
 India in 1805. He took part in the expedition to Han- 
 nover in 1805 ; entered the British House of Commons in 
 1806 ; was secretary for Ireland in 1807 ; served in the ex- 
 pedition against Copenhagen in 1807 ; was made lieuten- 
 ant-general and commander of the forces in the Penin- 
 sula in 1808 ; gained the victory of Vimiero Aug. 21, 1808 ; 
 returned to England after the Convention of Cintra ; and 
 was again Irish secretary in 1809, and again commander- 
 in-chief in the Peninsula April, 1809. He gained the vic- 
 tory of Talavera in 1809, and was made Viscount Welling- 
 ton in the same year ; fortified the lines of Torres Vedras ; 
 repulsed the French at Busacoin 1810; gained the victory 
 of Fuentes d’Onoro in 1811 ; stormed Ciudad Rodrigo and 
 Badajoz in 1812 ; gained the victory of Salamanca in 1812, 
 and was made earl and marquis of Wellington in that year ; 
 occupied Madrid ; besieged Burgos unsuccessfully in 1812; 
 gained the victory of Vitoria in 1813 ; won various bat- 
 tles in the Pyrenees; captured San Sebastian and Pam- 
 plona in 1813 ; and invaded France and won the victories of 
 Orthez and Toulouse in 1814. In 1814 he was made duke 
 of Wellington. He was ambassador at Paris 1814-15, and 
 plenipotentiary at the Congress of Vienna 1815 ; gained the 
 victory of Quatre-Bras June 16, 1815 ; commanded with 
 Bliicher at Waterloo June 18, 1815 ; negotiated in the 
 restoration of the Bourbons and in the peace of Paris in 
 1815 ; was commander-in-chief of the army of occupa- 
 tion in France 1816-18; attended the congresses of Alx- 
 la-Chapelle in 1818 and Verona in 1822 ; became master- 
 general of the ordnance in 1818, and member of the cab- 
 inet ; was made ambassador to Russia in 1826 ; became 
 commander-in-chief of the army in 1827 ; and was prime 
 minister 1828-30. Catholic emancipation was carried in 
 his administration, but he opposed parliamentary reform. 
 He was foreign secretary 1834-35, and a member of the 
 cabinet 1841-46. 
 
 Wellesley, Marquis of (Richard Cowley or 
 Wesley or Wellesley, second Earl of Morn- 
 ington). Born at Dublin, June 20, 1760: died 
 at London, Sept. 26, 1842. A British statesman, 
 elder brother of the Duke of Wellington. He 
 succeeded to the earldom in 1781, and became a member 
 of the Irish House of Peers ; entered the English House 
 of Commons in 1784 ; became a lord of the treasury, mem- 
 ber of the privy council, and member of the board of control 
 on Indian affairs ; and was appointed governor-general of 
 India in 1797. lie arrived in India in 1798; overthrew 
 tiie power of Mysore in 1799 : defeated the Mahratta con- 
 federacy 1803-05 ; extinguished French influence in the 
 Deccan ; greatly developed British power in India ; and 
 returned in 1805, Iu 1797 he was made Baron Wellesley, 
 
Wellesley, Marquis of 
 
 1055 
 
 Werner, Franz von 
 
 and in 1799 marquis. He was ambassador to Spain 1808- 
 1809 ; foreign secretary 1809-12 ; lord lieutenant of Ireland 
 1821-28 and 1833-31 ; and lord chamberlain in 1835. 
 
 Wellesley College. An institution for the 
 higher education of women, situated at Welles- 
 ley, Massachusetts, 15 miles west by south of 
 Boston. It was founded by H. F. Durant, and opened 
 in 1875 ; is non-sectarian ; has a library of about 70,000 vol- 
 umes ; and has about 125 instructors and 1,400 students. 
 
 Wellesley Islands. A group of islands in the 
 Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia, belonging to 
 Queensland. The largest is Mornington Island. 
 
 Wellesley Province. An administrative divi- 
 sion of the British colony of Straits Settlements, 
 situated on the western side of the Malay Pe- 
 ninsula, about lat. 5° 20' N. 
 
 Well-Founded Doctor, The. [L. Doctor Fun- 
 datissimus .] A name given to iEgidius Ro- 
 manus of Colonna. 
 
 Wellhausen (vel'hou-zen), Julius. Born at 
 Hameln, May 17, 1844. A distinguished Ger- 
 man theologian and biblical critic, professor 
 successively at Greifswald (1872), Halle (1882), 
 Marburg (1885), and Gottingen (1892). His works 
 include “Text der Bucher Samueiis” (1871), “Die l’hari- 
 saerund Sadducaer”(1874), “Prolegomena zur Geschiclite 
 Israels ” (1878-86), etc. 
 
 Welling (wel'ing), James Clarke. Born at 
 Trenton, N. J., July 14, 1825 : died Sept. 5, 1894. 
 An American editor and educator. He was editor 
 of the Washington “ National Intelligencer” in the Civil 
 War period, and president of St.John’s College, Annapo- 
 lis, 1867-70. From 1871 he was president of Columbian 
 University, Washington. 
 
 Wellingborough (wel'ing-bur-o). A town in 
 the county of Northampton, England, situated 
 near the union of the Ise and Nen, 10 miles east- 
 northeast of Northampton. Population, 18,412. 
 
 Wellington (wel'ing-ton). An island near the 
 western coast of Patagonia, about lat. 48°-50° 
 S., belonging to Chile. Length, about 100 miles. 
 
 Wellington. The capital of New Zealand and 
 of Hutt County in the North Island, situated 
 on Port Nicholson in lat. 41° 17' S., long. 174° 
 47' E. It has one of the finest harbors in the colony, and 
 important trade. It is the seat of Victoria University Col- 
 lege and the Wellington branch of the New Zealand In- 
 stitute. Population, with suburbs, 49,314. 
 
 Wellington. A town in the county of Somer- 
 set, England, 23 miles northeast of Exeter. 
 Prom it the Duke of Wellington took his title. 
 Population, 7,283. 
 
 Wellington, Duke of. See Wellesley, Arthur. 
 
 Wellington, Mount. Amountain in Tasmania, 
 near Hobart Town. Height, 4,170 feet. 
 
 Wells (welz). A city in the county of Somer- 
 set, England, situated at the foot of the Mendip 
 Hills, 17 miles southwest of Bath, it is the seat of 
 a bishopric, now conjoined with that of Bath. The cathe- 
 dral is in the main of the first half of the 13th century, 
 with square central tower and Lady chapel of the 14th. The 
 plan shows square chevet and single transepts. The wide 
 west front, flanked by two towers, is somewhat of the char- 
 acter of, that of Salisbury in its superposed and monotonous 
 tiers of arcading : it is more like cabinet-work than archi- 
 tecture, but the details are beautiful. The interior is im- 
 pressive in general effect, but is architecturally inorganic, 
 having no vaulting-shafts in the nave. The western tran- 
 sept-piers, showing weakness, were buttressed in 1338 by 
 the insertion between them of a pair of massive arches, 
 apex to apex— a curious device. The beautiful choir is 
 separated from the nave by a Perpendicular screen, and 
 its wall-spaces are arcaded. The Lady chapel is famous 
 for lightness and beauty. The dimensions of the cathedral 
 are 383 by 82 feet; theheightof the vaulting, from 67 to 73. 
 There is a beautiful octagonal chapter-house with central 
 pillar, Perpendicular cloisters, and a picturesque 13th- 
 century bishop’s palace. Population, 4,849. 
 
 Wells, David Ames. Born at Springfield, Mass., 
 June 17, 1828: died at Norwich, Conn., Nov. 
 5, 1898. A noted American economist. He 
 graduated at Williams College in 1847, and at the Law- 
 rence Scientific School, Harvard, in 1851. In 1865-66 he 
 was United States commissioner of revenue ; served on 
 other important commissions; and took a leading part 
 in financial and economic discussions. He was an able 
 advocate of freedom of trade. He wrote “Science of 
 Common Things” (1866), text-books on natural philos- 
 ophy. geology, and chemistry, government reports, “Our 
 Merchant Marine ’’ (1882), “ Primer of Tariff Reform "(1 884), 
 “ Practical Economics " (1885), “ Study of Mexico " (1886), 
 “Relation of the Tariff to Wages ”(1888), and various other 
 economic works. 
 
 Weis (vels). A town in Upper Austria, situ- 
 ated on the Traun 15 miles southwest of Linz. 
 Population, commune, 15,479, (1910). 
 
 Welsch Tyrol. See Tyrol , Welsch. 
 
 Welser (vel'ser), Bartholomeus. Died at Augs- 
 burg, 1559. A German banker. He was the head 
 of one of the richest banking and commercial firms of his 
 time ; lent large sums to Charles V. ; was created a prince 
 of the Empire ; and in 1527 was granted the right to con- 
 quer and colonize Venezuela. Dalflnger, Speier, and others 
 were engaged by the Welsers in this enterprise, which 
 was carried on simply as a commercial venture. Great 
 numbers of the Indians were enslaved, and far more were 
 
 killed. The charter was revoked in 1546, after the Wel- 
 sers had lost, it is said, 3,000,001) florins. 
 
 Welsh (welsh). The people of Wales, or the 
 members of the Cymric race indigenous to 
 Wales. They were ruled by petty princes and 
 maintained their independence of the English 
 till 1282-83. 
 
 Welshpool (welsh'pol). A town in the county 
 of Montgomery, Wales, situated on the Severn 
 17 miles west of Shrewsbury. Near it is Powys 
 Castle. Population, 6,121. 
 
 Welsh Shakspere, The. See Williams, Edward. 
 Welwitsch (wel'wich), Friedrich. Born at 
 Mariasaal, Austria, 1807 ; died at London, Oct. 
 20, 1872. An African botanist and explorer. 
 He spent seven yeare in Angola, West Africa (1853-61) ; 
 collected above 40,000 botanic specimens ; and discovered, 
 in 1863, near Mossamedes, the singular plant named, after 
 him, Welwitschia mirabilis. 
 
 Wemmick (wem'ik), John. A kind-hearted 
 but apparently flinty little clerk in Dickens’s 
 “ Great Expectations.” He has a little home at Wal- 
 worth, which looks like a battery with mounted guns, 
 where he devotes himself to his deaf old father, whom 
 he calls “Aged P.” 
 
 W enceslaus ( wen'ses-las), or W enceslas (wen'- 
 ses-las), G. Wenzel (vent'sel), Saint. Duke 
 of Bohemia about 928-936, a patron saint of 
 Bohemia. 
 
 WenceslailS I. King of Bohemia 1230-53, son 
 of Ottokar I. He was a patron of the poetic 
 art, and himself a minnesinger. 
 
 Wenceslaus II. King of Bohemia 1278-1305, 
 son of Ottokar II. He extended the Bohemian 
 power, and was crowned king of Poland in 
 1300. 
 
 Wenceslaus. Born 1361 : died Aug. 16, 1419. 
 German king, son of the emperor Charles IV. 
 He was elected king of the Romans in 1376, and succeeded 
 to the German and Bohemian thrones in 1378. He put to 
 death John of Nepomuk. He was imprisoned by Bohe- 
 mian nobles 1393-94 ; was deposed from the German throne 
 in 1400 ; and renounced his right to that crown in 1410, 
 but continued to reign as king of Bohemia. 
 
 Wendland (vent'lant). The northeastern part 
 of the former principality of Liineburg in Prus- 
 sia. 
 
 Wends (wendz). 1. A name given in early 
 times by the Germans to their Slavic neighbors. 
 — 2. The members of a branch of the Slavic 
 race living in Lusatia. Also called Sorbs. 
 Wenern (va'nern), or Venera (va'nern), Lake. 
 The largest lake of Sweden, and after Lakes 
 Ladoga and Onega the largest lake in Europe, 
 situated in the southern part of Sweden, west- 
 northwest of Lake Wettern, with which it is 
 connected by a canal (and thence with the 
 Baltic). It receives the Klar Elf, and its outlet is by 
 the Gota Elf into the Cattegat. Length, 100 miles. Width, 
 50 miles. Height above sea-level, 140 feet. Area, about 
 2,300 square miles. 
 
 Wengern Alp (ven'gern alp). A height in the 
 pass of the Little Scheideck, Bernese Oberland, 
 Switzerland: famous for its magnificent view. 
 Wenlock (wen'lok), or Muck Wenlock (much 
 wen'lok). A town in Shropshire, England, 30 
 miles west-northwest of Birmingham. Popu- 
 lation, 15,866. 
 
 Wenrorono (wen-ro-ro'no). A tribe of North 
 American Indians which, when first known, 
 lived in association with the Neuters, and, upon 
 the attacks of the Iroquois in 1638, fled to the 
 Hurons with whom they became mixed. See 
 Iroquoian. 
 
 Wentworth (went'werth), Benning. Born at 
 Portsmouth, N. H., 1696: died 1770. A royal 
 governor of New Hampshire 1741-67. He made 
 grants of land (the New Hampshire grants) in southern 
 V ermont. 
 
 Wentworth, Charles Watson, second Mar- 
 quis of Rockingham. Born 1730 : died July 1, 
 1782. An English statesman, prime minister 
 1765-66 and March-July, 1782. 
 
 Wentworth, Sir John. Born at Portsmouth, 
 N. H., Aug. 9, 1737 : died at Halifax, N. S., 
 April 8, 1820. Royal governor of New Hamp- 
 shire 1766-76. He was a loyalist in the Revo- 
 lution, and was lieutenant-governor of Nova 
 Scotia 1792-1808. 
 
 Wentworth, Thomas, Earl of Strafford. Born 
 at London, April 13, 1593: executed at London, 
 May 12, 1641. A famous English statesman. He 
 entered Parliament in 1614 ; and was an opponent of the 
 policy of James I., and until 1628-29 of that of Charles I. 
 In 1628 he was raised to the peerage ; became president 
 of the Council of the North in 1628 ; was made a privy 
 councilor in 1629; was appointed lord deputy of Ireland 
 1632, and arrived there 1633 ; and became the chief adviser 
 of Charles I. In 1640 he \vas made earl of Strafford and 
 lord lieutenant of Ireland ; commanded the army against 
 the Scots in that year ; was impeached by the Long Par- 
 liament ; and was condemned by a bill of attainder. 
 
 He was accused on twenty-eight counts which con- 
 cerned his conduct towards England, Ireland, and Scot- 
 land. The chief was that he had incensed his majesty 
 against the members of the late Parliament telling him 
 “they had denied to supply him, and that his majesty 
 having tried the affections of his people, and been refused, 
 he was absolved from all rules of government, and that 
 he had an army iu Ireland which he might employ to re- 
 duce this kingdom ” (State Trials). The Lords refused to 
 admit as evidence a paper found by Sir Harry Vane which 
 supported his father’s evidence on this charge. For which 
 cause the Commons brought in a bill of attainder. 
 
 Acland and Hangome. 
 
 Wenzel. See Wenceslaus. 
 
 Wept of Wish-ton-wish, The. A novel by 
 Cooper, published in 1829. 
 
 Werbach (ver'bach). A village in Baden, near 
 the Tauber 16 miles southwest of Wurzburg. 
 It was the scene of a contest between the troops of Baden 
 and those of North Germany, July 24, 1866. 
 
 Werden (ver'den). A town in the Rhine Prov- 
 ince, Prussia, situated on the Ruhr 30 miles 
 north of Cologne. It contains an ancient church of a 
 Benedictine abbey (founded 799). Pop., commune, 11,029. 
 
 Werder (ver'der), Count August Karl Fried- 
 rich Wilhelm Leopold von. Born at Schloss- 
 berg, near Norlritten, East Prussia, Sept. 12, 
 1808: died at Griissow, Pomerania, Sept. 12, 1887. 
 A Prussian general. He entered the army in 1825; 
 served with the Russians in the Caucasus ; distinguished 
 himself in the war of 1866 at Gitschin and Koniggratz; 
 commanded an army corps at the battle of Worth in 1870 ; 
 was commander of the array which besieged and took 
 Strasburg in 1870, and was made general of infantry : com- 
 manded in the autumn of 1870 in the Vosges, at Oignon, 
 Dijon, etc., and at Villersexel Jan. 9, 1871; and gained 
 the victory of Hericourt over Bourbaki Jan. 15-17, 1871. 
 
 Werela, Peace of. A treaty concluded in 1790, 
 between Sweden and Russia, at Werela, a vil- 
 lage in the government of Nyland, Finland. 
 
 Wergeland (ver 'ge-land), Henrik Arnold 
 Thaulow. Born at Cbristiansand, June 17, 
 1808: died at Christiania, July 12, 1845. A Nor- 
 wegian poet. His father was a clergyman, and one of 
 the members of the Constitutional Convention at Eidsvold, 
 and pastor there after 1817. He studied at the Christiania 
 University after 1825, and began to write in 1827. His first 
 productions were a series of satirical farces (among them 
 “Ah!; Om Smag og Behag kan man ikke disputera” 
 (“There is no disputing about taste”) and “Papegojen” 
 (“The Parrot ”)), all published under the pseudonym Siful 
 Sifadda. In 1828 appeared the tragedy “Sinclairs Ddd ” 
 (“ Sinclair’s Death ”). In 1829 was published a volume of 
 lyrics, many of them enthusiastically patriotic in char- 
 acter, which were taken up as songs by the people ; and at 
 this time his fame as a poet really begins. In 1830 ap- 
 peared the long dramatic poem “Skabelsen, Mennesket 
 og Messias ” (“ The Creation, Man and Messiah ”). Subse- 
 quent works were the drama “ Opium ” (1831) and the poem 
 “ Spaniolen ” (1833). In the meantime the poet W elhaven 
 had made in a pamphlet, in 1832, a personal attack upon 
 him for his sins of poetical commission ; and in 1834, in the 
 poem “Norway’s Twilight,” had censured the misplaced 
 zeal of the ultra-national faction which Wergeland repre- 
 sented. At the production of his drama “Campbellerne” 
 (“ The Campbells ”) the feud came to an open outbreak in 
 the theater. Subsequently his fortunes steadily declined. 
 He was deprived by the king of an official position, and 
 then became involved in a lawsuit which took the greater 
 part of his property. Some of his best work, however, was 
 done after this time. Particularly to be mentioned are 
 “Jan van Huysums Blomsterstykke ”(“ Jan vanHuysum’s 
 Flower-piece ”), a series of lyrics ; the poem “ Svalen ” 
 (“The Swallow”); the idyls “Joden” (“The Jew") and 
 “Jodinden” (“The Jewess”); and, finally, his last and 
 greatest poem, “Den engelskeLods ” (“The English Pilot"). 
 His collected works were published at Christiania, 1852- 
 1859, in 9 vols. 
 
 Werner (ver'ner). A tragedy by Lord Byron : 
 so called from tile name of its hero, a mysteri- 
 ous and morbid character. Macready produced this 
 play in 1830, and Werner was considered one of his most 
 powerful parts. 
 
 Of the “German’s Tale" (by Harriet Lee) he [Byron] 
 confessed : “It made a deep impression on me, and may 
 be said to contain the germ of much that I have since 
 written.” It not only contained the germ of “Werner,” 
 but supplied the whole material for that tragedy. All 
 the characters of the novel are reproduced by Byron ex- 
 cept “ Ida,” whom he added. The plan of Miss Lee’s work 
 is exactly followed, as the poet admitted, and even the 
 language is frequently adopted without essential change. 
 
 Tuckerman, Hist, of English Prose Fiction, p. 256. 
 
 Werner (ver'ner), Abraham Gottlob. Born 
 atWehrau, Upper Lusatia, Sept. 25, 1750: died 
 at Dresden, June 30, 1817. A celebrated Ger- 
 man mineralogist and geologist, the founder of 
 scientific geology : instructor in the Mining 
 Academy in Freiberg from 1775. He was the pro- 
 pounder of the “Neptunian theory," which regarded as of 
 aqueous origin various formations now considered to be 
 volcanic, and which aroused much discussion. His works 
 include “ fiber die iiussern Kennzeichen der Fossilien ’’ 
 (1774), “ Kurze Klassilikation und Beschreibung der Oe- 
 birgsarten ’’ (1787), “ Neue Theorie liber die Entstehung 
 der Gauge ’’ (1791), etc. 
 
 Werner, Franz von: pseudonym Murad Ef- 
 fendi. Born at Vienna, May 30, 1836: died at 
 The Hague, Sept. 12, 1881. A German poet. He 
 was in the Turkish military and diplomatic ser- 
 vice. 
 
Werner, Friedrich Ludwig Zacharias 
 
 Werner, Friedrich Ludwig Zacharias. Born 
 at Konigsberg, Prussia, Nov. 18, 1768 : died at 
 Vienna, Jan. 17, 1823. A German dramatist 
 and poet, founder of the “ fate-tragedies.” He 
 was a Roman Catholic preacher in later life. Among 
 his dramas are “ Die Sohne des Thais ” (“ The Sons of the 
 Valley," 1803), “Der Vierundzwanzigste Eebruar” (1815: 
 “The 24th of February”), “Das Kreuz an der Ostsee” 
 (“The Cross on the Baltic,” 1806), “Martin Luther,” or 
 “ Die Weihe der Kraft " (1807), etc. 
 
 Wernigerode (ver'ne-ge-ro-de). A town in the 
 province of Saxony, Prussia, situated at the 
 foot of the Harz, on the Holzemme, 40 miles 
 southwest of Magdeburg, it is the capital of the 
 county of Stolberg-Wernigerode (formerly an imperial 
 fief). It contains a noted Rathaue and castle with a large 
 library. Population, commune, 13,137. 
 
 Werra (ver'ra). One of the two head streams of 
 the Weser. It rises in Saxe-Meiningen, flows through 
 Thuringia, separating the Thiiringerwald from the Rhon- 
 gebirge, and unites with the Fulda at Miinden to form 
 the Weser. Length, about 170 miles. 
 
 Werth, or Werdt (vart), Johann von (Jean de 
 Weert). Bom at the end of the 16th century: 
 died 1652. A general in the Imperialist and 
 Bavarian service in the Thirty Years’ War. He 
 
 was distinguished at Nordlingen in 1634 ; captured Ehren- 
 breitstein in 1637 ; was defeated and taken prisoner at 
 Rheinfelden March 3, 1638; commanded at Tuttlingen 
 Nov. 24, 1643; and was distinguished at Mergentheim and 
 Allersheim in 1645. 
 
 Werther (var'ter). An opera by Massenet, 
 words by E. Blau, Paul Milliet, and Georges 
 Hartmann, from Goethe’s novel: produced at 
 London June, 1894. See Sorrows of Werther. 
 Wertingen (ver'ting-en). A small town in 
 Swabia, Bavaria, situated on the Zusam 16 miles 
 northwest of Augsburg. Here, Oct. 8, 1805, the 
 French under Lannes and Murat defeated the 
 Austrians. 
 
 Wesel (va'zel). A city in the Rhine Province, 
 Prussia, situated at the junction of the Lippe 
 and Rhine, in lat. 51° 40' N., long. 6° 37' E. It 
 Is strongly fortified. In the middle ages it was a Hanse- 
 atic town and a free imperial city. Population, commune, 
 23,237. 
 
 Weser (va'zer). [L. Visurgis, OG. Visuracha.'] 
 One of the principal rivers of Germany, it is 
 formed, at Miinden, by the union of the rivers Werra and 
 Fulda ; flows generally north and north-northwest, and 
 principally through Prussia ; and empties into the North 
 Sea near Bremerhaven. Its chief tributaries are the 
 Aller, Wiimme, and Geeste (on the right), Diemel, Werre, 
 Aue, and Hunte. On it are situated Bremen and Minden. 
 Length, about 270 miles, or, including the head stream 
 Werra, about 435 miles ; navigable for sea vessels to Els- 
 fleth, and for large boats to Miinden. 
 
 Weser Mountains, or Weser Terrace. A 
 
 mountainous and plateau region, extending on 
 both sides of the Weser from Miinden to Min- 
 den. Among the groups of mountains or hills are the 
 Bramwald, Soiling, Osterwald, Siintel, Deister, Biickeberg, 
 the Weser proper, and the Teutoburgerwald. Highest 
 point, about 1,650 feet, 
 
 Wesley (wes'li or wez'li), Charles. Born at 
 Epworth, Lincolnshire, England, Dec. 28, 1708: 
 died at London, March 29, 1788. An English 
 Methodist clergyman and hymn-writer, brother 
 of John Wesley : famous as a hymn-writer. He 
 was educated at Westminster School and at Christ Church, 
 Oxford. He accompanied his brother John to Georgia 
 1735-36. 
 
 Wesley, John. Born at Epworth. England, June 
 28 (NT ».), 1703 : died at London, March 2, 1791. 
 An English clergyman, son of Samuel Wesley : 
 famous as the founder of Methodism. He was 
 educated at Charterhouse School and at Christ Church, 
 Oxford ; became a fellow of Lincoln College in 1726 ; and 
 was curate to his father 1727-29. In the latter year he set- 
 tled at Oxford, where he became the leader of a band of 
 young men conspicuous for their religious earnestness: 
 they were somewhat derisively called “methodists ” from 
 the regularity and strict method of their lives and studies. 
 He went to Georgia as a missionary in 1735, returning to 
 England in 1738. At first he was allied with the Moravi- 
 ans, but soon abandoned all ecclesiastical traditions and 
 established the Methodist Church. In 1739 he began 
 open-air preaching. The first Methodist conference was 
 held in 1744. His literary work, also, was extensive. 
 
 Wesleyan (wes'li-anorwezTi-an) University. 
 An institution of learning at Middletown, Con- 
 necticut, chartered in 1831. It is non-sectarian 
 (orig. under Methodist-Episcopal influence). 
 It has about 40 instructors and 400 students. 
 Wessel (ves'sel), Johan Herman. Born in the 
 parish of Vestby, Norway, 1742 : died at Copen- 
 hagen, 1785. A Danish dramatist and poet. 
 His father was a clergyman. After elementary instruc- 
 tion in Christiania, he went in 1761 to the Copenhagen 
 University, where he studied the succeeding year. Sub- 
 sequently he supported himself by teaching modern lan- 
 guages. In 1778 he was made translator to the Royal The- 
 ater. His one important literary work, written when he 
 was 30 years old, is the tragedy “ Kjtelighed uden Strom- 
 per” (“ Love without Stockings ”), a parody on the French 
 tragedies then in vogue on the Danish stage, from which 
 It effectually banished them. Two other dramas are of 
 but little value. He wrote, besides, a few lyrics and hu- 
 
 1056 
 
 West Indian, The 
 
 morous narratives in verse. His poems were published Gustavus Vasa defeated the Danes ; and at the Diet held 
 in a second edition at Copenhagen in 1878. there in 1527 he secured the success of the Reformation. 
 
 Wessex (wes'eks). [ME. Wessex, Wessexe, AS. Population, 8 , 122 . 
 
 Westseaxe, W est Saxons. Cf. Essex, Sussex.'] One Westergotland (ves'ter-yet-land). A former 
 of the Saxon kingdoms in England, which be- province of Sweden, now divided into the laens 
 
 came the nucleus of the kingdom of England. 
 The settlement of the West Saxons under Cerdic and Cyn- 
 ric on the coast of Hampshire took place in 495, and the 
 kingdom spread north and west to Berkshire, Wiltshire, 
 Dorset, etc. Wessex obtained the overlordship in Britain 
 
 of Goteborg, Elfsborg, and Skaraborg 
 Westerly (wes'ter-li). A town in Washington 
 County, Rhode Island, 37 miles southwest of 
 Providence. Population, 8,696, (1910). 
 
 under Egbert in the first part of the 9th century ; was re- Wssterm&BH (ves-ter-man ),Fran<J0is Joseph, 
 duced in power by the Danes; and under Alfred’s succes- Guillotined 1794. A French Revolutionist and 
 sors developed into the kingdom of England. It was an general, distinguished in the Vendean war. 
 
 territory south of°tim%'haines. Western, (wes'tern) Sophia. The heroine of 
 
 to- ; /n x i-iTTr i r> n Fielding’s novel “Tom Jones, a very bright 
 
 WessobrunnerGebet. [‘ Wessobrunn Prayer.’] and att £ actiye eharaeter . After various adven- 
 An important relic of Old High German litera- tareg caused b hel , father > s brutai temper, she 
 ture, dating from the end of the 8th century. . reconeiled to him and marries Jones 
 R was preserved, in the Benedictine monastery We t Squire . i n Fielding’s novel ‘-Tom 
 of Wessobrunn, m Bavaria near the Lech w «m,ire of ,rrn«« ropopB and 
 
 West (west), Benjamin. Bom at Springfield 
 
 Chester County, Pa., Oct. 10, 1738: died at 
 London, March 11, 1820. An Ameriean-English 
 historical and portrait painter. He worked as a por- 
 trait-painter in Philadelphia and New York, and studied 
 in Italy 1769-63. He settled in London in 1763; became 
 court historical painter in 1772 ; was one of the early mem- 
 bers of the Royal Academy ; and was the successor of Rey- 
 nolds as president of the Royal Academy. Among his 
 noted paintings are “ The Death of Wolfe” (at Grosvenor 
 House), “Battle of La Hogue,” “ Christ Healing the Sick ” 
 (National Gallery, London), “Death on the Pale Horse” 
 (Pennsylvania Academy), “ Alexander the Great and his 
 Physicians,” and “Penn's Treaty with thelndians.” Many 
 of his pictures are at Hampton Court. 
 
 West, Empire of the. See Western Empire. 
 
 West, Lionel Sackville. See Sackville-West. 
 
 West, Rebecca. An adventuress, in Ibsen’s 
 play “ Rosmersholm,” who induces the wife of 
 Rosmer to commit suicide, leaving him with 
 the conviction that she (the wife) was insane. 
 
 West, The. 1 . The western part of the world, 
 or Occident. This, as distinguished from the East, or 
 Orient, is sometimes restricted to the greater part of Eu- 
 rope, and sometimes indicates, or at least includes, the 
 western hemisphere. 
 
 2. In the United States, the western part of that 
 country. Formerly this was the region lying west of the 
 
 Jones,” a hunting squire of gross speech and 
 ungoverned and brutal temper, the father of the 
 fair Sophia. His redeeming trait is his affection for 
 his daughter, whom, however, he treats in a most tyran- 
 nical fashion. 
 
 But, above all, what shall we say of Squire Western, 
 next to Falstaff the most universally popular of comic cre- 
 ations? . . . His shrewdness, his avarice, his coarse kind- 
 ness, his sense-defying Jacobitism, his irresistible nn 
 reasonableness ; his brutal anger, making the page which 
 chronicles it shake with oaths, interjections, and scream- 
 ing interrogations; — loving his daughter as he loves his 
 dogs and horses, and willing to use the whip and the spur 
 the moment she does not obey him with due alacrity, as 
 in the case of his other brutes; and loving himself with a 
 depth of affection, with a disregard of everything else on 
 and over the earth, which touches the pathetic in selfish- 
 *ness. Whipple, Essays and Reviews. 
 
 Western Australia (wes'tern as-tra'lia). A 
 state of Australia, bounded by the ocean on 
 the north, west, and south, and by South Aus- 
 tralia (with the Northern Territory and Alex- 
 ander Land) on the east. Capital, Perth. The 
 interior is largely a desert, and is to a great extent unex- 
 plored. The largest export is wool. The government is 
 vested in a governor, legislative council (elected since 
 1893), and legislative assembly. The coasts were visited 
 in the 16th century ; a convict settlement was established 
 at King George's Sound in 1825 ; and free settlements were 
 founded on Swan River about 1829. Area, 975,920 square 
 miles. Population, 278.027. 
 
 nation of the western portion of the Roman 
 world after its division into two independent 
 empires in a. d. 395. See Eastern Empire, its 
 power very rapidly declined under the inroads of barba- 
 rians and other adverse influences, and it was finally ex- 
 tinguished in 476. See Holy Roman Empire. 
 
 thirteen original States along the Atlantic seaboard, and “ ml. m . j- . , 
 
 particularly the northern part of that region; now it is, ” 6St6IH Empire, The. rhedistinctive^desig- 
 indefinitely, the region beyond the older seaboard and cen- ~ ~ i 
 
 tral States, or more specifically that included mainly be- 
 tween the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean, and 
 especially the northern part of that region. 
 
 West, Thomas, Baron Deiawarr or Delaware. 
 
 Died 1618. Governor and captain-general of 
 
 Virginia. He was appointed in 1609, arrived Western Ghats. See Ghats. 
 
 at Jamestown in 1610, and returned in 1611. Western ISiandS. See Azores, Hebrides. 
 
 West African Colonies. A collective name for Westernorrland ( ves ter-nor-land), or Herno- 
 the British colonies in western Africa. They sand (her ne-sand). A laenin northern Swe- 
 comprise the Northern Nigeria Protectorate, Southern den. Area, 9,837 square miles. Population, 
 Nigeria, the Gold Coast Colony with Ashanti and Northern 246,893. 
 
 Territories, Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate, and the ntT pc .+p rT1 Tipqprm The nomilar name for that. 
 
 Gambia Colony and Protectorate. w esFcrn iieserve. 1 ne popular name ior mat 
 
 West Bay City. A city in Bay County, Michi- part of Ohio, on Lake Erie, reserve^! by Con- 
 
 gan, situated near the mouth of Sagina w River, 
 opposite Bay City. It has an extensive trade in 
 lu mber. Annexed to Bay City in 1905. 
 
 West Bromwich (brum'ich). A town in Staf- 
 fordshire, England, situated near the Tame 6 
 miles northwest of Birmingham. It has manu- 
 factures of hardware, etc. Population, 68,345, 
 (1911). 
 
 Westbury, Baron. See Bethell, Bichard. 
 
 necticut. (See Ohio.) It contains Cleveland. 
 
 Western States. Formerly, the States of the 
 American Union lying west of the Alleghanies. 
 As the country developed, the phrase came to include 
 ail the States westward to the Pacific and north of the 
 slave States, although certain States have been classed 
 both as Southern and as Western States. The name is very 
 indefinite : sometimes it is restricted to the States west 
 of the Mississippi (excluding the so-called Southwest) ; 
 sometimes it includes the northern part of the entire 
 region from Ohio to California. 
 
 West Chester (ches'ter). A borough, capital Westerwald (ves'ter-valt). A region of pla- 
 of Chester County, Pennsylvania, 25 miles west teaus and low mountains in Prussia, between 
 of Philadelphia. Population, 11,767, (1910). the Rhine, the Sieg, and the Lahn. At the 
 Westcott (west'kqt), Brooke Foss. Born near northwest end is the Siebengebirge. Highest 
 Birmingham, Jan., 1825: died July 27, 1901. point, about 2,200 feet. 
 
 An English prelate and biblical scholar. He Westfield (west'feld). A town in Hampden 
 was regius professor of divinity at Cambridge 1870-90; • County, Massachusetts, 10 miles west of Spring- 
 became canon of Westminster inl883; and was bishop of 11 Tt las manufactures of whins pip-ars etc 
 Durham 1890-1901. He was one of the New Testament ueia. it nas manuiaetures 01 Whips, Cigars, etc. 
 
 Population. 16,044, (1910). 
 
 West Flanders. See Flanders, West. 
 West Francia. See Francia. 
 
 revisers. His works include a “History of the Canon of 
 the New Testament” (1855), “Introduction to the Study 
 of the Gospels ” (1860), “ The Bible in the Church ” (1864), 
 
 ;^n»^^rr ti0n ” (186<i> ’ “ HiSt0ry 0f West Friesland (freVlandbA name sometimes 
 West Cowes (kouz).’ A town on the northern given to the province of Friesland, Netherlands, 
 shore of the Isle of Wight, Hampshire, England, West Gothland. See nestergotlana. 
 on the Medina 11 miles south-southeast of W es ^ Goths. See Visigoths. 
 
 Southampton. Itisasummer resort and the headquar- West Ham (ham). A suburb of London, m Es- 
 ters of the Royal Yacht Squadron. Population, 8,256. sex, 5 miles east-northeast of St. Paul S. Fopu- 
 West Derby (der'bi or dar'bi). AtowninLan- iation, 289,102, (1911). It returns 2 members 
 cashire, England, 4 miles northeast of Liver- to Parliament. 
 
 pool. Population, 130,550. West Hartlepool (har'tl-pol). A seaport in 
 
 West End. The aristocratic western part of Durham, England, opposite East Hartlepool. 
 
 London. Population, 63,932, (1911). 
 
 Westeraalen (ves'ter-a-len) Islands. A group Westhoughton (west-ho'ton). A township in 
 of islands on the northwestern coast of Norway, Lancashire, England, 14 miles west-northwest 
 
 east and north of the Lofoten Islands, from 
 which they are separated by the Raftsund. 
 
 Westerns (ves'ter-as). The capital of tho laen 
 of Westmanland, Sweden, situated at the en- 
 trance of the Svarta into Lake Malar, 57 miles 
 west-northwest of Stockholm. There. April 29, 1521, 
 
 of Manchester. Population, 14,371 
 West -India Company, Dutch. See Dutch West 
 India Company. 
 
 West Indian, The. A comedy bv Richard Cum- 
 berland (1770). It is considered his best play. 
 Garrick brought it out in 1771. 
 
West ladies 
 
 West Indies (in'diz). [Formerly West Indias ; 
 G. West Indien, F. Antilles, Sp. Antillas or Indias 
 Occidentals .] An archipelago between North 
 and South America, extending in a curve from 
 Florida to the peninsula of Paria, and separating 
 the Caribbean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean and 
 the Gulf of Mexico. The principal groups distinguished 
 are the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Haiti, Porto Rico, and Ja- 
 maica) ; the Bahamas, north of Cuba ; and the Lesser An- 
 tilles, or Caribbee Islands, forming a line at the southeast- 
 ern extremity of the group. Most of the Bahamas are low. 
 Nearly all the other islands are mountainous, and in the 
 Lesser Antilles there are many active and extinct volca- 
 noes. With the exception of some of the Bahamas, the 
 entire group lies within the tropics, and the climate and 
 productions of all are essentially tropical. The principal 
 products are sugar, tobacco, and coffee. Nearly all the 
 islands are occasionally visited by hurricanes, which are 
 sometimes very destructive: the hurricane months are 
 from June to October inclusive. Columbus discovered the 
 Bahamas, Cuba, and Haiti in 1492, and nearly all the islands 
 were known before the continent of America was discov- 
 ered. They were supposed to be outlying islands of India 
 or Asia, and, as they had been found by sailing westward, 
 they were called the W est Indies. Later the name included 
 for a time the known portions of the continent. The 
 Greater Antilles werecolonizedbythe Spanish, who claimed 
 the whole group ; but later many of the smaller islands 
 were seized by French, English, and Dutch adventurers, 
 and their wars with one another and with the Spaniards 
 were continued intermittently until 1815, the smaller 
 colonies frequently changing masters. Many African 
 slaves were brought in, and their descendants form a large 
 proportion of the population. In 1898 Cuba was freed from 
 the domination of Spain, and Porto Ricopassed to the U nited 
 States ; Haiti is divided between two independent states ; 
 Jamaica, the Bahamas, and some of the Lesser Antilles 
 belong to England; and the rest are divided between 
 France, Denmark, and the Netherlands. 
 
 Westmacott( west'ma-kot), Sir Richard. Born 
 at London, 1775: died Sept.l, 1856. An English 
 sculptor. In 1793 he was a pupil of Canova at Rome. In 
 1827 he succeeded Flaxman as professor of sculpture at the 
 Royal Academy. Heexeeuted monuments in St. Paul'sand 
 Westminster Abbey. Hisstatues include those of Fox, the 
 dukes of York and Bedford, George III., Achilles, etc. 
 
 Westmacott, Richard. Born at London, 1799: 
 died April 19, 1872. An English sculptor, son 
 of Sir Richard Westmacott. 
 
 Westmeath (west'meTH). A county in Lein- 
 ster, Ireland, bounded by Cavan, Meath, King’s 
 County, Roscommon, and Longford. Area, 708 
 square miles. Population, 61,629. 
 
 Westminster (west'min-ster). A former city, 
 now a borough (metropolitan) of London, it is 
 bounded by Marylebone on the north, Temple Bar on the 
 east, the Thames on the east and south, and Keusington 
 and Chelsea on the west. It is noted for the abbey, around 
 which it grew up, and for the houses of Parliament and 
 government buildings. 
 
 Westminster, Provisions of. Ordinances 
 passed through the influence of the barons in 
 Parliament at Westminster, 1259. “They em- 
 bodied the grievances of the barons stated at Oxford, and 
 mainly concerned the administration of justice and local 
 government by the sheriffs.” 
 
 Westminster Abbey. A famous church in 
 Westminster, London, founded on the site of 
 an earlier church by Edward the Confessor, 
 and rebuilt in the 13th century by Henry HI. 
 and Edward I. The highly ornate chapel of Henry 
 VII., at the east end, was added by that king in the early 
 16th century. The dimensions, including the chapel, are 
 513 by 75 feet ; length of transepts, 200 ; height of vaulting, 
 102. The incongruous square west towers were designed 
 by Sir Christopher Wren. The north transept facade is 
 very fine : it has 3 handsome portals, a graceful arcade, 
 and a large wheel. The interior is extremely impressive, 
 the proportions and the details being good : the triforium 
 is of especial beauty. The handsome reredos, of red and 
 white alabaster, is modern, as are the choir-stalls. Henry 
 VII. ’8 chapel has nave and aisles, and 5 radiating chapels 
 in the chevet : it is a notable example of florid Perpen- 
 dicular, especially remarkable for the fan-tracery and 
 pendants of its ceiling. Its rich stalls are appropriated 
 to the knights and squires of the Bath : over each are 
 suspended a sword and a banner. The abbey is world- 
 famous as the chief burial-place of Great Britain’s dis- 
 tinguished men : comparatively few of the monuments 
 are artistically Interesting. The south transept consti- 
 tutes the famous Poets’ Corner : it contains memorials to 
 a large number of the names honored in English litera- 
 ture. The choir-chapels contain medieval and Renais- 
 sance monuments of higher intrinsic interest, especially 
 Henry VII.’s chapel : the superb monument of that king, 
 in metal, by Torregiano, is inclosed in a rich Perpen- 
 dicular chantry of brass. Several other kings and princes 
 are buried in this chapel, and in that of Edward the Con- 
 fessor, which occupies the extremity of the choir. The 
 Early English chapter-house is octagonal, with central 
 column. The fine cloisters also contain tombs. 
 
 Westminster Assembly, or Assembly of Di- 
 vines at Westminster. A convocation sum- 
 moned by the Long Parliament to advise “for 
 the settling of the liturgy and the government 
 of the Church of England.” Most of its members 
 were Presbyterians, and nearly all were Calvinists. It 
 met July 1, 1643, and continued its sessions until Feb. 22, 
 1649. The chief fruits of its labors were the Directory of 
 Public Worship, the Confession of Faith, and the Larger 
 and Shorter Catechisms, which were rejected in England 
 but established in Scotland. 
 
 Westminster Bridge. The oldest bridge but 
 
 1057 
 
 one over the Thames at London. The first bridge 
 was designed by Labelye, a Swiss architect. The original 
 plan contemplated a wooden structure, but it was changed 
 to stone after the “great frost” of 1739. The piers were 
 built of solid blocks of Portland stone, on caissons which 
 were the largest that had been constructed up to that 
 time. It was begun in 1739 and completed in 1750. It 
 was 1,220 feet long, 40 feet wide, 58 feet high, and the cen- 
 tral span was 76 feet wide : there were 15 arches. In 1856- 
 1862 it was replaced by the present stone and iron struc- 
 ture, consisting of 7 iron arches on granite piers, built by 
 Page : it is 1,160 feet long and 85 feet wide. 
 
 Westminster Hall. A structure adjoining the 
 houses of Parliament on the west, forming 
 part of the ancient palace of Westminster, it 
 was begun by William Rufus, burned at the end of the 
 13th century, and restored by Edward II. and Richard 
 II. It has a magnificent framed hammer-beam roof, in 
 a single span 68 feet wide : the length is 290 and the 
 height 92. Here sat some of the first English Parlia- 
 ments ; here, until George IV., the coronation festivities 
 were held ; and here Charles I. was condemned, and 
 Cromwell saluted as Lord Protector. The hall now serves 
 as a vestibule to the houses of Parliament. Below it on 
 the east is the crypt of St. Stephen, or Church of St. Mary 
 Undercroft, a vaulted Pointed chapel, in architecture and 
 decoration somewhat resembling the lower chapel of Sainte 
 Chapelle, Paris: the rich cloisters were built by Henry 
 VIII. 
 
 Westminster Palace. 1. The houses of Par- 
 liament. — 2. A former royal residence in West- 
 minster. A palace is supposed to have existed at West- 
 minster in the reign of Canute (1017-35). Its importance, 
 however, begins with Edward the Confessor (1042-66). 
 Various additions were made by his successors until 
 Henry III. (1216-72), in whose reign work was constantly 
 in progress. His palace was richly decorated with pic- 
 tures in oil-color — according to Horace Walpole the first 
 recorded use of that medium. It was repeatedly visited 
 by fire, and in 1512 (reign of Henry VIII.) all the living- 
 apartments were destroyed. It was then abandoned by 
 royalty, and not used again until July 18, 1821, when 
 George IV. spent the night before his coronation there. 
 The entire palace, except Westminster Hall, was burned 
 in 1834. 
 
 Westminster School. A noted preparatory 
 school at Westminster. It was established in the 
 abbey by Henry VIII. , and was reestablished by Elizabeth. 
 
 Westmoreland (west'mor-land), or Westmor- 
 land (west 'mor- land). [ME. Westmoreland , 
 AS. Westmoringa land , land of the men of the 
 western moors.] A county of northwestern 
 England. It is bounded by Cumberland on the west and 
 north, Durham on the northeast, Yorkshire on the east and 
 south, and Lancashire on the south and west, and touches 
 Morecambe Bay on the southwest. The surface is largely 
 mountainous in the northwest and northeast. The county 
 includes part of the Lake District, with Windermere, Ulls- 
 water, Grasmere, and Hawes Water in it or on its borders. 
 The principal town is Kendal. Area (ad. co.), 789.6 square 
 miles. Population (pari, co.), 64,303. 
 
 Weston (wes'ton), Thomas. Born about 1575 : 
 died after 1624. An English adventurer, one of 
 the merchants who supported the colonists at 
 Plymouth. He also sent an unsuccessful colony 
 to Wessagussett (Weymouth, Massachusetts). 
 W eston-super-Mar e ( wes ' ton-su' per-ma 're). 
 A watering-place in Somerset, England, situ- 
 ated on Bristol Channel 18 miles southwest of 
 Bristol. Population, 19,048. 
 
 West-ostlicher Divan. A collection of poems 
 on Oriental subjects, by Goethe. 
 
 Westphalia (west-fa'lia). Duchy of. [F. West- 
 phalie, ML. Westphalia , G. Westfalen , prop. dat. 
 pi. of Westfale, MHG. Westvale, OHG. Westfalo, 
 an inhabitant of this region.] A duchy which 
 had its origin in the western part of the great 
 duchy of Saxony in the Carolingian times. On the 
 
 deposition of Henry the Lion in 1180 and the breaking up of 
 the Saxon duchy, the Elector of Cologne assumed the title 
 of Duke of Engern and Westphalia. The capital of the 
 duchy of Westphalia was Arnsberg. In 1803 it was ceded 
 to Hesse-Darmstadt. It was granted in 1815 to Prussia. 
 
 Westphalia, Kingdom of. A kingdom formed 
 by Napoleon in 1807, and given to Jerome Bona- 
 parte, under French supervision, it comprised 
 nearly all Hesse-Cassel, all Brunswick, large parts of Prus- 
 sia and Hannover, parts of Saxony, etc. The capital was 
 Cassel. It was overthrown in 1813, after the battle of Leip- 
 sic, and the old governments were restored. 
 
 Westphalia, Peace of. The treaties signed at 
 Munster and Osnabriick in 1648 (general peace 
 signed at Munster, Oct. 24, 1648), which ended 
 the Thirty Years’ War. Chief provisions: Switzer- 
 land and Holland were declared independent of the Ger- 
 man Empire ; Sweden received Hither Pomerania, W ismar, 
 the bishoprics of Bremen, Verden, etc., with three votes 
 in the Diet, and an indemnification in money ; France re- 
 ceived most of Alsace, arid was confirmed in the posses- 
 sion of Metz, Toul, and Verdun ; Brandenburg received 
 Further Pomerania, the bishoprics of Halberstadt and 
 Minden, and prospectively that of Magdeburg ; Lusatia 
 was confirmed to Saxony, and the Upper Palatinate to 
 Bavaria ; the electoral house of the Palatinate recovered 
 the Rhine Palatinate, and a new electorate was created 
 for it ; the peace of Augsburg was confirmed, and its pro- 
 visions extended to Calvinists ; possession of ecclesiastical 
 property was to revert to the condition of affairs in 1624 ; 
 and autonomy was secured to the states of the German 
 Empire. 
 
 Westphalia, Province of. A province of Prus- 
 sia, suiTouuded by the Prussian provinces of 
 
 Wette, De 
 
 Hannover, Hesse-Nassau, and the Rhine Prov- 
 ince, and by Brunswick, Schaumburg-Lippe, 
 Lippe, Waldeck, and the Netherlands. Capital, 
 Munster. It is level in the northwest, elsewhere hilly 
 or mountainous (Weser Mountains, Sauerland, Haar- 
 Strang, Roth-Haar Mountains, Westerwald), and is one of 
 the chief mining and manufacturing provinces of Prussia. 
 It has three governmental districts — Munster, Arnsberg, 
 and Minden. Its present form was given to it in 1815. 
 Area, 7,804 square miles. Population, 3,618,090. 
 
 Westphalian (west-fa'lian) Circle. [G. West- 
 falischer Kreis.~\ One of the former ten circles 
 of the German Empire. It comprised the bishoprics 
 Munster, Paderborn, and Osnabriick ; the duchies of CJeves, 
 Gelderland, Jiilich, Berg, and Oldenburg ; the free cities 
 Cologne, Aix-la-Chapelle, and Dortmund ; and many princi- 
 palities, countships, etc. 
 
 Westphalian Gate. [L. Porta Westphalica .] 
 The gap, near Minden in Westphalia, by which 
 the Weser breaks through the Weser Moun- 
 tains to the lowlands. 
 
 West Point (west point). The capital of Clay 
 County, Mississippi. Population, 4,864, (1910). 
 West Point. A village in Orange County, New 
 York, situated in the Highlands, on the western 
 bank of the Hudson: the seat of the United 
 States Military Academy. 
 
 West Point Military Academy. A national 
 institution, situated at West Point, New York, 
 for the training of young men for commissions 
 in the United States army. Since 1779 a military 
 school has existed at West Point. In 1794 the grade of 
 cadet was created and a few cadets were trained here in 
 the years 1794-96, and again in 1801. The founders of the 
 school were Washington, Hamilton, and Knox. In 1802 
 an act of Congress organized the United States Military 
 Academy as a part of the Corps of Engineers, with ten 
 cadets. In 1812 the academy was reorganized and 250 
 cadets authorized. In 1817, under Major Sylvanus Thayer 
 as superintendent, the present era of the academy began. 
 Cadets are appointed as follows : forty from the United 
 States at large ; one from each congressional district ; one 
 from each territory ; two from the District of Columbia ; 
 one from Porto R,ico ; two from each State at large ; and 
 four from the Philippine Islands. The academic instruc- 
 tion is given by permanent professors assisted by officers 
 detailed for the purpose. The four years’ course of study 
 is that of a scientific school with especial reference to 
 war. Practical military training is given throughout the 
 course. Graduates receive commissions as lieutenants 
 in the army. 
 
 West Prussia. See Prussia. 
 
 West Riding. See Yorkshire. 
 
 West Russia (rush's). A collective name for 
 several governments in Russia, comprising 
 Kovno, Minsk, Vitebsk, Mokileff, Vilna, and 
 Grodno. The name sometimes also includes 
 Kieff and Smolensk, or Volhynia and Podolia. 
 West Sea. A name given by the Danes to the 
 North Sea. 
 
 West Superior (su-pe'ri-or). A former town 
 in Wisconsin, on Lake Superior near Duluth, 
 now a part of the city of Superior. 
 
 West Troy (troi). A former village in Albany 
 County, New York, now Watervliet city. 
 
 West Turkestan. See Turkestan. 
 
 West Virginia (v6r-jin'i-a). One of the South 
 Atlantic States of the United States of Amer- 
 ica, extending from lat. 37° 12' to 40° 38' N., 
 and from long. 77° 40' to 82° 35' W. Capital, 
 Charleston. It is bounded by Ohio (separated by the 
 Ohio River) on the northwest, Pennsylvania and Mary- 
 land (separated from Maryland in great part by the Poto- 
 mac) on the north, Virginia on the east and south, and 
 Kentucky (separated by the Big Sandy River) on the west. 
 It has an irregular outline: the “ Panhandle" stretches 
 along the Ohio between Ohio and Pennsylvania in the 
 north. Its surface is mountainous or hilly. It has great 
 abundance of timber and very important deposits of coal, 
 being one of the chief coal-producing States in the country, 
 and has iron, salt, petroleum, and mineral springs. It has 
 55 counties, sends 2 senators and 6 representatives to 
 Congress, and has 8 electoral votes. It was formerly a 
 part of Virginia. A convention adopted an ordinance 
 providing for a new State of “Kanawha” in 1861. The 
 constitution was adopted in 1862, and the State was 
 admitted to the Union as West Virginia in 1863. Area, 
 24,780 square miles. Population, 1,221,119, (1910). 
 
 Westward for Smelts. A collection of stories 
 on the plan of Boccaccio’s “ Decamerone,” ex- 
 cept that the story-tellers are fisb wives going up 
 the Thames in a boat. It was written by “KindeKitof 
 Kingstone ” about 1603, and reprinted by the Percy Society. 
 Westward Ho! A comedy by Webster and 
 Dekker conjointly, printed in 1607. 
 
 Westward Ho ! or the Voyages and Adven- 
 tures of Sir Amyas Leigh. A novel by Charles 
 Kingsley, published iu 1855. 
 
 Westwood (west'wud), John Obadiah. Born 
 at Sheffield, England, 1805: died at Oxford, Jan. 
 2, 1893. An English entomologist, professor of 
 zoology at Oxford, ne published “An Introduction 
 to the Modern Classification of Insects ” (2 vols. 1839-40), 
 numerous entomological papers, etc. 
 
 Wetherell (weTH'er-el), Elizabeth. The pseu- 
 donym of Susan Warner. 
 
 Wette, De. See De Wette. 
 
Wetterau 
 
 1058 
 
 Wetterau (vet'ter-ou). A fertile district in Up- major-generals. He fled to America at the. Res- 
 per Hesse and the province of Hesse-Nassau in toration. 
 
 Prussia, extending from the neighborhood of Whanghai (hwang-hi'). The Chinese name of 
 Hanau northward to near Giessen. the Yellow Sea. 
 
 Wetterhorn (vet'ter-horn). A mountain of the Wharfe (hwarf). A river in Yorkshire, Eng- 
 Bernese Alps, canton of Bern, Switzerland, situ- land, which joins the Ouse 8 miles south of 
 ated near Grindelwald 14 miles east-southeast York. Length, about 65 miles, 
 of Interlaken. Highest point, 12,150 feet. Wharton (hwar'ton), Francis. Born at Phila- 
 Wettern (vet' tern), or Vettern (vet' tern), delphia, 1820 : died 1889. An American lawyer 
 Lake. Next to Lake Wenern the largest lake and legal writer. He practised law; became pro- 
 
 in Sweden, situated east-southeast of Lake We- 
 nern. Its outlet is by the Motala Elf to the Baltic. It 
 communicates with Lake Wenern by the Gota Canal. Ele- 
 vation above sea-level, 290 feet. Length, 80 miles. Area, 
 733 square miles. 
 
 Wettersteingebirge (vet'ter-stin-ge-ber // ge). A 
 group of the Bavarian Alps, situated on the 
 border of Bavaria and Tyrol, about 55 miles 
 southwest of Munich. It contains the Zugspitze, 
 the highest mountain in the German Empire. 
 
 Wettin (vet-ten'). A town in the province of 
 
 fessor in Kenyon College ; was ordained in the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church ; became professor in Cambridge Divin- 
 ity School; and was solicitor for the state department, 
 Washington, 18S5-89. He wrote “ Treatise on the Criminal 
 Law of the U nited States ” (1846), ‘ ‘ State Trials of the United 
 States during the Administrations of Washington and 
 Adams’’ (1849), “Treatise on the Law of Homicide in the 
 United States ” (1855), “Treatise on Theism and Mod- 
 ern Skeptical Theories ’’ (1859), “ The Silence of Scripture ” 
 (1867), “Treatise on the Conflict of Laws’’ (1872), “Law of 
 Agency and Agents” (1876), and “Digest of International 
 Law.” He was joint author with Stills of a “ Treatise on 
 Medical Jurisprudence.” 
 
 died 
 
 discoverer of 
 
 Wharton’s duct. 
 
 Saxony, Prussia,, situated on the Saale 32 miles Wharton, Thomas. Born about 1614: 
 northwest of Leipsic. it contains the ancestral castle 1673. An English physician, discover 
 of the Saxon house of Wettin. Population, about 3,000. - — ; ~ 
 
 Wetzlar (vets'lar). A town in the Rhine Prov- Wharton ThomaS) Marquis of Wharton. Born 
 mce Prussia, situated on the Lahn 33 miles b 1(i j s : died 1715. An English Whig poli- 
 north-northwest of Frankfort-on-the-Mam. it „ 1T . , * t> i . * i 
 
 was a free imperial city, and was the seat of the Imperial tlel; n - He was a Prominent member of Parliament and 
 Chamber in the later history of the Empire. The archduke member of the ; ®omptoller of the household 
 
 Charles here defeated the French under Jourdan June 15, J°rd lieutenant of Ireland 1 <08-10 and ord privy seal 
 1796. The cathedral is a lofty and very picturesque struc- AZJ*- w . a J| th e ^reputed au o j Ueio. 
 
 ture founded in the 11th century, and variously modified vV h&telYjhjvat li), rtlCXiard. Lorn at London, 
 from then until the 16th. There is a massive western Feb. 1, 1787: died at Dublin, Oct. 1, 1863. An 
 
 tower in which opens a fine sculptured doorway, and sev- 
 eral other portals exhibit excellent details. There is no 
 clearstory, and the traceried windows ot the aisles are cov- 
 ered each with a separate gable. Pop., commune, 12,276. 
 
 Wevelinghofen (va've-ling-hd-fen). A manu- 
 facturing town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, 
 situated on the Erft 18 miles northwest of Co- 
 logne. Near it, June 14, 1648, the Imperialists under 
 Lamboy were defeated by the troops of Hesse and Weimar 
 under Geisa. 
 
 Wexford (weks'ford). 1. A county in Leinster, 
 Ireland, bounded by Wicklow, St. George’s 
 Channel, Waterford, Kilkenny, and Carlow. 
 Area, 901 square miles. Population, 104,104. 
 — 2. A seaport, capital of County Wexford, 
 situated at the mouth of the Slaney, in lat. 
 
 English prelate and theologian. In 1805he entered 
 Oxford (Oriel College), graduating in 1808. In 1819 he pub- 
 lished the famous “Historic Doubts relative to Napoleon 
 Bonaparte.” He became Bampton lecturer in 1822 ; prin- 
 cipal of St. Albans Hall in 1825 ; professor of political econ- 
 omy at Oxford in 1829 ; and archbishop of Dublin in 1831. 
 About 1815 his treatise on “ Logic” and that on “Rhet- 
 oric’’ were contributed to the “ Encyclopaedia Metropoli- 
 tana.” In 1837 he wrote “Christian Evidences, "and edited 
 Bacon’s “ Essays ” in 1856 and Paley in 1859. He advocated 
 Catholic emancipation and unsectarian education, and 
 helped to relieve the Irish famine. Among his numerous 
 other works are “The Use and Abuse of Party Feeling in 
 Matters of Religion ” (1822), “Essays on Some of the Pecu- 
 liarities of the Christian Religion ’(1825), “Elements of 
 Logic ” (1826), “ Elements of Rhetoric ” (1828), “ Essays on 
 Some of the Difficulties in the Writings of the Apostle 
 Paul, etc.” (1828), etc. 
 
 52° 20' N., long. 6° 28' W. It was the landing-place What Will He Do With It ? A novel by Bui- 
 
 of the English invaders in 1169 ; was taken by the rebels in 
 16 41; and was stormed by Cromwell in 1649. Pop., 11,168. 
 
 Wexford Haven. An inlet of St. George’s 
 Channel, situated on the coast of Wexford. 
 Wexio (vek'she-e). 1. Alaen in Sweden: same 
 
 werLytton, published in 1858. 
 
 What You Will. A comedy by Marston, written 
 about 1601, published in 1607. Shakspere’s “ Twelfth 
 Night, or What You Will ” is thought to be a rejoinder 
 to this play and “The Malcontent. 
 
 as Kronoberg- 2 The capital of the laen of Wlieaton (hwe'ton), Henry. Born at Provi- 
 Kronoberf. Sweden. 58 miles west of Kalmar. dence> R _ L> Nov ;’ 27) 1785 . J died at Dorchester, 
 
 Kronoberg, Sweden, 58 miles west of Kalmar. 
 It has a cathedral. Population, 8,039. 
 Weyer's Cave (wi'erz kav). A large stalactite 
 cave in Augusta County, Virginia, northeast 
 of Staunton, in a spur of the Blue Ridge. 
 Weyland Smith. See Wayland. 
 
 Weyler (wider) y Nicolau, Valeriano, Mar- 
 *quis of Tenerifie. Born at Palma, Balearic 
 Isles, Sept. 17, 1838. A Spanish general. He 
 
 served in the Carlist war and the war against the Moors, 
 and for two years fought for Spain in the Cuban insurrec- 
 tion of 1868-78. He was recalled from Cuba on account 
 of the charges of extreme cruelty made against him, but 
 was sent there again to succeed Campos as captain-gen- 
 eral of the Spanish forces in Jan., 1896. He was suc- 
 ceeded by Blanco in Oct., 1897. 
 
 Weyman (wi'man) Stanley J. Born at Lud- 
 low, Salop, 1855. An English novelist. He 
 
 Mass., March 11, 1848. A noted American di- 
 plomatist, lawyer, and publicist. He graduated 
 at Brown University in 1802 ; practised law at Providence, 
 and later (1812) at New York; and edited the “National 
 Advocate ” 1812-15. He was justice of the Marine Court, 
 New York city, 1815-19; reporter of the United States Su- 
 preme Cour t 1816-27; charge d’affaires to Denmark 1827- 
 1835 ; and minister to Prussia 1835-46. He negotiated a 
 treaty (not ratified) with Prussia in 1844. His chief work 
 is “Elements of International Law” (1836: later edited 
 by W. B. Lawrence and R. H. Dana, Jr.). He also wrote 
 reports and digests of United States Supreme Court de- 
 cisions, “Life of William Pinckney" (1826), “History of 
 the Northmen” (1831), “Histoire du progres du droit des 
 gens en Europe ” (“ History of the Law of Nations," 1841), 
 “Validity of the British Claim to a Right of Visitation 
 and Search of American Vessels Suspected to be Engaged 
 in the Slave-Trade ” (1842). 
 
 educated at Shrewsbury and at Christ Church, oS Wheatstone (hwet'ston) Sir Charles. Born at 
 He was classical instructor in the King’s School, Chester, Gloucester,_England, h 6b., 180..: uied at Pans, 
 1878 ; read for the bar, and was called in 1881; and practised 
 until 1890. He first began to write for “ The Cornhill ” in 
 1883. Among his novels are “ The House of the Wolf ’’(pub- 
 lished serially in 1887, and in book form in 1890),“ Francis 
 Cludde ” (1891), “ The New Rector ” (1891), “A Gentleman 
 of France ”(1893),“ Under the Red Robe ’’ (1894), and “My 
 Lady Rotha” (1894). 
 
 Oet. 19, 1875. An English physicist and inven- 
 tor, one of the inventors of the electric tele- 
 graph: professor in King’s College, London. He 
 patented, with Cooke, his telegraph in 1837 ; made many 
 researches in electricity, sound, and light ; and invented 
 the stereoscope, concertina, etc. 
 
 Weymouth (wa'muth). A town in Norfolk Wheeler (kwe'ler), Joseph. Born Sept. 10, 
 
 County, Massachusetts, 12 miles south-south- 
 east of Boston. It has manufactures of boots 
 and shoes, etc. Population, 12,895, (1910). 
 
 Weymouth and Melcombe Regis (wa'muth 
 and mel'kumre'jis). A seaport and watering- 
 place in Dorset, England, situated on the Eng- 
 lish Channel, 7 miles south of Dorchester, at 
 the mouth of the Wey. It was the scene of 
 several engagements in the civil war 
 lation, 19,843. 
 
 Weyprecht (vl'precht), Karl. Born near 
 Michelstadt (Hesse), Sept. 8, 1838: died there, 
 March 29, 1881. A German Arctic explorer. 
 In 1871 hewent with Payer to Spitzbergen and Nova Zem- 
 bla, and also 1872-74 with the expedition which discovered 
 Franz Josef Land. He was the originator of the system 
 of international polar stations. 
 
 Whale, The. See Cetus. 
 
 Whalley (hwol'i), Edward. Died at Hadley, 
 Mass., about 1678. An English commander in 
 
 1836: died Jan. 25, 1906. Au American soldier 
 and politician. He was graduated at the United 
 States Military Academy in 1859, and entered the Confed- 
 erate army in 1861, rising to the rank of lieutenant-general 
 in Feb., 1865. From iSSl to 1900 he was a member of 
 Congress from Alabama. He was appointed major-general 
 of volunteers in May, 1898, and commanded the dismounted 
 cavalry in the Santiago campaign. Appointed brigadier- 
 general U. S. A. in 1900. Retired in 1900. 
 
 Popu- Wheeler, William Almon. Born at Malone, 
 Franklin County, N. Y., June 30, 1819: died 
 there, June 4, 1887. An American states- 
 man. He was educated at the University of Vermont, but 
 did not graduate ; was admitted to the bar in 1845 ; was 
 United States district attorney of Franklin County, New 
 York. 1846-49; was a Whig member of the New York As- 
 sembly 1849-58, and State senator 1858-59 ; and was Repub- 
 lican member of Congress from New York 1861-63 and 
 1869-77. He adjusted Louisiana difficulties by the “Wheeler 
 Compromise ” in 1874. He was nominated as Republican 
 candidate for Vice-President of the United States in 1876; 
 was declared elected in 1877 ; and served 1877-81. 
 
 the civil war, and regicide : one of Cromwell’s Wheeling (hwe'ling). A city, capital of Ohio 
 
 Whistler 
 
 County, West Virginia, situated in the “Pan- 
 handle,” on the Ohio River, in lat. 40° 6' N. It is 
 called “ the Nail City," from its nail-factories : it has also 
 other manufactures, and an important trade by railroad 
 and by the Ohio. It was the capital of the State 1863-70 
 and 1875-85. Population, 41,641, (1910). 
 
 Wheelock (hwe'lok), Eleazar. Born at Wind- 
 ham, Conn., 1711 : died at Hanover, N. H., 1779. 
 An American clergyman and educator, first 
 president of Dartmouth College (1770-79). 
 
 Wheelock, John. Born at Lebanon, Conn., 
 1754: died at Hanover, N. H., 1817. An Amer- 
 ican educator, son of Eleazar Wheelock. He 
 served in the Revolutionary War, and succeeded his father 
 as president of Dartmouth College in 1779. He was re- 
 moved by the trustees in 1815, and restored in 1817. 
 
 Whewell (hu'el), William. Born at Lancas- 
 ter, England, May 24, 1794 : died at Cambridge, 
 England, March 6, 1866. A celebrated English 
 scientist and philosopher. He entered Cambridge 
 (Trinity College) in 1812. In 1817 he was elected fellow, 
 and in 1818 mathematical lecturer. From 1828-32 he was 
 professor of mineralogy, ana' from 1838-55 Knightbridge 
 professor of moral philosophy. In 1841 he became master 
 of Trinity College. His works include “ Astronomy and 
 General Physics Considered with Reference to Natural 
 Theology ” (1833), “ History of the Inductive Sciences ” 
 (1837), “Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences” (1840), 
 “ Elements of Morality” (1845), “On the History of Moral 
 Philosophy in England ’’ (1852), “ Plurality of Worlds,” 
 “ Platonic Dialogues for English Readers ” (1859-61),,“ Lec- 
 tures on Political Economy ” (1862). 
 
 Whidby (hwid'bi) . A large island in Puget 
 Sound, belonging to the State of Washington. 
 
 Whigs ( hwigz), The. [Originally a contemptu- 
 ous epithet in Scotland, the primary application 
 of which is not now known.] 1. In English 
 history, one of the two great political parties 
 which arose at the end of the 17th century. It 
 may be regarded as succeeding the Roundheads, Country 
 party, and Exclusionists (Petitioners). It professed more 
 liberal principles than the Tory party, and favored and de- 
 fended the revolution of 1688, Parliamentary control, and 
 the Hanoverian succession. The great Whig families con- 
 trolled the government for many years from the beginning 
 of the reign of George I. Among the later leaders were 
 Fox and Burke. About the time of the Reform Bill of 1832 
 (which the Whigs favored) the name began to he replaced 
 by Liberal. (See Liberal.) Sometimes the more conser- 
 vative members of the Liberal party are still called Whigs. 
 2. The patriotic or American party during the 
 Revolutionary period. — 3. An American po- 
 litical party formed under the leadership of 
 Henry Clay, and known until about 1834 as the 
 National Republican. It favored a loose construction 
 of the Constitution, and supported a high protective tariff 
 and internal improvements. Its presidents were Harri- 
 son and Tyler (1841-45) and Taylor and Fillmore (1849-53). 
 It became divided on the slavery question, lost the elec- 
 tion of 1852, and soon after disappeared. 
 
 Whipple (hwip'l), Edwin Percy. Bom at 
 
 Gloucester, Mass., March 8, 1819: died at Bos- 
 ton, June 16, 1886. An American critic and es- 
 sayist. He was employed in abank and in a broker’s office 
 at Boston ; and 1837-60 was superintendent of the read- 
 ing-room of the Merchants’ Exchange. He became noted 
 as a lecturer. His works include “ Essays and Reviews ” 
 (2 vols. 1848-49), “ Literature and Life ” (1849), “Character 
 and Characteristic Men "(1866), “Literature of the Age 
 of Elizabeth ” (1869), etc. 
 
 Whiskerandos (hwis-ker-an'doz),Bou Ferolo. 
 A character in the tragedy rehearsed in Sheri- 
 dan’s “Critic”: a burlesque tragedy type. 
 Whisky Insurrection or Rebellion. An out- 
 break in the four western counties of Pennsyl- 
 vania, in 1794, against the enforcement of an act 
 of Congress of 1791 imposing an excise duty on 
 all spirits distilled within the United States, and 
 on stills. A large body of militia, under Governor Lee 
 of Virginia, was sent by Washington to the disturbed dis- 
 trict, but the insurrection was suppressed without blood- 
 shed. 
 
 Whisky Ring. A conspiracy of distillers and 
 United States government officials, formed to 
 defraud the government of the excise taxes. It 
 existed about 1872-75. 
 
 Whistlecraft(hwis'l-kraft). William and Rob- 
 ert. A pseudonym of John Hookham Frere. 
 He wrote a “Prospectus and Specimen of an intended Na- 
 tional Work, by William and Robert Whistlecraft, of Stow, 
 market, in Suffolk, Harness and Collar Makers, intended 
 to comprise the most interesting Particulars relating to 
 King Arthur and his Round Table.” In this work he in- 
 troduced the bernesque style into the English language. 
 Byron, when sending “Beppo ” to his publisher, writes : “ I 
 have written a poem humorous, in or after the excellent 
 manner of Mr. Whistlecraft, and founded on a Venetian 
 anecdote which amused me. . . . Whistlecraft is my im- 
 mediate model, but Berni is the father of that kind of 
 writing; which, I think, suits our language, too, very 
 well.” 
 
 Whistler (hwis'ler), James Abbott McNeill. 
 
 Born at Lowell, Mass., 1834 : died at London, 
 July 17, 1903. A distinguished American 
 painter and etcher. He attended the West Point 
 Academy 1851-54, and later studied art in Paris under 
 Gleyre. He removed to London in 1863, and in 1886 was 
 elected president of the Society of British Artists. He 
 
Whistler 
 
 is especially noted for his etchings. His paintings in- 
 clude various portraits, and “The White Girl” (1862), 
 “ Portrait of my Mother” (1872), “Nocturne in Blue and 
 Gold ” and “ Nocturne in Blue and Green ” (1878), “ Har- 
 mony in Gray and Green” (1881), etc. He wrote “The 
 Ge ntle Art of Making Enemies” (1890), etc. 
 
 Whiston (hwis'ton), William. Born atNorton, 
 Leicestershire, England, Dec. 9, 1667 : died at 
 London, Aug. 22, 1752. An English theologian 
 and mathematician, successor of Newton aspro- 
 fessor of mathematics at Cambridge, but ex- 
 pelled for Arianism. He wrote “ New Theory of the 
 Barth” (1696), “Primitive Christianity Revived ” (1711), 
 “St. Clement's and St. Irenmus’s Vindication of the Apos- 
 tolical Constitutions" (1715), “Sir Isaac Newton's Mathe- 
 matical Philosophy Demonstrated " (1716), works on 
 mathematics, Arianism, prophecy, the Scriptures, a life of 
 Samuel Clarke, autobiography (1749-50), and a translation 
 of Josephus (1737). 
 
 Whitby (hwit'bi). A seaport and watering- 
 place in Yorkshire, England, situated at the 
 mouth of the Esk in the North Sea, in lat. 54° 
 29' N., long. 0° 37' W. : the Saxon Streonshalh. 
 
 It has manufactures of jet ornaments and important fish- 
 eries and trade ; and was formerly noted for ship-building. 
 It is a fashionable seaside resort. The famous abbey was 
 founded in the 7th century, though the existing remains 
 date from between the 12th and the 14th. The ruins of the 
 church are picturesque and architecturally interesting. 
 The clearstory windows are small, but the other openings 
 are of good size. The old town grew up around the mon- 
 astery. Population, 11,755. 
 
 Whitby. The capital of Ontario County, Ontario, 
 Canada, situated on Lake Ontario 30 miles east- 
 northeast of Toronto. Population, 2,110. 
 
 Whitby, Daniel. BornatRushden, Northamp- 
 tonshire, 1638 : died at Salisbury, March 24, 
 1726. An English theologian. He graduated at 
 Trinity College, Oxford, in 1657. In 1669 he was rector 
 at St. Edmunds, Salisbury. His attempt to reconcile the 
 Anglican Church and the Dissenters excited the wrath 
 of the clergy : his book “ The Protestant Reconciler ” (1682) 
 was burned at Oxford, and he was forced to recant. He 
 wrote controversial works against Roman Catholicism, and 
 others relating to Arianism, Arminianism, etc. 
 
 Whitby, Synod or Council of. An ecclesias- 
 tical council held at Whitby in 664, under the 
 leadership of Oswy, king of Northumbria, to 
 decide the Easter and tonsure questions. It 
 resulted in the triumph of the Roman party as 
 
 ★against the Celtic. 
 
 White (hwit), Andrew Dickson. Born at Ho- 
 mer, N. Y., Nov. 7, 1832! An American edu- 
 cator, historian, and politician. He graduated at 
 Yale in 1853 ; studied in Europe, and was attache of lega- 
 tion in Russia ; was professor of history and English liter- 
 ature in the University of Michigan 1857-62 ; was State 
 senator in New York 1863-66 ; and was one of the organ- 
 izers of Cornell University and its first president (1867-85). 
 From 1879 to 1881 he was United States minister, and 1897- 
 1902 ambassador, to Germany. In 1871 he was commis- 
 sioner to Santo Domingo, and minister to Russia 1892-94. 
 Among his works are “Lectures on Medieval and Modern 
 History ” (1861), “Warfare of Science” (1876), “The New 
 Germany” ''1882), “Studies in General History" (1885). 
 
 White, Babington. A pseudonym of Miss 
 Braddon (Mrs. Maxwell). 
 
 White, Gilbert. Born at Selhorne, Hampshire, 
 England, July 18, 1720: died there, June 26, 1793. 
 An English naturalist. He was educated at Oriel Col- 
 lege, Oxford, and became a fellow there ; and was curate 
 at Selhorne and elsewhere. He is famous for his “Natural 
 History and Antiquities of Selhorne" (1789). His “Natu- 
 ralists’ Calendar ” was edited by Aikin in 1795. 
 
 White, Henry Kirke. Born at Nottingham, 
 England, March 21, 1785: died at Cambridge, 
 England, Oct. 19, 1806. An English poet. He 
 was the son of a butcher, and was apprenticed to an attor- 
 ney at the age of 15. He published a volume of poems in 
 1803, and in 1804 secured a sizarship at St. John’s College, 
 Cambridge, where he died from overstudy. His “Remains” 
 and biography were published by Southey in 1807. 
 
 White, Hugh Lawson. Born in Iredell County, 
 N. C., 1773: died at Knoxville, Tenn., April 10, 
 1840. An American statesman. He was State 
 senator in Tennessee ; judge of the Tennessee Supreme 
 Court ; and United States senator from Tennessee 1825-40. 
 He received 26 electoral votes as Whig candidate for Presi- 
 dent in 1836. 
 
 White, John. Born 1590: died 1645. An Eng- 
 lish lawyer and doctor of medicine: called 
 “Century White” from his “First Century of 
 Scandalous, Malignant Priests” ( 1643) . He drew 
 up the first charter of the Massachusetts colony. 
 
 White, Joseph Blanco. Born at Seville, July 
 11, 1775: died at Liverpool, May 20, 1841. An 
 English author and clergyman, in 1800 he was or- 
 dained a Roman Catholic priest. In 1810 he went to Eng- 
 land and took orders in the English Church, but afterward 
 became a Unitarian. He edited “El Espafiol” in London 
 (1810-14), and wrote “Letters from Spain” (1822), “Evi- 
 dence against Catholicism ” (1825), “ Poor Man’s Preserva- 
 tive against Popery ’’ (1825), “Second Travels of an Irish 
 Gentleman in Search of a Religion ”(1833), and the famous 
 sonnet “Night.” His autobiography was edited by J. H. 
 Thom (1845). 
 
 White, Peregrine. Born on the Mayflower, in 
 Cape Cod Harbor, Mass., Nov. 20, 1620: died 
 17 04. The first white child born in New England. 
 
 White, Richard Grant. Born atNewYork, May 
 
 1059 
 
 22, 1822: died there, April 8, 1885. An Ameri- 
 can essayist, critic, and Shaksperian scholar. 
 He was educated at the University of the City of New York ; 
 studied law ; became noted as a musical and art critic ; 
 was editor of the New York “Courier and Enquirer” ; and 
 later was connected with the United States revenue bu- 
 reau iu New York He wrote “Appeal from the Sentence 
 of the Bishop [Onderdonk] of New York” (1845), “Hand- 
 book of Christian Art”(1853), “Shakspere’s Scholar ”(1854), 
 “Authorship of the 3 Parts of Henry VI.” (1859), “Na- 
 tional Hymns " (1861), a satire “ The N ew Gospel of Peace ” 
 (1863), “Memoirs of the Life of William Shakspere ’’ (1865), 
 “Poetry of the Civil War "(1866), “Words and Their Uses” 
 (1870), “ Every-day English^’ (1880), “England Withoutand 
 Within ” (1881), a novel “ The Fate of Mansfield Hum- 
 phreys " (1884), “ Studies in Shakspere ” (1885). He edited 
 Shakspere’s plays 1857-65, and in 1883. 
 
 White, Stanford. Born at New York, Nov. 9, 
 1853: died there, June 25, 1906. An American 
 architect and decorator, son of R. G. White. 
 He designed the Washington Arch (New York city), the 
 Madison Square Garden, the base of St. Gaudens’s statue of 
 Farragut in Madison Square, and many buildings. 
 
 White, William. Born at Philadelphia, April 
 4, 1748: died there, July 17, 1836. A bishop of 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church. He was one of 
 the organizers of the Episcopal Church in the United 
 States, and was elected first bishop of Pennsylvania in 
 1786, and consecrated in London in 1787. He wrote “The 
 Case of the Episcopal Churches Considered " (1782), “ Lec- 
 tures on the Catechism ” (1813), “Comparative View of the 
 Controversy between the Calvinists and the Arminians ” 
 (1817), “Memoirs of the Protestant Episcopal Church in 
 the United States” (1820), etc. 
 
 Whiteboys (hwlt'boiz). The members of an 
 illegal agrarian association, formed in Ireland 
 about the year 1761, whose object was “to do 
 justice to the poor by restoring the ancient com- 
 mons andredressing other grievances” ( Lecky ). 
 The members of the association assembled at night with 
 white frocks over their other clothes (whence the name), 
 threw down fences and leveled inclosures (being hence 
 also called Levelers), and destroyed the property of harsh 
 landlords or their agents, the Protestant clergy, the tithe- 
 collectors, and any others who had made themselves ob- 
 noxious to the association. 
 
 Whitecaps (hwlt'kaps). In the United States, 
 a self-constituted body or committee of per- 
 sons who, in Indiana and other States, generally 
 under the guise of rendering service or protec- 
 tion to the community in which they dwell, 
 commit various outrages and lawless acts. 
 
 Whitechapel (hwit'chap // el). A quarter in the 
 eastern part of London, inhabited by the poorer 
 classes and by criminals : so called from White- 
 chapel Road. 
 
 Whitechapel Murders. A series of extraor- 
 dinary and atrocious murders, committed in 
 London, especially in Whitechapel, by an un- 
 known person, popularly called “ Jack the Rip- 
 per,” about 1889. The victims were in all cases 
 fallen women. 
 
 White Company, The. [F. La Compagnie 
 Blanche. ] A band of assassins organized in 
 Toulouse in the 13th century by “the ferocious 
 Folquet,” bishop of Toulouse. He marched at their 
 head, massacring all who were suspected of favoring heret- 
 ical opinions. This company joined the army of Simon 
 de Montfort when he besieged Toulouse. The name was 
 also assumed by a band of freebooters (the “ Grand Com- 
 panies ”) led by Bertrand du Guesclin in 1366, from the 
 white cross which each wore on his shoulder. He was 
 ransomed from English captivity for the purpose of rid- 
 ding France of these adventurers. He placed himself at 
 their head and led them out of the country into Spain. 
 The name was also given, probably on account of their 
 equipment, to another band of adventurers led by Sir 
 John Hawkwood, who ravaged the northern part of Italy 
 with them in the 14th century. 
 
 White Czar, or White King, The. An epithet 
 of the Czar of Russia. 
 
 White Devil, The, or Vittoria Corombona. 
 
 A tragedy by Webster, first acted in 1607 or 
 1608. It was printed in 1612. See Corombona. 
 
 But when these criticisms and others are made, “The 
 White Devil” remains one of the most glorious works of 
 the period. Vittoria is perfect throughout ; and in the 
 justly lauded trial scene she has no superior on any stage. 
 Bracchiano is a thoroughly lifelike portrait of the man 
 who is completely besotted with an evil woman. Flamineo 
 I have spoken of, and not favourably : yet in literature, if 
 not in life, he is a triumph ; and, above all, the absorbing 
 tragic interest of the play, which it is impossible to take 
 up without finishing, has to be counted in. But the real 
 charm of “ The White Devil ” is the wholly miraculous 
 poetry in phrases and short passages which it contains. 
 
 Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 276. 
 
 White Devil of Wallachia, The. A Turkish 
 nickname of Seanderbeg. 
 
 White Elephant, Land of the. Siam. 
 
 Whiteface (hwit'fas) Mountain. A peak of 
 the Adirondacks, in Essex County, New York, 
 near Lake Placid. Height, about 4,870 feot. 
 
 Whitefield (hwit'feld), George. Born at Glou- 
 cester, England, Dee. 27, 1714: died at New- 
 buryport, Mass., Sept. 30, 1770. An English 
 clergyman, one of the founders of Methodism : 
 celebrated os a pulpit orator. He was educated 
 at Gloucester and Oxford ; became associated at Oxford 
 
 White League, The 
 
 with the Methodists ; was ordaiued deacon in 1736 ; visited 
 Georgia in 1738, returning to England in the same year to 
 be ordained a priest ; began open-air preaching at Bristol 
 with great effect ; again visited America 1739-41, preach- 
 ing in N ew England, N ew York, Georgia, and elsewhere ; 
 separated from Wesley on doctrinal points in 1741 (White- 
 field retaining his rigid Calvinism and Wesley leaning 
 toward Arminianism) ; preached throughout Great Brit- 
 ain ; was in America for the third tune 1744-48 (and sev- 
 eral times later) ; and became chaplain to the Countess of 
 Huntingdon. He returned to America for the last time 
 in 1769, and died there. 
 
 Whitefriars (hwit'frFarz). A district in Lon- 
 don, named from an order of Carmelites estab- 
 lished there in 1241. The first monastery of the order 
 in England was founded by Ralph Freshburne near Ater- 
 wich, Northumberland, in 1224. (See Alsatia.) In 1580 the 
 Whitefriars’ Monastery was given up to a company of 
 players, and known as Whitefriars’ Theatre. It was not 
 used after 1616. 
 
 Whitehall (hwit'hal). In modern London, the 
 main thoroughfare between Trafalgar Square 
 and the houses of Parliament, it is 150 feet wide, 
 and passes through the great courtyard of the old White- 
 hall Palace. It contains on either side the administrative 
 offices of the imperial government. 
 
 Whitehall (hwit'hal). A village in Washing- 
 ton County, New York, situated at the southern 
 end of Lake Champlain, 65 miles north by east 
 of Albany, at the terminus of the Champlain 
 Canal. It has an important trade in lumber. 
 Population, 4,917, (1910). 
 
 Whitehall Palace. A palace in London, Eng- 
 land, originally built by Hubert de Burgh in 
 the reign of Henry III. It became the residence of 
 the archbishops of York in 1248, and was called York Place 
 for three centuries. It should not be confounded with York 
 House. It escheated to the crown under Henry VIII. In 
 1615 it was nearly destroyed by fire, and James I. undertook 
 to rebuild thepalace, but only the existing banqueting-hall, 
 designed by Inigo Jones, was finished at the opening of the 
 civil war. The remainder of the old palace has since disap- 
 peared. The banqueting-hall is one of the best examples of 
 the Palladian style, 111 by 55j feet, and 551 high. The ceil- 
 ing is covered with paintings by Rubens representing the 
 Apotheosis of James I., incidents in the life of Charles 
 I., and allegories of Peace, Plenty, and similar subjects. 
 Through an opening broken in the wall between the upper 
 and the lower central windows Charles I. walked to the 
 scaffold. The banqueting-hall was turned into a chapel by 
 George I., but has never been consecrated. It is called “the 
 Chapel Royal of Whitehall," and was dismantled in 1890. 
 White Hart, The. A noted tavern in South- 
 wark, London. 
 
 Whitehaven (hwit'ha // vn). A seaport in Cum- 
 berland, England, situated near the entrance to 
 Solway Firth, in lat. 54° 33' N., long. 3° 35' W. 
 It has coal-mines and varied manufactures, and 
 exports coal, iron, etc. Population, 19,324. 
 Whitehead (hwit'hed), Charles. Born at Lon- 
 don, 1804: died at Melbourne, 1862. An Eng- 
 lish poet and writer. He published “The Solitary” 
 (1831), and “Autobiography of Jack Ketch ”(1834). The 
 “ Pickwick Papers ’’ were written by Dickens at his sug- 
 gestion. In 1857 he went to Melbourne. 
 
 Whitehead, William. Born at Cambridge, 
 1715: died April 14, 1785. An English poet, the 
 successor of Colley Cibber as poet laureate. He 
 was educated at Winchester and Cambridge (Clare Hall). 
 In 1742 he became a fellow of Clare, and in 1757 poet lau- 
 reate. He wrote the tragedies “ A Roman Father ” and 
 “ Creusa, ’’ and the comedy “A School for Lovers,” etc. 
 
 White Horse, Vale of the. A valley in Berk- 
 shire, England, west of Abingdon. See White 
 Horse of Berkshire. 
 
 White Horse of Berkshire, The. A rude fig- 
 ure of a horse made by cutting away the turf 
 on an escarpment of the Chalk Downs near 
 Wantage, Berkshire, England: traditionally as- 
 cribed to Alfred the Great. There are others. 
 
 The White Horse of Uflmgton, in Berkshire, occupies 
 about an acre of ground, and may be seen from some 
 points of view at a distance of twelve miles. 
 
 Woodward , Geology of England and Wales, 2d ed., p. 421. 
 
 White House (hwit hous). A locality on the 
 Pamunkey River, Virginia, east of Richmond : 
 a prominent point in the movements against 
 Richmond in the Civil War. 
 
 White House, The. See Washington (city). 
 White Huns (hunz). An ancient people, prob- 
 ably of the Turkish race, who lived in central 
 Asia. They were probably ancestors of the 
 Turkomans. 
 
 White Lady. In German folk-lore, the ancient 
 Teutonic goddess Holda or Berchta, who was 
 the receiver of the souls of maidens and chil- 
 dren, and who still exists as the White Lady, 
 not unfrequently, in German legends, trans- 
 forming herself, or those whom she decoys 
 into her home, into a white mouse. Baring- 
 Gould, Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, 
 p. 463. 
 
 White League, The. 1 . A military organiza- 
 tion in Louisiana, in the period succeeding the 
 Civil War, formed for the purpose of securing 
 white supremacy. — 2. The Ku-Klux Klan. 
 
Whitelocke 
 
 Whitelocke (hwit'lok), Bulstrode. Born at 
 London, Aug. 6, 1605: died at Clifton, Wilt- 
 shire, 1675. An English statesman, son of Sir 
 James Whitelocke (justice of theKing’sBench). 
 In 1620 he entered St. John's College, Oxford ; in 1626 was 
 member of Parliament for Stafford ; and sat in the Long 
 Parliament for Great Marlow. He succeeded in maintain- 
 ing a moderate or neutral position through the civil war, 
 Commonwealth, and Restoration. In 1646 he was appointed 
 a commissioner to treat with the king at Uxbridge. He 
 committed himself neither to the Independents nor to the 
 Presbyterians, and had nothing to do with the king’s trial 
 and execution. In 1653 he was ambassador to Sweden, 
 and in 1659 was commissioner of the great seal. He was 
 pardoned at the Restoration. He wrote “ Memorials of 
 English Affairs" (1682). 
 
 White Mountain. [G. Weisser Berg.'] A hill 
 near Prague, about 1,200 feet in height. Here, 
 Nov. 8, 1620, the Imperialists under Tilly and Maximilian 
 of Bavaria defeated the elector Frederick V. of the Palati- 
 nate. 
 
 White Mountain Apache. See Coyotero. 
 White Mountains. A group of mountains in 
 New Hampshire, belonging to the Appalachian 
 system. It comprises the Presidential range, or White 
 Mountains proper (Mounts Washington, Adams, Jeffer- 
 son, Madison, Monroe, Clay, and others), the Franconia 
 range (Mount Lafayette and others), and other lesser 
 heights. Highest point, Mount Washington (6,270 feet). 
 They are a popular summer resort. 
 
 White Mountains. A name sometimes given 
 to the Little Carpathians between Moravia and 
 Hungary. 
 
 White Oak Swamp. A locality east of Rich- 
 mond, the scene of part of the battle of June 
 30, 1862, and of the Seven Days’ Battles. 
 White Plains. A village in Westchester Coun- 
 ty, New York, 22 miles north-northeast of New 
 York. A victory was gained there by the British under 
 Howe over the Americans under Washington, Oct. 28, 
 1776. Population, village, 15,949, (1910). 
 
 White River. 1 . A river in Arkansas and the 
 southern part of Missouri, which joins the Ar- 
 kansas and Mississippi near the junction of 
 those rivers. Length, about 800 miles ; navi- 
 gable to Batesville or Jacksonport. — - 2. A river 
 in Indiana, formed by the East and West Forks. 
 It joins the Wabash 25 miles southwest of Vincennes. 
 Indianapolis is on the West Fork. Length, about 350 
 miles, including the West Fork. 
 
 White River Junction. A railroad junction 
 in Vermont, at the entrance of the White 
 River into the Connecticut, 32 miles east of 
 Rutland. 
 
 White Rose of Raby. An epithet of the mother 
 of Edward IV. of England. In 1794 a novel with 
 this title was published. 
 
 White Russia ( rush'a). A popular hut not 
 official name for a part of western Russia 
 largely inhabited by White Russians, it includes, 
 in whole or in great part, the governments of Vilna, Grod- 
 no, Mohileff, Minsk, Smolensk, and Vitebsk. Formerly it 
 belonged to Poland. 
 
 White’s (hwlts). A noted club in St. James’s 
 street, London, established in 1698 as a choco- 
 late-house, and called after the name of its 
 keeper. It was from the beginning principally 
 a gambling club. 
 
 Whites, The. See Bianchi. 
 
 White Sea. An arm of the Arctic Ocean which 
 penetrates about 400 miles into northern Rus- 
 sia. Its chief branches are the Gulfs of Mezen, Archangel 
 (or Dwina), Onega, and Kandalak, and it receives the Me- 
 zen, Dwina, Onega, and Wyg. It is frozen more than half 
 the year. 
 
 White Sheep, The. The Turkoman conquerors 
 of Persia about 1468. 
 
 White Sulphur Springs. A village and wa- 
 tering-place in Greenbrier County, West Vir- 
 ginia, 60 miles northwest of Lynchburg : one of 
 th e most noted summer resorts in the South. 
 White Surrey. The favorite horse of Rich- 
 ard IH. 
 
 White Tower. The oldest portion of the Tower 
 of London (which see). 
 
 Whitfield, George. See White field. 
 
 Whitfield (hwit'feld), or Whitefield, John 
 Clarke. Born at Gloucester, Dec. 13, 1770: 
 died near Hereford, Feb. 22, 1836. An English 
 
 musician. In 1798 he became choirmaster of St. Patrick’s 
 Cathedral in Dublin ; soon after organist of Trinity and 
 St. John’s colleges, Cambridge ; and from 1820-33 organist 
 of Hereford cathedral. From 1821 he was professor of 
 music to the University of Cambridge. He edited Han- 
 del’s oratorios. 
 
 Whitgift (hwit'gift), John. Born at Great 
 Grimsby, Lincolnshire, England, 1530 (1533?): 
 died at London, Feb. 29, 1604. An English 
 prelate. In 1563 lie became Lady Margaret professor 
 of divinity at Cambridge ; in 1667 regius professor and 
 master of Trinity; and in 1570 vice-chancellor of the uni- 
 versity. He was appointed bishop of Worcester in 1577, 
 and archbishop of Canterbury in 1583. He was a persecu- 
 tor of the Puritans ; was one of the authors of the “Lam- 
 beth Articles and took part in the Hampton Court Con- 
 
 1060 
 
 ference in 1604. His works were edited for the Parker 
 Society 1851-53. 
 
 Whitlock (hwit'lok), Mrs. (Eliza Kemble). 
 
 Born 1761: died 1836. An English actress, 
 sister of Mrs. Siddons. 
 
 Whitman (hwit'man), Marcus. Born at Rush- 
 ville, N. Y., Sept. 4,1802 : died near Walla Wall a, 
 Oregon, Nov. 29, 1847. An American pioneer. 
 In 1836 he went to Oregon for the American Board as mis- 
 sionary physician. Convinced of the value of (he country, 
 he returned (1842-43) to Washington, and by his represen- 
 tations practically succeeded in securing Oregon for the 
 United States. To prove its accessibility to settlers, he led 
 back in the same year a large train of wagons to the valley 
 of the Columbia. He was murdered by Indians. 
 
 Whitman (hwit'man), Mrs. (Sarah Helen 
 Power). Born at Providence, R. I., 1803: died 
 there, June 27, 1878. An American poet and 
 critic. About 1848 she became engaged to Edgar Allan 
 Poe, and, though the engagement was broken off, defended 
 him in her “ Edgar A. Poe and his Critics ” (1S60). She 
 also wrote “Hours of Life, and other Poems” (1853), and 
 var ious poems with lxer sister Anna M. Power. 
 
 Whitman, Walt or Walter. Born at West 
 Hills, Long Island, N. Y., May 31, 1819: died at 
 Camden, N. J., March 26, 1892. An American 
 poet. In early life he was engaged as a printer, carpen- 
 ter, and journalist. During the Civil War he volunteered 
 as army nurse, and in 1864 was seized with hospital mala- 
 ria, from which he never fully recovered. After the war he 
 was a government clerk in Washington ; and was dis- 
 missed in 1865, on account of the character of his volume 
 of poems “Leaves of Grass,” which had been published in 
 1855. The volume has many times been revised, a final 
 edition appearing in 1892. Shortly after his dismissal he 
 received another appointment which he held until disabled 
 by paralysis in 1873, when lie removed to Camden. William 
 Douglas O’Connor published a pamphlet in his defense in 
 1866, entitled “ The Good Gray Poet : A Vindication,” and 
 W. M. Rossetti published an edition of his poems in Eng- 
 land in 1S68. His other works include “ Drum-Taps ”(1865), 
 “Memoranda During the War” (1875), “Democratic Vis- 
 tas” (1871), “Two Rivulets ” (1876), “Specimen Days and 
 Collect ”(18S3), “November Boughs ”(1888),“ Goodbye, my 
 Fancy” (1891), and “Selected Poems.” A complete collec- 
 tion of his prose works and “ Autobiographia " was pub- 
 lished in 1892. 
 
 Whitney (hwit'ni), Mrs. (Adeline Dutton 
 Train). Born at Boston, Sept. 15, 1824: died 
 March 21, 1906. An American novelist, poet, 
 and writer of juveniles. Her novels include “Boys 
 at Chequasset” (1862), “Faith Gartney s Girlhood” (1863), 
 “The Gayworthys” (1865), “A Summer in Leslie Gold- 
 thwaite’s Life ”(1866), “Patience Strong's Outings ” (1868), 
 “Hitherto” (1869), “Real Folks ” (1871), “Sights and In- 
 sights" (1876), “Odd or Even” (1880), “ Bonny borough ” 
 (1885), “ Ascutney Street” (1891), “A Golden Gossip "(1892). 
 She has published also several volumes of poems. 
 
 Whitney (hwit'ni), Eli. Born at Westborough, 
 Mass., Dec. 8, 1765 : died at New Haven, Conn., 
 Jan. 8, 1825. An American inventor and man- 
 ufacturer. He graduated at Yale in 1792, and in the 
 same year went to Georgia as a teacher, and there invented 
 the cotton-gin. His workshop was broken into and his 
 machine stolen and others made before he could secure a 
 patent. He subsequently made a fortune in the manu- 
 facture of firearms at Wliitneyville, near New Haven. 
 
 Whitney, Josiah Dwight. Born at Northamp- 
 ton, Mass., Nov. 23, 1819: died Aug. 19, 1896. A 
 distinguished American geologist. He graduated 
 at Yale in 1839 ; was connected as geologist with the New 
 
 , Hampshire survey 1840-42 ; studied and traveled in Europe 
 1842-47 : was assistant geologist of the United States sur- 
 vey of the Lake Superior region 1847-49 ; became State 
 chemist of Iowa and professor in Iowa State University in 
 1855; was connected with the State surveysof Wisconsin and 
 Illinois 1858-60 ; was State geologist of California 1860-74 ; 
 and became professor of geology at Harvard in 1865. W i th 
 J. W. Foster he published reports on the Lake Superior 
 survey (1849 and 1850-51) ; with James Hall reports on the 
 Geological Survey of Iowa (1858-59) and on that of Wis- 
 consin (1862). He also wrote “ The Metallic Wealth of 
 the United States, etc." (1854), “Geological Survey of 
 California" (1864-70), “The Yosemite Guide-Book ” (1869), 
 “ Barometric Hypsometry ” (1874), a volume on the botany 
 of California (1877), “ Names and Places’’ (1888), etc. 
 
 Whitney, Mount. [Named from Prof. J. D. 
 Whitney.] A peak of the Sierra Nevada Moun- 
 tains, on the border of Inyo and Tulare coun- 
 ties, California, about lat. 36° 35' N. : at one 
 time thought to be the highest mountain in 
 the United States. Height, 14,502 feet. 
 
 Whitney, William Collins. Born July 15, 
 1841: died Feb. 2, lQfl4. An American lawyer 
 and politician. He graduated at Yale in 1863, and at 
 the Harvard Law School in 1865, and was several times 
 corporation counsel of New York city. He was secretary 
 of the navy 1885-89. 
 
 Whitney, William Dwight. Born at North- 
 ampton, Mass., Feb. 9,1827 : died at New Haven, 
 Conn., June 7, 1894. A distinguished American 
 philologist, brother of J. D. Whitney. He gradu- 
 ated at Williams College in 1845 ; was employed in a bank 
 at Northampton for several years ; studied Sanskrit at New 
 Haven 1849-50, and at Berlin 1850-53; and became pro- 
 fessor of Sanskrit at Yale in 1853, and also of comparative 
 philology in 1870. He was secretary of the American Ori- 
 ental Society 1857-84, and its president from 1884 ; and was 
 the first president of the American Philological Associ- 
 ation. He was also member of many learned societies, 
 and was a foreign knight of the Prussian order Pour le 
 MCrite, filling the vacancy caused by the death of Thomas 
 
 Wichert 
 
 Carlyle. His works include numerous contributions to the 
 “Journal of the American Oriental Society” and other pa- 
 pers, a translation of the “Sitrya Siddh&nta ” (1860), an 
 edition of the * ‘ Pratifakhya ” of the “Atharva Veda ” (1862), 
 “Language and the Study of Language” (1867), “German 
 Grammar ’’ (1869), “German Reader," an edition of the 
 “Taittirlya PiAtis&khya ’’ (1871), “Oriental and Linguistic 
 Studies ”(1872-74), “Life and Growth of Language” (1875), 
 “ Essentials of English Grammar” (1877)>“ Sanskrit Gram- 
 mar ” (1879), “ French Grammar ” (1886), etc. He also was 
 editor-in-chief of “The Century Dictionary” (1889-91), and 
 aided in the revision of Webster’s Dictionary (1864). 
 
 Whittier (hwit'i-er), John Greenleaf. Born 
 at Haverhill, Mass., Dec. 17,1807 : died at Hamp- 
 ton Falls, N. H., Sept. 7, 1892. A distinguished 
 American poet, reformer, and author : a mem- 
 ber of the Society of Friends. He attended the 
 Haverhill Academy ; worked on a farm ; taught school 
 in order to afford further education ; and at the age of 
 twenty-two edited the “ American Manufacturer" at Bos- 
 ton. In 1830 he edited the “Haverhill Gazette,” and a 
 few months later the “New England Weekly Review” 
 (Hartford). He was a leading opponent of slavery ; be- 
 came secretary of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 
 1836; and went to Philadelphia, where he edited the “ Penn- 
 sylvania Freeman. ” He was several times attacked by mobs 
 on account of his opinions. He was sent to the Massa- 
 chusetts legislature in 1835-36, and settled at Amesbury, 
 Massachusetts, in 1840. He was leading writer for the 
 Washington “National Era” 1847-59. Among his works 
 are “ Legends of New England ” (1831) , “Moll Pitcher” 
 (1832), “Mogg Megone” (1836), “Ballads” (1838), “Lays 
 of My Home, and other Poems” (1843), “The Stranger in 
 Lowell” (1845),“ Supernaturalism in New England ” (1847), 
 “Leaves from Margaret Smith’s Journal” (1849), ‘ The 
 Voices of Freedom ’’ (1849), “Old Portraits and Modern 
 Sketches ” (1850), “Songs of Labor ” (1850), “The Chapel of 
 the Hermits” (1853), “Literary Recreations and Miscella- 
 nies" (1854), “The Panorama ” (1856), “Home Ballads and 
 Poems” (1860), “In War Time” (1863), “National Lyrics" 
 (1865),“ Snow-Bound "(1866),“ Maud Muller ”(1866),“ The 
 Tent on the Beach ”(1867), “Among the Hills ”(1868),“ Bal- 
 ladsof NewEngland v (1869),“ Miriam” (1871),“The Penn- 
 sylvania Pilgrim ” (1872), “Hazel Blossoms" (1874), “ Ma- 
 bel Martin” (1875), “The Vision of Echard" (1878), “The 
 King’s Missive ” (1881), “ The Bay of the Seven Islands ’’ 
 (1883), “Poems of Nature” (1886), “St. Gregory’s Guest ” 
 (1886). Complete works, prose and verse, in 7 vols. (1888- 
 1889), revised by the author. 
 
 Whittington (hwit'ing-ton). A town in Derby- 
 shire, England, 9 miles south by east of Shef- 
 field. Population, 9,41G. 
 
 Whittington, Sir Richard. Bom about 1358 : 
 died March, 1423. Lord Mayor of London. He 
 wa3 a son of Sir Richard Whittington of Pauntley, Glou- 
 cestershire, who died an butlaw in 1360. In 1393 he was 
 an alderman and sheriff of London, and was chosen mayor 
 in 1397, 1406, and 1419. In 1416 he was elected member of 
 Parliament for London. Tiie old legend which depicts 
 him as going up to London to seek his fortune, which he 
 finally achieves by means of bis cat, has no foundation in 
 fact; but the phrase “Whittington and his cat” is sup- 
 posed to be a corruption of the word acat or achat , used 
 in the 14th century, meaning ‘trading’ or ‘barter,’ round 
 which the nursery tale grew. There is an Eastern legend 
 of the same nature, which probably affected the form of 
 the story. 
 
 Whittredge (hwit'rej), Worthington. Born 
 May 22, 1820: died Feb. 25, 1910. An American 
 landscape-painter, a pupil of Andreas Achen- 
 bach in Diisseldorf. He was elected national 
 academician in 1861, and president in 1874. 
 Whitworth (hwit'werth). A village in Lan- 
 cashire, England, situated on the Spodden 12 
 miles north of Manchester. Pop., 9,578. 
 Whitworth, Sir Joseph. Bom at Stockport, 
 England, 1803 : died 1887. An English inventor 
 and manufacturer, noted especially for his 
 breech-loading cannon and rifles. 
 
 Whydah (hwid ' a), or Widah (wid ' a). The 
 chief seaport of Dahomey, Africa, situated on 
 a lagoon near the coast, about long. 2° 5' E. 
 Population, estimated, 12,000-25,000. 
 Whyinper (hwim'per). Edward. Born at Lon- 
 don, April 27, 1840: died at Chamonix. Sept. 16. 
 1911. An English traveler and author, noted 
 as a mountain-climber. He ascended Mont Pelvoux 
 iu 1861, and Pointe des Kerins in 1864; made the first 
 ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 (see Matterhorn ); trav- 
 eled extensively in Greenland in 1867 and 1872 ; and as- 
 cended Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, Antisana, Pichincha, and 
 other mountains in the Ecuadorian Andes in 1880. He 
 wrote “Scrambles among the Alps” (1871), “Travels 
 amongst the Great Andes of the Equator ” (1892). 
 
 Whyte-Melville (hwit'mel'vil), George John. 
 
 Born near St. Andrews, Scotland, 1821 : died 
 Dee., 1878. An English soldier and novelist. He 
 was educated at Eton; entered the army in 1839; retired 
 from file army with the rank of captain in 1849: and 
 served in the Turkish cavalry in the Crimean war. Among 
 his novels are “Digby Grand ” (1853), “ Kate Coventry ” 
 (1856), “ The Interpreter" (1858), “Ilolmby House ’’(I860), 
 “Good for Nothing” (1861), “The Queen’s Marys ” (1862), 
 “The Gladiators "(1863), “The White Rose"(186S), “ Sar- 
 chedon ” (1871), “Satanella " (1873), “Uncle John (1874), 
 “Katerfelto” (1875), “Roy’s Wife” (1878), “Black but 
 Comely ” (1879). 
 
 Wichert (ve'chert). Ernst Alexander August 
 Georg. Born at Insterburg, East Prussia, 
 March 11, 1831: died at Berlin. Jan. 21, 1902. 
 A German dramatist and novelist. His works in- 
 clude the novels “ Das '-Tune Thor,” ‘ Ein starkes Herz," 
 
Wichert 
 
 “ Heinrich von Plauen,’’ “ Der grosse Knrfiirst in Preus- 
 sen," and the dramas “Der Narr des Glucks," “EinSchritt 
 vom Wege,” “Die Realisten,” etc. 
 
 Wichita (we'che-ta). Aconfederacy of theCad- 
 doan family of North American Indians. They for- 
 merly lived on the middle Arkansas, in Kansas, and south- 
 ward to Brazos River in Texas ; their present habitat is on 
 the former Wichita reservation, Oklahoma. The confed- 
 eracy consists of several tribes, of which the principal are 
 the Wichita, Towakarehu, and Weeko. See Caddoan. 
 
 Wichita (wich'i-ta). [From the Indian name.] 
 The capital of Sedgwick County, Kansas, situ- 
 ated on the Arkansas River 130 miles southwest 
 of Topeka. It is an important railway center. 
 Population, 52,450, (1910). 
 
 Wick (wik). A seaport, capital of the county 
 of Caithness, Scotland, situated on the North 
 Sea in lat. 58° 27' N. It is an important fish- 
 ing port (especially for herrings). Population, 
 royal and municipal borough, 2,773. 
 
 Wickfield (wik'feld). Agnes. The daughter of 
 Mr. Wickfield the solicitor, and second wife of 
 David Copperfield, in Dickens’s novel of that 
 name. 
 
 Wickliffe, John. See Wyclif. 
 
 Wickliffites. See Wyclifites. 
 
 Wicklow (wik'lo). 1. A county in Leinster, 
 Ireland, bounded by Dublin, St. George’s Chan- 
 nel, Wexford, Carlow, and Kildare. It is trav- 
 ersed by a range of hills. Area, 781 square miles. 
 Population, 60,824. — 2. The capital of County 
 Wicklow, situated on St. George’s Channel 
 28 miles south-southeast of Dublin. Popula- 
 tion, urban district, 3,288. 
 
 Wiclif. See Wyclif. 
 
 Widdin, or Widin(vid'in). A town in Bulgaria, 
 situated on the Danube in lat. 43° 59' N., long. 
 22° 52' E., on the site of the Roman Bononia. 
 It was formerly an important fortress, and has a flourish- 
 ing river trade. The Turks were defeated there by the 
 Imperialists in 1689. It was a strategic point in the Cri- 
 mean war, the Servian rebellion (1876), and the Russo- 
 Turkish war (1877-78) ; and was successfully attacked by 
 the Servians in 1885. Population, 10,388. 
 
 Wide, Wide World, The. A novel by Susan 
 Warner, published in 1850. 
 
 Widnes (wid'nes). A manufacturing town in 
 Lancashire, England, situated on the Mersey 
 11 miles east-southeast of Liverpool. Popula- 
 tion, 28,580. 
 
 Widow, The. A comedy by Middleton, com- 
 posed about 1616, printed in 1652, and attrib- 
 uted to Jonson, Fletcher, and Middleton. 
 Widow Barnaby (bar 'na-bi). A novel by 
 Mrs. Trollope, published in 1839. The Widow 
 Barnaby is a vulgar, unprincipled woman, fre- 
 quently quoted. 
 
 Widow Bedott (be-dot') Papers. A series of 
 humorous papers, published by Mis. Frances 
 M. Whitcher (under the name of Widow Bedott 
 or Priscilla P. Bedott) about 1847. 
 
 Widow’s Tears, The. A comedy by Chapman, 
 published in 1612. It is vigorous but broad. 
 Widukind. See Wittekind. 
 
 Wied (ved). A small river in Germany which 
 joins the Rhine at Neuwied. 
 
 Wied. A former countship of the German Em- 
 pire, in the ancient Westphalian circle, lying 
 along the Lahn and in the neighborhood of 
 Neuwied. It gave name to a German dynasty. 
 Wied, or Neuwied, Maximilian Alexander 
 Philipp, Prince of. See Neuwied. 
 
 Wieland. See Wayland Smith. 
 Wieland(veTant), Christopher Martin. Born 
 at Oberholzheim, near Biberaeh, Sept. 5, 1733 : 
 died at Weimar, Jan. 20, 1813. A German poet 
 and author. His father was a clergyman in the Swa- 
 bian village where the poet was born. In 1750 he went to 
 Tubingen to study jurisprudence at the university. The 
 following year (1751) appeared his first work, the philo- 
 sophical-didactic poem “Die Natur der Dinge” (“The 
 Nature of Things "). This was followed by other moral 
 writings, among them an “Anti-Ovid.” In 1752, at the 
 invitation of the poet and historian Bodmer, he went to 
 Zurich, where the next year he published the poem “ Der 
 gepriifte Abraham” (“The Trial of Abraham”). Other 
 poems of this period are “Sympathien” (“Sympathies”), 
 and the “ Kmpflndungen des Christen ’ (“The Feelings of 
 the Christian," 1755), directed against the Anacreontic 
 poets. In 1759 he left Zurich to take the position of 
 tutor at Bern. The succeeding year, however, he re- 
 turned to Biberaeh, where he was given a minor legal po- 
 sition. His writings subsequently exhibit an entirely 
 different tendency from the religious ones of the Zurich 
 period. They are the prose romance “ Araspes und Pan- 
 thea ” (1761) ; a translation in whole or in part of twenty- 
 two of the plays of Shakspere, between 1762 and 1766 ; the 
 romance(in themannerof “Don Quixote")" DonSylviovon 
 Rosalva" (1764) : “Komische Erzahlungen" (“Humorous 
 Tales ’ 1766); the most celebrated of his novels, “Aga- 
 thon " (1766-67) , the narratives in verse “ Musarion ” and 
 "Idris’ (both 1768). In 1769 he was made professor of 
 philosophy and literature at the University of Erfurt, 
 where he remained until 1772, when he went to Weimar 
 as tutor to the young prince Charles Augustus. He sub- 
 sequently lived in or near Weimar until his death. After 
 
 ♦ 1061 
 
 his removal to Erfurt had appeared, further, in the same 
 vein as the works immediately preceding, “ Die Grazien ” 
 (“The Graces ”), prose and verse (1770), and the narrative 
 poem “Der neue Amadis”(“The New Amadis,” 1771). 
 With his establishment at Erfurt begins a third and more 
 serious period in his literary work. The first production 
 in the new direction was the prose romance “Dergoldene 
 Spiegel” (“The Golden Mirror,” 1772). The following 
 year, in Weimar, he started a quarterly literary magazine, 
 “Derteutsche Mercur” (“The German Mercury”), which 
 was successfully continued until 1810. In it appeared the 
 satirical romance “Die Abderiten” (“The Abderites, ’ 
 1774), and the best-known of his poems, the epic “Obe- 
 ron,” which was published in 1780. Among his other works 
 may particularly be mentioned the poems “ Gaudalin " 
 (1776), “Geron der Adeliche ” (“Geron the Noble,” 1777), 
 and “Clelia und Sinibald”; the operas “Alceste” and 
 “Hercules ” ; and the sequel to “The Golden Mirror,” the 
 novel “ Der Danischmend,” published in 1776. Hiscollected 
 works were published under his own supervision, 1794— 
 1802, in 39 vols. with 6 supplements. Subsequently his com- 
 plete works were published at Leipsic, 1818-28, in 63 vols. 
 
 Wien (ven). The German name of Vienna. 
 
 Wiener-Neustadt (ve'ner-noi'stat). A town 
 in Lower Austria, situated on the Fisclia 27 
 miles south by west of Vienna. It has manufac- 
 tures of locomotives, etc. Formerly it was a favorite 
 Austrian princely residence. It was conquered by Mat- 
 thias Corvinus in I486, and was unsuccessfully besieged 
 by the Turks in 1529 and 1683. It was the birthplace of 
 Maximilian I., and contains the ducal castle of theBaben- 
 bergs. Bopulation, 32,869, (1910). 
 
 Wieniawski (ve-ne-of'ske), Henri. Born at 
 Lublin, July 10, 1835: died at Moscow, April 
 2 (Marcli 31), 1880. A Polish composer and 
 noted violinist. 
 
 Wiertz (verts), Antoine Joseph. Born at Di- 
 nant, Belgium, Feb. 22, 1806 : died at Brussels, 
 June 18, 1865. A Belgian historical painter. 
 He studied at Antwerp, Paris, and Rome, and in 1848 set- 
 tled at Brussels, where the government built for him a 
 large studio, now the Musbe Wiertz, containing his paint- 
 ings which he would not sell. Among his works are 
 “Contest for the Body of Patroclus,” “Revolt of the 
 Angels,” “ The Orphans,” “ Carnival at Rome,” “ Triumph 
 of Christ, "and “Napoleon in Hell.” He wrote a “Eulogy on 
 Rubens ” (1840), and a “ Memoir on Flemish Painting.” 
 
 Wiesbaden (ves'ba-den). The capital of the 
 governmental district of Wiesbaden, in the 
 province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, situated 
 on the slope of the Taunus Wald, 3 miles from 
 the Rhine and 6 miles north by west of Mainz. 
 It is famous for its hot springs, and is frequented annually 
 by about 150,000 visitors. It was known in Roman times, 
 and was the capital of Nassau. It has been notorious as a 
 gambling resort. Population, commune, 109,013, (1910). 
 
 Wife, The. Aplayby James Sheridan Knowles, 
 brought out in 1833. Charles Lamb wrote the 
 prologue and epilogue. 
 
 Wife for a Month, A. A play by Fletcher, 
 acted some time before 1624, printed in 1647. 
 
 Wife of Bath’s Tale, The. One of Chaucer’s 
 “ Canterbury Tales.” It is that of a hag who returns 
 to her original form of a lovely lady when a knight is 
 found courageous enough to marry her. The prologue 
 owes numerous passages to Jerome’s treatise against 
 Jovinian who argued against celibacy, and was modern- 
 ized by Pope. Dryden modernized the tale and changed 
 it unwarrantably. Variantsand analogues of this tale are 
 known in Sanskrit, Turkish, Kaffir, Gaelio, and Icelandic, 
 in the Gawaine division of the Arthurian cycle, and in 
 Gower’s “Florentius” (“Confessio Amantis,” i.), which is 
 no doubt from a French original. 
 
 Wigan (wig'an). A town in Lancashire, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Douglas 18 miles north- 
 east. of Liverpool. It has coal-mines, cotton manu- 
 factures, foundries, furnaces, manufactures of nails, etc. 
 It was the scene of Parliamentary victories in 1643 and 
 1651. Population, 89,171, (1911). 
 
 Wigglesworth (wig'lz-werth), Michael. Born 
 in England, 1631: died at Malden, Mass., June 
 10, 1705. An American clergyman and poet, 
 pastor at Malden from 1656: best known for 
 his poem “The Day of Doom” (1662). He 
 wrote also “God’s Controversy with New Eng- 
 land” (?), “Meat out of the Eater.” 
 
 Wight (wit), Isle of. [L. Vectis.] An island in 
 the English Channel, belonging to Hampshire, 
 England, separated from the mainland by the 
 channels of Solent and Spithead. It is traversed 
 by a range of chalk downs, and is noted for picturesque 
 scenery. The capital is Newport. The island contains 
 Cowes, Ryde, Ventnor, Shanklin, and other watering- 
 places, Carisbrooke Castle (place of confinement of Charles 
 
 1. ), Osborne (villa of Queen Victoria), and Farringford 
 (residence of Tennyson). Length, 23 miles. Area, 145 
 square miles. Population, 82,418. 
 
 Wigton (wig'ton). A town in Cumberland, 
 England, 11 miles west-southwest of Carlisle. 
 Population, 3,692. 
 
 Wigtown (wig'ton), or Wigton. 1 . A maritime 
 count yin Scotland, in the southwestern extrem- 
 ity, bounded by Ayr, Kirkcudbright, Wigtown 
 Bay, the Irish Sea, and the North Channel, it is 
 
 an important dairy county, part of the ancient Galloway. 
 Area, 486 square miles. Population, (civil co.), 32,683. 
 
 2. A royal burgh, capital of the county of 
 Wigtown, situated on Wigtown Bay in lat. 54° 
 52' N. Population, 1,329. 
 
 Wildermuth 
 
 Wigtown Bay. An arm of the Irish Sea, be- 
 tween the counties of Kirkcudbright and Wig- 
 town. 
 
 Wilberforce (wil'ber-fors), Robert Isaac. 
 
 Born 1802: died 1857. An English clergyman 
 and author, son of William Wilberforce. He 
 wrote “The Five Empires ” (1841), “History of Erastian- 
 ism ” (1851), and works on the incarnation, baptism, the 
 eucharist, etc. 
 
 Wilberforce, Samuel. Born at Clapham, near 
 London, Sept. 7, 1805: killed by a fall from his 
 horse near Dorking, England, July 19, 1873. 
 An English prelate, bishop of Winchester : third 
 son of William Wilberforce. In 1826 he graduated 
 at Oxford (Oriel College) ; in 1830 became rector of Bright- 
 stone, Isle of Wight; in 1841 was appointed chaplain to 
 the Prince Consort ; and in 1845 became bishop of Oxford. 
 In 1869 he was appointed bishop of W inchester. Though 
 a High-churchman, he did not join the Oxford movement ; 
 but several members of his family went over to the Church 
 of Rome. His cleverness and persuasiveness of speech 
 and manner gained him the nickname of “Soapy Sam,” 
 which he explained as due to the fact that he was “ often 
 in hot water, and always came out with clean hands.” He 
 published, with his brother, a life of his father (1838), and 
 his correspondence (1840). He wrote “Note-Book of a 
 Country Clergyman ’’ (1833), “ Agathos ” (1840), “ History of 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church of America” (1844), etc. 
 
 Wilberforce, William. Born at Hull, England, 
 Aug. 24, 1759: died at London, July 29, 1833. 
 An English philanthropist, statesman, and ora- 
 tor: famous as an opponent of the slave-trade. 
 His family held the manor of Wilherfoss in the East Rid- 
 ing, Yorkshire. He graduated at Cambridge (St. John's 
 College), and in 1780 became member of Parliament for 
 Hull. He was intimately associated with William Pitt. 
 About 1787 he met Thomas Clarkson, and began to agitate 
 the slavery question with the support of Pitt, who, in 1788, 
 in the absence of Wilberforce, introduced the question in 
 Parliament. In 1792 Wilberforce carried in the House 
 of Commons a measure for gradual abolition, which was 
 thrown out by the Lords. Immediate abolition was se- 
 cured in 1807. The Emancipation Bill was passed in 1833, 
 a month after the death of Wilberforce. He wrote “A 
 Practical View of the Prevailing Religious System of Pro- 
 fessed Christians” (1797), etc. 
 
 Wilbye (wil'bi), John. An English musical 
 composer. In 1598 he was teacher of music in Austin 
 Friars, London. He published “ The First Set of English 
 Madrigals, for three, four, five, and six voices,” and in 1608 
 a second book of the same. 
 
 Wilcox (wil'koks), Cadmus Marcellus. Born 
 in North Carolina, May 29, 1826: died at Washing- 
 ton, D. C., Dec. 2, 1890. A Confederate general. 
 He graduated at West Point in 1846 ; served in the Mexi- 
 can war ; and entered the Confederate service and served 
 in the Army of Northern Virginia throughout the Civil 
 War. He wrote “ Rifles and Rifle- Practice ” (1859). 
 
 Wild (wild), Jonathan. Born about 1682: 
 hanged at Tyburn, May 24, 1725. An English 
 robber, andreceiver of stolen goods: the subject 
 of Fielding’s “History of the Life of the Late 
 Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great” (1743) and of a 
 novel by Defoe. 
 
 Wildair ( wlld'ar), Sir Harry. A gay, spir- 
 ited man of fashion in Farquhar’s “Constant 
 Couple ” and in its sequel “ Sir Harry Wildair.” 
 The part was created by Wilks and afterward played by 
 Garrick, but Peg Woffington played it so brilliantly that 
 the latter resigned it to her. 
 
 Wildbad (vilt'bad). A small town and water- 
 ing-place in the Black Forest circle, Wiirtem- 
 berg, situated in the valley of the Enz 29 miles 
 west of Stuttgart: noted for its warm alkali 
 springs. 
 
 Wild Boar of Ardennes. See Ardennes, Wild 
 Boar of. 
 
 Wilde( wild), James Plaisted, Baron Penzance. 
 Born at London, July 12, 1816: died at Godai- 
 ming, Dec. 9, 1899. An English lawyer. He was 
 educated at Winchester and at Trinity College, Cambridge ; 
 was called to the bar in 1839 ; and was made a baron of the 
 exchequer in 1860, and knighted. From 1863 to 1872 he was 
 judge of the Court of Probate and judge ordinary of the 
 Divorce Court. In 1864 he was made privy councilor, and 
 in 1869 created a peer of the United Kingdom. He later 
 held many public offices. 
 
 Wilde, Oscar O’Flahertie Wills. Born at 
 Dublin, Ireland, 1856: died at Paris, Nov. 
 30, 1900. A British writer, a leader in the 
 “esthetic” movement. Hewasason of Sir William 
 "Wilde the oculist, and was educated at Oxford. He has 
 been satirized in “Punch" and in Gilbert and Sullivan’s 
 opera “ Patience." His poems were published in 1881, and 
 “The llappy Prince, and other Tales " in 1888. He lectured 
 in the United States in 1882. He also wrote “The Picture 
 of Dorian Gray" (1891), and a number of plays, among 
 which are “Vera" (1882), “The Duchess of Padua" (1891), 
 “Lady Windermere’s Fan” (1892), “Salome” (1893 : in 
 French, written for Sarah Bernhardt), and “A Woman of 
 ★ No Importance " (1898). 
 
 Wildenbruch (vil'den-broch), Ernst von. 
 Born at Beirut, Syria, Feb. 3, 1845: died at 
 Berlin, Jan. 15, 1909. A German poet and 
 dramatist of the school of Ibsen. Among bis plays 
 are “ Christopher Marlow " (1881), “ Der Menuonit. ’’ (1880), 
 “Opfer urn Opfer” (1883), “Die ITaubenlerche " (1890), 
 and “ Das heilige Lachen".(1892). 
 
 Wildermuth (vil'der-mot), Mine. ( Ottilie Ron- 
 schiitz). Born at Rottenburg, Wiirtemberg, 
 
Wildermuth 
 
 Feb. 22, 1817 : died at Tubingen, July 12, 1877. 
 A German novelist. Among her works are 
 “ Bilder und Geschichten aus dem schwa- 
 bischen Leben” (1852), “Auguste” (1865), etc. 
 "Wilderness (wil'der-nes), Battle of the. A 
 battle between the Federals and Confederates, 
 May 5-6, 1864, in the Wilderness region in Vir- 
 ginia, south of the Rapidan. The Federals (over 
 100, 000) were commanded by Grant (immediately by 
 Meade), and the Confederates (64,000-08,000) by Lee. The 
 Confederate position was partly intrenched. The Fed- 
 eral loss was about 18,000; the Confederate, about 11,000. 
 The battle was followed by that of Spotsylvania. 
 
 Wildfire (wild'fh-), Madge. In Sir Walter 
 Scott’s novel “ The Heart of Midlothian,” a 
 gipsy’s daughter who becomes insane after 
 having been seduced and deserted by George 
 Robertson. 
 
 Wildgoose Ohase, The. A comedy by Fletcher, 
 produced first at court in 1621, printed in 1652. 
 The play was very popular: part of Farquhar’s 
 “Inconstant” is taken from it. 
 
 Wildhorn (vilt'horn). A peak of the Ber- 
 nese Alps, on the border between the cantons 
 of Bern and Valais, Switzerland, 10 miles north 
 of Sion. Height, 10,706 feet. 
 
 Wild Huntsman, The. [G. Her wilde Jciger.'] 
 A spectral hunter in folk-lore, especially in 
 German folk-lore : the subject of a ballad by 
 Burger. 
 
 Wilding (wil'ding). 1. The principal charac- 
 ter in Shirley’s “ Gamester,” played by Gar- 
 rick in hisversion “ The Gamesters.” — 2. “The 
 liar” in Foote’s play of that name. 
 
 Wild Oats. A comedy or farce by O’Keefe, 
 brought out in 1791. 
 
 Wildstrubel (vilt'stro-bel). A summit of the 
 Bernese Alps, in Switzerland, north of Sierre 
 and west of the Gemmi Pass. Height, 10,679 
 feet. 
 
 Wilfrid (wil'frid), Saint. Born about 634: 
 died 709. An English prelate. He took a leading 
 part on the Roman side at the Synod of Whitby in 664, 
 and was made archbishop of York in 666. He was several 
 times driven from hia see and restored, and finally retained 
 Ripon and Hexham. 
 
 Wilhelm (vil'helm). See William. 
 Wilhelmina (vil-hel-me'na) I. (Wilhelmina 
 Helena Paulina Maria). "Born Aug. 31, 1880. 
 Queen of the Netherlands. She is the daughter of 
 William IIL and his second wife, Emma, daughter of 
 Prince George Victor of Waldeck and Pyrmont. She 
 succeeded to the throne upon the death of her father, 
 Nov. 23, 1890, but her mother acted as queen regent until 
 she became of age, Aug. 31, 1898. On Feb. 7, 1901, she 
 married Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. 
 
 Wilhelmine (vil-hel-me'ne), Friederike So- 
 phie, Princess, Margravine of Bayreuth. Born 
 1709 : died 1758. The favorite sister of Freder- 
 ick the Great. She married the Margrave of Bayreuth in 
 1731, and wrote “ Denkwiirdigkeiten " (published in 1810). 
 Wilhelmj (vil-hel'mi), August. Bom at Usin- 
 gen, Nassau, Sept. 21, 1846: died at London, 
 Jan. 22, 1908. A German composer and noted 
 violinist. 
 
 Wilhelm Meister’s Lehrjahre (vil'helm mis'- 
 terz lar'yar-e). [G., ‘William Meister’s Ap- 
 prenticeship’ (lit. ‘years of learning’).] A 
 novel by Goethe, published 1795-96. its sequel, 
 “ Wilhelm Meister's Wanderjahre " (travels, literally 
 ‘years of wandering’), was not published till 1821-29. 
 The “ Lehrjahre" was begun in 1777. 
 
 Wilhelmshaven, or Wilhelmshafen (vil'- 
 
 helms-ha-fen). A seaport in the province of 
 Hannover, Prussia, situated on the Jade Bay of 
 the North Sea, and surrounded on other sides 
 by Oldenburg. It is the chief German naval station 
 on the North Sea. It has a large dockyard, a harbor 
 built 1855-69, and a new harbor for ships in commission. 
 Population, commune, 26,012. 
 
 Wilhelmshohe (vil'helms-he-e). [G., ‘Wil- 
 liam’s height.’] A place three miles from Cassel, 
 Germany. Its castle, the former residence of the land- 
 graves, was the place of imprisonment of Napoleon III. 
 after Sedan. 
 
 Wilhelm Tell (vil'helm tel). A drama by 
 Schiller, first acted at Weimar in 1804. 
 Wilibald, Alexis. A pseudonym of Wilhelm 
 
 Haring. 
 
 Wilken (vil'ken), Friedrich. Bom 1777: died 
 1840. A German historian. His chief work is 
 “ Geschichte der Kreuzziige”(“ History of the 
 Crusades,” 1807-32). 
 
 Wilkes (wilks), Charles. Born in New York 
 city, 1801: died at Washington, D. C., Feb. 8, 
 1877. An American admiral, explorer, and 
 scientist. He entered the navy in 1818 ; became lieuten- 
 ant in 1826 : commanded an exploring expedition, 1838-42, 
 which visited South America, the Samoan, Fiji, Hawaiian, 
 and other islands in the Pacific, the antarctic regions, the 
 western coast of North America, etc. ; became commander 
 in 1843, and captain in 1865 ; in command of the San Ja- 
 
 1062 
 
 cinto intercepted the British steamer Trent, Nov. 8, 
 1861, and took prisoner the Confederate commissioners 
 Mason and Slidell (an act disavowed later by the United 
 States government : see Trent Affair) ; and became com- 
 modore in 1862, and admiral in 1866. He wrote a “ Nar- 
 rative ” of his expedition (6 vols. 1845), volumes on the me- 
 teorology and hydrography of the expedition, “ Western 
 America, etc.” (1849). See Century Atlas, Map 3|. 
 
 Wilkes, John. Born at London, Oct. 17, 1727 : 
 died there, March 2,1797. An English politician, 
 publicist, and political agitator. He was educated 
 at the University of Leyden; entered Parliament in 1757 ; 
 and established the “ North Briton ” in 1762, in which he 
 attacked the Bute ministry. For his No. 45, criticizing 
 George III. (1763), he was imprisoned, but was soon re- 
 leased, and became a popular hero. A scandalous “ Es- 
 say on Woman,” printed for private circulation, was seized, 
 and Wilkes was expelled from Parliament (1764). He went 
 to France ; was tried in his absence ; and was outlawed for 
 non-appearance. In 1768 he returned, and was elected 
 for Middlesex ; was imprisoned ; and w as expelled from 
 Parliament (1769). He was several times reelected, but 
 each time declared ineligible. Ia 1770 he was released 
 and elected alderman of London. In 1771 he became 
 sheriff, and in 1774 lord mayor. In the same year he was 
 again elected to Parliament and allowed to take his seat, 
 remaining a member until 1790. The resolutions invali- 
 dating his former elections were expunged in 1782. 
 
 Wilkes-Barre (wilks'bar-e). The capital of 
 Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, situated in the 
 valley of Wyoming, on the North Branch of the 
 Susquehanna, 97 miles north-northwest of Phil- 
 adelphia. It is the center of a region of mines of an- 
 thracite coal, and has manufactures of machinery, etc. It 
 was settled about 1770. Population, 67,105, (1910). 
 
 Wilkie (wil'ki), Sir David. Born at Cults, 
 Fifeshire, Scotland, Nov. 18, 1785; died at sea 
 off Gibraltar, June 1, 1841. A noted Scottish 
 genre-painter. He studied painting at Edinburgh ; set- 
 tled in London in 1805 ; became a royal academician in 
 1811; traveled on the Continent, especially 1825-28 ; became 
 royal painter in ordinary in 1830 ; was knighted in 1836. 
 
 Wilkinasaga. A collection of medieval Nor- 
 wegian legends relating to Dietrich of Bern and 
 others. 
 
 Wilkins (wil'kinz), John. Born in Northamp- 
 tonshire, 1614: died Nov. 19, 1672. An English 
 divine and scientist, bishop of Chester. He grad- 
 uated at Oxford (Magdalen Hall) in 1631, and in 1659 be- 
 came master of Trinity College, Cambridge. He assisted 
 in founding the Royal Society. He published “ Discovery' 
 of a World in the Moone ” (1638), “ Discourse Concerning 
 a New Planet” (1640), “Mercury, or the Secret Messen- 
 ger” (1641), “Mathematical Magic ” (1648), “Essay toward 
 a Real Character and a Philosophical Language ” (1668), 
 “Principles and Duties of Natural Religion” (1675). 
 
 Perhaps the works of the celebrated Bishop Wilkins 
 tended more than any others to the diffusion of the Coper- 
 nican system in England, since even their extravagan- 
 cies drew a stronger attention to them. In 1638, when he 
 was only twenty-four years old, he published a book en- 
 titled “The Discovery of a New World; or, a Discourse 
 tending to prove that it is probable there may be another 
 habitable World in the Moon ; with a Discourse concern- 
 ing the possibility of a passage thither." The lat ter part of 
 his subject was, of course, an obvious mark for the sneers 
 and witticisms of critics. Two years afterwards, in 1640, 
 appeared his “ Discourse concerning a new Planet ; tend- 
 ing to prove it is probable our Earth is one of the Planets": 
 in which he urged the reasons in favour of the heliocen- 
 tric system, and explained away the opposite arguments. 
 k W hewed, Ind. Sciences, I. 390. 
 
 Wilkins, Mary Eleanor (Mrs. Charles Man- 
 ning Freeman). A contemporary American 
 writer. She is principally noted as an exponent of New 
 England life and character. Among her works are “A 
 Humble Romance” (1887), “The Pot of Gold and Other 
 . Stories” (1892), “Young Lucretia and Other Stories” 
 (1892), “Jane Field” (1892), “Giles Corey, Yeoman," a 
 play (1893), “Pembroke” (1894), “The Portion of Labor” 
 (1901), “The Givers” (1904), “The Debtor” (1905), etc. 
 
 Wilkins, William. Born Dec. 20, 1779: died 
 June 23, 1865. An American politician. He 
 was Democratic United States senator from Pennsylvania 
 1831-34 ; received the electoral votes of Pennsylvania for 
 Vice-President in 1832 ; was United States minister to Rus- 
 sia 1834-35 ; was member of Congress from Pennsylvania 
 1843^4 ; and was secretary of war 1844-45. 
 
 Wilkinson (wil'kin-sqn), James. Bornat Bene- 
 dict, Maryland, 1757: died near the city of Mexi- 
 co, Dec. 28, 1825. An American general and poli- 
 tician. He served in the Revolutionary War in Canada 
 and at Saratoga, attaining the rank of brevet brigadier- 
 general ; became secretary of the board of war ; was in the 
 Conway Cabal ; engaged in trade in the Mississippi valley ; 
 attempted treasonably to detach Kentucky from the Union 
 and ally it with Spain; served in the Indian wars, and 
 commanded the right wing in Wayne’s victory of Mau- 
 mee in 1794 ; became a brigadier-general in 1792 ; suc- 
 ceeded Wayne as commander-in-chief of the army; was 
 appointed commissioner to receive Louisiana from the 
 French ; and was governor of Louisiana 1805-06. He was 
 implicated in Burr’s conspiracy, and was court-martialed 
 in 1811, but acquitted. In 1813 he became major-gen- 
 eral. He failed as commander in the operations against 
 Canada ; was acquitted by a court of inquiry in 1815 ; but 
 was discharged from the service. He wrote “Memoirs” 
 (1816). 
 
 Wilkinson, Jemima. Born in Rhode Island 
 about 1753: died 1819. An American religious 
 impostor. She asserted that she had been raised 
 from the dead, and founded a short-lived sect. 
 
 William I. 
 
 Wilkinson, Sir John Gardner. Bom at Har- 
 
 dendale, Westmoreland. Oct. 5, 1797: died Oct. 
 29, 1875. An English Egyptologist. He was edu- 
 cated at Oxford (ExeterCollege), and from 1821 spent many 
 years in Egypt in archaeological explorations. His works in- 
 clude “ Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians ” 
 (1S37 — 41), “Materia Hieroglyphics ” (1828), “Topography 
 of Thebes and General View of Egypt" (1835), “Modern 
 Egypt and Thebes” (1843: later reissued as “Hand-Book 
 for Travellers in Modern Egypt”), “Dalmatia and Mon- 
 tenegro ” (1848), “Architecture of Ancient Egypt ” (1850), 
 “Popular Account of the Ancient Egyptians” (1854), 
 “ The Egyptians in the Time of the Pharaohs ” (1857), etc. 
 
 Wilkinson (wil'kin-son), Tate. Born in 1739 : 
 died in 1803. An English actor. He was a pupil 
 and associate of Foote, and a noted mimic. He played 
 with success in London and Dublin, but preferred the 
 provinces. After a time he grew weary of his wandering 
 life, and bought the lesseeship of the York circuit, which 
 he conducted for more than thirty years. Many actors 
 and actresses who were afterward successful on the Lon- 
 don stage owed their first encouragement to him : among 
 others Kemble, Fawcett, the elder Mathews, Mrs. Jor- 
 dan, and Mrs. Siddons. 
 
 Willamette (wil-a'met) River. Ariverin west- 
 ern Oregon, formed by the Middle Fork and Mc- 
 Kenzie Fork. It joins the Columbia north of Portland. 
 On it are Salem and Portland. Length, about 250 miles ; 
 navigable to the falls at Oregon City, and above them to 
 Eugene City. 
 
 Willard, Edward S. Born in Wales, 1850. An 
 
 English actor. He appeared in the United States in 
 1890 and later, and has been successful in “Judah,” “The 
 Middleman,” “The Professor’s Love-story,” etc. 
 
 Willard, Frances Elizabeth. Born near Roch- 
 ester, N. Y., Sept. 28, 1839: died at New York, 
 Feb. 18, 1898. An American temperance re- 
 former, editor, andautlior. She was secretary in 1874 
 and president in 1879 of the Woman’s Christian Temper- 
 ance l nion, and editor in 1879 of the Chicago “ Evening 
 Post.” In 1883 she made a journey through the Southern 
 States, founding branches of the Woman’s Christian 
 Temperance Union. In 1884 she was one of the organiz- 
 ers of the Prohibition Party. In 1887 she was president of 
 the Women’s Council of the United States. She wrote 
 “ Women and Temperance ” (1883), “How to Win ” (1886), 
 “Glimpses of Fifty Years” (1889), etc. 
 
 Willcox (wil'koks), Orlando Bolivar. Born 
 
 at Detroit, Mich., April 16, 1823 : died at 
 Coburg, Ontario, May 10, 1907. An American 
 general. He graduated at West Point in 1847; became 
 colonel in May, 1861; commanded a brigade at Bull Run, and 
 was wounded and captured ; was a division commander 
 in the Army of the Potomac (9th corps) ; and received the 
 surrender of Petersburg in 1S65. In 1864 he was brevetted 
 major-general of volunteers, and in 1866 was mustered 
 out and was recommissioned in the same year in the regu- 
 lar army ; was brevetted brigadier-general and major- 
 general in 1867 ; was commander of various posts and 
 departments ; and became brigadier-general in 1886. He 
 retired in 1887. 
 
 Willems (vil'lemz), Florent. Born Jan. 8, 
 
 1823: died Oct. 23, 1905. A Belgian genre- 
 painter. He studied at the Mechlin Academy, and 
 settled in Paris in 1844. Among his pictures are “Visit 
 to a Young Mother,” “Woman and Spinning-wheel” 
 (Kunsthalle, Hamburg), “Adorning the Bride” (Brussels 
 Museum). 
 
 Willenhall (wil'en-hal). A town in Stafford- 
 shire, England, 12 miles northwest of Birming- 
 ham. Population, 18,515. 
 
 Willesden (wil'ez-den). A suburb of London, 
 in Middlesex, 7 miles west-northwest of St. 
 Paul’s. Population, 114,815. 
 
 Willett (wil'et), Mariims. Born at Jamaica, 
 L. I., July 31, 1740: died at New York, Aug. 
 22, 1830. An American Revolutionary officer. 
 He served in Canada at Fort Stanwix, against the Indians, 
 etc.; and later was mayor of New York. His “Narrative" 
 was published in 1831. 
 
 Willey (wil'i), Mount. A mountain on one 
 side of the Crawford Notch, White Mountains, 
 New Hampshire, 4,261 feet high. A landslide 
 in 1826 overwhelmed the inhabitants of the 
 Willey House at its foot. 
 
 William (wil'yam). A country fellow in love 
 with Audrey: a character in Shakspere’s “As 
 you Like it.” 
 
 William (wil'yam) I., surnamed “The Con- 
 queror,” “The Norman,” and “The Bastard.” 
 [ME. William, OF. Willalme, Villalme, Guillaume, 
 F. Guillaume , Sp. Guillermo, Pg. Guilherme, It. 
 Guglielmo, ML. Guilielmus, Guillelmus, Guiller- 
 mus, Gulielmus, D. Willem , from OHG. Willa- 
 helm, Willihclm, MIIG. Willehelm, Wilhelm, G. Wil- 
 li elm, helm ol resolution, an epithet of awarrior.] 
 Born at Falaise, Normandy, in 1027 or 1028: 
 died at St.-Gervais, near Rouen, Sept. 9, 1087. 
 King of England 1066-87. He was the natural son 
 of Robert, duke of Normandy, and Herleva, daughter of 
 Fulbert, a tanner of Falaise. He succeeded to the duchy 
 on the death of his father without legitimate issue in 1036. 
 With the assistance of his suzerain, Henry, king of France, 
 he put down a formidable rising of his vassals in the bat- 
 tle of Val-es-Dunes, near Caen, in 1047. In a war which 
 broke out between Henry and Geoffrey, count of Anjou, 
 the next year, lie sided with the former, and took possession 
 of the important border fortresses of Alencon and Dom- 
 front. He visited, in 1051, his childless kinsman Edward 
 
William I. 1063 William I. 
 
 the Confessor, from whom he afterward claimed to have 
 received a promise of the succession to the English throne. 
 In 1053 he married Matilda of Flanders, a descendant of 
 Alfred. He repelled an invasion by the allied armies of 
 Henry, Geoffrey of Anjou, and Theobald of Blois at Morte- 
 mer in 1054. Soon after he exacted the homage of Geof- 
 frey of Anjou, and in 105S, by the victory of Varaville, 
 repelled a second invasion headed by the French king. 
 In 1063 he acquired Maine, which extended his southern 
 frontier almost to the Loire. Probably in 1064. Harold, 
 earl of Wessex, was shipwrecked on thecoastof Normandy 
 and fell into the hands of William, who compelled him to 
 take an oath whereby he bound himself to assist the duke 
 in obtaining the succession in England (see Harold II., 
 king of the English). Edward died Jan. 5, 1066, and Har- 
 old, in defiance of the oath, procured his own election by 
 the witan. William, on the other hand, obtained a bull 
 from Pope Alexander II., which declared him to be the 
 rightful heir to the throne ; landed at Pevensey Sept. 28 ; 
 overthrew Harold (who fell in the battle) at Senlac or 
 Hastings, Oct. 14; and was crowned at Westminster Dec. 
 26, 1066. But the conquest of England was only partial : it 
 was completed four years later (in 1070) by the suppression 
 of the last of a succession of English risings in the north 
 and southwest. William exacted the homage of Malcolm 
 of Scotland in 1072. In 1075-76 he put down a rebellion 
 of the Norman barons in England, which thenceforth re- 
 mained quiet. The rest of his reign was occupied with 
 almost continuous wars on the Continent against the King 
 of France and rebellious vassals, and with quarrels with 
 membersof his own family, especially with his son Robert, 
 who headed a revolt in Normandy 1077-80, and with his 
 half-brother Odo, bishop of Bayeux, who was impris- 
 oned on account of his intrigues. William died of internal 
 injuries received from the plunging of his horse in the 
 burning cinders in the town of Mantes, which he had cap- 
 tured while engaged with Philip of Fiance in a war con- 
 cerning Vexin. William made few changes in the English 
 law : indeed, he renewed, with some additions, the “law of 
 Edward the Confessor." However, his introduction of con- 
 tinental feudalism was destined to exercise an enduring 
 social and political influence. He took care to prevent 
 the Norman barons whom he planted on English soil from 
 becoming formidable rivals of the crown, by scattering 
 their estates, by maintaining popular courts by the side of 
 the manorial courts, and by requiring an oath of fealty 
 from all landowners, thereby eliminating an essential and 
 dangerous feature of continental feudalism, the exclusive 
 dependence of a vassal on his lord (Gemot of Salisbury, 
 1086). He abolished the four great earldoms, which had 
 threatened the integrity of the kingdom in preceding 
 reigns, and restricted the jurisdiction of the earl to a sin- 
 gle shire, which became the largest political division, and 
 the government of which was practically exercised by the 
 sheriff, who was appointed by the king. In 1086 he com- 
 pleted the “Doomsday Book” (which see). He also reor- 
 ganized the English Church with the assistance of Lanf ranc 
 whom he appointed archbishop of Canterbury. He sepa- 
 rated the spiritual from the temporal courts, and secured 
 the authority of the crown against papal encroachments. 
 
 Norman writers, Norman records, the general con- 
 sent of the age, confirmed rather than confuted by the 
 significant silence of the English writers, all lead us to 
 believe that, at some time or other, some kind of promise 
 of the succession was made by Eadward to William. The 
 case of Eadward’s promise is like the case of Harold’s oath. 
 No English writer mentions either ; but the silence of the 
 English writers confirms rather than disproves the fact of 
 both. . . . The law of England gave the king no power to 
 dispose of a crown which he held solely by the free choice 
 of the Witan of the land. All that Eadward could consti- 
 tutionally do was to pledge himself to make in William’s 
 favour that recommendation to the Witan which the Witan 
 were bound to consider, though not necessarily to consent 
 to. That, when the time came, Eadward did make such a 
 recommendation, and did not make it in favour of William, 
 we know for certain. The last will of Eadward, so far as 
 such an expression can be allowed, was undoubtedly in 
 favour of Harold. 
 
 Freeman, History of the Norman Conquest in England, 
 
 [pp. 299-301. 
 
 William II., surnamed Rufus (‘ the Red’)- Born 
 1056(?): died Aug. 2, 1100. King of England 1087- 
 1100, third (second surviving) son of William I. 
 and Matilda of Flanders. He was the favorite son 
 of his father, to whom he remained loyal when his elder 
 brother Robert raised the standard of rebellion in Nor- 
 mandy. In accordance with the dying request of his 
 father, he was elected to the English throne by the witan, 
 through the influence of Lanfranc, Sept. 26, 1087, while 
 Robert succeeded in Normandy. A revolt of the Norman 
 barons in England broke out in favor of Robert in 1088. 
 William gained the support of the fyrd, or national militia, 
 by promising the repeal of the forest laws, the reduction 
 of taxes, and good government generally to his English 
 subjects, and the rebellion was suppressed in 1090. He 
 carried on a war in Normandy 1090-91 against his brother 
 Robert, who was compelled to accept a disadvantageous 
 peace. He invaded Scotland in 1091, when he exacted the 
 homage of Malcolm III. In 1093 he appointed Anselm, 
 abbot of Bee, archbishop of Canterbury ; but presently 
 became involved in a dispute concerning investitures 
 with the new primate, who abandoned the kingdom in 
 1097. In 1094, during a second invasion of Normandy, he 
 found his brother supported by Philip of France, and se- 
 cured the safe retreat of his army only by a bribe to the 
 latter. In 1096 he took possession of Normandy as a pledge 
 for funds advanced to Robert, who in that year joined in 
 the Crusade. The duchy remained in William’s hands 
 until his death. He conquered Maine 1098-99. He was 
 killed, possibly accidentally, by an arrow shot by Walter 
 Tyrrell, while hunting in the New Forest. 
 
 William III. Bom at The Hague, Nov. 4, 1650: 
 died at Kensington, March 8, 1702. King of Eng- 
 land 1689-1702, and stadholdor of the United 
 Netherlands. He was the son of William II., stad- 
 holder of the United Netherlands, and Mary, daughter of 
 Charles I of England, and was styled Prince of Orange 
 before his accession to the English throne. His father 
 
 died before his birth. As the head of the house of Orange 
 he became the leader of the democratic monarchical party 
 in opposition to the aristocratic republican party headed 
 by Jan de Witt. The invasion of Holland by the armies of 
 Louis XI V. in 1672 caused the overthrow of the aristocratic 
 republican party, and in the same year the office of stad- 
 holder, which had been abolished on the death of his fa- 
 ther, was restored in his favor. He saved Amsterdam by 
 opening the dikes, and succeeded in forming a coalition 
 against Louis XIV. which compelled that monarch to con- 
 clude the peace of Nimwegen (1678). He married in 1677 
 Mary, elder daughter of the Duke of York who ascended 
 the English throne as James II. in 1685. About 1686 he 
 placed himself at the head of the constitutional opposition 
 in England against the absolute and Romanizing policy of 
 James ; and, in answer to an invitation sign ed by the “ seven 
 patriots "(the Earl of Devonshire, the Earl of Shrewsbury, 
 the Earl of Danby, the Bishop of London, Henry Sidney, 
 Lord Lumley, and Admiral Russell), landed at Torbay, 
 Nov. 5, 1688. James fled to France Dec. 22, and William 
 summoned a convention which met Jan. 22, 1689, and set- 
 tled the crown on William and Mary, who accepted the 
 Declaration of Right, and were proclaimed Feb. 13, 1689. 
 The revolution was effected in England without serious op- 
 position, but James had many adherents iu Scotland and 
 Ireland. With the assistance of Louis XIV. he landed at 
 Kinsale, Ireland, March 14, 1689. War was declared against 
 France May 7, 1689 ; the Jacobite rising in Scotland ended 
 with the battle of Killiecrankie July 27 (N. S.), 1689 ; and 
 James was defeated in person by William at the battle 
 of the Boyne in Ireland, July 1, 1690. In 1692 occurred the 
 massacre of Glencoe (which see). On his accession to the 
 English throne, William began the organization of the 
 Grand Alliance of the United Netherlands, the emperor, 
 England, Spain, Brandenburg, and Savoy, against France, 
 which was completed in 1690. A victory of the allied Eng- 
 lish and Dutch fleets over the French at La Hogue May 19, 
 1692, frustrated aprojected invasion of England. William, 
 who commanded the Allies in Flanders, was defeated by 
 Marshal Luxembourg at Steenkerke July 24 (N. S. Aug. 3), 
 1692. Queen Mary died Dec. 28, 1694 : thenceforth Wil- 
 liam reigned alone. Thepeace of Ryswick put an end to the 
 war with France in 1697. During the rest of his reign his 
 foreign policy was chiefly directed to preserving the bal- 
 ance of power in Europe by preventing the Spanish mon- 
 archy from being united either to France or to Austria. 
 With this end in view, he negotiated the Partition Treaties 
 (which see). When Louis XIV., in violation of treaty ob- 
 ligations, recognized the bequest of Charles II. to Philip 
 of Anjou, William formed the Grand Alliance of 1701, and 
 took the initiative in the events leading to the War of the 
 Spanish Succession (see this title). He died, in consequence 
 of afall from his horse, before the commencement of hostil- 
 ities, leaving no heirs. His reign, although disturbed by 
 Jacobite intrigues and the treachery of officials high iu 
 station (such as Marlborough), witnessed the rise of Eng- 
 land to a position of prominence in European politics, and 
 marks the beginning of government by party. 
 
 William IV. Bom at Windsor, Aug. 21, 1765 : 
 died June 20, 1837. King of England 1830-37, 
 third son of George III. He entered the navy as a 
 midshipman about 1779; was created duke of Clarence in 
 1789 ; married Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen in 1818; became 
 heir presumptive to the throne on the death of the Duke 
 of York in 1827 ; and in the same year was appointed lord 
 high admiral, an office which he was shortly compelled to 
 resign on account of his arbitrary conduct. He acceded 
 to tlie throne on the death of his brother, George IV., June 
 26, 1830. The chief events of his reign were the passage 
 of the Reform Bill and of the Emancipation Bill. 
 William I. (G. Wilhelm). Born at Berlin, March 
 22, 1797 : died there, March 9, 1888. German em- 
 peror (1871-88) and king of Prussia (1861-88), 
 second son of Frederick William III. of Prussia 
 and Louisa, daughter of Duke Charles of Meck- 
 lenhurg-Strelitz. He served with distinction in the 
 campaigns of 1814 and 1815 against Napoleon; married 
 Augusta of Saxe-Weimar in 1829 ; became heir presumptive 
 and received the title of Prince of Prussia on the death of 
 his father and the accession of his brother Frederick Wil- 
 liam IV. in 1840; made himself extremely unpopular on 
 account of his conservative attitude during the revolu- 
 tionary movement of 1848; took his seat in the Prussian 
 National Assembly in the same year ; commanded the Prus- 
 sian army which suppressed the insurrections in Baden 
 and the Palatinate in 1849 ; was appointed military gov- 
 ernor of the Rhineland and Westphalia in the same year; 
 was promoted to the rank of field-marshal and made gov- 
 ernor of the federal fortress of Mainz in 1854 ; assumed 
 the regency for his brother Frederick William in 1858; 
 ascended the throne of Prussia on the death of the lat- 
 ter, Jan. 2, 1861 ; appointed Bismarck minister of foreign 
 affairs in 1862 ; united with Austria in a war against Den- 
 mark in 1864 (see Schleswig-Holstein Wars, 2) ; commanded 
 in person at Koniggratz in the Austro-Prussian war (see 
 Seven Weeks’ War ) in 1866 ; and became president of the 
 North German Confederation on the adoption of its con- 
 stitution in 1867. He commanded the German armies in the 
 Franco-German war 1870-71, being present at Gravelotte 
 and Sedan, and maintaining his headquarters at Versailles 
 Oct., 1870, -March, 1871, during and after the siege of Paris. 
 He was proclaimed German emperor at Versailles Jan. 18, 
 1871, and returned to Berlin March 17, 1871. He displayed 
 great sagacity in selecting his ministers and generals, as 
 well as firmness in supporting them against opposition ; 
 and shares with Bismarck, Von Boon, and Von Moltke the 
 honor of accomplishing the unification of Germany, un- 
 der the hegemony of Prussia. 
 
 William II. (Friedrich Wilhelm Victor Al- 
 bert). Born at Berlin, Jan. 27, 1859. Emperor of 
 Germany and king of Prussia, son of Frederick 
 HI. and Princess Victoria of England, and grand- 
 son of William I. He was educated at the gymnasium of 
 Cassel and the University of Bonn ; married Augusta Vic- 
 toria of Schleswig-Holstein in 1881 ; and succeeded his 
 father as king and emperor June 15, 1888. He immedi- 
 ately displayed his intention to exercise personal control 
 of the government, and in March, 1890, dismissed Bis- 
 marck who disapproved of his policy. 
 
 William, King of Germany. See William of 
 Holland. 
 
 William I. Born at The Hague, Aug. 24, 1772 : 
 died at Berlin, Dec. 12, 1843. King of the Neth- 
 erlands 1815-40, son of William V. the last 
 stadholder. He commanded the Dutch troops against 
 the French from 1793 to 1795, when the Netherlands were 
 conquered by the latter and the house of Orange expelled. 
 In 1806 he served as a general in the Prussian army, and 
 was captured by the French at the battle of Jena. His 
 hereditary territories in Germany (the Nassau lands) were 
 in tlie same year confiscated by Napoleon. He served in 
 the Austrian army at Wagram in 1809, and afterward lived 
 in retirement at Berlin. He recovered his German terri- 
 tories in 1813. On the overthrow of Napoleon, the Nether- 
 lands and Belgium were erected into the Kingdom of the 
 Netherlands by theCongressof Vienna; and, in accordance 
 with its decision, William was proclaimed the first king 
 of the new monarchy, March 16, 1815. At the same time 
 he exchanged his German possessions for the grand duchy 
 of Luxemburg. He was unable to prevent the secession 
 of Belgium in 1830-32. He abdicated in favor of his son 
 William II. Oct. 7, 1840. 
 
 William II. Born Dec. 6, 1792: died March 
 17, 1849. King of the Netherlands 1840-49, son 
 of William I. He served with distinction under Wel- 
 lington in Spain, and commanded the Dutch contingent 
 in the campaign of 1815 against Napoleon. He married the 
 Russian grand duchess Anne, sister of Alexander I., in 1816. 
 He was sent to Belgium to effect a peaceful settlement on 
 the outbreak of the revolution in that country in 1830 ; and 
 on Oct. 16 recognized the independence of the Belgians, 
 an act which was repudiated by his father. He subse- 
 quently commanded the Dutch army against the Belgians, 
 but was forced to give way before the French in Aug., 
 1832. He ascended the throne on the abdication of his 
 father Oct. 7, 1840. He granted extensive reforms during 
 the revolutionary movement of 1848. 
 
 William III. Born Feb. 19, 1817 : died Nov. 
 23, 1890. King of the Netherlands 1849-90, son 
 of William II. He carried out the reforms begun by 
 his father in 1848, and decreed the abolition of slavery in 
 the West Indies in 1862. In 1866 the Dutch province of 
 Limburg, which since 1815 had constituted part of the 
 Germanic Confederation, was incorporated with the Neth- 
 erlands, and in the following year Luxemburg was recog- 
 nized as neutral territory under the sole sovereignty of his 
 house. 
 
 William I., surnamed “The Lion.” Died at 
 Stirling, 1214. King of Scotland 1165-1214. He 
 succeeded his brother Malcolm IV. In 1174 he invaded 
 England, with the result that he was taken prisoner and 
 compelled to do homage to Henry II. 
 
 William I., surnamed “ The Bad.” King of 
 Sicily 1154-66. 
 
 William II., surnamed “ The Good.” King of 
 Sicily 1166-89. 
 
 William I. Bom at Lauban, Silesia, Sept. 27, 
 1781 : died June 25, 1864. King of Wiirtem- 
 berg 1816-64, son of Frederick I. (the first king 
 of Wiirtemberg). He commanded the Wurtemberg 
 contingent in Napoleon’s Russian campaign, and com- 
 manded a con>s of the Allies 1813-15. 
 
 William, Margrave of Baden (originally Count 
 of Hochberg). Born at Karlsruhe, April 8, 1792 : 
 died Oct. 11, 1859. A German general. He com- 
 manded the Baden contingent in Napoleon’s Russian cam- 
 paign, and fought with the Allies 1814-15. He represented 
 the house of Baden at the Congress of Vienna, and was 
 commander of the Baden troops 1825-48. 
 
 William. Born April 25, 1806: died Oct. 18, 
 1884. Duke of Brunswick 1830-84, second son 
 of Duke Frederick William. He succeeded his 
 brother Charles, and was the last of the 
 Bruns wick-Wolfenbiittel line. 
 
 William, Prince, of England. Only son of 
 Henry I. of England, drowned in the White 
 Ship in the English Channel in 1120. 
 
 William IV. Bornl532: died Aug.25, 1592. Land- 
 grave of Hesse-Cassel 1567-92, son of Philip the 
 Magnanimous. He administered the government dur- 
 ing the imprisonment of his father by Charles V. 1547-52. 
 He distinguished himself as an astronomer and as a patron 
 of astronomy. 
 
 William I. Born at Cassel, June 3, 1743 : died 
 Feb. 27, 1821. Elector of Hesse (Landgrave 
 William IX. of Hesse-Cassel), son of Landgrave 
 Frederick II. He furnished Hessian troops to Great 
 Britain iu the American Revolution ; succeeded as land- 
 grave in 1785; joined the coalition against France in 1792 ; 
 was made elector in 1803 ; aud was expelled by the French 
 in 1806, his lands becoming part of the kingdom of West- 
 phalia in 1807. He reentered Cassel in 1813, and was re- 
 stored by the Congress of Vienna 1814-15. 
 
 William II. Born July 28, 1777 : died Nov. 20, 
 1847. Elector of Hesse 1821-47, son of the elec- 
 tor William I. He served in the Prussian army against 
 Napoleon. He was forced to grant a new constitution in 
 1831. 
 
 William I., surnamed “The Silent.” Born at 
 the castle of Dillenburg, in Nassau, April 16, 
 1533: died at Delft, Netherlands, July 10, 1584. 
 Prince of Orange and Count of Nassau: the 
 founder of the Republic of th e United Pro vi n ces. 
 He was the son of William, count of Nassau, and Juliana 
 of Stolberg; was educated in the Roman Catholic faith as 
 a page at the court of Charles V. ; and inherited the prin- 
 cipality of Orange, along with large estates in the Nether- 
 lands, from his cousin RenAor Renatusin 1544. He was ap- 
 pointed commander of the army in the Netherlands and 
 
William I. 
 
 governor of Holland, Zealand, and Utrecht by Charles V. in 
 1565. He served in the war- of Philip II. against Henry II. 
 of France, and negotiated the preliminaries of the peace 
 of Cateau-C'ambrdsis (1559). He succeeded his father as 
 count of Nassau in 1559. Together with the counts of Eg- 
 mont and of Hoorn, he addressed a petition in 1563 to 
 Philip II. for the recall of Granvella, the adviser of the 
 regent Margaret of Parma, who was carrying on a bloody 
 persecution of the Protestants. Granvella was recalled 
 in 1564, but Philip II. ’s determination to suppress Protes- 
 tantism and destroy the political liberties of the Dutch re- 
 mained unaltered, and provoked the organization of the 
 League of the Gueux in 1566. In 1567 Margaret of Parma 
 was succeeded by the Duke of Alva, who came with an 
 army of 20,000 Spaniards and instituted a reign of terror 
 (see Council of Blood, The). William, who had in the 
 meantime resigned his offices and retired to Dillenburg, 
 declined to appear before the Council of Blood and pro- 
 claimed his adhesion to the Protestant faith. In 1568 he 
 collected two armies, one of which was destroyed by Alva 
 in East Friesland : the other disbanded for want of funds. 
 He began in 1570 to issue letters of marque to seamen who, 
 under the nickname of “Sea Gueux,” played a conspicuous 
 part in the war for independence. He himself continued 
 the war on land, and in 1576 brought about the pacification 
 of Ghent, whereby Holland, Zealand, and the southern 
 roviucesof the Lowlands united for the purpose of expel- 
 ng the Spanish soldiery. This was followed in 1579 by the 
 Union of Utrecht between the seven northern provinces 
 (Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Gelderland, Groningen, Fries- 
 land, and Overyssel), which formally declared their inde- 
 pendence of the King of Spain in 1581, and settled the 
 hereditary stadholdership on William. He was assassi- 
 nated at Delft by Balthazar Gerard. 
 
 William, Prince of Prussia. Born 1783: died 
 1851. Third son of Frederick William II., and 
 brother of Frederick William III.: a commander 
 in the wars against Napoleon. 
 
 William of Champeaux. Born about 1070: died 
 1121. A French scholastic philosopher and ad- 
 vocate of realism. 
 
 William of Cloudesley or Cloudeslie. An 
 
 archer, the subject of an old English ballad. 
 William of Holland. Born about 1227 : killed 
 in battle, 1256. Titular King of Germany. He 
 succeeded as count of Holland about 1234; was chosen 
 king of Germany in opposition to Frederick II. 1247; was 
 crowned 1248; and was acknowledged generally in Ger- 
 many 1254-56. 
 
 William of Jumi^ges. Lived about the close' 
 of the 11th century. A Norman chronicler. 
 William of Lorris. See Lorris, Guillaume de. 
 William of Malmesbury. Born about 1095: 
 died at Malmesbury about 1142. An English 
 historian and monk, librarian of the monastery 
 at Malmesbury, of which he refused to become 
 abbot. His chief works are “DeGestis regum Anglorum” 
 (“History of the English Kings”) and “Historia novella” 
 (“Modern History"), a continuation of “De Gestis,” bring- 
 ing the history down to 1142 (these books have been the 
 foundation of all the more recent histories of England); 
 “De Gestis pontificum Anglorum ” (“History of the Prel- 
 ates of England”); “De Antiquitate Glastoniensis Eecle- 
 si* ”(“ History of the Church at Glastonbury ") ; lives of St. 
 Patrick, St. Dunstan, St. Wulfstan (from the Anglo-Saxon); 
 several books of miracles; and the “Itinerary of John Ab- 
 bot of Malmesbury to Rome ” (Leland mentions this work, 
 but it is lost). 
 
 William of Nassau. Same as William the Silent. 
 William of Occam. See Occam. 
 
 William of Orange. See William I., Prince of 
 Orange, and William III. (of England). 
 William of Poitiers. Lived in the 2d half of the 
 11th century. Chaplain and chronicler of Wil- 
 liam the Conqueror, author of ‘ ‘ Gesta Willelmi.” 
 William of Shoreham. Bom at Shoreham, 
 Kent, in the last part of the 13th century. An 
 English monk of Leeds priory, vicar of Charl- 
 Sutton in 1320. He translated the Psalms of David into 
 English prose about 1327, and wrote a number of poems. 
 William of Wykeham. Born at Wykeham in 
 Hampshire, 1324: died 1404. An English states- 
 man and prelate, bishop of Winchester from 
 1367. He was chancellor of England 1368-71 and 1389- 
 1391 ; and founded Winchester School and New College in 
 Oxford. In 1404 he finished rebuilding the nave of Win- 
 chester cathedral, died, and was buried in the chantry. 
 
 William and Mary, War of. In American his- 
 tory, that part of the war between England 
 and France (1689-97) which took place in Amer- 
 ica, chiefly in the north. Among its events were 
 the unsuccessful expedition against Canada in 1690, and 
 the burning of Schenectady by the French and Indians in 
 th e same year. Also King William's War. 
 
 William and Mary College. The second old- 
 est college in the United States, situated at 
 Williamsburg, Virginia: chartered in 1693. it 
 suffered in the Revolutionary and Civil wars. Among 
 its graduates were Peyton Randolph, Edmund Randolph, 
 John Marshall, Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, John 
 Randolph, John Tyler, and Winfield Scott. It has 20 in- 
 structors and about 250 students. 
 
 William Longsword (long'sord). Duke of 
 Normandy, son and successor of Rolf. He 
 ruled about 927-943. 
 
 Williams (wil'yamz), Alpheus Starkey. Born 
 at Saybrook, Oonn.. Sept. 10, 1810: died at 
 Washington, D. C., Dec. 21, 1878. An Ameri- 
 can general and politician. He served in the Mex- 
 
 1064 
 
 ican war ; was a division commander in the Shenandoah 
 campaign in 1862 ; and commanded a corps at South Moun- 
 tain, Antietam, Gettysburg, and Lookout Mountain, in the 
 Atlanta campaign, and in the march to the sea. In 1865 
 he was brevetted major-general of volunteers. He was 
 United States minister to Salvador 1866-69, and Demo- 
 cratic member of Congress from Michigan 1875-78. 
 
 Williams, Edward. Born at Llancarvan, Gla- 
 morganshire, 1746 : died at Flemingstone, Dec. 
 18, 1826. A Welsh poet, known as “the Welsh 
 Shakspere.” 
 
 Williams, Eleazar. Born at Caughnawaga, 
 N. Y., about 1787 : died at Hoganstown, N. Y., 
 Aug. 28, 1858. An American missionary among 
 the Indians. He was the reputed son of Thomas Wil- 
 liams, a half-breed Indian. He believed himsell, after an 
 alleged interview in 1841 with the Prince de Joinville (who 
 denied it), to be the dauphin (Louis XVII.), son of Louis 
 XVI., but took no pains to make his claims known. He 
 and his friends asserted that he had been secretly taken 
 from prison and brought to this country when very young. 
 He wrote several works on Indian subjects. 
 
 Williams, Elisha. Born 1694: died 1755. An 
 American clergyman, president of Yale Col- 
 lege 1726-39. 
 
 Williams, Ephraim. Born at Newton, Mass., 
 Feb. 24, 1715: killed in battle near Lake 
 George, Sept. 8, 1755. An American officer. 
 He served in King George’s war ; built Fort Massachusetts 
 (near Williamstown, Massachusetts); commanded a regi- 
 ment of Massachusetts troops in the French and Indian 
 war ; and fell in an ambuscade. He founded a free school 
 at Williamstown which afterward became Williams Col- 
 lege. 
 
 Williams, George Henry. Born at New Leb- 
 anon, N. Y., March 26, 1823: died at Port- 
 land, Oregon, April 4, 1910. An American 
 jurist and politician. He was chief justice of Oregon 
 Territory 1853-57 ; Republican United States senator from 
 Oregon 1865-71 ; a member of the joint high commission 
 which negotiated the treaty of Washington in 1871 ; and 
 attorney-general 1872-75. 
 
 Williams, John. Born at Aberconway, 1582: 
 died March 25, 1650. An English prelate and 
 politician. He was lord keeper of the great seal 1621, and 
 bishop of Lincoln (deprived of the former in 1626); was im- 
 prisoned for several years in the Tower at the instigation 
 of Laud ; and was made archbishop of York in 1641. He 
 supported Charles I. in the civil war. 
 
 Williams, John. Born near London, June 29, 
 1796; killed in the New Hebrides, Nov. 20, 
 1839. An English missionary in the Pacific 
 islands. He worked in the Society Islands, Hervey Isl- 
 ands, and Raratonga. He wrote “A Narrative of Mission- 
 ary Enterprises ” (1837). 
 
 Williams, John. Born at Deerfield, Mass., Aug. 
 30, 1817 : died at Middletown, Conn., Feb. 7, 
 1899. An American Protestant Episcopal bish- 
 op and theologian. He was president of Trinity Col- 
 lege 1848-63; assistant bishop of Connecticut in 1851; 
 and bishop in 1865. In 1854 he became dean and instructor 
 of doctrinal theology and other studies at the Berkeley 
 Divinity School, Middletown, Connecticut. He wrote 
 “Ancient Hymns” (18451, “Thoughtson the Gospel Mira- 
 cles " (1848), “ Paddock Lectures on the English Reforma- 
 tion " (1881), etc:. 
 
 Williams, Jonathan. Born at Boston, 1750: 
 died at Philadelphia, 1815. An American mili- 
 tary engineer, secretary to Franklin in Europe, 
 and United States agent in Europe in the Rev- 
 olutionary period. He became major in the artillery 
 service in 1801, and commander of West Point in the same 
 year ; was superintendent of West Point 1802-03 ; and was 
 chief engineer of the army 1805-12. He built fortifica- 
 tions around New York, including Castle William (Gov- 
 ernor’s Island), Fort Clinton (Castle Garden), etc. 
 
 Williams, Sir Monier Monier-. Bom at Bom- 
 bay, India, Nov. 12, 1819: died April 11, 1899. 
 A noted British Orientalist, professor of San- 
 skrit in Oxford. His works include a Sanskrit gram- 
 mar (1846), an English-Sanskrit dictionary (1851), a San- 
 skrit-English dictionary (1872), grammars of Hindustani, 
 translations of the “Sakuntala ’ and other Sanskrit works, 
 “Indian Epic Poetry" (1863), “Indian Wisdom” (1875), 
 “Hinduism” (1877), “Modern India and the Indians" 
 (1878). “Buddhism, etc.” (1889), etc. 
 
 Williams, Roger. Born in Wales about 1604: 
 died in Rhode Island, probably, in March or 
 April, 1683. An English colonist in New Eng- 
 land: the founder of Rhode Island. He was edu- 
 cated at Charterhouse School and at Cambridge ; took or- 
 ders in the Church of England, but became a Puritan ; ar- 
 rived in Massachusetts in 1631 ; became pastor in Salem 
 in the same year, but was driven away for denying the 
 right of the magistrates to punish Sabbath-breaking and 
 for supposed heretical opinions ; was assistant pastor at 
 Plymouth 1631-33 ; and returned to Salem in 1633, and be- 
 came pastor there in 1634. He again became objectionable 
 to the authorities on account of his political and religious 
 opinions ; and was summoned before the General Court in 
 1635, and ordered to leave the colony. In Jan., 1636. lie 
 left Salem and went first to Seekonk, and about June, 1636, 
 founded Providence. He had great influence with the 
 Narraganset Indians, and used it to the advantage of the 
 colonists in the Pequotwar. In 1639 he founded the first 
 Baptist church in America, but soon withdrew from all 
 church connections. He went to England in 1643; ob- 
 tained a charter for Rhode Island colony in 1644 ; was 
 again in England 1651-54 ; and was afterward president of 
 the colony. He was an apostle of religious toleration. His 
 works include “ Key into the Language of America ” (1643), 
 
 Wills, William Gorman 
 
 “Mr. Cotton’s Letter Examined” (1644), “The Bloody 
 Teneut of Persecution ” (1644), “ Bloody Tenent Made yet 
 more Bloody” (1652), “The Hireling Ministry none of 
 Christ's "(1652),“ Experiments of Spiritual Life and Health” 
 (1652), “ George Fox Digged out of his Burrowes ” (1676). 
 
 Williams, Samuel Wells. Born atUtica, N. Y., 
 Sept. 22, 1812: died at New Haven, Conn., Feb. 
 17, 1884. A noted American Sinologist. He 
 went to China in 1833 as a printer in the service of the 
 American Board ; was in the United States 1844-48 and 
 1860-61; was Japanese interpreter to the United States 
 expedition to Japan 1853-54 ; became secretary and inter- 
 preter to the United States legation in China in 1866 ; and 
 was employed in other diplomatic services. He resigned 
 his commission and returned to the United States in 1876, 
 and was later professor of Chinese at Yale. He wrote 
 “Easy Lessons in Chinese ” (1842), “English and Chinese 
 Vocabulary ” (1844), “Chinese Commercial Guide" (1844), 
 “ The Middle Kingdom ” (2 vols. 1848 : revised ed. 1883), 
 “Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language" (1874). 
 
 Williamsburg, or Williamsburgh (wiF yamz- 
 berg). A former town on Long Island, "now 
 forming a part of the city of Brooklyn. 
 
 Williamsburg. An independent city, formerly 
 of James City County, Virginia, situated be- 
 tween James and York rivers, 46 miles east- 
 southeast of Richmond. It is the seat of William and 
 Mary College ; and succeeded Jamestown as the capi- 
 tal of Virginia, remaining such down to Revolutionary 
 times. A battle was fought there, May 5, 1862, between 
 a part of McClellan’s army (Hooker, Kearny, Smith) and 
 the Confederates under Johnston. Population, 2,714, (1910). 
 
 Williams College. An institution of learning 
 situated at Williamstown, Massachusetts ; 
 founded by Colonel Ephraim Williams, and 
 chartered in 1793. It is non-sectarian. It has 
 about 60 instructors and about 600 students. 
 
 Williamsport (wil'yamz-port). The capitalof 
 Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, situated on 
 the west branch of the Susquehanna, 68 miles 
 north by west of Harrisburg. Its most important 
 industry is the manufacture of lumber. The Susquehanna 
 boom is located there. Population, 31,860, (1910). 
 
 Williamstown (wil'yamz-toun). A town in 
 Berkshire County, at the northwestern extrem- 
 ity of Massachusetts, 55 miles northwest of 
 Springfield. It is a summer resort, and the 
 seat of Williams College. Population, 3,708, 
 (1910). 
 
 William’s War, King. See King William’s 
 War. 
 
 William Tell. AdramabyJ. Sheridan Knowles. 
 
 Macready produced it in 1825. KosSini composed an 
 opera on the subject, produced as “Guillaume Tell,” in 
 1829. Several other composers have used the same legend. 
 
 Willibald (wil'i-bald). Born in England about, 
 700: died probably about 786. A missionary 
 in Germany, associate of Boniface : bishop of 
 Eiehstiidt. 
 
 Willibrord, orWilibrord (wil'i-brord), or Wil- 
 brord (wil'brord), or Wilbrod (wil'brod), 
 Saint. Born in Northumbria about 657 : died 
 about 738. An English missionary, called “ the 
 Apostle of the Friesians.” He settled among the 
 Friesians about 690, and was consecrated bishop about 696. 
 He also visited Denmark. 
 
 Willimantic (wil-i-man'tik). A city in Wind- 
 ham County, Connecticut, situated on Willi- 
 mantic River 25 miles east of Hartford, it is 
 
 a railroad center, and has important manufactures of 
 thread, cotton, silk, etc. Population, 11,230, (1910). 
 
 Willis (wil'is), Nathaniel Parker. Born at 
 Portland, Maine, Jan. 20, 1806: died at Idle- 
 wild, near Newhurg, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1867. An 
 American poet and author. He graduated at Yale 
 in 1827 ; conducted the “American Monthly Magazine ” 
 1829-31 ; went to Europe as correspondent for the “New 
 York Mirror” 1831 ; was associate editor, with Morris, of 
 the “Mirror” and “Home Journal”; traveled in Europe 
 and Asia Minor ; returned 1837 ; settled at Glenmary, near 
 the Susquehanna ; was in Europe 1844-46 ; and settled 
 at his country-seat, Idlewild on the Hudson. He wrote 
 “Poetical Scripture Sketches” (1827), “Fugitive Poetry” 
 (1829), “Pencillings by the Way” (1835), “Inklings of 
 Adventure” (1836), “Loiterings of Travel” and “Letters 
 from Under a Bridge” (1840), “Dashes at Life with a 
 Free Pencil" (1845), “Rural Letters” (1849), “Life Here 
 and There" and “People I Have Met” (I860), “Hurry- 
 Graphs” (1851), “A Summer Cruise in the Mediterra- 
 nean” and “A Health Trip to the Tropics" (1853), “Out- 
 doors at Idlewild," “ Famous Persons and Places ” (1864), 
 “Paul Fane ’’ (1856), “The Convalescent " (1859), etc. 
 
 Willis’s (wil'is-ez) Rooms. A later name of 
 Almack’s assembly-rooms in London. 
 
 Willoughby (wil'o-bi), Sir Hugh. Born prob- 
 ably at Risley, Derbyshire : died in 1554. An 
 English navigator. He commanded an expedition to 
 the arctic regions 1553-54 (in the ships Bona Esperanza, 
 Edward Bonaventure, and BonaConfidentia). Willoughby 
 and sixty-two companions perished on the coast of Lap- 
 land, in winter quarters, probably of scurvy. Richard 
 Chancellor, in the Bonaventure, had parted company with 
 the others in a storm, and so escaped. 
 
 Wills (wilz), William Gorman. Bom in Kil- 
 kenny, Ireland, 1828 : died at London, Dec. 13, 
 1891. A British dramatist. His works include “ The 
 Man o’ Ail lie" (1867), “Hinko” (1871), “ Charles I. ” (1872), 
 “Eugene Aram" (1873), “Mary Queen of Scots” (1874), 
 “Buckingham" (1875), “Jane Shore "(1876), “Ninon "(1880), 
 
Wills, William Gorman 
 
 “ Vanderdecken ’’ (1878), “Olivia,” “Nell Gwynn," “Wil- 
 liam and SuBan” (1880), “Melchior,” “Sedgemoor,” 
 u Faust " (1885), “ Claudian ” (1885), ‘ ‘A Royal Divorce. " He 
 also wrote several novels, among them “ Notice to Quit” 
 and “The Wife’s Evidence." 
 
 Wills, William John. Bom at Totnes, Dev- 
 onshire, Jan. 5, 1834 : died of starvation near 
 Cooper’s Creek, Australia, about July, 1861. 
 An Australian explorer. He went to Australia in 
 1852, and in 1858 was made assistant in the magnetic ob- 
 servatory at Melbourne. On Aug. 20, 1860, he set out on 
 the expedition led by R. O’Hara Burke to explore the in- 
 terior. They crossed the continent, but on their return 
 both Burke and Wills perished. 
 
 Will’s (wilz) Coffee-House. A famous coffee- 
 house in Russell street, London, named from 
 its proprietor, whose first name was William. 
 It was the resort of gamblers, and of poets and wits, in 
 the time of Dryden, when it was also known as “The Wits’ 
 Coffee-House.” It was on the corner of Bow street. 
 
 Willughby (wil'o-bi), Francis. Born in 1635: 
 died July 3, 1672. An English naturalist, pupil 
 and co-worker of John Ray. He was educated at 
 Cambridge. His “Ornithologia” (1676-78) was edited and 
 translated by Bay, who also published his “Historia 
 Piscium.” 
 
 Wilmington (wil ' ming- ton). The capital of 
 New Castle County, Delaware, situated at the 
 junction of Brandywine and Christiana creeks 
 with the Delaware River, in lat. 39° 44' N., long. 
 75° 33' W. It is a railroad and manufacturing center 
 (car-wheels, cars, iron ships, gunpowder, paper, leather 
 and cotton goods, iron, wagons, machinery, etc.). It is the 
 largest city in the State : incorporated 1832. Population, 
 87,411, (1910). 
 
 Wilmington. A seaport, capital of New Han- 
 over County, North Carolina, situated on Cape 
 Fear River in lat. 34° 15' N.: the chief seaport 
 and largest place in the State, it exports naval 
 stores, lumber, and cotton. During the Civil War it was the 
 chief port for blockade-runners. It was defended by Fort 
 Fisher, which was captured in Jan., 1865. Wilmington was 
 taken by the Federals in Feb. Pop., 25,748, (1910). 
 
 Wilrnot (wil'rnot), David. Bom at Bethany, 
 Pa., Jan. 20, 1814 : died at Towanda, Pa., March 
 16, 1868. An American jurist and politician. 
 He was Democratic member of Congress from Pennsyl- 
 vania 1845-51 ; introduced the “ Wilmot Proviso ” (which 
 see) in 1846 ; was the unsuccessful Bepublican candidate 
 for governor of Pennsylvania in 1857 ; was Bepublican 
 United States senator from Pennsylvania 1861-63 ; and 
 was judge of the United States Court of Claims. 
 Wilmot, John, Earl of Rochester. Born at 
 Ditchley, Oxfordshire, April 10,1647: died July 
 26, 1680. An English poet and courtier in the 
 reign of Charles II. 
 
 Wilmot Proviso. A proviso attached in 1846 
 to an appropriation bill in the United States 
 Congress, and named from its promoter, David 
 Wilmot, representative from Pennsylvania. 
 The bill was for the purchase of Mexican territory, and the 
 proviso was for the prohibition of slavery in this territory. 
 The bill with the proviso passed the House of Represen- 
 tatives, but failed to reach a vote in the Senate. 
 
 Wilson (wil'son), Alexander. Born at Paisley, 
 Scotland, July 6, 1766: died at Philadelphia, 
 Aug. 23, 1813. A Scotch-American ornithologist. 
 In early life he was a weaver ; was prosecuted and im- 
 prisoned for writing lampoons (in a dispute between the 
 weavers and manufacturers at Paisley); emigrated to the 
 United States in 1794 ; labored as a peddler, schoolmaster, 
 and editor of an edition of “ Rees’s Cyclopiedia and made 
 many pedestrian and other expeditions through the coun- 
 try. He published “American Ornithology ” (7 vols. 1808- 
 1813 ; vols. 8 and 9 edited after his death ; supplement by C. 
 L. Bonaparte, 1825), poems (1791), “The Foresters ” (1805), 
 etc. His collected works were edited by Grosart (1876). 
 
 Wilson, Mrs. (Augusta J. Evans). Born at 
 Columbus, Ga., 1838: died at Mobile, Ala., May 
 9,1909. An American novelist. She wrote “Beu- 
 lah ” (1859), “ Macaria ” (1863), “St. Elmo "(1866), “ Vashti " 
 (1867), “Infelice” (1876), “At the Mercy of Tiberius" 
 (18 87). 
 
 Wilson, Sir Daniel. Born at Edinburgh, 1816: 
 died at Toronto, Aug. 6, 1892. A Scottish-Cana- 
 dian educator aud archaeologist, president of 
 Toronto University from 1881. Among hia works 
 
 are “ Memorials of Edinburgh in the Olden Time " (1847), 
 “Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate "(1848), “Arch:e- 
 ology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland” (1851: revised 
 1863), “Prehistoric Man” (1862), “ Chatterton ” (1869), 
 “Caliban, the Missing Link ’’ (1873), “Beminiecences of 
 Old Edinburgh ” (1878), “ The Lost Atlantis ” (1892), and 
 poems. He was knighted in 1888. 
 
 Wilson, Erasmus. See Wilson, Sir William 
 James Erasmus. 
 
 Wilson, Henry (original name Jeremiah Jones 
 Colbaith). Born at Farmington, N. H., Feb. 
 16, 1812: died at Washington, D. C., Nov. 22, 
 1875. An American statesman. He was the son 
 of a farm laborer ; was apprenticed to a farmer and later 
 worked as shoemaker in Natick, Massachusetts ; became 
 a prominent antislavery advocate : was several times rep- 
 resentative and State senator; withdrew from the Whig 
 National Convention of 1848, and became a leader of the 
 Free-soil party ; was an unsuccessful 1 Tee-soil candidate 
 for Congress in 1852 ; was defeated as Free-soil candidate 
 for governor of Massachusetts in 1853; became United 
 States senator from Massachusetts in 1855, and was three 
 times reelected, serving 1855-73; and was one of the or- 
 VI. 35 
 
 1065 
 
 ganizers of the Bepublican party. He was chairman of 
 the committee on military affairs in the Civil War; and 
 was elected as Bepublican candidate to the vice-presi- 
 dency of the United States in 1872, serving 1873-75. His 
 chief work is a “History of the Bise and Fall of the Slave 
 Power in America ’’ (3 vols. 1872-75). He also wrote a ‘ ‘ His- 
 tory of the Anti-Slavery Measures of the 37th and 38th 
 Congresses ” (1864), a “ History of the Beconstruction Mea- 
 sures of the 39th and 40th Congresses” (1868), etc. 
 
 Wilson, Horace Hayman. Born at London, 
 Sept. 26, 1786: died there, May 8, 1860. An 
 English Orientalist. He went to India in 1808 as as- 
 sistant surgeon to the East India Company in Bengal ; 
 later held an office in the mint at Calcutta ; was secretary 
 to the Asiatic Society of Bengal ; became professor of San- 
 skrit at Oxford in 1832 ; and was librarian to the East India 
 House, and director of the Boyal Asiatic Society. His 
 works include a “Sanskrit-English Dictionary ” (1819), 
 “Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindus” (1827), 
 “ Beligious Sects of the Hindus ” (1828-32), descriptive 
 catalogue of the “Mackenzie Collection ” (1828), “History 
 of British India ” (1844^8), a Sanskrit grammar (1841), and 
 essays on Sanskrit literature, the religion of the Hindus, 
 etc. He translated the “Meghaduta” (1813), the “ Vishnu 
 Purana” (1840), apart of the “Big-Veda” (1850), etc. 
 
 Wilson, James. Born near St. Andrews, Scot- 
 land, Sept. 14, 1742: died at Edenton, N. C., 
 Aug. 28, 1798. An American patriot and jurist. 
 He was a delegate to Congress from Pennsylvania, and a 
 signer of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 ; a mem- 
 ber of the Constitutional Convention in 1787; and an asso- 
 ciate justice of the United States Supreme Court 1789-98. 
 
 Wilson, James Grant. Born at Edinburgh, 
 1832. An American historical writer, son of 
 William’Wilson (1801-60). He was major, colonel, 
 and general in the Civil War; was one of the editors of 
 “Appletons’ Cyclopaedia ot American Biography”; and 
 since 1885 has been president of the New York Genea- 
 logical and Biographical Society. His works include a life 
 of General Grant (1868-85), “Life and Letters of Fitz-Greene 
 Halleck ” (1869), “ Sketches of Illustrious Soldiers ” (1870 
 and 1874), “Poets and Poetry of Scotland ”(1876), “Bryant 
 and his Friends” (1886), etc. He has edited “Memorial 
 History of the City of New York” (1892). 
 
 W ilson, John : pseudonym Christopher H orth. 
 
 Born at Paisley, Scotland, May 18, 1785: died at 
 Edinburgh, April 3, 1854. A Scottish essayist, 
 poet, and novelist : professor of moral philoso- 
 phy in the University of Edinburgh from 1820. 
 He was educated at Glasgow and at Oxford (Magdalen 
 College) where he graduated in 1807. He settled at El- 
 leray, on Lake Windermere, but removed to Edinburgh in 
 1815, and was called to the Scottish bar. From 1817 he was 
 one of the principal contributors to “Blackwood’s Maga- 
 zine.” He wrote the poems “Isle of Palms "(1812)and “City 
 of the Plague ’’ (1816), aud the tales “ Lights and Shadows 
 of Scottish Life” (1822), “ Trials of Margaret Lindsay" 
 (1823), and “The Foresters” (1825). The “Noctes Am- 
 brosian® ” (which see) appeared originally in “ Blackwood,” 
 and the “ Becreations of Christopher North ” were reprints 
 of magazine articles. 
 
 Wilson, Richard. Born at Penegoes, Mont- 
 gomeryshire, Aug. 1, 1714: died at Llanferras, 
 Denbighshire, May, 1782. A noted English 
 landscape-painter, a pupil of Thomas Wright 
 in London 1729-35. In 1749 he visited Italy and de- 
 voted himself to landscape-painting. He studied both 
 Claude and Poussin. In 1756 he returned to England, and 
 In 1768 was an original member of the Boyal Academy. 
 He became its librarian in 1776. 
 
 Wilson, Robert. Died in 1600. An English 
 actor of Shakspere’s time. He was one of the Earl 
 of Leicester’s players in 1574, and belonged to the Queen’s 
 Company in 1683. He wrote a play, “The Cobbler’s Pro- 
 phecy ” (1594). 
 
 Wilson, Robert. Born in 1579 : died in 1610. 
 An English dramatic writer. He is frequently 
 confounded with the actor. 
 
 Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas. Born at London , 
 1777: died there, May 9, 1849. An English 
 general and author. He commanded the Lusitanian 
 Legion and a Spanish brigade in the Peninsular war ; was 
 British military commissioner at the Bussian and allied 
 headquarters 1812-14 ; and waslatermemberof Parliament 
 and governor of Gibraltar (1842-49). He wrote a ‘ ‘ History 
 of the British Expedition to Egypt ” (1802), an “Inquiry 
 into the Present State of the Military Force of the British 
 Empire” (1804), a “Sketch of the Campaigns in Poland” 
 (1811), “ Military and Political Power of Bussia ” (1817), 
 “Narrative of Events during the Invasion of Bussia, 
 1812 "(1860), “Diary "(1861), etc. 
 
 Wilson, Sir Thomas. Died 1581. An English 
 statesman and writer. He was educated at Eton and 
 at King's College, Cambridge ; was tutorto the sons of the 
 Duke of Suffolk ; lived on the Continent during the reign 
 of Mary ; and was imprisoned and tortured at Borne on 
 account of alleged heresy in his works on “Logic” and 
 “Ehetoric,” but escaped. He was in favor during the 
 reign of Elizabeth, and held various offices ; was envoy to 
 the Low Countries in 1576 ; and became secretary of state 
 in 1577, and dean of Durham in 1579. Among his works 
 are “The Buie of Eeason, containing the Art of Logic” 
 (1551), “The Art of Ehetoric’’ (1663), “A Discourse upon 
 Usury” (1572), etc. 
 
 Wilson, Sir William James Erasmus. Born at 
 Aberdeen, Scotland, Nov. 25, 1809: died atWest- 
 gate-on-the-Sea, Aug. 7, 1884. A British phy- 
 sician, a specialist in dermatology : first pro- 
 fessor of that specialty iu the College of Sur- 
 geons (the chair was founded by him). He trans- 
 ported at his own cost the Egyptian obelisk to London. 
 Hia works include “ Diseases of the Skin,” etc. 
 
 Wilson, William Lyne. Born May 3, 1843 : 
 
 Winchester 
 
 died Oct. 17, 1900. An American statesman. 
 He was educated at Columbian College, District of Colum- 
 bia, and at the University of Virgiuia ; served in the Con 
 federate army in the Civil War ; taught for a time in 
 Columbian College, and then practised law in Charlestown, 
 West Virginia; was president of West Virginia University 
 1882-83 ; and was Democratic member of Congress from 
 W est Virginia 1883-96. As chairman of the Committee on 
 Ways and Means he introduced in 1893 the tariff bill 
 *• which bears his name. Postmaster-general 1895-97. 
 
 Wilson, Woodrow. Born at Staunton, Va., 
 Dec. 28, 1856. An American historian and 
 statesman. He graduated at Princeton in 1879 ; studied 
 law and practised at Atlanta, Georgia ; studied history and 
 politics at .Johns Hopkins University 1883-1885 ; was asso- 
 ciate professor of history and political science at Bryn 
 Mawr 1880-88 ; was elected professor of history and politi- 
 cal economy at Wesleyan University in 1888 ; was profes- 
 sor of finance and political economy at Princeton Univer- 
 sity 1890-1902, and president 1902-10 ; was governor 
 of New Jersey 1911-13; and was elected President of the 
 United States in 1912. He has published “Congressional 
 Government ” (1885), “The State” (1889), “Division and 
 Reunion, 1829-89 ” (one of the “ Epochs of American 
 History" series, 1893), “An Old Master and other Political 
 Essays ” (1893), etc. 
 
 Wilson Promontory. The southernmost head- 
 land of Australia, in Victoria. 
 
 Wilson’s Creek (wil'sonz krek). A small river 
 near Springfield. Missouri. Here, Aug. 10 , 1861, the 
 Confederates under McCulloch and Price defeated the Fed- 
 erals under Lyon who was killed in the battle. 
 
 Wilton (wii'ton). A town in Wiltshire, Eng- 
 land, 3 miles west-northwest of Salisbury: 
 noted for the manufacture of carpets. Near it 
 is Wilton House. Population, 2,203. 
 Wiltshire (wilt'shir), or Wilts (wilts). A 
 county of England, bounded by Gloucestershire, 
 Berkshire, Hampshire, Dorset, and Somerset. 
 It is an agricultural county, and also has important manu- 
 factures. It is very rich in archeological material. The 
 chief place is Salisbury. Wiltshire was part of the ancient 
 kingdom of Wessex. Area (ad. co.), 1,350 square miles. 
 Population (pari, co.), 273,869. 
 
 Wimble (wim'bl),Will. One of the characters 
 drawn by Addison in the “Spectator”: a coun- 
 try gentleman “extremely well versed in all 
 the little handicrafts of an idle man.” 
 Wimbledon (wim'bl-don). A town in Surrey, 
 England, Smiles southwest of London. Its com- 
 mon was the meeting-place of the British Bifle Associa- 
 tion (which now meets in Bisley Common). Wimbledon 
 was probably the scene of a victory of Ceawlin of Wessex 
 over Ethelbert of Kent in 568. Population, 41,652. 
 Wimbome Minster (wim'bern min'ster). A 
 town iu Dorset, England, situated near the 
 junction of the Allen and Stour, 28 miles west- 
 southwest of Southampton : noted for its min- 
 ster. It was probably the scene of a defeat of the Danes 
 in 851. Population, 3,696. 
 
 Wimpfen (vimp'fen). A town situated on the 
 Neckar, 25 miles southeast of Heidelberg, in 
 an exclave belonging to Hesse, between Baden 
 and Wiirtemberg. Here, May 6, 1622, Tilly de- 
 feated the Margrave of Baden. 
 
 Wimpffen (vanp-fon'; G. pron. vimp'fen), Em- 
 manuel Fdlix de. Born at Laon, Sept. 13, 
 1811 : died at Paris, Feb. 26, 1884. A French 
 general. He was distinguished in the Crimean and 
 Italian wars and in Algeria ; suppressed an insurrection on 
 the border of Morocco in 1870 ; was corps commander in 
 the Franco-German war ; succeeded MacMahon as com- 
 mander at Sedan Sept. 1, 1870 ; and signed the capitula- 
 tion of Sedan Sept. 2, 1870. 
 
 Winchell (win'cbel), Alexander. Born at 
 North East, Dutchess County, N. Y., Dec. 31, 
 1824 : died at Ann Arbor, Mich., Feb. 19, 1891. 
 An American geologist. He was a graduate of Wes- 
 ieyan University in 1847 ; taught in various institutions till 
 1854, when he became professor of physics and civil en- 
 gineering at the University of Michigan ; and was profes- 
 sor there of geology, zoology, and botany 1855-73. He 
 held the same position in the University of Kentucky and 
 Syracuse University 1873-78, and a lectureship at Vander- 
 bilt University 1875-78. In 1879 he was made professor of 
 geology and paleontology at the University of Michigan. 
 He was director of the geological surveys of Michigan and 
 Minnesotain 1859. He wrote reports of geological surveys, 
 “Sketches of Creation ” (1870), “Doctrine of Evolution” 
 (1874), “The Geology of the Stars ” (1874), “ Reconciliation 
 of Science and Religion "(1877), “Preadamites, etc. ’’(1880), 
 “Sparks from a Geologist’s Hammer” (1881), “ World Life: 
 a Comparative Geology ” (1883), “Geological Excursions" 
 (1884), “Geological Studies” (1886), etc. 
 
 Winchelsea (win'chel-se). One of the Cinque 
 Ports of England, situated in Sussex, on the 
 English Channel, 7 miles east-northeast of 
 Hastings. Formerly it was an important walled 
 town. 
 
 Winchelsea, Countess of. See Finch, Anne. 
 Winchester (win'ches-ter). [Welsh Caer Gwent, 
 white castle; ML. Venta Belgarum, AS. Wintc- 
 ceaster. ] A city in Hampshire, England, on 
 the Itchen 11 miles north-northeast of South- 
 ampton. Its cathedral is a large church exemplifying 
 much of the development of English architecture. The 
 choir, with square chevet and projecting Lady chapel, 
 shows some excellent 18th-century arcading and good Per- 
 pendicular work in the clearstory and chapel; but most of 
 
Winchester 
 
 the exterior is uninteresting. The round-arched tower at 
 the crossing is low and heavy. The Perpendicular west 
 front, with three portals and a great window, resembles a 
 mechanical copy in stone of a framing of upright beams. 
 The interior presents much that is of interest. The long 
 nave is light and well proportioned, with elaborate English 
 groining. The aisled transepts are of the most impressive 
 early-Norman work. The fine carved stalls are of the 13th 
 century. Among the many interesting tombs is that of 
 Izaak Walton (1683). Winchester was successively a Brit- 
 ish, a Roman, and a Saxon town. It was the capital of 
 Wessex, and the place of residence and coronation of early 
 English kings, and the seat of early English parliaments. 
 In the middle ages it was noted for its commerce, and was 
 especially famous for woolen manufactures. Winchester 
 School is one of the leading public schools of England. 
 Population, 20,929. 
 
 Winchester. Seat of justice of Frederick 
 County, Virginia, in the Shenandoah Valley 66 
 miles west-northwest of Washington, it was a 
 center of action in the Civil War. Pop., 5,864, (1910). 
 
 Winchester, Battle of. 1. A victory gained 
 by the Federals under Shields over the Confed- 
 erates under Jackson at Kernstown, near Win- 
 chester, Virginia, March 23, 1862. Also called 
 battle of Kernstown. — 2. A victory gained by 
 the Confederates under Early over the Federals 
 under Crook, July 24, 1864. — 3. A victory gained 
 by the Federals under Sheridan over the Con- 
 federates under Early, Sept. 19, 1864. The Federal 
 los9 was 4,990 ; the Confederate loss, 5,500. Also called 
 battle of Opequan. 
 
 Winchester School, or St. Mary’s College. A 
 
 boys’ school, founded in Winchester by William 
 of Wykeham in 1393. It is one of the most im- 
 portant public schools in England. 
 Winckelmann (vink'el-man), Johann Joa- 
 chim. Born at Stendal, Dec. 9, 1717 : died 
 at Triest, June 8, 1768. A German critic and 
 author, the founder of scientific archaeology 
 and of the history of classic art. He was the son of 
 a poor shoemaker. With the assistance of the rector of his 
 school he was enabled to go to the gymnasium at Berlin ; 
 and subsequently (1738) studied theology at Halle, where 
 he supported himself by giving private instruction. In 
 1743 he received a position in the school at Seehausen ; in 
 1748 he was made librarian to the Count von Bunau in 
 Dresden, where he had an opportunity to continue the 
 study of art aud archaeology, begun at the University of 
 Halle. In 1754 he became a convert to the Roman Catholic 
 Church, and in 1755 was sent by the papal nuncio to 
 Italy. He devoted himself thenceforth entirely to the study 
 of art. In 1764 appeared his principal work, “Geschichte 
 der Kunst des Altertums" (“History of the Art of Anti- 
 quity”). A previous work was “Gedanken iiber die 
 Nachahmung der griechischen Werke in der Malerei und 
 Bildhauerkunst" (“Thoughts on the Imitation of Greek 
 Works in Painting and Sculpture,” 1755). For a number 
 of years he was papal antiquary in Rome. In 1768 he set 
 out on a journey to Germany, but in Vienna again turned 
 back for Italy. In Triest he was murdered by an Italian. 
 Windermere (win'der-mer), or Winander- 
 mere, Lake. The largest lake in England, 
 partly in Lancashire and partly on the boundary 
 between Lancashire and Westmoreland: re- 
 nowned for its beauty. Its outlet is into More- 
 cambeBay. Length, KH miles. Greatest width, 
 1 mile. 
 
 Windisch (vin'dish). [L. Vindonissa.'] A vil- 
 lage in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland, at 
 the junction of the Reuss and Aare, 17 miles 
 northwest of Zurich: an ancient Helvetic- 
 Roman city. 
 
 Windischgratz (vin'dish-grats), Prince zu (Al- 
 fred Candidus Ferdinand). Born at Brussels, 
 May 11, 1787: died at Vienna, March 21, 1862. 
 An Austrian field-marshal. He was distinguished 
 In the campaigns of 1813-14; quelled the insurrection in 
 Prague, June, 1848; was appointed field-marshal in Oct.; 
 defeated the Hungarians at Sehwechat Oct, 30, and took 
 Vienna Oct. 31 ; occupied Presburg and Raab in Dec., 
 and Budapest in Jan., 1849; defeated the Hungarians at 
 KApolna Feb. 27 ; and was defeated at Godbllo April 6, 
 and removed from his command. 
 
 W indom ( win ' d om ) , W illiam. Born in Belmont 
 County, Ohio, May 10, 1827 : died at New York 
 city, Jan. 29, 1891. An American politician and 
 financier. He was Republican member of Congress from 
 Minnesota 1859-69 ; United States senator from Minnesota 
 1870-81; secretary of the treasury in 1881; United States 
 senator 1881-83 : and again secretary of the treasury 1889-91. 
 
 Wind River Mountains. A range of the Rocky 
 Mountains in western Wyo ming . Highest point, 
 Gannett Peak, 13,775 feet. 
 
 Winds, Tower of the. See Tower of the Winds. 
 Windsor (win'zor). A town in Berkshire, 
 England, situated on the Thames 23 miles west 
 of London. It contains a famous royal residence, 
 Windsor Castle, founded by William the Conqueror, ex- 
 tended by his successors, especially by Edward III., and 
 recently restored by Queen Victoria. The castle con- 
 sists of two inclosed courts separated by the huge round 
 tower or keep. On the lower court or ward face the 
 famous Chapel of St. George and the Albert Chapel (see 
 below). The upper ward is entered by the so-called 
 Norman gateway, which is a pointed arch flanked by 
 cylindrical towers. The east side of the quadrangle is 
 occupied by the king s private apartments, and the 
 north side by the state apartments. The latter contain 
 many fine works of art and historic relics. St. George's 
 
 1066 
 
 Hall, 200 by 34 feet, is adorned with portraits of British 
 sovereigns by the best contemporary masters. The Water- 
 loo chamber or grand dining-room, the council-chamber, 
 and the state drawing-room contain paintings of equal 
 interest. All the paintings in the old ball-room are por- 
 traits by Vandyke, among them Charles I. and his family 
 and four portraits of Queen Henrietta Maria. The pri- 
 vate apartments are of high interest, and contain one of 
 the most splendid collections of porcelain existing, espe- 
 cially rich in old Sevres secured during the French Revo- 
 lution. The gardens and teiTaces are very beautiful, and 
 the views of the exterior of the castle, embodying long 
 stretches of battlemented walls broken by numerous tow- 
 ers aud dominated by the enormous donjon, are unique. 
 St. George’s Chapel, founded by Edward IV. in 1474 and 
 finished by Henry VIII., is in a rich Perpendicular style, 
 with double transepts. The interior is very wide and has 
 elaborate fan-vaulting. The choir is bordered by the or- 
 nate carved stalls of the Knights of the Garter, adorned 
 with their arms. Over every stall hangs the banner of its 
 holder. At the east end, over the fine reredos, is a great 
 Perpendicular window filled with painted glass in mem- 
 ory of Prince Albert. The Albert Chapel, immediately to 
 the east of St. George’s Chapel, was built by Henry VII., 
 and George III. formed the royal tomb-house under 
 it. It was restored by Queen Victoria as a memorial of 
 her husband, and the interior is decorated in so lavish a 
 manner that it forms one of the most remarkable existing 
 examples of such work : it is incrusted with colored mar- 
 bles, and covered throughout with sculpture, mosaics, 
 gilding, and precious stones. The windows are filled with 
 glass painted with scriptural scenes and subjects from 
 the family history of the Prince Consort, and the fan- 
 vaulting of the ceiling is covered with Venetian mosaics. 
 Toward the east end is a cenotaph of the prince in the 
 form of an altar-tomb. The sculptured and inlaid reredos 
 is by Sir G. G. Scott. The royal mausoleum at Frogmore, 
 near the castle, built by Queen Victoria to receive the 
 body of her husband, is in a modified Byzantine style of 
 architecture, octagonal in plan, surmounted by a lantern, 
 and ornamented with series of arcades. Windsor Forest 
 is near the town. Population, 14,274. 
 
 Windsor. A seaport, capital of Hants County, 
 Nova Scotia, situated on an arm of Minas 
 Basin, 35 miles northwest of Halifax. Popu- 
 lation, 3,452, (1911). 
 
 Windsor. A town in Hartford County, Con- 
 necticut, situated on the Connecticut 6 miles 
 north of Hartford. Population, 4,178, (1910). 
 Windsor Beauties. A series of 11 portraits of 
 the most noted beauties of the court of Charles 
 II., by Sir Peter Lely. Ten of these paintings are 
 now inHampton Court Palace, England : the eleventh, the 
 portrait of Madame d'Orleans, is lost. All are painted in 
 the samestyle, in three-quarter length, with lightly draped 
 busts, bare-headed with hair in ringlets, and with land- 
 scape backgrounds. 
 
 Windsor Forest. A poem by Alexander Pope. 
 Windsor Knights. A body of military pen- 
 sioners having their residence within the pre- 
 cincts of Windsor Castle. They are now called 
 the Military Knights of Windsor, and sometimes 
 the Poor Knights of Windsor. 
 
 Windthorst (vint'horst), Ludwig. Born at 
 Kaldenhof, Prussia, Jan. 17, 1812 : died at 
 Berlin, March 14, 1891. A German states- 
 man and lawyer. He was president of the Hanoverian 
 Second Chamber in 1851 ; member of the Hanoverian 
 ministry 1851-63 and 1S62-66 ; and a prominent member 
 of the Reichstag and the Prussian Landtag from 1867. He 
 was the head of the Catholic Center party and a leading 
 opponent of Bismarck. 
 
 Windward (wind'ward) Islands. 1 . The chain 
 of West India islands which extends from Porto 
 Rico to Trinidad. Also called the Caribbee Isl- 
 ands or Lesser Antilles. — 2. A colony of Great 
 Britain, in the West Indies, including the isl- 
 ands of Grenada, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and 
 the Grenadines. 
 
 Windward Passage. A channel between Cuba 
 on the west and Haiti on the east. Width, about 
 60 miles. 
 
 Winebrenner (win'bren-er), John. Born in 
 Frederick County, Md., March, 1797: died at 
 Harrisburg, Pa., Sept. 12, 1860. An American 
 clergyman, pastor of a German Reformed church 
 in Harrisburg. He separated from that church aud 
 organized, in 1830, the new denomination of the Church of 
 God, or Winebrennerians. 
 
 Winfrid, or Winfrith. See Boniface. 
 
 Wing and Wing. A novel by Cooper, published 
 in 1842. 
 
 Winged Lion, or Lion of St. Mark. A sym- 
 bolical lion, represented as winged and hold- 
 ing an open book on which is written Pax tibi, 
 Marce, Evangelista mens, or a part of this, it 
 is the characteristic device of Venice. The full heraldic 
 description requires a sword, with the point uppermost, 
 above the book on the dexter side, and a glory surrounding 
 the whole. The lion also is sejant ; but in artistic repre- 
 sentations this is continually departed from. 
 
 Wingfield (wing'feld), Edward Maria. Born 
 inEnglandabout 1560 : died after 1613. AnEng- 
 lish merchant: one of the first colonists in Vir- 
 ginia (1607), and first president of the colony. 
 He quarreled with his associates ; was deposed ; 
 and returned to England. 
 
 Wingless Victory. See Nike Apteros, Temple 
 of, and Victory. 
 
 Winslow, Josiah 
 
 Winkelried (vink'el-red), Arnold von. ASwiss 
 patriot from Stans in Unterwalden, said to have 
 decided the Swiss victory at Sempach in 1386 
 by grasping all the Austrian pikes he could 
 reach and burying them in his own breast, thus 
 making an opening in the ranks into which the 
 Swiss rushed over his dead body. The truth 
 of the tradition is disputed in modern times. 
 Winkin de Worde. See Worde. 
 
 Winkle (wing'kl), Nathaniel. A member of 
 the famous Pickwick Club, afterward married 
 to Miss Arabella Allen : a character in Charles 
 Dickens’s “Pickwick Papers.” 
 
 Winkle, Rip Van. See Rip Van Winkle. 
 Winloek (win'lok), Joseph. Born in Shelby 
 County, Ky., Feb. 6, 1826: died at Cambridge, 
 Mass., June 11, 1875. An American astronomer. 
 He was superintendent of the “Nautical Almanac,” and 
 was professor of astronomy at Harvard and director of the 
 observatory there from 1866. He conducted a govern- 
 ment expedition to Kentucky in Aug., 1869, to observe the 
 solar eclipse, aud one to Spain in Dec., 1870, for the same 
 purpose. 
 
 Winmore. See Winwaed. 
 
 Winnebago (win-e-ba'go). [PL, also Winneba- 
 gos, Winnebagoes. Winnebago is a corruption of 
 a nickname meaning ‘ dirty water.’] A tribe of 
 North American Indians, closely related in lan- 
 guage to the Tciwere tribes on the one hand 
 and to the Mandan on the other. They are the 
 Puans of the Jesuit “Relation” of 1636. Their name for 
 themselves is Botcangara, meaning ‘ first ’ or ‘ parent 
 speech.’ They reside in Nebraska and Wisconsin, and 
 number over 2,000. See Siouan. 
 
 Winnebago Lake. The largest lake in Wiscon- 
 sin, situated 60 miles north-northwest of Mil- 
 waukee. Its outlet is by Fox River into Green 
 Bay. Length, 27 miles. 
 
 Winnepesaukee, Lake. See Winnipiseogee. 
 Winnipeg (win'i-peg). A river in Manitoba 
 which is the outlet of the Lake of the Woods, 
 and empties into Lake Winnipeg. Length, 
 about 200 miles. 
 
 Winnipeg. The capital of Manitoba, Canada, 
 situated at the junction of the Assiniboine and 
 the Red River of the North, in lat. 49° 56' N., 
 long. 97° 7' W. : the principal city of the Cana- 
 dian Northwest, formerly called Fort Garry. 
 It is situated on the Canadian Pacific and Grand Trunk 
 Pacific railways. In 1873 it was made a city. Pop., 136,035. 
 
 Winnipeg, Lake. A lake in the Dominion of 
 Canada, about lat. 51°-54° N. It receives the Sas- 
 katchewan, Red River of the North, and Winnipeg, and its 
 outlet to Hudson Bay is the Nelson River. Length, about 
 250 miles. 
 
 WinnipegoGS (wm'i-pe-_gos),or Winnipegoosis 
 
 (winH-pe-go'sis), or Winnepegoose (win'e-pe- 
 gos), or Winnipigoos (win'i-pi-gos), Lake, or 
 Little Winnipeg Lake. A lake in the Do- 
 minion of Canada, west of Lake Winnipeg, into 
 which it empties. Length, 130-150 miles. 
 Winnipiseogee, or Winnepesaukee (win'Vpe- 
 sa'ke), Lake. A lake in New Hampshire, 25 
 miles north-northeast of Concord: noted for 
 its beautiful scenery. Its outlet is the Winni- 
 piseogee River, which empties into the Merri- 
 mac. Length, 24 miles. 
 
 Winona (wi-n5'na). The capital of Winona 
 County, Minnesota, situated on the Mississippi 
 97 miles southeast of St. Paul. Population, 
 18,583, (1910). 
 
 Winooski (wi-nos'ki), or Onion (un'yon), Riv- 
 er. A river in Vermont which joins Lake Cham- 
 plain 5 miles northwest of Burlington. Mont- 
 pelier is situated on it. Length, about 90 miles. 
 Winslow (winz'lo), Edward. Born at Droit- 
 wich, Worcestershire, England, Oct. 18, 1595 : 
 died at sea, May 8, 1655. A colonial governor, 
 one of the founders of Plymouth Colony in 1620. 
 He negotiated a treaty with Massasoit in 1621 ; was gover- 
 nor of Plymouth Colony in 1633, 1636, and 1644 ; was a com- 
 mercial agent of the colony, and went several times to 
 England in its behalf ; and was appointed by Cromwell 
 commissioner on an expedition against the Spanish West 
 Indies in 1655. He wrote “ Winslow's Relation ” or “Good 
 News from New England ” (1624), “ Hypocrisy Unmasked ’’ 
 (1646), “New England’s Salamander" (1647), “Glorious 
 Progress of the Gospel amongst the Indians in New Eng- 
 land ” (1649), “ Platform of Church Discipline ” (1653), etc. 
 
 Winslow, James. Bom at Albany, N. Y., 1814 : 
 died at New York, July 18, 1874. An American 
 banker. 
 
 Winslow, John Ancrum. Born at Wilming- 
 ton, N. C., Nov. 19, 1811 : died at Boston, Mass., 
 Sept. 29, 1873. An American admiral. He en- 
 tered the navy in 1827, and served in the Mexican war. 
 As commander of the Kearsarge, he defeated and sank 
 the Confederate cruiser Alabama, under Semmes, off 
 Cherbourg harbor, June 19, 1864. He was made com- 
 modore in 1864, and later rear-admiral. 
 
 Winslow (winz'lo), Josiah. Born at Plymouth, 
 Mass., 1629: died at Marshfield, Mass.. 1680. 
 An American colonial governor, son of Edward 
 
Winslow, Josiah 
 
 Winslow. He was for many years assistant governor of 
 Plymouth Colony, and a commissioner of the united col- 
 onies ; was governor of Plymouth Colony 1673-80 ; and was 
 general-in-chief of the united colonies in King Philip's war. 
 
 Winslow, William Copley. Born at Boston, 
 Jan. 13, 1840. An American Episcopal clergy- 
 man and archaeologist, founder of the American 
 branch of the Egypt Exploration Fund. 
 
 Winsor (win'zor), Justin. Born at Boston, 
 Jan. 2, 1831 : died at Cambridge, Mass., Oct. 22, 
 1897. A distinguished American historian and 
 librarian. He was superintendent of the Boston Public 
 Library 1868-77, and subsequently librarian of Harvard. 
 His works include “ Bibliography of Original Quartos and 
 Folios of Shakspere" (1875), “Header’s Hand-Book of the 
 American Revolution" (1880), “Was Shakspere Shap- 
 leigh?" (1887), various pamphlets on American history, 
 bibliographies, “Christopher Columbus, etc. "(1891), “Car- 
 tier to Frontenac” (1894), etc. He edited the “Memorial 
 History of Boston ” (1880-82), “ Harvard University Bulle- 
 tin," and a “ Narrative and Critical History of America” 
 (8 vols. 1884-89). 
 
 Winter (win'ter), John Strange. The pseu- 
 
 *donym of Mrs. H. E. V. Stannard. 
 
 Winter (win'ter), William. Born at Gloucester, 
 Mass., July 15, 1836. An American journalist 
 and poet. He was a graduate of the Harvard law school, 
 and was dramatic critic of the New York “ Tribune " 1865- 
 1909. Among his works are poems, including “ The Con- 
 vent ” (1854), “ The Queen’s Domain ” (1858), “ My W itness ” 
 (1871), “Thistledown” (1878), “The Wanderers” (1888), 
 “ Poems ” (complete, 1880); prose, “Edwin Booth in Twelve 
 Characters ” (1871), “The Trip to England, ’ with illustra- 
 tions by Joseph Jefferson (1879), “The Jeffersons” (1881), 
 “English Rambles ”(1883), "Henry Irving ’’(1885), “Shake- 
 speare’s England ” (1888), “The Press and the Stage ” (1889), 
 “ Gray Days and Gold ” (1891), “ Old Shrines and Ivy ” (1892), 
 “Shadows of the Stage ” (in three series, 1892, 1893, 1895), 
 “The Life and Art of Edwin Booth ” (1894). He has edited 
 “Life, Stories, and Poems of John Brougham” (1881). 
 
 Winter, De. See De Winter. 
 
 Winter King, The. A name given to Freder- 
 ick V., elector of the Palatinate, and king of 
 Bohemia through the winter of 1619-20. 
 
 Winter Palace. An imperial palace at St. Pe-« 
 tersburg, Russia. The exterior, in Renaissance style, 
 has 3 stories and an attic above the basement, and mea- 
 sures 455 by 350 feet. The interior is remarkable for its 
 series of Russian historical paintings and portraits, and 
 for the splendid state apartments. The crown jewels are 
 kept in this palace. 
 
 Winter Queen, The. A name given to Eliza- 
 beth, wife of the elector Frederick V. (“the 
 Winter King”). 
 
 Winter’s Tale, The. A play by Shakspere, 
 probably produced in 1611. it was founded on 
 Greene’s “Pandosto." This and “The Tempest” were 
 probably his last finished plays. 
 
 Winterthur (vin'ter-tor). A town in the can- 
 ton of Zurich, Switzerland, 13 miles northeast 
 of Zurich: one of the chief commercial and 
 manufacturing towns in Switzerland. Burkhardt, 
 duke of Swabia, defeated Rudolf II. of High Burgundy 
 there in 919. Winterthur passed to Hapsburg in 1264 ; was 
 a free imperial city for a short time in the 15th century ; 
 and was acquired by Zurich in 1467. Population, over 
 22,300. 
 
 Winther (vin'ter), Rasmus Willads Chris- 
 tian Ferdinand. Born at Fensmark, Den- 
 mark, July 29, 1796 : died at Paris, Dec. 30, 1876. 
 A Danish lyric poet. His father was a clergyman. 
 He studied theology at the Copenhagen University after 
 1815. In 1830-31 he traveled in Italy. After 1841 he lived 
 in Neustrelitz, and subsequently in Copenhagen. The last 
 years of his life were spent in Paris. His first collection 
 of poems was published in 1828. It contains, among 
 others, a number of poems descriptive of popular life in 
 Denmark, afterward published apart in several editions 
 as “ Trasnitte ” (“ Woodcuts ”). “ Nogle Digte ” (“ Some 
 
 Poems ”) followed in 1835; “Sang og Sagn”(“Song and 
 Story ’’) in 1840 ; “ Digtninger ”(“ Poems,” 1843) ; “Lyriske 
 Digte" (“Lyric Poems,” 1849); “Nye Digte" (“New 
 Poems,” 1851) ; “Nye Digtninger ” (“New Poems,” 1853). 
 Hi3 greatest work is the epic cycle called “ Hjortens Flugt ” 
 (“The Flight of the Stag"), which appeared in 1855. In 
 prose he wrote “Haandtegninger” (“Sketches”), “Fir 
 Novellew” (“Four Stories"), and “Tre Fortallinger ’’ 
 (“Three Tales”). Hiscollected poetical writings (“ Sam- 
 lcde Digtninger ”) were published at Copenhagen, 1860- 
 1872, in 11 vols. 
 
 Winthrop (win'throp), Dolly. One of the prin- 
 cipal female characters in George Eliot’s novel 
 “Silas Mamer, the Weaver of Raveloe.” 
 
 Winthrop, Fitz-John. Bom at Ipswich, Mass., 
 March 19, 1639: died at Boston, Nov. 27, 1707. 
 An American colonial governor and officer, son 
 of John Winthrop (1606-76). ne served in King 
 Philip's war ; was major-general in the expedition to Can- 
 ada in 1690; and was governor of Connecticut 1698-1707. 
 
 Winthrop, John. Born at Groton, England, 
 Jan. 12, 1587 : died at Boston, March 26, 1649. 
 A colonial governor. He was educated at Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, and was admitted to the Inner Temple 
 in 1628. In 1629 he was chosen by the company in Lon- 
 don governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony; arrived 
 in Salem June 12, 1630 ; and soon after settled in Boston. 
 He was governor until 1634, and again 1637-40, 1642-44, 
 and 1646-49, and was several times deputy governor. He 
 opposed Vane, Anne Hutchinson, and the Antinomians. 
 His journal was published by James Savage as “History 
 of New England 1630-1649” (2 vols. 1825-26). He wrote 
 
 1067 
 
 also “ Model of Christian Charity ” and “ Arbitrary Gov- 
 ernment Described.” His “Life and Letters” were pub- 
 lished by R. C. Winthrop (2 vols. 1864-67). 
 
 Winthrop, John. Born at Groton, England, 
 Feb. 12, 1606 : died at Boston, Mass., April 5, 
 1676. An American colonial governor, son of 
 John Winthrop. He was educated at Dublin ; served 
 against France ; traveled on the Continent ; emigrated to 
 Massachusetts in 1031 and became governor’s assistant ; 
 was a leading settler of Ipswich, Massachusetts; founded 
 Saybrook, Connecticut, in 1635, and was its first governor ; 
 founded New London, Connecticut ; and was governor of 
 Connecticut during nearly the whole period 1657-76. He 
 obtained a charter uniting the colonies of Connecticut and 
 New Haven. He was a fellow of the Royal Society. 
 
 Winthrop, Robert Charles. Born at Boston, 
 May 12, 1809: died there, Nov. 16, 1894. An 
 American statesman and orator. He graduated at 
 Harvard in 1828 ; studied law with Daniel Webster ; was a 
 member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, 
 and its speaker 1838-40 ; was Whig member of Congress 
 from Massachusetts 1841-42 and 1843-50 ; was speaker of 
 the House 1847-49 ; and was United States senator (ap- 
 pointed by the governor as successor to W ebster) 1850-51. 
 In the latter year he was a candidate for senator, but was 
 defeated, and was also unsuccessful as candidate for gov- 
 ernor of Massachusetts. He was especially noted as an 
 orator. He delivered addresses at the laying of the corner- 
 stone of the Washington monument in 1848, and at the 
 dedication of the monument in 1885. 
 
 Winthrop, Theodore. Born at New Haven, 
 Conn., Sept. 22, 1828: killed at the battle of Big 
 Bethel, Jun e 10, 1861. An American author, and 
 officer (of N ew York volunteers) in the Civil W ar. 
 He was military secretary to General Butler, with the 
 rank of major. He wrote “Cecil Dreeme” (1861), “John 
 Brent” (1862), “Edwin Brothertoft” (1862), “The Canoe 
 and the Saddle” (1862), “Life in the Open Air” (1863). 
 
 Winton, Andrew of. See Wyntoun. 
 
 Wintoon. See Wintu. 
 
 Wintu (win-to'), or Wintoon, or Wintun (win- 
 ton'). [‘ Man.’] The northern division of the 
 Copehan stock of North American Indians, em- 
 bracing a number of small tribes inhabiting 
 mainly the valleys of the Sacramento and its 
 eastern tributaries in northern California, from 
 Mount Shasta to Stony Creek. Their number 
 is small. See Copehan. 
 
 Wintun. See Wintu. 
 
 Winwaed. A river near Leeds, England : now 
 Winmore. Here, in 655, Penda, king of Mercia, 
 was defeated byOswy of Northumbria, and slain. 
 
 Winyaw Bay (win'ya ba). An arm of the At- 
 lantic, on the coast of South Carolina, on which 
 Georgetown is situated. It receives the Great 
 Pedee and Black rivers. Length, about 17 
 miles. 
 
 Wipbach (vip'bach). The modern name of the 
 Frigidus (which see). 
 
 This river, the Wipbach of our own day, the Frigidus 
 Fluvius of the age of Theodosius, has not only historic 
 fame, but is a phenomenon full of interest to the physical 
 geographer. Close to the little town of Wipbach it bursts 
 forth from the foot of the cliffs of the Birnbaumer Wald : 
 no little rivulet such as one spring might nourish, but “ a 
 full-fed river, "as deep and strong as the Aar at Thun or the 
 Reuss at Lucerne, like also to both those streams in the 
 colour of its pale-blue waterB, and, even in the hottest days 
 of summer, unconquerably cool. 
 
 Hodglrin, Italy and her Invaders, 1. 160. 
 
 Wipper (vip'per). 1. A river in Pomerania, 
 Prussia, winch flows into the Baltic 18 miles 
 northeast of Koslin. Length, about 90 miles. 
 — 2. A small river in Thuringia, a tributary 
 of the Unstrut. — 3. A small river in northern 
 Germany which comes from the Harz and joins 
 the Saale near Bernburg. 
 
 Wirral (wer'al). A district in the western part 
 of Cheshire, England, between the estuaries of 
 the Mersey and Dee. 
 
 Wirt (wert), William. Born at Bladensburg, 
 Md., Nov. 8, 1772: died at Washington, D. C., 
 Feb. 18, 1834. An American lawyer, orator, and 
 author. He was admitted to the bar in 1792 ; became a 
 prominent lawyer in Virginia, clerk of the House of Dele- 
 gates, chancellor to the eastern shore of Virginia, and mem- 
 ber of the House of Delegates ; assisted in the prosecution 
 of Aaron Burr in 1807 ; was appointed United States dis- 
 trict attorney in 1816; and was United States attorney- 
 general 1817-29. In 1832 he was Antitnasonic candidate 
 for President, and received the electoral vote of Vermont. 
 He wrote “Letters of the British Spy” (1803), “The Rain- 
 bow” and other essays, “Sketches of the Life and Char- 
 acter of Patrick Henry ” (1817), and various addresses. 
 
 Wirtemberg. An unusual spelling of Wiirtem- 
 bcrg. 
 
 Wisbeach, or Wisbech (wiz'bech). A town in 
 Cambridgeshire, England, situated in the Isle 
 of Ely, on the Nen and 'the Wisbech Canal, 19 
 miles north of Ely. It has trade by the river 
 Nen. Population, 9,831. 
 
 Wisby, or Visby (vis'bii). A town on the 
 west coast of the island of Gotland, Sweden. 
 
 It contains a cathedral and ruined churches, towers, and 
 walls. It was an ancient Hanseatic port, and important 
 commercially until its sack by Waldemar IV. of Denmark 
 in 1361. Population, 9,465. 
 
 Wishoskan 
 
 Wisby, Laws of. A code or compilation of 
 maritime customs and adjudications adopted by 
 the town of Wisby, in the island of Gotland, in 
 the Baltic Sea. By the law-writers of the northern 
 European nations it has been claimed that these laws 
 are older than the Laws of Oleron ; but the better opinion 
 seems to be that they are later, and in some respects an 
 improvement upon them. The code was not established 
 by legislative authority, but its provisions have obtained 
 the sanction of general use and observance from their in- 
 trinsic equity and convenience. Sometimes called the Got- 
 land Sea Laws. 
 
 Wisconsin (wis-kon'sin). A Northwestern State 
 of the United States. It is bounded by Lake Supe- 
 rior, Michigan (partly separated by the Menominee River), 
 Lake Michigan, Illinois, Iowa (separated by the Missis- 
 sippi), and Minnesota (nearly separated by the Mississippi 
 and St. Croix rivers). Capital, Madison ; chief city, Mil- 
 waukee. It is hilly in the north and southwest, and else- 
 where generally level. It is an important agricultural 
 and lumbering State; produces wheat, corn, oats, rye, 
 barley, timber, etc.; manufactures lumber, flour, beer, 
 etc. ; and has important iron-mines and stone-quarries. 
 Wisconsin has 71 counties, 11 representatives in Congress, 
 2 senators, and 13 electoral votes. It was early explored 
 by French fur-traders and missionaries (Nicolet in 1634 ; 
 Radisson, Allouez). In 1787 it was included in the North- 
 west Territory, and afterward in Indiana Territory; in 
 1809 in Illinois Territory ; and in 1818 in Michigan Terri- 
 tory. Wisconsin Territory was organized in 1836, and was 
 admitted to the Union in 1848. Area, 56,040 square miles. 
 Population, 2,333,860, (1910). 
 
 Wisconsin, University of. An institution of 
 learning at Madison, Wisconsin, it was incorpo- 
 rated in 1838 and opened in 1850, and comprises colleges of 
 letters and arts, a law school, a graduate school, a college 
 of engineering, a college of agriculture, and a school of 
 music. Number of students, 4,500. It is coeducational. 
 
 Wisconsin River. A river in Wisconsin, it 
 rises in Lake Vieux Desert oa the border of Wisconsin 
 and Michigan, flows south and west, and joins the Mis- 
 sissippi near Prairie du Chien. In its course are several 
 cataracts, including the Dalles of the Wisconsin (which 
 see). Length, about 600 miles ; navigable from Portage 
 City. 
 
 Wisdom of Solomon, Book of the. One of the 
 
 deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament. 
 Tradition ascribes its authorship to Solomon ; but by most 
 modern Protestant theologians it is attributed to an Alex- 
 andrian Jew of the 1st or 2d century b. c. The shorter title 
 “ W isdom,” or “ Book of Wisdom, ” is commonly applied to 
 this book, but not to Ecclesiasticus. See Apocrypha. 
 
 Wise (wiz), Henry Alexander. Born at Drum- 
 mondtown, Va., Dec. 3, 1806: died at Richmond, 
 Sept. 12, 1876. An American statesman and ora- 
 tor. He graduated at Washington College, Pennsylvania ; 
 practised law ; was Democratic member of Congress from 
 Virginia 1833-44 ; was United States minister to Brazil 
 1844-47 ; and was elected on the Anti-Know-Nothkig plat- 
 form as governor of Virginia, and served 1866-60. He op- 
 posed secession, but followed his State and became a 
 Confederate brigadier-general. He was defeated in the 
 Kanawha valley in 1861, and at Roanoke Island in 1862. 
 
 Wise, Henry Augustus. Born 1819: died 1869. 
 An American naval officer and author, cousin 
 of H. A. Wise. He wrote the books of travels “ Los 
 Gringos ” (1849), “ Scampavias ’’ (1857), “ Tales for the Ma- 
 rines ” (1855), etc. 
 
 Wiseman (wiz'man), Nicholas Patrick Ste- 
 phen. Born at Seville, Spain. Aug. 2, 1802: 
 died at London, Feb. 15, 1865. An English car- 
 dinal and theologian. He was professor at Rome; 
 was made bishop in partibus in 1840, and vicar apostolic 
 in 1849; and became archbishop of Westminster and car- 
 dinal in 1850. Among his works are “ Horse Syriac®'' 
 (1828), “The Connection between Science and Revealed 
 Religion ’’ (1836), “ Lectures on the Catholic Church ” 
 (1836), “The Real Presence" (1836), etc. 
 
 Wise Men of Gotham, The Merry Tales of 
 the. A book of jests, etc., said to have been 
 collected by Andrew Borde in the reign of 
 Henry VIII. 
 
 Wise Men of the East. See Three Kings of 
 Cologne and Magi, 2. 
 
 Wishart (wish'iirt), George. Born early in 
 the 16th century : burned at the stake at St. 
 Andrews, March 1, 1546. A Scottish Reformer 
 and martyr. He was schoolmaster at Montrose, and 
 was charged with heresy there about 1538 for teaching the 
 New Testament in Greek. In 1643 he was a tutor at Cam- 
 bridge. In the same year he went to Scotland with the 
 commission sent by Henry VIII. to arrange a treaty for the 
 marriage of his son Edward (aged 6) and the infant queen 
 Mary. Ho began and diligently continued to preach the 
 doctrines of the Reformation, and at the instigation of Car- 
 dinal Beaton was burned at St. Andrews. 
 
 Wishart, or Wiseheart (wiz'hart), George. 
 Born 1599: died 1671. A Scottish bishop, 
 ne waB deprived ot his living for refusal to subscribe tho 
 Covenant ; was chaplain to the Marquis of Montrose ; and 
 was made bishop of Edinburgh in 1662. He wrote, in 
 La tin, a history of the wars of Montrose. 
 
 Wishaw (wish'd). A burgh in Lanarkshire, 
 Scotland, 13 miles east-southeast of Glasgow. 
 It has important coal-mines and iron-works. 
 Population, town, 20,869. 
 
 Wishfort (wish'fflrt), Lady. A character in 
 Congreve’s “The Way of the World”: “a mix- 
 ture of wit and ridiculous vanity” (Hall am). 
 
 Wishoskan (wesh'os-kan). A linguistic stock of 
 North American Indians which formerly occu- 
 
Wishoskan 
 
 pied the shores of Humboldt Bay (where some 
 still remain) and the lower Mad, Eel, and Elk 
 rivers, California. They are one of the peoples called 
 Diggers (so named from living largely upon roots and 
 from their indolence). Their principal tribes are the Pata- 
 wat, Wishosk, and Wiyot. 
 
 Wisingso (ve'sing-se). A small island in the 
 southern part of Lake Wettern, Sweden: a me- 
 dieval royal residence. 
 
 Wismar (vis'mar). A seaport of Mecklenburg- 
 Schwerin, Germany, situated on the Bay of Wis- 
 mar in lat. 53° 54' N., long. 11° 28' E. It has one 
 
 of the best harbors on the Baltic ; contains several Gothic 
 churches and the Renaissance Fiirstenhof ; exports grain, 
 butter, cattle, andoil-seeds; and has varied manufactures. 
 Formerly it was an important Hanseatic city ; passed with 
 Its territory to Sweden in 1648 ; and was pledged by Sweden 
 to Mecklenburg-Schwerin in 1803, with possible reversion 
 to Sweden in 1903. Population, commune, 21,902. 
 Wismar, Bay of. An arm of the Baltic, on 
 the coast of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. 
 
 Wissman (vis'man), Herrmann von. Born at 
 Frankfort-on-the-Oder, 1853: died at Weissen- 
 bach, in Steiermark, June 15, 1905. An African 
 explorer and commander. In 1880, as lieutenant, he 
 accompanied Dr. Pogge to Angola, to Lubuku, near the 
 confluence of the Kassai and Luliia rivers, and to Nyang- 
 we, whence he completed alone the crossing of the con- 
 tinent to Zanzibar (Nov. 15, 1882). In 1884, as chief of a 
 large expedition sent out by Leopold II., he revisited Lu- 
 buku, established the stations Luluaburg and Luebo, and 
 descended the Kassai River by boat, thus establishing its 
 navigability (1885). Starting again from Lubuku (1886), 
 he failed in an attempt to discover the sources of the 
 Tshuapa, Lulongo, and Lomami, but reached Nyangwe, 
 followed the Lualaba up to the Lukuga, and made for 
 the east coast by way of Tanganyika and Nyassa (1887). 
 As imperial German commissioner he suppressed the 
 Arab uprising under Bushiri. In 1892 he failed to carry 
 out his plan of taking two steamers to Lake Victoria via 
 NyaBsa and Tanganyika. He was the author of “ Im In- 
 nern Afrikas" (1888), etc. See Century Atlas, Map 109. 
 
 Wit at Several Weapons. A comedy pro- 
 duced about 1614, and published as by Beau- 
 mont and Fletcher in 1647. 
 
 Witch, The. A play by Middleton, produced 
 probably about 1621. It was printed in 1778 from 
 a MS. Sliakspere’s “Macbeth " was altered by Middleton 
 not long after “ The Witch ’’ was acted. A fierce literary 
 war has raged as to the question whether the machinery 
 of the witches was borrowed by Middleton from Shak- 
 spere, or vice versa. A. W. Ward. 
 
 Witches’ Sabbath. A midnight meeting sup- 
 posed in the middle ages to be held annually by 
 demons, sorcerers, and witches, under the lead- 
 ership of Satan, for the purpose of celebrating 
 their orgies. 
 
 Witchfinder (wich ' fin “ der), The. A name 
 given to the Englishman Matthew Hopkins, a 
 pretended discoverer of witches about 1645. 
 Witch of Atlas, The. A poem by Shelley. 
 Witch of Edmonton, The. A tragicomedy by 
 Rowley, Dekker, and Ford, it was probably writ- 
 ten about 1621, produced in 1623, and was printed in 1658. 
 It was founded on a true story, the execution of the re- 
 puted witch Mother Sawyer. “The Merry Devil of Ed- 
 monton," written about twenty years before and alluded 
 to in the prologue, has no reference to this play. 
 
 Witenagemot (wit'e-na-ge-mot'). [AS. vntena 
 gemot, counselors’ moot.] In Anglo-Saxon his- 
 tory, the great Saxon council or parliament, 
 consisting of the king with his dependents and 
 friends and sometimes the members of his fam- 
 ily, the ealdormen, and the bishops and other 
 ecclesiastics. This council, which met frequently, con- 
 stituted the highest court of judicature in the kingdom. 
 It was summoned by the king in any political emergency, 
 and its concurrence was necessary in many important mea- 
 sures, such as the deciding of war, the levying of extraor- 
 dinary taxes, grants of land in certain cases, and the elec- 
 tion (and in many instances the deposition) of kings. 
 
 Witbam (witli'am). A river in England, chiefly 
 in Lincoln, which flows into the Wash 5 miles 
 southeast of Boston. Length, about 80 miles ; 
 navigable to Lincoln. 
 
 Witham. A town in Essex, England, 35 miles 
 northeast of London. Population, 3,454. 
 Wither, or Wyther (wiTH'er), or Withers 
 
 (wiTH'erz), George. Bom at Brentworth, 
 Hampshire, June 11, 1588: died at London, 
 May 2, 1667. A noted English poet. He was edu- 
 cated at Magdalen College, Oxford. In 1639 he was a Roy- 
 alist captain of horse in an expedition against the Scotch 
 Covenanters ; in 1642 he had become a Puritan and a ma- 
 jor in the Parliamentary army ; and was afterward made 
 by Cromwell master of the statute-office and “ major-gen- 
 eral of the horse and foot of the County of Surrey." After 
 the Restoration he was obliged to give up the fortune ac- 
 cumulated in these offices, and was imprisoned by Parlia- 
 ment, but released in 1663. Among his poems are “ The 
 Shepherd’s Hunting ”(1614), “Fidelia "(1615), “The Motto ” 
 (1618), “ Fair Virtue, or the Mistress of Philarete ” (1622), 
 “Hymns and Songs of the Church” (1623), “Emblems” 
 (1634), "Hallelujah” (1641), a satire “Abuses Stript and 
 Whipt ” (1613 : for which he was imprisoned), and a trans- 
 lation of the Psalms of David. 
 
 Witherspoon (wiTH'er-spon), John. Born in 
 Haddingtonshire, Scotland, Feb. 5, 1722: died 
 near Princeton, N. J., Sept. 15, 1794. A Scotch- 
 
 1068 
 
 American clergyman and educator. He graduated 
 at the University of Edinburgh ; was pastor at Beith and 
 Paisley ; became president of Princeton College in 1768 ; 
 and gave instruction in divinity, philosophy, Hebrew, and 
 rhetoric, etc.; was a member of the New Jersey constitu- 
 tional convention and provincial congress in 1776 ; and 
 was a delegate from New Jersey to the Continental Con- 
 gress, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. 
 Among his works are “Ecclesiastical Characteristics” 
 (1753), “Essay on Justification " (1756), “Serious Inquiry 
 into the Nature and Effects of the Stage ” (1757), “Essays 
 on Important Subjects” (1764), “Considerations on the 
 Nature and Extent of the Legislative Authority of the 
 British Parliament ” (1774), etc. 
 
 Wits, The. A comedy by Sir William Dave- 
 nant, produced in 1633, printed in 1636. It was 
 revived after the Restoration, and is frequently 
 mentioned by Pepys. 
 
 Witt, De. See De Witt. 
 
 Wittekind (wit'e-kind), or Widukind (wid'- 
 6-kind). The leader of the Saxons against 
 Charles the Great. He made a raid into the Rhine- 
 land in 778 ; gained successes in 782 ; and conducted the 
 war until 785, when he submitted and was baptized. He 
 is said to have been appointed duke of the Saxons, and to 
 have died in battle in 807. 
 
 Wittelsbach (vit'tels-bach). The family name 
 of the former electors of the Palatinate and 
 Bavaria, and of the present royal house of Ba- 
 varia. 
 
 Witten (vit'ten). A town in the province of 
 Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the Ruhr 37 
 miles north-northeast of Cologne. It has im- 
 portant manufactures of iron, steel, machin- 
 ery, glass, etc. Population, commune, 35,841. 
 Wittenberg (wit"' en- berg; G. pron. vit'ten- 
 berG). A town in the province of Saxony, Prus- 
 sia, situated on the Elbe 55 miles southwest of 
 Berlin : famous for its connection with Luther 
 and the early Reformation. See Luther. Among 
 its noted objects are the Schlosskirche(with the graves of 
 Luther, Melanchthon, Frederick the Wise, and John the 
 Constant), the Stadtkirche(with Cranach’s “Last Supper"), 
 the Augustinian monastery, Luther’s house, Melanch- 
 thon’s house, statues of Luther and Melanchthon, and the 
 Rathaus. It was the capital of Saxe-Wittenberg, and was 
 long the chief town of Saxony. Its university was founded 
 in 1502, and was united with that of Halle in 1815. Luther 
 nailed his 95 theses to the door of the Schlosskirche in 
 1517, and burned the Pope’s bull in 1520. The town was 
 bombarded by the Imperialists in 1760 ; was fortified by 
 Napoleon in 1813 ; and was besieged by the Prussians and 
 stormed Jan. 12-13, 1814. Population, commune, 20,332. 
 Wittenberg, Concord of. An agreement be- 
 tween Saxon and Swiss Reformers in 1536. 
 Wittenberge (vit'ten-ber-ge). A town in the 
 province of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on 
 the Elbe 75 miles west-northwest of Berlin. 
 The Elbe is crossed here by a bridge. Popu- 
 lation, commune, 18,501. 
 
 Wittenweier (vit'ten-vi-er). Avillage in Baden, 
 situated on the Rhine near Strasburg. it was 
 the scene of several contests between Bernhard of Saxe- 
 Weimar and the Imperialists in 1637, and of a victory of the 
 former over the latter Aug. 9, 1638. 
 
 Wittgenstein (vit/ gen-stin), Ludwig Adolf 
 Peter, Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Ludwigs- 
 burg. Born in the Russian government of Perm, 
 Jan. 6, 1769 : died at Lemberg, June 11, 1843. A 
 Russian field-marshal. He served in the campaign 
 of 1807; commanded againstOudinot, St. Cyr, and Victor in 
 1812; was an unsuccessful commander of the Allies in 1813, 
 and was removed after the defeat of Bautzen ; com- 
 manded a Russian contingent of the Allies 1813-14 ; com- 
 manded the army on the Pruth in 1828, and occupied the 
 Danubian Principalities and Varna ; and besieged Shumla 
 unsuccessfully in the same year. 
 
 Wittstock (vit'stok). A town in the province 
 of Brandenburg, Prussia, situated on the Dosse 
 60 miles northwest of Berlin. A victory was gained 
 there (Sept. 24, 1636) by the Swedes under Bandr over the 
 Austrians under Hatzfeld and the Saxons under Elector 
 Johann Georg I. Population, commune, 7,574. 
 WitU(ve'to), or W ituland ( ve ' t o-lant ) . A for- 
 mer German protectorate (English since 1890) on 
 the coast of eastern Africa, about lat. 3° S., near 
 themouthof the Tana. It wasestablishedin 1885. 
 Witwatersrand (vit-va'ters-rand). A hilly re- 
 gion of the Transvaal, west of Johannesburg, 
 containing extensive gold-fields. 
 
 Wit Without Money. A play by Fletcher, 
 played not earlier than 1614 and printed. in 1639. 
 Witwou’d (wit'wud). A character in Con- 
 greve’s “ The Way of the World.” “ Witwou’d is 
 as diverting as he is original — a man afflicted by a perfect 
 cacoethes of feeble repartee.” Ward. 
 
 Wixom (wik'som), Emma: stage name Emma 
 Nevada. Born at Austen, Nevada, 1862. An 
 American operatic singer. Her voice is a soprano. 
 She took her stage name, Emma Nevada, from her birth- 
 place. She made her first appearance at London m 1880, 
 and has sung in Italy, Paris, and in the United States 
 (1884). In 1885 she married Dr. Raymond Palmer. 
 
 Wizard of the North. A name given to Sir 
 Walter Scott. 
 
 Wladimir. See Vladimir. 
 
 Wolcott, Oliver 
 
 Wladislaw (vla'dis-lav) I., or Ladislaus, Lok- 
 jetek. Born 1260: died at Cracow, March 2, 
 1333. King of Poland 1319-33. 
 
 Wladislaw II. Jagello. King of Poland. See 
 
 Jagello. 
 
 Wladislaw III. Born 1424 : killed in the bat- 
 tle of Varna, Nov. 10, 1444. King of Poland 
 1434-44, son of Wladislaw II. He became king 
 of Hungary in 1440. 
 
 Wladislaw IV. Born 1595 : died May 20, 1648. 
 King of Poland 1632—48, son of Sigismund III. 
 Woburn (wo'bem). A village in Bedfordshire, 
 England, 42 miles northwest of London. Near it 
 is Woburn Abbey, the seat of the Duke of Bedford. 
 Woburn. A city in Middlesex County, Massa- 
 chusetts, 10 miles north-northwest of Boston. 
 It has manufactures of leather and of boots and shoes. 
 Population, 15,308, (1910). 
 
 Woccon (wok'on). [PI., also Woccons.'] The 
 chief of the North Carolina tribes of the Kataba 
 division of North American Indians : now ex- 
 tinct. See Kataba. 
 
 Wodan. The Old High German form of the 
 name of the deity called by the Norse Odin. 
 Wodehouse (wod'hous), John, first Earl of 
 Kimberley. Born at London, Jan. 7, 1826 : died 
 there, April 8, 1902. An English Liberal states- 
 man. He was lord lieutenant of Ireland 1864-66 ; lord 
 privy seal 1868-70 ; colonial secretary 1870-74 and 1880-82, 
 and secretary lor India 1882-85 and 1886; lord president 
 of the council and secretary of state for India 1892-94 ; 
 secretary of state for foreign affairs under Rosebery 1894- 
 1896 ; and leaderof the Liberal party in the House of Lords 
 1897-1902. He was created earl of Kimberley in 1866. 
 
 Woden (wo ' den) . [Lit . the ‘ furious, ’ the ‘ mighty 
 warrior.’] The Anglo-Saxon name of the deity 
 called by the Norse Odin. 
 
 Woerden (wiir'den). A town in the Nether- 
 lands, on the Old Rhine 20 miles south of Am- 
 sterdam. It was formerly a fortress, and was 
 'sacked by the French in 1672 and 1813. 
 Woffington (wof 'ing-ton), Margaret or Peg. 
 Born at Dublin, Oct. 18, 1718(?) : died atTedding- 
 ton, March 28, 1760. A celebrated Irish actress, 
 the daughter of a bricklayer, she appeared as 
 Polly Peacham, with a company of children, in “The 
 Beggar’s Opera ” when only ten years old, and made her 
 first appearance as a mature actress at Dublin in 1737 as 
 Ophelia. Until 1740 she played a wide range of parts 
 there. In that year she made her first appearance at Cov- 
 ent Garden as Sylvia in “The Recruiting Officer.” Her 
 success was great, and her singing and the “finish ” of the 
 male characters she assumed made the fortunes of the 
 theaters where she played. She lived for some time with 
 Garrick and Macklin at No. 6 Bow street, London, and 
 Garrick was reported to have married her, but without 
 foundation. She attempted to atone for her lack of moral 
 character by her charities, though the almshouses at Ted- 
 dington said to have been founded by her are of much 
 earlier date. She was seized with paralysis while playing 
 Rosalind, May 3, 1757, and never appeared again. See 
 Masks and Faces. 
 
 Mrs. Woffington was the only player who acted Sir 
 Harry Wildair with the spirit and eleganceof the original — 
 Wilks — to whom Garrick and Woodward were, in this part, 
 inferior. She was excellent in Lady Plyant, and admirable 
 in the representation of females in high rank and of dig- 
 nified elegance. Millamant, Lady Townley, Lady Betty 
 Modish, and Maria in the “Nonjuror,” were exhibited 
 by her with that happy ease and gaiety, and with such 
 powerful attraction, that the excesses of these characters 
 appeared not only pardonable, but agreeable. 
 
 Doran, Eng. Stage, II. 9. 
 
 Wohler (ve'ler), Friedrich. Born at Esckers- 
 heim, near Frankfort-on-the-Main, July 31, 
 1800 : died at Gottingen, Sept. 23, 1882. A cel- 
 ebrated German chemist. He was educated at Mar- 
 burg, Heidelberg, and under Berzelius at Stockholm ; be- 
 came professor at Gottingen in 1836, and pharmaceutical 
 inspector ; and was associated with Liebig in many re- 
 searches. He discovered aluminium, beryllium, and yttri- 
 um, and made many other brilliant discoveries and inves- 
 tigations. Besides numerous special papers he wrote 
 “Grundriss der Chemie” (“Outlines of Chemistry,” 1831), 
 etc.; adapted Berzelius's “Lehrbuch der Chemie"; and 
 edited the “Annalen.” 
 
 Wolcott, or Wolcot (wul'kot), John : pseu- 
 donym Peter Pindar. Born near Kingsbridge, 
 Devonshire, England, May, 1738: died at Lon- 
 don, Jan. 14, 1819. An English satirist, in early 
 life he was a physician, and was made physician-general 
 of the island of Jamaica. He returned to England and 
 was ordained in 1769, but resumed the practice of medi- 
 cine in a few years at Truro and other places. He re- 
 moved to London with John Opie in 1781, and became 
 noted for his coarse but witty satires on George III., 
 Boswell, the Royal Academy, etc. He was blind for some 
 years before his death. Among his works are “Lyrical 
 Odes to the Royal Academicians" (published first in 1782 
 and afterward every year till about 1814), “Bozzy and 
 
 Wolcott, Oliver. Born at Windsor, Conn., Nov. 
 26, 1726; died at Litchfield, Conn., Dec. 1, 1797. 
 An American politician and general, son of 
 Roger Wolcott. He held various judicial offices in 
 
Wolcott, Oliver 
 
 Connecticut ; was a delegate to the Continental Congress 
 from Connecticut, and a signer of the Declaration of In- 
 dependence ; ’served on important commissions ; com- 
 manded the Connecticut troops in 1776; served against 
 Burgoyne in 1777 ; was lieutenant-governor of Connecti- 
 cut 1786-96 ; and was governor of Connecticut 1796-97. 
 Wolcott, Oliver. Born at Litchfield, Conn., 
 Jan. 11, 1760: died at New York, June 1, 1833. 
 An American politician and financier’, son of 
 Oliver Wolcott (1726-97). He served in the Revo- 
 lutionary War ; was auditor of the treasury 1789-91 ; was 
 comptroller of the treasury 1791-95 ; was secretary of the 
 treasury 1795-1800 ; and was governor of Connecticut 1817- 
 1827. 
 
 Wolcott, Roger. Born at Windsor, Conn., Jan. 
 4, 1679: died at East Windsor, May 17, 1767. 
 An American colonial magistrate. He commanded 
 the Connecticut contingent at the siege of Louisburg in 
 1745; and was governor of Connecticut 1751-54. He wrote 
 “Poetical Meditations" (1725), etc. 
 
 Wolf, or Wolff (volt), Christian von. Born 
 at Breslau, Jan. 24, 1679: died April 9, 1754. 
 A celebrated German philosopher and mathe- 
 matician. He was educated at Jena; lectured at Leip- 
 sic ; became professor at Halle in 1707 ; was deposed from 
 his office and exiled from Prussia in 1723 on the charge 
 of heresy ; was afterward at Marburg ; was reinstated 
 at Halle by Frederick the Great in 1740 ; and became 
 vice-chancellor of the university. He developed the phi- 
 losophy of Leibnitz, and exerted considerable influence 
 upon subsequent metaphysical speculation in Germany. 
 His numerous works, in German and Latin, include “ Phi- 
 losophia rationales, ” “Psychologia empirica,” “ Psycholo- 
 gy ratitmalis,” “ Cosmologia,” “Jus naturse,” etc. 
 
 Wolf (volf). Friedrich August. Born at Hayn- 
 rode,near Nordhausen, Germany, Feb. 15, 1759: 
 died at Marseilles, Aug. 8, 1824. A German clas- 
 sical scholar, regarded as the founder of scien- 
 tific classical philology. He studied at Gottingen ; 
 was professor at Halle 1783-1807 ; and later was in the gov- 
 ernment service in Berlin. His chief work is the “ Prolego- 
 mena in Homerum ” (1795), in which he propounded the 
 famous theory that the Eiad and Odyssey are not the work 
 of one author (Homer), but of various rhapsodists. See 
 Homer. 
 
 Wolf (wulf), Henry. Bom at Eckwersheim, 
 Alsace, Aug. 3, 1852. An American wood- 
 engraver. He came to New York in 1871, and at first 
 made a specialty of drawings on the block for other en- 
 gravers and artists. He has engraved numerous pictures 
 for the American Artists Series in “ The Century Maga- 
 zine," and also for separate publication. 
 
 Wolfe (wulf), Charles. Born at Dublin, Dee. 
 14, 1791 : died at Cork, Feb. 21, 1823. A British 
 clergyman and poet. He wrote the “Burial of Sir 
 John Moore.” His “Poetical Remains," with a memoir 
 by Russell, were published iu 1825. 
 
 Wolfe, General, Death of. See Death of Gen- 
 eral Wolfe. 
 
 Wolfe, James. Born at Westerham, Kent, Eng- 
 land, Jan. 2, 1727 : killed at the battle of Que- 
 bec, Sept. 13, 1759. An English general. He 
 served at Dettingen in 1743, against the Scottish insurgents 
 1745-46, and at Lawfeld in 1747 ; was made brigadier- 
 general in 1758 ; commanded a division under Amherst at 
 the siege and capture of Louisburg in 1758; and was made 
 major-general and commander of the expedition against 
 Quebec. After making unsuccessful attempts on Mont- 
 calm's works, he led his force up the Heights of Abraham 
 on the night of Sept. 12, and died in the hour of victory 
 there, Sept. 13, 1769. 
 
 Wolfenbiittel (volf 'en-biit-tel). A town in the 
 duchy of Brunswick, situated on the Oker seven 
 miles south of Brunswick, it has a noted library of 
 31X1,000 volumes and 8,000 MSS. and incunabula, and a 
 ducal castle. Until 1754 it was the ducal residence. Near 
 here, in 1641, the Swedes defeated the Imperialists. Les- 
 sing was librarian at Wolfenbiittel. Pop., commune, 19,083. 
 
 Wolfenbiittel Fragments. 1. Portions of a 
 New Testament codex, supposed to be of the 
 5th or 6th century, recovered about 1750 at 
 Wolfenbiittel in Germany from a palimpsest 
 of Isidore of Seville. — 2. A rationalistic work 
 on the Bible, by Reimarus, a German critic of 
 the 18th century. See Reimarus. 
 
 Wolfert’s Roost, Chronicles of. A series of 
 sketches by Washington Irving, published ori- 
 ginally in the “Knickerbocker Magazine.” 
 Wolff (volf), Albert. Born atNeustrelitz, Ger- 
 many, Nov. 14, 1814 : died at Berlin, June 20, 
 1892. A famous German sculptor, an associate 
 of Rauch : professor at the Academy of Arts in 
 Berlin from 1858. He designed statues of the Great 
 Elector, Frederick the Great, William I , and others, and 
 colossal statues of Ernst August (Hannover), Frederick 
 William III. (Berlin), Galileo (Pest), and Frederick William 
 IV. (Konigsberg). 
 
 Wolff, Emil. Born at Berlin, March 2, 1802 : 
 died at Rome, Sept. 29, 1879. A German sculp- 
 tor, a pupil of Schadow. Among his statues 
 are the “ Fisher,” “ Thetis,” an Amazon group, 
 ★“ Jephthah and his Daughter,” etc. 
 
 Wolff (wulf; G. pron. volf), Sir Henry Drum- 
 mond. Born 1830: died at Brighton, Eng., 
 Oct. 11, 1908. An English diplomatist. 
 
 He was appointed commissioner for settling the affairs 
 of Eastern Rumelia ; member of Parliament, and a mem- 
 
 1069 
 
 her of Lord Randolph Churchill’s “ Fourth Party ” ; special 
 commissioner to Turkey and Egypt for arranging the af- 
 fairs of Egypt 1885-87 ; and ambassador to Persia 1888. 
 
 Wolff (volf), Kaspar Friedrich. Born at Ber- 
 lin, 1733 : died at St. Petersburg, 1794. A Ger- 
 man anatomist and physiologist, founder of the 
 science of embryology. He was professor at 
 St. Petersburg from 1766. 
 
 Wolfram von Eschenbach (volf'ram fonesh'- 
 en-bach). Place and date of birth unknown: 
 he died about 1220 (place unknown). A Middle 
 High German poet of the latter part of the 12th 
 and the beginning of the 13th century : the 
 greatest epic poet of medieval Germany. He 
 was of noble origin, and received his name from trie little 
 town of Eschenbach, near Ansbach, Bavaria, which was 
 the ancestral seat of his family. His own home was at 
 Wildenberg, near Ansbach, where he lived with his wife 
 and child ; but he was frequently at the court of that pa- 
 tron of poets, the landgrave Hermann of Thuringia, at 
 Eisenach. He could not read or write, but knew French. 
 He made frequent references to his poverty. He was 
 buried in the Frauenkirche at Eschenbach. He composed 
 lyrics, among them four “ Tagelieder ’’ (“Day Songs”); 
 but his principal works are the three epic poems “ Parzi- 
 val,” “Titurel"(left uncompleted), and “ Willehalm ” (also 
 incomplete). “ Parzival,” the greatest court epic of Ger- 
 many, was written between 1205 and 1215 : it is based 
 upon French sources of ultimate Celtic origin, particu- 
 larly upon a poem by Chrestien de Troyes. “Titurel," 
 written possibly about 1210, goes back to similar sources. 
 The subject-matter of both poems is the legend of the 
 Holy Grail ; the former is named from its hero Parzival, 
 the latter from Titurel, the first Knight of the Grail. 
 “ Willehalm ” (Count William of Aquitaine), begun before 
 1216, is from French national poetry. “ Titurel ” was 
 subsequently rewritten and completed by a certain Al- 
 brecht between 1260 and 1270. “Willehalm ” was later 
 on continued by Ulrich von Tiirkheim and Ulrich von dem 
 Tiirlin. Wolfram’s works were published by Karl Lach- 
 mann in 1833 (5th ed. in 1880). 
 
 Wolgast (vol'gast). A seaport in the province 
 of Pomerania, Prussia, situated on the Peene, 
 near its mouth in the Baltic/ 53 miles north- 
 west of Stettin. Gustavus Adolphus landed near 
 there in 1630. The town was several times taken in the 
 17th and 18th centuries. Population, commune, 8,346. 
 
 Wollaston (wul'as-ton), William Hyde. Born 
 at East Dereham, Norfolk, Aug. 6, 1766: died 
 at London, Dee. 22, 1828. A noted English 
 chemist and physicist. He discovered palladium and 
 rhodium ; made important investigations in optics and 
 electricity ; discovered the dark lines in the solar spec- 
 trum and the ultra-violet rays ; and invented the camera 
 lueida and goniometer. 
 
 Wollaston Lake. A lake in Saskatchewan, 
 Canada, about lat. 58° N., long. 104° W. Its 
 outlet is to the Mackenzie River. Length, 
 about 50 miles. 
 
 Wollaston Land. A region in the arctic lands 
 of North America, about hit. 69°-70° N., long. 
 110°-115° W. 
 
 Wollin (vol-len'). 1. An island in the Baltic, be- 
 longing to the province of Pomerania, Prussia, 
 30 miles north of Stettin. With Usedom itseparates 
 the Stettiner Haff from the Baltic. It is separated from 
 Usedom by the Swine, and from the mainland on the east 
 by the Divenow. Length, 22 miles. 
 
 2. The chief place in the island of Wollin, 
 situated on the Divenow near the site of the 
 Wendish Yineta or Wolin. Population, about 
 4,500. 
 
 Wollstonecraft. See Godwin. 
 
 Wolof (wo-lof'). An important Nigritic nation 
 of the French S6ndgal, West Africa, between 
 the S6n6gal, Filletin', and Gambia rivers. It is es- 
 pecially strong on the coast (St. Louis and Dakar), in Walo, 
 Cayor, Baol, and Jolof. The men are tall, with fine busts, 
 almost orthognathic heads, and jet-black skin. They wear 
 wide trousers and long shirts. Most of them profess Islam- 
 ism ; a portion in the coast towns profess Catholicism ; but 
 heathen practices prevail everywhere. They have three 
 hereditary castes: the nobility, the tradesmen and mu- 
 sicians (who are despised), and the slaves. Domestic slaves 
 are well treated and cannot be sold. The Wolof language 
 is regular and rich in grammatical forms, but occupies a 
 rather isolated position. 
 
 Wolowski(v5-lov'ske), Louis FrangoisMichel 
 Raymond. Bornin Warsaw, Aug. 31, 1810 : died 
 at Gisors, Aug. 15, 1876. A French political 
 economist, financier, and politician. He fled to 
 France after the repression of the Polish uprising in 1831 ; 
 was a member of the Constituent Assembly in 1848, and of 
 the Legislative Assembly in 1849 ; and in the third republic 
 was a member of the National Assembly and senator. He 
 wrote “ La question des banques ” (1864), “ L’Or et l’argent ” 
 (1872), etc. 
 
 Wolseley (wulz'li), Garnet Joseph, first Vis- 
 count Wolseley. Born at Golden Bridge 
 House, County Dublin, Ireland, June 4, 1833. 
 A distinguished British general, ne entered the 
 army as ensign in 1852; serveddn the second Burmese war 
 in 1853 (when he was wounded), and in the Crimean war 
 (when he was again wounded); became captain in 1855; 
 served in India during the Indian mutiny (at the relief of 
 Lucknow in 1867, and elsewhere); and fought in the war 
 with China in 1860. In 1862 he visited the Confederate 
 army in Virginia. In 1865 he was promoted colonel. He 
 commanded the Red River expedition which suppressed 
 Riel’s insurrection in 1870, and was knighted ; and corn- 
 
 Wood, Mrs. Henry 
 
 manded in the Ashanti war 1873-74, and was made major- 
 general in 1875. He was administrator of Natal in 1875 ; a 
 member of the Council of India in 1876 ; commissioner and 
 commander in Cyprus in 1878; and governor of Natal and 
 the Transvaal 1879-80. In 1880 he was made quartermaster- 
 general, and adjutant-general in 1882. He defeated the 
 Egyptian insurgents under Arabi aud gained the victory of 
 Tel-el-Kebir inl882; was raised to the peerage and madegen- 
 eral in 1882 ; and was commander-in-chief of the unsuccess- 
 ful expedition for the relief of Gordon 1884-85. He was made 
 viscountin 1885, commander-in-chief of the forces in Ireland 
 in 1890, and was commander-in-chief of the British army 
 1895-1900. Hehas written “Narrativeof theWarwith China 
 in 1860, " “System of Field Manoeuvres” (1872), “Marley 
 Castle ” (1877), “Story of a Soldier’s Life ” (1903), etc. 
 
 Wolsey (wul'zi), Thomas. Born at Ipswich, 
 England, probably in 1475 : died at Leicester, 
 Nov. 29, 1530. A celebrated English statesman 
 and cardinal. He was educated at Magdalen College, 
 Oxford ; studied divinity ; became rector of Lymington in 
 1600 ; was successively chaplain to the Archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, to Sir Richard Nanfan, and to Henry VII. ; was 
 sent by Henry VII. on a diplomatic mission to the emperor 
 Maximilian; was made dean of Linooln in 1509; became al- 
 moner in 1509, and privy councilor in 1511 ; served against 
 France in 1513 ; was made bishop of Lincoln in 1514, and 
 archbishop of York in 1514; and became lord chancellor 
 and cardinal in 1515, and prime minister of Henry VIII. 
 He was made legate in 1519. He gained the ill will of 
 Henry VIII. by his conduct in the matter of the king’s 
 divorce ; was deprived of his offices in 1529 ; was restored 
 to the archbishopric of York in 1530 ; and was arrested for 
 high treason in Nov., 1530. He founded Christ Church 
 College, Oxford. 
 
 Wolverhampton (wul-ver-hamp'tqn). A bor- 
 ough in Staffordshire, England, 13 miles north- 
 west of Birmingham. It is situated near a large coal- 
 and iron-mining district, and is one of the principal cen- 
 ters for the manufacture of hardware in Great Britain. 
 Population, 95,333, (1911). 
 
 Wolzogen (volt-so'gen), Mme. von (Karoline 
 Von Lengefeld). Born at Rudolstadt, Germany, 
 1763: died at Jena, 1847. A German author, 
 sister-in-law of Schiller, she wrote “Schillers Le- 
 ben” (“Life of Schiller,” 1830), the novels “Agnes von 
 Lilien ” (1798) and “Cordelia” (1840), ete. 
 
 Woman Hater, The. 1. A play by Beaumont 
 and Fletcher, published anonymously in 1607. — 
 2. A novel by Charles Reade, published in 1877. 
 
 Woman in White, The. A novel by Wilkie 
 Collins, published in 1860. 
 
 Woman Killed with Kindness, A. A play by 
 Thomas Heywood, acted in March, 1603, printed 
 in 1607. It is considered Hey wood’s best play. 
 
 Womb well (wom'wel). A town in the 
 West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 10 miles 
 north-northeast of Sheffield. Population, 
 13,252. 
 
 Wonder, The; A Woman Keeps a Secret. 
 
 A comedy by Mrs. Centlivre, produced and 
 printed in 1714. It still keeps the stage. 
 
 Wonder-Book, The. A collection of stories 
 for boys and girls, from classical mythological 
 sources, by Hawthorne, published in 1851. 
 
 Wonderful Parliament, or Wonder-making 
 Parliament. Same as Merciless Parliament. 
 
 Wonder of the World. A name given to the 
 emperors Otto III. and Frederick II. of Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Wonders beyond Thule. See Dinias and Der- 
 cyllis. 
 
 Wondrous Tale of Alroy, The. A novel by 
 Disraeli, published in 1833. 
 
 Wood (wud), Anthony, called Anthony & 
 Wood. Born at Oxford, England, Dec. 17, 1632: 
 died there, Nov. 29, 1695. An English antiquary. 
 He was educated at Oxford. He wrote “Historia et Anti- 
 quitatesUniversitatisOxoniensis” (written in English and 
 translated into Latin for the University Press in 16741. He 
 was dissatisfied with the translation, and afterward re- 
 wrote his English MS., and it was published after his death 
 in two volumes — the first as “ The History and Antiquities 
 of the Colleges and Halls of the University of Oxford, with 
 a Continuation to the Present Time by John Gutch,” with 
 “Fasti (Annals) Oxoniensis” (1786-90) ; the second as “The 
 Historyand Antiquities of theUniversityof Oxford ”(1792- 
 1796). Healsowrote“Athense Oxoniensis: an Exact History 
 of all the Writers and Bishops who have had their Edu- 
 cation in the University of Oxford from 1500 to 1690,” with 
 “Fasti.” Two volumes of this were printed (1691-92) be- 
 fore his death ; the third he prepared, and it appeared 
 in the second edition 1721 ; third enlarged edition by Bliss 
 1813-20. He also wrote “Modus Salium : a Collection of 
 Piecesof Humour” (1751), and “ The Ancient and Present 
 State of the City of Oxford ” (1773), 
 
 Wood, Fernando. Born at Philadelphia, June 
 14, 1812 : died at Washington, D. C., Feb. 14, 
 1881. An American politician. He was Demo- 
 cratic member of Congress from New York 1841-43 ; mayor 
 of New York city 1864-61 : and member of Congress from 
 New York 1863-65 and 1867-81. 
 
 Wood, Mrs. Henry (Ellen Price). Born at 
 Worcester, Jan. 17, 1814: died Feb. 10, 1887. 
 An English novelist. Among her novels are “ East 
 Lynne ”(1861: several times dramatized), “The Channings” 
 (1862), “ Mrs, Halliburton 's Troubles ”(1862),“ The Shadow 
 of Ashlydyat”(1863), etc. She also published anonymously 
 “The Johnny Ludlow Tales ” (1874-80). In 1867 she became 
 editor of “The Argosy." 
 
Wood, Sir Henry Evelyn 
 
 W ood, Sir Henry Evelyn. Born in Essex, Feb. 
 9, 1838. A British field-marshal. He served in 
 the Crimean war, Indian mutiny, Ashanti war, and Zulu 
 war ; commanded against the Boers in 1881; served against 
 the Egyptian rebels in 1882, and in the Sudan ; and com- 
 manded the Egyptian army 1882-85. He was quarter- 
 master-general 1893-97, and adjutant-general 1897-1901. 
 Wood, Thomas Waterman. Born at Mont- 
 pelier, Vt., Nov. 12, 1823: died at New York, 
 April 14, 1903. An American portrait- and 
 genre-painter. He settled in New York in 1867. He 
 was elected national academician in 1871, and became 
 vice-president of the National Academy in 1879, and presi- 
 dent in 1891. He was also for nine or ten years president 
 of the American Water-Color Society. 
 
 Woodbury (wud'bu-ri), Levi. Born at Frances- 
 town, N. H., Dec. 22, 1789 : died at Portsmouth, 
 N. H., Sept., 1851. An American jurist and 
 statesman. He graduated at Dartmouth in 1809. He 
 was governor of New Hampshire 1823-24 ; Democratic 
 United States senator from New Hampshire 1825-31 ; sec- 
 retary of the navy 1831-34; secretary of the treasury 1834- 
 1841; United States senator 1841-45 ; and associate justice 
 of the United States Supreme Court 1845-51. 
 
 W oodcourt ( wud'kort ) , Allan. The lover of Es- 
 ther Summerson in Dickens’s “Bleak House.” 
 Woodman, Spare that Tree. A lyric poem by 
 George P. Morris. 
 
 Woods (wudz), Leonard. Born at Princeton, 
 Mass., June 19, 1774: died at Andover, Mass., 
 Aug. 24, 1854. An American Congregational 
 clergyman and theologian, professor of theology 
 at Andover Theological Seminary. Among his 
 works are “ Letters to Unitarians "(1820), “Lectures on the 
 Inspiration of the Scriptures "(1829), “Memoirs of Ameri- 
 can Missionaries ” (1833), “ Examination of the Doctrine of 
 Perfection” (1841), “Lectures on Church Government" 
 (1843), “Lectures on Swedenborgianism ” (1846), etc. 
 Woods, Leonard. Born at Newbury, Mass., 
 Nov. 24, 1807: died at Boston, Dec. 24, 1878. 
 An American educator, son of Leonard Woods 
 (1774—1854). He was professor in Bangor Theological 
 Se minary, and was president of Bowdoin College 1839-66. 
 
 Woods, William Burnham. Born at Newark, 
 Ohio, 1824: died at Washington, D. C., 1887. 
 An American jurist and general. He was a mem- 
 ber of the Ohio legislature; served in the West in the 
 Civil War, at Shiloh, Arkansas Post, and Vicksburg, and in 
 Georgia ; and commanded a division in Sherman’s march 
 to the sea. He was appointed United States circuit judge 
 in 1869; and was associate justice of the United States 
 Supreme Court 1880-87. 
 
 Woodstock (wud'stok). Atown in Oxfordshire, 
 England, situated on the Glyme 8 miles north- 
 west of Oxford. It was formerly a royal residence, 
 and is particularly associated with the history of Henry II. 
 and “Fair Rosamond.” Elizabeth was imprisoned here 
 by Mary. Woodstock was besieged and taken in 1646. 
 Near it is Blenheim Park. Population, 1,684. 
 Woodstock. The capital of Oxford County, 
 Ontario, Canada, situated on the Thames 80 
 miles west-southwest of Toronto. Population, 
 9,320, (1911). 
 
 Woodstock. The capital of Windsor County, 
 V ermont, situated on the Ottaqueechee 23 miles 
 east of Rutland. Pop., town, 2,545, (1910). 
 Woodstock. A novel by Sir Walter Scott, pub- 
 lished in 1826. The scene is laid at Woodstock, 
 England, and the vicinity, about 1651. 
 
 W oodstock, Assize of. A code for the regulation 
 of the forests, proclaimed by Henry II. in 1184. 
 Woodville (wud'vil), Anthony, second Earl 
 Rivers. Beheaded at Pontefract, England, 1483. 
 An English politician, influential in the reign 
 of his brother-in-law Edward IV. He was put 
 to death by Richard III. 
 
 Woodville, Elizabeth. See Elisabeth Woodville. 
 Woodward (wud'ward), Henry. Born 1714: 
 died 1777. A noted English comedian. He made 
 his first appearance at Covent Garden in 1736, and his last 
 in 1777. He was excellent as Petruchio, Mercutio, Bobadil, 
 Touchstone, Captain Absolute, etc., and was noted for his 
 po wer of mimicry. 
 
 Woodworth (wud'werth), Samuel. Born at 
 Scituate, Mass., Jan. 13, 1785 : died at New York 
 city, Dec. 9, 1842. An American poet. He is 
 best known from his lyric “The Old Oaken Bucket." His 
 poems were published in 1861. 
 
 Wool (wul), John Ellis. Born at Newburg, 
 N. Y., Feb. 20, 1784: died at Troy, N. Y., Nov. 10, 
 1869. An American general. He entered the army 
 in 1812; served at Queenston Heights in 1812, and at 
 Plattsburg in 1814 ; was appointed inspector-general of the 
 army and colonel in 1816 ; became brigadier-general in 
 1841; organized volunteers for the Mexican war ; was second 
 in command at the battle of Buena Vista; and was after- 
 ward division and department commander. He saved 
 Fortress Monroe in 1861. In 1862 he was made major- 
 general, and retired in 1863. 
 
 Woolman (wul'man), John. Bom at North- 
 ampton, N. J., 1720: died at York, England, 
 Oct. 7, 1772. An American preacher of the 
 Society of Friends. Among his works are “Some 
 Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes " (1754), “ Con- 
 siderationson Pure Wisdom and Human Policy, "etc. (1768), 
 “ Considerations on the True Harmony of Mankind ” (1770). 
 He is, however, best known by hi3 “Journal," first pub- 
 
 1070 
 
 lished in 1775, after his death. It has been many times 
 reprinted, and was edited in 1872 by Whittier. 
 
 Woolner (wul'ner), Thomas. Born at Hadleigh, 
 Suffolk, Dec. 17, 1825: died at London, Oct. 7, 
 1892. An English sculptor and poet. He was a 
 member of the Preraphaelite Brotherhood, and many of 
 his poems first appeared in “TheGerm.” He was professor 
 of sculpture at the Royal Academy 1877-79. Among his 
 statues are “ Puck,” “Titania,” and “Eros” (1848), “Con- 
 stance and Arthur," “Elaine,” “Ophelia,” “Achilles and 
 Pallas”; statues of Macaulay, Lord Frederick Cavendish, 
 Lord Palmerston, and others ; and busts of Tennyson, Car- 
 lyle, Darwin, Gladstone, and others. His poems include 
 ‘ ‘ My Beautiful Lady ” (1863), ‘ ‘ Pygmalion ” (1881), “Silenus " 
 (1884), “ Tiresias ” (1886), etc. 
 
 Woolsey (wul'si), Sarah Chauncey: pseudo- 
 nym Susan Coolidge. Born at Cleveland, Ohio, 
 about 1845 : died at Newport, R. I., April 9, 
 1905. An American writer, niece of T. D. 
 Woolsey. She wrote “ What Katy did," “What Katy 
 did at School,” “What Katy did Next," “Cross Patch, etc., 
 from Mother Goose," “A Round Dozen,” “A Little Country 
 Girl," etc. Also “A Short History of the City of Philadel- 
 phia" (1887), “Ballads of Romance and History," with 
 others (1887) ; edited and abridged “The Autobiography 
 and Correspondence of Mrs. Delany" (1879) and “The 
 Diary and Letters of Frances Burney " (1880) ; and trans- 
 lated Gautier's “My Household of Pets” (1882) and 
 Arnaud's “One Day in a Baby’s Life ” (1886). 
 
 Woolsey, Theodore Dwight. Born at New 
 York city, Oct. 31, 1801: died at New Haven, 
 Conn., July 1, 1889. An American educator 
 and eminent political and legal writer. He grad- 
 uated at Yale in 1820 ; studied law and, later, theology ; 
 was tutor in Yale 1823-25 ; was licensed to preach in 1825 ; 
 studied in Europe 1827-30 ; was professorof Greek at Yale 
 1831-46 ; and was president of Yale 1846-71. He edited 
 the “ New Englander ” for a few years after 1843 ; and was 
 chairman of the American company of New Testament 
 revisers 1871-81. His works include editions of the “ Al- 
 cestis” (1834), “ Antigone ” (1835), “Electra"(1837), “Pro- 
 metheus ’’ (1837), and “ Gorgias " (1843) ; an “Introduction 
 to the Study of International Law” (1860: 6th ed. 1879); 
 “Divorce and Divorce Legislation ” (1869) ; “Religion of 
 the Past and of the Future” (1871); “Political Science, 
 etc. "(2 vols. 1871); “Communism and Socialism ” (1880). 
 He also edited Lieber’s “Civil Liberty and Self-Govern- 
 ment ” (1871), and a “ Manual of Political Ethics ” (1871). 
 
 Woolson(wul'sqn),Mrs. (AbbaLouisaGoold). 
 Born at Windham, Maine, 1838. An American 
 essayist. She lias lectured on literarysubjects; haspub- 
 lished “Woman in American Society” (1873), “Browsing 
 among Books, and other Essays "(1881), “George Eliot and 
 her Heroines” (1886); and has edited “ Dress Reform ; a 
 Series of Lectures ” (1874). 
 
 Woolson, Constance Fenimore. Born a t Clare- 
 mont, N. H., 1848: died at Venice, Italy, Jan. 
 23, 1894. An American novelist, a grandniece 
 of James Fenimore Cooper. Among her works are 
 “ The Old Stone House ” (1873), “ Castle Nowhere ” (1875), 
 “Two Women” (1877), “Rodman the Keeper” (1880), 
 “Anne" (1882), “For the Major" (1883), “East Angels" 
 (1886), “Jupiter Lights ” (1889), etc. 
 
 Woolston (wnl'ston), Thomas. Born at North- 
 ampton, England, 1670 : died Jan. 27, 1733. An 
 English deist. He was a fellow of Sidney Sussex Col- 
 lege, Cambridge ; was deprived of his fellowship in 1721, 
 and fined and imprisoned in 1729 ; and died within the 
 rules of the King’s Bench prison. He wrote “The Old 
 Apology for the Truth of the Christian Religion . . . 
 Revived” (1705), “The Moderator between an Infidel and 
 an Apostate" (1725), “ Discourses ” (1727-29). 
 
 Woolwich (wul'ieh). A borough (metropoli- 
 tan) of London, situated south of the Thames : 
 noted for its arsenal. It contains factories of guns, 
 gun-carriages, and ammunition, barracks, and a royal 
 military academy for engineering and artillery. Wool- 
 wich became an important naval station and dbekyard in 
 the 16th century ; the dockyard was closed in 1869. Pop- 
 ulation, metropolitan borough, 121,403, (1911). 
 
 Woonsocket (won-sok'et). A city in Provi- 
 dence County, Rhode Island, situated on Black- 
 stone River 13 miles north-northwest of Provi- 
 dence. It has extensive manufactures of cotton 
 and woolen goods. Population, 38,125, (1910). 
 
 Wooster (wus'ter), David. Born at Stratford, 
 Conn., March 2, 1710: died at Danbury, Conn., 
 May 2, 1777. An American Revolutionary gen- 
 eral. He served in the Louisburg expedition in 1745, and 
 in the French and Indian war ; was one of the planners 
 of the Ticonderoga expedition of 1775 ; became brigadier- 
 general in 1775 ; succeeded Montgomery as commander in 
 Canada; and became major-general of Connecticut militia. 
 He was mortally wounded in the defense of Danbury 
 against Tryon. 
 
 Worcester (wus'ter), or Worcestershire (wus'- 
 ter-shir). [AS. Wigeraceasterscir .] A midland 
 county of England, bounded by Shropshire, Staf- 
 ford, Warwick, Gloucester, and Hereford, it 
 contains several exclaves. The surface is hilly (the Mal- 
 vern and the Bredon hills are on the borders), and it is 
 traversed by the Severn. Worcester is an agricultural 
 county, and is noted for its vegetables, fruit, and hops. It 
 was a part of the ancient Mercia. Area (ad. co.), 740 square 
 miles. Population (pari, co.), 488,338. 
 
 Worcester. [ME. Worcester, Worceter, Wirceter, 
 Wycetir, etc., AS. Wigorceaster, Wigeraceastcr, 
 Wigraceaster, Wihraceaster.'] The capital of 
 Worcestershire, England, situated on the Sev- 
 ern in lat. 52° 12' N., long. 2° 14' W. It has man- 
 ufactures of gloves, porcelain, Worcestershire sauce, vine- 
 
 Words worth, William 
 
 gar, etc., and a large trade in hops. The cathedral is in Its 
 present form chiefly of the 13th century. The west front 
 hasalarge andhandsomeDecorated window, andthe square 
 central tower is effective. The exterior is in general plain, 
 with rather small windows, many of which are grouped in 
 threes. The interior, with its long ranges of pointed ar- 
 cades, is simple and majestic. The rich sculptured pul- 
 pit and the decorations of the choir are modern, but the fine 
 carved stalls are old. It has a beautiful crypt, handsome 
 Perpendicular cloisters, and a decagonal chapter-house 
 with central column. The cathedral measures 450 by 78 
 feet ; leDgth of west transepts, 78 each ; height of vaulting, 
 67. Worcester was an ancient British settlement and a 
 Roman military station. It suffered from Welsh Invasions, 
 and has often been besieged. The final victory of the 
 civil war was gained here by Cromwell over the Scotch 
 Royalists under Charles II., Sept. 3, 1651. The Royalist 
 army dispersed. Population, 47,987, (1911). 
 
 Worcester. The capital of Worcester County, 
 Massachusetts. It has extensive manufactures of iron 
 and steel, machinery, cars, boots and shoes, woolen goods, 
 etc. ; and is the seat of the Roman Catholic College of the 
 Holy Cross, of the State normal school, of Clark Univer- 
 sity, and of other institutions. It was permanently settled 
 in 1713, and became a city in 1848. Pop., 145,986, (1910). 
 
 Worcester, Florence of. See Florence of Wor- 
 cester. 
 
 Worcester, Joseph Emerson. Born at Bed- 
 ford, N. H., Aug. 24, 1784 : died at Cambridge, 
 Mass., Oct. 27, 1865. An American lexicogra- 
 her. He graduated at Yale In 1811, and settled at Cam- 
 ridge in 1819. He published a “Geographical Diction- 
 ary, or Universal Gazetteer, Ancient and Modern ” (1817 : 
 revised edition 1823), a “Gazetteer of the United States” 
 (1818), “Elements of Geography” (1819), “Sketches of the 
 Earth ” (1823), “ Elements of History, etc. ” (1826), an abridg- 
 ment of Webster’s dictionary (1829), “A Comprehensive 
 Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary ” (1830), and “A 
 Universaland Critical Dictionary ”(1846). Thelast, passing 
 through several editions with little alteration, was at length 
 revised and enlarged, and was published in quarto form as 
 “A Dictionary of the English Language ” (1st ed. 1860). 
 
 Worcester Beacon. The highest point of the 
 Malvern Hills, England, southwest of Worces- 
 ter. Height, 1,444 feet. 
 
 Worcester College. A college of Oxford Uni- 
 versity, incorporated (1714) on the foundation 
 of the Benedictine Gloucester Hall (1283). 
 
 Worde (word), Winkin or Wynkin de. Born 
 in Alsace : died about 1535. An English print- 
 er. He went to England as an assistant of Caxton, and 
 in 1491 became his successor. He lived in Fleet street, 
 London, from about 1500. 
 
 Worden (wor'dn), John Lorimer. Born at 
 
 Mount Pleasant, Westchester County, N. Y.. 
 March 12, 1818: died at Washington, D. C., Oct. 
 18, 1897. An American admiral. He entered the 
 navy in 1835 ; was appointed commander in 1862 ; and be- 
 came famous as commander of the Monitor in her battle 
 with the Merrimac in that year. In 1863 he became cap- 
 tain, and commanded the Montauk in the blockading 
 squadron; was promoted commodore in 1868, and rear-ad- 
 miral in 1872; and was superintendent of the Naval Acad 
 emy at Annapolis 1870-74. He retired in 1886. 
 
 Wordsworth (werdz ' werth), Charles. Bom 
 at London, Aug. 22, 1806: died at St. Andrews, 
 Scotland, Dec. 5, 1892. A British prelate, theo- 
 logian, and scholar, son of Christopher Words- 
 worth (1774-1846) : bishop of St. Andrews, Dun- 
 keld, and Dumblane. He was one of the New 
 Testament revisers. 
 
 Wordsworth, Christopher. Born at Cocker- 
 mouth, England, June 9, 1774 : died at Busted, 
 England, Feb. 2, 1846. An English clergyman, 
 brother of William Wordsworth : master of 
 Trinitv College, Cambridge. He wrote “Ecclesi- 
 astical Biography ” (1810), etc., and advocated the claim 
 of Charles I. to the authorship of “Eikon Basilike.” 
 
 Wordsworth, Christopher. Born at Lambeth, 
 Oct. 30, 1807: died at Lincoln, Mar. 21, 1885. An 
 English prelate and author, son of Christopher 
 Wordsworth (1774-1846). He was head-master of 
 Harrow and canon of Westminster, and became bishop of 
 Lincoln in 1868. He wrote “Athens and Attica” (1836), 
 “Ancient Writings Copied from the Walls of Pompeii’’ 
 (1837), “Greece, Pictorial, Descriptive, and Historical” 
 (1839),“ Theophilus Anglicanus ” (1843),“On the Canon of 
 the Scriptures ” (1848),“ Memoirs of William Wordsworth ’’ 
 (1851), notes on the New Testament and the Bible, con- 
 troversial works, and various theological and other works. 
 
 Wordsworth, William. Born at Cockermouth, 
 Cumberland, England, April 7, 1770: died at 
 Rydal Mount, April 23, 1850. A celebrated 
 English poet. He was educated at Hawkshead and at 
 St. John’s College, Cambridge, wherehe graduated in 1791 ; 
 traveled on the Continent in 1790 ; and traveled and lived 
 in France 1791-92, where he sympathized at first with the 
 French republicans. He received a legacy in 1795, and 
 settled with his sister Dorothy at Racedown, Dorset. A 
 visit from Coleridge in 1797 determined his career, and in 
 the next year he removed to Alfoxden in Som erset to be near 
 him. De went to the Cont inent in 1798, and lived at Goslar ; 
 and returned to England in 1799, and settled at Grasmere, 
 in the Lake District. In 1802 he married Mary Hutchinson ; 
 settled at Allan Bank in 1808 ; and removed to Grasmere 
 in 1811. He was appointed distributer of stamps in 1813, 
 and settled at Rydal Mount ; and traveled in Scotland in 
 1814 and 1832, and on the Continent in 1820 and 1837. He 
 became poet laureate in 1843. His works include “An 
 Evening Walk ” (1793), “Descriptive Sketches "(1793), “Lyr- 
 ical Ballads ’’(this contains Coleridge’s “Ancient Mariner”) 
 (1798), two volumes of poems (1807), "An Essay on the Re- 
 
Wordsworth, William 
 
 lationsof Great Britain, Spain, and Portugal to each other ” 
 (1809), “ The Excursion ” (1814), new edition of poems (1815), 
 
 “ The White Doe of Rylstone ” (1815), “Thanksgiving Ode ” 
 (1816), “Peter Bell” and “The Waggoner" (1819), “The 
 River Duddon : a Series of Sonnets, etc.” (1820), “ Memo- 
 rials of a Tour on the Continent” (1822), “Ecclesiastical 
 Sketches” (1822), “Yarrow Revisited, and other Poems” 
 (1835), “Sonnets,” collected (1838), “ The Borderers : a Tra- 
 gedy” (1842: written about 1796), “The Prelude” (1850: 
 finished 1805), etc. 
 
 Work (werk), Henry Clay. Born at Middle- 
 town, Conn., Oct. 1, 1832: died at Hartford, 
 Conn., June 8, 1884. An American song-writer. 
 His songs include “Marching Through Georgia,” “Nico- 
 demus the Slave,” “My Grandfather’s Clock,” “Lily 
 Dale,” etc. 
 
 Workington (wer'king-ton). A seaport in Cum- 
 berland, England, situated at the entrance of 
 the Derwent into Solway Firth, 8 miles north of 
 Whitehaven. It has iron and steel manufactures and 
 considerable trade. Population, 26,143. 
 
 Works and Days. [Gr. "Epya Kal'Hfiepai.'] The 
 chief poem of Hesiod: so named because it 
 treats of the labors of the farmer, and the 
 lucky and unlucky days for doing them. 
 
 In the “Works and Days ” there are really three parts, 
 which may once have been distinct : an introductory poem 
 addressed to his brother Perses — then the “Works” 
 proper — and then the “ Days,” or Calendar. Hesiod and 
 his younger brother Perses had divided the property left 
 by their father, but Perses had got the larger share, Hesiod 
 says by bribing certain judges. Perses now lived in lux- 
 urious idleness, and presently threatened Hesiod with an- 
 other lawsuit. Hesiod reminds Perses and the corrupt 
 judges that Justice, when wronged on earth, takes refuge 
 with her father Zeus. Here we meet with the earliest fable 
 in Greek literature, the “ Hawk and the Nightingale.” The 
 hawk has the nightingale in his clutches, and in answer to 
 the captive’s complaint reminds her that “ might is right.” 
 Here, too, the poet describes the “Five Ages "of the world 
 — the age of gold, of stiver, of bronze, of heroes or demigods 
 (put in, apparently, to make a place for the Homeric heroes), 
 and of iron, in which the poet himself has the misfor- 
 tune to live. From justice the theme changes to work. 
 “ Work, foolish Perses ; work the work that the gods have 
 set for men.” A man who means to work should provide 
 himself with a house, an ox, and household stuff, and that 
 speedily, for delay fills no granaries. The cry of the crane 
 is the signal for ploughing : the master must guide the 
 plough, with many a prayer to Zeus and Demeter, while 
 a slave follows and covers up the seed, “ to give trouble to 
 the birds.” Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 42. 
 
 Worksop (werk'sop). A town in Nottingham, 
 England, 16 miles east by south of Sheffield. 
 Population, 16,112. 
 
 Worldly Wiseman (werld'li wiz'man), Mr. A 
 character in Bunyan’s “Pilgrim’s Progress.” 
 World’s Fairs. A series of international ex- 
 positions, the most important of which were 
 those held in London (1851 and 1862), Paris 
 (1855, 1867, 1878, 1889, and 1900), Vienna (1873), 
 Philadelphia (1876), and Chicago (1893). The 
 first universal exhibition was held in the Crystal Palace, 
 Hyde Park, London, at the instigation of the Prince Con- 
 sort (May 1 to Oct. 11, 1851). The total number of visi- 
 tors to it was 6,039,195. The total attendance at the W or Id’s 
 Columbian Exposition at Chicago (May 1 to Oct. 30, 1893) 
 was 27,539,041 ; at the Paris Exposition (April 15 to Nov. 12, 
 1900) it was about 50,000,000. 
 
 Worlitz (ver'lits). A small town in Anhalt, 
 Germany, 37 miles southeast of Magdeburg: 
 famous for its ducal gardens and park, palace, 
 Gothic house (with works of art), etc. 
 
 Worms (vorms). [G. Worms, MHG. Worms, 
 Wormeze, Wormize, etc., OHG. Wormasza, Wor- 
 miza, from L. Borbetomagus, Borbitonmgus, Gr. 
 B op/3r)T6gayoc, of Celtic origin.] A city in the 
 province of Rhine-Hesse, grand duchy of Hesse, 
 situated on the left hank of the Rhine, in lat. 
 49° 38' N., long. 8° 22' E. it is the center of a rich 
 wine-producing region. Its cathedral was begun in the 
 11th and finished in the 12th century. It is a fine example 
 of Rhenish Romanesque. The dimensions are 423 by 87 
 feet ; length of transepts, 120 ; height of nave, 105. The 
 baptistery, on the south side of the cathedral, is of the 
 14th century. Worms was originally the Celtic town Bor- 
 betomagus ; was a Roman town until the 6th century ; 
 became the capital of the Burgundian kingdom, and fa- 
 mous from its connection witli the German heroic cycle 
 (Siegfried, Kriemhild, Brunhild, the Nibelungs); was one 
 of the chief German cities in the middle ages; and from 
 the time of Charles tile Great was a frequent royal resi- 
 dence and the seat of diets. It was one of the chief places 
 in the league of Rhenish cities ; suffered severely in the 
 Thirty Years’ War; was burned by the French in 1689; 
 remained a free imperial city until it was annexed by 
 France in 1801 through the peace of Lmriville ; and was 
 ceded to Hesse- Darmstadt in 1815. (See Concordat of 
 Worms.) Population, commune, 43,841. 
 
 Worms. The German name of Bormio, 
 Italy. 
 
 Worms (vorms), Gustave. Born at Paris, March 
 21, 1837. A noted French actor. His first success 
 was in Russia, where he played for ten years. He returned 
 to Paris in 1875, and in 1877 appeared at the ComSdie Fran- 
 9aise, and has since remained one of the chief exponents 
 of the modern drama. 
 
 Worms, Diet of. A diet, famous in the history 
 of the Reformation, opened by the emperor 
 Charles V. at Worms, Jan. 28, 1521. on Marche 
 
 1071 
 
 Luther was cited to appear before the diet, and he arrived 
 in Worms on April 16. On April 17 and 18 he appeared 
 before the diet, and on the latter day refused to recant and 
 defended his position. His determination was expressed 
 in the famous words: “Here I stand. I cannot do other- 
 wise.! God help me. Amen.” 
 
 Worringen (vor'ring-en). A town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, situated on the Rhine nine 
 miles north-northwest of Cologne. A victory was 
 gained here, June 12, 1288, by the Duke of Brabant and 
 allies over the Count of Gelderland. 
 
 Worsaae (vor'sa-e), Jens Jacob Asmussen. 
 
 Born at Veile, Jutland, March 14, 1821: died 
 near Holhak, Aug. 15, 1885. A Danish histo- 
 rian and antiquary. He was director of the Museum 
 of Northern Antiquities, etc., at Copenhagen, from 1S66. 
 and minister of public worship 1874-75. Among his 
 works are “Denmai ks Oldtid ” (1843 : trans. in English as 
 “Primeval Antiquities of Denmark”), “Minder om de 
 Danske og Nordmandene i England, Skotland, og Irland” 
 (“Account of the Danes in England, Scotland, and Ire- 
 land,” 1851), “ De Danskes Erobering af England og Nor- 
 mandiet” (“ The Danish Conquest of England and Nor- 
 mandy,” 1863), etc. 
 
 Worth (vert). A small town in Lower Alsace, 
 situated on the Sauer 25 miles north of Stras- 
 hurg. 
 
 Worth, Battle of, or Battle of Froschweiler 
 or Reichshofen. A victory gained near Worth, 
 Alsace, Aug. 6, 1870, by the Germans under 
 the Crown Prince of Prussia over the French 
 under MacMahon. The German loss was about 
 10,000; the French loss, about 8,000, and 9,000 
 prisoners. 
 
 Worth (werth), William Jenkins. Born at 
 Hudson, N. Y., March 1, 1794: died at San 
 Antonio, Texas, May 17, 1849. An American 
 general. He entered the army in 1813 ; fought at the 
 battle of Niagara in 1814, and was promoted major ; was 
 superintendent at West Point after the war; became 
 commander in the Seminole war in 1841, which he ended; 
 and was second in command under Taylor at the opening 
 of the Mexican war. He gained distinction by his storming 
 of the bishop’s palace at the battle of Monterey in 1846 ; 
 was sent to join General Scott’s army; was lire vetted 
 major-general ; fought in the battles of Cerro Gordo, 
 Perote, San Antonio, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, and 
 Chapultepec, and took part in the occupation of the city 
 of Mexico. Later he commanded in Texas. 
 
 Worthies of England, History of the. A 
 
 biographical work by Thomas Fuller, published 
 after his death, in 1662. It is his masterpiece. 
 Worthing (wer'THing). A seaside resort in 
 Sussex, England, situated on the English Chan- 
 nel 11 miles west of Brighton. Population, 
 20,015. 
 
 Wotton (wot'on), Sir Henry. Born atBocton 
 (Boughton) Malherbe, Kent, England, 1568: 
 died at Eton, Dec., 1639. An English diplo- 
 matist and author. He was educated at Winchester 
 and Oxford ; and went on the Continent in 1588, where he 
 remained until 1595. In 1595 he became secretary to the 
 Earl of Essex; and was special envoy from Tuscany to 
 James VI. of Scotland ; English ambassador to Venice, 
 Germany, etc. ; and in 1624 provost of Eton College. He 
 wrote poems, various Latin pamphlets, “The Elements of 
 Architecture,’* and “State of Christendom.” The “Reli- 
 quiie Wottoniame” (1651) contains most of his works. 
 
 Wotton, William. BornatWrentliam, Suffolk, 
 England, Aug. 13, 1666 : died at Buxted, Essex, 
 Feb. 13, 1727. An English clergyman and 
 Sch olar. He was educated at Cambridge, where he was 
 admitted in his tenth year. He was a remarkable instance 
 of precocity. When only twelve yeais old he was noted 
 for his skill in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, three or four of the 
 Eastern tongues, philosophy, mathematics, etc. ; took his 
 degree of B. A. in Jan., 1679, then knowing 12 languages ; 
 and became a fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge, in 
 1683. He became chaplain to the Earl of Nottingham and 
 rector of Middleton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, in 1693, 
 and prebendary of Salisbury in 1705. He is best known 
 from his “ Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learn- 
 ing” (1694). 
 
 Would-be (wud'he). Sir Politick and Lady. 
 
 An amusingly important politician and his 
 pedantic wife, in Jonson’s “ Volpone.” . 
 Wouverman (wou'ver-man), orWouvermans 
 (-miinz), Philip. Born at Haarlem, Netherlands 
 (baptized May 24, 1019): died there, May 19,1668. 
 A Dutch painter, famous for his battle-pieces, 
 hunting-scenes, cavalry skirmishes, horses, etc. 
 His works are in Dresden, Paris, The Hague, Munich, 
 Vienna, etc. Among them are the “Coup de Pistolet” 
 (Buckingham Palace) and “The Watering-Place” (Old 
 Pinakothek, Munich). Some of his works have been con- 
 founded with those of his brothers Pieter (1623-82?) and 
 Jan (1629-66). 
 
 Wrangel, or Wrangell (vriing'el), Baron Fer- 
 dinand von. Born at Pskoff, Russia, Dec. 29, 
 1796: died atDorpat, June 6, 1870. A Russian 
 vice-admiral and explorer. He accompanied an ex- 
 pedition round the world 1817-19; conducted an exploring 
 expedition in the arctic regions 1820-24 ; and was chief of 
 an expedition round the world 1825-27. Later he was gov- 
 ernor of Russian America, and director of the Russian- 
 American Trading Company, lie wrote an account of his 
 expedition in Russian (1841). Extracts from his journal 
 were published in German in 1839. 
 
 i This sentence is, perhaps, not authentic. 
 
 Wright, Carroll Davidson 
 
 Wrangel, Count Friedrich Heinrich Ernst. 
 
 Born at Stettin, April 13, 1784: died at Ber- 
 lin, Nov. 1, 1877. A Prussian field-marshal. He 
 
 served in the Napoleonic wars ; commanded in Schleswig- 
 Holstein and in Berlin in 1S48 ; and commanded the army 
 against Denmark in 1864. 
 
 Wrangel, Count Karl Gustav. _ Born Dec. 13, 
 1613: died in Riigen, June 24, 1676. A Swedish 
 field-marshal. He served in the army and navy in the 
 Thirty Years’ War; succeeded Torstenson as commander- 
 in-chief ; with Turenne defeated the Imperialists and Ba- 
 varians at Zusmarshausen May 17, 1648 ; commanded in 
 the wars against Poland and Denmark; commanded against 
 Brandenburg in 1674 ; and was defeated at Fehrbellin in 
 1675. 
 
 Wrangell (rang'gel), Mount. A mountain in 
 Alaska, northwest of Mount St. Elias. Height, 
 not more than 17,500 feet (United States Coast 
 and Geodetic Survey). 
 
 Wrangel Land, or Wrangell Land, or New 
 Columbia (ko-lum'bi-a). [Named for F. von 
 Wrangel.] An island in the Arctic Ocean, 
 north of Siberia, about lat. 71°-72° N., long. 
 179°-180° W. : discovered by Kellet in 1849. 
 Wrath (rath), Cape. The northwestern head- 
 land of Scotland, in lat. 58° 38' N., long. 5° W. 
 Wraxall (rak'sal), Sir Nathaniel William. 
 Bom at Bristol, April 8, 1751: died at Dover, 
 Nov. 7, 1831. An English historical writer. He 
 went to Bombay, in the service of the East India Company, 
 in 1769 ; remained in India till 1772 ; spent a number of 
 years in travel ; and entered Parliament in 1780. He was 
 the author of “ Memoirs of the Kings of France of the 
 Race of Valois, etc.” (1777), “History of France” (1785), 
 and several volumes of contemporary memoirs (among 
 them “Historical Memoirs of My Own Time, 1772-1784,” 
 published in 1815). His own “ Memoirs ” were published 
 in 1836. 
 
 Wray, John. See Bay. 
 
 Wrayburn (ra'bern) , Eugene. A light-hearted, 
 sarcastic, flippant, clever young attorney, the 
 rival of Bradley Headstone, and nearly mur- 
 dered by him: a character in Charles Dickens’s 
 “ Our Mutual Friend.” He is afterward mar- 
 ried to Lizzie Hexam. 
 
 Wrede (vra'de), Prince Karl Philipp. Born 
 at Heidelberg, April 29, 1767 : died at Ellingen, 
 Dec. 12, 1838. A Bavarian field-marshal. He 
 served as major-general with the Austrians at Hohenlinden 
 in 1800 ; commanded the Bavarian forces in alliance with 
 the French in the campaigns of 1805, 1807, and 1809 ; took 
 part in the conquest of Tyrol in 1809 ; served with distinc- 
 tion at Wagram in 1809; commanded the Bavarian con- 
 tingent in the invasion of Russia in 1812 ; went over to the 
 Allies in 1813; was defeated by the French at Hanau in 
 1813; took part in the battle of La Rothifere in 1814 ; was 
 distinguished at Rosny, Bar-sur-Auhe, and Arcis-sur-Aube 
 in 1814 ; took part in the Congress of Vienna 1814-15 ; and 
 was generalissimo of the Bavarian army in 1822. 
 
 Wren (ren), Sir Christopher. Born at East 
 Knoyle, Wiltshire, England, Oct. 20, 1632: died 
 at Hampton Court, Feb. 25, 1723. A celebrated 
 English architect. He was educated at Westminster 
 School and at Wadham College, Oxford ; and was made pro- 
 fessor of astronomy at Gresham College in 1667 ; Savilian 
 professor of astronomy at Oxford in 1660 ; and deputy sur- 
 veyor-general of public works in 1661. He designed the 
 fortifications of Tangier in 1663 ; was created president of 
 the Royal Society in 1680 ; and designed St. Paul's Cathedral 
 (which see). Among his other designs were the cloister and 
 chapel of Brasenose College, Oxford (1656), and the central 
 spire of Lichfield Cathedral (1662-69). He was appointed 
 on a committee for the survey of Old St. Paul’s (1663) ; and 
 designed Pembroke College Chapel, Cambridge (1663-65). 
 He was surveyor at Greenwich (1663-67), and designed the 
 Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford (1664-69). On Oct. 4, 1666, he 
 was appointed on a committee with May, Pratt, and others, 
 to survey the ruins of London after the fire, and to make 
 plans for the reconstruction of the burned district ; was 
 appointed surveyor-general of all the royal works in 1669; 
 and built Mary-le-Bow, Cheapside (1667-71), Temple Bar, 
 Fleet street (which see), the “Monument," 202 feet high 
 (1671-81), St. Bride, Fleet street (1671-80), St. Stephen’s, 
 Walbrook (1677-79), Drury Lane Theatre (which see), Royal 
 Observatory, Greenwich (1675), and Hampton Court Palace 
 for King William III. (1690). He built the Royal Naval 
 Hospital (1692-1716), giving his services without compen- 
 sation. In 1706 he remodeled St. Stephen’s Chapel for the 
 enlarged membership (Scottish) of Parliament (see West- 
 minster Palace, St. Stephen’s Chapel) ; in 1709-10 Marlbor- 
 ough House, Pall Mall; and in 1713 designed the towers 
 of Westminster Abbey — largely, however, built under the 
 supervision of his assistant. 
 
 Wren, Jenny. See Cleaver, Fanny. 
 
 Wrestlers (resT6rz), The. A Greek original 
 group, of marble, in the Tribuna of the Uffizi, 
 Florence. It represents two youths struggling to the 
 utmost stretch of every muscle, though one is already van- 
 quished. The composition is skilful, and the technical 
 knowledge and execution are remarkable. 
 
 Wrexham (reks'am). A town in Denbighshire, 
 Wales, 25 miles south of Liverpool. It has a 
 quoted church. Popula tion, 14,966. 
 
 Wright (rit), Carroll Davidson. Born at Dun- 
 barton, N. Hr, July 25, 1840: died at Worces- 
 ter, Mass., Feb. 20, 1909. An American stat- 
 istician. He served in tyie Union army in the Civil 
 War ; was chief of the Massachusetts bureau of labor sta- 
 tistlcs_ 1873-88 ; and was appointed first commissioner of 
 labor in the Interior Department, Washington, in 1884. He 
 has published various reports of Massachusetts censuses, 
 
Wright, Carroll Davidson 
 
 statistics of labor, “The Factory System of the United 
 States ” (1882), “ Convict Labor ” (1886), “Strikes and Lock- 
 outs ” (1887), etc. 
 
 Wright, George Frederick. Born at Whitehall , 
 N. Y., Jan. 22, 1838. An American Congrega- 
 tional clergyman and geologist, professor of New 
 Testament language and literature at Oberlin 
 Theological Seminary 1881-92, professor of the 
 Harmony of Science and Revelation 1892, and 
 connected with the U. S. Survey 1884-92. Hehas 
 written “Logic of Christian Evidences '’ (1880), “Studies in 
 Science and Religion " (1882), “Glacial Boundary in Ohio, 
 Indiana, and Kentucky” (1884), “Ice Age in North Amer- 
 ica ” (1889), “ Man and the Glacial Period ” (1892), etc. 
 
 Wright, Horatio Governeur. Born at Clinton, 
 Conn., March 6, 1820: died at Washington, D.C., 
 July2,1899. AnAmerican general and engineer. 
 He graduated at West Point in 1841 ; served as engineer 
 at Bull Run and in the Port Royal expedition in 1861 ; 
 served in Florida in 1862 as brigadier-general of volun- 
 teers ; became major-general of volunteers in July, 1862; 
 commanded the Department of the Ohio 1862-63 ; was di- 
 vision commander in the army of the Potomac 1863-64 ; 
 and succeeded to thecommand of the 6th corpsin May, 1864. 
 He took part in the defense of Washington in 1864, and in 
 the Shenandoah campaign (especially at Cedar Creek), and 
 pierced the lines at Petersburg April 2, 1865. He was 
 brevetted major-general in the United States army in 1865, 
 and later was chief of engineers. He retired in 1884. 
 Wright, Joseph. Born at Derby, England, Sept, 
 3, 1734: died there, Aug. 29, 1797. An English 
 portrait-, landscape-, and genre-painter : known 
 as “Wright of Derby.” He was a pupil of Hudson, 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds’s master, and originally painted por- 
 traits only, in which he was a rival of Gainsborough. 
 Wright, Joseph. Born at Bordentown, N. J., 
 July 16, 1756: died at Philadelphia, 1793. An 
 American portrait-painter. He studied in London 
 and Paris ; settled in New York in 1787 ; removed to Phila- 
 delphiain 1790; and became die-sinker to the mint in 1792. 
 He painted General and Mrs. Washington, Madison, John 
 Jay, and other distinguished persons. 
 
 Wright, Silas. Born at Amherst, Mass., May 
 24, 1795: died at Canton, N. Y., Ang. 27, 1847. 
 An American statesman. He graduated at Middle- 
 bury College in 1815; studied law; settled at Canton, St. 
 Lawrence County, New York, and became surrogate of St. 
 Lawrence County and later State senator; was Democratic 
 member of Congress from New York 1827-29 ; was comp- 
 troller of the State of New York 1829-33 ; was United 
 States senator 1833-44 ; and was governor of New York 
 1845^47. He opposed the anti-rent rioters, and declined 
 several cabinet offices and foreign missions. 
 
 W right, Thomas. Born near Ludlow, England, 
 April 23, 1810: died at London, Dec. 23, 1877. An 
 English antiquary and historian. Hewasoneof the 
 founders of the Percy, Camden, and Shakspere societies, 
 and the British Archaeological Association. He directed 
 the excavation of Uriconium. His numerous works in- 
 clude “Early English Poetry," in black letter (1836), an 
 edition of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s “ Life of Merlin " (with 
 Michel, 1838), “ Queen Elizabeth and her Times,” a series 
 of original letters (1838). He edited “Political Songs of 
 England" (1839), “Reliquiae Antiquee” (with Halliwell, 
 1839), “Political Ballads” (1841), Map s Latin poems (1841), 
 “The Vision and Creed of Piers Plowman” (1842), “Bio- 
 graphia Literaria” (1842), “The Chester Plays” (1843-47), 
 “ Anecdota Literaria ” (1844), “ The Archaeological Album ” 
 (1845). He also wrote “Essays on Subjects Connected with 
 the Literature, Popular Superstitions, and History of Eng- 
 land in the Middle Ages”(1846); edited“The Canterbury 
 Tales" (1847-51), “Early Travels in Palestine” (1848), and 
 various editions of Early English works ; wrote “England 
 under the House of Hanover, illustrated from the Cari- 
 catures and Satires of the Day ” (1848 : a new edition in 1868, 
 entitled “Caricature History of the Georges, etc."), “His- 
 tory of Ireland” (1848-52), “Narratives of Sorcery and 
 Magic "(1851), “The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon ’’ (1852), 
 “ Universal Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the 
 English Language ” (1852-56), “ History of Scotland ” (1852- 
 1857), “Wanderings of an Antiquary ”(1854), “Dictionary 
 of Obsolete and Provincial English ” (1857), “A Volume 
 of Vocabularies ” (1857), ‘ ‘ History of King Arthur and the 
 Knights of theRound Table, ’’com piled from Malory(1858), 
 “History of France” (1858-62), “ Les cent nouvelles nou- 
 velles ” (medieval tales, 1858), descriptions of Uriconium, 
 “Political Poems and Songs relating to English History” 
 (1859-61), “Essays on Archeological Subjects” (1861), 
 “ Domestic Manners and Sentiments in England during 
 the Middle Ages ’’ (1S62) ; edited Giraldus Cambrensis 
 (1863); wrote a “History of Caricature and Grotesque" 
 (1865) ; translated, at the author’s request, Napoleon’s 
 “ Vie de Jules COsar ” (1865-66) ; and wrote “ Womankind in 
 Western Europe ” (1869), “Uriconium ”(1872), and “ Anglo- 
 Latin Satirical Poets of the Twelfth Century ” (1877). 
 
 Wright. William Aldis. Born about 1836. 
 An English writer and editor. He was a graduate 
 of Trinity College, Cambridge; and became its librarian, 
 andinl888 its vice-master. He edited “Bacon’s Essays, etc.” 
 (1862), “The Cambridge Shakspere ” (with William George 
 Clark, 1863-66), the “Globe Edition” of Shakspere (with 
 W. G. Clark, 1864),-“The Bible Word-book ” (with J. East- 
 wood, 1866), Bacon’s “ Advancement of Learning ” (1869), 
 and a number of Early English texts. 
 
 Wriothesley (rots'li or rot'es-li). Henry, third 
 Earl of Southampton. Born Oct. 6, 1573: died 
 in the Netherlands, Nov. 10, 1624. An English 
 politician and soldier: a friend of Shakspere 
 who dedicated to him “ Venus and Adonis” and 
 “ The Rape of LucreceT He was accused of taking 
 part in the treason of Essex. He was a leading colonizer 
 of North America, and governor of the Virginia Company. 
 Wroxeter ( rok'se-ter). A village in Shropshire, 
 
 1072 
 
 England, situated on the Severn 5 miles south- 
 east of Shrewsbury. It is on the site of the 
 Roman city of Uriconium. 
 
 Wulfila. See Ulfilas. 
 
 Wiilker (vulk'er), Richard Paul. Born at 
 Frankfort-on-the-Main, July 29, 1845: died 
 Feb. 8, 1910. A German student of Old Eng- 
 lish philology, professor at Leipsic 1875-1910. 
 In 1876 he became the editor of “Anglia.” 
 Wun (won). A former district in Berar, Brit- 
 ish India, intersected by lat. 20° N., long. 78° 
 30' E. Area, 3,910 square miles. Incorporated 
 since 1905 in the New Yeotmal District. 
 
 W underlich ( von 'der-lich ) , Kar 1 August. Born 
 at Sulz on the Neckar, Aug. 4, 1815: died at 
 Leipsic, Sept. 25, 1877. A German physician 
 and medical writer, professor at Leipsic from 
 1850. His chief work is “Handbueh der Pa- 
 ★thologie und Therapie” (1846-54). 
 
 Wundt (vont), Wilhelm Max. Born at Neck- 
 arau, Baden, Aug. 16, 1832. A distinguished 
 German physiologist and psychologist, profes- 
 sor of philosophy at Leipsic from 1875. Among 
 his works are “ Die Lehre von der Musk elbewegung''( 1858), 
 “ Vorlesungen fiber die Menschen- und Tierseele ” (1863), 
 “Lehrbuch der Physiologic des Menschen "(1865), “Grund- 
 zfige derphysiologischen Psychologie ” (1874 : 2d ed. 1880), 
 “ Logik ” (1880-83), “ Ethik ” (1886), etc. 
 
 Wupper (vop'per), or Wipper (vip'per). A 
 river in the Rhine Province, Prussia, which 
 joins the Rhine 7 miles north of Cologne. Its 
 valley contains the manufacturing towns Elberfeld, Bar- 
 men, Solingen, etc. Length, 65 miles. 
 
 Wurmser (vorm'zer), Count Dagobert Sig- 
 mund von. Born in Alsace, May 7, 1724: died at 
 Vienna, Aug. 27, 1797. An Austrian field-mar- 
 shal. He entered the French army in 1741 ; served in the 
 Seven Years’ War; entered the Austrian service as colonel 
 in 1762 ; became a lieutenant field-marshal ; and served 
 in the War of the Bavarian Succession (capturing Habel- 
 schwerdt Jan. 18, 1779). On the outbreak of the war with 
 France in 1793 he crossed the Rhine at the head of an 
 army corps ; conquered at Rohrbach June 29, at G’ermers- 
 heim July 5, and at Esslingen July 27, and aided in the 
 capture of the Weissenburg lines; but was obUged to 
 recross the Rhine in December. He defeated the French 
 near Mannheim Oct. 23 and 29, 1795, and captured Mann- 
 heim. In 1796 he was appointed commander in Italy 
 against Napoleon, but was defeated by him at Castiglione, 
 Roveredo, and Bassano, and was besieged in Mantua and 
 forced to surrender Feb. 2, 1797. 
 
 Wurschen (vorsh'en). A village near Bautzen, 
 Saxony : the headquarters of the sovereigns of 
 Russia and Prussia at the battle of Bautzen 
 in May, 1813, whence the battle is sometimes 
 called the battle of Wurschen. 
 
 Wiirtemberg, G. Wiirttemberg (viirt'tem- 
 bero), formerly Wirtemberg. A kingdom of 
 southern Germany, and a state of the German 
 Empire, the third in area and the fourth in 
 population. Capital, Stuttgart. It is bounded by 
 Bavaria on the northeast, east, and southeast, by Lake 
 Constance on the south, and by Baden on the southwest, 
 west, and northwest. It nearly incloses Hohenzollern, 
 and has exclaves in Hohenzollern and Baden. The Black 
 Forest is in the southwest, and the Swabian Jura traverses 
 the country from southwest to northeast. The chief rivers 
 are the Neckar and Danube. It is an agricultural country, 
 producing wheat, oats, hemp, barley, potatoes, hops, wine, 
 timber, etc. ; it has also manufactures of cotton and woolen 
 goods, paper, machinery, musical instruments, linen, 
 clocks, beer, arms, powder, etc. Wiirtemberg is divided 
 into four circles (Kreise): Neckar, Jagst, Black Forest, 
 and Danube. The government is a hereditary constitu- 
 tional monarchy. The estates of the realm consist of an 
 upper chamber and a second chamber. It sends 4 repre- 
 sentatives to the Bundesrat and 17 to the Reichstag. 
 Over two thirds of the population are Protestant, and less 
 than one third P,oman Catholic. The early inhabitants of 
 this region were the Suevi. It was partly under Roman 
 rule from the 1st to the 3d century ; was overrun by the 
 Alamanni, who were conquered by Clovis; and formed 
 part of the duchy of Swabia. The real history of Wur- 
 temberg begins in the 13th century with its counts. Count 
 Eberhard im Bart was raised to the rank of duke in 1495. 
 Wiirtemberg suffered in the Thirty Years’ War; ceded 
 Montbeliard to France (which had seized it in 1793) in 
 1796 ; received considerable territory in 1803, and the 
 electorate; became a kingdom in 1806, and joined the 
 Confederation of the Rhine; sided with the Allies in 
 1813; entered the Germanic Confederation; received a 
 constitution in 1819; was the scene of liberal movements 
 in 1848-50 : and sided with Austria in 1866. and was forced 
 to pay an indemnity. It entered the German Empire in 
 187L Area, 7,534 square miles. Population, 2,337,087. 
 
 Wurtz (viirts), Charles Adolphe. Born at 
 Strasburg, Nov. 26, 1817: died at Paris, May 
 12, 1884. A noted French chemist, successor 
 of Dumas (1853) as professor of organic chem- 
 istry at the Sorbonne, and of Orfila as professor 
 of toxicology at the Feole de M6decine, and 
 dean of the medical faculty 1866-76. 
 Wurzburg (vurts'borG). An ancient bishopric 
 andprincipalitv of the GermanEmpire, founded 
 in 741 (?). The greater part of it was granted to Bavaria 
 in 1803; it was given to the former Grand Duke of Tuscany 
 in 1805, and made an electorate ; entered the Confederation 
 of the Rhine in 1806 and became a grand duchy ; and was 
 ceded to Bavaria in 1815. 
 
 Wycherley 
 
 Wiirzburg. The capital of Lower Franconia, 
 Bavaria, situated on the Main in lat. 49° 47' 
 N., long. 9° 54' E. It is a commercial center, and has 
 manufactures of tobacco, beer, railway-carriages, etc. It 
 contains the former episcopal (now royal) palace, begun 
 in 1720 in the rococo style, and one of the most effective 
 examples of its type. It measures 550 by 290 feet. The 
 grand staircase is unusuaUy fine, and like the chapel is 
 frescoed by Tiepolo. The University of Wurzburg was 
 founded in 1403, but was soon discontinued, and was re- 
 founded in 1582. It became noted especially for its medical 
 department. Wiirzburg was the capital of the old princi- 
 pality of Wurzburg, and the capital of a grand duchy in 
 Napoleonic times. Its citadel was bombarded by the Prus- 
 sians July 27, 1866, and the town was entered by the 
 Prussians Aug. 2. Population, commune, 80,327. 
 Wuthering Heights (wuTH'er-ing hitz). A 
 novel by Emily Bronte, published under the 
 nom de plume of Ellis Bell in 1846. 
 
 Wu Ting Fang (wo ting fang). Born in the 
 province of Ewangtung, China. A contempo- 
 rary Chinese scholar and diplomat. He was edu- 
 cated at Canton, Hong-Kong, and Lincoln's Inn, London, 
 and was called to the English bar. He was appointed 
 viceroy of Chi-li in 1882 ; was minister of China to the 
 United States, Spain, and Peru, 1897-1902 ; and was minister 
 to the United States 1907-09. 
 
 Wuttke (vot'ke), Heinrich. Born at Brieg, 
 Sil_esia, Feb. 12, 1818 : died at Leipsic, June 14, 
 
 1876. A German historian and politician : one 
 of the founders of the “Great German ” party. 
 
 Wuttke, Karl Friedrich Adolf. Born at 
 Breslau, Nov. 18, 1819 : died at Halle, April 12, 
 1870. A German Protestant theologian and his- 
 torian, professor at Halle from 1861. 
 Wyandot, or Wyandotte (wl'an-dot), or Wan- 
 dot (won'dot). [The name probably means 
 ‘ islanders,’ or ‘ dwellers on a peninsula.’ The 
 French name was Huron, from the French hure, 
 the arrangement of the hair by the tribe sug- 
 gesting the bristles of a wild boar.] A tribe 
 of North American Indians. When first known 
 (about 1615) they occupied a narrow territory 
 between Georgian Bay and Lake Simeoe in 
 Ontario. They were then at war with the Iroquois, and 
 the contest was continued until their defeat by the latter 
 in 1648-49, when many fled to the Tionontati, and with 
 them were driven from place to place. The present name 
 came into use after the removal of part of the tribe to- 
 gether with the Tionontati, then incorporated in it, from 
 Detroit to Sandusky in 1751. Subsequently they spread 
 along the whole south and west shores of Lake Erie, and 
 acquired a permanent influence among the tribes of the 
 region. They sided with the French until the close of Pon- 
 tiac’s war, and afterward supported the British in the War 
 of 1812. They now number about 400, chiefly in Oklahoma. 
 Wyandotte (wi'an-dot). A city in Wayne 
 County, Michigan, situated on the Detroit River 
 10 miles south-southwest of Detroit. Popula- 
 tion, 8,287, (1910). 
 
 Wyandotte. A novel by Cooper, published in 
 1843. 
 
 Wyandotte Cave. A cave in Crawford County, 
 southern Indiana, situated near Leavenworth : 
 noted for its extensive chambers and its sta- 
 lactites and stalagmites. Length, 22 miles. 
 Wyandotte Constitution. The constitution 
 under which Kansas was admitted to the Union, 
 adopted at Wyandotte (now a part of Kansas 
 City, Kan.) in 1859. 
 
 Wyant (wi'ant), Alexander H. Born at Port 
 
 Washington, Ohio, Jan. 11, 1836: died at New 
 York, Nov. 29, 1892. An American landscape- 
 painter. He studied in Germany, and settled in New 
 York in 1864. He suffered a stroke of paralysis about 
 
 1877, and afterward painted with his left hand. 
 
 Wyat, Sir Thomas. See Wyatt. 
 
 Wyatt (wi'at), or Wyat (wi'at), Sir Thomas. 
 Born in Kent, 1503 : died at Sherborne, Dorset- 
 shire, Oct. 11, 1542. An English diplomatist and 
 poet, sent by Henry Yin. on various diplomatic 
 missions. He wrote the first English sonnets, and his 
 poems were printed with Surrey’s in 1557. 
 
 Wyatt, Sir Thomas, “ The Younger.” Born about 
 1520: executed at London, April 11, 1554. Son 
 of Sir Thomas Wyatt. He commanded at Boulogne ; 
 joined with the Duke of Suffolk in favor of Lady Jane 
 Grey and against Queen Mary 1553-54 ; and led the men 
 of Kent against London in Feb., 1554, but was captured. 
 Webster and Dekker wrote a play on the subject, called 
 “The Famous History of Sir Thomas Wyatt.” It was 
 printed in 1607. 
 
 Wyatt’s Rebellion. The unsuccessful insur- 
 rection against Queen Mary and in favor of 
 Lady Jane Grey, led by the Duke of Suffolk and 
 Sir Thomas Wyatt 1553-54. 
 
 Wyborg. See Yiborg. 
 
 Wycherley (wich'er-li), William. Born at 
 
 Clive, near Shrewsbury, England, about 1640: 
 died at London, Jan. 1, 1716. An English 
 dramatist. He went to France when quite young, and 
 mingled in the society of the prdcienses at the Hdtel de 
 Rambouillet. On returning he went to Oxford, and laterto 
 the Middle Temple, and studied law ; became a courtier at 
 
Wycherley 
 
 the court of Charles II. ; and was imprisoned several years 
 for debt after the death of his first wife, the Countess of 
 Drogheda, whose fortune involved him in litigation. James 
 II. set him free, gave him a pension, and paid his debts 
 out of admiration for his play “The Plain Dealer." In 
 1715 he married again, but died shortly after. He wrote 
 the plays “Love in a Wood" (1672), “The Gentleman Dan- 
 cing Master” (1672), “The Country Wife” (1673), and “The 
 Plain Dealer" (1677). 
 
 Wych (wich) street. A London street which 
 opens behind Holywell street, close to the en- 
 trance of Clement’s Inn. It contains some curious 
 old houses, and is very narrow. This street is famous 
 in the annals of London thieving for the exploits of Jack 
 Sheppard, who gave rendezvous to his boon companions 
 at the White Lion (now pulled down) in White Lion Pas- 
 sage. It was from the Angel Inn in Wych street that 
 Bishop Hooper, in 1554, was taken to die for his faith at 
 Gloucester. Bare, London, I. 45. 
 
 Wyclif, or Wycliffe, or Wiclif, or Wickliffe 
 (wik'lif), John. Born at Spreswel (thought 
 to be either Hipswell or Barford), near Rich- 
 mond, Yorkshire, about 1324: died at Lutter- 
 worth, Leicestershire, Dec. 31, 1384. A cele- 
 brated English religious reformer, called “the 
 Morning Star of the Reformation.” He was a 
 fellow, and later (1360) master, of Balliol College, Oxford ; 
 and became rector of Fillingham, Lincolnshire, in the same 
 year, and in 1368 of Ludgershall, Buckinghamshire, and 
 in 1374 of Lutterworth. (The warden of Canterbury Hall 
 1365-67 was probably another John Wyclif, of Merton, 
 Oxford, vicar of Mayfield : there is much confusion be- 
 tween the early life of these two.) He went with John of 
 Gaunt as royal ambassador to confer with papal nuncios at 
 Bruges in 1374 ; was a popular preacher in London ; and was 
 summoned before Convocation in 1377 as an enemy to Rome 
 on account of his attacks on the inordinate arrogance and 
 wealth and power of the higher clergy (this blow was 
 really aimed at John of Gaunt). The Pope signed five 
 bulls against him, authorizing his imprisonment. The 
 schism in the papacy, due to the election of Clement VII. 
 in place of Urban VI., induced him to throw off his alle- 
 giance to the papacy. He opposed the doctrine of transub- 
 stantiation at Oxford in 1380 ; was condemned by the uni- 
 versity ; and his party was opposed and persecuted by 
 Courtenay (archbishop of Canterbury) and others in 1382. 
 He went back to Lutterworth, where he wrote ceaselessly 
 and fearlessly against papal claims, and in opposition to 
 mere formalism. On Dec. 28, 1384, he was seized with 
 paralysis while hearing mass, and died in a few days. In 
 1428 his bones were exhumed, burned, and their ashes 
 cast into the Swift, by order of the Synod of Constance. 
 He made the first complete translation of the Bible into 
 English (about 1382) from the V ulgate, assisted by Nicholas 
 
 1073 
 
 of Hereford. The latter translated the Old Testament 
 and the apocryphal books to about the third chapter of 
 the Book of Baruch. Wyclif certainly translated the Gos- 
 pels (probably about 1360), and presumably all the rest. 
 He wrote many tracts and sermons: “De Juramento Ar- 
 naldi,” “ Trialogus,” “De officio pastorali," “ De ecclesia,” 
 “De benedicta incarnatione,” “De Dominio divino,” etc. 
 His works were edited by the Wyclif Society 1882-92. 
 
 Wyclifites, or Wycliffites (wik'lif-its). The 
 followers of Wyclif : commonly called Lollards. 
 Wyclif’s doctrines, propagated in his lifetime, and later 
 by open-air preachers called “ poor priests," largely coin- 
 cided with the later teachings of Luther. 
 
 Wycombe (wl'kom), or High Wycombe, or 
 Chipping WycombeCchip'ingwi'kgm). Atown 
 in Buckinghamshire, England, 31 miles west- 
 northwest of London. It has manufactures of 
 chairs and lace. Population, 15,542. 
 
 Wye (wi). A river in Wales and England, it 
 forms in its lower course the boundary bttween Mon- 
 mouthshire and Gloucestershire, and joins the estuary of 
 the Severn near Chepstow, 11 miles north by west of Bristol. 
 It is noted for its picturesque scenery. Length, about 
 130 miles; navigable for barges to Hereford. 
 
 Wygo, or Vigo (ve'go), Lake. A lake in the 
 government of Olonetz, Russia, 30 miles north 
 of Lake Onega. Its outlet is by the Wyg to the 
 Bay of Onega. Length, 45 miles. 
 
 Wykeham, William of. See William of WyJce- 
 ham. 
 
 Wyman (wi'man), Jeffries. Born at Chelms- 
 ford, Mass., Aug. 11, 1814: died at Bethlehem, 
 N. TL, Sept. 4, 1874. An American compara- 
 tive anatomist. He graduated at Harvard in 1833; 
 was professor at Hampden-Sidney College, Virginia, 1843- 
 1847 ; and became professor of anatomy at Harvard in 
 1847. He founded the Museum of Comparative Anato- 
 my ; was curator of the Peabody Museum ; and was presi- 
 dent of the Boston Society of Natural History. He lec- 
 tured on comparative anatomy and physiology before the 
 Lowell Institute in 1849. He published technical works. 
 
 Wyndham (win'dam), Sir Charles. Born in 
 1841. An English actor. He studied medicine, but 
 preferred the stage. He went to the United States in 1862, 
 and first appeared at Washington. He then served for 
 some time as surgeon in the 19th army corps. He made 
 his first appearance in London in 1868, returned to Amer- 
 ica the next year, and has since been successful on both 
 sides of the Atlantic. Since 1876 he has managed the Cri- 
 terion, London, and has opened Wyndham’s Theatre and 
 the New Theatre, London. He was knighted in 1902. 
 
 Wythe 
 
 Wynkin de Worde. See Worde. 
 
 Wyntoun, or Winton (win'ton), Andrew of. 
 
 Lived in the beginning of the 15th century. A 
 Scottish chronicler, canon of St. Andrews. He 
 wrote a chronicle of Scotland (ed. by D. Laing 
 1872-79). 
 
 Wyoming (wi-o'ming). A State of the United 
 States, bounded by Montana, South Dakota, 
 Nebraska, Colorado, Utah, and Idaho. Capital, 
 Cheyenne. The surface is mountainous (the Rocky 
 Mountains), the chief ranges being the Medicine Bow, 
 Laramie, Sweet Water, Big Horn, Wind River, Absaroka, 
 Teton, and Shoshone. The leading industry is stock-rais- 
 ing. There are also valuable coal-mines and copper-mines. 
 It contains 21 counties, has 2 senators, and sends 1 repre- 
 sentative to Congress. Wyoming was included in large 
 part in the Louisiana Purchase ; belonged formerly to Da- 
 kota Territory ; was organized as a Territory in 1868 ; and 
 was admitted to the Union in 1890. Area, 97,890 square 
 miles. Population, 145,965, (1910). 
 
 Wyoming Valley. A valley in Luzerne County, 
 Pennsylvania, traversed by the North Branch 
 of the Susquehanna. It is very fertile, and contains 
 beds of anthracite coal. It was settled in 1762 and later 
 years by colonists from Connecticut and Pennsylvania ; 
 and was invaded by Tories and Indians under Butler. The 
 defeat of the Americans, July 3, 1778, and the subsequent 
 surrender of the fort, were attended by massacres on the 
 part of the Indians (much exaggerated in Campbell’s de- 
 scription in his “ Gertrude of Wyoming ”). The settlers 
 were finally confirmed in the possession of the valley 
 about 1787. 
 
 Wyre(wir) Forest. A forest in Worcestershire, 
 England. 
 
 Wyss (vis), Johann Rudolf. Born at Bern, 
 March 13, 1781 : died there, March 31, 1830. A 
 Swiss author, professor of philosophy and chief 
 librarian at Bern. His best-known work is 
 “Der schweizerische Robinson” (“The Swiss 
 Family Robinson,” 1813). 
 
 Wythe (wiTH), George. Born in Virginia, 1726 : 
 died at Richmond, June 8, 1806. An American 
 statesman and jurist. As a member of the Viiginia 
 House of Burgesses he drew up a remonstrance to the 
 House of Commons against the Stamp Act ; was delegate 
 to the Continental Congress and a signer of the Declara- 
 tion of Independence ; was speaker of the Viiginia House 
 of Delegates ; was chancellor of the Virginia court ; and 
 was professor of law at William and Mary College. He 
 was poisoned in his eighty-first year. 
 
 0.— 88 
 
X. Pseudonym of Eustace 
 Budgell in the “Spectator.” 
 Xalapa. See Jalapa. 
 Xalisco. See Jalisco. 
 Xanthippe (zan-thip'e). 
 [Gr. AavO'nrnri.] The wife 
 of the Greek philosopher 
 Socrates, proverbial for her 
 had temper. 
 
 Xanthippus (zan-thip'us). [Gr. ZdvOnmor.] 
 The father of Pericles. He commanded the 
 Athenian fleet at the victory of Mycale 479 b. c. 
 Xanthippus. A Spartan commander. He organ- 
 ized the Carthaginian army in the first Punic war, and 
 won a victory over Regulus in 255 B. C. 
 
 Xanthus (zan'thus). [Gr. Eoiffcr.] In ancient 
 geography, a city of Lycia, Asia Minor, situated 
 on the river Xanthus near its mouth, it was be- 
 siegedand destroyed by the PersiangeneralHarpagus about 
 546 B. C., and again by the Romans under Brutus 43 or 42 
 B. c. Important antiquities were discovered there by Fel- 
 lows about 1838. Among them is the Nereid monument, 
 so called, a cella with a beautiful Ionic peristyle, dating 
 from the middle of the 4th century B. c. The chief frieze, 
 on the basement, represents a battle of cavalry and foot- 
 soldiers ; the second frieze illustrates a siege ; the third 
 frieze, on the cella, is sculptured with sacrificial and feast- 
 ing scenes ; the fourth frieze, on the entablature, shows 
 hunting episodes and homage to an official personage. 
 The principal parts of the monument have been trans- 
 ported to the British Museum. 
 
 Xanthus. See Scamander. 
 
 Xaraes, or Xarayes. See Charaes. 
 
 Xaragua (Ha-rag'wa). Aregion or “province” 
 in the southwestern part of the island of Haiti 
 at the time of the conquest. Its principal chief 
 was Behechio, whose sister, Anaciona, is celebrated in the 
 early history of the island. See these names. 
 
 Xauxa. See Jauja. 
 
 Xaver (ksa'ver), Prince (Franz August Xa- 
 ver). Born Aug. 25, 1730: died at Dresden, 
 June 20, 1806. Younger son of Augustus HI. of 
 Saxony and Poland. He served on the French side 
 in the Seven Years’ War, and was administrator of Saxony 
 1763-68. 
 
 Xavier (zav'i-er; Sp. pron. Ha-ve-ar'), Fran- 
 cisco (Francis), Saint. Born at the castle of 
 Xaviero, Navarre, April 7, 1506 : died on the 
 island of Sancian, Dec. 2, 1552. A famous 
 Spanish Jesuit missionary, called “the Apostle 
 of the Indies.” He was educated at the University of 
 Paris, and was one of the founders of the Society of Jesus. 
 He went to Italy in 1536, and labored there for several 
 years ; went to Lisbon in 1540, and sailed from there in 1541 
 on a Portuguese mission to the East Indies ; arrived in Goa 
 in 1542 ; labored in western and southern India, Malacca, 
 the Moluccas, and Japan ; and died on his way to under- 
 take a mission to China. His letters were edited in 1795. 
 He was canonized in 1622. 
 
 Xenia ( ze'ni-a). The capital of Greene County, 
 Ohio, 53 miles northeast of Cincinnati : the seat 
 of several educational institutions. Popula- 
 tion, 8,706, (1910). 
 
 Xenien (ksa'ni-en). A series of epigrams by 
 Goethe and Schiller. Most of them were di- 
 rected against writers of the time. 
 
 Xenocrates (ze-nok'ra-tez). [Gr. Eci'OKpdrw.] 
 A Platonic philosopher (396-314), the successor 
 of Speusippus as head of the Academy, over 
 which he presided for 25 years. 
 
 Xenophanes (ze-nof'a-nez). [Gr. Eero^di^f.] 
 Born at Colophon, Asia Minor, about 570 b. c. : 
 died about 480 b. c. A Greek philosopher, the 
 founder of the Eleatie school. He settled at Elea 
 in Italy about 536 B. c. Fragments of his elegies and his 
 didactic poem “ On Nature” have been preserved. 
 Xenophon (zeu'o-fon). [Gr. aevo<j>o>v. ] Born at 
 Athens about 430 ”b. c. : died after 357 B. o. 
 A celebrated Greek historian and essayist, a 
 
 disciple of Socrates. He joined the expedition of 
 Cyrus the Younger in 401, and after the battle of Cunaxa 
 and the murder of the Greek generals became the chief 
 leader of the 10,000 Greeks in their march to the Black 
 Sea. (See Anabasis.) He later entered the Laced aemo- 
 nian service ; fought on the Spartan side at the battle of 
 Coronea in 394 ; was banished from Athens ; settled at 
 Scillus in Eleia ; and spent his last years in Corinth (?). He 
 wrote the “Anabasis,” “Hellenica” (in 7 books), the ro- 
 mance “Cyropsedia,” “Memorabilia of Socrates” (a de- 
 fense of his master’s memory), “(Economics,” essays on 
 hunting and horsemanship, “Symposium,” “Revenues of 
 Athens," “Hiero, ” “ Agesilaus,” etc. 
 
 Xeres. See Jerez de la Frontera. 
 
 Xeres, or Jeres (Ha' ias), Francisco do. Boru 
 about 1504: died after 1547. A Spanish historian. 
 From 1530 to 1534 he was secretary of Francisco Pizarro, 
 taking part in the conquest of Peru and returning to Spain 
 with the first instalment of gold obtained from Atahualpa. 
 By order of Pizarro he wrote a history of the conquest 
 down to Atahualpa’s death : this was published at Seville 
 1534 and 1547. There are several translations and modern 
 editions. 
 
 Xerxes (zerk'sez) I. [Gr. Ee/Aw, OPers. Khsa- 
 ydrshti.'] Born about 519 b. c. : assassinated 465 
 or 464 b. c. King of Persia, son of Darius Hys- 
 taspes : identical with the biblical Ahasuerus. 
 He succeeded to the throne in 486 or 485, assembled a large 
 army for the conquest of Greece; bridged the Helles- 
 pont ; traversed Thrace, Macedonia, and Thessaly ; was re- 
 sisted at Thermopyhe (which see) in 480 ; burned Athens ; 
 and was defeated at Salamis (which see) in 480, and re- 
 turned to Asia Minor. His generals were defeated at 
 I’lataa and Mycale in 479, but continued the war with 
 Greece. 
 
 The site of this [Xerxes’s] bridgeis supposed to have been 
 from Nagdra Point to the low spot eastward of Sestos, 
 where the level shore on either side is convenient for the 
 march of troops. The channel is more than 7 stadia 
 broad, being about 1 1 miles English. 
 
 Bawlinson, Herod., IV. 33, note. 
 
 Xerxes II. King of Persia, son of Artaxerxes I. 
 He reigned for a few weeks in 425 or 424 B. c. 
 
 Xerxes. A tragedy by Cibber, produced in 1699. 
 
 Xibalba. See Votan. 
 
 Xibitos. See Hibitos. 
 
 Ximanas. See Jumanas. 
 
 Ximena (He-ma'na). In Spanish history, the 
 wife of the Cid. 
 
 Ximena, or the Heroic Daughter. An adap- 
 tation of Corneille’s “Cid” by Colley Cibber, 
 produced in 1712, printed in 1718. 
 
 Ximenes (zi-me'nez ; Sp. pron. He-ma'nas), or 
 Jimenes (He-ma'nas), Francisco. Born at Tor- 
 relaguna, Spain, 1436; died Nov. 8, 1517. A 
 Spanish cardinal and statesman. He studied at Al- 
 cald de Henares and Salamanca ; went to Rome ; took pos- 
 session of a benefice in Spain by virtue of a papal letter ; 
 but was dispossessed by the Archbishop of Toledo and im- 
 prisoned. He was afterward restored and made vicar-gen- 
 eral ; became a Franciscan monk and confessor to Queen 
 Isabella (1492), and later a Franciscan provincial ; and was 
 made archbishop of Toledo and primate of Spain in 1495. 
 In 1506-07 he was provisional regent of Castile ; became a 
 cardinal in 1507, and inquisitor-general ; led an expedition 
 against Oran in 1609 ; and was regent of Spain 1516-17. 
 He printed the Complutensian polyglot Bible and founded 
 the University of A 1 call! de Henares. 
 
 Ximenes de Quesada (He-ma'nas da ka-sa'- 
 THa), Gonsalo. Born in Granada, Spain, about 
 1498 : died after 1576. Conqueror of New Gra- 
 nada. He was a lawyer ; was lieutenant of Lugo at Santa 
 Marta ; left that place to explore the interior, with 800 m en, 
 April 5, 1536 ; and, after enduring great hardships, reached 
 and conquered the rich plateau of Cundinamarca, and 
 founded Bogota, Aug. 6, 1538. Charles V. refused to make 
 him governor of the country, and he was persecuted and 
 imprisoned. Later he was given military commands, and 
 in 1569 led an expedition into the Orinoco valley in search 
 of El Dorado. Some accounts say that he died a cente- 
 narian in 1597. 
 
 Xincas (Hen'kas). All extinct tribe of Indians 
 of southern Guatemala, near the Pacific coast, 
 and close to the borders of Salvador, when found 
 
 by Alvarado in 1524, they were savages of a low grade, liv- 
 ing in villages built of wood and thatch. A small vocab- 
 ulary of their language which has been preserved appears 
 to indicate a distinct stock. It has been supposed that 
 the Xincas occupied the highlands of Guatemala previous 
 to the advent of the Quiches and Cakchiquels. 
 
 Xingii (shen-go'). A southern tributary of the 
 Amazon, in the states of Matto Grosso and 
 Para, Brazil. It, was explored by Von den Steinen in 
 1885. Length, about l,100miles;navigable for steamers 110 
 miles. Sometimes written Chingu. 
 
 Xiphias (zif'i-as). [L., ‘the Sword-fish.’] 1. 
 A constellation made by Petrus Theodori in 
 the 15th century, in the south pole of the eclip- 
 tic, and now named Dorado. — 2. In older au- 
 thors, a sword-shaped comet. 
 
 Xiquitos. Same as Chiquitos. 
 
 Xisuthrus (zi-so'thrus). According to Bero- 
 sus the historiographer of Chaldea, the name 
 of the last of the first decad of mythical kings 
 of Babylonia, who was advised by the gods to 
 save himself and his family from the deluge by 
 building a ship. He corresponds to the Noah 
 of Genesis and the Hasisatra of the cuneiform 
 account of the deluge. 
 
 With the Deluge the mythical history of Babylonia takes 
 a new departure. From this event to the Persian con- 
 quest was a period of 36,000 years, or an astronomical cy- 
 cle called saros. Xisuthros, with his family and friends, 
 alone survived the waters which drowned the rest of man- 
 kind on account of their sins. He had been ordered by 
 the gods to build a ship, to pitch it within and without, 
 and to stock it with animals of every species. Xisuthros 
 sent out first a dove, then a swallow, and lastly a raven, to 
 discover whether the earth was dry. The dove and the 
 swallow returned to the ship, and it was only when the 
 raven flew away that the rescued hero ventured to leave 
 his ark. He found that he had been stranded on the peak 
 of the mountain of Nizir, “the mountain of the world,” 
 whereon the Accadians believed the heaven to rest, — 
 where, too, they placed the habitatiou of their gods and 
 the cradle of their own race. Since Nizir lay among the 
 mountains of Pir Mam, a little south of Rowandiz, its 
 mountain must be identified with Rowandiz itself. On 
 its peak Xisuthros offered sacrifices, piling up cups of 
 wine by sevens ; and the rainbow, “ the glory of Auu,’ 
 appeared in heaven, in covenant that the world should 
 never again be destroyed by a flood. 
 
 Sayce, Anc. Empires, p. 106. 
 
 Xivaros. See Jivaros. 
 
 Xochicalco (Ho-che-kal'ko). A locality in 
 Mexico, 75 miles southwest of Mexico City, 
 noted for its ruins. The principal structure isatrun- 
 cated pyramid or mound with 5 terraces supported by 
 mason- work, and a walled area on the summit. Originally 
 there was a smaller stone pyramid on top, but most of 
 this has been carried away for building-material. 
 
 Xochimilco (Ho-che-mel'ko). [Nahuatl, ‘ field 
 of flowers.’] One of the lakes of the Mexican 
 valley, about 7 miles south-southeast of Mex- 
 ico City. It. is separated from Lake Chaleo by only a nar- 
 row causeway. At the time of the conquest it was nearly 
 or quite confluent with Lake Tezcuco, which surrounded 
 Mexico. 
 
 Xosa (kso'sa), or Amaxosa (a-ma-kso'sa). A 
 Bantu tribe of British South Africa. Their land 
 borders in the north on the Kei River, in the southeast on 
 the ocean, and in the south on Cape Colony. They are 
 closely related to the Zulus. Their language is one of the 
 oldest forms of Bantu speech. Owing to the custom of 
 “uku-hlonipa,” which forbids a female to pronounce the 
 name of any male relative, or even its emphatic syllable, 
 the women use a different vocabulary from that of the 
 men. The letter X in their name is the lateral click, simi- 
 lar to that used for urging foru r ard a horse. 
 
 XLiry (zu'ri). A servant of Robinson Crusoe: 
 a character in Defoe’s romance of that name. 
 
 X. Y. Z. Mission. An American embassy to 
 France in 1797, consisting of C. C. Pinckney, 
 Marshall, and Gerry. An attempt was made by three 
 French agents (disguised as X., Y., and Z.) to bribe them. 
 The correspondence was disclosed in 1798. 
 
 1074 
 
or Ij (I). An arm of the Zuy- 
 der Zee, near Amsterdam, 
 connected with the North 
 Sea by the North Sea Canal. 
 Y ablonoi (ya -blo-noi ' ) 
 Mountains. The name of 
 the Stanovoi mountain sys- 
 tem in its southwestern part. 
 Yacundas. See Jacundas. 
 Yadkin (yad'kin). The name of the Great Pe- 
 dee in North Carolina. 
 
 Yaguas (ya-gwas'), or Yahuas (ya-was'). In- 
 dians of northern Peru, on the upper Amazon 
 
 between Nauta and Pebas. They were gathered 
 into mission villages 1683-1727, but now live nearly in a 
 wild state. They go naked, or wear only a strip of bark 
 cloth about the loins, with feather ornaments on the 
 head and wrists. Their arms are lances, bows and arrows, 
 and blow-guns. Physically they are described as a hand- 
 some race, and rather light-colored; they are docile and 
 friendly to the whites. Two or three thousand remain. 
 The Yagua language appears to be of mixed origin ; it is 
 related to that of the Pebas. 
 
 Yahgans. See Fuegians. 
 
 Yahoos (ya-hoz'). [A made name, probably 
 meant to suggest disgust ; cf. yah, an interjec- 
 tion of disgust.] A name given by Swift, in 
 “ Gulliver’s Travels,” toafeignedrace of brutes 
 having the form of man and all his degrading 
 passions. They are placed in contrast with the Hou- 
 yhnhnms, or horses endowed with reason, the whole be- 
 ing designed as a satire on the human race. 
 
 Yahuas. See Yaguas. 
 
 Yahveh (ya-va/). [Heb. Yahveli or Yahweh.'] 
 The Hebrew name of God. See the extract. 
 
 There are two opinions as to what was the actual pro- 
 nunciation of the sacred name while Hebrew was still a 
 spoken language. On the one hand, we may gather from 
 the contemporary Assyrian monuments that it was pro- 
 nounced Yahu. Wherever an Israelitish name is met 
 with in the cuneiform inscriptions which, like Jehu or 
 Hezekiah is compounded with the divine title, the latter 
 appears as Yahu, Jehu being Yahua, and Hezekiah Kha- 
 zaki-yahu. Even according to the Masoretes it must be 
 read Yeho (that is, Y5hu) when it forms part of a proper 
 name. The early Gnostics, moreover, when they tran- 
 scribed it in Greek characters, wrote lad (that is, Yahd). 
 On the other hand, the four consonants, Y H V H, can 
 hardly have been pronounced otherwise than as Yahveh, 
 and this pronunciation is supported by the two Greek 
 writers Theodoret and Epiphanios, who say that the word 
 was sounded Yavd. The form Yahveh, however, is incom- 
 patible with the form Yahu (Yeho), which appears in 
 proper names ; and it has heen maintained that it is due 
 to one of those plays on words of which there are so many 
 examples in the Old Testament. The spelling with a final 
 h was adopted, it has been supposed, in order to remind 
 the reader of the Hebrew verb which signifies “to be," 
 and to which there seems to be a distinct allusion in 
 Exod. iii. 14. Sayce, Anc. Monuments, p. 75. 
 
 Yajurveda (ya-jor-va/da). See Veda. 
 
 Yaka (ya'ka), or Bayaka (ba-ya'ka). A Bantu 
 tribe of the French Kongo, back of the coast- 
 station Mayumba. They are also called Ban- 
 jaka. 
 
 Yakala (ya-ka'la), or Mayakala (ma-ya-ka/- 
 la), also called Mayaka. A Bantu tribe of the 
 lower Kuangu (Quango) valley, mostly in the 
 Belgian Kongo (lat. 6°-7° S.), but partly in An- 
 gola. Their king is called MuenePutuKassongo,orMuata 
 Yamvo Kassongo, and was nominally a vassal of the Muata 
 Yamvo of Lunda. The tribe forms, ethnically and lin- 
 guistically, the southern wing of the great Teke nation. 
 The Portuguese call them Malaccas, and in history they 
 appear as Jagas. 
 
 Yakima (yak'i-mii), or Yakama (yak'a-ma). 
 A tribe of North American Indians found in 
 1805 on the head waters of Cataract (or Kliki- 
 tat) and Tapteal (or Yakima) rivers, Washing- 
 ton. Of late the name Yakima includesa considerable pro- 
 portion of the tribes speaking the Shahaptian language 
 and probably originally having little connection with the 
 Yakima proper. There are now about 1,000 Yakima on the 
 reservation bearing their name in the State of Washing- 
 ton. See Shahaptian. 
 
 Yakima Pass. A pass over tho Cascade Moun- 
 tains in the State of Washington, about lat. 
 47° 20' N. Height, about 3,600 feet. It is 
 crossed by the Northern Pacific Railroad. 
 Yakima River. A river in the State of Wash- 
 ington which joins the Columbia above the 
 mouth of the Snake. Length, over 200 miles. 
 
 Yakonan (ya'ko-nan). A linguistic stock of Arctic Ocean east of the Lena. Length, about 
 North American Indians: named from a cor- 1,000 miles. 
 
 ruption of the name of the principal tribe, the Yanan (ya/nan), or Noje (no'zha), or Nozi 
 
 Yaquma or Yakwtna. It is composed of four tribes, 
 the Yaquina, Alsea, Siuslaw, and Kuitic or Lower Umpqua. 
 
 They formerly lived on the Yaquina, Alsea, Siuslaw, and 
 Umpqua rivers, in western Oregon: the survivors are now 
 on the Siletz reservation, Tillamook County, Oregon. 
 
 Yakone. See Yaquina. 
 
 Yakub Khan (ya-kob' khan). Born 1849. Son 
 of Shere Ali, and his successor as ameer of Yancey (yan si), William Lowndes. Born at 
 Afghanistan in 1879. He signed a treaty with the Ggeechee Shoals, Ga. ,^Aug. 10, 1814: died near 
 
 (no'ze). A linguistic stock of North American 
 Indians. They formerly lived from Round Mountain 
 near Pit River, Shasta County, to Deer Creek, Tehama 
 County, California; and are now almost extinct (they 
 numbered 35 in 1884). The stock consists of a single 
 tribe, the Yana. This tribe, to the number of nearly 3 , 000 , 
 was massacred by miners in 1864. 
 
 British in 1879. He was suspected of complicity in the 
 murder of the British envoy and others at Kabul on Sept. 
 3 in that year ; was sent as prisoner to India ; and was de- 
 posed in 1880. 
 
 Yakuts (ya-kots'). Apeople of Turkish or mixed 
 Turkish origin, dwelling in Siberia in the neigh- 
 borhood of the Lena. 
 
 Yakutsk (ya-kotsk'). 1 . A province of Siberia, 
 
 Montgomery, Ala., July 28, 1863. An Ameri- 
 can politician and lawyer. He was Democratic mem- 
 ber of Congress from Alabama 1844-46 ; became a leader 
 of the Southern advocates of secession ; was presidential 
 elector in 1856 ; withdrew from the Democratic National 
 Convention at Charleston in 1860 ; and reported the ordi- 
 nance of secession in the Alabama convention in 1861. He 
 was a Confederate agent in Europe and Confederate sen- 
 ator. 
 
 bounded by the Arctic Ocean, the Maritime Yang-chau (yang'chou'). A city in the prov- 
 
 Province, Amur, Transbaikalia, Irkutsk, and 
 Yeniseisk. The surface is largely table-land, crossed 
 by many mountain-ranges, and with tundras in the north. 
 It has important gold-mines. The inhabitants are princi- 
 pally Yakuts. Area, 1,530,253 square miles. Population, 
 308,300. 
 
 2. The capital of the province of Yakutsk, sit- 
 uated near the Lena about lat. 62° N., long. 
 130° E. Population, 6,535. 
 
 Yale (yal), Elihu. Born at or near Boston, 
 Mass., April 5, 1648: died in England, July 8, 
 1721 (buried at Wrexham, Wales). An Eng- 
 lish colonial official in India, governor of Fort 
 St. George, Madras. He gave a donation of books 
 and money (to the value of about £800) to the collegiate 
 school in New Haven, which was named for him Yale 
 College. 
 
 ince of Kiang-su, China, situated on the Grand 
 Canal 35 miles northeast of Nanking. Popu- 
 lation, estimated, about 360,000. 
 
 Yang-tse-Kiang (yang'ts // kyang'), or Yang- 
 tse, or Yang-tze (yang'ts). [Chin., ‘son of 
 the sea.’] The largest river of China, called 
 in its upper course the Kin-sha-Kiang, and 
 lower down the Ta-Kiang (‘great river’). 
 It rises in the mountains of northern Tibet about 
 lat. 36° N., long. 91° E. ; flows through Tibet and China ; 
 and empties into the Yellow Sea about lat. 31° 30' N. Its 
 chief tributaries are the Ya-lung, Min, Kia-ling, Han, Wu, 
 and Lake Toongting. It is connected by the Grand Canal 
 with the Yellow River. On it are Siuchu, Kweichow, 
 Ichang, Hankow, Kiu-kiang, Ganking, and Nanking. 
 Length, about 3,200 miles ; navigable to Ichang. 
 
 Yanina. See Janina. 
 
 Yale University. Afamousiustitutionoflearn- Yankee Doodle (yang'ke do'dl). An Ameri- 
 ingat New Haven, Connecticut, it was chartered *can national air, probably of English origin in 
 in 1701 as a collegiate school, and opened at Saybrook, (lie middle of the 18th century. Its traditional 
 
 Connecticut (though the classes were first held at Killing- ,,, ■ . ... . J. ! 
 
 worth and Milford). A new building was erected at New T , 1 S J. r l hnnl , 7 !l U 3 s '? r ? e0 . n m t ie French and 
 Haven, and in 1718 the college was transferred there and , Ir ‘ h ; ' ". ar > about 1755. The original name of the song, 
 called Yale Collegeon account of gifts received from Elihu “ ot the alr > was The Yankee 8 Kcturn from Camp. 
 
 Yale. It received a new charter in 1745, and in 1887 took Yankees (yang'kez). [Origin uncertain. Ac- 
 
 the name Yale University. Besides the academical de- cording to a common statement, Yankees is a 
 
 partment it includes schools of philosophy ; of medicine, 
 founded in 1812 ; of theology (Congregational), founded in 
 1822 ; of law, founded in 1824 ; the Peabody Museum of 
 Natural History ; the Sheffield Scientific School, begun in 
 1847 ; and the School of Fine Arts, founded in 1864. The 
 library contains about 450,000 volumes. It has about 600 
 instructors and 3,500 students. 
 
 Yalu, Battle of the. A naval engagement 
 between the Japanese under Vice-Admiral Ito 
 and the Chinese under Admiral Ting Ju Chang, 
 off the Yalu River, Korea, Sept. 17, 1894, in 
 which the Japanese were victorious. 
 
 var. of Yenkees or Yengees or Yaungliees, a name 
 said to have been given by the Massachuset 
 Indians to the English colonists, being, it is 
 supposed, an Indian corruption of the E. word 
 English, or, as some think, of the F. Anglais .] 
 1. Citizens of New England. — 2. By exten- 
 sion, natives of the United States : chiefly a 
 European use.— 3. Soldiers of the Federal ar- 
 mies : so called by the Confederates during the 
 Civil War. 
 
 , r , rcu <1.1, m • ,1 T ii. -D- Yankton (yangk'ton). A city in Yankton 
 
 Yama (ya-ma'). [Skt., ‘the Twin. ] In the Rig- County, South Dakota, situated at the junction 
 veda, the name of the god who rules m heaven G f the Dakota and Missouri rivers, in lat. 42° 
 over the blessed— the Manes, Fathers, or Pitns 51 ' N . . f orme rly a capital of the Territory of 
 —and is therefore called king. He is a son of Vivas- Dakota. Population, 3,787, (1910). 
 
 vant, the god of the dawning daylight or morning sun, who -r„j- a 1 • 1 ', o: „ 
 
 is also the father of the Ashvins. Post-Vedic times see in Yankton Indians. A tribe ot the Sioux, 
 him the ruler of the dead in the under world, and under- YaO (you), or vv ayao (wa-you ). A numerous 
 stand thy name as meaning ‘ Restrainer’: the real mean- Bantu tribe of Portuguese East Africa, be- 
 
 ing is ‘Twin.’ Yama and his sister Yami are the first 
 human pair, who have preceded all to the realm beyond. 
 
 Yamacraw (ya'ma-kra). A tribe of North 
 American Indians who lived on the lower Savan- 
 nah River, Georgia. They are best known through 
 their chief Tomochichi, who ivas so friendly to the Eng- 
 lish colony at Savannah that he was called theirprotector, 
 and was presented at the British court in 1733 by Ogle- 
 thorpe. See Muskhogean. 
 
 Yamasi (yiim'a-se), or Jamasee, or Eamuses. 
 A tribe of North American Indians who lived, at 
 the beginning of the 18th century, on the north 
 side of the lower Savannah River in South 
 Carolina. The name is from the Creek language, and 
 means ‘gentle’ or ‘peaceable.’ In 1715 they entered 
 
 tween the upper Rovuina River, the Lujende, 
 and a mountain-range east of Lake Nyassa. 
 They are rvell built and strong, and have round faces, 
 only slightly prognathic, but with a flat nose. The women 
 wear a small pelele in the pierced lip. Circumcision is 
 practised at the age of puberty, when the boys take a 
 new name. Four dialects of the language, called Kiyao, 
 are distinguished, and a Christian literature is coming 
 into existence. 
 
 Yap (yap), or Guap (gwap). An island in the 
 Caroline group, North Pacific Ocean. Length, 
 about 10 miles. The German flag was raised over Yap 
 in 1885 ; and the resulting dispute between Germany and 
 Spain was settled by Pope Leo XIII. in 1885 by the award 
 of the Carolines to Spain. In 1899 the group was pur- 
 chased by Germany. 
 
 into a conspiracy against the English colonists which in- YapOOS. See Fuegians. 
 eluded all the coast tribes as far north as Cape Fear : the Vnn-m -4 
 
 outbreak began with a massacre. After defeat they fled to xapuid,. L L , . . 
 
 the Spanish territory of Florida, where they rvere attacked xaqui(ya ke). bee ’ a/thU. 
 by the Creeks about 1733 and destroyed as a tribe, many Yaqui (yii'ko). A river in northwestern Mex- 
 being absorbed. See Creek and Muskhogean. j co which flows into the Gulf of California 
 
 Yampah (yam'pa) River, or Bear (bar) River, about lat. 27° 30' N. Length, 200-300 miles. 
 
 A river in northwestern Colorado which joins Yaquina (yii-kwin'ii), or Southern Killamuk. 
 Green River near tho Utah frontier. The leading tribe of the Yakonan stock of 
 
 Yana. A river in Siberia which flows into the North American Indians. The name means ‘tor- 
 
 1676 
 
Yaquina 
 
 tuous' or • winding,’ which is the characteristic of the 
 stream bearing this name. They formerly lived in 56 vil- 
 lages on both sides of Yaquina River, Oregon, and are 
 now on Siletz reservation, Oregon. They are so mixed 
 with other tribes that their number cannot be ascer- 
 tained. Also Yukwina, Youickone, Youkone, Iakon, Ya- 
 kone. See Yakonan. 
 
 Yare (yar). A river in Norfolk, England, which 
 unites with the Waveney to form the Breydon 
 near Yarmouth. 
 
 Yariba, See Yornba. 
 
 Yarkand (yar-kand'). The name given in part 
 of its course to the Tarin. 
 
 Yarkand, or Yarkend (yar-kend'). A city in 
 Eastern Turkestan, Chinese empire, situated on 
 the river Yarkand, about lat. 38° 25' N., in the 
 center of a rich oasis. It has important trade and 
 manufactures of leather, etc. It has been visited in re- 
 cent times by Shaw, Forsyth, and Carey. Population, esti- 
 mated, 60,000. 
 
 Yarmouth (yar'muth), or Great Yarmouth. 
 
 [ ‘ Mouth of the Yar or Yare.’] A seaport in Eng- 
 land, situated on the North Sea, at the mouths 
 of the Bure and Breydon, in lat. 52° 36' N., long. 
 1° 43' E. It has important herring, mackerel, cod, and 
 other fisheries, and active trade, and is noted for its cured 
 fish (“Yarmouth bloaters”). The Church of St. Nicho- 
 las is the largest parish church in England, measuring 230 
 by 112 feet. The oldest part of the existing building is the 
 nave (dating from 1190), in a style intermediate between 
 the Norman and the Early English. There is a lofty tower. 
 It is a frequented watering-place. Pop., 55,808, (1911). 
 Yarmouth. A seaport, capital of Yarmouth 
 County, at the western extremity of Nova Sco- 
 tia. Population, 6,600, (1911). 
 
 Yaroslaff (ya-ro-slav'). Died in 1054. Grand 
 prince of Kieff, son of Vladimir. He inherited 
 Novgorod in 1015 ; soon after made himself masterof Kieff ; 
 and later became ruler of the greater part of Russia. 
 
 Yaroslaff (ya-ro-slav'), or Yaroslavl (ya-ro- 
 slavl'). 1. A government of European Russia, 
 surrounded by the governments of Vologda, 
 Kostroma, Vladimir, Tver, and Novgorod, and 
 traversed by the Volga. It has important man- 
 ufactures. Area, 13,723 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 1,198,100. — 2. The capital of the gov- 
 ernment of Yaroslaff, situated on the Volga, 
 at its junction with the Kotorost, 165 miles 
 northeast of Moscow. It has considerable trade, and 
 important manufactures of cotton, linen, etc. Popula- 
 tion, 78,600. 
 
 Yarra-Yarra (ya'ra-ya'ra), or Yarra. A river 
 in Victoria, Australia, which flows into Port 
 Phillip Bay. On it Melbourne is situated. 
 Yarrell (yar'el), William. Bom at London, 
 June, 1784: died Sept. 1, 1856. An English 
 naturalist and sportsman, author of a “History 
 of British Fishes” (1835-36) and a “History of 
 British Birds” (1839-43). 
 
 Yarriba. See Yornba. 
 
 Yarrow (yar'o). A river in Selkirkshire, Scot- 
 land, which traverses the Loch of the Lowes 
 and St. Mary’s Loch, and joins the Ettrick near 
 Selkirk. Length, about 25 miles. Wordsworth 
 has written three poems on the subject. 
 
 Yasna (yas'na). See Avesta. 
 
 Yassy. See Jassy. 
 
 Yates (yats), Edmund Hodgson. Born July, 
 1831 : died May 20, 1894. An English journal- 
 ist and novelist. He retired from a position in the 
 London general post-office in 1872 ; lectured in the United 
 States 1S72-73 ; and went as special correspondent of the 
 “ New York Herald ’’ to Vienna, St. Petersburg, etc. , 1873- 
 1875. He was connected with various periodicals (“Our 
 Miscellany,” London “Daily News,” etc.); was editor of 
 “Temple Bar" till 1867, when he became editor of “Tins- 
 ley's Magazine” ; founded and edited the London “World” 
 with Grenville Murray in 1874 ; and was London corre- 
 spondent of the New York “Tribune” for a number of 
 years before bis death. Among his novels are “For Bet- 
 ter, for Worse " (1863), “Broken to Harness ” (1864), “Run- 
 ning the Gauntlet ” (1866), “ Kissing the Rod ” (1866), “The 
 Black Sheep ” (1867), “Wrecked in Port” (1869), “Casta- 
 way" (1872), “A Waiting Race ”(1872), “The Yellow Flag” 
 (1872), etc. In 1885 he published “Edmund Yates: his 
 Recollections and his Experiences." 
 
 Yates (yats), Richard. Born at Warsaw, Ky., 
 Jan. 18, 1818: died at St. Louis, Nov. 27, 1873. 
 An American politician. He was Whig member of 
 Congress from Illinois 1851-55; Republican governor of 
 Illinois 1861-65 (one of the “ war governors”); and United 
 States senator from Illinois 1865-71. 
 
 Yavary. See J ovary. 
 
 Yazd (yazd), or Yezd (yezd). A city in central 
 Persia, capital of the district of Yazd, situated 
 about lat. 32° N., at the intersection of several 
 important routes. It. is the center of the Persian 
 trade with India, and has manufactures of silk, cotton, 
 confectionery, etc. Population, estimated, 40,000-60,000. 
 
 Yazoo (ya'zii). A tribe of North American In- 
 dians who once lived on the river of the same 
 name in Mississippi. D'Iberville met them in 1699. 
 In 1730 they rose against the French, and were driven away, 
 losing their tribal identity. See Muskhogean. 
 
 Yazoo River. A river in Mississippi which is 
 formed by the Tallahatchie and Yalabusha riv- 
 
 1076 
 
 ers, and joins the Mississippi above Vicksburg. 
 Length, about 280 miles. 
 
 Ybbs. See Ips. 
 
 Yberville. See Iberville. 
 
 Yeadon (ye'don). A manufacturing town in 
 the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 8 miles 
 northwest of Leeds. Population, 7,059. 
 Yeamans (ye'manz), Sir John. Born at Bris- 
 tol, England, in 1610(f) : died in Barbados, 
 W. I., Aug., 1674. AnEnglisbeolonialgovernor. 
 He settled in Carolina in 1665, and attempted to found a 
 colony from Barbados, but was removed from the office of 
 governor in 1674. 
 
 Yeardley (yerd'li), Sir George. Born in Eng- 
 land about 1580: clied there, 1627. An English 
 colonial governor, governor of Virginia 1616, 
 1619-21, and 1626-27. He introduced repre- 
 sentative government. 
 
 Yeast: a Problem. A novel by Charles Kings- 
 ley, published in 1851: originally a serial in 
 “Fraser’s Magazine” in 1848. 
 
 Yed, or Jed (yed). [Ar. yed, the hand.] The 
 two stars <5 and e in the right hand of Ophiuchus: 
 6 is Yed prior, and e Yed posterior. 
 
 Yedo, or Yeddo. See Tolcio. 
 
 Yeisk, or Jeisk (ya'isk), or Eisk (a'isk). A 
 town in the province of Kuban, Russia, situ- 
 ated on an arm of the Sea of Azoff, 78 miles 
 west-southwest of Rostoff. It exports grain, 
 flax, and wool. Population, 35,414. 
 Yekaterinburg (ye-ka-te-ren-borg' ), or Ekate- 
 rinburg: (e-ka-te-ren-borg'), or Katharinen- 
 burg (ka-ta-ren-en-borg'). [‘ Catharine’s bor- 
 ough.’] A town in the government of Perm, 
 Russia, situated onthelsset, at the eastern base 
 of the Urals, 180 miles east-southeast of Perm. 
 It is on the Great Siberian Road ; is the headquarters of a 
 large mining region ; has extensive trade and large manu- 
 factures of metals, etc. ; and contains a government fac- 
 tory for polishing ornamental stones. It was founded by 
 Peter the Great in 1723. Population, 50,100. 
 
 Yekaterinodar (ye-ka-te-re-no-dar'), or Eka- 
 terinodar (e-ka-te-re-no-dar'). The capital of 
 the province of Kuban, Caucasia, Russia, sit- 
 uated on the Kuban, near fche junction of the 
 Karasuk, about lat. 45° N. It is the residence 
 of the hetman of the Kuban Cossacks. Popu- 
 lation, about 66,000. 
 
 Yekaterinograd (ye -kfi-te-re -no-grad'). A 
 town and fortress of Russia, on the left bank of 
 the Terek, 20 miles west of Mosdok. 
 Yekaterinoslaff (ye-ka-te-re-no-slav'), or Eka- 
 terinoslaff (e-ka-te-re-no-slav'). 1. A govern- 
 ment of southern Russia, surrounded by the 
 governments of Taurida, Kherson, Pultowa, 
 Kharkoff, the Province of the Don Cossacks, 
 and the Sea of Azoff. Area, 24,477 square 
 miles. Population, 2,866,800. — 2. The capital 
 of the government of Yekaterinoslaff, situated 
 on the Dnieper, about lat. 48° 25' N., above 
 the rapids. It was founded by Potemkin in 
 1786. Population, 135,552. 
 
 Yeletg, or Yeletz, or Jeletz (ye-lets'). Atown 
 in the government of Orel, Russia, situated on 
 the Sosna 108 miles east of Orel. It has a 
 large trade in grain, flour, and cattle. Popu- 
 lation, 49,900. 
 
 Yelisavetgrad, or Yelizavetgrad (ye-le-za- 
 vet-grad'), or Elizabefchgrad (e-le-za- bet- 
 grad'). A city in the government of Kherson, 
 Russia, situated on the Ingul 120 miles north 
 of Kherson. It has important markets. Popu- 
 lation, 61,488. 
 
 Yelisavetpol, or Yelizavetpol (ye-le-za-vet- 
 poly'), or Elizabetbpol (e-le-za-bet-poly'). 1. 
 A government in Transcaucasia, Russia. Area, 
 16,991 square miles. Population, 977,800. — 
 2. The capital of the government of Yelisa- 
 vetpol, situated on a tributary of the Kur, and 
 on the railway, 110 miles southeast of Tiflis. 
 It was formerly "named Ganja, and was an important 
 town. It was stormed by the Russians in 1804; and was 
 the scene of a victory by Paskevitch over the Persians in 
 1826. Population, 33,625. 
 
 Yell (yel). The second largest island of the 
 Shetland group, Scotland, situated north of 
 Mainland. Length, 17 miles. 
 
 Yellala. Falls (yel-la'la falz). A series of cas- 
 cades in the lower Kongo. 
 
 Yellowplush Papers. A collection of sketches 
 by Thackeray, published in 1841. They origi- 
 nally appeared in “Fraser’s Magazine” as “ The 
 Yellowplush Memoirs” in 1837. 
 
 Yellow River. 1. An epithet of the Tiber. — 2. 
 
 The Hwangho or Hoangho. 
 
 Yellow Sea, or Hwang-hai (hwang-hi'). An 
 arm of the Pacific Ocean, lying between China 
 and Corea. Its chief branches are Corea Bay and the 
 Gulfs of Pechili and Liautung. Extreme width, over 400 
 miles. 
 
 Yggdrasil 
 
 Yellowstone Lake (yel'6-ston lak). A lake in 
 the southern half of the Yellowstone National 
 Park, traversed by the Yellowstone River. 
 Elevation above sea-level, 7,740 feet. Length, 20 miles. 
 Greatest width, 15 miles. 
 
 Yellowstone National Park. A region set 
 
 apart as a public pleasure-ground by act of Con- 
 gress in 1872 : famous for its scenery, it lies mainly 
 in Wyoming and partly in Montana and Idaho, and con- 
 tains now about 3,500 square miles. It is a plateau and 
 mountain region, 7,000-11,000 feet above sea-level, and is 
 noted forits extraordinary geysers, canons, boiling springs, 
 etc. It is also a game-preserve. It was explored by an ex- 
 pedition under Washburne in 1870, and more fully by one 
 under Hayden in 1871. 
 
 Yellowstone River. A river which rises in the 
 northwestern part of Wyoming, traverses Yel- 
 lowstone Lake and the Yellowstone National 
 Park, flows through Montana, and joins the 
 Missouri in North Dakota near the frontier of 
 Montana. Below Yellowstone Lake are the Upper Fall 
 (112 feet) and Lower Fall (310 feet). Below the falls is the 
 famous Grand Canon of the Yellowstone, about 24-30 miles 
 long and 600-1,200 feet deep. Its tributaries Tower Creek 
 and Gardiner River also have noted falls. Length, 1,100 
 (1,300 ?) miles; navigable to the mouth of the Big Horn. 
 
 Yemassee (yem-a-se'), The. A novel by W. G. 
 
 Simms, published in 1835. 
 
 Yemen (yem'en). A region in southwestern 
 Arabia, between Hedjaz, Hadramaut, and the 
 Red Sea. In its most extended sense the name included 
 nearly all of Arabia (all south of Syria). It was anciently 
 the seat of the Sabaeans and Himyarites. It is now a vila- 
 yet of Asiatic Turkey. 
 
 Yendys. The pseudonym of Sydney Dobell : an 
 anagram of Sydney. 
 
 Yenikale (yen-e-ka'la), Strait of. A strait 
 which separates the Crimea from Circassia, and 
 connects the Sea of Azoff with the Black Sea: 
 the ancient Bosporus Cimmerius. 
 
 Yenisei (yen-e-sa'e). A river which rises in t he 
 northwestern part of Mongolia, traverses Si- 
 beria from south to north, and flows by the Gulf 
 of Yenisei into the Arctic Ocean east of the 
 Gulf of Obi. Its chief tributaries are the Kan, Angara 
 (from Lake Baikal), Podkamennaya Tunguska, and Lower 
 Tunguska. Length, over 3,000 miles ; navigable in its mid- 
 dle and lower course. 
 
 Yenisei, Bay or Gulf of. The estuary formed 
 by the mouth of the Yenisei. 
 
 Yeniseisk (yen-e-sa'isk). 1. A government of 
 Siberia, bounded by the Arctic Ocean, Yakutsk, 
 Irkutsk, the Chinese empire, Tomsk, and To- 
 bolsk. The surface is mountainous in the south and level 
 in the north. It is rich in mineral wealth. Capital, Kras- 
 noyarsk. Area, 981,607 square miles. Population, 689,700. 
 2. A town in the government of Yeniseisk, 
 situated on the Yenisei about lat. 58° N. Pop- 
 ulation, 11,506. 
 
 Yeo (yo), or Ivel (I'vel). A small river in Som- 
 ersetshire, England : a tributary of the Parret. 
 Yeoman’s Tale. See Canon’s Yeoman’s Tale. 
 Yeomen of the Guard, The, or the Merryman 
 and his Maid. An opera by Sir Arthur Sulli- 
 van, words by W. S. Gilbert, produced in 1888. 
 Yeovil (yo'vil). A town in Somersetshire, Eng- 
 land, situated on the Yeo 33 miles southwest of 
 Bath. It has manufactures of gloves. Popula- 
 tion, 9,861. 
 
 Yesso. See Yezo. 
 
 Yeye (ya'ye), or Bayeye (ba-ya'ye). A Bantu 
 tribe of British South Africa, dwelling north of 
 Lake Ngami, and still untouched by civilizing 
 influences. Their language, related to Herero, has 
 adopted three clicks from the Khoikhoin. They are also 
 called Bakhoba by their neighbors. 
 
 Yezd. See Yazd. 
 
 Yezdigerd, or Yesdigerd (yez'di-jerd), orYaz- 
 digerd (yaz'di-jerd), or Isdigerd (iz'di-jerd). 
 The name of several kings of Persia. The first 
 reigned about 399-420; the second about 438-457 ; and the 
 third, 632-641 : his armies were defeated at Kadisiya 
 (about 636) and Nehavend (about 641) by the Saracens, and 
 he was murdered about 651. 
 
 Yezidis, or Yezidees (ye-ze'dez). [From Yezid, 
 their reputed founder.] A sect or people dwell- 
 ing in Mesopotamia, in Asiatic Turkey: allied 
 to the Kurds. They hold beliefs derived from Moham- 
 medan and various other sources, and are commonly called 
 “ devil-worshipers.” 
 
 Yezo (yez'o), or Yesso (yes'so). The north- 
 ernmost of the four principal islands of Japan, 
 separated from the main island by the Strait 
 of Tsugaru. It contains many mountains and volca- 
 noes. Length, about 330 miles. Area, 36,299 square miles. 
 Population, about 1,000,000. 
 
 Ygerne. In Arthurian romance, the mother of 
 Arthur. 
 
 Yggdrasil (ig'dra-sil). [Also Ygdrasil, Ig- 
 drasil. Iggrdrasill ; Icel. Yggdra Syll ; cf. Yggr. 
 JJggr, a name of Odin; syll, sill.] In Scandina- 
 vian mythology, the ash-tree which binds to- 
 gether heaven, earth, and hell . Its branches spread 
 
Yggdrasil 
 
 over the whole earth and reach above the heavens. Its 
 roots run in three directions : one to the Asa gods in heaven, 
 one to the Frost-giants, and the third to the under world. 
 Under each root is a fountain of wonderful virtues. In 
 the tree, which drops honey, sit an eagle, a squirrel, and 
 four stags. At the root lies the serpent Nithhoggr gnaw- 
 ing it, while the squirrel Eatatoskr runs up and down to 
 sow strife between the eagle at the top and the serpent at 
 the root. Also called Tree of the IT niverse. 
 
 Ymir (e'mir). [ON.] In Old Norse mythology, 
 a mighty sea-giant, the first created being, who 
 arose through the interworking of heat and cold 
 in Ginnungagap, the primeval abyss. He was 
 slain by Odin and his brothers Vili and Ve, and hurled 
 into the midst of Ginnungagap. His flesh became the 
 land, his bones the mountains, his blood lakes and streams, 
 his hair the forests, his skull the heavens, and his brains 
 the clouds. Midgard was formed from his eyebrows. He 
 was also called Aurgelmir. 
 
 Yncas. See Incas. 
 
 Yoga(yo'ga). [Skt. yopa, from yuj, join.] The 
 fourth of the six systems of Hindu philosophy, or 
 the second of the two divisions of the Sankhya 
 system. Its alleged author is Patanjali, of whom nothing 
 is known. It is set forth in the Yogasutra, a little work in 
 four chapters, translated in part by Ballantyne and entire 
 by Rajendra Lala Mitra. The Yoga is commonly regarded 
 as a theistic development of the Sankhya, directly acknow- 
 ledging Ishvara, or a supreme being. The aim of it is to 
 teach the means by which the human soul may attain com- 
 plete union with the Supreme Soul. This fusion may be 
 effected even in the body. According to Patanj ali the very 
 word Yoga means ‘ fixing or concentrating the mind in 
 abstract meditation.' This is secured by preventing the 
 modifications of chitta, or the thinking principle, which 
 arise through the three pramanas, perception, inference, 
 and verbal testimony, as well as incorrect ascertainment, 
 fancy, sleep, and recollection. These modifications of 
 chitta are prevented by the constant habit of keeping the 
 mind in an unmodified state, and by complete suppression 
 of the passions. This last, vairagya, is obtained by con- 
 templation of the Supreme Being, who is a spirit unaffected 
 by works and affections, and is called Om, the repetition 
 of which monosyllable has astonishing results, and the 
 muttering of which, with reflection on its meaning, con- 
 duces to a knowledge of the Supreme, and tends to prevent 
 all the obstacles to Yoga. The means of mental concentra- 
 tion are eight : (1) Forbearance or restraint ; (2) religious 
 observances ; (3) postures ; (4) suppression of the breath, or 
 breathing in a peculiar way; (5) restraint of the senses; 
 (6) steadying of the mind; (7) contemplation ; (8) profound 
 meditation or religious trance, this last being best attained, 
 according to the Bhagavadgita (VI. 13), by fixing the eyes 
 on the tip of the nose, and similar devices. The system, 
 a contrivance for getting rid of all thought, is a compound 
 of ascetic bodily and mental exercises. 
 
 Yogin (yo-gin' or vo'gin), or Yogi (yo-ge' or 
 yo'ge). [Skt., from yoga (which, see), yogin 
 being the stem of the substantively used pos- 
 sessive adjective, and yogi its nominative sin- 
 gular masculine.] A follower of the Yoga sys- 
 tem ; a Hindu devotee or ascetic. 
 
 Yokohama (yo-ko-ha'ma). A seaport on the 
 main island of Japan, situated on the Bay of 
 Yedo, 16 miles southwest of Tokio, in lat. 35° 
 26' N., long. 139° 36' E. It is the most important of 
 the Japanese treaty ports and has a large foreign trade. 
 It is connected by rail with Tokio, and is a port of call or 
 terminus of the Pacific Mall, Canadian Pacific, and other 
 lines of steamers. At the time of the opening of the neigh- 
 boring Kanagawa as a treaty port (about 1859) it was a 
 fishing village ; the settlement was soon transferred from 
 Kanagawa to it. Population, 394,303. 
 
 Yokut, or Yocut (yo'kut). [PI., also Yokuts.'] 
 The southern division of the Mariposan stock 
 of North American Indians, formerly embrac- 
 ing a number of tribes whose remnants are 
 now under the Mission agency, California. See 
 Mariposan. 
 
 Yonge (yung), Charles Duke. Bom 1812: died 
 Nov. 30, 1891. An English historical writer and 
 classical scholar. He published an “ English-Greek 
 Lexicon” (1849), a new Latin “Gradus ad Parnassian” 
 (1850), with an appendix of Latin epithets (1856), “ A New 
 Phraseological English Latin and Latin-English Diction- 
 ary ” (1855), histories of England (1856), the British navy 
 (1863), France under the Bourbons (1866-07), and the Eng- 
 lish Revolution (1874), and lives of Liverpool (1868), 
 Marie Antoinette (1870), “Life of SirWalter Scott "(1888), 
 etc. 
 
 Yonge, Charlotte Mary. Born at Otterbourne, 
 England, 1823: died there, March 24, 1901. An 
 English novelist and historical and miscellane- 
 ous writer. Her works include “Heir of Redclyffe’’ 
 (18o3), “ Daisy Chain ’’ (1856), “Kings of England ’’ (1848), 
 “ Landmarks of History " (1852-57), “ History of Christian 
 Names" (1863),anumberof volumes of stories from the his- 
 tories of different countries, and numerous novels, etc. 
 Yonkers (yongk'erz or yungk'erz). A city in 
 Westchester County, New York, situated on the 
 Hudson about 15 miles by rail north of Now 
 York city. It has varied manufactures. Pop- 
 ulation, 79,803, (1910). 
 
 Yonne (yon). A river in Prance which rises 
 near the eastern border of Nievrc, flows north- 
 west, and joins the Seine at Montereau: the 
 ancient Icauna. It is connected by canals with 
 the Saone and Loire. Length, 171 miles ; navi- 
 gable to Auxerre. 
 
 Yonne. A department of France, bounded by 
 Seine-et-Marne, Aube, Cdte-d’Or, Niilvre, anil 
 
 1077 
 
 Loiret. Capital, Auxerre. It has agricultural re- 
 sources and mineral wealth, and produces Burgundy 
 wines. It was formed from parts of the ancient Cham- 
 pagne, Burgundy, and Gatinais. Area, 2,892 square miles. 
 Population, 315,199. 
 
 Yorick (yor'ik). 1. The king’s jester whose 
 skull is apostrophized by Hamlet in Shakspere’s 
 “Hamlet,” v. 1. — 2. The pseudonym of Lau- 
 rence Sterne in “ A Sentimental Journey.” — 
 3. A humorous parson, in Sterne’s “Tristram 
 Shandy,” who claims descent from Shakspere’s 
 Yorick. 
 
 Yorick’s Love. A tragedy by W. D. Howells, 
 on the basis of a Spanish original, produced 
 by Lawrence Barrett in 1885. 
 
 York (york). [L .Ehoracumf] A city and county, 
 capital of Yorkshire, situated at the junction of 
 the Foss with the Ouse, in lat. 53° 57', N., long. 
 1° 5' W. : the seat of an archbishopric. The 
 cathedral (York Minster) is one of the chief English ca- 
 thedrals, of Norman foundation, but entirely rebuilt in 
 subsequent medieval periods. The transepts are fine, 
 particularly the south transept, built in the first half of 
 the 13th century: it displays three tiers of arcades, in- 
 creasing in size upward, and the rich gable is almost' en- 
 tirely occupied by a beautiful rose. The square towers of 
 the much-paneled west front are of the 15th century, as is 
 the massive central tower ; the Perpendicular choir and 
 Lady chapel are of the 14th. The interior is highly im- 
 pressive from its size and height. The elaborate vaulting 
 is of wood. A massive sculptured rood-screen separates 
 the nave, from the choir. Tire Perpendicular window 
 which fills almost the whole east end measures 78 by 33 
 feet, being surpassed only by that at Gloucester. The 
 north transept possesses the celebrated group of lancets 
 known as the Five Sisters. The cathedral possesses more 
 old glass (14th and 15th centuries) than any other in Eng- 
 land. Among its tombs that of Archbishop Grey (1255) is 
 the most remarkable. The dimensions are 525 by 110 feet; 
 length of transepts, 222 ; height of vaulting, 100 ; of western 
 towers, 201 feet. The octagonal Decorated chapter-house, 
 without central pillar, is of exceptional beauty. Mickle- 
 gate Bar is one of the six medieval city gates. It is a high 
 square battlemented tower, with bartizans on the angles, 
 whose arch spans the roadway. Besides the cathedral 
 there are several interesting churches, St. Mary’s Abbey, 
 and a castle. York was the capital of Britain during the 
 Roman occupation ; was visited by Hadrian ; and was the 
 place of death of Severus and Constantius Chlorus. In 
 York Constantine was proclaimed emperor. Later it was 
 the capital of Northumbria and Deira, and an important 
 Danish city. It was an early seat of learning. It was taken 
 by William the Conqueror in 1038 ; revolted and was re- 
 taken by him in 1069 ; was the meeting-place of several par- 
 liaments ; and was besieged and taken by the Parliamen- 
 tarians in 1644. Population, 82,297, (1911). 
 
 York (County). See Yorkshire. 
 
 York. The former name of Toronto. 
 
 York. The capital of York County, Pennsyl- 
 vania, situated on Codorus Creek 22 miles 
 southeast of Harrisburg. It has manufactures 
 of cars, agricultural implements, etc. In 1777- 
 1778 it was the seat of the Continental Con- 
 gress. Population, 44,750, (1910). 
 
 York, Cape. Til© northern point of York Pe- 
 ninsula, Australia, in lat. 10° 41' S., long. 142° 
 33' E. 
 
 York, Cape. A cape in Hayes Peninsula, Green- 
 land, near the northern part of Baffin Bay. 
 York, Duke of. The title borne by Henry VIII. 
 and Charles I. previous to the death of their 
 elder brothers, and by James II. and George 
 V. before accession to the throne. 
 
 York, Duke of. See Langley, Edmund de. 
 York, Duke of (Frederick Augustus). Bom 
 Aug. 16, 1763: died Jan. 5, 1827. Second son 
 of George in. He commanded the unsuccessful Brit- 
 ish expedition to the Netherlands 1793-95 ; was made field- 
 marshal in 1795 and commander of the forces in 1798 ; com- 
 manded the unsuccessful expedition to the Netherlands 
 in 1799; capitulated at Alkmaar Oct. 17, 1799; and was 
 obliged on account of scandal to resign in 1809, but was 
 reinstated in 1811. lie opposed Catholic emancipation. 
 From 1704 to 1803 he was prince-bishop of Osnabiiick. 
 
 York, Duke of (Richard). Killed at the battle 
 of Wakefield, 1460. An English statesman, son 
 of Richard (earl of Cambridge) and Anne Mor- 
 timer. He was constable of England and regent of 
 France under Henry VI.; later was lieutenant of Ireland ; 
 was protector during the imbecility of Henry VI.; and 
 was dismissed from office in 1455. He laid claim to the 
 heirship to the throne, and precipitated the Wars of the 
 Roses in that year. In 1460 he was again for a short time 
 protector, and by a compromise was recognized as heir to 
 the throne ; hut this compromise was rejected by Queen 
 Margaret, and York was defeated and slain at Wakefield. 
 
 York, Duke of (Richard). Born 1472: mur- 
 dered in the Tower, 1483. Second son of Ed- 
 ward IV. 
 
 Y ork, House of. A branch of the English royal 
 dynasty of Plantagenet, descended from Lionel, 
 duke of Clarence, third son of Edward III., 
 and Edmund, duke of York, fifth son of Edward 
 ITT. The head of the house was Richard, duke of York 
 (killed 1460). His sons Edward IV. and Richard III., and 
 grandson Edward V., were kings of England 1461-85. The 
 descendants of Edward IV. ’s brother (Duke of Clarence) 
 and sister (Elizabeth) became claimants after 1485. The 
 last serious claimant was Richard de la l’ole (died 1526). 
 See Wars of the Rotes. 
 
 Yosemite Falls 
 
 York, Vale of. The central valley of Yorkshire, 
 England, noted for its fertility. 
 
 York and. Lancaster, Wars of. See Wars of 
 
 the Roses. 
 
 Yorke (york), Oliver. The pseudonym (origi- 
 nally that of Mahony) under which “Fraser’s 
 Magazine” is edited. 
 
 York House. A former palace in London, situ- 
 ated on the Strand west of Salisbury House and 
 the Savoy: a town residence of the archbishops 
 of York after Wolsey. It should not be confounded 
 with York Place. The only archbishop who actually re- 
 sided here was Heath, Queen Mary’s chanceUor. It bt 
 , came the official residence of chancellors and keepers of 
 the great seal; hence Sir Nicholas Bacon went to reside 
 there and Francis Bacon was born there. The first Duke 
 of Buckingham obtained the property from James I., and 
 proposed to build a palace from the designs of Inigo Jones : 
 only the water-gate was built. See Whitehall Palace. 
 York Peninsula. A peninsula in South Aus- 
 tralia, between Spencer Gulf and the Gulf of 
 St. Vincent. Length, about 120 miles. 
 
 York Place. A name formerly given to White- 
 hall Palace, London. 
 
 Y ork Plays or Mysteries. A cycle of 48 plays 
 performed by the Crafts or Mysteries of York 
 on Corpus Christi Day, in the 14th, 15th, and 
 16t.h centuries. The earliest mention of them is in 1370, 
 when they had already been established some years. They 
 were printed in 1885 by Lucy Toulmin Smith from the 
 unique MSS. in the library of Lord Ashburnham. 
 
 York River. A river or estuary in Virginia, 
 formed by the union of the Mattapony and Pa- 
 munkey rivers at West Point. Length, 35-40 
 miles. 
 
 Yorkshire (york'shir). The largest county in 
 England. It is bounded by Durham (from which it is 
 separated by the Tees), the North Sea, Lincolnshire (sepa- 
 rated by the Humber), Nottingham, Derby, Cheshire, Lan- 
 cashire, and Westmoreland; and comprises the admin- 
 istrative divisions of North Riding, East Riding, West 
 Riding, and the City of York. It is traversed in the west 
 by the Pennine chain, and its surface is greatly diversified. 
 It has important mines of coal, iron, and other minerals ; 
 flourishing agriculture, especially in the Vale of York, 
 Cleveland, and Holderness ; and manufactures of woolens, 
 worsted, iron, steel, etc. It contains the large towns 
 Leeds, Sheffield, Hull, Bradford, York, Huddersfield, and 
 Halifax. It belonged to the Brigantes ; after the Roman 
 occupation formed the kingdom of Deira and part of 
 Northumbria; and was the scene of numerous Scottish 
 raids, of battles in the Wars of the Roses, of the “ Pilgrim- 
 age of Grace ” in 1636, of an insurrection in 1569, and ol the 
 "battle of Marston Moor in 1644. Area (ad. co.), 6,909.6 
 square miles. Population (pari, co.), 3,584,762. 
 
 Yorkshire Tragedy, A. A play produced and 
 printed in 1608, founded on an event which oc- 
 curred in 1604. It has been attributed to Shakspere, as 
 his name appeared in full on the title-page in the 1608 
 edition ; but it is thought to have been addedfor the bene- 
 fit of the bookseller. 
 
 Yorktown (york'toun). The capital of York 
 County, Virginia, situated on York River 51 
 miles east-southeast of Richmond. Here, in 1781, 
 the British under Cornwallis were besieged by the allied 
 Americans and French under WashingtonandRochambeau, 
 aided by the French fleet under De Grasse. Yorktown 
 was invested by the end of Sept. ; the first parallel was 
 established Oct. 9 ; an unsuccessful sortie was made Oct. 
 16 ; and the British (about 8,000) surrendered Oct. 19. This 
 event virtually closed the Revolutionary War. Here also 
 occurred, during the Civil War, the siege of the Confeder- 
 ates under Magruder, and later under Johnston, by the 
 Federals under McClellan. It was begun April 6, 1862, 
 and Yorktown was evacuated by the Confederates on 
 May 4. Population, 136, (1910). 
 
 York von Wartenburg ( york f on viir'ten-borG), 
 Count Hans David Ludwig. Born at Pots- 
 dam, Prussia, Sept. 26, 1759: died at Klein- 
 Ols, Silesia, Oct. 4, 1830. A Prussian field-mar- 
 shal. He served in the Polish campaign of 1794 ; com- 
 manded the rear-guard after Jena in 1806 ; was imprisoned 
 at Lubeck ; commanded the Prussian contingent in the 
 expedition to Russia in 1812; concluded the convention 
 of Tauroggen with the Russians, Dec. 30, 1812 ; was dis- 
 tinguished as a corps commander 1813-14; served at 
 Bautzen, and contributed to the victory of Katzbach ; 
 crossed the Elbe at Wartenburg, Oct. 3, 1813 ; was dis- 
 tinguished at Mockern in 1813, and at Montmirail, Laon, 
 and Paris in 1814 ; and became a field-marshal in 1821. 
 
 Yoruba (yo'ro-ba), or Yariba (ya're-ba). A 
 once powerful negro kingdom, now much re- 
 duced and included in the British sphere of in- 
 fluence. It occupies the eastern half of the Slave Coast, 
 between Dahomey and Benin, and extends northeastward 
 as far as the Niger. In the beginning of the 19th cen- 
 tury the northern portion was annexed by the conquer- 
 ing Fulalis of Gando : several defections have followed. 
 The Yoruba people call themselves Eyo ; in Sierra Leone 
 they go by the name of Aku. They are an intelligent and 
 enterprising tribe, living in large and semi-civilized com- 
 munities. The ancient capital, Oyo, is said to have 70,000 
 and Ibadan 50,000 inhabitants. There is a colony of Yo- 
 ruba-mcn at Kano in Hausaland. A majority of the Sierra 
 Leonians are of Yoruba descent, and a large proportion of 
 the North American negroes are of Yoruba extraction, or 
 at least come from the Slave Coast. 
 
 Yosemite (yo-sera'i-te) Falls. The three falls 
 of Yosemite Creek. The first is 1,500 feet high ; 
 the second, 626, in a series of cascades ; and the 
 third, 400 feet. 
 
Yosemite Valley 
 
 Yosemite Valley. [Amer. Ind.,‘ valley of the 
 grizzly bear.’] A valley in the west slope of 
 the Sierra Nevada, about 150 miles east of 
 San Francisco, in Mariposa County, California : 
 famous for its sublime scenery, its length is 
 about 8 miles ; width, 4 mile-2 miles. It is nearly inclosed 
 by walls of rock 3,000 to 5,000 feet high, and is traversed by 
 the Merced River. The chief heights are El Capitan, 
 Cathedral Rock, the Spires, the Three Brothers, Sentinel 
 Rock, the North Dome, the Half Dome, and the Cap of 
 Liberty ; the noted falls are Yosemite Falls, the Bridal 
 Veil Fall, Vernal Fall, and Nevada Fall. The valley was 
 discovered in 1851. In 1864 Congress granted it, with adja- 
 cent territory for two miles about it, to the State of Cali- 
 fornia, on condition that it should be held as a State park, 
 and in 1905 the State ceded it back to the United States 
 Government, and it was accepted by Congress in 1906. 
 Yosemite National Park includes the water-sheds and 
 basins of the rivers of the Yosemite Valley. 
 
 Youghal (ya'hal or yal). A seaport in the 
 county of Cork, Ireland, situated on the Black- 
 water 22 miles east of Cork. Population, urban 
 district, 5,393. 
 
 Youmans (yo'manz), Edward Livingstone. 
 
 Born at Coeymaus, N. Y., June 3, 1821: died 
 at New York city, Jan. 18, 1887. Aji American 
 Scientist. He founded the “Popular Science Monthly ” 
 in 1872; planned the “International Scientific Series"; 
 and published a “Chemical Chart ” (1S51), “Class-book of 
 Chemistry ” (1852), “Atlas of Chemistry "(1854), and “ Hand- 
 book of Household Science ” (1857). In 1864 he published 
 “The Correlation and Conservation of Forces," a series of 
 articles by prominent scientists on the new theory of forces, 
 with an introduction. He also edited “The Culture De- 
 manded by Modern Life " in 1867, and was instrumental 
 in the publication of Herbert Spencer's works in America, 
 especially in popularizing his theory of evolution. His 
 Bister acted as his amanuensis from 1845 on account of 
 the failure of his eyesight. 
 
 Youmans, Eliza A. Born at Saratoga, 1826. 
 An American botanist, sister of E. L. Youmans. 
 Young (yung), Arthur. Born in Suffolk, Eng- 
 land, Sept. 11, 1741 : died at London, April 20, 
 1820. An English traveler and noted agricul- 
 tural and economic writer. He was engaged (un- 
 successfully) in farming, and was appointed secretary 
 of the Board of Agriculture in 1793. He is best known 
 from his accounts of travels in England, Wales, and Ire- 
 land, and especially in France (1787-89), during which he 
 observed closely and scientifically the condition of agri- 
 culture. His works include “A Six Weeks’ Tour through 
 the Southern Counties of England and Wales ” (1768), “ A 
 Six Months’ Tour through the North of England ” (1771), 
 “ A Farmer’s Tour through the East of England ” (1770-71), 
 “A Course of Experimental Agriculture” (1770), “The 
 Farmer’s Calendar” (1771), “Political Arithmetic ” (1774), 
 “ A Tour in Ireland ’’ (1780), “ Travels in France,” his chief 
 work (1792-94). He edited “Annals of Agriculture.” 
 
 Young, Brigham. Born at Whitingham, Vt., 
 June 1, 1801 : died at Salt Lake City, Aug. 29, 
 1877. A Mormon leader, president of the Mor- 
 mon Church. In early life he was by trade a carpenter, 
 painter, and glazier in Mendon, New York. He was con- 
 verted to Mormonism in 1831 ; began to preach in 1832, and 
 in that year joined the Mormons at Kirtland, Ohio ; was 
 made an elder in 1832, and an apostle in 1835 ; and was 
 chosen president of the churcli as successor to Smith in 
 1844. He conducted the emigration from Nauvoo to Utah 
 1846-48 ; was elected governor of “Deseret” in 1849 ; and 
 was appointed governor of Utah Territory by President 
 Fillmore. In 1852 he proclaimed the doctrine of polyg- 
 amy. He defied the United States government, and was 
 removed from the governorship by President Buchanan. 
 In 1871 he was indicted for polygamy, but was not con- 
 victed. At his death he had 17 wives. He was head of 
 the secret order of Danites (which see). 
 
 Young, Charles Augustus. Born at Hanover, 
 N. H., Dec. 15, 1834: died there, Jan. 4, 1908. 
 A noted American astronomer. He graduated at 
 Dartmouth in 1853 ; and became professor at Western Re- 
 serve College in 1856, at Dartmouth in 1865, and (of as- 
 tronomy) at Princeton in 1877. He was especially noted 
 for his researches on the sun. He wrote “ The Sun” (1882), 
 “ A Text-book of General Astronomy ’’ (1888). 
 
 Young, Charles Mayne. BornatLondon, Jan. 
 10, 1777 : died at Brighton, June 28, 1856. An 
 English actor. He made his regular debut at Liver- 
 pool in 1798. A year later he was leading man at Man- 
 chester. His repertoire was large, including Don Felix in 
 “ The Wonder," Rolla in “ Pizarro,” Penruddock in “ The 
 Wheel of Fortune,” Petruchio, Sir Edward Mortimer in 
 “The Iron Chest,” etc. His greatest success was in Kem- 
 ble's celebrated revival of “ Julius Cassar” in 1812. His 
 farewell benefit occurred at Covent Garden, May 31, 1832, 
 when he appeared as Hamlet and, in his honor, Mathews 
 appeared as Polonius and Macready as the Ghost. 
 
 Young, Edward. Born at Upham, near Win- 
 chester, England, June, 1683: died April 5, 
 1765. An English poet. He was educated at Ox- 
 ford, and in 1730 became rector of Welwyn in Hertford- 
 shire. His chief poetical work is “Night Thoughts” 
 (1742-45). He also wrote satires under the title “Love of 
 Fame, the Universal Passion ” (1725-28), the dramas “ Bu- 
 eiris ” (1719) and “ The Revenge " (1721), etc. 
 
 Young, Edward Daniel. Born 1831: died 
 1896. An English traveler in Africa. In 1867 
 he commanded the Livingstone search expedi- 
 tion ; he explored the Lake Nyassa region in 
 1875, and wrote “Nyassa” (1877). 
 
 Young, John, Baron Lisgar. Born in Bombay, 
 Aug. 31, 1807 : died in Ireland, Oct. 6, 1876. *A 
 
 1078 
 
 British politician. He was secretary of the treasury 
 1844-46 ; chief secretary for Ireland 1862-56; later lord high 
 commissioner of the Ionian Islands and governor of New 
 South Wales ; and governor-general of Canada 1868-72. 
 Young, John Russell. Born at Downingtown, 
 Pa., Nov. 20, 1841: died at Washington, D. C., 
 Jan. 17, 1899. An American journalist. He was 
 connected successively with the Philadelphia “ Press,” 
 New York “Tribune,” and “ New York Herald” ; accom- 
 panied Grant in his tour around the world; was United 
 States minister to China 1882-85 ; and librarian of Con- 
 gress 1897-99. He published “Around the World with 
 General Grant” (1879). 
 
 Young, Robert. Born at Edinburgh, Sept. 10, 
 1822 : died there, Oct. 14, 1888. A Scottish bib- 
 lical scholar, best known from his “Analytical 
 Concordance to the Bible.” 
 
 Young, Thomas. Born at Milverton, Somerset, 
 England, June 13, 1773 : died at London, May 10, 
 1829. A celebrated English physicist, mathema- 
 tician, and general scholar. He studied medicine at 
 London, Edinburgh, Gottingen, and Cambridge, hut did not 
 practise his profession. He became professor at the Royal 
 Institution in 1801 ; was foreign secretary of the Royal So- 
 ciety for many years ; and was secretary of the Board of 
 Longitude (which conducted the “Nautical Almanac”). 
 He discovered the law of the interference of light, which 
 contributed largely to the establishment of the undula- 
 tory theory of light; suggested the theory of color-sensa- 
 tion afterward developed by Helmholtz; and made some 
 progress in the deciphering of the Egyptian hieroglyphics. 
 Among his works are “Syllabus of a Course of Lectures” 
 (1802), “ Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the 
 Mechanical Arts ” (1807), articles on Egyptology, etc. 
 
 Young Adventurer, The. A title given to 
 Prince Charles Edward Stuart on account of 
 his leading the desperate insurrection of 1745. 
 Young Chevalier, The. Charles Edward Stu- 
 art, son of the Pretender. 
 
 Young England. A group of Tory politicians, 
 chiefly recruited from the younger members of 
 the aristocracy, who, about 1844, opposed free 
 trade and radicalism, and advocated the resto- 
 ration of the former order of things. Among 
 their leaders were Disraeli and Lord John 
 Manners. 
 
 Young Germany. A literary and political school 
 in Germany, of innovating tendencies. Its chief 
 representative was Heine. 
 
 Young Ireland. A group of Irish politicians 
 and agitators, active about 1840-50, who were 
 at first adherents of O’Connell, but were sepa- 
 rated from him by their advocacy of physical 
 force, and took part in the rising of 1848. 
 Young Italy. An association of Italian repub- 
 lican agitators, active about 1834 under the lead 
 of Mazzini. Analogous republican groups in other 
 countries were called Young Germany, Young Poland , 
 Young France, etc., and these republican associations col- 
 lectively were known as Young Europe. 
 
 Young Pretender, The. Charles Edward Stu- 
 art, son of the Pretender (or Old Pretender). 
 Youngstown (yungz'toun). A city in Maho- 
 ning Coimty, Ohio, situated on Mahoning River 
 62 miles east-southeast of Cleveland, it has 
 flourishing iron manufactures, and is the center of a coal- 
 mining region. Population, 79,066, (1910). 
 
 Ypres (e'pr). [Flem. Yperen or Ieperen, G. 
 Ypern.'] A town in the province of West Flan- 
 ders, Belgium, on the Yperl6e 29 miles south- 
 west of Bruges. It has manufactures of linen, laces, 
 etc. The cathedral of Ypres is of the first half of the 13th 
 century. The south transept has a fine rose-window and 
 a richly decorated gable : its doors are good examples of 
 late medieval carving. The Cloth Hall, the chief edifice 
 of its class in Belgium, was built in the course of the 13th 
 century. The facade is 460 feet long, and has two ranges 
 of pointed windows. At each end rises a turret, and in the 
 middle stands the massive square turreted belfry. The 
 facade is adorned with statues of the counts of Flanders 
 and their wives. Ypres was once the capital of West 
 Flanders. It was famous, especially about the 14th cen- 
 tury, for its linens and woolens, and was one of the largest 
 towns in the Low Countries. Population, commune, 17,287. 
 Ypsilanti (ip-si-lan'ti). A city in Washtenaw 
 County, Michigan, situated on Huron River 29 
 miles west by south of Detroit. It is the seat 
 of the State normal school. Population, 6,230, 
 (1910), 
 
 Yriarte. See Iriarte. 
 
 Yrun. See Irun. 
 
 Ysaye (e-si'ye), Eugene. Born at Liege, 1858. 
 A Belgian composer and noted violinist. He 
 came to America in 1894 and in 1912. 
 Ysengrimus. See Reynard the Fox. 
 
 Ysolae, Ysonde. See Iseult. 
 
 Ysopet. See the extract. 
 
 . . . The Ysopet of Marie de France . . . may be said to 
 be a link of juncture between the Fabliau and the Roman 
 du Renart. Ysopet (diminutiveof JEsop) became a common 
 term in the middle ages for a collection of fables. That 
 of Marie is by far the most important. It consists of 103 
 pieces, written in octosyllabic couplets, with moralities, 
 and a conclusion which informs us that the author wrote 
 it “for the love of Count William" (supposed to be Long- 
 Sword), translating it from an English version of a Latin 
 
 Yunnan 
 
 translation of the Greek. Marie’s graceful style and her 
 easy versification are very noticeable here, while her mor- 
 als are often well deduced and sharply put. 
 
 Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 60. 
 
 Yssel (I'sel). The name of several streams in 
 the Netherlands. Among them are : (a) The Nieuwe 
 Yssel, an arm of the Rhine, from which it separates east 
 of Arnhem. It joins the Oude Yssel at Doesburg, and 
 flows as the Yssel into the Zuyder Zee 43 miles east by 
 north of Amsterdam. It receives the Berkel and Sehip- 
 Beek. Length, about 70 miles ; navigable. (6) The Neder 
 Yssel (Little or Dutch Yssel), an arm of the Leek, from 
 which it separates at Vianen. It flows into the Meuse 
 above Rotterdam. 
 
 Ystad (is'tad or tis'tad). A seaport in the laen 
 of Malmohus, Sweden, situated on the Baltic 
 49 miles east-southeast of Copenhagen. Popu- 
 lation, 10,860. 
 
 Yuba (yo'ba) River. A small river in Califor- 
 nia, tributary of Feather River and subtribu- 
 tary of Sacramento River. 
 
 Yucatan (yo-ka-tan'). A peninsula of Mexico, 
 comprising the states of Yucatan and Cam- 
 peche. It is bounded by the Gulf of Mexico, the Chan- 
 nel of Yucatan, the Caribbean Sea, British Honduras, 
 Guatemala, and Tabasco. The surface is low. A large pro- 
 portion of the inhabitants are Mayas, and the region is fa- 
 mous for its ruins, including Uxmal, Kabah, Chichen-Itza, 
 and Ak6 (see these names and Mayas). The coast of Yu- 
 catan was discovered by Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba, 
 May 4, 1517, in the course of a voyage of adventure from 
 Cuba ; it was conquered by Spaniards 1527-47 ; became 
 independent in 1821; was annexed to Mexico in 1822 ; and 
 was independent 1840-43. In 1847-53 there was a formi- 
 dable Indian revolt. 
 
 Yucatan. A state in Mexico, forming the east- 
 ern and northern part of the peninsula of Yu- 
 catan. Capital, Merida. Area, 35,214 square 
 miles. Population, 337,020 (1910). 
 
 Yucatan, Channel of. A channel between 
 Yucatan and Cuba, which connects the Gulf 
 of Mexico with the Caribbean Sea. Width, 125 
 miles. 
 
 Yucatecs (yo-ka-taks'), or Yucatecos (-ta'kos). 
 Natives of Yucatan : a name often given to the 
 Mayas. 
 
 Yucay (yo-ki'). A fertile valley about 20 miles 
 north of Cuzco, Peru. It was a favorite resort of the 
 Incas, and was highly cultivated, the hillsides being util- 
 ized by artificial terraces ( andenes ), supported by mason- 
 work and irrigated by an elaborate system of waterworks. 
 These terraces still remain : they extend up the moun- 
 tains to a height of 1,500 feet, and are the most striking 
 example of the Inca system of agricultural improvement. 
 The summer palace of the Incas is now indicated only by 
 a few fragments. Ollantay-tambo (which see) is in this 
 valley, and there are numerous other interesting antiqui- 
 ties. 
 
 Yuen (yo-en'). A river in China : outlet by Lake 
 Tung-Ting into the Yangtse. 
 
 Yuki (u'ki). A tribe of North American In- 
 dians which dwelt in Round Valley, Mendocino 
 County, California. The name means * stran- 
 ger ’ or ‘ enemy/ secondarily ‘ bad ’ or ‘ thiev- 
 ing.’ See Yukian. 
 
 Yukian (u'ki-an). A linguistic stock of North 
 American Indians who formerly lived in and 
 near Round Valley, Mendocino County, Cali- 
 fornia. Its principal tribes, remnants of which are 
 mingled with others on the Round Valley reservation, are 
 the Yuki, Chumaia, Tatu or Huchnom, Ashoehimi or 
 A-Wappo, and Napa. 
 
 Yukon. A territory of British North America, 
 situated in the extreme northwest. Organized in 
 1898. Area, 207,076 sq.m. Pop., 8,512, (1911). 
 Yukon (yo'kon), in its lower course Kwichpak 
 (kwik-pak'). A river which rises in British 
 America, flows northwest, west, and southwest, 
 and empties into Bering Sea about lat. 62° 30' N. 
 Length, about2, 000 miles; navigable about 1,200 
 miles. 
 
 Yule (yol), Sir Henry. Born near Edinburgh, 
 May, 1820: died at London, Dec. 30, 1889. A 
 British military engineer in India, and Orien- 
 talist. He retired in 1862 with the rank of colonel. 
 Among his works are ‘ A Narrative of the Mission sent 
 to the Court of Ava ” (1858 : he was secretary of this mis- 
 sion), “Cathay and the Way Thither” (1866), a translation 
 of Marco Polo (2 vols. 1871; revised ed. 1875), articles on 
 Central Asia and the Chinese empire, with Burnell “ Hob- 
 son-Jobson : being a Glossary of Anglo-Indian Collo- 
 quial Words and Phrases, etc.” (1886), and notes to the 
 Hakluyt Society’s reprint of the diary of William Hedges 
 (1887). 
 
 Yuma. See Cuchan. 
 
 Yuman (yo'man). A linguistic stock of North 
 American Indians. It formerly occupied the extreme 
 southwest part of the United States, including much of 
 the valleys of the Colorado and Gila rivers, northern Lower 
 California, and the extreme southern part of California. 
 Its name is from a Cuchan word meaning ‘ sons of the 
 river.’ Its number in the United States is nearly 5,000 ; 
 that in Mexico is not known. 
 
 Yuncas. See Chimu. 
 
 Yunnan (yun'nan'). A province in the south- 
 western extremity of China, bounded by China 
 
Yunnan 
 
 proper, Tibet, Burma, and Tongking. Area, 
 about 150,000 square miles. Population, 12,- 
 324,574. 
 
 Yunnan-fu (yiin'nan'fo'). The capital of the 
 province of Yunnan, China, about lat. 25° 6' N., 
 on Lake Tien-hai : noted for its manufactures. 
 Population, estimated, 50,000. 
 
 Yurac-huasi. See Faytiti. 
 
 Yurok (yo'rok). A division of North American 
 Indians, living in California. The name is 
 from a Karok word meaning ‘ down ’ or ‘ be- 
 low.’ In 1870 their number was 2,700, which 
 has since greatly decreased. About 600 are 
 now to be found along the Klamath River and 
 very few on the coast. See Weitspekan. 
 Yurucares (yo-ro-ka-ras'). [Probably corrupted 
 from the Quichua yurak, white, and kari, men.] 
 Indians of Bolivia, northeast of La Paz, at the 
 foot of the mountains and in the forest-covered 
 plains between the rivers Mamore and Beni. 
 They are tall and well formed, and nearly as 
 white as Europeans (perhaps from the effects 
 of a skin-disease). Their dress is a robe of 
 bark cloth stamped with figures from engraved 
 blocks. They are excessively vain, and are 
 given to prolonged drinking-bouts (of chicha, 
 
 1079 
 
 prepared from maize). On his marriage, each 
 man prepares a house and plantation widely 
 separated from all others. They plant maize 
 and manioc, but subsist largely by hunting. 
 Children are often killed to get rid of them : 
 but, by a strange custom, they are never pun- 
 ished, and are allowed complete liberty. The 
 men often engage in duels with bows and ar- 
 rows. They have a very complicated mythol- 
 ogy. Several hordes are distinguished by dif- 
 ferent names, but all together do not now 
 number more than 2,000. 
 
 Yurunas. See Jurunas. 
 
 Yuste (yos'ta). A convent in Spain, east of 
 Plasencia. It is noted as the place of retire- 
 ment of the emperor Charles V. after his ab- 
 dication. 
 
 Yusuf, or Yussuf (yos'of). Killed 759. The last 
 emir of Spain for the Ommiad califs. 
 
 Yusuf, or Yussuf. Died 1106. An Almoravide 
 prince. He founded Morocco, and made many 
 conquests in Spain. 
 
 Yuthia. See Ayuthia. 
 
 Yverdon (e-ver-don'), G. Iferten (e'fer-ten). 
 A town in the canton of Yaud, Switzerland, 
 situated at the southwestern extremity of the 
 
 Yvon 
 
 Lake of Neuchatel, at the outlet of the Orbe, 17 
 miles north of Lausanne : the Roman Eburodu- 
 
 II um. It has a castle. The town was formerly the resi- 
 dence of Bernese magistrates, and from 1805 to 1825 the 
 seat of Pestalozzi’s educational institute. Near it is the 
 watering-place Yverdon. Population, 7,985. 
 
 Yves d’Evreux (ev dav-re'). Born at Evreux, 
 Normandy, about 1577 : died after 1620. A 
 French Capuchin missionary at Maranhao, 
 Brazil (1612-14). He published “Suite de l’histoire 
 des choses plus memorables advenues en Maragnan es an- 
 nees 1613 et 1614 ” (Paris, 1615 ; 2d ed. 1864). It i9 a contin- 
 uation of the history of Claude d’Abbeville, and is of great 
 historical value. 
 
 Yvetot (ev-td'). A town in the department of 
 Seine-Inf drieure, France, 21 miles northwest of 
 Rouen. With its territory, it became in the later middle 
 ages a principality or kingdom, dependent directly on the 
 French crown. Its privileges were only nominal by the 
 close of the 17th century. Population, commune, about 
 7,200. 
 
 Yvetot, Le Roi d’. See Boi d’Yvetot, Le. 
 
 Yvon (e-von'), Adolphe. Born at Eschwiller, 
 Moselle, 1817: died at Passy, Sept., 1893. A 
 French historical painter, professor of draw- 
 ing at the Ecole Polytechnique 1881-87. Among 
 his works are “ The First Consul Descending Mount St. 
 Bernard,” “The Taking of the Malakoff,” “The Battle of 
 Solferino," etc. 
 
aandam(zan-dam'). A town 
 in the province of North Hol- 
 land, Netherlands, at the 
 junction of the Zaan and Y, 
 5 miles northwest of Am- 
 sterdam. It is noted for the 
 number of windmills in its neigh- 
 borhood (400). Peter the Great 
 worked here as a ship’s carpenter 
 in 1697. Population, 24,402. Also Saardam, Zaardam. 
 
 Zab (zab), or Greater Zab. A river in Asiatic 
 Turkey which joins the Tigris 25 miles south of 
 Mosul. In the cuneiform inscriptions two rivers of this 
 name are mentioned : the upper Zab (ZabuelA), whiehfalls 
 into the Tigris near Nimrud (the ancient Calah); and the 
 lower Zab ( Zabumplu ), which joins the Tigris south of 
 Kileh Sherghat (the ancient city of Ashur). In the classi- 
 cal writers the river is mentioned under the names Za- 
 batus, Zabas, Zerbis, or Lycos (wolf). Its modern name is 
 Zarb. Length, about 250 miles. 
 
 Zab, Lesser, or Zab Asfal (zab as-fal'). A 
 small eastern tributary of the Tigris, south of 
 the Greater Zab. See Zab, above. 
 
 Zabrze (tsabr'tse). A coal-mining town in the 
 province of Silesia, Prussia, 47 miles southeast 
 of Oppeln. Pop., country commune, 55,634. 
 Zabulon(zab'u-lon). The Greek form of Zebulon. 
 Zacapa (tha-ka'pa), or Sacapa (sa-ka'pa). A 
 small town in Guatemala, situated on the 
 Grande 70 miles northeast of Guatemala. 
 Zacatecas (tza-ka-ta/kas or sa-ka-ta'kas). 1. 
 A state in Mexico, surrounded by the states of 
 Coahuila, San Luis Potosi, Jalisco, Aguas Cali- 
 entes, and Durango. The surface is elevated. It is 
 rich in mines, especially of silver. Area, 24,757 square 
 miles. Population, 475,863, (1910). 
 
 2. The capital of the state of Zacatecas, 
 about lat. 22° 40' N. In its neighborhood are 
 very rich silver-mines. Population, 25,905, 
 (1910). 
 
 Zaccheus, or Zacchaeus (za-ke'us). [Gr. z an- 
 Xaiot;.] A tax-collector near Jericho, who, being 
 a short man, climbed into a sycamore-tree in 
 order to see Jesus who was passing by. Luke 
 xix. 1-10. 
 
 Zachariah (zak-a-ri'a). [Heb., ‘remembered 
 by Jehovah’; Gr. Z axapiag.~\ King of Israel, 
 son of Jeroboam II. See the extract and Jero- 
 boam. See Zechariah. 
 
 According to the chronology which has passed into gen- 
 eral currencyfrom the “Annals " of Archbishop Ussher, and 
 is represented on the margins of most English Bibles, the 
 deatli of Jeroboam was followed by an interregnum of 
 eleven years, after which his son Zachariah reigned for six 
 months, when he was slain by Shallum. The Bible knows 
 nothing of this interregnum, but on the contrary informs 
 us in the usual way that Zachariah reigned in his father's 
 stead (2 Kings xiv. 29). The coronation of Zachariah must 
 in fact have followed as a matter of course, since his father 
 died in peaceable possession of the throne. 
 
 IP. B. Smith , Prophets of Israel, p. 145. 
 
 Zacharias (zak-a-ri'as). The Greek form of 
 Zachariah, mentioned as the name of several 
 different persons in the Bible. 
 
 Zacharias. Pope 741-752. He had great influence 
 
 abroad, and aided in the setting aside of the Merovingian 
 Childeric III. and the elevation of Pepin the Short to the 
 throne. He was canonized, and is commemorated on 
 March 15. 
 
 Zacharia von Lingenthal (tsa-cha-re'a fon 
 ling'en-tal), Karl Salomo. Bom at Meissen, 
 Saxony, Sept. 14, 1769 : died March 27, 1843. A 
 German jurist, professor at Wittenberg 1797- 
 1807, and at Heidelberg 1807-43. His works in- 
 clude “ Die Einheit des Staates und der Kirche,” “ Hand- 
 buch des franzosischen Civilrechts,” “ Vierzig Bucher vom 
 Staate ” (“ forty Books on the State ”). 
 
 Zacynthus. See Zante. 
 
 Zadkiel (zad'ki-el). 1. In Jewish rabbinical 
 lore, the angel of the planet Jupiter. — 2. The 
 pseudonym of William Lilly: also assumed by 
 lieutenant Richard James Morrison (1794?- 
 1874), in his astrological almanac begun in 1830. 
 Zadok (za'dok). 1. A chief priest of Israel, a 
 contemporary of David. — 2. A character in 
 Dryden’s “Absalom and Achitophel,” repre- 
 senting Sancroft. 
 
 Zafarana (dza-fa-ra'na), Cape. A headland on 
 the northern coast of Sicily, east of Palermo. 
 
 Zafra (tha'fra). A town in the province of 
 Badajoz, Spain, 40 miles southeast of Badajoz : 
 the Roman Julia Restituta. Population (1887), 
 6 , 120 . 
 
 Zagazig (za-ga-zeg'), or Zakazik (za-ka-zek'). 
 A town in the Delta, Egypt, situated on the 
 Tanitic arm of the Nile, 39 miles north by 
 east of Cairo : nearly on the site of the ancient 
 Bubastus. It is an important center of the 
 cotton and grain trade. Population, 34,- 
 999. 
 
 Zagora (za-g5’ra). The modern name of Mount 
 Helicon, Greece. 
 
 Zagoskin (za-gos'kin), or Sagoskin (za-gos'- 
 kin), Mikhail. Born in the government of 
 Penza, Russia, 1789: died at Moscow, July 5, 
 1852. A Russian novelist and dramatist. His 
 chief work is “Yuri Miloslavski, or the Russians in 1812” 
 (1829). From his historical novels he has been called “the 
 Russian Walter Scott.” 
 
 Zagreb (za ' greb). The Croatian name of 
 Agram. 
 
 Zagros (za'gros). [Gr. Zdypog.'] In ancient ge- 
 ography, a range of mountains lying between 
 Media and Assyria. Also Zagrus. 
 
 Zahleh (za/le). A Maronite town in Syria, sit- 
 uated on the slope of Mount Lebanon 23 miles 
 east of Beirut. Postulation, 15,000 (?). 
 
 Zahn (tsan), Johann Karl Wilhelm. Born at 
 Rodenberg, Schaumburg, Aug. 21, 1800 : died at 
 Berlin, Aug. 22, 1871. A German painter, archi- 
 tect, and writer on art. His works include “Die 
 schonsten Ornamente und merkwiirdigsteD Gemalde aus 
 Pompeii, Herculaneum, und Stabia ” (182S-30), “ Orna- 
 mente aller klasstschen Kunstepochen ” (1833|39), etc. 
 Zahna (tsa'na). A town in the province of 
 Saxony, Prussia, 48 miles southwest of Berlin. 
 It was the scene of an engagement between the French 
 and the Allies, Sept. 5, 1813. Population, about 3,000. 
 Zahringen (tsa'ring-en). A village in Baden, 
 near Freiburg: the ancient seat of the dukes 
 of Zahringen, ancestors of the house of Baden. 
 Zaide (za-e'de). An opera by Mozart, written 
 in 1779 or 1780, published in 1838. 
 
 Zaire (za-e'ra). The Kongo. 
 
 Zaire (za-er'). A tragedy by Voltaire, produced 
 in 1733. It is borrowed to some extent from 
 “Othello.” 
 
 Zaire. An opera by Bellini, produced in 1829. 
 Zaisan (zi-zan'), or Nor (nor) Zaisan, Lake. 
 A lake in Russian Central Asia, near the Chi- 
 nese frontier, between the Altai and Tarba- 
 gatai mountains, about lat. 48° 20' N. It re- 
 ceives the Black Irtish, and is the source of 
 the White Irtish. Length, 70 miles. 
 Zakynthos. See Zante. 
 
 Zaleucus (za-lu'kus). The traditional lawgiver 
 of the Epizephyrian Locrians in Italy, about 
 the 7th century b. c. 
 
 Zalinski (za-lin'ski), Edmund Louis Gray. 
 Born at Kurnick, Prussian Poland, Dec. 13, 
 1849: died at New York, March 10, 1909. An 
 American military officer, noted for various 
 inventions, especially in the development of 
 the dynamite-gun. He came to the United States in 
 1853 ; served in the volunteer service during a part of the 
 Civil War; received a commission in the regular army in 
 1866 ; and was made first lieutenant in 1867, and captain 
 in 1887. 
 
 Zama (za'ma). In ancient geography, a town 
 in northern Africa, about 85 miles southwest of 
 Carthage. A decisive victory was gained near it in 202 
 B. c. by the Romans under Scipio Africanus over Hanni- 
 baL It ended the second Punic war. 
 
 Zamacois (tha-ma-ko'is), Eduardo. Born at 
 Bilbao, 1842: died at Madrid, Jan. 14, 1871. A 
 Spanish figure-painter. He was a pupil of Federico de 
 Madrazo and, at Paris, of Meissonier. Among his works 
 are “ The Rival Confessors ” (1868), and “ The Return to the 
 Convent ” (1869). He painted many 17 th-century subjects. 
 Zambesi (zam-be'ze). The prmcipal river of 
 Africa which flows into the Indian Ocean, it 
 flows generally southeast and east, and empties by several 
 mouths into Mozambique Channel about lat. 18° 8. (For 
 the great falls of the Zambesi, see Victoria Falls.) The Zam- 
 besi receives the waters of Lake Nyassa through the Shire 
 on the north. Its upper course was first explored by Liv- 
 ingstone. Length, about 1,500 miles. 
 
 1080 
 
 Zambezia (zam-be'zhia), British. See the ex- 
 tract. 
 
 Under the unofficial title of British Zambezia is often 
 included the whole of the region lying between the north 
 and west of the South African Republic and the 22nd de- 
 gree of south latitude and the southern boundaries of the 
 Congo Free State, and having as its eastern and western 
 boundaries the Portuguese and German spheres. The 
 River Zambezi divides it into two portions, which may be 
 described as Southern Zambezia and Northern Zambezia 
 respectively. Statesman's Year-Book, 1894, p. 193. 
 
 Zamora (tha-mo'ra). 1. A province of Spain, 
 bounded by Leon, Valladolid, Salamanca, Por- 
 tugal, and Orense. The surface is generally 
 level. Area, 4,097 square miles. Population, 
 275,545. — 2. The capital of the province of 
 Zamora, situated on the Douro in lat. 41° 30' 
 N., long. 5° 46' W. It was formerly a frequent resi- 
 dence of the kings of Leon and Castile. Population, 
 17,160. 
 
 Zamora. An interior state of Venezuela, west 
 of Miranda. Area, 25,212 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, about 300,000. 
 
 Zamora (tha-mo'ra), Antonio de. Bom at Bo- 
 gota, 1660: died there, after 1701. A New 
 Granadan historian, of the Dominican order. 
 His principal work is “ Historia de la provincia de San 
 Antonio del Nuevo Reyno de Granada ” (Barcelona, 1701). 
 
 Zamora, Antonio de. Born at Madrid about 
 1660 : died probably in 1722. A Spanish dram- 
 atist. His best works are “ Mazariegos y Mon- 
 salves” and “ El hechizado por Fuerza.” 
 Zamora y Coronado (tha-mo'ra e ko-ro-na'- 
 tho), Jose Maria. Born at Cartago, Costa 
 Rica, 1785: died in Cuba after 1846. A Span- 
 ish-American jurist and author. He studied in 
 Spain, and subsequently held civil and judicial offices in 
 Porto Rico and Cuba. His principal work is “ Registry 
 de la legislacion ultramarina” (6vols. 1844-46), a collec- 
 tion of the laws and regulations bearing on the Spanish 
 colonies, of great historical value. 
 
 Zamore (za-mor'). One of the principal char- 
 acters in Voltaire’s tragedy “Alzire”: a noble 
 and impetuous Peruvian. 
 
 Zampa, ou La Fiancee de Marbre. An op£ra 
 comique by Herold, first produced in 1831. 
 Zampieri. See Domenichino. 
 
 Zancara (than-ka'ra). A river in central Spain, 
 regarded as the principal head stream of the 
 Guadiana, which it joins northeast of Ciudad 
 Real. Length, over 125 miles. 
 
 Zancle (zan'kle). The original name of Mes- 
 sana (Messina). 
 
 Zandeh (zan'da). See Nyam-Nyam. 
 
 Zandt (zant), Marie Van (Mrs. Petrovich 
 Tscherinoff). Born at New York, Oct. 8, 1861. 
 An American opera-singer. She made her first 
 appearance at Turin in 1879 as Zerlina. Her 
 voice is a soprano. 
 
 Zanesville (zanz'vil). The capital of Muskin- 
 gum County, Ohio, situated at the junction of 
 the Licking and Muskingum rivers, 55 miles 
 east of Columbus. It has varied manufactures. 
 It was the capital of the State 1810-12. Popu- 
 lation, 28,026, (1910). 
 
 Zanga (zang'ga). The principal character in 
 Young’s ‘ ‘Revenge.” It was acted by Macready, 
 and was a favorite with John Kemble. 
 
 Zankoff (tzan'kof). Dragan. Born 1827 : died 
 March'24, 1911. A Bulgarian politician. He was 
 premier in 1880, and minister of foreign affairs ; was im- 
 prisoned in 1882 ; and w'as again premier 1883-84. He be- 
 came leader of the Russian party, and took a leading part 
 in the conspiracy against Prince Alexander in 1886. 
 Zanoni (za-no'ni). A romance by Bulwer Lyt- 
 ton, published in 1842. 
 
 Zante (zan'te). 1. An island of the Ionian 
 group, Greece, south of Cephalonia, intersected 
 by lat. 37° 45' N., long. 20° 45' E. : the ancient 
 Zacynthus. The surface is a plain, bordered by hills in 
 the west. The island has often been visited by earthquakes. 
 It produces large quantities of currants, and also olives, 
 oranges, etc. Zante was colonized by Achaeans ; belonged 
 to the Athenian confederacy ; was long held by Ven- 
 ice; and formed part of the Ionian Republic. Length. 
 24 miles. Area, 168 square miles. Population, 42,- 
 502. 
 
Zante 
 
 2. A seaport and the capital of Zante, situated 
 on the eastern coast, on the site of the ancient 
 city Zacynthus. Population, 13,580. 
 Zanzalians (zan-za'li-anz). The Jacobites of 
 the East: so called occasionally from Zanza- 
 lus, a surname of Jacobus Baradseus. See 
 Jacobites, 2. 
 
 Zanzibar (zan-zi-bar'). 1. An island off the 
 eastern coast of Africa, about lat. 5° 40'-6° 30' 
 S. : the most important part of the sultanate of 
 Zanzibar. The soil is fertile and highly cultivated. 
 The island is especially noted for its cloves. Area, 640 
 square miles. Population, estimated, 176,000 (largely ne- 
 groes). The Arabs are the dominant race. There are sev- 
 eral thousand Hindus. 
 
 2. The capital of the sultanate of Zanzibar, 
 situated on the western coast of the island of 
 Zanzibar, in lat. 6° 10' S. : the largest city on 
 the eastern seaboard of Africa, it is a port of call 
 of several steamship lines, and exports ivory, caoutchouc, 
 hides, copal, sesame seeds, etc. Pop., estimated, 55,750. 
 Zanzibar. A sultanate in eastern Africa, com- 
 prising the islands of Zanzibar, Pemba, and 
 smaller islands, and the coast of the British 
 East Africa Protectorate up to 10 miles inland. 
 It was placed under the protection of Great 
 Britain in 1890. It is the remnant of a once 
 strong Mohammedan power. 
 
 Z&polya (za/pol-yo). A powerful Hungarian 
 family. John Zapolya was king of Hungary 1526-40 ; 
 his dominion was restricted to Transylvania and parts of 
 Hungary. His son John Sigismund Zdpolya (styled king 
 of Hungary) ruled Transylvania 1540-71. 
 
 Zaporogians (za-po-rd'ji-anz). A warlike di- 
 vision of the Cossacks, who formerly dwelt 
 along the lower Dnieper. They were compelled to 
 remove in the 18th century to the Crimea, and later to the 
 Kuban, etc. Also Saporogians. 
 
 Zauotec-Mixtec stock (tza-po-tek'mes-tek' 
 stok). A linguistic stock of Mexican Indians, 
 principally in Oajaca, extending into Guerrero 
 and Puebla. It includes the Zapotecs, Mixtecs, and 
 several smaller branches (Chatinos, Mazatecos, Soltecos, 
 etc.). Estimated number, nearly 700,000. 
 
 Zapotecs (tza-po-teks'). Indians of southern 
 Mexico, occupying the greater part of the state 
 of Oajaca, and extending into Guerrero. Be- 
 fore the Spanish conquest they formed a powerful na- 
 tion, and in culture and warlike prowess were not inferior 
 to the Aztecs, whom they successfully resisted in several 
 invasions. Their political system seems to have been a 
 tribal federation. They constructed buildings of stone 
 and mortar ; subsisted mainly by agriculture ; had a com- 
 plicated mythology ; and offered human sacrifices to their 
 idols. Their system of numeration, calendar, and many 
 of their rites and customs resembled those of theNahuatl 
 tribes ; but their language was entirely distinct. In war 
 they used cotton armor. The Zapotecs were conquered by 
 the Spaniards in 1522-26. After transient revolts in 1531 
 and 1550, they submitted to missionary influence, and 
 they are now a peaceful and laborious part of the Mexican 
 population. They are intelligent, and frequently attain 
 positions of trust. Estimated number, 260,000, of whom 
 about 50,000 speak only their own language. 
 
 Zara (za'ra; It. pron. dza'ra). [Slav. Zadar, 
 L. Jadera.] A seaport, capital of Dalmatia, 
 situated on the Adriatic in lat. 44° 7' N., long. 
 15° 14' E. It has considerable coasting trade ; and is 
 noted for the manufacture of maraschino. Its cathedral 
 is an interesting 13th-century structure. The Porta Ma- 
 rina or di San Chrysogono is a Roman triumphal arch of 
 one graceful opening, flanked by Corinthian pilasters sup- 
 porting an entablature with inscription. Statues, now 
 gone, formerly stood on the top. Zara was akoman town ; 
 was held in turn by Hungary and Venice ; was taken by 
 the Venetians aided by French Crusaders in 1202 ; was 
 acquired by Venice in 1409; passed to Austria in 1797; 
 and was held by France 1805-13. Population, 36,600, (1910). 
 Zara (za'ra). A character in Congreve’s play 
 “ The Mourning Bride.” It is she who says: 
 
 Heaven has no rage like love to hatred turned, 
 
 Nor hell a fury like a woman scorned. 
 
 Congreve, Mourning Bride (ed. 1710), iii. 8. 
 
 Zarafshan (zar-af-shan'), or Zerafshan. The 
 Yarkand, one of the head streams of the Tarim, 
 in Eastern Turkestan. 
 
 Zaragoza. See Saragossa. 
 
 Zaramo (za-ra'mo), or Wazaramo (wa-za-ra'- 
 mo). A Bantu tribe of German East Africa, 
 between the Kingani and Rufiji rivers (lat. 
 6° 20'-8° 5' S.). They are tall and vigorous. Their 
 color is varied, owing to the great admixture of slaves 
 from other districts ; but the black complexion is pre- 
 ferred. They wear European cloth, dyed in native fashion, 
 and a peculiar necklace of beadwork. In every village 
 there are a few large houses, consisting of a stout frame- 
 work, thatch roof, and walls made of large plates of bark. 
 Formerly troublesome, they have become peaceful. The 
 country is called Uzaramo, the language Kizaramo. Most 
 of the people speak also Swahili. 
 
 z&rate (thar'a-ta), Agnstin de. Born about 
 1492: died at Madrid (?) about 1560. A Span- 
 ish historian. He was comptroller of Castile, and in 
 1543 went to Peru with the viceroy Nunez Vela to examine 
 into the financial affairs of the country. After his return 
 he was treasurer of the Spanish Netherlands. He wrote 
 “Historia del descubrimiento y conquista de la provincia 
 del Peru ” (1555 : later editions and translations). 
 
 1081 
 
 Zarathushtra (za-ra-thosh'tra). [In mod. Pers. 
 Zardusht, Gr. ZwpodaTpgq, L. Zoroaster.] The 
 founder of the Perso-Iranian national religion, 
 which prevailed from the time of the Achtemen- 
 idae (559-330 b. c.) to the close of the Sassanian 
 dynasty ( 226-641 A. D. ) . It is to-day represented in 
 Persia and Russian Transcaucasia by a population of about 
 8,000 in Yazd and neighboring villages, Teheran, Ispahan, 
 Shiraz, and Baku, and by more than 50,000 in Bombay and 
 the vicinity (the Parsis). The many attempts to etymolo- 
 gize the name cannot be considered as more than guesses. 
 The extensive literature regarding Zarathushtra consists 
 on the one hand of notices in Greek and Latin writers, on 
 the other of what can be got from the Avesta and from the 
 later Persian and Parsi literature. The one inference of 
 value from the former source is that Zarathushtra was a 
 historical person. The first inference from the Gathas of 
 the Avesta (see these names) is that they relate to a time 
 and place of transition from a nomadic to an agricultural 
 life. This place must have been iu or near the region 
 from which the Vedic Hindus went southward into the 
 valley of the Indus, and the Iranians westward : for the 
 language of the Gathas, and even the primitive types 
 of meter employed in the Avesta, stand very near to 
 the Vedic, and in the absence of special proof to the 
 contrary closely resembling dialects prove a close geo- 
 graphical vicinity. Such proof is not found in the le- 
 gends that place the birth of Zarathushtra in Rhagae or 
 Shiz, both in Media. Mazdayasnianism, reaching its com- 
 plete development in West Iran, could not in the view of 
 its West Iranian supporters have originated except there 
 in the chief seat of its culture. Supposing the religion to 
 have originated in Bactria and reached its culmination in 
 Media, the distance and the development of doctrine and 
 practice in the Avesta, regarded as a whole, would imply 
 a considerable age for the first beginnings. Roth puts 
 them at about 1000 B. c. Primitive Zarathushtrianism had 
 a brief creed, very different from the complicated prescrip- 
 tions of the Vendidad and the extravagances of the 
 Yashts. Varuna, the highest of the Adityas, the sons of 
 Aditi, the infinite, as the chief god of light, and espe- 
 cially of the illuminated night heaven, w'as common to 
 both branches of the Aryan race before its separation into 
 Indian and Iranian. With Varuna were associated the 
 highest spiritual conceptions. These the Hindus soon 
 lost in an ever-increasing tendency to personify and wor- 
 ship the various powers of nature, while the Iranians had 
 a longer and firmer grasp of them. The development of 
 the spiritual side of Varuna into the conception of Ahura- 
 mazda, the Spiritual Wise One, or the Wise Spirit, or at 
 least the clear expression of this view, was the essential 
 fact in the work of Zarathushtra. As Varuna becomes 
 Ahuramazda, the other Adityas become the AmeshaSpen- 
 tas or Amshaspands, the Immortal Holy Ones, the expres- 
 sion of his qualities and his ministering spirits. From 
 the dominance of the supreme god of light grew a recog- 
 nition of an opposing principle of darkness ; and as light 
 symbolizes tru.h, this principle found a natural designa- 
 tion in Druj or deceit, the same as Angro Mainyush or 
 Ahriman. The dethroned devas (gods) of the popular 
 religion, who were no longer to be worshiped in conjunc- 
 tion with the supreme Ahuramazda, were regarded as the 
 servants of Druj, and were degraded to the rank of de- 
 mons or devs. Good thoughts, good words, and good ac- 
 tions are the object of moral striving. Holiness is reward- 
 ed by immortality and heaven. The tillage of the soil is 
 the best of actions. The elements — earth, air, fire, and 
 water, but especially fire — receive homage as creations of 
 Ahuramazda. Zarathushtra lived under a king, Vishtaspa, 
 who in the epic is king of Bactria. There is absolutely 
 no reason for identifying him with Hystaspes, father of 
 Darius. Zarathushtra had several sons and daughters. 
 According to the Sliahnamah, he was murdered at thealtar 
 by Turanians who stormed Balkh. All attempts to con- 
 nect him with Hebrew influences are groundless. 
 
 Zarephath. See Sarepta. 
 
 Zaribrod. See Tsaribrod. 
 
 Zarlino (dzar-le'no), Giuseppe or Gioseffe. 
 
 Born at Chioggia, near Venice, 1519 : died at 
 Venice, Feb. 14, 1590. An Italian musician, 
 choir-master at Venice. He is best known from his 
 theoretical work3 on music: “Istituzioni armoniche” 
 (1558), “ Dimostrazioni armoniche " (1571), and “Soppli- 
 menti musicali ” (1588). 
 
 Zarncke(tsara'ke),Friedrich.Bornat Zahrens- 
 torf, Mecklenburg-Sekwerin, July 7, 1825 : died 
 at Leipsic, Oct. 15, 1891. A German critic and 
 author, professor at Leipsic. He founded the “ Lit- 
 terarisches Centralblatt fur Deutschland ” (1850) ; edited 
 the “ Narrenschiff,” “ Nibelungenlied," etc.; and wrote 
 on the “Nibelungenlied,” on the history of the legends 
 of the grail, on the U niversity of Leipsic, etc. 
 
 Zarpanit (zar'pa-nit). [Babylonian Zer-banit, 
 she who creates posterity.) In Assyro-Baby- 
 lonian mythology, the wife of Merodach (Mar- 
 duk), the tutelar god of the city of Babylon. 
 Zauberflote (tsou'ber-fle/te), Die. [G., ‘The 
 Magic Flute.’] An opera by Mozart, produced 
 at Vienna in 1791. It has been played in French 
 as “ Les Mysteres d’Isis.” 
 
 Zaurak (za'rak). [Ar. neyyir-a l-zaurak, the 
 bright star of the boat.) The third-magnitude 
 star y' Eridani. 
 
 Zavijava (zav-i-ja' va). [Ar., corrupted from 
 zdwiyat-al- auwa, the retreat or kennel of the 
 barking dog, alluding to some old Oriental con- 
 stellation . ] The fourth-magnitude star {3 Vir- 
 ginis. 
 
 Zaylah. See Zeila. 
 
 Zbarasz (zba'rash). A town in Galicia, Austria- 
 1 lungary, 1 1 miles northeast of Tarnopol. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 9,941, (1910). 
 
 Zeila 
 
 Zea. See Ceos. 
 
 Zea (tha'a), Francisco Antonio. Born at Me- 
 dellin, Oct. 21, 1770: died at Bath, England, 
 Nov. 28, 1822. A New Granadan statesman. 
 He was associated with Mutis in scientific explorations, 
 and succeeded him as chief of the academy known as the 
 “Expedicion botanica” in 1789; was imprisoned 1795-97 
 on the charge of circulating seditious pamphlets ; resided 
 in Europe after his release until 1815, when he joined Boli- 
 var at Jamaica ; was president of theCongress of Angostura 
 in 1819 ; and the same year was elected vice-president of 
 Colombia. In 1820 he went to Europe as envoy to France 
 and England. He published a “Historia de Colombia’’ 
 (1821)and many scientific papers. Zea has been called “the 
 Franklin of Colombia.” 
 
 Zeal (zel), Arabella and Dorcas. Characters 
 in Charles Shadwell’s play “The Fair Quaker 
 of Deal.” 
 
 Zealand (ze'land). [Dan. Sjdlland, G. Seeland .] 
 The largest island of Denmark, it lies between 
 the Cattegat and the Baltic, and is separated by the Sound 
 from Sweden, and by the Great Belt from Fiinen. The sur- 
 face is level or undulating. Zealand contains the capital, 
 Copenhagen. Length, 80 miles. 
 
 Zealand. A stift or bishopric of Denmark, in- 
 cluding the islands of Zealand, Moen, Samso, 
 and Bornholm. 
 
 Zealand (ze'land). [D. Zeeland, G. Zeeland, 
 
 F. Zelande.] A. province of the Netherlands, 
 boundedby the North Sea, South Holland, North 
 Brabant, and Belgium. Capital, Middelburg. it 
 comprises the islands Walcheren, North and South Beve- 
 land, Tholen, Duiveland, Schouwen, and others, and parts 
 of the mainland. The surface is low (in large part below 
 sea-level) and the soil fertile. Zealand took a prominent 
 part in the war of independence. Area, 690 square miles. 
 Population, 231,958. 
 
 Zealand, Bernese. A name given to a district 
 in the canton of Bern, Switzerland, situated 
 between the Lake of Neuchatel and the canton 
 of Solothurn. 
 
 Zealots (zel'ots). A religio-political party in 
 Judea. They assumed this name from their zeal for the 
 law of God, denying any other authority. They de- 
 manded that the Judean state should be a republic, and 
 especially hated Rome and the Roman supremacy over 
 Judea. During the struggle of Judea with Rome, the 
 Zealots were the promoters and supporters of the revolu- 
 tion ; but they often sullied their lofty precepts with fanati- 
 cal deeds of violence and crime. A portion of them who es- 
 caped the sword of the Romans established a community 
 in North Arabia, in the vicinity of Medina, which lasted 
 until the 7th century. 
 
 Zeballos. See Ceballos. 
 
 Zebedee (zeb'e-de). The father of the apostles 
 James and John. 
 
 Zebehr Pasha (ze-bar' pash'a). An Egyptian 
 governor in Sudan, imprisoned by the British 
 about 1885-87. 
 
 Zeboim (ze-bd'im or ze'bo-im). In scriptural 
 geography, one of the cities of the plain. 
 
 Zebu. See Cebu. 
 
 Zebulon (zeb'u-lon), or Zeblilun (-lun). 1. 
 
 One of the patriarchs, the tenth son of Jacob. 
 — 2. One of the twelve tribes of Israel. It 
 occupied the later Galilee. 
 
 Zechariah (zek-a-ri'a). [Same as Zachariah .] 
 The title of one of the prophetic books of the 
 Old Testament . It derives its name from the supposed 
 author, who prophesied about 520 B. c., and relates to the 
 judgments of God on the oppressors of Israel, and Israel's 
 redemption and final restoration. 
 
 Zedekiah (zed-e-ki'a). The last king of Judah 
 and Jerusalem, 597 (598 ?)— 586 (587?). He was 
 carried captive to Babylon. 
 
 Zedlitz (tsed'lits), Baron Joseph Christian 
 von. Born at Johannisberg, in Austrian Sile- 
 sia, Feb. 28, 1790: died at Vienna, March 16, 
 1862. An Austrian poet and dramatic writer. 
 Among his works are “Todtenkranze,” “ Waldfraulein,” 
 the dramas “Stern von Sevilla "and “Kerkerund Krone," 
 etc. 
 
 Zeehan (ze'han). A silver- and lead-mining 
 town in western Tasmania, of recent develop- 
 ment. 
 
 Zeeland (za'lant). See Zealand. 
 
 Zeguha ( ze-go' ha ) , or Wazeguha ( wa-ze-go 'hli) , 
 
 G. Wasegua. A Bantu tribe of German East 
 Africa, between Uzaramo and the Pangani 
 River. Uzeguha is the name of the country and Kize- 
 guha that of the language, which is akin to the Kinguru, 
 spoken by the Wanguru, their western neighbors. 
 
 Zehngerichtenbund ( tsan - ge - rich ' ten - bon t) . 
 A league in the northern part of the canton of 
 Grisons, Switzerland, which formed one of the 
 original parts of that canton : founded in 1436. 
 Zeid (zad). The secretary of Mohammed, the 
 founder of Islam. After Mohammed’s death he col- 
 lected the scattered revelations and sermons of the pro- 
 phet, and united them into the Koran. 
 
 Zeila, or Zaylah (za'la). A town in eastern 
 Africa, situated on the Gulf of Aden in lat. 11° 
 22' N. It was occupied by the British in 1884. 
 Population, estimated, 6,000. 
 
Zeitz 
 
 Zeitz (tsits). A town in the province of Saxony, 
 Prussia, situated on the White Elster 23 miles 
 south-southwest of Leipsic . It has various man- 
 ufactures. Population, commune, 30,568. 
 
 Zela (ze'la). In ancient geography, a town in 
 Pontus, Asia Minor, about lat. 40° 11' N., long. 
 36° E. It was the scene of a victory of Hithridates over 
 the Romans about 67 B. c., and was famous for the victory 
 by < sesar over Pharnaces in 47 B. c. It was with reference 
 to this battle that Csesar uttered the famous “ Veni, vidi, 
 vici ” (‘ I came, I saw, I conquered ’). 
 
 Zelle. See Celle. 
 
 Zeller (tsel'ler), Eduard. Born at Kleinbott- 
 war, Wiirtemberg, Jan. 22, 1814 : died at Stutt- 
 gart, March 19, 1908. A noted German histo- 
 rian of philosophy and Protestant theologian : 
 professor of philosophy at Berlin from 1872 
 (emeritus 1895). He published “PlatonischeStudien" 
 (1839) ; “Die Philosophic der Griechen ” (1844-52 and later 
 editions), his greatest work ; “Geschichte der christlichen 
 Kirche (1847); “Die Apostelgeschichte ” (“ Acts of the 
 Apostles," 1854) ; “ Geschichte der deutschen Philosophie 
 seit Leibniz ” (1873) ; “ Grundriss der Geschichte der 
 griechischen Philosophie ” (1883). 
 
 Zeller (zel-lar'), Jules Sylvain. Born at 
 Paris, April 23, 1820: died there, July 25, 1900. 
 A French historian, author of histories of Italy, 
 Germany, the Roman emperors, Ulrich von 
 Hutten, etc. 
 
 Zelmira (zel-mer'a). An opera by Rossini. 
 Zelter (tsel'ter), Karl Friedrich. Born at Ber- 
 lin, Dec. 11, 1758: died May 15, 1832. A German 
 composer, director at the Berlin Singakademie 
 from 1800. He was best known through his 
 correspondence with Goethe. 
 
 Zemireet Azor (za-mer' a a-zor'). An opera by 
 Gretry, words by Marmontel, from the story of 
 ‘ ‘ Beauty and the Beast .” It was first produced 
 at Fontainebleau in 1771. 
 
 Zempelburg (tsem'pel-borG). A small town in 
 the province of West Prussia, Prussia, 78 miles 
 southwest of Dantzic. 
 
 Zenaga (ze-na'ga). A dialect of Berber, spoken 
 in southern Morocco and on the banks of the 
 Senegal River, largely by the negro population. 
 See Berbers. 
 
 Zend (zend). The name commonly given to the 
 language of the Avesta: an ancient form of 
 Iranian or Persian. It was deciphered in the 19th 
 century, largely by means of its resemblance to Sanskrit. 
 See Avesta. 
 
 Zend-Avesta (zen-da-ves'ta). S ee Avesta. 
 Zeno (ze'no). [Gr. Z tjvuv.'] Lived in the 5th cen- 
 tury b. c. A Greek philosopher of the Eleatic 
 school, the favorite pupil of Parmenides. He 
 went to Athens in his fortieth year, during the early youth 
 of Socrates, and resided there many years. He is espe- 
 cially celebrated for his arguments designed to prove the 
 inconceivability of motion. His doctrines are referred to 
 in the “Parmenides” of Plato. 
 
 Zeno. Born at Citium, Cyprus : died about 264 
 b. c. A Greek philosopher, founder of the 
 Stoic school. (See Stoics. ) He studied philoso- 
 phy at Athens, and founded his school there. 
 Zeno. Byzantine emperor 474-491. He was an 
 Isaurian by birth, and was son-in-law of the emperor Leo 
 I. He suppressed various revolts ; instigated Theodoric 
 to attempt the conquest of Italy; and promulgated the 
 “ Henoticon.” 
 
 Zeno of Sidon. Lived about 150-80 b. c. An 
 Epicurean philosopher, instructor of Cicero. 
 Zeno, Antonio. Lived about the end of the 
 14th century. A Venetian navigator, brother 
 of Nicolo Zeno. 
 
 Zeno, Nicolo. Born about 1340: died about 
 1395. A Venetian explorer. He is said to have vis- 
 ited Greenland, Newfoundland, and the coast of North 
 America. A narrative of his discoveries, with map, was 
 published by Carlo Zeno in 1568 (edited by the Hakluyt 
 Society in 1873). 
 
 Zenobia (ze-no'bi-a). Died after 274. Queen 
 of Palmyra, wife of Odenathus, ruler of Pal- 
 myra. She was joint ruler in her husband's lifetime, 
 and succeeded him in 271 as regent for her son and as 
 queen. Her armies were defeated by Aurelian in 271 ; Pal- 
 myra was besieged and taken in 272 ; and she was captured 
 and brought to Rome. 
 
 Zenobia. In Hawthorne’s “ Blithedale Ro- 
 mance,” an impulsive, passionate woman who 
 drowns herself. 
 
 At length the body is found, and poor Zenobia is brought 
 to the shore with her knees still bent in the attitude of 
 prayer, and her hands clenched in immitigable defiance. 
 Foster tries in vain to straighten the dead limbs. As the 
 teller of the story gazes at her, the grimly ludicrous re- 
 flection occurs to him that if Zenobia had foreseen all 
 “the ugly circumstances of death — how ill it would become 
 her, the altogether unseemly aspect which she must put 
 on, and especially old Silas Foster's efforts to improve the 
 matter — she would no more have committed the dreadful 
 act than have exhibited herself to a public assembly in a 
 badly fitting garment." 
 
 Leslie Stephen, Hours in a Library, p. 236. 
 
 Zenobia, or the Fall of Palmyra. A historical 
 novel by William Ware, founded on the life of 
 
 1082 
 
 Queen Zenobia, published in 1837 as “ Letters 
 from Palmyra” and shortly after under its 
 present title. 
 
 Zenodotus (ze-nod'o-tus). [Gr. Zt?i»d(Sorof.] 
 Born at Ephesus : lived in the 3d century B. c. 
 An Alexandrian Homeric scholar, the first su- 
 perintendent of the library at Alexandria. 
 
 Zenta (zen'to). A town in the county of Bacs, 
 Hungary, situated on the Theiss 24 miles south 
 of Szegedin. A victory was gained there by the Im- 
 perialists under Prince Eugene over the Turks, Sept. 11, 
 1697. Population, commune, 28,588. 
 
 Zephaniah (zef-a-ni'a). [Et.ym. unknown.] 
 The title of one of the prophetic books of the 
 Old Testament. It derives its name from that of its 
 supposed author, who prophesied about 642-611 B. c. The 
 predictions contained in the book are chiefly of judgments 
 against the Jews on account of national sins ; but toward 
 the close their restoration and future prosperity are indi- 
 cated. 
 
 Zephon (ze'fon). A cherub in Milton’s “ Para- 
 dise Lost.” He is made the “ guardian angel 
 of Paradise.” 
 
 Zephyr (zef'er). See Zephyrus. 
 
 Zephyrinus (zef-i-rl'nus). Bishop of Rome from 
 about 200 to 217. 
 
 Zephyrus (zef'i-rus). [L., from Gr. Zr^mpof, 
 a personification of the west wind.] In clas- 
 sical mythology, a personification of the west 
 wind, poetically regarded as the mildest and 
 gentlest of all the sylvan deities. See Favonius. 
 
 Zerafshan (zer-af-shan'). A river in central 
 Asia which flows westward past Samarkand, 
 and becomes lost in the neighborhood of the 
 Amu-Daria, west of Bokhara. Length, 400-500 
 miles. 
 
 Zeram. See Ceram. 
 
 Zerbinette (zer-be-net'). In Moliere’s “Les 
 Fourberiesde Scapin,”the daughterof Argante, 
 stolen by gipsies. Scapin intrigues for the 
 money to ransom her. 
 
 Zerbino (dzer-be'no). The Prince of Scotland 
 in the “Orlando Furioso” of Ariosto. 
 
 Zerbst (tserpst). A town in Anhalt, Germany, 
 situated on the Nuthe 22 miles southeast of 
 Magdeburg. It has varied manufactures, a noted cas- 
 tie, a Rathaus, and a church of St. Nicholas. It was for- 
 merly the residence of the princes of Anhalt-Zerbst. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 18,128. 
 
 Zerlina (dzer-le'na). 1. One of the principal 
 characters in Mozart’s opera “Don Giovanni,” 
 affianced to Masetto. — 2. A character in Au- 
 ber’s “Fra Diavolo.” 
 
 Zermatt (tser-mat' or zer-mat'). A village in 
 the canton of Valais, Switzerland, situated in 
 the Matter Thai in lat. 46° 1' N., long. 7° 44' 
 E. : a famous tourist center, it is in the neighbor- 
 hood of the Matterhorn, Monte Rosa, Gorner Grat, Riff el- 
 berg, and Theodule Pass. Elevation, 5,315 feet. 
 
 Zerubbabel (ze-rub'a-bel). [Heb., ‘ begotten 
 in Babylon.’] Son of Shealtiel, and grandson 
 of King J ehoiachin. His Babylonian name was Shesh- 
 bazzar. He and Joshua, grandson of the high priest Seraiah, 
 led the first colony of exiles (about 42,000) who returned 
 from the captivity to Judea. He was invested by Cyrus 
 with the office of governor ( pechah ) of the province which 
 the exiles were to occupy. He began and promoted the 
 rebuilding of the temple. Later he resigned the leader- 
 ship, and probably returned to Babylon. 
 
 Zetes (ze'tez). [Gr. Zyryc.] In classical my- 
 thology, a son of Boreas. 
 
 Zethos (ze'thos). [Gr. Zfjdor.'] In Greek my- 
 thology, the brother of Amphion. 
 
 Zetland Islands. See Shetland Islands. 
 Zettinje, or Zetinje. See Cettinje. 
 
 Zeugitana (zu-ji-ta'na). In ancient geography, 
 the northern part of the Roman province of 
 Africa : equivalent to northern Tunis. 
 
 Zeugma (zug'ma). [Gr. 2ei> In ancient 
 geography, a town on the right bank of the 
 Euphrates, opposite the modern Biredjik, about 
 lat. 37° N. : noted as a place of passage across 
 the Euphrates. 
 
 Zeus (zus). [Gr. Zeff, L. Jovis (gen.), Ju-piter.\ 
 In Greek mythology, the chief and master of 
 the gods, the supreme deity, omnipresent and 
 all-powerful, generally looked upon as the son 
 of Cronus and Rhea, and held to have de- 
 throned and succeeded his father. In a narrower 
 sense, he was the god of the heavens, and controlled all 
 celestial phenomena, as rains, snows, and tempests, heat 
 and cold, and the lightning. His consort was Hera. Zeus 
 was worshiped universally ; but the most renowned of 
 his sanctuaries were those of Olympia in Elis and Dodona 
 in Epirus. In art Zeus was represented as a majestic and 
 powerful figure, with full beard and flowing hair, in early 
 works sometimes fully draped, but in later art, in general, 
 only lightly draped in the himation. The type fixed by 
 Phidias in the second half of the 5th century B. c., in his 
 great chryselephantine statue for the temple at Olympia, 
 influenced all artists who came after him. The usual at- 
 tributes of the god are a long staff or scepter, the thunder- 
 bolt, the eagle, and sometimes a figure of Victory borne 
 on one hand. The head is generally encircled by a flUet 
 
 Zimmermann 
 
 or a wreath ; in later sculptures the hair rises from the 
 brow in luxuriant locks like a crown, and falls iu masses 
 on either side of the face. Compare J upiter. 
 
 Zeus, Olympian. A colossal chryselephantine 
 statue of Zeus by Phidias, placed in the temple 
 at Olympia, Greece. (See Olympia and Olym- 
 pieum.) It was removed to Constantinople in 
 the 5th century A. D., and burned in 476. 
 
 Zeus, Olympian, Temple of. See Olympieum. 
 
 Zeus Nicephorus (zus ni-sef'o-rus). [‘Bearer 
 of Victory.’] An antique statue found at the 
 Villa Barberini, and now in the Hermitage Mu- 
 seum, St. Petersburg. It is remarkable for its 
 colossal size, but has been much restored. 
 
 Zeuss (tsois), Johann Kaspar. Born at Vog- 
 tendorf, Upper Franconia, July 22, 1806: died 
 at Vorstendorf, Upper Franconia, Nov. 10, 1856. 
 A German historian and philologist, noted for 
 his researches in German history and Celtic 
 philology. He became professor of history at the ly- 
 ceum in Speyer in 1839, and at the lyceum in Bamberg in 
 1847. 
 
 Zeuxis (zuk'sis). [Gr. Zraftf.] Born at Hera- 
 clea (in Lucania (?) or in Macedonia (?)): 
 flourished at the close of the 5th century B. C. 
 A famous Greek painter. He formed his style 
 in Athens under the influence of Apollodorus ; worked 
 in various other cities ; and finally settled in Ephesus. 
 Among his principal works were “Zeus on his Throne 
 Surrounded by Gods,” “ Eros Crowned with Roses ” (in the 
 temple of Aphrodite at Athens), the “ Marsyas " (in the tem- 
 ple of Concord at Rome), the “ Centaur Family ” (described 
 by Lucian), the “ Alcmene of the Argentines,” “Hercules 
 as a Child, ” the “Helena ” (in the temple of Lucanian Hera), 
 and the “ Boy with Grapes. ” 
 
 Zhitomir, or Jitomir (zhit-om'er). The cap- 
 ital of the government of Volhynia, Russia, 
 situated on the Tetereff in lat. 50° 15' N. It has 
 considerable trade, and a large Hebrew popula- 
 tion. It is an ancient Lithuanian city. Popu- 
 lation, 75,100. 
 
 Zhob (zhob) Valley. A large valley in the 
 southeastern part of Afghanistan. It was the 
 scene of a British expedition in 1884. 
 
 Zia (ze'a). A modern Greek name of Ceos. 
 
 Zidon. See Sidon. 
 
 Ziem (zem), Felix. Born at Beaune, Cote-d’Or, 
 Feb. 25, 1821: died at Paris, Nov. 10, 1911. A 
 French painter of landscapes, marines, and 
 architecture. Many of his subjects are taken from 
 Venice and the Bosporus. 
 
 Zieten (tse'ten), Count Hans Ernst Karl von. 
 
 Born March 5, 1770: died at Warmbrunn, May 
 3, 1848. A Prussian general, corps commander 
 at Ligny and Waterloo. 
 
 Zieten, or Ziethen (tse'ten), Hans Joachim 
 
 von. Bom at Wustrau, near Ruppin, Prussia, 
 May 14, 1699 : died at Berlin, Jan. 26, 1786. A 
 Prussian general. He became a cavalry commander; 
 served in the first and second Silesian wars ; gained dis- 
 tinction from a march with his hussar regiment in 1745, 
 and at the battle of Hohenfriedberg June 4, 1745 ; served 
 at the battles of Prague and Kolin in 1757 ; and decided 
 the victories of Leuthen and Torgau. 
 
 Ziklag(zik'lag). In scriptural geography, atown 
 in southern Palestine : site undetermined, prob- 
 ably near the border of Philistia and Judah. 
 
 Zillerthal (tsil'ler-tal). An Alpine valley in Ty- 
 rol, about 25 miles east of Innsbruck, traversed 
 by the Zillerbach, a tributary of the Inn : noted 
 for its beauty. In 1837 about 400 of its inhabitants 
 (Protestants) emigrated to Silesia in Prussia on account 
 of religious persecution. 
 
 Zillerthaler Alps. A group of Alps in Tyrol, 
 extending from the Brenner eastward to the 
 Hohe Tauern. 
 
 Zimbabwe (zem-bab'wa). A ruined city in Ma- 
 shonaland, southeastern Africa, discovered by 
 Mauch in 1871. See the extract. 
 
 The ruins of the Great Zimbabwe are in south latitude 
 20° 16' 30" and east longitude 31° 10' 10", at an elevation of 
 3,300 feet above the sea-level. They form the principal of 
 along series of such ruins stretching up the whole length 
 of the west side of the Sabi river, the southernmost, which 
 we visited, being that on the Luudi, and the northernmost 
 in the Mazoe valley. There are also many other ruins on 
 the Limpopo, in the Transvaal, in Matabeleland, at Tati, 
 the Impakwe, and elsewhere, all of the same type and 
 construction ; but time would not permit our visiting 
 them. Some are equal to the ruins of the Great Zimbabwe 
 in workmanship, others again are very inferior, and point 
 to the occupation of this country having continued over a 
 long period, probably centuries. These all would seem to 
 have been abandoned at one time in the face of some 
 overwhelming calamity, for all the gateways at the Great 
 Zimbabwe and at Matindela, the second ruin in impor- 
 tance, 80 miles northeast of it as the crow flies, have been 
 carefully walled up as for a siege. 
 
 Theodore Bent, quoted in Appletons’ Annual Cyclopedia, 
 
 [1892, p. 302. 
 
 Zimmermann (tsim'mer-man), Johann Georg, 
 Ritter von. Born at Brugg, Aargau, Switzer- 
 land, Dec. 8, 1728: died at Hannover, Oct. 7, 
 1795. A Swiss physician and philosophical 
 writer, court physician at Hannover. His chief 
 
Zimmermann 
 
 works are “ Uber die Einsamkeit ” (“ On Solitude,” 1755 : 
 revised 1784-85), “Vom Nationalstolz” (“National Pride,” 
 1758), “ Von der Erfahrung in der Arzneiwissenschaft ” 
 (“ Experience in Medical Science,” 1764), etc. 
 
 Zimmermann, Reinhard Sebastian. Bom at 
 
 Hagnau, Switzerland, Jan. 9, 1815: died Nov. 
 16, 1893. A Swiss genre-painter. He studied at 
 Munich, and later at Paris. In 1850 he exhibited at Mu- 
 nich “The Three Magi. ” A number of his pictures are in 
 the United States. His son Ernst (born at Munich, April 
 24, 1852), a historical and genre painter, has reputation as 
 a colorist. His most noted picture, " Christ Among the 
 Doctors," was exhibited in 1879. 
 
 Zimmerthal (tsim'mer-tal). The lowest part of 
 the valley of the Avisio, in Tyrol, near Trent. 
 Zimri (zim'ri). 1. A king of Israel, overthrown 
 by Omri. — 2. A character in Dryden’s “ Absa- 
 lom and Aehitophel ” who represents the Duke 
 of Buckingham. 
 
 Zin (zin), Desert of. In scriptural geography, 
 a wilderness region south of the Dead Sea. 
 Zingara (dzen-ga/ra), La. The Italian version 
 of Balfe’s “Bohemian Girl,” produced at Lon- 
 don in 1858. 
 
 Zingarella (dzen-ga-rel'la). [It., ‘The Gipsy.’] 
 A noted painting by Correggio, in the Museo 
 Nazionale, Naples. It represents the Madonna with 
 her hair concealed by a white turban in gipsy fashion, 
 and with a white robe and blue upper garment. It is 
 a calm, idyllic conception, destitute of any superhuman 
 element. 
 
 Zingarelli (dzen-ga-rel'le), Niccolb Antonio. 
 
 Born at Naples, April 4, 1752: died at Torre 
 del Greco, May 5, 1837. An Italian composer, 
 choir-master at Milan, Loreto, Rome, and Na- 
 ples. He wrote many serious and comic operas, oratorios, 
 cantatas, and masses. His best work is the opera “ Romeo 
 e Giulietta” (1796). 
 
 Zingis Khan. Same as Jenghiz Klian. 
 Zinzendorf und Pottendorf (tsin'tsen-dorf ont 
 pot'ten-dorf), Nikolaus Ludwig, Count von. 
 Bom at Dresden, May 26, 1700 : died at Herrn- 
 hut, Saxony, May 9, 1760. A German religious 
 reformer, famous as the reviver and organizer 
 of the Moravian Church. He was educated at Halle 
 and Wittenberg; was in the Saxon civil service 1721-27; 
 settled on his estate at Berthelsdorf ; established a colony 
 of the Moravian Brethren at Herrnhut, and organized the 
 church ; was expelled from Saxony in 1736, but was al- 
 lowed to return in 1748 ; was made a bishop of the Mora- 
 vian Church ; and traveled extensively in Europe and 
 North America. He wrote sermons, hymns, polemics, etc. 
 
 Zion (zi'on), or Sion (sl'on), Mount. A hill 
 on which was situated the old city of Jerusalem : 
 the “city of David.” The name was probably given 
 originally to the Lower City or Acra, and then transferred 
 to Mount Moriah, the Temple Hill. It has also been ap- 
 plied to the Upper City, and to Jerusalem as a whole, and 
 symbolically to the Christian church and heaven. 
 Zipango, or Zipangu. See Cipango. 
 
 Zipas’ (tze'pas). \Zipa, powerful chief.] The 
 chiefs of the ancient Chibcha Indians of Co- 
 lombia. At the time of the conquest they ruled the 
 plateau of Bogota and all the territory corresponding to 
 the western part of the modern department of Cundina- 
 marca: this is often called the kingdom of the Zipas. 
 Another branch of the Chibchas, about Tunja (Boyacd).was 
 ruled by chiefs called Zaques. At the time of the conquest 
 the Zaques were at war with the Zipas, who, however, 
 were much more powerful. The Zipas were absolute mon- 
 archs, and were treated with great ceremony. Each Zipa 
 was the son of the sister of his predecessor, and was kept 
 under special guardianship from his childhood, subject to 
 singular rules : for example, he was not permitted to see 
 the sun, and he could not eat salt. Subsequently he took 
 the dignity of chief vassal until he attained the throne. 
 He was allowed but one wife, but had hundreds of concu- 
 bines. He left his house only in solemn procession, and 
 his subjects were forbidden to look at him. At his death 
 the whole kingdom went into mourning. Also written 
 Cipas. 
 
 Zipporah (zip'o-ra). [Heb., ‘little bird.’] Wife 
 of Moses: daughter of the Midianite priest 
 Jethro. 
 
 Zirknitzer See, or Czirknitzer See (tsirk'nits- 
 er za). A lake in Carniola, Austria-Hungary, 
 south of Laibach: the ancient Lacus Lugeus. 
 It is noted for its extraordinary variations in depth. 
 Length, 6 miles. v 
 
 Ziska (zis'ka), or Zizka (zhizk'kit), John. Born 
 at Troznow, near Budweis, Bohemia, about 
 1360 : died at the siege of Przibislaw, Oct. 11, 
 1424. A noted Hussite leader. He was a page at 
 the court of King Wenzel ; volunteered in the service of 
 the Teutonic Knights, Hungarians, and English ; and be- 
 came the chief leader of the Hussites. He built the strong- 
 hold of Tabor; repelled the Imperialists from Witkow 
 (Ziskaberg) in 1420 ; gained many victories over the Im- 
 perialists, especially at Deutschbrod, Jan. 8, 1422 ; and in- 
 vaded Moravia and Austria. He is the subject of an epic 
 by A. Meissner. 
 
 Ziska, John, Oath of. See Oath of John Ziska. 
 Zittau (tsit'tou). A city in the district of Baut- 
 zen, Saxony, situated on the Mandau, near the 
 Bohemian frontier, 49 miles east by south of 
 Dresden. It has important manufactures of linen and 
 damask, and is the center of an extensive manufacturing 
 region. There are large coal-mines in the vicinity. The 
 
 1083 
 
 chief buildings are the Rathaus and the churches of St 
 John and of St. Peter and St. Paul. It was bombarded 
 and nearly destroyed by the Austrians in 1757. It was the 
 birthplace of Marschner. Population, commune, 84,719. 
 
 ZitU fze'to), or Mazitu (ma-ze'to). See Viti. 
 
 Zizka. See Ziska. 
 
 Zloczow (zlo'chov). A town in Galicia, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, 40 miles east of Lemberg. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 13,212, (1910). 
 
 Z. Marcas (mar-ka/). A novel by Balzac, writ- 
 ten in 1840. 
 
 Znaim, formerly Znaym (tsnim), Bohem. Znoj- 
 mo. A town in Moravia, situated on the Thaja 
 48 miles north-northwest of Vienna: formerly 
 one of the principal cities of Moravia, it was 
 founded on its present site in 1226. It has a Rathaus and 
 the ruins of a castle. Population, 18,828, (1910). 
 
 Znaim, Armistice of. A truce between the 
 French and Austrians, July 12, 1809, following 
 the battle of Wagram, and preparatory to the 
 peace of Vienna. 
 
 Zoan (zo'an). See the extract. 
 
 San, or Tanis, the T’an, or Zoan of the Bible, is situated 
 about twenty miles north of Tell-el-Kebir. It is of ex- 
 tremely ancient date, the cartouche of Pepi I., a king of 
 the Sixth Dynasty, having been discovered there. It is 
 mentioned in the Old Testament as having been founded 
 seven years later than Hebron. It was used by the Hyksos 
 as their capital, and was probably the residence of Joseph. 
 In the reign of Ramses II. it was celebrated for its beauty, 
 for the fertility of its fields, and for the abundance of both 
 wild birds and fish. “ He rejoices who has settled there." 
 Later on the priests of Zoan-Tanis sided with HirHor, the 
 priestly usurper of the throne of Ramses. Under the Twen- 
 ty-third Dynasty it was again the seat of government. In 
 the stela of Piankhi on Gebel Barkal we find an unnamed 
 satrap ruling in Tanis. Finally Assurbanipal subdued the 
 city and took the governor prisoner. 
 
 MarietU, Outlines, p. 26, note. 
 
 Zoar (zo'ar). In scriptural geography, a city 
 near the Dead Sea : exact site unknown. 
 
 Zoar. A village in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, 
 situated on Tuscarawas River 62 miles south 
 by east of Cleveland: the seat of a communistic 
 German settlement. 
 
 Zoba, or Zobah (zo'ba). In scriptural geogra- 
 phy, a small independent kingdom in Syria, 
 probably near Damascus. 
 
 Zobeide (zd-bi'de). A character in the “Ara- 
 bian Nights’ Entertainments,” wife of the calif 
 Harun-al-Rashid. 
 
 Zoe (zo'e). [Gr. Zw^.] Died 1050. Byzantine 
 empress, wife of Romanus III. Argyrus (1028- 
 1034), whom she put to death. She raised to the 
 throne Michael the Paphlagonian, whom she 
 married in 1034. 
 
 Zofingen (tsof 'ing-en). A town in the canton of 
 Aargau, Switzerland, situated on the Wigger 
 25 miles southeast of Basel. Near it are an- 
 tiquities of the Roman town Tobinium. Pop- 
 ulation, 4,591. 
 
 Zohar (zo'har), or Sohar (so'hfir), or Sepher- 
 haz-Zohar. [‘ Book of Splendor or of Light.’] 
 A cabalistic work, in the form of a commen- 
 tary on the Pentateuch. It is ascribed traditionally 
 to the 2d century A. D., but by many is thought to have 
 been written much later (13th century, by Moses de Leon). 
 
 Zoilus (zo'i-lus). [Gr. Zwi/lof.] Lived in the 
 4th century B. c. A Greek rhetorician : called 
 “ Homeromastix ” (“Scourge of Homer ”) from 
 his severe criticisms of Homer. 
 
 Zola(z6Ta;F.pron.zo-la'),f;inile. BornatParis, 
 April 2, 1840: died there, Sept. 29, 1902. A noted 
 Frenchnovelist. His father was Italian and his mother 
 French. He studied at the Lyc^e Saint-Louis, but did not 
 take a degree. From 1860 to 1862 he lived in great poverty, 
 andfinallyentered Hachette’sbookstore as a packing clerk. 
 He studied the details of publishing until the close of the 
 year 1865, but devoted to writing all the time that was 
 his own. In 1864 he published his first work, “Contes 
 b Ninon,” followed in 1874 by the “Nouveaux contes ii 
 Ninon.” In 1865 appeared “La confession de Claude," 
 and then other separate novels as “Le voeu d’une morte ” 
 (1866), “Les myst&res de Marseille” (1867), “Th^rfese 
 Raquin” (1867), and “Madeleine Fdrat” (1868); also a 
 number of short stories (1882-84). From 1871 to 1893 
 Zola published, under the collective title “Les Rougon- 
 Macquart,’’ twenty novels: “La fortune des Rougons” 
 (1871), “La curde ’’ (1872), “Le ventre de Paris” (1873), 
 “La complete de Plassans” (1874), “La faute de l’abbd 
 Mouret” (1875), “Son excellence Eugene Rougon ” (1876), 
 “L’Assommoir” (1877), “Une page d'amour” (1878), 
 “Nana” (1880), “Pot-Bouille” (1882), “Au bonheur des 
 dames" (1883), “Lajoiedevivre”(1884) “Germinal”(1885), 
 “ L'tEuvre " (1886), “La terre ” (1887), “Le r6ve” (1888), 
 “ La bSte humaine " (1890), “ L’ Argent ’’ (1891), “ La deba- 
 cle" (1892), and “Le docteur Pascal ” (1893). His “Trilogy 
 of the Three Cities " includes “Lourdes ”(1894), “Rome” 
 (1896), and “Paris” (1898). His writingsin criticism include 
 “Mes liaines" (1866), “Mon salon ” (1866), “Edouard Ma- 
 net" (1867), “La Republique Franqaise et la literature " 
 (1879), “Le roman experimental " (1880), “Le naturalisme 
 au theatre” (1881), “Nos auteurs dramatiques " (1881), 
 “Les roinanciers naturalistes ” (1881), “Une campagne” 
 (1881), and “ Documents littdraires, etudes et portraits ” 
 (1881). Some of his novels have been dramatized, as 
 “L’Assoramoir” (1879), “Le ventre de Paris” (1887), 
 “ Rente " (1887 : adapted from “La curde”), and “Germi- 
 
 Zosimus 
 
 nal ” (1888). Zola is the leader of the school of natural- 
 ism in France. On Feb. 23, 1898, he was sentenced to a 
 year’s imprisonment and the payment of a fine of 3,000 
 francs for libeling the court martial which tried and ac- 
 quitted Major Esterhazy. The sentence was annulled by 
 the Court of Cassation. He was again tried and sentenced 
 to twelve months’ imprisonment and the payment of a 
 fine. He left France before notification of judgment in 
 order to secure a retrial later, but soon returned, 
 
 Zoller (tsel'ler), Hugo. Born at Oberhausen, 
 Prussia, Jan. 12, 1852. A German traveler and 
 journalist. He was traveling correspondent of the 
 “Kolnische Zeitung,” and explored and annexed for Ger- 
 many various regions in W est Africa in 1884-85. He wrote 
 accounts of travels round the world and in Africa. 
 Zollern. Same as Hohenzollern. 
 
 Zollicoffer (zol'i-kof-er), Felix Kirk. Born in 
 Tennessee, May 19, 1812: killed at the battle of 
 Mill Springs, Ky., Jan. 19, 1862. An American 
 journalist, politician, and soldier. He was whig 
 member of Congress from Tennessee 1853-59 ; a delegate 
 to the peace convention in 1861 ; and a Confederate briga- 
 dier-general. He was one of the Confederate command- 
 ers at Mill Spring. 
 
 Zollner (tsel'ner), Johann Karl Friedrich. 
 
 Born at Berlin, Nov. 8, 1834: died April 25, 
 1882. A German physicist and astronomer, 
 professor of astronomy at Leipsic from 1866. 
 He is especially noted for his contributions to astronomical 
 (especially solar) physics. He sought to explain spiri- 
 tualistic phenomena by means of the conception of a 
 fourth dimension of space, and became involved in con- 
 troversies on this and other matters. His chief works are 
 “Photometrie des Himmels” (1861), “Photometrische 
 Untersuchungen" (1865), “Uber die Natur der Kometen” 
 (1872) : the last contains much philosophical speculation. 
 Zollverein (tsol'fer-In"). [G. , from zoll, custom, 
 and verein, union.] A union of German states 
 for the maintenance of a common tariff or uni- 
 form rates of duty on imports from other coun- 
 tries, and of free trade among themselves, it 
 began with an agreement in 1828 between Prussia and the 
 grand duchy of Hesse ; received a great development in 
 1834 and succeeding years, ultimately including all the 
 German powers except Austria and a few small states ; and 
 is now coextensive with the German Empire. 
 
 Zombor (zom'bor), or Sombor (som'bor). A 
 royal free city, capital of the county of B&cs, 
 Hungary, 64 miles southwest of Szegedin. Pop- 
 ulation, commune, 29,609. 
 
 Zona Libre (tho'na le'bra). [‘Free zone.’] A 
 narrow strip of territory along the northern 
 border of Mexico, adjoining the United States: 
 by law it extends to a distance of 20 kilometers 
 inland, but in actual usage this varies. The 
 zone was first established in Tamaulipas alone (1868), 
 and it was so called because certain articles imported for 
 consumption in this territory were exempted from cus- 
 toms duties. At present imports to the zone pay 10 per 
 cent, of the ordinary duties, the only exceptions being cat- 
 tle, which pay the full duty. It has been urged that the 
 Zona Libre is much used for smuggling ; but the Mexican 
 authorities claim that it is a commercial necessity owing 
 to the retail trade across the border. 
 
 Zone, Free. See Zona Libre. 
 
 Zongora (zong-go'ra), or W azongora ( wa-zong- 
 go'ra). The principal tribe of the kingdom of 
 Karagwe, in German East Africa, on the south- 
 west shore of Lake Victoria. The language is 
 called Kizongora, and Kinyambo is said to be but a dia- 
 lect of it. 
 
 Zophiel (zo'fi-el). 1. A cherub in Milton’s 
 “Paradise Lost.” — 2. A poem by Maria Brooks. 
 Zorah (zo'ra). In scriptural geography, a town 
 in Palestine, 14 miles west of Jerusalem : the 
 modern Surah. 
 
 Zorbig (tser'biG). A small town in the province 
 of Saxony, Prussia, 24 miles north-northwest of 
 Leipsic. 
 
 Zorilla, or Zorrilla (thor-rel'ya), Manuel 
 Ruiz. Born 1834 : died June 13, 1895. A 
 Spanish politician. He was a Progressist member of 
 the Cortes in the reign of Isabella ; minister under the re- 
 public ; minister and premier in the reign of Amadeus; 
 and later an exile and republican propagandist. 
 
 Zorndorf (tsorn'dorf). A village in the prov- 
 ince of Brandenburg, Prussia, 53 miles east by 
 north of Berlin. Here a victory was gained, Aug. 25, 
 1758, by the Prussians under Frederick the Great over 
 the Russians under Fermor. Loss of the Russians, about 
 20,000 ; of the Prussians, about 10,000. 
 
 Zoroaster (zo-ro-as'ter). See Zarathushtra. 
 Zoroastrians ( zo-ro-as'tri-anz). The followers 
 of Zoroaster, now represented by the Guebers 
 and Parsis of Persia and India. See Zarathush- 
 tra. 
 
 Zorrilla. See Zorilla. 
 
 Zorrilla y Moral (thor-rel'ya e mo-riil'), Jos6. 
 Born at Valladolid, Spain, Feb. 21, 1818: died 
 there, Jan. 23, 1893. A noted Spanish poet. 
 
 Among his works are “Cantos del trovador,” “Floras per- 
 didas,” “Granada,” and the comedy “El zapatero y el rey ” 
 (“ The Shoemaker and the King ”). 
 
 Zosimus (zos'i-mus). [Gr. Zdieugof.] Lived 
 probably in the first half of the 5th century A. D. 
 A Greek historian, author of a history of the 
 Roman Empire from Augustus to 410. 
 
Zosimus 
 
 Zosimus. Bishop of Rome 417-418. 
 
 Zosma (zos'ma). [Gr. C,uaya, a girdle: but the 
 appropriateness of the name is not obvious.] 
 The third-magnitude star <5 Leonis, at the root 
 of the animal’s tail. The star is also called 
 Buhr, and sometimes Zuhra. 
 
 Zouave (zo-av'). See Kabail, Berbers. 
 Zouaves (zo-avz'). [F., from the name of a 
 tribe inhabiting Africa.] l.The soldiers belong- 
 ing to a corps of light infantry in the French 
 army, distinguished for their dash, intrepidity, 
 and hardihood, and for their peculiar drill and 
 showy Oriental uniform. The Zouaves were organ- 
 ized in Algeria in 1831, and consisted at first of two bat- 
 talions chiefly of Kabyles and other natives, but ulti- 
 mately became almost entirely French, with increased 
 numbers. They served exclusively in Algeria till 1854, 
 and afterward fought in European wars. 
 
 2. The members of those volunteer regiments 
 of the Union army in the American Civil 
 War (1861-65) which adopted the name and to 
 some extent imitated the dress of the French 
 Zouaves. 
 
 Zouaves, Papal or Pontifical. A corps of 
 French soldiers organized at Rome, in 1860, for 
 the defense of the temporal sovereignty of the 
 Pope, under General Lamoriciere, one of the 
 first commanders of the Algerian Zouaves. 
 
 After unsuccessfully resisting the entrance of the Italian 
 government into Borne in 1870, they served in France 
 against the Germans and the Commune, and in 1871 were 
 disbanded. 
 
 Zrinyi (zren'ye), or Zrini, or Zriny (zre'ne), 
 Count Niklas. Killed at the siege of Sziget, 
 Sept. 7, 1566. A Hungarian commander, fa- 
 mous for his defense of Sziget, with a garrison 
 of 3,000, against Sultan Solyman’s army, Aug.- 
 Sept., 1566. 
 
 The Turks were pressing forward along a narrow bridge 
 which led to the castle, when the gates were flung open, 
 a mortar filled with broken iron was fired into their 
 midst, and through the smoke and carnage Zrinyi led his 
 men to their death. Like the famous Light Brigade, the 
 numberof thesedevoted horsemen was sixhundred; their 
 leader tied the keys of the castle to his belt, and the ban- 
 ner of the Empire was borne above his head. Zrinyi fell 
 pierced by two musket-shots and an arrow, and the Turks 
 entered the castle of SzigetvAr, only to find that a slow 
 match had been applied to a mine containing 3,000 pounds 
 of gunpowder, which speedily sent as many Turks to para- 
 dise. The castle still remains a ruin : a monument of the 
 death of a Leonidas and an Alexander. 
 
 Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 192. 
 
 Zschokke (tshok'ke), Johann Heinrich Dan- 
 iel. Born at Magdeburg, March 22, 1771 : died 
 near Aarau, June 27, 1848. A German-Swiss 
 historian, novelist, and religious writer. Heheld 
 various administrative positions in Switzerland. Among 
 his historical works are “Geschichte des Freistaats der 
 drei Biinde in Rhatien” (1798), “Geschichte vom Kampfe 
 und Untergange der schweizerischen Berg- und Waldkau- 
 tone ’’ (1801), “Bayrische Geschichten"(1813), “DesSchwei- 
 zerlandes Geschichten ”(1822). He also wrote tales and 
 sketches, “Der Fluchtling im Jura,” “Der Freihof von 
 Aarau,” “Der Creole,” “Alamontade,” etc.; and a religious 
 work, “Stunden der Andacht” (“Hours of Meditation,” 
 1847). 
 
 Zschopau (tsho'pou). A river in the kingdom 
 of Saxony which joins the Freiberger Mulde 
 near Leisnig. Length, 68 miles. 
 
 Zschopau. A town in the kingdom of Saxony, 
 situated on the Zschopau 36 miles southwest 
 of Dresden. Population, 6,810. 
 
 Zubenakravi, or Zubenhakrabi (zo-ben-ak'- 
 ra-vi or -bi). [Ar. zubdn-al-akrab, the claw of 
 the Scorpion.] The third-magnitude star 20 
 Libras, lettered by Bayer as y Scorpii. 
 Zubenalgenubi (zo-ben-al-jen-u'bi). [Ar. su- 
 ben-al-jenubi, the southern claw (of Scorpio).] 
 The third-magnitude star a Libras, which con- 
 stellation was formerly reckoned as part of 
 Scorpio. The star is also known as Kiffa Aus- 
 tralis. 
 
 Zubenalshemali (zo-ben-al-she-ma'li). [Ar. 
 
 zuben-al-shemali, the northern claw. ] The 
 
 third-magnitude star /3 Librae, or Kiffa Borealis. 
 Zubra (zo'bra). [Ar. al-subra, the mane or 
 ridge of hair (on a lion’s back).] A rarely used 
 name for <1 Leonis. See Buhr and Zosma. 
 
 Zug (zog or tsog). 1. Acanton of Switzerland, 
 bounded by Zurich, Schwyz, Lucerne, and 
 Aargau. Capital, Zug. It has 1 representative in the 
 National Council. The prevailing language is German, and 
 the religion Roman Catholic. Zug joined the confedera- 
 tion in 1352, and sided with the Sonderbund. Area, 92 
 square miles. Population, 28,179, (1910). 
 
 2. The capital of the canton of Zug, situated 
 on the Lake of Zug 13 miles northeast of Lu- 
 cerne. Notable landslips into the lake occurred here in 
 1435 and 1887, and the town was partly undermined by 
 the lake in 1887. Population, (1,508. 
 
 Zug, Lake of. A lake in Switzerland, inclosed 
 by the cantons of Zug, Schwyz, and Lucerne. 
 
 1084 
 
 Its outlet is the Lorze into the Reuss. Length, 
 8£ miles. Width, 24 miles. 
 
 Zuider Zee. See Zuyder Zee. 
 
 Zuinglius. See Zwingli. 
 
 Zukertort (tso'ker-tort), Johannes Hermann. 
 Born at Lublin, Russian Poland, 1842 : died at 
 London, June 20, 1888. A noted chess-player, 
 editor of the “ Chess Monthly.” He won the 
 first prize at the international tournament at Paris in 
 1878 ; and at the congress of 1883 gained the first 
 place, Steinitz being second. He was noted as a blind- 
 fold player. 
 
 Zuleika (zu-le'ka). A favorite name in Persian 
 poetry. 
 
 Zulla (zol'la), or Zula (zo'la), or Sula (so'la), 
 or Dola (do'la). A village on Annesley Bay, 
 eastern coast of Africa, lat. 15° 15' N. Near it 
 are the ruins of the ancient Adulis. It is in the Italian 
 colony of Eritrea. 
 
 Zulla Bay. Same as Annesley Bay. 
 
 Ziillichau (tsiil'le-chou). A town in the prov- 
 ince of Brandenburg, Prussia, 51 miles east- 
 southeast of Frankfort-on-the-Oder. Near it, 
 J uly 23, 1759, the Russians under Soltikoff defeated the 
 Prussians under Wedel. Population, commune, 7,485. 
 Ziilpich (tsiil'pich). A small town in the Rhine 
 Province, Prussia, 22 miles southwest of Co- 
 logne: the ancient Roman city Tolbiacum. it 
 is incorrectly said to have been the scene of the victory 
 of Clovis over the Alamanni in 496 A. D. 
 
 Zulu (zo'lo), or Amazulu (a-ma-zo'lo). A 
 Bantu nation of British South Africa. They oc- 
 cupy the region between Natal (from which it is separated 
 by the Tugela and Umzinyati rivers) and Lourengo Mar- 
 ques. The Amazulu proper border on Natal, the Amahute 
 and Amaswazi (or Amazwazi) on Lourengo Marques. The 
 Zulus are fine specimens of physical manhood. They go 
 almost naked, and are great orators and warriors, using the 
 lance and the shield. Their huts are of the beehive pat- 
 tern, but large. Their language and folk-lore have been 
 more fully illustrated than those of most other Bantu na- 
 tions. Their military superiority over neighboring t ribes 
 is due to the strict military system introduced by Chaka, 
 who, it is said, got his ideas from the European troops in 
 Cape Colony ; and the phenomenal success and enlarge- 
 ment of Zulu conquest may be attributed to the custom of 
 incorporating the conquered into their own army. The 
 kingdom of Lobengula (Matabeleland) and that of Umzila 
 (Gazaland) are of Zulu origin ; and so are the Landins of 
 the Zambesi. See Cettiwayo, Kaffir, Lobengula. 
 Zululand (zo'lo-land). A province (since 1897) 
 of Natal. It comprises the former Zulu Reserve, etc., 
 and was made a British possession in 1887. The Amapu- 
 taland Protectorate was annexed to Zululand in 1897. 
 Area, about 12,500 square miles. 
 
 Zulu Reserve. Southern Zululand. 
 
 Zulu War. See Cettiivayo. 
 
 Zum&rraga (tho-mar'ra-ga), Juan de. Born 
 near Durango, Biscay, 1486: died at Mexico 
 City, June 3, 1548. First bishop of Mexico. He 
 was a Franciscan, guardian of the convent of Abrojo, and 
 was appointed bishop Dec. 12, 1527, receiving at the same 
 time the title and office of Protector of the Indians. Soon 
 after his arrival in Mexico he caused careful search to be 
 made for Aztec manuscripts, and bad them burned in a 
 great pile as heretical books : by his orders similar autos 
 de fe took place in many other cities. Aside from this act 
 he is greatly praised for his zeal and his championship of 
 the rights of the Indians : under him the mission work 
 was extended to aU parts of the Spanish conquests in 
 Mexico and Central America. He died eight days after 
 receiving the bull which raised his see to an archbishopric. 
 
 Zumpt (tsompt), August Willielm. Born at 
 Konigsberg, Dec. 4, 1815 : died at Berlin, April 
 22, 1877. A German classical scholar, nephew 
 of K. G. Zumpt: professor at the Frederick 
 William gymnasium at Berlin. Among his works 
 are “Commentationes epigraphies” (1850-54), “ Studia 
 Romana ” (1859), “Das Kriminalrecht der romischen Re- 
 publik ” (1865-69), etc. 
 
 Zumpt, Karl Gottlob. Born at Berlin, March 
 20, 1792 : died at Karlsbad, June 25, 1849. A 
 German classical philologist, professor of Ro- 
 man literature at Berlin from 1827. He pub- 
 lished a Latin grammar (1818) ; edited Quintilian, Curtius, 
 and several orations of Cicero ; and wrote “Annales vete- 
 ran! regnorum et populorum ” (1819), “ liber den Stand 
 der Bevolkerungund die Volksvermehrung im Altertum ” 
 (1841), and various works on Roman antiquities. 
 
 Zungaria. Same as Sungaria. 
 
 Zuni (zo'nye). [“ A Spanish adaptation of 
 the Keresau Sunyitsa, of unknown meaning.” 
 Handbook of American In dians. Cibola, though 
 strictly the Mexican name for “buffalo,” as ap- 
 plied to the seven ancient cities had its origin 
 in Sliiwina, the native name of the tribe.] A 
 tribe of North American Indians which inhabits 
 the largest of all the Indian pueblos, as well as 
 three small summer villages, in the mam and 
 tributary valleys of the Rio Zuni, an affluent of 
 the Colorado Chiquito, in western New Mexico. 
 It formerly comprised seven villages, known to the early 
 Spanish explorers as the Seven Cities of Cibola, on the 
 site of one of which stands the present communal pueblo 
 of Zuni. Number, about 1,500. Also (funi, Soone, Sune, 
 Cebola, Cibola, Sibola, Zibola. 
 
 Zufiian (zo'nyi-an). A linguistic stock of North 
 
 Zusmarshausen 
 
 American Indians, comprising only the Zu£i 
 tribe (which see). 
 
 Ziiniga. See Ercilla y ZufHga. 
 
 Zuniga (thon'ye-ga), Alonzo Manrique de, 
 
 Marquis of Villamanrique. Born at Seville 
 about 1535: died about 1600. A Spanish ad- 
 ministrator, viceroy of Mexico Oct. 18, 1585, to 
 Jan,, 1590. He was deposed on account of a quarrel 
 with the audience of Guadalajara. His estate was confis- 
 cated, but was subsequently restored to his family. 
 Zuniga, Baltazar de, Marquis of Valero and 
 Duke of Arion. Born about 1670 : died after 
 1729. A Spanish administrator, viceroy of 
 Mexico Aug. 16, 1716, to Oct. 15, 1722. 
 
 Zuniga, Diego Lopez de. See Lopes de Zuniga. 
 Zuniga y Azevedo (e ii-tha-va'THo), Gaspar 
 de, Count of Monterey. Born about 1540 : died 
 at Lima, Peru, Feb. 10, 1606. A Spanish ad- 
 ministrator. He was viceroy of Mexico Oct. 6, 1595,- 
 1603. During this period he organized many expeditions 
 for colonization and exploration in New Mexico, Califor- 
 nia, etc. : the city of Monterey, founded in 1596, and the 
 Bay of Monterey, in California, were named in his honor. 
 He was a zealous protector of the Indians. Transferred to 
 Peru, he was viceroy of that country from Nov. 28, 1604, 
 until his death. 
 
 Zuni (zo'nye) Mountains. A range of moun- 
 tains in the western part of New Mexico, about 
 lat. 35° N. 
 
 Zupitza (tso'pit-sa), Julius. Born Jan. 4, 
 1844 : died July 5, 1895. A German philologist, 
 professor at Berlin. He edited Beowulf, Cynewulf s 
 “ Eleue,” Guy of Warwick, etc. 
 
 Zurbaran (thor-ba-ran'), Francisco. Born at 
 Fuente de Cantos, Estremadura, Spain, 1598: 
 died 1662. A Spanish painter. His chief work 
 is “Apotheosis of St. Thomas Aquinas.” 
 
 Zuri (dzo're). A small island in the Adriatic, 
 belonging to Dalmatia, 38 miles south-south- 
 east of Zara. 
 
 Zurich (zii'rik), G. Zurich (tsii'rich). 1. A 
 canton of Switzerland, bounded by Baden, 
 Schaffhausen, Thurgau, St. Gall, Schwyz, Zug, 
 and Aargau. Capital, Zurich. It contains a large 
 part of the Lake of Zurich and several other lakes. The 
 Rhine is on or near its northern border. It is traversed 
 by hills and low mountains. It has manufactures of cot- 
 ton, silk, machinery, etc., and a large trade. Zurich has 22 
 representatives in the National Council. The prevailing 
 language is German, and the religion Protestant. Zurich 
 was early occupied by the Alamanni ; was under the rule 
 of the Carolingiaus ; was subject to the counts of Lenzburg 
 and dukes of Zahringen ; became a free imperial city in 
 1218; was allied with Uri and Schwyz in 1292 ; entered the 
 confederation in 1351 ; expanded its territory, especially in 
 the 15th century ; was at variance with the confederation 
 1436-50 ; and was the center of the Swiss Reformation. 
 Area, 666 square miles. Population, 500,455, (1910). 
 
 2. The capital of the canton of Zurich, situated 
 at the outflow of the Lake of Zurich into the 
 Limmat, in lat. 47° 22' N., long. 8° 33' E. : the 
 Roman Turicum (whence the modern name). 
 It consists of the city proper and 9 suburbs. It is the most 
 flourishing city in Switzerland, the manufacturing center 
 of the country, and a famous ecclesiastical and literary 
 center. The cathedral was founded in the lltli century, 
 and built for the most part in a plain but excellent Roman- 
 esque style. The upper portion of the west towers is of 
 the 13th century, but their helmet-shaped roofs date from 
 1799. The fine cloister is in the early- Pointed style. 
 Zurich is the seat of a university founded in 1832. Popu- 
 lation, 150,703. 
 
 Zurich, Battles of. Near Zurich, June, 1799, the 
 Austrians under Archduke Charles defeated the 
 French under Mass6na; and Sept. 25-26, 1799, 
 the French underMass&nadefeated the Russians 
 under Korsakoff, Suvaroff arriving too late. 
 Zurich, Lake of, G. Ziirichsee (tsii'rich-za) or 
 Ziirchersee (tslir'cher-za). A lake in Switzer- 
 land, nearly inclosed by the canton of Zurich, 
 and hordei’ing also on St. Gall and Schwyz. 
 It is separated by a promontory and dam into the lake 
 proper and the upper lake. It Is surrounded by hills and 
 (in the upper part) by mountains. Length, 25 miles. Ex- 
 treme width, 2 h miles. Depth, 470 feet. Elevation above 
 sea-level, 1,342 feet. 
 
 Zurich, Peace of. The treaty which terminated 
 hostilities between France and Sardinia on one 
 side and Austria on the other, Nov. 10, 1859. 
 It was based on the preliminaries of Villafranca. Austria 
 ceded Lombardy (except Mantua and Pescliiera) to France, 
 which ceded them to Sardinia. Sardinia assumed three 
 fifths of the debt. 
 
 Zurita (tho-re'ta), Alonso. Born about 1500: 
 died after 1564. A Spanish lawyer and author. 
 
 From 1544 to about 1660 he was successively a member of 
 the audiences of Santo Domingo, Los Confines, and Mex- 
 ico, traveling besides in New Granada (Santa Marta) to 
 organize courts of justice. He wrote a treatise on the In- 
 dians of New Spain, which has been published in modern 
 times. It relates principally to their customs and laws, and 
 is a standard authority. 
 
 Zusmarshausen (tsos'mars-hou-zen). A village 
 in Bavaria, situated on the Zusam 15 miles 
 west of Augsburg. It was the scene of a victory of the 
 Swedes and French over the Imperialists May 17 , 1648 . 
 
Ziitphen 
 
 Ziitphen (ziit'fen). A town in the province of 
 Gelderland, Netherlands, situated at the junc- 
 tion of the Berkel with the Yssel, 57 miles east 
 by south of Amsterdam. It was a Hanseatic town. 
 It has several times been besieged and taken (sacked by 
 Alva in 1672). Sir Philip Sidney was mortally wounded 
 before it in 1586. Population, commune, 18,381. 
 
 Zuyder Zee, or Zuider Zee (zi'der ze; D. prom 
 zoi'der za). An arm of the North Sea which 
 penetrates deeply into the Netherlands, and 
 is partly separated from the North Sea by 
 the islands Texel, Vlieland, Terschelling, and 
 Ameland. It was formerly a lake (Roman Flevo), and 
 acquired its present size through inundations in the 13th 
 century. The draining of the southern portion has been 
 projected. Length, about 80 miles. Greatest width, about 
 40 miles. It is generally shallow. 
 
 Zwarte (zwar'te) Water. A stream in the 
 Netherlands on which Zwolle is situated. It 
 receives the Vecht, and as the Zwollsche Diep 
 flows into the Zuyder Zee. 
 
 Zweibriicken (tsvTbriik-en). A former sov- 
 ereign countship in Germany, later a duchy. 
 It belonged to Sweden 1654-1718, and to France 1796- 
 1814 ; and passed in great part to Bavaria. 
 
 Zweibriicken, F. Deux-Ponts (de-p6n'). A 
 town in the Rhine Palatinate, Bavaria, situ- 
 ated on the Erbach 48 miles west of Speyer, it 
 was formerly the capital of the countship of Zweibriicken. 
 The Bipontine editions of classics were published here at 
 
 1085 
 
 the end of the 18th century. Population, commune, 14,- 
 711. 
 
 Zweisimmen (tsvi'zim-men). The chief place 
 in the Simmenthal, Switzerland. 
 
 Zwickau (tsvik'ou). 1. A district of the king- 
 dom of Saxony. — 2. A city in the kingdom of 
 Saxony, situated on the Zwickauer Mulde in 
 lat. 50° 44' N. , long. 12° 29' E. It has the largest 
 railway-station in Germany ; has important commerce ; 
 and is the center of a large coal-field. It manufactures 
 chemicals, machinery, porcelain, glass, paper, gloves, 
 stockings, etc. Zwickau was a free city 1290-1348, and 
 passed in 1348 under the rule of Meissen. It was the birth- 
 place of Schumann. Population, commune, 68,502. 
 
 Zwickauer Mulde. See Mulde. 
 
 Zwieselalp(tsve'zel-alp). Apassandnotedpoint 
 of view in the Austrian Alps of the Salzkam- 
 mergut, 13 miles southwest of Ischl. Height, 
 5,197 feet. 
 
 Zwillingsbriider (tsvil'ingz-bru-der), Die. [G., 
 ‘ The Twin Brothers.’] A musical farce, words 
 by Hofmann, music by Schubert, produced in 
 1820. 
 
 Zwinger (tsving'er). [(4-, ‘prison,’ ‘fort.’] A 
 famous museum in Dresden, its picture-gallery 
 contains about 2,500 paintings, including Raphael's Sistine 
 Madonna and works by Correggio, Titian, Paul Veronese, 
 Rembrandt, Rubens, Holbein, and others. There are also 
 collections of drawings, casts, etc. 
 
 Zwingli (zwing'le; G. pron. tsving'le), L. 
 Zuinglius (zwing'gli-us), Huldreich or TJ1- 
 
 Zwolle 
 
 rich. Born at Wildhaus, St. Gall, Switzerland, 
 Jan. 1, 1484 : killed at the battle of Kappel, Oct. 
 11, 1531. A famous Swiss Reformer, with Cal- 
 vin the founder of the Reformed Church. He 
 was educated at Bern, Vienna, and Basel ; became pastor 
 in Glarus in 1506 ; accompanied the Glarus contingent in 
 campaigns as chaplain ; became preacher at Einsiedeln in 
 1516, and at Zurich in 1518 ; inaugurated, by his preaching, 
 the Reformation at Zurich in 1519 (the Reformation was le- 
 galized by the Council of Zurich in 1523) ; held disputations 
 at Zurich in 1523 ; was a leader in the political and reli- 
 gious disputes in Switzerland ; met the Saxon Reformers in 
 conference in 1529 ; and accompanied the Zurichers against 
 the forces of the Forest Cantons in 1531. Among his works 
 are “ De vera et falsa religione ” (“Of True and False Re- 
 ligion”), “Fidei ratio,” “Christianas fidei brevis et clara 
 expositio.” 
 
 Zwirner (tsvir'ner), Ernst Friedrich. Born 
 at Jakobswalde, Silesia, Feb. 28, 1802: died 
 Sept. 22, 1861. A German architect. He became 
 architect of the restoration of the Cologne cathedral in 
 1833 ; and also bu ilt the Apollinaris church at Remagen, etc. 
 
 Zwittau (tsvit'tou). A town in Moravia, Aus- 
 tria-Hungary, situated near the Bohemian fron- 
 tier 39 miles north of Briinn. Population, 
 commune, 9,651, (1910). 
 
 Zwolle (zwol'le). The capital of the province 
 of Overyssel, Netherlands, situated on the 
 Zwarte Water, near the Yssel, in lat. 52° 31' N., 
 long. 6° 6' E. It was a Hanseatic city, and joined the 
 United Provinces in 1580. Near it is the Agnetenberg, long 
 the home of Thomas a Kempis. Pop., commune, 30,560. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SUPPLEMENT 
 

 
 
 
 v 
 
 
 
 
The asterisk (*) is used to mark additions to articles in the Cyclopedia of Names 
 
 bbaziaf (a-bat-se ' a) . A vil- 
 lage in Istria, Austria, 
 situated on the Gulf of 
 Quarnero, noted as a health- 
 resort. It is protected on the 
 north and west by mountains of 
 considerable height and enjoys an 
 equable climate (mean winter 
 temperature, 50’ F. ; summer, 77° 
 F.). The annual number of those 
 seeking the baths is upward of 
 14,000. Population, with Volosca, 6,592, (1910). 
 
 Abbe*, Cleveland. He was professor of me- 
 teorology at George Washington University 
 1886-1909, and has been meteorologist of the 
 United States Weather Bureau since 1891. 
 
 Abbe (ab'e), Ernst. Born at Eisenach, Saxe- 
 Weimar, Jan. 23, 1840: died at Jena, Jan. 14, 
 1905. A German physicist, professor in the 
 University of Jena 1870-91, and director of the 
 astronomical observatory from 1878. He is noted 
 for his theoretical work in optics and for the improve- 
 ments which he made in optical glass and in optical in- 
 struments, especially in the microscope. The so-called 
 Jena glass, including varieties much used for lenses, etc., 
 was his invention. From 1866 he was connected with the 
 firm of Karl Zeiss, the instrument-maker of Jena. 
 
 Abbe Constantin, L’ (a-ba' koh-stan-tah'). A 
 novel by Ludovic II a levy, published in 1882. 
 
 Abbey*, Edwin Austin. Died at London, 
 Aug. 1, 1911. He was elected a member of the Royal 
 Academy in 1898, and of the National Academy in 1902. 
 He depicted Shaksperian characters, and illustrated works 
 by Herrick, Goldsmith, etc. In 1903-04 he painted the 
 official picture of the coronation of Edward VII., and at 
 the time of his death was engaged on a series of decora- 
 tions for the Capitol at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Part 
 of the series was completed in 1908. 
 
 Abbot (ab'ot), Charles Greeley. Born at 
 Wilton, N. EL, May 31, 1872. An American 
 astrophysicist, director of the Smithsonian 
 Astro physical Observatory from 1907. He has 
 published numerous papers upon special prob- 
 lems of solar research. 
 
 Abbot (ab'ot), Henry Larcom. Born at Bev- 
 erly, Mass., Aug. 13, 1831. An American sol- 
 dier and engineer. He was graduated from the 
 United States Military Academy in 1854 ; served through 
 the Civil War; and rose to the brevet rank of major-general 
 of volunteers. He has written “ Physics and Hydraulics of 
 the Mississippi ” (1861 : with General Humphreys), “Siege 
 Artillery in the Campaign Against Richmond " (1867), 
 “Experiments to Develop a System of Submarine Mines “ 
 (1881), “Problems of the Panama Canal ’’ (1905), etc. 
 
 Abbott (ab'ot), Alexander Crever. Born at 
 Baltimore, Md., Feb. 26, 1860. An American 
 bacteriologist, professor of hygiene and bac- 
 teriology in the University of Pennsylvania 
 from 1897. He has published “ The Principles 
 of Bacteriology” (1892), etc. 
 
 Abbott (ab'ot), Sir John Joseph Caldwell. 
 Born at St. Andrew's, Quebec, March 12, 1821 : 
 died at Montreal, Oct. 30, 1893. A Canadian 
 statesman. He was graduated at McGill University in 
 1847, was called to the bar in the same year, and was ap- 
 pointed queen’s counsel in 1862. He was dean of the 
 faculty of law in McGill University for several years, and 
 was knighted in 1892. He was a member of Parliament 
 for Argenteuil 1859-74 and 1881-87, and entered the Sen- 
 ate for the division of Inkertnan, Quebec, May, 1887. He 
 joined the Conservatives in 1865, was a member (without 
 portfolio) of Sir .1. A. Macdonald’s cabinet in 1887, and 
 was premier of Canada 1891-92. 
 
 Abbott (ab'ot), Thomas Kingsmill. Born at 
 Dublin, March 26, 1829. An Irish clergyman 
 and scholar, a graduate and fellow of Trinity 
 College, Dublin, in which he occupied the chair 
 of moral philosophy 1867-72, of biblical Greek 
 1875-88, and of Ilebrew 1879-1900. He has pub- 
 lished “ Sight and Touch ” (1864), a translation of Kant’s 
 “Theory of Ethics” (1873), “Elementary Theory of the 
 Tides” (1888), etc. 
 
 C — 69 
 
 Abel (a'bel), John Jacob. Born at Cleve- 
 land, Ohio, May 19, 1857. An American scien- 
 tist, professor of pharmacology in Johns Hop- 
 kins University from 1893. He has conducted 
 investigations in physiological chemistry, physiology, and 
 pharmacology, and is the editor of the “Journal of Phar- 
 macology and Experimental Therapeutics.” 
 
 Aberdeen (ab-er-den'). A city in Chehalis 
 County, Washington. It is situated on the north 
 shore of Grays Harbor, 43 miles west of Olympia. It has 
 sawmills, wood-working factories, machine-shops, etc. 
 Population, 13,660, (1910). 
 
 Abney (ab'ni), Sir William de Wiveleslie. 
 
 Born at Derby, England, July 24, 1844. An 
 English physicist and captain in the Royal En- 
 gineers, known for his work in photography 
 and spectroscopy. He was president of the 
 Royal Astronomical Society 1893-95, and of 
 the Physical Society 1895-97. Knighted in 
 1900. 
 
 Abra (a'hra). 1. A river of Luzon, rising in 
 Lepanto-Bontoc province and taking a circui- 
 tous course through Abra and Uocos Sur prov- 
 inces to the China Sea. Length, 55 miles. — 
 2. A province of northwestern Luzon in the 
 Philippine Islands. It is bounded by Ilocos Norte 
 (separated by a spur of the Cordillera Norte) on the north, 
 Cagaydn and Lepanto-Bontoc (separated by the Cordillera 
 Central) on the east, Lepanto-Bontoc and Ilocos Sur on 
 the south, and Ilocos Sur on the west. Capital, Bangued. 
 The highest peak in the province is Burnay, near the 
 point pf separation from Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur. 
 The valleys are fertilized by the Abra and its branches. 
 Corn, rice, and tobacco are the chief products. The pop- 
 ulation consists mainly of Ilocans and Tinguianes. Area, 
 1,171 square miles. Population, 51,860. 
 
 Abraham (a ' bra -ham), William. Born in 
 1842. A Welsh politician, a member of the 
 Labor party. He was the son of a miner, and was 
 educated at the Carnarvon national school. Since 1873 he 
 has represented the miners as agent. He has represented 
 Glamorganshire (Rhondda division) in Parliament since 
 1885, and is president of the South Wales Miners’ Federa- 
 tion. 
 
 Abruzzi (a-brot'se), Duke of the (Prince 
 Luigi Amadeo Giuseppe Maria Ferdinando 
 Francesco). Born at Madrid, Jan. 24, 1873. 
 An Italian explorer, third son of Prince 
 Amadeo of Aosta, at one time King of Spain. 
 
 (See Amadeus.) In July, 1897, he ascended Mount St. Elia9 
 in Alaska, and in 1899-1900 made an attempt in the Stella 
 Polare to reach the north pole from Franz-Joseph-Land. 
 Captain Cagni of his party, with three others, gained lat. 
 86° 33' N., the highest then reached. In 1906 he made an 
 ascent of the peaks of Mount Ruwenzori, and in 1909 con- 
 ducted an expedition to the Himalayas. He has written 
 “ La Stella Polare nel mare artico 1899-1900 ” (1902), etc. 
 
 Academy, British. See * British Academy. 
 Academy of Arts and Letters, American. 
 
 An association organized in 1904 by the Na- 
 tional Institute of Arts and Letters. Itsaim is to 
 represent and further the interests of the fine arts and 
 literature. Its membership is limited to fifty citizens of 
 the United States and its constitution demands that all 
 vacancies shall be filled from the membership of the Na- 
 tional Institute. 
 
 Academy of Fine Arts, Pennsylvania. See 
 
 * Pennsylvania Academy. 
 
 Academy of Fine Arts, The. An institution 
 in Florence, Italy, occupying the building for- 
 merly known as the Ospedale di San Matteo. 
 
 The pictures in the collection represent especially the 
 Italian painters of the 15th century. In the “domed 
 room ” is M ichelangelo’s statue of David and a collection 
 of casts of the sculptor’s work. 
 
 Academy of Fine Arts, The. An institution 
 in Venice which occupies the old Scuola di 
 Santa Maria della Carita on the Grand Canal. 
 The gallery, which was founded in 1798, is 
 devoted to paintings by Venetian masters. 
 
 Acapulco*. It was destroyed by earthquakes 
 July 30-31, 1909. 
 
 Achensee (ach'en-za). A small lake in the 
 Tyrol, Austria, lying north of the valley of the 
 lower Inn. It empties into the Isar. Length, 
 5^ miles. 
 
 Acheson (ach'e-son), Edward Goodrich. 
 Born at Washington, Pa., March 9, 1856. An 
 American electrician, the inventor of carbo- 
 rundum, siloxicon, the process of Egyptianiz- 
 ing clay, and a method of producing artificial 
 graphite, etc. 
 
 Ackermann (ak'er-man), Mme. (Louise Vic- 
 torine Choquet). Born at Paris, Nov. 30, 
 1813: died at Nice, Aug. 2, 1890. A French 
 poet. She published “ Contes en vers ’’ (1855), “ Contes 
 et poesies ” (1863), “ Poesies philosopliiques ’’ (1874), and a 
 volume of prose, “ Pensees d’une solitaire ” (1883). 
 
 Acre (a-kra'). A territory of Brazil lying north 
 of the river Aquiri and bordering on Bolivia 
 and Peru. It is rich in india-rubber. The boundary 
 dispute between Bolivia and Brazil with regard to this 
 territory was adjusted by a treaty in November, 1903, and 
 an agreement to adjudicate a similar dispute between 
 Brazil and Peru was reached in July, 1904. 
 
 Acton, Lord. See *Dalberg- Acton. 
 
 Adam*, Mme. Edmond. Her reminiscences are con- 
 tained in a series of books which includes “ Le roman de 
 mon enfance et de ma jeune»6e ” (1903), “Mes angoisses 
 et nos luttes ” (1907), “ Apres l’abandon de la revanche ” 
 (1911), etc. 
 
 Adams (ad'amz), Mrs. (Abigail Smith). 
 
 Born at Weymouth, Mass., Nov. 23,1744 : died 
 at Quincy, Mass., Oct. 28, 1818. The wife of 
 John Adams (second President of the United 
 States) and the mother of John Quincy Adams 
 (sixth President). Her marriage to John Adams 
 took place Oct. 25, 1764. She supported her husband in 
 his political views and work ; joined him in France in 1784 ; 
 and accompanied him to London, where he was United 
 States minister 1785-88. Her letters published in “Fa- 
 miliar Letters of John Adams and his Wife” (1876) are 
 of historical value. 
 
 Adams (ad'amz), Brooks. Born at Quincy, 
 Mass., June 24, 1848. An American lawyer 
 and writer, son of Charles Francis Adams 
 (1807-86). He was secretary to his father when the 
 latter was arbitrator at the Geneva tribunal (1871-72), and 
 practised law until 1881. He is the author of “ The 
 Emancipation of Massachusetts ’’ (1887), “The Law of Civ- 
 ilization and Decay" (1896), “America’s Economic Su- 
 premacy ” (1900), “The New Empire ” (1902), etc. 
 
 Adams (ad'amz), Cyrus Cornelius. Born at 
 Naperville, 111., Jan. 7, 1849. An American 
 geographer, president of the department of 
 geography of the Brooklyn Institute 1889- 
 1893. He has written “David Livingstone,” 
 etc., and has been the editor of the “ Bulletin ” 
 of the American Geographical Society since 
 1908. 
 
 Adams (ad'amz), Henry Carter. Born at, 
 Davenport, la., 1851. An American economist, 
 writer, and educator, ne was lecturer at Cornell 
 University and the University of Michigan 1880-87, and 
 at Johns Hopkins 1880-82 ; was director of the division of 
 transportation of the eleventh census and statistician of 
 the Interstate Commerce Commission ; and lias been pro- 
 fessor of political economy and finance in the University 
 of Michigan since 1887. He is the author of “Outline of 
 Lectures on Political Economy ” (1881, 18S6), “ The State 
 in Relation to Industrial Action ” (1887), “ Taxation in the 
 United States 1789-1816’’ (1884), “Public Debts" (1887), 
 “The Scienceof Finance” (1888), “Statistics of Railways” 
 (1888-1904), “Economics and Jurisprudence" (1897), “Spe- 
 cial Report on Railway Mail Pay "(1900), “Commercial 
 Valuation of Railway Property in the United States" 
 (1904 : with B. II. Meyer), and “ Digest of Hearings before 
 the Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce ” (1906 : 
 with II. T. Newcomb). 
 
 Adams (ad'amz), Herbert. Born at West 
 Concord, Vt., Jan. 28, 1858. An American 
 sculptor. He was educated in Boston and was a pupil 
 of Mercid in Paris ; won honorable mention at the Paris 
 Salon in 1888 and 1889, a medal at the Columbian Expos!- 
 
Adams, Herbert 
 
 tion, Chicago, in 1893, and a gold medal at the St. Louis 
 Exposition in 1904 ; and has executed many memorial 
 compositions and portrait statues. He has also been em- 
 ployed on the decoration of the great expositions. 
 
 Adams (ad'amz), Herbert Baxter. Born at 
 Shutesbury, Mass., April 16, 1850: died at 
 Amherst, Mass., July 30, 1901. An American 
 historian and educator. He was educated at Am- 
 herst College, Heidelberg University, and Johns Hopkins 
 University ; was lecturer in history at Smith College 
 1878-81 ; and was for many years associate professor and 
 professor of history at Johns Hopkins University. He 
 edited the reports of the American Historical Association 
 (after 1884); the “Contributions to American Educational 
 History ’’ for the United States Bureau of Education (after 
 1887), and the “Johns Hopkins Uuiversity Studies in His- 
 torical and Political Science.’’ He published “Life and 
 Writings of Jared Sparks" (1893), and many historical 
 monographs. 
 
 Adams (ad'amz), Maude. Born at Salt Lake 
 City, Nov. 11, 1872. An American actress. 
 For Kiskadden, her family name, she substituted her 
 mother’s maiden name, Adams. She first appeared on the 
 stage as a child ; supported John Drew in “ The Masked 
 Ball ” in 1892; and has made her principal successes in J.M. 
 Barrie's plays “The Little Minister,” “Quality Street,” 
 “Peter Pan," and “ What Every Woman Knows. ” She has 
 also played in F. H. Burnett’s “ Pretty Sister of Jos6,” in 
 “ L’Aiglon,” “ Romeo and Juliet,” “ Joan of Arc,” “ Chan- 
 tecler," etc. 
 
 Addams (ad'amz), Jane. Born at Cedarville, 
 111., Sept. 6, 1860. An American worker for 
 social reform. She was graduated at Rockford College 
 in 1881, and in 1889 opened, with Ellen Gates Starr, Hull 
 House social settlement in Chicago, of which she is head 
 resident worker. She is first vice-president of the National 
 American Woman Suffrage Association. She has written 
 “ Function of the Social Settlement ” (1899), “ Democracy 
 and Social Ethics ” (1902), “ Newer Ideals of Peace 1 ’ (1907), 
 “The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets” (1909), “Twenty 
 Years at Hull House ” (1910), “ A New Conscience and an 
 Ancient Evil” (1912), etc. 
 
 Addystone Pipe Case. A case decided Dec. 
 4, 1899, by the United States Supreme Court. 
 Six iron-pipe manufactories in different States pooled all 
 orders from thirty-six States, the prices being fixed by a 
 representative board and each order being allotted to the 
 member bidding the highest bonus to the pool. That 
 member then bid the price fixed, and the others bid 
 higher, to deceive the customer. The decision declared 
 the combination illegal under the Sherman Antitrust 
 Law, which, it states, is applicable to combinations both 
 of corporations and of individual concerns. 
 
 Ade (ad), George. Born at Kentland, Ind., 
 Feb. 9, 1866. An American journalist and 
 playwright. He is the author of “Fables in Slang,” 
 “People You Knew,” etc.;and among his plays are “The 
 Sultan of Sulu ” (1902), “Peggy from Paris ” (1903), “The 
 County Chairman ” (1903), “ The Sho-Gun ” (1904), “ The 
 College Widow" (1904), “The Bad Samaritan” (1905), 
 “Just Out of College” (1905), “Marse Covington” (1906), 
 “ Mrs. Peckham’s Carouse ” (1906), “ In Pastures New ” 
 (1906), “ The Slim Princess ’’ (1907). 
 
 Adelbert (a-del'bert) College. A college of 
 the Western Reserve University (which see). 
 It is named for the son of Amasa Stone. The latter, in 
 1880, offered the sum of $500,000 to the Western Reserve 
 College provided it should be removed from Hudson, 
 Ohio, to Cleveland and change its name to “ Adelbert 
 College of Western Reserve University.” 
 
 Adenis-Colombeau (iid-ne'ko-lon-bo'), Jules. 
 Born at Paris, 1821: died there, 1900. A French 
 journalist and dramatist. He was on the editorial 
 staff of the "Corsaire” 1847-49, and wrote many comedies, 
 vaudevilles, and libretti. Among his independent works 
 are “ Philanthropie et repentir” (1855), “Une crise de 
 menage” (1857), “Les chasseurs et la laitiere”) (1865: music 
 by Gavaert), “La fiancee d’ Abydos” (1865: music by Barthe), 
 “ Le nouveau sorcier” (1867), and “Les trois souhaits ” 
 (1873 : music by Poise). 
 
 Adeste fideles (ad-es'te fi-de'lez). [L., ‘Come, 
 ye faithful.’] A hymn, originally in Latin, be- 
 ginning with these words. It has been ascribed to 
 Bonaventura (1221-74), but is more probably of the 17th 
 or 18th century and of French or German authorship. The 
 familiar arrangement, commencing “ O come, all ye faith- 
 fuh joyfully triumphant," first appeared in Murray’s 
 “ Hymnal ’’ in 1852 and is an adaptation of the translation 
 made by the Reverend Frederick Oakeley in 1841. It has 
 also been published in many other translations. The tune 
 is ascribed to John Reading (1677-1764), organist, and was 
 called the “ Portuguese Hymn ’’ because it was sung at the 
 chapel of the Portuguese embassy in 1797 and at once 
 became popular. 
 
 Adhemar de Chabannes (a-da-mar' de sha- 
 biin'). Born at Chabannes in 988: died at Je- 
 rusalem in 1034. A medieval historian, author 
 of a “ Historia Francoruin” which traces the 
 history of the French from the legendary king 
 Pharamond to 1028. He also wrote other 
 works in Latin. 
 
 Adis, or Addis, Abeba (a'dis a-ba'bii). The 
 present capital of Abyssinia, situated in the 
 province of Shoain lat. 9° N. It has a popula- 
 tion of 30,000-35,000. A treaty of peace with 
 Italy was concluded here, Oct. 26, 1896. 
 
 Adler (ad'ler), Cyrus. Born at. Van Buren, 
 Ark., Sept. 13, 1863. An American Orientalist 
 and archaeologist. He was assistant secretary (in charge 
 of the library and exchanges) of the Smithsonian Institu- 
 tion 1905-08 and curator of historic archaeology in the 
 United States National Museum 1889-1908. President of 
 Dropsie College 1908-. 
 
 Adler (ad'ler), Felix. Born at Alzei, Germany, 
 Aug. 13, 1851. An American reformer, lec- 
 turer, and writer. He came to the United States in 
 1857 ; was professor of Hebrew and Oriental literature at 
 Cornell University 1874-76; was the founder of the New 
 York Society for Ethical Culture (1876), to which he gives 
 addresses and in the work of which he is prominent ; has 
 been professor of political and social ethics at Columbia 
 University since 1902 ; is a member of the editorial board 
 of the “International Journal of Ethics”; and has been 
 widely influential in educational and reform movements. 
 He is the author of “Creed and Deed” (1877), “The Moral 
 Instruction of Children ’’ (1893), “ Life and Destiny ’’ (1903), 
 “Marriage and Divorce ’’ (1905), “ Religion of Duty ’’ (1905), 
 “Essentials of Spirituality” (1905), and of many papers on 
 related subjects. He was exchange professor at the Uni- 
 versity of Berlin 1908-09. 
 
 Adler (ad'ler), Friedrich. Born at Berlin, 
 Germany, Oct. 15, 1827 : died at Berlin, Sept. 15, 
 1908. A German architect and archaeologist. 
 He was educated under the painters Weiss and Grieben 
 and at the Berlin Bauakademie under the architect Strack. 
 He has executed several important buildings, chiefly 
 churches, but is best known as a writer on architecture, 
 especially the medieval and Renaissance architecture of 
 Germany. He was the chief associate of Erast Curtius in 
 the excavations at Olympia, the results of which were pub- 
 lished between 1890 and 1897. 
 
 Adler (ad'ler), Victor. Born at Prague, July 
 24, 1852. An Austrian socialist. He was educated 
 at the University of Vienna. He founded at Vienna a 
 Social-Democratic weekly journal, which was suppressed 
 by the government. Afterward he founded the “ Arbeiter- 
 zeitung.’’ He has published “Die Arbeiterkammern und 
 die Arbeiter ” (1886). 
 
 Adrienne Lecouvreur. An opera by Fran- 
 cesco Cilea (words by Scribe and Legouve), 
 first produced at Milan in 1902. 
 
 Afragola (a-fra-go'la). A city of Italy, in the 
 province of Naples, about ten miles northeast 
 of the city of Naples. Population, about 22,- 
 500. 
 
 Agassiz (ag'a-si), Lake. An extensive post- 
 glacial lake which occupied the valley of the 
 Red River in North Dakota, Minnesota, and 
 Manitoba. The retreating ice-sheet ponded 
 waters in front of it, and in these were laid 
 down sediments, now the fertile wheat-fields 
 of this region. 
 
 Agassiz (ag'a-si), Mount. 1 . A peak of the 
 Uintah Mountains in Utah, 13,000 feet high. — 
 2. A peak in Chile, in the territory of Magal- 
 lanes, about lat. 50° S. It is about 10,000 feet 
 high. 
 
 Agno (ag'no). 1 . A river of central Luzon, in 
 the Philippine Islands. It rises in the northern 
 mountains of Benguet province, and flows southward into 
 PangasinAn, where it divides and turns westward, enter- 
 ing Lingayen Gulf by channels at Dagupan, Lingayen, San 
 Isidro, and San Fabian. The produce of the northern part 
 of the central valley of Luzon is carried by branches of 
 the Agno to Lingayen Gulf. Length, about 128 miles. 
 2. A river of western Luzon, rising in the 
 Zambales Mountains and flowing west to the 
 China Sea. 
 
 Agnone (a-nyo'na). A city of Italy, in the 
 province of Campobasso. Population, 6,606; 
 commune, 9,793. 
 
 AgOO (a-go-o'). A municipality of La Union 
 province, western Luzon, Philippine Islands. 
 Civilized population, 10,653. 
 
 Aguadilla (a-gwa-del'ya). 2. A department 
 in the northwestern part of Porto Rico, it is 
 bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the north, Areeibo and 
 Ponce on the east, Mayaguez (separated by mountains) 
 on the south, and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. Capi- 
 tal, Aguadilla. Area, 240 square miles. Population, 
 about 100,000. 
 
 Ai (i). A river of southeastern Manchuria 
 which flows into the Yalu opposite Wiju. It 
 played an important part in the attack of the 
 Japanese right upon the Russians in the bat- 
 tle of the Yalu River, May 1, 1904. 
 
 Aigun*. It was opened to international trade in 
 1905. 
 
 Aikawa (I-ka'wa). A city of Japan, situated 
 on the western coast of the island of Sado. 
 Population, upward of 11,000. 
 
 Ainger (an'jer), Alfred. Born at London, 
 Feb. 9, 1837 : died at Darley Abbey, Derby- 
 shire, Feb. 8, 1904. An English clergyman, 
 author, and editor. He was educated at King's Col- 
 lege, London, and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, taking his 
 degree in 1860. He was reader at the Temple Church 
 1866-92, canon of Bristol Cathedral 1887-1903, master of 
 the Temple 1894-1904, and chaplain in ordinary to Queen 
 Victoria and King Edward VII. He wrote biographies of 
 Lamb (1882) and of Crahbe(1903), and published annotated 
 editions of Lamb’s “Essays of Elia” (1883), of Lamb’s 
 “Letters" (1888), and of Hood’s “Poems,” with a bio- 
 graphical memoir (1897). He alsowTote “The Gospel and 
 Human Life; Sermons'’ (1904), etc. 
 
 Aitken (at'ken), Robert Grant. Born at Jack- 
 son, Cal., Dec. 31, 1864. An American scien- 
 tist, assistant astronomer at the Lick Observa- 
 tory on Mount Hamilton, California, 1895-1907, 
 
 Alert 
 
 and astronomer from 1907. He has studied 
 especially double stars, faint satellites, and 
 photometry. 
 
 Ajanta Oaves. See Ajunta. 
 
 Akaslli (a-ka-she'). A city of Japan, situated 
 on the shore of the Inland Sea about 12 miles 
 west of Kobe. Population, upward of 22,000. 
 Alaska- Y ukon-Pacific Exposition. An expo- 
 sition held at Seattle, Wash., from June to 
 October, 1909, for the purpose of exhibiting the 
 resources and demonstrating the progress of 
 northwestern America and the Pacific coast 
 generally. It was planned to occupy 250 acres of the 
 campus of the University of Washington. The twelve 
 main exhibit buildings were those of (1) the United States 
 government, (2) Alaska, (3) Yukon, (4) Manufactures, Lib- 
 eral Arts, and Education, (5) Agriculture, (6) Machinery, 
 (7) Forestry, (8) Fine Arts, (9) Fisheries, (10) Mines, (li) 
 Hawaii and the Philippines, (12) Foreign. The products 
 of the countries bordering on the Pacific were shown in 
 the foreign exhibits, and exhibits representative of their 
 interest in Pacific trade development were made by the 
 United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, 
 the Netherlands, etc. 
 
 Albay. 2. A prownce in the southeastern 
 part of Luzon in the Philippine Islands, it is 
 bounded by Ambos Camarines on the north, the Pacific 
 Ocean and Sorsogon on the east, Sorsogon and the Visayan 
 Sea on the south, and the Visayan Sea on the southwest 
 and west. Capital, Albay. Besides its area in Luzon it 
 includes several islands, among them Catanduanes and 
 Batan. Albay, including Catanduanes, is the largest abaca- 
 producing province of the Philippines. A good quality of 
 coal is mined in Batan. Gold and mercury are reported 
 in other parts of the province. The northeastern coast is 
 indented by Albay Gulf. Mountains extend from east to 
 west, the eastern extremity being Mayon Volcano. The 
 inhabitants are Bicols. Area, 1,783 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 240,326. 
 
 Albay (al-bl') Gulf. A gulf on the eastern 
 coast of Albay province, southeastern Luzon, 
 in the Philippine Islands. 
 
 Albay Volcano. See Mayon. 
 
 Albert I. Born at Brussels, April 8, 1875. 
 King of the Belgians. He succeeded his uncle 
 Leopold II. Dec. 23, 1909. On Oct. 2, 1900, he 
 married Elizabeth, Duchess of Bavaria. 
 
 Albert (al-bar'), Eugene d’. Born at Glasgow, 
 April 10, 1864. A pianist and composer, a 
 pupil of Liszt. He has composed a number of operas, 
 among them “ Der Rubin ” (1893), “ Ghismonda ” (1895), 
 “Gemot” (1897), “Die Ahreise” (1898), “Flauto Solo" 
 (1906), “Tiefland” (1908), and “ Liebesketten” (1912); two 
 piano concertos ; a symphony ; two string quartets ; and 
 smaller works. As a pianist he is placed among the fore- 
 most of contemporary artists. 
 
 Albertina. A library and gallery at Vienna, 
 built for the Archduke Albert in 1804. It is 
 especially notable for its superb collection of 
 drawings by the old masters. 
 
 Albion College. A coeducational Methodist 
 college in Albion, Michigan, it was endowed as 
 the Wesleyan Seminary in 1839, and was opened in 1843: 
 the present name and system were adopted in 1861. It 
 has an endowment of $280,000 and a total yearly income of 
 about $50,000. The students number about 500. 
 
 Albrecht (al ' brecht), Sebastian. Born at 
 Milwaukee, Wis., Aug. 22, 1876. An American 
 scientist, first astronomer of the Cordoba (Ar- 
 gentina) Observatory from 1910. He was as- 
 sistant astronomer of the Lick Observatory 
 1908-10. 
 
 Albury (al'bur-i). A town in New South 
 Wales, Australia, situated on the border of 
 Victoria about two hundred miles northeast of 
 Melbourne. It is at the limit of steam naviga- 
 tion on the Murray River. Population, 5,823. 
 
 Alden (al'den), Henry Mills. Born at Mount 
 Tabor, Vt., Nov. 11, 1836. An American au- 
 thor, editor, and classical scholar. He was man- 
 aging editor of “Harper’s Weekly” 1863-69, and since 
 1869 has been editor of “Harper’s Monthly.” He is the 
 author of “ God in His World ” (1890), “ A Study of Death ” 
 (1895), “ Magazine Writing and the New Literature ” (1908), 
 and, with A. H. Guernsey, “ Harper’s Pictorial History of 
 the Great Rebellion ” (1862-65), besides poems and essays. 
 
 Alden (kl'den), Percy. Born at Oxford, June 
 6,1865. Aii English sociologist. He was warden 
 of Mansfield House University Settlement 1891-1901, edi- 
 tor of the “Echo” 1901-02, and has been member of Par- 
 liament (Liberal and Labor parties) since 1906. He pub- 
 lished “ Democratic En gland” (1911). 
 
 Alden (al'den), William Livingston. Born 
 at Williamstown, Mass., Oct. 9, 1837 : died at 
 Buffalo, N. Y., Jan. 14, 1908. An American 
 author and journalist. He wrote “Canoe and Flying 
 I’roa," “Loss of the Swansea,” “ Told by the Colonel,” etc. 
 
 Aldrich (al'drich) Deep. A very deep portion 
 of the Pacific Ocean, lying northeast of New 
 Zealand and east of the Kermadec Islands. 
 
 Aldwych (ald'wich) Street. An important 
 new street of London. It is a crescent (100 
 feet wide) extending in a curve from St. 
 Clement’s to the south end of Catherine street. 
 
 Alert (a-lert'). One of the steam-vessels of the 
 British polar expedition under Sir George 
 
Alert 
 
 Strong Nares, 1875-76: the other was the Dis- 
 covery. The Alert passed through Kennedy 
 Channel and wintered at Floeberg Beach 
 (82° 25' N.), the most northerly point reached 
 by ship up to that date. 
 
 Alexander (al-eg-zan'der) I. Born at Bel- 
 grad, Aug. 14, 1876: died there, June 11, 1903. 
 King of Servia 1889-1903, son of Milan I. and 
 Queen Natalie. He was proclaimed king, under a 
 regency, upon the abdication of his father, March 6, 1889. 
 On April 13, 1893, he assumed personal control of affairs. 
 On April 7, 1903, he suspended the constitution and 
 annulled a series of laws passed by the radical govern- 
 ment, and on the night of June 10 was assassinated with 
 Queen Draga in the palace. He was the last of the Obre- 
 novitch dynasty and was succeeded by Peter I., the choice 
 of the military party. 
 
 Alexander (al-eg-zan'der), Edward Porter. 
 
 Born at Washington, Ga., May 26, 1835: died 
 at Savannah, Ga., April 28, 1910. An Ameri- 
 can soldier and engineer. He was graduated at 
 West Point in 1857 ; entered the Confederate army in 1861 ; 
 served with the Army of Northern Virginia throughout 
 the war ; and became chief of ordnance. In 1864 he was 
 promoted brigadier-general and chief of artillery in 
 Longstreet’s corps. At the battle of Gettysburg he directed 
 the bombardment which preceded and accompanied the 
 charge of Pickett’s men. 
 
 Alexander (al-eg-zan'der), Sir George. Born 
 at Reading, England, June 19, 1858. An 
 English aetor. He joined Sir Henry Irving in 1881, 
 having previously shown efficiency as an amateur actor, 
 and appeared successfully in “Faust.” In 1891 he leased 
 the St. James’s Theatre, London, where he has produced 
 many plays, including “The Second Mrs. Tanqueray,” 
 “ The Prisoner of Zenda,” “ The Importance of Being 
 Earnest,” etc. He was knighted in 1911. 
 
 Alexander*, John White. His works include 
 a portrait of Walt Whitman (Metropolitan 
 Museum, New York), “ The Pot of Basil” (Bos- 
 ton Museum), “The Green Bow” (Luxem- 
 bourg), mural decorations in the Congressional 
 Library, Washington, etc. 
 
 Alexandra Feodorovna (al-eg-zan'drii fa-o- 
 do-rov'nii) (Victoria Alice (Alix) Helena 
 Louise Eeatrice). Born at Darmstadt, June 
 6, 1872. Empress of Russia, the fourth daugh- 
 ter of Ludwig IV., Grand Duke of Hesse, and 
 Princess Alice, daughter of Queen Victoria. 
 She married Nicholas II., Emperor of Russia, 
 November 26, 1894. 
 
 Alexandria (al-eg-zan'dri-a). A city of Mad- 
 ison County, Indiana, on Pipe Creek, 11 miles 
 north of Anderson. It has iron- and steel- 
 works, glass-factories, etc. Population, 5,096, 
 (1910). 
 
 Alexeief (a-lek'sa-yef), Eugenii Ivanovitch. 
 
 Born 1843. A Russian admiral, appointed im- 
 perial lieutenant with control of both diplo- 
 matic and military affairs in the Far East, July 
 30, 1903, shortly before the outbreak of the 
 Russo-Japanese war. Froml883to 1893 he was naval 
 attache of the Russian embassy in Paris ; commanded the 
 Russian squadron during the Chinese-Japanese war 1894- 
 1897 ; and took possession of Port Arthur. In 1898 lie was 
 promoted vice-admiral, took part in the work of the allies 
 in China 1900-01, and became chief of the Russian Pacific 
 squadron. His conduct of affairs after his appointment 
 to the imperial lieutenancy was unsuccessful, and after 
 the early Japanese successes he was deprived (April, 1904) 
 of most of his power. He retired in November and re- 
 turned to Russia. 
 
 Alexis (a-lek'sis), Nord. Died at Kingston, 
 Jamaica, May 1, 1910. A negro soldier and 
 politician, president of Haiti 1902-08. He was 
 forced to abdicate in Dec., 1908, and was banished. He 
 was succeeded by General Antoine Simon. 
 
 Algeciras Conference. An international con- 
 ference held at Algeciras, Spain, January 16- 
 April 7, 1906, for the purpose of deliberating 
 upon reforms in Morocco. It was presided over by 
 the Duke of Almodovar, the Spanish minister of foreign 
 affairs. It resulted in a compromise between the claims 
 of France and Germany with regard to finance and police 
 in Morocco. The maintenance of order in the ports of 
 Morocco for the next five years was placed in the hands 
 of France and Spain ; and it was decided that the bank of 
 Morocco, to he established at Tangier, should be interna- 
 tional. Various reforms were urged upon the Sultan of 
 Morocco, such as the removal of disabilities placed upon 
 citizens of the United States (by the United States dele- 
 gate), the abolition of slavery (Great Britain), the estab- 
 lishment of lighthouses (Germany), the publication of 
 commercial statistics (Austria), and the immediate con- 
 struction of railways (Spain). The United States was rep- 
 resented by Henry White, ambassador to Italy. 
 
 Alger (al'jer), Philip Rounseville. Born at 
 Boston, Sept. 29, 1859 : died Feb. 23, 1912. An 
 American naval officer. He was graduated at the 
 United States Naval Academy in 1880, was promoted en- 
 sign 1884, and rose to the rank of captain. lie was pro- 
 fessor of mathematics on duty at the Navy Department, 
 Washington, D. C., 1891-99 ; and was head of the depart- 
 ment of mechanics at the Naval Academy 1899-1907. He 
 wrote “ Exterior Ballistics ” (1904), “ Elastic Strength of 
 Guns ”(1904), “ Hydro-Mechanics "(1905), etc. 
 
 Alhambra (al-ham'bra). A city in Los Ange- 
 les County, California, 7 miles northeast of Los 
 
 Angeles. It is situated in a fruit-growing re- 
 gion, and the manufacture of wine is its most 
 important industry. Population, 5,021, (1910). 
 Alkan (al-kon') (Morhange), Charles Henri 
 Valentin. Born at Paris, Nov. 30, 1813: died 
 there, March 29, 1888. A French pianist, com- 
 poser, and teacher. He entered the Paris Conserva- 
 tory in 1819, winning many prizes, among them that for the 
 pianoforte, at ten years of age. After visiting London 
 (1833), he settled as a teacher at Paris. His compositions 
 include concertos, sonatas, and many other pieces for his 
 instrument. 
 
 Allan, George. A pseudonym of Frau 
 Kremnitz. See *Kremnitz. 
 
 Allbutt (al'but), Sir Thomas Clifford. Born 
 July 20, 1836. An English physician, profes- 
 sor of physics in Cambridge University from 
 1892. He has published u Science and Me- 
 dieval Thought” (1901), and various works on 
 medical subjects. 
 
 Allen (al'en), Henry Tureman. Born at 
 Sharpsburg, Ky., April 13, 1859. An American 
 soldier, appointed brigadier-general and chief 
 of constabulary in the Philippine Islands in 
 1903. He was graduated at West Point in 1882 ; made a 
 tour of exploration in Alaska in 1885 ; was instructor at 
 West Point 1888-90; was military attache in Russia and 
 Germany 1890-98; served in the Santiago campaign and 
 in the Philippines ; and was governor of Leyte in 1901. 
 
 Allen (al'en), James Lane. Born near Lex- 
 ington, Ky., 1849. An American novelist. 
 He was professor of Latin and higher English at Bethany 
 College, West Virginia. He is the author of “Flute and 
 Violin” (1891), “The Blue Grass Region of Kentucky’’ 
 (1892), “John Gray” (1893), “A Kentucky Cardinal” 
 (1894), “Aftermath ’’(1896), “A Summer in Aready” (1896), 
 “The Choir Invisible " (1897), “The Reign of Law” (1900), 
 “The Mettle of the Pasture” (1903), “The Bride of the 
 Mistletoe ” (1909), “The Doctor’s Christmas Eve ” (1910), 
 “The Heroine in Bronze” (1912), etc. 
 
 Allen (al'en), William Harvey. Born at Le- 
 roy, Minn., Feb. 9, 1874. An American social 
 worker. He studied at Leipsic and Berlin ; became the 
 first editor of the “New Jersey Review of Charities”; 
 acted as general agent of the New York Association for 
 Improving the Condition of the Poor 1903-07, and as direc- 
 tor of the Bureau of Municipal Research 1908 ; and is a 
 member of the American Academy of Political and Social 
 Science and of the American Sociological Society. He has 
 written “Civics and Health,” “Efficient Democracy,” 
 and “Modern Philanthropy.” 
 
 Almanach de Gotha. See Gotha, Almanack de. 
 Almirante Oquendo (al-mi-riin'ta o-ken'do). 
 A Spanish cruiser which took part in the naval 
 battle off Santiago de Cuba, July 3, 1898. 
 She was sister ship to the Vizcaya (which see). She was 
 engaged by the Iowa, Indiana, and Oregon, took fire, and 
 was run ashore and wrecked about six and a half miles 
 west of the Morro. Her commander, Don Juan Bautista 
 Lazaga, was drowned. 
 
 Alt (alt), Rudolf. Born at Vienna, Austria, 
 Aug. 28, 1812 : died there, March 12, 1905. An 
 Austrian painter, son of Jakob Alt (1789-1872), 
 also a painter of note. His work is confined to oil- 
 paintings and water-colors of brilliant realism. He traveled 
 extensively and found his subjects in every country. 
 
 Altgeld (alt'gelt), John Peter. Born in Ger- 
 many, December, 1847 : died at Joliet, 111., 
 March 12, 1902. An American Democratic 
 politician. He was brought to the United States by his 
 parents when an infant ; served in the Union army ; was 
 admitted to the Missouri bar in 1869; was judge of the 
 Superior Court, Chicago, 1886-91 ; and was governor of 
 Illinois 1893-97. As governor he attracted wide attention 
 by his pardon in June, 1893, of Neebe, Schwab, and Fielden, 
 three anarchists who had been concerned in the Old Hay- 
 market riot at Chicago, May 4, 1886. He w'as a prominent 
 advocate of the free coinage of silver and was a supporter 
 of W. J. Bryan for the Presidency in 1896 and 1900. He 
 published “Our Penal Machinery and its Victims ’’ (1884), 
 “Live Questions ” (1890), etc. 
 
 Altruria (al-tro'ri-a). An imaginary common- 
 wealth, the government and institutions of 
 which are founded upon the principles of al- 
 truism. W. D. Howells has described such a community 
 in his book “ A Traveler from Altruria ” (1894). The prac- 
 tical application of the principles resulted in the abolition 
 of monopoly and competition and the establishing of social 
 and economic equality. 
 
 Alverstone, Baron. See * Webster, Rickard. 
 Alwood (al'wud), William Bradford. Born 
 at Delta, Ohio, Aug. 11, 1859. An American 
 agriculturist, entomologist, and mycologist. 
 He was professor of horticulture in the Virginia Poly- 
 technic Institute 1891-1904 ; special agent in the Bureau 
 of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture, 
 1900-06 ; and has been cenological chemist of the Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture since 1907. He has made special in- 
 vestigations in horticulture, the pathology of plants, etc. 
 Amacura (a-mii-ko'ra). A small river in 
 Venezuela which enters the delta of the Ori- 
 noco about fifteen miles west of the mouth of 
 the Barima. 
 
 Amador de los Rios, Jos§. See Rios. 
 
 Amana (a-tnan'a). A village in Amana town- 
 ship, Iowa County, Iowa, 20 miles southwestof 
 Cedar Rapids. It is important as the home of a 
 number of German Protestant Christians, members of a 
 
 American School of Classical Studies 
 
 sect founded about 1715 in Wurtemberg. They came to 
 America in 1843 and settled in the western part of New 
 York. In 1855 the community moved to Amana. Agri- 
 culture and the manufacture of flour, woolens, etc., are 
 the principal industries, and the people work for the 
 common good of the community. Population of town- 
 ship, 1,729, (1910). 
 
 Aman-Jean (a-mon-zhon'), Edmond. Born 
 
 at Chevry-Cossigny, France, in 1856. A French 
 painter. He won recognition at first by his- 
 torical and allegorical paintings, hut later de- 
 voted himself especially to portraiture. 
 Amarillo (am-a-ril'o). The capital of Potter 
 County, Texas. Population, 9,957, (1910). 
 Amazulu. See Zulu. 
 
 Ambos Camarines (am'bos ka-ina-re'nas). 
 A province in southeastern Luzon, in the Phil- 
 ippine Islands. It is hounded by the Pacific Ocean on 
 the north ; Catanduanes Island (separated by Maqueda 
 Channel), Lagonoy Gulf, and Albay on the east; Albay 
 and Tayabas (separated by mountains) on the south ; and 
 Tayabas (partly separated by the Gulf of Ragay) on the 
 west. Capital, Nueva Csiceres. The northern coast is 
 deeply indented by San Miguel Bay, a safe harbor in all 
 weather. The province is traversed by mountains, of 
 which several exceed 5,000 feet in height. The volcanoes 
 Iriga and Isarog are in the southern part. Gold, iron, and 
 coal are found. Ambos Camarines is well watered, heavily 
 forested with good timber, and productive of large quan- 
 tities of rice, especially in Camarines Sur. The chief river, 
 the Bicol, or Naga, is navigable by small steamers as far 
 as Nueva Cdceres, 25 miles from its mouth. The native 
 population is chiefly Bicol. Area, 3,279 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 239,405. 
 
 Ambridge (am'brij). A borough in Beaver 
 County, Pennsylvania. It was incorporated 
 from part of Harmony township in 1905. Pop- 
 ulation, 5,205, (1910). 
 
 Ambrose Channel (am'broz chan 'el). A 
 channel (40 feet deep and 1,000 feet wide), one 
 of the chief points at which vessels entering 
 New York harbor cross Sandy Hook bar. The 
 time of a voyage is reckoned to (or from) Am- 
 brose Channel lightship. 
 
 Ambrosius Johanna. See* Voigt. 
 
 Ambuella. Same as Amhoella. 
 
 America. The name given by Lowell Mason 
 to the tune of “ God Save the King,” after its 
 adaptation for use in connection with the hymn 
 “ My Country, ’T is of Thee,” written by Samuel 
 F. Smith in 1832. The author of the hymn 
 stated : “ I found the tune in a German music- 
 hook, put into my hands by Lowell Mason.” 
 American Museum of Natural History. An 
 institution in New York city, incorporated in 
 1869 for the purpose of establishing and main- 
 taining a museum and library of natural his- 
 tory, and of encouraging and developing the 
 Study of natural science. The collections are con- 
 tained in a building which, when completed, will inclose 
 four quadrangles and will fully occupy what is now known 
 as Manhattan Square, an area lying west of Central Park 
 and extending from Seventy-seventh to Eighty-first 
 street. The portion of the structure now (1911) completed 
 has a frontage of 1,072 feet and is the largest municipal 
 buildingin NewYork. Themuseum is supported in part by 
 an annual appropriation from the city, and in part by the 
 income from a permanent endowment, from membership 
 fees, and from gifts for special purposes. The total of 
 running expenses for 1910 was $387,192.85. The affairs of 
 the museum are administered by a board of trustees, the 
 president of which is Henry Fairfield Osborn, who serve 
 without compensation. The exhibits include extensive 
 collections in anthropology, paleontology, geology, min- 
 eralogy, conchology, entomology, mammalogy, ornithol- 
 ogy, the lower animals, and forestry. The library contains 
 about 40,000 volumes and 20,000 pamphlets. The museum 
 conducts scientific investigations at home and in the field, 
 publishes memoirs, a bulletin, a journal, and anthropolog- 
 ical papers, and iB a center for the meetings of local scien- 
 tific societies. It also offers free lectures to the public and 
 to school children, and lends small collections to the pub- 
 lic schools. More than 600,000 people visited the museum 
 in 1910 and about 63,000 attended the lectures. 
 
 American Protective Association. A secret 
 society organized at Clinton, Iowa, March 13, 
 1887. Its chief objects were the securing of greater re- 
 strictions on immigration and on the naturalization of im- 
 migrants, the prevention of State aid to parochial schools, 
 and the exclusion of Roman Catholics from political and, 
 as far as possible, from industrial affairs. Its chief activity 
 was in the Middle West, but an international organization 
 was effected, the membership of which, in 1896, was 
 said to be about 2,500,000. The decline of the organiza- 
 tion was as rapid as its rise. Abbreviated A. P. A. 
 
 American School of Classical Studies at 
 Athens. A school founded at Athens, Greece, 
 by the Arcbfeological Institute of America, 
 opened in 1882, and supported by individuals 
 and the leading American colleges and univer- 
 sities. Its main purpose is the study of Greek archasol- 
 ogy, and the most important work it lias undertaken is the 
 exploration of ancient Corinth (begun in 1896) and the ex- 
 cavation of the Heraion at Argos. 
 
 American School of Classical Studies at 
 Rome. A school founded at Rome in 1895 by 
 the Arehaiological Institute of America, and 
 supported by individuals and the leading 
 American colleges and universities. 
 
American Tract Society 
 
 American Tract Society. A society organ- 
 ized in 1825 and incorporated in 1841 for the 
 purpose of printing and circulating the gospel 
 in different languages and publishing and dis- 
 seminating literature of an uplifting moral 
 character. It is interdenominational, evan- 
 gelical, and international in scope. 
 
 Americus (a-mer'i-kus). The countv-seat of 
 Sumter County, Georgia. It has chemical 
 works, machine-shops, manufactories of car- 
 riages, etc. It is important as a shipping-point 
 for cotton. Population, 8,063, (1910). 
 
 Ames (amz), James Barr. Born at Boston, 
 Mass., June 22, 1846: died at Wilton, N. H., 
 Jan. 8, 1910. An American jurist. He was grad- 
 uated from Harvard University in 1868, and in 1877 was 
 appointed professor of law in that institution, becoming 
 dean of the Law School in 1895. He was a leading author- 
 ity on legal questions. 
 
 Ames (amz), Joseph Sweetman. Born at 
 Manchester, Vt., July 3, 1864. An American 
 scientist, professor of physics in Johns Hop- 
 kins University from 1899. He was assistant in 
 physics 1888-91 ; associate 1891-93 ; and associate pro- 
 fessor 1893-99. Among his publications are “ Theory of 
 Physics ” (1897), “ Elements of Physics ” (1900), “ Text- 
 book of General Physics ” (1904), etc. He is assistant ed- 
 itor of the 41 Astrophysical Journal ” and associate editor 
 of the 44 American Journal of Science.” 
 
 Amherst (am'erst). A seaport of Nova Scotia, 
 the capital of Cumberland County, situated 
 on an arm of Chignecto Bay. It has manu- 
 factures and a considerable trade iu lumber 
 and ship-building. Population, 8,973, (1911). 
 
 Amosis. See Aahmes. 
 
 Amundsen (a'mond-sen), Roald. Born in 
 Borje, Norway, July 16, 1872. A Norwegian 
 polar explorer. Between 1903 and 1907, in the Gjoa, 
 he navigated the whole of the Northwest Passage and 
 relocated the north magnetic pole. On Aug. 9, 1910, he 
 sailed from Norway in the Fram, reached the Ross (Ice) 
 Barrier Jan. 14, 1911, and attained the south pole, Dec. 14, 
 1911. He published “The South Pole” (Amer. ed., 1913). 
 
 Amytis (am'i-tis), or Amitu (fi'mi-to). The 
 Median wife of Nebuchadnezzar, King of 
 Babylon: he built for her the Hanging Gar- 
 dens. 
 
 Ancient and Honorable Artillery of Mas- 
 sachusetts, The. The first regularly organized 
 military company in America, formed in 1637 
 and chartered in 1638. Its founders had been mem- 
 bers of the Honourable Artillery Company of London, 
 chartered in 1537. Formed to be a school for soldiers, it 
 still exists under its original charter, and upon its rolls 
 in every generation since its birth stand the names of the 
 most distinguished men of the Colony and State. 
 
 Andersen (fin'der-sen), Karl. Born at Copen- 
 hagen, Oct. 26, 1828: died there, Sept. 1, 1883. 
 A Danish lyric and epic poet. He Jived in Iceland 
 1837-48, when he returned to Denmark, becoming in- 
 spector and intendantof Castle Rosenborg in Copenhagen. 
 His works include “.Strit og Fred " (1858), “Romanser og 
 Sanger ” (1880), “ Genrebilleder ” (1867-81), etc. 
 
 Andover* (Mass.). The Andover Theological 
 Seminary has been removed to Cambridge and 
 is affiliated with Harvard University. 
 
 Andral (fin-drfil'), Gabriel. Born at Paris, 
 Nov. 6, 1797 : died at Chateauvieux, Loir-et- 
 Cber, Feb. 13, 1876. A French physician, pro- 
 fessor in the University of Paris 1828-66. 
 Among his works are “Clinique medicale ” (1823-27), 
 “Precis d'anatomie pathologique ” (1829), “Coursde pa- 
 thologie interne " (1836-37), etc. 
 
 Andrea Chenier. An opera by Umberto Gior- 
 dano (words by Luigi Illica), first produced at 
 Milan in 1896. 
 
 Andree (fin'dra), Salomon August. Born at 
 Grenna, Sweden, Oct. 18, 1854. A Swedish 
 engineer and aeronaut, in 1896 lie was prepared to 
 attempt to reach the North Pole in a balloon from Spitz- 
 bergen, but was prevented by the direction of the wind. 
 On July 11, 1897, with two friends, Strindberg and Frankel, 
 he made a successful start from Danes Island on the north- 
 western coast of Spitzbergen. Four days later a carrier- 
 pigeon, with a message giving the position of the balloon 
 as lat. 82° 2' N., long. 15° 5' E., on the 13th, was shot on the 
 sealer Aiken. Several buoys belonging to the balloon have 
 been found, but no definite knowledge of the fate of the 
 party has been obtained. 
 
 Andreef (fin-dra'ef), Leonid. Born in the 
 government of Orel, Russia, 1871. A Russian 
 author. He has published a collection of short 
 stories (1901), “The Lie and other Stories” 
 (1902), “The Thought and other Stories” 
 (1903), “Red Laughter” (1905), “ The Gov- 
 ernor ” (1906),“ Judas Iscariot and the Others ” 
 (1908), “Sashka Jigulev” (1912), etc. 
 
 Andrews (an'drbz), Elisha Benjamin. Born 
 at Hinsdale, N. H., Jan. 10, 1844. An Ameri- 
 can educator and Baptist clergyman, chancel- 
 lor of the University of Nebraska 1900-1908. 
 
 He served as a private and officer in the Union army in 
 the Civil War; was graduated at Brown University in 
 1870; was president of Denison University (Granville, 
 Ohio) 1875-79 ; was professor of homiletics in Newton 
 
 Theological Institution 1879-82 ; was professor of history 
 and political economy at Brown 1882-88, and of political 
 economy and finance at Cornell 1888-89 ; and was presi- 
 dent of Brown 1889-98. From 1898-1900 he was superin- 
 tendent of schools in the city of Chicago. He is the author 
 of 44 A History of the United States in Our Own Times ” 
 (1904), etc. 
 
 Angel in the House, The. A poem by Coven- 
 try Patmore. It was published in four parts: “The 
 Betrothal " (published anonymously in 1854), “ The Es- 
 pousals ” (1856), “Faithful Forever,” a poem of disap- 
 pointed love (1860), and “The Victories of Love,” a poem 
 of bereavement (1862). It is an idyl of the home. 
 
 Angell (an'jel), James Rowland. Born at 
 Burlington, Vt., May 8, 1869. An American 
 psychologist, professor in the University of 
 Chicago from 1904. He was assistant professor of 
 experimental psychology 1895-1901, associate professor 
 1901-04, and has been dean of the senior colleges in that 
 university since 1908. He has published a work on psy- 
 chology and various technical papers. 
 
 Angell (an'jel), Norman. Born Dec. 26 , 
 1874. An Anglo-American journalist and 
 author. He was educated partly in France, went to 
 California when a boy, and was naturalized an American 
 and engaged in ranching there. He worked as journalist 
 and editor in Europe after 1898, and has been managing 
 director of the Baris 44 Daily Mail ” since its establishment 
 in 1905. He has published “ Patriotism under Three 
 Flags” (1903), “The Great Illusion ” (1910), “Peace Theo- 
 ries and the Balkan War" (1912), etc. “The Great Illu- 
 sion ” has been translated into over twenty languages, and 
 its doctrines have been made the basis of many clubs and 
 societies throughout England and Germany. 
 
 Angstrom (ang'strem), Knut J. Born at Up- 
 sala, Dec. 1, 1857 : died March 4, 1910. A 
 Swedish physicist. He was professor of physics at 
 the University of Upsala 1896-1910. He invented the 
 Angstrom pyrheliometer for measuring solar radiation. 
 
 Aniagmut (fi'ne-ag-mot), or Kaviagmut (ka'- 
 ve-ag-mot). [Sing. Aniagmu, or Kaviagmu.\ 
 A tribe of Eskimo which occupies a part of the 
 Alaskan Peninsula and Kadiak Island. 
 
 Anicet-Bourgeois (a-ne-sa'bor-zhwa'), Au- 
 guste. Born at Paris, Dec. 25, 1806: died at 
 Pau, Jan. 12, 1871. A French dramatist, author 
 of vaudevilles, melodramas, etc. 
 
 Anju (fin-jo'). A town iu Korea, situated near 
 the coast at the head of Korea Bay. It is on 
 the railroad and was of importance during the 
 Russo-Japanese war. 
 
 Annunzio* (fin-non'tzi-o), Gabriele d’. He has 
 
 also written 44 La flaccola sotto il moggio ” (1905), 44 Piii che 
 l’amore ” (1906), “L’Orazione e la canzone in morte d’ 
 Giosue Carducci” (1907), “La nave ” (1908), “11 mistero 
 di S. Sebastiano ” (1911), etc. 
 
 Anping (an-ping'). A seaport on the south- 
 western coast of the island of Formosa, about 
 twenty miles north of Takow. 
 
 Antarctica (an-tark'ti-ka). All that portion 
 of the southern hemisphere which lies between 
 the antarctic circle and the south pole ; the 
 Antarctic. 
 
 Antarctic Ocean*. Borchgrevink penetrated (1898- 
 1901) to lat. 78° 50' S., the farthest point then reached; 
 Capt. R. F. Scott (1902), to 82° 17' S. ; Lieutenant Shackle- 
 ton (1908-09), to 88° 23' S. A notable scientific result of 
 this last expedition was the location of the south magnetic 
 pole at lat. 72° 25' S., long. 154° E. Antarctic expeditions 
 were led by Dr. Charcot in 1905 and 1908. and by Scott ^nd 
 Amundsen in 1910 and 1911, Amundsen attaining the south 
 pole Dec. 14, 1911, and Scott reaching it Jan. 18, 1912. 
 Valuable work was done by the Argentine government in 
 establishing a number of meteorological stations. 
 
 Antigo (an'ti-go). The capital of Langlade 
 County, Wisconsin. Population, 7,196. 
 
 Antitrust Law. See * Sherman Antitrust Law. 
 
 Antoine (on-twan'), Andre. Born at Limoges, 
 Jan. 31, 1857. A French actor, the founder (Oc- 
 tober, 1887) of the Theatre Libre and director 
 of the Oddion 1906-. The Theatre Libre gave its first 
 representation at l'Elysee des Beaux-Arts, Montmartre, 
 Paris. Its purpose was to present to an audience, consist- 
 ing entirely of subscribers, plays of intrinsic merit which 
 could not, for well-founded reasons, be given elsewhere. 
 Its general tone was strongly naturalistic. For a short 
 time in 1896 Antoine was director of the Oddon, and he 
 opened the Theatre Antoine in 1897. 
 
 Antung (an-tung'). A town of Manchuria sit- 
 uated on the Yalu River, -near its mouth, below 
 Wiju. It was opened to foreign trade, by agreement be- 
 tween China and the United States, in January, 1904, and 
 after the Russo-Japanese war was reopened by Japan in 
 1906. The Japanese left approached it on the north dur- 
 ing the battle of the Yalu River, May 1, 1904. 
 
 Anuyao (an-6-ya'o). A mountain in Cagayan 
 province, Luzon, Philippine Islands. Height, 
 8,123 feet. 
 
 Aoki (fi-6'ki), Viscount Siuzo. Born in Clio- 
 shu, Japan, January, 1844. A Japanese states- 
 man and diplomatist. He studied in Germany and 
 was appointed secretary of the Japanese legation at Ber- 
 lin in 1873 and minister in 1875, was vice-minister of 
 foreign affairs 1886-89, and was minister of foreign affairs 
 1889-91 and 1898-1900. In 1906 he was appointed first 
 Japanese ambassador to the United States, retiring in 1907. 
 He is a member of the privy council of the empire. 
 
 A. P. A. An abbreviation of * American Protec- 
 tive Association (which see). 
 
 Argao 
 
 Aparri (fi-pfi're). A municipality and port of 
 Cagayan province, in the northern part of 
 Luzon, Philippine Islands, at the mouth of the 
 Rio Grande de Cagayan. Civilized population, 
 18,252. 
 
 Appalachian Plateau. A name defined by 
 
 the United States Geographic Board (1907) as 
 including the entire plateau forming the west- 
 ern member of the Appalachian system, known 
 in the north as the Allegheny plateau and in 
 the south as the Cumberland plateau. 
 
 Appalachian System. According to the United 
 States Geographic Board (1907), all the eastern 
 mountains of the United States from Alabama 
 to northern Maine. 
 
 Apthorp (ap'thorp), William Foster. Born 
 at Boston, Mass., Oct. 24, 1848. A writer on 
 and critic of music. He was graduated at Harvard 
 in 1869, and studied music under J. K. Paine and later under 
 B. J. Lang. He has taught harmony, the piano, and counter- 
 point, and was musical critic of the Boston “Transcript” 
 (1870-1901). He has published “Hector Berlioz ” (1879), 
 “Musicians and Music Lovers” (1894), “By the Way” 
 (1898), and “The Opera Past and Present" (1901). 
 
 Arbitration Court. See *Peace Conference. 
 
 Arcadelt (ar 'ka-delt), Jacob. Born in the 
 Netherlands about 1514: died at Paris about 
 1560. A Dutch composer, long active in Rome 
 in the papal choir and afterward in Paris. His 
 finest compositions were madrigals : he also 
 wrote many masses and motets. Also Archa- 
 delt, Archadet , Arcadet, Harcadelt. 
 Archaeological Institute of America. A 
 society for the promotion of arehmological re- 
 search, founded in Boston in 1879 it has since 
 established affiliated societies in different cities. The In- 
 stitute founded the American School of Classical Studies 
 at Athens (opened 1882), the American School of Classical 
 Studies at Rome (1895), and the American School for 
 Oriental Study and Research in Palestine (1900). Its 
 official organ i 8 the “American Journal of Archaeology. " 
 It also issues reports and special publications relating to 
 archaeology. 
 
 Archbald (arch'bald). A borough of Lacka- 
 wanna County, Pennsylvania, 6 miles north- 
 east of Scranton. It is in a rich coal-mining 
 region. Population, 7,194, (1910). 
 
 Archer (fir'cher), William. Born at Perth, 
 Scotland, Sept. 23, 1856. A British author 
 and dramatic critic. He studied at the University 
 of Edinburgh ; was dramatic critic of the London “ Fi- 
 garo” 1879-81 ; and held a similar position on the staff of 
 the London “World” 1884-1905, and afterward on the 
 “ Tribune ” and the “ Nation.” He is the author of “ Eng- 
 lish Dramatists of To-day” (1882), “Henry Irving” (1883), 
 “About the Theatre ” (1886), “ Masks or Faces? A Study 
 in the Psychology of Acting” (1888), a biography of W. C. 
 Macready (1890), “Study and Stage” (1899), “America 
 To-day” (1900), “Real Conversations " (1904), “Through 
 Afro- America” (1910), etc. He has also translated Hen- 
 rik Ibsen’s prose dramas (1890-91), etc. 
 
 Arctic Explorers*. See also *Alruzzi, *A m nnd- 
 sen, * Andree, * Baldwin, *Cook, *Fiala, * Lock- 
 wood, * M ylius- Erich sen, * Peary, * Wellman. 
 
 Arctic Highlands. A region on the western 
 coast of Greenland, north of Melville Bay and 
 Cape York: so named by Captain Ross, its 
 discoverer (1818). Its inhabitants, a small 
 number of pure Eskimos, are called “Arctic 
 Highlanders.” 
 
 Ardmore (fird'mor). A city in Carter County, 
 Oklahoma, 120 miles southeast of Guthrie. It is 
 the cotton-market for the surrounding country, and de- 
 posits of coal and asphalt are found in the vicinity. 
 Ardmore is the 6eat of Hargrove College. Population, 
 8,618, (1910). 
 
 Arecibo. 2. A department iu the northern 
 part of Porto Rico. It is bounded by the Atlantic 
 Ocean on the north ; San Juan on the east; Ponce (partly 
 separated by mountains) on the southeast; Ponce on the 
 south and southwest ; and Aguadilla on the west. Capi- 
 tal, Arecibo. Area, 621 square miles. Population, 162,308. 
 
 Ar^ne (a-ran'), Paul Auguste. Born at Sis- 
 teron, France, June 26, 1843: died at Antibes, 
 France, Dec. 18, 1896. A French journalist, 
 dramatist, novelist, and Provencal poet, a 
 member of Les Felibres. He wrote “Pierrot hdri- 
 tier," a one-act comedy in verse (1865), “ Jean des Figues,” 
 a novel (1870), “Les comddiens errants ” (1873 : with Ver- 
 nier), “Char” (1878: with Alphonse Daudet), “La yraie 
 tentation de Saint Antoine” (1879), “Au bon soleil," Pro- 
 vencal tales (1879), “Paris ingenu " (1882), “Vingt jours 
 en Tunisie ” (1884), “La chevre d’or” (1889), etc. 
 
 Arensky (a-ren'ski), Anton Stepanovitch. 
 Born at Novgorod, Russia, July 30, 1861: died 
 in Finland, Feb. 25 (N. S.), 1906. A conductor 
 and leading composer of the younger Russian 
 school. He became professor of harmony and composi- 
 tion In the Moscow Conservatory 1882; conductor of the 
 Russian Choral Society ; and director of the Imperial 
 Chapel, St. Petersburg, 1894. He wrote operas, symphonies, 
 songs, and chamber music. 
 
 Argao (ar-ga'o). A municipality in the east- 
 ern part of Cebu province, Cebu, Philippine 
 Islands. Civilized population, 35,448. 
 
Argenta, 
 
 Argenta (ar-jen'ta). A city in Pulaski County, 
 Arkansas. It is on the north bank of the Arkansas, 
 nearly opposite Little Hock, and has cotton-seed oil man- 
 ufactories, cotton compresses, stock-yards, etc. Popula- 
 tion, 11,138, (1910). 
 
 Ari (a/re), Frodi Thorgilsson. Born 1067 : 
 died 1148. An Icelandic historian. His works, 
 compiled from oral report, poetry, and tradition, are the 
 earliest Icelandic prose and the foundation of Icelandic 
 history. Fragments of the “ Islendingabok ’’ (“Book of 
 the Icelanders ”) have survived, also the “ Konungabok ” 
 (“Book of Kings"), and the “ Landnamabok " (“Land- 
 taking Book ”), which deals with the settlement of the 
 island. 
 
 Ariane et Barbe-Bleue. An opera by Paul 
 Dukas (words by Maeterlinck), first produced 
 at Paris in 1907. 
 
 Arisaka (a-re-sa'kii), Lieutenant-General. 
 Born in Chosliu in February, 1852. A Japanese 
 soldier, inventor (1901) of a quick-firing moun- 
 tain gun used in the Japanese army.’ He was 
 created a baron in 1907. 
 
 Armour (iir'mor), Philip Danforth. Born at 
 Stockbridge, N. Y., May 16, 1832 : died at 
 Chicago, ill., Jan. 6, 1901. An American cap- 
 italist. His fortune was largely made in the commission 
 business (pork, grain, etc.) in Chicago and elsewhere. He 
 founded in Chicago the Armour Institute of Technology 
 (opened Sept., 1893). 
 
 Armstead (iirm'sted), Henry Hugh. Born 
 June 18, 1828: died Dec. 4, 1905. An English 
 sculptor and royal academician. He achieved 
 success as a silversmith, in particular with his 
 “St. George’s Vase” and “Outram Shield” 
 (South Kensington Museum). Among his 
 sculptural works are the external decorations of 
 the colonial office at Whitehall, the fountain 
 at King’s College, Cambridge, the statuette 
 “ Remorse ” (Chantrey Bequest in the National 
 Gallery of British Art), etc. 
 
 Armstrong (arm'strong), Andrew Campbell. 
 Born at New York, Aug. 22, 1860. An Ameri- 
 can psychologist, professor of philosophy in 
 Wesleyan University from 1888. He has pub- 
 lished “Transitional Eras in Thought” (1904) 
 and a translation, “History of Modem Phi- 
 losophy,” from Falckenberg. 
 
 Armstrong (arm'strong), David Maitland. 
 Born at Newburg, N. Y., April 15, 1836. An 
 American artist. He studied art in Paris (where he 
 was a pupil of Merson) and in Home. For four years he 
 was consul-general of the United States in Italy, and was 
 appointed director of the department of American art at 
 the exposition of 1878 in Paris. He has devoted himself 
 mainly to mural painting and stained glass, lie is a cheva- 
 lier of the Legion of Honor. 
 
 Armstrong Legislative Committee. A joint 
 committee of the New York Legislature, ap- 
 pointed July 20, 1905, to investigate the con- 
 dition and the methods of the various life-in- 
 surance companies of the State and to recom- 
 mend suitable legislation in the interests of 
 the policy-holders. Of its eight members, three, in- 
 cluding the chairman, W. W. Armstrong, were appointed 
 from the Senate and five from the Assembly. < harles E. 
 Hughes was chosen by the committee as its chief counsel. 
 The sessions for receiving testimony opened Sept. 6, 1905, 
 in the Alderman ic Chamber, New York, and closed Dec. 
 30, 1905. Many facts in regard to the mismanagement of 
 the insurance companies of New York were brought to 
 light, and important legislation resulted (1906) from the 
 investigation. 
 
 Arnaboldi (ar-na-bdl'de), Alessandro. Born 
 at Milan, Nov. 19, 1827. An Italian lyric poet. 
 
 He studied law in Pavia, and for eighteen years held a 
 municipal appointment in Milan, but resigned in 1873 to 
 devote himself to literature. His first volume, “Versi,” 
 appeared in 1872. He also published “ Nuovi versi " in 
 1888. 
 
 Arnold -Forster (ar ' nold-for ' ster), Hugh 
 Oakeley. Born 1855 : died at London, March 
 12, 1909. A British Liberal-Unionist states- 
 man, son of William Delafield Arnold and 
 adopted son of William Edward Forster (his 
 uncle). He was educated at Rugby and at University 
 College, Oxford, and was called to the bar of Lincoln’s Inn 
 in 18*9. He was a member of the House of Commons for 
 Belfast, West, 1892-1905, and for Croydon from 1906 ; was 
 parliamentary secretary to the admiralty 1900-03 ; and was 
 secretary of state for war 1903- Dec., 1905. He published 
 “ How to Solve the Irish Land Question ” (1889), “ In a 
 Conning Tower” (1891), “Our Home Army” (letters in 
 the “Times” 1891-92), “Army Letters” (1898), “ Our Great 
 City” (1900), “War Office, Army, and Empire” (1900), 
 “ English Socialism of To-day ” (1908), etc. 
 
 Arrhenius (ar - ra ' ni - os), Svante August. 
 Born at Wyk, near .Upsala, Sweden, Feb. 19, 
 1859. A Swedish chemist, professor of physics 
 at Stockholm from 1891, and director of phys- 
 ical chemistry at the Nobel Institute in Stock- 
 holm since 1905 : especially noted for bis re- 
 searches in physical chemistry. His most im- 
 portant contribution to science is his theory of electro- 
 lytic dissociation. lie has published a text-hook of elec- 
 trochemistry (1890), “Lehrbuch der cosmischen Physik ” 
 (1903), “Theorie der Chemie ” (1906), “The Life of the 
 Universe ” (1909), etc. 
 
 Arriaga (a-re-a'ga), Manoel de. Born at 
 Horta, Fayal, Azores, about 1840. A Portu- 
 guese educator and statesman, president of 
 the Republic of Portugal, August, 191 1-. He 
 
 studied law and taught in the Coimbra University. He was 
 procurator general in the provisional government, and 
 was the first president elected under the new constitution. 
 Artesia (ar-te'sia), 1. A village in Los Ange- 
 les Co., Cal. — 2. A post-town in Lowndes Co., 
 Miss. — 3. A town in Eddy Co., N. Mex. 
 Arthur (ar'thur), Timothy Shay. Born near 
 Newburg, N. Y., 1809: died at Philadelphia, 
 March 6, 1885. A writer of moral tales. He 
 
 published some fifty stories, of which the best known is 
 “Ten Nights in a Bar-room.” 
 
 Ar t Institute of Chicago. An organization 
 incorporated in 1879 for the purpose of main- 
 taining in Chicago schools and collections in 
 the arts of design. The present museum build- 
 ing on Michigan Avenue was opened in 1893. 
 Artsibashef (art-si-ba'shef), Mikail Petro- 
 vitch. Born 1878. A Russian novelist of 
 
 Tatar descent. He was at first a caricaturist. Several 
 of his books have been translated into German, including 
 “ Sanini ’ ’ (1908) and “ Am Letzen Punkt ” (part i., 1910 ; 
 part ii., 1910-1912). 
 
 Asakawa (a-sa-ka'wii), Kan-Ichi. Born in 
 Japan, Dec. 20, 1873. A Japanese scholar, 
 appointed instructor in the history of Japanese 
 civilization in Yale University from 1907. lie 
 
 was graduated at Waseda University, Tokio, and at Dart- 
 mouth College in 1899, where he was lecturer on East- 
 Asian history 1902-06. He has published “The Early In- 
 stitutional Life of Japan ” (1903), “The Russo-Japanese 
 Conflict" (1904), “Japan” (1906), etc. 
 
 Ascot, The. All English race-meeting, held 
 annually in June at Ascot Heath. The distance 
 of the course is over 2h miles. The first race was run in 
 1711. The Ascot cup is generally regarded as setting the 
 seal to the fame of a good horse, since few horses possess 
 sufficient speed and staying power to endure the test 
 of the course at a time of year when the ground at Ascot 
 is peculiarly hard. The Ascot meeting is distinguished by 
 the entire absence of selling plates, and much more 
 “added money” (supplied by the directors of the meet- 
 ing, and derived from the amounts paid for entrance to 
 stands and inclosures) is given there than at any other 
 course. 
 
 Ashikaga (a-shi-ka'ga). A city of Japan, 
 situated about sixty-five miles northwest of 
 Tokio. Population, upward of 22,000. 
 Ashmead-Bartlett (ash'med-bart'let), Sir 
 Ellis. Born at Brooklyn, N. Y., 1849: died at 
 London, Jan. 18, 1902. An English Conserva- 
 tive politician of American parentage. He was 
 educated at Torquay and Christ Church, Oxford ; was called 
 to the bar of the Inner Temple in 1877 ; was a member of 
 1’arliament for Eye, Suffolk, 1880-85, and for Ecclesall, 
 Sheffield, 1885-1902 ; and was civil lord of the admiralty 
 1885-92. Knighted in 1892. He was a strong imperialist 
 and served in the South African war in 1900. He pub- 
 lished “The Battlefields of Thessaly’’ (1897). 
 Ashmolean Museum. The museum collections have 
 been removed from the Old Ashmolean Museum (Broad 
 street), which is now occupied in part by the Bodleian Li- 
 brary, to the New Ashmolean Museum, on Beaumont 
 street. The museum contains King Alfred's jewel, some of 
 the Arundel marbles, the Cretan antiquities discovered 
 by Sir Arthur Evans, etc. 
 
 Aso (a/so), Mount. A living volcano in the 
 island of Kiusiu, Japan. 
 
 Aspasia (as-pa/skia) the Younger. Milto, the 
 daughter of Hermotimus, a native of Pliocfea 
 in Asia Minor. On account of her beauty a satrap of 
 Persia carried her off and presented her to Cyrus the 
 Younger. He changed her name to Aspasia (after the 
 mistress of Pericles) and lived with her as her husband. 
 After his death she fell into the hands of Artaxerxes, 
 from whom she was claimed by Darius when he was de- 
 clared heir to the Persian throne by his father. Arta- 
 xerxes gave her up (iu accordance with the Persian cus- 
 tom), but shortly afterward made her a priestess of Arte- 
 mis (Anaitis) at Ecbatana, or, according to Justin, a 
 priestess of the sun. 
 
 Asquith (as'kwith), Herbert Henry. Born 
 at Morley, Yorkshire, Sept. 12, 1852. Ad Eng- 
 lish statesman. He was educated at Balliol College, 
 Oxford, and was called to the bar in 1876. Since 1886 he 
 has been Liberal member of Parliament for East Fife. 
 He was secretary of state for the home department 1892-95 ; 
 ecclesiastical commissioner 1892-95 ; chancellor of the ex- 
 chequer December, 1905, to 1908 ; and premier and first 
 lord of the treasury 1908-. 
 
 Assuan Dam. A dam constructed across the 
 Nile at Assuan, by Sir Benjamin Baker, for 
 purposes of irrigation, completed in 1902. it is 
 1} miles long and its maximum height from the founda- 
 tion was about 130 feet. In 1907 it was decided to increase 
 its height six meters. 
 
 Astley (ast'li), Sir John Dugdale. Born at 
 Rome, Feb. 19, 1828: died at London, Oct. 10, 
 1894. A noted English patron of sport. He 
 entered the army, served in the Crimea 1854-55, and 
 retired in 1859 with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He 
 succeeded to the baronetcy in 1873 and was Gonservative 
 member of Parliament for North Lincolnshire 1874-80. 
 For many years he was a patron of the turf. Me wrote 
 “Fifty Years of my Life iu the World of Sport at Home 
 and Abroad ” (1894). 
 
 Astrup (as'trop), Eivind. Born at Chris- 
 
 Austria, Lower 
 
 tiania, Norway, Sept. 17, 1871 : died on the 
 Dovrefjeld, Norway, December, 1895. A Nor- 
 wegian arctic explorer, a companion of Peary 
 in his explorations of Greenland 1891-92 and 
 1893-95. 
 
 Atherton (ath'er-ton), Mrs. (Gertrude Frank- 
 lin). Born at San Francisco. A contempo- 
 rary American author, grandniece of Benja- 
 min Franklin. She haa published “The Doomswo- 
 man ” (1892), “A Whirl Asunder’’ (1895), “Patience 
 Sparhavvk and Her Times” (1897), “ His Fortunate Grace ’’ 
 (1897), “American Wives and English Husbands’’ (1898), 
 “The Californians” (1898), “A Daughter of the Vine” 
 (1899), “ The Valiant Runaways ” (1899), “ Senator North ” 
 (1900), “The Aristocrats" (1901), “The Conqueror” (1902), 
 “The Splendid Idle Forties” (1902), “Rulers of Kings’’ 
 (1904), “ -The Bell in the Fog ” (1905), “ The Travelling 
 Thirds ” (1905), “ Ancestors ” (1907), “ The Gorgeous Isle ” 
 (1908), “ Tower of Ivory ” (1910), etc. 
 
 Atkinson (at'kin-son), George Francis. Born 
 in Monroe County, Mich., Jan. 26, 1854. An 
 American naturalist, professor of botany in 
 Cornell University from 1896. He was assis- 
 taut and associate professor there 1892-96. He was asso- 
 ciate editor of the “ Botanical Gazette ” 1896-98, and has 
 published “Studies of American Fungi” (1900), “Mush- 
 rooms ” (1903), etc. 
 
 Atreus, Treasury of. See Treasury of Atreus. 
 Atsuta (iit-so'ta). A town in Japan, a short 
 distance southeast of Nagoya. Populatiou, 
 upward of 25,000. 
 
 Atterbury (at'er-ber-i), Grosvenor. Born at 
 Detroit, July 7, 1809. An American architect. 
 He was graduated from Yale University in 
 1891, and from the Eeole des Beaux-Arts, 
 Paris, in 1895, and studied also at the Colum- 
 bia School of Architecture. He is especially in- 
 terested in town-planning and home-building, and is the 
 architect of Forest Hills Gardens, the model town built 
 by the liussell Sage Foundation at Forest Hills, L. I. 
 
 Atwater (at'wa-ter), Wilbur Olin. Born at 
 Johnsburg, N. Y.,May3, 1844: died at Middle- 
 town, Conn., Sept. 22, 1907. An American 
 physiological chemist, professor in Wesleyan 
 University, Middletown, Connecticut, from 
 1873. He was the first director of the Connecticut Agri- 
 cultural Experiment Station (the first to be established in 
 the United States) 1875-77 ; was organizer and first director 
 of the ofiice of experiment stations in the United States De- 
 partment of Agriculture 1888-91 ; was director of the Storrs 
 Agricultural Experiment Station 1888-1902 ; and from 1894 
 had charge of the experiments upon nutrition estab- 
 lished by the Department of Agriculture. W ith Rosa he 
 was the inventor of the respiration calorimeter, used to 
 demonstrate experimentally that the law of the conserva- 
 tion of energy holds true of the vital processes of the hu- 
 man body, and for various other physiological inquiries. 
 
 Atwood (at'wud), Charles B. Born at Mill- 
 bury, Mass., May 18, 1849: died at Chicago, 
 Dec. 19, 1895. Au American architect. He was 
 educated at the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard 
 University and in the office of Ware and Van Brunt in 
 Boston. He is especially known as the designer-in-chief 
 of the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893, where he 
 created the Fine Arts Building and the Peristyle. 
 
 Auer (ou'er), Leopold. Born at Veszprem, June 
 7, 1845. A Hungarian violinist and teacher. 
 
 After studying at the Budapest and Vienna conserva- 
 tories he became a pupil of Joachim. He was appointed 
 concert-master at Diisseldorf in 1863, and at Hamburg in 
 1866. Since 1868 he has been solo violinist to the Czar of 
 Russia and teacher of the violin at the St. Petersburg 
 Conservatory. His pupils include Mischa Elman, Kath- 
 leen Parlow, and Efrem Zimbalist. In 1895 he was en- 
 nobled, and in 1903 became a councilor of state. 
 
 Augustin (iio-gos'ten). A contemporary Span- 
 ish colonial governor. lie was captain-general of 
 the Philippines at the time of the Spanish- American war 
 and, shortly before the surrender of Manila to the United 
 States, August 13, 1898, turned over his command to Gen- 
 eral Jaudenes and escaped with his family on board the 
 German ship Kaiserin Augusta. 
 
 Aus der Ohe (ous aSr o'e), Addle. Born at 
 Hanover, Germany. A contemporary Ger- 
 man pianist and composer, a pupil of Liszt and 
 Kullak. She has played frequently in the United States 
 since her first visit in 18S6. Her compositions include sev- 
 eral pieces for the piano and a sonata for piano and violin. 
 
 Austin (as'tin), Louis Winslow. Born at 
 Orwell, Vt., Oct. 30, 1867. An American physi- 
 cist, in charge of the radiotelegraphic labora- 
 tory of the United States Navy Department 
 from 1908. He has been connected with the Bureau of 
 Standards since 1904. llis publications relate to physical 
 measurements, radiotelegraphy, etc. 
 
 Australia '. It is now, with Tasmania, united under a 
 federal government inaugurated Jan. 1, 1901. The six 
 former colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, Queens- 
 land, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania 
 are denominated the “ original States.’’ Legislative power 
 is vested in a federal parliament, consisting of a governor- 
 general (representing the king), a senate, and a house of 
 representatives. There is an executive council of minis- 
 ters of state. The official title is the Commonwealth of 
 Australia. In 1908 the Yass-Canberra district, near the 
 town of Yass, New South Wales, was selected to contain 
 the future federal capital. 
 
 Austria*, Lower. It has 64 representatives 
 in the Austrian Reichsrath and a Landtag of 
 127 members. 
 
Austria, Upper 
 
 Austria*, Upper. It has 22 representatives in 
 the Austrian Eeichsrath and a Landtag of 69 
 members. 
 
 Austria-Hungary*. ‘‘Under the electoral law 
 of Jan. 26, 1907, the Lower House [of the Aus- 
 trian Reichsrath] is elected on the basis of 
 universal, equal, and direct suffrage. Entitled 
 to vote for a deputy are all Austrian male 
 citizens over 24 years of age who have resided 
 for at least a year in the place of election. . . . 
 The duration of the Lower House of the 
 Eeichsrath is for the term of six years.” The 
 Statesman’s Year-book, 1911, pp. 595-596. 
 
 Authors’ Club. A New York club for literary 
 men, organized in 1882 and incorporated in 
 
 1887 for library purposes and the promotion of 
 social intercourse among authors. The mem- 
 bership is unlimited, and now numbers about 
 200. The chief requirement for admission is 
 that a man shall have published a book of 
 recognized merit on some subject proper toart, 
 literature, or science, and not purely technical 
 in character. 
 
 Avalon (av'a-lon). A town on Santa Catalina 
 Island, off the coast of California, opposite 
 San Pedro. It has a wireless telegraph sta- 
 tion, and is said to have published the first 
 newspaper, “The Wireless,” dependent for its 
 news on wireless despatches. 
 
 Avebury, Baron. See Lubbock, Sir John. 
 
 Balfour, Arthur James 
 
 Avery (a'ver-i), Samuel Putnam. Born at 
 New York, March 17, 1822: died there, August 
 12, 1904. An American connoisseur and col- 
 lector. He began life as an engraver in New York city, 
 and in 1865 entered business as a picture-dealer In this 
 capacity he assisted in the formation of many fine collec- 
 tions. In 1867 he was appointed commissioner in charge 
 of the American art department at the Universal Exposi- 
 tion in Paris. In 1892 he and his wife founded, in mem- 
 ory of their son, the Henry 0. Avery Architectural Library 
 at Columbia University. During his life he was instru- 
 mental in bringing to America a large number of the 
 finest works of art in every department. 
 
 Awata (a-wa'ta). A village near Kioto, Japan, 
 noted for its pottery, a yellow faience, first 
 made in the seventh century. 
 
 abcock (bab'kok), Malt- 
 bie Davenport. Born at 
 Syracuse, N. Y., Aug. 3, 
 1858: died at Naples, Italy, 
 May 18, 1901. An Ameri- 
 can Presbyterian clergy- 
 man. He was graduated at 
 Syracuse University in 1879, and 
 at Auburn (N. Y.) Theological 
 Seminary in 1882. He became 
 pastor of the First Presbyterian 
 Church, Lockport, N. Y., 1882; of the Brown Memorial 
 Church, Baltimore, Md., 1887 ; and of the Brick Presby- 
 terian Church, New York city, 1899. His wife published 
 selections from his writings, under the title “Thoughts 
 
 _for Every-day Living” (1901). 
 
 Bacarra (ba-kar'a). A town of Ilocos Norte 
 province, in the northwestern part of Luzon, 
 Philippine Islands. Population, 7,669; munici- 
 pality, 14,616. 
 
 Bacheller (bach'el-er), Irving Addison. Born 
 at Pierrepont, N. Y., Sept. 26, 1859. An Ameri- 
 can journalist and author. For a number of years he 
 was on the staff of the Brooklyn “ Times” and on that of 
 the New York “World." He is the author of “The Mas- 
 ter of Silence ” (1890), “ The Still House of O’Darrow " 
 (1894), “Eben Holden ” (1900), “ Dri and I ” (1901), “ Dar- 
 rel of the Blessed Isles ” (1903), “ Vergilius ” (1904), “ Silas 
 Strong, Emperor of the Woods " (1906), “The Hand-made 
 Gentleman ’’ (1909), “ Keeping up with Lizzie ” (1911), etc. 
 
 Bachelors’ Club. A London club established 
 in 1881. It is of a purely social character. It 
 has a membership of over 1,000, and its house 
 is at 7 and 8 Hamilton Place, W. 
 
 Bacher (bach'er), Otto H. Born at Cleve- 
 land, O., March 31, 1856: died at Bronxville, 
 N. Y., Aug, 16, 1909. An American painter, 
 etcher, and illustrator. He was a pupil of Duveneck 
 in Munich, and of Lefebvre, Boulanger, and Carolus Duran 
 in Paris. He was especially successful in etching land- 
 scapes and architectural subjects. He wrote “With 
 Whistler in Venice ’’ (1908). 
 
 Backlund (bak'lond), Johann Oskar. Born in 
 Sweden, April 28, 1846. A Swedish astronomer. 
 
 He was appointed observer at the observatory at Dorpat, 
 Russia, in 1876, adjunct astronomer at Pulkowa in 1878, 
 astronomer of the Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg 
 in 1887, and director of the observatory at Pulkowa in 1895. 
 
 Bacolod (ba-ko-lod'). A town, the capital of 
 Negros Occidental province, in the north- 
 western part of Negros, Philippine Islands, 
 situated in lat. 10° 41' N., long. 122° 56' E. 
 Population, 5,678. 
 
 Bacon (ba'kon), Mrs. (Josephine Dodge Das- 
 kam). Born at Stamford, Conn., Feb. 17, 
 1876. An American author. She was graduated 
 at Smith College in 1898. Among her works are “Smith 
 College Stories ” (1900), “ The Imp and the Angel ’’ (1901), 
 “ The, Madness of Philip ’’ (1902), “ Whom the Gods De- 
 stroyed ” (1902), “Her Fiance” (1904), and “An Idyll of 
 All Fools’ Day ” (1908). 
 
 Bacon (ba'kon), Robert. Born in 1850. An 
 American diplomatist. He was assistant secretary 
 of state 1905-09, and ambassador to France 1909-1912. 
 Appointed a fellow of Harvard in 1912. 
 
 Bacoor (ba-ko-or'). A municipality of Cavite, 
 southern Luzon, Philippine Islands. A mili- 
 tary road follows the coast from Bacoor to 
 Manila. Civilized population, 10,925. 
 
 Baddeck (ba-dek'). A fishing village and 
 summer resort on Cape Breton Island, Nova 
 Scotia, situated on the Little Bras d’Or. It 
 is the capital of Victoria County. Population, 
 about 1,700. 
 
 Baden-Powell (ba'den-pou'el), Sir Robert 
 Stephenson Smyth. Born Feb. 22, 1857. A 
 British major-general, inspector-general of 
 cavalry from 1903-07, especially noted for his 
 defense of Maf eking in 1900, during the Boer 
 
 war. He served in India, Afghanistan, and South Af- 
 rica 1876-89 ; iu Zululand in 1888; in Malta 1890-93; in 
 Ashanti 1895 ; in Matabeleland 1896-97 ; and in South 
 Africa, as lieutenant-colonel, 1897-99. With a force of 
 1,200 men he was besieged in Mafeking for 215 days, being 
 relieved on May 18, 1900. From 1900-03 he was general 
 of South African constabulary. In 1908 he was appointed 
 lieutenant-general commanding the Northumbrian Terri- 
 torial Division, and in the same year founded the Boy 
 Scouts’ organization. Among his publications are “Cav- 
 alry Instruction ” (1895), “ The Matabele Campaign ” (1896), 
 “Sport in War” (1900), “Sketches in Mafeking and East 
 Africa” (1907), “Scouting for Boys” (1908). He was 
 knighted in 1909. 
 
 Badger State. A popular name of the State 
 of Wisconsin. 
 
 Bagley (bag'li), William Chandler. Born at 
 Detroit, Mich., March 15, 1874. An American 
 psychologist, professor of education from 
 1908, and director of the School of Education 
 from 1909, in the University of Illinois. He has 
 published “Class-room Management” (1907), 
 etc. 
 
 Bagtlio (ba-ge-o'). A town, the capital of Ben- 
 guet province, in the western part of Luzon, 
 Philippine Islands, in lat. 16° 32' N., long. 
 120° 38' 50 // E. Civilized population of mu- 
 nicipality, 489. 
 
 Bahr-el-Ghazal (bar^el-ga-zal'). One of the 
 thirteen provinces into which the Anglo-Egyp- 
 tian Sudan is divided. Capital, Warn 
 
 Bailey (ba'li), Liberty Hyde. Born at South 
 Haven, Mich., March 15, 1858. An American 
 botanist, horticulturist, and educator, director 
 of the N. Y. State College of Agriculture in 
 Cornell University from 1903. He was professor 
 of horticulture and landscape-gardening in Michigan 
 Agricultural College (of which he is a graduate) 1884-88, 
 and professor of horticulture in Cornell University 1888- 
 1903. Among his works are “The Survival of the Un- 
 like ” (1896), “ The Principles of Fruit-growing " (1897), 
 “Evolution of Our Native Fruits ” (1898), “Cyclopedia of 
 American Horticulture” (1900-02), “The Nature-Study 
 Idea" (1903), “ Outlook to Nature ” (1905), “Cyclopedia of 
 American Agriculture ” (1907-09), text-books of botany 
 and agriculture, and handbooks of horticultural practice. 
 
 Baker, Sir Benjamin. Born 1840: died at 
 Pangbourne, Berkshire, May 19, 1907. An emi- 
 nent English engineer. His most important 
 works are the Forth Bridge and the dam across 
 the Nile at Assuan. 
 
 Baker (ba'ker), Hugh Potter. Born at St. 
 Croix Falls, Wis., Jan. 20, 1878. An American 
 forester. He was professor of forestry in the Pennsyl- 
 vania State College 1906-12, and director of the N. Y. State 
 College of Forestry at Syracuse 1912-. 
 
 Baker (ba'ker), Marcus. Born at Kalama- 
 zoo, Mich., Sept. 23, 1849: died at Washing- 
 ton, Dec. 12, 1903. An American cartographer, 
 connected with the United States Coast and 
 Geodetic Survey 1873-86, and with the United 
 States Geological Survey 1886-1903. 
 
 Baker (ba ' ker), Ray Stannard. Born at 
 Lansing, Mich., April 17, 1870. An American 
 magazine writer. He is the author of “Boys' Book of 
 Inventions ” (1899), “Second Boys’ Book of Inventions ’’ 
 (1903), “Our New Prosperity ” (1900), “Seen in Germany ” 
 (1901), “Following the Color Line ,f (1908), “New r Ideals 
 in Healing” (1909), “Spiritual Unrest” (1910), and has 
 written many short stories and articles on industrial and 
 political topics. 
 
 Baker City (ba'ker sit'i). The county-seat of 
 Baker County, Oregon, situated on a branch of 
 Powder Eiver, in the eastern part of the State. 
 The chief industries are mining, stock-raising, 
 and lumbering. Population, 6,742, (1910). 
 
 Bakersfield (ba'kerz-feld). The county-seat 
 of Kern County, California, situated on Kern 
 River. It has machine-shops, foundries, fruit- 
 
 packing houses, etc., and is the commercial 
 center of a region producing fruit, grain, and 
 live stock. Population, 12,727, (1910). 
 
 Balabac (ba-la'bak). A hilly island south of 
 Palawan (Paragua) and belonging to Para- 
 gua province in the Philippines. It has several 
 good harbors. Area, 122 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 455 ; mainly uncivilized. 
 
 Balakiref (ba-la'ke-ref), Mily Alexeivitch. 
 Born at Nijni-Novgorod, Jan. 2, 1837 : died at 
 St. Petersburg, June 24, 1910. A Russian 
 composer and conductor. He first studied with 
 Oulibishef, and at eighteen went to St. Petersburg, where 
 he appeared with success as a pianist, and where his com- 
 positions attracted the attention of Glinka, who regarded 
 him as his successor. With Cui, Moussorg6ky, Rimsky- 
 Korsakof, and Borodin, Balakiref in 1861 founded the 
 New Russian school. Under his leadership this group 
 made a thorough analysis and study of the works of clas- 
 sical and contemporary composers, especially Bach, Schu- 
 mann, Berlioz, and Liszt. He founded the Free Music 
 School in 1862, and directed its concerts for many years. 
 He was conductor of the Royal Russian Musical Society 
 1867-70, and musical director of the Imperial Chapel 
 1883-95. His principal compositions are the symphonic 
 poema “Thamar” and “Russia,” the music for “King 
 Lear,” a symphony, overtures, songs, and “Islamey ” and 
 other piano pieces. Especially notable and influential is 
 his collection of Russian folk-songs (1866). 
 
 Baldwin (bal'dwin), Evelyn Briggs. Born 
 at Springfield, Mo., July 22, 1862. An Ameri- 
 can meteorologist and arctic explorer. He ac- 
 companied Peary to North Greenland as meteorologist 
 1893-94, and was a member (second in command) of the 
 Wellman expedition to Franz-Joseph-Land 1898-99. In 
 1901-02 he organized and led the Baldwin-Ziegler polar 
 expedition, and established a chain of stations, embracing 
 portable houses and a cargo of equipment, through the 
 Franz-Joseph-Land archipelago in contemplation of a 
 sledge journey thence to the north pole during the pro- 
 posed second year’s work of the expedition. He also 
 formed three stations of safety on Shannon Island, on the 
 northeast coast of Greenland, in accordance with his plan 
 to effect the return journey along that unexplored terri- 
 tory. These safety stations embraced three houses filled 
 with an additional cargo of equipment. In addition to an 
 exceptionally large pack of dogs, fifteen Siberian horses 
 were used with marked success for drawing the sledges 
 upon the sea-ice. 
 
 Baldwin (hal'dwin), James Mark. Born at 
 Columbia, S. C., Jan. 12, 1861. An American 
 psychologist. He was professor of philosophy and 
 psychology at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 
 1903-09, and at the National University of Mexico 1909-. 
 He was a professor of philosophy at Lake Forest Univer- 
 sity, Illinois, 1887-90, and at Toronto University, Canada, 
 1890-93, and of psychology at Princeton University 1893- 
 1903. He has written “ Handbook of Psychology " (1888- 
 1890), “Elements of Psychology" (1893), “Mental Devel- 
 opment in the Child and the Race " (1896), “ Social and 
 Ethical Interpretations" (1897), “Story of the Mind" 
 (1898), “ Fragments in Philosophy and Science " (1902), 
 “Development and Evolution" (1902), “Thoughts and 
 Things' (1906-11), “Darwin and the Humanities" (1909), 
 and “ The Individual and Society ” (1910), and edited the 
 “ Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology ”(1901-06). He 
 founded (1894) and edited the “Psychological Review.” 
 
 Baldwin (hal'dwin), Simeon Eben. Born at 
 New Haven, Conn., Feb. 5, 1840. An American 
 jurist, elected governor of Connecticut in 1910 
 and 1 912 by the Democratic party. He was admit- 
 ted to the bar in 1863, and became professor of constitutional 
 and international law in Yale University in 1872. He was 
 appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court of Errors, 
 Connecticut, in 1907. He has Berved on various govern- 
 ment commissions, and is the author of important works 
 on law, including the “Connecticut Digest” (1872), 
 “ American Railroad Law ” (1904), “ American Judiciary ” 
 (1905), etc. 
 
 Balfour ", Arthur James. He was member of Par- 
 liament for tile Eastern Division of Manchester 1885-1906, 
 and for the City of London 1906-. He also wrote “Essays 
 and Addresses" (1893, 1905), “ The Foundations of Belief ' 
 (1895), “Economic Notes on Insular Free Trade" (1903), 
 “ Reflections Suggested by the New Theory of Matter 
 (1904), “Speeches (1880-1905) on Fiscal Reform” (1906), 
 “ Criticism and Beauty ” (Romanes lecture : 1909), etc. 
 
Balfour, Gerald William 
 
 Balfour (bal'for or bal'fer), Gerald William. 
 Born April 9, 1853. A British Conservative 
 politician, brother of Arthur James Balfour. 
 He was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 He was member for Central Leeds 1885-1906 ; was secre- 
 tary to his brother, A. J. Balfour, when the latter was 
 president of the Local Government Board 1885-86 ; was 
 chief secretary for Ireland 1895-1900 ; was president of 
 the Board of Trade 1900-05; and was president of the 
 Local Government Board in i905. 
 
 Baliuag (ba-le'6-ag). A municipality of Bula- 
 can province, in the southern part of Luzon, 
 Philippine Islands. Civilized population, 15,- 
 936. 
 
 Ball (bal), Mary. Born in Lancaster County, 
 Virginia, in 1706: died August 25, 1789. The 
 second wife of Augustine Washington (married 
 1730) and the mother of George Washington. 
 
 Ballinger (bal ' in - jer), Richard Achilles. 
 Born at Boonesboro, Iowa, July 9, 1858. An 
 American lawyer, secretary of the interior 
 March 5, 1909-March, 1911. He was mayor of 
 Seattle 1904-06, and commissioner of the Gen- 
 eral Land Office 1907-09. 
 
 Banajao (ba-na'ya-o). An extinct volcano of 
 La Laguna province, in the southern part of 
 Luzon, Philippine Islands, approximately in 
 lat. 14° 2' N., long. 121° 27' E. Height, 7,382 
 feet. Also Majaijai. 
 
 Banff (banf). A post-village of Alberta, Can- 
 ada, situated on the Canadian Pacific Railway. 
 
 It is a pleasure resort and the railway station for the Banff 
 National Park. It has hot sulphur springs. Elevation, 
 4,500 feet above the sea. 
 
 Bangor (ban'gor). A borough of Northampton 
 County, Pennsylvania, 23 miles northeast of 
 Allentown. It has silk-mills aud machine- 
 shops, as well as important slate-quarries. 
 Population, 5,369, (1910). 
 
 Bangs (bangz), John Kendrick. Born at 
 Yonkers, N. Y., May 27, 1862. An American 
 author, editor, and humorist. He was graduated 
 at Columbia in 1883; was associate editor of New York 
 “Life " 1884-88 ; and was editor of the “ Drawer’’ 1888-99, 
 and of “ Literary Notes " 1898-99, in “ Harper's Magazine ’’ ; 
 of “ Literature ” 1898-99 ; of “ Harper’s Weekly ’’ 1898- 
 1900 ; of the “ Metropolitan Magazine ” 1902-03 ; and of 
 “ Puck” 1904-05. He has published numerous humorous 
 stories and articles. 
 
 Bangued (ban-gad'). A town, the capital of 
 Abra province, northwestern Luzon, Philip- 
 pine Islands, situated in lat. 17° 37' N., long. 
 120° 39' E. Civilized population of munici- 
 pality, 12,956. 
 
 Bank of England, The. The principal bank 
 in England, a private joint-stock institution 
 incorporated by charter July 27, 1694. Being 
 
 formed originally for the purpose of advancing a loan 
 of £1,200,000 to the government, it still has the manage- 
 ment of the national debt and acts as the government's 
 banker. It also acts as banker for many leading 
 British banks, and has branches in various parts of the 
 country. It enjoys the monopoly of issuing notes, popu- 
 larly known as Bank of England notes, which since 1833 
 have been legal tender everywhere in England (and 
 Wales) except at the Bank of England itself The Bank 
 of England is the most important and widely known bank- 
 ing institution in the world, and has a capital of ,£14,- 
 553,000. Its building in London stands on Threadneedle 
 street opposite the Mansion House : hence it has been 
 called the “Old Lady of Threadneedle street.” It is a 
 structure one architectural story in height inclosing 
 several courts, which was erected under the architect Sir 
 John Soane in 1788-1827. He enlarged and rebuilt the 
 building then standing, erected 1732-. 
 
 Bank of France, The. The principal bank in 
 France, a private joint-stock institution acting 
 as banker for the government, founded Feb. 
 13, 1800. Its building in Paris was formerly the private 
 mansion called the Hotel <le Toulouse, but has undergone 
 many alterations. The bank has branches and offices 
 throughout the country. It was established for the pur- 
 pose of advancing national and other loans at a moderate 
 rate and promoting national trade and industries. It has 
 the exclusive right to issue notes, which are used in busi- 
 ness transactions generally in preference to specie. Since 
 1890 it has practised the making of small loans (250 francs 
 and upward) on moderate security. It also receives 
 jewels, plate, and other valuables at a fixed charge for 
 safe deposit. In international importance and repute the 
 Bank of France ranks next to the Bank of England. It 
 has a capital of 182,500,000 francs. 
 
 Bantayan (ban-ta-yiin'). 1. One of the Visa- 
 yau group of islands in the Philippines, north- 
 west of Cebu. Its fisheries are of some impor- 
 tance. Area, 47 square miles. Population, 
 18,325. — 2. A port in the southwestern part 
 of Bantayan Island, province of Cebu. Popu- 
 lation, 5,242. 
 
 Bantock (ban'tok), Granville. Born at Lon- 
 don, Aug. 7, 1868. An English composer and 
 conductor. He made a tour of the world (1894-95) as 
 conductor of a musical comedy company, and has since led 
 various orchestras in England, also conducting concerts in 
 Antwerp, and has introduced many new works by English 
 composers. His own compositions are numerous, includ- 
 ing symphonic poems, suites, overtures, and vocal and 
 chamber music, many of them dealing with Oriental sub- 
 
 jects. He was principal of the School of Music at Birming- 
 ham, and succeeded Edward Elgar as professor in Bir- 
 mingham University in 1908. 
 
 Barbara Frietchie (biir'ba-ra fre'chi). A war 
 ballad by John Greenleaf Whittier, first pub- 
 lished in the “Atlantic Monthly” for October, 
 1863. The incident told (the waving of the Union flag 
 in the faces of Confederate troops) was based on a report 
 of the patriotic act of a woman at Frederick, Maryland, 
 when it was occupied by the Confederates under General 
 Thomas J. Jackson. 
 
 Barber (bar'ber), Edwin Atlee. Born at Bal- 
 timore, Md., Aug. 13, 1851. An American cera- 
 mist, archieo! ogist, and writer, director of the 
 Pennsylvania Museum and School of Indus- 
 trial Art at Philadelphia. Among his publications 
 are “Pottery and Porcelain of the United States ” (1893), 
 “Anglo-American Pottery” (1899), “American Glass- 
 ware ” (1900), “ Tulip- ware of the Pennsylvania-German 
 Potters” (1903), “Marks of American Potters" (1904), 
 “Artificial Soft Paste Porcelain” (1907), “Salt Glazed 
 Stoneware ’’ (1907), “ Tin Enamelled Pottery ’’ (1907), “ Lead 
 Glazed Pottery ” (1908), “ The Majolica of Mexico ” (1908), 
 etc. 
 
 Barberton (biir'ber-ton). A village in Sum- 
 mit County, Ohio, 7 miles southwest of Akron. 
 It has manufactories of sewer-pipe, rubber, 
 matches, etc. Population, 9,410, (1910). 
 
 Barbour (bar'ber), Ralph Henry : pseudonym 
 Richard Stillman Powell. Born at Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., Nov. 13, 1870. An American 
 author. Among his works are “ Kitty of the 
 Roses” (1904), “ TlieCrimson Sweater” (1906), 
 “Four Afloat” (1907), “Harry’s Island” (1908), 
 and “Double Play” (1909). 
 
 Barchester (bar'ches-ter) Towers. A novel 
 by Anthony Trollope, published in 1857. 
 
 Bardeen (biir-den'), Charles William. Born 
 at Groton, Mass., Aug. 28, 1847. An American 
 writer upon education. He has been editor of 
 the “School Bulletin” since 1874, and has 
 published numerous works upon educational 
 topics. 
 
 Baret, or Barret (bar'et), John. Died about 
 1580. An English lexicographer. He received 
 the degree of M. A. from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 
 1558 and the degree of M. I), at Cambridge in 1577. In 
 1574 he published “ An Alvearie, or Triple Dictionarie in 
 English, Latin, and French.” 
 
 Barge Canal. See *Erie Canal. 
 
 Bargello, The. See Florence. 
 
 Barker (bar'ker), Albert Smith. Born at 
 
 Hanson, Mass., 1843. An American naval 
 officer, commissioned rear-admiral in 1899. 
 He was graduated from the United States Naval Academy 
 in 1861 ; served in the Union navy during the Civil War 
 (New Orleans, Port Hudson) ; ran a line of deep-sea 
 soundings around the world while in command of the 
 Enterprise 1883-86 ; was a member of the board of strategy 
 at the opening of the war with Spain ; commanded the 
 Newark and later the Oregon ; and relieved Admiral 
 Dewey at Manila in May, 1899. From 1900-03 he was 
 commandant of the New York navy-yard, and was com- 
 mander-in-chief of the North Atlantic fleet 1903-05. He 
 retired in 1905. 
 
 Barker (bar'ker), Wharton. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, May 1, 1846. An American politician 
 and financier. He was graduated at the University of 
 Pennsylvania in 1866, and has been identified with many 
 important commercial and financial enterprises, including 
 Russian canals and railways. In 1895 he visited China, on 
 the invitation of Li Hung Chang. He received the cross 
 of St. Stanislaus from Alexander II. of Russia in 1879. 
 He was a prominent Republican until 1896, when he joined 
 the Populist party. As presidential nominee of the anti- 
 fusion Populists in 1900 he polled a popular vote of 50,373 
 against the 7,207,923 votes cast for President McKinley. 
 
 Barlow (bar ' 16), Jane. Born at Clontarf, 
 Ireland, Oct. 17, 1860. An Irish novelist and 
 poet. Among her works are “Bogland Studies ” (1892), 
 “Irish Idylls” (1892), “Kerrigan’s Quality ” (1893), “The 
 End of Elfintown ” (1894), “ Strangers at Lisconnel ’’ (1895), 
 “ A Creel of Irish Stories” (1897), “At the Back of Be- 
 yond” (1902), “By Beach and Bog Land” (1905), “Irish 
 Neighbors” (1907), “Irish People in Irish Places ” (1909), 
 “Flaws” (1911), etc. 
 
 Barnard (bar'nard), Charles. Born at Bos- 
 ton, Mass., Feb. 13, 1838. An American writer. 
 Among his works are “ First Steps in Electricity ” (1887), 
 “Tools and Machines ” (1903), “The Door in the Book” 
 (1903), and “ The County Fair” and other plays. 
 
 Barnard", Edward Emerson. He has been 
 astronomer of the Yerkes Observatory since 
 1895. 
 
 Barnard (bar'nard), George Grey. Bom at 
 
 Bellefonte, Pa., May 24, 1863. Au American 
 Sculptor. He was educated at the Art Institute, Chi- 
 cago, and at the ficole des Beaux-Arts, Paris (1884-87). 
 He was awarded gold medals at the Exposition Univer- 
 selle, Paris, 1900, the Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, 
 1901, and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, 
 1904. His marble statue of the “Two Natures” is in the 
 Metropolitan Museum, and his “God Pan” in Central 
 Park, New York city. Among his other works are “ Work 
 and Fraternity ” and “ The Burden of Life,” sculptural 
 groups designed for the Capitol, Harrisburg, Pa., first ex- 
 hibited at the Paris Salon in the spring of 1910. He has 
 developed a powerful emotional style. 
 
 Barth, Auguste 
 
 Barnardo (bar-nar'do), Thomas John. Born 
 in Ireland, 1845 : died at Surbiton, England, 
 Sept. 19, 1905. A British philanthropist, noted 
 for his labors in rescuing and training destitute 
 children. He began his work in London about 1866 ; 
 established a home for destitu te children in 1867 ; founded 
 a village for girls at Ilford in 1873, and a hospital for sick 
 waifs in 1887 ; and formed the “ Young Helpers’ League" 
 in 1891. About 150 branches are now in operation in 
 London and the provinces and over 9,000 children are in 
 their care. The institutions were incorporated in 1899 
 under the name of “The National Institution for the 
 Reclamation of Destitute Waif Children.” The institu- 
 tions which he founded have rescued and trained upward 
 of 75,000 waifs, about 24,000 of whom have established 
 themselves in Canada and the colonies. 
 
 Barnett*. John Francis. He has taught at the 
 Guildhall School of Music and at the Royal College of 
 Music, London. His first work to attract public attention 
 was “Symphony in A Minor,” performed in 1864. He has 
 also composed the cantatas “The Ancient Mariner ” (1867), 
 “ Paradise and the Peri ” (1870), the oratorio “The Rais- 
 ing of Lazarus” (written 1873; produced at Hereford 
 1876), etc. 
 
 Barnett (bar'net), Samuel Augustus. Born 
 at Bristol, Feb. 8, 1844. An English clergyman 
 and social worker. He was educated at Oxford Uni- 
 versity (Wadham College). He was vicar of St. Jude s, 
 Whitechapel, London, 1872-94 ; was appointed canon of 
 Bristol in 1893, and canon of Westminster in 1906. He was 
 one of the founders of Toynbee Hall, and was its warden 
 until 1906, and its president 1906-. He has published 
 “Practicable Socialism ” (1893 : with his wife), “Service 
 of God” (1897), “Religion and Progress” (1907), and 
 “Towards Social Reform ” (1909). 
 
 Baron de Hirsch Fund. A fund established by 
 Baron Maurice de Hirsch of Austria to provide 
 schools in New York and elsewhere for Rus- 
 sian, Rumanian, and Galician Hebrew immi- 
 grants to the United States, for the purpose of 
 giving them instruction in elementary English 
 and the principles of the Constitution and 
 inculcating improved sanitary habits. Its 
 object is to Americanize the immigrants and 
 help them to become useful citizens. 
 Barotseland (ba-rot'se-land). A region in 
 Rhodesia, north of the Zambesi River; former- 
 ly, northwestern Rhodesia. Area, est., 182,- 
 000 square miles. Population, over 500,700. 
 Barr (bar), Robert: pseudonym Luke Sharp. 
 Bom at Glasgow, Scotland, Sept. 16, 1850 : died 
 at Woldingham, Surrey, Oct. 21, 1912. A 
 British novelist and editor. He was educated 
 in Toronto, Canada ; taught in Canada until 1876 ; joined 
 the editorial staff of the Detroit (U. S.) “ Free Press ” in 
 that year; established the weekly English edition of the 
 “ Free Press " in London in 1881 ; and in 1892 founded, 
 with Jerome K. Jerome, the “ Idler" magazine, of which 
 he was co-editor until 1895. Among his works are “ In a 
 Steamer Chair” (1892), “From Whose Bourne" (1893), 
 “In the Midst of Alarms” (1894, 1900), “The Face and 
 the Mask” (1895), “The Countess Tekla" (1899), “The 
 Strong Arm ’’ (1900), “ The Unchanging East ’’ (1900), 
 “Over the Border" (1903), “The O’Ruddy ” (1904: with 
 Stephen Crane), “The Woman Wins ” (1904), “A Chicago 
 Princess ” (1904), “ Speculations of John Steele ’’ (1905), 
 “The Triumph of Eugene Valmont ” (1906), “A Rock in 
 the Baltic" (1907), “ Cardillac ’’ (1909), “The Sword- 
 maker ” (1910), etc. 
 
 Barres (bii-ras'), Maurice. Bora at Charmes- 
 sur-Moselle, France, Aug. 17, 1862. A French 
 politician, journalist, and author. He was a 
 Boulangist deputy 1889-93. Among his works are “ Sous 
 l’ceil des barbares ” (1888), “ Un Somme libre ” (1889), 
 “Le jardin de Berenice” (1890), “L’Ennemi des lois" 
 (1893), “Les deracines” (1897), “Le voyage de Sparte ” 
 (1906), etc. He was elected to the French Academy in 
 1906. 
 
 Barrias (ba-ri-as'), Louis Erneste. Born at 
 Paris, April 3, 1841 : died there, Feb. 4, 1905. A 
 French sculptor. He was a pupil of Cavelier, Cogniet, 
 and .Touffroy, and of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. He was 
 awarded the grand prix de Rome in 1865, the premiere 
 medaille at the Salon of 1872, and the medaille d’honneur 
 in 1878. In 1884 he was elected a member of the Insti- 
 tute. He produced a large number of fine decorative 
 and independent works. Among the more important 
 may be mentioned the “ Oath of Spartacus ” (1872), “ Re- 
 ligion and Charity ” (1873), and the “Defense of Paris” 
 at Courbevoie. 
 
 Barrie (bar'i). A town of Ontario, Canada, 
 the capital of Simcoe County, situated on the 
 western shore of Lake Simcoe. Population, 
 6,420,(1911). 
 
 Barrows (bar'oz), Samuel June. Born at 
 New York, May 26, 1845: died there, April 21, 
 1909. An American penologist. He became ste- 
 nographer to Secretary Seward in 1867 ; was graduated from 
 the Harvard Divinity School in 1875; was pastor of the 
 First Unitarian Church of Dorchester, Massachusetts, 
 1876-80; and was editor of the “Christian Register” 
 1881-97. He represented the United States on the Inter- 
 national Prison Commission in 1896, and wrote various 
 penological reports, including “The Prison Systems of 
 the United States.” 
 
 Bartered Bride, The. [G. “Die Verkaufte 
 Braut.”] An opera by Friedrich Smetana 
 (words by Sabina), produced at Prague in 1866. 
 Barth (hart), Auguste. Born at Strasburg, 
 March 22, 1834. A French Orientalist. Among 
 
Barth, Auguste 
 
 his works are “ Les religions de l’lnde ” (1879) and “ In- 
 scriptions sanscrites du Oambodge " (1885). He has also 
 written for the “Journal asiatique," “Melusine," “ Md- 
 moires de la socidte de linguistique," “Journal des sa- 
 vants," and “ Revue de l’histoire des religions." 
 
 Barth, Theodor. Born at Duderstadt, Han- 
 nover, July 16, 1849: died at Baden-Baden, 
 June 2, 1909. A German publicist. He practised 
 law 1871-72 ; was amtsassessor at Bremerhaven 1872-76 ; 
 was syndic of the Bremen Chamber of Commerce 1870- 
 1883 ; and became a member of the Reichstag in 1881. He 
 was a Liberal. He edited “ Die Nation,” a weekly paper, 
 1883-1907. He published “ Amerikanisches Wirthschafts- 
 lebeu " (1887) and “ Amerikanische Eindriicke " (1890). 
 
 Bartlesville (bar'tlz-vil). A town in Wash- 
 ington County, in the northern part of Okla- 
 homa, 30 miles southwest of Coileyville, Kan- 
 sas. Population, 6,181, (1910). 
 
 Bartlett ( bart'let), Homer Newton. Born at 
 Olive, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1845. An American 
 musician. He has written numerous compo- 
 sitions for the voice, the violin, the piano, etc. 
 
 Bartlett (bart'let), Paul Wayland. Born at 
 New Haven, Conn., 1865. An American sculp- 
 tor, the son of Truman H. Bartlett, also an 
 American sculptor of note. He was a pupil of 
 Fremiet and of the Ecole des Beaux- Arts in Paris ; was 
 created a chevalier of tire Legion of Honor in 1895 ; and 
 was awarded a gold medal at Buffalo in 1901, the grand 
 prize at St. Louis iu 1904, and the first medal at the Liege 
 exposition in 1905. Among his prominent works are a 
 statue of Michelangelo in the Congressional Library, Wash- 
 ington ; the “ Bear Tamer ” in the Metropolitan Museum 
 in New York city ; equestrian statues of General McClel- 
 lan in Philadelphia and of Lafayette in Paris ; and many 
 excellent busts. 
 
 Barton*, Clara. She superintended relief work during 
 the Spanish- American war iu 1898 and the Boer war 1899- 
 
 1902, conducted Red Cross work in Galveston, Tex., August, 
 1900, etc. She wrote “ History of the Red Cross in Peace 
 and War" (1898), etc. 
 
 Barton (bar'ton), Sir Edmund. Bom at Glebe, 
 Sydney, N. S" W., Jan. 18, 1849. An Austra- 
 lian statesman, first premier of the Australian 
 Commonwealth. lie was educated at the University 
 of Sydney and was called to the bar in 1871 ; was a mem- 
 ber of the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales 1879, 
 1880, 1882-87, 1891-94, and 1898-1900, and its speaker 1883- 
 1887 ; was attorney-general of New South Wales 1889 and 
 1891-93 ; and was a member of the Federal conventions of 
 1891, 1897-98. He went to Englaud in 1900 as the Federal 
 delegate for New South Wales in support of the Federal 
 Constitution Bill and was the first premier and minister 
 for external affairs of the Australian Commonwealth, 1901- 
 
 1903. He has been judge of the High Court of Australia 
 since 1903. He was made a privy councilor in 1901, and 
 was knighted in 1902. 
 
 Barton (bar'ton), Port. A hay on the western 
 coast of Paragua, Philippine Islands : safe for 
 large vessels iu all weather. 
 
 Bartow (bar'tS), Edward. Born at Glenham, 
 N. Y., Jan. 12, 1870. An American chemist, 
 professor in the University of Illinois from 
 1906, and director of the State Water Survey 
 from 1905. His publications relate chiefly to 
 the water supply of Illinois and other States. 
 Bartsch (bartsh), Johann Adam Bernhardt, 
 Ritter von. Born at Vienna, Aug. 17, 1757 : 
 died at Vienna, Aug. 21, 1821. An Austrian 
 engraver and historian of engraving. He was a 
 librarian of the Imperial Library and a member of the 
 Academy of Art in Vienna, and in 1816 was appointed 
 custodian of the Cabinet of Engravings. His most impor- 
 tant publication is the monumental “ Peintre-graveur" 
 (1802-1821 : 21 volumes), a catalogue of engravers and en- 
 gravings before the nineteenth century. 
 
 Barus (bar'us), Carl. Born at Cincinnati, 
 Ohio, Feb. 19, 1856. An American physicist, 
 professor of physics at Brown University from 
 1895. lie was physicist of the United States Geological 
 Survey 1880-92 ; professor of meteorology of the United 
 States Weather Bureau 1892-93 ; and physicist of the 
 Smithsonian Institution 1893-95. The Rumford medal of 
 the American Academy of Sciences was awarded to him 
 in 1900 for his researches in heat. He has published numer- 
 ous scientific papers. 
 
 Basilan (ba-se'lan) Islands. A group of 
 islands south of the western peninsula of Min- 
 danao, in the Philippines, and now a part of 
 Zamboanga district of Moro province, it con- 
 
 sists of 32 named and 12 unnamed islands. The largest, 
 Basilan, is mountainous, wooded and fertile, and has, at 
 Isabela de Basilan, on the northwest coast, a harbor safe 
 in all weather for large vessels. Area of the group, 501.8 
 square miles. Population of Basilan Island, 27,017. 
 
 Basilan (ba-se'lan) Strait. A strait which 
 separates Basilan Island from Mindanao, in the 
 Philippines, and connects the Sulu(Jolo) with 
 the Celebes Sea. Width, about 8 miles. 
 
 Basin Ranges. A name given by the United 
 States Geographic Board in 1907 to all those 
 ranges which lie between the Plateau Region 
 on the east, the Sierra Nevada and Cascade 
 Range on the west, and the Blue Mountains 
 of Oregon on the north, including the Wahsatch 
 and associated ranges. 
 
 Baskerville (bas'ker-vil), Charles. Born at 
 Deer Brook, Miss., June 18, 1870. An Ameri- 
 
 can chemist and author, professor in the Col- 
 lege of the City of Mew York from 1904. He 
 was a member of the faculty of the University 
 of North Carolina 1892-1904. The discovery of 
 two supposed new elements, berzelium and 
 coralinium, was announced by him. 
 
 Bastable (bas'ta-bl), Charles Francis. Born 
 at Charleville^ County Cork, Ireland, 1855. An 
 Irish economist, lie has been professor of political 
 economy in the University of Dublin from 1882, of juris- 
 prudence and international law since 1902, and regius pro- 
 fessor of laws since 1908. He has written “The Com- 
 merce of Nations ” (1892), “Public Finance " (1892), “The 
 Theory of International Trade" (1897), etc. 
 
 Bastidas (bas-te'das), Rodrigo de. A Spanish 
 navigator and explorer of the fifteenth century. 
 After the discoveries of Columbus he joined de la Casa 
 in an expedition to the New World. He visited the 
 shores of the Caribbean Sea, including the site of 
 Cartagena. 
 
 Bataan (ba-ta-an'). A peninsular province of 
 southwestern Luz6n, Philippine Islands, south 
 of Zatnbales province, and between Manila 
 Bay on the east and the China Sea on the west. 
 Capital, Balanga. Two groups of mountains, continua- 
 tions of the Zambales range, culminate in the Mariveles 
 Peaks, tile loftiest of which is an extinct truncated vol- 
 cano, 4,615 feet in height. Mariveles Bay, on the southern 
 coast, is a safe harbor in all weather. The province is 
 watered by many small streams, and produces sugar-cane, 
 tobacco, rice, and indigo. The native inhabitants are 
 chiefly Tagalogs. Area, 537 square miles. Population, 
 46,787. 
 
 Batac (ba'tak). 1. A municipality of Iloeos 
 Norte province, in the northwestern part of 
 Luzon, Philippine Islands. Civilized popula- 
 tion, 19,524.- — 2. A town of the same province. 
 Population, 5,767. 
 
 Batan (ba-tlin'). An island of the Batan 
 group, north of Luzon, Philippine Islands. 
 It belongs to Cagayan province. Its coal deposits are of 
 good quality, and are now in part worked by the United 
 States for transport supply. Area, 24 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 5,332. 
 
 Batangas. 2. The most southerly of the west- 
 ern provinces of Luzon, Philippine Islands. 
 It is bounded by Cavite (separated by the Tagatay Moun- 
 tains) and La Laguna on the north ; La Laguna, Tayabas, 
 and Tayabas Bay on the east; and the Mindoro Sea and 
 Mindoro Island (separated by Verde Island Passage) on 
 the south. Capital, Batangas, on Batangas Bay, in lat. 
 13° 45' 30 // N., long. 121° 3' E. The native population is 
 Tagalog. The mountains are wooded and the valleys 
 fertile, producing coffee, maize, pineapples, rice, and 
 sugar-cane. The province is rich in mineral springs and 
 streams, the waters of which are beneficial in cutaneous 
 diseases and in rheumatism. The north-central part of 
 Batangas is occupied by Lake Bombon or Taal, in which 
 is situated Taal volcano. Area, 1,201 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 257,715. 
 
 Bates , Arlo. He was editor of the “Boston Sun- 
 day Courier ” 1S80-80, and has been professor of English 
 literature in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 
 since 1893. Among his later works are “A Lad's Love” 
 (1887), “The Philistines” (1889), “The Puritans'’ (1898), 
 “Talks on Writing English" (1901), “Diary of a Saint" 
 (1902), “Talks on Teaching Literature ” (1906), “The In- 
 toxicated Ghost" (1908), etc. 
 
 Bates (bats), John Coalter. Born in St. 
 Charles County, Mo., Aug. 26, 1842. An 
 American soldier, appointed major-general in 
 the United States army in 1902. He entered the 
 army in 1861 and served with the Army of the Potomac 
 until the close of the Civil War; was promoted colonel in 
 1892 and brigadier-general in 1901 ; served in the Santiago 
 campaign (promoted major-general of volunteers) ; was 
 commander and military governor of the department of 
 Santa Clara, Cuba, and of Cienfuegos, in 1899 ; and was 
 sent to the Philippines in 1899, where (1900) he com- 
 manded the department of Southern Luzon and conducted 
 the campaigns there and in Mindanao. He became lieu- 
 tenant-general, Feb. 1, 1906, and retired from active ser- 
 vice in April of the same year. 
 
 Bates (bats), Katharine Lee. Born at. Fal- 
 mouth, Mass., Aug. 12, 1859. An American 
 writer and educator. She was graduated at Welles- 
 ley College in 1880 and has taught there since 1885, be- 
 coming professor of English literature in 1891. She has 
 written “Rose and Thorn" (1889), “English Religious 
 Drama" (1S93), “American Literature” (1898), “Spanish 
 Highways and By-Ways” (1900), etc. 
 
 Bateson (bat'son), William. Born at Whitby, 
 England, 1861. An English naturalist, fellow 
 of St. John’s College, Cambridge, from 1885, 
 and professor of biology at Cambridge 1908-09. 
 
 In 1910 he was appointed director of the John Innes Hor- 
 ticultural Institution at Merton, Surrey. Besides numerous 
 papers on biological topics, he has published “ Materials 
 for the Study of Variation ” (1894), and “ Mendel’s Prin- 
 ciples of Heredity ” (1902). 
 
 Bath Club. A London club established in 1894 
 for social and athletic purposes. Its house is 
 at 34 Dover street, W., and it has a member- 
 ship of about 2,000. , 
 
 Batiste (ba-test'), Antoine Edouard. Born 
 at Paris, March 28, 1820: died there, Nov. 9, 
 1876. A French organist, composer, and 
 teacher. Asa student at the Paris Conservatory he won 
 many prizes, and in 1840 the second Prix de Rome. He 
 
 Bean 
 
 became organist at the church of St. Nicolas de& 
 
 < Lamps, and at the church of St. Eustache (1854-76). 
 He composed many pieces for the organ, but is best 
 known for his valuable solfeggio method. 
 
 Battenberg, Princess Ena of. See * Victoria 
 Eugenie. 
 
 Battle Hymn of the Republic, The. A song 
 written by Julia Ward Howe during a visit to 
 the camps near Washington in 1861. it is sung 
 to the same tune as “John Brown’s Body ’’ The opening 
 line is “Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of 
 the Lord.” It was first published anonymously in the 
 “Atlantic Monthly” for February, 1862. 
 
 Battle of Mukden. See *MuMen. 
 
 Battle of the Sea of Japan. See *Sca of Japan, 
 Battle of the. 
 
 Battle of the Sha River (Shaho). See *Sha. 
 Battle of the Yalu River. See *Yalu River, 
 Battle of the. 
 
 Bauan (bao-an'). A municipality of Batangas 
 province, in the southwestern part of Luzon, 
 Philippine Islands. Civilized population, 
 39,094. 
 
 Bauer (bou'er), Harold. Born at London, 
 April 28, 1873. A piano virtuoso. At the age of 
 
 nine he made his debut as a violinist, touring in concert 
 for the next nine years. He then (1892) devoted himself 
 to the study of the piano. On this instrument he is largely 
 self-taught, although he received some instruction from 
 Paderewski. He first appeared in the United States at 
 Boston, Dec. 1, 1900, and has since made several American 
 tours. He is especially known for his playing of Schu- 
 mann and the modern French composers. 
 
 Bauer (bou'er), Louis Agricola. Born at Cin- 
 cinnati, Ohio, Jan. 26, 1865. An American 
 physicist, director of the department of terres- 
 trial magnetism of the Carnegie Institution 
 from 1904. He was chief of the division of 
 terrestrial magnetism of the United States 
 Coast and Geodetic Survey 1899-1906. 
 Baumann (bou'man), Oskar. Born at Vienna, 
 June 25, 1864 : died there, Oct. 12, 1899. An 
 Austrian explorer and traveler in Africa, in 
 
 1885 he accompanied Oskar Lenz to Stanley T ails on the 
 Kongo; in 1890 explored Usambara ; and 1891-93 explored 
 the regions south and west of the Victoria Nyanza. From 
 1896 he was honorary consul in Zanzibar. 
 
 Baumbach (boum'bach), Rudolf. Born at 
 Kranichfeld, Germany, Sept. 28, 1840: died at 
 Meiniugen, Sept. 22, 1905. A German lyric 
 poet. He is best known for his poetic rendering of 
 popular legends. Among his works are “ Zlatorog ” (1877), 
 “ Horand und Hilda " (1878), “ Frau Holde ” (1881), “ Thii- 
 ringer Lieder" (1891), “Neue Marchen” (1896), “Bunte 
 Blatter" (1897), etc. 
 
 Bayamon (bi-a-mon'). 1. The former name of 
 the department of San Juan in the northern 
 part of Porto Rico. — 2. A city in the depart- 
 ment of San Juan, Porto Rico, situated on the 
 Bayamon River. Population, 5,272, (1910). 
 Baybay (bi-bi ' ). A municipality in the northern 
 part of the island and province of Leyte, in 
 the Philippine Islands. Civilized population, 
 22,990. 
 
 Bayliss (ba'lis), SirWyke. Born at Madeley, 
 Salop, Oct. 21, 1835 : died at London, April 6, 
 1906. A British artist, president of the Royal 
 Society of British Artists from 1888. He was 
 knighted in 1897. 
 
 Baylor*, Frances Courtenay, she has also written 
 
 “Behind the Blue Ridge” (1894), “Juan and Juanita” 
 (1897), “Miss Nina Barrow ” (1897), etc. 
 
 Bayombong (bi-om-bong'). A town, the cap- 
 ital of Nueva Vizcaya province, Luzon, Philip- 
 pine Islands. It is situated on the Magat 
 River in about lat. 16° 28' N., long. 121° 4' 
 30' E. 
 
 Bay State. A name given to Massachusetts 
 because of the hays (Massachusetts, Cape Cod, 
 and Buzzard) which indent its coast. 
 
 Bazin (ba-zan'), Rene Francois Marie : known 
 as Rene. Born at Angers, France, Dec. 26, 
 1863. A French novelist and writer of travels. 
 He studied law in Paris and upon his return to Angers 
 was made professor in tiie Faculte Lihre de Droit. Several 
 of his works have been crowned by the French Academy, 
 of which he was elected a member in 1903, succeeding 
 Legouve. He has published “ Ma tante Giron 1 (1886), 
 “Une tache d’encre" (1888), “Les Noellet" (1889), “ La 
 sarcelle hleue " (1892), “ Sicile ’’ (1892), “ Madame Coren- 
 tine” (1893), “Les Italiens d'aujourd'hui" (1894), “Terre 
 d’Espagne ” (1895), “ En province ” (1896), “ De toute son 
 ame ” (1897), “La terre qui meurt” (1899), “Les Oberle” 
 (1901), “L isolee" (1905), “ I.e bid qui leve" (1907), “Le 
 mariage de Mademoiselle Gimel, dactylographe " (1909), 
 “ La barriere " (1910), etc. 
 
 Beach (beck), Mrs. (Amy Marcy Cheney). 
 
 Born at Henniker, N. H., Sept. 5, 1867. An 
 American pianist and composer. Her composi- 
 tions include a symphony (Gaelic), a concerto for piano 
 and orchestra, a sonata for piano and violin, and a mass, 
 but she is best known by her setting of Browning's verses, 
 “The Year 's at the Spring.” 
 
 Bean (ben), Tarleton Hoffman. Born at 
 Bainbi'idge, Pa., Oct. 8, 1846. Ap. American 
 
Bean 
 
 zoologist, State fish-culturist of New York 
 from 1906. He was curator of fishes in the United 
 States National Museum 1876-95, director of the New York 
 Aquarium 1895-98, and chief of the departments of for- 
 estry and fish and game at the Paris and St. Louis exposi- 
 tions. He has received decorations from France, Ger- 
 many and Japan. His works include “ Fishes of Penn- 
 sylvania" (1893), “ Fishes of New York” (1893), “Oceanic 
 Ichthyology ” (1896 : with George Brown Goode), “Fishes 
 of Long Island’’ (1902), “Fishes of Bermuda" (1906), etc. 
 
 Beardmore Glacier (berd'mor gla'shier). The 
 largest known ice-river in the world, in the 
 antarctic region, in lat. 83° 33'-85° S. It was 
 discovered and traversed by Sir Ernest H. Shackleton and 
 his party in their antarctic expedition of 1907-09. The 
 glacier is 100 miles long, 50 miles wide, and covers an area 
 of about 5,000 square miles. It passes between sandstone 
 mountains from 10,000 to 15,000 feet in height. These 
 walls force the ice-stream into a winding route. Its 
 surface is broken into ridges and crevasseB which consti- 
 tute a constant peril to the explorer. 
 
 Beardsley (berdz'li), Aubrey Vincent. Born 
 at Brighton, England, Aug. 24, 1872 : died at 
 Mentone, France, March 16, 1898. An English 
 illustrator and draftsman. He had little special 
 training and at first divided his time between business 
 and an architect’s office. From this he turned to book il- 
 lustration, in which he found extensive employment. His 
 work is full of charming caprices which suggest Prera- 
 phaelitism, the Japanese convention, and French art of 
 the eighteenth century. 
 
 Bear state, The. A name variously applied 
 to Arkansas, California, and Kentucky. 
 
 Beaufort (bo'fort) Sea. A part of the Arctic 
 Ocean, lying north of Alaska and the prov- 
 inces of Yukon and Mackenzie, and west of 
 Banks Land. 
 
 Beaumont (bo'mont). A city of Texas, the 
 capital of Jefferson County, situated on the 
 Neches River. It has an extensive lumber 
 trade, car-shops, machine-shops, etc. Large 
 deposits of oil have been discovered in its 
 vicinity. Population, 20,640, (1910). 
 
 Beaupre (bo-pra'), Arthur Matthias. Born 
 at Oswego, 111., July 29, 1853. An American 
 diplomatist. He was consul-general and sec- 
 retary of legation in Guatemala 1897-98, and 
 in Colombia 1899, and minister to Colombia 
 1903, to the Argentine Republic 1904-08, to 
 the Netherlands 1908-11, and to Cuba 1911-. 
 B<§champ (ba-shon'), Pierre Jacques Antoine. 
 Born at Bassing, near Dieuze (Meurthe), Oct. 
 16, 1816 : died at Paris, April 15, 1908. A dis- 
 tinguished French chemist, especially noted 
 for his researches in organic, and particularly 
 in biological, chemistry (fermentation, etc.). 
 
 Becker (bek'er), Hugo. Born at Strasburg, 
 Feb. 13, 1864. An Alsatian violoncello virtu- 
 oso and quartet-player. He is the son of Jean 
 Becker, an eminent violinist, who was his first teacher. 
 He studied the cello with Griitzmacher, Piatti, and 
 De Swert, and made his debut in Leipsic. He is widely 
 known as a concert-player, first appearing in the United 
 States at Boston, Jan. 12, 1901. He has composed a con- 
 certo and other pieces for his instrument. 
 
 Becque (bek), Henri Franqois. Born at Paris, 
 April 9, 1837 : died there, May 12, 1899. A 
 noted French dramatist and critic. His works 
 include “L’Enfant prodigue," “Michel Pauper,” “L’En- 
 levernent,” “La Navette,” “Les honnetes femmes,” “Les 
 Corbeaux,” “La Parisienne,” “ Le depart," “ Veuve,” “ Le 
 domino & quart," and “ Une execution " ; an opera, “ Sar- 
 danapale," music by de Jonciers ; a volume of “ Memoirs ” ; 
 “ Querelles littdraires ” ; etc. He received the decoration 
 of the Legion of Honor in 1886. 
 
 Becquerel (bek-rel'), Antoine Henri. Bom 
 
 at Paris, Dec. 15, 1852 : died at Paris, Aug. 25, 
 1908. An eminent French physicist, professor 
 at the Boole Polytechnique from 1895 : son of 
 Alexandre Edmond Becquerel. in 1896 he discov- 
 ered the radiation from uranium which bears his name 
 (‘Becquerel rays'). His investigations were concerned 
 chiefly with phosphorescence, ultra-red radiation, and 
 spectroscopy. In 1903 he received, with Curie, the Nobel 
 prize in chemistry. In 1908 he was made perpetual secre- 
 tary of the Academy of Sciences. 
 
 Bedford (bed'ford), Francis. Bora at Pad- 
 dington, London, June 18, 1799: died at Shep- 
 herd’s Bush, Hammersmith, June 8, 1883. An 
 English bookbinder. In 1817 he was apprenticed to 
 a binder and later became assistant to Charles Lewis 
 (b. 1786-d. 1836). He was an especial protege of the Puke 
 of Portland, and was the best English binder of his time. 
 
 Beecher (be'ch6r), Charles Emerson. Bora 
 at Dunkirk, N. Y., Oct. 9, 1856: died at New 
 Haven, Conn., Feb. 14, 1904. An American 
 paleontologist and geologist, professor of pale- 
 ontology and curator of the geological collec- 
 tion at Yale University. He published “Studies 
 in Evolution” (1901) and various scientific 
 papers. 
 
 Beernaert (bar'nart), Auguste. Born at 
 Ostend, July 26, 1829. A Belgian statesman. 
 He was minister of labor 1873-78, minister of agriculture 
 1884, and subsequently minister of finance and president 
 of the council. He initiated various reforms in taxation, 
 VI. 36 
 
 promoted the interests of the Kongo State, and supported 
 the claims of the Flemish people. In 1894 he resigned, 
 but acted as president of the Chamber of Deputies 1895- 
 
 1900. He was a member of the Peace Conference at The 
 Hague in 1899, and in 1909 received the Nobel prize for 
 his services in the cause of peace. 
 
 Behring (ba'ring), Emil von. Born at Hans- 
 dorf, near Prussian Eylau, Germany, March 
 15, 1854. A German physiologist, professor of 
 hygiene and director of the Hygienic Institute 
 at Marburg from 1895. In 1890 he announced his 
 discovery of the anti-diphtheria serum. Since that time 
 he has devoted himself chiefly to the study of immunity. 
 He received the Nobel prize for medicine in 1901. Among 
 his works are “Die Blutserumtherapie " (1892), “Die Ge- 
 schichte der Diphtherie" (189(D, “Therapie der Infek- 
 tionskrankheiten ” (1899), and “ Beitragen zur Experimen- 
 tellen Therapie ” (1900). 
 
 Beilstein (bil'stin), Friedrich Konrad. Bom 
 
 at St. Petersburg, Feb. 17, 1838: died there, 
 October, 1906. A Russian chemist, professor 
 of chemistry at the Institute of Technology in 
 St. Petersburg from 1866. He made important in- 
 vestigations in physical and organic chemistry. His most 
 important publication was his “Handbuch der orga- 
 nischeu Chemie " (1880-83). 
 
 Belgian Kongo. The name of the Kongo Free 
 State (which see) since 1908. 
 
 Bell (bel), James Franklin. Born at Shelby- 
 ville, Ky., Jan. 9, 1856. An American soldier. 
 Hq was graduated at the United States Military Academy 
 in 1878 ; served on the plains until 1894 ; and was aide to 
 General Forsyth in California 1894-97. He took part in the 
 campaign in the Philippine Islands in 1898 ; was awarded 
 a medal of honor by Congress for gallantry in action near 
 Porac, Luzon ; was brigadier-general of volunteers 1899- 
 1901 ; and was provost-marshal-general of Manila until 
 
 1901, when he was made a brigadier-general in the regular 
 army. In 1903 he was appointed commandant of the In- 
 fantry and Cavalry School, Signal School, and Staff College 
 at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and was chief of the general 
 staff of the United States army 1900-10, succeeding Lieu- 
 tenant-General John C. Bates. He was made a major- 
 general in 1907. 
 
 Bell (bel), James Montgomery. Born at 
 Williamsburg, Pa., Oct. 1, 1837. An American 
 soldier, promoted brigadier-general in 1901. 
 He entered the army in 1862 and (served in the Civil War, 
 in various campaigns against the Indians, on the frontiers, 
 and in the Philippine Islands 1900-01. He retired in the 
 latter year. 
 
 Bell (bel), Lilian. Bora at Chicago in 1867. 
 An American author. Among her works are 
 “A Little Sister to the Wilderness” (1895), 
 “As Seen by Me” (1900), “Abroad with the 
 Jimmies” (1902), “At Home with the Jar- 
 dines” (1904), and “Carolina Lee” (1906). 
 
 Bell (bel), Eobert. Born at Toronto, Canada, 
 June 3, 1841. A Canadian geologist, con- 
 nected from 1857wvith the Geological Survey 
 of Canada, of which he was the director . 1 
 He was naturalist and geologist of the Neptune (1884) 
 and Alert (1885) expeditions to Baflin Bay and Strait, and 
 of that of the Diana (1897) to the south coast of Baffinland, 
 and has made important geological and topographical 
 surveys in many parts of the Dominion. From 1863 to 
 1867 he was professor of chemistry in Queen’s University, 
 Kingston. 
 
 Bellevue (bel-vu'). A city in Campbell County, 
 Kentucky, about 3 miles from Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 It has manufactures of wagons, paper boxes, 
 etc. Population, 6,683, (1910). 
 
 Bellevue (bel-vu/). A borough of Allegheny 
 County, Pennsylvania. It is near Allegheny, 
 of which it is a residential suburb. Popula- 
 tion, 6,323, (1910). 
 
 Bellingham (bel'ing-ham). A city of Whatcom 
 County, Washington, situated on Bellingham 
 Bay about fifty miles southeast of Vancouver, 
 formed by the union in 1903 of New Whatcom 
 and Fairhaven. Population, 24,298, (1910). 
 
 Belloc (be-lok'), Hilaire Joseph Peter. Bora 
 July 27, 1870. An English writer, illustrator, 
 and Liberal politician. He was educated at the 
 Oratory School, Edgbaston, and at Balliol College, Oxford, 
 and was member of the House of Commons for Salford, 
 south division, 1906-10. He has published “ The Bad Child’s 
 Book of Beasts " (1896), “More Beasts for Worse Children ’ 
 (1897), “The Modem Traveller” (1898), “The Path to 
 Rome" (1902), "Caliban’s Guide to Letters" (1903), “Esto 
 Perpetua” (i906), “The Historic Thames' (1907), “On 
 Nothing" (1908), “The Pyrenees” (1909), “Hills and the 
 Sea” (1910), “ Pongo and the Bull ’ ’ (1910), etc. 
 
 Beltrami (bel-tra'me), Eugenio. Born at 
 Cremona, Nov. 16, 1835 : died at Rome, Feb. 
 18, 1900. A noted Italian mathematician, one 
 of the originators of the non-Euclidean geome- 
 try. He was originally a civil engineer, and became pro- 
 fessor successively at Bologna, Pisa, Rome, Pavia, and 
 again at Rome. His “ Opere matematiche ” were pub- 
 lished in 1902. 
 
 Bemidji (be-mid'ji). The county-seat of Bel- 
 trami County, Minnesota. It is a summer re- 
 sort, situated on Bemidji Lake about 140 miles 
 northwest of Duluth. Population, 5,099, (1910). 
 
 Benavides (be-nii-ve'das), Alonso de. Bora 
 about 1580. A Spanish Franciscan friar who 
 in 1621 was appointed “Father Custodian” of 
 
 Benson, Mrs. 
 
 the missions of New Mexico. He arrived on the 
 Rio Grande in 1622 and indefatigably labored to convert 
 the Puebloans, assisted by twenty-six others of his order, 
 till 1629, when he was relieved. In 1630 he went to Spain 
 and through Santander presented to the king the now 
 world-famous “ Memorial ' containing the record of hia 
 work, travels, the natives, their towns, etc. This was 
 published in 1630 at Madrid and was soon translated into 
 other languages. No English translation was made until 
 recently. The work forms the foundation of the history 
 of New Mexico for that period. In 1632 he published 
 another book on the opening to commerce of the rivers of 
 the Bay of Espiritu Santo. He became assistant bishop 
 in Portuguese India, and on the death of the Archbishop 
 of Goa succeeded him. 
 
 Benguet (ben-get'). An inland province in 
 the western part of Luzon, Philippine Islands. 
 Capital, Baguio. It is bounded by La Unidn and Lepanto- 
 Bontoc (separated by spurs of the Caraballos Occiden tales) 
 on the north ; NuevaVizcaya(separated by the Cordillera 
 Sur) on the east ; Pangasinan on the south : and La 
 Unidn on the west. It is traversed by the Agno, which 
 rises in the mountains of the north and flows southward 
 into Pangasinan. The surface is irregular, and indicates 
 former great volcanic activity. For centuries gold and 
 copper have been mined in small quantities by the 
 Igorrotes, who form about 95 per cent, of the population. 
 Area, 822 square miles. Population, 22,745. 
 
 Benham (ben' am), Andrew Ellicott Ken- 
 nedy. Born at New York, April 10, 1832 : 
 died at Lake Mahopac, N. Y., Aug. 11, 1905. 
 An American naval officer, promoted rear-ad- 
 miral in 1890. He entered the navy in 1847 and served 
 through the Civil War. In 1894 he was in command of the 
 United States squadron at Rio de Janeiro and forced the in- 
 surgent Brazilian vessels to raise the blockade of the port. 
 
 Benjamin (ben 'ja-min), Marcus. Bora at. 
 San Francisco, Cal., Jan. 17, 1857. An Ameri- 
 can chemist, editor to the United States Na- 
 tional Museum from 1896. He was graduated from 
 the School of Mines, Columbia University, in 1878 ; wa.3 
 chemist to the United States laboratory of the New York 
 appraiser’s stores 1883-85 ; and was sanitary engineer of 
 the New York Board of Health in 1885. He has contributed 
 scientific articles to many publications ; and has been a 
 member of the editorial staffs of various encyclopedias and 
 dictionaries. 
 
 Benjamin (ben'ja-min), Park. Bom at New 
 York, May 11, 1849. An American patent 
 lawyer and writer, son of Park Benjamin, the 
 poet. He was graduated at the United States Naval 
 Academy in 1867 (resigning from the navy in 1869), and 
 at the Albany Law School in 1870, and was associate editor 
 of the “Scientific American ” 1872-78. He is the author 
 of “The Age of Electricity” (1886), “The Voltaic Cell” 
 (1892), “ Intellectual Rise in Electricity ” (1895), “ The 
 United States Naval Academy ” (1900), etc. He has also 
 edited Appletons’ “ Cyclopedia of Applied Mechanics " 
 (1880) and “Modern Mechanism” (1892), and has written 
 extensively on naval subjects. 
 
 Benjamin (ben'ja-min), Samuel Greene 
 Wheeler. Born at Argos, Greece, Feb. 13, 
 1837. An American author and artist, the son 
 of an American missionary. He was graduated 
 from Williams College in 1859; studied law, seamanship, 
 and art ; and served as first United States minister to 
 Persia, 1883-85. His works include “ Contemporary Art 
 in Europe ” (1877), “ Art in America ” (1879), “ The Mul- 
 titudinous Seas" (1879), “Troy, its Legend and Literature” 
 (1880), “ Persia and the Persians ’’ (1887), numerous paint- 
 ings, etc. 
 
 Bonn (ben), Alfred William. Born in West- 
 meath County, Ireland, 1843. A British classi- 
 cal scholar and historian. He is the author of “The 
 Greek Philosophers” (1882), “The Philosophy of Greece" 
 (1898), “A History of English Rationalism in the Nine- 
 teenth Century ” (1906), “Modern England” (1908), “Re- 
 valuations" (1909), etc. 
 
 Bennett (ben'et), Enoch Arnold. Born in 
 North Staffordshire, England, May 27, 1867. 
 An English author. He was assistant editor and 
 subsequently editor of “Woman” 1893-1900. Besides 
 several plays and miscellaneous writings he has published 
 a number of novels, including “ A Man from the North " 
 (1898), “Anna of the Five Towns" (1902), “The Old Wives’ 
 Tale” (1908), “ Buried Alive ” (1908), “Clayhanger ” (1910), 
 “Denry the Audacious" (1911), and “Hilda Lessways" 
 (1911). “ Your United States ” appeared in 1912. 
 
 Bennett (ben'et), James Gordon. Born at 
 
 New York, May 10, 1841. An American jour- 
 nalist, proprietor of the New York “Herald”: 
 son of James Gordon Bennett. Under his auspices 
 (with the London “ Telegraph ’’) Henry M. Stanley made 
 his journey of exploration across Africa 1874-77. He also 
 fitted out the Jeannette polar expedition in 1879. 
 
 Benson (ben'son), Arthur Christopher. Born 
 
 April 24, 1862. An English educator and 
 author, son of Edward White Benson, Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury. He was fellow and lecturer 
 of Magdalene College, Cambridge; was master at Eton 
 College 1885-1903; and was appointed professor of English 
 fiction in the Royal Society of Literature, London, in 1911. 
 He has published “ArchbiBhop Laud ”(1887), “Rossetti” 
 (1904), “The Upton Letters "(1905), “ Walter Pater ’’ (1906), 
 “From a College Window” (1906), “Selections from the 
 Correspondence of Queen Victoria ” (edited, with Viscount 
 Esher, 1907), “The Silent Isle" (1910), “Ruskin, a Study 
 in Personality,” “The Leaves of the Tree,” etc. 
 
 Benson (ben'son), Mrs. (Constance Feather- 
 Stonhaugh). An English actress. She was a 
 member of Sir Henry Irving's company in 1883, and later 
 joined the company of F. R. Benson, whom she married in 
 1886. Sne has appeared in various Shaksperian parts. 
 
Benson, Edward Frederic 
 
 Benson (ben'son), Edward Frederic. Born at 
 Wellington College, Berkshire, England, July 
 24, 1867. An English novelist, son of Edward 
 White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury. He is 
 the author of “Dodo” (1893), “The Babe ” (1897), “Mam- 
 mon and Co.” (1900), “Scarlet and Hyssop” (1902), “The 
 Challoners ” (1904), “ The Angel of Pain ” (1906), “The Blot- 
 ting Book ”(1908), “ The Climber” (1908), “The Osbornes ” 
 (1910), etc. 
 
 Benson (ben'son), Francis Robert. Born at 
 Alresford, Hampshire, Nov. 4, 1858. An Eng- 
 lish actor, nephew of Archbishop Benson. 
 
 While at Oxford he superintended the production of Greek 
 plays at that university. In 1882 he appeared at the 
 Lyceum Theatre under the Irving management, and in 
 1889 undertook the production of Shaksperian plays by a 
 specially selected company of his own. Since 1887 he has 
 superintended the staging of the annual Shaksperian per- 
 formance at Stratford-on-Avon. In 1886 he married Con- 
 stance Featherstonhaugh. He and his wife established a 
 traveling school for dramatic instruction, in which many 
 prominent London actors obtained their introduction to 
 the public. 
 
 Benson (ben'son), Robert Hugh. Born Nov. 
 18, 1871. An English Catholic priest and au- 
 thor, son of Edward White Benson, Archbishop 
 of Canterbury. His works include “The Light In- 
 visible,” “By What Authority?” “The Queen’s Tragedy,” 
 “The -Religion of the Plain Man,” “Lord of the World,” 
 “The Cost of a Crown, ” etc. 
 
 Bentley (bent'li), John Francis. Born at 
 Doncaster, England, 1839 : died at Clapham, 
 England, March 2, 1902. An English architect. 
 
 He was especially successful in the designing and decora- 
 tion of Roman Catholic churches. In 1894 he was made 
 commissioner to erect the new Roman Catholic cathedral 
 of Westminster, of which the structural part alone was 
 finished at his death. 
 
 Benton Harbor (ben'ton har'bor). A city of 
 Berrien County, Michigan, 14 miles from Lake 
 Michigan. It exports grain, lumber, and fruit, 
 and bottled water from mineral springs in and 
 near the city is shipped in large quantities. 
 Population, 9,185, (1910). 
 
 Bentzon (bah-tson'), Th. The pseudonym of 
 Mme. Blanc. 
 
 Ben Venue (ben ve-no'). A mountain near 
 the Trossachs, Scotlaud, rising from the south- 
 ern shore of Loch Katrine. Height, 2,393 feet. 
 Benwood (ben'wud). The capital of Marshall 
 County, West Virginia. It is situated on the 
 Ohio River 5 miles southwest of Wheeling. 
 Population, 4,976, (1910). 
 
 Beraldi (be-ral'di), Henri. Born at Paris, 
 Feb. 6, 1849. A French collector and historian 
 of engraving. He inherited from his father a collec- 
 tion of many thousand engravings to which he made large 
 additions. He is best known by his “ Les graveurs du 
 XVIIIe siecle" (1385-80), “Les graveurs du XIX» siecle” 
 (1885-92), and “ Estampes et livres ’’ (1892). 
 
 Berenson (ber'en-son), Bernhard. Bom at 
 Wilna, Russia, June 26, 1865. An American 
 art critic and writer. He is the author of “ Vene- 
 tian Painters of the Renaissance’' (1894), “Lorenzo Lotto, 
 an Essay in Constructive Art Criticism ” (1895), “ Floren- 
 tine Painters of the Renaissance” (1896: rev, ed., 1909), 
 “ Central Italian Painters of the Renaissance ” (1897),“ The 
 Study and Criticism of Italian Art” (1901 : second series 
 1902), “The Drawings of the Florentine Painters” (1903), 
 “North Italian Painters of the Renaissance ” (1906), “A 
 Sienese Painter of the Franciscan Legend ” (1910), and 
 shorter contributions to various magazines and reviews. 
 
 Beresford (ber'es-ford), Lord Charles Wil- 
 liam de la Poer. Born in Ireland, Feb. 10, 
 1846. An English admiral and parliamentarian, 
 second son of the fourth Marquess of Water- 
 ford. He entered the navy in 1859 and rose to the rank 
 of rear-admiral iu 1897, of vice-admiral in 1902, and of ad- 
 miral in 1906. He was rear-admiral in the Mediterranean 
 1900-02, commanded the Channel squadron 1903-05 and 
 the Mediterranean fleet 1905-07, and was commander-in- 
 chief of the Channel fleet 1907-09. He has been a Con- 
 servative member of Parliament for various terms. In 
 the bombardment of Alexandria iu 1882 he commanded 
 the Condor, aud in the Nile expedition of 1884-85 was a 
 member of Lord Wolseley's start', and subsequently com- 
 manded the naval brigade at the battles of Abu-Klea, 
 Abu-Kru, and Metamneh, in the Sudan. He has written 
 “ Nelson and his Times ’’ (1898 : with W. H. Wilson), “ The 
 Break-up of China ” (1899), “ The Betrayal ” (1912), etc. 
 He was retired in February, 1911. 
 
 Berger (ber'ger), Victor L. Born in Transyl- 
 vania, Feb. 28, 1860. An American socialist. 
 
 He studied at Budapest and Vienna, hut before he could 
 take his degree his family emigrated to America because 
 of financial losses. After working at various trades he 
 became a teacher in the public schools. In 1892 he was 
 made editor of the Milwaukee daily “Vorwarts,” of the 
 German paper “ YVahrheit,” and of the English “ Social- 
 Democratic Herald,” and was soon recognized as a promi- 
 nent advocate of the socialist cause. He was one of the 
 organizers of the Social Democracy (1897) and of the Social 
 Democratic party (1898), known since 1900 as the Socialist 
 party, and, except for a short interval, has been a member 
 of the National Executive Committee of that party since 
 its origin. He was a representative in Congress from 
 Wisconsin, 1911 to 1913. 
 
 Bergmann (berg' man), Ernst von. Born at 
 Ruhen, Livonia, Dec. 16, 1836: died at Wies- 
 baden, March 25, 1907. An eminent German 
 surgeon, professor of surgery and director of 
 
 the surgical clinic of the University of Berlin 
 from 1882. He was especially noted for his 
 work in aseptic surgery. 
 
 Bergson (berg-son'), Henri Louis. Born at 
 Paris, Oct. 18, 1859. A French philosopher. 
 
 After holding the professorship of philosophy at several 
 French institutions he was called to the College of France 
 in 1900. He became a member of the Academy of Moral 
 and Political Science in 1901. His works include an 
 “ Essai sur les donnees immediates de la conscience ” 
 (1889), “Matiere et memoire ” (1897), “Le rire ” (1900: 
 “ Laughter”), “ L’^volution creatrice ” (1907), etc. 
 Berlin (ber'lin). A city in Coos County, New 
 Hampshire, on the Androscoggin River 90 
 miles northeast of Concord. It has pulp- and 
 paper-mills and other industrial establish- 
 ments. Population, 11,780, (1910). 
 Bernardino Strait. See *San Bernardino 
 Strait. 
 
 Bernhardt*, Sarah (Rosine Bernard), in 
 
 1899 she founded in Paris the Theatre Sarah Bernhardt, 
 of which she is director. She is also professor at the Con- 
 servatoire. She has appeared also in “ Phedre,” “La dame 
 aux cam^lias,” “La Princesse Lointaine,” “L’Aiglon” 
 (1903), “Th^roigne de Mericourt” (1905), “La sorciere ” 
 (1906), “Sainte Therese ” (1906), “Les Bouffons ” (1907), 
 etc. Her “Memoire ” were published in 1907. She again 
 visited the United States 1910-11. 
 
 Bernstein (bern'stin), Edward. Born at. Ber- 
 lin, Jan. 6, 1850. A German socialist and 
 author. He edited the “Sozial-Demokrat” 1881-90; 
 was a member of the Reichstag 1902-06 ; and founded the 
 “ Documente des Socialismus. ” He has published various 
 works on socialism. 
 
 Bernstein (bern'stin), Frau (Elsa Porges) : 
 pseudonym Ernst Rosmer. Born at Vienna, 
 Oct. 28, 1866. A German writer of plays. 
 
 Her “Konigskinder ” (1895) forms the basis of an opera by 
 Humperdinck. Among her other works are “ Dammerung ” 
 (1893), “ Themistokles ” (1897), “Mutter Maria” (1900), 
 “Nausikaa” (1906), and “Achilles” (1910). 
 
 Berthelot (bert-lo'), Pierre Eugene Mar- 
 cellin. Born at Paris, Oct. 25, 1827 : died there, 
 March 18, 1907. A noted French chemist. He 
 became professor in the ficole de Pharmacie in 1860 and in 
 the College de France in 1865 ; was general inspector of 
 higher education in 1876 ; became a member of the Senate 
 in 1881 ; and was minister of education 1886-87. He pub- 
 lished numerous works on chemical and allied topicB, 
 “ Science et libre pensee " (1905), “ Archeologie et histoire 
 des sciences ” (1906), etc. 
 
 Bertillon*, Alphonse. He has also written 
 
 “La comparison des ecritures et l’identiftcation gra- 
 pliique ” (1897), “ Anthropologie metrique et photo- 
 graphique," with Dr. A. Chervin (1909), etc. 
 
 Bertrand (bar-tron'), Joseph Louis Francois. 
 
 Born at Paris, March 11, 1822: died there, 
 April 3, 1900. A noted French mathematician 
 and litterateur. He was educated at the ficole Poly- 
 technique, and held in succession positions on^the staffs 
 of the Lycee Saint-Louis, Ecole Polytechnique, Ecole Nor- 
 male, College de France, and Lycee Napoleon. He was 
 elected a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1856 and 
 its perpetual secretary in 1874, and succeeded J. B. Dumas 
 as member of the French Academy in 1884. His works 
 include “Traite d’arithmetique ” (1849), “Traite d’alge- 
 bre ” (1850), “ Traite de calcul ditterentiel et de calcul 
 integral” (1864-70), “ Thermodynamique ” (1887), “Calcul 
 des probability ” (1889), and various other mathematical 
 articles and treatises. He also published “ Les fondateurs 
 del’astronomie moderne” (1865), “ L’Academie des sciences 
 et les academiciens de 1666 a 1793” (1868), “D’Alembert'’ 
 (1889), “ Blaise Pascal ” (1890), etc. 
 
 Bertrand (bar-tron'), Marcel. Born at Paris, 
 July 2, 1847 : died Feb. 13, 1907. An eminent 
 French geologist, professor of geology in the 
 French National School of Mines. In 1896 he 
 was elected a member of the Academie des 
 Sciences as successor to Pasteur. 
 
 Berwick (ber'wik). A borough of Columbia 
 County, Pennsylvania, 23 miles southwest of 
 Wilkes-Barre. It has flour- and planing-mills, 
 manufactories of pipe and pottery, ironworks, 
 etc. Population, 5,357, (1910). 
 
 Berwyn (ber'win). A city of Cook County, 
 Illinois, incorporated in 1902. Population, 
 5,841, (1910). 
 
 Besant (bez'ant), Mrs. (Annie Wood). Born 
 at London, Oct. 1, 1847. An English the- 
 osophist and writer on theosophical and philo- 
 sophical topics. In 1867 she married the Rev. Frank 
 Besant and was legally separated from him in 1873. She 
 was influential in the radical free-thought movement rep- 
 resented by Charles Bradlaugh, and iu 1880 became promi- 
 nent as a pupil of Madame Blavatsky and a member of the 
 Theosophical Society. In 1898 she founded the Central 
 Hindu College at Benares, and in 1904 the Central Hindu 
 Girls' School at Benares. Her publications include “ Rein- 
 carnation” (1892), “Death and After” (1893), “Karma” 
 (1895), “ Four Great Religions ” (1897), “ Esoteric Christian- 
 ity ” (1901), “A Study in Consciousness” (1904), “Theos- 
 ophy and the New Psychology ’’ (1904), “ Hints on the Rha- 
 gavad Gita” (1905), “The Wisdom of the Upanishats” 
 (1906), etc. 
 
 Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush. A collection 
 of short stories by Ian Maclaren (John Watson) 
 published in 1894. The book contains sketches, 
 humorous and pathetic, of Scottish village life, and is one 
 of the most popular works of the so-called “kailyard” 
 school of fiction. 
 
 Bigelow, Poultney 
 
 Besnard (be-nar'), Paul Albert. Born at 
 Paris, June 2, 1849. A French painter. He 
 studied at the Ecole des Beaux- Arts and with the painters 
 Cabanel and Bremond, winning the grand prix de Rome. 
 In 1890 he took part in the installation of the secession of 
 the Salon du Champ de Mars. His decorations of the 
 Ecole de Pharmacie are notable. 
 
 Bessemer (bes'e-mer). A town in Jefferson 
 County, Alabama, 11 miles southwest of Bir- 
 mingham. It is a railroad center, and contains 
 blast-furnaces, machine-shops, foundries, etc. 
 Iron- and coal-mining are extensively carried 
 on. Population, 10,864, (1910). 
 
 Bessey (bes'i), Charles Edwin. Born at Mil- 
 ton, Ohio, May 21, 1845. An American bota- 
 nist, professor in the University of Nebraska 
 from 1884. He has published botanical text- 
 books, “Plant Migration Studies” (1905), 
 “Synopsis of Plant Phyla” (1907), and various 
 technical papers. 
 
 Best (best), William Thomas. Bora at Car- 
 lisle, England, Aug. 13, 1826: died at Liverpool, 
 May 10, 1897. An English organist. He edited 
 many organ classics. 
 
 Bethmann-Hollweg (bet'man-hol'veg), Theo- 
 bald Theodore Frederic Alfred von. Born 
 at Hohenfinow, Brandenburg, Nov. 29, 1856. 
 A German statesman, chancellor of the em- 
 pire, Prussian president of the council, and 
 minister of state for foreign affairs 1909- 
 He was Prussian minister of the interior 1905, imperial sec- 
 retary of state for the iuterior and vice-president of the 
 Prussian council 1907. 
 
 Beutenmiiller (boi'tn-miil-er), William. Bom 
 at Hoboken, N. J., March 31, 1864. An Ameri- 
 can entomologist and writer on related sub- 
 jects. He was editor of the “Journal” of the New York 
 Entomological Society (Vols. I.-XI.) and was curator of 
 the department of entomology in the American Museum 
 of Natural History, New York city, 1889-1909. 
 
 Beveridge (bev'er-ij), Albert Jeremiah. Bom 
 
 on a farm on the border of Adams and High- 
 land counties, Ohio, Oct. 6, 1862. An Ameri- 
 can lawyer, Republican politician, and writer. 
 He was graduated at De Pauw University, Indiana, in 
 1885, and was admitted to the bar. He was United States 
 senator for Indiana 1899-1911. His works include “The 
 Russian Advance ” (1903), “ The Young Man and the 
 World ” (1905), etc. 
 
 Beyrich (bi'rich), Heinrich Ernst. Born at 
 Berlin, Germany, Aug. 31, 1815: died there, 
 July 9, 1896. A German geologist and pale- 
 ontologist, professor in the University of Berlin 
 fi’om 1856. He was associate director of the 
 Geological Survey of Prussia and published a 
 number of important paleontological works. 
 Bezold (bet'zold), Wilhelm von. Bora at 
 Munich, June 21, 1837 : died at Berlin, Feb. 17, 
 1907. A noted German meteorologist, profes- 
 sor of meteorology and director of the Meteoro- 
 logical Institute at Berlin from 1885. He is best 
 known for his studies in the physics of the atmosphere 
 and in terrestrial magnetism. He published numerous 
 scientific works and papers. 
 
 Bickerdyke (bik'er-dik), John. The pseudo- 
 nym of Charles Henry Cook. 
 
 Bickmore (bik'mor), Albert Smith. Born at 
 St. George, Maine, March 1, 1839. An Ameri- 
 can naturalist and traveler, professor in charge 
 of the department of public instruction of the 
 American Museum of Natural History, New 
 York, 1882-1904. He was superintendent of the 
 museum 1869-1884. He has published “Travels in the 
 East Indian Archipelago” (1868), etc. 
 
 Bicol (be'kol). The chief river of Amhos 
 Camarines, southeastern Luzon, Philippine 
 Islands. It flows from Lake Bato northwest to San 
 Miguel Bay, and is navigable by steamers of 9 feet draft to 
 Nueva Caceres, a distance of 15 miles. Also lnaya. 
 
 Big-bend State, The. The State of Tennessee, 
 so called from the Tennessee River (‘the River 
 of the Great Bend'), which traverses it. 
 Bigelow (big'e-lo), Frank Hagar. Born at 
 Concord, Mass., Aug. 28, 1851. An American 
 meteorologist, professor of meteorology in the 
 United States Weather Bureau 1891-1910. 
 
 lie was profesaor of mathematics in Racine College 1884- 
 1889; assistant in the office of the “Nautical Almanac” 
 1889-91 ; and professor of solar physics in George 
 Washington University 1894-1910. Since 1910 he has been 
 professor of meteorology in the Meteorological Office at 
 Buenos Aires. He is a member of the International Solar 
 Commission. 
 
 Bigelow (big'e-15), Poultney. Born at New 
 York, Sept. lOj 1855. An American journalist 
 and historian, son of John Bigelow. He was 
 graduated from Yale University in 1879, and was admitted 
 to the bar in 1882, but abandoned law for journalism and 
 traveled extensively. He edited “ Outing ” 1885-87 ; served 
 as foreign correspondent on “ Harper’s Weekly ” and the 
 London “Times” ; and has written and lectured on modern 
 history and colonial administration. His publications in- 
 clude “ The German Emperor and his Eastern Neighbors '' 
 (1891), “ Borderland of Csar and Kaiser ” (1893), “ White 
 
Bigelow, Poultney 
 
 Man's Africa" (1897), “Children of the Nations " (1901), 
 
 “ History of the German Struggle for Liberty " (completed 
 1906), etc. 
 
 Biggs (bigz), Herman Michael. Born at Trn- 
 mansburg, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1859. An Ameri- 
 can pathologist and bacteriologist, professor 
 in New York University and Bellevue Hospital 
 Medical College from 1887, and chief medical 
 officer of the Health Department of the city of 
 New York from 1902. He established the bacterio- 
 logical laboratories of the Health Department of New 
 York city in 1892, the first municipal institution of the 
 kind, and is director of the Rockefeller Institute for Medi- 
 cal Research (1901-). 
 
 Bikelas (bi-ka'las), Dimitrios. Born at Her- 
 mupolis, on the island of Syra, in 1835 : died 
 at Athens, July 20, 1908. A Greek poet and 
 essayist. His best-known work is his novel “Lukis 
 Laras” (1879), a story of the Greek war of independence. 
 A collection of his poems was published in 1862 (second 
 edition, 1885). He also translated a number of Shak- 
 spere’s plays into modern Greek. 
 
 Biliran (be-le-ran'). An island of the Philip- 
 pines, off the north coast of Leyte and belong- 
 ing to Leyte province. Its surface is mountainous. 
 The highest peak is Mabui, 4,430 feet in height. Area, 
 190 square miles. Population, 19,147. 
 
 Billings (bil'ingz). The county-seat of Yel- 
 lowstone County, Montana, on the Yellowstone 
 River. It is the center of an extensive cattle- and sheep- 
 raising district, and is one of the most important inland 
 wool-markets of the country. Population, 10,031, (1910). 
 
 Billings (bil'ingz), John Shaw. Born in Swit- 
 zerland Co., Ind., April 12, 1839: died at New 
 York, March 11, 1913. An American librarian, 
 director of the New York Public Library from 
 1896. He was graduated at Miami University in 1857 and 
 at the Ohio Medical College in 1860, and served in the 
 Northern army as a surgeon during the Civil War. In 1864 
 he was transferred to the surgeon-general’s office in Wash- 
 ington and took charge of the medical library there. From 
 1893 to 1896 he was professor of hygiene in the University 
 of Pennsylvania. Among his publications are the index- 
 catalogue of the library of the surgeon-general’s office, and 
 the reports on vital and social statistics for the eleventh 
 census. 
 
 Billotte (bi-lot'), Rene. Born at Tarbes 
 (Hautes-Pyrenees), June 24, 1846. A French 
 painter, one of the founders, and secretary, of 
 the Society Nationale des Beaux- Arts. He was 
 a pupil of Eugene Fromentin. His work is represented in 
 the Luxembourg, Paris, in the Pennsylvania Academy of 
 the Fine Art6, the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburg, and 
 elsewhere ; and he has received numerous medals. 
 
 Biloxi (bi-lok'si). A city in Harrison County, 
 Mississippi, on the Gulf of Mexico. Besides its 
 shipyards, it has establishments for packing and shipping 
 oysters, vegetables, and fruits. The first French settle- 
 ment in the vicinity of the Gulf of Mexico was made near 
 here in 1699, and about 1712 a second was established, on 
 the site of the present city of Biloxi, which was for some 
 years the capital of the French colony of Louisiana. Pop- 
 ulation, 8,049, (1910). 
 
 Binet (be-na'), Alfred. Born at Nice, France, 
 July 8, 1857 : died at Paris, Oct. 19, 1911. A 
 French psychologist, director of the laboratory 
 of physiological psychology at the Sorbonne. 
 Among his works are “La psychologic du raisonnement ” 
 ( 1886), “ Le magnetisme animal ” (1887 : with Charles Fere), 
 “Etudes de psychologie exp£rimentale”(1889), “Les altera- 
 tions de la personalite” (1892), “L'Ame et le corps” (1905), 
 “Les idees modemes sur les enfants,” etc. 
 
 Binet (be-na/), Satane. The pseudonym of 
 Francisque Sarcey. 
 
 Bingham (bing'am), Hiram. Born at Hono- 
 lulu, Nov. 19, 1875. An American geographer 
 and explorer, assistant professor and curator 
 of the Latin-American collections in Yale Uni- 
 versity from 1910. He lectured upon South American 
 geography and history at Yale 1907-08, and upon diplo- 
 matic history at Johns Hopkins University 1910. In 1906- 
 1907 he explored Bolivar’s route through Venezuela and 
 Colombia, and in 1908-09 the Spanish trade-route from 
 Buenos Aires to Lima. He has published “ An Expedi- 
 tion Across Venezuela and Colombia ” (1909), “ The Monroe 
 Doctrine, an Obsolete Shibboleth " (1913), etc. 
 
 Binmaley (ben-ma-la'). A municipality of Pan- 
 gasinan province, Luz6n, Philippine Islands. 
 Civilized population, 16,439. 
 
 Binondo (be-non'do). A division of the city of 
 Manila, Luzon, Philippine Islands. Civilized 
 population, 16,657. 
 
 Binyon (bin'yon), Laurence. Born at Lan- 
 caster, England, Aug. 10, 1869. An English 
 author and poet, assistant in the department 
 of printed books of the British Museum 1893- 
 1895, and in the department of prints and draw- 
 ings from 189.'). Among his works are “Lyric Poems" 
 (1894), “Poems" (1895), “London Visions" (1895, 1898), 
 “The Praise of Life" (1896), “Porphyrion and Other 
 Poems" (1898), “Odes" (1900), “The Death of Adam" 
 (1903), “ Penthesilea " (1905), “Paris and (Enone" (1906), 
 and “ Attila " (1907). He has also compiled a catalogue of 
 English drawings in the British Museum. 
 
 Bird (b6rd), Arthur. Born in Cambridge, 
 Mass., July 23, 1856. An American composer, 
 resident in Berlin since 1886. He has composed 
 
 a symphony and other orchestral works, a comic opera, 
 “Daphne," and many piano-pieces. In 1901 he received 
 the Paderewski prize for the encouragement of American 
 Composers. 
 
 Birmingham, George A. The pseudonym of 
 James Owen Hannay. 
 
 Biron (be'ron: F. pron. be-ron'), Ernest Jo- 
 hann : also Biren ; originally, perhaps, Biih- 
 ren. Born Dec. 1, 1690 : died Dec. 28, 1772. 
 Duke of Courland: the son of noble parents in 
 Courland, but according to old authorities a 
 groom or shoemaker. He was educated at the Uni- 
 versity of Konigsberg, and in 1724 became permanently 
 connected with the court of the widowed duchess of Cour- 
 land, Anna Ivanovna, niece of Peter the Great. He accom- 
 panied her to Russia when she ascended the throne, in defi- 
 ance of the express stipulation excluding him in the pact of 
 the new empress with the Russian nobles who gave her the 
 empire, and was created by her hereditary duke of Cour- 
 land. As chief favorite, hated by all for his cruelty and 
 haughtiness, he ruled Russia during the entire reign of 
 Anna Ivanovna (1730-40) ; and his epoch, regarded as the 
 worst in Russian history, is known as the “Bironovshtchina. " 
 Having made the infant Ivan Antonovitch her heir, the em- 
 press appointed Biron regent of Russia during the emper- 
 or’6 minority ; but he had ruled only a few weeks when 
 (1741) he and his family were exiled to Siberia. The Em- 
 press Elizabeth (1742) allowed him to live in Yaroslavl, on 
 the Volga ; Peter III. summoned him to St. Petersburg, re- 
 storing his orders and property ; Catharine II. (1762) re- 
 stored to him the duchy of Courland ; and he reigned in 
 Mitau until 1769, when he abdicated in favor of his son 
 Peter. 
 
 Birrell (bir'el), Augustine. Born at Waver- 
 tree, near Liverpool, England, Jan. 19, 1850. 
 An English essayist, lecturer, and statesman. 
 He studied at Cambridge ; was admitted to the bar in 1875 ; 
 satin Parliament as Liberal member for Fifeshire West 
 1889-1900, and for Bristol North 1906- ; was professor of law 
 in University College, London, 1896-99 ; was bencher of the 
 Inner Temple 1903 ; and was president of the board of 
 education, with a seat in the cabinet, December, 1905-07. 
 He was appointed chief secretary for Ireland in 1907. He 
 iB the author of “Obiter Dicta” (1884 : second series 1887), 
 “Life of Charlotte Bronte” (1885), “Res Judicatse” (1892), 
 “ Men, Women, and Books ” (1894), “Sir Frank Lockwood " 
 (1898), “ Collected Essays ” (1900), “ Essays and Addresses ” 
 (1901), “Miscellanies" (1901), “William Hazlitt” (1902), 
 “ In the Name of the Bodleian ’ ’ (1906), “ Andrew Marvell 1 ' 
 (1906), etc. 
 
 Bisayas. See *Visayan Islands. 
 
 Bisbee (biz'be). A city iu Cochise County, 
 Arizona, 84 miles southeast of Tucson. Its 
 chief industries are copper-mining and -smelt- 
 ing. Fopulation, 9,019, (1910). 
 
 Bischoff (hish'of), Joseph Eduard Konrad: 
 pseudonym Konrad von Bolanden. Born at 
 Niedergailbach, Rhine Balatinate, Germany, 
 Aug. 9, 1828. A German novelist. He was or- 
 
 dained priest in the Roman Catholic Church in 1852, and 
 in 1872 was appointed by Pope Pius IX. acting privy 
 chamberlain. His works include “Franz von Sickingen” 
 (1859), “Barbarossa” (1862), “Die Aufgeklarten ” (1864), 
 “ Angela ” (1866), “ Deutsche Kulturbilder ” (1893-94), “ Die 
 Saule der Wahrheit ” (1907), etc. 
 
 Bishop (hish'up), Mrs. (Isabella Lucy Bird). 
 Born at Borougbbridge, Yorkshire, Oct. 15, 
 1832: died at Edinburgh, Oct. 7, 1904. An 
 English writer of travels, philanthropist, and 
 geographer. She traveled extensively in North Amer- 
 ica and Asia, was especially interested in medical mis- 
 sions, and built five hospitals and an orphanage in the 
 East. Among her books of travel are “The English- 
 woman in America” (1856), “Unbeaten Tracks in Japan” 
 (1880), “Among the Tibetans” (1894), “Korea and her 
 Neighbours” (1897), “The Yangtse Valley and Beyond” 
 (1899), etc. 
 
 Bishop (bish'up), William Henry. Born at 
 Hartford, Conn., Jan. 7, 1847. An American 
 novelist, ne was graduated from Yale in 1867 ; studied 
 architecture; became proprietor and editor of the Mil- 
 waukee “Commercial Times”; and was instructor in 
 modern languages at Yale 1893-1902. In 1903 he was ap- 
 pointed United States consul at Genoa, and in 1905 consul 
 at Palermo. His novels include “ Detmold ” (1879), “The 
 House of a Merchant Prince” (1885), “The Golden Jus- 
 tice” (1887), “A Pound of Cure” (1894), “Writing to 
 Rosina” (1894), “Tons of Treasure” (1902), etc. 
 
 Bishops’ Bible, The. A folio edition of the 
 Bible, published in October, 1568. it was a revi- 
 Sion of the Great Bible of 1539, organized by Archbishop 
 Parker and undertaken in 1563 by himself, eleven bishops, 
 and four deans and prebendaries. It was not reprinted 
 after 1606. 
 
 Bismarck (bis'mark), Herbert, Fiirst von. 
 Born atBerlin,Dec. 28, 1849: died at Friedrichs- 
 ruh, Sept. 18, 1904. A German statesman, son of 
 Prince Otto von Bismarck. He was occupied 
 chiefly with diplomatic affairs and was secre- 
 tary of state for foreign affairs 1886-90. 
 Bispham (bis'fam), David Scull. Born at 
 Philadelphia, Jan. 5, 1857. An American 
 barytone. He studied in Italy under Vannuccini and 
 Lamperti 1886-89, and made his debut in London in 1891. 
 Since 1897 he has been a member of grand-opera companies 
 in New York and London. 
 
 Bitter (bit'er), Karl Theodore Francis. 
 
 Born at Vienna, Austria, Dec. 6, 1867. An 
 Austrian-Ameriean sculptor. He was educated at 
 the Academy of Art in Vienna, and came to New York in 
 1889. His work has been chiefly monumental, the best ex- 
 
 Blashfield 
 
 amples being decorations of the expositions at Chicago, 
 1893, Buffalo, 1901, and St. LouiB, 1904. He was elected a 
 member of the National Academy of Design in 1902. 
 
 Bitterroot Range. A range of mountains ex- 
 tending from Clark’s Fork, on the northwest, 
 to Moniaa, the crossing of the Oregon Short 
 Line, on the southeast, including all mountain 
 spurs. V. S. Geoy. Board, Feb. 6, 1907. 
 
 Bixby (biks'bi), William Herbert. Born at 
 Charlestown, Mass., Dec. 27, 1849. An Amer- 
 ican civil and military engineer. He was grad- 
 uated from the United States Military Academy in 1873, 
 and became brigadier-general in 1910. He was chief en- 
 gineer of the Department of the Lakes, Dakota and Mis- 
 souri 1907-08 and president of the Mississippi River Com- 
 mission 1908-10, and chief of engineers, U. S. A., 1910-. 
 
 Bjornson*, Bjornstjerne. In 1903 he received 
 the Nobel prize for literature. 
 
 Blackmore , Richard Doddridge. His latest 
 works include “ Perleycross” (1894), “Frin- 
 gilla” (1895), “Tales from the Telling House” 
 (1896), “ Dariel” (1897). 
 
 Black Pope, The. The general of the Jesuit 
 order. 
 
 Blackstone (blak'ston). A town in Worcester 
 County, Massachusetts, 35 miles southwest of 
 Boston. It has manufactures of cotton and 
 woolen goods, rubber, etc. Population, 5,648, 
 (1910). 
 
 Blackwell (hlak'wel), Elizabeth. Born at 
 Bristol, England, Feb. 3, 1821: died at Hast- 
 ings, May 31, 1910. An English - American 
 physician. Her family emigrated to the United States 
 in 1832. In 1849 she was graduated at the Geneva Medi- 
 cal College (Geneva, N. Y.), being, it is said, the first 
 woman to obtain a medical diploma in the United States. 
 After two years of study abroad she began the practice of 
 medicine in New York city. In 1869 she returned to Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Blackwell (hlak'wel), Emily. Born at Bris- 
 tol, England, in 1826 : died at York Cliffs, Me., 
 Sept. 8, 1910. An Anglo-American physician. 
 
 She was the sister of Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, with whom 
 in 1853 she founded the New York Infirmary for Women 
 and Children, the first hospital for women in America. 
 She was at first refused admission to several medical col- 
 leges, but finally was allowed to take her degree at Cleve- 
 land, after which she completed her medical studies at 
 Edinburgh, Paris, and London, and returned to practise 
 in America. 
 
 Blaikie (bla'ki), William. Born at York, 
 N. Y., May 24, 1843 : died at New York, Dec. 6, 
 1904. An American lawyer, and writer on 
 
 physical training. He was graduated at Harvard in 
 1866 and at the Harvard Law School in 1868, and accom- 
 panied the Harvard crew to England in 1809. He wrote 
 “ How to Get Strong and How to Stay So" (1879), “Sound 
 Bodies for Our Boys and Girls ” (1883), etc. 
 
 Blake (blak), Francis. Born at Needham, 
 Mass., Dec. 25, 1850 : died at Weston, Mass., Jan. 
 19, 1913. An American physicist, in vent or (1878) 
 of an early form of telephone transmitter. 
 Blakelock (blak'lok), Ralph Albert. Born 
 at New York, Oct. 15, 1847. An American 
 landscape-painter. He was destined for the medi- 
 cal profession, but became instead a self-taught artist and 
 musician. He traveled in the far West and embodied his 
 study of Indian life in his work. His painting is notable 
 for its dignity and power, and for its rich color and strong 
 individuality. 
 
 Blakely (blak'li). A borough of Lackawanna 
 County, Pennsylvania, about 5 miles northeast 
 of Scranton. It has mines of anthracite coal. 
 Population, 5,345, (1910). 
 
 Blanc (hlon), Mme. (Marie Therese de 
 Solms) : pseudonym Th. Bentzon. Born at 
 Seine-Port, Seine-et-Marne, Sept. 21, 1840: 
 died Feb. 5, 1907. A French novelist, jour- 
 nalist, and critic. She was for a number of years on 
 the staff of the “Revue politique et litteraire” (“Revue 
 bleue") and the “Revue des deux mondes.” She wrote 
 many novels, among them “Un remolds" (1878) and 
 “ Tony " (1884), both of which were crowned by the French 
 Academy ; and a number of her contributions to the 
 “Revue des deux mondes ” were collected and published 
 under the titles “ Nouveaux romanciers americains " (1885), 
 “ Litterature et moeurs etrangeres ’’ (1887), and “ LeBamtiri- 
 caines chez elles ” (1895). 
 
 Bland (bland), Mrs. (Edith Nesbit). Born 
 at London, Aug. 15, 1858. An English novel- 
 ist, poet, and writer of children’s stories. 
 Among her works are “A Pomander of Verse” (1895), 
 “Songs of Love and Empire” (1897), “The Story of the 
 Treasure-Seekers” (1899), “The Wouldbegoods ” (1901), 
 “ The Red House ” (1903), “Oswald Bastable ” (1905), “An 
 Incomplete Amorist” (1906), “The Enchanted Castle’ 
 (1908), etc. 
 
 Bland (bland), Richard Parks. Born near 
 Hartford, Ky., Aug. 19, 1835: died uear Leb- 
 anon, Mo., June 15, 1899. An American poli- 
 tician. He was admitted to the (Utah) bar in 1860 and 
 was a Democratic member of Congress from Missouri 
 1873-95 and 1897-99. Throughout his congressional career 
 he was a conspicuous champion of the free coinage of sil- 
 ver and was the author of the Bland Silver Bill (1878). 
 
 Blashfield (blash ' feld), Edwin Howland. 
 
 Born at New York, Dec. 15, 1848. An Ameri- 
 
Blashfield 
 
 can painter. In 1867 he went to Pari9 and entered the 
 atelier of Leon Bounat, coming also under the influence 
 of Gerome and Chapu. He haB beeu especially successful 
 in the execution of monumental decorations, among which 
 are a dome in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Build- 
 ing at the Chicago Exposition in 1893 ; the central dome 
 of the Congressional Library in Washington ; “Westward," 
 a large picture in the State capitol, Des Moines, Iowa ; 
 and a ballroom ceiling in the Waldorf-Astoria hotel, New 
 York city. He has been a member of the National Acad- 
 emy of Design since 1888. 
 
 Blass (bias), Friedrich. Born at Osnabriick, 
 Jan. 22, 1843 : died at Halle, March 6, 1907. 
 A noted German philologist, professor of 
 classical philology at Halle from 1892. He 
 was especially distinguished for his studies of 
 the Greek language and his work upon Greek 
 texts. 
 
 Bleriot (bla-ri-o'), Louis. A French inventor 
 and aviator. He crossed the English Channel in a 
 monoplane invented by himself on Juiy 25, 1909, starting 
 from Calais and landing at the Shakspere Cliff near Dover. 
 The time occupied by the flight was about 40 minutes. 
 He was awarded the £1,000 prize offered by the “London 
 Mail ” for the first aviator to make an unbroken flight 
 across the Channel by daylight. 
 
 Blind (blin d), Mathilde. Born at Mannheitn, 
 March 21, 1841: died at London, Nov. 26, 1896. 
 An Anglo-German poet, daughter of a banker 
 named Cohen, and stepdaughter of Karl Blind. 
 She published “Poems by Claude Lake’ (1867), “The 
 Prophecy of St. Oran ” (1881k “ The Heather on Fire ’ 
 (1886), “ The Ascent of Mali (1888), “Dramas in Minia- 
 ture” (1891), “Songs and Sonnets” (1893), “Birds of Pas- 
 sage ” (1895). She translated Strauss's “ The Old Faith and 
 the New” (1873-74) and “The Journal of Marie Bashkirt- 
 self ” (1890), and wrote biographies of George Eliot (1883) 
 and Madame Roland (1886). 
 
 Bliss (blis), Cornelius Newton. Born at Fall 
 River, Mass., Jan. 26, 1833 : died at New York, 
 Oct. 9, 1911. An American merchant and cabi- 
 net officer. He was treasurer of the National 
 Republican Committees of 1892, 1896, 1900, and 
 1904, and was secretary of the interior 1897-99. 
 Bliss (blis), Frederick Jones. Born on Mount 
 Lebanon, Syria, Jan. 22, 1859. An Ameri- 
 can archseologist, explorer for the Palestine Ex- 
 ploration Fund (London) 1891-1900. He exca- 
 vated the site of Lachish (Tel-el-Hesy), and conducted ex- 
 plorations at Jerusalem and other localities. His publi- 
 cations include “A Mound of Many Cities ' (1894), “Exca- 
 vations at Jerusalem, 1894-97 ' (1898), “Excavations in 
 Palestine, 1898-1900" (1902), and “The Development of 
 Palestine Exploration" (1906). 
 
 Bliss (blis), William Dwight Porter. Born 
 at Constantinople, Turkey, in 1856. An Ameri- 
 can sociologist. He was graduated from the Hartford 
 Theological Seminary in 1882, and has held pastorates in 
 the Congregational and Protestant Episcopal churches. 
 In 1907-09 he acted as investigator for the United States 
 Bureau of Labor, and since 1909 has been director of the 
 Social Science Library Bureau. In 1889 he organized 
 the first Christian Socialist society in the United States, 
 and in 1899 became president of the National Social Re- 
 form Union. He is the author of the “Handbook of 
 Socialism" (1895) aud the “Directory of Social Thought 
 and Work ” (1910). 
 
 Blomfield (blum'feld), Sir Arthur William. 
 
 Born at Fulham Palace, London, March 6, 
 1829: died at Broadway, Worcestershire, 
 
 England, Oct. 30, 1899. An English archi- 
 tect, fourth son of Charles James Blomfield, 
 bishop of London. He was articled for three years 
 (1853-56) to Philip Charles Hardwick, architect of the 
 Bank of England, whom he succeeded in this office in 
 1883. He was especially identified with the Gothic re- 
 vival of the middle of the nineteenth century, his best 
 buildings being churches. At various times he had 
 charge of restorations at the cathedrals of Salisbury, 
 Canterbury, Lincoln, and Chichester. His reconstruction 
 of the Church of St. Mary Overie in London is especially 
 notable. 
 
 Blomfield (blum'feld), Reginald. Born Dec. 
 20, 1856. An English architect and writer, a 
 nephew of Sir Arthur Blomfield. His practice is 
 mainly confined to residential architecture and gardens. 
 Among his published works are “The Formal Garden in 
 England ” (1892), “ History of Renaissance Architecture in 
 England” (1897), “Studies in Architecture” (1906), and 
 numerous contributions to architectural periodicals. 
 
 Blondel (blon-del'), Jacques Francois. Born 
 at Rouen, France, Jan. 8, 1705: died Jan. 9, 
 1774. A noted French architect. He executed 
 
 several important works in Paris and in 1773 designed an 
 extensive scheme of reconstruction in the city of Metz, 
 according to which were built the Hotel de Ville (1765), 
 the Place d’Annes, and the portal of the cathedral (1771). 
 He also designed similar improvements in Strasburg. In 
 1739 he opened an architectural school in Paris, which was 
 merged in 1756 with the Acadeinie d’ Architecture, in 
 which he became professor. Heisbe6t known from his 
 books “ De la distribution des maisons de plaisance” 
 (1737-38), “Architecture franoaise ” (the “Grand Blondel.” 
 1752-56), and “ Cours d’architecture civile,” continued by 
 Patte (the “Petit Blondel,” 1771-77). 
 
 Blondlot (blond-lo'), Prosper Rene. Born at 
 Nancy, France, July 3, 1849. A French physi- 
 cist, appointed adjunct professor in the Uni- 
 versity of Nancy in 1886 and full professor in 
 that institution in 1896. He is the author of a 
 treatise on static electricity (“ Introduction a letude de 
 
 l'electricite statique " : 1885), of a volume on thermody- 
 namics (“ Introduction kl’etude delathermodynamique” : 
 1888), and also of numerous papers on physics and par- 
 ticularly on electric waves. Blondlot’s announcement in 
 March, 1903, of the discovery of a new type of obscure rays, 
 which he named N-rays, after his birthplace Nancy, at- 
 tracted wide attention and his observations have since 
 been a subject of lively discussion among physicists. 
 Blood (blud), Sir Bindon. Born Nov. 7, 1842. 
 A British lieutenant-general, commander of 
 the forces in the Panjab ( northern command, 
 India). He served in the Jowaki expedition (1877-78), 
 the Zulu war (1879), the Afghan war (1880), the campaign 
 in Egypt (1882), and the relief of Chitral (1895) ; was com- 
 mander of the Malakand field force and the Buner field 
 force (1897-98) ; was lieutenant-general in command of 
 the troops in the eastern Transvaal in 1901 ; and retired in 
 1907. 
 
 Bloomfield (blom'feld). A town in Essex 
 County, New Jersey, 11 miles northwest of 
 New York. It has manufactures of paper, 
 silks, woolen goods, pins, electric elevators, 
 brake-shoes, etc., and is the seat of a German 
 Theological School. Population, 15,070, (1910). 
 Bloomfield (blom ' feld), Maurice. Born at 
 Bielitz, Austria, Feb. 23, 1855. An American 
 scholar, professor of Sanskrit and comparative 
 philology in Johns Hopkins University. He was 
 graduated at Herman University, Granville, S. C., in 1877. 
 He has edited the Kangika-Sutra from the original manu- 
 scripts (1890), translated the hymns of the Atharvaveda 
 (in Max Muller’s “Sacred Books of the East”), and edited, 
 with Professor Garbe of Tubingen, the Kashmirian Paip- 
 paladaveda (1901). Among his other publications are “ The 
 Atharva- Veda and the Gopatha-Brahmana ” (1899), “Cer- 
 berus the Dog of Hades" (1905), a concordance of the en- 
 tire literature of the Veda (1907), and numerous technical 
 articles. 
 
 Bloomfield-Zeisler (blom'feld-zis'ler), Fanny. 
 Born at Bielitz, Austria, July 16, 1866. Au 
 American pianist. After studying in Chicago, whi- 
 ther she went with her parents in 1868, she became a pu- 
 pil of Leschetitzky (1878-83) in Vienna, where she ap- 
 peared in concerts. She made an extensive concert tour 
 in Europe in 1893, and has since played in the United 
 States, England, and Germany. 
 
 Bloomington (blom'ing-ton). The county- 
 seat of Monroe County, Indiana, 46 miles 
 southwest of Indianapolis. It has extensive 
 quarrying interests, chiefly in limestone, and 
 manufactures of furniture, woolen goods, lea- 
 ther, etc., and is the seat of Indiana Univer- 
 sity (which see). Population, 8,838, (1910). 
 Bloomsburg (blomz'berg). The county-seat 
 of Columbia County, Pennsylvania, 35 miles 
 southwest of Wilkes-Barre. It has iron- 
 foundries, car-works, and manufactories of 
 silks, carpets, woolen goods, carriages, etc., 
 and is the seat of the Bloomsburg State Nor- 
 mal School. Population, 7,413, (1910). 
 Bluefield (blo'feld). A city in Mercer County, 
 West Virginia, about 70 miles west of Roan- 
 oke. ‘ It has coal-mining interests, and con- 
 tains a State normal school for negroes. 
 Population, 11,188, (1910). 
 
 Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory. A 
 meteorological observatory at Hyde Park, 
 Massachusetts, founded by Abbott Lawrence 
 Roteh (died 1912) in 1885 and directed by him. 
 Blue Island (bio i'land). A village in Cook 
 County, Illinois, 10 miles southwest of Chica- 
 go. It is important as a railroad and com- 
 mercial center, and has stone-quarries, brick- 
 yards, smelting-works, etc. Population, 8,043, 
 (1910). 
 
 Blue Mountains*. 3. These include all the moun- 
 
 tains of northeastern Oregon, with the exception of the 
 Wallowa Mountains, and extend into Washington. U. S. 
 Geog. Board, 1907. 
 
 Blue Ridge*. According to the U. S. Geog. 
 Board (1907), this includes the ridge extend- 
 ing from a few miles north of Harper’s Ferry 
 to northern Georgia. 
 
 Blumenthal (blo'men-tal), Oskar. Born at 
 Berlin, March 13, 1852. A German dramatist. 
 
 He founded the Lessing Theater in Berlin in 1888 and con- 
 ducted it until 1897. His works include a large number 
 of comedies, many of which have been successful. Among 
 the best known are “Die grosse Glocke,” “Der schwarze 
 Schleier,” “ Ein Tropfen Gift,” “Als ich wiederkam ” (with 
 Kadelburg). 
 
 Boac(bo'ak). 1. A municipality of Marinduque 
 island in Tayabas province in the southern 
 part of Luzon, Philippine Islands. Civilized 
 population, 15,823. — 2. The capital of Marin- 
 duque subprovince, situated in the northwest- 
 ern part of the island of Marinduque, in lat. 
 13° 27' N., long. 121° 49' E. 
 
 Boas (bo'as), Franz. Born at Minden, West- 
 phalia, July 9, 1858. A German-American 
 anthropologist and philologist, professor of 
 anthropology in Columbia University from 
 1898. He studied at the universities of Heidelberg, 
 Bonn, and Kiel; visited the United States 1884-85; was 
 assistant at the Royal Ethnographical Museum, Berlin, 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 and docent at the University 1885-86; was instructor in 
 anthropology at Clark University 1888-92 ; and was assist- 
 ant curator (later curator) of the anthropological collec- 
 tion of the American Museum of Natural History, New 
 York, 1896-1905. He has published many papers upon 
 the Eskimo and other northern tribes, and has issued 
 Chinook texts, etc. 
 
 Bode (bo'de), Wilhelm. Born at Calvorde, 
 Brunswick, Germany, Dec. 10, 1845. A noted 
 German critic and historian of art, director of 
 the Kaiser Friedrich Museum in Berlin . Among 
 his publications are “ Geschichte der deutschen Plastik 
 (1887 and 1893), “ Italienische Bildhauer der Renaissance ” 
 (1887), “Florentiner Bildhauer der Renaissance” (1902), 
 
 “ Denkmaler der Renaisssance-skulpturToscanas ” (1892-), 
 “Rembrandt” (1897-1900), etc. 
 
 Bceckh (bech), Richard. Born at Berlin, 
 March 28, 1824 : died at Grunewald, near Ber- 
 lin, Dec. 6, 1907. A noted German statistician, 
 professor of statistics (1852-92) and director 
 of the city statistical department (1875-92) in 
 Berlin. He edited the Berlin “ Jahrbuch ” and 
 published numerous technical works and pa- 
 pers. 
 
 Boehm von Bawerk (bem fon ba'verk), Eugen. 
 Born at Briinn, Austria, Feb. 12, 1851. An 
 Austrian political economist, professor in the 
 University of Vienna, in 1884 he was appointed 
 professor at Innsbruck ; in 1889 entered the ministry of 
 finance in Vienna ; and for a short time in 1895, from No- 
 vember, 1897, to March, 1898, and again, 1900-04, was 
 minister of finance. He has published “Kapital und 
 Kapitalzins ” (1884-89), “ Einige strittige Fragen der Kapi- 
 talstheorie” (1900), etc. 
 
 Boellmann (bo-el-man'), Leon. Born at 
 Ensisheim, Alsace, Sept. 25, 1862 : died at 
 Paris, Oct. 11, 1897. A French composer, 
 organist at the church of St. Vincent de Paul, 
 Paris. As a composer he is best known by 
 his “Symphonic Variations” for cello and 
 orchestra, but he also wrote many other com- 
 positions for organ, orchestra, piano, and 
 strings. 
 
 Bogert (bo'gert), Marston Taylor. Born at 
 Flushing, N. Y., April 18, 1868. An American 
 chemist, professor of chemistry in Columbia 
 University from 1904. He was adjunct pro- 
 fessor there 1901-04. He has published papers 
 upon various topics in organic chemistry. 
 Bogoslof (bo'gos-lof) Island. A small vol- 
 canic island in the Aleutian group (Alaska - !, 
 northwest of Unalaska, in lat. 54° N., long. 
 168° W. The Bogoslol volcano was discovered by the 
 Russian admiral Bogoslof in 1790. A second island, 21 
 miles distant, appeared in the winter of 1886-87 and be- 
 came connected with the original island. Since then 
 various changes have occurred, new peaks having ap- 
 peared and disappeared. 
 
 Boh&me, La. An opera by Giacomo Puccini 
 (words, from Henri Murger’s “ Scenes de la vie 
 de Boheme,” by Giacosa and Illica), first pro- 
 duced at Turin in 1897. 
 
 Bohol (bo-bol'). A province of the Philip- 
 pines, situated between Cebu and Leyte, and 
 consisting of numerous islands, the largest of 
 which is Bohol. Most of the rivers are unimportant 
 for navigation. A few are navigable by boats of light 
 draft for distances of from 3 to 12 miles. The population 
 is chiefly Visayan. The capital, Tagbilaran, is in Bohol, 
 in lat. 9° 38' N., long. 123° 50” E., on the strait of the same 
 name which separates that island from Panglao. Area of 
 province, 1,511 square miles. Population, 269,223. 
 
 Boissier (bwa-sya')j Marie Louis Gaston: 
 known as Gaston. Born at Nimes, France, 
 August 15, 1823: died at Paris, June 10, 1908. 
 A French classical scholar, historian, and 
 critic, perpetual secretary of the French Acad- 
 emy from 1895. He became professor of Latin litera- 
 ture in the College de France in 1861. In 1876 he was 
 elected to the French Academy, succeeding Patin, and in 
 1886 to the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres. 
 Among his works are “Ciceron et ses amis" (1865), 
 “ L’Opposition sous les C£sars” (1875), “La religion ro- 
 maine d’ Auguste aux Antonins " (1874), “Promenades 
 archeologiques ” (1880), “La fin du paganisme" (1891), 
 “Saint Simon” (1892), “L’Afrique romaine” (1895), 
 “Tacite” (1903), “ La conjuration de Catilina ” (1905), etc. 
 
 Bolanden (bo'lan-den), Konrad von. The 
 
 pseudonym of Joseph Eduard Konrad Bischoff. 
 Bolan Pass. 2. A district in northern Balu- 
 chistan, officially known as Bolan Pass and 
 Nushki Railway district, administered by the 
 political agent of Khelat. 
 
 Boldini (bol-de'nf), Giovanni. Born at Fer- 
 rara, Italy, 1845.’ An Italian painter. He was 
 
 trained at the Academy of Fine Arts in Florence, and 
 made his initial success in London. In 1872 he estab- 
 lished himself in Paris and has produced many portraits 
 and easel pictures. He is a brilliant colorist and tech* 
 nician of the school of Fortuny and Rico. 
 
 Boldrewood (bol'der-wud), Rolf. The pseu- 
 donym of Thomas Alexander Browne. 
 Bolivia*. In November, 1903, the republic ceded to 
 Brazil the territory of the Acre for $10,000,000. In March, 
 1905, a treaty was negotiated between Bolivia and Chile 
 whereby Chile agreed to build a railway from Arica to 
 
Bolivia 
 
 La Paz and Bolivia was to have free transit to the Pacific 
 ports. The question of the boundary with Peru was sub- 
 mitted to the president of the Argentine Republic for 
 arbitration in 1908 and settled in 1909. 
 
 Bolles (bolz), Albert Sidney. Born at Mont- 
 ville, Conn., March 8, 1846. An American 
 lawyer and writer on finance. He has been pro- 
 fessor of mercantile law and banking in the Wharton 
 School of Finance and Economy in the University of 
 Pennsylvania ; chief of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics 
 of the State of Pennsylvania ; and editor of the “Bankers' 
 Magazine." His works include “A Financial History of 
 the United States for the periods 1774-1789 " (1879), “ 1789- 
 1860” (1883), and “ 1860-1885 " (1886), “Practical Bank- 
 ing" (1884), “Industrial History of the United States” 
 (1878), “Conflict Between Labor and Capital" (1876), “ A 
 History of Pennsylvania" (1899), “American Finance" 
 (1901), etc. 
 
 Boltwood (bolt'wud), Bertram Borden. Born 
 at Amherst, Mass., July 27, 1870. An Amer- 
 ican chemist, professor of radiochemistry in 
 Yale University from 1910. He was assistant 
 professor of physics there 1906-10. He has 
 published various papers on radioactivity. 
 
 Boltzmann (boitz'man), Ludwig. Born at 
 Vienna, Austria, Feb. 20, 1844: died at Duino, 
 Sept. 5, 1906. An Austrian physicist, profes- 
 sor of physics in the University of Vienna 
 from 1902. He became professor of mathematics and 
 physics at Gratz in 1869, of mathematics at Vienna in 
 
 1873, of experimental physics at Gratz in 1876, and of 
 physics at Munich in 1890, at Vienna in 1895, and at 
 Leipsic in 1900. His investigations were chiefly in ther- 
 modynamics and electricity. Among his works are 
 “Vorlesungen iiber Maxwells Theorie der Elektricitat 
 und des Lichts ” (1891-93), “Vorlesungen iiber Gastheorie " 
 (1896-98), “ Vorlesungen iiber die Prinzipe der Mechanik ” 
 (1897 ; 2d vol., 1904), and “Populare Schriften " (1905). 
 
 Bolyai (bol'yo-i), Farkas. Born at Bolya, 
 Hungary, Feb. 9, 1775 : died Nov. 20, 1856. A 
 Hungarian mathematician, professor in the 
 Reformed College of Maros-Vdsarhely 1802-49. 
 His chief work was “ Tentamen juventutem 
 studiosam in elementa matheseos purs intro- 
 ducendi ” (1832-33). 
 
 Bolyai (bol'yo-i), Janos, Born at Klausen- 
 burg, Hungary, Dec. 15, 1802: died at Maros- 
 Vasarhely, Jan. 27, 1860. A distinguished 
 Hungarian mathematician, son of Farkas 
 Bolyai. His most famous work is an appendix to the 
 first volume of the “ Tentamen " of his father, entitled 
 “ Appendix scientiam spatii absolute veram exhibens," in 
 which he develops the idea of a geometry which is inde- 
 pendent of Euclid's axiom of parallels. 
 
 Bombon (bom-bon'), or Taal (ta-al'), Lake. 
 A lake in the northern part of Batangas prov- 
 ince, southwestern Luzon, Philippine Islands, 
 of about 12 miles mean diameter, it discharges 
 through the Pansipit River into the Gulf of Balayan, a 
 distance of about 6 miles. The northern part of the lake 
 is occupied by Taal volcano. 
 
 Bombonon (bom-bo-non'), Port. A bay and 
 port on the southern coast of Negros Island, in 
 the Philippines. It is safe for large vessels in 
 all weather. 
 
 Bonaparte (bo ' na - part), Charles Joseph. 
 
 Born at Baltimore, June 9, 1851. An Amer- 
 ican lawyer and cabinet officer, grandson of 
 JOrome Bonaparte. He was graduated at Harvard 
 University in 1871 and at the Harvard Law School in 
 
 1874. He has been prominent in reform movements, was 
 secretary of the navy 1905-06, and was attorney-general 
 1906-09. 
 
 Bonci (bon'che), Alessandro. Born at Ce- 
 ssna, Forli, about 1870. An Italian tenor. 
 
 Beginning his career as a church singer, he made his oper- 
 atic debut at Parma as Fenton in “ Falstatf.” He has since 
 sung in most of the large cities of the world, and has spent 
 his winters in America since the fall of 1906, singing in 
 opera and concert. His principal roles include Rodolfo 
 “ La Boheme ”), Ottavio (“Don Giovanni”), the Duke 
 “Rigoletto "), and Alfredo (“ Lucia di Lammermoor ”). 
 
 Bond (bond), Sir Edward Augustus. Born 
 at Hanwell, England, Dec. 31, 1815: died at 
 Bayswater, London, Jan. 2, 1898. Principal 
 librarian of the British Museum 1878-88. in 
 1833 he entered the Record Office as an assistant and was 
 transferred to the British Museum in 1838. In conjunc- 
 tion with Sir E. Maunde Thompson he founded the 
 Palseographical Society in 1873. He was knighted a few 
 days before his death. 
 
 Bond (bond), Sir Robert. Born at St. John’s, 
 Newfoundland, Feb. 25, 1857. A Canadian 
 Statesman. He was elected to the Newfoundland 
 House of Assembly in 1882 and became speaker of that 
 body in 1884, was colonial secretary 1889-97, and was 
 premier and colonial secretary of Newfoundland 1900-09. 
 In 1902 he negotiated the Hay-Bond treaty in the interest 
 of reciprocal trade between the United States and Canada. 
 He was knighted in 1902. 
 
 Boni (bo'ni), Giacomo. Born at Venice, April 
 25, 1859. An Italian architect and archaeolo- 
 gist. Since September, 1898, he has had charge of exca- 
 vations in the Roman Forum by which the conditions of 
 ancient Roman life have been revealed to a remarkable 
 extent. He has also superintended the reconstruction of 
 the Campanile at Venice. 
 
 Bonsai (bon'sal), Stephen. Born at Baltimore, 
 Md., March 29, 1865. An American journalist 
 
 and author. He was special correspondent of the New 
 York “ Herald ” in the Bulgarian-Servian war (1885), in 
 the Macedonian uprising (1890), in the Chino- Japanese war 
 (1895), in the Cuban insurrection (1897), in the Spanish- 
 American war (1898), with the China relief expedition 
 (1900), in the Philippine Islands (1901), in Venezuela (1903), 
 and in the Balkans, Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro, etc. 
 (1904). He was in the diplomatic service of the Uuited 
 States as secretary of legation and charge d’affaires in Pe- 
 king, Madrid, Tokio, and Korea 1891-96. He is the author 
 of “ Morocco as it is " (1892), “ The Real Condition of Cuba ” 
 (1897), “ The Fight for Santiago ” (1899), and “ The Golden 
 Horseshoe ” (1900). 
 
 Boodle’s (bo'cUz). A London club established 
 in 1762. It was kept by one Boodle, and was a 
 famous resort for country squires and masters 
 of foxhounds. It now has about 700 members, 
 and its bouse is at 28 St. James’s street. 
 Boone (bon). The county-seat of Boone 
 County, Iowa, 36 miles northwest of Des 
 Moines. It has machine-shops, brick- and tile- 
 works, flour-mills, tobacco factories, etc. De- 
 posits of coal and potter’s clay are found in 
 the vicinity. Population, 10,347, (1910). 
 Booth (both), Ballington. Born at Brighouse, 
 Yorkshire, England, July 28, 1859. Founder 
 (1896) and general-in-chief of the Volunteers 
 of America : second son of William Booth. 
 Booth (both), Charles. Born at Liverpool, 
 March 30, 1840. An English statistician. He 
 
 was president of the Royal Statistical Society 1892-94, and 
 in 1904 served on the tariff commission. He has taken an 
 active part in the agitation in England for old age pen- 
 sions, a subject on which he has written extensively. His 
 publications include “Life and Labour of the People in 
 London ” (1889-1903), a standard work in twelve volumes, 
 “Pauperism and Endowment of Old Age" (1892), “The 
 Aged Poor, Condition " (1894), and “ Old Age Pensions " 
 (1899). 
 
 Booth (both), Mrs. (Maud Charlesworth). 
 
 Born at Limpsfield, Surrey, Sept. 13, 1865. A 
 writer and leader of the Volunteer prison work : 
 wife of Ballington Booth, president of the 
 Volunteers of America. She has written “Branded," 
 “Look up and Hope,” “After Prison, What?,” “ Sleepy 
 Time Stories,” etc. 
 
 Booth, William Bramwell. Born at Halifax, 
 England, March 8, 1856. Eldest son of William 
 Booth, whom he succeeded as head of the 
 Salvation Army in 3 912. 
 
 Booth-Tucker (both'tuk'er), Frederick St. 
 George de Lautour. Born at Monghyr, Ben- 
 gal, March 21, 1853. Commander of the Sal- 
 vation Army in the United States 1896-1905. 
 He married Emma Moss Booth (died 1903), a daughter of 
 William Booth, and prefixed the name ‘Booth’ to his own. 
 He established the Salvation Army in India in 1882. 
 
 Borchgrevink (borch ' gre-vingk), Carsten 
 Egeberg. Bom at Christiania, Norway, 1864. 
 A Norwegian antarctic explorer. He emigrated 
 to Australia in 1888 and worked there for several years as 
 surveyor and teacher ; made a voyage to the antarctic 
 seas on a whaler in 1894 ; and commanded an antarctic 
 expedition (in the Southern Cross) 1898-1900, attaining 
 lat. 78° 50' S. (in King Edward VII. Land), the farthest 
 then reached. He also determined (approximately) the 
 position of the south magnetic pole. He has written 
 “First on the Antarctic Continent: an Account of the 
 British Antarctic Expedition 1898-1900" (1901), etc. See 
 Century Atlas, Map 31. 
 
 Borden (bor'den), Robert Laird. Born at 
 Grand Pre, Nova Scotia, June 26, 1854. A 
 Canadian lawyer and statesman, premier of 
 Canada from 1911. He was member of Parliament 
 for Halifax and for Carleton, and became leader of the 
 Conservative party in the House of Commons in 1901. 
 
 Borglum (bor ' glum), John Gutzon de la 
 Mothe. Born in Nevada, March 25, 1867. An 
 American sculptor and painter. He was educated 
 at the school of the Art Association in San Francisco and 
 at the Julien Academy and the Ecole des Beaux- Arts in 
 Paris. His bronze group, “ The Mares of Diomedes,” won 
 a gold medal at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904 
 and has been secured for the Metropolitan Museum in 
 New York city. 
 
 Boring (bo'ring), William Alciphron. Born 
 at Carlinviile, 111., Sept. 9, 1859. An American 
 architect. He was educated at the University of Illi- 
 nois, Columbia University, and the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, 
 Paris. He built the University of Southern California, 
 the United States Immigrant Station at Ellis Island, the 
 Jacob Tome Institute at Port Deposit, Maryland, and many 
 other public buildings in various parts of the United 
 States. 
 
 Bornier (bor-nya'), Henri, Vicomte de. Born 
 at Lunel, H6rault, France, Dec. 25, 1825: died 
 at Paris, Jan. 29, 1901. A French poet and 
 dramatist. He succeeded Xavier Marmier as member 
 of the French Academy in 1893. Among his works are 
 “Les premieres feuilles,” a volume of poems (1848) ; the 
 plays “Le mariage de Luther” (1845), “ Dante et Beatrix” 
 (1853), “Le mond renvers6 ” (1853), “Les noces d’Attila” 
 (1879), “La Moab ve” (1880), “ L’Apotre ” (1881), “Ma- 
 homet ” (1890), “ Le fils de l’Ar^tin ” (1895), “ France 
 d’abord !” (1899), etc. He published his collected verse, 
 “ Po6sies completes,” in 1888. 
 
 Borodin (ho' 10 -den), Alexander Porphyrie- 
 vitch. Born at St. Petersburg, Nov. 12, 1834: 
 
 Bottome 
 
 died there, Feb. 27, 1887. A Russian com- 
 poser, a member of the young national school 
 founded by Balakiref. He studied medicine and 
 chemistry, becoming assistant professor of chemistry in 
 the Academy of Medicine in St. Petersburg in 1862, but 
 from that time devoted his leisure to music. He composed 
 three symphonies (the third unfinished), string quartets, 
 piano-pieces and songs, and an opera, “ Prince Igor ’ (un- 
 finished, but completed by Rimsky-Korsakoff and Gla- 
 zounof and published in 1889). 
 
 Bortniansky (bort-nyan'ski), Dimitri Step- 
 anovitch. Born at Glucho, Tchernigof, Rus- 
 sia, 1752 : died at St. Petersburg, Oct. 9, 1825. 
 A Russian composer, pupil of the Italian 
 Galuppi. He was director of the imperial 
 choir and composed much music for the Rus- 
 sian Church. 
 
 Bosanquet (bo'zan-get), Bernard. Born at 
 Alnwick, England, 1848. An English philo- 
 sophical writer, professor of moral philosophy 
 at St. Andrews 1903-08. He was graduated at Ox- 
 ford and was lecturer at University College there 1871- 
 1881. Among his publications are “Logic, or Morphology 
 of Knowledge ” (1888), “The Philosophical Theory of the 
 State” (1899), and a translation of Lotze's “System of 
 Philosophy. ’ 
 
 Boss (bos), Lewis. Bom at Providence, R. I., 
 Oct. 26, 1846: died at Albany, N.Y., Oct. 5, 1912. 
 An American astronomer. He was director of the 
 Dudley Observatory, Albany, N. Y., from 1876, and also di- 
 rector of tlie department of meridian astronomy, Carnegie 
 Institution, from 1906. He was graduated at Dartmouth 
 College in 1870; was astronomer of the northern boundary 
 commission 1872-76; and was chief of the United States 
 government expedition sent to Chile in 1882 to observe the 
 transit of Venus. He published “Declinations of Fixed 
 Stars’’(1878), “Catalogue of 8,241 Stars” (1890), “Positions 
 and Motions of 627 Principal Standard Stars ’’ (1904), “ Pre- 
 liminary General Catalogue of 6,188 Stars” (1910), and 
 numerous scientific papers. He was awarded the gold 
 medal of the Royal Astronomical Society of London in 
 1905. 
 
 Boston Public Library. A building, in the 
 
 Roman Renaissance style, situated on the 
 west side of Copley Square, Boston, it was 
 
 erected 1888-95, at a cost of $2,486,000, from the designs of 
 the architectural firm of McKim, Mead, and White. It is 
 228 feet long, 225 feet wide, and 68 feet high (to the cor- 
 nice), and incloses an open court 136 feet long and 100 
 feet wide. The decorations are notable and include 
 sculpture by MacMonnies and Augustus and Louis Saint- 
 Gaudens, and paint ings by Puvis de Chavannes, Edwin 
 A. Abbey, John S. Sargent, and others. It contains over 
 900,000 volumes and pamphlets. Among its valuable 
 collections are the Tieknor collection of Spanish and 
 Portuguese books, the Barton library (containing 
 Shaksperiana), the Prince library (MSS. and early 
 New England books), the Barlow library (Americana), 
 etc. 
 
 Bostonians, The. A novel by Henry James, 
 published in 1886. 
 
 Bostwick (bost'wik), Arthur Elmore. Born 
 at Litchfield, Conn., March 8, 1860. An Amer- 
 ican scientific writer, librarian of the St. Louis 
 Public Library from 1909. He was librarian 
 of the New York Free Circulating Library 
 1895-99 ; of the Brooklyn Public Library 1899- 
 1901 ; and chief of the department of circula- 
 tion of the New York Public Library 1901-09. 
 Botha (bo'tha), Louis. Born at Grevtown, 
 Natal, Sept. 27, 1862. A noted Boer general 
 and statesman. He commanded the Boer forces at 
 Colenso (Dec. 15, 1899) and Spion Kop (Jan. 22-24, 1900), 
 and on the death of Joubert became commander-in-chief 
 of the Boer forces. In 1907 he became the first prime 
 minister of the Transvaal Colony, and in 1910 premier of 
 the Union of South Africa. 
 
 Botta (bot'ta), Mrs. (Anne Charlotte 
 Lynch). Born at Bennington, Vt., 1820; died 
 at New York, March 23, 1891. An American 
 writer. Ill 1855 she married Vincenzo Botta, and their 
 house in New York city became a literary center. She 
 wrote “Leaves from the Diary of a Recluse” (1845), 
 “ Poems ” (1848), etc. 
 
 Botta (bot'ta), Vincenzo. Born at Caval- 
 lermaggiore, Italy, Nov. 11, 1818; died at New 
 York, Oct. 5, 1894. An Italian-American 
 educator. He was graduated at the University of 
 Turin and neld the post of professor of philosophy there. 
 In 1849 he was elected to the Sardinian parliament. 
 For more than thirty years he was professor of the Italian 
 language and literature in the University of the City of 
 New York (now New York University). He wrote “ Dis- 
 course on the Life, Character, and Policy of favour” 
 (1862), “ Dante as Philosopher, Patriot, and Poet ” (1865), 
 etc. 
 
 Botticher (bet'i-cher), Karl. Born at Nord- 
 hausen, Germany, May 29, 1806: died at 
 Berlin, June 21, 1889. A German archae- 
 ologist, assistant director of the sculpture 
 gallery of the Berlin Museum 1854-68, and 
 director 1868-76. His chief work, “Tektonik 
 der Hellenen” (1844-52), was an important 
 contribution to the knowledge of Greek 
 architecture. 
 
 Bottome (bo-tom'), Mrs. (Margaret 
 McDonald). Born at New York, Dec. 29, 
 1827 : died Nov. 14, 1906. An American writer. 
 
Bottome 
 
 founder and president of the international 
 order of the Eng’s Daughters and Sons, she 
 was an editor of the “Ladies' Home Journal,’’ and con- 
 tributed many articles to religious and other papers. 
 Among her publications are “Crumbs from the King's 
 Table," “ A Sunshine Trip to the Orient,’’ “Heart to Heart 
 Letters," etc. 
 
 Boulger (bul'jer), Demetrius Charles. Born 
 at London, July 14, 1853. An English 
 historian and writer on Asiatic affairs. In 1885, 
 with Sir Lepel Griffin, he founded the “ Asiatic Quarterly 
 Review," of which he was editor for several years. His 
 works include “England and Russia in Central Asia" 
 (1879), “Central Asian Portraits "(1880),“ History of China ” 
 (1881), “Central Asian Questions” (1885), “The Story of 
 India ” (1897), “The Congo State” (1898), “India in the 
 Nineteenth Century ” (1901), “ History of Belgium " (1902), 
 “Belgian Life in Town and Country" (1904), “Life of Sir 
 Halliday Macartney ’’ (1908), etc. 
 
 Boulle, or Boule (hoi), Charles Andre. Born 
 at Paris, Nov. 11, 1642: died there, Feb. 29, 
 1732. The leading member of a large family 
 of French cabinet-makers. He learned his trade 
 from his father, Jean Boulle, and in 1872 was granted 
 quarters in the Louvre palace, where he built up an estab- 
 lishment for the manufacture of flue furniture and inlaid 
 work, which in 1720 was destroyed by fire. He was a 
 protege of Louis XIV., for whom his best Work was done. 
 His characteristic effects are secured by inlaying metals, 
 tortoise-shell, mother-of-pearl, and other colored ma- 
 terials on ebony or ebonized wood. Modern boule is an 
 imitation of this. Erroneously, Buhl. 
 
 Bourdillon (bor'di-lon), Francis William. 
 
 Born March 22, 1852. An English poet. He 
 
 has written “Among the Flowers, and Other Poems" 
 (1878), “ Ailes d’Alouette" (1890), “A Lost God" (1891), 
 “Sursum Corda” (1893), “Nephel6" (1890), “Mimiscula" 
 (1897), “Preludes and Romances" (1908), etc.; and has 
 edited and translated “ Aucassin and Nicolette " (1887). 
 
 Bourgeois (bor-zhwa'), Leon Victor Auguste. 
 
 Born at Paris, May 21, 1851. A French 
 statesman. He was deputy for Marne in 1888 ; was 
 under-secretary of state in the ministry of the interior 
 1888-89 ; was elected deputy for ltheims in 1889 ; was 
 minister of the interior 1890, of public instruction 1890- 
 1892 and 1898, and of justice 1892 ; was premier 1895-90 ; 
 was president of the Chamber of Deputies 1902-03 ; was 
 minister of foreign affairs March-Oct., 1906; and was 
 minister of labor, Jan., 1912- In politics he is Repub- 
 lican Radical. He was delegate to the Hague Peace Con- 
 ference in 1899 and in 1907. His works include “ Des 
 travaux publics communaux” (1877), “Les chemins de fer 
 economiques h voie etroite et les accotementa ” (1878). 
 
 Bourne (horn), Edward Gaylord. Born at 
 Strykersville, N. Y., June 24, 1860 : died at 
 New Haven, Conn., Feb. 24, 1908. An Ameri- 
 can historian and educator, professor of his- 
 tory in Yale University from 1895. He was 
 
 graduated at Yale University in 1883 and was professor of 
 history at Adelbert College 1890-95. His works include 
 “The History of the Surplus Revenue of 1837" (1885), 
 “Essays iu Historical Criticism” (1901), a historical in- 
 troduction to “The Philippine Islands" (1903), “Spain in 
 America” (1904), “Discovery, Conquest, and Early His- 
 tory of the Philippine Islands" (1907), “Travels of Jona- 
 than Carver " (1907), editions of the narratives of the explo- 
 rations of He Soto, of Champlain, and of Columbus, etc. 
 
 Boutet de Monvel (bo-ta' de mon-vel'), Louis 
 Maurice. Born at Orleans, France, 1851. A 
 French painter and illustrator. He first exhibited 
 in the Salon in 1874. Between 1876 and 1880 he made 
 several visits to Algeria, and he has painted numerous 
 portraits and Algerian subjects, but is best known as an 
 illustrator. His colored drawings ior books, especially 
 those for children, have a peculiar simplicity and naivete. 
 
 Bowditch (bou'dich), Henry Pickering. 
 
 Born at Boston, Mass., April 4, 1840: died at 
 Jamaica Plain, Mass., March 13, 1911. An 
 American physiologist, professor in the Medi- 
 cal School of Harvard University 1871-1906. 
 He made numerous contributions to the science 
 of physiology. 
 
 Bowdler (bod'ler), Thomas. Born at Ashley, 
 near Bath, July 11, 1754 : died at Rhyddings, 
 near Swansea, Wales, Feb. 24, 1825. An 
 English editor of Shakspere. He published “The 
 Family Shakespeare ” (1818), and his method of expur- 
 gating the text gave rise to the term bowdlerize. He pre- 
 pared, on similar lines, an edition of Gibbon’s “History " 
 (completed 1825 and published 1826). 
 
 Bowles (bolz), Francis Tiffany. Born at 
 Springfield, Mass., Oct. 7, 1858. An Ameri- 
 can naval officer, chief constructor of the 
 United States navy, with the rank of rear- 
 admiral, 1901-03. He was graduated from the United 
 States Naval Academy in 1879, and was engaged in the 
 construction of the new navy of the United States from 
 its foundation. In 1903 he resigned from the navy to 
 engage in private ship-building. 
 
 Bowling Green (bo'ling gren). The county- 
 seat of Wood County, Ohio, 20 miles southwest 
 of Toledo. It is the center of a great oil-region, 
 and has foundries, canneries, cut-glass works, 
 etc. Population, 5,222, (1910). 
 
 Bowman (bo'man), Sir William. Born at 
 Nantwich, England, July 20, 1816: died near 
 Dorking, March 29, 1892. An English surgeon, 
 noted especially for his work in ophthalmology 
 and for his investigations relating to the 
 
 mucous membranes, muscular fiber, and the 
 structure of the kidney. 
 
 Bowne (boun), Borden Parker. Born at 
 Leonardville, N. J., Jan. 14, 1847: died April 
 1, 1910. An American educator and author. 
 He studied at Halle, Baris, and Gottingen, and from 1876 
 was professor of philosophy and dean of the Graduate 
 School of Arts and Sciencesin Boston University. He made 
 a tour of the world 1905-06, lecturing in India, China, and 
 Japan. Among his philosophical and religious works are 
 “ The Philosophy of Herbert Spencer " (1874), “ The Phi- 
 losophy of Theism " (1888), “ The Theory of Thought and 
 Knowledge ” (1897), and “ The Essence of Religion ” (1910). 
 Boyne City (boin sit'i). A city in Charlevoix 
 County, Michigan, incorporated in 1907. Its 
 chief industries are lumbering and manufac- 
 turing. Population, 5,218, (1910). 
 
 Boys’ Brigade. A boys’ organization, estab- 
 lished in 1883 by W. A. Smith of Glasgow, the 
 aim of which is “the promotion of all that tends 
 towards a true Christian manliness.” The boys 
 are trained largely by means of military drill and disci- 
 pline, and companies are formed in connection with re- 
 ligious organizations. The membership in the United 
 Kingdom is 65,000, and the total strength of the brigade, 
 including the members in the United States, is about 
 110,000. 
 
 Boy Scouts. A movement initiated and organ- 
 ized in 1908 by Lieutenant-General Sir Robert 
 Baden-Poweli. Its object is officially stated as being 
 “to help the boys of whatever class to become ‘ all-round ’ 
 men, to give them ‘character,’ and to make them capable 
 of looking after themselves in whatever circumstances 
 they are placed.” Education is given in groups under 
 leaders and the administration is based on decentraliza- 
 tion of authority and responsibility. Among the subjects 
 taken up are ambulance service, woodcraft, seamanship, 
 marksmanship, and scoutcraft. The movement is spread- 
 ing throughout the British dominions. The headquarters 
 are in London. 
 
 Boy Scouts of America, A movement which 
 grew, with the aid of many workers, out of the 
 organization known as the “Woodcraft Indian 
 Scouts” (which see in supplement). Its object 
 is the formation of manly character. It is diametrically 
 opposed to military ideas and methods, its object being 
 brotherhood and good citizenship. It has a following of 
 about 500,000. The national headquarters are in New 
 York, and it has a national council. The chief scout is 
 Ernest Thompson Seton. 
 
 Bozema.n (boz'man). The county-seat of Gal- 
 latin County, Montana, 80 miles southeast of 
 Helena. It is in a mountainous region, and situated at 
 an altitude of 4, 750 feet. It has flour- and lumber-mills, and 
 gold, silver, coal, lead, onyx, iron, and copper are found in 
 the neighborhood. The State College of Agriculture and 
 Mechanic Arts is at Bozeman. Population, 5,107, (1910). 
 
 Bracquemond (brak-mon'), Felix Joseph 
 Auguste. Born at Paris, May 22, 1833. A 
 French painter, etcher, ceramist, and orna- 
 menter. He was a pupil of Joseph Guichard, who was a 
 pupil of Ingres. He exhibited first in the Salon of 1852. 
 His chief successes have been in etching. 
 
 Braddock (brad'ok). A borough in Allegheny 
 County, Pennsylvania, named in memory of 
 General Braddock, who was killed in the vicin- 
 ity iu 1755. It has manufactures of steel and of other 
 articles used in the construction of railroads and railroad 
 cars. Population, 19,357, (1910). 
 
 Bradford (brad'ford), Gamaliel. Born at 
 Boston, Mass., Jan. 15, 1831 : died at Hartford, 
 Conn., Aug. 20, 1911. An American banker 
 and publicist. He was the author of “The 
 Lesson of Popular Government” (1898), etc. 
 Bradley (brad'li), Arthur Granville. Born 
 Nov. 11, 1850. An English historian and 
 writer. Among his publications are a “Life of 'Wolfe ” 
 (1895), “Highways and Byways of North Wales” (1898), 
 “ Highways and Byways of the English Lake District ” 
 (1901), “ Owen Glyndwr” (1901), “Highways and Byways 
 of South W ales "( 1903), “Marches of South Wales ” (1905), 
 “The Romance of Northumberland ” (1908), etc. 
 Bradley (brad'li), Henry. Born at Manches- 
 ter, England, Dec. 3, 1845. An English histo- 
 rian and philologist. He was educated at Oxford and 
 Heidelberg, and was employed as a clerk and foreign cor- 
 respondent at Sheffield until 1884, when he removed to 
 London. He was president of the Philological Society 
 1891-93 and 1900-03. In 1889 he became joint editor with 
 Dr. Murray of “The Oxford English Dictionary.” His pub- 
 lications include “ The Story of the Goths " (1888), “The 
 Making of English ” (1904), etc. He was made fellow of 
 the British Academy in 1907. 
 
 Bradley (brad'li), Joseph P. Born in Borne, 
 N. Y., March 14, 1813: died in Washington, 
 D. C., Jan. 22, 1892. An eminent American 
 jurist, appointed an associate justice of the 
 United States Supreme Court in 1870. He 
 was a member of the Electoral Commission in 
 1877. 
 
 Brady (bra'di), Cyrus Townsend. Born at 
 Allegheny, Pa., Dec. 20, 1861. An American 
 clergyman and author, lie was graduated from the 
 United States Naval Academy in 1883; was ordained 
 priest in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1890 ; was 
 archdeacon of Kansas 1892-95, and of Pennsylvania 1895- 
 1899 ; was rector at Overbrook, Philadelphia, in 1899 ; 
 of Trinity Church, Toledo, Ohio, 1905-09 ; and of St. 
 
 Brazil 
 
 George’s Church, Kansas City, 1909- ; and served as chaplain 
 of the First Pennsylvania Volunteers during the Spanish- 
 Ainerican war. He has written “Recollections of a 
 Missionary in the Great West ’’ (1900), “ American Fights 
 and Fighters Series," and many volumes of fiction and 
 biography. 
 
 Braga (bra'ga),Theophilo. Born in the Azores, 
 Feb. 24, 1843. President of Portugal 1910-11. 
 He has written “The History of Portuguese 
 Literature,” etc. 
 
 Brahmaputra*. In 1908 Dr. Sven Hedin an- 
 nounced that he had determined in Tibet the 
 true sources of the river Brahmaputra. 
 Brainard (bra'nard), David Legge. Born in 
 Norway, Herkimer County, N. Y., Dec. 21, 
 1856. An American arctic explorer. He enlisted 
 
 in the United States army in 1876 and was promoted ser- 
 geant; fought in the Indian campaigns of 1877-78 under 
 General Miles ; and was a member of Greely’s expedition 
 to Lady Franklin Bay 1881-84. With Lieutenant J. B. 
 Lockwood he reached lat. 83° 24' N., the highest then 
 attained, in May, 1882, and in 1883 explored Grinnell Land 
 and the northwestern coast of Greenland with him. In 
 1886 he was commissioned second lieutenant in the United 
 States army “for distinguished and meritorious services 
 in connection with the Arctic Expedition 1881-1884,” 
 and was promoted lieutenant-colonel in the Subsistence 
 Department in 1905. 
 
 Brainerd (bra'nerd). The county-seat of Crow 
 Wing County, Minnesota. It is on the Missis- 
 sippi River, about 105 miles southwest of Du- 
 luth, aud has foundries, railroad shops, lum- 
 ber-yards, itour-mills, cigar factories, etc. 
 Population, 8,526, (1910). 
 
 Brampton, Baron. See * Hawkins, Sir Henry. 
 Brand (brand), Sir Henry Bouverie William, 
 first Viscount Hampden and twenty-third 
 Baron Dacre. Born Dec. 24, 1814: died at 
 Pau, France, March 14, 1892. An English 
 Statesman. He was Liberal member for Lewes 1852-68, 
 and for Cambridgeshire 1868-84 ; was parliamentary secre- 
 tary to the treasury 1859-66 ; and was speaker of the 
 House of Commons 1872-84. He was knighted in 1881, 
 created Viscount Hampden of Glynde in 1884, and suc- 
 ceeded to the title of Lord Dacre in 1890. 
 
 Brandis (bran'dis), Sir Dietrich. Born at 
 Bonn, March 31, 1824: died there, May 28, 
 1907. An eminent German botanist and 
 authority on forestry. In 1856 he went to India and 
 was placed in charge of the teak forests of Burma, and in 
 1864 was appointed the first inspector-general of the 
 forests of India. He retired to Bonn in 1883. Knighted 
 in 1887. 
 
 Brandon (bran'don). A manufacturing city, 
 the capital of Brandon County, Manitoba. It 
 has an industrial school for Indians. Popula- 
 tion, 13,839, (1911). 
 
 Brangvfyn (brang'win), William Francis. 
 
 Born of Welsh parents at Bruges, Belgium, 
 1867. A British painter, etcher, and decorator. 
 He exhibited at the Royal Academy in London as early 
 as 1880, and at the Chicago Exposition in 1893 won a medal 
 with his picture “The Convict Ship.” His etchings are 
 printed in small editions and are highly valued by con- 
 noisseurs. Among his most notable decorations are a 
 series in the great hall of the Skinners' Company and 
 a wall picture at Lloyd’s Registry. 
 
 Branner (bran'er), John Casper. Born at 
 Newmarket, Tenn., July 4, 1850. An Ameri- 
 can geologist, professor in Leland Stanford 
 University from 1891, and vice-president since 
 1899. He was graduated at Cornell University in 1874 ; 
 was geologist of the Imperial Geological Commission of 
 Brazil 1875-77, and agent of the United States Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture in Brazil 1882-83 ; was connected 
 with the geological survey of Pennsylvania 1883-85 ; was 
 professor of geology in the University of Indiana 1885-91 ; 
 was State geologist of Arkansas 1887-93 ; and conducted 
 an expedition to Brazil in 1899. He has published nu- 
 merous scientific reports and papers. 
 
 Brassey*, Thomas. He was president of the Insti- 
 tute of Naval Architects 1893-95; and was governor of 
 Victoria 1895-1900. He was the founder and first editor 
 of the “ Naval Annual." Among his works are “ British 
 Navy” (1881), “Sixty Years of Progress, and the New 
 Fiscal Policy ” (1904), etc. He was created an earl in 1911. 
 
 Braun (broun), Karl Ferdinand. Born at 
 Fulda, Germany, June 6, 1850. A German 
 physicist. He studied mathematics and the natural 
 sciences at Marburg and Berlin, aud after occupying chairs 
 at various German universities became professor of physics 
 and director of the Physical Institute at Strasburg in 1895. 
 He has investigated the elasticity of matter and the re- 
 lation between chemical energy and electricity, and has 
 made improvements in the use of the cathode rays. In 
 1901 he published “ Drahtlose Telegraphie durch Wasser 
 und Luft” (“Wireless Telegraphy through Water and 
 Air”), and in 1909, together with Marconi, was awarded 
 the Nobel prize for physics. 
 
 Brazil*. The republic contains 20 states : Alagoas, Ama- 
 zonas, Bahia, Cearn, Espirito Santo, Goyaz, Maranhiio, 
 Matto Grosso, Minas Geraes, Pant, Parahyba do Norte, 
 Parana, Pernambuco, Piauhy, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio 
 Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catharina, Sao Paulo, 
 and Sergipe ; one national territory, known as the Acre 
 country, and acquired from Bolivia by treaty in Novem- 
 ber, 1903, in consideration of $10,000,000 ; and the federal 
 district. A national exposition was held at Rio de Janeiro 
 in 1908. In April, 1907, a boundary treaty was signed 
 with Colombia, by which the frontier is traced from 
 
Brazil 
 
 Cuchuhy on the Rio Negro to the confluence of the 
 Apaporis and V'apura. From this point southward to 
 the Amazon, the boundary is still unsettled. 
 
 Brazil (bra-zil'). The county-seat of Clay 
 County, Indiana. Population, 9,340, (1910). 
 
 Breasted (bres'ted), James Henry. Born at 
 Rockford, 111., Aug. 27, 1865. An American 
 Orientalist and Egyptologist, professor at the 
 University of Chicago since 1905. He was grad- 
 uated from Northwestern College 1888, and studied at the 
 Chicago Theological Seminary, Yale University, and the 
 University of Berlin. He was elected to the Royal Acad- 
 emy of Berlin in 1907. Among his publications are “The 
 Battle of Kadesh” (1903), “A History of Egypt” (1905), 
 “Ancient Records of Egypt” (1906), “Monuments of Su- 
 danese Nubia” (1908), “ History of the Ancient Egyptians” 
 (1908), “ Temples of Lower Nubia ” (1908), “ Development 
 of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt” (1912). 
 
 Bredichin (bra'di-chin), Fedor Alexandro- 
 
 vitch. Born at Nikolaief, Russia, Dec. 8, 
 (N. S.), 1830 : died at St. Petersburg, May 14, 
 1904. An eminent Russian astronomer, direc- 
 tor of the observatory of the University of 
 Moscow 1873-90, and of that of Pulkowa 
 1890-94. His principal work was his investiga- 
 tion of the forms of comets, in connection with 
 his theory of meteors. 
 
 Breeches Bible, The. See*Geneva Bible. 
 
 Brehm (bram), Christian Ludwig. Born at 
 Schonau, near Gotha, Germany, Jan. 24, 1787 : 
 died at Renthendorf, near Neustadt-on-the- 
 Orla, Saxe-Weimar, June 23, 1864. A German 
 naturalist, author of works on ornithology. 
 
 Bressler-Gianoli (bres'ler-je-a-no'le), Madame 
 Chlotilde. Born at Geneva, of Italian parents: 
 died there, May 14, 1912. A mezzo-soprano 
 opera-singer. She appeared as Carmen at the Theatre 
 de la Monnaie, Brussels, in 1895, and in the same part at 
 the Opera Comique in Paris in 1900, and at the Manhat- 
 tan Opera House, New York, in 1906. She was successful 
 also in Wagnerian opera, in Gluck s “Orphee,” in Masse- 
 net’s “Werther,” etc. 
 
 Brewer (bro'er). A city in Penobscot Coun- 
 ty, Maine. It is situated on the Penobscot 
 River opposite Bangor. Pop., 5,667, (1910). 
 
 Brewer (brd'er), David Josiah. Born June 
 20, 1837 : died March 28, 1910. An American 
 jurist, nephew of Stephen J. Field. He was grad- 
 uated at Yale in 1856 and at the Albany Law School in 
 1858 ; was j ustice of the Supreme Court of Kansas 1870-84 ; 
 was judge of the Circuit Court of the United States 1884- 
 1889 ; and was appointed associate justice of the United 
 States Supreme- Court in 1889. In 1897 he was president 
 of the British- Venezuelan Boundary Commission ap- 
 pointed by President Cleveland, and was a member of the 
 Arbitration Tribunal to determine that boundary (Paris, 
 1899). He wrote “The Pew to the Pulpit ” (1897), “The 
 Twentieth Century from Another Viewpoint” (1899), 
 “American Citizenship" (1902), “The United States a 
 Christian Nation ” (1905). 
 
 Brewer (bro'er), William Henry. Born at 
 Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Sept. 14, 1828: died at 
 New Haven, Conn., Nov. 2, 1910. An Amer- 
 ican scientist. He studied at Heidelberg, Munich, 
 and Paris ; was professor of chemistry in the University 
 of California 1863-64, and of agriculture in the Sheffield 
 Scientific School, Yale University, 1864-1903. He was en- 
 gaged on the California Geological Survey 1860-64, on the 
 topographical survey of Connecticut, and on the scientific 
 survey of the Philippine Islands in 1903. He also visited 
 the arctic regions, and was president of the Arctic Club 
 1894-1909. He published a “Botany of California” (1875), 
 etc. 
 
 Brewster (bro'ster), Benjamin Harris. Born 
 iu Salem County, N. J., Oct. 13, 1816 : died at 
 Philadelphia, April 4, 1888. An American 
 jurist. He was graduated at Princeton in 1834 and ad- 
 mitted to the Philadelphia bar in 1838. In 1867 he was 
 appointed attorney-general of Pennsylvania, and was at- 
 torney-general of the United States 1881-85. 
 
 Brewster (bro'ster)) William. Born at Wake- 
 field, Mass., July 5, 1851. An American orni- 
 thologist, in charge of the birds in the Museum 
 of Comparative Zoology of Harvard University 
 from 1900. 
 
 Briand (bri-on'), Aristide. Born at Nantes, 
 March 28, 1862. A French statesman, a mem- 
 ber of the Socialist party. In March, 1905, he be- 
 came minister of instruction and public worship in the 
 cabinet of Sarrien, and remained in that position under 
 Clemenceau from Oct., 1900, to July, 1909. In Jan., 1908, 
 he became also minister of justice. He secured the pas- 
 sage of the law effecting the separation of church and 
 state. He was premier and minister of the interior July, 
 1909-Feb., 1911, and minister of justice Jan., 1912-. 
 
 Brice (bris), Calvin Stewart. Born at Den- 
 mark, Ohio, Sept. 17, 1845: died at New York, 
 Dec. 15, 1898. An American politician, lie was 
 graduated from Miami University (Oxford, Ohio) in 1863, 
 and was admitted to the liar in 1866. He served with 
 the Union army in the Civil War ; was identified with 
 railroad interests in the United States and China ; was 
 chairman of the Democratic campaign committee which 
 conducted the national campaign in 1888 ; and was United 
 States senator from Ohio 1891-97. 
 
 Bridges (brij'ez), Robert. Born Oct. 23, 1844. 
 An English poet, critic, and physician. He 
 held various positions in the London hospitals 
 
 until 1882, when he retired from practice. 
 He has written several volumes of poems, a study of 
 “ Milton’s Prosody,” “ The Growth of Love,” a number of 
 plays, including “Nero,” “ Palicio,” “Ulysses,” “Chris- 
 tian Captives,” “ Achilles in Scyros,” “ Humours of the 
 Court,” and “The Feast of Bacchus,” and an oratorio en- 
 titled “Eden.” He was appointed poet laureate in 1913. 
 
 Bridges (brij'ez), Robert: pseudonym Droch. 
 Born at Shippensburg, Pa., July 13, 1858. An 
 American author, editor, and critic. He was 
 graduated at Princeton in 1879 ; was a reporter for the 
 Rochester “ Democrat and Chronicle ” in 1880 ; was assis- 
 tant news-editor of the New York “ Evening Post" 1881- 
 87 ; was literary reviewer for “ Life " 1883-1900 ; and 
 since 1887 has been assistant editor of “Scribner’s Maga- 
 zine." He is the author of “ Overheard in Arcady ’’ (1894), 
 “Suppressed Chapters and Other Bookishness" (1895), 
 “ Bramble Brae,” a volume of poems (1902), etc. 
 
 Brieux (bri-e'), Eugene. Born at Paris, Jan. 
 19, 1858. A French dramatist. He worked as 
 journalist on the Paris periodicals “La Patrie,” “ Le Figaro,” 
 and “Le Gaulois.” His first play, “Bernard Palissy,” 
 written in collaboration with Gaston Salaudri, was pro- 
 duced in 1880. Antoine produced his “ Menage d artistes ” 
 at the Theatre Libre in 1890. This was followed by 
 “Blanchette” (1892), “Les Bienfaiteurs ” (1896), “Les 
 trois lilies de M. Dupont” (1897), “Les A varies” (1901: 
 read privately at the Theatre Antoine), “Les Hannetons” 
 (1906), “Simone” (1908), etc. His effort has been to depict 
 social evils with a view to their reform. 
 
 Briggs*, Charles Augustus. Among his recent 
 works are “Incarnation of the Lord” (1902), 
 “Ethical Teaching of Jesus” (1904), “ New 
 Light on the Life of Jesus” (1904), “The 
 Papal Commission and the Pentateuch,” with 
 Baron Friedrich von Hiigel (1906), etc. 
 
 Bright (brit), Mynors. Born 1818: died Feb. 
 23, 1883. An English scholar, proctor and 
 president of Magdalene College, Cambridge, 
 and editor of Pepys’s “Diary.” His edition of 
 Pepys (1875-79), which is based upon a complete re- 
 decipherment of the original manuscript, corrects many 
 errors in the earlier editions and includes a large number 
 of passages previously suppressed. 
 
 Brink (bringk), Jan ten. Born at Appinge- 
 dam, Netherlands, June 15, 1834: died at Ley- 
 den, July 19, 1901. A Dutch author, educator, 
 and critic. In 1889 he was appointed professor of the 
 history of Dutch literature at Leyden. Among his critical 
 works are “Schets eener geschiedenis der Nederlandsche 
 letterkunde ” (1867-69), “Vondel bekroond” (1868), “Bul- 
 wer Lytton : biografie en kritiek” (1873), “Letterkundige 
 schetsen ” (1874-75), “Emile Zola ” (1879), “Onze heden- 
 daagsche letterkundigen ’’ (1882-87 : reprinted in 1902 as 
 “Geschiedenis der Noord-Nederlandsche letteren in de 
 XIX. eeuw ”), “Causerien over moderne romans” (1884), 
 and “ De Roman in brieven 1740-1840" (1889). He is also 
 the author of a number of novels. 
 
 Brinton* , Daniel Garrison. Among his later 
 works are “Races and Peoples” (1890), 
 “American Race ” (1891), “ Religions of Prim- 
 itive Peoples ” (1897), “Basis of Social Rela- 
 tions ” (1902), etc. 
 
 Brisbane (briz'ban), Arthur. Born at Buffalo, 
 N. Y., Dee. 12, 1864. An American newspaper 
 editor. He served first as reporter, later as London 
 correspondent, for the New York “Sun ” ; was for a time 
 editor of the “ Evening Sun,” and subsequently managing 
 editor of the New York “World ” ; and has been editor of 
 the New York “Evening Journal” since 1897. 
 
 Bristol (bris'tol). A borough in Hartford 
 County, Connecticut, in Bristol township, 15 
 miles southwest of Hartford. It has machine- 
 shops and foundries, and manufactories of 
 clocks, tableware, brass goods, tools, etc. 
 Population, 9,527, (1910). 
 
 Bristol (bris'tol). In part a town in Sullivan 
 County, Tennessee, and in part an independent 
 city of Virginia. The two portions adjoin and to all 
 intents and purposes form one place, with the boundary 
 line of Tennessee and Virginia running through the prin- 
 cipal street. Bristol is the seat of King Coliege, Sullins 
 College, and Southwest Virginia Institute. There are 
 lumber-mills, pulp-mills, iron industries, etc. Population 
 of Bristol, Tennessee, 7,148, (1910); of Bristol, Virginia, 
 6,247, (1910). 
 
 British Academy for the Promotion of His- 
 torical, Philosophical, and Philological 
 Studies, The. An association incorporated 
 by royal charter, Aug. 8, 1902. its formation 
 was due to a suggestion made at the assembling of the 
 International Association of Academies at Wiesbaden in 
 1899, and a consequent meeting of representative scholars 
 at the British Museum in 1901. The fellowship is limited 
 to one hundred. Its first president was Lord Reay. 
 
 Britton (brit'pn), Nathaniel Lord. Born 
 at New Dorp, Staten Island, N. Y., Jan. 15, 
 1859. An American botanist, director of the 
 New York Botanical Garden from 1896. He was 
 graduated at the Columbia School of Mines in 1879, and 
 was professor of botany in Columbia University 1888-96. 
 Among his publications are “ Illustrated Flora of the 
 Northern United States and Canada”and “Manual of the 
 Flora of the Northern United States and Canada." 
 
 Broadland (brdd'land). A name for the region 
 of the Norfolk Broads, England. 
 
 Broca (bro'kii), Paul. Born at Sainto-Foy-la- 
 Grande, Gironde, France, June 28, 1824 : died 
 at Paris, July 9, 1880. An eminent French 
 
 Brookhaven 
 
 anthropologist, founder of the Anthropologi- 
 cal Society of Paris (1859), of the School of 
 Anthropology (1876), and of the French Asso- 
 ciation for the Advancement of the Sciences 
 (1872). He became a member of the Senate in 1880. 
 Among his works are “ Instructions generates pour les 
 recherches authropologiques ” (1865),“ Instructions crani- 
 ologiques et crauiomCtriques ” (1875), “ Memoires sur les 
 caraeteres physiques de l’homme prthistorique ” (1869), 
 and “Memoires d’anthropologie ’’ (1871-83: fifth vol., 
 edited by Pozzi, 1888). 
 
 Brock (brok), Sir Thomas. Born at Worcester 
 in 1847. An English sculptor. He was elected 
 to the Royal Academy in 1891. In 1911 his 
 memorial to Queen Victoria, in front of Buck- 
 ingham Palace, was unveiled, and in considera- 
 tion of his work he was knighted. 
 
 Brockway (brok'wa), Howard. A. Born at 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 22, 1870. An Ameri- 
 can pianist and composer. He has written 
 for orchestra, piano, cello, and voice, his best- 
 known work being the “ Sylvan Suite ” for 
 the orchestra. 
 
 Brockway (brok'wa), Zebulon Reed. Born at 
 Lyme, Conn., April 28, 1827. An American 
 penologist, superintendent of the New York 
 State Reformatory at Elmira 1876-1900, and 
 mayor of Elmira 1906-07. He was appointed 
 deputy superintendent of the Albany Penitentiary in 
 1851, superintendent of the Monroe County (New York) 
 Penitentiary in 1854, and of the Detroit House of Correc- 
 tion in 1861. He has written numerous papers on the 
 subject of penology. 
 
 Brodrick (brod'rik), William St. John Fre- 
 mantle, ninth Viscount Midleton. Born Dec. 
 14, 1856. A British Conservative statesman. 
 He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford ; 
 represented Surrey (West 1880-85 and South-west 1885- 
 1906) in the House of Commons ; and was financial secre- 
 tary to the War Office 1886-92, under-secretary of state for 
 war 1895-98, under-secretary of state for foreign affairs 
 1898-1900, secretary of state for war 1900-03, and secretary 
 of state for India 1903-Dec., 1905. 
 
 Brodsky (brod'ski), Adolf. Born at Taganrog, 
 Province of the Don Cossacks, Russia, March 
 21, 1851. A distinguished Russian violinist. 
 He wasamemberof the Hellmesberger Quartet in Vienna, 
 and from 1868 to 1870 of the imperial opera orchestra 
 there, and later was a professor at the conservatory of 
 Moscow (1875-79). From 1879 to 1881 he was conductor 
 of the symphony orchestra in Kief ; made concert tours 
 in Austria, Germany, and England 1881-83 ; and was pro- 
 fessor at the Leipsic Conservatory 1883-91. From 1891 to 
 1894 he was in the United States and Canada. In 1895 he 
 was appointed professor, and later principal, at the Man- 
 chester Royal College of Music in England. 
 
 Bronx (bronks). The northernmost borough of 
 the city of New York (see New York, Greater). 
 It is northeast of the Harlem River, and ex- 
 tends as far north as Westchester County. 
 The borough contains Bronx Park, with its 
 botanical and large zoological gardens, Van 
 Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, etc. Popu- 
 lation 430,980, (1910). 
 
 Bronzino (brou-ze'no), Angiolo Allori: called 
 Bronzino. Born at Mouticelli, near Florence, 
 1502: died at Florence, 1572. A Florentine 
 painter and poet. He was a pupil of Raffaellino del 
 Garbo and Jacopo Carrucci, called Pontonno. He was 
 also much influenced by Michelangelo, whose style of 
 drawing he affected. Bronzino was the favorite painter of 
 Cosimo I., duke of Tuscany, and has left a fine series of 
 portraits of the Medici family. Ilis best works are in 
 Florence and Pisa. 
 
 Brooke (bruk), John Mercer. Born at Tampa, 
 Florida, Dec. 18, 1826: died at Lexington, Va., 
 Dec. 14, 1906. An American physicist. He was 
 graduated from the Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1847, 
 but resigned from the U. S. navy in 1860. In 1861 he en- 
 tered the Confederate service and became chief of the 
 bureau of ordnance and hydrography. He invented a 
 gun, named for him, and made the plans which were used 
 in refitting the “ Merrimac ” (“ Virginia ”). He was profes- 
 sor of physics in the Virginia Military Institute 1865-99. 
 
 Brooke (bruk), John Rutter. Born at Potts- 
 ville, Pa., July 21, 1838. An American soldier, 
 promoted major-general in the regular army 
 in 1897. He enlisted in the Northern army in 1861 and 
 attained the brevet rank of major-general of volunteers in 
 1864. In April, 1898, during the Spanish-American war, 
 he was placed in command of the troops in Chickamauga 
 Park, and in July was sent to Porto Rico, where he was 
 head of the military commission and governor-general 
 until December, when he became governor-general of 
 Cuba. In 1900 he was placed in command of the depart- 
 ment of the East. He retired in 1902. 
 
 Brookfield (bruk'feld). A city in Linn County, 
 Missouri, about. 90 miles east of St. Joseph. 
 It is a shipping-point for grain and live stock, 
 also for coal, which is mined in the vicinity. 
 It has railroad shops, iron-works, brick-yards, 
 lumber-mills, etc. Population, 5,749, (1910). 
 
 Brookhaven (bruk'ha-vri). The county-seat 
 of Lincoln County, Mississippi, 52 miles south- 
 west of Jackson. It has extensive cotton in- 
 terests, and is the seat of Whitworth Female 
 College. Population, 5,293, (1910). 
 
Brooks, John Graham 
 
 Brooks (bruks), John Graham. Born at Ac- 
 worth, N. H., July 19, 1846. Ail American 
 sociologist. He studied at the universities of Berlin, 
 Jena, and Freiburg ; lectured on economic subjects at Har- 
 vard and the University of Chicago ; and was employed as 
 an expert by the United States Department of Labor, and 
 in 1893 furnished a report on workingmens insurance 
 in Germany. Since 1909 he has been a lecturer in the 
 University of California. He is president of the National 
 Consumers’ League, and is the author of “The Social 
 Unrest” (1903), “As Others See Us” (1908), and “An 
 American Citizen ” (1910). 
 
 Brooks (bruks), Noah. Born at Castine, Me., 
 Oct. 24, 1830: died at Pasadena, Cal., Aug. 16, 
 1903. An American journalist and writer of 
 biography, history, and fiction, particularly 
 for boy readers. He was editor of the Newark (New 
 Jersey) “ Advertiser” 1884-94. He published “The Boy 
 Emigrants ” (1876), “ The Life of Abraham Lincoln " (1889), 
 
 “ American Statesmen ” (1893), “The Story of Marco Polo” 
 (1896), etc. 
 
 Brooks (bruks), William Keith. Born at 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio, March 25, 1848: died at Lake 
 Roland, near Baltimore, Nov. 12, 1908. An 
 American biologist, professor of zoology at 
 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. He was 
 
 graduated at Williams College in 1870 and was assistant in 
 the Boston Society of Natural History 1875-76. Among his 
 published works are “ Handbook of Invertebrate Zoology ” 
 (1882), “ Heredity ’ (1884), “ Lucifer : a Study in Morphol- 
 ogy ” (1881), “ The Stomatopoda of H. M. S. Challenger ” 
 (1886), “ Foundations of Zoology ” (1898), etc. 
 
 Brosch (brosh), Moritz. Born at Prague, 
 April 7, 1829: died at Venice, July 15, 1907. 
 A German historian and journalist. His works 
 include “Papst Julius II. und die Griindung des Kirchen- 
 staats ” (1878), “ Geschichte des Kirclienstaats ” (1880-82), 
 “Lord Bolingbroke und die Whigs und Tories seiner 
 Zeit"(1883), “Oliver Cromwell und die puritanische Re- 
 volution " (1886), “ Geschichte von England, 1603-1850 " 
 (1890-97). 
 
 Brown (broun), Alice. Born at Hampton 
 Falls, N. H., Dec. 5, 1857. An American 
 author. Her works include “ Meadowgrass ” (1895), “ By 
 Oak and Thorn ” (1896), “ Tiverton Tales ” (1899), “King’s 
 End” (1901), “Margaret Warrender” (1901), “The Man- 
 nerings " (1903), “ Judgment ”(1903), “ High Noon ” (1904), 
 “ The Court of Love ” (1906), “ The Story of Thyrza ” (1909), 
 “John Winterbourne’s Family” (1910), etc. 
 
 Brown (broun), Elmer Ellsworth. Born at 
 Kiantone, N. Y., Jiug. 28, 1861. An American 
 educator and author. He was professor in the Uni- 
 versity of California 1893-1906; was appointed United 
 States commissioner of education in 1906 ; and became 
 chancellor of New York University in 1911. He has 
 written “ The Making of Our Middle Schools ” (1903), 
 “ Origin of American State Universities ” (1905), “ Govern- 
 ment by Influence ” (1909), etc. 
 
 Brown (broun), Ernest William. Born at 
 Hull, England, Nov. 29, 1866. An American 
 mathematician, professor of mathematics in 
 Yale University from 1907. 
 
 Brown (broun), Francis. Born at Hanover, 
 N. H., Dec. 26, 1849. An American scholar, 
 clergyman, and educator, president of Union 
 Theological Seminary 1908-. He was instructor in 
 biblical philology in Union Theological Seminary, New 
 York, 1879-81, and associate professor 1881-90; and was 
 appointed professor of Hebrew and cognate languages in 
 1890. He is the author of “ Assyriology : Its Use and 
 Abuse ” (1885) and “The Christian Point of View ” (1902 : 
 with George William Knox and Arthur C. McGiifert); 
 and has compiled, with S. R. Driver and C. A. Briggs, a 
 “Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament” 
 (1891-1906). 
 
 Brown (brouu), Glenn. Born in Fauquier 
 Couuty, Va., Sept. 13, 1854. An American 
 architect. He studied at Washington and Lee Univer- 
 sity and took the architectural course in the Massachusetts 
 Institute of Technology. He has been a practising archi- 
 tect in Washington, etc., since 1878 ; has written on house 
 sanitation, etc.; and edited the “Proceedings" of the 
 American Institute of Architects 1899-1909. 
 
 Brown (broun), Henry Billings. Born at 
 South Lee, Mass., March 2, 1836. An Ameri- 
 can jurist. He was graduated at Yale in 1856 and was 
 admitted to the (Michigan) bar in 1800 He was United 
 .States judge for the Eastern District of Michigan 1875-90, 
 and associate justice of the United States Supreme Court 
 1891-1906. His publications include “ Admiralty Reports ’’ 
 (1876), and sundry articles in legal magazines. 
 
 Browne (broun), Thomas Alexander: 
 pseudonym Rolf Boldrewood. Born at Lon- 
 don, England, Aug. 6, 1826. An Australian 
 novelist. Among his works are “Robbery Under 
 Arms” (1888), “The Miner’s Right” (1890), “The Squat- 
 ter’s Dream” (1895), “The Crooked Stick” (1895), “War 
 to the Knife” (1899), “The Ghost Camp” (1902), “The 
 Last Chance” (1905), “A Tale of the Golden West” 
 (1906), etc. 
 
 Brownell (brou-nel'), William Crary. Born 
 at New York, Aug. 30, 1851. An American 
 critic, author, and editor. He was graduated at 
 Amherst College in 1871 and became in 1888 a literary 
 adviser to the publishing house of Charles Scribner’s 
 Sons. He has written “French Traits ” (1889), “French 
 Art ” (1892),“ Victorian Prose Masters” (1901), and “Amer- 
 ican Prose Masters ” (1909). 
 
 Browning (brou'ning), Oscar. Born at Lon- 
 don, England, Jan. 17, 1837. An English his- 
 
 torian, critic, and writer. He is the author of 
 “Modern England, 1820-1874 ” (1878), “Modern France, 
 1814-1879 ” (1880), “ England and Napoleon in 1803 ” (1887), 
 “Aspects of Education” (1888), “History of Educational 
 Theories” (1889), “Life of George Eliot” (1890), “Dante, 
 Life and Writings ” (1891), “ Goethe, his Life and Writ- 
 ings ” (1891), “ The Life of Bartolommeo Colleoni ” (1891), 
 
 “ Guelphs and Ghibellines ” (1893), “ The Age of the Con- 
 dottieri ” (1895), “ Peter the Great ” (1898), “ Charles XII. 
 of Sweden ” (1898), “ Wars of the Nineteenth Century ” 
 (1899), “Impressions of Indian Travel” (1903), “Napo- 
 leon : First Phase ” (1905), “ The Fall of Napoleon " (1907), 
 
 “ Memories of Sixty Y'ears ” (1910), “History of the Mod- 
 ern World, 1815-1910” (1912), etc. 
 
 Brownwood (broun'wud). The county-seat 
 of Brown County, Texas, about 150 miles 
 southwest of Dallas. It is the seat of Howard 
 Payne and Daniel Baker colleges, and has 
 cotton-gins, flour-mills, and machine-shops, 
 etc. Population, 6,967, (1910). 
 
 Bruce (bros), Victor Alexander, ninth Earl 
 of Elgin and thirteenth Earl of Kincardine. 
 Born near Montreal, May 16, 1849. A British 
 Liberal statesman. He was educated at Eton and 
 at Balliol College, Oxford ; succeeded his father in 1803 ; 
 was viceroy of India 1894-99 ; was chairman of the war 
 commission in 1902, and chairman of the royal commission 
 on the Scottish church crisis in 1904 ; and was secretary 
 of state for the colonies Dec., 1905-08. 
 
 Bruce (bros), William Speirs. Born Aug. 1, 
 1867. A Scottish explorer, ne took part in the 
 Scottish antarctic expedition of 1892-93, the Jackson- 
 Harmsworth polar expedition of 1896-97, and the Andrew 
 Coats expedition to Nova Zembla in 1898, and accom- 
 panied the Prince of Monaco to Spitzbergen in 1898-99. 
 In 1902-04 he headed the Scottish national antarctic expe- 
 dition on board the Scotia, discovering 150 miles of the 
 antarctic continental coast-line, and surveying the South 
 Atlantic Ocean to 74° 1' S. In 1906-09 he explored Prince 
 Charles Foreland, Spitzbergen. He has published an 
 account of his voyage in the Scotia. 
 
 Bruch*, Max. He was director of the Orchesterverein 
 at Breslau 1883-90; and in 1892 succeeded Herzogenberg 
 as director of composition in the Hochschule of Berlin. 
 Bruckner (brok'ner), Anton. Born at Ans- 
 felden, Upper Austria, Sept. 4, 1824: died 
 at Vienna, Oct. 12, 1896. An Austrian organ- 
 ist, composer, and teacher. He was professor of 
 harmony and counterpoint in the Vienna Conservatory. 
 His most important works are nine symphonies (the last 
 unfinished) which show the strong influence of Wagner, 
 masses, a Te Deum, and other church music. 
 
 Brumidi (bro-me'de), Constantino. Born at 
 Rome, June 20, 1805: died at Washington, 
 Feb. 19, 1880. An Italian-American historical 
 painter, sculptor, and architect. He painted 
 frescos in palaces in Rome and in the Vatican, was natu- 
 ralized an American in 1852, and was intrusted with the 
 decoration of the Capitol, Washington. 
 
 Bruneau (brii-no'), Alfred. Born at Paris, 
 March 3, 1857. A French composer and 
 critic of music. His most important works are the 
 operas “ Le reve ” (1891), “ L’Attaque da molding (1803), 
 “ Messidor” (1897),“L’Enfant roi ” (1005),“ Nais Micoulin ” 
 (1907), etc. ; and songs. He has also published several 
 volumes of critical writings. 
 
 Brunner (brfin'er), Arnold William. Born 
 at New York, Sept. 25, 1857. An American 
 architect. He was educated at the College of the City 
 of New York and the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- 
 nology ; served on the Board of Supervision for Public 
 Buildings in Cleveland, Ohio, and on similar commissions 
 in other cities ; and in 1907 became a member of the Art 
 Commission of the City of New York. Among the 
 buildings designed by him are the Mount Sinai Hospital, 
 the Columbia University School of Mines, and the United 
 States post-otfice and custom-house and the court-house 
 at Cleveland. He is to design also a building for the State 
 Department at Washington. 
 
 Brush (brush), George Jarvis. Born at 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., Dec. 15, 1831: died at New 
 Haven, Conn., Feb. 6, 1912. An American 
 mineralogist. He was professor of metallurgy 1855-64 
 and of mineralogy from 18(54 (emeritus, 1898) in the Yale 
 (Sheflield) Scientific School, and its director 1872-98. 
 
 Bryan (bri'an), Charles Page. Born at Chi- 
 cago, Oct. 2, 1856. An American diplomatist. 
 He was a member of the Colorado House of Representa- 
 tives in 1880, and of the Illinois House of Representatives 
 1888-97. He was minister to China 1897-98, to Brazil 
 1898-1902, to Switzerland 1902-03, to Portugal 1903-10, to 
 Belgium 1910-11, and ambassador to Japan 1911-12. 
 
 Bryce*, James. He was chief secretary for Ireland 
 1905-06; member (Liberal) for Aberdeen 1885-1906; and 
 ambassador extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary 
 to the United States 1907-13. Among hislater publications 
 are “Impressions of South Africa" (1897), “Studies in 
 History and Jurisprudence ” (1901), “Studies in Contem- 
 porary Biography" (1903), and “South America” (1912). 
 Bucas (bo-kits') Islands. Three small islands 
 of the Philippines, lying northeast of Minda- 
 nao and southwest of Siargao and forming 
 part of the eastern boundary of Surigao Strait. 
 
 On the eastern coast of Bucas Grande is Port Sibonga, a 
 harbor safe in all weather for vessels not exceeding 15 
 feet draft. Area of the three islands, 53.4 square miles. 
 Area of Bucas Grande, 43 square miles. Population, 810. 
 
 Buchan (bucb'an), Alexander. Born at Kin- 
 nesswood, Kinross-shire, Scotland, April 11, 
 1829: died at Edinburgh, May 13, 1907. A 
 
 Bulgaria 
 
 Scotch meteorologist, secretary of the Scottish 
 Meteorological Society from I860. He published 
 numerous works and papers upon meteorological sub- 
 jects, including “A Handy Text-book of Meteorology" 
 (1867), “Introductory Text-book of Meteorology ” (1871), 
 “Atmospheric Circulation" (1889), “Oceanic Circula- 
 tion ” (1895), etc. 
 
 Biicheler (hiich'e-ler), Franz. BorninRhein- 
 berg, June 3, 1837 : died at Bonn, May 8, 1908. 
 A noted German philologist, professor of clas- 
 sical philology at Bonn from 1870. He is 
 especially known for his critical work on the 
 classics. 
 
 Buchner ( boch ' ner ), Eduard. Born at 
 Munich, May 20, 1860. A German chemist. 
 He became assistant in the chemical laboratory at Munich 
 in 1890, lecturer at Kiel in 1893, professor extraordinary 
 at Tubingen in 1896, professor in the Agricultural College, 
 Berlin, in 1898, in the University of Breslau 1909-11, and 
 the University of Wurzburg 1911-. He has made various 
 investigations in orgauic chemistry, and in particular has 
 shown that alcoholic fermentation is caused by an enzym 
 (zymase) in the yeast-cells. In 1907 he received the Nobel 
 prize for chemistry. He has published “ Die Zymasega- 
 rung” (“Zymase-fermentation ”; 1903, in joint authorship 
 with others) and “ Beziehungen der Chemie zur Land- 
 wirthschaft" (“Relation of Chemistry to Agriculture”; 
 1904). 
 
 Buchner (buk'ner), Edward Franklin. Born 
 
 at Paxton, HI., Sept. 3, 1868. An American 
 psychologist, professor of education and 
 philosophy in Johns Hopkins University from 
 1908. He was professor of philosophy and 
 education in the University of Alabama 1903- 
 1908. He has published “A Study of Kant’s 
 Psychology” (1897 ), “ The Educational Theory 
 of Immanuel Kant” (1904), etc. 
 
 Buckingham (buk'hig-am), William Alfred. 
 Born at Lebanon, Conn., May 28, 1804: died 
 at Norwich, Conn., Feb. 3, 1875. An Ameri- 
 can governor. He was governor of Connecticut 1858-66 
 and Republican senator from that State 1869-75. During 
 the Civil War he was influential in raising the 55,000 vol- 
 unteers which Connecticut sent to the Union army. 
 
 Buckley (buk'li), James Monroe. Born at 
 Rahway, N. J., Dec. 16, 1836. An American 
 clergyman, author, and editor. From 1859 to 1880 
 he filled pastorates of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 
 New Hampshire, Michigan, Connecticut, and Brooklyn ; 
 and was editor of “The Christian Advocate” of New 
 York 1880-1912. Among his publications are “Oats or 
 Wild Oats” (1885), “Faith Healing, Christian Science, 
 and Kindred Phenomena ” (1887), “ Travels in Three Con- 
 tinents " (1894), “ History of Methodism in the United 
 States ” (1897), “ The Fundamentals and Their Contrasts ” 
 (1906), etc. 
 
 Bucyrus (bu-si'rus). The county-seat of 
 Crawford County, Ohio, 56 miles north of 
 Columbus. It has manufactures of machinery, 
 furniture, plows, wagons, etc. Population, 
 8,122, (1910). 
 
 Budde (hod'e), Karl Ferdinand Reinhard. 
 
 Born at Bensberg, near Cologne, Germany, 
 April 13, 1850. A German evangelical theo- 
 logian, professor of Old Testament theology 
 in the University of Marburg from 1900. 
 
 Among his works are “Die hihlische Urgeschichte unter- 
 Bucht ” (1883), “ Die Biicher Richter und Samuel ” (1890), 
 “ Der Kanon des Alten Testaments ” (1900), “ Das Alte 
 Testament und die Ausgrabungen ” (1903). 
 
 Budge (buj), Ernest Alfred Thompson 
 Wallis. Born in Cornwall, July 27, 1857. 
 An English archmologist, keeper of Assyrian 
 and Egyptian antiquities at the British Mu- 
 seum. He has conducted explorations at Nineveh, Der 
 (Mesopotamia), Assuan (Egypt), andGebel Barkal (Sudan), 
 and has published a large number of works on Oriental 
 subjects. 
 
 Buffalo Exposition. See ★ Pan- American Ex- 
 position. 
 
 Bugge (bo'ge), Elsius Sophus. Born at Laur- 
 vig, Norway, Jan. 5, 1833: died at Christiania, 
 July 8, 1907. A distinguished Norwegian 
 philologist, professor of comparative philology 
 in Christiania from 1866. He is best known 
 from his work on the Eddas and earlier sagas. 
 Buhl. See * Boulle. 
 
 Bulacdn (bo-la-kan'). A province in southern 
 Luzon, Philippine Islands. It is bounded by Nueva 
 Ecija on the north ; Nueva Kcija and Infanta (separated 
 by the Sierra Madre Mountains) on the east ; Rizal and 
 Manila Bay on the south ; and Pampanga on the west. 
 Capital, Malolos. The Rio Grande de la Pampanga flows 
 through it from north to south. The eastern part of the 
 province is mountainous; the western part is fertile, 
 producing sugar-cane and rice. The population is Tagalog. 
 Area, 1,173 square miles. Population, 223,742. 
 
 Bulfinch (bul'finch), Charles. Born at Bos- 
 ton, Mass., Aug. 8, 3 763 : died there, April 15, 
 1844. An American architect. He designed the 
 Doric column which replaced the beacon on Beacon Hill ; 
 built the Boston State House between 1795 and 1 . 98 , the 
 McLean Hospital, Somerville, and the General Hospital, 
 Boston ; and became architect of the Capitol at V ashing- 
 ton, January 8. 1818, succeeding Benjamin H. Latrobe. 
 He built there the porticos on the western side. 
 Bulgaria". There is also a Grand Sohranje, consisting 
 
Bulgaria 
 
 of members elected in the proportion of 1 to 10,000 of the 
 population, to which constitutional and other questions 
 of state are referred. On Oct. 5, 1908, Bulgaria declared 
 her independence and the ruler assumed the title of czar. 
 
 Bullen (bul'en), Frank Thomas. Born at 
 London, April 5, 1857. An English author and 
 lecturer. He led a roving life from 1866 to 1883, chiefly 
 at sea, rising from seaman to the rank of chief mate, and 
 was a junior clerk in the Meteorological Oflice 1883-99. 
 He has written “ The Cruise of the ‘ Cachalot ' ” (1898), 
 
 “ Idylls of the Sea " (1899), “ The Log of a Sea- waif ” (1899), 
 “ Men of the Merchant Service *’ (1900), “ With Christ at 
 Sea ’’ (1900). “ Deep-sea Plunderings ” (1902), “ Creatures 
 of the Sea ' (1904), “ Back to Sunny Seas ’’ (1905), “Son of 
 the Sea" (1907), “Our Heritage — the Sea" (1907), “Call 
 of the Deep” (1908), “Young Nemesis” (1909), etc. 
 
 Buller (bul'Or), Sir Redvers Henry. Born in 
 Devonshire in 1839: died June 2, 1908. A 
 British general. He served in China 1860 , the Red 
 River Expedition 1870, the Ashanti war 1873-74, the Kaffir 
 war 1878, the Zulu war 1879, the Boer war 1881, the Egyp- 
 tian war 1882, and the Sudan campaigns 1884-85. He was 
 under-secretary for Ireland 1886-87, and quartermaster- 
 geueral 1887-90, and was appointed adjutant-general Oct., 
 1890. In 1891 he was made lieutenant-general, and in 1899 
 was commander-in-chief of the British forces in South 
 Africa. Retired 1901. 
 
 Bullion State, The. A nickname of the State 
 of Missouri. 
 
 Bull Moose. In United States politics, a name 
 popularly applied to a member of the Progres- 
 sive party organized in support of Theodore 
 Roosevelt in 1912. Its use was attributed to a remark 
 of Roosevelt at the time, that he felt “ like a bull moose.” 
 The figure of a bull moose was adopted as the party sym- 
 bol during the following campaign. 
 
 Biilow (bii'lo), Prince Bernhard Henry Mar- 
 tin Charles von. Born at Klein-Flottbeck, 
 Holstein, Germany, May 9, 1849. A German 
 statesman, chancellor of the empire 1900-09. 
 He entered the diplomatic service in 1873 ; was a secretary 
 of the Berlin Congress in 1878 ; was second and afterward 
 first secretary of the embassy at Paris 1879-83 ; was first 
 secretary of the embassy at St. Petersburg 1883-88 ; was 
 minister at Bukharest 1888-93 ; was ambassador at Rome 
 1893-97 ; was minister of state and secretary of state for 
 foreign affairs 1897-1900 ; and was imperial chancellor 
 and Prussian president of the council of ministers from 
 October, 1900. In June, 1905, he was created a prince after 
 he had secured the retirement of M. Delcasse, foreign 
 minister of France, whose policy, especially with regard to 
 Morocco, had become offensive to Germany. His diplo- 
 macy resulted in the conference at Algeciras (which see). 
 
 Bulthaupt (bolt'houpt), Heinrich. Born at 
 Bremen, Oct. 26, 1849: died there, Aug 20, 
 1905. A German poet and dramatist, libra- 
 rian of the city of Bremen from 1879. Among 
 
 his dramatic works are “Saul” (1870), “Die Arbeiter ” 
 (1876), “Die Malteser” (1883), “Gerold Wendel" (1884), 
 “ Viktoria” (1894), etc. He has also written “ Dramaturgic 
 des Schauspiels ” (1882-1901), an exposition of the art of 
 Shakspere and of the great German dramatists. 
 
 Bumpus (bnm'pus), Hermon Carey. Born at 
 Buckfield, Maine, May 5, 1862. An American 
 biologist, director of the American Museum of 
 Natural History in New Pork city 1902-11. 
 
 He w&s professor (of biology) at Olivet Cortege (Michigan) 
 1886-89, and at Brown University (successively assistant 
 professor and associate professor of zoology and professor 
 of comparative anatomy) 1890-1901 ; was assistant director 
 of the marine biological laboratory at M oods Hole 1893-95, 
 and director of the biological laboratory of the United 
 States Fish Commission at Woods Hole 1898-1901; was 
 curator of invertebrate zoology in the American Museum 
 of Natural History 1901-02 ; and was appointed business 
 manager of the University of Wisconsin in 1911. 
 
 Bunce (buns), Francis Marvin. Born at 
 Hartford, Conn., Dec. 25, 1836: died there, 
 Oct. 19, 1901. An American naval officer, ap- 
 pointed rear-admiral in 1898. In the same year 
 ho retired from active service. He was graduated from 
 the United States Naval Academy in 1857: served in the 
 Union navy in the Civil War ; and commanded the North 
 Atlantic Squadron 1895-97. 
 
 Burauen (bo-ra'6-an). A municipality in the 
 north-central part of Leyte island and prov- 
 ince, Philippine Islands. 
 
 Burbank (ber'bangk), Luther. Born at Lan- 
 caster, Mass., March 7, 1849. An American 
 naturalist, noted for his experiments in devel- 
 oping new varieties of fruits and flowers. He 
 removed to Santa Rosa, California, in 1875, and established 
 experimental farms. He has produced important varie- 
 ties of the potato, plum, prune, peach, apple, rose, lily, 
 amaryllis, canna, daisy (Shasta), cactus (thornless), etc., 
 and some new species of fruits (the plumcot, Primus 
 berry, and others), and has added to the knowledge of 
 the laws of heredity and environment. He is in receipt 
 of a grant from the Carnegie Institution for the further- 
 ance of his work. 
 
 Burckhardt (bork'hart), Jakob. BornatBasel, 
 Switzerland, May 25, 1818: died there, Aug. 
 8, 1897. A Swiss historian, especially of art, 
 professor in the University of Basel. His chief 
 books are the “Cicerone,” a general guide to the art of 
 Italy (1855), which has several times been reedited by 
 Wilhelm Bode (8th edition 1901), “ Die Kultnr der Re- 
 naissance in Italien " (1859 : 5th German edition 1896), 
 and “ Geschichte der Renaissance in Italien ” (1867). 
 
 Burgess (bSr'jes), John William. Born in 
 Giles County, Term., Aug. 26, 1844. An Ameri- 
 o— 70 
 
 can historian and educator. He was graduated at 
 Amherst College in 1867 ; was professor of English and 
 political economy in Knox College 1869-71 ; was professor 
 of history and political science at Amherst College 1873- 
 76 ; and has been professor of political science and con- 
 stitutional law in Columbia University since 1876, and 
 dean of the faculty of political science since 1890. He 
 was Roosevelt professor of American history and institu- 
 tions at the University of Berlin 1906-07. His works in- 
 clude “Political Science and Comparative Constitutional 
 Law" (1890), “Middle Period, 1817-1853” (1897), “The 
 Civil War and the Constitution, 1859-1865 " (1901), “Re- 
 construction and the Constitution, 1866-1876" (1902), etc. 
 
 Burleson (ber'le-son), Albert Sidney. Born at 
 San Marcos, Texas, June 7, 1863. An Ameri- 
 can lawyer, postmaster-general 1913-. He was 
 Democratic member of Congress from Texas 1899-1913. 
 
 Burlingame (ber'ling-gam), Edward Liver- 
 more. Born at Boston, Mass., May 30, 1848. 
 An American editor, son of Anson Burlingame. 
 
 ' He was educated at Harvard and at the University of 
 Heidelberg ; became connected with the publishing house 
 of Charles Scribner’s Sons in 1879 ; and has edited “ Scrib- 
 ner’s Magazine " since 1886. 
 
 Burlington Fine Arts Club. A London club 
 established in 1866 by artists and art collectors. 
 It has about 500 members, and its house is at 
 17 Savile Row. 
 
 Burnand (ber-nand') , Sir Francis Cowley. 
 
 Born Nov. 29, 1836. An English editor, author, 
 and playwright. He has produced many plays, chiefly 
 burlesques and comedies (among which are “ Black-eyed 
 Susan, “Ixion," and “The Colonel”), and two light 
 operas (“Contrabandista” and “The Chieftain”) in col- 
 laboration with Arthur Sullivan, with whom he also wrote 
 "Cox and Box,” a musical version of Morton’s farce “ Box 
 and Cox. ” From about 1862 he was on the editorial staff 
 of “Punch” and one of its principal contributors, and was 
 its editor-in-chief 1880-1906. He is the author of “Moke- 
 anna,” several series of “Happy Thoughts,” “New Light 
 on Darkest Africa,” an “ Eccentric Guide to the Isle of 
 Thanet,” and of a volume of reminiscences (1904). 
 
 Burnell (b6r-nel'), Arthur Coke. Born at St. 
 Briavels, Gloucestershire, 1840: died at West 
 Stratton, Hampshire, Oct. 12, 1882. An emi- 
 nent English Sanskrit scholar and authority on 
 the languages and literature of India. He was 
 educated at King’s College, London ; entered the Indian 
 Civil Service in 1857 ; and lived in India (except for terms 
 of leave) 1860-80. His most important work, “ Classified 
 Index to the Sanskrit MSS. in the Palace at Tanjore,” was 
 printed for the Madras government in 1880. He also pub- 
 lished a “ Handbook of South Indian Paleography ” (1874), 
 “The Aindra School of Sanskrit Grammarians” (1875), 
 translations from the Sanskrit, etc. “ Hobson Jobson, being 
 a Glossary of Anglo-Indian colloquial words and phrases," 
 a work which he compiled with Colonel Yule, was pub- 
 lished in 1886. 
 
 Burnett*, Mrs. (Frances Hodgson). Among her 
 
 later works are “ His Grace of Ormonde ’’ (1897), “ In Con- 
 nection with the De Willoughby Claim” (1899), “The 
 Making of a Marchioness ” (1901), “ The Methods of Lady 
 Walderhurst” (1902), “The Shuttle" (1907), “The Cozy 
 Lion ”(1907), “Spring Cleaning" (1908), “The Dawn of a 
 To-morrow” (1909), “The Secret Garden” (1909), “T. 
 Tembarom ’’ (1913), etc. 
 
 Burnham (bern'am), Daniel Hudson. Born 
 at Henderson, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1846 : died at Hei- 
 delberg, Germany, June 1, 1912. An American 
 architect. In 1890 he was made chief architect and 
 director of works at the Chicago Exposition. He was an 
 expert in municipal planning, and served on the commis- 
 sion for the improvement of Washington, and on a simi- 
 lar commission for Cleveland, Ohio. He also made plans 
 for the improving of the cities of Manila, Baguid, San 
 Francisco, and Chicago. He was chairman of the United 
 States Government Commission of Fine Arts. Among 
 the buildings designed by him are the Rookery, the Ma- 
 sonic Ternp’e, and Field’s department store in Chicago; 
 the Mills Building in San Francisco ; the (so-called) Flat- 
 iron Building in New York ; the Land Title Building in 
 Philadelphia ; and the new Wanamaker stores in New 
 York and Philadelphia. 
 
 Burnham (bern'am), Sherburne Wesley. 
 
 Born at Thetford, Vt., Dec. 12, 1838. An 
 American astronomer, professor of practical 
 astronomy in the University of Chicago: espe- 
 cially noted as a discoverer and observer of 
 double stars. He was observer of the Dearborn Obser- 
 vatory 1877-81, of the Washburn Observatory 1881-82, of 
 the Dearborn Observatory 1882-84 ; and astronomer of the 
 Lick Observatory 1888-92, and of the Yerkes Observatory 
 1897-1911. He has published a “General Catalogue of 1,290 
 Double Stars, discovered from 1871 to 1899” (1900). In 
 1904 he was awarded the Lalande prize in astronomy by 
 the Academy of Sciences of Paris. 
 
 Burns (bernz), Anthony. Born in Virginia 
 about 1830: died at Saint Catherines, Canada, 
 July 27, 1862. A fugitive slave, the last to be 
 seized in Massachusetts under the fugitive slave 
 law of 1850. He escaped from slavery in 1853, and his 
 arrest in Boston, May 24, 1854, caused great indignation. 
 An attempt was made to rescue him, hut it failed, and he 
 was adjudged to his owner and sent back. His freedom 
 was bought in the following year, and he later studied at 
 Oberlin College and became a Baptist minister at Saint 
 Catherines. 
 
 Burns (bernz), John. Born at London, Oct., 
 1858. A British labor leader and cabinet officer. 
 He was an unsuccessful Socialist candidate for the western 
 division of Nottingham in 1885 ; has represented Battersea 
 for the Liberal and the Labor party in the House of Com- 
 
 Busuanga 
 
 mons since 1892 ; and was appointed president of the Local 
 Government Board, with a seat in the cabinet, in Decem- 
 ber, 1905. 
 
 Burr (ber), William Hubert. Born at Water- 
 town, Conn., July 14, 1851. An American en- 
 gineer, professor of civil engineering at Co- 
 lumbia University from 1893. He has been 
 
 consulting engineer to several of the departments of the 
 city of New York, and in 1899 was appointed a member of 
 the Isthmian Canal Commission to report upon a route. 
 In 1904 he was appointed a member of the Isthmian Canal 
 Commission to construct the Panama Canal, and in 1905 
 was made a member of the international board of consult- 
 ing engineers to determine the plan of the canal. He has 
 published a number of works on engineering. 
 
 Burrian (bu'ri-an), Karl. Born at Prague, 
 Jan. 12, 1870. A German tenor singer. He first 
 
 appeared at Reval in 1892, later singing in all the prominent 
 German cities, and finally becoming a permanent member 
 of the Dresden Court Opera. Since 1906 he has been a 
 member of the Metropolitan Opera Company, New York, 
 singing the leading tenor roles in the Wagner operas. He 
 created the role of Herod in Strauss's “Salome." 
 Burrillville (bur'il-vil). A town in Provi- 
 dence County, Rhode Island, about 22 miles 
 northwest of Providence. It has manufactures 
 of cotton and woolen goods. In the vicinity 
 is Wallum Lake (or Pond), a summer resort, 
 lying partly in Massachusetts. Population, 
 7,878, (1910). 
 
 Biirstenbinder (biirs'ten-bin-der), Elisabeth: 
 pseudonym E. Werner. Born at Berlin, Nov. 
 25, 1838. A German novelist. Her works include 
 “ Gartenlaubenbluten ” (1872), “ Am Altar ” (1873), “ Gluck 
 Auf!" (1874), “Gesprengte Fesseln’ (1875), “Viueta” 
 (1877), “ Gebannt und erlost” (1884), “Die Blume des 
 Glucks ’’ (1885), “Heimatklang" and “Sankt Michael" 
 (1887), “ Flammenzeichen ” (1890), “Gervagt und gewon- 
 nen ” (1891), “ Freie Bahn " (1893), “ Fata Morgana ” (1896), 
 “Hexengold” (1900), etc. 
 
 Burton (ber'ton), Frederick Russell. Born 
 at Jonesville, Mich., Feb. 23, 1861 • died at 
 Lake Hopateong, N. J., Sept. 30, 1909. An 
 American author and composer. He was gradu- 
 ated from Harvard University in 1882 with musical and 
 other honors. He was especially interested in the music 
 of the North American Indians, among whom he^ spent 
 some time. The music of his cantata M Hiawatha ” (1898) 
 is based on Indian themes, and he collected and published 
 others as “Songs of the Ojibway Indians” (1903) and 
 “An Indian Campfire” (1907). Among his literary works 
 are a novel, “Redcloud of the Lakes ” (1909), and “ Amer- 
 ican Primitive Music ” (1909). 
 
 Burton (bfer'ton), Marion LeRoy. Born at 
 Brooklyn, Iowa, Aug. 30, 1874. An American 
 theologian and educator, president of Smith 
 College from 1910. He was ordained to the 
 Congregational ministry in 1905 ; was assis- 
 tant professor of systematic theology in Yale 
 University 1907-08; and was pastor of the 
 Church of the Pilgrims, Brooklyn, N. Y., 1908- 
 1909. He is the author of “ The Problem of 
 Evil” (1909). 
 
 Burton (ber'ton), Richard. Born at Hart- 
 ford, Conn., Siarch 14, 1859. An American 
 poet and educator. He was professor of English lit- 
 erature in the University of Minnesota 1898-1902, lecturer 
 in English literature at the University of Chicago 1902-06, 
 and professor of English literature at the University 
 of Minnesota 1906-. His works include “ Dumb in June” 
 (1895), “Memorial Day" (1897), “Literary Likings ’’ (1898), 
 “Lyrics of Brotherhood" (1899), “John Greenleaf Whit- 
 tier” (1901), “Forces in Fiction” (1902), “Message and 
 Melody ” (1903), “ Literary Leaders of America ” (1904), 
 “ Rahab " (1906), “From the Book of Life” (1909), “Mas- 
 ters of the English Novel ” (1909), “ Midsummer Memory ” 
 (1910), etc. 
 
 Busck (bosk), August. Born at Randers, Den- 
 mark, Feb. 18, 1870. A Danish-American 
 entomologist, assistant in the division of en- 
 tomology of the United States Department of 
 Agriculture from 1896. He was engaged in 
 the investigation of the mosquitos in the 
 West Indies in 1905, and in the Panama Canal 
 Zone in 1907. 
 
 Busoni (bo-zo'ne),FerruccioBenvenuto. Born 
 at Empoli, near Florence, April 1, 1866. An 
 Italian pianist and composer. He appeared first 
 in Vienna at the age of nine, and at seventeen was elected 
 a member of the Philharmonic Academy of Bologna. He 
 toured Europe as a pianist, taught at Helsingfors Conser- 
 vatory in 1888, won the Rubinstein prize at Moscow in 
 1890, and became professor in the Moscow Conservatory, 
 lie went to Boston, Mass., in 1891, gave successful con 
 certs in Berlin in 1894, and succeeded Sauer in the Vienna 
 Conservatory in 1908. His compositions include string 
 quartets, violin, piano, and orchestral pieces, songs, and 
 ballet scenes. 
 
 Busson (bu-son'), Charles. Born at Montoire, 
 Loir-et-Cher, July 15, 1822: died April 4, 1908. 
 A French painter. His works are chiefly land- 
 scapes. 
 
 Busuanga (bo-so-ang'gii). The largest island 
 of the Calamianes group, between Mindoro 
 and Paragua, iu the Philippine Islands. It 
 belongs to Paragua province. There is an 
 anchorage at Port Us6n, on the southern coast. 
 Area, 390 square miles. Population, 4,371. 
 
Butcher 
 
 Butcher (buch'er), Samuel Henry. Born at 
 Dublin, April 16, 1850: died at London, Dec. 
 29, 1910. A British scholar, professor of Greek 
 at Edinburgh 1882-1903, president of the Brit- 
 ish Academy of Letters 1909-10, and member of 
 Parliament for Cambridge University 1906-10. 
 Butler (but'ler). A borough, the capital of 
 Butler County, Pennsylvania. It has manu- 
 factures of silk, woolen, glass, engines, etc. 
 Population, 20,728, (1910). 
 
 Butler (but'ler), Howard Crosby. Born at 
 Croton Falls, N. Y., March 7, 1872. An 
 American archaeologist. He organized and con- 
 ducted archaeological expeditions to Syria 1899-1900, 1904- 
 1905, and 1909, and in 1910 took charge of excavations at 
 Sardis. His published works include “ Scotland’s Ruined 
 Abbeys ” (1900), “ The Story of Athens " (1902), etc. 
 
 Butler (but'ler), Nicholas Murray. Born at 
 Elizabeth, N. J., April 2, 1862. An American 
 educator, president of Columbia University 
 from 1902. He was graduated from Columbia Univer- 
 sity in 1882 ; organized and was president of the Teachers 
 College (New York) 1886-91 ; and became professor of 
 philosophy and education, and first dean of the faculty of 
 philosophy, in Columbia, in 1890. He founded the “ Educa- 
 tional Review ” (1891), and has written and edited other 
 educational publications. 
 
 Butler (but'ler), Samuel. Born in Notting- 
 hamshire, Dec. 4, 1835: died June 18, 1902. 
 An English author, grandson of Samuel But- 
 ler, bishop of Lichfield. He went to New Zea- 
 land in 1859 and engaged in sheep-raising ; returned 
 to England about 1864 ; studied painting, and exhibited 
 at the Academy 1868-76 ; devoted himself to litera- 
 ture, publishing, besides several romances, works dealing 
 with questions in science, philosophy, art, Shaksperian 
 criticism, and classical scholarship ; and also composed 
 musical pieces, collaborating in two oratorios, “Narcis- 
 sus" (1888) and “Ulysses” (1902). Among his writings 
 are “ Erewhon ” (1872), “ Life and Habit ” (1877), “ Uncon- 
 scious Memory ” (1880), “ Alps and Sanctuaries of Pied- 
 
 mont* (1881), “Ex Yoto " (1888), and “The Life and Let- 
 ters of l)r. Samuel Butler” (1896). 
 
 Biitschli (butsh'li), Otto. Bom atFrankfort- 
 on-the-Main, Germany, May 3, 1848. A Ger- 
 man naturalist, professor of zoology and 
 paleontology in the University of Heidelberg 
 from 1878. His investigations have related to the de- 
 velopmental history of invertebrates, and in later years 
 especially to cell-division and the physicochemical aspects 
 of the vital processes. Among his works are “Protozoen ” 
 (1880-89), “ Untersuchungen uber Strukturen ” (1898), 
 “ Untersuchungen uber die Mikrostruktur kiinstlicher 
 und naturlicher Kieselsauregallerten ” (1900), “ Mechanis- 
 mus und Vitalismus ” (1901). 
 
 Butter (but'er), Nathaniel. Died Feb. 22, 
 1664 (1663?). AnEnglisb printer and journalist. 
 He issued, in London, pamphlets describing murders and 
 plays 1605-39, weekly redactions of foreign news-let- 
 ters 1622-39, and half-yearly volumes of foreign news 
 1630-40. His news-sheets were the forerunners of the 
 modern newspaper. Ben Jonson ridiculed him under the 
 name of “Cymbal” in his “Staple of News” (1625), and 
 Fletcher and Shirley also referred to him in their works. 
 
 Butterfield (but'er-feld), Daniel. Born at 
 Utica, N. Y., Oct. 31, 1831 : died at Coldspring, 
 N. Y., July 17, 1901. An American soldier, 
 brevet major-general in the United States 
 army. He entered the Union army in 1861 as colonel of 
 the Twelfth New York regiment of militia ; was promoted 
 brigadier-general of volunteers in the same year and com- 
 manded a brigade during the Peninsular campaign of the 
 Army of the Potomac ; commanded a division in the sec- 
 ond battle of Bull Run ; was brevetted major-general of 
 volunteers in 1862 ; commanded the Fifth Army Corps at 
 the Battle of Fredericksburg ; was chief of staff to Hooker 
 at Chancellorsville and to Meade at Gettysburg ; and was 
 again chief of staff to Hooker during the battle of Chat- 
 tanooga. During Sherman’s Georgia campaign he com- 
 manded a division of the Twentieth Corps. He was United 
 States subtreasurer in New York city 1869-70. 
 
 Butterworth (but'er-werth), Hezekiah. Born 
 at Warren, R. I., Dec. 22, 1839: died there, 
 
 Calkins 
 
 Sept. 5, 1905. An American editor and writer 
 of children’s hooks. He was assistant editor of the 
 “Youths Companion.” Among his works are a series of 
 “Zigzag Journeys," “Poems for Christmas, Easter, and 
 New Year,” “Songs of History,” “Story of the Hymns,” 
 South America,” “ In the Boyhood of Lincoln," and “ The 
 Patriot Schoolmaster." 
 
 Butulan (bo-to'lan) Mountains. A range of 
 mountains in the eastern part of Davao dis- 
 trict, Mindanao, in the Philippine Islands. 
 It extends from the most southern point of the island 
 north to Casilaran Bay, an arm of the Gulf of Davao. 
 Height of the loftiest peak, 4,520 feet. 
 
 Buxtehude (bdks'te-ho-de), Dietrich. Born 
 at Helsingor, Denmark, in 1637 : died at Lii- 
 beck, Germany, May 9, 1707. A famous organ- 
 ist and composer, organist at Lfibeck from 1668. 
 He exerted a strong influence on Bach, who once journeyed 
 fifty miles on foot to hear him play at his famous “ Abend- 
 musiken” in Liibeck. His most important compositions 
 were organ-pieces. 
 
 Buys-Ballot (bois-ba-lo'), Christophorus 
 Henricus Didericus. Born at Kloetinge, 
 province of Zealand, Netherlands, Oct. 10, 
 1817 : died at Utrecht, Feb. 3, 1890. A Dutch 
 meteorologist, director of the meteorological 
 institute at Utrecht 1854-87. He was the first to 
 establish a system of storm-signals in Europe. He is best 
 known as the propounder of the meteorological law or rule 
 named for him, which states a relation between the dif- 
 ference of the barometrical readings at any two stations 
 and the direction of the winds relative to a line joining the 
 two stations. 
 
 Byelostok. Same as Bielostok. 
 
 Byerly (bi'er-li), William Elwood. Born at 
 Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 13, 1849. An Ameri- 
 can mathematician, professor of mathematics 
 in Harvard University from 1881. He was as- 
 sistant professor of mathematics in Cornell 
 University 1873-76, and in Harvard 1876-81. 
 
 abatuan (ka-ba-to'an). A 
 municipality in the central 
 part of Hoilo province, Pa- 
 nay, Philippine Islands. Civ- 
 ilized population, 16,497. 
 Cabicung£n(ka-be-kon-gan' ). 
 A volcano in Cagayan prov- 
 ince, in the northern part of 
 Luzon, Philippine Islands. Height, 4,326 feet. 
 Cable*, George Washington. He has also 
 written “Bylow Hill” (1902), “Kincaid’s Bat- 
 tery” (1908), etc. 
 
 Cabrillo (ka-brel'yo), Joao or Juan Rodri- 
 guez. Bom to ward the end of the 15th century : 
 died Jan. 3, 1543. A Portuguese navigator in 
 the service of Spain. He explored the coast of Cali- 
 fornia in 1542 from about lat. 33° ; discovered the Santa 
 Barbara Islands ; and sailed as far north as about 38°. On 
 his death the command was taken by his chief pilot Fer- 
 relo, who continued the exploration of the coast to about 
 lat. 42°. See Century Atlas, Map 4. 
 
 Cabusilan (ka-bd-se'lan) Mountains. See 
 
 * Zambales Mountains. 
 
 Cadbury (kad'bu-ri), George. Born at Edg- 
 baston, Birmingham, in 1839. An English 
 manufacturer and philanthropist, founder of 
 the Bournville model village. His wife (Eliza- 
 beth Taylor) is an advocate of the cause of 
 women workers, and has served on national 
 education committees. 
 
 Cadillac (kad - i - lak'). The county-seat of 
 Wexford County, Michigan. It is surrounded 
 by an important timber region, and has exten- 
 sive lumber-mills, besides foundries, machine- 
 shops, chemical works, etc. Population, 8,375, 
 (1910). 
 
 Cadiz. A municipality in the northern part of 
 Negros Occidental province, Negros Island, in 
 the Philippines. Civilized population, 16,429. 
 Cady (ka'di), Josiah Cleveland. Born at 
 Providence, R. I., in 1837. An American ar- 
 chitect. He has designed buildings for Yale and Wes- 
 leyan universities and Trinity and Williams colleges. He 
 also built the New York Skin and Cancer Hospital, the 
 Bellevue Medical College, the Metropolitan Opera House, 
 the American Museum of Natural History (all in New York). 
 He is president of the New York Skin and Cancer Hos- 
 pital and a governor of the Presbyterian Hospital. He is 
 also a trustee of Berea College and vice-president of the 
 New York City Mission. 
 
 Cagayan (ka-ga-yan'). 1. A river in Misamis 
 province, Mindanao, Philippine Islands, flow- 
 ing north into Macajalar Bay. — 2. A lake in 
 the northeastern part of Cagayan province, 
 
 Luz6n. Area, about 70 square miles. — 3. See 
 *Rio Grande de Cagayan . — 4. See *Cagayane$. 
 — 5. The most northeasterly province of 
 Luzon, Philippine Islands. It is bounded by the 
 Pacific Ocean on the north and east ; Isabela and Lepanto- 
 Bontoc on the south ; and Abra and Ilocos Norte (both 
 separated from it by the Cordillera Norte) on the west. 
 Capital, Tuguegarao. The province is bordered on the 
 eastern coast by the Sierra Madre Mountains. The moun- 
 tains are densely wooded. The central plain of the Rio 
 Grande de Cagayan, which intersects the province from 
 north to south, is very fertile and produces large quanti- 
 ties of tobacco. The native races are chiefly Cagayanes 
 and Ilocanos. Area, 5,052 square miles. Population, 156,239. 
 
 6. A town, the capital of Misamis province in 
 Mindanao, Philippine Islands, situated near 
 the mouth of the Rio Grande de Cagayan , ap- 
 proximately in lat. 8° 11' N., long. 124° 41' E. 
 Civilized population of municipality, 7,108. 
 
 Cagay&n de Jolo (ka-ga-yan' da ho-Io') and ad- 
 jacent islands. A group of islands lying in 
 the Sulu (Jolo) Sea, in lat. 7° 2' N., long. 18° 
 32' E., ceded by Spain to the United States hv 
 a treaty signed November 7, 1900. The islands 
 
 are a part of the Jol6 district of Moro province. Area, 
 29.1 square miles. Population of largest island, 2,000. 
 Formerly Cagayan de Sul v. 
 
 Cagayanes (ka-ga-ya' nas) and adjacent islands 
 of the Sulu (Jolo) Sea. A group of small is- 
 lands lying between Negros and Paragua, and 
 belonging to Paragua province, Philippine Is- 
 lands. It consists of 8 Cagayanes, 4 other named islands, 
 and 10 unnamed islets and rocks. The largest of the 
 group is Cagayan. Total area, 8.2 square miles. Popula- 
 tion of Cagayan, 2,448. 
 
 Cagua (ka'go-a), or Caua (ka'6-a). A volcanic 
 peak in Cagayan province, northern Luzon, 
 Philippines, about lat. 18° 13' N., long. 122° 
 4' E. Height, 3,920 feet. 
 
 Cahokia Mound (ka-ho'ki-a mound). The 
 largest of the Indian mounds, situated in Illi- 
 nois about 6 miles east of St. Louis. The 
 base is 998 feet north and south, and 721 feet 
 east and west. The height is 99 feet. 
 
 Caillaux (ka-yo'), Joseph. Born at Le Mans, 
 March 30, 1863. A French statesman. He was 
 
 formerly professor at the Ecole des Sciences Politiques. 
 He served as minister of finance in the cabinet of Waldeck- 
 Rousseau 1899-1902, and held office under Clemenceau in 
 1906 and under Monis in 1911. On the fall of the ministry 
 of Monis in June, he was placed as premier at the head of 
 a new cabinet, but resigned in January, 1912. 
 
 Caimanera (kl-ma-na'rii). A town in the 
 province of Oriente, Cuba, situated on Guan- 
 tanamo Bay. It is connected by rail with 
 Guant&namo. 
 
 Caine*, Thomas Henry Hall. His later works 
 
 include “ The Prodigal Son " (1904), “ Drink ” (1907), “ My 
 Story" (1909), “The White Prophet” (1909), etc. “The 
 Bondman ” was dramatized in 1907, “ Pete ’’ (with Louis 
 N. Parker) in 1908, “ The Bishop’s Son ” in 1910, “ The 
 Eternal Question ” in 1910, etc. 
 
 Caissa (ka-is'a). [NL., artificially formed from 
 chess, appar. on the model of chase 2 = F. caisse, 
 with -issa conforming to the L. and Gr. fern, 
 suffix -issa (E. -ess).] The goddess of chess : a 
 modern invention of chess-players. The name 
 is said to have originated with Sir William 
 Jones, the Orientalist (1746-94). 
 
 Calabria*. It was visited by a most destruc- 
 tive earthquake Dec. 28, 1908, which also de- 
 stroyed Messina. 
 
 Calasiao (ka-la-se-a'o). A municipality of 
 
 Pangasinan province, in the western part of 
 Luzon, Philippine Islands. Civilized popula- 
 tion, 16,539. 
 
 Calbayog (kal-ba'yog). A municipality in 
 
 Samar province, on the west coast of Samar, 
 Philippine Islands. Civilized population, 15,- 
 895. 
 
 Caldecott (kal'di-kot), Randolph. Born at 
 Chester, England, March 22, 1846 : died at St. 
 Augustine, Fla., Feb. 12, 1886. An English 
 painter and illustrator. He was educated at King 
 Henry VIII. ’s School at Chester and in 1872 went to Lon- 
 don. In 1882 he became a member of the Royal Institute 
 of Painters in Water Colours, exhibiting there, at the 
 Royal Academy, and at the Grosvenor Gallery. His most 
 characteristic and interesting work was done for chil- 
 dren’s books. 
 
 Calderwood (kal'der-wud), Henry. Born at 
 Peebles, Scotland, May 10, 1830: died at Edin- 
 burgh, Nov. 19, 1897. A Scotch philosophical 
 writer, professor of moral philosophy in the 
 University of Edinburgh 1868-97. 
 
 Calhoun (kal-hon'), William James. Boro 
 at Pittsburg, Oct. 5, 1848. An American di- 
 plomatist. He was admitted to the bar in 1875, and 
 subsequently practised law. He was a member of the 
 United States Interstate Commerce Commission 1898-19(K), 
 special commissioner to Venezuela in 1905, and minister 
 to China from December, 1909. 
 
 California, University of. See * University of 
 
 California. 
 
 Calkins (ka'kinz), Gary Nathan. Born at 
 Valparaiso, Ind., Jan. 18, 1869. An American 
 zoologist, professor in Columbia University 
 from 1904. He was biologist of the New York State 
 Cancer Laboratory in the University of Buffalo 1902-08. 
 He has published “ The Protozoa ” (1901), “ Protozoology ’ 
 (1908), etc. 
 
Calvo 
 
 Calvo (kal ' vo), Carlos. Born at Buenos 
 Aires, 1824: died at Paris, May 2, 1906. An 
 Argentine jurist and diplomat. He was in the 
 consular service 1852-58; became deputy of the lower 
 house 1859 ; from 1860 to 1864 represented Paraguay as 
 charge d’affaires at Paris, being also accredited to Great 
 Britain ; was accredited, 1884, as envoy extraordinary and 
 minister plenipotentiary to Berlin, St. Petersburg, and 
 Vienna ; and in 1899 was transferred to Paris, being 
 accredited to both France and the Holy See. He formu- 
 lated the doctrine that “the recovery of debts and the 
 pursuit of private claims do not justify de piano the 
 armed intervention of governments," with special refer- 
 ence to such action by European states against South 
 American governments. He published numerous treat- 
 ises on international law, etc., his most important work 
 being “Le droit international et pratique" (1868, 5th ed. 
 1896). 
 
 Camagiiey (ka-ma'gwa). 1. A province of 
 Cuba (formerly Puerto Principe), situated be- 
 tween the provinces of Santa Clara and Ori- 
 ente. Area, 10,064 square miles. Population, 
 118,269. — 2. The capital (formerly Puerto 
 Principe) of the province of Camagiiey, Cuba. 
 Population, 29,616. 
 
 Cambridge (kam'brij). The capital of Dor- 
 chester County, Maryland, on the south bank 
 of the Choptank River, 36 miles southeast of 
 Annapolis. It has extensive canning indus- 
 tries, and exports oysters and fish. Popula- 
 tion, 6,407, (1910). 
 
 Cambridge (kam'brij). The county-seat of 
 Guernsey County, Ohio, 55 miles southwest of 
 Canton. In the vicinity there are deposits of 
 coal, natural gas, iron, etc. Population, 11,- 
 327, (1910). 
 
 Cambridgeshire Handicap, The. An English 
 race held annually at Newmarket at the end 
 of October. The first race was run in 1843. Of all 
 handicaps throughout the year the Cambridgeshire is re- 
 garded as the most important, and has usually attracted 
 large fields and brought out horses of a good class. 
 
 Camiguin (ka-mi-goen') 1. A very fertile 
 mountainous island in Mindanao Sea, north 
 of Mindanao, Philippine Islands. It belongs to 
 Misamis province, and contains Camiguin volcano. High- 
 est elevation, 5,383 feet. Area, 94 Bquare miles. Popula- 
 tion, 30,754. 
 
 2. A volcano on Camiguin Island, approxi- 
 mately in lat. 9° 12' N., long. 124° 42' E. Its 
 last great eruption took place in 1871, activity 
 continuing into 1875. New solfataras appeared 
 in 1897 and 1902. Height, 2,392 feet. 
 Camiguin (ka-mi-goen'). A volcanic island 
 of the Babuyan group, north of Luzon, Philip- 
 pine Islands. It belongs to Cagayan province, and 
 contains an extinct volcano, Camiguin de Babuyanes. 
 Highest elevation, 2,790 feet. Area, 61 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 98. 
 
 Camiling (ka-me-ling'). 1. A municipality of 
 Tarlac province, in the southwestern part of 
 Luzon, Philippine Islands. Civilized popula- 
 tion, 25,243. — 2. A town of Tarlac province. 
 Population, 7,149. 
 
 Camotes (ka-mo'tas) Islands. A group of 
 islands lying between Cebu and Leyte, in the 
 Philippines, and belonging to Cebu province. 
 The largest is Pasijan. Area, 90.1 square 
 miles. Population, 21,123. 
 
 Camp (kamp), Walter. Born at New Britain, 
 Conn., April 7, 1859. An American business 
 man and authority on athletics, treasurer of 
 Yale Field and a member of Y'ale University 
 Council. He is the author of “Book of College Sports," 
 “American Football,” “Football Facts and Figures,” 
 “ Drives and Puts " (with Lilian Brooks), “ Football " 
 (with Lorin F. Deland), “ Yale, her Campus, Classroom, 
 and Athletics ’’(with L. S. Welch), “ Book of Football,” etc. 
 
 Campanile of St. Mark’s*. The foundations 
 were strengthened, and the rebuilding of the 
 tower was begun in 1905, and finished in 1912. 
 Campanini (kam-pa-ne'ne), Cleofonte. Born 
 at Parma in 1860. An Italian musical direc- 
 tor, brother of the tenor Italo Campanini, and 
 brother-in-law of Luisa Tetrazzini. He first ap- 
 peared a9 a conductor at Parma, in 1883, directing “Car- 
 men.” The same season he appeared in New York as 
 second conductor at the Metropolitan Opera House, and 
 in 1888 at the Academy of Music. lie was musical di- 
 rector at the Manhattan Opera House, New York, 1906-10, 
 where he conducted the first American performances of 
 “Pelffias et M61isande ” and “Louise.” He has been 
 leading conductor at Covent Garden, London, for several 
 seasons. 
 
 Campbell (kam'bel), Douglas. Born at Coop- 
 • erstown, N. Y., July 13, 1840: died at Sche- 
 nectady, N. Y., March 7, 1893. An American 
 lawyer and historical writer. He was educated at 
 Union College ; served as captain of the 121st New York 
 Volunteers in the Civil War ; and practised law in New 
 York until 1890. He wrote “The Puritan in Holland, 
 England, and America, an Introduction to American His- 
 tory ” (189*2). 
 
 Campbell (kam'bel), Lewis. Born at Edin- 
 burgh, Sept. 3, 1&30: died Oct. 25, 1908. A 
 
 Scotch classical scholar, professor of Greek at 
 St. Andrews from 1863. He has published editions 
 of Greek texts (including Sophocles 1871-81), a life of 
 James Clerk Maxwell (1882 : with W. Garnett), transla- 
 tions of Sophocles and /Esciiylus, a life of Benjamin 
 Jowett (1897: with E. Abbott), “Tragic Drama in 
 -'Eschylus, Sophocles, and Shakespeare ”(1904), “ Paralipo- 
 mena Sophoclea ” (1907), etc. 
 
 Campbell (kam'bel), Mrs. Patrick (Beatrice 
 Stella Tanner). Born in London. A con- 
 temporary English actress. She made her ddbut 
 with a provincial company as Rosalind in “ As You Like 
 It,” and two years later was engaged by Pinero to play 
 the title role in “The Second Mrs. Tanqueray,”one of her 
 strongest parts. She has done much to make known to 
 the English public the work of Ibsen, Maeterlinck, and 
 Sudermann. Later she became manager of her own the- 
 ater. Among her best-known roles are Ophelia, Lady 
 Macbeth, Juliet, Lady Teazle, Magda, and Mrs. Ebbsmith. 
 Campbell (kam'bel), William. Born at New- 
 castle-on-Tyne, England, June 24, 1876. 
 An Anglo-American scientist, associate pro- 
 fessor of metallurgy in Columbia University 
 from 1910. He was adjunct professor 1907-10. His 
 studies relate chiefly to the microstructure and physical 
 properties of metals and alloys. 
 
 Campbell (kam'bel), William Wallace. 
 
 Boru in Hancock County, Ohio, April 11, 1862. 
 An American astronomer, director of the Lick 
 Observatory from 1901. He has been astronomer 
 in this observatory since 1891. He conducted eclipse ex- 
 peditions to India in 1898, to Georgia in 1900, and to Spain 
 in 1905. His works include “ The Elements of Practical 
 Astronomy ’’ (1899), and numerous technical papers. He 
 received the Lalande prize of the Paris Academy in 1903, 
 the gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, and 
 the Draper gold medal of the National Academy of Sci- 
 ences in 1906. Silliman lecturer at Y’ale 1909-10. 
 
 Campbell-Bannerman (kam'bel-ban ' er-man ), 
 Sir Henry. Born Sept. 7, 1836: died April 
 22, 1908. A British statesman. He was the son 
 of Sir James Campbell, but assumed the additional sur- 
 name of Bannerman (under the will of his maternal 
 uncle) in 187*2. He was educated at Glasgow University 
 and Trinity College, Cambridge, and was Liberal member 
 of Parliament for Stirling Burghs from 1868. He was 
 financial secretary to the war office 1871-74, 1880-8*2 ; 
 secretary to the admiralty 1882-84 ; chief secretary for 
 Ireland 1884-85 ; secretary of state for war 1886, 1892-95 ; 
 leader of the Liberal party in the House of Commons from 
 1899 ; and premier and first lord of the treasury Decem- 
 ber, 1905, -April, 1908. In 1895 he was knighted (G. C. B.). 
 He was popularly referred to as “C.-B.” 
 
 Campidoglio, Piazza del. See * Piazza del 
 Campidoglio. 
 
 Canal Dover (ka-nal' do'ver). A city in Tus- 
 carawas County, Ohio, 70 miles southeast of 
 Cleveland. It has manufactories of wagons, tin, sheet- 
 iron, etc. In the vicinity are deposits of coal and iron. 
 Population, 6,621, (1910). 
 
 Canal Zone, Isthmian. See * Isthmian Canal 
 Zone. 
 
 Candon (kan-don'). A municipality in Ilocos 
 Sur province, on the west coast of Luzon, 
 Philippine Islands. Civilized population, 18,- 
 828. 
 
 Canlaon (kan-la-on'), or Malaspina (ma-la- 
 spe'na). A volcano in the northwestern part 
 of Negros Oriental province, Negros, Philip- 
 pine Islands, approximately in lat. 10° 30' N., 
 long. 123° 6' E. It is a picturesque mountain, 
 always steaming. A notable eruption took 
 place in 1902. Height, 8,192 feet. 
 
 Cannizzaro (kan-ne-tsa'ro), Stanislao. Born 
 at Palermo, July 13, 1826 : died at Rome, 
 May 10, 1910. An Italian chemist. He studied 
 medicine and other sciences at Palermo ; served as 
 assistant in the chemical laboratory at Pisa 1845-46 ; 
 went to Paris in 1849, where he entered Chevreul's 
 laboratory ; and became professor of chemistry in 
 1851 at Alessandria in Piedmont, in 1855 at Genoa, in 
 1861 at Palermo, and in 1871 at Rome. He discovered im- 
 portant compounds and reactions in organic chemistry, 
 and brought out decisive facts in connection with the 
 atomic theory. For this latter service to science he was 
 awarded in 1891 the Copley medal of the Royal Society of 
 London. 
 
 Cannon (kan'on), Joseph Gurney. Born at 
 Guilford, N. C., May 7, 1836. An American 
 statesman. He was admitted to the (Illinois) bar in 
 1858, and was Republican member of Congress from Illi- 
 nois 1873-91 and 1893-1913. He was chairman of the 
 Committee on Appropriations in the 55th, 56th, and 57th 
 Congresses (1897-1903), and speaker of the 58th, 59th, 60th, 
 and 61st Congresses (1903-11). 
 
 Canon City (kan'von sit'i). The county-seat 
 of Fremont County, Colorado, 37 miles north- 
 west of Pueblo, on the Arkansas River just 
 below the Grand Canon, and at an altitude of 
 5,350 feet. It is a health resort, noted for its fine 
 climate and mineral springs, and is the seat of the State 
 penitentiary. Copper, silver, iron, coal, and limestone are 
 found in the yicinity. Population, 5,162, (1910). 
 
 Canton (kan'tou). A city in Fulton County, 
 Illinois, 86 miles northeast of Quincy, it has 
 
 coal-mining interests, important manufactories of agricul- 
 tural implements, also machine-shops, tile- and marble- 
 works, cigar-factories, etc. Population, 10,453, (1910). 
 Cape Colony*, in 1909 a bill was passed providing 
 for the union of the Transvaal, Cape Colony, Orange Free 
 
 Cardenas, Don Garcia Lopez de 
 
 State, and Natal into a single nation with a centralized 
 government, known as the Union of South Africa (which 
 see). It is to be known as the Gape of Good Hope. It is 
 represented in the Union Parliament by 8 members in the 
 Senate and 51 in the House of Assembly. 
 
 Cape Girardeau (kap je-rfir-do'). A city in 
 Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, on the 
 Mississippi River 97 miles southeast of St. 
 Louis. It has a considerable trade in lumber, flour, 
 lime, etc. St. Vincent's College and the Southeast Mis- 
 souri State Normal School are at this place. Population, 
 8,475, (1910). 
 
 Cape to Cairo Railway. An African railway 
 system which when completed will connect 
 Cape Town with Cairo, a distance of about 
 
 6.000 miles. The project was first conceived by Cecil 
 Rhodes about 1893, when the Cape Colonial Railway from 
 Cape Town to Kimberley was extended northward toMafe- 
 king. At the time of its inception the project was thought 
 to be impracticable, since much of the route in the 
 equatorial region lay through hostile native territory and 
 districts infested with wild beasts. However, a beginning 
 was made, and the line was built from Mafeking first to 
 Bulawayo and later to the Victoria Falls on the Zambesi. 
 At present (1911) this southern section is completed for 
 traffic as far as Broken Hill in Northwest Rhodesia, about 
 
 2.000 miles from Cape Town. It is to he continued to Lake 
 Tanganyika, and thence through German East Africa and 
 British East Africa, From Cairo southward the northern 
 section has been carried beyond Khartum. It is expected 
 that the system will be completed about 1918. 
 
 Capiz (ka'peth). 1. The northeastern prov- 
 ince of Panay, with adjacent small islands, in 
 the Philippines. It is bounded by the Visayan Sea on 
 the north ; Iloilo (separated by mountains) on the east 
 and south ; and Antique (separated by mountains) on the 
 west and south. Capital, Capiz. It is a mountainous and 
 densely forested province, with numerous small rivers and 
 with fertile valleys that yield large crops, notably of 
 hemp, corn, sugar-cane, and rice. The chief river is the 
 Panay. Among the minerals found here are gold, iron, 
 and coal. The native race is Visayan. Area, 1,749 square 
 miles. Population, 230,721. 
 
 2. A town, the capital of Capiz province, sit- 
 uated on the northern coast near the mouth 
 of the Panay River, in lat. 11° 36' N.. long. 
 122° 42' E. Population, 7, 186 ; municipality, 
 civilized population, 18,525. 
 
 Caraballos Occidentales (ka-ra-bal'yos ok- 
 the-den-ta'las). A mountain-system of Lu- 
 zon, Philippine Islands, extending for about 
 200 miles from north to south, and separating 
 the valley of the Rio Grande de Cagayan from 
 the China Sea. The northern part of the range, be- 
 tween Cagayan and Ilocos Norte provinces, is called the 
 Cordillera Norte ; the central part, separating Cagayan 
 and Lepanto-Bontoc, the Cordillera Central ; the southern 
 part, intersecting Lepanto-Bontoc and separating Benguet 
 from Nueva Vizcaya, the Cordillera Sur. The Cordillera 
 Norte gradually increases in height from north to south 
 to its culminating peak, Pagsan, 7,261 feet high. In the 
 Cordillera Central are peaks 6,000 to 6,500 feet in height, 
 and in the Cordillera Sur is Mount Data, 7,364 feet high. 
 Spurs trending in different directions separate branches 
 of the Cagayan River, or form the boundary between prov- 
 inces. These Bpurs contain some of the higher peaks o' 
 the system. 
 
 Caraballos Sur (ka-ra-bal'yos sor). A range 
 of mountains in Luzdn, Philippine Islands, 
 extending east and west between Nueva Viz- 
 caya and Nueva Bcija provinces and connect- 
 ing the Sierra Mad re system on the east with 
 the Caraballos Occidentales on the west. 
 Caran d’Ache (ka-ran' dash'). [Russian kar- 
 an-dash, a crayon.] The pseudonym of Em- 
 manuel Poir6 (horn at Moscow, 1858: died 
 at Paris, Feb. 26, 1909), a French illustrator 
 and caricaturist. He was the grandson of a soldier in 
 Napoleon’s army, and was educated in Moscow. Coming 
 to Paris, he was first an attache in the ministry of war and 
 afterward became an illustrator of popular journals, mak- 
 ing clever caricatures for “Tout Paris,” “La Vie Parisi- 
 enne,” “Chat Noir,” and others. 
 
 Carbondale (kar'bon-dal). A city in Jackson 
 County, Illinois, 50 miles north of Cairo. Coal 
 
 is mined in the vicinity, and there are flour-mills, etc. 
 The Southern IllinoisNormalUniversity is at Carbondale. 
 Population, 6,411, (1910). m 
 
 Carcar (kar'kar). A municipality in Cebu 
 province, on the eastern coast of Cebu island, 
 in the Philippines. Civilized population, 31,- 
 895. 
 
 Cardenas (kar'da-niis), Bernardino de. Born 
 in the seventeenth century at Chuquisaca 
 (Sucre), Bolivia (then Peru). A Spanish friar 
 of the order of St. Francis. He devoted his life to 
 missionary work among the natives of the country and 
 opposed the intrigues and ambitions of the Jesuits. He 
 wrote three hooks relating to the field of his endeavors 
 (acquiring the title of “Historian of Peru”), the chief 
 being “ Manual y relacion de las cosas del reyno del Peru,” 
 published at Madrid in 1634. 
 
 C&rdenas (kilr'da-nas), Don Garcia Lopez de. 
 
 A Spanish nobleman whobecame one of Coro- 
 nado’s captains on the expedition of 1540 to 
 New Mexico and beyond. With his party he was 
 the first to see and describe tile Grand Canon of the Colo- 
 rado, which he looked into about September, 1640. lie re- 
 ported the gorge as extremely deep, with a distance of 
 three or four leagues from brink to brink. Cardenas was 
 
Cardenas, Don Garcia Lopez de 
 
 very active iu the battles with the Puebloaus, once saving 
 Coronado's life, and on another occasion causing a large 
 number of natives to be put to death. He was sent by 
 Coronado to Spain with a letter to the king, and was one 
 of the most resolute and distinguished officers of the ex- 
 pedition. See Century Atlas , Map 4. 
 
 Carey (ka'ri), James F. Born at Haverhill, 
 Mass., Aug. 19, 1867. An American socialist. 
 
 He learned the shoemaking trade, joined the Interna- 
 tional Boot- and Shoemakers' Union, and became promi- 
 nent in labor affairs. He was the first socialist elected to 
 political office in New England, and a national organizer 
 of the Socialist party. He was a member of the Massa- 
 chusetts House of Representatives 1898-1902. 
 
 Carey (ka'ri), Rosa Nouchette. Born at. 
 London: died there, July 19,1909. An English 
 novelist whose stories for girls attained wide 
 popularity. Among them are “Nellie's Memories” 
 (1868), “Wee Wifie” (1869), “ Heriot’s Choice" (1879), 
 “Not Like Other Girls" (1884), “The Old, Old Story" 
 (1894), “ Herb of Grace " (1901), “ The Household of Peter " 
 (1905), “The Angel of Forgiveness” (1907), etc. 
 
 Caribou (kar'i-bo). A town in Aroostook 
 County, Maine. It has starch- and shingle- 
 factories, etc. Population, 5,377, (1910). 
 
 Carigara (ka-ri-ga'ra). 1. A municipality in 
 the northern part of Leyte, on Carigara Bay. 
 Civilized population, 16,382. — 2. A town of 
 Leyte province. Population, 5,338. 
 
 Carissimi (ka-res'si-mi), Giacomo. Born at 
 Marino, near Rome, about 1604: died at Rome, 
 Jan. 12, 1674. A noted Italian operatic com- 
 poser, kapellmeister in Assisi, 1620, and in the 
 church of Saint Apollinaris in Rome, 1628. 
 
 He did much toward perfecting the recitative in the then 
 new operatic form, and developed the sacred cantata. 
 
 Carleton (karl'ton), Will. Born Oct. 21, 1845 : 
 died Dec. 18, 1912. An American poet, jour- 
 nalist, and lecturer. He was the author of “Farm 
 Ballads’' (1873), “Farm Festivals” (1881), “City Ballads” 
 (1885), “Songs of Two Centuries ” (1902), “In Old School 
 Days ” (1907), “ Drifted In ’’ (1908), etc. 
 
 Carlos (kar'los) I. Born at Lisbon, Sept. 28, 
 1863: assassinated there (together with his 
 older son), Feb. 1, 1908. King of Portugal. 
 He was the son of King Luiz I. and Maria Pia, 
 daughter of Victor Emmanuel II., King of 
 Italy. He succeeded to the throne October 19, 1889. On 
 May 22, 1886, he married Marie Amelie, daughter of Louis 
 Philippe, Due d’Orleans, Comte de Paris. He was suc- 
 ceeded by his younger son, Manoel II., who was deposed 
 by the Liberal party, October, 1910. 
 
 Carmalt (kar'malt), William Henry. Born 
 at Friends ville, Pa., Aug. 3, 1836. An Ameri- 
 can surgeon, professor of the principles and 
 practice of surgery iu Yale University 1881- 
 1907. He was professor of ophthalmology and 
 otology there 1879-81. 
 
 Carman (kar'man), William Bliss. Born at 
 Fredericton, New Brunswick, April 15, 1861. 
 An American poet, essayist, and journalist. 
 He is the author of “ Low Tide on Grand Pre " (1893), “ St. 
 Kavin " (1894), “ A Sea Mark ” (1895), “Behind the Arras " 
 (1895), “ Ballads of Lost Haven ” (1896), “ By the Aurelian 
 Wall ” (1897), “The Vengeance of Noel Brassard ” (1899), 
 “ Christmas Eve at St. Kavin’s " (1901), “ Ode on the Cor- 
 onation of King Edward” (1902), “From the Book of 
 Myths” (1902), “The Kinship of Nature ” (1903), “From 
 the Green Book of the Bards ” (1903), “ Songs of the Sea 
 Children” (1903), “Sappho" (1903), “The Friendship of 
 Art” (1904), “The Word at St. Kavin’s” (1904), “Songs 
 from a Northern Garden” (1904), “ From the Book of Val- 
 entines ” (1905), “ Collected Poems ” (1905), “ The Poetry 
 of Life "(1905), “The Making of Personality ” (1908), “The 
 Rough Rider ” (1909), and, with Richard Hovey, “Songs 
 from Vagabondia ” (1894), “ More Songs from Vagabondia ” 
 (1896), and “Last Songs of Vagabondia” (1900). 
 
 Carnavalet Museum. A historical museum 
 at Paris. The Hotel Carnavalet was built in 1550, in 
 the farms which then occupied the eastern portion of 
 Paris, by Pierre Lescot, architect, and Jean Goujon, 
 sculptor. It derived its name from one of its early ten- 
 ants, the Dame de Kernevenoy, called ‘Carnavalet’ at 
 court. Madarne.de Sevigne lived here from 1677 to 1696. 
 In 1866 it was bought by the city of Paris for a museum. 
 Since 1872, and under the superintendence of M. Jules 
 Cousin, collections and a library have been formed, de- 
 voted to material relating to the history of Paris. 
 
 Carnegie (kar-na'gi). A borough in Allegheny 
 County, Pennsylvania, 7 miles southwest of 
 Pittsburg. It has important steel-manufac- 
 tories, and is in an active coal-mining region. 
 Population, 10,009, (1910). 
 
 Carnegie*, Andrew. He has also given large sums 
 for the promotion of international peace, etc. His later 
 books include “The Gospel of Wealth" (1900), “The Em- 
 pire of Business ” (1902), “James Watt” (1905), “Problems 
 of To-day ” (1908), etc. 
 
 Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement 
 of Teaching, The. An institution founded by 
 Andrew Carnegie in 1905, and incorporated by 
 act of Congress in 1906, for the purpose of ad- 
 vancing the profession of teaching by a sys- 
 tem of retiring-allowances for teachers and 
 officers in colleges, universities, and technical 
 schools in the United States, Canada, and New- 
 foundland, and of pensions for their widows. 
 The original fund of $10,000,000 was increased by Mr. 
 Carnegie in 1908 to $15,000,000, to include also in its 
 
 scope teachers and officers iu State institutions. The dis- 
 tribution of allowances and pensions is based on the quali- 
 fications, not of individual teachers, but of institutions, 
 aud in the course of determining what institutions meet 
 the requirements of the foundation interesting and valua- 
 ble reports have been made both on the standards and 
 methods of institutions and on the condition of higher ed- 
 ucation in general. Thus the foundation has become an 
 educational agency of more than national influence. In 
 1911 the list of accepted institutions numbered 72. 
 
 Carnegie Hero Fund. A fund created by 
 Andrew Carnegie in April, 1904, for the bene- 
 fit of persons in the United States, Canada, 
 and Newfoundland who have suffered injury 
 in heroic efforts to save human life, or, in case 
 of their death, for the benefit of their depen- 
 dent families. Medals also are awarded for heroic 
 acts. The endowment is placed in the hands of a com- 
 mission of twenty-one persons, who adjudicate upon cases 
 submitted to them. 
 
 Carnegie Institution of Washington, The. 
 
 An institution founded at Washington, D. C., 
 by Andrew Carnegie, in 1902. He stated that his 
 
 purpose was to “found in the city of Washington an 
 institution which, with the cooperation of institutions 
 now or hereafter established, shall in the broadest and 
 most liberal manner encourage investigation, research, 
 and discovery, show the application of knowledge to the 
 .improvement of mankind, and provide such buildings, 
 laboratories, books, and apparatus a9 may be needed.” 
 By an act of Congress, approved April 28, 1904, the Institu- 
 tion was placed under the control of a board of twenty- 
 four trustees. The trustees meet annually, and during 
 the intervals between such meetings the affairs of the 
 Institution are conducted by an executive committee, 
 chosen by and from the board of trustees, acting through 
 the president of the Institution as chief executive officer. 
 Dr. Daniel C. Gilman was the first president of the Insti- 
 tution, holding office until his resignation took effect in 
 December, 1904, when the trustees elected Dr. Robert S. 
 Woodward to the position. Many projects in widely 
 different fields of inquiry have been considered or are 
 under consideration by the executive committee, and 
 over 100 volumes of scientific importance have been pub- 
 lished. The endowment is twenty-five million dollars. 
 
 Carnegie Peace Fund. An endowment of 
 $10,000,000 made by Andrew Carnegie in De- 
 cember, 1910, to be devoted to measures cal- 
 culated to lead to universal peace by the aboli- 
 tion of war among nations. The fund is 
 administered by a board of twenty-seven 
 trustees. 
 
 Carnochan (kar'no-kan), John Murray. 
 
 Born at Savannah, Georgia, July 4, 1817 : died 
 at New York, Oct. 28, 1887. An American 
 surgeon, noted especially for the treatment of 
 elephantiasis Arabum by ligature of the fem- 
 oral artery, and for the successful removal of 
 the entire lower jaw in one operation. 
 
 Caro (ka-ro'). Elme Marie. Born at Poitiers, 
 March 4, 1826 : died at Paris, July 13, 1887. 
 A 1 rench philosopher. He was appointed professor 
 in the Sorbonne in 1864, and was elected to the French 
 Academy in 1874. He was a contributor to the “Revue 
 de l’instruction publique," etc. Among his published 
 works are “ Le mysticisme au xviii*? siecle ” (1852), “ L’ldee 
 de Dieu etses nouveaux critiques ” (1864), “La philosophic 
 de Goethe ” (1866), “ Le materialisme etla science ” (1868), 
 “Melanges et portraits ” (1888), etc. 
 
 Carrel (ka-rel'), Alexis. Born at Sainte Foy, 
 Lyons, France, June 28, 1873. A French sur- 
 geon. He received his education at the University of 
 Lyons, came to America in 1905, and since 1909 has been 
 an associate member of the Rockefeller Institute for Med- 
 ical Research. His work has been chiefly concerned with 
 the transplantation of tissues and organs, and the life of 
 tissues outside of the organism. He was awarded the 
 Nobel prize for research in medicine in 1912. 
 
 Carreno (kar-ra'nyo), Teresa. Born at Caracas, 
 Venezuela, Dec. 22, 1853. A Venezuelan pian- 
 ist. She studied with Gottschalk, Mathias, and Anton 
 Rubinstein. She appeared at the Academy of Music, New 
 York, at the age of nine, giving concerts until 1875, when 
 she appeared in opera. In 1889 she returned to the con- 
 cert stage, and has since toured extensively in Europe 
 and America. She married Eugene d’ Albert in 1892. 
 
 Carrere (ka-rar'), John Merven. Born at 
 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Nov. 9, 1858: died at 
 New York, March 1, 1911. An American 
 architect. He wasgraduated from the ficoledes Beaux- 
 Arts, Paris, in 1882 ; served on commissions for remod- 
 eling Cleveland, Ohio, and other cities of the United 
 States; designed various features of the Pan-American 
 Exposition at Buffalo in 1901 ; and with his partner (since 
 1884), Thomas Hastings, designed many notable buildings, 
 including the Ponce de Leon and Alcazar hotels at St. 
 Augustine, the Public Library and the New Theater at 
 New York, the Senate Office Building at Washington, 
 etc. He was also a special lecturer on architectural sub- 
 jects at Harvard University. 
 
 Carrick (kar'ik). A borough in Allegheny 
 County, Pennsylvania, incorporated from part 
 of Baldwin township in 1904. Pop., 6,117,(1910). 
 
 Carri&re (kar-yar'), Eugene Anatole. Born 
 Jan. 17, 1849 : died at Paris, March 27, 1906. A 
 French painter, ne studied at the ficole des Beaux- 
 Arts and under Cabanel ; took part in the Franco- Prussian 
 war and was captured. For a long time he worked in 
 poverty and neglect, from which he did not emerge until 
 1884, when his works began to attract much attention. 
 He painted a large number of portraits. 
 
 Case School of Applied Science 
 
 Carroll (kar'ol), James. Born in England, 
 June 5, 1854: died at Washington, Sept. 16, 
 1907. An Anglo-American physician, surgeon 
 in the United States army. He was a member of 
 the Havana Yellow Fever Commission appointed in 1900, 
 and in the conduct of experiments submitted himself to 
 inoculation, with a consequent severe attack of the fever. 
 His death was regarded as an ultimate result of the dis- 
 ease. He was promoted to the grade of major-surgeon 
 by a special act of Congress, March 2, 1907. 
 
 Carryl (kar'il), Guy Wetmore. Born at New 
 York, March 4, 1873 : died there, April 1, 1904. 
 An American humorist. He was graduated from 
 Columbia University in 1895. Among his publications are 
 “ Fables for the Frivolous ” (1898), “ Mother Goose for 
 Grown-ups” (1900), “Grimm Tales Made Gay” (1902), 
 “The Lieutenant-Governor” (1903), “ Zut, and Other 
 Parisians ” (1903), “ The Transgression of Andrew Vane” 
 (1904), “ Far from the Maddening Girls ” (1904), and “ The 
 Garden of Years ” (1904). 
 
 Carson (kar'son), Alexander. Born near 
 Stewartst.own, County Tyrone, Ireland, 1776: 
 died at Belfast, August 24, 1844. A Baptist 
 theologian. He was of Scottish parentage and was 
 for a time a Presbyterian minister, but separated from that 
 church in 1804. Later he adopted Baptist views. He 
 published numerous controversial writings. 
 
 Carson*, Christopher. He acted as guide to 
 Fremont on his exploring expeditions, and to 
 the U. S. troops in the conquest of California ; 
 was appointed Indian agent for New Mexico, 
 1853 ; and took part in the Civil War, rising to 
 the rank of brigadier-general. 
 
 Carter (kar'ter), Janies Coolidge. Born at 
 Lancaster, Mass., Oct. 14, 1827 : died at New 
 York, Feb. 14, 1905. An American lawyer. 
 
 He was graduated at Harvard University iu 1850, and at 
 the Harvard Law School in 1853. In 1875 he was ap- 
 pointed by Governor Tilden a member of the commission 
 to devise a form of municipal government for the cities 
 of New York State, and in 1892 was appointed one of the 
 counsel to represent the United States before the Bering 
 Sea tribunal. He published “The Proposed Codification 
 of our Common Law ” (1884). 
 
 Carter (kar'ter), John Ridgely. Born at 
 Baltimore, Nov. 28, 1864. An American di- 
 plomatist. He was admitted to the bar in 1889. He 
 6erved as secretary to the American ambassador at Lon- 
 don 1894-96, as second secretary of the American embassy 
 1896-1905, and secretary 1905-09 ; was minister to the Bal- 
 kan States 1909-11. 
 
 Carus (ka'ros), Paul. Born at Hsenhurg, Ger- 
 many, July 18, 1852. A German-American 
 philosophical writer, editor of the “Monist” 
 and “The Open Court” (Chicago). He was edu- 
 cated at the Universities of Strasburg and Tubingen. 
 Among his publications are “Fundamental Problems,” 
 “The Gospel of I’.uddha,” “Karma" “The Idea of God," 
 “ The History of the Devil,” “ The Nature of the State,’ etc. 
 
 Caruso (ka-ro'so), Enrico. Born at Naples, 
 Italy, 1874. A noted Italian dramatic tenor. 
 
 He made his debut in a small theater near Naples, and was 
 not brought into prominence until 1896, when he sang 
 at the Fondo theater in Naples. In 1898 he sang in Milan. 
 In 1903 he began a series of engagements in New York 
 that brought him great popularity. 
 
 Carver (kar'ver), Thomas Nixon. Born at 
 Kirkville, Iowa, March 25, 1865. An Ameri- 
 can political economist. He was professor of eco- 
 nomies in Oberlin College 1894-1900, and assistant professor 
 of political economy in Harvard University 1900-02, and 
 has been professor there since 1902. He lias published 
 “The Distribution of Wealth” (1904), “Sociology and 
 Social Progress” (1905), and articles on economic subjects 
 in various periodicals. 
 
 Cary, Annie Louise. See ^Raymond, Mrs. 
 Casablanca (ka-sa-blan'ka) (Dar-el-Beida). 
 A seaport of Morocco, situated on the Atlantic 
 coast, about lat. 33° 35' N., long. 7° 50' W. 
 
 On July 30, 1907, the Moors murdered eight Europeans 
 and the city was bombarded by French ships Aug. 5, and 
 captured by French troops. The conflict between France 
 and Morocco continued until August, 1908. The forcible 
 removal by French soldiers from the protection of the 
 German consulate (Sept. 5, 1908) of deserters from the 
 French Foreign Legion led to a dispute between France 
 and Germany which, after mutual explanations, was re- 
 ferred by them to the Hague Tribunal for arbitration. The 
 decision of the court was accepted by both countries, 
 May, 1909. 
 
 Casals (ka-sals'), Pablo. Born atVendrell, Cata- 
 lonia, Dec. 30, 1876. A Spanish violoncellist. 
 
 He studied organ, pianoforte, violin, clarinet, and cello, 
 and became professor of the last-named instrument at 
 the Barcelona University (1897). He has been a member 
 of the Paris Opera and the Lamoureux orchestras and has 
 made extensive tours as a virtuoso in Europe and (1901, 
 1903) in America. His compositions include works for 
 orchestra, cello, violin, piano, and organ. 
 
 Cascade Mountains". According to the Unit- 
 ed States Geographic Board (1907), this range 
 is limited on the south by the gap south of 
 Lassen Peak, California, and extends north- 
 ward into British Columbia. Officially known 
 as the Cascade Range. 
 
 Case School of Applied Science. A technical 
 
 school in Cleveland, O., founded by Leonard 
 Case, Jr., in 1877. Instruction was begun in 1881. It 
 is attended by about 500 students, to whom it offers courses 
 leading to the degrees of B.S., M.S., M.E., C.E., and E.E. 
 
Casiguran 
 
 Casiguran (ka-si-go'ran). A town in Principe, 
 Tayabas province, eastern Luz6n, Philippine 
 Islands, situated at the head of Casiguran 
 Bay. Civilized population of municipality, 
 2,067. 
 
 Casiguran (ka-si-go'ran) Bay. A deep bay 
 on the eastern coast of Luzon, indenting Prin- 
 cipe, Tayabas province : a safe harbor for large 
 vessels in all weather. 
 
 Cassatt (ka-sat'), Alexander Johnston. Born 
 at Pittsburg, Pa., Dec. 8, 1839 : died at Phila- 
 delphia, Dec. 28, 1906. An American business 
 man, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad 
 Company trom 1899. He was educated at the Poly- 
 technic School, Darmstadt, and the Rensselaer Polytechnic 
 Institute, Troy, New York, graduating from the latter in 
 1859. He became connected with the Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road in 1861 as rodman, and was appointed general man- 
 ager in 1871 and vice-president in 1874, resigning in 1882. 
 
 Cassatt (ka-sat'), Mary. Born at Pittsburg, 
 Pa. A contemporary American painter, a 
 sister of A. J. Cassatt, president of the Penn- 
 sylvania Railroad. She studied in Rome, Antwerp, 
 and Paris, coming under the influence of Degas. Her 
 works are figure-paintings. She was elected an associate 
 member of the Academy of Design in 1909. 
 
 Cassel (kas'el), Sir Ernest Joseph. Bom at 
 Cologne, March 3, 1852. A German-English 
 philanthropist. He was educated in his native city, 
 but emigrated to London, where he founded a successful 
 hanking establishment. He has rendered important aid 
 to industrial enterprise in Sweden, and has contributed 
 large sums for charitable purposes in England. He was 
 knighted in 1899 for his services in connection with Egypt. 
 
 Cassini (ka-se'ne), Count Arthur Pavolitch. 
 Born at St. Petersburg, 1838. A Russian 
 diplomatist. He entered the government service (minis- 
 try of finance) in 1854 ; and has held the posts of secretary 
 of the Russian legation in Denmark, minister resident in 
 Hamburg, minister to China 1891-98, ambassador to the 
 United States 1898-1905, and ambassador to Spain, October, 
 1905-09. 
 
 Castaneda (kas-tan-ya'da), Pedro de (de 
 Nagera). A Spanish soldier with Coronado 
 on the expedition of 1540-42 into New Mexico, 
 Texas, and Kansas, and its chief historian. 
 He was a painstaking and critical recorder, though he 
 seems to have written without official order or sanction. 
 His narrative is entitled : “Relacion de la Jornada de 
 Cibola conquesta por Pedro de Castaneda de Najera. 
 Donde se trata de todos aquellos poblados y ritos, y cos- 
 tumbres, la qual fue el Ano de 1540." The manuscript, 
 which is frequently alluded to as the “ original,” is owned 
 by the New York Library, but since it ends with the 
 words : “ finished copying Saturday the 26th of October 
 1596 in Seville," there must have been another earlier 
 manuscript. The original has never been seen. A tran- 
 script with English translation, notes, and introduction, 
 by George Parker Winship, was published in the four- 
 teenth annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 
 Washington, 1896. 
 
 Castle (kas'l), Egerton. Born at London, 
 March 12, 1858. An English novelist. He is the 
 author of “Schools and Masters of Fence " (1884), 
 “ Consequences ” (1891), “ English Book-plates ” (1892), 
 “The Jemingham Letters” (1896), “Young April" (1899), 
 “Marshfield, the Observer” (1900); and with his wife 
 (Agnes Sweetman) he has written “The Pride of Jen- 
 nico" (1898), “The Bath Comedy ” (1900 : dramatized as 
 “Sweet Kitty Beilairs”), “The Secret Orchard" (1901: 
 dramatized 1901), “The Star Dreamer” (1903), “Incom- 
 parable Beilairs ’'(1904), “Rose of the World " (1905), “The 
 Heart of Lady Anne ” (1905), “ If Youth but Knew " (1905), 
 “ My Merry Rockhurst ” (1907), “Flower of the Orange” 
 (1908), “Wroth" (1908), “Panther's Cub” (1910), etc. 
 
 Castro (kas'tro), Cipriano. Born at Capacho, 
 Venezuela, Oct. 12, 1860. A Venezuelan mili- 
 tary leader and politician. He took arms in 1886 
 against the Lopez government ; supported Palacio against 
 the revolt of Crespo in 1892 ; and then ceased to be the 
 leader of the Liberal party and for about six years was 
 engaged in farming near San Jos6 de Cucuta, Santander, 
 Colombia. In May, 1899, he invaded Venezuela with sixty 
 men ; rapidly gathered an army ; won victories at Las 
 Pilas, Zumbador, etc. ; entered Caracas (from which the 
 president, General Ignacio Andrade, had fled) ; and de- 
 clared himself “supreme military leader.” The constitu- 
 tional assembly made him provisional president March 30, 
 lftpl, and on Feb. 20, 1902, lie was elected president for a 
 term of six years. This position he resigned temporarily 
 April 9, 1906. He was “constitutionally suspended from 
 the presidency ” in March, 1909, and was banished from 
 the country. 
 
 Catalan Grand Company. A band of mer- 
 cenaries, mostly Catalans and Aragonese, who, 
 after the wars in Sicily, entered the service of 
 the Eastern Empire under the leadership of 
 Roger di Flor. After his death in 1306 they waged 
 war against the Cireeks and became masters of Boeotia and 
 Attica. Their power disappeared before the end of the 
 fourteenth century. 
 
 Catalani (ka-ta-lii'ne), Alfredo. Born at 
 Lucca, June 19, 1854: died at Milan, Aug. 6, 
 1893. An Italian operatic composer. Ho was a 
 pupil at the conservatories of Paris and Milan, ne first 
 composed church music, writing a mass at the age of 
 fourteen. His compositions are “ Ero e Leandro" (a sym- 
 phonic poem for orchestra) and the operas “ La falce ” 
 (1875), “ Elda ” ( 1880 ), “ Dejanire ” (1883), “ Edmea ” (1880), 
 “ Loreley ” (1890), and “ La Wally *' (1892). 
 
 Catanduanes (ka-tan-d6-a/nas). A hilly is- 
 land of the Philippines, east of the southern 
 
 part of Luz6n, from which it is separated by 
 Maqueda Channel. It belongs to the province 
 of Albay. Area, 682 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 39,288. 
 
 Catari (ka-ta/re), Tom&S. An eighteenth-cen- 
 tury Peruvian revolutionist, an Aymara Indian 
 from Macha, province of Chayanta. He secretly 
 aspired to the position of corregidor of the district, and in 
 1780 went to Buenos Aires to advance his interests, under 
 the pretext of laying the grievances of the Indians before 
 the Spanish viceroy. He received only promises of re- 
 dress, but on returning home showed documents which 
 he asserted gave him authority to depose or kill the 
 corregidors. An Indian uprising followed, during which 
 Tomis Catari himself was killed. But his widow and his 
 two brothers, Nicolas and Diiniaso, gathered a large body 
 of Indians and moved upon Sucre (Chuquisaca), where the 
 royal audiencia resided, and were with difficulty repulsed 
 by the Spanish forces. The Cataris were afterward cap- 
 tured and executed, and the rising was ended in 1781. 
 
 Catasauqua (kat-a-sa'kwa). A borough in 
 Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh 
 River 3 miles above Allentown. It has ma- 
 chine-shops, ironworks, and manufactories of 
 axles, boilers, silk, etc. Population, 5,250, 
 (1910). 
 
 Catbalogan (kat-ba-lo 'giin). A town, the 
 capital of Samar province, Philippine Islands, 
 situated on the western coast of Samar Island, 
 in lat. 11° 46' 30 // N., long. 124° 52' E. Civi- 
 lized population of municipality, 7,758. 
 
 Catherwood (kath'er-wud), Mrs. (Mary Hart- 
 well). Born at Luray, O., Dec. 16, 1847 : died 
 at Chicago, Dec. 26, 1902. An American nov- 
 elist. Authorof “TheRomanceof Dollard” (1889), “The 
 Story of Ton ty "(1890), “ The Lady of Fort St. John”(1891), 
 “ Days of Jeanne D’Arc ” (1897), etc. 
 
 Catholic University of America, The. A 
 
 Roman Catholic institution of learning situ- 
 ated at Washington, D. C. It was founded in 1884, 
 through a gift of $300,000 from Miss M. G. Caldwell of 
 Newport, Rhode Island, for the higher education of the 
 clergy. The university was incorporated in 1887 and 
 opened to the clergy in 1889. Schools for the laity were 
 opened in 1895. It now includes faculties of theology, 
 law, philosophy, letters, and sciences. Eight colleges of 
 religious communities, each with its own faculty and 
 student body, are academically related to the university, 
 and with one exception are located in its immediate 
 vicinity. 
 
 Catteil (ka-tel'), James McKeen. Born at 
 Easton, Pa., May 25, 1860. An American 
 psychologist, professor of psychology in Co- 
 lumbia University from 1891. He is the editor of 
 “Science," of “The Popular Science Monthly," of “Ameri- 
 can Men of Science,” and of the “ Library " and “Archives 
 of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods.” 
 
 Caua. See *Cagua. 
 
 Causeries du lundi (koz-re' dii liin-de'). [F., 
 ‘ Monday talks.’] A series of critical essays 
 contributed by Sainte-Beuve to current French 
 periodicals and later collected and published 
 in book form (1851-57). They were followed 
 by “ Nouveaux lundis” (1863-72) and “Pre- 
 miers lundis” (1875). 
 
 Cavalcaselle (kii-val-ka-sel'la), Giovanni 
 Battista. Born at Legnago, near Verona, 
 Italy, Jan. 22, 1817 : died at Rome, Oct. 31, 1897. 
 An Italian art critic and historian, in 1848 he 
 became involved in the struggle for liberation from 
 Austria and was imprisoned. Later he was banished and 
 sought refuge in England. With Joseph ArcherCrowe he 
 published “The Early Flemish Painters" (1857), “Titian : 
 his Life and Times " (1877), “A New History of Painting 
 in Italy” (Vol. I., 1864), “A History of Painting in North 
 Italy ” (1871), “ Raphael : Ills Life and W orks ” (1882). Ho 
 was appointed inspector of the Museo Nazionale in Flor- 
 ence in 1867, and later general inspector of fine arts in 
 Rome. 
 
 Cavalieri (kii-val-ya're), Emilio del. Born at 
 Rome about 1550: died March 11, 1602. A 
 member of the group of Florentine musicians 
 and poets who launched the new form of the 
 opera at the end of the sixteenth century. His 
 most important work wa9 “ La rappresentazione di anima 
 e di corpo," the first oratorio. lie was one of the first 
 to use solo voices with instrumental accompaniment, and 
 the mode of notation called “figured bass.” 
 
 Cavite. 2. A province in the southwestern part 
 of Luz6n, Philippine Islands. It is bounded by 
 the bay and the city of Manila on the north ; the city of 
 Manila on the northeast; Laguna de Bay and Laguna de 
 Bay province on the east; Batangas (separated by the 
 Tagaytay range and Sungay Mountain) on the south and 
 southeast ; and Manila Bay on the northwest. Capital, 
 Cavite. The northern part of Cavite, watered by many 
 rivers, is very fertile and produces rice, abaca, sugar-cane, 
 and coffee. Over twenty-five per cent, of the land is agri- 
 cultural. The native race is Tagalog. Area, 619 square 
 miles. Population, 134,779. 
 
 Cebu. 2. A province of the Philippines, con- 
 sisting of Cebu and adjacent islands lying be- 
 tween Negros and Leyte in the Visayan Sea. 
 Capital, Cebu. The native race is Visayan. The main 
 iBland is long and narrow, and iB traversed from northeast 
 to southwest by the Cordillera Central Mountains, which, 
 though not exceeding 2,000 feet in height, interfere with 
 communication between the eastern and western parts of 
 the island, as there are few passes. The rivers are un- 
 
 Chadwick, French Ensor 
 
 important. Cebu contains the largest coal deposits of the 
 Philippines. Petroleum has been reported in connection 
 with the coal-beds. Gold and marble are found in the 
 western part of the island. Population, 653,727. 
 
 3. The capital and chief port of Cebu province. 
 The harbor is excellent. 
 
 Celebes (sel'e-bes) Sea. That part of the Pa- 
 cific Ocean which lies south of Mindanao and 
 north of Celebes. It is connected with the 
 Java Sea by the Strait of Macassar. 
 Centennial State, The. A name given to the 
 State of Colorado, because it was admitted to 
 the Union in 1876. 
 
 Centerville (sen'ter-vil). The county-seat ol 
 Appanoose County, Iowa, 32 miles southwest 
 of Ottumwa. It is in a region rich in deposits 
 of coal and limestone. The city has iron- and 
 tile-works, flour-mills, machine-shops, woolen- 
 mills, cigar-factories, etc. Population, 6,936, 
 (1910). 
 
 Central American Arbitration Treaty. A 
 
 treaty signed on Dec. 20, 1907, by the repre- 
 sentatives of the five Central American states 
 at a conference at Washington, by which all 
 the states agreed to submit disputed matters 
 to a court of arbitration, the judges of which 
 are to be appointed by the congress of each 
 country and the decisions of which are to be 
 binding on all parties. 
 
 Central Falls (sen'tral falz). A manufactur- 
 ing city situated on the Blackstone River, in 
 Providence County, Rhode Island. Population, 
 22,754, (1910). 
 
 Centralia (sen-tra'li-a) A city in Clinton and 
 Marion counties, Illinois, 60 miles southeast 
 of St. Louis. It has a considerable trade in 
 fruit, especially apples and strawberries, and 
 has canneries, fruit-box factories, woolen- 
 mills, marble-yards, etc. Population, 9,680, 
 (1910). 
 
 Centralia (sen-tra'li-a). A citj in Lewis 
 County, Washington, 24 miles southwest of 
 Olympia. Lumbering is extensively carried 
 on. Population, 7,311, (1910). 
 
 Century Association, The. A New York club 
 for men, incorporated in 1857 for the advance- 
 ment of art and literature. It has over 1,200 
 members. Its house is at 7 West 43d street. 
 Cernuschi (eher-nos'ki), Enrico. Born atMilan, 
 1821 : died at Mentone, May 12, 1896. An Ital- 
 ian-French financier and political economist, 
 an advocate of bimetallism. He played a con- 
 spicuous part in the insurrections at Milan in 1848, and 
 at Rome in 1849, but in 1850 escaped to France, where 
 he was afterward naturalized. He wrote “M6canique de 
 lAchauge” (1865), “Illusions des societes cooperatives” 
 (1866), “La diplomatie nionetaire ” (1878), “Le bimetal- 
 lism e en Augleterre” (1879), “Le bimetallisme k quinze et 
 demi” (1881), “ Le grand proems de Turnon latine ” (1884), 
 “Les assignats metalliques ” (1885), etc. 
 
 Cervantes (tber-van'tes). A town, the capi- 
 tal of Lepanto-Bontoc°province, Luzdn, in the 
 Philippine Islands. It is situated approxi- 
 mately in lat. 17° 1' 10 // N., long. 120° 50' 
 30" E. 
 
 Cesarewitch Stakes, The. One of the great 
 
 English handicap horse-races of the year, which 
 takes place at Newmarket in the early part of 
 October. The course is 2J miles. Class is better repre- 
 sented in this race than in any other of the long-distance 
 handicaps, and the field is almost invariably good. Thi9 
 meeting has always been of great national and interna- 
 tional interest. The success of Prioress in 1857, after a 
 dead heat with two other animals, El Hakim and Queen 
 Bess, was one of the first victories gained by American 
 horses in England. This race was instituted in 1839, and 
 was named after the Russian imperial prince, afterward 
 Alexander II., who visited England during that year. 
 
 Cezanne (sa-zan'), Paul. Born at Aix, Pro- 
 vence, 1839: died there, Oct. 23, 1906. A 
 French painter. He was a college friend of Zola, and 
 through him met Manet, of whom he was for some time a 
 follower. His art is marked by sincerity, conciseness, and 
 spontaneity. His method has been summarized as “a 
 bridge, thrown across conventional routine, by which im- 
 pressionism may return to the Louvre and the life pro- 
 found.” His work is found at the Luxembourg, the Ber- 
 lin Museum, etc. Among his paintings are landscape and 
 still-life studies, “ Woman with the Rosary,” “ The Bath- 
 ers,” etc. He has been called by his followers “ The Sage. ” 
 
 Chabrier (sba-bri-a '), Alexis Emmanuel. 
 
 Born at Ambert, Puy-de-Dome, France, March 
 18, 1841 : died at Paris, Sept. 13, 1894. A French 
 composer, chiefly of operas. His most im- 
 portant works are “Gwendoline” (1886), “ Le 
 roi malgrd lui” (1887), and some orchestral 
 pieces. 
 
 Chad-wick (chad'wik), French Ensor. Born 
 at Morgantown, W. Va., Feb. 29, 1844. An 
 American naval officer, promoted rear-admiral 
 in 1903. Ho was graduated at the United States Naval 
 Academy in 1865; was naval attachd in London 1882-89; 
 was chief intelligence officer 1892-93; was chief of the 
 
Chadwick, French Ensor 
 
 Bureau of Equipment 1893-97; and served as captain of 
 the cruiser New York and chief of staff to Admiral Samp- 
 son during the war with Spain (1898). From 1900-03 he 
 was president of the Naval War College and commanded 
 the South Atlantic squadron in 1904. He retired in 1900. 
 
 Chadwick (chad ' wik), George Whitefield. 
 
 Born at Lowell, Mass., Nov. 13, 1854. An 
 American composer. He studied in Boston and later 
 iu Leipsic and Munich. On his return to America he be- 
 came an organist in Boston and teacher of composition in 
 the New England Conservatory. Since 1897 he has been 
 its director. He has composed three symphonies, half a 
 dozen overtures, five string quartets, a pianoforte quintet, 
 the lyric drama “Judith” (1900), choral works (“ Phoenix 
 Expirans,” 1891, etc.), and many songs. He has written a 
 treatise on harmony. 
 
 Chadwick (chad ' wik), John White. Born 
 at Marblehead, Mass., Oct. 19, 1840: died at 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., Dec. 11, 1904. An Ameri- 
 can Unitarian minister, literary critic, and au- 
 thor. He was graduated at the Cambridge Divinity 
 School iu 1864, and was minister of the Second Unitarian 
 Society of Brooklyn 1864-1904. Among his works are 
 “ The Bible of To-day ” (1878), “ Faith of Reason " (1879), 
 “The Man Jesus" (1881), “A Book of Poems” (1888), “Old 
 and New Unitarian Belief " (1894), “A Life for Liberty" 
 (1899), “Theodore Parker" (1900), “William Ellery Chan- 
 ning" (1903). 
 
 Chaliapine (sha'le-a-pen), Feodor. Born at 
 Kazan, Russia, about 1875. A Russian bass 
 singer. He first appeared as a boy soprano in his native 
 town, and in opera, at the age of twenty, as Mephisto- 
 pheles in Gounod’s “ Faust ” at Tiflis. Since then he has 
 sung in most of the principal opera-houses in Europe and 
 America. He has won much of his fame in Boito’s “ Mefis- 
 tofele,” in Russian works like “Ivan the Terrible,” and 
 in Massenet’s “ Don Quichotte.” He has appeared in New 
 York. 
 
 Challenger Deep. One of the deepest por- 
 tions of the Pacific Ocean. It occurs between 
 Guam and the Caroline Islands, and was dis- 
 covered by H. M. S. Challenger, which ob- 
 tained a sounding of 4,475 fathoms at this place. 
 Challenger Expedition*. The expedition was 
 undertaken at the suggestion of the Royal So- 
 ciety, which drew up a complete scheme of in- 
 structions. Captain (later Sir) George Nares 
 was in command (1872-74). The ship sailed 
 for a year in the Atlantic, reached Cape Town 
 in Oct., 1873, and Kerguelen Island, Jan., 1874. 
 She was the first steamship to cross the Ant- 
 arctic Circle. The expedition made researches 
 in the Pacific, reached Hong Kong, reerossed 
 the ocean to Valparaiso, and, passing through 
 the Strait of Magellan, reached Sheerness, 
 May, 1876. The Challenger report was pub- 
 lished in 50 volumes (1880-95). 
 
 Chamberlain (cham ' her -lan), Alexander 
 Francis. Born at Kenninghall, England, Jan. 
 12, 1865. An English- American anthropologist, 
 professor ot anthropology in Clark University, 
 Worcester, Massachusetts. He was graduated at 
 the University of Toronto in 1886. His works include 
 “The Child: a Study in the Evolution of Man" (1900), 
 “Poems 1 ’ (1904), etc. He was editor of the “Journal of 
 American Folklore ” (1900-08). 
 
 Chamberlain (cham'ber-lan), Daniel Henry. 
 
 Born at West Brookfield, Mass., June 23, 1835; 
 died near Charlottesville, Va., April 13, 1907. 
 An American lawyer, politician, and writer. 
 
 He was graduated at Yale University in 1862, and at the 
 Harvard Law School in 1863; served in the Union army in 
 the last years of the Civil War ; established himself as a 
 cotton-planter in South Carolina in 1866 ; and was attor- 
 ney-general of that State 1868-72 and governor 1874-77. 
 
 Chamberlain (cham'ber-lan), J. Austen. Born 
 1863. An English Liberal-Unionist statesman, 
 eldest son of Joseph Chamberlain. He was edu- 
 cated at Rugby, and at Trinity College, Cambridge ; has 
 sat for Worcestershire (East) in the House of Commons 
 since 1892 ; was a civil lord of the admiralty 1895-1900; 
 was financial secretary to the treasury 1900-02 ; was post- 
 master-general 1902-03 ; aDd was chancellor of the ex- 
 chequer 1903-Dec., 1905. 
 
 Chamberlin (cham'ber-lin), Thomas Chrow- 
 der. Born at Mattoon, 111., Sept. 25, 1843. An 
 eminent American geologist, professor of geol- 
 ogy and director of the Walker Museum in the 
 University of Chicago from 1892. He was pro- 
 fessor of geology at Beloit College 1873-82 ; assistant State 
 geologist of Wisconsin 1873-76 and chief geologist 187(>-82 ; 
 president of the University of Wisconsin 1887-92 ; and 
 geologist of the Peary Relief Expedition 1894. He has 
 published “Geology of Wisconsin ” (1877-83), “Text-book 
 of Geology” (1904-06: with Salisbury), “The Tidal and 
 other Problems” (1909: with F. R. Moulton and others), 
 and many scientific papers ; and is the editor of the “Jour- 
 nal of Geology." He is the author of the “ planetesimal 
 hypothesis,” relating to the formation of planetary systems. 
 
 Chambers (cham'berz), Robert William. 
 
 Born at Brooklyn, N. Y., May 26, 1865. An 
 American artist and novelist. He studied art 
 abroad, exhibited at the Salon in 1889, and in 1891 went to 
 New York, where he worked as an illustrator. Since 1893 
 he has been engaged chiefly in literary work. He has 
 written “ The Witch of Ellangowan,” a drama, “ The King 
 in Yellow " (1895), “Lorraine” (1898), “The Cambric Mask ” 
 (1900), “The Conspirators ” (1900), “Cardigan” (1901), 
 “The Maid-at-Arms” (1902), “The Reckoning” (1905), 
 
 “Iole” (1905), “The Tracer of Lost Persons” (1906), “The 
 Fighting Chance ” (1906), “The Younger Set” (1907), “The 
 Firing Line” (1908), “The Special Messenger” (1909), etc. 
 
 Chaminade (shfi-mi-nad'), Cecile. Born at 
 Baris, Aug, 8, 1861. A French composer and 
 pianist. She has written many pieceB and songs that 
 are popular, several orchestral suites, a symphony with 
 chorus, and chamber-music. 
 
 Champaign (sham-pan'). A city in Cham- 
 paign County, Illinois, 43 miles northeast of 
 Decatur. It has foundries, railroad shops, etc. 
 Population, 12,421, (1910). 
 
 Champney (champ'ni), James Wells. Born 
 at Boston, July 16, 1843: died at New York, 
 May 1, 1903. An American painter. He learned 
 
 wood-engraving in Boston, and in 1866 went to Paris and 
 became a pupil of Edouard Frere. He also studied in 
 the Academy at Antwerp. He was elected an associate of 
 the National Academy iu 1882. 
 
 Champneys (champ'niz), Basil. Born 1842. 
 An English architect and writer on art, son of 
 William Weldon Champneys. He was educated at 
 the Charterhouse school and at Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 being graduated in 1864. Among the buildings which he 
 has designed are the Archaeological Museum at Cam- 
 bridge, the Rylands Library at Manchester, and the But- 
 ler Museum at Harrow. 
 
 Chandler (chand'ler), Charles Frederick. 
 
 Born at Lancaster, Mass., Dec. 6, 1836. An 
 American scientist, professor of chemistry in 
 Columbia University 1877-1911. He was adjunct 
 
 professor of chemistry and medical jurisprudence in the 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, 1872-76, and 
 professor there 1876-97. He is also president of, and pro- 
 fessor of organic chemistry in, the New York College of 
 Pharmacy, and was chemist and later president of the 
 Metropolitan Board of Health 1867-84. 
 
 Chandler (chand'ler), Francis Ward. Born 
 at Boston, Sept. 30, 1844. An American ar- 
 chitect. He practised his profession iu Boston 1874-88, 
 and has been professor of architecture in the Massa- 
 chusetts Institute of Technology since 1888, and advisory 
 architect to the mayor of Boston since 1896. He has pub- 
 lished “Construction Details” (1892), “Notes on Limes, 
 Cements, Mortars, and Concretes ” (1892), etc. 
 
 Chandler (chand'ler), Seth Carlo. Born at 
 Boston, Sept. 17, 1846. An American astron- 
 omer. He was a member of the U. S. Coast and Geo- 
 logical Survey 1864-70, and has conducted private investi- 
 gations in stellar astronomy, etc., from 1886. He has 
 edited the “Astronomical Journal” since 1896. 
 
 Chandler (chand'ler), William Eaton. Born 
 at Concord, N. H., Dec. 28, 1835. An Ameri- 
 can lawyer and statesman. He was graduated from 
 the Harvard Law School and admitted to the bar in 1855 ; 
 was reporter of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire in 
 1859; was a member of the New Hampshire legislature 
 1862-64, 1881, and speaker 1863-64 ; was solicitor and judge- 
 advocate-general of the Navy Department 1865. He was 
 assistant secretary of the treasury 1865-67, secretary of the 
 navy 1882-85, United States senator 1887-1901, and presi- 
 dent of the Spanish treaty claims commission 1901-07. 
 
 Channing (chan'ing), William Henry. Born 
 at Boston, May 25, 1810: died at London, Dec. 
 23, 1884. An American Unitarian minister 
 and writer, nephew of William Ellery Chan- 
 ning. He was graduated from Harvard College in 1829 
 and from the Cambridge Divinity School in 1833 ; suc- 
 ceeded James Martineau as minister of the Hope Street 
 Unitarian Chapel in Liverpool, England, in 1857 ; and re- 
 turned to the United States in 1862 and filled a Unitarian 
 pulpit in Washington, D. C. He was interested in the 
 Brook Farm experiment, contributed to “ The Harbinger,” 
 and with Emerson and J. F. Clarke wrote “Memoirs of 
 Margaret Fuller Ossoli ” (1852). He also published a 
 translation of Jouffroy's “Ethics" (1840), “Memoirs of 
 William Ellery Channing ” (1848), etc. 
 
 Chanticleer. 3. The cock in Edmond Ros- 
 tand's play “Chantecler” (1907-09). 
 
 Chanute (sha-nut' ). A city in Neosho County, 
 Kansas, 42 miles southwest of Fort Scott. It 
 is situated in an important oil and gas region, 
 and has oil-refineries, railway repair-shops, 
 glass-factories, etc. Population, 9,272, (1910). 
 
 Chanute (sha-nut'), Octave. Born at Paris, 
 Feb. 18, 1832: died at Chicago, Nov. 23, 1910. 
 A Franco-Ameriean civil engineer and ex- 
 perimenter in aviation. He came to the United 
 States in 1838 ; was engaged for many years in the con- 
 struction of railroads ; and was president of the American 
 Society of Civil Engineers 1891-92. In 1894 he published 
 his “ Progress in Flying Machines,” a study of the exper- 
 iments hitherto made in aviation, and in 1896 instituted 
 further experiments with various forms of gliding-ma- 
 chine, and devised means of securing equilibrium by 
 automatic movements of the machine. 
 
 Chapman (chap'man), Frank Michler. Born 
 at Englewood, N. j., June 12, 1864. An Ameri- 
 can ornithologist. He has been associate curator of 
 ornithology and mammalogy in the American Museum of 
 Natural History, New York city, since 1887, and is editor 
 and founder of “ Bird-Lore” and associate editor of “The 
 Auk.” He has published “ Handbook of Birds of Eastern 
 North America” (1895), “Bird-Life” (1897), “Bird Studies 
 with a Camera ” (1900), “ A Color Key to North American 
 Birds ” (1903), “ The Economic Value of Birds to the State ’ 
 (1903), “ Warblers of North America” (1907), “ Camps and 
 Cruises of an Ornithologist” (1908), etc. 
 
 Chapu (sha-pti'), Henri Michel Antoine. 
 Born at Le M6e (Seine-et-Marne), France, 
 
 Chelan 
 
 Sept. 29, 1833: died at Paris, April 20, 1891. 
 A French sculptor. He was a pupil of Pradier, Duret, 
 and I. roil Cogniet, and won the grand prix de Rome, in 
 sculpture, in 1855. His works include the statue of 
 “Jeanne d’Arc hearing voices" (1870), the monument to 
 Henri Regnault in the Ecole des Beaux-Arts (1876), the 
 tomb of Monsignor Dupanloup (1886), the monument to 
 the Duchess of Orleans, and many important statues and 
 busts. He won the medaille d’honneur at the Salon in 1875 
 and 1877, and was elected member of the Institute in 1880. 
 
 Charcot (shar-ko'), Jean Baptiste Etienne 
 Auguste. Born at Neuilly-sur-Seine, July 
 15, 1867. A French physician and explorer. 
 As leader of the French antarctic expedition (1903-06) he 
 established the connection of Bismarck Strait with the sea 
 east of Graham Land, and mapped the west coast of that 
 land. In 1908-10 he commanded a second expedition to 
 the Antarctic, the main objects of which were to make a 
 collection of the fossils to which attention was drawn by 
 Dr. Nordenskjold, and to explore the region south of Lou- 
 bet Island (Adelaide Island), and, if possible, to reach the 
 south pole. He reached 70° south lat. His ship was 
 named “ Pourquoi Pas?" (“Why Not?”). He has written 
 accounts of his journeys in “Le Fran^ais au Pole Sud" 
 and “Le voyage du Pourquoi Pas?” See Century Atfas, 
 Map 3J. 
 
 Charleroi (shar-le-roi'). A borough in Wash- 
 ington County, Pennsylvania, about 22 miles 
 southeast of Pittsburg. It is in an important 
 coal-mining region, and has plate-glass fac- 
 tories, etc. Population, 9.615, (1910). 
 
 Charles City (ehiirlz sit'i). The county-seat 
 of Floyd County, Iowa, on Cedar River 110 
 miles northwest of Dubuque. It is the seat of 
 Charles City College. Its manufactures include furniture, 
 machinery, flour, agricultural implements, etc. The 
 breeding of Normandy horses is here an important in- 
 dustry. Population, 5,892, (1910). 
 
 Charles’s Wain. See Wain, Charles's. 
 
 Charleston (charlz'ton). The county-seat of 
 Coles County, Illinois, 43 miles west of Terre 
 Haute, Indiana. In the vicinity are oil-fields and 
 coal-deposits. The city haB manufactories of flour, wool, 
 stoves, etc., and is the seat of the Eastern Illinois Normal 
 School. Population, 6,884, (1910). 
 
 Charlotte Temple ; or, a Tale of Truth. A 
 
 tale by Mrs. Susanna (Haswell) Rowson, pub- 
 lished in 1790. It has been many times republished. 
 The heroine, an innocent school-girl, is induced to come to 
 America by Montraville, a lieutenant in the British ser- 
 vice, on his promise of marriage upon arrival. This 
 promise is not fulfilled ; he deserts her, and she dies after 
 giving birth to a child. A grave marked by a tombstone 
 bearing the name of “Charlotte Temple,” erected by a 
 sexton in the eighteenth century, lies in the graveyard of 
 Old Trinity Church, New York city. The author in her 
 preface states that the tale is a true one, “yet I have sub- 
 stituted names and places according to my own fancy." 
 The real name of Charlotte Temple is said to have been 
 Stanley. 
 
 Charpentier (shar-pon-tya'), Gustave. Born 
 at Dieuze, Lorraine, June 25, 1860. A French 
 composer. He studied at the Conservatoire in Paris, 
 and took the Roman prize there in 1887. His most im- 
 portant works are a suite for orchestra, “Impressions 
 dltalie,” the opera “Louise" (produced at the Opera 
 Comique, Paris, in 1900, with great success), which has 
 been considered one of the most noteworthy of modern 
 French operas, and the “ symphonie-drama " “La vie du 
 poete” (1892). 
 
 Chartran (shar-tron'), Theobald. Born at 
 
 Besan§on, 1849 : died at Paris, July 16, 1907. 
 A French painter, a pupil of Cabanel. His 
 works are chiefly portraits and religious sub- 
 jects. 
 
 Cha,telain*, Heli. In 1897 he founded the 
 Phil-African Mission, near the edge of the 
 Angola Highlands, for the industrial training 
 of the natives under Christian influence. 
 
 Chausson (sho-son'), Ernest. Born at Paris, 
 1855: died at Limay, June 10, 1899. A French 
 composer, apupil and follower of Cfisar Franck. 
 His most important works are the opera “Le roi Arthus" 
 (produced in 1903), a symphony, a symphonic poem 
 “Viviane" (1888), chamber-music, and songs. 
 
 Chauvin (sho-van'), Nicolas. Born at Roche- 
 fort, France, in the 18th century. A French 
 soldier of the Republic and the Empire. He was 
 severely wounded and mutilated in the wars of Napoleon 
 and received as reward for his services a saber of honor, 
 a red ribbon, and a pension of 200 francs. His enthusiasm 
 for the emperor was so demonstrative that it won for him 
 the ridicule of his comrades and gave rise to the term 
 “chauvinism.” 
 
 Cbeboygan (she-boi'gan). The county-seat of 
 Cheboygan County, M ichigan, situated on Lake 
 Huron at the mouth of the Cheboygan River. 
 It has extensive lumber interests, and has 
 paper- and canning-factories, machine-shops, 
 tanneries, etc. Population, 6,859, (1910). 
 
 Chehalis (che-ha'lis). The capital of Lewis 
 County, Washington, 27 miles southwest of 
 Olympia. It is in a coal-mining region, and 
 has lumber-mills, etc. Population, 4,507, 
 (1910). 
 
 Chelan (she-lan'). A lake in Chelan County, 
 Washington. It is about fifty miles long and 
 from one to two miles wide. 
 
Cheliabinsk 
 
 Cheiiabinsk (chel-i-a-binsk'). A city of Oren- 
 burg, Russia, situated near the northern bound- 
 ary of the province in lat. 55° N. Population, 
 upward of 10,000. 
 
 Chelminski (chel-min'ski), Jan. Born in Rus- 
 sian Poland, Jan. 27, 1851. A Polish painter. 
 He received his professional training at the Academy in 
 Munich and under Franz Adam. In 1873 he began paint- 
 ing, independently, genre subjects taken from the common 
 life of Poland. His work is widely distributed. 
 Chelmsford (chelmz'ford). A town in Middle- 
 sex County, Massachusetts', on the New York, 
 New Haven, and Hartford Railroad 23 miles 
 northwest of Boston. It has box-factories, 
 worsted-mills, etc. Population, 5,010, (1910). 
 Chemulpo (she-mul-po'), Battle of. A naval 
 engagement in the harbor of Chemulpo, Korea, 
 Feb. 9, 1904, between two Russian cruisers, 
 the Variag and Korietz, and a Japanese fleet 
 consisting of four cruisers, seven torpedo-boats, 
 and three transports. Both of the Russian 
 vessels were damaged and were sunk by their 
 officers after the engagement. 
 
 Cheney (che'ni), John Vance. Born at Grove- 
 land, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1848. An American poet 
 and librarian. He studied law at Woodstock, Ver- 
 mont, 1871-74, and at Haverhill, Massachusetts, 1874-75, 
 and practised in New York for a year. On his removal to 
 California in 1876 he became librarian of the Free Public 
 Library in San Francisco 1887-1894, and was librarian of 
 the Newberry Library in Chicago 1894-1909. He has pub- 
 lished two volumes of essays, “ The Golden Guess” (1892) 
 and “That Dome in Air” (1895), and several volumes of 
 poems, among them “Thistle-Drift” (1887), “Wood- 
 Blooms ” (1888), “Lyrics " (1902), and “ Poems (1905). 
 
 Chesney (ches'ni), Sir George Tomkyns. 
 Born at Tiverton, Devonshire, April 30, 1830: 
 died at London, March 31, 1895. A British 
 general, engineer, and author, nephew of F. R. 
 Chesney. He entered the army in 1848 ; served in the 
 Indian mutiny ; was president of the engineering college 
 in Calcutta; was the first president of the Royal Indian 
 Civil Engineering College, Cooper’s Hill, Staines, near 
 London, 1871-80 ; was secretary to the military department 
 of the Indian government 1880-86 ; and was military mem- 
 ber of the governor’s council 1886-91. He waB knighted 
 in 1890, and was elected a Conservative member of Parlia- 
 ment for Oxford in 1892. In 1871 he published anony- 
 mously in “Blackwood’s Magazine” “The Battle of Dork, 
 ing, or Reminiscences of a Volunteer,” a brochure which 
 attracted much attention. He also published “Indian 
 Polity ” (1868) ; “The True Reformer” (1874), “The Dilem- 
 ma” (1876), novels dealing with army affairs ; “The Les- 
 ters, or a Capitalist's Labor ” (1893) ; etc. 
 
 Chester (ehes'ter), Colby Mitchell. Born at 
 New London, Conn., Feb. 29, 1844. An Ameri- 
 can naval officer, astronomer, and naval engi- 
 neer. He was graduated at the United States Naval 
 Academy in 1863 ; was instructor there 1874-77 ; was hydro- 
 graphic inspector in the United States Coast and Geodetic 
 Survey 1880-85; and was superintendent of the United 
 States Naval Observatory 1902-06. H e directed the United 
 States surveys in China and Korea 1871-73. He served in 
 the Civil War, was promoted rear-admiral in 1903, and re- 
 tired in 1906. 
 
 Chesterton (ehes ' ter - ton), Gilbert Keith. 
 
 Born at Kensington, England, 1874. An Eng- 
 lish journalist and author. Among his published 
 volumes are “ The Wild Knight and other Poems ” (1900), 
 “ Greybeards at Play ” (1900), “ Robert Browning " (1903), 
 “ G. F. Watts” (1904), “ The Napoleon of Notting Hill” 
 (1904), “ Charles Kingsley ” (1906), “ The Man Who Was 
 Thursday ” (1908), “ All Things Considered ” (1908), 
 “ George Bernard Shaw ” (1909), “ What ’s Wrong with the 
 World ” (1910), “ William Blake ” (1911), “ Alarms and Dis- 
 cursions 1 ’ (1911), “Appreciations and Criticisms of the 
 Works of Charles Dickens ” (1911), etc. 
 
 Cheyne (eha/ni), Thomas Kelly. Born at 
 London, England, Sept. 18, 1841. A noted 
 English clergyman and biblical critic. He wa3 
 a member of the Old Testament Revision Company 1884 ; 
 was rector of Tendring, Essex, 1880-85 ; and was Oriel pro- 
 fessor of the interpretation of Scripture at Oxford, and 
 canon of Rochester, 1885-1908. In 1904 he w as elected a 
 member of the British Academy. Among the best known 
 of his works are “The Prophecies of Isaiah” (1880-81), 
 “The Book of Psalms,” a new translation (1884-88, 1904), 
 “ Founders of Old Testament Criticism ” (1893), “ Intro- 
 duction to the Book of Isaiah ” (1895), “ Isaiah,” critically 
 revised text, and translation in “ Sacred Books of the Old 
 Testament” (1898), “ Jewish Religious Life afterthe Exile ” 
 (1898), “ Critica Biblica ” (1904), “ Traditions and Beliefs 
 of Ancient Israel” (1907), “Decline and Fall of the King- 
 dom of Judah” (1908), “The Two Religions of Israel” 
 (1910), etc. 
 
 Chicago Drainage Canal. A canal which 
 extends from the west fork of the south branch 
 of the Chicago River in Robey street, Chicago, 
 to Lockport, Illinois, a distance of about 28 
 miles, and thence to Joliet, a further distance 
 of 7 miles. It discharges the sewage of Chicago into 
 the Illinois River, n branch of the Mississippi. Work was 
 begun in 1892 and the canal was formally opened in 1900, 
 having cost $3:1,000,000. It is designed to be also used for 
 shipping and is flushed by 300,000 cubic feet of water 
 (drawn from Lake Michigan) per minute. The flow re- 
 verses the direction of that of the Chicago River. 
 
 Chicago Exposition. See ★ World’s Columbian 
 Exposition. 
 
 Chicago Heights (shi-ka'go hits). A city in 
 
 Cook County, in the northeastern part of Illi- 
 nois. It was incorporated in 1901. Manufacturing is 
 the most important industry, the products including 
 chemicals, brick, iron and steel goods, stoves, glass, etc. 
 Population, 14,525, (1910). 
 
 Chickamauga National Park. A national 
 reservation in Georgia, containing the battle- 
 field of Chickamauga. It has an area of about 
 fifteen square miles, comprising parts of 
 Walker and Catoosa counties. It was dedi- 
 cated in September, 1895. 
 
 Chickasha (chik'a-sha). A city in Grady 
 County, Oklahoma, 34 miles south of El Reno. 
 
 It is situated in a fruitful agricultural region, and has 
 manufactories of lumber, flour, agricultural implements, 
 etc. Stock-raising is an important industry. Population, 
 10,320, (1910). 
 
 Children of the Abbey, The. A story by 
 Mrs. Regina Maria Roche, published in 1798. 
 Chillicothe (chil-i -koth'e). The county-seat 
 of Livingston County, Missouri. The important 
 industries are agriculture, stock-raising, coal-mining, and 
 manufacturing. The Missouri Industrial School for Girls 
 and a normal school are at Chillicothe. Population, 6,265, 
 (1910). 
 
 China’. Steps have been taken toward the ultimate 
 establishment of a constitutional government. Manchuria 
 was occupied by Russia as a result of the “Boxer" up- 
 rising in 1900, but was restored to China, with the excep- 
 tion of the Liao-tung Peninsula, by the treaty of Ports- 
 mouth, Sept. 5, 1905. By the treaty of Dec. 22, 1905, China 
 leased to Japan the Liao-tung Peninsula and ceded the 
 control of the railways as far as Chang-chun, and the right 
 to construct a railway from Antung to Mukden, and 
 agreed to open 16 Manchurian ports and cities to foreign 
 commerce. On Nov. 21, 1906, regulations were issued pro- 
 viding for a gradual decrease in the use, growth, and im- 
 portation of opium. Provincial assemblies were inaugu- 
 rated in Oct., 1909, the.first Imperial Senate met in Oct., 
 1910, and the republic was proclaimed Feb., 1912. 
 
 Chinam-pho, Chinnampo (che-nam-po'). A 
 free port on the western coast of Korea, about 
 one hundred miles northwest of Seul. Popu- 
 lation, upward of 17,000. 
 
 Chisholm (chiz'om). A village in St. Louis 
 County, Minnesota, incorporated from part of 
 Stuntz township in 1901. Population, 7,684, 
 (1910). 
 
 Chittenden (chit'en-den), Russell Henry. 
 
 Born at New Haven, Conn., Feb. 18, 1856. An 
 American chemist, professor of physiological 
 chemistry at Yale University from 1882, and 
 director of the Sheffield Scientific School 
 (Yale) from 1898. He was graduated at Yale in 
 1875. His most important publications are “ Studies in 
 Physiological Chemistry" and “Physiological Economy 
 in Nutrition.” 
 
 Chivers (chiv'erz), Thomas Holley. Born at 
 Digby Manor, Wilkes County, Ga., in 1807: 
 died at Decatur, Ga., Dec. 18, 1858. An 
 American poet. He studied medicine, but soon aban- 
 doned it for literature. He was a friend and admirer of 
 Edgar Allan Poe (whom he first met in New York in 1845), 
 though he accused Poe of plagiarizing him. To substan- 
 tiate this claim he published several articles in 1853, under 
 the pseudonym “Fiat Justitia.” He published nine vol- 
 umes of verse. 
 
 Choate (chot), Joseph Hodges. Born at Salem, 
 Mass., Jan. 24, 1832. A noted American law- 
 yer, orator, and diplomatist, first cousin, once 
 removed, of Rufus Choate. He was graduated at 
 Harvard in 1852, and was admitted to the Massachusetts 
 bar in 1855 and to the New York bar in 1856. In 1871, as 
 a member of the Committee of Seventy, lie aided in the 
 overthrow of the “Tweed Ring ” in New York. He was 
 United States ambassador to Great Britain 1899-1905, and 
 in 1907 was delegate to the International Peace Confer- 
 ence at The Hague. He has published “ Abraham Lincoln, 
 and Other Addresses in England ” (1910), etc. 
 
 Cholmondeley (chum'li), Mary. Born at 
 Hodnet, Shropshire, England. A contempo- 
 rary English novelist. Her best-known works are 
 “The Danvers Jewels” (1887 : written under the pseudo- 
 nym “Pax"), “Diana Tempest" (1893), “Red Pottage" 
 (1899), “Prisoners" (1906), “The Lowest Rung ” (1908), 
 “Hand on the Latch" (1909), etc. 
 
 Chouart (sho-ar'), Medard: known as Sieur 
 des Groseilliers. Born at Brie, France, 1621. 
 An early Canadian explorer. He left France when 
 about 16 years of age, and became a trader among the 
 Huron Indians. With the Sieur Radisson (Pierre d’Es- 
 prit), he discovered the upper Mississippi and explored 
 the country in the region of Lake Superior (1659-60). In 
 1662 he made a journey from Quebec to Hudson Bay. 
 He went to England and secured the indorsement of 
 Prince Rupert and other eminent men for an expedition 
 to Hudson Bay by a northwest passage, which was suc- 
 cessfully carried out in 1668, and as a result of which the 
 Hudson Bay Company was chartered in 1670. See Cen- 
 tury Atlas, Map 4. 
 
 Christian Endeavor, Young People’s So- 
 ciety of. A society originated in 1881 by 
 Francis E. Clark, pastor of the Williston Con- 
 gregational Church in Portland, Maine. Its ob- 
 
 ject is to make young people loyal members of the church. 
 It is directed by a central corporation (the United So- 
 ciety) and local societies (numbering in both hemispheres 
 over 70,000), in connection with evangelical churches. 
 The total membership is nearly four millions. 
 
 Christie’s (kris'tiz). A noted auction-room in 
 
 Clark, Champ 
 
 London. On December 5, 1766, the first James Christie 
 (1730-1803) held his initial public auction on the site of 
 the United Service Club in Pall Mall. The business was 
 at first general, but the picture sales soon became the 
 chief attraction. The “ private view-day ’’ was especially 
 popular with the prominent people of the time. The first 
 Christie was succeeded by James Christie the second 
 (1773-1831), who in 1824 moved to the present location at 
 8 King street. The two sons of James Christie second, 
 James Stirling (died 1834) and George Henry, succeeded 
 him. The present firm name of “Christie, Manson, and 
 Woods " was created in 1859. 
 
 Chrysander (kre'san-der), Friedrich. Born 
 at Liibtheen, Germany, July 8, 1826; died at 
 Bergedorf, September 3, 1901 A German 
 musical historian and biographer. His chief 
 work is his biography of Handel, unfinished, in three vol- 
 umes (1858-67). From 1868-71 and 1875-82 he was editor 
 of the “ Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung,”and hefounded 
 the “ Vierteljahrsschrift f Ur Musikwissenschaft.” He was 
 the founder of the German Handelgesellschaft and edited 
 its complete edition of Handel’s works. 
 
 Church (cherch), Richard William. Born at 
 Lisbon, April 25, 1815; died at Dover, Eng- 
 land, Dec. 9, 1890. An English clergyman and 
 writer, dean of St. Paid’s 1871-90. He lived in 
 Florence 1818-28 ; was graduated at Oxford in 1836 ; was 
 fellow of Oriel 1838-52 ; was ordained priest in 1852 ; and 
 received the living of Whatley in Somerset in the same 
 year. He was select preacher at Oxford 1868, 1876-78, 
 and 1881-82. He wrote “ Anselm ” (1843 : enlarged 1870), 
 “Dante” (1850), “Spenser” (1879), “Bacon” (1884), “A 
 History of the Oxford Movement ” (1891), etc. 
 
 Churchill (cherch'il), Winston. Born at St. 
 Louis, Mo., Nov. 10, 1871. An American nov- 
 elist. He was graduated from the United States Naval 
 Academy in 1894, and has been a member of the New 
 Hampshire legislature. He lias worked chiefly in the fields 
 of historical and political fiction. Among his works are 
 “ Richard Carvel ” (1899), “ The Crisis ” (1901), “ The Cross- 
 ing” (1904), “The Title Mart.” a play (1905), “Coniston” 
 (1906), “Mr. Crewe’s Career'’ (1908), “A Modern Chron- 
 icle ” (1910), “ The Inside of the Cup ’’ (1912), etc. 
 
 Churchill (cherch'il), Winston Leonard 
 Spencer. Born Nov. 30, 1874. An English 
 war correspondent, author, and cabinet of- 
 ficer, son of Lord Randolph Churchill. He en- 
 tered the army and served with the Spanish forces in 
 Cuba as correspondent for the “ Daily Graphic * in 1895, 
 with the Malakand field force in 1897, and with the Nile 
 expeditionary force in 1898. He was correspondent for 
 the London “Morning Post" during the South African 
 campaign 1899-1900, and was taken prisoner in action 
 Nov. 15, 1899, but escaped Dec. 12. As a Conservative 
 he was elected from Oldham to the House of Commons in 
 1900, and as a Liberal sat for Northwest Manchester 1906-08 
 and for Dundee 1908-. His change of party was largely 
 due to his attitude toward Brodrick’s army and Cham- 
 berlain’s fiscal proposals. He was under-secretary to the 
 colonial office 1906-08, president of the board of trade 
 1908-10, home secretary 1910-11, and first lord of the 
 admiralty Oct., 1911—. He has written “ The Story of the 
 Malakand Field Force ” (1898), “ The Biver War ” (1899), 
 “Savrola” (1900), “London to Ladysmith via Pretoria” 
 (1900), “Ian Hamilton’s March ’’ (1900), “Lord Randolph 
 Churchill ” (1906), and “My African Journey" (1908). 
 Cicero (sis'e-ro). A town in Cook County, Il- 
 linois. Population, 14,557, (1910). 
 
 Cicerone (elie-che-ro'na). A noted guide-book 
 by Jakob Burckhardt which contains a his- 
 toric and descriptive account of the ancient 
 and modern art of Italy. The first edition was 
 published at Basel in 1855 in seven small vol- 
 umes. 
 
 Cilea (chi-la'a), Francesco. Born at Palmi, 
 Calabria, July 29, 1866. An Italian composer. 
 He has written mostly for the operatic stage, and his 
 works include “Gina” (1889), “La Tilda” (1892), “L’Ar- 
 lesiana” (1896), “Adrienne Lecouvreur ” (1902), which has 
 been sung in America, and “ Gloria “ (1907). He has also 
 written an orchestral suite, some piano pieces, a trio, and 
 a sonata for cello and piano. 
 
 Cincinnati, University of. See * University of 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 City and Suburban, The. An English handi- 
 cap horse-race held at Epsom in April. Its 
 course is 1J miles. 
 
 City Club. A New York club for men, incor- 
 porated in 1892. Its object is to aid in securing per- 
 manent good government for the city of New York through 
 the election and appointment of honest and able munici- 
 pal officers and the establishment of a clear and stable 
 system of city laws. It has over 1,300 members. Its house 
 is at 55 West 44th street. 
 
 Ciudad Juarez (the-o-dilTH' hwa'rath). The 
 present name of El Paso del Norte. 
 
 Clark (klark), Alvan Graham. Born at Fall 
 River, Mass., July 10, 1832: died at Cambridge, 
 Mass., June 9, 1897. An American optician 
 and astronomer, son of Alvan Clark. He became 
 a member of the firm of Alvan Clark and Company in 
 1852, and completed the telescope for the Lick Observa- 
 tory (36 inches). He made the 30-inch refractor for the 
 Imperial Observatory at St. l’etersburg, for which he 
 was presented with a gold medal by the emperor ; the 
 40 -inch lens for the Yerkes Observatory of the University 
 of Chicago (at Williams Bay, Wis. ) ; and many others. He 
 was also known as an astronomer, and made many discov- 
 eries of double stars, among them that of the companion 
 of Sirius, for which lie was awarded the Lalande gold 
 medal by the French Academy. 
 
 Clark (klark), Champ. Born in Anderson 
 
Clark, Champ 
 
 County, Ky., March 7, 1850. An American 
 Democratic politician. He wa§ educated at Ken- 
 tucky University, Bethany College, and the Cincinnati 
 Law School ; was president of Marshall College 1873-74 ; 
 was admitted to the bar in 1875, and subsequently prac- 
 tised law in Missouri ; was a member of the House of Rep- 
 resentatives 1889-91 ; and was a member of Congress from 
 Missouri 1893-95 and 1897-. He became speaker of the 
 House fn 1911. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the 
 Democratic nomination for President in 1912. 
 
 Clark (klark), Charles Edgar. Born at Brad- 
 ford, Vt., August 10, 1843. An American 
 naval officer, promoted rear-admiral in 1902. 
 He was ordered, with his class at the United States Naval 
 Academy, into active service in 1863 ; took part in the 
 battle of Mobile Bay and the bombardment of Fort Mor- 
 gan ; and rose to the rank of captain in 1896. At the out- 
 break of the war with Spain (1898) he was appointed to 
 the command of the battle-ship Oregon, then in San Fran- 
 cisco, and with remarkable skill brought her to Key West, 
 upward of 14,000 miles, in time to take a very important 
 part in the battle of Santiago. He retired in 1905. 
 
 Clark (klark), John Bates. Born at Provi- 
 dence, R. I., Jan. 26, 1847. An American po- 
 litical economist and educator. He was graduated 
 at Amherst College in 1872, and later studied in the uni- 
 versities of Heidelberg and Zurich. Since 1895 he has 
 held achair of political economy in Columbia University. 
 He has written “The Philosophy of Wealth" (1885), “The 
 Distribution of Wealth " (1899), “The Control of Trusts” 
 (1901 and 1912), “The Problem of Monopoly” (1904), “Es- 
 sentials of Economic Theory" (1907), besides monographs, 
 parts of joint publications, and contributions to reviews. 
 
 Clark (klark), Walter Appleton. Born at 
 
 Worcester, Mass., 1876: died at New York, 
 Dec. 27, 1906. An American artist and illus- 
 trator. 
 
 Clark (klark), 'William Bullock. Born at 
 Brattleboro, Vt., Dec. 15, 1860. An American 
 geologist, professor and director of the geo- 
 logical laboratory in Johns Hopkins Univer- 
 sity from 1894. He was graduated at Amherst Col- 
 lege in 1884, studied abroad, and became instructor (1887) 
 and later associate professor (1892-94) in Johns Hopkins 
 University. Since 1896 he has been State geologist of 
 Maryland and geologist on the staff of the United States 
 Geological Survey. He was also appointed by the gov- 
 ernor of Maryland, in 1900, commissioner for that State 
 in the rerunning of Mason and Dixon’s line. 
 
 Clarke (klark), Sir Caspar Purdon. Born at 
 London, 1846: died there, March 29, 1911. A 
 British archaeologist, director of the Metro- 
 politan Museum in the city of New York 
 1905-10. He was connected with the South Kensington 
 Museum, London, from 1862, becoming in 1883 keeper of 
 the Indian collections, in 1892 keeper of the art collec- 
 tions, in 1893 assistant director, and in 1896 director. In 
 1878 he was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor, in 
 1883 a companion of the Indian Empire, and a commander 
 of the Victorian Order in 1905. He was knighted in 1902. 
 
 Clarke (klark), John. Mason. Born at Canan- 
 daigua, N. Y., April 15, 1857. An American 
 naturalist, director of the New York State 
 Museum. He wa3 graduated at Amherst College in 
 1877 ; studied at Gottingen ; was professor of geology and 
 mineralogy at Smith College, Northampton, Massachu- 
 setts, 1881-84 ; has been professor of geology at the Rens- 
 selaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, since 1894; 
 and became assistant State geologist in 1894, State paleon- 
 tologist in 1898, and State geologist and paleontologist in 
 1904. He has published numerous scientific books and 
 monographs. 
 
 Clarksburg (klarks'berg). The county-seat of 
 Harrison County, West Virginia, on the west 
 branchof theMonongahelaRiver58miles south- 
 east of Wheeling. The surrounding region contains 
 valuable deposits of coal and oil. The manufactures in- 
 clude glass, miners’ supplies, woolen goods, etc. The 
 Broaddus and St. Mary’s institutes are at Clarksburg. 
 Population, 9,201, (1910). 
 
 Clarksville (klarks'vil). The county-seat of 
 Montgomery County, Tennessee, lying on the 
 north bank of the Cumberland, near the mouth 
 of the Red River. It is an important shipping-point 
 for tobacco, and is the seat of the Southwestern Univer- 
 sity (Presbyterian) and a Methodist seminary for girls. 
 Population, 8,548, (1910). 
 
 Claypole, or Claypoole (kla'pol), Mrs. (Eliza- 
 beth Cromwell). Born July 2, 1629: died 
 Aug. 6, 1658. The youngest daughter of 
 Oliver Cromwell. She is said to have interceded 
 with her father in behalf of many Royalist offenders. She 
 was buried in Henry VII. ’s chapel in Westminster Abbey, 
 but after the Restoration her body was taken up and cast, 
 with others, into a pit. 
 
 Clear (kler), Claudius. See *Nicoll. 
 Clearfield (kler'feld). The county-seat of 
 Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, about 90 
 miles northeast of Pittsburgh, it has machine- 
 shops, lumber-mills, flour-mills, brick-yards, etc. There 
 are deposits of coal and fire-clay in the vicinity. Popula- 
 tion, 6,851, (1910). 
 
 Cleburne (kle'bern). The county-seat of John- 
 son County, Texas, about 45 miles southwest 
 of Dallas. It is an active trade-center for 
 grain, fruit, live stock, wool, and cotton, and 
 has flour-mills, railroad shops, etc. Popula- 
 tion, 10,364, (1910). 
 
 Cleburne (kle ' bem), Patrick Ronayne. 
 
 Born near Cork, Ireland, March 17, 1828: 
 died at the battle of Franklin, Tenn., Nov. 30, 
 1864. An American soldier, a general in the 
 Confederate army. He served in the British army 
 for three years, and came to America in 1849. He was 
 admitted to the bar in Arkansas in 1855, and practised 
 until the outbreak of the Civil War, when he enlisted as 
 a private. He rose to be commander of a corps, and was 
 distinguished for his courage and skill, which earned for 
 him the title of the “Stonewall of the West” (in allusion 
 to “Stonewall ” Jackson). 
 
 Clemens*, Samuel Langhorne: pseudonym 
 
 Mark Twain. Among his later works are “ Pudd’n- 
 head Wilson” (1893-94 (serially) and 1895), “Personal 
 Recollections of Joan of Arc” (1896), “Following the 
 Equator" (1897), “ The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg ” 
 (1900), “The Jumping Frog" (1903), “Extracts from 
 Adam’s Diary ” (1904), “A Dog’s Tale ” (1904), “Editorial 
 Wild Oats” (1905), “Eve’s Diary” (1906), “The $30,000 
 Bequest” (1906), “ A Horse’s Tale” (1907), “Christian Sci- 
 ence ’’ (1907), “Is Shakespeare Dead?” (1909). 
 
 Clement (klem ' ent), Clara Erskine. See 
 
 * Waters. 
 
 C16ment (kla-mon'), Edmond JeanFr6d6ric. 
 
 A contemporary French tenor. After winning the 
 first prize at the Paris Conservatory, he became a member 
 of the Opera Comique. He made his New York debut in 
 1909 with the Metropolitan Opera Company at the New 
 Theater, singing the title part of “Werther,” and toured 
 in America in concert in 1910-11. He has achieved his 
 greatest success in lyric roles, such as Des Grieux in Mas- 
 senet's “Manon” and Fra Diavolo. 
 
 Clements (klem'ents), Frederic Edward. 
 
 Born at Lincoln, Neb., Sept. 16, 1874. An 
 American naturalist, professor of botany in 
 the University of Minnesota from 1907. He 
 taught in the LTniversity of Nebraska 1894-1907. His 
 studies relate especially to experimental evolution, alpine 
 vegetation, and forest ecology. 
 
 Cleopas (kle-o'pas). According to the account 
 in Luke (chapter xxiv.), one of the two dis- 
 ciples who wore accompanied by the risen 
 Jesus in their walk to Emmaus. 
 
 Clerke (klark), Agnes Mary. Born in Ire- 
 land, Feb. 10, 1842: died at London, Jan. 20, 
 1907. A British astronomer. She made astro- 
 nomical observations at the Royal Observatory, Cape of 
 Good Hope, in 1888; won the Actonian prize in 1893; and 
 in 1901 wrote the Hodgkins essay on low temperature 
 research at the Royal Institution. Her works include 
 “The System of the Stars” (1890), “The Herscheis and 
 Modern Astronomy " (1895), “ Astronomy ” (1898 : with A. 
 Fowler and J. E. Gore), and “ Problems in Astrophysics ” 
 (1903). 
 
 Cleveland (klev'land). The county-seat of 
 Bradley County, Tennessee, situated 26 miles 
 northeast of Chattauooga. It has woolen- and 
 flour-mills, foundries, lumber-mills, etc., and 
 is the seat of the Centenary Female College. 
 Population, 5,549, (1910). 
 
 Cleveland*, (Stephen) Grover. He wrote “ Presi- 
 dential Problems ” (1904), “ Fishing and Shooting Sketches ” 
 (1907), “ Good Citizenship " (1908), “Addresses, State Pa- 
 pers, and Letters ” (ed. by A. E. Bergh, 1909), etc. 
 
 Cleveland National Forest. A forest reserve 
 in California, formerly known as the San Ja- 
 cinto and renamed in 1908 by President Roose- 
 velt in honor of President Cleveland. See 
 * National Forests. 
 
 Clifden (klif'den). A market-town and sea- 
 port of County Galway, Ireland, situated about 
 43 miles northwest of Galway, on an inlet of 
 Ardbear Harbor. It is a wireless telegraph 
 station. Commereial messages have been 
 transmitted between it and Glace Bay, Nova 
 Scotia, since 1907. 
 
 Clifford (klif'ord), John. Born at Sawley, 
 Derbyshire, Oct. 16, 1836. An English Baptist, 
 minister of the Westbourne Park Chapel, Lon- 
 don, since 1877. He was minister of the Praed Street 
 Chapel, London, 1858-77, president of the London Baptist 
 Association 1879, of the Baptist Union 1888 and 1899, of the 
 National Council of Evangelical Churches 1898, and of the 
 Baptist World Alliance 1905-11. He advocated and led 
 the opposition to the Education Act of 1902 by a method 
 which became known as “passive resistance.” He has 
 published “ The Fight for Education : Clericalism in 
 British Politics” (1902), “The Ultimate Problemsof Chris- 
 tianity ’’ (1906), etc. 
 
 Clifton Forge (klif 'ton forj). An indepen- 
 dent city in Virginia, formerly in Alleghany 
 County, about 45 miles northwest of Lynch- 
 burg. Iron-mining and the manufacture of 
 powder are its principal industries. Popula- 
 tion, 5,748, (1910). 
 
 Clinton (klin'ton). The county-seat of Dewitt 
 County, Illinois, 23 miles south of Blooming- 
 ton. It has railroad shops, machine-shops, 
 iron-works, etc. Population, 5,165, (1910). 
 
 Clinton (klin'ton). A city in Vermilion 
 County, Indiana, 13 miles north of Terre 
 Haute. It has coal-mining interests. Popu- 
 lation, 6,229, (1910). 
 
 Cloquet (klo-ka'). A city in Carlton County, 
 Minnesota, on the south bank of the St. Louis 
 River 17 miles southwest of Duluth. It has 
 
 Colgate University 
 
 lumber-mills and manufactories of boxes, 
 paper, etc. Population, 7,031, (1910). 
 Coaldale (kol'dal). A borough in Schuylkill 
 County, Pennsylvania, incorporated in 19u6. 
 Its chief industry is the mining and breaking 
 of coal. Population, 5,154, (1910). 
 
 Coamo (ko'a-mo). A city in the eastern part 
 of Ponce department, Porto Rico, situated on 
 the Coamo River. It is a place of resort on 
 account of its thermal medicinal baths. Pop- 
 ulation, 3,869, (1910); municipality, 17,129, 
 (1910). 
 
 Coast Ranges*. According to the U. S. Geog. 
 Board (1907), they extend northward into Can- 
 ada and southward into Lower California, and 
 include all mountains west of Puget Sound 
 and the Willamette, Sacramento, and San 
 Joaquin valleys, and southwest of Mohave 
 Desert. 
 
 Coatesville (kots'vil). A borough in Chester 
 County, Pennsylvania, 32 miles west of Phila- 
 delphia. It is an active manufacturing center, 
 with foundries, iron- and steel-works, boiler- 
 works, silk- and woolen-mills, etc. Population, 
 11,084, (1910). 
 
 Cobalt (ko'balt). A mining town in Coleman 
 township, Ontario, Canada, about 340 miles 
 north of Toronto. It has become famous for 
 its silver mines. Population, 5,638. 
 Cobden-Sanderson (kob ' den-san ' der-son), 
 Thomas J. Born 1840. An English book- 
 binder. After a short stay with the binder Coverley, 
 he began practice, with his wife as assistant. The Doves 
 Press (Hammersmith), which he founded, was much in- 
 fluenced by William Morris and Walter Crane. 
 
 Cobet (ko-bet'), Carel Gabriel. Born at 
 Paris, Nov. 28, 1813: died at Leyden, Oct. 26, 
 1889. A Dutch philologist, paleographer, and 
 classical scholar. He was educated at The Hague gym- 
 nasium and at the University of Leyden, and was profes- 
 sor at Leyden from 1846 (emeritus 1884). In 1856 he be- 
 came joint editor of “ Mnemosyne,” a philological review. 
 He published “ Valise lectiones ” (1854), “ Novae lectiones ” 
 (1858), “Miscellanea critica ” (1876), “Collectanea critica ” 
 (1878), etc. 
 
 Cochin China*, French. It is now represent- 
 ed in the parliament at Paris by one deputy. 
 Cockran (kok'ran), William Bourke. Born 
 in Ireland, Feb. 28, 1854. An American law- 
 yer and politician. He came to the United States in 
 1871 ; has long been identified with politics in New York 
 city ; and has been a member (Democratic) of Congress 
 1887-89, 1891-95, and 1904-09. 
 
 Coeur d’Alene (ker da-lan'). A city in Koot- 
 enai County, Idaho, 30 miles east of Spokane. 
 It is situated in a mining district. Population, 
 7,291, (1910). 
 
 Coffeyville (kof'i-vil). A city in Montgomery 
 County, Kansas, 75 miles southwest of Fort 
 Scott. It has an oil-refinery, flour-mills, glass- 
 factories, brick-works, chemical works, etc., 
 and is a shipping-point for grain. Population, 
 12,687, (1910). 
 
 Coghlan (kog'lan), Joseph Bullock. Born 
 
 at Frankfort, Ky., Dec. 8, 1844: died at New 
 Rochelle, N. Y., Dec. 5, 1908. An American 
 naval officer, promoted rear-admiral in 1902. 
 He was graduated at the United States Naval Academy 
 in 1863. At the battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898, he 
 commanded the cruiser Raleigh. He was second in com- 
 mand of the North Atlantic fleet 1902-04 ; was appointed 
 commandant of the Navy-yard, New York, in 1904; and 
 retired in December, 1906. 
 
 Colchester (kol'ches-ter). A town in Chit- 
 tenden County, Vermont, near Lake Cham- 
 plain, 6 miles northeast of Burlington. It has 
 manufactories of lumber, carriages, cotton and 
 woolen goods, etc. Population, 6,450, (1910). 
 Cole*, Timothy. His latest works include “Old 
 Dutch and Flemish Masters” (1895 : text by John C. Van 
 Dyke) ; “ Old English Masters ’’ (1902 : notes by John C. 
 Van Dyke and comments by the engraver) ; “ Old Spanish 
 Masters ’’ (1907 : text by Charles H. Caffin). A series of 
 engravings of “ Masterpieces in American Galleries ” is 
 appearing in “The Century Magazine” (1910-). 
 
 Coleman (kol'man), Charles Caryl. Bom 
 
 at Buffalo, N. Y. , 1840. An American painter. 
 In 1859 he went to Europe to study art, but returned to 
 serve three years in the Federal army in the Civil War. 
 Since 1866 he has lived and worked in Europe, his studio 
 now being on the island of Capri, Italy. 
 
 Coleridge-Taylor (kol 'rij-ta ' lor), Samuel. 
 Born at London, Aug. 15, 1875, of a full- 
 blooded African father and an English mo- 
 ther: died Sept. 1. 1912. An English composer. 
 
 His principal works are the three cantatas comprised in 
 “Scenes from the Song of Hiawatha,” the oratorio “The 
 Atonement,” songs, and piano-pieces in which he has 
 reproduced certain characteristics of negro music. 
 
 Colgate University. An institution of learn- 
 ing situated at Hamilton, New York, founded 
 in 1819 originally for the education of Baptist 
 ministers. It comprises a college and a theological 
 
Colgate University 
 
 Beininary, with a large preparatory school, Colgate Acad- 
 emy. In 1835 the exclusive ministerial charter of the 
 school was given up, and in 1846 the collegiate department 
 was incorporated under the name of “Madison Univer- 
 sity"; this name was changed to “Colgate University " in 
 
 1890, in honor of William Colgate and his sons, who for 
 many years had been its leading patrons. The faculty 
 numbers about 50 professors and instructors, and the stu- 
 dents about 550. 
 
 Colin Tampon. A nickname for a Swiss. 
 College of St. Francis Xavier, The. A col- 
 lege in New York city conducted by the fa- 
 thers of the Society of Jesus, founded in 1847 
 and chartered in 1861. it is the outgrowth of the 
 first Latin school in New York, opened in 1683. A high 
 school is connected with it. The present name was 
 adopted in 1850. 
 
 College of the City of New York. An in- 
 stitution of learning, free to all young men of 
 New York city. It is the outgrowth of the Free 
 Academy of New York (established in 1848); the present 
 name was adopted in 18(58. The institution is governed 
 by trustees, appointed by the mayor of New York and 
 the president of the Board of Education, who is ex ojicio 
 a trustee. The college course is four years in length, pre- 
 ceded by a subfreshman course with a minimum require- 
 ment of three years of residence, in which students are 
 directly prepared for the college. Degrees are granted in 
 arts and science. New buildings at 138th street and St. 
 Nicholas Avenue, New York, for which nearly $6,000,000 
 have been appropriated, were ready for occupancy in 
 September, 1907. 
 
 Collins (kol'inz), John Churton. Born at 
 Bourton-on-the-Water, Gloucestershire, Eng- 
 land, March 26, 1848 : died at Lowestoft, Sept. 
 15, 1908. An English autnor, lecturer, and 
 educator, professor of English literature at 
 Birmingham from 1904. He was graduated at Bal- 
 liol College, Oxford, in 1872. Among his publications are 
 “The Study of English Literature at the Universities” 
 (1891), “.Jonathan Swift ” (1893), “Essays and Studies” 
 (1895), “Ephemera Critica ” (1901), “Studies in Shake- 
 speare ” (1904), and “ Studies in Poetry and Criticism ” 
 (1905). 
 
 Collinson (kol'in-son), Sir Richard. Born at 
 Gateshead, 1811 : died at Ealing, September 
 13, 1883. An English admiral and arctic ex- 
 plorer. He commanded the expedition in search of Sir 
 John Franklin 1850-54, and was shut up with the Enter- 
 prise in the arctic regions for three years, wintering 1851— 
 1852 at the southern entrance to Prince of Wales Strait, 
 1852-53 in Cambridge Bay, and 1853-54 in Camden Bay. 
 His contribution to geographical knowledge was large and 
 nearly amounted to the discovery of the Northwest Pas- 
 sage, which was actually achieved by his subordinate 
 M'Clure iu the Investigator. He was knighted in 1875. 
 Collinsville (kol'inz-vil). A city in Madison 
 County, Illinois, 11 miles northeast of East St. 
 Louis. It has coal-mines, brick-factories, zinc- 
 works, a lead-smelter, etc. Population, 7,478, 
 (1910). 
 
 Colombia*, Republic of. The republic is divided 
 
 into thirteen departments, according to decree of April, 
 1910, as follows : Antioquia, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas, 
 Cauca, Cundinamarca, Iluila, Magdalena, Narino, Panama 
 (language of the decree), Santander, Tolima, Valle. In 
 November, 1903, after a bloodless revolution, Panama was 
 declared independent of Colombia. 
 
 Colonial Dames of America. 1. A patriotic 
 society of women organized in the city of New 
 York, May 23, 1890, and incorporated April 23, 
 
 1891. Its object is to collect and preserve relics, tradi- 
 tions, etc., relating to the early history of the United 
 States and to the War of Independence, and to educate the 
 young in the history of their country by means of the 
 celebration of events of national importance, etc. 
 
 2. A similar hut distinct society, with branches 
 in 36 States and a membership of over 5,500 
 women lineally descended from Colonial an- 
 cestry. Its object is to preserve or restore manuscripts, 
 traditions, relics, and buildings connected with the Colo- 
 nial period; to diffuse information concerning, and to 
 create a popular interest in, the Colonial period ; and to 
 stimulate, especially in the young, a spirit of true patri- 
 otism and a genuine love of country. The society was or- 
 ganized in April, 1891. 
 
 Colonne (ko-lon'), Edouard. Born at Bor- 
 deaux, France, July 24, 1838: died at Paris, 
 March 28, 1910. A distinguished French mu- 
 sical conductor, lie founded the famous “ Concerts 
 duCh&telet” in Paris in 1874, and conducted them until his 
 death. In these he brought out a very large number of 
 musical works new to Paris ; did much for the spread of 
 Berlioz's fame; and introduced the music of Brahms, 
 Wagner, and other moderns. 
 
 Colony Club, The. A New York city club for 
 women, incorporated April 5, 1905, for social 
 purposes. It has 1,000 members. Its house 
 is at 122 Madison Avenue. 
 
 Colorado (kol-o-rii/do) College. A non-sec- 
 tarian, coeducational institution of learning 
 situated at Colorado Springs, Colorado. The 
 
 college was established in 1874 and a school of engineer- 
 ing was organized in 1902 and one of forestry in 1906. The 
 number of students is about 600. 
 
 Colorado (kol-o-rii'do) Desert. A desert re- 
 gion in southern California, lying in Im- 
 perial County and extending into Lower Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 Colquhoun (ko-hon'), Archibald Ross. Born 
 
 at sea off the Cape of Good Hope, March, 1848. 
 A Scotch engineer, traveler, aud writer. He has 
 held various official positions in India, Siam, and Upper 
 Burma; was the “Times” correspondent in the Franco- 
 Chinese war and the far East 1883-84 ; accompanied the 
 pioneer expedition to South Africa in 1890 ; and upon 
 the occupation of Mashonaland was made administrator. 
 He retired in 1894. He has traveled and explored exten- 
 sively in many parts of the world. He is the author of 
 “ Across Chryse" (1883),“ China in Transformation "(1898), 
 “The ‘Overiand’ to China" (1900), “The Renascence of 
 South Africa" (1900), “The Mastery of the Pacific" (1902), 
 “ Greater America ” (1904), “ The Africander Land ” (1906), 
 " From Dan to Beersheba" (1908), etc. 
 
 Columbus (ko-lum'bus). The county-seat of 
 Platte County, Nebraska, situated on Loup 
 Fork 55 miles northwest of Lincoln. It has 
 flour-mills, a shoe-factory, etc., and lumber 
 interests. Population, 5,014, (1910). 
 
 Colvin (kol'vin), Sir Sidney. Born at Nor- 
 wood, England, June 18, 1845. An English writer 
 and critic. He was educated at Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge ; was Slade professor of the fine arts at Cambridge 
 1873-85 ; and held the directorship of the Fitzwilliam 
 Museum 1876-84. He was keeper of prints and draw- 
 ings in the British Museum 1884-1912. He has pub- 
 lished “Children in Italian and English Design ” (1872), 
 “Landor” (1881), “Keats" (1887), “A Florentine Picture 
 Chronicle" (1898), “The Early History of Engraving in 
 England ” (1901), etc. ; and has edited Robert Louis Ste- 
 venson’s works (1894-98 : 27 vols.), together with his “ Let- 
 ters" (1899 ; 2 vols., and 1911 : 4 vols.). Knighted Jan. 1, 
 1911. 
 
 Combs (komz), Leslie. Born at Little Comp- 
 ton, R. I., July 31, 1852. An American diplo- 
 matist. In 1900 he was chairman of the republican 
 executive committee of Kentucky. He was minister to 
 Guatemala and Honduras 1902-06, and was minister to 
 Peru 1906-11. 
 
 Commerson (ko-mer-soh'), Philibert. Born at 
 Chatillon-les-Domhes, Prance, in 1727; died at 
 Mauritius in 1773. A French naturalist. He 
 
 studied medicine at Montpellier, taking his degree in 1755 ; 
 became a collector of plants, and traveled through Europe 
 in search of specimens ; wrote a description of the fishes 
 of the Mediterranean at the request of Linnaeus ; and in 
 1767 set out with Bougainville on his expedition around 
 the world. During this voyage he made many drawings 
 and collected many specimens of plants and animals. 
 At Mauritius he remained for special researches, visiting 
 Reunion and Madagascar, but died at Mauritius before he 
 could publish the results of his labors. 
 
 Commons (kom'onz), John Rogers. Born at 
 Hollandsburg, Ohio, Oct. 13, 1862. An American 
 political economist, professor in the University 
 of Wisconsin from 1904. In 1892 he became pro- 
 fessor of sociology in Oberlin College, subsequently hold- 
 ing similar positions in Indiana and Syracuse universities. 
 In 1901 he acted as expert for the Industrial Commission, 
 and in 1904 became director of the American Bureau of 
 Industrial Research. His published works include 
 “Social Reform and the Church," “ -Proportional Repre- 
 sentation," “Trade Unionism and Labor Problems,” and 
 “Races and Immigrants in America.” 
 
 Commonwealth of Australia. The federal 
 union of the British colonies (“original states”) 
 of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, 
 South Australia, Western Australia, aud Tas- 
 mania, proclaimed Jan. 1, 1901. Legislative power 
 is invested in a federal parliament, consisting of the king, 
 represented by a governor-general ; a senate of thirty-six 
 members (six for each of the original states), chosen for 
 six years ; and a house of representatives to consist, as 
 nearly as may be, of twice as many members as there are 
 senators, chosen in proportion to the population, but not 
 less than five for any state. The executive is assisted by 
 a council of ministers of state. The seat of the federal 
 government is at Melbourne, but the Y^ass-Canberra dis- 
 trict, New South Wales, was acquired by the Common- 
 wealth in January, 1911, and is the future site. In 1905 
 the administration of New Guinea, or Papua, was trans- 
 ferred to the Commonwealth, and the Northern Territory 
 passed from the jurisdiction of South Australia to that 
 of the federal government Jan. 1, 1911. Area, 2,974,581 
 square miles. Population, 4,275,306. 
 
 Comstock (kom'stok), George Cary. Born at 
 Madison, Wis., Feb. 12, 1855. An American 
 astronomer, professor in the University of 
 Wisconsin from 1887, and director of the 
 Washburn Observatory from 1889. He has pub- 
 lished a “Text-book of Astronomy'’ (1900) and “Field 
 Astronomy for Engineers ” (1902), and has edited a number 
 of volumes of the publications of the Washburn Obser- 
 vatory. 
 
 Conaty (kon'a-ti), Thomas James. Born in 
 Ireland, Aug. 1, 1847. An American Roman 
 Catholic prelate, bishop of Monterey and Los 
 Angeles, California, since 19< 3. He 1 was ordained 
 to the priesthood in 1872 ; was pastor of the Church of the 
 Sacred Heart at Worcester, Massachusetts, 1880-97 ; and 
 in 1896 was appointed rector of the Catholic University at 
 Washington. In 1897 the title of domestic prelate was 
 conferred upon him by Pope Leo XIII., and he was con- 
 secrated titular bishop of Samos in 1901. In 1892 he 
 helped to establish the Catholic summer school at I’latts- 
 burg, New York, of which he was president till 1896. 
 
 Concord (kong'kord). The county-seat of 
 Cabarrus County, North Carolina, 18 miles 
 northeast of Charlotte. It is in a cotton- 
 growing district, and has cotton-factories, 
 machine-shops, etc. Population, 8,715, (1910). 
 
 Cone (kon), Helen Gray. Born at New York, 
 
 Conway 
 
 March 8, 1859. An American writer, pro- 
 fessor of English in New York Normal College 
 from 1899. She has published “Oberon and Puck: 
 Verses Grave and Gay " (1885), “The Ride to the Lady, 
 and other Poems ” (1891), “ Soldiers of the Light " (1910). 
 
 Congressional Library. See * Library of Con- 
 gress. 
 
 Conneau (kon-no'), Jean. Born at Lodere, 
 Herault, France, Feb. 8, 1880. A French naval 
 officer and aviator. Under the name of Andre Beau- 
 mont he has won several long-distance cross-country aero- 
 plane races in Europe. Of these the most notable are a 
 flight from Paris to Rome, 910 miles, which lie made May 
 28-31, 1911; a “European circuit” (Paris, Utrecht, Lon- 
 don, Paris), 948| miles, which he covered in 58 hours, 36 
 minutes, June 18 to July 7, 1911 ; and a “British circuit” 
 (Brooklands, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Brooklands), 1,010 
 miles, which he covered July 22-26, 1911. 
 
 Conneaut (kon-e-at'). A city in Ashtabula 
 County, Ohio, bn Conneaut Creek 2 miles 
 from Lake Erie. It is an important shipping- 
 point for coal, ore, and farm produce, and has 
 railroad shops, canning-factories, flour-mills, 
 etc. Population, 8,319, (1910). 
 
 Connersville (kon'erz-vil). The county-seat 
 of Fayette County, Indiana. It has manu- 
 factories of flour, wheels, axles, wagons, mir- 
 rors, furniture, etc. Population, 7,738, (1910). 
 
 Connor (kon'or), Ralph. The pseudonym of 
 Charles William Gordon. 
 
 Conrad (kon'rad), Joseph. Born in Poland, 
 Dec. 6, 1857. An English novelist. He went 
 to sea at an early age, and served in the merchant marine, 
 attaining the rank of captain. Among his works are “ Lord 
 Jim” (1900), “Youth” (1902), “Typhoon” (1903), “Falk” 
 (1903), “ Nostromo ” (1904), “The Secret Agent” (1907), “ A 
 Set of Six ” (1908), etc.; two novels written with Ford M. 
 Hueffer, “ The Inheritors ” (1901) and “Romance” (1903) ; 
 a play, “ One Day More ” (1905) ; and “ Bazunov ” (1910). 
 
 Conried (kon 'red), Heinrich. Born at Bielitz, 
 Silesia, Sept. 13, 1855 : died at Meran, Tyrol, 
 April 27, 1909. An Austro-American actor, 
 stage-director, and impresario. He began his 
 career at the Burg Theater, Vienna, as an actor, and after- 
 ward played in many German cities. He then came to New 
 York city, becoming stage-director of the Germania 
 Theater in 1878, where he also acted character parts ; of 
 the Thalia Theater in 1881, later of the Casino ; and of the 
 Irving Place Theater from 1892. He was appointed 
 director of the Metropolitan Opera House in 1903, where 
 he produced “Parsifal” during his first season and 
 “Salome” in 1907, retiring May 1, 1908. lie assisted in 
 planning the New Theater. He received honorary deco- 
 rations from the rulers of Germany, Austria, Belgium, and 
 Italy. 
 
 Conshohocken (kon-sho-hok'en). A borough 
 in Pennsylvania, 13 miles northwest of Phila- 
 delphia. Population, 7,480 (1910). 
 
 Constantine (kon'stan-tin) I. Born at Athens, 
 Aug. 2, 1868. King of the Hellenes from 
 March, 1913. He is the eldest son of George I. of 
 Greece and grandson of Christian IX. of Denmark. In 
 1889 he married the Princess Sophia, sister of William II. 
 of Germany. He commanded the Greek army in the war 
 with Turkey in 1897, and again in the Turko-Balkan war 
 of 1912. Before his accession to the throne he was known 
 as the Duke of Sparta. 
 
 Constitutional Club. A London political 
 club established in 1883. It has a member- 
 ship of 6,500. Its house is on Northumberland 
 Avenue. 
 
 Constitutional Convention, The. In United 
 States history, the body of delegates from the 
 several States which framed the Federal Con- 
 stitution, sitting at Philadelphia from May 25 
 to Sept. 17, 1787. The convention was called 
 in accordance with the recommendation of the 
 Annapolis Convention (which see). 
 
 Constitutional Union Party. The name 
 adopted by the remnant of the Whig party at 
 the South in the presidential election of 1860. 
 
 Delegates from twenty States met at Baltimore, May 9, 
 1860, and nominated John Bell for president and Edward 
 Everett for vice-president. A platform was adopted 
 which sought to evade the slavery question by declaring 
 for “the Constitution of the country, the union of the 
 States, and the enforcement of the laws.” 
 
 Contes d’Hoffmann, Les. An opera by Jacques 
 Offenbach (words by Jules Barbier), first pro- 
 duced at Paris in 1881. 
 
 Converse (kon'vers), Frederick Shepherd. 
 
 Born at Newton, Mass., Jan. 5, 1871. An 
 American composer. He was instructor of harmony 
 at the New England Conservatory of Music 1899-1901, and 
 instructor of music, 1902-05, and assistant professor of 
 music, 1903-07, at Harvard University; and is vice-president 
 of the Boston Opera Company. Among his works are 
 “Sonata in A”; the symphonic poems, “Festival of 
 Pan,” “Endymion's Narrative,” and “The Mystic Trum- 
 peter”; the oratorio “Job”; the operas “The Pipe of 
 Desire” and “The Sacrifice” ; string quartet in A minor ; 
 “ Serenade ” for male voices and orchestra ; motet for male 
 voices, “ Laudate Dominum ”; songs and piano-pieces. 
 
 Conway (kon'wa), Sir William Martin: 
 
 known as Sir Martin. Born at Rochester, 
 April 12, 1856. An English traveler, art 
 critic, and geographer. He was professor of art in 
 
Conway 
 
 University College, Liverpool, 1885-88, and Slade profes- 
 sor of fine arts in the University of Cambridge 1901-04. 
 He has traveled in the Himalayas, the Andes, Tierra del 
 Fuego, Spitzbergen, etc. Among his publications are 
 “Woodcutters of the Netherlands in the Fifteenth Cen- 
 tury " (1884), “ Early Flemish Artists ’’ (1886), “ The 
 
 Bolivian Andes" (1901), “Early Tuscan Artists" (1902), 
 “ Aconcagua and Tierra del Fuego ” (1902), “ Great 
 Masters” (1904), “The Alps ” (1904), “No Man's Land: a 
 History of Spitzbergen " (1906), etc. 
 
 Conze (kdnt'ze), Alexander Christian Leo- 
 pold. Born at Hannover, Dee. 10, 1831. A 
 German archaeologist, professor in the Univer- 
 sity of Berlin from 1877. Among his works are 
 “ Melische Tongefiisse ” (1862), “ Reise auf tier Insel 
 Lesbos ” (1865), “Die attischen Grab-reliefs" (1893-1900: 
 with Michaelis and others), and “ Archaologische Unter- 
 suchungen auf Samothrake ” (1875-80 : with Hauser and 
 Niemann). 
 
 Cook (kuk), Albert Stanburrough. Born at 
 Montville, N. J., March 6, 1853. An Ameri- 
 can philologist, professor of the English lan- 
 guage and literature in Yale University from 
 1889. He was graduated at Rutgers College in 1872 ; 
 studied at Gottingen, Leipsic, and Jena; was asso- 
 ciate in English in Johns Hopkins University 1879-81; 
 and was professor of English in the University of 
 California 1882-89. His publications include a translation 
 of Sievers’s “Old English Grammar” (1885), and various 
 treatises and monographs upon philological and literary 
 topics. He is general editor of the “ Yale Studies in 
 English.” 
 
 Cook (kuk), Charles Henry: pseudonym 
 John Bickerdyke. Born at London, July, 
 1858. An English novelist, journalist, and 
 writer on sports. Among his works are “ An Irish 
 Midsummer Night’s Dream ” (1885), “The Curiosities of 
 Ale and Beer ” (1886 : with J. M. Dixon), “ The Book of the 
 All Round Angler” (1889), “Sea Fishing” (1895), “Wild 
 Sports in Ireland” (1897), “Practical Letters to Young 
 Sea Fishers ” (1898), etc. 
 
 Cook (kuk), Frederick Albert. Born at Cal- 
 licoon Depot, N. Y., June 10, 1865. An Ameri- 
 can physician and explorer. He was surgeon of 
 the Peary arctic expedition 1891-92, and of the Belgian 
 antarctic expedition 1897-99. In 1903 and 1906 he led ex- 
 peditions for the exploration of Mount McKinley, an- 
 nouncing its ascent in September, 1906. In the summer 
 of 1907 he started in an attempt to reach the north pole. 
 He returned in 1909 and announced that he had reached 
 the pole with two Eskimos on April 21, 1908 — a statement 
 which was soon discredited. 
 
 Cook Islands*. They were annexed to New 
 Zealand in June, 1901. Total population, 
 about 6,800. 
 
 Coolidge (ko'lij), Thomas Jefferson. Born 
 at Boston, Mass., Aug. 26, 1831. An Ameri- 
 can manufacturer and diplomatist. He was 
 United States minister to Franee 1892-93, and was ap- 
 pointed a member of the joint high commission to adjust 
 disputes between the United States and Canada. 
 
 Cope (kop), Walter. Born at Philadelphia, 
 Pa., Oct. 30, 1860: died there, Nov. 3, 1902. 
 An American architect. In 1885 he formed a 
 partnership with John Stewardson, who was succeeded at 
 his death by his brother Emlen L. Stewardson. They 
 erected buildings for Bryn Mawr College, the University 
 of Pennsylvania, and Princeton University, and also nu- 
 merous churches and private residences. 
 
 Copeland (kop'land), Edwin Bingham. Born 
 at Monroe, Wis., Sept. 30, 1873. An American 
 botanist, dean of the College of Agriculture of 
 the University of the Philippines from 1909. 
 
 He was botanist "to the Philippine government 1903-08, 
 and superintendent of the School of Agriculture in the 
 Philippine Islands 1908-09. He has published “ Philippine 
 Agriculture " (1908), “ Cocoanut Cultivation ’ ’ (1910), etc. 
 
 Coppee\ Frangois Edouard Joachim (called 
 Frangois). He wrote also an autobiographical romance, 
 “Touteune jeunesse " (1890), “Le coupable ” (1897), “La 
 bonne souffrance” (1898), “Dans la priere et dans la 
 lutte " (1901), “Contes pour lea jours de fete ” (1903), etc. 
 Coraopolis (ko-ra-op'o-lis). A borough in 
 Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, 10 miles 
 northwest of Pittsburgh. It is in a natural-gas 
 and oil region. Population, 5,252, (1910). 
 Cordele (kor-del'). The county-seat of Crisp 
 County, Georgia, 65 miles southwest of Macon. 
 It is in a cotton-growing region, and has 
 machine-shops, cottonseed-oil factories, etc. 
 Population, 5,883, (1910). 
 
 Corelli (ko-rel'i), Arcangelo. Born at Fusi- 
 gnano, near Bologna, Italy, Feb. 12, 1653 : died 
 at Borne, Jan. 10, 1713. A noted violinist and 
 composer, one of the early founders of the 
 modern art of violin-playing. He had many pupils 
 of distinction who transmitted the traditions of his style. 
 He composed sonatas for several instruments, that are 
 still regarded as classic. 
 
 Corelli*, Marie. She has also written “ Soul of Lilith” 
 (1892), “ Free Opinions ” (1905), “ The Treasure of Heaven " 
 (1906), “Holy Orders ” (1908), “ The Devil’s Motor” (1910), 
 etc. 
 
 Cornelius (kor-na ' li - os), Peter. Born at 
 Mainz, Germany, Dee. 24, 1824: died there, 
 Oct. 26, 1874. A German composer and poet. 
 
 He was a follower of Liszt in Weimar, and a champion of 
 Wagner, whose cause he upheld in numerous critical 
 writings. lie composed the operas "Der Barbier von 
 
 Bagdad ” (the failure of which in 1858 through factious 
 opposition was the cause of Liszt's leaving Weimar), “ Der 
 Cid” (1865), “Gunlod” (uncompleted), and many songs. 
 He also published an autobiography (1874). 
 
 Corrigan (kor'i-gan), Michael Augustine. 
 
 Born at Newark, N. J., Aug. 13, 1839 : died at 
 New York, May 5, 1902. A Roman Catholic 
 prelate, archbishop of New York 1885-1902. 
 He was president of Seton Hall College, South Orange, 
 New Jersey, 1868-76; was bishop of Newark 1873-80; and 
 was coadjutor (titular archbishop of Petra) to the Arch- 
 bishop of New York 1880-85. 
 
 Corsicana (kor-si-kan'a). The county-seat of 
 Navarro County, Texas, situated in an oil 
 region about 50 miles southeast of Dallas, it 
 
 has cotton-gins, cotton-compresses, machine-shops, flour- 
 mills, etc., and an important oil industry. The State 
 Orphan Asylum is at Corsicana. Population, 9,749, (1910). 
 
 Corson (kor'son), Hiram. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, Pa., Nov. 6, 1828: died at Ithaca, 
 N. Y., June 15, 1911. An American scholar, 
 author, and educator, professor at Cornell 
 University from 1870 (emeritus, 1903). He was 
 connected with the library of the Smithsonian Institution 
 1849-56; was lecturer on English literature in Philadel- 
 phia 1859-65 ; and was professor at Girard College 1865-66, 
 and at St. John's College, Annapolis, 1866-70. Among his 
 works are “ Hand-book of Anglo-Saxon and Early English ” 
 (1871), “ An Introduction to the Study of Robert Brown- 
 ing’s Poetry” (1886), “An Introduction to the Study of 
 Shakespeare” (1889), “A Primer of English Verse ” (1892), 
 “The Aims of Literary Study” (1894), “The Voice and 
 Spiritual Education ” (1896), and “ An Introduction to the 
 Prose and Poetical Works of John Milton ” (1899). 
 
 Cortelyou (kor'tel-yo), George Bruce. Born 
 at New York, July 26, 1862. An American 
 cabinet officer. He was assistant secretary (1898- 
 1900) and secretary (1900-03) to Presidents McKinley and 
 Roosevelt ; was first secretary of the Department of Com- 
 merce and Labor 1903-04 ; was elected chairman of the 
 Republican National Committee in June, 1904 ; was post- 
 master-general of the United States 1905-07 ; and was 
 secretary of the treasury 1907-09. 
 
 Cory (ko'ri), William (Johnson). Born Jan. 
 9, 1823: died June 11, 1892. An English edu- 
 cator and poet. In 1872 he assumed the name of 
 Cory. He wrote “ Ionica ” (1858 : enlarged edition 1891), 
 “ Lucretilis ” (1871), “Iophon ” (1873), “ Guide to Modern 
 English History” (1882), etc. “ Extracts from the Letters 
 and Journals of William Cory ” (1897) was published after 
 his death. 
 
 Coshocton (ko-shok'ton). The county-seat of 
 Coshocton County, Ohio, 23 miles north of 
 Zanesville. It is on the Muskingum River, 
 and is important as a shipping-point for live 
 stock, grain, coal, etc. It has machine-shops, 
 glass-works, manufactories of novelty goods, 
 etc. Population, 9,603, (1910). 
 
 Cotabato (ko-ta-ba'to), or Cottabato. 1. 
 Formerly, a comandancia of southwestern 
 Mindanao, Philippine Islands; now, a district 
 of Moro province, to which a part of Mindanao 
 belongs. It is bounded by Misamis on the north ; 
 Davao (separated by a mountain-range) on the east; the 
 Celebes Sea on the south and southeast ; and niana Bay 
 and Lauao district on the west. Capital, Cotabato. The 
 southern coast is deeply indented by Sarangani Bay, near 
 the head of which is Mount Matutum. Mountains follow 
 the southwestern coast. The largest river, the Bio 
 Grande de Mindanao, flows circuitously through the dis- 
 trict southward to Lake Liguasan, thence northwestward 
 to lllana Bay. The district is fertile but not developed. 
 It is inhabited by Tirurayes, Moros, Subanos, and Bilans. 
 Area, 9,572 square miles. Population, 46,558. 
 
 2. A town, the capital of Cotabato province, 
 situated near the coast of lllana Bay, on the 
 delta of the Rio Grande de Mindanao, in lat. 
 7° 12' N„ long. 124° 16' E. 
 
 Cotes (kots), Mrs. Everard (Sara Jean- 
 nette Duncan). Born at Brantford, Canada. 
 A British journalist and novelist. Her first 
 volume, “ A Social Departure ” (1890), included letters 
 written from Japan and the East to the Montreal “Star,” 
 of which she had been correspondent. She has also 
 written “An American Girl in London” (1891), “His 
 Honour anti a Lady” (1896), “Those Delightful Ameri- 
 cans "(1902), “The Pool in the Desert ” (1903), “The Im- 
 perialist” (1904), “Set in Authority” (1906), “Cousin 
 Cinderella” (1908), “The Burnt Offering” (1909), etc. 
 
 Cottet (ko-ta'), Charles. Born at Le Puy, 
 France, July 12, 1863. A French painter. He 
 was a pupil of Puvis de Chavannes and of Roll, and first 
 came into prominence as a painter of scenes on the coast 
 of Brittany. A triptych, “ Au pays de la mer,” appeared 
 in the Salon of 1898 and is now in the Luxembourg Mu- 
 seum. His pictures in general represent the somber as- 
 pects of the lands by the sea and the pathos and sorrows 
 of the people. 
 
 Couch, Sir Arthur Thomas Quiller-. See 
 
 * Quitter-Couch. 
 
 Coulter (kol'ter). John Merle. Born at Ning- 
 po, China, Nov. 20, 1851. An American natu- 
 ralist, professor of botany in the University 
 of Chicago from 1896. He was graduated at Han- 
 over College, Indiana, in 1870 ; was professor of natural 
 sciences there 1874-79; was professor of biology at Wabash 
 College 1879-91 ; was president of, and professor of botany 
 in, the University of Indiana 1891-93; and president of 
 Lake Forest University 1893-96. He has been editor of the 
 “Botanical Gazette ” since 1875. His works include “A 
 
 Craigie, William A. 
 
 Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany” (1885), “A Manual 
 of Texan Botany ” (1891), “ Morphology of Gymnosperms ” 
 (1901 : with C. J. Chamberlain), “ Morphology of Angio- 
 sperms ” (1903 : with C. J. Chamberlain), etc. 
 
 Councilman (koun'sil-man), William Tho- 
 mas. Born at Pikesville, Md., Jan. 1, 1854. 
 An American pathologist, professor in Har- 
 vard University from 1891. He was associate 
 professor of pathology in Johns Hopkins Uni- 
 versity 1886-91. 
 
 Couperin (kop-ran'), Frangois. Born at Paris, 
 Nov. 10, 1668: died there in 1733. A French 
 organist and harpsichord player, and the first 
 great composer for the harpsichord exclusively. 
 
 He wrote many suites and pieces for the harpsichord, and 
 these, as well as his method of playing the instrument, 
 expounded in his book on the subject, had a strong in- 
 fluence on Bach and on the subsequent development of 
 the art. 
 
 Courrieres (ko-ri-ar'). A mining village near 
 Bethune, Pas-de-Calais, France. An accident 
 occurred in the mines here on March 10, 1906, 
 by which over 1,000 miners were killed. 
 
 Courtney (kort'ni), Leonard Henry, Baron 
 Courtney of Penwith. Born at Penzance, 
 Cornwall, July 6, 1832. An English politician 
 and author. He was professor of political economy 
 in University College, London, 1872-75; Liberal member 
 of the House of Commons for Liskeard, Cornwall, 1876-85 ; 
 and Liberal-Unionist member for the Bodmin division of 
 Cornwall 1885-1900. He was under-secretary of state for 
 the home department 1880-81, and for the colonies 1881- 
 1882 ; financial secretary to the treasury 1882-84 ; and 
 chairman of committees and deputy speaker 1886-92. 
 He has written “The Working Constitution of the United 
 Kingdom and its Outgrowths ” (1901), etc. He was created 
 Baron Courtney of Penwith in 1906. 
 
 Courtney (kort'ni), William Leonard. Born 
 at Poona, India, Jan. 5, 1850. An English 
 journalist and author, editor of the “ Fort- 
 nightly Review” from 1894. Among his publica- 
 tions are “Studies in Philosophy ” (1882), “Constructive 
 Ethics " (1886), “ Life of J. S. Mill ” (1889), “ The Develop- 
 ment of Maeterlinck ” (1904), “ The Feminine Note in 
 Fiction ” (1905), “ The Literary Man’s Bible ” (1907), etc. 
 
 Coventry (kuv 'en-tri). A town in Kent 
 County, Rhode Island, on the Pawtuxet River, 
 14 miles southwest of Providence. It has 
 manufactories of cotton and woolen goods. 
 Population, 5,848, (1910). 
 
 Coville (ko'vil), Frederick Vernon. Born at 
 Preston, N. Y., March 23, 1867. An Ameri- 
 can naturalist, assistant botanist of the United 
 States Department of Agriculture and curator 
 of the National Herbarium from 1893. in 1902 
 he procured the establishment, by the Carnegie Institu- 
 tion, of the Desert Botanical Laboratory, located at Tuc- 
 son, Arizona. He has published “Botany of the Death 
 Valley Expedition ” (1893) and various scientific papers. 
 
 Cowen (kou'en), Sir Frederic Hymen. Born 
 at Kingston, Jamaica, Jan. 29, 1852. An 
 English composer and conductor. From 1863 to 
 1868 he frequently appeared as a pianist. He conducted the 
 London Philharmonic Society 1888-92, 1906- ; the concerts 
 of the Melbourne Exposition in 1888 ; the Halle Orchestra 
 1896-99 ; etc. His compositions include orchestral works 
 (his Scandinavian symphony, 1880, bringing him into 
 general notice), concertos, operas, songs, and choral and 
 chamber music. He was knighted in 1911. 
 
 Coxsackie (kok-sak'i). A town in Greene 
 County, New York, situated on the west bank 
 of the Hudson River. Population, including 
 that of Coxsackie village, 3,620, (1910). 
 
 Crabtree (krab'tre). Lotta: known as Lotta. 
 Born at New York, 1847. An American 
 actress. She made her first appearance on the stage at 
 the age of six, and ten years later made her d6but in New 
 York at Niblo’s Garden. Her best-known role was that 
 of the Marchioness in a dramatization of “ The Old Curi- 
 osity Shop”: she also appeared in “ Firefly,” “Topsy,” 
 “ Musette," “ Bob,” “ Nitouche,” “ The Little Detective," 
 etc. She retired from the stage in 1894. 
 
 Cracker State. A popular name of the State 
 of Georgia. 
 
 Crafts (krafts), James Mason. Born at Bos- 
 ton, Mass., March 8, 1839. An American 
 chemist, professor of organic chemistry in the 
 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1892- 
 1897, and president of that institution 1897- 
 1900. 
 
 Craigie (kra'gi), Mrs. (Pearl Mary Teresa 
 Richards) : pseudonym John Oliver 
 
 Hobbes. Born at Boston, Mass., Nov. 3, 1867 : 
 died at London, Aug. 13, 1906. An American 
 novelist and dramatist. For many years she resided 
 in England. She published “ Some Emotions and a Moral ” 
 (1891), “ A Bundle of Life ” (1894), “ The Gods, Some Mor- 
 tals, and Lord Wickenham ” (1895), “The Herb-moon” 
 (1896), “The School for Saints” (1897), “Robert Orange” 
 (I960), “Love and the Soul-hunters” (1902), “The Dream 
 and the Business ” (1906), etc. Among her plays are “The 
 Ambassador ’’ (1898), “ The Wisdom of the Wise ” (1900), 
 “The Flute of Pan ”(1905), etc. 
 
 Craigie (kra'gi), William A. Born at Dun- 
 dee, Aug. 13, 1867. A Scottish lexicographer. 
 
 He studied the Scandinavian languages at Copenhagen 
 1892-93 ; was assistant and lecturer In humanitv at St- 
 
Craigie, William A. 
 
 Andrews University 1893-97 ; and in 1897 joined the staff 
 of the “New English Dictionary,” becoming a joint editor 
 in 1901 with Sir James Murray and Dr. Henry Bradley. 
 He has published articles on Scottish, Gaelic, and Scandi- 
 navian subjects in various periodicals, and also “ A Primer 
 of Burns” (1896), “Religion of Ancient Scandinavia” 
 (1906), “Skotlands Rimur” (1908), etc. 
 
 Cram (kram), Ralph Adams. Born at Hamp- 
 ton Falls, N. H., Dec. 16, 1863. An American 
 architect and author. He has practised architecture 
 since 1889, and is a member of the firm of Cram, Goodhue 
 and Ferguson of Boston and New York, which designed 
 important additions to the United States Military Academy 
 at West Point. In 1911 he succeeded C. Grant La Large 
 as consulting architect of the Cathedral of St. John 
 the Divine at New York. He has written “Church 
 Building” (1901), “ The Ruined Abbeys of Great Britain ” 
 (1906), “ Impressions of Japanese Architecture and the 
 Allied Arts” (1906), “The Gothic Quest” (1907), “Excali- 
 bur” (1909), etc. 
 
 Crampton (kramp'ton), Henry Edward. Born 
 at New York, Jan. 5, 1875. An American 
 zoologist, professor in Barnard College from 
 1904. He was instructor in embryology at Woods Hole 
 1895-1903, and had charge of the embryological work in the 
 biological laboratory at Cold Spring Harbor 1904-06. He 
 has been curator of invertebrate zoology in the American 
 Museum of Natural History since 1909. 
 
 Crane (kran), Bruce. Born at New York, 
 1857. An American painter, a pupil of A. H. 
 Wyant. He exhibited lirst at the National Academy 
 in 1879 and was elected academician in 1902. He is a 
 member of the American Water Color Society and was 
 also a member of the Society of American Artists. His 
 specialty is American landscape. 
 
 Crane (kran), Stephen. Born at Newark, 
 N. J., November 1, 1871: died at,Badenweiler, 
 Germany, June 5, 1900. An American jour- 
 nalist and novelist. In 1897 he was correspondent 
 for “The Westminster Gazette’’ and the New York 
 “ Journal ’’ in the Greco-Turkish war, and in 1898 went to 
 Cuba for the New York “World." He wrote “Maggie: 
 a Girl of the Streets ’ ’ (1891), “The Red Badge of Cour- 
 age ’ ’ (1895), “ George’s Mother ’ ’ (1896), etc. 
 
 Crane (kran), William Henry. Born at Lei- 
 cester, Mass., April 30, 1845. An American 
 comedian, best known for his impersonation 
 of eccentric American characters. He has played 
 leading parts in “The Henrietta,” “The Senator,” “On 
 Probation,” “For Money,” “The American Minister,” 
 “Brother John,” “A Fool of Fortune,” “A Virginia 
 Courtship,” “David Hamm,” etc. For many years he 
 played in conjunction with Stuart Robson. 
 
 Cranston (kran'ston). A manufacturing town 
 in Providence County, Rhode Island. Popu- 
 lation, 21,107, (1910). 
 
 Crawford*, Francis Marion. Among his later 
 works are “Ave Roma Immortalis ” (1898), 
 “The Heart of Rome” (1903), “Fair Marga- 
 ret” (1905), “Arethusa” (1907), “The Prima- 
 donna” (1908), “The Diva’s Ruby” (1908), 
 “Tne White Sister ”(1909), “Stradella” (1909), 
 “The Undesirable Governess” (1910), “Wan- 
 dering Ghosts ” (1911). 
 
 Creelman (krel'man), James. Born at Mont- 
 real, Canada, Nov. 12, 1859. An American 
 journalist and author. He was editor of the New 
 York “ Evening Telegram ’’ 1892-93 ; was for sixteen years 
 iu the service of the New York “ Herald ” as editor and 
 correspondent ; was war correspondent for various Ameri- 
 can papers during the Chino- Japanese war, the Greco- 
 Turkish war, the Spanish- American war, and the Philip- 
 pine war (1899); was on the editorial staff of the New 
 York “World” 1899-1906; and was associate editor of 
 “ Pearson’s Magazine " 1936-10. He was a member of the 
 New York city Board of Education and was appointed 
 president of the Civil Service Commission of New York 
 city in 1911. He is the author of “ On the Great Highway ” 
 (1901), “Eagle Blood" (1902), “Why We Love Lincoln” 
 (1909), “ Diaz, Master of Mexico’’ (1910), etc. 
 
 Creighton (kri'ton), Mandell. Born at Car- 
 lisle, England, July 5, 1843: died at London, 
 Jan. 14, 1901. An English prelate and histor- 
 ical writer, bishop of London 1897-1901. He 
 
 was graduated at Oxford in 1867 ; became professor of ec- 
 clesiastical history at Cambridge in 1884 ; edited the “ Eng- 
 lish Historical Review ” 1886-91 ; became canon of Wor- 
 cester in 1885 and of Windsor in 1890 ; and was appointed 
 bishop of Peterborough in 1891. Among his works are 
 “ The Age of Elizabeth ” (1876),“ Papacy During the Refor- 
 mation” (1882-91: republished in 1897 as “History of 
 the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome"), 
 “Cardinal Wolsey” (1888), “Persecution and Tolerance” 
 (1895), “Queen Elizabeth” (1896), “Thoughts on Educa- 
 tion •' (1902), etc. 
 
 Cremona (kra-mo'na), Luigi. Born at Pavia, 
 Italy, Dec. 7, 1830: died June 10, 1903. A 
 noted Italian mathematician. He was appointed 
 professor at Bologna in 1860, at the Milan Polytechnic in 
 1866, and at the University of Rome in 1873. In 1879 he 
 was made a senator of the kingdom of Italy and was min- 
 ister of public instruction in 1898. IT is works include “ In- 
 troduzione ad una teoria geometrica sulle curve piane ” 
 (1862), “ Preliminari di una teoria geometrica della super- 
 flcie ” (1867), and “ Eleinenti di calcolo graflco ” (1874). 
 Cresceus (kres'e-us), An American trotting 
 stallion, by Robert McGregor, dam Mabel, 
 foaled in the spring of 1894. He gained the world’s 
 championship, August 2, 1901, by the record of one mile in 
 2:021 made at Columbus, Ohio ; lost it in 1903 to Lou Dil- 
 lon’s 2 minutes ; regained it October 19, 1903, at Wichita, 
 
 Kansas, by a mile in 1:591 ; and again lost it to Lou Dillon, 
 who trotted a mile in 1:681 at Memphis, Tennessee, Octo- 
 ber 24, 1903. 
 
 Cret (kra), Paul Philippe. Born at Lyons, 
 France, Oct. 23, 1876. A Franco-American 
 architect. He studied architecture at Lyons and at 
 the iScole des Beaux- Arts, Baris, and has been professor 
 of design in the University of Pennsylvania since 1903. He 
 has been the recipient of several prizes and medals, and 
 was the architect of the Pan-American Union building at 
 Washington, the Washington memorial arch at Valley 
 Forge, etc. 
 
 Crete*. Since December, 1898, it has been administered 
 by a high commissioner for the four powers France, Great 
 Britain, Italy, and Russia. Since Aug. 14, 1906, the right 
 of the King of the Hellenes to propose the high commis- 
 sioner has been recognized by the powers. The constitu- 
 tion of February, 1907, provides for an Assembly of 65 
 deputies, elected in the proportion of 1 for every 5,000 in- 
 habitants. In May, 1908, the powers decided gradually 
 to withdraw their troops from the island. An effort is 
 making in the Cretan Assembly for the establishment of 
 Cretan autonomy under Greece. This is strongly opposed 
 by the Young Turk party. 
 
 Crewe -Milnes (kru-milz'), Robert Offley 
 Ashburton, first Marquis of Crewe. Born at 
 London, Jan. 12, 1858. A British statesman, 
 secretary of state for the colonies 1908-1910, 
 and secretary of state for India 1910-12, and 
 lord privy seal 1912-. He was lord lieutenant 
 of Ireland 1892-95, and lord president of the 
 council 1905-08. Created earl of Crewe in 1895, 
 and marquis of Crewe in 1911. 
 
 Cristofori (kres-to'fo-ri), Bartolommeo. Born 
 at Padua, May 4, 1655 : died at Florence, Jan. 
 17, 1731. An Italian instrument-maker, the 
 inventor of the pianoforte. 
 
 Crivelli (kre-vel'le), Carlo. Born at Venice 
 about 1430: died after 1493. A Venetian 
 painter. He worked chiefly in the cities of the Marches, 
 and finally settled at Ascoli. In 1490 he was knighted by 
 Prince Ferdinand of Capua. Among his paintings are a 
 “Madonna with Saints,” in theBrera, Milan ; an “ Annun- 
 ciation,” in the National Gallery, London ; a “Magdalen,” 
 in the Berlin Museum ; and a “ Pieta,” in the Vatican. 
 
 Crocker (krok'er), Francis Baker. Bom at 
 New York, July 4, 1861. An American elec- 
 trical engineer and educator, professor of 
 electrical engineering in Columbia University 
 from 1893. He is the author of works on the 
 management of dynamos, electric lighting, 
 etc. 
 
 Crockett*, Samuel Rutherford. His later works 
 include “Joan of the Sword Hand ” (1900), “ The Dark of the 
 Moon” (1902), “An Adventurer in Spain ’ (1903). “Strong 
 Mac” (1904), “Maid Margaret" (1905), “Cherry Ribband” 
 (1905), “ Deep Moat Grange ” (1908), “ The Men of the 
 Mountain ” (1909), etc. 
 
 Crofts (krofts), Ernest. Born at Leeds, Sept. 
 15, 1847 : died at London, March 19, 1911. An 
 English painter of historical and military 
 scenes. Among his pictures are “Napoleon at Ligny,” 
 “Cromwell at Marston Moor,” “Marlborough after 
 Ramillies,” “Napoleon leaving Moscow,” “Wellingtons 
 March to Waterloo,” and the fresco “Queen Elizabeth 
 Opening the First Royal Exchange,” at the Royal Ex- 
 change, London. 
 
 Croker (kro'ker), Richard. Born at Black- 
 rock, Ireland, Nov. 24, 1843. An American 
 Democratic politician. He was brought to the 
 United States as a child and was educated in the New 
 York public schools. He was an alderman of New York 
 1868-70 and 1883, coroner 1873-76, fire commissioner 1883, 
 and city chamberlain 1889-90. He was the recognized 
 leader (“boss ”) of Tammany Hall for many years. 
 
 Croll (krol), James. Born at Li ttle Whitefield, 
 Perthshire, Scotland, Jan. 2, 1821: died near 
 Perth, Dec. 15, 1890. A Scotch physical geol- 
 ogist. He was connected with the geological survey of 
 Scotland 1867-80. His most important work is “Climate 
 and Time ” (1875). 
 
 Cro-Magnon (kro-ma-nyon'). A cave near Les 
 Eyzies, Dordogne, France, in which werefound, 
 in 1858, prehistoric remains consisting of por- 
 tions of several skeletons. They are taken 
 as typical of a race assumed to have inhabit- 
 ed southwestern Europe near the close of the 
 Pleistocene period. 
 
 Cronje (kron'ye), Pietrus Arnoldus. Bom 
 
 1835 : died Feb. 4, 1911. A Boer general, noted 
 for his resistance to the British under Lord 
 Methuen (who was marching to the relief of 
 Kimberley)attheModderRiver(Nov. 28, 1899), 
 and his crushing defeat of that general at Ma- 
 gersfontein (Dec. 11). On the approach of Lord 
 Roberts, in 1900, he retreated toward Bloemfontein, but 
 was overtaken at Paardeberg and forced to surrender (Feb. 
 27). In the war against England in 1881 he distinguished 
 himself at Majuba Hill, and in 1896 dispersed the raiders 
 led by Dr. Jameson into the Transvaal. 
 
 CrOOkeS*. Sir William. He is an authority on sani- 
 tation and lias published a number of works on the sub- 
 ject, and he is noted for his researches into the properties 
 of radiant matter. In 1903 he invented the spinthari- 
 scope. He is known also for his investigation of psychic 
 phenomena. 
 
 Crookston (kruk'ston). The county-seat of 
 
 Cuirayan 
 
 Polk County, Minnesota. It is in a fertile 
 agricultural region in the northwestern part 
 of the State, and is a market for farm produce. 
 Its manufactures include lumber, farming im- 
 plements, flour, wagons, etc. Population, 
 7,559, (1910). 
 
 Crosby (kroz'bi), Ernest Howard. Born at 
 
 New York, Nov. 4, 1856 : died Jan. 3, 1907. An 
 American writer and social reformer, son of 
 Howard Crosby. He was graduated from the Uni- 
 versity of New York in 1876 and from Columbia Law 
 School in 1878; practised in New York 1878-89; and was 
 appointed judge of the international court at Alexandria, 
 Egypt, in 1889. He resigned in 1894 and returned to New 
 York, where he devoted much attention to social reform. 
 He wrote “Plain Talk in Psalm and Parable” (1899), 
 “Captain Jenks, Hero ” (1902), “Swords and Plowshares ” 
 (1902), “Tolstoi and his Message” (1903), “Broadcast” 
 (1905), “Tolstoi as a Schoolmaster ” (1905), “Garrison, the 
 Non-resistant” (1905), “Labor and Neighbor” (1908), etc. 
 
 Cross (kros), Charles Whitman. Born at 
 Amherst, Mass., Sept. 1, 1854. An American 
 scientist, geologist of the United States Geo- 
 logical Survey from 1880. He was graduated at 
 Amherst College in 1875 and at Leipsic in 1880. He has 
 published many geological and mineralogical papers and, 
 with Pirsson, Iddings, and Washington, “Quantitative 
 Classification of Igneous Rocks ” (1903). 
 
 Crothers (kruTH ' erz), Samuel McChord. 
 
 Born at Oswego, 111., June 7, 1857. An Ameri- 
 can clergyman and author. Originally a Presby- 
 terian, he entered the Unitarian ministry in 1882, and lias 
 been pastor of the First Church in Cambridge, Massachu- 
 setts since 1894. He has written “Miss Muffet’s Christ- 
 mas Party" (1901), “The Gentle Reader” (1903), “The 
 Understanding Heart " (1903), “The Pardoner’s Wallet" 
 (1905), “The Endless Life ” (1905), “Oliver Wendell Holmes 
 and his Fellow Boarders ” (1909), “Book of Friendship ” 
 (1910), “Humanly Speaking” (1912), etc. 
 
 Crouch (krouch), Frederick Nicholls. Bom 
 
 at London, July 31, 1808: died at Portland, 
 Me., Aug. 18, 1896. An English musician, the 
 composer of the music for the ballad “ Kath- 
 leen Mavourneen.” He came to the United 
 States in 1849. 
 
 Crowe (kro), Sir Joseph Archer. Born at 
 
 London, Oct. 20, 1825 : died at Gamburg-on- 
 the-Tauber, Baden, Sept. 6, 1896. An Eng- 
 lish diplomatist and connoisseur and historian 
 of art. In 1847 he met Cavalcaselle, with whom he col- 
 laborated in “ Early Flemish Painters” (1865) and other 
 works. 
 
 Crowley (krou'li). The county-seat of Acadia 
 Parish, Louisiana, 137 miles northwest of New 
 Orleans. Its principal industries are the grow- 
 ing and milling of rice. Population, 5,099, 
 (1910). 
 
 Crowninshield (kroun ' in - sheld), Frederic. 
 Born at Boston, Nov. 27, 1845. An American 
 painter. He was graduated from Harvard University in 
 1866 and studied art for several years in Europe. From 
 1879 to 1885 he was instructor in drawing and painting at 
 the school of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. In 1885 
 he established a studio in New' York and devoted himself 
 to general artistic work, including glass and mural paint- 
 ing. He was director of the American Academy in Rome 
 1909-11. He has published several volumes of poems and 
 a manual of “ Mural Painting ” (1887). 
 
 Crozier (kro ' zker), William. Born at Car- 
 rollton, Ohio, Feb. 19, 1855. An American 
 soldier, inventor of a wire-wound rifled can- 
 non, and, with General Buffington, of a dis- 
 appearing gun-carriage. He was graduated from 
 West Point in 1876; fought against the Indians in the 
 West; was major and inspector-general of United States 
 Volunteers in 1898 (Spanish- American war) ; was a dele- 
 gate to the Peace Conference at The Hague in 1899 ; served 
 in the suppression of the Philippine insurrection ; was 
 chief ordnance officer, under General Chaffee, in the Pe- 
 king relief expedition in 1900 ; and was appointed brig- 
 adier-general and chief of ordnance in the United States 
 army in 1901. 
 
 Cuadrado (ko-a-drii'do). A peak in the west- 
 ern part of Pampanga province, southwestern 
 Luzon, Philippine Islands. Height, 5,443 feet. 
 
 Cuba*. In accordance with the requirements of tho 
 United States Congress, Cuba undertook (June 12, 1901) to 
 make no treaty with any foreign power endangering its in- 
 dependence, to contract no debts for which the current 
 revenue would not suffice, to concede to the United States 
 government a right of intervention, and also to grant to it 
 the use of naval stations ; and on May 20, 1902, it was pro- 
 claimed a republic and the control of the island was for- 
 mally transferred to the new Cuban government. On ac- 
 count of the breaking out of an insurrection, the United 
 States again assumed temporary control of its affairs in 
 September, 1906, and again withdrew in January, 1909. 
 
 Cui (ko'e), Cesar. Born at Vilna, Russia, Jan. 
 18 (N. S.), 1835. A Russian composer, by 
 profession a military engineer. He is a repre- 
 sentative of the neo-Russian school of music, 
 and has written operas, also symphonies, songs, 
 and piano-pieces. 
 
 Cuiraydn (ko-i-ra-yan'). A mountain of Le- 
 panto-Bontoc province, in the northwestern 
 part of Luz6n, Philippine Islands. Height, 
 6,200 feet. 
 
Culebra 
 
 Culebra (ko-la'bra). A station on the railroad 
 about ten miles from Panama. The making of the 
 Culebra Cut was one of the most difficult engineering 
 operations in the construction of the Panama Canal, on 
 account of landslides. The width of the cut at the bot- 
 tom is 300 feet for a distance of about nine miles. 
 
 Culin (ku'lin), Robert Stewart. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, July 13, 1858. An American anthro- 
 pologist, curator of ethnology in the Brooklyn 
 Institute from 1903. He has published “Korean 
 Games” (1896), “Chess and Playing Cards” 
 (1896), “American Indian Games” (1905), etc. 
 
 Culion (ko-li-on'). The second in size of the 
 Calamianes Islands, northeast of Paragua, 
 Philippines. Halsey Harbor and Port Culidn are good 
 harbors. Area, 153 square miles. Population, 1,051. 
 
 Culion (ko-li-on'), Port. A bay and harbor 
 on the eastern coast of Culion Island, safe for 
 large craft in all weather. 
 
 Cullinan Diamond. A diamond discovered in 
 the Premier Mine, near Pretoria, in the Trans- 
 vaal, Jan. 25, 1905. It was the largest ever found, 
 weighing 3.030J carats (English carat) and measuring 
 4 by 2$ by 2 inches. It was given to the King of England 
 by the* Transvaal Colony. The largest two gems cut from 
 it were a drop briolette, of 5161 carats, called the “Star of 
 Africa ’’ and set for the scepter, and a square English-cut 
 brilliant, of 309A carats, set for the crown ; and besides 
 these the crystal furnished a drop diamond of 92 carats, a 
 square brilliant of 62 carats, five other line stones of from 
 18I§ to 4 T 6 8 carats, and 96 smaller brilliants with an aggre- 
 gate weight of 7| carats, not including nine unpolished ends. 
 Cumberland (kum'ber-land). A town in Prov- 
 idence County, in the northeastern part of 
 Rhode Island. It manufactures cotton, silk, horse- 
 shoes, etc., and has deposits of limestone and granite, also 
 coal and other minerals. Population, 10,107. 
 
 Cuore (ko-6'ra)’ [‘Heart.’] AbookbyEdmondo 
 de Amicis, written in 1886. It is the daily record 
 of the events of a school year as told by a boy pupil, to 
 which are added letters from his parents, etc. It was 
 translated into English by Isabel F. Hapgood in 1887. 
 
 Curie (kti-re'), Mme. (Marie Sklodowska). 
 
 Born at Warsaw, Russia, Nov. 7, 1867. A noted 
 Polish chemist and physicist, wife of Pierre 
 Curie. She was educated at the Lycee of Warsaw, and 
 later studied at the Sorbonne in Paris. She is the dis- 
 coverer of the element polonium and, with her husband, of 
 radium. In 1906 she was appointed (as “chargee de cours") 
 to the position at the Sorbonne made vacant by her hus- 
 band’s death, and in Nov., 1908, was appointed chief pro- 
 fessor of physics. Among her publications are “Recherches 
 sur les proprietes magnetic] ues des aciers trempes” and 
 ** Recherches sur les substances radioactives.” She re- 
 ceived the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1911. 
 
 Curie (ko-re 7 ), Pierre. Born at Paris, May 15, 
 1859: died there, April 19, 1906. A noted 
 French chemist. He was educated at the Sorbonne ; 
 became professor in the School of Physics and Chemistry 
 at Paris in 1895 ; and was appointed professor in the fac- 
 ulty of sciences at the Sorbonne in 1900. Together with 
 his wife, he made important experiments in radioactivity 
 and discovered the element radium. They received the 
 La Caze prize of 10,000 francs from the French Academy 
 of Sciences in 1901, the Nobel prize for chemistry (with 
 Professor Becquerel) in 1903, and in the same year a part 
 of the French Osiris prize, consisting of 60,000 francs, for 
 their services to science. In 1905 Professor Curie was 
 elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences, 
 succeeding Potier. He contributed many scientific arti- 
 cles to the “Comptes Rendus” of the Academy of Sci- 
 ences, the “Journal de Physique,” and the “Annales de 
 Physique et Chimie.” 
 
 Currie (kur'i), Lady (Mary Montgomerie 
 Lamb) : pseudonym, Violet Fane. Died at 
 Harrogate, Yorkshire, Oct. 13, 1905. An Eng- 
 lish novelist and poet. She married in 1864 Henry 
 S. Singleton ; he died in 1893 and in 1894 she became the 
 wife of Philip Henry W. (later Baron) Currie. She wrote 
 “From Dawn to Noon” (1872), “Denzil Place” (1875), 
 “ The Story of Helen Davenaut” (1888), “ Two Moods of a 
 Man ” (1901), etc. 
 
 Curtin (ker'tin), Jeremiah. Born at Mil- 
 waukee, Wis., Sept. 6, 1840: died Dec. 14, 1906. 
 An American ethnologist and writer, assistant 
 ethnologist of the United States Bureau of 
 Ethnology from 1883. From 1865-70 he waa secre- 
 tary of tile United States legation at St. Petersburg, and 
 waa acting consul-general there 1865-66. He published 
 numerous anthropological papers and translations of 
 Polish and Russian fiction. 
 
 Curtis (ker'tis), Heber Doust. Born at Mus- 
 kegon, Mich., June 27, 1872. An American 
 scientist, astronomer of the Lick Observatory 
 from 1909. He was a member of the United States 
 Naval Observatory eclipse expedition to Sumatra in 1901, 
 and was acting astronomer in charge of the Mills expedi- 
 tion to the southern hemisphere 1906-09. 
 
 Curtiss (ker'tis), Glenn Hammond. Born 
 at Hammondsport, N. Y., May 21, 1878. An 
 American aviator. He was director of experiments 
 of the Aerial Experiment Association founded by Alex- 
 ander Graham Bell. On July 4, 1908, lie won (in an aero- 
 plane) the prize offered by the “Scientific American ” for 
 the first flight of one kilometer. Record, II miles in 1 min. 
 42| sec. On July 17, 1909, he made a second record for the 
 “Scientific American” trophy (24.7 miles in 52 min. 30 
 sec.). At Rheims, France, on Aug. 28, 1909, he won (in a 
 biplane) the Gordon Bennett international aviation cup, 
 flying 20 kilometers (12.42 miles) in 15 min. 503 sec. On 
 Sept. 12, 1909, at Brescia, Italy, he won the grand prize, 
 making a flight of 31.05 miles in 49 min. 24 sec. On May 
 29, 1910, he Hew from Albany to New York (137 miles) in 
 2 hrs. 32 min. 
 
 Dana 
 
 Curzon* (ker'zon), George Nathaniel. He has 
 
 also written “ Lord Curzon in India " (1906), “Frontiers” 
 (1908), and “ Principles and Methods of University Re- 
 form” (1909). In 1908 he was elected a member of the 
 British Academy. 
 
 Cushing (kush'ing), Frank Hamilton. Born 
 
 at Northeast, Pa., July 22, 1857 : died at Wash- 
 ington, April 10, 1900. An American ethnolo- 
 gist, especially noted for his studies of the 
 Zuni Indians. He published “Zuni Fetiches” 
 (1883), “Adventures in Zuni” (1883), “Zuni 
 Folk-tales” (1901), etc. 
 
 Cushing, Harvey. Born at Cleveland, Ohio, 
 April 8, 1869. An American surgeon. He was 
 graduated at Yale University in 1891 and took the degree 
 of doctor of medicine at Harvard in 1895. He was asso- 
 ciate professor of surgery at Johns Hopkins University 
 1903-11, and professor of surgery at Harvard 1911-. He 
 has given especial attention to neurological and experi- 
 mental surgery. He has published “ The Pituitary Body 
 and its Disorders ” (1912), etc. 
 
 Custer (kus'ter), Mrs. (Elizabeth Bacon). 
 
 Born at Monroe, Mich. A contemporary 
 American writer, wife of General George Arm- 
 strong Custer, whom she accompanied in many 
 of his campaigns. She is the author of “Boots and 
 Saddles, or Life in Dakota with General Custer ” (1885), 
 “Tenting on the Plains” (1887), and “Following the Gui- 
 don ” (1891). 
 
 Cuyler (ki'ler), Theodore Ledyard. Born at 
 Aurora, N. Y., Jan. 10, 1822 : died at Brooklyn, 
 Feb. 26, 1909. An American clergyman and 
 author. He was pastor of the Lafayette Avenue Presby- 
 terian Church, Brooklyn, 1860-90, and then retired to 
 devote himself, to temperance reform and other philan- 
 thropic work, ^te helped to organize the Republican 
 party in 1856. In addition to his “ Recollections of a Long 
 Life ” (1902), he was the author of many religious works, 
 contributions to periodicals, etc. 
 
 Cuyos (ko'yos) Islands. A group of small 
 islands in the Philippines, east of the northern 
 part of Paragua and belonging to that province. 
 
 Cuyuni (ko-yo'ni). A river in British Guiana 
 emptying into the Essequibo near its mouth. 
 
 Cyrano de Bergerac (se-ra-no' de barzh-rak'). 
 A play by Edmond Rostand, produced in 1897. 
 
 The character of the hero is modeled upon that of his 
 historic original (see Bergerac) and is sketched by the 
 dramatist in superlatives. He is depicted as extraordi- 
 narily brave, extravagantly lavish, superbly indifferent to 
 patronage, extremely ugly (owing to his very large nose), 
 and loyally self-sacrificing in his love for his cousin, 
 Roxane. The events of the play are those which are re- 
 ported to have befallen the original Cyrano. Coquelin 
 nine (supported by Bernhardt as Roxane) played the part 
 of Cyrano in French; Richard Mansfield played it in 
 English. 
 
 ' abney (dab'ni), Charles Wil- 
 liam. Born at Hampden- 
 Sidney, Va., June 19, 1855. 
 An American chemist and 
 educator, president of the 
 University of Cincinnati 
 from 1904. He waa graduated 
 at Hampden-Sidney College in 
 1873 and at the University of 
 Virginia in 1877 ; studied in Berlin and Gottingen 1878-80 ; 
 was State chemist of North Carolina 1880-87 ; was profes- 
 sor of agricultural chemistry and director of the agricul- 
 tural experiment station in the University of Tennessee 
 1887-90; was president of this university 1887-1904 ; and 
 was assistant (United States) secretary of agriculture 
 1894-97. His publications include numerous papers on 
 scientific and educational topics. 
 
 Dagami (da-ga/rae). A town in the eastern 
 part of Leyte I-dand in the Philippines. It is 
 on the Binahaan River, at the head of navigation by 
 caseos, 15 miles from the river’s mouth. Civilized popu- 
 lation of municipality, 12,591. 
 
 Dagupan (da-go'pan). A municipality of Pan- 
 gasinan province, in the western part of Luzdn, 
 Philippine Islands. It borders the south- 
 eastern shore of Lingayen Gulf. Civilized 
 population, 20,357. 
 
 Daingerfield (dan'jer-feld), Elliott. Born at 
 Harper’s Ferry, Va., March 26, 1859, An 
 American painter. He studied at the Art Students’ 
 League, New York city, and in Europe. His work con- 
 sists of easel pictures and decorations, notably those of 
 the Lady-chapel of the church of St. Mary the Virgin in 
 New York. In his figure-work he has formed himself 
 mainly on Italian models, while in landscape he owes 
 much to the friendship and influence of George Inness. 
 In 1906 he was elected a member of the National Academy 
 of Design. 
 
 Daiquiri (dai-ki-re'). A town on the southern 
 coast of Cuba, about 15£ miles southeast of 
 
 Santiago. On June 22, 1898, the American army of in- 
 vasion (excepting Kent’s division, which was disembarked 
 
 at Siboney, June 23) made a successful landing at this 
 place (which, in many of the reports from the front, was 
 miscalled Baiquiri). Population, 1,380. 
 
 Dairen. See * Dalny. 
 
 Dajo (da-ho'). A mountain on Jolo (Sulu) 
 Island, in the Philippines. Height, 2,100 feet. 
 
 An engagement between United States troops and Moros 
 took place here March 6-7, 1906. Fifteen Americans, 
 three members of the native constabulary, and six hun- 
 dred Moros were reported killed. 
 
 Dakar (da-kar'). A seaport on the extreme 
 point of Cape Verd, in French West Africa. 
 A fortified naval station has been established 
 there, and it is the administrative seat of the 
 colony of Senegal. Population, about 18,500. 
 
 Dalaguete (dii-la-ga'ta). A municipality in 
 the southeastern part of Cebu, in the Philip- 
 pine Islands. Civilized population, 21,354. 
 
 Dalberg-Acton (dal'berg-ak'ton), Sir John 
 Emericb Edward, first Baron Acton. Born 
 at Naples, Jan. 10, 1834: died at Tegemsee, 
 Upper Bavaria, June 19, 1902. An English 
 historian. He succeeded his father as eighth baronet 
 in 1837 ; was member of Parliament for Carlow 1859-65 
 and for Bridgenorth 1865-66 ; was raised to the peerage in 
 1869; and was appointed regius professor of modern his- 
 tory in Cambridge University in 1895. His famous his- 
 torical library of about 60,000 volumes was purchased by 
 Andrew Carnegie, who, after Lord Acton’s death, gave it to 
 John Morley, who presented it to the University of Cam- 
 bridge. He published “ Lecture on the Study of History 
 (1895), and designed the “Cambridge Modern History,” 
 edited by others after his death. His “Lectures on the 
 French Revolution,” edited by J. Neville Figgis and Regi- 
 nald Vere Laurence, were published in 1910. 
 
 D’ Albert, Eugene. See * Albert. 
 
 Dalmores (dal-mo-ras'), Charles. Born at 
 Nancy in 1872. A French tenor singer. Hebe- 
 gan his career as a player <>f the French horn, and was sent 
 by some of his townspeople for further study to the Paris 
 Conservatory. He played in many Paris orchestras, and 
 later became a member of the teaching staff of the Lyons 
 
 Conservatory, where he began to cultivate his voice. As 
 an opera-singer he made his debut at Rouen about 1899. 
 He afterward sang for several years at Brussels, and 
 since 1906 has sung during the winter in America. He 
 has appeared in “ Lohengrin ” at Bayreuth, and sings 
 many idles in French, German, and Italian. 
 
 Dalny (dal'ni). A seaport in Manchuria, sit- 
 uated on Victoria Bay, in the Liao-tung Pen- 
 insula, about twenty miles northeast of Port 
 Arthur. It was founded by the Russians in 1899 and 
 was designed to be the commercial terminus of the Trans- 
 Siberian Railway. During the Russo-Japanese war (1904- 
 1905) it was captured by the Japanese. In September, 
 1906, it was made a free port. It is now known as Tairen, 
 or Dairen. It has a fine harbor, protected by a break- 
 water, and it is connected by railway with Port Arthur, 
 Mukden, Harbin, and the Eastern Chinese Railway System. 
 
 Daly (da'li), John Augustin. Born at Plym- 
 outh, N. C., July 20, 1838: died at Paris, 
 France, June 7, 1899. An American play- 
 wright and theatrical manager. In 1869 lie opened 
 the Fifth Avenue Theater in New York, and in 1879 estab- 
 lished Daly’s Theater. His productions were noted for 
 their finished style, and he brought before the public some 
 of the best-known plays of his time. He wrote several 
 original plays, including “Horizon” and “ Divorce,” and 
 many adaptations, and was the author of a life of Peg 
 Woffington (1888). 
 
 Dameron (dam-e-roh'), Charles Emile. Born 
 
 in Paris, 1848: died there, Jan. 22, 1908. A 
 French painter, a pupil of Pelousse. His 
 works are chiefly landscapes. 
 
 Damrosch (dam'rosh). Frank. Born in Bres- 
 lau, Germany, June 22, 1859. A conductor of 
 choral societies in and near New Pork, includ- 
 ing the Oratorio Society, the Musical Art So- 
 ciety, and the People’s Choral Union: son of 
 Leopold Damrosch. In 1905 he was appointed 
 director of the Institute of Musical Art in New 
 York city. 
 
 Dana (da ' na), Charles Loomis. Born at 
 
Dana 
 
 Woodstock, Vt., March 25, 1852. An Ameri- 
 can pathologist, professor of nervous diseases 
 in the Cornell Medical College from 1899. He 
 has published “ A Text-book of Nervous Dis- 
 eases and Psychiatry” (1892), etc. 
 
 Danao (da-na'o). 1. A river in Negros Occi- 
 dental province, Negros, Philippine Islands. 
 — 2. A municipality in the eastern part of 
 Cebu, Philippine Islands. Civilized population, 
 16,173. 
 
 Daniels (dan'yelz), Josephus. Born at Wash- 
 ington, N. C., "May 18, 1862. An American 
 newspaper editor, secretary of the navy 1913-. 
 He was chief clerk of the Department of the Interior 1893- 
 1895, editor and owner of the “News and Observer,” Ra- 
 leigh, N. C., 1894-, and has been for many years a member 
 of the Democratic National Committee. He is a member 
 of the executive board of the trustees of the University of 
 North Carolina. 
 
 D’Annunzio, Gabriele. See *Annunzio. 
 
 Dapitan (da-pe' tan). 1. A river in Mindanao 
 Island, in the Philippines, flowing northwest 
 into Dapitan Bay. — 2. A subdistrict of Moro 
 province, in the Philippine Islands. It occupies 
 the northwestern part of Mindanao, and is bounded by 
 the Sulu (Jolo) Sea on the west and north ; Misamis on the 
 east ; and Zamboanga on the south. Both the eastern 
 and western parts of the district are mountainous. The 
 highest peak is Malindang. Forests of valuable woods, 
 especially of ebony, extend nearly to the sea-coast. There 
 are numerous harbors. Dapitan Bay, on the northwest- 
 ern coast, is safe for all vessels during the northeast 
 monsoon. The native race is chiefly Moro. Cattle-raising 
 is an important industry. Area of district, including small 
 dependent islands, 2,015 square miles. Population, 23,577. 
 3. A town, the capital of Dapitan province, 
 on the Dapitan River, in lat. 8° 39' N., long. 
 123° 24' E. Civilized population of munici- 
 pality, 5,825. 
 
 Daraga (da-ra'ga). A municipality of Albay 
 province, in the southeastern part of Luzon, 
 Philippine Islands. The town is at the south- 
 ern base of May on volcano. Civilized popula- 
 tion, 18,695. 
 
 Daram (da-ram'). An irregularly shaped island 
 on the west coast of Samar, in the Philippines, 
 east of Daram Channel. It is a part of Samar 
 province. Area, 35 square miles. Pop., 3,586. 
 
 Daram (da-ram') Channel. A channel north 
 of Leyte Island, in the Philippines, it separates 
 Biliran from Daram Island, and is connected by San Juan- 
 ico Strait with San Pedro and San Pablo Bay on the eastern 
 coast of Leyte. 
 
 Darby (dar'bi). A borough in Delaware 
 County, Pennsylvania, 6 miles southwest of 
 Philadelphia. It has manufactories of woolens, 
 lumber, paper, etc. Population, 6,305, (1910). 
 
 Dare (dar), Virginia. Born on Roanoke Is- 
 land, in the province of Virginia, August, 1587. 
 The first child born of English parents in the 
 New World. She was the daughter of William and 
 Eleanor Dare, and the granddaughter of John White, 
 governor of a colony which was sent out by Sir Walter 
 Raleigh from Plymouth in April, 1587, and reached Roa- 
 noke Island in July. White soon went back to England 
 for supplies, and on his return to Roanoke, in 1590, he 
 found the island deserted. The fate of the “ lost colony " 
 is unknown, but it has been thought that the English 
 settlers were absorbed into some Indian tribe. 
 
 Dar-el-Beida (dar-el-ba'i-da). See* Casablanca. 
 
 Dargomijsky (diir-go-mezh'ski), Alexander 
 Sergeivitch. Born in the government of 
 Tula, Jfeb. 14, 1813: died at St. Petersburg, 
 Jan. 17, 1869. A leading composer of the New 
 Russian school. He was in the government service, 
 but, forming a friendship with Glinka, adopted music as 
 his profession. Of his earlier works the best known are 
 the operas “Esmeralda” (1847, founded on Victor Hugo’s 
 “Notre Dame de Paris”) and “Russalka” (1856). He 
 traveled in 1864, but met with little success except in 
 Belgium. On his return he joined Balakiref, and became 
 prominent in the New Russian school, his most notable 
 composition being “The Stone Guest,” which, while it 
 ha3 not met with popular recognition, is regarded as a 
 remarkable work, embodying the most advanced ideas of 
 his school. Its text is Pushkin’s poem “ Don Juan,” and 
 it was orchestrated by Rimsky- Korsakof after the com- 
 poser's death and performed at St. Petersburg in 1872. 
 
 Darrow(dar'6), Clarence S. Born at Kinsman, 
 Ohio, April 18, 1857. An American lawyer. 
 He has acted professionally in many cases against monop- 
 olies or on the side of labor. He was counsel in the 
 Debs strike case, and for the miners in the anthracite coal 
 strike arbitration at Scranton and Philadelphia 1902-03 ; 
 was attorney for Moyer, Haywood, and Pettibone when 
 tried for the murder of Ex-Governor Steunenberg of 
 Idaho in 1907 ; and was attorney for the defendants in the 
 case of the destruction (Oct. 1, 1910) of the Los Angeles 
 “ Times ” building in 1911. 
 
 Darwin (diir'win), Sir George Howard. Born 
 at Down, Kent, J uly 9, 1845: died at London, Dec. 
 7, 1912. An English physicist and astronomer, 
 son of Charles Robert Darwin. He was Plumian 
 professor of astronomy ami experimental philosophy at 
 Cambridge 1883-1912. The most notable of his works is 
 “The Tides and Kindred Phenomena in the Solar System ” 
 (1898). He was made K. C. B. in 1905. 
 
 Daskam (das'kam), Josephine Dodge. See 
 
 *Bacon, Josephine Dodge Daskam. 
 
 Data (da'ta). An extinct volcano in the south- 
 central part of Lepanto-Bontoc province, Lu- 
 zon, in the Philippine Islands, in lat. 16° 57' 
 N., long. 120° 55' E. Height, 7,364 feet. 
 
 Davao (da'va-o). 1. A river in Mindanao, in 
 the Philippine Islands. It rises in the east- 
 ern part of Cotabato, and flows southeast 
 through Davao into the Gulf of Davao. — 2. A 
 district of Moro province, in the Philippine 
 Islands. It is bounded by Surigao on the north ; the 
 Pacific Ocean on the east and south ; and Cotabato (sepa- 
 rated by a mountain range) on the west. Capital, Davao. 
 The southern coast is indented by the Gulf of Davao, in 
 which is situated Samal Island, a part of the province. 
 Among the bays on the eastern coast is Pujada, a safe 
 harbor in all weather. The district is very mountainous. 
 The active volcano Apo, 10,311 feet in height, is in the 
 range separating Davao from Cotabato, approximately in 
 lat. 7° 3' N., long. 125’ 17' E. The Butulan Mountains 
 extend from south to north parallel with the eastern 
 coast. The largest river is the Agusan, which rises among 
 the Butulan Mountains and flows north into Surigao. 
 Many other rivers water the district. Most of the staples, 
 as hemp and sugar-cane, are produced. Forests of teak, 
 ebony, and other valuable woods cover the mountains. 
 The mineral resources of Davao are undeveloped. Coal 
 and iron are found near Mati, north of Pujada Bay. The 
 Christianized inhabitants are Visayans, the wild are 
 Moros, Bagobos, and Mandayas. Area of the district, 
 9,707 square miles. Population, 65,496. 
 
 3. A town, the capital of Davao province, sit- 
 uated on the Gulf of Davao, at the mouth of 
 the Davao River, in lat. 7° 1' N., long. 125° 4' 
 E. Civilized population of municipality, 8,560. 
 
 Davao (da'va-o), Gulf of. An arm of the 
 Pacific Ocean indenting the southern coast of 
 Davao district, Mindanao, Philippine Islands. 
 It is partly occupied by Samal Island. 
 
 Davenport (dav'en-port), Charles Benedict. 
 Born at Stamford, Conn., June 1, 1866. An 
 American zoologist, director of the Carnegie 
 Institution Station for Experimental Evolution 
 at Cold Spring Harbor, New York, since 1904. 
 He has written “Experimental Morphology ” (1897-99), 
 “Statistical Methods in Biological Variation” (1899), 
 “Inheritance of Characteristics of Fowl” (1909), “Eu- 
 genics” (1910), “Elements of Zoology ”(1911), “Race Im- 
 provement by Eugenics” (1911), etc. 
 
 David (da ' ved), Gerard (Gheerardt or 
 Gheeraert). Born at Oudewater, South Hol- 
 land, about 1460 : died at Bruges, Flanders, 
 Aug. 13, 1523. A Flemish paiuter. He is men- 
 tioned by early writers, but was entirely lost sight of until 
 1860, when information about him was discovered in the 
 archives of Bruges. He settled in Bruges in 1483 and 
 lived there during the remainder of his life. Well-au- 
 thenticated works by him are to be found in many Euro- 
 pean collections. He is one of the most important of the 
 Flemish primitives. 
 
 David Grieve. A novel by Mary A. (Mrs. 
 Humphry) Ward, published in 1892. 
 
 David Harum (da/vid ha'rum). A novel by 
 Edward Noyes Westcott, published in 1898. 
 The scene is laid in central New York. The book won 
 popularity through the shrewdnesss, humor, and homely 
 philosophy of its principal character, an old horse-trading 
 country banker, for whom it is named. 
 
 Davidof (da-ve'dof), Charles. Born at Gol- 
 dingen, Corn-land, March 17, 1838: died at 
 Moscow, Feb. 25, 1889. A Russian violoncel- 
 list. He studied with Schmidt, Schuberth, and Griitz- 
 macher, and first appeared at the Gewandhaus, Leipsic, 
 Dec. 15, 1859, where he became solo cellist of the orches- 
 tra. He also became a teacher in the Conservatory. 
 After several concert tours he settled in St. Petersburg as 
 solo cellist of the imperial orchestra, teacher in the Con- 
 servatory (1862), and later its director (1876-87). His com- 
 positions include a symphonic poem and an orchestral 
 suite, chamber music, four concertos, and many solo 
 pieces for his instrument. His method for the cello is 
 widely known. 
 
 Davidson (da'vid-son), John. Born at Barr- 
 head, near Glasgow, Scotland, April 11, 1857 : 
 died in March (?), 1909. A Scottish poet and 
 playwright. In 1890 he went to London, having pre- 
 viously published three plays, “ Bruce ” (1886), “Smith : a 
 Tragedy ” (1888), and “ Scaramouch in Naxos ”(1890). His 
 works include “Perfervid” (1890), “Fleet Street Ec- 
 logues” (1893), “ Ballads and Songs” (1894), “New Bal- 
 lads” (1896), “Godfrida: a Play” (1898), “The Testament 
 of an Empire Builder” (1902), “ A Queen's Romance, etc.” 
 (1904), “The Testament of a Prime Minister ” (1904), 
 “Ballad of a Nun” (1905), “The Triumph of Mammon” 
 (1907), “Mammon and his Message” (1908), etc. 
 
 Davidson (da'vid-son), Randall Thomas. 
 Born April 7, 1848. An English prelate. He 
 
 was educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Oxford; 
 was chaplain and private secretary to Archbishop Tait 
 1877-82 and to Archbishop Benson 1882-83 ; was dean of 
 Windsor and domestic chaplain to Queen Victoria 1883-91 ; 
 was bishop of Rochester 1891-95, and of Winchester 1895- 
 1903 ; and was consecrated archbishop of Canterbury in 
 1903. Among his publications are “ Life of Archbishop 
 Tait ' (1891 : with \V. Benham), “The Christian Oppor- 
 tunity ” (1904), etc. 
 
 Davidson (da'vid-son), Thomas. Born at 
 Deer, Aberdeenshire, Oct. 25, 1840: died at 
 Montreal, Canada, Sept. 14, 1900. A Scotch- 
 
 Dawson, George Mercer 
 
 American philosophical writer. He was gradu- 
 ated at the University of Aberdeen in 1860 ; went to 
 Canada in 1866 ; and removed to the United States in 1867, 
 establishing his residence at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 
 in 1875. The Fabian Society (which see in supplement) 
 was founded as a result of the conferences which he held 
 in London in 1883. 
 
 Davies, Ffrangcon-. See *Ffrangcon-Davies, 
 David Thomas. 
 
 Davis (da'vis), Charles Henry. Born at 
 Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 28, 1845. An Ameri- 
 can naval officer, son of Rear-Admiral C. H. 
 Davis; appointed rear-admiral in 1904. He was 
 
 graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 
 1864; attained the rank of captain in 1898; was superin- 
 tendent of the Naval Observatory 1897-1902 (except April- 
 Sept., 1898) ; commanded the auxiliary cruiser Dixie dur- 
 ing the Spanish war (1898) ; was division commander of 
 the battle-ship squadron in 1904, 1905, and 1906 ; and was 
 a member of the international commission which investi- 
 gated, at Paris (1904-05), the attack of the Russian squad- 
 ron under Rozhestvensky upon the British fishing-fleet in 
 the North Sea. He retired in August, 1907. 
 
 Davis (da'vis), Cushman Kellogg. Born at 
 Henderson, N. Y., June 16, 1838: died at St. 
 Paul, Minn., Nov. 27, 1900. An American 
 Republican politician. He was graduated at the 
 University of Michigan in 1857 ; was admitted to the bar 
 in 1859 ; and served in the Union army 1861-64, rising to 
 the rank of assistant adjutant-general. He was elected 
 to the Minnesota legislature in 1867; was district attor- 
 ney for Minnesota 1868-73; was governor of Minnesota 
 1874-75 ; and was elected United States senator in 1887 and 
 in 1893 and 1899. In August, 1898, he was appointed a 
 member of the Spanish-American Peace Commission. He 
 published “ The Law in Shakespeare ” (1884). 
 
 Davis (da'vis), George Breckinridge. Born 
 
 at Ware, Mass., Feb. 13, 1847. An American 
 soldier and jurist, judge-advocate-general of 
 the United States army 1901-11. He was a dele- 
 gate to the Second Peace Conference in 1907. He has pub- 
 lished several works upon international and military law. 
 
 Davis (da'vis), Mrs. (Rebecca Blaine Hard- 
 ing). Born at Washington, Pa., J une 24, 1831 : 
 died at Mount Kisco, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1910. 
 An American writer, mother of Richard Hard- 
 ing Davis. She was the author of “ Life in the Iron 
 Mills,” through which she first came into prominence 
 (1861), “ Dallas Galbraith ” (1868), “A Law Unto Herself” 
 (1878), “Natasqua” (1886), “Silhouettes of American 
 Life” (1892), “Kent Hampden” (1892), “Frances Wal- 
 deaux” (1897), “Dr. Warrick’s Daughters” (1896), “Bits 
 of Gossip” (1904), etc., besides many shorter stories and 
 miscellaneous articles. 
 
 Davis, Richard Harding*. He has also written 
 
 “The King’s Jackal ” (1898), “With Both Armies in South 
 Africa” (1901), “In the Fog” (1901), “Ranson’s Folly” 
 (1902), “The Bar Sinister” (1903), “Real Soldiers of For- 
 tune" (1906), “The Scarlet Car” (1907), “Vera, the Me- 
 dium” (1908), “The White Mice” (1909), “Once upon a 
 Time” (1910), “The Consul” (1911), etc. 
 
 Davis (da'vis), William Morris. Bom at 
 Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 12, 1850. An Ameri- 
 can geologist, professor of geology in Harvard 
 University from 1899. He was graduated at the 
 Lawrence Scientific School (Harvard) in 1869; was assist- 
 ant in the Argentine National Observatory at Cordova 
 1870-73 ; and was assistant professor (1885-90) and pro- 
 fessor (1890-99) of physical geography at Harvard. In 
 1903 he acted as physiographer of the Pumpelly (Carnegie 
 Institution) expedition to Turkestan, and in 1905 accom- 
 panied the British Association to South Africa. Among 
 his works are “ Elementary Meteorology ” (1894) and 
 “ Physical Geography ’’ (1899). He was exchange professor 
 at the University of Berlin 1908-09. 
 
 Davitt (dav'it), Michael. Born at Straide, 
 County Mayo, Ireland, March 25, 1846: died 
 at Dublin, May 31, 1906. An Irish journalist 
 and political leader. His parents were evicted and 
 he was sent to work when ten years of age in a Lanca- 
 shire cotton-mill. He joined the Fenian Brotherhood in 
 1865 ; founded, with 0. S. Parnell and others, the Irish 
 Land League in 1879 ; and went to the United States to 
 organize an auxiliary Land League in 1880. He three 
 times suffered imprisonment on charges of treason-felony 
 and sedition. He was first elected to Parliament for 
 County Meath, in 1882, but was disqualified by a special 
 vote of the House of Commons for non-expiration of sen- 
 tence for treason-felony ; was elected Nationalist member 
 for Meath, North, in 1892, but was unseated on petition ; 
 and sat for Cork, Northeast, in 1893, and as Anti-Parnellite 
 member for Kerry, East, 1895-96, and Mayo, South, 1895- 
 1899. He published “ Leaves from a Prison Diary ” (1884), 
 “Defence of the Land League ”(1891), “ Life and Progress 
 in Australasia” (1898), “ The Boer Fight for Freedom” 
 (1902), “Within the Pale”(1903), and “The Fall of Feudal- 
 ism in Ireland : Story of the Land League Revolution ” 
 (1904). 
 
 Dawson (da'son), George Mercer. Bora at 
 
 Pietou, Nova Scotia, Aug. 1, 1849: died at 
 Ottawa, Canada, March 2, 1901. A Canadian 
 geologist and explorer, son of Sir John William 
 Dawson. He was appointed geologist and botanist to 
 the Northwest Boundary Commission in 1873; and in 1875 
 joined the geological survey of Canada, of which he be- 
 came assistant director in 1883 and director in 1895. In 
 1891 and 1892 he served on the Bering Sea Commission. 
 His publications include a “Report of the Geology and 
 Resources of the Region in the Vicinity of the Forty-ninth 
 Parallel ”(1875), “ Descriptive Sketch of the Physical Geog- 
 raphy and Geology of Canada” (1884 : with A. R. Selwyn), 
 a preliminary report on the physical and geological 
 features of a portion of the Rocky Mountains (1886), and 
 many monographs. 
 
Dawson, Thomas Cleland 
 
 Dawson (da'son), Thomas Cleland. Born at 
 Hudson ,Wis.,J uly 30, 1865: died at Washington, 
 D. C., May 1, 1912. An American diplomatist. 
 
 He was assistant attorney-general of Iowa 1891-94 ; took 
 part in the work of the Republican National Committee in 
 1900; was secretary of the United States legation to Brazil 
 1897-1904, minister resident and consul-general in Santo 
 Domingo 1904-07, and minister to Colombia 1907-09, to Chile 
 1909, and to Panama 1910. In 1909 he was made chief of 
 the division of Latin- American affairs in the department 
 of state. He was the author of “ South American Repub- 
 lics ” (1903-04). 
 
 Day (da), Frank Miles. Born at Philadel- 
 phia, Pa., April 5, 1861. An American archi- 
 tect. He was graduated at the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania in 1883 and studied architecture at that university 
 and in Europe. He is a fellow of the American Institute 
 of Architects and was elected its president in 190(3. He 
 is also a trustee of the American Academy in Rome. 
 
 Day (da), William Rufus. Born at Ravenna, 
 Ohio, April 17, 1819. An American jurist and 
 statesman. He was graduated at the University of 
 Michigan in 1870 and was admitted to the (Ohio) bar In 
 1872. He succeeded John Sherman as secretary of state 
 in April, 1898, but resigned in September to become chair- 
 man of the United States Peace Commission at Paris ; was 
 judge of the United States Circuit Court, 6th circuit, 1899- 
 1903; and was appointed associate justice of the United 
 States Supreme Court in 1903. 
 
 Dayton (da'ton). A city in Campbell County, 
 Kentucky, opposite Cincinnati and adjoining 
 Newport. It has whisky-distilleries and man- 
 ufactories of watch-cases, pianos, cigars, etc. 
 Population, 6,979, (1910). 
 
 Deakin (de'kin), Alfred. Born in Melbourne, 
 Aug. 3, 1856. An Australian statesman, prime 
 minister of the Commonwealth of Australia 
 1903—04, 1905—08, and 1909—10. He was for many 
 
 years a member of the parliament of Victoria; served in 
 many official positions ; and had an important part in 
 bringing about the federation of the Australian colonies. 
 He was the attorney-general for the Commonwealth 1901- 
 1903. He represented Australia in the Imperial Confer- 
 ence in 1907. 
 
 De Amicis*, Edmondo. His later works include 
 “ Poesie ” (1880), “ Ritratti letterarii " (1881), “ CJli amici " 
 (1882), “ Alle porte d’ltalia ” (1886), “ La carrozza di tutti” 
 (1898), “ Speranze e gloria ” (1900), “ Memorie ” (1900), 
 “ Ricordi d infanzia e di scuola” (1901), “ Capo d’anno ” 
 (1902), “ Giardino della follia” (1902). 
 
 Dean (den), Bashford. Born at New York 
 city, Oct. 28, 1867. An American zoologist, 
 professor of vertebrate zoology at Columbia 
 University from 1904. He studied at the College of 
 the City of New York and afterward at Columbia, Munich, 
 Naples, and Misaki (Japan). In 1889-92 and 1900-01 he 
 was engaged in biological work for the United States 
 Fish Commission, and was curator of fishes in the Ameri- 
 can Museum of Natural History, New York, 1903-10 and 
 1911—. He is the author of numerous works on the 
 anatomy and embryology of fishes. He has been curator 
 of arms and armor in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 
 New York, since 1903. 
 
 Debs (debz), Eugene Victor. Born at Terre 
 Haute, Ind., Nov. 5, 1855. An American labor 
 leader. He received a common-school education ; be- 
 came a locomotive fireman ; was grand secretary and 
 treasurer of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen 
 1880-93 ; was sent to the Indiana legislature in 1885 ; 
 was president of the American Railway Union 1893-97; 
 successfully conducted a large strike on the Great North- 
 ern Railway ; and while managing the strike of western 
 railways in 1894 was, with others, restrained by injunction 
 from interfering with interstate commerce in violation of 
 the Antitrust Law, and from obstruction of the United 
 States mails. Proceedings were taken against them later 
 for disobeying the injunction, and they were found guilty 
 and punished. He ran for President, in 1900 on the So- 
 cialist-Democratic ticket, receiving 87,814 votes ; in 1904, 
 as a Socialist, receiving 402,283 votes ; in 1908, receiving 
 420,793 votes; and in 1912, receiving over 800,000 votes. 
 
 Debussy (da-biis-se'), Claude Achille. Born 
 
 at St. Germain-en-Laye, August 22, 1862. A 
 French composer. He represents the extreme left 
 wing of the young French school in finding new methods 
 of expression and in harmonic combinations. His com- 
 positions include an opera, “ PelUas et M^lisande ”(1902) ; 
 cantatas, “ L’Enfant prodigue ” (1884) and “ La demoiselle 
 Slue”; a string quartet ; nocturnes and other pieces for 
 the orchestra ; piano pieces ; and songs. 
 
 Dechen (da'chen), Heinrich von. Born at 
 Berlin, March 25, 1800: died at Bonn, Feb. 
 15, 1889. An eminent German geologist and 
 mining engineer, for many years director of 
 mines at Bonn. With Karsten he edited the “ Archiv 
 fiir Mineralogie, Geognosie, Bergbau, und Hiittenkunde” 
 (1838-55). 
 
 De Espejo. See *Espejo. 
 
 De Forest (de for'est), Robert Weeks. Born 
 
 April 25, 1848. An American lawyer and 
 worker for social reform. He was educated at Yale 
 and Columbia universities, and was admitted to the bar in 
 1871. He is a director of many commercial enterprises, 
 is trustee (since 1889), secretary (from 1904), and vice- 
 president (from 1910) of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 
 and from 1888 has been president of the Charity Organi- 
 zation Society of the city of New York. 
 
 De Garmo (de gar'mo), Charles. Born at 
 Mukwonago, Wis., Jan. 7, 1849. An American 
 educator, professor of the science and art of 
 education in Cornell University from 1898. 
 
 He was professor of psychology and education in the Uni- 
 versity of Illinois 1890-91, and president of Swarthmore 
 College 1891-98. His publications relate chiefly to the 
 principles and methods of secondary education. 
 
 Degas (da-ga'), Hilaire Germain Edgard. 
 
 Born at Paris, July 19, 1834. A French 
 painter. He belongs to the group of Impressionists 
 and was early associated with Manet, Monet, Renoir, and 
 Fantin-Latour. His first successes were made with pic- 
 tures representing race-courses ; but his subjects were 
 later usually taken from the theater, and he has depicted 
 life behind the scenes with great appreciation. He has 
 visited America and has painted a noted picture of ne- 
 groes loading cotton at New Orleans. 
 
 Degeneration. The title of the English trans- 
 lation of “ Entartung” (1893), by Max Nordau. 
 de Gubernatis, Angelo. See *Gubernatis. 
 Dekalb (de-kalb'). A city in Dekalb County, 
 Illinois, 58 miles west of Chicago. It has 
 manufactories of wire, shoes, gloves, agricul- 
 tural implements, etc., and is the seat of the 
 Northern Illinois State Normal School. Popu- 
 lation, 8,102, (1910). 
 
 De Kay (de ka') Charles. Born at Washing- 
 ton, D. C., July 25, 1848. An American au- 
 thor, poet, and critic. He was graduated at Yale 
 in 1868; was literary and art critic of the New York 
 “Times”; and was United States consul-general at Ber- 
 lin 1894-97. He was the originator and one of the founders 
 of the National Sculpture Society (1892) and of the Na- 
 tional Arts Club (1898). Among his publications in book 
 form are “Hesperus, and other Poems” (1880), “The 
 Vision of Nimrod ” (1881), “The Vision of Esther" (1882), 
 “The Love Poems of Louis Barnaval "(1883), “Bird Gods" 
 (1898), etc. 
 
 DeKoven (de-ko'ven), Henry Louis Reginald. 
 
 Born at Middletown, Conn., April 3, 1861. 
 An American composer of light operas. Among 
 his works are “Robin Hood” (1890), “The Fencing Mas- 
 ter” (1892), “Rob Roy” (1894), “The Highwayman” 
 (1897), and “ Happyland ” (1905), etc. He has also written 
 and published many songs. 
 
 Delagrange (de-la-grohzh'), Leon. Born at 
 Orleans, March 13, 1872 : died at Pau, Jan. 4, 
 1910. A French sculptor and aviator. He 
 
 studied at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Paris, and exe- 
 cuted works of sculpture of recognized merit, including 
 “The Florentine Page,” “A Templar,” “Love and 
 Youth,” “Miserere,” and “A Huguenot.” Becoming 
 interested in aviation, he made many notable flights 
 (1907-09) in France, Italy, and England, establishing a 
 record of 124 miles at the rate of 49 miles per hour in a 
 Bleriot monoplane at Juvisy, France, Dec. 30, 1909. He 
 was killed as the result of an accident to his monoplane 
 during experiments at Pau. 
 
 DelancD, Mrs. (Margaretta Wade Camp- 
 bell). Among her later works are “ An Encore ” (1907), 
 “R. J.’s Mother and Some Other People” (1908), “The 
 Way to Peace” (1910), “The Iron Woman” (seriaUy, 
 
 1910- 11), “The Voice” (1912), etc. 
 
 De la Ramee*, Louise: pseudonym Ouida. 
 
 She also wrote “Under Two Flags” (1867), “A Dog of 
 Flanders " (1872), “ In Maremma” (1882), “A Rainy June” 
 (1885), “Otlrmar" (1885), “Don Gesualdo” (1886), “A 
 House Party" (1887), “Guilderoy” (1889), “Ruffino" 
 (1890), “Syrlin" (1890), “The Tower of Taddeo” (1890), 
 “Santa Barbara” (1891), “The New Priesthood” (1893), 
 “The Silver Christ" (1894), “Two Offenders" (1894), “Le 
 Selve" (1896), “The Massarenes" (1897), “Toxin, an 
 Altruist" (1897), “La Stregha ” (1899), “The Waters of 
 Edera” (1900), “Critical Studies’' (1900), “Street Dust” 
 (1901), etc. 
 
 De la Rey (dalara'i), Jakobus Herklaas: 
 
 called Oom Koos. Born in the Orange Free 
 State, Oct. 22, 1847. A noted Boer general of 
 French Huguenot descent, in 1893 he was elected 
 member for the Lichtenburg district of the Transvaal in 
 the Volksraad, and wasastrong adherentof Joubert. He 
 was one of the few members opposed to a rupture with 
 England and favored a policy of conciliation, but at the 
 outbreak of hostilities in 1899 advocated an aggressive 
 military policy. He was elected to the command of the 
 Lichtenburg burghers, who became part of Cronje’s west- 
 ern column, and secured the first victory of the war at 
 Kraaipan (Oct, 12-13, 1899). In 1902 he succeeded in cap- 
 turing Lord Methuen, together with a number of British 
 troops. He was a member of the Boer commission which 
 arranged the terms of submission, and afterward one of a 
 deputation which visited Europe and the United States 
 to raise funds for the assistance of their countrymen. 
 
 Delboeuf (del-bef'), Joseph. Born at Liege, 
 Belgium, Sept. 30, 1831: died at Bonn, Aug. 
 13, 1896. A Belgian philosophical writer and 
 psychologist, professor of classical philology 
 in the University of Liege 1866-96. Among his 
 works are “La psychologie comme science naturelle ” 
 (1876), “Questions de philosophic et de science ” (1883), 
 “Examen critique de la loi psychophysique ” (1883), and 
 “ La matiere brute et la matiere vivante ” (1887). 
 
 Delcasse (del-kas-sa'), Theophile. Born at 
 Panders, Ari&ge, France, March 1, 1852. A 
 French statesman and journalist. He was under- 
 secretary for the colonies in 1893, colonial minister 1894- 
 1895, minister of foreign affairs 1898-1905 (under premiers 
 Brisson, Dupuy, Waldeck-Rousseau, and Combes), and 
 minister of marine under Monis 1911, underCaillaux June, 
 
 1911- Jan., 1912, and under Poincare Jan., 1912-. While 
 minister of foreign affairs he adjusted the “Fashoda 
 affair ”; negotiated the agreement with Great Britain as to 
 the Nile valley and Central Africa; and with Lord Lans- 
 downe prepared the Anglo-French agreement of 1904. 
 In politics he is a radical Republican. 
 
 Denison 
 
 De Leon (de le'on), Daniel. Born on the 
 island of Curasao, Dec. 14, 1852. An American 
 socialist. He was educated at the University of 
 Leyden ; came to the United States in 1872 ; lectured on 
 Latin- American diplomacy at Columbia University 1886- 
 1891 ; joined the Knights of Labor in 1888 and the Socialist- 
 Labor party in 1890 ; and has been active in national and 
 international socialist movements. He has been editor of 
 the “ Daily People ” since 1900. 
 
 Delibes (de-leb'), Clement Philibert L6o: 
 known as Leo. Born at Saint-Germain-du- 
 Val, Sarthe, France, Feb. 21, 1836: died at 
 Paris, Jan. 16, 1891. A French composer. 
 He was a chorus conductor at the Opera, and in 1881 was 
 appointed professor of composition at the Conservatoire. 
 His music consisted chiefly of operettas and ballets, of 
 which latter two, “Coppelia” (1870) and “Sylvia” (1876), 
 have been very popular. He also wrote a few songs. 
 
 Delisle (de-lel'), Leopold Victor. Born at 
 Valognes, Manche, France, Oct. 24, 1826: died 
 at Paris, July 22, 1910. A noted French his- 
 torian, bibliographer, and paleographer, in 
 1852 he was appointed assistant in the manuscript depart- 
 ment of the National Library at Paris, of which he later 
 became conservator, and was administrator-general 1874- 
 1905. He was made chevalier of the Legion of Honor 
 in 1857, officer in 1877, and commander in 1883. He 
 wrote many important papers on the history of France, 
 particularly that of Normandy, and on paleography and 
 bibliography. 
 
 Delitzsch*, Friedrich. He has also published 
 “Wo lag das Paradies V’ (1881), “ Assyrisches 
 Worterbuch” (1887), “Assyrisches Handwort- 
 erbuch ” (1894-96), “Babel und Bibel” (1903), 
 etc. 
 
 Delius (da'le-os or de'li-us), Frederick. Born 
 at Bradford, Yorks., Jan. 29, 1863. An English 
 composer, of German parentage. He has lived 
 in Florida, Leipsic, and Paris. His works include an opera, 
 “Koanga" (1896-97); the music dramas “Romeo and 
 Juliet ’ - <1900-01) and “Margot la Rouge ”; several sym- 
 phonic poems, “Appalachia,” “BriggFair,” “Paris,” and 
 “ In a Summer Garden ”; and “A Mass of Life,” for solo- 
 ists, chorus, and orchestra. 
 
 Dellenbaugh (del'en-ba), Frederick Samuel. 
 
 Born at McConnelsville, Ohio, Sept. 13, 
 1853. An American explorer and writer, 
 librarian of the American Geographical So- 
 ciety 1909—11. He accompanied Major Powell on his 
 second journey of exploration through the Grand Canon 
 of the Colorado 1871-73, and went with the Harriman ex- 
 pedition to Alaska in 1899. His works include “ The 
 North Americans of Yesterday” (1900), “The Romanceof 
 the Colorado River ” (1903), “Breaking the Wilderness ” 
 (1905), and “A Canyon Voyage” (1908). 
 
 Delmenhorst (del'men-horst). A town in 
 Germany, in the grand duchy of Oldenburg, 
 near Bremen. It has manufactures of iron- 
 ware, linoleum, cigars, bricks, etc. Popula- 
 tion, 20,150. 
 
 Delna (del-na') ; Ledan Marie. Born at Paris, 
 Aug. 3, 1875. A French contralto singer. 
 She has sung at the Paris Opera, the Opera Comique, and 
 the Gaite Lyrique. Her principal roles are Orph£e, Dido 
 (in Berlioz’s “Les Troyens ”), Charlotte (in “Werther”), 
 Mistress Quickly (in “Falstaff ”), Marceline(in “L’Attaque 
 du Moulin”), Fides (in “Le Prophete ”), Dalila, and 
 Carmen. She was a member of the Metropolitan Opera 
 Company (1909-10), and was heard in New York in 
 “Orphee” and “L’Attaque du Moulin.” 
 
 Delphos (del'fos). A village in Allen and Van 
 Wert counties, Ohio, 14 miles northwest of 
 Lima. It is a railroad center, and has rail- 
 road shops, furniture factories, etc. Popula- 
 tion, 5,038, (1910). 
 
 Demolins (de-mo-lah')> Edmond. Born at 
 Marseilles, 1852: died at Roches, J.uly 22, 1907. 
 A French historian and sociologist. In 1886 he 
 founded, with others, “La Science Sociale,” a journal de- 
 voted to the study of social economics along new lines, 
 following the methods of Le Play, of whom he was a pu- 
 pil. Among the best known of his publications are “A 
 quoi tient la superiority des Anglo-Saxons ” (1897), “ Les 
 Fran^ais d’aujourd hui ” (1898), “ L’£ ducation nouvelle ” 
 (1898), “ Les grandes routes des peuples ” (1904), and 
 “ Classification sociale ” (1905). 
 
 De Morgan (de mor'gan), William Frend. 
 
 Born at London, Nov. 16, 1839. An English 
 novelist. He studied at the Royal Academy, and later 
 worked in stained glass and ceramics. He has written 
 “ Joseph Vance ” (1906), “ Alice-for-Short ” (1907), “Some- 
 how Good ” (1908), “ It Never Can Happen Again” (1909), 
 “An Affair of Dishonour”(1910),aud “A Likely Story’ ’(1911). 
 
 Denby (den'bi), Charles. Born in Botetourt 
 County, Va., 1830: died at Jamestown, N. Y., 
 Jan. 13, 1904. An American diplomatist. 
 He was educated at the Georgetown University and at 
 the Virginia Military Institute and was admitted to the 
 Indiana bar in 1855. He served in the Union army during 
 the Civil War, rising to the rank of colonel, and was United 
 States minister to China 1885-98. In 1898 he was ap- 
 pointed by the President & member of the commission for 
 the investigation of the war with Spain, and in 1899 a 
 member of the civil commission for the investigation of 
 affairs in the Philippines. 
 
 Denison (den'i-son), Henry Willard. Born 
 at Guildhall, Vermont, May 11, 1846. An Ameri- 
 can jurist. He was the legal adviser of the Japanese 
 during the negotiation of the peace with Russia at Ports 
 
Denison 
 
 mouth, New Hampshire, in 1905, and was a delegate to 
 the second Peace Conference in 1907. Since 1880 he has 
 been legal adviser of the Japanese Department of Foreign 
 Affairs. 
 
 Denman (den'man), Thomas, third Baron 
 Denman. Born Nhv. 16, 1874. An English 
 official, appointed governor-general of Aus- 
 tralia in 1911. He was educated at the Royal Military 
 College, Sandhurst, and in 1900 served in the South 
 African war as captain of a squadron of the Imperial 
 Yeomanry. He has been deputy speaker of the House of 
 Lords. He is a great-grandson of the first Baron Denjnan, 
 .ord chief justice of England 1832-1850. 
 
 Denmark*. The country is divided for administrative 
 purposes into 18 counties (amter). In 1907 a commission 
 was appointed to report on the relations of Denmark and 
 Iceland, and in 1908 a bill was drafted declaring Iceland 
 a free, autonomous, independent country, forming with 
 Denmark the United Danish Empire, and having in com- 
 mon the kingship, the ministry of foreign affairs, and the 
 ministry of defense. The measure, however, was not 
 acted upon. 
 
 Dennery. See *Ennery, d’. 
 
 DePauw University. A coeducational insti- 
 tution of learning, under the patronage of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, situated at 
 Greencastle, Indiana, it is the outgrowth of the 
 Indiana Asbury University (chartered in 1837), the name 
 of which was changed in 1884 owing to the financial and 
 other aid given to it by W. C. DePauw. The university 
 offers courses in the liberal arts, music, and art, and is 
 attended by about 1,000 students. 
 
 Derenbourg (der-oh-borg'), Hartwig. Born 
 at Paris, June 17, 1844: died there in 1908. 
 A French Orientalist. He studied at Gottingen and 
 Leipsic ; assisted in editing the catalogue of Arabic manu- 
 scripts at the Bibliotheque Nationale ; in 1875 became 
 teacher, and in 1879 professor, of Arabic at the Ecole Special e 
 des Langues Orientales Vivantes, and in 1886 professor at 
 the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes. Among his pub- 
 lished works are ‘Le Diwande Nabiga Dhobyani” (1869), 
 “ Chrestomathie elementaire de l’arabe litteraire **’ (1885), 
 and “ Oumara du Yemen ” (1897). 
 
 Deroulede*, Paul. He was president of the 
 League of Patriots 1886-1908 ; was banished 
 in 1900 for ten years for trying to substitute 
 republican plebiscite for parliamentary consti- 
 tution, and was pardoned 1905. 
 
 Derry (der'i). A town in Rockingham County, 
 New Hampshire, 10 miles southeast of Man- 
 chester. Population, 5,123, (1910). 
 
 Deschanel (da-shii-nel'), Paul Eugene Louis. 
 Born at Brussels, Belgium, Feb. 13, 1856. 
 A French statesman and author, son of Emile 
 Augustin Etienne Martin Deschanel. He was 
 secretary to two ministers of the interior, de Marcere and 
 Simon, 1876-77 ; and after filling various minor offices 
 was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1885, of 
 which he was president 1898-1902, and reelected in 1912. 
 In 1899 he was elected a member of the French Academy, 
 succeeding Herve. His published work includes “La 
 question du Tonkin” (1883), “La politique fran<;aise en 
 Oeeanie" (1884), “Lea interets fram;ais dans le Pa- 
 ciflque” (1885), “Orateurs et homines d’6tat’ (1888: 
 crowned by the French Academy), “ Figures de femmes ” 
 (1889 : also crowned), “ Figures litteraires ’’ (1889), 
 “Questions actuelles,” a collection of his principal 
 speeches (1891), “ La decentralisation ” (1895), “ La ques- 
 tion sociale " (1898), “ Quatre ans de presidence ” (1902), 
 “ Politique interieure et dtrangere ” (1906), “ A l’institut ” 
 (1907), etc. 
 
 Des Groseilliers. See *Chouart. 
 
 Deshayes (da-za'), Gerard Paul. Born at 
 Nancy, May 13, 1795 : died at Boiran, Oise, 
 June 9, 1875. A French naturalist, especially 
 known as a paleontologist (studies of Mol- 
 lusca). Among his works are “Description des coquil- 
 lages foBsiles des environs de Paris “ (1824-37), “ Traits 
 elementaire de conchyliologie ” (1839-58), and “ Descrip- 
 tion des animaux sans vertebres decouverts dans le bassin 
 de Paris” (1857-65). 
 
 Despradelle (da-prii-del'), Constant Desire. 
 Born in France, May 20, 1862. A Franco- 
 American architect. He was graduated from the 
 ficole des Beaux- Arts, Paris, in 1889, being classed first in 
 the Concours de Rome, and was inspector of state build- 
 ings and national palaces of France 1889-93. Coming to 
 the United States, he became professor of architectural 
 design in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bos- 
 ton, in 1893, and in 1910 special lecturer on architectural de- 
 sign in Harvard University. In 1900 he was appointed a 
 member of a permanent board of architectural advisers 
 to the University of California, and 1906 consulting archi- 
 tect to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 
 
 d’Esprit. See *Radisson. 
 
 Destinn (des'tin) (Kittl), Emmy. Born at 
 Prague, Feb. 20, 1878. A noted opera-singer. 
 
 She is said to have taken her stage-name from that of 
 Marie Loe we- Destinn, with whom she studied singing at 
 Prague. She sang at the New Royal Opera-house, Berlin, 
 1898-1908. She has also sung at the Metropolitan Opera 
 House, New York; at Covent Garden, London; etc. 
 Among her principal rOles are Mignon, Santuzza in “Cav- 
 alleria Ruaticana,” Elizabeth in “Tannhiluser,” Salome, 
 and Carmen. In 1910 she appeared in Puccini’s “The 
 Girl of the Golden West.” 
 
 Devil’s Lake (dev'ilz lak). The capital of 
 Ramsey County, North Dakota, situated on a 
 lake of the same name, 85 miles northwest of 
 Grand Forks. Population, 5,157, (1910). 
 Devine (de-vin'), Edward Thomas. Born at 
 
 Union, Hardin County, Iowa, May 6, 1867. 
 An American sociologist, general secretary of 
 the Charity Organization Society of the city 
 of New York, and professor of social economy 
 in Columbia University. He was graduated at 
 Cornell College, Iowa, in 1887 ; studied in Germany 1890- 
 1891 ; and spent several years in teaching. His publications 
 include “ Economics ” (1898), “ The Practice of Charity " 
 (1901), “The Principles of Relief” (1904), “Efficiency and 
 Relief” (1906), “Misery and its Causes ” (1909), etc. He 
 is the editor of “The Survey." 
 
 De Vinne (de-vin'i), Theodore Low. Born at 
 Stamford, Conn., Dec. 25, 1828. An eminent 
 American printer, established in business in 
 New York city from 1859. He is the author of 
 “ The Invention of Printing ’’ (1876), “ Historic Printing 
 Types” (1886), “Plain Printing Types ” (1900), “Correct 
 Composition " (1901), “ Title-Pages ” (1902), “ Modern 
 Book Composition” (1904), “Notable Printers of Italy 
 during the Fifteenth Century" (1910), etc. 
 
 Dewar (du'ar), Sir James. Born at Kincar- 
 dine-on-Forth, Perthshire, Sept. 20, 1842. A 
 British physicist and chemist, professor of ex- 
 perimental philosophy in Cambridge and of 
 chemistry in the Royal Institution, Loudon. 
 He is best known for his investigations of the properties 
 of matter at the lowest temperatures. By evaporating 
 liquid hydrogen under diminished pressure he obtained 
 the lowest known temperature ( — 493° F.). With Sir 
 Frederick Abel he invented cordite. He was knighted in 
 
 1904. 
 
 De Wet (de vet'), Christiaan Rudolf. Born 
 in the Orange Free State, South Africa, Oct. 7, 
 1854. A noted Boer general. He was a member 
 of the Volksraad 1889-97 ; at the outbreak of the South 
 African war in 1899 was appointed vice-commandant in 
 Natal ; and in December of the same year was made vecht- 
 general on the western frontier under the command of 
 General Cronje. He was most successful in guerrilla war- 
 fare, and was distinguished as a leader and strategist. 
 After the close of the war he was a member of the com- 
 mittee for raising funds for the distressed Boers. In 1902 
 he published “Three Years of War.” In 1907 he was 
 made minister for agriculture of the Orange River Colony 
 (now Orange Free State). 
 
 Dewey (du'i), Charles Melville. Born at 
 Lowville, N. Y., July 16, 1849. An American 
 painter. He was a pupil of Carolus Duran in Paris 
 1876-77. His work is composed of landscapes which usu- 
 ally represent the subdued light of morning or evening, 
 with masses of dark trees against the sky. He won silver 
 medals at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo in 
 1901, and at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. 
 Louis in 1904, and was elected associate of the National 
 Academy of Design in 1903 and member in 1907. 
 
 Dewey (du'i), John. Born at Burlington, Vt., 
 Oct. 20, 1859. An American philosopher, pro- 
 fessor of philosophy in Columbia University 
 from 1904. He was professor in the University of 
 Minnesota 1888-89, in the University of Michigan 1889-94, 
 and in the University of Chicago 1894-1904. He has pub- 
 lished a number of works upon psychology, ethics, logical 
 theory, and pedagogics. 
 
 Dewey ( du'i), Melvil. Born at Adams Center, 
 N. Y., Dee. 10, 1851. An American librarian, 
 director of the New York State Library and 
 New York State Library School at Albany 1888- 
 
 1905. He was graduated at Amherst College in 1874 ; was 
 acting librarian at Amherst 1873-76 ; was chief librarian 
 and professor of library economy in Columbia University 
 1883-88 ; and was secretary of the University of the State 
 of New York 1888-1900. He organized, in 1876, the Spell- 
 ing Reform Association, of which he lias been secretary 
 from 1876, and the Metric Bureau for the introduction of 
 the international system of weights and measures. In 
 1887 he founded at Columbia the first library school, 
 which later became the New York State Library School 
 at Albany. He was State director of libraries 1904-05. 
 
 De Windt (de wint'), Harry. Born at Paris, 
 April, 1856. An English traveler and explorer. 
 He ivas educated at Cambridge ; was aide-de-camp to Ra- 
 ja Brooke of Sarawak, his brother-in-law, 1876-78; trav- 
 eled from Peking to France by land in 1887 ; rode from 
 Russia to India through Persia in 1889 ; and attempted to 
 travel from New York to Paris by way of Alaska, but 
 nearly lost his life in Bering Strait, where he was rescued 
 by a whaler. In 1901-02 he made the trip from Paris to 
 New York ; traveled through the Balkan states in 1905; 
 and crossed Lapland in the winter of 1908. He has pub- 
 lished a number of books of travel, including “From Paris 
 to New York by Land ” (1903), “Through Savage Europe” 
 (1905), “Moles and their Meaning" (1908), “Notes of a 
 Restless Life ” (1908), etc. 
 
 Dewing (du'ing), Thomas Wilmer. Born at 
 Boston, Mass., May 4, 1851. An American 
 painter. He studied art under Jules Lefebvre in Paris 
 1876-79; was elected associate of the National Academy 
 of Design in 1887 and academician in 1888; and won the 
 Clarke prize at the Academy (New York) in 1887. His 
 work is composed of figure-pictures and interiors express- 
 ing much delicacy and refinement. 
 
 Dexter (deks'ter), Timothy. Born at Malden, 
 Mass., Jan. 22, 1743; died at Newburyport, 
 Mass., Oct. 26, 1806. An American merchant, 
 noted for his eccentricities. He accumulated a 
 large fortune ; assumed the title of “ Lord ” ; maintained 
 a poet laureate ; and adorned his garden with colossal 
 images of famous men, including one of himself labeled 
 “I am the first in the East,” etc. He published a 
 book entitled “A Pickle for the Knowing Ones," entirely 
 without punctuation, and then, as a reply to criticism, 
 published an edition also unpunctuated, but with a mass 
 
 Dix 
 
 of points of all kinds at the end, and invited readers to 
 “pepper the dish to suit themselves.” 
 
 Diana of the Crossways. A novel by George 
 Meredith, published in 1885. 
 
 Diaz (de'ath), Melchior. A Spanish captain 
 in Mexico. From about 1536 to 1539 he commanded 
 Culiacan. In November, 1539, he was sent by the viceroy 
 Mendoza to verify the tale of Friar Marcos as to wealthy 
 cities in the north. Going as far as “ Chichilticalli,” he 
 was forced back by cold. He rejoined Coronado at Chia- 
 metla, sending a report to the viceroy. This was not 
 favorable to Marcos, but secrecy was preserved by his 
 superiors and the expedition proceeded. Later he es- 
 corted the discredited friar back. Executing, then, orders 
 to explore northwest from Corazones, he crossed with 
 twenty-five men northwest Mexico and southwest Ari- 
 zona (the first to do this) to the Colorado River, which 
 he reached (1540) about eighty miles above its mouth, 
 soon after Alarcon, the first to ascend, had passed on 
 his return. Crossing the river, which he called Rio del 
 Tizon, he went west four days. Throwing a spear at an 
 unruly dog, Diaz was accidentally so injured that he died 
 (about Jan. 1, 1541). He was one of the most judicious 
 and trusted officers of the period. 
 
 Dickinson (dik'in-son), Goldsworthy Lowes. 
 
 A contemporary English author. He waa educated 
 at the Charterhouse and at King’s College, Cambridge. 
 He is a fellow and lecturer of King’s College, Cambridge, 
 and a lecturer at the London School of Economics and Po- 
 litical Science ; and delivered the Ingersoll lecture at Har- 
 vard in 1909. He has published “The Development of 
 Parliament in the Nineteenth Century,” “The Greek 
 View of Life,” “Letters from a Chinese Official,” “A Mod- 
 ern Symposium,” “Justice and Liberty,” etc. 
 
 Dickinson (dik'in-son), Jacob McGavock. 
 
 Born at Columbus, Miss., Jan. 30, 1851. An 
 American jurist. He was assistant attorney-general 
 of the United States 1895-97 ; was counsel for the United 
 States before the Alaska Boundary Tribunal in 1903 ; and 
 was secretary of war March, 1909-May, 1911. 
 
 Dickson City (dik'son sit'i). A borough in 
 Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, 3 miles 
 northeast of Scranton. It has machine-shops, 
 foundries, silk-mills, etc., and coal-mining is 
 among its important industries. Population, 
 9 ; 331, (1910). 
 
 Dieterle (di-a-terl'), Mine. (Marie von 
 Marcke). Bom at Sevres. A contemporary 
 French artist. She is the daughter and pupil 
 of Emile von Marcke, and is known as a 
 painter of landscapes and cattle. 
 
 Dinagat (de-na'gat). A long, narrow island 
 of the Philippines, belonging to Surigao prov- 
 ince and lying north of Mindanao, from which 
 it is separated by Surigao Strait. It is traversed 
 from north to south by mountains, of which Redondo, a 
 peak at the northern extremity, is the highest. Port 
 Gabo, at the southeastern end of the island, is a good 
 harbor in all weather for large vessels. Area, 309 square 
 miles. Population, 5,243. 
 
 D’lndy. See *Indy, d\ 
 
 Dingras (den-gras'). A municipality of Ilocos 
 Norte province, in the northwestern part of 
 Luzon, Philippine Islands. Civilized popula- 
 tion, 15,792. 
 
 Dipper, The Great. See Wain, Charles’s. 
 
 Dinchlet (di-resh-la' ), Peter Gustave Le- 
 
 jeune. Born at Diiren, Prussia, Feb. 13, 1805: 
 died at Gottingen, May 5, 1859. A noted 
 German mathematician, successor of Gauss 
 as professor of mathematics at Gottingen in 
 1855. He is best known for his work in the 
 theory of numbers. 
 
 Discovery. 3. The ship in which Captain 
 Robert P. Scott made the antarctic expedition 
 of 1900-04. 
 
 Distinguished Service Order. A British naval 
 and military order of distinction, instituted 
 Sept. 6, 1886. It consists of the sovereign and those 
 officers who have been mentioned in despatches for meri- 
 torious or distinguished service in the field, or before the 
 enemy, and upon whom the sovereign wishes, therefore, 
 to confer honor. The badge of the order is a gold cross, 
 enameled white, bearing upon the obverse the imperial 
 crown within a wreath of laurel, and on the reverse the 
 imperial cipher within a wreath of laurel. It is suspended 
 by a red ribbon edged with blue. The order has over 1,400 
 companions. Foreign officers are, under certain condi- 
 tions, eligible to honorary membership. 
 
 Ditters von Dittersdorf (dit'erz fon dit'erz- 
 dorf), Karl. Born at Vienna, Nov. 2, 1739: 
 died near Neuliof, near Pilgram, Bohemia, 
 Oct. 24, 1799. A noted Austrian violinist and 
 composer. The best of his many operas, “ Hieronymus 
 Knicker” (1787) and “ Doktor und Apotheker” (1786), long 
 retained a place on the stage. His symphonies on Ovid's 
 “Metamorphoses" (published in 1785) are remarkable 
 specimens of early program music, and his string quartets 
 foreshadow some of the developments of Haydn and 
 Mozart. 
 
 Dix (diks), John Alden. Born at Glens Falls, 
 N. Y., Dec. 25, 1860. An American politician 
 
 He was educated at Cornell University; has been in- 
 terested in several manufacturing enterprises ; and is a 
 director of the First National Bank at Albany. He was 
 nominated for lieutenant-governor in 1908 ; was chair- 
 man of the New York Democratic State Committee in 1910 ; 
 and was Democratic governor of New York 1911 and 
 1912. 
 
Dixon 
 
 Dixon (dik'son). The county-seat of Lee 
 County, Illinois, 98 miles west of Chicago. 
 Its manufactures include shoes, wagons, condensed milk, 
 flour, etc. The Northern Illinois Normal School and the 
 Rock River Military Academy are at Dixon. Population, 
 7,216, (1910). 
 
 Dobbs Ferry (dobz fer'i). A village in West- 
 chester County, New York, on the Hudson 
 River, about 20 miles north of New York city. 
 
 In the old Livingston mansion there, in 1783, Washington, 
 Clinton, and Carleton met to settle the terms on which 
 England should recognize the independence of the Ameri- 
 can colonies. Population, 3,455, (1910). 
 
 Dodge (doj), Charles Wright. Born at Cape 
 Vincent, N. Y., Jan. 15, 1863. An American 
 naturalist, professor of biology at the Univer- 
 sity of Rochester from 1892. He was gradu- 
 ated from the University of Michigan in 1886. 
 He has published an “Introduction to Ele- 
 mentary Practical Biology” (1894), etc. 
 
 Dodge (doj), Grenville Mellen. Born at 
 Danvers, Mass., April 12, 1831. An American 
 soldier and civil engineer. He served through the 
 Civil War, rising to the rank of major-general of volun- 
 teers in 1864, and resigned from the army in 1866. He 
 was a member of Congress from Iowa 1867-69, and was 
 chief engineer of the Union Pacific Railroad 1866-70, and 
 of the Texas and Pacific Railway 1871-81. In 1898 he 
 was appointed president of the commission for investi- 
 gating the management of the war with Spain. 
 
 Dohrn (dorn), Anton. Born at Stettin, 1840: 
 died at Munich, Sept. 26, 1909. A German 
 naturalist. He founded and directed the 
 Zoological Station at Naples. 
 
 Dolbear (dol' bar), Amos Emerson. Born at 
 Norwich, Conn., Nov. 10, 1837 : died Feb. 23, 
 1910. An American physicist and inventor, 
 professor of physics in Tufts College from 1874, 
 best known for his inventions in telephony and 
 wireless telegraphy. He invented the static 
 telephone in 1879 and the air-space cable in 
 1882. 
 
 Dole (dol), Nathan Haskell. Born at Chel- 
 sea, Mass., Aug. 31, 1852. An American au- 
 thor, journalist, and translator. He is the author 
 of “A Young Folks' History of Russia" (1881), “A Score 
 of Famous Composers” (1891), “The Hawthorn Tree, and 
 Other Poems " (1895), “ Omar, the Tent-maker " (1899), 
 “Peace and Progress ” (1904), reissued as “The Building 
 of the Organ” (1906), “The Pilgrims” (1908), and “A 
 Teacher of Dante” (1908), and has translated from many 
 languages, notably the writings of Tolstoy. 
 
 Dole (dol), Sanford Ballard. Born at Hono- 
 lulu, H. I., April 23, 1844. A Hawaiian 
 statesman. He is of American parentage, and was edu- 
 cated in the Hawaiian Islands and at Williams College, 
 Massachusetts ; studied law in Boston and was admitted 
 to the bar in 1868 ; returned to Honolulu, and practised 
 law there; and in 1887 was appointed associate judge of 
 the supreme court. In 1898 he resigned to lead the revo- 
 lution against the monarchy ; was made head of the pro- 
 visional government ; and in 1894 became president of the 
 republic of Hawaii. After the annexation of Hawaii to the 
 United States he was appointed (1900) governor of Hawaii 
 by President McKinley, and resigned in 1903 to become 
 United States district judge for Hawaii. 
 
 Dolores, Mission. A Franciscan mission found- 
 ed under Father Juuipero Serra in October, 
 1776, on the lagoon of Nuestra Senora de los 
 Dolores (Our Lady of Sorrows), within the 
 limits of the present city of San Francisco. 
 Originally called the Mission of San Francisco 
 de Assisi. 
 
 Domingo (do-meng'go), Jose. Born in Spain. 
 A contemporary Spanish genre-painter. He 
 was a pupil in Paris of the elder Meissonier, whose style 
 he follows. Among his works are “Card Players,” “Halt 
 at the Inn,” “Return from the Pasture," etc. 
 
 Dominican Republic* (Santo Domingo, or 
 San Domingo). It is divided into six prov- 
 inces and six maritime districts. By the con- 
 stitution adopted in 1908 the legislative power 
 is vested in a national congress, consisting of 
 a senate of 12 senators and a chamber of dep- 
 uties of 24 members, elected by restricted suf- 
 frage for a term of four years. The executive 
 is vested in a cabinet council composed of the 
 president and seven ministers. 
 
 Donora (don'o-ra). A borough of Washington 
 County, Pennsylvania, incorporated in 1901. 
 Lumbering and agriculture are its main in- 
 dustries. Population, 8,174, (1910). 
 
 Don Quichotfce. An opera by Massenet, first 
 produced at Monte Carlo in February, 1910. 
 D’Ooge (do'gi), Benjamin Leonard. Born 
 at Grand Rapids, Mich., Jan. 10, 1860. An 
 American classical scholar, professor of an- 
 cient languages in the Michigan State Normal 
 College from 1886. He was graduated at the Univer- 
 sity of Michigan in 1881, and took his doctor’s degree at 
 the University of Bonn in 1901. His works include text- 
 books, editions of Latin texts, etc. 
 
 Dooley (do'li), Mr. A humorous creation of 
 Finley Peter Dunne: an Irish- American pub- 
 lican of “ Archey Road,” Chicago, whose com- 
 
 ments on topics of the day are compounded of 
 shrewd wit and common sense. 
 
 Doppler (dop'ler), Christian. Born at Salz- 
 burg, Germany, Nov. 30, 1803 : died at Venice, 
 March 17, 1853. A German physicist and math- 
 ematician, professor of experimental physics 
 in the University of Vienna 1851-53. The im- 
 portant principle that when the source of waves of light, 
 or sound, etc., moves away from the observer the waves 
 appear to become less frequent, and vice versa , was an- 
 nounced by and has been named for him. 
 
 Doremua (do-re'mus), Charles Avery. Born 
 at New York, Sept. 6, 1851. An American 
 chemist, son of Robert Ogden Doremus. He 
 
 was professor of chemistry and toxicology in the Univer- 
 sity of Buffalo, Medical Department, 1877-82, and in the 
 American Veterinary College of Ne - ~ York 1882-92; ad- 
 junct professor in Bellevue Hospital Medical College 
 1879-97 ; assistant professor of chemistry in the College of 
 the City of New York 1897-1903, and acting professor there 
 1903-04. He has published a “P.eport on Photography, 
 Vienna Exposition ” (1873), “Gaseous Poisons "in “Text- 
 book of Legal Medicine and Toxicology ” (1903), etc. 
 
 Doremus (do-re'mus), Robert Ogden. Born 
 at New York, Jan. 11, 1824: died there, March 
 22, 1906. An American chemist, professor of 
 chemistry and toxicology and medical juris- 
 prudence in the Bellevue Hospital Medical 
 College, and of chemistry and physics in the 
 College of the City of New York. 
 
 Dorr (dor), Mrs. (Julia Caroline Ripley). 
 Born at Charleston, S. C., Feb. 13, 1825. An 
 American poet and novelist. She is the author of 
 “ Poems ” (1871), “ Friar Anselmo and Other Poems ” (1879), 
 “ Afternoon Songs ” (1885), “ Poems Complete ” (1892), 
 “Afterglow” (1900). Among her prose writings are 
 “ Farmingdale ” (1854), “Lanmere” (1856), “Sibyl Hunt- 
 ington” (1869), “Expiation” (1672), “Bermuda” (1884), 
 “The Flower of England’s Face” (1895), “A Cathedral 
 Pilgrimage ” (1896), “In Kings’ Houses” (1898), etc. 
 
 Dorsey (dor'si), George Amos. Born at He- 
 bron, Ohio, Feb. 6, 1868. An American natu- 
 ralist, assistant curator (1896-97) and curator 
 (1897-) of anthropology in the Field Colum- 
 bian Museum, Chicago. In 1900 he was appointed 
 professor of comparative anatomy at the Northwestern 
 University; in 1905 became assistant professor of an- 
 thropology at the University of Chicago ; and became 
 associate professor in 1909. He has published numerous 
 anthropological and anatomical papers. 
 
 Dothan (do'tban). The county-seat of Hous- 
 ton County, Alabama, in the southeastern part 
 of the State. It has iron-works, lumber-mills, 
 cotton-compresses, etc. Pop., 7,016, (1910). 
 Doucet (do-sa'), Charles Camille. Bom at 
 Paris, May 16, 1812: died there, April 1, 1895. 
 A French dramatist and critic. He was the 
 dramatic critic of the “ Moniteur parisien,” and was ap- 
 pointed chief of the theater division in the state depart- 
 ment in 1853 and director of theaters in the imperial house- 
 hold in 1863. He was elected to the French Academy as 
 successor to Alfred de Vigny in 1865 and became its perpet- 
 ual secretary in 1876. His works include “ I.eonce ” (1838 : 
 with Bayard), “Un jeune homme " (1841), “L’Avocat de sa 
 cause” (1842), “La chasse aux fripons” (1846), “Velas- 
 quez” (1847), “La barque d’ Antonio” (1849), “Les enne- 
 mis de la maison ” (1851), “Le fruit defendu" (1858), “La 
 consideration ” (1860), “Concours littoraires" (1886), etc. 
 
 Douglas. 3. A city in Cochise County, Ari- 
 zona, incorporated in 1906. There are large 
 copper-mines in the vicinity. Population, 
 6,437, (1910). 
 
 Doumic (do-mik'), Rene. Born at Paris, 
 March 7, 1860. A French man of letters, lit- 
 erary and dramatic critic of the “ Revue des 
 Deux Mondes.” In 1909 he was chosen a member of 
 the French Academy to fill the chair of M. Gaston-Bois- 
 sier. He has published a number of works on literary 
 themes. 
 
 Dove (duv), Patrick Edward. Born at Lass- 
 wade, near Edinburgh, July 31, 1815 : died 
 April 28, 1873. A British editor and philo- 
 sophical writer. He published “The Theory of Human 
 Progression, and Natural Probability of a Reign of Jus- 
 tice” (1850), in which, among other doctrines, he main- 
 tained that rent belongs to the nation, and thus, in a mea- 
 sure, anticipated the single-tax theory of Henry George. 
 
 Dowagiac (do-wa'ji-ak). A city in Cass County, 
 Michigan, 35 miles southwest of Kalamazoo. 
 It has foundries, lumber- and flour-mills, and manufac- 
 tories of stoves, grain-drills, etc. It is in a fertile agri- 
 cultural region. Population, 6,088, (1910). 
 
 Dowden*, Edward. He has also published an edition 
 of Wordsworth (1892-93), a critical edition of “Romeo and 
 Juliet ” (1900) and <>f “ ( 'ymbeline ” (1903), and has written 
 “New Studies in Literature” (1895), “The French Revolu- 
 tion and English Literature” (1897), “ A History of French 
 Literature ” (1897), “Puritan and Anglican ” (1900), “ Robert 
 Browning ” (1904), “ Michel de Montaigne ” (1905), “ Essays, 
 Modern and Elizabethan ” (1910), etc. 
 
 Dowie (dou'i), John Alexander. Born at, 
 Edinburgh in 1848: died at Chicago, March 
 9,1907. A Seottish-Americau fanatic. He came 
 to the United States in 1886, and in 1896 organized the 
 “Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in Zion,” of which 
 he was “general overseer,” establishing it in 1901 at Zion 
 City, near Chicago. In 1906 his followers brought various 
 charges against him, including that of financial misman- 
 agement, and deposed him. 
 
 Drummond 
 
 Doyle*, Sir Arthur Conan. He was knighted in 
 1902. His later works include “ The Adventures of Ger- 
 ard” (1903), “Sir Nigel” (1906), “The Croxley Master” 
 (1906), “Round the Fire Stories" (1908), “Through the 
 Magic Door” (1908), “The Fires of Fate” (1909), “Songs 
 of the Road ” (1911), “ The Last Galley : Impressions and 
 Tales ” (1911), “The Lost World" (1912), etc. 
 
 Drachman*, Holger Henrik Herholdt. in s 
 
 later poetical works include “Dybe Strenge” (1884), 
 “ Fjaddsange og .Eventyr " (1885), “ Sangenes Bog ” (1889), 
 “ Ungdomsdigte ” (1898), “ Broget Lov ” (1901). He wrote 
 also an autobiographical romance, “ Den hellige lid " 
 (1899), “Smaa Fortsellinger” (1884), “Med den brede Pen- 
 sel” (1887), “Forskrevet” (1890), “Diidalus” (1900), and a 
 number of dramatic works. 
 
 Dragomirof (dra'go-mi-rof), Michael Ivano- 
 vitch. Born 1830: died at Konotop, Oct. 28, 
 1905. A Russian general. He served in the Russo* 
 Turkish war ; was wounded at Shipka Pass ; and was 
 later appointed director of the Academy of the General 
 Staff. In 1889 he was appointed governor-general of 
 Kief, Podolia, and Volhynia. He published various im- 
 portant works on tactics and military administration. 
 He retired in 1904. 
 
 Drake (drak), Alexander Wilson. Born near 
 Westfield, N. J., Sept. 4, 1843. An American 
 wood-engraver and draftsman on wood, art di- 
 rector of “The Century Magazine” from 1870 
 (“Scribner’s Monthly” 1870-81). ne studied art 
 in the Cooper Institute and the National Academy of De- 
 sign, New York, and was largely instrumental in founding 
 and developing the American school of wood-engraving. 
 He was one of the founders of the Grolier Club, New York. 
 
 Dreadnought ( dred 'nat) . A British battle-ship, 
 launched in 1906. It is of 17, 900 tons displacement. ; 
 length, 490 ft. ; beam, 82 ft. ; draft, 26J ft. ; has belt- 
 armor 11 inches thick ; mounts ten 12-inch guns ; has 5 
 torpedo-tubes ; develops 27,500 indicated horse-power ; 
 and has a maximum speed of 21.85 knots. It gives name 
 to the class ol modern “ all-big-gun ” ships, at present 
 regarded as the most efficient type of battle-ship. 
 
 Dresser (dres'er), John Alexander. Born at 
 Richmond, Quebec, June 27, 1866. A Cana- 
 dian geologist and petrographer, geologist of 
 the Canadian Geological Survey from 1909. 
 He has been lecturer on geology at McGill 
 University since 1907. 
 
 Drexel (drek'sel), J. Armstrong. Born at 
 Philadelphia. An American aviator, son of 
 Anthony Drexel. He learned to fly a Bleriot mono- 
 plane at Pau. He took part in numerous European exhi- 
 bitions, winning many prizes, and came to America to enter 
 the international races at Belmont Park, Long Island, in 
 October, 1910. His flights for altitude have been especially 
 notable. He ascended 6,750 feet at Lanark, Scotland, Aug. 
 11, 1910 ; and at Philadelphia, on Nov. 23, 1910, his baro- 
 graph indicated an altitude of 9,970 feet above sea-level — 
 a world's record at that date, although this figure was 
 slightly modified by subsequent correction. 
 
 Drisler (dris'ler), Henry. Born on Staten 
 Island, N. Y., Dec. 27, 1818: died at New York, 
 Nov. 30, 1897. An American classical scholar, 
 lexicographer, and educator. In 1843 he was ap- 
 pointed tutor in Columbia College (later University), and 
 was continuously connected with that institution during 
 the rest of his active life, becoming professor of Greek in 
 1867, and dean of the faculty of arts in 1889. In 1894 he 
 resigned and was made professor emeritus. In 1867 and 
 1888-89 he was acting president of the university. He re- 
 edited Liddell and Scott's edition of Passow’B Greek lex- 
 icon (1851), and was associate editor of the seventh revised 
 Oxford edition, published in 1883. 
 
 Driver (drl'ver), Samuel Rolles. Born at 
 Southampton, England, Oct. 2, 1846. An Eng- 
 lish scholar, regius professor of Hebrew and 
 canon of Christ Church in the University of 
 Oxford from 1883. He was one of the revisers of the 
 English translation of the Old Testament 1876-84. Among 
 his works are “ Isaiah " (1893), “ An Introduction to the 
 Literature of the Old Testament” (1897), and commenta- 
 ries on “ Joel and Amos ” (1897), “Daniel " (1901), “ Deu- 
 teronomy " (1902), “The Minor Prophets” (1905), “Job” 
 (1905), “ Genesis ” (1909), “ Three Papers on the Higher 
 Criticism,” with A. F. Kirkpatrick (1905), etc. 
 
 Droch (droch). The pseudonym of Robert 
 Bridges (born 1858). 
 
 Dropsie (drop' si), Moses Aaron. Bom in 
 Philadelphia, March 9, 1821: died there, July 
 8,1905. A lawyer and philanthropist. He trans- 
 lated and edited Mackeldey's “ Handbook of the Roman 
 Law” (1883) and wrote “Roman Law of Testaments” 
 (1892). He was interested in Hebrew learning and left 
 his fortune of one million dollars for the establishment of 
 a college for Hebrew and cognate learning in the city of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Drummond (drum'ond), William Henry. 
 
 Born near Mohill, County Antrim, Ireland, 
 April 13, 1854: died at Cobalt, Ontario, Canada, 
 April 6, 1907. A Canadian physician and 
 poet, known as “ the poet of the habitant.” 
 He removed to Canada in his youth and was educated 
 there. He began the practice of medicine in the province 
 of Quebec, where he came in close contact with the French- 
 Canadian voyageurs and habitants, about whom most of 
 his poems were written. I.ater he removed to Montreal, 
 and for some years was professor of medical jurisprudence 
 at Bishop University. His works include “The Hnbitant, 
 and Other French-Canadian Poems ” (1897), “ Phil-o-rum’s 
 Canoe” and “Madeleine Vercheres ” (189S), “Johnnie 
 Oourteau ” (1901), “The Voyageur, and Other Poems " 
 (1905), and " The Great Fight ” (1908). 
 
Drygalski 
 
 Drygalski (dri-gal'ski), Erich von. Born at 
 Konigsberg, Prussia, Feb. 9, 1865. A German 
 explorer. He conducted an expedition to Greenland 
 
 1891- 93, and was the leader of an expedition to the an- 
 tarctic 1901-03. In the latter he reached the neighbor- 
 hood of lat. 66° S., long. 90° E., where his ship was frozen 
 fast in the ice (Feb. 12, 1902). Here, in the vicinity of 
 Kaiser Wilhelm II. Land (named by him), a year was 
 spent in scientific observation. He became professor 
 extraordinary of geography in the University of Berlin 
 in 1899. 
 
 Dublin (dub'lin). The county-seat of Laurens 
 County, Georgia, 48 miles southeast of Macon. 
 It has manufactories of cotton, cotton-seed 
 oil, wagons, etc. Population, 5,795, (1910). 
 Dubois (du-bois'). A borough in Clearfield 
 County, Pennsylvania, 48 miles northwest of 
 Altoona. It has iron-works, tanneries, machine-shops, 
 Hour-mills, etc., but the principal industries are lumber- 
 ing and coal-mining. Population, 12,623,(1910). 
 
 Ducasse (dii-kiis'), Roger. Born at Bordeaux, 
 April 18, 1873. A French composer. He was a 
 pupil of Fame in the Paris Conservatory, and received 
 the second Prix de Rome in 1902. He has written 
 a “Suite Franraise ’ ’ for orchestra, a string quartet, a 
 set of variations for harp and orchestra, a pastoral for 
 organ, and a number of songs and piano pieces. 
 
 Dudley (dud'li), Irving Bedell. Bom Nov. 
 30, 1861: died Nov. 27, 1911. An American 
 diplomatist, ambassador to Brazil 1906-11. He 
 was minister to Peru 1897-1906. 
 
 Dudley (dud'li), Plimmon Henry. Born at 
 Freedom, Ohio, May 21, 1843. An American 
 civil engineer, consulting engineer on rails, 
 tires, and structural steel of the New York 
 Central lines from 1880. He invented the dyna- 
 graph, the track-indicator, and the stremmatograph, and 
 designed the first 5-iuch and 6-inch steel rails used in the 
 United States. 
 
 Dudley (dud'li), William Russell. Born at 
 Guilford, Conn., March 1, 1849: died at Los 
 Altos, Cal., June 4, 1911. An American bota- 
 nist, professor in Leland Stanford Jr.University 
 
 1892- 1908. He was assistant professor in Cornell Uni- 
 versity 1876-92. He published works on local botany, “A 
 Manual of Histology ’ ’ (1894 : with M. B. Thomas), etc. 
 
 Dudley (dud'li) Observatory. An astronom- 
 ical observatory situated (since 1893) on Lake 
 Avenue, Albany, New York, in 1873 it was incor- 
 porated with Union College, Schenectady, etc., to form 
 Union University. It is supported by an endowment, by 
 appropriations from the National Academy of Sciences, 
 by grants from the Carnegie Institution, etc., and is de- 
 voted to original research. Elaborate star-catalogues, an- 
 nals, etc., have been issued from the observatory. 
 
 Dufay (dii-fa/), Guillaume. Born at Chimay, 
 Belgium, about 1400: died at Cambrai, Nov. 
 27, 1474. A French composer and contrapunt- 
 ist, originator of improvements in musical no- 
 tation, such as the use of white notes. 
 
 Duff (duf), Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone 
 Grant. Born at Eden, Aberdeenshire, Scot- 
 land, Feb. 21, 1829: died at London, Jan. 12, 
 1906. A British Liberal politician and author. 
 He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and was called 
 to the bar in 1854 ; was a member of the House of Com- 
 mons for Elgin Burghs 1857-81 ; was under-secretary of 
 state for India 1868-74 ; was under-secretary for the colo- 
 nies 1880-81 ; and was governor of Madras 1881-86. He 
 was knighted in 1886. Among his works are “ Studies in 
 European Politics" (1866), “ Elgin Speeches" (1871), “Sir 
 Henry Maine : a Brief Memoir "(1892),“ Renan : In Memo- 
 riam ” (1893), “ Notes from a Diary " (1897-1905), “ Out of 
 the Past" (1903), etc. 
 
 Dukas (dii-ka'), Paul. Born at Paris, France, 
 Oct. 1, 1865. A musical critic and a composer 
 of the advanced French school. He was a pupil 
 at the Paris Conservatory, winning the second Prix de 
 Rome. Ifis works include the opera “ Ariane et Barbe 
 Bleue,” with text by Maeterlinck (1907), a symphony 
 (1897), a symphonic poem (1897), a piano sonata (1901), and 
 overtures. 
 
 Dulanganes (dii-lan-ga'naz). A pagan people 
 
 of southeastern Mindanao, by some regarded 
 as part Indonesian. 
 
 Dulong (dii-long'), Pierre Louis. Born at 
 Rouen, France, Feb. 12, 1785: died at Paris, 
 July 19, 1838. A noted French physicist and 
 chemist, professor of physics at the Ecole 
 Polytechnique in Paris from 1820, and perma- 
 nent secretary of the Academy of Sciences from 
 1832. With Petit he announced (1819) the law that the 
 product of the specific heat of any element in the solid 
 state multiplied by its atomic weight is (approximately) 
 constant. 
 
 Dumaguete (do-ma-ga'ta). A town, the capi- 
 tal of Negros Oriental province, in the Philip- 
 pines. It is situated on the eastern coast, near the 
 southern entrance to the Strait of Tafibn, in lat. 9° IS' 30" 
 N., long. 123° 18' E. Civilized population of municipality, 
 14,894. 
 
 Dumanjug (do-man-hog'). A municipality of 
 Cebu province, in the Philippine Islands. It 
 is situated on the west coast of Cebu Island. 
 Civilized population, 22,203. 
 
 Dumaran (do-ma-ran'). An island of Paragua 
 province, in the Philippine Islands. It is situated 
 east of the northern part of Paragua, from which it is 
 separated by Dumaran Channel. It is high and well 
 wooded. Area, 122 square miles. Population, 1,987. 
 
 Dunant (dii-non'), Jean Henri. Born at 
 
 Geneva, May 8, 1828. A Swiss philanthropist. 
 While visiting the battle-field of Solferino in 1859 he ob- 
 served the want of an adequate ambulance corps, and 
 thereafter applied himself to urging measures for the 
 relief of the wounded in time of war. His efiorts, sus- 
 tained by his countrymen, resulted in the Geneva Con- 
 vention in 1864 and the founding of the Red Cross Society. 
 Having devoted his whole fortune to the cause, he was 
 obliged to support himself by teaching, but received a 
 pension from the Empress of Russia. In 1901 he was 
 awarded the Nobel prize for services in the cause of 
 peace. His “ Souvenir de Solferino *’ (1862) made a deep 
 impression on the public. He published also “ Fraternite 
 et charite internationale en temps de guerre ” (1864), and 
 other works. 
 
 Dunbar (dun'bar), Paul Laurence. Born at 
 Dayton, Ohio, June 27, 1872: died there, Feb. 
 9, 1906. An American author and poet, of 
 African descent. He waa engaged in journalistic 
 work in Dayton and New York, and was employed in the 
 Congressional Library in Washington. Among the better 
 known of his works are “Oak and Ivy” (1893), “Majors 
 and Minors ” (1895), “ Lyrics of Lowly Life ”(1896), “ Lyrics 
 of the Hearthside” (1899), “The Strength of Gideon” 
 (1900), “The Fanatics” (1901), “The Sport of the Gods” 
 (1902), “Lyrics of Love and Laughter” (1903), “Lyrics of 
 Sunshine and Shadow ” (1905), etc. 
 
 Duncan (dung ' kan), Isadora. Born at San 
 Francisco, Cal., May 27, 1880. An American 
 dancer. When very young she came to New York, 
 where she appeared in public and also opened a dancing 
 school. She danced in scant draperies, with bare feet, 
 imitating the postures of the figures on Greek vases. She 
 then went abroad, danced in Berlin with success, and 
 established a school in the Griinewald, near that city. 
 After some time she returned to America. Her principal 
 success has been made in Greek dances arranged for 
 Gluck’s music. 
 
 Duncan (dung'kan), Norman. Bom at Brant- 
 ford, Ontario, Canada, July 2, 1871. A Cana- 
 dian educator and author. He was on the staff of 
 the New York “Evening Post’’ 1897-1901 ; was professor 
 of rhetoric in Washington and Jefferson College 1902-06 ; 
 and adjunct professor of English literature in the 
 University of Kansas 1907-10. He has published “The 
 Soul of the Street’’ (1900), “Doctor Luke of Labra- 
 dor ” (1904), “ Dr. Grenfell’s Parish ” (1905),“ The Mother ” 
 (1905), “Every Man for Himself” (1908), “The Suitable 
 Child” (1909), “The Measure of a Man” (1911), etc. 
 
 Duncan, Sara Jeannette. The maiden name 
 and pseudonym of Mrs. Everard Cotes, a con- 
 temporary novelist. 
 
 Dunmore (dun'mor), Earl of. See * Murray, 
 John. 
 
 Dunne (dun), Finley Peter. Born at Chicago, 
 111., July 10, 1867. An American journalist 
 
 East Chicago 
 
 and humorist, best known for his creation of 
 “ Mr. Dooley." He was a reporter for various Chicago 
 newspapers from 1885 to 1891 ; was city editor of the 
 “ Times ’’ 1891-92 ; was on the staffs of the “ Evening 
 Post" and “ Times-Herald ” 1892-97 ; and was editor of the 
 “Journal” 1897-1900 (all in Chicago). His works include 
 “Mr. Dooley in Peace and in War” (1898), “Mr. Dooley 
 in the Hearts of his Countrymen ’’ (1898), “Mr. Dooley's 
 Philosophy ” (1900), “ Mr. Dooley's Opinions ” (1901), “ Ob- 
 servations by Mr. Dooley ’’ (1902), “ Dissertations by Mr. 
 Dooley ” (1906), “ Mr. Dooley Says ” (1910), etc. 
 Dunstable (dun'sta-bl), John. Born about 
 1370 : died Dec. 24, 1453. An English com- 
 poser, chief of the early school of contrapunt- 
 ists, and said to have been the inventor of true 
 counterpoint. 
 
 Dimwich (dun'ich). A village in Suffolk, Eng- 
 land, on the coast between Southwold and 
 Aldeburgh about 90 miles northeast of Lon- 
 don. It was the seat of the bishopric of East Anglia, 
 said to have been founded about 630, and was important 
 in the early middle ages. Successive inroads of the sea 
 have destroyed churches and other buildings, leaving only 
 a small village. Population, 157. 
 
 Dupre (dii-pra'), August. Born at Mainz, Ger- 
 many, Sept. 6, 1835 : died at Sutton, England, 
 July 15, 1907. A German-English analytical 
 chemist. He studied at Darmstadt, Giessen, and Hei- 
 delberg ; came to London in 1855 ; was lecturer on chem- 
 istry at Westminster Hospital 1864-97; became chemical 
 referee to the medical department of the Local Govern- 
 ment Board in 1871 ; and was also chemical adviser to the 
 explosives department of the Home Office. Besides pub- 
 lishing many papers on scientific subjects, he collaborated 
 with others in writing “The Nature, Origin, and Use of 
 Wine ” and a “ Manual of Inorganic Chemistry.'’ 
 
 Dupuy (dii-piie'), Charles Alexandre. Born 
 at Le Puy, France, Nov. 5, 1851. A French 
 politician. He was professor of philosophy at the 
 lycee of Le Puy (1876) and of St. -Etienne (1880), and in- 
 spector of the academy at Ajaccio (1884). He entered 
 politics in 1885, and was minister of public instruction 
 under Ribot in 1892, president of the council and minister 
 of the interior 1894, 1898-99; president of the Chamber of 
 Deputies and minister of the interior 1893-94, and sena- 
 tor from Haute-Loire 1900-09. 
 
 Duquesne (du-kan'). A borough in Allegheny 
 County, Pennsylvania, on the Monongahela 
 River, about 1 mile northwest of McKees- 
 port. It has steel-works and blast-furnaces. 
 Population, 15,727, (1910). 
 
 Duquoin (du-kwoin'). A city in Perry County, 
 Illinois, 70 miles north of Cairo. It has iron- 
 works, machine-shops, flour-mills, and an im- 
 portant coal industry. Population, 5,454, (1910). 
 Durant (du-rant'). A city in Bryan County, 
 in southern Oklahoma. Agriculture is its prin- 
 cipal industry, cotton being produced, and 
 there are cotton-compresses, etc. Population, 
 5,330, (1910). 
 
 Durendal (do'ren-dal), or Durendart. See 
 
 Durandana. 
 
 Durham University. A university at Dur- 
 ham, England, founded in 1832. It comprises, iu 
 Durham, University College (1837), Bishop Hatfield’s Hall 
 (1846), St. Chad’s Hall (1904) ; and in Newcastle-upon- 
 Tyne, the Durham College of Medicine (1852) and the 
 Durham College of Science (now styled Armstrong Col- 
 lege : 1871). It is attended by over 200 students at Dur- 
 ham, and (including those not reading for degrees) by 
 about 2,000 at Newcastle. It confers degrees upon men 
 in divinity and on men and women in civil law, arts, let- 
 ters, medicine, surgery, literature, science, and music. Its 
 affiliated colleges are Codrington College, Barbados (1875), 
 and Fourah Bay College, Sierra Leone (1876). 
 
 Dutuit (dii-tiie') Collection. A celebrated 
 collection of works of art and historic interest 
 in the possession of the city of Paris. It was 
 formed by Eugene (1807-1885) and Auguste (1810-1902) 
 Dutuit, with their sister H^loise. The Dutuits made their 
 fortune at Marseilles, hut went to Rouen, and began their 
 collections there in 1832. The Dutuit Collection is housed 
 in the Petit Palais des Beaux- Arts in Paris, and has been 
 illustrated in several important books. 
 
 lakins (a'kinz), Thomas. 
 
 Born at Philadelphia, July 
 25, 1844. An American 
 
 artist and lecturer on art 
 anatomy, educated in art 
 at the ficole des Beaux- 
 Arts under Gdrflme. He won 
 medals at the Columbian Expo- 
 sition, Chicago, 1893; at the Pan- 
 American Exposition, Buffalo, 1901; and (a gold medal) 
 at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, 1904 ; 
 also the gold medal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine 
 Arts. He has painted many portraits and easel pictures. 
 In sculpture his most notable works are the horses of the 
 equestrian statues of Grant and Lincoln on the Memorial 
 Arch in Brooklyn. He has also done two of the low 
 
 reliefs on the Washington Monument at Trenton, New 
 Jersey. He became a member of the Academy of Design 
 in 1902. 
 
 Eames (emz), William S. Born at Clinton, 
 Mich., Aug. 4, 1857. An American architect. 
 He studied at the ficole des Beaux- Arts, Paris, and in 
 Rome, and has practised his profession at St. Louis since 
 1882. He was deputy commissioner of public buildings in 
 St. Louis 1881-83; United States representative at the In- 
 ternational Congress at Madrid in 1904 ; and president of 
 the American Institute of Architects 1904-05. 
 
 Earle (6rl), Mrs. Henry (Alice Morse). Born 
 at Worcester, Mass., April 27, 1853: died at 
 Hempstead, L. I., Fob. 16, 1911. An Ameri- 
 can writer on colonial history. Among her 
 works are “ The Sabbath in Puritan New England ” 
 
 (1891), “Customs and Fashions in Old New England" 
 (1893), “Colonial Dames and Goodwives ” (1895), “ Colonial 
 Days in Old New York ” (1896), “ Home Life in Colonial 
 Days ”(1898), “Child Life in Colonial Days "(1899), “Stage 
 Coach and Tavern Days ” (1900), “ Old-time Gardens ” 
 (1901), “Sun-dials and Roses of Yesterday” (1902), and 
 “Two Centuries of Costume in America” (1903). 
 
 Early English Text Society. A society 
 founded in 1864 by F. J. Furnivall (1825-1910) 
 and directed by him. its object is the promotion of 
 the study of early English. It, has rendered valuable ser- 
 vice to literature in the publication of specially prepared 
 editions of early English works. Abbreviated E. E. T. S. 
 
 East Chicago (est shi-kii'go). A city in Lake 
 County, Indiana, on Lake Michigan, 17 miles 
 southeast of Chicago. It has foundries, lum- 
 
East Chicago 
 
 ber-mills, steel-works, and manufactories of 
 cement, chemicals, etc. Population, 19,098, 
 (1910). 
 
 East Cleveland (est klev'land). A village in 
 Cuyahoga County, Ohio, about 3 miles north- 
 east of Cleveland, and connected with it by 
 electric railway. Population, 9,179, (1910). 
 
 East Conemaugh (est kon'e-ma). A borough 
 in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, 20 miles 
 southwest of Altoona. It has important iron- 
 works. Population, 5,046, (1910). 
 
 Eastern Bengal and Assam. A province in 
 British India, formed from Assam and the east- 
 ern part of Bengal in October, 1905. it con- 
 sisted of the territories formerly governed by the chief 
 commissioner of Assam, to which were added the Dacca 
 and Chittagong divisions, with the districts of Rajshahi, 
 Dinajpur, Jalpaiguri, Rangpur, Bogra, Pabna, andMalda. 
 It was bounded on the north by the Himalayas, on the east 
 by Burma, on the south by Burma and the Bay of Bengal, 
 and on the west by Bengal. The capital of the province 
 was Dacca City, and the seaport Chittagong. The impe- 
 rial proclamation at Delhi, Dec. 12, 1911, provided for the 
 disappearance of the province as a separate lieutenant- 
 governorship. 
 
 East Ham (est ham). A town, an eastern 
 suburb of London, situated in Essex. Pop- 
 ulation, 96,018. 
 
 East Hartford (est hart 'ford). A town in 
 Hartford County, Connecticut, on the east 
 bank of the Connecticut River, opposite Hart- 
 ford. Its chief industries are tobacco-raising 
 and paper-manufacturing. Population, 8,138, 
 (1910). 
 
 Eastman (est 'man), Charles Alexander 
 (Ohiyesa). Born at Redwood Falls, Minn., 
 1858. An American physician of native Sioux 
 Indian parentage. He was graduated at Dart- 
 mouth College in 1887 and at the Boston University 
 School of Medicine in 1890. In 1891 he married Elaine 
 Goodale, the author. He was government physician at 
 the Pine Ridge Agency, South Dakota, 1890-93 ; was in 
 charge of the Indian work of the Young Men’s Christian 
 Association 1894-97 ; was attorney for the Santee Sioux 
 at Washington, D. C., 1897-1900 ; and was government 
 physician at Crow Creek, South Dakota, 1900-03. He has 
 published “Indian Boyhood" (1902), “Red Hunters and 
 the Animal People” (1904), “Old Indian Days ” (1907), 
 “ Wigwam Evenings ” (1909), “ The Soul of the Indian ” 
 (1911), etc. 
 
 Easton (es'ton). A town in Bristol County, 
 Massachusetts, 25 miles southwest of Boston. 
 It has manufactories of shovels, wire goods, 
 hardware, automobiles, etc. Population, 5,139, 
 (1910). 
 
 East Pittsburgh (est pits'berg). A borough in 
 Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, 3£ miles 
 northeast of McKeesport. It has machine- 
 shops, electric plants, and factories. Popula- 
 tion, 5,615, ( 1910). 
 
 East Providence (est prov'i-dens). A town 
 in Providence County, Rhode Island. It con- 
 tains chemical and electrical works, wire-fac- 
 tories, etc. Population, 15,808, (1910). 
 
 Ecclesiasticus (e-kle-zi-as'ti-kus). The Latin 
 name of an apocryphal book of the Greek Bible 
 (Septuagint) entitled “Wisdom of Jesus the 
 Son of Sirach,” probably written in the first 
 third of the second century. The Hebrew origi- 
 nal, which had been lost, was rediscovered in 
 1896 by Dr. Solomon Schechter. 
 
 Echegaray (a-cha-ga-ra ' i), Jose. Born at 
 Madrid, March, 1832. A Spanish mathemati- 
 cian, statesman, and dramatist, the foremost 
 representative of the modern Spanish drama. 
 
 He was made professor of mathematics in the Engineer- 
 ing College of Madrid in 1858; became a member of the 
 Academy of Sciences in 1866 ; and is the author of a num- 
 ber of mathematical works of recognized value. He be- 
 came a member of the Cortes in 18(38; was minister of 
 commerce, education, and finance 1868-74 ; withdrew from 
 political life in 1874 ; and was again minister of finance in 
 1905. Among his best-known works are “ La esposa del 
 vengador” (1874), “La ultima noche ” (1875), “6 locura 6 
 santidad” (1877), “ En el seno de la muerte ” (1879), “El 
 gran galeoto ” (1881), “ Mariana ” (1892), “El hijo de Don 
 Juan ” (1892), “Mancha que limpia ” (1895), and “El loco 
 dios” (1900). Many of his plays have been translated into 
 other languages. In 1904 he received, with Mistral, the 
 Nobel prize for literature. 
 
 Ecuador*. The executive is vested in a president, 
 elected directly by the people for a term of four years ; 
 and the legislative is vested in a congress of two houses, 
 the senate, consisting of two members for each province, 
 and the house of deputies, with one deputy for every 
 15,000 inhabitants, elected for two years. 
 
 Eddy (ed'i), Spencer Fayette. Born at Chi- 
 cago, 111., June 18, 1874. An American diplo- 
 matist. ne was attached to the American embassy at 
 London in 1899, and to that at Paris 1899-1901 ; was first 
 secretary of legation at Constantinople 1901-03, at St. 
 Petersburg 1903-06, and at Berlin 1906-07; and was min- 
 ister to the Argentine Republic 1908-09. He became 
 minister to Rumania, Servia, and Bulgaria in 1909, but re- 
 signed from the diplomatic service in that year. 
 
 Eddy (ed'i), William Abner. Born at New 
 York, Jan. 28, 1850: died at Bayonne, N. J., 
 
 Dec. 26, 1909. An American meteorologist. 
 
 An accountant by profession, in 1890 he began experi- 
 ments in kite-flying for scientific purposes. By means of 
 kites with the necessary apparatus attached he secured 
 records of temperature at varying heights (1891), photo- 
 graphs taken in mid air (1895), and facts concerning air- 
 currents, atmospheric electricity, etc. In 1903 he experi- 
 mented with model aeroplanes released from kites in 
 mid air. He also devised instruments for recording 
 tremors of the earth. Much of his work was done in con- 
 nection with the United States Weather Bureau. 
 
 Edith Swan-neck (e'dith swon'nek). The 
 mistress of Harold II., king of the English, 
 and mother, probably, of some of bis children. 
 By her aid the mutilated body of Harold was 
 identified after the battle of Hastings (1066). 
 She appears as a greatly idealized character 
 in modern romance and poetry. 
 
 Edwards (ed'wardz), Harry Stillwell. Born 
 at Macon, Ga., April 23, 1855. An American 
 journalist and author. He was assistant editor and 
 editor of the Macon “Telegraph” 1881-87, and of the 
 “Evening News” and “Sunday Times” 1887-88. In 1900 
 he became postmaster of Macon. Among his publications 
 are “Two Runaways, and Other Stories” (1889), “Sons 
 and Fathers,” for which he was awarded the $10,000 prize 
 in a contest opened by the Chicago “ Record ” (1895), “The 
 Marbeau Cousins ” (1898), “ His Defense, and Other Stories ” 
 (1899), etc. 
 
 Edwardsdale. Same as * Edwardsville, Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 Edwardsville (ed'wardz-vil). The county- 
 seat of Madison County, Illinois, 17 miles north- 
 east of East St. Louis. It has manufactories 
 of machinery, carriages, plumbers’ supplies, 
 etc. Coal-mining is carried on in the sur- 
 rounding region. Population, 5,014, (1910). 
 
 Edwardsville (ed'wardz-vil). A borough in 
 Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, 3 miles north- 
 west of Wilkes-Barre. It has coal-mines and 
 breweries. Population, 8,407, (1910). 
 
 E. E. T. S. An abbreviation of Early English 
 Text Society. 
 
 Egan (e'gan), Maurice Francis. Born at 
 Philadelphia, Pa., May 24, 1852. An Ameri- 
 can author aud diplomat, envoy extraordinary 
 and minister plenipotentiary to Denmark 1907-. 
 He was editor of “The Freeman’s Journal” 1881-S8, pro- 
 fessor of English literature at the University of Notre 
 Dame, Indiana, 1889-95, and professor of the English lan- 
 guage and literature in the Catholic University at Wash- 
 ington, D. C., 1895-1907. His works include “ Preludes ” 
 (1880), “Songs and Sonnets” (1892), “The Flower of the 
 Flock”(1894), “ The Chatelaine of the Roses” (1897), “From 
 the Band of St. Lawrence ” (1898), “ The Leopard of Lanci- 
 anus” (1898), “The Dream of Gerontins” (1903), “St. 
 Martin’s Summer” (1905), “The Ghost in Hamlet, and 
 Other Essays ” (1906), “The Wiles of Sexton Maginnis" 
 (1909), “Everybody's Saint Francis” (1912), etc. 
 
 Eggleston (eg'l-ston), George Cary. Born at 
 Vevay, Ind., Nov. 26, 1839: died at New York, 
 April 14, 1911. An American journalist and 
 author, brother of EdwardEggleston. He studied 
 at Richmond College, Virginia, and began the practice of 
 law in that State, but abandoned it to enlist in the (’on- 
 federate army, in which he served throughout the Civil 
 War. Later, at New York, he held editorial posi- 
 tions on various newspapers, among others the “Even- 
 ing Post” (1875-81), the “Commercial Advertiser” (1884- 
 1889), and the “World ” (1889-1900). He published many 
 novels and other books, including “ A Rebel's Recollec- 
 tions ” (1874), “Southern Soldier Stories ” (1898), “ A Caro- 
 lina Cavalier ” (1901), “ Evelyn Byrd ” (1904), “A Daughter 
 of the South ” (1905), “Two Gentlemen of Virginia” 
 (1908), “Westover of Wanalah” (1910), etc. 
 
 Egoist, The: a Comedy in Narrative. A 
 
 psychological novel by George Meredith, pub- 
 lished in 1879. 
 
 Egypt . Egypt proper is administratively divided into 
 5 governorships (mohafzas) and 15 mudiriehs or provinces. 
 The predominant position of Great Britain was formally 
 recognized by France in the Anglo-French Agreement 
 (April, 1904), and a khedival decree appended thereto and 
 approved by the Anglo-French Convention has removed 
 most of the restrictions governing the management of 
 finance. The great N ile dam at Assuan was completed 1902, 
 but increased in height 1907-1912. (See + Assuan Dam.) 
 
 Ehrlich (ar'lich), Paul. Born at Strehlen, in 
 Silesia, March 14, 1854. An eminent German 
 physiologist, director of the Royal Institute 
 for Experimental Therapeutics at Erankfort- 
 on-the-Main, and professor in the University 
 of Gottingen: especially noted for his studies 
 in immunity. His “lateral chain theory,” announced 
 in 1897, has played an important part in the explanation 
 of the facts of immunization. In 1908 he received, with 
 Professor Metchnikoff, the Nobel prize in medicine. 
 
 Eidlitz (id'litz), Leopold. Born at Prague, 
 Bohemia, March 29, 1823 : died at New Y'ork, 
 March 22, 1908. An American architect. He 
 was educated at the Polytechnic School at Prague, and, 
 after a course of study at Vienna, came to America and 
 established himself in New York city. He was associated 
 with II. H. Richardson in the construction of the State 
 House at Albany. 
 
 Elbe and Trave Canal. A canal joining the 
 Elbe at Lauenburg with the Trave at Liibeck, 
 thus connecting the North Sea with the Baltic. 
 It is 41 miles long, is 72 feet broad, and has seven locks. 
 
 Ellis Island 
 
 It was completed in 1900 at a cost of nearly six million 
 dollars. 
 
 Elberton (el'ber-ton). The county-seat of 
 Elbert County, Georgia, 69 miles northwest of 
 Augusta. It has cotton-mills, fertilizer-fac- 
 tories, etc. Population, 6,483, (1910). 
 
 Elektra (f-lek'tra). An opera by Richard 
 Strauss, first produced at Dresden in 1909. 
 Elgar (el 'gar), Sir Edward. Born at Broad 
 Heath, Worcestershire, England, June 2, 1857. 
 A noted English composer, professor of music 
 in Birmingham University from 1904. He has 
 written the oratorios “The Dream of Gerontius” (1900), 
 “The Apostles ” (1903), and “The Kingdom” (1906). He 
 has also composed much for the orchestra, including a 
 series of variations, overtures (“Cockaigne ” and “In the 
 South”), “Symphony in A Flat” (1908), “Symphony in E 
 Flat” (1911), and an “introduction and allegro ’’for solo 
 quartet of strings and string orchestra. Of his earlier 
 cantatas “ Light and Life,” “King Olaf,” and “Caractacus' 
 are the most notable. He was knighted in 1904. 
 
 Elgar (el'gar), Francis. Born at Portsmouth, 
 England, April 24, 1845: died Jan. 17, 1909. 
 A noted British naval architect. He was adviser 
 in naval construction to the Japanese government 1879- 
 1881 ; director of dockyards at the British admiralty 1886-92; 
 and was connected with private ship-building firms from 
 1892. He wrote “ Ships of the Royal Navy " (1873), and nu- 
 merous technical papers. 
 
 Elgin, Ninth Earl of. See +Bruce. 
 
 Eliot*, Charles William. His later works in- 
 
 elude “ Five American Contributions to Civilization ”(1897), 
 “Educational Reform” (1898), “Charles Eliot” (1902), 
 “ More Money for the Public Schools” (1903), “The Happy 
 Life ” (new ed. 1905), “ Great Riches ” (1906), “ Four Ameri- 
 can Leaders ” (1906), “ University Administration ” (1908), 
 etc. 
 
 Eliot (el'i-ot), Sir John. Born at Lamesley, 
 Durham, England, May 25, 1839: died at 
 Cavalaire, France, March 18, 1908. An Anglo- 
 Indian educator and meteorologist. He was ed- 
 ucated at St. John's College, Cambridge ; was professor of 
 mathematics at the Rurki Engineering College in India 
 1869-72, and at the Muir Central College, Allahabad, 1872- 
 1874 ; was professor of physics at the Presidency College, 
 Calcutta, and also meteorological reporter to the govern- 
 ment of Bengal, 1874-86 ; was meteorological reporter to 
 the government of India and director-general of Indian 
 observatories 1886-1903 ; and on his retirement in 1903 
 was made Knight Commander of the Indian Empire. Be- 
 sides many papers on meteorological subjects, he publish- 
 ed a “ Handbook of Cyclonic Storms in the Bay of Bengal ’ 
 and “The Climatological Atlas of India.” 
 
 Elkin (el'kin), William Lewis. Born at New 
 Orleans, La., April 29, 1855. An American 
 astronomer, director of the Yale Observatory 
 1896-1910. He took part in investigations of 
 the parallaxes of southern stars at the Royal 
 Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, 1881-83. 
 Elkins (el'kinz). The county-seat of Ran- 
 dolph County, West Virginia, 92 miles south- 
 east of Wheeling. It has brick-making and 
 tanning establishments, coal and coke inter- 
 ests, etc. Population, 5,260, (1910). 
 
 Elkins (el'kinz), Stephen Benton. Born in 
 Perry County, Ohio, Sept. 26, 1841 : died at 
 Washington, D. C., Jan. 4, 1911. An Ameri- 
 can Republican cabinet officer. He was gradu- 
 ated at the University of Missouri in 1860 and was admit- 
 ted to the bar in 1863 ; was delegate to Congress from New 
 Mexico 1873-77 ; was secretary of war in President Harri- 
 son's cabinet 1891-93 ; and United States senator from 
 West Virginia 1895-1901, 1901-07, aud 1907-11. He had 
 large mining and railroad interests. 
 
 Elliot (el'i-ot), Daniel Giraud. Born at New 
 York, March 7, 1835. An American naturalist, 
 honorary curator of zoology in the Field Colum- 
 bian Museum, Chicago. He has made extensive ex- 
 plorations in Canada. Alaska, South America, East Africa, 
 Arabia, and elsewhere, and has published about 20 vol- 
 umes and several hundred papers on zoological (especially 
 mammalogical and ornithological) subjects. 
 
 Elliot, Gilbert John Murray Kynynmound. 
 
 See *Minto, Earl of. 
 
 Elliot (el'i-ot) Islands. A group of small 
 islands in the Bay of Korea, off the southeast, 
 coast of the Liao-tung peninsula. They were 
 used by the Japanese during the Russo-Jap- 
 anese war as a naval base. 
 
 Elliott (el'i-ot), Charles. Born in Ireland in 
 1792: died 1869. An American Methodist 
 clergyman and writer. He emigrated to the United 
 States in 1815, and 1857-60 and 1864-67 was professor of 
 biblical literature (and president) in the Iowa M esleyan 
 University. His best-known work is his “ Delineation of 
 Roman Catholicism” (1841). 
 
 Ellis (el'is), Henry Havelock. Born at Croy- 
 don, Surrey, Feb. 2, 1859. An English man of 
 letters and anthropologist. He edited the works 
 of John Ford and of Christopher Marlowe in the 
 “Mermaid Series" of old English dramatists, and has 
 written “The New Spirit" (1890), “The Criminal” (1890), 
 “ Man and Woman ” (1894), “Affirmations” (1897), “The 
 Evolution of Modesty” (1899), “Analysis of Sexual Impulse” 
 (1903), "Sexual Selection in Man” (1905), “The Soul of 
 Spain” (1908), “ The Task of Social Hygiene” (1912), etc. 
 
 Ellis Island. A small island in upper New 
 York Bay, about one mile from Manhattan 
 
Ellis Island 
 
 Island. It is the property of the United States govern- 
 ment and since 1892 has been used as an immigrant sta- 
 tion. It receives the majority of the immigrants to the 
 United States. 
 
 Elman (el'man), Mischa. Born at Talnoi, in 
 the province of Kieff, Jan. 21, 1891. A Rus- 
 sian violinist. He began his studies at Odessa, dis- 
 playing unusual ability while still very young. In 1901 he 
 went to St. Petersburg and became a pupil of Leopold 
 Auer. He made his d6but in Berlin, Oct. 14, 1904, and 
 has since appeared in most of the important cities on the 
 Continent, and in England and America. 
 
 El Reno (el re'no). The county-seat of Cana- 
 dian County, Oklahoma, 25 miles northwest of 
 Oklahoma. It is in an agricultural region, and 
 has large produce interests, as well as flour- 
 mills, canning-factories, etc. Population, 7,- 
 872, (1910). 
 
 Elson (el'son), Louis Charles. Born at Bos- 
 ton, Mass., April 17, 1848. A musical writer 
 and critic. His most important works are “National 
 Music of America and its Sources ” (1900), “ Shakespeare in 
 Music’’ (1901), “History of American Music ’’ (1904), a dic- 
 tionary of music (1906), “ Curiosities of Music ” (1908), etc. 
 Elwell (el'wel), Frank Edwin. Born at Con- 
 cord, Mass., June 15, 1858. An American 
 sculptor. He studied sculpture at the iScole des Beaux- 
 Arts in Paris and under Falguiere, and modeled the first 
 statue by an American sculptor to be placed in Europe 
 (at Edam, Holland). Among his works are “ Dickens and 
 Little Nell,” equestrian statue of General Hancock (Gettys- 
 burg), “Awakening of Egypt,” “Greece" and “Home" 
 (for the New York Custom-house), “Despatch Rider,” 
 etc., and busts of Elihu Yale (for the Yale Club in New 
 York city), Vice-President Morton, and others. 
 
 Elwood (el'wiid). A city in Madison County, 
 Indiana. It has a trade in live stock, grain, etc., and 
 brickyards, planing-mills, etc. Population, 11,028. 
 
 Ely (e'li), Eugene Burton. Born at Daven- 
 port, Iowa, October 21, 1885 : died at Macon, 
 Ga., October 19, 1911. An American aviator. 
 On November 14, 1910, he first demonstrated the feasibility 
 of starting an aeroplane from a vessel. In his Curtiss 
 biplane he left the deck of the U. S. cruiser Birmingham, 
 stationed in Hampton Roads, Va., and five minutes later 
 landed safely on Willoughby Spit near Norfolk, a distance 
 of about 3 miles. At San Francisco, Jan. 23, 1911, he flew 
 to the Dattle-ship Pennsylvania, alighted, and returned, 
 covering a distance of about 12 miles. 
 
 Ely (e'li), Richard Theodore. Born at Rip- 
 ley, N. Y., April 13, 1854. An American econ- 
 omist. He was graduated at Columbia 1876 ; studied 
 abroad 1877-80, taking the degree of Ph. D. at Heidelberg ; 
 had charge of political economy at Johns Hopkins Uni- 
 versity 1881-92 ; and has since held the professorship of 
 political economy in the University of Wisconsin. He has 
 probably done more than any other American to awaken 
 a popular interest in economics. He was founder of the 
 American Economic Association and its president 1899- 
 1901. His works include “ French and German Social- 
 ism ” (1883), ‘Problems of To-day” (1888), “Outlines of 
 Economics” (1893; rev. ed. 1908), “Socialism and Social 
 Reform ” (1894), “ Monopolies and Trusts ” (1900), “ Studies 
 in the Evolution of Industrial Society ” (1903), etc. 
 
 Emerson (em'er-son), Benjamin Kendall. 
 
 Born at Nashua, N. H., Dec. 20, 1843. An 
 American geologist, professor of geology and 
 mineralogy in Amherst College from 1872, and 
 in Smith College 1878-1912. He is geologist of the 
 United States Geological Survey, and was president of the 
 Geological Society of America in 1899. His investigations 
 have been concerned chiefly with the geology of Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 Emery (em'e-ri), Henry Crosby. Born at 
 Ellsworth, Maine, Dec. 21, 1872. An Ameri- 
 can political economist, chairman of the 
 United States Tariff Board from 1909. He was 
 instructor and professor of political economy 
 in Bowdoin College 1894-1900, and has been 
 professor of political economy in Yale Univer- 
 sity since 1900. 
 
 Emmet (em'et), Lydia Field. Born at New 
 Rochelle, N. Y., in 1866. An American artist. 
 She studied under Bouguereau and Robert-Fleury at 
 Paris, and under Chase and Kenyon Cox at New York. 
 She was awarded medals at the Chicago Exposition of 
 1893 and the Atlanta Exposition of 1895 ; won the Shaw 
 prize at the exhibition of the Society of American Artists 
 in 1906; and was elected an associate of the National 
 Academy of Design in 1909. She is best known for her 
 pictures of children. 
 
 Emmons (em'onz), Samuel Franklin. Born 
 at Boston, Mass., March 29, 1841: died at 
 Washington, D. C., March 28, 1911. An Ameri- 
 can geologist and mining engineer, geologist 
 of the United States Geological Survey 1867- 
 1877 and 1879—1911. He wrote “Descriptive Geology 
 of the 40th Parallel Region ” (1877 : with Hague), “ Oro- 
 graphic Movements in the Rocky Mountains’^ (1879), 
 "Geology and Mining Industry of Leadville, Colorado” 
 (1886), “ Geology of Lower California " (1890), “Geological 
 Guide-book of the Rocky Mountains ” (1894). 
 
 Emmons (em'onz), William Harvey. Born 
 at Mexico, Mo., Feb. 1, 1876. An American 
 geologist. He was associate professor of eco- 
 nomic geology in the University of Chicago 
 1909-11, and professor of geology in the Univer- 
 sity of Minnesota 1911- He has been an assistant 
 geologist of the United States Geological Survey since 1906. 
 
 Empire State of the South. A popular title 
 of the State of Georgia. 
 
 Encounter Rock. A reef in the Lao-tie-shan 
 Channel, about twenty miles southeast of Port 
 Arthur. 
 
 Engineers’ Club, The. A New York club, in- 
 corporated Dec. 7, 1888, for engineers and 
 others interested in the engineering profession. 
 It has 2,000 members. Its house is at 32 West 
 40th street. 
 
 Englefield (eng'gl-feld), Sir Francis. Born 
 about 1520: died at Valladolid, Spain, in 1596. 
 An English politician. He at first accepted Protes- 
 tantism, and in 1547 was knighted by Edward VI., but on 
 the accession of Mary became a Roman Catholic, and 
 advocated persecution for heresy. He was made a privy 
 councilor in 1553, and was a member of every parliament 
 but one during Mary’s reign. After the accession of 
 Elizabeth he fled to the Continent, where he took an active 
 part in the many schemes for the restoration of Cathol- 
 icism in England. In 1564 he was outlawed, and in 1585 
 convicted of high treason, his estates being declared to be 
 forfeited, but he received a pension from Philip of Spain. 
 He lived for some time at Rome and at Brussels, but re- 
 tired finally to Valladolid. 
 
 Engler (eng ' ler), Adolf. Born at Sagan, 
 Silesia, March 25, 1844. An eminent German 
 botanist, professor in the University of Berlin 
 and director of the Botanical Garden from 1889. 
 From 1878 to 1884 he was professor at Kiel, and from 1888 
 to 1889 at Breslau. Among his published works are “ Ver- 
 such einer Entwickelungsgeschichte der Pflanzenwelt” 
 (1872-82), and “Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien ’’ (1888- 
 1909 : with Prantl and others). 
 
 Enid (e'nid). The county-seat of Garfield 
 County, Oklahoma, 44 miles northwest of Guth- 
 rie. It has tile-works, flour-mills, etc., and 
 agricultural and stock-raising interests. Pop- 
 ulation, 13,799, (1910). 
 
 Ennery (an-re'), Adolphe Philippe d’. Born 
 at Paris, June 17, 1811: died there, Jan. 26, 
 1899. A French dramatist and librettist, in 
 
 1858 he changed his name of Dennery by legal process to 
 d’Ennery. He was a prolific writer and produced, inde- 
 pendently or in collaboration, a large number of pieces. 
 He wrote, with Desnoyer, “Emile, ou le fils d’un pair de 
 France ” (1831) ; with Dumas, “Halifax” (1842); with Du- 
 manoir, “Don Cesar de Bazan” (1844) ; with Jules Verne, 
 “Letour du monde en quatre-vingts jours” (1874) ; with 
 Cormon, “Lea deux orphelines ” (1875) ; with Paul Ferrier, 
 “Le tresor des Radjahs ” (1894), etc. 
 
 Ennis (en'is). A city in Ellis County, Texas, 
 34 miles southeast of Dallas. It has cotton- 
 gins, lumber-mills, etc. Population, 5,669, 
 (1910). 
 
 Epaphroditus (e-paf-ro-dl'tus). 1. The mes- 
 senger or delegate sent by the Apostle Paul to 
 the church at Philippi. He visited Paul dur- 
 ing his imprisonment at Rome. Paul charac- 
 terizes him as “my brother, and companion in 
 labour, and fellow soldier.”- — 2. A freedman 
 of Nero, and his secretary. He assisted Nero 
 in his attempt at suicide. The philosopher 
 Epictetus was his freedman. 
 
 Ephrata (ef'ra-ta). A township aud borough 
 of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. It is note- 
 worthy as having been the seat of "the monastic commu- 
 nity of Seventh-day German Baptists, or Bunkers, founded 
 there by Johann Conrad Beissel about 1738. The borough 
 was incorporated in 1891. Population, township, 2,565 ; 
 borough, 3,192, (1910). 
 
 Ephrussi (a-frii-se'), Charles. Born at Odessa, 
 Russia, Dec. 24, 1844: died at Paris, Sept. 30, 
 1905. A French art critic and editor. He was 
 educated at Odessa and Vienna and came to Paris in 1871. 
 In 1885 he became a proprietor of the “ Gazette des Beaux- 
 Arts ” and in 1894 its director. 
 
 Epworth League (ep'werth leg). A society 
 of the Methodist Episcopal Church, organized 
 at Cleveland, Ohio, in May, 1889: named for the 
 birthplace of John Wesley, its object is to 
 strengthen the hold of each church upon the young peo- 
 ple in its parish. Its organ is the “Epworth Herald ” and 
 its membership is over one million. 
 
 Er (er). A Pamphylian, the son of Armenius: 
 a character introduced by Plato into the tenth 
 hook of “The Republic.” He was slain in battle, 
 and on the twelfth day after, as he was lying on the funeral 
 pile, returned to life and told what he had seen in the 
 other world. 
 
 Erichsen, L. Mylius-. See *Mylius-Ericlisen, L . 
 
 Eli© CrURI . Tn 189G an appropriation of $9,000,000 was 
 voted for its enlargement to a depth of 9 feet; hut this 
 sum was soon expended, and in 1903 a further enlargement 
 was determined on, so as to allow the passage of barges of 
 1,000 tons, the depth to he 12 feet and the width to he 200 
 feet at bottom in larger rivers and canalized lakes, and 
 110 to 150 feet at bottom in smaller rivers and valleys, 
 while the minimum bottom width of canal sections proper 
 is to he 75 feet. Concrete is to he used instead of stone, 
 and the total cost of construction is to be $101,000,000. 
 The entire length of the New York State Barge Canal 
 system will he 431 miles, instead of 350 as at present; it 
 will include that of the tributary Oswego and Champlain 
 canals. The enlargement is expected to he finished by 
 the year 1914. 
 
 Eritrea". The colony extends on the coast of the Red 
 Sea from Cape Kasar (18* 2' N.) to Cape Dumeirah on the 
 
 Eucken 
 
 strait of Babel-Mandeb (12° 30' N.), about 670 miles. The 
 inland boundary was defined (by treaty of 1891, protocols 
 of 1898, 1899, and 1901, and agreement concluded in 1901) 
 as running from Ras Kasar to Barka, thence to Sabdeiat, 
 13 miles east of Kassala, thence southward about 120 miles 
 to the Atbara, and southeastward to Obok. By the treaty 
 of July 10, 1900, between Italy and Abyssinia, Eritrea an- 
 nexed the province of Cunama; and by the treaty of May 
 15, 1902, between Great Britain, Italy, and Abyssinia, the 
 boundaries between Eritrea and Sudan, withdrawn from 
 the Atbara, were determined by a line running southward 
 from Labderah to Abu Gamel on the Gash and Ombruga 
 on the Setit river. It has the control of its own adminis- 
 tration and finance, under a civil governor appointed by 
 the king. Asmara is the seat of government. Area, about 
 45,800 square miles. 
 
 Erlanger (er-lon-zha'), Camille. Born at 
 Paris, May 25, 1863. A French composer. 
 He was educated at the Paris Conservatory, where he took 
 the Prix de Rome in 1888. His principal works are “Le 
 Juif Polonais,” produced at the Paris Opera Comique in 
 1900, and “ Aphrodite,” produced there in 1906. He has 
 written other lyric dramas, an oratorio, a cantata, several 
 orchestral suites, and songs. 
 
 Erlanger (er-lon-zha'), Frederic d’. Born at 
 Paris, May 29, 1868. A French composer. His 
 works include three operas, among them “ Tess 
 of the d’Urbervilles,” and orchestral and cham- 
 ber music. 
 
 Erman (er'man), Adolf. Born at Berlin, Oct. 
 31, 1854. An eminent German Egyptologist, 
 professor in the University of Berlin from 1883, 
 and director of the Egyptian department of 
 the Royal Museum from 1885. Among his works 
 are “Die Pluralbildung des Agyptischen ” (1878), “Neu- 
 agyptische Grammatik ”(1880), “Agypten und agyptisches 
 Leben im Altertum” (1885-87), “Agyptische Grammatik 
 (2d ed. 1902), “Zauberspriiche fur Mutter und Kind” 
 (1901), etc. 
 
 Escalante (as-ka-lan'ta), Francisco Silvestre 
 Velez. A Spanish Franciscan friar, the first 
 explorer of Utah and “ ministro doetrinero” 
 of Zuhi. In 1776 he went from Zuni to Santa Ft to ex- 
 plore a road to connect the missions of the Rio Grande 
 with those of California. With Escalante were three ci- 
 vilians, four soldiers, and his brother friar Dominguez. 
 They crossed the tributaries of the San Juan, went down 
 the Dolores, crossed Grand River, the Book Plateau, the 
 head of White River, and finally the Green (which he 
 called “San Buenaventura”) some miles above the mouth 
 of the Uinta. Going up the latter, they surmounted the 
 Wasatch range and descended to Utah Lake. They heard 
 of Salt Lake, but did not go there. Turning then south, 
 they decided, October 7th, that winter would overtake 
 them before they cauld reach Monterey and that they 
 would strike for the Moki towns. Crossing the Sevier and 
 passing the sites of Fillmore, Beaver, and Parowan, they 
 reached the Virgin near St. George or Toquerville. 
 Thence they went south, southeast, north, etc., as the 
 topography compelled, finally arriving at the Ute Ford of 
 the Colorado about where the 37th parallel intersects the 
 river. Fording here, they at length reached the Moki 
 towns and Zuni. This ford has since been known as El 
 Vado de los Padres (the Crossing of the Fathers). 
 
 Escanaba (es-ka-na'ba). The county-seat of 
 Delta County, Michigan. It is situated on 
 Little Bay de Noquette, an inlet of Green 
 Bay, Lake Michigan, 58 miles southeast of 
 Marquette. It is an active shipping-point, for 
 iron-ore, lumber, coal, and fish. Population, 
 13,194, (1910). 
 
 Espejo (as-pa'ho), Antonio de. A wealthy 
 Spaniard who went to New Mexico, 1582-83, 
 with several Franciscan friars. At the close of 
 1582 he was on the Rio Grande near El Paso. He went up 
 the river, passing native settlements, and arrived at 
 Tiguex. Six leagues further up the river was Quires ; 
 thence fourteen leagues, Ounames ; thence five or six 
 leagues northwest, Ameies ; thence fifteen leagues west, 
 Acoma; and twenty-four leagues west, Zuni. He con- 
 tinued to the San Francisco Mountains. Returning via 
 Zuni, he again visited the Rio Grande pueblos, whence lie 
 went east to Hubates, north to Tamos, and then east to 
 Pecos river, which he followed out of the country, naming 
 it “Rio de las Vacas” because of the many buffalo he saw. 
 
 Esprit (es-pre'), Pierre d’. See * Radisson. 
 
 Estournelles de Constant (as-tor-nel' de kon- 
 ston'), Paul Henri Benjamin Balluat d’. 
 
 Born at La Fleche, Nov. 22, 1852. A French 
 diplomatist and statesman. He studied at. the 
 ft cole des Langues Orientales ; held diplomatic posts in 
 Tunis, Montenegro, and Holland, and (1892-94) at I ondon ; 
 was a member of the Chamber of Deputies 1895-1904, and 
 has been senator since 1904. lie represented France in 
 the peace conferences at The Hague in 1899 and 1907, and 
 is a member of the permanent court of arbitration there 
 established. In 1909 he received the Nobel prize for ser- 
 vices in the cause of peace. He has published “la vie 
 de province en Groce” (1876), “Les congregations reli- 
 gieuses chez les Arabes” (1886), etc. 
 
 Etna (et'na). A borough in Allegheny County, 
 Pennsylvania, just above Pittsburgh. It has 
 brass-foundries, steel-mills, pipe-factories, fur- 
 naces, etc. Population, 5,830, (1910). 
 
 Eucken (oi'ken), Rudolf Christoph. Born 
 in Aurieh, East Friesland, Jan. 5, 1846. A 
 German philosopher, professor of philosophy 
 at Jena from 1874. He has published “Geschichte 
 und Kritik der Grundbegriffe der Gegenwart ” (1878, 1892), 
 “ GeBchichte der philosophiBchen Terminologie ” (1879), 
 “Gesammelte Aufsiitze zur Philosophic und Lebensan- 
 schauung” (1903), etc. 
 
Eugene 
 
 Eugene (u-jen'). The county-seat of Lane 
 County, Oregon, on the Willamette River, 105 
 miles southwest of Portland. It has machine- 
 shops, furniture-factories, canneries, lumber- 
 mills, and agricultural interests, and is the 
 seat of the University of Oregon. Population, 
 9,009, (1910). 
 
 Eugen Onegin. An opera by Peter Tschai- 
 kovsky, words adapted from Pushkin's “Eu- 
 gene Onyegin,” first produced at the Moscow 
 Conservatory March 29, 1879. 
 
 Evans (ev'anz), Sir Arthur John. Born at 
 Nash Mills, Hertfordshire, England, 1851. An 
 English archaeologist, keeper of the Ashmo- 
 lean Museum 1884-1908 (honorary), and fellow 
 of Brasenose College, Oxford. He is especially 
 known for his explorations in Crete, which were begun in 
 1893 and resulted in the important discovery of a pre- 
 Phenician script and the excavating (1900-08) of a prehis- 
 toric palace at Cnoau9 (palace of Minos) containing many 
 remains of Minoan civilization. He has published “Cre- 
 tan Pictographs " (1896), “ Further Discoveries of Cretan 
 and Mgenn Script ’’ (1898), “The Mycenaean Tree ”(1901), 
 reports on the excavations at Cnosus, etc. He was 
 knighted in 1911. 
 
 Evans (ev'anz), Sir John. Bom at Britwell 
 Court, Berkhamstead, Buckinghamshire, Nov. 
 17, 1823: died there, May 31, 1908. An Eng- 
 lish archaeologist. His works include “ The Coins of 
 the Ancient Britons” (1864: supplement, 1890), “The 
 Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain (1872), 
 “The Ancient Bronze Implements of Great Britain and 
 Ireland" (1881), etc. 
 
 Evans (ev'anz), Robley Dunglison. Born 
 
 in Floyd County, Va., Aug. 18, 1846: died at 
 Washington, D. C., Jan. 3, 1912. An Ameri- 
 can naval officer. He was graduated at the United 
 States Naval Academy in 1863; served in the Union navy 
 during the last years of the Civil War (Fort Fisher); com- 
 manded the Yorktown, which was sent to Valparaiso, 
 Chile, in 1891, when trouble occurred between that coun- 
 try and the United States and sailors from the Baltimore 
 were attacked in the streets of Valparaiso ; was promoted 
 captain in 1893; commanded the battle-ship Iowa in 
 Admiral Sampson's squadron during the Spanish war, tak- 
 ing part in the battle of Santiago, July 3, 1898; and was 
 appointed rear-admiral in 1901. He retired in August, 
 1908. 
 
 Evans (ev'anz), Thomas Wiltberger. Born 
 at Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 23, 1823: died at 
 Paris, France, Nov. 14, 1897. An American 
 dentist. He went to Paris and became the official den- 
 tist of Napoleon III. and Empress Eugenie ; was promi- 
 nent in the organization of the Red Cross Society ; and 
 founded the “ American Register ” in Paris, one of the 
 first English newspapers published in that city. It was 
 through his efforts that the Empress Eugenie was rescued 
 from the violence of the Commune in 1870, and reached 
 England in safety. 
 
 Eveleth ( ev' e-leth) . A city in St. Louis County, 
 Minnesota, about 50 miles northwest of Duluth. 
 Iron-mining is its principal industry. Pop- 
 ulation, 7,036, (1910). 
 
 Everett (ev'er-et). The county-seat of Sno- 
 homish County, Washington, on Possession 
 Sound, 28 miles northeast of Seattle. Its 
 main interests are agriculture, lumbering, and 
 mining, and it has paper-factories, flour-mills, 
 lumber-mills, refining-works, etc. Population, 
 24,814, (1910). 
 
 Everett (ev'er-et), Charles Carroll. Born at 
 Brunswick, Me., June 19, 1829: died at Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., Oct. 17, 1900. An American 
 Unitarian minister and educator. He was grad- 
 uated at Bowdoin College in 1850; was minister of the 
 Independent Congregational (Unitarian) Church at Ban- 
 gor, Maine, 1859-6 1 .' ; and was appointed professor of the- 
 ology at Harvard University in 1869 and dean of the Har- 
 vard Divinity School in 1878. He wrote “The Science of 
 Thought” (1869), “Religions before Christianity” (1883), 
 “ Fichte's Science of Knowledge ” (1884), “ The Gospel of 
 Paul ” (1893), “ Essays Theological and Literary " (1901), etc. 
 
 Everett (ev'er-et), William. Born Oct. 10, 
 1839 : died Feb. 16, 1910. An American ed- 
 ucator and author, son of Edward Everett. 
 He was graduated at Harvard University in 1859 and at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, England, in 1863. He was 
 admitted to the bar in Boston in 1866, but never practised, 
 and in 1872 was licensed to preach in the Unitarian Church. 
 He was tutor and later assistant professor of Latin in Har- 
 vard University 1870-77 ; master of Adams Academy, 
 Quincy, Mass., 1877-93; and wa9 Democratic member of 
 Congress 1893-95. In 1897 he was recalled to the master- 
 ship of Adams Academy. Among his publications are 
 “ On the Cam ” (1865), “ School Sermons ” (1882), “ Thine, 
 not Mine” (1890), “The Italian Poets since Dante” (1904), 
 etc. 
 
 Farmington 
 
 Ever Faithful Isle. A name formerly given 
 to the island of Cuba. 
 
 Evermann (ev'er-man), Barton Warren. 
 
 Born in Monroe County, Iowa, Oct. 24, 1853. An 
 American biologist. He was ichthyologist and 
 assistant in charge of the scientific work of the 
 United States Bureau of Fisheries from 1903, 
 and curator of the division of fishes in the 
 United States National Museum from 1905. 
 He has published “ The Fishes of North and Middle Amer- 
 ica ” (1896-1900: with David Starr Jordan), “Food and 
 Game Fishes of North America” (1902 : also with Jordan), 
 “ Fishes of Hawaii" (1905), “ Fishes of Alaska ” (1907), etc. 
 
 Eversley, Viscount. See *Shaw-Lefevre, 
 Charles. 
 
 Ewald (a'vald), Karl. Born Oct. 15, 1856: 
 died at Copenhagen, Feb. 26, 1908. A noted 
 Danish novelist. His works include stories of modern 
 life, historical romances, fairy tales, etc. He was called 
 the “Danish Hans Andersen.” 
 
 Ewing (u'ing), Mrs. (Juliana Horatia Gatty). 
 
 Born at Ecelesfield, Yorkshire, 1841: died at 
 Bath, May 13, 1885. An English writer for 
 the young, daughter of Margaret Gatty. She 
 married in 1867 Major Alexander Ewing of the army pay 
 department. Her works include “Melchior's Dream” 
 (1862), “The Brownies" (1870), “A Flat-iron for a Farth- 
 ing” (1872), “Lob-lie-by-the-Fire” (1873), “We and the 
 World ” (1873), “Six to Sixteen” (1875), “Jan of the Wind- 
 mill" (1876), “Jackanapes ” (1883), “The Story of a Short 
 Life ” (1885), etc. 
 
 Excelsior State. A popular name for the State 
 of New York: from the motto “Excelsior” on 
 its shield. 
 
 Exner (eks'ner), Siegmund. Born at Vienna, 
 Austria, April 5, 1846. An Austrian physi- 
 ologist, professor at the University of Vienna 
 from 1874. His works include “Untersuchungen liber 
 die Lokalisation der Funktionen in der Grosshirnrinde des 
 Menschen” (1881), “Die Physiologie des Fliegens und 
 Sehwebens in den bildenden Kiinsten ” (1882), etc. 
 
 Eyre (ar), Wilson. Born at Florence, Italy, 
 Oct. 30, 1858. An American architect. He was 
 educated at schools in Italy and America, and acquired his 
 professional training in the office of James P. Sims in 
 Philadelphia. He has been especially successful in domes- 
 tic architectur e. He was elected a national academician 
 in 1910. 
 
 abian (fa'bi-an) Society. An 
 organization for the ad- 
 vancement of socialism, 
 formed as a result of in- 
 formal conferences for the 
 discussion of social ques- 
 tions held by Thomas Da- 
 vidson in London in 1883. 
 The society (named for the Roman Fabius) held its first 
 public meetings in 1888 and entered on a definite propa- 
 ganda of socialism. The addresses have been published as 
 the “ Fabian Essays ” (1889). “ Tracts ” have been issued 
 
 at intervals. 
 
 Fabre (fabr), Jean Henri. Born at St. Leons, 
 France, Dec. 21, 1823. A French naturalist. 
 
 He has published many elementary and popular works of 
 science, including “Science elementaire ” (1862-65), “As- 
 tronomie Elementaire” (1872), “La plante ” (1875), and 
 “Souvenirs entomologiques ” (1879-99). This last work 
 has been crowned by the Institute of France. 
 
 Faguet (fa-ga'), 3-lmile. Born at La Roche- 
 sur-Yon, France, Dec. 17, 1847. A French his- 
 torical critic, professor at the Sorbonne from 
 1890. He was dramatic critic of'the “Soleil " for three 
 years, and in 1896 succeeded Jules Lemaitre on the “ Jour- 
 nal des Debats.” In 1900 he was elected to the French 
 Academy, succeeding Cherbuliez. Among his works are 
 studies of the four literary centuries of France, “ Corneille ” 
 (1885), “La Fontaine” (1889), “Notes sur le theatre 
 contemporain" (1889-91), “Voltaire" (1894), “Flaubert” 
 (1899), “ Histoire de la litterature fran<;ai8e ” (1900), “ Andre 
 Chenier” (1902), “En lisant Nietzsche” (1904), “L’Anti- 
 cldricalisme ” (1900), etc. 
 
 Fairbanks (far'bangks). A town in Ala ska, on 
 a branch of the Yukon River, about lat. 65° N., 
 long. 147° 50' W. It is an important mission station 
 of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and has a post-office 
 and a wireless telegraph station. It is the largest gold- 
 camp in the interior. Population, 3,541, (1910). 
 
 Fairbanks (far'bangks), Charles Warren. 
 
 Born near Union ville Center, Ohio, May 11, 
 1852. An American lawyer and Republican 
 statesman, Vice-President of the United States 
 1905-09. He was graduated at the Ohio Wesleyan Uni- 
 versity, Delaware, Ohio, in 1872, and was admitted to the 
 (Ohio) bar in 1874. In 1898 he was appointed a member 
 of the Joint High British-American Commission and chair- 
 man of the American commissioners. He was elected 
 United States senator from Indiana in 1897 and in 1903, 
 and Vice-President of the United States in 1904. 
 
 Fairbury (far'be-ri). The county-seat of Jef- 
 ferson County, Nebraska, 53 miles southwest 
 of Lincoln. It is a railroad junction, and has 
 nurseries, manufactories, etc. Population, 
 5,294, (1910). 
 
 Fairchild (far'child), Charles Stebbins. 
 
 Born at Cazenovia, N. Y., April 30, 1842. An 
 American lawyer, banker, and cabinet officer. 
 
 He was graduated at Harvard in 1863; practised law in 
 Albany and New York city 1865-85, being deputy attor- 
 ney-general of the State 1874-75, and attorney-general 
 1876-77 ; and was assistant secretary of the United States 
 treasury 1885-87, and secretary 1887-89. 
 
 Fairchild (far'child), Herman Leroy. Born 
 at Montrose, Pa., April 29, 1850. An American 
 geologist, professor in the University of Roch- 
 ester from 1888. He has published numerous 
 technical papers relating especially to the 
 glacial geology of New York. 
 
 Fairhaven (far-ha/vn). A town in Bristol 
 County, Massachusetts, on the Acushnet 
 River opposite New Bedford. It is a summer 
 resort, and has fishing interests and various 
 manufactures. The town is connected with 
 New Bedford by ferry, bridge, and electric 
 railway. Population, 5,122, (1910). 
 
 Fairmont (far ' mont). The county-seat of 
 Marion County, West Virginia, on the Monon- 
 gahela River, 52 miles southeast of Wheeling. 
 It is in a coal-mining region, and has foun- 
 dries, flour-mills, glass-factories, etc. It is 
 the seat of a State normal school. Popula- 
 tion, 9,711, (1910). 
 
 Fall (fal), Leo. A contemporary German 
 composer. He has devoted himself to light opera, fol- 
 lowing in the footsteps of Johann Strauss and Franz von 
 Suppe. His works include “Irrlicht” (1905), “Der 
 Rebell ” (1905), “Der fidele Bauer ” (1907), “Die Dollar 
 Prinzessin” (1907), “Die geschiedene Frau,” and “Die 
 schone Risette. ” Many of these works have been heard 
 in London and New York under English titles, the most 
 successful being “The Dollar Princess" and “The Girl 
 in the Train ” (“ Die geschiedene Frau ”). 
 
 Falli&res (fal-yar'), Clement Armand. Born 
 at M6zin, Lot-et-Garonne, Nov. 6, 1841. A 
 French statesman. He was elected to the Chamber 
 of Deputies in 1876 ; was minister of the interior 1882-83 
 
 and 1887, minister of public instruction 1883-85 and 1889- 
 1890, minister of justice 1887-88 and 1890-92, senator 1889- 
 1906, and president of the Senate 1899-1906 ; and was 
 elected President of the French Republic, January 17, 
 1906. 
 
 Fame, Hall of. See *Hall of Fame. 
 
 Fane, Violet. The pseudonym of Lady Currie 
 (Mrs. Mary Montgomerie Singleton). 
 
 Farina (fa-re'na), Salvatore. Born at Sorso, 
 Italy, Jan. 10, 1846. An Italian novelist and 
 journalist. Among his works are “ Fiamma Vagabonda ” 
 (1872), “II tesoro di Donnina ” (1873), “ Amore bendato ” 
 (1875), “Oro nascosto” (1878), “Mio figlio ” (1879-81), “H 
 Signor Io,” his best-known book (1882), “ Amore ha cent' 
 occhi" (1882), “Pe’ begli occhi della gloria” (1887), “Piu 
 forte dell' amore ” (1890L “ II numero 13 ” (1895), “ Ma- 
 donnina Bianca (Vanitas) - ' (1897), “ Fino alia morte ”(1902). 
 Farley, John Murphy. Born at Newtown Ham- 
 ilton, County Armagh, Ireland, April 20, 1842. 
 An American Roman Catholic prelate. He was 
 ordained priest in Rome in 1870. He was secretary t<> 
 Archbishop McCloskey of New York 1872-84, was vicar- 
 general of New York 1891, domestic prelate of Pope Leo 
 XIII. 1892-95, auxiliary bishop of New York 1895-1902, 
 archbishop of New York 1902-, and cardinal Nov. 27, 1911 . 
 He has especially promoted Catholic education. 
 
 Farman (far'man), Henri. Bom in Paris (of 
 an English father and French mother) in 1873. 
 An English aviator. He began experiments with a 
 Voisin biplane in August, 1907 ; on Jan. 13, 1908, won the 
 Deutsch-Archdeacon prize for the first machine to fly one 
 kilometer in a complete circle; on July 6, 1908, won the 
 Armengaud prize offered for the first machine to remain 
 over 15 minutes in the air ; came to the United States in 
 August, 1908 ; Oct. 30, 1908, made the first flight from city 
 to city (Bouy to Rheims); and on Aug. 27, 1909, won the 
 Grand Prix de la Champagne at Rheims by a record flight 
 of 180 kilometers (111.848 miles) in 3 hrs. 4 min. 56g sec. 
 He continued his flight beyond the official time-limit until 
 he had covered 190 kilometers (118.06 miles). On Nov. 9, 
 1910, he carried 6 passengers (including the aviator) for 
 two circuits, at Chalons, France. 
 
 Farmer of St. Ives. A name given to Oliver 
 Cromwell. He rented grazing-lands at St. Ives, 
 Huntingdonshire, 1631-36. 
 
 Farmington (far'ming-ton). A town in Hart- 
 ford County, Connecticut, 9 miles southwest 
 of Hartford. It has manufactories of stone- 
 crushers, etc., and is the seat of a well-known 
 school for girls, established about 1845. Pop- 
 ulation, 3,478, (1910). 
 
Farrand 
 
 Fiske, Mrs. 
 
 Farrand (far ' and), Livingston. Born at 
 Newark, N. J., (Tune 14, 186/. An American 
 anthropologist and psychologist, professor of 
 anthropology in Columbia University from 1903. 
 He was adjunct professor there 1901-03. His 
 studies relate chiefly to the American Indians. 
 Farrar (far'ar or fa-rar'), Geraldine. Born at 
 Melrose, Mass., Feb. 28, 1882. An American 
 Soprano singer. She studied with Lorenz in Boston, 
 Trabadello in Paris, and Lilli Lehmann in Germany. She 
 made her operatic ddbutat Berlin in 1901 as Marguerite 
 in “ Faust,” became a member of the Court Opera, and 
 sang later in Paris and Russia. She joined the Metropoli- 
 tan Opera Company in 1906, and made her first American 
 appearance as Juliet in Gounod’s opera. Her idles include 
 Madame Butterfly, the Goose Girl (in “ Konigskinder ”1 
 which she created, Ariane (in “ Ariane et Barbe-Bleue 
 Elizabeth (in “ Tannhauser ”), Nedda (in “ Pagliacci ”), 
 Mimi (in “ La Boheme ”), and Tosca. 
 
 Fashoda Affair. The culminating incident of 
 the effort of France to gain control of the 
 upper Nile. See * Marchand . 
 
 Faunce (fans), William Herbert Perry. 
 Born at Worcester, Mass., Jan. 15, 1859. An 
 American clergyman and educator, president 
 of Brown University from 1899. He was gradu- 
 ated at Brown University in 1880, and was pastor of the 
 State Street Baptist Church, Springfield, Massachusetts, 
 1884-89, and of the Fifth Avenue Baptist Church, New 
 York city, 1889-99. 
 
 Faur6 (fo-ra'), Gabriel. Born at Pamiers, 
 France, May 13, 1845. A French composer. 
 
 He has composed an opera, “L’Organiste ” (1885), a sym- 
 phony, incidental music to several plays (including “ Pel- 
 teas et M&isande”), a number of highly esteemed songs, 
 a violin sonata, and piano pieces. 
 
 Fedora (fa-do'ra). An opera by Umberto 
 Giordano and Victorien Sardou, first produced 
 at Milan in 1898. 
 
 Feng-huang-cheng (feng-hwang-cheng'). A 
 town in southern Manchuria, situated about 
 forty miles northwest of the mouth of the 
 Yalu. It was captured from the Russians by 
 the Japanese under Kuroki, May 6, 19Q4. In 
 1907 it was opened to international trade. 
 Fenn (fen), George Manville. Born at West- 
 minster, Jan. 3, 1831: died Aug. 26, 1909. An 
 English author. He contributed numerous sketches 
 and short stories to various magazines ; published over 
 one hundred books for boys, and many novels ; and was 
 editor of “Cassell’s Magazine,” and editor and proprietor 
 of “ Once a Week.” Among his books are “ The Parson o’ 
 Dumford ” (1879), “ Double Cunning ” (1886), “ This Man’s 
 Wife” (1887), “A Crimson Crime” (1899), and “The Can- 
 kerworm ” (1901). 
 
 Fenollosa (fen-o-16'sa), Ernest Francisco. 
 
 Bora at Salem, Mass., Feb. 18, 1853: died Sept., 
 1908. An American educator. He was grad- 
 uated at Harvard University in 1874, was professor of 
 political economy and philosophy at Tokio University 
 1878-80, and of philosophy and logic 1880-86. He was 
 manager of the art department of the Imperial Museum 
 at Tokio 1887-90, and curator of the department of Orien. 
 tal art in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts 1890-96. He 
 published poems, monographs on art, etc. 
 
 Fergus Falls (fer'gus falz). The county-seat 
 of Otter Tail County, Minnesota, on the Red 
 River. It has many mills and factories, the 
 products including flour, lumber, woolen goods,, 
 iron, etc. Population, 6,887, (1910). 
 
 Femow (fer'no), Bernhard Eduard. Born at 
 Inowrazlaw, Posen, Prussia, Jan. 7, 1851. A 
 German-American forester, dean of the fac- 
 ulty of forestry of Toronto University from 
 1907. He was chief of the forestry division of the United 
 States Department of Agriculture 1886-98, and director 
 and dean of the New York State College of Forestry of 
 Cornell University 1898-1903. He has been honorary cu- 
 rator of the United States National Museum from 1887. 
 His works include “ The White Pine ” (1899), “ Economics 
 of Forestry ” (1902), “History of Forestry ” (1907), etc. 
 
 Ferrari (fer-ra're), Carlotta. Born at Lodi, 
 Jan. 27, 1837: died at Bologna, Nov. 23, 1907. 
 An Italian poet and composer, she studied music 
 at the Milan Conservatory. Her compositions include a 
 well-known mass, several operas, and many songs, of 
 which she wrote both words and music. Her long poem, 
 “ Dante Alighieri,” ran into several editions. 
 
 Ferraris (fa-ra'res), Galileo. Born at Livorno, 
 Piedmont, Italy, Oct. 31, 1847 : died at Turin, 
 Feb. 7, 1897. An eminent Italian physicist, 
 noted, for his researches in electricity, and 
 especially for his discovery of the principle of 
 the rotary field. From 1879 he was professor of 
 physics at the Royal Industrial Museum and instructor 
 of physics in the Superior Military Academy in Turin. 
 Among his works are “Sulla illuminazione elettrica” 
 (1879) and “ Lezioni di elettrotecnica " (1898). 
 
 Ferrelo (fa-ra'lo), Bartolomeo: correctly 
 Ferrer. A Spanish navigator of about the 
 middle of the sixteenth century. He accom- 
 panied Cabrillo as pilot on his expedition to 
 the western coast of California 1542-43. 
 Ferrer. See *Ferrelo. 
 
 Ferrero (fe-ra'ro), Guglielmo. Born at Turin, 
 1872. An Italian author. His translated works in- 
 
 clude “Militarism : a Contribution to the Peace Crusade ” 
 (1903), “ Characters and Events of Roman History from 
 Csesar to Nero ” (Lowell lectures, 1908), “The Greatness 
 and Decline of Rome ” (5 volumes, 1907-09), “The Women 
 of the Caesars ’’ (serially, 1911), etc. 
 
 Ferrer y Guardia (fer-rar' e gwiir-de'a), Fran- 
 cisco. Born in 1859 at Abella, in the province 
 of Barcelona: executed Oct. 13, 1909. A 
 Spanish educator. He was an active propagandist of 
 advanced socialistic doctrines, and was arrested, Sept. 1, 
 1909, on the charge of being a notorious anarchist and 
 implicated in the Barcelona riots of the preceding July. 
 His execution, occurring on the very day of his trial, 
 roused intensely bitter feeling among socialists at large, 
 especially in France. 
 
 Ferri (fer're), Enrico. Born at San Bene- 
 detto Po, Mantua, Feb. 25, 1856. An Italian 
 socialist and criminologist. He studied at Bo- 
 logna, Pisa, and Paris, and was a pupil of Lombroso ; and 
 was professor at Bologna, Siena, Pisa, Brussels, and the 
 College of Social Science at Paris. He has been a member 
 of the Italian Chamber of Deputies since 1886, and is a 
 leader of the socialist party. He is the author of various 
 works on sociological and criminological subjects. 
 
 Fevrier (fa-vre-a'), Henri. A contemporary 
 French composer. lie has written chamber music 
 and two operas, “Le roi aveugle” and “MonnaVanna” 
 (after Maeterlinck’s drama), the latter being produced 
 at the Paris Opera, Jan. 23, 1909. 
 
 Ffrangcon-Davies (frang'kon-da'viz), David 
 Thomas. Born at Bethesda, Carnarvonshire, 
 Dec. 11, 1860. A Welsh barytone. He was edu- 
 cated at Jesus College, Oxford, and took orders, but with- 
 drew to become a singer. He made his debut in opera in 
 1890, but since 1893 has devoted himself to concert work, 
 appearing in Europe and America. He became a teacher 
 in the Royal Academy of Music, London, and has pub- 
 lished “The Singing of the Future.” 
 
 Fiala (fe-a'la), Anthony. Born at Jersey 
 City, N. J., Sept. 19, 1869. An American 
 arctic explorer. He was a member of the Baldwin- 
 Ziegler expedition 1901-02, and commanded the Ziegler 
 expedition which sailed from Tromso, Norway, July, 1903, 
 and attained lat. 82° 13' N., returning in 1905. He is the 
 author of “ Fighting the Polar Ice ” (1906). 
 
 Fiebeger (fe'be-ger), Gustave Joseph. Born 
 at Akron, Ohio, May 9, 1858. An officer of 
 engineers and educator, professor of engineer- 
 ing and the art of war in the United States 
 Military Academy. He was graduated from the 
 Academy in 1879, and was assistant professor there 
 1883-88. His publications include “Field Fortification’’ 
 (1901), “ Civil Engineering ’’ (1904), etc. 
 
 Fiedler (fed'ler), August Max. Born at 
 Zittau, Saxony, Dec. 31, 1859. A German 
 conductor and composer. He studied at the Leip- 
 sic Conservatory 1877-80, became a teacher at the Ham- 
 burg Conservatory in 1882, and director in 1903. He also 
 conducted the Philharmonic Concerts there. He was 
 conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra 1908-12. 
 He has composed symphonies, songs, piano pieces, and 
 chamber music. 
 
 Field*, Eugene. His works include “The Denver 
 Tribune Primer" (1882), “Culture’s Garland” (1887), “A 
 Little Book of Profitable Tales ” (1890), “ A Little Book of 
 Western Verse" (1890), “With Trumpet and Drum" 
 (1892), “Echoes from the Sabine Farm "(1893), “The Holy 
 Cross, and Other Tales ” (1893), “A Second Book of Verse ” 
 (1893), “ Love-songs of Childhood ’’ (1894), “ The House ” 
 (1896), “Second Book of Tales” (1896), “Songs, and Other 
 Verse” (1896), “Eugene Field, an Auto-analysis ” (1896), 
 “Love-affairs of a Bibliomaniac ” (1896), “Lullaby-land” 
 (1897), etc. 
 
 Field (feld), Kate. Bora at St. Louis, Mo., 
 1838 : died at Honolulu, Hawaii, May 19, 1896. 
 An American actress, journalist, and lecturer. 
 She established a periodical, “ Kate Field’s 
 Washington,” in 1890, discontinued shortly 
 before her death. 
 
 Field (feld), Marshall. Born at Conway, 
 Mass., Aug. 18, 1835: died at New York, Jan. 
 16, 1906. An American merchant. He went to 
 
 Chicago in 1856 and in 1860 entered into partnership with 
 Potter Palmer and Levi Z. Leiter. Later, on the with- 
 drawal of the two latter, the firm became Marshall Field 
 and Company. He founded the Field Columbian Museum 
 in Chicago. 
 
 Field Columbian Museum. A museum situ- 
 ated at the north end of Jackson Park, Chicago, 
 formed out of the Art Building of the World’s 
 Columbian Exposition of 1893 at the expense 
 of Marshall Field. It contains collections in 
 anthropology, ethnology, geology, natural his- 
 tory, etc. 
 
 Fildes (fildz), Sir Luke. Born at Liverpool 
 in 1844. An English painter. Much of his early 
 work consisted of illustrations for London periodicals. 
 His paintings include English and Venetian genre sub- 
 jects, also portraits, among the latter those of King Ed- 
 ward VII. and Queen Alexandra. Among his most fa- 
 mous paintings are “The Village Wedding” (1883) and 
 “ The Doctor ” (1891). He was knighted in 1906. 
 
 Finck (fingk), Henry Theophilus. Born at 
 Bethel, Mo., Sept. 22, 1854. An American 
 critic and writer on musical and other subjects. 
 He was graduated at Harvard in 1876, and since 1881 
 has been musical critic on tho New York “Evening 
 Post.” lie has published “Romantic Love and Personal 
 Beauty” (1887), “Chopin, and Other Musical Essays” 
 (1889), “ Wagner and his Works ” (1893), “ Primitive Love 
 
 and Love Stories” (1899), “Songs and Song Writers” 
 (1900), “Edvard Grieg” (1906), “Grieg and his Music” 
 (1909), and books of travel in Spain, California, and Japan. 
 Finland*. The administration is vested in a national 
 parliament consisting of one chamber of 200 members 
 chosen by direct and proportional election. There are 16 
 electoral districts with a representation proportioned to 
 the population. The suffrage is possessed by all citizens, 
 male or female, above the age of 24 years. The “ Impe- 
 rial Legislation Law,” enacted June 30, 1910, deprived the 
 Diet of its right to pass upon Finnish questions involving 
 imperial interests. 
 
 Finlay (fin ' la), Charles John. Born at 
 Puerto Principe, Cuba, Dec. 3, 1833, of English 
 parents. An American physician, chief sani- 
 tary officer of Cuba 1902-08. He was graduated 
 from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1855. 
 He originated (1881) the theory, since demonstrated, that 
 yellow fever is transmitted by a species of mosquito. 
 
 Finley (fin'li), John Huston. Born at Grand 
 Ridge, 111., Oct. 19, 1863. An American edu- 
 cator. He was graduated at Knox College in 1887, and 
 studied at Johns Hopkins University 1887-89. He was 
 president of Knox College 1892-99, professor of politics in 
 Princeton University 1900-03, president of the College of 
 the City of New York 1903-13, and commissioner of edu- 
 cation for the State of New York 1913-. 
 
 Finsen (fin ' sen), Niels Ryberg. Born at 
 Thorshavn in the Faroe Islands, Dec. 15, 1860: 
 died at Copenhagen, Sept. 24, 1904. A Danish 
 physician, noted for his application of solar 
 and electric light to the cure of diseases of 
 the skin, especially of lupus. He was prosector at 
 Copenhagen 1890-93, and thereafter devoted himself to 
 the development of the light-cure. He published a num- 
 ber of works on this subject. In 1903 he received the 
 Nobel prize in medicine. 
 
 Firth (ferth), Charles Harding. Born at 
 Sheffield, England, March 16, 1857. A noted 
 English historian and educator. He was educated 
 at Balliol College, Oxford ; was lecturer at Pembroke Col- 
 lege, Oxford, 1887-93 ; was lecturer in English history 
 at the University of Oxford 1900; was fellow of All Souls' 
 College 1901 ; and has been regius professor of modern 
 history at Oxford since 1904. In 1903 he was made a 
 fellow of the British Academy. He is the author of 
 “Scotland and the Protectorate” (1899), “Oliver Crom- 
 well and the Rule of the Puritans in England” (1900), 
 “Cromwell’s Army” (1902), “ The House of Lords during 
 the Civil War” (1910), etc., and has edited numerous 
 biographical and historical volumes. 
 
 Fischer (fish'er), Emil. Born at Euskirchen, 
 Prussia, Oct. 9, 1852. A noted German chem- 
 ist, professor in the University of Berlin from 
 1892. His most notable achievement is the production, 
 synthetically, of the simpler sugars. He has written 
 “ Anleitung zur Darstellung organischer Praparate ” (6th 
 edition 1901), etc. He received" the Nobel prize in chem- 
 istry in 1902. 
 
 Fisher (fish'6r), Andrew. Bom at Cross- 
 house, Kilmarnock, Scotland, Aug. 29, 1862. 
 An Australian statesman. He went to Queensland 
 in 1885, entered the Queensland Parliament in 1893, and 
 has been a member of the Federal Parliament from its 
 inauguration in 1901. He is leader of the Federal Parlia- 
 mentary Labor party, and was prime minister 1908-09 
 and 1910-. 
 
 Fisher (fish'er), John Arbuthnot, first Baron 
 Fisher of Kilverstone. Bora Jan. 25, 1841. 
 A British naval officer, first sea-lord of the 
 Admiralty 1904-05, and admiral of the fleet 
 1905-11. He served in the Crimean (1855), Chinese 
 (1859-60), and Egyptian (1882) wars, became vice-admiral 
 in 1890, and was lord of the admiralty 1892-97, a delegate 
 to the peace conference at The Hague in 1899, command- 
 er-in-chief of the Mediterranean station 1899-1902, sec- 
 ond naval lord of the admiralty 1902-03, and commander- 
 in-chief at Portsmouth 1903-04. In 1905 he was made a 
 member of the Order of Merit. He was knighted in 1894, 
 and raised to the peerage in 1909. 
 
 Fisher (fish'er), Mark. Born at Boston, Mass., 
 of English and Irish parentage. A contempo- 
 rary English painter. After receiving his education 
 at Boston he studied under Gleyre at Paris, settled in Eng- 
 land, and devoted himself to landscape and animal paint- 
 ing. He was elected an associate of the Royal Academy 
 in 1911. 
 
 Fisher (fish'er), Walter Lowrie. Born at 
 
 Wheeling, W. Va., July 4, 1862. An Amer- 
 ican lawyer, secretary of the interior March 
 7, 1911-13. He was admitted to the bar in 1888, 
 and has since practised law in Chicago. He has been 
 special counsel for the city of Chicago in traction affairs 
 since 1906, and was a member of the commission appoint- 
 ed in 1910 to investigate the control of stock and bond 
 issues by railroad companies. 
 
 Fishguard (fish'gard). A seaport in Pem- 
 brokeshire, Wales. The Cunard steamers 
 from New York land passengers at Fishguard 
 harbor before going on to Liverpool. Popula- 
 tion, 2,002. 
 
 Fiske (fisl<), Mrs. (Minnie Davey) : known as 
 Minnie Maddern Fiske. Born at New Or- 
 leans, La., Dec. 19, 1865. An American ac- 
 tress. She took her mother’s maiden name of Maddern. 
 She went on the stage at the age of three and has starred 
 since she was sixteen. In 1890 she married Harrison 
 Grey Fiske, journalist and playwright. Her principal 
 successes have been made in “Tess of the D’Urbervilles,” 
 “Becky Sharp,” “Leah Kleschna,” “Salvation Nell,” etc. 
 
Fiske, Thomas Scott 
 
 Fiske (fisk), Thomas Scott. Born at New 
 York, May 12, 1865. An American mathema- 
 tician, professor of mathematics in Columbia 
 University from 1897. He was adjunct pro- 
 fessor there 1894-97. 
 
 Fisk University. An institution at Nash- 
 ville, Tennessee, founded in 1865 by the 
 American Missionary Association of New York 
 and the Western Freedman’s Aid Commission 
 for the purpose of providing Christian educa- 
 tion for the colored people of the South, it 
 
 offers courses in preparation for the degrees of bachelor 
 of arts and bachelor of science, and has a theological, a 
 music, and a normal school. The students number over 
 450 and the alumni about 700. The endowment is less 
 than $80,000. It has also a college preparatory depart- 
 ment and a training-school. 
 
 Fitch (fich), William Clyde. Born at Elmira, 
 New York, May 2, 1865: died at Paris, Sept. 
 4,1909. An American playwright, lie graduated 
 
 at Amherst College in 1886, and from 188!) produced plays 
 for the stage. Among them are “Barbara Frietchie,” 
 “Captain Jinks of the Horse Marines,’’ “Beau Brummel,” 
 “The Climbers,” “The Girl and the Judge,” “The Girl 
 with the Green Eyes,” “ The Woman in the Case,” etc. 
 Fitzgerald (flts-jer'ald). A city in Ben Hill 
 County, Georgia, 135 miles southwest of Sa- 
 vannah. Its main interests are iron and cot- 
 ton. Population, 5,795, (1910). 
 Flammarion*, Camille. His later works include 
 “La tin du monde ” (1893), “L’Inconnu et ses problemes 
 psychiques” (1900), “ Les eruptions volcaniques et les 
 tremblements de terre ” (1902), and “La planete Mars et 
 ses conditions d’ habitability ” (1909). 
 
 Flat River (flat riv'er). A city in St. Francois 
 County, Missouri, incorporated in 1908. Pop- 
 ulation, 5,112, (1910). 
 
 Fleay (fla), Frederick Gard. Born 1831 : died 
 at Upper Tooting, London, March 10,1909. A 
 British Shaksperian scholar. He graduated from 
 King’s College, London, in 1849, and from Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, in 1853. Among his well-known works are 
 “ Life of Shakespeare ” (188(3), “ Biographical Chronicle of 
 the English Drama,” and “Chronicle of the English 
 Stage.” 
 
 Fleming ( flem'ing), Mrs. ( Williamina Paton). 
 Born at Dundee, Scotland, May 15, 1857 : died 
 at Boston, Mass., May 21, 1911. A Scottish- 
 American astronomer, curator of astronomical 
 photographs in the Harvard Observatory 1898- 
 1911. Sbe was assistant in the observatory 
 1879-98, and discovered new stars and the 
 spectra of meteors. 
 
 Fletcher (flech'er), Banister. Born 1833: 
 died at Hampstead, London, July 5, 1899. An 
 English architect. He was trained in architecture in 
 the office of Charles James Richardson (author of several 
 books on Elizabethan architecture), and was professor of 
 architecture and building construction in King’s College, 
 London, where he created an excellent school with a fine 
 museum. His best-known publication is the “ History of 
 Architecture ” (1896 : 5th ed. 1905), written with the assis- 
 tance of his son Banister F. Fletcher. 
 
 Fletcher (flech'er), Henry Prather. Born at 
 Green Castle, Pa., April 10, 1873. An Ameri- 
 can diplomatist. He was admitted to the bar in 1894, 
 and served with the Rough Riders in the war with Spain 
 in 1898, and with the United States Volunteer Infantry in 
 the Philippine Islands 1899-1901. He was second secre- 
 tary of the American legation to Cuba 1902-03, and to 
 China 1903-05 ; secretary of the legation to Portugal 1905- 
 1907 ; and first secretary of the legation to China 1907-09. 
 He was appointed minister to Chile in 1909. 
 
 Fletcher (flech'er), Horace. Born at Law- 
 rence, Mass., Aug. 10, 1849. An American 
 writer on dietetics and vital economics. He 
 is best known as the founder of “ Fletcherism,” a dietetic 
 system which emphasizes especially the thorough masti- 
 cation of food. His works include “ Menticulture,” 
 “What Sense? or Economic Nutrition,” “Glutton or 
 Epicure,” “Optimism,” etc. 
 
 Flexner (fieks'ner), Simon. Born at Louis- 
 ville, Kentucky, March 25, 1863. An Ameri- 
 can pathologist and bacteriologist. He has been 
 director of the laboratories of the Rockefeller Institute 
 for Medical Research in New York city from 1903. He 
 has published various technical papers and monographs. 
 
 Flint (flint), Albert stowell. Born at Salem, 
 Mass., Sept. 12, 1853. An American scientist, 
 astronomer of the Washburn Observatory of 
 the University of Wisconsin from 1904. He was 
 
 computer in the United States Naval Observatory 1881-83 
 and 1888-89; assistant with the United States Transit of 
 Venus Commission 1883-88 ; and assistant astronomer of 
 the Washburn Observatory 1889-1904. His publications 
 relate chiefly to meridian observations for stellar parallax 
 and star positions. 
 
 Florence (flor'ens). The county-seat of Flor- 
 ence County, South Carolina, 97 miles north- 
 east of Charleston. It is a cotton-market, 
 and lias railroad shops, lumber-mills, tobacco- 
 warehouses, etc. Population, 7,057, (1910). 
 Florianopoiis (flo' / ri-an-op'o-lis). S eoDcsterro. 
 Flynt (flint), Josiah. The pseudonym of 
 .Tosiah Flynt Willard. See * Willard. 
 Fogazzaro (fo-gat-za'ro), Antonio. Born at 
 Vicenza, Italy, March 25, 1842: died near there, 
 
 March 7, 1911. An Italian poet and novelist. 
 
 Among the best known of his works are “ Miranda ’ ’ (1874), 
 “Valsolda,” a volume of poems (1876)," Malombra ” (1881), 
 “Daniel Cortis ” (1885), “11 mistero del poeta” (1888), 
 “ Piccolo mondo antico ’ ’ (1896), “Piccolo mondo moderno ’ ’ 
 (1900) ; two volumes of essays, “ Discorsi ” (1898) and “ As- 
 censioni uraane ” (1899); a book of plays, “Scene ” (1903); 
 and his last story, “ Leila ” (1910). His “ II Santo ” (1905) 
 was placed on the condemnation list by the Congregation 
 of the Index in 1906 because of its liberal utterances in 
 regard to the Roman Catholic Church. 
 
 Folk (fok), Joseph Wingate. Born at Browns- 
 ville, Tenn., Oct. 28, 1869. An American law- 
 yer and Democratic politician, governor of 
 Missouri 1905-09. As circuit attorney of St. 
 Louis, 1900-04, he became noted for the prose- 
 cution of bribery cases. 
 
 Folkething (fol'ke-ting). [Dan., < folk, folk 
 (— G. voile), + thing, a meeting (of lawmakers) : 
 see Landsthing .] The lower house of the 
 
 Danish parliament or Rigsdag. it consists of 
 114 members elected for three years by universal suffrage. 
 All matters regarding the budget and taxation must first 
 be introduced into the Folkething and discussed by it be- 
 fore being taken up by the Landsthing, or upper house. 
 
 Folks (foks), Homer. Born at Hanover, Mich., 
 Feb. 18, 1867. An American social worker. 
 He was graduated from Albion College, Mich., in 1889, 
 and from Harvard College in 1890. He was superinten- 
 dent of the Children’s Aid Society of Pennsylvania 1890- 
 1893 ; has been secretary of the State Charities Aid Asso- 
 ciation of New York since 1893 (except when he was com- 
 missioner of public charities of New York city 1902-03) ; is 
 associate editor of “ The Survey ”; and has been president 
 of the State Probation Commission since its establishment 
 in 1907. He has written “History of the Care of Destitute, 
 Neglected and Delinquent Children in the United States 
 (1902), etc. 
 
 Fontane (fon-tan'), Theodor. Born at Neu- 
 ruppin, Prussia, Dee. 30, 1819: died at Berlin, 
 Sept. 20, 1898. A German poet, novelist, and 
 essayist. He was educated at the Industrial School in 
 Berlin, and was editor of the English department of the 
 “ Neuen Preussischen Zeitung ” (1860-70), and dramatic 
 critic of the “ Vossische Zeitung” (1870-90). Among his 
 works are “ Aus England : Studien und Briefe ” (1860), 
 “ Jenseit des Tweed : Bilder und Briefe aus Schottland” 
 (1860), “ Balladen ” (1861), “Vor dem Sturm” (1878), 
 “ L’Adultera ” (1882), “Graf Petofy” (1884), “Irrungen, 
 Wirrungen ” (1888), “ Effi Briest ” (1895), “Der Stechlin” 
 (1899), etc. 
 
 Foote (fut), Arthur. Born at Salem, Mass., 
 March 5, 1853. An American composer and 
 organist, a pupil of B. J. Lang and J. K. Paine. 
 
 He has composed an overture, “In the Mountains”; a 
 symphonic prologue, “ Francesca da Rimini ” ; a suite for 
 orchestra in D minor, a suite in E major for strings, a 
 piano quintet, quartet, and trio, two string quartets, and 
 other chamber music ; an organ suite and other organ 
 music ; and many piano pieces and songs. 
 
 Foraker (for'a-ker), Joseph Benson. Born 
 near Rainsboro, Ohio, J uly 5, 1846. An Ameri- 
 can lawyer and politician. He served in the Civil 
 War ; was graduated from Cornell in 1869 ; was admitted 
 to the (Ohi") bar; was judge of the Superior Court, Cin- 
 cinnati, 1879-82 ; was elected governor of Ohio in 1885 and 
 1887; and was Republican United States senator from 
 Ohio 1897-1909. He was delegate at large from Ohio to 
 the National Republican Conventions 1884-1904, and in 
 1896 and 1900 presented the name of McKinley for nomi- 
 nation to the presidency. 
 
 Forbes (forbz), Stephen Alfred. Born at 
 Silver Creek, 111., May 29, 1844. An American 
 zoologist, State entomologist of Illinois from 
 1882. He has been professor in the University of Illinois 
 since 1884. His publications relate chiefly to the zoology 
 and especially to the economic entomology of Illinois. 
 
 Forbes-Robertson (forbz - rob ' ert- son), Sir 
 Johnston. Born at London, Jan. 16, 1853. An 
 English actor. He was educated at the Charterhouse, 
 London ; at Rouen ; and at the Royal Academy of Arts. He 
 went on the stage at the age of 21 and has been an actor- 
 manager since 1896. His principal rOles have been in 
 “The Profligate," “Hamlet,” “For the Crown,” “Pel- 
 leas and M61isande,” “The Light that Failed,” “Caesar 
 and Cleopatra,” and “Passing of the Third Floor Back.” 
 He married the actress Gertrude Elliott. Knighted, 1913. 
 
 Force (fors), Manning Ferguson. Born at 
 Washington, D. C., Dec. 17, 1824: died near 
 Sandusky, Ohio, May 8, 1899. An American 
 soldier and writer, son of Peter Force. He 
 studied law, enlisted in the Northern army in the Civil 
 War, and at its close received the brevet rank of major- 
 general of volunteers. He was judge of the Superior 
 Court of Cincinnati 1877-87. His works include “ From 
 Fort Henry to Corinth" (1881), “ Marching across Caro- 
 lina” (1883), “Personal Recollections of the Vicksburg 
 Campaign ” (1885), etc. 
 
 Ford (ford), Worthington Chauncey. Born at 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 16, 1858. An American 
 historian, economist, and statistician. He was 
 chief of the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of 
 State 1885-89, and of the Treasury Department 1893-98; 
 was in the Boston Public Library 1897-1902 ; was lecturer 
 on statistics at the University of Chicago in 1901 ; was 
 chief of the division of manuscripts in the Library of 
 Congress 1902-09 ; and has been editor for the Massa- 
 chusetts Historical Society since 1909. He is the author of 
 “The American Citizen’s Manual ” (1882-83), “The Stan- 
 dard Silver Dollar ” (1884), “George Washington” (1900), 
 “John Quincy Adams” (1902), “The Case of Samuel 
 Shrimpton ”(1905), etc. ; and has edited “ The Writings of 
 George Washington ” (1889-91), etc. 
 
 Fouillde 
 
 Fordham (for 'dam) University. A univer- 
 sity situated in New York city, consisting of 
 a school of medicine, a school of law, and a 
 collegiate department (St. John’s College). 
 See *St. John’s College. 
 
 Forest City (for'est sit'i). A borough in Sus- 
 quehanna County, Pennsylvania, 19 miles 
 northeast of Scranton. Its principal indus- 
 tries are coal-mining and silk-manufacturing. 
 Population, 5,749, (1910). 
 
 Forest Hills Gardens. See *Russell Sage 
 Foundation. 
 
 Forest Park (for'est park). A village in Cook 
 County, Illinois. Population, 6,594, (1910). 
 
 Forrest (for'est), Sir John. Born in Western 
 Australia, Aug. 22, 1847. An Australian ex- 
 plorer and statesman. He led an expedition into 
 central Australia in search of Dr. Leichhardt in 1869 ; con- 
 ducted explorations along the coast from Perth to Adelaide 
 in 1870, and through the center of Australia from Cham- 
 pion Bay to the telegraph line between Adelaide and Fort 
 Darwin in 1874 ; was engaged for several years in the 
 trigonometrical survey of Western Australia; was first 
 premier and treasurer of Western Australia (1890-1901) ; 
 and was minister of defense for the Commonwealth of 
 Australia 1901-03, minister of home affairs 1903-04, trea- 
 surer 1905-07, and acting prime minister March-June, 
 1907. See Century Atlas, Map 115. 
 
 Fort Collins (fort kol'inz). The county-seat 
 of Larimer County, Colorado. It is situated 
 on Cache la Poudre River, in a fine agricul- 
 tural region, 58 miles north of Denver. It is 
 the seat of the State Agricultural College. 
 Population, 8,210, (1910). 
 
 Fort Jameson (fort ja'me-son). A station in 
 Northern Rhodesia. It was the headquarters of the 
 administrator of North-Eastern Rhodesia (amalgamated 
 with North-Western Rhodesia in 1911). 
 
 Foss (fos), Cyrus David. Born Jan. 17, 1834: 
 died Jan. 29, 1910. An American clergyman, 
 a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
 from 1880. He was graduated at Wesleyan University 
 in 1854 ; entered the itinerant ministry in 1857 ; and was 
 president of Wesleyan University 1875-80. He made offi- 
 cial visits to the missions of his church in Europe in 1886, 
 in Mexico in 1893, and in India and Malaysia 1897-98, and 
 1906-07 made a tour of missionary observation around tbe 
 world. Among his works are “ In tSickness and Accidents ” 
 (1895), “From the Himalayas to the Equator ” (1899), and 
 “Religious Certainties” (1905). 
 
 Foss (fos), Eugene Noble. Born at West Berk- 
 shire, Vt., Sept. 24, 1858. An American poli- 
 tician, elected governor of Massachusetts in 
 1910, 1911, and 1912 by the Democratic party. 
 
 He has been connected with manufacturing and other busi- 
 ness enterprises, and has been a strong advocate of tariff 
 revision and of reciprocity with Canada. In March, 1910, he 
 was elected to Congress by the Democratic party. 
 
 Foster (fos'ter), Ben. Born at North Anson, 
 Maine. An American>landscape-painter. He has 
 received numerous medals, and became a member of the 
 National Academy in 1904. For several years he was art 
 critic for the “Evening Post” of New York. 
 
 Foster (fos'ter), John Watson. Born in Pike 
 County, Ind., March 2, 1836. An American 
 lawyer and diplomatist. He was graduated at the 
 Indiana State University in 1855 and was admitted to the 
 (Indiana) bar. He served in the Union army ; was min- 
 ister to Mexico 1873-80, to Russia 1880-81, and to Spain 
 1883-85 ; was secretary of state 1892-93 ; was United 
 States agent in the Bering Sea Arbitration at Paris in 
 1893; participated (by the invitation of the Emperor of 
 China) in the peace negotiations between China and Japan 
 in 1895 ; was a member of the Anglo-Canadian Commis- 
 sion in 1898 ; was United States agent before the Alaskan 
 Boundary Tribunal at London in 1903 ; and was the repre- 
 sentative of China at the second Hague conference in 1907. 
 He has published “ A Century of American Diplomacy ” 
 (1900), “ American Diplomacy in the Orient ’’ (1903), “ Arbi- 
 tration and the Hague Court” (1904), “The Practice of 
 Diplomacy ” (1906), “ Diplomatic Memoirs ” (1909), etc. 
 
 Foster (fos'ter), Robert Frederick. Born at 
 
 Edinburgh, Scotland, May 31, 1853. An au- 
 thority on indoor games, especially cards. He 
 was educated as a civil engineer and architect, retiring 
 from practice in 1893. Since 1895 he has been card editor 
 of the New York “Sun." He has published twenty-six 
 hand-books on games, including the “ Whist Manual ” 
 (1890), “ F’oster’s Hoyle” (1897), “Foster's Complete 
 Bridge ” (1906), etc. He was the inventor of the eleven 
 rule and of self-playing cards, and originated the present 
 card notation. 
 
 Fostoria (fos-to'ri-a). A city in Hancock and 
 Seneca counties, Ohio, 35 miles southeast of 
 Toledo. It has manufactories of automobile 
 engines, glass, iron, flour, etc. Population, 
 9,597, (1910). 
 
 Fouillee (fo-ya'), Alfred Jules Emile. Born 
 Oct. 18, 1838: died at Lyons, July 16, 1912. 
 A French philosophical and sociological writer. 
 He taught in various colleges and schools, including 
 the University of Bordeaux and the Normal School at 
 Paris, and in 1879 retired to Mentone. He wrote “ La 
 philosophic de Platon" (1869), “La philosophie de So- 
 crate " (1874), “ Histoire de la philosophie ” (1875), “Cri- 
 tique des systemes de morale contemporaine'’ (1883), “La 
 proprietii Bociale et la democratic " (1884), “ L’Evolu- 
 tionisme des idees-forces ’’ (1893), “La psychologic des 
 idees-forces ” (1893), “ Le mouvement positiviste et la 
 
Fouill6e 
 
 conception sociologique du monde " (1896), “ Le mouve- 
 ment idealiste et la reaction contre la science positi- 
 viste” (1896), “Psychologie du peuple francjais" (1898), 
 “ Nietzsche et l’immoralisme ” (1902), “ Esquisse psyoho- 
 logique des peuples europeens ” (1903), etc. 
 
 Four Peaks, The. Mountains in Paragua, in 
 the Philippine Islands. Cleopatra’s Needle is 
 the highest. Heights, 4,730, 4,800, 4,900, and 
 5,200 feet. 
 
 Fowler (fou'ler), Charles Henry. Born at 
 Burford, Ontario, Aug. 11, 1837 : died at New 
 York, March 20, 1908. An American clergy- 
 man, a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church from 1884. He entered the ministry in 1861, 
 and was president of the Northwestern University 1872-7(5. 
 In 1885 he visited the missions of his church in South 
 America, and in 1888 went on a tour of visitation around 
 the world. He organized the Peking and Nanking uni- 
 versities, established the first Methodist Episcopal church 
 in St. Petersburg, established McClay College of Theology 
 in southern California, and assisted in founding Nebraska 
 Wesleyan University. He published “Colenso’s Falla- 
 cies” (1863),“ Missions and World Movements” (1904), 
 “ Addresses on Notable Occasions ” (1908), etc. 
 
 Fowler (fou'ler), Frank. Born at Brooklyn, 
 N. Y., July 12, 1852: died at New Canaan, 
 Conn., Aug. 18, 1910. An American painter. 
 He studied with Edwin White, N. A., in Florence, and 
 for six years in Paris at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts and 
 under Carolus Duran. He was a member of the National 
 Academy of Design and of the Society of American 
 Artists. 
 
 Fowler (fou'16r), Henry Hartley, Viscount 
 Wolverhampton. Born at Sunderland, May 
 16, 1830 : died at London, Feb. 25, 1911. A 
 British Liberal statesman. He sat for Wolver- 
 hamptou in the House of Commons 1880-1908 ; and was 
 under-secretary to the home department 1884-85, financial 
 secretary to the treasury 1886, president of the Local Gov- 
 ernment Board 1892-94, secretary of state for India 1894- 
 1895, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster 1905-08, with a 
 seat in the cabinet, and lord president of the council 1908- 
 1910. In 1895 he was knighted, and in 1908 he was raised 
 to the peerage. 
 
 Fox (foks), John. Born 1861. An American 
 author. He has published “A Cumberland Vendetta” 
 (1895), “ The Kentuckians ” (1897), “ The Little Shepherd 
 of Kingdom Come” (1903), “Following the Sun Flag” 
 (1905), “ A Knight of the Cumberland ” (1906), “ The Trail 
 of the Lonesome Pine ” (1908), etc. 
 
 Fox (foks), Williams Carlton. Bom at St. 
 
 Louis, May 20, 1855. An American diplomatist. 
 
 He was American consul at Brunswick, Germany, 1876-88; 
 vice-consul-general at Teheran, Persia, 1891-92 ; secre- 
 tary to the American minister to Greece, Rumania, and 
 Servia 1892-93 ; chief clerk of the Bureau of American 
 Republics 1898-1905 ; and director 1905-07. He was minis- 
 ter to Ecuador 1907-11. 
 
 Fragonard (fra-go-nar'), Jean Honors. Born 
 at Grasse, France, April 5, 1732 : died at Paris, 
 Aug. 22, 1806. A French painter and engraver. 
 He was a pupil first of Chardin and later of Boucher, with 
 whose style he was more in sympathy. Like other French 
 painters of his day, he was much influenced by the works 
 of Tiepolo. 
 
 France*. The religions supported by the state, before 
 the passage of the Briand Bill in 1905, were the Roman 
 Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish. By the passage of that 
 bill the separation of the church and the state was 
 effected, the adherents of all creeds were authorized to 
 form associations for public worship (associations cul- 
 tuelles), and the state, the departments, and the com- 
 munes were relieved from payment of salaries. 
 
 France*, Anatole: Jacques Anatole Thi- 
 
 bault. He has also written “ Thais ” (1890); “ La rdtis- 
 serie de la reine Pedauque ” (1893), “ Histoire contem- 
 poraine”; a series of four novels: “ L’Orme du mail” 
 (1897), “Le mannequin d 'osier ” (1897 : dramatized 1904), 
 “L’Anneau d’amethyste” (1899), and “ Monsieur Bergeret 
 k Paris” (1901); “Jeanne d'Arc” (1908); etc. In 1896 he 
 was elected to the French Academy. 
 
 Francis (fran'sis), Joseph. Born at Boston, 
 Mass., March 12, 1801 : died at Cooperstown, 
 N. Y., May 10, 1893. An American inventor. 
 In 1829 he constructed life-boats for the United States 
 vessels Santee and Alabama, and by 1841 all government 
 ships had been equipped with boats of his invention. He 
 was the first to make life-cars and boats of metal. In 
 1888 the United States Congress passed a resolution ten- 
 dering him the thanks of the government and authorizing 
 the preparation of a gold medal, which was presented to 
 him in 1890. 
 
 Franck (frank), Cesar. Born at Liege, Bel- 
 gium, Dec. 10, 1822: died at Paris, Nov. 8, 
 1890. A French composer, generally regarded 
 as the founder of the modern French instru- 
 mental school. In 1872 he became professor of the 
 organ at the Conservatoire, and organist at Ste. Clotilde. 
 Among his compositions are the opera “ Htilda ” (pro- 
 duced 1894); an unfinished one, “Ghisele”; oratorios, 
 “Ruth,” “La Redemption,” and “Les Beatitudes”; a 
 symphony; a symphonic poem, “Le chasseur maudit " ; 
 a sonata for piano and violin ; a string quartet ; a piano 
 quintet ; piano music ; and songs. 
 
 Francke (friing'ke), Kuno. Bom at Kiel, Ger- 
 many, Sept. 27, 1855. A German-American 
 author, critic, and educator, professor of the 
 history of German culture and curator of the 
 Germanic Museum in Harvard University. 
 
 Among his publications are “Zur Geschichte der Schul- 
 poesie des 12 Jahrhunderts ’’ (1879), “ De Hymno in Cere- 
 rein Homerico ” (1880), “ Libelli de Lite Imperatorum et 
 
 Pontiflcum” (1892), “Social Forces in German Literature" 
 (1S96), “Glimpses of Modern German Culture’’ (1898), 
 “History of German Literature” (1901), “German Ideals 
 of To-day ” (1907), etc. He is chevalier of the Royal Prus- 
 sian Order of the Red Eagle. 
 
 Frankfort (frangk'fort). The county-seat of 
 Clinton County, Indiana, 41 miles northwest 
 of Indianapolis. It has machine-shops, rail- 
 road shops, and manufactories of brick, tile, 
 farming implements, etc. It is in a natural- 
 gas region. Population, 8,634, (1910). 
 Frankfort (frangk'fort). The county-seat of 
 Benzie County, Michigan, on Lake Michigan, 
 29 miles north of Manistee. It has a wireless 
 telegraph station. Population, 1,555, (1910). 
 Franklin (frangk ' lin). A town in Norfolk 
 County, Massachusetts, 27 miles southwest of 
 Boston. It has manufactories of straw, cotton, 
 pianos, etc. Population, 5,641, (1910). 
 Franklin (frangk'lin). A city in Merrimack 
 County, New Hampshire, on the Merrimac 
 River, 17 miles northwest of Concord. It is 
 the birthplace of Daniel Webster (1782, being 
 then known as Salisbury). It has manufac- 
 tories of needles, paper, woolen goods, etc. 
 Population, 6,132, (1910). 
 
 Franklin (frangk'lin). A district of the North- 
 western Territories of Canada. It comprises Mel- 
 ville Island, Bathurst Island, Banks Land, Prince Albert 
 Land, Victoria Land, Prince of Wales Land, Cockburn 
 Island, Baffin Land, etc.; is bounded by arctic waters on 
 the north ; and is separated on the east from Greenland 
 by Baffin Bay and Davis .Strait. Most of the district lies 
 north of the arctic circle. Area, 600,000 square miles. 
 Population, 9,000. 
 
 Franklin (frangk'lin), Mrs. (Christine Ladd). 
 
 Born at Windsor, Conn., Dec. 1, 1847. An 
 American psychologist and logician. She was 
 graduated at Vassal’ College in 1869 ; studied at Johns 
 Hopkins University, Gottingen, and Berlin ; and has been 
 lecturer at Johns Hopkins University since 1904. 
 
 Franklin (frangk'lin), Edward Curtis. Born 
 at Geary City, Kansas, March 1, 1862. An 
 American chemist. He was associate professor (1903- 
 1906) and professor (1906-11) of organic chemistry in Stan- 
 ford University, and has been professor and chief of 
 division of chemistry in U. S. Public Health and Marine- 
 Hospital Service from 1911. 
 
 Fraser (fra'zer), Alexander Campbell. Born 
 at Ardchattan Manse, Argyll County, Scot- 
 land, Sept. 3, 1819. A Scotch philosophical 
 writer, professor of logic and metaphysics in 
 the University of Edinburgh from 1856 (emer- 
 itus 1891 ), succeeding Sir William Hamilton. 
 
 He has published “ Essays ” (1846-56, 1858-68), “ Life and 
 Letters of Berkeley ” (1871), “Berkeley" (1881), “Locke" 
 (1890), “ Thomas Reid” (1898), “ Philosophy of Theism” 
 (1894-96), “ Biographia Philosophies ” (1904), “Spiritual 
 Realism " (1908), etc. 
 
 Fraunces’s Tavern. A historic building on 
 the southeast corner of Broad and Pearl 
 streets in New York city, it was built for a pri- 
 vate residence by fitienne De Lancey about 1700 ; was 
 purchased by Samuel Fraunces for use as an inn in 1762 ; 
 was a meeting-place for the Sons of Liberty prior to the 
 Revolution; was Washington’s headquarters after the 
 evacuation of New York ; and was the place where he 
 said farewell to his officers on Dec. 4, 1783. The New 
 York Chamber of Commerce was organized in the build- 
 ing in 1768. The Society of the Sons of the Revolution 
 was organized in the long room of the tavern Dec. 4, 1883, 
 and in 1904 It purchased the property for use as its head- 
 quarters. 
 
 Frederic (fred'er-ik), Harold. Born at Utica, 
 N. Y., Aug. 19, 1856: died at Henley, Eng- 
 land, Oct. 19, 1898. An American journalist 
 and novelist. He was London correspondent of the 
 New York “Times” 1884-98. His works include “Seth’s 
 Brother’s Wife” (1887), “In the Valley ” (1890), “The New 
 Exodus: a Study of Israel in Russia ” (1892), “ The Cop- 
 perhead” (1894), “The Damnation of Theron Ware,” pub- 
 lished in England as “Illumination” (1896), “March 
 Hares ” (1896), “ Gloria Mundi "(1898), and “ In the Market- 
 place ” (1899). 
 
 Frederick VIII. : full name Christian Fred- 
 erick William Charles. Born at Copen- 
 hagen, June 3, 1843 : died at Hamburg, May 14, 
 1912. King of Denmark, eldest son of Chris- 
 tian IX., whom he succeeded January 30, 1906. 
 He married Louise, daughter of Charles XV. 
 of Sweden, July 28, 1869. 
 
 Frederick Augustus III. Born at Dresden, 
 May 25, 1865. King of Saxony. He succeeded to 
 the throne upon the death of his father, King George, 
 Oct. 15, 1904. He married Princess Louise of Tuscany 
 in 1891 ; the marriage was dissolved in 1903. 
 
 Freeland (fre'land). A borough in Luzerne 
 County, Pennsylvania, 15 miles south of 
 Wilkes-Barre. Its principal industries are 
 agriculture and coal-mining. It has foundries, 
 machine-shops, silk-mills, etc. Population, 
 6,197, (1910). 
 
 Freestone State. A popular name of the State 
 of Connecticut, from its brownstone quarries. 
 
 Fremantle ( fre' man -tl), William Henry. 
 
 Fugere 
 
 Born 1831. An English theologian, dean of 
 Ripon from 1895. He was canon of Canterbury 1882- 
 1895. He is the author of “The Gospel of the Secular 
 Life ” (1882), “ The World on the Subject of Redemption ” 
 (1885), “ Church Reform (1887), “ Works of St. Jerome and 
 Rufinus” (trans. : 1893), “Christian Ordinances and Social 
 Progress ” (1900), etc. 
 
 Fremstad (frem'stat), Olive. Born at Stock- 
 holm about 1870. A Swedish-American dra- 
 matic soprano singer. She came to America at the 
 age of 12 with her family, and settled in Minnesota, hav- 
 ing previously appeared in public as a pianist. Coming 
 to New York several years later, she studied singing, 
 becoming soloist at St. Patrick's Cathedral. In 1893 she 
 became a pupil of Lilli Lehmann at Berlin, and made her 
 operatic debut as Azucena, in “ II Trovatore,” in 1895. 
 She subsequently appeared at Bayreuth (1896), Vienna 
 (1897, as Brangiine, in “Tristan und Isolde”), Cologne, 
 Munich, and London. In November, 1903, she appeared 
 in New York, having joined the Metropolitan Opera Com- 
 pany, with which she has since been identified. She has 
 sung almost all the women’s parts in the Wagner music- 
 dramas, and her repertoire also includes Salome, Carmen, 
 Armide, and Tosca. 
 
 French (french), Alice: pseudonym Octave 
 Thanet. Born at Andover, Mass., March 19, 
 1850. An American novelist, and writer of 
 short stories. She was educated at the Abbot Acad- 
 emy, Andover, and has lived west of the Mississippi, the 
 field of much of her work. She has published “The 
 Bishop’s Vagabond " (1884), “ Knitters in the Sun ” (1887), 
 “Expiation ” (1890), “Stories of a Western Town ” (1893), 
 “A Book of True Lovers” (1898), “Man of the Hour” 
 (1905), “By Inheritance" (1910), etc. 
 
 French (french), Edwin Davis. Born at North 
 Attleboro, Mass., June 19, 1851 : died Dec. 8, 
 1906. An American engraver. He studied with 
 William Sartain, and for many years made a specialty of 
 the art of book-plate engraving. 
 
 French (french), Frank. Born at Loudon, 
 N. H., May 22, 1850. An American artist and 
 wood-engraver. His work has appeared in the 
 leading magazines. 
 
 French Equatorial Africa. See Kongo, French. 
 
 French India. The French possessions in 
 India, comprising Pondicherry, Karikal, and 
 Yanaon on the Coromandel coast; Mah6, on 
 the Malabar coast ; and Cbandernagor, in 
 Bengal. Total area, 203 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 273,185. 
 
 French Indo-China. The French possessions 
 in Indo-China. The territory is bounded on the north 
 by China, on the east and southeast by the Gulf of Tong- 
 king and the China Sea, on the west by Siam and the 
 Gulf of Siam, and on the northwest by Burma, and lies 
 between lat. 8° 31 '-23° 25' N. and long. 100°-109° 20' E. It 
 comprises Annam, Cambodia, Cochin China, Tongking, 
 and Laos, and Kwang-chau Wan, leased from China. The 
 seat of government is Hanoi. Area, about 256,000 square 
 miles. Population, about 18,230,000. 
 
 Frenssen (fren 'sen), Gustav. Born at Barit, 
 Holstein, Oct. 19, 1863. A German pastor and 
 novelist. He has written “Jorn Uhl” (1901), “Hilli- 
 genlei” (1906), “Klaus Hinrich Baas” (1911), “The Wreck 
 of the Anna Hollmann ” (1911), etc. 
 
 Friday Harbor. A town in San Juan County, 
 Washington, incorporated in 1909. It has a 
 wireless telegraph station. Population, 400. 
 
 Froberger (fro'ber-ger), Johann Jakob. 
 Born in Halle, Germany : died at Hdricourt, 
 France, May 7, 1667. A German composer 
 and organist, one of the pioneers in the early 
 development of instrumental composition. 
 
 Front Range*. According to the United States 
 Geographic Board (1907), it includes on the 
 north the Laramie Range as far as the cross- 
 ing of the North Platte, and on the south the 
 Pike’s Peak group. 
 
 Frost (frost), Edwin Brant. Born at Brattle- 
 boro, Vt., July 14, 1866. An American astron- 
 omer, professor of astrophysics in the Univer- 
 sity of Chicago from 1898, and director of the 
 Yerkes Observatory from 1905. He was pro- 
 fessor of astronomy in Dartmouth College 
 1895-1902, and since 1902 has been editor of 
 the “ Astrophysical Journal.” 
 
 Frostburg (frost/berg). A town in Allegany 
 County, Maryland, in a mountainous region, 
 8 miles west of Cumberland. Besides coal- 
 mines, it has foundries and brick-factories. 
 It contains a State normal school. Popula- 
 tion, 6,028, (1910). 
 
 Frye (fri), William Pierce. Born at Lewiston, 
 Maine, Sept. 2, 1831: died there, Aug. 8, 1911. 
 An American lawyer and statesman, United 
 States senator (Republican) from Maine 1881- 
 1911. He was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1850 ; 
 w as attorney-general of Maine 1867-69; and w as a member 
 of Congress 1871-81. He was presided pro tempore of the 
 Senate after the death of Vice-President Hobart and also 
 after the death of President McKinley. 
 
 Fug&re (fii-zhar'), Lucien. Born at Paris in 
 1848. A French barytone singer. He has been a 
 member of the company of the Paris Opera Comique since 
 1877, and has seldom sung elsewhere. Two of his best 
 
Fugfcre 
 
 r61es are the father in “Louise,” and Boniface In “Le 
 Jongleur de Notre Dame.” He is a chevalier of the 
 Legion of Honor. 
 
 Fukushima (fo-ko-she'ma), Baron Yasumasa. 
 Born in Matsumoto, Japan, Sept., 1853. A 
 Japanese soldier, promoted major-general in 
 1900 and lieutenant-general in 1906. He was 
 
 military attachd of the Japanese legation at Peking in 
 18S3 ; held a similar position at Berlin 1887-92 ; returning 
 to Japan, made the journey through Siberia on horseback 
 in 1893; served with distinction as chief of the second 
 section of the general stall in the Russo- Japanese war 
 1904-05 ; and became vice-chief of the general staff of the 
 army in 1906, succeeding General Kodama. He has been 
 knighted (K. C. B.), and in 1907 was created baron. 
 
 Fukuzawa (fo-ko-za'wa), Sutejiro. Born at 
 Tokio, 1833. A Japanese journalist, second 
 son of Yukichi Fukuzawa. He came to the United 
 States with his brother Ichitaro in 1883, and entered 
 Yale University, and on his return in 1890 took up the 
 management of the “Jiji” newspaper, founded by his 
 father. 
 
 Fukuzawa (fo-ko-za'wa), Yukichi. Born in 
 Buzen province, Japan, 1834: died Feb. 3, 
 1901. A Japanese author and journalist, one 
 of the most noted educationalists of Japan. 
 In 1858 he went to the United States and in 1862 to 
 Europe to study Occidental institutions. The results of 
 his observations were published in 1866 in a voluminous 
 
 work on Western manners and customs which had a great 
 influence upon the modernization of Japan. Later he 
 established the “Jiji’' newspaper. 
 
 Fuller-Maitland. See * Maitland . 
 
 Funston (fun'ston), Frederick. Born in 
 Clarke Co., Ohio, Nov. 9, 1865. An American 
 soldier, appointed brigadier-general in the 
 United States army in 1901. He joined the insur- 
 gent army in Cuba in 1896 ; was commissioned colonel of 
 the Twentieth Kansas Volunteers in 1898; was sent to 
 the Philippines ; was promoted brigadier-general of vol- 
 unteers in 1899 for establishing a ferry across the Rio 
 Grande River at Calumpit in the face of a heavy lire ; and 
 captured Aguinaldo, the chief of the Filipino insurgents, 
 in March, 1901. He was commander of the Department 
 of California 1905-06 and 1907-08, of the Southwestern Di- 
 vision at St. Louis 1906-07 ; was commandant of the army 
 service schools at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 1908-11; and 
 commander of the Department of Luzon, Philippine Is- 
 lands, January, 1911-. 
 
 Furness*, Horace Howard. His variorum edition 
 of Shakspere’s plays also includes : ‘‘The Winter’s Tale ” 
 (1898), “Much Ado About Nothing’’ (1899), “Twelfth 
 Night ” (1901), “Love's Labor Lost ” (1904), “ Antony and 
 Cleopatra” (1907), “ Richard III. " (1908), etc. From 1901 
 he received the assistance of his son Horace Howard 
 Furness, Jr., as co-worker. 
 
 Furniss (fer'nis), Harry. Born at Wexford, 
 Ireland, 1854. A British illustrator and cari- 
 
 Garrison, William Lloyd 
 
 caturist. He went to London at the age of nineteen and 
 has been employed on leading English periodicals (the 
 “London News,” “ Graphic," “ Dramatic News,” etc.). In 
 1880 he joined the stalf of “Punch.” He has illustrated 
 many books (including the centenary edition of the works 
 of Thackeray) and has published accounts of journeys, a 
 novel, etc. 
 
 Furniss (fer'nis), Henry Watson. Born at 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 14, 1868. An American 
 diplomatist, minister to Haiti from 1906. He 
 was consul at Bahia, Brazil, 1898-1906. 
 
 Furtwangler (fort'veng-ler), Adolf. Born 
 at Freiburg-im-Breisgau, Germany, June 30, 
 1853: died in Athens, Oct. 10, 1907. A Ger- 
 man classical archaeologist, professor in the 
 University of Munich from 1894, and director 
 of the Glyptothek. He was educated at the 
 universities of Freiburg, Leipsic, and Munich ; held a 
 traveling stipendium of the German Archaeological Insti- 
 tute 1876-78 ; and was attached to the expedition to 
 Olympia 1878-79. Among his many works oil ancient art. 
 and archeology are “ Mykenische Tongefasse ” (1879), 
 “Die Sammlung Sabouroff ” (1883-87), “Mykenische 
 Vasen” (1886), “Die Bronzen und die librigen kieineren 
 Funde von Olympia” (1890), “Die Sammlung Somz6e ” 
 (1897), “Neuere Falschungen von Antiken ” (1899), “Die 
 Antiken Gemmen, Geschichte der Steinschneidekunst im 
 klassischen Altertum ’ ’ (1900), etc. 
 
 abo (ga-ba'), Port. A bay 
 and harbor at the southeast- 
 ern extremity of Dinagat 
 Island, Philippines: safe in 
 all weather. 
 
 Gabrieli (ga-bre-a'le), An- 
 drea. Born at Venice, about 
 1510: died there, 1586. A 
 noted Italian composer and 
 organist. His nephew and pupil, Giovanni, 
 was born at Venice in 1557 : died probably in 
 1612, and was equally noted. Both were or- 
 ganists in St. Mark’s, Venice. 
 
 Gabrilovitch (ga-bri-lo ' vich), Ossip Salo- 
 monovitch. Born at St. Petersburg, Feb. 7, 
 1878. A Russian pianist. He studied at the St. 
 Petersburg Conservatory 1888-94, and then at Vienna with 
 Lesehetitzky. He made his first appearance in 1896 at 
 Berlin, and later made American and European tours. He 
 married Clara, daughter of Samuel L. Clemens (“ Mark 
 Twain ’), Oct. 8, 1909. He has published pieces for the piano. 
 He led the Konzertverein Orchestra in Munich 1911-12. 
 
 Gadow (ga'do), Hans Friedrich. Born in 
 Pomerania, March 8, 1855. A Germau-English 
 naturalist, curator of and lecturer on zoology 
 in the University of Cambridge from 1884. 
 
 He has published “ A Classification of Vertebrata ’ (1898), 
 the volumes on birds in Brown’s “Animal Kingdom,” 
 and those on amphibia and reptiles in the “Cambridge 
 Natural History,” “Through Southern Mexico” (1908), 
 etc. 
 
 Gadsden (gadz'den). The county-seat of Eto- 
 wah County, Alabama, on the Coosa River, 59 
 miles northeast of Birmingham. It has lumber- 
 mills, blast-furnaces, car-factories, machine- 
 shops, pipe-works, etc. Population, 10,557, 
 (1910). 
 
 Gadski (gad'ski), Johanna. Born in Pome- 
 rania, June 15, 1872. A German soprano singer. 
 She made her first appearance in Berlin, in May, 1891, as 
 Parnina, in “ Die Zauberflote. ” On Sept. 20, 1892, she mar- 
 ried Herr Tauscher, a German army officer. In 1894 she 
 came to America as a member of the Damroseh Ger- 
 man Opera Company. She first appeared as Elsa, in “Lo- 
 hengrin,” later creating the part of Hester Prynne, in Wal- 
 ter Damrosch’s opera “The Scarlet Letter” (Feb. 10, 
 1890). She has been a member of the Metropolitan Opera 
 Company during several seasons, and has made extensive 
 concert tours in America. Her repertoire is large, and 
 embraces r61es in German, Italian, and English, including 
 Brunhild and Sieglinde (in Wagner's Nibelungen tetral- 
 ogy), Aida, Santuzza(in “ Cavalleria Rusticana "), and Leo- 
 nora (in “ H Trovat.ore ”). 
 
 Gaetano (ga-a-tii'no), Giovanni. Flourished 
 about 1542. An Italian pilot in the service of 
 Spain. He was sent on the expedition from Mexico to 
 the Philippines commanded by Lopez de Villalobos. To 
 this expedition the discovery of the Hawaiian Islands is 
 attributed. 
 
 Gage (gaj), Henry T. An American diplo- 
 matist, minister to Portugal 1909-11. He was 
 governor of California 1899-1903. 
 
 Gainesville (ganz'vil). The county-seat of 
 Alachua County, Florida, in an orange-grow- 
 ing and phosphate district, 60 miles southwest 
 of Jacksonville. It is a well-known winter re- 
 
 sort, and is the seat of the University of Flor- 
 ida. Population, 6,183, (1910). 
 
 Gainesville (ganz'vil). The county-seat of 
 
 Hall County, Georgia, 52 miles northeast of 
 Atlanta. Its mineral springs make it popular 
 as a health resort. Population, 5,925, (1910). 
 
 Gainesville (ganz'vil). The county-seat of 
 Cooke County, Texas, 65 miles northwest of 
 Dallas. It has stock-raising and packing in- 
 dustries, flour-mills, iron-works, brick-facto- 
 ries, etc. Population, 7,624, (1910). 
 
 Galdhopiggen (gald-he-pig'en). The highest 
 mountain of Norway, situated in Jotunheimen, 
 about lat. 61° 40' N. Height, 8,400 feet. 
 
 Galdos (gal-dos' ) , Benito Perez. Born at Las 
 Palmas, Canary Islands, 1845. A Spanish 
 novelist and dramatist. His most notable work is 
 a series of romances entitled “Episodios nacionale9, ” 
 dealing with the history of Spain from 1808 to 1834 (187.3- 
 1907). He has also written many other novels and a num- 
 ber of plays. 
 
 Galena (ga-le'na). A city in Cherokee County, 
 Kansas. The mining of lead and zinc is the 
 principal industry. Population, 6,096, (1910). 
 
 Galsworthy (gals'wer-THi), John. Born in 
 1867. An English novelist and playwright. 
 His work treats largely of social topicB. He has written 
 “The Island -Pharisees” (1904), “The Country House” 
 (1907), “Fraternity" (1909), “A Motley" (1910), “The 
 Patrician” (1911), “ The Inn of Tranquillity” (1912), “ The 
 Dark Flower "(1913), and the plays “ The Silver Box "(1906), 
 “Strife" (1909), “Justice" (1910), “The Pigeon” (1912), 
 “The Eldest Son" (1912), “The Fugitive ” (1913), ete. 
 
 Ganne (gan), Louis Gaston. Born at Bnxieres- 
 les-Mines, Allier, April 5, 1862. A French 
 composer. He was a pupil of Dubois and Cesar Franck 
 at the Paris Conservatory. He has written several ballets 
 and operettas, including “ Les Saltimbanques ” (1890) and 
 “Hans le Joueurde Flute ” (1900), and many small pieces 
 for orchestra, voice, and piano. For some time he has 
 been director of an orchestra at Monte Carlo. 
 
 Gannett (gan'et), Henry- Born at Bath, 
 Maine, Aug. 24, 1846. An American statisti- 
 cian, geographer of the United States Geo- 
 logical Survey from 1882. He was geographer of 
 the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth censuses and was assis- 
 tant director of the census of the Philippine Islands 
 1902-03, and of the census of Cuba 1907-08. He has pub- 
 lished “A Manual of Topographic Methods,” statistical 
 atlases of the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth censuses, “ Com- 
 mercial Geography,” “ Building of a Nation,” and numer- 
 ous other geographical and statistical works. 
 
 Gannett (gan'et) Peak. The highest peak of 
 the Wind River Mountains, situated in Wy- 
 oming a short distance north of Fremont’s 
 Peak. Height, 13,775 feet. 
 
 Garden (gar'dn), Mary. Born in Scotland. 
 An American opera-singer. She was brought to 
 Chicago at six years of age and lived in the United States 
 until she was nineteen, when she went to Paris. She first 
 appeared there in the Opera Comique, and has sung with 
 the Manhattan Opera Company in New York and the Chi- 
 cago Opera Company (1910-11). Among her principal 
 roles are Louise, Melisande (in “Pelleas et Melisande”), 
 Thais, Salome, etc. 
 
 Gardiner*, Samuel Rawson. His later works 
 include “ What Gunpowder Plot Was” (1897), 
 “ Cromwell’s Place in History ” (1897), “ Oliver 
 Cromwell” (1899), etc. 
 
 Gardner (gard'ner), Ernest Arthur. Born 
 at London, 1862. An English classical ar- 
 chaeologist, professor of archaeology in Univer- 
 
 sity College, London. He was director of the Brit- 
 ish School of Archamlogy at Athens 1887-95. Among the 
 explorations which he has conducted are those atNauora- 
 tis, Egypt (1885-86), Paphos, Megalopolis, and other sites 
 in Greece. He has written “Chapters on Inscriptions in 
 Naucratis” (1886-88), “Handbook of Greek Sculpture ” 
 (1896-97), “ Six Greek Sculptors ” (1910), etc. 
 
 Gardner (gard'ner), Percy. Born at Hack- 
 ney, London, Nov. 24, 1846. An English ar- 
 chaeologist, professor of classical archaeology 
 in the University of Oxford from 1887. He waB 
 editor of the “Journal of Hellenic Studies ” (1880-96), and 
 an editor of the coin catalogues of the British Museum 
 1873-86. Among his works are “The Parthian Coinage” 
 (1877), “Samos and Samian Coins” (1882), “Types of 
 Greek Coins" (1883), “New Chapters in Greek History ” 
 (1892), “Manual of Greek Antiquities” (1895: with 
 Jevons), “Sculptured Tombs of Hellas” (1896), “Gram- 
 mar of Greek Art” (1905), “The Growth of Christianity" 
 (1907), etc. 
 
 Garfield (gar ' feld). A borough in Bergen 
 County, New Jersey, on the Passaic River op- 
 posite Passaic. It has manufactories of paper, 
 woolen goods, chemicals, etc. Population, 
 10,213, (1910). 
 
 Garfield (gar'feld), Harry Augustus. Born 
 
 at Hiram, Ohio, Oct. 11, 1863. An American 
 educator, son of President James A. Garfield. 
 He was graduated at Williams College in 1885; studied 
 and practised law ; was professor of politics in Princeton 
 University 1903-08 ; and has been president of Williams 
 College since 1908. 
 
 Garland (gar'land), Hamlin. Born at West 
 Salem, Wis., Sept. 16, 1860. An American 
 novelist. He lms found his material chiefly in the Mis- 
 sissippi valley and in the mountains of the West. His works 
 include “ Main-traveled Roads ” (1890), “ A Little Norsk ” 
 (1891), “ Rose of Dutcher’s Coolly ” (1895), “Her Mountain 
 Lover” (1901), “The Captain of the Grayhorse Troop” 
 (1902), “Hesper” (1903), “The Tyranny of the Dark” 
 (1905), “The Long Trail ” (1907), “The Shadow World'* 
 (1908), “Other Main-Traveled Roads’* (1910), “Victor Oll- 
 nee’s Discipline ” (1911), a biography of Ulysses S. Grant 
 (1898), a volume of verse, “Prairie Songs" (1893), and 
 various pieces of criticism. 
 
 Garrison (gar'i-son), Lindley Miller. Born 
 at Camden, N. J., Nov. 28, 1864. An Ameri- 
 can lawyer, secretary of war 1913-. He was ed- 
 ucated at Phillips Academy, Exeter, at Harvard, and at 
 the University of Pennsylvania; practised law in Jersey 
 City ; and wa9 vice-chancellor of New Jersey 1904-11 and 
 1911-13. 
 
 Garrison (gar'i-son). Wendell Phillips. Born 
 
 at Cambridgeport, Mass., June 4, 1840 : died at 
 South Orange, N. J., Feb. 27, 1907. An 
 American editor, son of William Lloyd Garri- 
 son, the abolitionist. In 1865 he was associated with 
 Edwin Lawrence Godkin in founding the N eiv York 
 “Nation,” of which he was literary editor until his retire- 
 ment in 1906. He was also literary editor of the “ Even- 
 ing Post” from 1881. He was the author of a "Life of 
 William Lloyd Garrison” (1885: with F. J. Garrison), 
 etc. > 
 
 Garrison (gar'i-son), William Lloyd. Born 
 
 at Boston, Jan. 21, 1838: died at Lexington, 
 Mass., Sept. 12. 1909. An American publicist, 
 son of William Lloyd Garrison, the abolitionist. 
 He was a wool-merchant at Boston for many years, with 
 various other business interests, but retired from active 
 life in 1900. He took a warm interest in questions of 
 public policy, speaking and writing in behalf of free 
 trade, the enfranchisement of women, and the single-Ux 
 
Garrison, William Lloyd 
 
 theory. He was lor some time president of the Massa- 
 chusetts Single Tax League and o 1 the American Free 
 Trade League. 
 
 Garros (ga-ros'), Roland. Born at St. -Denis, 
 Reunion, Oct. 6, 1888. A French aviator. 
 He first attracted attention as a skilful operator of the 
 Demoiselle monoplane, making one over-water flight of 
 S miles. He was one of the entrants at the international 
 races at Belmont Park, Long Island, in October, 1910. He 
 subsequently flew also the Bldriot monoplane. He reached 
 an altitude of 6,495 feet at New Orleans, on Dec. 26, 1910. 
 Returning to Europe, he participated in numerous cross- 
 country races, and finished second to Lieutenant Conneau 
 (A. Beaumont) in the European circuit race (Paris, Utrecht, 
 London, Paris), a course of 948 miles, June 18- J uly 7, 1911. 
 
 Gary (ga'ri). A city in Lake County, Indiana, 
 founded in 1906 by the United States Steel 
 Corporation expressly for the production of 
 steel. It has the largest and best equipped 
 steel plant in existence, and all the residential 
 advantages of a model industrial city. Popu- 
 lation, 16,802, (1910). 
 
 Gary (ga'ri), Elbert Henry. Born at Whea- 
 ton, 111., Oct. 8, 1846. An American jurist and 
 financier. He was admitted to the Hlinois bar in 1867, 
 and to the bar of the United States Supreme Court in 1878 ; 
 served for two terms as county j udge in Dupage County, 
 Illinois ; and subsequently practised law in Chicago, act- 
 ing chiefly for corporations. In 1898 he retired from the 
 practice of law to become president of the Federal Steel 
 Company. He took part in the organization of the United 
 States Steel Corporation in 1901, becoming chairman of its 
 board of directors and of its finance committee. 
 
 Ganr (ga'ri), James Albert. Born at Uncas- 
 vilie, Conn., Oct. 22, 1833. An American 
 manufacturer and cabinet officer. He was dele- 
 gate to the Republican national conventions of 1872, 1876, 
 1880, 1884, 1892, and 1896, and was postmaster-general 
 March, 1897-May, 1898. 
 
 Gaspar (gas'par), or Kaspar. The legendary 
 name of one of the three Magi who came from 
 the East to worship the infant Jesus. See 
 Cologne , Three Kings of, and Magi. 
 
 Gastonia (gas-to'ni-a). A town in Gaston 
 County, North Carolina, 20 miles west of 
 Charlotte. It has cotton-mills, cement-works, 
 iron-works, etc. Population, 5,759, (1910). 
 
 Gatacre (gat'a-kr), Sir William Forbes. Born 
 Dec. 3, 1843 : died at Gambela, Africa, March 4, 
 1906. A British major-general. He served in 
 Burma (1889-90) and Chitral (1895) ; commanded the 
 British troops in the Sudan, in the first advance on Atbara 
 (1898) ; and led a division in the attack on Khartum and 
 Omdurman (1899). He commanded the third division of 
 the South African field force 1899-1900 ; was defeated in 
 an attack on Stormberg Junction, Dec. 11, 1899 ; occupied 
 Burghersdorp in March, 1900 ; and was ordered home in 
 ApriL In June, 1900, he was appointed major-general 
 in command of the East District, and retired March 19, 
 1904. 
 
 Gatschet (ga'chet), Albert Samuel. Born at 
 St. Beatenberg, Switzerland, Oct. 3, 1832: 
 died March 16, 1907. An American anthro- 
 pologist, philologist in the Bureau of American 
 Ethnology from 1879. lie was ethnologist of the 
 United States Geological Survey 1877-79. His investiga- 
 tions were concerned chiefly with the languages of the 
 North American Indians. 
 
 Gatlin (ga-ton'). A town near Coldn, on the 
 Panama railroad. For the Gatlin dam, see 
 * Panama Canal. 
 
 Gaudry (go-dre'), Albert. Born at Saint- 
 Germain-en-Laye, Sept. 15, 1827 : died at 
 Paris, Nov. 27, 1908. An eminent French 
 paleontologist, professor in the Museum of 
 Natural History at Paris from 1872 (assistant 
 professor 1853). He published numerous reports, 
 monographs, and papers on paleontological and geological 
 topics, of which the best known is “ Animaux fossiles et 
 geologie de l’Attique ” (1862-67). In 1882 he was elected 
 a member of the French Academy of Sciences. 
 
 Gebbart (geb-har'), Emile Nicolas. Born in 
 Nancy, July 19, 1839: died at Paris, April 21, 
 1908. A French scholar, hest known as a 
 historian of art. He became professor of foreign 
 literature at Nancy in 1860, and of Romauce literature at 
 the Sorbonne in 1880. He was elected a member of the 
 French Academy in 1904. His works include “ Histoire 
 du sentiment po6tique de la nature dans l’antiquifA 
 grecque et romaine (1875), “ l’raxitile ” (1864), “ Essai 
 sur la peinture do genre aatis l'antiquite " (1868), “Les 
 historiens florentin8 de la Renaissance ”(1875), “Rabelais'* 
 (1876), “De ITtalie” (1876), “La Renaissance italierme et 
 la philosophie de l’histoire ” (1887), “L’ltalie mystique” 
 (1890), “Conteurs florentins du moyen-ftge" (1901), 
 “ D’Ulysse a Panurge “ (1902), “ Sandro Botticelli " (1907), 
 etc. 
 
 Gedde3 (ged'es), Patrick. Born Oct. 2, 1854. 
 A British biologist, professor of botany in 
 University College, Dundee. He has written 
 “ Evolution of Sex” (1889 : with J. A. Thom- 
 son), and many scientific and educational 
 papers. 
 
 Geilde' Sir Archibald. Ilia later works include 
 “ Field Geology " (5th ed., 1900), “Memoir of Sir Andrew 
 Crombie Ramsay " (1895), “ The Ancient Volcanoes of 
 Britain” (1897), “The Founders of Geology" (1897), 
 “Geological Map of England and Wales” (1897), “Types of 
 Scenery, and their Influence on Literature " (1898), “The 
 
 VI. 37 
 
 Geology of Central and Western Fife and Kinross” (1901), 
 “ The Geology of Eastern Fife ”(1902), “Scottish Remi- 
 niscences’’ (1904), “Landscape in History "(1906), “Charles 
 Darwin as Geologist ’’ (1909), etc. He was made secretary to 
 the Royal Society in 1903 and president in 1908. 
 
 Geikie (ge'ki), John Cunningham. Born at 
 Edinburgh, Scotland, Oct. 26, 1824 : died April 
 1, 1906. A British clergyman and writer. He 
 was the son of a Presbyterian minister of Toronto, Canada ; 
 entered the Presbyterian ministry in 1848 ; and took or- 
 ders in the Church of England in 1876. Until 1860 he lived 
 in Canada and Nova Scotia, and after that in England, ex- 
 cept from 1879 to 1881, when he was rector of a church in 
 Paris. His works include “ The Life and Words of Christ " 
 (1876), “The English Reformation” (1884), “Hours with 
 the Bible ” (1894-96), “ Landmarks of Old Testament His- 
 tory ” (1894), “ The Vicar and his Friends ” (1901), etc. 
 
 Gelsenkirchen (gel'zen-ker-chen). A town in 
 the province of Westphalia, Germany, 17 miles 
 west of Dortmund. Its recent prosperity and 
 growth are due to the development of coal- 
 mines in the neighborhood, and to the incor- 
 poration of several adjoining places with the 
 town in 1903. Population, 168,293, (1910). 
 
 Gen6e (zhe-na/), Adeline. Bom at Aarhus, 
 Jutland, about 1882. A Danish dancer, she 
 learned her first steps at the age of three, her aunt, 
 Antonia Zimmennann, being a famous danseuse. At 
 eight she began regular dancing lessons with her uncle at 
 Copenhagen. She made her first success at Berlin, and 
 after dancing at Copenhagen and Munich went to London, 
 where for many seasons she was the premiere danseuse of 
 the Empire Theatre ballet, appearing in “Copp^lia ” and 
 other modern ballets. She made her American debut in 
 Philadelphia in 1908, appeared in the United States for 
 three successive seasons, and again 1912-13. 
 
 General Education Board. An organization 
 
 established at New York in 1902 to promote 
 education in the United States, irrespective of 
 race, creed, or sex. It is especially concerned with 
 regulating and utilizing various forms of educational 
 beneficence. It has received about $53,000,000 from John 
 D. Rockefeller, of which abo.'t $7,200,000 have been given 
 to the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research and 
 about $12,600,000 to the University of Chicago. 
 
 General Grant Park. A park in the San 
 
 Joaquin Valley, California, about 14 miles 
 south of Millwood. It contains 125 mammoth 
 trees, among them “General Grant,” one of 
 the largest sequoias known, measuring 106 feet 
 in circumference at its base. 
 
 Geneva Bible. An English translation of the 
 Bible issued from Geneva in 1560 by several 
 English divines who had fled thither to escape 
 the persecution of the reign of Mary, it was the 
 flrst complete Bible to appear iu Roman type, the first to 
 omit the Apocrypha, and the first to recognize the divi- 
 sion into verses. This translation was in common use iu 
 England till the version made by order of King James 
 was introduced in 1611. The Geneva Bible has also been 
 called the Breeches Bible, because Gen. iii. 7 is translated, 
 “ Then the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew 
 that they were naked, aud they sewed fig leaves together 
 and made themselves breeches." “Breeches” occurs in 
 previous translations, though the name is given espe- 
 cially to this one. 
 
 Gen-san. See *Yuen-san. 
 
 George V.: full name, George Frederick 
 Ernest Albert. Born at Marlborough House, 
 London, June 3, 1865. King of Great Britain 
 and Ireland and Emperor of India, May, 1910- : 
 second son of Edward VII. In 1892, by the death 
 of his elder broth er, the Duke of Clarence, lie became the 
 heir to the throne of Great Britain and Ireland. He was 
 created Duke of York in 1892 ; married Princess Victoria 
 Mary (May) of Teck, daughter of Queen Victoria’s flrst 
 cousin, July 6, 1893; succeeded his father as Duke of 
 Cornwall in 1901 ; and on Nov. 9, 1901, waa given the title 
 of Prince of Wales. He was crowned in Westminster 
 Abbey, June 22, 1911. 
 
 Georgetown University. An institution of 
 higher learning for men, situated at George- 
 town, District of Columbia. Since 1805 it has been 
 under the control of the Society of Jesus. The university 
 consists of Georgetown College (founded in 1789), the School 
 of Medicine (opened in 1851), the School of Law (opened 
 in 1870), and the Dental School (opened in 1901). Congress 
 authorized the conferring of degrees in 1815, and in 1833 
 the authorities at Rome granted the power of conferring 
 degrees iu philosophy and theology in the name of the 
 Holy See. The number of students is over 1,100. The 
 university library contains nearly 100,000 volumes. 
 
 George Washington University. The name 
 under which Columbian University has been 
 known since 1904. See Columbian University. 
 
 Georgia, University of. See * University of 
 Georgia. 
 
 Gerardy (zhe-rar-de'), Jean. Born at Spa, 
 Dec. 7, 1877. A Belgian violoncellist. After 
 studying with Bellman, he entered the Verviera Conser- 
 vatory, from which he graduated at the age of eleven. 
 He then toured extensively in Europe and America, giving 
 recitalB, and playing in concert with Paderewski, Ysaye, 
 Marteau, Kreisler, and Josef Hofmann. 
 
 Germanic National Museum. See Nurem- 
 berg. 
 
 Gevaert (ge-vart'), Francois Auguste. Born 
 at Huysse, near Oudenarde, Belgium, July 31, 
 1828 : died at Brussels, Dee. 24, 1908. A Bel- 
 
 Gilbert, Grove Karl 
 
 gian musical historian and composer. He lived 
 in Baris for a time aud brought out several operas there. 
 In 1871 he was made director of the Brussels Conservatory, 
 succeeding F6tis. His principal literary works are his 
 “ Traite generate d’instrumentation ” (1863 : revised as 
 “Nouveau traite d’instrumentation,” 1886), “Lesorigines 
 du chant liturgique de l’egliselatiue ”(1890), “Lamelopee 
 antique dans l’eglise latine ” (1895), etc. 
 
 Gherardi (ge-rar'di), Bancroft. Bora at 
 Jackson, La., Nov. 10, 1832 : died at Strat- 
 ford, Conn., Dec. 10, 1903. An American naval 
 officer, appointed rear-admiral in 1887. He en- 
 tered the navy as midshipman in 1846, and 
 served through the Civil War. He retired in 
 1894. 
 
 Giacosa (ja-ko'sa), Giuseppe. Born in Col- 
 leretto-Parella, near Ivrea, Turin, Italy, Oct. 
 21, 1847 : died there, Sept. 2, 1906. A noted 
 Italian dramatist. His works include “Una partita 
 a scacchi ” (1873), “Trionfo d'amore ” (1875), “Ifigli del 
 marchese "(1874), “ La signora di Challant ” (1891), “Tristi 
 amori ” (1891), “Comele foglie ” (1900), etc. 
 
 Giard (zlie-ar'), Alfred Mathieu. Born at 
 Valenciennes, Aug. 8, 1846: died Aug. 8, 1908. 
 A distinguished French zoologist, professor at 
 the Sorbonne 1892-1908. ne was the author of 
 “Principes de biologie generate ” (1877), “Recherches sur 
 la castration parasitaire ” (1887), “Controversies transfor- 
 mistes ” (1900), etc. 
 
 Gibbs (gibz), Josiah. Willard. Born at New 
 Haven, Conn., Feb. 11,1839: died there, April 
 28, 1903. A distinguished American physicist 
 and mathematician, son of Josiah Willard 
 Gibbs (1790-1861). He was graduated at Yale College 
 in 1858 and became professor of mathematical physics 
 there iu 1871. The series of important papers in which 
 the results of his investigations were embodied began 
 with two, published in 1873, entitled “ Graphical Methods 
 in the Thermodynamics of Fluids” and “A Method of 
 Geometrical Representation of the Thermodynamic 
 Properties of Substances by Means of Surfaces.” These 
 were followed by a paper on the “Equilibrium of 
 Heterogeneous Substances” (two parts, 1876 and 1878), 
 one on “Multiple Algebra” (1886), etc. His work was 
 most fruitful for the physicist, the chemist, and the 
 mathematician. In 1906 his “Scientific Papers” were 
 published in two volumes. 
 
 Gibbs (gibz), Oliver Wolcott. Bora at New 
 York, Feb. 21, 1822 : died at Newport, R. I., 
 Dec. 9, 1908. An American chemist, profes- 
 sor of applied science in Harvard University 
 from 1863 (emeritus 1887). He was professor of 
 physics and chemistry in the College of the City of New 
 York 1847-63. His publications include numerous impor- 
 tant papers on chemical topics. In 1884 he was elected 
 an honorary member of the German Chemical Society, 
 and was the first American who received this honor. 
 
 Gibson (gib'son), Charles Dana. Born at 
 Roxbury, Mass., Sept. 14, 1867. An American 
 illustrator. He received his artistic education at the 
 Art Students' League in New York and the Julian Acad- 
 emy in Paris. He has produced a large number of illus- 
 trations for “Life” and other pictorial magazines, his 
 subjects being taken chiefly from American social life. 
 
 Gibson*, Edward, first Baron Ashbourne. He 
 was lord chancellor of Ireland, with a seat in 
 the cabinet, 1885-86, 1886-92, and 1895-1906. 
 
 Gibson’s Desert. A desert region in Western 
 Australia, lying between the great Victoria 
 Desert and the Great Sandy Desert. 
 
 Giddings (gid'ingz), Franklin Henry. Born 
 at Sherman, Conn., March 23, 1855. An Ameri- 
 can sociologist. He was graduated from Union Col- 
 lege in 1877 ; worked as a journalist until 1888 ; was lecturer 
 on political science at Bryn Mawr 1888-91, and professor 
 1891-94 ; was professor of sociology at Columbia Univer- 
 sity 1894-1906; and has been professor of sociology and 
 the history of civilization there since 1906. He has writ- 
 ten “ Principles of Sociology ” (1896), “ Elements of Sociol- 
 ogy ” (1898), “ Democracy and Empire ” (1900), “ Inductive 
 Sociology ” (1901), “ Descriptive and Historical Sociology ” 
 (1907), etc. 
 
 Giffard (gif'fird), Sir Hardingc Stanley, first 
 Earl of Halsbury. Born Sept. 3, 1825. An 
 English statesman. He was educated at Merton Col- 
 lege, Oxford ; was called to the bar at the Inner Temple 
 in 1850; and was appointed queen's counsel in 1865. In 
 1875 he was created a knight, in 1885 a baron, and in 1898 
 an earl (Viscount Tiverton and Earl of Halsbury). He 
 was Conservative member of Parliament for Launceston 
 1877-85, and lord high chancellor 1885-86, 1886-92, and 
 1895-Dec., 1905. 
 
 Gigout (zhe-go'), Eugene. Bora at Nancy, 
 France, March 23, 1844. A noted French or- 
 ganist, composer, and teacher. He was for many 
 years professor in the Niedermeyer School in Paris, and 
 since 1863 has been organist at the Church of Saint- 
 Augustin. In 1885 he founded an organ school in Paris. 
 He has published many organ works and choruses in the 
 Gregorian style. 
 
 Gilbert (gil'bert), Cass. Born at Zanesville, 
 Ohio, Nov. 24, 1859. An American architect. 
 
 He was educated at the Massachusetts Institute of 'tech- 
 nology. Among the buildings designed by him are the 
 Capitol at St. Paul, the Central Public Library at St. Louis, 
 and the Custom-house and the Woolworth Building at New 
 York. He is a member of the National Academy, and was 
 president of the American Institute of Architects 1908-09. 
 
 Gilbert (gil'bert), Grove Karl. Born at 
 
Gilbert, Grove Karl 
 
 Rochester, N. Y., May 6, 1843. An American 
 man of science, geologist of the United States 
 Geological Survey from 1879. He was engaged on 
 the Ohio Geological Survey 1869-71 ; in the Wheeler sur- 
 vey 1871-74 ; and in the Powell survey of a portion of the 
 Rocky Mountains 1874-79. His publications include many 
 reports and papers on geology and physiography. 
 
 Giles (jHz), Herbert Allen. Born Dec. 8, 
 1845. A British Orientalist, professor of Chi- 
 nese at the University of Cambridge. He was a 
 member of the consular service in China 1867-93. In 1902 
 he was appointed lecturer on Chinese in Columbia Uni- 
 versity. lie has published a “Glossary of Reference” 
 (1878), “Historic China" (1882), “Chinese Biographical 
 Dictionary” (1897), “A History of Chinese Literature" 
 (1901), “ The Religions of Ancient China ” (1906), etc. 
 Gilibert (zhe-le-bar'), Charles. Born at Paris, 
 about 1867: died at New York, Oct. 12, 1910. 
 A French barytone. He played the buffo parts in 
 the old Italian operas as well as barytone parts in the 
 French works, his Massetto, in “Don Giovanni," being 
 notable. He made a success as the father, in “Louise." 
 
 Gillette (ji-let'), William. Born at Hartford, 
 Conn., July 24, 1855. An American actor and 
 playwright. He appeared for a number of years in 
 various stock companies, and has played leading roles in 
 many of his own dramas. Among these are “The 
 Professor," “ The Private Secretary, ’ “ Held by the 
 Enemy,” “Too Much Johnson,” “ Secret Service," “Sher- 
 lock Holmes,” etc. 
 
 Ginsburg (ginz'berg), Christian David. Born 
 at Warsaw, Russian Poland, Dec. 25, 1831. A 
 British biblical scholar and writer. He was a 
 member of the committee for the revision of the English 
 version of the Old Testament. Among his works are 
 the “ Massorah ” (1880-), commentaries upon various books 
 of the Old Testament, etc. 
 
 Gioconda (jo-kon'da), La. 1. See Mona Lisa. 
 — 2. An opera by Ponchielli (words by Arrigo 
 Boito), first produced at Milan in 1876. 
 Giordano (jor-da ' no), Umberto. Born at 
 Foggia, Aug. 27, 1867. An Italian composer. 
 While still a pupil at the Naples Conservatory he received 
 a commission to write an opera, “ Mala Vita ” (1892). His 
 next opera, “ Regina Diaz ” (1894), was unsuccessful. His 
 operas “Andrea Chenier” (1896), “Fedora" (1898), and 
 “Siberia" (1904) have beenproduced in America. 
 
 Girl of the Golden West, The. [It. La Fan- 
 ciulla del West.] An opera by Puccini (words 
 by Zangarini), first produced at New York, Dec. 
 li, 1910. The story is based on the play of 
 the same name by Belasco, produced in New 
 York city in 1905, with Blanche Bates as he- 
 roine. 
 
 Girofld Girofla (zhe-ro-fla' zhe-ro-fla'). An 
 opera boiiffe in three acts (libretto by Vanloo 
 and Leterrier, music by A. C. Leeocq) which 
 was first produced at the Theater of Parisian 
 Fantasies in Brussels, March 21, 1874. 
 
 Gissing (gis'ing), George. Born at Wake- 
 field, England, Nov. 22, 1857: died at St.- 
 Jean-de-Luz, France, Dec. 28, 1903. An Eng- 
 lish novelist, a portrayer of modern social 
 conditions and in particular of English middle- 
 class life. He was educated at Owens College, Man- 
 chester. His works include “The Unclassed'' (1884), 
 “Demos" (1886), “The Nether World” (1889), “New 
 Grub Street" (1891), “ The Whirlpool ” (1897), “The Town 
 Traveller ” (1898), “ Our Friend the Charlatan " (1901), 
 “ By the Ionian Sea ” (1901), “ The Private Papers of 
 Henry Ryecroft,” an autobiographical book originally 
 entitled “An Author at Grass" (1902), “ Veranilda” 
 (1905), “The House of Cobwebs " (1906), etc. He was a 
 student of Dickens and published “ Charles Dickens, a 
 critical essay ” (1898), an abbreviation of Forster’s life of 
 Dickens (1902), and introductions to the “ Rochester " 
 edition of Dickens’s novels. 
 
 Gjoa (je'a'). The yacht (built 1872) iu which 
 Roald Amundsen and six companions made a 
 north polar expedition 1903-07. The expedition 
 left Christiania in June, 1903, and spent two winters at 
 Gjoahavn, King William Land, where magnetic and mete- 
 orological observations were made. The north magnetic 
 pole was reached by sledges. The Gjoa was the first ship 
 to navigate successfully and completely the whole of the 
 Northwest Passage. In August, 1906, the ship reached 
 Bering Strait after being frozen off King Point for the 
 third winter. 
 
 Glace (glas) Bay. A town on the northeastern 
 coast of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. 
 There are sheet-metal works in the town and 
 coal-mines in the vicinity. It is a transatlantic 
 wireless telegraph station. Population, 16,562. 
 Glacier National Park. A national park in 
 northern Montana, established in 1910, com- 
 prising over 1,500 square miles. It contains 
 over 60 glaciers. Mount Cleveland, the highest 
 peak, is 10,434 feet in height. 
 
 Gladden (glad'en), Washington. Born at 
 Pottsgrove, Pa., Feb. 11, 1836. An American 
 Congregational clergyman and writer. He was 
 graduated at Williams College in 1859 ; was pastor of 
 churches in Brooklyn and Morrisania, New York, and 
 North Adams and Springfield, Massachusetts (1860-82) ; 
 was pastor of the First Congregational Church in Co- 
 lumbus, Ohio, 1882-1911, and was moderator of the Con- 
 gregational Council 1904-07. Among his publications 
 arc “ Plain Thoughts on the Art of Living " (1868), “ The 
 
 Christian League of Connecticut” (1883), “ Applied Chris- 
 tianity (1887), “Who Wrote the Bible?" (1891), “Tools 
 and the Man” (1892), “ The Christian Pastor" (1898), 
 “How Much is Left of the Old Doctrines?” (1899), “Social 
 Salvation" (1902), “When Does the Sky Begin ? " (1904), 
 “The Church and Modern Life” (1908), “Recollections ” 
 (1909). 
 
 Gladsheim (glads'him). [‘ Home of glad- 
 ness.’] In Old. Norse mythology, a region in 
 Asgard which contains the Valhalla, the as- 
 sembling-place of the gods and heroes. It is 
 the dwelling of Odin. 
 
 Gladstone (glad'ston), Herbert John, Vis- 
 count Gladstone of Hawarden. Born at Lon- 
 don, Jan. 7,1854. An English Liberal statesman, 
 youngest son of W. E. Gladstone. He was edu- 
 cated at Eton and at University College, Oxford ; rep- 
 resented Leeds and Leeds West in the House of Com- 
 mons 1880-1909; was private secretary to his father 
 1880-81 ; and was junior lord of the treasury 1881-85, finan- 
 cial secretary to the War Office 1886, under-secretary to 
 the Home Office 1892-94, first commissioner of works 
 1894-95, chief Liberal whip 1899-1905, and home secretary 
 Dec., 1905-10. He was raised to the peerage in 1910, and 
 in the same year was appointed governor-general of South 
 Africa. 
 
 Gladstone (glad'ston), John Hall. Born at 
 London, 1827: died Oct. 6, 1902. An English 
 chemist, professor of chemistry at the Royal 
 Institute 1874-77. lie published the “Life of Mi- 
 
 chael Faraday ” (1872), “Spelling Reform from an Educa- 
 tional Point of View ” (1878), and numerous papers on 
 chemical topics. 
 
 Glasgow (glas'go), Ellen Anderson Gholson. 
 
 Born at Richmond, Va., April 22, 1874. An 
 American novelist. She has written “The Descen- 
 dant” (1897), “ Phases of an Inferior Planet ” (1898), “ The 
 Freeman and other Poems” (1900), “The Voice of the 
 People” (1900), “ The Battleground” (1902), “The Deliv- 
 erance” (1904), “The Wheel of Life” (1906), “Ancient 
 Law ” (1908), “ The Romance of a Plain Man ” (1909), “The 
 Miller of Old Church ” (1911), etc. 
 
 Glass (glas), Henry. Born in Kentucky, Jan. 
 7, 1844 : died at Paso Robles, Cal., Sept. 1, 
 1908. An American naval officer, promoted 
 rear-admiral in 1901. He was graduated at the 
 United States Naval Academy in 1863 ; served in the last 
 years of the Civil War; commanded the cruiser Charles- 
 ton on the Pacific Station in the Spanish war ; and cap- 
 tured the Ladrone Islands (Guam) June 20, 1898. He 
 was commander-in-chief of the Pacific Station 1903-04, 
 and was appointed commandant of the Pacific Naval Dis- 
 trict in 1904, retiring in January, 1906. 
 
 Glassport (glas'port). A borough in Alle- 
 gheny County, Pennsylvania, incorporated iu 
 1902. It has glass-factories, foundries, etc. 
 Population, 5,540, (1910). 
 
 Glastonbury (glas'ton-ber-i). A town in Hart- 
 ford County, Connecticut, on the Connecticut 
 River, 5 miles below Hartford. It has manu- 
 factories of wool, paper, etc. Population, 
 4,796, (1910). 
 
 Glave (glav), Edward James. Born Sept. 13, 
 1862 : died at Underhill, Matadi, Belgian 
 Kongo, May 12, 1895. An English explorer in 
 Central Africa. In 1883 he was sent by the Bureau 
 of the International Association of Brussels to serve 
 under Henry M. Stanley on the Kongo River. Be was in 
 command of the station at Lukolela 1884-86, explored the 
 Kongo basin 1886-89, came to America on a lecturing 
 tour in 1889, and explored Alaska 1890-91. Between 
 August, 1893, and April, 1895, he crossed Africa from 
 the mouth of the Zambesi River, journeying to the east 
 and north of Lake Nyasa, west of Lake Bangweolo, east 
 of Lake Moero, and west of Lake Tanganyika to the 
 mouth of the Kongo River. This journey was undertaken 
 for the investigation of the slave-trade, with a view to 
 aiding in its abolition. He wrote “ In Savage Africa ” 
 (1892). 
 
 Glazounof (gla'zo-nof), Alexander Constan- 
 tinovitch. Born at St. Petersburg, Aug. 10, 
 1865. A Russian composer of the advanced 
 national school, though also affected by more 
 cosmopolitan Western influences. He has com- 
 posed seven symphonies, several symphonic poems and 
 suites, six string quartets and other instrumental music, 
 cantatas, and songs. In 1906 he was appointed director 
 of the St. Petersburg Conservatory. 
 
 Glenn (glen), John Mark. Born at Baltimore, 
 Oct. 28, 1858. An American social worker. 
 
 He was educated at Johns Hopkins University, and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1882. He was a member of the 
 board of supervisors of city charities in Baltimore 1898- 
 1907, and in 1907 was made director of the Russell Sage 
 Foundation at New York. 
 
 Globe (glob). Tbe county-seat of Gila County, 
 Arizona, 84 miles northeast of Tucson. It has 
 rich mines of copper, gold, and silver. Popu- 
 lation, 7,083, (1910 ). 
 
 Gluck (glok), Alma. Born at Bukharest, 
 about 1883. An American soprano singer. 
 She came to \merica when about three years old, studied 
 singing in New York, and in 1909 was engaged for the 
 Metropolitan Opera Company. Her d£but was made as 
 Sophie, in “ Werther,” Nov. 16 , 1909, at the New Theatre. 
 Since that time she has been heard in a variety of parts. 
 She has also sung in recital and oratorio. 
 
 Glyptothek (glip'to-tak). [G., < NL. gh/pto- 
 theca, < Gr. yXvnrdv, a carved image, + Or/ nr/, a 
 
 Gompers 
 
 collection.] A gallery of sculpture on the 
 Konigsplatz, Munich, built externally in the 
 Ionic style, with thirteen halls lighted from a 
 central quadrangle. It was erected from designsby 
 Klenze, 1816-30, by Louis 1., king of Bavaria, primarily 
 to provide a home for the iEginetan marbles. The name 
 is also given to a museum of art in Copenhagen. 
 
 Godard (go-dar'), Benjamin Louis Paul. 
 
 Born at Paris, Aug. 18, 1849 : died at Cannes, 
 Jan. 10, 1895. A French composer. Among his 
 works are the operas “Pedro deZalamea” (1884), “Joce- 
 lyn” (1888), “ Dante et Beatrice” (1890), “Jeanne d’Arc 
 (1891), “La vivandiere ” (1895), symphonies and suites, 
 many piano pieces, and songs. 
 
 Godowsky (go-dof'ski), Leopold. Born at 
 Vilna, Feb. 13, 1870. A Russian piano vir- 
 tuoso and composer. He first appeared in concert 
 when nine years of age, playing in Russia, Poland, and 
 Germany. In 1884 he toured in America with Ovide 
 Musin, and then, after studying with Saint-Saens, toured 
 in France, England, and America. He was director of the 
 Chicago Conservatory 1895-1900, and succeeded Busoni at 
 the Vienna Conservatory in 1908. He has written piano- 
 forte pieces, and fifty studies on the; “ Etudes 1 ’ of Chopin. 
 
 Godwin- Austen (god 'win -as' ten), Robert 
 Alfred Cloyne. Born at Guildford, Surrey, 
 March 17, 1808: died there, Nov. 25, 1884. An 
 English geologist. He was educated at Oxford (Oriel 
 College), and was a pupil of William Buckland, the 
 geologist. In 1849 he was elected a fellow of the Royal 
 Society. He took the additional surname of Godwin in 
 1853. He is best known through his essay “On the Pos- 
 sible Extension of the Coal-measures beneath the South- 
 Eastern Part of England ” (1854). 
 
 Goeje (go'ye), Michiel Johannes de. Born 
 in Friesland, Aug. 13, 1836: died in 1909. A 
 Dutch Orientalist, professor in the University 
 of Leyden. He was especially distinguished 
 as an Arabic scholar, and edited many texts in 
 that language. 
 
 Goethals (go'thalz), George Washington. 
 
 Born at Brooklyn, June 29, 1858. An Ameri- 
 can engineer. He was graduated at West Point in 
 1880 and assigned to the Engineer Corps, becoming major 
 in 1900 and colonel in 1909. He was chief of engineers 
 during the war with Spain in 1898, and in 1907 was ap- 
 pointed chief engineer of the Panama Canal. 
 
 Gold Coast". In 1901 Ashanti was annexed by Great 
 Britain and the administration placed in the hands of the 
 governor of the Gold Coast, and in the same year the ter- 
 ritories between the French and German possessions 
 north of lat. 8° N. were put under British protection. 
 Area of colony, Ashanti, and protectorate, 82,000 square 
 miles. The name is also given to a considerably more ex- 
 tensive stretch of the coast. 
 
 Golden Hill. A lofty hill south of Port 
 Arthur, Manchuria, rising from the sea on the 
 northeasterly side of the entrance to tlje inner 
 harbor. It is heavily fortified and played an important 
 part in repelling the attacks of the Japanese fleet upon 
 Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese war. 
 
 Goldfield (gold'feld). A town (not incorpor- 
 ated in 1910), the county-seat of Esmeralda 
 County, Nevada, about 40 miles south of 
 Tonopah. There are gold-mines in the vicinity. 
 Population, 4,838, (1910). 
 
 Goldsboro (goldz'bur-o). The county-seat of 
 Wayne County, North Carolina, 78 miles north 
 of Wilmington. It has cotton-mills, machine- 
 shops, lumber-mills, furniture -factories, etc. 
 A State normal school and the Eastern Insane 
 Asylum are located here. Population, 6,107, 
 (1910). 
 
 Golgi (gol'je), Camillo. Born atCorteno, Italy, 
 July 7, 1844. An Italian pathologist, pro- 
 fessor of general pathology and histology in 
 the University of Pavia. In 1887 he made a study 
 of the life-cycle of the malarial parasite 1 . In 1906 he 
 received the Nobel prize for works dealiug with the anat- 
 omy of the nervous system. 
 
 Gollancz (gol'ans), Israel. Born at London, 
 1864. An English scholar, educator, and 
 author. He was graduated at Christ's College. Cam- 
 bridge, in 1887; was university lecturer in English at 
 Cambridge, 1896-1906; and has been professor of English 
 literature and language, and dean of the faculty of arts, 
 at King’s College. London. He has been fellow’ and sec- 
 retary of the British Academy since its foundation in 
 1902. Among his works are “ Cynewulf’s ‘Christ’ ” (1892), 
 “ Exeter Book of Anglo-Saxon Poetry ” (1895), “Hamlet in 
 Iceland ” (1898), etc. He is also editor of the “Temple 
 Classics,” “Temple Dramatists,” “ Temple Shakespeare, ‘ ’ 
 etc. He was appointed director of the Early English 
 Text Society in 1910. 
 
 Goltermann (gorter-miUi), Georg Eduard. 
 
 Born at Hannover, Aug. 19, 1824 : died at Frank- 
 fort, Dec. 29, 1898. A German violoncellist, 
 conductor, and composer. His teachers were Prell, 
 the younger, and Menter, of Munich. He toured as a 
 virtuoso 1850-52 and became music director at Wurzburg in 
 1852, second conductor at the Stadt Theater, Frankfort, 
 in 1853, and first conductor in 1874. Among his composi- 
 tions the best known is a cello concerto. 
 
 Gompers (gom'perz), Samuel. Bom in Eng- 
 land, Jan. 27, 1850. An Anglo-American labor 
 leader. He came to the United States in 1863. A cigar- 
 maker by trade, in 1864 he helped to organize the Cigar- 
 Makers’ International Union, and has since attained fore- 
 
Gompers 
 
 most rank as an advocate and acting representative of 
 organized labor. He was one of the founders of the Ameri- 
 can Federation of Labor, and has been its president almost 
 continuously from the beginning. He is also the editor 
 of the “ American Federationist. ’ 
 
 Goodale (gud'al), George Lincoln. Born at 
 Saco, Maine, Aug. 3, 1839. An American 
 botanist, professor of botany in Harvard 
 University 1878-1909, and Fisher professor 
 of natural history and director of the Botanic 
 Garden. He was graduated at Amherst College in 1860 ; 
 was professor at Bowdoin College 1869-72 ; and was assis- 
 tant professor at Harvard 1873-78. His publications in- 
 clude many works on economic botany. 
 
 Good Hope, Cape of. 2. The name by which 
 Cape Colony is known in the Union of South 
 Africa. 
 
 Goodhue (gud'hu), Bertram Grosvenor. Born 
 at Pomfret, Conn., April 28, 1869. An Ameri- 
 can architect. He is a member of the firm of Cram, 
 Goodhue, and Ferguson of New York and Boston, which 
 designed the reconstruction and development of the United 
 States Military Academy at West Point and built the 
 Anglican cathedrals at Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Havana, 
 Cuba, and the new edifice for St. Thomas’s Church, New 
 York city. He designed the “ Altar Book.’’ 
 
 Goodspeed (gud'sped), Arthur Willis. Born 
 at Hopkinton, N. H., Aug. 8, 1860. An Amer- 
 ican physicist, professor in the University of 
 Pennsylvania from 1904, best known for his 
 studies in radiation (X-rays, etc.). He was grad- 
 uated at Harvard in 1884, and became connected with the 
 University of Pennsylvania, as instructor, in 1884. 
 
 Goodyear (gud'yer), William Henry. Born 
 at New Haven, Conn., April 21, 1846. An 
 American connoisseur and curator of art col- 
 lections: son of Charles Goodyear (1800-60). 
 
 He was graduated at Yale University in 1867 and studied 
 at the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin. From 1881 
 to 1888 he was curator of the Metropolitan Museum in 
 New York, and since 1899 has been curator of fine arts 
 in the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arte and 
 Sciences. He has investigated irregularities which he has 
 discovered in nearly all styles of architecture, and which 
 in many cases were intentional ; and his measurements of 
 monuments have modified greatly the accepted theories 
 of architectural development. He has written “ A History 
 of Art" (1888), “Grammar of the Lotus" (1891), “Roman 
 and Medieval Art ” (1893), “Renaissance and Modem Art ” 
 (1894), “Greek Refinements” (1912), etc. 
 
 Gopher state. A popular name of the State of 
 Minnesota. 
 
 Gordon (gor'don), Charles William: pseudo- 
 nym Ralph Connor. Born at Indian Lands, 
 Ontario, 1860. A Canadian clergyman, mis- 
 sionary, and author. From 1890 to 1894 he was ell- 
 gaged in missionary work among the miners and lumber- 
 men in the Canadian Rocky Mountains ; represented the 
 Canadian Western Missions of the Presbyterian Church 
 in Great Britain 1893-94 ; and since 1894 has been minister 
 of St. Stephen’s Church in Winnipeg. He is the author 
 of “ Black Rock” (1898), “The Sky Pilot” (1899), “Beyond 
 the Marshes ” (1901), “The Man from Glengarry ” (1901), 
 “ Glengarry School Days ” (1902), “ The Prospector” (1904), 
 “The Doctor ” (1906), “Life of James Robertson” (1908), 
 “The Recall of Love” (1910), “Corporal Cameron”(1912), etc. 
 Gordon (gor'don), John Brown. Born in 
 Upson County, Ga., Feb. 6, 1832 : died at 
 Miami, Fla., Jan. 9, 1904. An American 
 soldier. He was educated at the University of Georgia; 
 studied law and was admitted to the bar ; served with 
 distinction in the Confederate army in the Civil War, and 
 rose to the rank of lieutenant-general ; was a member of 
 the national Democratic conventions of 1868 and 1872 ; was 
 a member of the United States Senate 1873-80 and 1891- 
 1897 ; and was governor of Georgia 1887-90. He was the 
 author of “Reminiscences of the Civil War” (1903). 
 
 Gorgas (gor'gas), William Crawford. Born 
 at Mobile, Ala., October 3, 1854. A medical 
 officer in the United States army, especially 
 noted for his services in freeing Havana from 
 yellow fever. He entered the medical corps of the 
 United States army as first lieutenant in 1880, became 
 captain in 1885 and major in 1898, and was promoted 
 colonel by a special act of Congress in 1903 for his yellow- 
 fever work. In 1904 he was appointed chief sanitary 
 ofiicer of the Panama Canal, and he has been a member 
 of the Isthmian Canal Commission since March, 1907. 
 Gorky (gor'ki), Maxim. The pseudonym of 
 Aleksyei Maksimovitch Pyeshkof. 
 
 Gorman (gor'man), Arthur Pue. Born in 
 Howard County, Md., March 11, 1839: died at 
 Washington, D. C., June 4, 1906. An Ameri- 
 can Democratic politician. He became a page in 
 the United States Senate in 1852; was a member of the 
 Maryland House of Delegates 1870-75 (speaker 1873-75) ; 
 was State senator 1875-81 ; and was United States senator 
 from Maryland 1881-99 and 1903-06. 
 
 Gorst (gdrst), Sir Eldon. Born in New Zea- 
 land, June 25, 1861: died at Castle Combe 
 Manor, Chippenham, Wiltshire, July 12, 1911. 
 A British, statesman, successor to Lord Cromer 
 as British agent and consul-general in Egypt 
 in 1907. He was financial adviser to the Egyp- 
 tian government 1898-1904, and assistant under- 
 secretary of state for foreign affairs 1904-07. 
 Gortynian Inscription. An inscription found 
 at Gortyna in Crete, a small part in 1862 and 
 
 the rest in 1884. It is supposed to date from the 
 fifth century B.C., although it contains references to the 
 sixth and seventh centuries. It is of great value as giving 
 what is practically a code of early Greek law and, to a con- 
 siderable extent, its procedure. 
 
 Gorz and Gradiska*. It has 6 representatives 
 in the Austrian Reichsrath and has a landtag 
 of 30 members. 
 
 Goschen% George Joachim. His later works 
 include “Life and Times of Georg Joachim 
 Goschen ” (1903) and “Essays and Addresses 
 on Economic Questions” (1905). 
 
 Goshen (go'shen). The county-seat of Elk- 
 hart County, Indiana, 99 miles southeast of 
 Chicago. It is engaged in lumbering, agricul- 
 ture, and the manufacture of flour, machinery, 
 woolen goods, furniture, etc. Population, 
 8,514, (1910). 
 
 Goss (gos), Warren Lee. Born at Brewster, 
 Mass., Aug. 19, 1838. An American author and 
 editor. Among his works are “The Soldier’s Story of 
 Captivity at Andersonville ” (1866), “Jed" (1889), "The 
 Recollections of a Private ” (1890), “ Tom Clifton ” (1892), 
 “Jack Alden” (1895), and “In the Navy” (1898). 
 
 Gosse*, Edmund W. He has also written “ Firdausi 
 in Exile" (1885), “In Russet and Silver” (1894), “Col- 
 lected Poems " (1896), “ Hypolympia " (1901), “Father and 
 Son” (1907), “Henrik Ibsen” (1908), “The Autumn Gar- 
 den ’’ (1908), and “ Two Visits to Denmark 1872-4 " (1911). 
 Gotz (gets), Hermann. Born at Konigsberg, 
 Dec. 17, 1840: died near Zurich, Switzerland, 
 Dec. 3, 1876. A German composer. He was a 
 pupil of Stern, Von Biilow, and Ulrich at Berlin, nis 
 most celebrated opera, “ The Taming of the Shrew ” (“ Der 
 Widerspenstigen Zahmung”), was first performed at 
 Mannheim, Oct. 11, 1874. He also wrote orchestral, 
 piano, and chamber music. 
 
 Gould (gold), Elgin Ralston Lovell. Born at 
 Oshawa, Ontario, Canada, Aug. 15, 1860. An 
 American publicist and philanthropist. He 
 studied at the Toronto and Johns Hopkins universities, 
 and was professor of statistics in the University of Chicago 
 1895-96. In 1896 he became president of the City and 
 Suburban Homes Company, New York, an organization 
 for providing improved dwelling accommodations for 
 wage-earners on terms allowing a measure of profit to in- 
 vestors. He was lecturer on political economy in Colum- 
 bia University 1901-02, city chamberlain of New York 1902- 
 1904, and has taken an active part in philanthropic and re- 
 form movements in that city. He is the author of “ The 
 Housing of the Working People,” “ Popular Control of the 
 Liquor Traffic,” “The Social Condition of Labor,” “Euro- 
 pean Bureaus of Labor Statistics,” “ The Housing Problem 
 in Great Cities,” “Civic Reform and Social Progress, ” etc. 
 
 Gould (gold), Sir Francis Carruthers. Born 
 at Barnstaple, Dee. 2, 1844. An English politi- 
 cal caricaturist and editor. In 1879 he began illus- 
 trating the Christmas numbers of the London “Truth, 
 and was subsequently connected with the “ Ball Mall 
 Gazette,' and later with the “ Westminster Gazette,” of 
 which he became assistant editor. He is especially noted 
 for his political caricatures, which serve to further the 
 ends of the Liberal party. His cartoons in the “West- 
 minster Gazette ” have been reprinted periodically in 
 “ Picture Politics. ” He has published also “ Who Killed 
 Cock Robin?” (1897), “Froissart’s Modern Chronicles’’ 
 (1902-03), etc. He was knighted in 1906. 
 
 Gourock (go'rok). A seashore resort in Ren- 
 frewshire, Scotland, situated on the Firth of 
 Clyde, 3 miles west of Greenock. Pop., 5,244. 
 Grabau (gra'bo). Amadeus William. Born 
 at Cedarburgh, Wis., Jan. 9, 1870. An Ameri- 
 can geologist, professor of paleontology in 
 Columbia University from 1905. He was ad- 
 junct professor there 1902-05. 
 
 Grafton (graf'ton). The county-seat of Tay- 
 lor County, West Virginia, 64 miles southeast 
 of Wheeling. It has railroad shops, glass-fac- 
 tories, planing-mills, etc. A national ceme- 
 tery and a State reform school are located 
 here. Population, 7,563, (1910). 
 
 Graham (gra'am), Ennis. Tbe pseudonym 
 of Mrs. Moleswort.h. 
 
 Grahame (gra'am), Kenneth. Born at Edin- 
 burgh, March 8, 1859. A British author, secre- 
 tary of the Bank of England 1898-1908. He 
 has written “Pagan Papers” (1893), “The Golden Age" 
 (1895), “ Dream Days ” (1898), “ The Headswoman ” (1898), 
 “ The Wind in the Willows ' (1908), etc. 
 
 Grahame - White (gra ' am-hwit'), Claude. 
 Born at Southampton, England, Aug. 21, 1879. 
 An English aviator. He learned to fly at the Bleriot 
 and Farman schools in France, obtaining there a pilot’s 
 license. At Pan, on Nov. 28, 1909, he made a record flight 
 at the rate of 70 miles an hour. Competing with Paulhan 
 in a 117-mile race from London to Manchester, April 28, 
 1910, he covered 107 miles, but was forced to descend. In 
 a flight of 33 miles out over Boston Harbor, in September, 
 1910, he won a $10,000 prize. In a flight over Washington, 
 D. C., on Oct. 14, 1910, he made a landing in a public street 
 near the White House and a successful return flight to the 
 Bennings race-track. He won the Gordon- Hennett inter- 
 national cup at Belmont Park, Long Island, on Oct. 29, 
 1910, with a Bleriot monoplane, at a speed of about 61 miles 
 an hour, flying 100 kilometers in 1 hr., 1 min., 4.74 sec. 
 
 Grand (grand), Sarah. The pseudonym of 
 Mrs. McFall. 
 
 Grand Island (grand I'land). The county- 
 
 Graves, Henry Solon 
 
 seat of Hall County, Nebraska, on the Platte 
 River. Besides a large trade in live stock, the 
 city has brick-works, sugar-factories, brew- 
 eries, railroad shops, etc. Grand Island Col- 
 lege (Baptist) and the State Soldiers' and Sail- 
 ors’ Home are located here. Population, 10,326, 
 (1910). 
 
 Grand Isle (grand 11). A village in Jefferson 
 Parish, Louisiana, in the southeastern part of 
 the State, on the Gulf of Mexico. It has a 
 wireless telegraph station. 
 
 Grand Marais (grand ma-ra'). A village in 
 Cook County, Minnesota, incorporated in 1903. 
 It is on Lake Superior, and has a wireless tele- 
 graph station. Population, 355, (1910). 
 
 Grand Rapids (grand rap'idz). The county- 
 seat of Wood County, Wisconsin, on the Wis- 
 consin River, 67 miles northwest of Oshkosh. 
 It has lumber-mills, flour-mills, furniture-fac- 
 tories, etc. Population, 6,521, (1910). 
 
 Granite (gran'it). A city in Madison County, 
 Illinois, about 5 miles northeast of East St. 
 Louis. It has granite-ware factories, steel- 
 and iron-works, etc. Population, 9,903, (1910). 
 Gran Malindang (gran ma-len'dang). Agroup 
 of mountains in Misamis, Mindanao, Philippine 
 Islands. Greatest height, 8,580 feet. 
 
 Grant (grant), Frederick Dent. Born at St. 
 Louis, Mo., May 30, 1850: died at New York, 
 April 11, 1912. An American soldier, son of 
 Ulysses S. Grant: appointed major-general in 
 the United States army in 1906. He was gradu- 
 ated at West Point in 1871 and resigned from the army in 
 1881; was minister to Austria-Hungary 1889-93; and was 
 police commissioner of New York city 1895-97. On the 
 outbreak of the war with Spain in 1898 he was appointed 
 colonel and later brigadier-general of volunteers ; served 
 in Porto Rico ; and in 1899 was sent to the Philippines, 
 where he took part in various operations against the in- 
 surgents in Luz6n. In 1901 he was appointed brigadier- 
 general in the United States army. He commanded the 
 Department of Texas 1902-04, the Department of the Lakes 
 1904 and 1908-10, the Department of the East 1904-08 and 
 1910-11, and the Eastern Division 1911-12. 
 
 Grant (grant), Robert. Born at Boston, Mass., 
 Jan. 24, 1852. An American author and law- 
 yer. Among his works are “ The Reflections of a Mar- 
 ried Man” (1892), “The Opinions of a Philosopher” 
 (1893), “The Art of Living ” (1895), “Unleavened Bread ” 
 (1900), “ The Undercurrent ” (1904), “The Orchid ” (1905), 
 “ The Lawbreakers” (1906), “The Chippendales” (1909), etc. 
 Gras (gra), F61ix. Born at Malemort, France, 
 May 3, 1844: died at Avignon, March 4, 1901. 
 A Provencal poet and novelist. He was a member 
 of the brotherhood of Les Felibres, and succeeded his 
 brother-in-law, its founder, Joseph Roumanille, as its head 
 in 1891. He published, in Provencal, “Li Carbounie” 
 (1876), “Toloza” (1881), “Roumancero prouvenyal,” a col- 
 lection (1882), “Li Papalino ” (1891). In 1898 the novel 
 “ The Reds of the Midi ” was first published in an English 
 translation by Mrs. T. A. Janvier; “The Terror” and 
 “ The White Terror ” (1899) were also published in Proven- 
 cal, French, and English. 
 
 Grassi (gra'se), Giovanni Battista. Born 
 March 27, 1856. An Italian anatomist and 
 physiologist, professor of comparative anatomy 
 in the University of Rome. He is especially 
 noted for his investigations of the sources and 
 methods of malarial infection and of similar 
 diseases. He was made a senator of the king- 
 dom of Italy in 1908. 
 
 Grassmarket. A wide thoroughfare in Edin- 
 burgh, near the castle and the Cowgate. It 
 was for a long time the place of execution and 
 was the scene of the Porteous Riots in 1736. 
 Grau (grou), Maurice. Born at Briinn, Aus- 
 tria, Dec. 20, 1849: died March 14, 1907. An 
 American operatic manager. He organized the 
 Kellogg English Opera Company in 1873 ; became manag- 
 ing director of the Maurice Grau Opera Company and 
 manager of the Metropolitan Opera House (New York) 
 in 1897 ; and retired in 1903. 
 
 Grave (grav), Caswell. Born at Monrovia, 
 Ind., Jan. 24, 1870. An American naturalist, 
 associate professor of zoology in Johns Hop- 
 kins University from 1906. He was instructor 
 in invertebrate zoology at Woods Hole in 190!, 
 and director of the Beaufort Laboratory of the 
 Bureau of Fisheries 1902-06. 
 
 Graves (gravz), Charles Hinman. Born at 
 Springfield, Mass., Aug. 14, 1839. An American 
 diplomatist. He served throughout the Civil War, and 
 in 1867 was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. He was a mem- 
 ber of the Minnesota Senate 1875-78, and of the House 
 of Representatives 1889-91 ; was State Capitol commis- 
 sioner of Minnesota 1893-1905; and was appointed minis- 
 ter to Sweden in 1905. 
 
 Graves (gravz), Henry Solon. Born at Mari- 
 etta, Ohio, May 3, 1871. An American forester, 
 chief of the United States Forest Service from 
 1910. He was professor of forestry and di- 
 rector of the Department of Forestry in Yale 
 University 1900-10. lie has published “ The 
 
Graves, Henry Solon 
 
 White Pine” (1896), “Forest Mensuration” 
 (1906), etc. 
 
 Gray (gra), George. Born at New Castle, 
 Del., May 4, 1840. An American statesman and 
 
 jurist. He was graduated at Princeton in 1859 ; studied 
 law at Harvard • was admitted to the bar in 1863 ; was at- 
 torney-general of Delaware 1879-85 ; was United States 
 senator (Democratic) from Delaware 1885-99 ; and has 
 been judge of the United States Circuit Court, third judi- 
 cial circuit, since 1899. He was a member of the American 
 and Spanish peace commission at Paris and of the Amer- 
 ican and British joint high commission at Quebec in 1898; 
 and was appointed a member of the permanent court of 
 arbitration under the Hague convention in 1900. He was 
 also president of the anthracite coal strike commission 
 appointed by President Roosevelt in 1902. 
 
 Gray (gra), Robert. Born at Tiverton, R. I.. 
 1755 : died at Charleston, S. C., 1806. An 
 American trader and explorer., in 1787-90 he 
 made a voyage around the world, in command of the sloop 
 Washington, which, together with the ship Columbia, had 
 been fitted out for trading with the natives of the north- 
 west coast. On a second voyage in 1791 he discovered the 
 Columbia River, which he named after his own vessel. 
 
 Gray’s Harbor. A bay entering the coast of 
 Chehalis County, Washington, from the Pacific 
 Ocean and receiving the waters of the Chehalis 
 River. 
 
 Great Bible. See under Coverdale. 
 
 Greater Punxsutawney (gra'ter pungk-su- 
 ta'ni). A borough in Jefferson County, Penn- 
 sylvania, 43 miles northwest of Altoona, in a 
 coal and iron region. Population, 9,058, (1910). 
 
 Great Sandy Desert. An extensive desert 
 region lying in the central and northern parts 
 of Western Australia. 
 
 Great Victoria Desert. An extensive desert 
 region in the southeastern part of Western 
 Australia. 
 
 Greco (gra'ko), El. See * Theotocopuli. 
 
 Greely , Adolphus Washington. He was ap- 
 
 pointed commander of the northern division of the United 
 States army in September, 1906. He retired in 1908. His 
 works include “American Weather” (1888), “American 
 Explorers” (1893), “Handbook of Arctic Discoveries” 
 (1897), and “Handbook of Alaska” (1909). 
 
 Green (gren), Andrew Haswell. Born at 
 
 Worcester, Mass., Oct. 6, 1820: died at New 
 York, Nov. 13, 1903. An American lawyer, 
 the originator of the plan of consolidating 
 New York, Brooklyn, and the adjacent cities 
 in the one city of “Greater” New York, which 
 was carried out in 1897. He practised law in New 
 York, was active in the city government in several capaci- 
 ties(mo8t notably as controller 1871-76), and was identified 
 with many business, public, and philanthropic enterprises. 
 
 Green (gren), Thomas Hill. Born at Birkin, 
 Yorkshire, April 7, 1836 : died at Oxford, March 
 26, 1882. An English philosopher. He was edu- 
 cated at Rugby and at Balliol College, Oxford, and taught 
 at Oxford, first as tutor, and 1878-82 as professor of moral 
 philosophy. He was the leading British exponent of the 
 doctrines of Hegel, and exerted a powerful influence on 
 the philosophical thought of his time. Of his published 
 works the most important, the "Prolegomena to Ethics," 
 appeared in 1883. 
 
 Greenaway (gren'a-wa), Kate. Born in Lon- 
 don, March 17, i846: died at Hampstead, 
 London, Nov. 6, 1901. An English water- 
 color painter and illustrator. She enjoyed great 
 popularity as an illustrator of children's stories. Her 
 figures were dressed in a peculiar fashion, based on the 
 Empire style in France, which became known as the 
 “Kate Greenaway style.” 
 
 Greene (gren), Francis Vinton. Born at 
 Providence, R. I., June 27, 1850. An Ameri- 
 can soldier, engineer, and writer, appointed 
 major-general of volunteers in 1898. He was 
 
 graduated at West Point in 1870; was military attache of 
 the United States legation at St. Petersburg 1877-78, and 
 was with the Russian army at the battles of Shipka, 
 Plevna, and Sophia, and in other engagements ; was 
 engineer of public works in Washington, D. C., 1879-80; 
 and was professor of military engineering at West Point 
 1885-86. During the war with Spain in 1898 he served in 
 the Philippines, commanding the American forces in the 
 battle of Malate, and took part in the capture of Manila. 
 Later he was in command at Havana. In 1903 he was 
 police commissioner of the city of New York. He has 
 written “The Russian Army and its Campaigns in Tur- 
 key ” (1879), “ Army Life in Prussia” (1881), “The Missis- 
 sippi Campaigns of the Civil War” (1882), “Life of 
 Nathanael Greene ’ (1893), “The Revolutionary War and 
 the Policy of the United States” (Vol. I., 1911), etc. 
 
 Greenland*. Peary explored the northern ice-cap in 
 1891-92 (during which expedition he determined the in- 
 sularity of Greenland), and visited the same region 1893- 
 1895 and 1900, in the latter year rounding the northern 
 end of the island, at that time supposed to he the most 
 northerly land in the world. During 1906-08 the north- 
 east coast was surveyed by the Mylius-Erichsen (Danish) 
 expedition, which connected with Peary’s explorations 
 and completed the mapping of the island. 
 
 Greensboro (grenz'bur-o). A city, the capital 
 of Guilford County, North Carolina. It contains 
 a female college, the" State Normal and Industrial Col- 
 lege, Bennett College (colored), and the Agricultural and 
 Mechanical College (colored), and has manufactures of 
 cotton goods, flannels, carpets, machinery, etc. Popula- 
 tion, 15,895, (1910). 
 
 Greensburg (grenz'berg). The county-seat of 
 Decatur County, Indiana, 47 miles southeast of 
 Indianapolis. It hasflour-mills, stone-quarries, 
 and manufactories of chairs, carriages, etc. 
 Population, 5,420, (1910). 
 
 Greensburg (grenz'berg). The county-seat of 
 Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, 26 miles 
 southeast of Pittsburg. It is situated in a 
 coal and gas region, and has iron- and brass- 
 works, glass-factories, flour-mills, etc. Popu- 
 lation, 13,012, (1910). 
 
 Greenville (gren'vil). The county-seat of 
 Washington County, Mississippi, on the Mis- 
 sissippi River 73 miles north of Vicksburg. 
 Population, 9,610, (1910). 
 
 Greenville (gren'vil). The county-seat of 
 Darke County, Ohio, 52 miles southwest of 
 Lima. It has tobacco and lumber interests, 
 machine-shops, etc. Population, 6,237, (1910). 
 
 Greenville (gren'vil). The county-seat of 
 Hunt County, Texas, 50 miles northeast of 
 Dallas. It is important as a cotton-market, 
 and has cotton-compresses, cotton-seed oil 
 mills, etc. Burleson College is located here. 
 Population, 8,850, (1910). 
 
 Greer (grer), David Hummell. Born at 
 Wheeling, W. Va., March 20, 1844. An Ameri- 
 can bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church. 
 He was ordained priest in 1868, and was rector at Coving- 
 ton, Kentucky, 1868-71; of Grace Church, Providence, 
 Rhode Island, 1871-88 ; and of St. Bartholomew's Church, 
 New York city, 1888-1904. He was consecrated bishop 
 coadjutor of the diocese of New York in 1904, and became 
 bishop in 1908. 
 
 Greet (gret), Ben. A contemporary British 
 actor-manager. He played Shaksperian and other 
 parts with the companies of Mary Anderson, Lawrence 
 Barrett, and Beerbohtn Tree, but is best known as the 
 producer in the open air in England and America of 
 Shaksperian and pastoral plays. He was associated with 
 William Poel of the Elizabethan Stage Society in the pro- 
 duction of the morality play “Everyman.” He is the 
 founder and proprietor of a training-school for the stage. 
 
 Gregory (greg'o-ri), Caspar RenS. Born at 
 Philadelphia, Nov. 6, 1846. An American 
 theologian and New Testament scholar. He 
 studied at the University of Leipsic, and became profes- 
 sor of theology there in 1889. He is the literary executor 
 of Tischendorf, and has published various works in New 
 Testament criticism. 
 
 Gregory (greg'6-ri), Herbert Ernest. Born 
 atMiddleville, Mich., Oct. 15, 1869. An Ameri- 
 can physiographer, professor of geology in 
 Yale University from 1904. He has been a geolo- 
 gist of the United States Geological Survey since 1909. 
 
 Gregory, Lady (Isabella Augusta Persse). 
 
 An Irish poet and dramatist. She married Sir 
 William Henry Gregory (d. 1892) in 1880. She is identified 
 with the revival of Irish national literature. Among her 
 publications are “Poets and Dreamers” (1903), “-Cuchulain 
 of Muirthemne” (1902), “Gods and Fighting Men” (1904), 
 “Seven Short Plays" (1909: including “Spreading the 
 News," “ The Workhouse Ward”), “ New Comedies ” (1912), 
 and “Irish Folk-history Plays” (1912). 
 
 Grenfell (gren'fel), Wilfred Thomason, 
 
 Bom Feb. 28, 1865. An English physician 
 and missionary, superintendent of the Labra- 
 dor medical mission of the Royal National 
 Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen. He fitted out 
 the first hospital ship for North Sea fisheries and began 
 his work on the Labrador coast in 1892. He has written 
 “Vikings of To-day,” “The Harvest of the Sea,” “Off the 
 Rocks,” “Labrador,” etc. 
 
 Gr6vin (gra-van'), Alfred. Born at Epineuil, 
 France, 1827: died at Saint Mandd, France, 
 1892. A French illustrator and caricaturist. 
 He devoted himself wholly to the humorous illustration 
 of Parisian life, creating a personal style which has been 
 much imitated. In the “Journal Amusant,” “Journal 
 pour Rire,” and “Charivari” he published more than 
 4,000 designs. In 1882 he founded in Paris a museum for 
 the exhibition of waxworks which now bears his name. 
 
 Grey (gra), Albert Henry George, fourth 
 Earl Grey. Born Nov. 28, 1851. An English 
 statesman, grandson of the second Earl Grey. 
 
 He was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, and succeeded his uncle, the third Earl Grey, in 
 1894. He was a Liberal member of the House of Commons 
 1880-86 ; was administrator of Rhodesia 1896-97 ; has been 
 director of the British South Africa Company from 1898 ; 
 was lord-lieutenant of Northumberland 1899-1904 ; and 
 was governor-general and commander-in-chief in Canada 
 1904-11. 
 
 Grey (gra), Sir Edward. Born April 25, 1862. 
 An English Liberal statesman. He was educated 
 at Winchester and at Balliol College, Oxford, and suc- 
 ceeded to the baronetcy in 1882. He has represented 
 Berwick-on-Tweed in the House of Commons since 1885 ; 
 was under-secretary for foreign affairs 1892-95 ; and has 
 been secretary for foreign affairs from December, 1905. 
 
 Gridley (grid'li), Charles Vernon. Born at, 
 Logansport, Ind., June 23, 1845: died at Kobe, 
 Japan, June 4, 1898. An American naval 
 officer. He was appointed acting midshipman in the 
 United States navy in 1860, and was promoted captain 
 in 1897. In the battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898, he 
 
 Gubat 
 
 commanded the Olympia, flagship of Commodore (later 
 Admiral) Dewey, and received the latter’s order to open 
 fire. 
 
 Griffenfeldt (grif'en-felt), Peder Schu- 
 macher, Count. Born at Copenhagen, Aug. 
 24, 1635: died March 12, 1699. A Danish 
 statesman. He belonged to a wealthy middle-class 
 family and was educated in Copenhagen until 1654, when 
 he set out to travel and study in Germany, the Nether- 
 lands, England, France, and Spain. He returned to Copen- 
 hagen in 1662, became royal librarian in 1663, and rapidly 
 advanced in favor and rank until in 1673 he was created 
 chancellor and count. The three years of his administration 
 strengthened the royal power and accomplished much for 
 the kingdom, but won him many enemies. In 1676 he was 
 charged with high treason and condemned to death, but 
 on the scaffold his sentence was commuted to imprison- 
 ment for life, and he regained his freedom only in 1698, 
 the year before his death. 
 
 Griggs (grigz), John William. Born at New- 
 ton, N. J., July 10, 1849. An American law- 
 yer and. cabinet officer. He was graduated at 
 Lafayette College in 1868 ; was admitted to the bar in 
 1871 ; waB a Republican member of the New Jersey State 
 Assembly 1876-77 : was State senator 1882-88, and president 
 of the New Jersey Senate in 1886 ; was governor of New 
 Jersey 1896-98 ; and was attorney-general 1898-1901. He 
 is a member of the Hague permanent court of arbitration. 
 
 Gripenberg (gre'pen-berg), Oscar Kasimiro- 
 vitch. Born 1838. A Russian general He 
 served in the Crimea and in the Polish insurrection of 
 1863. In the Turkestan campaigns of 1867 and 1868 he 
 gained the cross of St. George and a sword of honor, and 
 was appointed aide-de-camp to the czar. He commanded 
 the Moscow life-guards during the Russo-Turkish war 
 1877-78, receiving the rank of major-general for his ser- 
 vices ; was given charge of the sixth army corps and 
 appointed to military command at Vilna in 1902 ; and 
 commanded the second Manchurian army in the Russo- 
 Japanese war 1904-05. 
 
 Griscom (gris'kom), Lloyd Carpenter. Born 
 at Riverton, N. J., Nov. 4, 1872. Au Ameri- 
 can diplomatist. He was secretary of legation at 
 Constantinople 1899, and chargd d'affaires 1899-1901 ; 
 minister to Persia 1901-02 ; ambassador to Brazil 1906-07 ; 
 and ambassador to Italy 1907-09. 
 
 Groseilliers (gro-sa-ya/), Sieur des. See 
 
 *Chouart. 
 
 Gros Ventres (gro vantr). 1. The northern- 
 most subdivision of the Arapaho, an Algon- 
 quin tribe, now living in northern Montana. 
 The Gros Ventres have separated from the 
 body of the Arapaho and formed a tribal com- 
 munity by themselves. — 2. A tribe belonging 
 to the Siouan family. 
 
 Gruber (gro'ber), Max. Born at Vienna, July 
 6, 1853. A German physiologist, professor of 
 hygiene and bacteriology in the University of 
 Munich from 1902. He is best knowu for his discov- 
 ery in 1896 of the specific agglutination of bacteria by the 
 blood-serum of animals which have been immunized with 
 them, a discovery of great importance in serum-diagnosis. 
 
 Griinwald (grun'valt), Battle of. A battle 
 fought July 15, 1410, near Tannenberg, Prussia, 
 in which the Polish and Lithuanian forces 
 won a decisive victory over the knights of the 
 Teutonic Order, and thus preserved the in 
 tegrity of the kingdom of Poland. 
 Griitzmacher (gruts'miicb-er), Friedrich Wil- 
 helm Ludwig. Born at Dessau, March 1, 
 1832 : died at Dresden, Feb. 23, 1903. A Ger- 
 man violoncellist, teacher, and composer, in 
 
 1848 he went to Leipsic as a member of a small orchestra, 
 at once attracted the attention of David, and was sub- 
 sequently first cellist at the Gewandhaus (1849-60) and 
 teacher in the Conservatory. In 1860 he went to Dresden 
 as cello virtuoso of the court orchestra. Besides pieces 
 and valuable studies for his instrument, he wrote orches- 
 tral and chamber music, piano compositions, and songs. 
 Guanacaste (gwa-na-kas'ta). A province in 
 the northwestern part of Costa Rica. It has 
 large forests with valuable trees, and open 
 grazing-lands. Cattle-raising is one of the 
 important industries. Population, 31,635. 
 Guanacaste (gwa-na-kas'ta). See * Liberia . 
 Guards’ Club. A London club established in 
 1813. Its membership is limited to past and 
 present officers of four regiments of Guards. 
 Its house is at 70 Pall Mall. 
 
 Guatemala*. In December, 1907, the republic signed 
 a treaty witli the other Central American states estab- 
 lishing a court of arbitration for the settlement of dis- 
 putes. (See -k Central American Arbitration Treaty.) In 
 1908 the transcontinental railway from Puerto Barrios on 
 the Atlantic to San Jose on the Pacific was opened. 
 Guayama (gwi-a'ma). 1. A department in the 
 east-central and southern part of Porto Rico. 
 It is bounded by San Juan and Humacao on the north ; 
 Humacao on the east ; the Caribbean Sea on the south ; 
 and Ponce on the west. Capital, Guayama. Area, 561 
 square miles. 
 
 2. A city, the capital of Guayama, situated in 
 the southeastern part of the province. Popu- 
 lation, municipalitv, 17,379; urban, 8,321, 
 (1910). 
 
 Gubat (go 'bat). A municipality of Sorsogdn 
 province, southeastern Luzon, in the Philip- 
 pine Islands. Civilized population, 15,590. 
 
Gubat, Port 
 
 Gubat (go'bat), Port. A bay and harbor on 
 the eastern coast of Sorsogdn province, Lu- 
 zon, safe during the southwest monsoon for 
 vessels not exceeding 15 feet draft. 
 Gubernatis (go-bar-na'tes), Comte Angelo de. 
 Born at Turin, Italy, April 7, 1840. An Italian 
 Oriental scholar, author, critic, and drama- 
 tist, editor of the “ Revue Internationale.” 
 
 In 1863 he was appointed professor of Sanskrit and com- 
 parative literature at the Instituto degli Studii Superiori 
 at Florence. He was for a time a disciple of the anarchist 
 Bakunin, and gave up his position at Florence in 1S65 
 in order to follow out his views, but resumed it in 1867. 
 In 1891 he went to the University of Rome. He founded 
 “ L’ltalia Letteraria ” (1862), “ La Rivista Orientale ” (1867), 
 “ La Civilta Italians (1869), and “ La Rivista Europea ” 
 (1869), and has been a contributor to various English and 
 French reviews. Among his works are “ Savitri ” (1877), 
 “ Zoological Mythology ” (1872 : written in English), “Sto- 
 ria universale della letteratura ” (1882-85), “ Dizionario 
 biografico degli scrittori contemporanei ” (1879-80), “ Di- 
 zionario degli artisti italiani viventi ” (1889-), “ La Hongrie 
 politique et Bociale " (1885), “ Peregrinazioni indiane ” 
 (1887), “L’ Argentina ricordi a letture” (1898), “Su le 
 orme di Dante” (1901), etc. 
 
 Guiangas (ge - an ' gas). A pagan people of 
 southeastern Mindanao, by some regarded 
 as Indonesian. Also Gwangas. 
 
 Guilmant (gel- man'), Felix Alexandre. 
 Born at Boulogne, March 12, 1837" died at 
 Meudon, April, 1911. A noted French organ- 
 ist and composer. For many years he was organist 
 at the Church of the Trinity in Paris. He published 
 many works for the organ, a symphony for organ and or- 
 chestra, seven sonatas, and vocal music. He had great 
 influence as a teacher, and among his pupils are many 
 American players. 
 
 Guimaras (ge-ma-ras 7 ). An island southeast 
 of Panay, in the Philippine Islands. It belongs 
 to Iloilo province, from the main part of which it is sep- 
 • arated by Iloilo Strait. Area, 228 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 21,306. 
 
 Guimaras (ge-ma-ras 7 ) Strait. The strait 
 which separates the island of Negros from 
 Guimaras and Panay islands, in the Philip- 
 pines. In the southern part of the strait are 
 several small islands. 
 
 Guinanes (ge-na'nas), or Guinaanes. A head- 
 hunting Malay people of northern Luzon. 
 Guiney (gwi'ni), Louise Imogen. Born at 
 Boston, Jan. 7, 1861. An American poet and 
 essayist. Her books of verse are “Songs at the Start” 
 (1884), “The White Sail” (1887), “ A Roadside Harp” (1893), 
 “The Martyr’s Idyl and Shorter Poems ” (1899), and “ Eng- 
 
 laakon (hg/kon), or Hakon, 
 VII. (Christian Freder- 
 ick Charles (Carl) George 
 Valdemar Axel). Born at 
 Charlottenlund, Denmark, 
 August 3, 1872. King of 
 Norway, second son of Fred- 
 erick VIII., king of Den- 
 mark. He married Maud, third 
 daughter of Edward VII., king of Great Britain and Ire- 
 land, July 22, 1896. He was elected king of Norway, 
 November 18, 1905, and crowned June 22, 1906. 
 
 Haberl (hit 7 berl), Franz Xaver. Born at 
 Oberellenbach, Bavaria, April 12, 1840: died 
 at Regensburg, Sept. 7, 1910. A German di- 
 rector, teacher, and editor of music. He took 
 orders in 1862, but turned his attention to church music, 
 in connection with which he held positions at Passau, 
 Rome, and Regensburg successively. In 1874 he founded 
 at Regensburg the celebrated “Church Music School,” 
 and in 1879 the “ Palestrina Society," for completing an 
 edition of the works of that master. He published nu- 
 merous works on church music, of which his “Magister 
 Choralis" (1864) passed through twelve editions and was 
 translated into several languages. 
 
 Habicht", Ludwig. His later works include “Das 
 Grafenhaus" (1896), “Die Erbschaft” (1897), “Wider- 
 spriiche” (1899), “Das Geheimnis des Waldes” (1900), 
 “ Besondere Kennzeichen " (1902), “ Wahrheit ”(1902), etc. 
 
 Haddon (had ' on), Alfred Cort. Born at 
 London, May 24, 1855. An English anthro- 
 pologist, lecturer in ethnology at the Univer- 
 sity of Cambridge from 1900. lie was professor of 
 zoology in the Royal College of Science, Dublin, 1880- 
 1901, and lecturer in ethnology at the University of Lon- 
 don 1904-09. He has written “Evolution in Art,” etc. 
 
 Hadley*, Arthur Twining. In 1907 ho was 
 appointed Theodore Roosevelt professor of 
 American history and institutions at Berlin. 
 He has also written “ An Account of the Relations be- 
 tween Private Property and Public Welfare "(1896), “The 
 Education of the American Citizen "(1901), “ Freedom and 
 Responsibility" (1903), “Standards of Public Morality" 
 (1907), etc. 
 
 land and Yesterday ” (1898). She has also written 
 “ Brownies and Bogles ” (1888); essays entitled “Goose 
 Quill Papers ” (1885), “A Little English Gallery ” (1894), 
 and “ Patrins’ ’ (1897); and various biographical studies, etc. 
 Guinicelli (gwe-ne-ehel'le), Guido. Born at 
 Bologna; died in 1276. Am Italian poet, in 
 1274 he was banished from Bologna with others of the 
 Ghibelline party, and died in exile. Dante, in the “ Pur- 
 gatorio,” addresses him as the father of Italian poets. 
 
 Guiteras (ge'te-ras) y Gener, Juan. Born at 
 Matanzas, Cuba, Jan. 4, 1852. A Cuban phy- 
 sician, professor of general pathology and 
 tropical medicine at Havana from 1900. He is 
 
 best known for his work in eradicating yellow fever. 
 During the Santiago campaign (1898) he served as yellow- 
 fever expert on the staff of General Shafter. From 1889 
 to 1899 he was professor of pathology in the University of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Gulf of Davao. See * Davao, Gulf of. 
 
 Gulf of Ragay. See *Ragay, Gulf of 
 Gulfport (gulf 'port). A city in the southern 
 part of Harrison County, Mississippi, on the 
 Gulf of Mexico. It has manufactures, lumber-mills, 
 etc., and exports lumber, sawed and hewn timber, and 
 naval stores. Population, 6,386, (1910). 
 
 Gulf State, The. A name given to Florida 
 because it forms the eastern boundary of the 
 Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Gulick (gu 7 lik), John Thomas. Bom in 
 
 Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, March 13, 1832. An 
 American missionary and biologist, best known 
 for his important contributions to the theory 
 of evolution. He is the son of a missionary in the 
 Hawaiian Islands ; was engaged in mining in California 
 in 1850; was graduated at Williams College in 1859; and 
 was a missionary in China and Japan 1864-99. Among 
 his scientific papers are “The Diversity of Evolution 
 under one Set of External Conditions ” (1872), “ Diver- 
 gent Evolution through Cumulative Segregatiou ” (1887), 
 “ Intensive Segregation ’’ (1889), “ Evolution, Racial and 
 Habitudinal ” (1905), etc. 
 
 Gumplowiz (gum-plo'wich), Ludwig. Born 
 at Cracow, Austria, March 9, 1838: died at 
 Gratz, Aug. 19, 1909. An Austrian jurist and 
 economist, professor in the University of 
 Gratz 1882-1907. He has published “ Philosophisches 
 Staatsrecht” (1877: 2d edition as “ Allgemeines Staats- 
 recht," 1897), “ Der Rassenkampf ” (1883), “ Grundriss der 
 Soziologie ” (1885), “ Soziologie und Politik ” (1892), “ Die 
 soziologische Staatsidee" (1892), “ Soziologische Essays" 
 (1899), etc. 
 
 Gunsaulus (gun-sa 7 lus), Frank Wakely. 
 
 Born at Chesterville, Ohio, Jan. 1, 1856. An 
 American clergyman, educator, author, and 
 
 Hadley (had'li), Henry Kimball. Born at 
 Somerville, Mass., Dec. 20, 1871. An Ameri- 
 can composer and conductor. He studied with 
 Chadwick in Boston and with Mandyczewski and Dvorak 
 in Vienna. His symphony “The Four Seasons” (1902) 
 took the Paderewski and New England Conservatory 
 prizes. He conducted the opera at Mainz in 1908, and 
 was conductor of the Seattle Symphony Orchestra in 1909. 
 He has composed symphonies, overtures, operas, and 
 songs. 
 
 Hadow (had'o), William Henry. Born at 
 Ebrington, England, Dec. 27, 1859. A writer 
 on music and student of philosophy, principal 
 of Armstrong College 1909-. He has written 
 “ A Croatian Composer : Notes toward the Study of Joseph 
 Haydn ” (1887), “Studies in Modern Music” (1892, 1894), 
 “A Primer of Sonata Form" (1896), and “The Viennese 
 Period" in “The Oxford History of Music," of which 
 he was the editor (1904). He was for many years fellow 
 and tutor of W oreeBter College, Oxford. 
 
 Haeckel*, Ernst Heinrich. His later works in- 
 
 elude “ Der Monismus. Glaubensbekenntniss eines Natur- 
 forschers ” (1892: 10th ed., 1900), “ Systematische Phylo- 
 genie” (1894-96), “Die Amphorideen und Cystoideen ” 
 (1896), “liber unsere gegenwartige Kenntniss vom 
 Ursprung des Menschen ” (1898), and “Die Weltratsel” 
 (1899-1904). He has also written “Kunstformen der 
 Natur” (1899), “Indischen Reisebriefe ” (1883), and “Aus 
 Insulinde” (1901), and contributed many papers to the 
 reports (1881-89) of the Challenger Expedition. 
 
 Haffkine (haf'kin), Waldemar Mordecai 
 
 Wolff. Born at Odessa, Russia, March 15 
 (N. S.), I860. A Russian-English physiologist, 
 bacteriologist with the Indian government 
 from 1893. He was assistant professor of physiology 
 in the medical school at Geneva, Switzerland, 1888-89, and 
 an assistant of Pasteur 1889-93. He has published nu- 
 merous papers on bacteriology. 
 
 Hagen (hii'gen). In the “Nibelungenlied,” 
 the son of Alberich and the half-brother of 
 Gunther. He is induced by Brunhild to slay 
 Siegfried. 
 
 Haggard*, Sir Henry Rider. He has also written 
 “Black Heart, and White Heart” (1900), “ Lysbeth " (1901), 
 “ A Winter Pilgrimage ” (1901), “ Stella Fregelius” (1903), 
 
 Hale, George Ellery 
 
 poet, president of Armour Institute of Tech- 
 nology since 1892. He was graduated at the Ohio 
 Wesleyan University in 1875 ; was ordained a Metho- 
 dist minister, preaching four years ; and later was pastor 
 of various Congregational churches. He was divinity lec- 
 turer at Yale in 1890 and professorial lecturer at the Uni- 
 versity of Chicago 1896-1903 ; and is lecturer at the Chicago 
 Theological Seminary. Among his works are “ The 
 Transfiguration of Christ” (1886), “Monk and Knight" 
 (1891), “Phidias and Other Poems” (1891), “Songs of 
 Night and Day ” (1895), “ Gladstone ” (1898), “ The Man 
 of Galilee ” (1899), and “ Paths to Power " (1905). 
 
 Guthrie (guth'ri), Sir James. Born June 10, 
 1859. A Scottish portrait-painter. He was 
 elected to the Royal Scottish Academy in 
 1892, and became its president in 1902. He 
 was knighted in 1903. 
 
 Guttenberg (gut'en-berg). A town in Hudson 
 County, New Jersey, on the Hudson River 
 opposite New Yorkand just above Weehawken. 
 It has a brewery, chemical works, etc. Popu- 
 lation, 5,647, (1910). 
 
 Guy (gl), Seymour Joseph. Born at Green- 
 wich, England, Jan. 16, 1824: died at New York, 
 Dec. 20, 1910. An Anglo-American painter. 
 He studied art in London, and came to the United States 
 in 1854. His principal works are portraits and genre pic- 
 tures. He was elected a national academician in 1865. 
 
 Guyot (ge-o 7 ), Yves. Born at Dinan, Cotes- 
 du-Nord, France, Sept. 6, 1843. A French 
 publicist, political editor of “Le Siecle ” 1892- 
 1903. He was minister of public works 1889-92. Among 
 his publications are “Htudes sur les doctrines sociales 
 du Christianisme ” (1873), “fitudes de physiologic sociale ” 
 (1882-85), “La morale" (1883), “La science dconomique " 
 (1881), “ La tyraunie socialiste ” (1893), “L’Evolution poli- 
 tique et sociale de l'Espagne ” (1899), “ Dictionnaire du 
 commerce, de l’industrie, et de la banque” (1898-1901: 
 with A. Raffalovitch), “La comddie protectioniste ” 
 (1905), “La democratic individualiste ’’ (1907), “Le com- 
 merce” (1909), etc. He became editor of the “Journal 
 des economistes ” in 1909. 
 
 Gwendoline. An opera by Chabrier (words by 
 Catulle Mendes), first produced at Brussels in 
 1886. 
 
 Gyld6n(giil-dan 7 ). Johan August Hugo. Born 
 at Helsingfors, Finland, May 29, 1841: died at 
 Stockholm, Nov. 9, 1896. An eminent astron- 
 omer, director of the observatory and astron- 
 omer of the Academy at Stockholm 1871-96. 
 From 1863 to 1865 he was connected with the observatory 
 at Pulkowa. He published “Traite analytique des or- 
 bites absolues des huit planetes principales ” (1893), etc. 
 
 “The Brethren ” (1904), “Ayesha” (1905), “A Gardener’s 
 Year” (1905), “The Poor and the Land" (1905), “Fair 
 Margaret” (1907), “The Yellow God” (1909), “Regenera- 
 tion” (1910), “Rural Denmark" (1911), “The Mahatma 
 and the Hare ” (1911), “Red Eve ”(1911), “ Marie ” (1912), 
 etc. Knighted 1912. 
 
 Hagonoy (a-go-noi 7 ). A municipality of Bula- 
 c&n province, Luzon, Philippine Islands. 
 
 Hague Tribunal, The. See * Peace Conference. 
 
 Hai-cheng (hi-cheng 7 ). A town in Manchuria, 
 situated on the Southern Manchurian Railway 
 about twenty miles southeast of Niu-chuang. 
 
 Halcdn (hal-kon 7 ). A mountain in north-cen- 
 tral Mindoro, Philippine Islands. Height, 
 8,800 feet. 
 
 Haldane (hal'dan), Richard Burdon, first 
 Viscount Haldane. Born in Scotland, 1856. 
 A British author and Liberal statesman. He 
 was educated in the universities of Edinburgh and Got- 
 tingen ; was called to the bar in 1879 ; was appointed 
 queen’s counsel in 1890. He sat for Haddingtonshire 
 in the House of Commons 1885-1911, was vice-president 
 of the Liberal Imperialist League in 1901, was appointed 
 secretary of state for war, Dec., 1905, and lord high chan- 
 cellor June, 1912. He was created a viscount in March, 
 1911. He lias published “Essays in Philosophical Criti- 
 cism”(1883 : with Andrew Seth), “Education and Empire” 
 (1902), “The Pathway to Reality ” (1903), “ Army Reform, 
 and other Addresses ” (1907), etc. 
 
 Hale*, Edward Everett. He was appointed 
 chaplain of the United States Senate in 1903. 
 
 His later works include “ A New England Boyhood ” (1893), 
 “How to Live” (1902), “Memories of a Hundred Years" 
 (1902), “We, the People” (1903), “Foundation of the 
 Republic ” (1907), etc. 
 
 Hale (hal), Eugene. Born at Turner, Maine, 
 June 9, 1836. An American statesman, Unit- 
 ed States senator (Republican) from Maine 
 1881-1911. He was a member of Congress 
 1869-79. 
 
 Hale (hal), George Ellery. Born at Chicago, 
 June 29, 1868. An eminent American astro- 
 physicist, director of the Solar Observatory of 
 
Hale, George Ellery 
 
 the Carnegie Institution at Mt. Wilson, Cali- 
 fornia, from 1904. He was associate professor (1892-97) 
 and professor (1897-1905) of astrophysics in the University 
 of Chicago, and director of the Yerkes Observatory from 
 its inception in 1892 until 1905. He has published nu- 
 merous papers on astrophysical topics, “Study of Stellar 
 Evolution ” (1908), etc., and has edited “The Astrophysi- 
 cal Journal ” from 1895. He invented the spectrohelio- 
 graph. 
 
 Hale (hal), Horatio. Born at Newport, N. H., 
 May 3, 1817: died at Clinton, Out., Dec. 29, 
 1896. An American ethnologist, son of Sarah 
 J. Hale (1790-1879). He was graduated at Harvard 
 in 1837 ; accompanied the Wilkes exploring expedition as 
 philologist 1838-42; was admitted to the Chicago bar in 
 1855 ; and subsequently settled in Canada, where he prac- 
 tised law and pursued the study of ethnology. He pub- 
 lished “Ethnography and Philology" (184(j : 7th volume 
 of the Wilkes Expedition Pceports), “The Iroquois Book 
 of Kites” (1883), “ Indian Migrations as Evidenced by Lan- 
 guage” (1883), “Report on the Blackfoot Tribes" (1885), 
 and many monographs, including “The Origin of Lan- 
 guage and the Antiquity of Speaking Man." 
 
 Hale (hal), Lucretia Peabody. Born at Boston, 
 Mass., Sept. 2, 1820: died there, June 12, 1900. 
 An American writer and social worker, sister 
 of Edward Everett Hale. Her best known books 
 are “Peterkin Papers” (1880) and “The Last of the 
 Peterkins ” (1880). 
 
 Hale (hal), Philip. Bom at Norwich, Vt., 
 March 5, 1854. An American musical critic 
 and organist. He was graduated from Yale Univer- 
 sity in 1870 and was admitted to the New York bar. 
 His musical studies were in Europe (1882-87). lie was 
 critic of the Boston “Post" 1890-91, of the Boston 
 “Journal” 1891-1903, and of the Boston “Herald” from 
 1903. He is the editor of the program books of the Boston 
 Symphony Orchestra. 
 
 Half Moon, The. One of the two ships (the 
 other being the Good Hope) with which Henry 
 Hudson set out from Amsterdam, April 4, 
 1609 (N. S.), to find a passage through the 
 Waigatz, or Kara Strait, south of Nova Zernbla. 
 
 On reaching Nova Zernbla, his crew forced him to turn 
 back ; the Good Hope probably returned to Holland ; and 
 in the Half Moon he crossed the Atlantic to the coast of 
 Nova Scotia. He coasted as far south as Chesapeake 
 Bay, and then northward, reaching Sandy Hook on Sept. 
 4. He explored, during September, as far as the site of 
 Albany, the river later named for him, reaching the sea 
 again on Oct. 4. He reached England on Nov. 7. 
 
 Hall (hal), Charles Cuthbert. Boru at New 
 York, Sept. 3, 1852: died there, March 25, 
 1908. An American Presbyterian theologian, 
 president of Union Theological Seminary 
 (New York city) from 1897. He was graduated at 
 Williams College in 1872; studied at Union Theological 
 Seminary and in London and Edinburgh ; and held pas- 
 torates in Newburg (1875-77) and Brooklyn (1887-97), New 
 York. Among his writings are “Qualifications for Minis- 
 terial Power" (1894), “Christian Belief Interpreted by 
 Christian Experience " (1905), “ Christ and the Eastern 
 Soul ” (1909), “ The Silver Cup ” (1909), etc. He was twice 
 (1902-03 and 1900-07) appointed Barrows lecturer, of the 
 University of Chicago, to India and the Far East, and was 
 Noble lecturer at Harvavd iu 190(5. 
 
 Hall (hal), Granville Stanley. Born at 
 Ashfield, Mass., Feb. 1, 1846. An American 
 educator and psychologist. He graduated from 
 Williams College in 1807 ; studied for several years abroad ; 
 was professor of psychology at Antioch College 1872-70; 
 lectured on psychology at Harvard and Williams 1880-81 ; 
 and was lecturer and professor at Johns Hopkins 
 University 1881-88. Since then he has been professor of 
 psychology ami education and president in Clark Univer- 
 sity. He is editor of the “ American Journal of Psychol- 
 ogy,” of the “ Pedagogical Seminary," and of the “Ameri- 
 can Journal of Religious Psychology and Education. " His 
 publications include “Hints Toward a Select and Descrip- 
 tive Bibliography of Education ” (188G : with J. M. Mans- 
 field), “ Contents of Childrens Minds on Entering School” 
 (1894), “The Story of a Sand Pile” (1897), “Adolescence” 
 (1904), “Youth” (1907), “Educational Problems” (1911), 
 “ Founders of Modern Psychology ” (1912), etc. 
 
 Hall (hal), John. Born at Market Hill, County 
 Armagh, Ireland, July 31, 1829; died at Ban- 
 gor, Ireland, Sept. 17, 1898. A noted Presby- 
 terian minister. He was of Scotch parentage, although 
 born and educated iu Ireland. In 1852 he became pastor 
 of a Presbyterian church in Armagh, in 1858 was called to 
 Dublin, and in 1867 accepted the pastorate of the Fifth 
 Avenue Presbyterian Church, New York city, which he 
 held until his death. He was widely known as a preacher 
 and lecturer, and as a writer on religious subjects. 
 
 Halid (hal'a), Lady. See Norman-Neruda. 
 Halid (hal'a), Sir Charles. Born at Hagen, 
 Westphalia, April 11, 1819: died at Manches- 
 ter, England, Oct. 25, 1895. A German-Eng- 
 lisli conductor and pianist, in 1836 he went to 
 Paris, where he studied with Kalkbrenner and became 
 the friend of Chopin, Liszt, Berlioz, and Cherubini. He 
 went to England in 1848 ; founded (1857) the Manchester 
 Orchestra, which he directed ; conducted opera and musi- 
 cal festivals ; and gave piano recitals. He was knighted 
 in 1888, and in the same year married Wilma Neruda. 
 Hallgrims3on (hal'grim-son), Jonas. Born in 
 Iceland in 1807 : died in 1844. An Icelandic 
 author. He studied at the University of Copenhagen ; 
 traveled through Iceland for scientific purposes 1837-42 ; 
 wrote on geological subjects ; and published tales and 
 miscellaneous articles. He is best known as a poet, the 
 head of a school of Icelandic lyric poetry, and for hi9 ef- 
 forts to purify the language in literary use. 
 
 Hallock (hal'pk), Charles. Born at New 
 York, March 13, 1834. An American journal- 
 ist, author, and naturalist. He was editor of the 
 New Haven “Register" 1855-56, of the New York “Jour- 
 nal of Commerce ” 1856-61, and of “Forest and Stream" 
 (which he founded) 1873-80 ; and was associate editor of 
 “ Nature’s Realm ” 1889-90, and of the “ Northwestern Field 
 and Stream ” 1896-97. He founded the International As- 
 sociation for the Protection of Game in 1874, and in 1875 
 formulated uniform game laws, known as the “Hallock 
 Code,” used as a basis for legislation in many States. 
 Among his publications are “Fishing Tourist” (1873), 
 “Camp Life in Florida” (1875), “Our New Alaska” (1886), 
 “ The Salmon Fisher” (1890), “Luminous Bodies Here and 
 Hereafter ” (1906), and “ Peerless Alaska ” (1908). 
 Hallock (hal'ok), William. Born at Milton, 
 N. Y., Aug. 14, 1857. An American physicist 
 and educator, professor of physics in Columbia 
 University from 1902 and dean of the faculty 
 of pure science 1906-09. He Wa9 graduated at 
 Columbia in 1879 and was adjunct professor there 1892- 
 1902. He has published numerous papers upon physical 
 and astrophysical topics. 
 
 Hall of Fame. A building on University 
 Heights, New York, erected in 1900 for the pur- 
 pose of commemorating great Americans, it is 
 a semicircular colonnade, 504 feet long and 20 feet high, 
 connecting two of the buildings of New York University, 
 with a ground floor underneath containing a long hall and 
 six rooms to be used as a museum to contain memorials 
 of those honored. Space is provided within the colon- 
 nade for 150 panels, which are to contain bronze tablets 
 bearing the names (with busts or statues of bronze on 
 parapets just above) of such Americans as shall be judged 
 most famous in their respective fields by an electorate of 
 100 eminent American citizens appointed by the senate 
 of the University. The nominations, received from the 
 general public, are transmitted by the senate, which also 
 is given a right of veto upon the decisions rendered by the 
 electorate. According to the terms of election, persons to 
 be eligible must have been born in what is now United 
 States territory, and must have been dead at least ten 
 years. Fifty names were to be chosen in 1900, represent- 
 ing a majority of the following classes : authors and 
 editors ; business men ; educators ; inventors ; missionaries 
 and explorers ; philanthropists and reformers ; clergymen 
 and theologians; scientists; engineers and architects; 
 lawyers and judges; musicians, painters, and sculptors; 
 physicians and surgeons ; rulers and statesmen ; soldiers 
 and sailors ; and distinguished men and women outside 
 these classes. Thereafter, five more were to be chosen at 
 intervals of five years until the year 2000, when the roll 
 would become complete. In 1900 the following 29 elec- 
 tions were made : John Adams, John James Audubon, 
 Henry Ward Beecher, William Ellery Channing, Henry 
 Clay, Peter Cooper, Jonathan Edwards, Ralph Waldo 
 Emerson, David Glasgow Farragut, Benjamin Franklin, 
 Robert Fulton, Asa Gray, Ulysses Simpson Grant, Na- 
 thaniel Hawthorne, Washington Irving, Thomas Jefferson, 
 James Kent, Robert Edward Lee, Abraham Lincoln, Henry 
 Wadsworth Longfellow, Horace Mann, John Marshall, 
 Samuel Finley Breese Morse, George Peabody, Joseph 
 Story, Gilbert Stuart, George Washington, Daniel Web- 
 ster, and Eli Whitney. Twenty-one vacancies were thus 
 left to be filled. In 1904 the plan was announced of two 
 additional structures to be built in connection with the 
 original hall, one of them to be provided with 25 panels 
 for Americans of foreign birth, the other with 60 panels for 
 American women. In 1905 the following 11 names were 
 added to the list of those already chosen : John Quincy 
 Adams, Louis Agassiz, Alexander Hamilton, John Paul 
 Jone9, James Russell Lowell, Mary Lyon, James Madison, 
 Maria Mitchell, William Tecumseh Sherman, Emma 
 Willard, and John Greenleaf Whittier. In 1910 the follow- 
 ing 11 names were added : George Bancroft, Phillips 
 Brooks, William Cullen Bryant, James Fenimore Cooper, 
 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Andrew Jackson, John Lothrop 
 Motley, Edgar Allan Poe, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Frances 
 E. Willard, Roger Williams. 
 
 Halsbury, Lord. See *Giffard. 
 
 Halstead (hal'sted), Murat. Born at Ross, 
 Ohio, Sept. 2, 1829: died at Cincinnati, Ohio, 
 July 2, 1908. An American journalist and 
 author. He joined the staff of the Cincinnati “Com- 
 mercial” in 1853, became chief owner 1865, and, upon its 
 change to the “Commercial Gazette," editor-in-chief. 
 
 Halsted (hal'sted), George Bruce. Boru at 
 Newark, N. J., Nov. 25, 1853. An American 
 mathematician, professor of mathematics in 
 the Colorado State Normal School 1906-12. 
 
 lie was graduated at Princeton in 1875 ; was fellow of 
 Johns Hopkins University 1876-78; and was professor of 
 mathematics in the University of Texas 1882-1903, and in 
 Kenyon College, Ohio, 1903-06. His publications include 
 a number of works on geometry (elementary, synthetic, 
 metrical, pure projective, non-Euclidean, rational), and 
 many scientific papers ; also translations from various lan- 
 guages, making available the original sources in the domain 
 of non- Euclidean geometry. 
 
 Hambourg (ham'borg), Mark. Born at Bo- 
 guchar, South Russia, May 31, 1879. A piano 
 virtuoso. He studied with his father, and with Lesche- 
 titzky in Vienna, where he obtained the Liszt scholarship 
 in 1894. He appeared in Moscow in 1888, and afterward 
 in the principal European cities. His first American tour 
 took place in 1899-1900. 
 
 Hamilton (ham'il-ton). The principal river of 
 Labrador, also called Askuanipi,orGrand River. 
 
 It rises in the mountainous part of Labrador, about long. 
 65°-66° W., lat. 52°-53° N., descends from an elevation of 
 1,700 feet in a tumultuous course of 600 miles, widening to 
 form Melville Lake, and terminates at the Atlantic Ocean 
 a9 Hamilton Inlet. The Grand Falls of Labrador are situ- 
 ated about 200 miles from the head of Melville T ake. 
 
 Hamilton*, Lord George Francis. lie was 
 
 member of Parliament for the county of Middle- 
 
 Hanna 
 
 sex 1868-85, and for Ealing Division, Mid 
 dlesex, 1885-1906. 
 
 Hamilton (ham'il-ton), Sir Ian Standish 
 Monteith. Born in Corfu, Jan. 16, 1853. A 
 British general. He served in the Afghan war 1878- 
 1880, the Boer war in 1881, the Nile expedition 1884-85, the 
 Burmese expedition 1886-87, the Chitral campaign in 1895, 
 the Tirah expedition 1897-98, and the war in South Africa 
 1899-1901. He was chief ol staff to Lord Kitchener 1901- 
 1902. During the Russo-Japanese war he accompanied the 
 army of General Kuroki. He commanded the Southern 
 Military Division 1905-08. In 1909 he was invited by the 
 czar to attend the Russian military manceuvers. In 1910 
 he was appointed inspector-general of the Mediterranean 
 forces. He is the author of “ A Staff Officer s Scrap-book 
 during the Japanese War ” (1905), etc. 
 
 Hammerstein (ham'er-stin), Oscar. Born at 
 Berlin, Germany, in 1847. A German-Ameri- 
 can operatic manager. He came to the United States 
 in 1863, worked in a tobacco-shop, and invented several 
 machines for cigar-making. He became lessee and 
 manager of the Stadt Theater, New York, in 1870; 
 and built the Harlem Opera House, the Olympia, 
 Hackett, Republic, and Victoria theaters, and the first 
 Manhattan Opera House (at 34th street and Broadway), 
 w'hich was opened with the first American performance 
 of Moszkowski’s “Boabdil.” In 1906 he opened the sec- 
 ond Manhattan Opera House (on 34th street, between 
 Eighth and Ninth avenues), where during four seasons 
 many notable works, including “Thais,” “Pelleas et 
 Melisande,” “ Louise,” and “ Elektra,” had their first New 
 York performance, and many famous singers, including 
 Mary Garden, Luisa Tetrazzini, Maurice Renaud, and 
 Alessandro Bonci, made their first American appearance. 
 During the season of 1908-09 he built and opened the Phila- 
 delphia Opera House. In the spring of 1910 he sold his 
 American opera interests to the New- York Metropolitan 
 Opera Company. In 1911 he built the London Opera House. 
 He lias composed music for several operettas. 
 
 Hammond (liam'ond). A manufacturing city 
 in the northwestern part of Lake County, In- 
 diana. Population, 20,925, (1910). 
 
 Hammond (ham'pnd), John Hays. Born at 
 San Francisco, March 31, 1855. An American 
 mining engineer and financier. He was graduated 
 at Yale University (Sheffield Scientific School) in 1876, 
 and studied at the Royal School of Mines, Freiberg, 
 Saxony. After engaging in engineering work in Cali- 
 fornia and Mexico he went to South Africa, and in 1893 
 became consulting engineer for Barnato Brothers and 
 later for Cecil Rhodes. He interested himself in the 
 reform movement in the Transvaal 1895-96, and, though 
 not in sympathy with the Jameson raid, was arrested 
 and sentenced to death. He was finally released on the 
 payment of a fine of $125,000. He engaged in mining 
 enterprises in London and the United States, and for five 
 years was manager and consulting engineer of the Gug- 
 genheim Exploration Company. Iu 1911 he was special 
 ambassador ol the United States to the coronation of 
 King George V. of England. 
 
 Hammonton (ham'qn-ton). A town in Atlan- 
 tic County, New Jersey, 42 miles south of 
 Trenton. Its principal industries are fruit- 
 and poultry-raising. It has manufactories of 
 shoes, woolen goods, etc. Population, 5,088, 
 (1910). 
 
 Hammurabi". In December and January, 1901-02, a 
 French archaeological expedition under J. de Morgan dis- 
 covered at Susa his code of laws, the oldest document of 
 its kind ever found. The discovery of this code has already 
 given rise to an extensive literature. 
 
 Hampden, Viscount. See * Brand, Sir Henry 
 Bouverie William. 
 
 Hancock (han ' kok). A city in Houghton 
 County, Michigan, incorporated in 1903. It is 
 situated on Portage Lake, opposite Houghton, 
 in a rich copper region, and has smelting-fur- 
 naces, foundries, etc. It is the seat of a Fin- 
 nish college. Population, 8,981. (1910). 
 
 Handsworth (handz'werth). A manufactur- 
 ing town in the southern part of Staffordshire, 
 England: a suburb of Birmingham. Popula- 
 tion, 52,921. 
 
 Handy Andy. A novel bv Samuel Lover, 
 published in 1842. It contains humorous 
 sketches of Irish life. 
 
 Hang-chau', or Hangchow. It was opened to 
 foreign trade in 1895. 
 
 Hanging Gardens of Babylon. A structure 
 400 feet square, built at Babylon on the banks 
 of the Euphrates by Nebuchadnezzar (king of 
 Babylon 605-562 B. c.) to please his Median 
 wife Amytis (Amitu). It is said to have been di- 
 vided into four terraces, each 100 feet wide and about 20 
 feet high, supported on piers of brick 22 feet thick. Over 
 these piers were placed blocks of stone 16 feet long and 4 
 feet thick, joined by meshes of reed set in cement, the 
 w hole covered by a layer of tiles and that by sheets of lead. 
 The area thus made was covered with loam, and planted 
 as a park and garden, and has been ranked as one of the 
 seven wonders of the world. Tradition has coupled the 
 gardens with the name of the mythical Assyrian qneen 
 Semiramis. The location is in the northern mound of 
 ruins, Bahil. 
 
 Hanks (hangks), Nancy. Born in Virginia, 
 about 1783 : died at Pigeon Creek, Ind., Oct. 5, 
 1818. The mother of Abraham Lincoln. She 
 was married to Thomas Lincoln June 12, 1806. 
 
 Hanna (han'a), Marcus Alonzo. Born at 
 New Lisbon (now Lisbon), Ohio, Sept. 24, 1837 : 
 
Hanna 
 
 died at Washington, D. C., Feb. 15, 1904. An 
 American business man and politician. He was 
 a delegate to the National Republican conventions of 
 1884, 1888, and 1896 ; was credited with having secured in 
 1896 the nomination of McKinley for President, and w r as 
 made chairman of the National Republican Committee. 
 He was first president of the National Civic Federation, 
 and was United States senator 1897-1904. 
 
 Hannay (han'a), James Owen. Born J uly 16, 
 1865. A clergyman of the Church of Ireland, 
 playwright, and novelist. He has published “ The 
 Spirit and Origin of Christian Monasticism ’’ (1903), “ Span- 
 ish Gold ” (a novel, 1908), “ General John Regan ’’ (a play 
 and novel, 1913), etc. He writes under the name of 
 George A. Birmingham. 
 
 Hanotaux*, Albert Auguste Gabriel. He was 
 
 elected a member of the Academy in 1897. Hia works 
 include “Les villes retrouvees ” (1880), “Origines de l’in- 
 stitution des intendants des provinces” (1884), “ Henri 
 Martin” (1885), “Etudes historiques surle XVI. et le 
 XVII. siecle en France” (1886), “Histoire du cardinal, 
 de Richelieu” (1893-1903), “L ’Affaire de Madagascar” 
 (1896), “L'lSnergie fran«,*aise” (1902), “Histoire de la 
 France contemporaine 1871-1900 ” (1903), “Lapaixlatine” 
 (1908), “Le partage de l’Afrique” (1909), etc. 
 
 Hansel und Gretel (heu'zel ont gra'tel). A 
 fairy-tale opera by Engelbert Humperdinck 
 (words by Adelheid Wette), first produced at 
 Weimar, Dec. 23, 1893. 
 
 Hansen (han'sen), Emil Christian. Born at 
 Ribe, Jutland, May 8, 1842: died Aug. 27, 1909. 
 A Danish microbiologist, director of the Carls- 
 berg Laboratory, Copenhagen, distinguished 
 for his studies of the Saccharomycetes. 
 
 Hansen (han ' sen), Gerhard Henrik Ar- 
 mauer. Born July 29, 1841 : died Feb., 1912, 
 A Norwegian pathologist, president of the 
 Museum at Bergen from 1894. In 1871 he dis- 
 covered the bacillus of leprosy. 
 
 Hanslick (hans'lik), Eduard. Born at Prague, 
 Sept. 11, 1825: died near Vienna, Aug. 6, 1904. 
 An influential Austrian writer and musical 
 critic. He first studied law, but abandoned it for jour- 
 nalism after beginning to write as musical critic of the 
 “Wiener Zeitung” in i848. In 1855 he joined the staff of 
 the “ Presae " and in 1864 that of the “ Neue Freie Presse. ” 
 He was professor of musical history and esthetics in 
 Vienna University 1861-95. He published “Vom Mu- 
 sikalisch-Schonen"(1854), “Geschichte de9 Konzertwesens 
 in Wien ” (1869-70), “Aus dem Tagebuche eines Musikers” 
 (1892 : republished as “Aus meinem Leben " in 1894), “Aus 
 neuer und neuester Zeit " (1900), and a long series of vol- 
 umes of his critical newspaper articles. 
 
 Hapgood (hap'gud), Isabel Florence. Born 
 at Boston, Mass., Nov. 21, 1851. An Ameri- 
 can author and translator. She has written “Rus- 
 sian Rambles ” (1895) and “A Survey of Russian Litera- 
 ture” (1902); compiled and translated “The Epic Songs of 
 Russia” (1886) and “A Service Book of the Holy Orthodox 
 Catholic Apostolic (Greco-Russian) Church ” (1906) ; and 
 translated from the Russian of Tolstoi, Gogol, Gorky, and 
 Turgenieff, from the Spanish of Armando Palacio Valdes, 
 from the Italian of De Amicis, and from the French of 
 Hugo, Joseph Roux, Renan, etc. 
 
 Harben (har'ben), William Nathaniel. Born 
 at Dalton, Ga., July 5, 1858. An American 
 author. He was assistant editor of the “Youth’s Com- 
 panion ” 1891-93 ; has contributed short stories to various 
 periodicals ; and has published a number of novels, includ- 
 ing “Abner Daniel” (1902), “The Substitute” (1903), 
 “Ann Boyd” (1906), “The Redemption of Kenneth Galt” 
 (1909), and “ Dixie Hart” (1910). 
 
 Harbin (har-beu'). A city of Manchuria, situ- 
 ated on the southerly bank of the Sungari 
 River at the junction of the Port Arthur and 
 Vladivostok branches of the Siberian Rail- 
 way. It was founded by the Russians in 1896 and has 
 developed rapidly into a place of great military and com- 
 mercial importance. In 1907 it was opened to interna- 
 tional trade. Population, upward of 30,000. 
 
 Harbinger (har'bin-jer), The. A weekly jour- 
 nal issued by the members of the Brook Farm 
 Association June 14, 1845, -February, 1849. 
 
 It was devoted to the causes of association and Fourier- 
 ism and was edited by George Ripley, with John Dwight 
 and William Henry Channing as Boston contributors. C. 
 A. Dana, F. G. Shaw, G. W. Curtis, Lowell, Whittier, and 
 others wrote for it. 
 
 Harcourt (har'kort), Leveson Francis Ver- 
 non*. Born in London, Jan. 25, 1839: died at 
 Swanage, England, Sept. 14, 1907. A British 
 engineer, professor of civil engineering in 
 University College, London, 1882-1905. He pub- 
 lished “ Rivers and Canals ” (1882), “ Harbours and Docks ” 
 (1885), “ Achievements in Engineering ” (1891), “ Civil En- 
 gineering as Applied to Construction ’’ (1002), etc. 
 
 Harcourt (har'kort), Lewis. Born in 1863. 
 A British politician and cabinet officer, son of 
 Sir William Harcourt. He has represented, as a 
 Liberal, the Rossendale division of Lancashire in the 
 House of Commons since 1904. He was appointed first 
 commissioner of works in 1905, and colonial secretary in 
 Nov., 1910. 
 
 Harden (har'den) (Witkowski), Maximilian. 
 
 Bom at Berlin, Oct. 20, 1861. A German jour- 
 nalist. He at first attracted public notice by critical 
 essays on political and other topics of the time, published 
 under the pseudonym “ Apostata. ” In 1892 he founded 
 
 the “Zukunft,” a radical weekly, in which he made un- 
 sparing attacks on Bismarck's successor, Caprivi, and other 
 personages, thus becoming involved in many bitter con- 
 troversies. In 1907 his charges against the personal char- 
 acter of Count Kuno von Moltke, Prince Philip zu Eulen- 
 burg, and other members of the court circle and the army, 
 coupled with assertions of the existence of a “ round table,” 
 or camarilla, surrounding and influencing the emperor, led 
 to a libel suit brought against him by Count von Moltke. 
 A verdict of guilty was rendered against Harden in Janu- 
 ary, 1908, with a sentence of four months’ imprisonment 
 and the payment of costs ; but an appeal was taken to the 
 Imperial Court at Leipsic, and in April, 1909, another sen- 
 tence was rendered, imposing a fine of $150 upon him for 
 libeling Count von Moltke. 
 
 Hardenbergh (har'den-berg), Henry Jane- 
 way. Born at New Brunswick, N. J., Feb. 6, 
 1847. An American architect. He studied archi- 
 tecture in New Vork, and since 1870 has been practising 
 his profession in that city. Among the buildings designed 
 by him are the Dakota, Waldorf-Astoria, Manhattan, and 
 Blaza hotels, and the building of the American Fine Arts 
 Society. 
 
 Hardie (har'di), James Keir. Born in Scot- 
 land, Aug. 15, 1856. A British labor leader 
 and member of Parliament. He worked in the 
 mines from his seventh to his twenty-fourth year, and was 
 editor of the “Cumnock News ’’ 1882-86, and of the “Miner" 
 and “ Labour Leader " 1887-1903. He was elected to Parlia- 
 ment by tile Labor party in West Ham (South), London, 
 in 1892 ; wa9 defeated in 1895 ; and was Labor representa- 
 tive from Merthyr Tydvil 1900-05 and 1906-. He was the 
 founder of the independent Labor party, and was chair- 
 man of the Labor party in the House of Commons, Febru- 
 ary, 1906-1908. He wrote “India, Impressions and Sug- 
 gestions" in 1909. 
 
 Hardinge (har'ding), Charles, first, Baron 
 Hardinge of Pensburst. Born 1858. An Eng- 
 lish diplomat and statesman. He entered the dip- 
 lomatic service in 1880 ; was secretary of legat ion at Te- 
 heran 1896; British ambassador at St. Petersburg 1904- 
 1906 ; permanent under-secretary of state for foreign affairs 
 1906-10 ; and viceroy of India 1910-. 
 
 Hardy*, Arthur Sherburne. He has also 
 written “ Songs of Two” (1900), “His Daugh- 
 ter First” (1903), etc. 
 
 Harkness (hark'nes), Albert. Born at Men- 
 don, Mass., Oct. 6, 1822: died at Providence, 
 R. I., May 27, 1907. An American classical 
 scholar, professor of Greek in Brown University 
 from 1855. He was graduated at Brown University in 
 1842, and studied at Berlin, Bonn, and Gottingen. His pub- 
 lications comprise a number of Latin text-books, including 
 a Latin grammar (1864, 1869, 1881, 1898), editions of various 
 Latin texts, and numerous philological papers. 
 
 Harkness (hark'nes), William. Born at Ec- 
 clefeehan, Scotland, Dec. 17, 1837 : died at 
 Jersey City, N. J., Feb. 28, 1903. A Scotch- 
 American astronomer. He was astronomical director 
 of the United States Naval Observatory 1894-99, and direc- 
 tor of the Nautical Almanac 1897-99. He attained the 
 relative rank of rear-admiral in the United States navy 
 in 1899. 
 
 Harland (bar' land), Henry. Born at New 
 York, March 1, 1861 : died at San Remo, Italy, 
 Dec. 20, 1905. An American novelist. He was 
 
 educated at the College of the City of New York and at 
 Harvard University. In later years he lived principally 
 in London and on the Continent. Under the pseudonym 
 of “Sidney Luska” he wrote “ As It Was Written " (1885) 
 and other novels. He then changed his literary style and 
 published, under his own name, “Mademoiselle Miss” 
 (1893), “Grey Roses” (1895), “Comedies and Errors ”(1898), 
 “ The Cardinal’s Snuff-box” (1900), “ The Lady Paramount” 
 (1902), “My Friend Prospero ” (1904), “The Royal End” 
 (completed by his wife, 1909), etc. He also eijited “The 
 Yellow Book.” 
 
 Harley street (har'li stret). A fashionable 
 residential street in London, running from 
 Cavendish Square to Marvlebone Road. It has 
 long been the abode of men distinguished in 
 medicine. 
 
 Harmon (har'mon), Judson. Born at New- 
 town, Ohio, Feb. 3, 1846. An American jurist, 
 elected governor of Ohio in 1908 and 1910 by 
 the Democratic party. He was graduated from the 
 Cincinnati Law School in 1869, and was elected judge of 
 the Court of Common Pleas, Cincinnati, in 1876 ; served as 
 a member of the Superior Court, Cincinnati, 1878-88 ; and 
 was attorney-general of the United States 1895-97 in Cleve- 
 land's cabinet. He is one of the most prominent members 
 of the national Democratic party. 
 
 Harnack % Adolf. He became director of the Royal 
 Library in Berlin in 1905. His works include “ZurQuel- 
 lenkritik der Geschichte des Gnostizismus ” (1873), “ De 
 Apellis gnosi monarchica ” (1874), “Die Zeit des Ignatius 
 und die Ghronologie der antiochenischen Bischofe ” (1878), 
 “Das Monchtum” (6th ed., 1903), “Martin Luther in 
 seiner Bedeutung fur die Geschichte der Wissenschaft 
 und der Bildung” (3d ed., 1901), “ Grundriss der Dog- 
 mengeschichte ” (3d ed., 1898), “Augustins Konfessionen ” 
 (3d ed., 1903), “Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur 
 bis Eusebius” (1893-1904), “Geschichte der koniglich 
 preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin” 
 (1900), “DasWesen des Christentums ” (1900), “Die Auf- 
 gabe der theologischen Fakultaten und die allgemeine 
 Religionsgcschichte ” (1901), “ Die Mission und Ausbrei- 
 tungdes Christentums in den ersten drei Jahrhunderten ” 
 (1902). 
 
 Harraden (bar' a- den), Beatrice. Born at 
 Hampstead, England, Jan. 24, 1864. An Eng- 
 lish novelist. Among her workB are “Ships that Pass 
 
 Hartley 
 
 in the Night ’ (1893), “In Varying Moods” (1894), “Hilda 
 Strafford” (1897), “The Fowler” (1899), “Katharine Fren- 
 sham” (1903), “The Scholar’s Daughter” (1906), and “ In- 
 terplay " (1908). 
 
 Harriman (har'i-man), Edward Henry. Born 
 at Hempstead, L. I., Feb. 25, 1848: died at 
 Turner, N. Y., Sept. 9, 1909. An American 
 financier and railway president. He was presi- 
 dent of the Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Southern Pacific, 
 and allied railroads, and was especially noted for his con- 
 structive work in extending and developing the roads 
 under his control. 
 
 Harris*, Joel Chandler. His later works include 
 “The Story of Aaron ” (1896), “Stories of Georgia” (1896), 
 “ Chronicles of Aunt MinervyAnn” (1899), “Tales of the 
 Home Folks in Peace and War ”(1898), “Plantation Pa- 
 geants ” (1899), “On the Wing of Occasions” (1900), “The 
 Making of a Statesman ” (1902), “ Gabriel Tolliver” (3902), 
 “Wally Wanderoon and his Story-telling Machine” (1903), 
 “The Tar-baby and other Rhymes” (1904), “A Little Union 
 Scout” (1904), “Told by Uncle Renms” (1905), “Uncle 
 Remus and Brer Rabbit” (1907), “The Bishop and the 
 Boogerman ”(1909). In 1907 he founded the “Uncle Remus 
 Magazine.” 
 
 Harris (har'is), Townsend. Born at Sandy 
 Hill, N. Y., 1804: died at New York, 1878. An 
 American diplomatist. He was the first United 
 States consul-general to Japan, having been appointed in 
 1855 under the provisions of the treaty negotiated by Com- 
 modore Perry. In 1858 he became minister resident, re- 
 signing in 1861. 
 
 Harrisburg (har'is-berg). The county-seat of 
 Saline County, Illinois, 62 miles northeast of 
 Cairo. It has iron- and coal-mines, fkmr-mills, 
 brick-works, etc. Population, 5,309, (1910). 
 Harrison (bar 'i -son), Mrs. Burton (Con- 
 stance Cary). Born in Fairfax County, Va., 
 April 25, 1846. An American novelist. Her 
 
 works include “Golden Rod” (1880), “Belhaven Tales” 
 (1885), “Bar Harbor Days” (1887), “ The Anglomaniacs ” 
 (1890), “ Flower-de-Hundred " (1890), “ 3weet Bells out of 
 Tune ” (1892), “A Daughter of the South " (1892), “An Er- 
 rant Wooing ” (1894), “A Merry Maid of Arcady ” (1897), 
 “A Son of the Old Dominion " (1897), “A Triple Entangle- 
 ment” (1899), “ The Unwelcome Mrs. Hatch "(a play: 1903), 
 “The Carlyles ” (1905), “ The Count and the Congressman ” 
 (1908), etc. 
 
 Harrison (har'i-son), Mary St. Leger: pseud- 
 onym Lucas Malet. Born at Eversley rectory, 
 Hampshire, in 1852. A British novelist, young- 
 est daughter of Charles Kingsley, and wife of 
 William Harrison, rector of Clovelly, Devon 
 (died 1897). Under the pseudonym of Lucas Malet she 
 has written “The Wages of Sin ” (1891), “History of Sir 
 Bichard Calmady” (1901), “The Far Horizon’’ (1906), “The 
 Wreck of the Golden Galleon ”(1910), “Adrian Savage,” etc. 
 
 Harrison (har'i-son), Ross Granville. Born 
 at Germantown, Pa., Jan. 13, 1870. An Ameri- 
 can zoologist, professor of comparative anat- 
 omy in Yale University from 1907. He was 
 associate professor of anatomy in Johns Hop- 
 kins University 1899-1907. 
 
 Hart (hart) , Albert Bushnell. Born at Clarks- 
 ville, Pa., July 1, 1854. An American his- 
 torian, professor of history in Harvard Uni- 
 versity 1897-1910 and of government 1910-. 
 He was graduated at Harvard in 1880 and studied later 
 at Freiburg. He is the author of “Introduction to 
 the Study of Federal Government" (1890), “Guide to 
 the Study of American History ” (1897 : with E. Chan- 
 ning), “Salmon P. Chase " (1899), “Foundations of Ameri- 
 can Foreign Policy" (1901), “Handbook of the History, 
 Diplomacy, and Government of the United States” (1903), 
 “Actual Government as Applied under American Condi- 
 tions” (American Citizen series, 1903), “Essentials of 
 American History” (1905), “Manual of American History, 
 Diplomacy, and Government ” (1908), etc. He is the editor 
 of “Epochs of American History’ (1891-96), “American 
 History told by Contemporaries” (1898-1901), “Source 
 Beaders in American History,” etc. 
 
 Hart (hart), James Morgan. Born at Prince 
 ton, N. J., Nov. 21, 1839. An American philolo- 
 gist, professor of English in Cornell University 
 from 1890 (emeritus 1907). He was graduated at 
 Princeton in 1860 and studied at Gottingen 1861-64. From 
 1868 to 1872 he was assistant professor of modern languages 
 in Cornell, and from 1876 to 1890 professor of modern lan- 
 guages and English literature in the University of Cincin- 
 nati. Among his publications are “ German Universities " 
 (1874),“ Essentials of Prose Composition” (1902), “ Develop- 
 ment of Standard English Speech in Outline ” (1907), etc. 
 
 Hart", Sir Robert. Died Sept. 20, 1911. He 
 wrote “ These from the Land of Sinim” (1901). 
 Hartford City (hart'ford sit'i). The county 
 seat of Blackford County, Indiana. 45 miles 
 southwest of Fort Wayne. It has manufac- 
 tories of wagons, glass, nitroglycerin, ma- 
 chinery, etc. It is in an oil and gas region. 
 Population, 6,187, (1910). 
 
 Hartley (hart/li), Jonathan Scott. Born at 
 Albany, N. Y., Sept. 23, 1845: died at New 
 York city, Dec. 6, 1912. An American sculptor. 
 
 He was an assistant and pupil of E. D. Palmer in Albany. 
 Soon after 1864 he went to London and spent three years 
 at the Royal Academy. He visited Germany, Italy, and 
 France, and in 1875 opened a studio in New York. His first 
 important statue was “The Whirlwind,” exhibited in 1878 
 He designed numerous monuments. His busts show ex- 
 ceptional power of representation and characterization. 
 
Hartmann 
 
 Hartmann*, Karl Robert Eduard von. His 
 
 later works include “ Das Cliristentum des 
 Neuen Testaments” (1905), “ Das Problem des 
 Lebens ” (1906), “System der Philosophic in 
 Grundriss” (1907-09), etc. 
 
 Harvey (kar'vi). A city in Cook County, Illi- 
 nois, a suburb of Chicago, lying south of that 
 city. It has manufactories of automobiles, 
 machinery, railway supplies, etc. Population, 
 7,227, (1910). 
 
 Hasegawa (ka-sa-ga'wa), Viscount Yoshimi- 
 chi. Born in Suwo, Japan, August, 1850. A 
 J apanese soldier. He commanded a brigade iu the 
 Chinese-Japanese war, taking part in the battles of Port 
 Arthur and Wei-hai-wei, and led the Imperial Guards 
 division under General K uroki in the war with Russia 
 1904-05. In the latter year lie was made commander-in- 
 chief of the Korean garrison. He was promoted general 
 in 1904. He was made baron in 1905, and viscount in 1907. 
 Haslemere (ha'zl-mer). A market-town in 
 Surrey, England, in an elevated valley, 39£ 
 miles southwest of London. On account of its 
 scenery and bracing air it is a favorite place of residence. 
 Near here George Eliot lived at Brookbank, and Professor 
 Tyndall at Hindhead ; and on Blackdown is Aldworth, 
 Tennyson’s home at the time of his death. Population, 
 •1.014. 
 
 Hassam (kas'am), Childe. Born at Boston, 
 Oct. 17, 1859. An American painter. After a 
 public-school education he studied art in Boston and 
 Paris. He was elected an associate of the National Acad- 
 emy of Design in 1902, and a member iu 1906 ; and belongs 
 also to the American Water Color Society, to the Societe 
 Nationale des Beaux- Arts in Paris, and to the Secession 
 in Munich. He has exhibited widely in this country and 
 in Europe, and has taken many important medals and 
 prizes. He follows generally the methods and principles 
 of the French Impressionist school, producing landscapes 
 of great brilliancy. 
 
 Hastings (has'tingz), Thomas. Boru at New 
 York, March 11, 1860. An American architect. 
 He studied at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Paris, and in 
 1884 became a partner in the firm of Carrere and Hastings, 
 New York (see -kCarr&re , John Merven). In 1907 he be- 
 came a member of the National Academy. He is also a 
 chevalier of the French Legion of Honor. 
 
 Hastings - upon - Hudson (has ' tingz - u - pon 
 kud'son). A village in Westchester County, 
 New York, on the New York Central and Hud- 
 son River Railroad, 2 miles from Dobbs Ferry. 
 It has chemical works, marble-yards, etc. 
 Population, 4,552, (1910). 
 
 Haswell (haz'wel), William A. Born at 
 Edinburgh, August 5, 1854. A British zoolo- 
 gist, professor of biology in Sydney University 
 from 1890. He was curator of the Queensland Museum 
 in 1880, and became connected with Sydney University in 
 1882. With T. .Tetfery Parker he published “ A Textbook 
 of Zoology” in 1897. 
 
 Hattiesburg (kat'iz-berg). The county-seat 
 of Forrest County, Mississippi, on the Haste- 
 hatchee River, 84 miles southeast of Jackson. 
 It is in a farming and lumbering region, and 
 has lumber-mills, machine-shops, cotton-seed 
 oil mills, etc. Population, 11,733, (1910). 
 Haupt (houpt), Lewis Muhlenberg. Born at 
 Gettysburg, Pa., March 21, 1844. An Ameri- 
 can civil engineer. He attended the University of 
 Pennsylvania and the Lawrence Scientific School (Har- 
 vard), and was graduated at West Point in 1867 ; was in- 
 structor in mathematics and civil engineering (1872-75) 
 and professor of civil engineering (1875-92) in the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania ; and has been occupied as a con- 
 sulting engineer and in business. In 1897 he was a mem- 
 ber of the Nicaragua Canal Commission, and, 1899-1902, 
 of the Isthmian Canal Commission. He has published 
 “Canals and their Economic Relations to Transportation," 
 “ Emancipation of Waterways,” “ The Control of the Mis- 
 sissippi," and many other books and pamphlets. 
 
 Hauptmann (houpt'man), Gerhart. Born at 
 Salzbrunn, Silesia, Nov. 15, 1862. A German 
 dramatist and poet. He studied sculpture fora time 
 at Rome, and at this period wrote his first large work, an 
 epic entitled “ Promethidenlos ” (1885). Next came a 
 group of plays, of the realistic school, “ Yor Sonnenauf- 
 gang” (1889), “ Das Friedensfest ” (1890), “Einsame Men- 
 schen ” (1891), and “ Die Weber ” (1892), the last of which 
 marks the beginning of a new development, characterized 
 by a broad thematic selection of types and ideas rather 
 than individuals. The culmination of this period is 
 represented by “ Hannele” (1893) and “Die versunkene 
 Glocke ” (1896). He has written also a number of come- 
 dies, “Kollege Crampton ” (1892), “ Der Biberpelz” (1893), 
 and “Der rote Hahn” (1901), the last two folk-plays; 
 “ Florian Geyer” (1895), “ Fuhrmann Henschel ” (1898), 
 “Schluck und Jau” (1899), “Michael Kramer” (1900), 
 “Der arrae Heinrich” (1902), and “Rose Bernd ” (1903) ; 
 and two prose studies, “ Der Apostel ” and “ Bahnwarter 
 Thiel’’ (1892). He has published the novels “Emanuel 
 Quint” (1910) and “Atlantis” (1912). “Der Nan* in 
 Christo,” a novel, was based on “Hannele.” He received 
 the Nobel prize for literature in 1912. 
 
 Havana. 2. [Sp. La Habana. ] A province of 
 Cuba. It is bounded on the north by the Florida 
 Strait, on tbe east by the province of Matanzas, 
 on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the 
 west by the province of Pinar del Rio. Capital, 
 Havana. Area, 3,170 sq. m. Pop., 538,010. 
 Havard (a-var'), Henri. Born at Ckarolles, 
 
 Saone-et-Loire, France, Sept. 5, 1838. A 
 French writer and connoisseur. For participa- 
 tion in the events of the Commune in 1871 he was forced 
 into exile. After the amnesty he became art editor of 
 “ Le Siecle,’' a post which he held for fifteen years. He is 
 a prolific writer on many matters relating to the fine and 
 the industrial arts. His chief books are “ Amsterdam et 
 Venise" (1876), “L’Art et les artistes hollandais ” (1879- 
 1881), “ Bietionnaire de l’ameublement et de la decoration 
 depuis le Xllfe siecle jusqu’h nos jours ” (1887-90), “Les 
 Boulle ” (1893), “ L’CEuvre de E. V. Galland ’’ (1895), “ His- 
 toire de l’orfevrerie francaise ” (1896), and “ Histoire et 
 philosophic des styles ” (1899-1900). 
 
 Havenstein (ha'fen-stin), Rudolf. Born at 
 Meseritz, Prussia, March 10, 1857. A German 
 financier, president of the Imperial Bank from 
 1908. 
 
 Hawaiian Islands*. They have a legislature of two 
 
 houses —a senate of 15 members and a house of repre- 
 sentatives of 30 members. The governor and secretary 
 are appointed for four years by the President of the United 
 States. The Territory is divided into five counties. It is 
 represented in Congress by one delegate. 
 
 Hawkins*, Anthony Hope. His later works in- 
 clude “ A Man of Mark ” (1896), “ Comedies of Courtship ” 
 (1896), “ Phroso ” (1897), “ Simon Dale ” (1898), “ The King’s 
 Mirror ” (1899), “Tristram of Blent” (1901), “The Intru- 
 sions of Peggy” (1902), “ Double Harness ” (1904), “A Ser- 
 vant of the Public ” (1905), “ Sophy of Kravonia ” (1906), 
 “ Helena’s Path” (1907), “The Great Miss Driver” (1908), 
 “Love’s Logic” (1908), “Second String” (1910), “Mrs. 
 Maxon Protests ” (1911), etc. 
 
 Hawkins (ha'kinz), Sir Henry, first Baron 
 Brampton. Born Sept. 14, 1817 : died Oct. 6, 
 1907. An eminent English jurist. He was called 
 to the bar of the Middle Temple in 1843; was appointed 
 queen’s counsel in 1858; was a judge of the High Court 
 1876-99 ; and was knighted in 1876 and raised to the peer- 
 age in 1899. His “Reminiscences,” edited by Richard 
 Harris, were published in 1904. 
 
 Hawthorne (ha ' thorn), Charles Webster. 
 
 Born in Illinois, Jan. 8, 1872. An American 
 painter, a pupil of William M. Chase and H. 
 Siddons Mowbray. He won the first Hallgarten prize 
 at the National Academy of Design in 1904, the second in 
 1906, and the Thomas B. Clarke prize in 1911. He has 
 painted the flsherfolk of the Massachusetts coast, etc. 
 
 Hayashi (ha-ya'sbi), Count Tadasu. Born at 
 Tokio, Feb., 1850. A Japanese diplomatist, 
 minister at the Court of St. James 1900-05 and 
 ambassador in 1906. He was appointed minister to 
 Peking in 1896 and to St. Petersburg in 1897 ; was a dele- 
 gate to the peace conference at The Hague in 1899 ; and 
 was minister for foreign affairs 1906-08. He was created 
 baron in 1895, viscount in 1902, and count in 1907. 
 
 Hayes (haz), Charles Willard. Born at Gran- 
 ville, Ohio, Oct. 8, 1859. An American scien- 
 tist, chief geologist of the United States Geo- 
 logical Survey 1902-11. He was assistant geologist 
 and geologist of the Survey 1887-1902. In 1897-98 he was 
 geologist of the Nicaragua Canal Commission, and in 1911 
 engaged in technological work in Mexico. 
 
 Hayes (hiiz), Henry. The pseudonym of Mrs. 
 Ellen Olney Kirk. 
 
 Hazard (haz'ard), Caroline. Born at Peace- 
 dale, R. I., June 10, 1856. An American edu- 
 cator, president of Wellesley College 1899- 
 1911. 
 
 Healy (he'll), Timothy Michael. Born at 
 Bantry in 1855. An Irish politician. He was 
 
 admitted to the bar of Ireland in 1884, and to that of 
 England in 1903. He served in the British Parliament 
 1880-1910 as a member of the Irish Nationalist party, was 
 returned hi 1911 as an Independent Nationalist, and has 
 actively advocated the cause of Ireland in speeches and 
 writings. 
 
 Hearn (hern), Lafcadio. Born in Santa Maura, 
 Ionian Islands, June 27, 1850: died at Okubo, 
 near Tokio, Sept. 26, 1904. A writer on Japan. 
 
 He was of Irish and Greek parentage, went to America in 
 1869, and in 1890 to Japan, where he became a lecturer on 
 English literature at the Imperial University in Tokio ; 
 married a Japanese woman ; and was naturalized as a 
 Japanese subject under the name of Yakumo Koizumi, 
 He published “ Stray Leaves from Strange Literature ” 
 (1884), “Some Chinese Ghosts” (1887), “ Chita ” (1889), 
 “ Two Years in the French West Indies ” (1890), “ Youma ” 
 (1890), “Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan” (1894), “Out of 
 the East” (1895), “ Kokoro ” (1896), “Gleanings in Buddha- 
 Fields” (1897), “Exotics and Retrospectives” (1898), “ In 
 Ghostly Japan ” (1899), “ Shadowings ”(1900), “ A Japanese 
 Miscellany ” (1901), “ Kotto ” (1902), “ Japan : an Attempt 
 at Interpretation” (1904), “Kwaidan” (1904), and “The 
 Romance of the Milky Way” (1905). The “Life and Let- 
 ters ” (1906) and “ The Japanese Letters of Lafcadio 
 Hearn ” (1910) were edited by Elizabeth Bisland. 
 
 Hearts Insurgent. The title under which 
 the novel “Jude the Obscure,” by Thomas 
 Hardy, was published in “Harper’s Magazine ” 
 iu 1895. 
 
 Heath (heth), Harold. Born at Vevay, Ind., 
 June 5, 1868. An American naturalist, pro- 
 fessor of invertebrate zoology in Stanford 
 University from 1909. He was assistant and 
 associate professor there 1898-1909. 
 
 Heaton (he'ton), Sir John Henniker. Born at 
 Rochester, Kent, in 1848. An English poli- 
 tician. As a Conservative he sat for Canterbury in 
 tile House of Commons 1885-1910. He promoted the 
 
 Henderson, David Bremner 
 
 imperial penny postage scheme in 1898, the Anglo-Ameri- 
 can penny postage in 1907 (in operation 1908), and other 
 postal improvements. He has written an “Australian 
 Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time,” etc. He was 
 created a baronet in January, 1912. 
 
 Hedin (ha'den), Sven Anders von. Born at 
 Stockholm, Feb. 19, 1865. A noted Swedish 
 traveler and man of science. He studied at Stock- 
 holm, Upsala, Berlin, and Halle, and made a journey 
 through Persia and Mesopotamia 1885-86. In 1890 he 
 was appointed secretary of the Swedish embassy to the 
 Shah ; ascended Demavend ; and in 1891 visited Kashgar. 
 His most important explorations weie made in Central 
 Asia during the year’s 1893-97, when he went from Oren- 
 burg to Peking by way of the Lob -Nor and Tibet ; 1899- 
 1902, when he descended the Tarim to the Lob -Nor; and 
 1905-08, when he explored the high tableland of Tibet, de- 
 termined the sources of the Brahmaputra and the Sutlej, 
 discovered the true source of the Indus, and established 
 the continuity of the Transhimalayan range, the most 
 massive in the world. He has published accounts of the 
 journeys and scientific observations, and various scientific 
 papers. Among these are “ Through Asia ” (1898), “Cen- 
 tral Asia and Tibet” (1904), and “Overland to India ”(1910). 
 Heilprin (hil'prin), Angelo. Born in Hun- 
 gary, March 31, 1853: died at New York, July 
 17, 1907. An American scientist. He came to 
 the United States in 1856, but was educated in Europe. 
 He was professor of invertebrate paleontology and geology 
 in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1880- 
 1900, and executive curator of the museum 1883-92. He 
 led the Peary relief expedition to the arctic regions in 
 1892 ; traveled in Florida, the Bermudas, Mexico, Central 
 and South America, Northern Africa, and Alaska for geo- 
 graphical and geological research ; and in 1902 studied vol- 
 canic phenomena on Mount Pelee, Martinique, during its 
 eruption. He published a number of works on scientific 
 subjects. 
 
 Heim (him), Albert. Born at Zurich, April 
 12, 1849. A noted Swiss geologist, professor 
 at the University of Zurich 1875-1911. He has 
 published geological works and papers. 
 
 Heins (Mnz), George Lewis. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, May 24, 1860: died at Lake Mohegan, 
 N. Y., Sept. 25, 1907. An American architect. 
 
 He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania and 
 the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and acquired 
 his technical training in architects’ offices in Minneapolis 
 and St. Paul. In 1884 he came to New York with C. G. 
 La Farge, and entered the office of John La Farge. In 1886 
 he entered into partnership with C. G. La Farge. He made 
 a careful study of cathedrals abroad, and was an authority 
 on church architecture. In 1899 he was appointed State 
 architect by Theodore Roosevelt, and he was also consult- 
 ing architect for the Rapid Transit Commission. The firm 
 of Heins and La Farge lias designed the buildings of the 
 New York Zoological Gardens, the Cathedral of St. John 
 the Divine, and many other important buildings. 
 
 Heir of Redclyffe, The. A story for the young, 
 with a moral purpose, by Charlotte M. Yonge. 
 It was published in 1853. 
 
 Hekking (hek'ing), Anton. Born at The 
 Hague, Sept. 7, 1856. A Dutch violoncello 
 virtuoso. After an extensive concert tour with Mme. 
 Essipoff he became solo and orchestral cellist in Berlin. 
 In 1882 he toured in Europe with Ysaye, and in 1888 came 
 to America, remaining some years in Boston and New 
 York. In 1902 he founded the popular “ Trio-Ahende ” in 
 Berlin. 
 
 Helheim (hePkim). In Old Norse mythology, 
 the abode of the dead, the home of Hel (which 
 see). It is a wide land of shadows, containing gloomy 
 rivers, high palaces, and valleys of venom, all guarded 
 by a dog with blood-stained breast. 
 
 Helper (kel'per), Hinton Rowland. Born in 
 North Carolina, Dec. 27, 1829: died at Wash- 
 ington, D. C., March 9, 1909. An American 
 author and promoter. He is best known as the 
 author of “ The Impending Crisis of the South ” (1857), a 
 book which exerted a considerable influence upon affairs 
 immediately preceding the Civil War. He endeavored to 
 secure the building of a railroad (the “ Three Americas 
 Railway ”) to extend, eventually, from Bering Strait to the 
 Strait of Magellan. 
 
 Hempl (hempl), George. Born at Whitewater, 
 Wis., June 6, 1859. An American philologist, 
 professor of Germanic philology in Leland 
 Stanford Junior University from 1906. He was 
 connected with Johns Hopkins University as instructor 
 in German 1884-86, and with the University of Michi- 
 gan as professor of English philology and general linguis- 
 tics 1889-1906 ; and was president of the American Dialect 
 Society 1900-05, of the Modern Language Association 
 
 1902- 03, and of the American Philological Association 
 
 1903- 04. 
 
 Henderson (hen'der-son), Charles Richmond. 
 
 Born at Covington, Ind., Dec. 17, 1848. An 
 American sociologist. He was educated at the Uni- 
 versity of Chicago, and in 1873 entered the Baptist minis- 
 try. After holding pastorates at Terre Haute and Detroit 
 he was appointed assistant professor of sociology in the 
 University of Chicago in 1892, and became head of the de- 
 partment of ecclesiastical sociology in 1901. He has served 
 on various charitable commissions, and in 1909 represented 
 the United States on the International Prison Commission. 
 He is associate editor of the “ American Journal of Soci- 
 ology,” and has written and edited a number of works, 
 chiefly on sociological subjects. 
 
 Henderson (hen'der-son), David Bremner. 
 
 Born at Old Deer, Scotland, March 14, 1840: 
 died at Dubuque, Iowa, Feb. 25, 1906. An 
 American lawyer and statesman. He enlisted in 
 
Henderson, David Bremner 
 
 the Union army in 1861 ; was discharged, owing to the 
 loss of a leg, in 1863 ; reenlisted as colonel of infantry 
 (Forty-sixth Iowa) in 1864 ; and served till the end of the 
 war. In 1865 he was admitted to' the bar. He was a mem- 
 ber of Congress from Iowa 1883-1903, and in 1899 was 
 elected speaker of the House of Representatives, succeed- 
 ing Thomas B. Reed. In this office he was succeeded by 
 Joseph G. Cannon in 1903. 
 
 Henderson (hen'der-son), William James. 
 Born in Newark, N. J., Dec. 4, 1855. A musi- 
 cal writer and critic. He became critic on the staff 
 of the New York “Times" in 1887, and on that of the 
 “ Sun ” in 1902. He has published “ Preludes and Studies ” 
 (1891), “What is Good Music ?” (1898), “IIow Music De- 
 veloped ’’ (1898), “ Modern Musical Drift ” (1904), “ Pipes 
 and Timbrels ” (1905), “ Art of the Singer ” (1906), “ Some 
 Forerunners of Italian Opera ’’ (1911), etc. 
 
 Henley*, William Ernest. His later works include 
 “Poems" (1898), “Loudon Types” (1898: with W. Nichol- 
 son), “ For England’s Sake ” (1900), “ A Song of Speed ’’ 
 (1900), “Hawthorn and Lavender” (1901), etc. 
 
 Henley Regatta (hen'li re-gat'a), The. An 
 annual aquatic contest which takes place early 
 in July in England, on the river Thames, about 
 midway between London and Oxford. The com- 
 peting crews usually come from the universities of Oxford, 
 Cambridge, and Dublin, Eton College, and various row- 
 ing clubs. Crews from America and other countries often 
 compete. In addition to its importance as an interna- 
 tional contest, it is famous as a social occasion. 
 
 Henry (an -re'), Lieutenant-Colonel. Com- 
 mitted suicide, Aug. 31, 1898. An officer of the 
 French army, concerned in the Dreyfus case. 
 In 1896 he was appointed chief of the Intelligence De- 
 partment at the War Office in place of Colonel Picquart. 
 He acknowledged that he had forged the new proofs of 
 Dreyfus's guilt which Cavaignac, the minister of war, had 
 laid before the Chamber of Deputies ; was arrested ; and 
 committed suicide. 
 
 Henry (hen'ri), o. The pseudonym of William 
 Sydney Porter. 
 
 Henshaw (hen'sha), David. Born in 1791: 
 died in 1862. An American government official, 
 secretary of the navy 1843 (not confirmed). 
 
 Hepburn (hep'bern), Alonzo Barton. Born 
 at Colton, N. Y., July 24, 1846. An American 
 financier. He first practised law at Colton, New York ; 
 served in the New York Assembly 1875-80; and was super- 
 intendent of the State banking department 1880-83, United 
 States bank examiner for New York 1888-92, and comp- 
 troller of the currency 1892-93. Since 1893 he has occupied 
 executive and directorial positions in various banking and 
 commercial enterprises. 
 
 Herbert (her'bert), Victor. Born at Dublin, 
 Ireland, Feb. 1, 1859. An Irish-American vio- 
 loncellist, composer, and conductor, grandson 
 of Samuel Lover. He was educated at the Stuttgart 
 Conservatory, and became first cellist of the court orches- 
 tra there. In 1886 he came to New York as solo cellist of 
 the Metropolitan Orchestra, later became a member of the 
 Thomas Orchestra, and was conductor 1898-1904 of the 
 Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra. He has composed orches- 
 tral and chamber music and successful operettas, includ- 
 ing “The Wizard of the Nile,” “The Serenade,” “Babes 
 in Toyland,” “Mile. Modiste,” etc. His opera “Natoma” 
 was first produced at the Metropolitan Opera House, Phila- 
 delphia, Feb. 25, 1911. 
 
 Heredia (a-ra'de-a). The capital of the prov- 
 ince of Heredia, Costa Rica. Population, 7,511. 
 
 Heredia (a-ra'de-a), Jos6 Maria de. Born 
 at Fortuna-Cafeyere, near Santiago, Cuba, 
 Nov. 22, 1842: died at the Chateau de Bour- 
 donnd, Seine-et-Oise, France, Oct. 3, 1905. A 
 French poet, of French and Spanish parentage. 
 He published a collection of his verse under the title of 
 “ Trophees ” in 1893. This work was crowned by the 
 French Academy and he was elected a member of that 
 body in 1894. 
 
 Herford (her'ford), Oliver Brooke. Born at 
 Sheffield, England, Dec. 12, 1863. An English 
 illustrator and writer. He studied art at the Slade 
 School, London, and at Julian’s, Paris, and has lived chiefly 
 in the United States. He has illustrated and written 
 “Artful Anticks,” “A Child's Primerof Natural History,” 
 “The Fairy Godmother-in-Law,” “The Rubaiyat of a 
 Persian Kitten,” “The Cynic’s Calendar” (with Ethel 
 Watts Mumford), “The Kitten’s Garden of Verses,” etc. 
 
 Hering (her'ing), Carl. Born at Philadelphia, 
 Pa., March 29, 1860. An American physicist 
 and electrical engineer. He has discovered 
 several electromagnetic phenomena. He has 
 published “Conversion Tables” (1904), etc. 
 
 Hering (ha'ring), Ewald. Born at Altgers- 
 dorf, Saxony, Aug. 5, 1834. A German physi- 
 ologist, professor in the University of Leipsic 
 from 1895, best known for his researches in 
 the physiology of the senses and in psycho- 
 physics. 
 
 Her mite (er-met'), Charles. Born at Dieuze, 
 in Lorraine, Dec. 24, 1822: died at Paris, Jan. 
 14, 1901. An eminent French mathematician, 
 a member of the Faculty of Sciences of the 
 University of Paris 1869-1901. Among his publi- 
 cations are “Sur la th^orie des fonctions elliptic] lies ” 
 (1863), “ Sur liquation du V. degr6 ” (1866), “ Sur quelques 
 applications de la theorie des fonctions elliptiques” 
 (1877-82), “ Cours d’analyse de l*6cole polytechnique ” 
 (1873), and “ Cours h la Facult6 des Sciences ” (1882). 
 
 Herne (her'ne). A town in the province of 
 C.—72 
 
 Westphalia, Germany, 11 miles northwest of 
 Dortmund. Population, 33,266. 
 
 Herreshoff (her'e-shof), John Brown. Born 
 
 at Bristol, R. I., April 24, 1841. An American 
 ship-builder. At the age of fifteen he lost his sight. 
 In 1864 he engaged in yacht-building at Bristol with his 
 father, and later became associated with Dexter E. Stone 
 under the firm name of Herreshoff and Stone. For many 
 years the business was confined to sailing-vessels ; but 
 later steam-vessels, steel yachts, torpedo-boats, and naval 
 vessels were undertaken. In 1879 he became president of 
 the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company, which under his 
 management gained the reputation of building the fastest 
 vessels in the world. 
 
 Herreshoff (lier'e-shof), Nathaniel Greene. 
 
 Bom at Bristol, R. I., March 18, 1848. An 
 American naval architect, brother of J. B. 
 Herreshoff. He studied at the Massachusetts Institute 
 of Technology 1866-69 ; became a draftsman at the 
 Corliss Engine Works in Providence, Rhode Island ; and 
 studied engineering both in America and abroad. In 1879 
 he joined the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company at Bris- 
 tol, Rhode Island, of which he later became superinten- 
 dent. He has designed many high-speed torpedo-boats 
 and racing yachts, including the Vigilant (1893), the De- 
 fender (1895), the Columbia (1899), and the Reliance (1903), 
 which successfully defended the America’s cup. 
 
 Herrick (her'ik), Charles Judson. Born at 
 Minneapolis, Minn., Oct. 6, 1868. An Ameri- 
 can anatomist, professor of neurology in the 
 University of Chicago from 1907. In 1897- 
 1901 he was associate in comparative neurology 
 of the New York State Lunacy Commission. 
 He has been managing editor of the “Journal 
 of Comparative Neurology” since 1894. 
 
 Herrin (her'in). A city in Williamson County, 
 Illinois, 56 miles northeast of Cairo. Its chief 
 industry is coal-mining. Population, 6,861, 
 (1910). 
 
 Herschel (her'shel), Alexander Stewart. 
 
 Born in 1836: died June 18, 1907. A British 
 astronomer, the second son of Sir John Her- 
 schel. Hisstudies related especially to meteors. 
 
 Hertz (herts), Heinrich. Born at Hamburg, 
 Feb. 22, 1857 : died Jan. 1, 1894. An eminent 
 German physicist, professor of physics at Bonn 
 1889-94. In 1880 he was an assistant of Helmholtz in 
 Berlin, and in 1885 became professor of physics in the 
 Polytechnic Institute at Karlsruhe. He is noted for his 
 investigations of the relation between electricity and light, 
 and especially for his discovery (1887-88) of the electric 
 waves of large amplitude which have been utilized ju wire- 
 less telegraphy. Among his publications are “ liber die 
 Beziehungen zwischen Licht und Elektricitat,” “ Unter- 
 such ungen liber die Ausbreitung der elektrischen Kraft,” 
 etc. His collected works were published in 1894. 
 
 Hertzberg , Gustav Friedrich. His later works 
 
 include “ Griechische Geschichte ” (1884), “ Athen, his- 
 torisch-topographisch dargestellt "(1885),“ Geschichte der 
 Stadt Halle” (1889-93), “Die historische Bedeutung des 
 Saaletales" (1894), “A. H. Francke und sein Waisenhaus ” 
 (1898), etc. , 
 
 Herve (er-va'), Aime Marie Edouard. Born 
 
 at Saint-Denis, Reunion Island, May 28, 1835: 
 died at Paris, Jan. 4, 1899. A French journal- 
 ist. He founded with J. J. Weiss, in 1867, the “Journal 
 de Paris,” and published in it criticisms of the imperial 
 government. In 1873 he established “Le Soleil,’’and as 
 a supporter of a liberal constitutional monarchy exercised 
 a notable influence on public affairs. He was elected to 
 the French Academy in 1886. He wrote “ Une page d’his- 
 toire contemporaine ” (1869) and “La crise irlandaise 
 depuis la fin du XVIIIe siecle jusqu’k nos jours ” (1885). 
 In his articles in “ Le Soleil ” he made use of the pseu- 
 donym “Raoul Valnay.” 
 
 Hervey (her'vi), James. Born at Harding- 
 stone, near Northampton, Feb. 26, 1714 : died 
 at Weston Favell, near Northampton, Dec. 25, 
 1758. An English Episcopal clergyman and 
 devotional writer. He published “Meditations and 
 Contemplations” (in two parts : 1746-47), and“ Dialogues 
 between Theron and Aspasio ” (1755). The Calvinistic 
 doctrines taught in the “ Dialogues " involved the writer 
 in a controversy with John Wesley, and his “Eleven Let- 
 ters," written in reply to Wesley's “Remarks,” were pub- 
 lished posthumously in 1766. His collected works (six 
 volumes) were published in 1769. 
 
 Hervieu (er-vye'), Paul Ernest: pseudonym 
 Eliacin. Born at Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, 
 Sept. 2, 1857. A French author, dramatist, and 
 journalist. Among his novels are “ Les yeux verts et 
 les yeux bleus ” (1886), “ L’lnconnu ” (1887), “ Flirt ” (1890), 
 “ L’Exorcisee ” (1891), “ Peintspar eux-memes ” (1893), and 
 “L’Armateur” (1895). His plays include “Les paroles 
 restent ” (1892),“ Lestenailles ” (1895),“ La loi de 1‘homme ” 
 (1897), “ La course de flambeau ” (1901), “ Point de lende- 
 main ” (1901), “ L’Enigme ” (1901), “Theroigne de M£ri- 
 court” (1902), “ Le dedale” (1903), “Le reveil ” (1905), and 
 “ Connais-toi ” (1909). In 1900 he was elected to the 
 French Academy, succeeding Pailleron. 
 
 Herz (herts), Alfred. Born at Frankfort, 
 July 15, 1852. A German musical conductor. 
 
 1 1 o was musical director in theaters at Halle, Altenburg, 
 Elberfeld, and Breslau. Since 1902 he has been orches- 
 tral conductor of the Metropolitan Opera, New York, 
 where, after Mottl’a withdrawal, he directed “Parsifal'’ 
 (1903-04). 
 
 Herzegovina*. With Bosnia it was annexed 
 by Austria-Hungary in October, 1908. 
 
 Herzl (bertsl), Theodor. Born at Budapest, 
 
 Hill, George Birkbeck Norman 
 
 May 2, 1860: died July 3, 1904. The founder 
 of the movement among the Jews known as 
 Zionism. He was a journalist and author, and sue- 
 ceeded in arousing great interest in Europe for the pro- 
 ject of restoring Palestine to the Jews. 
 
 Hess (hes), Willy. Born at Mannheim, July 
 14, 1859. A German violinist. He came to America 
 in 1865, aud at the age of nine toured with the Thomas 
 Orchestra. He studied with Joachim 1876-78, became 
 concert-master of several European orchestras, and 1904- 
 1907, 1908-10 of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. He ac- 
 cepted a professorship at the Royal Academy of Music, 
 London, in 1903, and at the Berlin Hochschule in 1910. 
 
 Hetch-Hetchy (hech'hech'i). Awooded mea- 
 dow valley iu the Yosemite National Park 
 through which flows the Tuolumne River. 
 It lies about 18 miles northwest of Yosemite, and is said 
 to have been discovered in 1850 by Joseph Screech, a hunt- 
 er. The floor of the valley is 3,700 feet above the sea, is 
 about 3J miles long, and from J to £ mile wide. It is 
 surrounded by lofty cliffs down which fall the Tueeulala 
 and Waparna (Hetch-Hetchy) falls. The valley is national 
 property, but since 1903 an effort has been made by the 
 city of San Francisco to possess it as a reservoir site. 
 
 Hewitt (hu'it), Peter Cooper. Born at New 
 York, March 5, 1861. An American electrician 
 and inventor, son of Abram Stevens Hewitt 
 and grandson of Peter Cooper. He is best known 
 for his work with vapor conductors of electricity. Among 
 the more important of his inventions are the mercury - 
 vapor lamp, static converter, interrupter, and circuit- 
 breaker. 
 
 Hewlett (hu'let), Maurice Henry. Born at 
 London, Jan. 22, 1861. An English writer of 
 historical romances and sketches. His works in- 
 clude “ Earthwork out of Tuscany ” (1895), “ A Masque of 
 Dead Florentines” (1895), “The Forest Lovers” (1898), 
 “ Little Novels of Italy ” (1899), “ Life aud Death of 
 Richard Yea-and-Nay ” (1900), “New Canterbury Tales ” 
 (1901), “The Queen’s Quair” (1904), “The Road in Tus- 
 cany” (1904), “Fond Adventures” (1905), “The Fool 
 Errant” (1905), “The Stooping Lady” (1907), “Half-way 
 House” (1908), “Spanish Jade” (1908), “Artemizion” 
 (1909), “Open Country” (1909), “Rest Harrow” (1910), 
 “ The Agonists ” (1911), “Brazenhead the Great” (1911), 
 “ Song of Renny ” (1911), “ Mrs. Lancelot ” (1912), etc. 
 
 Hibben (kib'en), John Grier. Born at Peoria, 
 111., April 19, 1861. An American educator and 
 Presbyterian minister, elected president of 
 Princeton University, Jan. 11, 1912. He was 
 
 graduated at Princeton in 1882, and studied at Princeton 
 Theological Seminary and the University of Berlin. He 
 was instructor at Princeton in logic (1891-92), in logic and 
 psychology (1892-94), assistant professor of logic (1894-97), 
 and professor of logic (1897-1912). Among his publications 
 are “Problems of Philosophy” (1898), “Hegel's Logic” 
 (1902), “ Logic, Deductive and Inductive” (1905), “ Philoso- 
 phy of the Enlightenment" (1909), “Defense of Prejudice 
 and Other Essays ” (1911). 
 
 Hichborn (hich ' born), Philip. Born at 
 Charlestown, Mass., in 1839: died at Wash- 
 ington, D. C., May 1, 1910. An American 
 naval officer, retired in 1901 with the rank of 
 rear-admiral. After practical experieuce in ship con- 
 struction in the Boston and Mare Island navy-yards, he 
 entered the navy in 1869 as assistant naval constructor, 
 becoming constructor in 1875, and holding the position of 
 chief constructor 1893-1901. He invented the Franklin 
 life-buoy and the Hichborn balanced turret, and was the 
 author of several works on naval construction. 
 
 Hichens (hich'enz), Robert Smythe. Born 
 at Speldkurst, Kent, Nov. 14, 1864. An Eng- 
 lish novelist. His works include “The G reen Carna- 
 tion ” (1894), “ New Love ” (1895), “ An Imaginative Man " 
 (1895), “ Flames ” (1897), “Byways" (1898), “The London- 
 ers ” (1898), “ Felix ” (1902), “The Woman with the Fan ” 
 (1904), “The Garden of Allah” (1904: dramatized), “The 
 Call of the Blood ” (1906), “Barbary Sheep ” (1907), “ Egypt 
 and its Monuments” (1908), “ Bella Donna” (1909 : drama- 
 tized), “The Holy Land” (1910), “The Dweller on the 
 Threshold ” (1911), “The Fruitful Vine” (1911), etc. 
 
 Hilbert (hil'bert), David. Born at Konigs- 
 berg, Jan. 23, 1863. A German mathemati- 
 cian, professor in the University of Gottingen 
 from 1895. 
 
 Hill (hil), Adams Sherman. Born at Boston, 
 Jan. 30, 1833: died there, Dec. 25, 1910. An 
 American educator, professor of rhetoric in 
 Harvard University from 1876. He became 
 assistant professor there in 1872. His works 
 include “ Principles of Rhetoric” (1878), “ Our 
 English” (1889), “Foundations of Rhetoric” 
 (1892), etc. 
 
 Hill (hil), David Jayne. Born in Plainfield, 
 N. J., June 10, 1850. An American educator 
 and diplomatist. He was president of Bucknell Uni- 
 versity 1879-88, and of Rochester University 1888-96 ; as- 
 sistant secretary of state 1898-1903 ; minister to Switzer- 
 land 1903-05; minister to the Netherlands 1905-07 ; and 
 ambassador to Germany 1908-11. In 1907 he was a dele- 
 gate to the second Peace Conference. 
 
 Hill (hil), George Birkbeck Norman. Born 
 at Tottenham, Middlesex, England, June 7, 
 1835: died Feb. 24, 1903. An English author, 
 best known as a Johnsonian scholar and edi- 
 tor. He was graduated at Pembroke College, Oxford, In 
 1858, and in the following year succeeded his father aa 
 head-master of Bruce Castle School at Tottenham, resign- 
 
Hill, George Birkbeck Norman 
 
 ing in 1876. Among his publications are “ Dr. Johnson, 
 his Friends and his Critics” (1878), an edition of Bos- 
 well's “Life of Johnson" (1887), “ Boswell’s Correspon- 
 dence ” (1879), “Footsteps of Dr. Johnson in Scotland" 
 (1890), “Harvard College, by an Oxonian ” (1895), “Talks 
 about Autographs "(1896), “Johnsonian Miscellanies" 
 (1897), “ Memoirs of Edward Gibbon " (1900), etc. 
 
 Hill (Ml), George William. Born at New 
 York, March 3, 1838. An American astronomer, 
 noted for researches in the lunar theory. He 
 was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Astronomical 
 Society, London, in 1887, and the Copley medal of the 
 Royal Society in 1909. His publications include “The 
 Theory of Jupiter and Saturn ” (1890), “Collected Mathe- 
 matical Works " (1905-07), etc. 
 
 Hill (hil), James Jerome. Born near Guelph, 
 Ontario, Sept. 16, 1838. An American busi- 
 ness man, president of the Great Northern 
 system of railways 1893-1907. He went to St. 
 Paul, Minnesota, in 1856, and early connected himself 
 with the business of transportation. He secured control, 
 through a syndicate, of the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad ; 
 reorganized it as the St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba 
 Railroad ; and was its general manager 1879-82, vice- 
 president 1882-83, and president from 1883. In the year 
 1889 the Great Northern Railway Company was formed 
 and it leased the St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Manitoba 
 Railway and other lines (about 3,750 miles). Since that 
 time the Great Northern Railway has been extended by 
 purchase of other lines and construction to about 7,300 
 miles. 
 
 Hillis (hi! 'is), Newell Dwight. Born at Mag- 
 nolia, Iowa, Sept. 2, 1858. An American 
 clergyman and author. He was graduated at Lake 
 Forest University in 1881, and at McCormick Theological 
 Seminary in 1887 ; was pastor at Peoria, Illinois, 1887-90, 
 at Evanston, Illinois, 1890-94, and of the Central Church 
 in Chicago 1894-98, succeeding Professor David Swing ; 
 and in 1899 became pastor of Plymouth Church, Brook- 
 lyn, succeeding Dr. Lyman Abbott. Among his works 
 are “ A Man’s Value to Society" (1896), “The Investment 
 of Influence ” (1896), “ Foretokens of Immortality ” (1897), 
 “How the Inner Light Failed” (1898), “The Influence of 
 Christ in Modern Life ” (1900), “ The Quest, of Happiness ” 
 (1902), “Success Through Self-help" (1903), “Building a 
 Working Faith” (1903), “The Quest of John Chapman" 
 (1904), “ Great Men as Life Teachers " (1906), “ Fortune of 
 the Republic, and other Addresses " (1906), etc. 
 
 Hillquit (hil'kwit), Morris. Born at Riga, 
 Russia, Aug. 1, 1869. A Russian-American 
 socialist. He came to the United States in 1886, and 
 has practised law in New York since 1893. He has been 
 a member of the Socialist party since 1888, and of its 
 national executive committee since 1907. He was a dele- 
 gate from the party to the International Socialist Con- 
 gress at Amsterdam in 1904. to that at Stuttgart in 1907, 
 and to that at Copenhagen in 1910, and has been its repre- 
 sentative in the International Socialist Bureau at Brus- 
 sels since 1904. He has published a “ History of Socialism 
 in the United States ” (1903) and “ Socialism in Theory 
 and Practice ” (1909). 
 
 Hillsboro (hilz'bur-o). The county-seat of 
 Hill County, Texas, 57 miles southwest of 
 Dallas. It has agricultural interests, and 
 cotton compresses, Hour-mills, and manufac- 
 tories of clothing, hay-presses, etc. Popula- 
 tion, 6,115, (1910). 
 
 Hilprecht (hil'precht), Hermann Vollrath. 
 
 Born at Hohenerxleben, Anhalt, Germany, 
 July 28, 1859. A German Assyriologist, pro- 
 fessor of comparative Semitic philology in the 
 University of Pennsylvania 1886-1910, and 
 curator of the Semitic section of its museum 
 until 1910. He accompanied an expedition sent by this 
 university to explore Nippur in Babylonia in 1888, and in 
 1900 took charge of it (after a year's absence) ; and has 
 made numerous explorations in Asia Minor aud Syria. 
 He has also had charge of the Babylonian department of 
 the Imperial Museum in Constantinople. Among his 
 publications are “Recent Researches in Bible Lands,” 
 “ Ausgrabungen in Assyrien und Babylonian,” etc. 
 Hiroshige (he-ro-she'ge). Born 1793: died 
 1859. A Japanese painter, a pupil of Toyohiro. 
 
 He was one of the leading masters of the Okioye, or later 
 naturalistic school of Japan. His work is based on a key 
 of color rather than on line and mass. His tones are flat, 
 producing effects in a simple way. He was especially 
 clever in the representation of atmospheric effects. 
 Hiroshima (he-ro'she-ma). A city of Japan, 
 situated on the island of Hondu, near its 
 southwestern extremity, on the inland sea. 
 It is the capital of the province of Aki, and has an impor- 
 tant trade in lacquered ware, bronzes, and other art ob- 
 jects. Population, 121,196. 
 
 Hirst (herst), Francis W. Born at Hudders- 
 field, Yorkshire, in 1873. An English editor 
 and author. He was educated at Clifton and at Wad- 
 ham College, Oxford ; became president of the Oxford 
 Union Society; and in 1899 won the Cobden prize. In 
 1899 he became a barrister-at-law of the Inner Temple, 
 and secured the Russell studentship at the London School 
 of Economics. In 1907 he became editor of the London 
 “Economist.” Among his published works are “ Adam 
 Smith " (1904), “Trusts and Cartels ” (1905), “The Arbiter 
 in Council ” (1906), and “The Stock Exchange ” (1911). 
 His (hes), Wilhelm. Born at Basel, July 9, 
 1831: died at Leipsic, May 1, 1904. An emi- 
 nent German histologist and physiologist, pro- 
 fessor of anatomy in the University of Leipsic 
 1872-1904, especially noted for his researches 
 in the development of the nervous system. 
 Hiss (his) , Philip Hanson. Born at Baltimore, 
 
 Md., Sept. 17, 1868. An American bacteriolo- 
 gist and pathologist, professor of bacteriology 
 in Columbia University from 1906. He was ad- 
 junct professor there 1903-06. 
 
 Hitchcock (hieh'kok), Charles Henry. Born 
 at Amherst, Mass., Aug. 23, 1836. An Ameri- 
 can geologist, son of Edward Hitchcock. He 
 was graduated at Amherst College in 1856 ; was assistant 
 geologist of the State of V ermont 1857-61 ; was geologist 
 of the State of Maine 1861-62, and of the State of New 
 Hampshire 1868-78 ; and was professor of geology in 
 Dartmouth College 1868-1908. He has published numer- 
 ous geological reports and papers. 
 
 Hitchcock (hieh'kok), Edward. Born at Am- 
 herst, Mass., May 23, 1828: died Feb. 15, 1911. 
 An American physician, son. of President 
 Edward Hitchcock, and professor of physical 
 education and hygiene in Amherst College 
 from 1861. From 1879 he was a member of 
 the Massachusetts State Board of Health, 
 Lunacy, and Charity. 
 
 Hitchcock (hieh'kok), Ethan Allen. Born at 
 
 Mobile, Ala., Sept. 19, 1835: died at Washing- 
 ton, D. C., April 9, 1909. An American diplo- 
 mat and cabinet officer. He was minister (1897-98) 
 and ambassador (1898) to Russia, and was secretary of the 
 interior 1898-1907. His diary, “ Fifty Years in Camp and 
 Field," edited by W. A. Croffut, was published in 1910. 
 
 Hitchcock (hieh'kok), Frank Harris. Born 
 at Amherst, Ohio, Oct. 5, 1867. An American 
 lawyer and government official. He was gradu- 
 ated' at Harvard in 1891, was admitted to the bar in 1894, 
 and was in the service of the government in the de- 
 partments of agriculture, commerce and labor, etc. He 
 was first assistant postmaster-general 1905-08, and was 
 postmaster-general 1909-13. He was chairman of the Re- 
 publican National Committee in 1908 and conducted the 
 presidential campaign of that year. 
 
 Hoder (ho'der), or Hodur (he'dor). [ON. 
 Hddhr.~\ In Old Norse mythology, a blind god 
 who, at the instigation of Loki, slays Baldur 
 by means of a twig of mistletoe. He is in turn 
 slain by Vale, the son of Odin. The story of the death of 
 Baldur has been said to personify the victory of darkness 
 over light, the killing of summer by winter, the slaying 
 of innocence by physical strength guided by sin, etc. 
 
 Hodge (hoj), Frederick Webb. Born at Plym- 
 outh, England, Oct. 28, 1864. An American 
 anthropologist, ethnologist of the Bureau of 
 American Ethnology 1889-1901 and 1905-10, 
 and appointed chief in 1910. He is editor of 
 “ The American Anthropologist.” 
 
 Hodges (hoj'ez), George. Born at Rome, 
 N. Y., Oct. 6, 1856. An American theologian, 
 dean of the Episcopal Theological School at 
 Cambridge, Mass., from 1894. He was rector of 
 Calvary Church, Pittsburgh, 1889-94. He is the author of 
 “The Episcopal Church” (1889), “Faith and Social Ser- 
 vice” (1896), “William Penn” (1900), “Three Hundred 
 Years of the Episcopal Church in America" (1906), “The 
 Apprenticeship of Washington ” (1909), etc. 
 
 Hodgson (hoj 'son), Shadworth Hallway. 
 
 Born Dec. 25, 1832: died June 13, 1912. An 
 English philosophical writer. He wrote “ Time and 
 Space" (1885), “The Theory of Practice” (1870), “The 
 Philosophy of Reflection” (1878), “The Metaphysics of 
 Experience ” (1898), etc. 
 
 Hoe (ho), Robert. Born at New York, March 
 10, 1839: died at London, Sept. 22, 1909. An 
 American mechanical engineer, inventor and 
 manufacturer of printing machinery, in 1886 
 he succeeded to the management of the printing-press 
 manufactory founded by his grandfather, Robert Hoe. 
 He developed the printing-press from the earliest form 
 of rotary web perfecting-machine, printing from stereotype 
 plates, to the double octuple press of 1906, and was a 
 pioneer in the development of rotary color-printing ma- 
 chines and of rotary machines for high-grade magazine 
 and periodical printing. He was also a bibliophile and 
 an art connoisseur, was actively interested in all matters 
 relating to the promotion of literature and the fine arts, 
 and was one of the founders of the Metropolitan Museum 
 of Art and of the industrial arts schools connected with 
 that institution. His library of rare books and manuscripts, 
 one of the finest and most valuable private collections of 
 its kind in existence, was dispersed in 1911 and 1912. 
 
 Hoff (hof), Jacobus Hendrikus van’t. Born 
 
 at Rotterdam, Aug. 30, 1852: died March 2, 
 1911. An eminent Dutch chemist, professor 
 in the University of Berlin from 1896. in 1878 
 he was appointed professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and 
 geology at Amsterdam. He was especially noted for his 
 researches in physical chemistry and as the founder of 
 stereochemistry. In 1901 he received the Nobel prize for 
 research in chemistry. 
 
 Hofmann (bof'miin), Josef. Bom at Cracow, 
 Austria, Jan. 20, 1877. A Polish pianist and 
 composer. As a child he attracted great attention in 
 his concerts from 1883 to 1888. He was then withdrawn 
 from public notice for study under Rubinstein, and made 
 his dlbut as an artist in 1894, winning high rank. He 
 has composed a number of works for the pianoforte. 
 
 Hohensalza (hd-en-zalt'sa) . The name adopted 
 in 1904 by the town of Inowrazlaw, Prussia. 
 Hokusai (ho'ko-sa-i). Born in Yedo, Japan, 
 1760: died 1849. A noted Japanese artist. 
 
 He was at first apprenticed to an engraver, but after a 
 few years abandoned engraving and studied designing 
 
 Holt, Luther Emmett 
 
 with Shunsho, a noted artist of the period. Later he de- 
 voted himself to book illustration, and finally became an 
 artist and teacher of great repute. His works are very 
 numerous, amounting to over thirty thousand drawings. 
 
 Holden (hol'den), Edward Singleton. Born 
 at St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 5, 1846. An Ameri- 
 can astronomer, librarian of the United States 
 Military Academy from 1901. He was graduated 
 from this academy in 1870; was astronomer in the United 
 States Naval Observatory 1873-81 ; was director of the 
 Washburn Observatory 1881-85 ; was president of the Uni- 
 versity of California 1885-88 ; and was director of the 
 Lick Observatory 1888-98. The Lick Observatory was 
 built according to plans prepared by Newcomb and Hol- 
 den 1874-85. He is the author of numerous astronomical 
 and other papers. 
 
 Holder (hol'der), Charles Frederick. Born 
 
 at Lynn, Mass., Aug. 5, 1851. An American 
 author, a lineal descendant of Christopher 
 Holder. He was assistant curator of zoology in the 
 American Museum of Natural History, New York, 1871-75. 
 Among his publications are “The Ivory King" (1887), 
 “Living Lights" (1889), “Louis Agassiz" (1892), “Charles 
 Darwin" (1893), “Big Game Fishes of the United States" 
 (1903), “ The Pioneer Quakers ” (1905), “ Bile in the Open 
 in Southern California ’’ (1906), “ The Log of a Sea Angler " 
 (1906), “Big Game at Sea” (1908), “Fish Stories” (1909: 
 with D. S. Jordan), “ The Channel Islands ” (1910), etc. 
 
 Holder (hol'der), Christopher. Born at Win- 
 terbourne, England, in 1631. One of the 
 founders, in 1656, of the first society of Friends 
 in New England. He was repeatedly banished from 
 Boston and persecuted for his faith. He WTote in the 
 Boston jail, in 1657, the first declaration of faith of the 
 Quakers. 
 
 Holland (hol'and), William Jacob. Born at 
 
 Bethany, Jamaica, Aug. 16, 1848, of American 
 parentage. An American naturalist, director 
 of the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh from 
 1898. He was graduated at Amherst College in 1869 ; 
 was naturalist of the United States eclipse expeditions to 
 Japan in 1887 and to Africa in 1889 ; and was chancellor 
 of the Western University of Pennsylvania 1891-1901. 
 He has published “ The Butterfly Book " (1898), “ The 
 Moth Book ” (1903), and numerous scientific memoirs on 
 entomology and paleontology. He has been editor of the 
 “ Annals ” and “ Memoirs ” of the Carnegie Museum from 
 1900. 
 
 Holmes (61 -mas'), Augusta Mary Anne: 
 pseudonym Hermann Zeuta. Born at Paris, 
 Dec. 16, 1847 : died there, Jan. 28, 1903. A 
 French composer, of Irish parentage. Among 
 
 her several teachers she was most influenced by Cesar 
 Franck. Her works include the operas “Hero et Le- 
 andro” and “La montagne noire” (Paris Op6ra, 1895), 
 symphonic poems, symphonies and other orchestral 
 works, and numerous songs. 
 
 Holmes (homz), Mrs. (Mary Jane Hawes). 
 
 Born at Brookfield, Mass. : died at Brockport, 
 N. Y., Oct. 7, 1907. An American novelist, 
 whose stories for young people have attained 
 wide popularity. Among the best known of her ear- 
 lier works are “Tempest and Sunshine" (1854) and “Lena 
 Rivers " (1856). Among her later works are “ Gretchen ” 
 (1887), “ Dr. Hathern’s Daughters ” (1895), “ The Cromp- 
 tons" (1902), and “The Abandoned Farm" (1905). 
 
 Holmes (homz), Oliver Wendell. Born at 
 Boston, Mass., March 8, 1841. An American 
 jurist, son of Oliver Wendell Holmes. He was 
 graduated at Harvard in 1861, and at the Harvard Law 
 School in 1866. He served with the ‘20th Massachusetts 
 volunteer regiment in the Civil War 1861-64; was asso- 
 ciate justice (1882-99) and chief justice (1899-1902) of the 
 Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, and has been 
 associate justice of the United States Supreme Court 
 from 1902. He edited Kent’s “ Commentaries ” (1873), and 
 has published “The Common Law” (1881) and a volume 
 of speeches. 
 
 Holmes, Sherlock. See * Sherlock Holmes. 
 Holmes (homz), William Henry. Born in 
 Harrison County, Ohio, Dec. 1, 1846. An 
 American anthropologist, chief of the Bureau 
 of American Ethnology 1902-10, and honorary 
 curator of the division of prehistoric archae- 
 ology in the United States National Museum 
 from 1903, and of the National Gallery of Art 
 from 1907. 
 
 Holst*, Hermann Eduard von. He wrote also 
 
 “ John Brown ” (1888) and “ The French Revolution Tested 
 by Mirabeau’s Career ” (1894). 
 
 Holt (holt), Henry. Born at Baltimore, Md., 
 Jan. 3, 1840. An American author and pub- 
 lisher. He has been prominent in university settle- 
 ment and municipal reform work. His works iuclude 
 “ Talks on Civics " (1901), “ On the Civic Relations ” (1907), 
 and two novels dealing with religious and social ques- 
 tions, “ Calmire " J1892) and “ Sturmsee " (1905). 
 
 Holt (holt), Joseph. Born in Breckinridge 
 County, Ky., Jan. 6, 1807: died at Washing- 
 ton, D. C., Aug. 1, 1894. An American jurist. 
 
 In 1857 Buchanan appointed him commissioner of pat- 
 ents, in 1859 postmaster-general, and in 1860 secretary of 
 war. Tn September, 1862, Lincoln appointed him judge- 
 advocate-general, and upon the establishment of the Bu- 
 reau of Military Justice in 1864 he was kept at its head 
 with the same title. He was brevetted major-general in 
 1865 and was retired in 1875. He was judge-advocate and 
 recorder of the military commission which tried the as- 
 sassins of Lincoln, May-June, 1865. 
 
 Holt (holt), Luther Emmett. Bom at Web- 
 
Holt, Luther Emmett 
 
 ster, N. Y., March 4, 1855. An American 
 physician. He was graduated at the University of 
 Rochester in 1875 and at the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons (Columbia) in 1880. He is a specialist in diseases 
 of children, and since 1905 has been professor of diseases 
 of children in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. 
 He has published “Care and Feeding of Children ” (1894), 
 “Diseases of Infancy and Childhood ” (1896), etc. 
 
 Holub*, Emil. He wrote also “Die Kolonisa- 
 tion Afrikas” (1881-82) and “Yon der Kap- 
 stadt ins Land der Maschukulumbe ” (1888- 
 1890). 
 
 Holyoake*, George Jacob. He wrote also “Life 
 
 of Joseph Rayner Stephens” (1881), “The Co-operative 
 Movement of To-day " (1891), “ Sixty Years of an Agitator's 
 Life ’’ (1892), “Public Speaking and Debate” (1894), “Na- 
 ture and Origin of Secularism” (1896), “ Bygones Worth 
 Remembering" (1905), etc. 
 
 Homer (ho'mer), Mrs. (Louise Dillworth 
 Beatty). Born at Pittsburg about 1871. An 
 American contralto singer. She studied singing at 
 Boston and at Pari9, and made her debut in opera at 
 Vichy, as Leonora, in “La Favorita.” She afterward 
 sang at Angers, at Brussels, and at Covent Garden, London. 
 During the season of 1900-01 she became a member of the 
 Metropolitan Opera Company, New York. She has a 
 repertoire of the standard contralto rdles in Italian, 
 French, German, and English, and is also well known as 
 a concert singer. 
 
 Hondu, or Hondo (bon' do, -do). The chief 
 island of Japan. See Nippon. 
 
 Honduras*. The republic is divided into 16 depart- 
 ments, Atlantida, Choluteca, Colon, Comayagua, Copan, 
 Cortes, El Paraiso, Gracias, Intibuca, Islas de la Bahia, 
 La Paz, Olancho, Santa Barbara, Tegucigalpa, Valle, and 
 Yoro, and one territory, Mosquitia. In December, 1907, 
 a treaty was signed by the five Central American States 
 agreeing to the establishing of a court of arbitration for 
 the settlement of disputes. See ★ Central American Arbi- 
 tration Treaty. 
 
 Honshu, or Honshiu (hon'sho). Same as 
 * Hondu. 
 
 Hooker (huk'er), Mrs. (Isabella Beecher). 
 Born at Litchfield, Conn., Feb. 22, 1822: died 
 Jan. 25, 1907. An American philanthropist 
 and reformer, daughter of Lyman Beecher 
 (1775-1863). she was an active worker in the cause 
 of woman suffrage and in various reform movements. 
 She was the author of “ Womanhood : its Sanctities and 
 Fidelities,’’ “ The Constitutional Bights of the Women of 
 the United States,” and pamphlets relating to the parti- 
 cipation of women in government. 
 
 Hooker*, Sir Joseph Dalton. He was surgeon 
 
 and naturalist of the Ross Expedition to the antarctic 
 (1839-43) ; explored as a naturalist the Himalayas, Eastern 
 Bengal, Khasia Hills, etc., 1847-51 ; Syria and Pales- 
 tine, 1860 ; Morocco and the Greater Atlas 1871 ; and the 
 Rocky Mountains and California 1877. He was assistant 
 director of the Royal Gardens at Kew 1855-65 and 
 director 1865-85, and was president of the Royal Society 
 1872-77. He also wrote “ Flora of New Zealand” (1853-55), 
 a monumental work on the collections at Kew, and “ The 
 Flora of British India," on the completion of which last in 
 1897 he was created G. C. S. I. 
 
 Hooper (hop'er), Franklin William. Born 
 at Walpole, N. H., Feb. 11, 1851. An Ameri- 
 can zoologist and geologist, director of the 
 Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences from 
 1889. 
 
 Hoosick Falls (ho'sik falz). A village in 
 Rensselaer County, New York, on the Hoosick 
 River, 22 miles northeast of Troy. It has 
 manufactories of farming implements, woolen 
 goods, etc. Population, 5,532, (1910). 
 
 Hoosier State, The. A popular name of the 
 State of Indiana. 
 
 Hope diamond. An oblong and slightly shal- 
 low brilliant diamond, of dark blue color 
 with a steely tint, weighing 44^ carats, it was 
 twice sold at auction for approximately £18,000, and was 
 believed to be part of the blue diamond of irregular 
 shape and weighing 68£ carat9 that was originally brought 
 to France by Tavernier for Louis XIV. and which disap- 
 peared with the French crown jewels during the French 
 Revolution. It was later purchased by H. T. Hope, the 
 Amsterdam and London banker ; and was sold to a Lon- 
 don jeweler. It was for sale on consignment in New 
 York, and became the property of a Turkish jeweler in 
 Paris, who sold it to some French dealers. It has been 
 the cause of considerable litigation. 
 
 Hopi (ho'pi). An Indian people speaking a 
 language belonging to the Shoshonean lin- 
 guistic family, occupying six pueblos in north- 
 eastern Arizona. See Tusayan. 
 
 Hopkins (hop'kinz), Henry. Born at Wil- 
 liamstown, Mass., Nov. 30, 1837: died at Rot- 
 terdam, Holland, Aug. 13, 1908. An American 
 educator, son of Mark Hopkins, and president 
 of Williams College 1902-08. 
 
 Hopkins (hop'kinz), Johns. Born in Anne 
 Arundel County, Md., May 19, 1795: died at 
 Baltimore, Md., Dec. 24, 1873. An American 
 merchant and philanthropist, founder of the 
 university in Baltimore which bears his name. 
 At the age of seventeen he removed to Baltimore, and 
 rose to be one of the leading business men of that city. 
 On his death he left $7,000,000 for the founding of a 
 university and a hospital. 
 
 Hopkinson (hop'kin-son), Charles Sydney. 
 
 Born at Cambridge, Mass., July 27, 1869. An 
 American marine painter. He received medals 
 at the expositions at Buffalo (1901) and St. 
 Louis (1904). 
 
 Hoquiam (ho'kwi-am). A city in Chehalis 
 County, Washington, situated on Gray’s Har- 
 bor, 47 miles west of Olympia. It is important 
 for its shipyard, and as a shipping-point for 
 fish, furs, and lumber. Population, 8,171, 
 (1910). 
 
 Hornaday (hor'na-da), William Temple. 
 
 Born at Plainfield, Ind., Dec. 1, 1854. An 
 American zoologist, director of the New York 
 Zoological Park from 1896. He traveled in the West 
 Indies, South America, India, Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula, 
 and Borneo, 1875-79, as a collecting naturalist, and was 
 chief taxidermist of the United States National Museum, 
 Washington, 1882-90. He was chiefly instrumental in the 
 creation of the National Zoological Park, the Wichita 
 National Bison Range, the Montana National Bison Range, 
 and the Snow Creek (Montana) Game Preserve. He has 
 published “Two Y r ears in the Jungle " (1885), “The Ex- 
 termination of the American Bison ” (1887), “ The Ameri- 
 can Natural History ” (1904), “Camp-Fires in the Canadian 
 Rockies ” (1906), “Camp-Fires on Desert and Lava ” (1908), 
 etc. 
 
 Hornbostel (horn'bos-tel), Henry. Born at 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., Aug. 15, 1867. An American 
 architect. He studied at Columbia University and at 
 the licole des Beaux- Arts, Paris. He is a member of the 
 firm of Palmer and Hornbostel, of New York, which built 
 the Carnegie Technical School, Pittsburgh, the University 
 of Pittsburgh Memorial Building, etc. He taught archi- 
 tecture in Columbia University 1897-1903, and later be- 
 came professor of architecture in the Carnegie Technical 
 School. 
 
 Horne (born), 0. Silvester. Born at Cuck- 
 field, Sussex, April 15, 1865. An English Con- 
 gregational minister. He was educated at Glasgow 
 University and at Mansfield College. Oxford. He was 
 minister of Kensington Chapel 1889-1903, and is now min- 
 ister of Whitefield’s Church, Tottenham Court Road, 
 London. He was chairman of the London Congregational 
 Union in 1902. He has published “ A Modern Heretic," 
 “Story of the L. M. S. [London Missionary Society],” 
 “Popular History of the Free Churches, ’’ etc. 
 
 Hornet Islands. See *Liancourt Kochs. 
 
 Hornsey (horn'zi). A northern suburb of Lon- 
 don. Population, 72,056. 
 
 Houghton (ho'ton). A village in Houghton 
 County, Michigan. It is important for its cop- 
 per-mines, and is the seat of the Michigan Col- 
 lege of Mines. Population, 5,113. 
 
 Houlton (hol'ton). The county-seat of Aroos- 
 took County, Maine. Population, 5,845. 
 
 Houma (ho'ma). The capital of Terrebonne 
 Parish, Louisiana. Its products include moss, 
 molasses, and sugar. Population, 5,024, ( 1910). 
 
 Housman (hous ' man), Alfred Edward. 
 Born March 26, 1859. An English poet, es- 
 sayist, and Scholar. He was graduated at Oxford, 
 was professor of Latin at University College, London, 
 1892-1911, and professor of Latin at Cambridge University 
 1911-. He is the author of “A Shropshire Lad" (1896), etc. 
 
 Housman (hous'man), Laurence. Born July 
 18, 1867. An English illustrator and author. 
 His publications include “Gods and their Makers” (1897), 
 “Spikenard" (1898), “Rue” (1899), “An Englishwoman's 
 Love Letters" (1901), “A Modern Antaeus" (1901), “Beth- 
 lehem,” a nativity play (1902), “Sabrina Wareham" 
 (1904), “The Blue Moon” (1904), “The Cloak of Friend- 
 ship ’ (1905), “The Chinese Lantern ” (1908), etc. 
 
 Houston (bus'ton), David Franklin. Born 
 at Monroe, N. C., Feb. 17, 1866. An Ameri- 
 can educator, secretary of agriculture 1913-. 
 He was a graduate student of political science at Harvard 
 1891-94, was president of the Texas Agricultural College 
 1902-05, president of the State University of Texas 1905-08, 
 and chancellor of Washington University, St. Louis, 1908- 
 1913. He has written “A Critical Study of Nullification 
 in North Carolina.” 
 
 Houston (hous'ton), Edwin James. Born at 
 Alexandria, Va., July 9, 1847. An American 
 electrician, emeritus professor of physics at the 
 Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, and consult- 
 ing electrical engineer. He is one of the inventors 
 of the Thomson- Houston system of electric lighting. His 
 publications include a “Dictionary of Electrical Words, 
 Terms, and Phrases,” and many books on electrical sub- 
 jects, general and applied physics, etc. 
 
 Houston Heights (hus'ton hits). A town in 
 Harris County, Texas, about 5 miles northwest 
 of Houston. It has cotton-seed oil mills and 
 furniture -factories. Population, 6,984, (1910). 
 
 Hovenden (ho'ven-den), Thomas. Born at 
 Dunmanway, County Cork, Ireland, Dec. 28, 
 1840: died near Norristown, Pa., Aug. 14, 
 1895. An American artist. He came to New York 
 in 1863, entered the School of the National Academy of 
 Design, and in 1874 went to Paris and studied under 
 Cabanel for six years. His earliest successes were made 
 with scenes from negro life, and were followed by subjects 
 taken from the common life of the people. His well- 
 known picture “ Last Moments of John Brown” is in the 
 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. He was killed 
 at a railway station while attempting to save a child from 
 being run over by a train. 
 
 Hovey (huv'i), Edmund Otis. Born at New 
 
 Howison 
 
 Haven, Conn., Sept. 15, 1862. An American 
 geologist, curator of the department of geol- 
 ogy and invertebrate paleontology in the 
 American Museum of Natural History from 
 1910. He was assistant and associate curator there 1894- 
 1969. He has published “Martinique and St. Vincent" 
 (1902), and papers on the eruptions of Mount Peleeand the 
 Soufriere, the structure of the Western Sierra Madre of 
 Mexico, and other topics in geology. 
 
 Howard (hou'ard), Blanche Willis (Mrs. von 
 Teuffel). Born at Bangor, Maine, July 21, 
 1847 : died at Munich, Germany, Oct. 7, 1898. 
 An American novelist. She wrote “One Summer” 
 (1875), “One Year Abroad ” (1877), “Aunt Serena" (1881), 
 “ Guenn : a Wave on the Breton Coast ” (1883), “ The Open 
 Door” (1889), “A Fellowe and his Wife (1892: with 
 William Sharp), “Seven on the Highway” (1897), “Gar- 
 den of Eden ” (1900), etc. 
 
 Howard (hou'ard), Bronson. Born at Detroit, 
 Mich., Oct. 7, 1842 : died at Avon, N. J., Aug. 
 4, 1908. An American playwright. He was en- 
 gaged in journalistic work in New York on the “Evening 
 Mail," “Tribune,” and “ Evening Post ” 1868-72. In 1880 
 he married Alice Wyndham, sister of the English actor 
 Sir Charles Wyndham. His plays include “Saratoga” 
 (1870), “Moorcroft” (1874), “The Banker’s Daughter" 
 (1878), “Hurricanes” (1878), “Young Mrs. Winthrop" 
 (1882), “The Henrietta" (1887), “Shenandoah” (1889), 
 “ Aristocracy ’’ (1892), “ Peter Stuyvesant ” (1899 : in col- 
 laboration with Brander Matthews), etc. 
 
 Howard (hou'ard), John Galen. Born at 
 Chelmsford, Mass., May 8, 1864. An American 
 architect. He went to Par is in 1891 and entered the 
 Ecole des Beaux-Arts, in the atelier of Victor Laloux. 
 Returning to New York, he designed an addition to the 
 Hotel Renaissance which was one of the first designs to 
 bring modern French architectural methods into promi- 
 nence. He was appointed architect of the University of 
 California, and later professor in charge of its architec- 
 tural department. In 1900 he was one of the hoard of 
 architects of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, 
 and in 1906 served on the hoard of advisers of the recon- 
 struction committee for the city of San Francisco. 
 
 Howard (hou'ard), Leland Ossian. Born at 
 Rockford, 111., June 11, 1857. An American 
 entomologist, chief of the Bureau of Ento- 
 mology of the United States Department of 
 Agriculture from 1894. He has been honorary cura- 
 tor of the department of insects in the United States 
 National Museum from 1895, and consulting entomolo- 
 gist of the United States Public Health and Marine Hos- 
 pital Service. In 1897 he became permanent secretary 
 of the American Association for the Advancement of 
 Science. He has published “Mosquitoes” (1901), “The 
 Insect Book” (1902), “The House Fly, Disease Carrier” 
 (1911), and many government bulletins, reports, etc. 
 
 Howe (hou), Frederick Clemson. Born at 
 Meadville, Pa., Nov. 21, 1867. An American 
 lawyer. He was admitted to the bar in 1894, engaged in 
 practice at Cleveland, Ohio, and became professor in 
 the Cleveland College of Law. He was president of 
 the Sinking Fund Commission 1904-05, special United 
 States commissioner in 1905 to investigate municipal 
 ownership in Great Britain, and a member of the Ohio 
 Senate 1906-09. He has puldished “Taxation and Taxes 
 in the United States under the Internal Revenue System, 
 1791-1895 ” (1896), “The City, the Hope of Democracy” 
 (1905), “The British City, the Beginnings of Democracy ” 
 (1907), etc. 
 
 Howe (bou), Henry Marion. Born at Boston, 
 Mass., March 2, 1848. An American metallur- 
 gist, son of Samuel G. and Julia Ward Howe : 
 professor of metallurgy in Columbia University 
 from 1897. He was graduated at Harvard University in 
 1869, and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 
 1871. He lias published “ Metallurgy of Steel ” (1S91), 
 “Metallurgical Laboratory Notes" (1902), “Iron, Steel, 
 and Other Alloys ” (1903), etc. In 1901 he was made a 
 chevalier of the Legion of Honor. 
 
 Howell (hou'el), John Adams. Born at New 
 York, March 16, ]840. An American naval 
 officer, promoted rear-admiral in 1898. He was 
 
 graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1858; 
 served in the Civil War (Mobile Bay) ; was promoted cap- 
 tain in 1884 and commodore in 1895 ; commanded the pa- 
 trol squadron during the Spanish war (1898), and the 
 blockading squadron before Havana ; and was retired in 
 1902. He is the inventor of an automobile torpedo and 
 of the gyroscopic steering-gear for torpedoes. 
 
 Howeiis , William Dean. H is later works include 
 “Stops of Various Quills ” (1895), “ A Parting and a Meet- 
 ing ” (1896), “The Day of Their Wedding” (1896), “Im- 
 pressions and Experiences” (1896), “The Landlord at 
 Lion’s Head ” (1897), “An Open-eyed Conspiracy” (1897), 
 “The Story of a Play” (1898), “Their Silver Wedding 
 Journey ” (i899), “Heroines of Fiction ” (1901), “A Pair of 
 Patient Lovers’’ (1901), “Literature and Life” (1902), 
 “The Flight of Pony Baker” (1902), “The Kentons” 
 (1902), “Questionable Shapes” (1903), “The Son of Royal 
 Langbrith ” (1904V “London Filins” (1905), “Certain De- 
 lightful English Towns” (1906), “Through the Eye of the 
 Needle ” (1907), “Between the Dark and the Daylight” 
 (1907), “Roman Holidays, and Others” (1908), “Fennel 
 and Hue ”(1908), “Christmas Every Day” (1908), “Mother 
 and Father” (1909), and “ Imaginary Interviews” (1910). 
 
 Howison (hou'i-son), George Holmes. Born 
 in Montgomery County, Md., Nov. 29, 1834. 
 An American philosophical writer and educa- 
 tor, professor of philosophy in the University 
 of California from 1884 (emeritus 1909). He 
 
 has published a “Treatise on Analytic Geometry ” (1869), 
 “ The Conception of God ” (1897 : with Royce, Le Conte, 
 and MezeB), “Limits of Evolution ” (1901), etc. 
 
Howitt 
 
 Howitt (hou'it), Alfred William. Born in 
 1830 : died at Melbourne, Australia, March 8, 
 1908. An English anthropologist and explorer, 
 distinguished especially for his travels and in- 
 vestigations in southern and southeastern Aus- 
 tralia. He published “ The Native Tribes of 
 South-East Australia” (1904), and other writ- 
 ings on anthropological subjects. 
 
 Hoxey (hok'si), Archibald. Born at Staunton, 
 111., Oct. 27, 1884: died at Los Angeles, Dec. 
 31, 1910. An American aviator. He became a 
 machinist and chauffeur, and in the spring of 1910 entered 
 the employ of the Wright Company. He was an entrant 
 in the international races at Belmont Bark, Long Island, 
 in 1910, reaching altitudes of over a mile, and on one 
 occasion flew in a wind which blew at about 80 miles an 
 hour. On Oct. 8, 1910, he made an American record for 
 cross-country flying of 89Jj miles (Springfield-St. Louis), 
 and a duration record of 3 hrs., 16 min., 50 sec. At Los 
 Angeles he made a world's altitude record of approxi- 
 mately 11,474 feet on Dec. 26, 1910; but the barograph 
 was not officially calibrated. On Dec. 30 he circled Mt. 
 Wilson, near Los Angeles, at a height of 10,000 feet and 
 officially recorded 10,575 feet. Coming down from an 
 altitude flight on Dec. 31, he appeared to lose control of 
 his aeroplane, which turned over twice and struck the 
 ground at an acute angle, instantly killing him. Lega- 
 gneux, a French aviator, had previously attained an alti- 
 tude of 10,499 feet. 
 
 Hozumi (ko-zo'ini), Yatsuka. Born Feb., 
 1860. A Japanese scholar, professor of con- 
 stitutional and administrative law in the 
 Imperial University of Tokio from 1889, and 
 director of the College of Law. 
 
 Huascar^n (oas-ka-ran'). A mountain in 
 Peru, in the department of Ancachs. Height, 
 north peak, 21,812 feet ; south peak, 22,187 feet. Ascended 
 by Miss Annie S. Peck in 1908. 
 
 Hubbard Glacier (liub'ard gla'shier). An ice- 
 mass in Yakutat Bay, Alaska, lat. about 60° 
 N., long, about 139° W. It has an estimated length 
 
 of 28 miles, and extends to the sea, where it presents a 
 tidal cliff almost five miles long and from 250 to 300 feet 
 in height. The glacier was discovered in 1890. Only its 
 lower portion has been explored. 
 
 Hudleston (hud'l-ston), Wilfred Hudleston. 
 
 Born at York, June 2, 1828: died near Ware- 
 ham, Dorset, Jan. 29, 1909. A distinguished 
 British geologist. He was the son ol Dr. John Simp- 
 son, of Knaresborough, and assumed the name of Hudle- 
 ston in 1867. He published a “Monograph on the 
 Gasteropoda of the Inferior Oolite ” (1887-90), and many 
 papers on geological subjects. 
 
 Hudson (hud'son). A town in Middlesex 
 County, Massachusetts, 26)- miles northwest of 
 Boston. It has manufactories of shoes, leather, 
 rubber and woolen goods, boxes, etc. Popula- 
 tion, 5,189, (1910). 
 
 Hudson (hud'son), William Henry. Born at 
 London, May 2, 1862. An English author, 
 critic, and educator. Among his works are “Intro- 
 duction to the Philosophy of Herbert Spencer ” (1894), 
 “Studies in Interpretation” (1896), “The Study of Eng- 
 lish Literature ’ ’ (1898), “ Rousseau and Naturalism in Life 
 and Thought” (1903), etc. 
 
 Hudson Falls (hud'son falz). A village in 
 Washington County, New York. Population, 
 5,189, (1910). 
 
 Hudson-Fulton Celebration. A celebration 
 held in New York from Sept. 25 to Oct. 9, 1909, 
 to commemorate the three-hundredth anniver- 
 sary of the exploration of the Hudson River by 
 Henry Hudson in the Half Moon in 1609, and 
 the one-hundredth anniversary of the success- 
 ful application of steam to navigation on the 
 same river by Robert Fulton in the Clermont 
 in 1807. 
 
 Hudson River School. A coterie of American 
 painters who were active during the middle 
 period of the nineteenth century, and who 
 were especially interested in topographical 
 painting — that is, in the representation of in- 
 teresting views. Among those usually associated 
 with the school are Asher B. Durand, John F. Kensett, 
 T. Addison Richards, Sanford R. Gifford, F. E. Church, 
 and Albert Bierstadt. 
 
 Hueffer (hii'fer), Franz. Born at Miinster, 
 Germany, May 23, 1845 : died at Dresden, Jan. 
 19, 1889. A German critic and writer on 
 music. In 1878 he was appointed musical critic of the 
 London “Times.” He was an ardent advocate of Wag- 
 ner, and wrote “Richard Wagner and the Music of the 
 Future ” (1874) and a “Life of Wagner ” (1881), and trans- 
 lated the “Correspondence of Wagner and Liszt” (1888). 
 He also wrote “The Troubadours” (1878), “Musical 
 Studies” (1880), “Italian and Other Studies” (1884), and 
 “ Half a Century of Music in England ” (1889). 
 
 Hughes (huz), Ball. Born at London, Eng- 
 land, Jan. 19, 1806: died at Boston, Mass., 
 March 5, 1868. An Anglo-American sculptor. 
 His most important works were a statue of Alexander 
 Hamilton in New York, which was destroyed soon after it 
 was made, the effigy of Bishop Hobart in the vestry of 
 Trinity Church, New York, and the bronze statue of Dr. 
 Howditch, the astronomer, in Mount Auburn Cemetery. 
 
 Hughes (huz), Charles Evans. Born in Glens 
 
 Falls, N. Y., April 11, 1862. An American 
 jurist and statesman, governor of New York 
 1907—10. He was graduated at Brown University (1881), 
 and at the Columbia University Law School (1884) ; and 
 was counsel of the gas commission of the New Y r ork 
 legislature 1905, and of the commission (Armstrong) 
 which investigated the insurance companies of the State 
 1905-06. He was appointed associate justice of the 
 Supreme Court in 1910. 
 
 Hull House (hul hous). A social settlement 
 in Chicago, founded in 1889 by Miss Jane 
 Addams (see supplement) and Miss Ellen 
 Gates Starr. It occupies the former residence of 
 Charles J. H ull on South Halsted street, and has added some 
 ten other buildings, including a gymnasium, coffee-house, 
 boys’ club, theater, etc. Its influence is far-reaching in 
 both social and civic matters. 
 
 Humacao (6-ma-ka'o). 1. The most easterly 
 
 department of Porto Rico. It is bounded by the 
 Atlantic Ocean ou the north and east ; the Caribbean Sea 
 and G.uayamaon the south; and Guayama and San Juan 
 on the west. Capital, Humacao. Area, 413 square miles. 
 2. A city, the capital of Humacao, situated in 
 the eastern part of the department. Popula- 
 tion, 5,159, (1910). 
 
 Hun (hon). A river in southern Manchuria 
 which rises northeast of Mukden, flows south 
 of that city in a southwesterly direction, and 
 empties into the Liao not far from Niu- 
 chuang. It played an important part in the battles 
 between Liao-yang and Mukden during the Russo- 
 Japanese war. 
 
 Hundred Guilder Print. The popular name 
 for an etching by Rembrandt which represents 
 Christ healing the sick. He was supposed to have 
 sold a proof of this plate for one hundred guilders ; but 
 in fact he exchanged this proof, still in existence, with his 
 friend Jan Zoomer for a proof of “ The Pest" by Marcan- 
 tonio Raimondi. The date of the plate is not known, but 
 is conjecturally given as 1649 or 1650. 
 
 Huneker (hun'e-ker), James Gibbons. Born 
 at Philadelphia, Jan. 31, 1860. An American 
 musical and dramatic critic. He was dramatic edi- 
 tor of the “ Morning Advertiser" 1895-97, and has been 
 musical, dramatic, and art editor of the New York “Sun." 
 He has published “Mezzotints in Modern Music” (1899), 
 “Chopin” (1900), “Melomaniacs ” (1902), “Overtones” 
 (1904), “Iconoclasts” (1905), “Visionaries” (1905), “Ego- 
 ists” (1909), “Promenades of an Impressionist” (1910), 
 “Franz Liszt ” (1911), etc. 
 
 Hunt (hunt)-, Richard Howland. Born at 
 Paris, March 14, 1862. An American architect. 
 He was educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- 
 nology and the ficole des Beaux-Arts, Paris, and is prac- 
 tising his profession in New York city. He built the facade 
 of tlie Metropolitan Museum of Art, after a plan suggested 
 in a sketch left by his father ; designed buildings for the 
 University of the South and Vanderbilt University; and 
 has been especially successful with large private houses. 
 
 Hunt (hunt), William Henry. Born at Charles- 
 ton, S. C., 1824: died at St. Petersburg, Feb. 
 27, 1884. An American lawyer and Republi- 
 can politician. He studied at Yale ; was admitted to 
 the bar in 1844 ; and was appointed attorney-general of 
 Louisiana in 1876, judge of the United States Court of 
 Claims in 1878, and secretary of the navy in 1881. When 
 President Arthur reorganized President Garfield's cabinet 
 he retired from office and was appointed minister to 
 Russia (1882). During the Civil War he supported the 
 Union cause. 
 
 Hunter (hun'ter), Sir Archibald. Born Sept. 
 6, 1856. A British general, commander of the 
 western army corps of the Indian army 1904— 
 1907, and of the southern army 1907-08. He 
 commanded the tenth division in South Africa 
 in the Boer war, 1900-01. 
 
 Hunter (hun'ter), Wiles Robert. Born at 
 Terre Haute, Ind., April 10, 1874. An Ameri- 
 can social worker. He was organizing secretary of 
 the Chicago Bureau of Charities 1896-1902 ; chairman of 
 the investigating committee of the City Homes Associa- 
 tion, Chicago ; head worker of the University Settlement, 
 New York, 1902-03 ; and chairman of the New York Child 
 Labor Commission 1902-06. In 1910 he was a candidate 
 for the governorship of Connecticut on the Socialist ticket. 
 He has written “Tenement Conditions in Chicago ” (1901), 
 “Poverty” (1904), “Socialists at Work” (1908), “The 
 Crisis ” (1909), etc. 
 
 Huntingdon (hun'ting-don). The county-seat 
 of Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, it is the 
 largest town ou the Juniata River, and occupies the site 
 of the “Standing Stone,” where the Indians held their 
 grand councils. Besides important agricultural and min- 
 ing interests, it has flour-mills, iron-foundries, etc. Juniata 
 College and a State industrial reformatory are located here. 
 Population, 6,861, (1910). 
 
 Huntington (hun'ting-ton). The county-seat 
 of Huntington County, Indiana, on the Little 
 River, 20 miles southwest of Fort Wayne. It 
 has railroad and machine shops, and manu- 
 factories of shoes, pianos, etc. Population, 
 10,272, (1901). 
 
 Huntington (hun'ting-ton). A city, the capi- 
 tal of Cabell County, West Virginia, it is situ- 
 ated on the Ohio River, southwest of the junction of tlie 
 Guyandotte and the Ohio. It is the seat of Marshall Col- 
 lege and the West Virginia Asylum for the Incurable 
 Insane, has car-, steel-, glass-, and machine-works, etc., 
 and is a shipping-point for coal, lumber, salt, etc. Popu- 
 lation, 31,161, (1910). 
 
 Hyslop 
 
 Huntington (hun'ting-ton), Ellsworth. Born 
 
 at Galesburg, 111., Sept. 16, 1876. An Ameri- 
 can explorer. He explored the canons of the Euphrates 
 in 1901 ; was a member of an expedition to Russian Turkes- 
 tan 1903-04, and later of one to Chinese Turkestan ; and has 
 traveled extensively in India, China, Siberia, and Asia 
 Minor. He has written “Explorations in Turkestan" 
 (1905), “The Pulse of Asia” (1907), etc. 
 
 Huntington (hun'ting-ton), William Reed. 
 
 Born at Lowell, Mass., Sept. 20, 1838: died at 
 Nahant, Mass., July 26, 1909. An American 
 Episcopal clergyman. He was ordained priest in 
 1862 ; was rector of All Saints’ Church, Worcester, Massa- 
 chusetts, 1862-83 ; and from 1883 until his death was rector 
 of Grace Church, New York. Among his published works 
 are “ The Church Idea ” (1870), “ Conditional Immortality " 
 (1878), “ Popular Misconceptions of the Episcopal Church ’ ’ 
 (1891), “Short History of the Book of Common Prayer” 
 (1893), “A National Church” (1898), “Sonnets and a 
 Dream ” (1899), etc. 
 
 Hurlingham (her 'ling-am), Club, The. A 
 London club established in 1868 for the pur- 
 poses of sport and social intercourse. Its 
 premises at Fulham, S. W., have grounds for 
 polo, lawn-tennis, pigeon-shooting, etc. The 
 club is the recognized law-making authority 
 for British polo. 
 
 Huron (hii'ron). The county-seat of Beadle 
 County, South Dakota, 98 miles northwest of 
 Sioux Palls. It is an important shipping- 
 point, with grain-elevators, breweries, flour- 
 mills, machine-sbops, etc. Pop., 5,791, (1910). 
 Hutten (hot'ten), Baroness von (Bettina 
 Riddle). Born at Erie, Pa., Feb. 14, 1874. 
 An American-German author. She has published 
 “Our Lady of the Beeches" (1902), “Pam" (1905), “He 
 and Hecuba” (1905), “What became of Pain” (Amer. ed. 
 “Pam Decides”: 1906), “One Way Out” (1906), “The 
 Halo” (1907), “Kingrsmead” (1909), “The Green Patch” 
 (1910), “Sharrow” (1912), etc. 
 
 Hutton (hut'n), Frederick Remsen. Born at 
 
 New York, May 28, 1853. An American engi- 
 neer, professor of mechanical engineering in 
 Columbia University 1891-1907, and secretary 
 of the American Society of Mechanical Engi- 
 neers 1883-1906 and president 1906-07. He has 
 published “Mechanical Engineering of Power Plants" 
 (1897), “Heat and Heat Engines” (1899), “The Gas 
 Engine” (1904), etc. 
 
 Hutton (hut'n), Laurence. Born at New 
 York, Ang. 8, 1843: died at Princeton, N. J., 
 June 10, 1904. An American author and 
 editor, literary editor of “Harper’s Magazine” 
 1886—98. Hepublished “Lit erary Landmarks ” of “ Lon- 
 don ” (1885), “Edinburgh” (1891), “Jerusalem” (1895), 
 “Venice ” (1896), “ Florence” (1897), and “Pome” (1897), 
 “ A Boy I Knew ” (1898), etc. 
 
 Huysmans (iis-mah'), Joris Karl. Born at 
 Paris, Feb. 5, 1848: died at Paris, May 13, 
 1907. A French writer of Flemish extraction. 
 His work was at first naturalistic, as in “Marthe” (1876), 
 “Les goeurs Vatard ” (1879), “En mdnage ” (1881), and 
 “ Avau-l’eau” (1882); but later exhibited a reaction 
 from materialism as in “A rebours” (1884), “Lii-bas” 
 (1891), “En route” (1895), “La cathedrale ” (1898), and 
 “ L’Oblat” (1903), of which the last three were-written as 
 a result of the author's retreat to a Trappist monastery 
 and a Benedictine community. His last book was “Les 
 foules de Lourdes " (1906). 
 
 Hyatt (hi'at), Alpheus. Born at Washing- 
 ton, D. C.,' April 5, 1838: died at Cambridge, 
 Mass., Jan. 15, 1902. An American naturalist, 
 professor of zoology and paleontology in the 
 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and of 
 zoology and biology in Boston University. 
 
 His investigations were devoted chiefly to invertebrate 
 animals : they are of importance for general biology and 
 especially to the theory of evolution. He belonged to the 
 neo-Lamarckian group of evolutionists. 
 
 Hyde (hid), William De Witt. Born at Win- 
 
 chendon, Mass., Sept. 23, 1858. An American 
 educator and writer, president of Bowdoin 
 College from 1885. He was graduated at Harvard in 
 1879. Among his publications are “Practical Ethics” 
 (1892), “Practical Idealism” (1897), “The Art of Opti- 
 mism” (1900), “From Epicurus to Christ ” (1904), “The 
 College Man and the College Woman” (1906), etc. 
 
 Hyndman (bind' man). Henry Mayers. Born 
 
 at London, March 7, 1842. An English social- 
 istic writer and agitator. He has taken an active 
 part in the promotion of social reform since 1881, when 
 he founded the Social Democratic Federation. Among his 
 publications are “Historical Basis of Socialism” (1883), 
 “A Commune for London” (1888), “Commercial Crises 
 of the Nineteenth Century” (1892), “Economics of So- 
 cialism ” (1896), etc. 
 
 Hyslop (his'lop), James Hervey. Born at 
 
 Xenia, Ohio, Aug. 18, 1854. An American 
 philosopher, psychologist, and educator. For 
 some years he was professor of logic and ethics at Colum- 
 bia University, but resigned in 1902. Among his publi- 
 cations are “Logic and Argument” (1899), “Syllabus of 
 Psychology" (1899), “Report on the Piper Case” (1901), 
 “Problems of Philosophy” (1905), “Science and a Future 
 Life" (1905), “Enigmas of Psychical Science” (1906), 
 “Borderland of Psychical Research” (1906), “Psychical 
 Research and the Resurrection " (1908), etc. 
 
Iba 
 
 Isthmian Canal Zone 
 
 ba (e'bii). 1. A mountain 
 of the Zambales range, in 
 western Luz6n, Philippine 
 Islands. Height, 5,262 feet. 
 — 2. A town, the capital of 
 Zambales province, Luzon. 
 
 It is situated near the western 
 coast, in lat. 15° 21' N., long. 119° 
 58' 30" E. Civilized population of 
 municipality, 4,482. 
 
 Iceland*. Ill May, 1908, a commission appointed in 
 1907 to report on the relations with Denmark presented a 
 bill declaring Iceland a tree, autonomous, and indepen- 
 dent country, united to Denmark by a common king and 
 ministries of foreign affairs and defense, but no action 
 was taken on it. 
 
 Iddings (id'ingz), Joseph Paxson. Born at 
 Baltimore, Md., Jan. 21, 1857. An American 
 geologist, professor of petrology in the Uni- 
 versity of Chicago 1895-1908. He was associate 
 professor of petrology 1892-95, and has been a geologist 
 of the United States Geological Survey since 1888. He has 
 published a work on “ The Rock Minerals ” (1900), “Igne- 
 ous Rocks” (1909-), and various technical papers; and 
 with Cross, Pirrson, and Washington is author of “The 
 Quantitative Classification of Igneous Rocks ” (1903). 
 
 Ide (id), Henry Clay. Born at Barnet, Vt., Sept. 
 18, 1844. An American diplomatist and jurist. 
 
 He wa3 United States commissioner to Samoa in 1891, and 
 chief justice of Samoa 1893-97. In 1900 he was a member 
 of the Taft commission for establishing civil government 
 in the Philippines, and subsequently became secretary of 
 finance and justice (1901), vice-governor (1904-05), acting 
 governor (1905-06), and governor-general (1906) of the 
 islands. He was appointed minister to Spain in 1909. 
 He has published a “ Code of Procedure in Civil Actions 
 and Special Proceedings in the Philippine Islands " (1901), 
 “ The Land Registration Act ” (1903), etc. 
 
 Hagan (e-la'gan). A town, the capital of Isa- 
 bela province in Luzon, Philippine Islands. 
 
 It is situated between the Rio Grande de Cagayan and 
 the Pinacauan, one of its tributaries, approximately in 
 lat. 17° 8' 5" N\, long. 120° 50' E. Civilized population of 
 municipality, 16,008. 
 
 Iligan (e-le'gan) Bay. An arm of the Mindanao 
 Sea indenting the northern coast of Mindanao, 
 in the Philippine Islands. It separates the western 
 from the eastern part of Misamis province, and washes 
 the northern coast of Lanao district. 
 
 Ilion (il'i-on). A village in Herkimer County, 
 New York, 11 miles southeast of Utica. It 
 has manufactories of pistols, rifles, type-writ- 
 ers, type-setting machines, bicycles, etc. 
 Population, 6,588, (1910). 
 
 Illana (el-ya'na) Bay. An arm of the sea in- 
 denting the coast of Cotabato province, south- 
 ern Mindanao, Philippine Islands. 
 
 Ilm (ilm). A small river in Germany which 
 rises in the mountains southwest of Ilmenau, 
 flows in a northeasterly direction past Weimar, 
 and empties into the Saale near Suiza. 
 
 Ilocanos (e-15-ka'nos). [Philippine Sp., < 
 llocos, name of two provinces, prop, ‘river 
 men’ (Tagalog ilng, river).] A Malay tribe of 
 the Philippine Islands, inhabiting the extreme 
 northwestern part of Luz6n. 
 
 llocos Norte (e-16'kos nor'ta). The most 
 northwesterly province of Luzon, Philippine 
 Islands. It is bounded by the China Sea on the north ; 
 Cagayan (separated by the Cordillera Norte range) on the 
 east ; Abra (separated by a spur of the Cordillera Norte) 
 on the southeast ; Abra and llocos Sur on the south ; and 
 llocos Sur and the China Sea on the west. Capital, Laoag. 
 The northern and eastern parts of the province are moun- 
 tainous, with several peaks upward of 3,000 feet in altitude. 
 The highest is Semeneblen (4,800 feet), on the boundary be- 
 tween llocos Norte and Abra. The valleys are very fertile, 
 being watered by numerous rivers and producing rice, cot- 
 ton, corn, sugar-cane, pineapples, betel-nuts, coffee, and 
 tobacco. The largest river is the Laoag, which Hows north- 
 west to the China Sea. Most of the native inhabitants 
 are Ilocanos. The census of 1903 gave also 2,148 Igorrotes. 
 Area of province, including dependent islands, 1,330 
 square miles. Population, 178,995. 
 
 llocos Sur (e-lo'kos sor). A very narrow 
 province in northwestern Luz6n, Philippine 
 Islands. It is bounded by llocos Norte on the north ; 
 llocos Norte, Abra, and Lepanto-Bontoc (all separated 
 from it by mountains) on the east; La Union on the south; 
 and the China Sea on the west, Capital, Vigan. The 
 highest peaks of the province are Estilete, 4,446 feet, and 
 Nagapn, 4,154 feet high. The Abra flows through the 
 province from east to west to the China Sea. The other 
 rivers are small. Of the bays, Port Salomague, on the 
 coaBt toward the north, is safe for large vessels in the 
 northeast monsoon. The chief products are hemp, sugar- 
 cane, and rice. Large numbers of cattle are raised. The 
 inhabitants are mainly Ilocanos. The census of 1903 gave 
 also 11,151 Igorrotes. Area of province, 471 square miles. 
 Population (1903), 187,411. 
 
 Iloilo (e-16-e'lo). 1. It was devastated by 
 
 fire in April, 1907. — 2. A river in Panay, Philip- 
 pine Islands. It flows from its sources in the central 
 mountain-range southeast to Iloilo Strait, and is navigable 
 for 8 miles by small native craft. 
 
 3. A province of the Philippines, occupying 
 the eastern and southeastern parts of Panay 
 and including numerous islands, the largest of 
 which is Guimaras. It is bounded by Cnpiz (sep- 
 arated by mountains) and the Visayan Sea on the north ; 
 
 the Visayan Sea and Negros Island (separated by Gui- 
 mards Strait) on the east ; the Strait of Iloilo and the 
 Visayan Sea on the south; and Antique (separated by 
 mountains) on the west. Capital, Iloilo, situated on Iloilo 
 Strait, in lat. 10° 42' N., long. 122° 35' E. As a commercial 
 center it is second to Manila. The most important rivers 
 are the Jaro, the Jalaur, and the Iloilo. Among the prod- 
 ucts are tobacco, corn, pineapples, mangos, copra, rice, 
 and sugar-cane. The native race is Visayan. Area, 
 including islands, 2,027 square miles. Population, about 
 410,300. 
 
 Iloilo (e-16-e'lo) Strait. A strait separating 
 Panay, Philippine Islands, from Guimaras, 
 and connecting the Sulu Sea with Guimaras 
 Strait. 
 
 Inaya (e-na/ya). See *Bicol. 
 
 Inchcape Rock, The. A ballad by Robert 
 
 Southey. The story is that of the shipwreck of Sir 
 Ralph the Rover upon the Inchcape or Bell Rock (which 
 see), from which he had maliciously cut the warning bell 
 placed there for the safety of mariners by the abbot of 
 Aberbrothock (Arbroath). 
 
 In Darkest Africa. A work by Henry M. 
 
 Stanley, published in 1890. 
 
 In Darkest England, and the Way Out. 
 
 A book by William Booth, of the Salvation 
 Army, published in 1890. 
 
 Independence Bay. An inlet on the north- 
 eastern coast of Greenland, in lat. 82° N., sep- 
 arating it in part from Melville Land : discov- 
 ered by Peary and Astrup, July 4, 1892. 
 
 Indiana (in-di-an'a). The county-seat of In- 
 diana County, Pennsylvania, 45 miles north- 
 east of Pittsburgh. It has various manufac- 
 tures, and is the seat of a State normal school. 
 Population, 5,749, (1910). 
 
 Indiana University. A coeducational, non- 
 sectarian State institution of learning situated 
 at Bloomington, Indiana. It was founded in 1820 ; 
 was opened in 1824 ; and became a university in 1838. It 
 offers courses leading to the degrees of bachelor of arts 
 and of law, master of arts, and doctor of philosophy. 
 
 Industrial Workers of the World. An or- 
 ganization of actual wage-workers formed in 
 Chicago, July 27, 1905, for the purpose of abol- 
 ishing capitalism and gaining control by the 
 workers of the machinery of production. It 
 maintains that trades-unions have outgrown their useful- 
 ness and it favors the general strike. It has a membership 
 of over 70,000. Abbreviated I. W. IT. 
 
 Indy (an-de'), Paul Marie Theodore Vincent 
 
 d’: kuown as Vincent d’. Born at Paris, March 
 27, 1851. A French composer, pupil of Cesar 
 Franck and leader of the radical modern 
 French school. He was one of the founders of the 
 Schola Cantorum in Paris, and is its director and professor 
 of composition. His most important works are the operas 
 “Fervaal” (1897) and “ L’fCtranger ” (1903), for both of 
 which he wrote the librettos ; the orchestral trilogy 
 “ Wallenstein ” ; symphonies ; symphonic ballads ; a string 
 quartet ; a trio for piano, clarinet, and violoncello ; a 
 sonata for piano and violin ; and other chamber music 
 and piano pieces. 
 
 Ingalls (ing'galz), John James. Born at Mid- 
 dleton, Mass., Dee. 29, 1833 : died at Las Vegas, 
 N. Mex., Aug. 16, 1900. An American Repub- 
 lican politician. lie was graduated from Williams 
 College in 1855, and was admitted to the bar in 1857. He 
 removed to Kansas ; was a member of the Wyandotte 
 Convention in 1859 ; was secretary of the Territorial 
 Council in 1860, and of the State Senate in 1861 ; was a 
 member of the Kansas Senate in 1862 ; and was United 
 States senator from Kansas 1873-91. 
 
 Ingram (in'gram), Arthur Foley Winning- 
 ton. Born in Worcestershire, England, Jan. 
 26,1858. Bishop of London from 1901. He was 
 
 educated at Oxford ; was ordained in 1884 ; and was canon 
 of St. Paul’s Cathedral and bishop suffragan of Stepney 
 1897-1901. In 1888 he founded the Oxford House in the 
 East End of London, and he is the leader of the Oxford 
 settlement movement. His works include “Work in 
 Great Cities” (1890), “Under the Dome” (1902), “The 
 Gospel in Action ” (1906), “ Early English Colonies in 
 America” (1908), “Joy in God ” (1909), etc. 
 
 In His Name. A romance of the Waldenses 
 in the 17th century, written by Edward Everett 
 Hale in 1874. 
 
 Inness (in'es), George. Bornat Paris, France, 
 Jan. 5, 1854. An American artist, son of 
 George Inness. He was a pupil of his father at Rome 
 1870-74, and studied at Paris in 1875. IDs work is signed 
 “ Inness, J r. ” In 1895 he was elected an associate member 
 and in 1899 a member of the National Academy of Design, 
 and was made an officer of the Acad6mie des Beaux- 
 Arts in 1902. He received honorable mention in the Paris 
 Salon of 1890, and a gold medal in 1900. 
 
 Inouye (e'no-6-ya), Marquis Kaoru. Born in 
 Cbosu, Nov. 28, 1835. One of the “elder states- 
 men ”of Japan. With Hirobumi Ito he secretly visited 
 England in 1864, and their appreciation of the advantages 
 of Western civilization subjected them on their return to 
 attacks from which Inouye barely escaped with his life. 
 Soon after the Restoration he wasappointed vice-minister 
 of finance, and remained in the government service in 
 important positions until 1898, when he retired. 
 
 Institute of International Law. A society 
 established in 1873 to promote international 
 law. It consists of 60 members and 60 associates, elected 
 
 from the international jurists of various nations. Its 
 meetings take place annually at some city previously 
 designated, the first being held at Ghent. In 1904 it re- 
 ceived the Nobel peace prize, the first awarded to an 
 association. 
 
 Iola (i'o-la). The county-seat of Allen County, 
 Kansas, on the Neosho River, 92 miles south- 
 west of Kansas City. It is in a natural gas 
 district, and has a sulphuric acid plant, zinc- 
 smelters, machine-shops, cement-works, etc. 
 Population, 9,032, (1910). 
 
 Ionia (i-6'ni-a). The county-seat of Ionia 
 County, Michigan, 32 miles east of Grand 
 Rapids. It has manufactories of wagons, fur- 
 niture, and clothing, and is the seat of the 
 State House of Correction and the Asylum for 
 Insane Criminals. Population, 5,030, (1910). 
 
 Ireland*. Later events of Irish history are 
 the Land Act, 1896; Agricultural and Techni- 
 cal Instruction Act, 1899; Land Purchase Act, 
 1903; Irish Universities Act, 1908; and the es- 
 tablishment of the United Irish League (under 
 William O’Brien), 1898. In 1908 an act cf Parliament 
 was passed providing for the dissolution of the Royal Uni- 
 versity of Ireland and for the establishment of two new 
 universities, the National LTniversity of Ireland, at Dublin, 
 and the Queen's University, at Belfast, both to be non- 
 sectarian. University College, Dublin ; University College, 
 Cork ; aud University College, Galway, are constituent 
 colleges of the National University. The University of 
 Dublin (see Trinity College) is a separate organization. 
 
 Iriga (e-re'ga). 1. An extinct volcano in 
 Ambos Camarines province, Luzon, Philip- 
 pine Islands. Height, 4,092 feet. — 2. A mu- 
 nicipality of Ambos Camarines province, 
 southeastern Luzon. Civilized population, 
 19,297. 
 
 Iron Mountain (i'ern moun'tan). The county- 
 seat of Dickinson County, Michigan, 55 miles 
 northwest of Menominee. It has important 
 iron-mines, and is an active shipping-point for 
 ore. Population, 9,216, (1910). 
 
 Ironwood (i'ern- wud). A city in Gogebic 
 County, Michigan, in the extreme west of the 
 northern peninsula. Its principal interests 
 are iron-mining and lumbering. Population, 
 12,821, (1910). 
 
 Irving (er'ving), Henry Brodribb. Born at 
 London, Aug. 5, 1870. An English actor, son 
 of Sir Henry Irving. He was educated at New Col- 
 lege, Oxford, and was called to the bar in 1894. In 1891 
 he joined Sir John Hare’s company at the Garrick Theatre, 
 London, and subsequently appeared in London in various 
 dramatic parts, including that of Hamlet, at the Adelphi, 
 in 1905, and Iago, at the Lyric, in 1906. In the season of 
 1906-07 he appeared in America with his wife, Dorothea 
 Baird, in Stephen Phillips’s “Paolo and Francesca.” He 
 is the author of a “Life of Judge Jeffreys” (1898) and 
 “French Criminals of the Nineteenth Century ” (1901). 
 
 Irvington (er'ving- ton). A town in Essex 
 County, New Jersey, 3 miles southwest of 
 Newark. It has wall-paper factories, smelt- 
 ing-works, rope-factories, etc. Population, 
 11,877, (1910). 
 
 Isabela (e-sa-ba'la). A province of eastern 
 Luzon, Philippine Islands. It is bounded by Ca- 
 gayan on the north ; the Pacific Ocean and Principe 
 on the east ; Principe on the south ; and Nueva Ecija, 
 Nueva Vizcaya, and Lepanto-Bontoc (separated by moun- 
 tains) on the west. Capital, Hagan. The Sierra Madre 
 range extends north and south not far from the coast, 
 and sends spurs westward. The Rio Grande de Ca- 
 gayan rises among the mountains in the south and, unit- 
 ing near the centr al part of the province with the Magat, 
 which rises in Nueva Vizcaya, flows north into Cagayan. 
 There are extensive forests. The soil is easily cultivated, 
 and produces large crops of corn and tobacco. The in- 
 habitants are of several races, as Igorrotes, Ilocanos, and 
 Tagalogs. Area, 5,018 square miles. Population, about 
 
 . 76,500. 
 
 Isarog (e-sa-rog'). A large extinct volcano of 
 perfect conical fornr, situated in the south- 
 eastern part of Luzon, Philippine Islands, in 
 about lat. 13° 41' N., long. 123° 21' E. Height. 
 6,634 feet. 
 
 Isham (I'sham), Samuel. Born at New York, 
 May 12, 1855. An American painter. He was 
 graduated at Yale University in 1875, and studied in Paris 
 under Jacquesson de la Chevreuse, Boulanger, and Le- 
 febvre. Ho won a silver medal at the St. Louis Exposi- 
 tion in 1904 and was elected an academician of the Na- 
 tional Academy of Design in 1900. He has published a 
 “ History of American Painting ” (1905). 
 
 Isthmian Canal Zone. A strip of territory 
 ten miles wide, extending five miles in each 
 direction from the central line of the canal 
 route across the Isthmus of Panama, it begins 
 
 in the Caribbean Sea “three marine miles from mean 
 low- water mark,” and extends “to and across the Isth- 
 mus of Panama into the Pacific Ocean to a distance of 
 three marine miles from mean low-water mark.” The 
 cities of Panama and Col6n, with their harbors, are ex- 
 cluded from the territory. The use, occupation, and con- 
 trol of this zone were ceded in perpetuity by the Republic 
 of Panama to the United States by a treaty rat ified by the 
 United States Senate, February 23, 1904. The Republic 
 of Panama granted to the United States “the use, occu- 
 pation, and control of all islands within the limits of the 
 
Isthmian Canal Zone 
 
 Jensen 
 
 zone above described, and in addition thereto the group 
 of small islands in the Bayof Panama named Perico, Naos, 
 Culebra, and Flamingo.” 
 
 Italones (e-ta-16'nas). A head-hunting people 
 living in the wilds of Nueva Vizcaya, Luzon. 
 
 Ito (e'to), Viscount Sukenori. Bom in Sat- 
 suma, May, 1842. A Japanese admiral, ad- 
 
 miral of the fleet since 1905. He was pro- 
 moted vice-admiral and commanded with great 
 success the united Japanese squadron in the 
 Chinese-Japanese war 1894-95. 
 
 Ives (ivz), Frederic Eugene. Born at Litch- 
 field, Conn., Fet>. 17, 1856. An American 
 
 inventor, especially noted for his work in 
 photography. He has invented processes in 
 half-tone photo -engraving, orthochromatic 
 photography, and color photography. 
 
 I. w. w. An abbreviation of Industrial 
 Workers of the World. 
 
 ack. A novel by Alphonse 
 Daudet, published in 1876. 
 Jackson (jak'son). The 
 county- seat of Jackson 
 County, Ohio, 66 miles 
 southeast of Columbus. Its 
 principal industries are 
 coal and iron-mining and 
 the manufacture of glass, 
 woolens, flour, etc. Population, 5,468, (1910). 
 
 Jackson (jak'son), John Brinckerhoff. Born 
 at Newark, N. J., Aug. 19, 1862. An American 
 diplomatist. He was educated at the United States 
 Naval Academy, and served in the navy until 1886. He 
 was appointed second secretary of the United States lega- 
 tion at Berlin in 1890, becoming secretary of the embassy 
 in 1894, and was made minister to Greece, Rumania, and 
 Servia in 1902, to Greece and Montenegro in 190ft, and to 
 Persia in 1907. In 1909 he was appointed minister to 
 Cuba, and in 1911 to Servia, Bulgaria, and Rumania. 
 
 Jackson (jak'son), Samuel Macauley. Born 
 at New York, June 19, 1851: died at Wash- 
 ington, Conn., Aug. 2, 1912. An American 
 clergyman, author, editor, and educator, pro- 
 fessor of church history in New York University 
 from 1895. He was graduated at the College of the 
 City of New York in 1870, and at Union Theological 
 Seminary in 1873. He was engaged in editorial work on 
 various encyclopedias and other works of reference, and 
 was the author of “Huldreich Zwingli ” (1901) and editor 
 of the series of “Heroes of the Reformation” and of 
 “Handbooks for Workers in Church and Philanthropy.” 
 
 Jackson Park. A park in Chicago, situated 
 on the lake front in the southern part of the 
 city : the site of the World's Columbian Expo- 
 sition in 1893. It is connected with Washing- 
 ton Park by the Midway Plaisance. Area, 
 523 acres. 
 
 Jacoby (ja-k5'bi), Harold. Born at New York, 
 March 4, 1865. An American astronomer, 
 head of the department of astronomy in Co- 
 lumbia University from 1905. He graduated at 
 Columbia University in 1885, was adjunct professor of 
 astronomy there 1894-1904, and became professor in 1904. 
 He has published various papers on stellar photography, 
 stellar parallax, star-clusters, etc. , 
 
 Jacque (zhak), Charles Emile. Born at 
 Paris, May 23, 1813: died there, May 7, 1894. 
 A French painter and etcher. At the age of thir- 
 teen he began work with a map-engraver; served with 
 the army for a number of years ; and was later engaged 
 as a draftsman for illustrated publications. He is best 
 known for his etchings and dry-points, and excelled in 
 pictures of rural life. Among the best of his etchings are 
 “Paysage : troupeaude pores,” “ Le matin,” “ Larentree,” 
 “La labourage,” and “Paysage et animaux” ; and among 
 his dry-points may be mentioned “ Le tueur de cochons.” 
 He exhibited for many years at the Salon, and was awarded 
 a number of medals. In 1867 he received the cross of the 
 Legion of Honor. He was interested in the breeding of 
 fowls, and published an illustrated handbook on the sub- 
 ject, “Le poulailler ” (1858). 
 
 Jadassohn (ya'das-son), Salomon. Born at 
 Breslau, Aug. 13, 1831: died at Leipsic, Feb. 
 1, 1902. A teacher and composer of music. 
 
 He studied at the Leipsic Conservatory, and with Liszt at 
 Weimar. He settled in Leipsic as a conductor and 
 teacher, and was called to the conservatory there in 1871. 
 His compositions are numerous, but he is best known by 
 his works on theory and composition. 
 
 Jamaica*. The island was visited by an 
 earthquake Jan. 14, 1907, which caused great 
 damage in the city of Kingston. 
 
 James (jamz), Edmund Janes. Born at Jack- 
 sonville, 111., May 21, 1855. An American 
 educator, president of the University of Illinois 
 from 1904. He studied in Northwestern and Harvard 
 universities and in the University of Halle ; was professor 
 of finance in the Wharton School of the University of 
 Pennsylvania 1883-95, and of political and social science 
 in that university 1884-95; was professor of public admin- 
 istration in the University of Chicago 1896-1901 ; and was 
 president of Northwestern University 1902-04. He was 
 first president of the American Academy of Political and 
 Social Science ; also founder and first president of the 
 American Society for the Extension of University Teach- 
 ing. 
 
 James (jamz), William. Born at New York, 
 Jan. 11, 1842: died at Chocorua, N. H., 
 
 Aug. 26, 1910. An American philosopher, 
 professor in Harvard University from 1885. 
 
 He became an instructor in Harvard in 1872 ; was assistant 
 professor of philosophy 1880-85 ; was professor of philoso- 
 phy 1885-89 ; and was professor of psychology from 1889. 
 During 1900-02 he was Gifford lecturer at the University 
 of Edinburgh. He wrote “Principles of Psychology” 
 (1890), “ The Will to Believe ” (1897), “ Talks to Teachers ” 
 (1899), “Human Immortality” (1898), “ The Varieties of 
 Religious Experience” (1902), “Pragmatism” (1907), “A 
 Pluralistic Universe” (1909), “The Meaning of Truth : a 
 Sequel to Pragmatism” (1909), “Some Problems in Phi- 
 losophy” (1911), “Memories and Studies” (1911), “Essays 
 in Radical Empiricism ” (1912), etc. 
 
 Jameson (ja'me-son), John Franklin. Born 
 at Boston, Mass., Sept. 19, 1859. An American 
 historical writer and educator, director of the 
 bureau of historical research in the Carnegie 
 Institution in Washington, D. C., and manag- 
 ing editor of the “American Historical Re- 
 view” from 1905. He was graduated at Amherst 
 College in 1879; studied at Johns Hopkins University; 
 and was professor of history in Brown University 1888- 
 1901, and in the University of Chicago 1901-05. He has 
 published “A History of Historical Writing in America” 
 (1891), “A Dictionary of United States History ” (1894), 
 etc. 
 
 Jameson*, Sir Leander Starr. He returned to 
 South Africa ; was elected a member of the Cape legisla- 
 tive assembly for Kimberley in 1900 ; was appointed a 
 director of the De Beers Consolidated Company in 1900, 
 and of the British South Africa Company in 1902 ; and was 
 premier of Cape Colony 1904-08. Created a baronet 1911. 
 
 Jamestown (jamz'toun). The county-seat of 
 Stutsman County, North Dakota, 90 miles west 
 of Fargo. It is the center of an agricultural 
 and stock-raising region, and has grain-eleva- 
 tors, flour-mills, etc. It is the seat of the 
 State asylum for the insane. Population, 
 4,358, (1910). 
 
 Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition. An 
 
 exposition held at Sewell’s Point, near Nor- 
 folk, Va., from April 26 to Nov. 30, 1907, to 
 commemorate the three-hundredth anniversary 
 of the first permanent settlement of English- 
 speaking people in America, and the birth of 
 the American nation. The grounds fronted on 
 Hampton Roads, opposite Old Point Comfort, and covered 
 an area of between three and four hundred acres. The 
 principal buildings were grouped about a square called 
 Raleigh Court. The style of architecture was of the 
 colonial period and most of the buildings were permanent 
 structures. Many of those erected by the different States 
 were reproductions of places famous historically. The 
 exhibits were chiefly historical and industrial in char- 
 acter, and were planned to represent all the great events 
 and every phase of development pertaining to the growth 
 of the American nation. They were divided into the 
 following eight groups : historic art ; education and so- 
 cial economy ; manufactures and liberal arts (including 
 graphic arts) ; machinery and transportation (including 
 electricity) ; agriculture and horticulture ; food products 
 and accessories ; forestry, fish, and game ; and mines and 
 metallurgy. The amusement features were grouped about 
 the so-called “War Path." It was here that the repre- 
 sentations of historical events took place. A feature of 
 the exposition was the great naval and military display, 
 in which most of the nations of the world were invited to 
 participate. 
 
 Janinay (Ha-ne-m'). A municipality of Iloilo 
 province, eastern Panay, Philippine Islands. 
 
 Janvier (zhan'vi-a), Thomas Allibone. Born 
 at Philadelphia, Pa., July 16, 1849: died at 
 New York, June 18, 1913. An American author. 
 
 He was a member of the Folk Lore Society (London), and 
 an honorary member of the Proveugal Felibrige. Among 
 his works are “Color Studies” (1885), “The Mexican 
 Guide” (1887), “The Aztec Treasure House” (18901, “The 
 Uncle of an Angel, and Other Stories ” (1891), “An Em- 
 bassy to Provence” (1893), “In Old New York” (1894), 
 “In the Sargasso Sea” (1898), “The Passing of Thomas, 
 and Other Stories” (1900), “In Great Waters” (1901), 
 “ The Christmas Kalends of Provence, and Other Provencal 
 Festivals ” (1902), “The Dutch Founding of New Y'ork” 
 (1903), “Santa F4’s Partner” (1907), “Henry Hudson” 
 (1909), etc. He used the pseudonym Ivory Black. 
 
 Japan*. By the treaty of Portsmouth, Sept. 5, 1905, 
 Russia transferred to Japan, with the consent of China, the 
 lease of the Kwantung province, including Port Arthur, 
 Ta-lien-wan, Dalny, and also the railway between Chan- 
 Chun and Port Arthur, with all its branches, and the coal- 
 mines connected therewith ; and ceded the southern half 
 of the island of Sakhalin. By agreement of Nov. 17, 1905, 
 between Japan and Korea, Japan assumed control of the 
 foreign relations of Korea and provision was made for the 
 establishment of a Japanese resident-general ; and on 
 July 31, 1907, a further agreement was concluded by 
 which all administrative measures and high official ap- 
 
 pointments were to be subject to the approval of the 
 resident-general, and Japanese subjects were eligible for 
 official posts in the government departments. The formal 
 annexation of Korea by Japan was announced in August, 
 1910. 
 
 Jarves (jar'vis), James Jackson. Bom at 
 
 Boston, Mass., Aug. 20, 1820 : died at Tarasp, 
 Switzerland, June 28, 1888. An American 
 writer and connoisseur. He traveled in South 
 America and the Pacific islands, and settled in Honolulu 
 in 1838, where he established in 1840 the “Polynesian,” 
 the first Hawaiian newspaper. About 1849 he was ap- 
 pointed special commissioner of the Hawaiian govern- 
 ment to negotiate treaties with the United States, France, 
 and Great Britain. After 1851 he lived in Florence, Italy, 
 where from 1879 to 1882 he wa6 t'nited States vice-consul 
 and acting consul. Of his collections, the best of his pic- 
 tures now form the Jarves Collection at Yale University ; 
 other pictures and pieces of sculpture belong to the Hol- 
 lenden Gallery in Cleveland ; and his antique and modem 
 Venetian glass is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 
 New York city. On matters relating to the fine arts he 
 published “Art Studies : the Old Masters of Italy ’’ (1861), 
 “ The Art Idea : including an Account of American Archi- 
 tecture, Sculpture, and Painting’’ (1866), “Art Thoughts: 
 the Experience and Observations of an American Amateur 
 in Europe ” (1869), “ Glimpses at the Art of Japan ” (1876), 
 and “ Italian Rambles” (1884). 
 
 Jastrow (jas'tro), Joseph. Born at Warsaw, 
 Poland, Jan. 30, 1863. An American psychol- 
 ogist, professor in the University of Wiscon- 
 sin from 1888. He has published “ Time-relations of 
 Mental Phenomena ” (1890), “ Fact ami Fable in Psychol- 
 ogy ” (1900), “The Subconscious” (1906), “The Qualities 
 of Men” (1910), and numerous articles in scientific and 
 popular magazines. 
 
 Jastrow (jas'tro), Marcus (Mordecai). Bom 
 
 at Rogasen, Prussian Poland, June 5,1829: died 
 at Germantown, Pa., Oct. 13, 1903. A Hebrew 
 rabbi and scholar. In 1858 he was elected rabbi 
 of Warsaw. He sympathized with the Polish revolution 
 and was imprisoned from Nov. 10, 1861, to Feb. 12, 1862. 
 In 1866 he became rabbi at Philadelphia. He made 
 many contributions to Jewish literature, and completed 
 in 1903 “ A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli 
 and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature.” 
 
 Jastrow (jas'tro), Morris, Jr. Born at War- 
 saw, Poland, Aug. 13, 1861. An American 
 Orientalist, professor of Semitic languages 
 and librarian in the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania. He came to America in 1866 ; waB graduated at 
 the University of Pennsylvania in 1881 ; and studied later 
 in Germany and France. His publications include “The 
 Grammatical Works of Hayyug ” (1897), “Religion of the 
 Babylonians and Assyrians ” (1898 : rewritten and enlarged 
 edition in German in course of publication since 1903), 
 “The Study of Religion ” (1902), etc. 
 
 Jaur&s (zho-ras'), Jean Leon. Born at Castres, 
 Tarn, France, Sept. 3, 1859. A French social- 
 ist and politician. He entered politics in 1885 as 
 member of the Chamber of Deputies from Tarn, and is 
 noted for his defense of Captain Dreyfus, and for his efforts 
 to unite the factions of French Socialists. He is editor 
 of “ La Petite Republique ” and is one of the founders of 
 “L’Humanite.” His publications include “Les preuves ” 
 (1898), “Action socialiste ” (1900). “Etudes socialistes ” 
 (1902), “ Discours parlementaires ” (1904-), etc 
 
 Jeannette (je-net'). A borough in Westmore- 
 land County, Pennsylvania, 23 miles south- 
 east of Pittsburgh. It has manufactories of 
 glass, lamps, rubber goods, electrical supplies, 
 etc. Population, 8,077, (1910). 
 
 Jenks (jengks), Albert Ernest. Born at Ionia, 
 Mich., Nov. 28, 1869. An American ethnologist, 
 professor of anthropology in the University of 
 Minnesota from 1907. He has published “ The 
 Boutoc Igorot” (1905), etc. 
 
 Jenks (jengks), Jeremiah Whipple. Born at 
 St. Clair, Mich., Sept. 2, 1856. An American 
 political economist. He was professor of political 
 economy and politics in Cornell University 1891-1912, and 
 professor of government and director of the division of 
 public affairs in New York University 1912-. He has on 
 various occasions acted for the United States government 
 as an expert or investigator in matters connected with 
 trusts, labor, taxation, currency, immigration, etc. He has 
 published “The Trust Problem ” (1900), “The Principles 
 of Politics" (1910), “The Immigration Problem ” (1912 : 
 with W. J. Lauck), etc. 
 
 Jensen (yen'sen), Adolf. Born at Konigsberg, 
 Prussia, Jan. 12, 1837: died at Baden-Baden, 
 Jan. 26, 1879. A German composer, best known 
 for his songs and piano pieces. 
 
Jerome, Jerome Klapka 
 
 Jerome (je-rom'), Jerome Klapka. Born at 
 Walsall, England, May 2, 1859. An English 
 humorist, writer, and lecturer. He has been at 
 various times clerk, teacher, actor, and journalist. His 
 stage experiences are embodied in “ On the Stage — and 
 Oif ” (1885) and “ Stage hand ” (1889) ; and he has written 
 a number of plays, among them “Barbara ” (1886), “ When 
 Greek meets Greek ” (1888), “ Sunset ” (1888), “New lamps 
 for Old” (1890), “MacHaggis" (1897), “Miss Hobbs" 
 (1900), “ Susan in Search of a Husband ’ ’ (1906), “ Passing of 
 the Third Floor Back ’ ’ ( 1908), ‘ * The Master of Mrs. Chilvers ’ ’ 
 (1911). In 1892 he founded the " Idler ” with Robert Barr, 
 retiring in 1897, and was editor of “ To-day ” 1893-97. His 
 publications include also “ Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fel- 
 low ” (1886), “Three Men in a Boat ” (1889), “ Novel Notes ” 
 (1893), “Sketches in lavender, Blue, and Green” (1897), 
 “ Three Men on Wheels ” (1900), “ Tea Table Talk ” (1903), 
 “Tommy & Co.” (1904), “ American Wives and Others” 
 (1904), “ Idle Ideas in 1905” (1905), etc. 
 
 Jerome (je-rom'), William Travers. Bom at 
 New York, April 18, 1859. Au American law- 
 yer. He was educated at Amherst College and the law 
 School of Columbia University ; was admitted to the bar 
 in 1884; was a justice of special sessions 1895-1902; and 
 was district attorney for New York Comity 1901-09. 
 
 Jersey Shore (jer'zi shor). A borough in Ly- 
 coming County, Pennsylvania, 15 miles south- 
 west of Williamsport. It has railroad shops, 
 electrical works, cigar factories, etc. Popula- 
 tion, 5,381, (1910). 
 
 Jesup (jes'up), Morris Ketchum. Born at 
 Westport, Conn., June 21, 1830: died at New 
 York, Jan. 22, 1908. An American philan- 
 thropist. He had a successful career as a banker 1852- 
 1884, and was president of the New York Chamber of 
 Commerce 1899-1907. He was an officer and benefactor 
 of many charitable, religious, and scientific institutions 
 and organizations, being at the time of his death presi- 
 dent of the Five Points House of Industry (from 1872), 
 the Sailors’ Snug Harbor (from 1899), the American Sun- 
 day School Union (from 1896), and the American Museum 
 of Natural History (from 1881). He also took an active 
 interest in geographical research, and provided for expe- 
 ditions to the arctic regions, the Pacific, Siberia, Alaska, 
 and British Columbia. 
 
 Jeime (jon), Sir Francis Henry, first Lord St. 
 Helier. Born March 17, 1843: died April 9, 
 1905. An English judge. He was knighted in 1891 ; 
 was raised to the peerage in 1905 ; and was president of 
 the pi-obate, divorce, and admiralty division of the High 
 Court of J ustice and j udge-advocate-general 1892-1905. 
 
 Jeune (jon), Lady (Susan Mary Elizabeth 
 Stewart-Mackenzie). A contemporary Eng- 
 lish philanthropist and writer, wife of Sir 
 Francis Henry Jeune, first Lord St. Helier. 
 
 She has contributed to the reviews many articles on social 
 subjects, a number of which have been collected in book 
 form under the title “ Lesser Questions ” (1894). 
 
 Jewett (ju'et), Sarah Orne. Born at South 
 Berwick, Me., Sept. 3, 1849 : died there, June 
 24, 1909. An American author, known for her 
 studies of New England life. Her publications 
 include “ Deephaven ” (1877), “ Play Days ” (1878), “Tales 
 of New England ” (1879), “Old Friends and New ” (1879), 
 “Country Byways” (1881), “The Mate of the Daylight 
 and Friends Ashore ” (1883), “ A Country Doctor ” (1884), 
 “ A Marsh Island ” (1885), “ A White Heron, and Other 
 Stories ” (1886), “ The Story of the Normans ” (1886), “ The 
 King of Folly Island and Other People" (1888), “Betty 
 Leicester” (1889), “Strangers and Wayfarers ” (1890), “A 
 Native of Winby, and Other Tales” (1893), “Betty Lei- 
 cester’s Christmas ” (1894), “The Life of Nancy” (1895), 
 “The Country of the Pointed Firs " (1896), “The Queen's 
 Twin ” (1899), and “ The Tory Lover ” (1901). 
 
 Jex-Blake (jeks'blak'), Sophia. Born 1840: 
 died Jan. 7, 1912. An English physician, a 
 pioneer in medical education for women, she 
 was tutor in mathematics at Queen’s College, London, 1858- 
 1861, and began to study medicine at Boston, Massachu- 
 setts. In 1869 she matriculated in the medical faculty of 
 the University of Edinburgh, but was not allowed to 
 take a degree, and the action which she brought, with 
 others, against the university was defeated. In 1874 she 
 founded the London School of Medicine for Women, and 
 in 1878 went to Edinburgh, where she opened a dispensary 
 for women and children in 1878, and the Cottage Hospital 
 in 1885. In 1886 she founded the Edinburgh School of 
 Medicine for Women, which was recognized for gradua- 
 tion by the University of Edinburgh in 1894. She was the 
 author of “American Schools and Colleges” (1867), 
 “ Medicine as a Profession for Women ” (1869), etc. 
 
 John Halifax, Gentleman. A story by Dinah 
 Mulock Craik, published in 1857. 
 
 Johnson (jon'son), Robert Underwood. Born 
 at Washington," D. C., Jan. 12, 1853. An Amer- 
 ican journalist and poet, associate editor of the 
 “Century Magazine” from 1881, and editor 
 November, 1909—1913. He originated the movement 
 which resulted in the establishment of the Yosemite 
 National Park, and was made a chevalier of the Legion of 
 Honor in 1891 and of the Order of the Crown of Italy in 
 1895 for his services in the cause of international copy- 
 right. He is the author of « The Winter Hour, and Other 
 
 Poems” (1892), “Songs of Liberty, and Other Poems ” 
 (1897), and “Collected Poems ” (19U2). 
 
 Johnson (jon'son), Thomas George. Born at 
 Loudon, England, 1844 : died at New York, 
 Oct. 29, 1904. An Anglo-American wood- 
 engraver. He came to New York in 1872. He was espe- 
 cially noted for his engraved portraits, and won a medal at 
 the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and exhibited 
 at the Paris Exposition in 1900. 
 
 Johnson City (jon'son sit'i). A townin Wash- 
 ington County, in northeastern Temiessee. 
 It has machine-shops, brick-plants, furniture 
 factories, etc., and a national Soldiers’ Home. 
 Population, 8,502, (1910). 
 
 Johnston (jon'ston). A town in Providence 
 County, Rhode Island. Population, 5,935, 
 (1910). 
 
 Johnston (jon'ston), Sir Harry Hamilton. 
 Born at Kenuingtou, London, June 12, 1858. 
 An English explorer and official in Africa. 
 He was educated at King’s College, London ; made various 
 journeys in Africa 1879-84 (Portuguese West Africa. Kongo 
 River, Mt. Kilimanjaro) ; occupied consular positions in 
 various parts of Africa 1885-89 ; led the expedition which 
 founded the British Central Africa Protectorate in 1889 ; 
 was commissioner and consul-general 1891 ; was consul- 
 general at Tunis 1897-99 ; and was consul-general and com- 
 mander-in-chief for the Uganda Protectorate 1899-1901. 
 He has published a number of works on Africa, including 
 “Kilimanjaro” (1885), “British Central Africa” (1897), 
 “ A History of the Colonization of Africa by Alien Races” 
 (1899), “The Uganda Protectorate” (1902), “The Kile 
 Quest” (1903), “Liberia ” (1906), “George Grenfell and the 
 Congo” (1908), “British Empire in Africa” (1910), etc. 
 
 Johnston (jon'ston), Mary. Born at Bu- 
 chanan, Va., Nov. 21, 1870. An American 
 novelist. She is the author of “ Prisoners of Hope ” 
 (1898), “ To Have and to Hold ” (1900), “ Audrey ” (1902), 
 “ Sir Mortimer ” (1904), “Lewis Rand ” (1908), “ The Long 
 Roll ” (1911), and “Cease Firing” (1912). 
 
 Johnston (jon'ston), Richard Malcolm. 
 
 Born in Hancock County, Ga., March 8, 1822 : 
 died at Baltimore, Md., Sept. 23, 1898. An 
 American novelist. He was graduated at Mereer 
 University, Macon, Georgia, in 1841 ; was admitted to the 
 bar ; was professor of literature in the University of 
 Georgia, 1857-61 ; served in the Confederate army; and for 
 several years after 1867 conducted a school near Baltimore. 
 He wrote stories of Southern life, particularly life among 
 the Georgia “crackers.” Among his works are “ Georgia 
 Sketches ” (1864), “ Dukesborough Tales, by Philemon 
 Perch ’’ (1871), “ Historical Sketch of English Literature ” 
 (1872 : with W. H. Browne), “ Life of Alexander H. Ste- 
 phens ” (1878 : with W. H. Browne), “ Two Gray Tourists ” 
 (1885), “ Widow Guthrie ” (1890), “The Primes and their 
 Neighbors ” (1891), and “ Old Times in Middle Georgia ” 
 (1897). 
 
 Jolly Beggars, The. A humorous cantata by 
 Robert Burns, written about 1785. 
 
 Jolo (ho-15'). 1. The largest island of the 
 
 Jolo group in the Sulu (Jolo) Archipelago. 
 It belongs to the .Tol6 district of Moro province, and is 
 situated in lat. 6° N. Its surface is hilly. The most im- 
 portant elevations are Bahu, 2,810 feet; Butpula, 2,739 
 feet; Dajo, 2,100 feet; and Tumatanguis, 2,940 feet in height. 
 The island is inhabited by Moros. The chief town is 
 Jold, the capital of ,Tol6 province. Area, 326 square 
 miles. Population, 44,718. Also called Sulu. See it Dajo . 
 
 2. A district of Moro province in the Phil- 
 ippine Islands. It, includes the Jold (Sulu), Tawi 
 Tawi, Pangutaran, and other groups of the Sulu (Jolo) 
 Archipelago, together with Sibutu, Cagayan de Jold, and 
 adjacent islands. The inhabitants are Moros. The capi- 
 tal, Jolo, is situated on the northwestern coast of Jol6 
 (Sulu) Island, in lat. 6° S' N., long. 121° E. Area of dis- 
 trict, 1,042 square miles. Population, 90,589. 
 
 Jold (ho-16') Group. A group of 28 named 
 and 4 unnamed islands of the Sulu (Jolo) 
 Archipelago. It forms a part of the Jold district of 
 Moro province, Philippines. The largest island is Jold 
 (Sulu). Area of the group, 377.3 square miles. See Sulu 
 Islands. 
 
 Jolo (ho-Io') Sea. The body of ocean waters 
 inclosed by the Philippine Islands, the Jolo 
 (Sulu) Archipelago, and Borneo. It is connected 
 on the east by the Mindanao Sea, the Surigao Sea, and 
 Surigao Strait with the Pacific Ocean, and on the west by 
 Balabac Strait with the China Sea. The northern reach 
 of the waters is known as the Visayan Sea. Also called 
 Sulu Sea. 
 
 Jones (jonz), Harry Clary. Born at New 
 London, Md., Nov. 11, 1865. An American 
 chemist, professor of physical chemistry in 
 Johns Hopkins University from 1904. He was 
 instructor, associate, and associate professor 
 there 1895-1904. 
 
 Jones (jonz), Henry Arthur. Born at Grand- 
 borough, Buckinghamshire, England, Sept. 
 28,1851. An English dramatist. Among his plays 
 are “Saints and Sinners ” (1884), “ The Middleman ” (1889), 
 “Judah” (1890), “The Crusaders’’ (1891), “The Case of 
 
 Jusserand 
 
 Rebellious Susan ’’ (1894), “Michael and his Lost Angel’ 
 (1896), “ The Liars ’’ (1897), “ Mrs. Dane's Defence " (1900), 
 “Joseph Entangled” (1904), “The Chevaleer” (1904), 
 “ The Heroic Stubbs " (19061 “ The Hypocrites ” (1906), 
 “The Evangelist” (1907), “We Can't be as Bad as All 
 That ” (1910), etc. He has also published a volume of es- 
 says on “ The Renascence of the English Drama” (1896). 
 
 Jonesboro (jonz'bur-o). The county-seat of 
 Craighead County, Arkansas, 60 miles north- 
 west of Memphis. It is in a lumber region 
 and has lumber-mills, wagon- and box-facto- 
 ries, etc. Population, 7,123, (1910). 
 
 Jongleur deNotre-Dame (zh6n-gler' de no'tr- 
 dam'), Le. An opera by Massenet (words by 
 Ldna), first produced at Monte Carlo in 1902. 
 Jordan , David Starr. His later works include 
 “ Fishes of North and Middle America ” (with B. W. Ever- 
 mann : 1896-1900), “ Factors in Organic Evolution ” (1894), 
 “Care and Culture of Men ” (1896), “Foot-notes to Evolu- 
 tion” (1898), “Imperial Democracy” (1899), “American 
 Food and Game Fishes ” (1902 : with B. W. Evermaim), 
 “The Voice of the Scholar” (1903), “The Call of the 
 Twentieth Century” (1903), “Guide to the Study of 
 Fishes” (1905), “Life’s Enthusiasms” (1906), “ The II u- 
 man Harvest ” (1907), “ The College and the Man ” (1907), 
 “Fossil Fishes of California ” (1907), “Evolution and Ani- 
 mal Life” (1907: with V. L. Kellogg), “Fishes” (1908), 
 “Scientific Aspects of Luther Burbank’s Work” (1909: 
 with V. L. Kellogg), etc. 
 
 Joubert (jo'bert or zho-bar'), Petrus Jacobus. 
 Born in Cape Colony, Jan. 20, 1831 : died at Pre- 
 toria, March 27, 1900. Ad eminent Boer general 
 and statesman. He settled in the South African Re- 
 public as a farmer and ranchman ; became a member of 
 the Volksraad ; was made attorney- general in 1870; and 
 in 1874 was acting president. W hen hostilities began 
 with England (1880-81) he was appointed commandant- 
 general, and gained the victories of laing’s Keck, Ingogo, 
 and Majuba Hill. He was again acting president 1883-84, 
 and in 1899 assumed command of the Boer forces in the 
 last war with England. He conducted the Natal cam- 
 paign and the siege of Ladysmith, but was forced to retire 
 on account of ill health. 
 
 Jowett (jou'et), John Henry. Born at Halifax, 
 Yorkshire, Aug. 25, 1864. An English Con- 
 gregational minister. He was educated at Airedale 
 College, Bradford, and at Edinburgh and Oxford universi- 
 ties; became minister of St. James’s Congregational 
 Church, Newcastle-on-Tyne, in 1889, and of Carr's Lane 
 Congregational Church, Birmingham, in 1895 ; and wac 
 chosen pastor of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, 
 New York, in 1911. He has published “Apostolic Opti- 
 mism,” “From Strength to Strength," “The Passion for 
 Souls,” “Silver Lining,” “ The Transfigured Church,” etc. 
 
 Judd (jud), Charles Hubbard. Born at 
 Bareilly, British India, Feb. 20, 1873. A Brit- 
 ish-American psychologist, professor of educa- 
 tion in the University of Chicago from 1909. He 
 tvas assistant professor and professor in Yale 
 University 1904-09. He has published “ Ge- 
 netic Psychology for Teachers” (1903), ‘'Psy- 
 chology Laboratory Course” (1907), etc. 
 
 Jude the Obscure. A novel by Thomas Hardy, 
 published in 1896 (serially in “ Harper’s Maga- 
 zine ” as “Hearts Insurgent,” 1895). 
 
 Judson (jud ' son), Harry Pratt. Born at 
 Jamestown, N. Y., Dee. 20, 1849. An Ameri- 
 can educator, president of the University of 
 Chicago from 1907. He was graduated at Williams 
 College in 1870 ; and was professor of history and politi- 
 cal science in the University of Minnesota 1885-1907. 
 Juniata (jo-ni-at'a). A borough in Blair Coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania, 2 miles northeast of Altoona. 
 Population, 5,285, (1910). 
 
 Junior Carlton, The. A London club estab- 
 lished in 1864 for the purpose of relieving the 
 waiting-list of the Carlton. It is a political 
 club, strictly Conservative, and has a member- 
 ship of over 2,000. Its house is on Pall Mall. 
 Junior Constitutional Club. A Loudon polit- 
 ical club (Unionist), founded in 1887. It has 
 a membership of 5,000. Its house is at 101 
 Piccadilly. 
 
 Junipero. See Serra. 
 
 Jusserand (zhtis-ran'), Jean Adrien Antoine 
 Jules. Born at Lyons, France, Feb. 18, 1855. 
 A French diplomatist and author. He was edu- 
 cated for the law at Lyons, and in 1876 entered the Foreign 
 Office. He was councilor of the embassy at London 1887- 
 1890; was minister at Copenhagen in 1898; and has been 
 ambassador at Washington since 1902. In 1892 he was 
 made an officer of the Legion of Honor. He is the author 
 of “Les Anglais au moyen age; la vie nomade et les 
 routes d’Angleterre au XlVe siecle ” (1884 : crowned by 
 the French Academy), “A French Ambassador at the Court 
 of Charles II.” (1892), “ Histoire litteraire du people an- 
 glais” (1894), “English Essays from a French Pen” (1895), 
 “ Shakespeare en France sous l’ancien regime ” (1898), “ Les 
 sports etjeux d’exercice dans l'ancienne France ” (1901), 
 “ Literary History of the English People,” etc. 
 
Kai-ping 
 
 Kimberley Gold-field 
 
 (ki-ping'). A town 
 iu ouuthem Manchuria, sit- 
 uated on the railroad near 
 the western coast of the 
 Liao-tung Peninsula, about 
 thirty miles below the mouth 
 of the Liao River. 
 Kalispell, or Kalispel (kal'- 
 is-pel). The county-seat of 
 Flathead County, Montana, 175 miles north- 
 west of Butte. It has flour-mills, lumber-mills, 
 and a brewery, and is now an important trade 
 center. Population, 5,549, (1910). 
 
 Kamimura (ka-mi-mo'ra), Baron Hikonojo. 
 Born in Satsuma, May 5, 1850. A Japanese 
 naval officer, promoted vice-admiral in 1903. He 
 
 fought, as captain, in the Chinese-Japanese war (1894-95), 
 and during the Russo-Japanese war commanded the 
 second Japanese squadron. On August 14, 1904, he fought 
 with the Russian cruiser squadron from Vladivostok, 
 sinking the Rurik and damaging the Gromoboi and Rus- 
 sia. In 1905 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the 
 Yokosuka admiralty. 
 
 Kamphausen (kamp'tiou-zeu), Adolf. Bom 
 in Solingen, Prussia, Sept. 10, 1829 : died Aug. 
 18, 1909. A German Protestant theologian, 
 professor in the University of Bonn from 1863. 
 He has written “ Das lied Moses ” (1862). “ Das Gebet des 
 Herrn ” (1866), “Das Buch Daniel uud die neuere Ge- 
 schichtsforschung ” (1893), “Das Verhaltniss des Men* 
 schenopfers zur israelitisehen Religion ” (1896), etc. 
 
 Kam-ranh (kam'ran) Bay. A hay on the 
 southeastern coast of French Indo-China, situ- 
 ated in about lat. 12° N. 
 
 Kane (kan). A borough in McKean County, 
 Pennsylvania, 72 miles southeast of Erie. It 
 is frequented for fishing and deer-shooting. 
 It has glass-works, lumber-mills, chemical 
 works, etc., aud has deposits of oil and gas in 
 the vicinity. Population, 6,626, (1910). 
 
 Kaneko (ka-na/ko), Viscount Kentaro. Born 
 at Fukuoka, Feb., 1853. A Japanese states- 
 man and diplomatist, a member of the House 
 of Peers. He was graduated at Harvard University in 
 1878 ; was private secretary to Marquis Ito 1885-90 ; and 
 was minister of agriculture and commerce from April to 
 June, 1898, aud of justice from Oct., 1900, to May, 1901. 
 In 1894 he was sent to the United .States as a diplomatic 
 agent of Japan. He was made a member of the privy 
 council in 1906. He was created baron 1895, and viscount 
 1907. 
 
 Kanem’. It was recognized as coming within 
 the French sphere of influence by the Anglo- 
 French agreement of 1899, aud since 1903 has 
 ceased to be a state, and is now a district of 
 the Shari territory. Capital, Mao. 
 
 Kankakee (kang-ka-ke') Peninsula. A pe- 
 ninsula which is supposed by geologists to have 
 existed in the sea of Middle Devonian time, in 
 the United States, west of the Indiana basin. 
 
 Kansas, University of. See * University of 
 Kansas. 
 
 Karsten*, Hermann, hb later works include 
 
 “ Ohemismus der Pflanzenzelle ” (1809), “ Zur Geschichte 
 der Botanik " (1870), “ Deutsche Flora, pharmazeutisch- 
 medizinische Botanik ” (1883), “ Geologie de l’ancienne Co- 
 lombie” (1886), etc. He also edited “ Botanischen Unter- 
 suchungen aus dem physiologischen Laboratorium in 
 Berlin ’’ (1865-67). 
 
 Kathleen Mavourneen. A song by Louise 
 Macartney Crawford, an American writer of 
 the 19th century. The music was written by Frederick 
 N. Crouch (1808-96), and the words have been attributed 
 also to Mrs. Anne (Barry) Crawford. 
 
 Kato (ka/to), Baron Taka-akira. Born at Na- 
 goya in 1859. A Japanese diplomat, ambas- 
 sador to Great Britain 1908—13. He was graduated 
 from the Imperial University at Tokio in 1881 ; entered 
 the foreign office in 1887 ; represented Japan in England 
 1894-99 ; was minister for foreign affairs 1900-01, for a few 
 months under Saionji in 1906, and again under Katsura 
 1913. 
 
 Katsura (kat-so'ra), Prince Taro. Born in 
 1847 : died at Tokio, Oct. 10, 1913. A Japanese 
 statesman and general, premier 1901-Jau. 6, 
 1906, 1908-11, and Dec., 1912-Feb. 11, 1913. 
 
 He fought in the civil war for the restoration ; studied 
 military science in Germany ; was military attache in 
 Berlin 1875-78 ; was vice-minister of war 1886-91 ; com- 
 manded the Nagoya division during the Chinese war ; and 
 was minister of war 1898-1900. In 1902 he concluded 
 the Anglo-Japanese treaty which insured to Japan free- 
 dom of action in the subsequent war with Russia. He 
 was created viscount 1895, count 1902, marquis 1907, and 
 prince 1911. 
 
 Kaulbach (koul'bach), Hermann. Born at 
 Munich, July 26, 1846: died there, Dec. 8, 1909. 
 A German painter, son of Wilhelm von Kaul- 
 bach. He was a pupil of Karl von Piloty. He painted 
 historical and genre scenes, and was particularly known 
 for his pictures of childhood. Among his paintings are 
 “Hansel and Gretel with the Witch,” “Mozart’s Last 
 Days,” “Lucrezia Borgia Dances before her Father,” 
 “The Coronation of St. Elizabeth,” and “The End of the 
 Song.” 
 
 Kaulbars (koul'barz), Alexander von. Born 
 
 at St. Petersburg, 1844. A Russian traveler 
 and general. He explored the Tian-Shan Mountains 
 1869-72 ; and was a member of the Amu Daria expedition 
 under Gluchowski in 1873. After the Russo-Turkish war 
 of 1877-78 he was one of the commission for the demarca- 
 tion of Servia, and was minister of war in Bulgaria July, 
 1882, -Sept., 1883. He became chief of the second Siberian 
 army corps in China in 1900, and commander-in-chief of 
 the Odessa military district in 1904 ; and commanded the 
 third and later the second Manchurian army in the Russo- 
 Japanese war in 1905. He is the author of various geo- 
 graphical and military publications. 
 
 Kawamura (ka-wa-mo'ra), Viscount Kageaki. 
 Born in Satsuma, February, 1859. A Japanese 
 general. He led a brigade in the Chinese-Japanese 
 war (1894-95), aud in the war with Russia (1905) com- 
 manded an army which formed the extreme Japanese 
 right in the battles about Mukden. 
 
 Keane (ken), Augustus Henry. Born at 
 Cork, Ireland, June!, 1833: died at Hampstead, 
 England, Feb. 3, 1912. A British ethnologist 
 and geographer, professor emeritus of Hindu- 
 stani inUniversity College, London. Hepublished 
 works on Asia, Africa, and Central and South America, 
 “Ethnology” (1895), “Man, Past and Present” (1899), 
 “The Boer States, Land, and People” (1900), “Gold of 
 Ophir,” “The World’s Peoples” (1908). 
 
 Kearney (kar'ni). The county-seat of Buffalo 
 County, Nebraska, 127 miles west of Lincoln. 
 It has machine-shops, flour-mills, etc., and is 
 a shipping-point for grain. It is the seat of a 
 State industrial school aud the Western State 
 Normal School. Population, 6,202, (1910). 
 
 Kearny (kar'ni). A town in Hudson County, 
 New Jersey, situated on the east bank of the 
 Passaic River, and connected by bridge with 
 Newark. It has a soldiers’ home and other institu- 
 tions, and manufactures of chemicals, linoleum, wire, 
 metal goods, etc. Population, 18,659, (1910). 
 
 Keen (ken), William Williams. Born at 
 Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 19, 1837. An Ameri- 
 can surgeon, professor in Jefferson Medical 
 College, Philadelphia, 1889-1907. Among his 
 various publications are an “American Text- 
 book of Surgery” (1899), “Keen’s System of 
 Surgery” (1905), etc. 
 
 Kekule von Stradonitz (kek'6-le fon stra'do- 
 nits), Friedrich August. Born at Darm- 
 stadt, Germany, Sept. 7, 1829 : died at Bonn, 
 July 13, 1896. A distinguished German chem- 
 ist, professor at Bonn from 1869, especially 
 noted as the founder of the theory of valency. 
 His works are fundamental in the history of 
 organic chemistry. 
 
 Keller (kel'er), Helen Adams. Born at Tus- 
 cumbia, Alabama, June 27, 1880. An Ameri- 
 can writer, deaf and blind from the age of 
 nineteen months. She was graduated at Radcliffe 
 College in 1904, and has written various contributions to 
 magazines, poems, “ The Story of My Life ” (1902), “ Op- 
 timism ” (1903), “ The World i live in ” (1908), “The Song 
 of the Stone Wall ” (1910), etc. Her education was con- 
 ducted from 1887 by Miss A. M. Sullivan (Mrs. J. A. 
 Maey). 
 
 Kelley (kel'i), Florence. Born at Philadel- 
 phia, Sept. 12, 1859. An American social 
 worker. She was graduated at Cornell University in 
 1882, held the position of State inspector of factories for 
 Illinois 1893-97, and in 1899 became secretary of the Na- 
 tional Consumers’ League. She is the author of “ Some 
 Ethical Gains through Legislation.’’ 
 
 Kellogg (kel'og), Vernon Lyman. Born at 
 
 Emporia, Kansas, Dec. 1, 1867. An American 
 entomologist, professor in Stanford University 
 from 1896. He was assistant and associate 
 professor there 1894-96. He has published 
 “Elements of Insect Anatomy ” (1889 : with 
 J. H. Comstock), “ElementaryZoology”(1901), 
 “American Insects” (1904), etc. 
 
 Kelly, Myra. See, * Macnaughtan, Mrs. Allan. 
 
 Keltie (kel'ti), John Scott. Born at Dundee, 
 Scotland, March 29, 1840. A Scotch geogra- 
 pher and statistician, editor (from 1880) of the 
 “ Statesman’s Year-book” and editor of the 
 “Geographical Journal” of the Royal Geo- 
 graphical Society, of which he is secretary. 
 
 Kemeys (kem'es), Edward. Born at Savan- 
 nah, Ga., Jan. 31, 1843’ died May 11, 1907. 
 An American sculptor. He waa educated in New 
 York, and enlisted in the Federal army in the Civil War, 
 rising to the rank of captain of artillery. In art he was 
 self-taught. Iu 1878 lie exhibited in the Paris Salon a 
 group of “ Bison and Wolves ” ; in 1887 modeled a colossal 
 bison’s head for the Omaha bridge of the Union Pacific 
 Railroad ; and designed several colossal groups for the 
 Chicago Exposition of 1893, where he was awarded two 
 medals. He was one of the earliest American sculptors 
 to treat animals successfully. 
 
 Kemp (kemp), James Furman. Born at 
 New York, Aug. 14, 1859. An American geol- 
 ogist, professor of geology at Columbia Uni- 
 versity from 1892. He was graduated at Amherst 
 College in 1881 and at the School of Mines, Columbia Uni- 
 versity, in 1884 ; studied abroad ; was assistant professor 
 of geology at Cornell University 1888-91 ; and was adjunct 
 professor at Columbia 1891-92. He has been connected, 
 
 as geologist, with the United States Geological Survey and 
 the Geological Survey of the State of New York. His 
 publications Include “Ore Deposits of the United States 
 and Canada” (1893-1900), “Handbook of Rocks” (1896- 
 1901), and various technical papers. 
 
 Kennedy (ken'e-di), Charles Rann. Born at 
 Derby, England, Feb. 14, 1871. An English 
 dramatist, theatrical manager, and actor. He 
 joined Ben Greet and appeared in Shaksperian parts, 
 coming to New Y r ork in 1903. He married the actress 
 Edith Wynne Matthison. He ha3 written “What Men 
 Dare,” “The Servant in the House,” “The Winter-feast,” 
 “The Piercing Sword,” etc. 
 
 Kennington Oval (ken'ing-ton o'val). A fa- 
 mous English cricket-ground on the Surrey 
 side of South London. 
 
 Kenton (ken'ton). The county-seat of Hardin 
 County, Ohio, 56 miles northwest of Columbus. 
 It has manufactories of hardware, tools, etc. 
 Population, 7,185, (1910). 
 
 Kentucky University. A coeducational in- 
 stitution of learning situated at Lexington, 
 Kentucky. It is the outgrowth of Bacon College, es- 
 tablished at Georgetown, Kentucky, by the Disciples of 
 Christ in 1836. The institution was chartered as Ken- 
 tucky University in 1858; was united with the Transyl- 
 vania University (founded in 1799) in 1865 ; and held its 
 first session in Lexington in that year. The university 
 comprises 6 colleges (liberal arts, Junior College for 
 Women in Hamilton College, the Bible, law, medical, and 
 commercial) and the Academy. The students number 
 about 1,200. In 1908 the name was changed back to Tran- 
 sylvania University. 
 
 Keppel (kep'l), Sir Henry. Born at Kensing- 
 ton, June 14, 1809: died at London, Jan. 17, 
 1904. A British naval officer, appointed ad- 
 miral of the fleet in 1875. He commanded the 
 naval brigade at Sebastopol in 1855 ; served in the Chinese 
 war in 1857 ; and was promoted rear-admiral in 1857, and 
 admiral in 1869. He wrote “Reminiscences ’’ (1898), “ A 
 Sailor’s Life under Four Sovereigns ” (1899), etc. 
 
 Kerr (ker or ker), John. Born at Ardrossan, 
 Ayrshire, Dec. 7, 1824: died at Glasgow, Aug. 18, 
 1907. A Scotch physicist, mathematical lec- 
 turer in the Free Church Normal Training Col- 
 lege in Glasgow 1857-1901. He is best known from 
 his work on electricity and light and for his discovery of 
 the “Kerr effect ” (a magnetic effect upon the plane of 
 polarization of a plane-polarized ray of light). 
 Ketchikan (kech-i-kan'). A town on the island 
 of Revillagigedo, Alaska. It is the port of 
 entry for southeastern Alaska, and has impor- 
 tant mining, fishing, and canning interests. 
 It has a wireless telegraph station. Popula- 
 tion, about 1,000. 
 
 Kewanee (ke-wa'ne). A city in Henry County, 
 Illinois, 120 miles northeast of Quincy. It is 
 in a coal-mining region, and has boiler-works 
 and manufactories of pumps, wagons, farming 
 implements, etc. Population, 9,307, (1910). 
 Key (ka), Ellen. Born at Sundsholm (the es- 
 tate of her father), Sm&land, Sweden, Dec. 11, 
 1849. A Swedish feminist, author, and lectur- 
 er, of Scotch-Highland descent, she taught in 
 a school at Stockholm 1880-99, and for twenty years (until 
 1903) lectured on Swedish civilization and other subjects 
 in the People’s Institute, Stockholm. For some years she 
 traveled and lectured in Germany, France, Italy, etc. 
 Among her works which have been translated into English 
 are “ The Century of the Child ’’ (trans. into eight lan- 
 guages ; in English 1909), “ Love and Marriage ” (1911), 
 “ The Morality of Woman ’’ (1911), “The Woman Move- 
 ment” (1912), and “Rahel Varnhagen” (1913). 
 
 Khartum % or Khartoum, it is the capital of the 
 
 province of Khartum, one of the thirteen provinces into 
 which the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan is divided. It is also 
 the capital and seat of government of the provinces. The 
 Gordon Memorial College, established through the efforts 
 of Viscount Kitchener, was opened in 1902. 
 
 Khilkof (kil'kof), Prince Michael Ivano- 
 vitch. Died at St. Petersburg, March 21, 
 1909. A Russian official. In the early seventies he 
 went to America, where he studied railroad engineering 
 for a number of years. He then accepted a position in 
 Caracas as chief engineer of a Venezuelan railway in process 
 of construction, and after two years returned to Russia, 
 where he finally became minister of ways and communi- 
 cations (1895-1905) and a member of the council of the 
 empire. It was due to his administrative ability and 
 energy that the service of the Trans-Siberian Railway was 
 made effective for the transportation of troops and sup- 
 plies in the Pi-usso-Japanese war. 
 
 Ilidd (kid), Benjamin. Born Sept. 9, 1858. 
 An English sociologist. He has written “Social 
 Evolution” (1894), “The Control of the Tropics ” (1898), 
 “ The Principles of Western Civilization ” (1902), and “ In- 
 dividualism and After” (1908), etc. 
 
 Kidder (kid'er), Frank Eugene. Born nfc 
 
 Bangor, Maine, Nov. 3, 1859: died at Denver, 
 Col., Oct. 27, 1905. An American engineer 
 and architect. He produced a series of valuable books 
 on construction, including “ The Architect's and Builder’s 
 Pocket-book ” (1884: rewritten 1905), “Churches and 
 Chapels” (1895), and “ Building Construction and Super- 
 intendence ” (1896-1906), etc. 
 
 Kimberley Gold-field. A gold-mining district 
 in the northeastern part of Western Australia. 
 
Kin-chau 
 
 Kin-chau (kin-ehou'). 1. A city of Manchuria, 
 situated in the province of Sheng-king, near 
 the extreme northwestern coast of Liao-tung 
 Gulf, on the Eastern Chinese Railway. — 2 . A 
 town in southern Manchuria, situated on Kin- 
 chau Bay near the isthmus which joins the 
 Kwang-tung peninsula to the mainland. It 
 was captured from the Russians by the Jap- 
 anese in May, 1904. 
 
 King (king), Charles. Born at Albany, N. Y., 
 Oct. 12, 1844. An American soldier and nov- 
 elist. He was graduated at West Point in 1866 ; became 
 captain in 1879, inspector and instructor of the Wisconsin 
 National Guard 1882-89, colonel in 1890, adjutant-general 
 in 1895, and brigadier-general of United States Volunteers 
 in the war against Spain in May, 1898 ; and served under 
 General lawton in the Philippine Islands. In 1902 he 
 was commandant of the Michigan Military Academy. 
 His works include many army stories, among them "The 
 Colonel's Daughter" (1883), “Marion’s Faith” (1885), 
 “Between the Lines" (1889), “Captain Blake” (1892), 
 “ Cadet Days ” (1893), “ The Iron Brigade ” (1902), “ Medal 
 of Honor" (1905), “ Tonio, Son of the Sierras" (1906), 
 “Hock of G'hickamauga ” (1907), “To the Front” (1908), 
 and “ Lanier of the Cavalry ” (1909), ; also “ Famous and 
 Decisive Battles of the World” (1885), “Campaigning 
 with Crook ” (1890), etc. 
 
 King (king), Clarence. Born at Newport, 
 R. I., Jan. 6, 1842: died at Phoenix, Ariz., Dec. 
 24, 1901. An American geologist and mining 
 engineer. He conducted, 1867-72, for the United States 
 government, the geological survey of a belt extending 
 across the Rocky Mountains along the 40th parallel of 
 latitude, and was the first director of the United States 
 Geological Survey (1879-81). 
 
 King (king), Hamilton. Born at St. John’s, 
 Newfoundland, June 4, 1852. An American 
 diplomatist. He was minister resident and 
 consul-general to Siam 1898-1903, and envoy 
 extraordinary and minister 1903-12. 
 
 King (king), Henry Churchill. Bom at Hills- 
 dale, Mich., Sept. 18, 1858. An American 
 educator and author, president of Oberlin 
 College from 1902. He was educated at Oberlin Col- 
 lege and Harvard and Berlin universities, and became 
 professor of philosophy at Oberlin in 1891, and professor 
 of theology in 1897. He has published an “ Outline of 
 Erdmann’s History of Philosophy” (1892), “Outline of 
 the Microcosmus of Hermann Lotze ” (1895), “Recon- 
 struction in Theology" (1901), “Rational Living” (1905), 
 “The Ethics of Jesus” (1909), etc. 
 
 King Oscar II. Land. A land within the 
 antarctic regions, about lat. 65° S., long. 62° 
 W., discovered by Larsen in December, 1893. 
 King’s Daughters and Sons, International 
 Order of The. An interdenominational reli- 
 gious and philanthropic society, with head- 
 quarters in New York, founded by Mrs. Bot- 
 tome and nine other women in 1886. It works 
 locally in circles, county and city unions, chap- 
 ters, and State and national organizations. 
 Membership, over 50,000. 
 
 Kingsley (kingz'li), John Sterling. Born at 
 Cincinnatus, N. Y., April 7, 1854. An Ameri- 
 can naturalist, professor of zoology at Tufts 
 College from 1892. He has published “Elements of 
 Comparative Zoology ” (1897), “Text-book of Vertebrate 
 Zoology ” (1899), “ A Popular Natural History ” (1890), etc., 
 and edited the “Standard Natural Hi story ” (1886) and the 
 “American Naturalist” (1886-96). He has also translated 
 and edited Hertwig’s “Manual of Zoology ” (1902). 
 
 Kingsley (kingz'li), Mary Henrietta. Born 
 at Islington, London, Oct., 1862: died at Si- 
 mon’s Town, Cape Colony, June 5, 1900. An 
 English traveler and author, niece of Charles 
 Kingsley. She went to Saint Paul de Loanda, Portu- 
 guese West Africa, in 1893, and in 1895 explored the 
 Niger Coast Protectorate, Kamerun, and Gabun. In 1900 
 she went to South Africa and devoted herself to nursing 
 the wounded in the Simon’s Town military hospital. She 
 wrote accounts of her travels in “Travels in West Af- 
 rica” (1897), “West African Studies" (1899), “The Story 
 of West Africa ” (1899), etc. 
 
 King’s Norton (Mngz nSr'ton). A manufac- 
 turing town in Worcestershire, England. It 
 has paper-mills, rolling-mills, a screw-factory, chocolate- 
 factory, etc. Here the Birmingham and Worcester Canal 
 flows through a tunnel nearly two miles long. Popula- 
 tion, 35,790. 
 
 Kingston (king'ston). A borough in Luzerne 
 County, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna 
 River, opposite Wilkes-Barre, with which it is 
 connected by two bridges. It has coal-mines 
 and motor-car works, and is the seat of Wy- 
 oming Seminary. Population, 6,449, (1910). 
 Kinston (kin'ston). The county-seat of Lenoir 
 County, North Carolina, 73 miles northeast of 
 Wilmington. It is the shipping-point for the 
 surrounding tobacco and cotton region, and 
 has lumber-mills and various manufactories. 
 Population, 6,995, (1910). 
 
 Kipling (kip'ling), John Lockwood. Born at 
 Pickering, Yorkshire, in 1837 : died at Tis- 
 hury, Wiltshire, Jan. 29, 1911. An English 
 artist. He was by profession an architectural sculptor, 
 and was director of the Bombay (India) School of Art 
 
 1865-75, and principal of the Mayo School of Art and 
 curator of the Central Museum at Lahore 1875-93. He 
 published “ Beast and Man in India ” (1891), and also 
 illustrated the works of his son, Rudyard Kipling. 
 Kipling"’, BiUdyard. He was awarded the Nobel 
 prize for literature in 1907. His later works include 
 “ Captains Courageous " (1897), “ The Day’s Work ’’ (1898), 
 “ Stalky and Co. ” (1899), “ From Sea to Sea ’’ (1899), “ Kim ” 
 (1901), “Just So Stories for Little Children ” (1902), “The 
 Five Nations ”(1903), “Traffics and Discoveries” (1904), 
 “They” (1906), “Buck of Pook’s Hill” (1906), “Actions 
 and Reactions” (1909), “Rewards and Fairies” (1910), 
 “ A History of England ” (1911: with C. R. L. Fletcher), etc. 
 
 Kirchwey (kersh'wa), George Washington. 
 
 Born at Detroit, Mich., July 3, 1855. An 
 American lawyer and author, dean of the 
 School of Law 1901-10, and Kent professor of 
 law in Columbia University 1902-. He was 
 graduated at Yale in 1879, and was admitted to the bar in 
 1881. He was editor of historical manuscripts for the 
 State of New York 1887-89 ; professor of law at Union Uni- 
 versity and dean of the Albany Law School 1889-91 ; and 
 professor of law at Columbia 1891-. He has edited and 
 compiled “Readings in the Law of Real Property ” (1900) 
 and “ Select Cases and Other Authorities on the Law of 
 Mortgage ” (1901). 
 
 Kirk (kerk), Mrs. (Ellen Warner Olney) : 
 pseudonym Henry Hayes. Born at South- 
 ington, Conn., Nov. 6, 1842. An American 
 novelist, wife of John Foster Kirk. Among her 
 publications are “Love in Idleness” (1877), “Through 
 Winding Ways ” (1879), “ A Midsummer Madness ” (1884), 
 “ The Story of Margaret Kent ” (1886), “ Sons and Daugh- 
 ters ” (1887), “Queen Money” (1888), “Walford" (1890), 
 “The Revolt of a Daughter” (1897), “Dorothy Deane” 
 (1898), “Good-bye, Proud World” (1903), “The Apology 
 of Ayliffe" (1904), “Marcia” (1907), etc. 
 
 Kirksville (kerks'vil). The county-seat of 
 Adair County, Missouri, 65 miles northwest of 
 Quincy, Illinois. It contains the original 
 American School of Osteopathy and a State 
 normal school. Population, 6,347, (1910). 
 Kirunga (ki-ron'ga). An active volcano in the 
 Belgian Kongo, on the shore of Lake Kivu, 
 north of Lake Tanganyika. It was discovered 
 by Count von Gotzen. Height, over 12,000 feet. 
 Kishinef*. A massacre of the Jews occurred 
 here, Sept. 6, 1906. 
 
 Kitasato (ke-ta-sa'to), Shibasaburo. Born 
 at Kumamoto, Japan, Dec., 1856. A Japanese 
 bacteriologist and pathologist, discoverer 
 (1894) of the plague bacillus and (1898) of the 
 bacillus of dysentery. He studied in Berlin, under 
 Koch, 1886-91 ; became assistant (1891) in the Institute 
 for Infectious Diseases; and was appointed professor in 
 1892, In 1893 he returned to Japan to take charge of the 
 Bacteriological Institute connected with the University 
 of Tokio, and in 1896 became director of the Institute for 
 Infectious Diseases established at Shiteta in the province 
 of Yechigo. He produced the first pure culture of the 
 tetanus bacillus. 
 
 Kjerulf (kyar'olf), Theodor. Born at Christi- 
 ania, March 30, 1825: died there, Oct. 25, 1888. 
 A Norwegian geologist, professor of mineral- 
 ogy and geology in the University of Christi- 
 ania from 1858. 
 
 Klein (kiln), Charles. Born at London, Jan. 
 7, 1867. An Anglo-American playwright. He 
 was for some time reader »f plays for Charles Frohman. 
 Among his best- known plays are “By Proxy," “The Char- 
 latan,” “The Music Master,” "The Lion and the Mouse,” 
 “The Daughters of Men,” and “The Third Degree.” He 
 has also written several comic operas, including “ El Capi- 
 tan” and “Mr. Pickwick.” 
 
 Kneisel (kni'zel), Franz. Born at Bukharest, 
 Jan. 26, 1865. A Rumanian violin virtuoso. 
 He studied at the conservatories at Bukharest and Vienna, 
 winning first prizes. He was solo violinist and concert- 
 master of the Boston Symphony Orchestra 1888-1903, and 
 is now leader of the quartet that bears his name. Since 
 1905 he has been head of the string department in the 
 Institute of Musical Art, New York. 
 
 Knight (nit), Joseph. Born in 1829: died at 
 London, June 23, 1907. An English journalist, 
 editor of “Notes and Queries” 1883-1907. 
 
 He was called to the bar in 1863, but became a dramatic 
 critic, writing for many years for the London “ Athe- 
 naeum,” “ Globe,” and other periodicals. He published a 
 “Life of Dante Gabriel Rossetti” (1887), “Life of David 
 Garrick ” (1894), etc., and contributed articles to the “ Dic- 
 tionary of National Biography.” 
 
 Knight Case, The. A ease decided by the 
 United States Supreme Court in 1895, in which 
 the E. C. Knight and other companies sub- 
 sidiary to the American Sugar Refining Com- 
 pany were allowed to continue in com- 
 bination, on • the ground that they were 
 manufacturers and not engaged in trade or 
 commerce, and were therefore outside the Anti- 
 trust Act of July 2, 1890. 
 
 Knight’s Key (nits ke). One of the “keys,” or 
 small islands, which extend southwest from 
 the southern coast of Florida. It has a wire- 
 less telegraph station. Steamers of different 
 lines land at Knight’s Key dock. 
 
 Knollys (nolz), Francis, first Viscount 
 Knollys. Born July 16, 1837. An English 
 court official. He was appointed private secretary in 
 
 Komura 
 
 1870 to the Prince of Wales, afterward King Edward VII., 
 and in 1910 to King George V. In 1902 he was made a 
 baron, and in 1911 a viscount. 
 
 Knowles (nolz), Horace Greeley. Born at 
 Seaford, Del., Oct. 20, 1863. An American 
 diplomatist. He was consul at Bordeaux, France, 
 1889-93, minister to Rumania and Servia 1907-09, and min- 
 ister to Nicaragua in 1909, and became minister resident 
 and consul-general to the Dominican Republic in Decem- 
 ber, 1909. He was appointed minister to Bolivia in 1911. 
 
 Knowlton (nol'ton), Frank Hall. Born at 
 Brandon, Vt., Sept. 2, 1860. An American 
 paleobotanist, geologist of the United States 
 Geological Survey from 1907. He was assis- 
 tant paleontologist and paleontologist of the 
 survey 1894-1907, and professor of botany in 
 George Washington University 1887-96. 
 
 Knox (noks), Philander Chase. Born at 
 Brownsville, Pa., May 6, 1853. An American 
 lawyer and cabinet officer. He was graduated 
 at Mount Union College, Alliance, Ohio, in 1872 ; was 
 admitted to the bar in 1875 ; was assistant United States 
 district attorney for the Western District of Pennsylvania 
 1876-77 ; was attorney-general in the cabinet of President 
 McKinley 1901-04 ; was United States senator (Republi- 
 can) from Pennsylvania 1904-09 ; and was secretary of 
 state 1909-13. 
 
 Knox College. A non-sectarian coeducational 
 college situated at Galesburg, Illinois, it was 
 chartered in 1837 under the name of the Knox Manual 
 Labor College and its name was changed to Knox College 
 in 1857. The plan of the college, originated at Whites- 
 boro, New York, included the purchasing of lands in the 
 Mississippi Valley by the colony which founded Gales- 
 burg as a body. Half the present township of Galesburg 
 was purchased under this plan. The institution now 
 comprises the college, an academy, and a conservatory of 
 music, and has a student body of about 700 and an endow- 
 ment of over $400,000. 
 
 Knoxville (noks' vil). A borough in Allegheny 
 County, Pennsylvania, about, 2 miles south- 
 west of Pittsburgh. Population, 5,651, (1910). 
 
 Koch*, Robert. In 1905 he was awarded the 
 Nobel prize in medicine. 
 
 Kocher (koch'er), Emil Theodor. Born at 
 Bern, Aug. 25, 1841. A Swiss surgeon, pro- 
 fessor of surgery in the University of Bern 
 from 1872. He has made important, investigations with 
 reference to the thyroid gland, and has published many 
 works on surgical and pathological subjects. In 1909 he 
 received the Nobel prize for medicine. 
 
 Kodama (ko-da/ma), Viscount Gentaro. Born 
 on the island of Sikokn, Tokuyama, Feb. 
 5, 1852: died at Tokio, July 23, 1906. A 
 noted Japanese general and strategist, chief 
 of staff of the Manchurian army during the 
 war with Russia (1904-05). He studied military 
 
 science in Germany ; was governor-general of Formosa 
 and minister of war 1900-02 ; and was minister of home 
 affairs in 1903. To his skill is attributed, in large mea- 
 sure, the success of the Japanese arms in Manchuria. 
 
 Kohlrausch (kol'roush), Friedrich. Born at 
 Rinteln, Prussia, Oct. 14, 1840: died at Mar- 
 burg, Jan. 17, 1910. A German physicist. 
 He was professor of physics at Gottingen, Zurich, Darm- 
 stadt, Wurzburg, and StiaBburg successively, and was 
 president of the imperial Physical-Technical Institute at 
 Charlottenburg 1895-1905. He was especially noted for 
 his investigations in electricity and magnetism. 
 
 Kohut (ko'hot), Alexander. Born at F61egy- 
 h&za, Hungary, April 22,1842: died atNewYork, 
 May 25, 1894. A Jewish rabbi and Orientalist. 
 His best known work is a critical edition of the classical 
 dictionary of the Talmud, the “Aruch” of Nathan ben 
 Jechiel. Kohut called his work the “Aruch Completum.” 
 It consists of eight volumes, and is a monumental contri- 
 bution to Hebrew learning. 
 
 Koldewey (kol'de-va), Karl. Born in Bficken, 
 Hannover, Oct. 26, 1837 : died at Hamburg, 
 May 18, 1908. A German arctic explorer. He 
 
 undertook in 1868 the first Geiman polar expedition to 
 Spitzbergen, and 1869-70 an expedition to eastern Green- 
 land. He discovered the large Franz Joseph’s Fiord. 
 During his later years he was one of the superintendents 
 of the Seewarte of Hamburg. He published accounts of 
 his voyages. 
 
 Kolliker*, Rudolf Albert von. Be was professor 
 
 of anatomy, n icroscopy, and the history of development 
 1866-1902. 1’ is later works include “ leones histologic® ” 
 
 (1863-65), “ Anatomisch-systematische Beschreibung der 
 Alcyonarien ” (1870-72), “Morphologie und Entwicke- 
 lungsgeschichte des Pennatulidenstammes ” (1872), “Die 
 normale Resorption des Knochengewebes” (1873), “Grund- 
 riss der Entwickelungsgeschichte des Menschen und der 
 liohern Tiere ” (1880), “lie Medulla oblongata und die 
 Vierhugelgegend von Ornithorhynchus und Echidna” 
 (1901), “ Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben "(1899), etc. 
 B’rom 1849 he was one of the editors of the “Zeitschrift 
 fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie.” 
 
 Komura (ko-mo'ra), Marquis Jutaro. Born 
 Sept., 1855: died Nov. 24, 1911. A Japanese 
 statesman and diplomatist, senior Japanese 
 plenipotentiary for the negotiation of peace 
 with Russia at Portsmouth in 1905. He was 
 graduated at Harvard in 1877 ; was charge d’affaires at 
 Peking 1894-95 ; was appointed minister to the United 
 States in 1898 and to Russia in 1900 ; was foreign minister 
 1901-06 and 1908-11 ; and ambassador to Great Britain 
 1906-08. He was created baron in 1903, count in 1907, and 
 marquis in 1910. 
 
Kongo, French 
 
 Kongo*, French. It is now known as French Equa- 
 torial Africa. By convention of November, 1911, France 
 ceded about 10,400 square miles of this colony to Germany 
 and received about 6,450 square miles of Kamerun and 
 recognition of the French protectorate in Morocco. 
 
 Kongo Free state*. It was annexed to Bel- 
 gium in October, 1908, and the name changed 
 to the Belgian Kongo. The territory was 
 divided for administrative purposes into 14 
 districts, which, by decree of March 28, 1912, 
 were changed into 22 districts. Government 
 is in the hands of a governor-general, repre- 
 senting the king. 
 
 Konigskinder (ke'nigs-kin-der), Die. [G., 
 ‘ The King’s Children.’] An opera by Engelbert 
 Humperdinck (words by Frau Elsa Bernstein), 
 first produced at New York, Dec. 28, 1910. 
 Koninck (ko'ningk), Philip de. Born at Am- 
 sterdam, Nov. 5, 1619: died there, Oct. 4, 
 1688. A Dutch painter. His work is entirely con- 
 fined to landscape, usually extensive views over the flat 
 Dutch country in the manner of Rembrandt. His pic- 
 tures show an attractive truth to nature and sense of 
 distance. The color is usually pure and fine. His works 
 are rare. 
 
 Korea". The government was a monarchy, and the em- 
 peror was advised by a cabinet of ten ministers. It passed 
 under Japanese control in 1904. In 1905 a treaty was 
 signed with Japan giving to that country the control of 
 the foreign relations of Korea and providing fora Japa- 
 nese resident-general, and in 1907 a further agreement was 
 reached by which administrative and other state matters 
 were to be subject to the approval of the resident-general 
 and Japanese subjects were to be eligible for government 
 positions. In August, 1910, Japan formally annexed Korea 
 as the province of Cho-sen. The country is divided for 
 administrative purposes into 13 provinces. 
 
 Korngold (korn'golt), Erich Wolfgang. Bom 
 
 at Brtinn, Moravia, in 1897. An Austrian com- 
 poser and pianist. At the age of five he began play- 
 ing piano duets with his father, and at eight had written 
 his first musical composition. “ Der Schneemann,” a pan- 
 tomime ballet which he wrote at the age of eleven, was 
 orchestrated by his teacher, Alexander von Zemlinsky, 
 and produced in October, 1910, at the Vienna Opera. He 
 has also written a sonata in D minor for piano, a trio, and 
 six character pieces for piano, entitled “Don Quixote.” 
 He has appeared in concert, playing his own composi- 
 tions. 
 
 Kossel (kos'sel), Albrecht. Born at Rostock, 
 Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Sept. 16, 1853. A 
 German physiologist, professor in Heidelberg 
 University. He is especially noted for Ms 
 work in physiological chemistry. In 1910 he 
 was awarded the Nobel prize for medicine. 
 Kossuth (kosh'ot), Franz. Born at Budapest, 
 Nov. 16, 1841. A Hungarian statesman, son 
 Of Louis Kossuth. He suffered exile with his father; 
 was educated at Paris and in University College, London ; 
 went to Italy in 1861 as a civil engineer ; and in 1894, on 
 the death of his father, returned to Hungary and took the 
 oath of allegiance as a Hungarian subject. He soon be- 
 came the leader of the Independence party in the Hun- 
 garian Parliament. In 1904 he united his forces with 
 those of Count Apponyi and became the leader of the 
 coalesced parties. In April, 1906, he became minister of 
 commerce in the cabinet of Alexander Wekerle. 
 
 Krafft-Ebing (kraft'a'bing), Richard, Baron 
 von. Bora at Mannheim, Aug. 14, 1840 : died 
 
 at Mariagrun, near Gratz, Dec. 22, 1902. A 
 noted German physician and neurologist. He 
 
 was professor of psychiatry at Strasburg 1872-73, at Gratz 
 1873-89, and at Vienna 1889-1902. He published numer- 
 ous works on criminal psychology, nervous diseases, hyp- 
 notism, etc. 
 
 Krehbiel (kra/bel), Henry Edward. Born at 
 Ann Arbor, Mich., March 10, 1854. An Amer- 
 ican critic and musical historian. He was re- 
 porter and then critic on the Cincinnati “ Gazette," and 
 later became musical critic of the New York “Tribune." 
 He has written “Review of the New York Musical Sea- 
 son" (five volumes, 1885-90), “Studies in the Wagnerian 
 Drama " (1891), “ How to Listen to Music ” (1897), “ Music 
 and Manners in the Classical Period ” (1898), “ Chapters 
 of Opera ” (1908), “The Pianoforte and its Music ” (1910), 
 etc. He received the cross of the Legion of Honor in 
 1901. 
 
 Kreisler (kris'ler), Fritz. Born at Vienna, 
 Feb. 2, 1875. An Austrian violinist. He entered 
 the Vienna Conservatory at seven years af age, winning 
 the first prize three years later, and that at the Paris 
 Conservatory in 1887. He toured in America with Rosen- 
 thal 1888-89, and on returning to Europe studied medi- 
 cine and art, and entered the army. Resuming his mu- 
 sical studies, he appeared in Berlin in 1899 with success, 
 played with Hofmann and Gerardy in America 1900-01, 
 and has since revisited this country. 
 
 Kremnitz (krem'nits), Frau (Marie von Bar- 
 delebem: pen-names, Mite Kremnitz and 
 George Allan. Born at Greifswald, Germany, 
 Jan. 4, 1852. A German author, daughter of 
 the surgeon Heinrich Adolf von Bardeleben 
 (18jL9-95). She has published a number of translations 
 from the Rumanian, and has written With Queen Eliza- 
 beth of Rumania (Carmen Sylva), under the pseudonym 
 “Dito und Idem,” “Anna Boleyn,” a tragedy (1886), “Aus 
 zwei Welten ” (1884), “Astra ” (1886), “ In der Irre ” (1888), 
 and “Rache, und andere Novellen” (1889). She is the 
 author also of “ Fluch der Liebe ” (1880), “Ein Fiirsten- 
 kind ” (1883), “Ausgewanderte *' (1890), “Mann und Weib ” 
 (1902), “ Fatum ” (1903), etc. 
 
 Kubelik (ko'be-lek), Jan. Born at Michle, 
 near Prague, July 5, 1880. A Bohemian vio- 
 lin virtuoso. He began his studies at the age of five, 
 and in 1888 made his first appearance at Prague, playing 
 a Vieuxtemps concerto. He was a pupil at the Prague 
 Conservatory 1892-98, made a successful debut at Vienna 
 in 1898, and has since been heard in concert throughout 
 Europe and America. 
 
 Kuhnau (ko'nou), Johann. Born at Neugei- 
 sing, Saxony, April, 1660: died at Leipsic, 
 June 25, 1722. A German composer and organ- 
 ist, remarkable for his clavier music, in which 
 he made important contributions toward de- 
 veloping the sonata form and interesting ex- 
 periments in program music. For the last twenty 
 years of his life he was cantor of the Thomaskirche in 
 Leipsic, being the predecessor of Bach. 
 
 Kiihne (kii'ne), Wilhelm. Born at Hamburg, 
 March 28, 1837 : died at Heidelberg, June 10, 
 1900. A noted German physiologist, professor 
 and director of the Physiological Institute at 
 Heidelberg from 1871. He published “Lehr- 
 buch der physiologischen Chernie” (1866-68), 
 etc. 
 
 Kiilpe (kiil'pe), Oswald. Born at Kandau, 
 Courland, Aug. 3. 1862. A German psychol- 
 ogist, professor of philosophy and esthetics in 
 
 Lagonoy Gulf 
 
 the University of Wurzburg from 1894. He has 
 published “Grundriss der Psychologie " (1893), “Einleit- 
 ung in die Philosophic ” (1895), etc. 
 
 Kumassi*, or Coomassie. In 1901 Ashanti was 
 annexed to Great Britain. It iB administered by a chief 
 commissioner. The governor of the Gold Coast was ap- 
 pointed governor of Ashanti. 
 
 Kunz (konz), George Frederick. Born at New 
 York, Sept. 29, 1856. An American mineral- 
 ogist and expert in gems (with Tiffany and 
 Company), special agent in charge of precious 
 stones with the United States Geological Sur- 
 vey from 1883. He has written “Gems and Precious 
 Stones of North America," “Precious Natal Stones," 
 “ Book of the Pearl ” (with C. H. Stevenson, 1908), etc. 
 
 Kure (ko're). A city in the province of Hiro- 
 shima, Japan. It is a naval port, with dock- 
 yards and armor-plating factories. Popula- 
 tion, 100,679. 
 
 Kurino (ko-re'no), Baron Shinichiro. Born at 
 Fukuoka, 1852. A Japanese diplomatist, am- 
 bassador to France 1906-. He was appointed 
 minister at Washington in 1894, at Rome in 
 1896, at Paris in 1897, and at St. Petersburg 
 in 1901. 
 
 Kuroki (ko-ro'ki), Count Tamemoto. Born 
 at Saga, March 16, 1844. A noted Japanese 
 general, commander of the first army in the 
 war with Russia (1904-05). He defeated the Bus- 
 8ians in the battle of the Yalu River, May 1, 1904, and in 
 many subsequent engagements. In the battles of the 
 Liao-yang, the Shaho, and Mukden he commanded the 
 right wing. In the Chinese- Japanese war (1894-95) he led 
 the Kumamoto division, and was promoted general in 
 1903. He was created baron in 1895 and count in 1907. 
 He is a member of the supreme council of war. 
 
 Kuropatkin (ko-ro-pat'kin), Alexei Nikolaie- 
 vitch. Born March 29 (N. S.), 1848. A dis- 
 tinguished Russian general, unsuccessful com- 
 mander of the Russian forces in the first part 
 of the Russo-Japanese war. He has been con- 
 nected with the general staff of the Russian army from 
 1874 ; performed various diplomatic and military services 
 in Turkestan and elsewhere in Asia ; served through the 
 Russo-Turkish war (1877-78) as chief of staff to Skobelef ; 
 fought against the Tekke-Turkomans 1880-81 ; was min- 
 ister of war in 1898 ; and became adjutant-general in 1902. 
 In 1901 he was made general of infantry, and in 1902 aide- 
 de-camp to the emperor. On the outbreak of the Russo. 
 Japanese war (1904), he was made commander of the Rus- 
 sian forces in Manchuria, but was repeatedly defeated, 
 most decisively in the battles of Liao-yang, the Shaho, 
 and Mukden. After the last defeat he was superseded 
 by Linievitch. His military memoirs, “ The Russian 
 Army and the Japanese War,” appeared in 1909. 
 
 Kwang-su (kwang-so'): personal name, Tsai- 
 tien. Born at Peking, Aug. 2, 1872: died 
 there, Nov. 14,1908. The title of the Emperor 
 of China, son of Prince Chun, who was seventh 
 son of the emperor Tao-kwang and brother of 
 the emperor Hsien-feng. He succeeded to the throne 
 on the death of his cousin, the emperor Tung-chih, Jan- 
 uary, 1875, and nominally assumed the government in 
 March, 1887 ; but until his marriage in February, 1889, 
 was under the regency of his mother’s sister, the empress 
 dowager Tsu-hsi. In i898 he issued several edicts in favor 
 of reform, and as a consequence the empress dowager re- 
 sumed the regency in September of that year. The em- 
 peror was childless and was succeeded by Pu-yi, great- 
 grandson of the emperor Tao-kwang. 
 
 (la-bo'). A mountain in 
 Ambos Camarines province, 
 southeastern Luzon, Philip- 
 pine Islands. Height, 5,000 
 feet. 
 
 Labori (la-bo-re'), Fernand. 
 Born at Rheims, France, 
 April 18, 1860. A French 
 advocate, noted especially 
 for his defense of Dreyfus in 1899. He has 
 published “ Repertoire encyclopedique du 
 droit fran^ais” (with others), etc. 
 
 Labuan*. In 1906 it was proclaimed a part of the Straits 
 Settlements. It is administered by the government of 
 Singapore. Extensive coal-mines have been developed 
 on the island. 
 
 Lacedaemon. 2. A notnarchy of modern 
 Greece. Capital, Sparta. Population, 87,106. 
 
 Lackawanna (lak-a-won'ii). A city in Erie 
 County, New York, incorporated in 1909. Pop- 
 ulation, 14,549, (1910). 
 
 Laconia (la-ko'ni-a). The county-seat of Bel- 
 knap County, New Hampshire, 23 miles north- 
 east of Concord. It is one of the summer 
 resorts of this region, a few miles from Mount 
 Belknap. It has lumber-mills, and manufac- 
 
 tories of woolen goods, paper, yarn, etc. Pop- 
 ulation, 10,183, (1910). 
 
 Ladd*, George Trumbull. He resigned his pro- 
 fessorship in Y’ale University in 1905. His later works 
 include “Introduction to Philosophy" (1890), “Outlines 
 of Physiological Psychology" (1891), “ Psychology, De- 
 scriptive and Explanatory” (1S94), “ Philosophy of Mind ’ 
 (1895), “Philosophy of Knowledge” (1897), “ Outlines of 
 Descriptive Psychology ” (1898), “ Essays on the Higher 
 Education ” (1899), “ Theory of Reality ” (1899), “Philos- 
 ophy of Conduct" (1902), “Philosophy of Religion" (1905), 
 “ In Korea with Marquis Ito " (1908), etc. 
 
 Lady of the Aroostook, The. A New England 
 love story by William Dean Howells, pub- 
 lished in 1875. 
 
 La Farge (la farj'), Christopher Grant. Born 
 at Newport,' R. I., Jan. 5, 1862. An American 
 architect. He was trained at the Massachusetts Insti- 
 tute of Technology and in the office of H. H. Richardson. 
 In 1883 he came to New York with G. L. Heins and took 
 charge of the architectural work of his father, John La 
 Farge. In 1886 the firm of Heins and La Farge was 
 formed by the two younger men. They have designed the 
 Cathedral of St. John the Divine and the interior of the 
 Church of St. Paul the Apostle in New York, St. Matthew's 
 Church in Washington, Houghton Memorial Chapel at 
 Wellesley College, the chapel at West Point, the Lorillard, 
 Matthiesen, and Bliss mausoleums in Woodlawn Ceme- 
 tery (New York), the Roman Catholic Cathedral in Seattle, 
 and the Packard Memorial Library in Salt Lake City. 
 
 Let Farge \ John. He was distinguished for his work 
 in stained glass, in which he obtained remarkable color 
 effects as the result of much experimentation. His writ- 
 ings include “An Artist’s Letters from Japan” (1887), 
 “Lectures on Art” (1895), “Considerations on Painting” 
 (1901), “Great Masters” (1903), “Higher Life in Art” 
 (1908), etc. 
 
 La Fayette (la fa-et'). The parish-seat of La 
 Fayette Parish, Louisiana, 116 miles northwest 
 of New Orleans. It has cotton-seed oil mills, 
 a sugar-refinery, etc. Population, 6,392, (1910). 
 
 La Follette (la'fol'let), Robert Marion. Born 
 at Primrose, Wis., June 14, 1855. An Ameri- 
 can lawyer and politician. He was graduated at 
 the University of Wisconsin in 1879; was a Republican 
 member of Congress 1885-91 ; was governor of Wisconsin 
 1901-06 ; and was elected United States senator in 1905. 
 
 Lagerlof (lii'gor-lef), Selma. Born at Mar- 
 backa, Varmland, Nov. 20, 1858. A Swedish 
 
 writer. Her works include novels, poems, etc. In 1907 
 she waB crowned with a laurel wreath at I psala as the 
 most popular of living Swedish writers, and she was award- 
 ed the Nobel prize in literature in 1909. 
 
 Lagonoy (lii-go-noi') Gulf. A large gulf on the 
 eastern coast of southern Luzon, Philippine 
 Islands, indenting the shores of Ambos Cama- 
 rines and Albav. On the east it communicates directly 
 with the Pacific Ocean. On the north it is connected with 
 
Lagonoy Gulf 
 
 the Pacific by Maqueda Channel. Four islands on the 
 south separate it from the Gulf of Albay. 
 
 LagOS*. 2. In May, 1906, the Colony and Protectorate 
 of Lagos and the old Protectorate of Southern Nigeria 
 were amalgamated under the name of the Colony and 
 Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. Lagos now forms one 
 of the three provinces, and the seat of government of the 
 colony is at Lagos town. 
 
 La Grange (la granj'). The county-seat of 
 Troup County, Georgia, 63 miles southwest of 
 Atlanta. It is a trade center, with cotton- 
 mills, etc., and is the seat of the Southern 
 Female College and the La Grange Female 
 College. Population, 5,587, (1910). 
 
 La Grange (la granj'). A village in Cook 
 County, Illinois, 13 miles southwest of Chi- 
 cago. It is chiefly residential. Population, 
 5,282, (1910). 
 
 Laguna de Bay (la-go'na da bi'). A lake in 
 the southern part of Luzon, Philippine Islands, 
 lying within the provinces of Cavite, Rizal, and 
 La Laguna. Its greatest depth, ascertained by sound- 
 ings, is 20 feet. It contains several small islands, the 
 largest being Talim. Its outlet is the Pasig River, which 
 connects it with Manila Bay. 
 
 Lake Charles (lak cbarlz). The parish-seat of 
 Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana, situated on Lake 
 Charles, in the southwestern part of the State. 
 It has lumber-mills, rice-mills, and manufac- 
 tories of threshing-machines, etc., and is the 
 seat of Acadia College. Population, 11,449, 
 (1910). 
 
 Lake City (lak sit'i ). The county-seat of Co- 
 lumbia County, Florida. It is in a cotton- 
 growing region, and is visited as a health 
 resort. It has a trade in fruit, lumber, turpen- 
 tine, etc. Population, 5,032, (1910). 
 
 Lake Leopold II. 1. A large lake in the 
 western part of the Belgian Kongo. It dis- 
 charges by the Mflni into the Kassai, a trib- 
 utary of the Kongo. — 2. One of the adminis- 
 trative districts of the Belgian Kongo. 
 Lakewood (lak'wud). A village in Cuyahoga 
 County, Ohio, 6 miles southwest of Cleveland. 
 Population, 15,181, (1910). 
 
 Lakrn§ (lak-ma/). An opera by Delibes (words 
 by Goudinet and Gille), first produced at Paris 
 in 1883. 
 
 La Laguna (la la-go'na). A province of 
 southeastern Luzon, Philippine Islands. It ia 
 bounded by Laguna de Bay and Rizal on the north, In- 
 fanta and Tayabas on the east, Tayabas and Batangas on 
 the south, and Batangas and Cavite on the west. It en- 
 circles the southern half of Laguna de Bay, and occupies 
 the eastern part of the mountainous peninsula project- 
 ing from the north into that lake. Capital, Santa Cruz. 
 The highest mountains of the province are the extinct 
 volcanoes Banajao and San Cristobal in the southeast, 
 and Maquiling in the south. There are numerous rivers. 
 The soil is very fertile, and more than half of it is adapted 
 to agriculture. Among the productions are sugar-cane, 
 abaca or hemp, rice, copra, betel-nuts, and coffee. The 
 native race is Tagalog. Area, 629 square miles. Popula- 
 tion, 148,606. 
 
 Lalaane (la-lan'), Maxima. Born at Bor- 
 deaux, France, Nov. 27, 1827 : died at Nogent- 
 sur-Marne, July 29, 1886. A noted French 
 etcher and illustrator. He was a pupil of Gigoux 
 and made his debut at the Salon of 1852 with a notable 
 series of drawings. His work consists of numerous illus- 
 trations to books and periodicals, especially “L’ Artiste” 
 and “L’Ulustration Nouvelle,” the organ of a society of 
 etchers which Lalanne helped to establish in 1862, and 
 many independent etchings and plates from the old 
 masters. 
 
 Lamar (la-mar'), Joseph Rucker. Born at 
 Ruckersville, Ga., Oct. 14, 1857. An American 
 jurist, appointed associate justice of the United 
 States Supreme Court in 1910. He was admitted 
 to the bar in 1879, and engaged in legal practice at Au- 
 gusta, Georgia. He was a member of the Georgia House of 
 Representatives 1886-89. In 1895 he was appointed a 
 member of a commission for codifying the laws of Georgia, 
 and in 1903 became an associate justice of the Supreme 
 Court of that State. 
 
 Lamberton (lam'ber-ton), Benjamin Peffer- 
 Born March 10, 1843: died at Washington, 
 D. C., June 9, 1912. An American naval officer, 
 promoted rear-admiral in 1903. He served as 
 chief of staff to Commodore (Admiral) Dewey on the 
 Olympia in the battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898, and 
 was promoted captain May 17. He retired in 1906. 
 Lamon (lii-mon') Bay. A large bay on the 
 eastern coast of Luzon, Philippine Islands, in- 
 denting Tayabas province on the north. It is 
 protected by islands. 
 
 Lamorinifere (la-mo-re-ne-ar'), Francois. 
 Born at Antwerp, April 28, 1828: died there, 
 .Jan. 4, 1911. A Belgian landscape-painter. 
 
 He wasa pupil at the Antwerp Academy, where he became 
 a professor in 1885. Of his paintings the “Isle of Wal- 
 cheren” is in the Antwerp Museum, and the “View near 
 Spaa ” and the " View near Edeghem ” belong to the Brus- 
 sels Museum. 
 
 Lamoureux (la-mo-re'), Charles. Born at 
 Bordeaux, Sept. 21, 1834 : died at Paris, Dec. 
 
 21, 1899. A noted French conductor, in 1877 he 
 
 became conductor of the Op^ra, resigning in 1879. From 
 1872-77 he was assistant conductor of the Conservatoire 
 concerts. In 1881 he established the Nouveaux Concerts 
 (Concerts Lamoureux), where he did important work in 
 introducing the music of Wagner and other modern com- 
 posers. 
 
 Lamperti (lam-par'te), Francesco. Born at 
 Savona, Italy, March 11, 1813 : died at Como, 
 May 1, 1892. A famous teacher of siDging. 
 
 He was a pupil of the Milan Conservatory, and a teacher 
 there 1850-76. He was an exponent of the old Italian 
 method of singing, and published a treatise on his art, and 
 various vocal studies. He numbered among his pupils 
 Albani, Sembrich, Campanini, Cruvelli, and La Grange. 
 
 Lamsdorf (lamz'dorf), Count Vladimir Niko- 
 laievitch. Born at St. Petersburg, December, 
 1844: died at San Remo, Italy, March 19, 1907. 
 A Russian statesman. He entered the Foreign Office 
 in 1866 ; rose to be assistant foreign minister in 1897 ; was 
 foreign minister 1901-06 ; and was appointed a member 
 of the Council of the Empire, May 11, 1906. 
 
 Lanao (la-na'o) Lake. A lake in Mindanao, 
 Philippine Islands, 2,200 feet above sea-level. 
 It is drained on the north by the river Agus or Iligan, 
 which flows into Iligan Bay. 
 
 Landreth (lan'dreth)’, Olin Henry. Born at 
 
 Addison, N. Y., July 21, 1852. An American 
 civil engineer, professor of engineeringin Union 
 University, Schenectady, N. Y., from 1894. He 
 was assistant astronomer at the Dudley Observatory, Al- 
 bany, 1877-79 ; was professor of engineering at Vanderbilt 
 University 1879-94, and dean of the engineering depart- 
 ment. 1886-94 ; and has been consulting engineer of the 
 New York State Board of Health and of numerous munici- 
 palities and corporations. He was a member of the New 
 York State Water Storage Commission of 1902-03 and of 
 the State New York Bay Pollution Commission 1904-06. 
 
 Lane (lan), Mrs. (Anna Eichberg King). Born 
 at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1856. An Ameri- 
 can author, daughter of Julius Eichberg, the 
 musician. Ill 1898 she married John Lane, the pub- 
 lisher. She has written “Kitwyk,” “American Wives 
 and English Housekeeping,” “According to Maria,” “The 
 Talk of the Town," etc. 
 
 Lane, Franklin Knight. Born in Prince Ed- 
 ward Island, July 15, 1864. An American 
 cabinet officer. He was educated at the University 
 of California ; was corporation counsel for San Francisco 
 1897-1902; Democratic candidate for governor of California 
 in 1902 ; member of the Interstate Commerce Commission 
 1905-13 ; and secretary of the interior 1913-. 
 
 Lang*, Andrew. He was made a fellow of the British 
 Academy in 1906. He has also written “ Essays in Little ” 
 (1891), “Green Fairy Book” (1892), “Homer and the 
 Epic ” (1893), “St: Andrews ” (1893), “Yellow Fairy Book ” 
 (1894), “Cock Lane and Common Sense ” (1894), “The 
 Book of Dreams and Ghosts " (1897), “ Pink Fairy Book ” 
 (1897), ’• The Making of Religion ” (1898), “The Homeric 
 Hymns ” (1899), “ A History of Scotland from the Roman 
 Occupation” (Vol. I, 1900), “Prince Charles Edward” 
 (1900), “Magic and Religion (1901), “Alfred Tennyson” 
 (1901), “The Mystery of Mary Stuart” (1901), “John 
 Knox and the Reformation” (1905), “Homer and his 
 Age” (1906), “Olive Fairy Book” (1907), “The Maid of 
 France” (1908), ‘‘Sir George Mackenzie" (1909), “The 
 World of Homer ” (1910), etc. 
 
 Langley*, Samuel Pierpont. He was the first to 
 build a flying-machine (aerodrome), heavier than air, 
 which, supported and propelled by its own engine, made 
 an independent flight for a considerable distance, this 
 being accomplished for the first time on May 6, 1896. 
 
 Lankester*, Sir Edwin Ray. He was Fullerian 
 professor of physiology and comparative anatomy in the 
 Royal Institution of London 1898-1900. He was knighted 
 in 1907. Since 1869 he has been the editor of the 
 “Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science.” He has 
 written “Comparative Longevity” (1871), “Degenera- 
 tion ” (1880), “ Spolia Maris ” (1889), “ The Advancement 
 of Science" (1889), “A Treatise on Zoology” (1900-05), 
 “ Extinct Animals” (1905), “The Kingdom of Man ” (1907), 
 and many special monographs ; and he has edited, with 
 
 M. Foster, the “ Scientific Memoirs of Th. H. Huxley ” 
 (1898-1902). 
 
 Lansford (lanz'ford). A borough in Carbon 
 County, Pennsylvania, 27 miles northwest of 
 Allentown. Coal-mining is its principal in- 
 dustry. Population, 8,321, (1910). 
 
 Laoag (la-o-ag'). 1. A river in northwestern 
 
 Luzon, Philippine Islands, flowing westward to 
 the China Sea. — 2. A municipality of Ilocos 
 Norte province, northwestern Luzon. Civi- 
 lized population, 34,454. — 3. A port and the 
 capital of Ilocos Norte province, Luzon. It is 
 situated on the Laoag River, in lat. 18° 13' 5" 
 
 N. , long. 120° 36' E. Population, 19,699. 
 Laparra (la-par-ra'), Raoul. Born at Bor- 
 deaux about 1877. A French composer. He 
 studied at the Paris Conservatory, winning the Prix de 
 Rome in 1903, in which year he completed his lyric drama, 
 “ La Habanera,” produced at the Paris Opera Comique in 
 1907, and afterward in Germany, London, and Boston. He 
 has also written orchestral, chamber, and piano music, and 
 another opera, “La Jota” (1911). His operas and many of 
 his other works show the influence of his extended travels 
 in Spain. 
 
 Lapidoth Swarth (liip'i-dot svart'), Frau (He- 
 lene Swarth). Born at Amsterdam, Oct. 25, 
 1859. A noted Dutch lyric poet. Among her 
 
 works are “ Blauwe Bloemen ” (1884), “ Beelden en Stem- 
 men ” (1887), “ Sneeuwvlokken " (1888), “ Rouwviolen ” 
 
 Laughlin 
 
 (1889), “ Passiebloemen " (1891), a volume of collected 
 poems (1892), “ Poezij ” (1896), “ Diepe Wateren " (1897), 
 and “ Blanke Duiven ” (1902). Her prose includes “Kleine 
 Schetsen ” (1893), “ Ironisch en Tragisch ” (1895), “ Van 
 Vrouwenleed ” (1896), “ Van Vrouwenlot ” (1896), “ Ernst ” 
 (1902), etc. 
 
 Lapparent (la-pa-ran'), Albert de. Born 
 at Bourges, Dec. 30, 1839: died at Paris, May 
 5, 1908. A noted French geologist, professor 
 of geology and mineralogy in the Institut 
 Catholique in Paris from 1875. He was ap- 
 pointed assistant custodian of the ficole des Mines in 
 1864. In 1897 he became a member of the Academie des 
 Sciences and was the successor of Berthelot as perpetual 
 secretary of that body. Among his works are “Traite de 
 gdologie ” (1882, 4th ed. 1899), “ Cours de minfsralogie ” 
 (3d ed. 1899), etc. 
 
 Laredo (la-ra'do). A city, the capital of Webb 
 County, Texas. It is situated in the western part of 
 the county, on the Rio Grande ; is the seat of Laredo 
 Seminary and of an Ursuline convent ; and has car-, ma- 
 chine-, concentrating-, and sampling-works, brickyards, 
 etc. Cattle, iron, wool, etc., are exported. Population, 
 14,855, (1910). 
 
 Larkin (lar'kin), Edgar Lucien. Born at 
 Freedom, 111., April 5, 1847. An American 
 astronomer, director of the Lowe Observatory 
 from 1900. He was director of the Knox Col- 
 lege Observatory 1888-95. He is the author of 
 “Radiant Energy,” “Within the Mind Maze,” 
 etc. 
 
 Larmor (lar'mor), Sir Joseph. Born at Ma- 
 gheragall, County Antrim, Ireland, July il, 
 1857. A British mathematician and physicist, 
 professor of mathematics in the University of 
 Cambridge from 1903. He is especially noted for 
 his contributions to the theory of the ultimate constitu- 
 tion of matter. Knighted in 1909. 
 
 Larsson (lar'son), Karl. Born at Stockholm, 
 Sweden, May 28, 1853. A Swedish painter 
 and etcher. In 1876 he won the royal medal at the 
 Academy of Arts, Stockholm, and went to France, where 
 for several years he was a member of a Swedish painter- 
 colony at Grez near the forest of Fontainebleau. He has 
 been especially successful in water-colors, and in mural 
 painting in tempera. His most important performance 
 in this manner is the decoration of the staircase of the 
 National Museum at Stockholm. 
 
 La Salle College. A Roman Catholic institu- 
 tion of learning at Philadelphia for boys and 
 young men. It is conducted by the Brothers of the 
 Christian Schools and is named for their founder, Jean 
 Baptiste de La Salle. It was incorporated and received 
 power to confer degrees in 1863. 
 
 Las Cruces (las kro'ses). The county-seat of 
 Dona Ana County, New Mexico. Population, 
 3,836. 
 
 Latham (la-tarn'), Hubert. Born at Paris, 
 Jan. 10, 1883: killed (by a buffalo) near Fort 
 Archambault, French Equatorial Africa, June 
 7, 1912. A French aviator, identified with the 
 development of the Antoinette monoplane 
 from its inception. He first attracted attention by 
 two attempts to fly across the English Channel in July, 
 1909, in both of which he fell into the sea because of the 
 failure of his motor. He was one of the first to ascend to 
 considerable altitudes in an aeroplane, and reached 
 3,444 feet on Jan. 7, 1910, at Chalons, France. He was one 
 of the French team at the international races at Belmont 
 Park, Long Island, finishing fourth in the cup race in 
 October, 1910. Later he flew over the city of Baltimore 
 and exhibited in cities as far as the Pacific coast. 
 
 Lathrop (la'tbrop), Julia Clifford. Born at 
 Rockford, 111., 1858. An American worker for 
 social reform. She was graduated from Vassar 
 College in 1880. She has spent part of her time since 
 1890 as a resident of Hull House, Chicago, and has been a 
 member of the Illinois State Board of Charities. She was 
 appointed head of the Children’s Bureau of the Depart- 
 ment of Commerce and Labor in 1912. 
 
 Latrobe (la-trob'). A borough in Westmore- 
 land County, Pennsylvania, 34 miles south- 
 east of Pittsburgh. Population, 8,777. 
 Latrobe (la-trob'), Benjamin Henry. Born 
 in Yorkshire, England, May 1, 1764 (1767?) : 
 died at New Orleans, La., Sept. 3, 1820. An 
 American architect. He was educated at a Mora- 
 vian school in Saxony and at the University of Leipsic ; 
 in 1785 served in the Prussian army ; returned to Eng- 
 land in 1786; went to Norfolk, Virginia, in 1796; and 
 to Philadelphia in 1798. He designed many important 
 engineering works and buildings in Richmond, Philadel- 
 phia, and Baltimore. In 1803 Jefferson appointed him 
 architect of the Capitol at Washington, to succeed Dr. 
 William Thornton, whose designs he modified greatly. 
 He rebuilt the Capitol after its partial destruction by the 
 British in 1814, introducing in the north wing the six 
 columns of the vestibule designed to represent bundles 
 of corn-stalks, and similar tobacco-stalk columns in the 
 circular colonnade. He had a large practice as an engi- 
 neer, and in 1812 was interested with Fulton in introduc- 
 ing steam navigation. 
 
 Laughlin (laf'lin), James Laurence. Born 
 at Deerfield, Ohio, April 2, 1850. An Ameri- 
 can economist, professor of political economy 
 in the University of Chicago from 1892. He 
 
 was graduated at Harvard University in 1873 ; was assis- 
 tant professor of political economy there 1883-87; was 
 president of the Manufacturers’ Mutual Fire Insurance 
 Company of Philadelphia 1887-90 ; and was professor of 
 
Laughlin 
 
 political economy in Cornell University 1890-92. He was 
 exchange professor at Berlin in 1906. He has published 
 “A History of Bimetallism in the United States” (1886), 
 “ Elements of Political Economy " (1887), “ Gold and 
 Prices since 1873 ” (1887), “ Pacts about Money " (1895), 
 “Report, of the Monetary Commission” (1898), “Princi- 
 ples of Money" (1902), “Reciprocity” (1903), “Indus- 
 trial America” (1907), “Latter-day Problems” (1909), etc. 
 He is editor of the “ journal of Political Economy." 
 
 La Union (la o-ni-on'). A coast province of 
 western Luzon, Philippine Islands. It is bounded 
 by Ilocos Sur on the north, Lepanto-Bontoc and Benguet 
 (separated by a spur of the Cordillera Central) on the 
 east, Pangasinan on the south, and the Gulf of Lingay^n 
 and the China Sea on the west. Capital, San Fernando. 
 The best ports are San Fernando, safe for large vessels in 
 the monsoons, and Santo Tomas, safe in the northeast 
 monsoon for vessels not exceeding 15 feet draft. The 
 highest peak is Santo Tomas (7,298 feet). Tobacco, coffee, 
 pineapples, mangos, corn, rice, betel-nuts, and sugar- 
 cane are produced. The inhabitants are chiefly Ilocanos. 
 The census of 1903 gave also 9,820 Igorrotes. Area, 634 
 square miles. Population, 137,839. 
 
 Laurel (la/rel). A city in Jones County, Mis- 
 sissippi. It has lumber-mills, cotton-mills, 
 etc. Population, 8,465, (1910). 
 
 Laurens ( 15 - ran' ), Jean Paul. Born at 
 Fourquevaux, Haute-Garonne, France, March 
 29, 1838. A French painter, especially of his- 
 torical subjects. He studied at the art school of 
 Toulouse, and with Leon Cogniet and Bida in Paris, mak- 
 ing his debut in the Salon of 1863 with his picture “ The 
 Death of Cato.” His dignified and vigorous style reached 
 its maturity about 1872. He has painted numerous por- 
 traits and a large number of powerful historical composi- 
 tions and mural pictures. Among the latter may be 
 noted “ The Death of Ste. Genevieve ” in the Pantheon, 
 and the ceiling of the Odeon, both in Paris. He won a 
 medal of honor at the Salon of 1877, and was elected to 
 the Institute in 1891. 
 
 Laurium (la'ri-um). A village in Houghton 
 County, in the northwestern part of Michigan. 
 It is in one of the richest copper regions in 
 the United States. Population, 8,537, (1910). 
 Lavengro. A story by George Borrow, pub- 
 lished in 1851. 
 
 Laveran (lav-ran'), Charles Louis Alphonse. 
 
 Born at Paris, June 18, 1845. A French pa- 
 thologist, especially noted as the discoverer 
 of the plasmodium of malaria. He was appointed 
 as agrege on the faculty of the Ecole du Val-de-Grace in 
 Paris in 1874 ; studied malaria in Algeria 1878-83 ; was 
 professor of military hygiene and clinical medicine at Val- 
 do- Grace 1884-94 ; and was medical director of the 
 Eleventh Army Corps 1894-97. In 1907 he was awarded 
 the Nobel prize for medicine. He has written “ Traits 
 des ftevres palustres” (1884), “Nouveaux elements de 
 pathologie medicale " (1880 : with Teissier), “Du paludisme 
 et de son h6matozoaire ” (1891), “ Les hfSmatozoaires de 
 l'homme et des animaux ” (1895 : with Blanchard), “ Traite 
 du paludisme ” (1897), “ Traite d’hygiene militaire " (1896), 
 “ Prophylaxie du paludisme ” (1903), and “Trypanosome 
 et trypanosomiases ” (1904). 
 
 Lavery (lav'er-i), John. Born at Belfast. A 
 contemporary British portrait-painter. He 
 studied in Glasgow, London, and Paris ; was elected to the 
 Royal Scottish Academy in 1896 ; and was made an associate 
 of the Royal Academy in 1911. 
 
 Lavignac (la-ven-yak'), Alexandre Jean 
 
 Albert. Born at Paris, Jan. 22, 1846. A 
 French musician. He was appointed professor of 
 solfege at the Conservatoire in 1882, and professor of 
 harmony in 1891. He has published “Solfeges,” “Cours 
 complet theorique de dictee musicale,” “ Cinquante 
 lemons d'harmonie," “ La musique et les musiciens ” (1895), 
 and “ Le voyage artistique it Bayreuth " (1897). 
 
 Lavisse (la-ves'), Ernest. Born at Nouvion- 
 en-Thi6rache, Aisne, France, Dec. 17, 1842. 
 A French historian and educator, professor 
 of modern history at the University of Paris 
 from 1888. He was elected a member of the French 
 Academy in 1892, succeeding Admiral de la Graviere. 
 Since 1894 he has been editor of the “Revue de Paris.” 
 Among his works are “ fitudes sur l’histoire de Prusse ” 
 (1879), “ Questions d'enseignement national " (1885), “ Es- 
 sais sur l’Allemagne imperiale ” (1887), “ Trois empereurs 
 d’Allemagne ” (1888), “Vue g6nerale de l’histoire politique 
 de l'Europe” (1890), “La jeunesse du Grand Frederic” 
 (1891), “ Le Grand Frederic avant 1’avCnement ” (1893), 
 “tin rainistre : Victor Duruy” (1895), etc. He edited, 
 with Rambaud, “Histoire gdnerale du IV. siecle k nos 
 jours ” (1893-1901). 
 
 Law (la), Andrew Bonar. Born in New 
 Brunswick, Canada, Sept. 16, 1858. A British 
 Unionist politician, leader of the opposition 
 in the House of Commons 1911-. 
 
 Lay Down Your Arms ! The title of the Eng- 
 lish translation by T. Holmes of “ Die Waffen 
 nieder” (1889), by the Baroness von Suttner. 
 The author was awarded the Nobel peace prize in 1905. 
 The book* is known also as “ Ground Arms !” 
 
 Lea*, Henry Charles. His later works include 
 “Chapters from the Religious History of Spain connected 
 with the Inquisition " (1890), “ History of Auricular Con- 
 fession and Indulgences in the Latin Church ” (1896), 
 “ The Moriscos of Spain ” (1901), “ History of the Inquisi- 
 tion of the Middle Ages” (1906), “ History of the Inquisi- 
 tion of Spain” (1906), “The Inquisition in the Spanish 
 Dependencies ” (1908). 
 
 Lead (led). A city in Lawrence County, South 
 Dakota. It has one of the largest gold-mines 
 in the world. Its manufactures include gold 
 
 jewelry, mining-tools, etc. Population, 8,392, 
 (1910). 
 
 League Island. An island in the Delaware, 
 below Philadelphia, at the mouth of the 
 Schuylkill. On it is situated a United States 
 navy-yard. 
 
 Lebanon (leb'a-non). The county-seat of 
 Boone County, Indiana, 26 miles northwest of 
 Indianapolis. It has hour-mills, grain-eleva- 
 tors, manufactories of washing-machines, etc. 
 Population, 5,474, (1910). 
 
 Lebaudy (le-bo-de'), Paul. Born at Enghien, 
 Seine-et-Oise, in 1855. A French promoter 
 
 of aviation. He is a man of wealth, the owner of a sugar- 
 refinery, and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies. He 
 financed the making of a number of dirigible baUoons 
 adopted by the French government. 
 
 Lederle (led'er-li), Ernst Joseph. Born on 
 Staten Island, N. Y., June 30, 1865. An 
 American sanitary engineer, appointed com- 
 missioner of health of New York city in 1910. 
 He was chemist of the Department of Health 
 of the city 1890-1902; commissioner 1902-04; 
 and commissioner of the New York State 
 Water Supply 1905-10. 
 
 Lee (le), Algernon. Born at Dubuque, Iowa, 
 Sept. 15, 1873. An American journalist and 
 socialist. He has been identified with the Socialist 
 movement since 1895. He was editor of the Minneapolis 
 “Tocsin” 1898-99, of the “Worker” 1899-1908, of the 
 “Call” 1908-09; and has been president of the Rand 
 School of Social Science since 1909. 
 
 Lee (le), Mrs. (Jennette Barbour Perry). 
 
 Born at Bristol, Conn., Nov. 10, 1860. An 
 American author. She was graduated at Smith 
 College in 1886. She was teacher of English in Vassar 
 College 1890-93, head of the department of English in the 
 college for women of Western Reserve University 1893-96, 
 and has been professor of the English language and lit- 
 erature in Smith College since 1904. She married Gerald 
 Stanley Lee in 1896. She has published “Kate Weth- 
 erell ” (1900), “Uncle William” (1906), “The Ibsen 
 Secret” (1907), “Simeon Tetlow’s Shadow” (1909), and 
 “Happy Island ” (1910). 
 
 Lee (le), Sir Sidney. Born at London, Dec. 5, 
 1859. An eminent English scholar and editor. 
 
 He was assistant editor of the “ Dictionary of National 
 Biography ” 1883-90 ; was joint editor with (Sir) Leslie 
 Stephen 1890-91 ; and upon the retirement of the latter in 
 1891 became editor-in-chief. He was Clark lecturer in 
 English literature at Trinity College, Cambridge, 1901-02, 
 and in 1903 was lecturer before the Lowell Institute at 
 Boston, Johns Hopkins University, and Princeton Univer- 
 sity. He was knighted in 1911. Among his publications 
 are “Stratford-on-Avon from the Earliest Times to the 
 Death of Shakespeare ” (1884), “ Life of William Shake- 
 speare ’’ (1898), a biography of Queen Victoria (1902), 
 “ Shakespeare First Folio Facsimile ” (1902), “ Elizabethan 
 Sonnets ” (1904), “ Great Englishmen of the Sixteenth Cen- 
 tury ” (1904), “ Shakespeare and the Modern Stage ” (1906), 
 “The French Renaissance in England ” (1910), etc. 
 
 Lee (le), Stephen Dill. Born at Charleston, 
 South Carolina, Sept. 22, 1833; died at Vicks- 
 burg, Miss., May 28, 1908. An American sol- 
 dier, lieutenant-general in the Confederate 
 army. He was graduated at West Point in 1854 ; entered 
 the Confederate service as captain ; and took part in nu- 
 merous battles (including the Vicksburg campaign) during 
 the Civil War. From 1899 he was commander of the Vicks- 
 burg National Military Park. 
 
 Leeds University. A university at Leeds, 
 Yorkshire, chartered April 25, 1904. It is the 
 outgrowth of Yorkshire College (founded in 1874), which 
 formed part of Victoria University 1887-1903. It provides 
 teaching and grants degrees to both men and women in 
 arts, science, medicine, dental surgery, law, and com- 
 merce. It is attended by more than 900 registered stu- 
 dents and in addition by over 200 evening students. 
 
 Leeser (la'ser), Isaac. Born at Neuenkirchen, 
 Prussia, Dec. 12, 1806: died at Philadelphia, 
 Feb. 1, 1868. A Jewish rabbi and author. He 
 translated the Hebrew Scriptures into Eng- 
 lish (1853) ; edited a monthly magazine, the 
 “Occident,” from 1843 until his death; and 
 published numerous other works. 
 
 Leeward Group. The western group or sec- 
 tion of the Society Islands, in Oceanica, be- 
 longing to France. 
 
 Lefebvre (le-favr'), Jules. Born March 10, 
 1836: died Feb. 24, 1912. A noted French 
 painter, a pupil of Cogniet. 
 
 Le Gallienne (le gal'i-en), Richard. Born at 
 Liverpool, England, Jan. 20, 1866. An Eng- 
 lish journalist and author. Since 1898 he has re- 
 sided in the United States. Among his works are “ The 
 Book-bills of Narcissus ” (1891), “The Religion of a Lit- 
 erary Man ” (1893), “ Prose Fancies ” (1894, 1896), “ The 
 Quest of the Golden Girl ”(1896),“ Painted Shadows ” (1904), 
 “Romances of Old France ” (1905), “ The Worshiper of the 
 Images” (1906), “Attitudes and Avowals” (1910), “Octo- 
 ber Vagabonds ” (1910), “Loves of the Poets” (1911), etc. 
 
 Lehar (la-har'), Franz. Born at Komorn, 
 April 30, 1870. A Hungarian composer. His 
 first work, “Kukuska ” (afterward known as “Tatjana "), 
 a serious composition, was produced at Leipsic in 1896. 
 He has since devoted himself to light music and the 
 operetta form. His works, most of which were first pro- 
 duced at Vienna, include “Wiener Frauen ” (1902), “ Her 
 
 Lepanto-Bontoc 
 
 Rastelbinder ” (1902), “Die Juxheirat ” (1904), “Die lua- 
 tige Witwe” (1905), which, as “The Merry Widow,” “La 
 veuve joyeuse,” and “La Vedova Allegra,” has brought 
 him wide recognition, “ Mitislav der Modeme” (1907), 
 “Edelweiss und Rosenstock " (1907), “Peter und Paul 
 reisen ins Schlaraflenland (1906),“ Der Mann mitden drei 
 Frauen” (1908), “Der Graf von Luxemburg,” “Zigeuner 
 Liebe,” and “Eva.” He has directed several orchestras, 
 including the Tonkiinstler Orchestra at Vienna. 
 
 Lehighton (le-hl'ton). A borough in Carbon 
 County, Pennsylvania, on the Lehigh River. 
 It has silk-mills, car-shops, and manufactories 
 of wagons, stoves, shirts, etc. Population, 
 5,316, (1910). 
 
 Lehmann (la'man), Elizabetta Nina Mary 
 Frederika, known as Liza Lehmann. Born 
 at London, July 11, 1862. An English soprano 
 concert-singer and composer, she has written 
 “ In a Persian Garden ” (1896 : a song-cycle), “The Daisy- 
 chain ” (1901), “Sergeant Brue” (1904 : a musical farce), 
 etc. In 1894 she gave her farewell concert and married 
 Herbert Bedford, the composer. 
 
 Leishman (lish'man), John G. A. Born at 
 Pittsburgh, Pa., March 28, 1857. An American 
 diplomatist. He was president of the Carnegie 
 Steel Company 1886-1897; was minister to 
 Switzerland 1897-1900; minister to Turkey 
 1900-06; ambassador to Turkey 1906-09; am- 
 bassador to Italy 1909-11 ; and ambassador to 
 Germany 1911-13. 
 
 Leland*, Charles Godfrey. Among his later works 
 
 are “ Algonquin Legends of New England ” (1884), “ Gypsy 
 Sorcery and Fortune- telling ” (1890), “Memoirs” (1893), 
 “Hans Breitmann in Germany” (1895), “Songs of the Sea 
 and Lays of the Land ” (1895), “ Aradia ; or, Gospel of the 
 Witches” (1899), and, with J. D. Prince, “Kuloscap the 
 Master, and Other Algonkin Poems ” (1902). He wrote 
 also a series of books on various arts and crafts. 
 
 Lemaitre (le-matr'), Francois Elie Jules: 
 known as Jules. Born at Yenneey, Loiret, 
 France, April 27, 1853. A French critic, poet, 
 novelist, and dramatist. He was a teacher 1875- 
 1884 ; became reviewer for the “Revue Bleue”iu 1884; 
 and joined the staff of the “Journal des Debate ” in 1888 
 and that of the “Revue des Deux Mondes ” in 1895. In 
 1888 he was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor, and 
 was admitted to the French Academy in 1895, succeeding 
 Duruy. His critical work has been collected under the 
 titles “Les contemporains ” (1885-95) and “Impressions 
 du theatre ” (1888-98). He is the author also of several 
 volumes of fiction, “ S£renus ” (1886), “ Dix contes ” (1889), 
 “ Les bois ” (1893), and “ Myrrha ” (1894) ; two books of 
 verse, “Les medaillons ” (1880) and "Petites orientals ” 
 (1882); a number of plays, “La r6volt6e” (1889), “Le 
 depute Leveau ” (1890), “Le mariage _blanc ” (1891), “ Fli- 
 pote" (1893), “Les rois ” (1893), “L’Age difficile ” (1895), 
 and “Le pardon” (1895); “Theories et impressions” 
 (1904), and “ En marge des vieux livres ” (1905). 
 
 Lemoinne (le-mwan'), John flmile. Born at 
 London, Oct. 17, 1815 : died at Paris, Dec. 14, 
 1892. A French journalist. He was on the staff 
 of the “ Journal des Debats ” for 52 years ; was elected to 
 the French Academy in 1875 ; and was appointed a life 
 senator in 1880. He also wrote for the “ Revue des Deux 
 Mondes ” and “Le Matin,” and published a collection of 
 his articles under the title “ Etudes critiques et biogra- 
 phiques ” (1862), etc. 
 
 Lenard (le-nard'), Philipp von. Born at 
 Presburg, June 7, 1862. A German physicist, 
 professor in the University of Kiel 1898-1907 
 and in the University of Heidelberg 1907-. 
 From 1896 to 1898 he was instructor in the University of 
 Heidelberg. He is best known for his researches in the 
 cathode rays and electricity. In 1905 he received the N obel 
 prize for physics. 
 
 L’Enfant (lon-foh'), Pierre Charles. Born in 
 1755: died in 1825. A French officer and en- 
 gineer. He came to America in 1777 with Lafayette, 
 joined the American army, and was commissioned brevet 
 major in 1783. He planned the city of Washington, D. C. 
 
 Lens*. In March, 1906, a disaster occurred in 
 the Courrieres mine in which over 1,000 per- 
 sons lost their lives. 
 
 Leon (la-on'). An inland province of Ecuador, 
 just south of the equator. Its capita] is Lata- 
 cunga. Population, 109,600. 
 
 Leoncavallo (la-on-ka-val'o), Ruggiero. Born 
 at Naples, March 8, 1858. An Italian operatic 
 composer. His first opera, “ Chatterton," was composed 
 at the age of eighteen. After some years of wandering he 
 returned to Italy with the plan of an operatic trilogy, the 
 first part of which, “ I Medici ” (the only part published), 
 he could not bring out till he had made his first success 
 with “Pagliacci,” which was produced at Milan in 1892 and 
 has been one of the most popular of modern Italian operas. 
 His “ La Bolieme" appeared in 1897, “Zaza” in 1900, “ Der 
 Roland,” written at the command of the German emperor, 
 in 1904, and “ The Youth of Figaro” in 1906. He has writ- 
 ten the librettos of all his operas. 
 
 Leonhard (la' on -hart), Rudolph. Born at 
 Breslau, Dec. 26, 1851. A German jurist. He 
 studied at the universities of Heidelberg, Berlin, and 
 Giessen, and was in the service of the Prussian govern- 
 ment 1872-80. He became professor extraordinary at 
 Gottingen in 18S0, and professor at Halle in 1884, at Mar- 
 burg in 1885, and at Breslau in 1895. In 1907 be was sent 
 ns Kaiser Wilhelm professor to Columbia University, New 
 York. He has published many works on legal and his- 
 torical subjects. 
 
 Lepanto-Bontoc (la-pan'to-bon-tok'). An ir- 
 regularly shaped inland province in the west- 
 
Lepanto-Bontoc 
 
 ern part of Luz6n, Philippine Islands. It ia 
 
 bounded by Abra and CagayAn (separated by a apm- of the 
 Cordillera Central) on the north ; Cagay&u, Isabela, and 
 Nueva Vizcaya (separated by a collateral range of the Cor- 
 dillera Sur) on the east; Nueva Vizcaya and Benguet 
 (separated by spurs of the Cordillera Sur) on the south ; 
 and La Union and Abra (separated by the western range 
 of Luzdn) on the west. Capital, Cervantes. Mountains 
 occupy a large part of the province. A branch of the Cor- 
 dillera Sur runs from northeast to southwest, separating 
 the western part (Lepanto) from the eastern part (Bontoc). 
 Monserrat, M-itra, Cuirayan, Tantagiian, and Data range 
 from 5,617 to 7,364 feet in height. Tributaries of the Rio 
 Grande de Cagayan are fed by streams in the eastern part 
 of Lepanto-Bontoc. Other streams flow west to the Abra. 
 Mineral lands have been prospected in the southern part 
 of the province. Gold and copper have long been mined 
 by the Igorrotes, the native race. The chief productions 
 are coffee, rice, and tobacco. Area, 2,005 square miles. 
 Population, 72,750. 
 
 Le Playde pH'), Pierre Guillaume Frederic. 
 
 Born at Honfleur, France, April 11, 1806: died 
 April 5, 1882. A French engineer, economist, 
 and sociologist, the founder of the modern 
 school of social economy in France. He was ed- 
 ucated at the Ecole Polytechnique ; was professor at the 
 School of Mines ; was actively connected with the admin- 
 istration of various expositions ; and for several years oc- 
 cupied a seat in the Senate. He founded the International 
 Society of Social Economy, and various associations of 
 workmen. Among the more important of his works are “ Les 
 ouvriers europeens ” (1855), “ La reforme sociale en France ” 
 (1864), “ L'Organisation du travail ” (1870), “ Programme de 
 gouvernement et d'organisation sociale ” (1880), “ La,con- 
 stitution essentielle de l’humanite ” (1881), and “L'licole 
 de la paix sociale ” (1882). 
 
 Leroux (le-ro'), Xavier Henri Napoleon. 
 
 Born at Velletri, Italy, Oct. 11, 1863. A French 
 composer. He studied at the Paris Conservatory, win- 
 ning first prizes in harmony and counterpoint, and in 
 1885 the Prix de Rome with a cantata, “Endymion.” 
 Among his works are operas, including “La reine Fia- 
 mette ” (1903), “ Theodora ” (1906), and “Le chemineau ” 
 (1907), a mass, orchestral pieces, and many songs. 
 
 Leroy-Beaulieu*, Pierre Paul, in i88o he be- 
 came professor of political economy at the College de 
 France. Among his later works are “ De la colonisation 
 chez les peuples modernes ” (1873), “ Essai sur la reparti- 
 tion des richesses” (1880), “La collectivisme " (1884), 
 “ L’Algdrie et la Tunisie ” (1887), “ Precis d’economie poli- 
 tique” (1888), “ L'Etat moderne et ses fonctions " (1889), 
 “ Traite theorique et pratique d’ficonomie politique ” 
 (1895), “ Le Sahara, le Soudan et les chemins de fer trans- 
 sahariens" (1904), “L’Art de placer et gerer sa fortune ” 
 (1906), etc. 
 
 Leschetitzky (lesh-e-tits'ki), Theodor. Born 
 at Lancut, Poland, June 22, 1830. A distin- 
 guished teacher of the piano and composer. 
 He was for some time professor in the Conservatory at St. 
 Petersburg, but retired in 1878 and has since lived in 
 Vienna. Among his pupils have been Mme. Essipoff 
 (whom he married in 1880 : divorced 1892), Paderewski, 
 Mark Hambourg, and Gabrilovitch. 
 
 Lettres a une inconnue. [F., ‘ Letters to an 
 unknown (woman).’] A collection of letters 
 by Prosper Merimee, published posthumously 
 in 1873. 
 
 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition. 
 
 An international exposition held in Portland, 
 Oregon, in 1905, to celebrate the centennial of 
 the exploration of the Oregon country by 
 Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. It was 
 opened May 28. 
 
 Lewisham (lu'isli-am). A metropolitan and 
 parliamentary borough of London. It returns 
 one member to Parliament. Population (met- 
 ropolitan borough), 160,843, (1911). 
 
 Lewiston (lu'is-ton). The county-seat of Nez 
 Perce County, Idaho, near the junction of the 
 Snake and Clearwater rivers. Its principal in- 
 dustries are mining and wheat-raising. It has 
 flour-mills, machine-shops, etc. Population, 
 6,043, (1910). 
 
 Lewistown (lu'is-toun). The county-seat of 
 Mifflin County, Pennsylvania. It is on the 
 Juniata River, in a fertile agricultural region, 
 and has steel-works, lumber-mills, foundries, 
 flour-mills, etc. Population, 8,166, (1910). 
 
 Leyte. 2. A province of the Philippines. 
 It consists of Leyte, BilirAn, Panaon, and numerous small 
 islands southwest of Samar, from which Leyte is separated 
 by the narrow and winding strait of San Juanico and by 
 Daram Channel. Capital, Tacloban. The chief bays are 
 Carigara on the north, San Pedro and San Pablo on the 
 east, S6god on the south, andOrmoc on the west of Leyte. 
 Maasin, at the southeastern point, has good anchorage. 
 Mountain-ranges traverse the larger islands from north- 
 west to southeast. Volcanic cones exceeding 3,000 feet 
 in height are Cabalian and Sacripante in the southern 
 part of Leyte and Mabui in the northern part of BilirAn. 
 Among the rivers are the Leyte and the Cabayong in the 
 north. In the south is the Maasin, which flows to the 
 Surigao Sea. The Binahaan, flowing east to San Pedro and 
 San Pablo bay, is navigable by cascos to Dagami, 15 miles 
 from its rnouth. Leyte has three small mountain lakes, 
 the largest of which has an area of about 8 square miles. 
 Coal is found in northeastern Leyte and in BilirAn, and 
 gold in BilirAn and Panadn. Agriculture flourishes. The 
 products include copra, rice, bananas, sweet potatoes, 
 sugar-cane, and a very large yield of hemp. The race is 
 Visayan. Area, 3,008 square miles. Population, 388,922. 
 
 3 . A river of Leyte flowing north to an inlet 
 on the northern coast. 
 
 Lhermitte (lar-met'), Leon Augustin. Born 
 at Mont-Saint-Phre, Aisne, France, Jan. 31, 
 1844. A French genre-painter. He is a member 
 of the Institut de France and vice-president of the Societe 
 Nationale des Beaux- Arts. Among his pictures are “Har- 
 vesters’ Wages’’ (1882: Luxembourg), “The Vintage” 
 (1884 : Metropolitan Museum of Art), “ Sainte-Claire-De- 
 ville” (1889 : Sorbonne), etc. 
 
 Lhevinne (la-ven'), Josef. Born at Moscow, 
 Dee. 3, 1874. A Russian pianist. At the age of 
 
 eight he played in public, and three years later entered 
 the Moscow Conservatory, graduating in 1892 with the gold 
 medal, and returning there to teach for four years. In 1895 
 he won the Rubinstein prize at Berlin. He has toured 
 extensively in Europe, and in America since 1905. 
 
 Liadov (lya'dof), Anatol Constantinovitch. 
 
 Born at St. Petersburg, May 12, 1855. A Rus- 
 siail composer. He early showed unusual musical 
 ability, and made a brilliant record as a student at the St. 
 Petersburg Conservatory, which he left in 1877, returning 
 there the following year as professor of composition. He 
 has written for the orchestra, but most of his compositions 
 are for the piano. While he belongs to the New Russian 
 school, he has been influenced by Chopin and Schumann. 
 
 Liancourt (le-on-kor') Rocks. A group of 
 small islands in the Japan Sea, situated about 
 lat. 37° N., long. 132° E. Near them a part of the 
 Russian fleet surrendered to the Japanese in the battle of 
 the Sea of Japan. Also called Hornet Islands. 
 
 Liao (lyou). A river which rises in the north- 
 ern part of the province of Chi-li, China, and 
 flows northeastwardly nearly to the Mongolian 
 border, then eastwardly into Manchuria (near 
 Chang-tu), and then southwestwardly into the 
 Gulf of Liao-tung. 
 
 Liao-tung (lyou-tong'). A peninsular region 
 in southern Manchuria, lying between the Gulf 
 of Liao-tung and Korea Bay. it came under the 
 control of the Japanese as a result of the Russo- Japanese 
 war (1904-05). 
 
 Liao-tung (lyou-tong'), Gulf of. An extension 
 northward into southern Manchuria of the 
 Gulf of Pe-clii-li. 
 
 Liapounof (lya'po-nof), Sergius Mikhailo- 
 
 vitch. Born at Yaroslaf, Nov. 30, 1859. A 
 Russian composer. He was a pupil at the Moscow 
 Conservatory. His works include, for the orchestra, a bal- 
 lade, an overture, and a symphony in B minor ; for the 
 piano, a concerto, etudes, preludes, mazurkas, etc. He has 
 also edited and published a collection of Russian songs. 
 
 Libas (le-bas'), Port. A bay and harbor on the 
 eastern coast of Samar Island, in the Philip- 
 pines : safe for large vessels in all weather. 
 
 Liberia^. By the Franco-Liberian agreement of 1907 as 
 to the boundary with the French Ivory Coast, Liberia has 
 lost about 2,000 square miles of territory. 
 
 Liberia (le-ba're-ii.), or Guanacaste (gwa-na- 
 kas'ta). The capital of the province of Guana- 
 caste, Costa Rica, 95 miles northwest of San 
 JosA Population, 2,449. 
 
 Libmanan (leb-ma'nan). A municipality of 
 Ambos Camarines province, in the southeast- 
 ern part of Luzon, Philippine Islands. Civ- 
 ilized population, 17,416. 
 
 Library of Congress. The national library, 
 situated in Washington, D. C. It was established 
 in 1800, originally for the use of the members of the Sen- 
 ate and House of Representatives, but is freely open to 
 the public. In 1814 the collection of books was destroyed 
 by the British troops, but a new one was begun with the 
 purchase by Congress of a large portion of the library of 
 Thomas Jefferson. On June 30, 1911, the library contained 
 1,891,729 printed books and pamphlets ; 123,568 maps and 
 charts ; 557,010 pieces of music ; and 336,966 engravings, 
 etchings, photographs, and other prints. It also contains 
 a valuable collection of historical manuscripts. Work on 
 the present building, situated southeast of the Capitol, 
 was begun in 1889 and was completed in 1897 at a cost of 
 $6,345,000. It is in the form of a quadrangle inclosing four 
 courts and a central rotunda surmounted by a dome. The 
 length of the building (which faces west) is 470 feet from 
 north to south, and its depth from west to east, 340 feet. 
 The interior is lavishly decorated with the work of Amer- 
 ican artists. 
 
 Lick (bk), James. Born at Fredericksburg, 
 Pa., Aug. 25, 1796: died at San Francisco, Cal., 
 Oct. 1, 1876. An American business man and 
 philanthropist. He went to California in 1847 and 
 amassed a large fortune there. In 1874 he set apart $3,- 
 000,000 for public and charitable uses, including $700,000 
 for an astronomical observatory for the University of Cal- 
 ifornia. 
 
 Lidderdale (lid'er-dal), William. Born in 
 1834: died June 26, 1902. An English financier. 
 He became a director of the Bank of England 
 in 1870, deputy governor in 1887, and was gov- 
 ernor 1889-92/ 
 
 Liechtenstein (lech'ten-stin) Gallery. An 
 art gallery in Vienna, Austria, the most impor- 
 tant private collection of paintings in the city. 
 
 It is especially strong in the works of Rubens and Van- 
 dyke. It is situated in the old summer palace of the 
 princes of Liechtenstein and contains about 800 notable 
 pictures, besides many of less importance. 
 
 Life for the Czar, A. An opera by Glinka 
 
 Lipton 
 
 (words by Rosen), first produced at St. Peters- 
 burg in 1836. 
 
 Ligao (le-ga'o). A municipality of Albay 
 province, southeastern Luzon, in the Philip- 
 pine Islands. Civilized population, 17,687. 
 
 Lij Yasu (lej ya'so). Born in 1896. Emperor 
 of Abyssinia. He is the son of a daughter of 
 Menelek II., and was proclaimed heir to the 
 throne in 1908, and emperor May 15, 1911. 
 
 Lilley (lil'i), Robert. Born at Greenock, 
 Scotland, Aug. 24, 1839. A Scotch- American 
 Orientalist and editor. During 1867-75 he traveled 
 extensively in China and Manchuria; resided in Japan 
 1875-81, occupied with the publication of Christian and 
 other works in Japanese ; introduced the system of print- 
 ing for the blind now in use in Japan ; and came to the 
 United States in 1881. He was on the editorial staff of the 
 “ Century Dictionary ” ; was managing editor of the “Uni- 
 versal Cyclopaedia”; was editor of “Investigations and 
 Studies in Jade, based on the Heber R. Bishop Collection 
 of Jades,” and of the descriptive catalogue of the collec- 
 tion ; etc. 
 
 Lincoln (ling'kon). A town in Providence 
 County, Rhode Island. Population, 9,825, 
 (1910). 
 
 Lincoln Memorial University. A non-sec- 
 tarian institution, comprising normal, indus- 
 trial, and academic departments, founded in 
 1895 by General Oliver Otis Howard, at Cum- 
 berland Gap, Tennessee, for the education 
 especially of the people of the surrounding 
 mountains. 
 
 Lincoln Park. A park in Chicago, situated 
 on the lake front in the northern part of the 
 city. Area, 300 acres. 
 
 Lindsey (lin'zi), Benjamin Barr. Born at 
 Jackson, Tenn., Nov. 25, 1869. An American 
 jurist. He was admitted to the bar in 1894, and became 
 judge of the County Court and Juvenile Court at Denver, 
 Colorado, in 1901. He has introduced important reforms 
 in the juvenile court system, and is aleading authority on 
 the treatment of iuvenile delinquents. He has published 
 “ Problems of the Children,” “The Beast and the Jungle,” 
 and “The Rule of Plutocracy in Colorado.” 
 
 Lingayen (len-ga-yan'). A town, the capital 
 of Pangasinan province, in the western part of 
 Luzon, Philippine Islands. It is situated on the 
 delta at the mouth of the Agno, on Lingayen Gulf, in lat. 
 16° 4' N., long. 120” 14' E. Civilized population of munici- 
 pality, 21,529. 
 
 Lingayen (len-ga-yan') Gulf. An arm of the 
 China Sea, indenting the provinces of La 
 Union and Pangasinan on the western coast 
 of Luzon, Philippine Islands. The river Agno 
 enters it by several mouths. 
 
 Linievitch (lin'ie-vich), Nikolai Petrovitch. 
 Born in the government of Tchernigoff, Rus- 
 sia, Dec. 24, 1838: died at St. Petersburg, April 
 23, 1908. A Russian lieutenant-general. He 
 
 served in the Russo-Turkish war, attaining the rank of 
 colonel ; in 1900, as commander of the first Siberian army 
 corps in Manchuria, conducted the Russian campaign in 
 China ; and until March, 1904 (when he was superseded by 
 Kuropatkiu), remained in command of the Manchurian 
 army. He commanded the Russian left at the battle of 
 Mukden, and upon the dismissal of Kuropatkiu, March, 
 1905, was appointed his successor as commander-in-chief 
 in the Far East. * 
 
 Linton (lin'ton). A city in Greene County, 
 Indiana, 33 miles southeast of Terre Haute. 
 Coal-mining is its principal industry. Popula- 
 tion, 5,906, (1910). 
 
 Lipa (le-pa/). A municipality of Batangas 
 province, in southwestern Luzdn, Philippine 
 Islands. It is east of the southern part of Lake Bombon 
 or Taal. Civilized population, 37,934. 
 
 Lippmann (lip'man), Friedrich. Born at 
 Prague, Bohemia, Oct. 6, 1838 : died at Berlin, 
 Oct. 2, 1903. A German connoisseur, curator of 
 the cabinet of engravings at Berlin from 1876. 
 
 The present great importance of the Berlin collection is 
 due largely to his efforts. He published much, especially 
 in periodical literature. His important independent 
 works are “ Der italienische Ilolzschnitt im XV. Jahr- 
 hundert” (1884), “Zeichnungen alter Meister im konig- 
 lichen Kupferstichkabinet zu Berlin” (1882), “Atlas” 
 (1879-82), “Zeichnungen von Sandro Botticelli zu Dantes 
 gottlicher Komodie” (1884-87). 
 
 Lippmann (lep-man'), Gabriel. Born at 
 Hallerich, Luxemburg, Aug. 16, 1845. A dis- 
 tinguished French physicist. He studied at Paris 
 and in Germany, and in 1883 became professor at the Sor- 
 bonne. He invented a capillary electrometer, a galvanom- 
 eter, and other instruments; enunciated the doctrine of 
 the conservation of electricity ; and in 1891 invented a 
 method of photographing in colors. He has published 
 a “Cours de therm odynamique ” (1886), “Cours d’acous- 
 tique et d’optique ” (1888), etc., and in 1908 received the 
 Nobel prize for physics. 
 
 Lipton (lip'ton), Sir Thomas Johnstone. 
 
 Born at Glasgow, Scotland, 1850. A British 
 merchant and sportsman. He began his business 
 career with a single provision-shop in Glasgow, and ex- 
 tended his operations until he controlled large interests 
 in Great Britain, with branches in Germany, the United 
 States, India, etc. He has contributed largely to chari- 
 table enterprises, and is well known as a yachtsman, hav- 
 
Lipton 
 
 ii^ competed unsuccessfully in 1899, 1901, and 1903 for the 
 America's cup. He was knighted in 1898 and created a 
 baronet in 1902. 
 
 Lister*, Joseph, first Baron Lister. He was 
 
 professor of surgery at Glasgow University 1860-69, pro- 
 fessor of clinical surgery at Edinburgh University 1869-77, 
 and at King’s College, London, 1877-93, and was president 
 of the Royal Society 1895-1900. 
 
 Litchfield (lich'feld). A city in Montgomery 
 County, Illinois. It is in a region containing 
 oil, coal, and natural gas, and has flour-mills, 
 foundries, and manufactories of glass, radia- 
 tors, mine-engines, etc. Population, 5,971, 
 (1910). 
 
 Little (lit'l), Frances: pseudonym of Mrs. 
 Fannie Caldwell Macauley. Born at Shel- 
 byville, Ky., Nov., 1863. An American author. 
 She taught for five years in the kindergarten of the girls’ 
 school at Hiroshima, Japan. She has published “The 
 Lady of the Decoration” (1906), “Little Sister Snow” 
 (1909), aud “ The Lady and Sada San ” (1912). 
 
 Little Falls (lit'l falz). The county-seat of 
 Morrison County, Minnesota, 88 miles north- 
 west of Minneapolis. It is in a lumbering and 
 farming region, and has lumber-mills, flour- 
 mills, machine-shops, iron-works, etc. Popu- 
 lation, 6,078, (1910). 
 
 Livermore (liv'er-mor), Mrs. (Mary Ashton 
 Rice). Born at Boston, Dec. 19, 1821 : died at 
 Melrose, Mass., May 23, 1905. An American 
 abolitionist, lecturer, and woman suffragist. 
 During the Civil War she was a leader in the work of the 
 United States Sanitary Commission. She founded and 
 edited “ The Agitator,” a woman-suffrage paper, in 1869 ; 
 merged it in “The Woman’s Journal’' in 1870; was first 
 president of the Illinois Woman Suffrage Association and 
 later president of the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage As- 
 sociation ; and lectured much on temperance, etc. She 
 published “What Shall we Do with our Daughters ? " (1883), 
 “ My Story of the War” (1888), etc. 
 
 Livingston (liv'ing-ston). The county-seat of 
 Park County, Montana, on the Yellowstone 
 River, 96 miles southeast of Helena. It has 
 lumber-mills, railroad shops, and mining in- 
 terests, and is frequented for shooting and 
 fishing. Population, 5,359, (1910). 
 
 Lloyd-George (loid'jorj'), David. Born at 
 Manchester, 1863. A British Liberal member 
 of Parliament, chancellor of the exchequer 
 1908—. He became a solicitor in 1884 ; has sat for Car- 
 narvon district in the House of Commons since 1890 ; and 
 was president of the Board of Trade, with a seat in the 
 cabinet, December, 1905-08. He led the Welsh educa- 
 tional agitation and attracted attention by his effective 
 speeches in behalf of the Boers. He has been identified 
 with the old age pensions act, national insurance, etc. 
 
 Loango. 2. A seaport in French Kongo, situ- 
 ated in lat. 4° 39' S. 
 
 Lobachevsky (lo-ba-chefs'ki), Nikolaus Iva- 
 novitch. Born at Makarief, Russia, Nov. 2 
 (N. S.), 1793 : died at Kazan, Feb. 24 (N. S.), 
 1856. A famous Russian mathematician, the 
 founder of the non-Euclidean geometry. He 
 was professor at Kazan from 1814. 
 
 Locke (lok), William John. Born March 20, 
 1863. An English novelist. He was educated at 
 Queen's Royal College, Trinidad, and at Cambridge Uni- 
 versity. He has written “ The Morals of Marcus Ordeyne ” 
 (1905), “The Beloved Vagabond” (1900), “Septimus” 
 (1909), “A Christmas Mystery” (1910), “Simon the Jester ” 
 (1910), “The Glory of Clementina ” (1911), “The Joyous 
 Adventures of Aristide Pujol ” (1912), etc. 
 
 Lockroy*, fldouard fitienne Antoine. He was 
 
 vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies ^1902-05. He has 
 written “ Les aigles du capitole ” (1809), “ A bas le progres ” 
 (1870), “La Commune et T Assemble” (1871), “L’lle 
 revoltee ” (1877), “ Ahmed le Boucher : la Syrie et l’figypte 
 au XVIII. sieele” (1888), “ M. de Moltke ” (1891), “La 
 marine de guerre” (2d ed. 1897), “La defense navale” 
 (1899), “Du Weser a, la Vistule” (1901), “Les marines fran- 
 (;aise et allemande ” (1904), “ Le programme naval ” (1900), 
 etc. 
 
 Lockwood (lok'wud), James Booth. Born at 
 Annapolis, Md., Oct. 9, 1852: died at Cape 
 Sabine, Ellesmere Land, April 9, 1884. An 
 American arctic explorer. He was educated at St. 
 John’s College, Annapolis, and joined the army as second 
 lieutenant in 1873. In 1881 he joined, as second in com- 
 mand, Greely’s expedition to Lady Franklin Bay, and in 
 May, 1882, with D. L. Brainard, attained lat. 83° 24' N., the 
 highest then reached. He crossed Grinnell Land with 
 Brainard in 1883. 
 
 Lockyer*, Sir (Joseph) Norman. His later works 
 
 are “The Sun’s Place in Nature ” (1897), “Recent and 
 Coming Eclipses” (1897), “Inorganic Evolution” (1900), 
 “Stonehenge and other British Stone Monuments Astro- 
 nomically Considered” (1907), etc. Knighted 1897. 
 
 Lodge (loj), Sir Oliver Joseph. Born in Staf- 
 fordshire, June 12, 1851. An English physi- 
 cist, principal of the University of Birming- 
 ham from 1900: especially noted for his 
 investigations in electricity. He was professor of 
 physics in University College, Liverpool, 1881-1900. The 
 coherer employed in wireless telegraphy is his invention. 
 He has published “Elementary Mechanics” (1877), 
 “ Modem Views of Electricity ” (1889), “ Pioneers of 
 
 Science’’ (1893), “Electrons” (1907), “Science and Mor- 
 tality ” (1908), “ The Ether of Space " (1909), “Reason and 
 Belief ’’ (1910), etc. He was president of the Society for 
 Psychical Research 1901-04. He was knighted in 1902. 
 
 Loeb (leb), Jacques. Born in Germany, April 
 7, 1859. A German- American physiologist, 
 professor in the University of California 1902- 
 1910, and head of the department of experi- 
 mental biology in the Rockefeller Institute, New 
 York, 19 10-. His w'orks include “The Heliotropism 
 of Animals ’’ (1890), “ Physiological Morphology ’’ (1891-92), 
 “ Comparative Physiology of the Brain ” (1900), “ Studies 
 in General Physiology ” (1905), “ Dynamics of Living Mat- 
 ter” (1906), “ The Mechanistic Conception of Life” (1912), 
 etc., and numerous papers on experimental biology. 
 
 Loeb (leb), Leo. Born at Mayen, Prussia, 
 Sept. 21, 1869. A German-American patholo- 
 gist, director of the pathological department 
 of the St. Louis Skin and Cancer Hospital from 
 1910. He taught in the University of Penn- 
 sylvania 1903-10. 
 
 Loeb (lob), Louis. Born at Cleveland, O., 
 Nov. 7, 1866: died at Canterbury, N. H., July 
 12, 1909. An American artist and illustrator. 
 He was a painter of imaginative and poetic quality, and 
 also did much w'ork in black and white for the magazines. 
 In 1906 he was elected a member of the National Academy 
 of Design. 
 
 Loeb (leb), William. Born at Albany, N. Y., 
 Oct. 9, 1866. An American government official . 
 He was stenographer of the New York Assembly in 1888, 
 and after holding the position of private secretary to 
 various public officials (including Governor Roosevelt, 
 1899-1900), was assistant secretary and afterward secretary 
 to President Roosevelt 1901-09. He was collector of the 
 port of New York 1909-13. 
 
 Loeffler (lef'ler), Charles Martin. Born at 
 Miilhausen, Alsace-Lorraine, Jan. 30, 1861. A 
 Composer and violinist. He is a strongly imagina- 
 tive composer of the most modern tendencies. Among 
 his works are the symphonic poems “La mort de Tin- 
 tagiles” (1897 : after Maeterlinck), “ Avant que tu ne t’en 
 ailles,” and “ Villanelle du diable” ; a suite for violin and 
 orchestra, “Les veillees d’Ukraine” (1891: after Gogol); 
 chamber music ; and songs. 
 
 Loewy (le-ve'), Maurice. Born at Vienna, 
 April 15, 1833: died at Paris, Oct. 15, 1907. A 
 distinguished French astronomer, director of 
 the Paris Observatory 1896-1907. 
 
 Logan (lo'gan). The county-seat of Cache 
 County, Utah, 67 miles north of Salt Lake 
 City. It has sugar-factories, lumber-mills, etc., 
 and is the seat of Brigham Young College and 
 the State Agricultural College. Population, 
 7,522, (1910). 
 
 Logroscino (lo-gro-she'no), Niccola. Born 
 at Naples, about 1700 : died there, 1763. 
 An operatic composer of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury, noted in the history of the opera buffa: 
 erroneously said to have been the first to de- 
 vise extended ensembles as the finales for acts. 
 
 London (lun'don), Jack. Born at San Fran- 
 cisco, Cal., Jan. 12, 1876. An American author. 
 
 He has been at various times a sailor, miner, salmon- 
 fisher, longshoreman, fish-patrolman, etc., and has traveled 
 in search of adventure over much of the United States and 
 Canada, in the East End of London, etc. In 1904 he acted 
 as war correspondent in Japan, Korea, and Manchuria. 
 His works include “ The Son of the Wolf ” (1900), “ The 
 God of his Fathers " (1901), “ A Daughter of the Snows " 
 (1902), “The Cruise of the Dazzler" (1902), “Children of 
 the Frost” (1902), “The Call of the Wild” (1903), “The 
 Kempton-Waee Letters” (1903: with Anna Strunsky), 
 “The People of the Abyss" (1903), “The Faith of Men” 
 (1904), “The Sea-Wolf” (1904), “The Game” (1905), “War 
 of the Classes” (1905), “Tales of the Fish-Patrol ’’ (1905), 
 “ Moon-Face ’’ (1906), “ Iron Heel ” (1908), “Burning Day- 
 light ” (1910), “ Theft,” a play (1910), “ When God Laughs ” 
 (1911), “Adventure” (1911), “South Sea Tales” (1911), 
 “ Smoke Bellew ” (1912), “ John Barleycorn ” (1913), etc. 
 
 London*. University of. Since 1900 the university 
 has provided also courses of instruction. The faculties 
 are those of theology, arts, laws, music, medicine, science, 
 engineering, and economics. There is also an academic 
 department for the control of its various schools and in- 
 stitutions. The students number over 4,000. 
 
 Lone star, The. A secret society formed in 
 1848 for the annexation of Cuba and other is- 
 lands to the United States, it flourished chiefly in 
 the Southern States and was denounced by the United 
 States government. Three filibustering expeditions were 
 organized and ended in failure. See Lopez, Narciso. 
 
 Lone-star State. A name given to the State 
 of Texas, from the single star on the flag 
 adopted during its struggle for freedom from 
 Mexico. The device is now used in the State 
 seal. 
 
 Long (long), John Luther. Born in 1861. 
 An American author. He engaged in the practice 
 of law at Philadelphia. He has published a number of 
 stories, including “ Madam Butterfly ” (1898), which served 
 as the foundation of Puccini’s opera of that name ; “ The 
 Fox-Woman ” (1900) ; “Billy Boy ” (1906) ; and “ Felice ” 
 (1908). He has also collaborated in the plays “The Dar- 
 ling of the Gods” (1902); “Adrea” (1905: both with 
 David Belasco), and “ The Dragon Fly ” (1905 : with E. C. 
 Carpenter). 
 
 Long Beach (long bech). A city in Los An- 
 
 Lounsbury 
 
 geles County, California, on the Pacific coast, 
 20 miles south of Los Angeles. It is a well- 
 known summer resort. Pop., 17,809, (1910). 
 
 Longview (long'vu). The county-seat of Gregg 
 County, Texas. It has cotton-seed oil mills, 
 lumber-mills, and manufactories of plows, 
 bottles, etc. It is an active trade center for 
 cotton, lumber, and live stock. Population, 
 5,155, (1910). 
 
 Loomis (lo'mis), Charles Battell. Born at 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., Sept. 16, 1861: died at Hart- 
 ford, Conn., Sept. 23, 1911. An American 
 author. Besides many contributions in prose and verse 
 to various periodicals, he has written “ The Four-Masted 
 Catboat ” (1899), “Cheerful Americans” (1903), “More 
 Cheerful Americans” (1904: afterward called “Poe’s 
 ‘Raven ’ in an Elevator”), “ I ’ve Been Thinking ’ (1905), 
 “A Bath in an English Tub” (1907), “The Knack of It” 
 (1908), “A Holiday Touch” (i908), and “Little Maude 
 and her Mamma” (1909). 
 
 Loon (lo-on'). A municipality of Bohol prov- 
 ince in the Philippine Islands, it is on the west- 
 ern coast of Bohol Island. Civilized population, 18,114. 
 
 Lorain (lo-rau'). A city in Lorain County, 
 Ohio, situated on Lake Erie at the mouth of the 
 Black River. It has an excellent harbor and is a ship- 
 ping-point for iron, coal, lumber, and grain. It has stove-, 
 brick-, and steel-works, a large ship-building establish- 
 ment, etc. Population, 28,883, (1910). 
 
 Lord (lord), Austin Willard. Born at Roll- 
 ing Stone, Minn., June 27, 1860. An Ameri- 
 can architect. He studied at the Massachusetts In- 
 stitute of Technology 1884-85, and also abroad, on the 
 Rotch scholarship, 1888-90. From 1894 to 1896 he was 
 director of the American School at Rome. He is a mem- 
 ber of the firm of Lord, Hewlett, and Tallant at New York. 
 Among the buildings which this firm has designed are the 
 Masonic Hall at Brooklyn and the McKinley monument 
 at Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 Lord’s Cricket Ground. The most famous 
 cricket ground in England, in addition to being 
 the home ground of the Marylebone Club, in the north of 
 London, it is also the contesting field for the most im- 
 portant British and international matches. In 1787 
 Thomas Lord, a then famous English cricketer, desired to 
 secure a suitable ground for a metropolitan cricket club. 
 He succeeded in obtaining a field now known as Dorset 
 Square, the ground being called “Lord’s" and the club 
 the “Marylebone Club.” Owing to the expansion of 
 London and the consequent increase of rent, a new' ground 
 had to be sought, and the present site, on St. John's Wood 
 Road, a little north of the old field, was purchased. The 
 first recorded match on the original field was played in 
 1788, and the first contest on the present ground took 
 place June 22, 1814. 
 
 Loreburn, Lord. See * Reid, Robert Threslrie. 
 
 Lorentz (lo'rents), Hendrik Antoon. Born 
 
 at Arnheim, Netherlands, July 18, 1853. A 
 Dutch physicist, professor in the University 
 of Leyden from 1878. He is best known as the found- 
 er of the theory of electrons, by means of which he ex- 
 plained Zeeman’s effect. With Zeeman he received the 
 Nobel prize in physics in 1902. 
 
 Lorenz (lo'rents), Adolf. Born in Silesia, 
 April 21, 1854. An Austrian surgeon, chief 
 of the orthopedic department of the Imperial 
 Royal General Hospital in Vienna. Heisespe- 
 
 cially noted for his method of reducing congenital dislo- 
 cation of the hip-joint without recourse to the knife. In 
 1902 he visited the United States. 
 
 Lome*. Marquis of (John Douglas Suther- 
 land Campbell), ninth Duke of Argyll. From 
 1895 to 1900 he was (Unionist) member of Par- 
 liament for South Manchester. 
 
 Lotta (lot'a). See ★ Crabtree . 
 
 Lou Dillon (16 dil'on). An American trotting 
 mare, foaled in 1898 by Lou Milton, sire Sidney 
 Dillon. On October 24, 1903, she won the world’s cham- 
 pionship at Memphis, Tennessee, by trotting a mile in one 
 minute and fifty-eight and a half seconds. 
 
 Louis Alexander, Prince of Battenberg. 
 Born at Gratz, Austria, May 24, 1854. An 
 English vice-admiral, the eldest son of Prince 
 Alexander of Hesse, and the brother of Alex- 
 ander I., Prince of Bulgaria, and Prince Henry 
 of Battenberg. Ill 1868 he was naturalized a British 
 subject and entered the royal navy as naval cadet. He 
 served in the Egyptian campaign of 1882. In 1884 he 
 married Princess Victoria of Hesse, granddaughter of 
 Queen Victoria. He was director of naval intelligence 
 1902-05, was appointed second in command of the Mediter- 
 ranean fleet in 1907, to the command of the Atlantic 
 fleet in 1908, and first sea lord of the admiralty in Dec., 1912. 
 
 Louise. An opera by Gustave Charpentier, 
 first produced at Paris in 1900. 
 
 Louisiana Purchase Exposition. A univer- 
 sal exposition at St. Louis, Missouri, opened 
 April 30, 1904, in commemoration of the pur- 
 chase of Louisiana. Forty-two States and fifty-three 
 foreign governments exhibited. Among the principal 
 features of the exposition were the departments of educa- 
 tion, social economy, and physical culture, the interna- 
 tional press parliament, the international congress of 
 jurists, and the world congress of arts and sciences. 
 
 Lounsbury (lotmz'be-ri), Thomas Raynes- 
 ford. Born at Ovid, N. Y., Jan. 1, 1838. An 
 American scholar and critic. He was on the edi- 
 torial staff of the "New American Cyclopaedia ” 1860-62; 
 
Lounsbury 
 
 was instructor at Yale 1870-71 ; and has been professor of 
 English there since 1871. Among his works are “ A 
 History of the English Language ” (1879), “Life of James 
 Eenimore Cooper” (1882), “Studies in Chaucer" (1801), 
 “Shakespearean Wars ” (1901), “Shakespeare and Voltaire ” 
 (1902), “ The Standard of Pronunciation in English " (1904), 
 and “ English Spelling and Spelling Reform ” (1909). 
 
 Low (16), Will H. (Hicok). Born at Albany, 
 N. Y., May 31, 1853. An American artist. 
 He was a pupil of Gerome and of Carolus-Duran at the 
 £cole des Beaux-Arts, Paris, 1873-77. He is best known 
 as a figure-painter and for his mural decorations. He 
 was elected N. A. in 1890. He has published “ A Painter's 
 Progress ” (Scammon lectures at the Art Institute of Chi- 
 cago : 1910). 
 
 Lowell (lo'el), Abbott Lawrence. Born at 
 Boston, Mass., Dee. 13, 1856. An American 
 educator, president of Harvard University 
 from 1909. He was graduated at Harvard in 1877 ; 
 practised law in Boston ; and became professor of the 
 science of government in Harvard University in 1900. He 
 has published “Essays on Government” (1889), “Govern- 
 ments and Parties in Continental Europe” (1890), “The 
 Influence of Party upon Legislation in England and 
 America” (1902), “The Government of England” (1908), etc. 
 
 Lowell (lo'el), Mrs. (Josephine Shaw). Born 
 at West Roxbury, Mass., Dec. 16, 1813: died 
 at New York, Oct. 12, 1905. An American 
 philanthropist. She was the sister of Robert Gould 
 Shaw, and the wife (married 1863) of Charles Russell 
 Lowell, who was killed at the battle of Cedar Creek, 
 Oct., 1864. After her husband’s death she devoted her 
 life to charitable work ; was a member of the New York 
 State Board of Charities 1876-89 ; and was largely instru- 
 mental in founding the Charity Organization Society and 
 the New York State Charities Aid Association. She also 
 aided in prison reform, etc. She published “ Public Re- 
 lief and Private Charity” (1884), “Industrial Arbitration 
 and Conciliation ” (1893), etc. 
 
 Lowell (lo'el), Percival. Born at Boston, 
 March 13, 1855. An American astronomer, 
 best known for his studies of the planet Mars. 
 He established the Lowell Observatory at Flagstaff, Arizona, 
 in 1894, and is its director. He has been non-resident pro- 
 fessor of astronomy at the Massachusetts Institute of 
 Technology, Boston, since 1902. He has written “Cho- 
 son” (1885), “The Soul of the Far East " (1886), “Occult 
 Japan ” (1894), “Mars ” (1895), “ Annals of the Lowell Ob- 
 servatory” (Vol. I., 1898 ; Vol. II., 1900; Vol.HI., 1905), “The 
 Solar System” (1903), “Mars and its Canals” (1906), “Mars 
 as the Abode of Life ” (1909), “ The Evolution of Worlds 
 (1909), etc. 
 
 Lowell Institute. An educational institution 
 in Boston, Massachusetts. John Lowell (1799- 
 1836) provided in his will that one half his property 
 (amounting to about $250,000) should go “ to the mainte- 
 nance and support of public lectures ... in Boston . . . 
 for the promotion of the moral and intellectual and physi- 
 cal instruction and education of the inhabitants.” The 
 management of the fund was left to one trustee, prefera- 
 bly a male descendant of John Lowell (grandfather of the 
 testator). The free lectures were begun, December 31, 
 1839, by a memorial address on John Lowell by Edward 
 Everett. The trustee of the Lowell Institute also estab- 
 lished, under the auspices of the Natural History Society, 
 a Teachers’ School of Science ; under those of the Massa- 
 chusetts Institute of Technology, a School of Practical 
 Design (1872) — now transferred to the Boston Museum of 
 Fine Arts — and a School for Industrial Foremen; and 
 under those of the Wells Memorial Institute, free courses 
 for workingmen. Other courses of a special nature have 
 been established from time to time. 
 
 Lualaba-Kasai. An administrative district of 
 the Belgian Kongo. 
 
 Lubang (lo-bang' ) Islands. A group of islands 
 in the Philippines, belonging to Mindoro prov- 
 ince, and lying northwest of Mindoro and west 
 of the southern part of Luzon, it contains 11 
 
 named and 48 unnamed islands and rocks. The largest of 
 the group is Lubang. Population, 6,370. Area of group, 
 87.6 square miles. 
 
 Lubao (16-ba'o). A municipality of Pampanga 
 province, in the southern part of Luzon, Phil- 
 ippine Islands. Civilized population, 19,063. 
 
 Lubbock*, Sir John, Baron Avebury. His later 
 works include “The Beauties of Nature and the Wonders 
 of the World We Live In ” (1892), “Seedlings” (1893), “ The 
 Scenery of Switzerland ” (1896), “On Buds and Stipules” 
 (1899), “ Short History of Coins and Currency ” (1902), 
 “ Essays and Addresses " (1903), “Notes on the Life His- 
 tory of the British Flowering Plants" (1905), “On Mar- 
 riage, Totemism, and Religion ” (1911), etc. 
 
 Lucas (lu'kas), Edward Verrall. Born June 
 12, 1868. An English author and critic. He 
 was connected with the London “ Globe” 1893-1900, and 
 with the “ Academy ” 1896-1901, and is (1911) on the staff of 
 “ Punch. ” He is the compiler of “ The Open Road ” (1899), 
 and the author of “Wisdom While You Wait” (1903: 
 with O. L. Graves), “Highways and Byways in Sussex” 
 (1904), “ A Wanderer in Holland ” (1905), “ The Life of 
 Charles Lamb” (1905), “A Wanderer in London ” (1906), 
 “ Listener’s Lure ” (1906), “ The Hambledon Men ” (1907), 
 “ The Gentlest Art ” (1907), “ Her Infinite Variety ” (1908), 
 “ Over Bemerton’s ” (1908), “ A Wanderer in Paris ” (1909), 
 “The Slowcoach” (1910), “Mr. Ingleside ” (1910), etc. 
 
 Lucas (lu'kas), Frederic Augustus. Born 
 at Plymouth, Mass., March 25, 1852. An 
 American naturalist, curator-in-chief of the 
 museums of the Brooklyn Institute 1904-11, and 
 director of the American Museum of Natural 
 History, New York city, 1911-. He was curator 
 of anatomy in the United States National Museum 1893- 
 1904, and acting curator of vertebrate fossils 1901-04. 
 He has published papers upon osteological topics, be- 
 sides books and articles in a popular style on paleonto- 
 logical subjects. 
 
 Luce (las), Stephen Bleecker. Born at Al- 
 bany, N. Y., March 25, 1827. An American 
 naval officer, promoted rear-admiral in 1885. 
 He was appointed midshipman in 1841 ; served in the 
 Union navy during the Civil War (commanding the moni- 
 tor Nantucket and other vessels); and retired in 1889. 
 From 1884-86 he was president of the Naval War College, 
 of which he was the founder. He is the author of “ Sea- 
 manship ” (1866), “Naval Songs ” (1902), etc. 
 
 Lucena (lo-tha'na). 1. A river in Tayabas 
 province, southeastern Luz6n, Philippine Is- 
 lands, flowing south to Tayabas Bay: navi- 
 gable for 3 miles to Lucena. — 2. A town, the 
 capital of Tayabas province, situated on the 
 Lucena River near Tayabas Bay in lat. 13° 55' 
 N., long. 121° 26' 30" E. Civilized population 
 of municipality, 9,375. 
 
 Luchaire(lu-sliar'j, Denis Jean Achille. Born 
 at Paris, Oct. 24, 1846: died Nov. 13, 1908. A 
 distinguished French historian. He was professor 
 at the Sorbonne 1885-1908. Among his published works, 
 which deal chiefly with medieval history, the most im- 
 portant are the “ Histoire des institutions monarchiques 
 de la France sous les premiers Capetiens ” (1883) and 
 four volumes (1904-07) upon Innocent III. 
 
 Lucin (lu-sin') Cut-off. A line of railroad on 
 the Union Pacific route in Utah, extending 
 from Ogden to Lucin, and shortening the 
 original distance by rail between those points 
 by 43 miles. It crosses Great Salt Lake on a trestle 
 nearly 12 miles long and on 20 miles of “ fill ” (an em- 
 bankment of earth or rock used as a road-bed), and over 
 the desert flats, a distance of 102 miles in all. It was 
 completed in 1904. 
 
 Lumber State, The. A popular name of the 
 State of Maine. 
 
 McClellan 
 
 Lumholtz (lum'holts), Carl Sopheus. Born 
 near Lillehammer, Norway, April 23, 1851. A 
 Norwegian explorer and author. He was zoologi- 
 cal collector in Australia for the University of Christiania 
 1880-84 ; explored northwestern Mexico 1890-98 and 1909- 
 1910 ; and was assistant in the department of anthro- 
 pology in the American Museum of Natural History, New 
 York city, 1897-99. He has received the gold medal of the 
 Norwegian Geographical Society. He has written “ Among 
 Cannibals,” “Unknown Mexico,” etc. 
 
 Lumi&re (lii-myar'), Antoine. Born near 
 Besancon, France, 1840 : died at Paris, April, 
 1911. A French photographer and landscape- 
 painter, noted as the inventor of a successful 
 process of color-photography. 
 
 Lummis (lum'is), Charles Fletcher. Born 
 at Lynn, Mass. , March 1, 1859. An American 
 author and editor. He was graduated at Harvard 
 in 1881 ; was the city editor of the Los Angeles “ Daily 
 Times ” 1885-88 ; and has been the editor of “ Out West” 
 (until 1902 “The Land of Sunshine") from 1893. He 
 was librarian of the Los Angeles public library 1905- 
 1910. Among his works are “Birch Bark Poems” (1878), 
 “ A New Mexico David ” (1891), “ A Tramp Across the 
 Continent ” (1892), “ Some Strange Corners of Our Coun- 
 try” (1892), “The Land of Poco Tiempo” (1893), “The 
 Spanish Pioneers” (1893), “The Man who Married the 
 Moon, and Other Pueblo Folk Stories ” (1896), “ The Gold 
 Fish of Gran Chimu ” (1896), “The King of the Broncos, 
 and Other New Mexico Stories ” (1897), “ The Enchanted 
 Burro ” (1897), “ The Awakening of a Nation : Mexico To- 
 day ” (1898), etc. 
 
 Lunn (lun), Louisa Kirkby. Born at Man- 
 chester, Nov. 8, 1873. An English contralto 
 singer. In 1893 she appeared in London in Schumann's 
 “Genoveva,” and on March 2, 1896, created the role of 
 Nora in Villiers Stanford’s “Shamus O’Brien.” Since 
 1901 she has been a member of the Covent Garden Opera 
 Company. She toured in America 1904-05 as Kundry, in 
 a production of “ Parsifal,” and has frequently appeared 
 in concert. In 1899 she married W. J. K. Pearson of 
 London. 
 
 Luristan*. An earthquake occurred here on 
 Jan. 23, 1909, in which, it is reported, over five 
 thousand people were killed. 
 
 Lurton (Rr'ton), Horace Harmon. Born at 
 Newport, Ky., Feb. 26, 1844. An American jur- 
 ist. He was admitted to the bar in 1867. He was chan- 
 cellor of the 6th judicial division, Tennessee, 1876-78; 
 justice of the Supreme Court of Tennessee 1886-93, and 
 chief justice in 1893 ; and judge for the 6th United States 
 judicial circuit 1893-1910. In 1910 he was appointed asso- 
 ciate justice of the United States Supreme Court. 
 
 Luska (lus'ka), Sidney. A pseudonym used 
 by Henry Harland in bis earlier work. 
 
 Luxemburg* (grand duchy). Adolf of Nassau 
 was succeeded in 1905 by his son William. 
 
 Luzerne (lu-zern'). A borough in Luzerne 
 County, Pennsylvania, five miles northwest of 
 Wilkes-Barre. It has flour-mills, drill-factories, 
 etc. Population, 5,426, (1910). 
 
 Lyceum Club. A London club for women, 
 founded in 1904 for the benefit of those inter- 
 ested in the arts. It has a membership of 
 about 2,500. It has branches in various Euro- 
 pean countries. Its house is at 128 Picca- 
 dilly, W. 
 
 Lydekker (li-dek'er), Richard. Born 1849. 
 A British geologist, connected with the Geo- 
 logical Survey of India 1874-82. He has pub- 
 lished “ A Manual of Palaeontology ’’ (with H. A. Nichol- 
 son), etc. 
 
 aasin (ma-a'sen). 1. A river 
 in the southern part of Leyte 
 Island, in the Philippines, 
 flowing south to the Suri- 
 gao Sea. — 2. A munici- 
 pality of Leyte province, 
 Leyte Island. Civilized pop- 
 ulation, 16,805. 
 
 Mabie (ma'bi), Hamilton 
 Wright. Born at Coldspring, N. Y., Dec. 13, 
 1846. An American author, critic, editor, and 
 lecturer. He was on the editorial staff of the “Christian 
 Union ” (later the “Outlook”) from 1879, and became its 
 associate editor in 1884. His works include “ My Study 
 Fire” (1890; second series 1894), “Under the Trees and 
 Elsewhere ” (1891), “In the Forest of Arden ” (1891), “ Es- 
 says on Work and Culture” (1898), “Shakespeare, Poet, 
 Dramatist, and Man ” (1900), “ T he Great Word ”(1905), etc. 
 
 McAdoo (mak'a-do), William Gibbs. Born 
 near Marietta, 6a., Oct. 31, 1863. An Ameri- 
 can lawyer and railway president, secretary of 
 the treasury 191 3-. In 1903 he was elected president 
 of the Hadson Manhattan Railroad Company, which com- 
 pleted the tunnels under the Hudson River (opened to 
 
 traffic, 1908). He was acting chairman of the Democratic 
 National Committee in 1912. 
 
 McAlester (ma-kal'es-ter). A city in Pitts- 
 burg County, Oklahoma, situated in a coal- 
 mining region. It has cotton-compresses, flour- 
 mills, etc. Population, 12,954, (1910). 
 
 Macalister (ma-kal'is-ter), Robert Alexan- 
 der Stewart. Born at Dublin, July 8, 1870. 
 An Irish archaeologist, professor of Celtic 
 archaeology in University College, Dublin. He 
 was director of excavations for the Palestine Excavation 
 Fund 1900-09. Among his published works are “Studies 
 in Irish Epigraphy ” (1897-1907), “Bible Side-Lights from 
 the Mound of Gezer” (1906), “ Two Irish Arthurian Ro- 
 mances ” (1908), “ The Crosses of Clonmacnois ” (1909), and 
 many papers on archaeological subjects. 
 
 MacArthur (mak-ar'ther), Arthur. Born 
 June 2, 1845: died Sept. 5, 1912. An Ameri- 
 can soldier, lieutenant-general in the United 
 States army from 1906. He served in the Union 
 army in the Civil War, rising to the (volunteer) rank of 
 lieutenant-colonel in 1865 ; entered the regular army in 
 1860 as lieutenant; served in the Philippines 1898-1901 ; 
 and was military governor of the Philippines May, 1900,- 
 
 July, 1901. He was promoted brigadier-general in 1900 
 and major-general in 1901. Retired in 1909. 
 
 McCalla (ma-kal'a), Bowman H. Born at 
 Camden, N. J., June 18, 1844: died at Santa 
 Barbara, Cal., May 6, 1910. An American 
 naval officer, promoted rear-admiral in 1903. 
 
 He was graduated at the United States Naval Academy 
 in 1864 ; was promoted captain in 1898, and commanded 
 the cruiser Marblehead during the war with Spain ; served 
 in the Philippines in 1899 ; and in 1900 took part in the 
 Seymour expedition for the relief of the legations in Pe- 
 king. He was appointed commandant of the Mare Island 
 Navy Yard (California) in 1903. He retired in June, 1906. 
 
 M‘Carthy Justin. His later works include “ Pope 
 Leo XIII. (1896), “Story of Gladstone’s Life” (1897), 
 “Story of the People <>f England in tlx- 19th Centurj 
 (1899), “Reminiscences ” (1899), “ Mononia” (1901), “ Reign 
 of Queen Anne” (1902), “ Portraits of the Sixties” (1903), 
 “ An Irishman’s Story” (1904), and “ History of Our Own 
 Times ” (Vols. IV. and V., 1905). 
 
 McClellan (ma-klel'an), George Brinton. 
 
 Born at Dresden, Saxony, Nov. 23, 1865. An 
 American Democratic politician, son of Gen- 
 eral George B. McClellan. He was graduated at 
 Princeton in 1886; was admitted to the bar in 1892; was 
 
McClellan 
 
 president of the New York board of alderman 1893-94 ; 
 served as representative in Congress 1895-1903 ; and w as 
 elected mayor of New York in 1903 and again in 1905. 
 He was Stafford Little lecturer in Princeton University 
 1908-11, and was appointed lecturer on public affairs 
 there in 1911. He has published “ The Oligarchy of Ven- 
 ice " (1904). 
 
 McComb (ma-kom'). A city in Pike County, 
 Mississippi, 61 miles southeast of Natchez. It 
 has cotton-mills and railroad shops. Popula- 
 tion, 6,237, (1910). 
 
 MacCracken (ma-krak'en), Henry Mitchell. 
 
 Born at Oxford, Ohio, Sept. 28, 1840. An 
 American clergyman, author, and educator, 
 vice-chancellor and chancellor of New York 
 University 1885-1910. He was graduated at Miami 
 University in 1857, and at Princeton Theological Seminary 
 in 1863 ; was chancellor and professor of philosophy in the 
 Western University of Pennsylvania 1881-84; and profes- 
 sor of philosophy in New York University 1884-1910. 
 Among his publications are “A Tercentenary of Presby- 
 terianism" (1870), “Leaders of the Church Universal" 
 (1879), “ Kant and Lotze " (1885), “A Metropolitan Univer- 
 sity" (1892), “Hall of Fame" (1901), etc. 
 
 McGreery (ma-kre'ri), Fenton Reuben. Born 
 at Flint, Mich., April 21, 1866. An Atuericau 
 diplomatist. He was secretary of the United States 
 legation at Santiago, Chile, 1891-93 ; secretary of the lega- 
 tion and embassy, Mexico City, 1897-1906 ; minister resi- 
 dent and consul-general to the Dominican Republic 1907- 
 1909 ; and minister to Honduras 1909-11. 
 
 McCullough (ma-kul'o), Mrs. (Myrtle Reed). 
 
 Born at Chicago, Sept. 27, 1874 : died there, 
 Aug. 17, 1911. An American author. She pub- 
 
 lished “Love Letters of a Musician” (1899), “Lavender 
 and Old Lace” (1902L “The Master’s Violin” (1904), “A 
 Spinner in the Sun ” (190G), “Love Affairs of Literary 
 Men ”(1907), “Flower of the Dusk ” (1908), “Old Roseand 
 Silver” (1909), “ A Weaver of Dreams” (1911), etc. 
 
 McCutcheon (ma-kuch'on), George Barr. 
 
 Born in Tippecanoe County, Ind., July 26, 
 1866. An American novelist. Among his works 
 are “Graustark” (1901), “The Sherrods” (1903), “Brew- 
 ster’s Millions” (1903), “Beverly of Graustark” (1904), 
 “Jane Cable" (1906), “The Flyers” (1907), “The Man 
 from Brodney’s ” (1908), “Truxton King” (1909), “The 
 Rose in the Ring ”(1910), and “ What ’s-His-Name ” 
 (1911). 
 
 MacDonald (mak-don 'aid), Carlos Frederick. 
 
 Born at Niles, Ohio, Aug. 29, 1845. An 
 American alienist, professor of mental diseases 
 in Bellevue Hospital Medical College from 1887. 
 
 He was president of the New York Lunacy Commission 
 1889-96. He has been instrumental in improving the 
 system of caring for the dependent insane, and in estab- 
 lishing separate hospitals for insane criminals. He has 
 also served in many cases as court or State commissioner 
 to inquire into the mental condition of persons charged 
 with crime. 
 
 Macdonald (mak-dou'ald), Sir Claude Max- 
 well. Born June 12, i852. A British soldier 
 and diplomatist, ambassador to Japan from 
 1905 (minister 1900—05). He served in the Egyptian 
 campaign (1882) and in the Suakim expedition (1884-85) ; 
 held various diplomatic positions 1887-96 ; and was min- 
 ister at Peking 1896-1900. During the siege of the foreign 
 legations in Peking, June-August, 1900, he was in com- 
 mand, and was promoted colonel for his services. 
 
 MacDougal (mak-do'gal), Daniel Trembly. 
 
 Born at Liberty, Ind., March 16, 1865. An 
 American botanist, director of the department 
 of botanical research of the Carnegie Institu- 
 tion from 1905. He was connected with the 
 desert botanical laboratory of the Carnegie 
 Institution 1902-05. His studies relate espe- 
 cially to plant physiology, heredity, and or- 
 ganic evolution. 
 
 MacDowell (mak-dou'el), Edward Alexan- 
 der. Born at New York, Dec. 18, 1861: died 
 there, Jan. 24, 1908. An American pianist 
 and composer. His studies were carried on in New 
 York and Paris, and in Frankfort, where he was much in- 
 fluenced by Raff. In 1888 he returned to America, and 
 in 1896 was appointed professor of music in Columbia 
 University, a post which he resigned in 1904. His com- 
 positions show imagination and originality. The most 
 important are the orchestral tone-poems “ Hamlet and 
 Ophelia," “Lancelot and Elaine," “Lamia,” “The Sara- 
 cens,” and “The Fair Alda"; two suites, of which the 
 second, Op. 48, is based largely on Indian melodies ; 
 choruses ; and many songs and piano pieces, among which 
 are the sonatas “Eroica,” “Tragica,” and “Keltic,” two 
 suites, and two concertos with orchestra. 
 
 Maceo (ma-tha'o), Antonio. Born at Santiago 
 de Cuba, July 14, 1848: died near Mariel, Dec. 
 2, 1896. A Cuban military leader, distinguished 
 in the ten years’ war against Spain. He defeated 
 Martinez Campos at Demajagua and La Galleta, and San- 
 tocildes at San Ulpiano. At the peace of Zanjdn, in 1878, 
 he refused to lay down his arms, and continued fighting 
 for two months. He lived successively in Jamaica, the 
 United States, South America, and Costa Rica, returning 
 to Cuba in 1895 to support the rebellion of that year. Un- 
 til his death in the following year he conducted a brilliant 
 campaign in the province of Pinar del Rio. 
 
 Maceo (ma-tha'o), Jos6. Born at Santiago de 
 Cuba, 1846 : died at La Lama del Gato, July 5, 
 1896. A Cuban patriot, of mulatto parentage, 
 brother of Antonio Maceo. He fought in the ten 
 years' war (1868-78) ; was one of the leaders of the insur- 
 
 rection of 1879 ; and was deported to Spain, but escaped 
 from the Balearic Isles, where he was imprisoned, and 
 went to Costa Rica in 1885. In 1895 he went to Cuba, 
 raised a large force, and, with his brother, defeated the 
 Spaniards at Jobito in May, and at Sao del Indio in Sep- 
 tember, 1895. He bore the rank of colonel. 
 
 McEwen (mak-u'en), Walter. Born at Chi- 
 cago, 1860. An American painter. He was 
 trained in Munich, at the Academy of Ail and under 
 Frank Duveneck, and in Paris under Robert- Fleury. He 
 has painted portraits and many landscapes and genre sub- 
 jects, notably a series done in Holland, and he assisted in 
 the decoration of the buildings of the Columbian Exposi- 
 tion in Chicago in 1893. He was created a chevalier of 
 the Legion of Honor in 1896, and was elected a member of 
 the National Academy of Design in 1903. 
 
 McFall (mak-fal'), Mrs. (Frances Elizabeth 
 Clarke) : pseudonym Sarah Grand. Born at 
 Donaghadee, County Down, Ireland. A Brit- 
 ish novelist. She is actively interested in woman 
 suffrage and social work. Among her books are “ Ideala ” 
 (1888), “The Heavenly Twins” (1893), “The Beth Book” 
 (1897), “The Modern Man and Maid ”(1898), “Babs the 
 Impossible” (1900), “Emotional Moments” (1908), etc. 
 
 McGee (ma-ge'), W J Born April 17, 1853: 
 died Sept. 4, 1912. An American geologist 
 and anthropologist, director of the St. Louis 
 Public Museum 1905-07. He was geologist of 
 the United States Geological Survey 1883-93, and ethnol- 
 ogist in charge of the bureau of American Ethnology 
 1893-1903. He published numerous monographs and 
 papers on geological, ethnological, and archieological 
 topics. In 1907 he was appointed a member of the Inland 
 Waterways Commission. 
 
 McGiffert (mak-gif'ert), Arthur Cushman. 
 
 Born at Sauquoit, N. Y., March 4, 1861. An 
 American theologian, professor of ecclesiasti- 
 cal history in Union Theological Seminary (New 
 York) from 1893. H e was graduated at Western Re- 
 serve College in 1882, and at Union Theological Seminary 
 in 1885, and studied in Germany, France, and Italy 1885-88. 
 From 1888 to 1890 he was an instructor, and from 1890 to 
 1893 a professor, in Lane Theological Seminary (Cincin- 
 nati). He is the author of “A Dialogue between a Chris- 
 tian and a Jew” (1889), “The Church History of Euse- 
 bius” (1890), “A History of Christianity in the Apostolic 
 Age” (1897), “The Apostles’ Creed” (1902), “Martin 
 Luther, the Man, and his Work” (1911), etc. 
 
 McGill University. An institution of learn- 
 ing founded at Montreal, Canada, by the will 
 of James McGill (1744—1813), chartered in 
 1821, and opened in 1829. The faculties are five 
 in number : arts, applied science, law, medicine, and 
 agriculture; there is also a conservatory of music. Edu- 
 cational work is carried on in McGill College, the Royal 
 Victoria College for Women (founded by Lord Strathcona 
 and opened in 1900), and other university buildings in 
 Montreal ; and also in the affiliated colleges, Vancouver 
 College (Vancouver, B. C.), Victoria College (Victoria, 
 B. C.), and the four theological colleges, etc. The stu- 
 dent enrolment in the undergraduate courses at Montr< al 
 is over 1,600. 
 
 MacGrath (ma-grath'), Harold. Born at 
 Syracuse, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1871. An American 
 novelist. Among his works are “Arms and the Wo- 
 man” (1899), “The Puppet Crown” (1901), “The Grey 
 Cloak ” (1903), “ The Man on the Box” (1904), “The Lure 
 of the Mask ” (inns), " The Goose Girl " (luo9), "A splen- 
 did Hazard ” (1910), and “The Carpet from Bagdad ”(1911). 
 
 Mach (mach), Ernst. Born at Turas, Feb. 
 18, 1838. An Austrian physicist, professor in 
 the University of Vienna 1895-1901. in 1901 
 he retired and became a member of the upper house of 
 the Reichsrat. Among his works are “ Optischakus- 
 tische Versuche" (1873-1908), “Die Mechanik in ihrer 
 Entwiekelung" (1883), “Beitrage zur Analyse der Emp- 
 flndungen " (1886: republished in 1903 as “Die Analyse 
 der Empftndungen und das Verhaltnis des Physischen 
 zum Psychischen ’’), “ Die Prinzipien der Warmelehre " 
 (1900), and “ Erkenntnis und Irrtum : Skizzen zur Psy- 
 chology der Forschung ’’ (1905). 
 
 Mackail (ma-kal'), John William. Born at 
 
 Ascog, Bute,’ Aug. 26, 1859. A British scholar, 
 professor of poetry in the University of Oxford 
 1906-11. He has published “Select Epigrams from 
 the Greek Anthology” (1890), “Biblia Imiocentium ” 
 (1891-93), “Latin Literature” (1895), a “Life of William 
 Morris” (1899), a translation of the Odyssey (1903-10), 
 “ The Springs of Helicon ” (1909), and “ Lectures ou Greek 
 Poetry ” (1910). 
 
 MacKay (ma-H'), Alexander Howard. Born 
 at Mount Da’lhousie, Nova Scotia, May 19, 1848. 
 A Canadian biologist, superintendent of edu- 
 cation in Nova Scotia from 1891. He has 
 published works upon the flora of Nova Scotia, 
 the phenology of Canada, etc. 
 
 MacKaye (ma-ki'), James Steele. Born at 
 Buffalo, N. Y\, June 6, 1842: died at Timpas, 
 Colo., Feb. 25, 1894. An American actor and 
 playwright. He studied in Pari9 under Deisarte. In 
 1872’ he appeared on the stage in London, and later built 
 and managed the Madison Square Theater (1880) and the 
 Lyceum Theater (1885) at New York, and the Spectatorium 
 at the World’s Fair, Chicago (1893). He also founded the 
 first school of acting in America (1885). Among his plays, 
 in some of which he acted the chief role, are “ Marriage ” 
 (1872), “ Won at Last ” (1877), “ Hazel Kirke ” (1880), “Paul 
 Kauvar” (1887), “Money Mad” (1889), “An Arrant 
 Knave” (1890), and “The World-Finder ” (1893). 
 
 MacKaye (ma-ki'), Percy Wallace. Born 
 at New York, March 16, 1875. An American 
 dramatist and poet, son of James Steele Mac- 
 
 McLaughlin 
 
 Kaye. He was graduated at Harvard University in 1897, 
 and studied at the University of Leipsic 1899-1900. He 
 has written “ The Canterbury Pilgrims ” (1903), “ A Modern 
 Rendering into Prose of Chaucer's Tales” (1904), “Prologue 
 to the Saint-Gaudens Masque ” (1905), “ Fenris the Wolf,” 
 (1905), “Jeanne d’ Arc ” (1906), “Sappho and Phaon ” (1907), 
 “ The Playhouse and the Play ” (1909), “ Steele MacKaye ” 
 (1911), “The Civic Theatre” (1911), etc. 
 
 McKees Rocks (ma-kez' roks). A borough in 
 Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, 3milesnorth- 
 west of Pittsburgh. It has railroad shops and 
 iron- and steel-works, and is a shipping-point 
 for coal and lumber. Population, 14,702, (1910). 
 
 McKelway (ma-kel'wa), St. Clair. Born at 
 Columbia, Mo., March 15, 1845. An American 
 journalist, a regent of the University of the 
 State of New York from 1883, and the vice- 
 chancellor from 1899. He was admitted to the bai- 
 rn 1866, but did not practise. In 1870 he became assis- 
 tant editor of the Brooklyn “Eagle,” and in 1878 editor 
 of the Albany “Argus," which he left in 1885 to become 
 the editor-in-chief of the “Eagle,” a position which he 
 now (1911) holds. He is a writer and speaker on educa- 
 tional, civic, and historical questions. 
 
 McKendree (ma-ken'dre), Williann. Born in 
 King William County, Va., July 6, 1757 : died 
 near Nashville, Tenn., March 5, 1835. The 
 first American-born bishop of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church. He became presiding elder in 1796, 
 and bishop in 1808. 
 
 McKenna (ma-ken'a), Joseph. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, Aug. 10, 1843. An American jurist. 
 
 He was admitted to the bar in 1865 ; was a member of the 
 California legislature 1875-76, and a member of Congress 
 1885-93 ; was United States circuit judge 1893-97 ; was at- 
 torney-general 1897-98 ; and was associate justice of the 
 United States Supreme Court 1898-. 
 
 M’Kenna (ma-ken'a), Reginald. Born July 6, 
 1863. A British statesman, first lord of the 
 admiralty 1908-11, and home secretary 1911-. 
 
 He was appointed financial secretary of the treasury in 
 1905, and was president of the Board of Education 1907-08. 
 
 McKenney (ma-ken'i), Randolph Evans Ben- 
 der. Born at Philadelphia, June 7, 1878. An 
 American botanist and bacteriologist, expert 
 pathologist and physiologist of the United 
 States Department of Agriculture from 1909. 
 He was assistant professor of botany in George 
 Washington University 1902-04. 
 
 Mackenzie (ma-ken'zi). A district of the 
 Northwestern Territories of Canada, it is 
 bounded by Beaufort Sea and other arctic waters on the 
 north; Keewatin on the east; Saskatchewan, Alberta, 
 and British Columbia on the south ; and Yukon (separated 
 by the Rocky Mountains) on the west. It has many lakes, 
 the Great Slave and the Great Bear being the largest. 
 The Great Slave River flows northwest from northern Al- 
 berta (formerly Athabasca) into Great Slave Lake, and the 
 Mackenzie northwest from Great Slave Lake into Mac- 
 kenzie Bay. Other rivers are the Liard or Mountain (an 
 affluent of the Mackenzie), the Coppermine, the upper 
 waters of the Great Fish or Back, the Telzoa, the Rocky, 
 and the Kazan. The western part of the district is densely 
 forested. The climate is severe. Area, 562,182 square 
 miles. Population, 5,216. 
 
 Mackenzie (ma-ken'zi), Sir Alexander Camp- 
 bell. Born at Edinburgh, Aug. 22, 1847. A 
 British composer, since 1888 principal of the 
 Royal Academy of Music in London. He has 
 composed three operas, oratorios, and cantatas, orchestral 
 overtures, a “pibroch ” for violin and orchestra, songs, and 
 piano pieces. He was knighted in 1895. 
 
 McKim (ma-kim'), Charles Follem Born in 
 
 Chester County, Pa., Aug. 24, 1847 : died at 
 St. James, L. I., Sept. 14, 1909. An Ameri- 
 can architect. From 1867 until 1870 he studied 
 in Paris. Returning to America in 1870, he entered the 
 office of H. H. Richardson in New York, and in 1872 com- 
 menced practice on his own account. He was joined by 
 W. R. Mead in 1877, and by Stanford ’White in 1879, thus 
 forming the firm of McKim, Mead, and White, of New 
 York. In 1897 he organized the American Academy in 
 Rome, of which he was chosen the first president. In 
 1901 he was appointed to the commission intrusted with 
 the rearrangement of the city of Washington. Among 
 the buildings erected by this firm are the Century Club, 
 Madison Square Garden, and the Metropolitan Club in New 
 York; Battle Monument, West Point; the Boston Public 
 Library ; the Agricultural Building, World’s Fair, Chicago, 
 1893 ; the group of buildings of Columbia University, New 
 York, and of the New York University ; the reconstruction 
 of the White House in Washington ; etc. He became a 
 member of the National Academy of Design in 1907. 
 
 McKinley (ma-tin'li), Mount. A mountain 
 in south-central Alaska, about lat. 63° 30' N., 
 long. 151° W., the highest summit in the United 
 States. In 1906 Dr. Frederick A. Cook reported that he 
 had ascended the mountain on Sept. 15 of that year, 
 but this report has been discredited. Height, 20,300 feet 
 (U. S. C. G. S.). 
 
 M’Laren (ma-klar'en), Alexander. Born Feb. 
 11 , 1826: died May 5, 1910. A Scottish Baptist 
 minister and pulpit orator. He was educated at 
 Glasgow University and at Stepney (now Regent s Park) 
 College. He was minister of Portland Chapel, Southamp- 
 ton, 1846-58, and of Union Chapel. Manchester, 1858-1910. 
 ne published “Secrets of Power,” “The Life of David, 
 etc. 
 
 McLaughlin (mak-laf'lin). Andrew Cunning- 
 ham. Born at Beardstown, 111.. Feb. 14, 1861. 
 
McLaughlin 
 
 An American educator, professor of history in 
 the University of Chicago from 1906. He was 
 
 assistant professor and professor of history in the Univer- 
 sity of Michigan 1888-1906. His works include "Lewis 
 Cass” (1891), “A History of the American Nation” (1899), 
 ‘‘The Confederation and the Constitution” (1905), etc. 
 From 1901 to 1905 he was managing editor of the “Ameri- 
 can Historical Review,' and from 1903 to 1901 director of 
 the bureau of historical research in the Carnegie Institu- 
 tion at Washington. 
 
 McLellan (ma-klel'au), Charles M. S. Born 
 at Bath, Maine, in 1865. An American play- 
 wright. He began life as a journalist in New York, and 
 for a time was editor of “Town Topics.’’ He has written 
 the librettos for a number of musical pieces, including 
 “The Belle of New York.” Among his plays the most 
 notable is “LeahKleschna,” produced at New York in 1905. 
 
 Macleod (mak-loud' ), Fiona. The name under 
 which William Sharp published many of his 
 tales and poems relating to the Scottish High- 
 lands. After the publication of “Pharais,” in 1894, there 
 was much conjecture as to the personality of Fiona Mac- 
 leod, until the illusion was finally established (by means 
 of a carefully conducted correspondence) that she was a 
 young Highland woman writing under her maiden name. 
 The secret of her identity with William Sharp was not 
 disclosed until after his death in 1905. Under her name 
 he published “Pharais" (1894), “The Mountain Lovers" 
 (1895), “The Sin-eater” (1895), “The Washer of the Ford” 
 (1896), “ Green Fire ” (1896), “ From the Hills of Dream ” 
 (1896), “The Laughter of Peterkiu” (1897), “The Domin- 
 ion of Dreams ” (1899), “ The Divine Adventure ” (1900), 
 and “The Winged Destiny ” (1904), and was preparing at 
 the time of his death “The Immortal Hour ” and “The 
 Magic Kingdoms.” The best poetic-prose tales were col- 
 lected and reissued, under the titles “Spiritual Tales,” 
 “Barbaric Tales,” and “Tragic Romances,” in 1897. 
 McLoughlin (mak-loch'lin), John. Born iu 
 La Raviere du Loup Parish, Canada, Oct. 19, 
 1784 : died at Oregon City, Ore., Sept. 3, 1857. 
 One of the pioneers of Oregon. He went to 
 the Oregon country as chief factor of the Hud- 
 son Bay Company in 1824, remaining in its 
 employ until 1846. 
 
 MacManus (mak-man'us), Seuruas: pseudo- 
 nym Mac. Born at Donegal. A contempo- 
 rary Irish writer of prose and verse. He is the 
 author of “Through the Turf Smoke” (1899), “ In Chim- 
 ney Corners ” (1899), “Donegal Fairy Stories ” (1900), “The 
 Bewitched Fiddle, and Other Tales ” (1900), “A Lad of the 
 O’Friels” (1903), “The Red Poocher'’ (1903), and many 
 shorter stories. 
 
 McMaster ', John Bach. His later works include 
 “With the Fathers” (1896), “Origin, Meaning, and Appli- 
 cation of the Monroe Doctrine” (1896), “School History 
 of the United States ” (1897), “Daniel Webster” (1902), 
 “The Acquisition of Political, Social, and Industrial Rights 
 of Man in America" (1903), “Brief History of the United 
 States " (1907), etc. 
 
 Macnaughtan (mak-na'tan), Mrs. (Myra 
 Kelly). Born at Dublin, Ireland : died at 
 Torquay, England, March 31, 1910. An Ameri- 
 can educator and author. She was educated in the 
 New York city public schools and at the Teachers College, 
 Columbia University, and taught in a New York public 
 school 1899-1901, and in the Teachers College 1902-03. 
 She first became known as a writer by her stories of chil- 
 dren in the primary schools of New York. Her published 
 volumes include “Little Citizens” (1904), “Wards of Lib- 
 erty” (1907), “Rosnah” (1908), “Little Aliens” (1910), 
 “New Faces” (1910), “Her Little Young Ladyship" 
 (1911), etc. 
 
 MacNeil (mak-nel'), Hermon Atkins. Bom 
 
 at Chelsea, Mass., Feb. 27, 1866. An Ameri- 
 can Sculptor. He was trained in Paris and in Rome. 
 He assisted in the decoration of the buildings of the Colum- 
 bian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, and has executed 
 many monumental works, the most important being the 
 McKinley memorial at Columbus, Ohio. His most interest- 
 ing statues have been of Indian subjects, as “The Moqui 
 Runner,” “The Sun Vow," “Coming of the White Man,” 
 etc. Elected National Academician in 1906. 
 
 McReynolds (mak-ren'oldz), James Clark. 
 Born at Elkton, Ky., Feb. 3, 1862. An Amer- 
 ican lawyer, attorney-general 1913-. He was 
 educated at Vanderbilt University and the University of 
 Virginia. He was United States assistant attorney-gen- 
 eral 1903-07, and was retained as counsel by the United 
 .States government in matters relating to antitrust laws. 
 
 MactMn (mak-tiin'). An island of the Philip- 
 pines, east of Cebu, belongingto Cebu province. 
 Here Magalhaes, the discoverer of the Philippines, was 
 killed in an attack on the natives on April 27, 1521. Area, 
 25 square miles. Population, 17,540. 
 
 MacVeagh (raak-va'), Franklin. Born in 
 Chester County, Pa. An American cabinet of- 
 ficer, brother of Wayne MacVeagh. He was 
 
 graduated at Yale in 1862, was admitted to the bar in 1864, 
 and began practice in New York. In 1866 he removed to 
 Chicago, and engaged in the wholesale grocery business 
 till 1909, when he became secretary of the treasury in the 
 cabinet of President Taft. He has been interested in va- 
 rious manufacturing and banking enterprises, and is 
 prominent in civic reform movements. 
 
 MacVeagh*, Wayne. He was chief counsel for the 
 United States in the Venezuelan arbitration before the 
 Hague tribunal in 1903. 
 
 MacWhirter (mak-hw6r'ter), John. Born 
 near Edinburgh in 1837 : died at London, Jan. 
 28, 1911. A Scottish painter, best known for 
 his representations of Highland scenes. 
 
 r —73 
 
 Among his works are “ Lady of the Woods,” 
 “ Lord of the Glen,” and “Dark Loch Coruisk.” 
 
 Madagascar*. Government is administered by a gov- 
 ernor-general, assisted by a council of administration. 
 Diego-Suarezand the islands of Nossi Be andSainte Marie 
 are dependencies of the colony. 
 
 Madame Butterfly. An opera by Puccini 
 (words, by Illica and Giacosa, founded on a 
 book by John Luther Long and a drama by 
 David Belasco), first produced at Milan in 1904. 
 
 Madero (ma-da/ro), Francisco I. Born near 
 Parras, Coahuila, Oct. 18, 1873 : shot at Mexico 
 City, Feb. 23, 1913. A Mexican political leader. 
 He was educated principally at a Jesuit college in Mexico 
 and at the University of California. In 1889 he visited 
 Europe and spent six years in France. On his return to 
 Mexico he became a cotton-planter and made a fortune, 
 which he spent freely in furthering the revolutionary 
 cause. He took an active part in politics, and wrote articles 
 against Diaz, also a book entitled “ The Presidential Suc- 
 cession ” (1898). In November, 1910, revolution broke out 
 openly, and after a prolonged struggle the rebels, with 
 Madero at their head, compelled Diaz to resign in May, 
 1911. Madero became the leader of the Constitutional 
 Progressive party, and was elected President of Mexico 
 Oct. 14, 1911. 
 
 Madison (mad'i-son). A village of Madison 
 County, Illinois. Population, 5,046, (1910). 
 
 Madison University. See * Colgate University. 
 
 Madisonville (mad'i-son-vil). A village in 
 Hamilton County, Ohio, 9 miles northeast of 
 Cincinnati. It has lumber-mills, manufac- 
 tories of plaster relief, etc. Near by is a pre- 
 historic cemetery, owned by Harvard Univer- 
 sity. Population, 5,193, (1910). 
 
 Maeterlinck*, Maurice (Mooris). He has writ- 
 
 ten also “La mort de Tintagiles” (1894), “Aglavaine et 
 Selysette” (1896), “Le tresor des humbles” (1896), “La 
 sagesse et la destinSe ” (1898), “ Soeur Beatrice ” (1899), “ La 
 vie des abeilles ”(1901), “ MonnaVanna ”(1902), “Le temple 
 enseveli ” (1902), “Joyzelle” (1903), “Le double jardin ” 
 (1904), “Le miracle de saint Antoine” (1905), “LTntelli- 
 gence des dears ” (1907), “L’Oiseau bleu” (“The Blue 
 Bird” : 1909), “Mary Magdalene” (1910), etc. 
 
 Mafeking*. It is the seat of government of 
 the Bechuanaland Protectorate. 
 
 Mafeking (maf'e-king), Siege of. The siege 
 of Mafeking, in Bechuanaland, during the Boer 
 war, begun by the Boers October 15, 1899, and 
 abandoned May 18, 1900. The defense was 
 conducted by Colonel (later Major-General) 
 Sir R. S. S. Baden-Powell. 
 
 Magda. The name of the English version of 
 “Heimat,” a drama by Hermann Sudermann, 
 published iu 1893. A translation by Charles 
 Edward Amory Winslow was published in 1895. 
 
 Magersfontein (ma-gerz-fon'tan). A locality 
 iu Orange Tree State, South Africa, near 
 the western boundary and north of the Modder 
 River. Here, on Dec. 11, 1899, the British under Lord 
 Methuen were disastrously defeated by the Boers under 
 General Cronje. 
 
 Magnard (man-yar'), Francis. Born at Brus- 
 sels, Feb. 11, 1837 : died at Neuilly-sur-Seine, 
 Nov. 18, 1894. A French journalist. He entered 
 
 the office of “ Le Figaro ” in 1863, became managing editor 
 of that journal in 1876, and was editor-in-chief from 1879 
 until his death. Besides contributing to other journals, 
 he wrote a novel, “L’Abb6 Jer&me ” (1869), “ Vie et aveu- 
 tures d’un positiviste, histoire paradoxale ” (1876), etc. 
 
 Magoon (ma-gon'), Charles E. Born in Min- 
 nesota, Dec. 5, 1861. An American adminis- 
 trator, provisional governor of Cuba, Oct., 
 1906, -Jan., 1909. He was general counsel of the 
 Isthmian Canal Commission, 1904-05, and gov- 
 ernor of the Canal Zone, May, 1905-Oct., 1906. 
 
 Magruder (ma-gro'der), Julia. Born at Char- 
 lottesville, Va., Sept. 14, 1854: died at Rich- 
 mond, Va., June 9, 1907. An American novel- 
 ist. Her works include “Across the Chasm” (1885), 
 “ Princess Sonia ” (1895), “ The Violet ” (1896), “A Realized 
 Ideal ” (1898), “ Dead Selves ” (1898), “ Struan ” (1899), “ A 
 Beautiful Alien” (1900), “A Manifest Destiny” (1900), 
 “ A Sunny Southerner” (1901), etc. 
 
 Mahaffy*, John Penfland. He wrote also “ Greek 
 Antiquities ” (1876), “ The Story of Alexander’s Empire ” 
 (1890), “ Problems in Greek History ” (1892), “The Petrie 
 Papyri Deciphered and Explained ” (1891-1905), “Empire 
 of the Ptolemies ” (1896), “An Epoch in Irish History” 
 (1904), “The Silver Age of the Greek World ” (1906), etc. 
 
 Mahamaya (ma-ha-ma'ya). The mother of 
 Buddha. She was the daughter of the Raja of Koli, and 
 she and her younger sister were the principal wives of 
 Suddhodana, raja of the Sakhyas. Many legendary 
 stories are told of the immaculate conception, the mira- 
 cles performed, etc. 
 
 Mahan*, Alfred Thayer, in 1900 he attained the 
 rank of rear-admiral. Among his later works are “ Inter- 
 est of America in Sea Power” (1897), “ Lessons of the War 
 with Spain ” (1899), “ Problem of Asia ” (1900), “ The War 
 in South Africa ”(1901), “ Retrospect and Prospect ”(1902), 
 “Sea Power in its Relations to the War of 1812 ”(1905), 
 “From Sail to Steam ” (1907), “Naval Administration and 
 Warfare ” (1908), “The Interest of America in Interna- 
 tional Conditions” (1910), “ Naval Strategy” (1911), “Arma- 
 ments and Arbitration” (1912), etc. 
 
 Mallee Country 
 
 Mahler (ma'ler), Gustav. Born at Kalischt, 
 Bohemia, July 7, 1860 : died at Vienna, May 18, 
 1911. A noted conductor and composer. He 
 conducted the opera in various German cities from 1883 
 to 1897. From 1897 to 1907 he was the chief conductor at 
 the Imperial Opera in Vienna. He composed eight sym- 
 phonies, which have aroused controversy over their un- 
 conventional methods and structure, and several songs 
 with orchestra. In 1888 he brought out the opera “ Die 
 drei Pintos,” which he finished after Weber’s sketches. 
 Among his most important works are a set of “Humores- 
 ken ” for orchestra, and a cantata, “Das klagende Lied.” 
 He was conductor at the Metropolitan Opera House in 
 New York in 1908, and of the Philharmonic Society, New 
 York, 1909-1911. 
 
 Maitland (mat ' land), Frederic William. 
 
 Born May 28, 1850: died Dec. 21, 1906. An 
 eminent English jurist, professor of English 
 law at Cambridge from 1888. His works include 
 “Gloucester Pleas” (1884), “Justice and Police" (1885), 
 “Bracton’s Note-book ” (1887), “History of English Law " 
 (with Sir F. Pollock, 1895), “ Domesday Book and Beyond " 
 (1897), “ Township and Borough ” (1898), “ Canon Law in 
 England" (1898), “Political Theories of the Middle Ages” 
 (trans., 1900), “ English Law and the Renaissance” (1901), 
 “Life and Letters of Leslie Stephen ” (1907), “Constitu- 
 tional History of England ” (1908), etc. 
 
 Maitland (mat'land), John Alexander Ful- 
 ler: known as Fuller-Maitland. Born at 
 London, April 7, 1856. An English critic and 
 historian of music. He succeeded Francis Hueffer 
 as musical critic of the London “ Times ” in 1890, and was 
 himself succeeded by H. C. Colies in 1911. He has writ- 
 ten a biography of Schumann (1884), “Masters of German 
 Music” (1894), “English Music in the Nineteenth Cen- 
 tury" (1902), and “The Age of Bach and Handel” in 
 Volume IV. of the “Oxford History of Music ” (1902) ; and 
 has edited the revision of “ Grove’s Dictionary of Music ” 
 (1904-09). 
 
 Majaijai (ma-hi-hl'). See *Banajao. 
 
 Major (ma'jor), Charles: pseudonym Edwin 
 Caskoden. Born at Indianapolis, Ind., July 
 25, 1856. An American novelist. Among his 
 works are “ When Knighthood was in Flower" 
 (1898), “Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall" 
 (1902), “Yolanda, Maid of Burgundy” (1905), 
 and “ A Gentle Knight of Old Brandenburg ” 
 (1909). 
 
 Makarof (ma'ka-rof), Stephen Ossipovitch. 
 
 Born at Kief, Dec. 29, 1848: died off Port 
 Arthur, April 12, 1904. A noted Russian 
 admiral. He entered the Russian navy in 1864 ; was in 
 command of a cruiser in the Russo-Turkish war of 1877- 
 1878 ; and in 1890 was made inspector-general of artillery. 
 He introduced a number of inventions and improvements 
 in guns and projectiles, and was the inventor of the ice- 
 breaker Ermak. For a time he was military governor of 
 Kronstadt ; commanded the division in the Far East 
 1894-95; and in 1896 was made vice-admiral and afterward 
 commander-in-chief of the Baltic. He took command of 
 the Russian fleet at Port Arthur in 1904, and was killed in 
 the destruction of the battle-ship Petropavlovsk by a 
 mine off the mouth of the harbor. 
 
 Malakand, or Malakhand (mal ' a-kand), 
 Pass. A pass in the N orthwest Frontier Prov- 
 ince of India, north of Peshawar. 
 
 Malaspina Glacier*. It is the largest piedmont gla- 
 cier in the world, being about 20 miles long and 65 or 70 wide. 
 It lies between the St. Elias range and the Pacific, being 
 separated from the latter by a fringe of forested moraines 
 five or six miles wide, except at Icy Cape, where the ice 
 cliffs are washed by the waves. 
 
 Malay Peninsula*. A treaty between Great 
 Britain and Siam, signed March 10, 1909, pro- 
 vided for the transfer to British protection of 
 Kelantan, Trengganu, and Keda. 
 
 Malaysia, or Malasia (ma-la'sia). Same as 
 Malay Archipelago. 
 
 Malay States, Federated. The states of 
 Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Pahang, and 
 Trengganu, in the Malay Peninsula. 
 
 Malinao (ma-le'na-o). An extinct volcano in 
 Albay province, southeastern Luzdn, Philip- 
 pine Islands, approximately in lat. 13° 26' N., 
 long. 123° 34' E. Height, 3,066 feet. 
 
 Malindang (ma-len-dang'). A volcano in 
 northern Mindanao, Philippine Islands. 
 Height, 9,364 feet. 
 
 Mall (mal), Franklin Paine. Born at Belle 
 Plaine, Iowa, Sept. 28, 1862. An American 
 anatomist, professor of anatomy at Johns 
 Hopkins University from 1893. He was adjunct 
 professor of vertebrate anatomy at Clark University 1889- 
 1892 and professor of anatomy at the University of Chicago 
 1892-93. He has published numerous papers on anatom- 
 ical and embryological topics. 
 
 Mallarme (ma-lar-ma'), Stephane. Born at 
 Paris, March 18, 1842: died at Fontainebleau, 
 Sept. 8, 1898. A French poet, one of the most 
 prominent of the group known as decadents, 
 and the leader of the symbolist movement. 
 He wrote much for “Le Ddcadent ” and “Le Pamasse 
 Contemporain.” Among his works are “ L’Apres-midi 
 d’un faune ” (1876), “ Les dieux antiques ” (1880), “ Poesies ” 
 (1887), “ Pages ” (1890), “ Vers et prose ”(1892), “Les diva- 
 gations” (1897), and a translation of the poems of Poe. 
 
 Mallee (mal'e) Country, or The Mallee. 
 
 [Name of a species of eucalyptus.] A region 
 
Mallee Country 
 
 in southern Australia, including parts of Vic- 
 toria, New South Wales, and South Australia, 
 characterized by the growth of mallee scrub. 
 Mallet (mal'et), John William. Born at Dub- 
 lin, Ireland, Oct. 10, 1832 : died at Charlottes- 
 ville, Va., Nov. 6, 1912. A British chemist, pro- 
 fessor of chemistry in the University of Virginia 
 1868-83 and 1885—1908. He served in the Confed- 
 erate army in the Civil War, rising to the rank of lieuten- 
 ant-colonel of artillery and superintendent of ordnance 
 laboratories. After the war he was successively professor 
 in the universities of Louisiana, Virginia, and Texas, and 
 in Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. He published 
 numerous scientific papers. 
 
 Mallet (mal'et), Sir Louis. Born at London, 
 March 14, 1823 : died at Bath, Feb. 16, 1890. 
 An English economist. Ill I860 he was appointed 
 an assistant commissioner, under Cobden, to draw up a 
 tariff in accordance with the provisions of the treaty of 
 commerce with France ; and he was connected with the 
 Board of Trade until 1872. In 1874 he became permanent 
 under-secretary of state for India, retiring in 1883. He 
 was knighted in 1868. His occasional writings were col- 
 lected, under the title “Free Exchange," in 1891. 
 
 Mallock*, William Hurrell. His’ later works 
 
 include “Labour and the Popular Welfare” (1893), 
 “ Classes and Masses ” (1896), “ Aristocracy and Evolu- 
 tion ” (1898), “Tristram Lacy ” (1899), “ Doctrine and Doc- 
 trinal Disruption ” (1900), “ P^eligion as a Credible Doc- 
 trine ” (1902), “The Veil of the Temple” (1904), “The 
 Reconstruction of Belief ” (1905), “ Critical Examination 
 of Socialism” (1907), “An Immortal Soul” (1908), “The 
 Nation as a Business Firm" (1910), etc. 
 
 Malolos (ma-lo'los). A town, the capital of 
 Bulac&n province, Luzdn, Philippine Islands. 
 
 It is situated at the head of the Pampanga delta, in lat. 
 140° 61' N., long. 120° 48' E. Civilized population of mu- 
 nicipality, 12,575. 
 
 Malot (ma-16'), Hector Henri. Born at La 
 BouiUe, May 20, 1830 : died at Fontenay-sous- 
 Bois, July 19, 1907. A French novelist. His 
 works include “ La vie moderne en Angleterre” (1862), a 
 trilogy entitled “ Les victimes de l’amour "(1859), “ Souve- 
 nirs d’un blesse ’’ (1872), “ Sans famille "(1878 : crowned by 
 the French Academy), “Mondaine" (1888), “Justice” 
 (1889), “Mere" (1890), “ Le prince" (1894), “Amours de 
 jeune " (1895), “Amours de vieux ” (1895), “Le roman de 
 mes romans ” (an autobiography, 1896), “ La beaute " 
 Q897), etc. 
 
 Mamanuas (ma-ina-no'as). A Negrito people 
 living in the interior of Surigao Peninsula, 
 northeastern Mindanao. 
 
 Mamaroneck (ma-mar'o-nek). A village in 
 Westchester County, New York. It is situated 
 on Long Island Sound, and on the New York, 
 New Haven and Hartford Railroad, about 20 
 miles from New York city. Population, 5,699, 
 (1910). 
 
 Mamertine Prison. A name given to the 
 Career Tullianum, the oldest prison in Rome, 
 situated on the eastern slope of the Capitoline 
 Hill. Its erection was attributed to Ancus Marcius 
 (fourth king of Rome, 640-616 b. c.), and it was originally 
 built over a well. The name “ Mamertinus” was given to 
 it in medieval times. According to a tradition, St. Peter 
 and St. Paul were imprisoned here. The Tullianum con- 
 sists of a large oblong upper and a small underground 
 circular chamber, built at different periods. Jugurtha, 
 Lentulus, and others met death in this prison. 
 
 Manaoag (ma-na'6-ag). A municipality of 
 Pangasin&n province, western Luzdn, Philip- 
 pine Islands. Civilized population, 16,793. 
 Manati (ma-na-te'). A city in the northern 
 part of Arecibo department, Porto Rico, situ- 
 ated on Manati River. Population, munici- 
 pality, 17,240; urban, 4,439, (1910). 
 Manchester University. See * Victoria Uni- 
 versity of Manchester. 
 
 Manchuria*. By the treaty of Dec. 22, 1905, between 
 China and Japan, the lease of the southern part of the 
 Liao-tung peninsula was transferred from Russia to Japan. 
 The treaty also provided for various railway concessions 
 and the opening of a number of Manchurian ports and 
 cities to foreign trade. Population, about 16,000,000. 
 
 Mandayas (man -da, 'yas). A pagan, or but 
 slightly Christianized, people of eastern Min- 
 danao, Philippine Islands, by some regarded 
 as Indonesian. 
 
 Mangaldan (man-gal-dan'). A municipality 
 of Pangasindn province, in the western part 
 of Luzon, Philippine Islands. Civilized popu- 
 lation, 15,841. 
 
 Manhattan (man-hat'an). The county-seat of 
 Riley County, Kansas, at the junction of the 
 Kansas and Big Blue rivers. It is the seat of 
 the Kansas State Agricultural College. Popu- 
 lation, 5,722, (1910). 
 
 Manhattan (man-hat'an). One of the boroughs 
 of the city of New York (see New York, 
 Greater). It consists of Manhattan Island 
 (which see) and several small islands adja- 
 cent. Population, 2,331,542, (1910). 
 
 Manila (ma-ne'la) Bay. A large bay, an arm 
 of the China Sea, indenting the southwestern 
 coast of Luzon, Philippine Islands, and bor- 
 dered by Bata&n, Pampanga, Bulac&n, Rizal, 
 
 and Cavite provinces. It, is about 120 miles in eir- 
 cumference, and a fine harbor. It receives the waters of 
 many rivers. On May 1, 1898, the Spanish fleet under Ad- 
 miral Montojo was destroyed here by the Asiatic squadron 
 of the United States navy, under Commodore Dewey. 
 
 Manitoba*. By federal act of 1912, 178,100 
 square miles were taken from the Northwest 
 Territories and added to Manitoba. 
 
 Manoel II. Born at Lisbon, Nov. 15, 1889. 
 King of Portugal from February 1, 1908, when 
 his father, Carlos I., and his elder brother 
 were assassinated. He was deposed by the 
 republican party in October, 1910. 
 
 Manon (ma-non'). An opera by Massenet 
 (words by Meilhac and Gille), first produced 
 at Paris in 1884. The story is based on the 
 romance “Manon Lescaut,” written by the 
 Abbe Prevost. 
 
 Mansfield (manz'feld). A town in Bristol 
 County, Massachusetts, 25 miles southwest of 
 Boston. It has manufactories of electrical 
 supplies, straw goods, cutlery, etc. Popula- 
 tion, 5,183, (1910). 
 
 Man without a Country, The. A story de- 
 signed to promote patriotism, written by Ed- 
 ward Everett Hale, and first published in the 
 “Atlantic Monthly,” December, 1863. 
 
 Man with the Muck-rake. A character in 
 the second part of “ The Pilgrim’s Progress” 
 shown by the Interpreter to Christiana and her 
 company. Bunyan describes him as follows: “a man 
 that could look no way but downwards, with a muck-rake 
 in his hand. There stood also one over his head with a 
 celestial crown in his hand, and proffered him that crown 
 for his muck-rake ; but the man did neither look up nor 
 regard, but raked to himself the straws, the small sticks, 
 and dust of the floor." The explanation given is that he 
 is a man of the world who prefers things carnal to things 
 celestiaL 
 
 Maoriland (ma'6-ri-land). The land of the 
 Maoris; New Zealand. 
 
 Maqueda (ma-ka'da) Channel. A strait be- 
 tween Catanduanes and Luzon islands, in the 
 Philippines. It is the northern connection between 
 Lagonoy Gulf and the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Maquiling (ina-ke'ling). A volcano in La La- 
 guna province, southern Luzon, Philippine 
 Islands. It is south of Laguna de Bay and a few miles 
 northeast of Taal volcano, and is approximately in lat. 14° 
 8' N., long. 121° 10' E. There are signs of activity in pools 
 of boiling mud at a height of about 900 feet on the eastern 
 side and in thermal medicinal springs on the slopes and 
 at the foot of the volcano. Height, 3,724 feet. 
 
 March*, Francis Andrew. In 1906 he became 
 
 professor emeritus. He was a pioneer in the philological 
 study of the English classics and the historical study of 
 the English language, and ranks among the most eminent 
 of philologists. 
 
 Marchand (mar-shah' ), J ean Baptiste. Born 
 at Thoissey, Aisne, Prance, Nov. 22, 1863. A 
 French officer and explorer. He entered the army 
 in 1883, and attended the military school of Saint-Maixent 
 until 1887. In 1889 he went to Africa and took part in 
 expeditions to the sources of the Niger and elsewhere. 
 He returned to France in 1892, with the rank of captain, 
 and went again to Africa in 1893 and explored from the 
 Ivory Coast to Tengrela. In 1897 he was placed in com- 
 mand of an expedition which was to start from the coast 
 of French Kongo, cross the continent, and gain the 
 reaches of the upper Nile. He left Brazzaville, March 21, 
 1897, and reached Fashoda, July 10, 1898, after establish- 
 ing a chain of posts in the Bahr-el-Ghazal province. His 
 occupation of Fashoda was disputed by General Kitch- 
 ener, who arrived at the head of an Anglo-Egyptian force 
 Sept. 19, and demanded its evacuation. The affair was 
 referred to the respective governments for settlement, 
 and a declaration was signed by which France agreed to 
 withdraw from the Nile valley, and the frontiers of French 
 and British possessions in Central Africa were defined. 
 Marchand, promoted major, returned to Fashoda, leaving 
 there with his men Dec. 11, 1898, and, marching through 
 Abyssinia, reached Jibuti in May, and by the end of the 
 month arrived in Paris. In 1899 he was made a com- 
 mander of the Legion of Honor, and was awarded by the 
 Academy of Moral and Political Sciences the Audiffret 
 prize of 15,000 francs, given annually for the greatest act 
 of devotion. 
 
 Marches! de Castrone (mar-ka'se da kas-tro'- 
 na), Mme. (Mathilde Graumann), Marquesa 
 della Rajata. Born at Frankfort-on-tlie-Maiu, 
 March 26, 1826 : died Nov. 18, 1913. A German 
 singer and teacher. She was a pupil of Nicolai in 
 Vienna and of Manuel Garcia in Paris. She became well 
 known as a concert singer ; taught singing at the Vienna 
 Conservatory 1854-61 and then at Paris ; was professor at 
 the Cologne Conservatorium 1865-68 and again at Vienna 
 1869-1881 ; and finally settled in Paris, where she estab- 
 lished the Ecole Marchesi. Among her pupils have been 
 Antoinetta Fried, Gabriele Krauss, Tremelli, Caroline 
 Sulla, Sehuch-Proska, Antoinette Sterling, Et-elka Gerster, 
 Ema de Murska, Melba, Calv6, Emma Fames, Blanche 
 Marchesi, and others. She was the author of “ L’Art du 
 chant ” and “ Marchesi and Music," and published a large 
 number of vocal exercises. 
 
 Mariage de Loti, Le. [F., ‘ The Marriage of 
 Loti.’] A novel by L. M. J. Viaud (Pierre 
 Loti), published in 1880. 
 
 Marie-Claire (ma-re-klar'). A semi-autobio- 
 graphical story written by Marguerite Audoux, 
 
 Marlowe 
 
 a Paris seamstress. Ill it she describes life in a 
 convent school and on a farm. It waB published, through 
 the efforts of Octave Mirbeau, at first seriaUy and later in 
 book form in 1910, and received the 5,000-franc prize of 
 “La Vie Heureuse,” awarded by a jury of 20 women of 
 letters for the best work of the season in either prose or 
 verse. 
 
 Marietta (ma-ri-et'a). The county-seat of 
 Cobb County, Georgia, in an agricultural re- 
 gion, 16 miles northwest of Atlanta. It has 
 marble-works and various manufactories. A 
 national cemetery is located here. Popula- 
 tion, 5,949, (1910). 
 
 Marignac (ma-ren-yak'), Jean Charles Gal- 
 lissard de. Born at Geneva, April 24, 1817: 
 died there, April 16, 1894. A distinguished 
 Swiss chemist, professor in the Academy of 
 Geneva 1841-78. He was particularly notable 
 for his determination of atomic weights and 
 for his study of the rarer earths. 
 
 Marinduque (ma-ren-do'ka). 1. Ahillyisland 
 of the Philippines, south of Luzon and west of 
 northern Mindoro. Area, 352 square miles. 
 Population, 50,601. — 2. A subprovince of Ta- 
 yabas, southern Luzon, consisting of Marin- 
 duque and smaller adjacent islands. Capital, 
 Boac. It has two good ports, Santa Cruz on the north- 
 eastern and Banacalan on the northwestern coast Both are 
 safe harbors in all weather, Santa Cruz for large vessels, 
 Banacalan for those of not more than 15 feet draft. The 
 hills are well wooded. Over 17 per cent, of the land is 
 agricultural and produces hemp in large quantities, and 
 abundance of rice and of fruit. The inhabitants are 
 Tagalogs. Area of subprovince, 361 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 51,674. 
 
 Marinette (mar-i-net'). A city, the capital of 
 Marinette County, Wisconsin, itissituated in the 
 southeastern part of the county, on Green Bay,at the mouth 
 of the Menominee River, and opposite Menominee, Michi- 
 gan, with which it is connected by bridges. Among its 
 industries are Bawmills, paper- and flour-mills, iron- and 
 machine-works, manufactures of boxes, doors, etc. It has 
 large lumber interests, good water-power, and a fine har- 
 bor. Population, 14,610, (1910). 
 
 Marion (mar'i-on). The county-seat of Wil- 
 liamson County, Illinois, 52 miles northeast of 
 Cairo. It is in a coal-mining region, and is a 
 trade center for grain, tobacco, live stock, etc. 
 Population, 7,093, (1910). 
 
 Marion (mar'i-on). A city, the capital of 
 Grant County, Indiana. It is situated in the north- 
 central part of the county, on the Mississineva River. It 
 is the seat of a normal college, and has a large public 
 library. A soldiers’ home is near it. It has glass- and 
 iron-works, paper- and flour-mills, etc., and various other 
 manufactures. It is in a natural-gas region. Population, 
 19,359, (1910). 
 
 Mariveles (ma-re-va'las). 1. A group of peaks 
 in Bataan province, southwestern Luzon, 
 Philippine Islands. — 2. Ah extinct truncated 
 volcano, the highest of the Mariveles group. 
 Height, 4,615 feet. 
 
 Mariveles (ma-re-va'las) Bay. A hay and 
 port on the southern coast of Bataan province, 
 southwestern Luzon, Philippine Islands. It is 
 a safe harbor in all weather. 
 
 Marjoribanks (march'hangks), Edward, sec- 
 ond Baron Tweedmouth. Born July 8, 1849: 
 died Sept. 15, 1909. An English Liberal states- 
 man. He was educated at Harrow and at Christ Church, 
 Oxford, and was admitted to the bar of the Inner Temple 
 in 1874. He sat for Berwick in the House of Commons 
 1880-94, and was second Liberal whip 1886-92, parliamen- 
 tary secretary to the treasury and chief Liberal whip 
 1892-94, lord privy 6eal and chancellor of the Duchy of 
 Lancaster 1894-95, first lord of the admiralty Dec., 1905,-08, 
 and lord president of the council in 1908. 
 
 Marjorie Daw. A story with an imaginary 
 heroine by Thomas Bailey Aldrich, published 
 in 1873 in the collection “Marjorie Daw and 
 Other People.” 
 
 Markham (inark'am), Edwin. Bom at Ore- 
 gon City, Ore., April 23, 1852. An American 
 poet, writer, and lecturer. He is best known as the 
 author of “ The Man with the Hoe " (published, with other 
 poems, in 1899), referring to a celebrated picture by 
 Millet. His other works include “Lincoln, and Other 
 Poems" (1901) and “Field Folk: Interpretations of Mil- 
 let” (1906). Among his chief single poems contributed 
 to various magazines are “ The End of the Century ” 
 (1899), “The Muse of Brotherhood ” (1899), “The Mighty 
 Hundred Years ” (1900), “The Chant of the Vultures" 
 (1905), “Virgilia” (1905), “The Homing Heart”(1906), etc. 
 
 Marlatt (mar'lat), Charles Lester. Bom at 
 
 Atchison, Kansas, Sept.. 26, 1863. An Ameri- 
 can entomologist, first assistant and assistant 
 chief entomologist of the United States De- 
 partment of Agriculture from 1894. He has 
 published numerous entomological papers. 
 
 Marlborough (marl'bur-o) Club. A London 
 club founded in 1869 for social purposes. It 
 has a membership of 600. Its house is at 52 
 Pall Mall, S. W. 
 
 Marlowe (mar'lo), Julia (real name Sarah 
 Frances Frost). Born at Caldbeck, Cumber- 
 land, England, Aug. 17, 1870. An American 
 
Marlowe 
 
 actress. She was brought to the United States at five 
 years of age by her parents, played at twelve years in a 
 juvenile opera company, and won her first success as 
 Parthenia in “Ingomar" at Boston in 1888. She has 
 played in romantic plays and has won success in Shak- 
 sperian roles. In 1834 she married the actor Robert Taber 
 (died 1904), and in 1*11 she married E. H. Sothern. 
 
 Marmorek (mar'mo-rek), Alexander. Born 
 Feb. 19, 1865. An Austrian bacteriologist, 
 discoverer of an antistreptococcic serum em- 
 ployed in erysipelas and puerperal fever, and 
 also of a serum thought to be efficacious as a 
 remedy in tuberculosis. He was connected with 
 the Pasteur Institute of Paris 1894-1903. 
 
 Marr*, Carl. Since 1893 he has been professor 
 at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich. 
 
 Marshall (mar'shal), Alfred. Born at Lon- 
 don, July 26, 1842. An English economist, 
 professor of political economy in the Uni- 
 versity of Cambridge 1885-1908. He has pub- 
 lished “ Economics of Industry ’’ (1879 : with Mary Paley), 
 “Principles of Economics” (Vol. I., 1890), '‘Elements of 
 Economics of Industry ” (Vol. I., 1891), “The New Cam- 
 bridge Curriculum in Economics” (1903), etc. He was 
 elected fellow of the British Academy in 1902. 
 
 Marshall (mar'shal), Henry Rutgers. Born 
 at New York, July 22, 1852. An American 
 architect and philosophical writer. His pub- 
 lications include “Pain, Pleasure, and Esthetics" (1894), 
 “Esthetic Principles” (1895), “Instinct and Reason" 
 (1898), etc. 
 
 Marshall (mar'shal), Thomas Riley. Born 
 at North Manchester, Ind., March 14, 1854. 
 An American lawyer, Vice-President of the 
 United States 1913-. He was admitted to 
 the bar in 1875, and was elected gover- 
 nor of Indiana in 1908 by the Democratic 
 party. 
 
 Marshfield (marsh 'f eld). A town in Coos 
 County, Oregon, on Coos Bay. It has a wire- 
 less telegraph station. Pop., 2,980, (1910). 
 
 Marshfield (marsh ' feld). A city in Wood 
 County, Wisconsin, 25 miles northwest of 
 Grand Rapids. It has furniture factories, wood- 
 veneer factories, etc. Population, 5,783, (1910). 
 
 Marteau (mar-to'), Henri. Born at Rheims, 
 March 31, 1874. A noted French violinist. 
 When ten years of age he played in concerts in Vienna, 
 Germany, and Switzerland. In 1892 the Paris Conserva- 
 tory awarded him a first prize, and Massenet wrote a 
 concerto for him. He toured in America 1892-94. He 
 became teacher of his instrument at the Geneva Conserva- 
 tory in 1900, and succeeded Joachim as head of the mu- 
 sical school at Berlin in 1908. 
 
 Martens (mar'tenz), Frederic de. Born at 
 Pernau, Russia, Aug. 27, 1845 : died at St. 
 Petersburg, June 20, 1909. A Russian diplo- 
 matist and authority on international law. 
 
 He was educated at the University of St. Petersburg, In 
 which he was professor of international law 1873-1907. In 
 1868 he entered the office of the ministry of foreign affairs 
 and later became legal adviser of the Russian foreign office. 
 He represented his government at many international 
 conferences ; was arbitrator between England and France 
 in the New Zealand dispute in 1891 ; was a delegate to the 
 peace conference held at The Hague in 1899 ; and was legal 
 adviser of the Russian negotiators of the treaty of Ports- 
 mouth in 1905. In 1902 he was awarded a Nobel prize for 
 his services in the cause of peace. Among his published 
 works are “ Recueil de traites et conventions concilia par 
 la Russia avec les puissances etrangferes " (1874-1905), and 
 “ Volkerrecht : das internationale Recht der civilisierten 
 Nationen ” (1883-84). 
 
 Marti (mar'te), Jos6 Julian. Born at Ha- 
 vana, Cuba, 1853: died at Dos Rios, May 22, 
 1895. A Cuban patriot. He studied law in Spain ; 
 was professor of literature and philosophy in the Univer- 
 sity of Guatemala for several years ; and represented the 
 Argentine Republic, Uruguay, and Paraguay as consul in 
 New York, where he also published “La Patria,” a journal 
 devoted to Cuban interests. In 1894 he attempted the 
 transport of three armed vessels from the United States to 
 Cuba, but was captured at Femandina, Florida. In 1895 
 he succeeded in landing at Cabonico, and marched inland. 
 He was shot during an attack by the Spanish at Dos Rios. 
 
 Martin (mar-tan'), Henri Jean Guillaume. 
 
 Born at Toulouse, Aug. 5, 1860. A French 
 painter. He was a student of J. P. Laurens, and ex. 
 hibited in the Salon in 1880. Among his works are “ Les 
 Titans escaladant le ciel ” (1885), “ Apollon et les Muses” 
 (1895: decorations for the H6tel de Ville, Paris), “Sere* 
 nite ” (1899 : in the Luxembourg Museum), “Scene chain- 
 pdtre” (1907), etc. 
 
 Martin (miir'tin), Riccardo (Hugh). Born at 
 Hopkinsville, Ky., Nov. 18, 1878. An Ameri- 
 can tenorsinger. He studied composition, with Edward 
 
 MacDowell, and published a number of songs. He later 
 studied with Sbriglia in Paris, and made his operatic 
 debut at Nantes as Faust. After singing in Italy he ap- 
 peared at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York, 
 1907-08, becoming a regular member of the company, and 
 singing at Covent Garden, London, during the summer. 
 His repertoire includes many of the robust tenor rOles in 
 the Italian and French operas. 
 
 Martin*, Sir Theodore. Ho also wrote “Queen 
 Victoria as I Knew Her” (1908). Ho was 
 knighted in 1880. 
 
 Martin (miir'tin), William Alexander Par- 
 sons. Born at Livonia, Ind., April 10, 1827. 
 
 An American clergyman, missionary, and 
 educator. In 1850 he went to China as a missionary ; 
 founded the Presbyterian mission at Peking in 1863 ; was 
 appointed professor of international law' at Tung Wen 
 Coilege in Peking in 1868 ; and became its president in 
 1869, resigning in 1898. In 1900 he became head of the 
 New Imperial University of China, which was broken up 
 during the Boxer uprising, and he was president of the 
 University of Wu-chang 1902-05. He has been adviser to 
 the Chinese government in matters of international dis- 
 pute, and was made a mandarin of the third class in 1885, 
 and of the second class in 1898. He edited, in Chinese, 
 the Peking “Scientific Magazine” 1875-78, and the “Sci- 
 ence Monthly” 1897-98. Among his publications are 
 “The Chinese ” (1881), "A Cycle of Cathay ” (1896), “The 
 Siege in Peking’' (1900), “The Lore of Cathay" (1901), 
 and works in Chinese on Christianity, science, interna- 
 tional law, etc. 
 
 Martinique*. It is represented in the parlia- 
 ment at Paris by 1 senator and 2 deputies. 
 
 Martins Ferry (mar'tinz fer'i). A city in 
 Belmont County, Ohio, on the Ohio River 2 
 miles above Wheeling, West Virginia. It is 
 in a coal region, and has iron- and steel-works, 
 blast-furnaces, box-factories, etc. Population, 
 9,133, (1910). 
 
 Martucci (mar-tot'che), Giuseppe. Born at 
 Capua, Jan. 6, 1856: died at Naples, June 1, 
 1909. An Italian pianist, conductor, and com- 
 poser. He first studied with his father, and at the age 
 of eleven entered the Royal Conservatory at Naples. 
 He toured successfully for several seasons as a pianist, 
 then directed the Neapolitan Quartet, and conducted 
 orchestral concerts and, in 1888, at Bologna, the first 
 Italian performance of “Tristan und Isolde.” He was 
 director of the Naples Conservatory 1902-09. His works 
 include two symphonies, two piano concertos (on one of 
 which, in B flat minor, his fame as a composer principally 
 rests), two trios, an oratorio, and many compositions fur 
 the pianoforte. 
 
 Mary (ma'ri), Victoria. Born at Kensington 
 Palace, London, May 26, 1867. Daughter of 
 Francis, Prince and Duke of Teck (1837-1900), 
 and wife of George V., King of Great Britain, 
 whom she married July 6, 1893: She had pre- 
 viously been affianced to Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence 
 (1864-92), the eldest son of Edward VII., and was popu- 
 larly known as “Princess May." Her mother was Prin- 
 cess Mary, daughter of the first Duke of Cambridge and 
 granddaughter of George III. 
 
 Masaraga (mii-sa-ra'ga). An extinct volcano 
 in Albay, southeastern Luzdn, Philippine Is- 
 lands, in lat. 13° 18' N., long. 123° 35' E. 
 Height, 5,244 feet. 
 
 Masaya (ma-si'a). One of the 13 departments 
 of Nicaragua. The capital is Masaya. 
 
 Masbate (mas-ba/ta). 1. A mountainous is- 
 land of the Philippines, situated in the Visayan 
 Sea west of Samar. Area, 1,236 square miles. 
 Population, 29,451. 
 
 2. A province of the Philippines, consisting of 
 Masbate, Burias, Ticao, and adjacent islands 
 in the V isayan Sea. Coal, copper, and gold are found 
 in various parts of the province. The inhabitants are chiefly 
 Tagalogs. Area, 1,569 square miles. Population, 43,675. 
 
 3. A town, the capital of Masbate province, 
 situated on Palanog Bay, Masbate Island, in 
 lat. 12° 33' N., long. 123° 37' E. Civilized pop- 
 ulation of municipality, 4,018. 
 
 Mascagni*, Pietro. He was director of the conserva- 
 tory at Pesaro 1895-1903, and in the latter year made a 
 tour of the United States. He has written also “Gu- 
 glielmo Ratcliff ” (1895), “Zanetto” (1896), “Iris” (1898), 
 “Le maschere” (1901), “ Arnica ” (1905), and “Ysobel” 
 (1910). 
 
 Mascari (mas-ka'ri), Antonino. Born Dec. 
 
 4. 1862: died Oct. 18, 1906. An Italian as- 
 tronomer, best known from his work in solar 
 physics. His observations were made chiefly 
 at the observatory of Catania. 
 
 Mascart (mas-kar'), Eleuth&re Elie Nicolas. 
 Born at Quarouble, Nord, France, Feb. 20, 
 1837 : died at Paris, Aug. 26, 1908. A French 
 scientist, best known for his work in elec- 
 tricity, magnetism, and radioactivity. He was 
 appointed professor of physics at the College de France 
 in 1872 and director of the Central Meteorological Bureau 
 1878-1907. Among his publications are “Traite d’61ec- 
 tricite statique ” (1876), “ La meteorologie appliqu6e a la 
 provision du temps" (1881), “ l.erons sur l’Oleetricitd etle 
 magnetisms ” (1882-86 : with Joubert), “ Traite d’optique ” 
 (1889-93), and “ Traitd du iriagnetisme terrestre " (1900). 
 
 Masefield (mas'feld), John. Born in Shrop- 
 shire, England, about 1874. An English poet, 
 dramatist, and novelist. He received his education 
 in the common schools and at the age of fourteen ran 
 away to sea. Among his publications are “ On the Spanish 
 Main ” (1906), “Tragedy of Nan and Other Plays” ( 1909 ), 
 “Captain Margaret” (1909), “Multitude and Solitude” 
 ( 1911 ), “The Street of To-day” ( 1911 ), “The Everlasting 
 Mercy and the Widow in the Bye-Street” (1912), “The 
 Story of a Round-House and Other Poems ” ( 1912 ). 
 
 Mason (ma'son), Alfred Edward Woodley. 
 
 Born at Dulwich, May 7, 1865. An English 
 novelist . He was educated at Dulwich College and at. 
 Trinity College, Oxford, and served in Parliament 1906-10 
 as a member of the Liberal party. Among his works are 
 “The Courtship of Morrice Buckler” (1896), “The Phi- 
 
 Matsukata 
 
 landerers ” (1897), “Parson Kelly” (1899: with Andrew 
 Lang), “Miranda of the Balcony” (1899), “The Four 
 Feathers ” (1902), “Running Water” (1907), “The Broken 
 Road” (1907), “At the Villa Rose” (1910), “The Witness 
 for the Defence” (1911), and “The Turnstile” (1912). 
 
 Mason (ma'son), Otis Tufton. Born at East- 
 port, Maine, April 10, 1838: died at Washing- 
 ton, D. C., Nov. 5, 1908. An American eth- 
 nologist, head curator of the department of 
 anthropology of the United States National 
 Museum from 1903. He was curator of the division 
 of ethnology in the museum 1884-1903. He published 
 “ Woman’s Share in Primitive Culture” (1894), “Origin 
 of Inventions” (1895), and many scientific papers. 
 
 Mason*, William. He was a son of Lowell 
 Mason. In 1901 he published “Memories of a 
 Musical Life.” 
 
 Mason City (ma'son sit'i). The county-seat 
 of Cerro Gordo County, Iowa. The principal 
 industries are agriculture, quarrying, and man- 
 ufacturing. The National Memorial University 
 is located here. Population, 11,230, (1910). 
 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A 
 body incorporated in 1861 “for the purpose 
 of instituting and maintaining a society of 
 arts, a museum of arts, and a school of indus- 
 trial Science.” The society held its first meeting Dec. 
 17, 1862. Its School of Industrial Science was opened in 
 Boston in 1865, and has a student body of about 1,500. It 
 provides instruction in various branches of science and 
 engineering, the curriculum embracing also such general 
 studies as are essential to a liberal education. It has an 
 endowment of about $2,000,000 and an annual income of 
 about $500,000. 
 
 Massena (ma-se'na). A village situated on 
 La Grasse River in the northern part of Saint 
 Lawrence County, New York, it is the seat ot 
 a power-plant generating electric energy of 35,000 horse- 
 pqwer._Population, 2,951, (1910). 
 
 Massenet*, Jules Emile Fr6d6ric. He was pro- 
 fessor of advanced composition at the Conservatoire 
 1878-96. He was the youngest member ever elected to 
 the Academie des Beaux- Arts. His later works include 
 “ Esclarmonde ” (1889), “Le mage” (1891), “Werther” 
 (1892), “Le carillon" (1892), “Thais" (1894), “Le portrait 
 de Manon" (1894), “La Navarraise ” (1894), “Sapho" 
 (1897), “Cendrillon” (1899), “Griselidis” (1901), music 
 to “Phedre" (1901), “Le jongleur de Notre-Dame ” 
 (1902), “Cherubin” (1905), “Ariane” (1906), and 
 “Bacchus ” (1909). 
 
 Massive, Mount. A peak of the Saguache 
 range in Colorado. Height, 14,424 feet. 
 
 Masson (ma-son'), Frederic. Born at Paris, 
 March 8, 1847. A French historian and writer. 
 
 He wag elected a member of the French Academy in 1903, 
 succeeding Gaston Paris. He is best known as the author 
 of a series of works dealing intimately with the life of Na- 
 poleon and his family, based on papers given to him by 
 Prince Napoleon, of whom he was the secretary and 
 friend. They are as follows: “Napoleon et les femmes ” 
 1894), “Napoleon chez lui” (1894), “En campagne” 
 1894), “A venture de guerre” (1894), “Les cavaliers de 
 Napoleon” (1895), “Napoleon inconnu” (1895), “Marie 
 Valewska” (1898), “Josephine, imperatrice et reine ” 
 (1899), “Josephine de Beauharnais ” (1899), “Napoleon et 
 sa famille” (1897-1906), “Josephine r£pudiee ” (1901), 
 “L’Imperatrice Marie Louise” (1902), “Napoleon et son 
 fils” (1904), “Le sacre et le couronnement de Napoleon ” 
 (1908), etc. He has written also “Le Marquis de Grignan ” 
 (1881 : crowned by the French Academy), “Les diplomateB 
 de la revolution " (1883), “Le Cardinal de Beruis depuia 
 son ministers ” (1884), etc. 
 
 Mastriani (mas-tre-a'ne), Francesco. Born 
 at Naples, Nov. 13, 1819: died there, Jan. 15, 
 1891. An Italian dramatist and novelist. He 
 produced forty plays and over a hundred novels, besides 
 many short stories, etc. His work was very popular, par- 
 ticularly among socialists. Among his novels are “I 
 vermi ” (1864), “ I lazzari " (1865), “ I flgli del lusso " 
 (1866), “L’Ombre" (1868), and “I misteri di Napoli" 
 (1870). 
 
 Matanzas. 2. A province of Cuba. It is 
 bounded on the north by the Florida Strait, 
 on the south and east by the province of San- 
 ta Clara, and on the west by the province 
 of Havana. Capital, Matanzas. Area, 3,256 
 square miles. Population, 239,812. 
 
 Mathews (math'uz), Shailer. Born at Port- 
 land, Maine, May 26, 1863. An American 
 theologian. He was educated at Colby College, New- 
 ton Theological Institution, and the University of Berlin. 
 He was professor of New Testament history and interpre- 
 tation at the University of Chicago 1897-1905, of systematic 
 theology 1905-06, and of historical and comparative theol- 
 ogy from 1906, becoming dean of the Divinity School in 
 1908. He was editor of “ The World To-Day ” i903-ll. In 
 1911 he became president of the Western Economic So- 
 ciety. His published works include “The Social Teaching 
 of Jesus” (1897), “The Messianic Hope in the New Testa- 
 ment” (1905), “The Church and the Changing Order" 
 (1907), “The Social Gospel” (1909), and “The Gospel and 
 the Modem Man ” (1910). 
 
 Matsukata (mat-so-ka'ta), Marquis Masayo- 
 shi. Born at Bagoshima, 1840. One of the Jap- 
 anese “elder statesmen,” especially noted as a 
 financier. He has been connected with the treasury 
 from about the time of the accession of the present em- 
 peror, and became minister of finance in 1881, retaining 
 this office for more than ten years. He was premier 1891- 
 1892 and 1896-97, and during the latter term placed Japan 
 upon a gold basis. From 1898 to 1900 he continued as 
 
Matsukata 
 
 minister of finance under Yamagata. In 1903 he was ap- 
 pointed a privy councilor. He was created count in 
 1884 and marquis in 1907. 
 
 Matteawan (maUe-a-wan'). A village in 
 Dutchess County, New York, on Fishkill Creek, 
 about 1 mile east of the Hudson River, nearly 
 opposite Newburg. It is the seat of the State 
 Hospital for the Criminal Insane. Population, 
 6,727, (1910). 
 
 Matteucci (mat-ta-o'che), Vittorio Raffaello. 
 
 Born at Sinigaglia, Ancona, in 1866: died 
 July 16, 1909. An Italian geologist, in- 
 structor in geology in the University of Naples 
 and physical and meteorological director of 
 the Royal Observatory on Mount Vesuvius. 
 
 He remained at his post in the observatory during the 
 eruption of the volcano in April, 1906. 
 
 Matthews*, James Brandei . His works include 
 
 “French Dramatists of the 19th Century” (1881), “Pen 
 and Ink" (1888), “Americanisms and Briticisms ” (1892), 
 “Studies of the Stage ” (1894), “ Vignettes of Manhattan ” 
 (1894), “Bookbindings Old and New” (1895), “Intro- 
 duction to the Study of American Literature” (1896), 
 “ Aspects of Fiction ” (1896), “Action and the Word ” (1900), 
 “Parts of Speech” (1901), “The Historical Novel and 
 Other Essays ” (1901), “Development of the Drama” (1903), 
 “Recreations of an Anthologist” (1904), “Inquiries and 
 Opinions” (1907), “The Short Story” (1908), “Moliere” 
 (1910), etc., besides comedies and stories. 
 
 Matthews (math ' uz), William. Born at 
 
 Aberdeen, Scotland, March 29, 1822: died at 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., April 15, 1896. An American 
 bookbinder. He came to New York in 1843, estab- 
 lished a bindery of his own in 1846, and was connected 
 with the bindery of 1). Appleton and Company 1854-90. 
 He was the author of “Modern Bookbinding Tragically 
 Considered" (1889) and “A Short Historical Sketch of 
 the Art of Bookbinding" (1895 : with W. L. Andrews). 
 
 Matthison (math'i-son), Edith Wynne. Born 
 at Birmingham, England. A contemporary 
 English actress. In 1897 she joined Ben Greet's com- 
 pany. She has since appeared in many Shaksperian roles 
 and old English comedy parts, and in the morality play 
 “Everyman," in both England and America. She has also 
 appeared in New York in Charles Rann Kennedy’s “The 
 Servant in the House ” and “ The W interfeast,” and (as a 
 member of the New Theatre repertory company) in Mae- 
 terlinck's “Sister Beatrice ” and "The Blue Bird,” Jose- 
 phine Preston Peabody’s “ The Piper," etc. She is the wife 
 of Charles Rann Kennedy. 
 
 Maude (mad), Aylmer. Bom March 28, 1858. 
 Au English author. He was educated at Christ’s Hos- 
 pital, London, and at the Lyceum in Moscow, Russia, 
 where he lived until 1897, being occupied chiefly with 
 business interests. In 1898 he aided in arranging the Dou- 
 khobor emigration to Canada. He has published “Tolstoy 
 and his Problems” (1901), “A Peculiar People : theDou- 
 khobors" (1905), “Life of Tolstoy” (1908-10), etc. 
 
 Maurel (mo-reF), Victor. Born at Marseilles, 
 June 17, 1848. A French dramatic barytone. 
 
 He made his debut at the Opera in Paris in 1868 ; rejoined 
 it in 1879 ; and remained a member of it till 1894, except 
 1885-86, when he was at the Opera Comique. He created 
 Iago in Verdi's “Otello” in 1887, and Falstaff in 1893. 
 Mauritania (ma-re-ta'ni-a), or Mauritania. 
 A civil territory of French West Africa, formed 
 in 1903—04. It comprises the regions on the right bank 
 of the Senegal, and includes the districts of Trarga, 
 Brakna, Gorgol, and Guidimaka. Government is admin- 
 istered by a commissioner. In Jan., 1909, it was formed 
 into a French protectorate. Area, 344,967 square miles. 
 Population, 223,000. 
 
 Maxim (mak'sim), Hudson. Born at Orne- 
 ville, Maine, Feb. 3, 1853. An American 
 mechanical engineer, distinguished especially 
 for his inventions in the field of ordnance and 
 explosives. Among the more important of these are 
 several varieties of smokeless powder, maximite (a high 
 explosive), an automobile torpedo, and a torpedo ram. 
 Besides various technical writings, he has published “The 
 Science of Poetry" (1910). 
 
 May (ma), Mrs. (Georgiana Marian Craik). 
 
 See Craik. 
 
 Mayaguez. 2. A department in the south- 
 eastern part of Porto Rico, it is bounded by 
 Aguadilla on the north and northeast, Ponce on the east, 
 the Caribbean Sea on the south, and the Atlantic Ocean 
 on the west. Capital, Mayaguez. Area, 407 square miles. 
 Mayfield (ma'feld). The county-seat of 
 Graves County, Kentucky. It has tobacco and 
 grain interests and woolen-mills, planing-mills, 
 etc. Population, 5,916, (1910). 
 
 Maynard (ma'nard). A town in Middlesex 
 County, Massachusetts, 21-J miles northwest of 
 Boston. It has powder-mills, woolen-mills, 
 etc. Population, 6,390, (1910). 
 
 Maynard (ma'nard), George Willoughby. 
 Born at Washington, D. C., March 5, 1843. An 
 American painter, son of Edward Maynard, 
 the inventor of the Maynard rifle. He was 
 elected a member of the National Academy in 1885 and 
 is also a member of the American Society of Water-Color 
 Painters. 
 
 Maywood (ma ' wud). A village in Cook 
 County, Illinois, about 10 miles west of Chi- 
 cago. Population, 8,033, (1910). 
 
 Mead (med), Edwin Doak. Born at Chester- 
 field, N. H., Sept. 29, 1849. An American 
 
 editor and author. He studied at English and Ger- 
 man universities 1875-79, and has since been engaged in 
 literary work. He edited the “New England Magazine ” 
 1889-1901, and has also edited the “Old South Leaflets ” 
 and other publications. As delegate of the American 
 Peace Society he has attended several European peace 
 congresses. His writings include “Martin Luther,” “The 
 Philosophy of Carlyle,” “Organize the World,” “The 
 Influence of Emerson,” and “The Principles of the 
 Founders.” 
 
 Mead (med), William Rutherford. Born at 
 
 Brattleboro, Vt., Aug. 20, 1846. An American 
 architect. He was educated at Amherst College and 
 studied two years abroad, receiving his early technical 
 training under Russell Sturgis at New Y'ork. In 1879 he 
 became a member of the firm of McKim, Mead, and White. 
 Mechanicsville (me-kan'iks-vil). A village in 
 Saratoga Comity, New York, on the Hudson 
 River, 16 miles north of Albany. Pop., 6,634. 
 Medford (med'ford). A city in Jackson County, 
 in the southwestern part of Oregon. Pop., 8,840. 
 Medina (me-dl'na). A village in Orleans Coun- 
 ty, New York, 40 miles west of Rochester. 
 Population, 5,683, (1910). 
 
 Mehmed (me'med) V., or Mohammed V. 
 Born at Constantinople, Nov. 3, 1844. Sultan 
 of Turkey. He succeeded his brother Abdul Hamid 
 II. when the latter was dethroned April 27, 1909. 
 
 Meiklejohn (mikT-jon), Alexander. Born at 
 Rochdale, England, Feb. 3, 1872. An Anglo- 
 American educator, president of Amherst Col- 
 lege from 1912. He came to America in 1880, gradu- 
 ated from Brown University in 1893, and studied at Cornell 
 University. At Brown University he was instructor in 
 philosophy (1897), assistant professor, associate professor, 
 and professor of logic and metaphysics (1899-1906), and 
 dean (1901-1912). 
 
 Melba*, Mme. (Nellie Porter Mitchell Arm- 
 strong). Her greatest successes have been in “Lucia,” 
 as Juliette in “Romeo and Juliette," Elsa in “Lohengrin," 
 Esmeralda, Violetta in “La Traviata," Michaeia in “Car- 
 men,” Rosina in “II Barbiere,” the Queen in “Les 
 Huguenots,” - Nedda in “Pagliacci,” and Helene. She 
 has made tours in many countries. In 1882 Bhe was 
 married to Captain Charles Armstrong. 
 
 Melchior (mel'ki-or). The legendary name of 
 one of the three Magi who came from the East 
 to welcome the infant Jesus. See Cologne, 
 Three Kings of, and Magi . 
 
 Melilla (me-lel'ya). A seaport on the Medi- 
 terranean coast of Morocco, lat. 35° 20' N., 
 long. 3° W., belonging to Spain. Severe fighting 
 between the Spanish troops and the Moors oc- 
 curred here in 1909 and 1911-12. Pop., 8,956. 
 Melville (mel'vil), George Wallace. Born 
 Jan. 10, 1841 : died March 17, 1912. An Ameri- 
 can naval officer and arctic explorer, promoted 
 rear-admiral in 1899. He entered the navy as assis- 
 tant engineer in 1861 ; served in the Civil War ; and be- 
 came engineer-in-chief of the navy in 1887. He joined the 
 Jeannette Expedition to the arctic regions in 1879 ; com- 
 manded the boat’s crew which escaped from the ship to 
 the Lena delta; and later led a relief expedition which 
 recovered the records of the Jeannette and the bodies of 
 its commander, De Long, and others. He retired in 1903. 
 Melville (mel'vil) Land. An island in the 
 arctic regions lying immediately north of 
 Greenland, from which it is separated by Peary 
 Channel and Independence Bay. It was dis- 
 covered and named by R. E. Peary. 
 
 Menard (ma-nar'), Auguste Emile Rend. 
 
 Born at Paris, April 15, 1862. A French painter. 
 His works include landscapes, portraits, etc. Of his pic- 
 tures, “L’Automne" (1896) and “Le troupeau" (1901) are 
 in the Luxembourg Museum. Others are “Le jugement 
 de Paris” (1898), “Orage sur la foret” (1900), “ Aigues- 
 Mortes " (1902), "Paysage corse" (1902), “Chaine du Mont- 
 Blanc ’’(1905), “Terre antique, le temple" (1906), and 
 “ Le marais ” (1907). 
 
 Menasha (me-nash'a). A city in Winnebago 
 County, Wisconsin, 14 miles northeast of Osh- 
 kosh. It has flour-mills, brick-vards, machine- 
 shops, and manufactories of doors, blinds, etc. 
 Population, 6,081, (1910). 
 
 Mendel (men'del), Johann Gregor. Born at 
 Heinzendorf, near Odrau, Austrian Silesia, 
 July 22, 1822 : died at Briinn, Jan. 6, 1884. An 
 Austrian botanist, noted for his experimental 
 study of the problem of heredity, the results 
 of which he formulated in a law of ancestral 
 inheritance which hears his name. He entered the 
 order of Augustinians at Briinn in 1843, and later became 
 abbot. He published “Versuche iiber Pflanzenhybriden ’’ 
 (1865) and “liber einige aus kiinstlicher Befruchtung 
 gewonnene Hieracium-Bastarde” (1869). The scientific 
 importance of these essays was not recognized until 
 about 1900. 
 
 Mendds (mon-das'), Catulle. Born at Bor- 
 deaux, May 22, 1841: died at Saint-Germain, 
 Feb. 7, 1909. A French poet, novelist, and 
 dramatist, one of the founders of the Parnas- 
 sian school of poetry. From 1893 he was dramatic 
 critic of the Paris “Journal.” Amonp his works are 
 “Poesies” (1872); the romances “Le roi vierpe” (1880), 
 “ M4phistophela” (1890), “La maison de la vieille” (1894), 
 
 Merton Abbey 
 
 and “Gog" (1896); the dramas “Les meres ennemies" 
 (1882), “La femme de Tabarin” (1887), “La reine Fiam- 
 mette" (1889), “Medee” (1898), and “Scarron" (1904); 
 the librettos “ Gwendoline ” (1886 : music by Chabrier), 
 “Isoline’ (1888: music by Messager), “La Carmelite" 
 (1902 : music by Hahn), “Le fils de l’etoile” (1904: music 
 by Erlanger), and “ Ariane” (190$: music by Massenet); 
 and “Le mouvement poetique 1867-1900” (1903). 
 Menelek (men'e-lek), or Menilek, II. Born 
 at Ankober, Aug. 17, 1844. Emperor of Abys- 
 sinia, son of Haeli Melikoth, king of Shoa. 
 He succeeded Johannes II. as emperor of Ethiopia in 
 1889. In 1889 he signed the treaty of Uccialli (Uchali), 
 which placed the empire of Abyssinia under Italian 
 domination. He abrogated this treaty in 1893 and, after 
 the defeat of the Italians at Adowa, March 1, 1896, estab- 
 lished the independence of Abyssinia. He concluded a 
 commercial treaty with France in 1897, and in the same 
 year accorded the “most-favored-nation ’’ treatment to 
 Great. Britain and her colonies. He signed an agreement 
 establishing the boundary between Abyssinia and the Brit- 
 ish Sudan in 1902, and one with Italy defining the limits 
 of Italian Somaliland in 1908. He was succeeded by his 
 grandson Lij Yasu in 1911. 
 
 Mengelberg (meng'el-bera), Josef Willem. 
 Boru at Utrecht, March 28, 1871. A Dutch 
 musical conductor. After studying at the Cologne 
 Conservatory he became successively city music director 
 of Lucerne (1891), conductor of the Concertgebouw Orches- 
 tra (1895) and the Choral Society (1898) at Amsterdam, and 
 conductor of the Museum Concerts (1907) and the Cecilia 
 Society (1908) at Frankfort. He conducted the concerts 
 of the Philharmonic Society, New York, Nov. 10-11, 1905. 
 Menominee (me-nom'i-ne). A city, the capi- 
 tal of Menominee Comity, Michigan, it is 
 situated in the southern part of the comity, on Green Bay, 
 at the mouth of the Menominee River opposite Mari- 
 nette, Wisconsin. It has a large lumber-shipping busi- 
 ness, sawmills, and manufactures of glass, machinery, etc. 
 Population, 10,507, (1910). 
 
 Menominee (me-nom'i-ne). The county-seat 
 of Dunn County, Wisconsin, 22 miles north- 
 west of Eau Claire. Population, 5,036, (1910). 
 Menpes (mem'pes), Mortimer. Born in Aus- 
 tralia. A British artist. He studied at the schools 
 in South Kensington and afterward in Paris, but was in- 
 fluenced chiefly by Whistler. He is a technician of great 
 versatility, using every medium freely — oil, water-color, 
 ivory, etching in black and color, dry-point, lithography, 
 pastel, pen, pencil, and stump. He has worked in France, 
 Italy, Spain, Morocco, Japan, Burma, Kashmir, Mexico, 
 and Africa, where he was war correspondent for “Black 
 and White” in 1900. His publications include “War Im- 
 pressions" (1901), “Japan" (1901), “Whistler as I Knew 
 Him" (1904), “India" (1905: with Flora Annie Steel), 
 “Rembrandt” (1905), etc. 
 
 Meredith*, George. His later works include 
 “Essay on the Comedy and the Uses of the 
 Comic Spirit” (1897), “Reading of Life, with 
 Other Poems” (1901), “Celt and Saxon” (1910). 
 His “Letters,” collected and edited by his 
 son, were published in 1912. 
 
 Mergen thaler (mer'gen-ta-ler), Ottmar. Born 
 in Wiirtemberg, Germany, May 10, 1854: 
 died at Baltimore, Oct. 28, 1899. A German- 
 American inventor. He came to the United States 
 in 1872, and a few years later began experiments with 
 type-setting machines which resulted in the linotype. 
 This machine was virtually completed in 1885, though it 
 was subsequently improved. 
 
 Merriam (mer'i-am), Augustus Chapman. 
 
 Bom at Locust Grove, N. Y., May 30, 1843: 
 died at Athens, Greece, Jan. 19, 1895. An 
 American classical scholar and archteologist, 
 professor in Columbia University. He was 
 director of the American School of Classical Studies at 
 Athens 1887-88. 
 
 Merriam (mer'i-am), Clinton Hart. Bom at 
 
 New York, Dec. 5, 1855. An American zoolo- 
 gist., botanist, and ethnologist. He was naturalist 
 of the Hayden Survey, in Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah, in 
 1872 ; assistant of the United States Fish Commission in 
 1875 ; and chief of the United States Biological Survey 
 1885-1910. In 1891 he was commissioner in charge of the 
 fur-seals in Bering Sea. He is the author of numerous 
 works on zoology, biology, and North American ethnology. 
 Merrill (mer'il). The county-seat of Lincoln 
 County, Wisconsin, on the Wisconsin River. 
 It has lumber-mills, paper-mills, etc. Popula- 
 tion, 8,689, (1910). 
 
 Merry (mer'i), William Lawrence. Born at 
 
 New York, Dec. 27, 1842: died Dec. 14, 1911. 
 An American diplomatist. He was minister to 
 Nicaragua, San Salvador, and Costa Rica 1897-1907, to 
 Nicaragua and Costa Rica 1907-08, and to Costa Rica from 
 1908. He was an advocate of tile proposed Nicaragua 
 Canal and the author of “The Nicaragua Canal the Gate- 
 way between the Oceans,” and other writings on this 
 subject. 
 
 Merry del Val (mer'i del vfil'), RaphaeL 
 Born at London, Oct. 10, 1865. A cardinal of 
 the Roman Catholic Church, and pontifical sec- 
 retary of state. 
 
 Merry Widow, The. An operetta by Franz 
 
 Leb&r. See * I, eh dr. 
 
 Merton (mer'ton) Abbey. The factory and 
 community of art workers established by Wil- 
 liam Morris at Merton, Surrey, England, in 1881, 
 under the best attainable artistic conditions. 
 
Mesaba Range 
 
 Mesaba (me-sa'ba) Range. A range of metal- 
 liferous bills in northeastern Minnesota, north- 
 west of Lake Superior, in one of the most im- 
 portant iron-producing regions of the world. 
 The output exceeds 50,800,000 tons. Height, 2,400 feet. 
 Also Masaba Heights, Mesabi Range. 
 
 Meshach (me'shak). One of the three Hebrews 
 cast by Nebuchadnezzar into the fiery furnace. 
 His Hebrew name was Mishael, Meshach being substituted 
 for it by the prince of the eunuchs of the King of Babylon. 
 
 Messager (mes-sa-zha'), Andre Charles 
 
 Prosper. Born at Montlucjon, Dec. 30, 1853. 
 A French composer, conductor, and impresario. 
 He was a pupil of Saint-Saens. Although he has written 
 serious music, he is best known as a composer of light 
 operas. His works include “Francois les bas bleus” 
 (1883), “La fauvette du Temple" (1885), “La Bear- 
 naise ’’ (1885), “ Les bourgeois de Calais ” (1887), “ Iso- 
 line” (1888), “Le mari de la reine 1 ' (1889), “La 
 Basoche” (1890), “Madame Chrysantheme ” (1893), “Miss 
 Dollar ” (1893), “ Mirette ” (1894), “Le Chevalier d’Harmen- 
 tal” (1896), “Les p’tites Michu" (1897), “Veronique” 
 (1898), “Les dragons de l’imperatrice” (1905), and “ For- 
 tunio ” (1907). For several years Messager was a conductor 
 at the Paris Opera Comique, and since 1907 has been a di- 
 rector of the Paris Op6ra. 
 
 Metcalf (met'kaf), Victor Howard. Born at 
 Utica, N. Y., Oct. 10, 1853. An American law- 
 yer and cabinet officer. He was graduated at the 
 Yale Law School in 1876 ; was admitted to the Connecticut 
 bar in 1876, and to the New York bar in 1877 ; practised 
 law for many years ; was Republican member of Congress 
 for California 1899-1904 ; was secretary of the Department 
 of Commerce and Labor 1904-06 ; and was secretary of the 
 navy 1906-08. 
 
 Metchnikof (mech'ni-kof), Iliya. Born at 
 Livanovka, province of Kharkof, Russia, May 
 15, 1845. A noted Russian physiologist and 
 cytologist, the discoverer of phagocytes and 
 phagocytosis. He has been connected with the Pas- 
 teur Institute in Paris from 1892, succeeding Pasteur as 
 director in 1895. In 1908 he received, with Dr. Paul Ehr- 
 lich, the Nobel prize in medicine. He is the author of 
 “ The Nature of Man ” (1903), “ Immunity in Infective 
 Diseases ’’ (1905), “ The Prolongation of Human Life " 
 (1908), etc. 
 
 Methuen (meth'fi-en), Paul Sanford, third 
 Baron Methuen. Born Sept. 1, 1845. A Brit- 
 ish general, commander of the first division of 
 the first army corps in the Boer war 1899-1902. 
 He was opposed by General Cronje at the Modder River 
 and was disastrously defeated by him at Magersfonteiu. 
 In March, 1902, he was captured by De la Rey but was soon 
 released. In May, 1907, he was appointed commander-in- 
 chief in South Africa. He was gazetted field-marshal, 
 June, 1911. 
 
 Metropolitan Club. A New York club organ- 
 ized Feb. 20, 1891, for social purposes. It has 
 1,250 members. Its house is at Fifth Avenue 
 and 60th street. 
 
 Meunier (me-nya'), Constantin. Born at Et- 
 terbeck, a suburb of Brussels, Belgium, April 
 12, 1831 : died at Brussels, April 4, 1905. A 
 Belgian sculptor and painter, in 1882 he visited 
 Spain and made many interesting studies of Spanish 
 painting. He preferred to model subj ects from the working- 
 classes — miners, founders, and the like — and produced 
 a series of powerful statues including the “ Puddleur ” 
 and the “ Marteleur.” His last work is a monumental 
 group, “ Le Travail,” showing a central figure, “ Le 
 Semeur,” surrounded by four others, “La Mine," “La 
 Moisson,” “ Le Port,” and “ LTndustrie.” It has been ac- 
 quired by the Belgian government. 
 
 Meurice (me-res'), Francois Paul. Born at 
 Paris, in February, 1820: died there, Dec. 10, 1905. 
 A French author and dramatist. His first drama, 
 “ Falstaff,” written with Theophile Gautierand Vacquerie, 
 appeared in 1842. After this followed “ Le Capitaine Pa- 
 roles " (1843), and " Antigone," from Sophocles (1844), both 
 in collaboration with Vacquerie, and a metrical version 
 of Shakspere's “ Hamlet," written with Dumas and Maquet 
 (1847). In 1848 he became editor of Victor Hugo’s paper 
 “L’Evenement " ; assisted in founding the new journal 
 of the Hugo family, “Le Rappel," in 1869; and was one 
 of the executors of Hugo, having charge of the definitive 
 edition of the latter's “works (1880-85). He has written, 
 besides the works mentioned, “ Benvenuto Cellini ” (1852), 
 “ Schamyl " (1855), “ Struensee ” ( 1898), and other dramas ; 
 the romances “La famille Aubry ” (1854), “Le songe de 
 l’amour ’’ (1869), etc. 
 
 Mexico (mek'si-ko). The county-seat of Au- 
 drain County, Missouri, 97 miles northwest of 
 St. Louis. It has flour-mills, wagon-works, 
 cigar-factories, etc., and is the seat of the Mis- 
 souri Military Academy and the Hardin Col- 
 lege for Women. Population, 5,939, (1910). 
 
 Meyer (mi'er), George von Lengerke. Born 
 at Boston, June 24, 1858. An American diplo- 
 matist. He was graduated at Harvard in 1879 ; was a 
 member of the Massachusetts legislature 1892-96; and 
 speaker of the house 1894-96; was United States ambassa- 
 dor to Italy 1900-05 : was United States ambassador to 
 Russia, March 6, 1905-07 ; was postmaster-general 1907- 
 1909 ; and was secretary of the navy 1909-13. 
 
 Meyer (mi'er), Lothar Julius. Born atVarel, 
 Aug. 19, 1830: died at Tubingen, April 11, 1895. 
 A noted German chemist, professor in the Uni- 
 versity of Tubingen from 1876. 
 
 Meyer (mi'er), Victor. Born at Berlin, Sept. 
 8, 1848 : died at Heidelberg, Aug. 8, 1897. An 
 
 eminent German chemist, professor of chem- 
 istry in the University of Heidelberg from 
 1889. 
 
 Meyer-Helmund(mi'er-hel'mont), Erik. Born 
 at St. Petersburg, April 25, 1861. A Russian 
 singer and composer. He studied at Berlin with 
 Stockhausen and Kiel. He i9 best known as a song- writer, 
 although he has written several operas, including “Mar- 
 gitta ” (1889), “ Der Liebeskampf ” (1892), “ Trischka ” (1894), 
 and “Heines Traumbilder ” (1908), and ballet music. 
 
 Meynell (men ' el), Mrs. (Alice Christiana 
 
 Thompson). Born at London, 1853. An 
 English poet and essayist. Her works include 
 “Preludes (1875: later published as “Poems,” 1893), 
 “ The Rhythm of Life, and Other Essays ” (1893), “ The 
 Colour of Life, and Other Essays on Things Seen and 
 Heard ” (1896), “ The Children " (1896), “ London Impres- 
 sions ” (1898), “The Spirit of Place, and Other Essays” 
 (1898), “ John Ruskin ” (1900), “ Later Poems ” (1901), “ The 
 Children of the Old Masters ” (1903), “ A Seventeenth Cen- 
 tury Anthology" (1904), “ Ceres’ Runaway ” (1910). 
 
 Miagao (me-a-ga'o). A municipality of Iloilo 
 province, Panay, Philippine Islands. Civi- 
 lized population, 20,656. 
 
 Miami (mi-am'e). The county-seat of Dade 
 County, Florida, on the coast about 65 miles 
 south of Palm Beach. It is one of the oldest 
 towns in the State, and is much visited by 
 tourists. Population, 5,471, (1910). 
 
 Miami (mi-am'e) University. A non-sectarian 
 coeducational institution of learning situated 
 at Oxford, Ohio. It was established under its pres- 
 ent name in 1809. Since 1896 it has received annual ap- 
 propriations from the State. There are about 800 students 
 in attendance, of whom more than 100 are in the Academy 
 and Normal School. 
 
 Michelson (mik'el-son), Albert Abraham. 
 
 Born at Strelmo, Germany, Dec. 19, 1852. An 
 American physicist, professor of physicsinthe 
 University of Chicago from 1892, best known 
 for his work in optics. He was graduated at the 
 United States Naval Academy in 1873; studied in Ger- 
 many and France ; was instructor in the Naval Academy 
 1875-79 ; and was prof essor of physics in the Case Scientific 
 School 1883-89 and Clark University 1889-92. He has pub- 
 lished “Lightwaves and their Uses” (1902), besides nu- 
 merous scientific papers. Iu 1907 he was awarded the 
 Nobel prize for physics. 
 
 Middlesboro (mid'lz-bur-o). A city in Bell 
 County, Kentucky, near the Tennessee boun- 
 dary line. Its chief industries are mining and 
 manufacturing, coal andiron being among the 
 roducts. Population, 7,305, (1910). 
 iddletown (mid'l-toun). A city in Butler 
 County, Ohio, 20 miles southwest of Dayton. 
 It has manufactories of tobacco, bicycles, farm- 
 ing implements, etc. Population, 13,152, (1910). 
 
 Middletown (mid'l-toun). A borough in Dau- 
 phin County, Pennsylvania, 8 miles southeast 
 of Harrisburg. It has iron-works, flour-mills, 
 stone-quarries, etc. Population, 5,374, (1910). 
 
 Midlothian, Earl of. The title conferred in 
 June, 1911 (coronation honors), upon the Earl 
 of Rosebery. See Primrose, A. P. 
 
 Milanesi (me-la-na'ze), Gaetano. Born at 
 Siena, Italy, Sept. 9, 1813: died at Florence, 
 March 12, 1895. An Italian critic and historian 
 of art. In 1856 he was made resident academician of the 
 Accademia della Crusca in Florence, and in 1858 second 
 director of the Tuscan Archives, becoming superintendent 
 in 1889. He devoted himself to the study of the history, 
 chiefly artistic, of Italy, and published frequently in the 
 “ Archivio Storicoltaliano,” “ Archivio Storico dell’ Arte,” 
 and other periodicals. Among his works are “ Document i 
 per la storia dell’ arte senese” (1854-56), “Lettere di 
 Michelangelo Buonarroti ” (1875), and the standard edition 
 of Vasari’s “Lives.” 
 
 Miller (mil'er), Mrs. (Harriet Mann): pen- 
 name Olive Thorne Miller. Born at Auburn, 
 N. Y., June 25, 1831. An American writer and 
 lecturer on birds. Among her works are “ Little People 
 of Asia” (1882), “ Bird Ways” (1885), “ Four-handed Folk ” 
 (1890), “ Our Home Pets ” (1894), “ The First Book of 
 Birds" (1899), “The Second Book of Birds ” (1901), “With 
 the Birds in Maine ” (1904), “ Kristy's Surprise Party ” 
 (1905), “ The Bird our Brother ” (1908), etc. 
 
 Mills (milz), Walter Thomas. Born at, Duane, 
 N. Y., May 11, 1856. An American lecturer 
 and writer. He was one of the editors of the New York 
 “Voice,” 1885-87, and 1887-90 editor of the “Statesman” 
 magazine, Chicago. He has been prominent in labor con- 
 gresses and socialist organizations, and was the author 
 of the more radical provisions of the constitution of Okla- 
 homa. He has published “Science of Politics ” (1887) and 
 “The Struggle for Existence” (1904). 
 
 Millvale (mil'val). A borough in Allegheny 
 County, Pennsylvania, on the Allegheny River, 
 opposite Pittsburgh, with which it is connected 
 by a bridge. It has iron-works, lumber-mills, 
 breweries, etc. Population, 7,861, (1910). 
 
 Milne (miln), John. Born at Liverpool, Eng- 
 land, 1850. An English seismologist, for many 
 years employed by the Japanese government 
 as geologist and mining engineer. He ha9 trav- 
 eled widely in Asia, Australasia, the United States, etc. 
 His most notable work was the establishment of the seis- 
 
 Misamis 
 
 mic survey of Japan, with nearly a thousand stations, and 
 the projecting of a similar survey of the world. He has 
 published “ Earthquakes ” (1883), “ Seismology ” (1898), 
 and numerous scientific papers. 
 
 Milner (mil'ner), Sir Alfred, first Viscount 
 Milner. Born March 23, 1854. A British ad- 
 ministrator. He was educated at King's College, Lon- 
 don, and at Balliol College, Oxford, and was called to the 
 bar of the Inner Temple in 1881. He was under-secretary 
 for finance, Egypt, 1889-92 ; was governor of Cape Colony 
 1897-1901 ; wae administrator (1901-02) and governor 
 (1902-05) of the Transvaal and Orange River colonies ; and 
 was high commissioner for South Africa 1897-1905. He 
 was knighted in 1895, raised to the peerage as Baron 
 Milner in 1901, and created a viscount in 1902. The last 
 two honors were bestowed upon him in recognition of his 
 services in South Africa, particularly in the peace settle- 
 ment. He has written “ England in Egypt ” (1892). 
 
 Milton (mil'ton). A town in Norfolk County, 
 Massachusetts, on the Neponset River, 7 miles 
 southwest of Boston, of which it is a residen- 
 tial suburb. It has granite-quarries, paper- 
 mills, chocolate-factories, etc. Population, 
 7,924, (1910). 
 
 Milton (mil'ton). A borough in Northumber- 
 land County, Pennsylvania, on the Susque- 
 hanna River. It has car-factories, iron- and 
 steel-works, nail- and box-factories, etc. Popu- 
 lation, 7,460, (1910). 
 
 Mindanao (men-da-na'o) Sea. A sea in the 
 Philippine Islatids, lying north of Mindanao 
 and south of Bohol, and connected on the east 
 with the Surigao Sea and on the west with the 
 Jol6 (Sulu) Sea. 
 
 Mindoro. 2. A province of the Philippines, 
 consisting of Mindoro and adjacent islands 
 lying south of the western part of Luzon (sep- 
 arated by Verde Island Passage). Capital, Puerto 
 Galera. Mount Halcon, the culminating peak, is 8,800 
 feet high. The mountains are covered with valuable for- 
 ests. Rivers are numerous but small. The best harbors 
 are Puerto Galera on the north, and Mangaiin on the south- 
 west coast, both safe for large craft in all weather. Va- 
 radero Bay, on the north, is good in the southwest mon- 
 soon, and Paluan Bay, on the west, in the northeast mon- 
 soon. Coal is found in the south, and gold in various 
 parts of the province. Rice and hemp are the chief prod- 
 ucts. The natives are Mangyans. Area of province, 
 4,024 square miles. Population, 39,582, of which the cen- 
 sus gave 7,264 as uncivilized. 
 
 Mindoro (men-do'ro) Sea. Same as *Visayan 
 Sea. 
 
 Mindoro (men-do'ro) Strait. A strait in the 
 Philippines, separating Mindoro from the Ca- 
 lamianes Islands. Apo Reef and Island divide 
 it into two channels. 
 
 Mines (minz), John Flavel: pseudonym Felix 
 Oldboy. Born at Paris, Jan. 27, 1835 : died at 
 New York, Nov. 5, 1891. An American writer. 
 He was graduated at Trinity College in 1854 and at Berke- 
 ley Divinity School in 1857, and in 1861 entered the army 
 as chaplain. Later he left the ministry, received a com- 
 mission, and became lieutenant-colonel. He wrote “ Heroes 
 of the Last Lustre” (1859), “A Tour around New York” 
 (1892), and “Walks in Our Churchyards ” (1893). 
 
 Minot (mi'not). The county-seat of Ward 
 County, North Dakota, on the Mouse River. 
 Population, 6,188, (1910). 
 
 Minot (mi'not), Charles Sedgwick. Bom at 
 Boston, Mass., Dec. 23, 1852. An American 
 biologist, professor of comparative anatomy 
 in the Harvard Medical School. He was instruc- 
 tor 1883-87, and assistant professor 1887-92. Among his 
 works are “ Human Embryology ” (1892), “ A Laboratory 
 Text-book of Embryology ” (1903), and numerous scientific 
 papers. He is the inventor ol the rotary automatic mi- 
 crotome. 
 
 Minto (min'to), fourth Earl of (Gilbert John 
 Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound). Born July 
 9, 1845. A British soldier and administrator. 
 He served with the Turkish army in 1877, in the Afghan 
 war in 1879, in the Egyptian campaign in 1882, and as chief 
 of staff in the rebellion in northwest Canada in 1885. He 
 succeeded to the title in 1891 ; was governor-general of 
 Canada 1898-1904 ; and was viceroy and governor-general 
 of India 1905-10. 
 
 Mirbeau (mer-bo'), Octave Henri. Born at 
 Trevihres, France, Feb. 16, 1848. A French 
 journalist, critic, and author. He went to Paris ; 
 became a contributor to various periodicals ; founded the 
 “ Paris-Midi ” ; and, with others, founded “ Les Grimaces,” 
 a satirical journal. Among his works are “ Lettres de la 
 chaumiere ” (1886), “ Le Calvaire ’’ (1886), “ SObastien 
 Roch ” (1890), “Le jardin des supplices" (1899), “Les 
 m^moires d’une femme de chambre ” (1901), “ Les vingt- 
 et-un jours d'un neurasthSnique ” (1902); and several 
 plays, “Les mauvais bergers" (1898), “Le portefeuille ” 
 (1902), “Les affaires sont les affaires "(1903), and “Farces 
 et moralitos ” (1904). 
 
 Misamis (me-sa'mes). A province of the Phil- 
 ippines, in northern Mindanao. It is bounded by 
 the Mindanao and Surigao seas on the north, Surigao 
 province (separated by mountains) on the east, Cotabato 
 on the south, and Lanao and Dapitan on the west. Capi- 
 tal, Cagay&n. Iligan Bay separates the eastern from the 
 western part of the province. Port Misamis, or Panguil 
 Bay, is a deep inlet from the southwestern part of this 
 bay. Macajalar Bay indents the northern coast. The 
 province is mountainous, the highest peaks being the 
 Oran Malindang, 8,680 feet, and Camiguin Island, 5,383 
 
Mi samis 
 
 feet in height. Coal anil gold are found. Cocoa, coffee, 
 hemp, corn, copra, rice, and sugar-cane are among 
 the products. Large numbers of domestic animals are 
 raised. The native race is Visayan. The census of 1903 
 gave also 3,418 Subanos. Area of province, including 
 Camiguin and other adjacent islands, 3,017 square miles. 
 Population, 153,707. 
 
 Misamis (me-sa/mes), Port. A deep inlet 
 from the southwestern part of Iligan Bay, 
 northern Mindanao: a good harbor in all 
 weather. 
 
 MiscManza (mis-ki-an'za), The. A farewell 
 banquet and festival given in Philadelphia, 
 May 18, 1778, in honor of Sir William Howe, 
 then commander-in-chief of the British armies 
 in America. It consisted of a regatta on the Delaware 
 river, to which four hundred persons were invited. They 
 landed at the country-seat of Thomas Wharton and there 
 took part in a mock tournament, a banquet, and a ball. 
 Major Andre took a prominent part in the festival and 
 wrote two accounts of it. 
 
 Mishawaka (mish-a-w&'ka). A city in St. 
 Joseph County, Indiana, 5 miles east of South 
 Bend. It has manufactories of windmills, gaso- 
 line engines, automobiles, furniture, wagons, 
 farming implements, etc. Population, 11,886, 
 (1910). 
 
 Mission Range. A range of mountains east 
 and southeast of Flathead Lake, Montana. 
 Missoula (mi-zo'la). The county-seat of Mis- 
 soula County, Montana, on the Missoula River, 
 near its junction with the Bitter Root River. 
 
 It is the trade center for the surrounding region, in which 
 the chief industries are mining, agriculture, and fruit- 
 raisiug. It has bottling- works, railroad shops, etc., and 
 is the seat of the University of Montana. Population, 12,- 
 869, (1910). _ 
 
 Misti (mes-te 7 ), El. The mountain of Are- 
 quipa (which see). Near its summit was es- 
 tablished a. meteorological station (discon- 
 tinued) conducted by the Arequipa branch of 
 the Harvard Observatory. 
 
 Mistral*, Frederic. In 1904 he received, with Eche- 
 garay, the Nobel prize for literature. His later works in- 
 clude “La Reino-Jano" (1890), “Lou pouemo dou Rose ” 
 (1897), and a volume of memoirs (1906). 
 
 Mitchell (mich'el). The county-seat of Davi- 
 son County, South Dakota, 70 miles northwest 
 of Sioux Falls. It has grain-elevators, rail- 
 road shops, lumber-yards, etc., and is the seat 
 of Dakota University. Population, 6,515, 
 (1910). 
 
 Mitchell (mich'el), John. Born at Braidwood, 
 111., Feb. 4, 1870. An American labor leader. 
 He worked for several years in the coal-mines ; joined the 
 Knights of Labor in 1885 ; and was president of the United 
 Mine-Workers of America from 1898 to 1908. He directed 
 the strikes of the anthracite coal-miners in 1900 and 1902, 
 and the negotiations with the operators in 1906. He has 
 written “Organized Labor" (1903). 
 
 Mitchell*, Silas Weir. His later works Include 
 
 “Autobiography of a Quack ” (1900), “Dr. North and his 
 Friends” (1900), “The Wager, and Other Poems ” (1900), 
 “Circumstance” (1901), “Comedy of Conscience” (1903), 
 “Little Stories” (1903), “Mr. Kris Kringle” (1904), “New 
 Samaria” (1904), “Youth of Washington” (1904), “Con- 
 stance Trescot (1905), “ A Diplomatic Adventure ” (1906), 
 “The Red City” (1908), “Venture in 1777” (1908), “The 
 Comfort of the Hills” (1909), “John Sherwood, Ironmas- 
 ter” (1911), “ Westway s” (1913), etc. 
 
 Mitra (me'tra). A peak near the western 
 boundary of Lepanto-Bontoc province, Luzon, 
 Philippine Islands. Height, 5,699 feet. 
 Mobius (me'bi-os), Karl. Born in Eilenburg, 
 Germauy, Feb. 7, 1825: died in Berlin, April 
 26, 1908. A German zoologist, director of the 
 Museum of Natural History in Berlin 1887- 
 1905. 
 
 Modder (mod'br). A river in the Orange Free 
 State, South Africa, which empties into the 
 Riet, a tributary of the Vaal. The passage of the 
 Modder was forced by Lord Methuen against the Boers 
 under Cronje, with great loss, on Nov. 28, 1899, in his 
 unsuccessful attempt to relieve Kimberley. 
 
 Mogollon (mo-go-yon 7 ) Mesa. An extensive 
 mesa or plateau in east-central Arizona, north 
 of the Salt River and east of the Rio Verde. 
 Elevation, about 8,000 feet above the sea and 
 5,000 feet above the Rio Verde. 
 
 Mohler (mo'ler), John Robbins. Born at 
 Philadelphia, May 9, 1875. An American bac- 
 teriologist, chief of the pathological division 
 of the United States Bureau of Animal Indus- 
 try from 1902. 
 
 Moisant (moi'sant), John B. Born at Chicago, 
 April 25, 1870: died near New Orleans, Dec. 
 31. 1910. An American architect and aviator. 
 He took part in the revolution in Salvador in 1907. While 
 traveling in B’ranee he became interested in aviation, 
 bought a Bleriot monoplane, and after a very little prac- 
 tice flew from Paris to London in August, 1910, carrying a 
 passenger. Returning to America, he entered the inter- 
 national races at Belmont Park, Long Island, in October, 
 1910, finishing second in the Gordon-Bennett cup race, 
 covering the 100 kilometers in 1 hr. 57 min. 44.85 sec., in 
 spite of 38 minutes stop for repairs. He made the fastest 
 time in a cross-country flight from Belmont Park to and 
 
 around the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor, about 
 35 miles in 34 min. 38.84 sec. He was thrown out of his 
 monoplane in making a landing and killed. 
 
 Moissan (mwa-san 7 ), Henri. Born at Paris, 
 Sept. 28, 1852: died there, Feb. 20, 1907. A 
 noted French chemist, professor of chemistry 
 in the Sorbonne : best known for the artificial 
 production of diamonds. He wrote “Repro- 
 duction du diamant” (1893), etc. In 1906 he 
 received the Nobel prize for chemistry. 
 Molesworth (molz 7 werth),Mrs. (Mary Louisa 
 Stewart) : pseudonym Ennis Graham. Born 
 at Rotterdam, Holland, May 29, 1839. An Eng- 
 lish author, best known as a writer of children’s 
 Stories. Among her works are “ Tell me a Story ” (1875), 
 “ Carrots ” (1876), “The Cuckoo Clock” (1877), “The Grim 
 House ” (1899), “ The Wood-pigeons and Mary ” (1901), and 
 “The Wrong Envelope ” (1906). 
 
 Molo (mo'lo). A town in the southern part of 
 Iloilo province, Panay, Philippine Islands. 
 Population, 8,551. 
 
 Molokai*. A noted leper settlement is main- 
 tained here. 
 
 Mond (mond), Ludwig. Born at Cassel, Ger- 
 many, March 7, 1839: died Dec. 11, 1909. A dis- 
 tinguished German-English chemist. He studied 
 at Marburg and Heidelberg universities. In 1862 he 
 went to England and engaged in chemical manufacturing, 
 in which he introduced or invented many valuable pro- 
 cesses, as in the production of soda, chlorin, pure nickel, 
 and a gas for power and heating. He was a fellow of the 
 Royal Society, vice-president of the Royal Institution and 
 of the Chemical Society, member of the Accademia dei 
 Lincei, Rome, and other learned bodies, and in 1896 
 founded and endowed the Faraday Research Laboratory 
 of the P^oyal Institution. He owned a notable collection 
 of works of art, a large part of which he bequeathed to 
 the British nation. 
 
 Monessen (mo'nes-en). A borough in West- 
 moreland County, Pennsylvania, 20 miles 
 southeast of Pittsburgh. It has foundries, 
 steel-works, etc. Population, 11,775, (1910). 
 Moneta (mo-na'ta), Ernesto Teodoro. Bom 
 at Milan, Sept. 20, 1833. An Italian journalist, 
 editor of the “ Secolo.” He is president of 
 the Lombardy Union, International Peace So- 
 ciety, and in 1907 was awarded the Nobel 
 peace prize. 
 
 Monis (mo-ne 7 ), Antoine Emmanuel Ernest. 
 
 Born at Chateauneuf, Charente, May 23, 1846. 
 A French minister of state. He was elected to the 
 Chamber of Deputies in 1885, and in 1901 to the Senate, 
 of which he later became vice-president. He served as 
 minister of justice in the Waldeck-Rousseau cabinet 1899- 
 1902. On the fall of the Briand cabinet, in March, 1911, 
 he became premier, and held office until June, when he 
 gave place to Caillaux. 
 
 Monongahela (mo-non-ga-he'la). A city in 
 Washington County, Pennsylvania, on the 
 Monongahela River. Coal-mining is its prin- 
 cipal industry, and it has glass-factories, 
 machine-shops, paper-mills, etc. Population, 
 7,598, (1910). 
 
 Monroe (mun-ro 7 ). The parish-seat of Oua- 
 chita Parish, Louisiana, on the Washita River. 
 It is an important trading center for cotton, 
 and has cotton-compresses, machine-shops, 
 cotton-seed oil mills, etc. Population, 10,209, 
 (1910). 
 
 Monsieur Lecocq. A detective story by Emile 
 Gaboriau, published in 1869. 
 
 Monson (mun'son), Sir Edmund John. Born 
 at Chart Lodge, Kent, Oct. 6, 1834: died at 
 London, Oct. 29, 1909. An English diplomatist. 
 He was educated at Eton and at BaUiol College, Oxford, 
 and entered the diplomatic service in 1856. He was pri- 
 vate secretary to Lord Lyons, English minister at Wash- 
 ington, during the Civil War, and subsequently held 
 posts in the Azores (1869), Hungary (1871), Uruguay (1879), 
 and Argentina and Paraguay (1884). In 1884 he became 
 minister to Denmark, and during his stay at Copenhagen 
 was selected as arbitrator of the Butterfield claim, be- 
 tween Denmark and the United States. He was appointed 
 minister to Greece in 1888, and to Belgium in 1892, and 
 ambassador to Austria in 1893, and was ambassador to 
 France from 1896 until his retirement in 1904. 
 Montagna (mon-tan'ya), Bartolommeo. Born 
 at Orzinovi, near Brescia, about 1450: died at 
 Vicenza in 1523. An Italian painter. He is 
 said to have studied under Andrea Mantegna at Padua, 
 and also under Giovanni Bellini and Carpaccio. Among 
 his works are “ The Presentation of Jesus Christ in the 
 Temple," at Vicenza; “Madonna and Two Saints," at 
 Venice; and “Ecce Homo,” in the Louvre. 
 
 Montague (mon'ta-gfi). A town in Franklin 
 County, Massachusetts, 15 miles northeast of 
 Northampton. It has manufactories of paper, 
 hardware, cotton goods, etc. Population, 6,866, 
 (1910). 
 
 Montenegro*. The legislative authority is vested in 
 a council of state and a national assembly (skupshtiua) of 
 74 members. 
 
 Montessori (mou-te-so'ri), Maria. A contem- 
 porary Italian physician and educator, founder 
 of the Montessori method for the education of 
 
 Moore, George Foot 
 
 children. She received the degree of doctor of medicine 
 from the University of Rome. She was assistant doctor 
 in the clinic of psychiatry, directress of the Scuola Orto- 
 frenica in Rome, and in 1900 reentered the University of 
 Rome to study psychology. In 1907 she opened the first 
 Casa dei Bambini (Children’s House) in Rome, and has 
 since opened other schools of the same kind. In 1911 
 Italian Switzerland established the Montessori system in 
 the kindergartens of its public schools. Her publications 
 include “ il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica Applicato 
 all’ Educazione Infantile nelle Case dei Bambini” (1909: 
 translated into English by Anne E. George 1912) and “An- 
 tropologia Pedagogica” (1911: translated into English by 
 Frederic Taber Cooper 1913). 
 
 Montgomery (mont-gum'e-ri), Henry. Born 
 at Cartwright, Ontario, Nov. 11, 1848. A Ca- 
 nadian geologist and anthropologist, curator 
 of the museum of Toronto University from 1904. 
 He has published “ The Remains of Prehistoric Man in 
 the Dakotas,” “Prehistoric Man in Utah,” etc. 
 
 Monticelli (mon-ti-chel'i), Adolphe Joseph 
 Thomas. Born at Marseilles, France, Oct. 
 14, 1824 : died there, May 2(7 1886. A French 
 painter, of Italian descent. He studied in the art 
 school at Marseilles, and at Paris, where he was especially 
 influenced by the Impressionist school. In 1870 he re- 
 turned to Marseilles and remained there the rest of his life. 
 He produced a large number of easel pictures exhibiting 
 great brilliancy and harmony of color. He painted with 
 a palette-knife and also directly from the tubes without 
 the assistance of brushes. 
 
 Montt (mont), Pedro. Born June 29, 1848: 
 died Aug. 16, 1910. President of Chile, son of 
 Manuel Montt, a former president. He was elected 
 to the Congress of Chile in 1876, and became a leader of 
 the Liberal party, holding at various times ministerial 
 offices. In 1891 he was sent as minister to the United 
 States. On Sept. 18, 1906, he was inaugurated president, 
 and continued in office until his death. 
 
 Monvel, Louis Maurice Boutet de. See 
 
 * Bout et de Monvel. 
 
 Monypenny (mun'i-pen-i), William Flavelle. 
 
 Born Aug. 7, 1866 : died Nov. 23, 1912. A Brit- 
 ish journalist and author. He was assistant editor 
 of the London “Times ” 1893-99, and in 1899 became edi- 
 tor of the Johannesburg “Star.” He served in the army 
 during the South African war, 1899-1900, and on the staff 
 of the military governor of Johannesburg, as director of 
 civil supplies, 1900-01. In 1903 he became a director of 
 the Times Publishing Company. The first volume of his 
 “Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield,” ap- 
 peared in 1910 and the second in 1912. 
 
 Moody (mo'di), William Henry. Born at 
 Newbury, Mass., Dec. 23, 1853. An American 
 lawyer, attorney-general of the United States 
 1904-06. He was graduated at Phillips Academy, An- 
 dover, in 1872, and at Harvard University in 1876. He was 
 district attorney for the Massachusetts Eastern District 
 1890-95, a Republican member of Congress 1895-1902, and 
 secretary of the navy 1902-04. He was associate justice 
 of the Supreme Court Dec., 1906-Nov., 1910. 
 
 Moody (mo'di), William Vaughn. Bom at 
 
 Spencer, Ind., July 8, 1869: died at Colorado 
 Springs, Oct. 17, 1910. An American poet and 
 critic. From 1895 to 1903 he served as instructor in the 
 department of English in the University of Chicago. 
 Among his works are “Poems ” (1901), including the “Ode 
 in Time of Hesitation ” (1900) ; “ The Fire-Bringer ” (1904), 
 “The Masque of Judgment ” (1900), the first and second 
 parts respectively of a dramatic trilogy ; “ The Sabine 
 Woman,” a play (1906); with Robert Morss Lovett, “A 
 History of English Literature” (1902), “First View of 
 English Literature” (1905); “The Great Divide," a play 
 (1906), and “ The Faith Healer ” (1909). 
 
 Moor (mor), Emanuel. Born about 1862. A 
 
 Hungarian composer. He was educated at Budapest 
 and Vienna. In 1885 he came to America with a concert 
 company which included Lilli Lehmann and Ovide Mnsin. 
 He lived for a time in New York, and then in England, later 
 making his home in Switzerland. His works include 
 three operas, “ Die Pompadour ” (1902), “ Andreas Hofer ” 
 (1902), and “ Hochzeitsglocken ” (1908), also symphonies, 
 concertos, chambter music, and about five hundred songB. 
 
 Moore (mor), George. Bom at Moore Hall, 
 County Mayo, Ireland, 1853. A British nov- 
 elist, poet, dramatist, and art critic. He has 
 published two volumes of verse, “Flowers of Passion” 
 (1877) and “ Pagan Poems ” (1881). As a critic he was one 
 of the first in England to champion the Impressionist 
 school of painters and the naturalistic school in literature. 
 He was associated with Edward Martyn and William But- 
 ler Yeats in founding the Irish Literary Theater in Dublin, 
 and has written two plays, “ The Strike at Arlingford ” 
 (1893) and “ The Bending of the Bough ” (1900). His other 
 works include “A Modem Lover” (1883), “A Mummer’s 
 Wife” (1884), “Parnell and his Ireland” (1887), “Confes- 
 sions of a Young Man” (1888), “Mike Fletcher" (1889), 
 “ Vain Fortune” (1891), “Modem Painting” (1893), “Esther 
 Waters ” (1894), “ Impressions and Opinions ” (1895), “ Celi- 
 bates ” (1895), “Evelyn Innes," a musical novel (1898), 
 “Sister Teresa "(1901 : a continuation of “Evelyn limes”), 
 “The Untilled Field ” (1903). •• The Lake” (1905), “Memoirs 
 of my Dead Life” (1906), “Hail and Farewell,” atrilogy : 
 “Ave”(1911), “Salve” (1912), “ Vale " (to follow), etc. 
 
 Moore (mor), George Foot. Bom at West 
 Chester, Pa., Oct. 15, 1851. An American 
 Orientalist and biblical scholar, professor of 
 the history of religions in Harvard University 
 from 1902. He was professor of Hebrew in Andover 
 (Massachusetts) Theological Seminary 1883-1902. His 
 works include a commentary on the Book of Judges (1895), 
 numerous scientific papers, etc. He was appointed visit- 
 ing professor at the University of Berlin 1909-10. 
 
Moore, George Thomas 
 
 Moore (mor), George Thomas. Born at In- 
 dianapolis, Ind., Feb. 23, 1871. An American 
 cryptogamic botanist. He was graduated at Wabash 
 College iu 1894 (Harvard A. B. 1895) ; was physiologist and 
 algologist of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United 
 States Department of Agriculture 1901-02 ; and was head 
 of the laboratory of plant physiology 1902-05. He is best 
 known for his work in perfecting methods of destroying 
 algae and certain bacteria in water supplies (by means of 
 sulphate of copper), and of cultivating the root-tubercle 
 organisms which, in certain plants, aid the appropriation 
 of nitrogen. 
 
 Moore (mor), John Bassett. Born at Smyrna, 
 Del., Dec. 3, 1860. An American publicist, 
 professor of international law and diplomacy 
 in Columbia University from 1891. He was third 
 assistant secretary of state 1886-91 ; was assistant secre- 
 tary April-Sept., 1898, during the Spanish war ; and was 
 secretary and counsel of the American peace commis- 
 sioners in Paris. His works include “ Extradition and 
 Interstate Rendition" (1891), “History and Digest of In- 
 ternational Arbitrations ” (1898), “ American Diplomacy ” 
 (1905), “Digest of International Law” (1906), etc. He col- 
 lected and edited the “Works of James Buchanan” (12 
 volumes, 1908-11). 
 
 Moqui (mo'ke). The Navajo name for a Hopi 
 Indian. Until recently these Indians were 
 known as Moqui, the name Hopi being a late 
 introduction into literature. 
 
 Morais (mo-ra'es), Sabato. Born at Leghorn, 
 Italy, April 13, 1823 : died at Philadelphia, Nov. 
 11, 1897. A Jewish rabbi, founder and. first 
 president of the Jewish Theological Seminary 
 of America, at New York. 
 
 Moran (mo-ran'), Patrick Francis. Born at 
 Leighlinbridge, County Carlow, Ireland, Sept. 
 16, 1830 : died at Sydney, N. S. W. , Aug. 16, 1911. 
 A British Roman Catholic prelate, archbishop 
 of Sydney, Australia, from 1884, and cardinal 
 from 1885. He was bishop of Ossory 1872-84. Among 
 his publications are “History of the Catholic Archbishops 
 of Dublin" (1864), “Irish Saints in Great Britain" (1879), 
 “History of the Catholic Church in Australia” (1894), 
 “The Priests and People of Ireland" (1905), etc. 
 Mordkin (mord'kin), Mikail. Born about 
 1882. A Russian dancer. He appeared for a num- 
 ber of years at Moscow. He made his American d^but in 
 “Coppelia,” with Anna Pavlova, at the Metropolitan 
 Opera House 1909-10, and has since appeared in other 
 American cities and in London. 
 
 Morelli (mo-rel'i), Giovanni. Born at Verona, 
 Italy, Feb. 25, 1816: died at Milau, Feb. 28, 
 1891. An Italian art critic. Beginning in I860, he 
 represented Bergamo in four successive Italian parlia- 
 ments, and used this opportunity to secure a law, which 
 bears his name, to regulate the preservation of Italian art. 
 In 1861 he was associated with Cavalcaselle on a commis- 
 sion appointed to register all works of art in public insti- 
 tutions in Umbria and the Marches. In his works he 
 established certain facts which have revolutionized Italian 
 art criticism, among them the fact that the old masters 
 frequently dropped into uniform conventional ways of 
 representing details (a9 hair, ears, fingers, etc.), which are 
 useful in identification. 
 
 Morgan (mor'gan), Conwy Lloyd. Born at 
 London, Feb. 6,' 1852. An English biologist, 
 principal of University College, Bristol, 1887- 
 1909, and professor of psychology in the 
 University of Bristol 1909-. Among hie publica- 
 tions are “Animal Biology” (1887), “Animal Life and 
 Intelligence ” (1890), “Introduction to Comparative Psy- 
 chology ” (1895), “ Habit and Instinct ” (1896), “ Animal 
 Behaviour ” (1900), “ The Interpretation of Nature ” 
 
 (1905), etc. 
 
 Morgan (mor'gan), Edwin Vernon. Born at 
 Aurora, N. Y., Feb. 22, 1865. An American 
 diplomatist. He became secretary of legation and 
 deputy consul-general at Seal, Korea, in 1900 ; second 
 secretary of the embassy at St. Petersburg in 1901 ; 
 consul at Dalny, Manchuria, in 1904 ; and minister to 
 Korea in 1905. He was minister to Cuba 1905-10; to 
 Uruguay and Paraguay in 1910-11 ; to Portugal 1911-12 ; 
 and ambassador to Brazil 1912- 
 
 Morgan (mor'gan), George Campbell. Born 
 at Tetbury, Gloucestershire, Dec. 9, 1863. An 
 English Congregational minister. He was a mas- 
 ter in the Jewish Collegiate School, Birmingham, 1883-86; 
 a mission preacher 1886-88 ; was ordained in 1889 ; and held 
 various pastorates from that date. He was Northfleld 
 Bible Conference extension lecturer 1901-04, and is the 
 foqnder and director of the Westminster Bible Confer- 
 ence. In 1904 he became minister of the Westminster 
 Congregational Chapel, Buckingham Gate, London. He is 
 the editor of the “Westminster Bible Record” and the 
 “Westminster Pulpit.” He has published “The Spirit 
 of God,” “The Crises of the Christ” (1903), “The Ana- 
 lyzed Bible” (1907-), etc. 
 
 Morgan (mor'gan), John Pierpont. Born at 
 Hartford, Conn., April 17, 1837 : died at Rome, 
 Italy, March 31, 1913. An American banker 
 and financier. He was educated at the English High 
 School, Boston, and at the University of Gottingen. As a 
 financier he was particularly connected with the reorgani- 
 zation of railways, the floating of the U. S. bond issue in 
 the administration of President Cleveland, the Atlantic 
 shipping combination, etc. He was known also as a col- 
 lector of works of art, and contributed largely to the 
 founding and support of hospitals and other charities. 
 
 Morgan (mor'gan), John Tyler. Born at 
 Athens, Tenn., June 20, 1824: died June 11, 
 1907. An American lawyer and statesman, 
 
 United States senator (Democratic) from Ala- 
 bama from 1877. He entered the Confederate army 
 in 1861 and rose to the rank of brigadier-general, and after 
 the war resumed the practice of law. In 1892 he was ap- 
 pointed one of the arbitrators of the Bering Sea fisheries 
 dispute. 
 
 Morgan City (mor'gan sit'i). A city in St. 
 Mary Parish, Louisiana, near the mouth of 
 Grand Lake. It exports fish, oysters, sugar, 
 etc. Population, 5,477, (1910). 
 
 Morgantown (mor'gan-toun). The county- 
 seat of Monongalia County, West Virginia, on 
 the Monongahela River. It has furniture-fac- 
 tories, cigar-factories, glass-works, etc., and 
 iron, coal, and other minerals are found in the 
 vicinity. It is the seat of West Virginia Uni- 
 versity. Population, 9,150, (1910). 
 
 Morley (mor'li), Edward Williams. Bom at 
 Newark, N. J., Jan. 29, 1838. An American 
 chemist and educator, professor of chemistry 
 in Western Reserve University 1869-1906. 
 
 He was graduated at Williams College in 1860. He has 
 published papers upon chemical and physical topics, es- 
 pecially upon the atomic weight of oxygen. 
 
 Morley*, John, first Viscount Morley of Black- 
 burn. He was raised to the peerage iu 1908. His later 
 works include “Studies in Literature" (1891), “Oliver 
 Cromwell " (1900), “ Life of Gladstone ” (1903), “ Life of 
 Richard Oobden " (1908), “ Critical Miscellanies ' (1908), etc. 
 Moro (mo'ro). A province of the Philippines, 
 created by an act of the Philippine Commis- 
 sion, June 1, 1903. By this act Misamis and Cotabato 
 were reduced and Zamboanga was increased in area, and 
 a new district, Lanao, was created. The province as now 
 constituted consists of the island of Mindanao, except 
 Misamis and Surigao provinces with their adjacent islands ; 
 of all other islands adjacent to Mindanao; of Basilan, 
 Cagayan de Jold, and Sibutu ; and of the groups included 
 in the Sulu (Jold) Archipelago. The province thus con- 
 tains all of the Moro territory except that in the southern 
 part of Palawan (Paragua) Island. Each of its five dis- 
 tricts — Cotabato, Davao, Jold, Lanao, and Zamboanga — is 
 under a district governor appointed by the governor of 
 the province. Capital, Zamboanga. Area, 28,886 square 
 miles. Population, 402,014. 
 
 Moros (mo'roz). One of the Mohammedan 
 Malay tribes which inhabit the southern is- 
 lands of the Philippine Archipelago, especially 
 Mindanao and the Jold Archipelago. They 
 are a seafaring and warlike people, and were 
 formerly much given to piracy. 
 
 Morris (mor'is), Lewis. Born on Manhattan 
 Island, New York, 1671: died at Trenton, 
 N. J., May 21, 1746. An American statesman, 
 first governor of New Jersey. He was appointed 
 to the bench of the superior court of New Jersey 1692, and 
 was active in effecting the separation of that colony from 
 New York. He served as chief justice of both New Y r ork 
 and New Jersey 1715-33, and was governor of the colony 
 from 1738 until his death. 
 
 Morris*, Sir Lewis. His later works include “Songs 
 without Notes " (1894), “Idylls and Lyrics” (1896), “Har- 
 vest Tide" (1901), and “The New Rambler from Desk to 
 Platform ” (1905). 
 
 Morrison (mor'i-son), George Ernest. Born 
 at Geelong, Victoria, Australia, Feb. 4, 1862. 
 An English journalist and traveler. He was ed- 
 ucated at Melbourne and Edinburgh universities, and has 
 been special correspondent of the London “ Times ” in 
 China and various parts of Asia. In October, 1912, he 
 became political adviser to the president of the Chinese 
 republic. He has written “An Australian in China" etc. 
 
 Morrow (mor'o), William W. Born near 
 Milton, Ind., July 15, 1843. An American 
 jurist, judge of the ninth United States judi- 
 cial circuit from 1897. He was assistant United 
 States attorney for California 1870-74 ; served as special 
 counsel for the United States before the French and 
 American claims commissions (1881-83) and the Alabama 
 claims commission (1882-85) ; was a member of the House 
 of Representatives 1885-91 ; and was United States judge 
 of the Northern California district 1891-97. He was one 
 of the incorporators of the American National Red Cross 
 Society. 
 
 Morse (mors), Harmon Northrop. Born at 
 Cambridge, Vt., Oct. 15, 1848. An American 
 chemist, professor of analytical and inorganic 
 chemistry in Johns Hopkins University from 
 1908. He was associate professor there 1876- 
 1891, and professor of analyticalchemistry 1891- 
 1908. 
 
 Morton (mor'ton), Julius Sterling. Born at 
 Adams, N. V., April 22, 1832: died at Lake 
 Forest, 111., April 27, 1902. An American 
 cabinet officer. He was graduated at Union College, 
 Schenectady, New York, in 1854; was a member of the 
 territorial legislature of Nebraska in 1856 and 1857 ; was 
 secretary and acting governor of Nebraska in 1858; and 
 was secretary of the United States Department of Agri- 
 culture 1893-97. He instituted Arbor Day in Nebraska in 
 1872. In politics he was a Democrat, affiliated later with 
 the gold-standard wing of the party. 
 
 Morton (mor'ton), Paul. Born at Detroit, 
 Mich., May 22, 1857: died at New York, Jan. 19, 
 1911. An American railroad man, administra- 
 tor, andfinancier, son of Julius Sterling Morton. 
 He was connected with the Burlington railway system 
 1872-90, and was third vice-president 1896-98 and second 
 
 Muck 
 
 vice-president 1898-1904 of the Atchison, Topeka, and 
 Santa Fe Railroad. He was secretary of the navy July 1 , 
 1904, -July 1, 1905, and chairman of the board of directors 
 and later president of the Equitable Life Assurance So- 
 ciety 1905-11. 
 
 Mosby (moz'bi), John Singleton. Born in 
 
 Powhatan County, Va., Dec. 6, 1833. A noted 
 American soldier. He was graduated at the Univer- 
 sity of Virginia in 1852 ; practised law in Bristol, Virginia, 
 1855-61; joined the Confederate army in 1861 ; and be- 
 came famous (1862-65) as colonel of independent cavalry 
 (“ Mosby’s Rangers ”), inflicting serious damage upon the 
 Union army by cutting its communications. After the 
 close of the war he resumed the practice of law, and was 
 United States consul at Hong-Kong 1878-85. 
 
 Moses (mo'zez), George Higgins. Bora at 
 Lubec, Maine, Feb. 9, 1869. An American 
 diplomatist, minister to Greece and Monte- 
 negro 1909-12. 
 
 Mosso (mos'so), Angelo. Born at Turin, May 
 31, 1846: died there, Nov. 23, 1910. An Italian 
 physiologist, professor in the University of 
 Turin from 1879, especially noted for his in- 
 vestigations in psychophysiology. He has 
 published “The Dawn of Mediterranean Civ- 
 ilization” (1910), etc. 
 
 Moszkowski (mos-kof'ski), Moritz. Born at 
 Breslau, Aug. 23, 1854. A pianist and com- 
 poser, chiefly of piano-music. His opera 
 “Boabdil” was produced in 1892. 
 
 Motien (mo'ti-en) Pass. A mountain pass in 
 southern Manchuria, southeast of Mukden. 
 It was of great strategic importance in the Russo-Japanese 
 war (1904-05), and a number of sanguinary engagements 
 were fought in its vicinity. It was in the line of the ad- 
 vance of General Kuroki’s army upon Liao-yang. 
 
 Mott (mot), John R. Born at Livingston 
 Manor, N. Y., May 25, 1865. An American 
 religious worker. He has been chairman of the ex- 
 ecutive committee of the Student Volunteer Movement 
 since 1888 ; general secretary of the World’s Student Chris- 
 tian Federation since 1895; and foreign secretary of the 
 international committee of the Young Men’s Christian 
 Association since 1898. He has published “Strategic 
 Points in the World's Conquest ” (1897), “ Evangelization 
 of the World in This Generation” (1900), “Christians of 
 Reality ” (1902), “The Future Leadership of the Church ” 
 (1908),' etc. 
 
 Mottl (motl), Felix. Born near Vienna, Aug. 
 29, 1856: died at Munich, July 2, 1911. A 
 noted Austrian orchestral conductor and com- 
 poser. He succeeded DesBoff as court conductor at 
 Karlsruhe, frequently conducting in Bayreuth, and had a 
 high reputation as a Wagnerian. In 1903 he came to 
 New York. In 1904 he was made a director of the Berlin 
 Royal Academy of Music, and was later director of the 
 Royal Opera House, Munich. He composed the operas 
 “Agnes Bernauer," “Ramin,” “Fiirst und Sanger," etc. 
 
 Moulton*, Mrs. (Ellen Louise Chandler). 
 
 Her later works include “ Random Rambles ” (1881),“ Fire- 
 light. Stories” (1883), “Ourselves and our Neighbors” 
 (1887), “Miss Eyre from Boston, and Other Stories” (1889), 
 “In the Garden of Dreams ” (1889), “ Stories Told at Twi- 
 light” (1890), “In Childhood's Country” (1896), “At the 
 Wind's Will ” (1899), “Poems and Sonnets ” (1909), etc. 
 
 Moulton (mol 'ton), Richard Green. Born at 
 Preston, England, May 5, 1849. An English 
 author, critic, and educator, professor in the 
 University of Chicago from 1892. He was en- 
 gaged as a lecturer in university extension work in Eng- 
 land and America 1874-92. Among his works are “Shake- 
 speare as a Dramatic Artist ” (1885), “ Ancient Classical 
 Drama” (1890), “The Literary Study of the Bible” (1896), 
 “A Short Introduction to the Literature of the Bible ” 
 (1901), “ The Moral System of Shakespeare ” (1903), and 
 “ World Literature ” (1911). He has edited “The Modern 
 Reader’s Bible ” (1895-98). 
 
 Mount Carmel (mount kar'mel). A borough 
 in the southeastern part of Northumberland 
 County, Pennsylvania. It has coal-mines and man- 
 ufactures of coal-mining machinery, etc. Population, 
 17,532, (1910). 
 
 Mount Clemens (mount klem'enz). The 
 county-seat of Macomb County, Michigan, 21 
 miles northeast of Detroit. Its products include 
 wagons and sleighs, beet-sugar, and agricul- 
 tural implements. Sulpho-saline springs make 
 it popular as a health resort. Population, 
 7,707, (1910). 
 
 Mount McKinley. See * McKinley , Mount. 
 
 Mount Pleasant (mount plez'ant). A borough 
 in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. Its 
 principal products are coke, iron and steel, 
 glass, lumber, flour, etc. Pop., 5,812, (1910). 
 
 Mount Vernon (mount ver'non). The county- 
 seat of Jefferson County, Illinois. Its chief 
 industries are coal-mining, agriculture, and 
 manufacturing. Population, 8,007, (1910). 
 
 Muck (nook), Karl. Born at Darmstadt, Oct. 
 22, 1859. A German musical conductor. He 
 
 studied at the Conservatory of Leipsic, and made his debut 
 as a pianist at the Gewandhaus in 1880. He first conducted 
 at Zurich (1880-81), then at Salzburg (1881-82), Brtinn 
 (1882-84), Gratz (1884-86), and Prague (1886-92). In 1892 
 he became one of the conductors of the Berlin Opera, but 
 resigned in 1906 to come to America to direct the concerts 
 of the Boston Symphony Society. He remained in Boston 
 
Muck 
 
 until 1908, then again returned to the Berlin Opera, but 
 again conducted the Boston Symphony 1912-. He has 
 conducted at Bayreuth and at Covent Garden, London. 
 
 Mudcat State. A popular nickname of the 
 State of Mississippi, from the number of cat- 
 fish taken from the Mississippi River. 
 
 Munger (mung'ger), Theodore Thornton. 
 Born March 5, 1830: died Jan. 11, 1910. 
 An American Congregational clergyman and 
 writer, pastor in New Haven, Connecticut, 
 from 1885. He had pastorates in Dorchester, Haver- 
 hill, Lawrence, and North Adams, Massachusetts, and 
 San Jose, California. He published “ On the Thresh- 
 old" (1880), “The Freedom of Faith ” (1883), “Lamps and 
 Paths” (1883), “The Appeal to Life” (1887), “Horace 
 Bushnell ” (1899), “ Essays for the Day ” (1904), etc. 
 
 Munhall (mun'hal). A borough in Allegheny 
 County, Pennsylvania, on the Allegheny River, 
 7 miles southeast of Pittsburgh. It was incor- 
 porated in 1901. Population, 5,185, (1910). 
 Munroe (mun-ro'), Henry Smith. Born at 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., March 25, 1850. An Ameri- 
 can geologist and mining engineer, professor 
 of mining in the School of Mines of Columbia 
 University from 1891. He was assistant geologist 
 of the geological survey of the State of Ohio 1870-71, and 
 of the geological survey of Yezo, Japan, 1872-75 ; was 
 professor of geology and mining in the University of Tokio 
 1875-76 ; and was adjunct professor in the School of Mines 
 1877-91. 
 
 Miinsterberg (mun'ster-oerg), Hugo. Born 
 at Dantzic, Germany, June 1, 1863. A German 
 psychologist, professor in Harvard University 
 from 1892. He was educated at Dantzic, Leipsic, and 
 Heidelberg, and was professor in the University of Frei- 
 burg. Among his publications are “Psychology and 
 Life ” (1899),“ Grundzuge der Psychologie ” (1900), “ Amer- 
 ican Traits’’ (1902), “The Americans’’ (1904), “Eternal 
 Life ’’ (1905), “Principles of Art Education ” (1905), “Sci- 
 ence and Idealism’’ (1906), “On the Witness Stand” 
 (1908), “Psychotherapy” (1909), “The Eternal Values” 
 (1909), etc. In 1910 he was appointed director of the 
 America Institut, established by the German government 
 at Berlin. 
 
 Murchison (mer'chi-son) Goldfield. A gold- 
 mining region in Western Australia. 
 
 Murfree*. Mary Noailles : pseudonym 
 
 Charles Egbert Craddock. Her later works in- 
 clude “ The Despot of Broomsedge Cove ” (1888), “ In the 
 Stranger People's Country ” (1891), “ His Vanished Star ” 
 (1894), “The Young Mountaineers” (1897), “The Cham- 
 pion” (1902), “The Spectre of Power” (1903), “Storm 
 Centre ” (1905), “The Amulet ” (1906), “The Windfall” 
 (1907), “A Fair Mississippian ” (1908), “The Raid of the 
 Guerilla” (1912), etc. 
 
 Murphysboro (mer'fiz-bur-o). The county- 
 seat of Jackson County, Hlinois, on the Big 
 Muddy River, 54 miles northwest of Cairo. It 
 has flour-mills, machine-shops, etc. There are 
 coal- and lead-mines in the vicinity. Popula- 
 tion, 7,485, (1910). 
 
 Murray (mur'a), David Christie. Born at 
 West Bromwich, Staffordshire, April 13, 1847: 
 died at Hampstead, Aug. 1, 1907. A British 
 novelist. His works include “A Life’s Atonement” 
 (1880), “Joseph’s Coat” (1881), “Aunt Rachel” (1886), 
 “One Traveller Returns” (with Henry Herman, 1887), 
 “Old Blazer’s Hero” (1887), “A Dangerous Catspaw ” 
 
 (1889) and “ He Fell among Thieves ” (1891: with Henry 
 Herman), “The Martyred Fool” (1895), “A Capful of 
 Nails ” (1897), “ A Race for Millions ” (1898), “The Church 
 of Humanity ” (1901), “ Despair’s Last Journey ” (1901), a 
 volume of memoirs entitled “ Recollections of aLifetime ” 
 (1907), etc. 
 
 Murray (mur'a), George Gilbert Aime. Bom 
 
 at Sydney, Australia, Jan. 2, 1866. A British 
 classical scholar. He was educated in London and at 
 St. John’s College, Oxford ; was professor of Greek at Glas- 
 gow University 1889-99; and has been regius professor of 
 Greek at Oxford since 1908. He has published a “ History 
 of Ancient Greek Literature ” (1897) ; two plays, “Carlyon 
 Sahib” (1899) and “ Andromache ’ (1900); “The PHse of 
 the Greek Epic ” (1907), “ Four Stages of Greek Religion ” 
 (1913), and other works, including translations. 
 
 Murray (mur'a), John, fourth Earl of Dun- 
 more. Born 1732 : died at Ramsgate, England, 
 May, 1809. An English colonial governor. 
 
 He was appointed governor of the colony of New York in 
 1770, and of Virginia in 1771. He prorogued the House of 
 Assembly at Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1772 ; convened it 
 in March, 1773, but immediately dissolved it because of 
 its recommendation of concerted action on the part of the 
 colonies against the mother country ; and again dissolved 
 it in 1774 upon its action after the passing of the Boston 
 Port Act. In the autumn of 1774 he commanded a division 
 of Virginia troops in the war against the Ohio Indians, 
 called “ Dunmore’s War.” In 1775 he removed part of the 
 powder stores at Williamsburg to the war-ship Magdalen, 
 thereby provoking armed resistance by the colonists under 
 the leadership of Patrick Henry ; but peace was restored 
 temporarily by payment for the powder. Later in the 
 same year, during a riot in the House of Assembly, he 
 transferred the seat of government to the man-of-war 
 Fowey, an act which the burgesses declared to be an ab- 
 dication. Thereupon he equipped a flotilla, made an un- 
 successful attack upon Hampton, reduced Norfolk to 
 ashes, and was finally defeated at Gwynn’s Island in the 
 Chesapeake, July 8, 1776. He then disbanded his troops 
 and returned to England. He sat in the House of Lords 
 until 1787, and was governor of the Bahamas 1787-96. 
 
 Murray (mur'a), Sir John. Born at Coburg, 
 Ontario, March 3, 1841. An eminent British 
 zoologist, one of the naturalists of the Chal- 
 lenger expedition 1872-76. In 1882 he became 
 editor of the reports of the scientific results of this expe- 
 dition ; later published a summary of its results ; and 
 (with others) wrote a narrative of the cruise. He also 
 published “Reports on a Bathymetrical Survey of the 
 Fresh- water Lochs of Scotland ” (6 vols.). 
 
 Mus6e Cernuschi (mo-za' cher-nos'ki). The 
 hotel and collection of H. Cernuschi in the 
 Avenue Velasquez, Paris, which he left to the 
 city, at his death in 1896, as a museum devoted 
 to the art of China and Japan. 
 
 Musee des Thermes et de Cluny (mo-za' da 
 termz a de klfi-ne'). A museum in the Boule- 
 vard St. Michel, Paris. The oldest part of the build- 
 ing consists of the remnant of the baths attached to the 
 imperial palace, probably built by the emperor Constan- 
 tius Chlorus about 300 A. D. In this portion are collected 
 remains of Roman Paris. In addition was built, in the 
 loth century, by the abbots of Cluny, the beautiful late- 
 Gothic Hotel de Cluny. Alexandre du Sommerard (1779— 
 1842) installed in this hotel his notable collections of 
 medieval and Renaissance works of art. In 1843 the 
 building and collections were purchased by the state, and 
 the hotel was consolidated with the Musee des Thermes, 
 the latter being presented to the state by the municipality 
 of Paris. 
 
 Museum of Fine Arts. An institution at Bos- 
 
 National Conservation Association 
 
 ton, Massachusetts, incorporated in 1870 for 
 the purpose of maintaining art collections and 
 of providing instruction in the arts of design. 
 In 1909 the collections were removed from the 
 building in Copley Square to the new museum 
 in the Back Bay Pens. 
 
 Musin (mii-zan'), Ovide. Born near Liege, 
 Sept. 22, 1854. A Belgian violinist. He studied 
 at the Liege and Paris conservatories, and made his debut 
 in France. Later he visited Holland, and in 1877 went to 
 London, afterward making a tour of the world. He has 
 made several visits to America. In 1898 he succeeded 
 Cesar Thomson as professor of the violin at the Liege Con- 
 servatory. 
 
 Muskogee (mus-ko'ge). The county-seat of 
 Muskogee County, Oklahoma. It is an im- 
 portant trading center, and has cotton-com- 
 presses, flour-mills, an oil-refinery, etc. Near 
 it is Indian University, a Baptist institution 
 opened in 1884. Population, 25,278, (1910). 
 
 Mussorgsky (mos-sorg'ski), Modest Petro- 
 vitch. Born in the government of Pskof, 
 March 28, 1835 : died at St. Petersburg, March 
 
 < 28, 1881. A Russian composer. He entered the 
 army, but resigned in 1857 and became a pupil of Balakiref. 
 His greatest work, the opera “Boris Godunof,” produced 
 in 1874, was later revised by Rimsky-Korsakof. and has 
 since been given in the latter’s version. He left another 
 opera and fragments of three more, also a number of songs 
 (in which he is at his best), piano compositions, and orches- 
 tral works. Much of his music has been edited since his 
 death by Rimsky-Korsakof. 
 
 Myers (mi ' erz), Frederic William Henry. 
 
 Born at Keswick, Cumberland, Feb. 6, 1843: 
 died at Rome, Jan. 17, 1901. An English man 
 of letters and philosophical writer. He studied 
 at Trinity College, Cambridge, taking his degree in 1864, 
 and became a fellow of Trinity in 1865. When the Society 
 for Psychical Research was established in 1882 he was 
 one of its founders, and he remained until his death one 
 of the most importantof the workers in this field. With 
 Podmore and Gurney he published, in 1886, “ Phantasms 
 of the Living." “Science and a Future Life ” appeared in 
 1893 and “Human Personality and its Survival of Bodily 
 Death” in 1901. He also published poems of consider- 
 able merit (collected 1870 and 1882). 
 
 Mylius-Erichsen (me'le-os-er'ich-sen), L. 
 Born at Vihorg, Jutland, 1872: died in Green- 
 land, Nov. 25, 1907. A Danish arctic explorer. 
 In 1902-04 he took part in an expedition to western 
 Greenland for the purpose of studying the manners, lan- 
 guage, and traditions of the natives. In June, 1906, he 
 set out from Copenhagen in charge of an expedition to 
 eastern Greenland, intending to outline the coast from 
 Cape Bismarck northward and complete the mapping of 
 Greenland. In this he was successful, but perished from 
 the hardships of the return journey southward. 
 
 Myres (mirz), John Linton. Born at Preston, 
 Lancashire, July 3, 1869. An English archte- 
 ologist. He was educated at Winchester and at New 
 College, Oxford ; was lecturer in classical archaeology at 
 Oxford in 1903, and Gladstone professor of Greek and lec- 
 turer in ancient geography in the University of Liverpool 
 1907-10 ; and has been Wykeham professor of ancient his- 
 tory at Oxford since 1910. In 1893 he traveled in Greece, 
 Asia Minor, and Crete, and in 1894 took part in excavations 
 in Cyprus, and assisted in preparing a catalogue (published 
 1899) of the collections of antiquities in the Cyprus Museum 
 at Nicosia. He has also published a “ History of Rome ” 
 (1902), and various papers on archaeological subjects. 
 
 abua (na'bo-a). 1. A muni- 
 cipality of Ambos Carna- 
 rines province, in the south- 
 eastern part of Luzon, 
 Philippine Islands. Civi- 
 lized population, 18,893. — 
 2 . A town in Ambos Carna- 
 rines. Population, 5,387. 
 Nadaillacq Jean Francois 
 Albert du Pouget, Marquis de. He wrote 
 also “ Les problemes de la vie” (1892) and 
 “ Unite de l’espece humaine ” (1899). 
 
 Naga (na'ga). A municipality of Cebfi prov- 
 ince, near the eastern coast of Cebu, Philip- 
 pine Islands. Civilized population, 16,884. 
 
 Nagel (nfi'gl), Charles. Born in Colorado 
 County, Texas, Aug. 9, 1849. An American 
 lawyer and politician. He was a member of the 
 Missouri legislature 1881-83 ; a member of the faculty of 
 the St. Louis Law School 1885-1009 ; president of the St. 
 Louis city council 1893-97 ; and was appointed secretary 
 of commerce and labor by President Taft in 1909. 
 
 Nairobi (ni-ro'be). The capital of the prov- 
 ince of Ukamba, and the capital and adminis- 
 trative center (since 1907) of the British East 
 Africa Protectorate, about 275 miles northwest 
 of Mombasa. It is connected with the coast 
 
 and with Uganda by the Mombasa-Victoria 
 (Uganda) Railway. Population, 14,161, (1911). 
 
 Namaland (na'ma-land), German. A name 
 given by the German Colonial Society for 
 Southwest Africa to the southern part of the 
 region controlled by it. 
 
 Nansenu Fridtjof. He has been professor of ocean- 
 ography at the University of Christiania since 1908. He 
 has written also “The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 
 1893-96 : Scientific Results ” (with others, 1900-04), “ Nor- 
 way and the Union with Sweden ” (1905), “In Northern 
 Mists” (1911), etc. 
 
 Nan-shan (nan-shan'). A hill on the isthmus 
 which connects the Kwang-tung peninsula in 
 southern Manchuria with the mainland south 
 of Kin-chau. It was fortified by the Russians and was 
 assaulted by the Japanese, May 27, 1904, and captured. 
 
 Nanticoke (nan'ti-kok). A borough in Lu- 
 zerne County, Pennsylvania, situated on the 
 Susquehanna river. Its chief industry is the mining 
 of anthracite coal and its preparation for market. It 
 has manufactures of hosiery, etc. Pop., 18,877, (1910). 
 
 Narvacan (nar-va-kan'). A municipality of 
 Ilocos Sur province, northwestern LuzAn, 
 Philippine Islands. Civilized population, 19,- 
 575. 
 
 National Academy of Sciences. An Ameri- 
 can institution incorporated by act of Con- 
 
 gress, March 3, 1863, for the purpose of inves- 
 tigating and reporting upon any matter of 
 science or art that may be referred to it by 
 the national government. Its membership, at first 
 restricted to 50, is now limited to 150 resident members, 
 with not more than 50 foreign associates. It is divided 
 into committees on mathematics and astronomy, chemis- 
 try, geology and paleontology, anthropology, etc. Its 
 headquarters are at Washington, D. C. 
 
 National Civic Federation. An American 
 
 organization composed of representatives of 
 labor, capital, and the general public, it was 
 formed for the purpose of studying questions of national 
 import which have to do with social, political, and indus- 
 trial progress, and, when desirable, of promoting legisla- 
 tion in accordance with enlightened public opinion. Its 
 educational work is carried on through national confer- 
 ences and through the organization of six separate de- 
 partments, namely, public ownership, immigration, in- 
 dustrial conciliation, industrial economics, welfare work, 
 and primary election and ballot reform. The “ National 
 Civic Federation Review,” published monthly, is its offi- 
 cial organ. 
 
 National Conservation Association. 
 
 organization formed at Washington in Febru- 
 ary, 1909. as a result of inquiries made by the 
 National Conservation Commission, instituted 
 in May; 1908, by President Roosevelt and the 
 various State governors, with the object of 
 obt aining an inventory of the natural resources 
 
National Conservation Association 
 
 of the United states. The aim of the association is 
 to secure the speedy aud wise development of the coun- 
 try's natural resources. Dr. Charles W. Eliot, president 
 emeritus of Harvard University, was chosen president, 
 but soon gave place to Gilford Pinchot. 
 
 National Consumers’ League. A society in- 
 corporated Jan. 22, 1902, for the purpose of 
 securing adequate investigation of the condi- 
 tions under which goods are made, and of 
 educating public opinion and promoting legis- 
 lation, when expedient, in behalf of the 
 workers, while at the same time securing for 
 the consumers exemption from the dangers 
 attaching to goods produced under unwhole- 
 some conditions. The headquarters of the 
 league are at New York. 
 
 National Forests. The name given to the 
 United States forest reserves by Congress in 
 1907. These forests comprise about 195,000,- 
 000 acres, including about 27,000,000 acres in 
 Alaska and Porto Rico. 
 
 National Gallery, Berlin. See Berlin. 
 National Institute of Arts and Letters. A 
 society organized in 1898 by men nominated 
 and elected by the American Social Science 
 Association. Its aim is the advancement of art, mu- 
 sic, and literature. Its qualification for membership 
 (limited to 250) is notable achievement in art, music, or 
 literature. See -k Academy of Arts arid Letters, A merican. 
 
 National Liberal Club. A London political 
 club (Liberal), at Whitehall Place, S. W., 
 established in 1882. It has a membership of 
 6 , 000 . 
 
 National University of Ireland. See * Ireland. 
 Naval and Military Club. A London club, at 
 94 Piccadilly (formerly the house of Lord Pal- 
 merston ) , established in 1862. Its membership 
 is confined to officers in the army, navy, and 
 marines. It has a membership of 2,000. 
 
 Naval War College. A United States gov- 
 ernment institution established at Newport, 
 Rhode Island, in 1884, for the study, by officers, 
 of naval strategy, tactics, and international 
 law. Commodore S. B. Luce, U. S. N., was the first 
 president, and under his direction Captain Mahan, U. S. N., 
 who was subsequently president, took up the historical 
 studies which led to his works on sea-power. The navy 
 regulations of 1905 coordinated the college with the Gen- 
 eral Board of the navy for general staff work, besides 
 pursuing its original purpose. 
 
 Nazimova (na-ze'mo-va), Mme. Alla. Born at 
 Jalta, Crimea, Russia, June 4, 1879. A Russian 
 actress. She was educated in Zurich, Switzerland, and 
 studied dramatic art in Moscow, Russia. She played for 
 three years in Russian provincial cities, and in 1903 ap- 
 peared at St. Petersburg. In 1904 she left with Paul 
 Orleneff to produce “The Chosen People, ' a play pro- 
 hibited by the Russian censor. It was played with suc- 
 cess in Berlin, Loudon, and New York. In November, 
 1906, she made her debut as an English-speaking actress 
 at New York in Ibsen’s “Hedda Gabler,’’ and later ap- 
 peared in “A Doll’s House,” “The Master Builder,” and 
 “Little Eyolf. ’’ Among the dramas in which she also 
 won success are Bracco's “Comtesse Coquette,” Schnitz- 
 ler’s “The Dairy Tale,” “Bella Donna,” etc. 
 
 Neale (nel), Edward Vansittart. Born at 
 Bath, England, April 2, 1810 : died Sept. 16, 
 1892. An English Christian Socialist. He was 
 graduated at Oriel College, Oxford, in 1831 ; entered at 
 Lincoln’s Inn in 1837; and was called to the bar. He 
 founded the first cooperative stores in London and assisted 
 in the establishment of various industrial enterprises on 
 a cooperative basis. He wrote “The Characteristic Fea- 
 tures of Some of the Principal Systems of Socialism” 
 (1851), “ The Analogy of Thought and Nature Investi- 
 gated ” (1863), “ A Manual for Cooperators ” (1879), etc. 
 In 1890 a scholarship at Oriel College for the sons of co- 
 operators was founded in his honor. 
 
 Nebraska, University of. See * University of 
 Nebraska. 
 
 Needles (ne'dlz). A township in San Bernar- 
 dino County, in the southeastern part of Cali- 
 fornia. Its name is derived from the pinna- 
 cles of granite and porphyry in the vicinity. 
 Population, 3,067, (1910). 
 
 Negri Sembilan (na'gre sem-be-lan'). Aeon- 
 federation of small native states under British 
 protection, situated on the western side of the 
 Malay Peninsula. Area, about 2,600 square 
 miles. Population, about 120,000. 
 
 Negros Occidental (na'gros ok-thi-dan-tal'). 
 A province of the Philippines, occupying all of 
 the northern and most of the western part of 
 Negros Island. Capital, Bacolod. It is hounded by 
 the Visayan Sea on the north, the Strait of Tanon (sepa- 
 rating it from Cebu) and Negros Oriental (separated by 
 mountains) on the east and the southeast, the .Jol6 (Sulu) 
 Sea on the southwest, and the Visayan Sea and Guimaras 
 Strait (separating it from Guimaras and Panay) on the 
 west. There are many rivers, most of them unimportant 
 for navigation. Coal, gold, and iron are found. The 
 mountains are covered with forests. The valleys and 
 coasts are fertile and produce hemp, pineapples, bananas, 
 betel-nuts, corn, rice, sweet potatoes, and a large yield of 
 sugar-cane. The inhabitants are Visayans and Negritos. 
 Area, 3,130 square miles. Population, 308,272. 
 
 VI. 38 
 
 Negros Oriental (na'gros o-ri-an-tal'). A 
 province of the Philippines, occupying the 
 southern and most of the eastern part of Ne- 
 gros and including Siquijor and several other 
 small islands. It is bounded by the Strait of Tanon 
 (separating it from Cebu) on the east, the Jold (Sulu) 
 Sea on the south, and Negros Occidental (separated 
 by mountains) on the west. The highest mountains of 
 the island — Canlaon, Tepasi or Aug, and Cuernos de 
 Negro — are within Negros Oriental. The best harbors are 
 Port Bombonon on the southern and South Bais Bay on 
 the eastern coast, both well sheltered and safe in all 
 weather. There are many small rivers. The mountains 
 are densely wooded, and the broad strip of coast is 
 adapted to the raising of sugar-cane. Other productions 
 are bananas, mangos, copra, corn, sweet potatoes, and 
 hemp, of which last the yield is very large. Deposits of 
 coal are found. The native race is Visayan. Area, 1,864 
 square miles. Population, 201,494. 
 
 Nelidof (uel'i-dof), Count Alexander Ivan- 
 OVitch. Died Sept. 18, 1910. A Russian diplo- 
 matist. He took part in the Berlin Congress, and became 
 ambassador to Turkey in 1883, to Italy in 1897, and to 
 France in 1903. In 1907 he was a delegate to the second 
 peace conference. 
 
 Nelson (nel'son). A town in the southern part 
 of British Columbia, situated on the Kootenay 
 river in the Kootenay silver-mining district. 
 
 It has smelting- works, machine-shops, etc. Pop., 4,476. 
 
 Nelsonville (nel'son-vil). A city in Athens 
 County, Ohio. Coal-mining is its principal 
 industry, and it has machine-shops, brick- 
 works, etc. Population, 6,082, (1910). 
 
 Nernst (nernst), Walther. Born at Briesen, 
 West Prussia, June 25, 1864. A German physi- 
 cal chemist, director of the Physical-Chemical 
 Institute of the University of Berlin: best 
 known as the inventor of an incandescent 
 electric lamp which employs a bar of magnesia. 
 Nero Deep. An oceanic depression near the 
 island of Guam, in the Pacific Ocean, which 
 has afforded the deepest sounding yet made 
 (31,614 feet). 
 
 Nesbit, Edith. See * Bland. 
 
 Nevada (ne-va'dii). A city, the capital of 
 Vernon County, Missouri, it has sawmills, flour- 
 and lumber-mills, zinc-smelting works, iron- works, etc., 
 and is the seat of a college for women, a convent school, 
 and a State lunatic asylum. Population, 7,176, (1910). 
 
 Nevin (nev ' in), Arthur Finley. Born at 
 Edgeworth, Pa., April 27, 1871. An American 
 composer, brother of Ethelbert Nevin. His 
 works consist of songs, piano and orchestral 
 works, and the operas “Poia” (produced in 
 Berlin in 1910) and “ The Twilight” (1911). 
 Nevin (nev'in), Ethelbert. Born at Edge- 
 worth, Pa., Nov. 25, 1862: died at New Haven, 
 Conn., Feb. 17, 1901. An American composer 
 and pianist. His works are chiefly songs and piano 
 pieces, some of which have had great popularity. Among 
 them are “Narcissus,” “Water Sketches,” “The Rosary,” 
 etc. 
 
 Newark (nu'ark). A village in Wayne County, 
 New York, 28 miles southeast of Rochester. 
 It is in a farming region, and has nurseries, 
 canneries, cut-glass factories, etc. It is the 
 seat of an asylum for feeble-minded women. 
 Population, 6,227, (1910). 
 
 Newberry (nu'ber-i). The county-seat of 
 Newberry County, South Carolina, 40 miles 
 northwest of Columbia. It is a trade center 
 for the surrounding cotton-growing region, 
 and has cotton-seed oil mills, etc. It is the 
 seat of Newberry College. Population, 5,028, 
 (1910). 
 
 Newberry (nu'ber-i) Library. A library sit- 
 uated on Walton Place, on the north side of 
 Chicago, Illinois. It was endowed by Mr. Walter 
 Loomis Newberry with $3,000,000 and contains a reference 
 library of 250,000 volumes. 
 
 Newbolt (uu'bolt), Henry John. Born at 
 Bilston, Staffordshire, June 6, 1862. An Eng- 
 lish editor, author, and poet. He was admitted to 
 the bar in 1887, and practised law until 1899. In 1900 he 
 founded the “ Monthly Review," of which he was editor 
 until 1904. Among his publications are “ Mordred, a 
 Tragedy ” (1895), “ Admirals All ” (1897), “ The Island 
 Race” (1898), “The Sailing of the Long-ships” (1902), 
 “Songs of the Sea,” with music by Sir Charles Villiers 
 Stanford (1904), “The Year of Trafalgar” (1905), “The 
 New June ” (1909), “Songs of Memory and Hope” (1910), 
 etc. 
 
 Newburgh (nu'berg). A city in Cuyahoga 
 County, Ohio, incorporated in 1903. It is 5 
 miles southeast of Cleveland, of which it is a 
 residential suburb. Woodland Hills Park, 
 much frequented for athletic sports, is located 
 here. Population, 5,813, (1910). 
 
 New Castle (nu kas'l). The county-seat of 
 Henry County, Indiana, 18 miles south of 
 Muneie. It is in an agricultural region, and 
 has furniture-factories, lumber-mills, brick- 
 yards, brass- and iron-works, etc. Population, 
 9,446, (1910). 
 
 New Ulm 
 
 Newcomb', Simon. He was director of the Nau- 
 tical Almanac Office 1877-97, resigning in the latter year. 
 His later works include “Elements of Astronomy" (1900), 
 “His Wisdom the Defender" (1900), “The Stars ” (1901), 
 “Astronomy for Everybody” (1902), "Reminiscences of 
 an Astronomer ” (1903), “ Compendium of Spherical As- 
 tronomy ” (1906), “Side Lights on Astronomy ’’ (1906), and 
 many shorter scientific papers. 
 
 New Decatur (nu de-ka'ter). A city in Mor- 
 gan County, Alabama, about 1 mile south of 
 Decatur. It has wagon-works, cotton-com- 
 presses, and important iron-manufacturing 
 interests. Population, 6,118, (1910). 
 
 Newell (nu'el), Frederick Haynes. Born at 
 Bradford, Pa., March 5, 1862. An American 
 hydrographer and civil engineer, director of 
 the United States Reclamation Service 1907- 
 1911. 
 
 New England of the West. A popular title 
 of the State of Minnesota. 
 
 New English Art Club. A society founded 
 in London in 1885 by a group of artists who 
 wished opportunities for exhibition not granted 
 by the established galleries. The work of the 
 British impressionists has been largely shown under its 
 direction, and among its supporters are Mark Eisher, 
 Henry Tonks, Sir James Guthrie, John Lavery, Charles 
 Shannon, P. Wilson Steer, William Orpen, etc. Its influ- 
 ence on British art has been marked. Its exhibitions are 
 held at the galleries of the Royal Society of British 
 Artists, etc. 
 
 New Guinea* British Guinea is administered by the 
 government of the Commonwealth of Australia, and by 
 proclamation of Sept. 1, 1906, the name has been changed 
 to the Territory of Papua. It includes also the islands of 
 the D'Entrecasteaux and Louisiade groups, and all those 
 between 8° and 12° S. lat. and 141° and 155° E. long. The 
 province is under a lieutenant-governor. The adminis- 
 tration of Kaiser Wilhelm Land was transferred in 1899 
 to the imperial government. 
 
 New Hebrides*. They are administered by a joint 
 French and English commission, and subjects of the two 
 powers enjoy equal rights. Vila, in Efate, is the seat of 
 government. 
 
 New Iberia (nu i-be'ri-a). The parish-seat of 
 Iberia Parish, Louisiana, in the southern part 
 of the State, about 15 miles from Vermilion 
 Bay. It is the trade center of a region pro- 
 ducing cotton, rice, sugar, corn, etc., and has 
 foundries, machine-shops, wagon-works, and 
 manufactories of doors, sashes, blinds, etc. 
 Population, 7,499, (1910). 
 
 New Kensington (nu ken'sing-ton). A bor- 
 ough in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, 
 on the Allegheny River, 14 miles northeast of 
 Pittsburgh. It has coal-mines, iron -works, 
 breweries, etc. Population, 7,707, (1910). 
 Newnan (nu'nan). The county-seat of Coweta 
 County, Georgia. It is in an agricultural re- 
 gion, and has canneries, cotton-seed oil mills, 
 phosphate- and fertilizer-factories, etc. It is 
 a shipping-point for cotton and fruit. Popu- 
 lation, 5,548, (1910). 
 
 New Philadelphia (nu fil-a-del'fi-a). The 
 
 county-seat of Tuscarawas County, Ohio. It 
 has iron- and coal-mines, steel-works, can- 
 neries, etc. Population, 8,542, (1910). 
 
 New South Wales*. The legislative power is vested 
 in a parliament of two houses, called the Legislative 
 Council (consisting of not less than 21 members, appointed 
 by the crown for life) and the Legislative Assembly 
 (elected). It is represented in the federal parliament by 
 6 senators and 27 representatives. 
 
 New Theatre, The. A theater in New York 
 city, opened in November, 1909. it was designed 
 as the permanent home of a stock company acting the 
 best classic and modern plays. The project has had the 
 financial support of a body of New York gentlemen, 
 called the “founders,” who desired to establish a theatri- 
 cal organization which should he conducted, largely, like 
 the Comedie Frangaise. Winthrop Ames was the first 
 director. The first building dedicated to this purpose, 
 designed by Carrere and Hastings, is situated at Sixty- 
 second and Sixty-third streets and Central Bark West. 
 It was finished in 1909 and was occupied by the New 
 Theatre Company for two seasons. It is notable in archi- 
 tectural design and decoration, and the revolving stage 
 and equipment of electric lighting made rare scenic 
 effects possible ; hut the auditorium was found to be too 
 large. The building was accordingly leased, at the close 
 of the season in 1911, to other managers w ho renamed it 
 “The Century.” A new “ New Theatre,” to continue the 
 same aims and ideals, was planned for erection, but the 
 project has not yet been carried out. 
 
 Newton (nu'ton). The county-seat of Harvey 
 County, Kansas, 24 miles north of Wichita. 
 It has flour-mills, machine-shops, etc. It is 
 the center of the settlements made by the 
 Mennonites (which see), and is the seat of 
 Bethel College. Population, 7,862, (1910). 
 New Ulm (nu ulm). The county-seat of Brown 
 County, Minnesota, on the Minnesota River. 
 It is in a farming and stock-raising country, 
 and has flour-mills, breweries, machine-shops, 
 woolen-mills, manufactories of brick, pottery, 
 etc. It is the seat of Doctor Martin Luther 
 College. Population, 5,648, (1910). 
 
New Whatcom 
 
 New Whatcom (liu h wot'kom). A former city 
 and the capital of Whatcom County, Wash- 
 ington. Since 1903 it has been united with Fairhaven 
 to form the city of Bellingham. 
 
 New York Yacht Club. A New York club, 
 incorporated Feb. 16, 1865, “for the purpose 
 of encouraging yacht-building and naval archi- 
 tecture and the cultivation of naval science.” 
 It has 2,350 members. Its house is at 37—11 
 West 44th street. 
 
 Nicaragua*. The country is divided administratively 
 into 13 departments : Carazo, Chinandega, Esteli, Granada, 
 Jerez, Jinotega, Ledn, Managua, Masaya, Matagalpa, Nu- 
 eva Segovia, Rivas, and Zelaya (formerly the Mosquitia 
 reservation) ; 3 districts, Rio Grande, Prinzapolka, and 
 Siquia ; and 2 territories, San Juan del Norte and Cape 
 Gracias a Dios. See also irCentral American Arbitration 
 Treaty. 
 
 Nichols (nik ' olz), Edward Leamington. 
 
 Born at Leamington, England, Sept. 14, 1854. 
 An American physicist, professor of physics 
 in Cornell University from 1887. He was gradu- 
 ated at Cornell in 1875 and studied at Leipsic, Berlin, 
 and Gottingen. He has published “ The Galvanometer” 
 (1894), “.A Laboratory Manual of Physics and Applied 
 Electricity” (1895: with others), “The Elements of 
 Physics” (1896 : with W. S. Franklin), “Outlines of 
 Physics ” (1897), etc. ; and is the founder and editor of 
 the “ Physical Review." 
 
 Nichols (nik ' olz), Ernest Fox. Born at 
 Leavenworth, Kan., June 1, 1869. An Ameri- 
 can physicist. He was professor of physics at Colgate 
 University 1892-98, and at Dartmouth College 1898-1903 ; 
 was professor of experimental physics at Columbia Uni- 
 versity 1903-09 ; and was chosen president of Dartmouth 
 College in 1909. He received the Rumford medal in 1904. 
 He is especially known for his work in measuring plan- 
 etary light and heat. 
 
 Nicholson (nik'ol-son), Sir William G-usta- 
 VUS, first Baron Nicholson of Roundhay. 
 Born March 2, 1845. An English soldier. He en- 
 
 tered the Royal Engineers in 1865, saw active service in 
 Afghanistan (1878-80), Egypt (1882), and Burma (1886-87), 
 and on the Tirah expedition (1897-98), and served in South 
 Africa as military secretary to the commander-in-chief 
 (1899-1900). He was chief British military attach^ with 
 the Japanese army 1904-05, and chief of the general 6taff 
 and first military member of the Army Council 1908-11. 
 He was promoted colonel in 1891, and major-general in 
 1900, and in 1911 was made field-marshal. He was knighted 
 in 1898 and raised to the peerage in 1912. 
 
 Nicholson’s (nik'ol-sonz) Neck. A locality in 
 Natal, a few miles north of Ladysmith. Here 
 on Oct. 30, 1899, about one thousand British 
 soldiers were captured by the Boers. 
 
 Nicod6 (ne-ko-da'), Jean Louis. Born near 
 Posen, Aug. 12, 1853. A pianist and composer. 
 
 From 1878 to 1885 he was a teacher in the Dresden Con- 
 servatory. His best known works are a set of symphonic 
 variations for the orchestra; “Das Meer,” a symphonic 
 ode for solo, male chorus, orchestra, and organ ; and 
 “Maria Stuart,” a symphonic poem. 
 
 Nicoll (nik'ol), Sir William Robertson: pseu- 
 donym Claudius Clear. Born at Lumsden, 
 Scotland, Oct. 10, 1851. A British clergy- 
 man, author, and editor. He baa been editor (and 
 was also the founder) of the “ British Weekly ” and the 
 “Bookman” since 1886, and of the “British Monthly” 
 since 1900. Among his works are “ Literary Anecdotes of 
 the Nineteenth Century” (1895-96: with T. J. Wise), 
 “James Macdonell ” (1890), “Letters on Life ” (1901), “A 
 Garden of Nuts ” (1905), “The Key of the Blue Closet’’ 
 (1906), “Life of Ian Maclaren ’ ’ (1908), etc. He was 
 knighted in November, 1909. 
 
 Niehaus (ne'hous), Charles Henry. Born at 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, Jan. 24, 1855. An Ameri- 
 can sculptor. He studied at the Royal Academy of 
 Art in Munich, and in Rome. Among his works are the 
 statue of President Garfield in Cincinnati ; the Hahne- 
 mann statue and monument in Washington ; statues of 
 Garfield, Oliver Perry Morton, and Ingalls in the Capitol ; 
 statues of Moses and Gibbon in the Congressional Library, 
 Washington; the equestrian statue of St. Louis for the 
 Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, 1904 ; etc. He 
 was elected a member of the National Academy of Design 
 in 1906. 
 
 Nietzsche* (netz'she), Friedrich Wilhelm. 
 
 He has also written “ Die Geburt der Tragodie aus dem 
 Geiste der Musik ” (1872), “ Unzeitgemassen Betrachtun- 
 gen ” (1873-76), “ Mensehliches, Allzumenschliches : ein 
 Buch fur freie Geister” (1878-80), “Zur Genealogie der 
 Moral ” (1887), “Der Fall Wagner’’ (1888), “Gotzendam- 
 merung oder wie man mit dem Hammer philosophiert ” 
 (1889), etc. 
 
 Niger Territories*. It is bounded on the east by 
 the German Kamerun, and on the west and north by Da- 
 homey and French West Africa. It is divided for admin- 
 istrative purposes into Northern Nigeria and Southern 
 Nigeria. The boundary between the two protectorates 
 extends from the Ogpese River, through Egpeni, Iduani, 
 Ogpe, and Shete, to the Niger a little north of Ida, thence 
 westward to a point near Ashaku. Northern Nigeria is 
 divided into provinces. Zungeru is the seat of govern- 
 ment. Area, 256,400 square miles; population, 7,164,751. 
 The Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria since 
 1906 includes the old Colony and Protectorate of Lagos. 
 It is divided into 3 provinces. The seat of government 
 is at Lagos. Area, about 77,260 square miles ; population, 
 about 6,500,000. 
 
 Nigeria (m-je'ri-a). The official name of the 
 Niger Territories (which see). 
 
 Nightingale (ni 'tin-gal), Lady Elizabeth. 
 
 Died in 1731. The wife of J. Gascoigne 
 Nightingale (died in 1752). Their tomb, by 
 Roubiliac, is in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 Nigra*, Count Costantino. In 1890 he be- 
 came a member of the Senate. He was also 
 known as a student of Italian dialects and 
 popular poetry (“Canti popolari del Pie- 
 monte ”). 
 
 Niki, or Nikki (ne'ki). A town in Dahomey, 
 Africa, about 200 miles north of Abomey. 
 
 Niles (nilz). A city in Trumbull County, Ohio, 
 55 miles southeast of Cleveland. It has car- 
 factories, blast-furnaces, boiler-works, tin- 
 mills, etc., and is in an iron- and coal-mining 
 region. Population, 8,361, (1910). 
 
 Nissel (nis'el), Franz. Born at Vienna, March 
 14, 1831: died at Gleichenberg, July 20, 1893. 
 An Austrian dramatist. Among his works are 
 “Heinrich der Lowe ” (1858), “ Perseus von Macedonien " 
 (1862), “Die Zauberin am Stein" (1864), “Rudolf von 
 Erlach ” (1874), etc. 
 
 Nitobe (ne'to-ba), Inazo. Born at Iwateken, 
 1863. A Japanese scholar, professor at the 
 College of Agriculture, Tokio University, 
 from 1906. He studied at the Sapporo Agricultural 
 College, at John Hopkins University, Baltimore, and at 
 Bonn ; was professor in the Sapporo Agricultural College ; 
 was later an official in Formosa ; and was professor of 
 economy at the University of Kioto 1904-06. He has written 
 “ Bushido ” (1898 : published in America as “ Bushido, the 
 Soul of Japan,” 1900), “The Japanese Nation,” etc. 
 
 Niu-chuang. See New-Ckwcmg. 
 
 Nobel (no'bel), Alfred Bernhard. Born at 
 Stockholm, Sweden, Oet. 21, 1833 : died at San 
 Remo, Italy, Dec. 10, 1896. A Swedish chem- 
 ist and engineer. He was educated at St. Petersburg, 
 and studied engineering for a number of years. Among 
 his many inventions are those of dynamite, explosive gel- 
 atin, ballistite, and artificial gutta-percha. He acquired 
 large wealth through the manufacture of dynamite and 
 other explosives, and the exploitation of the Baku oil- 
 fields. By the terms of his will, the bulk of his fortune 
 was devoted to the establishment of a prize fund, known 
 as the “Nobel gift,” the interest of which is to be divided 
 annually into five parts and awarded to the persons who 
 have rendered to humanity the greatest services during 
 the preceding year (or, in exceptional cases, earlier), as 
 follows : (1) by the most important discovery or invention 
 in the physical sciences ; (2) by the most important dis- 
 covery or the greatest improvement in chemistry ; (3) by 
 the most important discovery in physiology or medicine ; 
 (4) by the most remarkable literary work of an idealistic 
 tendency ; and (5) to the person who has done most, or 
 labored best, for the cause of fraternity among different 
 peoples, for the suppression or reduction of standing 
 armies, or for the formation and promotion of peace con- 
 gresses. The first two prizes are awarded by the Swedish 
 Academy of Sciences, the third by the Caroline Institute 
 of Stockholm, the fourth by the Stockholm Academy, and 
 the fifth by a commission of five members elected by the 
 Norwegian Storthing. The terms of the will have not 
 been strictly observed. Statutes have been drawn up 
 providing that only 60 per cent, of the income need be 
 used for the prizes, and that they need be awarded only 
 once in five years. Provision has also been made for the 
 establishment of Nobel institutes for research work, etc. 
 
 Noble (no'bl), Alfred. Born at Livonia, Mich., 
 Aug. 7, 1844. An American civil engineer. 
 He served in the Army of the Potomac dur ing the Civil 
 War ; was graduated at the University of Michigan in 
 1870 ; was a member of the Nicaragua Canal Board in 1895, 
 and of the U nited States board of engineers on deep water- 
 ways 1897-1900 ; served on the Isthmian Canal Commis- 
 sion 1899-1903 ; was on the board of engineers to decide 
 upon the type of canal to be dug at Panama 1905-06 ; and 
 has been engaged in important engineering work in New 
 York city and elsewhere. 
 
 Noblesville (no'blz-vil). The county-seat of 
 Hamilton County, Indiana, 21 miles northeast 
 of Indianapolis. It has foundries, flour-mills, 
 carriage-factories, etc. Population, 5,073, 
 (1910). 
 
 Nocquet (no-ka/), Paul Ange. Born at Brus- 
 sels, Belgium, April 1, 1877 : died (of exposure 
 after a balloon ascension) near Jones’s Beach, 
 Long Island, N. Y., April 3, 1906. A Belgian 
 sculptor. He was a pupil of Lambeaux, Antonin Mercie, 
 and Gerdme in Paris, and won the Belgian Grand Prix de 
 Rome. He was a member of the Societe Nationale de6 
 Beaux- Arts in Paris. 
 
 Nodzu (nod'zo), Marquis Michitsura. Born 
 in Satsuma, Nov. 30, 1840: died at Tokio, Oct. 
 16, 1908. A Japanese field-marshal, command- 
 er of the fourth army in the war with Russia. 
 He fought in the Chinese” war (1894-95), winning, at the 
 head of the Hiroshima division, the battle of Pieng-an, and 
 succeeding Yamagata in the command of the first army. 
 
 Nogi (no'gi), Count Kiten. Born in Choshu, 
 November, 1849: killed himself at Tokio, Sept. 
 13, 1912. A noted Japanese general, com- 
 mander of the third army in the war with Russia 
 (1904—05) He fought in the civil war (1877), and, as bri- 
 gade commander, in the war with China (1894-95). In 1904 
 he was promoted general ; was placed in command of the 
 troops investing Port Arthur' ; and effected the capture of 
 that fortress January 1, 1905. Laterhe played an important 
 part in the battle of M nkden, outflanking the Russian right. 
 He was a member of the supreme military council 1905-12. 
 
 Nordau*, Max. His later works include “Gefiihls- 
 
 Northern Securities Company 
 
 kombdie ” (1891), “ Das Recht zu lieben ” (1892), “ Die 
 Kugel (1895), “Doktor Kohn ” (1898), “ Drohnen- 
 schlacht” (1898), "Zeitgenossische FTanzosen” (1901), 
 “ Morganatisch " (1904), “Von Kunst und Kiinstlern'' 
 (1905), “ Maha-Rog ” (1905), “ Der Sinn der Geschichte ” 
 (1909). 
 
 Norfolk (nor'fok). A city in Madison County, 
 Nebraska, on the north branch of the Elkhom 
 River, 95 miles northwest of Omaha. It is in an 
 agricultural region, and has threshing-machine 
 factories, cereal-mills, etc. It is the seat of a 
 State hospital for the insane. Population, 6,- 
 025, (1910). 
 
 Norfolk Island*. It is administered as a de- 
 pendency of New South Wales. The chief 
 village is Kingston. 
 
 Norman (nor'man), Sir Henry. Born at Lei- 
 cester, England, Sept. 19, 1858. An English 
 journalist, author, and traveler. He was gradu- 
 ated at Harvard University, and studied at Leipsic ; was 
 on the editorial staff of the “Pall Mall Gazette ’’ and on 
 that of the London “ Daily Chronicle” ; and was assistant 
 editor of the latter 1895-99. In 1902 he founded the 
 “ World's Work." He was Liberal member of Parliament 
 for South Wolverhampton 1900-10, and was assistant 
 postmaster-general 1910-. Among his publications are 
 “ The Real Japan ” (1892), “The Peoples and Politics of 
 the Far East " (1895), “All the Russias” (1902), “ Motors 
 and Men ” (1905), etc. He was knighted in 1906. 
 
 Norris (nor'is), Frank. Born at Chicago in 
 1870: died in 1902. An American journalist 
 and novelist. He was a newspaper correspondent in 
 South Africa during Jameson's raid (1895) ; edited the 
 “San Francisco Wave ” 1896-97 ; and was war correspon- 
 dent in Cuba in 1898. He published a number of novels, 
 including “ McTeague ” (1899), and “The Octopus ” (1901) 
 and “The Pit” (1903), two parts of an unfinished trilogy 
 dealing with the traffic in wheat. 
 
 Norris*. William Edward. His later works in- 
 clude “ The Dancer in Yellow " (1896), “ Clarissa Furiosa” 
 (1897), “ The Fight for the Crown" (1898), “Giles In- 
 gilby ” (1899), “An Octave” (1900), “The Flower of the 
 Flock” (1900), “His Own Father' 1 (1901), “The Credit of 
 the County ” (1902), “Lord Leonard the Luckless” (1903), 
 “Nature’s Comedian "(1904), “ Barham of Beltana" (1905), 
 “ Pauline " (1908), “ The Perjurer ” (1909), “Not Guilty '' 
 (1910), etc. 
 
 Northampton (north-amp'ton). A borough in 
 Northampton County, Pennsylvania, incor- 
 porated in 1903. It has flour-mills, cement- 
 works, etc. Population, 8,729, (1910). 
 
 North Andover (north an'do-ver). A town in 
 Essex County, Massachusetts, 3 miles south- 
 east of Lawrence. It has cotton- and woolen- 
 mills. Anne Bradstreet, the poet, died here 
 in 1672. Population, 5,529, (1910). 
 
 North Attleboro (north atT-bur-o). A town 
 in Bristol County, Massachusetts, 30 miles 
 southwest of Boston. Its manufactures include 
 jewelry, jewelers’ supplies, silverware, etc. 
 Population, 9,562, (1910). 
 
 North Braddock (north brad'ok). A borough 
 in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, 8 miles 
 southeast of Pittsburgh. It has important steel 
 interests. Population, 11,824, (1910). 
 Northbridge (north 'brij). A town in Worces- 
 ter County, Massachusetts, 10 miles southeast 
 of Worcester. Its manufactures include cot- 
 ton and woolen goods, cotton-mill machinery, 
 etc. Population, 8,807, (1910). 
 
 North Carolina, University of. See * Uni- 
 versity of North Carolina. 
 
 Nortlicote (north'kot), Sir Henry Stafford, 
 first Lord Northcote. Born November 18, 1846 : 
 died September 29, 1911. A British colonial 
 governor, second son of Sir Stafford Northcote 
 (first Earl of Iddesleigb). He was Conservative 
 member of the House of Commons for Exeter 1880-99 ; was 
 created a baronet in 1887 ; was raised to the peerage in 
 1900 ; was governor of Bombay 1899-1903 ; and was gov- 
 ernor-general of the Commonwealth of Australia 1903-08. 
 Northcott (north ' kot), Elliott. Born at 
 Clarksburg, W. Va., April 26, 1869. An Ameri- 
 can diplomatist. He was admitted to the bar in 1891, 
 and was assistant United States attorney 1898-1905, and 
 United States attorney for the southern district of West 
 Virginia 1905-09. He was appointed minister to Colombia 
 in 1909. 
 
 Northern Securities Case. See * Northern 
 
 Securities Company. 
 
 Northern Securities Company. A company 
 
 formed in November, 1901, under the laws of 
 New Jersey, with a capitalization of $400,- 
 000,000. Its purpose was to acquire the controlling 
 interest in the Great Northern and Northern i’acific Rail- 
 way companies, which were already virtually consoli- 
 dated, and the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railway 
 Company. This it did, thereby suppressing competition 
 between these systems and creating a monopoly of the 
 vast interstate and foreign commerce carried on by them. 
 A suit under the Antitrust Law of 1890, seeking to dis- 
 solve this combination, was brought in March, 1902, by 
 the United States. The decision, first by the Circuit 
 Court and then (March 14, 1904), on appeal, by the United 
 States Supreme Court, enjoined the Northern Securities 
 Company from holding in any way, voting, or drawing 
 dividends on, any of the stock of the railroads named. 
 
Northfield 
 
 Northfield (nftrth'feld). A town in the north- 
 ern part of Franklin County, Massachusetts, it 
 is the birthplace of Dwight L. Moody, and the seat of the 
 Northfield Seminary for Young Ladies and the Northfield 
 Training School, to the building up of which Mr. Moody 
 devoted much of his later life. With the Northfield work 
 is associated the Mount Hermon School for Boys, situated 
 in the adjoining town of Gill. The religious and edu- 
 cational work of Northfield has made the town a summer 
 resort. Population, 1,642, (1910). 
 
 Northfield (nortli'feld). A town in Washing- 
 ton County, Vermont, 9 miles southwest of 
 Montpelier. It has granite-works, furniture- 
 factories, woolen-mills, etc., and is the seat of 
 Norwich University. Population, 3,226, (1910). 
 
 North Plainfield (north plan'feld). A borough 
 in Somerset County, New Jersey. It was 
 formerly in North Plainfield township. Popu- 
 lation, 6,117, (1910). 
 
 North Platte (north plat). The county-seat 
 of Lincoln County, Nebraska, at the junction 
 of the North Platte and South Platte rivers. 
 It has flour-mills, railroad shops, etc., and is 
 an active trade center. Population, 4,793, 
 (1910). 
 
 Northport (north'pdrt). A village in Suffolk 
 County, New York, on Long Island Sound, 
 about 35 miles northeast of Brooklyn. Popu- 
 lation, 2,096, (1910). 
 
 North Providence (north prov'i-deus). A 
 town in Providence County, Rhode Island. 
 Population, 5,407, (1910). 
 
 Northrop (nor'throp), Cyrus. Born at Ridge- 
 field, Conn., Sept. 30, 1834. An American 
 educator, president of the University of Min- 
 nesota 1884-1910. He was graduated at Yale iu 1857 ; 
 studied law ; and was professor of rhetoric and English 
 literature in Yale 1863-84. 
 
 North Sea Incident. The attack, on the 
 night of October 21, 1904, of the Russian 
 Baltic fleet under command of Rear-Admiral 
 Rozhestvensky, while on its way to the 
 Far East, upon a Hull fishing fleet which 
 was trawling on the Doggerbank. The steam 
 trawler Crane was sunk, other boats were injured, two 
 men were killed, and a number were seriously wounded. 
 The affair was submitted, on the proposition of the czar, 
 to an international committee of inquiry. The Russian 
 admiral had submitted that his officers had seen two 
 Japanese torpedo-boats among the trawlers. This was 
 disproved by the commission sitting at Paris, January- 
 February, 1905, and Russia paid Great Britain an indem- 
 nity of £65,000, the amount of compensation due the 
 Hull fishermen as assessed by the Board of Trade Com- 
 mission. 
 
 North Tarrytown (north tar'i-toun). A vil- 
 lage in Westchester County, New York, ad- 
 joining Tarrytown. It has silk-mills, auto- 
 mobile-factories, etc. Population, 5,421, (1910). 
 
 Northwest Frontier Province. A province 
 of British India, created in November, 1901, 
 and comprising the four trans-Indus districts 
 of Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu, and Dera Ismail 
 
 Khan, portions of the district of Hazara, and 
 the political agencies Kurram, Malakand (Dir, 
 Swat, and Chitral), Khaibar, Tochi, Gomal, 
 and Shirani. The chief city is Peshawar. It 
 is administered by a chief commissioner. Area, 
 16,466 square miles. Population, 2,125,480. 
 
 Northwest Passage*. Between 1903 and 1907 
 the whole of the Northwest Passage was navi- 
 gated by Roald Amundsen in the Gjoa. 
 
 Northwest Provinces*, in 1902 the Northwest 
 
 Provinces and Oudh became the United Provinces of Agra 
 and Oudh. The term Agra is now applied to the territor- 
 ies formerly known as the Northwest Provinces. 
 
 Northwest Territories*, it now comprises ail of 
 
 the unorganized portion of British North America north 
 of the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatche- 
 wan, and Alberta. It is administered by the officers of 
 the Royal North-West Mounted Police, the comptroller of 
 the force being also commissioner of the Territories. 
 
 North Yakima (north yak'i-ma). The county- 
 seat of Yakima County, Washington, in the 
 southern part of the State. Its principal 
 interests are lumbering and agriculture. Pop- 
 ulation, 14,082, (1910). 
 
 Norway*. Prince Carl of Denmark was elected 
 king and ascended the throne Nov. 18, 1905, as 
 Haakon VII. 
 
 Norwood (nor ' wud). A town in Norfolk 
 County, Massachusetts, 14 miles southwest of 
 Boston. It has tanneries, railroad shops, etc., 
 and important printing and bookbinding in- 
 terests. Population, 8,014, (1910). 
 
 Norwood (nor ' wud). A city in Hamilton 
 County, Ohio, incorporated in 1903. It is 6 
 miles northeast of Cincinnati, and is a resi- 
 dential suburb of that city. It has manufac- 
 tories of pianos, playing-cards, hardware, 
 electrical supplies, etc. Population, 16,185. 
 
 Nottebohm (not'e-bom), Martin Gustav. 
 Born at Liidenseheid, Westphalia, Nov. 12, 
 1817 : died at Gratz, Oct. 29, 1882. A German 
 musical scholar and historian. He established 
 himself in Vienna, where he made a special study of 
 Beethoven. His works include “ Ein Skizzenbuch von 
 Beethoven” (1865), “ Thematisches Verzeichniss der im 
 Druck erschienenen Werke von Ludwig van Beethoven ” 
 (1868), “ Beethoveniana” (1872), “Beethovens Studien” 
 (1873), “Thematisches Verzeichniss der im Druck 
 erschienenen Werke Franz Schuberts ” (1874), “Mozart- 
 iana ’’ (1880), and “ Zweite Beethoveniana ” (1887). 
 
 Noyes (noiz), Alfred. Born Sept. 16, 1880. 
 
 An English poet. His works include “The Loom of 
 Years ” (1902), “ The Flower of Old Japan ” (1903), “ Poems ” 
 (1904), “ The Forest of Wild Thyme ” (1905), “ Drake, an 
 English Epic" (1906), “Forty Singing Seamen” (1907), 
 “ William Morris " (1907), “ The Magic Casement ” (1908), 
 « The ‘ Golden Hynde ’ ” (1908), “ Collected Poems ” (1910), 
 “ Tales of the Mermaid Tavern ” (1913), “ The Wine Press, 
 a Tale of War ” (1913), etc. 
 
 Noyes (noiz), Arthur Amos. Born at New- 
 buryport, Mass., Sept. 13, 1866. An American 
 chemist and educator, professor of theoretical 
 chemistry in the Massachusetts Institute of 
 
 Old Forge 
 
 Technology and director of its research labora- 
 tory of physical chemistry. He was graduated at 
 this institution in 1886, and has since then been a member 
 of its instructing staff, and since 1894 one of its faculty. 
 He was acting president of the Institute 1907-09. He has 
 published chemical text-books and numerous scientific 
 and educational papers. 
 
 Noyes (noiz), William Albert. Born at 
 Independence, Iowa, Nov. 6, 1857. An Amer- 
 ican chemist, professor of chemistry in the 
 University of Illinois from 1907. He was professor 
 of chemistry in the University of Tennessee 1883-86, and 
 in Rose Polytechnic Institute, Terre Haute, Indiana, 
 1886-1903, and was chemist of the United States Bureau of 
 Standards 1903-07. He has published “ Qualitative Analy- 
 sis ” (1887), “ Organic Chemistry for the Laboratory” (1897), 
 “Organic Chemistry" (1903), and numerous scientific 
 papers ; and has been editor of the journal of the Ameri- 
 can Chemical Society from 1902. 
 
 Nueva Caceres (no-a'va kii'tha-ras). 1. A 
 municipality of Ambos Camarines province, 
 Luzdn, Philippine Islands. Civilized popula- 
 tion, 17,943. — 2. A town, the capital of Am- 
 bos Camarines province. It is situated in the 
 southern part of the province, on the Bicol or Naga 
 River, inlat. 13° 35' N., long. 122° IT E. Population, 10,201. 
 
 Nueva Ecija (no-a'va a'the-Ha). A province 
 in south-central Luzon, Philippine Islands. 
 It is bounded by Pangasin&n and Nueva Vizcaya (sepa- 
 rated by the Caraballos Sur) on the north, Isabela and 
 Principe (separated by the Sierra Madre) on the east, 
 Bulacan and Pampanga on the south, and Pampanga, 
 Tarlac, and PangasinAn on the west. Capital, San Isidro. 
 Most of the province lies in the valley of south-central 
 Luzon, and is fertilized by many rivers. Tobacco, coffee, 
 sugar-cane, rice, and mangos are among the products. 
 Gold, copper, and gypsum are found, the first two in the 
 southern and central, the last in various, parts of the prov- 
 ince. The inhabitants are Tagalogs, Uocanos, Pampan- 
 gans, Pangasinanes, and a few Igorrotes. Area, 2,169 
 square miles. Population, 134,147. 
 
 Nueva Vizcaya (no-a'va veth-ki'a). An in- 
 land, almost central, province of Luzdn, in the 
 Philippine Islands. It is bounded by Lepanto- 
 Bontoc (separated by a spur ol the Cordillera Sur) on the 
 north, Isabela (separated by a branch of the Sierra Madre) 
 on the northeast, east, and southeast, Nueva £cija (sepa- 
 rated by the Caraballos Sur) on the south, and Benguet 
 (separated by the Cordillera Sur) and Lepanto-Bontoc 
 (separated by a spur ol the Cordillera Sur) on the west. 
 Capital, Bayombong. The central valley, watered by the 
 Magatand other rivers, is very fertile, and produces large 
 crops of coffee. The native races are chiefly Igorrotfes and 
 Ilongots. Area, 1,950 square miles. Population, about 
 62,600. 
 
 Nutley (nut'li). A town in Esses County, 
 New Jersey, 5 miles northeast of Newark. It 
 has manufactories of cutlery, paper, leather 
 goods, etc. Population, 6,009, (1910). 
 
 Nyasaland Protectorate. The present name 
 (since July 6, 1907) of the region formerly 
 known as the British Central Africa Protec- 
 torate. It comprises British Nyasaland, the Shire High- 
 lands, and the greater part of the basin of the Shire. It 
 is divided into 13 districts, and is administered by a gov- 
 ernor, with an executive and a legislative council. The 
 seat of government is at Zomba. Area, 39,801 square 
 miles. Population, over 923,000 (about 600 are Europeans). 
 
 ak Park (ok park). A village 
 in Cook County, Illinois, in- 
 corporated in 1902. It is 8^ 
 miles west of Chicago, of 
 which it is a residential sub- 
 urb. Pop., 19,444, (1910). 
 O’Brien (o-bri'en), James: 
 later James Bronterre 
 O’Brien. Born in 1805 : 
 died Dec. 23, 1864. An Irish Chartist. He was 
 graduated at Dublin University in 1829 ; became the editor 
 of the “ Boor Man’s Guardian ” in 1831 ; and was a writer 
 for the “ Poor Man’s Conservative.” He signed his articles 
 “Bronterre” and later adopted this name. He edited 
 various journals ; was a prominent member of the Chart- 
 ist party from its beginning in 1838 ; was imprisoned for 
 seditious speaking 1840-41 ; but later became a personal 
 enemy and opponent of Feargus O’Connor. In 1885 a 
 series of his articles was published under the title “The 
 Rise, Progress, and Phases of Human Slavery.” 
 
 O’Brien (o-bri'en), Thomas James. Born at 
 Jackson, Mich., July 30, 1842. An American 
 diplomatist. He practised law in Grand Rapids. Michi- 
 gan, 1871-1905. He was minister to Denmark 1905-07, 
 ambassador to Japan 1907-11, and ambassador to Italy 
 1911-13. 
 
 Ochtman (ocht'man), Leonard. Born at 
 Zonneraairo, Holland, Oct. 21, 1854. A Dutch- 
 American painter, resident in the United 
 States from 1866. He has devoted himself to Ameri- 
 can landscapes, and his work shows well-balanced com- 
 position and quiet, harmonious color, lie has won nu- 
 
 merous medals. He became a member of the National 
 Academy of Design in 1904. 
 
 O’Connell (o-kon'el), William Henry. Born 
 at Lowell, Mass., Dec. 8, 1859. An American 
 Roman Catholic prelate. He was graduated at the 
 Jesuit College in Boston in 1881, and was ordained priest 
 at Rome in 1884. He was rector of the American College 
 in Rome 1895-1900, bishop of Portland, Maine, 1901-06, 
 archbishop of Boston 1907-, and cardinal Nov. 27, 1911-. 
 
 O’Connor* Thomas Power, since 1885 he has 
 
 represented the Scotland Division of Liverpool. He es- 
 tablished and edited the “Star,” “Sun,” “Sunday Sun,” 
 “ M. A. P.,” and “ T. P.’s Weekly,” and is the author of 
 “The Parnell Movement,” “Gladstone’s House of Com- 
 mons,” “ Napoleon,” etc. 
 
 O’Connor (o-kon'or), William Douglas. Born 
 at Boston, Mass., Jan. 2, 1832: died at Wash- 
 ington, D. C., May 9, 1889. An American 
 journalist and writer. He was assistant editor of 
 the Philadelphia “Saturday Evening Post” 1854-60, and 
 in 1878 was appointed assistant general superintendent of 
 the United States life-saving service. He was a personal 
 friend of Walt Whitman, and in 1866 published “The 
 Good Gray Poet,” a vindication of Whitman’s poetry. He 
 wrote in 1886 “ Hamlet’s Note-book,” a reply to Richard 
 Grant White on the main points of the Bacon-Shakspere 
 controversy, and also many stories and poems. 
 
 OhligS (o'Hgz). A town in Rhenish Prussia. 
 It was formerly called Merscheid (which see). 
 
 Okakura (o-ka'ko-ra), Kakuzo. Born in 
 Fukui, 1862: died at Tokio, Sept. 4, 1913. 
 A Japanese connoisseur. In 1886 he was sent 
 
 with the Imperial Art Commission to study art history 
 and movements in Europe and the United States. Re- 
 turning to Japan, he was made director of the new art 
 school at Ueno (Veno), Tokio, but resigned in 1898. He 
 then opened, with other young artists, the Nippon Fine 
 Art Institute near Tokio, an establishment similar to that 
 of William Morris at Merton Abbey in England; it later 
 was removed to a village in Ibaraki ken and thence to 
 Nara, where it is still active. He is the author of “The 
 Ideals of the East” (1904), “The Awakening of Japan” 
 (1905), “The Book of Tea ” (1906), etc. He was curator of 
 the department of Chinese and Japanese art in the Museum 
 of Fine Arts in Boston, and a member of the archamlogical 
 commission of Japan. 
 
 Oku (o'ko), Count Yasukata. Born in Fu- 
 kuoka ken, November, 1844. A Japanese gen- 
 eral, commander of the second army in the 
 Russo-Japanese war. He won distinction in the civil 
 war of 1877 ; commanded the fifth division in the war with 
 China 1894-95 ; and was promoted general in 1903. He was 
 appointed chief of staff in July, 1906. He is a member of 
 the supreme council of war. He was created baron in 
 1895, and count in 1907. 
 
 Okuma*, Count Shigenobu. He was minister of 
 foreign affairs 1889-91 and 1896-97; minister of agricul- 
 ture and commerce 1897; and premier June-Nov., 1898. 
 He resigned the leadership of the Progressive party in 
 February, 1907. In 1882 he founded the Waseda School 
 (in 1902 a university) at Tokio, and later became its 
 chancellor. 
 
 Old Forge (old forj). A borough in Lacka- 
 wanna County, Pennsylvania, 5 miles south- 
 west of Scranton. Coal-mining is its most im- 
 
Old Forge 
 
 portant industry. Its manufactures include 
 glass, silk, chemicals, fertilizers, etc. Popu- 
 lation, 11,324, (1910). 
 
 Old-Line state. The State of Maryland : so 
 called with reference to Mason and Dixon’s 
 line. 
 
 Old Museum, Berlin. See Berlin. 
 
 Old Rowley. A nickname of Charles II. He is 
 
 said to have been so named from a good-humored goat 
 which used to live in the Privy Garden. The name is also 
 said to have been that of the king's favorite race-horse, 
 and is preserved in the name of the race-course — the Row- 
 ley Mile — at Newmarket. 
 
 Oldtown Folks. A story by Harriet Beecher 
 Stowe, published in 1869. 
 
 Olean (o-le-an'). A city in the southeastern 
 part of Cattaraugus County, New York, at the 
 junction of Olean Creek and the Allegheny 
 river. It has large interests in oil, lumber, and leather, 
 storage for petroleum, refineries, marble-, glass-, and iron- 
 works, flour- and planing-mills, tanneries, etc. Popula- 
 tion, 14,743, (1910). 
 
 oiney (ol'ni). The county-seat of Richland 
 County, Illinois. It is a shipping-point for the 
 products of the farming region surrounding it, 
 and has flour-mills, brick-works, etc. Popula- 
 tion, 5,011, (1910). 
 
 Oiney (ol'ni), Louis Atwell. Born at Provi- 
 dence, R. I., April 21, 1874. An American 
 chemist, professor of chemistry and head of 
 the department of textile chemistry and dye- 
 ing in the Lowell (Massachusetts) Textile 
 School from 1897. He was graduated from Lehigh 
 University in 1896. He has published “ Textile Chemistry 
 and Dyeing,” etc. 
 
 Olsen (ol'sen), Ole. Born at Hammerfest, 
 July 5, 1850. A Norwegian composer and 
 conductor. He studied at Drontheim and (1870-74) at 
 Leipsic. Since 1900 he has been military musical director 
 to the Swedish government. He has written operas 
 (words and music), orchestral works, an oratorio, cantatas, 
 piano pieces, and songs. 
 
 Olympic Games, The. 2. A series of athletic 
 games inaugurated in 1896 at Athens by the 
 International Olympic Committee as a modern 
 revival of the old Olympic Games, it was de- 
 cided in 1896 that these games should be known as the 
 “local cycle,” to he held quadrennially at Athens, and 
 that-there Bhould also be others known as the “inter- 
 national" or “official cycle,” to be held every four years 
 in cities of the various competing countries. The games 
 at Athens since 1896 have been held in the Stadium of 
 white marble, the gift of M. Averoff of Alexandria, on 
 the ancient Stadium. The games of the “ international” 
 or “ official cycle " have taken place at Athens in 1896, at 
 Paris in 1900, at St. Louis in 1904, at London in 1908, and 
 at Stockholm in 1912. The Olympic Games are exclusively 
 for amateurs, and the number of entries for each country 
 is limited according to the different events. The com- 
 petitive events are confined to games of general interest, 
 and include athletics, archery, boxing, cycling, fencing, 
 foot-ball, gymnastics, hockey, lacrosse, lawn tennis, motor- 
 boats, polo, rackets, rowing, shooting, skating, swimming, 
 wrestling, and yacht-racing. 
 
 Olyphant (ol'i-fant). A borough in Lacka- 
 wanna County, Pennsylvania, 5miles northeast 
 of Scranton. Coal-mining and manufacturing 
 are its chief industries. Population, 8,505, 
 (1910). 
 
 Oneida (o-nl'da). A city in Madison County, 
 New York, 26 miles east of Syracuse. It has 
 manufactories of wagons, steam-engines, boil- 
 ers, pulleys, furniture, etc. It was formerly 
 the seat of the Oneida Community (which see). 
 Population, 8,317, (1910). 
 
 O’Neill, Mrs. (Olive Logan). See Sykes. 
 Oneonta (o-ne-on'ta). A city in Otsego County, 
 New York, 50 miles northeast of Binghamton. 
 Ithas railroad shops, foundries, cigar-factories, 
 a silk-mill, etc. The Oneonta State Normal 
 School is located there. Population, 9,491, 
 (1910). 
 
 Oppenheim (op'en-him), Edward Phillips. 
 
 Born in 1866. An English novelist. Among his 
 books are “A Prince of Sinners” (1903), “Anna the Ad- 
 venturess” (1904), “The Master Mummer” (1905), “A 
 Maker of History ” (1906), “ The Long Arm of Mannister ” 
 (1908), “The Missioner” (1909), “The Illustrious Prince ” 
 (1910), “Berenice” (1911), and “The Moving Finger” 
 (1911). 
 
 Orange (or'anj), A town in New Haven Coun- 
 ty, Connecticut, near Long Island Sound, 7 
 
 miles southwest of New Haven. It includes 
 West Haven borough. Population, 11,272, 
 (1910). 
 
 Orange (or'anj). A town in Franklin County, 
 Massachusetts, on Millers River. It has manu- 
 factories of clothing, sewing-machines, furni- 
 ture, automobiles, etc. Population, 5,282, 
 (1910). 
 
 Orange (or'anj). The county-seat of Orange 
 County, Texas, on the Sabine River, about 25 
 miles from the coast. It is a shipping-point 
 for cotton, fruit, sugar, and rice, and has lum- 
 ber-mills, cotton-mills, etc. Pop., 5,527, (1910). 
 Orangeburg (or'anj-berg). The county-seat 
 of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, on the 
 north branch of the Edisto River, its principal 
 interests are lumbering and cotton- and rice-growing. 
 It is the seat of the State Normal, Industrial, Agricul- 
 tural, and Mechanical College and of Claflin University, 
 both institutions for negroes. Population, 5,906, (1910). 
 
 Orange Free State*. Self-government wa9 estab- 
 lished June 5, 1907. Under the South Africa Act, 1909, it 
 entered the Union of South Africa as the Orange Free 
 State. It is administered under a governor, with a pro- 
 vincial council and an executive committee. The seat of 
 government is at Bloemfontein. 
 
 Orbilius Pupillus (or-bil'i-us pu-pil'us). A 
 Roman grammarian aud schoolmaster, the 
 teacher of Horace. The epithet “plagosus ” was given 
 to him by Horace on account of the floggings which his 
 pupils received from him, and the name “ Orbilius ’’ is 
 often used in literature for a teacher of this type. 
 
 Order of Merit, The. A British order insti- 
 tuted by letters patent, June 26, 1902. it con- 
 
 sists of the British sovereign and of not more than twenty- 
 four subjects of the crown (in ordinary membership) who 
 may have rendered exceptionally meritorious service in 
 the army or navy, or in art, literature, or science. The 
 honorary membership is conferred upon foreigners and is 
 unlimited. The badge of the order is an eight-pointed 
 cross of red and blue enamel bearing the motto “ For 
 Merit” within a laurel wreath, the whole surmounted by 
 an imperial crown and suspended by a party-colored blue 
 and crimson ribbon. 
 
 Oregon City (or'e-gon sit'i). The county-seat 
 of Clackamas County, Oregon, on the Willa- 
 mette River, 13 miles southeast of Portland. 
 It has lumber-mills, flour-mills, woolen-mills, 
 etc. Population, 4,287, (1910). 
 
 O’Reilly (o-rl'li), Miles. The pseudonym of 
 Charles G. Halpine. 
 
 Oriente (o-re-an'ta). A province of Cuba, com- 
 prising the easterly end of the island. Popu- 
 lation, 455,086. 
 
 Ormoc (or-mok'). 1. A municipality of Leyte 
 province, Leyte, Philippines. Civilized popu- 
 lation, 16,126. — 2. A town on the northeast- 
 ern shore of Ormoc Bay. Population, 5,419. 
 Oroquieta (o-ro-ke-a'ta). A municipality of 
 Misamis province, Mindanao, Philippine Is- 
 lands. Civilized population, 15,156. 
 
 Orpen (or'pen), William. Born in Dublin 
 County, Ireland, Nov. 27, 1878. An Irish 
 painter. He was educated at the Metropolitan School 
 of Art, Dublin, and the Slade School, London. Among 
 his pictures, which include especially portraits and genre- 
 scenes, are “A Bloomsbury Family,” “Young Ireland,” 
 “ A Young Man from the West,” and “ The Dead Ptarmi- 
 gan." In 1910 he became an associate of the Royal 
 Academy. 
 
 Orton (or'ton), Edward. Born at Deposit, 
 N. Y., March 9, 1829: died at Columbus, Ohio, 
 Oct. 16, 1899. An American educator and 
 geologist. He was graduated at Hamilton College 
 in 1848 ; was president of Antioch College 1872-73, and of 
 the Ohio State Agricultural and Mechanical College 
 (now Ohio State University) 1873-81 ; and was professor of 
 geology at the latter from 1873 to 1899. He was assistant 
 State geologist of Ohio 1869-75, and had entire charge of 
 the survey 1881-99. 
 
 Osborn (oz'bern), Henry Fairfield. Born at 
 Fairfield, Conn., Aug. 8, 1857. An American 
 biologist and paleontologist, professor in 
 Columbia University from 1891, and presi- 
 dent of the American Museum of Natural 
 History from 1908. He was graduated at Princeton 
 in 1877; studied in England (under Huxley and Balfour) : 
 was professor of comparative anatomy at Princeton 1882- 
 1890 ; and has been curator of vertebrate paleontology in 
 the American Museum of Natural History (New York) 
 from 1890, geologist and paleontologist of the United 
 States Geological Survey from 1900, and honorary paleon- 
 
 Ozark Plateau 
 
 tologist of the Canadian Geological Survey from 1900. He 
 has published “ From the Greeks to Darwin " (1894, 1897L 
 “ The Age of Mammals " (1910), etc. 
 
 Osbourne (oz'bern), Lloyd. Born at Sar, 
 Francisco, Cal., April 7, 1868. An American 
 writer, stepson of Robert Louis Stevenson. 
 His works include three books written in collaboration 
 with his stepfather, “The Wrong Box ” (1889), “The 
 Wrecker" (1892), and “The Ebb Tide” (1894); “Memo- 
 ries ofYailima" (1902: with his 6ister, Isobel Strong), 
 “The Queen versus Billy” (1900), “Love, the Fiddler” 
 (1903), “ Baby Bullet ” (1905), “ The Motormaniacs ” (1905). 
 “Wild Justice” (1906), “ Harm’s Way ” (1909), “Infatua- 
 tion ” (1909) ; and two plays written with Austin Strong, 
 “ The Exile ” and “ The Little Father of the Wilderness.’’ 
 Oscar II.* (King of Sweden). On Dec. 14, 
 1906, he relinquished the government, appoint- 
 ing Prince Gustav (crown prince) as regent ; 
 hut resumed power in June, 1907. 
 
 Osier (os'ler), SirWilliam. Born at Bond Head, 
 Ontario, July 12, 1849. A British physician, 
 regius professor of medicine in the University 
 of Oxford from 1905. He was educated at Toronto 
 University; McGill University, Montreal ; and University 
 College, London ; and in Berlin and Vienna. He was pro- 
 fessor at the Institute of Medicine in McGill University 
 1874-84, of clinical medicine in the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania 1884-89, and of medicine in Johns Hopkins Univer- 
 sity 1889-1905. He was created a baronet in June, 1911. 
 He has published “The Principles and Practice of Med- 
 icine ” (1892 : 6th ed. 1905), numerous monographs and 
 papers, “Science and Immortality" (1904), “.'F.quaniiiii- 
 tas and Other Addresses ” (1904), “ Counsels and Ideals " 
 (1905), “Alabama Student, and Other Biographical Essays ” 
 (1908), “Thomas Linacre” (1908), etc., and with T. McCrae 
 has edited “Modern Medicine, its Theory and Practice” 
 (1907-09). 
 
 Ostwald (ost'valt), Wilhelm. Born at Riga, 
 Russia, Sept. 2 (N. S.), 1853. A noted German 
 chemist, professor of physical chemistry in the 
 University of Leipsic 1887-1906. He is regarded 
 as one of the founders of that science. With van’t Hoff 
 he founded in 1887 the “ Zeitschrift fiir physikalische 
 Chemie ’’ and in 1901 the “Annalen der Naturphilosophie. ” 
 He was first exchange professor at Harvard University in 
 1905. He has published “Lehrbuch der allgemeinen 
 Chemie ” (1885-87), “ Elektrochemie ” (1894-95), “ Grund- 
 linien der anorganischen Chemie ” (1900), “ Vorlesungen 
 fiber Naturphilosophie ” (1902), “ Die Schule der Chemie ” 
 (1904), “ Malerbriefe ” (1904), “ Elemente und Verbin- 
 dungen” (1904), “R. W. Bunsen” (1905), “Kunst und 
 Wissenschaft” (1905), “ Ikonoskopische Studien” (1905), 
 “ Individuality and Immortality ” (1906), “ Prinzipien der 
 Chemie ” (1907), “ Die Energie ” (1908), “ Grosse Manner ’ 
 (1909), etc. He was awarded the Nobel prize for chemistry 
 in 1909. 
 
 Owatonna (o-wa-ton'a). The county-seat of 
 Steele County, Minnesota, 63 miles southwest 
 of St. Paul. It is the trade center of an agri- 
 cultural region, and has foundries, flour-mills, 
 and manufactories of gasoline-engines, auto- 
 mobiles, farming implements, etc. Popula- 
 tion, 5,658, (1910). 
 
 Oxford and Cambridge Boat-race. An an- 
 nual contest between picked crews of the uni- 
 versities of Oxford and Cambridge, England, 
 usually rowed on the second Saturday before 
 Easter. The course is on the Thames, from 
 Putney, near London, to Mortlake, a distance 
 of over 4J- miles, the time occupied varying 
 from less than 20 minutes to 23 minutes, ac- 
 cording to wind and tide. 
 
 Oxford and Cambridge Musical Club. A 
 London club, at 47 Leicester Square, estab- 
 lished in 1899 for the cultivation of chamber 
 music. 
 
 Oxyrbynchus (ok-si-ring'kus). [Named from 
 a species of fish which was venerated there.] 
 An ancient town of Upper Egypt, situated be- 
 tweeu the western bank of the Nile and the 
 Bahr Yusuf in lat. 28° 6' N. The modern village 
 of Behnesa occupies its site. Excavations there have 
 brought to light a number of important papyri, including 
 fragments of the “Logia” or “Sayings” of Jesus. 
 Oyster (ois'ter) Bay. A town in Nassau 
 County, New York. It is situated on a bay on the 
 northern shore of Long Island, and is a summer resort. 
 The town includes the villages of Sea Cliff and Farming- 
 dale. Population of town, including Sea Cliff and Farm- 
 ingdale, 21,802, (1910) ; of Sea Cliff, 1,694 ; of Farmingdale, 
 1,567. 
 
 Ozark Plateau. A plateau in northwestern 
 Arkansas and southern Missouri. U. S. Geog. 
 Board, Feb. 6, 1907, 
 
Paardeberg 
 
 aardeberg (par'de-berg). An 
 
 elevation in the western 
 part of Orange Free State, 
 north of the Modder river. 
 Near here, in the bed of the Mod- 
 der, at Koodoosrand Drift, the Boers 
 under Cronje defended themselves 
 against the English under Lord 
 Roberts, but were forced to sur- 
 render, Feb. 27, 1900. 
 
 Page*, Thomas Nelson. His later works include 
 “Social Life in Old Virginia before the War” (1897), “A 
 Captured Santa Claus” (1902), “Cordon Keith” (1903), 
 “ Bred in the Bone ” (1904), “ The Negro, the Southerner's 
 Problem” (1904), “The Coast of Bohemia ” (1906), “Under 
 the Crust” (1907), “ The Old Dominion ” (1908), “ Robert E. 
 Lee” (1908), “John Marvel, Assistant ” (1909), etc. 
 
 Page, Walter Hines. Born at Cary, N. C., 
 
 Aug. 15, 1855. An American editor, United 
 States ambassador to Great Britain 1913-. 
 
 He was educated at Randolph-Macon College and at Johns 
 Hopkins University. He edited “The Forum” 1890-95, 
 “ The Atlantic Monthly ” 1896-99, and “ The World’s 
 Work ” 1900-1913. 
 
 Paget (paj'et), Francis. Born March 20, 1851 : 
 died at London, Aug. 2, 1911. Bishop of Ox- 
 ford 1901-11. He was vicar of Brorusgrove 1882-85 ; 
 regius professor of pastoral theology and canon of Christ 
 Church, Oxford, 1885-92 ; chaplain to the Bishop of Oxford 
 1889-1901 ; and dean of Christ Church 1892-1901. 
 
 Pagliacci (pal-ya'che). An opera by Leonca- 
 vallo, first produced at Milan in 1892. 
 
 Painted Chamber, The. A chamber in the 
 old Westminster Palace, originally called the 
 “Chamber of St. Edward.” It was the kernel of the 
 palace, which grew around it, and later received the name 
 of the Painted Chamber from the decorations placed there 
 by Henry III. 
 
 Palace of Peace. See * Peace, Palace of. 
 
 Palacio Valdes (pa-la'the-o val-das'), Ar- 
 mando. Born at Entralgo, Spain, Oct. 4, 
 1853. A Spanish novelist and critic. Among 
 
 his novels are “ El Sefior Octavio ” (1881), “ Marta y 
 Maria” (1883), “El idilio de un enfermo ” (1884), “Josb" 
 (1885), “Riverita” (1886), “Maximina " 
 
 northeast of Springfield. It has manufactories 
 of cotton, woolen, and straw goods, carpets, 
 carriages, etc. Population, 8,610, (1910). 
 Palmer (pam'er), Mrs. (Alice Freeman). 
 Born at Colesville, N. Y., Peb. 21, 1855: died 
 at Paris, Dec. 6, 1902. An American educator. 
 
 She was graduated from the University of Michigan in 
 1876 ; was professor of history at Wellesley College 1879- 
 1881 ; was acting president of Wellesley in 1881, and presi- 
 dent 1882-87 ; and was dean of the woman’s department 
 (non-resident) of the University of Chicago 1892-95. In 
 1887 she married George Herbert Palmer, professor of 
 
 philosophy in Harvard University. 
 
 -Bred in the Bone ”(1904), “ The Negro, the Southerner's p a l mer (pam'er), John Williamson. Born at 
 < tnfRnben,.. non* Tinder Baltimo ^ M d., April 4, 1825: died there, Peb. 
 
 26, 1906. An American journalist and author. 
 He was graduated from the University of Maryland in 
 1847 ; was first city physician in San Francisco in 1849 ; 
 traveled in the Far East ; was Confederate correspondent 
 of the New York “Tribune" during the Civil War; and 
 later was engaged in general editorial work. He wrote 
 “The Golden Dagon ; or, Up and Down the Irrawaddi ” 
 (1856), “The New and the Old "(1859), “After his Kind. 
 By John Coventry” (1886). “For Charlie’s Sake, and Other 
 Lyrics and Ballads" (1901), etc. His ballad “Stonewall 
 Jackson's Way” was popular in the South. 
 
 Palo Alto (pa/lo al'to). A post-town of Santa 
 Clara County, California, on San Francisco 
 Bay near Redwood City: the seat of Leland 
 Stanford Junior University. Population, 4,486, 
 (1910). 
 
 Pampanga (pam-pan'ga). A southern prov- 
 ince of Luzon, Philippine Islands. It is bounded 
 by Tarlac (partly separated by the Paruao River) on the 
 north ; Nueva Dcija (partly separated by the Rio Chico 
 de la Pampanga) on the northeast ; Bulacan on the east 
 and southeast ; Manila Bay on the south ; and Bataan 
 (partly separated by the Aba) and Zambales (separated by 
 the Aba River and the Zambales Mountains) on the west. 
 Capital, Bacolor. The southern part bordering Manila 
 Bay is a broad delta extending beyond the original coast- 
 line. In the west are the Mabanga Mountains, parallel 
 with the Zambales range ; in the northeast is Mount 
 Arayat and in the northwest Mount Pinatubo, extinct 
 volcanoes 3,564 feet and 6,040 feet in height. Bananas, 
 sugar cane, corn, and rice are among the products. Area, 
 868 square miles. Population, 223,754. 
 
 (1887), “ La her- 
 
 inana de San Sulpicio ” (1889), “El cuarto poder" (1888), 
 
 “La espuna” (1892), “La fe” (1892), “Los majosde Cadiz” Pana (pa'na). A city in Christian County, 
 (1896) “La Alegria del Capitan Ribot” (1899), and “Tris- Illinois, 42" miles southeast of Springfield, 
 tan o el pesimismo (1906). ni • • • , • . , . , , r 
 
 / •• v •• A a 4. • t ‘u i Coal-mining is its principal industry. Popu- 
 
 Palan&n (pa-la-nan ). A town m Isabela i a t ion 6,055, ( 19 10) . 
 
 province, eastern Luzon, m the Philippine -d v ' 
 
 Islands. Here Aguinaldo was captured by General PaiiaiHa Panama proclaimed its independence on 
 Funston on March 23, 1901. tl ov : 3 > i 903 ’ and J ts government was recognized by the 
 
 Palestine Exploration Fund. A fund es- 
 tablished June 22, 1865, at London, for the 
 scientific exploration of the Holy Land. Since 
 1865 many expeditions and excavations have been made 
 under its auspices, by Clermont-Ganneau, Flinders Petrie, 
 
 F. J. Bliss, R. A. S. Macalister, and others. The results 
 have been presented in maps, journals, and other publica- 
 tions, and in the Palestinian Museum of the fund at 
 London. 
 
 Palisades Interstate Park. A public park 
 created by acts of the legislatures of New York 
 and New Jersey ill 1910. It originally comprised 
 
 United States on Nov. 13, and later by other powers. It 
 is governed by a president and a chamber of deputies. 
 There are also vice-presidents and a cabinet of five minis- 
 ters. The country is divided into seven provinces. By a 
 treaty signed Nov. 18, 1903 (ratified Feb. 23, 1904), Panama 
 ceded to the United States for $10,000,000 the perpetual 
 control of a strip ten miles wide (the Canal Zone), upon 
 which the interoceanic canal has been constructed. The 
 cities of Panama and Colbn (lying within the zone) were 
 placed under the crntrol of the United States as regards 
 sanitation and quarantine only ; hut the coast-line of the 
 zone and the outlying islands were ceded to the United 
 States for purposes of defense. Area, 32,380 square miles. 
 Population (including Canal Zone), 426,928. 
 
 the land along the Palisades of the Hudson River, between Panama C if Illll . The amount paid by the United 
 
 the top of the cliff and the water, from Fort Lee, in New 
 Jersey, to the termination of the Palisades in New York. 
 
 By subsequent legislation the park was extended to in- 
 clude mountain lands along the west side of the Hudson 
 to Newburgh, and from the river west into the Ramapo 
 Mountains. In the latter extension are included 10,000 
 acres given to the State by Mrs. E. II. Harriman. The 
 commission in charge of the park has received other gifts 
 of land and large gifts of money. 
 
 Pallain (pal-lan'), Georges. Born at Lian- 
 court, Oise, March 20, 1847. A French finan- 
 cier and author, governor of the Bank of 
 France from 1898. From 1871 he held various gov- 
 ernment appointments, especially in connection with the 
 finances, being director of Gambetta’s cabinet in 1881, 
 and director-general of customs in 1885. Besides several 
 collections of the political and diplomatic correspondence 
 of Talleyrand, he has published “ La statue de Mirabeau ” 
 
 (1880), “Traite de la legislation sp^ciale du trisor public p anama Canal Zone 
 en matifere contentieuse (1881), “ Ambassade de Talley- 
 rand k Londres, 1830-1834” (1891), “Les douanes fran- 
 qaises ” (1896), etc. 
 
 Palm (palm), Johann Philipp. Born in 
 Schomdorf, Germany, Nov. 17, 1768: died Aug. 
 
 26, 1806. A bookseller of Nuremberg. He was 
 executed by a military tribunal, under the orders of 
 Napoleon, for the publishing of a pamphlet (“Deutsch- 
 land in seiner tiefen Emiedrigung ’’), by another hand, in 
 which the French emperor and the conduct of the 
 French troops in Germany were attacked. 
 
 Palma (pal'ma), Tomas Estrada. Born near 
 Bayamo, Cuba, July 9, 1835: died at Santiago, 
 
 Nov. 4, 1908. A Cuban statesman, first presi- 
 dent of the Cuban republic. He studied law at the 
 University of Seville ; fought in the insurgent army in the 
 ten years’ war between Spain and Cuba (1868-78) ; gained 
 the rank of general ; and was made president of the provi- 
 sional republic, but was captured and imprisoned in Spain. 
 
 After his release he went to Honduras and became post- 
 master-general. Later he settled in Central Valley, New 
 York, and established a school for Latin- Americans, lie 
 was elected president of Cuba, Feb. 24, 1902 ; was reelected 
 March 19, 1906; and resigned in Sept., 1906. 
 
 Palmer (pam'er). A town in Hampden County, 
 
 Massachusetts, on the Chicopee River, 14 miles 
 
 States for the property and rights of the French company 
 was $40,000,000. The control of a strip of land ten miles 
 wide, constituting the Canal Zone, was obtained from the 
 Republic of Panama for $10,000,000. Work was organized 
 in 1904 for the construction of a canal of the lock type, and 
 this type, which had been accepted by Congress in 1901, 
 was adopted by it in 1906. The plan included a channel from 
 deep water on the Caribbean to Gatlin, where an ascent 
 to the 85-foot level has been made by means of three twin 
 locks, each lock being 110 feet wide and 1,000 feet long; a 
 dam at Gatlin about one and a half miles long, one half 
 mile wide at the base, and 100 feet wide at the top ; a 
 double lock at Pedro Miguel ; and two double locks at 
 Miraflores. The lake formed by the Gatlin dam is about 
 164 square miles in extent. The Culebra Cut is about 9 
 miles long and 300 feet wide at bottom. Total length of 
 canal, about 50 miles from deep water to deep water. The 
 canal was opened by the destruction of the Gamboa dike 
 Oct. 10, 1913. 
 
 See * Isthmian Canal 
 
 Zone 
 
 Pan-American Conference. A conference 
 (originally entitled “ The Pan-American Con- 
 gress”) which satin Washington, D. C., 1889-90. 
 
 It was convened by virtue of an act passed by the United 
 States Congress on May 10, 1888, requesting the President 
 to invite the Latin-American governments to join the 
 United States in a conference to be held in Washington, 
 in 1889, “for the purpose of discussing and recommending 
 for adoption to their respective governments some plan 
 of arbitration for the settlement of disagreements and dis- 
 putes that may hereafter arise between them, and for con- 
 sidering questions relating to the improvement of business 
 intercourse and means of direct communication between 
 the said countries, and to encourage such reciprocal com- 
 mercial relations as will be beneficial to all, and secure 
 more extensive markets for the products of each of the 
 said countries.” Later conferences were held at the city 
 of Mexico 1901-02, at Rio de Janeiro 1906, at Buenos Aires 
 1910, and at Santiago, Chile, 1914. 
 
 Pan-American Railway. A railway system, 
 in process of construction, intended to con- 
 nect North America, Central America, and 
 South America by through railway communi- 
 cation (with branch lines) between New York 
 
 Parker, Sir Horatio Gilbert George 
 
 and Buenos Aires and between Alaska and 
 Hudson Bay and Patagonia, of the 10,400 miles 
 between New York and Buenos Aires along the line of the 
 proposed Pan-American railway, there are to-day not more 
 than 3,500 miles of intercontinental railway sections not 
 specifically provided for. The whole system is estimated 
 to cost $ 200 , 000 , 000 . 
 
 Pan-American Union. An organization of 
 the republics of North, Central, and South 
 America, formed in 1890 (as the International 
 Bureau of American Republics) to carry on the 
 work of the Pan-American Conference (which 
 see, in Suppl ement) . The present name was adopted 
 in 1910. The headquarters of the Upjon are in Washing- 
 ton, D. in a building given by Andrew Carnegie and 
 the republics. It is supported by contributions from the 
 republics made in proportion to their population. 
 
 Panamint Mountains. A range of mountains 
 in Inyo County, California, bounding Death 
 Valley on the west. 
 
 Panaon (pa-na-on'). An island lying south of 
 Leyte Island in the Philippines, 
 panglao (pan-gla'o). An island southwest of 
 Bohol, Philippine Islands. Area, 31 square 
 miles. Population, 14,437. 
 
 P an g 0 -P an go'. It was ceded to the United States as 
 a naval and coaling station in 1872, was occupied in 1887, 
 and in Jau., 1900 (with the island of Tutuila), was an- 
 nexed. This annexation by the United States was in 
 accordance with the Anglo-German agreement of Nov. 
 14. 1899. 
 
 Pankhurst (pangk'herst), Mrs. (Emmeline 
 Goulden). Born in Manchester, England, in 
 1858. The English leader of the militant move- 
 ment for woman suffrage. She was educated at the 
 Ecole Normale in Paris, and in 1879 married Richard Mars- 
 den Pankhurst (d. 1898), a barrister and worker for woman 
 suffrage. In 1903 she was a founder of tljp National 
 Women's Social and Political Union, which originated the 
 militant policy. She has been convicted of conspiracy, 
 has made use several times of the hunger-strike, and has 
 been released from prison. 
 
 Paolo and Francesca (pa'6-16 and fran- 
 ches'ka). A drama by Stephen Phillips, pub- 
 lished in 1899. The theme, the love of Paolo for his 
 elder brother’s wife, Francesca, is a favorite one in litera- 
 ture and has been used by many writers from Dante on- 
 ward. See Francesca da Rimini. 
 
 Papua (pap'6-a or pa-po'a), Territory of. 
 The official title, since Sept. 1, 1906, of British 
 New Guinea. 
 
 Paragould (par'a-gold). The county-seat of 
 Greene County, Arkansas, in the northeastern 
 part of the State. It is a shipping-point for 
 lumber, and has wood-working establishments, 
 cotton-gins, and foundries. Formerly called 
 Parmly. Population, 5,248, (1910). 
 
 Paragua (pii-ra'gwa). 2. A province of the 
 Philippine Islands. It is bounded by Mindoro 
 (separated by Mindoro Strait) on the north ; the Visayan 
 Sea and the Sulu (J 0 I 6 ) Sea on the east; Balabac Strait 
 (separating it from islands north of Borneo) on the south ; 
 and the China Sea on the west. Capital, Puerto Princesa. 
 It includes Paragua (Palawan) and more than 500 other 
 islands, the most important of which are the Calamianes 
 on the north, the Cagayanes and Cuyos groups aud Du- 
 maran on the east, and Balabac and adjacent islands on 
 the south. The southern part of the province was for- 
 merly a military district, Paragua Sur. The principal 
 harbors are Puerto Princesa (Port Royalist) on the eastern, 
 Malampaya and Port Barton on the northwestern, and 
 Ulugan on the western coast of Paragua (Palawan), all 
 safe for large vessels in all weather. A mountain-range 
 of considerable altitude, except near iat. 10° N., extends 
 through the island from northeast to southwest. The 
 loftiest peaks are Cleopatra’s Needle, 5,200 feet, Landar- 
 gun, 5,397 feet, Victoria, 5,680 feet, Mantalingajan, 6,843 
 feet, and Cautarag, 5,868 feet in height. The mountains 
 are covered with forests of valuable woods. The rivers 
 are short. Pineapples, sweet potatoes, nutmegs, rice, and 
 tobacco are produced. Cattle, goats, and fowls are raised. 
 The inhabitants are chiefly Tagbanuas, Bataks, and Moros. 
 Area of Paragua (Palawan) Island, 4,027 square miles ; 
 population, 10,918; area of province, 5,238 square miles; 
 population, 35,696. 
 
 Paris (par'is). The county-seat of Lamar 
 County, Texas, 92 miles northeast of Dallas. 
 It is the trade center of a cotton-growing region, 
 and has cotton-gins, cotton-seed oil mills, etc. 
 Population, 11,269, (1910). 
 
 Park City (park sit'i). A town in Knox County, 
 Tennessee, incorporated in 1907. Population, 
 5,126, (1910). 
 
 Parker (par'ker), Alton Brooks. Born at 
 Cortland, N. Y., May 14, 1852. An American 
 jurist. He was graduated from the Albany Law School ; 
 was surrogate of Ulster County, New York, 1877-85; was 
 chairman of the New York State Democratic committee 
 in 1885; was elected justice of the Supreme Court of 
 New York in 1886; was a member of the Court of 
 Appeals, second division, 1889-92, of the general term 
 1893-96, and of the appellate division 1896-97 ; and was 
 chief justice of the Court of Appeals, New York, from 
 Jan. 1, 1898, until August. 6 , 1901, when he resigned to 
 accept (he Democratic nomination for the presidency. 
 He polled a popular vote of 6,082,764 against, the 7,624,489 
 cast for President Roosevelt, and resumed (in New York 
 city) the practice of law. 
 
 Parker (piir'ker), Sir Horatio Gilbert 
 
Parker, Sir Horatio Gilbert George 
 
 George: known as Gilbert. Born at Camden 
 East, Ontario, Nov. 23, 1862. A Canadian au- 
 thor. He established a residence in England and has been 
 Conservative member of Parliament for Gravesend since 
 1900. He was knighted in 1902. His works include “Pierre 
 and his People" (1893), “The Translation of a Savage” 
 (1893), “ A Lover's Hiary : Songs in Sequence ” (1894), 
 “ When Valmond Came to Pontiac ” (1895), “ The Seats of 
 the Mighty" (1896), “The Pomp of the Lavilettes” (1897), 
 “ The Battle of the Strong " (1897), “ The Lane that Had 
 no Turning " (1900), “The Bight of Way "(1901), “Dono- 
 van Pasha" (1902), “Old Quebec” (1903: with Claude G. 
 Bryan), “A Ladder of Swords" (1904), “The Weavers” 
 (1907), “Northern Lights” (1909), “Cumner’s Son "(1910), 
 etc. 
 
 Parker (par'k&r), Horatio William. Born 
 
 at Auburndale, Mass., Sept. 15, 1863. An 
 American composer, organist, and teacher. 
 
 His first work was a cantata, “ King Trojan,” brought out 
 in Munich in 1885. He has been organist in a number of 
 churches in New York city. In 1894 he was made profes- 
 sor of music in Yale University. Among his most im- 
 portant works are “ Hora Novissima,” an oratorio (1893), 
 “St. Christopher” (1898), and a concerto for organ and 
 orchestra. “Mona, an opera, with libretto by Brian 
 Hooker, received in 1911 the $10,000 prize ottered by the 
 directors of the Metropolitan Opera Company, New York, 
 for the best opera by an American composer. 
 
 Parker (par'ker), Joseph. Born at Hexham- 
 on-Tyne, Northumberland, April 9, 1830: died 
 at London, November 28, 1902. An English 
 Congregational minister and pulpit orator. 
 He was minister of the Cavendish Chapel, Manchester, 
 1858-69, and of the City Temple, London, 1869-1902. He 
 published several books on religious subjects and his 
 autobiography, “ A Preacher’s Life ” (1899). 
 
 Parkes (parks), Sir Henry. Born in War- 
 wickshire, May 27, 1815: died at Sydney, 
 April 27, 1896. An Australian statesman. He 
 emigrated to Sydney, Australia, in 1839 ; founded and 
 edited (1850-57) the “ Empire ” newspaper as the organ of 
 Liberalism in New South Wales ; and was colonial secre- 
 tary 1866-68 and premier of New South Wales 1872-75, 
 1878-82, and 1887-89. He was knighted in 1877. In 1891 
 ire presided over the Federation Conference. He pub- 
 lished volumes of poems, political speeches, "Fifty Years 
 in the Making of Australian History ” (1892), etc. 
 
 Parks, Mrs. See * Robins, Elizabeth. 
 
 Parliament . The House of Lords comprises peers who 
 hold their seats by hereditary right, or by creation of the 
 sovereign, or by election for life (Irish peers), or by election 
 for a given parliament (Scottish peers), or by virtue of their 
 office (English bishops). The full assembly would consist 
 of over 600 members. Of the elected peers 16 are Scottish 
 and 28 are Irish. The House of Commons consists of 
 representatives of county, borough, and university con- 
 stituencies in England, Scotland, and Ireland. The total 
 number is 670, of which 377 represent counties, 284 bor- 
 oughs, and 9 universities. There are 465 English, 30 Welsh, 
 72 Scottish, and 103 Irish members. 
 
 Parliament Act. See * Veto Bill. 
 
 Parloa (par-16'a), Maria. Born in Massachu- 
 setts in 1843: died at Bethel, Conn., Aug. 21, 
 1909. An American writer and lecturer on 
 cookery and home economics, she gave courses 
 of instruction in several New England schools, lectured in 
 various cities of the United States, and in 1882 opened a 
 cooking-school in New York city. Besides contributing 
 articles on domestic topics to various periodicals, she pub- 
 lished “ First Principles of Household Management and 
 Cookery," “Kitchen Companion,” “New Cook Book and 
 Marketing Guide,” etc. 
 
 Parlow (par'lo), Kathleen. Born at Calgary, 
 Alberta, in 1890. A Canadian violinist. 
 She made her first public appearance at San Francisco, at 
 the age of six. In 1905 she went to London, and later to 
 St. Petersburg, where she studied with Leopold Auer, and 
 subsequently appeared as a virtuoso in many of the large 
 European cities. She made her debut at New York, Dec. 
 1, 1910, playing the Tschaikovsky concerto with the Rus- 
 sian Symphony Orchestra. 
 
 Parrish (par'ish), Maxfield. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, July 25, 1870. An American painter 
 and illustrator, son of Stephen Parrish. He 
 studied art at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts 
 and under Howard Pyle ; was elected associate of the 
 National Academy of Design in New York in 1905 and 
 member in 1906 ; and is also a fellow of the Pennsylvania 
 Academy of Fine Arts. He has developed a style of 
 dignity and power in color and design which is best 
 shown in his colored illustrations. 
 
 Parrish (par'ish), Stephen. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, July 9, 1846. An American landscape- 
 painter and etcher. He first exhibited pictures at 
 the Pennsylvania Academy in 1878 and at the National 
 Academy in New York in 1879. His first plate was etched 
 in December, 1879. He belongs to the New York Etching 
 Club, and to the Royal Society of Painter-Etchers, Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Parry, Sir Charles Hubert Hastings. 
 
 In 1894 he was appointed director of the Royal College of 
 Music, succeeding Sir George Grove. He was professor of 
 music at Oxford University 1899-1908, succeeding Sir John 
 Stainer. 
 
 Parsons (par'sonz), William Barclay. Born 
 at New York, April 15, 1859. An American 
 civil engineer. He was chief engineer of the Rapid 
 Transit Commission of New York city 1894-1905 ; advisory 
 engineer of the Royal Commission on Traffic in London in 
 1904 ; member of the Isthmian Canal Commission 1904-05, 
 and of the board of consulting engineers of the Panama 
 Canal 1905-06; and chief engineer of the Cape Cod Canal 
 1909-. He has written “ An American Engineer in China ” 
 (1900), etc. 
 
 Partridge (par'trij), William Ordway. Born 
 at Paris, France, April 11, 1861. An Ameri- 
 can sculptor and author. He studied art in Rome, 
 Florence, and Paris ; was professor of fine arts in Colum- 
 bian University, Washington ; and has executed an eques- 
 trian statue of General Grant and a statue of Hamilton for 
 Brooklyn, a statue of Shakspere for Chicago, and a large 
 number of other statues and busts. His published works 
 include “ Art for America” (1895), “The Song of Life of a 
 Sculptor ” (1895), “ Technique of Sculpture ” (1895), “ The 
 Angel of Clay” (1900), “Nathan Hale” (1902), and “The 
 Czar’s Gift ” (1906). 
 
 Pasig (pa'sig). 1. A river in Luzon, Philip- 
 pine Islands, connecting Laguna de Bay with 
 Manila Bay. The city of Manila is Bituated at its 
 mouth. It is navigable, even at low water, by cascos and 
 by launches of 5 or 6 feet draft. 
 
 2. A town, the capital of Rizal province, Lu- 
 z6n, Philippine Islands. Civilized population 
 of municipality, 11,278. 
 
 Passy (pa-se'), Frederic. Born at Paris, May 
 20, 1822: died there, June 12, 1912. A French 
 economist and author. Between I860 and 1902 he 
 taught political economy in various schools near and at 
 Paris, and was a member of the Chamber of Deputies 
 1881-89. He was one of the founders of the International 
 Peace League in 1867, and of the Interparliamentary Peace 
 Union in 1888, and a member of the committee of the 
 International Peace Bureau at Bern in 1892. In 1901 he 
 received the Nobel peace prize. He published “Melanges 
 economiques” (1857), “ Lemons d’economie politique' ’(1860- 
 1861), “Les machines et leur influence surle progres social ” 
 (1866), “L’Histoire du travail” (1873), “La solidarity du 
 travail et du capital” (1875), “Verites et paradoxes” 
 (1894), etc. 
 
 Passy (pa-se'), Paul Edouard. Born at Ver- 
 sailles in 1859. A French philologist. He is an 
 advocate of phonetic spelling and founded the Phonetic 
 Association. Since 1894 he has .held the adjunct director- 
 ship of universal and comparative phonetics in the Ecule 
 Pratique des Hautes Etudes of the Sorbonne, Paris. He has 
 published “Le Francais parle ” (1886), “Les sons du^f ran - 
 sais, leur formacion, leur combinaizon, etc.” (1887), “ Etude 
 sur les changements phonetiques ” (1890), “ Elemental*- 
 buch desgesprochenen ranziesisch ” (1893 : with F. Beyer). 
 
 Pasteur Institute (pas-ter' in'sti-tut). An 
 institution founded at Paris in 1886, by inter- 
 national public subscription, for tbe treatment 
 of hydrophobia by Pasteur’s method, it was 
 
 enabled by later subscriptions to undertake also the 
 treatment of other diseases, the production of serums, 
 and the advancement of biological chemistry. Other 
 Pasteur institutes have been established at Lille, Tunis, 
 Constantinople, New York, Chicago, St. Louis, Buenos 
 Aires, Montevideo, and elsewhere. 
 
 Patin (pa-tan'), Henri Joseph Guillaume. 
 
 Born at Paris, Aug. 21, 1793: died there, Feb. 
 19,1876. A French writer. He was elected a mem- 
 her of the French Academy in 1843 and became its per- 
 petual secretary in 1871. His most noted work is “ Etudes 
 sur les tragiques grecs ou examen critique d’Eschyle, etc.” 
 (1841-43). 
 
 Patmore', Coventry Kersey Dighton. 
 
 His later works include “The Unknown Eros, and Other 
 Odes” (1877), “Amelia” (1878), collected poems (1886), 
 “ Principle in Art” (1889), “Religio Poetse” (1893), and 
 “Rod, Root, and Flower” (1895). 
 
 Pattison (pat'i-son), Dorothy Wyndlow: 
 known as Sister Dora. Born at Haukswell, 
 Yorkshire, Jan. 16, 1832: died at Walsall, 
 Staffordshire, Dec. 24, 1878. An English 
 philanthropist, sister of Mark Pattison. she 
 joined the sisterhood of the Good Samaritan at Coatham, 
 Yorkshire, in 1864 ; was connected with its cottage 
 hospital at Walsall ; and became an excellent surgical 
 nurse and devoted herself to the care of the poor. In 
 1877 she took charge of the Municipal Epidemic Hospital 
 in Walsall. 
 
 Paul (pal), Herbert Woodfield. Born 1853. 
 An English essayist and historian. He was 
 educated at Eton andat Corpus Christi College, Oxford ; 
 was admitted to the bar of Lincoln’s Inu in 1878 ; and 
 was Liberal member of Parliament for South Edinburgh 
 1892-99 and for Northampton 1906-09 ; and has been 
 second civil service commissioner since 1909. He has pub- 
 lished “Men and Letters "(1901),“ Matthew Arnold ”(1902), 
 “History of Modern England” (1904-06), “Lord Acton” 
 (1904), “Life of Froude” (1905), “Stray Leaves” (1906), 
 “Queen Anne ” (1906), etc. 
 
 Paulhan (poul-hah'), Louis. Born at Pdzenas, 
 Herault, July 19, 1883. A French aviator. 
 
 On August 25, 1909, he made a record, atRheims, by a flight 
 of 81.35 miles in 2 hours, 43 minutes, 4J seconds ; and April 
 27-28, 1910, he won a prize of $50,000 by a flight from 
 London to Manchester (185 miles) in 12 hours. At the 
 Los Angeles meet in January, 1910, he reached an altitude 
 of 4,165 feet, the world’s record at that time. 
 
 Paulsen (poul'sen), Friedrich. Born at Lang- 
 enhorn, North Friesland, July 16, 1846: died 
 at Steglitz, near Berlin, Aug. 14, 1908. A 
 German scholar, professor of philosophy and 
 pedagogics in the University of Berlin from 
 1878. His works include “Griindung, Organisation, 
 und Lebensordnungen der deutschen Universitaten im 
 Mittelalter” (1881), “Geschichte des gelehrten Unter- 
 richts auf den deutschen Schulen und Universitaten ” 
 (1885), “ Einleitung in die Philosophic ” (1891), “ Immanuel 
 Kant” (1898), etc. 
 
 Pauncefote (pans'fut), Sir Julian, Lord 
 Pauncefote. Born Sept. 13. 1828: died at 
 Washington, D. 0., May 24, 1902. An English 
 diplomatist. He was knighted in 1874 and raised to 
 
 Peace Conference 
 
 the peerage as Baron Pauncefote in 1899; was Britisli 
 minister to the United States 1889-93, and ambassador 
 1893-1902; conducted the negotiations at Washington 
 which led to the settlement of the Bering Sea controversy 
 the Anglo- Venezuelan boundary arbitration, etc • and 
 was senior British delegate at The Hague Peace Conference 
 in 1899. Throughout his life he did much for the cause 
 of international arbitration. 
 
 Paur (pour), Emil. Born at Czernowitz, Bu- 
 kowma, Aug. 29, 1855. An Austrian musical 
 conductor. He studied with his father, and later at 
 theVienna Conservatory, making his debutas a pianist and 
 violinist at the age of eight, and seven years later becom- 
 ing a first violin in the Vienna court orchestra. He began 
 his career as a conductor at Cassel in 1876. In 1893 he be- 
 came conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, in 1898 
 of the New York Philharmonic Society, in 1904 of the Pitts- 
 burgh Orchestra, and in 1912 succeeded Muck in Berlin. 
 
 Pavlof (pav'lof), Ivan Petrovitch. Born at 
 Ryazan, Sept. 26, 1849. A Russian physiolo- 
 gist, professor of physiology and director of 
 the physiological laboratory in the Imperial 
 Academy of Sciences and head of the depart- 
 ment of physiology in the Imperial Institute 
 of Experimental Medicine at St. Petersburg. 
 In 1904 he was awarded the Nobel prize for 
 medicine. 
 
 Pavlova (pav'16-fa), Anna. Born about 1880. 
 A Russian dancer. She was trained in the ballet 
 school of St. Petersburg, and became a member of the 
 imperial ballet at the opera-house. She has appeared in 
 Berlin, Paris, London, and America. Her New York 
 debut was made at the Metropolitan Opera House (season 
 of 1909-10), in “Coppelia. ” She also dances divertisements, 
 usually appearing with Mikail Mordkin. 
 
 Payne (pan), Henry Clay. Born at Ash- 
 field, Mass., Nov. 23, 1843: died at Washing- 
 ton, D. C., Oct. 4, 1904. An American busi- 
 ness man and politician. He was a member of the 
 Republican National Committee from 1880 ; and was post- 
 master of Milwaukee 1876-86, and postmaster-general 
 1902-04. 
 
 Peabody (pe'bod-i), Francis Greenwood. 
 
 Born at Boston, Mass., Dec. 4, 1847. An 
 American theologian. He was graduated at Harvard 
 in 1869, and was pastor of the First Parish Church of 
 Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1874-80. He was Parkman 
 professor of theology in Harvard University 1881-86, 
 Plummer professor of Christian morals 1886^1913, and 
 dean of the Divinity School 1901-05. He has written 
 “Mornings in the College Chapel ” (1896, 1908), “After- 
 noons in the College Chapel” (1898), “Jesus Christ and 
 the Social Question” (1900), “Religion of an Educated 
 Man ” (1903), “Jesus Christ and the Christian Character’ 
 (1906), “ Tile Approach to the Social Question ” (1909), etc. 
 
 Peabody (pe'bod-i), Josephine Preston. Born 
 at New York. An American author. She was 
 educated at Radcliffe College 1894-96, and was instructor 
 in literature in W'ellesley College 1901-03. She has written 
 “The Wayfarers,” verse (1898), “The Singing Leaves” 
 (1903), “The Piper," a drama, which won the Stratford 
 prize (1909), “The Singing Man,” poems (1911), etc. She 
 married Mr. Lionel Simeon Marks in 1906. 
 
 Peabody (pe'bod-i), Robert Swain. Born at 
 New Bedford, Mass., Feb. 22, 1845. An 
 American architect. He was graduated at Harvard 
 University in 1866, and later studied at the ficole des 
 Beaux- Arts, Paris. Since 1870 he has practised architec- 
 ture in Boston. He is chairman of the Boston Park Com- 
 mission. He was president of the American Institute of 
 Architects 1900-01, and of the Boston Society of Architects 
 1902-05, 1907-09. 
 
 Peace, Palace of. A building at The Hague, 
 to he occupied by the International Arbitra- 
 tion Court. The money for its erection was given by 
 Andrew Carnegie. The foundation stone was laid July 
 30, 1907. 
 
 Peace Conference. 1. A conference of nations, 
 called by the Czar of Russia, which met at 
 The Hague May 18- July 29, 1899. it was held in 
 the palace known as the “House in theW'ood.” Twenty- 
 six nations sent delegates. The objects proposed by the 
 czar were (1) the prevention of an increase (and if 
 possible the reduction) of the armaments of the world and 
 of the budgets caused by them ; (2) the mitigation of the 
 horrors and cruelties of war by discarding submarine 
 torpedo-boats, certain explosives and missiles, and bomb- 
 balloons, the neutralization of relief parties, and the re- 
 vision of the laws and customs of war ; and (3) the estab- 
 lishment of a permanent court of arbitration. The first 
 object met with unanimous approval, but power to secure 
 it was not granted ; the second was substantially advanced 
 by conventions and declarations respecting the laws and 
 customs of war by land and of maritime war ; and by a 
 convention for the pacific settlement of international dis- 
 putes the permanent court of arbitration was established. 
 This court, sometimes called The Hague Court or The 
 Hague Tribunal, consists of not more than four arbitra- 
 tors named by each of the signatory powers. (They num- 
 bered forty-one in 1910.) An international bureau, resi- 
 dent at The Hague, is the medium of arrangement. Each 
 of the two powers which are parties to a dispute selects 
 two arbitrators from the many constituting the permanent 
 court, and these four (or a third power) selects a fifth or 
 umpire who acts as president of that particular tribunal. 
 Sessions are held in accordance with the agreement and 
 convenience of the parties in dispute. 
 
 2. An international conference, proposed by 
 the President of the United States in 1904, 
 which sat at The Hague June 15-Oct. 18, 1907 : 
 the invitation was given by the Czar of Russia. 
 
 Conventions relating to the following subjects were agreed 
 upon : the pacific settlement of international disputes ; an 
 
Peace Conference 
 
 international prize court ; the rights and duties of neutrals 
 on land and at sea ; the laying of submarine mines ; 
 the discharge of projectiles and explosives from bal- 
 loons ; the bombardment of towns from the sea ; the 
 forcible collection of debts ; the use of merchantmen as 
 war-ships ; the extension of the Geneva Convention and 
 the Red Cross to warfare at sea; and the regulation of 
 land warfare. It strongly urged on the nations the 
 necessity of limiting armaments, compulsory arbitration, 
 and the need for a judicial international court, offering a 
 draft for its organization, and recommended a third peace 
 conference. 
 
 Pearl Harbor (perl har'bor). A harbor in the 
 Pearl River, on the southern coast of Oahu, 
 Hawaiian Islands, about 7 miles west of Hono- 
 lulu. In 1909 the United States government 
 began the construction of a naval station here, 
 with extensive military works. 
 
 Pearson (per'son), Karl. Born 1857. An 
 English mathematician, Galton professor of 
 eugenics and director of the Laboratory for 
 National Eugenics in the University of London. 
 He has written “The Ethic of Free Thought” (1888), 
 “Grammar of Science ”(1892: enlarged 1899), “ The Chances 
 of Death and Other Studies in Evolution" (1897), “ National 
 Life from the Standpoint of Science” (1901), “Scope and 
 Importance to the State of the Science of National Eugen- 
 ics ’ ’ (1907), etc. He was one of the editors of ‘ ‘Biometrika. ” 
 Peary*, Robert Edwin, in July, 1905 , he again 
 set out for the pole in the Roosevelt. He wintered ou 
 the northeast coast of Grant Land and in February, 1906, 
 started north. He reached lat. 87“ 6' N. on April 21. 
 He was obliged to return owing to lack of supplies. 
 During this expedition he traced the north coast of 
 Grant Land and discovered new land at about long. 
 100“ W. He planned another attempt to reach the pole 
 in 1907, but was obliged to postpone it until 1908. On 
 July 17 he set sail in the Roosevelt from Sydney, Cape 
 Breton, intending to winter in the north of Grant 
 Land. On his return he announced, by wireless message 
 from Indian Harbor, Labrador, on Sept. 6, 1909, that he 
 had reached the pole April 6, 1909. He arrived in the 
 Roosevelt at Cape Sheridan, Grant Land, where he win- 
 tered, on Sept. 1, 1908. The sledge expedition (including 
 7 members of the exploring party and 59 Eskimos) was 
 begun Feb. 15-22, Peary himself starting on the latter 
 date, and arrived at Cape Columbia. On March 1 the 
 dash from Cape Columbia for the pole was begun. The 
 pole was reached by Peary, Henson, and four Eskimos 
 on April 6 and was left on April 7, and Cape Columbia 
 was reached on April 23. He has written “ Northward 
 Over the Great Ice ” (1898), “ Nearest the Pole” (1907), 
 and “The North Pole ’’ (1910). He received the thanks of 
 Congress and was retired with the rank of rear-admiral 
 in 1911. 
 
 Peary (pe'ri) Channel. The channel which 
 separates Markham Island and Melville Land 
 from northern Greenland : named for the 
 arctic explorer R. E. Peary. 
 
 Peary Land (pe'ri land). The northern and 
 northwestern section of Greenland, about lat. 
 76°-82° 30' N., long. 30°-75° W. It was trav- 
 ersed by Robert Edwin Peary and his party in 
 1892. 
 
 Peck (pek), Annie Smith. Born at Provi- 
 dence, Rhode Island. An American explorer, 
 especially noted as a mountain-climber. She 
 was graduated at the State Normal School, University of 
 Michigan, in 1878, and studied in the American School 
 of Classical Studies at Athens. She climbed the Matter- 
 horn in 1895, and Popocatepetl and Orizaba in 1897, and 
 iu 1908 made the first ascent of Huascardn in Peru. 
 She had previously (1904) climbed the last-named moun- 
 tain to the height of 19,000 feet. In this year she also 
 attained au altitude of about 20,500 feet on Sorata, in 
 Bolivia. 
 
 Peckham (pek'ham), Rufus Wheeler. Born 
 Nov. 8, 1838 : died Oct. 24, 1909. An American 
 jurist. He was admitted to the bar in 1859; was justice 
 of the Supreme Court of New York 1883-86; was asso- 
 ciate judge of the Court of Appeals, New York, 1886-95 ; 
 and was associate justice of the United States Supreme 
 Court 1895-1909. He was a delegate to the Democratic 
 national conventions of 1876 and 1880. 
 
 Peer Gynt (par giint). A dramatic poem writ- 
 ten in 1867 by Henrik Ibsen, and presented on 
 the stage in New York in 1907 by Richard 
 Mansfield. Grieg has composed a suite, in two 
 series, based upon the poem. 
 
 Peg Woffington (wof'ing-ton). A story by 
 Charles Reade, published in 1852. See 
 Woffington, Margaret. 
 
 Peirce (pers), Benjamin Osgood. Born at 
 Beverly, Mass., Feb. 11, 1854. An American 
 physicist and mathematician, professor of 
 mathematics and natural philosophy in Har- 
 vard University from 1888. He was assistant 
 professor of mathematics and physics there 
 1884-88. 
 
 Peirce (pers), Herbert Henry Davis. Born 
 at Cambridge, Mass., April 11, 1849. An 
 American diplomatist. He was appointed sec- 
 retai’y of the United States legation at St. 
 Petersburg in 1894; was first secretary of the 
 embassy there 1898-1901; was appointed third 
 assistant secretary of state in 1901; and 
 was minister to Norway 1906-11. 
 
 Pelasgicon (pe-las'ji-kon). A kind of terraced 
 outwork at the western end of the Acropolis 
 
 at Athens: also called Enneapylon, from its 
 nine gates. 
 
 Pelleas et M61isande (pal-la-as' a ma-le- 
 sand'). An opera by Claude Debussy (words 
 by Maurice Maeterlinck), first produced at 
 Paris in 1902. 
 
 Pelletier (pe-le-tya/), Sir Charles Alphonse 
 Pantaleon. Born at Riviere Ouelle, Quebec, 
 Jau. 22, 1837 : died at Quebec, April 29, 1911. 
 A Canadian Liberal statesman, lieutenant- 
 governor of the province of Quebec 1908-11. He 
 was graduated at Laval University in 1858 ; was called to 
 the bar in 1860; was appointed queen's counsel in 1879; 
 and was made a companion of the Order of St. Michael 
 and St. George in 1898. He sat for Kamouraska in the 
 House of Commons 1869-77, and for Quebec, East, in the 
 Quebec Legislative Assembly 1873-74 ; was minister of 
 agriculture in the Mackenzie administration 1877-78 ; 
 was called to the Senate in 1877, and was its speaker 1896- 
 1901 ; and resigned his seat in 1905. He was judge of the 
 Superior Court of the province of Quebec 1905-08. 
 
 Peloubet (pe-16'bet), Francis Nathan. Born 
 at New York, Dec. 2, 1831. An American 
 clergyman and author of works on the Bible 
 for Sunday-school teachers and scholars. He 
 was graduated at Williams College in 1853, and at the 
 Bangor Theological Seminary in 1857 ; and was pastor 
 of various Congregational churches from 1857 to 1883. 
 He is best known for his “Select Notes on the Interna- 
 tional Sunday School Lessons ” (1875-). His other works 
 include “The Teacher’s Commentary on Matthew and on 
 Acts," “The Book of Job, a Drama,” etc. 
 
 Pemberton (pem'ber-ton), Max. Born at 
 Birmingham, June 19, 1863. An English author. 
 
 He was educated at Cains College, Cambridge, and was 
 editor of “Cassell’s Magazine ” 1896-1906. He has written 
 many novels and short stones. Among his published 
 volumes are “ The Impregnable City ’ ’ (1895), “ Queen of the 
 Jesters ” (1897), “The Garden of Swords ” (1899), “Beatrice 
 of Venice” (1904), “The Hundred Days” (1905), “Sir 
 Richard Esoombe” (1908), “The Show Girl” (1909), 
 “White Motley” (1911), “Captain Black ” (1911), etc. 
 Pembroke (pern' bruk). 3. A town, the capi- 
 tal of Renfrew County, Ontario, Canada, it is 
 
 in the northeastern part of the county, on the Ottawa 
 river. The Muskrat river flows through the town and 
 supplies power for sawmills, flour-mills, etc. Population, 
 5,626, (1911). 
 
 Penck (pengk), Albrecht. Born at Reudnitz, 
 a suburb of Leipsic, Sept. 25, 1858. A noted 
 German geographer, professor of geography 
 in the University of Vienna 1885-1906, and in 
 the University of Berlin 1906-. He has written 
 “ Morphologie der Erdoberfliiche ” (1894), etc., and numer- 
 ous scientific papers. 
 
 Pender (pen'der), Sir John. Born Sept. 10, 
 1816: died at Footscray Place, Kent, July 7, 
 1896. An English merchant, one of the earliest 
 promoters of submarine telegraphy. He was one 
 of the contributors to the formation of the first Atlantic 
 Cable Company in 1866, and was a liberal supporter of the 
 enterprise through the difficulties which for many years 
 beset it. Its final success was largely due to his efforts. 
 
 Penfield (pen'feld), Samuel Lewis. Born at 
 Catskill, N. Y., Jan. 16, 1856: died Aug. 12, 
 1906. An American mineralogist, professor 
 of mineralogy in Yale University 1893-1906. 
 
 He was instructor and assistant professor 1880-93. He 
 published “ Determinative Mineralogy and Blowpipe 
 Analysis ” (1898 : with Brush), and numerous scientific 
 papers. 
 
 Pennell*, Joseph. He was elected N. A. ill 1909. 
 He has written (in several instances with his wife, Eliz- 
 abeth Robins Pennell) “A Canterbury Pilgrimage” 
 (1885), “An Italian Pilgrimage” (1886), “Two Pilgrims’ 
 Progress ” (1887), “ Our Sentimental Journey through 
 France and Italy ” (1888), “ Pen Drawing and Pen 
 Draughtsmen" (1889), “Our Journey to the Hebrides” 
 (1889), “The Stream of Pleasure” (1891), “The Jew at 
 Home " (1892), “ Play in Provence ” (1892), “ To Gypsy- 
 land ” (1893), “ Modern Illustration ” (1895), “ The Illus- 
 tration of Books "(1896), “The Alhambra” (1896), “The 
 Work of Charles Keene” (1897), “Lithography and Li- 
 thographists ” (1900), “Life of James McNeill Whistler” 
 (1908), and “Pictures of the Panama Canal ” (1912). 
 
 Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. 
 
 An institution, founded iu 1805, consisting of 
 a museum of paintings, sculptures, and engrav- 
 ings, and an art school. Its building stands on 
 Cherry and North Broad streets, Philadelphia. Annual 
 exhibitions of the works of living artists are held here in 
 winter. 
 
 Perch, Philemon. A pseudonym of Richard 
 Malcolm Johnston. 
 
 Pereda (pa-ra'THa), Jose Maria de. Born at, 
 Polanco, near Santander, Spain, Feb. 7, 1834: 
 died at Madrid, March 2, 1906. A Spanish 
 novelist. Among his works are “Escenas montanesas" 
 (1864), “El buey suelto” (1877), “Don Gonzalo Gonzalez 
 de la Gonzalera " (1878), “De t.al palo, tal astilla ” (1879), 
 “Pedro Sanchez” (1883), “Sotileza” (1885), “La Puchera" 
 (1889), “ La Montalvez ” (1891), “ Penas arriba ” (1895), etc. 
 
 Perkin (per'kin), Sir William Henry. Born 
 at London, March 12, 1838; died at Sudbury, 
 July 14, 1907. An English chemist. He 
 founded the coal-tar color industry by the 
 discovery of the mauve dye in 1856. He was 
 knighted in 1906. 
 
 Perosi (pa-ro'si), Lorenzo. Born at Tortona, 
 
 Petrie 
 
 Italy, Dec. 23, 1872. A priest and musical 
 composer. From 1897 to 1903 he was musical director 
 at St. Mark’s, Venice, and was then taken to St. Peter’s 
 by Pope Pius X. His most important works are “The 
 Passion of Christ,” “ The Transfiguration, ” “ The Resur- 
 rection of Lazarus,” and “The Birth of the Redeemer.” 
 
 Perraud (pe-ro'j, Adolphe Louis Albert. 
 
 Born at Lyons, Feb. 7, 1828 ; died Feb. 11. 
 1906. A French prelate and ecclesiastical 
 writer, bishop of Antun, Chalons, and Macon. 
 
 In 1865 he was appointed professor of ecclesiastical his- 
 tory at the Sorbonne, from which he retired in 1874 to 
 become bishop of Autun. He was elected to the French 
 Academy in 1882, succeeding Auguste Barbier. In 1884 
 he became superior-general of the Oratory, and was created 
 cardinal by Pope Leo XIII. in 1893. Among his works 
 are “ fitudes sur 1’Irlande contemporaine ” (1862), “L’Ora- 
 toire de France aux XVIIe et XIX® siecles ” (1865), “ Les 
 paroles de l’heure prdsente ” (1872), “ Le Cardinal de 
 Richelieu ” (1882), “(Euvres pastorales et oratoires " (1883- 
 1886), “Le Cardinal Lavigerie ’’ (1893), “Le Pere Gratry ’’ 
 (1900), etc. 
 
 Perrine (pe-rin'), Charles Dillon. Born at 
 Steubenville, Ohio, July 28, 1867. An Ameri- 
 can astronomer, director of the Argentine 
 National Observatory from 1909. He was as- 
 sistant astronomer and astronomer at the Lick 
 Observatory 1895-1909. He received the La- 
 lande prize of the Paris Academy of Sciences 
 in 1897. 
 
 Perry (per'i), Bliss. Born at Williamstown, 
 Mass., Nov. 25, 1860. An American editor, 
 author, and critic, son of Arthur Latham 
 Perry. He was professor of English in Williams Col- 
 lege 1886-93, and in Princeton University 1893-1900. In 
 1906 he was appointed professor of English literature at 
 Harvard University, a chair which replaced the one held 
 by Ticknor, Longfellow, and Lowell. He was editor of 
 the “ Atlantic Monthly ” 1899-1909. He was appointed 
 Harvard lecturer at the University of Paris for the year 
 1909-10. Among his works are “ The Broughton House ” 
 (1890), “ Salem Kittredge, and Other Stories ” (1894), “ The 
 Plated City ” (1895), “ The Powers at Play ” (1899), a chap- 
 ter on poetry in “Counsel upon the Reading of Books ” 
 (1900), “ A Study of Prose Fiction ” (1902), “ The Amateur 
 Spirit” (1904), “Walt Whitman ” (1906), “Park Street Pa- 
 pers ” (1908), and “ The American Mind ” (1912). 
 Persia*. Until 1906 the government was an absolute 
 monarchy, the shah, who is generally regarded a3 the 
 vicegerent of the Prophet, being subject only to the rules 
 of the Mohammedan faith. In that year a national coun- 
 cil was established, consisting of 156 (elected) members, 
 60 for Teheran and 96 for the provinces. Provision was 
 made later for a senate of 60 members, 30 to be appointed 
 by the shah and 30 to be elected by the National Council. 
 The constitution as finally adjusted was signed by the 
 shah on Oct. 8, 1907. Conflict between the council and 
 the shah (Mohammed Ali) resulted in the dissolution of 
 the parliament on June 23, 1908, the parliament-house 
 being attacked and destroyed by the military. A council 
 of state was then established in the place of the National 
 Council. In 1909 a proclamation was issued by the shah 
 establishing a representative assembly and appointing 
 the date of a general election. On July 16, 1909, the shah 
 was dethroned by the constitutionalists and the crown 
 prince, Ahmed Mirza, was chosen as his successor. An 
 agreement between Great Britain and Russia, with regard 
 to their respective spheres of influence in Persia, was 
 signed Aug. 31, 1907, each country limiting its sphere in 
 the provinces adjoining its frontier. A crisis in Persian 
 affairs was produced in November, 1911, through a Russian 
 ultimatum which contained among its demands the in- 
 stant dismissal of Mr. W. Morgan Shuster, the American 
 treasurer-general. This was followed by the advance of 
 Russian troops toward Teheran and the dissolution (Dec. 
 24) of the assembly (Medjlis). Persia became a party to 
 the Anglo-Russian convention in 1912. 
 
 Peru*. Tacna and Arica are still occupied by Chile. A 
 boundary dispute with Bolivia which was referred to the 
 president of the Argentine Republic was decided by him 
 in favor of Peru in 1909. 
 
 Peruvian Corporation*. (See Grace Contract, 
 The.) On April 2, 1907, an agreement was signed (annul- 
 ling the terms previously in force) by which the lease of 
 the corporation was extended for 17 yeare, the govern- 
 ment to pay annually, for 30 years, £80,000 and to receive 
 one half the net receipts. Provision was made for the 
 continuation of the work on the Oroya-Huancayo and 
 Secani-Cuzco lines, and the construction of the Jonan- 
 Chilete line. The works at Mollendo, the Chiro Canal, 
 the silver-mines at Cerro de Pasco, and a debt of £200,000 
 to Chile were reserved. 
 
 Pescadores*. 1. They were ceded by China 
 to Japau by the treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895. 
 Peter (pe'ter) I. Born at Belgrad, June 29 
 (O. S.), 1844. King of Servia 1903-. He is the 
 
 son of Alexander Karageorgevitch, and was proclaimed 
 king by the army after the murder of King Alexander I. 
 and Queen Draga, June 10, 1903. He married Princess 
 Zorka of Montenegro in 1883. 
 
 Petrie*, William Matthews Flinders. His 
 
 excavations in Egypt, 1880-1906, covered the exploration 
 of the Greek city at Naukratis and the towns of Am and 
 Daphnac ; the discovery of prehistoric Egyptians at Na- 
 gada ; the discovery at Medurn of the earliest temple ; ex- 
 cavations of the temples at Tanis, Koptos, and Thebes ; 
 records of kings of the earliest dynasties at Abydos ; etc. 
 He has been Edwards professor of Egyptology at Univer- 
 sity College, London, since 1893. In 1894 he founded the 
 Egyptian Research Account (developed in 1905 into the 
 British School of Archaeology in Egypt). His later works 
 include “History of Egypt" (1894-1905), “Egyptian 
 Tales" (1895), “Religion and Conscience in Ancient 
 Egypt” (1898), “Methods and Aims in Archaeology" 
 (1904), “Religion of Ancient Egypt.” (1906), “Janus in 
 Modern Life” (1907), “Personal Religion in Egypt before 
 
Petrie 
 
 Christianity” (1909), “The Growth of the Gospels ” (1910), 
 “ Meydum and Memphis” (1910), “Egypt and Israel” 
 (1911), and many volumes of special reports. 
 
 Pettus (pet'us), Edmund Winston. Born in 
 Limestone County, Ala., July 6, 1821: died 
 July 27, 1907. An American lawyer and 
 statesman, United Statessenator (Democratic) 
 from Alabama 1897-1907. 
 
 Pfleiderer (pfli'der-er), Otto. Born at Stettin, 
 Germany, Sept. 1, 1839: died at Grossliehter- 
 felde, near Berlin, July 18, 1908. A German 
 liberal theologian, professor of practical the- 
 ology in the University of Berlin from 1875. 
 He published ‘ ‘Moral und Religion” (1872), “ Gescliichte 
 der Religionsphilosophie von Spinoza bis auf die Gegen- 
 wart” (third edition 1893), “Der Paulinismus” (1873), 
 “ Das Urchristentum ” (1887), “ The Development of The- 
 ology since Kant ” (1890), “ Philosophy and Development 
 of Religion” (1894), “ Das Christusbild des urchristlichen 
 Glaubens in religionsgeschichtlicher Beleuchtung ”(1903), 
 “ Die Vorbereitung des Christentums in der grieehischen 
 Philosophie ” (1904), “Die Entstehung des Christentums ” 
 (190.'.), etc. 
 
 Pfliiger (pflu'ger), Eduard Friedricli Wil- 
 helm. Born J une 7, 1829 : died March 16, 1910. 
 A physiologist, professor in the University 
 at Bonn from 1859. He founded and edited from 
 1868 the “ Archiv fur die gesammte Physiologic. ” 
 Phelps (felps), William Lyon. Born at New 
 Haven, Conn., Jan. 2, 1865. An American 
 educator and essayist, professor of English 
 literature at Yale University 1901-. He has 
 written “ The Beginnings of the English Romantic Move- 
 ment” (1893), “Essays on Modern Novelists" (1910), 
 “Essays on Russian Novelists” (1911), etc. 
 
 Philippine Islands*. Civil government was estab- 
 lished in July, 1902. A Philippine Assembly was elected 
 in July and opened on Oct 10, 1907. The government 
 consists of a governor-general, appointed by the Pres- 
 ident of the United States, and a legislative assembly. 
 The assembly comprises an upper house consisting of the 
 Philippine Commission (nine members, including the 
 governor, three of them Filipinos), and a lower house of 
 79 representatives. There are four executive departments. 
 The islands are divided into 39 provinces. 
 
 Phillips (fil'ips), Sir Claude. A contemporary 
 English critic and author. He was called to the bar 
 of the Inner Temple in 1883, and subsequently became art 
 critic of the “Daily Telegraph” and a contributor to 
 various periodicals in Europe and America. He has pub- 
 lished a “ Life of Sir Joshua Reynolds,” “Life of Antoine 
 Watteau,” “The Earlier Work of Titian,” “The Later 
 Work of Titian,” etc. He was knighted in 1911. 
 
 Phillips (fil'ips), David Graham. Born at 
 Madison, Ind., Oct. 31, 1867 : died at New 
 York, Jan. 24, 1911. An American novelist. 
 Among his works are“ Her Serene Highness ” (1902), “The 
 Cost” (1904), “The Social Secretary” (1905), “The For- 
 tune Hunter” (1906), “The Second Generation” (1907), 
 “Old Wives for New” (1908), “The Fashionable Ad- 
 ventures of Joshua Craig” (1909), “The Hungry 
 Heart” (1909), “White Magic” (1910), “The Husband’s 
 Story” (1910), and “The Grain of Dust” (1911). 
 
 Phillpotts (til 'pots), Eden. Born at Mount 
 Abu, India, Nov. 4, 1862. An English novelist. 
 He is the author of “ Down Dartmoor Way ” H895), “Lying 
 Prophets” (1897), “Children of the Mist” (1898), “Sons of 
 the Morning” (1900), “The Good Red Earth” (1901), “ The 
 Striking Hours ” (1901), “The River” (1902), “ My Devon 
 Year” (1903), “The Golden Fetich” (1903), “The Ameri- 
 can Prisoner” (1904), “The Farm of the Dagger ” (1904), 
 “The Secret Woman (1900), “Knock at a Venture” (1905), 
 “The Portreeve” (1906), “The Sinews of War” (1906: 
 with Arnold Bennett), “The Mother of the Man” (1908), 
 “The Virgin in Judgment ” (1908), “The Statue” (1908: 
 with Arnold Bennett), “The Three Brothers "(1909), “Tales 
 of the Tenements” (1910), “Wild Fruit,” poems (1910), 
 “ Demeter’s Daughter” (1!)11), “The Beacon ” (1911), etc. 
 
 Piatti (pe-at'te), Alfredo Carlo. Born at 
 Bergamo, Jan. 8, 1822: died near there, July 18, 
 1901. A famous Italian violoncellist. He was a 
 pupil of his great-uncle Zanetti, and (1832-37) of the Milan 
 Conservatory. He gave many concerts, playing in Munich 
 with Liszt in 1843, and in the following year appearing in 
 Paris, Germany, and England. He played for many sea- 
 sons at the London Popular Concerts (1859-98). He wrote 
 concerted pieces and solos for his instrument, and also 
 made many arrangements from the old masters. 
 
 Piazza del Campidoglio (pe-at'sa, del kam-pi- 
 dol'yo). [It., ‘oil market.’] The open square 
 on the Capitoline Hill in Rome, the Area 
 Capitolina of the old city. Until 1477 it was the 
 general market of the city and remained the center of 
 civic life after the market was removed to the Piazza 
 Navona. The Senatorial Palace or city hall is mentioned 
 as early as 1150. In 1538 the equestrian statue of Marcus 
 Aurelius was placed in its present position, and in 1559 a 
 plan was made, under the direction of Michelangelo, ac- 
 cording to which the present arrangement of the build- 
 ings has been carried out — the Senatorial Palace in the 
 center, the Palace of the Conservatori on the right, and 
 the Museum of the Capitol on the left. 
 
 Picciola (pet-che-6'lii). The story of the love 
 of a prisoner for a flower, written by Saintine 
 (J. Xavier Boniface) and published about 1836. 
 The sketch won for its author the Montyou prize and the 
 cross of the Legion of Honor. It has been translated into 
 many languages. 
 
 Pickering (pik'er-ing), William Henry. Born 
 at Boston, Mass., Feb. 15, 1858. An American 
 astronomer, assistant professor of astronomy 
 at the Harvard Observatory from 1887. He es. 
 
 tablished the Arequipa station of the Harvard Observa- 
 tory in 1891 and a station in Jamaica in 1900, and led 
 eclipse expeditions in 1878 (Colorado), 1880 (West Indies), 
 
 1889 (California), 1893 (Chile), and 1900 (Georgia). The La- 
 lande prize of the French Academy was awarded to him 
 in 1905 forthe discovery of the ninth and tenth satellites of 
 the planet Saturn. 
 
 Picquart (pe-kar'), Marie George. Born at 
 Strasburg, Sept. 6, 1854. A French general 
 and statesman, minister of war under Clemen- 
 ceau 1906-09. He was prominent in the defense of 
 Dreyfus, in connection with which he was retired from 
 the army in 1898 and later imprisoned. He was restored 
 to active service in 1905, with the rank of brigadier-general. 
 
 Pierne (pyar-na'), Henri Constant Gabriel. 
 
 Born at Metz, Aug. 16, 1863. A French com- 
 poser. He studied at the Baris Conservatory, and in 
 1882 won the Brix de Rome with a cantata, “fidith." In 
 
 1890 he succeeded Cesar Franck as organist of Ste. Clo- 
 tilde. He has written incidental music for several plays 
 in which Sarah Bernhardt has appeared, including 
 “ Izeyl,” “La princesse lointaine,” and “ La Samaritaine” ; 
 several operas, including “La coupe enchantee” (1895), 
 “La Vendee ” (1897), and “La fille de Tabarin” (1900); 
 two choral works, “ Le croisade des enfants ” and “ Les 
 enfanta de Bethlehem ” (1907) ; also songs, piano pieces, 
 and a number of orchestral compositions. For several 
 years he was assistant conductor of the Colonne concerts 
 in Baris, and after Colonne's death, in 1910, succeeded him. 
 
 Pilar (pe-liir') Islands. A group of 24 islands 
 in the Sulu (Jolo) Archipelago. 
 
 Pilbarra Goldfield. A gold-mining region in 
 the northwestern part of Western Australia. 
 Pilot, The. A nautical romance by James 
 Fenimore Cooper, published in 1823. 
 
 Pinar del Rio. 2. The westernmost province 
 of Cuba. Area, 5,206 square miles. 
 
 Pinatubo (pe-na-to'bo), or Pinalubo. A vol- 
 cano in southern Luzon, Philippine Islands. 
 Pinchot (pin'cho), Gifford. Born at Simsbury, 
 Conn., Ang. 11, 1865. An American naturalist, 
 forester of the United States Department of 
 Agriculture 1898-1910, and chief of the Forest 
 Service until 1910. He was graduated at Yale Uni- 
 versity in 1889 ; began the first systematic forest work in the 
 United States at Biltmore, North Carolina, 1892-94; was 
 a member of the national forest commission 1895-96 ; and 
 was appointed by the Bresident a member of the commit- 
 tee on organization of government scientific work in 1903, 
 of the commission on the public lands in the same year, 
 and of the committee on department methods in 1905. 
 He was appointed a member of the Inland Waterways 
 Commission in 1907. He became president of the National 
 Conservation Association in 1910. He has published “ The 
 White Bine ” (1896 : with H. S. Graves), “ The Adirondack 
 Spruce ” (1898), “ The Fight for Conservation " (1910), etc. 
 
 Pinero (pi-na'ro), Sir Arthur Wing. Born at 
 Loudon, May 24, 1855. An English dramatist. 
 
 He was an actor 1874-81. His plays include “The Squire” 
 (1881), “The Magistrate” (1885), “Sweet Lavender" (1888), 
 “ The Broliigate ” (1892), “The Cabinet Minister" (1890), 
 “Lady Bountiful ” (1891), “The Second Mrs. Tanqueray 1 
 (1893), “The Notorious Mrs. Ebbsmith” (1895), “The 
 Princess and the Butterfly” (1897), “ Trelawney of the 
 ‘ Wells’ ” (1898), “The Gay Lord Quex” (1899), “Iris” (1901), 
 “Letty ” (1903), “ His House in Oi-der ” (1906), “The Thun- 
 derbolt" (1908), “Mid-Channel” (1909), “The Mind-the- 
 Baint-Giri ” (1912), etc. 
 
 Pines*, Isle of. In April, 1907, the United States 
 Supreme Court decided that the Isle of Bines (Cuba) is 
 not United States territory. It is now a municipality of 
 the province of Havana. 
 
 Pique-Dame (pek-dam'). [F., ‘ Queen of 
 Spades.’] An opera by Peter Tschaikovsky 
 (text adapted from Pushkin), first produced at 
 St. Petersburg, Dec. 19, 1890. 
 
 Pirsson (per'son), Louis Valentine. Born at 
 New York, Nov. 3, 1860. An American geolo- 
 gist, professor of geology in the Sheffield Sci- 
 entific School of Yale University from 1897. 
 He was graduated from Yale in 1882 ; studied in Heidel- 
 berg and Baris ; and has been connected with the faculty 
 of the Sheffield School since 1885. He is assistant editor 
 of the “ American Journal of Science,” and is connected 
 with the United States Geological Survey. His publica- 
 tions include “Rocks and Rock Minerals” (1908), and 
 numerous geological and mineralogical papers. 
 
 Pissarro (pes-sa'ro), Camille. Born in St. 
 Thomas, Danish West Indies, July 10, 1830: 
 died at Paris, Nov., 1903. A French impres- 
 sionist painter. He was sent to Paris to be educated, 
 returned home and essayed a business life, but went back 
 to France in 1855. He was at one time associated with 
 Monet and for a short time with the pointillists. He 
 painted the boulevards of Paris, the streets of Rouen, and 
 the landscape of Normandy. 
 
 Pitlochry (pit-loch'ri). A village and health- 
 resort in the County of Perth, Scotland, near 
 the Pass of Killiecrankie. 
 
 Pitman (pit'man), Benn. Born at Trow- 
 bridge, Wiltshire, July 24, 1822: died at 
 Cincinnati, Dec. 28, 1910. An Anglo-American 
 stenographer, brother of Sir Isaac Pitman. 
 After lecturing on shorthand in England, he came to 
 America in 1853 and settled in Cincinnati, where he 
 founded the Phonographic Institute. He was official re- 
 porter of some of the state trials at the close of the Civil 
 War. In 1856 he invented an electro-process of relief- 
 engraving, and from 1873 to 1892 lectured on art and 
 taught wood-carving in the Cincinnati Art Academy. He 
 
 Pointelin 
 
 published “The Reporter’s Companion” (1854), "Manual 
 of Phonography" (1854), “History of Shorthand” (1858), 
 “Life of Sir Isaac Pitman” (1902), etc. 
 
 Pittsburg. 2. A city in the southeastern part 
 of Crawford County, Kansas, it is situated in a 
 coal-mining district and has zinc-works, iron-works, mills, 
 machine-shops, etc. Population, 14,755, (1910). 
 
 Pivot City. A nickname of Geelong, in Vic- 
 toria, Australia : so named from its supposed 
 importance in the future of the colony. 
 Plainfield (plan'feld). A town in Windham 
 County, Connecticut, 14 miles northeast of 
 Norwich. It has manufactories of cotton and 
 woolen goods, etc. Population, 6,719, (1910). 
 Plancus (plang'kus). A Roman soldier, orator, 
 and consul (42 B. C.). He served under Julius Cresar 
 in the Gallic and civil wars ; attached himself successively 
 to Brutus, Antony, and Octavius; and proposed in the 
 senate that the title of Augustus should be bestowed on 
 the last named. Horace addressed to him Ode vii., Book I. 
 
 Platt (plat), Orville Hitchcock. Bom at 
 
 Washington, Conn., July 19, 1827 : died there, 
 April 21, 1905. An American lawyer and states- 
 man, United States senator (Republican) from 
 Connecticut 1879-1905. 
 
 Plehve (pla've), Vjacheslaf Konstantino- 
 vitch. Born about 1846 : died at Warsaw, 
 July 28, 1904. A Russian official. He was edu- 
 cated at Warsaw and at St. Petersburg, and held various 
 positions in the ministry of justice, becoming prosecutor 
 at St. Petersburg. In 1881 he was appointed director of 
 the state police, in 1883 assistant to the minister of the 
 interior, and in 1894 secretary of state for Finland and a 
 member of the council of the empire. As governor of 
 Finland he was hostile to the Finnish nationalists and 
 inaugurated a policy of repression. In 1902 he became 
 minister of the interior. His administration was marked 
 by the massacre of the Jews at Kishinef, the spoliation 
 of the Armenian Church, the exile of Russian noblemen 
 holding liberal opinions, and a policy of ruthless severity 
 towards the peasantry and the w orking-classes. He was 
 killed by a bomb thrown under his carriage as he was 
 leaving Warsaw to make his weekly report to the Czar. 
 
 Plummer (plum'er), William Edward. Born 
 at Deptford, England, March 26, 1849. An 
 English astronomer, director of the Liverpool 
 Observatory. In 1895 he became examiner in 
 astronomy to the University of Edinburgh. 
 Plunkett (plung'ket), Sir* Horace Curzon. 
 Born Oct. 24, 1854. An Irish politician. He 
 was educated at Eton and Oxford. He was engaged in 
 ranching in the United States 1879-89, and on his return 
 to Ireland devoted himself to the advancementof agricul- 
 ture. In 1894 he founded the Irish Agricultural Organi- 
 zation Society. He was a Unionist member of Parliament 
 1892-1900, and vice-president of the Department of Agri- 
 culture and Technical Instruction for Ireland 1899-1907. 
 He has published “ Ireland in the New Century ” (1904), 
 “Noblesse Oblige: an Irish Rendering" (1908), and 
 “Rural Life Problems in the L T nited States” (1910). 
 
 Pobiedonostsef (po-be-do-nost'sef), Ccnstan- 
 tini Petrovitch. Born at Moscow, 1827 : died 
 at St. Petersburg, March 23, 1907. A Russian 
 jurist and statesman, procurator of the Holy 
 Synod of Russia 1880-1905. He studied at the Im- 
 perial School of Law at St. Petersburg ; became an official 
 of the senate in Moscow ; was professor of civil law in 
 the University of Moscow 1860-65 ; was instructor in the 
 theory of law and administration to the sonsof Alexander 
 II. ; and became a senator in St. Petersburg in 1868, and 
 a member of the Council of the Empire in 1872. He was 
 always an active and uncompromising advocate of abso- 
 lutism in government and an opposer of all liberal reform, 
 and he did much to strengthen the influence of the Or- 
 thodox Greek Church on Russian policy. He was the 
 author of “Kursue des Civilrechts” (1868) and “Ge- 
 richtsleitfaden ” (1872). 
 
 Pocatello (po-ka-tel'o). The county-seat of 
 Bannock County, Idaho, on the Port Neuf 
 River. Its main interests are mining, agri- 
 culture, and stock-raising. It is the seat of 
 the Academy of Idaho. Population, 9,110, 
 (1910). 
 
 Podmore (pod'mor), Frank. Born Feb. 5, 
 1856: died Aug. 15, 1910. An English author. 
 He w’as educated at Pembroke College, Oxford. He was 
 especially interested in spiritualism and psychical phe- 
 nomena, and was an active member of the Society for 
 Psychical Research. Among his published works are 
 “ Apparitions and Thought-Transference " (1894), “Studies 
 in Psychical Research” (1897), “Modern Spiritualism” 
 (1902), “Robert Owen” (1906), and “The Newer Spiritu- 
 alism ” (1911). 
 
 Poincare (pwah-ka-ra'), Jules Henri. Born 
 
 at Nancy, April 29, 1854: died at Paris, July 17, 
 1912. An eminent French mathematician, pro- 
 fessor in the Faculty of Sciences at Paris from 
 1881. He wrote “Coursde physique mathematique”(1890), 
 “ filectricite et optique ” (1890-91), “Thermodynamique ’ 
 (1892), “ Les methodes nouvelles dela ni£cnnique celeste 
 (1892-99), “Theorie des tourbillons” (1893), “Les oscilla- 
 tions electriques ” (1894), “ Capillarity” (1895), “ Calcul des 
 probability ” (1896), “La science et lhypothese ” (1902), 
 etc. He was elected a member of the French Academy 
 in 1908, succeeding Sully- Prudhomme. 
 
 Pointelin (pwant-lan'), Auguste Emmanuel. 
 Born at Arbois, Jura, June 23, 1839. A French 
 landscape-painter. Among his pictures, which 
 represent chiefly scenes in his native province, 
 are “ Soir de septembre” (1880), “C6tes du 
 
Pointelin 
 
 Jura” (1893), and “Fond de vallon” (1901), 
 all in the Luxembourg Museum. 
 
 Point Loma (lo'ma). A promontory on the 
 southern coast of California which forms a part 
 of the northern boundary of the bay of San 
 Diego. It has a wireless telegraph station and 
 is the seat of the school established by Kath- 
 erine Tingley (which see). 
 
 Poir6 (pwo-ra'), Emmanuel. A Fiench illus- 
 trator known as Caran d’Ache. 
 
 Pollard (pol'ard), Charles Louis. Born at 
 New York, March 29, 1872. An American 
 botanist, curator-in-cliief of the public museum 
 of the Staten Island Association of Arts and 
 Sciences from 1907. Ho has been an editor of 
 “ The Plant World” from 1899. 
 
 Pollock (pol'ok), Sir Frederick. Born at 
 London, Dec. 10, 1845. An eminent English 
 jurist and philosophical writer. He was professor 
 of jurisprudence in University College, London, 1882-83; 
 of common law in the Inns of Court 1884-90; and of juris- 
 prudence in the University of Oxford 1883-1903. He was 
 elected a fellow of the British Academy in 1902. He is 
 the author of “ Principles of Contract" (1876), ‘‘Digest of 
 the Law of Partnership” (1877), “Spinoza " (1880), “The 
 Land Laws ” (1882), “ Introduction to the History of the 
 Science of Politics ” (1890), etc. 
 
 Pomeroy (pom'e-roi), Seth. Born at North- 
 ampton, Mass., May 20, 1706: died at Peeks- 
 kill, N.Y., in February, 1777. A noted American 
 soldier. He was by trade a gunsmith, and entered the 
 military service of the colony early in life. He was a 
 major in the Massachusetts forces at the capture of Louis- 
 burg in 1745, and in 1755 was a lieutenant-colonel under 
 Ephraim Williams, at whose death he succeeded to the 
 command of the regiment and gained a victory over 
 Baron Dieskau in the battle of Lake George. From 1774 
 to 1775 he served as a delegate to the Massachusetts 
 provincial congress, by which he was elected a general 
 officer in 1774 and a brigadier-general in 1775. He served 
 as a volunteer private in the battle of Bunker Hill in 
 1775, and a few days later was named by Congress senior 
 brigadier-general, but declined the appointment. In 1776 
 he led a force of militia to the relief of the army under 
 Washington, and marched to the Hudson river. 
 
 Pomona (po-mo'na). A city iu Los Angeles 
 County, California, about 30 miles east of Los 
 Angeles. It has important fruit-growing in- 
 terests. Claremont, near by, is the seat of 
 Pomona College. Population, 10,207, (1910). 
 
 Ponce. 2. A department in the south-central 
 part Of Porto Rico. It is bounded by Arecibo, San 
 Juan, aijd Guayama on the north ; Guayama on the east ; 
 the Caribbean Sea on the south ; and Mayaguez and 
 Aguadilla on the west. Capital, Ponce. Area, 822 square 
 miles. 
 
 Pond (pond), Irving Kane. Born at Ann 
 Arbor, Mich., May 1, 1857. An American 
 architect. He was educated at the University of Michi- 
 gan and abroad. Since 1886 he has practised architecture 
 in Chicago, in partnership with his brother, Allen B. 
 Pond. Their work includes the Federal Building at Kan- 
 kakee, Illinois ; the City Club and Hull House, Chi- 
 cago; and numerous institutional buildings, public and 
 private. He was president of the American Institute of 
 Architects 1910-11. 
 
 Pond (pond), Raymond Haines. Born at 
 Topeka, Kansas, March 3, 1875: died at Col- 
 lege Station, Texas, July 26, 1911. An Ameri- 
 can botanist. He was professor of botany and director 
 of the microscopical laboratory in Northwestern Uni- 
 versity 1903-07, biologist of the Metropolitan Sewerage 
 Commission 1908-1909, and plant pathologist of the Texas 
 Agricultural Experiment Station 1909-11. His studies 
 related especially to enzyms, fermentation, and the fixa- 
 tion of nitrogen. 
 
 Pontiac (pon'ti-ak). The county-seat of Liv- 
 ingston County, Illinois, on the Vermilion 
 River. It is in an agricultural and stock-rais- 
 ing region, and has manufactories of shoes, 
 boxes, machinery, etc. Pop., 6,090, (1910). 
 
 Pooh-Bah (po'ba/). A character in the comic 
 opera “ The Mikado,” by Gilbert and Sullivan, 
 who fills a large number of offices. 
 
 Poole (pol), Reginald Lane. Born at London, 
 March 29, 1857. An English historian and 
 educator. He was assistant in the department of 
 manuscripts in the British Museum in 1880-81 ; has been 
 assistant editor, later joint editor with S. R. Gardiner, and 
 finally sole editor of the “English Historical Review” 
 from 1885 ; and has been lecturer on modern history at 
 Jesus College, Oxford, 1880-1910. In 1904 he was made a 
 fellow of the British Academy. Among his publications 
 are “ A History of the Huguenots of the Dispersion at the 
 Recall of the Edict of Nantes” (1880), “Sebastian Bach” 
 (1882), “ Illustrations of the History of Medieval Thought” 
 (1884), and “Wyclitfeand Movements for Reform " (1889). 
 He has edited a “Historical Atlas of Modern Europe” 
 (1897-1902), and was one of the editors of “The Political 
 History of England " (1906-07). 
 
 Pope (pop), Franklin Leonard. Born at Great 
 Barrington, Mass., Dec. 2, 1840: died there, 
 Oct. 13, 1895. An American electrician. He 
 became assistant engineer of the American Telegraph 
 Company in 1862, and of the Russo-American Telegraph 
 Company in 1864, and while in the latter service made 
 the first exploration of the country between British Co- 
 lumbia and Alaska in surveying a route for an overland 
 telegraph. He was one of the inventors of the “ticker” 
 C.— 74 
 
 used in stock-exchanges, and was the inventor of the rail 
 circuit for automatically controlling electric block-signals 
 on railroads. Iu 1884 he became editor of the “ Electrical 
 Engineer." 
 
 Poplar Bluff (pop'lar bluf). The county-seat 
 of Butler County, Missouri, on the Black River. 
 It is in a lumbering and stock-raising region, 
 and is a shipping-point for lumber. Popula- 
 tion, 6,916, (1910). 
 
 Popper (pop'per), David. Born at Prague, 
 Dec. 9, 1843. A Bohemian violoncellist. He 
 
 studied under Goltermann at the Prague Conservatory, 
 and played in concert throughout Europe from his six- 
 teenth year until 1868, when he became first cellist at the 
 Court Opera, Vienna, remaining there until 1873. In 1872 
 he married Sophie Menter. He became professor at the 
 Budapest Conservatory in 1896. His compositions include 
 the “Saraband and Gavotte ” and other popular pieces for 
 his instrument, and he has also published a “Violoncello 
 School ” in four volumes. 
 
 Portald. See *Portold. 
 
 Port Arthur (port ar'thfer). A city in Jeffer- 
 son County, Texas, on Sabine Lake, near the 
 Gulf of Mexico. It is an important shipping- 
 point, and has a wireless telegraph station. 
 Population, 7,663, (1910). 
 
 Porter*, Horace. lie was a delegate from the 
 United States to the Peace Conference at The 
 Hague in 1907. 
 
 Porter (por'ter), William Sydney. Born at 
 Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1867 : died at 
 New York, June 5, 1910. An American jour- 
 nalist and short-story writer. His work was pub- 
 lished under the pseudonym “O. Henry.” He wrote “ Cab- 
 bages and Kings" (1905), “The Four Million" (1906), 
 “ The Trimmed Lamp ” (1907), “The Heart of the West” 
 (1907), “ The Voice of the City ” (1908), “Roads of Destiny ” 
 (1909), etc. 
 
 Port Gabo. See +Gabo, Port. 
 
 Port Gubat. See *Gubat, Port. 
 
 Portland (port'land). The county-seat of Jay 
 County, Indiana, on the Salamanie River, 46 
 miles southeast of Fort Wayne. It is ip a farm- 
 ing region, and has flour-mills, lumber-mills, 
 manufactories of woodenware, etc. Popula- 
 tion, 5,130, (1910). 
 
 Portland Club. A London club founded in 
 1816 under the name of the Stratford Club, 
 and reorganized in 1825 under its present 
 name. It has 300 members. Its house is at 9 
 St. James’s Square, S. W. 
 
 Port Lib (is. See +Libds, Port. 
 
 Portola (por-to-la'), Don Gaspar de. A Span- 
 ish captain serving in Mexico and California: 
 sometimes called “first governor” of the lat- 
 ter. By government order he transferred the Baja Cali- 
 fornia missions, 1767-68, from the expelled Jesuits to the 
 Franciscans, and went with Father Junlpero Serra, Fran- 
 ciscan president, from Loreto overland to San Diego when 
 the latter place was founded in 1769. Thence he led a 
 party to Monterey, but arrived at the bay of San Francisco 
 by mistake. He returned to San Diego by Monterey, and 
 in 1770 reached Monterey again. San Carlos Mission be- 
 ing then organized, he departed for Mexico by ship in July 
 of that year, having been in Alta California little more 
 than a twelvemonth assisting Junlpero. Since no gov- 
 ernment existed and the settlements were barely started, 
 the title “ governor " is hardly appropriate. Also Portala. 
 
 Porto Rico*, a constitution was granted to it by Con- 
 gress in 1900. The government consists of a governor and 
 executive council (0 heads of departments and 5 natives) 
 appointed for 4 years by the President of the United 
 States, and a house of delegates of 35 members elected 
 for 2 years. The Council and the House of Delegates 
 form the Assembly. 
 
 Port Royalist. See * Puerto Princesa, 1. , 
 
 Portrush (port-rush'). A seaport in County 
 Antrim, on the northern coast of Ireland, 7 
 miles southwest of the Giant’s Causeway, with 
 which it is connected by an electric railway. 
 It is a seaside resort, and a shipping-point for 
 salmon. Population, 1,941. 
 
 Portsmouth, Treaty of. A treaty of peace 
 between Japan and Russia, signed at Ports- 
 mouth, New Hampshire, September 5, 1905. 
 The czar and the mikado signed duplicate copies Octo- 
 ber 14, 1905. The conference was held in the United 
 States in response to an invitation issued by President 
 Roosevelt. Russia sent as peace commissioners Count 
 Witte and Baron Rosen ; Japan sent Barons Komura and 
 Kogoro Takahira. The treaty contains 15 articles and 2 
 additional articles in conformity with provisions of articles 
 III. and IX. Article I. established peace between Japan 
 and Russia ; II. established Japanese supremacy in Korea ; 
 III. (with addition I.) engaged Japan and Russia to have 
 evacuated Manchuria (except the Liao-tung peninsula) 
 18 months after the signing of the treaty and to restore 
 to the administration of China all portions under occupa- 
 tion ; IV. engaged Japan and Russia not to obstruct any 
 general measures, common to all countries, which China 
 might take for the development of the commerce and in- 
 dustry of Manchuria; V. transferred from Russia to 
 Japan, with the consent of China, the lease of Port Arthur, 
 Ta-lien, and adjacent territory ; VI. transferred, with the 
 consent of the Chinese government, from Russia to Japan 
 the railway and its branches between Chang-chun 
 (Kwang-cheng-tsze) and Port Arthur ; VII. engaged both 
 powers to exploit their railways in Manchuria for com- 
 mercial and industrial purposes only; VTTI. provided for 
 the regulation of the connecting railway services of Japan 
 
 Powell, Maud 
 
 and Russia in Manchuria ; IX. ceded from Russia to 
 Japan the island of Saghalin and adjacent islands south 
 of lat. 50° N. on condition that neither power shall erect 
 fortifications on the island ; X. established the status of 
 Russian subjects in the ceded territory ; XI. arranged for 
 Japanese fishing rights along the coasts of the Russian 
 possessions in the Japan, Okhotsk, and Bering seas; XII. 
 provided for temporary commercial and navigation rela- 
 tions between the two powers ; XIII. arranged for the 
 restoration of prisoners of war and for expenses connected 
 with them ; XIV. arranged for the ratification of the 
 treaty ; and XV. provided that the treaty should be 
 signed in duplicate in French and in English, and that in 
 cases of discrepancy of interpretation the French text 
 should prevail. 
 
 Port Subic. See * Subic, Port. 
 
 Portugal*. Continental Portugal is divided into 6 
 provinces and 17 districts ; the Azores have 3 districts 
 and Madeira has one. Carlos I. and his elder son, Luiz 
 Philip, were assassinated Feb. 1, 1908, and the younger 
 son succeeded to the throne as Manoel II. Manoel II. 
 was deposed and a republic proclaimed, October, 1910. 
 
 Portuguese Guinea. A dependency of Portu- 
 gal, on the coast of Senegambia, in the western 
 part of Africa. It is bounded on the north by S6n6- 
 gal, on the east and south by French Guinea, and on the 
 west by the Atlantic Ocean, the boundaries being decided 
 by a convention with France in May, 1886. It includes 
 also the adjacent Bissagos Islands. Its most important 
 products are rice, wax, ivory, rubber, and hides. Bulama 
 is the capital, and Bissao the chief port. Area, 13,940 
 square miles. Population, 820,000. 
 
 Portuguese Hymn. See +Adeste fideles. 
 
 Portuguese West Africa. See Angola, 4. 
 
 Post (post), George Browne. Born at New 
 York, Dec. 15, 1837. An American architect. 
 He was graduated at the Scientific School of New York 
 University in 1858 ; studied architecture with Richard M. 
 Hunt 1858-59; and in 1860 engaged in the practice of 
 architecture. During the Civil War he served in the 
 field 1861-62, becoming colonel of the 22d New York 
 Regiment, and afterward resumed architectural practice 
 at New York. Among the buildings designed by him 
 are the New York Produce, Cotton, and Stock exchanges, 
 the College of the City of New York, the New York 
 World Building, the Wisconsin State Capitol, and the 
 Montreal Stock Exchange. He was appointed a collabo- 
 rator of the United States Forest Service and a member 
 of the National Advisory Board of Fuels and Structural 
 Materials in 1906, and a member of the Bureau of Fine 
 Arts in 1909. He was president of the New York Archi- 
 tectural League 1893-98, and of the American Institute 
 of Architects 1896-99, and became an associate of the 
 National Academy of Design in 1907, and an academician 
 in 1908. 
 
 Potocka (po-tots'ka), Sophie. Born at Con- 
 stantinople about i766: died at Berlin in 1822. 
 The wife of the Polish count Stanislas Felix 
 Potocki. She was the child of Greek (Fanariot) pa- 
 rents. Her mother sold her at the age of twelve for 1,500 
 piasters ($375) to the French ambassador at Constanti- 
 nople, who adopted her as his ward. She married Count 
 de Witt, the commandant of Kemenets, Podolia, who 
 some three years later divorced her at the request of 
 Potocki and on the receipt of two million gulden. She 
 then (1790) married Potocki and became noted throughout 
 Russia and Germany for her beauty and cleverness. 
 
 Pototan (po-to'tan). 1. A municipality in the 
 eastern part of Iloilo province, Panay, Philip- 
 pine Islands. Civilized population, 20,964. 
 —2. A town of Iloilo province, situated on 
 the Jalaur River. Population, 5,062. 
 
 Potter*, Henry Codman. His later works include 
 
 “Sermons of the City ” (1881), “ Waymarks ” (1892), “The 
 Scholar and the State" (1897), “The East of To-day and 
 To-morrow ” (1902), “The Citizen in his Relation to the 
 Industrial Situation” (1902), “Law and Loyalty ” (1903), 
 “Modern Man and his Fellow Man ” (1903), “The Drink 
 Problem in Modern Life” (1905), “Reminiscences of Bish- 
 ops and Archbishops ” (1906), “Man, Men, and their Mas- 
 ter ” (1907). 
 
 Poughkeepsie Regatta. An annual rowing 
 contest which takes place usually the last week 
 in June, on the Hudson River, at Poughkeepsie, 
 New York. It ismaDagedby the Intercollegiate 
 Association, organized in 1895 by the univer- 
 sities of Cornell, Columbia, and Pennsylvania 
 for the purpose of informal rowing matches. 
 Three stewards represent the above-named 
 universities, and yearly invite competitors rep- 
 resenting other universities and colleges to 
 enter. There are three events, viz., varsity 
 eights, varsity fours, and freshmen eights : the 
 first at four miles and the others at two miles 
 each. 
 
 Pound (pound), Roscoe. Bom at Lincoln, 
 Neb., Oct. 27, 1870. An American botanist 
 and jurist, professor of law in Harvard Uni- 
 versity from 1910. He was director of the Botanical 
 Survey of Nebraska 1892-1901 ; judge ofc the Supreme 
 Court of Nebraska 1901-03 ; dean of the college of law in 
 the University of Nebraska 1903-07 ; and professor of law 
 in Northwestern University 1907-09, and in the Univer- 
 sity of Chicago 1909-10. He has published “ Phytogeog- 
 raphy of Nebraska ” (1898 ; with F. E. Clements), etc. 
 
 Powell*, John Wesley. His later works include 
 “Studies in Sociology” (1887), “Canyons of the Colorado" 
 (1895), “ Truth and Error ” (1898), and many special scien- 
 tific reports. 
 
 Powell (pou'cl), Maud. Born at Peru, 111., 
 Aug. 22, 1868. An American violinist. She 
 studied in Chicago, Leipsic, and Baris, ami also, after ap- 
 
Powell, Maud 
 
 pealing in London and the provinces, with Joachim in 
 Berlin. She made herdebut at a New York Philharmonic 
 concert in 1885, and ha8 since made extensive tours in 
 Europe and America. She has introduced many new violin 
 works to the American public, including the concertos by 
 Tschaikovsky and Sibelius. 
 
 Poynting (poin'ting), John Henry. Born at 
 Mont, on, near Manchester, England, Sept. 9, 
 1852. An English physicist, professor of 
 physics in the University of Birmingham 
 (formerly Mason University College) from 1880, 
 and dean of the faculty of science. He has pub- 
 lished “A Text-book of Physics ” (with J. J. Thomson), etc. 
 Prairie City. A popular name of Chicago, as 
 the chief city of the Prairie State. 
 
 Premier Diamond. A white diamond, weigh- 
 ing in the rough 3,024f carats, found by the 
 superintendent of the Premier Mine, Johan- 
 nesburg, January, 1905. 
 
 Presque Isle (presk il). A town in Aroostook 
 County, Maine, in the northeastern part of 
 the State. It has lumber-mills, starch-fac- 
 tories, etc. Population, 5,179, (1910). 
 
 Prevost (pra-vo'), Eugene Marcel. Born at 
 Paris, May 1, 1862. A French novelist. He was 
 educated by the .Jesuits ; studied at the Ecole Poly tech- 
 nique in Paris ; and followed the profession of civil engi- 
 neer until 1890. In 1909 he was chosen a member of the 
 French Academy, succeeding Yictorien Sardou. Among 
 his works are “Le scorpion” (1887), “Mademoiselle 
 Jauftie” (1889), “Lettres des femmes ” (1892), “Les demi- 
 vierges ” (1894), “ Les vierges fortes” (1900), “L’Heureux 
 menage” (1901), “Lettres a Fram-oise” (1902), “Le pas 
 levele” (1903), “La plus faible ” (1904), “La princesse 
 d'Erminge ” (1904), “L’Accordeur aveugle ” (1905), “Mon- 
 sieur et Madame Moloch ” (1900), “ Femmes ” (1907), 
 “Lettres a Frain;oise mariee” (1908), etc. 
 
 Pribylof, or Pribilof (prib'i-lof), Gerassim. 
 A Russian navigator who in 1786 discovered 
 the group of islands in Bering Sea which bears 
 his name. 
 
 Price (pris), Bruce. Born at Cumberland, 
 Md., Dec. 12, 1845: died at Paris, May 29, 
 1903. Au American architect. Among hismore 
 important works are Georgian Court at Lakewood, New 
 Jersey ; several dormitories of Yale University ; the Cha- 
 teau Frontenac hotel in Quebec ; and the Royal Victoria 
 College in Montreal. lie laid out Tuxedo Park, New York, 
 1885-86, and erected many of the residences within it. 
 Primrose*, Archibald Philip. He has written 
 
 “William Pitt” (1891), “Appreciations and Addresses” 
 (1899), “Sir Robert Peel” (1899), “ Napoleon : the Last 
 Phase - ' (1900), “Oliver Cromwell” (1900), “Lord Ran- 
 dolph Churchill ” (1906), “Lord Chatham ” (1910), etc. He 
 was created Earl of Midlothian in 1911. 
 
 Prince Rupert (prins ro'pert). A seaport of 
 British Columbia, planned in 1906 as the west- 
 ern terminus of the Grand Trunk Pacific Rail- 
 way. Population, 4,184, (1911). 
 
 Princeton (prins'ton). The county-seat of 
 Gibson County, Indiana. Population, 6,448. 
 Pringle Pattison. See *Seth, Andrew. 
 Prinsep (prin ' sep), Valentine Cameron. 
 Born at Calcutta, Feb. 14, 1838 : died at Lon- 
 don, Nov. 11, 1904. An English painter. He 
 
 abandoned the Indian civil service for art at the sugges- 
 tion of G. F. Watts, and was elected associate of the Royal 
 Academy in 1879 and academician in 1894. In 1877 he 
 was commissioned to paint “The Declaration of Victoria 
 a9 Empress of India” in commemoration of the Durbar at 
 Delhi. He was also professor of painting at the Royal 
 Academy. His work is distinctly English and academic 
 in style. He published several plays. 
 
 Pritchett (prich'et), Henry Smith. Born at 
 Fayette, Mo., April 16, 1857. An American 
 astronomer and geodesist, superintendent of 
 the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 
 1897—1900. He was assistant astronomer in the United 
 States Naval Observatory 1878-80 ; was astronomer of the 
 Morrison Observatory, Glasgow, Missouri, 1S80-81 ; was 
 professor of astronomy in Washington University, St. 
 Louis, 1881-97 ; was president of the Massachusetts Insti- 
 tute of Technology, Boston, 1900-4)6 ; and has been presi- 
 dent of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of 
 Teaching from 1906. 
 
 Prix de Rome. See Grand Prix de Rome. 
 Prjevalsky (przha-val'ski), Nikolai Mikhai- 
 lovitch. Born in the government of Smolensk, 
 March 31, 1839: died at Karakol, Central 
 Asia, Nov. 1, 1888. A distinguished Russian ex- 
 plorer. He entered the military academy at St. Peters- 
 burg in 1860, taught history and geography in the military 
 school at Warsaw 1864-66 ; and in 1867 was transferred to 
 Irkutsk. From here he explored the region of the Usuri 
 River 1867-69, collecting botanical and ethnological infor- 
 mation concerning southeastern Siberia and northern 
 Manchuria. Tie traveled in Mongolia and China 1870-73, 
 in East Turkestan and Tibet 1876-77 and 1879-80, and in 
 Mongolia and Tibet 1883-85. Besides geographical know- 
 ledge of regions hitherto unexplored, he secured large and 
 valuable collections of plants and animals. In September, 
 1888, he set out on another expedition to Tibet, hut died 
 beside the lake Issyk-kul, at a town, Karakol, whose name 
 was afterward (1889) changed by the Russian government 
 to Prjevalsk (Prsheval.sk) in honor of the explorer. He 
 published the results of his travels in several works in the 
 Russian language, two of which have appeared in English 
 under the titles “ Mongolia, the Tangut Country, and the 
 Solitudes of Northern Tibet” (1876) and “ From Kulja 
 across the Tian-Shan to Lob-nor” (1879). 
 
 Proctor (prok'tor), Alexander Phimister. 
 
 Born at Bosanquit, Ontario, Canada, Sept. 27, 
 1862. An American animal-sculptor and land- 
 scape-painter. He executed the quadriga for the United 
 States pavilion in the Paris Exposition, 1900, the lions for 
 the McKinley monument in Buffalo, the tigers for the en- 
 trance to Nassau Hall, Princeton University, etc. His 
 work is to be found in the public parks of Brooklyn, Den- 
 ver, Pittsburgh, etc., and in the St. Louis Art Gallery, the 
 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, the buildings of 
 the New York Zoological Society, the Toronto Museum, 
 etc. He was elected a member of' the National Academy 
 in 1904. 
 
 Proctor (prok'tor), Edna Dean. Bom at Hen- 
 niker, N. H., Oct. 10, 1838. An American 
 author and poet. During the Civil War she did much 
 to arouse public sentiment in the North by her patriotic 
 prose and verse. Among her works are “Poems ” (1867), 
 “ A Russian Journey ’’ (1872), “ The Song of the Ancient 
 People ’’ (1893), “ A Mountain Maid, and Other Poems of 
 New Hampshire" (1900), “Songs of America” (1906), etc. 
 Proctor (prok'tor), Redfield. Born at Proc- 
 torsvilie, Vt., June 1, 1831: died at Washing- 
 ton, D. C., March 4, 1908. An American states- 
 man. He was graduated at Dartmouth College in 1851 
 and at the Albany Law School in 1859 ; was appointed a 
 lieutenant in the Union army in 1861, and rose to the 
 rank of colonel ; was several times a member of the Ver- 
 mont legislature; was lieutenant-governor of Vermont 
 1876-78 and governor 1878-80 ; was secretary of war 1889- 
 1891; and was United States senator (Republican) from 
 Vermont from 1891. He visited Cuba in 1898 and his 
 speech on the condition of affairs in the island strongly 
 influenced the policy of the United States government. 
 
 Produce Exchange, New York. An institu- 
 tion chartered in 1862 under the name of the 
 New York Commercial Association, hut from 
 1868 known as the New York Produce Ex- 
 change. Its object is to facilitate and regulate trade 
 among its members, nominally dealers in such com- 
 modities as grain and flour, seeds, hops, oil, butter 
 and cheese, meat and meat products, etc., although 
 steamship owners and agents are now admitted to 
 membership and privileged to transact their business 
 in conjunction with the ordinary business of the exchange. 
 It is governed by a board of managers, consisting of a 
 president, vice-president, treasurer, and 12 other members, 
 with the aid of various committees, and has special rules 
 for the several departments of trade. Its building, on 
 Whitehall street, opposite Bowling Green, at the southern 
 end of the city, has been occupied since 1884. It is of 
 brick and terra-cotta, and has a clock-tower 225 feet in 
 height. The exchange “floor,” to which only members 
 have access, measures 144 by 220 feet, and is said to be the 
 largest single floor for trading purposes in existence. 
 
 Prohibition Party. A political party in the 
 United States, founded upon the demand for 
 the prohibition by the Federal Constitution, 
 as well as by the laws of the several States, of 
 the “manufacture, sale, importation, exporta- 
 tion, or transportation of alcoholic liquors for 
 beverage purposes.” Organization was begun 
 in 1868 and the first national convention was 
 held in 1872. 
 
 Prothero (proTH'e-ro), George Walter. Born 
 in Wiltshire, Engiand,Oet. 14, 1848. An Eng- 
 lish historian, writer, and editor. He was uni- 
 versity lecturer in history and tutor at King’s College, 
 Cambridge, 1876-94 ; was professor of history at the Uni- 
 versity of Edinburgh 1894-99 ; and was Rede lecturer at 
 Cambridge in 1903. In 1899 he succeeded his brother, 
 Rowland Edmund Prothero, as editor of the “Quarterly 
 Review,” retiring in 1907. He was made a fellow of the 
 British Academy in 1903. Among his publications are 
 “ Life and Times of Simon de Montfort” (1877), “Memoir 
 of Henry Bradshaw” (1889), and “British History 
 Reader ” (1898). 
 
 Prothero (proTii ' e - ro), Rowland Edmund. 
 
 Born at Clifton on Teme, Worcestershire, Eng- 
 land, Sept. 6, 1852. An English writer. He was 
 
 editor of the “Quarterly Review” 1894-99. Among his 
 works are “Life and Correspondence of Dean Stanley” 
 (1893 : with G. G. Bradley), “ Letters and Journals of Lord 
 Byron” (1898-1901), “The Psalms in Human Life” (1903), 
 
 “ Letters of Richard Ford ” (1905), “The Pleasant Land of 
 France ” (1908), etc. 
 
 Proufc (prout), Ebenezer. Born at Oundle, 
 Northamptonshire, March 1, 1835 : died Dec. 
 5, 1909. An English musician. He was organist 
 at Union Chapel, Islington, 1861-73, and professor of piano- 
 forte and of harmony and composition at several institu- 
 tions, Engine d’ Albert being among his pupils at the 
 Royal Academy of Music. In 1894 he was elected profes- 
 sor of music in the University of Dublin. His composi- 
 tions include orchestral, piano, church, and chamber music, 
 but his theoretical works are the most widely known. He 
 was also highly regarded as a critic and writer on musical 
 subjects. 
 
 Prudden (pro'den), Theophil Mitchell. Born 
 at Middlebury, Conn., July 7, 1849. An Amer- 
 ican pathologist and bacteriologist, professor 
 of pathology in the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons of Columbia University from 1891. 
 
 He has published “A Manual of Normal Histology” 
 (1881), “ A Handbook of Pathology " (seventh edition, 1904), 
 
 “ Story of Bacteria ” (1889), “ Dust and its Dangers” (1890), 
 and results of researches (in technical journals) and popu- 
 lar articles on science and travel. 
 
 Prudhomme*, Rene Francois Armand 
 
 Sully-. He was elected a member of the French Acad- 
 emy in 1881. and in 1901 received the Nobel prize for lit- 
 erature. His later works include “ I/Expression dans les 
 
 Putnam, Frederic Ward 
 
 beaux arts” (1884), “Le bonheur” (1888), “Reflexions sur 
 l’art des vers ’’ (1892), “ Que sais-je? Examen de conscience. 
 Sur l'origine de la vie terrestre ” (1895), and “ Tsychologie 
 du libre arbitre ” (1907). 
 
 Pryor (pri'or), Roger Atkinson. Born near 
 Petersburg, Va., July 19, 1828. An American 
 jurist. He was graduated from Hampden-Sidney Col- 
 lege in 1845 ; was special minister to Greece under Presi- 
 dent Pierce in 1855 ; sat in Congress 1857-59 ; and was 
 again elected in 1860, but did not take his seat on account 
 of the secession of Virginia. He entered the Confederate 
 service as colonel in 1861 and was brevetted brigadier- 
 general in 1863, but resigned his commission and entered 
 the service as a private soldier. He was a member of the 
 Confederate congress in 1862. In 1865 he began the prac- 
 tice of law in the city of New York, and in 1890 was ap- 
 pointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas, to which 
 office he was elected in 1891 for fourteen years. By the 
 revised constitution of 1894 the Court of Common Pleas 
 was abolished, and for the remainder of his term after Jan. 
 1, 1896, he was a justice of the Supreme Court of New York. 
 
 Puccini (pot - che ' ne), Giacomo. Born at 
 Lucca, June 22, 1858. An Italian operatic 
 composer, a pupil of Ponchielli at the Milan 
 Conservatory. His most important operas are “ Manon 
 Lescaut" (1893), “La Boheme” (1896), “Tosca” (1900), 
 and “Madame Butterfly ’’ (1904 ; revised 1905). “ La Fan- 
 ciulla del West "(“The Girl of the Golden West ”) was 
 produced in 1910. He is considered one of the most tal- 
 ented and original of the younger school of Italian com- 
 posers. 
 
 Puerto Galera (po-ar'to ga-la'ra). 1. A 
 small bay on the northern coast of Mindoro 
 Island, Philippines : safe for large craft in all 
 weather. — 2. A town, the capital of Mindoro 
 province, situated on the bay of the same 
 name. 
 
 Puerto Princesa (po-ar'to pren-tha'sa). 1. 
 A bay and harbor on the eastern coast of 
 Paragua (Palawan) Island: safe for large 
 vessels in all weather. Also called Port Eoy- 
 alist. — 2. A town, the capital of Paragua 
 province, situated od the eastern coast of 
 Paragua (Palawan) Island, Philippines, at 
 the entrance of Puerto Princesa Bay, approxi- 
 mately in lat. 9° 41' 30" N., long. 118° 45' E. 
 It was the capital of Paragua Sur before the union of that 
 district with Paragua province. Civilized population of 
 municipality, 1,208. 
 
 Pugno (piin-yo'), Stephane Raoul. Born at 
 Paris, June 23, 1852. A French pianist and 
 composer. He studied at the Paris Conservatory, where 
 he won prizes for piano (1866), harmony and solfeggio (1867), 
 and organ (1869). He was organist at the Church of Saint 
 Eugene 1872-92, and professor of harmony and pi&noin the 
 Paris Conservatory 1892-1901. His compositions include 
 ballets, many light operas, songs, and piano pieces. Asa 
 pianist he has a wide reputation. He has appeared in 
 America. 
 
 Pulitzer (pn'lit-zer), Joseph. Born at Buda- 
 pest, Hungary, April 10, 1847 : died at Charles- 
 ton, S. C., Oct. 29, 1911. An American 
 journalist, proprietor of the New York “World” 
 from 1883. He came totheUnited States in 1864 ; served 
 in the Union army during the last year of the Civil War ; 
 and after its close devoted himself to journalism in St. 
 Louis. In 1903 he endowed a school of journalism in 
 Columbia University (opened 1912). 
 
 Pumpelly (pum-pel'i), Raphael. Born at Owe- 
 go, N. Y., Sept. 8, 1837. An American geologist. 
 He was geologist to the Japanese government 1860-63 ; 
 professor of mining geology in Harvard University 
 1866-75; chief of division of the United States Geological 
 Survey 1879-81 and 1884-90 ; and conductor of explorations 
 in Central Asia for the Carnegie Institution 1903-04. He 
 was also State geologist of Michigan 1870-71, and director 
 of the Geological Survey of Missouri 1871-73. 
 
 Pupin (pfi'pin), Michael Idvorsky. Born at 
 Idvor, Hungary, Oct. 4, 1858. An American 
 physicist, professor of electromechanics in 
 Columbia University from 1901 : especially 
 known for his work in electricity. He was grad- 
 uated at Columbia in 1883 ; studied in Beilin ; and became 
 instructor at Columbia in 1889. He has published nu- 
 merous technical papers. By an invention involving the 
 use of non-uniform conductors he has greatly increased 
 the distance over which telephonic and telegraphic mes- 
 sages can be transmitted. 
 
 Putnam (put'nam), Mrs. (Emily James 
 Smith'. Born at Canandaigua, N. Y., April 
 15, 1865. An American educator and author. 
 She was graduated at Bryn Mawr College in 1889, and 
 studied at Girton College, England, 1889-90, and at Chi- 
 cago University (fellow in Greek) 1893-94. She taught 
 Greek at Packer Collegiate Institute, Brooklyn, 1891-93, 
 and was dean of Barnard College, New York, 1894-1900. She 
 married George Haven Putnam, the publisher, in 1899. She 
 has published “ Selections from Lucian ” (1891) and “The 
 Lady ” (1911). 
 
 Putnann (put'nam), Frederic Ward. Born 
 at Salem, Mass., April 16, 1839. An American 
 anthropologist, professor of American archae- 
 ology and ethnology in Harvard University 
 1886-1909, and professor of anthropology in 
 the University of California 1903-1909. He has 
 been curator of the Peabody Museum (Harvard) from 1875, 
 and was curator of the department of anthropology in the 
 American Museum of Natural History (New York) 1894- 
 1903. He has published numerous papers on anthropology 
 in the reports of the Peabody Museum and in various 
 scientific journals. 
 
Putnam, George Haven 
 
 Putnam (put'nam), George Haven. Born at 
 London, England, April 2, 1844. An American 
 publisher and writer. He studied in the universities 
 of Paris and Gottingen 1860-62; served in the United 
 States army, from private to major, 1862-65; and was a 
 prisoner in Libby prison and at Danville, Virginia, during 
 the winter of 1864-65. He was a leader in the reorganiza- 
 tion of the American Copyright League, and was largely 
 instrumental in securing the passage of the international 
 copyright bill of March, 1891. In 1891 he received the 
 cross of the Legion of Honor. He is the author of “ Authors 
 and Publishers" (1883), “Question of Copyright ” (1891- 
 1896), “ Authors and Their Public in Ancient Times ’’ 
 (1893), “ The Artificial Mother " (1894), “ Books and their 
 Makers During the Middle Ages ” (1896), “ The Censor- 
 ship of the Church and its Influence on the Production and 
 Distribution of Literature" (1906), “Abraham Lincoln’’ 
 (1909), “A Prisoner of War in Virginia, 1864-5 ” (1912), etc. 
 
 Putnam (put'nam), Herbert. Born at New 
 York, Sept. 20, 1861. An American librarian. 
 He was librarian of the Minneapolis Athenaeum 1884-89 ; 
 of the Minneapolis Public Library 1889-91, and of the 
 Boston Public Library 1895-99. He was admitted to the 
 bar in 1885 and practised law in Boston 1892-95. Since 
 1899 he has been librarian of Congress. 
 
 Putnam (put'nam), Rufus. Born at Sutton, 
 Mass., April 9, 1738: died at Marietta, Ohio, 
 
 May 1, 1824. A noted American soldier and 
 military engineer. He served aB a private through 
 the campaign of 1757-60, and in 1775 entered the Conti- 
 nental army as a lieutenant-colonel. He was appointed 
 chief engineer of the army, with the rank of colonel, in 
 1776 ; had charge of the defense of New York by fortifica- 
 tions, and with his cousin Israel Putnam superintended 
 the construction of the fortifications at W est Point ; was 
 placed in command of the 5th Massachusetts regiment, 
 serving with distinction in the campaign against Bur- 
 goyne ; and in 1783 was appointed brigadier-general. He 
 was for several terms a member of the Massachusetts legis- 
 lature ; was aide to General Benjamin Lincoln during 
 Shays's Rebellion in 1787 ; formed the Ohio Land Company 
 and in 1788 founded the town of Marietta, Ohio, the first 
 permanent settlement in the eastern part of the Northwest 
 Territory ; became j udge of the supreme court of that 
 territory in 1789 ; was appointed a brigadier-general under 
 General Wayne to act against the Indians, and as United 
 States commissioner concluded an important treaty with 
 eight tribes at Port Vincent (now Vincennes) in 1792 ; was 
 surveyor-general of the United States 1793-1803; and in 
 1803 was a member of the Ohio constitutional convention. 
 To him was due the credit of the ordinance of 1787 which 
 excluded slavery from the settlement of Ohio, and he has 
 been called “the founder and father of Ohio.” 
 
 Pu-yi (po'ye'): reign title Hsiian-t’ung. Born 
 Feb. 11, 1906. Emperor of China. He suc- 
 
 Ranelagh Club 
 
 ceeded to the throne upon the death of his uncle, 
 Nov. 14, 1908, and abdicated Feb. 12, 1912. His 
 father, Prince Ch’un, was regent of the empire. 
 
 Pyeshkof (pyesh'kof), Aleksyei Maksimo- 
 vitch: pseudonym Maxim Gorky. Born at 
 Nijni-Novgorod, March 14, 1868. A Russian 
 writer. He led a vagabond life for many years, working 
 and tramping with the poorest classes in Russia, and Iris 
 writings record the tragedy of poverty and crime as he 
 found it. Among the best known of his works are “ Makar 
 Chudra” (1890), “Emilian Pibgai,” “Chelkash,” “Osh- 
 ybka” (1895), “Tyenovya Kartinki” (1895), “Toska,” 
 “ Konovalov ” (1896), “ Malva " (1896), “ Foma Gordyeev ” 
 (1901), “ Mujiki ” (1901), three volumes of short stories 
 (1898-99),“ Miestchanye” (1902), “Comrades "(1907), “The 
 Spy ” (1908), and “ In the Depths,” a play. 
 
 Pyle (pil), Howard. Born at Wilmington, Del., 
 March 5, 1853: died at Florence, Italy, Nov. 9, 
 1911. An American painter, illustrator, and 
 writer. He studied at the Art Students’ League in New 
 Y T ork city. The greater part of his work was done for 
 magazines, the subjects usually being chosen from the 
 Colonial and Revolutionary periods, which he treated 
 with sympathy and knowledge. He wrote and illustrated 
 many stories. He was singularly successful as an in- 
 structor in the art of illustration. 
 
 The pseudonym of Sir Arthur 
 Thomas Quiller-Couch. 
 Queechy (kwe'chi). A story 
 by Susan Warner, published 
 in 1852. 
 
 Queens (kwenz). A borough 
 of the city of New York (see 
 New York, Greater). It is 
 composed of Queens Coun- 
 ty, L. I., and includes Long Island City and 
 the towns of Flushing, Jamaica, and Newtown. 
 Population, 284,041, (1910). 
 
 Queen’s Club. A London athletic club at 
 West Kensington, founded in 1886. It has 
 1,200 members. 
 
 Queensland*. It sends 6 senators and 9 repre- 
 sentatives to the federal parliament. 
 
 Queiroz* Jose Maria Eca de. His later works 
 
 include “0 primo Basilio” (1877), “A reliquia" (1886), 
 “ Os Maias ’’ (1889), “ A correspondence de Fradique 
 Mendes” (1891), “A illustre casa Ramires ” (1900), “Ci- 
 dades e serras ” (1903), etc. 
 
 Quiller-Couch (kwil 'er-koch), Sir Arthur 
 Thomas: pseudonym Q. Born in Cornwall, 
 Nov. 21, 1863. An English author. He was lecturer 
 in classics at Trinity College, Oxford, 1886-87 ; was on 
 the editorial staff of the “ Speaker ” from its start until 
 1899 ; and after 1891 lived in Cornwall. Among his pub- 
 lications are “The Splendid Spur” (1889), “The Blue 
 Pavilions "(1891), “ The Warwickshire Avon "(1892), “ The 
 Delectable Duchy ” (1893), “ Wandering Heath " (1895), 
 “Poems and Ballads ’’ (1896), “Fairy Tales from Far and 
 
 Near” (1896), “Adventures in Criticism" (1896), “The 
 Ship of Stars” (1899), “ Old Fires and Profitable Ghosts ’’ 
 (1900), “Hetty Wesley" (1903), “Shining Ferry” (1905), 
 “ George Eliot ” (1906), “ The Mayor of Troy ’’ (1906), 
 “Major Vigoureux” (1907), “Lady Good-for-Nothing”(1910), 
 “Brother Copas ” (1911), “ The Vigil of Venus ” (1912), etc. 
 In 1897 he was selected to finish Robert Louis Stevenson’s 
 uncompleted novel “St. Ives.” He compiled and edited 
 the “Oxford Book of English Verse,” the “Oxford Book 
 of Ballads," and “The Oxford Book of Victorian Verse.” 
 He was knighted in 1910 and in 1912 was appointed King 
 Edward VII. professor of English literature at Cambridge 
 University. 
 
 Quo Vadis (kwova'dis). [L., ‘whither goest 
 thou?’ ] A story of life at Rome in the time 
 of Nero, by Henryk Sienkiewicz (trans. 1896). 
 The licentiousness of paganism and the spiritual beauty of 
 Christianity are drawn in strong contrast. 
 
 achmaninof (rak - man ' e - 
 nof), Sergei Vassilievitch. 
 
 Born in the government of 
 Novgorod, April 2, 1873. A 
 Russian pianist and com- 
 poser. He studied at the St. 
 Petersburg and Moscow conserva- 
 tories, winning the gold medal for 
 composition at Moscow in 1891. He 
 made a concert tour in Russia in 
 1892, and appeared as conductor and pianist in London 
 in 1899 and in America 1909-10. He has written concertos 
 and pianoforte pieces, the best known being the Prelude 
 in C sharp minor ; symphonies and other orchestral com- 
 positions, including “ The Cliff ’’ and “ The Isle of Death " 
 (after Bocklin’s picture); and several operas. A scene 
 from “ The Miser Knight ” was performed in Boston, 
 March 11, 1910. 
 
 Radisson (ra-de-son'), Sieur Pierre Esprit: 
 known as Pierre d’Esprit. Born at Samt- 
 Malo, France : died, probably in England, after 
 1687. An early Canadian explorer. He was the 
 brother-in-law of Medard Chouart(Sieur des Groseilliers), 
 with whom he discovered the upper Mississippi and ex- 
 plored the Hudson Bay region. He wrote an account of 
 his travels and experiences among the North American 
 Indians, which was published from the manuscript by the 
 Prince Society in 1885. 
 
 Raffaelli (ra-fii-el'li), Jean Francois. Born 
 at Paris, April 20, 1850. A French painter, of 
 Italian parentage. He began as a singer at a lyric 
 theater ; studied at the atelier GbrOme in leisure hours ; 
 and made his df-but at the Salon in 1870. He has been 
 especially attracted by the effects found in the streets and 
 suburbs of Paris. He has also produced many lithographs 
 and etchings. 
 
 Raflfalovitch(raf-fii-lo'vich), Arthur. Born at 
 Odessa, June 23, 1853. A Russian economist 
 and author. F re has held various high government 
 offices in connection with commerce and finance, and is 
 commercial attache to the Russian embassy at 1’aris. He 
 is the author of “ I.es finances de la Russie" (1883), “Le 
 monopole de l alcool en Allemagne ” (1886), “ L’Etat et les 
 renseignements commercianx " (1898), “ Les trusts, cartels, 
 syndicats " (1903), “Les primes et subventions h la marine 
 marchande ’’ (1903), etc. 
 
 Raffet (ra-fa'), Denis Auguste Marie. Born 
 at Paris, March 2, 1804 : died at Genoa, Italy, 
 
 Feb. 16, 1860. A French painter and lithog- 
 rapher. His first collection of lithographs appeared in 
 1827. He illustrated many of the popular books of the 
 period. His reputation rests mainly upon his lithographs 
 of military scenes and battle-pieces. He waB also an ex- 
 cellent caricaturist. 
 
 Ragay (ra-gi'), Gulf of. A gulf which indents 
 the southern coast of Luz6n, Philippine Is- 
 lands, and partly separates Ambos Camarines 
 from Tayabas province. 
 
 Ragozin (ra-go'zen), Zenaide Alexeievna. 
 Born in Russia, 1835. A Russian-American 
 author, historian, and Orientalist. She came to 
 the United States in 1874 and became an American citizen. 
 Among her works are “Chaldea,” “Assyria,” “Vedic 
 India,” “ History of the World,” “Siegfried,” “Beowulf,” 
 “Frithjof,” “Rowland,” “ Salammbo,” etc. 
 
 Raimond, C. E. A pseudonym of Elizabeth 
 Robins. 
 
 Raine, Allen. The pseudonym of Mrs. Beynon 
 Puddieombe (died 1907), a writer of Welsh 
 stories. 
 
 Raleigh (ra'li), Sir Walter. A contemporary 
 English essayist and biographer. He was edu- 
 cated at University College, London, and at King’s Col- 
 lege, Cambridge; and has been professor of modern 
 literature at University College, Liverpool ; of the English 
 language and literature at Glasgow University ; and since 
 1904 of English literature at Oxford. He was knighted in 
 1911. He has published “The English Novel” (1894), 
 “Robert Louis Stevenson” (1895), “Style” (1897), “Mil- 
 ton” (1900), “Wordsworth” (1903), “English Voyages of 
 the Sixteenth Century” (1905), “Shakespeare” (1907), 
 “Six Essays on Johnson ” (1910), etc. 
 
 Raleigh Club. A London club founded in 
 1858 for social purposes. It has a membership 
 of 800. Its house is at 16 Regent street, S. W. 
 
 Ralph (ralf), Julian. Born at New York, 
 May 27, 1853 : died there, Jan. 20, 1903. An 
 American journalist and author. He was with 
 the Turkish army as correspondent in the war of 1897, and 
 in 1899 went to South Africa as war correspondent. He 
 wrote “ On Canada’s Frontier ” (1892), “Chicago and the 
 World’s Fair” (1892), “Our Great West’’ (1893), “People 
 we Pass” (1895), “Towards Pretoria” (1900), “ An Ameri- 
 can with Lord Roberts” (1901), “War’s Brighter Side” 
 (1901), “The Millionairess” (1902), etc. 
 
 Rambaud (ram-bo'), Alfred Nicolas. Born 
 
 at Besan^on, France, July 2, 1842: died at 
 Paris, Nov. 10, 1905. A French historian and 
 author. He was minister of public instruction in the 
 Jules Ferry cabinet 1879-80, and in the Mbline cabinet 
 1896-98. In 1883 he was appointed professor of contem- 
 porary history in the University of Paris. He was elected 
 a member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences 
 in 1897, succeeding the Due d’Aumale. Among his works 
 are “ La domination framjaise en Allemagne 1792-1804 ’’ 
 (1873), “ Histoire de la Russie” (1878), “Histoire de la 
 revolution fran<;aise 1789-1799” (1883), “Histoire de la 
 civilisation franchise ” (1885-87), “ La France coloniale " 
 (1886), “ Histoire de la civilisation contemporaine en 
 France ” (1888), “ L’Anneau de OCsar ” (1893), “ Russes et 
 Prussiens" (1895), “Jules Ferry 1832-1893” (1903), etc. 
 With Lavisse he edited the “Histoire generale du IV. 
 siecle jusqu’k nos jours ’’ (1893-1901). 
 
 Ramee, Louise de la. See Be la Ramee. 
 Ramon y Cajal (ra-mon' e ka-ntil'), Santiago. 
 Born at Petilla, Navarra, May 1, 1852. A 
 Spanish physician, professor of histology in 
 the University of Madrid from 1892. He 
 studied at the University of Saragossa, and 
 became professor of histology at Barcelona in 
 1886. In 1906 he received the Nobel prize for 
 medicine. 
 
 Rampolla (ram-pol'la), Mariano, Marchese 
 del Tindaro. Born at Polizzi, Sicily, Aug. 17, 
 1843. An Italian prelate, archpriest of the 
 Vatican Basilica and cardinal. He entered the 
 service of the Pope in 1870 and was appointed councilor 
 of the papal embassy at Madrid in 1875, secretary of the 
 Propaganda (Oriental rite) in 1877, secretary of ecclesi- 
 astical affairs in 1880, nuncio at Madrid in 1882, and secre- 
 tary of state in 1887. He retired in 1903. 
 
 Ramsay (ram'zi), Sir William. Born at Glas- 
 gow, Scotland, Oct. 2, 1852. A British chem- 
 ist, professor of chemistry in University Col- 
 lege, London, 1887-1912. He is especially noted for 
 the discovery (with Lord Rayleigh) of argon, and of he- 
 lium, neon, krypton, and xenon (atmospheric gases). 
 Among his publications are text-hooks of chemistry and 
 numerous scientific papers. He wrote also “ Essays Bio- 
 graphical and Ghemical ” (1909). 
 
 Ranelagh Club. A London athletic club, at 
 
Ranelagh Club 
 
 Barnes, S. W., established in 1894 for polo, 
 golf, and other sports. 
 
 Ranger (ran ' jer), Henry Ward. Born in 
 
 western New York, January, 1858. An Ameri- 
 can landscape-painter. He received his technical 
 training during several years of study in France, England, 
 and Holland. His work is marked by richness of effect 
 and depth of tone. In 1901 he was elected associate of 
 the National Academy of Design in New York, and mem- 
 ber in 1906. 
 
 Ranke (ran'ke), Johannes. Born at Thurnau, 
 Bavaria, Aug. 23, 1836. A German physiolo- 
 gist and anthropologist, nephew of Leopold 
 von Ranke. He studied at Munich, Berlin, and Paris. 
 In 1863 he became lecturer in physiology in the Univer- 
 sity of Munich, and in 1886 professor of anthropology in 
 the same institution. Among his published works are 
 “ Tetanus ” (1865), “ Grundziige der Physiologie ” (1868), 
 
 “ Die Ernahrung des Menscheu ” (1876), “ Das Blut ’’ (1878), 
 “ Der Mensch ” (1886), etc. 
 
 Rankin (rang'kin). A borough in Allegheny 
 County, Pennsylvania. It has important steel 
 manufactures. Population, 6,042, (1910). 
 Raoult (ra-61'), Frangois Marie. Born at 
 Fourn&s, Nord, France, May 10, 1830 : died at 
 Grenoble, April 1, 1901. An eminent French 
 chemist, professor at the University of Gre- 
 noble from 1870. He is best known for his work in 
 physical chemistry, and especially for his researches on 
 the freezing-point and the boiling-point of solutions. 
 
 Raphael of Pigs, The. A name given to the 
 French painter and etcher Charles Emile 
 Jacque. 
 
 Rarey (rar'i), John S. Bom in Franklin 
 County, Ohio, 1828: died at Cleveland, Ohio, 
 Oct. 4, 1866. A noted American horse-tamer. 
 
 He had great success in managing horses after a training 
 system of his own, and gave many exhibitions both in 
 America and in Europe. In 1863 he was employed by the 
 government to inspect the horses of the Army of the Po- 
 tomac. He was the author of a “Treatise on Horse-tam- 
 ing ” (1858). 
 
 Rasle (ral), Sebastien. Born at Dole, France, 
 1658 : died at Norridgewock, Maine, Aug. 12, 
 1724. A French missionary. After completing 
 his studies at Dijon, he joined the Order of the Jesuits; 
 taught Greek for a time in the college of that society at 
 Nimes ; became attached to the missions of Canada in 
 1689 ; and was placed in charge of the station at Norridge- 
 wock in 1689. Here he studied the Abenaki language, of 
 which he compiled a valuable dictionary in three volumes 
 (now preserved in the library of Harvard). He had much 
 influence with the Indians, which he exerted to secure 
 their allegiance to the French against the English. Pub- 
 lic opinion in New England was aroused against him, 
 and a price was placed upon his head. He was attacked 
 a number of times and escaped, but Anally was surprised 
 in i724 by a party from Fort Richmond and shot. A 
 monument to his memory was raised by the citizens of 
 Norridgewock in 1833. 
 
 Rathblin (rath'buu), Rickard. Born at Buf- 
 falo, N. Y., Jan. 25, 1852. An American 
 zoologist, assistant secretary of the Smith- 
 sonian Institution from 1897, and in charge of 
 the United States National Museum from 1899. 
 He was geologist on the Imperial Geological Commission 
 of Brazil 1875-78, and scientific assistant of the United 
 States Fish Commission 1878-96. He has written various 
 scientific papers on paleontology, marine invertebrates, 
 and fisheries. 
 
 Raton (rii-ton'). The county-seat of Colfax 
 County, New Mexico, in an agricultural and 
 stock-raising region which contains rich de- 
 posits of coal. Population, 4,539, (1910). 
 Rauschenbusch (rou ' shen - bush), Walter. 
 Born at Rochester, N. Y., Oct. 4, 1861. An 
 American theologian. He was ordained a Baptist 
 minister in 1886, and was engaged in religious work 
 among the Germans in New York 1886-97. In 1897 he 
 became professor of New Testament exegesis in Rochester 
 Theological Seminary, and since 1902 has been professor 
 of church history, lie has published “Christianity and 
 the Social Crisis" (1907), “For God and the People" (1910), 
 and “Christianizing the Social Order" (1911). 
 
 Ravel (ra-vel'), Maurice. Born at Ciboure, 
 Basses-Pyrenees, March 7, 1875. A French 
 composer. His works include compositions 
 for the pianoforte, songs, a string quartet, an 
 overture, “ Rhapsodie espaguole,” and an 
 opera, “ L’Heure espagnole,” produced at the 
 Paris Opera Comiquo, May 19, 1911. 
 Ravenshoe (ra'venz-ho). A romance by Henry 
 Kingsley, published in 1862. 
 
 Rawlins (ra'linz). The county-seat of Carbon 
 County, Wyoming. It has railroad repair- 
 shops and limestone quarries, and is in a stock- 
 raising and mining region. Population, 4,256, 
 (1910). 
 
 Rawnsley (ranz'li), Hardwicke Drummond. 
 
 Born at Henley-on-Thames, Sept. 28, 1850. 
 An English clergyman, author, and poet, grand- 
 nephew of Sir John Franklin, the arctic ex- 
 plorer. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford ; 
 took orders in 1875 ; was curate iu charge of Clifton Col- 
 lege Mission; was vicar of Wray, Windermere, 1878-83 ; 
 has been vicar of Crosthwaite, Keswick, and rural dean 
 since 1883 ; and is honorary canon of Carlisle. Among his 
 
 works are “ Valete Tennyson, and Other Poems’' (1893), 
 
 “ Literary Associations of the English Lakes ” (1894), “Life 
 and Nature at the English Lakes " (1899), “ Memories of 
 the Tennysons” (1900), “A Rambler's Note-book at the 
 English Lakes ” (1902), “ Sermons on the Sayings of Jesus ” 
 (1905), “ Months at the Lakes ’’ (1906), “ A Sonnet Chron- 
 icle '*(1906), “Round the Lake Country” (1909), etc. 
 
 Raymond (ra'mond), Andrew Van Vranken. 
 
 Born at Vischer Ferry, Saratoga County, N. Y., 
 Aug. 8, 1854. An American educator, presi- 
 dent of Union College 1894-1907. He was grad- 
 uated from Union College in 1875, and from New Bruns- 
 wick Theological Seminary in 1878, and held pastorates in 
 Paterson and Plainfield, New Jersey, and Albany, New 
 York. 
 
 Raymond (ra ' mond), Mrs. (Annie Louise 
 Cary). Born at Wayne, Maine, Oct. 22, 1842. 
 A noted American contralto. She made her debut 
 at Copenhagen, and in 1868 was engaged in Hamburg at 
 the opera. After that she sang in theaters at Brussels 
 and London, from 1870 in New York, and in 1875 in St. 
 Petersburg. After her marriage with C. M. Raymond of 
 New York she retired. 
 
 Raymond (ra'mond), Bradford Paul. Born 
 at Stamford, Conn., April 22, 1846. An Ameri- 
 can educator and Methodist clergyman, presi- 
 dent of Wesleyan University 1889-1908. He lias 
 held pastorates in New Bedford, Massachusetts, Provi- 
 dence, Rhode Island, and Nashua, New Hampshire, and 
 was president of Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis- 
 consin, 1883-89. 
 
 Raymond (ra'mond), Rossiter Worthington. 
 
 Born at Cincinnati, Ohio, Ajiril 27, 1840. An 
 American mining engineer. He was United States 
 commissioner of mining statistics 1868-76 ; editor of the 
 New York “American Journal of Mining ” (later called 
 the “ Engineering and Mining Journal ”) 1867-93 : presi- 
 dent of the American Institute of Mining Engineers 1872- 
 1875, and vice-president in 1871, 1876, and 1877 ; and sec- 
 retary and editor of its “Transactions” since 1884. 
 Among his works, besides official reports and numerous 
 essays on the United States mining laws, are “A Glossary 
 of Mining and Metallurgical Terms" (1881) and “Life of 
 Peter Cooper ” (1901). 
 
 Reading (red ' ing). A town in Middlesex 
 County, Massachusetts, 12 miles northwest of 
 Boston. Its manufactures include shoes, rub- 
 ber goods, wire brushes, etc. Population, 
 5,818, (1910). 
 
 Reay (ra), Donald James Mackay, eleventh 
 
 Baron. Born at The Hague, Dec. 22, 1839. A 
 British statesman and scholar. He was governor 
 of Bombay 1885-90 ; president of the Royal Asiatic Soci- 
 ety ; first, president of the British Academy (1902) ; and 
 delegate to the second Peace Conference 1907. 
 
 Recklinghausen (rek'ling-hou-zen), Friedrich 
 von. Born at Giitersloh, Westphalia, Dec. 2, 
 1833 : died at Strasburg, Aug. 26, 1910. A 
 distinguished German pathologist. He was edu- 
 cated at Bonn, Wurzburg, and Berlin, and in 1858 became 
 assistant to Virchow at Berlin. He became professor of 
 pathological anatomy at Konigsberg in 1864, at Wurzburg 
 in 1865, and at Strasburg in 1872, retiring in 1906. His 
 investigations, especially with relation to diseases of the 
 circulatory system and the boneB and to certain forms of 
 tumor, made important additions to science. He also 
 published various books and articles on pathological 
 sub) eets. 
 
 Red Bank (red bangk). A borough in Mon- 
 mouth County, New Jersey, on the Shrews- 
 bury River, 25 miles south of New York city. 
 It has carriage-shops, boiler-works, a canning- 
 factory, etc., and is visited as a summer resort. 
 Population, 7,398, (1910). 
 
 Redfield (red'feld), Edward Willis. Born at 
 Bridgeville, Del., in 1868. An American land- 
 scape-painter. He studied at the Pennsylvania Acad- 
 emy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, and under Bougue- 
 reau and Fleury at Paris. In 1906 he became a member 
 of the National Academy of Design. Examples of his 
 work are in many American galleries. “ The Canal in 
 Winter” was purchased by the French government in 
 1909 for the Luxembourg Museum. 
 
 Redfield, William Cox. Born at Albany, 
 
 N. Y., June 18, 1858. An American business 
 man and author, secretary of commerce 1913-. 
 He was Democratic member of Congress 1911-13, when he 
 advocated the downward revision of the tariff. He has 
 published “ Japanese Industry ” (1912), “ The New Indus- 
 trial Day ” (1912), etc. 
 
 Redlands (red'landz). A city in San Bernar- 
 dino County, California, 7 miles southeast of 
 San Bernardino. Its principal interest is orange- 
 growing, and it is an active shipping-point for oranges, 
 grain, etc. Population, 10,449, (1910). 
 
 Redmond (red'mund), John Edward. Born 
 
 in 1851. An Irish Nationalist politician, leader 
 of the Irish Parliamentary party since 1900. 
 
 He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, was called to 
 the bar, Gray’s Inn, in 1886, and to the Irish bar in 1887. 
 He has been a member of Parliament since 1881. He vis- 
 ited the United States in the cause of Home Rule 1904- 
 1905, and again in 1910. He has written “Home Rule” 
 (1910), etc. 
 
 Reds of the Midi, The. An English transla- 
 tion, by Mrs. Thomas A. Janvier, of the Pro- 
 vencal tale “ Li Rouge ddu Miejour,” written 
 by F<51ix Gras in 1896. it was published in 1898, 
 
 Reid, Whitelaw 
 
 before the appearance of the original or of its author s 
 French translation, “ Les Rouges du Midi.” The scene is 
 laid in the south of France, and the time is that of the 
 French Revolution. 
 
 Red Sunday. January 22, 1905. On this date the 
 
 workmen of St. Petersburg, disappointed by the czar's 
 manifesto of December 26, 1904, and led by Father Gapon, 
 attempted to hold a mass-meeting before the Winter 
 Palace in order that they might petition the czar for lib- 
 erty of assembly, speech, self-government, etc. The 
 military refused admission to the square, and fired on the 
 people, causing considerable loss of life. 
 
 Reed, Myrtle. See * McCullough , Mrs. 
 
 Reed (red), Walter. Born in Gloucester 
 County, Va., Sept. 13, 1851: died in Washing- 
 ton, D. C., Nov. 23, 1902. An American 
 physician, surgeon in the United States army 
 with the rank of major (1893). During the 
 Spanish- American war he was the head of a board ap- 
 pointed to study the causation and spread of typhoid 
 fever in the camps of the volunteer troops in the United 
 States. In June, 1900, he was sent to Cuba at the head of 
 a commission to study yellow fever. As a result of de- 
 cisive experiments instituted by him it was proved that 
 the germs of the disease are transmitted by a mosquito, 
 Steyomyia fasciata. 
 
 Rees (res), John Krom. Born at New York, 
 Oct. 27, 1851: died there, March 9, 1907. An 
 American astronomer, instructor, adjunct pro- 
 fessor, and professor of astronomy in Columbia 
 University from 1881. He was graduated at Colum- 
 bia. in 1872, and was professor of mathematics in Washing- 
 ton University, St. Louis, 1876-81. In 1902 he was made 
 a chevalier of the Legion of Honor. 
 
 Reger (ra'ger), Max. Born at Brand, Bavaria, 
 March 19, 1873. A German composer. From 
 1901 to 1906 he was professor of counterpoint in the Mu- 
 nich conservatory. He has composed many organ pieces, 
 chamber-works, songs, and a sinfonietta. His music is 
 marked by extreme complication in counterpoint, and by 
 the avoidance of the prevailing tendency toward the use 
 of imposing mass effects and instrumental color. 
 Regnier (ra-nya/), Henri de. Born at Hon- 
 fleur, France,' Dec. 28, 1864. A noted French 
 poet, one of the leaders of the modern Sym- 
 bolists. His verse includes “Lendemains” (1886), 
 “ Sites ” (1887), “ Episodes " (1888), “ Poemes anciens et ro- 
 manesques ” (1900), “ Tel qu’en songe ” (1892), “ Arethuse ’’ 
 (1895), “ Les mbdailles d'argile ” (1900), “ La cit6 des eaux ” 
 (1902), “ La sandale ailee”(1906), etc. He is also known 
 as a critic, and has published several books of fiction, “ La 
 cannede jaspe ” (1895), “ Letrefleblanc ”(1899), “La double 
 maltresse ” (1900), “ Les amants singuliers ” (1901), “Le bon 
 plaisir ” (1902), “ Les vacances d’un jeune homme sage " 
 (1903), “Le passb vivant" (1905), “La peur de l'amour” 
 (1907), etc. Elected to the French Academy 1911. 
 
 Reich (rich), Emil. Born at Eperies, Hun- 
 gary, March 24, 1854: died at London, Dee. 
 11, 1910. A Hungarian author and lecturer. 
 He was educated at Prague, Budapest, and Vienna, and 
 devoted himself to reading and study until his thirtieth 
 year, when he set out to travel. He spent five years in 
 tne United States, four in France, and about thirteen in 
 England, where he lectured at Oxford, Cambridge, and 
 London universities, and was employed by the British 
 government to aid in preparing its case in the Venezuela 
 boundary controversy. Among his many published works 
 are a “ History of Civilization,” “Foundations of Modern 
 Europe," “Atlas of Modern History,” “Fundamental 
 Principles of Evidence," “ General History of Western 
 Nations," and “Woman through the Ages." 
 Reichsbank (richs'bank), The German Im- 
 perial or National Bank, at Berlin, the leading 
 bank in Germany, established by an act passed 
 in 1875. It is governed by a bank directorate 
 appointed by the chancellor of the empire, 
 aided by a committee of shareholders. 
 Reichsrath (G. pron. richs'rat). [G., ‘par- 
 liament of the empire.’] The chief delibera- 
 tive body in the Cisleithan division of Austria- 
 Hungary. It is composed of an upper house ( Hertcn - 
 haus) of princes, certain nobles and prelates, and life 
 members nominated by the emperor, and of a lower house 
 of 516 deputies. Under the electoral law of January 26, 
 1907, the lower house ( Abgeordnetenhaus ) is elected on 
 the basis of universal, equal, and direct suffrage. All 
 Austrian male citizens over 24 years of age who have 
 resided for at least a year in the place of election are 
 entitled to vote for a deputy. S. Y. B. 
 
 Reid (red), Sir George Houstoun. Born at 
 
 Johnstone, Scotland, Feb. 25, 1845. An Aus- 
 tralian Liberal statesman. He went to Melbourne 
 in 1852; was a member of the Legislative Assembly of 
 New South Wales 1*80-99 (except 1884-85); was elected to 
 the Commonwealth Parliament in 1901; was prime minister 
 and colonial treasurer of New South Wales 1894-99, pre- 
 mier of the Commonwealth 1904-05, and high commissioner 
 for Australia 1910-. lie has published “Five Free Trade 
 Essays,” “New South Wales," etc. 
 
 Reid (red), Robert Threshie, first Earl Lore- 
 burn. Born April 3, 1846. A British jurist. 
 He was educated at Cheltenham College and at Balliol 
 College, Oxford; was called to the bar of the Inner 
 Temple in 1871; was appointed queen’s counsel iu 1882; 
 and was knighted in 1894. He was Liberal member of the 
 House of Commons for Hereford 1880-85 and lor Dumfries 
 1886-1905. He was solicitor-general in 1894; attorney- 
 general 1894-95; lord high chancellor Dec. ,1905-June, 1912; 
 and was one of the British counsel before the Venezuelan 
 Commission. He was created Baron Loreburn, Dec. 30, 
 1905, and an earl in 1911. 
 
 Reid , Whitelaw. He wrote “Ohio in the War - 
 (1868), “Schools of Journalism” (1870), “Our New Duties,' 
 
Reid, Whitelaw 
 
 “Later Aspects of our New Duties” (1899), “A Conti- 
 nental Union” (1900), “Problems of Expansion” (1900), 
 “ Greatest Fact in Modern History ” (1907), etc. 
 Reinach (ri'nach), Joseph. Born at Paris, 
 Nov. 30, 1856. A French publicist. A lawyer by 
 profession, he was Gambetta’s secretary during his minis- 
 try of 1881-82, and was a member of the Chamber of Dep- 
 uties 1889-98 and 1906-. He is especially known as a cham- 
 pion of Dreyfus, whose case he presented in his “Histoire 
 de r affaire Dreyfus” (1901-08). He has also published 
 other works on various political and historical subjects. 
 Reinach (ri'nach), Salomon. Born at St.-Ger- 
 main-en-Laye, Aug. 29, 1858. A French ar- 
 chaeologist, keeper of the National Museum of 
 St. Germain from 1902. He is the brother of Joseph 
 Reinach. He has published a “Manuel de philologie 
 classique,” “Traitb d’epigraphie grecque,” “Repertoire 
 de la statuaire grecque et romaine, " “ Repertoire des vases 
 grecs et etrangers,” “Repertoire de reliefs grecs et 
 remains,” etc. 
 
 Reinecke (ri'nek-e), Karl. Born June 23, 
 1824 : died March 10, 1910. A German pianist, 
 composer, conductor, and teacher of music. 
 
 After filling various posts in smaller cities, he became 
 conductor of the Gewandhaus concerts in Leipsic in 1860, 
 and at the same time was made profeBsorof the piano and 
 of composition at the Conservatory. In 1895 he was suc- 
 ceeded as conductor by Nikisch and in 1902 retired from 
 his post at the Conservatory. 
 
 Rejane*, Gabrielle Charlotte Reju, called. 
 She founded in 1905 the Theatre Rejane, of 
 which she is the directrix. 
 
 Reliance. An American racing yacht, the suc- 
 cessful defender, in 1903, of the America’s cup 
 against Shamrock III. She was built by the Her- 
 reshoffs, sailed by Captain Barr, and owned by a syndicate 
 represented by C. Oliver Iselin. 
 
 Remenyi (ra-men'yi), Eduard. Born at 
 Heves, Hungary, in 1830: died at San Fran- 
 cisco, Cal., May 15, 1898. A Hungarian violin- 
 ist. He traveled in many parts of the world. 
 Remsen % Ira. His later works include “In- 
 organic Chemistry ” (1889), “ Chemical Experi- 
 ments ’’ (1895), “College Text-hook of Chem- 
 istry ” (1901), etc. 
 
 Renaud (re-no'), Maurice Arnold. Born at 
 Bordeaux in 1865. A French barytone singer. 
 He studied at the Paris and Brussels conservatories. He 
 appeared in Paris at the Op6ra Gomique in 1890 and at the 
 Opera in 1891, and in 1900 came to the United States, 
 where he has sung in opera in various cities. 
 
 Renault (re-no'), Jean Louis. Born at Autun, 
 May 21, 1843. A French jurist, professor in 
 the University of Paris. He is jurisconsult for the 
 ministry of foreign affairs and a member of the Interna- 
 tional Court of Arbitration at The Hague. In 1907 he 
 was awarded the Nobel peace prize. lie has published 
 “Introduction A l’etude du droit international” and 
 “ Traite de droit commercial ” (with C. Lyon-Caen). 
 
 Rendall (ren'dal), Gerald Henry. Born at 
 Harrow, Middlesex, 1851. An English classi- 
 cal scholar, head-master of the Charterhouse 
 School 1897-1911. He was graduated at the Univer- 
 sity of Cambridge in 1874 ; was vice-chancellor of Victoria 
 University 1890-94 ; and was the first principal of Univer- 
 sity College, Liverpool. His writings include “The Cradle 
 of the Aryans ’’ (1889), a translation of the “Meditations" 
 of Marcus Aurelius (1897), etc. 
 
 Rensselaer (ren'se-ler). A city in Rensselaer 
 County, New York, it is situated on the Hudson 
 opposite Albany, with which it is connected by bridges. 
 It has large freight-yards and roundhouses, and manu- 
 factures of leather, felt, coal-elevators, colors, etc. Popu- 
 lation, 10,711, (1910). 
 
 Rensselaer (ren'se-ler) Polytechnic Insti- 
 tute. A school at Troy, N. Y., founded in 
 1824 by the Hon. Stephen Van Rensselaer. 
 It was reorganized upon the basis of a general polytechnic 
 institute in 1849. It offers courses of four years each, 
 leading to the degrees of civil engineer, mechanical engi- 
 neer, electrical engineer, and bachelor of science, and is 
 attended by about 700 students. 
 
 Repplier (rep'li-er), Agnes. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, Pa., April 1, 1858. An American 
 essayist. She has written “Books and Men" (1888), 
 “Points of View” (1891), “Essays in Miniature ” (1892), 
 “ Essays in Idleness” (1893), “ In the Dozy Hours ” (1895), 
 “Varia" (1897), “The Fireside Sphinx” (1901), “Compro- 
 mises ” (1904), “In Our Convent Days ”(1905), “Philadel- 
 phia” (1907), “Happy Half-century” (1908), “Americans 
 and Others ” (1912), etc. 
 
 Return of the Native, The. A story by 
 Thomas Hardy, published in 1878. 
 
 Reveries of a Bachelor. A book by Ik Marvel 
 (Donald Grant Mitchell), published in 1850. 
 Revolution of February. The French revo- 
 lution of 1848, which overthrew the government 
 of Louis Philippe. 
 
 Reyer (ra-yar'), Louis Etienne Ernest. (Origi- 
 nally Rey.) Born at Marseilles, Dec. 1, 1823: 
 died Jan. 15, 1909. A French composer, nis 
 most important works are the operas “Sigurd” (1884) 
 and “ Salammbb ” (18901. For some years he was musical 
 critic of the “Journal des Ddbats,” and in 1875 published 
 “Notes de musique.” He was made a member of the 
 French Academy in 1876. 
 
 Reyes (ra'yiis), Rafael. A South American 
 explorer, soldier, and statesman. He explored 
 the Amazon and its tributaries with his brothers, Henry 
 
 and Nestor ; became commander-in-chief of the Colombian 
 army ; was sent to Washington to represent Colombian 
 interests in connection with the new Republic of Panama; 
 and was officially proclaimed president of Colombia, July 
 4, 1904, and inaugurated August 7, 1904. By a resolution 
 of the General Assembly in March, 1905 his term of office 
 was extended until December 31, 1914. He resigned July 
 28, 1909. 
 
 Rheinberger (rm'ber-Ger), Joseph Gabriel. 
 
 Born at Vaduz, Liechtenstein, March 17, 1839: 
 died at Munich, Nov. 25, 1901. A German 
 composer and teacher. From 1859 to the time of 
 his death he was professor of the theory of music in the 
 Munich Conservatory, where he trained many well-known 
 musicians, including a number of Americans. Among his 
 chief works are the symphonic tone-poem “Wallenstein,” 
 several chamber compositions, and organ pieces, among 
 which are twenty sonatas and two concertos. 
 
 Rhinelander (rin'land-er). The county-seat 
 of Oneida County, Wisconsin, in the northern 
 part of the State. It has lumber-mills, a refrig- 
 erator factory, etc. Population, 5,637, (1910). 
 
 Rhodes (rodz), James Ford. Born at Cleve- 
 land, Ohio, May 1, 1848. A noted American 
 historian. He was educated at the universities of New 
 York and Chicago, and pursued special studies in France 
 and Germany. From 1870 to 1885 he was engaged in 
 business in Cleveland. In 1901 he was awarded the Loubat 
 prize by the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He is known as 
 the author of a “ History of the United States from the 
 Compromise of 1850 to the Final Restoration of Home 
 Rule at the South in 1877 ” (1892-1906). 
 
 Rhodes Scholarships. Scholarships estab- 
 lished at Oxford University by the will of 
 Cecil J. Rhodes (died 1902), to he held by 
 students from the most important British colo- 
 nies (78 in all) ; from each of the states and 
 territories of the United States (2 each) ; and 
 from Germany (5). They are held for 3 consecutive 
 years. The value of the Colonial and American scholar- 
 ships is £300 a year ; that of the German, £250. 
 
 Rhodesia*. It extends from the Belgian Kongo and 
 German East Africa on the north to the Transvaal on the 
 south, and is bounded on the east by Portuguese East 
 Africa, Nyasaland, and German East Africa, and on the 
 west by the Belgian Kongo, Portuguese West Africa, and 
 Bechuaoalaud. The portion north of the Zambesi is 
 Northern Rhodesia, that south of the Zambesi is Southern 
 Rhodesia. Population of Southern Rhodesia : white, 
 23,606 ; native, 744,599, (1911). Since 1889 it has been ad- 
 ministered by the British South Africa Company. 
 
 Rhondda (ron'tha). A district and munici- 
 pality in Glamorganshire, Wales. It is situated 
 
 in an important iron-mining center, and has large iron in- 
 terests. Population, 113,735. 
 
 Ribbeck , Johann Karl Otto. His later works 
 
 include “Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl ” (1879-81), “Kolax” 
 (1883), “ Agroikos ”(1885), and “Reden und Vortriige ”(1899). 
 
 Ribot (re-bo'), Theodule Armand. Born at 
 Guingamp, Cotes-du-Nord, France, Dec. 18, 
 1839. A noted French psychologist, professor 
 in the College de France from 1888, and 
 founder (1876) and editor of the “ Revue 
 Philosophique.” He has published “La psychologie 
 anglaise contemporaine ” (1870), “L’Heredite” (1873), 
 “La philosophic de Schopenhauer ” (1874), “La psycho- 
 logie allemande contemporaine ” (1879), “ Les maladies de 
 la volonte” (1883), “Les maladies de la personality” 
 (1885), “La psychologie de l’attention” (1889), “La psy- 
 chologie des sentiments ” (1896), “ L’Evolution des idees 
 generates” (1897), “Essai sur ^imagination creatrice ” 
 (1900), “La logique des sentiments” (1904), “ Essai sur les 
 passions ” (1906), etc. 
 
 Ricci (ret'che), Corrado. Born at Ravenna, 
 Italy, April 18, 1858. An Italian connoisseur 
 and critic. He was for many years director of the 
 Brera Gallery in Milan, and in 1903 was appointed direc- 
 tor of the museums of Florence. Among his many publi- 
 cations on the history and art of Italy are “Ravenna e 
 suoi dintorni ” (1878), “Cronache e docuraenti per la storia 
 Ravennate del secolo XVI.” (1882), and “Antonio Allegri 
 da Correggio "(English translation by Florence Simmouds, 
 1896). 
 
 Rice (ris), Mrs. (Alice Caldwell Hegan). 
 
 Born at Shelbyville, Ky., Jan. 11, 1870. An 
 American novelist. She has published “Mrs. Wiggs 
 of the Cabbage Patch ” (1901), “ Lovey Mary ” (1903), 
 “Sandy ” (1905), “ Captain June ” (1907), “Mr. Opp”(1909), 
 “ A Romance of Billy-goat Hill ’’ (1912), etc. 
 
 Richards (rich'ardz), Ellen Henrietta. Born 
 
 at Dunstable, Mass., Dec. 3, 1842 : died at Bos- 
 ton, March 30, 1911. An American sanitary 
 chemist, head of the department of social 
 economics in the Massachusetts Institute of 
 Technology. She published “The Chemistry of Cook- 
 ing and Cleaning ” (1882), “Food Materials and Their 
 Adulterations” (1886), “ The Cost of Living ” (1899), “The 
 Cost of Food "(1900), “The Cost of Shelter ” (1905), “The 
 Cost of Cleanness ” (1908), “ Industrial Water Analysis " 
 (1909), etc. 
 
 Richards (rich'ardz), Sir Frederick William. 
 
 Born Nov. 30, 1833. A British naval officer, 
 promoted admiral in 1893. He served in the Zulu 
 and Boer wars 1879-81, and in the Burmese war 1885-86 ; 
 was commander-in-chief on the East India station 1885-88, 
 and on the China station 1890-92 ; and was admiral of the 
 fleet, 1898-1903. 
 
 Richards (rich'ardz), Joseph William. Born 
 at Oldbury, England, July 28, 1864. An English 
 scientist, professor of metallurgy and min- 
 
 Ridgway, Robert 
 
 eralogy in Lehigh University from 1903. He 
 was assistant and acting professor 1897-1903. 
 He has published “Aluminum ”(1887), “Metal- 
 lurgical Calculations” (1906-08), etc. 
 Richards ( rich ' ardz ), Theodore William. 
 Born at Germantown, Pa., Jan. 31, 1868. An 
 American chemist, son of William T. Richards 
 (artist). He was assistant professor of chemistry at 
 Harvard University 1894-1901, and has been professor 
 since 1901 and chairman of the chemistry department 
 1903-11. In 1907 he was exchange professor at Berlin. 
 In 1910 lie was awarded the Davy gold medal of the Royal 
 Society for his researches in the determination of atomic 
 weights. He has published many scientific papers. 
 
 Richardson (rich' ard- son), Sir Benjamin 
 Ward. Born at Somerby, Leicestershire, Oct. 
 31, 1828: died at London, Nov. 21, 1896. A 
 noted English physician, practising in London 
 from 1853. He was a prolific writer and made many 
 important contributions to the science of medicine. 
 
 Richardson (rich ' ard - son), Rufus Byam. 
 
 Born at Westford, (Mass., April 18, 1845. An 
 American classical archaeologist and educator, 
 director of the American School of Classical 
 Studies at Athens 1893-1903. He was graduated 
 
 at Yale University in 1869 ; studied in Berlin ; served in 
 the Union army 1862-63; and was professor of Greek in 
 the University of Indiana 1880-82, and in Dartmouth Col- 
 lege 1882-93. He has conducted explorations at Eretria 
 and on the site of ancient Corinth. His publications in- 
 clude “•Vacation Days in Greece " (1903), “ Greece Through 
 the Stereoscope ” (1907), and numerous archaeological 
 papers. 
 
 Richmond (rieh'mond). A city in Contra 
 Costa County, California, incorporated in 
 1905. Population, 6,802, (1910). 
 
 Richmond (rieh'mond). The county-seat of 
 Madison County, Kentucky, 24 miles south- 
 east of Lexington. Tobacco-growing and 
 horse-breeding are among its industries. It 
 is the seat of the Eastern Kentucky State 
 Normal School. Population, 5,340, (1910). 
 Richmond (rieh'mond). A borough of the 
 city of New York (see New York, Greater). 
 It is conterminous with Staten Island (which 
 see). Population, 85,969, (1910). 
 
 Richmond (rieh'mond), Sir William Blake. 
 Born at London, Nov. 29, 1842. An English 
 painter. He was trained in the schools of the Royal 
 Academy ; was Slade professor of art at Oxford 1879-82 ; 
 and became an associate of the Royal Academy in 1888, 
 and a member in 1895. Among his works are many com- 
 positions of classic and poetical subjects in an academic 
 style and several notable portraits. He also designed the 
 mosaic decorations of the choir of St. Paul’s Cathedral. 
 Knighted 1897. 
 
 Richthofen (ri<iht'ho-fen), Baron Ferdinand 
 von. Born at- Karlsruhe, Silesia, May 5, 
 1833: died at Berlin, Oct. 6, 1905. A noted 
 German geologist aDd traveler. He accompanied, 
 as geologist, the Prussian expedition to Japan, China, and 
 Siam, and visited Java, the Philippines, India, California, 
 Nevada, and again China and Japan, returning to Europe 
 m 1872. In 1875 he became professor of geography at 
 Bonn, in 1883 at Leipsic, and in 1886 at Berlin. He wrote 
 “China, Ergebnisse eigener Reisen und darauf gegriin- 
 deter Studien ” (1877-83), etc. 
 
 Riddell*, Mrs. (Charlotte Eliza Lawson 
 Cowan). Hei*later works include “ The Head 
 of the Firm” (1892), “A Silent Tragedy” 
 (1893), “A Rich Man’s Daughter” (1897), 
 “Footfall of Fate” (1900), “Poor Fellow” 
 (1902), etc. 
 
 Riddle (rid'l), Oscar. Born at Cincinnati, 
 Ind., Sept. 27, 1877. An American naturalist, 
 professor of zoology in the University of Chi- 
 cago from 1909. He made an expedition up 
 the Orinoco River in 1901. 
 
 Ridgefield (rij ' feld). A town in Fairfield 
 County, Connecticut, including Ridgefield bor- 
 ough, 9 miles soutliwest of Danbury, in a 
 farming region. It was the birthplace of 
 Samuel Griswold Goodrich (“Peter Parley”). 
 Population, town, 3,118; borough, 1,114, (1910). 
 Ridgeway (rij'wa), William. Born in Ire- 
 land, 1853. A British archaeologist, professor 
 of archaeology in the University of Cambridge 
 from 1892. lie has written “The Origin and Influence 
 of Metallic Currency and Weight Standards ” (1892), “ The 
 Early Age of Greece ”(1901), “The Origin and Influence 
 of the Thoroughbred Horse ” (1905), etc. 
 
 Ridgewood (rij'wud). A village in Bergen 
 County, New Jersey, 5 miles northeast of 
 Paterson. Population. 5,416, (1910). 
 
 Ridgway (rij'wa). The county-seat of Elk 
 County, Pennsylvania. It has lumber-mills, 
 engine- and dynamo-factories, etc. Popula- 
 tion, 5,408, (1910). 
 
 Ridgway (rij'wa), Robert. Born at Mount 
 Carmel, 111., July 2, 1850. An American natu- 
 ralist, curator of the division of birds of the 
 United States National Museum from 1876. 
 
 He was zoologist of the United States geological explora- 
 
Ridgway, Robert 
 
 tiou of the 40th parallel 1867-69. Among his publications 
 are “A History of North American Birds" and “Water 
 Birds of North America” (3 vols., 1874, and 2 vols., 1884 : 
 with Baird and Brewer), “Nomenclature of Colors” 
 (1886), “A Manual of North American Birds ” (1887), “The 
 Ornithology of Illinois” (1889), “The Birds of North and 
 Middle America” (part i., 1910 ; part v., 1911), etc. 
 Riapath (rid' path), John Clark. Born in 
 Putnam County, Ind., April 26, 1841: died at 
 New York, July 31, 1900. An American edu- 
 cator and historian. He was graduated from Asbury 
 (now DePauw) University, and in 1869 was appointed to a 
 professorship in that institution and later became its 
 vice-president. He was one of the editors of the “ Peo- 
 ple’s Cyclopaedia ” (1881), and published “Academic His- 
 tory of the United States ” (1874-75), “A Popular History 
 of the United States” (1877), “Cyclopedia of Universal 
 History” (1880-84), “Great Races of Mankind” (1893), 
 “History of the World” (1898), “History of the United 
 States ’ ’ (1900), etc. 
 
 Riemann (re'man), Hugo. Born at G-ross- 
 mehlra, near Sondershausen, Germany, July 
 18, 1849. A German musical historian and 
 critic. In 1878 he became university lecturer on music 
 at Leipsic, and after teaching elsewhere returned to 
 Leipsic in 1895. Among his many works are “Studien 
 zur Geschichte der Notenschrift ” (1878), “ Musikalische 
 Dynamik und Agogik” (1884), “Geschichte der Musik- 
 theorie vom ix. -xix. Jahrhundert ” (1898), “ Geschichte der 
 Musik seit Beethoven” (1901), “ Grosse Kompositions- 
 lehre ” (1902-03), and a “Musiklexikon ” that has been 
 published (1882-1904) in six revisions. 
 
 Riggs (rigz), Mrs. (Kate Douglas Smith): 
 pen-name Kate Douglas Wiggin (from her 
 first marriage). Born at Philadelphia, Pa. 
 A contemporary American author. She organized 
 the first free kindergarten on the Pacific coast. Among 
 her publications are “ The Birds’ Christmas Carol ” (1886), 
 
 “ Timothy’s Quest ” (1890),“ A Cathedral Courtship ”(1893), 
 “Penelope’s Euglish Experiences” (1893), “Penelope’s 
 Progress ” (1898), “Penelope’s Irish Experiences ” (1901), 
 
 “ Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm ” (1903 : dramatized 1910), 
 “Rose o’ the River” (1905), “ New Chronicles of Rebecca” 
 (1907), “The Old Peabody Pew” (1907), and “Mother 
 Carey’s Chickens ” (1911). 
 
 Riis* Jacob. His later works include “ A Ten Years’ 
 War’ 1 (1900: rewritten as “The Battle with the Slum,” 
 1902), “ The Making of an American ” (1901), “ Children of 
 the Tenements ” (1903), “The Peril and the Preservation 
 of the Home ” (1903), “ Is There a Santa Claus?” (1904), 
 “Theodore Roosevelt the Citizen” (1904), and “The 
 Old Town ’ ’ (1909). 
 
 Riley", James Whitcomb. Among his later works 
 
 are “ Cnild- World ” (1897), “ Rubaiyiit of Doc Sifers ” 
 (1897), “Child-rhymes” (1899), “Love Lyrics” (1899), 
 
 “ Farm-rhymes ” (1901), “ Book of Joyous Children ” (1902), 
 
 “ An Old Sweetheart of Mine ” (1902), “ A Defective Santa 
 Claus ” (1904), “Out to Old Aunt Mary’s ” (1904), “ His Pa’s 
 Romance ” (1904), “Songs o’ Cheer” (1905), “While the 
 Heart Beats Young” (1906), “Morning ’ (1907), “The 
 Raggedy Man” (1907), “Boys of the Old Glee Club” 
 (1908), “Home Again With Me ” (1908), “Orphant Annie 
 Book ” (1908), “ Songs of Summer ” (1908), etc. 
 Rimsky-Korsakof (rimz'ki-kor-sa-kof'), Nik- 
 olas Andrejevitch. Born at Tikhvin, Russia, 
 March 18 (N. S.), 1844: died at St. Peters- 
 burg, June 22, 1908. A Russian composer, 
 professor of instrumentation at the St. Peters- 
 burg Conservatory from 1871, and inspector 
 of naval bands 1873—84. Among his compositions 
 are several operas, including “La nuit de mai” (1880), 
 
 “ Snegorotchka ” (1882), “Mlada” (1893), “La nuit de 
 Noel ” (1895), “La fiancee dutsar ” (1898), “ Le conte du 
 roi Sabtan ” (1900), “ Servilia” (1902) ^three symphonies ; 
 symphonic poems, including “Sadko” and “Schehera- 
 zade ” ; and songs. He also wrote a treatise on harmony, 
 and was noted as a conductor. 
 
 Rio Grande de Cagayan (re'o gran'da da ka- 
 ga-yan'). The largest river in Luzon, Philip- 
 pine Islands. It rises in the southern mountains of 
 Isabela province and flows first northeast and then north 
 by west to Aparri on the northern coast of Cagayan 
 province. It has a drainage of about 10,000 square miles, 
 and is the medium of transportation to the coast of all 
 the products of both provinces. Length, about 220 miles. 
 It is navigable by vessels of 3 feet draft as far as Tugue- 
 garao, the capital of Cagayan ; by native boats about 160 
 miles ; and by rafts 40 mil js further. 
 
 Rio Grande de la Pampanga (re'o gran'da 
 da la pam-pan'ga). A river, the second in size 
 in Luzon, Philippine Islands. 
 
 Rio Grande de Mindanao (re'o gran'da da 
 men-da-na'o), or Pulangui (po-lan'ge). A 
 river, the largest in Mindanao and the second 
 in size in the Philippines. 
 
 Rio Negro. 4. A territory of the Argentine 
 Republic. Capital, Viedma. Area, 75,924 square 
 miles. Population, 28,166. — 5. A department 
 of Uruguay. Capital, Fray Bentos (or Inde- 
 pendencia). Area, 3,269 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 39,667. 
 
 Ripley (rip'li), William Zebina. Born at 
 
 Medford, Mass., Oct. 13, 1867. An American 
 economist and ethnologist, professor of politi- 
 cal economy in Harvard University from 1902. 
 
 He was graduated at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- 
 nology in 1890, and was a member of its faculty 1893-1902. 
 In 1900 he served as expert on railroads for the United 
 States Industrial Commission, drafting its final report on 
 that subject. His works include a “ Financial History of 
 Virginia" (1893), “The Races of Europe” (1900), “Trusts, 
 
 Pools, and Corporations’’ (1905), “Railway Problems” 
 (1907), etc. 
 
 Risler (ris'ler), Joseph Eduard. Born at 
 Baden, Feb. 23, 1873. A German pianist. He 
 
 studied at the Paris Conservatory, and later with Himm- 
 ler, Stavenhagen, D’ Albert, and Klindworth. He has 
 appeared in concert in most of the larger continental 
 cities and in England, playing many of Beethoven’s com- 
 positions. Since 1906 he has been a member of the Con- 
 seil Sup^rieur of the Paris Conservatory. 
 
 Risley (riz'li), Sir Herbert Hope. Born 1851: 
 died Sept. 30, 1911. An English anthropolo- 
 gist, home secretary of the government of In- 
 dia 1902-09, director of ethnography for India 
 from 1901, and secretary of the judicial and 
 public department of the India Office 1910-1911. 
 His works include “Primitive Marriage in Bengal," 
 “Widow and Infant Marriage,” “Tribes and Castes of 
 Bengal,” etc. He was knighted in 1907. 
 
 Ristori*, Adelaide. In 1847 she married the Mar- 
 chese Capranica del Griilo. Her autobiography (“Ricordi 
 e studi artistici”) was published in 1887. 
 
 Ritchey (rich'i), George Willis. Born atTup- 
 pePs Plains, Ohio, Dec. 31, 1864. An Ameri- 
 can astronomer, superintendent of instrument 
 construction and astronomer of the Solar Ob- 
 servatory of the Carnegie Institution from 1905. 
 
 He was optician of the Yerkes Observatory 1896-99, su- 
 perintendent of instrument construction 1899-1904, in- 
 structor in practical astronomy 1901-04, and assistant pro- 
 fessor 1904-05. 
 
 Riverside (riv'er-sid). The county-seat of 
 Riverside County, California, 10 miles south- 
 west of San Bernardino. It is frequented by 
 tourists, and is important for its extensive 
 production of oranges, lemons, raisins, and 
 figs. Population, 15,212, (1910). 
 
 Rives (revz), Amelie. See *Trouhetzkoy. 
 Rizal (re-thal'). Aprovince in southern Luzon, 
 Philippine Islands. It is bounded by Bulacan on the 
 north, Infanta and La Laguna (partly separated by moun- 
 tains) on the east, Laguna de Bay and Cavite on the south, 
 and Manila Bay and Bulacan on the west. It includes 
 Talim and other small islands in Laguna de Bay. Capital, 
 Pasig. The surface is diversified by short mountain-ranges 
 and fertile plains. The highest mountain is Tallin, an 
 extinct volcano, 1,519 feet in height. The chief river, the 
 Pasig, drains Laguna de Bay, and empties by several 
 mouths into Manila Bay. It has numerous tributaries, 
 and is an important means of communication with the 
 interior of the island. Coal is found in the southern, and 
 gold in the northern, part of Rizal. Among the prod- 
 ucts are mangos, corn, and sugar-cane. The inhabitants 
 are Tagalos. Area, 733 square miles. Population, 150,923. 
 
 Rizal (re-thal'), Jose. Born at Calamba, La 
 Laguna, Luzon, Philippine Islands: died at 
 Manila, Dec. 30, 1896. A Filipino patriot and 
 author. He received degrees in medicine and philoso- 
 phy from the University of Madrid and was elected a 
 member of the Berlin Anthropological Society. He re- 
 turned to the Philippines and published a political story, 
 
 “ Noli me tangere,” on account of which he was forced by 
 the party in power to emigrate. When abroad he wrote 
 another political novel, “El Filibusterismo.” He subse- 
 quently practised medicine in Hong-Kong, and obtained 
 permission to visit the Philippines, but on his arrival 
 there was arrested. A native insurrection against Spain 
 having broken out, he was accused of being its instigator, 
 and was condemned and shot. 
 
 Robben Island. A small island in the Sea of 
 Okhotsk, in lat. 48° N., long. 144° E., near 
 Saghalin Island. It has a length of 1,900 feet and a 
 width of about 120 feet. It contains a fur-seal rookery. 
 
 Roberts (rob'erts), Charles George Douglas. 
 
 Born at Fredericton, New Brunswick, Jan. 10, 
 1860. A Canadian poet and prose-writer. 
 He was professor of the English and French literatures at 
 King's College, Nova Scotia, 1885-87, and of English and 
 economics 1887-95 ; and was associate editor of the New 
 York “ Illustrated American ” 1897-98. His verse in- 
 cludes “ Oricn, and Other Poems ” (1880), “ In Divers 
 Tones” (1887), “Ave : an Ode for the Shelley Centenary” 
 (1892), “Songs of the Common Day ”(1893), “The Book of 
 the Native ” (1896), “New York Nocturnes ” (1898), “Col- 
 lected Poems’’ (1900), and “The Book of the Rose” (1903). 
 Among his prose works are “Earth’s Enigmas" (1896), “A 
 History of Canada” (1897), “The Forge in the Forest" 
 (1897), “ By the Marshes of Minas" (1900), “The Heart of 
 the Ancient Wood ”(1900), “The Kindred of the Wild" 
 (1902), “Red Fox” (1905), “ The Cruise of the Yacht Dido" 
 (1906), “Haunters of the Silences” (1907), “The House in 
 the Water" (1908), “The Backwoodsmen" (1909), “Kings 
 in Exile ” (1910), “ Neighbors Unknown ” (1911), etc. 
 Roberts (rob'erts), Morley. Born at London, 
 Dec. 29, 1857. An English novelist and jour- 
 nalist. For many years he led an adventurous life as a 
 cattleman and railroad-man in Australia, the United States. 
 Canada, and South Africa, and as a sailor in various parts 
 of the world. His works include “The YVestern Avernus ” 
 (1887), “Songs of Energy ” (1891), “Red Earth" (1894), “A 
 Son of Empire” (1899), “The Colossus” (1899), "The Plun- 
 derers” (1900), “The Way of a Man ” (1902), “ The Promo- 
 tion of the Admiral" (1903), “Rachel Marr’’ (1903), “A 
 Tramp’s Notebook ’(1904), “ The Idlers ” (1905), “ThePrey 
 of the Strongest" (1906), “The Blue Peter” (1907), “The 
 Flying Cloud” (1907), “Lady Anne" (1907), “Captain 
 Spink" (1908), “David Bran” (1908), “Midsummer Mad- 
 ness ” (1909), “ Sea Dogs ” (1910), “ The Wonderful Bishop ’’ 
 (1910), “Thorpe's Way” (1911). 
 
 Robertson (rob'ert-son), Robert Henderson. 
 
 Born at Philadelphia, April 29, 1849. An 
 American architect. He has practised his profession 
 at New York, where he has built the St. James Episcopal 
 
 Rockefeller Sanitary Commission 
 
 Church, the Church of the Holy Spirit, the Park Row Build- 
 ing, the Corn Exchange Bank, the Academy of Medicine, 
 the American Tract Society Building, etc. 
 
 Robins (rob'inz), Elizabeth (Mrs. George 
 Richmond Parks): pseudonym C. E. Rai- 
 mond. A contemporary American actress 
 and author. She has played principally in dramas writ- 
 ten by Ibsen. Her works include “ Below the Salt ” (1896). 
 
 “ The Open Question ’’ (1898), “ The MagneticNorth ”(1904), 
 “A Dark Lantern ” (1905), “Come and Find Me” (1908). 
 “The Mills of the Gods” (1908), etc. 
 
 Robinson (rob'in-son), Edward. Born at Bos- 
 ton, Nov. 1, 1858. An American archaeologist, 
 director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 
 New York, 1910-. He was graduated at Harvard in 
 1879 ; studied in Greece, Berlin, etc. ; was curator of 
 classical antiquities 1885-1902, and director 1902-05, of 
 the Boston Museum of Fine Arts ; and was assistant 
 director of the Metropolitan Museum 1906-1910. 
 
 Robinson (rob'in-son), Hercules George 
 Robert, first Baron Rosmead. Born Dec. 19, 
 1824: died at London, Oct. 28, 1897. A British 
 colonial administrator. He was educated at Sand- 
 hurst, and entered the army, but in 1846 was appointed to 
 a civil post in Ireland. He was president of the island of 
 Montserrat in 1854 ; lieutenant-governor of St. Christopher 
 1855-59 ; and governor successively of Hong-Kong in 1859, 
 of Ceylon in 1865, of New South Wales 1872-79, and of 
 New Zealand in 1879, acting also as commissioner for the 
 cession of the Fiji Islands to England in 1874. He was 
 high commissioner for South Africa 1880-89. During his 
 administration (1885) Bechuanaland was annexed to the 
 British empire. In 1889 he retired, hut in 1895 returned 
 to South Africa and served aB governor and commander- 
 in-chief of Cape Colony until April, 1897, when failing 
 health compelled his return to England. He was knighted 
 in 1859, and created a baronet in 1891, and a baron in 
 1896. 
 
 Robinson Crusoe’s Island. An (imaginary) 
 uninhabited island on the northern coast of 
 South America, off the mouth of the Orinoco, 
 described in Defoe’s tale of “ The Life and 
 Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson 
 Crusoe, of York, Mariner.” Often erroneously 
 identified with Juan Fernandez. See Selkirk , 
 Alexander. 
 
 Robson (rob'son), Mount. The highest peak 
 of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Height, 
 13,700 feet. 
 
 Roche (rosh), Sir Boyle. Born 1743: died at 
 Dublin, June 5, 1807. An Irish politician. 
 He entered the army and served in the American war ; 
 was a member of the Irish Parliament from 1777 until the 
 Union in 1801 ; and was created a baronet in 1782 for his 
 services to the government, which later were particularly 
 valuable in connection with the volunteer convention of 
 1783. He is known chiefly as a perpetrator of “bulls." 
 
 Roche (rosh), James Jeffrey. Born at Mount- 
 mellick, Queen’s County, Ireland, May 31, 1847 : 
 died April 3, 1908. An American journalist 
 and author. He was editor of “The Pilot” (Boston) 
 1890-95 ; United States consul at Genoa 1904-07 ; and con- 
 sul at Bern, Switzerland, 1907-08. His works include 
 “ Songs and Satires ’’ (1886), “ Life of John Boyle O'Reilly ’’ 
 (1891), “The Story of the Filibusters" (1891), “Ballads of 
 Blue Water” (1895), “Her Majesty the King” (1898), “By- 
 ways of War” (1904), etc. 
 
 Roche (rosh), Mrs. (Regina Maria Dalton). 
 
 Born in the south of Ireland, about 1764 : died 
 at Waterford, May 17, 1845. An Irish novelist. 
 
 She published many romances, the best known of which 
 is “The Children of the Abbey” (1798). 
 
 Rochefort", Henri (Victor Henri, Comte de 
 Rochefort-Lucay). He was editor of “L’lntransi- 
 geant’’ from its founding in 1880 to 1907, and of “La 
 Patrie ” 1907-. His memoirs, “ Les aventures de ma vie,” 
 appeared 1895-96. 
 
 Rochester (roch'es-ter). A borough in Beaver 
 County, Pennsylvania, 23 miles northwest of 
 Pittsburgh. It is in a region containing deposits 
 of oil and natural gas, and has glass-factories, 
 brick-works, etc. Population, 5,903, (1910). 
 Rockefeller (rok' e-fel-er), John Davison. 
 BornatRichford, N. Y., July8,1839. An Ameri- 
 can merchant, founder and president (until 
 Dec., 1911) of the Standard Oil Company. He 
 
 went to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1853, and later established him- 
 self in the oil business there. The Standard Oil Company 
 was formed in 1870 and in 1882 was transformed into a 
 trust (dissolved in 1S92). It was reorganized as a “hold- 
 ing ’’ company, the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, 
 with subsidiary companies. See ★ Standard Oil Company. 
 Among his gifts to public institutions are upward of 
 $35,000,000 to the University of Chicago and about $32,000,- 
 000 to the General Education Board. He has also endowed 
 the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New 
 York city. 
 
 Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. 
 
 An institution at New York city, founded in 
 1901 by John D. Rockefeller for the advance- 
 ment of medical research by laboratory inves- 
 tigation, clinical observation, and grants of 
 money to persons engaged in medical research. 
 In its hospital department, which is under the direction 
 of Dr. Rufus Cole, only specified diseases are treated. 
 Since 1903 its laboratories have been under the direction 
 of Dr. Simon Flexner. 
 
 Rockefeller Sanitary Commission. A com- 
 mission, founded in 1909 by John D. Rocke- 
 
Rockefeller Sanitary Commission 
 
 feller, for the suppression of the hook-worm 
 disease. Its headquarters are at Washington, 
 D. C. It cooperates with State boards of health 
 in such localities as may require its action. 
 Rock Hill (rok hil). A city in York County, 
 South Carolina, in the northern part of the 
 State. It is in an agricultural region, and has cotton-mills, 
 wood-working establishments, carriage-works, etc. It is 
 the seat of Winthrop College, a State normal and indus- 
 trial institution for women. Population, 7,216, (1910). 
 
 Rock Springs (rok springz). A city in Sweet- 
 water County, Wyoming, on Bitter Creek. 
 Coal-mining is its principal industry. Popula- 
 tion, 5,778, (1910). 
 
 Rockville (rok'vil). A city in Vernon town- 
 ship, Tolland County, Connecticut, 15 miles 
 northeast of Hartford. It has cotton- and 
 silk-mills, manufactories of envelops, etc. Pop- 
 ulation, 7,977, (1910). 
 
 Rocky Mount (rok'i mount). A town in Edge- 
 combe and Nash counties, North Carolina, 
 near the Tar River. Its manufactures include 
 fertilizers, cotton-seed oil, machinery, etc. 
 Population, 8,051, (1910). 
 
 Rod (rod), fidouard. Born May 31, 1857 : died 
 at Grasse, Jan. 39, 1910. A French critic and 
 author. He studied at Berlin ; became editor of the 
 Paris “Revue Contemporaine ’’ in 1884’; and was professor 
 of comparative literature in the University of Geneva 
 1887-93. Among his critical works are “ Etudes sur le 
 XI X e siecle" (1888-) and “ Les idees morales du temps 
 present” (1891) ; and his novels include “La course a la 
 mort” (1885), “Le sens de la vie ” (1889), “La vie privee 
 de Michel Tessier ” (1893), “ La seconde vie de Michel Tes- 
 sier” (1894), “Le menage du pasteur Naildie ” (1898), “Au 
 milieu du chemin ” (1900), “ Mile. Annette ” (1901), “ L’Eau 
 courante” (1902), “Inutile effort” (1903), “ Un vainqueur ” 
 (1905), “L’Incendie ” (1906), “Les unis” (1909), etc. 
 
 Rogers (roj'erz) William Barton. Born at 
 Philadelphia, Dec. 7, 1804 : died at Boston, 
 May 30, 1882. An American educator and 
 geologist. He was professor of natural philosophy in 
 William and Mary College 1828-35 ; in 1835 was appointed 
 head of the Virginia State geological survey; was profes- 
 sor of natural philosophy in the University of Virginia 
 1835-53 ; in 1853 went to Boston, where he was instru- 
 mental in founding the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- 
 nology ; and was the president of this institution 1865-68 
 and 1878-81, holding the chair of physics and geology. He 
 wrote “Strength of Materials” (1838), “Elements of Me- 
 chanical Philosophy ” (1852), and many scientific papers. 
 
 Rohlfs (rolfs), Mrs. (Anna Katherine Green). 
 Bom at Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 11, 1846. An 
 American novelist, known chiefly as a writer 
 of stories of crime. Among her works are “The 
 Leavenworth Case” (1878), “ Hand and Ring ” (1883), “The 
 Forsaken Inn ”(1890), “The Filigree Ball” (1903), “The 
 Millionaire Baby” (1905), “The Woman in the Alcove” 
 (1906), “The Circular Study ” (1906), “The Mayor's Wife” 
 (1907), “Three Thousand Dollars (1909), “The House of 
 the Whispering Pines” (1910), and others, including a vol- 
 ume of poems, “ The Defense of the Bride ” (1882). 
 
 Rojestvensky. See *Roshestvensky. 
 
 Rolfe (rolf), William James. Born at New- 
 buryport, Mass., Dec. 10, 1827: died at Tis- 
 bury, N. H., July 7, 1910. Au American Shak- 
 sperian scholar, editor, author, and educator. 
 His editorial work includes “Handbook of Latin Poetry” 
 (1865: with .1. H. Hanson), Craik's “English of Shake- 
 speare” (1867); select poems of Goldsmith (1875), Gray 
 (1876), Robert Browning (1886), and Wordsworth (1889); 
 the complete works of Shakspere (1870-83 : revised ed. 
 1902-06), poems of Scott (1887), and of Tennyson (1895-98) ; 
 a series of English classics for school reading (1887-91), a 
 students’ series of standard poetry (1882-87), and various 
 English classics. He was the author of “A Satchel Guide 
 to Europe ” (1872-1906), “The Elementary Study of Eng- 
 lish ” (1896), “ Shakespeare the Boy ” (1896), and “Life of 
 Shakespeare ” (1902). 
 
 Roll (rdl), Alfred Philippe. Born at Paris, 
 March 10, 1847. A French painter and sculptor. 
 
 He was trained in the atelier of Leon Bonnat, and first 
 exhibited in the Salon of 1870. Some of his most impor- 
 tant paintings are “ Don Juan and flaydee,” in the Musee 
 d’ Avignon ; “Halte-lii!” a souvenir of the Franco- Prussian 
 war, in the Mus6e de Laval; the “Fete deSil&ne”; the 
 “ Greve des mineurs,” in the Musde de Valenciennes ; and 
 the “ Joies de la vie," a decoration of the Hdtel deVille 
 in Paris. He is a pleinairiste and brilliant technician. 
 Rolland (rol-lan'), Romain. Born at Clame- 
 cy, Nifevre, Jan. 29, 1866. A French man of 
 letters, lecturer on the history of art in the 
 faculty of letters of the University of Pari9. 
 He studied at the Ecole Normale SupOrieure and at the 
 Ecole de Rome, and took the doctor’s degree in letters 
 with a thesis, “Les origines du thCatre lyrique moderne ” 
 (1895), which was crowned by the French Academy. He 
 has written a number of plays, including “Aert” (1898), 
 “Les loups ” (1898), “Le triomphe de la raison” (1899), 
 “ Danton ” (1900), and “Le temps viendra” (1903); his- 
 torical and critical works, including “ Histoire de l’opera 
 en Europe avant Lulli et Scarlatti ” (1895), “ Des causes de 
 hi decadence de la peinture italienne ” (1895), “Francois 
 Millet” (1902), " Le theatre du peuple” (1903), “Beetho- 
 ven" (1903), “ Musiciens d’aujourd’hui ” (1908), “Musiciens 
 d’autrefois ” (1908), “Tolstoy” (1911), “Michael Angelo” 
 (1912), and a novel, “ Jean-Christophe,” in 10 parts, the 
 firstof which appeared in France in 1904, and in America 
 in translation, in 1910. 
 
 Romany Rye, The. A story by George Bor- 
 
 row, published in 1857. It is a sequel to “ La- 
 vengro.” 
 
 Romblon (rom-blon'). 1. An island of the 
 Philippines, the third in size in the province 
 to which it gives the name. It lies between 
 Sibuyan and Tablas of the same group. Area, 
 37 square miles. Population, 9,347. — 2. Aprov- 
 ince of the Philippines. It is situated in the Visa- 
 yan Sea, and is bounded by Marinduque and Luzon on the 
 north, Masbate on the east, Panay on the south, and Min- 
 doro on the west. It consists of Tablas, Sibuyan, Rom- 
 blon, and other islands. Capital, Romblon. The best 
 harbors are Romblon Bay, on the western coast of Rom- 
 blon Island, and PortLoog, on the western coast of Tablas 
 Island. The surface of the province as a whole is ele- 
 vated. The highest peak is Guitiguitin, in Sibuyan Island. 
 Gold is found in the province. Among the products 
 are tobacco, hemp, copra, corn, and sweet potatoes. The 
 inhabitants are Visayans. Area, 573 square miles. Pop- 
 ulation, 52,848. 
 
 3. A town, the capital of Romblon province, 
 situated on Romblon Bay in lat. 12° 35' N., 
 long. 122° 17' E. Civilized population of mu- 
 nicipality, 10,095. 
 
 Ronner (ron'er), Mme. Henriette. Born at 
 Amsterdam, May 31, 1821: died March 3, 1909. 
 A painter of animals, especially of cats, the 
 daughter and pupil of Josephus Augustus Knip, 
 the animal and landscape painter. 
 
 Rood (rod), Ogden Nicholas. Bom at Dan- 
 bury, Conn., Feb. 3, 1831: died at New York, 
 Nov. 12, 1902. An American physicist, pro- 
 fessor of physics in Columbia University from 
 1863, best known for his work in optics. His 
 chief work is “Modern Chromatics” (1881). 
 Roof of the World. See Pamir. 
 
 Roosevelt (ro'ze-velt). A borough in Middle- 
 sex County, New Jersey, incorporated in 1906. 
 Population, 5,786, (1910). 
 
 Roosevelt (ro'ze-velt). A steam-vessel, with 
 auxiliary sails, specially constructed to meet 
 the requirements of arctic work in the search 
 for the north pole conducted by Commander 
 Robert E. Peary. She is 184 feet long, 35.5 feet wide, 
 and 16.2 feet deep, with a maximum load displacement 
 of 1,500 tons. She was built by Captain Charles B. Dix at 
 Bucksport, Maine, and was launched March 23, 1905. In 
 1910 she was purchased to be used as a wrecking vessel. 
 Roosevelt*, Theodore. His later works include 
 “Hunting Trips of a Ranchman ” (1885), “Ranch Life and 
 the Hunting Trail ” (1888), “ Essays on Practical Politics ” 
 (1888), “The Winning of the West” (1889-96), “ The Wil- 
 derness Hunter" (1893), “ American Ideals, and Other Es- 
 says ” (1897), “Rough Riders ” (1899), “Oliver Cromwell” 
 (1900), “ The Strenuous Life ” (1900), “ Addresses and 
 Presidential Messages ” (1904), “ Outdoor Pastimes of an 
 American Hunter” (1905), “ Good Hunting " (1907), “ Afri- 
 can Game Trails” (1910), “The New Nationalism ” (1911), 
 “ Theodore Roosevelt, An Autobiography” (1913), etc. 
 Root (rot), Elihu. Born at Clinton, N. Y., 
 Feb. 15, 1845. An American lawyer and 
 statesman. He was graduated at Hamilton College in 
 1864 and at the New York University Law School in 1867. 
 He was LTnited States district attorney in New York city 
 1883-85 ; waB chairman of the judiciary committee in the 
 New York constitutional convention 1894 ; was a member 
 of the Alaska Boundary Tribunal which sat in London in 
 1903 ; was secretary of war 1899-1904 ; was president of the 
 New York Bar Association 1904-05 ; was secretary of state 
 1905-09; and was United States senator from New York 
 1909-. 
 
 Root (rot), John Wellborn. Born at Lump- 
 kin, Ga., Jan. 10, 1850: died at Chicago, Jan. 
 15, 1891. An American architect. In 1873 he 
 went to Chicago and associated himself with Daniel 
 Hudson Burnham, ne was appointed consulting archi- 
 tect of the World’s Fair Commission, but died while the 
 work was in progress. 
 
 Ropes (rops), John Codman. Bom at St. 
 Petersburg, Russia, April 28, 1836: died at 
 Boston, Mass., Oct. 28, 1899. An American 
 military historian. He was graduated at Harvard in 
 1857 and was admitted to the bar in 1861. His works in- 
 clude “The Army under Pope: Campaigns of the Civil 
 War Series” (1881), “The First Napoleon” (1885), “The 
 Campaign of Waterloo” (1892-93), “The Story of the Civil 
 War” (parts 1 and 2, 1894, 1898), etc. 
 
 Rosedale(roz'dal). A city i n Wyandotte Coun ty, 
 Kansas, 5 miles southwest of Kansas City, near 
 the Kansas River. It has iron manufactures. 
 Population, 5,960, (1910). 
 
 Rosen (ro'zen), Baron Roman Romanovitch 
 de. A contemporary Russian diplomatist. 
 He was secretary of the Russian legation, and later min- 
 ister, at Tokio; waB consul-general in New York; was 
 first secretary of the Russian embassy at Washington 
 during President Cleveland’s administration ; and was 
 Russian ambassador to Washington June 13, 1905-11. He 
 was associated with Count Witte in the peace negotia- 
 tions between Japan and Russia which resulted in the 
 treaty of Portsmouth, Sept. 5, 1905. 
 
 Rosenkavalier (ro // zeh-kaY-a-ler'). An opera 
 by Richard Strauss, first produced at Dresden, 
 Jan. 26, 1911. 
 
 Rosmead (roz'med), Baron. See ^Robinson, 
 Hercules George Robert. 
 
 Rosmer (ros ' mer), Ernst. See * Bernstein, 
 Frau. 
 
 Roybet 
 
 Ross (ros), Edward Alsworth. Born at Vir- 
 
 den, 111., Dec. 12, 1866. An American sociol- 
 ogist, professor of sociology in the University 
 of Wisconsin. He has been professor in the univer- 
 sities of Indiana, Cornell, Stanford, and Nebraska, and 
 lecturer at Chicago and Harvard. He was professor of 
 sociology in Stanford University, California, 1893-1900, 
 and hiB resignation of this position was reported to be 
 due to an attempt on the part of the university to restrict 
 the freedom of academic discussion of economic and 
 sociological questions. He has published “Social Con- 
 trol ” (1901), “ The Foundations of Sociology” (1905), “Sin 
 and Society” (1907), “Social Psychology” (1908), “The 
 Changing Chinese" (1911), “Changing America” (1912), etc. 
 
 Ross (ros), Major Sir Ronald. Born May 13, 
 1857. A British pathologist, professor of tropi- 
 cal medicine in the University of Liverpool 
 and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. 
 He is best known for his investigations in malaria, and 
 especially for his discoveries with regard to the develop- 
 ment of the malarial parasites in mosquitos (1897-98). 
 He received the Nobel prize for medicine in 1902. He 
 was made a K. C. B. in 1911. 
 
 Rostand*, Edmond. Among his later works are “Un 
 soir ;i Hernani” (1902), “Les mots” (1905), “Chantecler” 
 (1907-09), “ Le bois sacre ” (1909), etc. He became a mem- 
 ber of the French Academy in 1903. 
 
 Roswell (roz'wel). The county-seat of Chaves 
 County, New Mexico, in the southeastern part 
 of the State, on the Rio Hondo. It has flour- 
 mills, and is the seat of the New Mexico Mili- 
 tary Institute. Population, 6,172, (1910). 
 Rotcli (roch), Abbott Lawrence. Born at 
 Boston, Mass., Jan. 6, 1851: died April 7, 1912. 
 An American meteorologist, founder and direc- 
 tor of the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory 
 from 1885, and professor of meteorology in Har- 
 vard University from 1906. He published reports 
 of meteorological work at Blue Hill and elsewhere from 
 1887, “Sounding the Ocean of Air” (1900), “ The Conquest 
 of the Air ” (1909), etc. 
 
 Roty (ro-te'), Louis Oscar. Born at Paris, 
 June 12, 1846: died there, March 23, 1911. A 
 French engraver of medals and plaquettes. 
 
 In 1875 he won the Prix de Rome, and in 1888 became a 
 member of the Institute of France. He was especially dis- 
 tinguished for portraits and commemorative pieces. His 
 best-known design is the figure of the woman sowing (La 
 Semeuse) on French coins and postage-stamps. 
 
 Roundabout Papers, The. A work by Thack- 
 eray, published in 1862. 
 
 Rousse (ros), Aime Joseph Edmond. Born 
 at Paris, May 17, 1817 : died Aug. 1, 1906. A 
 Freuch barrister and author, in 1881 he was ad- 
 mitted to the French Academy, succeeding Jules Favre. 
 Among his works are “ Consultations sur les decrets du 
 29 Mars 1880 ” (1880), “ Discours, plaidoyers, et oeuvres 
 diverges ” (1884), “ Discours academiques ” (1881-89), 
 
 “ Avocats et magistrats " (1903), etc. 
 
 Roux (ro), Prince Paul Ilmile. Born at Con- 
 folens, Charente, Dec. 17, 1853. A French 
 bacteriologist. He studied medicine at Clermont- 
 Ferrand and Paris ; was attached to the Faculty of Medi- 
 cine, Paris, 1874-78 ; entered the laboratory of Pasteur in 
 1878 ; and joined the staff of the Pasteur Institute in 1888, 
 becoming director in 1904. He collaborated with Pasteur 
 in the study of hydrophobia and other infectious diseases, 
 and has conducted researches leading, in particular, to the 
 serum treatment of diphtheria and the discovery of im- 
 portant facts with respect to tetanus, pneumonia, and 
 other diseases. 
 
 Rowley (ro'li) Mile. A famous race-course 
 (1 mile 11 yards) at Newmarket, England, 
 said to be named for a favorite race-horse of 
 Charles II. The majority of the races finish 
 at the Rowley Mile post. 
 
 Rowson (rou'son), Mrs. (Susanna Haswell). 
 Born at Portsmouth, England, 1762: died at 
 Boston, Mass., March 2, 1824. An English 
 author, actress, and educator, best known for 
 her story of “Charlotte Temple” (which see). 
 Her husband becoming bankrupt, she went on the stage, 
 appeared in Edinburgh 1792-93, and toured in America 
 1793-97. She superintended a school for girls in Boston, 
 Mass., 1797-1822. Among her publications are “The In- 
 quisitor” (1788), “Charlotte Temple” (1790), “Reuben 
 and Rachel ” (1798), etc. 
 
 Royalist, Port. See * Puerto Princesa, 1. 
 Royal Scottish Museum, The. The name 
 given in 1904 to the Edinburgh Museum of 
 Science and Art. The museum stands on Chambers 
 street, behind the university, and contains collections o 1 
 natural history, industrial art, and technology. It was 
 founded in 1861. 
 
 Royal Victorian Order. A British order 
 instituted by Queen Victoria, April 21, 1896. 
 It consists of the sovereign, honorary members, and ordi- 
 nary members. The members are divided into five classes : 
 knights grand cross, knights commanders, commanders, 
 members of the fourth class, and members of the fifth 
 class. The ordinary members (numbering over 700) are 
 appointed from subjects of the British crown who have 
 rendered extraordinary or important or personal services 
 to his majesty, his heirs and successors. The abbrevia- 
 tions arc G.C.V.O., K.C.V.O., C.V.O., and M.V.O. 
 
 Roybet (rwa-ba/), Ferdinand Victor Leon. 
 
 Born at Uzes, France, April 20, 1840. A French 
 painter and engraver. He studed at the Ecole de» 
 
Roybet 
 
 Beaux- Arts in Lyons ; settled in Paris, where he first 
 exhibited at the Salon in 1865 ; and became professor of 
 engraving at Lyons. In 1866 his “Un fou sous Henri 
 III.” took a medal at the Salon. His subjects are chiefly 
 historical. 
 
 Royce (rois), Josiah. Born at Grass Valley, 
 Cal., Nov. 20, 1855. An American philosophi- 
 cal writer and psychologist, professor of the 
 history of philosophy in Harvard University 
 from 1892. He was graduated at the University of Cali- 
 fornia in 1875 ; studied at Leipsic and Gottingen ; was fel- 
 low of Johns Hopkins University 1876-78 ; and was as- 
 sistant professor of philosophy at Harvard 1882-92. He 
 has written “ The Spirit of Modern Philosophy ” (1892), 
 “ The Conception of God " (1897 : with others), “ Studies of 
 Good and Evil ” (1898), “ The World and the Individual” 
 (1899 : second series, 1901), “ The Conception of Immortal- 
 ity" (1900), “Outlines of Psychology” (1903), “Herbert 
 Spencer " (1904), “ Philosophy of Loyalty ” (1908), “ Race 
 Questions” (1908), “William James, and Other Essays on 
 the Philosophy of Life” (1911), “Sources of Religious In- 
 sight” (1911), “The Problem of Christianity” (1913), etc. 
 
 Royle (roil), Edwin Milton. Born at Lexing- 
 ton, Mo., March 2, 1862. An American play- 
 wright and actor. He has starred in his own 
 plays, which include “Friends” (1892), “The 
 Squaw Man” (1905), “The Struggle Everlast- 
 ing” (1907), etc. 
 
 Rozhestvensky (ro-zhest'ven-ski). A Russian 
 
 rear-admiral. In 1904 he was placed in command of 
 the Baltic fleet ordered for service in the Far East, and 
 became involved in the North Sea incident (which see). 
 He was defeated, seriously wounded, and captured by the 
 Japanese under Admiral Togo in the battle of the Sea of 
 Japan, May 27-28, 1905, and was tried by court martial, 
 July 4-10, 1906, for his surrender and acquitted. 
 
 Ruckstuhl (ruk'stol), Frederic Wellington. 
 
 Born at Breitenbach, Alsace, May 22, 1853. An 
 American sculptor. He came to the United States 
 when young ; attended the public schools of St. Louis ; 
 and later studied art in Paris. Among his best works are 
 “Evening,” a nude female statue in the Metropolitan 
 Museum, New York ; “ Solon,” a bronze figure in the Con- 
 gressional Library, Washington ; equestrian statues of Gen- 
 eral Hartranft in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and of General 
 Wade Hampton in Columbia, South Carolina ; several 
 figures on the appellate court building in New York ; the 
 Confederate monument at Baltimore, etc. 
 
 Rudder u-range. A humorous story by F. R. 
 Stockton, published in 1879. 
 
 Rumford Falls (rum'ford falz). A village iu 
 Rumford town, Oxford County, Maine, on the 
 Androscoggin River. It has lumber-mills, 
 paper-mills, manufactories of chemicals, etc. 
 Population, 5,427, (1910). 
 
 Runciman (run'si-man), Walter. Born at 
 South Shields, Durham, in 1870. An English 
 cabinet officer. He was graduated from Cambridge 
 University (Trinity College) in 1892; was member of Par- 
 liament (Radical) from Oldham 1899-1900, and from Dews- 
 bury (Liberal) 1902-; was parliamentary secretary to the 
 local government board 1905-07; financial secretary to the 
 treasury 1907-08; president of the board of education 1908- 
 1911; and president of the board of agriculture Oct., 1911-. 
 
 Ruskin College. A college at Oxford, Eng- 
 land, founded in 1899, for working-men who 
 wish to fit themselves for social and public 
 work. It is governed by a council of representatives 
 from various trade-unions. The subjects taught are 
 political economy, industrial and social history, sociology, 
 local government, citizenship, logic, etc. Instruction is 
 also given by correspondence. 
 
 Russell (rus'el), Charles Edward. Born at 
 Davenport, Iowa, Sept. 25, 1860. An Ameri- 
 can journalist and author. He published the Chi- 
 cago “ American ” till 1902, and later was an editorial 
 writer for the New York “ American,” and has contributed 
 many articles to various magazines. He has published 
 “Such Stuff as Dreams” (1902), “The Twin Immortali- 
 ties” (1904), “The Greatest Trust in the World” (1905), 
 
 “ The Uprising of the Many ” (1907), “ Thomas Chatterton : 
 the Marvellous Boy” (1908), “Lawless Wealth” (1908), 
 “ Why I am a Socialist ” (1910), “ Business : the Heart of 
 the Nation ” (1911), etc. 
 
 Russell (rus'el), Charles Wells. Born at 
 Wheeling, (W.) Va., May 16, 1856. An 
 American lawyer and diplomatist, in 1886 he 
 entered the Department of Justice at Washington, and 
 was special assistant attorney-general for insular aud 
 territorial affairs 1902-05, and assistant attorney-general 
 of the United States 1905-09. He has acted in a legal 
 capacity for the government in many special cases, both 
 at home and abroad, notably on the Porto Rico evacua- 
 tion commission in 1898, at Paris in connection with the 
 transfer of the Panama Canal to the United States in 
 1902, and at Panama as legal adviser in the Canal Zone in 
 1904. In December, 1909, he was appointed minister to 
 Persia. 
 
 Russell (rus'el), Israel Cook. Born at Gar- 
 rattsville, N. Y., Dec. 10, 1852: died at Ann 
 Arbor, Mich., May 1, 1906. An American 
 geologist, professor of geology in the Univer- 
 sity of Michigan 1892-1906. He was geologist of 
 the United States Geological Survey 1880-1906. Among 
 his works are “ Geological History of Lake Lahontan " 
 (1885), “ Lakes of North America ” (1894), “ Glaciers of 
 North America” (1897), “Volcanoes of North America” 
 (1897), “ Rivers of North America ” (1898), “North Amer- 
 ica ” (1900), etc. 
 
 Russell Sage Foundation. An institution 
 founded in 1907 by Mrs. Russell Sage, with an 
 endowment of $10,000,000, “ for the improve- 
 ment of social and living conditions in the 
 United States.” its aim is to remove causes of dis- 
 tress rather than to relieve individual cases. Among its 
 agencies it includes a charity organization department, 
 for extending the work and increasing the efficiency of 
 charitable bodies ; a child-helping department, for pro- 
 moting improved methods of dealing with dependent, 
 neglected, delinquent, end defective children ; a depart- 
 ment of child hygiene, ior promoting the physical and 
 mental progress of children by means of suitable play- 
 grounds, sports, etc. ; a committee on the prevention of 
 blindness ; a remedial loans department, for introducing 
 improved forms of loan association ; and the Sage Foun- 
 dation Homes Company, which is establishing at Forest 
 Hills Gardens, Long Island, a collection of model build- 
 ings designed to show the possibility of attractive homes 
 among healthful surroundings, at moderate cost, and even 
 with a measure of financial profit. The headquarters of 
 the foundation are at New York city. 
 
 Russo-Japanese War. A war between Rus- 
 sia and Japan, waged in Manchuria 1904-05. 
 The chief cause of the war was the occupation (continued 
 notwithstanding repeated promises of withdrawal by the 
 Russian government) of Manchuria by Russia after the 
 Boxer uprising of 1899-1900, with the consequent endan- 
 germent of the Japanese preponderance in Korea, which 
 was regarded by Japan as essential to her safety. An 
 earlier cause of irritation was the action of Russia, Ger- 
 many, and France in preventing the retention by Japan of 
 Port Arthur and the Liao-tung peninsula after the Chinese- 
 Japanese war of 1894-95, and the subsequent leasing of 
 this territory from China by Russia. The principal events 
 of the war were the following : rupture of diplomatic rela- 
 tions with Russia by Japan, Feb. 6, 1904 ; attack by tor- 
 pedo-boats of the Japanese fleet under Admiral Togo upon 
 the Russian squadron under Admiral Stark at Port Arthur, 
 Feb. 8, 1904 ; general attack by the Japanese fleet, Feb. 9, 
 1904 : these two attacks resulting in great injury to the 
 Russians ; naval fight off Chemulpo, resulting in the 
 destruction of the Russian cruiser Variag and the gunboat 
 Korietz, Feb. 9, 1904 ; war declared by Japan, Feb. 10, 
 1904 ; Admiral Makaroff succeeded Admiral Stark, Feb. 17, 
 1904 ; General Kuropatkin appointed Russian commander- 
 in-chief in Manchuria, Feb. 21, 1904 ; agreement between 
 Japan and Korea signed at Seul, Feb. 23, 1904 ; Vladivostok 
 bombarded by Admiral Kamimura, March 6, 1904 ; Port 
 Arthur bombarded March 21-22, 1904 ; Wiju occupied by 
 the Japanese, April 6-7, 1904; destruction of the Russian 
 battle-ship Petropavlovsk by a mine and death of Admiral 
 Makaroff, April 13, 1904 ; Russian Vladivostok squadron 
 appeared off Yuen-san, April 25, 1904 ; defeat of the Prus- 
 sians under Sassulitch by the Japanese first army under 
 
 Sage 
 
 Kuroki, May 1, 1904 ; the entrance to Port Arthur blocked: 
 for battle-ships and cruisers, May 3, 1904 ; Japanese battle- 
 ship Hatsuse sunk by a mine, May 15, 1904 ; Japanese vic- 
 tory at Kin-chau (capture of Nan-shan Hill), May 27-28, 
 1904 ; occupation of Dalny by the Japanese, May 29-30, 
 1904 ; Russians defeated at Telissu and Wafangkau, June 
 14-15, 1904 ; unsuccessful sortie of Russian fleet from Port 
 Arthur, June 23, 1904 ; investment of Port Arthur (after 
 severe preliminary fighting), July 31, 1904, -Jan. 1, 1905 ; 
 sortie of the Port Arthur fleet, resulting in a sea battle in 
 which most of the Russian vessels were driven back to 
 Port Arthur and the rest dispersed (with the death of Ad- 
 miral Withoft), Aug. 10, 1904; Vladivostok squadron de- 
 feated by Admiral Kamimura (Rurik sunk), Aug. 14, 1904 ; 
 battle of Liao-yang, resulting in the success of the Jap- 
 anese under Oyama, the Russians retiring upon Mukden, 
 Aug. 27-Sept. 4, 1904 ; battle of the Shaho, in which the 
 Russian attack was repulsed, Oct. 9-14, 1904 ; the Baltic 
 fleet under Rozhestvensky sailed for the Far East, October 
 1904, and attacked the Hull fishing fleet on the Doggerbank 
 on the night of Oct. 21-22, 1904 ; Port Arthur surrendered, 
 Jan. 1,1905; Russians crossed the Hun river and attacked the 
 Japanese at Haikautai, but were repulsed, Jan. 25-29, 1905; 
 battle of Mukden, resulting in the complete defeat of 
 Kuropatkin and the capture of the city, Feb. 19-March 10, 
 1905 ; Kuropatkin relieved of his command and succeeded 
 by Linievitch, March 16, 1905 ; the Baltic fleet reached 
 Kam-ranh Bay, April 12, 1905 ; battle of the Sea of Japan 
 and the annihilation of the Baltic fleet by Admiral Togo, 
 May 27-28, 1905 ; President Roosevelt urged the Russian 
 and Japanese governments to negotiate for peace, June 8, 
 1905; plenipotentiaries met at Portsmouth, New Hamp- 
 shire, Aug. 9, 1905 ; treaty of peace signed, Sept. 5, 1905. 
 Rutherford (ruth 'er -ford). A borough in 
 Bergen County, New Jersey, 9 miles north- 
 west of Jersey City. Population, 7,045, (1910). 
 Rutherford (ruTH'er-ford), Ernest. Born at 
 Nelson, New Zealand, Aug. 30, 1871. A Brit- 
 ish physicist. He was professor of physics in McGill 
 University, Montreal, 1898-1907, and langworthy professor 
 and director of the physical laboratories at theUniversity 
 of Manchester 1907-. In 1908 he received the Nobel prize 
 for chemistry. He is especially noted for his studies in 
 radioactivity and the ionization of gases by the Rontgen 
 and Becquerel rays. He received the Rumford medal of 
 the Royal Society. He has written “Radio-activity” 
 (1904), “Radio-active Transformations” (1906), “Radio- 
 active Substances and their Radiations ’ (1912), and 
 numerous papers in scientific journals. 
 
 Ryan (ri'an), Abram Joseph: better known as 
 Father Ryan. Born at Norfolk, Va., Aug. 15, 
 1839: died at Louisville, Ky., April 22, 1886. 
 An American poet and Roman Catholic priest. 
 Shortly after his ordination he entered the Confederate 
 army and served through most of the Civil War as a 
 chaplain and sometimes in the ranks. In Augusta, 
 Georgia, he founded and edited “The Banner of the 
 South ” (1868). In 1880 he published his “Poems, Patri- 
 otic, Religious, and Miscellaneous,” among the most pop- 
 ular of which are “The Conquered Banner,” “The Sword 
 of Robert E. Lee,” “ Gather the Sacred Dust,” “The Lost 
 Cause," and “The Flag of Erin." 
 
 Ryan (ri'an), Patrick John. Born at Thurles, 
 County Tipperary, Ireland, Peb. 20, 1831 : 
 died at Philadelphia, Feb. 11, 1911 . A Roman 
 Catholic prelate, archbishop of Philadelphia 
 1884-1911. He was consecrated in 1872 titular bishop 
 of Tricomia, Palestine, and coadjutor bishop and later 
 (1883) archbishop of St. Louis. He published “ What 
 Catholics do not Believe ” (1877), “ Some of the Causes 
 of Modem Religious Skepticism ” (1883), etc. 
 
 Rydberg (red'berg), Abraham Viktor: known 
 as Viktor. Born at Jonkoping, Sweden, Dec. 
 18, 1828: died at Stockholm, Sept. 21, 1895. 
 A Swedish author and critic, professor of the 
 history of civilization at Stockholm from 1884. 
 
 He was elected a member of the Swedish Academy in 
 1877. Among his works are “ Fribytaren pa Ostersjon ” 
 (1857), “ Den siste Athenaren ” (1859), “ Bibelns lara om 
 Kristus ” (1862), “R-omerska Dagar” (1877), “Undersok- 
 ningar i germansk Mythologi” (1886-89), “Wapensme- 
 den ” (1891), “Varia: Tankar och bilder ” (1894), and 
 “Singoalla” (1895). 
 
 aar (zar), Ferdinand von. 
 
 Born at Vienna, Sept. 30, 
 1833 : died at Dobling, near 
 Vienna, July 24, 1906. A 
 noted Austrian poet and 
 dramatist. His works include 
 the tragedies “ Hildebrand ” (1865) 
 and “Heinrich’s Tod” (1867), com- 
 bined as “Kaiser Heinrich IV." 
 (1872); “Die beiden,.de Witt” 
 (1875), “Tempesta” (1881), “Novellen aus Osterreich ” 
 (1877), “Gedichte" (1882), “Schicksale ” (1888), “Frauen- 
 bilder” (1892) “Nachklange” (1899), “Ginevra” (1904), 
 “ Tragik des Lebens” (1906). He committed suicide. 
 
 Sabatier (sa-ba-tya'), Paul. Born at Saint 
 Michel-de-Chabrillonoux, France, Aug. 3, 1858. 
 A noted French theologian and historian. He 
 became vicar of the Church of St. Nicolas at Strasburg 
 in 1885, and pastor at Saint Cierge in 1889, retiring from 
 active pastoral work four years later. His best-known 
 work is the “Vie de Saint Francois d’Assise ” (1893), based 
 
 on long lost documents discovered by him. In 1899 he 
 was elected a member of the Royal Academy of Rome, and 
 in 1902 founded the Societe Internationale des Etudes 
 Franciscaines. Among his other publications are “ La 
 Didache ” (1885), “Collection d’6tudes et de documents 
 sur l’histoire religieuse et litteraire du moyen-age ” (1900-), 
 “ Disestablishment in France ” (English translation, 1906), 
 “Les modernistes ” (1909), etc. 
 
 Sachs (sachs), Julius von. Born at Breslau. 
 Oct. 2, 1832 : died at Wurzburg, May 29, 1897. 
 A noted German botanist, professor in the Uni- 
 versity of Wurzburg from 1868 : the founder of 
 experimental vegetable physiology. He wrote 
 “ Ilandbuch der Experimentalphysiologie der Pflanzen" 
 (1865), “ Lehrbuch derBotanik” (1868), “ Vorlesungen fiber 
 Pflanzenphysiologie" (1882), “Geschichte der Botanik ’’ 
 (1875), “Gesammelten Abhandlungen fiber Pflanzenphysi- 
 ologie ” (1892-93), etc. 
 
 Safford (saf'ord), William Edwin. Born at 
 Chillieothe, Ohio, Dee. 14, 1859. An American 
 botanist and ethnologist, assistant botanist 
 
 of the United States Department of Agricul- 
 ture from 1902. He was graduated at the 
 United States Naval Academy in 1880, and 
 was vice-governor of Guam 1889-1900. 
 
 Safonof (sa-fon'of), Vasili Ilitch. Born in the 
 government of Caucasus, Feb. 6, 1852. A Rus- 
 sian pianist and conductor. He was first a pupil of 
 Leschetitzky, and in 1878 entered the St. Petersburg Con- 
 servatory. In 1880 he toured as a pianist, and subse- 
 quently taught at the St. Petersburg and Moscow conser- 
 vatories, becoming director of the latter in 1889. He 
 conducted the concerts of the New York Philharmonic 
 Society 1906-09. Among his piano pupils were Lhevinne 
 and Scriabin. 
 
 Sage (saj), Russell. Born in Verona township, 
 N. Y., Aug. 4, 1816; died at New York, July 
 22,1906. An American financier. He carried on 
 a wholesale grocery business 1839-57 at Troy, New 
 York, and served as a Whig member of Congress 
 1853-57. In 1863 he removed to New York city, where as 
 an associate of Jay Gould in developing and selling west- 
 
Sage 
 
 em railways, and afterward as a speculator in stocks and 
 a money-lender, he accumulated a large fortune, estimated 
 at from $60,000,000 upward. In 1869 he married Margaret 
 Olivia Slocum. She inherited the bulk of his fortune, and 
 has given large sums for religious, philanthropic, and edu- 
 cational purposes. See itJiusseU Sage Foundation. 
 
 St, Aldwyn, Viscount, See *Hicks-Beach. 
 
 St, Andrew, Brotherhood of. An organiza- 
 tion of men in the Protestant Episcopal Church, 
 formed in 1883 in Chicago. It works under two 
 rules, known as the the “Rule of Prayer ’’and the “Rule 
 of Service." In the United States there are 1,500 chapters, 
 with a membership of 15,000. There is also a junior de- 
 partment, with a membership of about 6,000. Allied or- 
 ganizations exist in Canada, Great Britain, Japan, New 
 Zealand, the West Indies, etc. 
 
 Saint Andrews'. University College at 
 Dundee has been affiliated with it since 1897. 
 St. Andrew’s Night. The 29th of November. 
 
 It is celebrated in some parts of Germany by forms of 
 divination very similar to those which are practised in 
 Scotland on Hallowe’en. Taylor , Notes to Faust. 
 
 St. Bernard (sant ber-nard'). A village in 
 Hamilton County, Ohio, 5 miles northeast of 
 Cincinnati. Population, 5,002, (1910). 
 
 St. Clair (sant klar). A borough in Allegheny 
 County, Pennsylvania, incorporated in 1904. 
 Population, 5,640, (1910). 
 
 St. Clair (sant klar). A borough in Schuylkill 
 County, Pennsylvania, 38 miles northwest of 
 Allentown. It has important coal-mining in- 
 terests and manufactories of miners’ supplies. 
 Population, 6,455, (1910). 
 
 Sainte Cun6gonde (sant kon-na-gond'). A city 
 in Hochelaga County, Quebec, Canada, adjoin- 
 ing Montreal. Population, 10,912. 
 
 St. Francis Xavier, College of. See *ColIege 
 of St. Francis Xavier. 
 
 St. George (sant jorj). The second island in 
 importance of the Pribylof group in Bering 
 Sea. It is famous for its fur-seal rookeries, which are 
 about one third as populous as those of St. Paul. The 
 village of St. George numbers about 100 Aleuts, the sealers 
 and their families. It has a Greek-Russian church, a com- 
 pany store, and an English school. Length, 12 miles. 
 Breadth, 1) miles. Area, about 39 square miles. 
 
 St. Helier. See *Jeune. 
 
 St. James’s Club. A London diplomatic club, 
 at 106 Piccadilly, founded in 1857. It has 800 
 members. 
 
 St. John’s College. A Roman Catholic insti- 
 tution of learning situated in Fordham, New 
 York city. It was opened in 1841, and in 1846 was 
 raised to the rank of a university and passed under the 
 control of the fathers of the Society of Jesus. It offers 
 classical and non-classical courses and has about 110 col- 
 legiate and 440 academic and grammar students. In 
 1907 its corporate name was changed to Fordham Univer- 
 sity (which see in supplement). 
 
 St. Joseph (sant jo'zef). The county-seat of 
 Berrien County, Michigan, on Lake Michigan, 
 at the mouth of the St. Joseph River. It is 
 the shipping-point for the surrounding fruit- 
 growing region, and has manufactories of 
 boats, paper, motor-cycles, flour, etc. Popu- 
 lation, 5,936, (1910). 
 
 St. Lawrence*. The great bridge under construction 
 across the river below Quebec collapsed on Aug. 29, 1907, 
 killing a number of workmen. The Dominion govern- 
 ment has undertaken its reconstruction. The new design 
 calls for a cantilever bridge with a total length of 2,930 
 feet. 
 
 St. Louis University. An institution of learn- 
 ing controlled and directed by the fathers of 
 the Society of Jesus, situated at St. Louis, 
 Missouri. It was founded in 1818 as St. Louis Academy 
 and incorporated as a university in 1832. It comprises 
 a college of arts and sciences ; schools of commerce and 
 finance, dentistry It. Louis College of Dentistry, affili- 
 ated 1908), divinity, medicine, and philosophy and sci- 
 ence ; and an institute of law. It is attended by about 
 900 students. 
 
 St. Marys (sant ma'riz). A city in Auglaize 
 County, Ohio, on the St. Marys River, 21 miles 
 southwest of Lima. It has machine-shops, 
 woolen-mills, and manufactories of paper, 
 plate-glass, wheels, chains, etc. Population, 
 5,732, (1910). 
 
 St. Marys (sant ma'riz). A borough in Elk 
 County, Pennsylvania, in a lumbering and 
 coal-mining region. It has lumber-mills, elec- 
 trical supply factories, etc. A German Bene- 
 dictine convent is located here. Population, 
 6,346, (1910). 
 
 St. Paul (sant pal). The principal island of 
 the Pribylof group in Bering Sea. it is famous 
 for Its fur-seal rookeries, which occupy about seven miles 
 of its coast-line. The village of St. Paul numbers about 
 200 inhabitants, natives of the Aleutian Islands brought 
 over to carry on the fur-seal industry. It has a church of 
 the Greek- Russian faith, an English school, and a company 
 store. Extreme length, 13J miles. Breadth, about 7J 
 miles. Area, about 43 square miles. 
 
 St. Paul’s School. An English public school 
 founded by John Colet (1466-1519), dean of St. 
 
 Paul’s Cathedral. The design of the founder was to 
 establish a school where 153 boys of good capacity, with- 
 out restriction as to nationality, should receive a sound 
 Christian education and a knowledge of Greek as well as 
 of Latin. The first head-master, William Lily (1468-1522), 
 was appointed in 1512. The school was removed from its 
 original site in St. Paul s Churchyard, London, to Ham- 
 mersmith Road, West Kensington, in 1884. Capitation 
 scholars (paying a tuition fee) have been added to the 
 foundation scholars, and the number of pupils is now 
 about 580. 
 
 Saintsbury*, George Edward Bateman. His 
 
 later works include “Miscellaneous Essays” (1892), 
 “Corrected Impressions” (1895), “Nineteenth Century 
 Literature” (1890), “The Flourishing of Romance and the 
 Rise of Allegory ’ (1897), “Sir Walter Scott” (1897), “A 
 Short History of English Literature” (1898), “Matthew 
 Arnold ” (1899), “A History of Criticism ” (3 vols., 1900-04), 
 “The Earlier Renaissance” (1901), “Loci Critici ” (1903), 
 “Minor Caroline Poets" (2 vols., 1905-06), “History of 
 Elizabethan Literature” (1906), “A History of English 
 Prosody’’ (Vol. I., 1906; Vol. II., 1908; Vol. III., 1910: 
 condensed into “Historical Manual of English Prosody,” 
 1911), “History of XIX. Century Literature ” (1906), “The 
 Later Nineteenth Century ” (1907), etc. 
 
 Saionji (sl'on-ji), Marquis Kin-mochi. Born 
 at Kioto, October, 1849. A Japanese states- 
 man, premier 1906-08 and 1911-12. He studied in 
 Paris 1870-80 ; was appointed minister to Austria In 1885 
 and to Germany in 1887 ; was minister of education 1894-96, 
 and again in the third administration of Marquis Ito; 
 and has several times been prime minister ad interim. 
 
 Sakhalin. See Saghalin. 
 
 Sala* George Augustus Henry. He wrote 
 also ‘‘Things I Have Seen and People I Have 
 Known” (1894) and “Life and Adventures of 
 George Augustus Sala” (1895). 
 
 Salamanca (sal-a-mang'ka). A village in 
 Cattaraugus County, New York, on the Alle- 
 gheny River, 28 miles northeast of James- 
 town. Its chief industries are lumbering and 
 manufacturing. Population, 5,792, (1910). 
 
 Salem (sa'lem). A town in Forsyth County, 
 North Carolina, 91 miles northwest of Raleigh. 
 It has manufacturing interests, and is the seat 
 of the Salem Female Academy and College 
 (Moravian). Population, 5,533, (1910). 
 
 Salisbury (salz'bu-ri). The county-seat of 
 Wicomico County, Maryland, on the Wicomico 
 River. It has railroad repair-shops, canning- 
 factories, lumber- and flour-mills, etc. Popu- 
 lation, 6,690, (1910). 
 
 Salisbury (salz'bu-ri). The county-seat of 
 Rowan County, North Carolina, 36 miles 
 northeast of Charlotte. It is in an agricultural 
 region, and haB foundries, wagon-works, cotton-factories, 
 etc. It is the seat of a State normal school and of Living- 
 stone College, both for the colored race. It has also a 
 national cemetery, in which are the graves of those who 
 died in a Confederate prison situated here during the 
 Civil War. Population, 7,153, (1910). 
 
 Salisbury (salz'bu-ri). The capital of Southern 
 Rhodesia, in South Africa, situated about 
 lat. 18° S., long. 31° E. it is on the railway from 
 the Cape, and is also connected with Beira on the coast of 
 Lorenzo Marques. Formerly Fort Salisbury. 
 
 Salisbury (salz'bu-ri), Rollin D. Born at 
 Spring Prairie, Wis., Aug. 17, 1858. An 
 American geologist, professor of geographic 
 geology in the University of Chicago from 1892, 
 dean of the Ogden School of Science from 
 1897, and head of the department of geography 
 from 1903. He was professor in Beloit College 1884-91, 
 and in the University of Wisconsin 1891-92. He has 
 published a treatise on geology (with Chamberlin), sev- 
 eral volumes on the geology of New Jersey, “Elementary 
 Physiography” (1910), etc. 
 
 Salome. 3. An opera (“drama”) in one act, 
 music by Richard Strauss, founded on a play 
 by Oscar Wilde. The leading characters are Salome 
 (the daughter of Herodias) and John the Baptist. It was 
 first produced in Dresden, Dec. 9, 1905, and in New York 
 in 1907. 
 
 Salomon (sal'o-mon), Haym. Bom at Lissa, 
 Poland, in 1740: died at Philadelphia, Jan. 6, 
 1785. A Jewish financier. He settled in New York 
 about 1772, and identified himself with the American 
 cause. He was imprisoned by the British shortly after 
 their occupation of New York, but escaped to Philadel- 
 phia in 1778, where he dealt in bills of exchange. He 
 negotiated many such for Robert Morris, the superin- 
 tendent of finance, and was formally recognized as the 
 official broker. He held similar relations with the French 
 army and consul, and aided Madison, James Wilson, and 
 other Revolutionary patriots. 
 
 Salton Sea*. The valley in which the Salton Sea lies 
 is, at its lowest point, about three hundred feet below 
 sea-level, and the waters of the Colorado have often found 
 their way into it. A notable incursion occurred in 1891, 
 forming a lake about 30 miles long, 10 miles wide, and 
 very shallow, which rapidly diminished. In the spring of 
 1905 the river, in flood, enlarged a passage which had 
 been cut, for purposes of irrigation, four miles below the 
 Mexican border, and by August was discharging the 
 greater part of its waters into the Salton Sea, which en- 
 larged until it attained an area of over 400 square miles 
 and a depth of about 90 feet. After several unsuccessful 
 attempts and the expenditure of vast sums of money 
 (required for the protecting of agricultural property and 
 that of the Southern Pacific Railroad), the inflow of water 
 was stopped in July, 1907. 
 
 San Carlos Borromeo de Monterey 
 
 Saltus* (sal'tus), Edgar Evertson. His later 
 
 works include “ The Pace that Kills ” (1888), “ A Transac- 
 tion in Hearts " (1889), “ Imperial Purple ” (1893), “ Purple 
 and Fine Women" (1903), “The Pomps of Satan" (1904), 
 “ The Perfume of Eros " (1905), “ Historia Amoris ” (1906), 
 “ Daughters of the Rich ’’ (1909), etc. 
 
 Salvador*. The republic is divided into 14 depart- 
 ments : Ahuachapan, Cabanas, Chalatenango, Cuscatlan, 
 La Libertad, La Paz, La Union, Morazan, San Miguel, San 
 Salvador, San Vincente, Santa Ana, Sonsonate, and Usu- 
 lutan. The capital is San Salvador. See also * Central 
 American Arbitration Treaty. 
 
 Salvini (sal-ve'ne), Alessandro. Born at 
 Rome, Dec. 21, 1861 : died at Florence, Dec. 
 15, 1896. An actor, son of Tommaso Salvini. 
 He was educated in Switzerland and at Florence as a 
 civil engineer ; came to America in 1881, and made his 
 first appearance on the stage in New York at the Union 
 Square Theater in 1882. His best known roles were those 
 of the Count in “Monte Cristo,” D’Artagnan in “The 
 Three Guardsmen,” and Hamlet. 
 
 Samal (sa'mal). An island in the Gulf of 
 Davao, southern Mindanao, Philippine Islands. 
 Area, 147 square miles. Population, 1,096. 
 
 S&mar. 2. A province of the Philippines con- 
 sisting of Sdmar and numerous small islands, 
 of which Daram is the largest. It is bounded by 
 the Strait of San Bernardino (separating it from Luzbn) 
 on the northwest ; the Pacific Ocean on the north and east ; 
 the Pacific Ocean and San Pedro and San Pablo Bay 
 (separating it from Leyte) on the south ; and San Pedro 
 and San Pablo Bay, the Strait of San Juanico (separating 
 it from Leyte), Daram Channel (separating it from Biliran 
 island), and the Visayan Sea (separating it from Masbate) 
 on the west. Capital, Catbalogau. The coast of Samar 
 island is indented by many bays. The principal harbors 
 are Borofigan Bay and Pambujan Bay on the eastern 
 coast and safe for large vessels in all weather. The surface 
 is mountainous, but without great elevations. Few of the 
 rivers are navigable even for native boats. Iron, lead, and 
 gold are found. Cocoa, hemp, bananas, copra, corn, sugar- 
 cane, and sweet potatoes are the chief products. The 
 inhabitants are Visayans. Area of the province, 6,276 
 square miles. Population, 266,237. 
 
 Sammarco (sam-mar'ko), Mario. Born at 
 Palermo in 1873. An Italian barytone singer. 
 He studied with Antonio Cantelli, and made his d6but 
 in Milan in “Le Villi.” He made his first appearance in 
 London in 1904, in “La Tosca,”and in America in 1906, at 
 the Manhattan Opera House, in “Pagliacci.” He has 
 also sung in Russia, Spain, and South America. His 
 repertoire includes Don Giovanni, Iago, Amonasro, Rigo- 
 letto, Tonio, Scarpia, and Falstaff. He created one of the 
 leading barytone rbles in Victor Herbert’s “ Natoma.” 
 
 Sampaloc (sam-pa'lok). A suburb of the city 
 of Manila, Luzon, Philippine Islands. Civi- 
 lized population, 18,772. 
 
 Samson et Dalila (son-s6n' a, da-le-la'). An 
 opera by Charles Camille St.-Saens (words by 
 Ferdinand Lemaire), first produced at Weimar 
 in 1877. 
 
 San Angelo (san an'je-lo). The county-seat 
 of Tom Green County, Texas, incorporated as 
 a city in 1903. It is on the Concho River, and 
 is important as a shipping-point for cattle, 
 wool, nuts, etc. Population, 10,321, (1910). 
 
 San Antonio (san au-td'ni-o) de Padua, Mis- 
 sion of. A Franciscan mission (the third) in 
 California, founded by Father Junipero Serra 
 in July, 1771, near the site of the present town 
 of Jolon, in Monterey County. 
 
 San Bernardino (sail ber-nar-de ' no). The 
 county-seat of San Bernardino County, Cali- 
 fornia, 53 miles east of Los Angeles. It is a 
 noted health resort, and has extensive fruit- 
 growing interests, also railroad shops, lumber- 
 mills, etc. Population, 12,779, (1910). 
 
 San Bernardino (san ber-nar-de'no), Strait 
 of. A strait in the Philippines, separating 
 Luz6n and Samar islands and connecting the 
 Visayan Sea with the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Sanborn (san'born), Franklin Benjamin. 
 Born at Hampton Falls, N. H., Dec. 15, 1831. 
 An American journalist, author, and social re- 
 former. He w ! as graduated at Harvard in 1856; was a 
 member of the Free Soil party in New Hampshire and 
 Massachusetts ; became secretary to the Massachusetts 
 State Kansas Committee in 1856 ; and was one of the 
 founders of the American Social Science Association, of 
 the National Prison Association, and of the National Con- 
 ference of Charities. He was an editor of the Boston 
 “Commonwealth” 1863-67, of the Springfield “Republi- 
 can" 1868-1906, and of the “Journal of Social Science" 
 1876-97. In 1879 he founded, with Bronson Alcott and 
 W. T. Harris, the Concord School of Philosophy (closed in 
 1888). Among his works are biographies of Emerson, 
 Thoreau, Alcott, Dr. S. G. Howe, and Dr. Pliny Earle, 
 “ Life and Letters of John Brown " (1885), “ The Personal- 
 ity of Thoreau” (1901), “The Personality of Emerson” 
 (1903), a “History of New Hampshire” (1904), “Life and 
 Earliest Writings of Thoreau ’’ (1906), “ Bronson Alcott at 
 Alcott House, England, and Fruitlands, New England" 
 (1908), “ Hawthorne and his Friends ” (1908), and “ Recol- 
 lections of Seventy Years” (1909). 
 
 San Carlos (san kar'los). A municipality of 
 Pangasimin province, in the western part of 
 Luzon, Philippine Islands. Civilized popula- 
 tion, 27,166. 
 
 San Carlos Borromeo (san kar'los bor-ro- 
 
San Carlos Borromeo de Monterey 
 
 ma'o) de Monterey, Mission of. A Francis- 
 can mission (tlie second) in California, founded 
 by Father Junipero Serra in 1770, on the site 
 of the present town of Monterey, and removed 
 in 1771 to Carmelo valley : from that time called 
 the Carmelo or Carmel Mission. 
 
 Sanday (san'da), William. Borne at Holme 
 Pierrepont, Nottinghamshire, Aug. 1, 1843. 
 An English theologian and historian, professor 
 of divinity and canon of Christ Church, Ox- 
 ford, from 1895. His works include “ Authorship and 
 Historical Character of the Fourth Gospel" (1872), “The 
 Gospels in the Second Century ” (1876), “The Oracles of 
 God ” (1891), “ Commentary on the Epistle to the P.omans " 
 (1895), etc. 
 
 Sandham (sand'am), Henry. Born at Mont- 
 real in 1842: died at London, June 21, 1910. 
 A Canadian painter and illustrator. As an illus- 
 trator he was connected with many publishing houses in 
 America and Europe. His paintings consist chiefly of 
 portraits and historical scenes. He was a charter mem- 
 ber of the Royal Canadian Academy of Art (1880). 
 
 San Diego (sandi-a'go) de Alcala, Mission 
 
 of. A mission founded by Father Junipero 
 Serra in southern California in 1769 : the oldest 
 of the missions in that State. There are 
 remains of the buildings about 6^ miles north 
 of San Diego. 
 
 Sands (sandz), William Franklin. Born at 
 Washington, July 29, 1874. An American di- 
 plomatist. He was second secretary of the American 
 legation at Tokio 1890-97 ; first secretary at Seul, Korea, 
 1897-99 ; adviser to the Emperor of Korea 1900-05 ; secre- 
 tary of the legation at Panama 1905-07, and at Guatemala 
 1907-08; secretary of the embassy to Mexico 1908-09; and 
 minister to Guatemala 1909-10. 
 
 San Fernando (san far-nan'do). 1. A port 
 and the capital of La Union province, in the 
 western part of Luzon, Philippine Islands. 
 It is situated on San Fernando Bay in lat. 10° 39* N., long. 
 120° 19’ 30" E. Civilized population of municipality, 16,- 
 095. 
 
 2. A municipality of Cebu province, in the 
 Philippine Islands. It is situated in the east- 
 ern part of Cebu Island. Population, 15,451. 
 Sanford (san'ford). A town in York County, 
 Maine, 31 miles southwest of Portland. It has 
 manufactories of cloth, carriages, shoes, blan- 
 kets, yarn, etc. Population, 9,049, (1910). 
 Sanford (san'ford), Edmund Clark. Born 
 at Oakland, Cal., Nov. 10, 1859. An American 
 psychologist. He was assistant professor 
 1892-1901, and professor 1901-09, of experi- 
 mental and comparative psychology in Clark 
 University, and was elected president of Clark 
 College in 1909. He has published “ A Course in Ex- 
 perimental Psychology " (1898), etc. 
 
 San Francisco de la Espada (san fran-thes'ko 
 da la as-pa'da), Mission of. A Franciscan 
 mission founded in 1731, on the San Antonio 
 River, about 9 miles south of San Antonio, 
 Texas. 
 
 San Gabriel (san ga'bri-el). A township in 
 Los Angeles County, California, 10 miles east 
 of Los Angeles. Population, including Al- 
 hambra city, 8,550, (1910). 
 
 San Gabriel Arcangel (san ga'bre-el ar- 
 kan'hel), Mission of. A Franciscan mission 
 (the fourth) in California, founded by Father 
 Junipero Serra in September, 1771, on the site 
 of the present township of San Gabriel. 
 Sangre de Cristo Range*. According to the 
 
 United States Geographic Board the range extends from 
 Poncha Pass, Colorado, to the neighborhood of Santa Fb, 
 New Mexico, thus including the southern portion, locally 
 known as the Culebra Range. Blanca Teak, in this range, 
 is 14,390 feet high, and is surpassed by Mount Massive 
 (14,424). 
 
 Sangster (sang'ster), Mrs. (Margaret Eliza- 
 beth Munson). Born Feb. 22,1838: died June 
 3, 1912. An American journalist, poet, and 
 writer of juveniles. She was associate editor of 
 “Hearth and Home” JK71-73, of “The Christian at Work” 
 1873-79, and of “The Christian Intelligencer” 1879-1912; 
 “ Postmistress ” of “ Harper’s Young reoxile ” 1882-89 ; and 
 editor of “Harper's Bazaar” 1889-99. She was on the 
 staff of the “Christian Herald ” from 1894, of the *• Ladies’ 
 Home Journal” 1899- 1904, and of the “Woman's Home 
 Companion” 1904-12. Among her Morks are “Poems of 
 the Household” (1882), “Winsome Womanhood” (1900), 
 “ Lyrics of Love ” (1901), “ Good Manners for all Occasions ” 
 (1905), “The Story Bible” (1905), “Happy School Days” 
 (1909), etc. 
 
 San Isidro (san e-se'dro). A town, the capital 
 of Nueva fieija province, Luzon, Philippine 
 Islands. It is situated on the Rio Grande de la Pam- 
 panga, in lat. 15° 18' 30" N., long. 120° 51' 30" E. Civilized 
 population of municipality, 9,800. 
 
 San Jose de Buenavista (san Ho-sa' da bwa- 
 nii-ves'ta). A town, the capital of Antique 
 province, Panay Island, in the Philippines. 
 It is in lat. 10° 44' N., long. 121° 54' E. Civilized popula- 
 tion of municipality, 0,768. 
 
 San Juan (san Ho-iin'). A department in the 
 northern part of Porto Rico, bounded by the 
 
 Atlantic Ocean on the north, Humacao on the 
 east, Guayama and Ponce on the south, and 
 Arecibo on the west. Area, 542 square miles. 
 Population, 160,046. Formerly Bayamon. 
 
 San Juan Capistrano (san Ho-an' ka-pis- 
 tra'no), Mission of. A Franciscan mission 
 founded by Father Junipero Serra in Novem- 
 ber, 1776, near the site of the present San 
 Juan, in Orange County, California. The ruins 
 of the mission have been in part restored. 
 
 San Juan Bange*. It includes all the mountains of 
 southwest Colorado south of Gunnison River, west of San 
 Luis Valley, and east of the Rio Grande Southern Rail- 
 road. U. S. Geographic Board. 
 
 San Luis Obispo (san lo'is o-bis'po). The 
 county-seat of San Luis Obispo County, Cali- 
 fornia, 8 miles from the Pacific Ocean. It has 
 a wireless telegraph station. Population, 5,- 
 157, (1910). 
 
 San Luis Obispo (san lo'is o-bis'po) de To- 
 losa, Mission of. A Franciscan mission (the 
 fifth) in California, founded by Father Juni- 
 pero Serra in September, 1772, on the site of 
 the present city of San Luis Obispo. The 
 original buildings have been reconstructed. 
 San Marino*. The ancient Arringo, a general 
 council of heads of families, was revived as a 
 part of the constitution in 1906. 
 
 San Miguel (san mi-gel'), Mission of. A 
 Franciscan mission established in July, 1797, 
 on the site of the present San Miguel, on the 
 Salinas River, about 33 miles north of San 
 Luis Obispo, California. 
 
 San-mun Bay (san-mon' ba). A bay on the 
 coast of Che-kiang, China, containing several 
 islands, among them Niu-tau. On February 28, 
 1899, Italy presented to China a demand for its lease as a 
 coaling-station and naval base, with the adjacent territory 
 as a sphere of influence. The demand was supported by 
 the British minister, Sir Claude Macdonald, but was not 
 granted by the Chinese government. 
 
 San Nicolas (san ne'ko-las). 1. A division of 
 the city of Manila, Luzon, Philippine Islands. 
 Civilized population, 29,055. — 2. A town in the 
 western part of Uocos Norte province, Luzon, 
 Philippine Islands. Population, 8,527. 
 
 San Pablo (san pab'lo). A municipality in 
 the southern part of La Laguna province, Lu- 
 zon, Philippine Islands. Civilized population, 
 22,612. 
 
 San Pedro (san pe'dro). A seaport in Los 
 Angeles County, California, on the Pacific 
 coast. It has a wireless telegraph station. 
 Population, about 2,000. 
 
 Sansovino (sfin*-so-ve'n6), or Sansavino, Ja- 
 copo or Giacomo (Jacopo Tatti). Born 
 near Florence, 1479; died at Venice, Nov. 27, 
 1570. An Italian sculptor and architect. 
 His first master was Andrea Sansovino, whose name he 
 assumed. About 1507 he went to Rome and entered the 
 service of Pope Julius II. and Brainante. On the sack of 
 Rome in 1527 he went to Venice, where he spent the re- 
 mainder of his life, and designed a large number of splen- 
 did buildings. He had charge of the Piazza di San Marco 
 with tlie church, campanile, and adjacent public build- 
 ings, except the Doge's Palace. 
 
 Santa Ana (san'ta an'a). The county-seat of 
 Orange County, California, 31 miles southeast 
 of Los Angeles. Its principal interests are 
 dairyingand fruit-growing. Pop., 8,429, (1910). 
 Santa Barbara (san'ta bar'ba-ra). A muni- 
 cipality in the southeastern part of Iloilo 
 province, Panay, Philippine Islands. Civi- 
 lized population, 15,149. 
 
 Santa Barbara (san'ta bar'ba-ra), Mission 
 of. A Franciscan mission founded in 1786 by 
 Father Junipero Serra near the site of the 
 present town of Santa Barbara, California. 
 It has been in operation without intermission 
 since its establishment, and is still conducted 
 by the Franciscans. 
 
 Santa Clara (san'ta kla'ra). A province of 
 Cuba, situated between the provinces of Ma- 
 tanzas and Camagiiey. Capital, Santa Clara. 
 Area, 8,257 square miles. Population, 457,431. 
 Santa Clara (san'ta kla'ra), Mission of. A 
 Franciscan mission in California, founded in 
 January, 1777, by Father Junipero Serra near 
 the present town of Santa Clara, and in 1781 
 removed to its present location in that place. 
 A church built 1781-84 was damaged by earth- 
 quakes in 1812, and a new one was erected 
 1825-26. 
 
 Santa Cruz (san'ta kroth). 1. A district of 
 the city of Manila, Luzdn, Philippine Islands. 
 Civilized population, 35,030. — 2. A town, the 
 capital of La Laguna province, Luzdn. Itissitu- 
 
 ated on the eastern shore of Laguna de Bay in lat. 14° IS' 
 N., long. 121° 24' 30" E. Civilized population of munici- 
 pality, 12,747. 
 
 Satolli 
 
 3. A municipality of Marinduque subprovince 
 in the Philippine Islands, it is situated on Port 
 Santa Cruz, iu the northern part of Marinduque Island. 
 Civilized population, 16,350 
 
 Santa Fe (san'ta fa') Trail. A route of travel 
 in the southwestern United States, of great 
 importance before the construction of the 
 transcontinental railways, extending from Fort 
 Leavenworth, Kansas, to Santa Fd, New 
 Mexico. It passed south of Topeka and after reaching 
 the Arkansas river near Great Bend followed approxi- 
 mately the course later taken by the Atchison, Topeka, 
 and Santa Fe Railroad. From Cimarron Crossing, near 
 Fort Dodge, a branch trail followed a more southerly and 
 direct route to Santa Fe. 
 
 Santa Monica (san'ta mon'i-ka). A city in 
 Los Angeles County, California, on Monica 
 Bay, 15 miles west of Los Angeles. Popula- 
 tion, 7,847, (1910). 
 
 Santayana (san-ta-ya'na), George. Born at 
 Madrid, Spain, Dec. 16, 1863, of Spanish pa- 
 rentage. An American poet, essayist, educa- 
 tor, and philosopher, assistant professor of 
 philosophy in Harvard University from 1889 
 and professor 1907-12. He was Hyde lecturer at the 
 Sorbonne, Paris, 1905-06. Among his works are “ Sonnets 
 and Other Verses ” (1894), “ The Sense of Beauty : Outlines 
 of -Esthetic Theory ’ ’ (1896), “ Lucifer : a Theological 
 Tragedy ” (1899), “ Interpretations of Poetry and Religion ” 
 (1900), “The Hermit of Carmel, and Other Poems” (1901), 
 “The Life of Reason,” a work in five volumes : “ Reason in 
 Common Sense ” (1905), “ Reason in Society ” (1905), “ Rea- 
 son in Religion ’’ (1905), “ Reason in Art " (1905), and 
 “Reason in Science" (1906), and “Three Philosophical 
 Poets : Lucretius, Dante, and Goethe ” (1910). 
 
 Santee (san-te'). [Dakota I-san-a-ti.] A di- 
 vision of the Dakota Indians. 
 
 Santiago de Cuba. 2. The former name of the 
 province of Oriente, Cuba. 
 
 Santos-Bmnont (san'tos-dfi-mon'), Alberto. 
 Born at Sao Paulo, Brazil, July 20, 1873. A 
 Brazilian aeronaut. He made his first ascent at 
 Paris in 1897, and in 1898 began the construction of his 
 first dirigible air-ship, consisting of a cylindrical balloon 
 propelled by a motor. Since then he has invented many 
 improvements in steering devices, propelling mechanism, 
 etc. In 1900 he received the prize of 4,000 francs from the 
 Paris Aero Club, and in 1901 was awarded the Deutsch 
 prize of 100,000 francs for the first dirigible balloon or fly- 
 ing-machine to make a prescribed circuit between Saint- 
 Cloud and the Eiffel Tower in a maximum time of thirty 
 minutes, receiving at the same time 125,000 francs and a 
 gold medal from the government of Brazil. Later he 
 turned his attention to the construction and use of aero- 
 planes, and on Sept. 13, 1909, in a monoplane, flew about 
 five miles in seven minutes. He has written “My Air- 
 ships ” (1904). 
 
 Santo Tomas (san'to to-mas'). 1. A bay on 
 the coast of La Union province, western Lu- 
 zon, Philippine Islands : safe in the northeast 
 monsoon for vessels not exceeding 15 feet 
 draft. — 2. A peak in the eastern part of La 
 Unidn province, Luzdn. Height, 7,298 feet. 
 
 Sapulpa (sa-pul'pa). A city in Creek County, 
 Oklahoma, on a small branch of the Arkansas 
 River. It has cotton-gins, cotton-compresses, 
 etc. Population, 8,283, (1910). 
 
 Saranac Lake (sar'a-nak lak). A village in 
 Essex and Franklin counties, New York, in 
 the Adirondack Mountains. It is a well-known 
 health resort. In its vicinity are the State 
 Hospital for Incipient Tuberculosis and a sana- 
 torium for consumptives. Population, 4,983, 
 (1910). 
 
 Sarangani (sa-ran-ga'ne) Islands. A group 
 of small islands in the Philippines, lying south- 
 southeast of the most southern point of Min- 
 danao, from which they are separated by Sa- 
 rangani Channel. They belong to Davao district, 
 Moro province. Balut, the largest, contains Sarangani 
 volcano, 3,100 feet in height. Area of group, about 65 
 square miles. 
 
 SardOU*, Victonen. His later works include “Gis- 
 monda” (1894), “Marcelle ’ (1895), “Spiritisme” (1897), 
 “Pamela” (189S), “Robespierre ” (1899), “Le Dante” 
 (1903), “La sorciere ” (1903), “La Piste ” (1906), “Le drame 
 des poisons ” (1907). 
 
 Sargent (sari gent), Dudley Allen. Born at 
 Belfast, Maine, Sept. 28, 1849. An American 
 physician, director of the gymnasium of Har- 
 vard University from 1880. He was professor 
 of physical training in Yale University 1872-79. 
 His works include “Health, Strength, and 
 Power” (1904), “Physical Education” (1906), 
 etc. 
 
 Sarrien (sa-rian'), Jean Marie Ferdinand. 
 
 Born at Bourbon-Lancy, France, Oct. 13, 1840. 
 A French statesman. He was minister of posts and 
 telegraphs April G-Dec. 2S, 1885, in the ministry of Bris* 
 son ; minister of the interior Jan. 7-Dec. 11, 1886, in the 
 cabinet of Freycinet, and again Dec. 12, 1887, -April 3, 
 1888, in that of Tirard, and again under Bourgeois in 1896; 
 was minister of justice under Brisson in 1S98; and was 
 premier and minister of justice, M arch-October, 1906. 
 
 Satolli (sa-tol'le), Francesco. Born at Mai- 
 scieno, near Perugia, July 21, 183P: died at 
 
Satolli 
 
 Rome, Jan. 8, 1910. An Italian prelate. In 
 
 1880 he was appointed professor of theology in the College 
 of the Propaganda at Rome ; was appointed titular arch- 
 bishop of Lepanto in 1883 ; and was papal representative 
 at the centenary of the establishment of the see of Balti- 
 more in 1889. He returned to the United States in 1892 
 as appellate judge with extraordinary discretion ; and in 
 the same year was made apoBtolic delegate to the United 
 States. In 1895 he was elevated to the cardinalate. 
 
 Satow (sat'o), Sir Ernest Mason. Born June 
 30, 1843. A British diplomatist, minister at 
 Peking 1900-06. He was envoy extraordinary and 
 minister plenipotentiary to Morocco in 1893, and was 
 iransferred to Tokio, Japan, in 1895. In 1907 he was a 
 delegate to the second Peace Conference. He has written 
 a handbook of Japan (with A. G. S. Hawes), an English- 
 Japanese dictionary (with M. Ishibashi), “Jesuit Mission 
 Press in Japan, 1591-1610,” etc. 
 
 Satterlee (sat'er-lf), Henry Yates. Born at 
 New York, Jan. 11, 1843: died at Washington, 
 Feb. 22, 1908. An American Protestant Epis- 
 copal bishop. He was graduated at Columbia Univer- 
 sity in 1863, and ordained priest in 1867. He was rector 
 of Zion Church, YVappingers Falls, N. Y., 1875-82, and of 
 Calvary Church, New York city, 1882-96. In 1896 he be- 
 came bishop of the diocese of Washington, D. C. He 
 published “Christ and His Church ” (1878), “A Creedless 
 Gospel and the Gospel Creed” (1894), “New Testament 
 Churchmanship ” (1899), etc. 
 
 Satterlee (sat'er-le), Walter. Born at Brook- 
 lyn, N. Y., Jan. 18, 1844: died there, May 28, 
 1908. An American painter. He studied at the 
 National Academy of Design, and under Mon Bonnat at 
 Paris, and became an associate of the National Academy 
 in 1879. He was chiefly known for his figure-painting and 
 genre-work. Among his pictures are “A Coquette of the 
 Olden Time,” “His Eminence the Cardinal,” “An Arab 
 Sheik,” “The Old Garden,” and “ The Balsam Cathedral. ” 
 Sauer (zou'er), Emil. Born at Hamburg, Oct. 
 8, 1862. A German pianist. He studied with Nicho- 
 las Rubinstein at the Moscow Conservatory 1876-81, and 
 later with Liszt. Since 1882 he has appeared as a concert 
 pianist, making tours in Europe and America. From 1901 
 to 1907 he taught in the Vienna Conservatory. He has 
 published a concerto and other works for the piano, also 
 a book of reminiscences called “Meine Welt.” 
 
 Saugus (sa'gus). A town in Essex County, 
 Massachusetts, 8 miles northeast of Boston. 
 It has manufactories of leather, flannel, etc. 
 Population, 8,047, (1910). 
 
 Sauk. Same as Sac. 
 
 Sault Sainte Marie (so sant ma'ri ; F. pron. 
 so sant ma-re') Canals. Two canals, situated 
 in Michigan and Ontario near the falls in the 
 Saint Mary’s River. They connect Lake Superior 
 and Lake Huron and lower or raise vessels from one level 
 to another (16p-20i feet). One (in Michigan) was begun 
 in 1853 and opened in 1855. It was enlarged by the 
 United States government 1870-81. The improvements 
 included the Weitzel lock (515 feet long). The State of 
 Michigan relinquished control in 1881 and in 1887 the 
 State locks were torn down and replaced by a single lock 
 (the Poe lock, 800 feet long, 100 feet wide, and 22 feet 
 deep on the sills), opened in 1896. The American canal 
 is ljt miles in length, has a minimum width of 216 feet, 
 and U 25 feet in depth. The other (Canadian) canal was 
 built 1888-95. It is 1J miles long, 150 feet wide, and 22 
 feet deep, with a lock 900 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 22 
 feet deep on the sills. In 1910 the number of passages 
 through both canals was : 17,674 steamers, 1,890 sailing 
 vessels, 1,335 unregistered ; total, 20,899. 
 
 Sauret (so-ra'), Emile. Born at Dun-le-Roi, 
 Cher, May 22, 1852. A French violinist. He 
 
 first appeared in concert about 1862. He has made sev- 
 eral tours in America, the first in 1872, and has played 
 throughout Europe and in London. His first wife was 
 Teresa Carreno. He has taught much since 1880, in insti- 
 tutions in Berlin, London, and Chicago, and privately at 
 Geneva. He has published several compositions, includ- 
 ing a concerto. 
 
 Savage (sav'aj), Minot Judson. Born at Nor- 
 ridgewoek, Maine, June 10, 1841. An Ameri- 
 can minister and author. He was graduated at the 
 Bangor Theological Seminary in 1864, and entered the 
 Congregational ministry, later becoming a Unitarian. He 
 was pastor of the Third Unitarian Church, Chicago, 1873- 
 1874, and of the Church of the Unity, Boston, 1874-96, and 
 associate minister (with Robert Collyer) at the Church of 
 the Messiah, New York city, 1896-1906. He has published 
 “The Religion of Evolution ” (1876), “The Morals of Evo- 
 lution ” (1880), “Religious Reconstruction” (1888), “The 
 Evolution of Christianity” (1892), “Jesus and Modern 
 Life” (1893), “Life beyond Death” (1901), “Men and 
 Women” (1902), “Poems” (1905), etc. 
 
 Savage (sav'aj), Richard Henry. Born at 
 Utica, N. Y., June 12, 1846: died at New York, 
 Oct. 11, 1903. An American author and mili- 
 tary engineer. He was graduated at West Point in 
 1868 ; served in the corps of engineers ; was in the Egyp- 
 tian army 1871-74 ; and later became a railway engineer. 
 In 1898 he was appointed senior major of the Second 
 United States Volunteer Engineers and served through 
 the Spanish-American war. He published a large num- 
 ber of stories. 
 
 Savage Club. A London club, on Adelphi 
 Terrace, W. C., founded in 1857 for the pur- 
 pose of promoting intercourse among those in- 
 terested in literature, art, music, the drama, 
 and science. 
 
 Savile Club. A London club, at 107 Picca- 
 dilly, founded in 1868 for social purposes. It 
 has about 675 members. 
 
 Saville (sav'il), Marshall Howard. Bom at 
 
 Rockport, Mass., June 24, 1867. An American 
 scientist, professor of American archeology in 
 Columbia University from 1903. He was assistant 
 curator of anthropology in the American Museum of Nat- 
 ural History 1894-1902 ; curator of Mexican and < ’entral 
 American archaeology 1902-07 ; and honorary curator 
 1907-10. His researches and publications relate chiefly 
 to the antiquities of Mexico, Central America, and north- 
 western South America. 
 
 Sayre (sar). A borough in Bradford County, 
 Pennsylvania, on the north branch of the Sus- 
 quehanna River. It has iron-works, railroad 
 shops, etc. Population, 6,426, (1910). 
 
 Scalchi (skal'.ke), Sofia. Born at Turin, Nov. 
 29, 1850. An Italian contralto singer. She made 
 her debut as Ulrica, in “Un Ballo in Maschera,” at Man- 
 tua in 1866. She sang in many Italian cities, also in Eng- 
 land (1868-90), and first came to America in 1883. Her 
 rdles included Leonora (in “La Favorita”), Meaia (in 
 “Paul et Virginie ”), Mrs. Page (in “ Falstaff ’’), Fides (in 
 “Le Prophfete”), Arsaces (in “Semiramide”), Amneris 
 (in “Aida”), and Siebel (in “Faust”). 
 
 Scarfoglio, Signora. Eduardo. See *Serao, Ma- 
 tilde. 
 
 Schiaparelli*, Giovanni Virginio. His later 
 
 works include “ De la rotation de la terre sous l’infiuence 
 des actions gbologiques ” (1889), “Rubra canicola" (1896- 
 1897), “ Origine del sistema planetario eliocentrico presso i 
 Greci ” (1898), “ L’Astronomia neli’ Antico Testamento ” 
 (1903). 
 
 Schiff (shif), Jacob Henry. Born atFrankfort- 
 on-the-Main, Jan. 10, 1847. A German- Ameri- 
 can financier and philanthropist. He came 
 to the United States in 1865, engaged in business, and 
 became senior partner of the firm of Kuhn, Loeb, and 
 Company, New York city. Among other enterprises, he 
 placed three large Japanese war loans in 1904 and 1905, in 
 recognition of which the Second Order of the Sacred 
 Treasure of Japan was conferred upon him by the Mikado. 
 He built and endowed the Semitic Museum of Harvard 
 University; built the Jewish Theological Seminary of 
 America, and contributed largely to its endowment ; and 
 has given to charitable and educational institutions. 
 
 Schilling (shil'ing), Alexander. Born at Chi- 
 cago. A contemporary American landscape- 
 painter and etcher. He was awarded the gold medal 
 of the Art Club of Philadelphia in 1901 and the silver medal 
 of the St. Louis Exposition in 1904. Among his pictures 
 are “Midnight” (1895), “Upland Fields" (1901), “Moon- 
 light after Rain ” (1905), and “The Blue Pool ” (1907). 
 
 Schinkel (shing'kel), Karl Friedrich. Born 
 at Neuruppin, Germany, March 13, 1781 : died 
 at Berlin, Oct. 9, 1841. A noted German archi- 
 tect and painter. He was a pupil of David and Fried- 
 rich Gilly in Berlin, and also studied in Italy and Paris. 
 In 1820 he was created professor in the Architectural 
 Academy at Berlin. He was especially interested in the 
 introduction of Greek forms and details in modern build- 
 ings. Among the buildings which he designed are the old 
 Museum, the Royal Theater, the Schlossbriicke, the 
 School of Artillery and Engineering, etc., in Berlin ; the 
 St. Nicolai-Kirche in Potsdam ; and various buildings in 
 Dresden and other German cities. He built many churches 
 in a revised Gothic style. 
 
 Schlotterbeck (shlot'er-bek), Julius Otto. 
 Born at Ann Arbor, Mich., Sept. 1, 1865. An 
 American pharmacist, chemist, and educator, 
 professor of pharmacognosy and botany in the 
 University of Michigan from 1896. Since 1905 he 
 has been dean of the School of Pharmacy there. He has 
 published various technical papers upon the chemistry of 
 plant alkaloids. 
 
 Schomburgk Line*. Arbitration was agreed to by 
 England in 1896, and a decision was reached in 1899 
 which established the Schomburgk Line as the boundary, 
 with the exception of Barima Point, at the mouth of the 
 Orinoco, and a strip of land between the Wenamu and 
 Cuyuni rivers, which went to Venezuela. 
 
 Schreiner*, Olive (Mrs. S. C. Cronwright 
 
 Schreiner). Her later works include “The Political 
 Situation ” (1895 : written jointly with her husband), 
 “Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland” (1897), “An 
 English South African’s View of the Situation” (1898), 
 “Woman and Labor” (1911), etc. 
 
 Schuch (shoch), Ernst von. Born at Gratz, 
 Nov. 23, 1847. An Austrian conductor. He 
 studied with Eduard Stolz at Gratz and with Dessoff at 
 Vienna; played the violin and piano in concerts before he 
 was eleven ; and became a conductor at Breslau at the age 
 of twenty. Since 1872 he has conducted at the Royal 
 Opera, Dresden. He conducted the first performances of 
 Richard Strauss’s music-dramas “Salome,” “ Elektra,”and 
 “Rosenkavalier,” all of which had their first presentation 
 at Dresden. He also conducted on several occasions at the 
 Metropolitan Opera House, New York, 1899-1900. 
 
 Schuchert (shuk'ert), Charles. Born at Cin- 
 cinnati, Ohio, July 3, 1858. An American 
 naturalist, professor of paleontology in Yale 
 University and curator of the geological col- 
 lections at the Peabody Museum from 1904. 
 He was assistant paleontologist, of the United States Geo- 
 logical Survey 1893-94, and assistant curator of the United 
 States National Museum 1894-1904. 
 
 Schumann-Heink (sho'man-lringk'), Frau 
 (Ernestine Rossler). Born at Lieben, near 
 Prague, June 15, 1861. A famous contralto 
 singer. Her debut was made at Dresden, Oct. 13, 1878, 
 as Azucena, in “II Trovatore,” after which she sang in 
 Hamburg and London. She first appeared in America 
 
 Scotti 
 
 Jan. 9, 1899, at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York, 
 as Ortrud, in “Lohengrin,” and has sung here for many 
 seasons in opera and concert. She has made frequent ap- 
 pearances at Bayreuth, and created the r61e of Klytem- 
 nestra, in Richard Strauss's “ Elektra,” at Dresden. Other 
 parts in which she has been heard are Erda, Fricka, 
 Waltrauta, the Witch (in “Hansel und Gretel ”), Fides (in 
 “ Le Prophete”), and Carmen. By her first marriage, in 
 
 1883, she became Frau Heink, and upon the second, in 1893, 
 to Paul Schumann, she took the name of Schumann-Heink. 
 In 1906 she married William Rapp, and became a resident 
 of the United States. 
 
 Schurman (shur'man), Jacob Gould. Born 
 at Freetown, Prince Edward Island, May 22, 
 1854. An American scholar, author, and edu- 
 cator. He was professor of English literature, etc., at 
 Acadia College 1880-82 ; was professor of metaphysics, etc., 
 at Dalhousie College 1882-86 ; and since 1886has been con- 
 nected with Cornell University (as Sage professor of phi- 
 losophy 1886-92, as dean of the Sage School of Philosophy 
 1891, and as president since 1892). In 1899 he was ap- 
 pointed chairman of the United States Ihiiippine Com- 
 mission, and in August, 1912, minister to Gieece and Mon- 
 tenegro. Among his published works are “Kantian Ethics 
 and the Ethics of Evolution " (1881), “The Ethical Import 
 of Darwinism” (1888), “Belief in God” (1890), “Agnos- 
 ticism and Religion'’ (1896), “Report of the Philippine 
 Commission, ” of which he was joint author (1900), and 
 “Philippine Affairs— A Retrospect and Outlook" (1900). 
 Schiitz (shiitz), Heinrich. Born at Kostritz, 
 Oct. 8, 1585: died at Dresden, Nov. 6, 1672. 
 A German musician. He was the most influential 
 composer of the 17tli century in the development of 
 church music, and was also the composer of the first Ger- 
 man opera, “ Dafne ” (1627). In 1615 he was kapellmeister 
 of the court orchestra at Dresden, and later was conductor 
 at Copenhagen. 
 
 Schwab (shwab), Charles M. Born at Wil- 
 liamsburg, Pa., April 18, 1862. An American 
 capitalist. He passed his early years at Loretto, Penn- 
 sylvania. Entering the service of the Edgar’ Thomson 
 Steel Works, in Pittsburgh, as stake-driver, he was chief 
 engineer and assistant manager 1881-87 and general 
 superintendent 1889-97. He was president of the Car- 
 negie Steel Company 1897-1901, and of the United States 
 Steel Corporation 1901-03. He is now president of the 
 Bethlehem Steel Corporation, and a director of many other 
 large industrial organizations. He has built a Catholic 
 church at Loretto, Pennsylvania, and has founded an in- 
 dustrial school at Homestead. 
 
 Scidmore (sid'mor), Eliza Ruhamah. Born 
 at Madison, Wis., Oct. 14, 1856. An American 
 traveler and author. Among her works are “ Alaska : 
 its Southern Coast and the Sitkan Archipelago ” (1885 : re- 
 published in 1889 as “Journeyings in Alaska”), “West- 
 ward to the Far East” (1890), “ From East to West” 
 (1890), “Jinriksha Days in Japan” (1890), “Appleton’s 
 Guide-book to Alaska and the Northwest Coast,” “Java : 
 the Garden of the East” (1898), “China: the Long-lived « 
 Empire” (1900), and “Winter India” (1903). 
 
 Scollard (skol'ard), Clinton. Born at Clinton, 
 N. Y., Sept. 18, 1860. An American author 
 aud poet. He was associate professor of rhetoric and 
 elocution at Hamilton College 1889-91, and professor of 
 English literature 1891-96. He has written “With Reed 
 and Lyre ” (1886), “ Songs of Sunrise Lands ” (1892), “ Un- 
 der Summer Skies” (1892), “On Sunny Shores ’’ (1893), 
 
 “ The Hills of Song ” (1896), “ Skenandoa ” (1896), “ A Man 
 at Arms ” (1898), “The Lutes of Morn ’ ’ (1901), “ The Clois- 
 tering of Ursula” (1902), “Lyrics and Legends of Christ- 
 mastide ” (1 904), “ Odes and Elegies ” (1905), “ A Southern 
 Flight” (with Frank Dempster Sherman : 1906), “Easter 
 Song ” (1907), “Voices and Visions ” (1908), “ Pro Patria ” 
 (1909), “Chords of the Zither” (1910), etc. 
 
 Scott (skot), Austin. Bora at Maumee, Ohio, 
 Aug. 10, 1848. An American historian aud edu- 
 cator, president of Rutgers College 1890 1906. 
 
 He was graduated at l r ale in 1869; studied at the Uni- 
 versity of Michigan and in Berlin and Leipsic ; was private 
 secretary to George Bancroft 1872-73 and 1875-81 ; was as- 
 sociate in history at Johns Hopkins University 1876-82 ; 
 and was professor of history in Rutgers College 1883-90, 
 and of history and political science 1906. 
 
 Scott (skot), John, first Earl of Eldon. Born 
 at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, June 4, 1751: died 
 at London, Jan. 13, 1838. An English jurist. 
 He was appointed solicitor-general in 1788, attorney-gen- 
 eral in 1793, and chief justice of common pleas in 1799, 
 and was lord chancellor of England 1801-06 and 1807-27. 
 Scott (skot), Robert Falcon. Born at Devon- 
 port, England, June 6, 1868: died in the ant- 
 arctic (lat. 79° 40' S., long. 169° 23' E.), March 
 27(?), 1912. An English naval officer aud ex- 
 plorer. He entered the navy in 1882 ; was promoted cap- 
 tain in 1904, and commanded national antarctic expedi- 
 tions 1900-04, 1910-12. With four companions he reached 
 the south pole, Jan. 17-18, 1912, but all perished on the 
 return journey. He published an account of his first voy- 
 age in “ The Voyage of the Discovery ” (1905); and an ac- 
 count of the last expedition, compiled from his diaries, 
 was issued as “ Scott ’s Last Expedition " in 1913. 
 
 Scott (skot), William Berryman. Born at 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb. 12, 1858. An Ameri- 
 can paleontologist, professor of geology and 
 paleontology in Princeton University from 
 
 1884. 
 
 Scottdale (skot'dal). A borough in Westmore- 
 land County, Pennsylvania, 32 miles southeast 
 of Pittsburgh. Population, 5,456, (1910). 
 Scotti (skot'te), Antonio. Born at Naples in 
 1869. An Italian barytone singer. He made hi* 
 first appearance at, Malta, Nov. 1, 1889, and afterward sang 
 in many Italian cities. In 1899 he became a member of 
 
Scotti 
 
 the Metropolitan Opera Company, New York. His prin- 
 cipal roles include Scarpia (in “ La Tosca ”), Don Giovanni, 
 Iago (in “ Otello ”), Sharpless (in “ Madama Butterfly ”), 
 Ponio (in “ Pagliacei "), Amonasro (in “Aida”), and 
 Falstaff. 
 
 Scriabin (skre-a-bin'), Alexander Nicholae- 
 vitch. Born at Moscow, Jan. 10, 1872 (Dec. 
 29, 1871, O. S.). A Russian composer and 
 
 pianist. He studied in the Moscow Conservatory under 
 Safonoff. Since 1892 he has made tours of Europe and 
 has appeared in America (1906-07). He was for five years 
 (1898-1903) teacher of the piano at the Moscow Conserva- 
 tory, but of late he has devoted himself to composition. 
 His works include two symphonies, a piano concerto, and 
 a number of piano compositions which show the influence 
 of Chopin. 
 
 Scripture (skrip'tur), Edward Wheeler. 
 
 Born at Mason, N. H., May 21, 1864. An 
 American experimental psychologist and pho- 
 netician. He was connected with Yale University as 
 instructor, director of the psychological laboratory, and 
 assistant professor 1892-1903. His publications include 
 “Thinking, Feeling, Doing” (1895), “The New Psy- 
 chology” (1897), “Elements of Experimental Phonetics ” 
 (1902), “Researches in Experimental Phonetics : Study of 
 Speech Curves ’ (1907), etc. 
 
 Scudder (skud'er), Vida Dutton. Born in 
 southern India, Dec. 15, 1861. An American 
 educator and author. She was graduated at Smith 
 College in 1884, studied in Europe, and has been associate 
 professor 1892-1910 and professor 1910- of English liteia- 
 ture at Wellesley College. She has published “The Life of 
 the Spirit in the Modern English Poets” (1896), “The 
 Witness of Denial ” (1895), “Social Ideals in English Let- 
 ters” (1898), “Introduction to the Study of English Liter- 
 ature ” (1901), “A Listener in Babel ”(1903), “ The Disciple 
 of a Saint " (1907), and “Socialism and Character ” (1912). 
 She has also translated and edited the letters of St. Cath- 
 erine of Siena. 
 
 Seabreeze (se'brez). A town in Volusia Coun- 
 ty, Florida, incorporated in 1901, on the east 
 coast, about 50 miles south of St. Augustine. 
 It has a wireless telegraph station. 
 
 Seabury (se'bu-ri), Samuel. Born at Groton, 
 Conn., Nov. 30, 1729: died at New London, 
 Conn., Feb. 25, 1796. An American clergy- 
 man, the first bishop of the Episcopal Church 
 in America. He was graduated at Yale in 1748; studied 
 at Edinburgh ; was ordained deacon and priest in 1753 ; 
 held pastorates in New Brunswick, New Jersey, Jamaica, 
 Long Island, and Westchester, New York; and in 1783 
 was elected bishop by fourteen Connecticut clergymen. 
 He went to England to secure consecration, and finally 
 received it in 1784 at the hands of Scotch bishops. 
 The validity of this consecration was contested in Amer- 
 • ica, but the dispute was settled in his favor in 1789. 
 
 Seaman (se'man), Owen. Born 1861. An 
 English humorist and editor. He was educated at 
 the Shrewsbury School and at Clare College, Cambridge ; 
 was appointed professor of literature at the Durham Col- 
 lege of Science, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in 1890 ; joined the 
 staff of “Punch” in 1897; and became its subeditor in 
 1902 and editor-in-chief in 1906. He has written “Horace 
 at Cambridge” (1894), “The Battle of the Bays” (1896), 
 “ In Cap and Bells ” (1899), “Borrowed Plumes " (1902), “ A 
 Harvest of Chaff ” (1904), etc. 
 
 Sea of Japan, Battle of the. A great naval 
 battle fought by the Japanese fleet under Ad- 
 miral Togo and the Russian squadron under 
 Admiral Rozhestvensky in the eastern chan- 
 nel of the Strait of Korea, off the island of Tsu 
 Shima, May 27-28, 1905. Of the thirty-eight 
 vessels of the Russian fleet, twenty-two were 
 sunk and six were captured. 
 
 Seawell (se'wel), Molly Elliot. Born at The 
 Shelter, Gloucester County, Va., Oct. 23, 
 1860. An American novelist and playwright. 
 She is the author of “ Throckmorton ” (1890), “ Children of 
 Destiny” (1893), “The Sprightly Romance of Marsac ” 
 (1895), “ The History of The Lady Betty Stair ” (1896), “ The 
 Loves of the Lady Arabella ” (1898), “ The House of Egre- 
 mont ’ ’ (1900), “ Papa Bouchard ’ ’ (1901), 1 ‘ Francezki (1902), 
 “The Fortunes of Fifi ” (1903), “The Chateau of Mon- 
 plaisir ” (1905), “The Victory ” (1906), “The Secret of Toni ” 
 (1907). “Imprisoned Midshipmen” (1908), “Last Duchess 
 of Belgrade ” (1908), etc., and of several plays and many 
 juvenile stories. 
 
 Seddon (sed'on), Richard John. Born at Ec- 
 cleston, Lancashire, England, 1845 : died near 
 Sydney, N. S. W., June 10, 1906. A British 
 colonial statesman, premier of New Zealand 
 1893-1906. He emigrated to Melbourne, Australia, in 
 1863, removed to New Zealand, and was elected a member 
 of the House of Representatives in 1879. For various 
 periods since 1891 he held the positions of postmaster- 
 general ; minister of mines, of public works, native affairs, 
 defense, education, immigration, and labor ; and colonial 
 treasurer. lie was responsible for the Old-Age Pensions 
 Act in 1898, and favored Joseph Chamberlain's fiscal 
 policy in 1903. 
 
 Sedgwick (sej'wik), Anne Douglas. Born at 
 Englewood, N. J., March 28, 1873. An Ameri- 
 can novelist. She left the United States in childhood, 
 and has since resided in Paris, where she studied painting, 
 and in England. In 1908 she married Pasil de S61incourt. 
 She has published “The Dull Miss Archinard” (1898), 
 “The Confounding ofCamelia” (1899), “Paths of Judge- 
 ment” (1904), “A Fountain Sealed” (1907), “Franklin Wins- 
 low Kane ” (1910), “Tante ” (191 1), etc. 
 
 Sedgwick (sej'wik), William Thompson. 
 
 Born at West Hartford, Conn., Dec. 29, 1855. 
 An American biologist and sanitarian, pro- 
 fessor in the Massachusetts Institute of 
 Technology from 1891. He was assistant professor 
 there 1883-87, and associate professor 1887-91, and has 
 been curator of the Lowell Institute, Boston, since 1897. 
 He has published “ General Biology " (1886 : in collabora- 
 tion with E. B. Wilson), “Principles of Sanitary Science 
 and Public Health ” (1892), “ The Human Mechanism " 
 (1906 : in collaboration with T. Hough), etc. 
 
 See (se), Thomas Jefferson Jackson. Born 
 at Montgomery City, Mo., Feb. 19, 1866. An 
 American astronomer, professor of mathe- 
 matics in the United States navy from 1899. 
 He was graduated at the University of Missouri in 1889, 
 and at the University of Berlin in 1892 ; was instructor in 
 charge of the department of astronomy in the University 
 of Chicago 1893-96 ; and was astronomer of the Lowell 
 Observatory 1896-98. He is best known for his researches 
 on the evolution of stellar systems and on the physical 
 constitution of the heavenly bodies. In 1905 he pub- 
 lished an important memoir ou the theory of the sun, 
 viewed as a mass of gas reduced to the state of single 
 atoms ; and in 1906 generalized Kelvin’s and Darwin’s 
 work on the rigidity of the earth, and showed how the 
 rigidity of any body may be calculated from the theory of 
 gravity alone. He concluded that the earth’s average 
 rigidity approaches that of nickel-steel, while that of the 
 sun is more than 2,000 times greater. Most of his recent 
 researches are published in the “ Astronomische Nach- 
 richten.” 
 
 Seebohm (se ' bom), Henry. Born July 12, 
 1832: died Nov. 26, 1895. A noted English 
 ornithologist. He was the author of "Siberia in 
 Europe ” (1880), “ A History of British Birds and their 
 Eggs ’ (1883-85), “Classification of Birds” (1890: supple- 
 ment 1895), “The Birds of the Japanese Empire” (1890), 
 “ Geographical Distribution of British Birds ” (1893), etc. 
 
 Seeley (se'li), Harry Govier. Born in Lon- 
 don, Feb. 18, 1839: died there, Jan. 8, 1909. 
 A noted British paleontologist, professor of 
 geology, geography, and mineralogy in King’s 
 College, London. He published many techni- 
 cal works and papers. 
 
 Segantini (sa-giin-te'ne), Giovanni. Born at 
 Arco, Jan. 15, 1858 : died near Samaden, Sept. 
 28, 1899. A Tyrolese painter. H e was especially in- 
 terested in the analysis of color and light according to the 
 methods of the French Impressionists. His pictures, full 
 of refinement and imagination, attracted much attention 
 in the exhibitions, and especially in that of Venice in 
 
 1895. He was one of the strongest and most original 
 of modern painters. 
 
 Selfridge (self'rij), Thomas Oliver. Born at 
 Charlestown, Mass., Feb. 6, 1836. An Amer- 
 ican naval officer, promoted rear-admiral in 
 
 1896. He was graduated at the United States Naval 
 Academy in 1854 ; served in the Union navy throughout 
 the Civil War (was on board the Cumberland when she 
 was sunk by the Merrimac, and commanded vessels on 
 the Mississippi and in the attacks on Fort Fisher); was 
 promoted commodore 1894 ; commanded the European 
 squadron 1895-98 ; and retired in 1898. 
 
 Seligman (sel'ig-man), Edwin Robert Ander- 
 son. Born at New York, April 25, 1861. An 
 American economist. He was graduated at Columbia 
 University in 1879, and studied at the universities of Ber- 
 lin, Heidelberg, Geneva, and Paris. In 1885 he became 
 lecturer on ecorfomics at Columbia, in 1888 adjunct profes- 
 sor of political economy, in 1891 professor of political 
 economy and finance, and in 1904 McVickar professor of 
 political economy. He has served on various committees 
 for civic and economic reform. Among his publications 
 are “Railway Tariffs” (1887), “Progressive Taxation in 
 Theory and Practice” (1894), “The Shifting and Incidence 
 of Taxation” (1899), “The Economic Interpretation of 
 History” (1902), “Principles of Economics” (1907), “The 
 Income Tax" (1911), etc. 
 
 Sellers (sel'erz), Coleman. Born in Phila- 
 delphia, Jan. 28, 1827 : died there, Dec. 28, 
 1907. An American engineer and inventor, 
 best known from his work as a member of the 
 International Niagara Commission. 
 
 Sembrich, Marcella. See +Stengel. 
 Senegal". There is a fortified naval station at Dakar, 
 which is also the seat of government for French West 
 Africa. A railway has been constructed connecting 
 Dakar, Ruflsque, and St. Louis, and one from Kayes to 
 the Niger. Total area of colony, 74,000 square miles. 
 Population, about 1,130,000. 
 
 Senegal-Niger Colony, Upper. A French 
 colony in West Africa, formed in 1904 from 
 the territories of Senegambia and the Niger. 
 It, is bounded on the north by French Algeria, on the east 
 by a line running north from Lake Chad, on the south by 
 the Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Togoland, and Dahomey, and 
 on tlie west by French Guinea. It includes part of the 
 Sahara, the valley of the Upper Senegal, and the great 
 bend of the Niger, with the territories within it. The 
 Military Territories (which are included in it) have been 
 broken up, the second being under the civil administra- 
 tion, and the first and third being formed into the M ilitary 
 Territory of the Niger, under a colonel. The colony is 
 administered by a lieutenant-governor. Bamako, on the 
 Niger, is the seat of government. Area, about 70,000 
 square miles. Population, over 5,000,000. 
 
 Serao (sa-ra'o), Matilde (Signora Eduardo 
 Scarfoglio). Born at Patras, Greece, March 
 7, 1856. A noted Italian novelist and editor. 
 
 Her father was a political refugee and her mother a 
 Greek. From 1880 to 1886 she lived in Rome, where she 
 
 Sgambati 
 
 founded, with her husband, a daily paper the “ Corriere 
 di Roma." It was short-lived, and was later brought 
 out as “ II Corriere di Napoli." During this period she 
 published “C’uore Infemio ” (1881), “ Piccole anime”(1883), 
 " Fantasia " (1883), “ Fior di passione ” (1883), “ La virtu di 
 Checchina" (1884), “La conquista di Roma" (1885), “II 
 ventre di Napoli ” (1885), and “Riccardo Joanna” (1886). 
 In Naples she founded “ II Mattino ” (1902), one of the 
 most important daily papers of southern Italy. Her later 
 works include “ II paese di Cuccagna,” “ Addio amore," 
 “All’ erta sentinella," “ Castigo," “La ballerina,” “ Suor 
 Giovanna della Croce,” and “ A1 paese di GeBu." A 
 number of her stories have been translated. 
 
 Serapis (se-ra ' pis). A British man-of-war 
 which surrendered to the Bonhomme Richard, 
 Sept. 23, 1779. See Bonhomme Richard. 
 
 Servais (ser-va'), Adrien Francois. Born at 
 Hal, near Brussels, June 6, 1807 : died there, 
 Nov. 26, 1866. A Belgian violoncellist. He was 
 a pupil of his father, and of Platel at the Brussels Conser- 
 vatory, where, after successful and extensive concert 
 tours, he became a professor in 1848. He was called the 
 Paganini of the violoncello. He wrote fantasias, con- 
 certos, caprices, and other compositions for his instrument. 
 
 Serviss (ser'vis), Garrett Putnam. Born at 
 Sharon Springs, New York, March 24, 1851. 
 An American popular writer upon astronomy. 
 He has published “Astronomy with an Opera Glass” 
 (1888), “The Conquest of Mars” (1898), “The Moon 
 Metal ” (1900), “ Other Worlds ” (1902), “ The Moon ” (1907), 
 “ Astronomy with the Naked Eye ” (1908), “ Curiosities of 
 the Sky ” (1909), etc. 
 
 Seth (seth), Andrew (Andrew Seth Pringle 
 
 Pattison). Born at Edinburgh, Dec. 20, 1856. 
 A Scottish philosophical writer, professor of 
 logic and metaphysics in the University of 
 Edinburgh from 1891. He was appointed professor 
 of logic and philosophy in University College, Cardiff, in 
 1883, and of logic, rhetoric, and metaphysics in St. 
 Andrews in 1887. In 1898 he assumed the name of 
 Pringle Pattison. Among his works are “The Develop- 
 ment from Kant to Hegel ” (1882), “ Scottish Philosophy ” 
 (1885), “Hegelianism and Personality” (1887), “Man’s 
 Place in the Cosmos ” (1897), “ Two Lectures on Theism ” 
 (1897), “ The Philosophical Radicals ” (1907), etc. 
 
 Seton (se'ton), Ernest Evan Thompson. 
 
 Born at South Shields, England, Aug. 14, 1860. 
 A writer and illustrator of animal stories. 
 He was educated at the Toronto Collegiate Institute, and 
 studied art at the Royal Academy, London, 1879-81, and 
 at Paris 1890-96. In 1891 he wa6 appointed official nat- 
 uralist to the government of Manitoba. He is the leader 
 of the Boy Scouts of America. Among his works are 
 “Mammals of Manitoba” (1886), “Birds of Manitoba” 
 (1891), “Art Anatomy of Animals” (1896), “Wild Animals 
 I Have Known ” (1898), “ The Trail of the Sandhill Stag ” 
 (1899), “The Biography of a Grizzly” (1900), “Wild Ani- 
 mal Play for Children ” (1900), “Lobo, Rag, and Vixen ” 
 (1900), “ Lives of the Hunted ” (1901), “ Pictures of Wild 
 Animals ” (1901), “ Krag and Johnny Bear ” (1902), “ Two 
 Little Savages ” (1903), “ Monarch, the Big Bear of Tallac” 
 (1904), “ Woodmyth and Fable ” (1905), “Animal Heroes” 
 (1905), “Biography of a Silver Fox ” (1909), “Rolf in the 
 Woods ’’ (1911), etc. 
 
 Seven Seas, The. A volume of verse by 
 Rudyard Kipling, published in 1896. it is 
 
 named for the seven oceans — the North and the South 
 Atlantic, the North and the South Pacific, the Arctic, 
 the Antarctic, and the Indian. The book is the apothe- 
 osis of British imperialism. In a poem contained in it, 
 “ The Flowers,” the author speaks of the British as “ Mas- 
 ters of the Seven Seas.” 
 
 Sever (se'ver), George Francis. Born at 
 Cambridge, Mass., July 30, 1866. An Ameri- 
 can electrical engineer, professor in Columbia 
 University 1905—11. He was instructor in electrical 
 engineering at Columbia 1893-1901, and adjunct professor 
 1901-05. He has been consulting electrical engineer for 
 the department of water supply, gas, and electricity, New 
 York, siuce 1902. He has published “ Laboratory and Fac- 
 tory Tests in Electrical Engineering ” (1905 : with Fitz- 
 hugh Townsend), and many technical papers. 
 
 Severac (sa-va-rak'), Deodat de. Born at St.- 
 Felix, Haute-Garonne, July 20, 1874. A French 
 composer. After studying at the Conservatory of Tou- 
 louse he became a pupil of D’lndy at Paris. His composi- 
 tions include a symphonic poem, an organ suite, a music- 
 drama, “Le coeur du moulin,” songs, dances, and piano 
 pieces. 
 
 Seymour (se'mor). A town in New Haven 
 County, Connecticut, on the Naugatuck River, 
 10 miles northwest of New Haven. It has 
 manufactories of brass and copper goods, nails, 
 tools, electric wire, paper, etc. Population. 
 4,786, (1910). 
 
 Seymour (se'mor). Sir Edward Hobart. 
 
 Born April 30, 1840. A British naval officer, 
 admiral of the fleet 1905-10. He entered the 
 navy in 1852 ; served in the Crimean (1854-55), Chinese 
 (1857-60 and 1862), West African (1870), and Egyptian 
 (1882) wars ; and was promoted vice-admiral in 1895 and 
 admiral in 1902. In 1900 he commanded the expedition 
 of the allies for the relief of the legations in Peking. He 
 was made a member of the Order of Merit in 1902, and of 
 the Royal Victorian Order in 1906. 
 
 Sgambati (sgam-ba'te), Giovanni. Born at 
 Rome, May 18, 1843. An Italian composer and 
 
 pianist. Ill 1877 he was appointed chief piano-teacher 
 in the music-school of the Saint Cecilia Academy in Rome. 
 His works show traces of the influence of Liszt and Wag- 
 ner. II e is one of the very few modern Italian instrumental 
 composers. Three symphonies, two piano quintets, a 
 
Sgambati 
 
 string quartet, and many piano pieces and songs are the 
 most important of his compositions. 
 
 Sha (sha). A small river of Manchuria which 
 rises southeast of Mukden and flows into the 
 Tai-tze about five miles northwest of Liao- 
 yang. On its banks a battle between the Japanese under 
 Oyama and the Russians under Kuropatkin was fought, 
 October 9-14, 1904. It resulted in the defeat of the latter, 
 who had advanced from their position below Mukden in 
 an attempt to defeat the Japanese and relieve Port Arthur. 
 
 Shackleton (shak'l-ton), Sir Ernest H. 
 Born at Kilkee, County Kildare, 1874. A 
 British explorer. He conducted an expedition to the 
 antarctic which landed on Macmurdo Sound in the winter 
 of 1908 ; ascended Mount Erebus (13,120 feet) in March; 
 and later pushed on toward the south, reaching lat. 88° 
 23" S., within one hundred and eleven miles of the pole 
 (the farthest point then gained), on Jan. 9, 1909. A party 
 led by Professor David determined the position of the 
 south magnetic pole (lat. 72° 25' S., long. 154° E.), Jan. 16, 
 1909. He published “ The Heart of the Antarctic ” (1909). 
 See Century Atlas, Map 31. 
 
 Shaler*, Nathaniel Southgate. His later works 
 
 include “Sea and Land" (1894), “Domesticated Animals’’ 
 (1895), “American Highways” (1896), “Outlines of the 
 Earth’s History” (1898), “The Individual" (1900), “Eliz- 
 abeth of England ” (1903), “The Neighbor” (1904), “The 
 Citizen " (1904), “ Man and the Earth ” (1905), and “ From 
 Old Fields : Poems of the Civil War ’ ’ (1906). His “ Auto- 
 biography ” appeared in 1909. 
 
 Shamrock III. A sloop yacht, the unsuccess- 
 ful challenger for the America’s cup in 1903. 
 She was designed by William Fife and owned by Sir 
 Thomas Lipton. She lost the race to the Reliance (which 
 see). 
 
 Shannon (shan'on),CharlesHazelwood. Born 
 at Sleaford, Lincolnshire, in 1865. An Eng- 
 lish artist. His work consists of paintings, etchings, 
 and lithographs. He is especially noted for portraits and 
 for characteristic figure-studies of nymphs and other idyl- 
 lic or imaginative creations. Among his paintings are 
 “The Sapphire Bay,” “ Tibullus in the House of Delia,” 
 “The Sleeping Nymph,” “Hermes and the Infant Bac- 
 chus,” and “The Lady with a Cyclamen ” ; and among his 
 lithographs are “ The Modeller” and “A Romantic 
 Landscape.” He became an associate of the Royal Acad- 
 emy in 1911. 
 
 Shannon (shan'on), James Jebusa. Born at 
 Auburn, N. Y., 1862. An American portrait- 
 painter, resident in England since 1878. He 
 became an associate of the Royal Academy in 
 1897, and a Royal Academician in 1909. 
 
 Sharp (sharp), Luke. A pseudonym of Robert 
 Barr. 
 
 Sharp (sharp), William. Born at Paisley, 
 Scotland, Sept. 12, 1855: died at Castello di 
 Maniace, Bronte, Sicily, Dec. 12, 1905. A 
 British poet, critic, and novelist. He was brought 
 up in the Highlands; was educated at Glasgow Univer- 
 sity ; settled in London as a literary worker ; and became 
 one of the circle of Dante G. Rossetti. Among his many 
 
 E ublished works are “The Human Inheritance” (1882V 
 iography of Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1883), “Earth's 
 Voices ” (1884), “A Fellowe and his Wife” (1892: with 
 Blanche Willis Howard), “Vistas ” (1894), and “ Flower o’ 
 the Vine ” (1894). He also wrote monographs on Brown- 
 ing, Shelley, and Heine, and “ Literary Geography ’ (1904). 
 For the work which he published under the name of 
 “ Fiona Macleod,” see irMacleod. 
 
 Shaw (sha), Albert. Bora at Shandon, Ohio, 
 July 23, 1857. An American editor and writer 
 on economics. He was appointed professor of inter- 
 national law in Cornell University in 1890, resigning in 
 1891 to take charge of the American “Review of Reviews,” 
 of which he has been editor since that date. Among his 
 publications are “ Icaria : a Chapter in the History of Com- 
 munism ” (1884), “Cooperation in a Western City ” (1886), 
 “ History of Cooperation in the United States ” (1888 : with 
 others), “ Municipal Government in Great Britain ” (1895), 
 “Municipal Government in Continental Europe” (1895), 
 “ The Business Career in its Public Relations ” (1904), “ Po- 
 litical Problems of American Development” (1908), etc. 
 
 Shaw (sha), Anna Howard. Born atNewcas- 
 tle-on-Tyne, England, Feb. 14, 1847. A Meth- 
 odist preacher and advocate of woman’s suf- 
 frage. She was brought to America by her parents when 
 four years of age ; studied at Albion College, Michigan, 
 1872-75 ; was graduated in the theological department of 
 Boston University in 1878 ; and took a degree there as 
 doctor of medicine in 1885. She was pastor of the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal church at Hingham, Massachusetts, in 
 1878, and at East Dennis, Massachusetts, 1878-85. She 
 entered actively into work for the Woman’s Suffrage As- 
 sociation in 1885, and has been president of the National 
 American Woman Suffrage Association since 1904. 
 
 Shaw (sha), George Bernard. Born at Dub- 
 lin, Ireland, July 26, 1856. A British dramatist, 
 critic, and novelist. His works include the novels 
 “The Irrational Knot,” “ T.ove among the Artists,” 
 “Cashel Byron’s Profession,” and “An Unsocial Socialist 
 “ Fabianism and the Empire ” (1900), “ Fabianism and the 
 Fiscal Question ” (1904), and various articles on socialistic 
 subjects ; essays on “ The Quintessence of Ihsenisin” (1891) 
 and “ The Perfect Wagnerite ” (1898); and plays, includ- 
 ing 11 Plays, Pleasant and Unpleasant ’ ’ (1898), “ Three Plays 
 for Puritans ” (1900), “The Admirable Bashville ” (1901), 
 “ Man and Super-man ” (1903), “ Major Barbara ” (1905), 
 “Getting Married "(1908), “Press Cuttings” (1909), “The 
 Doctor's Dilemma "(1911), “ Fanny’s First Play "(1911), etc. 
 
 Shaw (sha), Leslie Mortier. Born at Morris- 
 town, Vt., Nov. 2, 1848. An American lawyer 
 and cabinet officer. He was governor of Iowa 
 
 1898-1902, and secretary of the treasury 1902- 
 1907. He is the author of “ Current Issues ” 
 (1908), etc. 
 
 Shaw-Lefevre (sha'le-favr), Charles, Vis- 
 count. Eversley. Born Feb. 22, 1794: died at 
 Heckfield, Hants, Dec. 28, 1888. An English 
 Whig politician. He sat in the House of Commons 
 for Down ton, Wilts, in 1830, for Hampshire in 1831, and 
 for the northern division of Hampshire 1832-57, and was 
 speaker 1839-57. He was raised to the peerage in 1857. 
 A volume of his decisions was published by Robert Bourke 
 in 1857, and the House is indebted to him for the removal 
 of many unsuitable forms of procedure. 
 
 Shawmut (shfi'mut). The Indian name for 
 the peninsula on which Boston now stands. 
 It was used by the early settlers in Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 Shawnee (sha'ne). A city in Pottawatomie 
 County, Oklahoma, 35 miles southeast of Okla- 
 homa city. It has cotton-gins, cotton-seed oil 
 mills, railroad shops, etc. Population, 12,474, 
 (1910). 
 
 Shear (sher), Cornelius Lott. Born at Coey- 
 mans Hollow, N. Y., March 26, 1865. An 
 American botanist, pathologist of the United 
 States Bureau of Plant Industry from 1902. 
 He has published various technical papers relating to 
 agrostology, mycology, and pathology. 
 
 Sheffield, University of. See * University of 
 Sheffield. 
 
 Sheldon (shel'don), Charles Monroe. Born 
 at Wellsville, N. Y., Feb. 26, 1857. An Ameri- 
 can clergyman and author. He was ordained in 
 1886 ; was pastor of the Congregational Church at Water- 
 hury, Vermont, 1886-88; and was pastor of the Central 
 Congregational Church at Topeka, Kansas, 1889-1912. In 
 1900 he undertook to edit the Topeka “ Daily Capital ” for 
 one week “in accordance with the principles of Chris- 
 tianity,” an experiment which attracted wide attention. 
 He is the author of a number of books, of which the best 
 known is “ In His Steps ’’ (1896). 
 
 Shelton (shel'ton). A borough in Huntington 
 town, Fairfield County, Connecticut, on the 
 Housatonic River. It has manufacturing in- 
 terests. Population, 4,807, (1910). 
 
 Shepstone (shep'ston), Sir Theophilus. Born 
 at Westbury, near Bristol, Jan. 8, 1817 : died 
 at Pietermaritzburg, June 23, 1893. A British 
 colonial administrator. His parents emigrated to 
 the Cape in 1820. For many years he held official posi- 
 tions in which his knowledge of the native languages and 
 customs was of great value. In January, 1877, with a 
 small personal staff and twenty-five policemen, he rode 
 into the Transvaal, and on April 18 declared it British 
 territory. He administered the Transvaal until 1879, and 
 was appointed administrator of Zululand in 1884. 
 
 Sheridan (sher'i-dan). The county-seat of 
 Sheridan County, Wyoming, in a coal-mining 
 region in the northern part of the State. Its 
 chief interests are coal and live stock. Popu- 
 lation, 8,408, (1910). 
 
 Sherlock Holmes, The Adventures of. A 
 
 series of stories by (Sir) Arthur Conan Doyle, 
 published in 1891. They were named for the hero, a 
 brilliant amateur detective, and were followed by “ The 
 Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes ” (1893) and “ The Return of 
 Sherlock Holmes ’’ (1904). 
 
 Sherman (sher' man), Frank Dempster. 
 
 Born at Peekskill, N. Y., May 6, 1860. An 
 American poet and educator. He has been pro- 
 fessor of graphics at Columbia University since 1891. 
 Among hir works are “ Madrigals and Catches " (1887), 
 “Little-Folk Lyrics " (1892), “ Lyrics of Joy ” (1904). 
 
 Sherman (sher ' man), James Schoolcraft. 
 
 Born in Utica, N. Y., Oct. 24, 1855 : died there, 
 Oct. 30, 1912. An American politician, Vice- 
 President of the United States 1909-12. He was 
 
 graduated at Hamilton College 1878; studied law; was 
 mayor of Utica 1884 ; and was a (Republican) member of 
 Congress 1887-99. He received the Republican nomination 
 for Vice-President, June, 1912. 
 
 Sherman Antitrust Law. An act of Con- 
 gress, passed July 2, 1890, which declares every 
 contract, combination (in the form of a trust 
 or otherwise), or conspiracy in restraint of 
 trade or commerce among the several States, 
 or with foreign nations, to he illegal, and makes 
 it a misdemeanor punishable by a fine not ex- 
 ceeding $5,000, or by imprisonment for not 
 longer than one year, or by both, for any one 
 individually or as an official of a corporation 
 to engage in such a contract or conspiracy. 
 Any person injured by such restraint of trade may sue in 
 the United States district courts and recover threefold 
 damages. Similar antitrust provisions are found in the 
 tariff acts of 1894, 1897, and 1909. The law was named for 
 Senator John Sherman, its author. Also called Antitrust 
 Law , Sherman Act, and Sherman Law. For important 
 cases which have arisen under this law, see ★ Addy stone 
 Pipe Case, ★ Northern Securities Case, ★ Standard Oil 
 Case, and ★ Tobacco Case, American. 
 
 Sherrill (sher'il). Charles Hitchcock. Bom 
 
 at Washington, April 13, 1867. An American 
 diplomatist. He practised law in New York city 1892- 
 1909. He was minister to the Argentine Republic 
 1909-11. He is the author of “Stained Glass Tours in 
 
 Sidis 
 
 France ” (1908) and “ Stained Glass Tours in England ” 
 (1909). 
 
 Sherwood (sher'wud), Margaret Pollock: 
 pseudonym Elizabeth Hastings. Born at 
 Ballston, N. Y., Nov. 1, 1864. An American 
 educator and author. She was graduated at Vassar 
 College in 1886, and has been associate professor of Eng- 
 lish literature at Wellesley College since 1898. She has 
 published “An Experiment in Altruism” (1895), “Henry 
 Worthington, Idealist” (1899), “Daphne” (1903), “The 
 Coming of the Tide” (1905), “The Princess Pourquoi ” 
 (1907), etc. 
 
 Shiras (shi'ras), George. Born at Pittsburgh, 
 Pa., Jan. 26, 1832. An American jurist, lie 
 was graduated from Yale in 1863, was admitted to the 
 Pennsylvania bar in 1856, and was associate justice of the 
 United States Supreme Court 1892-1902. 
 
 Shirlaw (sher'la), Walter. Born at Paisley, 
 Scotland, Aug. 6, 1838 : died Dec. 26, 1909. An 
 American painter. He studied art in Munich under 
 the painters Raab, Wagner, Ram berg, and Lindenschmidt ; 
 was one of the founders of the Society of American Artists 
 aud its president for two terms ; and was elected a mem- 
 ber of the National Academy of Design in 1888. Among 
 his works are “ Toning of the Bell,” “Good Morning,” 
 “Sheepshearing,” “Harmonics,” “A Melody,” etc. 
 Short (short), Francis Job. Born at Stour- 
 bridge, Worcestershire, June 19, 1857. An 
 English engraver and etcher. He was educated 
 for civil engineering, but in 1883 entered the National Art 
 Training School at South Kensington, subsequently be- 
 coming director of the etching and engraving school of 
 the Royal College of Art. He was elected an associate of 
 the Royal Academy in 1906, and in 1910 became president 
 of the Royal Society of Painter-Etchers and Engravers. 
 He was knighted in 1911. Besides reproductions of paint- 
 ings of Turner, Watts, and others, his work includes many 
 original etchings, mezzotints, and aquatints. 
 
 Shorter (shor'ter), Clement King. Born at 
 London, July 19, 1858. An English journalist 
 and critic. He was editor of the “ Illustrated London 
 News’’ 1891-1900, of the “Sketch,” which he founded, 
 1893-1900, and of the “English Illustrated Magazine” 
 1893-1900. Since 1900 he has been editor of the “ Sphere,” 
 which he also founded, and of the “Tatler.” Among his 
 publications are“ Charlotte Bronte and her Circle ” (1896), 
 “Victorian Literature ” (1897), “Charlotte Bronte and her 
 Sisters" (1905), “George Borrow” (1905), “Immortal 
 Memories ’ ’ (1908), etc. 
 
 Siam*. The Franco-Siamese treaty of March 23, 1907, 
 provides for the cession to France of Battambang, Siem 
 Reap, and Sisophon, the retention by Siam of the port of 
 Krat and the region of Wansai, while 4 ports on the Me- 
 kong are to be held by France on perpetual lease. On 
 March 10, 1909, the tributary states of Kelantan, Treng- 
 ganu, and Keda, on the Malay Peninsula, were ceded to 
 Great Britain. There is a legislative council (created in 
 1895), composed of the ministers of state and others ap- 
 pointed by the crown. 
 
 Siang-tan (slang-tan'). A city in the province 
 of Hu-nan, China, situated on the Siang River 
 in lat. 27° 52' N., long. 112° 42' E. Popula- 
 tion, about 100,000. 
 
 Siargao (se-iir-ga'o). One of the Philippine 
 Islands, lying in the Pacific Ocean northeast 
 of Mindanao and belonging to Surigao prov- 
 ince. Coal is found in the island. Area, 151 square 
 miles. Population, 9,556. 
 
 Sibelius (si-ba'li-os), Jean. Born at Tava- 
 stehus, Dec. 8, 1865. A Finnish composer. 
 He studied with Wegelius at Helsingfors, and later with 
 Becker at Berlin and with Goldmark and Fuchs at 
 Vienna. Since 1893 he has taught at the Institute in 
 Helsingfors. He is regarded as the founder of a national 
 Finnish music. Among his works are symphonies, or- 
 chestral suites, symphonic poems (“ Der Schwan von 
 Tuonela," “ Eine Sage,” “Finlandia," etc.), violin and 
 chamber music, songs, and a Finnish opera, “ The Maiden 
 in the Tower.” He makes extensive use of folk-songs, of 
 the 5-4 rhythm, and of the repetition of single notes. 
 
 Sibonga (se-bong'ga). A municipality in the 
 eastern part of Cebu Island, Philippines. 
 Civilized population, 25,848. 
 
 Sibuguey (se-bo-ga') Bay. A large bay in- 
 denting the southern coast of Mindanao, in 
 the Philippine Islands. Coal found in its vicinity 
 is said to be of good quality. 
 
 Sibutu (se-bo'to) Islands. A group of islands 
 lying southwest of the Tawi Tawi group in the 
 Sulu (Jolo) Archipelago. It consists of 12 islands, 
 of which Sibutu is the largest. They were ceded by Spain 
 to the United States by a treaty signed Nov. 7, 1900. 
 They are a part of the Jolo 'district of Moro province. 
 Area of Sibutu, 34 square miles. Population, 280. Area 
 of the group, 42.2 square miles. 
 
 Sihuydn (se-bo-yan'). A mountainous island 
 in the Philippines, the second in size of the 
 Rombldn group, situated southeast of Rom- 
 blon. Gold is found in the northern part of the island. 
 Mount Guitiguitin, or Sibuy&n, rises in the center. Area, 
 171 square miles. Population, 10,716. 
 
 Sicily*. Messina and adjacent regions were 
 visited by a destructive earthquake on Dec. 
 28, 1908. The city was totally destroyed and 
 upward of 100,000 people were killed. 
 
 Sidis (si'dis), Boris. Born in the province of 
 r Kie£f, Russia, Oc.t. 12, 1867. A psychologist 
 and psychopathologist. He came to America in 
 1887, and was associate in psychology and psychopathol- 
 ogy at the Pathological Institute of the New York State 
 
Sidis 
 
 Hospitals 1896-1901. He was director of the psychopath- 
 ological hospital and laboratory of the New York In- 
 firmary for Women and Children 1901-04 ; has practised 
 in Brookline, Massachusetts, and Boston ; and is medical 
 director of the Sidis Psychotherapeutic Institute at Ports- 
 mouth, New Hampshire. He has published “ The Psychol- 
 ogy of Suggestion ” (1898), “ Psychopathological Researches 
 in Mental Dissociation” (1902), “Multiple Personality” 
 (1904 : with S. P. Goodhart), “An Experimental Study of 
 Sleep” (1909), and “Philistine and Genius” (1911). 
 
 Sienkiewicz*, Henryk. His later works in- 
 clude “ Krzyzaoy” (1901) and “Whirlpools” 
 (1910). In 1905 he was awarded the Nobel 
 prize for literature. 
 
 Sierra Leone*. In 1896 a protectorate was pro- 
 claimed by Great Britain over the territory lying inland 
 between lat. V and 10° N., long. 11° and 13° W. It i9 
 divided into 6 administrative districts. Area, about 
 30,000 square miles. Population, over 1,000,000. Area of 
 the colony proper, about 4,000 square miles. Pop., 76,655. 
 
 Sieveking (se've-king), Martinus. Born at 
 Amsterdam, March 24, 1867. A Dutch pianist. 
 
 He studied first with his father, and later at the Leipsic 
 Conservatory, afterward going to Paris. He toured Europe 
 as a pianist, and visited America during the season of 
 1896-97. 
 
 Sigsbee*, Charles Dwight, h e was chief intelli- 
 gence officer 1900-03; was commandant of the navy- 
 yard at League Island 1903-04 ; commanded the South At- 
 lantic squadron 1904-05, and the second division of the 
 North Atlantic fleet 1905-06; and retired in 1907. 
 
 Silay (se-li'). A municipality in the north- 
 western part of Negros Occidental province, 
 Negros, Philippine Islands. Civilized popu- 
 lation, 15,649. 
 
 Silver State, The. The State of Nevada: so 
 named from the richness of its silver-mines. 
 Simon (si'mon), Charles Edmund. Born at 
 Baltimore, Md., Sept. 23, 1866. An American 
 physician, physiological chemist, and hema- 
 tologist. He was assistant resident physician at Johns 
 Hopkins Hospital 1890-91 ; opened the first clinical labora- 
 tory in Baltimore in 1897 ; and has been professor of 
 clinical pathology in the Baltimore Medical College since 
 1905. He is the author of “ Clinical Diagnosis ” (1890) and 
 “Physiological Chemistry " (1901). 
 
 Simon*. Jules. His later works include “ Da politique 
 radicale ’’ (1868), “Le libre-echange ” (1870), “Souvenirs 
 du 4 septembre ” (1874), “La reforme de l enseignement 
 secondaire ’’ (1874), “Le gouvernement de M. Thiers” 
 (1878), “ Dieu, patrie, liberte ” (1883), “ Une academie sous 
 le Directoire ” (1884), “ La femme du vingtieme siecle” 
 (1891 : with Gustave Simon), many biographical studies, 
 and two volumes of memoirs, “ Lesoir de ma journee ” and 
 “Premieres amides ” (1901). 
 
 Simon (se-mon'), Lucien. Born at Paris, July 
 18, 1861. A French painter. Besides portraits, his 
 work includes many scenes from peasant life, especially 
 in Brittany. “ La procession bretonne,” “ Diseuse de 
 bonne aventure,” “Coupde vent,” and others of his paint- 
 ings are in the Luxembourg Museum. 
 
 Simons (si'monz), Algie Martin. Born at 
 North Freedom, Wis., Oct. 9, 1870. An Ameri- 
 can socialist. He was graduated at the University of 
 Wisconsin in 1895, and was engaged in social settlement 
 and other charitable work 1895-99. He was editor of the 
 “Worker’s Call” in 1899, of the “ International Socialist 
 Review” 1900-06, of the Chicago “Daily Socialist” 
 1906-10, and of the “ Coming Nation ” 1910-. He has pub- 
 lished “The American Farmer'’ (1902), “Class Struggles 
 in America” (1907), and “Social Forces in American His- 
 tory ” (1911). 
 
 Simon’s Bay (si'monz ba). A bay on the 
 westerly side of False Bay, Cape of Good 
 Hope, Africa. Simon’s Town is situated upon 
 it. It is a British naval base. 
 
 Sinclair (sin-klar'), May. A contemporary 
 British novelist. She has published “ Audrey Cra- 
 ven ” (1897), “ Mr. and Mrs. Nevill Tyson ” (1898), “Two 
 Sides of a Question ” (1901), “The Divine Fire” (1904), 
 “The Helpmate” (1907), “Tne Judgment of Eve” (1908), 
 “ The Creators ” (1910), “ The Three Brontes ” (1912), “ The 
 Flaw in the Crystal” (1912), etc. 
 
 Sinclair (sin-klar'), Upton Beall. Born at 
 Baltimore, Sept. 20, 1878. An American au- 
 thor and socialist. He was educated at the College 
 of the City of New York and at Columbia University. He 
 has published a number of novels, one of which, “ The 
 Jungle” (1906), led to a government investigation of the 
 Chicago stockyards. In 1906 he founded at Englewood, 
 New Jersey, a cooperative colony dwelling together in 
 Helicon Hall, a building which was destroyed by lire in 
 1907. His publications include also “Springtime and 
 Harvest” (1901), “The Industrial Republic” (1907), “The 
 Metropolis” (1908), “Samuel, the Seeker” (1909), etc. 
 Sinding (sin'ding), Christian. Born at Kongs- 
 berg, Norway, Jan. 11, 1856. A Norwegian 
 composer, nis most important works are a symphony 
 in D minor, a violin concerto, and chamber-music. Many 
 of his piano pieces are popular. 
 
 Singleton, Mrs. (Mary Montgomerie Lamb). 
 
 See * Currie. 
 
 Singpo (sing-po'). [From Chingpau, ‘men/ 
 their native name.] A people inhabiting the 
 mountainous region of upper Burma. Also 
 called Kachin or Kakhyen. 
 
 Sinna (sin'a). A city of Persia, capital of the, 
 district of Ardelan in Kurdistan, situated 
 about lat. 35° N., long. 47° E. Also Sena, 
 Senna, Sihna. 
 
 Sisley (sis'li), Alfred. Born at Paris, Oct. 
 30, 1840, of English parents : died at Moret- 
 sur-Loing, France, Jau. 29, 1899. An Anglo- 
 French painter. He was a pupil of Gleyre and much 
 influenced by Corot. About 1875 he became one of the 
 most brilliant leaders of the Impressionist movement. 
 His pictures are widely distributed, several being in the 
 Musee du Luxembourg in Paris. 
 
 Sister Dora. The name under which Dorothy 
 Wyndlow Pattison was known in her philan- 
 thropic work. See * Pattison. 
 
 Sivori (se-vo're), Camille. Born at Genoa, Oct. 
 25, 1815 : died there, Feb. 18, 1894. An Italian 
 violin virtuoso. At the age of six he attracted the 
 attention of Paganini, who taught him and wrote several 
 pieces for him. At ten he began to tour in concert, ap- 
 pearing in the United States 1846-48. He wrote two con- 
 certos and other music for the violin. 
 
 Sivutch Rock (se-voch' rok). A small islet 
 just off the shore of St. Paul Island, Bering 
 Sea, containing a fur-seal rookery. 
 
 Skagway (skag'wa). A town in southern 
 Alaska, on the Lynn Canal. It is important 
 as a railway terminus. It has an army post, 
 and is the supply-center for the Yukon mining 
 region. 
 
 Skraelings (skra'lingz). [Nor. skraelling, a 
 feeble or puny person.] The name given by 
 the early Norse discoverers of America to the 
 North American Indians. In Icelandic literature 
 it is the common name of the Eskimos, and is probably 
 a general term meaning simply ‘ an inferior people.’ 
 
 Slater Fund. A fund of $1,000,000 established 
 in 1882 by John Fox Slater (1815-84) of Nor- 
 wich, Connecticut, for the purpose of pro- 
 moting education among the negroes of the 
 South. The fund has grown through investment, and 
 the trustees have now an annual income of about $80,000 
 which is mainly used in encouraging industrial training 
 in institutions for the colored race in the South. The 
 office of the trustees is in New York city. The legal title 
 is The Trustees of the John F. Slater Fund. 
 
 Slezak (sla'zak), Leo. Born at Schonberg, 
 Moravia, Aug. 18, 1875. An Austrian tenor 
 singer. He made his debut at Briinn, March 17, 1896, as 
 Lohengrin, and has since appeared at Berlin, London, 
 Breslau, and Vienna, and at the Wagner and Mozart festi- 
 vals in Munich. He made his American debut at the 
 Metropolitan Opera House, New York, during the season 
 of 1909-10. 
 
 Small (smal), Albion Woodbury. Born at 
 Buckfield, Maine, May 11, 1854. An American 
 sociologist and educator. He studied at Colby Col- 
 lege and at Berlin, Leipsic, and Johns Hopkins univer- 
 sities. He was professor of history and political economy 
 in Colby College 1881-88, and president 1889-92. He has 
 been head of the department of sociology of the Univer- 
 sity of Chicago since 1892, and dean of the graduate 
 school of arts and literature since 1905. He has been edi- 
 tor of the “American Journal of Sociology” since 1895, 
 and has published “ General Sociology ” (1905), “ Adam 
 Smith and Modern Sociology ” (1907), and “The Cameral- 
 ists ” (1909). 
 
 Smalley (smal'i), George Washburn. Born 
 at Franklin, Mass., June 2, 1833. An Ameri- 
 can journalist. He was graduated at Y ale University 
 in 1853 and at the Harvard Law School in 1855 ; practised 
 law in Boston 1856-61 ; joined the staff of the New York 
 “Tribune” in 1861, acting as war correspondent in the 
 Civil War 1861-62 ; organized and directed the European 
 bureau of the “Tribune” in London 1866-67; and had 
 charge of its European correspondence until 1895. He 
 was American correspondent of the London “Times” 
 1895-1908. His publications include a “ Review of Bright’s 
 Speeches ” (1868), “London Letters” (1890), “Studies of 
 Men ” (1895), “ Life of Sir Sydney Waterlow ” (1909), “ An- 
 glo-American Memories” (1910), etc. 
 
 Smedley (smed'li), William Thomas. Born 
 in Chester County, Pa., March 26, 1858. An 
 American painter. He was educated at the Phila- 
 delphia Academy of Fine Arts and under J. P. Laurens in 
 Paris. In 1905 he was elected a member of the National 
 Academy of Design in New York. He has been much 
 occupied as an illustrator. 
 
 Smith (smith), Alexander. Born at Edin- 
 burgh, Sept. 11, 1865. A Scottish-American 
 chemist, professor in Columbia University 
 from 1911. He was professor of chemistry and mineral- 
 ogy in Wabash College 1890-94, and assistant professor, 
 associate professor, and professor of chemistry in the 
 University of Chicago 1894-1911. He has published “Lab- 
 oratory Outline of General Chemistry ’’ (1899), “Introduc- 
 tion to General Inorganic Chemistry” (1906), “ General 
 Chemistry for Colleges "(1908), etc., and a number of origi- 
 nal investigations in organic and general chemistry. 
 
 Smith (smith), Arthur Henderson. Born at 
 Vernon, Conn., July 18, 1845. An American 
 clergyman, missionary, and author. He has been 
 engaged in missionary work in China almost continuously 
 since 1872, and was in Peking during the siege in 1900. 
 Among his works are “Chinese Characteristics” (1890), 
 “Village Life in China” (1899), “ China in Convulsion” 
 (1901), “ Rex Christus, an Outline Study of China” (1903), 
 “The Uplift of China ” (1907), etc. 
 
 Smith (smith), David Eugene. Born at Cort- 
 land, N. Y., Jan. 21, 1860. An American 
 mathematician, professor of mathematics in 
 the Teachers College of Columbia University 
 
 Solomon Islands 
 
 from 1901. His studies relate especially to the 
 history of mathematics. 
 
 Smith (smith), Donald Alexander, first Baron 
 Strathcona and Mount Royal. Born at Forres, 
 Scotland, Aug. 6, 1820. A British administra- 
 tor, high commissioner for Canada from 1896. 
 
 At an early age he entered the service of the Hudson Bay 
 Company, and was the last resident governor of that or- 
 ganization as a governing body. He sat for many years 
 in the Dominion House of Commons, and has been largely 
 identified with the railroad interests and the general in- 
 creasing prosperity of British North America. In 1897 he 
 was raised to the peerage. 
 
 Smith (smith), Edgar Fahs. Born at l'ork. 
 Pa., May 23, 1856. An American chemist and 
 educator, provost of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania from 1911. He studied at Pennsylvania 
 College and at Gottingen, and was professor of chemistry 
 in the University of Pennsylvania 1888-1911. He lias pub- 
 lished various works and papers on chemical topics, espe- 
 cially electrochemistry. 
 
 Smith (smith), George: later George M. 
 (Murray) Smith. Born at London, March 
 19, 1824: died at Byfleet, near Weybridge, 
 April 6, 1901. An English publisher. He joined 
 tlie firm of Smith, Elder, and Company, founded by his 
 father with Alexander Elder, and upon the death of his 
 father in 1846 became its head. Among the authors 
 whose works he published were Ruskin, Charlotte Bronte, 
 Thackeray, Trollope, Airs. Gaskell, Wilkie Collins, Robert 
 Browning and Mrs. Browning, Leigh Hunt, Matthew 
 Arnold, Sir Leslie Stephen, and Mrs. Humphry Ward. 
 In 1859 he started the “ Cornhiil Magazine,” with Thack- 
 eray as editor, and in 1865 founded the “Pall Mall Ga- 
 zette.” His most noted publication was the monumen- 
 tal “Dictionary of National Biography” (1885-1901 : sup- 
 plement and index volume, 1901-03). 
 
 Smith', Goldwin. His later works include “ Essays 
 on Questions of the Day ” (1894), “ Guesses at the Riddle 
 of Existence” (1896), “The United Kingdom” (1899), 
 “Shakespeare — the Man” (1900), “Commonwealth or 
 Empire ” (1902), “In the Court of History " (1902), “The 
 Founder of Christendom" (1903), “Lines of Religious In- 
 quiry ” (1904), “ My Memory of Gladstone ” (1904), “ Irish 
 History and the Irish Question " (1905), “ Labour and Capi- 
 tal ” (1907), and “ Reminiscences ” (1910). 
 
 Smith (smith), Hoke. Born at Newton, N. C., 
 Sept. 2, 1855. An American politician. He was 
 admitted to the bar in 1873, and practised law at Atlanta, 
 Georgia. He was secretary of the interior in Cleveland's 
 cabinet 1893-96, was governor of Georgia 1907-09 and 
 again 1911, and U. S. senator from Georgia, Dec., 1911-. 
 
 Smith (smith), Theobald. Born at Albany, 
 N. Y., July 31, 1859. An American patholo- 
 gist, professor of comparative pathology in 
 Harvard University from 1896. He had charge of 
 the investigations of infectious diseases of animals for the 
 United States Department of Agriculture 1884-95, and was 
 professor of bacteriology in George Washington Univer- 
 sity 1886-95. He has investigated the causes of Texas 
 cattle-fever and similar infectious diseases, and has made 
 special studies in parasitism and immunity. 
 
 Smith’s Falls (smiths falz'). A town in 
 Lanark County, Ontario, Canada, situated on 
 the Rideau Canal. It has manufactures of 
 woolens, farm implements, stoves, etc. Popu- 
 lation, 6,370, (1911). 
 
 Smithwick (smith'wik), John George Carl- 
 ton. Born in Ireland, Oct. 6, 1844: died at 
 New York, July 1, 1904. An American wood- 
 engraver, one among the first successfully to 
 engrave photographs on wood. He was repre- 
 sented in all the leading American magazines and illus- 
 trated journals, and was for many years manager of the 
 engraving department of “Harper's Magazine.” 
 
 Smyth (smith), Ethel Mary. Born at Lon- 
 don. An English composer. She studied at the 
 Leipsic Conservatory, and later with Heinrich yon Her- 
 zogenberg. She has written three operas, “ Fantasio ” 
 (1898), “ Der Wald ” (1901), which has been sung at the 
 Metropolitan Opera House, New York, and “The Wreck- 
 ers” (1906). Her other works include a mass ; a serenade 
 for orchestra ; an overture (“Antony and Cleopatra”) ; an 
 orchestral tone-poem (“ On the Cliffs of Cornwall ”) ; “ The 
 Spirits of the Forest,” “Sleepless Dreams,” and “Hey 
 Nonny No” for chorus and orchestra ; “Songs of Sunrise ” 
 (a group of suffrage choruses, and others, for mixed chorus 
 and female chorus, including “March of the Women”); 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Snow (sno), Lorenzo. Born at Mantua, Ohio, 
 1814: died at Salt Lake City, Oct. 10, 1901. 
 The president of the Mormon Church 1898-1901. 
 
 He studied at Oberlin College ; became a Mormon in 
 1836 ; was a missionary of that church in Great Britain 
 1840-43, in Italy in 184 - 9, and in the Hawaiian Islands in 
 1864 ; and was elected president of the Twelve Apostles 
 in 1889. 
 
 Snowden (sno'den), Philip. Born at Cowling, 
 Yorkshire, in 1864. An English socialist. 
 He was in the inland revenue service 1886-93, and subse- 
 quently engaged in journalism, taking part in the socialist 
 propaganda. In 1903 he became chairman of the Inde- 
 pendent Labor party, and in 1906 was elected a Labor 
 member of Parliament. He is the author of many pam- 
 phlets on socialism. 
 
 Solomon Islands*. Some of the smaller 
 islands east of Bougainville were transferred 
 to Great Britain in 1899. The islands are ad- 
 ministered by the officials of Kaiser Wilhelm 
 Land. 
 
Solvay 
 
 Solvay (sol'va). A village in Onondaga Coun- 
 ty, New York, adjoining Syracuse. It lias 
 manufactories of soda-ash, pottery, etc. Pop- 
 ulation, 5,139, (1910). 
 
 Somali Coast Protectorate*, or Somaliland. 
 
 About 15,000 square miles were ceded to Abyssinia in 
 1897. It is administered by a commissioner. Chief town 
 and seaport, Berbera. Area, 68,000 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, over 300,000. 
 
 Somali Coast Protectorate, French, or 
 French Somaliland. A French colony in 
 North Africa, on the Gulf of Aden, between 
 the British Somali Coast Protectorate and the 
 Italian colony of Eritrea, it includes the ports of 
 Obok and Jibuti, the latter being the seat of government. 
 The native races are the Danakil and Somali. The colony 
 is administered by a governor and a privy council. Area, 
 about 5,790 square miles. Population, over 200,000. 
 
 Somerset (sum'er-set), Lady Henry (Isabella 
 Caroline Somers). Born 1851. An English 
 philanthropist and writer, daughter of the 
 third Earl Somers. She has taken a prominent part 
 intemperance reform and the advancement of womens 
 work, and established the first industrial farm colony for 
 inebriate women and various training-schools and mis- 
 sions. She is the founder and editor of the “ Woman’s 
 Signal,” and has written “Studies in Black and White,” 
 “A Book for Children,” “Our Village Bite,” “Under the 
 Arch of Life," etc. 
 
 Somerville (sum'er-vil). The county-seat of 
 Somerset County, New Jersey, on the Raritan 
 River, 10 miles northwest of New Brunswick. 
 It has manufactories of carriages, woolen 
 goods, ranges, etc. Population, 5,060, (1910). 
 Sommer (so-mar'), Roger. Born at Pierre- 
 pont, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Aug. 4, 1877. A 
 French aviator. He made a world’s record in a Bar- 
 man aeroplane on Aug. 7, 1909, by a flight lasting 2 hrs., 
 27 min., 15 sec., at Camp de Chalons. 
 
 Sonnenthal (zon'nen-tal), Adolf, Ritter von. 
 Born at Budapest, Dee. 21, 1834: died at 
 Prague, April 4, 1909. An Austrian actor. 
 His first appearance on the stage was at Temesvar, in 1851. 
 In 1856 he was engaged for the Vienna court theater, of 
 which he became manager-in-chief in 1884. In 1882 a 
 patent of nobility was conferred upon him. He played 
 in various European cities, and in 1885, 1899, and 1902 
 visited the United States. Among his chief parts were 
 Hamlet, King Lear, Wallenstein, Nathan (in Lessing's 
 “ Nathan der Weise ’’), and Mortimer (in Schiller’s “ Maria 
 Stuart”). 
 
 Sons of the American Revolution. An asso- 
 ciation similar to that of the Sons of the Rev- 
 olution, but limited to lineal descendants of 
 those who rendered actual service in the War 
 of the Revolution. The national society was organ- 
 ized in New York, April 30, 1889. The total membership 
 is about 11,000. 
 
 Sons of the Revolution. A patriotic society 
 originated in New York in 1876 by John A. 
 Stevens and others. The aggregate membership of 
 its thirty-one State societies is now about 8,000 and is 
 limited to adult male descendants of those who helped to 
 establish American independence between the dates of 
 April 19, 1775, and April 19, 1783. The object of the so- 
 ciety is to perpetuate the memory of the men who achieved 
 American independence, to preserve documents relating 
 to the War of the Revolution, to inspire a patriotic spirit, 
 and to assist in the commemorative celebration of great 
 historic events. 
 
 Sorel (s6-reP)> Albert. Born at Honfleur, 
 France, Aug. 13, 1842 : died at Paris, June 29, 
 1906. A noted French historian and author. 
 In 1893 he was elected a member of the French Academy, 
 succeeding Taine, of whom he was a disciple. The most im- 
 portant of his works are “Histoire diplomatique de laguerre 
 franco-allemande " (1875), “ La question d’orient au XVIIIe 
 siecle : origine de la triple alliance ” (1878), and “ L’Europe 
 et la revolution framjaise ’’ (1885-1903), for the last of which 
 the French Academy awarded him the Gobert prize in 
 1887 and 1888. He is the author also of two novels, “ La 
 grande Falaise" (1872) and “ Le docteur Egra" (1873); 
 “Essais d’histoire et de critique” (1882, 1888); and biog- 
 raphies of Montesquieu (1887) and Madame de Staid (1891). 
 He was made an officer of the Legion of Honor in 1885, 
 and received the Prix Osiris in 1906. 
 
 Sorolla y Bastida (so-rol'ya e bas-te'dii), Joa- 
 quin. Born at Valencia, Spain, Feb. 27, 1863. 
 A noted Spanish painter. He studied in Valencia 
 and Madrid, and later in Rome, Paris, and again in Italy. 
 In 1909 a large number of his paintings were exhibited in 
 New York and elsewhere in the United States. 
 
 Sorsogon (sor-so-gon')- 1. A province of the 
 Philippine Islands, situated in the southeastern 
 extremity of Luz6n, and including several 
 small adjacent islands. It is bounded by Albay 
 (partly separated by mountains) on the north ; the Pacific 
 Ocean on the east ; the Strait of San Bernardino (separat- 
 ing it from Samar) on the southeast ; and the Visayan Sea 
 on the south and west. Among its bays are Port Gubat 
 on the eastern and Port Sorsogon on the southwestern 
 coast, the latter a flue harbor safe for large vessels in 
 all weather. Sorsogdn is in an active seismic center, and 
 earthquakes are frequent. The volcano Buluskn, 4,053 
 feet in height, is solfataric, and there are numerous hot 
 springs near its foot. The chief rivers are the Donsol, the 
 Putiao, and the Trocin, which are navigable by native 
 boats for from 10 to 13 miles, foal is found in several 
 parts of the province. Lead, sulphur, and gypsum are 
 also reported. Almost half of the land (45.5 per cent.) is 
 agricultural. Among the products are sweet potatoes, 
 
 sugar-cane, and hemp, the last abundant in yield and ex- 
 cellent in quality. The inhabitants are Bicols. Area of 
 province, 755 square miles. Population, 120,495. 
 
 2. A town, the capital of Sorsogon province, 
 situated at the northeastern angle of Port 
 Sorsogon in lat. 12° 58' N., long. 123° 58' E. 
 Civilized population, 13,511. 
 
 Sothern (suTH'ern), Edward Hugh. BornDec. 
 6, 1859. An American actor, son of Edward 
 Askew Sothern. Among the plays in which he has 
 appeared are “One of Our Girls,” “ The Highest Bidder,” 
 “The Maister of Woodbarrow,” “The Dancing Girl,” 
 “Lord Chumley, ' “The Prisoner of Zenda,” “Under the 
 Red Robe,” and “Henry Esmond,' and he is well known 
 as an interpreter of Shakspere. In 1896 he married Vir- 
 ginia Harned, the actress. He was divorced from her in 
 1910, and in 1911 married Julia Marlowe. 
 
 Sousa (so'za), John Philip. Born at Wash- 
 ington, D. C., Nov. 6, 1854. An American 
 hand-master, best known as a composer of 
 marches. In 1880 he was appointed director of the 
 United States Marine Band, and in 1892 organized Sousa's 
 Band. Among his marches are “The Stars and Stripes 
 Forever,” “The Washington Post,” “The High School 
 Cadets,” "King Cotton,” “Manhattan Beach,” “Hands 
 Across the Sea, ’ ’ and “ Liberty Bell. ’ ’ He has also written 
 the comic operas “The Smugglers,” “Desiree,” “The 
 Queen of Hearts, ” “ ElCapitan,” “The Bride-Elect,” “The 
 Charlatan,” and “Chris and the Wonderful Lamp”; or- 
 chestral suites; and a large number of miscellaneous 
 compositions. 
 
 South Africa, United States of. See * Union 
 of South Africa. 
 
 South African Republic*, now the Trans- 
 vaal. After its annexation to the British Empire in 1900 
 its name was changed from South African Republic 
 (adopted in 1884) to Transvaal Colony. This name was 
 changed to the Transvaal when it became a province of 
 the Union of South Africa in 1910. It sends 8 senators and 
 36 representatives to the Union Parliament at Pretoria. 
 Its internal affairs are conducted by an administrator 
 (appointed by the governor-general for 5 years) and a pro- 
 vincial council of 36 members elected for 3 years. Mem- 
 bers of the Provincial Council are elected on the same 
 system as members of Parliament, but the restriction as to 
 European descent does not apply. The first parliamen- 
 tary and provincial elections for the Transvaal were held 
 (under the South Africa Act of 1909) on Sept. 15, 1910. See 
 ★ Union of South Africa. 
 
 South Amboy (south am-boi'). A city in 
 Middlesex County, New Jersey, incorporated 
 in 1908, and coextensive with South Amboy 
 township. It is on Raritan Bay, at the mouth of the 
 Raritan River, 20 miles southwest of Jersey City. It is a 
 shipping-point for coal, and has manufactories of pottery, 
 asphaltum, brick, etc. Population, 7,007, (1910). 
 Southbridge (south'brij). A town in Worces- 
 ter County, Massachusetts, situated on the 
 Quinebaug River. It has cotton- and woolen-mills, 
 and manufactures of cutlery, optical glasses, etc. Popu- 
 lation, 12,592, (1910). 
 
 Southern Education Board. An organization 
 for aiding in the advancement of education in 
 the Southern States, by cooperating with State 
 and local authorities in building up the public 
 school system, especially in rural districts. 
 Southington (suTH'ing-ton). A town in Hart- 
 ford County, Connecticut, on the Quinnipiac 
 River, 10 miles northwest of Waterbury. 
 Manufacturing is its principal industry, the 
 products including cutlery, hardware, etc. 
 Population, 6,516, (1910). 
 
 South Kingstown (south kingz'toun). A town 
 in Washington County, Rhode Island, 26 miles 
 southwest of Providence. Its chief interests 
 are agriculture, manufacturing, oyster culture, 
 and fishing. Population, 5,176, (1910). 
 
 South Milwaukee (south mil-wa'ke). A city 
 in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, 8-J miles 
 south of Milwaukee. It has manufactories of 
 electrical supplies, steam-dredges, mineral 
 wool, etc. Population, 6,092, (1910). 
 
 South Omaha (south o'ma-ha). A city in 
 Douglas County, Nebraska, situated on the 
 Missouri River adjoining Omaha. It has a large 
 business in slaughtering and meat-packing, and in the 
 manufacture of barrels, tubs, etc. Population, 26,259, 
 (1910). 
 
 South Orange (south or'anj). A village in 
 Essex County, New Jersey, 4£ miles west of 
 Newark. It is mainly residential, and is the 
 seat of Seton Hall College (Roman Catholic). 
 Population, 6,014, (1910). 
 
 South Orkney Islands*. They form a de- 
 pendency of the Falkland Islands. 
 
 South Portland (south port'land). A city in 
 Cumberland County, Maine, on Casco Bay, op- 
 posite Portland, with which it is connected by 
 bridges. It has railroad shops, steel- andiron- 
 works, etc., and is the seat of a State reform 
 school for boys. Population, 7,471, (1910). 
 South Sharon (south shar'on). A borough in 
 Mercer County, Pennsylvania, incorporated in 
 1901. It has steel- and wire-works, etc. Pop- 
 ulation, 10,190, (1910). 
 
 Standard Oil Case 
 
 South Shetland*. The group of islands form 
 a dependency of the Falkland Islands. 
 
 Spargo (spar'go), John. Born at Stithians, 
 Cornwall, Jan. 31, 1876. An Anglo-American 
 socialist. He became identified with the socialist 
 movement in England in early life, came to America in 
 1901, and has since been active in the socialist cause. He 
 is a member of the national executive committee of the 
 Socialist party. Among his publications are “The Bitter 
 Cry of the Children ” (1906), “ The Socialists ” (1906), “ So- 
 cialism ” (1906), “Capitalist and Laborer” (1907), “The 
 Common Sense of the Milk Question ” (1908), “ The Com- 
 mon Sense of Socialism " (1908), “ The Socialism of William 
 Morris" (1908), “The Spiritual Significance of Modem 
 Socialism” (1908), “Karl Marx” (1909), “The Substance 
 of Socialism” (1910), “Sidelights on Contemporary Social- 
 ism” (1911), etc. 
 
 Spartanburg (spar'tan-berg). A city, the 
 capital of Spartanburg County, South Caro- 
 lina. It contains Converse College, Wofford College, a 
 public library, and the State Institute for the Deaf, Dumb, 
 and Blind ; and has cotton- and lumber-mills, iron-works’ 
 and manufactures of rope, brooms, etc. Population 
 17,517, (1910). 
 
 Speer (sper), Robert Elliott. Born at Hunt- 
 ingdon, Pa., Sept. 10, 1867. Assistant secre- 
 tary 1891-93 and secretary from 1893 of the 
 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. He 
 was graduated from Princeton University in 1889 and at- 
 tended Princeton Theological Seminary 1890-91. He made 
 a missionary tour in Persia, India, C hin a, Korea, and 
 Japan 1896-97 and in South America 1909. Among his pub- 
 lications are “The Man Christ Jesus” (1896), “Missionary 
 Principles and Practice” (1902), “Missions and Modern 
 History” (1904), “ Christianity and the Nations” (1910). 
 
 Spencer*, John Poyntz, fifth Earl Spencer. 
 
 In 1902 he was appointed Liberal leader in the House of 
 Lords to succeed the Earl of Kimberley. 
 
 Sperry (sper'i), Charles Stillman. Born at 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., Sept. 3, 1847 : died at Wash- 
 ington, D. C., Feb. 1, 1911. An American 
 naval officer. He was graduated from the United 
 States Naval Academy in 1866 ; was promoted captain in 
 1900 and rear-admiral in 1906; and was in command of 
 the battle-ship fleet in its cruise around the world (1908- 
 1909), from its departure from San Francisco, July 7, 1908. 
 He was president of the Naval War College, and was a 
 delegate to the second Peace Conference in 1907. Re- 
 tired 1909. 
 
 Spitzka (spits'ka), Edward Charles. Born at 
 New York, Nov. 10, 1852. An American neu- 
 rologist and comparative anatomist. He was 
 professor of nervous and mental diseases and 
 medical jurisprudence in the New York Post- 
 Graduate Medical College 1882-84. 
 
 Spooner (spon'er), John Colt. Born at Law- 
 reneeburg, Ind., Jan. 6, 1843. An American 
 lawyer and statesman. He was graduated at the 
 University of Wisconsin in 1864 ; served in the Civil War ; 
 was admitted to the bar in 1867 ; and was (Republican) 
 United States senator from Wisconsin 1885-91 and 1897- 
 1907. 
 
 Sprague (sprag), Frank Julian. Born at 
 Milford, Conn., July 25, 1857. A noted 
 American electrical engineer and inventor. 
 
 He was graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 
 1878 ; resigned from the navy in 1883 ; and later formed 
 the Sprague Electric Railway and Motor Company, and 
 actively developed electric motors. He is recognized as 
 the pioneer of the modern electric trolley system because 
 of hia installation of the road at Richmond, Virginia, 
 1887-88, the first on a large scale, the features of which 
 became general standards. He then introduced high-speed 
 and automatic elecjric elevators ; formed the Sprague 
 Electric Company; and in 1887 invented the “multiple- 
 unit system ” of electric train operation, now generally 
 adopted. 
 
 Spring Hill (spring hil). A town in Cumber- 
 land County, Nova Scotia, Canada, it is situ- 
 ated a few miles from the Spring Hill coal-mines. Its 
 main interests are in the mining and transportation of 
 coal. Population, 5,713, (1911). 
 
 Spring Valley (spring val'i). A city in Bureau 
 County, Illinois, on the Illinois River, about 20 
 miles west of Ottawa. Its principal industries 
 are the mining and shipping of coal. Popula- 
 tion, 7,035, (1910). 
 
 Squatter State, The. A popular name of the 
 State of Kansas. 
 
 Stafford (staf'ord). A town in Tolland County, 
 Connecticut, on the Willimantic River, 25 miles 
 northeast of Hartford. It includes Stafford 
 Springs, a summer resort, and has manufac- 
 tories of woolen goods. Population, 5,233, 
 (1910). 
 
 Stamaty (sta-ma-te'), Camille Marie. Born 
 at Rome, Italy, March 23, 1811 : died at Paris, 
 April 19, 1870. A French pianist and com- 
 poser. He was a pupil of Kalkbrenner and 
 Mendelssohn, and the teacher, at Paris, of 
 Gottschalk and Saint-Saens. He wrote many 
 dtudes and pieces for the piano. 
 
 Standard Oil Case. A suit, brought, in 1906 
 by the United States against the Standard Oil 
 Company of New Jersey and seventy other 
 corporations and seven individuals, to dissolve 
 the holding company or combination, known 
 
Standard Oil Case 
 
 as the Standard Oil Trust, formed by them for 
 the control of the output of petroleum and its 
 products. The decision, rendered May 15, 1911, found 
 the Standard Oil Trust to be a combination in restraint 
 of trade and commerce, and directed its dissolution within 
 six months. The decision is notable for its emphasis of 
 the standard of reason in dealing with cases subject to 
 the Antitrust Law of July 2, 1890. 
 
 Standard Oil Company. Originally, the Stan- 
 dard Oil Company of Ohio, organized in 1870, a 
 consolidation of various partnerships engaged 
 in producing, refining, and selling petroleum 
 and its products. By agreements with and control of 
 other concerns engaged in the same business, it gradually 
 worked toward a monopoly of the industry in its many 
 ramifications. In 1882 the Standard Oil Trust, or the 
 Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, was formed, and 
 secured the control of nearly all competing companies in 
 the United States. In 1899 its charter was broadened to 
 admit it to all fields of industry and ownership. The total 
 capitalization of the various companies and of the holding 
 company was shown to be above $328,000,000. Suit was 
 brought, Nov. 15, 1906, by the United States against the 
 Standard Oil Company of New Jersey and seventy other 
 corporations and partnerships and seven individuals sub- 
 sidiary to or allied with it, as parties to a combination or 
 trust in restraint of trade and commerce under the Sher- 
 man Antitrust Law. Final decision was rendered by the 
 United States Supreme Court, May 16, 1911, directing the 
 dissolution of the trust into its component parts and al- 
 lowing six months for such dissolution. 
 
 Stanford*, Sir Charles Villiers. He was con- 
 ductor of the Cambridge University Musical Society 1872- 
 1893, of the Bach Choir 1885-1902, of the Leeds Philhar- 
 monic Society, aud of the Leeds Festival from 1901. 
 
 Stanford (stan'ford), Mrs. (Jane Lathrop). 
 Born at Albany, N. Y., Aug. 25, 1825: died at 
 Honolulu, Feb. 28, 1905. An American phi- 
 lanthropist, wife of Leland Stanford, she joined 
 her husband in founding the Leland Stanford Junior Uni- 
 versity, and after his death aided it liberally. 
 
 Stanford University. See Leland Stanford 
 Junior University. 
 
 Stanley Falls (stan'lifalz). A station, also 
 called Stanleyville, in Belgian Kongo, Africa. 
 
 It is in lat. 0° 25' N., and long. 25° 27' E., at the head of 
 navigation of the Kongo River. The river is navigable 
 from its mouth to Matadi (about 100 miles), unnavigable 
 from there to Stanley Pool (over 200 miles), and navigable 
 from there to Stanley Falls (about 1,200 miles). A railway 
 is being constructed from Stanley Falls to Ponthierville. 
 
 Stannard (stan'fird), Mrs. (Henrietta Eliza 
 Vaughan Palmer) : pseudonyms John 
 
 - Strange Winter and Violet Whyte. Born 
 
 at York, England, Jan. 13, 1856: died at Hur- 
 lingliam, Dec. 13, 1911. An English novelist. 
 She wrote tales of army life, some of which attained wide 
 popularity. Among her works are “ lioup-la !” (1885), “Boo- 
 ties’ Baby” (1885), “A Blameless Woman” (1895), “A Name 
 to Conjure With” (1899), “A Self-made Countess” (1900), 
 “A Blaze of Glory” (1902), “Marty” (1903), and “A Simple 
 Gentleman” (1906). 
 
 Stargard (star'gart). A town in Pomerania, 
 Germany, 20 miles southeast of Stettin. It is 
 a manufacturing town, and a trade center for 
 cattle and produce. Population, 26,907. 
 
 Stark (stark), Mrs. (Elizabeth Page). Born 
 Feb. 16, 1737 (1738?): died June 29, 1814. 
 The wife of General John Stark (1728-1822). 
 Her name has become historic from the words (variously 
 reported) said to have been spoken by General Stark to his 
 soldiers at the battle of Bennington : “ My men, yonder 
 are the Hessians. They were bought for seven pounds and 
 ten pence a man. Are you worth more ? Prove it. To- 
 night the American flag floats from yonder hill or Molly 
 [sic] Stark sleeps a widow ! ” 
 
 Stark (stark), Molly. See * Start:, Mrs. 
 
 Star of the Sea. A title given to the Virgin 
 Mary. 
 
 Starr (star), Frederick. Born at Auburn, 
 N. Y., Sept. 2, 1858. An American anthropol- 
 ogist, assistant professor 1892-95 and associate 
 professor from 1895 in the University of 
 Chicago. He was curator of ethnology in the Ameri- 
 can Museum of Natural History (New York) 1889-91. His 
 investigations have related chiefly to the ethnology of 
 southern Mexico. He is the author of “ American In- 
 dians " (1899), “Strange Peoples” (1900), “The Truth 
 About the Congo ” (1907), etc. 
 
 Staunton (stan'ton). A city in Macoupin 
 County, Illinois, 35 miles northeast of East St. 
 Louis. Population, 5,048, (1910). 
 
 Staunton (stan'ton). An independent city in 
 Virginia, formerly the county-seat of Augusta 
 County, 100 miles northwest of Richmond. 
 It has' manufactories of farming implements, flour, 
 wagons, etc. It is the Beat of the Western State Hospital 
 for the Insane, a State Institution for the deaf and blind, 
 and various educational institutions. Population, 10,604, 
 (1910). 
 
 Stedman*, Edmund Clarence. His later works 
 include “The Nature and Elements of Poetry ” (1892), col- 
 lected poems (1894), “Mater Coronata ” (1900), and “The 
 Inland City ” (1906). He edited also “ A Victorian An- 
 thology ” (1895), “ An American Anthology ” (1900), “His- 
 tory of the New York Stock Exchange ” (1905), “ Poems ” 
 (1908), etc. 
 
 Stedman (sted'man), Thomas Lathrop. Born 
 
 at Cincinnati, Ohio, Oct. 11, 1853. An Ameri- 
 can physician, editor, and author. He has writ- 
 
 ten “ A Chinese and English Phrase Book in the Canton 
 Dialect” (1888: with K. P. Lee) and “Modern Greek 
 Mastery ” (1896), and has edited “The Twentieth Century 
 Practice of Medicine ” (1895-1903), Dunglison’s “Medical 
 Dictionary ” (1903), and “ A Practical Medical Diction- 
 ary” (1911). Since 1904 he has been editor of the New 
 York “ Medical Record.” 
 
 Steel (stel), Mrs. (Flora Annie Webster). 
 
 Born at Harrow, April 2, 1847. An English 
 novelist. In 1867 she went to India, where she was con- 
 nected with the government schools of the Panjab for a 
 number of years. Many of her stories deal with Anglo- 
 Indian life. Among her publications are “Tales of the 
 Punjab” (1894), “The Potter's Thumb” (1895), “Red 
 Rowans ” (1895), “ On the Face of the Waters ’’ (1896), “ In 
 the Tideway" (1897), “Voices in the Night” (1900), 
 “India” (1906: with Mortimer Menpes), “Sovereign 
 Remedy ” (1906), “ India Through the Ages ” (1908), “ The 
 Gift of the Gods ” (1911), etc. 
 
 Steer (ster), Philip Wilson. Born at Birken- 
 head, Dec. 28, 1860. An English figure- and 
 landscape-painter. He studied at, the Gloucester 
 School of Art, and under Cabanel at the ficole des Beaux- 
 Arts, Paris. He has exhibited mainly at the New English 
 Art Club. His work is to be found in the Uffizi Gallery, 
 Florence ; the art galleries of Melbourne and Perth in 
 Australia; the National Gallery of British Art (Tate Gal- 
 lery), London; Metropolitan Museum, New York, etc. 
 
 Stefansson (stef'an-son), Vilhjdlmur. Born 
 in Manitoba, Nov. 3, 1879. A Scandinavian- 
 American arctic explorer aud anthropologist, 
 of Icelandic parentage. He was graduated at, the 
 University of Iowa in 1993 and studied anthropology at 
 Harvard University. Under the auspices of the American 
 Museum of Natural History and the Geological Survey of 
 Canada, and with Dr. R. M. Anderson of the University of 
 Iowa as zoologist, he engaged (1908-12) in a scientific ex- 
 pedition in northwest arctic America, with base at Cape 
 Parry, Canada, lat. 70° N., long. 123° W. The expedition 
 discovered a race of light-colored Eskimos. With the 
 support of the Canadian government, he took charge in 
 1913 of a scientific expedition which planned to spend 
 three or four years in the arctic for the determination of 
 the existence of land areas between Bering Strait and the 
 pole, the study of native races, etc. He has published 
 “ My Life with the Eskimos ” (1913). 
 
 Steffens (stef'enz), Joseph Lincoln. Born at 
 San Francisco, April 6, 1866. An American 
 journalist. He has been city editor of the New York 
 “Commercial Advertiser”; was managing editor of 
 “McClure’s Magazine” 1901-06; and was associate editor 
 of the “American Magazine.” He is the author of “The 
 Shame of the Cities,” “The Struggle for Self-government,” 
 “Upbuilders,” “The Last of These.” etc. 
 
 Steinmetz (stin'mets), Charles Proteus. 
 
 Born at Breslau, Germany, April 9, 1865. A 
 German-American electrician, professor of 
 electrical engineering in Union College 
 (Schenectady, New York) from 1903, and 
 electrician of the General Electric Company 
 (Schenectady) from 1893. He has published “Al- 
 ternating Current Phenomena” (1897), “ Theoretical Ele- 
 ments of Electrical Engineering" (1900-02), “General 
 Lectures on Electrical Engineering ” (1908), “Theory and 
 Calculations of Transient Electric Phenomena and Oscil- 
 lations ” (1909), and numerous technical papers. 
 
 Steinthal*, Heymann. His later works include 
 
 “Grammatik, Logik, Psychologie ” (1855), “Geschichte 
 der Sprachwissenschaft bei den Griechen und Romern ” 
 (1863), “Die Mande-Negersprachen ” (1867), “ Ahriss der 
 Sprachwissenschaft” (l871), “Allgemeine Ethik ” (1885), 
 “Zu Bibeluud Religionsphilosophie ” (1890), etc. 
 
 Stejneger (sti'ne-ger), Leonhard. Born at 
 Bergen, Norway, Oct. 30, 1851. A Norwegian- 
 American biologist, head curator of biology in 
 the U. S. National Museum 1911-. Hewasassis- 
 
 tant curator of birds 1884-89, and curator of reptiles 1889- 
 1911. He has published works on ornithology, “ The Asiatic 
 Fur-Seal Islands” (1898), “The Herpetology of Porto 
 Rico" (1904), “The Herpetology of Japan ” (1907), etc. 
 
 Stelzle (stelts'le), Charles. Born at New York, 
 June 4, 1869. An American sociologist. He has 
 
 published “The Workingman and Social Problems ” (1903). 
 “ Boys of the Street ” (1904), “ Messages to Workingmen ” 
 (1905), “Christianity’s Storm Center ” (1907), “ Letters from 
 a Workingman” (1908), “Principles of Successful Church 
 Advertising ’’ (1909). and “ The Church and Labor ” (1910). 
 
 Stengel (steng'el), Frau (Praxede Marcelline 
 Kochanska): known as Marcella Sembrich. 
 
 Born at Wisniowczyk, Austria, Feb. 15, 1858. 
 A noted soprano singer. She made her debut at 
 Athens in “I Puritani” in 1877; has sung in opera in 
 Dresden, London, Milan, Vienna, Warsaw, St. Petersburg, 
 etc.; and has made a number of tours in America. The 
 name “Sembrich ” was that of her maternal grandfather. 
 
 Sternberg (stern'berg), George Miller. Born 
 at Hartwiek Seminary, Otsego County, N. Y., 
 June 8, 1838. An American bacteriologist, 
 surgeon-general and brigadier-general in the 
 United States army 1893-1902. He was connected 
 with the army as surgeon from 1861. During the war 
 with Spain in 1898 he had charge of the medical service. 
 His researches have related chietly to the aetiology of in- 
 fectious diseases. Among his w r ork9 are “ A Text-book 
 of Bacteriology ” (1895), “ Immunity ” (1897), etc. He re- 
 tired in 1902. 
 
 Stevens Institute of Technology. A college 
 of mechanical engineering at Hoboken, New 
 Jersey, founded by the will of Edwin A. Ste- 
 vens in 1870. It has an endowment of $ 880 , 000 , an an- 
 nual income of about $120,000, and astudentbody of about 
 
 Stone 
 
 400. It confers the degree of mechanical engineer (M. E.). 
 An academic department is associated witli the institute. 
 
 Stevenson*, Robert Louis Balfour, a new 
 
 edition, rearranged in 4 volumes, of “ The Letters of Rob- 
 ert Louis Stevenson ” was edited by Sir Sidney Colvin and 
 issued in 1911. It contained 150 new letters. 
 
 Stevenson (ste'ven-son), Thomas. Born at 
 Edinburgh, July 22, 1818: died there, May 8, 
 1887. A noted Scotch engineer and meteorol- 
 ogist, son of Robert Stevenson and father of 
 Robert Louis Stevenson. He was engineer, with 
 his brother David, to the board of northern lighthouses 
 1853-85 ; was one of the originators of the Scottish Meteor- 
 ological Society in 1855 ; and made improvements in light- 
 house illumination. He was the author of “ Lighthouse 
 Illumination” (1859: expanded into “Lighthouse Con- 
 struction and Illumination” in 1881), “Design and Con- 
 struction of Harbours ” (1864), “ Proposal for the Illumina- 
 tion of Beacons and Buoys ” (1870), etc. 
 
 Steyn (stin), Martinus Theunis. Born at 
 Winburg, Orange Free State, Oct. 2, 1857. 
 A South African statesman, the last president 
 of the Orange Free State. He was called to the bar 
 of the Inner Temple in 1882 ; practised as an advocate in 
 Bloemfontein 1883-89 ; was appointed state attorney for 
 the Orange Free State in 1889 ; was second puisne judge 
 1889-93 and first puisne judge 1893-96; and was state 
 president 1896-1900. Under his leadership the Orange Tree 
 State joined the Transvaal in the war against Great Brit- 
 ain. He took part in the peace conference in 1902. 
 
 Stiles (stilz), Charles Wardell. Born at 
 Spring Valley, N. Y., May 15, 1867. An Ameri- 
 can medical zoologist, zoologist of the United 
 States Public Health and Marine Hospital 
 Service from 1902. He has been special lecturer on 
 medical zoology in Johns Hopkins University from 1897, 
 and in the United States Navy Medical School from 1902. 
 Since 1896 he has been secretary of the international com- 
 mission on zoological nomenclature. His works include 
 “Sheep Scab” (1898), “Trichinosis in Germany ” (1901), 
 “Hookworm Disease ” (19 02), etc. 
 
 Stillman (stil'man), William James. Born 
 at Schenectady, N. Y., June 1, 1828: died at 
 Frimley Green, Surrey, England, July 6, 1901. 
 An American painter, journalist, and critic. 
 He was graduated at Union College, Schenectady, in 1848, 
 and studied art in England and Paris, being much influ- 
 enced by the Preraphaelites and by Ruskin. He edited 
 “ The Crayon, ’ ’ an art journal, 1855-57 ; was U nited States 
 consul at Rome 1861-66, and at Crete 1865-68 ; and was 
 correspondent of the London “ Times ” 1876-98. He wrote 
 “The Cretan Insurrection of 1866-68 1 ’ (1874), “ Herzegovina 
 and the late Uprising ” (1877), “On the Track of Ulysses” 
 (1888), “ Old Italian Masters ” (1892), “ Francesco Crispi ” 
 (1899), “ Autobiography of a Journalist ” (1901), “Billy and 
 Hans ” (1902), etc. 
 
 Stock (stok), Frederick (Friedrich Wilhelm 
 August). Born at Jfilich, Germany, Nov. 11, 
 1872. A German-American conductor and 
 composer. He studied under Engelbert Humperdinck, 
 Heinricl Zollner, Gustav Jensen, and Franz M iillner. He 
 became £ first viola in the Chicago Orchestra under Theo- 
 dore Thomas in 1895, assistant conductor in 18^9, and 
 conductor of the organization in 1905, at Thomas’s death. 
 He has written a symphonic waltz, a symphony, a set of 
 symphonic variations, and a quartet, as well as other 
 compositions. 
 
 Stock Exchange, New York. The chief finan- 
 cial exchange of the United States, for deal- 
 ing instocks, bonds, notes, andother securities. 
 Its dealings are chiefly in American securities, govern- 
 mental, railroad, industrial, mining, etc., largely those of 
 railroads, though in recent years those of industrial en- 
 terprises have also held an important place. Dealing is 
 concerned regularly with such securities as have been 
 “ listed ’’ or formally recognized by the exchange after cer- 
 tain investigations. Sellers of stock are required to del iver 
 by 2.15 P. M. of the following day. The volume of busi- 
 ness is the largest transacted at any single exchange in the 
 world. The exchange is a voluntary, unincorporated asso- 
 ciation of persons, managed by a governing hoard (includ- 
 ing a president and treasurer elected from among the mem- 
 bers) divided into various committees charged with special 
 duties. Membership is secured by purchase, subject to 
 the consent of the exchange. The building occupied by 
 the exchange, a white marble structure on Broad street, 
 with entrances also on Wall and New streets, in the south- 
 ern part of New York city, was completed in 1903. 
 Stoddard*, Charles Warren. His later works in- 
 
 elude “A Troubled Heart” (1885), “Hawaiian Life: Lazy 
 Letters from Low Latitudes ” (1894), “The Wonderworker 
 from Padua” (1896), “ A Cruise under the Crescent from 
 Suez to San Marco ” (1898), “ Over the Rocky Mountains 
 to Alaska” (1900), “In the Footprints of the Padres” 
 (1902), “ Exits and Entrances ” (1903), “ For the Pleasure 
 of his Company” (1903), “Father Damien — A Sketch” 
 (1903), “The Island of Tranquil Delights ” (1904), “The 
 Confessions of a Reformed Poet ” (1907), and “ The Dream 
 Lady ” (1907). 
 
 Stokes*. Whitley. He was joint editor of the 
 “Irische Texte,” the “ Thesaurus Palteohiber- 
 niens,” etc. 
 
 Stolypin (sto-le'pin), Peter Arkadevitch. 
 
 Born in 1863: died at Kieff, Sept. 18, 1911. A 
 Russian statesman, president of the council 
 and minister of the interior 1906-11. He served 
 in various official positions from 1884, when he obtained a 
 place in the ministry of the interior. An attempt was made. 
 Aug. 25, 1906, to assassinate him by exploding a bomb in 
 his residence. The explosion killed 28 persons, but he 
 escaped. He was shot by an assassin Sept. 14. 
 
 Stone (ston), William Joel. Born in Madison 
 County, Ky., May 7, 1848. An American law- 
 
Stone 
 
 yer and politician. He was graduated at the Univer- 
 sity of Missouri ; was a member of Congress 1885-91 ; was 
 governor of Missouri 1893-97 ; and has been Democratic 
 United States senator from that State since 1903. 
 
 Stossel (stes'el), Anatoli Mikhailovitch. 
 
 Born at St. Petersburg, July 10 (N. S.), 1848. 
 A Russian general. He was educated at the Pavlov 
 Military School at St. Petersburg and entered the army in 
 1864 ; served with distinction in the Kusso-Turkish war 
 1877-78 ; and, after holding various positions in the army, 
 became commander of the ninth brigade of the East Si- 
 berian Sharpshooters. He was made a lieutenant-general 
 for his services during the Boxer campaign in 1900, and at 
 the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese war in 1901 was ap- 
 pointed commander of Port Arthur, and later of the entire 
 force sent to the defense of that fortress. After a long 
 siege he surrendered Port Arthur to the Japanese, Jan. 1, 
 1905. For this he was condemned by court martial and 
 imprisoned, but was released in May, 1909. 
 
 Stoughton (sto'ton). A town in Norfolk Coun- 
 ty, Massachusetts, 17 miles south west of Boston. 
 It has manufactories of boots, shoes, rubber 
 goods, wire, etc. Population, 6,316, (1910). 
 Stout (stout), George Frederick. Born at 
 South Shields, England, Jan. 6, 1859. A Brit- 
 ish philosophical writer and psychologist, pro- 
 fessor of logic and metaphysics at St. Andrews 
 from 1903. He has written “Analytical Psychology" 
 (1896), “Manual of Psychology" (1899), “Groundwork of 
 Psychology ” (1903), etc. 
 
 Strait of Tafion. See *Tanon, Strait of. 
 Straits Settlements*. The colony includes also the 
 
 Cocos Islands (annexed, 1903), Christmas Island (1900), 
 and the colony of Labuan (1907). Perak, Selangor, Negri 
 Sembilan, and Pahang have been amalgamated as the 
 Federated Malay States. 
 
 Strang (strang), William. Born at Dumbar- 
 ton, Scotland, Feb. 13, 1859. A noted Scotch 
 engraver, etcher, and painter. He has practised 
 many forms of graphic reproduction, especially etching, 
 and has produced a large number of illustrations and in- 
 dependent pieces, among which are illustrations to Bun- 
 yan’s “Pilgrim’s Progress,” Milton's “Paradise Lost,” 
 and Coleridge's “Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (his 
 masterpiece), and portraits of Robert Louis Stevenson, 
 Thomas Hardy, Rudyard Kipling, Cosmo Monkhouse, and 
 others. He has painted easel-pictures, and for a private 
 library a decoration of fifty pictures from the life of 
 Adam and Eve. 
 
 Stransky (stran'ski), Josef. Born at Hum- 
 poletz, Bohemia, Sept. 9, 1872. An orchestral 
 conductor. He studied under Jadassohn at Leipsic, and 
 under Fuchs and Bruckner at Vienna. He was conductor 
 at the Royal Opera, Prague, for five years, and at the Ham- 
 burg Opera for seven years. In 1909 he became conductor, 
 at Berlin, of the Bliithner Orchestra and the summer 
 series of operas at the Royal Opera House, in 1910 of the 
 Dresden Symphony Society, and in 1911 of the Philhar- 
 monic Society of New York. 
 
 Stratford (strat'ford). A town in Fairfield 
 County, Connecticut, 4 miles northeast of 
 Bridgeport. It is near the mouth of the Hou- 
 satonic River. Population, 5,712, (1910). 
 Strathcona and Mount Royal, Baron. See 
 *i Smith, Donald Alexander. 
 
 Straubing (strou'bing). A town in Bavaria, 
 Germany, 25 miles southeast of Ratisbon. It 
 has brick-works, tanneries, breweries, etc. 
 It is an ancient town, on the site of a Roman 
 settlement. Population, 20,856. 
 
 Straus (strous), Oscar. Born at Vienna, April 
 6,1870. A Viennese composer. He studied music 
 
 in Vienna and Berlin, and was for many years an orches- 
 tral director. His operettas include “ Die lustigen Nibe- 
 lungen,” a parody on Wagners “Ring “ Jungdieterichs 
 Brautfahrt” (1906) ; “ Ein Walzertraum " (1907), given in 
 London and America as “A Waltz Dream”; and “ Der 
 tapfere Soldat ” (1908), an operatic version of G. B. Shaw’s 
 “Arina and the Man,*’ sung in London and America as 
 “The Chocolate Soldier.” 
 
 Straus ( strous) , Oscar Solomon. Born at Otter- 
 berg, Germany, Dec. 23, 1850. An American 
 diplomatist. He was brought to Georgia by his parents 
 in 1854, remaining there until 1865, and was graduated at 
 Columbia College in 1871 and at Columbia Law School in 
 1873. He was United States minister to Turkey 1887-89, 
 1898-1900, and 1909-11. In 1902 he was appointed by 
 President Roosevelt to fill the vacancy in the permanent 
 court of arbitration at The Hague caused by the death of 
 Benjamin Harrison. He was secretary of commerce and 
 labor 1906-09. He was the candidate of the Progressive 
 Party for governor of New York in 1912. He has written 
 “The Origin of the Republican Form <*f Government in 
 the United States” (1885), “Roger Williams, the Pioneer 
 of Religious Liberty” (1894), “The Development of Reli- 
 gious Liberty in the United States” (1896), “Reform in the 
 Consular Service” (1897), “The United States Doctrine of 
 Citizenship and Expatriation” (1901), “Our Diplomacy : a 
 Survey” (1902), “Industrial Peace’* (1903), “The Hague 
 Tribunal, its Scope and Meaning” (1904), and “The United 
 States and Russia, their Historical Relations” (1905), 
 
 Strauss (strous), Rickard. Born at Munich, 
 June 11, 1864. A noted German composer, 
 conductor of the Royal Opera in Berlin from 
 1898. In 1885 he became conductor of the Mein ingen 
 orchestra, and in August was appointed third conductor 
 of the Royal Opera at Munich He has developed the 
 demands made upon the numbers and sonority of the 
 orchestra ; has wrought out a style of great complexity in 
 orchestral writing, as well as a bold and radical use of 
 harmonic discords ; and has carried the delineative and 
 pictorial purpose in music to its extreme. His symphonic 
 c — 76 
 
 poems are “ Don Juan ” (1888), “ Aus Italien ” (1889), “Tod 
 und Verklarung" (1890), “Macbeth” (1891), “Till Eulen- 
 6piegels lustige Streiche" (1895), “ Also Sprach Zarathus- 
 tra " (1896), “Don Quixote” (1897), “Ein Heldenleben ” 
 (1898), and “Sinfonia Domestica " (1904). He has com- 
 posed the operas “ Guntram " (1894), “ Feuersnot ” (1901), 
 “Salome" (1905), “Elektra" (1908), first performed at 
 Dresden, Jan. 25, 1909, “Rosenkavalier” (1911), and “Ari- 
 adne auf Naxos" (Stuttgart, Oct. 25, 1912), and many songs. 
 
 Streator (stre'tor). A city in Lasalle County, 
 Illinois. It is situated in a farming district on the east 
 bank of the Vermilion River, where there are coal- and 
 clay-beds, and has railroad and coal interests, brick- and 
 tile-yards, and manufactures. Population, 14,253, (1910). 
 
 Strindberg (strind'berg), August. Born at 
 Stockholm, Jan. 22, 1849: died there, May 14, 
 1912. A Swedish dramatist and novelist, aleader 
 of modern Swedish litei-ature. Among his plays 
 are “Master Olof” (1872), “Gillets hemlighet” (1880), “Fa- 
 dren" (1887),“Froken Julie” (1888),“Glaubiger" (1889), “Till 
 Damaskus” (1898), and a series of historical dramas, in- 
 cluding “Gustavus Wasa,” “Erik XIV.,” “Gustavus Adol- 
 phus,” and “Carol XII. " He wrote also “Roda rummet” 
 (1879); “Det nya riket” (1882), which provoked so much 
 criticism that the author left Sweden for a number of 
 years ; “Svenska folket i helgoch soken ” (1882) ; “Giftas ” 
 (1884); “Die Beiehte eines Thoren ” (1893); “Inferno” 
 (1897), written after one of his periodical attacks of in- 
 sanity ; “ Einsam ’ ’ (1903), an autobiographical novel ; “ Die 
 Gotischen Zimmer " (1904) ; and many other volumes. He 
 has been called “ the Shakspere of Sweden.” 
 
 Strong (strong), Charles Augustus. Born at 
 Haverhill, Mass., Nov. 28, 1862. An Ameri- 
 can psychologist, professor in Columbia Uni- 
 versity from 1902. He was associate professor 
 in the University of Chicago 1892-95, and lec- 
 turer at Columbia 1895-1902. He has published 
 “ Why the Mind has a Body ” (1903), etc. 
 Strong (strong), Josiah. Born at Naperville, 
 111., Jan. 19, 1847. An American clergyman, 
 social economist, and author. He was graduated 
 at Western Reserve College in 1869 ; in 1871 was ordained 
 to the Congregational ministry ; and was chaplain to 
 Western Reserve College 1873-76 and instructor in natural 
 theology and rhetoric. From 1886 to 1898 he was general 
 secretary of the Evangelical Alliance for the United 
 States, and has been president of the American Institute 
 of Social Service since its organization in 1898. Among 
 his works are “Our Country ” (1886), “The New Era ' 
 (1893), “The Twentieth Century City ” (1898), “Religious 
 Movements for Social Betterment” (1900), “Expansion” 
 (1900), “The Times and Young Men ” (1901), “The Next 
 Great Awakening” (1902), “The Challenge of the City” 
 (1908), etc. 
 
 Strong-Bows (strdng'boz). An Athapascan 
 tribe located near the Liard River. Canada. 
 Strutt*, John William, third Baron Rayleigh. 
 He was awarded the Nobel prize for physics in 
 1904, and in 1908 was appointed lord chancellor 
 of Cambridge University. 
 
 Stuart (stu ' art), Mrs*. (Ruth McEnery). 
 Born at Marksville, Avoyelles Parish, La., 
 1856. An American author, chiefly of stories 
 of Southern life. She has written “ A Golden Wed- 
 ding, and Other Tales " (1893), “Carlotta's Intended, and 
 Other Tales” (1894), “The Story of Babette ” (1894), 
 “Sonny" (1894), “Solomon Crow’s Christmas Pockets” 
 (1896), “ Gobolinks ” (1896; with Albert Bigelow Paine), 
 “In Simpkinsville " (1897), “Moriah's Mourning” (1898), 
 
 “ Holly and Pizen ” (1898), “ The Snowcap Sisters ” (1901), 
 “Napoleon Jackson, the Gentleman of the Plush Rocker” 
 (1902), “ George Washington Jones ” (1903), “The River's 
 Children” (1904), “The Second Wooing of Salina Sue, 
 and Other Stories” (1905), “The Unlived Life of Little 
 Mary Ellen ” (1910), “Sonny’s Father ” (1910), etc. 
 
 Stubbs (stubz), Charles William. Born at 
 Liverpool, Sept. 3, 1845 : died at Truro, May 4, 
 1912. An English clergyman and author, dean 
 of Ely 1894-1906 and bishop of Truro 1906-12. 
 
 He was educated at Cambridge; was vicar of Gran boro, 
 Buckinghamshire, 1871-74, and of Stokenham, south Devon, 
 1884-88 ; and was rector of Wavertree, Liverpool, 1888-94. 
 lie was the author of “Christ and Democracy” (1884), 
 “Christus Imperator” (1894), “Historical Memorials of Ely 
 Cathedral” (1897), “Handbook of Ely Cathedral” (1898), 
 “In a Minster Garden” (1901), “Cambridge and its Story” 
 (1903), “Castles in the Air, and Other Poems” (1904), “The 
 Christ of English Poetry” (Hulsean lectures : 1905), “Cor- 
 nish Bells, Carols, and Verses ” (1910), etc. 
 
 Stilbel (stu'bel), Alphons. Born at Dresden, 
 July 26, 1835 ; died there, Nov. 10, 1894. A 
 German geologist and traveler. He studied at 
 Leipsic, Heidelberg, and Berlin. In 1866 he made a jour- 
 ney with Wilhelm Reiss to the island of Santorin to study 
 volcanic phenomena, and from 1868 to 1876 traveled with 
 him in South America (see Reiss, Wilhelm). Besides 
 works written in collaboration with Reiss and others, he 
 published “Die Vulkanberge von Ecuador” (1897) and 
 “Uber die genetische Verschiedenheit vulkanischer 
 Berge ” (1903). 
 
 Stuck (stok), Franz. Born at Tettenweis, 
 Bavaria, Feb. 23, 1863. A Bavarian painter. 
 
 He made his first success as a draftsman for the comic 
 paper “ Fliegende Blatter,” and as a painter made his 
 d6but at the Munich international exhibition of 1889, where 
 he won a medal. He was early appointed professor in 
 the Royal Academy of Art. His picture of the “Cruci- 
 fixion ” is in the Museum of Stuttgart ; the “ Allegory of 
 War” in the Munich Pinakothek ; the “Sphinx ” in the 
 National Museum at Budapest ; and a bronze statue of an 
 athlete in the National Gallery in Berlin. He is one of 
 the leaders in the Munich “Secession.” 
 
 Sumter 
 
 Sturgis (ster'jis), Russell. Born in Baltimore 
 County, Md., Oct. 16, 1836: died at New York, 
 Feb. 11, 1909. An American architect and 
 writer. He was graduated at the College of the City of 
 New York in 1856, and studied architecture in Europe 
 and practised it in New York until 1880. Among the 
 buildings which he designed are Battell Chapel, Farnam 
 Hall, Durfee Hall, and Lawrance Hall, in Vale Univer- 
 sity, and the Homeopathic Medical College and Flower 
 Hospital in New York. After 1890 he devoted himself to 
 critical and other writing on art. He edited “ A Dic- 
 tionary of Architecture and Building : Biographical, His- 
 torical, and Descriptive' 1 (3vols., 1901-1902), and 
 wrote “European Architecture: a Historical Study” 
 (1896), “Annotated Bibliography of Fine Art” (1897), 
 “ How to Judge Architecture ” (1903), “ The Appreciation 
 of Sculpture ” (1904), “The Interdependence of the Arts 
 of Design ” (1905), “ The Appreciation of Pictures ” (1905), 
 “A Study of the Artist's Way of Working” (1905), “A 
 History of Architecture ” (Vol. I., 1906 ; Vol. II., 1909 ; Vol. 
 III. to be completed by A. L. Frothingham), “ A Short His- 
 tory of Architecture ” (1908). 
 
 Sturm , Julius Karl Reinhold. His later works 
 
 include “Zwei Rosen” (1854), “Neue Gedichte” (1856), 
 “Neue fromme Lieder und Gedichte ” (1858), “Fur das 
 Haus ” (1862), “ Israelitische Lieder” (1881), “Von der 
 Pilgerfahrt ” (1868), “Lieder und Bilder " (1870), “1870. 
 Kampf- und Siegesgedichte ” (1870), “Spiegel der Zeit in 
 Fabeln ” (1872), “Gott griisse dich ” (1876), “Das Buch 
 fur meine Kinder ” (1877), “Immergriin” (1879), “Miir- 
 chen ” (1881), “ Aufwarts ! ” (1881), “ Dem Herrn mein 
 Lied” (1884), “Natur, Liebe, Vaterland” (1884), “ Bunte 
 Blatter ’ ’ (1885), “ Palme und Krone ’ ’ (1887), “ N eue lyrische 
 Gedichte ” (1894), and “ In Freud und Leid ” (1896). 
 Subic (so'bek), Port. A bay on the south- 
 western coast of Luzon, Philippine Islands, 
 partly separating Bataan and Zambales prov- 
 inces : a sate harbor for large vessels in all 
 weather. Also called Subic Bay. 
 
 Subic Bay. Same as * Subic, Port. 
 Suburban”. The winners from 1904 have been : 
 1904, Hermis: 1905, Beldame; 1906, Go-Be- 
 tween; 1907, Nealon; 1908, Ballot; 1909, Fitz 
 Herbert; 1910, Olambala. 
 
 Sucker State, The. A nickname of the State 
 of Illinois. 
 
 Sudbury (sud'bu-ri). A town in Nipissing dis- 
 trict, Ontario, Canada. In the vicinity are deposits 
 of nickeliferous ore which yield a large part of the world’s 
 supply of nickel. Population, 4,150, (1911). 
 
 Sudermann , Hermann. His later dramatic works 
 include “ Die Schmetterlingsschlacht ” (1894), “Das 
 Gliick im Winkel ” (1895), three one-act plays (“ Teja,” 
 “Fritzchen,” and “Das ewig Mannliche ”) published 
 under the title of “ Morituri ” (1896), “ Johannes ” (1898), 
 “ Die drei Reiherfedern ” (1899), “ Johannisfeuer ” (1900), 
 “Es lebe das Leben ” (1902), “ Sturmgeselle Sok rates ” 
 (1903), “Stein unter Steinen ” (1905), “ Das Blumenboot” 
 (1905), and four one-act plays (“Rosen ” (1907), “Strand- 
 kinder ” (1909), etc.). His prose includes “FrauSorge” 
 (1888), “Der Katzensteg ” (1889), “Im Zwielicht ” (1890), 
 “ Iolanthes Hochzeit ” (1893), “ Es war ” (1894), “ Das holie 
 Lied ” (1908), and “Die indische Lilie” (1911). 
 
 Suez Canal*. It is 87 miles long (66 actual canal and 
 21 miles lakes), 121 feet 5 inches wide at the bottom, and 28 
 feet deep. The cost of construction, with enlargements, 
 was £24,000,000. The canal was exempted from blockade 
 by a convention signed in 1888, and vessels of all nations, 
 armed or unarmed, are to be allowed to pass through it 
 at all times. In 1909 the number of vessels passing 
 through the canal was 4,239, gross tonnage 21,500,847. 
 
 Suk (sok), Josef. Born Jan. 4, 1874. A Bo- 
 hemian violinist and composer. He studied the 
 violin at the Conservatory of Prague, and composition 
 with Dvorak, whose daughter he married. He is a mem- 
 ber of the famous Bohemian String Quartet, and ranks 
 high as a composer of the new Bohemian school. His 
 works include an opera (1903), a dramatic overture, an 
 overture to “ Antony and Cleopatra,” and much chamber 
 music. 
 
 Sulgrave (sul'grav). A manor in Northamp- 
 tonshire, England, about 23 miles southeast of 
 Stratford-upon-Avon. It was granted in 1538 by 
 Henry VIII. to Laurence Washington, a member of the 
 family from which George Washington was descended. 
 The manor-house, which still stands, was built about 1560. 
 The church contains monuments of the Washington family. 
 Population of parish, 364 (1911). 
 
 Sullivan (sul'i-van), Louis Henry. Born at 
 Boston, Mass.; Sept. 3, 1856. An American 
 architect. His most interesting designs have been for 
 high office buildings ; among these is the Bayard Building 
 in Bleecker Street, New York. He also built the Trans- 
 portation Building at the World’s Fair at Chicago in 1893. 
 
 Sulu Sea. Same as *Jol6 Sea. 
 
 Sulzberger (sults'ber-ger), Mayer. Born at 
 Heidelsbeim, Baden, June 22, 1843. An Ameri- 
 can jurist and Hebraist. He came to Philadelphia 
 in 1848, attained eminence at the bar, and was elected a 
 judge in 1895 and reelected in 1904. He collected the 
 finest Hebrew library in America, which he presented to 
 the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York 
 city. In 1909 he published “The Am Ha-aretz : the An- 
 cient Hebrew Parliament. A Chapter in the Constitu- 
 tional History of Ancient Israel.” 
 
 Summit (sum'it). A city in Union County, 
 New Jersey, 10 miles southwest of Newark. 
 It is a summer resort and place of residence 
 Population, 7,500, (1910). 
 
 Sumter (sum'ter). The county-seat of Sumter 
 County, South Carolina, 41 miles southeast, of 
 
Sumter 
 
 Columbia. It is important for its cotton trade, 
 and has lumber-mills and various manufac- 
 tories. Population, 8,109, (1910). 
 
 Sunflower State, The. A popular name for 
 Kansas. 
 
 Sun Yat-sen (son yat-sen): official name Sun 
 Wen. Born in Kwangtung province, southern 
 China, in 1867. A Chinese political leader. 
 
 His father was a missionary agent for the London Mission- 
 ary Society. He studied medicine in Hong-Kong 1887-92. 
 He embraced the revolutionary cause, but the conspiracy 
 in which he was engaged having failed, he was an exile 
 from China 1895-1911, returning in disguise at intervals to 
 preach reform. He was elected President of the Provi- 
 sional Republican Government in China by the Nanking 
 Council in November, 1911, but resigned Feb. 14, 1912, in 
 favor of Yuan Shi-kai. He then gave special attention to 
 China's railway problems. He led the uprising in south- 
 ern China against the government in 1913, but fled from 
 the country in August. 
 
 Surigao (so-re-ga'o). A province of the Philip- 
 pine Islands, consisting of the northeastern part 
 of Mindanao and numerous adjacent islands, 
 of which Dinagat, Siargao, and Bucas are the 
 most important. It is bounded by the Pacific Ocean 
 on the north and east ; Davao on the south ; and Misamis 
 (separated by mountains), the Surigao Sea, and the Strait 
 of Surigao (separating it from Panadn and Leyte) on the 
 west. Capital, Surigao. It contains high mountain peaks, 
 Legaspi, Urdaneta, etc. The southeastern angle of Butuan 
 Bay, Port Nasipit, is an excellent harbor, safe for large 
 vessels in all weather. Coal is found in the eastern, south- 
 eastern, and southern parts of the province, and gold in 
 many places in tile north, among the eastern mountains, 
 and in Dinagat Island. Among the products are cacao, 
 hemp, copra, corn, sugar-cane, sweet potatoes, and mangos. 
 The inhabitants are chiefly Visayans. Area of province, 
 6,988 square miles. Population, 115,112. 
 
 Surigao (so-re-ga'o) Sea. A branch of the 
 Mindanao Sea, in the Philippine Islands, lying 
 east of that sea and west of the eastern penin- 
 sula of Mindanao Island. It is connected with the 
 Pacific Ocean on the east by Surigao Strait. 
 
 Surigao (so-re-ga'o) Strait. A strait in the 
 Philippines separating Mindanao from Panaon, 
 Dinagat, Buc&s, and other islands, and form- 
 ing the northeastern passage between the Su- 
 rigao Sea and the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Suttner (sot'ner), Baroness von (Bertha von 
 Kinsky). Born at Prague, Austria, June 9, 
 1843. An Austrian novelist, wife of Baron 
 Arthur von Suttner (1850-1902). in 1891 she 
 
 founded the Austrian Society of Peace-lovers and, as its 
 president, took part in the peace congresses at Rome 
 (1891), Bern (1892), Antwerp (1894), and Hamburg (1897). 
 Her works include “Inventarium einer Seele ” (1883), 
 
 “Die Wallen Nieder ’ (1889: translated as “Lay down 
 your Arms ’), for which she was awarded the Nobel peace 
 prize in 1905, “Das Machinenzeitalter ” (1891), "Die 
 Haager Friedenskonferenz,’’ a journal (1900), “Marthas 
 Kinder” (1902: a sequel to “Die Waffen Nieder"), 
 “ Briefe an eineu Toteu ” (1904), and “ Memoirs " (1910). 
 She is the editor of the monthly organ of the peace move- 
 ment, “Die Waffen Nieder,” established in Dresden in 
 1892. 
 
 Svendsen (svend'sen), Johann Severin. 
 
 Born at Christiania, Sept. 30, 1840: died June 
 14, 1911. A Norwegian composer, conductor 
 at Copenhagen from 1883. He composed two sym- 
 phonies and other orchestral works; but the music by 
 which he is best known is his octet for strings and his 
 romance for violin. 
 
 Sverdrup (svar'drop), Otto. Born in the dis- 
 trict of Helgeland, Norway, Oct. 31, 1854. A 
 Norwegian arctic explorer. He was a member of 
 Nansen s expedition to Greenland in 1888 and of his polar 
 expedition 1893-96, bringing the Fram back to Norway 
 after Nansen started north over the ice. From 1898 to 
 1902 he conducted an expedition to the northern extremity 
 of Baffin Bay. He is the author of “Nyt Land” (1903). 
 
 Swahili (swa-he'le). [Properly, Waswahili, 
 coast people.] 1. An African people who in- 
 habit the island of Zanzibar and the neighbor- 
 ing coasts. They are the descendants of the original 
 Bantu inhabitants of the region, mixed with Arab 
 traders and slaves from all parts of the continent. 
 
 2. The language of the Swahilis. It is a Bantu 
 tongue with a very large admixture of foreign, 
 mostly Arabic, words. Properly Kiswahili. 
 
 Swan (swon), John Macallan. Born at Old 
 Brentford, Middlesex, in 1847: died Feb. 14, 
 1910. An English painter and sculptor, espe- 
 cially of animals. He was made an associate 
 of the Royal Academy in 1894, and an acade- 
 mician in 1905. 
 
 Swanhild (svan'hild). In German legend, the 
 wife of Hermanric, famous for her beauty. 
 She was guilty of adultery and was torn in pieces by four 
 horses. In the northern legend she is the daughter of 
 Sigurd and Gudrun. 
 
 Swarth (svart), Helene. See *Lapidoth. 
 
 Swaziland . The administration is under the control 
 of the High Commissioner for South Africa, but jurisdic- 
 tion in civil matters between natives is allowed the native 
 chiefs. The capital of the protectorate is Mbabane. Area, 
 6,536 square miles. Population, about 86,000. 
 
 Sweden . The union with Norway was declared by 
 Norway, June 7, 1905, to be dissolved, and an agreement 
 with Sweden repealing it was reached Oct. 26, 1905. 
 
 Sweet (swet), Henry. Born at London, 1845: 
 died at Oxford, April 30, 1912. A noted English 
 
 Tambobong 
 
 philologist and phonetician. He was educated at 
 King’s College School, London, at Heidelberg, and at Ox- 
 ford. In 1901 he was appointed reader in phonetics at 
 Oxford. His works include editions of Old and Middle 
 English texts, Old and Middle English readers and 
 primers, “ A History of English Sounds from the Earliest 
 Period” (1875), “A Handbook of Phonetics” (1877), “A 
 Primer of Spoken English” (1890), “A Primer of Pho- 
 netics" (1890), “ A New English Grammar” (1892-98), “A 
 Student’s Dictionary of Anglo-Saxon" (1897), “The Prac- 
 tical Study of Languages” (1899), “A History of Lan- 
 guage ’’ (1900), etc. 
 
 Swenson (swen'son). Laurits Selmer. Born 
 at New Sweden, Minn., June 12, 1865. An 
 American diplomatist. He was minister to 
 Denmark 1897-1905, to Switzerland 1909-11, 
 and to Norway 1911-13. 
 
 Swinburne .Algernon Charles. His later works 
 
 include “Sisters: a Tragedy” (1892), “Studies in Prose 
 and Poetry ‘ (1894), “A Tale of Balen ” (1896), “Rosa- 
 mund, Queen of the Lombards ” (1899), collected works 
 (1904-05), “Love’s Cross Currents,” a novel (1905), and 
 “ The Duke of Gardia ” (1908). 
 
 Swissvale (swis'val). A borough in Alle- 
 gheny County, Pennsylvania, 7 miles south- 
 east of Pittsburgh. It has iron and steel 
 manufactures. Population, 7,381, (1910). 
 
 Swoyersville (swoi'erz-vil). A borough in 
 Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. Population, 
 5,396, (1910). 
 
 Symons (si'monz), Arthur. Born at Milford 
 Haven, Wales, Feb. 28, 1865. A British poet, 
 author, and critic. His works include “An Intro- 
 duction to the Study of Browning” (1886), “Days and 
 Nights” (1889), “Silhouettes” (1892), “London Nights” 
 (1895), “ Amoris Victima” (1897), “ Studies in Two Litera- 
 tures ” (1897), “The Symbolist Movement in Literature” 
 (1900), “Images of Good and Evil” (1900), “Collected 
 Poems” (1901), “Plays, Acting, and Music” (1903), 
 “Cities” (1903), “Studies in Prose and Verse” (1904), 
 “ Spiritual Adventures ” (1905), “ The Fool of the World, ' ’ 
 a morality play (1906), “Studies in Seven Arts” (1906), 
 “William Blake” (1907), “Cities of Italy” (1907), “The 
 Romantic Movement in English Poetry ” (1909), etc. 
 
 Synge (sing), John Millington. Born near 
 Dublin, in 1871: died there, March 24, 1909. 
 An Irish dramatist and poet. He was graduated 
 at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1892, and later spent much 
 time in Paris and elsewhere on the Continent and in the 
 west of Ireland. He was associated with William Butler 
 Yeats in the direction of the Abbey Theatre, Dublin. 
 His writings deal with Irish peasant life. Besides two 
 descriptive works, “The Aran Islands” (1907) and “Kerry 
 and Wicklow,” his chief writings are his plays, which 
 include “Riders to the Sea” (1905), “In the Shadow of 
 the Glen ” (1905), “The Well of the Saints ” (1905), “ The 
 Playboy of the Western World” (1907), “The Tinker's 
 Wedding ” (1907), and “ Deirdre of the Sorrows ” (1910). 
 
 aal (ta-al'). 1. A volcano 
 
 situated on Volcan Island 
 in Lake Bombon, southern 
 Luzon, Philippine Islands, 
 approximately in lat. 14° 2' 
 N., long. 120° 57' E. it has 
 
 several craters, two of which show 
 activity. Within £he central cra- 
 ter are two hot pools and an active 
 cone which emit steam and sul- 
 phurous vapors. The volcano has undergone many changes 
 and has been the cause of many disasters. The greatest 
 recorded eruptions occurred in 1749 and 1754. Less violent 
 eruptions occurred in 1808, 1874, 1878, 1880, and 1903. 
 Height, 1,050 feet. 
 
 2. A municipality of Batangas province, in 
 the southern part of Luzon. Civilized popu- 
 lation, 17,525. 
 
 Taal (ta-al'), Lake. Same as *Bomb6n, Lake. 
 
 Tabaco (ta-ba'ko). A municipality of Albay 
 province, in the southeastern part of Luzon, 
 Philippine Islands. Civilized population, 21,- 
 946. 
 
 Tabb (tab), John Banister. Born in Amelia 
 County, Va., March 22, 1845: died at Ellicott 
 City, Md., Nov. 19, 1909. An American poet. 
 
 He was for many years an instructor in St. Charles Col- 
 lege, Ellicott City, Maryland, holding the chair of English 
 literature 1886-1909. lie was ordained a Roman Catholic 
 priest in 1884. His published works include “ Poems ” 
 (1883), “An Octave to Mary ” (1893), “Lyrics 1 (1897), 
 “ Poems Grave and Gay ” (1899), “The Rosary in Rhyme' 1 
 (1904), “Quips and Quiddits” (1907), etc. 
 
 Tacloban (tak-16'biin). A port and the capi- 
 tal of Leyte province, in the Philippine Islands. 
 It is situated in Leyte Island, on San Pedro and San Pablo 
 Bay, at the entrance to the Strait of San Juanico, in lat. 
 11° 15' N., long. 124° 59' 30" E. It has an excellent harbor. 
 Civilized population of municipality, 11,948. 
 
 Taft (taft), Lorado. Born at Elmwood, Peo- 
 ria County, 111., April 29, 1860. An American 
 sculptor. He was graduated at the State University, 
 Champaign, Illinois, in 1879, and studied at the ficole des 
 
 Beaux-Arts in Paris. In 1886 he settled in Chicago and 
 became instructor in sculpture at the Art Institute, giving 
 public lectures at the institute and at the University of 
 Chicago. He has made many portrait busts, statues, and 
 military monuments, and has published a “History of 
 American Sculpture ' (1903). 
 
 Taft (taft), William Howard. Born at Cin- 
 cinnati, Ohio, Sept. 15, 1857. An American 
 statesman and jurist, son of Alphonso Taft: 
 President of the United States 1909-13. He was 
 graduated at Yale in 1878 and was admitted to the Ohio 
 bar in 1880 ; was judge of the superior court of Cincinnati 
 1887-90 ; was solicitor-general of the United States 1890- 
 1892 ; and was United States circuit judge, sixth circuit, 
 1892-1900. From 1896 to 1900 lie was deau and professor 
 in the law department of the University of Cincinnati, and 
 accepted the Kent professorship of law in Yale Univer- 
 sity in 1913. He was president of the United States Phil- 
 ippine Commission 1900-01 ; was first civil governor of the 
 Philippine Islands 1901-04 ; in 1906 was sent to Cuba to 
 adjust the insurrection there, and was for a short time 
 provisional governor ; and was secretary of war 1904-08. 
 Tagalos (ta-ga'los). A Malay people, num- 
 bering about 1,500,000, occupying the central 
 portion of Luzon, the coasts of Mindoro, and 
 some smaller islands in the Philippines. They 
 are now Christians, and their culture is largely Spanish, 
 though before the Spanish conquest they possessed a cer- 
 tain civilization and an art of writing of their own. Also 
 Tagalogs. 
 
 Tagals (ta-galz'). Same as * Tagalos. 
 Tagaytay (ta-gi-ti') Mountains. A short 
 mountain-range in the southern part of Luzon, 
 Philippine Islands, partly separating Batangas 
 and Cavite provinces. 
 
 Tagbilaran (tag-be-la'ran). A town, the capital 
 of Bohol province, Philippine Islands, it is situ- 
 
 ated on the narrow strait of the same name which sepa- 
 rates Bohol and Panglao islands, in lat. 9° 38' N., long. 123° 
 50' 1" E. Civilized population of municipality, 10,108. 
 Tairen (tl-ren'). See * Dalny. 
 
 Tai-tse (ti'tze), or Thai-tsu. A river in 
 southern Manchuria. It rises in the mountains north 
 of tile Motien Pass, flows westwardly by Liao-yang, which 
 
 is situated on its southern bank, and empties into the Liao 
 River about fifty miles above its mouth. It played an im- 
 portant part in the battle of Liao-yang in the Russo-Jap- 
 anese war. 
 
 Takahira (tii-ka-he'ra), Baron Kogoro. Born 
 in Iwate ken, in January, 1854. A Japanese di- 
 plomatist. He became a translator in the Foreign Office 
 in 1876; was secretary of legation at Washington 1879-84 ; 
 was sent to Seul in 1884 ; was consul at Shanghai 1887-90 ; 
 was consul-general in New- York 1891 ; was appointed min- 
 ister at The Hague in 1892 and at Rome in 1894, and shortly 
 afterward at Vienna; and was minister to the L T nited 
 States 1900-05. He was junior Japanese plenipotentiary 
 in the negotiation of the treaty of Portsmouth in 1905 ; 
 was ambassador to Rome 1907-08 ; and was ambassador ex- 
 traordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the United 
 States 1908-09. 
 
 Takamine (ta-ka-me'ne), Jokichi. Born at 
 Kaga, 1853. A Japanese chemist, since 1884 
 a resident of the United States. He is the 
 discoverer of adrenalin. 
 
 Taku-shan (ta-ko-shan'). A city of southern 
 Manchuria, situated on Korea Bay about sixty 
 miles west of the mouth of the Yalu. it was 
 used as a military base by the Japanese in the Russo-Jap- 
 anese war (1904-05). Population, about 40,000. 
 
 Ta-lien-wan (ta-lyen-wiin') Bay. A bay on 
 the southern side of the Kwang-tung penin- 
 sula, southern Manchuria. Dalny is situated at its 
 westerly extremity. It was leased by Russia from China 
 in 1898, and the lease was ceded to Japan by the treaty 
 of Portsmouth in 1905. 
 
 Talim (ta-lem' ). An island in Laguna de Bay, 
 southern Luzdn, Philippine Islands, belonging 
 to Rizal province. 
 
 Tamagno (ta-man'yo), Francesco. Bom at 
 Turin, 1851: died at Varese, Aug. 31, 1905. 
 An Italian dramatic tenor. He made his debut in 
 1873, and was best known as the creator of the part of 
 Otello in Verdi's opera. 
 
 Tambobong (tam-bo'bong). A municipality 
 in Rizal province, southern Luzdn, Philippine 
 Islands. Civilized population, 20,136. 
 
Tanauan 
 
 Tanauan (ta-na'wan). 1. A municipality in 
 the northeastern part of Batangas province, 
 southwestern Luz6n, Philippine Islands. Civ- 
 ilized population, 18,263. — 2. A municipality 
 in the eastern part of Leyte Island and province, 
 Philippine Islands, situated near San Pedro 
 and San Pablo Bay. Civilized pop., 18,256. 
 
 Taneief (ta-na'yef), Sergius Ivanovitch. 
 Born in the government of Vladimir, Nov. 25, 
 1856. A Russian pianist and composer. He 
 
 studied at the Moscow Conservatory 1866-75, under 
 Nicholas Rubinstein, Hubert, and Tschaikovsky. In 1876 
 he made a continental concert tour with Leopold Auer. 
 In 1878 he succeeded Tschaikovsky as teacher of composi- 
 tion at the Moscow Conservatory, later becoming teacher 
 of piano, free composition, counterpoint, fugue, and 
 musical form at the same institution, and director 1885- 
 1889, when he was succeeded by Safonof. His composi- 
 tions include orchestral and chamber music, a cantata, 
 songs, and piano pieces. He has also written and trans- 
 lated works on counterpoint, on which he is an authority. 
 
 Tang (tang). The Chinese dynasty which 
 reigned from 618 to 907 A. D. During this 
 period the arts and literature flourished. 
 
 Tanon (tan-yon'), Strait of. A strait in the 
 Philippine Islands separating Cebu and Negros 
 and connecting the Visayan Sea and the Min- 
 danao Sea. 
 
 Taos (ta'os). The county-seat of Taos County, 
 New Mexico, situated about 60 miles north- 
 west of Las Vegas. Population of election 
 precinct (including Taos pueblo), 1,830 ; of 
 Taos pueblo, 521, (1910). 
 
 Tapul (ta-pol') Islands. A group of 43 islands 
 in the Sulu (Jolo) Archipelago, lying between 
 the Sulu (Jolo) and Tawi Tawi groups and be- 
 longing to the Jolo district of Moro province, 
 in the Philippine Islands. Siasi is the largest of the 
 group. Area, 90.3 square miles. 
 
 Taranis (tar'a-nis). [L., < Old Celtic *tarav, 
 W. taran, thunder?] A god of evil, called the 
 Celtic Jupiter, said to have been worshiped 
 with human sacrifices by ancient Celts. 
 
 Tarbell (tar-bel'), Ida Minerva. Born in 
 Erie County, Pa., Nov. 5, 1857. An American 
 author and editor. She was associate editor of the 
 “ Chautauquan ” 1883-91, and was on the editorial staff of 
 “McClure's Magazine’’ 1894-1906, and on that of the 
 “American Magazine’’ 1906-. Among her publications 
 are a “Short Life of Napoleon Bonaparte ’’ (1895), “Life of 
 Madame Roland” (1896), “Early Life of Abraham Lin- 
 coln” (1896: with J. McCan Davis), “Life of Abraham 
 Lincoln ” (1900), a“ History of the Standard Oil Company ” 
 (1904), and “The Tariff in our Times” (1911). 
 
 Tarkington (tar'king-ton), Newton Booth. 
 Born at Indianapolis, Ind., July 29, 1869. An 
 American author. He was graduated at Exeter 
 Academy in 1889 and at Princeton in 1893. He has writ- 
 ten “The Gentleman from Indiana” (1899), “Monsieur 
 Beaucaire ” (1900), “ The Two Vanrevels "(1902), “Cherry ” 
 (1903), “In the Arena” (1905), “The Beautiful Lady” 
 (1905), “The Conquest of Canaan ” (1905), “The Man from 
 Home" (1908: with H. L. Wilson), etc. 
 
 Tarlac (tar'lak). 1. A river in Tarlac prov- 
 ince, Luzon, Philippine Islands. — 2. An in- 
 land province in the western part of Luz6n, 
 Philippine Islands. It is bounded by Pangasiniln on 
 the north; Nueva Kcija on the east; Pampanga on the 
 south ; and Zambales (separated by the Zambales Moun- 
 tains) on the west. Capital, Tarlac. The forests are of 
 great value. Over twenty-five per cent, of the land is 
 agricultural. Rice is raised in large quantities. Among 
 the other products are coffee, pineapples, betel-nuts, 
 corn, sugar-cane, and sweet potatoes. The inhabitants 
 are Ilocanos, Tagalos, Pampangans, ami Pangasinanes, 
 with a mixture of other races. Area, 1,205 square miles. 
 Population, 135,107. 
 
 3. A town, the capital of Tarlac province, 
 situated on the Tarlac River in lat. 15° 31' N., 
 long. 120° 36' E. 
 
 Tarr (tar), Ralph Stockman. Born at Glou- 
 cester, Mass., January 15, 1864: died at Ithaca, 
 N. Y., March 21 , 1912. An American geologist, 
 professor of dynamic geology and physical 
 geography in Cornell University 1897-1906, 
 and of physical geography 1906-12. He was 
 assistant professor there 1892-96, and was special 
 field assistant on the United States Geological Survey. 
 Among his publications are “Economic Geology of the 
 United States” (1893), “Elementary Geology” (1897), 
 geographical text-books (with McMurry), text-books on 
 physical geography, and numerous scientific papers. 
 
 Taschereau(tash'ro), Sir Henri Elzear. Born 
 at Ste. Marie de la Beauce, Quebec, Oct. 7, 
 1836 : died at Montreal, Oct. 12, 1909. A Ca- 
 nadian jurist. He was called to the bar in 1857 ; was 
 created a queen’s counsel in 1807 ; and was knighted in 
 1902. He sat, as a Conservative, in the Canadian Legisla- 
 tive Assembly for Ileauce County, Quebec, 1861-07, and 
 was appointed a judge of the superior court, of Quebec in 
 1871 and a judge of the supreme court of Canada in 1878. 
 He was chief justice of the supreme court 1902-06 and 
 was appointed in 1904 a member of the imperial privy 
 council and of the judicial committee to hear appeals 
 from the colonies. He published several books on Cana- 
 dian law. 
 
 Tasmania*. It sends 6 senators and 5 rep- 
 resentatives to the Federal Parliament. 
 
 Tate (tat), Sir Henry. Born at. Chorley, Eng- 
 land, March 11, 1819: died at Streatham Hill, 
 London, Dec. 5, 1899. An English merchant 
 and philanthropist. He presented his collection of 
 modern paintings, one of the finest in England, to the 
 nation. See -kTate Gallery. 
 
 Tate Gallery. The popular name of the Na- 
 tional Gallery of British Art in London. The 
 building, designed in the classic style by Sidney R. J. 
 Smith, and fronting on the river Thames about half a mile 
 above the Houses of Parliament, was presented to the 
 British people, and opened to the public by the Prince of 
 Wales (King Edward VII.), July 21, 1897. Sir Henry 
 Tate gave the building and with it sixty-five pictures and 
 two important bronzes. To these are added, by act of 
 the president and council of the Royal Academy, the 
 works bought with the Chantrey Bequest Fund. George 
 Frederick Watts presented twenty-two of his most impor- 
 tant paintings and one piece of sculpture to form the 
 Watts collection. The Vernon collection of fifty-three 
 pictures has been added. From time to time representa- 
 tive works by British artists are acquired. It occupies 
 the site of the old Millbank Penitentiary. 
 
 Tatin (ta-tan'), Victor. Born at Paris in 
 1843. A French student of aviation, and the 
 inventor and constructor of many scientific 
 instruments. He has been occupied since 1874 with 
 the problems of mechanical flight. In 1879 he constructed 
 a compressed-air model which flew, and in 1890 and 1896- 
 1897 built a successful steam model. He is the author of 
 a standard work on the elements of aviation, and is a 
 member of the Academy of Sciences. He has built many 
 propellers for flying-machines which have been success- 
 ful. He was made chevalier of the Legion of Honor, 
 July 25, 1909. 
 
 Tatti (tat'te), Jacopo. See * Sansovino, Jacopo. 
 Taubmann (toub'man), Otto. Born at Ham- 
 burg, March 8, 1859. A German composer and 
 musical critic. He studied at the Dresden Conserva- 
 tory. He was director of the Wiesbaden Conservatory 
 1886-89, orchestral conductor at St. Petersburg 1891-92, 
 and since 1895 has lived in Berlin, where he is well known 
 as a musical critic. Ilis published compositions include 
 a mass and several other works for voices and orchestra. 
 
 Tausig (tou'sig), Karl. Born at Warsaw, Nov. 
 4, 1841: died at Leipsic, July 17, 1871. A 
 noted piano virtuoso, a pupil of Liszt and a 
 player of remarkable technique and strong 
 powers of interpretation. 
 
 Taussig (tou'sig), Frank William. Bom at 
 St. Louis, Dec. 28, 1859. An American politi- 
 cal economist, professor in Harvard University 
 from 1892. He was assistant professor there 1886-92, 
 and since 1901 has held the Henry Lee professorship. He 
 is the editor of the “Quarterly Journal of Economics,'’ 
 and has published a “ Tariff History of the United States” 
 (1888), “ The Silver Situation in the United States ” (1892), 
 “Wages and Capital” (1896), and “Principles of Eco- 
 nomics ” (1911). 
 
 Tawi Tawi (ta/we ta/we). The largest island 
 of the Tawi Tawi group in the Sulu (Jolo) 
 Archipelago. Area, 232 square miles. Popu- 
 lation, 1,179. 
 
 Tawi Tawi (ta'we ta'we) Islands. A group 
 of 159 islands in the Sulu (Jolo) Archipelago, 
 lying between the Tapul and Sibutu groups 
 and belonging to the Jol6 district of Moro 
 province, Philippine Islands. Tawi Tawi is the 
 largest of the group. Area of the group, 358.7 square 
 miles. Population, about 8,000. 
 
 Tayabas (ta-ya/bas). A province of the Phil- 
 ippine Islands. It embraces a large part of the east- 
 ern coast of Luzon (Principe and Infanta), a part of the 
 southeastern peninsula, and numerous islands east and 
 south, including Polillo and Marinduque, with adjacent 
 islands. It is bounded by Isabela, the Pacific Ocean, and 
 Ambos Camarines (separated by mountains) on the north ; 
 the Pacific Ocean and Ambos Camarines (partly separated 
 by the Gulf of Ragay) on the east; the Visayan Sea and 
 Batangas on the southwest ; and La Laguna, Rizal, Bula- 
 can, Nueva Kcija, Nueva Vizcaya, and Isabela on the 
 west. Capital, Lucena. The principal bays on the eastern 
 coast are Dilasac, Dingalan, Baler, and Casiguran, the last 
 a fine harbor for large vessels in all weather. Lamon and 
 Sogod bays indent the northern coast, and inlets from the 
 deep Gulf of Ragay the eastern coast of the peninsula. 
 South of the province is Tayabas Bay. The surface is 
 very mountainous, aud the mountains are densely wooded. 
 Rivers are numerous, but short and of little importance. 
 Coal is found in the peninsular part of the province and 
 in Pagbilao, Polillo, and other islands. Among the prod- 
 ucts are hemp, pineapples, bananas, mangos, sweet 
 potatoes, sugar-cane, rice, and copra. The inhabitants 
 •are chiefly Tagalos and Bicols. Area of province, 6,354 
 square miles. Population, 204,739. 
 
 Tayabas (ta-ya'bas) Bay. A wide bay indent- 
 ing the southern and southwestern coast of 
 Tayabas and the eastern coast of Batangas 
 provinces, Luz6n, Philippine Islands. 
 
 Taylor (ta'lor). A borough in Lackawanna 
 County, Pennsylvania, 3^ miles southwest of 
 Scranton. It has coal-mines and silk-mills. 
 Population, 9,060, (1910). 
 
 Taylor (ta'lor), Graham. Born at Schenec- 
 tady, N. Y., May 2, 1851. An American so- 
 ciologist. He was ordained to the Dutch Reformed 
 ministry in 1873, and held pastorates at Hopewell, New 
 York, 1873-80, and Hartford, Connecticut, 1880-92. He 
 was professor of practical theology in Hartford Theologi- 
 cal Seminary 1888-92, and has been professor of social 
 economics in Chicago Theological Seminary since 1892, 
 
 Thaulow 
 
 and lecturer in sociology in the University of Chicago 
 since 1903. He is president of the Chicago School of 
 Civics and Philanthropy. 
 
 Taylor (ta'lor), Hannis. Born at New Berne, 
 N. C., Sept. 12, 1851. An American lawyer 
 and legal writer, professor of constitutional 
 and international law in the George Washing- 
 ton University 1904-06. From 1893 to 1897 he was 
 United States minister to Spain ; was special counsel for 
 the government before the Spanish Treaty Claims Com- 
 mission in 1902 ; and was one of the counsel for the 
 United States in the Alaska Boundary Case in 1903. His 
 works include “ Origin and Growth of the English Consti- 
 tution "(1889) “International Public Law ’ (1901), “ Juris- 
 diction and Procedure of the Supreme Court of the United 
 States ” (1905), and “ The Science of J urisprudence ” (1908). 
 
 Taylor (ta'lor), Henry Clay. Bora at Wash- 
 ington, D. C., March 4, 1845: died at Sudbury, 
 Ont., July 26, 1904. An American rear-admiral. 
 He was graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 
 1863 and served in the Civil War. During the. war with 
 Spain he commanded the battle-ship Indiana, and took 
 part in the battle off Santiago, July 3, 1898. In 1902 he 
 became chief of the bureau of navigation. 
 
 Taylor (ta'lor), James Knox. Born at Knox- 
 ville, HI., Oct. 11, 1857. An American archi- 
 tect. He took the architectural course at the Massachu- 
 setts Institute of Technology 1877-79, and practised at 
 St. Paul 1882-92 and at Philadelphia 1892-95. He was ap- 
 pointed United States supervising architect in 1897, and 
 head of the department of architecture in the Massachu- 
 setts Institute of Technology in 1912. 
 
 Taylor (ta'lor), J. Hudson. Born in 1832: 
 died at Chang-sa, Hu-nan, China, June 3, 1905. 
 An English Protestant missionary. He first 
 sailed for China in 1853. In 1865 he published “China’s 
 Spiritual Need and Claims," a book which aided him in 
 founding the China Inland Mission. 
 
 Tchekoff (ehe-kof'), Anton. Bom at Tagan- 
 rog, South Russia, Jan. 17, 1860: died in the 
 Black Forest in 1904. A Russian dramatist and 
 novelist. In 1884 he took his degree as doctor of medi- 
 cine in the University of Moscow. Among his plays 
 are “Ivanoff” (1889), “The Sea-gull ” (1896), and “Uncle 
 Vanya” (1902). 
 
 Telissu (tel-is-so'). A locality in the Liao- 
 tung peninsula, in southern Manchuria, south 
 of Kai-ping. Here the Japanese defeated the Russians 
 under General Stackelberg, who was attempting to re- 
 lieve Port Arthur, June 14-15, 1904. 
 
 Tenderloin, The. The popular name of a sec- 
 tion of New York city, a part of which is no- 
 torious for the number of haunts of vice which 
 it coutains. It is included in the nineteenth police 
 precinct (now bounded by Fourth and Seventh avenues 
 and by Fourteenth and Forty-second streets), especially 
 in that part of it which lies north of Twenty-third street 
 and west of Broadway and (above Thirty-fourth street) 
 of Sixth Avenue. 
 
 Tennyson (ten'i-son), Hallam, second Baron 
 Tennyson. Born at Twickenham, Aug. 11, 
 1852. An English author and colonial gov- 
 ernor, son of Alfred, Lord Tennyson. He was 
 private secretary to his father ; was governor and com- 
 mander-in-chief of South Australia 1899-1902; was first 
 acting governor-general of the Commonwealth of Austra- 
 lia 1902 ; and was governor-general of Australia 1902-03. 
 He has published “ Alfred, Lord Tennyson : a Memoir" 
 (1897), and edited “Tennyson and his Friends” (1911), etc. 
 
 Ternina (tar-ne'nii), Milka. Born in Bezisce, 
 Croatia, Dec. 19, 1863. A distinguished dra- 
 matic soprano. She studied at Vienna with Ganz- 
 bacher, and made her debut at Agram as Amelia in “Un 
 Ballo in Maschera." Thereafter she was heard in Gratz, 
 Bremen, Munich, Russia, and London. In 1896 she visited 
 America for the first time. In 1899 she sang the part of 
 Kundry at Bayreuth, a rol e in which she was afterward 
 heard at the first production of “ Parsifal ” at the Metro- 
 politan Opera House in New York. In 1901 she sang in 
 the first American performance of “Tosca" at the Metro- 
 politan Opera House, and this became one of her most im- 
 portant rfiles. Among her other rOles are Leonore (in 
 “Fidelio”), Aida, Gwendoline, Selika, Brunhild, Elsa, 
 and Elizabeth. She sang in New York for several seasons. 
 She retired from the stage on account of ill health, and 
 has occupied herself with teaching. 
 
 Terrell (ter'el). A city in Kaufman County, 
 Texas, 32 miles southeast of Dallas, it is in a 
 
 lumbering, farming, and stock-raising region, and has 
 cotton-gins, cotton-compresses, cotton-seed oil mills, etc. 
 It is the seat of the North Texas Hospital for the Insane. 
 Population, 7,050, (1910). 
 
 Tess of the D’Urbervilles : a Pure Woman. 
 
 A novel by Thomas Hardy, published in 1892. 
 
 Tetrazzini (tet-ra-ze'ne), Luisa (Signora Ba- 
 zelli). Born at Florence in 1874. A contem- 
 porary Italian opera singer. She made her debut 
 in 1895, and has toured in South America, Europe, Eng- 
 land, and the United States. She has won great success by 
 her brilliant rendering of such rdles as Elvira in “ Puri- 
 tan i,” the Queen in “ Les Huguenots,” Lucia, Violetta, etc. 
 
 Texas, University of. See * University oj 
 Texas. 
 
 Thais (tii-es'). An opera by Massenet (words 
 by Louis Gallet), first produced at Paris, March 
 16, 1894. 
 
 Thaulow (tou'lo), Fritz. Born at Christiania, 
 Norway, Oct. 20,1847 : died at Paris, Nov. 5, 1906. 
 A Norwegian painter. He was a pupil of Sorensen 
 
Thaulow 
 
 at the Academy in Copenhagen and of Gude in Karlsruhe. 
 He was one of the organizers of the Salon du Champ de 
 Mars in Paris in 1890. Until 1892 he painted Norwegian 
 subjects almost exclusively, but after that date worked 
 in France. His Subjects were usually landscapes. He 
 was appointed Norwegian commissioner for the fine arts 
 at the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1900. 
 
 Thayer (thar), Alexander Wheelock. Born 
 at South Natick, Mass., Oct. 22, 1817 : died at 
 Triest, July 15, 1897. An American author, 
 best known as the biographer of Beethoven. 
 He was graduated from Harvard in 1843, and at the law 
 school there in 1848 ; was for a number of years assistant 
 librarian at Harvard ; and in 1849 went to Germany, where 
 he spent most of the remainder of his life. He was for a 
 time music critic of the New York “Tribune,” and from 
 1862 to 1882 was United States consul at Triest. 
 
 Thayer (thar), Eli. Born at Mendon, Mass., 
 June 11, 1819: died at Worcester, April 15, 
 1899. An American educator, inventor, and 
 antislavery agitator. He was graduated at Brown 
 University in 1845, and in 1S48 founded Oread Institute, a 
 collegiate school for young women, in Worcester, Massa- 
 chusetts. He has been called “ the Father of Kansas ” on 
 account of his efforts so to influence colonization that it 
 should be admitted as an antislavery State. From 1857 
 to 1861 he was a Republican member from Massachusetts 
 of the House of Representatives. 
 
 Theatre Antoine. See * Antoine, Andre. 
 Theleme (ta-lam'), Abbey of. In the “Gar- 
 gantua ” of Rabelais, an imaginary abbey of 
 free will situated in Thelema by the river 
 Loire. The customs in force there were to be in direct 
 opposition to those of any convent in existence. The one 
 rule of its order was “ do what you wish." 
 
 Theotocopuli (ta-o-to-ko'po-le), Domenico : 
 surnamed El Greco. Died 1614. A Spanish 
 painter, architect, and sculptor. His signature 
 on a picture in the Escorial indicates that he came from 
 the island of Crete. It is probable that he learned to 
 paint in Venice, since his pictures show Venetian influence; 
 but he is not definitely connected with any known mas- 
 ter. His arrival in Toledo before 1577 is fixed by the date 
 of the termination of his great retable in the church of 
 San Domingo el Antiquo in that city. Ilis methods were 
 original and modern, making him a true forerunner of 
 Velasquez. 
 
 Theuriet*, Andre. His works include “ Mademoiselle 
 Guignon ” (1874), “Une Undine ” (1875), “La fortune 
 d’Angdle” (1876),V‘Raymonde ” (1877), “Le lilleul d un 
 marquis” (1878), “ Le fils Maugars" (1879), “La maison 
 des deux Barbeaux "(1879), “ Sauvageonne ” (1880), “ Xante 
 Aurelie," “ Manage de Gerard” (1884), “ Bigarreau ” 
 (1886), “Deux sceurs” (1889), “ Reine des bois" (1890), 
 “ Jeunes et vieiiles barbes ' (1892), “La Chanoinesse” 
 (1893), “Flavie” (1895), “Dans les roses” (1899), “Mon 
 oncle Flo ” (1906). He was elected to the French Acad- 
 emy in 1896. 
 
 Thomas (tom'as), Arthur Goring. Born in 
 Sussex, Nov. 20, 1850: died March 20, 1892. 
 An English composer. His most important works 
 are the operas “Esmeralda" (1883) and “Nadeshda” 
 (1885); the choral ode “ The Sun Worshippers ” (1881); the 
 cantata “The Swan and the Skylark ” (1894); and songs. 
 
 Thomas (tom ' as), Augustus. Born at St. 
 Louis, Jan. 8, 1859. An American playwright. 
 For a number of years he was engaged in 
 journalism, and was the editor of the Kansas 
 City “ Mirror.” His plays include “ Alabama,” 
 “ In Mizzoura,” “ Arizona,” “ The Earl of 
 Pawtucket,” “Mrs. Leffingwell’s Boots,” “The 
 Witching Hour,” “As a Man Thinks,” etc. 
 Thomas (tom'as), Calvin. Born near Lapeer, 
 Mich., Oct. 28, 1854. An American scholar 
 and educator, professor of Germanic languages 
 and literatures in Columbia University from 
 1896. He was graduated at the University of Michigan 
 in 1874 ; studied in Germany 1877-78; and was connected 
 with the University of Michigan as, successively, instruc- 
 tor, assistant professor, aud professor of German 1878-96. 
 His publications include a German grammar (1895), “The 
 Life and Works of Schiller" (1901), “An Anthology of 
 German Literature” (1907), “History of German Litera- 
 ture ’’ (1909), and editions of Goethe’s “ Faust ” and other 
 German classics. 
 
 Thomas (tom'as), Cyrus. Born at Kingsport, 
 Tenn., July 27, 1825: died at Washington, D. 
 C., June 27, 1910. An American entomologist 
 and ethnologist, archseologist of the Bureau of 
 American Ethnology from 1882. He was profes- 
 sor of natural history in the Southern Illinois Normal 
 University 1872-75 ; was entomologist of the State of Illi- 
 nois 1874-75 ; and was a member of the United States 
 entomological commission 1877-79. He published numer- 
 ous monographs and papers upon economic entomology, 
 and upon North American ethnology and archeology; 
 and also a “ History of the Indians of North America.” 
 
 Thomas (tom'as), M. Carey. Born at Balti- 
 more, Md., Jan. 2, 1857. An American scholar 
 and educator. She was graduated at Cornell Univer- 
 sity in 1877, and studied at Johns Hopkins University and 
 at the universities of Leipsic, Zurich, and Paris. She was 
 tlie first woman to obtain the doctorate of arts summa 
 cum laude from a European university. In 1885 she was 
 appointed dean and professor of English at Bryn Mawr 
 College, and has been president since 1894. She is the 
 author of “Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight " (1883), 
 “Education of Women " (1900), “The College" (1905), etc. 
 
 Thome (to-ma'), Francis (Francois Lucien 
 Joseph). Born at Port Louis, Mauritius, Oct. 
 18, 1850: died at Paris, Nov. 16, 1909. A 
 
 French composer. In 1869 he entered the Paris Con- 
 servatory, where his teachers were Marmontel and Du- 
 prato. He wrote operas, many pantomimes, ballets, and 
 operettas, including “ Endymion et Phoebe,” incidental 
 music for plays, and piano pieces, of which “Simple 
 aveu ” and “Sous les feuilles ” are widely known. 
 
 Thompson (tomp'son), Denman. Born at 
 Girard, Pa., Oct. 15, 1833: died at West Swan- 
 zey, N. H., April 14, 1911. An American actor. 
 
 He passed his boyhood in New Hampshire, and made his 
 first appearance on the stage at Lowell, Massachusetts, in 
 1852. In 1875 he appeared in “Joshua Whitcomb,” a 
 sketch by himself of the New England farmer, which was 
 afterward elaborated into a play, “The Old Homestead,” 
 first produced in 1886, with which his name is chiefly as- 
 sociated. 
 
 Thompson (tomp'son), Sir Edward Maunde. 
 Bom in Jamaica, West Indies, May 4, 1840. 
 A British librarian and editor, director and 
 principal librarian of the British Museum 
 1888-1909. He waa educated at Rugby and at Univer- 
 sity College, Oxford ; entered the service of the British 
 Museum in 1861 ; and was admitted to the bar of the 
 Middle Temple in 1867. He was knighted in 1895. 
 
 Thompson (tomp'son), Francis. Born atPres- 
 ton, Lancashire, in 1859 : died at London, Nov. 
 13, 1907. An English poet and literary critic. 
 He was educated at U6haw College (Roman Catholic), 
 near Durham, and studied medicine at Owens College, 
 Manchester. He published “Poems,” including “The 
 Hound of Heaven” (1893), “Sister Songs” (1895), and 
 “New Poems ” (1897). 
 
 Thompson (tomp'son), James Maurice 
 (called Maurice). Born at Fairfield, Ind., 
 Sept. 9, 1844 : died at Crawfordsville, Ind., 
 Feb. 15, 1901. An American writer, in his 
 youth he lived in Georgia ; served in the Confederate 
 army ; was a member of the Indiana legislature in 1878, 
 and State geologist of Indiana 1885-89 ; and for some 
 years was literary editorof the New York “ Independent.” 
 He wrote “The Witchery of Archery” (1878), “By-ways 
 and Bird Notes” (1885), “A Tallahassee Girl” (1887), 
 “The Story of Louisiana ”(1888), “The King of Honey 
 Island ” (1893), “ Alice of Old Vincennes ” (1900), etc. 
 Thompson (tomp'son), Sir John Sparrow 
 David. Born at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Nov. 
 10, 1844: died at Windsor Castle, England, 
 Dec. 13, 1894. A Canadian statesman. He en- 
 tered the Nova Scotia legislature in 1877 ; was elected to 
 the Canadian Parliament in 1885, 1887, and 1891 ; was ap- 
 pointed minister of justice in 1885 ; and became premier 
 of Canada in 1892. In 1887 he was legal adviser to the 
 British plenipotentiaries on the Fisheries Commission at 
 Washington, and in 1888 was knighted for his services. In 
 1893 he was a British arbitrator on the Bering Sea Com- 
 mission at Paris. 
 
 Thompson (tomp'son), Silvanus Phillips. 
 
 Born at York, England, June 19, 1851. An 
 English physicist, principal and professor of 
 physics in the City and Guilds Technical Col- 
 lege, Finsbury, from 1885. He has published 
 “Elementary Lessons in Electricity and Magnetism” 
 (1881), “ Dynamo-electric Machinery ” (1885), “Light, Vis- 
 ible and Invisible” (1897), “Michael Faraday” (1898), 
 “ Design of Dynamos” (1903), etc. 
 
 Thomsen (tom'sen), Julius. Born in Copen- 
 hagen, Feb. 16, 1826: died there, Feb. 13, 1909. 
 An eminent Danish chemist, professor in the 
 University of Copenhagen 1866-91. He was 
 
 especially noted for his studies in thermochemistry. His 
 works include “ Thermochemische Untersuchungen ” (4 
 vols., 1882-86), etc. 
 
 Thomson (ton-son'), Cesar. Born at Li&ge, 
 Belgium, March 18, 1857. A noted Belgian 
 violinist, a pupil of Vieuxtemps, Leonard, 
 Wieniawski, and Massart. He was a teacher in the 
 Liege Conservatory, and in 1898 succeeded Ysaye as pro- 
 fessor of the violin in the Brussels Conservatory. He has 
 written a number of studies for the violin. 
 
 Thomson (tom'son), Elihu. Born at Manches- 
 ter, England, March 29, 1853. An American 
 electrical engineer and inventor, electrician 
 of the Thomson-Houston and General Elec- 
 tric companies from 1880. His researches and 
 inventions have covered a wide range in electricity 
 and electrical engineering. He was made officer of the 
 Legion of Honor in 1889, and has received the Rumford 
 medal. 
 
 Thomson (tom'son), Sir Joseph John. Born 
 near Manchester, England, Dec. 18, 1856. A 
 noted English physicist and mathematician, 
 professor of experimental physics in the Uni- 
 versity of Cambridge from 1884, and professor of 
 physicsat the Royal Institution, London, 1905-. 
 He has published “ The Motion of Vortex-Rings ” (1883), 
 “ The Applications of Dynamics to Physics and Chem- 
 istry ” (1888), “Recent Researches in Electricity and 
 Magnetism” (1893), “Elements of the Mathematical 
 Theory of Electricity and Magnetism ” (1895), “The Dis- 
 charge of Electricity through Gases” (1898), “Conduc- 
 tion of Electricity through Gases” (1903), “Electricity 
 and Matter” (1904), etc. He was awarded the Nobel 
 prize for physics in 1906. He was knighted in 1908. 
 
 Thomson*, Sir William, Baron Kelvin. His 
 
 works include “On the Electrodynamic Properties of 
 Metals” (1885), “Navigation ” (1876), “Mathematical and 
 Physical Papers” (1882-90: “Hydrodynamics and Gen- 
 eral Dynamics,” Vol. IV., 1910; Vol. V., 1911; “Voltaic 
 Theory, etc.,” Vol. VI., 1911), and “Lectures and Ad- 
 dresses ” (1889-91). 
 
 Tiguex 
 
 Three Rivers (thre riv'erz). A city in St. Joseph 
 County, Michigan, on the St. Joseph River, 26 
 miles southwest of Kalamazoo. It has car- 
 works, foundries, and manufactories of leather, 
 paper, tools, pulleys, etc. Population, 5,072. 
 Throop (trop). A borough in Lackawanna 
 County, Pennsylvania, 3 miles northeast of 
 Scranton. Its chief interest is coal. Popula- 
 tion, 5,133, (1910). 
 
 Thursday Island. A small island in Queens- 
 land, Australia, just north of Prince of Wales 
 Island, at the extremity of the Cape York 
 Peninsula. It has pearl-fisheries. 
 
 Thurston (thers'ton), Mrs. (Katherine Cecil 
 Madden). Born at Cork, Ireland: died there, 
 Sept. 5, 1911. A British novelist. She published 
 “ The Circle ”(1903), “John Chilcote, M. P. ” (1904 : Ameri- 
 can title, “The Masquerader"), “The Gambler” (1906), 
 
 “ The Fly on the Wheel ” (1908), and “ Max ” (1910). She 
 married, in 1901, the novelist E. Temple Thurston. He 
 dramatized “John Chilcote, M. P.” in 1905. 
 
 Thwaites (thwats), Reuben Gold. Born at 
 Dorchester, Mass., May 15, 1853: died at 
 Madison, Wis., Oct. 22, 1913. An American 
 historian, secretary and superintendent of 
 the Wisconsin Historical Society from 1886. 
 He was the author of “ Down Historic Waterways ” (1888), 
 “The Story of Wisconsin” (1890), “The Colonies, 1492- 
 1750" (1891), “On the Storied Ohio” (1897), “Stories of 
 the Badger State” (1900), “A History of the University of 
 Wisconsin” (1900), “Father Marquette” (1902), “Daniel 
 Boone " (1902), “ How George Rogers Clark Won the North- 
 west, and Other Essays in Western History" (1903), “A 
 Brief History of Rocky Mountain Exploration" (1904), 
 “France in America" (1905), etc., and edited “Wiscon- 
 sin Historical Collections” (volumes 10-20: 1888-1913), 
 “Chronicles of Border Warfare” (1895), “The Jesuit Re- 
 lations and Allied Documents” (73 volumes: 1896-1901), 
 “Kinzie’s Wau-Bun ” (1901), “Early Western Travels, 
 1748-1846” (31 volumes: 1904-06), Hennepin’s “A New 
 Discovery” (1903), Lahontan’s “New Voyages to North 
 America” (1905), “Documentary History of Dunmore’s 
 War ” (1905), “ Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark 
 Expedition ” (8 volumes : 1904-06), etc. 
 
 Thwing (twing), Charles Franklin. Born 
 
 at New Sharon, Maine, Nov. 9, 1853. An Amer- 
 ican educator, president of Adelbert College 
 and Western Reserve University from 1890. 
 He was graduated at Harvard in 1876, and at Andover 
 Theological Seminary in 1879, and held pastorates in Cam- 
 bridge, Massachusetts, and Minneapolis, Minnesota. He 
 is also secretary of the Carnegie Foundation for the Ad- 
 vancement of Teaching. Among his publications are 
 “American Colleges” (1878), “Within College Walls” 
 (1893), “The American College in American Life” (1897), 
 “College Administration” (1900), “A Liberal Education 
 and a Liberal Faith ” (1903), “ History of Higher Education 
 in America” (1906), “Education in the Far East” (1909), 
 etc. 
 
 Tibet*. In 1904 the British government in India sent an 
 armed “mission” to Lhasa, in order to enforce certain 
 treaty stipulations and other demands, which, after con- 
 siderable fighting, accomplished its purpose, entering 
 Lhasa and executing a convention with Tibet there 
 (Sept. 7). In 1910 the dalai lama fled to India on account 
 of Chinese interference, but returned to Lhasa in 1912. 
 Ticao (te-ka'o). An island in the Philippines, 
 lying northeast of Masbate. Port San Miguel on 
 its northern coast is an excellent harbor in all weather. 
 Area, 121 square miles. Population, 10,183. 
 
 Tiefland (tef'lant). An opera by Eugene d’Al- 
 bert (text adapted by Lothar from Guimera), 
 first produced at Prague in 1903. 
 
 Tie-Iillg (tia-ling'). A town in Manchuria, 
 situated on the railroad north of Mukden in a 
 strategically important pass. After the defeat of 
 the Russians in the battle of Mukden it was captuied by 
 the Japanese, March 16, 1905. It was opened to interna- 
 tional trade in 1906. 
 
 Tiffany (tif'a-ni), Charles Louis. Bom at 
 
 Killingiy, Conn., Feb. 15, 1812: died at Irving- 
 ton on the Hudson, New York, Feb. 18, 1902. 
 An American merchant. In 1837 he came to New 
 York and, with John B. Young, established a stationery 
 and fancy-goods business. The firm became Tiffany and 
 Company in 1851, established a branch house at Paris, 
 and began the manufacture of sterling silver. In suc- 
 ceeding years it developed an extensive business in gold- 
 and silver-work and precious stones. 
 
 Tiffany (tif'a-ni), Louis Comfort. Bom at 
 New York, Feb. 18, 1848. An American 
 painter and decorator, son of Charles L. 
 Tiffany. He studied art in New York under George 
 Inness and Samuel Coleman, and in Paris under L£on 
 Bailly. ne lias painted in both oil- and water-color, mak- 
 ing a specialty of Oriental scenes. Among his principal 
 canvases are the “Dock Scene ” (1869), “Street Scene in 
 Tangiers” (1876), “Study of Quimper, Brittany” (1877), 
 “Duane Street, New York ” (1878), “The Cobblers at 
 Boufarick ” (1888), “ Feeding the Flamingoes ” (1888), and 
 “ Market Day at Nuremberg ” (1S92). His other important 
 art works include the Tiffany Chapel, exhibited at the 
 Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893, which is now in the 
 crypt of the New York Cathedral of St. John the Divine ; 
 and the electric fountain in the Grand Court of the Man- 
 ufactures and Fine Arts Building at the Pan-American 
 Exposition, Buffalo, New York, 1901. He discovered the 
 formula for making the decorative glass which is known 
 as Tiffany favrile glass. 
 
 Tiguex (te-gwesh'). A New Mexican group 
 (and a single town of the group) of Anier- 
 
Tiguex 
 
 ican Indian adobe villages formerly existing 
 On the Rio Grande. They were 12 or 15 in nuin- 
 her, according to the members of the Coronado expe- 
 dition 1540-42, the first Europeans to visit the place ; 
 16 according to Espejo in 1583 ; and 15 or 16 accord- 
 ing to Benavides 1622-30. The villages were the pivotal 
 point of Coronado's operations. By some authorities 
 the site has been fixed at Bernalillo, but there is & 
 doubt as to the accuracy of this location, and it has been 
 claimed that the correct site is about where Socorro now 
 stands. Espejo is very clear in his description of his 
 itinerary from Tiguex to Acoma, and he relates that he 
 went north and west from Tiguex to reach Acoma. Con- 
 versely, then, Tiguex was east and south from Acoma. 
 This would eliminate Bernalillo as the site, for it is east 
 and north from Acoma. To fit Espejo’s narrative to Ber- 
 nalillo, “south ” must be substituted where he distinctly 
 says “north.” Also Tihuex, Tiguas. 
 
 Tillman (til'man), Benjamin Ryan. Bom in 
 
 Edgefield County ; S. C., Aug. 11, 1847. An 
 American politician. For many years he was oc- 
 cupied exclusively with farming. In 1890 and again in 
 1892 he was elected governor of South Carolina, and he 
 has been (Democratic) United States senator from that 
 State since 1895. He was the originator of the State dis- 
 pensary system of selling liquor. In 1906 he had charge 
 of the Railroad Rate Bill in the Senate. 
 
 Tinel (te-nel'), Edgar. Born at Sinay, Bel- 
 gium, March 27, 1854: died Oct. 28, 1912. A 
 Belgian composer and pianist. In 1889 he became 
 inspector of the state music-schools, in 1896 professor of 
 counterpoint and fugue at Brussels, and in 1909 director 
 of the Brussels Conservatoire. His most important work 
 is the oratorio “ Franciscus ” (1888). 
 
 Tingley (ting'li), Mrs. (Katherine Westcott). 
 Born at Newburyport, Mass., July 26, 1852. 
 An American theosophist, head of the theo- 
 sophical movement throughout the world from 
 1896, successor to H. P. Blavatsky and William 
 Q. Judge. She married P. B. Tingley in 1889. She has 
 established the School of Antiquity at Point Loma, Cal., 
 and Baja Yoga academies in the United States and else- 
 where. She is the editor of “ The Theosophical Path." 
 Titanic (ti-tau'ik). A transatlantic steamship 
 of the White Star line, which, on her maiden 
 voyage, collided with an iceberg in lat. 41° 46' 
 N., long. 50° 14' W., at 11.45 p. in., April 14, 
 1912, and sank about 2.20 the next morning. 
 
 The ship was the largest then built. She had on board 
 2,208 persons, of whom 705 (495 passengers : 126 men, 369 
 women and children) were rescued from life-boats (20 in 
 number, of which three were lost), rafts, etc., by the 
 Cunard line steamship Carpathia, in answer to a wire 
 less call. 
 
 Titchener (tich'e-ner), Edward Bradford. 
 
 Born at Chichester, England, Jan. 11, 1867. 
 An English-American psychologist, assistant 
 professor (1892-95) and professor (1895-) of 
 psychology in Cornell University. He was edu- 
 cated at Oxford and Leipsic, and was extension lecturer 
 in biology at Oxford in 1892. Among his works are “ An 
 Outline of Psychology ” (1896),“ A Primer of Psychology ” 
 (1898), " Experimental Psychology ’ ’ (1901-05), “ Lectures 
 on the Elementary Psychology of Feeling and Attention ” 
 (1908), “ Lectures on the Experimental Psychology of the 
 Thought Processes” (1909), “Text-book of Psychology” 
 (part i., 1909 ; part ii., 1910), etc. He is associate editor of 
 “ The American Journal of Psychology” and the Amer- 
 ican editor of “ Mind.” 
 
 Tobacco Case, American. A suit brought iu 
 1907 by the United States against the Ameri- 
 can Tobacco Company and others subsidiary 
 to it (in all, twenty-nine individuals and sixty- 
 five American and two English corporations) 
 for violation of the Sherman Antitrust Law of 
 July 2, 1890. The original American Tobacco Com- 
 pany of New Jersey was organized in 1890, by consolidat- 
 ing live competing concerns that made and sold 95 per 
 cent, of the domestic cigarettes and less than 8 per cent, 
 of all other domestic manufactured tobacco. It then 
 bought other competing concerns, or their control, pay- 
 ing therefor in cash and in its own stock and that of com- 
 binations subsidiary to itself, organized for manufacture 
 and sale. These were merged in 1904 under the original 
 name and soon virtually controlled the tobacco industries 
 of the United States. The combined assets of the allies 
 forming the combination exceeded $400,000,000. Chief 
 among its methods of restraining and monopolizing trade 
 were selling under cost and forcing on owners who sold 
 out to it restrictive agreements that they should not 
 reenter the field. The decision of the Supreme Court, 
 handed down May 29, 1911, directed a dissolution of the 
 combination and the recreating, out of the elements com- 
 posing it, of a new condition honestly in harmony with 
 the law. The decision allowed the trust a maximum of 
 eight months to carry out these directions. 
 
 Tobler (tob ' ler), Adolf. Born at Hirzel, 
 Switzerland, May 23, 1835: died March 18, 
 1910. A distinguished Swiss philologist. He 
 was educated at the universities of Zurich and Bonn, and 
 also studied in Italy. In 1867 he was appointed professor 
 extraordinary, and in 1870 professor, of Romance philology 
 in the University of Berlin, a post which he held until his 
 death. His most important work, a dictionary of Old 
 French, upon which he was engaged for many years, was 
 unpublished at the time of his death. 
 
 Todd (tod), David. Born at Lake Ridge, N. Y., 
 March 19, 1855. An American astronomer, 
 professor of astronomy in Amherst College and 
 director of the observatory from 1881. He was 
 chief assistant in the Nautical Almanac office 1878-8i ; 
 was in charge of the transit of Venus observations at Lick 
 
 Observatory in 1882 ; and has conducted eclipse expedi- 
 tions to Texas (1878), Japan (1887), West Africa (1889-9U), 
 Japan (1896), Tripoli (1900), Hutch East Indies (1901), and 
 Tripoli (1905). He has published text-books on astronomy, 
 and numerous technical papers. He was the leader of the 
 Lowell expedition to the Andes in 1907. 
 
 Togo (to'go), Count Heihachiro. Born in 
 Kagoshima, Dec. 22, 1847. A famous Jap- 
 anese admiral, commander of the Japanese 
 fleet in the Russo-Japanese war 1904-05. He 
 entered the navy in 1868 ; studied naval affairs at Green- 
 wich, England, 1871-78 ; served in the Chinese war as 
 commander of the Naniwa, sinking the transport Kow 
 Shing before the actual rupture with China ; attacked Port 
 Arthur on the night of Feb. 8, 1904, in this and subsequent 
 attacks inflicting great damage on the Russian fleet ; 
 scattered the Russian Port Arthur squadron in a sea-battle 
 on Aug. 10, 1904 ; and annihilated the Russian Baltic fleet 
 under Rozhestvensky in the Strait of Korea May 27-28, 
 1905. 
 
 Tolman (tol'man), William Howe. Born at 
 Pawtucket, R. I., June 2, 1861. An American 
 sociologist. He was educated at Brown and Johns 
 Hopkins universities ; was general agent of the New 
 York Association for Improving the Condition of the 
 Poor*1894-98 ; joint organizer, with Josiah Strong, of 
 the American institute of Social Service, and director 
 1898-1908 ; and has been director of the American Museum 
 of Safety from June, 1908. He has published “ Municipal 
 Reform Movements in the United States ” (1894), “The 
 Better New York” (1906), “ Social Engineering” (1909), 
 etc. 
 
 Toluca (to-16'ka), Nevado de. A volcano near 
 Toluca, Mexico. It was first ascended by 
 Humboldt in 1803. Altitude, 14,833 feet. 
 Tomaschek (to'ma-shek), Joliarm Wenzel. 
 Boru at Skuc, Bohemia, April 17, 1774: died 
 at Prague, April 3, 1850. A Bohemian com- 
 poser and teacher. After studying law at the Uni- 
 versity of Prague, he decided to devote himself to music. 
 Among his pupils were Dreyschock, Schulhoff, Kuhe, and 
 others. His compositions include an opera, church mu- 
 sic, cantatas, songs, a symphony, a quartet, a concerto, 
 and many other pieces for the pianoforte. 
 
 Tomb of Agamemnon. A popular name for 
 the Treasury of Atreus (which see, under 
 Treasury). 
 
 Tom Burke of Ours. A story by Lever, pub- 
 lished in 1844. 
 
 Tondo (ton-do'). A division of the city of 
 Manila, Luzon, Philippine Islands. Civilized 
 population, 39,043. 
 
 Tonga Islands’, or Friendly Islands. They 
 
 are ruled by a native king, who is subject to the control 
 of the British high commissioner. The kingdom consists 
 of three groups of islands, Tonga, Hanpai, and Vavau. 
 Capital, Nukualofa. Area, 390 square miles. Population, 
 about 22,000. 
 
 Tooker (tfik'er), Lewis Frank. Born at 
 Port Jefferson, N. Y., Dec. 18, 1855. An 
 American short-story writer, editor, and poet. 
 He was graduated at Yale University in 1877, and has 
 been on the editorial start - of “ The Century Magazine” 
 from 1885. He has written “ The Call of the Sea ” (1902), 
 “Under Rocking Skies ” (1905), etc. 
 
 Toole (tol), John Lawrence. Born at Lon- 
 don, March 12, 1832: died at Brighton, July 
 30, 1906. A noted English comedian. His first 
 public appearance was at the Haymarket Theatre in Lon- 
 don in 1852, and he appeared at the St. James Theatre in 
 1854. Tn 1858 he became leading comedian at the Adelphi, 
 and after five years engagements followed at the Queen's 
 Theatre, the Gaiety, etc. He made a tour of America in 
 1874, and of the Australian colonies in 1890. ■ In 1879 he 
 became manager of the Folly Theatre, later (1882) re- 
 named Toole’s Theatre, and managed it until his retire- 
 ment in 1895. Among the best known of his roles are Paul 
 Pry, Spriggins in “ Ici on parle fran^ais,” Caleb Plum- 
 mer in “ The Cricket on the Hearth," the Artful Dodger, 
 Uncle Dick iu “Uncle Dick's Darling," etc. 
 
 Topinard (to-pi-nar'), Paul. Born at Isle- 
 Adam, France, Nov. 4, 1830 : died Jan., 1912. A 
 French anthropologist, professor in the School 
 of An thropology, Paris, from 187 6. He lived in the 
 United States in Lis youth ; studied medicine in Paris ; 
 entered the anthropological laboratory of Broca in 1871 ; 
 was conservator of the collections of the Soci<5t6 d'An- 
 thropologie 1872-80 ; and on the death of Broca, in 1880, 
 succeeded him as secretary general of the “Revue d’An- 
 thropologie. ” Among his works are “ L’Anthropologie ” 
 (18715), “Elements d’anthropologie generale " (1885), 
 
 “ L’Hommedans la nature ” (1891), “Science et foi ” (1900), 
 numerous contributions to scientific publications, etc. 
 Toronto, University of. See * University of 
 Toronto. 
 
 Torrey (tor'i), Bradford. Bom at Weymouth, 
 
 Mass., Oct. 9, 1843: died at Santa Barbara, 
 Cal., Oct. 7, 1912. An American author, editor, 
 aud ornithologist. For some years he was on the ed- 
 itorial staff of the “Youth’s Companion.” Among his 
 works are “ Birds in the Bush ’’ (1885), “A Florida Sketch- 
 book" (1894), “Spring Notes from Tennessee ” (1895), “A 
 World of Green Hills” (1898), “ Every-day Birds ” (1901), 
 “Footing it in Franconia" (1901), “The Clerk of the 
 Woods” (1903), and “Nature’s Invitation ” (1904). 
 Torrington (tor'ing-ton). A borough in Litch- 
 field County, Connecticut, situated on the 
 Naugatuck River. Its chief manufactures are woolen 
 goods, hardware, articles of brass and plated ware, needles, 
 tools, bicycles, etc. Population, 15,483, (1910). 
 
 Tosca (tos'kii). An opera by Puccini (text 
 
 Travis 
 
 adapted by Illica and Giacosa from Sardou’s 
 “ La Tosca”), first produced at Rome in 1900. 
 Toscanini (tos-ka-ne'ne), Arturo. Born at 
 Parma, March 25, 1867. An Italian musical 
 conductor. He was a pupil 1878-85 at the Parma Con- 
 servatory, where he studied the violoncello with Carini 
 and composition with Dacci. He has been musical direc- 
 tor of La Scala at Milan, at Buenos Aires, at Turin, at 
 Bologna, and since 1908 at the Metropolitan Opera House, 
 New York. He always conducts without a score, in not 
 only the standard Italian repertoire, but the Wagner 
 music-dramas and many French works. 
 
 Tourgee*, Albion Winegar. He was United 
 
 States consul to Bordeaux 1897-1903, and to Halifax, N. S., 
 1903-05. His later works include “Button’s Inn” (1887), 
 “Letters to a King ” (1888), “Black Ice” (1888), “With 
 Gauge and Swallow ” (1889), “ Murvale Eastman, Christian 
 Socialist ” (1889), “ Pactolus Prime ” (1890), “ Out of the 
 Sunset Sea” (1893), “An Outing with the Queen of 
 Hearts ” (1894), “ The Man Who Outlived Himself ” (1898), 
 etc. 
 
 Touro (to ' ro), Judah. Born at Newport, 
 R. I., June 16, 1775: died at New Orleans, La., 
 Jan. 13, 1854. An American philanthropist. He 
 served as a private in the War of 1812. With Amos Law- 
 rence he supplied the funds for the completion of Bunker 
 Hill Monument, and he also greatly improved his native 
 city, Newport, where a street and a park are named after 
 him. He bequeathed considerable sums of money to a 
 large number of Jewish charitable and educational insti- 
 tutions in all parts of the United States, and also pro- 
 vided for almshouses at Jerusalem. 
 
 Tower (tou'er), Charlemagne. Born at Phila- 
 delphia, April 17, 1848. An American busi- 
 ness man and diplomatist. He was graduated at 
 Harvard in 1872 and was admitted to the (Pennsylvania) 
 bar in 1878. He was United States minister to Austria- 
 Hungary 1897-99, ambassador to Russia 1899-1902, and 
 ambassador to Germany 1902-08. He has published “ The 
 Marquis de La Fayette in the American Revolution ” 
 (1895), etc. 
 
 Townsend (toun'zend), Charles Haskins. 
 Born at Parnassus, Pa., Sept. 29, 1859. An 
 American naturalist, director of the New York 
 Aquarium from 1902. He was chief of the division 
 of fisheries of the United States Fish Commission 1897- 
 1902; expert on fishery in the Russian-American arbitra- 
 tion at The Hague in 1902 ; and acting director of the 
 American Museum of Natural History in 1910. 
 
 Toynbee (toin'be), Arnold. Born at London, 
 Aug. 23, 1852: died at Wimbledon, Surrey, 
 March 9, 1883. An English sociologist and po- 
 litical economist. He studied at Pembroke College, 
 and at Balliol College, Oxford ; was graduated in 1878 ; and 
 was appointed a tutor and later bursar of Balliol. His 
 lectures on economics were collected and published after 
 his death under the title of “ The Industrial Revolution ” 
 (1884). Toynbee Hall (which see), London, was established 
 in his memory. 
 
 Toynbee (toin'be), Paget. Born at Wimble- 
 don, Jan. 20, 1855. An English philologist, 
 author, and critic, brother of Arnold Toyn- 
 bee. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and 
 was a private tutor 1878-92. He is best known as a 
 Dante scholar. Among his publications are “ Specimens 
 of Old French, with Notes and Glossary ” (1892), a “ Dic- 
 tionary of Proper Names and Notable Matters in the 
 Works of Dante ” (1898), “ Dante Alighieri ” (1900), “ Dante 
 Studies and Researches ” (1902), “ Dante in English Litera- 
 ture from Chaucer to Cary ” (1909), etc. 
 
 Traherne (tra-hern'), Thomas. Born at Here- 
 ford, about 1636 : died in 1674. An English 
 clergyman and writer. He studied at Oxford in 1656 
 and became rector of Credwell, in Hereford, in 1657. His 
 “ Poetical Works ” were edited by Bertram Dobell in 1906, 
 his “ Centuries of Meditation ” in 1908, and his “Poems 
 of Felicity, ” edited by H. I. Bell, were published in 1910. 
 
 Transandine Tunnel. A tunnel of the Trans- 
 andine Railway, in the Andes Mountains, con- 
 necting Chile and Argentina. It is more than 2 
 miles long and over 10,000 feet above sea-level, and affords 
 direct communication between Valparaiso and Buenos 
 Aires. It was opened for travel April 5, 1910. 
 
 Transhimalayan Range. A range of moun- 
 tains in Tibet, north of the Brahmaputra River: 
 the most massive mountain range in the world. 
 It was explored by Dr. Sven Hedin 1907-08. 
 Transvaal (tranz-val'), The. See * South 
 African Republic and * Union of South Africa. 
 Transvaal War. 2. See *Boer War. 
 Transylvania University. See * Kentucky 
 University. 
 
 Trask (trask), Mrs. (Kate Nichols) : pen- 
 name Katrina Trask. Born at Brooklyn, N.Y., 
 May 30, 1853. An American author and poet. 
 Her works include “Under King Constantine ” (1893), 
 “Sonnets and Lyrics ” (1895), “John Leighton, Jr.” (1898), 
 “Lessons in Love” (1900), “ Free, not Bound” (1903), 
 “Christalan” (1903), “In My Lady’s Garden” (1907), 
 “King Alfred’s Jewel ” (1909), etc. 
 
 Traverse City (trav'fcrs sit'i). The county- 
 seat of Grand Traverse County, Michigan, on 
 the West Arm of Grand Traverse Bay, an inlet 
 of Lake Michigan. It is a summer resort, and has 
 manufactories of lumber, agricultural implements, chemi- 
 cals, baskets, linin', etc. It is tlie scat <»f the Northern 
 Michigan Insane Asylum. Population, 12,115, (1910). 
 
 Travis (trav'is), Walter Jerome. Born at 
 Maldon, Victoria, Australia, Jan. 10, 1862. An 
 
Travis 
 
 American golfer and authority on golf. He has 
 written “Practical Golf ” (1901) and "The Art of Put- 
 ting ’ ’ (1904 : with J. White), and is editorof “ The Ameri- 
 can Golfer.” 
 
 Tree (tre), Sir Herbert Beerbohm : known 
 as Sir Herbert Tree. Born at London, Dec. 
 17, 1853. An English actor and theatrical 
 manager. He first appeared on the stage in 1878 ; man- 
 aged the Haymarket Theatre, London, 1887-96; and is 
 now manager of llis Majesty’s Theatre, London. He has 
 published lectures on topics connected with the drama. 
 He was knighted in 1909. 
 
 Trenton (tren'ton). The county-seat of Grundy 
 County, Missouri, 69 miles northeast of St. 
 Joseph. It has coal-mines, railroad shops, flour- 
 mills, etc. Population, 5,656, (1910). 
 
 Trepof (trep'of), Dimitrii Feodorovitch. 
 Born 1855 : died Sept. 15, 1906. A Russian 
 general, chief of the imperial police, com- 
 mandant of the palace, and assistant minister 
 of the interior. An unsuccessful attempt to 
 assassinate him was made on March 30, 1905. 
 Treves (trevz), Sir Frederick. Born at Dor- 
 chester, England, Feb. 15, 1853. An English 
 physician, sergeant-surgeon to the king from 
 1901. He was professor of anatomy and pathology in 
 the Royal College of Surgeons 1881-86; examiner in sur- 
 gery in the University of Cambridge 1891-96; and con- 
 sulting surgeon to the forces in South Africa in 1900. 
 He has published “A System of Surgery,” “A German- 
 English Dictionary of Medical Terms,” “Tale of a Field 
 Hospital,” “The Other Side of the Lantern,” “Highways 
 and Byways in Dorset,” “The Cradle of the Deep,” 
 “Uganda for a Holiday,” etc. 
 
 Triple Entente (trip'l oh-tont'). An unwrit- 
 ten accord between France, Russia, and Great 
 Britain, formed at the beginning of the 20th 
 century and designed to offset the power of 
 the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria, Italy). 
 Troubetzkoy (tro-bets-koi'), Princess (Am61ie 
 Rives). Born at Richmond, Va., Aug. 23, 
 1863. An American novelist. She is best known 
 as the author of “ The Quick or the Dead ” (1889). Her 
 other works include “A Brother to Dragons, and Other 
 Old-time Tales ” (1888), “Virginia of Virginia" (1888), 
 “ Witness of the Sun ” (1889), “Herod and Mariamne,” a 
 drama in verse (1889), “According to St. John" (1891), 
 “ Barbara Dering : a sequel to The Quick or the Dead ” 
 (1892), “Athelwold,” a play (1893), “Tanis, the Sang- 
 digger ” (1893), “Damsel Errant” (1897), “ Selene ” (1905), 
 “ Augustine the Man,” a drama (1906), “ Golden Rose ” 
 (1908), “Pan's Mountain” (1910), etc. 
 
 Troubetzkoy (tro-bets-koi'), Prince Paul. 
 Born at Intra, Italy, Feb. 16, 1866. A Russian 
 sculptor. He is an extreme realist in theory and prac- 
 tice. On his appointment to a professorship in the School 
 of Sculpture at Moscow, his first act was to remove all 
 models and casts of ancient sculpture. His works exhibit 
 power and sometimes refinement, as in certain statuettes 
 of women. 
 
 Troy (troi). The county-seat of Miami County, 
 Ohio, on the Great Miami River, 65 miles west 
 of Columbus. It is in an agricultural region, 
 and has manufactories of wagons, foundry 
 products, etc. Population, 6,122, (1910). 
 Trumbull (trum'bul), Henry Clay. Born at 
 Stonington, Conn., June 8, 1830: died at Phil- 
 adelphia, Dec. 8, 1903. An American Congre- 
 gational clergyman and religious writer, editor 
 of the “Sunday-School Times” from 1875: 
 brother of James Hammond Trumbull (1821- 
 1897). He was chaplain of the tenth Connecticut regi- 
 ment (1862-65), and was made a prisoner by the Confed- 
 erates. His writings include a large number of works on 
 religious themes. 
 
 Tsu-hsi (tso-she'). Born Nov. 17, 1834: died at 
 Peking, Nov. 15, 1908. Empress dowager of 
 China. She was the favorite of the emperor Hsien-feng, 
 
 and the sister of the mother of Kwang-su, emperor of 
 China (1875-1908). She was regent of China during the 
 minority of the emperor, and again assumed the regency 
 in September, 1898. 
 
 Tuaregs (to-a'regz). A fierce nomadic people 
 of the Berber stock, in the central Sahara. 
 They usually wear over the face a black or 
 white cloth as a protection against the dust of 
 the desert, and are hence sometimes known as 
 the Masked Tuaregs, or Black or White Tua- 
 regs. 
 
 Tubigon (to-be'gon). A municipality of Bohol 
 province in the Philippines, situated in the 
 western part of Bohol Island near the coast. 
 Civilized population, 15,168. 
 
 Tuburan (to-bo'ran). A town of Cebfi prov- 
 ince, situated on the western coast of Cebu, 
 Philippine Islands. Population, 6,859. Civi- 
 lized population of municipality, 19,158. 
 Tucker (tuk'er), William Jewett. Bom at 
 Griswold, Conn., July 13, 1839. An American 
 educator and Congregational clergyman, 
 president of Dartmouth College 1893-1909. He 
 was graduated at Dartmouth in 1861, and at Andover 
 Theological Seminary in 1866 ; has held pastorates in 
 Manchester, New Hampshire, and New York city (Madi- 
 son Square Church) ; and was professor of homiletics at 
 Andover 1880-93. 
 
 Tugela (to-gaTa). A river in Natal, South 
 Africa, rising in the Drakensberg Mountains 
 and flowing southeastwardly into the Indian 
 Ocean. Near Ladysmith, it was the scene of severe 
 fighting in the Boer war (Dec., 1899, -Feb., 1900). 
 
 Tuguegarao (to-ga-ga-ra'o). A town, the 
 capital of Cagay&n province, Luzon, Philip- 
 pine Islands. It is situated near the Rio Grande de 
 Cagayan, approximately in lat.l7° 37' 30" N., long. 121° 38' 
 20" E. Civilized population of municipality, 16,105. 
 
 Tulane University of Louisiana. A non- 
 sectarian university located in New Orleans, 
 Louisiana, founded by the State in 1845 as the 
 University of Louisiana. In 1884 it was transferred 
 to the administrators of the Tulane Educational Fund and 
 the name was changed in honor of Paul Tulane, who en- 
 dowed the academic department. In addition to the usual 
 academic instruction, courses are offered in engineering, 
 law, medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, and art. There is a 
 separate department for women. The endowment of the 
 university is over $8,000,000, and its annual income ex- 
 ceeds $350,000. Over 2,700 students are in attendance 
 (including the summer school). 
 
 Tullianum. See + Mamertine Prison. 
 
 Tulsa (tul'sa). A city in Tulsa County, Okla- 
 homa, on the Arkansas River. Its chief inter- 
 ests are oil, gas, grain and live stock. Popu- 
 lation, 18,182, (1910). 
 
 Tupac Catari (to'pak ka-ta're). Born near 
 Ayo Ayo, in what is now Bolivia: died in 
 Nov., 1781. A Peruvian revolutionist, known 
 also by the Spanish name of Julian Apaza. 
 He was the son of a sacristan of the church of Sicasica, 
 near La Paz, and in the unrest that continued among the 
 Aymar&s after the suppression of the rising led by TomAs 
 Catari he became conspicuous, early in 1781, as a leader 
 of the Indians in revolting cruelties. By his influence as 
 medicine-man or wizard, and by the aid of a mestizo 
 named Oblitas, he secured the leadership of unorganized 
 hordes that were threatening La Paz. He assumed the 
 title of viceroy, obtained artillery, and with about 15,000 
 Indians attacked La Paz, which was saved only by the 
 ability and courage of the Spanish commander, Don Se- 
 bastian de Segurola, during two sieges extending over 
 seven months and marked by severe suffering and many 
 bloody engagements. Tupac Catari then took to flight, 
 but was captured, condemned to death, and executed by 
 quartering. There was no connection between him and 
 Tupac Amaru and other Aymara chiefs, who refused to 
 recognize his claims to authority ; but the outbreak 
 headed by him was the most dangerous of the several 
 
 Ungava 
 
 Indian uprisings during the years 1780-82, and would, if 
 successful, have cut off the viceroyalty of Peru from that 
 of Buenos Aires. 
 
 Turf Club. A London club, at 85 Piccadilly, 
 founded in 1868 for social purposes. It has 
 about 550 members. 
 
 Turks, or Turk Islands. A group of small 
 islands in the Bahamas, north of Haiti. The 
 largest is Grand Turk, or Turk Island. They 
 are a dependency of Jamaica. 
 
 Turner (ter'ner), Sir William. Born at Lan- 
 caster, England, 1832. An English anatomist, 
 principal of the University of Edinburgh from 
 1903. He was demonstrator of anatomy at Edinburgh 
 1854-67, and professor of anatomy 1867-1903. He has pub- 
 lished numerous technical papers and is editor of the 
 “Journal of Anatomy and Physiology.” InlS86hewas 
 made a knight bachelor, and was created K. C. B. in 1901. 
 Tuskegee (tus-ke'ge). A town, the capital of 
 Macon County, Alabama, situated on the Tus- 
 kegee River. It is the seat of the Alabama Conference 
 Female College, and of the Tuskegee Normal and Indus- 
 trial Institute founded by Booker T. Washington. .Pop- 
 ulation, 2,803, (1910). 
 
 Tuskegee (tus-ke'ge) Institute. A non-sec- 
 tarian institution near Tuskegee, Alabama, 
 organized in 1881 by Booker T. Washington 
 for the practical education of the negro race 
 in the United States. It is attended by 1,700 stu- 
 dents, who receive domestic, agricultural, and mechani- 
 cal, in addition to academic, training. It has an endow- 
 ment fund of over $1,400,000 and an annual income of 
 over $300,000. The special object of the school is to train 
 negroes to educate their own race. 
 
 Tutllila* (to-to-e'la). It was annexed by the United 
 States in 1900. A naval station has been established 
 there, and the commandant of the station is also governor 
 of the islands. 
 
 Twachtman (twocht'man), John Henry. 
 
 Born at Cincinnati, Ohio, Aug. 4, 1853 : died 
 at Gloucester, Mass., Aug. 8, 1902. An Ameri- 
 can painter. He studied art in the Academy at 
 Munich under Professor Lofftz, and was also a pupil of 
 Frank Duveneck. His work is based on modern impres- 
 sionist principles treated with great breadth and fine 
 feeling. 
 
 Tweedmouth, Lord. See *Marjoribariks. 
 Twin Falls (twin falz). A city, incorporated 
 since 1900, in Twin Falls County, Idaho, the 
 county being organized in 1907. It is situated 
 on the Snake River, a few miles east of Sho- 
 shone Falls. Population, 5,258, (1910). 
 
 Two Thousand Guineas. A race for three- 
 year-old colts and fillies, established in 1809 
 and run annually at Newmarket, England, on 
 a Wednesday during the spring meeting. The 
 name does not represent the entire value of the stakes, 
 which is usually about five thousand pounds. It is run 
 over the Rowley Mile (which see). 
 
 Tyrone (ti-ron'). A borough in Blair County, 
 Pennsylvania, on the Juniata River. It is 
 important as a shipping-point for coal, and 
 has various manufactures. Population, 7,176, 
 (1910). 
 
 Tyrrell (tir'el), George. Born at Dublin, Feb. 
 6, 1861 : died at Storrington, Sussex, July 15, 
 1909. An Irish theologian. Influenced by the 
 writings of Newman, he entered the Roman Catholic 
 Church in 1879, and in 1880 joined the Society of Jesus. 
 His modernist views, however, especially as shown in his 
 “Letter to a Professor of Anthropology” (afterward re- 
 published as “ A Much Abused Letter"), broughthim into 
 collision with the order, and led to his expulsion in 1906. 
 A little later his criticism of the Pope’s encyclical “ Pas- 
 cendi Gregis” caused him to be virtually excommuni- 
 cated. Later publications in which he maintained his 
 views are “Through Scylia and Charybdis,” “Mediae- 
 valism,” and “Christianity at the Cross Roads.” 
 
 bangi-Shari-Chad Colony. 
 
 A colony of the French 
 Kongo, formed in 1906. Cap- 
 ital, Fort-de-Possel. 
 
 Uchida (6-che'da), Baron 
 Yasuga. Born in Kumamoto 
 ken, Japan, in 1865. A Jap- 
 anese diplomatist and states- 
 man. He was appointed attache 
 to the Japanese legation at Washington 1887 and secre- 
 tary of legation at London 1893 ; was secretary of legation at 
 Peking 1895-97, vice-minister of foreign affairs 1900, min- 
 ister to China 1901-06, ambassador to Austria 1907-09, 
 and ambassador to the United States 1909-11; and was 
 appointed minister of foreign affairs in the Saionji cabinet 
 in 1911. 
 
 Uganda". It is divided administratively into 5 prov- 
 inces : Eastern Province (Karamojo, Busoga, Bukedi, and 
 Lobor), Rudolf Province (Turkwel, Turkana, and Dabossa), 
 Northern Province (Bari, Unyoro, Achole, Latuka, and 
 
 Lango), Western Province (Toro and Ankole), and the 
 kingdom of Uganda. The seat of government is Entebbe. 
 The capital of Uganda proper is Kampala. A railway has 
 been built between Uganda and Mombasa in the East 
 Africa Protectorate. 
 
 Uhde (6 ' de), Fritz Karl Hermann von. 
 
 Born at Wolkenburg, Saxony, May 22, 1848 : 
 died Feb. 25, 1911. A German painter. His 
 subjects are chiefly religious, many being bib- 
 lical incidents to which he has given a modern 
 setting. 
 
 Uhler (o'ler), Philip Reese. Bom at Balti- 
 more, Md., June 3, 1835. An American biolo- 
 gist and geologist, librarian of the Peabody In- 
 stitute, Baltimore 1872-90 and provost from 
 1891. His publications relate to entomology, 
 geology, and library administration. 
 
 Ukamba (o-kam'ba). A province of the East 
 
 Africa Protectorate. It comprises three dis- 
 tricts. Capital, Nairobi. 
 
 Undercliff (un'der-klif). A region in the Isle of 
 Wight, lying along the English Channel from 
 Bonchurch to Blackgang Chine. It is a rocky pla- 
 teau from one quarter to one and one half miles in width 
 and from six to seven miles in length, due to a series of 
 landslides. It is remarkable for its beauty and mild climate. 
 
 Underwood (un'der-wud), Oscar Wilder. 
 
 Born at Louisville, Ky., May 6, 1862. An 
 American politician. He wa6 educated at the Uni- 
 versity of Virginia, was admitted to the bar in 1884, and 
 entered into the practice of law at Birmingham, Ala- 
 bama. He has been a Democratic member of Congress 
 since 1895, became chairman of the Way9 and Means Com- 
 mittee in April, 1911, and in 1913 introduced the tariff bill 
 which bears Iris name. 
 
 Ungava (ung-ga'va). A district of Canada, 
 comprising the northern part of the Labrador 
 
Ungava 
 
 peninsula except the Atlantic sea-coast. Area, 
 349,109 square miles. Population, 5,113. 
 Union (u'nyon). A town in Hudson County, 
 New Jersey. It haa manufactures of silk, cotton, 
 cotton-seed oil, etc. The waterworks and the electric- 
 light plant are owned by the town. Population, 21,023, 
 (1910). 
 
 Union (u'nyon). The county-seat of Union 
 County, South Carolina, 60 miles northwest of 
 Columbia. It is in an agricultural region, and 
 has cotton-mills, etc. Population, 5,623, (1910). 
 Uni6n, La. See *La Union. 
 
 Union College. A college at Schenectady, 
 New York, chartered in 1795 with full univer- 
 sity powers. In 1873 the Albany Medical College, the 
 Albany Law School, and the Dudley Observatory (at Al- 
 bany) were incorporated with Union College as Union 
 University. The Albany College of Tharmacy was incor- 
 porated as a department in 1881. The number of students 
 in the university iB about 800, in the college about 350. 
 The university offers courses leading to the degrees of A.B., 
 Ph.B., B.S., B.E., M.C.E., and M.E.E. 
 
 Union of South Africa. A legislative union, 
 established May 31, 1910, under an act of the 
 British Parliament passed in 1909, of the self- 
 governing colonies of Cape Colony, Natal, the 
 Transvaal Colony, and the Orange River Colony. 
 In this union these colonies became provinces, under the 
 names of the Cape of Good Hope, Natal, the Transvaal, 
 and the Orange Free State province respectively. The 
 executive power of the union is exercised by a governor- 
 general appointed by the sovereign and assisted by a coun- 
 cil chosen by himself. The legislative power is vested in 
 a Parliament consisting of the sovereign, a Senate of 40 
 members, of whom 8 are nominated by the governor-gen- 
 eral, while 32 are elected from the several provinces, and 
 a House of Assembly of 121 members elected from the 
 provinces. The capital and seat of government of the 
 union is Pretoria, and the seat of the legislature is Cape 
 Town. 
 
 Union Theological Seminary. An institu- 
 tion for theological study, founded Jan. 18, 
 1836, at New York city, for “ students of every 
 denomination of Christians.” it offers a regular 
 course of three years of study leading to the degree of 
 bachelor of divinity, also special and graduate courses. Its 
 buildings are at Broadway and 120th street. 
 
 Union University. See * Union College. 
 United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. A lieu- 
 tenant-governorship, so named in 1902, con- 
 sisting of the provinces in British India for- 
 merly known as the Northwest Provinces and 
 Oudh, which in 1877 were united under one 
 administrative head as lieutenant-governor of 
 the Northwest Provinces and chief commis- 
 sioner of Oudh. With the change of name in 
 1902 the title of chief commissioner was 
 dropped. 
 
 United States*. Oklahoma and Indian Territory were 
 admitted to the Union as the State of Oklahoma, Nov. 16, 
 1907. Tutuila and the other Samoan Islands (east of long. 
 171° W.) were assigned to the United States in 1900. The 
 Panama Canal Zone was ceded to the United States by the 
 Republic of Panama in 1904. 
 
 United States Christian Commission. An 
 
 organization, formed in November, 1861, by 
 members of the Young Men’s Christian Asso- 
 ciation, for the purpose of promoting the 
 physical and spiritual welfare of the Federal 
 soldiers and sailors in the American Civil War. 
 The public responded to the request for contributions, 
 and besides money, etc., nearly $3,000,000 worth of stores 
 were given. About a million and a half Bibles and Testa- 
 ments were distributed, besides much other reading- 
 matter, and upward of 5,000 delegates carried on the ac- 
 tive work of the organization. It received government 
 support. 
 
 United States National Museum. The mu- 
 seum of the United States government, at 
 Washington, D. C., under the direction of the 
 Smithsonian Institution (which see). It is the 
 
 legal depository of all the government collections in zool- 
 ogy, botany, geology, ethnology, archaiology, the indus- 
 trial and fine arts, etc. These collections have been se- 
 cured through exploring expeditions, surveys, and other 
 activities of the government, as in the department of 
 agriculture and the bureaus of fishery and American eth- 
 nology, and by gift, exchange, and purchase. The museum 
 includes a national gallery of art. A new building, pro- 
 vided for by Congress in 1903, was first occupied in 1910. 
 
 University of Alabama. A State institution 
 of learning, situated near Tuscaloosa, Ala. 
 It was opened in 1831 and now consists of three depart- 
 ments : the department of academic instruction ; the de- 
 partment of professional instruction, comprising the de- 
 partments of education, engineering, law, medicine (at 
 Mobile), and pharmacy (at Mobile) ; and the summer school 
 for teachers (established in 1904). There are about 600 
 students in the first two departments and about 300 in the 
 summer school. 
 
 University of Birmingham. A university at 
 Birmingham, England, incorporated by royal 
 
 charter March 24, 1900. it is an outgrowth of Mason 
 University College, Birmingham (founded in 1875), and has, 
 besides the endowment of that university (.£200,000), up- 
 ward of £500,000. The university includes faculties of 
 science, arts, medicine, and commerce, and is attended by 
 about 1,000 students. It grants degrees to women. 
 
 University of California. A State university 
 established in 1868 as the outgrowth of the 
 College of California (established in 1860). 
 It comprises the following departments : at Berkeley, Cali- 
 fornia, philosophy, education, jurisprudence, history, po- 
 litical science, economics, anthropology, music, Semitic 
 languages, Oriental languages, Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, 
 English, German, Romanic languages, Slavic languages, 
 mathematics, physics, astronomy, geography, chemistry, 
 botany, zoology, physiology, hygiene, geology, mineralogy, 
 mechanical and electrical engineering, civil engineering, 
 irrigation, mining and metallurgy, drawing, architecture, 
 agriculture, horticulture, entomology, military science and 
 tactics, and physical culture; at Mount Hamilton, the Lick 
 Observatory ; at Santiago, Chile, the D. O. Mills Observa- 
 tory ; at Davis, Cal., the university farm ; at San Diego and 
 Pacific Grove, marine laboratories; and at San Francisco, 
 the San Francisco Institute of Artaud the colleges of law, 
 medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy. About 3,500 students 
 are in attendance. The endowment exceeds $5,000,000 ; 
 the annual income exceeds $1,250,000. 
 
 University of Cincinnati. A university at 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, founded by the will of Charles 
 McMicken in 1858 and opened (with aid from 
 the city) in 1873. It comprises a college of liberal 
 arts, a graduate department, a college of engineering, a 
 college of medicine, a college of law, and a department 
 of clinical medicine. It is attended by about 1,300 stu- 
 dents and has an endowment of $1,600,000 and an annual 
 income of over $250,000., 
 
 University of Georgia. A State institution 
 situated at Athens, Georgia, it consists of the 
 Franklin College (the college of arts : chartered in 1785, 
 and established in 1801), the Georgia State College of Agri- 
 culture and the Mechanic Arts (the college of science : 
 established 1872), graduate schools, a law department, and 
 a pharmacy department. The enrolment of students at 
 Athens is 500. The following are branches of the univer- 
 sity and under the general control of its trustees : the 
 Georgia Medical College, at Augusta (established in 1829) ; 
 the North Georgia Agricultural College, at Dahlonega 
 (established in 1871) ; the Georgia School of Technology, 
 at Atlanta (established in 1885) ; the Georgia Normal and 
 Industrial College for Girls, at Milledgeville (established 
 in 1889) ; the Georgia Industrial College for Colored Youths, 
 near Savannah (established in 1890) ; and the State Normal 
 School, near Athens (established in 1895). The total en- 
 rolment of students is about 3,500. 
 
 University of Kansas. A State institution 
 of learning at Lawrence, Kansas, organized 
 in 1864 and opened in 1866. Besides the college 
 
 of liberal arts and sciences, it comprises schools of engi- 
 neering, law, pharmacy, the fine arts, medicine, a gradu- 
 ate school, and a summer session. About 2,260 students 
 are enrolled. 
 
 University of Nebraska. A State university 
 situated at Lincoln, Nebraska, founded in 1869. 
 It comprises a graduate college, a teachers’ college, a col- 
 lege of arts and sciences, a college of agriculture, a college 
 of engineering, a college of law, a college of medicine, a 
 school of fine arts, an affiliated school of music, and a 
 summer session. Under the charge of the regents of the 
 university are also the Nebraska agricultural experiment 
 stations, the State museum, the botanical and geological 
 surveys, and the superintendency of the farmers’ insti- 
 tutes. The students number over 3,400. 
 
 University of North Carolina. A non-sec- 
 tarian institution of learning situated at Chapel 
 Hill, North Carolina, founded in 1789 and 
 opened in 1795. It offers courses in arts, philosophy, 
 science, law, medicine, and pharmacy. In 1908-09 the 
 teaching staff numbered 92 and the student body 794. 
 
 U niversity of Sheffield. A university situated 
 at Sheffield, Yorkshire, England, chartered 
 May 31, 1905. It is the outgrowth of University Col- 
 lege, Sheffield (incorporated in 1897), which was formed 
 by the amalgamation of Firth College (founded in 1879), 
 the Sheffield School of Medicine (founded in 1828), and 
 the Sheffield Technical School. The new buildings, situ- 
 ated near Weston Park, Sheffield, were opened in 1905. 
 The university, while offering courses in arts, science, 
 medicine, and law, specializes in applied science (metal- 
 lurgy and engineering). It is attended by 734 day and 
 1,436 evening students, and degrees are granted without 
 distinction of sex. 
 
 University of Tennessee. A State university 
 situated at Knoxville, Tennessee. Blount College 
 (chartered in 1794) was merged with East Tennessee Col- 
 lege (chartered in 1807), which became East Tennessee 
 University in 1840 and the University of Tennessee in 1879. 
 It comprises a graduate department, a college of liberal 
 arts, a college of engineering, a college of agriculture, an 
 industrial department for colored students in Knoxville 
 College, a law department, a medical department, a school 
 of pharmacy, and a dental department. The departments 
 of medicine and dentistry are situated in Nashville. Jt is 
 attended by more than 700 students. 
 
 University of Texas. A State coeducational 
 institution of learning, opened in 1883. it, con- 
 sists of the main university, situated at Austin (made up 
 of the College of Arts and the departments of engineer- 
 ing, law, and education), and the department of medicine, 
 
 Urso 
 
 situated at Galveston. The total attendance of studentB 
 is about 2,500. 
 
 University of Toronto. An institution of 
 learning in Toronto, Canada, established in 
 1827 by royal charter as King’s College, the 
 name being changed to that of the University 
 of Toronto in 1849. It has six faculties : arts, medi- 
 cine, applied science and engineering, household science, 
 education, and forestry. The following universities and 
 colleges are federated or affiliated with it : (federated) the 
 universities of Victoria and Trinity ; (federated) the col- 
 leges of Knox, Wyclilfe, and St. Michael's ; and (affil- 
 iated) Albert College, Ontario Agricultural College, Royal 
 College of Dental Surgeons, Toronto College of Music, On- 
 tario College of Pharmacy, Toronto Conservatory of Music, 
 Hamilton Conservatory of Music, Western Canada College, 
 Columbian Methodist College, Ontario Veterinary College, 
 Ontario Ladies’ College, Alma College, and St. Hilda’s Col- 
 lege. The number of students is about 3,900. 
 
 Upham (up'am), Warren. Born at Amherst, 
 N. H., March 8, 1850. An American geologist, 
 secretary and librarian of the Minnesota His- 
 torical Society (St. Paul) from 1895. He was 
 assistant on the Geological Survey of New Hampshire 
 1875-78 ; of Minnesota 1879-85 and 1893-94 ; and of the 
 United States 1885-95. His investigations have been con- 
 cerned chiefly with glaciology. Among his publications 
 are “The Glacial Lake Agassiz” (1895), “Greenland Ice- 
 fields” (1896: with G. F. Wright), and many geological 
 reports and papers in scientific magazines. He has edited 
 the Minnesota Historical Society “Collections,” vols. 8-10 
 (1898-1905), contributing papers on Groseilliers and Ra- 
 disson, the first white men in Minnesota, and the progress 
 of the discovery of the Mississippi River. 
 
 Uphues (op'hus), Joseph. Born at Sassen- 
 berg, Westphalia, May 23, 1850: died at Berlin, 
 Jan. 2, 1910. A German sculptor. He studied 
 at the Berlin Academy of Art and under Begas, whose 
 assistant he afterward became. He executed notable 
 memorial statues for Mannheim, Berlin, Homburg, Wies- 
 baden, and other German cities. Among his other works, 
 the best known are “The Bowman’’ and “A Sabine De- 
 fending His Sister.” 
 
 Upjohn (up'jon) Richard. Born at Shaftes- 
 bury, England, Jan. 22, 1802: died at Garri- 
 son, Putnam County, N. Y., Aug. 16, 1878. 
 An American architect. He came to America in 
 1829 and in 1839 came to New Yolk to undertake altera- 
 tions in the old Trinity Church building. This project 
 was soon abandoned, however, and the construction of the 
 present church was intrusted to him. He was one of the 
 founders of the American Institute of Architects and its 
 first president 1857-76. 
 
 Upjohn (up'jon), Richard Mitchell. Born 
 at Shaftesbury, England, March 7, 1828 : died 
 at Brooklyn, N. Y., March 4, 1903. An Ameri- 
 can architect, son of Richard Upjohn. Among 
 the buildings which he designed are St. Paul’s Church in 
 Brooklyn, the Central Congregational Church in Boston, 
 St. Peter’s Church in Albany, the Capitol building in 
 Hartford, Connecticut, and the Cathedral in Fond du Lac, 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Upolu*. Upolu and Savaii were awarded to Germany 
 by the Anglo-German agreement of Nov. 14, 1899. 
 
 Upper Nile. One of the provinces of the An- 
 glo-Egyptian Sudan. Capital, Kodok. 
 
 Upper Senegal and the Niger. See *Senegal- 
 Niger Colony, Upper. 
 
 Urbana (er-ban'a). The county-seat of Cham- 
 paign County, Illinois, 43 \ miles northeast of 
 Decatur. It is in an agricultural region, and 
 has various manufactures. It is the seat of 
 the University of Illinois. Population, 8,245, 
 (1910). 
 
 Urbana (er-ban'a). The county-seat of Cham- 
 paign County, Ohio, 42 miles northwest of 
 Columbus. It is in an agricultural region, 
 and has manufactories of woolen goods, straw- 
 board, paper, furniture, etc. It is the seat of 
 Urbana University (Swedenborgian). Popu- 
 lation, 7,739, (1910). 
 
 Urdaneta (or-da-na'ta). A municipality in the 
 eastern part of PangasinAn province, Luzon, 
 Philippinelslands. Civilizedpopulation, 20,544. 
 
 Uriu, or Uryu (o'ri-o), Sotokichi. Born at 
 Kanazawa, 1854. A Japanese vice-admiral. 
 He studied at the United States Naval Academy ; was 
 promoted captain in the .Japanese navy in 1891, and rear- 
 admiral in 1900; commanded the squadron which attacked 
 the Russian vessels Variag and Korietz in the harbor 
 of Chemulpo, Feb. 9, 1904 ; took paid in the battle of the 
 Sea of Japan May 27-28, 1905; and was promoted vice- 
 admiral in that year. 
 
 Urso (or'so), Camilla (Mme. Frederic Lu6re). 
 
 Born at Nantes, France, June 13, 1842: died 
 at New York, Jam 20, 1902. An Italian vio- 
 linist. She studied at the Paris Conservatoire, and was 
 a pupil of Massart. She came to America in 1852, playing 
 with great success in the concerts of Mines. Albani and 
 Sontag. After her marriage she retired, but reappeared 
 in 1863 and played till her later years. 
 
Vail 
 
 Victoria University 
 
 ail (val), Charles Henry. 
 
 Born at Tully, N. Y., April 
 28, 1866. An American Uni- 
 versalist minister. He was or- 
 dained to the Universalist minis- 
 try in 1893, and held pastorates at 
 Albany, New York, 1893-94; Jersey 
 City, New Jersey, 1894-1901; and 
 Richfield Springs, New York, 1902- 
 1905. Since 1906 he has been min- 
 ister of Pullman Memorial Church, Albion, New York. 
 He has published “Modern Socialism” (1897), “Scientific 
 Socialism" (1899), “The Trust Question ” (1901), “Social- 
 ism and the Negro Problem “ (1903), “ Ancient Mysteries 
 and Modern Masonry ” (1909), etc. 
 
 Valdosta (val-dos'ta). The county-seat of 
 Lowndes County, Georgia, in the extreme 
 southern part of the State. It is the trade 
 center of a cotton-growing district, and has 
 lumber-mills, etc. Population, 7,656, (1910). 
 Valley City (val'i sit'i). The county-seat of 
 Barnes County, North Dakota, on the Sheyenne 
 River. It is in a farming region, and has 
 grain-elevators, etc. It is the seat of a State 
 normal school. Population, 4,606, (1910). 
 Valnay, Raoul. A pseudonym of A. M. E. 
 Herve. 
 
 Valparaiso*. It was visited by a destructive 
 earthquake Aug. 17, 1906. 
 
 Valparaiso (val-pa-ra'zo). The county-seat 
 of Porter County, Indiana, 42 miles southeast 
 of Chicago. It has manufactories of paints, 
 mica, electrical goods, etc., and is the seat of 
 Valparaiso University. Population, 6,987, 
 (1910). 
 
 Van Brunt (van brunt'), Henry. Born at 
 Boston, Sept. 5, 1832; died in 1903. An Ameri- 
 can architect. He was graduated at Harvard Uni- 
 versity in 1854, and studied uuder George Snell in Boston 
 and Richard M. Hunt in New York. He served in the 
 navy during the Civil War, and in 1863 entered the firm 
 of Ware and Van Brunt. This firm designed Memo- 
 rial Hall and the library at Harvard University ; the 
 Episcopal Theological Seminary, Cambridge ; the library 
 of the University of Michigan ; Stone Hall at Wellesley 
 College ; and the First Church, Boston. In 1881 he formed 
 a new partnership, with F. M. Howe, and they erected 
 the Mercantile Building in Kansas City, a series of sta- 
 tions along the Union Pacific Railroad, and other build- 
 ings in the West. He published a translation of Viollet- 
 le-Duc’s “ Entretiens" (1875), a series of articles in “The 
 Century Magazine” on the architecture of the Colum- 
 bian Exposition (1892), and “Greek Lines” (1894). He 
 was president of the American Institute of Architects in 
 1899. 
 
 Vancouver (van-ko'ver). The county-seat of 
 Clarke County, Washington, on the Columbia 
 River, about 9 miles north of Portland, Oregon. 
 It has extensive agricultural, fruit-growing, and lumber- 
 ing interests, and has lumber-mills, a brewery, etc. It is 
 the seat of St. James’ College. The headquarters of the 
 Military Department of the Columbia are located here. 
 The Columbia River is navigable for ocean vessels to this 
 point. Population, 9,300, (1910). 
 
 Van der Foorten-Schwartz', Joost Marius 
 
 Willem. Ilis later works include “My Lady Nobody ” 
 (1895), “Her Memory” (1898), “Some Women I Have 
 Known ” (1901), “ My Poor Relations ” (1903), “ Dorothea ” 
 (1904), “The Healers” (1900), “The Woman’s Victory” 
 (1906), “The New Religion ” (1907), “Brothers All ” (1909), 
 “Harmen Pols” (1910), “Eve” (1912), etc. His “The Jail- 
 bird,’’ a one-act play, was produced in 1904. 
 
 Van der Stucken (van der stok'en), Frank 
 (Valentin). Born at Fredericksburg, Texas, 
 Oct. 15, 1858. An American composer and 
 conductor. He studied at Antwerp with Benoit and 
 later with Reinecke, Grieg, and Liszt. He was conductor 
 at the Stadt Theater of Breslau 1881-82. In 1884 he came to 
 New York, and in 1895 he became director of the Cincin- 
 nati College of Music and of the Cincinnati Orchestra. 
 His compositions include choral and orchestral works, but 
 his songs are more widely known. 
 
 Van der Waals. See*Waals. 
 
 Van Devanter (van de-van'ter), Willis. Born 
 at Marion, Ind., April 17, 1859. An American 
 jurist, appointed associate justice of the United 
 States Supreme Court in 1910. He was graduated 
 at the Cincinnati Law School in 1881, and practised law 
 at Marion, Indiana, 1881-84. In 1884 he removed to Chey- 
 enne, Wyoming, where he held several city and State of- 
 fices, serving as chief justice of the Supreme Court of 
 Wyoming 1889-90. He was assistant attorney-general of 
 the United States 1S97-1903, and United States circuit 
 judge of the 8th judicial circuit 1903-10. 
 
 Van Dyck (van dlk'), Cornelius Van Alen. 
 
 Born 1818 : died 1895. An eminent American 
 Orientalist and Congregational missionary. He 
 
 was stationed at Beirut, Syria, and after the death of Eli 
 .Smith in 1857 undertook the completion of the latter’s 
 translation of the Bible into Arabic. He was manager of the 
 Mission Press at Beirut 1857 - so. He tion in 
 
 Hebrew in Union Theological Seminary, New York, 
 1866-67. 
 
 Van Dyck (van dlk'), Ernest Marie Hubert. 
 Born at Antwerp, April 2, 1861. A Belgian 
 tenor. He studied law and later became a journalist in 
 Paris, where he studied singing. In 1883 he made his 
 d6but in concert, and in 1887 in opera, as Lohengrin, at 
 the Eden Theater in Paris. In 1888 he sang Parsifal at 
 Bayreuth and later appeared in Vienna, London, and 
 
 other cities. He created the title role in Massenet’s 
 “Werther,” at Vienna, in January, 1892. He made his 
 first American appearance in Chicago (1899). 
 
 Van Dyke (van dik'), Henry. Born at Ger- 
 mantown, Pa., Nov. 10, 1852. An American 
 clergyman, educator, and author, professor of 
 English literature in Princeton University from 
 1900, and minister to the Netherlands 1913-. 
 
 He was pastor of the United Fresbyterian Congregational 
 Church, Newport, R. I., 1878-82, and of the Brick Presby- 
 terian Church, New York, 1883-1900 and in 1902. He is 
 the author of “The Poetry of Tennyson" (1889), “Little 
 Rivers ” (1895), “ The Story of the Other Wise Man " (1896), 
 “The Gospel for an Age of Doubt" (1896), “The Builders, 
 and Other Poems "(1897),“ The Lost Word ” (1898),“ Fisher- 
 man's Luck” (1899), “The Toiling of Felix, and Other 
 Poems” (1900), “The Ruling Passion" (1901), “The Blue 
 Flower” (1902), “House of Rimmon” (1908), “Out of 
 Doors in the Holy Land ” (1908), “ The White Bees ’’ (1909), 
 “The Mansion ” (1911), “The Sad Shepherd” (1911), “The 
 Unknown Quantity" (1912), etc. 
 
 Van Gogh (van choch), Vincent. Born at 
 Groot-Zundert, Holland, March 30, 1853; died 
 at Anvers-sur-Oise, France, July 29, 1890. A 
 Dutch post-impressionist painter. He studied 
 with Mauve, and attended the Academy in Antwerp in 
 1885, but was in the main self-taught. In 1886 he went 
 to Paris and worked principally in France until his death, 
 which was by suicide in an asylum. He was a friend of 
 Paul Gauguin. He painted still-life (“ Apples in a Bas- 
 ket,” etc.), landscape (“Orchard in Provence,” “Rain Ef- 
 fect,” etc.), and figures. His work has been shown in the 
 Post-Impressionist Exhibition, London (1910-11), in Co- 
 logne (1912), in Amsterdam, etc. His letters were pub- 
 lished in translation in 1913. 
 
 Van Hise (van his'), Charles Richard. Bom 
 
 at Fulton, Wisconsin, May 29, 1857. An Ameri- 
 can geologist, president of the University of 
 Wisconsin from 1903. He was connected as assistant 
 professor and professor with the university 1883-1903; 
 was non-resident professor of structural geology in the 
 University of Chicago 1892-1903 ; and has served as assis- 
 tant geologist and geologist in the United States Geological 
 Survey from 1883. He has published a treatise on meta- 
 morphism, other scientific works and papers, and “Con- 
 centration and Control : a Solution of the Trust Problem 
 in the United States” (1912). 
 
 Van Horne (van horn'), Sir William Cor- 
 nelius. Born near Joliet, 111., Feb. 3, 1843. 
 An American administrator of railroads. He 
 entered the railroad service in 1857 and held various 
 supervising and executive positions in connection with 
 railroads in the United States 1867-81, but is most closely 
 identified with the Canadian Pacific Railway, of which he 
 was general manager 1881-84, vice-president 1884-88, 
 
 P resident 1888-99, and chairman of the board of directors 
 899-1910. He was created knight commander (honorary) 
 of the Order of St. Michael and St. George in 1894. 
 
 Van Laun (van lan'), Henri. Bom in Hol- 
 land, 1820: died at London, Jan. 19, 1896. A 
 British author and educator. Among his works are 
 a number of text-books, a “ History of French Literature ” 
 (1876-77), “The French Revolutionary Epoch” (1878), and 
 translations of Taine’s “History of English Literature” 
 (1871), Molirie’s works (1875-76), the “Caractferes” of La 
 Bruyere (1885), and “Gil Bias" (1886). 
 
 Van Rensselaer (vanren'se-ler), Mrs. (Mari- 
 ana Griswold). Born at New York. A con- 
 temporary American art critic and author. 
 Among her works are “ Henry Hobson Richardson and his 
 Work” (1888), “Six Portraits” (1889), “English Cathe- 
 drals ” (1893), “ Art Outof Doors ” (1893), “One Man Who 
 Was Content” (1896), “History of the City of New York 
 in the Seventeenth Century ” (1909), “ Poems ” (1910), etc. 
 
 Van Rooy (van roi), Anton (Antonius Maria 
 Josephus). Born at Rotterdam, Jan. 1, 1870. 
 A Dutch barytone. He studied with Stockhausen at 
 Frankfort, ami, after singing in concerts, appeared at 
 Bayreuth in 1897 as Wotan. He afterward sang at Berlin 
 and for many seasons at Covent Garden, London, and the 
 Metropolitan Opera House, New York, where he appeared 
 as Amfortas and Jockanaan in the American productions 
 of “ Parsifal ” and “Salome.” Since 1908 he has sung in 
 Europe, usually in concerts. 
 
 Vedrines (va-dren'), Jules. Born at St.- 
 Denis, Seine, Dec. 29, 1881. A French aviator, 
 participant in several important cross-country 
 aeroplane races in Europe during 1911. He won 
 (in a Morane monoplane) the Paris-Madrid race, making 
 the 766 miles in 12 hrs. 18 min., actual flying time, or at a 
 rate of about 69 miles an hour. The race extended from 
 May 22 to May 26, 1911, the course crossing the Pyrenees. 
 In the All-British race of 1,010 miles Vedrines occupied 
 35| hours, including some stops (22 hrs. 44 min., actual 
 flying time), averaging 42.8 miles an hour. 
 
 Veitch (vech), John. Born at Peebles, Scot- 
 land, Oct. 24, 1829: died there, Sept. 3, 1894. 
 A Scotch philosophical writer and historian, 
 professor of logic, rhetoric, and metaphysics at 
 St. Andrews 1860-64 and of logic and rhetoric 
 at Glasgow 1864-94. He wrote “The Tweed, and 
 Other Poems ” (1875), “The Feeling for Nature in Scottish 
 Poetry” (1887), “Merlin, and Other Poems” (1889), “The 
 History and Poetry of the Scottish Border ” (1893), “ Dual- 
 ism and Monism ” (1895), etc. 
 
 Veitch (vech), William. Born at Spittal-on- 
 Rule, Roxburghshire, 1794; died at Edinburgh, 
 July 8, 1885. A Scotch classical scholar. He 
 
 was educated at Edinburgh, and worked as a private tutor 
 at the university. lie is best known for his work on 
 “ Greek Verbs, Irregular and Defective ” (1848). 
 
 Venables (ven'a-blz), George. Born 1821 : 
 died Dec. 30, 1906. An English clergyman, 
 canon of Norwich from 1881. He published a num- 
 ber of works on ecclesiastical and religious themes. 
 
 Venango (ve-nang'go), Fort. A French fort 
 built in 1753 on the site of the present city of 
 Franklin, capital of Venango County, Penn- 
 sylvania. It stood at the entry ol the Venango (now 
 French) Creek into the Allegheny River. The locality is 
 now the center of the chief oil region of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Venezuela*. It is now divided into 20 states, Apure, 
 Aragua, Anzoategui, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Falcon, 
 Guarico, Lara, Monagas, Mdrida, Miranda, Nueva Esparta, 
 Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zamora, 
 Zulia ; 2 territories, Amazonas and Delta- Amacuro ; and a 
 federal district, the city of Caracas. 
 
 Verde (var'da) Island Passage. A strait in 
 the Philippine Islands, separating the southern 
 coast of Luzdn and the northern coast of 
 Mindoro. , 
 
 Verhaeren (var-ha'ren), Emile. Born at 
 Saint-Armand, Belgium, May 21, 1855. A 
 noted Flemish poet and dramatist. His verse 
 includes “Les flamandes ” (1880), “Les moines ” (1886) ; a 
 trilogy of life, “Les soirs” (1887), “Les debacles ” (1888), 
 and “ Les flambeaux noil's ” (1890) ; “ Les apparus dans mes 
 chemins” (1891), “Les campagnes hallucinees" (1893), 
 “ Les villages illusoires ” (1895), “Les villes tentaculaires” 
 (1895), “Lesheures claires” (1899), “ Petites legendes ” 
 (1900), and “Forces tumultueuses ” (1902). He has also 
 written lyrical dramas, “ Les aubes ” (1898), “ Le cloitre ” 
 (1900), and “ Philippe II.” (1901). 
 
 Vernon-Harcourt. See * Harcourt. 
 
 Verrall (ver'al), Arthur Woollgar. Born at 
 
 Brighton, England, Feb. 5, 1851: died at Cam- 
 bridge, June 18, 1912. A British classical and 
 English scholar, professor of English litera- 
 ture in Cambridge University 1911-12. He 
 published ‘'Euripides the Rationalist” (1895), 
 also editions and translations of various plays 
 of HCschylus and Euripides, etc. 
 
 Veto Bill, The. A British parliamentary mea- 
 sure designed to limit the power of the House 
 of Lords to reject (‘veto’) bills passed by 
 the House of Commons. It is one of the mo6t revolu- 
 tionary constitutional reforms in the history of the British 
 Parliament. The House of Lords does not possess the 
 power of initiating legislation affecting supply and taxa- 
 tion, and very rarely has exercised its power to originate 
 any other legislation. The exclusive right of instituting 
 money bills is vested in the Commons, and the Commons 
 have maintained that such bills cannot be amended by 
 the Lords. But, while abstaining from direct interference 
 with grants of supply, the Lords occasionally have 
 rejected, postponed, or amended bills affecting supply 
 and taxation. In 1909 the budget which was adopted 
 by the House of Commons, under the leadership of 
 the Liberal prime minister, Mr. Asquith, was rejected 
 by the House of Lords. An election followed, and the 
 Liberal government was returned, although w ith a re- 
 duced majority. It was then decided to reduce the 
 powers of the House of Lords, and a bill was introduced 
 and passed in the House of Commons which provided that 
 money bills should become laws without the consent of 
 the Lords, and that all other bills should become laws, 
 even though rejected by the Lords, if passed by the Com- 
 mons in three successive sessions within a minimum 
 period of years. (The bill reads : “ Provided . . . two 
 years have elapsed between the date of the second reading 
 in the first of those sessions of the bill in the House of Com- 
 mons and the date on which it passes the House of Com- 
 mons in the third of those sessions.” ) To this measure 
 the assent of the Lords was secured, August 10, 1911. Cor- 
 rectly known as the Parliament Bill. On receiving the 
 royal assent, it became the Parliament Act. 
 
 Via Sacra (vi'a sa'kra). [L., ‘ Sacred Way. r | 
 A street in Rome leading from the arch of 
 Titus, by the Forum, to the Capitol, along 
 which public processions passed. 
 
 Vicomte de Bragelonne (ve-kont' de brazh- 
 lon'). A novel by Dumas pere, published 
 1848-50: a sequel* to “ Vingt ans apres” 
 (which see). 
 
 Victoria*. The state is represented in the 
 federal parliament by 6 senators and 22 repre- 
 sentatives. 
 
 Victoria and Albert Museum. The name by 
 which, since 1899, the South Kensington Mu- 
 seum has been known. See South Kensington 
 Museum. 
 
 Victoria Eugenie Julia Ena (vik-to'ri-a 
 u-zha'ne jo'lya e'na). Born at Balmoral 
 Castle, Scotland, Oct. 24, 1887. Daughter of 
 Prince Henry of Battenberg (1858-96) aud 
 Princess Beatrice of Great Britain (daughter 
 of Queen Victoria), and wife of Alfonso XIII., 
 king of Spain, whom she married May 31, 1906. 
 
 Victoria University. An English institution 
 of learning founded in 1880, originally a fed- 
 eral university consisting of Owens College, 
 Manchester, University College, Liverpool, 
 and Yorkshire College, Leeds, in 1903 a separate 
 charter was granted for a University of Liverpool and in 
 1904 for a University of Leeds. The Victoria University 
 was reconstituted in 1903 under the title of the “Victoria 
 University of Manchester,” and Owens College was incor- 
 porated with it in 1904. 
 
Vierge 
 
 Vierge (ve-arzh'), Daniel Urrabieta. Born 
 at Madrid, Spain, March 5, 1851 : died at Bou- 
 logne-sur-Seine, May 10, 1904. A Spanish 
 painter and illustrator. Shortly before the war of 
 1870 he went to Paris and found employment on the illus- 
 trated papers. In 187(5 his illustrations (1,000 drawings) 
 for Michelet's “ History of France ” were published. By 
 a paralytic stroke he lost the use of his right hand, sub- 
 stituted the left, and thereafter produced several of his 
 most important works — illustrations for “Pablo de 
 Segovia,” “On the Trail of Don Quixote” (published in 
 America), “ Lazarillo de Tonnes,” “ Bachelier de Sa- 
 lamanque,” and a 4- volume edition of “ Don Quixote.” 
 
 Vigan (ve'gan). A town, the capital of Ilocos 
 Sur province, Luzon, Philippine Islands, on 
 the Abra River, not far from the coast, in lat. 
 17° 35' N., long. 120° 25' E. Population, 5,749. 
 Vignaud (ven-yo'), Jean Henry. Born at 
 New Orleans, Nov. 27, 1830. An American 
 diplomatist and author. He served in ‘the Confed- 
 erate army during the Civil War, acting as secretary of 
 the Confederate diplomatic commission at Paris in 1863. 
 From 1875 to 1909 he held secretaryships in the United 
 States legation and embassy at Paris. He has published 
 “ La lettre et la carte de Toscauelli sur la route des Indes ” 
 (1901), “Toscauelli and Columbus" (1902-03), “La ipaison 
 d’Albe et lea archives colombiennes ” (1904), “fitudes 
 critiques sur la vie de Colomb ’’ (1905), etc. 
 
 Villari*, Pascpiale. He was elected senator in 1884, 
 was minister of public instruction 1891-92. His later 
 works include “Arte, storia, e filosofia ” (1884), “Saggi 
 storici e critici ” (1890), “ I primi due secoli della storia di 
 Firenze” (1893), “Scritti vari ” (1894), “ Le invasioni 
 barbariche in Italia" (1900), “Scritti sulla questione 
 sociale in Italia ” (1902), “ Discussioni critiche e discorsi ” 
 (1905), etc. 
 
 Villiers (vil'yerz), Frederic. Born at London, 
 April 23, 1852. An English journalist, artist, 
 and lecturer. He was educated in France and studied 
 also at the South Kensington School of Artaud the Royal 
 Academy. Since 1896 he has been war correspondent for 
 various journals in most of the important campaigns of 
 the time. His publications include “Pictures of Many 
 Wars ” (1902) and “ Port Arthur ” (1905). 
 
 Vincent (vin'sent), John Heyl. Born at Tus- 
 caloosa, Ala., Feb. 23, 1832. An American 
 clergyman and educator, bishop of the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church and one of the founders 
 of the Chautauqua Assembly (1874). He is also 
 the originator and chancellor of the Chautauqua Literary 
 and Scientific Circle (1878). He has published “ The Mod- 
 ern Sunday School,” “Studies in Young Life,” “Our Own 
 Church, ” “ The Chinch School and Its Officers, ” “ Sunday 
 
 School Institutes and Normal Classes,” “ The Chautauqua 
 Movement,” etc. 
 
 Vincent (vin ' sent), Marvin Richardson. 
 
 Born at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Sept. 11, 1834. 
 An American clergyman, author, and educator, 
 professor of New Testament exegesis and crit- 
 icism in Union Theological Seminary from 1888. 
 He was graduated at Columbia in 1854, and entered the 
 ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church iu 1859 and 
 that of the Presbyterian Church in 1863. From 1858 to 1860 
 he was professor of Latin in Troy University, New York. 
 He is the author of “Word-Studies in the New Testa- 
 ment” (1877-1900), “The Age of Hildebrand ” (1896), etc. 
 Viner (vi'ner), Charles. Born at Salisbury, 
 England, 1678 : died at Aldershot, June 5, 
 1756. An English jurist, founder of the Vine- 
 rian common-law professorship, scholarships, 
 and fellowships at Oxford University. He pub- 
 lished “A General Abridgment of Law and 
 Equity” in 23 volumes (1742-53). 
 
 Vinton (vin'ton), Frederic Porter. Born 
 at Bangor, Maine, Jan. 29, 1846: died at 
 Boston, May 20, 1911. An American painter. 
 He was a pupil of William Morris Hunt and Dr. 
 William Rimmer in Boston, and studied also at the 
 Royal Academy in Munich and under Leon Bonnat and 
 Jean Paul Laurens in Paris. In 1880 he was elected a 
 member of the Society of American Artists and in 1891 of 
 the National Academy of Design, and has painted many 
 important portraits. 
 
 Viotti (ve-ot'te), Giovanni Battista. Born 
 at Fontanetto, Piedmont, May 23, 1753: died at 
 London, March 3, 1824. An Italian violin- 
 ist and composer for the violin. He exerted a 
 notable influence upon the modern style of violin-playing. 
 His time was spent chiefly in Paris and London, where 
 he was engaged partly in managing operatic enterprises. 
 His concertos for the violin are still valued. 
 
 Virginia (ver-jm'i-a). A city in St. Louis 
 County, Minnesota, 56 miles northwest of Du- 
 luth. Iron-mining is its chief industry. Pop- 
 ulation, 10,473, (1910). 
 
 Visayan (ve-sa'yan) Islands. A group of 
 islands in the Philippines, lying south of Luzon 
 and north of Mindanao. The most important of 
 them are Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Masbate, Negros, Romblon, 
 and Samar. See Bohol , Cebu, Leyte , ★ Masbate, Negros , 
 ★ Romblon, and Samar. Also Bisayas. 
 
 Visayan (ve-sa'yan) Sea. The northern part 
 of the sea inclosed by the Philippine Islands, 
 the Sulu Archipelago, and Borneo, it is con- 
 
 Walker, John Grimes 
 
 nected on the east by the straits of San Bernardino and 
 San Juanico with the Pacific Ocean, and on the west by 
 Mindoro Strait and Verde Island Passage with the China 
 Sea. 
 
 Vittoria (vit-to'ri-a). A novel by George Mere- 
 dith, published in 1866. It is a sequel to “Sandra 
 Belloni. ’ ’ The scene is the Italian insurrection of 1848. 
 
 Vittorio Emanuele III. See Victor Emman- 
 uel 111. 
 
 Voigt (foigt), Frau (Johanna Ambrosius). 
 
 Born at Lengwethen, East Prussia, Aug. 3, 
 1854. A German poet. She is the daughter of a 
 mechanic, and her only education was obtained from a 
 village school, which she attended until her eleventh 
 year. In 1906 her collected poems (“ Gedichte ”) reached 
 the 41st edition. 
 
 Voisin (vwo-zan'), Gabriel. Bom at Lyons, 
 France, Feb. 5, 1889. A French aviator. He made 
 his first aeronautical apparatus — which was tried over 
 the waters of the Seine— under the patronage of M. Arch- 
 deacon in 1903-04. With his brother Charles he estab- 
 lished the first aeroplane factory and constructed the 
 biplanes used by Farman, Delagrange, and Paulhan. On 
 July 25, 1909, he was made chevalier of the Legion of 
 Honor and divided with M. Bleriot theOsiris prize of 100,000 
 francs which was given that year (1909) for the most 
 notable contribution to aeronautics. 
 
 Volcan (vol-kan'). An island in Lake Bom- 
 b6n, southern Luzon, Philippine Islands, it is 
 the seat of Taal volcano. The name is also applied to the 
 volcano itself. 
 
 Volsungs. See Volsunga Saga. 
 
 Voynich (voi'nich), Mrs. (Ethel Lilian 
 Boole). Born 1864. An English novelist, 
 daughter of the mathematician George Boole. 
 She has written “The Gadfly” (1897), “Jack Raymond” 
 (1901), “Olive Latham " (1904), etc. 
 
 Vries (vres), Hugo de. Born at Haarlem, 
 Feb. 16, 1848. An eminent Dutch botanist, 
 professor of plant anatomy and physiology in 
 the University of Wurzburg. He is noted for hia 
 contributions to the theory of evolution and especially 
 for his researches on mutation in plants. He studied at 
 the universities of Leyden, Heidelberg, and Wurzburg, 
 and became professor of botany at the University of Am- 
 sterdam in 1878, and at the University of Wurzburg in 
 1897. He has published various works on botanical sub- 
 jects, among them “Eine Methode zur Analyse der Tur- 
 gorkraft ” (1884), “ Plasmolytische Studien iiber die Wand 
 der Vacuolen ” (1885), “ Leerboek der Plantenphysiologie ” 
 (1885), “ Intracellulare Pangenesis ” (1889), “ Monographie 
 der Zwangsdrehungen ’’ (1892), “Die Mutationstheorie ” 
 (1900-03), “ Plant Breeding ” (1907), “ Die Mutationem in 
 der Erblichkeitslehre ” (1912), etc. 
 
 aals (wals), Johannes Diede- 
 rik van der. Born at Ley- 
 den, Holland, Nov. 23, 1837. 
 A Dutch physicist, professor 
 in the University of Amster- 
 dam from 1877. He was the 
 originator of the kinetic 
 theory of fluids, announced 
 in 1873. In 1910 he received 
 the Nobel prize for physics. 
 
 Wabash College. An institution of learning 
 in Crawfordsville, Indiana, founded in 1832 by 
 four pioneer missionaries and three elders of 
 the Presbyterian Church, and chartered in 
 1834. It is attended by about 400 students, 
 and bas an endowment of about $600,000. 
 
 Wace (was), ‘Henry. Born at London, Dec. 
 10, 1836. An English scholar, dean of Canter- 
 bury from 1903. He was principal of King’s College, 
 London, 1883-97, and rector of St. Michael's, Cornhill, 
 London, 1896-1903. With Sir William Smith he edited 
 the “ Dictionary of Christian Biography ” (1877-87). 
 
 Waganda (wa-gan'da). The most important 
 of the native Bantu tribes of the former king- 
 dom of Uganda, now included in the Uganda 
 Protectorate. 
 
 Wagner (vag'ner), Charles. Born in Alsace, 
 Jan. 3, 1852. A Protestant pastor and author. 
 He was graduated at the Sorbonne in 1869 ; studied theology 
 in Strasburg and Gottingen ; and went to preach in Paris 
 in 1882. In 1904 he made a lecture tour cf the United 
 States. Translations of his works have been published as 
 “Youth,” “The Soul of Things,” “Bythe Fireside,” “The 
 Better Way,” “The Simple Life,” “ On Life’s Threshold,” 
 “The Gospel of Life,” "Wayside Talks,” etc. 
 
 Wainwright (wan'rit), Richard. Bom at 
 Washington, D. C., Dec. 17, 1849. Ati Ameri- 
 can naval officer, promoted rear-admiral in 1908. 
 He was graduated at the United States Naval Academy 
 in 1868 ; was executive officer of the Maine when she was 
 blown up in the harbor of Havana ; and commanded the 
 Gloucester in the battle of Santiago, July 3, 1898, being 
 engaged with the Spanish destroyers. 
 
 Wake (wak) Island. An island in the Pacific 
 
 VI. 39 
 
 Ocean, situated in lat. 19° 12' N., long. 167° 
 35' E. It belongs to the United States. 
 
 Walcott (wal'kot), Charles Doolittle. Born 
 at New York Mills, N. Y., March 31, 1850. An 
 American geologist and paleontologist, secre- 
 tary of the Smithsonian Institution 1907-. He 
 has been connected with the United States Geological Sur- 
 vey since 1879 ; was director of the Survey 1894-1907 ; 
 was secretary of the Carnegie Institution 1901-05 ; and 
 has been honorary curator of the department of paleon- 
 tology in the United States National Museum since 1892. 
 His researches have related chiefly to the stratigraphy and 
 paleontology ol the Lower Paleozoic formations. 
 
 Waldeck-Rousseau (val-dek'ro-so'), Pierre 
 Marie. Born at Rennes, Dec. 2, 1846: died 
 at Paris, Aug. 10, 1904. A French barrister 
 and statesman. He was counsel forde Lesseps in the 
 Panama case ; was member of the Chamber of Deputies 
 for Rennes 1879-89 ; and in 1891 was elected to the Senate. 
 He was minister of the interior under Gambetta 1881-82 
 and under Ferry 1883-85, and president of the council 
 (premier) and minister of the interior 1899-1902. 
 
 Walfish Bay*. The territory of Walfish Bay 
 is a part of Cape Colony. Area, 430 square 
 miles. Population, 997. 
 
 Walford (waL'ford), Mrs. (Lucy Bethia Col- 
 quhoun). Born at Portobello, Scotland, April 
 17, 1845. A British novelist. Her works include 
 “Mr. Smith” (1874), “Pauline” (1877), “The Baby’s 
 Grandmother” (1885), “A Mere Child” (1888), “One of 
 Ourselves” (1900), “Charlotte” (1902), “The Stay-at- 
 Homes” (1903), “Leonore Stubbs” (1908), “Recollections 
 of a Scottish Novelist” (1910), etc. 
 
 Walker (wa'ker), Charles Howard. Born at 
 Boston, Jan. 9, 1857. An American architect. 
 He studied at Boston, New York, and abroad ; was a mem- 
 ber of an archaeological expedition to Asia Minor in 1881 ; 
 and since 1884 has practised architecture in Boston. In 1889 
 he became a partner in the Arm of Walker and Kimball, 
 who were architects-in-chief of the Omaha Exposition, 
 1898, and members of the board of architects of the St. 
 Louis Exposition, 1904. In 1894 he was a lecturer at the 
 Lowell Institute, and he has also given lecture courses at 
 the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at Har- 
 vard, Yale, and other universities. Since 1902 he has 
 been director of the department of design of the Boston 
 Museum of Fine Arts. He is a member of the National 
 
 Art Commission, appointed by President Roosevelt In 
 1909. 
 
 Walker (wa'ker), Edyth. Born at Hopewell, 
 N. Y., March 27, 1870. An American dramatic 
 soprano. She studied singing at the Dresden Conserva- 
 tory and made her debut at the Gewandhaus, Leipsic. 
 She first appeared in opera, in Vienna, as a contralto, 
 singing Fides in “Le Prophete.” She was then engaged 
 in Leipsic, Briinn, Berlin, Magdeburg, and Vienna, and 
 in 1900 sang at Covent Garden, London. In 1903 she 
 came to America, making her debut as Amneris in 
 “Aida” and remaining for three seasons. Since 1906 she 
 has become a dramatic soprano, appearing at Hamburg, 
 Berlin, and London. She has added the roles of Aida, 
 Valentine (in “Les Huguenots"), and Elektra to her 
 repertoire, which already included Donna Elvira, Selika, 
 Fidelio, Brangane, Venus, Erda, Fricka, and Brunhild. 
 
 Walker (wa'ker), Frederick. Born at Lon- 
 don, May 26, 1840 : died at Saint Fillans, 
 Perthshire, Scotland, June 4, 1875. An Eng- 
 lish painter and illustrator. In 1863 he exhibited 
 his first oil-painting at the Royal Academy, and in 1871 
 was elected an-associate of that institution. Two of his 
 pictures are in the National Gallery. 
 
 Walker (wa'ker), Henry Oliver. Born at 
 Boston, Mass., May 14. 1843. An American 
 artist, a pupil of Bonnat. He is best known 
 for his mural paintings. 
 
 Walker (wa'ker), Horatio. Born at Lie- 
 towel, Canada, 1858. An American painter, 
 the son of an English army officer. He has found 
 his material in Canada, where he has been attracted by 
 the French inhabitants, who have retained much of the 
 character of the peasantry of France. The formation of 
 his style has been most influenced by Millet and Troyon, 
 especially the latter, ne was elected a member of the 
 National Academy of Design in New York in 1891, and is 
 also a member of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water- 
 colours in London, and was a member of the Society of 
 American Artists in New York etc. 
 
 Walker (wa'ker), John Grimes. Born at 
 Hillsborough, N. H., March 20, 1835: died at 
 York Beach, Maine, Sept. 16, 1907. An Ameri- 
 can naval officer. He was graduated at the Naval 
 Academy, Annapolis, in 1856, and was instructor in mathe- 
 matics in the academy 1859-60. He was in active service 
 during the Civil War, becoming lieutenant-commander iu 
 1862, commander in 1866, commodore in 1889, and rear- 
 
Walker, John Grimes 
 
 admiral in 1894, retiring in 1897. He was president of the 
 Nicaragua Canal Commission 1897-99, and was appointed 
 president of the Isthmian Canal Commission in 1899. 
 
 Wallace", Alfred Russel. His later works include 
 
 “Darwinism” (1889), “The Wonderful Century” (1898), 
 “Studies, Scientific and Social” (1900), “Man's Place in 
 the Universe ” (1903), “My Life ” (1905), “ Is Mars Habit- 
 able?" (1908), “The World of Life ” (1911), “ Social Environ- 
 ment and Moral Progress ” (1913), etc. 
 
 Wallace", Sir Donald Mackenzie. He wrote 
 
 also “Egypt and the Egyptian Question” (1883) and “The 
 Web of Empire" (1902), and edited the tenth edition of 
 the “Encyclopaedia Britannica.” 
 
 Wallace (wol'as), William. Born at Green- 
 ock, July 3, 1860. A Scottish composer. He 
 
 completed a course in medicine at Glasgow and Vienna 
 before studying music at the Royal Academy in London 
 in 1889. Little of his work has been published. His most 
 important compositions are Bix symphonic poems for or- 
 chestra: “The Passing of Beatrice,” “Sister Helen,” 
 “ Ambossoder Hammer,” “ Greeting to the New Century," 
 “Sir William Wallace," and “ Francois Villon," which 
 last has been heard in New York. He has written many 
 other important musical works and a book, “On the 
 Threshold of Music." 
 
 Wallace (wol'as), William Vincent. Born 
 at Waterford, Ireland, July 1, 1813: died at 
 Chateau de Bagen in the Pyrenees, France, 
 Oct. 12, 1865. A violinist and composer. His 
 English operas, “Maritana” (1845) and “ Lurline” (1860), 
 were the most successful of his works, though many of his 
 piano pieces were popular at one time. 
 
 Wallace Collection, The. A collection of 
 paintiDgs and other works of art at Hertford 
 House, London, presented to the British na- 
 tion by the will of Lady Wallace (died 1897). 
 
 It was formed by Francis Charles, third marquis, and 
 Richard, fourth marquis of Hertford, and was willed to 
 and enlarged by Sir Richard Wallace. It is especially 
 famous for its fine examples of French paintings of the 
 eighteenth century, and contains also good Italian paint- 
 ings (including important works by Canaletto and Fran- 
 cesco Guardi), and Spanish, Dutch, English, and mod- 
 ern French pictures. The collection is especially strong 
 in its examples of the secondary arts of France (Limoges 
 enamels, Sevres porcelains, snulf-boxes, etc.). There 
 are many miniatures and fine bronzes by French sculp- 
 tors of the eighteenth century. 
 
 Wallis (wol'is) Archipelago. A group of 
 islands in the South Pacific, northeast of Fiji, 
 forming a dependency of New Caledonia. The 
 islands were placed under French protection in 1887. 
 Area, 40 square miles. Population, about 4,500. 
 
 Walrus Island. A small islet of the Pribylof 
 group, lying about seven miles off the shore of 
 St. Paul Island. It is a narrow ridge of rock about 
 half a mile in length by a few hundred yards in width, 
 the home of countless sea-birds and once occupied by the 
 wa lrus as a breeding-ground. 
 
 Walter ( wal'ter), Eugene. Born at Cleveland, 
 Ohio, Nov. 27, 1874. An American playwright. 
 
 He was at first a journalist, and subsequently engaged in 
 various theatrical enterprises. His plays include “ Paid 
 in Full” (1906), “The Wolf ” (1907), “ The Easiest Way " 
 (1908), "JustaWife" (1910), “ Who ’s to Blame ? ” (1910), 
 and “The Assassin” (1910). 
 
 Walter (wal'ter), Thomas Ustick. Born at 
 Philadelphia, Sept. 4, 1804: died there, Oct. 
 30, 1887. An American architect. He designed 
 Girard College, in Philadelphia, one of the finest monu- 
 ments in America, in 1833, and, by appointment of Presi- 
 dent Fillmore, superseded Robert Mills as architect of the 
 United States Capitol in Washington, June 10, 1851. To 
 the old building of Charles Bulfinch he added the two 
 wings for the sessions of the Senate and the House of Rep- 
 resentatives. He rebuilt the western front, added the 
 library, and in 1855 began the new dome. Suspension of 
 work on the Capitol was ordered in 1861, but the contrac- 
 tors continued until 1865, when the building was com- 
 pleted and Walter retired. 
 
 Wapakoneta (wa-pak'o-ne-ta). The county- 
 seat of Auglaize County, Ohio, 12 miles south- 
 west of Lima. It is in a region abounding in 
 oil and natural gas, and has manufactories of 
 furniture, wheels, cigars, etc. Population, 
 5,349, (1910). 
 
 Warburton (war'ber-ton), Peter Egerton. 
 
 Born at Northwich, Cheshire, Aug. 15, 1813: 
 died at Adelaide, Australia, Dec. 16, 1889. A 
 British military officer and Australian explorer. 
 He went to Australia in 1853 and was appointed commis- 
 sioner of police for South Australia ; was colonel com- 
 mandant of volunteers 1869-72 ; and 1872-74 led an 
 expedition to open up overland communication between 
 South and Western Australia. See Century Atlas, Map 
 115. 
 
 Ward*, Adolphus William. In 1898 he was 
 Ford lecturer at Oxford. He is one of the 
 editors of the “Cambridge Modern History” 
 and of the “Cambridge History of English 
 Literature.” 
 
 Ward*, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps. Her later 
 
 works include “ Austin Phelps, a Memoir" (1891), “Chap- 
 ters From a Life ” (1896), “Within the Gates" (1901), “Suc- 
 cessors to Mary the First ” (1901), “ Avery ” (1902), “Trixy ” 
 (1904), “ The Man in the Case ” (1906), “Walled In ” (1907), 
 “ Though Life Do Us Part ” (1908), “ Jonathan and David " 
 (1909), “The Empty House” (1910), “A Chariot of Fire” 
 (1910), etc. 
 
 Ward*, Genevieve (Lucia Genoveva 
 Teresa Ward, Countess Guerbel). She ap- 
 peared with Sir Henry Irving in “Becket,” “King 
 
 Arthur,” “Richard III.,” etc. She appeared as the Blind 
 Queen in “The Virgin Goddess ” at the Adelphi in 1906, 
 and as Volumniain “Coriolanus ” at the Shakspere Festi- 
 val at Stratford-on-Avon in 1907. 
 
 Ward*, Mrs. Humphry (Mary Augusta 
 
 Arnold). Her later works include “William Thomas 
 Arnold, Journalist and Historian ” (1907), “ The Testing of 
 Diana Mallory” (1908), “Marriage a la Mode” (1909), 
 “Canadian Born” (1910), “The Case of Richard Meynell” 
 (serially, 1910-11), “The Coryston Family” (1913), etc. 
 Ward (ward), James. Born at Hull, Jan. 27, 
 1843. An English philosophical writer, pro- 
 fessor of mental philosophy in the University 
 of Cambridge from 1897. He has written “Nat- 
 uralism and Agnosticism ” (1899), and numerous articles 
 and papers on philosophical topics. In 1902 he was 
 elected a fellow of the British Academy. 
 
 Ward*, Lester Frank. His later works in- 
 clude “Psychic Factors of Civilization” (1893), 
 “Outlines of Sociology” (1898), “ Applied Soci- 
 ology” (1906), etc. 
 
 Waring (war'ing), Edward. Born in 1734: 
 died Aug. 15, 1798. An English mathematician. 
 He studied at Magdalene College, Cambridge, taking his 
 bachelor's degree in 1757, and became Lucasian professor 
 of mathematics at Cambridge in 1760. He took a medical 
 degree at Cambridge in 1767, but was chiefly esteemed for 
 his attainments in mathematics, especially analytical ge- 
 ometry. Among his published works, mostly in Latin, 
 are “ Miscellanea Analytica de ASquationibus Algebraicis 
 et Curvarum Proprietatibus ” (1762), “ Meditationes Alge- 
 braicse ” (1770), and “Meditationes Analytic®” (1776). 
 
 Waring (war'ing), George Edwin. Born at 
 Poundridge, N. Y., July 4, 1833 : died at New 
 York, Oct. 29, 1898. An American sanitary 
 engineer. In 1861 he joined the army; served with 
 distinction through the Civil War ; and was mustered out 
 with the rank of colonel. He installed improved methods 
 of drainage and sewerage in many cities, notably in Mem- 
 phis, Tennessee, after the outbreak of yellow fever in 1878, 
 and the system adopted there, called the “Waring Sys- 
 tem,” has been widely copied; was for several years a 
 member of the National Board of Health ; and in 1894 
 was appointed commissioner of street-cleaning for New 
 York city. In 1898 he was made a member of the com- 
 mission for improving the sanitary condition of Havana, 
 and during his stay in that city contracted yellow fever, 
 of which he died. Among his published works are “ Sani- 
 tary Condition of City and Country Dwelling Houses” 
 (1877), “ How to Drain a House ’’ (1885), “ Modern Methods 
 of Sewage Disposal for Towns ” (1894), etc. 
 
 Warman (war'man), Cy. Born at Greenup, 
 111., June 22, 1855. An American author and 
 journalist, best known as a writer of railroad 
 stories. Among his works are “ Tales of an Engineer ” 
 (1895)," “The Express Messenger” (1897), “The Story of 
 the Railroad ’’ (1898), “ The White Mail ” (1898), “Snow on 
 the Headlight" (1899), “Short Rails" (1900), “Frontier 
 Stories ” (1901), “ The Last Spike ” (1906). 
 
 Warren (wor'en). The county-seat of Trum- 
 bull County, Ohio, on the Mahoning River, 13 
 miles northwest of Youngstown. It has manu- 
 factories of electrical supplies, automobiles, 
 machinery, lamps, etc. Population, 11,081, 
 (1910). 
 
 Warren (wor'en). The county-seat, of Warren 
 County, Pennsylvania, at the junction of the 
 Allegheny River and Conewango Creek, its 
 
 principal industries are oil-refining and the manufactur- 
 ing of furniture, steel and iron products, etc. It is the 
 seat of the State Hospital for the Insane. Population, 
 11,080, (1910). 
 
 Warren (wor'en). A town in Bristol County, 
 Rhode Island, on Narragansett Bay, 9 miles 
 southeast of Providence. It has manufac- 
 tories of twine, cotton goods, etc. Population, 
 6,585, (1910). 
 
 Warren (wor'en), Sir Charles. Born at Ban- 
 gor, Wales, Feb. 7, 1840. A British general 
 and engineer, commander of the fifth division 
 in the Boer war 1899-1900. He was engaged as 
 commissioner (Griqualand West) and in military opera- 
 tions in South Africa 1876-79 ; served in the Egyptian 
 campaign in 1882; commanded the Bechuanaland expedi- 
 tion 1884-85 ; led the troops in the Suakim expedition 
 1886 ; and commanded the metropolitan police force 
 (London) 1886-88. He served under General Buller in the 
 campaign for the relief of Ladysmith. 
 
 Warren (wor'en), Samuel Prowse. Born at 
 Montreal, Feb. 18, 1841. An American organ- 
 ist and composer. He studied at Berlin 1861-64, and 
 then came to New York, becoming organist of All Souls 
 Church (1866-68), of Grace Church (1868-74, 1876-94), and 
 of Holy Trinity Church (1874-76). He has appeared in re- 
 citals throughout the country. His compositions include 
 church music, part-songs, and piano music. 
 
 Warwick (wor'wikor wor'ik). A town includ- 
 ing several villages in Kent County, Rhode 
 Island. It is situated on Narragansett Bay and is divided 
 by the Pawtuxet and Providence rivers. It has large cot- 
 ton manufactures. Population, 26,629. (1910). 
 
 Washington (wosh'ing-ton), Booker Talia- 
 ferro. Bora near Hale’s Ford, Va., about 
 1858. An Afro-American educator, author, 
 and lecturer. He was bom a slave : worked his way 
 through Hampton Institute; and, after teaching and 
 studying for several years, founded (1881) the Tuskegee 
 Institute for the practical training of negroes, the growth 
 and success of which are largely due to his efforts. He is 
 the author of “ The Future of the American Negro ” (1899), 
 
 Watson, John 
 
 “Sowing and Reaping" (1900), “Up from Slavery,” an 
 autobiography (1900), “ Character Building ” (1902), “The 
 Story of my Life and Work ” (1903), “Working with the 
 Hands ; Experiences with Industrial Training at Tuske- 
 gee ” (1904), “ Tuskegee and Its People ’’ (1905), a “Life of 
 Frederick Douglass ” (1906), “The Negro in Business 1 
 (1907), “ The Story of the Negro ” (1909). “Chapters from 
 my Experience’’ (1911), “ The Man Farthest Down, a Rec- 
 ord of Observations and Study in Europe ” (1912), etc. 
 
 Washington (wosh'ing-ton), Henry Stephens. 
 
 Born at Newark, N. J., Jan. 15, 1867. An 
 American petrologist and mining engineer. 
 He is research assistant of the Carnegie Institution. He 
 has published “ Chemical Analyses of Igneous Rocks " 
 (1903), “ Manual of the Chemical Analysis of Rocks ” 
 (1904), “The Roman Comagmatic Region ” (1907); with 
 Pirsson, Iddings, and Cross, “ The Quantitative Classifica- 
 tion of Igneous Rocks ” (1903), etc. 
 
 Washington University. A non-sectarian 
 institution of learning at St. Louis, Missouri, 
 chartered in 1853 as Eliot Seminary. The name 
 was changed to Washington Institute, and this became in 
 1857 Washington University. In addition to the college, 
 the institution comprises a law school (organized in 1867), 
 a school of engineering and architecture (founded in 1870), 
 a school of fine arts (founded in 1879), and a school of 
 botany (founded in 1885). The St. Louis Medical College 
 (founded in 1842) was admitted in 1891, and in 1899 the 
 Missouri Medical College (founded in 1840) was united 
 with it to form the medical department. The Missouri 
 Dental College was admitted in 1892. About 1,000 students 
 attend the university and nearly 1,000 attend the three 
 secondary schools under university control. The endow- 
 ment is $7,000,000 and the annual net income about $478,000. 
 
 Wasielewski ( va-sya -lef 'ski ), Wilhelm 
 Joseph von. Born at Gross Lessen, near Dant- 
 zic, Germany, June 17, 1822: died at Sonders- 
 hausen, Dec. 13, 1896. A German violinist 
 and musical biographer and historian. He 
 wrote the first biography of Schumann (1858), “Die 
 Violine und ihre Meister” (1869), “Die Violine im 17. 
 Jahrhundert”(1874), “Geschichte der Instrumentalmu6ik 
 im 16. Jahrhundert ” (1878), “ Schumanniana " (1883), a 
 biography of Reinecke (1892), and “ Aus 70 Jahren. 
 Lebenserinnerungen " (1897). 
 
 Wassermann (vas'ser-man), August. Bora 
 at Bamberg, Bavaria, Feb. 21, 1866. A Ger- 
 man bacteriologist and surgeon, professor of 
 experimental therapeutics aud immunity at the 
 University of Berlin. In 1906 he announced, in col- 
 laboration with Neisser and Bruck, the discovery of the 
 blood-test for syphilis known as the Wassermann reaction. 
 Waterloo (wa'ter-lo). The county-seat of 
 Blackhawk County, Iowa, 49 miles northwest of 
 Cedar Rapids. Population, 26,693, (1910). 
 Waters (wa'terz), Mrs. (Clara Erskine). 
 Born at St. Louis, Aug. 28, 1834. An Amer- 
 ican author. She married James Hazen Clement (died 
 1881) and Edwin Forbes Waters (died 1894), publisher of 
 the Boston “ Daily Advertiser.” She is the author of 
 “Handbook of Legendary and Mythological Art,” 
 “ Painters, Sculptors, Architects, Engravers, and their 
 Works,” “ Artists of the Nineteenth Century ” (in collab- 
 oration with Laurence Hutton), “ Stories of Art and 
 Artists,” “Venice, the Queen of the Adriatic,” “Naples, 
 the City of Parthenope,” “Constantinople," “Rome, the 
 Eternal City," “ Eleanor Maitland,” a novel, and “Women 
 in the Fine Arts.” 
 
 Watertown (wa'ter-toun). The county-seat 
 of Codington County, South Dakota, on the 
 Big Sioux River. Population, 7,010, (1910). 
 Watrous (wot'rus), Harry Wilson. Bom at 
 San Francisco, Cal., Sept. 17, 1857. An Amer- 
 ican painter. He studied at the Academie Julian and 
 the Atelier Bonnat in Paris ; was elected associate of the 
 National Academy of Design in 1894, and a member in 
 1895 ; and since 1898 has been corresponding secretary of 
 that institution. He won the Clarke prize at the acad- 
 emy in 1894, and a gold medal at the Louisiana Purchase 
 Exposition in St. Louis in 1904. 
 
 Watson (wot'son ) , Henry Brereton Marriott. 
 
 Born at Caulfield, Melbourne, Australia, Dec. 
 20, 1863. A British author. He came to England 
 in 1885 and engaged in journalism, becoming assistant 
 editor of “Black and White” and of the “Pall Mall 
 Gazette." He has published many novels and short 
 stories, among which are “ Lady Faintheart" (1890), “ The 
 Web of the Spider ” (1891), “ Diogenes of London " (1893), 
 “ Galloping Dick ” (1896), “ The Heart of Miranda ” (1897), 
 “The Adventurers ” (1898), “The Princess Xenia" (1899), 
 “ Chloris of the Island " (1900), “ Hurricane Island ” (1904), 
 “ The Privateers " (1907), “ The Castle by the Sea " (1909), 
 and “ Alise of Astra " (1910). 
 
 Watson*, John: pseudonym Ian Maclaren. 
 
 His iater works are “The Cure of Souls” (1896: Yale 
 lectures on Practical Theology), “ A Doctor of the Old 
 School” (1897), “The Potter’s Wheel” (1897), “After- 
 wards, and Other Stories” (1898), “Young Barbarians 
 (1901), “The Life of the Master" (1901), “The Homely 
 Virtues” (1902), “ Our Neighbors ” (1903), “God’s Mes- 
 sage to the Human Soul ” (1907: Cole lectures for 1907), 
 “The Scot of the Eighteenth Century' ” (1907), etc. 
 V/atson (wot'son), John. Bora at Glasgow, 
 Scotland, Feb." 25, 1847. A Scotch philo- 
 sophical writer, professor of moral philosophy 
 in Queen’s University, Kingston^ Canada. In 
 1872 he was appointed professor of logic, metaphysics, 
 and ethics, and, upon the division of the chair, to his 
 present position. He has published “ Kant and his Eng- 
 lish Critics” (1881), “Sclielling’s Transcendental Ideal- 
 ism "(1882), “The Philosophy of Kant” (1888), “Comte, 
 Mill, and Spencer ” (1895), “ Hedonistic Theories ” (1895), 
 
Watson, John 
 
 “An Outline of Philosophy” (1898), “The Philosophical 
 Basis of Religion ’’ (1907), “The Philosophy of Kant Ex- 
 plained ” (1908), etc. 
 
 Watson (wot'son), John Crittenden. Born 
 at Frankfort, Ky., Aug. 24, 1842. An Amer- 
 ican naval officer, promoted rear-admiral in 
 1899. He was graduated at the United States Naval 
 Academy in 1860 ; served through the Civil War, taking 
 part in the fighting below New Orleans, the passage of 
 the Vicksburg batteries, the battle of Mobile Bay, etc.; 
 was promoted commodore in 1897 ; "bring the war with 
 Spain (1898) commanded the blockading squadron on the 
 north coast of Cuba, May-June; and on June 27 was 
 placed in command of the Eastern Squadron. Erom June 
 15, 1899, to April 19, 1900, he was commander-in-chief on the 
 Eastern Station. He retired in 1904. 
 
 Watson (wot'son), Thomas Edward. Born 
 in Columbia County, Ga., Sept. 5, 1856. Am 
 American politician and historian. He was ad- 
 mitted to the bar in 1876, and was a Democratic member 
 of the Georgia legislature 1882-83, and Populist member 
 of Congress 1891-93. He was nominated for Vice-Presi- 
 dent at the St. Louis Populist convention which indorsed 
 W. J. Bryan for President in 1896, and was nominated 
 for President by the People’s party in 1904 and polled a 
 popular vote of 117,935. He published at Atlanta “The 
 People's Party Paper,” in 1905 began the publication of 
 “ Tom Watson’s Magazine ” in New York, and since 1906 
 has published “Watson’s Jeffersonian Magazine” and 
 “ The Weekly Jeffersonian.” He has also published “ The 
 Story of France” (1899), “Napoleon" (1902), “Life and 
 Times of Thomas Jefferson” (1903), “Bethany, a Study 
 and Story of the Old South ” (1904), “Life and Speeches” 
 (1908), “Political and Economic Handbook” (1908), 
 “Waterloo” (1908), etc. 
 
 Watts (wots), Mrs. (Mary Stanbery). Born 
 in Delaware County, Ohio, Nov. 4, 1868. An 
 American author. Besides short stories contributed 
 to magazines, she has published several novels depicting 
 phases of American life at particular periods : “ The 
 Tenants” (1908), “Nathan Burke ” (1910), “The Legacy” 
 (1911), and “Van Cleveand his Friends" (serially, 1912-13). 
 
 Watts-Dunton (wots'dun'ton), Walter Theo- 
 dore. Born at St. Ives, Huntingdon, 1832. An 
 English poet, critic, and novelist. His family’s 
 surname is Watts, to which he added in 1896 his mother’s 
 name of Dunton. He studied law, and practised it for 
 many years, and was connected as critic with the London 
 “Examiner” and with the “Athenasum” 1875-98. He 
 made a special study of the folk-lore and customs of the 
 East Anglian and Welsh gipsies among whom he has 
 lived. He is the author of “ Aylwin,” a romance (1898), 
 “ The Coming of Love,” a collection of poems (1897), “ The 
 Christmas Dream,” a dramatic idyl (1901), “The Renas- 
 cence of Wonder,” a treatise on the romantic movement 
 (1903), and “Studies of Shakespeare ” (1910). 
 
 Waverly (wa'ver-li). A village in Tioga 
 County, New York, 15 miles southeast of 
 Elmira. It is in an agricultural region, and is 
 a shipping-point for coal. Pop., 4,855, (1910). 
 Waxahachie (wak-sa-hach'i). The county- 
 seat of Ellis County, Texas, about 30 miles 
 southwest of Dallas. It is in an agricultural 
 region, and has cotton and lumber interests. 
 Population, 6,205, (1910). 
 
 Waycross ( wa'krfis). The county-seat of Ware 
 County, Georgia, 97 miles southwest of Sa- 
 vannah. It is in a sugar-cane and cotton region, 
 and has also lumber interests. Population, 
 14,485, (1910). 
 
 Waynesboro (wanz'bur-o). A borough in 
 Franklin County, Pennsylvania, 19 miles south- 
 west of Gettysburg. It has manufactories of 
 machinery, boilers, pottery, etc. Population, 
 7,199, (1910). 
 
 Weatherford (weTH ' er-ford). The county- 
 seat of Parker County, Texas, 27 miles west of 
 Fort Worth. It has flour-mills, cotton-mills, etc., and 
 agricultural, lumbering, and cattle-raising interests. It 
 is the seat of Weatherford College and the Texas Female 
 Seminary. Population, 5,074, (1910). 
 
 Weatherford (weTH'er-ford), William. Born 
 about 1780: died 1826. A chief of the Creek 
 Indians, of mixed blood, leader in the Creek 
 war of 1813-14. He attacked Fort Mims, Aug. 30, 
 1813, and was defeated in the battle of Horseshoe Bend, 
 Jan. 27, 1814, and surrendered to General Jackson. 
 
 Webb (web), Sidney. Born at London, July 
 13, 1859. An English writer on sociology and 
 economics. He was for a time connected with the 
 War Office and the Colonial Office, and is a member of 
 the economic faculty of London University. His works 
 include “Socialism in England ” (1890), “The London 
 Programme' 1 (1892), and “London Education” (1904); 
 with his wife, Beatrice Potter, he wrote “The History of 
 Trade Unionism” (1K94, 1911), “Industrial Democracy” 
 (1897), “Problems of Modern Industry” (1898), “ History 
 of Liquor Licensing ” (1903), “ The Parish and the Coun- 
 ty” (1906), “The Manor and the Borough” (1907), “The 
 Break-up of the Poor Law and the Public Organisation of 
 the Labour Market, being the Minority Report of the Poor 
 Law Commission” (1909), “English Poor Law Policy” 
 (1910), “ The State and the Doctor” (1910), “The Preven- 
 tion of Destitution” (1911), etc. 
 
 Webb City (web sit'i). A city in Jasper 
 County, Missouri, 5 miles northwest of Joplin. 
 It is the commercial center of a region rich in 
 lead- and zinc-mines, and has iron-works, etc. 
 Population, 11,817, (1910). 
 
 Webber (web'er), Herbert John. Born at 
 Lawton, Mich., Dec. 27, 1865. An American 
 plant physiologist, expert in plant-breeding 
 and acting director of the College of Agricul- 
 ture in Cornell University from 1909. He was 
 professor of plant biology there 1906-08, and 
 was pathologist and physiologist in the United 
 States Department of Agriculture 1892-1906. 
 Webster (web'ster). A town in Worcester 
 County, Massachusetts, 16 miles southwest of 
 Worcester. It has various manufactures, the 
 products including woolens, shoes, etc. Pop- 
 ulation, 11,509, (1910). 
 
 Webster (web'ster), Sir Richard Everard, 
 
 first Baron Alverstone. Born Dec. 22, 1842. 
 An English jurist. He was educated at the Charter- 
 house aud at Trinity College, Cambridge ; was called to 
 the bar in 1868 ; and was made a queen’s counsel in 1878. 
 He was knighted in 1885, and created a baronet in 1899 
 and a baron in 1900. He was Conservative member of the 
 House of Commons for Launceston in 1885 and for the Isle 
 of Wight 1885-1900 ; was attorney-general 1885, 1886-92, 
 and 1895-1900 ; and has been lord chief justice of Eng- 
 land since 1900. 
 
 Webster City (web'ster sit'i). The county- 
 seat of Hamilton County, Iowa, 20 miles east 
 of Fort Dodge. It is in an agricultural region, 
 and has railroad shops, brick- and tile-works, 
 etc. Population, 5,208, (1910). 
 
 Weelkes (welkz), Thomas. Born probably 
 between 1570 and 1580 : died before 1641. An 
 English madrigal writer. In 1600 he was or- 
 ganist of Winchester College, and in 1608 or- 
 ganist of Chichester Cathedral. 
 
 Weems (wemz), Mason Locke. Born at 
 Dumfries, Va., about 1760 : died at Beaufort, 
 S. C., May 23, 1825. An American clergyman 
 and author. He studied theology in London and took 
 orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church, and was for 
 several years rector of Pohick Church, near Mount Vernon, 
 Virginia, of which Washington was a member. He is best 
 known for his “Life of Washington” (published as a 
 pamphlet in 1800, and enlarged in later editions), which 
 is responsible for many of the popular anecdotes about 
 Washington, including that of the cherry-tree and the 
 hatchet. He published a number of tracts which became 
 very popular, among them “ The Drunkard’s Looking- 
 Glass,” “ God’sRevenge Against Murder, "and “Hymen’s 
 Recruiting Sergeant ” ; and he was the author of lives of 
 General Francis Marion, Benjamin Franklin, William 
 Penn, etc. 
 
 Weierstrass (vi'er-stras), Karl. Bom at Os- 
 tenfelde, in Westphalia, Oct. 31, 1815 : died at 
 Berlin, Feb. 19, 1897. A noted German 
 mathematician, professor of mathematics in 
 the University of Berlin from 1864. He is best 
 known from his studies on the theory of func- 
 tions. 
 
 Weingartner (vin ' giirt - ner), Paul Felix. 
 
 Born at Zara, Dalmatia, June 2, 1863. A noted 
 German conductor and composer. He was con- 
 ductor at the Royal Opera in Berlin 1891-98 ; became con- 
 ductor of the Kaim concerts in Munich in 1898 ; and was 
 director of the Royal Opera in Vienna 1907-11. He has 
 composed symphonies, symphonic poems, songs, and the 
 operas “Sakuntala” (1884), “Malawika” (1886), “ Gene- 
 flius ” (1893), and “ Orestes,” a trilogy (1902). 
 
 Welch (welch), William Henry. Born at 
 Norfolk, Conn., April 8, 1850. An American 
 pathologist and bacteriologist, professor of 
 pathology in Johns Hopkins University from 
 1884 and pathologist of Johns Hopkins Hos- 
 pital (Baltimore) from 1889. Among his publica- 
 tions are “The General Pathology of Fever” (1888) and 
 numerous scientific papers. 
 
 Wellesley (welz'li). A town in Norfolk County, 
 Massachusetts, 13 miles southwest of Boston. 
 It is the seat of Wellesley College (which see). 
 Population, 5,413, (1910). 
 
 Wellington (wel'ing-ton). The county-seat 
 of Sumner County, Kansas, 30 miles southwest 
 of Wichita. It is the commercial center of 
 an agricultural region, and has grain-ele- 
 vators, flour-mills, etc. Population, 7,034, 
 (1910). 
 
 Wellington Club. A London club, at 1 Gros- 
 venor Place, established in 1885 for social pur- 
 poses. It has a membership of 1,400. 
 Wellman (wel'man), Walter. Born at Men- 
 tor, Ohio, Nov. 3, 1858. An American journal- 
 ist and arctic explorer. He led an expedition to 
 Spitzbergen in 1894 and in 1898-99 one to Franz Joseph 
 Land, attaining lat. 82° 45' N. His voyage to the pole in a 
 dirigible balloon, planned in 1906, but deferred to 1907, had 
 to be abandoned through unfavorable weather conditions. 
 Another attempt was made in August, 1909, but it failed 
 through an accident to the balloon soon after starting. 
 He left Atlantic City, New Jersey, Oct. 16, 1910, in an at- 
 tempt to cross the Atlantic Ocean in a dirigible balloon 
 with a crew of 5 men, but was rescued in mid-ocean. 
 
 Wells (welz), Herbert George. Born at 
 Bromley, Sept. 21, 1866. An English writer of 
 romances dealingehiefly with imaginary future 
 scientific results. Among the best known of his 
 works are “The Time Machine” (1895), “The War of the 
 
 West New York 
 
 Worlds ” (1898), “Anticipations” (1901), “The Food of 
 the Gods " (1904), “Kipps” (1905), “In the Days of the 
 Comet” (1906), “New Worlds for Old” (1908), “First and 
 Last Things” (1908), “ Tono-Bungay ” (1909), “The New 
 Machiavelli ” (1911), “The Country of the Blind ” (1911), 
 “Marriage” (1912), etc. 
 
 Wellston (wel'ston). A city in Jackson County, 
 Ohio, 28 miles ’southeast of Chillicothe. It 
 has coal-mining interests and cement-works, 
 foundries, etc. Population, 6,875, (1910). 
 Wellsville (welz'vil). A village in Allegany 
 County, New York, on the Genesee River, 20 
 miles southwest of Hornell. It has manufac- 
 tories of steam-engines, lumber, leather, etc. 
 Population, 4,382, (1910). 
 
 Wellsville (welz'vil). A city in Columbiana 
 County, Ohio, on the Ohio River. It has iron- 
 and steel-works, railroad shops, boiler-works, 
 etc. Population, 7,769, (1910). 
 
 Wendell (wen'del), Barrett. Born at Boston, 
 Mass., Aug. 23, 1855. Au American man of 
 letters, professor of English in Harvard Uni- 
 versity from 1898. He was instructor in English at 
 Harvard 1880-88 and assistant professor 1888-98 ; and was 
 Clark lecturer at Trinity College, Cambridge, England, 
 1902-03, and lecturer at the Sorbonne and other French 
 universities 1904-05. His works include “The Duchess 
 Emilia” (1885), “Rankell’s Remains” (1886), “Cotton 
 Mather, the Puritan Priest” (1891), “ English Composition ’’ 
 (1891), “Stelligeri, and Other Essays Concerning America ” 
 (1893), “William Shakspere : a Study in Elizabethan Lit- 
 erature ” (1894), “ A Literary History of America” (1900), 
 “Raleigh in Guiana," “Rosamond," and “A Christmas 
 Masque ” (1902), “ The Temper of the Seventeenth Century 
 in English Literature ” (1904), “ History of Literature in 
 America” (1904 : with Cheater N. Greenough), “The 
 France of To-day ” (1907), “ The Privileged Classes " 
 (1908), etc. 
 
 Werner (ver'uer), E. The pseudonym of 
 Elisabeth BiirsteDbinder. 
 
 West Allis (west al'is). A city in Milwaukee 
 County, Wisconsin, incorporated in 1906. It 
 has manufactories of machines, chains, etc. 
 Population, 6,645, (1910). 
 
 West Berwick (west ber'wik). A borough in 
 Columbia County, Pennsylvania, incorporated 
 in 1902. Population, 5,512, (1910). 
 
 Westboro (west'bur-o). A town in Worcester 
 County, Massachusetts, 10 miles east of Wor- 
 cester. It has manufactories of shoes, carpets, 
 leather, etc., and is the seat of a hospital for 
 the insane. Population, 5,446, (1910). 
 Westbrook (west'bruk). A city in Cumber- 
 land County, Maine, 6 miles northwest of Port- 
 land. It has silk-mills, paper-mills, etc. Pop- 
 ulation, 8,281, (1910). 
 
 Westcott) west'kot), Edward Noyes. Born 
 at Syracuse, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1847 : died there, 
 March 31, 1898. An American author. His 
 only work, “ David Harum ” (1898), published after his 
 death, achieved wide popularity. 
 
 Westermarck (ves'ter-mark), Edward Alex- 
 ander. Born at Helsingfors, Finland, Nov. 20, 
 1862. A Finnish anthropologist, professor of 
 sociology in the University of London 1907-. 
 He was connected with the faculty of the University of 
 Finland (Helsingfors) 1890-97. His publications include 
 “ The Origin of Human Marriage ” (1889), “ The History of 
 Human Marriage ” (1891), “ The Origin and Development 
 of the Moral Ideas ” (Vol. L, 1906 ; Vol. II., 1908), etc. 
 Western Australia*. It is now a state of the Com- 
 monwealth of Australia. It is represented in the Federal 
 Parliament by 6 senators and 5 representatives. 
 
 Western Reserve University. A non-secta- 
 rian institution of learning situated at Cleve- 
 land, Ohio. It consists of Adelbert College (formerly 
 Western Reserve College, founded at Hudson, Ohio, in 
 1826, and removed to Cleveland in 1882), a college for 
 women (established in 1888), a graduate school (estab- 
 lished 1892), a medical department (founded in 1843 and 
 formerly known as Cleveland Medical College), a law 
 Bchool (opened in 1892), a library school (opened in 1904), 
 a dental school, and a school of pharmacy (formerly the 
 Cleveland School of Pharmacy). The total attendance is 
 about 1,300, the faculty and officers 278, and the resour ces 
 $4,500,000. 
 
 Westfield (west'feld). A town in Union Coun- 
 ty, New Jersey, incorporated in 1903. It is 7 
 miles southwest of Elizabeth, and is chiefly 
 residential. Population, 6,420, (1910). 
 
 West Hoboken (west ho'bo-ken). A town in 
 Hudson County, New Jersey, adjoining Hobo- 
 ken and Jersey City. Its chief industry is the 
 manufacture of silk. Other manufactures are artificial 
 flowers, braid, buttons, sashes, doors, etc. Population, 
 35,403, (1910). 
 
 Westinghouse (wes'ting-hous), George. Born 
 at Central Bridge, N. Y., Oct. 6, 1846. A 
 noted American inventor and manufacturer, 
 best known for his inventions (1868) of an air- 
 brake extensively used on railways, and of 
 automatic railway signals. He has also made im- 
 portant improvements and applications of electrical ma- 
 chinery. 
 
 West New York (westnu y6rk). A town in 
 Hudson County, New Jersey, on the Hudson 
 
West New York 
 
 River, between Union and Guttenberg. It has 
 powder- and rubber-factories, silk-mills, etc. 
 Population, 13,560, (1910). 
 
 West Orange (west or'anj). A town in Essex 
 County, New Jersey, adjacent to Orange. It 
 is a residential place, and contains Llewellyn 
 Park. The Edison Phonograph and Electrical 
 Works are here. Population, 10,980, (1910). 
 
 Westralia (wes-tra'lia). A popular abbrevia- 
 tion of Western Australia. 
 
 West Springfield (west spring'feld). A town 
 in Hampden County, Massachusetts, on the 
 Connecticut River, opposite Springfield. It is 
 in an agricultural district, and has railroad 
 shops, paper-mills, cigar-factories, etc. Popu- 
 lation, 9,224, (1910). 
 
 West Tampa (west tam'pa). A city in Hills- 
 boro County, Florida, adjacent to Tampa. 
 Population, 8,258, (1910). 
 
 Weyler y Nicolau*, Valeriano, Marquis of 
 Teneriffe. He was minister of war in the 
 Liberal government under Sagasta and was 
 reappointed in December, 1906. He com- 
 pleted a volume of memoirs in 1909. 
 
 Weyman*, Stanley John. His later works include 
 
 ‘From the Memoirs of a Minister of France ” (1895), “The 
 Red Cockade ” (1895), “The Man in Black” (1896), “ For 
 the Cause” (1897), “Shrewsbury” (1897), “The Castle 
 Inn” (1898), “ Sophia ” (1900), “Count Hannibal” (1901), 
 “In Kings’ By ways ” (1902), “The Long Night” (1903), 
 “The Abbess of Vlaye” (1904), “Starvecrow Farm” 
 (1905), “Chippinge Borough ” (1906), “Laid up in Laven- 
 der” (1907), and “The Wild Geese” (1908). 
 
 Weymann (wi'man), Charles Terres. Born 
 in Haiti, in 1890. An American aviator. 
 
 He entered and won the Gordon-Bennett International 
 Cup Race of 1911, with a 100-horse-power Nieuport mono- 
 plane, covering 93.2 miles in 1 hr. 11 min. 36.2 sec., a rate 
 of 78 miles an hour, and a world’s record. The race was 
 flown at Eastchurch, England, July 1, 1911. Weymann 
 made numerous flights in 1910, in one of which he flew, 
 with a passenger, from Paris to Clermont-Ferrand, a dis- 
 tance of 280 miles. 
 
 Wharton (hwar'ton), Mrs. (Edith Newbold 
 Jones). Born at New York, 1862. An Ameri- 
 can novelist. She is the author of “The Greater Incli- 
 nation ” (1899), “ The Touchstone ” (1900), “ Crucial In- 
 stances" (1901), “The Valley of Decision’’ (1902), “Sanc- 
 tuary ” (1903), “ The Descent of Man, and Other Stories ” 
 (1904), “The House of Mirth " (1905), “ Italian Villas and 
 their Gardens ” (1904), “ Italian Backgrounds ” (1905), 
 “ Fruit of the Tree ’’ (1907), “ Artemis to Actaeon, and Other 
 Verse” (1909), “Tales of Men and Ghosts ” (1910), “Ethan 
 Erome” (1911), “The Reef (1912), “The Custom of the 
 Country ” (serially, 1913), etc. 
 
 Wheeler (hwe'ler), Benjamin Ide. Born at 
 Randolph, Mass., July 15, 1854. An American 
 classical scholar, president of the University 
 of California from 1899. He was graduated at 
 Brown University in 1875 ; was instructor there 1879-81, 
 and at Harvard 1885-86; was professor of comparative 
 philology and later of Greek in Cornell U Diversity 1886-99 ; 
 and was professor of Greek in the American School of 
 Classical Studies at Athens 1895-96. Among his works 
 are “ Introduction to the History of Ranguage ” (1890) 
 and “Life of Alexander the Great” (1900). 
 
 Wheeler (hwe'ler), William Morton. Born at 
 Milwaukee, Wis., March 19, 1865. An Ameri- 
 can naturalist, professor of economic ento- 
 mology at Harvard University from 1908. He 
 studied at Clark University, Wurzburg, Liege, and the 
 Zoological Station at Naples ; was successively instructor 
 and assistant professor of embryology in the University of 
 Chicago 1892-99 ; was professor of zoology in the Univer- 
 sity of Texas 1899-1903 ; and curator of invertebrate zo- 
 ology in the American Museum of Natural History (New 
 York) 1903-08. His researches and publications have been 
 concerned chiefly with insects, comparative psychology, 
 and cytology. 
 
 Wheelwright (hwel'rit), Edmund March. 
 
 Born at Roxbury, Mass., Sept. 14, 1854. An 
 American architect. He was city architect of Boston 
 1891-95, and consulting architect of the Cambridge Bridge, 
 the Hartford Bridge, the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 
 and the Cleveland Art Museum. He has written “School 
 Architecture” (1901). 
 
 Whipple (hwip'l), Henry Benjamin. Born 
 at Adams, Jefferson County, N. Y., Feb. 15, 
 1822: died at Faribault, Minn., Sept. 16, 1901. 
 An American clergyman, first Episcopal bishop 
 of Minnesota 1859-1901. He was rector of Zion 
 Church in Rome, New York, 1850-57, and of the Church of 
 the Holy Communion in Chicago 1857-59. He was inter- 
 ested in educational work, especially among the Indians, 
 and took an active part in the reform and direction of the 
 conduct of Indian affairs by the national government. 
 He published “Lights and Shadows of a Long Episco- 
 pate” (1899), etc. 
 
 Whipple (hwip'l), William. Born at Kittery, 
 Maine, Jan. 14, 1730: died at Portsmouth, N. 
 H., Nov. 28, 1785. An American statesman, one 
 of the signers of the Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence. He was a member of the provincial congress of 
 New Hampshire in 1775, and of the Continental Congress 
 1776-79 ; was general of one of the brigades of New Hamp- 
 shire troops in 1777, serving with distinction at the battles 
 of Stillwater and Saratoga ; was one of the two represen- 
 tatives of General Gates who arranged the terms of 
 
 capitulation at the surrender of Burgoyne; and assisted 
 General Sullivan at the siege of Newport in 1778. 
 White*, Andrew Dickson. His later works in- 
 clude “Democracy and Education ” (1891), “ A History of 
 the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom ” 
 (1896), “The Warfare of Humanity with Unreason ”(1903- 
 1907), “Autobiography” (1905), and “Seven Great States- 
 men ” (1910). 
 
 White (hwit), Charles David. Born at Pal- 
 myra, N. Y., July 1, 1862. An American paleo- 
 botanist. He has been connected, as assistant pale- 
 ontologist, assistant geologist, and geologist, with the 
 United States Geological Survey from 1886, and is associ- 
 ate curator of paleobotany at the Smithsonian Institution. 
 His researches have been concerned chiefly with Paleozoic 
 fossil plants and geological climate. 
 
 White (hwit), Edward Douglass. Born in 
 
 the parish of Lafourche, La., Nov. 3, 1845. An 
 American jurist. He served in the Confederate 
 army during a part of the Civil War ; was admitted to 
 the (Louisiana) bar in 1868 ; was State senator 1874-78 ; 
 was associate justice of the Supreme Court of Louisiana 
 1878-91 ; was United States senator (Democratic) from Lou- 
 isiana 1891-94 ; was associate justice of the United States 
 Supreme Court 1894-1910, and chief justice Dec., 1910-. 
 
 White (hwit), Sir George Stuart. Born in 
 County Antrim, Ireland, July 6, 1835: died at 
 Chelsea, June 24, 1912. A British field- 
 marshal, noted for the defense of Ladysmith, 
 Natal, against the Boers from Nov. 2, 1899, to 
 Feb. 28, 1900. He served in the Afghan war 1879-80, 
 in the Nile expedition 1884-85, and in Burma 1885-89, and 
 was commander-in-chief in India 1893-97. During the 
 Boer war, 1899-1900, he commanded the troops in Natal. 
 
 White (hwit), Henry. Born at Baltimore, 
 Md., March 29, 1850. An American diplo- 
 matist. He was secretary of the American legation at 
 Vienna 1883-84 ; second secretary (1884-86) and secretary 
 (1886-93) of legation at London ; secretary of embassy at 
 London 1897-1905 ; and ambassador to Italy 1905-07 and 
 to France 1907-09. 
 
 White (hwit), Horace. Born at Colebrook, 
 N. H., Aug. 10, 1834. An American journalist 
 and author. He became city editor of the Chicago 
 “ Evening Journal ” in 1854 and agent of the Associated 
 Press in 1855; joined the editorial staff of the Chicago 
 “ Tribune ” in 1857 ; accompanied Abraham Lincoln in his 
 campaign against Stephen A. Douglas in 1858 ; and was 
 Washington correspondent (1861-65), and editor and one of 
 the proprietors of the Chicago “ Tribune ” (1865-74). In 
 1884 he purchased an interest in the New York “Evening 
 Post ” and became president of the company and a mem- 
 ber of the editorial staff, succeeding E. L. Godkin as its 
 chief editor in 1899 and retiring in 1903. He is the 
 author of “Money and Banking, Illustrated by American 
 History" (1895), and the translator, from the Greek, of 
 Appian’s history of Rome (1899). 
 
 White (hwit), Stewart Edward. Born at 
 Grand Rapids, Mich., March 12, 1873. An 
 American novelist. His works include “The West- 
 erners ” (1901), “The Claim Jumpers ” (1901), “The Blazed 
 Trail” (1902), “Conjuror's House ” (1903), “The Forest” 
 (1903), “The Magic Forest” (1903), “Blazed Trail Stories 
 and Stories of the Wild Life" (1904), “The Mountains" 
 (1904), “The Silent Places" (1904), “The Pass” (1906), 
 “ The Mystery ” (1907 : with S. H. Adams), “ Arizona 
 Nights” (1907), “Camp and Trail” (1907), “The River- 
 man" (1908), “The Rules of the Game” (1910), “The 
 Cabin ” (1911), “The Last Frontier” (1912), etc. 
 
 White (hwit) William Allen. Born at Em- 
 poria, Kansas, in 1868. An American editor 
 and author. He is the owner and editor of the Em- 
 poria “ Gazette ” (from 1894). His publications include 
 “ The Real Issue, and Other Stories ” (1896), “ The Court 
 of Boy ville " (1899), “ Stratagems and Spoils ” (1901), “In 
 Our Town ” (1906),“ The Old Order Changeth ” (1910), etc. 
 Whiteing (hwi'ting), Richard. Born at Lon- 
 don, July 27, 1840. An English author and 
 journalist. He has been writer and correspondent for 
 many of the leading English newspapers. Among his 
 publications are “No. 6 John Street” (1899), “Paris of 
 To-day ” (1900), “The Yellow Van ” (1903), “Ring in the 
 New ” (1906), “ Little People ” (1909), etc. 
 
 White Pope, The. The head of theRoman Cath- 
 olic Church, as distinguished from the Black 
 Pope and the Red Pope. 
 
 White Rose. The emblem of the house of 
 York in the Wars of the Roses (which see). 
 Whiting (hwi'ting). A city in Lake County, 
 Indiana, on Lake Michigan, 15 miles southeast 
 of Chicago. Population, 6,587, (1910). 
 Whitman (hwit'man). A town in Plymouth 
 County, Massachusetts, 21 miles southeast of 
 Boston. It has boot- and sboe-factories, tack- 
 factories, etc. Population, 7,292, (1910). 
 Whitman (hwit'man), Charles Otis. Born 
 at Woodstock, Maine, Dec. 14, 1842: died Dec. 
 6, 1910. An American zoologist, head of the 
 department of zoology of the University of 
 Chicago 1892-1910. He was professor of zoology in 
 the University of Tokio 1880-81 ; director of the marine 
 biological laboratory at Woods Hole 1888-1908; and pro- 
 fessor of zoology in Clark University 1889-92. In 1887 he 
 founded the “Journal of Morphology,” He also pub- 
 lished papers upon various biological topics. 
 
 Whitney (hwit'ni), Myron William. Born 
 at Ashbv, Mass., Sept. 5, 1835: died at Sand- 
 wich, Mass., Sept. 20, 1910. An American 
 bass singer. He first appeared in oratorio in Boston 
 
 Willard, Mrs. 
 
 in 1858, and sang frequently in concert and oratorio in 
 America and Great Britain. In 1879 he began to sing in 
 light opera, and was also with the American Opera Com- 
 pany in serious opera 1886-87. 
 
 Whyte (hwit), Violet. A pseudonym of Mrs. 
 Staunard. 
 
 Wichita Falls (wieh'i-ta falz). The county- 
 seat of Wichita County, Texas, on the Wichita 
 River, about 100 miles northwest of Fort 
 Worth. Population, 8,200, (1910). 
 WickedBible. An edition of the Bible, printed 
 in 1631, in which the word not is omitted from 
 the seventh commandment. A copy survives 
 in the Bodleian. 
 
 Wicker sham (wik'er-sham), George Wood- 
 ward. Born at Pittsburg, Pa., Sept. 19, 1858. 
 An American lawyer, attorney-general of the 
 United States 1909-13. He was graduated at 
 the University of Pennsylvania in 1880, and 
 practised law in Pittsburgh until 1882, and 
 later in New York. 
 
 Widor (we-dor'), Charles Marie. Born at 
 Lyons, Feb. 22, 1845. A noted French organ- 
 ist and composer, organist at St.-Sulpice, 
 Paris, from 1860. In 1890 he became professor of the 
 organ at the Conservatory and in 1896 professor of counter- 
 point and fugue. Hie best known woiks are ten sym- 
 phonies for the organ and the ballet “La Korrigane" 
 (1880). He has written operas and chamber-music. 
 
 Wiggin. Kate Douglas. See * Biggs. 
 
 Wiju (we-jo'). A town of Korea, situated near 
 the mouth of the Yalu River, in the Russo-Jap- 
 anese war General Kuroki’s army effected from this point 
 the passage of the river and defeated the Russians under 
 General Sassulitch, May 1, 1904. 
 
 Wildenbruch*, Ernst von. His later writings in- 
 clude the dramatic works “Meister Balzer” (1893), 
 “ Jungfer Immergriin ” (1896), “ Der Junge von Heramers- 
 dorl ” (1896), “Heinrich und Heinrichs Geschlecht” (1895), 
 “Willehalm” (1897), “ Gewitternacht ” (1899), “Die 
 Tochter des Erasmus” (1900), “Konig Laurin ” (1902), 
 “Die Lieder des Euripides” (1905), and “Die Raben- 
 steinerin ” (1907). He wrote also many poems and 
 romances, among them “Vionville” (1874), “Sedan” 
 (1875), “Lieder und Gesange” (1877), “Der Meister von 
 Tanagra” (1880), “Noveilen” (1883), “ Kindertranen ” 
 (1884), “Lieder und Balladen ” (1884), “Neue Noveilen” 
 (1885), “Humoresken” (1886), “Der Astronom ” (1887), 
 “ Franceska von Rimini ’ (1892), “ Eifernde Liebe ” (1893), 
 “Das edle Blut ” (1893), “ Schwester-Seele ” (1894), 
 “ Claudias Garten ” (1896), “Tiefe Wasser ” (1898), “Unter 
 der Geissel ’’ (1901), “Vize-Mama ” (1902), “Semiramis” 
 (1904), “Das schwarze Holz” (1905), and “Lukrezia” 
 (1907). 
 
 Wilder (wil'der), Burt Green. Born at Bos- 
 ton, Mass., Aug. 11, 1841. An American com- 
 parative anatomist, professor of neurology 
 and vertebrate zoology in Cornell University 
 1867-1910, emeritus 1910. He has published 
 “What Young People Should Know” (1874), 
 “Anatomical Technology” (1882), “Health 
 Notes for Students” (1890), etc. 
 
 Wiles (wilz), Irving Ramsay. Bom at Utica, 
 N. Y., 1861. An American painter. He is a son 
 of Lemuel Maynard M iles (1826-1905), a painter of note, 
 from whom he received his earliest instruction. Later he 
 studied under Carroll Beckwith and William M. Chase in 
 America, and with Carolus Duran in Paris. He has ex- 
 hibited many genre pictures and portraits, and is a mem- 
 ber of the National Academy of Design, etc. 
 
 Wiley (wi'li), Harvey Washington. Bom 
 
 near Kent, Ind., Oct. 18, 1844. An American 
 chemist, chief chemist of the United States 
 Department of Agriculture 1883-1912, and pro- 
 fessor of agricultural chemistry in the George 
 Washington University (Washington, D. C.) 
 from 1899. He was State chemist of Indiana 1874-83. 
 His publications include “ Principles and Practice of Ag- 
 ricultural Chemistry ” (1894-97), “Foods and Their Adul- 
 teration ” (1907), and numerous papers and government 
 bulletins. 
 
 Wilkins*, Mary Eleanor (Mrs. Charles 
 Manning Freeman). Her later works include 
 “ Madelon ” (1896), “Jerome; a Poor Man” (1897), 
 “Silence, and Other Stories” (1898), “The Jamesons 
 (1899), “The Love of Parson Lord, and Other Stories” 
 (1900), “The Heart’s Highway” (1900), “Understudies” 
 (1901), “Six Trees” (1903), “The Mind in the Rose 
 Bush ” (1903), “ Doc’ Gordon ” (1906), “ By the Light of the 
 Soul” (1907), “Fair Lavinia and Others” (1907), “The 
 Shoulders of Atlas ’ ’ (1908), etc. 
 
 Wilkinsburg (wil'kinz-berg). A borough in 
 Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, a residential 
 suburb of Pittsburgh, seven miles distant from 
 that city. Population, 18,924, (1910). 
 
 Willard (wil'ard), Mrs. (Emma Hart). Born 
 at Berlin, Cotin., Feb. 23, 1787: died at Troy, 
 N. Y., April 15, 1870. An American educator. 
 
 She opened a school for girls in Middlebury, Vermont, in 
 1814 ; and one in Waterford, New York, in 1819, which was 
 removed to Troy, New York, in May, 1821, and was carried 
 on under her management until 1838. This school, known 
 as the “Troy Female Seminary,” is now earned on under 
 the name of the “ Emma Willard School.” She wrote the 
 hymn “Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep ” (1830), “Jour- 
 nal and Letters from France and Great Britain ” (1833), 
 and many educational works. Her fame rests on the fact 
 that she was one of the pioneer educators of women in 
 America. 
 
Willard, Josiah Flynt 
 
 Willard (wil'ard), Josiah Flynt: pseudonym 
 Josiah Flynt. Born at Appleton, Wis., Jan. 
 23, 1869: died at Chicago, Jan. 20, 1907. An 
 American author. He studied at the University of 
 Berlin 1890-95, and afterward traveled through several 
 civilized countries in the disguise of a tramp, studying 
 social conditions. He published “Tramping with Tramps ” 
 (1899), “ Notes of an Itinerant Policeman " (1900), “ The 
 World of Graft "(1901), “The Little Brother” (1902), “The 
 Rise of Ruderick Clowd ’’ (1903), etc. 
 
 William Penn Charter School. A school for 
 boys in Philadelphia, founded in 1689 and char- 
 tered first by William Penn's lieutenant-gov- 
 ernor, Markham, in 1698, and by Penn himself 
 in 1701, on the same day (Oct. 25) on which he 
 chartered Philadelphia. Other charters were issued 
 in 1708 and 1711. The school is attended by about 500 
 students. 
 
 Williams (wil'yamz), Sir George. Born 1821 : 
 died at London, Nov. 6, 1905. The founder 
 (1844) and president, in Great Britain, of the 
 Young Men’s Christian Association. He was 
 knighted in 1894. 
 
 Williams (wil'yamz), John Sharp. Born at 
 Memphis, Tenn., July 30, 1854. An American 
 lawyer and statesman. He studied at the Univer- 
 sity of Virginia and at that of Heidelberg ; removed to 
 Mississippi in 1878; was a (Democratic) member of Con- 
 gress from that State 1893-1909 ; and was senator 1911-. 
 
 Willis (wil'is), Bailey. Born at Cornwall, 
 N. Y., May 31, 1857. An American scientist, 
 geologist of the United States Geological Sur- 
 vey from 1884. He was engaged in explora- 
 tion in Eastern Asia for the Carnegie Institu- 
 tion 1903-04, and was lecturer in geology at 
 the University of Chicago 1909. 
 WiUiston(wil , is-tori), Samuel Wendell. Born 
 at Boston, Mass., July 10, 1852. An American 
 paleontologist, professor in the University of 
 Chicago from 1902. He was professor of 
 geology and anatomy in the University of 
 Kansas 1890-1902. 
 
 Wilmerding (wil'mer-ding). A borough in 
 Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, 12 miles 
 southeast of Pittsburgh. It has machine-shops 
 and foundries. Population, 6,133, (1910). 
 Wilson (wil'son), Sir Arthur Knyvet. Born 
 March 4, 1842. A British naval officer, admiral 
 of the fleet 1907—12. He served in the Crimean war, 
 the Chinese war of 1865, the Egyptian campaign of 1882, 
 and the Sudan campaign of 1884. He was comptroller of 
 the navy 1897-1901, and commanded the Channel Squadron 
 1901-03. 
 
 Wilson (wil ' son), Henry Lane. Born at 
 Crawfordsville, Ind., Nov. 3, 1857. An Ameri- 
 can diplomatist. He was a lawyer and banker in 
 Spokane, Washington, 1885-96. He was minister to 
 Chile 1897-1905, and to Belgium 1905-09, and was ambas- 
 sador to Mexico 1909-13. 
 
 Wilson (wil'son), James. Born in Ayrshire, 
 Scotland, Aug. 16, 1835. An American cabinet 
 officer. He came to the United States in 1852; was a 
 member of the Iowa Assembly 1867-69, and during his 
 last term was speaker; was Republican member of Con- 
 gress 1873-77 and 1883-85 ; was director of the Agricultural 
 Experiment Station at Ames, Iowa, 1890-97 ; was professor 
 of agriculture in the Iowa State College 1891-97, and was 
 secretary of agriculture 1897-1913. 
 
 Wilson, William Bauchop. Born atBlantyre, 
 near Glasgow, Scotland, April 2, 1862. An 
 American miner and trades-unionist, secretary 
 of labor 191 3-. He worked in the coal-mines of 
 
 Pennsylvania from 1871 (when he was nine years of age) 
 to 1898. He was secretary-treasurer of the United Mine 
 Workers of America 1900-09. He was a Democratic mem- 
 ber of the 60th, 61st, and 62d Congresses (1907-13), and was 
 chairman of the Committee on Labor in the 62d Congress. 
 Wilson*, Woodrow. His later works include “Mere 
 Literature, and Other Essays” (1896), “George Washing- 
 ton” (1897), “History of the American People" (1902), 
 “Constitutional Government in the United States” (1908), 
 “Free Life” (1908), “The New Freedom"(serially, 1913k etc- 
 
 Winchell (win'chel), Newton Horace. Born 
 at Northeast, Dutchess County, N. Y., Dec. 17, 
 1839. An American geologist and mineralo- 
 gist, head of the Geological Survey of the State 
 of Minnesota 1872—1900. He has published numerous 
 papers on Pleistocene and Archrcan geology. In 1888 he 
 established the “American Geologist” and edited it for 
 eighteen years. 
 
 Winchendon (win ' ehen-don). A town in 
 Worcester County, Massachusetts, 15 miles 
 northwest of Fitchburg. It has manufactories 
 of machinery, cotton goods, hardware, etc. 
 Population, 5,678, (1910). 
 
 Winchester (win'ches-tfer). A town in Litch- 
 field County, Connecticut. It includes Win- 
 sted borough. Population, 8,679, (1910). 
 Winchester (win'ches-ter). The county-seat 
 of Clark County, Kentucky, 18 miles southeast 
 of Lexington. It is in an agricultural region, 
 and has flour-mills, lumber-mills, etc. It is 
 the seat of the Kentucky Wesleyan College. 
 Population, 7,156, (1910). 
 
 Winchester (win'ches-ter), A town in Mid- 
 dlesex County, Massachusetts, 8 miles north- 
 west of Boston. It is a residential place, but has manu- 
 factories of machinery, leather, etc. A State aviary and 
 a home for aged people are located here. Population, 
 9,309, (1910). 
 
 Windber (wind'ber). A borough in Somerset 
 County, Pennsylvania, incorporated in 1900. 
 Coal-mining is its principal industry. Popu- 
 lation, 8,013, (1910). 
 
 Windy City, The. A nickname of Chicago. 
 
 Winfield (win'feld). The county-seat of Cow- 
 ley County, Kansas, 37 miles southeast of 
 Wichita, near the Wichita Game Preserve. 
 
 It is the trade center of a stock-raising and agricultural 
 district, and has flour-mills, machine-shops, etc. It is the 
 seat of St. John’s Lutheran and the Southwest Kansas col- 
 leges, and of the State School for Feeble-minded Youth. 
 Population, 6,700, (1910). 
 
 Winston (win'ston). A city, the capital of 
 Forsyth County, North Carolina. It is situated 
 in the south-central part of the county, contiguous to 
 Salem, the community being known as Winston Salem. 
 The chief industries of Winston are the manufacture of 
 tobacco, flour, cotton and woolen goods, furniture, vehicles, 
 etc. Population. 17,167, (1910). 
 
 Winter*, William. His later works include 
 “Other Days” (1908), “Old Friends” (1909), 
 “Over the Border” (1911), etc. 
 
 Winthrop (win'throp). A town in Suffolk 
 County, Massachusetts, occupying a peninsula 
 in Massachusetts Bay, 4 miles northeast of 
 Boston. It is a residential place. Population, 
 10,132, (1910). 
 
 Winton (win'ton). A borough in Lackawanna 
 County, Pennsylvania, 7 miles northeast of 
 Scranton. Coal-mining is its chief industry. 
 Population, 5,280, (1910). 
 
 Wise (wiz), Isaac Mayer. Bom at Stein- 
 grub, Bohemia, March 29, 1819 : died at Cincin- 
 nati, Ohio, March 26, 1900. A Jewish rabbi 
 and editor. He emigrated to the United States in 
 1846, and was rabbi at Albany and Cincinnati. He was the 
 leader of the Jewish reform party in the United States, 
 and the leading spirit in founding its three main organi- 
 zations, the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 
 the Hebrew Union College, and the Central Conference of 
 American Rabbis. He edited “ The American Israelite,” 
 and issued numerous publications. 
 
 Wister (wis'ter), Owen. Born at Philadel- 
 phia, Pa., July 14, 1860. An American author, 
 best known for his stories of Western life. 
 
 Among his works are “lied Men and White ” (1896), “ Lin 
 McLean” (1897), “The Jimmyjohn Boss, and Other Sto- 
 ries ” (1900), a biography of Ulysses S. Grant (1901), “The 
 Virginian’ (1902), “Philosophy 4” (1903), “Lady Balti- 
 more ” (1906), and “ Members of the Family ” (1911). 
 
 Witte (vit'e), Count Sergius (Sergiei Julie- 
 vitch). Born at Tiflis, June 29, 1849. A Rus- 
 sian statesman. He was graduated at the Imperial 
 New University at Odessa in 1870. As an official of the 
 southwestern railways he rendered great service to Russia 
 in theRusso-Turkish war in 1878, and after holding various 
 administrative offices in connection with the Russian rail- 
 way systems was appointed in February, 1892, minister of 
 ways of communication, and was minister of finance 1892- 
 1903. To his efforts is largely due the completion of the 
 Trans-Siberian Railway. He was appointed secretary of 
 state in 1896, actual privy councilor in 1899, and president 
 of the committee of ministers in 1903. In 1905 he was 
 sent to the United States to negotiate with Japan the 
 terms of peace which were formulated in the treaty of 
 Portsmouth. In October, 1905, the emperor intrusted him 
 with the forming of the new cabinet. He resigned the 
 premiership, May 2, 1906, and was appointed a member of 
 the Council of the Empire, May 11, 1906. He has pub- 
 lished “Principles of Railway Tariffs” (1884). 
 
 Wofford (wof'ord) College. A college for 
 men, at Spartanburg, South Carolina, founded 
 by a bequest of $100,000 from the Rev. Ben- 
 jamin Wofford in 1850 and opened in 1854. 
 It is under the direction of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, South. 
 
 Wolf (volf), Hugo. Born at Windischgratz, 
 Austria, March 13, 1860: died at Vienna, Feb. 
 22, 1903. A noted Austrian composer, chiefly 
 of songs. He lived mostly in Vienna in poverty and 
 privation, and died insane. Not till after his death were 
 his songs, about 175 in number, generally known. He also 
 composed the opera “ Der Corregidor” (1896), and left an 
 unfinished opera, “Manuel Venegas.” A symphonic 
 poem, “ Penthesilea,” an “Italian Serenade "for a small 
 orchestra (also for a string quartet), and a string quartet, 
 as well as several choruses, have attracted attention. 
 
 Wolff , Sir Henry Drummond. He was am- 
 bassador extraordinary and minister plenipo- 
 tentiary at Madrid 1892-1900. His memoirs, 
 “Rambling Recollections,” appeared in 1908. 
 
 Wolf-Ferrari (volf 'fer-ra^re), Ermanno. Born 
 at Venice, Jan. 12, 1876. An Italian composer. 
 
 He studied composition with liheinberger in Munich 
 1893-95. He was director of the Venetian conservatory 
 (Liceo Benedetto Marcello) 1902-09. His works include 
 the operas “La Sulamita” (1889), “ Cenerentola” (1900: 
 given later in Germany as “ Aschenbrodel"), “Le Donne 
 curiose” (1903: after Goldini's comedy), “Der vier 
 Grobiane” (1906), “Su/annen’s Geheimniss,” and “Der 
 Schmuck der Madonna ” (1908). A choral work, “ La Vita 
 Nuova” (1903: after Dante), given in New York by the 
 
 Woolsey 
 
 Oratorio Society, first brought his name before the Ameri- 
 can public. He has also written chamber music. 
 
 Wolverene State. A nickname of the State 
 of Michigan. 
 
 Wolverhampton, Viscount. See * Fowler, Sir 
 Henry Hartley. 
 
 Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, 
 National. A society organized in Cleveland, 
 Ohio, in 1874. It has 40 distinct departments of work 
 in the United States, and the 10,000 local unions which 
 comprise it have a membership and following (including 
 the children’s societies) of half a million. The World’s 
 Woman's Christian Temperance Union was founded by 
 Frances E. Willard in 1883. It has auxiliaries in more 
 than 50 countries and provinces. The badge is a white 
 ribbon. Abbreviated W. C. T. U. 
 
 Won-san. See *Yuen-san. 
 
 Wood*, Sir Henry Evelyn. He was adjutant-gen- 
 eral of the Second Army Corps District 1901-05. He has 
 written “ The Crimea in 1854-94,” “ Cavalry at Waterloo,” 
 “Achievements of Cavalry,” “ From Midshipman to Field- 
 Marshal ” (1906), “The Revolt in Hindustan ” (1908). 
 
 Wood (wud), Sir Henry Joseph. Born at Lon- 
 don, March 3, 1870. An English conductor. 
 He began in minor English opera companies. In 1895 he 
 instituted the first series of promenade concerts in Queen's 
 Hall, London. He was knighted Jan. 1, 1911. 
 
 Wood (wud), Leonard. Born at Winchester, 
 N. H., Oct. 9, 1860. An American soldier, 
 appointed major-general in the United States 
 army in 1903. He was graduated at the Medical 
 School of Harvard University in 1884 ; entered the army as 
 lieutenant and assistant surgeon in 1886; and served in the 
 West in the campaign against Geronimo in 1886. At the 
 beginning of the war with Spain (1898) he recruited,and was 
 appointed colonel of, the “Rough Riders” (First United 
 States Volunteer Cavalry); served in the Santiago cam- 
 paign (Las Guasimas and San Juan HiU) ; and was pro- 
 moted brigadier-general and then major-general of vol- 
 unteers. He was military governor of Santiago, July, 
 1898, -December, 1899, and of Cuba, December, 1899, -May, 
 1902 ; was sent to the Philippines in 1903, where he was 
 placed in command of the department of Mindanao ; was 
 governor of Moro province 1903-06 ; was commander of 
 the Philippines division 1906-08; was commander of the De- 
 partment of the East 1908-1910; and was chief of staff 1910-. 
 
 Woodberry (wud'be-ri), George Edward. 
 Born at Beverly, Mass., May 12, 1855. An 
 American poet, critic, and educator. He was 
 professor of English in the University of Nebraska 1877-78 
 and 1880-82, and professor of comparative literature at 
 Columbia University 1891-1904. In 1904 he became lec- 
 turer in English literature at Amherst College, and in 1908 
 professor of English literature in Cornell University. 
 Among his publications are a “History of Wood-engrav- 
 ing” (1883), “Life of Edgar Allan Poe” (1886), “The 
 North Shore Watch, and Other Poems” (1890), “Studies 
 in Letters and Life ” (1890), “ Heart of Man ” (1899),“ Wild 
 Eden ” (1899), “ Makers of Literature ” (1900), “Nathaniel 
 Hawthorne ” (1902), “Poems ” (1903), “ America in Litera- 
 ture ” (1903), “Swinburne” (1905), “The Torch: Eight 
 Lectures on Race Power in Literature” (1905), “The Life 
 of Poe ” (1909), “ The Inspiration of Poetry " (1910), etc. 
 
 Woodcraft Indian Scouts. An organization 
 founded at Summit, New Jersey, July 1, 1902, 
 by Ernest Thompson Seton, for the develop- 
 ment of manly character in connection with 
 nature study and outdoor life. , 
 
 Woods (wudz), Robert Archey. Born at Pitts- 
 burgh, Pa., Dec. 9, 1865. An American social 
 worker. He studied at Amherst College and Andover 
 Theological Seminary, and was a resident at Toynbee 
 Hall, London, in 1890. He has been the head of South 
 End House, a social settlement at Boston, since 1891. He 
 has been lecturer on social economics at Andover Theo- 
 logical Seminary 1890-95, and on practical philanthropy 
 at the Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, Massa- 
 chusetts, since 1896. He published “ English Social Move- 
 ments” (1891), and edited “The City Wilderness” (1898) 
 and “Americans in Process ” (1902). 
 
 Woodward (wud'ward), Arthur Smith. 
 
 Born at Macclesfield, England, May 24, 1864. 
 An English geologist and paleontogist, keeper 
 of the geological department of the British 
 Museum. He has published a “Catalogue of Fossil 
 Fishes in the British Museum ” (1889-1901), “Outlines of 
 Vertebrate Palaeontology ” (1898), etc. 
 
 Woodward (wud'wiird), Robert Simpson. 
 
 Born at Rochester, Mich., July 21, 1849. An 
 American astronomer and mathematical physi- 
 cist, president of the Carnegie Institution, 
 Washington, from 1905. He was astronomer of the 
 United .States Geological Survey 1884-90; was assistant in 
 the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 1890-93 ; and 
 was professor of mechanics and inathematienl physics in 
 Columbia University 1893-1905. He has published nu- 
 merous scientific memoirs and papers. 
 
 Woolley (wul 'i), Mary Emma. Born at South 
 Norwalk, Conn., July 13, 1863. An American 
 educator, president of Mt. Holyoke College 
 from 1900. She was graduated at Brown University in 
 1894. She was instructor at Wheaton Seminary 1886-91, 
 instructor at Wellesley College 1896-96, associa te professor 
 of Biblical history at Wellesley College 1896-99, and pro- 
 fessor of Biblical history there 1899-1900. 
 
 Woolsey (wul'si), Theodore Salisbury. Bom 
 
 at Now Haven, Conn., Oct. 22, 1852. An 
 American jurist and educator, ne was graduated 
 at Yale University in 1872 ; was instructor in public law 
 there 1877-78; and has been professor of international 
 
Woolsey 
 
 law since 1878 (emeritus, 1911). A number of his pub- 
 lished papers have been collected under the title “Amer- 
 ica's Foreign Policy’’ (1898). 
 
 Wooster (wus'ter). The county-seat of Wayne 
 County, Ohio, 30 miles west of Canton. It has 
 lumber-mills, foundries, etc., and is the seat 
 of the University of Wooster and the Ohio 
 Agricultural Experiment Station. Population, 
 6,136, (1910). 
 
 Worcester (wus'ter), Dean Conant. Born at 
 Thetford, Vt., Oct. 1, 1866. An American 
 zoologist, secretary of the interior in the 
 Philippine government from 1901. He was 
 
 graduated at the University of Michigan in 1889, took 
 part in scientific expeditions to the Philippines 1887-88 
 and 1890-93, and was a member of the First United States 
 Philippine Commission 1899-1900, and of the SecondUnited 
 States Philippine Commission, April, 1900-01. He has 
 written “The Philippine Islands and their People" 
 (1898), etc. 
 
 World Peace Foundation. An institution, 
 known until 1911 as the International School 
 of Peace, founded by Edwin Ginn, of Boston, 
 Massachusetts, in 1909. its object is to bring about, 
 by education through the college, the press, the pulpit, 
 and the platform, the peace and better order of the 
 world. The management is vested in a board of trustees, a 
 board of directors (corresponding to the faculty of a col- 
 lege), and an advisory council, the individual members of 
 of which are of high national and international reputation. 
 
 World’s Columbian Exposition. An inter- 
 national exposition of arts, industries, manu- 
 factures, and the products of the soil, mines, 
 and sea, held at Chicago, Illinois, May 1-Oet. 
 30, 1893, for the purpose of commemorating 
 the four-hundredth anniversary of the dis- 
 covery of America by Christopher Columbus. 
 It was participated in by the principal nations of the 
 world, as well as by the different States of the Union, 
 nearly all of which were represented by special buildings. 
 The grounds covered an area of <>66 acres, including Jack- 
 son Park, in the southeastern part of Chicago, fronting on 
 Lake Michigan. The principal buildings were constructed 
 of a white composition called “staff," giving the appear- 
 ance of marble, which led to the adoption of the name of 
 the “ White City," by which the exposition came to be 
 generally known. The present Field Columbian Museum 
 was formed from the Fine Arts Building. A notable feature 
 of the exposition was a series of international congresses 
 representing the progress of the world in the various 
 branches of science, religion, art, education, etc. The 
 amusement features were collected in a strip of land, ex. 
 tending westward from the main grounds, called the 
 "Midway Plaisance,” which contained also representa- 
 tions of native life in various foreign countries. Awards 
 were made by an international jury. The total attendance 
 was 27,539,041. 
 
 Wormeley (werm'li), Katharine Prescott. 
 
 Born at Ipswich, England, Jan. 14, 1830: died 
 at Jackson, N. H,, Aug. 5, 1908. An Ameri- 
 can writer, best known for her translations of 
 Balzac, Moli&re, Daudet, etc. 
 
 Worth (whrth), William Scott. Born at Al- 
 bany, N. Y., Jan. 6, 1840: died at Clifton, 
 Staten Island, N. Y.,Oct. 16, 1904. An Ameri- 
 can soldier, son of General William Jenkins 
 Worth. He entered the army In 1861 ; served with the 
 Army of the Potomac from 1862 ; was engaged in frontier 
 duty 1872-91 ; and rose to the rank of colonel in 1898. He 
 served in the Santiago campaign, was severely wounded 
 at San Juan Hill, and was promoted brigadier-general in 
 1898. 
 
 Wright (rit), Arthur Williams. Born at 
 
 Lebanon, Conn., Sept. 8, 1836. An American 
 physicist, professor in Yale University from 
 1872. He was graduated at Yale in 1859; studied in 
 Heidelberg and Berlin ; and was professor of physics and 
 chemistry in Williams College 1869-72. From 1887-1906 
 he was in charge of the Sloane physical laboratory at Yale. 
 
 Wright*, Carroll Davidson. He was United 
 States commissioner of labor 1885-92 ; honorary professor of 
 social economics in the Catholic University of America 
 1895-1904 ; professor of statistics and social economics in 
 Columbian University 1900 ; and president of Clark Col- 
 lege 1902-09. His later works include “ Industrial Evolu- 
 tion of the United States” (1895), “Outline of Practical 
 Sociology” (1899), “Some Ethical Phases of the Labor 
 Question” (1902), “Battles of Labor” (1906), and many 
 monographs on social and economic questions. 
 
 Wright (rit), Elizur. Born at South Canaan, 
 Conn., Feb. 12, 1804: died at Medford, Mass., 
 Nov. 22, 1885. An American abolitionist, jour- 
 nalist, and expert in insurance. He became secre- 
 tary of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833 and edited 
 various abolitionist journals, and was commissioner of in- 
 surance for Massachusetts 1858-66. He wrote “Savings 
 Bank Life Insurance with Illustrative Tables” (1872), 
 “The Politics and Mysteries of Life Insurance” (1873), 
 etc. 
 
 Wright (rit), Joseph. Born Oct. 31, 1855. 
 An English scholar, professor of comparative 
 philology in Oxford University from 1901 
 (deputy professor 1891-1901). He has published 
 “Middle High-German Primer” (1888), “Old High-Ger- 
 man Primer ” (1888), “ Primer of the Gothic Language ” 
 (1892), “The English Dialect Grammar” (1905), “Old 
 English Grammar" (1908), etc.; and has edited “The 
 English Dialect Dictionary " (1896-1905). 
 
 Wright (rit), Mrs. (Mabel Osgood). Born at 
 New York, 1859. An American author and 
 writer of nature books. She is one of the editors of 
 “Bird Lore.” Among her works are “ Birdcraft ” (1895), 
 “Tommy- Anne and the Three Hearts” (1896), “Four- 
 footed Americans and Their Kin” (1898), and “The 
 Flowers and Ferns in Their Haunts ” (1901). She is the 
 author also of a series of books, the first four of which 
 were published anonymously. These include “The Gar- 
 den of a Commuter's Wife” (1901), “The People of the 
 Whirlpool ” (1903), “ The Woman Errant ” (1904), “ At the 
 Sign of the Fox " (1905), “ The Garden, \ r ou, and I ” (1906), 
 “ Gray Lady and the Birds ” (1907), “ The Open Window ” 
 (1908), “ Poppea of the Post-office " (1909), etc. 
 
 Wright ( rit), Orville. Born at Dayton, Obio, 
 Aug. 16, 1871. A noted American aviator. 
 See * Wright, Wilbur. 
 
 Wright (rit), Wilbur. Born April 16, 1867 : 
 died May 30, 1912. A noted American aviator, 
 with his brother Orville the first to attain 
 practical success with the aeroplane. The atten- 
 tion of the Wrights was turned to aeronautics by the ex- 
 periments of Otto Lilienthal and Octave Chanute with 
 gliding-machines. In 1902 they built a gliding-machine 
 with two surfaces and carried on their experiments among 
 the sand-dunes at Kitty Hawk, near Cape Hatteras, on 
 the Atlantic coast of North Carolina. In 1903 they added 
 a motor to their gliding-machine, and on Dec. 17 of that 
 yearmade the first successful mechanical flight (260 meters 
 in 59 seconds) that had ever been accomplished. They 
 used a biplane with warpable wings and a motor of their 
 own construction. One hundred flights were made during 
 the season of 1904. In 1905 a new machine was built with 
 improvements, and 49 flights were made near Dayton, 
 Ohio, and in September and October flights of 10, 11, 12, 
 15, 21, and 24(1 miles were made. The 24^-mile flight on 
 Oct. 5th was made in 38 minutes and 3 seconds, the ma- 
 chine making a speed of 38 miles an hour and stopping only 
 on account of exhaustion of fuel. In 1908 Wilbur Wright 
 went to France and made flights at the Camp of Auvours, 
 
 alu (ya-lo'). A river which 
 forms the boundary be- 
 tween Korea and Manchuria 
 from about lat. 42° N. 
 southward. It flows south, then 
 west, and then southwest, and 
 empties into Korea Bay. 
 
 Yalu River, Battle of 
 the. A battle fought May 
 1, 1904, by the Japanese under Kuroki and 
 the Russians under Sassulitch, on the Man- 
 churian bank of the Yalu at and above An-tung. 
 The Japanese concentrated at Wiju, crossed the river and 
 its affluent the Ai, and attacked the Russians in fortified 
 positions, driving them out and inflicting heavy loss upon 
 them. 
 
 Yamagata (ya-ma-ga'ta), Prince Aritomo. 
 Born in Cboshu, April, 1838. A Japanese sol- 
 dier and statesman, one of the “ elder states- 
 men.” He was promoted lieutenant-general in 1872 ; be- 
 came minister of war in 1873 ; and was later raised to the 
 rank of marshal. He played an important part in the 
 civil war of 1877, being chief of staff of the army of subju- 
 gation. In 1888-89 he visited the United States and 
 Europe. Ou the outbreak of the Chinese war (1894), he took 
 command of the first army, hut was obliged to retire on 
 
 account of ill health. Since 1896 his career has been chiefly 
 that of a diplomat and statesman. He has twice been 
 premier, 1889-91 and 1898-1900. At the beginning of the 
 war with Russia he was appointed chief of the general staff. 
 
 Yamamoto (ya-ma-mo'to), Tatsuo. Born in 
 Oita ken, Japan, in 1856. A Japanese financier 
 and statesman. He entered the Bank of Japan in 
 1890, was director of its banking bureau, and was gov- 
 ernor 1898-1903. He was nominated a member of the 
 upper house in 1903, and was appointed minister of finance 
 in the Saionji ministry, August, 1911. 
 
 Yass (yas). A town in New South Wales, Aus- 
 tralia,* about 130 miles southwest of Sydney. 
 In its vicinity (the “ Yass-Canberra district”) 
 the Commonwealth government, in January, 
 1911, acquired a site fora federal capital. Pop- 
 ulation, about 7,500. 
 
 Yauco tya-6'ko). A city in the southwestern 
 part of Ponce department, Porto Rico. Pop- 
 ulation, 6,589, (1910). 
 
 Yazoo City (ya'zo sit'i). The county-seat of 
 Yazoo County, Mississippi, on the Yazoo River, 
 40 miles northwest of Jackson. It is impor- 
 tant for its cotton and lumber interests. Pop- 
 ulation, 6,796, (1910). 
 
 Yerkes, Charles Tyson 
 
 near Le Mans, and at Pau. On Dec. 31, 1908, he won the 
 Michelin trophy by making the longest flight (2 hours and 
 20 minutes) of the year, covering 124 kilometers. He then 
 went to Rome. Orville Wright remained in America to 
 fulfil a contract which had been made with the United 
 States government. This called for a flight of one hour 
 with a passenger, and a cross-country speed test of five 
 miles and return. The preparations for these tests were 
 terminated ou Sept. 17, 1908, by an accident to the machine 
 (the breaking of one of its propellers), which resulted in 
 the death of the passenger, Lieutenant Thomas E. Self- 
 ridge. Wright returned to Washington in 1909 and suc- 
 cessfully completed the required government tests. On 
 July 27, 1909, with Lieutenant Frank P. Lahm as a passen- 
 ger, he made a world's record flight of 1 hour, 12 min- 
 utes, and 40 seconds. On July 30, 1909, with Lieutenant 
 Benjamin D. Fouloisas a passenger, he flew 10 miles (from 
 Fort Myer to Shuter’s Hill, near Alexandria, and return) 
 in 14 minutes and 40 seconds, at an average speed of 424 
 miles an hour. On Oct. 4, 1909, Wilbur Wright flew from 
 Governor's Island, New York city, up the Hudson to 
 Grant’s Tomb and return, a distance of 20 miles, in 33 min- 
 utes and 33 seconds, and in the flights at the Signal 
 Corps School of Instruction at College Park, Maryland, 
 Oct. 9, he attained a speed of 65.82 miles an hour. 
 Wiillner (vhl'ner), Ludwig. Born at Munster, 
 Aug. 19, 1858. A German barytone. He was edu 
 cated at Munich, Berlin, and Strasburg. While teaching 
 at Munster (1884-87) he studied music, and in 1889 he 
 began, as an actor at Meiningen, his artistic career. In 
 1895 he toured as a reader, and in 1899 he appeared as a 
 lieder singer, winning wide recognition, especially by his 
 renderings of the songs of Brahms. 
 
 Wundt*, Wilhelm. His later works include “Sys- 
 tem der Philosophic ” (1889), “ Grundriss der Psychologic ” 
 (1896),“ Yolkerpsychologie ” (Vol. I., “Die Sprache,” 1900; 
 Vol. II., “My thus und Religion ” 1905-06), and “ Einleit- 
 ung in die Philosophic ” (1901). He has edited the series 
 of “ Philosophische Studien ” 1883-1902 and 1905-. 
 
 Wyckoff (wi'kof), Walter Augustus. Born 
 at Mainpuri, India, April 12, 1865: died at 
 Princeton, N. J., May 15, 1908. An American 
 political economist, assistant professor of po- 
 litical economy in Princeton University from 
 1898. He is best known from his practical studies (as a 
 worker and tramp) of the life of the wage-earners and 
 "tramps.” He published “The Workers — The East” 
 (1897), “ The Workers — The West ” (1898), “ A Day with a 
 Tramp and Other Days ” (1900), etc. 
 
 Wyman (wi'man), Walter. Born Aug. 17, 
 1848: died Nov. 21, 1911. An American 
 physician and sanitarian, surgeon-general of 
 the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service 
 from 1891 (prior to July 1, 1902, known as 
 Marine-Hospital Service). He administered the 
 quarantine laws and establishments,; the national lab- 
 oratory for the investigation of infectious and contagious 
 diseases and matters pertaining to the public health ; the 
 leprosy investigation station at Molokai, Hawaii ; and the 
 marine hospitals, including a sanatorium for consumptives 
 at Fort Stanton, New Mexico; and also had charge of the 
 medical examination of immigrants. He was president 
 of the first and second international sanitary conventions 
 of American republics (1902-05) ; was chairman of the In- 
 ternational Sanitary Bureau of American Republics ; and 
 wrote numerous articles on public health and sanitation. 
 Wyndham (win'dam), George. Born at Lon- 
 don, Aug. 29, 1863. A British statesman. 
 He has been Conservative member of Parliament for Dover 
 since 1889. He was educated at Eton and at Sandhurst ; 
 served in the Sudan in 1885 ; was private secretary to 
 A. J. Balfour when the latter was chief secretary for Ire- 
 land 1887-92 ; was under-secretary of state for war 1898- 
 1900; and was chief secretary for Ireland 1900-05. He 
 carried the Irish Land Act through the House of Commons 
 in 1903, and resigned his place in the cabinet in March, 
 1905. 
 
 Yeats (yets), William Butler. Born at Dub- 
 lin, June 13, 1865. An Irish poet, dramatist, 
 and critic, son of John Butler Yeats, the artist. 
 He was one of the founders of the Irish Literary Theater 
 and of the National Theater Society in Dublin, and is 
 identified with the movement for the revival of Irish na- 
 tional literature. His works include “The Celtic Twi. 
 light" (1893), “Poems” (1895) “The Secret Rose" (1897), 
 “The Wind among the Reeds" (1899), “The Shadowy 
 Waters” (1900), “Ideas of Good and Evil" (1903), “Where 
 There is Nothing” (1903), “In the Seven Woods” (1903), 
 “The Hour Glass, and Other Plays" (1904), “The King's 
 Threshold, and Other Plays” (1904), “Stories of Red Han- 
 rahan” (1904), “Deirdre” (1907), “Synge and the Ireland 
 of His Time" (1911), “The Green Helmet, and Other Poems" 
 (1911), “The Cutting of an Agate" (1912), etc. 
 
 Yentai (yen-ti'). A town in Manchuria, about 
 twelve miles northeast of Liao-yang, near the 
 railway. It was an important position in the battle of 
 Liao-yang and subsequent operations in the Russo-Japan- 
 ese war. There are coal-mines near it. 
 
 Yerkes (ver'kez), Charles Tyson. Born at 
 Philadelphia, .Time 25, 1837 : died at New York. 
 Dec. 29, 1905. An American business man, 
 prominent in the development of street rail- 
 ways in Chicago and underground railways in 
 
Yerkes, Charles Tyson 
 
 London. He founded the Yerkes Observatory 
 of the University of Chicago. 
 
 Yerkes (yer'kez) Observatory. The astro- 
 nomical observatory of the University of 
 Chicago, founded by Charles Tyson Yerkes in 
 1892 and completed about 1896. it is situated at 
 Williams Bay, Wisconsin. It possesses a tine equipment, 
 including a 40-inch telescope. G. E. Hale was its director 
 until 1905, when he was succeeded by E. B. Frost. 
 
 Yersin (yer-san'), Alexandre Emile John. 
 
 Born at Rougemont, Switzerland, Sept. 22, 
 1863. A Swiss bacteriologist. He studied at Lau- 
 sanne and Marburg, and afterward went to Paris, where 
 he entered the Pasteur Institute in 1888 and shared in 
 Roux's work on the diphtheria serum. Later he went to 
 the East, and carried on researches in Indo-China and 
 China. At Hong-Kong in 1S94 (simultaneously with Kit- 
 asato) he discovered the plague bacillUB, and in 1895 pre- 
 pared a serum for the treatment of the disease. He was 
 commissioned by the Chinese government to establish at 
 Canton a branch of the Pasteur Institute, and himself be- 
 came director of a similar institution founded in 1895 at 
 Nha Trang, in Annam. 
 
 Yi Hi (ye he). Born Sept. 8, 1852. The Em- 
 peror of Korea. He ascended the throne Jan. 
 21, 1864, and assumed the title of emperor in 
 October, 1897. In July, 1907, he abdicated 
 and was succeeded by his son, Yi Syek. 
 
 Yildiz Kiosk. A pleasure resort of the sultans 
 of Turkey, adopted as a permanent abode by 
 Abdul-Hamid II. soon after his accession in 
 1876. It stands on a hill on the northern border of Con- 
 stantinople, overlooking the Bosporus. Within the park 
 walls are numerous buildings (an observatory, armories, 
 etc.), and within a second wall the kiosk, designed by 
 the Sultan, which he occupied with his four principal 
 wives. 
 
 Yokkaichi (yo-ka-e'che). A town in the south- 
 ern part of the island of Hondu, Japan, 20 
 miles southwest of Nagoya. It is an active 
 trading port, and its shipments of tea, shirt- 
 ing, cotton yarn, etc., to the United States 
 
 are of growing importance. Population, 
 30,704. 
 
 York (york). The county-seat of York County, 
 Nebraska, on a branch of the Big Blue River, 
 47 miles west of Lincoln. It is in an agricul- 
 tural and stock-raising region, and is the seat 
 of York College. Population, 6,235, (1910). 
 
 Yoshiwara (yo-shi-wa'ra). The quarter of 
 Tokio which is occupied by courtezans. The 
 name is sometimes applied by foreigners to similar dis- 
 tricts in other Japanese cities, but is not so used by the 
 Japanese themselves. 
 
 Youmans (yo'manz), William Jay. Born at 
 Milton, N. Y., Oct. 14, 1838: died at Mount 
 Vernon, N. Y., April 10, 1901. An American 
 scientist, brother of Edward Livingstone You- 
 mans. He became the associate editor of “The Popu- 
 lar Science Monthly ” in 1872, and editor in 1887. 
 
 Younghushand (yung'huz-band), Sir Francis 
 Edward. Born at Murree, Panjab, India, 
 May 31, 1863. A British soldier, traveler, and 
 writer, head of the British mission to Tibet 
 1902—04. In 1882 he joined the army, and in 1908 was pro- 
 moted lieutenant-colonel. He was knighted in 1904. He 
 was resident of Indore, Central India, 1902-03 ; British 
 commissioner to Tibet 1903-04 ; R ede lecturer at Cambridge 
 in 1905 ; and resident of Kashmir 1906-10. He has trav- 
 eled in Manchuria, China, Turkestan, the Pamirs, and 
 South Africa, and was political officer in Chitral 1893-94. 
 Among his works are “The Relief of Chitral” (1895), 
 “ The Heart of a Continent" (1896), “South Africa of To- 
 day ” (1898), “ India and Tibet ” (1910), etc. 
 
 Young Men’s Christian Association. An 
 
 organization formed in London in 1844 by (Sir) 
 George Williams. The first associations in North 
 America were organized in 1851, and the first international 
 convention was held at Buffalo, N. Y., June 7, 1854. The 
 object of the organization is to promote the spiritual, in- 
 tellectual, physical, and social well-being of young men. 
 There are over 8,000 associations in the world, of which 
 2,000 are in North America. The total membership in 
 North America is about 550,000 ; in the world, over 900,000. 
 
 Zittel 
 
 Active controlling membership is limited to men in com- 
 munion with some evangelical church ; associate mem- 
 bership is not so limited. Abbreviated Y. M. C. A. 
 
 Young Women’s Christian Association. A 
 
 voluntary organization for the physical, social, 
 intellectual, and spiritual development of young 
 women. The first association was formed in London in 
 1855, the first American city association in Boston in 
 1866, and the first student association in the Illinois Nor- 
 mal University in 1873. Eighteen national associations 
 are now affiliated in the world’s association, formed in 
 1892. The headquarters are in London. The total world’s 
 membership is nearly 600,000. The American headquar- 
 ters are at 600 Lexington Avenue, New York city, and 
 there are about 900 associations in cities and country lo- 
 calities, and schools and colleges, with a combined mem- 
 bership of 255,000. The National Board conducts a train- 
 ing school for secretaries in New York city. 
 
 Yriarte (e-ri-ar'ta), Charles. Born at Paris, 
 Dec. 5, 1832: died there, April 5, 1898. A 
 French litterateur. He waB a prolific writer, and waB 
 especially interested in the Italian Renaissance. Among 
 his works are “ Venise, histoire, art, Industrie ; la ville, la 
 vie ” (1877), “ Florence, l’histoire, les Medicis, les huma- 
 nistes, leB lettres, les arts ’’(1880), “Un condottiere au XV® 
 siecle ; Rimini” (1882), “ Framboise de Rimini dans la 
 l(5gende et dans l’histoire ” (1882), “ Matteo Civitali, sa vie 
 et son oeuvre” (1885), “Paul Veronese” (1888), “Cesar 
 Borgia" (1889), “J. F. Millet” (1885), “Fortuny” (1886). 
 
 Yuan Shi-kai (yti'an' sh’-ki). A Chinese 
 statesman, president of the Chinese republic 
 from February, 1912. He spent nine years as dip- 
 lomatic agent in Korea and after 1893 held provincial posts 
 in China. From 1898 he gained fame and power as or- 
 ganizer of the Chinese army corps aud held highest met- 
 ropolitan and provincial offices as governor ofbhan-tung 
 and (as successor to Li Hung-chang) viceroy of Chi-li. He 
 accepted the post of first president of the new republic 
 on the resignation of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, its founder. On 
 Oct. 6, 1913, he was elected president for a term of 5 years 
 by a majority of two-thirds of the members of the two 
 houses of the Chinese parliament. 
 
 Yukaghir(yo-ka'ger). A tribe of arctic Siberia. 
 
 Yukon”. It ha9 large mineral deposits. It sends to the 
 Dominion Parliament one representative. 
 
 ambales (tham-ha/las). 1. 
 A province in western Luzon, 
 Philippine Islands. it is 
 bounded by Pangasinan on the 
 north ; Pangasinan, Tarlae, and 
 Pampanga (separated by the Zam- 
 bales Mountains) on the east ; Ba- 
 taan and the China Sea on the south ; 
 and the China Sea on the west. 
 Capital, Iba. Port Subic indents 
 the southern coast and separates Zambales from Batalin, 
 the boundary-line coming to the northeast angle of the 
 hay. It is an excellent harbor for large vessels in all 
 weather. The Zambales Mountains on the eastern boun- 
 dary contain several peaks exceeding 3,000 feet in height. 
 The loftiest are Abu, 5,540, Iba, 5,262, and Lingo, 5,530 feet. 
 The rivers flow west to the China Sea or south to Port 
 Subic. Rice, sugar, mangos, and pineapples are among 
 the products. The inhabitants are chiefly Zambalans and 
 llocauos. Area, 2,125 square miles. Population, 104,549. 
 
 2. A civilized and Christianized Malay people 
 living in the province of the same name in 
 Luz6n, Philippine Islands. 
 
 Zambales (tham-ba'las) Mountains. A 
 
 mountain-range in western Luzbn, Philippine 
 Islands, parallel with the coast, it extends from 
 LingayOn Gulf on the north to the southern extremity of 
 Zambales province, and reappears in Bata&n as the Mari- 
 veles peaks. Mount Iba, near the middle, and Mount 
 Lingo, in the southern part of the range, exceed 5,000 feet 
 in height. Also called Cabusilan. 
 
 Zamboanga (tham-bo-an'ga). 1. A district 
 of Moro province, Philippine Islands, embrac- 
 ing the southwestern part of Mindanao, the 
 Basilan group, most of the Pilas group, and 
 many small islands on the southwest coast of 
 Mindanao. It is bounded by Dapitan and Misamis 
 (separated from both by mountains) on the north ; Lanao 
 ( partly separated by lllana Bay) and the Celebes Sea on 
 the east ; the Celebes Sea on the south ; and the Sulu 
 (Jol6) Sea on the west. Capital, Zamboanga. The south- 
 ern part of the mainland is indented by three large bays, 
 lllana, Iiumanquilas, and Sibuguey, in the shores of which 
 are smaller bays affording good harbor. Of the bays on 
 the western coast, Sibuco and Panabutan are safe for large 
 vessels in the northeast monsoon. The mountain-range 
 that forms the northern boundary of Zamboanga extends 
 through the western peninsula and sends spurs of hills 
 into the central and eastern peninsulas. Coal is found at 
 the head of Sibuguey Bay and elsewhere, gold in the 
 western peninsula. The forests contain valuable woods. 
 Considerable sugar-cane is produced. Fruits grow in 
 abundance. The inhabitants are Subanos and Moros. 
 Area of province, 6,085 square miles. Population, 98,078. 
 
 2. A town, the capital of Zamboanga district 
 and of Moro province. It is situated on the Strait 
 of Basilan at the southern extremity of the western penin- 
 sula of Mindanao, in lat.. 6’ 53' N., long. 123“ 5' E. Civil- 
 ized population of municipality, 3,281. 
 
 Zamzam (zam'zam). A sacred well within 
 the Great Mosque at Mecca, Arabia, from 
 which, according to Mohammedan tradition, 
 Hagar drew water for her son Ishmael. The 
 water is used by pilgrims externally and inter- 
 nally, and is credited with miraculous powers. 
 Also Zemzem. 
 
 Zangwill (zang'wil), Israel. Born at London, 
 Feb. 24, 1864. An English novelist, poet, lec- 
 turer, and man of letters, of Jewish birth. He is 
 prominently identified with the Zionist movement. He is 
 the author of “ The Big Bow Mystery ” (1891), “ Children 
 of the Ghetto” (1892), “Merely Mary Ann” (1893), 
 “ Ghetto Tragedies ’ ’ (1893), “ The King of the Schnorrers ’ 
 (1894), “Without Prejudice” (1896), “Dreamers of the 
 Ghetto,” a series of sketches of great Jewish thinkers 
 (1898), “ They that Walk in Darkness ” (1899), “ The Mantle 
 of Elijah” (1900), “The Grey Wig” (1903), “Blind Chil- 
 dren,” a book of verse (1903), “The Celibates’ Club ” (1905), 
 “ The Melting Pot ’ (1908), “ Italian Fantasies ” (1910), a 
 number of plays, etc. 
 
 Zeebrugge (za'brog-ge). The new seaport of 
 Bruges, Belgium. It is connected with Bruges 
 by a ship-canal which enables sea-going ves- 
 sels to reach that city. 
 
 Zeeman (za'man), Pieter. Born at Zonne- 
 maire, Holland, May 25, 1865. A Dutch physi- 
 cist, professor of physics in the University of 
 Amsterdam from 1900. He has made important re- 
 searches in optical and electrical science, and in particu- 
 lar noted the change in the spectrum of a source of light 
 when placed in a strong magnetic field (“Zeeman effect”). 
 In 1902 he received the Nobel prize for physicB. 
 Zemzem (zem'zem). See * Zamzam. 
 
 Zenatello (zen-a-tel'lo), Giovanni. Born at 
 Verona. A contemporary Italian tenor. Heflrst 
 appeared in London in 1905 in Puccini’s “ Manon Lescaut,” 
 and has since sung there every season. From 1907 to 1909 
 he was a member of the Manhattan Opera Company, his 
 most successful roles being Rhadames in “Aida” aud 
 Pinkerton in “ Madama Butterfly.” 
 
 Zenger (zeng'er), John Peter. Born in Ger- 
 many about 1697 : died 1746. An American 
 printer and publisher. He was brought to America 
 in his childhood, and in 1726 engaged in the printing 
 business in New York. In 1734 he was arrested and tried 
 for libel because of the criticisms which appeared in his 
 paper, the New York “Weekly Journal,” on the occasion 
 of the removal from office of Chief Justice Lewis Morris 
 by Governor William Cosby. The defense was conducted 
 by Andrew Hamilton and resulted in the acquittal of 
 Zenger, the decision being regarded as momentous in es- 
 tablishing the freedom of the press in America. 
 
 Zeppelin (tsep'e-lin), Count Ferdinand von. 
 
 Born in Constance, July 8, 1838. A German 
 general of cavalry and aeronaut. He came to the 
 
 United States in 1863, during the Civil War ; took part in 
 the Franco- Prussian war of i870-71 ; and has been a mem- 
 ber of the Bundesrat (1885-90). He is the inventor of a 
 large dirigible balloon which (after many experiments and 
 mishaps) has been shown to be capable of long flights un- 
 der good control. 
 
 Zerrahn (tser-ran'), Carl. Born July 28, 1826: 
 died Dec. 29, 1909. A well-known German- 
 American conductor. He came ,to America in 1848 
 as a member of the orchestra of the Germania Musical 
 Society, and later established himself in Boston. In 1854 
 he became conductor of the Handel and Haydn Society ; 
 was conductor of the Harvard Symphony Concerts 186G- 
 1882 ; and for many years conducted the Worcester music 
 festivals. 
 
 Zichy (zit'ebi), Geza, Count. Born at Sztara, 
 Hungary, July 23, 1849. A noted pianist and 
 
 COinpO80r. The son of a Hungarian magnate, he lost 
 his right arm in hunting when fourteen years of age, but, 
 nevertheless, he studied the piano, among his teachers 
 being Volkmann and Liszt. While taking high rank in 
 his profession as a lawyer, he has since 1880 been known 
 as a remarkable virtuoso, making his own arrangements 
 for the left hand. He was president of the Musical 
 Academy of Pesth and of the National Conservatory. His 
 compositions include studies and piano pieces for the left 
 hand, songs, operas, etc. He is also known as a writer of 
 lyric, epic, and dramatic verse in the Hungarian language. 
 
 Zimbalist (zem-bal'ist), Efrem. Born at Ros- 
 toff, May 7, 1889. A Russian violinist. Heflrst 
 
 studied under the direction of his father and then under 
 Auer at the St. Petersburg Conservatory. In 1907 he 
 began a series of tours in the European cities and in 
 England, and has given recitals in America. 
 
 Zimmern (zim'ern), Helen. Born at Ham- 
 burg, Germany, March 25, 1846. An English 
 author, translator, and art critic. She was taken 
 to England as a child, and became a British subject at 
 her majority. She has been a correspondent for various 
 English, German, ami Italian periodicals. Her works in- 
 clude “Life and Philosophy of Schopenhauer” (1876), 
 “Life and Works of Lessing” (1878), “Sir Laurence 
 Alma-Tadema” (1886), “Hansa Towns” (1889), “Irish 
 Element in Mediaeval Culture ” (1891), “ Italy of the Ital- 
 ians” (1906), and various translations. 
 
 Zirkel (tser'kel), Ferdinand. Born at Bonn, 
 May 20, 1838: died June 12, 1912. A German 
 mineralogist and geologist, professor in the 
 University of Leipsic 1870-1909. His works in- 
 elude “Lehrbuch der Petrographie ’* (1866, 1893-95), “Die 
 mikroskopische Beschaffenheit der Mineralien uml.Ge- 
 steine”(1873), “Microscopical Petrography ” (1876),“ Uber 
 Urausscheidungen in rheinischen Basalten ” (1903), etc. 
 He retired from active service in 1909. 
 
 Zittel (tsit'tel), Karl Alfred von. Born at 
 
 Bahlingen, Baden, Sept. 25, 1839: died at 
 Munich, Jan. 5, 1904. A German pa-leontol- 
 
Zittel 
 
 ogist, professor in the University of Munich 
 from 1866. He published “ Handbuch der Palaon- 
 tologie ” (1876-93 : with Schimper aud Schenk), etc. 
 Zogbaum(zog'boum), Rufus Fairchild. Born 
 at Charleston, S. C., Aug. 28, 1849. An Ameri- 
 can artist and writer. He studied at the Art Stu- 
 dents’ League, New York, 1878-79, and under Bonnat at 
 Paris 1880-82. He is best known as a delineator of mili- 
 tary and naval subjects. Among his historical pictures 
 are “Manila Bay ’’ and “The First Minnesota Regiment 
 at Gettysburg ” (the latter painted by commission of the 
 State of Minnesota for the Capitol at St. Paul). He has 
 written “Horse, Foot, and Dragoons,” “All Hands,” and 
 “Ships and Sailors.” 
 
 Zorn (tsorn), Anders. Born at Mora, Sweden, 
 Feb. 15, 1860. A Swedish painter and etcher. 
 At fifteen he entered the Academy in Stockholm to study 
 sculpture, but soon turned his attention to water-color 
 
 painting, in which he has been especially successful. He 
 has traveled and painted in Spain, England, France, Italy, 
 North Africa, Russia, and Poland. In 1890 he joined the 
 Society Nationale des Beaux-Arts in Paris and assisted 
 in the organization of the first Salon du Champ de Mars. 
 The picture which he contributed to this exhibition now 
 hangs in the Louvre. In 1893, the year of the Columbian 
 Exposition in Chicago, he visited the United States and 
 painted many portraits there. He is a realist of great 
 power. 
 
 Zueblin (zu'blin), Charles. Born at Pendle- 
 ton, Ind., May 4, 1866. An American publi- 
 cist. He studied at the University of Pennsylvania, 
 Northwestern University, Yale, and Leipsic. He founded 
 the Northwestern University Settlement in 1891, and was 
 connected with the University of Chicago as instructor, 
 assistant professor, and professor of sociology 1892-1908. 
 He has published “American Municipal Progress” (1902), 
 “A Decade of Civic Development ” (1905), “ The Religion 
 
 Zunz 
 
 of a Democrat ’ (1908), and “Democracy and the Over- 
 man ” (1910). 
 
 Zuloaga (tbd-16-a'ga), Ignacio. Born at Eibar, 
 Spam, July 26, 1870. A noted Spanish painter, 
 son of Placidio Zuloaga, famous as the redis- 
 coverer of the art of damascening. Among hiB 
 works are “Daniel Zuloaga and his Daughters,” “A Span- 
 ish Gipsy,” “ Promenade after the Bull-fight,” “Spanish 
 Dancers,” “El Coriano,” “Segovians Drinking,” and 
 “The Penitents.” 
 
 Zunz (tsonts), Leopold. Born at Detmold, 
 Germany, Aug. 10, 1794: died at Berlin, March 
 18, 1886. A Jewish scholar. He was apioneer 
 in the study of the history of Jewish litera- 
 ture, religious poetry, and the ritual of the 
 synagogue, and is usually described as the 
 founder of the modern “science of Judaism.” 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 
 
 OF THE CHIEF EVENTS OF HISTORY 
 
 ¥ 
 
 BEFORE 500 B.C. 
 
 Egypt. 
 
 5000 ’-2000 1 (about). Early period. 
 
 2000 ?-1580 (about) . Middle period, reign 
 of the Hyksos or Shepherd Kings. 
 
 1580-1250 (about ). Empire, period of its 
 splendor. 
 
 1400 (about) [Petrie]. Amenhotep III., or- 
 ganizer and builder. 
 
 1326 (about) [Petrie]. Seti I., noted as a 
 builder. 
 
 1300(about ) [Petrie]. Rameses II., builder 
 and warrior (oppressor of the Hebrews?). 
 
 1250-671 (about). Empire, period of its 
 decline. 
 
 671. Conquered by Esarhaddon at the battle 
 of Memphis. 
 
 666-610. Psametik I. frees Egypt from 
 Assyrian rule. 
 
 610-595 (about) . Necho. 
 
 609. Battle of Megiddo, defeat of Josiah, 
 king of Judah. 
 
 605. Battle of Carchemish, Egyptians de- 
 feated by Nebuchadnezzar. 
 
 525. Battle of Pelusium ; conquered by Cam- 
 byses; end of Egyptian independence. 
 
 Babylonia. 
 
 3800 f(about). Sargon, first known king. 
 
 2300(about). Conquered by Elamites. 
 
 2267-2213 (about). Hammurabi, founder of 
 the old Babylonian Empire. 
 
 710. Conquered by Assyria. 
 
 625-538. The New Empire. 
 
 625-604. Nabopolassar, founder of the new 
 Babylonian Empire. 
 
 605-562. Nebuchadnezzar. 
 
 605. Defeat of the Egyptians and Hittites 
 at Carchemish. 
 
 586. Capture of Jerusalem. 
 
 585-572. Siege and final capture of Tyre. 
 
 572. Invasion of Egypt. 
 
 538. Fall of Babylon, conquered by Cyrus. 
 
 Assyria. 
 
 1900-930 (about). Early period. 
 
 1 120-1 100 (about). Tiglath-Pileser I. 
 
 930-626 (about) . Brilliant period. 
 
 Assyria— continued. 
 
 860-824. Shalmaneser II. 
 
 745-727. Tiglath-Pileser III. 
 
 727-722. Shalmaneser IV. 
 
 722-705. Sargon. 
 
 722. Conquest of Samaria. 
 
 705-681. Sennacherib. 
 
 701. Siege of Jerusalem. 
 
 690. Sack of Babylon. 
 
 680-668. Esarhaddon. 
 
 668-626. Asurbanipal, highest period of 
 Assyrian art. 
 
 608 or 606. Fall of Nineveh, conquest of 
 Assyria by Nabopolassar. 
 
 The Hebrews. 
 
 2000 (about). Call of Abraham. 
 
 1700? Descent into Egypt. 
 
 1300? The Exodus. 
 
 1250? Conquest of Palestine. 
 
 1250?-1055 (about). Period of the Judges. 
 1055 (about). Establishment of the king- 
 dom. 
 
 1055-1033 (about). Saul. 
 
 1033-993 (about). David. 
 
 993-953 (about) . Solomon. 
 
 953(about) . Division into two kingdoms. 
 949 (about). Sack of Jerusalem by Shishak. 
 876-854 (about). Ahab, Jezebel, Elijah. 
 740-701. Isaiah. 
 
 727?-698? Hezekiah (king of Judah). 
 
 722 or 721. End of the kingdom of Israel. 
 701. Unsuccessful siege of Jerusalem by 
 Sennacherib, and destruction of the As- 
 syrian army, probably by pestilence. 
 629-580 (about). Jeremiah. 
 
 622. Religious reformation and discovery of 
 the book of the law in the Temple. 
 
 586. Deportation to Babylon, end of the 
 kingdom of Judah. 
 
 537 (about). Return to Jerusalem by per- 
 mission of Cyrus. 
 
 516. The Temple rebuilt. 
 
 Media and Persia. 
 
 647-625(abowt). Phraortes (Media). 
 
 640 (about). Revolted from Assyria. 
 
 Media and Persia— continued. 
 
 625-585 (about). Cyaxares. 
 
 608 or 606. Cyaxares with Nabopolassar 
 captures Nineveh. 
 
 585-549 (about). Astyages. 
 
 558-529. Cyrus (Persia). 
 
 549. Cyrus deposes Astyages and annexes 
 Media. 
 
 546. Capture of Sardis, end of the kingdom 
 of Lydia. 
 
 538. Capture of Babylon. 
 
 529-522. Cambyses III. 
 
 525. Conquest of Egypt. 
 
 521- (486). Darius Hystaspes. 
 
 513? Scythian expedition. 
 
 Greece. 
 
 1183? Trojan war. 
 
 1100 (about). Dorian migration into Pelo- 
 ponnesus. 
 
 1000-900? Colonization in Asia Minor. 
 
 900? Homer. 
 
 800? Lycurgus. 
 
 776. First Olympiad. 
 
 624. Laws of Draco. 
 
 594. Solon ’s work of reform. 
 
 560-527. Pisistratus in supreme power at 
 Athens. 
 
 510. Expulsion of the sons of Pisistratus. 
 509. Reforms of Cleisthenes. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 1300 (about). Sidon at its height. 
 
 1100-850 (about). Tyre, period of its great- 
 ness. 
 
 1000? Zoroaster. 
 
 850? Carthage founded. 
 
 7 53 (about) . Rome founded. 
 
 660-585 (about). Jimmu Tenno first mikado. 
 Between 562 and 552. Buddha born. 
 560-546. Croesus king of Lydia. 
 
 551 or 550. Confucius born. 
 
 550 (about). Buddhism introduced into Japan 
 from Korea. 
 
 510 (about). Expulsion of the Tarquins from 
 Rome. 
 
 Greece and Persia. 
 
 500-494. Revolt of the Ionian Greeks 
 against the Persians. 
 
 492-479. Attacks of the Persians upon the 
 Greeks. 
 
 492. First expedition under Mardonius fails. 
 
 491. Murder of the Persian heralds at Sparta 
 and Athens. 
 
 490. Second expedition under Artaphernes 
 and Datis ; battle of Marathon, Athenians 
 under Miltiades victorious. 
 
 489 (about). Death of Miltiades. 
 
 486. Death of Darius. 
 
 486 or 485. Accession of Xerxes I. 
 
 483. Banishment of Aristides and ascen- 
 dancy of Themistocles. 
 
 481-480. Third expedition under Xerxes. 
 
 C.— 76 
 
 FIFTH CENTURY B.C. 
 
 Greece and Persia— continued. 
 
 480. Battle of Thermopyl®, Spartans under 
 Leonidas defeat the Persians ; sea fight at 
 Artemisium indecisive; Athens captured 
 and destroyed ; naval battle of Salamis, 
 defeat and retreat of Xerxes. 
 
 479. Fourth expedition under Mardonius; 
 battle of Plateea, rout of the Persians and 
 death of Mardonius; battle of Mycale, 
 destruction of the Persian ships. 
 
 479 449. Offensive war of the Greeks 
 against the Persians. 
 
 477 (about). Hellenic confederacy formed 
 under lead of Athens. 
 
 468 (a&out). Death of Aristides and ascen- 
 dancy of Cimon. 
 
 Greece and Persia— continued. 
 
 465 or 464. Death of Xerxes I., accession of 
 Artaxerxes I. 
 
 465. Battle of Eurymedon, Cimon conquered 
 the Chersonese. 
 
 461-429. Age of Pericles. 
 
 457-451. War of the Spartans and Boeotians 
 against Athens. 
 
 457. Battle of Tanagra, a Spartan victory. 
 
 454 (about). Treasury of the confederacy 
 transferred from Delos to Athens. 
 
 451 (about). Armistice for five years be- 
 tween Sparta and Athens. 
 
 449. New naval expedition against the Per- 
 sians, battle of Salamis (in Cyprus), de- 
 cisive defeat of the Persians. 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHIEF EVENTS OF HISTORY 
 
 FIFTH CENTURY B.C . — continued. 
 
 Athens and Sparta. 
 
 445. Thirty years’ peace between Athens 
 and Sparta. 
 
 444-429. Athens under the administration 
 of Pericles. 
 
 440—439. Revolt and subjugation of Samos. 
 
 431—425. Five invasions of Attica by the 
 Peloponnesians. 
 
 431-404. The Peloponnesian war. 
 
 429. Death of Pericles. 
 
 428—427. Revolt of Mytilene and its punish- 
 ment by the Athenians. 
 
 422. Battle of Amphipolis, Athenians under 
 Cleon defeated by the Spartans under 
 Brasidas. 
 
 421. Peace of Nieias concluded for fifty 
 years. 
 
 418. Battle of Mantinea, Spartans defeat 
 the Athenians. 
 
 415—413. Expedition of the Athenians 
 against Syracuse. 
 
 413. Disastrous defeat of the Athenians. 
 
 411. The democratic constitution of Athens 
 overthrown. 
 
 410. Battle of Cyzicus, the Athenians under 
 
 Greece. 
 
 399-394. War between Sparta and Persia. 
 
 395-387. Corinthian war against Sparta. 
 
 394. Battle of Cnidus, the Spartans defeated 
 by the allies ; battle of Coronea, the allies 
 defeated by the Spartans under Agesi- 
 laus. 
 
 387. The peace of Antalcidas between the 
 Grecian states and Persia. 
 
 379-362. War between Thebes and Sparta. 
 
 371. Battle of Leuctra, the Spartans de- 
 feated by the Thebans under Epaminon- 
 das ; end of the Spartan hegemony. 
 
 371-362. Hegemony of Thebes. 
 
 362. Battle of Mantinea, defeat of the 
 Spartans, death of Epaminondas, end of 
 Theban hegemony. 
 
 Macedonia. 
 
 359. Philip II. becomes king of Maeedon. 
 
 357-355. Social war of the Athenian League 
 against Athens. 
 
 355-346. Sacred war against the Phocians. 
 
 351. Demosthenes delivers his first Philip- 
 pic Oration. 
 
 347. Capture of Olynthus by Philip. 
 
 346. Peace of Philocrates, end of the war. 
 
 339-338. Sacred war against Amphissa. 
 
 338. Battle of Chgeronea won by Philip and 
 Alexander over the Athenians and The- 
 bans; Macedonian hegemony begins. 
 
 Roman Conquests in Italy. 
 
 298-290. Third Samnite war, a struggle for 
 the independence of Italy. 
 
 295. Battle of Sentinum, Roman victory; 
 dissolution of the coalition against Rome. 
 
 290. Submission of the Samnites and 
 Sabines. 
 
 286 (about). Hortensian law; decrees of the 
 popular assembly (eomitia tributa) made 
 binding on all citizens. 
 
 285-282. War with a new Italian coalition; 
 Romans at first defeated, then successful. 
 
 282-272. War with Tarentum. 
 
 282. Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, lands in 
 Italy to help the Tarentines. 
 
 280. Battle of Heraclea, Pyrrhus and allies 
 defeat the Romans. • 
 
 279. Battle of Ausculum ; Pyrrhus wins, but 
 with great loss. 
 
 Athens and Sparta — continued. 
 
 Alcibiades destroy the Peloponnesian 
 fleet. 
 
 409. Capture of Byzantium by Alcibiades. 
 
 408. Triumph and ascendancy of Alcibiades. 
 
 407. Battle of Notium, defeat of the Athe- 
 nian fleet. 
 
 406. Battle of Arginusse, defeat of the 
 Peloponnesian fleet. 
 
 405. Battle of iEgospotami, the Athenian 
 fleet annihilated by the Spartans under 
 Lysander. 
 
 404. Surrender of Athens, end of the Pelo- 
 ponnesian war; second hegemony of 
 Sparta began. 
 
 404—403. Government of the Thirty Tyrants 
 at Athens. 
 
 403. Democracy restored by Thrasybulus. 
 
 Rome. 
 
 494(about) . Secession of Plebeians to Mons 
 Sacer; creation of the Tribunate. 
 
 491. Coriolanus banished from Rome. 
 
 471. Publilian Law passed; legislative ini- 
 tiative given to the plebeians. 
 
 FOURTH CENTURY B.C. 
 
 Macedonia— continued. 
 
 336. Death of Philip. 
 
 336-323. Alexander the Great. 
 
 334-330. Invasion and conquest of Persia. 
 
 334. Battle of the Granicus, defeat of the 
 Persians. 
 
 333. Battle of Issus, defeat and flight of 
 Darius III. 
 
 332-331. Capture of Tyre; conquest of 
 Syria, occupation of Egypt, and founding 
 of Alexandria. 
 
 331. Battle of Arbela, total defeat of the 
 Persians. 
 
 330. Pursuit and murder of Darius. 
 
 329. Advance into Bactria. 
 
 327-325. Expedition into India. 
 
 326. Battle of the Hydaspes, defeat of 
 Porus. 
 
 325. Passage down the Indus. 
 
 324. Return to Susa. 
 
 323. Death of Alexander at Babylon. 
 
 323-322. Lamian war, futile attempt of 
 Greek cities to be free from Macedonia. 
 
 323-301. Wars of Alexander’s successors 
 and partition of his empire. 
 
 306. Antigonus king of Asia, Ptolemy king 
 of Egypt, Seleucus king of Syria, Ly- 
 simachus king of Thrace, Cassander king 
 of Macedonia. 
 
 301. Battle of Ipsus, Lysimachus and Seleu- 
 cus defeat Antigonus. 
 
 THIRD CENTURY B.C. 
 
 Roman Conquests in Italy— continued. 
 
 275. Battle of Beneventum, Pyrrhus de- 
 feated. 
 
 272. Death of Pyrrhus and submission of 
 Tarentum. 
 
 265. Conquest of the Italian peninsula com- 
 pleted. 
 
 Rome and Carthage. 
 
 264-241. First Punic war, contest over 
 Sicily. 
 
 264. Roman guard occupies Messana and is 
 besieged by Carthaginian fleet. 
 
 262. Agrigentum captured by the Romans. 
 260. First naval victory of the Romans un- 
 der Duilius at Mylse. 
 
 256. Naval battle of Ecnomus, complete de- 
 
 Rome— continued. 
 
 458. Cincinnatus chosen dictator; defeats 
 the iEqui. 
 
 451. Appointment of the decemvirs; code of 
 the Twelve Tables. 
 
 445. Marriage between patricians and 
 plebeians allowed. 
 
 444. Military tribunes elected. 
 
 443. Office of censor created. 
 
 405. Siege of Veii commences. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 462. Unsuccessful revolt of the Egyptians 
 against Persian rule. 
 
 4:58 (about) . The Hebrew Scriptures collected 
 by Ezra. 
 
 445 (about). Rebuilding of the walls of 
 Jerusalem by Nehemiah. 
 
 414. Successful revolt of the Egyptians. 
 
 401. Revolt of the younger Cyrus against his 
 brother Artaxerxes II. ; battle of Cunaxa. 
 
 401-399. Retreat of the ten thousand under 
 Xenophon— the “Anabasis.” 
 
 Rome. 
 
 396. Capture and destruction of Veii. 
 
 390. Battle of the Allia, capture and burn- 
 ing of Rome by the Gauls. 
 
 367. Licinian laws ; political equalization of 
 patricians and plebeians and relief of 
 poor debtors. 
 
 366. Lucius Sextus first plebeian consul. 
 
 358-351. Conquest of southern Etruria. 
 
 350-345. War with the Volscii and their 
 defeat. 
 
 343-341. First Samnite war, Rome acquires 
 Capua. 
 
 340-338. Latin war, Latin cities become 
 subject to Rome. 
 
 338. Publilian laws; division of law-making 
 power between patricians and plebeians. 
 
 326-304. Second Samnite war. 
 
 321. Battle of the Caudine Forks, Romans 
 humiliated. 
 
 312. Construction of the Via Appia com- 
 menced. 
 
 305. First appearance of a Roman war fleet; 
 capture of Bovianum. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 399. Execution of Socrates. 
 
 348. Treaty of commerce between Rome and 
 Carthage. 
 
 Rome and Carthage— continued. 
 
 feat of the Carthaginians; Roman army 
 under Regulus threatens Carthage. 
 
 255. Regulus defeated and captured at 
 Tunes. 
 
 251. Battle of Panormus, Romans under 
 Cseeilius Metellus defeat Carthaginians 
 under Hasdrubal. 
 
 249. Sea fight at Drepanum, the Romans 
 defeated. 
 
 248-242. Campaign on the south side of 
 Sicily indecisive. 
 
 241. Naval battle at the JEgatian islands, 
 decisive Roman victory; Carthage gives 
 up all claim to Sicily, the greater part of 
 which becomes the first. Roman province. 
 
 237-228. Carthaginian conquests in Spain 
 under Ilamilcar Barca. 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHIEF EVENTS OF HISTORY 
 
 THIRD CENTURY B.C . — continued. 
 
 Borne and Carthage— continued. 
 
 229-228. War upon the Illyrian pirates 
 successful. 
 
 225-222. Subjugation of Cisalpine Gaul. 
 
 219. Hannibal captures and destroys Sagun- 
 tum; Carthage refuses to deliver him up 
 to the Romans. 
 
 218-212. The war in Spain; P. C. Scipio 
 and Cn. C. Scipio defeat Hasdrubal. 
 
 218-201. Second Punic war. 
 
 218. Hannibal crosses the Alps into Italy; 
 battle of the Trebia, the Romans defeated. 
 
 217. Battle of Lake Trasimene, complete de- 
 feat of the Romans ; preparations for 
 defense of the city; Q- Fabius Maximus 
 made dictator. 
 
 216. Battle of Cannae, worst of all Roman 
 defeats. 
 
 214-212. The war in Sicily. 
 
 214r-205. First Macedonian war to prevent 
 aid to Hannibal. 
 
 212. Capture of Syracuse by the Romans. 
 
 Borne. 
 
 200-197. Second Macedonian war to aid 
 Pergamus, Rhodes, and Athens. 
 
 197. Battle of Cynoscephalse, Macedonia 
 defeated and crippled. 
 
 192. Battle of Mutina, defeat of the Boii in 
 northern Italy. 
 
 192-189. War with Antiochus III. of Syria, 
 begun by Antiochus with aid of Hannibal. 
 
 190. Battle of Magnesia, Syria defeated 
 and crippled. 
 
 171-168. Third Macedonian war, attempt of 
 Macedonia to recover what it had lost. 
 
 168. Battle of Pydna a Roman victory; end 
 of the kingdom of Macedonia. 
 
 149-146. Third Punic war, Roman attack 
 on Carthage. 
 
 149-148. Fourth Macedonian war, an un- 
 successful revolt against the Romans. 
 
 146. Capture and destruction of Carthage, 
 “Africa” made a Roman province; 
 Macedonia made a Roman province ; 
 Achaean war to help Sparta against 
 Achaean League; battle of Leucopetra; 
 
 Borne. 
 
 100. Marius elected consul the sixth time; 
 birth of Julius Caesar. 
 
 91. The reform bills of Drusus; murder of 
 Drusus. 
 
 90-88. The Marsian or Social war, a revolt 
 of the Italians. 
 
 89. Right of citizenship granted to Latins 
 and to some Italians. 
 
 88. Defeat of Romans and massacre of 
 Italians in Asia Minor; Sulla, deprived 
 of command, takes Rome by storm. 
 
 88-84. First Mithridatic war to curb the 
 ambition of Mithridates. 
 
 88-82. Civil war between Sulla (optimates) 
 and Marius (democrats). 
 
 87. Sulla took command in the Mithridatic 
 war; Marius captures Rome; massacre of 
 optimates. 
 
 87-86. Sulla in Epirus ; capture of Athens. 
 
 86. Death of Marius; battle of Chseronea 
 won by Sulla. 
 
 86-84. Tyrannical government of Cinna. 
 
 85. Battle of Orchomenus won by Sulla. 
 
 84. Peace with Mithridates. 
 
 83. Sulla lands in Italy. 
 
 83-81. Second Mithridatic war to make 
 Mithridates keep the peace. 
 
 82. Sulla master of Rome; appointed dicta- 
 tor; reign of terror. 
 
 Borne and Carthage— continued. 
 
 212 or 211. Both Scipios defeated and killed. 
 
 211. Hannibal advances to within one mile of 
 Rome and withdraws ; Capua surrendered 
 to the Romans. 
 
 207. Hasdrubal marches from Spain to 
 Italy to reinforce Hannibal ; battle of 
 the Metaurus, death of Hasdrubal. 
 
 206. Carthaginians expelled from Spain, 
 which became a Roman province. 
 
 204. P. Cornelius Scipio lands in Africa. 
 
 203. Hannibal recalled from Italy. 
 
 202. Decisive battle of Zama, Carthaginian 
 army annihilated. 
 
 201. Peace on terms dictated by Rome. 
 
 Greece. 
 
 295. Demetrius Poliorcetes master of Athens. 
 281. Achaean League renewed. 
 
 280. The Gauls ravage Greece. 
 
 SECOND CENTURY B.C. 
 
 Bome — continued. 
 
 capture and destruction of Corinth; 
 Greece subject to Rome. 
 
 143-133. Numantine war in Spain, war of 
 conquest. 
 
 134-132. First Servile war, unsuccessful in- 
 surrection of slaves in Sicily. 
 
 133. Surrender and destruction of Numan- 
 tia; conquest of Spain completed; Per- 
 gamum bequeathed to Rome; murder of 
 Tiberius Gracchus. 
 
 133-129. Contests over the division of the 
 public lands. 
 
 133-121. Civil disturbances under the 
 Gracchi. 
 
 129. Pergamum made a province. 
 
 123. The Balearic Islands subjected to 
 Rome; Caius Gracchus elected tribune. 
 
 121. Civil strife; Caius Gracchus killed. 
 
 113-105. Several Roman armies defeated by 
 the Cimbri. 
 
 113-101. War against the Cimbri and 
 Teutones. 
 
 111-106. War against Jugurtha. 
 
 110. Jugurtha defeats a Roman army, 
 
 FIRST CENTURY B.C. 
 
 Rome— continued. 
 
 80-72. War against Sertorius, who attempts 
 independence in Spain. 
 
 79. Sulla abdicates the dictatorship. 
 
 78. Death of Sulla. 
 
 78-67. War against the pirates. 
 
 74. Bithynia bequeathed to Rome. 
 
 74^64. Third Mithridatic war, attempt of 
 Mithridates to appropriate Bithynia. 
 
 73-71. War of the gladiators under Spar- 
 taeus. 
 
 70. Pompey consul. 
 
 69. Battle of Tigranocerta, Lueullus defeats 
 Tigranes, son-in-law of Mithridates. 
 
 67. The war rapidly brought to an end by 
 Pompey. 
 
 66. Pompey placed in command and defeats 
 Mithridates. 
 
 66-62. Conspiracy of Catiline. 
 
 64-63. Organization of the Roman posses- 
 sions in Asia under Pompey. 
 
 63. Death of Mithridates ; Cicero elected 
 consul; speeches against Catiline. 
 
 62. Defeat of Catiline at Pistoria. 
 
 61. Return of Pompey to Rome and triumph. 
 
 60. The first Triumvirate, Pompey, Caesar, 
 and Crassus. 
 
 58. Cicero banished from Rome. 
 
 58-51. Conquest of Gaul by Caesar. 
 
 Greece — continued. 
 
 263-260. Last attempt of Athens to be free 
 from Macedonia failed. 
 
 245. Aratus first appointed strategus of the 
 Achaean League. 
 
 24:0 (about) . Achaean League acquires the 
 hegemony in Peloponnesus. 
 
 221. War between the Achaean and the iEto- 
 lian leagues; battle of Sellasia. 
 
 207. Philopoemen becomes strategus of the 
 Achaean League. 
 
 207 or 206. Battle of Mantinea, defeat of 
 Sparta. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 283 (about). Kingdom of Pergamum founded. 
 
 280 (about ) . Septuagint translation of the 
 Bible completed. 
 
 27 8 (about ) . Galatia in Asia Minor settled 
 by Gauls who had ravaged Greece; king- 
 dom of Bithynia founded. 
 
 250 (about ) . Rise of the Parthian Empire. 
 
 Borne — continued. 
 
 109. Jugurtha himself defeated. 
 
 107. Marius consul in command. 
 
 106-105. Jugurtha secured by Marius and 
 Sulla. 
 
 104. Death of Jugurtha. 
 
 104-100. Marius elected consul five times in 
 succession. 
 
 102. Battle of Aqua.' Sextiae, the Teutones 
 annihilated by Marius. 
 
 102- (99). Second unsuccessful servile in- 
 surrection in Sicily. 
 
 101. Battle of Vercellse, the Cimbri annihi- 
 lated by Marius. 
 
 Palestine. 
 
 198. Conquest by Antiochus the Great. 
 
 170. Jerusalem plundered and the sanctuary 
 profaned by Antiochus Epiphanes. 
 
 166. Revolt under Judas Maccabaeus. 
 
 165. Reconsecration of the Temple. 
 
 140. Simon Maccabasus prince of the Jews. 
 
 105. Aristobulus king of Judea. 
 
 Rome — continued. 
 
 55 and 54. Caesar’s expeditions to Britain. 
 
 53. Expedition of Crassus against the Par- 
 thians and defeat at Carrhae. 
 
 52. Siege and capture of Alesia in Gaul ; 
 surrender of Vercingetorix. 
 
 49. Caesar crosses the Rubicon ; flight of 
 Pompey. 
 
 49-48. Civil war between Caesar and Pompey. 
 
 48. Battle of Pharsalia, Pompey defeated by 
 Caesar. 
 
 48-47. Alexandrine war an attack upon 
 Caesar from which he extricates himself. 
 
 47. Battle of Zela, Caesar defeats Phar- 
 naces, son of Mithridates. 
 
 47-46. War in Africa, Caesar against the 
 adherents of Pompey. 
 
 46. Battle of Thapsus, Caesar defeats the 
 partizans of Pompey. 
 
 46-45. War against the sons of Pompey. 
 
 45. Battle of Munda, Caesar defeats the ad- 
 herents of Pompey in Spain. 
 
 44- Assassination of Caesar. 
 
 43. Battle of Mutina, Octavian defeats 
 Antony; the second Triumvirate, Antony, 
 Octavian, and Lepidus ; Cicero murdered. 
 
 42. Battle of Philippi, Antony defeats Cas- 
 sius and Brutus. 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHIEF EVENTS OF HISTORY 
 
 FIRST CENTURY B.C. — continued. 
 
 Rome— continued. Rome— continued. Rome— continued. 
 
 40. Administration of the empire divided 31-30. War between Octavian and Antony. 29. The temple of Janus closed 
 between Octavian in the West, Antony 1 
 
 in the East, and Lepidus in Africa. 31. Battle of Actium, defeat of Antony; Octavian receives the title of Augustus; 
 
 38 36. Sicilian war between the triumvirs Octavian sole ruler; Egypt made a prov- t * lc Roman emperor. 
 
 and Sextus Pompeius. ince. 4 (about). Birth of Jesus Christ. 
 
 Roman Empire. 
 
 9. Army under Varus destroyed in the Teuto- 
 berg Forest. 
 
 (27 b.c.)- 14. Augustus. 
 
 14 37. Tiberius. 
 
 23 31. Rule of Sejanus. 
 
 29 (about). The crucifixion of Christ. 
 
 37-41. Caligula. 
 
 40. Invasion of Gaul. 
 
 41-54. Claudius. 
 
 Roman Empire. 
 
 (98) -117. Trajan. 
 
 106. Conquest of Dacia. 
 
 107. Third persecution of the Christians. 
 114-116. War with Parthia. 
 
 116. Roman Empire at its greatest extent. 
 117-138. Hadrian. 
 
 Roman Empire. 
 
 (193) -2 11. Septimius Severus. 
 
 211-217. Caraealla. 
 
 212. Full citizenship extended to all free in- 
 habitants of the empire. 
 
 222-235. Alexander Severus. 
 
 249-251. Decius. 
 
 250. General persecution of the Christians. 
 254-260. Valerian. 
 
 259. Invasion of Gaul and Italy by the 
 Alamanni. 
 
 260. War with Persia, defeat and capture of 
 Valerian. 
 
 Roman Empire. 
 
 303. Persecution of the Christians. 
 
 305. Abdication of Diocletian. 
 
 308. Constantine one of six Augusti. 
 
 312. Constantine adopts Christianity. 
 
 323. Constantine becomes sole emperor. 
 
 325. First general church council at Niesea. 
 330. Capital of the empire moved from Rome 
 to Byzantium, henceforth Constantinople. 
 337. Death of Constantine and division of 
 the administration among his three sons. 
 361-363. Julian. 
 
 361. Revival of paganism. 
 
 363. Expedition to Persia and death of 
 Julian; Christianity reinstated. 
 
 Western Empire. 
 
 (395) -423. Honorius. 
 
 402 or 403. Defeat of Alaric by Stilicho. 
 402 (about). Capital removed from Rome to 
 Ravenna. 
 
 406. Invasion of Gaul by Vandals, Alans, 
 Suevi, and Burgundians. 
 
 FIRST CENTURY A.D. 
 
 Roman Empire— continued. 
 
 43. Visit of Claudius to Britain and sub- 
 jugation of the Celtic Britons. 
 
 54-68. Nero. 
 
 64. Burning of Rome; first persecution of 
 the Christians. 
 
 65. Death of Seneca. 
 
 68- 69. Galba. 
 
 69- 79. Vespasian. 
 
 70. Siege and capture of Jerusalem by Titus. 
 
 SECOND CENTURY. 
 
 Roman Empire— continued. 
 
 118. Fourth persecution of the Christians. 
 119 (about). Visit of Hadrian to Britain. 
 132-135. Revolt of the Jews. 
 
 138-161. Antoninus Pius. 
 
 161- 180. Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 162- 165. War w'ith Parthia. 
 
 THIRD CENTURY. 
 
 Roman Empire — continued. 
 
 270. Dacia given up to the Goths. 
 
 270-275. Aurelian. 
 
 273. Fall of Palmyra; defeat and capture of 
 Zenobia. 
 
 284- (305). Diocletian. 
 
 286. Maximian appointed Augustus, col- 
 league to Diocletian. 
 
 292. Constantius Chlorus and Galerius 
 created ‘ ‘ Caesars. ’ ’ 
 
 296. Revolt in Egypt subdued. 
 
 296-298. War with Persia. 
 
 FOURTH CENTURY. 
 
 Roman Empire — continued. 
 
 364. First division of the empire into East 
 (under Valens) and West (under Valen- 
 tinian I.). 
 
 375. Beginning of the migration of the 
 Teutonic tribes into the Roman Empire. 
 
 378. Battle with the Goths at Adrianople 
 and death of Valens. 
 
 379-394. Theodosius (East). 
 
 381. Second general church council at Con- 
 stantinople. 
 
 382. Settlement of the Goths in Mcesia and 
 Thrace. 
 
 390. Insurrection and massacre in Thessa- 
 lonica. 
 
 392. Suppression of paganism by law. 
 
 FIFTH CENTURY. 
 
 Western Empire— continued. 
 
 409. Invasion of Spain by Vandals, Suevi, 
 and Alans. 
 
 410. Sacking of Rome by Alaric; death of 
 Alaric. 
 
 425-455. Valentinian III. 
 
 Roman Empire— continued. 
 
 78- 84. Agricola’s campaign in Britain. 
 
 79. Destruction of Herculaneum and Pom- 
 peii. 
 
 79- 81. Titus. 
 
 81-96. Domitian. 
 
 93. Second persecution of the Christians. 
 96-98. Nerva. 
 
 98. Accession of Trajan. 
 
 Roman Empire— continued. 
 
 166-180. War with the Marcomanni and 
 Quadi. 
 
 180-192. Commodus; beginning of Rome’s 
 rapid decline. 
 
 193. Accession of Septimius Severus. 
 
 198. Capture of Ctesiphon, the capital of 
 Parthia. 
 
 Persia. 
 
 226. End of the Parthian Empire and rise of 
 the Sassanian Empire. 
 
 226-241. Ardashir. 
 
 233. Truce with Alexander Severus. 
 
 240-272 (about). Sapor I. 
 
 260. Capture of Valerian. 
 
 292- (301). Narses. 
 
 298. Defeated in war with Rome; five prov- 
 inces west of the Tigris ceded to Rome. 
 
 Roman Empire— continued. 
 
 394. Theodosius sole emperor. 
 
 395. Death of Theodosius and final division 
 of the empire into East and West. 
 
 400. Alaric ’s invasion of Italy. 
 
 Persia. 
 
 310-380. Sapor II. 
 
 337-350. First war with Rome. 
 
 348. Defeat of Constantius. 
 
 359-363. Second war with Rome. 
 
 363. The five provinces west of the Tigris 
 restored to Persia. 
 
 384-389. Sapor III.; division of Armenia 
 between Persia and Rome. 
 
 Western Empire— continued. 
 
 441-451. Huns under Attila traverse both 
 empires. 
 
 451. Defeated at Chalons. 
 
 452. Invade Italy. 
 
 452 (about). Venice founded. 
 
 453. Death of Attila. 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHIEF EVENTS OF HISTORY 
 
 FIFTH CENTURY — continued. 
 
 Western Empire — continued. 
 
 455. Pillage of Rome by the Vandals. 
 
 456. The Vandals defeated near Corsica. 
 456-472. Supremacy of Ricimer. 
 
 472. Siege and storming of Rome by Ricimer 
 and his death. 
 
 475-476. Romulus Augustulus. 
 
 476. Dethroned by Odoacer; end of the 
 Western Empire. 
 
 The Teutonic Kingdoms. 
 
 412. Visigoths enter Gaul. 
 
 415. Visigoths enter Spain. 
 
 418(a&o«t). Visigothic kingdom of Tou- 
 louse founded.. 
 
 428. Vandals in Spain. 
 
 429. Vandal kingdom founded in Africa. 
 
 430. Siege of Hippo Regius. 
 
 439. Capture of Carthage. 
 
 449 (about). Jutes land in Kent. 
 
 477. Saxon conquest of Britain begins. 
 
 The Teutonic Kingdoms— continued. 
 
 481. Kingdom of the Franks founded by 
 
 Clovis. 
 
 486. Battle of Soissous, Clovis defeats Sya- 
 grius, the last representative of Roman 
 authority in the West. 
 
 489. Ostrogoths invade Italy, Theodoric de- 
 feats Odoacer at Verona and founds 
 Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy. 
 
 495. Beginning of kingdom of Wessex. 
 
 496. Baptism of Clovis. 
 
 Eastern Empire. 
 
 (395) -408. Arcadius. 
 
 408-450. Theodosius II. 
 
 414-453. Pulcheria empress. 
 
 442. Invasion by the Huns under Attila. 
 457-474. Leo I. 
 
 466. Anthemius, general of Leo I., defeats 
 the Huns at Sardica. 
 
 Eastern Empire. 
 
 527-565. Justinian. 
 
 529. Publication of Justinian's Code. 
 
 532. Fight between Green and Blue factions 
 in Constantinople, large part of the city 
 destroyed. 
 
 533. Publication of the Pandects. 
 
 533-534. Belisarius overthrows the Vandal 
 
 kingdom in Africa. 
 
 535. Belisarius recovers Sicily from the 
 Goths. 
 
 536. Belisarius captures Rome. 
 
 540. Belisarius captures Ravenna. 
 
 546. Rome recovered by Goths under Totila. 
 
 552. Rome recovered for the empire by 
 Narses. 
 
 553. Italy annexed to the empire; end of 
 the Ostrogothic kingdom. 
 
 565. Death of Justinian and Belisarius. 
 
 568. Institution of the exarchate of Ravenna; 
 beginning of the Lombard kingdom in 
 Italy under Alboin. 
 
 Persia. 
 
 501-531. Kobad I. 
 
 521-532. War with the Eastern Empire. 
 529. Battle of Dara, Persians defeated by 
 Belisarius. 
 
 Persia and the Eastern Empire. 
 
 (590. 591?) -628. Chosroes II., king of 
 Persia. 
 
 603-612. Conquest of Asia Minor and sack 
 of Antioch. 
 
 603-620. Persian conquests from the East- 
 ern Empire. 
 
 610-641. Heraclius, Eastern emperor. 
 
 614. Capture of Damascus and conquest of 
 Syria; capture of Jerusalem and removal 
 of the ‘ ‘ true cross. ’ ’ 
 
 616. Capture of Alexandria and submission 
 of Egypt. 
 
 617. Fall of Chaleedon; the Persian camp 
 one mile from Constantinople. 
 
 620. Persia restored to its former limits 
 under Darius I. 
 
 622-628. Recovery of the Persian conquests. 
 
 622. Advance to Issus and defeat of Shahr- 
 Barz, the Persian commander. 
 
 623. Advance into Armenia and retreat of 
 the Persians. 
 
 625. Battle of Sarus, defeat of the Persians. 
 
 626. Siege of Constantinople by Persians 
 and Avars. 
 
 627. Battle of Nineveh, defeat of the Per- 
 sians and flight of Chosroes. 
 
 SIXTH CENTURY. 
 
 Persia — continued. 
 
 531-579. Chosroes I. 
 
 533. ‘ ‘ Endless peace ’ ’ with the Eastern 
 Empire; payment of tribute by Jus- 
 tinian. 
 
 538. Capture of Antioch by Chosroes. 
 
 540-561. Renewal of war with the empire. 
 
 562. Expedition of Chosroes to Arabia. 
 
 563. Definite peace between Persia and the 
 empire. 
 
 571. War renewed by the empire. 
 
 The Merovingian Franks. 
 
 507. Overthrow of the Visigothic kingdom of 
 Toulouse by Clovis. 
 
 511. Death of Clovis and partition of the 
 Frankish possessions between his sons. 
 
 528. Subjugation of the Thuringians. 
 
 534. Subjugation of the Burgundians. 
 
 540. Formal relinquishment of Gaul to the 
 
 Franks by Justinian. 
 
 558-561. Clotaire I. sole ruler. 
 
 561-597 (about). Feuds of Brunehilde and 
 Fredegonda. 
 
 567. Second division of the kingdom into 
 Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy. 
 
 SEVENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Persia and the Eastern Empire— continued. 
 
 628. Recovery of Jerusalem and the ‘ ‘ true 
 cross, ’ ’ and death of Chosroes. 
 
 The Saracen Conquests. 
 
 610. Mohammed begins his mission as 
 prophet. 
 
 622. Flight from Mecca (the hejira). 
 
 624—632. Conquest of Arabia. 
 
 624. Battle of Bedr, first battle for the 
 faith. 
 
 630. Submission of Mecca. 
 
 632. Death of Mohammed. 
 
 632-651. Conquest of Persia. 
 
 634-637. Conquest of Syria. 
 
 634. Battle of Aiznadin, defeat of Heraclius. 
 
 634-644. Omar calif (successor). 
 
 635. Battle of Cadesia, defeat of the Per- 
 sians ; capture of Antioch. 
 
 636. Battle of Yermuck, decisive defeat of 
 Heraclius. 
 
 637. Capture of Jerusalem ; capture of Ctesi- 
 phon and defeat of the Persians at the 
 battle of Jalulu. 
 
 640-646. Conquest of Egypt. 
 
 The Church. 
 
 405 (about). Vulgate version of the Bible 
 finished. 
 
 420. Death of Saint Jerome. 
 
 428-431. Nestorius patriarch of Constan- 
 tinople. 
 
 430. Death of Saint Augustine. 
 
 431. Council of Ephesus. 
 
 440. Leo the Great elected Pope at Rome. 
 
 451. Council of Chaleedon. 
 
 461. Death of Leo, election of Hilarius. 
 
 496. The Franks under Clovis adopt Chris- 
 tianity. 
 
 Persia. 
 
 (399)-419. Isdegerd I.; persecution of 
 Christians in Persia and Armenia. 
 
 419-440. Varahran V.; unsuccessful war 
 with Rome. 
 
 438 or 439. Isdegerd II. 
 
 Britain. 
 
 520. Saxon invasion checked by King Arthur. 
 
 547 (about). Angles in Deira and Bernicia. 
 
 577. Battle of Deorham, decisive victory for 
 the Saxons. 
 
 582 (about ) . Beginning of the kingdom of 
 Mercia. 
 
 593. Supremacy of Ethelbert, king of Kent. 
 
 597. Conversion of Ethelbert to Catholic 
 Christianity. 
 
 600(about) . Deira and Bernicia united in 
 the kingdom of Northumbria. 
 
 The Church. 
 
 515. Monastic rule of Saint Benedict pub- 
 lished. 
 
 529 (about). Order of the Benedictines 
 founded. 
 
 543. Death of Benedict. 
 
 553. Fifth general church council at Con- 
 stantinople. 
 
 565. Monastery of Iona (Scotland) founded 
 by Saint Columba. 
 
 590. Gregory the Great elected Pope. 
 
 597. Mission of Saint Augustine to England. 
 
 600 (about). Augustine first archbishop of 
 Canterbury. 
 
 The Saracen Conquests— continued. 
 
 641. Battle of Nehavend, fall of the Sas- 
 sanian Empire. 
 
 641. Capture of Alexandria. 
 
 644. Assassination of Omar. 
 
 644-656. Othman calif. 
 
 646. Second capture and sack of Alexandria. 
 
 647. Conquest of northern Africa com- 
 menced. 
 
 656-661. Civil war for the succession. 
 
 661. Murder of Ali; Ommiad dynasty, califs 
 of Damascus, founded. 
 
 661-680. Moawiyeh I. 
 
 668. Repulsed at Constantinople. 
 
 672-677. Siege of Constantinople. 
 
 680. Massacre of Hosein and his followers at 
 Kerbela. 
 
 697. Capture of Carthage. 
 
 Merovingian Franks. 
 
 613-629. Clotaire II. 
 
 613. Execution of Brunehilde and reunion 
 of the Frankish dominions. 
 
 628-638. Dagobert I., widest extent of 
 Merovingian kingdom. 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHIEF EVENTS OF HISTORY 
 
 SEVENTH CENTURY— continued. 
 
 Merovingian Franks— continued. 
 
 638. Death of Dagobert and division of the 
 kingdom. 
 
 656. ‘ ‘ Rois Faineants, ’ ’ with mayors of the 
 
 palace actual rulers. 
 
 687. Battle of Testry, Pepin of Heristal be- 
 comes virtual ruler of the whole king- 
 dom of the Franks. 
 
 England. 
 
 603-685. Supremacy of Northumbria. 
 
 The Carolingian Franks. 
 
 714r-741. Charles Martel, major domus. 
 
 719. Battle of Soissons, Charles Martel be- 
 comes ruler of both the Frankish king- 
 doms. 
 
 732. Battle of Tours, great defeat of the 
 Saracens. 
 
 741-768. Pepin the Short. 
 
 751. Pepin deposes Childeric III. and be- 
 comes king of the Franks ; end of Mero- 
 vingian rule; exarchate of Ravenna taken 
 by the Lombards. 
 
 751-(987). Carolingian kings of the West 
 Franks. 
 
 754. Pepin anointed king by Pope Stephen II. 
 
 755. Exarchate of Ravenna taken by Pepin 
 and donated to the pope; beginning of 
 the pope ’s temporal rule. 
 
 768. Accession of Charles the Great with his 
 brother. 
 
 771-814. Charles the Great sole ruler. 
 
 772. First Saxon war. 
 
 Empire of Charlemagne. 
 
 804. Complete subjugation of the Saxons 
 and their conversion to Christianity. 
 
 808-810. Defeat of the Danes. 
 
 814. Death of Charlemagne. 
 
 814-840. Louis I., the Pious, emperor. 
 
 833. “The Field of Lies’’; Louis in the 
 power of his rebellious sons. 
 
 834. Louis I. restored to the throne. 
 
 840. Death of Louis I. 
 
 840-855. Lothaire I. emperor. 
 
 843. Partition of the empire between the 
 three sons of Louis I. at Verdun; begin- 
 ning of France and Germany. 
 
 843 876. Louis the German, founder of the 
 German monarchy. 
 
 843-877. Charles the Bald. 
 
 843- (911). Carolingian kings of Germany. 
 
 855-875. Louis II. emperor. 
 
 855-886. Defense of Paris against the 
 Northmen by Eudes. 
 
 861. Foundation of the duchy of France; 
 origin of the house of Capet. 
 
 875. Charles the Bald became emperor. 
 
 876-887. Charles the Fat. 
 
 881. Charles the Fat became emperor. 
 
 885. Charles the Fat elected king of the 
 West Franks, uniting again the domin- 
 ions of Charlemagne. 
 
 887. Charles the Fat deposed. 
 
 887-899. Arnulf. 
 
 Germany and Italy. 
 
 900-911. Louis the Child. 
 
 908-910. Germany devastated by the 
 Magyars. 
 
 911. Death of Louis; end of the Carolingian 
 dynasty in Germany. 
 
 911-918. Conrad of Franconia. 
 
 England — continued. 
 
 607. Battle of Chester, defeat of the Welsh. 
 626-655. Revolt of Mercia under Penda in 
 the interest of paganism. 
 
 627. Conversion of Northumbria to Chris- 
 tianity. 
 
 655. Death of Penda. 
 
 664. Synod of Whitby, adhesion of North- 
 umbria to the Roman church. 
 
 668-690. Organization of the church in 
 
 EIGHTH CENTURY. 
 
 The Carolingian Franks— continued. 
 
 774. Capture of Pavia and destruction of the 
 Lombard kingdom. 
 
 778. Expedition into Spain. 
 
 785. Great struggle of the Saxons against 
 Charles, and their submission. 
 
 788. Subjugation of Bavaria. 
 
 791-796. Conquest of the Avars. 
 
 799. Formation of Ostmark, the beginning 
 of Austria. 
 
 800. Imperial coronation of Charles at 
 Rome. 
 
 Saracen Empire. 
 
 709. Conquest of northern Africa completed. 
 
 711. Tarik crosses from Africa to Spain; 
 battle of Xeres, end of the Visigothic 
 kingdom. 
 
 712. Fall of Toledo. 
 
 719. Conquest of Narbonne. 
 
 NINTH CENTURY. 
 
 Empire of Charlemagne— continued. 
 
 888. Founding of the kingdom of Trans- 
 jurane Burgundy. 
 
 895. Arnulf invades Italy and captures 
 Rome. 
 
 896. Arnulf crowned emperor. 
 
 The Northmen. 
 
 835. Invasion of the Netherlands and sack 
 of Utrecht. 
 
 836. Burning of Antwerp and ravaging of 
 Flanders. 
 
 837. First expedition up the Rhine. 
 
 841. Expedition up the Seine and capture of 
 Rouen. 
 
 845. First attack on Paris and destruction 
 of Hamburg. 
 
 847. Siege and capture of Bordeaux. 
 
 854. Ravages on the Loire. 
 
 855. First permanent footing in England. 
 861. Paris surprised. 
 
 866. Beginning of permanent conquest in 
 England. 
 
 874. Settlement in Ireland. 
 
 876. The Seine entered under Rollo. 
 
 878. Ravages in Germany and peace with 
 Alfred in England. 
 
 885, 889, 890. Sieges of Paris under Rollo. 
 891. Defeated at Louvain. 
 
 TENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Germany and Italy— continued. 
 
 916. Berenger I. crowned emperor in Italy. 
 919-936. Henry I. the Fowler. 
 
 924. Death of Berenger and lapse of the 
 imperial title ; devastation of Germany 
 by the Hungarians. 
 
 933. Victory over the Hungarians. 
 
 England — continued. 
 
 England by Theodore of Tarsus, arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 604. Death of Pope Gregory the Great. 
 
 616. First expulsion of the Jews from Spain. 
 680-681. Sixth council of Constantinople. 
 680. A Bulgarian kingdom established in 
 Mcesia. 
 
 697. First doge elected in Venice. 
 
 Saracen Empire— continued. 
 
 732. Battle of Tours; the Saracen advance 
 checked. 
 
 750. Overthrow of the Ommiad dynasty; be- 
 ginning of Abbasside dynasty, califs of 
 Bagdad. 
 
 754-775. Al-Mansur, builder of Bagdad. 
 
 756. Calif ate of Cordova in Spain founded 
 by Abd-er-Rahman. 
 
 786- (809). Harun-al-Rashid; eastern cali- 
 fate at the height of its power. 
 
 Eastern Empire. 
 
 717- 720. Siege of Constantinople by the 
 Saracens. 
 
 718- 741. Leo III., the Isaurian. 
 
 726. Iconoclastic edict forbidding worship of 
 images. 
 
 780-790. Irene regent. 
 
 797-802. Irene empress. 
 
 England. 
 
 802-839. Egbert king of Wessex. 
 
 829. Egbert becomes lord of all England. 
 
 847-865. Invasions and ravages of the 
 Northmen. 
 
 866- 880. Permanent conquests made by the 
 Northmen in Northumbria, Mercia, and 
 East Anglia. 
 
 871-(901). Alfred the Great. 
 
 878. Retreat before the Danes followed by 
 victory; treaty of Wedmore ; England 
 north of Watling street ceded to the 
 Danes. 
 
 890 (about). Alfred ’s laws. 
 
 894. Danish invasions renewed. 
 
 897. Checked by Alfred with a fleet. 
 
 Eastern Empire. 
 
 862 (about). The Varangians under Rurik at 
 Novgorod. 
 
 865. First naval expedition of the Varan- 
 gians against Constantinople. 
 
 867- 886. Basil I. the Macedonian. 
 
 885. He expelled the Saracens from Italy. 
 
 The Saracens. 
 
 813-833. Al-Mamun, “the Augustus of 
 Bagdad. ’ ’ 
 
 838. Invasion of Asia Minor. 
 
 843. Capture of Messina. 
 
 846. Attack on Rome. 
 
 878. Capture of Syracuse in Sicily. 
 
 Germany and Italy— continued. 
 936-973. Otto I. 
 
 951. First expedition of Otto I. into Italy 
 against Berenger II., king of Italy. 
 955. Hungarians invade Italy and are de- 
 feated on the Lechfeld. 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHIEF EVENTS OF HISTORY 
 
 TENTH C E N T U R Y — continued. 
 
 Germany and Italy — continued. 
 
 961. Second expedition of Otto I. to Italy to 
 assist the pope against Berenger, who was 
 dethroned; the crown of Italy passes 
 from the descendants of Charlemagne to 
 the sovereigns of Germany. 
 
 962. The imperial office revived ; Otto I. 
 crowned emperor of the “Holy Roman 
 Empire. ’ ’ 
 
 966-967. Third expedition of Otto I. to 
 Italy. 
 
 973-983. Otto II. emperor. 
 
 980-983. Wars in Italy. 
 
 980-998. Attempt of Crescentius to restore 
 the ancient republic at Rome. 
 
 982. Otto II. totally defeated by the Sara- 
 cens in southern Italy. 
 
 983- (1002). Otto III. 
 
 996. Otto III. crowned emperor at Rome. 
 
 999. Election of Gerbert as Pope Sil- 
 vester II. 
 
 1000. General expectation throughout Chris- 
 tendom of the end of the world. 
 
 Germany and Italy. 
 
 1002. Death of Otto III., accession of 
 Henry II. 
 
 1004. Henry II. invades Italy, defeats Ar- 
 doin, and is crowned king of Italy at 
 Pavia. 
 
 1014. Second Italian expedition of Henry 
 II., who is crowned emperor at Rome. 
 
 1024. Conrad II., the Salian, chosen king. 
 
 1026. Conrad II. crowned king of Italy at 
 Pavia. 
 
 1027. Conrad II. crowned emperor at Rome. 
 
 1033. Burgundy, the kingdom of Arles, 
 
 united with the Empire. 
 
 1039. Death of Conrad II., accession of 
 Henry III. 
 
 1042. The Normans conquer Apulia. 
 
 1046. Henry III. comes to Italy, deposes 
 the three rival popes, secures the elec- 
 tion of Clement II., and is crowned em- 
 peror. 
 
 1051. Dispute between Leo IX. and the 
 Patriarch of Constantinople, who refuses 
 to acknowledge the superiority of the 
 pope. 
 
 1053. Leo IX. is defeated by the Normans 
 at Civitella. 
 
 1056. Death of Henry III. and accession of 
 Henry IV. 
 
 1059. Nicholas II. issues a decree which 
 places the election of the popes in the 
 hands of the cardinals. 
 
 1073. Hildebrand is elected pope as Gregory 
 VII. 
 
 1074. Uprisings of the Saxons against 
 Henry IV. 
 
 1075. Quarrel between Henry IV. and Greg- 
 ory VII. over the question of investi- 
 ture. 
 
 1076. Gregory VII. is deposed at the Coun- 
 cil of Worms; he excommunicates the 
 emperor. 
 
 1077. Henry IV. humbles himself before 
 Gregory VII. at Canossa ; renewal of the 
 strife, elections of an antipope and rival 
 emperor. 
 
 1081. Robert Guiscard defeats Alexius Com- 
 nenus at Durazzo. 
 
 Germany and Italy. 
 
 1106. Death of Henry IV. and accession of 
 Henry V. 
 
 1111. Henry V. goes to Rome to be crowned; 
 Paschal II. renounces the temporalities 
 of the church. 
 
 France. 
 
 (898) -929. Charles III. the Simple. 
 
 910. Founding of the monastery of Cluny. 
 
 911. Grant of Normandy to Rollo. 
 
 912. Baptism of Rollo. 
 
 937. Invasion of France by the Hungarians. 
 987. Death of Louis V.. the last of the 
 Carolingian kings; election of Hugh 
 Capet, founder of the Capetian dynasty. 
 
 996. Death of Hugh Capet. 
 
 997. Insurrection of peasants in Normandy. 
 
 England. 
 
 901. Death of Alfred the Great. 
 
 901-924. Edward the Elder. 
 
 924. Edward lord of all Britain. 
 
 924-940. AtheLstan. 
 
 937. Battle of Brunanburh, defeat of the 
 Danes, Scots, and Welsh. 
 
 ELEVENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Germany and Italy— continued. 
 
 1084. ^Henry IV. marches against Rome; he 
 is crowned emperor by the antipope 
 Clement III.; Gregory VII. calls on 
 Guiscard to aid him against the emperor ; 
 sack of Rome by the Norman troops. 
 
 1085. Death of Gregory VII. and of Robert 
 Guiscard. 
 
 1088. Election of Pope Urban II. 
 
 1090. Final triumph of the Normans over the 
 Mohammedans in Sicily. 
 
 1095. Urban II. preaches the first crusade 
 at the Council of Clermont. 
 
 France. 
 
 1031. Death of Robert the Pious, accession 
 of Henry I. 
 
 1041. The “Truce of God’’ introduced in 
 Guienne. 
 
 1047. Henry I. helps William crush the Nor- 
 man nobles at Val-es-Dunes. 
 
 1054. Henry I. defeated by William of Nor- 
 mandy at Mortemer. 
 
 1058. Henry I. defeated by William at 
 Varaville. 
 
 1060. Death of Henry I. and accession of 
 Philip l. 
 
 1076. Philip I. helps the Bretons to repulse 
 the Normans. 
 
 1092. Philip I. repudiates his wife Bertha, 
 and marries Betrada, which leads to a 
 quarrel with the church. 
 
 1094. Urban II. excommunicates Philip. 
 
 England. 
 
 1002. Massacre of the Danes on St. Brice’s 
 day. 
 
 1003 1013. Sweyn harries England. 
 
 1016. Death of Edmund Ironside; Canute 
 becomes king of England. 
 
 1030 (about). Canute issues a new code of 
 laws. 
 
 1035. Death of Canute. 
 
 1035-1042. Reigns of Harold and Hartha- 
 canute. 
 
 1042. Edward the Confessor elected king. 
 
 1051. Godwine, earl of Wessex, is outlawed. 
 
 TWELFTH CENTURY. 
 
 Germany and Italy — continued. 
 
 1122. The investiture contest is settled by 
 the Concordat of Worms between Calix- 
 tus II. and the emperor, a compromise. 
 1125. Death of Henry V. and accession of 
 Lothair IT., duke of Saxony. 
 
 England — continued. 
 
 946. Rise of Dunstan. 
 
 959. Dunstan archbishop of Canterbury. 
 
 980. Invasions of the Northmen renewed. 
 
 988. Death of Dunstan. 
 
 991. Battle of Maldon, the Danes victorious; 
 first payment of Danegeld. 
 
 The Saracens. 
 
 909. Fatimite califate in Africa founded. 
 
 912-961. Abd-er-Rahman III. calif at Cor- 
 dova; Arab period in Spain at height of 
 its splendor. 
 
 935. Secular authority of the Abbasside 
 califate passes into the hands of the 
 “Emir el Omrah, ” the calif remaining 
 spiritual head. 
 
 969. Authority of the Fatimite calif estab- 
 lished in Egypt. 
 
 England — continued. 
 
 1052. Return of Godwine and Harold to 
 England. 
 
 1053. Death of Godwine. 
 
 1065. Danes in Northumbria rise against 
 Tostig. 
 
 1066. Death of Edward the Confessor, and 
 election of Harold; Harold Hardrada, 
 king of Norway, and Tostig, invading 
 England from the north, are defeated at 
 Stamford Bridge; William of Normandy 
 invades England, and defeats Harold at 
 Senlac. 
 
 1066- 1087. William the Conqueror king of 
 . England. 
 
 1067- 1070. Revolts of the English against 
 Norman rule. 
 
 1086. Completion of the survey which led 
 to Domesday Book. 
 
 1087. Death of William I. and accession of 
 William II. (Rufus). 
 
 1093. Anselm appointed archbishop of 
 Canterbury. 
 
 1100. Death of William Rufus in the New 
 Forest. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 1001. First Mohammedan invasion of India 
 by Mahmud of Ghazni. 
 
 1001-1035. Sancho the Great, king of 
 N avarre. 
 
 1018. Bulgaria incorporated with the 
 Eastern Empire. 
 
 1071. The Eastern emperor is defeated and 
 captured by the Turks at Manzikert. 
 
 1084. St. Bruno founds the Carthusian 
 order. 
 
 1086. Alfonso VI. defeated by the Almora- 
 vides at Zalaca. 
 
 1095. Conquest of Valencia by the Cid. 
 
 1096-1099. The first crusade. 
 
 1097. Capture of Nicsa by the crusaders. 
 
 1098. Antioch taken by the Christians; 
 founding of the Cistercian order. 
 
 1099. Jerusalem captured by the crusaders; 
 founding of the kingdom of Jerusalem. 
 
 1100. Death of Godfrey of Boulogne. 
 
 Germany and Italy— continued. 
 
 1127. Roger unites Sicily and Apulia. 
 
 1130. Roger is crowned king of Sicily; 
 
 schism of Innocent II. and Anacletus. 
 1133. Lothair II. takes sides with Innocent 
 II., who crowns him emperor at Rome. 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHIEF EVENTS OF HISTORY 
 
 TWELFTH CEMTURY— continued. 
 
 Germany and Italy— continued. 
 
 1135. Lothair II. proclaims a general peace 
 for Germany at the Diet of Bamberg. 
 
 1138. Death of Lothair II. and accession of 
 Conrad of Hohenstaufen, duke of Swabia. 
 
 1139. Innocent II. recognizes the Norman 
 kingdom of Sicily. 
 
 1140. Conrad III. secures his throne by de- 
 feating the Guelfs at Weinsberg. 
 
 1144. Influenced by the preaching of Arnold 
 of Brescia, the Romans revolt against In- 
 nocent II. 
 
 1147-1149. Conrad III. goes on the second 
 crusade. 
 
 1152. Frederick I. (Barbarossa) succeeds 
 Conrad 111. 
 
 1154-1155. Frederick I. invades Italy, holds 
 a diet at Roncaglia, destroys Tortona, 
 receives the Lombard crown at Pavia, and 
 is crowned emperor by Hadrian IV. at 
 Rome. 
 
 1156. The duchy of Austria established. 
 
 1157. At the Diet of Besamjon the Burgun- 
 dian nobles do homage to the emperor. 
 
 1158. Second invasion of Italy by Frederick 
 I., submission of the Lombard cities, sec- 
 ond diet at Roncaglia. 
 
 1159. Schism in the papacy between Alex- 
 ander III. and Victor IV. 
 
 1162. Destruction of Milan by Frederick I. 
 and his allies. 
 
 1166. Frederick I. invades Italy for the 
 fourth time. 
 
 1167. Formation of the Lombard League. 
 
 1168. Founding of Alessandria. 
 
 1176. The Lombard League defeats Fred- 
 erick I. at Legnano, May 29. 
 
 1177. Alexander III. is reconciled to Fred- 
 erick by the peace of Venice. 
 
 1180. Frederick I. forces Henry the Lion to 
 submit, and takes from him some of his 
 territories. 
 
 1183. A permanent treaty between the em- 
 peror and the Lombard League signed ’at 
 Constance. 
 
 1186. Marriage of Henry, son of Frederick, 
 to Constance of Sicily. 
 
 1189. Frederick I. starts on the third 
 crusade. 
 
 1190. Frederick I. is drowned in Cilicia. 
 
 1191. Henry VI. crowned emperor at Rome; 
 he fails in his attack on Apulia. 
 
 1192. Henry makes war on the Guelfs in 
 Germany. 
 
 1193. The barons of the Rhineland revolt 
 against the emperor. 
 
 1194. Apulia and Sicily conquered by 
 Henry VI. 
 
 Germany and Italy— continued. 
 
 1 195. Death of Henry the Lion. 
 
 1197. Suppression of the Sicilian revolt, 
 death of Henry VI. 
 
 1198. Innocent III. is elected pope; double 
 election in Germany, Philip of Hohen- 
 staufen vs. Otto of Brunswick; death of 
 Constance of Sicily; Frederick (II.) be- 
 comes the pope ’s ward. 
 
 France. 
 
 1108. Accession of Louis VI. 
 
 1 137. Accession of Louis VII. who has 
 married Eleanor of Aquitaine. 
 
 1147-1149. Louis VII. goes on the second 
 crusade, leaving Suger in charge of af- 
 fairs in France. 
 
 1152. Death of Suger; Louis VII. divorces 
 Eleanor. 
 
 1162. Louis VII. takes up the cause of Alex- 
 ander III. against the antipope. 
 
 1180. Death of Louis VII. and accession of 
 Philip II. (Augustus). 
 
 1185. War between Philip II. and Flanders 
 ended by the peace of Aumale. 
 
 1190-1191. Philip II. away from France on 
 the third crusade. 
 
 1193. Marriage of Philip II. with Ingeborg 
 of Denmark. 
 
 1196. Philip II. repudiates Ingeborg and 
 marries Agnes of Meran; protest of the 
 church. 
 
 1200. Innocent III. pronounces an interdict 
 over France. 
 
 England. 
 
 1100-1135. Henry I. king of England. 
 
 1104. Henry I. invades Normandy. 
 
 1106. Henry I. defeats his brother Robert at 
 Tinchebrai, September 28, and takes pos- 
 session of Normandy. 
 
 1107. Settlement of the quarrel between 
 Henry I. and Anselm over investitures. 
 
 1120. Sinking of the “White Ship,” death 
 of Henry ’s son William. 
 
 1128. Marriage of Matilda of England and 
 Geoffrey of Anjou. 
 
 1135. Death of Henry I. and accession of 
 Stephen, count of Blois. 
 
 1136. Outbreak of civil war between 
 Stephen and Matilda. 
 
 1138. David of Scotland defeated in the 
 battle of the Standard. 
 
 1141. Stephen defeated and captured at the 
 battle of Lincoln. 
 
 1152. Henry of Anjou (the future Henry 
 II.) married to Eleanor of Aquitaine. 
 
 England — continued. 
 
 1153. Civil war ended by the treaty of 
 Wallingford. 
 
 1154. Death of Stephen, accession of Henry 
 
 11 . 
 
 1159. The “ Great Scutage. ’ ’ 
 
 1162. Thomas a Becket made archbishop of 
 Canterbury. 
 
 1164. A period of legislation and reforms— 
 the Constitutions of Clarendon. 
 
 1166. The Assize of Clarendon. 
 
 1170. Murder of Becket; system of itinerant 
 justices established. 
 
 1171. Henry II. invades Ireland. 
 
 1176. The Assize of Northampton. 
 
 1181. The Assize of Arms. 
 
 1183-1189. War between Henry II. and 
 
 his sons. 
 
 1188. Imposition of the Saladin tithe. 
 
 1189. Richard I. (Cceur de Lion) becomes 
 king. 
 
 1190-1192. Richard I. takes part in the 
 third crusade. 
 
 1 192. Richard I. is captured by Leopold of 
 Austria and handed over to Henry VI., 
 who exacts from him a heavy ransom. 
 
 1194. Richard I. returns to England. 
 
 1195. Richard I. defeats Philip Augustus at 
 Gisors. 
 
 1 199. Death of Richard I. and accession of 
 John. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 1115. Foundation of Clairvaux by Bernard. 
 
 1120. Establishment of the Premonstrant 
 congregation by Norbert of Xanten. 
 
 1128. Honorius II. authorizes the Order of 
 Knights Templar. 
 
 1130. The Knights of St. John (Hospital- 
 lers) are converted into a military bro- 
 therhood. 
 
 1142. Death of Abelard; about this time 
 Gratian writes the Decretum. 
 
 1144. Zenghi captures Edessa. 
 
 1146. St. Bernard preaches the second 
 crusade at Vezelay. 
 
 1147. Lisbon saved from the Moors by a 
 crusading fleet. 
 
 1148. Unsuccessful siege of Damascus by 
 the crusaders. 
 
 1160. Death of Peter Lombard. 
 
 1187. Jerusalem captured by Saladin. 
 
 1189-1192. The third crusade. 
 
 1190. Foundation of the Order of Teutonic 
 Knights. 
 
 1191. Capture of Acre by the crusaders. 
 
 THIRTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Germany and Italy. 
 
 1208. Murder of Philip of Swabia. 
 
 1209. Otto IV. crowned emperor by Inno- 
 cent III. 
 
 1210. Quarrel between Innocent III. and 
 Otto IV. 
 
 1212. Frederick II. of Hohenstaufen elected 
 king and crowned at Mainz. 
 
 1214. Defeat of Otto IV. at Bouvines. 
 
 1216. Death of Innocent III. 
 
 1220. At the Diet of Frankfort Frederick 
 II. greatly extends the powers of the 
 ecclesiastical princes ; he is crowned em- 
 peror at Rome. 
 
 1225. Marriage of the emperor with Iolande 
 of Brienne. 
 
 1226. At the Diet of Cremona Frederick II. 
 renews the imperial claims on Lombardy ; 
 the Lombard cities renew the league. 
 
 1227. Excommunication of Frederick II. by 
 Gregory IX. 
 
 1228. Frederick II. starts on his crusade. 
 
 1229. Frederick II. makes a treaty with the 
 Sultan of Egypt and gets Jerusalem. 
 
 Germany and Italy— continued. 
 
 1230. Reconciliation of pope and emperor 
 by the peace of San Germane. 
 
 1235. Frederick puts down the revolt of his 
 son Henry, marries Isabella of England, 
 declares war on the Lombard League. 
 
 1237. Army of the Lombard League de- 
 feated at Cortenuova. 
 
 1239. Gregory excommunicates Frederick II. 
 and tries to stir up revolt in Germany. 
 
 1241. Death of Gregory IX.; victory of 
 Enzio over the Genoese fleet at Elba. 
 
 1243. Election of Innocent IV. 
 
 1245. Deposition of Frederick II. by the 
 Council of Lyons. 
 
 1246-1247. Henry Raspe and William of 
 Holland elected antikings. 
 
 1247. Parma revolts against Frederick TI. 
 
 1249. Enzio, son of Frederick II., captured 
 by the Bolognese at Fossalta. 
 
 1250. Death of Frederick II. in Apulia, ac- 
 cession of Conrad IV. 
 
 1254. Death of Conrad IV., Manfred be- 
 comes regent for the young Conradin. 
 
 Germany and Italy— continued. 
 
 1255- 1256. Conquest of Naples and Sicily 
 by Manfred. 
 
 1256. Death of William of Holland, double 
 election of Richard, earl of Cornwall, and 
 Alfonso X., king of Castile. 
 
 1256- 1273. The “Great Interregnum.” 
 
 1260. Ghibelline victory over the Florentines 
 
 at Montaperto. ' 
 
 1266. Charles of Anjou crowned king of 
 Sicily; defeat and death of Manfred at 
 the battle of Benevento, Feb. 26. 
 
 1268. Conradin, defeated at Tagliacozzo, is 
 captured and beheaded ; end of the 
 Hohenstaufen dynasty. 
 
 1273. Rudolph of Hapsburg is elected king 
 of the Romans. 
 
 1276. Rudolph of Hapsburg makes war on 
 Ottoear of Bohemia. 
 
 1278. Ottoear is killed in the battle of 
 Marehfeld. 
 
 1281. Election of Martin TV. 
 
 1282. The “Sicilian Vespers.” murder of 
 the French in Sicily; transfer of Sicily to 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OP THE CHIEF EVENTS OF HISTORY 
 
 • THIRTEENTH C E N T U R Y— continued. 
 
 Germany and Italy — continued. 
 
 Peter III. of Aragon; foundation of the 
 territorial power of the house of Haps- 
 burg by the acquisition of Austria, Styria, 
 and Carniola. 
 
 1284. The Genoese defeat the Pisans at 
 Meloria. 
 
 1291. Death of Rudolph of Hapsburg. 
 
 1292. Adolph of Nassau is elected king of 
 the Romans. 
 
 1294. Election of Boniface VIII. 
 
 1297. Government of Venice changed from 
 a democracy to a close oligarchy. 
 
 1298. Revolt of Albert of Austria and the 
 archbishop of Mainz against Adolph, 
 who is deposed and killed in battle; 
 Albert, duke of Austria, chosen king. 
 
 France. 
 
 1202-1205. Philip II. conquers Normandy 
 from John of England. 
 
 1208. Beginning of the crusade against the 
 Albigensian heretics in Toulouse. 
 
 1213. Defeat and death of Peter of Aragon 
 at the battle of Muret. 
 
 1214. Great victory of Philip II. at Bou- 
 vines, July 27. 
 
 1215. Simon de Montfort reduces to sub- 
 mission the county of Toulouse. 
 
 1216. Louis, son of Philip II., makes an 
 unsuccessful expedition to England. 
 
 1218. Simon de Montfort is slain while 
 besieging the city of Toulouse. 
 
 1223. Death of Philip II., accession of 
 Louis VIII. 
 
 1226. Louis VIII. revives the Albigensian 
 crusade; his death. 
 
 1226-1270. « Louis IX., king of France. 
 
 1229. Treaty of Meaux, between Raymond 
 
 VII. , count of Toulouse, and the regent, 
 Blanche of Castile, extends the royal 
 domain in the south. 
 
 1235. Blanche of Castile overcomes the 
 feudal reaction against the crown. 
 
 1242. Louis IX. defeats the English and 
 Poitevins at the battle of Saintes. 
 
 1248-1254. Louis IX. goes on the sixth, an 
 unsuccessful, crusade. 
 
 1251. Blanche of Castile suppresses the 
 Pastoureaux. 
 
 1258. By the treaty of Corbeil Louis IX. 
 exchanges land claims with James I. of 
 Aragon. 
 
 1259. Settlement of English claims on Nor- 
 mandy and Anjou by treaty of Paris. 
 
 1263. Reform of the currency and establish- 
 ment of the royal mints. 
 
 1270. Louis IX. goes to Tunis on a crusade 
 and dies in camp; accession of Philip III. 
 
 1271. Toulouse falls to the French crown. 
 
 1284. Unsuccessful expedition against 
 Aragon. 
 
 1285. Death of Philip III., and accession of 
 Philip IV. 
 
 1294. Conflicts between Norman and Eng- 
 lish sailors lead to war between England 
 and France. 
 
 1296. Trouble between Philip and Boniface 
 
 VIII. over the taxation of the French 
 
 France. 
 
 1302. Philip IV., quarreling with the pope, 
 creates the Estates General ; French feudal 
 army totally defeated by Flemings at 
 Courtrai, July 11. 
 
 1303-1304. Philip IV. wins his contest with 
 the papacy. 
 
 1309-1376. Popes reside in Avignon. 
 
 1312. Abolition of the Order of Knights 
 Templar. 
 
 1328. Louis X., Philip V., and Charles IV. 
 having died without male heirs, direct 
 Capetian line comes to an end. 
 
 France — continued. 
 
 clergy; the pope issues the bull Clericis 
 laicos. 
 
 1298. Boniface VIII. brings about peace 
 between France and England. 
 
 1299. Marriage of Edward I. and Margaret, 
 sister of Philip IV. 
 
 England. 
 
 1203. Murder of Arthur, seizure of John’s 
 fiefs in France by Philip II. 
 
 1205. Disputed election of the archbishop 
 of Canterbury. 
 
 1206. Stephen Langton elected archbishop 
 by pope ’s order. 
 
 1208. Quarrel between John and Innocent 
 III.; England under interdict; John ex- 
 communicated by the pope. 
 
 1212. Innocent deposes John. 
 
 1213. John submits and becomes a vassal of 
 the pope ; the barons present their de- 
 mands at the Council of St. Albans. 
 
 1214. John’s plans are wrecked by the 
 French victory at Bouvines, July 27. 
 
 1215. John grants Magna Cliarta, June 15. 
 
 1216. Death of John. 
 
 1216-1272. Henry III. 
 
 1217. Defeat of Louis VIII. at Lincoln; 
 confirmation of the Charter. 
 
 1219-1227. The government in the hands of 
 Hubert de Burgh. 
 
 1227. Beginning of the rule of the aliens in 
 England. 
 
 1230. Henry III. makes an expedition to 
 France. 
 
 1236. Henry III. marries Eleanor, daughter 
 of the Count of Provence. 
 
 1237. More aliens settle in England. 
 
 1244-1245. Summoning of the “parlia- 
 ments. ’ ’ 
 
 1253. The Sicilian crown is offered to Ed- 
 mund, Henry’s youngest son. 
 
 1258. The barons set up a new government; 
 the Provisions of Oxford. 
 
 1262. The king and barons agree to settle 
 their dispute by the arbitration of Louis 
 
 IX. 
 
 1264. Louis IX. decides in favor of the king 
 in the Mise of Amiens; rising of the 
 barons under Simon de Montfort ; the 
 battle of Lewes, May 14. 
 
 1265. Simon brings together the first great 
 parliament ; defeat and death of Simon 
 at Evesham, Aug. 4. 
 
 1266. Henry III. grants an amnesty and 
 confirms Magna Charta in the Dictum of 
 Kenilworth. 
 
 1272. Accession of Edward I. 
 
 1275-1290. A period of great statutes. 
 
 1275. First Statute of Westminster. 
 
 1277-1284. Edward I. carries on war 
 against the Welsh. 
 
 1278. Statute of Gloucester. 
 
 1279. Statute of Mortmain. 
 
 1283. Statute of Merchants (Acton Bur- 
 nell). 
 
 1285. Second Statute of Westminster; Stat- 
 ute of Winchester; Statute of Circum- 
 specte Agatis. 
 
 FOURTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 France — continued. 
 
 1328-1350. Philip VI. (Valois). 
 
 1338. Beginning of Hundred Years’ War. 
 
 1346. Edward III. lands in Normandy; de- 
 feats the French at Crecy, Aug. 26. 
 
 1347. Edward III. captures Calais. 
 
 1348. Outbreak of the black death. 
 
 1349. Annexation of Dauphine to France — 
 hence ‘ ‘ dauphin ’ ’ became the title of the 
 heir to the French crown. 
 
 1355-1357. Estates General meet and de- 
 mand important reforms which they em- 
 body in the “Great Ordinance.” 
 
 England — continued. 
 
 1290. Third Statute of Westminster (Quia 
 Emptores) ; the Jews are driven from 
 England. 
 
 1292. Edward I. decides the question of suc- 
 cession to the Scottish throne in favor of 
 Baliol. 
 
 1295. Meeting of the “Model Parliament.” 
 
 1296. Capture of Berwick; the Scots de- 
 feated at Dunbar, April 27 ; the Stone of 
 Scone carried to London. 
 
 1297. Wallace defeats the English at Stir- 
 ling. 
 
 1298. Edward I. invades Scotland and wins 
 the battle of Falkirk, July 22. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 1202. Zara captured by the Venetians and 
 crusaders. 
 
 1202-1204. The fourth crusade. 
 
 1204. Capture and sack of Constantinople. 
 
 1206. Jenghiz Khan, founder of the Mongol 
 Empire, begins his rule. 
 
 1212. Defeat of the Moors by the Spanish 
 Christians at the battle of Las Navas de 
 Tolosa. 
 
 1215. Conquest of northern China and cap- 
 ture of Peking by Jenghiz Khan. 
 
 1216. The pope recognizes the Order of St. 
 Dominic. 
 
 1218-1221. Conquest of Central Asia by 
 Jenghiz Khan. 
 
 1219. Carmelites constituted by the 
 patriarch of Jerusalem. 
 
 1223. Honorius establishes a fixed rule for 
 the Order of St. Francis. 
 
 1227. Death of Jenghiz Khan. 
 
 1230. The Teutonic Knights begin the con- 
 quest of Prussia. 
 
 1241. Formation of the Hanseatic League; 
 the Mongols invade Russia, Poland, and 
 Hungary; their advance into Europe 
 checked at Wahlstatt in Silesia. 
 
 1252-1282. Alfonso X., the Wise, king of 
 Castile. 
 
 1253. Founding of the Order of Austin 
 Friars. 
 
 1258. Capture of Bagdad, and overthrow of 
 the Abbasside califate by the Mongols. 
 
 1259-1294. Reign of the great Mongol 
 emperor Kublai Khan. 
 
 1261. The Latin Empire of the East ended 
 by the capture of Constantinople by 
 Michael Palasologus. 
 
 1268. Capture of Jaffa and Antioch by the 
 sultan Bibars. 
 
 1271-1295. Marco Polo’s travels in the far 
 East. 
 
 1274. Death of Thomas Aquinas. 
 
 1280. Mongol dynasty established in China 
 by Kublai Khan. 
 
 1283. Peter III. of Aragon issues the “Gen- 
 eral Privilege, ’ ’ a Spanish Magna Charta. 
 
 1288. Othman, founder of the Ottoman Em- 
 pire, began his rule. 
 
 1291. Origin of the Swiss Confederation in 
 the formation of a league between Uri, 
 Schwyz, and Unterwalden. 
 
 1294. Death of Roger Bacon. 
 
 France — o ontinued . 
 
 1356. Battle of Poitiers won by the Black 
 Prince, Sept. 19. 
 
 1357. Insurrection of the bourgeoisie of 
 Paris, led by Etienne Marcel. 
 
 1358. Peasant war, marked by horrible 
 cruelties— the Jacquerie. 
 
 1360. Peace of Bretigny (May 8) closes 
 first part of Hundred Years’ War, which 
 had thus far gone in favor of the Eng- 
 lish. 
 
 1364. Accession of Charles V., the Wise, 
 who, with the help of his general Bertrand 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHIEF EVENTS OF HISTORY 
 
 FOURTEENTH CENTURY— continued. 
 
 France — continued . 
 
 du Guesclin, wins back most of the Eng- 
 lish possessions in France. 
 
 1380. Charles VI. comes to the French 
 throne at the age of eleven. 
 
 1382. Rising of the Maillotins in Paris; 
 French defeat the Flemings at Roosebek. 
 
 1392. Charles VI. becomes insane; the dukes 
 of Burgundy and Orleans dispute for the 
 government of France. 
 
 England. 
 
 1307-1327. Edward II. 
 
 1310. To check the bad government of the 
 king and his favorite Gaveston, the Eng- 
 lish barons intrust the government to 
 twenty-one lords ordainers. 
 
 1311. New ordinances, looking to reform of 
 abuses, presented by ordainers. 
 
 1314. Scotch under Bruce win battle of 
 Bannockburn, June 24. 
 
 1321. Edward II. ’s new favorites, the 
 Despensers, exiled by Parliament. 
 
 1327. Deposition of Edward II.; Edward 
 III. comes to the throne at age of fif- 
 teen ; council of regency. 
 
 1328. Unsuccessful war with Scotland ended 
 by treaty of Northampton. 
 
 1330. Edward III. assumes actual control, 
 executes Mortimer, and imprisons the 
 queen mother. 
 
 1333. Scots are defeated at battle of Hali- 
 don Hill, July 19; Baliol restored to 
 Scottish throne. 
 
 1338. Hundred Years’ War with France 
 begins (see France). 
 
 1341. Completion of the division of Par- 
 liament into two houses. 
 
 1346. Defeat of the Scots at Neville’s Cross, 
 Oct. 17. 
 
 1349. Black death having carried off at 
 least one half of the laboring classes, the 
 Statute of Laborers is passed to regulate 
 wages. 
 
 1351. First Statute of Pro visors denies to 
 the pope the right of appointing foreign- 
 ers to English benefices. 
 
 1353. Statute of Praemunire forbidding suits 
 in foreign courts for matters cognizable 
 in England. 
 
 1366. Wyclif issues his De Dominio Divino. 
 
 1376. The Good Parliament demands punish- 
 ment of the favorites and a reformation 
 of the king ’s government. 
 
 1377-1399. Richard II. 
 
 1381. Revolt of the peasants under Wat 
 Tyler and John Ball; Wyclif denies the 
 doctrine of transubstantiation. 
 
 1382. Wyclif ’s doctrines condemned at the 
 Council of Blackfriars. 
 
 1388. The “Merciless” Parliament con- 
 demns and puts to death five of the 
 king ’s associates ; English defeated at 
 battle of Chevy Chase. 
 
 1392. Statute (second) of Praemunire de- 
 signed to check the power of the pope in 
 England. 
 
 1397. Parliament, under direct influence of 
 the king, impeaches the earls of Arundel, 
 Warwick, Nottingham, and Derby. 
 
 1398. Henry Bolingbroke banished by the 
 king. 
 
 France. 
 
 1404 Death of Philip the Bold, duke of 
 Burgundy. 
 
 1407. Louis, due d ’Orleans, assassinated by 
 the Burgundian party in Paris. 
 
 1410. Civil war breaks out between the Bur- 
 gundians and Armagnacs in France. 
 
 England — continued. 
 
 1399. Richard seizes lands of John of 
 Gaunt; goes to Ireland on expedition; 
 Bolingbroke, now duke of Lancaster, 
 lands in England and captures, deposes, 
 and imprisons Richard. 
 
 1400. Death of Chaucer. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 1308. Albert I. of Austria, after' reducing 
 the princes to obedience, is killed by his 
 nephew John (the Parricide). 
 
 1312. Henry VII. of Luxemburg interferes 
 in Italian affairs, and is crowned em- 
 peror at Rome. 
 
 1315. The Swiss defeat Leopold of Austria 
 at Morgarten, Nov. 15. 
 
 1322. Frederick the Fair defeated and taken 
 prisoner at Miihldorf, Sept. 28. 
 
 1323. Marsilius of Padua writes his “De- 
 fensor Pacis. ’ ’ 
 
 1347. Charles IV. chosen emperor in oppo- 
 sition to Lewis the Bavarian. 
 
 1348. University of Prague founded. 
 
 1355. Charles IV. crowned emperor at Rome. 
 
 1356. Charles IV. issues the Golden Bull, 
 fundamental law of the empire. 
 
 1365. University of Vienna founded by 
 Duke Rudolph IV. 
 
 1368. Second expedition of Charles IV. to 
 Italy to aid the pope against the Vis- 
 conti. 
 
 1370. Partition of Hapsburg territories be- 
 tween Albert III. and Leopold. 
 
 1373. Charles IV. acquires Brandenburg. 
 
 1376. Election of Wenzel as king of the 
 Romans ; founding of the Swabian League 
 of Cities. 
 
 1378. Death of Charles IV. and partition of 
 his dominions. 
 
 1386. Leopold of Hapsburg is defeated and 
 killed by the Swiss in the battle of Sem- 
 pach, July 9. 
 
 1389. Hapsburgs recognize by treaty the in- 
 dependence of the Swiss Confederation. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 1302. Settlement of the long Sicilian wars; 
 Frederick, brother of James II. of Ara- 
 gon, recognized as king of Sicily. 
 
 1303. Imprisonment at Anagni, and death 
 at Rome, of Boniface VIII. 
 
 1309. The popes remove to Avignon. 
 
 1311. Matteo Visconti restored to Milan 
 
 and appointed imperial vicar by Henry 
 VII. 
 
 1328. Death of Galeazzo Visconti. 
 
 1332. League of Italian states against John 
 of Bohemia. 
 
 1343. The Florentines, defeated by the 
 Pisans, intrust their government to 
 Walter de Brienne as temporary dictator. 
 
 1347. Rienzi introduces reforms in the gov- 
 ernment at Rome. 
 
 1348. Rienzi ’s character deteriorates, and he 
 goes into exile. 
 
 1350-1355. War between Genoa and Venice ; 
 Genoa successful. 
 
 1353. Innocent VI. sends Cardinal Albornoz 
 to Italy to recover the Papal States, al- 
 most lost during the residence of the 
 popes at Avignon. 
 
 1354. Rienzi returns to Rome, is used by 
 
 FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 France — continued. 
 
 1413. The Estates General pass the Ca- 
 bochian Ordinance. 
 
 1414. Defeat of the Burgundians, and treaty 
 of Arras. 
 
 1415. Henry V. of England invades France, 
 captures Harfleur, and defeats the French 
 at Agincourt, Oct. 25. 
 
 Italy — continued. 
 
 Cardinal Albornoz to further papal in- 
 terests, and is killed in a popular tumult. 
 
 1369. The Eastern emperor John V. visits 
 Rome, and agrees to a union between the 
 Greek and Latin churches. 
 
 1370. Urban V. returns to Rome from 
 Avignon. 
 
 1378. Galeazzo Visconti dies and is suc- 
 ceeded by Gian Galeazzo ; election of 
 antipope Clement VII. ; beginning of 
 the Great Schism. 
 
 1379. The Genoese seize Chioggia and 
 blockade Venice. 
 
 1380. Venice permanently triumphs over 
 Genoa. 
 
 1395. Gian Galeazzo made duke of Milan by 
 Wenzel. 
 
 1400. Ladislas, son of Charles III., finally 
 secures the crown of Naples against Louis 
 II. of Anjou. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 1307. Seljuk Empire broken up by death of 
 Aladdin III. 
 
 1309. Teutonic Order transfers its head- 
 quarters from Venice to Marienburg. 
 
 1326. Death of Osman (Othman). 
 
 1326-1359. Orkhan Ottoman ruler and con- 
 queror. 
 
 1329. The Ottoman Turks defeat the Greek 
 emperor at Pelekanon. 
 
 1332. Luzern admitted to the league of the 
 Swiss cantons. 
 
 1336. Rising in Ghent under Jacob van 
 Artevelde to restore supply of English 
 wool to Flemish looms. • 
 
 1340. Alfonso XI. of Castile defeats the 
 Moors at Rio Salado, Oct. 29. 
 
 1343. Casimir the Great of Poland concludes 
 the treaty of Kalisch with the Teutonic 
 Order. 
 
 1351. Zurich joins the Swiss league. 
 
 1352-1353. The eight old cantons of the 
 Swiss Confederation completed by the ac- 
 cession of Glarus, Zug, and Bern. 
 
 1354. Suleiman seizes Gallipoli in Thrace, 
 the first possession of the Turks on Eu- 
 ropean soil. 
 
 1359-1389. Amurath I. Ottoman ruler and 
 conqueror. 
 
 1361. Waldemar IV. captures Wisby; be- 
 ginning of war between Denmark and the 
 Hanseatic League; Turks seize Adria- 
 nople, which becomes their European 
 capital till 1453. 
 
 1368. Copenhagen captured by the Hanseatic 
 fleet ; Ming dynasty in China begins. 
 
 1370. Treaty of Stralsund puts an end to 
 Danish war; Hanseatic League at height 
 of its power. 
 
 l370(about). Timur begins his rule at 
 Samarkand. 
 
 1389. Turks win battle against the Servians 
 and allies at Kossovo ; death of Amurath 
 I. and accession of Bajazet I. 
 
 1396. Bajazet T. defeats a combined force of 
 Europeans at Nicopolis. 
 
 1397. Denmark, Norway, and Sweden united 
 by the Union of Kalmar. 
 
 1398. Conquest of a great part of India by 
 Timur. 
 
 France — continued. 
 
 1418. Burgundians overpower the Armagnacs 
 and seize Paris. 
 
 1420. Treaty of Troyes gives Henry V. the 
 regency and succession in France. 
 
 1422-1461. Charles VII. king of France. 
 
 1428. Siege of Orleans by English and Bur- 
 gundians. 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHIEF EVENTS OF HISTORY 
 
 FIFTEENTH C E N T U R Y— continued. 
 
 France — continued . 
 
 1429. Joan of Arc raises siege of Orleans; 
 Charles VII. crowned at Rheims. 
 
 1431. Trial and execution of Joan of Arc. 
 
 1435. Treaty of Arras between Charles VII. 
 and Philip of Burgundy. 
 
 1436. English lose Paris. 
 
 1439. Estates General adopt the “Great 
 Ordinance, ’ ’ which provides for a stand- 
 ing army to be supported by the taille. 
 
 1440. Insurrection of the nobles and Dau- 
 phin — the Praguerie. 
 
 1453. End of Hundred Years’ War; English 
 lose all their possessions in France except 
 Calais. 
 
 1461-1483. Louis XI. 
 
 1465. French nobles and Charles the Bold 
 form the League of Public Weal against 
 Louis XI., who is forced into the treaty 
 of Conflans. 
 
 1468. Interview at Peronne between Louis 
 XI. and Charles the Bold; treaty of Pe- 
 ronne. 
 
 1469. Charles the Bold obtains Alsace and 
 the Breisgau from Sigismund of Tyrol. 
 
 1474^-1476. War between the Swiss and 
 Charles the Bold. 
 
 1477. Charles the Bold killed at Nancy; 
 Louis XI. seizes most of the Burgundian 
 possessions. 
 
 1483. Accession of Charles VIII.; regency of 
 Anne of Beaujeu. 
 
 1494. Charles VIII., asserting his claim to 
 Naples, invades Italy. 
 
 1498. Louis XII. becomes king of France. 
 
 1499. Louis XII. conquers Milan. 
 
 England. 
 
 1401. Statute of Heresy, persecution of the 
 Lollards. 
 
 1403. Defeat of Hotspur and his fellow- 
 conspirators at Shrewsbury. 
 
 1413-1422. Henry V. renews the Hundred 
 Years’ War (see France). 
 
 1422. Henry VI. only nine months old on his 
 father’s death; the Duke of Gloucester 
 made protector in England ; Duke of Bed- 
 ford, regent, carries on war in France. 
 
 1450. Suffolk, charged with failure of the 
 war in France, is impeached by Com- 
 mons; Jack Cade’s Rebellion. 
 
 1453. Henry VI. becomes insane; struggle 
 for power between York and Somerset. 
 
 1455. First battle of the War of the Roses 
 fought at St. Albans; Somerset slain. 
 
 1459. The Lancastrians again defeated at 
 Blore Heath. 
 
 1460. Lancastrians defeated at Northamp- 
 ton ; Queen Margaret and Prince Edward 
 win battle of Wakefield, Dec. 31; York 
 killed. 
 
 1461. At Mortimer’s Cross the Lancastrians 
 are defeated by Edward, earl of March, 
 Feb. 2; the Yorkists, under Warwick, are 
 in turn defeated at the second battle of 
 St. Albans, Feb. 17 ; Edward of York is 
 proclaimed king at London; Warwick 
 defeats the Lancastrians at Towton, 
 March 29. 
 
 1470. Break between Edward IV. and War- 
 wick, who changes sides. 
 
 1471. The Lancastrians, under Warwick, 
 beaten at Barnet, April 14; defeat and 
 capture of Margaret at Tewkesbury, May 
 4; death of Henry VI. 
 
 1474? First book printed in English (at 
 Cologne? or Bruges?). 
 
 1475. English invasion of France to help the 
 Burgundians. 
 
 1477. Caxton establishes a printing-press at 
 Westminster. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 1 509. Erasmus writes his “ Praise of Folly. ’ ’ 
 1515. The “Letters of Obscure Men’’ ap- 
 pears. 
 
 England — continued. 
 
 1482. War with Scotland; Berwick surren- 
 dered to English. 
 
 1483. Richard III. becomes king; murder of 
 the princes in the Tower. 
 
 1485. Richard III. slain at Bosworth Field; 
 Richmond proclaimed king as Henry VII. 
 
 1486. Henry VII. marries Elizabeth of York. 
 
 1487. The conspiracy of Lambert Simnel 
 (pretended Earl of Warwick) is sup- 
 pressed; Court of Star Chamber estab- 
 lished. 
 
 1492-1499. Perkin Warbeck impersonates 
 Richard, Duke of York, son of Edward 
 IV.; his cause upheld by Margaret of 
 Burgundy and by Scotland; captured and 
 executed. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 1401. Rupert III. makes war on Milan, and 
 is defeated at Brescia. 
 
 1409. Troubles at Prague cause German stu- 
 dents and professors to leave and go to 
 Leipsic, where Frederick the Warlike 
 founds a university. 
 
 1410. Three rival emperors (Wenceslaus, 
 Sigismund, and Jodocus), and three rival 
 popes (Benedict XIII., Gregory XII., 
 and John XXIII.). 
 
 1414. Frederick of Hohenzollern gets Bran- 
 denburg from Sigismund. 
 
 1414-1418. Council of Constance called to 
 heal the schism and suppress heresy. 
 
 1415. John Huss put to death by Council of 
 Constance. 
 
 1416. Jerome of Prague put to death by 
 Council of Constance. 
 
 1417. Election of Martin V. ends the schism. 
 
 1418. Council of Constance, after passing 
 the decree Frequens, is dissolved. 
 
 1419-1434. Hussite war; Bohemians, led 
 by John Ziska, are successful against the 
 imperial troops. 
 
 1431. Meeting of the Council of Basel. 
 
 1437. Council transferred to Ferrara. 
 
 1438. Albert II., a Hapsburg, elected em- 
 peror. 
 
 1439? Invention of printing by John 
 Gutenberg. 
 
 1448. Frederick III. and Pope Nicholas V. 
 agree to concordat of Vienna. 
 
 1453. Austria becomes an archduchy. 
 
 1466. By the (second) treaty of Thorn, 
 West Prussia is ceded to Poland and 
 East Prussia retained by Teutonic Order 
 as a Polish fief. 
 
 1477. Maximilian of Austria marries Mary, 
 daughter of Charles the Bold. 
 
 1486. Division of the Hohenzollerns into the 
 Brandenburg and the Franconian lines ; 
 election of Maximilian as king of the 
 Romans. 
 
 1491. By the treaty of Pressburg Maximilian 
 recovers the Austrian territories con- 
 quered by Matthias Corvinus. 
 
 1493. On the death of Frederick III., Maxi- 
 milian I. unites all the Hapsburg posses- 
 sions. 
 
 1496. Marriage of Philip, Maximilian ’s son, 
 with Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and 
 Isabella. 
 
 1499. Maximilian I. makes war on the Swiss 
 cantons. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 1402. Gian Galeazzo Visconti, after having 
 made Milan the strongest state in north- 
 ern Italy, dies. 
 
 1404. Milan and Venice unite against Fran- 
 cesco Carrara. 
 
 SIXTEENTH CENTURY; 
 
 Germany — continued. 
 
 1517. Luther posts his theses attacking 
 abuses connected with the sale of in- 
 dulgences, Oct. 31. 
 
 Italy — continued. 
 
 1405. Venice establishes her dominion in 
 eastern Lombardy by the acquisition of 
 Verona and Padua. 
 
 1409. Council of Pisa called to heal the 
 schism; three popes at once. 
 
 1411. Ladislas of Naples, having occupied 
 Rome, is driven out and defeated by a 
 combined papal and Angevin army at 
 Roccasecca. 
 
 1413. Ladislas drives John XXIII. from 
 Rome. 
 
 1414. Ladislas dies. 
 
 1423. Francesco Foscari becomes doge of 
 Venice. 
 
 1426. Venice and Florence join in open war 
 against Milan. 
 
 1427. Venice wrests Brescia and Bergamo 
 from Milan. 
 
 1431. Venetian reverses in the war with 
 Milan. 
 
 1434. Medicean supremacy established in 
 Florence. 
 
 1441. Peace between Venice and Milan; 
 Venice keeps Brescia and Bergamo. 
 
 1450. Francesco Sforza makes himself mas- 
 ter of Milan. 
 
 1454. By the peace of Lodi, with Milan, 
 Venice resigns her recent acquisitions. 
 
 1463-1479. Venice in a sixteen years’ war 
 with the Turks loses many of her East- 
 ern possessions, but retains her Levant 
 trade and her quarter in Constantinople 
 by payment of yearly tribute. 
 
 1482. Venice and Sixtus IV. join in alliance 
 against Ferrara. 
 
 1488. Venice acquires Cyprus. 
 
 1492. Death of Lorenzo de’ Medici. 
 
 1494. Expulsion of the Medici from Flor- 
 ence, and the restoration of republican 
 government. 
 
 1498. Savonarola, preacher, reformer, real 
 ruler of Florence for two years, is con- 
 demned as a heretic and executed. 
 
 1500. Csesar Borgia conquers Romagna. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 1402. Constantinople saved by the defeat 
 of the Turks by Timur at Ancyra (An- 
 gora). 
 
 1410. Poland defeats the Teutonic Knights 
 at Tannenberg. 
 
 1411. Peace of Thorn between Poland and 
 the Teutonic Order. 
 
 1413. Revival of Ottoman power under 
 Mohammed I. 
 
 1453. Constantinople is captured by the 
 Turks. 
 
 1456. Mohammed II. repulsed from Bel- 
 4 grad. 
 
 1458. Servia conquered by the Turks. 
 
 1460. Turkish conquest of the Morea; death 
 of Prince Henry the Navigator. 
 
 1468. Death of Scanderbeg, defender of 
 Albania against the Turks. 
 
 1469. Union of Castile and Aragon through 
 the marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand. 
 
 1486. Bartholomeu Dias rounds the Cape of 
 Good Hope. 
 
 1492. Discovery of America by Columbus. 
 
 1493. Alexander VI., by a papal bull, di- 
 vides the new world between Spain and 
 Portugal. 
 
 1498. Vasco da Gama reaches India. 
 
 1500. A treaty for the partition of Italy 
 arranged at Granada between Ferdinand 
 and Louis XII., Nov. 11. 
 
 Germany — continued. 
 
 1519. Disputation at Leipsic between Eclt 
 and Luther; imperial election. 
 
 1520. Bull of excommunication issued 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHIEF EVENTS OF HISTORY 
 
 SIXTEENTH CENTURY— continued. 
 
 Germany — continued. 
 
 against Luther by Leo X. ; Luther 
 writes “Address to the German Nobil- 
 ity ’ ’ and publicly burns the pope ’s bull. 
 
 1521. Diet of Worms condemns Luther’s 
 books and doctrines in April. 
 
 1521-1525. War with Francis I. hinders 
 Charles V. from carrying out edict of the 
 Diet of Worms. 
 
 1524. Peasants revolt and draw up their 
 Twelve Articles. 
 
 1526. First Diet of Speyer; renewal of war 
 between Charles and Francis. 
 
 1527. Rome captured and sacked by the 
 Constable of Bourbon. 
 
 1529. Second Diet of Speyer reaffirms edict 
 of Diet of Worms ; minority of nobles 
 protest— hence the name of “Protes- 
 tants ’ ’ ; Turks besiege Vienna. 
 
 1530. Augsburg Confession drawn up by 
 Melanehthon. 
 
 1531. Protestant princes and cities unite in 
 the League of Schmalkalden (Smalkald). 
 
 1532. Religious toleration secured to the 
 Protestants by peace of Nuremberg. 
 
 1545- 1563. Reform movement within the 
 Catholic Church finds expression in the 
 Council of Trent, Dec. 13, 1545-Dec. 4, 
 1663, which Protestants do not attend ; 
 the council condemns the principal doc- 
 trines of the Reformation. 
 
 1546. Death of Luther, Feb. 18. 
 
 1546- 47. Schmalkaldic War between Charles 
 V. and the Protestant nobles. 
 
 1551. Maurice of Saxony turns against 
 Charles V. 
 
 1552. Treaty of Passau allows free exercise 
 of religion to the Lutherans, July 16. 
 
 1555. Peace of Augsburg, an elaborate 
 though ineffectual attempt to settle dis- 
 pute between Catholics and Protestants 
 and to prevent future trouble, Sept. 25. 
 
 1556. Abdication of Charles V.; Hapsburg 
 possessions divided between Philip II. 
 and Ferdinand I. 
 
 1564-1576. Protestants lose ground during 
 reign of Maximilian II. 
 
 France. 
 
 1501-1504. French and Spaniards conquer 
 Naples, disagree and fight; French de- 
 feated. 
 
 1508. France, Spain, Germany, and Julius 
 II. form League of Cambray against 
 Venice, Dec. 10. 
 
 1511. Julius II., Germany, Spain, and Eng- 
 land form the ‘ ‘ Holy League ’ ’ against 
 Louis XII. 
 
 1513. French driven from Italy; Le Fevre 
 publishes his exposition and translation 
 of the Pauline epistles. 
 
 1515. Francis I. wins battle of Melegnano, 
 Sept. 13 and 14, and recovers Milan. 
 
 1525. At battle of Pavia Francis I. is taken 
 prisoner, Feb. 24. 
 
 1526. Treaty of Madrid between Charles V. 
 and Francis I., Jan. 14; Clement VII. 
 and Francis I. form a league against the 
 emperor. 
 
 1529. Peace of Cambray (the “Ladies’ 
 Peace’’) between Francis I. and Charles 
 V., Aug. 5. 
 
 1535. Violent persecution of French Protes- 
 tants. 
 
 1536. Calvin leaves France. 
 
 1552. Henry II. furnishes money to the 
 German Protestant princes, and is al- 
 lowed to take possession of Metz, Toul, 
 and Verdun. 
 
 1559. Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis estab- 
 lishes peace between France and Spain, 
 April 2-3. 
 
 1560. Conspiracy of Amboise, an attempt to 
 
 France — continued. 
 
 overthrow the Guises and put the Bour- 
 bons in power. 
 
 1562. Massacre of Huguenots at Vassy, 
 March 1, and beginning of religious civil 
 wars. 
 
 1570. Peace of St. Germain, Aug. 8, in- 
 troduces practice of giving to Protes- 
 tants cities of refuge. 
 
 1572. Massacre of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 
 23-24; death of Coligny, Aug. 24. 
 
 1585-1589. War of the three Henrys 
 (Henry III., Henry of Guise, Henry of 
 Navarre). 
 
 1589. Assassination of Henry III., Aug. 2, 
 brings Valois line to an end; accession 
 of Henry of Navarre as Henry IV. 
 
 1598. Edict of Nantes, April 13, gives 
 toleration to Huguenots throughout all 
 France. 
 
 England. 
 
 1502. Marriage of Margaret, daughter of 
 Henry VII., with James IV. of Scotland. 
 
 1509-1547. Henry VIII. 
 
 1512. St. Paul’s School is founded by John 
 Colet. 
 
 1513. Scots are defeated and James IV. 
 killed at Flodden Field, Sept. 9. 
 
 1515. Wolsey cardinal and chancellor. 
 
 1516. Sir Thomas More writes “Utopia.’’ 
 
 1520. Meeting of Henry VIII. and Francis 
 I. on the ‘ ‘ Field of the Cloth of Gold. ’ ’ 
 
 1521. Henry VIII. writes a pamphlet 
 against Luther, and receives from Pope 
 Leo X. the title of ‘ ‘ Defender of the 
 Faith.’’ 
 
 1527-1529. Henry VIII. seeks divorce from 
 Catherine of Aragon. 
 
 1530. Disgrace and death (Nov. 29) of 
 Wolsey. 
 
 1534. The Act of Supremacy makes the king 
 head of the church in England. 
 
 1536-1539. Dissolution of the monasteries 
 and confiscation of their property. 
 
 1539. Parliament passes the Six Articles 
 Act defining heresy. 
 
 1542. Ireland raised to the rank of a king- 
 dom. 
 
 1547. Accession of Edward VI.; Parlia- 
 
 ment abolishes the Six Articles. 
 
 1549. Parliament passes the first Act of 
 Uniformity and introduces the first Book 
 of Common Prayer ; Kent ’s Rebellion, 
 social and economic in character. 
 
 1553-1558. Mary I. 
 
 1554. Suppression of Wyatt’s Rebellion, 
 February; execution of Lady Jane Grey, 
 Feb. 12 ; marriage of Mary and Philip of 
 Spain, July 25. 
 
 1555. Persecution of Protestants. 
 
 15^8. Loss of Calais. 
 
 1558-1603. Elizabeth. 
 
 1559. Parliament again passes an Act of 
 Supremacy and an Act of Uniformity; 
 first Court of High Commission estab- 
 lished. 
 
 1563. Adoption of the Thirty-nine Articles, 
 and completion of the establishment of 
 the Anglican Church. 
 
 1568. Mary Queen of Scots, compelled to 
 abdicate (July, 1567), comes to England. 
 
 1569-1586. Catholic plots to remove Eliza- 
 beth and put Mary on English throne. 
 
 1587. Execution of Mary Queen of Scots, 
 Feb. 8. 
 
 1589 (about). Puritans make violent at- 
 tacks on the bishops in the “Martin 
 Marprelate ’ ’ controversy. 
 
 1593. Parliament passes a statute against 
 the Puritans. 
 
 1595. Violent persecution of the separatists. 
 
 1600. East India Company chartered, Dec. 31. 
 
 Spain and the Netherlands. 
 
 1504. Ferdinand regent, Nov. 4. 
 
 1506. Treaty of Villafafila gives Philip the 
 regency of Spain. 
 
 1516. Accession of Charles I. 
 
 1539. Charles V. suppresses the liberties of 
 Castile. 
 
 1555. The Netherlands formally resigned by 
 Charles V. to his son Philip. 
 
 1556. Philip II. becomes king of Spain on 
 abdication of Charles V. 
 
 1559. Margaret of Parma made regent of 
 the Netherlands. 
 
 1564. Opposition to Granvella causes his 
 recall; Philip II. orders the decrees of 
 the Council of Trent to be carried out in 
 the Netherlands. 
 
 1567. Alva is sent to the Netherlands. 
 
 1568. William of Orange proclaimed an 
 outlaw ; death of Egmont and Hoorn, 
 June 5. 
 
 1571. Don John of Austria defeats the 
 Turks at Lepanto, Oct. 7. 
 
 1572. The “Sea Beggars” capture Brielle 
 and Flushing. 
 
 1573. Alva recalled from the Netherlands at 
 his own request. 
 
 1576. By the pacification of Ghent, Nov. 8, 
 all the provinces unite to drive the Span- 
 ish soldiers out of the Netherlands. 
 
 1578. Alexander of Parma takes control of 
 the Netherlands. 
 
 1579. The seven northern provinces proclaim 
 their independence of Spain in the Union 
 of Utrecht. 
 
 1584. Assassination of William of Orange, 
 July 10. 
 
 1588. Destruction of the Spanish Armada, 
 August. 
 
 1590. Philip II. suppresses the liberties of 
 Aragon. 
 
 Switzerland. 
 
 1518. Zwingli comes to Zurich. 
 
 1525. Monasteries suppressed in Zurich, 
 which becomes Protestant. 
 
 1527. Anabaptists persecuted in Zurich. 
 
 1531. Death of Zwingli at the battle of 
 Kappel, Oct. 11. 
 
 1535. Council of Two Hundred, Aug. 27, 
 forbids the mass in Geneva. 
 
 1536. Calvin issues his “Institutes of the 
 Christian Religion. ’ ’ 
 
 1538. Calvin and Farel banished from 
 Geneva. 
 
 1541. Calvin returns to Geneva and remod- 
 els Genevan worship and government. 
 
 1553. Execution of Servetus, Oct. 27. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 (See France and Germany.) 
 
 1503. Death of Pope Alexander VI., Aug. 
 18, and election of Julius II. 
 
 1512. The Medici restored to Florence. 
 
 1516. Leo X. and Francis I. make a con- 
 cordat which gives them control of the 
 French church, Aug. 18. 
 
 1527. The Medici again expelled from 
 Florence. 
 
 1528. Genoa, under its doge Andrea Doria, 
 frees itself from French supremacy. 
 
 1537. Cosimo de’ Medici becomes duke of 
 Florence. 
 
 1540. Society of Jesuits constituted an or- 
 der by Paul III. 
 
 1569. Pius V. creates Cosimo de’ Medici 
 grand duke of Tuscany. 
 
 1572^-1585. Pontificate of Gregory XIII., 
 who revised the calendar. 
 
 America. 
 
 1502. Last voyage of Columbus. 
 
 1513. Ponce de Leon discovers Florida, 
 March 27 ; discovery of the Pacific Ocean 
 by Balboa, Sept. 25. 
 
 1519-1521. Conquest of Mexico by Cortes. 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHIEF EVENTS OF HISTORY 
 
 SIXTEENTH C E N T U R Y— continued. 
 
 America — continued. 
 
 1521. City of Mexico surrenders, Aug. 13 
 or Aug. 15. 
 
 1531-1535. Pizarro conquers Peru. 
 
 1534. Cartier explores the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 1539-1542. De Soto makes an expedition 
 through Florida to the Mississippi. 
 
 1541-1542. Third expedition of Cartier to 
 Canada. 
 
 1557-1564. Attempts of Coligny to found 
 a Huguenot settlement in America. 
 
 1576-1578. Voyages of Martin Frobisher 
 in search of a northwest passage. 
 
 1585. Colony of 180 persons under Sir 
 Richard Grenville sent to Roanoke Island. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 1510. Permanent settlement of the Por- 
 tuguese at Goa, India. 
 
 1520-1566. Reign of Solyman the Mag- 
 nificent, who raises the Ottoman Empire 
 to its highest point of power. 
 
 1523. Gustavus Vasa becomes king of 
 Sweden, June 6. 
 
 1526. Turks defeat Hungarians at Mohacs, 
 Aug. 29; Baber, founder of the Mogul 
 Empire in India, conquers the Sultan of 
 Delhi at Panipat. 
 
 Miscellaneous— continued. 
 
 1540. Solyman forces the Venetians to sur- 
 render their fortresses in the Morea; 
 Greece subjected to Ottoman rule. 
 
 1556. Akbar, Mogul emperor of India, be- 
 gins his reign. 
 
 1565. Knights of Malta repulse a Turkish 
 attack. 
 
 1571. Venice surrenders Cyprus to the 
 Turks. 
 
 1598. Extinction of the house of Ruric in 
 Russia. 
 
 1600. East India Company chartered, Dec. 
 31. 
 
 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 France. 
 
 1610. Henry IV., on the eve of a war with 
 the Hapsburgs, is assassinated, May 14; 
 accession of Louis XIII.; Maria de’ Me- 
 dici becomes regent, May 14. 
 
 1614. Last meeting of the Estates General 
 till the time of the French Revolution. 
 
 1617. Murder of Concini, April 14, and rise 
 to power of De Luynes. 
 
 1620. Uprising of the Huguenots. 
 
 1624. Richelieu takes up the control of pub- 
 lic affairs. 
 
 1625. Revolt of the Huguenots while Riche- 
 lieu is in the midst of the difficulties of 
 the Valtelline question. 
 
 1627-1628. Siege and capture of La Ro- 
 chelle, Aug. 10, 1627-Oct. 28, 1628. 
 
 1629. Edict of Alais deprives Huguenots of 
 their political privileges. 
 
 1630. Failure of Richelieu’s enemies to over- 
 throw him ; the ‘ 1 Day of Dupes, ’ ’ NoV. 11. 
 
 1635. Founding of the French Academy, 
 Jan. 2; French begin to take an active 
 part in Thirty Years’ War. 
 
 1642. Conspiracy of Cinq-Mars; death of 
 Richelieu, Dec. 4. 
 
 1643. Accession of Louis XIV., five years 
 old, May 14; Anne of Austria regent; 
 Mazarin made minister. 
 
 1648. By treaty of Westphalia, Get. 24, 
 France gets control of the upper Rhine 
 valley. 
 
 1648-1653. Armed opposition to Anne and 
 Mazarin — the “Fronde.” 
 
 1659. War with Spain is ended by peace of 
 the Pyrenees, concluded Nov.; France 
 gets territorial concessions. 
 
 1661. Louis XIV. takes government into his 
 own hands on death of Mazarin, March 9. 
 
 1662. Colbert becomes controller-general of 
 the finances. 
 
 1667-1668. War of Devolution over Spanish 
 Netherlands. 
 
 1668. Triple Alliance (England, Holland, 
 Sweden) induces Louis to sign the peace 
 of Aix-la-Chapelle, May 2. 
 
 1672-1678. War with Holland, ended by 
 peace of Nimwegen, Aug. 10. 
 
 1681. Louis seizes Strasburg, Sept. 30. 
 
 1685. Edict of Nantes is revoked, Oct. 22, 
 and Huguenots emigrate from France. 
 
 1686. League of Augsburg is formed, July 9, 
 to resist the aggressions of Louis XIV. 
 
 1688-1697. War of the Palatinate, France 
 against a European coalition, indecisive, 
 and ended by the peace of Ryswick, Sept. 
 21, 1697 (merely a truce). 
 
 1700. Louis XIV. accepts the Spanish crown 
 for his grandson, Philip of Anjou 
 (Philip V.). 
 
 Germany. 
 
 1607-1609. Religious-political quarrel at 
 Donauworth ; formation of the Protestant 
 Union and the Catholic League. 
 
 Germany — continued. 
 
 1609. Contest of the Jlilich succession; Ru- 
 dolph II. gives a royal charter to the 
 Bohemians, permitting free exercise of 
 religion. 
 
 1618. Prussia falls to Brandenburg by in- 
 heritance; outbreak of the Thirty Years’ 
 War in Bohemia, May. 
 
 1619. Election of Frederick V. of the Palat- 
 inate as king of Bohemia; crowned Oct. 
 25. 
 
 1620. Frederick is defeated in battle on the 
 White Hill, Nov. 8. 
 
 1623. Frederick loses his electoral vote, 
 which is given to Maximilian of Bavaria. 
 
 1625-1629. Danish period of the war. 
 
 1626. Wallenstein defeats Mansfeld at the 
 bridge of Dessau, April 25 ; Christian IV. 
 is overthrown by Tilly at Lutter, Aug. 27. 
 
 1628. Wallenstein unsuccessfully besieges 
 Stralsund. 
 
 1629. Edict of Restitution, March 6, restores 
 confiscated ecclesiastical estates to the 
 Catholics; peace of Liibeck, May, 1629, 
 brings to an end the war between Chris- 
 tian IV. and the emperor. 
 
 1630. Dismissal of Wallenstein ; Swedish 
 period of the war begins; Gustavus Adol- 
 phus lands in Pomerania, July 4. 
 
 1631. Tilly storms Magdeburg, May 20, and 
 is later defeated by Gustavus at Breiten- 
 feld, Sept. 17. 
 
 1632. Tilly dies, April 30; Wallenstein is 
 recalled to command ; Gustavus, vic- 
 torious, is killed at battle of Liitzen, Nov. 
 16. 
 
 1634. Murder of Wallenstein, Feb. 25; 
 Swedes are defeated at Nordlingen, Aug. 
 27 (O. S.). 
 
 1635. Signing of the peace of Prague, May 
 30. 
 
 1635-1648. French period of the war. 
 
 1636. Swedes defeat the imperialists and 
 Saxons at Wittstock, Sept. 24. 
 
 1640-1688. Frederick William of Branden- 
 burg, the Great Elector. 
 
 1642. Defeat of the imperial army at Leip- 
 sic, Oct. 23 (O. S.). 
 
 1648. Peace of Westphalia, Oct. 24, ends the 
 war. 
 
 1657. Prussia is freed from Polish suzer- 
 ainty. 
 
 1675. The Great Elector defeats the Swedes 
 at Fehrbellin, June 18 (28, N. S.). 
 
 1683. Vienna is besieged by the Turks, who 
 are repulsed Sept. 12. 
 
 England. 
 
 1603. .Tames I. is crowned king, July 25. 
 
 1604. Conference between bishops and Puri- 
 tans at Hampton Court, Jan. 14, 16, and 
 18. 
 
 1605. Gunpowder Plot; arrest of Guy 
 Fawkes, Nov. 4. 
 
 1606. Incorporation of Plymouth and Lon- 
 don Companies. 
 
 England — continued. 
 
 1624. Failure of the Spanish marriage 
 scheme. 
 
 1625. Accession of Charles I., March 27 ; 
 his marriage with Henrietta Maria of 
 France. 
 
 1626. Buckingham impeached, May. 
 
 1628. Parliament passes the Petition of 
 
 Right, June 7. 
 
 1629-1640. Charles governs without a Par- 
 liament. 
 
 1637-1638. Trial of John Hampden for 
 refusing to pay ship-money. 
 
 1640. Long Parliament meets, Nov. 3, and 
 impeaches Strafford, Nov. 11, and Laud, 
 Dec. 18; Court of Star Chamber abol- 
 ished. 
 
 1641. Court of High Commission abolished; 
 the Grand Remonstrance presented to the 
 king, Dec. 1. 
 
 1642. Civil war between Charles and Par- 
 liament ; battle of Edgehill, Oct. 23. 
 
 1643. Parliament makes the Solemn League 
 and Covenant with the Scotch Presby- 
 terians, Sept. 25. 
 
 1644. Cromwell wins the battle of Marston 
 Moor, July 2. 
 
 1645. Fairfax and Cromwell win the battle 
 of Naseby, June 14. 
 
 1647. Useless negotiations between Charles 
 and the army. 
 
 1648. Cromwell defeats the Scots at Preston, 
 Aug. 17-20; Presbyterian members forci- 
 bly excluded from Parliament, “Pride’s 
 Purge, ’ ’ Dec. 6 ; the Rump Parliament, 
 Dec. 
 
 1649. Charles is tried, Jan. 20-27, and exe- 
 cuted, Jan. 30; a republic proclaimed. 
 
 1650. Scots are defeated by Cromwell at 
 Dunbar, Sept. 3. 
 
 1651. Royalists defeated by Cromwell at 
 Worcester, Sept. 3. First Navigation Act. 
 
 1652-1654. War with the Dutch. 
 
 1653. Cromwell becomes Lord Protector. 
 
 1660. Restoration of the Stuarts; Charles II. 
 called back to England; proclaimed king, 
 May 8. 
 
 1665. Renewal of the war with Holland. 
 
 1666. Great Fire of London, Sept. 2-6. 
 
 1667. Fall of Clarendon. 
 
 1673. Withdrawal of the Act of Indulgence 
 and passage of the Test Act. 
 
 1677. Marriage of Princess Mary to Wil- 
 liam of Orange, Nov. 4. 
 
 1678. Scare produced by Titus Oates ’s tales 
 of a Roman Catholic conspiracy. 
 
 1679. Habeas Corpus Act. 
 
 1683. Plot to assassinate the king, Rye 
 House Plot. 
 
 1685. Accession of James II.; Monmouth 
 defeated at Sedgemoor, July 6; rebels 
 punished by Jeffreys; the “Bloody As- 
 sizes. ’ ’ 
 
 1688. James’s Catholic tendencies and acts 
 favoring the Catholics lead to the invita- 
 tion to William of Orange to come to 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHIEF EVENTS OF HISTORY 
 
 SEVENTEENTH C E N T U R Y— continued. 
 
 America — continued. 
 
 1645. Rebellion of Claiborne and Ingle in 
 Maryland. 
 
 1652. Massachusetts obtained possession of 
 Maine. 
 
 1655. Stuyvesant. seizes Swedish forts on the 
 Delaware; New Sweden annexed to New 
 Netherlands. 
 
 1664. New Amsterdam, surrendered to the 
 English, Sept. 8, becomes New York. 
 
 1669-1687. La Salle explores the West. 
 
 1673. Marquette and Joliet descend the Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 1675-1676. Rising of the Indians against 
 the New England colonists, King Philip ’s 
 War. 
 
 1680. Foundation of Charleston in South 
 Carolina. 
 
 1682. William Penn establishes a colony at 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 1688. Tyranny of Andros in Massachusetts. 
 
 1689-1697. King William’s War between 
 the French and English. 
 
 1692. Witchcraft persecutions at Salem. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 1603. Tokugawa dynasty of shoguns in 
 Japan begins. 
 
 1605. Death of Akbar, Oct. 13. 
 
 Miscellaneous — continued. 
 
 1613. Michael Romanoff becomes Czar of 
 Russia. 
 
 1633. Galileo forced to abjure the Coper- 
 nican system by the Inquisition. 
 
 1638. Japan excludes foreigners and period 
 of isolation begins; massacre of native 
 Christians. 
 
 1640. Portugal secures its independence. 
 
 1644. Manchu dynasty in China begins. 
 
 1645. Beginning of a twenty-five years’ war 
 between Venice and Turkey. 
 
 1657. Rise of the Mahratta power in India 
 under Sivaji. 
 
 1657-1658. War between Sweden and Den- 
 mark. 
 
 1658. Aurung-Zeb begins his reign in India. 
 
 1669. Venice cedes Candia to the Turks, 
 
 Sept. 16. 
 
 1672-1676. War between Turkey and 
 Poland. 
 
 1682. Accession of Peter the Great to the 
 Russian throne. 
 
 1697. Eugene of Savoy annihilates the 
 Turkish army at Zenta, Sept. 11. 
 
 1699. Treaty of Carlowitz, Jan. 26, seriously 
 diminishes the Turkish power. 
 
 1700. Russian army defeated at Narva by 
 Charles XII. of Sweden, Nov. 30. 
 
 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 England — continued. 
 
 England; landing of William, Nov. 5, 
 and flight of James, Dec. 22. 
 
 1689. Accession of William III. and Mary 
 II., Feb. 13; passing of the Bill of 
 Rights. 
 
 1690. James II. defeated at the battle of 
 the Boyne, July 1. 
 
 1693. Beginning of the National Debt. 
 
 1694. Founding of the Bank of England. 
 
 America. 
 
 1604. Settlement (of the French) at Port 
 Royal in Nova Scotia. 
 
 1607. English colony at Jamestown, May 13. 
 
 1608. Champlain founds Quebec. 
 
 1619. Introduction of negro slavery into 
 Virginia. 
 
 1620. Pilgrims land at Plymouth, Dee. 21. 
 1626. Peter Minuit founds the (Dutch) set- 
 tlement of New Amsterdam on Manhat- 
 tan Island. 
 
 1630. Settlement at Boston. 
 
 1634. First settlement in Maryland. 
 
 1636. Roger Williams founds Providence. 
 
 Harvard College founded. 
 
 1638. New Haven colony founded. 
 
 1643. Creation of the United Colonies of 
 New England. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 1701. Act of Settlement settles the crown 
 on Sophia of Hanover and her descen- 
 dants; beginning of War of the Spanish 
 Succession. 
 
 1702-1714. Anne. 
 
 1704. Marlborough wins the battle of Blen- 
 heim, Aug. 13; capture of Gibraltar by 
 the English. 
 
 1707. Union of England and Scotland; adop- 
 tion of the Union Jack as the national 
 flag. 
 
 1713. Peace of Utrecht, April 11, confirms 
 Protestant succession in England, makes 
 permanent the separation of the crowns 
 of France and Spain, and gives to Eng- 
 land large territorial additions. 
 
 1714-1727. George I. 
 
 1716. Act creating septennial instead of 
 triennial parliaments. 
 
 1720. Bursting of the “South Sea Bubble,’’ 
 financial panic. 
 
 1721. Beginning of Walpole’s ministry. 
 
 1727-1760. George II. 
 
 1729. Gibraltar ceded to England by Spain. 
 
 1733. John Kay invents the flying shuttle. 
 
 1739- 1748. War with Spain, the “War of 
 Jenkins ’s Ear. ’ ’ 
 
 1740- 1748. England takes sides with Aus- 
 tria in War of Austrian Succession. 
 
 1742. Fall of Walpole. 
 
 1745. Saxe defeats Cumberland at Fon- 
 tenoy, May 11; rising of Charles Edward, 
 the Young Pretender. 
 
 1746. Cumberland defeats the Pretender at 
 Culloden, April 27. 
 
 1749. Founding of the Ohio Company. 
 
 1754r-1763. War between England and 
 France in Europe, India, and America. 
 
 1757. Pitt becomes leader in the cabinet. 
 
 1763. Peace of Paris, Feb. 10, by which 
 Great Britain comes into full control in 
 America and India, and assumes colonial 
 leadership. 
 
 1763-1774. Prosecution of John Wilkes 
 shows the power of English public 
 opinion. 
 
 1764. Hargreaves invents the spinning-jenny. 
 
 1765. Passage of the Stamp Act, March 22; 
 steam-engine invented by Watt. 
 
 1767. Townshend Revenue Act, June 29; 
 Lord North becomes chancellor of the 
 exchequer, Oct. 
 
 Great Britain — continued. 
 
 1775. Outbreak of the war of the American 
 Revolution, battle of Lexington, April 19. 
 
 1779. Crompton invents the spinning- 
 ‘ ‘ mule. ’ ’ 
 
 1780. Armed Neutrality League against 
 Great Britain to resist the right of 
 search ; Rodney defeats the Spaniards off 
 Cape St. Vincent, Jan. 16; Lord George 
 Gordon riots, June. 
 
 1783. William Pitt the younger becomes 
 prime minister, Dec. 
 
 1785. Cartwright invents his weaving-ma- 
 chine. 
 
 1787. Impeachment of Warren Hastings. 
 
 1788. Trial of Warren Hastings, Feb. 13 
 (acquitted Apr. 23, 1795). 
 
 1793. England at war with France. 
 
 1797. Mutiny in the fleet at Spithead; de- 
 feat of the Dutch at Camperdown, Oct. 11. 
 
 1798. Nelson annihilates the French fleet at 
 the battle of the Nile, Aug. 1-2. 
 
 France. 
 
 1701-1713. War of the Spanish Succession, 
 in which France loses territory and pres- 
 tige to England. 
 
 1704. French defeated by the English in the 
 battle of Blenheim, Aug. 13. 
 
 1706. French defeated at Ramillies, May 23. 
 
 1708. French defeated at Oudenarde, July 11. 
 
 1709. French defeated at Malplaquet, 
 
 Sept. 11. 
 
 1715. Death of Louis XIV., Sept. 1. 
 
 1718. Quadruple alliance, Aug. 2, between 
 England, France, Austria, and Holland 
 for maintenance of peace of Utrecht. 
 
 1720. Financial disaster due to collapse of 
 John Law’s famous Mississippi scheme. 
 
 1723. End of the regency. 
 
 1726. Fleury becomes chief minister. 
 
 1733. France becomes involved in the War 
 of the Polish Succession. 
 
 1738. By the treaty of Vienna, Nov. 18, 
 France guarantees the Pragmatic Sanc- 
 tion. 
 
 1740. Outbreak of War of Austrian Succes- 
 sion ; France pitted against Austria and 
 England. 
 
 1745. Battle of Fontenoy won by the French, 
 May 11; conquest of the Austrian Neth- 
 erlands begun. 
 
 France— continued. 
 
 1748. By peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in Oct., 
 France restores her conquests in Europe 
 to Austria. 
 
 1756. Seven Years ’ War begins with battle 
 of Lobositz, Oct. 1 ; France allied with 
 Austria against England and Frederick 
 the Great. 
 
 1757. French army defeated at Rossbach, 
 Nov. 5. 
 
 1758. Due de Choiseul becomes minister; 
 Ferdinand of Brunswick drives the 
 French back across the Rhine. 
 
 1763. Peace of Paris, Feb. 10; France with- 
 draws entirely from North America, 
 gives England Senegal and islands in 
 West Indies, and gets back her settlements 
 in India as trading stations ; hope of a 
 great French empire abandoned. 
 
 1768. Annexation of Corsica. 
 
 1770. Rise of Du Barry and fall of 
 Choiseul. 
 
 1774. Death of Louis XV., May 10; succes- 
 sion of Louis XVI. 
 
 1774r-1776. Turgot is minister of marine 
 and finance. 
 
 1777. Necker becomes minister of finance. 
 
 1778. Alliance between France and the 
 United States. 
 
 1783. Calonne is minister of finance. 
 
 1787. Meeting of the Notables at Versailles, 
 Feb. 22 to May 25 ; fall of Calonne and 
 appointment of Brienne as minister of 
 finance. 
 
 1788. Resignation of Brienne and recall of 
 Necker. 
 
 1789. Meeting of the States-General, May 5; 
 third estate forms National Assembly, 
 June 17 ; storming of the Bastille, July 
 14 ; declaration of rights of man, Aug. 
 27 ; outbreak of mob violence in Paris, 
 Oct. 5, 6; removal of king and Assembly 
 to Paris, Oct. 6. 
 
 1790. Assembly draws up a new constitu- 
 tion for France, July; formation of 
 political clubs; Mirabeau in power. 
 
 1791. Death of Mirabeau, April 2; flight of 
 the king to Varennes, June 20; Louis 
 XVI. accepts the constitution, Sept.; dis- 
 solution of the Constituent Assembly, 
 Sept. ; meeting of the Legislative As- 
 sembly, Oct. 1. 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHIEF EVENTS OF HISTORY 
 
 EIGHTEENTH C E N T U R Y— continued. 
 
 France — continued. 
 
 1792. Declaration of war against Austria, 
 April; the mob invades the Tuileries, 
 June 20; great riots in Paris, the king 
 puts himself in the power of the As- 
 sembly, Aug. 10; massacre in Paris, 
 Sept. 2-6; French success at Valmy, 
 Sept. 20 ; meeting of National Convention, 
 France declared a republic, Sept. 21; vic- 
 tory of Dumouriez at Jemmapes, Nov. 6. 
 
 1793. Execution of Louis XVI., Jan. 21; 
 declaration of war against England, 
 Feb.; appointment of the Committee of 
 Public Safety, April; fall of the Giron- 
 dists, June; the Reign of Terror; the 
 republican calendar. 
 
 1794. Feast of the Supreme Being, June 8; 
 supremacy of Robespierre, June; fall of 
 Robespierre, July 27 ; closing of the 
 Jacobin Club, Nov. 10-12. 
 
 1795. The Batavian Republic founded ; adop- 
 tion of the Constitution of the Year III.; 
 suppression of the rising of October 5 
 (13th Vendemiaire) ; the Directory, Oct.- 
 Nov. 
 
 1796. Suppression of the revolt in La Ven- 
 dee; Bonaparte invades Italy; wins battle 
 at Lodi, May 10; enters Milan, and con- 
 quers Lombardy. 
 
 1797. Mantua surrenders to the French, 
 Feb. 2; Napoleon makes peace of Tolen- 
 tino with pope, Feb.; war declared upon 
 Venice; victory of republican party in 
 the coup d ’etat of Sept. 4 ; France and 
 Austria conclude the peace of Campo 
 Formio, Oct. 17. 
 
 1798. Roman Republic established; Switzer- 
 land becomes the Helvetic Republic; 
 Bonaparte invades Egypt, and is cut off 
 from returning to France by Nelson ’s 
 victory at Abukir Bay, Aug. 1-2. 
 
 1799. Naples made into the Parthenopean 
 Republic, J an. ; armies of the Directory 
 are defeated in Italy and Germany; Na- 
 poleon returns from Egypt, Oct. 9, breaks 
 up the council of five hundred, and be- 
 comes first consul, Nov. 
 
 1800. French campaigns in Italy and in 
 Germany; Napoleon defeats Melas at 
 Marengo, June 14, and Moreau wins bat- 
 tle of Hohenlinden from Archduke John, 
 Dec. 3. 
 
 Germany. 
 
 1701. Prussia made a kingdom under Fred- 
 erick I. 
 
 1711-1740. Charles VI. emperor. 
 
 1713. Frederick William I. becomes king of 
 Prussia. 
 
 1720. Charles VI. publishes the Pragmatic 
 Sanction. 
 
 1738. Treaty of Vienna, Nov. 18. 
 
 1740. Accession of Frederick the Great, May 
 31, and of Maria Theresa; beginning of 
 the War of the Austrian Succession, 
 Frederick invades Silesia. 
 
 1741. Prussian victory at Mollwitz, April 10. 
 
 1742. Conquest of Bavaria • by the Aus- 
 trians; treaty of Berlin between Austria 
 and Prussia, July 28; Charles VII. be- 
 comes emperor. 
 
 1744. Austrians invade Alsace; Frederick 
 renews the war, invades Bohemia, and 
 captures Prague, Sept. 
 
 1745. Austrians and Saxons defeated at 
 Hohenfriedberg by Frederick, June 4; 
 treaties of Dresden, Dec. 25, between 
 Prussia and Austria, Prussia and Saxony. 
 
 1748. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Oct., ends 
 War of Austrian Succession. 
 
 1753. Kaunitz made chief minister by Maria 
 Theresa. 
 
 1755. Convention of Westminster agreed 
 upon by Prussia and England. 
 
 1756-1763. Seven Years ’ War. 
 
 Germany — continued. 
 
 1757. Prussians invade Bohemia and win 
 battle of Prague, May 6 ; Frederick is 
 defeated at Kolin, June 18, but wins the 
 battles of Rossbach, Nov. 5, and Leuthen, 
 Dec. 5. 
 
 1758. Russians defeated by Frederick at 
 Zorndorf, Aug. 25. 
 
 1759. Austrians and Russians defeat Fred- 
 erick at Kunersdorf, Aug. 12. 
 
 1760. Frederick decisively defeats the Aus- 
 trians at Liegnitz, Aug. 15, and again at 
 Torgau, Nov. 3; Berlin taken by the 
 Russians. 
 
 1762. Peace of St. Petersburg, May 5, be- 
 tween Frederick and Peter III. removes 
 Russian hostility to Prussia. 
 
 1763. Treaty of Hubertsburg, Feb. 15, ends 
 the war between Austria and Prussia. 
 
 1772. First partition of Poland. 
 
 1778-1779. War of the Bavarian Succes- 
 sion. 
 
 1781. Kant’s “Critique of Pure Reason.’’ 
 
 1785. The Fiirstenbund formed by Fred- 
 erick against Joseph II. 
 
 1786. Death of Frederick the Great, Aug. 
 17, and accession of Frederick William II. 
 
 1790. Convention of Reichenbach between 
 Austria and Prussia, July 27. 
 
 1791. Frederick William and Leopold issue 
 the Declaration of Pillnitz, Aug. 
 
 1793. Second partition of Poland. 
 
 1794. Treaty of The Hague between Prussia 
 and England. 
 
 1795. Third partition of Poland; treaty of 
 Basel between Prussia and France, April 5. 
 
 1797. Venice ceded to Austria by the treaty 
 of Campo Formio, Oct. 17. 
 
 Russia. 
 
 1703. Founding of St. Petersburg. 
 
 1709. Charles XII. defeated by the Russians 
 at Pultowa, June 27 (N. S., July 8). 
 
 1710. Turks declare war against Russia. 
 
 1711. Peter the Great forced to buy the 
 peace of the Pruth, July 23, from the 
 Turks. 
 
 1721. Peace of Nystadt, Aug. 30, between 
 Russia and Sweden. 
 
 1725. Death of Peter the Great, Feb. 8 
 (N. S.), and accession of Catherine I. 
 
 1736-1739. War against the Turks in al- 
 liance with Austria. 
 
 1741. Accession of Elizabeth I. 
 
 1747. Elizabeth I. allies herself with Austria 
 against Prussia. 
 
 1762. Death of Elizabeth I., Jan. 5, and ac- 
 cession of Peter III., the friend of Prus- 
 sia, who is deposed by his wife, Catherine 
 II. 
 
 1764. Catherine II. procures the election of 
 Stanislaus Poniatowski to the throne of 
 Poland. 
 
 1769. War breaks out with Turkey. 
 
 1772. Russia shares in the first partition of 
 Poland. 
 
 1774. Russian power greatly extended by the 
 treaty of Kutchuk Kainardji with Tur- 
 key, July 21. 
 
 1780. Catherine II. forms the “Armed 
 Neutrality’’ of the North. 
 
 1783. The Crimea ceded to Russia. 
 
 1787. Catherine’s second war with the 
 Turks. 
 
 1792. War ended by the treaty of Jassy, 
 Jan. 9. 
 
 1793. Russia takes the larger part of Lithu- 
 ania in second partition of Poland. 
 
 1795. Russia takes more territory by the 
 third partition of Poland. 
 
 1796. Death of Catherine II., Nov. 17, and 
 accession of Paul I. 
 
 Sweden. 
 
 1700 1721. The Northern War. 
 
 1700. Charles XII. extorts from the Danes 
 the treaty of Travendal, Aug. 18 ; Charles 
 
 Sweden — continued. 
 
 XII. defeats the Russians at Narva, 
 Nov. 30. 
 
 1701. Charles XII. defeats the Saxons at 
 Riga, July 18. 
 
 1702. Charles XII. defeats the Poles and 
 Saxons at Klissow, July 19. 
 
 1703. Charles XII. defeats the Poles and 
 Saxons at Pultusk, May 1. 
 
 1706. Charles XII. invades Saxony, and 
 forces peace of Altranstadt from Augus- 
 tus. 
 
 1709. Charles XII. is defeated by Peter the 
 Great at Pultowa, July 8. 
 
 1709-1714. Charles XII. in Turkey. 
 
 1718. Death of Charles XII. at Frederiks- 
 hald, Dec. 11. 
 
 1743. Treaty of Abo with Russia, Aug. 18. 
 
 1772. Gustavus III. crushes the power of the 
 nobles and restores absolutism, Aug. 21. 
 
 1788-1790. Gustavus makes war on Russia. 
 
 America. 
 
 1702-1713. Queen Anne’s War between the 
 French and English. 
 
 1706. Invasion of Carolina by the French 
 and Spanish. 
 
 1707. Expedition from New England against 
 Port Royal. 
 
 1710. Port Royal captured by the English 
 fleet, Oct. 2. 
 
 1715. Indian war in Carolina. 
 
 1718. Suppression of West Indian bucaneers 
 by Governor Rogers. 
 
 1720. William Burnet becomes governor of 
 New York. 
 
 1729. End of proprietary government in 
 Carolina, division into North and South 
 Carolina. 
 
 1733. Settlement of Georgia by James Ogle- 
 thorpe. ' 
 
 1740. Expedition of Oglethorpe to Florida, 
 siege of St. Augustine, July. 
 
 1742. Repulse of a Spanish expedition 
 against Georgia. 
 
 1745. Siege and capture of Louisburg by 
 English colonial troops, June 17. 
 
 1753. Governor Dinwiddie sends Washing- 
 ton to treat with the French on the Ohio. 
 
 1754. Washington advances against Fort 
 Duquesne; conference of the colonial 
 delegates with the Six Nations at Albany, 
 June. 
 
 1755. Defeat of Braddock by the French, 
 July 9; attack on Crown Point; battle of 
 Lake George and capture of Ticonderoga, 
 Sept. 8. 
 
 1756. Montcalm captures Oswego, Aug. 14. 
 
 1757. Montcalm captures Fort William 
 Henry, Aug. 
 
 1758. Capture of Louisburg by Amherst and 
 Wolfe, July 27; Bradstreet takes Fort 
 Frontenac, Aug. 27 ; capture of Fort 
 Duquesne by Forbes, Nov. 25. 
 
 1759. English capture Quebec, Sept. 13. 
 
 1761. Trouble over writs of assistance in 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 1763. By the peace of Paris, Feb. 10, France 
 cedes her possessions in America to Eng- 
 land ; the conspiracy of Pontiac. 
 
 1765. Passage of the Stamp Act, March 22. 
 
 1766. Repeal of the Stamp Act, March 18. 
 
 1767. Townshend Revenue Act, June 29. 
 
 1768. British troops arrive in Boston. 
 
 1770. Boston Massacre, March 5. 
 
 1772. Destruction of the British revenue 
 cutter Gaspee. 
 
 1773. The Virginia Assembly appoints a 
 committee of correspondence, March ; 
 “Boston Tea Party,’’ Dec. 16. 
 
 1774. Passage of the Boston Port Bill, 
 March 28, and of the Massachusetts Gov- 
 ernment Act; Continental Congress meets 
 at Philadelphia, Sept,. 5-Oct. 26, and 
 agrees on the ‘ ‘ American Association. ’ ’ 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHIEF EVENTS OF HISTORY 
 
 EIGHTEENTH CENTURY— continued. 
 
 America— continued. America— continued. The East— continued. 
 
 1775. Battles of Lexington and Concord, 
 April 19, and of Bunker Hill, June 17 ; 
 Washington made commander-in-chief of 
 the provincial forces, June 15. 
 
 1776. Declaration of American Indepen- 
 dence, July 4; English victories at Long 
 Island, Aug. 27, and White Plains, Oct. 
 28; Washington wins battle of Trenton, 
 Dec. 26. 
 
 1777. Washington wins battle of Princeton, 
 Jan. 3; Burgoyne’s expedition from 
 Canada; surrender of Burgoyne at Sara- 
 toga, Oct. 17 ; Howe occupies Philadel- 
 phia, Sept. 27 ; Washington goes into 
 winter quarters at Valley Forge, Dec. ; 
 Congress agrees upon Articles of Con- 
 federation, Nov. 15. 
 
 1778. Treaties with France, Feb. 6; recog- 
 nition of American independence. 
 
 1779. Capture of the Serapis by John Paul 
 Jones, Sept. 23. 
 
 1780. Rochambeau arrives at Newport, July 
 10 ; treason of Benedict Arnold, Sept. 
 
 1781. Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, 
 Oct. 19. 
 
 1783. Great Britain recognizes independence 
 of the United States, Sept. 3. 
 
 1786-1787. Shays ’s Rebellion in Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 1801. Legislative union of Great Britain 
 with Ireland, Jan. 1; Nelson bombards 
 Copenhagen, April 2. 
 
 1802. Peace of Amiens with France, 
 
 March 27. 
 
 1803. Napoleon attempts to invade England. 
 
 1804. Return of Pitt to office, May 12. 
 
 1805. Victory and death of Nelson at Tra- 
 falgar, Oct. 21. 
 
 1807. Abolition of the slave-trade in British 
 dominions, March 25; the English fleet 
 bombards Copenhagen, Sept. 2-5; Orders 
 in Council issued. 
 
 1808. Peninsular War begins, Wellesley 
 lands in Portugal, Aug. 
 
 1812-1815. War with the United States. 
 
 1814. Stephenson invents the locomotive. 
 
 1815. Battle of Waterloo, June 18; England 
 retains Cape of Good Hope and Malta by 
 treaty of Vienna, June 8-9. 
 
 1819. Manchester Massacre, Aug. 16; Par- 
 liament passes the Six Articles, ‘ ‘ Gag 
 Laws. ’ ’ 
 
 1820-1830. George IV. 
 
 1822. Reform of the criminal code. 
 
 1825. Trade-unions allowed. 
 
 1828. Duke of Wellington prime minister; 
 repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, 
 May 9. 
 
 1829. Roman Catholic Emancipation Act, 
 April. 
 
 1830-1837. William IV. 
 
 1830. Opening of the Manchester and Liver- 
 pool Railway. 
 
 1832. First Reform Act. 
 
 1833. Abolition of slavery throughout Brit- 
 ish Empire; bill for the relief of children 
 in factories. 
 
 1834. Revision of the Poor Law. 
 
 1835. Municipal Corporations Act, Sept. 9. 
 
 1837-1901. Victoria. 
 
 1837-1848. Chartist agitation for further 
 electoral reforms. 
 
 1840. Opium War with China; penny post- 
 age introduced. 
 
 1846. Repeal of the Corn Laws. 
 
 1846-1847. Famine in Ireland. 
 
 1849. Repeal of the Navigation Laws, 
 
 June 26. 
 
 1853. Beginning of the Crimean War. 
 
 1855. Capture of Sebastopol, Sept. 11. 
 
 1787. Constitutional Convention, May 25- 
 Sept. 17; Northwest Ordinance, July 11; 
 formation of Federalist and Anti-Feder- 
 alist parties. 
 
 1789. First Congress meets at New York; 
 Washington inaugurated president, April 
 30; first ten amendments to the Consti- 
 tution proposed. 
 
 1792. Formation of the Democratic-Repub- 
 lican party (successor to the Anti-Feder- 
 alist party) ; Eli WTiitney invents the 
 cotton-gin. 
 
 1794. Whisky Rebellion in Pennsylvania; 
 Jay’s treaty concluded with England, 
 Nov. 19. 
 
 1797. John Adams becomes president; 
 “X. Y. Z. ” letters ; Alien and Sedition 
 Laws. 
 
 1798-1799. Kentucky and Virginia Reso- 
 lutions. 
 
 1799. Death of Washington, Dec. 14. 
 
 The East. 
 
 1707. Death of Aurung-Zeb, beginning of 
 the decline of the Mongol Empire in 
 India. 
 
 NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
 Great Britain — continued. 
 
 1856. Treaty of Paris, March 30, ends the 
 Crimean War. 
 
 1858. Dissolution of the East India Com- 
 pany, Aug. 2; government of India 
 transferred to the crown. 
 
 1865. Fenian movement in Ireland. 
 
 1866. Telegraphic communication with 
 America established. 
 
 1867- 1868. Second Electoral Reform Act 
 greatly extends the franchise. 
 
 1868- 1874. Reform ministry of Gladstone, 
 Dec., 1868-Feb., 1874. 
 
 1869. Opening of the Suez Canal; act for 
 disestablishment of the Irish Church, July 
 26 . 
 
 1870. First Irish Land Bill, Aug. 1; system 
 of national education established, Ele- 
 mentary Education Act, Aug. 9. 
 
 1872. Alabama claims settled by Geneva 
 Tribunal award, Sept. 14. 
 
 18 73-1874. Ashanti war. 
 
 1874-1880. Disraeli prime minister. 
 
 1875. Purchase of the khedive’s shares in 
 the Suez Canal. 
 
 1877. Annexation of Transvaal. 
 
 1878. Disraeli and Salisbury win diplomatic 
 victory over Russia at Congress of Berlin, 
 June 13-July 13; England occupies Cy- 
 prus. 
 
 1878-1880. War in Afghanistan. 
 
 1879. Formation of the Irish Land League, 
 Oct. 
 
 1880. Gladstone again becomes prime min- 
 ister, April. 
 
 1880-1881. First Boer war. 
 
 1881. Irish agitation, Parliament passes the 
 Coercion Act, Oct. 20. 
 
 1882. Wolseley defeats Arabi at Tel-el- 
 Kebir, Sept. 13. 
 
 1884-1885. Further extension of British 
 franchise by third Electoral Reform Act. 
 
 1885. Death of Gordon at Khartum, Jan. 26. 
 
 1886. First Home Rule Bill introduced. 
 
 1888. Act reorganizing local government. 
 
 1890. Anglo-German agreement in regard to 
 Africa. 
 
 1891. Death of Parnell, Oct. 6; disruption 
 of the Irish party. 
 
 1893. Second Home Rule Bill introduced by 
 Gladstone. 
 
 1743. Clive goes to India. 
 
 1746. Madras captured by the French. 
 
 1751. Defense of Arcot by Clive. 
 
 1754. Dupleix recalled by the French govern- 
 ment. 
 
 1756. Capture of Calcutta by the Nabob of 
 Bengal, English prisoners put into the 
 “Black Hole,” June 20. 
 
 1757. Clive recaptures Calcutta, Jan., and 
 wins the battle of Plassey, June 23. 
 
 1758. Clive made governor of Bengal. 
 
 1760. Battle of Wandewash, Jan.; end of 
 French power in India. 
 
 1761. Afghans defeat the Mahrattas at 
 Panipat, Jan. 
 
 1765. East India Company takes over the 
 government of Bengal. 
 
 1772-1774. Warren Hastings governor of 
 Bengal. 
 
 1774 -1785. Warren Hastings governor-gen- 
 eral of India. 
 
 1775-1782. War of the Mahrattas against 
 England. 
 
 1784. Pitt’s India Bill, dual system of con- 
 trol over India. 
 
 1786-1798. Reform of Indian administra- 
 tion by Lord Cornwallis, governor-gen- 
 eral. 
 
 Great Britain — continued. 
 
 1895. Dispute with United States over the 
 Venezuela boundary question. 
 
 1898. Anglo-French convention in regard to 
 African situation. 
 
 1898. Recovery of the Sudan. 
 
 1899. Beginning of the second Boer War. 
 
 1900. General Cronje and his Boer army 
 capitulated to Lord Roberts, Feb. 27 ; 
 Ladysmith relieved by Lord Dundonald, 
 Feb. 28 ; Pretoria surrendered to Lord 
 Roberts, June 5. 
 
 France. 
 
 1801. Treaty of Luneville, Feb. 9, between 
 France and Austria; concordat between 
 Napoleon and the pope, July 15. 
 
 1802. Bonaparte made consul for life, 
 
 Aug. 2. 
 
 1804. Bonaparte proclaimed emperor, May 
 18. 
 
 1804-1810. Promulgation of the Code Na- 
 poleon. 
 
 1805. War of the third coalition against 
 France; surrender of Mack at Ulm, Oct. 
 17; Napoleon defeats the Austrians and 
 Russians at Austerlitz, Dec. 2 ; treaty of 
 Presburg between France and Austria, 
 Dec. 26. 
 
 1806. Joseph Bonaparte made king of 
 Naples, March, and Louis Bonaparte king 
 of Holland, June; Confederation of the 
 Rhine established under French control, 
 July 12; Napoleon issues the Berlin de- 
 crees, Nov. 21. 
 
 1807. Treaty of Tilsit, between France, 
 Russia, and Prussia, July 7 and 9. 
 
 1808. French invasion of Spain, Spanish 
 crown given to Joseph Bonaparte, June 6. 
 
 1809. War with Austria; Napoleon, de- 
 feated by the Archduke Charles at As- 
 pern. May 21 and 22, is victorious at 
 Wagram, July 5-6; treaty of Schonbrunn 
 (or of Vienna), Oct. 14, between France 
 and Austria; Napoleon confiscates the 
 Papal States. 
 
 1810. Marriage of Napoleon with Maria 
 Louisa, March 11 (April 2) ; Holland is 
 taken from Louis Bonaparte and an- 
 nexed to France; heavy French losses in 
 Spain and Portugal. 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHIEF EVENTS OF HISTORY 
 
 NINETEENTH C E N T IT R Y— continued. 
 
 France — c ontinued . 
 
 1811. Birth of a son to Napoleon, March 20, 
 who is at the height of his power. 
 
 1812. French defeated by Wellington in 
 Spain; Napoleon’s Russian campaign; 
 battles at Smolensk, Aug. 17, and Boro- 
 dino, Sept. 7; capture of Moscow, Sept.; 
 winter retreat through Russia, passage of 
 the Beresina, Nov. 26-29; French lose at 
 least 300,000 men. 
 
 1813. Russia, Prussia, and Austria unite 
 against France; Napoleon, after winning 
 a great victory at Dresden, Aug. 26-27, is 
 decisively beaten by the allies at Leipsic, 
 Oct. 16-19; Wellington drives the French 
 from Spain. 
 
 1814. The allies invade France, and capture 
 Paris, March 31; Napoleon abdicates, 
 April 11, and arrives in Elba, May 4; 
 Bourbons are restored to the French 
 throne in the person of Louis XVIII., 
 May 3, who grants a constitution, June 
 4 ; peace of Paris between France and 
 the allies, May 30; opening of the Con- 
 gress of Vienna, Nov. 3. 
 
 1815. Napoleon leaves Elba, Feb. 26, and 
 returns to France, March 1 ; the ‘ ‘ Hun- 
 dred Days, ’ ’ March 20-June 22 ; Eu- 
 ropean alliance against Napoleon, March, 
 who is defeated at Waterloo, June 18, 
 and sent to St. Helena, Oct. 16; second 
 treaty of Paris, Nov. 20. 
 
 1818. Withdrawal of army of occupation 
 from France. 
 
 1820. Assassination of the Due de Berry, 
 Feb. 13 ; royalist reaction. 
 
 1823. French troops restore the authority of 
 Ferdinand VII. in Spain. 
 
 1824. Death of Louis XVIII., Sept. 16; ac- 
 cession of Charles X. 
 
 1830. Charles X. attempts a coup d’etat, 
 July 26, which fails; uprising in Paris 
 forces him to abdicate, Aug. 2 ; Louis 
 Philippe placed on the French throne, 
 Aug. 9. 
 
 1834. Quadruple alliance between France, 
 Spain, England, and Portugal, April 22. 
 
 1836. Attempt of Louis Napoleon to get 
 himself crowned emperor, Oct. 30. 
 
 1840. Second attempt of Louis Napoleon to 
 gain power, Aug. 6. 
 
 1848. A revolution overthrows Louis Phi- 
 lippe, Feb. 24, and restores the republic, 
 of which Louis Napoleon is elected presi- 
 dent, Dec. 10, to serve until May, 1852. 
 
 1851. Coup d’etat of Louis Napoleon, Dee. 
 2, who is elected president for ten years, 
 Dec. 21-22. 
 
 1852. Louis Napoleon proclaimed emperor of 
 the second empire, Dec. 2, as Napoleon III. 
 
 1854. France joins Turkey in the war with 
 Russia. 
 
 1856. Treaty of Paris, March 30, ends the 
 Crimean War. 
 
 1860. Cession of Savoy and Nice to France. 
 
 1862-1867. War with Mexico. 
 
 1870. Outbreak of the Franco-Prussian war, 
 July 19; fall of the empire and procla- 
 mation of the third republic, Sept. 4. 
 (See Germany.) 
 
 1871. Capture of Paris by the Germans, Jan. 
 28 ; peace of Frankfort ends the war, 
 May 10. 
 
 1873. Thiers forced to resign, May 24; 
 MaeMahon elected president of the re- 
 public. 
 
 1875. Formation of a republican constitu- 
 tion. 
 
 1876. Republican victory in elections. 
 
 1879. Resignation of MaeMahon, Jules 
 
 Grevy elected president, Jan. 30. 
 
 1881. Gambetta’s ministry, Nov., 1881-Jan., 
 1882; failure of his foreign policy. 
 
 1885. Foundation of the French Kongo; 
 French reverse at Langson in Indo- 
 China, March • Jules Ferry driven from 
 office. 
 
 1887. Boulanger attempts to establish a dic- 
 tatorship; Carnot succeeds Grevy, Dec. 3. 
 
 France — continued. 
 
 1891. Franco-Russian alliance. 
 
 1898. The Fashoda incident, July-Sept. ; 
 clash between France and England in 
 Africa. 
 
 Germany (including Austria). 
 
 1801. Great loss of German territory by 
 peace of Luneville, Feb. 9. 
 
 1803. Principal decree of the Imperial Depu- 
 tation does away with 112 German states, 
 Feb. 25; Napoleon occupies Hannover, 
 May. 
 
 1804. Francis II. assumes the title of 
 ‘ ‘ Hereditary Emperor ’ ’ of Austria. 
 
 1805. Treaty of Schonbrunn concluded be- 
 tween Prussia and Napoleon, Dee. 15; by 
 peace of Presburg, Dec. 26, Austria is 
 divested of 28,000 square miles of terri- 
 tory and 3,500,000 inhabitants. 
 
 1806. End of the Holy Roman Empire, 
 Francis II. of the Holy Roman Empire 
 becomes Francis I. of Austria, Aug. 6; 
 Prussia declares war on Napoleon, and is 
 defeated at Jena, Oct. 14. 
 
 1807. Prussia loses half its territory and 
 population by the peace of Tilsit, July 9; 
 founding of the kingdom of Westphalia 
 for Jerome Bonaparte, Aug.; emancipa- 
 tion of Prussian serfs. 
 
 1808. Reforms in Prussian state and army 
 by Stein and Seharnhorst. 
 
 1809. Austria at war with France; uprising 
 of Tyrol under Andreas Hofer; attempted 
 uprisings in Prussia under Dornberg, 
 Sehill, and the Duke of Brunswick. 
 
 1809- 1848. Metternich Austrian minister. 
 
 1810. Founding of the University of Berlin. 
 
 1810- 1822. Hardenberg Prussian chancel- 
 lor. 
 
 1812. York makes the Convention of Tau- 
 roggen with the Russians, Dec. 30. 
 
 1813. Prussia and Russia enter into an of- 
 fensive and defensive alliance, the treaty 
 of Kalisch, Feb. 28; appeal of Frederick 
 William III. to the people and the army; 
 victories of Napoleon at Liitzen, May 2, 
 and Bautzen, May 20-21, lead to the 
 truce of Poischwitz, June 4; England 
 concludes a subsidy treaty with Prussia; 
 Austria enters the war against Napoleon; 
 in a series of battles, Grossbeeren, Aug. 
 23, Katzbach, Aug. 26, Kulm, Aug. 29- 
 30, Dennewitz, Sept. 6, Leipsic, Oct. 16- 
 19, the allies defeat Napoleon and drive 
 him across the Rhine. 
 
 1814. Bliicher wins the battle of La Ro- 
 thiere from Napoleon, Feb. 1, who then 
 defeats the Germans in four battles; 
 Congress of Vienna, Sept., 1814-June, 
 
 1815. 
 
 1815. The Congress of Vienna creates a 
 German Confederation. 
 
 1817. Festival of the Wartburg, Oct. 18; 
 granting of a constitution in Weimar. 
 
 1818. Baden and Bavaria get constitutions. 
 
 1819. The Karlsbad decrees establish cen- 
 sorship of the press and supervision of 
 the universities, Sept. 20. 
 
 1828. Beginning of the Zollverein. 
 
 1834. Important development of the Zoll- 
 verein. 
 
 1835. First railroad in Germany, Nurem- 
 berg-Fiirth. 
 
 1847. Frederick William IV. summons a 
 united Diet of the members of all local 
 assemblies. 
 
 1848. Revolution in Vienna and fall of 
 .Metternich, March 13; March riots in 
 
 Berlin ; an ante-parliament at Frankfort 
 in March is followed by a German na- 
 tional parliament in May, which is over- 
 thrown by a reaction; abdication of 
 Ferdinand T. and accession of Francis 
 Joseph as emperor of Austria, Dee. 2; 
 promulgation of a constitution for Prus- 
 sia, Dec. 5. 
 
 1849. New constitution for Austria, March 
 
 Germany (including Austria)— continued. 
 
 4; refusal of the imperial crown by Fred- 
 erick William IV.; suppression of revolts 
 in Dresden, Baden, and the Palatinate. 
 
 1850. Rivalry between Austria and Prussia, 
 humbling of Prussia at Convention of 
 Olmiitz, Nov. 28-29. 
 
 1852. Revocation of the Austrian constitu- 
 tion. 
 
 1859. War between Austria and Sardinia; 
 battles of Magenta, June 4, and Solfe- 
 rino, June 24; peace of Villafranca, 
 July 11. 
 
 1861. Accession of William I. in Prussia, 
 Jan. 2. 
 
 1862. Bismarck president of the Prussian 
 ministry, Oct. 8. 
 
 1864. Schleswig and Holstein ceded to 
 Austria and Prussia for joint occupation. 
 
 1866. Seven weeks ’ war between Prussia 
 and Austria; Prussia incorporates Schles- 
 wig-Holstein, Hannover, Hesse-Cassel, 
 Nassau, and Frankfort, and becomes 
 leading state in Germany; formation of 
 the North German Confederation; dual 
 government established in Austria-Hun- 
 gary. 
 
 1870. Acceptance of the Spanish crown by 
 Leopold of Hohenzollern leads to the 
 outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War; 
 Germans win the battles of Worth, Aug. 
 6, Spicheren, Aug. 6, Gravelotte, Aug. 18, 
 and Sedan, Sept. 1 ; lay siege to Paris, 
 Sept. 19, and capture Toul, Sept. 23, 
 Strasburg, Sept. 28, and Metz, Oct. 27. 
 
 1871. Proclamation of the German Empire 
 in the palace at Versailles, Jan. 18; ca- 
 pitulation of Paris, Jan. 28; peace of 
 Frankfort-on-Main, May 10; meeting of 
 the first German imperial parliament, 
 March 21. 
 
 1876. The Berlin memorandum (Germany, 
 Austria, Russia) promises reforms in 
 Turkish affairs. 
 
 1878. Congress at Berlin, June 13-July 13, 
 settles the Turkish question. 
 
 1879. Alliance between Germany and Aus- 
 tria. 
 
 1883. Triple alliance of Germany, Austria, 
 and Italy. (Renewed in 1887, 1891, 
 1896.) 
 
 1884-1885. ‘Conference of powers at Berlin 
 in regard to occupation of African terri- 
 tory, Nov. 15, 1884-Jan. 30, 1885. 
 
 1890. Fall of Bismarck, March. 
 
 Russia. 
 
 1801. Murder of Paul I., March 23-24; ac- 
 cession of Alexander I. 
 
 1805. Russia, fighting against Napoleon, is 
 defeated at Austerlitz, Dec. 2. 
 
 1806. Outbreak of war with Turkey. 
 
 1807. Russia defeated in battle of Fried- 
 land, June 14; by the peace of Tilsit, 
 July 7, Russia recognizes Napoleon’s new 
 political and territorial creations. 
 
 1808. Interview of Napoleon and Alexander 
 at Erfurt, Oct. 12. 
 
 1812. By peace of Bukharest, May 28, the 
 Pruth is made the boundary between 
 Russia and Turkey; invasion of Russia 
 by Napoleon; treaties with Sweden and 
 England ; burning of Moscow, Sept. 
 
 1813. Russia enters the great War of Libera- 
 tion against Napoleon. 
 
 1815. Alexander forms the Holy Alliance, 
 Sept. 26 ; Congress of Vienna, Sept.., 1814- 
 June, 1815, awards the duchy of Warsaw 
 to Russia. 
 
 1825. Death of Alexander I., Dec. 1, and 
 accession of Nicholas I. 
 
 1826. Convention of Akerman between Rus- 
 sia and Turkey, Oct. 6. 
 
 1827. Russia takes part in the battle of 
 Navarino, Oct. 20. 
 
 1828-1829. War with Turkey. 
 
 1829. War with Turkey ended by peace of 
 Adrianople, Sept. 14. 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHIEF EVENTS OF HISTORY 
 
 NINETEENTH C E N T U R Y— continued. 
 
 Russia — continued. 
 
 1830-1832. Revolution in Poland. 
 
 1833. Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi, July 8. 
 
 1853. Outbreak of war between Russia and 
 Turkey. 
 
 1854. France and England join Turkey 
 against Russia; the Crimean War; bat- 
 tles of the Alma, Sept. 20, Balaclava, 
 Oct. 25, and Inkerman, Nov. 5. 
 
 1855. Death of Nicholas I., Feb. 18 (O. S.), 
 and accession of Alexander II. 
 
 1856. Crimean War ended by the treaty of 
 Paris, March 30. 
 
 1861. Emancipation of the Russian serfs. 
 
 1864. Suppression of uprisings in Poland 
 and Lithuania. 
 
 1877. War declared on Turkey, April 24; 
 Grand Duke Nicholas in command of 
 Russian army; Russians take the Shipka 
 Pass, July 13-14, and capture Plevna, 
 Dec. 10. 
 
 1878. Treaty of San Stefano ends the war 
 with Turkey, March 3. 
 
 1880. Nihilists’ attempts on life of Alex- 
 ander II. 
 
 1881. Death of Alexander II., March 13; 
 accession of Alexander III. 
 
 1885. England and Russia on the verge of 
 war over the Pendjdeh incident, March 30. 
 
 1895. Reconciliation with Bulgaria. 
 
 1896. Russia compels Japan to evacuate 
 Port Arthur, Nov. 30. 
 
 Miscellaneous European. 
 
 1807. Flight of the Portuguese court to Bra- 
 zil as a result of the French conquest. 
 
 1809. Deposition of Gustavus IV. of Sweden 
 March 13. 
 
 1815. Ferdinand IV. restored to Naples by 
 Austrians. 
 
 1821. Beginning of the Greek war of in- 
 dependence. 
 
 1822. Revolution in Portugal, formal sepa- 
 ration of Brazil from Portugal. 
 
 1825. Egyptian interference in Greece. 
 
 1826. Mahmud II. destroys the Janizaries 
 in Constantinople, June. 
 
 1827. Turkish fleet destroyed at Navarino, 
 Oct. 20. 
 
 1829. Independence of Greece, Feb. 3. 
 
 1830. Revolution in Belgium. . 
 
 1831. Leopold of Saxe-Coburg elected king 
 of the Belgians, June. 
 
 1832. Otho I. of Bavaria becomes king of 
 Greece, Aug. 8. 
 
 1833. Beginning of civil war in Spain be- 
 tween the constitutional and absolutist 
 parties. 
 
 1846. Pius IX. succeeds Gregory XVI., 
 
 June 16. 
 
 1847. War of the Sonderbund results in the 
 transformation of the Swiss Confederacy 
 into a federal union. 
 
 1848. Revolutionary risings in Naples and 
 Sicily; revolt of Venice and Lombardy 
 against Austria; republic proclaimed at 
 Rome ; Slavonic Congress at Prague, 
 June 2. 
 
 1849. Charles Albert, defeated by the Aus- 
 trians at Novara, March 23, abdicates in 
 favor of Victor Emmanuel. 
 
 1852. Cavour becomes prime minister to 
 Victor Emmanuel. 
 
 1860. Garibaldi in Naples and Sicily; Tus- 
 cany, Emilia, and Romagna formally 
 annexed to Sardinia, March. 
 
 1861. Victor Emmanuel becomes king of 
 Italy. 
 
 1862. Otho I. driven from the Greek throne 
 by a revolution. 
 
 1863. Prince George of Denmark becomes 
 king of Greece, March 30. 
 
 1864. England resigns the Ionian Islands 
 to Greece. 
 
 1866. Revolt of Crete against Turkish op- 
 pression. 
 
 1868. Revolution in Spain deposes the Bour- 
 bons, Sept. 
 
 Miscellaneous European— continued. 
 
 1869. Opening of the Suez canal. 
 
 1870. Rome added to the kingdom of Italy; 
 proclamation of papal infallibility, Dec. 8. 
 
 1875. Revolt against the Turks in Bosnia 
 and Herzegovina, July-September; palace 
 revolution in Constantinople. 
 
 1876. Servia and Montenegro declare war 
 against Turkey, July 2. 
 
 1878. Bulgaria north of the Balkans, Monte- 
 negro, Servia, and Rumania become in- 
 dependent by the treaty of Berlin, July 
 13. 
 
 1881. Rumania declares herself a kingdom. 
 
 1882. Servia becomes a kingdom. 
 
 1885. Union of the two Bulgarias. 
 
 1894-1895. Horror in Europe over the 
 
 Armenian massacres. 
 
 1896. Rising in Crete. 
 
 1897. Turkey victorious in a war with 
 Greece. 
 
 1899. Peace Congress at The Hague, May 18. 
 
 1900. International Exposition at Paris 
 opened, April 15 ; King Humbert of 
 Italy assassinated at Monza, July 29; 
 accession of Victor Emmanuel III. 
 
 United States. 
 
 1801-1809. Thomas Jefferson president. 
 
 1803. Louisiana purchased from France. 
 
 1804. Twelfth Amendment to the Constitu- 
 tion. 
 
 1807. Trial of Aaron Burr, May 22-Sept. 1; 
 trip of Fulton ’s Clermont from New 
 York to Albany, Aug. 11; Congress closes 
 ports by the Embargo Act, Dec. 22. 
 
 1809. The embargo repealed and a non- 
 intercourse law substituted. 
 
 1809-1817. James Madison president. 
 
 1811. General Harrison defeats the Indians 
 at Tippecanoe, Nov. 7, and breaks up 
 their federation. 
 
 1812-1815. War with Great Britain. 
 
 1812. Unsuccessful invasion of Canada; 
 many American naval victories. 
 
 1813. Perry wins the battle on Lake Erie, 
 Sept. 10. 
 
 1814. Public buildings in Washington burned 
 by the British, Aug. 24-25 ; attack on 
 Baltimore repelled, Sept. 12-13 ; treaty 
 of peace signed at Ghent, Dec. 24; New 
 England States meet in conference at 
 Hartford, Dec. 15, 1814^Jan. 5, 1815. 
 
 1815. Jackson defeats the British at New 
 Orleans, Jan. 8. 
 
 1817-1825. James Monroe president. 
 
 1817-1818. Seminole war. 
 
 1819. Treaty with Spain for the acquisition 
 of Florida, Feb. 22. 
 
 1820. Missouri Compromise postpones the 
 conflict over the extension of slavery, 
 March 2. 
 
 1823. Promulgation of the Monroe doctrine, 
 Dec. 
 
 1824. New tariff increases the duty on pro- 
 tected goods; visit of Lafayette. 
 
 1825-1829. John Quincy Adams president. 
 
 1825. Erie Canal completed; formal open- 
 ing at New York, Nov. 4. 
 
 1828. The “Tariff of Abominations” puts 
 high duties on raw materials. 
 
 1829-1837. Andrew Jackson president. 
 
 1830. Hayne-Webster debate in the Senate 
 on States’ rights, Jan. 19-26. 
 
 1831. Establishment of the “Liberator” 
 and organization of the abolitionists. 
 
 1832. Nullification ordinance of South Caro- 
 lina, Nov. 19, declares the tariffs of 1828 
 and 1832 “null and void”; Jackson re- 
 plies with a proclamation and movenfent 
 of troops. 
 
 1833. Compromise Tariff and Force bills 
 signed by the President, March 2. 
 
 1836. Slavery petitions in Congress lead to 
 the ‘ ‘ gag resolutions. ’ ’ 
 
 1837. Financial panic as a result of Jack- 
 son ’s specie circular. 
 
 1837-1841. Martin Van Buren president. 
 
 United States— continued. 
 
 1840. Independent treasury system estab- 
 lished. 
 
 1841. William Henry Harrison president, 
 March 4-April 4. 
 
 1841-1845. John Tyler president. 
 
 1842. The Webster- Ashburton treaty, Aug. 
 9, settles the northeastern boundary dis- 
 pute with Great Britain. 
 
 1845. Annexation of Texas. 
 
 1845- 1849. James K. Polk president. 
 
 1846. Wilmot Proviso defeated; Oregon 
 treaty settles the northeastern boundary 
 question. 
 
 1846- 1848. Mexican War. 
 
 1846-1847. Taylor wins the battles of Palo 
 
 Alto, May 8, 1846, Resaca de la Palma, 
 May 9, 1846, and Buena Vista, Feb. 22- 
 23, 1847 ; Scott wins victories at Vera 
 Cruz, March 29, Cerro Gordo, April 17- 
 18, Contreras, Aug. 19-20, Churubuseo, 
 Aug. 20, Molino del Rey, Sept. 8, Chapul- 
 tepec, Sept. 13, and enters the city of 
 Mexico, Sept. 14. 
 
 1848. By the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 
 Feb. 2, Mexico gives up New Mexico 
 and California to the United States; gold 
 discovered in California, Jan. 24. 
 
 1849. California demands admission as a 
 free State. 
 
 1849- 1850. Zachary Taylor president. 
 
 1850- 1853. Millard Fiilmore president. 
 
 1850. Clay ’s compromise propositions ; Fugi- 
 tive Slave Law. 
 
 1852. Publication of “ Uncle Tom ’s Cabin. ” 
 
 1853-1857. Franklin Pierce president. 
 
 1853. Gadsden purchase, Dec. 30, settles 
 boundary dispute with Mexico. 
 
 1854. Kansas -Nebraska bill passed; reci- 
 procity with Canada by treaty with Great 
 Britain. 
 
 1855. Struggle for Kansas, the Topeka 
 Convention. 
 
 1857-1861. James Buchanan president. 
 
 1857. Helper’s “Impending Crisis”; Dred 
 Scott decision declares the Missouri 
 Compromise unconstitutional. 
 
 1858. Lincoln and Douglas debates. 
 
 1859. John Brown seizes the United States 
 Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Oct. 16. 
 
 1860. Lincoln elected president, Nov. 6; se- 
 cession of South Carolina, Dec. 20. 
 
 1861. Other Southern States secede and then 
 unite under the title of “Confederate 
 States of America, ’ ’ Feb. 8 ; Fort Sumter 
 fired on, April 12; Lincoln’s call for 
 volunteers, April 15 ; Queen Victoria ’s 
 proclamation of neutrality, May 13 ; bat- 
 tle of Bull Run, July 21; McClellan takes 
 command of the Union army, Nov. 1; the 
 Mason and Slidell affair, Nov. 8. 
 
 1862. Grant captures Fort Henry, Feb. 6, 
 and Fort Donelson, Feb. 13-16; fight 
 between the Monitor and Merrimae, 
 March 9 ; Farragut captures New Or- 
 leans, April 25; McClellan’s Peninsular 
 campaign, March-August; battle of An- 
 tietam, Sept. 17; Burnside defeated at 
 Fredericksburg, Dec. 13. 
 
 1863. Emancipation proclamation, Jan. 1; 
 Hooker defeated at Chancellorsville, May 
 2-4; death of Stonewall Jackson, May 
 10; Meade defeats Lee at Gettysburg, 
 July 1-3 ; Grant captures Vicksburg, 
 July 4 ; battles of Chickamauga, Sept. 19- 
 20, Lookout Mountain, Nov. 24, and Mis- 
 sionary Ridge, Nov. 25. 
 
 1864. Grant made commander-in-chief, 
 March 12; battles of the Wilderness, May 
 5-6, and Spotsylvania, May 8-21; Sher- 
 man’s Atlanta campaign, May-Julv; 
 Early threatens Washington, July 11 ; 
 Sheridan defeats Early at Cedar Creek, 
 Oct. 19 ; Sherman captures Savannah, 
 Dec. 21 ; sea-fight between the Kearsarge 
 and Alabama, June 19. 
 
 1865. Lee surrenders to Grant at Appo- 
 mattox Court House, April 9 ; assassina- 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHIEF EVENTS OF HISTORY 
 
 NINETEENTH C E N T U R Y— continued. 
 
 United States — continued. 
 
 tion of Lincoln, April 14; thirteenth 
 amendment ratified, Dec. 18. 
 
 1865—1869. Andrew Johnson president. 
 
 1867. Reconstruction Acts passed, Jan.- 
 March; purchase of Alaska from Russia, 
 by treaty of March 30, ratified by U. S. 
 Senate, June 20. 
 
 1868. Impeachment and trial of President 
 Johnson, March-May; fourteenth amend- 
 ment ratified, July 28. 
 
 1869-1877. Ulysses S. Grant president. 
 
 1869. “Black Friday” on the New York 
 Stock Exchange, Sept. 24. 
 
 1870. Fifteenth amendment ratified, March 
 30. 
 
 1871. Treaty of Washington with Great 
 Britain, May 8. 
 
 1877-1881. Rutherford B. Hayes president. 
 
 1881. James A. Garfield, president, shot 
 July 2, and dies Sept. 19. 
 
 1881-1885. Chester A. Arthur president. 
 
 1883. The Pendleton Bill introduces civil 
 service reform, Jan. 16. 
 
 1885-1889. Grover Cleveland president. 
 
 1885. Death of General Grant, July 23. 
 
 1887. Interstate commerce law, Feb. 4. 
 
 1889-1893. Benjamin Harrison president. 
 
 1890. McKinley tariff, Oct. 
 
 1893-1897. Grover Cleveland president. 
 
 1893. World’s Fair at Chicago. 
 
 1894. Riots in Chicago. 
 
 1895. President’s Venezuela message, Dec. 
 17 ; reform of the civil service. 
 
 1897. Dingley Tariff Act, July 24; Senate 
 rejects General Arbitration Treaty, May 5. 
 
 1897-1901. William McKinley president. 
 
 1898. Annexation of Hawaii, July 7 ; U. S. 
 S. Maine blown up at Havana, Feb. 15; 
 war with Spain, destruction of the Span- 
 ish fleet in Manila Bay, May 1, and of 
 the fleet off Santiago de Cuba, July 3; 
 United States acquires Porto Rico and 
 the Philippines by the treaty with Spain 
 signed at Paris, Dec. 10. 
 
 Canada and Mexico. 
 
 1821. Mexico wins independence from 
 Spain. 
 
 1824. Federal constitution adopted in 
 Mexico. 
 
 1826. “Canada Company” incorporated. 
 
 1832—1834. Cholera in Canada. 
 
 1837-1838. Rebellion breaks out in Canada. 
 
 1841. Canadian Act of Union. 
 
 1844. Seat of Canadian government re- 
 moved to Montreal. 
 
 1846. Destruction by fire of St. John’s, New- 
 foundland. 
 
 1859. The Reform Laws (Mexican) of 
 Juarez. 
 
 1863. The French capture Puebla, organize 
 a government, and elect Maximilian of 
 Hapsburg emperor of Mexico, July. 
 
 1864. Scheme for a Canadian Maritime 
 Union, the Charlottetown and Quebec 
 Conferences, Oct. 16-28. 
 
 1865. The Quebec Resolutions become law. 
 
 1866. Fenian invasion of Canada. 
 
 United States. 
 
 1901. Rockefeller Institute for Medical 
 Research founded in New York; the 
 Carnegie Institute for Research founded; 
 second inauguration of President Mc- 
 Kinley, March 4; Andrew Carnegie 
 presents $5,200,000 to the city of New 
 York for libraries, March ; Jacob S. Rogers 
 bequeaths $5,000,000 to the Metropolitan 
 Museum of Art in New York; President 
 McKinley assassinated at the Pan-Amer- 
 ican Exposition in Buffalo, Sept. 6; Theo- 
 dore Roosevelt becomes president, Sept. 14. 
 
 Canada and Mexico— continued. 
 
 1867. Canada, Nova Scotia, and New 
 Brunswick united into the Dominion of 
 Canada, July 1 ; first Dominion Parlia- 
 ment, Nov. 7-Dec. 21; withdrawal of the 
 French troops from Mexico, Feb.; exe- 
 cution of Maximilian, June 19; Diaz 
 captures Puebla, April 2, and city of 
 Mexico, June 21. 
 
 1870. Canada purchases the Northwest from 
 the Hudson Bay Company. 
 
 1873. Canada aroused over the “Pacific 
 Scandal. ’ ’ 
 
 1877. Diaz elected president of Mexico, 
 May; St. John, New Brunswick, destroyed 
 by fire, June 20; the Halifax fisheries 
 award. 
 
 1885. Saskatchewan rebellion put down by 
 the Canadian government, May 9. 
 
 1887. Interprovincial Congress meets at 
 Quebec. 
 
 1893. Settlement of the Bering Sea dispute 
 with United States. 
 
 1894. Colonial conference at Ottawa. 
 
 South America. 
 
 1810. Beginning of movement of emancipa- 
 tion from Spain. 
 
 1811. Paraguay a republic. 
 
 1818. Chile freed, O’Higgins dictator, 
 Feb. 12. 
 
 1819. Republic of Colombia formed, Bolivar 
 president, Dec. 17. 
 
 1822. Dom Pedro crowned emperor of Brazil, 
 Dec. 1. 
 
 1824. Peru independent, Dec. 9. 
 
 1825. Independence of Argentine Confedera- 
 tion recognized by Great Britain. 
 
 1826. Panama Congress. 
 
 1828. Uruguay becomes free. 
 
 1830. Colombia divided into New Granada 
 (Colombia), Venezuela, and Ecuador. 
 
 1833. Chile adopts its constitution. 
 
 1879. War between Chile and Peru. 
 
 1885. Boundary dispute between Chile and 
 Argentine settled by treaty. 
 
 1888. Brazil emancipates the slaves, May 15. 
 
 1889. Monarchy in Brazil overthrown, Nov. 
 15-16. 
 
 1890. Separation of church and state in 
 Brazil decreed by the provisional gov- 
 ernment ; revolution in Argentine, July 26. 
 
 1891. Manuel Fonseca elected first presi- 
 dent of Brazil, Feb. 24. 
 
 1893-1894. Revolution in Brazil, aiming 
 at restoration of the empire. 
 
 The East. 
 
 1816-1818. Last Mahratta war in India. 
 
 1830. Abolition of the suttee. 
 
 1836-1842. Lord Auckland governor-general 
 of India. 
 
 1840-1842. War between China and Great 
 Britain over the opium trade. 
 
 1842. First Afghan War, Kabul evacuated 
 by the British, Jan., and retaken, Sept.; 
 Hong-Kong ceded to Great Britain, char- 
 ter bearing date April 5, 1843. 
 
 TWENTIETH CENTURY. 
 
 United States— continued. 
 
 1902. Andrew Carnegie gives $10,000,000 to 
 the Carnegie Institute at Washington; 
 visit of Prince Henry of Prussia; great 
 strike of anthracite-coal miners in Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 1903. The cable to the Philippine Islands 
 completed, July 4, and a message sent 
 around the world in twelve minutes; the 
 Panama Canal treaty rejected by the 
 Senate of Colombia; independence of the 
 Republic of Panama recognized, Nov. 6, 
 by the United States, and later by other 
 
 The East — continued. 
 
 1844. China makes treaties with the United 
 States and France. 
 
 1845-1846. First Sikh War in India. 
 
 1848-1849. Second Sikh War. 
 
 1849. Pan jab annexed by Great Britain. 
 
 1850. Outbreak of the Tai-ping rebellion in 
 China. 
 
 1853. Perry’s expedition reaches Japan, 
 July 8. 
 
 1854. Japan makes treaties with the United 
 States and Great Britain. 
 
 1857. Great Britain and France make war 
 on China ; capture of Canton, Dec. 28-29 ; 
 mutiny of the Sepoy troops in India, 
 June-July; massacre at Cawnpore, July 
 15 ; relief of Lucknow, Sept. 25 ; siege, 
 June-Sept., and capture, Sept. 20, of 
 Delhi. 
 
 1858. The government of India taken over 
 by the crown, viceroy instead of gov- 
 ernor-general; Japan concludes commer- 
 cial treaties with United States, France, 
 Great Britain, and Russia; China makes 
 the treaties of Tientsin with United 
 States, Great Britain, and France, June 
 26 . 
 
 1860. Treaty of Peking, Oct., opens China 
 in a measure to toleration of Christianity, 
 and permits resident ambassadors at 
 Peking. 
 
 1864. Bombardment of the Shimonoseki 
 (Japanese) batteries by American and 
 European war-ships; Tai-ping rebellion 
 in China suppressed by Gordon. 
 
 1867-1868. Abolition of the shogunate, and 
 restoration of the mikado in Japan. 
 
 1869. Opening of the Suez Canal. 
 
 1871. Feudalism abolished in Japan. 
 
 1876. First railroad in China completed. 
 
 1877. Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of 
 India. 
 
 1878-1880. Second war between England 
 and the Afghans, Roberts ’s march from 
 Kabul to Kandahar, Oct. 
 
 1881. Treaty of peace between China and 
 Russia, Aug. 19. 
 
 1882-1885. China and France quarrel over 
 Tonquin. 
 
 1885. Tonquin ceded to France, April 5. 
 
 1889. Constitution promulgated in Japan. 
 
 1890. First meeting of Japanese parliament. 
 
 1894. War between China and Japan begins, 
 July 25. 
 
 1895. By the treaty of Shimonoseki with 
 China, April 17, Japan gets the Liao- 
 tung Peninsula, Island of Formosa, and 
 Pescadores Archipelago. 
 
 1896. Defeat of an Italian army by Menelik 
 at Adowa, March 1. 
 
 1898. Anti-foreign feeling in China ; dow- 
 ager empress becomes supreme at Peking. 
 
 1900. The Boxer disturbances in China, 
 June; Taku forts captured by the for- 
 eign allies, June 17 ; the foreign legations 
 besieged in Peking, June; Baron von 
 Ketteler, German minister to China, mur- 
 dered by a mob in Peking, June 20; 
 Peking captured by the foreign forces, 
 Aug. 14. 
 
 United States — continued. 
 
 nations ; first success in mechanical flight 
 obtained by the Wright brothers, Dee. 17 ; 
 Iroquois Theater fire in Chicago, Dec. 30. 
 
 1904. Great fire in Baltimore, Feb. 8; canal 
 treaty with Panama ratified, Feb. 23 ; An- 
 drew Carnegie establishes fund of $5,- 
 000,000 to provide for those who risk 
 their lives for others, and for the wives 
 and orphans of those who sacrifice their 
 lives for others; the Louisiana Purchase 
 Exposition at St. Louis opened, April 30; 
 burning of the excursion steamer General 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OE THE CHIEF EVENTS OF HISTORY 
 
 TWENTIETH C E N T U R Y— continued. 
 
 United States — continued. 
 
 Slocum in the East River, New York 
 city, with loss of about one thousand 
 lives, June 15; strike of forty-five thou- 
 sand employees of meat-packing estab- 
 lishments at Chicago; the New York 
 subway opened, Oct. 27. 
 
 1905. Theodore Roosevelt inaugurated presi- 
 dent, March 4; the body of John Paul 
 Jones discovered in Paris, March 31, re- 
 moved, and interred at Annapolis, July; 
 Andrew Carnegie gives $10,000,000 to 
 establish the Carnegie Foundation for the 
 Advancement of Teaching; Lewis and 
 Clark Centennial Exposition at Portland, 
 Oregon, opened, June 1; death of John 
 Hay, secretary of state, July 1. 
 
 1906. San Francisco destroyed by an earth- 
 quake, April 18 ; riot of negro troops at 
 Brownsville, Texas; President Palma of 
 Cuba resigns, Sept., and President Roose- 
 velt appoints a provisional governor; 
 President Roosevelt visits Panama and 
 Porto Rico. 
 
 1907. John D. Rockefeller gives $32,000,000 
 to the General Education Board; Mrs. 
 Russell Sage gives $10,000,000 to estab- 
 lish the Sage Foundation for philan- 
 thropic work; Andrew Carnegie gives 
 $6,000,000 to the Carnegie Institute at 
 Pittsburgh; the Jamestown Tercentennial 
 Exposition opened, April 26. 
 
 1908. Cruise of the battle-ship fleet around 
 the world; tunnel under the East River 
 to Brooklyn opened, Jan. 9; $13,000,000 
 of Boxer indemnity money returned to 
 China; tunnel under the Hudson to Jer- 
 sey City opened, Feb. 25; conference of 
 State governors on conservation of na- 
 tional resources held at Washington, May 
 13-15. 
 
 1909. Inauguration of President William 
 Howard Taft, March 4; Ex-President 
 Roosevelt goes on hunting trip to Africa; 
 the United States government withdraws 
 from Cuba; Commander Robert E. Peary 
 reaches the North Pole, April 6; the 
 Alaska-Y’ukon -Pacific Exposition at Seat- 
 tle opened, J une 1 ; the Hudson-Fulton 
 celebration in New York. 
 
 1910. Glenn H. Curtiss flies from Albany to 
 New York, May 29; the Pennsylvania 
 railroad station in New York and the 
 railroad tunnels under the Hudson 
 opened, Sept. 8; Andrew Carnegie estab- 
 lishes a fund of $10,000,000 to promote 
 the abolition of war, Dec. 14. 
 
 1911. Experimental postal savings banks are 
 opened in all States and Territories, Jan. 
 3; California extends suffrage to women, 
 Oct. 10; the McNamara brothers confess 
 to a plot among union workers which re- 
 sulted in the destruction by dynamite of 
 the Times Building, Los Angeles, Cal., on 
 Oct. 1, 1910. 
 
 1912. New Mexico (Jan. 6) and Arizona 
 (Feb. 14) are admitted to statehood; 
 great strike of textile mill workers at 
 Lawrence, Mass. (Jan. 12-March 24) ; 
 lives of many Americans lost in the sink- 
 ing of the Titanic, April 15 ; organization 
 of the National Progressive Party under 
 leadership of Ex-President Roosevelt, 
 August ; provision for experimental parcel 
 post to be effective Jan. 1, 1913, is made, 
 Aug. 13; Woodrow Wilson elected Presi- 
 dent by the Democratic Party, Nov. 5; 
 Arizona, Kansas, and Oregon extend the 
 suffrage to women; labor-union officials 
 from many States (mainly members of 
 the Ironworkers’ Union) are arrested 
 through the confessions of the McNamara 
 brothers, are tried before a Federal court 
 at Indianapolis, and 38 are found guilty 
 of dynamite conspiracy, Dec. 28. 
 
 British Empire. 
 
 Continental Europe — continued. 
 
 1901. The Commonwealth of Australia pro- 
 claimed, Jan. 1; continuance of the Boer 
 war through the year; death of Queen 
 Victoria, Jan. 22, and accession of Ed- 
 ward VII. ; Andrew Carnegie gives $10,- 
 000,000 to Scotch universities. 
 
 1902. Death of Cecil Rhodes, March 26; 
 foundation of Rhodes Scholarships an- 
 nounced ; close of the Boer war, May 31 ; 
 coronation of King Edward VII., Aug. 9. 
 
 1904. Colonel Younghusband enters Lhasa, 
 Tibet, Sept. 7. 
 
 1907. Lord Cromer, British agent and con- 
 sul-general in Egypt, resigned; Kingston, 
 Jamaica, destroyed by earthquake, Jan. 
 14. 
 
 1908. Demonstration of ten thousand wo- 
 men in London for the suffrage, June 13. 
 
 1909. The House of Lords rejects the Bud- 
 get. 
 
 1910. Contest in Parliament over the veto 
 power of the House of Lords; death of 
 King Edward VII., May 6, and accession 
 of George V. ; the Colonial Federation of 
 United South Africa comes into exist- 
 ence. 
 
 1911. Coronation of King George V., June 
 22 ; the Parliament Bill limiting the power 
 of the House of Lords receives royal as- 
 sent, Aug. 18 ; King George and Queen 
 Mary are crowned emperor and empress 
 of India at Delhi, announce change of 
 capital from Calcutta to Delhi and the re- 
 adjustment of some Indian provinces, 
 Dec. 12. 
 
 1912. Strike of British coal-miners (est. 
 number, 1,000,000), Feb. 26-April 6, ends 
 through the passing of the Minimum 
 Wage Bill; third Home Rule Bill intro- 
 duced by Mr. Asquith, April 11; National 
 Insurance Act comes into force, July 15. 
 
 Continental Europe. 
 
 1901. Queen Wilhelmina of Holland mar- 
 ried to Duke Henry of Mecklenburg- 
 Sehwerin, Feb. 7 ; the' International Court 
 of Arbitration at The Hague organized, 
 Jan. 30. 
 
 1902. Coronation of King Alfonso XIII. at 
 Madrid, May 17 ; fall of the Campanile 
 in Venice, July 14. 
 
 1903. Massacre of Jews at Kishineff, Russia, 
 April 19-20; the King and Queen of 
 Servia assassinated at Belgrad, June 10; 
 accession of Peter I. of Servia; death of 
 Pope Leo XIII., July 20; election of 
 Pope Pius X.; closing of the schools and 
 houses of the religious orders in France, 
 with resistance and riots. 
 
 1904. France gives up the French shore of 
 Newfoundland, April 8; w T ar between 
 Russia and Japan opens, Feb. 6. 
 
 1905. Black Sunday at St. Petersburg, strik- 
 ers attempting to present a petition to 
 the Czar are fired on by troops, Jan. 22; 
 assassination of Grand Duke Sergius of 
 Russia, Feb. 17 ; the Simplon tunnel be- 
 tween Italy and Switzerland completed; 
 visit of Emperor William to Tangier, 
 antagonizing the Anglo-French agree- 
 ment concerning Morocco ; the union of 
 Sweden and Norway dissolved, June 8; 
 Prince Charles of Denmark chosen king 
 of Norway as Haakon VII., Nov. 18; 
 riots in Odessa directed against Jews. 
 
 1906. Accession of Frederick VIII. of Den- 
 mark, Jan. 30; Armand Fallieres elected 
 President of France, Feb. 17 ; eruption of 
 Mount Vesuvius, April 8; revival of the 
 Olympic games at Athens; the Algeeiras 
 conference on Moroccan affairs, Jan. 16— 
 April 7 ; international exposition at 
 Milan opened, April 29; the Czar opens, 
 and soon after dissolves, the first Russian 
 Duma; Alfred Dreyfus is vindicated by 
 the court of last resort in France and re- 
 stored to the army, July 12-13. 
 
 1907. The separation of church and state 
 in France is promulgated; the second 
 Russian Duma opens, March 5, and is 
 soon dissolved; later the third Duma 
 
 “I 7 
 
 
 limited suffrage to women, June”; the 
 second international peace conference 
 held at The Hague, June 15-Oct. 18. 
 
 1908. An agreement between France and 
 Germany on Morocco is reached; Messina, 
 Sicily, destroyed by an earthquake, Dec. 
 
 1909. Revolution in Turkey, Abdul Hamid 
 deposed, April 27 ; accession of Mehmed 
 V.; M. Bleriot flew across the English 
 Channel, July 25; execution of Francisco 
 Ferrer in Spain, Oct. 13, causes wide- 
 sprea 1 agitation in Europe. 
 
 1910. Paris inundated by an extraordinary 
 overflow of the river Seine; revolution in 
 Portugal, the monarchy overthrown and a 
 republic established, Oct. 5 ; death of Leo 
 Tolstoi, Nov. 20. 
 
 1911. Italy declares war on Turkey, Sept. 
 29, and annexes Tripoli; Roald Amundsen 
 reaches the South Pole, Dec. 14. 
 
 1912. Treaty signed between Italy and Tur- 
 key, by which Tripoli comes under Italian 
 control, Oct. 18; war is declared (Octo- 
 ber) by allied powers of Montenegro, 
 Bulgaria, Servia, and Greece against Tur- 
 key, and (except for Greece) is suspended 
 by an armistice, Dec. 3. 
 
 China and Japan. 
 
 1901. Death of Li Hung Chang, Nov. 7. 
 
 1904. The war in Manchuria between Japan 
 and Russia opens, with rupture of dip- 
 lomatic relations, Feb. 6; attack by Ad- 
 miral Togo on the Russian fleet at Port 
 Arthur, Feb. 8 ; naval fight off Chemulpo, 
 Feb. 9 ; the great battle of Liao-yang is 
 won by the Japanese, Aug. 25-Sept. 4; 
 the Japanese win the battle of the Shalio, 
 Oct. 9-14; siege of Port Arthur by the 
 Japanese, July, 1904-Jan. 1, 1905. 
 
 1905. The Japanese capture Port Arthur, 
 Jan. 1; the great battle of Mukden won 
 by the Japanese, Feb. 19-March 10; the 
 naval battle of the Sea of Japan won by 
 the Japanese under Admiral Togo, the 
 Russian fleet destroyed, May 27-28; the 
 treaty of Portsmouth closes the war, 
 Sept. 5. 
 
 1907. Japan assumes control of Korea, July 
 31. 
 
 1908. Death of the Emperor of China, Aug. 
 14, and of the Dowager Empress, Aug. 15. 
 
 1909. Assassination of Prince Ito of Japan 
 at Harbin, Manchuria, Oct. 26. 
 
 1910. Korea annexed by Japan, Aug. 29. 
 
 1912. Abdication of the emperor is followed 
 
 by the establishment of a republic in 
 China, Feb. 12 ; Yiian Shi-kai is elected 
 the first president of the Chinese Repub- 
 lic, Feb. 15; death of Mutsuhito, Em- 
 peror of Japan, July 30, and accession of 
 his third son, Yoshihito. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 1902. First Congress of the Cuban Republic 
 met in Havana, May 5; eruption of 
 Mount Pelee, Martinique, destroys St. 
 Pierre and 30,000 inhabitants, May 8; 
 Tomas Estrada Palma, first President of 
 the Cuban Republic, inaugurated, May 20. 
 
 1906. The Shah of Persia opens the first Per- 
 sian Parliament, Oc-t. 7. 
 
 1909. The Shah of Persia dethroned, July 
 16. 
 
 1910. The railroad tunnel under the Andes, 
 connecting Chile and Argentina, opened. 
 
 1911. Revolution in Mexico results in the 
 resignation of President Diaz, May 25, 
 and the election of General Francisco I. 
 Madero as President, Oct. 1. 
 
LISTS OF RULERS 
 
 Kings of Egypt. 
 
 (Dates after Flinders Petrie, 
 
 “ History of Egypt.") 
 
 Menes 4777-4715 
 
 Khufu (Cheops) 3969-3908 
 
 Twelfth Dynasty. 
 
 Amenemhat I. 
 Usertesen I. 
 Amenemhat II. 
 Usertesen II. 
 Usertesen III. 
 Amenemhat III. 
 Two kings 
 
 2778-2748 
 
 2758-2714 
 
 2716-2681 
 
 2684-2660 
 
 2660-2622 
 
 2622-2578 
 
 2578-2565 
 
 Eighteenth Dynasty. 
 
 Aahmes I. 
 Amenhotep I. 
 Thothmes I. 
 Thothmes II. 
 Hatasu (queen) 
 Thothmes III. 
 Amenhotep II. 
 Thothmes IV. 
 Amenhotep III. 
 Five kings 
 
 1587-1562 
 
 1562-1541 
 
 1541-1516 
 
 1516-1503 
 
 1503-1481 
 
 1481-1449 
 
 1449-1423 
 
 1423-1414 
 
 1414^1383 
 
 1383-1328 
 
 Nineteenth Dynasty. 
 
 Rameses I. 
 Seti I. 
 Rameses II. 
 Mineptah 
 Five kings 
 
 Shishak 
 
 1328-1326 
 
 1326-1300 
 
 1300-1234 
 
 1234-1214 
 
 1214-1202 
 
 952-930 
 
 Twenty-sixth Dynasty. 
 
 Psammetichus I. 
 Necho II. 
 Psammetichus II. 
 Uahabra 
 Aahmes II. 
 Psammetichus III. 
 
 Kings of Egypt— continued. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Ptolemy XII. Alexander II. 81 
 Ptolemy XIII. Auletes 81-58 
 Berenice IV. (queen) 58-55 
 Auletes (again) 55-52 
 
 Cleopatra VI. 52-49 
 
 Ptolemy XIV., Cleopatra ’s 
 
 brother 52-48 
 
 Cleopatra VI. (again) 48-30 
 Ptolemy XV., Cleopatra ’s 
 
 brother 48-45 
 
 Ptolemy XVI., Cleopatra ’s son 
 
 45-30 
 
 Kings of Assyria. 
 
 Tiglath-Pileser I. 1120-1100 
 
 Tiglath-Pileser II. 950-930 
 Asur-dan II. 930-911 
 
 Ramman-Nirari II. 911-890 
 Tukulti-Nindar 890-884 
 
 Asurnazirpal 884^860 
 
 Shalmaneser II. 860-824 
 
 Shamas-Rimmon IV. 824^811 
 Ramman-Nirari III. 811-782 
 Shalmaneser III. 782-772 
 
 Asur-dan III. 772-754 
 
 Asur-nirari 754^745 
 
 Tiglath-Pileser III. 
 
 (Phul) 745-727 
 
 Shalmaneser IV. 727-722 
 
 Sargon 722-705 
 
 Sennacherib 705-681 
 
 Esarhaddon 680-668 
 
 Asurbanipal 668-626 
 
 Two kings 626-606 
 
 Kings of Babylon. 
 
 Nabopolassar 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar 
 
 664-610 
 
 610-594 
 
 594-589 
 
 589-570 
 
 570-526 
 
 526-525 
 
 Kings of Israel and Judah. 
 
 (Dates after Duncker. ) 
 Kings of the Undivided 
 
 Kingdom. 
 
 Saul 
 
 David 
 
 Kings of Israel and Judah— 
 
 Roman Emperors- 
 
 —continued. 
 
 continued. 
 
 
 Macrinus 
 
 A.D. 
 
 217-218 
 
 Kinas of Israel. 
 
 Elagabalus 
 
 218-222 
 
 
 B. C. 
 
 Alexander Severus 
 
 222-235 
 
 Jeroboam I. 
 
 953-927 
 
 Maximinus 
 
 235-238 
 
 Nadab 
 
 927-925 
 
 Gordianus I. 
 
 238 
 
 Baasha 
 
 925-901 
 
 Gordianus II. 
 
 238 
 
 Elah 
 
 901-899 
 
 Balbinus ) 
 
 238 
 
 Ziinri 
 
 899 
 
 Pupienus ) 
 
 238 
 
 Omri 
 
 899-875 
 
 Gordianus III. 
 
 238-244 
 
 Ahab 
 
 875-853 
 
 Philip 
 
 244-249 
 
 Ahaziah 
 
 853-851 
 
 Decius 
 
 249-251 
 
 J oram 
 
 851-843 
 
 Gallus 251 
 
 -253 or 254 
 
 Jehu 
 
 843-815 
 
 ZEmilianus 
 
 253 
 
 Jehoahaz 
 
 815-798 
 
 Valerian ) 
 
 254-260 
 
 Joash 
 
 798-790 
 
 Gallienus ( 
 
 254^268 
 
 Jeroboam II. 
 
 790-749 
 
 Claudius II. 
 
 268-270 
 
 Zachariah 
 
 749-748 
 
 Aurelian 
 
 270-275 
 
 Shallum 
 
 748 
 
 Tacitus 
 
 275-276 
 
 Menahem 
 
 748-738 
 
 Probus 
 
 276-282 
 
 Pekahiah 
 
 738-736 
 
 Carus 
 
 282-283 
 
 Pekah 
 
 736-734 
 
 Carinus ) 
 
 283-285 
 
 Iloshea 
 
 734-722 
 
 Numerianus ) 
 
 283-284 
 
 
 
 Diocletian ) 
 
 284-305 
 
 Kings of Persia. 
 
 Maximian ( 
 
 286-305 
 
 625-605 
 
 605-562 
 
 1055-1033 
 1033 993 
 
 Cyrus 558-529 
 
 Cambyses 529-522 
 
 Darius Hvstaspes 521-486 
 
 Xerxes L 486(5)-465(4) 
 
 Artaxerxes Longimanus 
 
 465(4)-425(4) 
 Xerxes II. 425(4) 
 
 Darius Nothus 425 (4)-405 (4) 
 Artaxerxes Mnemon 
 
 405-361(59) 
 Artaxerxes III. 361(59) -338 
 Arses 338 336 
 
 Darius Codoinanus 336-330 
 
 Kings of Macedonia. 
 
 Amyntas II. 394-370 
 
 Alexander II. 369-368 
 
 Ptolemy I. 368-365 
 
 Perdiccas III. 365-359 
 
 Amyntas III. 359 
 
 Philip II. 359 336 
 
 Alexander III. (Macedonian 
 empire) 336-323 
 
 Constantius Chlorus ( 305-306 
 
 Galerius S 305-311 
 
 Constantine I. 306-337 
 
 Maxentius 306-312 
 
 Maximian (again) 306-308 
 Severus 306-307 
 
 Licinius 307-324 
 
 Constantine II.) • 337-340 
 
 Constans f e 1 “F' re , 337-350 
 Constantius II. S CUVKlea 337-361 
 Julian 361-363 
 
 Jovianus 363-364 
 
 Valentinian I. (West) 364-375 
 Valens (East) 364-378 
 
 Gratian (West) 367-383 
 
 Valentinian TI. (West) 375-392 
 Theodosius I. (East) 379-394 
 Maximus (West) 383-388 
 
 Eugenius (West) 392-394 
 
 Theodosius I. (sole emperor) 
 
 394-395 
 
 Western Roman Emperors. 
 
 Honorius 395-423 
 
 The Ptolemies. 
 
 Solomon 
 
 993 953 
 
 Roman Emperors. 
 
 Joannes 
 
 Valentinian III. 
 
 424 
 
 425-455 
 
 Ptolemy I. Soter 306-285 
 
 Kings of Judah. 
 
 Augustus 31 
 
 Tiberius 
 
 B.C.— 14 A.D. 
 14-37 
 
 Petronius Maximus 
 Avitus 
 
 455 
 455 456 
 
 Ptolemy II. Philadelphus 
 
 Rehoboam 
 
 953-932 
 
 Caligula 
 
 37-41 
 
 Majoriauus 
 
 457-461 
 
 285-247 
 
 Abijah 
 
 932 929 
 
 Claudius I. 
 
 41-54 
 
 Libius Severus 
 
 461-465 
 
 Ptolemy III. Euergetes I. 
 
 Asa 
 
 929 873 
 
 Nero 
 
 54-68 
 
 Anthemius 467 
 
 473(472?) 
 
 247-222 
 
 Jehoshaphat 
 
 873-848 
 
 Galba 
 
 68-69 
 
 Olybrius 
 
 472 
 
 Ptolemy IV. Philopator I. 
 
 Joram 
 
 848-844 
 
 Otho 
 
 69 
 
 Glycerius 
 
 473 
 
 222-204(205?) 
 
 Ahaziah 
 
 844-843 
 
 Vitellius 
 
 69 
 
 Julius Nepos 
 
 474-475 
 
 Ptolemy V. Epiphanes 
 
 204(205 ?)-181 
 Ptolemy VI. Eupator 181 
 
 Athaliah 
 
 Joash 
 
 Amaziah 
 
 843-837 
 
 837-797 
 
 797-792 
 
 Vespasian 
 
 Titus 
 
 Domitian 
 
 70-79 
 
 79-81 
 
 81-96 
 
 Romulus Augustulus 
 
 475-476 
 
 Ptolemy VII. Philometor I. 
 
 Uzziah 
 
 792-740 
 
 Nerva 
 
 96-98 
 
 ■Eastern Emnernrs. 
 
 181-146 
 
 Jotham 
 
 740-734 
 
 Trajan 
 
 98-117 
 
 
 
 Cleopatra I. (regent) 181-173 
 
 Ahaz 
 
 734?-727 ? 
 
 Hadrian 
 
 117-138 
 
 Arcadius 
 
 395-408 
 
 Ptolemy VIII. Philopator II. 
 
 Hezekiah 
 
 727-699? 
 
 Antoninus Pius 
 
 138-161 
 
 Theodosius II. 
 
 408 450 
 
 146 
 
 Manasseh 
 
 697-642 
 
 Marcus Aurelius 
 
 161 180 
 
 Marcianus 
 
 450-457 
 
 Ptolemy IX. Euergetes II. 
 
 Amon 
 
 642-640 
 
 Commodus 
 
 180-192 
 
 Leo I. 
 
 457-474 
 
 146 117 
 
 Josiah 
 
 640 609 
 
 Pertinax 
 
 192-193 
 
 Leo II. 
 
 474 
 
 Ptolemy X. Soter II. 117-107 
 
 Jehoahaz 
 
 609 
 
 Didius Julianus 
 
 193 
 
 Zeno 
 
 474-491 
 
 Ptolemy XI. Alexander I. 
 
 Jehoiakim 
 
 609 597 
 
 Septimius Severus 
 
 193-211 
 
 Anastasius I. 
 
 491 -518 
 
 107 88 
 
 Jehoiachin 
 
 597 
 
 Caraealla ) 
 
 211-217 
 
 Justin I. 
 
 518 527 
 
 Soter II. (again) 88 81 
 
 Zedekiah 
 
 597-586 
 
 Geta ( 
 
 211-212 
 
 Justinian I. 
 
 527-565 
 
LISTS OF RULERS 
 
 Eastern Emperors — continued. 
 
 Justin II. 
 
 Tiberius II. 
 
 Maurice 
 Phocas 
 Heraclius 
 Constantine III. 
 Constans II. 
 Constantine IV. 
 Justinian II. 
 
 Leontius 
 Tiberius III. 
 
 Justinian II. (again) 
 Philippus Bardanes 
 Anastasius II. 
 Theodosius III. 
 
 Leo III. (the Isaurian) 
 Constantine V. 
 
 Leo IV. 
 
 Constantine VI. 
 
 Irene 
 
 Nicephorus I. 
 Stauracius 
 Michael I. 
 
 Leo V. 
 
 Michael II. 
 
 Theophilus 
 Michael III. 
 
 Basil I. 
 
 Leo VI. 
 
 Alexander 
 Constantine VII. 
 Romanus I. (regent) 
 Christopher (regent) 
 Stephen (regent) 
 Romanus II. 
 Nicephorus II. 
 
 John I. 
 
 Basil II. 
 
 Constantine VIII. 
 Romanus III. 
 
 Michael IV. 
 
 Michael V. 
 
 Constantine IX. ( 
 
 Zoe 1 
 
 Theodora 
 Michael VT. 
 
 Isaac 
 
 Constantine X. 
 Eudocia ( 
 Romanus IV. ( 
 Michael VII. ) 
 
 Constantine XI. ( 
 Nicephorus III. 
 Alexius I. 
 
 John II. Comnenus 
 Manuel I. 
 
 Alexius II. 
 
 Andronicus I. 
 
 Isaac II. 
 
 Alexius III. 
 
 565-578 
 578-582 
 582-602 
 602-610 
 610 641 
 641 
 641-668 
 668-685 
 685-695 
 695-698 
 698-705 
 705-711 
 711-713 
 713-716 
 716-717 
 718-741 
 741-775 
 775-780 
 780-797 
 797-802 
 802-811 
 811 
 811-813 
 813-820 
 820 829 
 829-842 
 842 867 
 867-886 
 886-911 
 911-912 
 911-959 
 
 919- 944 
 
 920- 931 
 928-945 
 959-963 
 963-969 
 969-976 
 
 976-1025 
 1025-1028 
 1028-1034 
 1034-1041 
 1041-1042 
 1042 1054 
 1042 1050 
 1054-1056 
 
 1056- 1057 
 
 1057- 1059 
 1059-1067 
 
 1067- 1071 
 
 1068- 1071 
 1071-1078 
 1071-1078 
 1078-1081 
 1081-1118 
 1118 1143 
 1143-1180 
 1180-1183 
 1183-1185 
 1185-1195 
 1195-1203 
 
 Isaac II. (restored) 1203-1204 
 
 Alexius IV. 
 Alexius V. 
 
 1203-1204 
 
 1204 
 
 (At Niccea.) 
 
 Theodore Lascaris I. 1204-1222 
 John III. Ducas Vataces 
 
 1222-1255 
 Theodore Lascaris II. 
 
 1255-1259 
 John IV. Lascaris 1259-1261 
 
 ( Restored to Constantinople.) 
 
 Michael VIII. 1261-1282 
 
 Andronicus II. 1282-1328 
 Michael IX. (regent) 
 
 1295-1320 
 Andronicus III. 1328-1341 
 John Palaeologus I. 1341-1376 
 John Cantacuzenus (regent) 
 
 1347-1354 
 Andronicus IV. 1376-1379 
 John Palfeologus I. (restored) 
 
 1379-1391 
 Manuel II. 1391-1425 
 
 John Palaeologus II. 1425-1448 
 Constantine XIII. Palaeologus 
 
 1448-1453 
 
 Latin Emperors at 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Baldwin I. 
 Henry I. 
 Peter 
 Robert 
 Baldwin II. 
 
 1204^-1205 
 
 1206-1216 
 
 1216-1221 
 
 1221-1228 
 
 1228-1261 
 
 Carlovingian Roman Emperors. 
 
 Charlemagne 
 Louis I. 
 Lothaire I. 
 Louis II. 
 Charles II. 
 Charles III. 
 Arnulf 
 
 800-814 
 814-840 
 840 855 
 855-875 
 875-877 
 881-887 
 896-899 
 
 Kings of Germany and Emperors 
 of the Holy Roman Empire 
 after 962. 
 
 Louis the German 843-876 
 
 Charles the Fat 876-887 
 
 Arnulf 887-899 
 
 Louis the Child 900-911 
 
 Conrad I. 911-918 
 
 Henry I. 919 936 
 
 Otto I. (emperor) 936-973 
 Otto II. (emperor) 973-983 
 Otto III. (emperor) 983-1002 
 Henry II. (emperor) 1002-1024 
 Conrad II. (emperor) 1024-1039 
 Henry III. (emperor) 1039-1056 
 Henry IV. (emperor) 1056-1106 
 Rudolph 1077-1080 
 
 Henry V. (emperor) 1106-1125 
 Lothaire II. (emperor) 
 
 1125-1137 
 Conrad III. (emperor) 
 
 1138-1152 
 
 Frederick I. (emperor) 
 
 1152-1190 
 
 Henry VI. (emperor) 1190-1197 
 Philip 1198-1208 
 
 Otto IV. (emperor) 1198-1215 
 Frederick II. (emperor) 
 
 1215-1250 
 William 1247-1256 
 
 Conrad IV. 1250-1254 
 
 Interregnum 1256-1273 
 
 Rudolph I. 1273-1291 
 
 Adolphus 1292-1298 
 
 Albert I. 1298-1308 
 
 Henry VII. (emperor) 1308-1313 
 Louis IV. (emperor) 1314-1347 
 Frederick III. 1314-1330 
 
 Charles IV. (emperor) 
 
 1347-1378 
 Wenceslaus 1378-1400 
 
 Rupert 1400-1410 
 
 Jossus 1410-1411 
 
 Sigismund (emperor) 
 
 1411-1437 
 Albert II. 1438-1439 
 
 Frederick IV. (emperor) 
 
 1440-1493 
 
 Maximilian I. (emperor) 
 
 1493-1519 
 Charles V. (emperor) 1519-1556 
 Ferdinand I. (emperor) 
 
 1558-1564 
 
 Maximilian II. (emperor) 
 
 1564-1576 
 Rudolph II. (emperor) 
 
 1576-1612 
 Matthias (emperor) 1612-1619 
 Ferdinand II. (emperor) 
 
 1619-1637 
 
 Ferdinand III. (emperor) 
 
 1637-1657 
 Leopold I. (emperor) 1658-1705 
 Joseph I. (emperor) 1705-1711 
 Charles VI. (emperor) 1711-1740 
 Maria Theresa (empress) 
 
 1740-1780 
 
 Charles VII. (emperor) 
 
 1742-1745 
 Francis I. (emperor) 1745-1765 
 Joseph II. (emperor) 1765-1790 
 Leopoldll. (emperor) 1790-1792 
 Francis II. (emperor) 1792-1806 
 
 Emperors of Austria. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 Francis I. (II. of Holy 
 
 Roman Empire) 1804-1835 
 Ferdinand I. 1835-1848 
 
 Francis Joseph 1848- 
 
 Kings of Prussia and Emperors 
 of Germany after 1871. 
 
 Frederick I. 1701-1713 
 
 Frederick William I. 1713-1740 
 Frederick II. 1740-1786 
 
 Frederick William II. 
 
 1786-1797 
 
 Frederick William III. 
 
 1797-1840 
 
 Frederick William IV. 
 
 
 
 1840-1861 
 
 William I. 
 
 
 1861-1888 
 
 Frederick III. 
 
 
 1888 
 
 William II. 
 
 
 1888 
 
 Bishops of Rome and Popes. 
 
 Peter ( ?) 
 
 
 42-66? 
 
 Linus 
 
 
 66-78 
 
 Anacletus I. 
 
 
 78-91? 
 
 Clement I. 
 
 
 91-100 
 
 Evaristus 
 
 
 100-109 
 
 Alexander I. 
 
 about 109-119 
 
 Sixtus I. 
 
 about 119-126 
 
 Telesphorus 
 
 
 127-139 
 
 Hyginus 
 
 
 139-142 
 
 Pius I. 
 
 
 142-156 
 
 Anicetus 
 
 about 156-166 
 
 Soterus 
 
 
 166-174 
 
 Eleutherus 
 
 
 174-186 
 
 Victor I. 
 
 about 187-200 
 
 Zephyrinus 
 
 about 200-217 
 
 Calixtus I. 
 
 
 217-222 
 
 Urban I. 
 
 
 222-230 
 
 Pontianus 
 
 
 230-235 
 
 Anteros 
 
 
 235-236 
 
 Fabian 
 
 
 236 250 
 
 Cornelius 
 
 
 251-253 
 
 Lucius I. 
 
 
 253-254 
 
 Stephen I. 
 
 
 254-257 
 
 Sixtus II. 
 
 
 257-258 
 
 Dionysius 
 
 
 259-269 
 
 Felix I. 
 
 
 269-274 
 
 Eutychianus 
 
 
 275-283 
 
 Caius 
 
 
 283-296 
 
 Marcellinus 
 
 
 296-304 
 
 Marcellus 
 
 
 307-309 
 
 Eusebius 
 
 
 310 
 
 Milchiades 
 
 
 311-314 
 
 Silvester 
 
 
 314-335 
 
 Marcus 
 
 
 336 
 
 Julius I. 
 
 
 337-352 
 
 Liberius 
 
 
 352-366 
 
 Felix II. 
 
 
 355-358 
 
 Damasus 
 
 
 366-384 
 
 Ursinus (antipope) 
 
 366-384 
 
 Siricius 
 
 384 
 
 or 385 398 
 
 Anastasius 
 
 
 398 402 
 
 Innocent I. 
 
 
 402-417 
 
 Zosimus 
 
 
 417-418 
 
 Boniface I. 
 
 
 418-422 
 
 Celestine I. 
 
 
 422-432 
 
 Sixtus III. 
 
 
 432-440 
 
 Leo I. 
 
 
 440-461 
 
 Hilarius 
 
 
 461-467 
 
 Simplicius 
 
 
 468-483 
 
 Felix III. 
 
 
 483-492 
 
 Gelasius I. 
 
 
 492-496 
 
 Anastasius II. 
 
 
 496-498 
 
 Symmachus 
 
 
 498-514 
 
 Ilormisdas 
 
 
 514-523 
 
 John I. 
 
 
 523-526 
 
 Felix IV. 
 
 
 526 530 
 
 Boniface II. 
 
 
 530-532 
 
 John II. 
 
 
 532-535 
 
 Agapetus 
 
 
 535-536 
 
 Silverius 
 
 
 536-537 
 
 Vigilius 
 
 
 537-555 
 
 Pelagius I. 
 
 
 555-560 
 
 John III. 
 
 
 560 573 
 
 Benedict I. 
 
 
 574^578 
 
 Pelagius II. 
 
 
 578-590 
 
 Gregory I. 
 
 
 590-604 
 
 Sabinianus 
 
 604 
 
 606 or 607 
 
 Bishops of Rome and Popes— 
 
 continued. a .d. 
 Boniface III. 606 or 607 
 
 Boniface IV. 608-615 
 
 Deusdedit 614(615)-617(618) 
 
 Boniface V. 
 Honorius I. 
 Severinus 
 John IV. 
 Theodore I. 
 Martin I. 
 Eugenius I. 
 Vitalianus 
 Adeodatus 
 Domnus I. 
 Agatho 
 Leo II. 
 Benedict II. 
 John V. 
 Conon 
 Sergius I. 
 John VI. 
 John VII. 
 Sisinnius 
 Constantine 
 Gregory II. 
 Gregory III. 
 Zacharius 
 Stephen II. 
 Paul I. 
 
 619-625 
 625-638 
 640 
 640 642 
 642-649 
 649-653 
 654^657 
 657-672 
 672-676 
 676-678 
 678-682 
 682-683 
 
 684- 685 
 
 685- 686 
 
 686- 687 
 
 687- 701 
 701-705 
 705-707 
 
 708 
 
 708-715 
 
 715-731 
 
 731-741 
 
 741-752 
 
 752-757 
 
 757-767 
 
 Constantine Theophylactus 
 
 767-768 
 
 Stephen III. 
 Adrian I. 
 
 Leo III. 
 Stephen IV. 
 Paschal I. 
 Eugenius II. 
 Valentinus 
 Gregory IV. 
 Sergius II. 
 
 Leo IV. 
 Benedict III. 
 Nicholas I. 
 Adrian II. 
 
 John VIII. 
 Martin II. 
 Adrian III. 
 Stephen V. 
 Formosus 
 Boniface VI. 
 Stephen VI. 
 Romanus 
 Theodoras II. 
 John IX. 
 Benedict IV. 
 Leo V. 
 Christopher 
 Sergius III. 
 Anastasius III. 
 Landonius 
 John X. 
 
 Leo VI. 
 Stephen VII. 
 John XI. 
 
 Leo VII. 
 Stephen VIII. 
 Martin III. 
 Agapetus II. 
 John XII. 
 
 Leo VIII. 
 Benedict V. 
 John XIII. 
 Benedict VI. 
 Domnus II. 
 
 768-772 
 
 772-795 
 
 795-816 
 
 816- 817 
 
 817- 824 
 824-827 
 
 827 
 827-844 
 844-847 
 847-855 
 855-858 
 858 867 
 867-872 
 872-882 
 882-884 
 884-885 
 885 891 
 891 896 
 
 896 
 896 897 
 
 897 
 
 898 
 898-900 
 900-903 
 
 903 
 903 904 
 904-911 
 911-913 
 
 913- 914 
 
 914- 928 
 
 928- 929 
 
 929- 931 
 931-932 
 936-939 
 939-942 
 942-946 
 946 955 
 955-963 
 963 965 
 
 964- 965 
 
 965- 972 
 972-974 
 974-975 
 
 Boniface VTI. (antipope) 
 
 974-984 
 
 Benedict VII. 
 
 John XIV. 
 
 John XV. 
 
 Gregory V. 
 
 John XVI. (antipope) 
 Silvester II. 
 
 John XVII. 
 
 John XVIII. 
 
 Sergius IV. 
 
 Benedict VIII. 
 
 John XIX. 
 
 Benedict IX. 
 
 975-983 
 983-984 
 985-996 
 996 999 
 997-998 
 999-1003 
 1003 
 1003-1009 
 1009-1012 
 1012-1024 
 1024-1033 
 1033-1044 
 
 Silvester III. (antipope) 1044 
 Gregory VI. 1045-1046 
 
 Clement II. 1046-1047 
 
LISTS OF RULEBS 
 
 Bishops of Rome and Popes— 
 
 continued. a.d. 
 
 Damasus II. 
 Leo IX. 
 Victor II. 
 Stephen IX. 
 
 Gregory VII. 
 Clement III. 
 
 Victor III. 
 Urban II. 
 Paschal II. 
 Gelasius II. 
 
 1048. 
 1049-1054 
 1055-1057 
 1057-1058 
 Benedict X. (antipope) 1058 
 Nicholas II. 1058-1061 
 
 Alexander II. 1061-1073 
 
 Ilonorius II. (antipope) 
 
 1061-1064 
 1073-1085 
 (antipope) 
 
 1080-1085 
 1086-1087 
 1088-1099 
 1099-1118 
 1118-1119 
 Gregory VIII. (antipope) 
 
 1118-1121 
 Calixtus II. 1119-1124 
 
 Ilonorius II. 1124^1130 
 
 Innocent II. 1130-1143 
 
 Anacletus II. (antipope) 
 
 1130-1138 
 Victor IV. (antipope) 1138-1143 
 Celestine II. 1143-1144 
 
 Lucius II. 1144^1145 
 
 Eugenius III. 1145-1153 
 
 Anastasius IV. 1153-1154. 
 
 Adrian IV. 1154-1159 
 
 Alexander III. 1159 1181 
 
 Victor V. (antipope) 1159 
 
 Paschal III. (antipope) 
 
 1164-1168 
 
 Lucius III. 
 Urban III. 
 Gregory VIII. 
 Clement III. 
 Celestine III. 
 Innocent III. 
 Ilonorius III. 
 Gregory IX. 
 Celestine IV. 
 Innocent IV. 
 Alexander IV. 
 Urban IV. 
 Clement IV. 
 Gregory X. 
 Innocent V. 
 Adrian V. 
 
 1181-1185 
 
 1185-1187 
 
 1187 
 
 1187-1191 
 
 1191-1198 
 
 1198-1216 
 
 1216-1227 
 
 1227-1241 
 
 1241 
 
 1243-1254 
 
 1254-1261 
 
 1261-1264 
 
 1265-1268 
 
 1271-1276 
 
 1276 
 
 1276 
 
 Bishops of Rome and Popes— 
 
 continued. a.d. 
 Sixtus IV. 1471-1484 
 
 Innocent VIII. 1484^1492 
 
 Alexander VI. 1492-1503 
 
 Pius III. 1503 
 
 Julius II. 1503-1513 
 
 Leo X. 1513-1521 
 
 Adrian VI. 1522-1523 
 
 Clement VII. 1523-1534 
 
 Paul III. 1534-1549 
 
 Julius III. 1550-1555 
 
 Marcellus II. 1555 
 
 Paul IV. 1555 1559 
 
 Pius IV. 1559-1565 
 
 Pius V. 1566 1572 
 
 Gregory XIII. 1572-1585 
 
 Sixtus V. 1585 1590 
 
 Urban VII. 1590 
 
 Gregory XIV. 1590-1591 
 
 Innocent IX. 1591 
 
 Clement VIII. 1592-1605 
 
 Leo XI. 1605 
 
 Paul V. 1605-1621 
 
 Gregory XV. 1621-1623 
 
 Urban VIII. 1623-1644 
 
 Innocent X. 1644-1655 
 
 Alexander VII. 1655-1667 
 
 Clement IX. 1667-1669 
 
 Clement X. 1670-1676 
 
 Innocent XI. 1676-1689 
 
 Alexander VIII. 1689-1691 
 
 Innocent XII. 1691-1700 
 
 Clement XI. 1700-1721 
 
 Innocent XIII. 1721-1724 
 
 Benedict XIII. 1724-1730 
 
 Clement XII. 1730 1740 
 
 Benedict XIV. 1740-1758 
 
 Clement XIII. 1758-1769 
 
 Clement XIV. 1769-1774 
 
 Pius VI. 1775-1799 
 
 Pius VII. 1800-1823 
 
 Leo XII. 1823-1829 
 
 Pius VIII. 1829 1830 
 
 Gregory XVI. 1831-1846 
 
 Pius IX. 1846 1878 
 
 Leo XIII. 1878-1903 
 
 Pius X. 1903- 
 
 Kings of England. 
 
 Vicedominus 
 
 1276 
 
 Egbert 
 
 802 839 
 
 John XX. or XXI. 
 
 1276-1277 
 
 iEthelwulf 
 
 839-858 
 
 Nicholas III. 
 
 1277-1280 
 
 Hilthelbald 
 
 858-860 
 
 Martin IV. 
 
 1281-1285 
 
 H5thelberht 
 
 860-866 
 
 Honorius IV. 
 
 1285-1287 
 
 Hithelred I. 
 
 866-878 
 
 Nicholas IV. 
 
 1288-1292 
 
 Alfred 
 
 878-901 
 
 Celestine V. 
 
 1294 
 
 Edward the Elder 
 
 901-924 
 
 Boniface VIII. 
 
 1294-1303 
 
 Athelstan 
 
 924-940 
 
 Benedict XI. 
 
 1303-1304 
 
 Edmund I. 
 
 940-946 
 
 Clement V. 
 
 1305-1314 
 
 Edred 
 
 946-955 
 
 John XXII. 
 
 1316-1334 
 
 Edwy 
 
 955-959 
 
 Nicholas V. (antipope) 
 
 Edgar 
 
 959-975 
 
 
 1328-1330 
 
 Edward the Martyr 
 
 975-979 
 
 Benedict XII. 
 
 1334-1342 
 
 iEthelred II. 
 
 979-1016 
 
 Clement VI. (at Avignon) 
 
 Edmund II. 
 
 1016 
 
 
 1342 1352 
 
 Canute 
 
 1017-1035 
 
 Innocent VI. (at Avignon) 
 
 Harold I. 
 
 1035-1040 
 
 
 1352-1362 
 
 Hardicanute 
 
 1040 1042 
 
 Urban V. (at Avignon) 
 
 Edward the Confessor 
 
 
 1362-1370 
 
 
 1042-1066 
 
 Gregory XI. (at Avignon) 
 
 Harold II. 
 
 1066 
 
 
 1370-1378 
 
 William I. 
 
 1066-1087 
 
 Urban VI. 
 
 1378-1389 
 
 William II. 
 
 1087-1100 
 
 Clement VII. (antipope) (at 
 
 Henry I. 
 
 1100-1135 
 
 Avignon) 
 
 1378-1394 
 
 Stephen 
 
 1135-1154 
 
 Boniface IX. 
 
 1389 1404 
 
 Henry II. 
 
 1154-1189 
 
 Benedict XIII. (at Avignon) 
 
 Richard I. 
 
 1189-1199 
 
 
 1394 1417 
 
 John 
 
 1199-1216 
 
 Innocent VII. 
 
 1404 1406 
 
 Henry III. 
 
 1216-1272 
 
 Gregory XTI. 
 
 1406 1415 
 
 Edward I. 
 
 1272-1307 
 
 Alexander V. 
 
 1409 1410 
 
 Edward II. 
 
 1307-1327 
 
 John XXTIT. 
 
 1410 1415 
 
 Edward III. 
 
 1327-1377 
 
 Martin V. 
 
 1417-1431 
 
 Richard II. 
 
 1377-1399 
 
 Clement VIII. (antipope) 
 
 Henry IV. 
 
 1399-1413 
 
 
 1424 1429 
 
 Henry V. 
 
 1413-1422 
 
 Eugenius IV. 
 
 1431-1447 
 
 Henry VI. 
 
 1422-1461 
 
 Felix V. (antipope) 
 
 1440-1449 
 
 Edward IV. 
 
 1461-1483 
 
 Nicholas V. 
 
 1447 1455 
 
 Edward V. 
 
 1483 
 
 Calixtus III. 
 
 1455-1458 
 
 Richard TTT. 
 
 1483-1485 
 
 Pius II. 
 
 1458 1464 
 
 Henry VTT. 
 
 1485-1509 
 
 Paul II. 
 
 1464 1471 
 
 Henry VIII. 
 
 1509 1547 
 
 Kings of England— continued. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 Edward VI. 
 
 1547-1553 
 
 Mary 
 
 1553-1558 
 
 Elizabeth 
 
 1558-1603 
 
 James I. 
 
 1603-1625 
 
 Charles I. 
 
 1625-1649 
 
 The Commonwealth 1649-1660 
 
 Oliver Cromwell, 
 
 Protector 
 
 1653-1658 
 
 Richard Cromwell, Protector 
 
 1658-1659 
 
 Charles II. 
 
 1660-1685 
 
 James II. 
 
 1685-1688 
 
 William III. and 
 
 Mary 
 
 1689-1702 
 
 Anne 
 
 1702-1714 
 
 George I. 
 
 1714-1727 
 
 George II. 
 
 1727-1760 
 
 George III. 
 
 1760 1820 
 
 George IV. 
 
 1820-1830 
 
 William IV. 
 
 1830-1837 
 
 Victoria 
 
 1837-1901 
 
 Edward VII. 
 
 1901-1910 
 
 George V. 
 
 1910- 
 
 Kings and other Rulers of 
 France. 
 
 Louis I. 
 
 814-840 
 
 Charles I. 
 
 840-877 
 
 Louis II. 
 
 877-879 
 
 Louis III. 
 
 879-882 
 
 Carloman 
 
 879-884 
 
 Charles II. 
 
 885-887 
 
 Eudes 
 
 888 898 
 
 Charles III. 
 
 893-929 
 
 Robert I. 
 
 922-923 
 
 Rudolf 
 
 923-936 
 
 Louis IV. 
 
 936-954 
 
 Lothair 
 
 954-986 
 
 Louis V. 
 
 986-987 
 
 Hugh Capet 
 
 987-996 
 
 Robert II. 
 
 996 1031 
 
 Henry I. 
 
 1031-1060 
 
 Philip I. 
 
 1060 1108 
 
 Louis VI. 
 
 1108-1137 
 
 Louis VII. 
 
 1137-1180 
 
 Philip II. 
 
 1180-1223 
 
 Louis VIII. 
 
 1223-1226 
 
 Louis IX. 
 
 1226-1270 
 
 Philip III. 
 
 1270-1285 
 
 Philip IV. 
 
 1285-1314 
 
 Louis X. 
 
 1314-1316 
 
 John I. 
 
 1316 
 
 Philip V. 
 
 1316-1322 
 
 Charles IV. 
 
 1322-1328 
 
 Philip VI. 
 
 1328-1350 
 
 John II. 
 
 1350-1364 
 
 Charles V. 
 
 1364r-1380 
 
 Charles VI. 
 
 1380-1422 
 
 Charles VII. 
 
 1422-1461 
 
 Louis XI. 
 
 1461-1483 
 
 Charles VIII. 
 
 1483-1498 
 
 Louis XII. 
 
 1498-1515 
 
 Francis I. 
 
 1515-1547 
 
 Henry II. 
 
 1547-1559 
 
 Francis II. 
 
 1559-1560 
 
 Charles IX. 
 
 1560-1574 
 
 Henry III. 
 
 1574-1589 
 
 Henry IV. 
 
 1589-1610 
 
 Louis XIII. 
 
 1610-1643 
 
 Louis XIV. 
 
 1643 1715 
 
 Louis XV. 
 
 1715 1774 
 
 Louis XVI. 
 
 1774-1792 
 
 (Louis XVIT. (titula 
 
 r king) 
 
 1793-1795) 
 
 First Republic 
 
 1792-1795 
 
 Directory 
 
 1795-1799 
 
 Consulate 
 
 1799-1804 
 
 First Empire (Napoleon I.) 
 
 1804 1814 
 
 Louis XVIII. 
 
 1814-1824 
 
 Charles X. 
 
 1824—1830 
 
 Louis Philippe 
 
 1830 1848 
 
 Second Republic 
 
 1848 1851 
 
 Second Empire (Napoleon TTT.) 
 
 1852 1870 
 
 Presidents of th 
 Republic. 
 
 e Third 
 
 Thiers 
 
 1871-1873 
 
 Kings and other Rulers of 
 France — continued. a .d. 
 
 MacMahon 
 
 Grevy 
 
 Carnot 
 
 Casimir Perier 
 Faure 
 Loubet 
 Fallieres 
 
 1873-1879 
 1879-1887 
 1887-1894 
 1894-1895 
 1895 1899 
 1899-1906 
 1906- 
 
 Kings of Spain. 
 
 (Of Castile and Leon 
 until 1512.) 
 
 Ferdinand I. 
 Sancho II. 
 Alfonso VI. 
 Alfonso VI 1. 
 Alfonso VIII. 
 Sancho III. 
 Alfonso IX. 
 Henry I. 
 Ferdinand III. 
 Alfonso X. , 
 Sancho IV. 
 Ferdinand IV. 
 Alfonso XI. 
 Pedro 
 Henry II. 
 
 John I. 
 
 Henry III. 
 John II. 
 
 Henry IV. 
 Isabella I. 
 Philip I. 
 Ferdinand V. 
 Charles I. 
 Philip II. 
 Philip III. 
 Philip IV. 
 Charles II. 
 
 1033-1065 
 1065-1072 
 1072-1109 
 1109-1126 
 1126-1157 
 1157-1158 
 1158 1214 
 1214-1217 
 1217-1252 
 1252-1282 
 1282-1295 
 1295-1312 
 1312-1350 
 1350-1369 
 1369 1379 
 1379-1390 
 1390-1406 
 1406-1454 
 1454-1474 
 1474-1504 
 1504-1506 
 1506-1516 
 1516-1556 
 1556-1598 
 1598-1621 
 1621-1665 
 1665-1700 
 1700-1724 
 1724 
 
 Philip V. 
 Louis 
 
 Philip V. (restored) 1724-1746 
 
 Ferdinand VI. 1746-1759 
 
 Charles III. 1759-1788 
 
 Charles IV. 1788-1808 
 
 Ferdinand VII. 1808 
 
 Joseph Bonaparte 1808-1813 
 
 Ferdinand VII. (restored) 
 
 Isabella II. 
 
 Regency 
 
 Amadeus 
 
 1814-1833 
 
 1833-1868 
 
 1868-1870 
 
 1870-1873 
 
 1873- 1874 
 
 1874- 1885 
 
 Republic 
 Alfonso XII. 
 Maria-de-las-Mereedes 
 
 1885-1886 
 
 Alfonso XIII. 1886- 
 
 Kings of Italy. 
 
 (Of Sardinia until 1861.) 
 
 Victor Amadeus I. 1720-1730 
 Charles Emmanuel I. 1730-1773 
 Victor Amadeus II. 1773-1796 
 Charles Emmanuel II. 1796-1802 
 Victor Emmanuel I. 1802-1805 
 Napoleon I. (of France) 
 
 1805-1814 
 
 Victor Emmanuel I. (restored) 
 
 1814-1821 
 Charles Felix 1821-1831 
 
 Charles Albert 1831-1849 
 
 Victor Emmanuel II. 
 
 1849-1878 
 Humbert 1878-1900 
 
 Victor Emmanuel III. 
 
 1900- 
 
 Czars of Russia. 
 
 Ivan TV. 
 
 Feodor I. 
 
 Boris Godunof 
 Feodor TT. 
 Demetrius (usurper) 
 Vasili TV. 
 
 Ladislaus 
 
 Michael (Romanoff) 
 Alexis 
 
 1533-1584 
 1584- 1598 
 1598-1605 
 1605 
 
 1605 1606 
 
 1606 1610 
 1610 1613 
 1613 1645 
 1645 1676 
 
LISTS OF RULERS 
 
 Ozars of Russia— continued. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 Feodor III. 
 
 1676-1682 
 
 Ivan V. 
 
 1682-1689 
 
 Peter I. 
 
 1689-1725 
 
 Catherine I. 
 
 1725-1727 
 
 Peter II. 
 
 1727-1730 
 
 Anna 
 
 1730-1740 
 
 Ivan VI. 
 
 1740-1741 
 
 Elizabeth 
 
 1741-1762 
 
 Peter III. 
 
 1762 
 
 Catherine II. 
 
 1762-1796 
 
 Paul 
 
 1796-1801 
 
 Alexander I. 
 
 1801-1825 
 
 Nicholas I. 
 
 1825-1855 
 
 Alexander II. 
 
 1855-1881 
 
 Alexander III. 
 
 1881-1894 
 
 Nicholas II. 
 
 1894r- 
 
 Mogul Emperors of India. 
 
 Baber 
 
 1526-1530 
 
 Humayun 
 
 1530-1556 
 
 Akbar 
 
 1556-1605 
 
 Jahangir 
 
 1605-1627 
 
 Shah Jehan 
 
 1628-1658 
 
 Auruug-Zeb 
 
 1658-1707 
 
 Bahadur Shah 
 
 1707-1712 
 
 Tahandar Shah 
 
 1713-1718 
 
 Mohammed Shah 
 
 1719-1748 
 
 Sultans of Turkey. 
 
 Osman I. (emir) 
 
 1299-1326 
 
 Orkhan 
 
 1326-1359 
 
 Amurath I. 
 
 1359-1389 
 
 Bajazet I. 
 
 1389-1403 
 
 Solyman I. 
 
 1403-1410 
 
 Musa Chelebi 
 
 1410-1413 
 
 Mohammed I. 
 
 1413-1421 
 
 Amurath II. 
 
 1421-1451 
 
 Mohammed II. 
 
 1451-1481 
 
 Bajazet II. 
 
 1481-1512 
 
 Sultans of Turkey— continued. 
 
 Selim I. 
 
 1512-1520 
 
 Solyman II. 
 
 1520-1566 
 
 Selim II. 
 
 1566-1574 
 
 Amurath III. 
 
 1574-1595 
 
 Mohammed III. 
 
 1595-1603 
 
 Ahmed I. 
 
 1603 1617 
 
 Mustapha I. 
 
 1617-1618 
 
 Osman II. 
 
 1618-1622 
 
 Mustapha I. (restored) 
 
 1622-1623 
 
 Amurath IV. 
 
 1623-1640 
 
 Ibrahim 
 
 1640-1648 
 
 Mohammed IV. 
 
 1648-1687 
 
 Solyman III. 
 
 1687-1691 
 
 Ahmed II. 
 
 1691-1695 
 
 Mustapha II. 
 
 1695-1703 
 
 Ahmed III. 
 
 1703 1730 
 
 Mahmud I. 
 
 1730-1754 
 
 Osman III. 
 
 1754-1757 
 
 Mustapha III. 
 
 1757-1773 
 
 Abdul Hamid I. 
 
 1774r-1789 
 
 Selim III. 
 
 1789-1807 
 
 Mustapha IV. 
 
 1807-1808 
 
 Mahmud II. 
 
 1808-1839 
 
 Abdul Med j id 
 
 1839-1861 
 
 Abdul Aziz 
 
 1861-1876 
 
 Amurath (Murad) 
 
 V. 1876 
 
 Abdul Hamid II. 
 
 1876-1909 
 
 Mohammed (Mehmed) V. 
 
 1909- 
 
 Khedives of Egypt. 
 
 Mehemet Ali 
 
 1805-1848 
 
 Ibrahim 
 
 1848 
 
 Abbas 
 
 1848-1854 
 
 Said 
 
 1854-1863 
 
 Ismail 
 
 1863-1879 
 
 Tewfik 
 
 1879-1892 
 
 Abbas 
 
 1892- 
 
 Presidents of the United States. 
 
 George Washington 1789 
 John Adams 1797- 
 
 Thomas Jefferson 1801- 
 James Madison 1809- 
 Jamea Monroe 1817- 
 
 John Quincy Adams 1825- 
 Andrew Jackson 1829- 
 Martin Yan Buren 1837- 
 William Henry Harrison 
 
 John Tyler 1841 
 
 James Knox Polk 1845 
 Zachary Taylor 1849 
 Millard Fillmore 1850 
 Franklin Pierce 1853- 
 James Buchanan 1857- 
 Abraham Lincoln 1861 
 Andrew Johnson 1865- 
 Ulysses Simpson Grant 
 
 1869- 
 
 Rutherford Birchard Hayes 
 
 1877- 
 
 James Abram Garfield 
 Chester Alan Arthur 1881- 
 Grover Cleveland 1885- 
 Benjamin Harrison 1889- 
 Grover Cleveland 1893- 
 William McKinley 1897- 
 Theodore Roosevelt 1901- 
 William Howard Taft 1909- 
 Woodrow Wilson 1913- 
 
 1797 
 
 1801 
 
 1809 
 
 1817 
 
 1825 
 
 1829 
 
 1837 
 
 1841 
 
 1841 
 
 1845 
 
 1849 
 
 1850 
 1853 
 1857 
 1861 
 1865 
 1869 
 
 1877 
 
 1881 
 
 1881 
 
 1885 
 
 1889 
 
 1893 
 
 1897 
 
 1901 
 
 1909 
 
 1913 
 
 Vice-Presidents of the 
 United States. 
 
 John Adams 
 Thomas Jefferson 
 Aaron Burr 
 George Clinton 
 
 1789-1797 
 
 1797-1801 
 
 1801-1805 
 
 1805-1812 
 
 Vice-Presidents of the United 
 
 States — continued. a .d. 
 Elbridge Gerry 1813-1814 
 Daniel D. Tompkins 1817-1825 
 John C. Calhoun 1825-1832 
 Martin Van Buren 1833-1837 
 Richard M. Johnson 1837-1841 
 John Tyler 1841 
 
 George M. Dallas 1845-1849 
 Millard Fillmore 1849-1850 
 William R. King 1853 
 
 John C. Breckenridge 1857-1861 
 Hannibal Hamlin 1861-1865 
 Andrew Johnson 1865 
 
 Schuyler Colfax 1869-1873 
 Henry Wilson 1873-1875 
 
 William A. Wheeler 1877-1881 
 Chester A. Arthur 1881 
 
 Thomas A. Hendricks 1885 
 Levi P. Morton 1889-1893 
 Adlai E. Stevenson 1893-1897 
 Garret A. Hobart 1897-1899 
 Theodore Roosevelt 1901 
 
 Charles W. Fairbanks 1905-1909 
 James S. Sherman 1909-1912 
 Thomas R. Marshall 1913- 
 
 Chief Justices of the 
 Supreme Court 
 
 John Jay 
 John Rutledge 
 Oliver Ellsworth 
 John Marshall 
 Roger B. Taney 
 Salmon P. Chase 
 Morrison R. Waite 
 Melville W. Fuller 
 Edward D. White 
 
 1789-1795 
 
 1795 
 
 1796-1800 
 
 1801-1835 
 
 1836-1864 
 
 1864-1873 
 
 1874-1888 
 
 1888-1910 
 
 1910- 
 
GENEALOGICAL CHARTS 
 
 = Married 
 
 KINGS OF ENGLAND. 
 Before the Conquest. 827-1066. 
 
 1 Egbert 
 
 I 
 
 2 Ethelwulf 
 
 3 Ethelbald 4 Ethelbert 5 Ethelred I. 6 Alfred 
 
 7 Edward the Elder 
 
 8 Athelstan 9 Edmund I. 10 Edred 
 
 r 
 
 11 Edwy 
 
 12 Edgar 
 
 13 Edward 14 Ethelred II. = Emma = 16 Canute 
 the Martyr | | I | 
 
 15 Edmund 
 Ironside 
 
 18 Hardicanute 17 Harold I. 
 Godwin 
 
 19 Edward = . Edgitha 
 the Confessor 
 
 20 Harold II. 
 d. 1066 
 
 KINGS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Norman Line. 1066-1154, 
 
 Union of English and Norman Lines in Henry II. 
 
 Rollo, Duke of Normandv 
 
 I 
 
 William Longsword 
 
 I 
 
 Richard I. 
 
 Richard II. 
 Robert 
 
 21 William I. 
 
 “1 
 
 Emma 
 
 Edward 
 the Confessor 
 
 22 William II. 
 
 Ethelred II. 
 
 Edmund 
 
 Ironside 
 
 Edward 
 
 I 
 
 Margaret 
 
 Adela 
 
 24 Stephen 
 d. 1154 
 
 23 Henry I. = Matilda 
 
 I 
 
 Matilda = Geoffrey 
 
 I’lantagenet 
 
 Henry II. 
 
 KINGS OF ENGLAND. 
 Plantagenet Line. 1154-1399. 
 
 25 Henry II. 
 
 Henry 26 
 
 Richard I. Geoffrey 
 
 1 
 
 27 John 
 
 
 1 
 
 Arthur 
 
 
 1 
 
 28 Henry III. 
 
 29 Edward I. 
 
 I 
 
 
 " 1 
 
 Edmund, E. of Lancaster 
 
 30 Edward II. 
 
 I 
 
 
 1 
 
 Henry, E. of Lancaster 
 
 31 Edward III. 
 
 
 1 
 
 Henry, D. of Lancaster 
 
 Edward 
 Black Prince 
 
 1 
 
 John of = 
 
 Gaunt 
 
 Blanche 
 
 | 
 
 32 Richard II. 
 
 Henry IV. 
 
 d. 1399 
 
 CLAIM OF EDWARD III. TO THE THRONE OF FRANCE 
 
 Philip III. 
 
 Philip IV. 
 
 Charles IV. 
 d. 1328 
 
 Isabella = Edward II. 
 
 I 
 
 Edward III. 
 took title King 
 of France 1327 
 
 KINGS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 House of Lancaster. 1399-1461. 
 House of York. 1461-1485. 
 
 Edward III. 
 
 Charles of Valois 
 
 Philip VI. 
 1328-1350 
 
 Edward 
 Black Prince 
 
 Lionel 
 
 D. of Clarence 
 
 I 
 
 Philippa 
 
 I 
 
 Roger 
 
 E. of March 
 
 John of Gaunt Edmund 
 D. of Lancaster D. of York 
 
 33 Henry IV. 
 
 I 
 
 34 Henry V. 
 
 I 
 
 35 Henry VI. 
 
 d. 1461 
 
 I 
 
 Anne = Richard 
 
 E. of Cambridge 
 
 Richard 
 D. of York 
 
 36 Edward IV. 
 
 I 
 
 37 Edward V. 
 
 38 Richard III. 
 d. 1485 
 
 VI. 40 
 
GENEALOGICAL CHARTS 
 
 KINGS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 House of Tudor. 1485-1603. 
 
 KINGS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 House of Hanover. 1714-. 
 
 Edward III. 
 
 James I. 
 
 Blanche =John of Gaunt = Katharine Swynford 
 of Lancaster ! 
 
 Henry IV. 
 
 John 
 
 Edmund 
 X>. of York 
 
 Richard 
 
 E. of Somerset E. of Cambridge 
 
 Henry V. = Katharine = Owen John Richard 
 
 I Tudor D. of Somerset I). of York 
 
 I I I 
 
 Edmund Tudor = Margaret Edward IV. 
 
 Earl of Richmond I 
 
 39 Henry VII. =Elizabeth 
 
 Margaret 
 
 40 Henry VIII. 
 
 Mary 
 
 James V. | | ] Frances 
 
 K. of Scotland 42 Mary 43 Elizabeth 41 Edward VI. 
 
 d. 1003 Jane Grey 
 
 Mary 
 
 Q. of Scots 
 
 r ~ 
 
 Charles I. 
 
 Mary 
 
 I 
 
 William III. 
 
 Elizabeth = Frederick 
 
 j of the Palatinate 
 
 Sophia of Hanover 
 
 I 
 
 50 George I. 
 
 51 George II. Sophia = Frederick William I. 
 
 Dorothea 
 
 K. of Prussia 
 
 Frederick 
 Pr. of Wales 
 
 I 
 
 52 George III. 
 
 Frederick 
 the Great 
 
 53 George IV. 54 William IV. Edward, D. of Kent 
 
 55 Victoria 
 
 I 
 
 56 Edward VII. 
 
 I 
 
 5 1 George V. 
 
 KINGS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 House of Stuart. 1603-1714. 
 
 KINGS OF FRANCE. 
 Capetian Line. 
 
 Henry VII. 
 
 I 
 
 James IV. = Margaret = Earl of Angus 
 K. of Scotland j 
 
 James V. Margaret 
 
 I I 
 
 Francis II. = Mary = Lord Darnley 
 K. of France Q. of Scots j 
 
 44 James I. 
 
 I 
 
 45 Charles I. 
 
 46 Charles II. 47 James II. Mary = William 
 
 I of Orange 
 
 I I ’ 
 
 James 49 Anne 
 
 Old Pretender d. 1714 
 
 I 
 
 Charles Edward 
 Young Pretender 
 
 I 
 
 Mary 
 
 = William III. 
 
 48 
 
 1 Hugh Capet 
 
 I 
 
 2 Robert II. 
 
 I 
 
 3 Henry I. 
 
 I 
 
 4 Philip I. 
 
 I 
 
 5 Louis Y I. 
 
 I . 
 
 6 Louis VII. 
 
 I 
 
 7 Philip II. 
 
 .1 
 
 8 Louis VIII. 
 
 I 
 
 9 Louis IX. 
 
 10 Philip III. 
 
 I 
 
 (Bourbon) 
 
 11 Phili] 
 
 p IV. 
 
 1 
 
 (Valois) 
 
 
 7 ^ 
 
 12 Louis X. 
 
 13 
 
 John I. 
 
 14 Philip V. 
 
 15 Charles TV 
 d. 1328 
 
GENEALOGICAL CHARTS 
 
 KINGS OF FRANCE. 
 House of Valois. 
 
 KINGS OF SPAIN. 
 House of Hapsburg. 
 
 Philip III. 
 
 1 
 
 Philip IV. 
 
 1 
 
 Charles of Valois 
 
 Charles IV. 
 
 | 
 
 16 Philip VI. 
 
 17 John II. 
 
 18 Charles V. 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 Charles VI. 
 
 1 
 
 Louis, D. of Orleans 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 Charles VII. 
 
 Charles 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Jean of 
 Angouleme 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 Louis XI. 
 
 23 Louis XII. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Charles 
 
 l 
 
 22 
 
 Charles VIII. 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 i 
 
 Francis I. 
 1 
 
 
 
 Catharine 
 
 = 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 Henry II. 
 
 de’ Medici 
 
 26 Francis II. 
 
 27 Charles IX. 
 
 28 Henry III. 
 
 II 
 
 
 d. 1589 
 
 Mary 
 
 
 
 Q. of Scots 
 
 
 
 (1) Ferdinand V. = Isabella 
 
 K. of Aragon 
 
 Q. of Castile 
 
 (2) Philip I. = Joanna 
 of Hapsburg I 
 
 I 
 
 Catharine = 
 
 3 Charles I. 
 
 Philip II. 
 
 I 
 
 Philip III. 
 
 = Mary (no issue) 
 
 6 Philip IV. 
 
 I 
 
 7 Charles II. 
 
 d. 1700 
 
 Henry VIII. 
 K. of England 
 
 KINGS OF FRANCE. 
 
 House of Bourbon. 
 
 Louis IX. 
 
 I i 
 
 Philip III. Robert of Bourbon 
 
 I I 
 
 (Seven generations 
 Philip IV. (Valois) omitted) 
 
 Jeanne III. = Antoine 
 Q. of Navarre j 
 
 I 
 
 29 Henry IV. 
 
 30 Louis XIII. 
 
 31 Louis XIV. Philip 
 
 D. of Orleans 
 
 T •' I 
 
 Louis Philip 
 
 Regent 
 
 Louis ! 
 
 I | 
 
 32 Louis XV. ! 
 
 .1 | 
 
 Eouis Louis Philippe 
 
 “ Egalit6 ” 
 
 — f | 
 
 33 Louis XVI. 34 Louis XVIH. 35 Charles X. 36 Louis Philippe 
 Louis XVII. 
 
 KINGS OF SPAIN. 
 
 House of Bourbon. 
 
 Philip III. 
 
 1 1 
 
 Philip IV. Anne = Louis XIH. 
 
 I | K. of France 
 
 I 1 I 
 
 Charles II. Maria Theresa = Louis XIV. 
 
 (2) (1) I 
 
 Louis 
 
 I 
 
 8 Philip V. 
 
 j — i i 
 
 9 Louis 10 Ferdinand VI. 11 Charles III. 
 
 I 
 
 12 Charles IV. 
 
 I 
 
 13 Ferdinand VII. 
 
 (14) Joseph Bonaparte 
 15 Isabella II. 
 
 | (16) Amadeus 
 
 17 Alfonso XII. 
 
 18 Maria 19 Alfonso XIII. 
 
 VI. 40a 
 
GENEALOGICAL CHARTS 
 
 PEDIGREE TO ILLUSTRATE THE WAR OF THE 
 SPANISH SUCCESSION, 1701-1714. 
 
 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE ROYAL FAMILIES 
 OF ENGLAND, DENMARK, AND RUSSIA. 
 
 7 
 
 5 Philip III. 
 
 6 Philip IV. 
 
 Maris 
 
 Anne = Louis XIII. 
 
 K. of 
 France 
 
 Charles II. Margaret = Leopold I. = Pr. of Neuburg 
 d. 1700 I Emperor I 
 
 1658-1705 
 
 Electress Joseph I. 
 of Bavaria Emperor 
 1705-1711 
 
 Charles YI. 
 Emperor 
 1711-1740 
 
 Joseph 
 Elector of 
 Bavaria 
 d. 1699 
 
 Maria Theresa = Louis XIV. 
 
 I K. of France 
 1643-1715 
 Louis 
 Dauphin 
 
 Christian IX. 
 
 (V2) (2) | (I) | 1 | | 
 
 Edward VII. = Alexandra Frederick VIII. George I. Marie = 
 
 I K. of Denmark K. of Greece 
 
 George V. Maud = Haakon VII. 
 K. of England K. of Norway 
 
 Alexander II. 
 
 i 1 (V4) (V3) 
 
 = Alexander III. Marie = Alfred Alice= Louis IV. 
 
 __J G. D. of Hesse 
 
 Nicholas II. = Alexandra 
 Czar of Russia 
 
 (VI), (V2), etc. First (etc.) child of Victoria, 
 Queen of England. 
 
 Louis 
 
 I 
 
 Louis XV. 
 
 8 Philip V. 
 1700-1746 
 
 RELATION BETWEEN GEORGE V. OF ENGLAND 
 AND QUEEN MARY. 
 
 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE ROYAL FAMILIES 
 OF ENGLAND, GERMANY, AND SPAIN. 
 
 (1) 
 
 George III. 
 
 ( 6 ) 
 
 D. of Kent 
 
 I 
 
 Victoria 
 
 D. of Cambridge 
 
 I 
 
 Mary = D. of Teek 
 
 (VI) 
 
 Victoria = Frederick III. 
 
 William II. 
 Emp. of Germany 
 
 1 
 
 Pr. Henry 
 of Prussia 
 
 (V3) 
 
 Alice = Louis IV. 
 
 j G. D. of Hesse 
 
 = Irene 
 
 Edward VII. 
 
 George V. = Mary 
 
 (V7) 
 
 Arthur 
 
 D.of 
 
 Connaught 
 
 = Louise 
 Great-grand- 
 daughter of 
 K. Fred. William III. 
 of Prussia 
 
 (V9) 
 
 Beatrice = Pr. Henry 
 j of Battenberg 
 
 Victoria = Alfonso XHI. 
 
 K. of Spain 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE OF EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN 
 
 LITERATURE 
 
 b.=born, d. = died, fl .= flourished, c.= circa (about) 
 
 
 
 BEFORE 500 B. C. 
 
 500-400 B. C. 
 
 400 300 B. C. 
 
 
 Epic 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Homer, fl. e.900? 
 Hesiod, fl. c.735 
 Cyclic Poets, c. 800-550 
 
 
 
 
 Lyric 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Arion, fl. c.700 or later 
 Aleman, fl. c.650 
 Stesichorus, e.630-c.550 
 Alcams, c.611-c.580 
 Sappho, fl.e.600 
 Ibyeus, fl.c.550 
 Anacreon, C.563-C.478 
 
 Simonides of Ceos, 556-C.468 
 Bacchylides, fl. c.470 
 Pindar, 522-443 
 
 
 GREEK 
 
 Iambic and 
 
 Elegiac 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Callinus, C.730-C.670 
 Archilochus, fl.c.700 
 Simonides of Amorgus, fl. e.660 
 Tyrtseus, fl. c.650 
 Mimnermus, fl. e. 630-600 
 Solon, C.638-C.559 
 Phocylides, fl. c.540 (also epic) 
 Hipponax, fl.c.540 
 Theognis, fl.c.540 
 
 
 
 Tragedy 
 
 Thespis, fl.c.550 
 
 .ZEschylus, 525-456 
 Phrynichus, C.512-C.476 
 Sophocles, c.496-406 
 Euripides, 480-406 
 
 
 
 Comedy 
 
 
 Cratinus, c.520-c.423 
 Eupolis, e.449-411 
 Aristophanes, c.448-380 
 
 Middle Comedy 
 
 New Comedy — Menander, 
 
 342-C.291 
 
 
 Philosophy 
 and Science 
 
 Thales, C.640-C.546 
 Pythagoras, C.582-C.500 
 Xenophanes, C.570-C.480 
 
 Parmenides, fl. c.450 
 Anaxagoras, C.500-C.428 
 Empedocles, e.490-e.430 
 Hippocrates, c.460-c.377 
 
 Plato, c.429-347 
 Aristotle, 384-322 
 Theophrastus, C.372-C.287 
 
 
 Oratory 
 
 
 Antiphon, e.480-411 
 Anclocides, c.467-c.391 
 
 Lysias, C.458-C.380 
 Isocrates, 436-338 
 Isa?us, fl. c.380 
 Lycurgus, c.396-c.323 
 Aeschines, 3S9-314 
 Demosthenes, c. 384-322 
 Hyperides, 11. e.330 
 
 
 History 
 
 Hecatasus of Miletus, d. c.476 
 
 Hellanicus, fl. c.450 
 Herodotus, C.484-C.424 
 Thucydides, c.471-c.401 
 
 Ctesias, fl. c.400 
 Xenophon, C.430-C.357 
 
 
 
 300 200 B. C. 
 
 200 100 B. C. 
 
 100 B. C.-l A. I). 
 
 GREEK 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Bion, fl. e.280 
 Lyeophron, fl. c.270 
 Aratus, fl. c.270 
 Theocritus, fl. e.270 
 Callimachus, d. c.240 
 Moschus, fl. c.200 
 
 Apollonius Rhodius, fl. c.200 
 Nicander, fR c.160 
 
 Meleager, fl. c.60 
 
 
 Philosophy 
 
 Zeno, 344—C.264 
 Epicurus, 342-270 
 
 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE OF EUROPEAN AN1> AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 
 
 300 200 B« C. — continued. 
 
 200 100 B. C. — continued. 
 
 100 B. C.-l A. D. — continued. 
 
 GREEK - 
 continued 
 
 Science and 
 Grammar 
 
 Euclid, fi. c.300 
 Archimedes, c.287-212 
 Eratosthenes, C.276-C.196 
 Zenodotus, fl. c.280 
 Aristophanes of Byzantium, 
 
 ti. c.200 
 
 Aristarchus, fl. 210-150 
 Apollodorus, fl. c.140 
 Hipparchus, c.lGO-c.125 
 
 
 
 History 
 
 Berosus, fl. c.275 (a Babylonian) 
 Mauetho, fl. c.250 (an Egyptian) 
 
 Polybius, 204-C.125 
 
 Diodorus Siculus, fl. c.25 
 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 
 
 died c.7 
 
 
 Epic 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Nsevius, d.204 
 Ennius, 239-169 
 
 
 Vergil, 70-19 
 
 
 Tragedy 
 
 Livius Andronicus, C.284-C.204 
 The writers of epic poetry, above 
 
 Paeuvius, C.220-C.130 
 Aceius, C.170-C.80 
 
 
 
 Comedy 
 
 Plautus, c. 254-1 84 
 
 Statius Caecilius, fl. 200-165 
 Terence, C.185-C.159 
 
 Laberius, c.105-43 
 Publilius Syrus, fl. c.50 
 
 
 Didactic 
 
 Poetry 
 
 
 
 Lucretius, c.96-55 
 Vergil, 70-19 
 
 
 Lyric 
 
 Poetry 
 
 
 
 Catullus, C.87-C.54 
 Horace, 65-8 
 
 
 Satire 
 
 
 Lucilius, c.180-103 
 
 Varro, 116-C.27 
 Horace, 65-8 
 
 LATIN 
 
 Elegiac 
 
 Poetry 
 
 
 
 Catullus, C.87-C.54 
 Tibullus, c.54— 18- 
 Propertius, e. 50-16 
 Ovid, 43-C.17 a.d. 
 
 
 Oratory ; 
 
 Philosophy; 
 
 Rhetoric 
 
 Appius Claudius Caecus, fl. c.280 
 
 M. Porcius Cato, 234-149 
 Scipio Africanus the Younger, 
 
 e. 185-129 
 
 Caius Gracchus, e.154-121 
 
 Hortensius, 114-50 
 Cicero, 106-43 
 Seneca the Elder, fl. c.55 
 
 
 History 
 
 (j. Fabius Pietor, fl. c.216 
 
 M. Porcius Cato, 234-149 
 L. Calpurnius Piso, fl. c.133 
 
 Caesar, c. 102-44 
 Nepos, c. 100-30 
 Sallust, c.86-c.34 
 Livy, 59-17 a.d. 
 
 Pompeius Trogus, fl. e.20 
 
 
 Jurisprudence 
 and other 
 Prose 
 
 
 Publius ZElius, 174 
 Q. Mucins Scsevola, fl. c.95 
 
 Varro, 116-C.27 
 Vitruvius, 70-16 
 
 
 
 1 100 A. D. 
 
 100 200 A. D 
 
 200 300 A. D. 
 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Babrius, 11. c.50 
 
 Oppian, fl. c.180 
 
 
 
 Philosophy 
 
 Philo Judaeus, 20 B.C.-40 a.d. 
 Epictetus, 11. c.90 
 
 Marcus Aurelius, 121-180 
 
 Plotinus, C.204-C.270 
 Porphyry, e.233-e.305 
 lambliehus, fl. c.300 
 
 
 Rhetoric ; 
 Prose 
 
 Dion Chrysostom, C.50-C.117 
 
 Hermogenes, fl. c.170 
 Aristides, 117-C.180 
 Lucian, C.120-C.200 
 Alciphron, fl. e.200 
 
 Longinus, c. 210-273 
 
 GREEK 
 
 Science ; 
 Erudition 
 
 
 Apollonius Dyscolus, fl. c.138 
 Ptolemy, fl. c.139 
 Galen, C.130-C.190 
 Athenseus, fl. c.200 
 
 JElian, fl. e.220 
 
 
 History ; 
 Geography 
 
 - 
 
 \ Strabo, c.63 b.c.-c.24 a.d. 
 Josephus, 37— c.95 
 Plutarch, fl. c.80 
 
 Arrian, c.lOO-c.175 
 Appian, fl. c.140 
 Pausanias, fl. e.180 
 Dion Cassius, C.155-C.230 
 
 Herodian, C.170-C.240 
 Diogenes Laertius, c.200 
 Philostratus, fl. c.237 
 
 
 Christian 
 
 Fathers 
 
 
 
 Clement of Alexandria, C.150-C.220 
 Origen. C.185-C.253 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE OF EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 
 
 1-100 A. D. — continued. 
 
 100 200 A. D. - continued. 
 
 200 300 A. D. — continued. 
 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Pha?drus, H. 14-37 
 Silius Italicus, 25-101 
 Persius, 34-62 
 Lucan, 39-65 
 
 Calpurnius Siculus, fl. c.55 
 Petronius, II. c.60 
 Valerius Flaccus, fl. c.70 
 Martial, 43-C.104 
 Statius, c.45— c.96 
 
 Juvenal, C.60-C.190 
 ‘ ‘ Pervigilium Veneris ’ ’ 1 
 
 Nemesianus, fl. e.283 
 ‘ ‘ Distieha Catonis ’ ’ 
 
 
 History 
 
 Valerius Maximus, fl. c.26 
 Velleius Paterculus, fl. c.30 
 Q. Curtius, fl. c.50 
 
 Tacitus, C.55-C.117 
 Suetonius, 70-150 
 Floras, fl. c.140 
 Justin, fl. c.150 
 
 ‘ ‘ Historia Augusta ’ ’ 
 
 LATIN 
 
 Oratory ; 
 Rhetoric ; 
 Belles-Lettres 
 
 C. Asinius Gallus, 40 B.C.-33 a.d. 
 Quintilian, c.35-c\95 
 
 Pliny the Younger, 62-11.3 
 Fronto, C.90-C.175 
 Aulus Gellius, C.130-C.175 
 Apuleius, e.125-200 
 
 ‘ ‘ The Panegyrists ’ ’ 
 
 
 Jurisprudence; 
 Erudition ; 
 Philosophy 
 
 Seneca, c. 4-65 (also tragedies) 
 Columella, fl. c.40 
 Pomponius Mela, fl. c.4-5 
 Celsus, fl. c.50 
 Pliny the Elder, 23-79 - 
 
 Gaius, c.llO-c.180 
 Popinianus, d.212 
 
 Ulpian, d. c.228 
 
 Julius Paulus, C.200-C.250 
 
 Solinus, fl. c.260 
 
 
 Christian 
 
 Writers 
 
 
 Minucius Felix, fl. c.160 
 
 Tertullian, C.150-C.230 
 Cyprian, C.200-C.258 
 Commodianus, fl. c.249 
 Arnobius, fl. c.300 
 Lactantius, d.325 
 
 
 
 300 400 
 
 400 500 
 
 500 600 
 
 GREEK 
 
 Poetry 
 
 
 Nonnus, fl. c.420 
 Quintus Smyrnfeus, fl. c.450 
 Musasus, fl. c.500 
 
 
 History 
 
 Eusebius, e.264-e.349 
 
 Socrates, d. c.440 
 Sozomen, C.400-C.450 
 
 
 Rhetoric ; 
 Romance 
 
 Libanius, fl. e.350 
 Heliodorus, fl. e.390 
 
 Longus, fl. c.400 
 Stobasus, fl. c.480 
 
 Achilles Tatius, e.500 
 
 Christian 
 
 Writers 
 
 Gregory Nazianzen, C.325-C.390 
 Gregory of Nyssa, e.335-c.395 
 
 
 
 LATIN 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Ausonius, c.310-c.394 
 Prudentius, C.348-C.410 
 Juvencus, fl. c.325 
 Avienus, fl. c.370 
 
 Claudian, fl. c.400 
 Avianus, fl. c.400 
 Nam ati anus, fl. e.416 
 Sedulius, fl. e.450 
 Dracontius, fl. c.490 
 Apollinaris Sidonius, c.430— e.484 
 
 Boethius, c. 475-524 
 
 Prose ; 
 History ; 
 Grammar 
 
 Donatus, fl. c.350 
 Eutropius, fl. c.375 
 Ammianus Marcellinus, 
 
 c.330-c.395 
 
 Symmachus, e.345— 405 
 
 Martianus Capella, fl. c.400 
 Maerobius, fl. c.410 
 Orosius, fl. c.410 
 Fulgentius, fl. c.500 
 
 Priscian, fl. c.500 
 Cassiodorus, c.468-e.560 
 Jordanes, fl. c.551 
 Giidas, c.516-c.570 
 Gregory of Tours, c. 540-594 
 Isidore of Seville, c. 560-636 
 
 Christian 
 
 Writers 
 
 Hilarius, c.310-368 
 Ambrose, e.340-397 
 Jerome, c. 340-420 
 Augustine, 354—430 
 
 Salvianus, fl. c.440 
 
 Ennodius, c. 473-521 
 Pope Gregory T., o. 540-604 
 
 GOTHIC 
 
 
 Ulfilas, 311-381 
 
 
 
 
 
 600 700 
 
 700 800 
 
 800 900 
 
 LATIN 
 
 History and 
 
 Fredegarius? 
 
 Bede, c.673-735 
 
 Paulus Diaconus, c.720-c.800 
 
 Einhard, c.770-c.840 
 Nennius, 11. c.800 
 
 WRITERS 
 
 Biography 
 
 
 
 Hincmar, c.806-882 
 Asser, d. e.909 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE OF EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 
 
 600 700— continued. 
 
 700 800 - continued. 
 
 800 900 — continued. 
 
 LATIN 
 
 WRITERS— 
 
 continued 
 
 Theology 
 
 
 Alcuin, 735-S04 
 
 Rabanus, c. 776-856 
 Johannes Scotus Erigena, 
 
 C.810-C.891 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Aldhelm, c. 640-709 
 
 Angilbert, c.740-814 
 
 
 ENGLAND 
 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Caedmon, d. c.680 
 
 ‘ ‘ Beowulf, ’ ’ e.720 
 ‘ ‘ Lyrics of the Exeter Book ’ ’ 
 Cynewulf, d.783? 
 
 
 
 
 Prose 
 
 ‘ 1 Laws of jEthelberht ’ ’ 
 
 ‘ ‘ Chronicle ’ ’ 
 
 Alfred, 849-901 
 
 FRANCE 
 
 
 
 
 ‘ ‘ Strasburg Oaths, ’ ’ 841 
 “St. Eulalie’’ 
 
 GERMANY 
 
 Poetry and 
 Miscella- 
 neous 
 Writings 
 
 
 ‘ ‘ Wessobrunner Gebet ’ ’ 
 
 ‘ ‘ Merseburger Spriiehe ’ ’ 
 
 ‘ ‘ Ilildebrandslied, ’ ’ c.800 
 ‘ ‘ Heliand, ’ ’ c.830 
 Otfried, fl. c.870 
 “ Ludwigslied, ” 881 
 “Muspilli, ” c.900 
 
 
 
 900 1000 
 
 1000 1100 
 
 1100 1200 
 
 
 
 Prose 
 
 JElfric, C.955-C.1020 
 
 Wulfstan, d.l 02.3 
 
 “Chronicle,” c’t’d to 1154 
 
 ENGLAND 
 
 
 Poetry 
 
 1 ‘ Judith ’ ’? 
 
 ‘ ‘ Brunanburh ’ ’ 
 ‘ ‘ Maldon ’ ’ 
 
 
 “ Poema Morale,” c.1170 
 
 
 
 Theology 
 
 
 Lanfranc, c. 1005-1089 
 Anselm, 1033-1109 
 
 
 ENGLAND: 
 LATIN “ 
 WRITERS 
 
 
 History 
 
 
 Ingulph, d.1109 . 
 
 Eadmer, d.l 124? 
 
 Simeon of Durham, d. c.1130 
 Ordericus Vitalis, 1075-C.1143 
 William of Malmesbury, 
 
 C.1095-C.1142 
 
 Ethelred of Rievaulx, 1109-1166 
 Geoffrey of Monmouth, 
 
 e.llOO-c.1154 
 
 Gervase of Canterbury, fl. c.1188 
 Giraldus Cambrensis, 
 
 C.1146-C.1220 
 
 
 
 Science ; 
 Law 
 
 
 
 Adelard of Bath, fl. e.1139 
 Ranulf de Glanville, d.1190 
 Alexander Neckham, 1157-1217 
 
 
 
 Poetry and 
 Miscella- 
 neous 
 Writings 
 
 
 
 John of Salisbury, c. 1115-1180 
 Walter Map, e.1140-1210 
 Joseph of Exeter, fl. c.1200 
 
 FRANCE 
 
 
 Poetry 
 
 
 “Song of Roland,’’ c.1080 
 
 (present form) 
 “Life of St. Alexis’’ 
 
 “Chansons de Geste” (also in 
 11th century) 
 
 ‘ ‘ Romances ’ ’ 
 
 Wace, C.1124-C.1174 
 Benoit de Ste. More, fl. c.1160 
 Chretien de Troyes, C.1140-C.1 190 
 Marie de France, 11. c.1200 
 
 
 
 Theology 
 
 
 
 Abelard, 1079-1142 (Latin) 
 Bernard, 1090-1153 (Latin) 
 
 
 
 Latin Poetry 
 
 
 
 Alain de Lille, 1114-C.1203 
 Bernard of Cluny, C.1122-C.1156 
 
 GERMANY 
 
 
 Poetry 
 
 
 
 Konrad, surnamed “the Priest,” 
 fl. c.1130 
 
 Eilhard v. Oberg, fl. 1189-1209 
 Hartmann v. Aue, C.1170-C.1215 
 
 
 Prose 
 
 Notker (“Labeo”), e.952-o.l022 
 
 
 
 
 
 Latin 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Roswitha, C.935-C.1000 (plays) 
 ‘ ‘ Waltharius ’ ’ 
 
 ‘ ‘ Ruodlieb ’ ’ 
 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE OF EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 
 
 900 -1000— continued. 
 
 1000-1100 — continued. 
 
 1100-1200 — continued. 
 
 SPAIN 
 
 
 
 
 ‘ ‘ Poema del Cid, ’ ’ c.1200 
 
 ARABIC 
 
 LEARNING 
 
 
 i 
 
 Avicenna, 980-1037 
 
 Averroes, C.1126--1198 
 
 * 
 
 PROVENCE 
 
 Poetry 
 
 
 
 “Girart de Rossilho, ’’ c.l 150 
 Troubadours : 
 
 Bertrand de Born, c.1140-c. 1207 
 Pierre Vidal, fl. C.1175-C.1215 
 
 SCANDI- 
 
 NAVIA 
 
 
 Portions of the “Poetic Edda” 
 take present form 
 
 Saemund the Wise, c. 1055-1133 
 Are Thorghilsson, 1067-1148 
 
 Svend Aageson, 1137-1178 
 Saxo Grammaticus, d. e.1208 
 
 
 
 1200 1300 
 
 1300 1400 
 
 1400 1500 
 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Orm, fl. c.1200 
 Layamon, fl. c.1205 
 ‘ ‘ Metrical Romances ’ ’ 
 
 Robert of Gloucester, fl. e.1265 
 
 William of Shoreham, fl. 1320 
 Richard Rolle, c.1290-1349 
 Laurence Minot, fl. 1333-1352 
 “The Gawain Poet,’’ c.1370 
 John Barbour, c.131 6-1395 
 John Gower, e.1325-1408 
 William Langland, C.1330-C.1400 
 Geoffrey Chaucer, c. 1340-1400 
 ‘ ‘ Ballads of Robin Hood, ’ ’ etc. 
 
 Thomas Occleve, C.1370-C.1454 
 John Lydgate* C.1370-C.1451 
 Juliana Berners, c.1388-? 
 
 James I. of Scotland, 1394-1437 
 Blind Harry, fl. c.1470 
 Robert Henryson, C.1430-C.1500 
 
 GREAT 
 
 BRITAIN 
 
 Religious 
 
 Prose 
 
 “Ancren Riwle, ” 1237 
 
 Dan Michel, fl. c.1340 
 Wyclif, c. 1324—1384 
 
 Reginald Pecock, C.1395-C.1460 
 
 Philosophy 
 
 and 
 
 Theology 
 
 (Latin) 
 
 Alexander of Hales, d.1245 
 Robert Grosseteste, d.125.3 
 Roger Bacon, c. 1214-1294 
 Duns Seotus, C.1265-C.1308 
 
 William of Occam, c. 1270-1347 
 Thomas Bradwardine, c.1290-1349 
 
 
 
 History; 
 Travel ; 
 Romance 
 
 
 John Trevisa, d. e.1412 
 “Sir John Mandeville, ” c.1400 
 (original in French) 
 
 John Hardyng, 1378-C.1465 
 Sir Thomas Malory, C.1430-C.1470 
 Sir John Fortescue, d. c.1476 
 
 
 History 
 
 (Latin) 
 
 Jocelin of Brakelonde, fl. c.1200 
 Gervase of Tilbury, d. c.1235 
 Matthew of Paris, c.1200-1259 
 
 Ranulf Higden, d. c.1363 
 
 Thomas Walsingham, fl. c.1440 
 John Capgrave, 1393-1464 
 
 
 Drama 
 
 
 ‘ ‘ Miracle Plays ’ ’ 
 
 ‘ 1 Morality Plays ’ ’ 
 
 FRANCE 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Guillaume de Lorris, d. e.1240 
 Philippe Mouskes, c. 1215-1283 
 Rutebceuf, C.1230-C.1280 
 Adam de la Halle, C.1240-C.1287 
 Jean de Menu, C.1250-C.1305 
 Adenet “le roi, ’’ fl. c.1270 
 ‘ ‘ Reynard the Fox ’ ’ 
 
 Guillaume de Machault, 
 
 C.1284-C.1370 
 
 Jean Froissart, 1337-C.1410 
 Eustache Deschamps, 
 
 C.1345-C.1405 
 
 Christine de Pisan, C.1363-C.1440 
 Charles d ’Orleans, 1391-1465 
 Alain Chartier, C.1392-C.1433 
 Francois Villon, 1431-C.1484 
 Guillaume Coquillart, d. c.1490 
 
 
 History and 
 Travel 
 
 Villehardouin, c.llOO-c.1212 
 
 .Joinville, c.l 224-131 7 
 Marco Polo, 1254-1324 
 Froissart, 1337-C.1410 
 
 Philippe de Comines, c.1445-1511 
 
 
 Prose 
 
 Fiction 
 
 ‘ ‘ Prose Romances ’ ’ 
 
 
 
 GERMANY 
 
 Poetry 
 
 “ Nibelungenlied, ’’ c.1200 
 ‘ ‘ Gudrun, ’ ’ c.1210 
 Gottfried v. Strasburg, d. c.1210 
 Wolfram v. Eschenbach, 
 
 fl. 1202-1217 
 
 Walther v. der Vogelweide, 
 
 d. c.1230 
 
 Konrad v. Wurzburg, d.1287 
 
 Meistersingers 
 
 Heinrich v. Meissen, 1250-1318 
 
 Sebastian Brant, 1457-1521 
 
 ITALY 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Sordello, C.1180-C.1255 
 
 (wrote in Provencal) 
 St. Francis of Assisi, 1182-1226 
 Brunetto Latini, 1230-1294 
 
 (wrote also in French) 
 Guido Guinicelli, e. 1240-1276 
 Guido Cavalcanti, c. 1240-1300 
 
 Dante Alighieri, 1265-1321 
 Francesco Petrarch, 1304-1374 
 Giovanni Boccaccio, 1313-1375 
 
 Luigi Pulci, 1432-C.1487 
 Matteo Boiardo, c.l 434-1494 
 Lorenzo de’ Medici, e. 1449-1492 
 Politian, 1454-1494 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE OP EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 
 
 1200-1300 — continued. 1300 1400 — continued. 
 
 1400 1 500 continued. 
 
 ITALY— 
 
 continued 
 
 Prose 
 
 Fiction 
 
 
 Giovanni Boccaccio, 1313-1375 
 
 % 
 
 Jacopo Sannazaro, 1458-1530 
 Alneas Silvius (Pius II.), 
 
 1405-1464 
 
 Masuccio di Salerno, 
 
 C.1420-C.1476 
 
 SPAIN 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Gonzalo de Berceo, 
 
 fl. c.1220-1246 
 
 Juan Ruiz, fl. c.1350 
 
 Pedro Lopez de Ayala, 1322-1407 
 
 Marquis of Santillana, 1398-1458 
 Juan de Mena, c. 1411-1456 
 
 Prose 
 
 Alfonso the Wise, 1221-1284 
 
 Don Juan Manuel, 1282-1347 
 
 Fernando de Rojas, d. c.1510 
 
 SCANDI- 
 
 NAVIA 
 
 
 Snorre Sturleson, 1179-1241 
 
 
 
 CONTI- 
 
 NENTAL 
 
 LATIN 
 
 WRITERS 
 
 Theology; 
 
 Science 
 
 Albertos Magnus, e.l 193-1 2S0 
 Bonaventura, 1221-1274 
 Thomas Aquinas, c. 1225-1274 
 Jacopo de Voragine, 1230-1298 
 Arnold of Villanova, c. 1240-1313 
 JEgidius a Columnis, e.1247-1316 
 
 
 
 
 
 1500 1600 
 
 1600 1700 
 
 1700 1800 
 
 
 
 William Dunbar, C.1460-C.1525 
 
 George Sandys, 1577-1644 
 
 Matthew Prior, 1664-1721 
 
 
 
 John Skelton, c. 1460-1529 
 
 John Taylor, 1580-1653 
 
 Joseph Addison, 1672-1719 
 
 
 
 Gawain Douglas, c. 1474-1522 
 
 John Barclay, 1582-1621 
 
 Isaac Watts, 1674-1748 
 
 
 
 Alexander Barclay, c.1475-1552 
 
 Phineas Fletcher, 1582-C.1650 
 
 Ambrose Philips, c.1675-1749 
 
 
 
 Stephen Hawes, C.1476-C.1523 
 
 Sir John Beaumont, 1583-1627 
 
 William Somerville, 1675-1742 
 
 
 
 Sir David Lindsay, 1490-1555 
 
 William Drummond of Hawthorn- 
 
 John Philips, 1676-1708 
 
 
 
 Sir Thomas Wyatt, 1503-1542 
 
 den, 1585-1649 
 
 Thomas Parnell, 1679-1718 
 
 
 
 Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, 
 
 Giles Fletcher, c. 1588-1623 
 
 Edward Young, 1683-1765 
 
 
 
 c. 1517-1547 
 
 George Wither, 1588-1667 
 
 Elijah Fenton, 1683-1730 
 
 
 
 Thomas Churchyard, c. 1520-1604 
 
 Robert Herrick, 1591-1674 
 
 John Gay, 1685-1732 
 
 
 
 Thomas Tusser, C.1524-C.1580 
 
 William Browne, 1591-C.1643 
 
 Allan Ramsay, 1686-1758 
 
 
 
 George Turbervile, c.1530— c.1595 
 
 Francis Quarles, 1592-1644 
 
 Thomas Tickell, 1686-1740 
 
 
 
 George Gascoigne, c. 1535-1577 
 
 George Herbert, 1593-1633 
 
 Alexander Pope, 1688-1744 
 
 
 
 Thomas Sackville, 1536-1608 
 
 Thomas G'arew, C.1598-C.1639 
 
 John Byrom, 1692-1763 
 
 
 
 Barnabe Googe, 1540-1594 
 
 John Ogilby, 1600-1676 
 
 Richard Savage, c. 1698-1743 
 
 
 
 Edmund Spenser, c. 1552-1599 
 
 Thomas Randolph, 1605-1634 
 
 Robert Blair, 1699-1746 
 
 
 
 Fulke Greville, 1554-1628 
 
 William Habington, 1605-1654 
 
 James Thomson, 1700-1748 
 
 
 
 Sir Philip Sidney, 1554—1586 
 
 Edmund Waller, 1605-1687 
 
 John Dyer, 1700-1758 
 
 
 
 Thomas Lodge, e. 1556-1625 
 
 John Milton, 1608-1674 
 
 Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784 
 
 
 
 Thomas Watson, c. 1557-1592 
 
 Sir John Suckling, 1609-1642 
 
 Richard Glover, 1712-1785 
 
 
 
 William Warner, c. 1558-1609 
 
 Samuel Butler, 1612-1680 
 
 William Shenstone, 1714-1763 
 
 
 
 Robert Southwell, c. 1561-1595 
 
 John Cleveland, 1613-1658 
 
 William Whitehead, 1715-1785 
 
 
 
 Henry Constable, 1562-1613 
 
 Sir John Denham, 1615-1669 
 
 Thomas Gray, 1716-1771 
 
 GREAT 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Samuel Daniel, 1562-1619 
 
 Richard Crashaw, C.1616-C.1649 
 
 Mark Akenside, 1721-1770 
 
 BRITAIN 
 
 Joshua Sylvester, 1563-1618 
 
 Abraham Cowley, 1618-1667 
 
 William Collins, 1721-1759 
 
 
 
 Michael Drayton, 1563-1631 
 
 Richard Lovelace, 1618-1658 
 
 James Grainger, c. 1721-1766 
 
 
 
 William Shakspere, 1564-1616 
 
 Andrew Marvell, 1621-1678 
 
 Christopher Smart, 1722-1771 
 
 
 
 Sir Edward Dyer, d.1607 
 
 Henry Vaughan, 1622-1695 
 
 Joseph Warton, 1722-1800 
 
 
 
 James VI. of Scotland, 1566-1625 
 
 John Dryden, 1631-1700 
 
 William Mason, 1724—1797 
 
 
 
 Thomas Campion, c. 1567-1620 
 
 Katharine Philips, 1631-1664 
 
 Oliver Goldsmith, 1728-1774 
 
 
 
 Sir William Alexander, 
 
 Earl of Roscommon, c. 1633-1685 
 
 Thomas Percy, 1729-1811 
 
 
 
 c. 1567-1640 
 
 Sir Charles Sedley, 1639-1701 
 
 Charles Churchill, 1731-1764 
 
 
 
 Thomas Nashe, 1567-C.1601 
 
 John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, 
 
 William Cowper, 1731-1800 
 
 
 
 Barnabe Barnes, e. 1569-1609 
 
 1647-1680 
 
 Erasmus Darwin, 1731-1802 
 
 
 
 Sir John Davies, 1569-1626 
 
 Elkanah Settle, 1648-1723 
 
 William Falconer, 1732-1769 
 
 
 
 John Donne, 1573-1631 
 
 Sir Richard Blackmore, 
 
 James Beattie, 1735-1803 
 
 
 
 Ben Jonson, c. 1573-1637 
 
 c. 1650-1729 
 
 James Macpherson, 1736-1796 
 
 
 
 Joseph Hall, 1574-1656 
 
 John Oldham, 1653-1683 
 
 John Wolcott (Peter Pindar), 
 
 
 
 Richard Barnfield, 1574-1627 
 
 John Pomfret, 1657-1702 
 
 1738-1819 
 
 
 
 
 Sir Samuel Garth, 1661-1719 
 
 William Combe, 1741-1823 
 Anna Barbauld, 1743-1825 
 Charles Dibdin, 1745-1814 
 Thomas Chattertou, 1752-1770 
 George Crabbe, 1754—1832 
 William Gifford, 1757-1826 
 William Blake, 1757-1827 
 Robert Burns, 1759-1796 
 William Bowles, 1762-1850 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE OF EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 
 
 1500-1600 — continued. 
 
 1600 1 700 — continued. 
 
 1 7 00 1800 — continued. 
 
 GREAT 
 
 BRITAIN— 
 
 continued 
 
 Drama 
 
 John Bale, 1495-1563 
 John Heywood, C.1500-C.1580 
 Nicholas Udall, c.1505-1556 
 Thomas Norton, 1532-1584 
 Thomas Sackville, 1536-1608 
 Anthony Munday, 1553-1633 
 John Lyly, 1554—1606 
 George Peele, 1558-1598 
 Thomas Kyd, 1558-C.1595 
 George Chapman, e. 1559-1634 
 Robert Greene, 1560-1592 
 Henry Chettle, C.1564-C.1607 
 Christopher Marlowe, 1564-1593 
 William Shakspere, 1564-1616 
 
 Thomas Middleton, c. 1570-1627 
 Thomas Dekker, C.1570-C.1637 
 Ben Jonson, c. 1573-1637 
 Cyril Tourneur, C.1575-C.1626 
 John Marston, c. 1575-1634 
 John Fletcher, 1579-1625 
 John Webster, C.1580-C.1625 
 Philip Massinger, 1583-1640 
 Francis Beaumont, 1584-1616 
 William Rowley, C.1585-C.1642 
 John Ford, 1586-C.I640 
 Thomas Heywood, C.1587-C.1650 
 Thomas May, 1595-1650 
 James Shirley, 1596-1666 
 Richard Brome, d. c.1652 
 Thomas Randolph, 1605-1634 
 Sir William Davenant, 1606-1668 
 William Cartwright, 1611-1643 
 Sir Robert Howard, 1626-1698 
 George Villiers, Duke of Buck- 
 ingham, 1627-1688 
 John Dryden, 1631-1700 
 Sir George Etherege, c. 1635-1691 
 William Wycherley, c. 1640-1716 
 Thomas Shadwell, 1640-1692 
 Elkanah Settle, 1648-1723 
 Thomas Otway, 1652-1685 
 Thomas D’Urfey, 1653-1723 
 Nathaniel Lee, c. 1653-1692 
 John Crowne, d. c.1703 
 Sir John Vanbrugh, c. 1666-1726 
 Susannah Centlivre, c. 1667-1723 
 
 William Congreve, 1670-1729 
 Colley Cibber, 1671-1757 
 Sir Richard Steele, 1672-1729 
 Nicholas Rowe, 1674-1718 
 George Farquhar, 1678-1707 
 Aaron Hill, 1685-1750 
 George Lillo, 1693-1739 
 Charles Macklin, c.1697-1797 
 David Garrick, 1717-1779 
 John Home, 1722-1808 
 Oliver Goldsmith, 1728-1774 
 George Colman (the Elder), 
 
 1732-1794 
 
 Richard Cumberland, 1732-1811 
 Richard Brinsley Sheridan, 
 
 1751-1816 
 
 George Colman (the Younger), 
 
 1762-1836 
 
 Prose 
 
 Fiction 
 
 William Painter, c. 1540-1594 
 Sir Philip Sidney, 1554-1586 
 John Lyly, 1554—1606 
 Robert Greene, 1560-1592 
 Thomas Nashe, 1567-C.1601 
 
 ; 
 
 John Barclay, 1582-1621 
 John Bunyan, 1628-1688 
 Mrs. Aphra Behn, 1640-1689 
 
 Daniel Defoe, c.1661-1731 
 Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745 
 Mrs. Manley, c. 1672-1724 
 Samuel Richardson, 1689-1761 
 Henry Fielding, 1707-1754 
 Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784 
 Laurence Sterne, 1713-1768 
 Horace Walpole, 1717-1797 
 Mrs. Lennox, 1720-1804 
 Tobias George Smollett, 
 
 1721-1771 
 
 Oliver Goldsmith, 1728-1774 
 Henry Mackenzie, 1745-1831 
 Frances Burney (Madame d’Ar- 
 blay), 1752-1840 
 William Godwin, 1756-1836 
 William Beckford, 1759-1844 
 Mrs. Radcliffe, 1764-1823 
 
 History 
 
 John Stow, 1525-1604 
 William Camden, 1551-1623 
 Sir Walter Raleigh, 1552-1618 
 Richard Grafton, d. c.1572 
 Raphael Holinshed, d. c.1580 
 
 Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, 
 1608-1674 
 
 Gilbert Burnet, 1643-1715 
 
 David Hume, 1711-1776 
 William Robertson, 1721-1793 
 Edward Gibbon, 1737-1794 
 
 Religious 
 
 and 
 
 Philosoph- 
 
 ical 
 
 Writings 
 
 Sir Thomas More, 1478-1535 
 William Tyndale, c.1484-1536 
 Hugh Latimer, c. 1485-1555 
 Miles Coverdale, 1488-1568 
 John Foxe, 1516-1587 
 Richard Hooker, c.1553-1600 
 
 Francis Bacon, 1561-1626 
 James Usher, c. 1580-1656 
 Thomas Hobbes, 1588-1679 
 William Chillingwortb, 1602-1644 
 Owen Felltham, c. 1602-1668 
 Sir Kenelm Digby, 1603-1665 
 John Milton, 1608-1674 
 Jeremy Taylor, 1613 1667 
 Richard Baxter, 1615-1691 
 Ralph Cudworth, 1617-1688 
 Isaac Barrow, 1630-1677 
 John Locke, 1632-1704 
 Robert South, 1633-1716 
 Edward Stillingfleet, 1635-1699 
 William Penn, 1644-1718 
 
 Bernard Mandeville, c. 1670-1733 
 Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of 
 Shaftesbury, 1671-1713 
 Henry St. John, Viscount Boling- 
 broke, 1678-1751 
 George Berkeley, 1685-1753 
 William Law, 1686-1761 
 Joseph Butler, 1692-1752 
 John Wesley, 1703-1791 
 David Hume, 1711-1776 
 Hannah More, 1745-1833 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE OF EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 
 
 1 500-1600 — continued . 1600-17 00 — continued. 
 
 1700-1800 — continued. 
 
 GREAT 
 
 BRITAIN- 
 
 continued 
 
 Prose 
 
 John Bourchier, Lord Berners, 
 
 1467-1533 
 
 Sir Thomas Elyot, e. 1490-1546 
 George Buchanan, 1506-1582 
 Sir John Cheke, 1514-1557 
 Roger Aseham, 1515-1568 
 John Stow, c. 1525-1605 
 George Puttenham, C.1530-C.1600 
 Sir Thomas Wilson, d.1581 
 Sir Thomas North, C.1535-C.1601 
 William Camden, 1551-1623 
 Richard Hakluyt, c. 1552-1616 
 John Florio, c. 1553-1625 
 Stephen Gosson, 1554-1624 
 Francis Meres, 1565-1647 
 
 Sir Henry Wotton, 1568-1639 
 Thomas Coryat, 1577-1617 
 Robert Burton, 1577-1640 
 Sir Thomas Overbury, 1581-1613 
 John Selden, 1584-1654 
 Izaak W r alton, 1593-1683 
 James Howell, c. 1595-1666 
 William Prynne, 1600-1669 
 John Earle, c. 1601-1665 
 Sir Thomas Browne, 1605-1682 
 Sir William Dugdale, 1605-1686 
 Thomas Fuller, 1608-1661 
 James Plarrington, 1611-1677 
 Sir Roger L ’Estrange, 1616-1704 
 Elias Ashmole, 1617-1692 
 John Evelyn, 1620-1706 
 Algernon Sidney, c.1622-1683 
 Sir William Temple, 1628-1699 
 Charles Cotton, 1630-1687 
 John Dryden, 1631-1700 
 Samuel Pepys, e. 1633-1703 
 Thomas Sprat, 1635-1713 
 Thomas Rymer, 1641-1713 
 
 Jeremy Collier, 1650-1726 
 John Dennis, 1657-1734 
 Francis Atterbury, 1662-1732 
 Richard Bentley, 1662-1742 
 John Arbuthnot, 1667-1735 
 Joseph Addison, 1672-1719 
 Sir Richard Steele, 1672-1729 
 John Oldmixon, 1673-1742 
 Charles Boyle, 1676-1731 
 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, 
 
 1689-1762 
 
 Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of 
 Chesterfield, 1694-1773 
 Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784 
 Gilbert White, 1720-1793 
 Joseph Warton, 1722-1800 
 Adam Smith, 1723-1790 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1723-1792 
 Thomas Warton, 1728-1790 
 Edmund Burke, 1729-1797 
 Horne Tooke (John Horne), 
 
 1736-1812 
 
 James Boswell, 1740-1795 
 William Godwin, 1756-1836 
 “Junius Letters,” 1768-1772 
 
 AMERICA 
 
 Poetry 
 
 
 Anne Bradstreet, 1612-1672 
 Michael Wigglesworth, 1631-1705 
 
 Thomas Godfrey, Jr., 1736-1763 
 John Trumbull, 1750-1831 
 Philip Freneau, 1752-1832 
 Timothy Dwight, 1752-1817 
 Phillis Wheatley Peters, 
 
 e. 1754-1784 
 
 Joel Barlow, 1754-1812 
 
 Prose 
 
 
 John Winthrop, 1587-1649 
 William Bradford, 1590-1657 
 John Eliot, 1604-1690 
 Roger Williams, c. 1604-1683 
 Increase Mather, 1639-1723 
 
 Cotton Mather, 1663-1728 
 Jonathan Edwards, 1703-1758 
 Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790 
 John Woolman, 1720-1772 
 Hector St.-John de Crevecoeur, 
 
 1731-1813 (French) 
 Thomas Paine, 1737-1809 
 Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826 
 Alexander Hamilton, 1757-1804 
 
 FRANCE 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Mellin de Saint-Gelais, 1487-1558 
 Clement Marot, 1497-1544 
 Joachim du Bellay, c. 1524-1560 
 Pierre de Ronsard, 1524-1585 
 Louise Labe, 1526-1566 
 Remy Belleau, 1528-1577 
 Jean Antoine de Bai'f, 1532-1589 
 Guillaume de Salluste du Bartas, 
 1544-1590 
 
 Philippe Desportes, 1545-1606 
 Francois de Malherbe, 1555-1828 
 Mathurin Regnier, 1573-1613 
 
 Jean Chapelain, 1595-1674 
 Vincent Voiture, 1598-1648 
 Jean de La Fontaine, 1621-1695 
 Nicolas Boileau-Despreaux, 
 
 1636-1711 
 
 Mine. Deshoulieres, 1638-1694 
 Guillaume de Chaulieu, 1639-1720 
 Bernhard de Fontenelle, 1657-1757 
 
 Jean Baptiste Rousseau, 
 
 1670-1741 
 
 Antoine Houdart de La Motte, 
 
 1672-1731 
 
 Voltaire, 1694-1778 
 Jean Francois de Saint-Lambert, 
 1716-1803 
 
 Ponce Denis Eeouehard Lebrun 
 (Lebrun-Pindare), 1729-1807 
 Jacques Delille, 1738-1813 
 Nicolas Joseph Laurent Gilbert, 
 
 1751-1780 
 
 Evariste Desire de Forges, Vi- 
 eomte de Parny, 1753-1814 
 Andre Marie de Chenier, 
 
 1762-1794 
 
 Drama 
 
 Etienne Jodelle, 1532-1573 
 Robert Gamier, 1534-1590 
 Pierre de Larivey, C.1550-C.1612 
 Antoine de Montchrestien, d.1621 
 
 Jean Mairet, 1604-1686 
 Pierre Corneille, 1606-1684 
 Jean de Rotrou, 1609-1650 
 Paul Scarron, 1610-1660 
 Savinien Cyrano de Bergerac, 
 
 c. 1620-1655 
 
 Moliere, 1622-1673 
 Thomas Corneille, 1625-1709 
 Philippe Quinault, 1635-1688 
 Jean Baptiste Racine, 1639-1699 
 
 Prosper Jolyot de Crebillon, 
 
 1674-1762 
 
 Philippe Nericault Destouches, 
 
 1680-1754 
 
 Pierre de Marivaux, 1688-1763 
 Pierre Claude Nivelle de La 
 Chaussee, 1692-1754 
 Voltaire, 1694-1778 
 Michel Jean Sedaine, 1719-1797 
 Jean Francois Marmontel, 
 
 1723-1799 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE OF EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 
 
 1500 1600 — continued. 
 
 1 600-1 700 — continued. 
 
 1700 1800 — continued. 
 
 FRANCE- 
 
 continued 
 
 Drama- 
 
 continued 
 
 
 Antoine Jacob Montfleury, 
 
 1640-1685 
 
 Jean Francois Regnarcl, 
 
 1655- 1709 
 
 Jean Galbert de Campistron, 
 
 1656- 1723 
 
 Dancourt (Florent Carton), 
 
 1661-1725 
 
 Pierre Augustin Caron de Beau- 
 marchais, 1732-1799 
 
 Prose 
 
 Fiction 
 
 Margaret of Navarre, 1492-1549 
 Francois Rabelais, e. 1495-1553 
 
 Honore D’Urfe, 1567-1625 
 Seigneur de Gomberville, 
 
 1600-1674 
 
 Madeleine de Scudery, 1607-1701 
 Gautier de Costes de La Cal- 
 prenede, 1610-1663 
 Paul Scarron, 1610-1660 
 Charles Perrault, 1628-1703 
 Mme. de La Fayette, 1634-1693 
 
 Alain Rene Le Sage, 1668-1747 
 Pierre de Marivaux, 1688-1763 
 Voltaire, 1694-1778 
 Abbe Prevost d ’Exiles, 1697-1763 
 Jean Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1778 
 Jacques Henri Bernardin de St. 
 Pierre, 1737-1814 
 
 History 
 
 Seigneur de Brantome,c.l540-1614 
 
 Cardinal de Retz, 1614-1 G79 
 
 Due de Saint-Simon, 1675-1755 
 
 Prose 
 
 John Calvin, 1509-1564 
 Jacques Amyot, 1513-1593 
 Etienne Pasquier, 1529-1615 
 Etienne de la Boetie, 1530-1563 
 Michel de Montaigne, 1533-1592 
 Pierre Charron, 1541-1603 
 Francois de Sales, 1567-1622 
 
 Rene Descartes, 1596-1650 
 Jean Louis Guez de Balzac, 
 
 1597-1654 
 
 Due de La Rochefoucauld, 
 
 1613-1680 
 
 Antoine Furetiere, c.1620-1688 
 Blaise Pascal, 1623-1662 
 Madame de Sevigne, 1626-1696 
 Jacques Benigne Bossuet, 
 
 1627-1704 
 
 Louis Bourdaloue, 1632-1704 
 Nicolas Boileau-Despreaux, 
 
 1636-1711 
 
 Nicolas Malebranche, 1638-1715 
 Jean de La Bruyere, 1645-1696 
 Fenelon, 1651-1715 
 Bernard de Fontenelle, 1657-1757 
 
 Jean Baptiste Massillon, 
 
 1663-1742 
 
 Montesquieu, 1689-1755 
 Voltaire, 1694-1778 
 Comte de Buff on, 1707-1788 
 Jean Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1778 
 Denis Diderot, 1713-1784 
 Etienne Bonnot de Condillac, 
 
 1715-1780 
 
 Jean Baptiste le Rond d’Alem- 
 bert, 1717-1783 
 Jean Francois Marmontel, 
 
 1723-1799 
 
 Jean Frangois de Laharpe, 
 
 1739-1803 
 
 Marquis de Condorcet, 1743-1794 
 
 GERMANY 
 
 Poetry 
 
 and 
 
 Drama 
 
 Hans Sachs, 1494-1576 
 Nikodemus Frischiin (Latin), 
 
 1547-1590 
 
 Johann Fisehart, C.1550-C.1590 
 
 Martin Opitz, 1597-1639 
 Friedrich von Logau, 1604-1655 
 Paul Gerhardt, 1607-1676 
 Paul Fleming, 1609-1640 
 Andreas Gryphius, 1616-1664 
 Daniel Kaspar von Lohenstein, 
 
 1635-1683 
 
 Johan Jakob Bodmer, 1698-1783 
 
 Johann Christoph Gottsched, 
 
 1700-1766 
 
 Ewald Christian von Kleist, 
 
 1715-1759 
 
 Christian Fiirchtegott Gellert, 
 
 1715-1769 
 
 Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, 
 1719-1803 
 
 Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, 
 
 1724-1803 
 
 Christopher Martin Wieland, 
 
 1733-1813 
 
 Matthias Claudius, 1740-1815 
 
 Johann Gottfried von Herder, 
 
 1744-1803 
 
 Gottfried A. Burger, 1748-1794 
 
 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 
 
 1749-1832 
 
 Johann Heinrich Voss, 1751-1826 
 
 Friedrich Maximilian von Klinger, 
 1752-1831 
 
 Johann Christoph Friedrich von 
 Schiller, 1759-1805 
 
 Prose 
 
 Fiction 
 
 ‘ ‘ Faustbuch ’ ’ 
 
 ‘ ‘ Till Eulenspiegel ’ ’ 
 
 1 
 
 Johann Michael Moscherosch, 
 
 1601-1669 
 
 Christoffel von Grimmelsliausen, 
 
 1625-1676 
 
 Abraham a Sancta-Clara, 
 
 1644-1709 
 
 Christopher Martin Wieland, 
 
 1733-1813 
 
 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 
 
 1749-1832 
 
 Jean Paul Friedrich Richter, 
 
 1763-1825 
 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE OE EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 
 
 1500 1600 continued. 
 
 1600-1700 — continued. 
 
 1700 1800 — continued. 
 
 GERMANY— 
 
 continued 
 
 Religious 
 and Philo- 
 sophical 
 Writings 
 
 Thomas Murner, 1475-1537 
 Martin Luther, 1483-1546 
 Ulrich von Hutten, 1488-1523 
 
 Jakob Bohme, 1575-1624 
 Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz, 
 1646-1716 
 
 Christian Thomasius, 1655-1728 
 
 Johann J. Winckelmann, 
 
 1717-1768 
 
 Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804 
 
 ITALY 
 
 Poetry 
 
 and 
 
 Drama 
 
 Pietro Bembo, 1470-1547 
 Ludovico Ariosto, 1474-1533 
 Michelangelo, 1475-1564 
 Giovanni Rucellai, 1475-1526 
 Giovanni Giorgio Trissino, 
 
 1478-1550 
 
 Vittoria Colonna, 1490-1547 
 Bernardo Tasso, 1493-1569 
 Luigi Alamanni, 1495-1556 
 Francesco Berni, e. 1498-1535 
 Lodovico Dolce, c. 1508-1568 
 Giovanni Battista Guarini, 
 
 1537-1612 
 
 Torquato Tasso, 1544-1595 
 
 Gabriello Chiabrera, 1552-1637 
 Alessandro Tassoni, 1565-1635 
 Giovanni Battista Marini, 
 
 1569-1625 
 
 Vincenzo Filicaja, 1642-1707 
 Carlo Alessandro Guidi, 1650-1712 
 Giovanni Mario Crescimbeni, 
 
 1663-1728 
 
 Francesco Scipione, Marquese di 
 Maffei, 1675-1755 
 Pietro Antonio Metastasio, 
 
 1698-1782 
 
 Carlo Goldoni, 1707-1793 
 Count Carlo Gozzi, 1720-1806 
 Giuseppe Parini, 1729-1799 
 Giovanni Meli, 1740-1815 
 Count Vittorio Alfieri, 1749-1803 
 
 Fiction 
 
 Matteo Bandello, 1480-1562 
 Giovanni Battista Giraldi, sur- 
 named Cintio, 1504-1573 
 
 
 
 History 
 
 Niccolo Machiavelli, 1469-1527 
 Francesco Guicciardini, 1483-1540 
 
 Pietro Sarpi, 1552-1623 
 Sforza Pallavicino, 1607-1667 
 
 
 Prose 
 
 Baldassare Castiglione, 1478-1529 
 Benvenuto Cellini, 1500-1571 
 Giorgio Vasari, 1511-1574 
 Giordano Bruno, e. 1548-1600 
 
 
 Giovanni Vincenzo Gravina, 
 
 1664-1718 
 
 Giovanni Battista Vico, 1668-1744 
 
 SPAIN 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Juan Boscan Almogaver, 
 
 C.1493-C.1542 
 
 Fernando de Herrera, 1534-1597 
 Cristoval de Virues, e.l550-c.l610 
 Luis de Gongora y Argote, 
 
 1561-1627 
 
 
 Nicolas Fernandez de Moratin, 
 
 1737-1780 
 
 Jose de Cadalso, 1741-1782 
 Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, 
 
 1744-1812 
 
 Juan Melendez Valdes, 1754-1817 
 
 Drama 
 
 
 Cristoval de Virues, C.1550-C.1610 
 Lope de Vega, 1562-1635 
 Guillen de Castro, 1569-1631 
 Tirso de Molina (Gabriel Tellez), 
 . c. 15 70-1 648 
 
 Francis de Quevedo y Villegas, 
 
 1580-1645 
 
 Juan Ruiz de Alarcon y Mendoza, 
 c. 1588-1639 
 
 Pedro Calderon de la Barca, 
 
 1600-1681 
 
 Juan de Montalvan, 1602-1638 
 Francisco de Rojas-Zorilla, 
 
 1607-1661 
 
 Augustin Moreto, 1618-1669 
 
 
 Fiction 
 
 ‘ ‘ Lazarillo de Tormes, ’ ’ c.1553 
 
 Miguel de Cervantes, 1547-1616 
 
 
 Prose 
 
 Antonio de Guevara, c. 1490-1545 
 Garcilasso de la Vega, 1539-1616 
 
 Baltasar Graeian, c. 1584-1658 
 
 Jose Francisco de Isla, 1703-1781 
 
 PORTUGAL 
 
 Poetry 
 
 and 
 
 Drama 
 
 Gil Vicente, c.l470-c,1537 
 Francisco de Sa de Miranda, 
 
 1495-1558 
 
 Luiz Vaz de Camoens, c. 1524-1580 
 
 
 
 Fiction 
 
 Jorge de Montemayor (wrote in 
 Spanish), c. 1520-1561 
 
 
 
 SCANDI- 
 
 NAVIA 
 
 Poetry 
 
 and 
 
 Drama 
 
 
 
 Ludvig von Holberg, 1684-1754 
 Olaf von Dalin, 1708-1763 
 Karl Mikael Bellman, 1740-1795 
 Johannes Evald, 1743-1781 
 Johan Henrik Kellgren, 
 
 1751-1795 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE OF EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 
 
 1500-1 600 — continued. 
 
 1600 1700 — continued. 
 
 1700-1 800 — continued. 
 
 SCANDI- 
 
 NAVIA— 
 
 continued. 
 
 Prose 
 
 
 Arngrim Jonsson, 1568-1648 
 Kaspar Bartholin, 1585-1629 
 Arne Magnusson, 1663-1730 
 
 Emanuel Swedenborg, 1688-1772 
 
 NETHER- 
 
 LANDS 
 
 Poetry 
 
 and 
 
 Drama 
 
 Johannes Secundus, 
 
 1511-1536 (Latin) 
 
 Jakob Cats, 1577-1660 
 Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, 
 
 1581-1647 
 
 Gebrand Adriaanzoon Brederoo, 
 
 1585-1618 
 
 Joost van den Vondel, 1587-1679 
 Constantijn Huygens, 1596-1687 
 
 Pieter Langendijk, 1683-1756 
 Sybrand Feitama, 1694-1758 
 
 
 Philosoph- 
 ical and 
 Religious 
 ( Latin ) 
 Writings 
 
 Desiderius Erasmus, 1465-1536 
 
 Baruch Spinoza, 1632-1677 
 
 
 NINETEENTH CENTURY 
 
 
 
 Samuel Rogers, 1763-1855 
 
 Eliza Cook, c.1818-1889 
 
 
 
 Robert Bloomfield, 1766-1823 
 
 Arthur Hugh Clough, 1819-1861 
 
 
 
 John Hookham Frere, 1769-1846 
 
 Jean Ingelow, 1820-1897 
 
 
 
 William Wordsworth, 1770-1850 
 
 Frederick Locker-Lampson, 1821-1895 
 
 
 
 James Hogg, 1770-1835 
 
 Matthew Arnold, 1822-1828 
 
 
 
 Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 1772-1834 
 
 Coventry Kersey Dighton Patmore, 1823-1896 
 
 
 
 Robert Southey, 1774—1843 
 
 Sydney Thompson Dobell, 1824-1874 
 
 
 
 Walter Savage Landor, 1775-1864 
 
 Adelaide Anne Procter, 1825-1864 
 
 
 
 Thomas Campbell, 1777-1844 
 
 Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 1828-1882 
 
 
 
 Thomas Moore, 1779-1852 
 
 Christina Georgina Rossetti, 1830-1894 
 
 
 
 Ebenezer Elliott, 1781-1849 
 
 Charles Stuart Calverley, 1831-1884 
 
 
 
 Reginald Heber, 1783-1826 
 
 Sir Edwin Arnold, 1832-1904 
 
 
 
 Thomas Love Peacock, 1785-1866 
 
 William Morris, 1834—1896 
 
 
 
 Barry Cornwall (Bryan Waller Procter), 
 
 James Thomson, 1834-1882 
 
 
 Poetry 
 
 1787-1874 
 
 Alfred Austin, 1835- 
 
 
 Richard Harris Barham, 1788-1845 
 
 Algernon Charles Swinburne, 1837-1909 
 
 
 
 Lord Byron, 1788-1824 
 
 Austin Dobson, 1840- 
 
 
 
 Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1792-1822 
 
 Andrew Lang, 1844-1912 
 
 
 
 John Keble, 1792-1866 
 
 Edmund William Gosse, 1849- 
 
 
 
 Felicia Dorothea Browne Hemans, 1793-1835 
 
 William Ernest Henley, 1849-1903 
 
 
 
 John Keats, 1795-1821 
 
 William Sharp (“Fiona Macleod”), 1855-1905 
 
 
 
 Hartley Coleridge, .1796-1849 
 
 Oscar O ’Flahertie Wills Wilde, 1856-1900 
 
 
 
 Thomas Hood, 1799-1845 
 
 John Davidson, 1857-1909 
 
 
 
 Winthrop Maekworth Praed, 1802-1839 
 
 William Watson, 1858- 
 
 GREAT 
 
 
 Robert Stephen Hawker, 1803-1875 
 
 Rudyard Kipling, 1865- 
 
 BRITAIN 
 
 
 Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 1806-1861 
 
 William Butler Yeats, 1865- 
 
 
 
 Alfred Tennyson, 1809-1892 
 
 Richard Le Gallienne, 1866- 
 
 
 
 Edward Fitzgerald, 1809-1883 
 
 Stephen Phillips, 1868- 
 
 
 
 Martin Farquhar Tupper, 1810-1889 
 
 Laurence Binyon, 1869- 
 
 
 
 Robert Browning, 1812-1889 
 
 Alfred Noyes, 1880- 
 
 
 
 James Sheridan Knowles, 1784-1862 
 
 Sir Arthur Wing Pinero, 1855- 
 
 
 
 Douglas William Jerrold, 1803-1857 
 
 George Bernard Shaw, 1856- 
 
 
 Drama 
 
 Tom Taylor, 1817-1880 
 
 .Tames Matthew Barrie, 1860- 
 
 
 Thomas William Robertson, 1829-1871 
 
 John Galsworthy, 1867- 
 
 
 
 William Sehwenk Gilbert, 1836-1911 
 
 Stephen Phillips, 1868- 
 
 
 
 Henry Arthur Jones, 1851— 
 
 Charles Rann Kennedy, 1871- 
 
 
 
 Maria Edgeworth, 1767-1849 
 
 Samuel Lover, 1797-1868 
 
 
 
 Amelia Alderson Opie, 1769-1853 
 
 Mary Shelley, 1797-1851 
 
 
 
 Sir Walter Scott, 1771-1832 
 
 John Banim, 1798-1842 
 
 
 
 Matthew Gregory Lewis, 1775-1818 
 
 George Payne Rainsford James, 1801-1860 
 
 
 
 Jane Austen, 1775-1817 
 
 Letitia Elizabeth Landon, 1802-1838 
 
 
 
 Jane Porter, 1776-1850 
 
 Edward Bulwer Lytton, 1803-1873 
 
 
 Prose 
 
 John Galt, 1779-1839 
 
 George Borrow, 1803-1881 
 
 
 Fiction 
 
 Horace Smith, 1779-1849 
 
 Benjamin Disraeli, 1804-1881 
 
 
 
 Susan Edmonstone Ferrier, 1782-1854 
 
 William Harrison Ainsworth, 1805-1882 
 
 
 
 Charles Robert Maturin, 1782-1824 
 
 Charles .Tames Lever, 1806-1872 
 
 
 
 Thomas Love Peacock, 1785—1866 
 
 John Sterling, 1806-1844 
 
 
 
 Mary Russell Mitford, 1787-1855 
 
 Elizabeth Gaskell, 1810-1865 
 
 
 
 Theodore Edward Hook, 1788-1841 
 
 John Brown, 1810-1882 
 
 
 
 Frederick Marryat, 1792-1848 
 
 William Makepeace Thackeray, 1811-1863 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE OF EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 GREAT 
 
 BRITAIN— 
 
 continued 
 
 NINETEENTH CENTURY— continued. 
 
 Prose 
 
 j Fiction- 
 continued 
 
 j History 
 and 
 
 I Biography 
 
 Prose 
 
 Charles Dickens, 1812-1870 
 
 Charles William Shirley Brooks, 1813-1874 
 
 Charles Reade, 1814-1884 
 
 Anthony Trollope, 1815-1882 
 
 Charlotte Bronte, 1816-1855 
 
 Emily Bronte, 1818-1848 
 
 Mayne Reid, 1818-1883 
 
 George Eliot (Mrs. Cross), 1819-1880 
 
 Charles Kingsley, 1819-1875 
 
 Anne Bronte, 1820-1849 
 
 George John Whyte-Melville, 1821-1878 
 
 Thomas Hughes, 1822-1896 
 
 Charlotte Mary Yonge, 1823-1901 
 
 George MacDonald, 1824-1905 
 
 William Wilkie Collins, 1824-1889 
 
 Richard Doddridge Blackmore, 1825-1900 
 
 Dinah Maria (Mulock) Craik, 1826-1887 
 
 George Meredith, 1828-1909 
 
 Margaret Olipliant, 1828-1897 
 
 Lewis Carroll (C. L. Dodgson), 1832-1898 
 
 George Du Maurier, 1834-1896 
 
 William Morris, 1834-1896 
 
 Sir Walter Besant, 1836-1901 
 
 Walter Theodore Watts-Dunton, 1832- 
 
 William Frend De Morgan, 1839- 
 
 Thomas Hardy, 1840- 
 
 Ouida (Louise De La Ramee), 1840-1908 
 
 William Black, 1841-1898 
 
 George Grote, 1794-1871 
 Thomas Arnold, 1795-1842 
 Thomas Carlyle, 1795-1881 
 Agnes Strickland, 1796-1874 
 George Finlay, 1799-1875 
 
 Thomas Babington Macaulay (Baron Macaulay), 
 
 1800-1859 
 
 Charles Merivale, 1808-1893 
 Alexander William Kinglake, 1809-1891 
 Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy, 1812-1872 
 John Forster, 1812-1876 
 
 William Cobbett, 1766-1835 
 
 Isaac D ’Israeli, 1766-1848 
 
 Basil Montagu, 1770-1851 
 
 Sydney Smith, 1771-1845 
 
 Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 1772-1834 
 
 Francis Jeffrey, 1773-1850 
 
 Robert Southey, 1774-1843 
 
 Charles Lamb, 1775-1834 
 
 Walter Savage Landor, 1775-1864 
 
 Henry Hallam, 1777-1859 
 
 William Ilazlitt, 1778-1830 
 
 Thomas De Quincey, 1785-1859 
 
 Christopher North (John Wilson), 1785-1854 
 
 Anna Jameson, 1794-1860 
 
 John Gibson Lockhart, 1794-1854 
 
 Thomas Carlyle, 1795-1881 
 
 Sir Charles Lyell, 1797-1875 
 
 Thomas Babington Macaulay (Baron Macaulay), 
 
 1800-1859 
 
 John Henry Newman, 1801-1890 
 Harriet Martineau, 1802-1876 
 Frederick Denison Maurice, 1805-1872 
 John Stuart Mill, 1806-1873 
 William Ewart Gladstone, 1809 -1898 
 Alexander William Kinglake, 1809-1891 
 Charles Robert Darwin, 1809-1882 
 John Bright, 1811-1889 
 Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, 1815-1881 
 George Henry Lewes, 1817-1878 
 
 Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson, 1850-1894 
 
 John Watson (Ian Maclaren), 1850-1907 
 
 Robert Barr, 1850-1912 
 
 Mrs. Humphry Ward, 1851- 
 
 Thomas Henry Hall Caine, 1853- 
 
 George Moore, 1853- 
 
 William Sharp, 1855-1905 
 
 Sir Henry Rider Haggard, 1856- 
 
 George Bernard Shaw, 1856- 
 
 George Gissing, 1857-1903 
 
 Jerome Ivlapka Jerome, 1859- 
 
 Sir A. Conan Doyle, 1859- 
 
 James Matthew Barrie, 1860- 
 
 Maurice Henry Hewlett, 1861- 
 
 Sir Horatio Gilbert Parker, 1862- 
 
 Eden Phillpotts, 1862- 
 
 Anthony Hope Hawkins, 1863- 
 
 Sir Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch, 1863- 
 
 William John Locke, 1863- 
 
 Robert Smythe Ilichens, 1864- 
 
 Israel Zangwill, 1864- 
 
 Rudyard Kipling, 1865- 
 
 Herbert George Wells, 1866- 
 
 Edward Frederic Benson, 1867— 
 
 John Galsworthy, 1867- 
 John Masefield, 1874- 
 May Sinclair, 
 
 James Anthony Froude, 1818-1894 
 
 Goldwin Smith, 1823-1910 
 
 Edward Augustus Freeman, 1823-1892 
 
 William Stubbs, 1825-1901 
 
 Samuel Rawson Gardiner, 1829-1902 
 
 Justin M‘ Cartliy, 1830-1912 
 
 John Richard Green, 1837-1883 
 
 Sir George Otto Trevelyan, 1838- 
 
 William Edward Hartpole Leeky, 1838-1903 
 
 James Bryce, 1838- 
 
 Charles Harding Frith, 1857- 
 
 John Ruskin, 1819-1900 
 
 Herbert Spencer, 1820-1903 
 
 John Tyndall, 1820-1893 
 
 Matthew Arnold, 1822-1888 
 
 Francis Galton, 1822-1911 
 
 Alfred Russel Wallace, 1822- 
 
 Thomas Henry Huxley, 1825-1895 
 
 Walter Bagehot, 1826-1877 
 
 William Michael Rossetti, 1829- 
 
 Frederiek William Farrar, 1831-1903 
 
 Sir Leslie Stephen, 1832-1904 
 
 Thomas Hill Green, 1836-1S82 
 
 John Morley (Viscount Morley), 1838- 
 
 James Bryce, 1838- 
 
 Walter Horatio Pater, 1839-1894 
 
 John Addington Symonds, 1840-1893 
 
 Andrew Lang, 1844-1912 
 
 George Edward Bateman Saintsbury, 1845- 
 
 Sir Sidney Colvin, 1845- 
 
 John Richard Jefferies, 1848-1887 
 
 Arthur James Balfour, 1848- 
 
 Edmund William Gosse, 1849- 
 
 Augustine Birrell, 1850- 
 
 Sir Sidney Lee, 1859- 
 
 Artliur Symons, 1865- 
 
 Hilaire Joseph Peter Belloc, 1870- 
 
 Gilbert Keith Chesterton, 1874- 
 
 Sir Walter Raleigh, 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL 
 
 .'LINE OF EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 ■rETEENTH CENTURY— continued. 
 
 Poetry 
 
 UNITED 
 
 STATES 
 
 Prose 
 
 Fiction 
 
 
 Samuel Y worth > 1785-1842 
 
 Richard ^ Dana ’ 1787 - 1879 
 
 -nv, Halleck, 1790-1867 
 Fitz-Gri ’ 
 
 L dia Sigourney, 1791-1865 
 Willi a u ® en Bryant, 1794-1878 
 Jame A t es B ere i ya ^ 1795-1856 
 Mari Jwen Brooks, c.1795-1845 
 j Rodman Drake, 1795-1820 
 Waldo Emerson, 1803-1882 
 j^ niel Parker Willis, 1806-1867 
 £,es Fenno Hoffman, 1806-1884 
 -i Greenleaf Whittier, 1807-1892 
 n-y Wadsworth Longfellow, 1807-1882 
 .gar Allan Poe, 1809-1849 
 liver Wendell Holmes, 1809-1894 
 Villis Gaylord Clark, 1810-1841 
 Jones Very, 1813-1880 
 Christopher Pearse Cranch, 1813-1892 
 John Godfrey Saxe, 1816-1887 
 James Russell Lowell, 1819-1891 
 Walt Whitman, 1819-1892 
 William Wetmore Story, 1819-1895 
 Julia Ward Howe, 1819-1910 
 Alice Cary, 1820-1871 
 Thomas Buchanan Read, 1822-1872 
 
 Charles Broekden Brown, 1771-1810 
 
 James Kirke Paulding, 1779-1860 
 
 Washington Irving, 1783-1859 
 
 Richard Henry Dana, 1787-1879 
 
 James Fenimore Cooper, 1789-1851 
 
 John Pendleton Kennedy, 1795-1870 
 
 William Ware, 1797-1852 
 
 Lydia Maria Child, 1802-1880 
 
 Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1804-1864 
 
 William Gilmore Simms, 1806-1870 
 
 Edgar Allan Poe, 1809-1849 
 
 Oliver Wendell Holmes, 1809-1894 
 
 Harriet Beecher Stowe, 1811-1896 
 
 Richard Henry Dana, Jr., 1815-1882 
 
 Henry David Thoreau, 1817-1862 
 
 Elizabeth Wetherell (Susan Warner), 1819-1885 
 
 Josiah Gilbert Holland, 1819-1881 
 
 Herman Melville, 1819-1891 
 
 Ik Marvel (Donald G. Mitchell), 1822-1908 
 
 Richard Malcolm Johnston, 1822-1898 
 
 Lucy Larcom, 1826-1893 
 
 John William De Forest, 1826-1906 
 
 Lewis (Lew) Wallace, 1827-1905 
 
 Theodore Winthrop, 1828-1861 
 
 Silas Weir Mitchell, 1829- 
 
 Charles Dudley Warner, 1829-1900 
 
 John Esten Cooke, 1830-1886 
 
 Helen Hunt Jackson, 1831-1885 
 
 Louisa May Alcott, 1832-1888 
 
 Frank Richard Stockton, 1834 1902 
 
 Artemus Ward (C. F. Brown), 1834-1867 
 
 Mark Twain (S. L. Clemens), 1835-1910 
 
 Thomas Bailey Aldrich, 1836-1907 
 
 Edward Eggleston, 1837-1902 
 
 William Dean Howells, 1837- 
 
 Edward Payson Roe, 1838-1888 
 
 Francis Hopkinson Smith, 1838- 
 
 Francis Bret Harte, 1839-1902 
 
 George Henry Boker, 1823-1890 
 
 Phoebe Cary, 1824-1871 
 
 Charles Godfrey Lelaud, 1824—1903 
 
 Bayard Taylor, 1825-1878 
 
 Richard Henry Stoddard, 1825-1903 
 
 Lucy Larcom, 1826-1893 
 
 Henry Timrod, 1829-1867 
 
 Silas Weir Mitchell, 1829- 
 
 Edmund Clarence Stedman, 1833-1908 
 
 Celia Thaxter, 1835-1894 
 
 Thomas Bailey Aldrich, 1836-1907 
 
 John Hay, 1838-1905 
 
 Francis Bret Harte, 1839-1902 
 
 Joaquin Miller, 1841- 
 
 Sidney Lanier, 1842-1881 
 
 Richard Watson Gilder, 1844-1909 
 
 Eugene Field, 1850-1895 
 
 Edwin Markham, 1852- 
 
 Robert Underwood Johnson, 1853- 
 
 James Whitcomb Riley, 1854- 
 
 George Edward Woodberry, 1855- 
 
 William Bliss Carman, 1861- 
 
 George Santayana, 1863- 
 
 Richard Hovey, 1864-1900 
 
 William Vaughn Moody, 1869-1910 
 
 Paul Laurence Dunbar, 1872-1906 
 
 Henry James, Jr., 1843- 
 George Washington Cable, 1844- 
 Charles King, 1844- 
 
 Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward, 1844-1911 
 
 Edward Noyes Westcott, 1847-1898 
 
 Mary Hallock Foote, 1847- 
 
 Mary Hartwell Catlierwood, 1847-1902 
 
 Constance Fenimore Woolson, 1848-1894 
 
 Joel Chandler Harris, 1848-1908 
 
 Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen, 1848-1895 
 
 Frances Hodgson Burnett, 1849- 
 
 Sarah Orne Jewett, 1849-1909 
 
 James Lane Allen, 1849- 
 
 Thomas Allibone Janvier, 1849- 
 
 Edward Bellamy, 1850-1898 
 
 Octave Thanet (Alice French), c.1850- 
 
 Charles Egbert Craddock (M. N. Murfree), 1850- 
 
 Lafcadio Hearn, 1850-1904 
 
 Robert Grant, 1852- 
 
 Thomas Nelson Page, 1853- 
 
 F. Marion Crawford, 1854-1909 
 
 Ruth McEnery Stuart, 1856- 
 
 Margaretta Wade Campbell Deland, 1857- 
 
 Kate Douglas Wiggin (Mrs. Riggs), 1859- 
 
 Irving Addison Baeheller, 1859- 
 
 Owen Wister, 1860- 
 
 Hamlin Garland, 1860- 
 
 Editli Newbold Jones Wharton, 1862- 
 
 Mary Eleanor Wilkins (Mrs. Freeman), 1862- 
 
 Amelie Rives (Princess Troubetzkoy), 1863- 
 
 Richard Harding Davis, 1864- 
 
 Paul Leicester Ford, 1865-1902 
 
 John Oliver Hobbes (Mrs. Craigie), 1867-1906 
 
 Newton Booth Tarkington, 1869- 
 
 Gertrude Franklin Atherton, 
 
 Alice Caldwell Ilegan Rice, 1870- 
 Winston Churchill, 1871- 
 Stewart Edward White, 1873- 
 Jack London, 1876- 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE OF EUROPEAN AND ANi 
 
 \ 
 
 NINETEENTH CENTURY— continue” 
 
 UNITED 
 
 STATES- 
 
 continued 
 
 History 
 
 Jared Sparks, 1789-1866 
 
 John Gorham Palfrey, 1796-1881 
 
 William Hickling Prescott, 1796-1859 
 
 George Bancroft, 1800-1891 
 
 Charles Etienne Arthur Gayarre, 1805-1895 
 
 John Lothrop Motley, 1814-1877 
 
 Francis Parkman, 1823-1893 
 
 \ Winsor, 1831-1897 
 Jo Vske, 1842-1901 
 Ja Vord Rhodes, 1S48- 
 Wil^Miiiigan Sloane, 1850- 
 Johl \h McMaster, 1852- 
 AlbeI ishnell Hart, 1854- 
 Wood Won, 1856- 
 
 Prose 
 
 Noah Webster, 175S-1843 
 Mathew Carey, 1760-1839 
 James Kent, 1763-1847 
 Alexander Wilson, 1766-1813 
 John Quincy Adams, 1767-1848 
 William Wirt, 1772-1834 
 Washington Allston, 1779-1843 
 William Ellery Channing, 1780-1842 
 John James Audubon, 1780-1851 
 Daniel Webster, 1782-1852 
 Washington Irving, 1783-1859 
 Jared Sparks, 1789-1866 
 George Ticknor, 1791-1871 
 Henry Charles Carey, 1793-1879 
 Edward Everett, 1794-1865 
 Horace Mann, 1796-1859 
 Amos Bronson Alcott, 1799-1888 
 Francis Lieber, 1800-1872 
 Orestes Augustus Brownson, 1803-1876 
 Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1803-1882 
 Richard Hildreth, 1807-1865 
 Edgar Allan Poe, 1809-1849 
 Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 
 Robert Charles Winthrop, 1809-1894 
 Frances Anne Kemble, 1809-1893 
 James Freeman Clarke, 1810-1888 
 Sarah Margaret Fuller, 1810-1850 
 Horace Greeley, 1811-1872 
 Charles Sumner, 1811-1874 
 Henry Ward Beecher, 1813-1887 
 Henry Theodore Tuckerman, 1813-1871 
 Rufus Wilinot. Griswold, 1815-1857 
 Parke Godwin, 1816-1904 
 James Thomas Fields, 1817-1881 
 Henry David Thoreau, 1817-1862 
 
 V illiaii.y channing, 1818-1901 
 
 James I n LoweU; 1819-1891 
 
 Edwin P\ hippie, 1819-1886 
 
 WiHiam Yore Story, 1819-1895 
 
 Edward E tt Hale> 1822-1909 
 
 Octavius B. g Frothingham, 1822-1895 
 
 James PartL g22-1891 
 
 Thomas WeL th nigginson, 1823-1911 
 
 George Willi\ CurtiS) 1824-1892 
 
 Francis Jame^^ i 8 25-1896 
 
 Henry Charles^ i 82 5-1909 
 
 Bayard Taylor, 2 5_i878 
 
 Charles Eliot Nc n 1827-1908 
 
 Gail Hamilton ( vy Abigail Dodge), 1830-1896 
 
 Moncure Daniel Ymy, 1832-1907 
 
 Andrew Dickson W e 1832- 
 
 Edmund Clarence i dm an, 1833-1908 
 
 Phillips Brooks, 18*1893 
 
 Moses Goit Tyler, 18^990 
 
 Henry Mills Alden, 18_ 
 
 William Winter, 1836- 
 
 John Burroughs, 1837-A 
 
 John Hay, 1838-1905 
 
 Thomas Raynesford Louh ur y, 1838- 
 
 John Muir, 1838- 
 
 Henry George, 1839-1897 
 
 William James, 1842-1910 
 
 George Kennan, 1845- 
 
 Henry Cabot Lodge, 1850- 
 
 William Crarv Brownell, 185) 
 
 Henry Van Dyke, 1852- 
 James Brander Matthews, 185i 
 Josiali Royce, 1855- 
 George Edward Woodberrv, 185;. 
 
 Theodore Roosevelt, 1858- 
 
 Drama 
 
 John Howard Payne, 1791-1852 
 Bronson Howard, 1842-1908 
 
 Augustus Thomas, 1859- 
 William Clyde Fitch, 1865—1909 
 
 FRANCE 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Louis Jean Lemercier, 1771-1840 
 Pierre Jean de Beranger, 1780-1857 
 Alphonse Marie Louis de Lamartine, 1790-1869 
 Jean Francois Casimir Delavigne, 1793-1843 
 Alfred Victor, Comte de Vigny, 1799-1863 
 Victor Hugo, 1802-1885 
 Alfred de Musset, 1810-1857 
 Tlieophile Gautier, 1811-1872 
 Leconte de Lisle, 1818-1894 
 
 Pierre Charles Baudelaire, 1821-18(7 
 Theodore de Banville, 1823-1891 
 Frederic Mistral (Provengal), 1830- 
 Rene Francois Armand Sullv-Prudhonme, 
 
 1839-1907 
 
 Catulle Mendes, 1841-1909 
 Francois Coppee, 1842-1908 
 Paul Verlaine, 1844-1896 
 Joris Karl Huysmans, 1848-1907 
 
 Drama 
 
 Augustin Eugene Scribe, 1791-1861 
 Victor Hugo, 1802-1885 
 Eugene Marie Labiche, 1815-1888 
 Emile Augier, 1820-1889 
 Octave Feuillet, 1821-1890 
 Alexandre Dumas (fils), 1824-1895 
 Edmond About, 1828-1885 
 
 Vietorien Sardou, 1831-1908 
 
 Henri Meilhae, 1832-1897 
 
 Ludovic Halevy, 1834-1908 
 
 Edouard Jules Henri Pailleron, 1834-1899 
 
 Henri Becque, 1837-1899 
 
 Jean Richepin, 1849- 
 
 Edmond Rostand, 1864- 
 
 Prose 
 
 Fiction 
 
 Madame de Stack 1766-1817 
 
 Francois Rene, Vicomte de Chateaubriand, 
 
 1768-1848 
 
 Charles Emmanuel Nodier, 1780-1844 
 Marie Henri Beyle (De Stendhal), 1783-1842 
 Honore de Balzac, 1799 1850 
 Alexandre Dumas (pere), 1S02-1870 
 Victor Hugo, 1802-1885 
 
 Prosper Merimee, 1803-1870 
 
 George Sand (Baroness Dudevant), 1804—1876 
 
 Tlieophile Gautier, 1S11-1872 
 
 Leonard Sylvain Jules Sandeau, 1811-1883 
 
 Octave Feuillet, 1821-1890 
 
 Gustave Flaubert, 1821-1880 
 
 Edmond de Goncourt, 1822-1896 
 
 Jules de Goncourt, 1830-1870 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE OF EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 NINETEENTH CENTURY— continued. 
 
 FRANC 
 
 continue 
 
 Prose 
 
 Fiction- 
 
 continued 
 
 Alphonse Daudet, 1840-1897 
 
 Emile Zola, 1840-1902 
 
 Jvdes (Arsene Arnaud) Claretie, 1840- 
 
 Anatole France, 1844- 
 
 Guy de Maupassant, 1850-1893 
 
 Pierre Loti (L. M. J. Viaud), 1850- 
 Paul Bourget, 1852- 
 Jules Lemaitre, 1853- 
 Eugene Marcel Prevost, 1862— 
 
 Rene Frangois Marie Bazin, 1863- 
 
 History 
 
 Francois Pierre Guillaume Guizot, 1787-1874 
 Augustin Thierry, 1795-1856 
 Louis Adolphe Thiers, 1797-1877 
 Jules Michelet, 1798-1874 
 
 Ernest Renan, 1823-1892 
 Gaston Boissier, 1823-1908 
 Hippolyt.e Adolphe Taine, 1828-1893 
 Frederic Masson, 1847- 
 
 Prose 
 
 Joseph de Maistre, 1753-1S21 
 
 Frangois Fourier, 1772-1837 
 
 Robert de Lamennais, 1782-1854 
 
 Victor Cousin, 1792-1867 
 
 Auguste Comte, 1798-1857 
 
 Prosper Merimee, 1803-1870 
 
 Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, 1804-1869 
 
 Alexis de Tocqueville, 1805-1859 
 
 Desire Nisard, 1806-1888 
 
 Pierre Joseph Proudhon, 1S09-1865 
 
 Ernest Renan, 1823-1892 
 Franeisque Sarcey, 1828-1899 
 Hippolyte Adolphe Taine, 1S28-1893 
 Anatole France, 1844- 
 Emile Faguet, 1847- 
 Ferdinand Brunetiere, 1S49-1906 
 Paul Bourget, 1852- 
 Jules Lemaitre, 1853- 
 Paul Ernest Hervieu, 1857- 
 Rene Doumic, 1860- 
 
 GERMA 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Adelbert von Chainisso, 1781-1838 
 Andreas Justinius Iverner, 17S6-1862 
 Ludwig Uldand, 1787-1862 
 Friedrich Riickert, 1788-1866 
 Karl Theodor Korner, 1791-1813 
 Gustav Schwab, 1792-1850 
 Wilhelm Miiller, 1794-1827 
 
 Annette Elisabeth von Droste-Hiilshoff, 1797-1S48 
 Heinrich Heine, 1797—1856 
 Hoffmann von Fallersleben, 1798-1874 
 Nikolaus Lenau (Niembsch von Strehlenau), 
 
 1802-1850 
 
 Anastasius Grim (Count A. A. von Auersperg), 
 
 1806-1876 
 
 Fritz Reuter, 1810-1874 
 Ferdinand Freiligrath, 1810-1876 
 Friedrich Wilhelm Weber, 1813-1894 
 Emanuel von Geibel, 1815-1884 
 Johann Gottfried Kinkel, 1S15-1882 
 Wilhelm Jordan, 1819-1904 
 Theodor Fontane, 1819-1898 
 Oskar vou Redwitz, 1823-1891 
 Otto Roquette, 1824-1896 
 Joseph Victor von Scheffel, 1826-1886 
 Julius Wolff, 1834- 
 Felix Dahn, 1834-1912 
 Rudolf Baumbach, 1840-1905 
 
 Drama 
 
 August Wilhelm Iffland, 1759-1814 
 
 August Friedrich von Kotzebue, 1761-1819 
 
 Friedrich Ludwig Zacharias Werner, 1768-1823 
 
 Heinrich von Kleist, 1777-1811 
 
 Franz Grillparzer, 1791-1872 
 
 Karl Lebrecht Immermann, 1796-1840 
 
 Friedrich Halm, 1806-1871 
 
 Heinrich Laube, 1806-1884 
 Otto Ludwig, 1813-1865 
 Friedrich Hebbel, 1813-1863 
 Ernst von Wildenbruch, 1845-1909 
 Hermann Sudermann, 1857- 
 Gerhart Hauptmann, 1862- 
 Ludwig Fulda, 1862- 
 
 Prose 
 
 Fiction 
 
 Ernst Moritz Arndt, 1769-1860 
 
 Johann Heinrich Zsehokke, 1771-1848 
 
 Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von Schlegel, 1772-1829 
 
 Novalis, 1772-1801 
 
 Ludwig Tieck, 1773-1853 
 
 Ernst Hoffmann, 1776-1822 
 
 Friedrich de la Motte Fouque, 1777-1843 
 
 Clemens Brent ano, 1778-1842 
 
 Achim (Ludwig Joachim) von Arnim, 1781-1831 
 
 Adelbert von Chamisso, 1781-183S 
 
 Joseph von Eichendorff, 1788-1857 
 
 Wilibald Alexis (W. Haring), 1798-1871 
 
 Wilhelm Ilauff, 1802-1827 
 
 Eduard Morike, 1804—1875 
 
 Theodor Mundt, 1S08-1861 
 
 Fritz Reuter, 1810-1874 
 Karl Gutzkow, 1811-1878 
 Bertliold Auerbach, 1812-1882 
 Gustav Freytag, 1816-1895 
 Theodor Storm, 1817-1888 
 Gottfried Keller, 1819-1890 
 Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl, 1823-1897 
 Oskar von Redwitz, 1823-1891 
 Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, 1825-1898 
 Friedrich Spielhagen, 1829-1911 
 Johann Ludwig Paul Heyse, 1830- 
 Felix Dahn, 1834-1912 
 Georg Ebers, 1837-1898 
 Peter Rosegger, 1843- 
 Gustav Frenssen, 1863- 
 
 History 
 
 Barthold Georg Niebuhr, 1776-1831 
 Leopold von Ranke, 1795-1886 
 
 Theodor Mommsen, 1817-1903 
 Felix Dahn, 1834-1912 
 
 Prose 
 
 Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, 1746-1827 
 Johann Gottlieb Fichte, 1762-1814 
 August Wilhelm von Schlegel, 1767—1845 
 Wilhelm von Humboldt, 1767-1835 
 Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher, 1768-1834 
 Alexander von Humboldt, 1769-1859 
 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, 1770-1831 
 Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von Schlegel, 1772-1829 
 
 Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling, 1775-1854 
 
 Johann Friedrich Herbart, 1776-1841 
 
 Jakob Grimm, 1785—1863 
 
 Wilhelm Grimm, 1786-1859 
 
 Arthur Schopenhauer, 1788-1860 
 
 Heinrich Heine, 1797-1856 
 
 David Friedrich Strauss, 1808-1874 
 
 Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, 1844-1900 
 
A CHRONOLOGICAL 
 
 OUTLINE OF EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN LITERATURE 
 
 NINETEENTH CENTURY — continued. 
 
 
 Poetry 
 
 "Vincenzo Monti, 1754—1828 
 Niccolo Ugo Foscolo, 1778-1827 
 Giacomo Leopardi, 1798—1837 
 Giuseppe Giusti, 1809-1850 
 
 Aleardo Aleardi, 1812—1878 
 Giacomo Zanella, 1820-1888 
 Giosue Carducci, 1836-1907 
 
 ITALY 
 
 Prose 
 
 Fiction 
 
 Alessandro Manzoni, 1785-1873 
 Silvio Pellico, 1788—1854 
 Antonio Fogazzaro, 1842-1911 
 Edmondo De Amicis, 1846-1908 
 
 Salvatore Farina, 1846- 
 Matilda Serao, 1856- 
 Gabriele D ’Annunzio, 1864- 
 
 
 Prose 
 
 Pietro Giordani, 1774-1848 
 
 Pietro Colletta, 1775—1833 
 
 Carlo Troya, 1784-1858 
 
 Terenzio Mamiani della Rorcre, 1800-1885 
 
 Vincenzo Gioberti, 1801-1852 
 
 Niccolo Tommaseo, 1802-1874 
 Cesare Cantu, 1804-1895 
 Giuseppe Mazzini, c. 1805-1872 
 Giuseppe Ferrari, 1812-1876 
 Pasquale Villari, 1827- 
 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Alberto Lista y Aragon, 1775-1848 
 Francisco Martinez de la Rosa, 1789-1862 
 Angel de Saavedra (Duke of Rivas), 1791-1865 
 
 Jose de Espronceda, 1810-1842 
 Jose Zorrilla y Moral, 1818-1893 
 
 SPAIN 
 
 Drama 
 
 Jose Zorrilla y Moral, 1818-1893 
 Adelardo Lopez de Ayala, 1829—1879 
 
 Manuel Tamayo, 1829-1898 
 Jose Eehegaray, 1832- 
 
 
 Fiction and 
 other Prose 
 
 Serafin Estebanez Calderon, 1801-1867 
 Mariano Jose de Larra, 1809-1837 
 Jaime Luciano Balmez, 1810-1848 
 
 Juan Valera, 1827- 
 
 Pedro Antonio de Alarcon, 1833-1891 
 
 Marcelino Menendez y Palayo, 1856— 
 
 SCANDI- 
 
 NAVIA 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Jens Baggesen, 1764-1826 
 Johan Olof Wallin, 1779-1839 
 Adam Gottlob Ohlenschliiger, 1779-1850 
 Esaias Tegner, 1782-1846 
 
 Nikolai Frederick Severin Grundtvig, 1783-1872 
 Bernhard Severin Ingemann, 1789-1862 
 Peter Daniel Amadeus Atterbom, 1790-1855 
 Johannes Carsten Hauch, 1790-1872 
 Ludwig Bfidtcher, 1793-1874 
 
 Henrik Hertz, 1798-1870 
 Karl Ludwig Emil Aarestrup, 1800-1856 
 Johan Sebastian Cammermeyer Welhaven, 
 1807-1873 
 
 Henrik Wergeland, 1808-1845 
 Frederik Paludan-Miiller, 1809-1876 
 Andreas Munch, 1811-1884 
 Bjornstjerne Bjornson, 1832-1910 
 
 Drama 
 
 Johann Ludvig Heiberg, 1791-1860 
 Henrik Hertz, 1798-1870 
 Henrik Ibsen, 1828-1906 
 
 Bjornstjerne Bjoimson, 1832—1910 
 August Strindberg, 1849-1912 
 
 
 Fiction and 
 other Prose 
 
 Carl Bernhard, 1798-1865 
 Frederika Bremer, 1801-1865 
 Hans Christian Andersen, 1805-1875 
 Soren Aaby Kjerkegaard, 1813-1855 
 Bjornstjerne Bjornson, 1832-1910 
 
 Jonas Lauritz Edemil Lie, 1833-1908 
 Jorgen Wilhelm Bergsoe, 1835-1911 
 Georg Morris Cohen Brandes, 1842- 
 Jlolger Henrik Herholdt, Draehmann, 1846-1908 
 Selma Lagerlof, 1858— 
 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Ivan Andreyevitch Kryloff, 1768-1844 
 Alexander Pushkin, 1799-1837 
 
 Alexei V. Koltzoff, 1809-1842 
 Mikhail Lermontof, 1814-1841 
 
 RUSSIA 
 
 Fiction 
 
 Nikolai Karamzin, 1765-1826 
 Nikolai Vassilievich Gogol, 1809-1852 
 Alexander Hertzen, 1812-1870 
 Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenieff, 1818-1883 
 
 Feodor Mikhailovitch Dostoyevsky, 1821-1881 
 Leo Nikolaievich Tolstoy, 1828-1910 
 Maxim Gorky (A. M. Pyeshkof), 1868- 
 Mikliail Petrovich Artsibashef, 1878- 
 
 POLAND 
 
 Poetry and 
 Fiction 
 
 Sigmund Krasinski, 1812-1859 
 Jozef Ignacy Kraszewski, 1812-1887 
 
 Henryk Sienkiewic-z, 1845- 
 
 HUNGARY 
 
 Fiction 
 
 Mor Jokai, 1825-1904 
 
 _J 
 
 NETHER- 
 
 1 
 
 Poetry 
 
 Willem Bilderdijk, 1756-1831 
 Hendrik Tollens, 1780-1856 
 Izaak Da Costa, 1798-1860 
 
 Nikolaas Beets (“Hildebrand”), 1814-1903 
 Maurice Maeterlinck, 1862- (in French) 
 
 LANDS 
 
 AND 
 
 BELGIUM 
 
 Fiction and 
 other Prose 
 
 Jacob van Lennep, 1802-1868 
 Eduard Douwes Dekker, 1820-1887 
 
 Maarten Maartens (J. M. H. Van der Poorten- 
 Schwarz), 1858- (in English) 
 
 Maurice Maeterlinck, 1862- (in French) 
 
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